{"id": "pubmed23n0013_0", "title": "Proceedings of the workshop on quantitative evaluation of periodontal diseases by physical measurement techniques.", "content": "Most of the participants agreed that the destruction of connective tissue is the single most significant criterion for assessing the severity of periodontal disease. Members were equally divided between favoring a measure of bone height or density and a measure of soft tissue destruction, such as attachment level or pocket depth. A measure of the rate of destruction of bone at the time of examination was considered to be especially useful. Opinion was equally divided as to the second most important parameter related to periodontal disease, either measures of gingival inflammation or measures of dental plaque. Measurements of gingival fluid and measures of tooth mobility were less favored by the group as a whole, but each measurement area was favored by strong proponents.", "contents": "Proceedings of the workshop on quantitative evaluation of periodontal diseases by physical measurement techniques. Most of the participants agreed that the destruction of connective tissue is the single most significant criterion for assessing the severity of periodontal disease. Members were equally divided between favoring a measure of bone height or density and a measure of soft tissue destruction, such as attachment level or pocket depth. A measure of the rate of destruction of bone at the time of examination was considered to be especially useful. Opinion was equally divided as to the second most important parameter related to periodontal disease, either measures of gingival inflammation or measures of dental plaque. Measurements of gingival fluid and measures of tooth mobility were less favored by the group as a whole, but each measurement area was favored by strong proponents.", "PMID": 368091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1", "title": "An antisera for the fluorescent labeling of mouse amelogenesis.", "content": "Embryonic mammalian enamel extracellular matrix is immunogenic. Antisera has been produced in New Zealand white rabbits using 5-day-old (post-natal) C57B1/6J mandibular and maxillary incisor and molar tooth organs as immunogens. The expression of secretory amelogenesis in mouse molar tooth organs was studied from the \"cap stage\" (circa 17-day fetus) to the fifth day of postnatal odontogenesis using indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The specificity of the antisera for enamel matrix secretion was unequivocal. Secretory amelogenesis was observed in molar tooth organs as early as day-2 postnatal age. These reagents and methods provide a significant strategy in studies of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth development.", "contents": "An antisera for the fluorescent labeling of mouse amelogenesis. Embryonic mammalian enamel extracellular matrix is immunogenic. Antisera has been produced in New Zealand white rabbits using 5-day-old (post-natal) C57B1/6J mandibular and maxillary incisor and molar tooth organs as immunogens. The expression of secretory amelogenesis in mouse molar tooth organs was studied from the \"cap stage\" (circa 17-day fetus) to the fifth day of postnatal odontogenesis using indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The specificity of the antisera for enamel matrix secretion was unequivocal. Secretory amelogenesis was observed in molar tooth organs as early as day-2 postnatal age. These reagents and methods provide a significant strategy in studies of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth development.", "PMID": 368093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2", "title": "Tooth enamel: current state of the art.", "content": "Important progress has been made relative to the growth, structure and function of enamel. Better understanding of the epithelial mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis has been gained through tissue culture, and the predominant role of the dental papilla has been established. Differences between rodent and human amelogenesis have been demonstrated. With radioautography and cytochemistry, a significant amount of new information has been obtained on the metabolism of the ameloblasts, concerning the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans, as well as calcium transport. Numerous biochemical investigations have been devoted to developing and mature enamel matrix. The organic components of human adult enamel are mainly constituted of lipids and proteins, but further investigations are still needed to elucidate their precise nature. The so-called key-hole configuration of adult enamel can be questioned when amelogenesis is considered since the tissue does not develop in a prismatic head-tail fashion. The most important results have probably been obtained in the field of individual enamel apatite crystals shape and ultrastructure as well as in the description of the precise patterns of their carious dissolution which bears great similarities to the dissolution of synthetic apatites in acids.", "contents": "Tooth enamel: current state of the art. Important progress has been made relative to the growth, structure and function of enamel. Better understanding of the epithelial mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis has been gained through tissue culture, and the predominant role of the dental papilla has been established. Differences between rodent and human amelogenesis have been demonstrated. With radioautography and cytochemistry, a significant amount of new information has been obtained on the metabolism of the ameloblasts, concerning the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans, as well as calcium transport. Numerous biochemical investigations have been devoted to developing and mature enamel matrix. The organic components of human adult enamel are mainly constituted of lipids and proteins, but further investigations are still needed to elucidate their precise nature. The so-called key-hole configuration of adult enamel can be questioned when amelogenesis is considered since the tissue does not develop in a prismatic head-tail fashion. The most important results have probably been obtained in the field of individual enamel apatite crystals shape and ultrastructure as well as in the description of the precise patterns of their carious dissolution which bears great similarities to the dissolution of synthetic apatites in acids.", "PMID": 368094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3", "title": "Enamel protein chemistry--past, present and future.", "content": "Past progress in the chemistry of enamel proteins is reviewed and the current state of knowledge assessed. The matrix of young enamel is a complex system in which some 20 distinct components with molecular weights in the region of 3,000 to 16,000 are in dynamic equilibrium with much larger aggregates. During maturation, most of these components are selectively lost, more or less completely, from the enamel. 'Amelogenin' components rich in proline and histidine are removed first and 'tuft protein', characterized by high serine and glycine, is often partially retained in mature enamel. Some components have been isolated in a state approaching purity and a measure of agreement has been reached between laboratories concerning their characteristics. Partial amino acid sequences are known for two components, which contain phosphoserine. Though the mechanisms of mineralization and protein removal are not known, various possibilities are discussed. The essential unsolved problem is the nature of the overall protein system.", "contents": "Enamel protein chemistry--past, present and future. Past progress in the chemistry of enamel proteins is reviewed and the current state of knowledge assessed. The matrix of young enamel is a complex system in which some 20 distinct components with molecular weights in the region of 3,000 to 16,000 are in dynamic equilibrium with much larger aggregates. During maturation, most of these components are selectively lost, more or less completely, from the enamel. 'Amelogenin' components rich in proline and histidine are removed first and 'tuft protein', characterized by high serine and glycine, is often partially retained in mature enamel. Some components have been isolated in a state approaching purity and a measure of agreement has been reached between laboratories concerning their characteristics. Partial amino acid sequences are known for two components, which contain phosphoserine. Though the mechanisms of mineralization and protein removal are not known, various possibilities are discussed. The essential unsolved problem is the nature of the overall protein system.", "PMID": 368095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4", "title": "Immunofluorescent evidence for the similarity of amelogenins in calf, mouse and pig teeth.", "content": "Antiserum was prepared to fetal bovine enamel matrix and was used to localize the amelogenins in developing bovine molars by immunofluorescent microscopy. Amelogenins could be identified to preameloblasts, secretory ameloblasts, stratum intermedium cells, and the newly deposited enamel matrix. Mature enamel matrix did not fluoresce except in a thin line along the DEJ and adjacent to the ameloblasts. Immature enamel matrix of murine and porcine teeth fluoresced when treated with antiserum to bovine enamel matrix. No other portions of tooth buds or other tissues reacted with the specific antiserum.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent evidence for the similarity of amelogenins in calf, mouse and pig teeth. Antiserum was prepared to fetal bovine enamel matrix and was used to localize the amelogenins in developing bovine molars by immunofluorescent microscopy. Amelogenins could be identified to preameloblasts, secretory ameloblasts, stratum intermedium cells, and the newly deposited enamel matrix. Mature enamel matrix did not fluoresce except in a thin line along the DEJ and adjacent to the ameloblasts. Immature enamel matrix of murine and porcine teeth fluoresced when treated with antiserum to bovine enamel matrix. No other portions of tooth buds or other tissues reacted with the specific antiserum.", "PMID": 368096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5", "title": "Present role and future prospects for radiotherapy in the management of malignant melanomas.", "content": "Malignant melanomas are not very radiosensitive neoplasms. Therefore, the prime management of such lesions is surgical. However, there are certain circumstances in which radiation therapy has been used and should be considered as useful. This article provides an overview of the literature on radiotherapy of primary and metastatic malignant melanomas in man. In addition, some unconventional methods like the use of radiation sensitizers, oxygen-independent radiation therapy, radiation combined with hyperbaric oxygen, and high-dose-perfraction irradiation are discussed. The beneficial responses to radiation that have been reported in the literature and that we have personally observed suggest that a prospective study to determine the proper role of radiation therapy in the management of all forms and stages of malignant melanomas is warranted.", "contents": "Present role and future prospects for radiotherapy in the management of malignant melanomas. Malignant melanomas are not very radiosensitive neoplasms. Therefore, the prime management of such lesions is surgical. However, there are certain circumstances in which radiation therapy has been used and should be considered as useful. This article provides an overview of the literature on radiotherapy of primary and metastatic malignant melanomas in man. In addition, some unconventional methods like the use of radiation sensitizers, oxygen-independent radiation therapy, radiation combined with hyperbaric oxygen, and high-dose-perfraction irradiation are discussed. The beneficial responses to radiation that have been reported in the literature and that we have personally observed suggest that a prospective study to determine the proper role of radiation therapy in the management of all forms and stages of malignant melanomas is warranted.", "PMID": 368098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6", "title": "A scanning electron microscope comparison of three methods of bonding resin to enamel rod ends and longitudinally cut enamel.", "content": "Taglike projections of resin into the etched enamel surface and longitudinally cut enamel were studied under the SEM. Three methods of bonding, including the use of a bonding agent and a primer, were compared. Freshly extracted teeth were pumiced, rinsed, and dried. The enamel surface was etched for a minute with phosphoric acid. Adaptic with bonding agent, Simulate with primer, and Simulate without primer were then applied to the etched enamel. After the teeth were sectioned, the enamel was etched with phosphoric acid and viewed under the SEM. The resin projections into the etched rod ends at the enamel surface were 5 to 10 mu in length, with similar cuplike and coneline patterns of tags for the three methods of bonding. Troughlike and ridgelike projections into the longitudinally cut enamel were 3 to 5 mu in length; patterns of tags were similar for the three bonding methods. No observable differences in length and pattern of tags were noticed among the three bonding methods.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope comparison of three methods of bonding resin to enamel rod ends and longitudinally cut enamel. Taglike projections of resin into the etched enamel surface and longitudinally cut enamel were studied under the SEM. Three methods of bonding, including the use of a bonding agent and a primer, were compared. Freshly extracted teeth were pumiced, rinsed, and dried. The enamel surface was etched for a minute with phosphoric acid. Adaptic with bonding agent, Simulate with primer, and Simulate without primer were then applied to the etched enamel. After the teeth were sectioned, the enamel was etched with phosphoric acid and viewed under the SEM. The resin projections into the etched rod ends at the enamel surface were 5 to 10 mu in length, with similar cuplike and coneline patterns of tags for the three methods of bonding. Troughlike and ridgelike projections into the longitudinally cut enamel were 3 to 5 mu in length; patterns of tags were similar for the three bonding methods. No observable differences in length and pattern of tags were noticed among the three bonding methods.", "PMID": 368101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7", "title": "The use of relaxation and distraction to reduce psychological stress during dental procedures.", "content": "Relaxation and distraction techniques designed to reduce stress during operative dental procedures were evaluated with a number of different measures. The results indicate that both techniques can be effective in alleviating anxiety and reducing stress. Some findings suggested that relaxation was more effective with women than with men whereas distraction may be more effective with men than with women. Further research is needed to refine these techniques that should be readily adaptable to dental practice.", "contents": "The use of relaxation and distraction to reduce psychological stress during dental procedures. Relaxation and distraction techniques designed to reduce stress during operative dental procedures were evaluated with a number of different measures. The results indicate that both techniques can be effective in alleviating anxiety and reducing stress. Some findings suggested that relaxation was more effective with women than with men whereas distraction may be more effective with men than with women. Further research is needed to refine these techniques that should be readily adaptable to dental practice.", "PMID": 368102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8", "title": "Home health care: the dietitian's role.", "content": "Nutritional services are an important part of the home care program. Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party mechanisms do not reimburse providers for such services, even though the cost for home care is lower than for institutional care. Recognizing the need for nutritional services, the Veterans Administration has included the dietitian as a member of the home care team. Skills and guidelines developed by The American Dietetic Association for home and ambulatory care were adapted and utilized in developing a dietetic home care procedure which helps to avoid institutional care and provides a better quality of life at home. Nutritional services should be an integral part of all home health care programs. Because most home care programs do not have funds for a dietitian's service, legislative and/or regulatory action is needed to provide reimbursement for nutritional home care services.", "contents": "Home health care: the dietitian's role. Nutritional services are an important part of the home care program. Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party mechanisms do not reimburse providers for such services, even though the cost for home care is lower than for institutional care. Recognizing the need for nutritional services, the Veterans Administration has included the dietitian as a member of the home care team. Skills and guidelines developed by The American Dietetic Association for home and ambulatory care were adapted and utilized in developing a dietetic home care procedure which helps to avoid institutional care and provides a better quality of life at home. Nutritional services should be an integral part of all home health care programs. Because most home care programs do not have funds for a dietitian's service, legislative and/or regulatory action is needed to provide reimbursement for nutritional home care services.", "PMID": 368104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9", "title": "Professionalization and the dietitian.", "content": "Professionalization as a process is reviewed and characteristics an occupation acquires as it becomes professionalized are outlined. Those attributes include founding a professional association with membership requirements to exclude the unqualified; control of education and admission to the profession by current members, frequently working through the professional organization; possible licensure or certification as a prerequisite to practice; a name change to provide enhanced status or prestige; and elaboration of an altruistic, service-oriented code of ethics. Relevant developments in dietetics and the history of The American Dietetic Association are then compared with this model. Advances have been and continue to be made in the above areas as the professionalization of dietetics and the dietitian progresses.", "contents": "Professionalization and the dietitian. Professionalization as a process is reviewed and characteristics an occupation acquires as it becomes professionalized are outlined. Those attributes include founding a professional association with membership requirements to exclude the unqualified; control of education and admission to the profession by current members, frequently working through the professional organization; possible licensure or certification as a prerequisite to practice; a name change to provide enhanced status or prestige; and elaboration of an altruistic, service-oriented code of ethics. Relevant developments in dietetics and the history of The American Dietetic Association are then compared with this model. Advances have been and continue to be made in the above areas as the professionalization of dietetics and the dietitian progresses.", "PMID": 368105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10", "title": "Clinical stereopsis testing: contour and random dot stereograms.", "content": "Stereopsis testing has received renewed interest because of its relationship to strabismus and amblyopia. This paper discusses clinical implications of stereo responses on traditional line stereograms and on newly developed random dot stereograms in normals, strabismics and amblyopes. Random dot stereograms are computer generated which when binocularly fused give rise to stereoscopic depth.", "contents": "Clinical stereopsis testing: contour and random dot stereograms. Stereopsis testing has received renewed interest because of its relationship to strabismus and amblyopia. This paper discusses clinical implications of stereo responses on traditional line stereograms and on newly developed random dot stereograms in normals, strabismics and amblyopes. Random dot stereograms are computer generated which when binocularly fused give rise to stereoscopic depth.", "PMID": 368108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11", "title": "The case for James Mills Peirce.", "content": "This paper presents a circumstantial, but convincing, case that James Mills Peirce (1834--1906), professor of mathematics and first dean of the Graduate School of Harvard University, was the author of a strong defense of homosexuality, which was published anonymously in 1897.", "contents": "The case for James Mills Peirce. This paper presents a circumstantial, but convincing, case that James Mills Peirce (1834--1906), professor of mathematics and first dean of the Graduate School of Harvard University, was the author of a strong defense of homosexuality, which was published anonymously in 1897.", "PMID": 368227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_12", "title": "The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination.", "content": "The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Cognitive control was represented by sensory or health-education information; instruction or no instruction in abdominal relaxation constituted the levels of behavioral control. The study was conducted in the natural setting of a family-planning clinic with 24 young women who were undergoing a routine pelvic examination. Subjects who received sensory information prior to the examination showed less distress, as indicated by overt distress behaviors and pulse rates, than did subjects who received health-education information. Cognitive control did not show a significant effect on self-report of fear. No significant effects were demonstrated for the factor of behavioral control. The results suggested that cognitive control information, which emphasizes the sensory experiences typically accompanying an aversive event, limits reactivity to aversive stimuli. The reduction in reactivity is thought to result in an increased ability to cope with aversive events.", "contents": "The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination. The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Cognitive control was represented by sensory or health-education information; instruction or no instruction in abdominal relaxation constituted the levels of behavioral control. The study was conducted in the natural setting of a family-planning clinic with 24 young women who were undergoing a routine pelvic examination. Subjects who received sensory information prior to the examination showed less distress, as indicated by overt distress behaviors and pulse rates, than did subjects who received health-education information. Cognitive control did not show a significant effect on self-report of fear. No significant effects were demonstrated for the factor of behavioral control. The results suggested that cognitive control information, which emphasizes the sensory experiences typically accompanying an aversive event, limits reactivity to aversive stimuli. The reduction in reactivity is thought to result in an increased ability to cope with aversive events.", "PMID": 368229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_13", "title": "Escherichia coli in gastroenteritis of children in London and Jamaica.", "content": "The jejunal and stool flora of children with gastroenteritis in London and in Jamaica was examined. Although bacterial colonization of the small bowel was commonly detected, it was unusual to find the same serotype of E. coli in both jejunum and stool, and none of the jejunal strains of E. coli produced either heatlabile or heat-stable enterotoxin. Some strains of E. coli causing infant gastroenteritis are neither toxigenic nor invasive, and other mechanisms must be sought to account for their pathogenicity.", "contents": "Escherichia coli in gastroenteritis of children in London and Jamaica. The jejunal and stool flora of children with gastroenteritis in London and in Jamaica was examined. Although bacterial colonization of the small bowel was commonly detected, it was unusual to find the same serotype of E. coli in both jejunum and stool, and none of the jejunal strains of E. coli produced either heatlabile or heat-stable enterotoxin. Some strains of E. coli causing infant gastroenteritis are neither toxigenic nor invasive, and other mechanisms must be sought to account for their pathogenicity.", "PMID": 368230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_14", "title": "Comparison of oral sucrose and glucose electrolyte solutions in the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy.", "content": "Seventy-three children under the age of 18 months presenting with acute gastroenteritis were given an electrolyte mixture with added sucrose or glucose in a randomized double-blind trial. The time taken to recovery in those sucessfully treated as out-patients was identical. However, of the 34 who received glucose, 11 (32%) required admission compared with 7 (18%) of the 39 who received sucrose. There was a wide range of osmolality of the made-up feeds, indicating inaccuracy in diluting the solutions as prescribed, but this did not in general correlate with need for admission. Sucrose-electrolyte solution is at least as effective as a glucose-electrolyte solution for the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy. The cheapness and easy availability of sucrose commends its use in developed and developing countries.", "contents": "Comparison of oral sucrose and glucose electrolyte solutions in the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy. Seventy-three children under the age of 18 months presenting with acute gastroenteritis were given an electrolyte mixture with added sucrose or glucose in a randomized double-blind trial. The time taken to recovery in those sucessfully treated as out-patients was identical. However, of the 34 who received glucose, 11 (32%) required admission compared with 7 (18%) of the 39 who received sucrose. There was a wide range of osmolality of the made-up feeds, indicating inaccuracy in diluting the solutions as prescribed, but this did not in general correlate with need for admission. Sucrose-electrolyte solution is at least as effective as a glucose-electrolyte solution for the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy. The cheapness and easy availability of sucrose commends its use in developed and developing countries.", "PMID": 368231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_15", "title": "Lymphocytes binding and T cell mitogenic properties of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid.", "content": "We previously reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of group A streptococci binds spontaneously to mammaliam cell membranes via lipid moieties ester-linked to the LTA molecule. We now describe biochemical and immunologic evidence that LTA binds to human and murine lymphocytes as an early event in the induction of mitogenesis in T lymphocytes. The biochemical studies showed that binding of radiolabeled LTA to lymphocytes was lymphocyte-concentration, and temperature dependent, and it reached a maximum in 15 min. Binding was reversible and specific with a dissociation constant of 89 micrometer for adult lymphocytes and 57 micrometer for cord blood lymphocytes. Immunologic studies showed that the LTA was mitogenic only for T lymphocytes. Dose response curves of lymphocyte mitogenesis induced by LTA and the binding of LTA to intact lymphocytes were shown to be related. The results suggest that LTA binds to specific receptor sites on T lymphocytes to trigger the mitogenic response.", "contents": "Lymphocytes binding and T cell mitogenic properties of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid. We previously reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of group A streptococci binds spontaneously to mammaliam cell membranes via lipid moieties ester-linked to the LTA molecule. We now describe biochemical and immunologic evidence that LTA binds to human and murine lymphocytes as an early event in the induction of mitogenesis in T lymphocytes. The biochemical studies showed that binding of radiolabeled LTA to lymphocytes was lymphocyte-concentration, and temperature dependent, and it reached a maximum in 15 min. Binding was reversible and specific with a dissociation constant of 89 micrometer for adult lymphocytes and 57 micrometer for cord blood lymphocytes. Immunologic studies showed that the LTA was mitogenic only for T lymphocytes. Dose response curves of lymphocyte mitogenesis induced by LTA and the binding of LTA to intact lymphocytes were shown to be related. The results suggest that LTA binds to specific receptor sites on T lymphocytes to trigger the mitogenic response.", "PMID": 368235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_16", "title": "Presence of alpha-1-antitrypsin on mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocytes that have undergone concanavalin A-induced blastogenetic transformation demonstrate surface alpha-1-antitrypsin by immunofluorescence when examined after 72 hr of culture, whereas unstimulated cells do not. These results may indicate a role for alpha-1-antitrypsin in lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "contents": "Presence of alpha-1-antitrypsin on mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes that have undergone concanavalin A-induced blastogenetic transformation demonstrate surface alpha-1-antitrypsin by immunofluorescence when examined after 72 hr of culture, whereas unstimulated cells do not. These results may indicate a role for alpha-1-antitrypsin in lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "PMID": 368236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_17", "title": "The in vitro suppression of spontaneous erythrocyte autoimmune responses with lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A.", "content": "When normal mouse spleen cells are cultured in vitro, large numbers of cells develop that produce antibody toward antigens found on bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes (BrMRBC). The in vitro culture also generates T cells that mediate DTH toward these antigens. We have suggested that under in vivo conditions, suppressor T cells maintain these immune responses at a low level but that this suppression wanes when the cells are cultured in vitro. The present study examines the effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the in vitro development of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to Br-MRBC. Mitogenic concentrations of Con A prevented the development of both the PFC and TDTH responses toward BrMRBC. The Con A-induced suppression was due to the induction of suppressor T cells; thus the addition of Con A-activated cells to fresh spleen cell cultures prevented the development of both the  PFC and TDTH response against BrMRBC.", "contents": "The in vitro suppression of spontaneous erythrocyte autoimmune responses with lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A. When normal mouse spleen cells are cultured in vitro, large numbers of cells develop that produce antibody toward antigens found on bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes (BrMRBC). The in vitro culture also generates T cells that mediate DTH toward these antigens. We have suggested that under in vivo conditions, suppressor T cells maintain these immune responses at a low level but that this suppression wanes when the cells are cultured in vitro. The present study examines the effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the in vitro development of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to Br-MRBC. Mitogenic concentrations of Con A prevented the development of both the PFC and TDTH responses toward BrMRBC. The Con A-induced suppression was due to the induction of suppressor T cells; thus the addition of Con A-activated cells to fresh spleen cell cultures prevented the development of both the  PFC and TDTH response against BrMRBC.", "PMID": 368237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_18", "title": "Passive enhancement of mouse skin allografts by alloantibodies is Fc dependent.", "content": "The capacity of F(ab')2 fragments of alloantibodies to enhance mouse allografts was studied in B6AF1 recipients of B10.D2 skin grafts. F(ab')2 obtained by digestion of B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 antibodies was purified by means of affinity chromatography, with anti-subclass antisera and protein A. The degree of contaminating IgG was less than 0.02%. Administration of F(ab')2 with an antigen-binding capacity similar to the IgG from which it originated, inhibited acute antibody-mediated graft rejection but was unable to induce enhancement. Even a dose that was 130 times the molar amount of the minimal enhancing dose of undigested IgG2 was ineffective. We conclude, therefore, that passive enhancement of mouse skin allografts by alloantibodies requires the Fc part.", "contents": "Passive enhancement of mouse skin allografts by alloantibodies is Fc dependent. The capacity of F(ab')2 fragments of alloantibodies to enhance mouse allografts was studied in B6AF1 recipients of B10.D2 skin grafts. F(ab')2 obtained by digestion of B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 antibodies was purified by means of affinity chromatography, with anti-subclass antisera and protein A. The degree of contaminating IgG was less than 0.02%. Administration of F(ab')2 with an antigen-binding capacity similar to the IgG from which it originated, inhibited acute antibody-mediated graft rejection but was unable to induce enhancement. Even a dose that was 130 times the molar amount of the minimal enhancing dose of undigested IgG2 was ineffective. We conclude, therefore, that passive enhancement of mouse skin allografts by alloantibodies requires the Fc part.", "PMID": 368240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_19", "title": "Binding of antigen-bearing fluorescent liposomes to the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 315.", "content": "Small unilamellar lipid vesicles bearing the DNP-hapten on their surfaces and containing the water-soluble fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein were formed by sonication. These vesicles were incubated with cells from the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 315, which secrete and also bear on the cell surface an immunoglobulin with affinity for the nitrophenyl hapten. At 0 degrees C the cells bound an average of several thousand vesicles at saturation. This binding was specific for the nitrophenyl hapten on the vesicle since it was abolished by an excess of soluble nitrophenyl derivative, by omission of the hapten from the vesicle, or by substitution for MOPC 315 of a tumor lacking receptors for the nitrophenyl hapten. Specific binding of vesicles was greater when cells were incubated at 37 degrees C. The study suggests that ligand-bearing vesicles can be a useful marker for cell surface immunoglobulin. However, in spite of the ability to \"target\" vesicles to cell surface determinants, binding did not result in increased delivery of vesicle contents to the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Binding of antigen-bearing fluorescent liposomes to the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 315. Small unilamellar lipid vesicles bearing the DNP-hapten on their surfaces and containing the water-soluble fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein were formed by sonication. These vesicles were incubated with cells from the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 315, which secrete and also bear on the cell surface an immunoglobulin with affinity for the nitrophenyl hapten. At 0 degrees C the cells bound an average of several thousand vesicles at saturation. This binding was specific for the nitrophenyl hapten on the vesicle since it was abolished by an excess of soluble nitrophenyl derivative, by omission of the hapten from the vesicle, or by substitution for MOPC 315 of a tumor lacking receptors for the nitrophenyl hapten. Specific binding of vesicles was greater when cells were incubated at 37 degrees C. The study suggests that ligand-bearing vesicles can be a useful marker for cell surface immunoglobulin. However, in spite of the ability to \"target\" vesicles to cell surface determinants, binding did not result in increased delivery of vesicle contents to the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 368242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_20", "title": "Idiopathic paraproteinemia. II. Transplantation of the paraprotein-producing clone from old to young C57BL/KaLwRij mice.", "content": "Transplantation experiments in the C57BL/KaLwRij mouse model of idiopathic paraproteinemia (IP) showed that an IP-producing clone can be further propagated in young, lethally irradiated mice and also equally as well in nonirradiated recipients by a bone marrow and/or spleen cell transfer. The latency period before the original paraprotein was detected in the sera of recipients varied in different experiments between 1 and 9 months after transplantation. With subsequent transplantations, the \"take\" frequency gradually decreased. Propagation of IP for three to four generations seems to be the final limit. In comparison to age-matched seems to be the final limit. In comparison to age-matched control groups, no substantial influence of the transplanted IP on the survival of the recipients was observed. In contrast, transplantation of cells from mice with a B cell lymphoma or a myeloma led to continuous propagation of the malignancy, with a high \"take\" frequency, progressive development of the paraproteinemia, and a shortened survival time of the recipients. These findings indicate that IP represents in its final stage in the aging C57BL mice an intrinsic cellular defect within the affected B cell clone, which is, however, different from that found in B cell malignancies.", "contents": "Idiopathic paraproteinemia. II. Transplantation of the paraprotein-producing clone from old to young C57BL/KaLwRij mice. Transplantation experiments in the C57BL/KaLwRij mouse model of idiopathic paraproteinemia (IP) showed that an IP-producing clone can be further propagated in young, lethally irradiated mice and also equally as well in nonirradiated recipients by a bone marrow and/or spleen cell transfer. The latency period before the original paraprotein was detected in the sera of recipients varied in different experiments between 1 and 9 months after transplantation. With subsequent transplantations, the \"take\" frequency gradually decreased. Propagation of IP for three to four generations seems to be the final limit. In comparison to age-matched seems to be the final limit. In comparison to age-matched control groups, no substantial influence of the transplanted IP on the survival of the recipients was observed. In contrast, transplantation of cells from mice with a B cell lymphoma or a myeloma led to continuous propagation of the malignancy, with a high \"take\" frequency, progressive development of the paraproteinemia, and a shortened survival time of the recipients. These findings indicate that IP represents in its final stage in the aging C57BL mice an intrinsic cellular defect within the affected B cell clone, which is, however, different from that found in B cell malignancies.", "PMID": 368243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_21", "title": "Characterization of a congenitally LPS-resistant, athymic mouse strain.", "content": "C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) mice have B cells and macrophages unresponsive to a phenol-water extracted preparation of Escherichia coli K 235 LPS. This unresponsiveness was demonstrated in vitro by the inability of spleen cells to incorporate 3H-thymidine after a 48 hr incubation with LPS (Ph) and by the inability of LPS (Ph) to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis of 51 Cr-labeled, opsonized sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, macrophage cultures stimulated with LPS (Ph) produced low levels of LAF and PGE2 when compared with macrophages from the LPS-sensitive C3H/HeN and C3H/HeN (nu/nu) strains. Therefore, the C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) strain is similar in its LPS unresponsiveness to the well-characterized C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR strains. The combination of endotoxin unresponsiveness and the athymic nature of this mouse strain may provide a powerful new tool for studying the cellular events mediating endotoxicity.", "contents": "Characterization of a congenitally LPS-resistant, athymic mouse strain. C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) mice have B cells and macrophages unresponsive to a phenol-water extracted preparation of Escherichia coli K 235 LPS. This unresponsiveness was demonstrated in vitro by the inability of spleen cells to incorporate 3H-thymidine after a 48 hr incubation with LPS (Ph) and by the inability of LPS (Ph) to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis of 51 Cr-labeled, opsonized sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, macrophage cultures stimulated with LPS (Ph) produced low levels of LAF and PGE2 when compared with macrophages from the LPS-sensitive C3H/HeN and C3H/HeN (nu/nu) strains. Therefore, the C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) strain is similar in its LPS unresponsiveness to the well-characterized C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR strains. The combination of endotoxin unresponsiveness and the athymic nature of this mouse strain may provide a powerful new tool for studying the cellular events mediating endotoxicity.", "PMID": 368244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_22", "title": "Transplantation in miniature swine. V. Characterization of Ia antigens.", "content": "The complexity of the I region analog associated with the MHC of miniature swine has been probed by sequential antibody precipitation studies of Ia antigens. Treatment of solubilized lymphocyte preparations from MSLA homozygotes of the DD haplotype with excess AA anti-DD alloantiserum led to precipitation of only a portion of the total Ia antigens, as determined by secondary precipitation of the remaining material with CC anti-DD serum. The presumed I region of miniature swine must therefore code for more than one Ia antigen-bearing polypeptide chain. In addition, certain mouse alloantisera that had previously been shown to react with rat Ia antigens were tested for reactivity with swine Ia antigens. Anti-Iak mouse alloantisera precipitated Ia molecules from every swine extract tested, regardless of MHC type, precluding genetic mapping studies. However, sequential precipitation studies demonstrated that the cross-reactive mouse alloantisera reacted only with a subclass of swine Ia antigens, again suggesting genetic complexity of the pig Ia locus.", "contents": "Transplantation in miniature swine. V. Characterization of Ia antigens. The complexity of the I region analog associated with the MHC of miniature swine has been probed by sequential antibody precipitation studies of Ia antigens. Treatment of solubilized lymphocyte preparations from MSLA homozygotes of the DD haplotype with excess AA anti-DD alloantiserum led to precipitation of only a portion of the total Ia antigens, as determined by secondary precipitation of the remaining material with CC anti-DD serum. The presumed I region of miniature swine must therefore code for more than one Ia antigen-bearing polypeptide chain. In addition, certain mouse alloantisera that had previously been shown to react with rat Ia antigens were tested for reactivity with swine Ia antigens. Anti-Iak mouse alloantisera precipitated Ia molecules from every swine extract tested, regardless of MHC type, precluding genetic mapping studies. However, sequential precipitation studies demonstrated that the cross-reactive mouse alloantisera reacted only with a subclass of swine Ia antigens, again suggesting genetic complexity of the pig Ia locus.", "PMID": 368245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_23", "title": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. III. The activity of culture-induced suppressor cells.", "content": "Normal PBL were sensitized in vitro against an allogeneic diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell line and their activity was measured by radiolabel release from target cells. We have reported earlier that a non-T cell population, found among the PBL, was responsible for inhibiting in vitro sensitization. In the present work we found that culturing PBL in vitro caused the induction of radioresistant suppressor cells which affected the sensitization phase of the in vitro response. The culture-induced suppressor cells had macrophage-like characteristics. The activity of the suppressor cells depended on an additional helper population that was adherent to nylon wool, but did not adhere to plastic and was non-phagocytic. The cooperation of these two different cell populations was required for the expression of suppressive activity.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. III. The activity of culture-induced suppressor cells. Normal PBL were sensitized in vitro against an allogeneic diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell line and their activity was measured by radiolabel release from target cells. We have reported earlier that a non-T cell population, found among the PBL, was responsible for inhibiting in vitro sensitization. In the present work we found that culturing PBL in vitro caused the induction of radioresistant suppressor cells which affected the sensitization phase of the in vitro response. The culture-induced suppressor cells had macrophage-like characteristics. The activity of the suppressor cells depended on an additional helper population that was adherent to nylon wool, but did not adhere to plastic and was non-phagocytic. The cooperation of these two different cell populations was required for the expression of suppressive activity.", "PMID": 368246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_24", "title": "A micromethod for in vitro assay of lymphocyte proliferation in mouse whole blood.", "content": "A microplate culture system to assay the in vitro proliferative responses of mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin is described. The method utilises whole blood, a gamma-emitting isotopic label and semi-automated harvesting. Data are presented to show the effects of several variables on the culture system. The technique is suitable for serial study of the in vitro phytohaemagglutinin response in individual animals.", "contents": "A micromethod for in vitro assay of lymphocyte proliferation in mouse whole blood. A microplate culture system to assay the in vitro proliferative responses of mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin is described. The method utilises whole blood, a gamma-emitting isotopic label and semi-automated harvesting. Data are presented to show the effects of several variables on the culture system. The technique is suitable for serial study of the in vitro phytohaemagglutinin response in individual animals.", "PMID": 368249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_25", "title": "Antibody-coated protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus: a versatile and stable immune reagent.", "content": "The human beta2-microglobulin antigen-antibody system was used as a model to illustrate the versatility of a microradioimmunoassay technique using protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SACI) bacteria as a non-specific immunoadsorbent in place of a second antibody. Experimental conditions are described for a sensitive microassay which makes it possible to process large numbers of samples more rapidly and with minimum handling. Furthermore, SACI coated with specific antibodies by mixing with unfractionated antisera are a versatile reagent not only for radioimmunoassays but also for use as molecular probes to characterize cell surface antigens. Antibody-coated SACI could be lyophilized and proved extremely stable in storage thus providing a unique advantage for use in binding inhibition assays and as versatile reagent for clinical and investigative immunology.", "contents": "Antibody-coated protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus: a versatile and stable immune reagent. The human beta2-microglobulin antigen-antibody system was used as a model to illustrate the versatility of a microradioimmunoassay technique using protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SACI) bacteria as a non-specific immunoadsorbent in place of a second antibody. Experimental conditions are described for a sensitive microassay which makes it possible to process large numbers of samples more rapidly and with minimum handling. Furthermore, SACI coated with specific antibodies by mixing with unfractionated antisera are a versatile reagent not only for radioimmunoassays but also for use as molecular probes to characterize cell surface antigens. Antibody-coated SACI could be lyophilized and proved extremely stable in storage thus providing a unique advantage for use in binding inhibition assays and as versatile reagent for clinical and investigative immunology.", "PMID": 368250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_26", "title": "Hapten-sandwich labeling. IV. Improved procedures and non-cross-reacting hapten reagents for double-labeling cell surface antigens.", "content": "New procedures are presented for preparation of hapten-antibody conjugates with the bifunctional amidinating reagent methyl-p-hydroxybenzimidate (HB). Conjugates with improved solubility are effective for hapten-sandwich labeling of cell surface antigens with high sensitivity and specificity. Several non-cross-reacting hapten-antihapten antibody systems are described which are well-suited for simultaneous labeling of different surface antigens.", "contents": "Hapten-sandwich labeling. IV. Improved procedures and non-cross-reacting hapten reagents for double-labeling cell surface antigens. New procedures are presented for preparation of hapten-antibody conjugates with the bifunctional amidinating reagent methyl-p-hydroxybenzimidate (HB). Conjugates with improved solubility are effective for hapten-sandwich labeling of cell surface antigens with high sensitivity and specificity. Several non-cross-reacting hapten-antihapten antibody systems are described which are well-suited for simultaneous labeling of different surface antigens.", "PMID": 368251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_27", "title": "Biochemistry of the elastic fibers in normal connective tissues and its alterations in diseases.", "content": "The elastic fibers present in various connective tissues of the body are responsible for physiologic elasticity of the organs. These fibers consist of 2 distinct components, elastin and the elastic fiber microfibrils. Controlled synthesis and balanced interaction of these 2 components are essential for normal fibrillogenesis. The intracellular biosynthesis of elastin by connective tissue cells, such as smooth muscle cells, involves assembly of the polypeptide chains on the membrane-bound ribosomes, hydroxylation of some prolyl residues to hydroxyproline, and secretion of the polypeptides packaged in Golgi vacuoles. In the extracellular space the elastin molecules assemble into fiber structures which are stabilized by the synthesis of complex covalent cross-links, desmosines. Recently, aberrations in the structure or metabolism of elastin have been detected in a variety of heritable and acquired diseases affecting skin and other connective tissues. These conditions include pseudoxanthoma elasticum, cutis laxa, and elastosis perforans serpiginosa, as well as arteriosclerosis and other degenerative changes of the vascular connective tissues.", "contents": "Biochemistry of the elastic fibers in normal connective tissues and its alterations in diseases. The elastic fibers present in various connective tissues of the body are responsible for physiologic elasticity of the organs. These fibers consist of 2 distinct components, elastin and the elastic fiber microfibrils. Controlled synthesis and balanced interaction of these 2 components are essential for normal fibrillogenesis. The intracellular biosynthesis of elastin by connective tissue cells, such as smooth muscle cells, involves assembly of the polypeptide chains on the membrane-bound ribosomes, hydroxylation of some prolyl residues to hydroxyproline, and secretion of the polypeptides packaged in Golgi vacuoles. In the extracellular space the elastin molecules assemble into fiber structures which are stabilized by the synthesis of complex covalent cross-links, desmosines. Recently, aberrations in the structure or metabolism of elastin have been detected in a variety of heritable and acquired diseases affecting skin and other connective tissues. These conditions include pseudoxanthoma elasticum, cutis laxa, and elastosis perforans serpiginosa, as well as arteriosclerosis and other degenerative changes of the vascular connective tissues.", "PMID": 368254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_28", "title": "Regional variation in the deposition of subepidermal immunoglobulin in NZB/W F1 mice: association with epidermal DNA synthesis.", "content": "We have previously reported that aging NZB/W F1 mice develop irregular immunoglobulin deposits along the dermalepidermal junction similar in appearance to those seen in the visibly normal skin of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this report we have extended this observation by showing that the frequency of these deposits varies from site to site in the skin of these animals. This regional variation in frequency of deposits was found to correlate positively with regional differences in rates of epidermal basal cell DNA synthesis as determined by autoradiography. These findings provide an explanation for the observed regional variation in frequency of subepidermal immunoglobulin deposition that occurs in human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Regional variation in the deposition of subepidermal immunoglobulin in NZB/W F1 mice: association with epidermal DNA synthesis. We have previously reported that aging NZB/W F1 mice develop irregular immunoglobulin deposits along the dermalepidermal junction similar in appearance to those seen in the visibly normal skin of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this report we have extended this observation by showing that the frequency of these deposits varies from site to site in the skin of these animals. This regional variation in frequency of deposits was found to correlate positively with regional differences in rates of epidermal basal cell DNA synthesis as determined by autoradiography. These findings provide an explanation for the observed regional variation in frequency of subepidermal immunoglobulin deposition that occurs in human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 368255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_29", "title": "A reappraisal of the relationship between subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits and DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study using the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence anti-DNA assay.", "content": "The relationship between normal skin subepidermal Ig deposits (subepi. Ig) and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is controversial. For this reason we have compared certain qualitative and semiquantitative aspects of subepi. Ig in skin biopsies from uninvolved flexor forearm skin to an objective measure of disease severity in SLE, i.e., serum antibodies to double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) as determined by the Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence assay. We have found that both the number of subepi. Ig classes present and the subepi. Ig fluorescence intensity correlate positively with the presence and amount of circulating anti-dsDNA. The group of patients with subepi. IgM alone had anti-dsDNA no more frequently than the group without subepi. Ig; whereas, the group who concurrently had subepi. IgG, IgA, and IgM frequently had high titers of anti-dsDNA. There were some exceptions to these findings in individual patients, however. These findings illustrate the importance of carefully defining the immunofluorescence findings in SLE normal skin.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the relationship between subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits and DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study using the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence anti-DNA assay. The relationship between normal skin subepidermal Ig deposits (subepi. Ig) and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is controversial. For this reason we have compared certain qualitative and semiquantitative aspects of subepi. Ig in skin biopsies from uninvolved flexor forearm skin to an objective measure of disease severity in SLE, i.e., serum antibodies to double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) as determined by the Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence assay. We have found that both the number of subepi. Ig classes present and the subepi. Ig fluorescence intensity correlate positively with the presence and amount of circulating anti-dsDNA. The group of patients with subepi. IgM alone had anti-dsDNA no more frequently than the group without subepi. Ig; whereas, the group who concurrently had subepi. IgG, IgA, and IgM frequently had high titers of anti-dsDNA. There were some exceptions to these findings in individual patients, however. These findings illustrate the importance of carefully defining the immunofluorescence findings in SLE normal skin.", "PMID": 368256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_30", "title": "Protective studies with group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. III. Challenge of volunteers after systemic or intranasal immunization with Type 3 or Type 12 group A Streptococcus.", "content": "Alum-precipitated and soluble, purified M protein vaccines were prepared from type 3 and type 12 group A Streptococcus. Adult volunteers were assigned to one of three groups: group I received placebo by both parenteral and intranasal routes; group 2 received vaccine parenterally (either type 3 or type 12) and placebo intranasally; and group 3 received placebo parenterally and vaccine intranasally (either type 3 or type 12). Subjects were inoculated three times at montly intervals. Thirty to 50 days after the last dose, all subjects were challenged with homologous streptococci applied to the oropharynx. Six subjects (30%) vaccinated subcutaneously had definite illness, three (15%) had probable illness, and 11 (55%) had no illness. In the group vaccinated intranasally, four (14%) had definite illness, two (7%) had probable illness, and 22 (79%) had no illness. Fifteen controls (42%) had definite illness, and 21 (58%) had no illness. The rate of colonization was significantly lower in recipients of intranasal vaccine. Average clinical scores and vaccine side effects were also decreased in subjects vaccinated intranasally. Induced serum antibody as measured by passive hemagglutination was not a reliable predictor of resistance to streptococcal pharyngitis. Penicillin was administered to all subjects five days after challenge. No sequelae of streptococcal infection or other complications occurred. Thus, local immunization with M protein apparently may reduce both colonization and clinical illness after challenge with homologous streptococci.", "contents": "Protective studies with group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. III. Challenge of volunteers after systemic or intranasal immunization with Type 3 or Type 12 group A Streptococcus. Alum-precipitated and soluble, purified M protein vaccines were prepared from type 3 and type 12 group A Streptococcus. Adult volunteers were assigned to one of three groups: group I received placebo by both parenteral and intranasal routes; group 2 received vaccine parenterally (either type 3 or type 12) and placebo intranasally; and group 3 received placebo parenterally and vaccine intranasally (either type 3 or type 12). Subjects were inoculated three times at montly intervals. Thirty to 50 days after the last dose, all subjects were challenged with homologous streptococci applied to the oropharynx. Six subjects (30%) vaccinated subcutaneously had definite illness, three (15%) had probable illness, and 11 (55%) had no illness. In the group vaccinated intranasally, four (14%) had definite illness, two (7%) had probable illness, and 22 (79%) had no illness. Fifteen controls (42%) had definite illness, and 21 (58%) had no illness. The rate of colonization was significantly lower in recipients of intranasal vaccine. Average clinical scores and vaccine side effects were also decreased in subjects vaccinated intranasally. Induced serum antibody as measured by passive hemagglutination was not a reliable predictor of resistance to streptococcal pharyngitis. Penicillin was administered to all subjects five days after challenge. No sequelae of streptococcal infection or other complications occurred. Thus, local immunization with M protein apparently may reduce both colonization and clinical illness after challenge with homologous streptococci.", "PMID": 368261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_31", "title": "The pyrogenicity of the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide and two structural analogues.", "content": "The pyrogenic efect of the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-isoglutamine, also known as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), was studied in rabbits. MDP induced biphasic fevers in rabbits, but two structural analogues, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-glutamic acid (MDPA) and the dimethylester of MDPA, were 10 times less pyrogenic. This finding was supported by studies in which MDP and its analogues released leukocytic pyrogen (LP) from rabbit phagocytic cells in vitro. In addition, MDP released LP from human phagocytes. Human phagocytes, however, required a 10-fold greater concentration of MDP than did rabbit cells. The structural analogues were similarly less effective than the parent molecule in releasing LP from human cells. All preparations of MDP were negative in the limulus amebocyte lysate test and failed to show pyrogenic cross-tolerance with bacterial endotoxin. Thus MDP, which is a pyrogenic molecule, is also able to release LP from rabbit phagocytes and to a lesser degree from human phagocytes, but does not cause gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate.", "contents": "The pyrogenicity of the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide and two structural analogues. The pyrogenic efect of the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-isoglutamine, also known as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), was studied in rabbits. MDP induced biphasic fevers in rabbits, but two structural analogues, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-glutamic acid (MDPA) and the dimethylester of MDPA, were 10 times less pyrogenic. This finding was supported by studies in which MDP and its analogues released leukocytic pyrogen (LP) from rabbit phagocytic cells in vitro. In addition, MDP released LP from human phagocytes. Human phagocytes, however, required a 10-fold greater concentration of MDP than did rabbit cells. The structural analogues were similarly less effective than the parent molecule in releasing LP from human cells. All preparations of MDP were negative in the limulus amebocyte lysate test and failed to show pyrogenic cross-tolerance with bacterial endotoxin. Thus MDP, which is a pyrogenic molecule, is also able to release LP from rabbit phagocytes and to a lesser degree from human phagocytes, but does not cause gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate.", "PMID": 368262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_32", "title": "Bacteriuria in a population-based cohort of women.", "content": "A survey for bacteriuria was conducted in a community-wide, unselected population of women 16--69 years old. The overall prevalence of bacteriuria was 3.5%. The prevalence of bacteriuria increased with age with a linear trend, but with a significant nonlinear component as well. Bacteriuria was associated with parity after correction for the effects of age. Current symptoms of dysuria and a history of previous urinary tract infection were slightly but significantly more common in women with bacteriuria. The population described should serve as an adequate base for continuing studies of the possible consequences of bacteriuria.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in a population-based cohort of women. A survey for bacteriuria was conducted in a community-wide, unselected population of women 16--69 years old. The overall prevalence of bacteriuria was 3.5%. The prevalence of bacteriuria increased with age with a linear trend, but with a significant nonlinear component as well. Bacteriuria was associated with parity after correction for the effects of age. Current symptoms of dysuria and a history of previous urinary tract infection were slightly but significantly more common in women with bacteriuria. The population described should serve as an adequate base for continuing studies of the possible consequences of bacteriuria.", "PMID": 368263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_33", "title": "Bone and joint infections due to Salmonella.", "content": "A search of the records at the New York City Department of Health and the charts of patients at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital identified 37 cases of bone infection and nine cases of joint infection due to Salmonella between 1964 and 1978. Factors that apparently contributed to the development of either osteomyelitis or septic arthritis in 23 of the patients included hemoglobinopathy, previous trauma or surgery, connective tissue disorder, and lymphoma. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis were the most common serotypes involved with bone infections, whereas members of the C1 serogroup were the most common cause of septic joint infections. Isolates of C1 serogroup Salmonella were represented in both bone and joint infections with frequencies (24% and 67%, respectively) disproportionate to the numbers of Salmonella isolated from other sources during this period. Therapy for joint infections was usually successful, with minimal residual damage. Therapy for acute osteomyelitis was unaccountably inadequate, with many patients (47%) developing chronic infections. Use of inappropriate therapy or an insufficient period of therapy were the most important factors contributing to poor outcome.", "contents": "Bone and joint infections due to Salmonella. A search of the records at the New York City Department of Health and the charts of patients at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital identified 37 cases of bone infection and nine cases of joint infection due to Salmonella between 1964 and 1978. Factors that apparently contributed to the development of either osteomyelitis or septic arthritis in 23 of the patients included hemoglobinopathy, previous trauma or surgery, connective tissue disorder, and lymphoma. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis were the most common serotypes involved with bone infections, whereas members of the C1 serogroup were the most common cause of septic joint infections. Isolates of C1 serogroup Salmonella were represented in both bone and joint infections with frequencies (24% and 67%, respectively) disproportionate to the numbers of Salmonella isolated from other sources during this period. Therapy for joint infections was usually successful, with minimal residual damage. Therapy for acute osteomyelitis was unaccountably inadequate, with many patients (47%) developing chronic infections. Use of inappropriate therapy or an insufficient period of therapy were the most important factors contributing to poor outcome.", "PMID": 368264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_34", "title": "Duration of hospitalization for bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972.", "content": "In survivors of both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, the mean hospital stay fluctuated widely from one selected year to the next, but it was generally shorter and early discharges were more frequent in the years when effective antibacterial agents were used. The greatest reduction in hospital stay occurred by 1941. The size of the fluctuations and reductions also varied with the causative organism. The average duration of hospitalization of all survivors of HA bacteremic infections after the first positive blood culture was 10.5 days longer than the total hospitalization of survivors of CA infections. The reduced length of hospital stay after 1935 is attributed to the successful use of effective antibacterial drugs, and the greater effect in CA than in HA cases is attributed to more frequent infections in the latter with organisms resistant to those drugs.", "contents": "Duration of hospitalization for bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. In survivors of both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, the mean hospital stay fluctuated widely from one selected year to the next, but it was generally shorter and early discharges were more frequent in the years when effective antibacterial agents were used. The greatest reduction in hospital stay occurred by 1941. The size of the fluctuations and reductions also varied with the causative organism. The average duration of hospitalization of all survivors of HA bacteremic infections after the first positive blood culture was 10.5 days longer than the total hospitalization of survivors of CA infections. The reduced length of hospital stay after 1935 is attributed to the successful use of effective antibacterial drugs, and the greater effect in CA than in HA cases is attributed to more frequent infections in the latter with organisms resistant to those drugs.", "PMID": 368265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_35", "title": "Renal cell turnover studied by Y chromosome (Y body) staining of the transplanted human kidney.", "content": "To address questions about turnover between human renal cell populations and extrarenal cells, we studied kidneys that had been transplanted between sexes. By staining frozen sections with acranil and enumerating Y bodies, we could distinguish between male and female tubular and glomerular cells in control nontransplant kidneys. We studied 12 kidneys that had been transplanted from females to males, including seven which had mesangial cell hyperplasia in the transplant. There were virtually no Y body-positive nuclei in the glomeruli or tubules of the 12 kidneys. Thus there was no evidence for an extrarenal cell contribution to either normal or proliferative mesangial cells or to other renal cells. Two of these 12 kidneys had cellular glomerular crescents. Y body-postive extrarenal cells were present in the crescents. Interstitial infiltrates in female-to-male transplants were also Y body-positive.", "contents": "Renal cell turnover studied by Y chromosome (Y body) staining of the transplanted human kidney. To address questions about turnover between human renal cell populations and extrarenal cells, we studied kidneys that had been transplanted between sexes. By staining frozen sections with acranil and enumerating Y bodies, we could distinguish between male and female tubular and glomerular cells in control nontransplant kidneys. We studied 12 kidneys that had been transplanted from females to males, including seven which had mesangial cell hyperplasia in the transplant. There were virtually no Y body-positive nuclei in the glomeruli or tubules of the 12 kidneys. Thus there was no evidence for an extrarenal cell contribution to either normal or proliferative mesangial cells or to other renal cells. Two of these 12 kidneys had cellular glomerular crescents. Y body-postive extrarenal cells were present in the crescents. Interstitial infiltrates in female-to-male transplants were also Y body-positive.", "PMID": 368268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_36", "title": "The role of subregions of the rat major histocompatibility complex in the rejection and passive enhancement of renal allografts.", "content": "The laboratory recombinant haplotype H-1acl of the Norway rat has been used in studies of the rejection and passive enhancement of kidney allografts. While the full H-1a haplotype provoked acute rejection, neither of the isolated subregions, H-1Aa and H-1Ba, did so. It was also found that alloantisera raised against either the H-1Aa or the H-1Ba antigens would enhance the grafts. It is suggested that both MHC subregions contain a histocompatibility locus (i) for kidney (as they do for skin) and that in the genetic combinations studied only incompatibility for both provokes a response sufficient for rejection. In other combinations, however, single region incompatibilities may be sufficient.", "contents": "The role of subregions of the rat major histocompatibility complex in the rejection and passive enhancement of renal allografts. The laboratory recombinant haplotype H-1acl of the Norway rat has been used in studies of the rejection and passive enhancement of kidney allografts. While the full H-1a haplotype provoked acute rejection, neither of the isolated subregions, H-1Aa and H-1Ba, did so. It was also found that alloantisera raised against either the H-1Aa or the H-1Ba antigens would enhance the grafts. It is suggested that both MHC subregions contain a histocompatibility locus (i) for kidney (as they do for skin) and that in the genetic combinations studied only incompatibility for both provokes a response sufficient for rejection. In other combinations, however, single region incompatibilities may be sufficient.", "PMID": 368285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_37", "title": "The influence of contaminants on the mutagenic activity of dibromochloropropane (DBCP).", "content": "This study investigates the possible role of impurities in dibromochloropropane in inducing mutations, and discusses the importance of contaminants in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing. A technical grade sample and a pure sample of DBCP (no epichlorohydrin added) were assayed in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, with and without S-9 activation, using agar overlay procedures and dessicator procedures. Assays performed with both technical and pure DBCP without metabolic activation resulted respectively in an increase in revertants with increasing dose (0-1600 microgram/plate) when the technical grade was tested, and no substantial increase in revertants over the same dose range when the pure DBCP was tested. Distillation of technical grade DBCP yielded an initial fraction containing high amounts of epichlorohydrin (verified by GC-MS) which was highly mutagenic. The amount of epichlorohydrin in the technical DBCP sample was calculated for each dose level tested, and the number of revertants obtained in tests of the technical DBCP sample could be attributed solely to the calculated amount of epichlorohydrin in each test dose. Tests of pure and technical DBCP using a dessicator technique produced a similar differential between the technical and pure compounds in mutagenicity. Activation of both technical and pure DBCP with S-9 from Aroclor pre-treated rats resulted in high mutagenic responses, of equal magnitude, from both preparations.", "contents": "The influence of contaminants on the mutagenic activity of dibromochloropropane (DBCP). This study investigates the possible role of impurities in dibromochloropropane in inducing mutations, and discusses the importance of contaminants in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing. A technical grade sample and a pure sample of DBCP (no epichlorohydrin added) were assayed in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, with and without S-9 activation, using agar overlay procedures and dessicator procedures. Assays performed with both technical and pure DBCP without metabolic activation resulted respectively in an increase in revertants with increasing dose (0-1600 microgram/plate) when the technical grade was tested, and no substantial increase in revertants over the same dose range when the pure DBCP was tested. Distillation of technical grade DBCP yielded an initial fraction containing high amounts of epichlorohydrin (verified by GC-MS) which was highly mutagenic. The amount of epichlorohydrin in the technical DBCP sample was calculated for each dose level tested, and the number of revertants obtained in tests of the technical DBCP sample could be attributed solely to the calculated amount of epichlorohydrin in each test dose. Tests of pure and technical DBCP using a dessicator technique produced a similar differential between the technical and pure compounds in mutagenicity. Activation of both technical and pure DBCP with S-9 from Aroclor pre-treated rats resulted in high mutagenic responses, of equal magnitude, from both preparations.", "PMID": 368282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_38", "title": "Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum.", "content": "Twelve mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum in solid-state fermentation on grains were purified and tested for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome assays. The mutations studied were reversions of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy in strains TA98 and TA100 and forward mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance (8AGR) in strain TM677. Rubroskyrin, (+)rugulosin, lumiluteoskyrin [a photoproduct of (-)luteoskyrin], and simatoxin [a new water-soluble metabolite of unknown structure] induced 8AGR mutations in strain TM677 but not histidine reversions in strains TA98 and TA100. Mutagenic potency was reduced by rat-liver microsomes. The carcinogens (-)luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine were antibacterial but not mutagenic. (+)Rugulosin, rubroskyrin, lumiluteoskyrin, and high concentrations of simotoxin were also antibacterial. Antibacterial activity but not mutagenicity was observed with pibasterol and skyrin. Chrysophanol, islandicin, iridoskyrin, and emodin were inactive as mutagens or as antibacterial agents.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum. Twelve mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum in solid-state fermentation on grains were purified and tested for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome assays. The mutations studied were reversions of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy in strains TA98 and TA100 and forward mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance (8AGR) in strain TM677. Rubroskyrin, (+)rugulosin, lumiluteoskyrin [a photoproduct of (-)luteoskyrin], and simatoxin [a new water-soluble metabolite of unknown structure] induced 8AGR mutations in strain TM677 but not histidine reversions in strains TA98 and TA100. Mutagenic potency was reduced by rat-liver microsomes. The carcinogens (-)luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine were antibacterial but not mutagenic. (+)Rugulosin, rubroskyrin, lumiluteoskyrin, and high concentrations of simotoxin were also antibacterial. Antibacterial activity but not mutagenicity was observed with pibasterol and skyrin. Chrysophanol, islandicin, iridoskyrin, and emodin were inactive as mutagens or as antibacterial agents.", "PMID": 368283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_39", "title": "Immunological properties of hyaluronidases associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci.", "content": "The antigenic relationships of hyaluronidases, bound and free, associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci were examined with antibody against purified whole phage and with antibody against phage-bound enzyme released by urea and purified to homogeneity. Studies performed by double diffusion in agar (ouchterlony) with antibody against the homologous purified enzyme from a temperate phage of a type 49 streptococcus indicated that the bound and free enzyme gave a single line of identity and that the free hyaluronidase activities in induced lysates of four strains of M type 49 streptococci were immunologically indistinguishable but different from the enzyme in induced lysates of a heterologous type. The four M type 49 strains were from widely different geographical or temporal sources and of different phage subtypes as determined by lyxic patterns. These findings were confirmed in studies that employed a functional assay of enzyme neutralization. An immunoglobulin preparation of antiserum against the purified enzyme as well as one against homologous purified whole phage neutralized the hyaluronidase activity produced by induction of the M type 49 strains and present either phage-bound or soluble in phage-free lysates. These immunoglobulin preparations had little effect on the hyaluronidase activities present in phage-lysates of other M types of group A streptococci. Inhibition of propagation of temperate phages by antibody against the purified phage hyaluronidase paralleled the neutralization of phage-associated enzyme activity by this antibody, indicating that antibody to the purified enzyme can inhibit phage infection. Antibody preparations against the purified phage-bound enzyme or against purified whole phage did not neutralize the extracellular hyaluronidase in the supernate of an uninduced culture of M type 4 streptococci. A human serum strongly inhibitory for the extracellular enzyme of this strain or on the purified phage enzyme from an M type 49 strain. The results support the view that the hyaluronidases associated with the temperate bacteriophages from various M types of group A streptococci do not share common antigenic determinants but that an immunological specificity exists that parallels the serologic specificity of the M protein of the host strains.", "contents": "Immunological properties of hyaluronidases associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci. The antigenic relationships of hyaluronidases, bound and free, associated with temperate bacteriophages of group A streptococci were examined with antibody against purified whole phage and with antibody against phage-bound enzyme released by urea and purified to homogeneity. Studies performed by double diffusion in agar (ouchterlony) with antibody against the homologous purified enzyme from a temperate phage of a type 49 streptococcus indicated that the bound and free enzyme gave a single line of identity and that the free hyaluronidase activities in induced lysates of four strains of M type 49 streptococci were immunologically indistinguishable but different from the enzyme in induced lysates of a heterologous type. The four M type 49 strains were from widely different geographical or temporal sources and of different phage subtypes as determined by lyxic patterns. These findings were confirmed in studies that employed a functional assay of enzyme neutralization. An immunoglobulin preparation of antiserum against the purified enzyme as well as one against homologous purified whole phage neutralized the hyaluronidase activity produced by induction of the M type 49 strains and present either phage-bound or soluble in phage-free lysates. These immunoglobulin preparations had little effect on the hyaluronidase activities present in phage-lysates of other M types of group A streptococci. Inhibition of propagation of temperate phages by antibody against the purified phage hyaluronidase paralleled the neutralization of phage-associated enzyme activity by this antibody, indicating that antibody to the purified enzyme can inhibit phage infection. Antibody preparations against the purified phage-bound enzyme or against purified whole phage did not neutralize the extracellular hyaluronidase in the supernate of an uninduced culture of M type 4 streptococci. A human serum strongly inhibitory for the extracellular enzyme of this strain or on the purified phage enzyme from an M type 49 strain. The results support the view that the hyaluronidases associated with the temperate bacteriophages from various M types of group A streptococci do not share common antigenic determinants but that an immunological specificity exists that parallels the serologic specificity of the M protein of the host strains.", "PMID": 368286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_40", "title": "Effects of N-nitrosodiethylamine on murine hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities.", "content": "Administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine (diethylnitrosamine, DEN) to mice caused a loss of cytochrome P-450 and a corresponding depression in the activities of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase. Maximum effects were achieved 24 hr. after a single dose of 100 mg/kg. In chronic experiments, similar effects were achieved after animals had been drinking water containing 50 ppm of DEN for 12 weeks. The effects of DEN on aminopyrine demethylase could not be reproduced by collecting microsomes, from homogenates which had been treated with DEN in vitro. Homogenates prepared from livers of mice treated chronically with DEN were used to activate compounds to mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test of Ames. Activation by these homogenates was not lower than activation by homogenates prepared from control animals. In fact, activation of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by use of homogenates from DEN-treated animals as source of activating enzymes.", "contents": "Effects of N-nitrosodiethylamine on murine hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities. Administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine (diethylnitrosamine, DEN) to mice caused a loss of cytochrome P-450 and a corresponding depression in the activities of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase. Maximum effects were achieved 24 hr. after a single dose of 100 mg/kg. In chronic experiments, similar effects were achieved after animals had been drinking water containing 50 ppm of DEN for 12 weeks. The effects of DEN on aminopyrine demethylase could not be reproduced by collecting microsomes, from homogenates which had been treated with DEN in vitro. Homogenates prepared from livers of mice treated chronically with DEN were used to activate compounds to mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test of Ames. Activation by these homogenates was not lower than activation by homogenates prepared from control animals. In fact, activation of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by use of homogenates from DEN-treated animals as source of activating enzymes.", "PMID": 368284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_41", "title": "Extracellular cytolysis by activated macrophages and granulocytes. I. Pharmacologic triggering of effector cells and the release of hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Lymphoma cells were rapidly lysed by activated macrophages and granulocytes in the presence of PMA. Release of 51Cr from lymphoma cells correlated closely with their destruction as viewed by scanning electron microscopy, and with reduction in the number of trypan blue-excluding cells. The standard assay involved 51 Cr release measured at 4.5 h, but injury appeared to be complete in 1 h. Of eight different types of effector cells tested, only those releasing abundant H2O2 in response to PMA were effective, that, is BCG-, C. parvum-, or casein-activated macrophages, or thioglycollate-elicited granulocytes. Normal macrophages, J774 cells, or macrophages elicited with thioglycollate broth or proteose-peptone were ineffective. BCG-activated macrophages and granulocytes caused 50% specific release of 51Cr from P388 lymphoma cells at E:T ratios between 1.4 and 4.5, and from mouse erythrocytes at E:T ratios of 0.017 to 0.025. 10 types of target cells varied widely in their susceptibility to lysis by reagent H2O2, with one-half maximal lysis occurring at H2O2 concentrations ranging from 3.63 X 10(-6) M to 3.85 X 10(-5) M. Effector cells were expected to generate approximately that much H2O2 during the period of injury. Susceptibility of the target cells to lysis by PMA-triggered granulocytes correlated closely with their sensitivity to H2O2 (r = 0.98). The membrane-active agents LPS and digitonin, which did not trigger H2O2 release, did not trigger cytotoxicity. The dose-response curve for triggering of H2O2 release by PMA was identical to that for triggering cytotoxicity. These results provided strong circumstantial evidence for the importance of H2O2 in extracellular cytolysis by activated macrophages and granulocytes when pharmacologically triggered.", "contents": "Extracellular cytolysis by activated macrophages and granulocytes. I. Pharmacologic triggering of effector cells and the release of hydrogen peroxide. Lymphoma cells were rapidly lysed by activated macrophages and granulocytes in the presence of PMA. Release of 51Cr from lymphoma cells correlated closely with their destruction as viewed by scanning electron microscopy, and with reduction in the number of trypan blue-excluding cells. The standard assay involved 51 Cr release measured at 4.5 h, but injury appeared to be complete in 1 h. Of eight different types of effector cells tested, only those releasing abundant H2O2 in response to PMA were effective, that, is BCG-, C. parvum-, or casein-activated macrophages, or thioglycollate-elicited granulocytes. Normal macrophages, J774 cells, or macrophages elicited with thioglycollate broth or proteose-peptone were ineffective. BCG-activated macrophages and granulocytes caused 50% specific release of 51Cr from P388 lymphoma cells at E:T ratios between 1.4 and 4.5, and from mouse erythrocytes at E:T ratios of 0.017 to 0.025. 10 types of target cells varied widely in their susceptibility to lysis by reagent H2O2, with one-half maximal lysis occurring at H2O2 concentrations ranging from 3.63 X 10(-6) M to 3.85 X 10(-5) M. Effector cells were expected to generate approximately that much H2O2 during the period of injury. Susceptibility of the target cells to lysis by PMA-triggered granulocytes correlated closely with their sensitivity to H2O2 (r = 0.98). The membrane-active agents LPS and digitonin, which did not trigger H2O2 release, did not trigger cytotoxicity. The dose-response curve for triggering of H2O2 release by PMA was identical to that for triggering cytotoxicity. These results provided strong circumstantial evidence for the importance of H2O2 in extracellular cytolysis by activated macrophages and granulocytes when pharmacologically triggered.", "PMID": 368287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_42", "title": "The occurrence of a protein in the extracellular products of streptococci isolated from patients with acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The present report compares the extracellular proteins of streptococci by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. A marked variation in the streptococcal extracellualr proteins (SEP) of different strains was detected, even in strains of similar serotypes. It was possible, however, to identify a single protein band that occurred predominantly in the SEP of strains isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). This protein was generally not produced by streptococci obtained from patients without this disease. It appears to be immunologically similar in the various serotypes of streptococci isolated from patients with APSGN and can be demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques to be present in the glomeruli of these patients.", "contents": "The occurrence of a protein in the extracellular products of streptococci isolated from patients with acute glomerulonephritis. The present report compares the extracellular proteins of streptococci by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. A marked variation in the streptococcal extracellualr proteins (SEP) of different strains was detected, even in strains of similar serotypes. It was possible, however, to identify a single protein band that occurred predominantly in the SEP of strains isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). This protein was generally not produced by streptococci obtained from patients without this disease. It appears to be immunologically similar in the various serotypes of streptococci isolated from patients with APSGN and can be demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques to be present in the glomeruli of these patients.", "PMID": 368288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_43", "title": "Do psychiatric patients fit their diagnoses? Patterns of symptomatology as described with the biplot.", "content": "Systems of psychiatric diagnosis have been regularly criticized for their low reliability and their inability to fit accurately the kinds of patients coming for treatment. To explore the reasons for these problems, this study utilizes a new method, the biplot, for defining groups of similar patients and the relationships of these groups to key symptom clusters. Using this technique to analyze data from a representative sample of first admissions for psychiatric disorder, results showed: a) symptom clusters representing the classical diagnostic categories, mania, schizophrenia, neurotic depression, and psychotic depression, were readily identified; b) however, only a few patients were clustered near these traditional syndromes. These findings suggest that although syndromes do exist that fit traditional diagnostic categories, the vast majority of patients fall between these syndromes, having characteristics from several of them. For most patients, forcing the diagnostician to choose among the categories requires an arbitrary decision that may contribute to dissatisfaction in the diagnostician who recognizes how misleading the diagnosis can be.", "contents": "Do psychiatric patients fit their diagnoses? Patterns of symptomatology as described with the biplot. Systems of psychiatric diagnosis have been regularly criticized for their low reliability and their inability to fit accurately the kinds of patients coming for treatment. To explore the reasons for these problems, this study utilizes a new method, the biplot, for defining groups of similar patients and the relationships of these groups to key symptom clusters. Using this technique to analyze data from a representative sample of first admissions for psychiatric disorder, results showed: a) symptom clusters representing the classical diagnostic categories, mania, schizophrenia, neurotic depression, and psychotic depression, were readily identified; b) however, only a few patients were clustered near these traditional syndromes. These findings suggest that although syndromes do exist that fit traditional diagnostic categories, the vast majority of patients fall between these syndromes, having characteristics from several of them. For most patients, forcing the diagnostician to choose among the categories requires an arbitrary decision that may contribute to dissatisfaction in the diagnostician who recognizes how misleading the diagnosis can be.", "PMID": 368291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_44", "title": "Nicolaus A. Friedreich's description of peripheral facial nerve paralysis in 1798.", "content": "In 1798, Nicolaus A. Friedreich of Wurzburg published a detailed clinical account of three patients with idopathic peripheral facial nerve paralysis. His astute observations of onset, physical findings, natural course, treatment, and recovery preceded those of Charles Bell by 23 years.", "contents": "Nicolaus A. Friedreich's description of peripheral facial nerve paralysis in 1798. In 1798, Nicolaus A. Friedreich of Wurzburg published a detailed clinical account of three patients with idopathic peripheral facial nerve paralysis. His astute observations of onset, physical findings, natural course, treatment, and recovery preceded those of Charles Bell by 23 years.", "PMID": 368292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_45", "title": "Distribution of S-100 and 14-3-2 proteins on neuronal cell membranes.", "content": "The distribution of nervous tissue specific S-100 and 14.3.2 proteins was studied over the total surface of isolated, intact nerve cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. The distribution of the antigens was different on the front and back of the cells, indicating complicated S-100 and 14.3.2 patterns. A partly overlapping in membrane pattern of S-100 and 14.3.2 proteins was observed, although S-100 protein dominated with respect to membrane areas covered. At higher resolution the specific fluorescence appeared as conglomerates and islets. The neuronal membrane patterns of S-100 and 14.3.2 antigens, including synapses suggest that nerve cell membranes are functionally differentiated, thus greatly increasing the capacity for identification of incoming stimuli.", "contents": "Distribution of S-100 and 14-3-2 proteins on neuronal cell membranes. The distribution of nervous tissue specific S-100 and 14.3.2 proteins was studied over the total surface of isolated, intact nerve cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. The distribution of the antigens was different on the front and back of the cells, indicating complicated S-100 and 14.3.2 patterns. A partly overlapping in membrane pattern of S-100 and 14.3.2 proteins was observed, although S-100 protein dominated with respect to membrane areas covered. At higher resolution the specific fluorescence appeared as conglomerates and islets. The neuronal membrane patterns of S-100 and 14.3.2 antigens, including synapses suggest that nerve cell membranes are functionally differentiated, thus greatly increasing the capacity for identification of incoming stimuli.", "PMID": 368293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_46", "title": "Total treatment planning for esthetic problems of the face: a team approach.", "content": "Oral and maxillofacial surgeons now have the capabilities to plan a total treatment for the entire face. In some instances, a team may be formed to deal with ancillary areas of expertise. Patients may be directed to members of the team who are cognizant of each other's capabilities. In this manner, the most complete type of treatment plan may be suggested to the patient.", "contents": "Total treatment planning for esthetic problems of the face: a team approach. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons now have the capabilities to plan a total treatment for the entire face. In some instances, a team may be formed to deal with ancillary areas of expertise. Patients may be directed to members of the team who are cognizant of each other's capabilities. In this manner, the most complete type of treatment plan may be suggested to the patient.", "PMID": 368295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_47", "title": "Surgical correction of infraorbital-maxillary deficiency.", "content": "Patients who have a maxilla that is retruded or hypoplastic, or both, but who have a mandible of normal position and size, will have degrees of flatness in the middle third of the face. Using systematic clinical evaluation and cephalometric skeletal analysis, a clinically recognizable facial deformity manifested by retrusion or hypoplasia, or both, of the maxilla, anterior zygoma, and infraorbital rims has been recognized. This deformity has been classified as infraorbital maxillary deficiency. The purpose of this paper is to describe an infraorbital-maxillary osteotomy for correction of this dentofacial deformity and to give a rationale for its use. The design of this osteotomy is determined by the skeletal deformity and can be classified as either low or high. The objective is to produce simultaneously a functional occlusion and facial harmony. Two of eight cases corrected by this surgical treatment are described.", "contents": "Surgical correction of infraorbital-maxillary deficiency. Patients who have a maxilla that is retruded or hypoplastic, or both, but who have a mandible of normal position and size, will have degrees of flatness in the middle third of the face. Using systematic clinical evaluation and cephalometric skeletal analysis, a clinically recognizable facial deformity manifested by retrusion or hypoplasia, or both, of the maxilla, anterior zygoma, and infraorbital rims has been recognized. This deformity has been classified as infraorbital maxillary deficiency. The purpose of this paper is to describe an infraorbital-maxillary osteotomy for correction of this dentofacial deformity and to give a rationale for its use. The design of this osteotomy is determined by the skeletal deformity and can be classified as either low or high. The objective is to produce simultaneously a functional occlusion and facial harmony. Two of eight cases corrected by this surgical treatment are described.", "PMID": 368296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_48", "title": "Induction of macrophage DNA synthesis in vitro by non-immunological inflammatory exudates: effect of irradiation and thymus or bone marrow cell reconstitution.", "content": "An acute inflammatory exudate possesses mitogenic activity in that it is able to induce both DNA synthesis and proliferation of macrophages in vitro. This activity is reduced however if the inflammatory exudate is obtained from irradiated rats (900 r). Transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated rats does not reverse this reduction. On the contrary the decrease of mitogenic activity is more pronounced. On the other hand transfer of thymic syngeneic cells not only restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate from irradiated rats but increases it. Transfer of both types of cell together fully restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non-specific inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Induction of macrophage DNA synthesis in vitro by non-immunological inflammatory exudates: effect of irradiation and thymus or bone marrow cell reconstitution. An acute inflammatory exudate possesses mitogenic activity in that it is able to induce both DNA synthesis and proliferation of macrophages in vitro. This activity is reduced however if the inflammatory exudate is obtained from irradiated rats (900 r). Transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated rats does not reverse this reduction. On the contrary the decrease of mitogenic activity is more pronounced. On the other hand transfer of thymic syngeneic cells not only restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate from irradiated rats but increases it. Transfer of both types of cell together fully restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non-specific inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 368297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_49", "title": "A prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy of steroids in treatment of croup.", "content": "We evaluated the use of dexamethasone in the management of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Thirty patients, ranging in age from eight to 60 months, were evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study. Patients received dexamethasone, 0.3 mg/kg at the time of admission and a similar dose 2 hours later, and were compared with a placebo group receiving saline. Sixteen patients received dexamethasone and 14 patients received the placebo. Severity of each group was scored by a standardized system. Patients receiving dexamethasone had a mean admission score of 8.46 points; patients receiving placebo, 8.14. Twenty-four hours after admission the patients in the treatment group had a mean score of 1.19 as contrasted with a score of 5.58 for the placebo group (P less than 0.01). We concluded that dexamethasone when administered in adequate dosage by an intramuscular route hastens the recovery of infants and children with acute uncomplicated croup.", "contents": "A prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy of steroids in treatment of croup. We evaluated the use of dexamethasone in the management of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Thirty patients, ranging in age from eight to 60 months, were evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study. Patients received dexamethasone, 0.3 mg/kg at the time of admission and a similar dose 2 hours later, and were compared with a placebo group receiving saline. Sixteen patients received dexamethasone and 14 patients received the placebo. Severity of each group was scored by a standardized system. Patients receiving dexamethasone had a mean admission score of 8.46 points; patients receiving placebo, 8.14. Twenty-four hours after admission the patients in the treatment group had a mean score of 1.19 as contrasted with a score of 5.58 for the placebo group (P less than 0.01). We concluded that dexamethasone when administered in adequate dosage by an intramuscular route hastens the recovery of infants and children with acute uncomplicated croup.", "PMID": 368299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_50", "title": "Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism.", "content": "Infant botulism results from the in vivo production of toxin by Clostridium botulinum after it has colonized the infant's gut. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of this recently recognized disease were undertaken to identify risk factors and routes by which C. botulinum spores might reach susceptible infants. Clostridium botulinum organisms, but no preformed toxin, were identified in six different honey specimens fed to three California patients with infant botulism, as well as from 10% (9/90) of honey specimens studied. By food exposure history, honey was significantly associated with type B infant botulism (P = 0.005). In California, 29.2% (12/41) of hospitalized patients had been fed honey prior to onset of constipation; worldwide, honey exposure occurred in 34.7% (28/75) of hospitalized cases. Of all food items tested, only honey contained C. botulinum organisms. On household vacuum cleaner dust specimens and five soil specimens (three from case homes, two from control homes) contained Clostridium botulinum. The known ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum implies that exposure to its spores is universal and that host factors contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of infant botulism. However, honey is now an identified and avoidable source of C. botulinum spores, and it therefore should not be fed to infants.", "contents": "Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism. Infant botulism results from the in vivo production of toxin by Clostridium botulinum after it has colonized the infant's gut. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of this recently recognized disease were undertaken to identify risk factors and routes by which C. botulinum spores might reach susceptible infants. Clostridium botulinum organisms, but no preformed toxin, were identified in six different honey specimens fed to three California patients with infant botulism, as well as from 10% (9/90) of honey specimens studied. By food exposure history, honey was significantly associated with type B infant botulism (P = 0.005). In California, 29.2% (12/41) of hospitalized patients had been fed honey prior to onset of constipation; worldwide, honey exposure occurred in 34.7% (28/75) of hospitalized cases. Of all food items tested, only honey contained C. botulinum organisms. On household vacuum cleaner dust specimens and five soil specimens (three from case homes, two from control homes) contained Clostridium botulinum. The known ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum implies that exposure to its spores is universal and that host factors contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of infant botulism. However, honey is now an identified and avoidable source of C. botulinum spores, and it therefore should not be fed to infants.", "PMID": 368301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_51", "title": "Sodium bromide and sodium valproate: effective suppressants of ethanol withdrawal reactions in mice.", "content": "Mice were made physically dependent on ethanol by a 3-day alcohol inhalation regimen, using pyrazole to stabilize blood ethanol concentrations. After withdrawal, convulsions elicited by handling were scored repeatedly for 30 hr as a measure of central nervous system hyperexcitability. Administration of sodium bromide, 0.2 to 2.0 g/kg i.p., suppressed the convulsions in a dose-related fashion. Bromide was effective at subsedative doses. However, bromide increased the postwithdrawal mortality. Bromide may act at chloride channels, as gamma-aminobutyric acid does. Valproate and its amide temporarily suppressed the withdrawal reaction at doses that caused some sedation. Muscimol and beta-alanine had no effect.", "contents": "Sodium bromide and sodium valproate: effective suppressants of ethanol withdrawal reactions in mice. Mice were made physically dependent on ethanol by a 3-day alcohol inhalation regimen, using pyrazole to stabilize blood ethanol concentrations. After withdrawal, convulsions elicited by handling were scored repeatedly for 30 hr as a measure of central nervous system hyperexcitability. Administration of sodium bromide, 0.2 to 2.0 g/kg i.p., suppressed the convulsions in a dose-related fashion. Bromide was effective at subsedative doses. However, bromide increased the postwithdrawal mortality. Bromide may act at chloride channels, as gamma-aminobutyric acid does. Valproate and its amide temporarily suppressed the withdrawal reaction at doses that caused some sedation. Muscimol and beta-alanine had no effect.", "PMID": 368313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_52", "title": "Systemic response to mydriatic eyedrops in neonates: mydriatics in neonates.", "content": "During routine dilation of 48 newborns, systemic responses and pupil dilation were monitored. Both 10 percent aqueous and viscous phenylephrine caused blanching around the eyes and produced considerable rise in blood pressure. Dilatation average 4.7 mm. In a double blind study, a 2.5 percent solution caused no skin blanching and no change in pressure or heart rate. Average dilation was 4.5 mm. No blood pressure changes were observed with either one percent cyclopentolate or one percent tropicamide. Average dilatations were 5.0 mm and 5.3 mm respectively. The above agents, used individually for a total dosage of three drops in each eye did not provide adequate dilation for a thorough funduscopic examination. Our protocol at United Hospitals Medical Center is a safe combination of drugs and provides excellent dilatation averaging greater th an 7 mm. No skin blanching or change in heart rate was observed.", "contents": "Systemic response to mydriatic eyedrops in neonates: mydriatics in neonates. During routine dilation of 48 newborns, systemic responses and pupil dilation were monitored. Both 10 percent aqueous and viscous phenylephrine caused blanching around the eyes and produced considerable rise in blood pressure. Dilatation average 4.7 mm. In a double blind study, a 2.5 percent solution caused no skin blanching and no change in pressure or heart rate. Average dilation was 4.5 mm. No blood pressure changes were observed with either one percent cyclopentolate or one percent tropicamide. Average dilatations were 5.0 mm and 5.3 mm respectively. The above agents, used individually for a total dosage of three drops in each eye did not provide adequate dilation for a thorough funduscopic examination. Our protocol at United Hospitals Medical Center is a safe combination of drugs and provides excellent dilatation averaging greater th an 7 mm. No skin blanching or change in heart rate was observed.", "PMID": 368306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_53", "title": "Prostacyclin effects on renal hemodynamic and excretory functions in the rat.", "content": "Blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urine composition and flow rate were measured, and renal vascular resistance was calculated, before and during infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) i.v. or i.a. just proximal to the origins of 250 ng/min, PGI2 caused a significant but slight (13%) reduction in renal vascular resistance, but did not consistently increase renal blood flow. Given at the highest infusion rate which could be sustained without reducing blood pressure, PGI2 did not alter glomerular filtration rate or urine composition or flow rate. Intravenous PGI2 infusion caused reductions in systemic blood pressure and renal blood flow at a dose of 50 ng/min; infusion into the abdominal aorta produced equal reductions in pressure and flow at a dose of 500 ng/min. Although PGI2 is the only prostaglandin shown to reduce renal vascular resistance in the rat, it does not appear to be sufficiently specific for the renal vasculature or potent enough to justify suggesting a physiological role in regulation of renal function in the rat.", "contents": "Prostacyclin effects on renal hemodynamic and excretory functions in the rat. Blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urine composition and flow rate were measured, and renal vascular resistance was calculated, before and during infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) i.v. or i.a. just proximal to the origins of 250 ng/min, PGI2 caused a significant but slight (13%) reduction in renal vascular resistance, but did not consistently increase renal blood flow. Given at the highest infusion rate which could be sustained without reducing blood pressure, PGI2 did not alter glomerular filtration rate or urine composition or flow rate. Intravenous PGI2 infusion caused reductions in systemic blood pressure and renal blood flow at a dose of 50 ng/min; infusion into the abdominal aorta produced equal reductions in pressure and flow at a dose of 500 ng/min. Although PGI2 is the only prostaglandin shown to reduce renal vascular resistance in the rat, it does not appear to be sufficiently specific for the renal vasculature or potent enough to justify suggesting a physiological role in regulation of renal function in the rat.", "PMID": 368314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_54", "title": "Vital root retention in humans: an interim report.", "content": "A protocol based upon findings in laboratory animal studies was established for the retention of vital roots for overdenture support in humans. Ten patients with a mean age of 54.5 years and a postsurgical mean time of 11.1 months had 45 vital teeth buried submucosally under complete overdentures. Of the 45 teeth, 37 remained vital, seven were endodontically treated due to acute pulpal response following surgery, and one tooth has been extracted. A mean interproximal bone loss of 1.1 mm had occurred at the time the data were tabulated for this report. This project included a cross section of patient types, tooth selection, and surgical and prosthodontic management that varied slightly from the methods utilized in earlier patient treatment. The inclusion of maxillary teeth, the increased thoroughness of root surface roundings, and the utilization of root canal therapy with subsequent reburying of apulpally involved teeth expanded the scope of this research. A final report on this project will be forthcoming when all patients have been followed for a 24-month period.", "contents": "Vital root retention in humans: an interim report. A protocol based upon findings in laboratory animal studies was established for the retention of vital roots for overdenture support in humans. Ten patients with a mean age of 54.5 years and a postsurgical mean time of 11.1 months had 45 vital teeth buried submucosally under complete overdentures. Of the 45 teeth, 37 remained vital, seven were endodontically treated due to acute pulpal response following surgery, and one tooth has been extracted. A mean interproximal bone loss of 1.1 mm had occurred at the time the data were tabulated for this report. This project included a cross section of patient types, tooth selection, and surgical and prosthodontic management that varied slightly from the methods utilized in earlier patient treatment. The inclusion of maxillary teeth, the increased thoroughness of root surface roundings, and the utilization of root canal therapy with subsequent reburying of apulpally involved teeth expanded the scope of this research. A final report on this project will be forthcoming when all patients have been followed for a 24-month period.", "PMID": 368316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_55", "title": "Occlusal force transmission by overdenture attachments.", "content": "This investigation utilized a composite photoelastic model to examine the load-transfer characteristics of several overdenture attachments. Tissue bar (Hader and King Connector) and stud (extracoronal) attachments (Rotherman, Gerber, and Ancrofix) were studied. The following observations may provide guidelines for the selection of overdenture attachments. 1. The more retentive tissue bar and extracoronal attachments produced higher stress concentrations. 2. Of the tissue bars tested, the Hader Bar produced less torquing forces on the abutment teeth. 3. The Ancrofix appeared to share the forces of occlusion between abutments and the posterior edentulous regions. 4. It must be emphasized that several other factors will also influence the choice of overdenture attachments, such as the judgment of the dentist, economics with respect to the patient, and the availability of laboratory expertise.", "contents": "Occlusal force transmission by overdenture attachments. This investigation utilized a composite photoelastic model to examine the load-transfer characteristics of several overdenture attachments. Tissue bar (Hader and King Connector) and stud (extracoronal) attachments (Rotherman, Gerber, and Ancrofix) were studied. The following observations may provide guidelines for the selection of overdenture attachments. 1. The more retentive tissue bar and extracoronal attachments produced higher stress concentrations. 2. Of the tissue bars tested, the Hader Bar produced less torquing forces on the abutment teeth. 3. The Ancrofix appeared to share the forces of occlusion between abutments and the posterior edentulous regions. 4. It must be emphasized that several other factors will also influence the choice of overdenture attachments, such as the judgment of the dentist, economics with respect to the patient, and the availability of laboratory expertise.", "PMID": 368317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_56", "title": "A comparison of the casting accuracy of base metal and gold alloys.", "content": "The casting accuracy of three alloys was compared, and statistically significant differences in the dimensions of each alloy were demonstrated when the frameworks were compared to their respective master casts. There are certain problems with the accuracy of each alloy studied; thus framework try-in appointments and wrought wire clasps soldered to the finished framework are advocated.", "contents": "A comparison of the casting accuracy of base metal and gold alloys. The casting accuracy of three alloys was compared, and statistically significant differences in the dimensions of each alloy were demonstrated when the frameworks were compared to their respective master casts. There are certain problems with the accuracy of each alloy studied; thus framework try-in appointments and wrought wire clasps soldered to the finished framework are advocated.", "PMID": 368318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_57", "title": "Occlusal considerations for the partial mandibulectomy patient.", "content": "The occlusal scheme fabricated for a patient with a mandibular defect varies extensively from patient to patient, with some limitations in occlusal efficiency. Some patients may expect little or no occlusal efficiency if the defect is large and if the associated mandibular deviation and the lack of muscle control and excessive. If the continuity of the mandible can be restored by secondary surgical management (Fig. 10, A), most of the problems of the discontinuity defect can be resolved. Whether the teeth in the region of the defect are replaced or not may be dependent on other factors, but the mandible can be treated as a stable entity within itself, and the prosthodontic approach can be similar to that discussed for the continuity defect (Fig. 10, B). The mandibulectomy patient is difficult to manage because the prosthodontist is limited in his ability to provide a reasonable and practical occlusal scheme. However, these patients need the definitive clinical and psychological support of the prosthodontist. Most patients recognize the limitations of their rehabilitation and are appreciative of the prosthodontic therapy that enhances their rehabilitative progress.", "contents": "Occlusal considerations for the partial mandibulectomy patient. The occlusal scheme fabricated for a patient with a mandibular defect varies extensively from patient to patient, with some limitations in occlusal efficiency. Some patients may expect little or no occlusal efficiency if the defect is large and if the associated mandibular deviation and the lack of muscle control and excessive. If the continuity of the mandible can be restored by secondary surgical management (Fig. 10, A), most of the problems of the discontinuity defect can be resolved. Whether the teeth in the region of the defect are replaced or not may be dependent on other factors, but the mandible can be treated as a stable entity within itself, and the prosthodontic approach can be similar to that discussed for the continuity defect (Fig. 10, B). The mandibulectomy patient is difficult to manage because the prosthodontist is limited in his ability to provide a reasonable and practical occlusal scheme. However, these patients need the definitive clinical and psychological support of the prosthodontist. Most patients recognize the limitations of their rehabilitation and are appreciative of the prosthodontic therapy that enhances their rehabilitative progress.", "PMID": 368320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_58", "title": "Application of various removable partial denture design concepts to a maxillary obturator prosthesis.", "content": "A patient with a relatively minor yet common acquired maxillary defect was provided with three obturators of differing design. His subjective evaluations and the relative merits of the designs were discussed.", "contents": "Application of various removable partial denture design concepts to a maxillary obturator prosthesis. A patient with a relatively minor yet common acquired maxillary defect was provided with three obturators of differing design. His subjective evaluations and the relative merits of the designs were discussed.", "PMID": 368321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_59", "title": "Sequential palatal expansion and premaxillary retrusion for cleft palate infants.", "content": "This article has described a technique to achieve maxillary orthopedics for the infant with a bilateral cleft lip, protruded premaxilla, and intact palate. Both maxillary expansion and retraction of the premaxilla can be accomplished with the same prosthesis.", "contents": "Sequential palatal expansion and premaxillary retrusion for cleft palate infants. This article has described a technique to achieve maxillary orthopedics for the infant with a bilateral cleft lip, protruded premaxilla, and intact palate. Both maxillary expansion and retraction of the premaxilla can be accomplished with the same prosthesis.", "PMID": 368322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_60", "title": "One-step border molding of complete denture impressions using a polyether impression material.", "content": "A technique has been described which uses a polyether impression material for border molding of complete denture impressions. It has the following advantages: 1. There is simultaneous molding of all borders of either the maxillary or mandibular impression. 2. Border molding can be accomplished with one insertion of the tray. 3. Functional movements performed by the patient are used in border molding. 4. The technique is easily mastered.", "contents": "One-step border molding of complete denture impressions using a polyether impression material. A technique has been described which uses a polyether impression material for border molding of complete denture impressions. It has the following advantages: 1. There is simultaneous molding of all borders of either the maxillary or mandibular impression. 2. Border molding can be accomplished with one insertion of the tray. 3. Functional movements performed by the patient are used in border molding. 4. The technique is easily mastered.", "PMID": 368323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_61", "title": "Simplified denture repair technique.", "content": "The use of a cyanoacrylate adhesive to accurately and easily assemble the fractured segments of a denture is advocated. The repair can then be accomplished quickly without the need to pour a stone cast so that the patient does not remain without the prosthesis for extended periods. In addition, dentures once deemed unrepairable by conventional methods because they were broken into many pieces can now be salvaged.", "contents": "Simplified denture repair technique. The use of a cyanoacrylate adhesive to accurately and easily assemble the fractured segments of a denture is advocated. The repair can then be accomplished quickly without the need to pour a stone cast so that the patient does not remain without the prosthesis for extended periods. In addition, dentures once deemed unrepairable by conventional methods because they were broken into many pieces can now be salvaged.", "PMID": 368325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_62", "title": "Competition among serologically different clones of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in vivo.", "content": "When different antigenic variant clones are injected in equal numbers into white mice one variant clone always replaces the other. This phenomenon appears to be a predictable one, even under conditions analogous to a chronic infection. It is hypothesized that a constant ratio is approached between the number of cells of different antigenic serotypes present in a single population, in such a manner that there is always a major antigenic variant and minor populations of different antigenic variants. It is further suggested that these ratios can undergo rapid changes in response to changes in the environment, e.g. nutritional status of the host, changes in body temperature, antibody synthesis, etc. The changes in these ratios are discussed in relation to the mechanism(s) of antigenic variation.", "contents": "Competition among serologically different clones of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in vivo. When different antigenic variant clones are injected in equal numbers into white mice one variant clone always replaces the other. This phenomenon appears to be a predictable one, even under conditions analogous to a chronic infection. It is hypothesized that a constant ratio is approached between the number of cells of different antigenic serotypes present in a single population, in such a manner that there is always a major antigenic variant and minor populations of different antigenic variants. It is further suggested that these ratios can undergo rapid changes in response to changes in the environment, e.g. nutritional status of the host, changes in body temperature, antibody synthesis, etc. The changes in these ratios are discussed in relation to the mechanism(s) of antigenic variation.", "PMID": 368326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_63", "title": "Double blind trial of clonidine in the treatment of migraine in a general practice.", "content": "The value of clonidine (;Dixarit') for the prophylaxis of migraine has been assessed by a double blind cross-over trial. A dose of up to 0.15 mg daily was used. No effect on the frequency of the headaches could be detected over and above the 60 per cent reduction observed with a placebo. Severity, assessed subjectively by the patient, when it varied between placebo and clonidine, was less with clonidine (p<0.01). There was also some evidence that headaches lasting more than 12 hours were less common during treatment with the drug.", "contents": "Double blind trial of clonidine in the treatment of migraine in a general practice. The value of clonidine (;Dixarit') for the prophylaxis of migraine has been assessed by a double blind cross-over trial. A dose of up to 0.15 mg daily was used. No effect on the frequency of the headaches could be detected over and above the 60 per cent reduction observed with a placebo. Severity, assessed subjectively by the patient, when it varied between placebo and clonidine, was less with clonidine (p<0.01). There was also some evidence that headaches lasting more than 12 hours were less common during treatment with the drug.", "PMID": 368333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_64", "title": "The immunoglobulin class of anti-DNA antibodies: detection by a fluorometric immunoassay: clinical and pathological correlations in SLE.", "content": "The relationship of the immunoglobulin class of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies to the histological and clinical evidence of glomerulonephritis was examined in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus using a quantitative solid-phase fluorometric immunoassay. Patients with anti-DNA antibodies of the IgG class had more severe histologic changes on renal biopsy, more clinical evidence of active renal disease and lower hemolytic complement levels. The class of anti-DNA antibodies in the serum did not always correspond with the class of immunoglobulin deposited in the glomeruli of renal biopsy specimens.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin class of anti-DNA antibodies: detection by a fluorometric immunoassay: clinical and pathological correlations in SLE. The relationship of the immunoglobulin class of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies to the histological and clinical evidence of glomerulonephritis was examined in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus using a quantitative solid-phase fluorometric immunoassay. Patients with anti-DNA antibodies of the IgG class had more severe histologic changes on renal biopsy, more clinical evidence of active renal disease and lower hemolytic complement levels. The class of anti-DNA antibodies in the serum did not always correspond with the class of immunoglobulin deposited in the glomeruli of renal biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 368334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_65", "title": "Bacteriophage MS2 RNA: a correlation between the stability of the codon: anticodon interaction and the choice of code words.", "content": "The non-random distribution of degenerate code words in Bacteriophage MS2 RNA can be explained partially by considerations of the stability of the codon-anticodon complex in prokaryotic systems. Supporting this hypothesis we note that wobble codons are positively selected in codons having G and/or C in the first two positions. In contrast, wobble codons are statistically less likely in codons composed of A and U in the first two positions. Analyses of nucleotides adjacent to 5' and 3' ends of codons indicate a nonrandom distribution as well. It is thus likely that some elements of RNA evolution are independent of the structural needs of the RNA itself and of the translated protein product.", "contents": "Bacteriophage MS2 RNA: a correlation between the stability of the codon: anticodon interaction and the choice of code words. The non-random distribution of degenerate code words in Bacteriophage MS2 RNA can be explained partially by considerations of the stability of the codon-anticodon complex in prokaryotic systems. Supporting this hypothesis we note that wobble codons are positively selected in codons having G and/or C in the first two positions. In contrast, wobble codons are statistically less likely in codons composed of A and U in the first two positions. Analyses of nucleotides adjacent to 5' and 3' ends of codons indicate a nonrandom distribution as well. It is thus likely that some elements of RNA evolution are independent of the structural needs of the RNA itself and of the translated protein product.", "PMID": 368346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_66", "title": "Comparison of light-microscopic methods for visualizing horseradish peroxidase granules in stained and unstained tissue.", "content": "This study was directed toward a comparison of the effectiveness of three different light-microscopical methods for identifying and studying the features of cells that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) granules. The cells studied were located in the trigeminal ganglia and were labeled after the injection of HRP solutions into single, maxillary, canine teeth. The tissue was examined with light field, dark field, and differential interference optical systems. The results indicated that differential interference optics were especially useful in revealing the presence of intracellular HRP granules in both unstained and stained tissue, particularly when cells only contained small amounts of HRP. It was also noted that a wide variety of quantitative analyses could be performed with differential interference optics, even when using unstained tissue.", "contents": "Comparison of light-microscopic methods for visualizing horseradish peroxidase granules in stained and unstained tissue. This study was directed toward a comparison of the effectiveness of three different light-microscopical methods for identifying and studying the features of cells that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) granules. The cells studied were located in the trigeminal ganglia and were labeled after the injection of HRP solutions into single, maxillary, canine teeth. The tissue was examined with light field, dark field, and differential interference optical systems. The results indicated that differential interference optics were especially useful in revealing the presence of intracellular HRP granules in both unstained and stained tissue, particularly when cells only contained small amounts of HRP. It was also noted that a wide variety of quantitative analyses could be performed with differential interference optics, even when using unstained tissue.", "PMID": 368347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_67", "title": "Comparison between moist swab and tissue biopsy methods for quantitation of bacteria in experimental incisional wounds.", "content": "The relationship between tissue-associated and wound fluid-associated levels of bacteria in closed, healing experimental incisional wounds seeded with Escherichia coli was examined in 200 rats. Tissue specimens and moist swab specimens were taken simultaneously and cultured by a single plate serial dilution method. Colony counts of approximately 10(5) bacteria/gm of tissue were found to be equivalent to colony counts of 10(3) bacteria/ml of specimen obtained on a moist swab. Moist swab sampling of an incisional wound therefore offers a direct and simple method of ascertaining infection (defined by others as greater than 10(5) bacteria/gm of tissue). Moist swab sampling obviates the necessity of surgical manipulation of the patient and subsequent weighing and grinding of tissue in the laboratory.", "contents": "Comparison between moist swab and tissue biopsy methods for quantitation of bacteria in experimental incisional wounds. The relationship between tissue-associated and wound fluid-associated levels of bacteria in closed, healing experimental incisional wounds seeded with Escherichia coli was examined in 200 rats. Tissue specimens and moist swab specimens were taken simultaneously and cultured by a single plate serial dilution method. Colony counts of approximately 10(5) bacteria/gm of tissue were found to be equivalent to colony counts of 10(3) bacteria/ml of specimen obtained on a moist swab. Moist swab sampling of an incisional wound therefore offers a direct and simple method of ascertaining infection (defined by others as greater than 10(5) bacteria/gm of tissue). Moist swab sampling obviates the necessity of surgical manipulation of the patient and subsequent weighing and grinding of tissue in the laboratory.", "PMID": 368348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_68", "title": "The fractured cervical spine rendered unstable by anterior cervical fusion.", "content": "Anterior interbody grafts are prone to displacement if there is posterior instability or gross deformity of the vertebral body. Twenty-one patients treated with anterior interbody fusion for cervical vertebral fractures and dislocations were studied. Twelve of the fractures were considered unstable preoperatively, and 50% of this group treated with anterior stabilization had graft migration postoperatively. If anterior fusion is used in unstable cervical fractures then posterior stabilization or complete bed rest with effective external stabilization (i.e., tongs or Halo-thoracic brace) for 4 weeks is mandatory. The other alternative is posterior stabilization before anterior decompression. In the presence of posterior instability, anterior interbody fusion alone cannot be recommended as the treatment of choice for cervical fractures.", "contents": "The fractured cervical spine rendered unstable by anterior cervical fusion. Anterior interbody grafts are prone to displacement if there is posterior instability or gross deformity of the vertebral body. Twenty-one patients treated with anterior interbody fusion for cervical vertebral fractures and dislocations were studied. Twelve of the fractures were considered unstable preoperatively, and 50% of this group treated with anterior stabilization had graft migration postoperatively. If anterior fusion is used in unstable cervical fractures then posterior stabilization or complete bed rest with effective external stabilization (i.e., tongs or Halo-thoracic brace) for 4 weeks is mandatory. The other alternative is posterior stabilization before anterior decompression. In the presence of posterior instability, anterior interbody fusion alone cannot be recommended as the treatment of choice for cervical fractures.", "PMID": 368349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_69", "title": "[Mandibular hemangioma].", "content": "A complete review of the literature, since 1849 up to the present, was done. An additional personal case report describes an eight year old girl with radical resection and reconstruction, using an autogenous bone graft from the tibia. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with this type of lesion are presented. The possibility of hemangioma must be considered in front of osteolytic lesions of the mandibule.", "contents": "[Mandibular hemangioma]. A complete review of the literature, since 1849 up to the present, was done. An additional personal case report describes an eight year old girl with radical resection and reconstruction, using an autogenous bone graft from the tibia. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with this type of lesion are presented. The possibility of hemangioma must be considered in front of osteolytic lesions of the mandibule.", "PMID": 368350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_70", "title": "Foreign body perforation of the esophagus initiating traumatic pericarditis in an Australian fur seal.", "content": "Postmortem examination of a juvenile Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, washed ashore on Philip Island, Victoria, revealed traumatic fibrinous pericarditis and hemothorax. A foreign body lodged in the right ventricle was identified as the barbed spine of the ray Urolophus paucimaculatus. A small puncture wound through the esophagus indicated the initial perforation site.", "contents": "Foreign body perforation of the esophagus initiating traumatic pericarditis in an Australian fur seal. Postmortem examination of a juvenile Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, washed ashore on Philip Island, Victoria, revealed traumatic fibrinous pericarditis and hemothorax. A foreign body lodged in the right ventricle was identified as the barbed spine of the ray Urolophus paucimaculatus. A small puncture wound through the esophagus indicated the initial perforation site.", "PMID": 368351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_71", "title": "Rapid identification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in infected cell cultures by immunoperoxidase techniques.", "content": "Direct and indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques were evaluated for their potential in identifying infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus. Both techniques were shown to offer a relatively simple, rapid and efficient means for the specific identification of IPN virus in infected cells. The direct IP method resulted in less nonspecific staining; however, the indirect method was clearly specific and utilized commercially available reagents.", "contents": "Rapid identification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in infected cell cultures by immunoperoxidase techniques. Direct and indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques were evaluated for their potential in identifying infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus. Both techniques were shown to offer a relatively simple, rapid and efficient means for the specific identification of IPN virus in infected cells. The direct IP method resulted in less nonspecific staining; however, the indirect method was clearly specific and utilized commercially available reagents.", "PMID": 368352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_72", "title": "Osteomyelitis and arthritis caused by Salmonella typhimurium in a crow.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from an arthritic elbow joint of a crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) which also had bilateral osteomyelitis of proximal tibias. The prevalence of Salmonella organisms in wild birds is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis and arthritis caused by Salmonella typhimurium in a crow. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from an arthritic elbow joint of a crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) which also had bilateral osteomyelitis of proximal tibias. The prevalence of Salmonella organisms in wild birds is reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 368353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_73", "title": "Prevention of Russian influenza by amantadine.", "content": "We tested the effectiveness of amantadine hydrochloride in prevention of illness and infection caused by Russian (h1n1) influenza. The trial lasted seven weeks and was double-blind and placebo controlled. The dosage used was 200 mg daily. Efficacy in prevention of serologically confirmed clinical influenza was 70.7%. Efficacy in prevention of infection, symptomatic or asymptomatic, was 39.4%. Side effects seen were all mild, began within two days of the start of the trial, and terminated rapidly on cessation of prophylaxis. The withdrawal rate attributable to use of amantadine was 6.2%. Those who continued to receive prophylaxis for the remainder of the trial did not exhibit excess side effects. It is concluded that amantadine is safe and effective in prophylaxis of H1N1 strains, as has been shown previously for other subtypes of A influenza.", "contents": "Prevention of Russian influenza by amantadine. We tested the effectiveness of amantadine hydrochloride in prevention of illness and infection caused by Russian (h1n1) influenza. The trial lasted seven weeks and was double-blind and placebo controlled. The dosage used was 200 mg daily. Efficacy in prevention of serologically confirmed clinical influenza was 70.7%. Efficacy in prevention of infection, symptomatic or asymptomatic, was 39.4%. Side effects seen were all mild, began within two days of the start of the trial, and terminated rapidly on cessation of prophylaxis. The withdrawal rate attributable to use of amantadine was 6.2%. Those who continued to receive prophylaxis for the remainder of the trial did not exhibit excess side effects. It is concluded that amantadine is safe and effective in prophylaxis of H1N1 strains, as has been shown previously for other subtypes of A influenza.", "PMID": 368354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_74", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium. Transmission by fiberoptic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "During a four-month period, Salmonella typhimurium developed in seven persons within five days of fiberoptic upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. A retrospective cohort study confirmed the association between S typhimurium infection and fiberoptic upper GI endoscopy. Salmonella typhimurium was cultured from the endoscopic equipment and the accessory suction equipment. The Salmonella isolated from the endoscopic and accessory suction equipment was identical to that recovered from the seven patients with salmonellosis by serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and bacteriophage lysis pattern. Salmonella transmission was attributed to inadequate disinfection of the endoscope and accessory equipment between procedures. The original source of the contamination was not discovered.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium. Transmission by fiberoptic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. During a four-month period, Salmonella typhimurium developed in seven persons within five days of fiberoptic upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. A retrospective cohort study confirmed the association between S typhimurium infection and fiberoptic upper GI endoscopy. Salmonella typhimurium was cultured from the endoscopic equipment and the accessory suction equipment. The Salmonella isolated from the endoscopic and accessory suction equipment was identical to that recovered from the seven patients with salmonellosis by serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and bacteriophage lysis pattern. Salmonella transmission was attributed to inadequate disinfection of the endoscope and accessory equipment between procedures. The original source of the contamination was not discovered.", "PMID": 368356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_75", "title": "Hypertension following renal transplantation. Causative factors and therapeutic implications.", "content": "During a five-year period, we studied 21 of 319 renal transplant recipients who were admitted for evaluation of refractory hypertension. For comparison we examined 93 consecutive patients in the renal transplant clinic. Hypertension, which was noted in 47% of the outpatients, occurred with greater frequency following renal transplantation from cadaveric donors and was associated with a decline in renal function. The 21 inpatients had higher blood pressures and were studied at an earlier stage than their outpatient counterparts. Fourteen of the inpatients had underlying stenosis of their transplant artery nd revascularization of the transplanted kidney was possible in the majority of these patients. Stenosis of the transplant artery was suggested by the occurrence of severe hypertension during the first year following transplantation, a bruit in the transplant region, and increased levels of peripheral plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Hypertension following renal transplantation. Causative factors and therapeutic implications. During a five-year period, we studied 21 of 319 renal transplant recipients who were admitted for evaluation of refractory hypertension. For comparison we examined 93 consecutive patients in the renal transplant clinic. Hypertension, which was noted in 47% of the outpatients, occurred with greater frequency following renal transplantation from cadaveric donors and was associated with a decline in renal function. The 21 inpatients had higher blood pressures and were studied at an earlier stage than their outpatient counterparts. Fourteen of the inpatients had underlying stenosis of their transplant artery nd revascularization of the transplanted kidney was possible in the majority of these patients. Stenosis of the transplant artery was suggested by the occurrence of severe hypertension during the first year following transplantation, a bruit in the transplant region, and increased levels of peripheral plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 368359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_76", "title": "Ampicillin prevents intrapartum transmission of group B streptococcus.", "content": "Early-onset group B streptococcus (GBS) disease in the infant is acquired by vertical transmission from the mother colonized with GBS. Thirty-four women colonized with GBS were treated with intravenous ampicillin sodium during labor. None of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or within 48 hours. Twenty-four women colonized with GBS received no antibiotic therapy; 14 (58%) of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or by 48 hours. This difference was highly significant. Mechanisms by which this may have occurred were temporary suppression of GBS vaginal and rectal colonization, high concentration of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid, and transplacental transport of the antibiotic to the infant. In areas where GBS disease is prevalent, we recommend screening pregnant women (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) and treating those colonized with GBS (with no history of penicillin hypersensitivity) with intravenous ampicillin during labor.", "contents": "Ampicillin prevents intrapartum transmission of group B streptococcus. Early-onset group B streptococcus (GBS) disease in the infant is acquired by vertical transmission from the mother colonized with GBS. Thirty-four women colonized with GBS were treated with intravenous ampicillin sodium during labor. None of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or within 48 hours. Twenty-four women colonized with GBS received no antibiotic therapy; 14 (58%) of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or by 48 hours. This difference was highly significant. Mechanisms by which this may have occurred were temporary suppression of GBS vaginal and rectal colonization, high concentration of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid, and transplacental transport of the antibiotic to the infant. In areas where GBS disease is prevalent, we recommend screening pregnant women (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) and treating those colonized with GBS (with no history of penicillin hypersensitivity) with intravenous ampicillin during labor.", "PMID": 368363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_77", "title": "Antimicrobial vs placebo prophylaxis in noncardiac thoracic surgery.", "content": "A prospective, double-blind evaluation of the efficacy and safety of prophylactic cephalosporins was done in 57 patients undergoing noncardiac thoracic surgery. Twenty-eight received cephalosporin therapy, and 29 received placebo. Overall, the incidence of postoperative infections was the same; infections developed in five (17.8%) of the 28 patients in the cephalosporin group and in five (17.2%) of the 29 patients in the placebo group. Of the five deaths attributable to infection, three occurred in patients receiving placebo and two in patients receiving cephalosporin therapy. No differences were noted in WBC counts, fever, duration of hospitalization, hypersensitivity reactions, or abnormal liver functions. However, drug fever, phlebitis, and abnormal renal function occurred more often in the patients receiving cephalosporin therapy.", "contents": "Antimicrobial vs placebo prophylaxis in noncardiac thoracic surgery. A prospective, double-blind evaluation of the efficacy and safety of prophylactic cephalosporins was done in 57 patients undergoing noncardiac thoracic surgery. Twenty-eight received cephalosporin therapy, and 29 received placebo. Overall, the incidence of postoperative infections was the same; infections developed in five (17.8%) of the 28 patients in the cephalosporin group and in five (17.2%) of the 29 patients in the placebo group. Of the five deaths attributable to infection, three occurred in patients receiving placebo and two in patients receiving cephalosporin therapy. No differences were noted in WBC counts, fever, duration of hospitalization, hypersensitivity reactions, or abnormal liver functions. However, drug fever, phlebitis, and abnormal renal function occurred more often in the patients receiving cephalosporin therapy.", "PMID": 368364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_78", "title": "A comparative study of bronchodilator effects of carbuterol and ephedrine.", "content": "The bronchodilator effect of carbuterol hydrochloride, a new adrenergic agonist, was compared with that of ephedrine sulfate in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. A 2-mg dosage of carbuterol hydrochloride, three times daily, was used in comparison with a 25-mg dosage of ephedrine sulfate, three times daily. The drugs were orally administered for ten-day periods in a double-blind, randomized manner. After carbuterol therapy, the mean increases in forced expiratory volume in one second and midmaximal expiratory flow rate were significantly greater in a four-hour period than those noticed with ephedrine. A decrease in bronchodilator response to both drugs was noticed on the tenth day. No side effects were noticed with carbuterol at the aforementioned dosage. The results of our study indicate that carbuterol is a safer and more effective bronchodilator than ephedrine.", "contents": "A comparative study of bronchodilator effects of carbuterol and ephedrine. The bronchodilator effect of carbuterol hydrochloride, a new adrenergic agonist, was compared with that of ephedrine sulfate in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. A 2-mg dosage of carbuterol hydrochloride, three times daily, was used in comparison with a 25-mg dosage of ephedrine sulfate, three times daily. The drugs were orally administered for ten-day periods in a double-blind, randomized manner. After carbuterol therapy, the mean increases in forced expiratory volume in one second and midmaximal expiratory flow rate were significantly greater in a four-hour period than those noticed with ephedrine. A decrease in bronchodilator response to both drugs was noticed on the tenth day. No side effects were noticed with carbuterol at the aforementioned dosage. The results of our study indicate that carbuterol is a safer and more effective bronchodilator than ephedrine.", "PMID": 368368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_79", "title": "Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits.", "content": "A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was carried out to determine whether vitamin C prophylaxis, 2.0 g/day, vs placebo prophylaxis would reduce the incidence or morbidity of the common cold and other respiratory illnesses in 674 marine recruits during an eight-week period. Whole-blood ascorbic acid levels measured six weeks after initiation of the study were significantly higher in the vitamin C group. There was no difference between the two groups in the incidence or duration of colds. The vitamin C group rated their colds as being less severe, but this was not reflected in different symptom complexes or in fewer sick-call visits or training days lost. This study and the literature do not support the prophylactic use of vitamin C to prevent the common cold.", "contents": "Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was carried out to determine whether vitamin C prophylaxis, 2.0 g/day, vs placebo prophylaxis would reduce the incidence or morbidity of the common cold and other respiratory illnesses in 674 marine recruits during an eight-week period. Whole-blood ascorbic acid levels measured six weeks after initiation of the study were significantly higher in the vitamin C group. There was no difference between the two groups in the incidence or duration of colds. The vitamin C group rated their colds as being less severe, but this was not reflected in different symptom complexes or in fewer sick-call visits or training days lost. This study and the literature do not support the prophylactic use of vitamin C to prevent the common cold.", "PMID": 368370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_80", "title": "Respiratory therapy. Current practice in ambulatory patients with chronic airflow obstruction.", "content": "The role of respiratory therapy in treating ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is becoming more clearly defined. Oxygen therapy on a continuous basis is needed for patients with arterial PO2 values below 45 mm Hg and should be considered for patients with arterial PO2 values between 45 and 55 mm Hg who have chronic cor pulmonale, erythrocytosis with hematocrit value greater than 55%, and disturbances of cognition and sleep. Concentrated bronchodilator and corticosteroid aerosols have established roles in therapy; the place of bland aerosols is less clear They may increase ease of expectoration and should be given by simple compressed-air nebulizer systems; their administration by brief periods of intermittent positive-pressure breathing is rarely justified. Three-positional, postural drainage with chest percussion and vibration may be helpful in mobilizing secretions in patients with severe disease.", "contents": "Respiratory therapy. Current practice in ambulatory patients with chronic airflow obstruction. The role of respiratory therapy in treating ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is becoming more clearly defined. Oxygen therapy on a continuous basis is needed for patients with arterial PO2 values below 45 mm Hg and should be considered for patients with arterial PO2 values between 45 and 55 mm Hg who have chronic cor pulmonale, erythrocytosis with hematocrit value greater than 55%, and disturbances of cognition and sleep. Concentrated bronchodilator and corticosteroid aerosols have established roles in therapy; the place of bland aerosols is less clear They may increase ease of expectoration and should be given by simple compressed-air nebulizer systems; their administration by brief periods of intermittent positive-pressure breathing is rarely justified. Three-positional, postural drainage with chest percussion and vibration may be helpful in mobilizing secretions in patients with severe disease.", "PMID": 368371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_81", "title": "Maternal positions for childbirth: a historical review of nursing care practices.", "content": "The basis of maternity care practices related to maternal position for childbirth is analyzed historically in a review of the American periodical nursing literature from the early 1900's to the present and of contemporary maternity nursing texts. The factors of 1) concomitant obstetrical practices, 2) the prerogative of the physician, and 3) the evolving and predominantly supportive role of the nurse are identified as the major influences on these nursing practices. Historical aspects of the development of the current role of the nurse in maternity care are identified. While nurses are currently questioning care practices related to the positions of women for childbirth and offering more explicit rationale, the need for research related to features of physical care and a more assertive professional role for nurses is emphasized.", "contents": "Maternal positions for childbirth: a historical review of nursing care practices. The basis of maternity care practices related to maternal position for childbirth is analyzed historically in a review of the American periodical nursing literature from the early 1900's to the present and of contemporary maternity nursing texts. The factors of 1) concomitant obstetrical practices, 2) the prerogative of the physician, and 3) the evolving and predominantly supportive role of the nurse are identified as the major influences on these nursing practices. Historical aspects of the development of the current role of the nurse in maternity care are identified. While nurses are currently questioning care practices related to the positions of women for childbirth and offering more explicit rationale, the need for research related to features of physical care and a more assertive professional role for nurses is emphasized.", "PMID": 368407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_82", "title": "[Human milk--some recent aspects of breast feeding].", "content": "New data on the quality and quantity of protein and nor-protein nitrogen in human milk are discussed in the first part of this review. The second part presents a short review of current knowledge on immunologically important components of human milk (secretory IgA, Lactoferrin, ligands for folic acid and vitamine B-12. Lysozyme, cells, induction of breast milk flora in the intestine). There are very good reasons to enhance breast feeding also in developed countries.", "contents": "[Human milk--some recent aspects of breast feeding]. New data on the quality and quantity of protein and nor-protein nitrogen in human milk are discussed in the first part of this review. The second part presents a short review of current knowledge on immunologically important components of human milk (secretory IgA, Lactoferrin, ligands for folic acid and vitamine B-12. Lysozyme, cells, induction of breast milk flora in the intestine). There are very good reasons to enhance breast feeding also in developed countries.", "PMID": 368420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_83", "title": "The origin of glomerular crescents in experimental nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rabbit.", "content": "The origin of glomerular crescents and diffuse hypercellularity was investigated in rabbits receiving a single intravenous injection of nephrotoxic serum. Experiments to demonstrate local glomerular proliferation included mitotic counting at intervals after nephrotoxic serum and autoradiography of kidneys 1 hour after pulse-tritiated thymidine labeling. There was an increase in local endocapillary proliferation between days 4 and 6 when severe diffuse hypercellularity developed. From days 8 to 13 during crescent formation there was considerable local epithelial proliferation. To assess the role of infiltrating bone marrow cells a new technique of renal transplantation in rabbits was developed. Kidneys from unlabeled donors were transplanted on either day 4 or day 9 into recipients prelabeled with tritiated thymidine, and labeled cells were sought in glomeruli of transplants 1 to 4 days later. Large numbers of labeled cells appeared on days 5 to 6 in areas of endocapillary hypercellularity in glomeruli of animals given transplants on day 4 indicating a significant influx of bone marrow cells. In contrast, in kidneys transplanted on day 9, few labeled cells were present in crescents on days 10 to 11. Autoradiographic labeling of mononuclear phagocytes in carrageenan granulomas and interstitial renal infiltrates in recipients were used as positive controls of bone marrow cell labeling. We conclude that in the early phase of diffuse hypercellularity there is considerable blood monocyte infiltration, whereas crescents which develop later are principally the result of glomerular epithelial cell proliferation.", "contents": "The origin of glomerular crescents in experimental nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rabbit. The origin of glomerular crescents and diffuse hypercellularity was investigated in rabbits receiving a single intravenous injection of nephrotoxic serum. Experiments to demonstrate local glomerular proliferation included mitotic counting at intervals after nephrotoxic serum and autoradiography of kidneys 1 hour after pulse-tritiated thymidine labeling. There was an increase in local endocapillary proliferation between days 4 and 6 when severe diffuse hypercellularity developed. From days 8 to 13 during crescent formation there was considerable local epithelial proliferation. To assess the role of infiltrating bone marrow cells a new technique of renal transplantation in rabbits was developed. Kidneys from unlabeled donors were transplanted on either day 4 or day 9 into recipients prelabeled with tritiated thymidine, and labeled cells were sought in glomeruli of transplants 1 to 4 days later. Large numbers of labeled cells appeared on days 5 to 6 in areas of endocapillary hypercellularity in glomeruli of animals given transplants on day 4 indicating a significant influx of bone marrow cells. In contrast, in kidneys transplanted on day 9, few labeled cells were present in crescents on days 10 to 11. Autoradiographic labeling of mononuclear phagocytes in carrageenan granulomas and interstitial renal infiltrates in recipients were used as positive controls of bone marrow cell labeling. We conclude that in the early phase of diffuse hypercellularity there is considerable blood monocyte infiltration, whereas crescents which develop later are principally the result of glomerular epithelial cell proliferation.", "PMID": 368429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_84", "title": "Granular dense deposit disease.", "content": "During a retrospective study of dense deposit disease, we observed in three patients, unusual granular electron-dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane in a laminar pattern. However, the distribution of these electron-dense deposits was similar to the distribution of the homogeneous, extremely electron-dense deposits of dense deposit disease. By light microscopy a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was demonstrated in two patients. The other patient had multiple myeloma with glomerulopathy and intratubular protein casts with histiocytic giant cell reaction. By immunofluorescence microscopy the presence of granular deposits in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium was revealed in only one patient, with anti-human IgM and complement (C3). By electron microscopy was demonstrated the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane by densely packed small granular aggregates of varying sizes, ranging from 100 to 800 A in diameter. Similar electron-dense deposits in a laminar pattern were present in the Bowman's capsule and renal tubular basement membrane of two patients. The specific nature of these small electron-dense deposits is unknown.", "contents": "Granular dense deposit disease. During a retrospective study of dense deposit disease, we observed in three patients, unusual granular electron-dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane in a laminar pattern. However, the distribution of these electron-dense deposits was similar to the distribution of the homogeneous, extremely electron-dense deposits of dense deposit disease. By light microscopy a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was demonstrated in two patients. The other patient had multiple myeloma with glomerulopathy and intratubular protein casts with histiocytic giant cell reaction. By immunofluorescence microscopy the presence of granular deposits in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium was revealed in only one patient, with anti-human IgM and complement (C3). By electron microscopy was demonstrated the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane by densely packed small granular aggregates of varying sizes, ranging from 100 to 800 A in diameter. Similar electron-dense deposits in a laminar pattern were present in the Bowman's capsule and renal tubular basement membrane of two patients. The specific nature of these small electron-dense deposits is unknown.", "PMID": 368430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_85", "title": "Distribution of heterologous antiperoxidase antibodies and their fragments in the superficial renal cortex of normal Wistar-Munich rat: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The distribution of serum proteins in the superficial renal cortex of normal Wistar-Munich rats was studied using a new technique. Heterologous antiperoxidase antibodies (160,000 daltons), their F(ab')2(100,000 daltons), and Fab (50,000 daltons) fragments were injected intravenously and then demonstrated by incubation with free peroxidase after in situ fixation. This technique offered several advantages including easy and uniform detection of the proteins, even in tubular cells, and a high degree of specificity and accuracy. Four findings emerged from this: (1) The glomerular filtration barrier was found to be complete for IgG and incomplete for (ab')2 and Fab fragments. (2) This barrier for IgG was localized in the lamina densa. (3) The filtered proteins were found to be reabsorbed and degraded in the proximal tubule. (4) The three proteins were diffusely detected in the interstitial tissue and in tubular intercellular spaces up to apical tight junctions.", "contents": "Distribution of heterologous antiperoxidase antibodies and their fragments in the superficial renal cortex of normal Wistar-Munich rat: an ultrastructural study. The distribution of serum proteins in the superficial renal cortex of normal Wistar-Munich rats was studied using a new technique. Heterologous antiperoxidase antibodies (160,000 daltons), their F(ab')2(100,000 daltons), and Fab (50,000 daltons) fragments were injected intravenously and then demonstrated by incubation with free peroxidase after in situ fixation. This technique offered several advantages including easy and uniform detection of the proteins, even in tubular cells, and a high degree of specificity and accuracy. Four findings emerged from this: (1) The glomerular filtration barrier was found to be complete for IgG and incomplete for (ab')2 and Fab fragments. (2) This barrier for IgG was localized in the lamina densa. (3) The filtered proteins were found to be reabsorbed and degraded in the proximal tubule. (4) The three proteins were diffusely detected in the interstitial tissue and in tubular intercellular spaces up to apical tight junctions.", "PMID": 368431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_86", "title": "Immunohistologic demonstration of hepatitis B viral antigens in liver with reference to its significance in liver injury.", "content": "Indirect immunoperoxidase stainings for hepatitis B core and surface antigens (HBc&s Ag) were applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections in 113 liver specimens from 56 patients. Many cytomorphologic staining characteristics of HBc&s Ag were illustrated, and the percentages of the cellular population positive for HBc&s Ag were estimated for all specimens in order to provide the basis for general analyses. The quantitative expressions and the topographic distribution of HBc&s Ag were assessed with respect to their significance and implication in histopathologic reactions. A definitive relationship or relevance was neither established nor completely excluded due to the size of samples. However, cytomorphologically the membranous expression of HBc&s Ag was shown often in association with acute lobular hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. This observation supports the concept that the membranous expression may be the prerequisite for immune mediated hepatitic injury in viral hepatitis. In this study we also carried out indirect immunoferritin and immunoperoxidase electron microscopy for HBc&s Ag on formalin-fixed liver specimens. The results assured the validity of the light microscopic immunohistologic procedures. The immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of core antigen in the Dane particles formation that takes place in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The significance of the cytoplasmic core antigen and the possible role of immunoelectron microscopy in the elucidation of mechanisms of hepatitic injury were discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistologic demonstration of hepatitis B viral antigens in liver with reference to its significance in liver injury. Indirect immunoperoxidase stainings for hepatitis B core and surface antigens (HBc&s Ag) were applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections in 113 liver specimens from 56 patients. Many cytomorphologic staining characteristics of HBc&s Ag were illustrated, and the percentages of the cellular population positive for HBc&s Ag were estimated for all specimens in order to provide the basis for general analyses. The quantitative expressions and the topographic distribution of HBc&s Ag were assessed with respect to their significance and implication in histopathologic reactions. A definitive relationship or relevance was neither established nor completely excluded due to the size of samples. However, cytomorphologically the membranous expression of HBc&s Ag was shown often in association with acute lobular hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. This observation supports the concept that the membranous expression may be the prerequisite for immune mediated hepatitic injury in viral hepatitis. In this study we also carried out indirect immunoferritin and immunoperoxidase electron microscopy for HBc&s Ag on formalin-fixed liver specimens. The results assured the validity of the light microscopic immunohistologic procedures. The immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of core antigen in the Dane particles formation that takes place in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The significance of the cytoplasmic core antigen and the possible role of immunoelectron microscopy in the elucidation of mechanisms of hepatitic injury were discussed.", "PMID": 368433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_87", "title": "Comparison of the handling of ferritin and ferritin-protein conjugates by the glomerular mesangium: kinetic studies in the rat.", "content": "Kinetic studies on the uptake and elimination of ferritin and ferritin-protein conjugates in the rat glomerular mesangium are reported. Ferritin was prepared from horse spleens and conjugates were prepared using either human IgG or albumin. The degree of mesangial uptake was dose dependent and a competitive effect with the reticuloendothelial system was observed. Maximal mesangial fluorescence occurred at a lower dosage with conjugate than with native ferritin. In addition, conjugate persisted for months within the mesangium as compared to a matter of days in the case of ferritin alone. The disappearance of native ferritin from the mesangium paralleled that seen in the circulation. Conjugate, however, disappeared far more rapidly from the circulation than from the mesangium. At a point in time when the mesangium still contained conjugate but the blood was negative, rabbit antiserum to ferritin was injected and was observed to deposit in the mesangium. This demonstrated the accessibility of mesangially sequestered antigen to circulating antibody. This system provides a model for long term studies on the effect of immune reactions occurring in the mesangium.", "contents": "Comparison of the handling of ferritin and ferritin-protein conjugates by the glomerular mesangium: kinetic studies in the rat. Kinetic studies on the uptake and elimination of ferritin and ferritin-protein conjugates in the rat glomerular mesangium are reported. Ferritin was prepared from horse spleens and conjugates were prepared using either human IgG or albumin. The degree of mesangial uptake was dose dependent and a competitive effect with the reticuloendothelial system was observed. Maximal mesangial fluorescence occurred at a lower dosage with conjugate than with native ferritin. In addition, conjugate persisted for months within the mesangium as compared to a matter of days in the case of ferritin alone. The disappearance of native ferritin from the mesangium paralleled that seen in the circulation. Conjugate, however, disappeared far more rapidly from the circulation than from the mesangium. At a point in time when the mesangium still contained conjugate but the blood was negative, rabbit antiserum to ferritin was injected and was observed to deposit in the mesangium. This demonstrated the accessibility of mesangially sequestered antigen to circulating antibody. This system provides a model for long term studies on the effect of immune reactions occurring in the mesangium.", "PMID": 368434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_88", "title": "Glucocorticoid and antibiotic effects on hepatic microcirculation and associated host responses in lethal gram-negative bacteremia.", "content": "Liver changes and associated host responses were evaluated in four groups of male rats, weighing 300 +/- 20 gm., which received intravenous injection of 2.2 times 10(9) live Escherichia coli. This bolus was given either without additional treatment (group A) or prior to the following regimens: intramuscular injection of gentamicin sulfate, 5 mg. per kg. (group B); intravenous injection of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 40 mg. per kg. (group C); and intramuscular injection of gentamicin immediately after methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment (group D). Rats given injections of saline or methylprednisolone sodium succinate served as controls. Survival rates at 10 and 20 hours were 25 per cent and 4 per cent for group A; 44 per cent and 28 per cent for group B; 94 per cent and 70 per cent for group C; 98 per cent and 98 per cent for group D, respectively. In rats of groups A and B, killed at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours, progressive liver changes included intravascular sequestration of rapidly degranulating leukocytes, fibrinous deposits, and platelet aggregates in sinusoids as well as in spaces of Disse adjacent to subendothelial collagen, and extensive Kupffer cell disruption in association with severe midzonal necrosis. These alterations were accompanied by progressive hypoglycemia and elevations of serum enzymes, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Hematologic studies revealed that E. coli bacteremia results in rapid leukopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation primarily due to activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. All above reactions were delayed and markedly reduced in rats treated with methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The results indicate that antibiotic treatment of lethal, Gram-negative bacteremia is effective only in conjunction with early steroid treatment. The protective effects of glucocorticoids on the liver microcirculation and polymorphonuclear leukocytes appear to play a basic role in preventing the early development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatocellular necrosis, and associated major host responses, thereby attenuating lethality of gram-negative septic shock.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid and antibiotic effects on hepatic microcirculation and associated host responses in lethal gram-negative bacteremia. Liver changes and associated host responses were evaluated in four groups of male rats, weighing 300 +/- 20 gm., which received intravenous injection of 2.2 times 10(9) live Escherichia coli. This bolus was given either without additional treatment (group A) or prior to the following regimens: intramuscular injection of gentamicin sulfate, 5 mg. per kg. (group B); intravenous injection of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 40 mg. per kg. (group C); and intramuscular injection of gentamicin immediately after methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment (group D). Rats given injections of saline or methylprednisolone sodium succinate served as controls. Survival rates at 10 and 20 hours were 25 per cent and 4 per cent for group A; 44 per cent and 28 per cent for group B; 94 per cent and 70 per cent for group C; 98 per cent and 98 per cent for group D, respectively. In rats of groups A and B, killed at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours, progressive liver changes included intravascular sequestration of rapidly degranulating leukocytes, fibrinous deposits, and platelet aggregates in sinusoids as well as in spaces of Disse adjacent to subendothelial collagen, and extensive Kupffer cell disruption in association with severe midzonal necrosis. These alterations were accompanied by progressive hypoglycemia and elevations of serum enzymes, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Hematologic studies revealed that E. coli bacteremia results in rapid leukopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation primarily due to activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. All above reactions were delayed and markedly reduced in rats treated with methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The results indicate that antibiotic treatment of lethal, Gram-negative bacteremia is effective only in conjunction with early steroid treatment. The protective effects of glucocorticoids on the liver microcirculation and polymorphonuclear leukocytes appear to play a basic role in preventing the early development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatocellular necrosis, and associated major host responses, thereby attenuating lethality of gram-negative septic shock.", "PMID": 368436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_89", "title": "Selective neuronal, dendritic, and postsynaptic localization of viral antigen in measles-infected mice.", "content": "The pathology of acute disease produced by intracerebral inoculation of hamster neurotropic strain of measles virus was studied in adult BALB/c mice using immunolabeling techniques at a light and electron microscopic level. Brains of animals with acute disease showed an abundance of viral antigen but no inflammatory cells, giant cells, or inclusions. Infection was limited to neurons which were rarely necrotic, indicating that the process was not cytolytic. Mapping of infected neurons identified a consistent predilection to the rhinencephalon, other components of the limbic system, and the striatum. Ultrastructural examination revealed similar findings in all of the involved areas. No evidence of viral assembly at the cell membrane was found. Viral antigen was identified in neuronal perikaryon with somatofugal spread into dendritic and synaptic sites. Unlabeled smooth nucleocapsid and labeled tubular structures were detected both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of neurons. Dendritic labeling when present was occasionally associated with the neurotubules. The most remarkable and frequent finding was identification of viral antigen in postsynaptic endings. This consisted of clumps of viral antigen and occasional staining of the postsynaptic density. This localization of viral antigen may create dysfunction of synaptic transmission, and in the absence of overt pathology, may account for clinical disease.", "contents": "Selective neuronal, dendritic, and postsynaptic localization of viral antigen in measles-infected mice. The pathology of acute disease produced by intracerebral inoculation of hamster neurotropic strain of measles virus was studied in adult BALB/c mice using immunolabeling techniques at a light and electron microscopic level. Brains of animals with acute disease showed an abundance of viral antigen but no inflammatory cells, giant cells, or inclusions. Infection was limited to neurons which were rarely necrotic, indicating that the process was not cytolytic. Mapping of infected neurons identified a consistent predilection to the rhinencephalon, other components of the limbic system, and the striatum. Ultrastructural examination revealed similar findings in all of the involved areas. No evidence of viral assembly at the cell membrane was found. Viral antigen was identified in neuronal perikaryon with somatofugal spread into dendritic and synaptic sites. Unlabeled smooth nucleocapsid and labeled tubular structures were detected both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of neurons. Dendritic labeling when present was occasionally associated with the neurotubules. The most remarkable and frequent finding was identification of viral antigen in postsynaptic endings. This consisted of clumps of viral antigen and occasional staining of the postsynaptic density. This localization of viral antigen may create dysfunction of synaptic transmission, and in the absence of overt pathology, may account for clinical disease.", "PMID": 368437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_90", "title": "The influence of therapeutic irradiation of blood and peripheral lymph lymphocytes.", "content": "This paper reviews the changes of blood and peripheral lymph lymphocytes induced by therapeutic irradiation as given for a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid neoplastic diseases. The irradiation brings about an abrupt reduction of the numbers of blood B and T lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes seems to be restored within a few months after irradiation, while at least 3-5 years appear to pass before the number of blood T lymphocytes is restored. The pattern of recovery seems to be the same whether the thymus has been included in the fields of irradiation or not. In the adult organism, considerable differences apparently exist between the capacities for reproduction of B and T lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph is also much reduced in the irradiated patient and remains so for a long period. This is compatible with the concept that migration from blood to peripheral lymph is a feature quite specific for T lymphocytes. These results are discussed in relation to the immune defense against infection and autologous tumor, and also in relation to the influence of radiotherapy on the immune defect in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The influence of therapeutic irradiation of blood and peripheral lymph lymphocytes. This paper reviews the changes of blood and peripheral lymph lymphocytes induced by therapeutic irradiation as given for a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid neoplastic diseases. The irradiation brings about an abrupt reduction of the numbers of blood B and T lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes seems to be restored within a few months after irradiation, while at least 3-5 years appear to pass before the number of blood T lymphocytes is restored. The pattern of recovery seems to be the same whether the thymus has been included in the fields of irradiation or not. In the adult organism, considerable differences apparently exist between the capacities for reproduction of B and T lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph is also much reduced in the irradiated patient and remains so for a long period. This is compatible with the concept that migration from blood to peripheral lymph is a feature quite specific for T lymphocytes. These results are discussed in relation to the immune defense against infection and autologous tumor, and also in relation to the influence of radiotherapy on the immune defect in Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 368438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_91", "title": "Severe infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in asplenic renal transplant patients.", "content": "The medical records of 293 patients who underwent renal transplantation were analyzed for the occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae infections in relation to splenectomy. Splenectomy was done in 236 (81%) graft recipients before or concomitant with transplantation. Bacteremia developed in five and fulminant sepsis in two from 3 to 32 months after splenectomy. No serious infections with these organisms occurred in the nonsplenectomy group. These results suggest that asplenia may be an additional factor predisposing transplant patients to serious infection. Prevention of these serious pneumococcal infections may be possible with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine.", "contents": "Severe infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in asplenic renal transplant patients. The medical records of 293 patients who underwent renal transplantation were analyzed for the occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae infections in relation to splenectomy. Splenectomy was done in 236 (81%) graft recipients before or concomitant with transplantation. Bacteremia developed in five and fulminant sepsis in two from 3 to 32 months after splenectomy. No serious infections with these organisms occurred in the nonsplenectomy group. These results suggest that asplenia may be an additional factor predisposing transplant patients to serious infection. Prevention of these serious pneumococcal infections may be possible with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine.", "PMID": 368440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_92", "title": "Flaps used for nasal reconstruction: a perspective based on 180 cases.", "content": "Flap reconstruction of the nose is historically one of the earliest surgical operations. In spite of this long experience, little has been reported on the viability and durability of the various flaps and the time involved in the reconstruction, including the number of operative procedures required for total reconstruction of the nose. One hundred eighty patients were involved in this retrospective study dating from 1940. The midline forehead flap, used for partial nasal reconstruction, was specifically excluded from this study and will be reported separately later. The arm flap (Tagliacozzi), the total forehead flap, the sickle flap, and the acromiopectoral flap are reviewed in terms of the complications encountered, the total number of operations required, and the time involved in the complete reconstruction. The various nasal defects have been classified into five types, and the flaps usually used for reconstruction have been correlated with these defects. Eighty percent of the patients were treated because of a cutaneous malignancy of the nose. However, because these malignancies are currently being treated earlier and more efficiently, there is a significant decrease in present-day experience with this type of surgery.", "contents": "Flaps used for nasal reconstruction: a perspective based on 180 cases. Flap reconstruction of the nose is historically one of the earliest surgical operations. In spite of this long experience, little has been reported on the viability and durability of the various flaps and the time involved in the reconstruction, including the number of operative procedures required for total reconstruction of the nose. One hundred eighty patients were involved in this retrospective study dating from 1940. The midline forehead flap, used for partial nasal reconstruction, was specifically excluded from this study and will be reported separately later. The arm flap (Tagliacozzi), the total forehead flap, the sickle flap, and the acromiopectoral flap are reviewed in terms of the complications encountered, the total number of operations required, and the time involved in the complete reconstruction. The various nasal defects have been classified into five types, and the flaps usually used for reconstruction have been correlated with these defects. Eighty percent of the patients were treated because of a cutaneous malignancy of the nose. However, because these malignancies are currently being treated earlier and more efficiently, there is a significant decrease in present-day experience with this type of surgery.", "PMID": 368441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_93", "title": "Reflux nephropathy.", "content": "The whole subject of reflux nephropathy, which may affect 1 in every 300 of the white female population, and is the second most common disease of the kidney in the young, is still bedevilled by a lack of information regarding many of its important aspects, and the absence of any coordinated action to obtain it. What is required above all else is a means of its early detection in very young children, so that it may be prevented, at least in its more severe forms. Its financial cost can only be surmised, but the treatment of its end-stages is likely to be in the region of a hundred million dollars a year. The cost in wastage involving, as it does, young people, particularly females, is incalculable.", "contents": "Reflux nephropathy. The whole subject of reflux nephropathy, which may affect 1 in every 300 of the white female population, and is the second most common disease of the kidney in the young, is still bedevilled by a lack of information regarding many of its important aspects, and the absence of any coordinated action to obtain it. What is required above all else is a means of its early detection in very young children, so that it may be prevented, at least in its more severe forms. Its financial cost can only be surmised, but the treatment of its end-stages is likely to be in the region of a hundred million dollars a year. The cost in wastage involving, as it does, young people, particularly females, is incalculable.", "PMID": 368445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_94", "title": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Pathophysiology and treatment.", "content": "The secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure is a result of many factors which result in chronic stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion and secondary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. The secretion and metabolism of parathyroid hormone and its fragments in chronic renal failure are complex and only partially understood. Constant elevated levels of PTH contribute to bone disease and other clinical features of chronic renal failure. Calcium supplementation, high calcium dialysis, control of plasma phosphate and judicious use of the vitamin D metabolites can, to a large extent, prevent or control the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation is indicated in certain cases, sometimes on an emergency basis. Prevention of postoperative hypocalcemia requires careful management. Successful renal transplantation is usually associated with gradual healing of the bone disease and slow, but sometimes incomplete involution of the parathyroid hyperplasia.", "contents": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Pathophysiology and treatment. The secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure is a result of many factors which result in chronic stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion and secondary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. The secretion and metabolism of parathyroid hormone and its fragments in chronic renal failure are complex and only partially understood. Constant elevated levels of PTH contribute to bone disease and other clinical features of chronic renal failure. Calcium supplementation, high calcium dialysis, control of plasma phosphate and judicious use of the vitamin D metabolites can, to a large extent, prevent or control the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation is indicated in certain cases, sometimes on an emergency basis. Prevention of postoperative hypocalcemia requires careful management. Successful renal transplantation is usually associated with gradual healing of the bone disease and slow, but sometimes incomplete involution of the parathyroid hyperplasia.", "PMID": 368449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_95", "title": "Endocrine abnormalities associated with chronic renal failure.", "content": "It is evident that chronic renal failure has far-reaching metabolic consequences because endocrine aberrations are common. Uremia may alter endocrine function through its effect on the hypothalamopituitary axis, the individual end organs, and the peripheral metabolism of various hormones. Deficiency of some hormones and excess of others coexist in patients with renal failure. Since the physiologic effects of many of these abnormalities are still not well defined, no treatment is necessary with the exception of true deficiency states such as testosterone deficiency. In the latter instance, exogenous hormonal supplementation is recommended.", "contents": "Endocrine abnormalities associated with chronic renal failure. It is evident that chronic renal failure has far-reaching metabolic consequences because endocrine aberrations are common. Uremia may alter endocrine function through its effect on the hypothalamopituitary axis, the individual end organs, and the peripheral metabolism of various hormones. Deficiency of some hormones and excess of others coexist in patients with renal failure. Since the physiologic effects of many of these abnormalities are still not well defined, no treatment is necessary with the exception of true deficiency states such as testosterone deficiency. In the latter instance, exogenous hormonal supplementation is recommended.", "PMID": 368450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_96", "title": "Hematologic complications of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Uremia interferes with erythropoiesis, granulocyte, platelet, and immune functions. As a result, uremic patients are almost invariably anemic, and have a high incidence of infections and hemorrhagic complications. The anemia of renal failure, which is caused primarily by damage to the site of erythropoietin production is often complex, and complicated by hemolysis from a variety of mechanisms, iron deficiency, and so forth. Although hemodialysis ameliorates some of the hematologic complications to a variable degree, they remain a serious hinderance to the well being of this group of patients. Progress in understanding the mechanism of these problems and their therapy has been reviewed here.", "contents": "Hematologic complications of chronic renal failure. Uremia interferes with erythropoiesis, granulocyte, platelet, and immune functions. As a result, uremic patients are almost invariably anemic, and have a high incidence of infections and hemorrhagic complications. The anemia of renal failure, which is caused primarily by damage to the site of erythropoietin production is often complex, and complicated by hemolysis from a variety of mechanisms, iron deficiency, and so forth. Although hemodialysis ameliorates some of the hematologic complications to a variable degree, they remain a serious hinderance to the well being of this group of patients. Progress in understanding the mechanism of these problems and their therapy has been reviewed here.", "PMID": 368451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_97", "title": "[Benign circinated pityriasic erythema in children].", "content": "The case is report of a boy aged 6 months whose dermatosis had set in suddenly 15 days before in the form of large round circinate patches on the face, thorax, abdomen, dorsum and extremities. These patches were limited by a slightly elevated erythematous border, the inside of which was constituted by collarette-like epidermal desquamations with central parakerotosis. The patches impairment was observed in the child's general condition. A histopathological study was carried out.", "contents": "[Benign circinated pityriasic erythema in children]. The case is report of a boy aged 6 months whose dermatosis had set in suddenly 15 days before in the form of large round circinate patches on the face, thorax, abdomen, dorsum and extremities. These patches were limited by a slightly elevated erythematous border, the inside of which was constituted by collarette-like epidermal desquamations with central parakerotosis. The patches impairment was observed in the child's general condition. A histopathological study was carried out.", "PMID": 368453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_98", "title": "[Contact dermatitis caused by ethylene oxide].", "content": "A case of contract sensitization to the ethylene oxide by a mask sterilized with this substance is reported. The mask was correctly sterilized but the ethylene oxide was not completely evaporised. The path tests were positive in the patient but negative in 25 control subjects. The patch tests with the international series and with all the elements of the mask were negative. The possible troubles of ethylene oxide and the sterylisation methodes of this substance are reviewed.", "contents": "[Contact dermatitis caused by ethylene oxide]. A case of contract sensitization to the ethylene oxide by a mask sterilized with this substance is reported. The mask was correctly sterilized but the ethylene oxide was not completely evaporised. The path tests were positive in the patient but negative in 25 control subjects. The patch tests with the international series and with all the elements of the mask were negative. The possible troubles of ethylene oxide and the sterylisation methodes of this substance are reviewed.", "PMID": 368454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_99", "title": "[Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji syndrome)].", "content": "The first observation in Occident of \"eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji)\" is reported. The condition is characterized by pruritic follicular sterile papulopustules on indurated erythematous plaque in the face. They extended centrifugally and the plaque proceeds with remission and exacerbations with leukocytosis and numerous eosinophils. Histological features are pustular folliculitis from the ostium to the sebaceous gland, chiefly composed of polymorphs and many eosinophiles. The treatment are corticosteroids by long-term. It is the first case studied by electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji syndrome)]. The first observation in Occident of \"eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji)\" is reported. The condition is characterized by pruritic follicular sterile papulopustules on indurated erythematous plaque in the face. They extended centrifugally and the plaque proceeds with remission and exacerbations with leukocytosis and numerous eosinophils. Histological features are pustular folliculitis from the ostium to the sebaceous gland, chiefly composed of polymorphs and many eosinophiles. The treatment are corticosteroids by long-term. It is the first case studied by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 368455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_100", "title": "[Pemphigus with eosinophilic spongiosis].", "content": "A bibliographic review of a new subject-pemphigus with eosinophilic spongiosis accomplished: Three clinical courses are recognized: a) pemphigus in its initial phase, b) pemphigus markedly seborrheic, which presents during its evolution, some morphologic anomalies, c) pemphigus that appear like an authentic Duhring in its initial phase and during part of its evolution. On studying the histopathology three aspects are observed; 1) pure eosinophilic spongiosis with two modalites: diffuse or vesiculate; 2) mixed eosinophilic spongiosis and, 3) alternate eosinophilic spongiosis. The review report the study of this new observation and discusses the nosological situation as well as its pausible causation.", "contents": "[Pemphigus with eosinophilic spongiosis]. A bibliographic review of a new subject-pemphigus with eosinophilic spongiosis accomplished: Three clinical courses are recognized: a) pemphigus in its initial phase, b) pemphigus markedly seborrheic, which presents during its evolution, some morphologic anomalies, c) pemphigus that appear like an authentic Duhring in its initial phase and during part of its evolution. On studying the histopathology three aspects are observed; 1) pure eosinophilic spongiosis with two modalites: diffuse or vesiculate; 2) mixed eosinophilic spongiosis and, 3) alternate eosinophilic spongiosis. The review report the study of this new observation and discusses the nosological situation as well as its pausible causation.", "PMID": 368456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_101", "title": "[Multiple eccrine spiradenomas. Apropos of 2 cases in 2 sisters].", "content": "Two cases of multiple eccrine spiradenoma were studied, representing respectively up to the present time the 7th and 8th registered cases in the world literature. These cases two are siblings, a fact that had never been observed before. The histogenesis of the tumour has been the subject of controversy. The presence of multiple lesions in each patient and the incidence in siblings are two important points in favour of the naevic character of eccrine spiradenoma. Among other therapeutic measures we wish to draw attention to the excellent result we obtained with small doses of radiotherapy (1,500 rads divided in ten applications). It should be kept in mind that remission of the disease may only be temporary.", "contents": "[Multiple eccrine spiradenomas. Apropos of 2 cases in 2 sisters]. Two cases of multiple eccrine spiradenoma were studied, representing respectively up to the present time the 7th and 8th registered cases in the world literature. These cases two are siblings, a fact that had never been observed before. The histogenesis of the tumour has been the subject of controversy. The presence of multiple lesions in each patient and the incidence in siblings are two important points in favour of the naevic character of eccrine spiradenoma. Among other therapeutic measures we wish to draw attention to the excellent result we obtained with small doses of radiotherapy (1,500 rads divided in ten applications). It should be kept in mind that remission of the disease may only be temporary.", "PMID": 368457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_102", "title": "[Macular amyloidosis].", "content": "Fifty-five patients with presumptive macular amyloidosis were investigated for the presence of amyloid in dermal tissue. In twenty-six of these patients the diagnosis could be confirmed by the demonstration of amyloid deposits by optical and/or electron microscopy. In this paper attention is called to the frequency of oligosymptomatic forms of macular amyloidosis, which are often overlooked in spite of the usual existence of itching. These inconspicuous forms are termed \"minor macular amyloidosis\", and they consist of tenuous brown macules on the upper back, irregularly interspersed with the normal skin and with speckles of whitish discoloration. The diagnosis must be verified by the finding of dermal deposits of amyloid. For that purpose the electron microscopy is a much more reliable procedure than conventional methods or thioflavine T.", "contents": "[Macular amyloidosis]. Fifty-five patients with presumptive macular amyloidosis were investigated for the presence of amyloid in dermal tissue. In twenty-six of these patients the diagnosis could be confirmed by the demonstration of amyloid deposits by optical and/or electron microscopy. In this paper attention is called to the frequency of oligosymptomatic forms of macular amyloidosis, which are often overlooked in spite of the usual existence of itching. These inconspicuous forms are termed \"minor macular amyloidosis\", and they consist of tenuous brown macules on the upper back, irregularly interspersed with the normal skin and with speckles of whitish discoloration. The diagnosis must be verified by the finding of dermal deposits of amyloid. For that purpose the electron microscopy is a much more reliable procedure than conventional methods or thioflavine T.", "PMID": 368458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_103", "title": "[Therapy with transfer factor in a case of recidivating herpes with polymorphous erythema].", "content": "A young woman had recidivating herpes with erythema multiforme for several years. When conventional therapy failed to correct this condition she was treated with Transfer Factor (TF). Immunologic anomalies which had been registered previously became normal after the first application of TF. The skin lesions disappeared after the fourth dose. Six months later a new skin manifestation with immunologic alterations became apparent. They disappeared after two doses of TF. A year and a half later the patient has no lesions and the immunologic parameters, which were monitored throughout this period, are normal.", "contents": "[Therapy with transfer factor in a case of recidivating herpes with polymorphous erythema]. A young woman had recidivating herpes with erythema multiforme for several years. When conventional therapy failed to correct this condition she was treated with Transfer Factor (TF). Immunologic anomalies which had been registered previously became normal after the first application of TF. The skin lesions disappeared after the fourth dose. Six months later a new skin manifestation with immunologic alterations became apparent. They disappeared after two doses of TF. A year and a half later the patient has no lesions and the immunologic parameters, which were monitored throughout this period, are normal.", "PMID": 368459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_104", "title": "[Prognosis and current treatment of dermatomyositis].", "content": "The present revision has been carried out in order to final out to what extent corticosteroids have improved the vital and functional prognosis of dermatomyositis. Over the sixties and in the early seventies, statistical tables have not shown any substantial differences compared with those of the pre-steroid era. It has been observed since 1973 that early treatment with high doses (1-2 mg of prednisone per kg per day) clearly improves the vital prognosis of infantile dermatomyositis, but not the functional one. In adults, there is less experience and the problem always exists of a possible underlying neoplasm. In cases with resistance to corticosteroids, the association of immunosuppressors, particulary methotrexate, has begun to be tested. There is no proved effective treatment of calcinosis which results in functional recovery.", "contents": "[Prognosis and current treatment of dermatomyositis]. The present revision has been carried out in order to final out to what extent corticosteroids have improved the vital and functional prognosis of dermatomyositis. Over the sixties and in the early seventies, statistical tables have not shown any substantial differences compared with those of the pre-steroid era. It has been observed since 1973 that early treatment with high doses (1-2 mg of prednisone per kg per day) clearly improves the vital prognosis of infantile dermatomyositis, but not the functional one. In adults, there is less experience and the problem always exists of a possible underlying neoplasm. In cases with resistance to corticosteroids, the association of immunosuppressors, particulary methotrexate, has begun to be tested. There is no proved effective treatment of calcinosis which results in functional recovery.", "PMID": 368460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_105", "title": "[Immunotherapy of warts. Is it an experimental model for cancer immunotherapy?].", "content": "The warts produced by virus Papova, provedly cancerous, have immunological characteristics that allow to establish some analogies with cancer. Its immunotherapy is studied with levamisole and by means of a delayed immunity reaction \"in situ\" with regulated intensity. The level of delayed immunity in the patient with warts is established by quantitative DNCB test, finding that the same is impaired in 60% of men and 87% of women. The levamisol therapy cures 54% of warts. The patients that not cure but improve their delayed immunity level after the treatment with levamisol, are submitted to external application of DNCB, using a concentration calculated on the quantitative test results. With regard to their delayed immunity we introduce a new group of patients: the hiperergic type or reactive to 2,5 microgram of DNCB that cures their warts by the sole action of the test. Once obtained the curve of the distribution of delayed immunity values in the warts population before and after the levamisole therapy, we observe that the first is identical to that of cancer patients. In view of the tight relation among diseases with impaired delayed immunity, such as warts, herpes, aphtas, piodermitis and cancer (residual or postsurgical), we propose the same management, control and immunotherapy for all of them.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy of warts. Is it an experimental model for cancer immunotherapy?]. The warts produced by virus Papova, provedly cancerous, have immunological characteristics that allow to establish some analogies with cancer. Its immunotherapy is studied with levamisole and by means of a delayed immunity reaction \"in situ\" with regulated intensity. The level of delayed immunity in the patient with warts is established by quantitative DNCB test, finding that the same is impaired in 60% of men and 87% of women. The levamisol therapy cures 54% of warts. The patients that not cure but improve their delayed immunity level after the treatment with levamisol, are submitted to external application of DNCB, using a concentration calculated on the quantitative test results. With regard to their delayed immunity we introduce a new group of patients: the hiperergic type or reactive to 2,5 microgram of DNCB that cures their warts by the sole action of the test. Once obtained the curve of the distribution of delayed immunity values in the warts population before and after the levamisole therapy, we observe that the first is identical to that of cancer patients. In view of the tight relation among diseases with impaired delayed immunity, such as warts, herpes, aphtas, piodermitis and cancer (residual or postsurgical), we propose the same management, control and immunotherapy for all of them.", "PMID": 368461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_106", "title": "[Immunology of bullous diseases-II. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Herpes gestationis and dermatitis herpetiformis].", "content": "The immunological aspects of cicatricial pemphigoid, herpes gestationis and dermatitis herpetiformis are reviewed in this article. The immunofluorescence findings in these diseases are emphasised. The possible implication of the complement system in the pathogonesis of these bullous diseases, as well as the present knowledge about the sequence of actuation of the alternate pathway components are discussed.", "contents": "[Immunology of bullous diseases-II. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Herpes gestationis and dermatitis herpetiformis]. The immunological aspects of cicatricial pemphigoid, herpes gestationis and dermatitis herpetiformis are reviewed in this article. The immunofluorescence findings in these diseases are emphasised. The possible implication of the complement system in the pathogonesis of these bullous diseases, as well as the present knowledge about the sequence of actuation of the alternate pathway components are discussed.", "PMID": 368462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_107", "title": "[Lipid composition of cutaneous lesions in different types of xanthomatosis].", "content": "Twenty one specimens of cutaneous xanthomas from different types of hyperlipoproteinaemic and normolipidemic xanthomatosis were obtained and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. After separation and development, the areas were determinated by densitometry, and the results are given in percentages for each development. Acording to the results, the following data are of interest: -- Recents xanthomas have greater amount of lipids. -- Cholesterol esters (EC) are prevalent in xanthomas and in normal skin the triglycerides fraction. -- Monoenoic esters (EM) are prevalent on EC chromatography, like in normal skin. -- Finally, there are not significant variations between lipid composition of xanthomas in the different Xanthomatosis.", "contents": "[Lipid composition of cutaneous lesions in different types of xanthomatosis]. Twenty one specimens of cutaneous xanthomas from different types of hyperlipoproteinaemic and normolipidemic xanthomatosis were obtained and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. After separation and development, the areas were determinated by densitometry, and the results are given in percentages for each development. Acording to the results, the following data are of interest: -- Recents xanthomas have greater amount of lipids. -- Cholesterol esters (EC) are prevalent in xanthomas and in normal skin the triglycerides fraction. -- Monoenoic esters (EM) are prevalent on EC chromatography, like in normal skin. -- Finally, there are not significant variations between lipid composition of xanthomas in the different Xanthomatosis.", "PMID": 368463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_108", "title": "[Treatment of psoriasis with a derivative of retinoic acid by oral route].", "content": "In the study presented, an evaluation has been made of the results achieved in a group of 32 psoriatic patients treated with a derivative of the retinoid acid, i.e. Ro 10-9359, taken orally. The therapy used was considered highly favourable in 28 cases and favourable in 3. It is considered that the treatment is effective independently of the time of evolution and of the extension of seriousness of the disease with no effects on the visceral or humoral sectors. All the information included in the present study allows to assert that the treatment of psoriasis with this derivative of the retinoid acid represents a significant progress as compared with the corticoids or cythostatics therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriasis with a derivative of retinoic acid by oral route]. In the study presented, an evaluation has been made of the results achieved in a group of 32 psoriatic patients treated with a derivative of the retinoid acid, i.e. Ro 10-9359, taken orally. The therapy used was considered highly favourable in 28 cases and favourable in 3. It is considered that the treatment is effective independently of the time of evolution and of the extension of seriousness of the disease with no effects on the visceral or humoral sectors. All the information included in the present study allows to assert that the treatment of psoriasis with this derivative of the retinoid acid represents a significant progress as compared with the corticoids or cythostatics therapy.", "PMID": 368464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_109", "title": "[Alcoholism and skin].", "content": "In this study we are reviewing the pathology of alcohol and commenting on those dermatological processes most closely related to chronic alcoholism. We adopted the definition of alcoholism as outlined by the WHO (World Health Organization). Also, a general brief description of the woelwide history of alcoholism was included, focusing specially on Argentina with its corresponding legislative study and statistics.", "contents": "[Alcoholism and skin]. In this study we are reviewing the pathology of alcohol and commenting on those dermatological processes most closely related to chronic alcoholism. We adopted the definition of alcoholism as outlined by the WHO (World Health Organization). Also, a general brief description of the woelwide history of alcoholism was included, focusing specially on Argentina with its corresponding legislative study and statistics.", "PMID": 368465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_110", "title": "[A new method of endonasal postoperative care (author's transl)].", "content": "Aerosol therapy was tested in 27 patients postoperatively instead of nasal packing. The advantage of early ventilation and drainage prevents secondary infections. The constant decongestion embolishes band-formation.", "contents": "[A new method of endonasal postoperative care (author's transl)]. Aerosol therapy was tested in 27 patients postoperatively instead of nasal packing. The advantage of early ventilation and drainage prevents secondary infections. The constant decongestion embolishes band-formation.", "PMID": 368470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_111", "title": "[Cholestasis after renal transplantation and immune-suppressive therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 39 year old female patient developed jaundice 16 months after having received a renal transplant. Intrahepatic cholestasis was diagnosed on the basis of serum enzyme concentration patterns and of histology of a liver biopsy specimen; it was thought to be due to immune-suppressive therapy. Azathioprine was stopped and the hepatic situation normalized within 5 months. HBs-infection was present at the same time, so it is being discussed, if this condition may have influenced the development of intrahepatic cholestasis as well. It has to concluded from this case report, that liver function of patients with renal transplants receiving azathioprine has to be controlled regularly. Stopping azathioprine may induce normalization of even severely damaged liver function without influencing the function of the renal transplant.", "contents": "[Cholestasis after renal transplantation and immune-suppressive therapy (author's transl)]. A 39 year old female patient developed jaundice 16 months after having received a renal transplant. Intrahepatic cholestasis was diagnosed on the basis of serum enzyme concentration patterns and of histology of a liver biopsy specimen; it was thought to be due to immune-suppressive therapy. Azathioprine was stopped and the hepatic situation normalized within 5 months. HBs-infection was present at the same time, so it is being discussed, if this condition may have influenced the development of intrahepatic cholestasis as well. It has to concluded from this case report, that liver function of patients with renal transplants receiving azathioprine has to be controlled regularly. Stopping azathioprine may induce normalization of even severely damaged liver function without influencing the function of the renal transplant.", "PMID": 368472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_112", "title": "[Mathematical bases for automated automated equipment for mass medical screening and diagnosis].", "content": "Mathematical methods and the programmes for the computer choice of informative diagnostic signs and constructing resolving rules to formulate groups of risk for certain affections in automating large-scale medical examinations are described. The use of a method for linear discriminant functions is shown. The applicability of the programme on examples of early identification of mammary cancer and rheumatic affections is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Mathematical bases for automated automated equipment for mass medical screening and diagnosis]. Mathematical methods and the programmes for the computer choice of informative diagnostic signs and constructing resolving rules to formulate groups of risk for certain affections in automating large-scale medical examinations are described. The use of a method for linear discriminant functions is shown. The applicability of the programme on examples of early identification of mammary cancer and rheumatic affections is demonstrated.", "PMID": 368494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_113", "title": "Infectious complications of human bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Infections are an almost inevitable complication of human bone marrow transplantation and account for the majority of deaths in transplant recipients. Even prior to the initiation of the transplantation procedure, patients may present with infections complicating previously unsuccessful chemotherapy for hematological malignancy or aplastic anemia. Nevertheless, these pre-transplantation infections should not exclude the possibility of bone marrow transplantation if they can be successfully controlled with specific antimicrobial therapy and necessary adjunctive measures. The immediate post-transplantation period prior to engraftment is characterized by severe marrow aplasia that results from high-dose chemotherapy and total-body irradiation. Infections are primarily septicemias and localized processes caused by bacteria and fungi and their incidence increases as the intensity of immunosuppression is escalated. The high mortality associated with bacterial septicemia makes early, empirical antibacterial therapy mandatory. However, the reduction in mortality from bacterial infection resulting from such an aggressive approach may be offset by a higher mortality from invasive fungal infection, especially in patients with prior fungal colonization and undergoing prolonged conditioning therapy. Thus, until more specific and sensitive tests for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection become available, empirical intravenous amphotericin should be considered in patients who are persistently febrile and deteriorate clinically in the face of appropriate antibacterial therapy. Interstitial pneumonia associated with severe GVHD is the major infectious complication after successful marrow engraftment and is the most significant barrier to long-term survival. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective prophylaxis against interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii, but one half of the patients still develop a pneumonitis either associated with CMV or of unknown etiology. Mortality from interstitial pneumonia is related to prior radiation therapy while survival is associated with a four-fold rise in CMV CF antibody titer. The latter observation supports the need to investigate passive immunization with CMV antibody as a means of preventing some interstitial pneumonias. Despite the progress made in many areas of human bone marrow transplantation, the majority of graft recipients still die of infectious complications. Thus, new approaches to the management of infections in transplant recipients are urgently needed. Better-tolerated oral nonabsorbable antibiotics, laminar-air-flow rooms, granulocyte transfusions, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for CMV are among the prophylactic and therapeutic measures that must be critically evaluated in well-controlled, prospective studies. Continued assessment of the infectious complications of bone marrow transplantation is a critical aspect of any ongoing transplant program, not just a research goal...", "contents": "Infectious complications of human bone marrow transplantation. Infections are an almost inevitable complication of human bone marrow transplantation and account for the majority of deaths in transplant recipients. Even prior to the initiation of the transplantation procedure, patients may present with infections complicating previously unsuccessful chemotherapy for hematological malignancy or aplastic anemia. Nevertheless, these pre-transplantation infections should not exclude the possibility of bone marrow transplantation if they can be successfully controlled with specific antimicrobial therapy and necessary adjunctive measures. The immediate post-transplantation period prior to engraftment is characterized by severe marrow aplasia that results from high-dose chemotherapy and total-body irradiation. Infections are primarily septicemias and localized processes caused by bacteria and fungi and their incidence increases as the intensity of immunosuppression is escalated. The high mortality associated with bacterial septicemia makes early, empirical antibacterial therapy mandatory. However, the reduction in mortality from bacterial infection resulting from such an aggressive approach may be offset by a higher mortality from invasive fungal infection, especially in patients with prior fungal colonization and undergoing prolonged conditioning therapy. Thus, until more specific and sensitive tests for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection become available, empirical intravenous amphotericin should be considered in patients who are persistently febrile and deteriorate clinically in the face of appropriate antibacterial therapy. Interstitial pneumonia associated with severe GVHD is the major infectious complication after successful marrow engraftment and is the most significant barrier to long-term survival. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective prophylaxis against interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii, but one half of the patients still develop a pneumonitis either associated with CMV or of unknown etiology. Mortality from interstitial pneumonia is related to prior radiation therapy while survival is associated with a four-fold rise in CMV CF antibody titer. The latter observation supports the need to investigate passive immunization with CMV antibody as a means of preventing some interstitial pneumonias. Despite the progress made in many areas of human bone marrow transplantation, the majority of graft recipients still die of infectious complications. Thus, new approaches to the management of infections in transplant recipients are urgently needed. Better-tolerated oral nonabsorbable antibiotics, laminar-air-flow rooms, granulocyte transfusions, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for CMV are among the prophylactic and therapeutic measures that must be critically evaluated in well-controlled, prospective studies. Continued assessment of the infectious complications of bone marrow transplantation is a critical aspect of any ongoing transplant program, not just a research goal...", "PMID": 368507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_114", "title": "The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: a report of four cases and a review of the English literature.", "content": "Four cases of hepatic angiosarcoma are reported with a review of 99 other cases in the English literature. Angiosarcoma of the liver is associated with chronic exposure to thorotrast, vinyl chloride, arsenicals, radium and possibly copper and with chronic idiopathic hemochromatosis. Although 40% of patients have hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis at autopsy, the nature of the association between chronic liver disease and hepatic angiosarcoma is unknown. The clinical presentation of hepatic angiosarcoma is nonspecific with abdominal pain, weakness and weight loss common complaints and with hepatomegaly, ascites and jaundice common findings. Liver function tests are usually abnormal but there is no one liver function test or set of tests specific for the tumor. The occurrence of thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation is characteristic of hepatic angiosarcoma and may be related to local consumption of clotting factors and formed blood elements in the tumor. Catastrophic intraabdominal bleeding is also characteristic and occurs in one-fourth of all cases. This complication is likely related to the high incidence of clotting abnormalities and the vascular nature of the neoplasm. Selective hepatic arteriogram and open liver biopsy are the foundations of diagnostic evaluation. Percutaneous liver biopsy should be avoided. Failure to appreciate the possibility of hepatic angiosarcoma in the proper clinical setting, leading to blind percutaneous biopsy, may result in failure to make the diagnosis at the cost of significant morbidity and mortality. Survival of patients with hepatic angiosarcoma is brief; only 3% live longer than 2 years. Treatment of the tumor to date is empirical. There are probably a few patients who might benefit from radical surgery with curative intent. For all others chemotherapy is indicated. Adriamycin is active against hepatic angiosarcoma, but optimal dose and mode of administration require further investigation. Further study is also required to delineate the cause of hepatic angiosarcoma in the 60% of cases without definite epidemiologic association.", "contents": "The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: a report of four cases and a review of the English literature. Four cases of hepatic angiosarcoma are reported with a review of 99 other cases in the English literature. Angiosarcoma of the liver is associated with chronic exposure to thorotrast, vinyl chloride, arsenicals, radium and possibly copper and with chronic idiopathic hemochromatosis. Although 40% of patients have hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis at autopsy, the nature of the association between chronic liver disease and hepatic angiosarcoma is unknown. The clinical presentation of hepatic angiosarcoma is nonspecific with abdominal pain, weakness and weight loss common complaints and with hepatomegaly, ascites and jaundice common findings. Liver function tests are usually abnormal but there is no one liver function test or set of tests specific for the tumor. The occurrence of thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation is characteristic of hepatic angiosarcoma and may be related to local consumption of clotting factors and formed blood elements in the tumor. Catastrophic intraabdominal bleeding is also characteristic and occurs in one-fourth of all cases. This complication is likely related to the high incidence of clotting abnormalities and the vascular nature of the neoplasm. Selective hepatic arteriogram and open liver biopsy are the foundations of diagnostic evaluation. Percutaneous liver biopsy should be avoided. Failure to appreciate the possibility of hepatic angiosarcoma in the proper clinical setting, leading to blind percutaneous biopsy, may result in failure to make the diagnosis at the cost of significant morbidity and mortality. Survival of patients with hepatic angiosarcoma is brief; only 3% live longer than 2 years. Treatment of the tumor to date is empirical. There are probably a few patients who might benefit from radical surgery with curative intent. For all others chemotherapy is indicated. Adriamycin is active against hepatic angiosarcoma, but optimal dose and mode of administration require further investigation. Further study is also required to delineate the cause of hepatic angiosarcoma in the 60% of cases without definite epidemiologic association.", "PMID": 368508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_115", "title": "Syngeneic transplantation of the fetal rat pancreas IV. Dissociated versus whole organ implantation.", "content": "Reversal of insulinopenia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and polyuria associated with severe alloxan diabetes in the rat was accomplished by syngeneic transplantation of whole late-gestation fetal rat pancreata. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) revealed an improved yet still abnormal glucose and insulin response in reversed recipients reconstituted with as few as two pancreata from fetal donors. Eight fetal donors were sufficient to return glucose and insulin response following GTT to normal. Seventy to eighty percent fewer donors were required when the pancreata were transplanted in their entirely as opposed to transplantation of pancreata subjected to prior enzymatic and mechanical dissociation. The facility and simplicity of the whole fetal pancreas implantation technique makes it an appealing model for further study of islet growth and differentiation at the transplant site and of its effect on the metabolic state of the recipient.", "contents": "Syngeneic transplantation of the fetal rat pancreas IV. Dissociated versus whole organ implantation. Reversal of insulinopenia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and polyuria associated with severe alloxan diabetes in the rat was accomplished by syngeneic transplantation of whole late-gestation fetal rat pancreata. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) revealed an improved yet still abnormal glucose and insulin response in reversed recipients reconstituted with as few as two pancreata from fetal donors. Eight fetal donors were sufficient to return glucose and insulin response following GTT to normal. Seventy to eighty percent fewer donors were required when the pancreata were transplanted in their entirely as opposed to transplantation of pancreata subjected to prior enzymatic and mechanical dissociation. The facility and simplicity of the whole fetal pancreas implantation technique makes it an appealing model for further study of islet growth and differentiation at the transplant site and of its effect on the metabolic state of the recipient.", "PMID": 368509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_116", "title": "The unpolymerised form of actin in non-muscle cells.", "content": "Several lines of evidence point to the existence of unpolymerised actin in non-muscle cells. Ultrastructural examination reveals both a variety of actin filament bundles and actin in a controversial organisational state. Arguments are cited that this material, which at least in part is found close to the plasma membrane, represents unpolymerised actin rather than a random array of single actin filaments. The rearrangement of actin filament bundles during the cell cycle, and in response to experimental manipulation, suggests a turnover of filaments by a polymerisation-depolymerisation cycle. Extracts made from non-muscle cells under conditions where muscle actin would polymerise still contain appreciable fractions of monomeric actin. Studies on purified polymerisation-resistant actin from a variety of sources reveal the presence of a small protein which binds specifically to actin and prevents polymerisation. In the last section of the article, we expand the idea that this auxiliary protein is a central control element in the regulated exchange between non-polymerised and polymerised actin in vivo.", "contents": "The unpolymerised form of actin in non-muscle cells. Several lines of evidence point to the existence of unpolymerised actin in non-muscle cells. Ultrastructural examination reveals both a variety of actin filament bundles and actin in a controversial organisational state. Arguments are cited that this material, which at least in part is found close to the plasma membrane, represents unpolymerised actin rather than a random array of single actin filaments. The rearrangement of actin filament bundles during the cell cycle, and in response to experimental manipulation, suggests a turnover of filaments by a polymerisation-depolymerisation cycle. Extracts made from non-muscle cells under conditions where muscle actin would polymerise still contain appreciable fractions of monomeric actin. Studies on purified polymerisation-resistant actin from a variety of sources reveal the presence of a small protein which binds specifically to actin and prevents polymerisation. In the last section of the article, we expand the idea that this auxiliary protein is a central control element in the regulated exchange between non-polymerised and polymerised actin in vivo.", "PMID": 368511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_117", "title": "The cytoskeleton and cytomusculature in embryogenesis--an overview.", "content": "The role of microfilaments and microtubules comprising the cytoskeleton and cytomusculature in embryonic development is discussed. The cytomusculature, as microfilaments, is evident in both the unfertilized and fertilized egg and probably plays a role in sperm incorporation, cortical contractions, and cytokinesis. The cytoskeleton, in the form of microtubules, appears after fertilization in the form of the sperm aster and the mitotic apparatus. The cytoskeleton and cytomusculature play a decisive role in shape changes of individual cells responsible for gastrulation, neurulation, and morphogenesis of other epithelial sheets. Several developmental defects, such as spina bifida, may be related to malfunctioning of the cytoskeleton or cytomusculature. The putative role of microfilaments and microtubules in cell shape changes during embryogenesis can best be, at least initially, inferred from careful ultrastructural observations.", "contents": "The cytoskeleton and cytomusculature in embryogenesis--an overview. The role of microfilaments and microtubules comprising the cytoskeleton and cytomusculature in embryonic development is discussed. The cytomusculature, as microfilaments, is evident in both the unfertilized and fertilized egg and probably plays a role in sperm incorporation, cortical contractions, and cytokinesis. The cytoskeleton, in the form of microtubules, appears after fertilization in the form of the sperm aster and the mitotic apparatus. The cytoskeleton and cytomusculature play a decisive role in shape changes of individual cells responsible for gastrulation, neurulation, and morphogenesis of other epithelial sheets. Several developmental defects, such as spina bifida, may be related to malfunctioning of the cytoskeleton or cytomusculature. The putative role of microfilaments and microtubules in cell shape changes during embryogenesis can best be, at least initially, inferred from careful ultrastructural observations.", "PMID": 368512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_118", "title": "The cytoskeleton and plasma membrane.", "content": "The major cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, microtubules, and 10-nm filaments) are frequently found attached to or near the plasma membrane in arrays which can sometimes be shown experimentally to be related to cell form and movement. Ultrastructural investigations show that attachment is direct, by amorphous electron-dense material, by cell-cell junctions, or by cell-substrate attachment sites, but the chemistry of attachment is poorly understood. The structural and functional polarity of the attached elements has been defined for some microfilaments attached to plasma membrane, but this important parameter has been investigated only slightly for microtubules and not at all for 10-nm filaments attached to membranes. Assemblies of cytoskeletal elements and plasma membrane evidently are structurally stable enough to be observable by electron microscopy and to survive isolation by the usual biochemical techniques, but observations of living cells show that many assemblies of cytoskeleton and plasma membrane undergo rearrangement and interconversion. The biochemical basis and physiological meaning of many of these changes are poorly understood.", "contents": "The cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. The major cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, microtubules, and 10-nm filaments) are frequently found attached to or near the plasma membrane in arrays which can sometimes be shown experimentally to be related to cell form and movement. Ultrastructural investigations show that attachment is direct, by amorphous electron-dense material, by cell-cell junctions, or by cell-substrate attachment sites, but the chemistry of attachment is poorly understood. The structural and functional polarity of the attached elements has been defined for some microfilaments attached to plasma membrane, but this important parameter has been investigated only slightly for microtubules and not at all for 10-nm filaments attached to membranes. Assemblies of cytoskeletal elements and plasma membrane evidently are structurally stable enough to be observable by electron microscopy and to survive isolation by the usual biochemical techniques, but observations of living cells show that many assemblies of cytoskeleton and plasma membrane undergo rearrangement and interconversion. The biochemical basis and physiological meaning of many of these changes are poorly understood.", "PMID": 368513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_119", "title": "The role of the cytoskeleton in pancreatic B-cell function.", "content": "The ultrastructural organization of B-cell microtubular-microfilamentous system, its alteration by several pharmacological agents and the concomitant changes in the dynamics of insulin release, the biochemical characterization of islet tubulin and actin, the involvement of microtubules in the process of proinsulin biosynthesis and conversion, the analysis of motile events in endocrine pancreatic cells, the possible participation of microtubular-microfilamentous structures in cell surface organization of the B-cell, and the anomaly of the microtubular apparatus in certain pathological conditions are reviewed. The experimental data support the view that microtubules and microfilaments play an essential role in the process of insulin synthesis and release, as well as in the mechanism of glucagon secretion.", "contents": "The role of the cytoskeleton in pancreatic B-cell function. The ultrastructural organization of B-cell microtubular-microfilamentous system, its alteration by several pharmacological agents and the concomitant changes in the dynamics of insulin release, the biochemical characterization of islet tubulin and actin, the involvement of microtubules in the process of proinsulin biosynthesis and conversion, the analysis of motile events in endocrine pancreatic cells, the possible participation of microtubular-microfilamentous structures in cell surface organization of the B-cell, and the anomaly of the microtubular apparatus in certain pathological conditions are reviewed. The experimental data support the view that microtubules and microfilaments play an essential role in the process of insulin synthesis and release, as well as in the mechanism of glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 368514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_120", "title": "The role of cytoskeleton in adreno-medullary secretion.", "content": "Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla contain prominent arrays of microtubules and microfilaments. One population of microtubules radiates from the cytocentrum and permeates the areas of the cytoplasm containing chromaffin granules; the other population of microtubules forms a subplasmalemmal network together with actin-like microfilaments. Hence, the cytoskeletal elements in chromaffin cells are strategically located to participate in the mobility of chromaffin granules to the cell surface and to regulate access of the granules to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Agents which effect the integrity of the cytoskeleton clearly affect the secretory process in a manner which indicates that the microtubules and microfilaments play an active role in the release process.", "contents": "The role of cytoskeleton in adreno-medullary secretion. Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla contain prominent arrays of microtubules and microfilaments. One population of microtubules radiates from the cytocentrum and permeates the areas of the cytoplasm containing chromaffin granules; the other population of microtubules forms a subplasmalemmal network together with actin-like microfilaments. Hence, the cytoskeletal elements in chromaffin cells are strategically located to participate in the mobility of chromaffin granules to the cell surface and to regulate access of the granules to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Agents which effect the integrity of the cytoskeleton clearly affect the secretory process in a manner which indicates that the microtubules and microfilaments play an active role in the release process.", "PMID": 368515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_121", "title": "Distribution and function of cytoskeletal proteins in lung cells with particular reference to 'contractile interstitial cells'.", "content": "Cytoskeletal proteins are demonstrated in the interstitial cells of the lungs. These proteins appear in the cytoplasm as bundles of microfilaments, the individual filaments measuring 40--80 A in diameter. The presence of actin and myosin in these cells is demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Antiactin antibodies (AAA) obtained from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, as well as AAA and antimyosin antibodies prepared in the rabbit, are used. The major difference between the cytoskeletal proteins of interstitial cells and other cells of the alveolar tissue (type II epithelium, pericytes, and near the junctional complexes of endothelial cells) is that the microfilaments within the interstitial cells are organized into bundles forming tiny intracytoplasmic 'muscles'. Furthermore, they appear to be much more abundant and seem to anchor the cell on the alveolar basement membrane by hemidesmosome-like structures. These peculiar cytological features provide these cells with an important functional capacity. Being located in the 'pillars' which cross the capillary space, the contraction of interstitial cells may modify the alveolocapillary configuration in some circumstances. The physiological importance of such an 'active' alveolar motility is to provide the lung with a mechanism of autoregulation of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio at alveolar level.", "contents": "Distribution and function of cytoskeletal proteins in lung cells with particular reference to 'contractile interstitial cells'. Cytoskeletal proteins are demonstrated in the interstitial cells of the lungs. These proteins appear in the cytoplasm as bundles of microfilaments, the individual filaments measuring 40--80 A in diameter. The presence of actin and myosin in these cells is demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Antiactin antibodies (AAA) obtained from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, as well as AAA and antimyosin antibodies prepared in the rabbit, are used. The major difference between the cytoskeletal proteins of interstitial cells and other cells of the alveolar tissue (type II epithelium, pericytes, and near the junctional complexes of endothelial cells) is that the microfilaments within the interstitial cells are organized into bundles forming tiny intracytoplasmic 'muscles'. Furthermore, they appear to be much more abundant and seem to anchor the cell on the alveolar basement membrane by hemidesmosome-like structures. These peculiar cytological features provide these cells with an important functional capacity. Being located in the 'pillars' which cross the capillary space, the contraction of interstitial cells may modify the alveolocapillary configuration in some circumstances. The physiological importance of such an 'active' alveolar motility is to provide the lung with a mechanism of autoregulation of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio at alveolar level.", "PMID": 368516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_122", "title": "The cytoskeleton in cultured cells: coordinate in vitro regulation of cell growth and shape.", "content": "Adenopolyposis of the colon and rectum (ACR) links the well-characterized phenomena of murine oncogenic virus transformation with the progression of a human cancer. The same syndrome links defects in fibroblast growth control and cytoskeletal organization to a tumor of epithelial origin. Since skin fibroblasts are involved in this colonic tumor, the syndrome is very likely to be systemic. That is, one element of normal growth regulation of epithelial cells in situ may be provided by the fibroblasts residing beneath their basement membrane. These observations have led to a novel approach to early detection of persons at risk for a tumor, via the behavior of their skin fibroblasts in culture. At present, it is rarely possible to detect persons at risk for malignancy before the appearance of a frank invasive or metastatic growth. Although many biochemical assays have been proposed as indicators of pre-malignant states or cryptic early tumors, most have eventually been shown to be related to age, sex drug treatment, or other variables linked to but not clearly indicative of, a malignancy. Two serious problems limiting attempts to detect preneoplastic states or a disposition to eventual neoplasia are the inherent low frequency of incidence of any single type of tumor and the difficulty of obtaining identical sample material from prospective or actual patients once they are located. Our approach to these problems significantly departs from the common dependence upon isolation of cells from the site of a tumor. Clearly, it is an easier task to scan skin fibroblasts for disrupted cytoskeletal patterns than it is to obtain epithelia cells from most tissues at high risk for malignancy. This line of work, buttressed by information derived from the model system of SV40 transformation, may provide a novel mode of early detection of other human malignancies, as it has for ACR.", "contents": "The cytoskeleton in cultured cells: coordinate in vitro regulation of cell growth and shape. Adenopolyposis of the colon and rectum (ACR) links the well-characterized phenomena of murine oncogenic virus transformation with the progression of a human cancer. The same syndrome links defects in fibroblast growth control and cytoskeletal organization to a tumor of epithelial origin. Since skin fibroblasts are involved in this colonic tumor, the syndrome is very likely to be systemic. That is, one element of normal growth regulation of epithelial cells in situ may be provided by the fibroblasts residing beneath their basement membrane. These observations have led to a novel approach to early detection of persons at risk for a tumor, via the behavior of their skin fibroblasts in culture. At present, it is rarely possible to detect persons at risk for malignancy before the appearance of a frank invasive or metastatic growth. Although many biochemical assays have been proposed as indicators of pre-malignant states or cryptic early tumors, most have eventually been shown to be related to age, sex drug treatment, or other variables linked to but not clearly indicative of, a malignancy. Two serious problems limiting attempts to detect preneoplastic states or a disposition to eventual neoplasia are the inherent low frequency of incidence of any single type of tumor and the difficulty of obtaining identical sample material from prospective or actual patients once they are located. Our approach to these problems significantly departs from the common dependence upon isolation of cells from the site of a tumor. Clearly, it is an easier task to scan skin fibroblasts for disrupted cytoskeletal patterns than it is to obtain epithelia cells from most tissues at high risk for malignancy. This line of work, buttressed by information derived from the model system of SV40 transformation, may provide a novel mode of early detection of other human malignancies, as it has for ACR.", "PMID": 368517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_123", "title": "The cytoskeleton in cancer cells in animals and humans.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining of human cancer cells with antibodies against actin and myosin shows an important increase of brightness when compared with staining of normal cells from control tissues. Electron microscopic examination of cancer cells shows accumulation of cytoplasmic microfilaments (40--80 A in diameter) with some larger filaments (100--120 A in diameter) scattered in between compared to normal cells from control tissues. Such filaments are particularly abundant at the cell periphery. These findings indicate that the cytoplasmic contractile apparatus of cancer cells is more developed than that of normal cells. Such development may at least in part explain the invasive activity of malignant cells.", "contents": "The cytoskeleton in cancer cells in animals and humans. Immunofluorescent staining of human cancer cells with antibodies against actin and myosin shows an important increase of brightness when compared with staining of normal cells from control tissues. Electron microscopic examination of cancer cells shows accumulation of cytoplasmic microfilaments (40--80 A in diameter) with some larger filaments (100--120 A in diameter) scattered in between compared to normal cells from control tissues. Such filaments are particularly abundant at the cell periphery. These findings indicate that the cytoplasmic contractile apparatus of cancer cells is more developed than that of normal cells. Such development may at least in part explain the invasive activity of malignant cells.", "PMID": 368518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_124", "title": "Contractile proteins as autoantigens.", "content": "Smooth muscle antoantibodies are found in high titre in some patients with chronic active hepatitis, and in lower titres in a number of other liver diseases and certain viral infections. They are directed at contractile proteins of the actomyosin group, and anti-actin activity appears to predominate. Whether occurring in disease affecting the liver or in other conditions, smooth muscle antibody production is thought to be stimulated when contractile proteins of non-muscle cells become immunogenic as a result of changes induced in the cells by viral infection or by other unknown causes of derangement of cytoskeletal structure.", "contents": "Contractile proteins as autoantigens. Smooth muscle antoantibodies are found in high titre in some patients with chronic active hepatitis, and in lower titres in a number of other liver diseases and certain viral infections. They are directed at contractile proteins of the actomyosin group, and anti-actin activity appears to predominate. Whether occurring in disease affecting the liver or in other conditions, smooth muscle antibody production is thought to be stimulated when contractile proteins of non-muscle cells become immunogenic as a result of changes induced in the cells by viral infection or by other unknown causes of derangement of cytoskeletal structure.", "PMID": 368519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_125", "title": "The contractile system of blood platelets and its function.", "content": "The various manifestations of platelet activation are derived from a reorganization of components of the contractile and microtubular systems. The controversial initial stages of excitation-contraction coupling in platelets lead to the release of calcium from the dense tubular system, the morphological counterpart of the muscle sarcotubular closed vesicles. Calcium triggers the actin-myosin interaction and the developing force, possibly together with a local increase of the cation concentration, may cause the collapse of the microtubular ring and its reappearance in the forming long pseudopodia. Actin-myosin interaction is modulated by several factors among which tropomyosin-troponin, responsible for the calcium-sensitivity of contractile processes, and phosphorylation of one of the myosin light chains. Platelet actin is anchored to the membrane and its sliding towards the short myosin filaments may form the basis for platelet shape change. Platelet alpha-actinin and actin-binding protein are able to aggregate actin into an impressive gel. Therefore, the contractile proteins seem to have a double role in controlling the consistency of the cytoplasmic gel on the one hand, and the contractile manifestations related to motility on the other hand. One of the most important features of the 'contracted' platelet is the rigidity of the pseudopodia brought about by the 'gelification' of actin filaments and the presence of microtubules. A new model for clot contraction is proposed, based on the rigidity of the long spiky pseudopodia and on the motile properties of platelets. While migrating towards each other, the interlocking pseudopodia from different platelets adhere to the polymerizing fibrin, compressing the fibrin nets in their pathway. Since the anchoring of contractile fibers to membranes is crucial for the platelet contractile manifestations, the integrity of the membrane structure should be considered in the study of pathological aspects of platelet function.", "contents": "The contractile system of blood platelets and its function. The various manifestations of platelet activation are derived from a reorganization of components of the contractile and microtubular systems. The controversial initial stages of excitation-contraction coupling in platelets lead to the release of calcium from the dense tubular system, the morphological counterpart of the muscle sarcotubular closed vesicles. Calcium triggers the actin-myosin interaction and the developing force, possibly together with a local increase of the cation concentration, may cause the collapse of the microtubular ring and its reappearance in the forming long pseudopodia. Actin-myosin interaction is modulated by several factors among which tropomyosin-troponin, responsible for the calcium-sensitivity of contractile processes, and phosphorylation of one of the myosin light chains. Platelet actin is anchored to the membrane and its sliding towards the short myosin filaments may form the basis for platelet shape change. Platelet alpha-actinin and actin-binding protein are able to aggregate actin into an impressive gel. Therefore, the contractile proteins seem to have a double role in controlling the consistency of the cytoplasmic gel on the one hand, and the contractile manifestations related to motility on the other hand. One of the most important features of the 'contracted' platelet is the rigidity of the pseudopodia brought about by the 'gelification' of actin filaments and the presence of microtubules. A new model for clot contraction is proposed, based on the rigidity of the long spiky pseudopodia and on the motile properties of platelets. While migrating towards each other, the interlocking pseudopodia from different platelets adhere to the polymerizing fibrin, compressing the fibrin nets in their pathway. Since the anchoring of contractile fibers to membranes is crucial for the platelet contractile manifestations, the integrity of the membrane structure should be considered in the study of pathological aspects of platelet function.", "PMID": 368520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_126", "title": "Sporulation and C2 toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type C strains producing no C1 toxin.", "content": "All of the 8 strains that were previously assumed to be nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type C were re-examined for their toxigenicity and were demonstrated by trypsinization of the culture filtrates to produce C2 toxin under improved cultural conditions. One per cent glucose added to trypticase peptone medium enhanced C2 toxin production. The larger the spore population, the higher the C2 toxicity and when spore population was smaller than a level of 10(4)/ml, no C2 toxicity was demonstrated. The C2 toxin was produced only during sporulation and not during vegetative growth.", "contents": "Sporulation and C2 toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type C strains producing no C1 toxin. All of the 8 strains that were previously assumed to be nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type C were re-examined for their toxigenicity and were demonstrated by trypsinization of the culture filtrates to produce C2 toxin under improved cultural conditions. One per cent glucose added to trypticase peptone medium enhanced C2 toxin production. The larger the spore population, the higher the C2 toxicity and when spore population was smaller than a level of 10(4)/ml, no C2 toxicity was demonstrated. The C2 toxin was produced only during sporulation and not during vegetative growth.", "PMID": 368526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_127", "title": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer with carbenoxolone sodium: a double-masked endoscopic trial.", "content": "In a double-masked trial, 43 patients with an endoscopically confirmed, symptomatic duodenal ulcer were allocated at random to treatment with either carbenoxolone sodium or placebo, both provided in identical \"positioned-release\" capsules. The 40 patients who satisfactorily completed the trial were evenly distributed between the two treatment groups. The groups were well matched with regard to clinical features and initial ulcer size. Endoscopic review of ulcer healing after six weeks' treatment showed that 12 patients (60%) receiving carbenoxolone had healed ulcers, compared with five (25%) receiving placebo (P = 0.05). Symptomatic remission occurred by the fourth week in 17 patients (85%) receiving carbenoxolone, compared with six (30%) receiving placebo (P less than 0.001). The mean (geometric) serum carbenoxolone level in patients with healed ulcers was 31.11 microgram/mL compared with 17.75 microgram/mL in those with unhealed ulcers (P less than 0.005). Side effects of carbenoxolone therapy were observed, but they did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug and were readily controlled in every instance. These results confirm the therapeutic efficacy of carbenoxolone sodium in duodenal ulcer. In addition, a relationship between serum carbenoxolone levels and the occurrence of ulcer healing was observed.", "contents": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer with carbenoxolone sodium: a double-masked endoscopic trial. In a double-masked trial, 43 patients with an endoscopically confirmed, symptomatic duodenal ulcer were allocated at random to treatment with either carbenoxolone sodium or placebo, both provided in identical \"positioned-release\" capsules. The 40 patients who satisfactorily completed the trial were evenly distributed between the two treatment groups. The groups were well matched with regard to clinical features and initial ulcer size. Endoscopic review of ulcer healing after six weeks' treatment showed that 12 patients (60%) receiving carbenoxolone had healed ulcers, compared with five (25%) receiving placebo (P = 0.05). Symptomatic remission occurred by the fourth week in 17 patients (85%) receiving carbenoxolone, compared with six (30%) receiving placebo (P less than 0.001). The mean (geometric) serum carbenoxolone level in patients with healed ulcers was 31.11 microgram/mL compared with 17.75 microgram/mL in those with unhealed ulcers (P less than 0.005). Side effects of carbenoxolone therapy were observed, but they did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug and were readily controlled in every instance. These results confirm the therapeutic efficacy of carbenoxolone sodium in duodenal ulcer. In addition, a relationship between serum carbenoxolone levels and the occurrence of ulcer healing was observed.", "PMID": 368533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_128", "title": "A comparative study of indomethacin and ibuprofen.", "content": "In a double blind trial with 20 patients ibuprofen 1600 mg daily and indomethacin 100 mg daily were shown to be of comparable efficacy in the short-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reported side effects were similar, but a slightly greater incidence of gastric irritation was noted with indomethacin necessitating withdrawal of one patient from the trial. The serum concentrations for indomethacin and ibuprofen were determined for four hours after the last dose. Peak concentrations of both drugs occurred within two hours. Five of the seven patients considered to have comparable serum concentrations of both drugs demonstrated a preference for indomethacin.", "contents": "A comparative study of indomethacin and ibuprofen. In a double blind trial with 20 patients ibuprofen 1600 mg daily and indomethacin 100 mg daily were shown to be of comparable efficacy in the short-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reported side effects were similar, but a slightly greater incidence of gastric irritation was noted with indomethacin necessitating withdrawal of one patient from the trial. The serum concentrations for indomethacin and ibuprofen were determined for four hours after the last dose. Peak concentrations of both drugs occurred within two hours. Five of the seven patients considered to have comparable serum concentrations of both drugs demonstrated a preference for indomethacin.", "PMID": 368535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_129", "title": "Studies with prazosin--a new effective hypotensive agent. III. An acute double-blind cross-over study comparing the effects of single doses of prazosin and hydrallazine in combination with propranolol and a diuretic.", "content": "The duration of action of a single dose of prazosin and hydrallazine on blood pressure and heart rate was studied in 16 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was not adequately controlled by a combination of a thiazide diuretic and a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and had required the addition of either prazosin or hydrallazine. Observations over an eight-hour period, after a single dose of either 3 mg of prazosin, or 75 mg of hydrallazine, in identical capsules, with cross-over study one week later, showed significant reductions in blood pressure within the first hour after oral administration of either agent. This reduction in blood pressure persisted for four to six hours after hydrallazine and six to seven hours after prazosin administration. Tachycardia was more pronounced and prolonged after hydrallazine administration and side effects were more common.", "contents": "Studies with prazosin--a new effective hypotensive agent. III. An acute double-blind cross-over study comparing the effects of single doses of prazosin and hydrallazine in combination with propranolol and a diuretic. The duration of action of a single dose of prazosin and hydrallazine on blood pressure and heart rate was studied in 16 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was not adequately controlled by a combination of a thiazide diuretic and a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and had required the addition of either prazosin or hydrallazine. Observations over an eight-hour period, after a single dose of either 3 mg of prazosin, or 75 mg of hydrallazine, in identical capsules, with cross-over study one week later, showed significant reductions in blood pressure within the first hour after oral administration of either agent. This reduction in blood pressure persisted for four to six hours after hydrallazine and six to seven hours after prazosin administration. Tachycardia was more pronounced and prolonged after hydrallazine administration and side effects were more common.", "PMID": 368538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_130", "title": "A transducing lambda phage carrying grpE, a bacterial gene necessary for lambda DNA replication, and two ribosomal protein genes, rpsP (S16) and rplS (L19).", "content": "A grpE mutation of Escherichia coli K12, which blocks DNA replication of the phage lambda (Saito and Uchida, 1977), was mapped at 56 min on the standard genetic map. A transducing lambda phage, lambdagrpE22, carrying the wild type allele of the grpE gene was constructed in vitro. Structures of lambdagrpE22 and its viable deletion derivatives were determined by electron microscopic analyses of appropriate heteroduplexes. Proteins coded by the bacterial DNA incorporated into the transducing phages were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the product of the grpE gene is a weakly acidic protein of molecular weight 24,000. Structural genes for two ribosomal proteins, rplS (L19) and rpsP (S16) were also shown to be carried by lambdagrpE22.", "contents": "A transducing lambda phage carrying grpE, a bacterial gene necessary for lambda DNA replication, and two ribosomal protein genes, rpsP (S16) and rplS (L19). A grpE mutation of Escherichia coli K12, which blocks DNA replication of the phage lambda (Saito and Uchida, 1977), was mapped at 56 min on the standard genetic map. A transducing lambda phage, lambdagrpE22, carrying the wild type allele of the grpE gene was constructed in vitro. Structures of lambdagrpE22 and its viable deletion derivatives were determined by electron microscopic analyses of appropriate heteroduplexes. Proteins coded by the bacterial DNA incorporated into the transducing phages were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the product of the grpE gene is a weakly acidic protein of molecular weight 24,000. Structural genes for two ribosomal proteins, rplS (L19) and rpsP (S16) were also shown to be carried by lambdagrpE22.", "PMID": 368561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_131", "title": "Genes encoding ribosomal proteins S16 and L19 form a gene cluster at 56.4 min in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli which was isolated for temperature-sensitive growth was found to harbour a structural alterations in protein S16 (Isolo et al., 1978). The mutation was localized by matings with various Hfr strains and by Plkc-mediated transduction. The results showed that it mapped very close to the gene coding for L19 protein which has been placed at 56.4 min (Kitakawa and Isono, 1977), indicating that it most likely forms a new ribosomal protein-gene cluster.", "contents": "Genes encoding ribosomal proteins S16 and L19 form a gene cluster at 56.4 min in Escherichia coli. A mutant of Escherichia coli which was isolated for temperature-sensitive growth was found to harbour a structural alterations in protein S16 (Isolo et al., 1978). The mutation was localized by matings with various Hfr strains and by Plkc-mediated transduction. The results showed that it mapped very close to the gene coding for L19 protein which has been placed at 56.4 min (Kitakawa and Isono, 1977), indicating that it most likely forms a new ribosomal protein-gene cluster.", "PMID": 368562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_132", "title": "Method of isolation of cysteine constitutive mutants of the cysteine regulon in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A method for selection of constitutive cysB mutation is described which takes advantage of the resistance of cysteine constitutive mutants to 1,2,4-triazole. Since cysM cysK double mutants are cysteine auxotrophs, by selecting for triazole resistance in cysM strains, mutants arising under this condition also should be constitutive for cysteine biosynthesis. Genetic analysis of mutants isolated by this technique showed that their mutational sites are located in the cysB region. Biochemical assays of cysteine enzymes, sulphite reductase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase of the mutants showed the derepressed level of these enzymes and the lack or slight repression by 1-cysteine.", "contents": "Method of isolation of cysteine constitutive mutants of the cysteine regulon in Salmonella typhimurium. A method for selection of constitutive cysB mutation is described which takes advantage of the resistance of cysteine constitutive mutants to 1,2,4-triazole. Since cysM cysK double mutants are cysteine auxotrophs, by selecting for triazole resistance in cysM strains, mutants arising under this condition also should be constitutive for cysteine biosynthesis. Genetic analysis of mutants isolated by this technique showed that their mutational sites are located in the cysB region. Biochemical assays of cysteine enzymes, sulphite reductase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase of the mutants showed the derepressed level of these enzymes and the lack or slight repression by 1-cysteine.", "PMID": 368563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_133", "title": "The control region of the F sex factor DNA  transfer cistrons: restriction mapping and DNA cloning.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease map of EcoRI fragment f6 of F sex factor DNA was constructed and aligned with pre-existing physical and genetic maps. Results of genetic complementation tests and analysis of proteins synthesized in minicells from PstI and BglII sub-fragment clones, or from a specific BglII fragment deletion, have allowed mapping of the locations of the origin of DNA transfer and many of the transfer genes known to lie on f6. The proteins detected account for 78% of the coding capacity of fragment f6.", "contents": "The control region of the F sex factor DNA  transfer cistrons: restriction mapping and DNA cloning. A restriction endonuclease map of EcoRI fragment f6 of F sex factor DNA was constructed and aligned with pre-existing physical and genetic maps. Results of genetic complementation tests and analysis of proteins synthesized in minicells from PstI and BglII sub-fragment clones, or from a specific BglII fragment deletion, have allowed mapping of the locations of the origin of DNA transfer and many of the transfer genes known to lie on f6. The proteins detected account for 78% of the coding capacity of fragment f6.", "PMID": 368564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_134", "title": "Mapping of RP4 plasmid using deletion mutants of pAS8 hybrid (RP4--ColE1).", "content": "We used the hybrid plasmid pAS8 in order to conduct the genetic analysis of RP4 plasmid. The presence of two replicons in the hybrid plasmid permitted to expand the spectrum of deletion mutants of RP4 isolated, which are capable to autonomous replication. The shortening of the hybrid plasmid was achieved by P22 transduction, by induction of deletion mutants using mitomycin C, as well as by seletion of Tra- mutants on the basis of resistance of cells to P-specific phages. These techniques have lead to isolation of clones possessing different combinations of plasmid resistance determinants. Comparison of phenotypic characteristics of deletion plasmids pAS9, pAS10, pAS11, pAS12 and pAS10-2 permitted to propose the map for pAS8 plasmid with the following sequence of markers: tra--kam--ColE1--amp--tet... Heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of pAS8 permitted to construct a physical map and to elaborate in greater detail the functional map of RP4 plasmid. The correlation between the ability of mutants to replicate in polA(TS) strain at nonpermissive conditions and the length of the deleted segment permitted to map rep genes of RP4 on a region with coordinates 9.8--17.3 kb. A relationship between the manifestation of incompatibility of mutants with Inc P-1 plasmids and the length of deletions points out that inc genes are located on DNA region with coordinates 2.1--9.8 kb. The analysis of replication of deletion mutants and the manifestation of incompatibility just as of the data about the size of appropriate deletions permitted to make the conclusion about the functional and genetic independence of the replication control and incompatibility control in RP4 plasmid.", "contents": "Mapping of RP4 plasmid using deletion mutants of pAS8 hybrid (RP4--ColE1). We used the hybrid plasmid pAS8 in order to conduct the genetic analysis of RP4 plasmid. The presence of two replicons in the hybrid plasmid permitted to expand the spectrum of deletion mutants of RP4 isolated, which are capable to autonomous replication. The shortening of the hybrid plasmid was achieved by P22 transduction, by induction of deletion mutants using mitomycin C, as well as by seletion of Tra- mutants on the basis of resistance of cells to P-specific phages. These techniques have lead to isolation of clones possessing different combinations of plasmid resistance determinants. Comparison of phenotypic characteristics of deletion plasmids pAS9, pAS10, pAS11, pAS12 and pAS10-2 permitted to propose the map for pAS8 plasmid with the following sequence of markers: tra--kam--ColE1--amp--tet... Heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of pAS8 permitted to construct a physical map and to elaborate in greater detail the functional map of RP4 plasmid. The correlation between the ability of mutants to replicate in polA(TS) strain at nonpermissive conditions and the length of the deleted segment permitted to map rep genes of RP4 on a region with coordinates 9.8--17.3 kb. A relationship between the manifestation of incompatibility of mutants with Inc P-1 plasmids and the length of deletions points out that inc genes are located on DNA region with coordinates 2.1--9.8 kb. The analysis of replication of deletion mutants and the manifestation of incompatibility just as of the data about the size of appropriate deletions permitted to make the conclusion about the functional and genetic independence of the replication control and incompatibility control in RP4 plasmid.", "PMID": 368565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_135", "title": "On the role of recA gene product in genetic recombination: an analysis by in vitro packaging of recombinant DNA molecules formed in the absence of protein synthesis.", "content": "The role of the recA gene product of Escherichia coli in genetic recombination was examined in a system where recombination takes place in the absence of protein synthesis. recA200 bacteria were infected with two mutant strains of phage lambda in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin, and the resulting recombinant DNA molecules were measured by in vitro packaging. When recA200 bacteria grown at a temperature that is permissive for RecA phenotype were transferred to a temperature that is restrictive for RecAa phenotype in the presence of the inhibitors, recombination of the infecting phages was severely blocked. This result shows that the recombination activity of the recA200 cells is inactivated by the change of temperature even in the absence of protein synthesis. The most likely explanation of this result is that the recA protein is directly involved in the recombination detected in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin.", "contents": "On the role of recA gene product in genetic recombination: an analysis by in vitro packaging of recombinant DNA molecules formed in the absence of protein synthesis. The role of the recA gene product of Escherichia coli in genetic recombination was examined in a system where recombination takes place in the absence of protein synthesis. recA200 bacteria were infected with two mutant strains of phage lambda in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin, and the resulting recombinant DNA molecules were measured by in vitro packaging. When recA200 bacteria grown at a temperature that is permissive for RecA phenotype were transferred to a temperature that is restrictive for RecAa phenotype in the presence of the inhibitors, recombination of the infecting phages was severely blocked. This result shows that the recombination activity of the recA200 cells is inactivated by the change of temperature even in the absence of protein synthesis. The most likely explanation of this result is that the recA protein is directly involved in the recombination detected in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin.", "PMID": 368567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_136", "title": "An \"up-promotor\" mutation affecting the acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A derivative of an areA200 strain of Aspergillus nidulans selected for strong growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source was found to have a mutation, amd-18, closely linked to amdS, the acetamidase structural gene. This mutation results in 2--3 fold higher acetamidase activities than wildtype strains in uninduced as well as induced cultures. The effects of the amd-18 mutation are superimposed on the effects of other regulatory mutations affecting the acetamidase. The amd-18 mutation is cis-dominant with respect to the amdS gene. Immunological and gel electrophoresis studies have shown that amd-18 strains produce higher levels of acetamidase protein. A previously described cis-dominant mutation, amdI9, also causes elevated levels of acetamidase protein. The amd-18 mutation may affect a promoter site for the amdS gene allowing an increased frequency of transcription.", "contents": "An \"up-promotor\" mutation affecting the acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans. A derivative of an areA200 strain of Aspergillus nidulans selected for strong growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source was found to have a mutation, amd-18, closely linked to amdS, the acetamidase structural gene. This mutation results in 2--3 fold higher acetamidase activities than wildtype strains in uninduced as well as induced cultures. The effects of the amd-18 mutation are superimposed on the effects of other regulatory mutations affecting the acetamidase. The amd-18 mutation is cis-dominant with respect to the amdS gene. Immunological and gel electrophoresis studies have shown that amd-18 strains produce higher levels of acetamidase protein. A previously described cis-dominant mutation, amdI9, also causes elevated levels of acetamidase protein. The amd-18 mutation may affect a promoter site for the amdS gene allowing an increased frequency of transcription.", "PMID": 368568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_137", "title": "Mutational analysis of the operators of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "Oc mutations in the operators of bacteriophage lambda have been used to analyze the functional organization of the operators. In each operator, repressor binding sites 1 and 2, as identified biochemically, were found to be primarily responsible for the repressor affinity of the operators in vitro and for the repression of lytic functions in vivo. In addition, both sites were shown to be involved in the action of cro product at the operators. The data obtained have been used to estimate the repressor affinities of the individual binding sites. These affinities suggest that repressor bound at OR1 and OR2 interacts cooperatively. The results obtained support a model for repression of the early lambda operons where repressor bound at binding sites 1 and 2 interferes with RNA polymerase binding to the promotor sites.", "contents": "Mutational analysis of the operators of bacteriophage lambda. Oc mutations in the operators of bacteriophage lambda have been used to analyze the functional organization of the operators. In each operator, repressor binding sites 1 and 2, as identified biochemically, were found to be primarily responsible for the repressor affinity of the operators in vitro and for the repression of lytic functions in vivo. In addition, both sites were shown to be involved in the action of cro product at the operators. The data obtained have been used to estimate the repressor affinities of the individual binding sites. These affinities suggest that repressor bound at OR1 and OR2 interacts cooperatively. The results obtained support a model for repression of the early lambda operons where repressor bound at binding sites 1 and 2 interferes with RNA polymerase binding to the promotor sites.", "PMID": 368570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_138", "title": "Comparison of sensitivity and liquid holding recovery in rad mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactivated by UV and DEB.", "content": "Twenty one UV-sensitive rad mutants were tested for their sensitivity towards DEB. All mutants were more sensitive to this treatment than the wild type. Seven mutants were classified as supersensitive to DEB (rad 1-1, 2,3, 6, 15 and 18-2), while only rad2 and rad3 can be classified as supersensitive to UV. For all mutants ability for liquid holding recovery (LHR) after UV and DEB was compared. Mutants rad 1-1, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11 differ in their response to LH after the two treatments. Survival of rad1-1 and rad3 increases signficantly during LH after DEB but not after UV exposure. In contrast rad5, 6, 11, and 22 show marked LHR after UV but no increase of survival after DEB treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of sensitivity and liquid holding recovery in rad mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactivated by UV and DEB. Twenty one UV-sensitive rad mutants were tested for their sensitivity towards DEB. All mutants were more sensitive to this treatment than the wild type. Seven mutants were classified as supersensitive to DEB (rad 1-1, 2,3, 6, 15 and 18-2), while only rad2 and rad3 can be classified as supersensitive to UV. For all mutants ability for liquid holding recovery (LHR) after UV and DEB was compared. Mutants rad 1-1, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11 differ in their response to LH after the two treatments. Survival of rad1-1 and rad3 increases signficantly during LH after DEB but not after UV exposure. In contrast rad5, 6, 11, and 22 show marked LHR after UV but no increase of survival after DEB treatment.", "PMID": 368573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_139", "title": "lambdaimm P22dis: a hybrid of coliphage lambda with both immunity regions of Salmonella phage P22.", "content": "Genetically marked lambda and P22 phages were recombined in Escherichia coli-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid WR4028, a host sensitive to infection by both of these phages. Hybrid phages that acquired the immC region of P22, but retained the genes for the lambda protein coat were selected on WR4027 (lambda), a lambda-immune, P22-resistant derivative of WR4028. In these lambdaimmP22 hybrids, at least the c through P genes of lambda were replaced with functionally related P22 genes. Phage recombinants with more extensive regions of the P22 genome were selected on the double lysogen WR4027 (lambda, lambdaimmP22). One such hybrid, lambdaimmP22dis, was determined by heteroduplex analysis to contain approximately 40% of the P22 genome. Genetic studies established that lambdaimmP22dis possesses the two widely separated immunity control regions of P22 (immC and immI) and that these loci are expressed in E. coli K-12 lysogenic for lambdaimmP22dis. In addition, lambdaimmP22dis contains the P22 a 1 locus responsible for somatic 0--1 antigen conversion in Salmonella. Although the lambdaimmP22dis phage particle has the lambda head and tail, the phage genome also carried P22 tail gene 9 as evidenced by the production of free P22 tails. It also has the P22 att site as indicated by the integration of the lambdaimmP22dis prophage near the proA locus on the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "lambdaimm P22dis: a hybrid of coliphage lambda with both immunity regions of Salmonella phage P22. Genetically marked lambda and P22 phages were recombined in Escherichia coli-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid WR4028, a host sensitive to infection by both of these phages. Hybrid phages that acquired the immC region of P22, but retained the genes for the lambda protein coat were selected on WR4027 (lambda), a lambda-immune, P22-resistant derivative of WR4028. In these lambdaimmP22 hybrids, at least the c through P genes of lambda were replaced with functionally related P22 genes. Phage recombinants with more extensive regions of the P22 genome were selected on the double lysogen WR4027 (lambda, lambdaimmP22). One such hybrid, lambdaimmP22dis, was determined by heteroduplex analysis to contain approximately 40% of the P22 genome. Genetic studies established that lambdaimmP22dis possesses the two widely separated immunity control regions of P22 (immC and immI) and that these loci are expressed in E. coli K-12 lysogenic for lambdaimmP22dis. In addition, lambdaimmP22dis contains the P22 a 1 locus responsible for somatic 0--1 antigen conversion in Salmonella. Although the lambdaimmP22dis phage particle has the lambda head and tail, the phage genome also carried P22 tail gene 9 as evidenced by the production of free P22 tails. It also has the P22 att site as indicated by the integration of the lambdaimmP22dis prophage near the proA locus on the bacterial chromosome.", "PMID": 368575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_140", "title": "Restriction enzyme cleavage of DNA resulting from gently lysed Escherichia coli.", "content": "When E. coli or lambda infected E. coli are gently lysed the DNA is released as a very fast sedimenting species that is presumably bound to membrane material. If this complex is now subjected to restriction enzyme cleavage, only a minor fraction of the fast sedimenting DNA remains and this is found, after purification, to be enriched for branched molecules.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme cleavage of DNA resulting from gently lysed Escherichia coli. When E. coli or lambda infected E. coli are gently lysed the DNA is released as a very fast sedimenting species that is presumably bound to membrane material. If this complex is now subjected to restriction enzyme cleavage, only a minor fraction of the fast sedimenting DNA remains and this is found, after purification, to be enriched for branched molecules.", "PMID": 368576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_141", "title": "The regulation of urea amidolyase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mating type influence on a constitutivity mutation acting in cis.", "content": "Constitutivity for the synthesis of the urea amidolyase bienzymatic complex is obtained by durOh mutations located in the regulatory genetic region adjacent to the dur1, dur2 gene cluster. The durOh mutations act only in cis and are a new case of cis effect strongly cancelled in alpha/a diploid, similar to cargA+Oh mutation shown previously to lead to arginase constitutivity. Illegitimate diploids do not show such a cancellation of constitutivity. The constitutivity produced by durOh mutation comprises the process of induction and the release of the glutamine effect. It does not impair the NH+4 effect.", "contents": "The regulation of urea amidolyase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mating type influence on a constitutivity mutation acting in cis. Constitutivity for the synthesis of the urea amidolyase bienzymatic complex is obtained by durOh mutations located in the regulatory genetic region adjacent to the dur1, dur2 gene cluster. The durOh mutations act only in cis and are a new case of cis effect strongly cancelled in alpha/a diploid, similar to cargA+Oh mutation shown previously to lead to arginase constitutivity. Illegitimate diploids do not show such a cancellation of constitutivity. The constitutivity produced by durOh mutation comprises the process of induction and the release of the glutamine effect. It does not impair the NH+4 effect.", "PMID": 368577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_142", "title": "Map location of the Escherichia coli origin of replication.", "content": "Working with restriction fragments obtained directly from the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome, the EcoRI-HindIII restriction map of the section of the chromosome containing the replication origin has been extended by 14 kilobase pairs (kb) to cover 56 kb. Within this newly mapped portion, the ilv and rrnC cistrons have been identified by (1) hybridization of individual restriction fragmanents to the ilv-transducing phage lambdadilv5 and (2) a comparison of the restriction map of this region with the EcoRI map of lambda dilv5 and the Hind III map of the plasmid pJC110, a ColEl-ilv hybrid. The replication origin is located approximately 30 kb from the ilvE gene and 20 kb from the rrnC 16S rRNA cistron. This places the origin near 82.7 min on the genetic map, close to uncA.", "contents": "Map location of the Escherichia coli origin of replication. Working with restriction fragments obtained directly from the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome, the EcoRI-HindIII restriction map of the section of the chromosome containing the replication origin has been extended by 14 kilobase pairs (kb) to cover 56 kb. Within this newly mapped portion, the ilv and rrnC cistrons have been identified by (1) hybridization of individual restriction fragmanents to the ilv-transducing phage lambdadilv5 and (2) a comparison of the restriction map of this region with the EcoRI map of lambda dilv5 and the Hind III map of the plasmid pJC110, a ColEl-ilv hybrid. The replication origin is located approximately 30 kb from the ilvE gene and 20 kb from the rrnC 16S rRNA cistron. This places the origin near 82.7 min on the genetic map, close to uncA.", "PMID": 368578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_143", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a ColE1 plasmid containing the entire bio gene cluster of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "ColE1amp plasmids carrying the entire bio gene cluster were constructed in vitro using ColE1amp as the cloning vehicle and a lambda transducing phage, lambdaatt2, as the source of bio DNA. Restriction endonuclease EcoRI digests of ColE1amp and lambdaatt2 DNA were joined by polynucleotide ligase and plasmids bearing the entire bio gene cluster were selected, after transformation, in bio deletion strains of E. coli. Recombinant DNA molecules contained one ColE1amp fragment (7.4 X 10(6) daltons) and one lambdaatt2 DNA fragment (5.4 X 10(6) daltons). Clones carrying ColE1 amp-bio plasmids produce elevated levels of biotin and biotin synthetase activity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a ColE1 plasmid containing the entire bio gene cluster of Escherichia coli K12. ColE1amp plasmids carrying the entire bio gene cluster were constructed in vitro using ColE1amp as the cloning vehicle and a lambda transducing phage, lambdaatt2, as the source of bio DNA. Restriction endonuclease EcoRI digests of ColE1amp and lambdaatt2 DNA were joined by polynucleotide ligase and plasmids bearing the entire bio gene cluster were selected, after transformation, in bio deletion strains of E. coli. Recombinant DNA molecules contained one ColE1amp fragment (7.4 X 10(6) daltons) and one lambdaatt2 DNA fragment (5.4 X 10(6) daltons). Clones carrying ColE1 amp-bio plasmids produce elevated levels of biotin and biotin synthetase activity.", "PMID": 368579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_144", "title": "Lactam utilisation in Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a fourth gene under the control of the integrator gene intA.", "content": "Mutations in the lamA gene of Aspergillus nidulans prevent the conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidone (gamma-butyrolactam) to gamma-amino-n-butyrate (GABA) and also prevent the (probably analogous) utilisation of 2-piperidone (sigma-valerolactam). The lamA gene, in linkage group VIII, probably specifies a lactamase but a r\u00f4le in lactam uptake cannot be ruled out. lamA is probably under the control of the positive acting regulatory gene intA, which can integrate its expression with the expression of three other genes, specifying acetamidase, GABA transaminase, and GABA permease, respectively.", "contents": "Lactam utilisation in Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a fourth gene under the control of the integrator gene intA. Mutations in the lamA gene of Aspergillus nidulans prevent the conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidone (gamma-butyrolactam) to gamma-amino-n-butyrate (GABA) and also prevent the (probably analogous) utilisation of 2-piperidone (sigma-valerolactam). The lamA gene, in linkage group VIII, probably specifies a lactamase but a r\u00f4le in lactam uptake cannot be ruled out. lamA is probably under the control of the positive acting regulatory gene intA, which can integrate its expression with the expression of three other genes, specifying acetamidase, GABA transaminase, and GABA permease, respectively.", "PMID": 368580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_145", "title": "Functional mRNA half lives in E. coli.", "content": "Analysis of the synthetic rate of individual protein species at various times after complete inhibition of transcription with either streptolygidin or rifampicin was carried out by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis of total Escherichia coli cell extracts. The decay rate of the potential to synthesize different proteins was assumed to be equal to the functional decay rate of the corresponding mRNA. We conclude the following: (a) The tufA and tufB messengers have different half lives (3.0 and 2.4 min, respectively). (b) Different genes within the same transcriptional unit can have different half lies (S7, EGF and EFTuA--2.5, 3.8 and 3.0 min, respectively). (c) There is at least a twenty-fold variation in individual mRNA half lives in E. coli; ribosomal protein S1 mRNA was observed to have the shortest half life in the cell (40 sec), while the longest observed half life was approximately 20 min (all values at 30 degrees C). (d) Addition of rifampicin increases the absolute rate of RNA polymerase subunit alpha and beta synthesis two-fold. (e) The induction of the synthesis of alpha subunit of RNA polymerase takes place without a concomitant induction of ribosomal protein S4 and L17, which are reported to be on either side of alpha in the same transcriptional unit.", "contents": "Functional mRNA half lives in E. coli. Analysis of the synthetic rate of individual protein species at various times after complete inhibition of transcription with either streptolygidin or rifampicin was carried out by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis of total Escherichia coli cell extracts. The decay rate of the potential to synthesize different proteins was assumed to be equal to the functional decay rate of the corresponding mRNA. We conclude the following: (a) The tufA and tufB messengers have different half lives (3.0 and 2.4 min, respectively). (b) Different genes within the same transcriptional unit can have different half lies (S7, EGF and EFTuA--2.5, 3.8 and 3.0 min, respectively). (c) There is at least a twenty-fold variation in individual mRNA half lives in E. coli; ribosomal protein S1 mRNA was observed to have the shortest half life in the cell (40 sec), while the longest observed half life was approximately 20 min (all values at 30 degrees C). (d) Addition of rifampicin increases the absolute rate of RNA polymerase subunit alpha and beta synthesis two-fold. (e) The induction of the synthesis of alpha subunit of RNA polymerase takes place without a concomitant induction of ribosomal protein S4 and L17, which are reported to be on either side of alpha in the same transcriptional unit.", "PMID": 368581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_146", "title": "Instability of plasmid DNA sequences: macro and micro evolution of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5.", "content": "Detailed examination of the structure of cloned DNA fragments of the R6-5 antibiotic resistance plasmid has revealed a substantial degree of polynucleotide sequence heterogeneity and indicates that sequence rearrangements in plasmids and possible other replicons occur more frequently than has hitherto been appreciated. The sequences changes in cloned R6-5 fragments were shown in some instances to have occurred prior to cloning, i.e. existing in the original population of R6-5 molecules that was obtained from a single bacterial clone and by several different criteria judged to be homogeneous, and in others to have occurred either during the cloning procedure or during subsequent propagation of hybrid molecules. The molecular changes that are described involved insertion/deletion of the previously characterized IS2 insertion element, formation of a new inverted repeat structure probably by duplication of a preexisting R6-5 DNA sequence, sequence inversion, and loss and gain of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites.", "contents": "Instability of plasmid DNA sequences: macro and micro evolution of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5. Detailed examination of the structure of cloned DNA fragments of the R6-5 antibiotic resistance plasmid has revealed a substantial degree of polynucleotide sequence heterogeneity and indicates that sequence rearrangements in plasmids and possible other replicons occur more frequently than has hitherto been appreciated. The sequences changes in cloned R6-5 fragments were shown in some instances to have occurred prior to cloning, i.e. existing in the original population of R6-5 molecules that was obtained from a single bacterial clone and by several different criteria judged to be homogeneous, and in others to have occurred either during the cloning procedure or during subsequent propagation of hybrid molecules. The molecular changes that are described involved insertion/deletion of the previously characterized IS2 insertion element, formation of a new inverted repeat structure probably by duplication of a preexisting R6-5 DNA sequence, sequence inversion, and loss and gain of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites.", "PMID": 368583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_147", "title": "Nitrite reduction in Escherichia coli: genetic analysis of nir mutants.", "content": "Five mutants of Escherichia coli impaired on nitrite reduction were studied. All have lost NADH-nitrite reductase activity but have retained the capacity to synthesize all or part of their cytochrome c552. Three genes, nir C, nir D, and nir E were mapped at 26, 72.5 and 49.5 min, respectively. Another gene, nir F was tentatively localized around 52 min.", "contents": "Nitrite reduction in Escherichia coli: genetic analysis of nir mutants. Five mutants of Escherichia coli impaired on nitrite reduction were studied. All have lost NADH-nitrite reductase activity but have retained the capacity to synthesize all or part of their cytochrome c552. Three genes, nir C, nir D, and nir E were mapped at 26, 72.5 and 49.5 min, respectively. Another gene, nir F was tentatively localized around 52 min.", "PMID": 368584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_148", "title": "Altered DNA-protein relaxation complex in a replication mutant of plasmid ColE1.", "content": "Approximately 200,000 clones of Escherichia coli carrying mutagen-treated colicinogenic plasmid E1 (ColE1) were examined for irreversible loss of the plasmid at 43 degrees. Thirty of these clones that appeared to be most defective in plasmid DNA replication at the non-permissive temperature were selected for the study of: (a) the kinetics of plasmid and chromosomal DNA replication during a temperature shift in either the presence or absence of chloramphenicol; (b) the temperature stability of the plasmid DNA-protein relaxation complex; and (c) the temperature effect on F-promoted conjugal transfer. Two mutant plasmids, pJC307 and pJC301, showed defects in their relaxation complex. The relaxation complex of pJC307 exhibited an altered temperature stability in vitro. Reversion to temperature resistant replication resulted in four out of five cases in a concomitant change in the temperature stability of the relaxation complex. Conjugal mobility of this mutant was not markedly reduced at the permissive or non-permissive temperature. Plasmid pJC301 could not be isolated in the form of a relaxation complex and it was very poorly mobilized in an F'-promoted conjugation. These results indicate that the ColE1 plasmid codes for at least one of the proteins of the relaxation complex and that the relaxation complex is involved in ColE1 DNA replication. In addition, the properties of the mutant plasmid pJC301 are consistent with a role for the complex in the mobilization of ColE1 during conjugation.", "contents": "Altered DNA-protein relaxation complex in a replication mutant of plasmid ColE1. Approximately 200,000 clones of Escherichia coli carrying mutagen-treated colicinogenic plasmid E1 (ColE1) were examined for irreversible loss of the plasmid at 43 degrees. Thirty of these clones that appeared to be most defective in plasmid DNA replication at the non-permissive temperature were selected for the study of: (a) the kinetics of plasmid and chromosomal DNA replication during a temperature shift in either the presence or absence of chloramphenicol; (b) the temperature stability of the plasmid DNA-protein relaxation complex; and (c) the temperature effect on F-promoted conjugal transfer. Two mutant plasmids, pJC307 and pJC301, showed defects in their relaxation complex. The relaxation complex of pJC307 exhibited an altered temperature stability in vitro. Reversion to temperature resistant replication resulted in four out of five cases in a concomitant change in the temperature stability of the relaxation complex. Conjugal mobility of this mutant was not markedly reduced at the permissive or non-permissive temperature. Plasmid pJC301 could not be isolated in the form of a relaxation complex and it was very poorly mobilized in an F'-promoted conjugation. These results indicate that the ColE1 plasmid codes for at least one of the proteins of the relaxation complex and that the relaxation complex is involved in ColE1 DNA replication. In addition, the properties of the mutant plasmid pJC301 are consistent with a role for the complex in the mobilization of ColE1 during conjugation.", "PMID": 368585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_149", "title": "The involvement of DNA polymerase I in the postreplication repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A deficiency in DNA polymerase I increased the ultraviolet (UV) radiation sensitivity of a uvrA strain of Escherichia coli K-12 when plated on minimal growth medium. The slope of the survival curve for the uvrA polA strain was 2.0-times greater than that for the uvrA strain. The fluence-dependent yield of unrepaired deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) parental-strand breaks following UV irradiation and incubation in minimal growth medium was similar in both strains. However, the fluence-dependent yield of unrepaired DNA daughter-strand gaps observed following UV irradiation was 1.8-fold greater in the uvrA polA strain than in the uvrA strain. These results suggest that DNA polymerase I is involved in the filling of at least some daughter-strand gaps during postreplication repair. Also, the uvrA polA strain was sensitized by a post-UV treatment with chloramphenicol (CAP) to a similar extent as was the uvrA strain, indicating that DNA polymerase I is not involved in the CAP-inhibitable pathway of postreplication repair.", "contents": "The involvement of DNA polymerase I in the postreplication repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in Escherichia coli K-12. A deficiency in DNA polymerase I increased the ultraviolet (UV) radiation sensitivity of a uvrA strain of Escherichia coli K-12 when plated on minimal growth medium. The slope of the survival curve for the uvrA polA strain was 2.0-times greater than that for the uvrA strain. The fluence-dependent yield of unrepaired deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) parental-strand breaks following UV irradiation and incubation in minimal growth medium was similar in both strains. However, the fluence-dependent yield of unrepaired DNA daughter-strand gaps observed following UV irradiation was 1.8-fold greater in the uvrA polA strain than in the uvrA strain. These results suggest that DNA polymerase I is involved in the filling of at least some daughter-strand gaps during postreplication repair. Also, the uvrA polA strain was sensitized by a post-UV treatment with chloramphenicol (CAP) to a similar extent as was the uvrA strain, indicating that DNA polymerase I is not involved in the CAP-inhibitable pathway of postreplication repair.", "PMID": 368586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_150", "title": "Analysis of regulatory mechanisms controlling the activity of the hexitol transport systems in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The transport systems (enzymeII-complexes of the PEP-dependent sugar:phosphotransferase system) coded for in the mtl and in the gut (srl) operon of E. coli K12 have been shown to be the pacemaker enzymes in the catabolism of the two hexitols D-mannitol and D-glucitol, respectively. As for other pacemaker enzymes their activity is regulated in a complex way: (i) via competitive inhibition by analogues. (ii) via non-competitive (feedback) inhibition by the simultaneous, rapid uptake of a number of structurally related or non-related carbohydrates, regardless if these are transported by group translocation, active transport or facilitated diffusion. This type of inhibition is strongly reinforced, if the inhibitory carbohydrates are converted efficiently into hexose-phosphates at the same time. Among these, predominantly D-fructose-6-P seems to act as a feedback inhibitor for the hexitol specific enzymeII-complexes: (iii) inhibition of hixitol-phosphate accumulation by D-glucose-6-P. The influence of additional parameters (PEP level, P approximately HPr level) and indications for the existence of further mechanisms controlling the activity of hexitol and other carbohydrate transport systems will be discussed, as will be the part the inhibitory mechanisms described above play in the phenomena of transient repression and inducer exclusion.", "contents": "Analysis of regulatory mechanisms controlling the activity of the hexitol transport systems in Escherichia coli K12. The transport systems (enzymeII-complexes of the PEP-dependent sugar:phosphotransferase system) coded for in the mtl and in the gut (srl) operon of E. coli K12 have been shown to be the pacemaker enzymes in the catabolism of the two hexitols D-mannitol and D-glucitol, respectively. As for other pacemaker enzymes their activity is regulated in a complex way: (i) via competitive inhibition by analogues. (ii) via non-competitive (feedback) inhibition by the simultaneous, rapid uptake of a number of structurally related or non-related carbohydrates, regardless if these are transported by group translocation, active transport or facilitated diffusion. This type of inhibition is strongly reinforced, if the inhibitory carbohydrates are converted efficiently into hexose-phosphates at the same time. Among these, predominantly D-fructose-6-P seems to act as a feedback inhibitor for the hexitol specific enzymeII-complexes: (iii) inhibition of hixitol-phosphate accumulation by D-glucose-6-P. The influence of additional parameters (PEP level, P approximately HPr level) and indications for the existence of further mechanisms controlling the activity of hexitol and other carbohydrate transport systems will be discussed, as will be the part the inhibitory mechanisms described above play in the phenomena of transient repression and inducer exclusion.", "PMID": 368587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_151", "title": "Regional replication of the bacterial chromosome induced by derepression of prophage lambda. IV. Escape synthesis of gal operon in phage 82.", "content": "Derepression of prophage lambda in E. coli strain K12 results in constitutive synthesis of the enzymes directed by the nearby bacterial operon, gal (escape synthesis). Phage 82 fails to cause escape synthesis despite that it lysogenizes the strain K12 at the site identical to that of lambda on the host chromosome. The reason for the observed difference between 82 and lambda is studied in the light of the recent finding that escape synthesis in lambda-lysogen is closely associated to phage-promoted replication of bacterial chromosome contiguous to the prophage including gal operon (escape replication). Excision-defective mutants from 82, 82int or 82xis, do initiate escape synthesis, suggest that the prophage 82 is normally excised too quickly after induction to allow sufficient escape replication. In support of this, much more DNA hybridizable to bacterial DNA contained in lambdagal accumulates after induction if 82int than after induction of 82. Studies with various hybrid phages between 82 and lambda have suggested: 1. The occurrence of gal escape synthesis depends on the nature of the region between b2 and N in the lambda map. 2. Regions of the 82 genome on both sides of the attachment site contribute independently to prevent gal escape synthesis. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to the factors involved in the prophage excision.", "contents": "Regional replication of the bacterial chromosome induced by derepression of prophage lambda. IV. Escape synthesis of gal operon in phage 82. Derepression of prophage lambda in E. coli strain K12 results in constitutive synthesis of the enzymes directed by the nearby bacterial operon, gal (escape synthesis). Phage 82 fails to cause escape synthesis despite that it lysogenizes the strain K12 at the site identical to that of lambda on the host chromosome. The reason for the observed difference between 82 and lambda is studied in the light of the recent finding that escape synthesis in lambda-lysogen is closely associated to phage-promoted replication of bacterial chromosome contiguous to the prophage including gal operon (escape replication). Excision-defective mutants from 82, 82int or 82xis, do initiate escape synthesis, suggest that the prophage 82 is normally excised too quickly after induction to allow sufficient escape replication. In support of this, much more DNA hybridizable to bacterial DNA contained in lambdagal accumulates after induction if 82int than after induction of 82. Studies with various hybrid phages between 82 and lambda have suggested: 1. The occurrence of gal escape synthesis depends on the nature of the region between b2 and N in the lambda map. 2. Regions of the 82 genome on both sides of the attachment site contribute independently to prevent gal escape synthesis. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to the factors involved in the prophage excision.", "PMID": 368588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_152", "title": "Close vicinity of IS1 integration sites in the leader sequence of the gal operon of E. coli.", "content": "Four insertions of IS1 in the leader sequence of the gal operon of E. coli have been analysed. Two of them occur at the same position, but in opposite orientations. The other two are inserted one nucleotide to one side and four nucleotides to the other side, respectively. In each case, nine base pairs of the leader sequence of the gal operon are duplicated directly, and are found flanking the termini of IS1 at its junction with the gal operon. These repeated sequences differ from each other as expected from the different insertion sites.", "contents": "Close vicinity of IS1 integration sites in the leader sequence of the gal operon of E. coli. Four insertions of IS1 in the leader sequence of the gal operon of E. coli have been analysed. Two of them occur at the same position, but in opposite orientations. The other two are inserted one nucleotide to one side and four nucleotides to the other side, respectively. In each case, nine base pairs of the leader sequence of the gal operon are duplicated directly, and are found flanking the termini of IS1 at its junction with the gal operon. These repeated sequences differ from each other as expected from the different insertion sites.", "PMID": 368590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_153", "title": "Suppression of mitochondrially-determined resistance to chloramphenicol and paromomycin by nuclear genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Phenotypic \"revertants\" of a drug resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were induced by mutgenesis with manganese. Several of these drug sensitive mutants have been shown to result from mutations in the nuclear genome that cause phenotypic modification (suppression) of the mitochondrially-determined drug resistant genotype. Four mutants carrying a single recessive nuclear gene capable of modifying mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance are described; these may be assigned to three complementation groups. Chloramphenicol resistant mutants mapping at five separate mitochondrial loci are described. At least two of the nuclear genes cause modification of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance determined by mutations at three of these loci, but the other two loci are apparently non-suppressible by these nuclear alleles. This indicates that these modifiers do not act by causing a general decrease in cellular or mitochondrial permeability to the drug. A single dominant nuclear modifier of mitochondrial paromomycin resistance has been identified. It is non-allelic to and does not interact with the genes modifying mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance.", "contents": "Suppression of mitochondrially-determined resistance to chloramphenicol and paromomycin by nuclear genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phenotypic \"revertants\" of a drug resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were induced by mutgenesis with manganese. Several of these drug sensitive mutants have been shown to result from mutations in the nuclear genome that cause phenotypic modification (suppression) of the mitochondrially-determined drug resistant genotype. Four mutants carrying a single recessive nuclear gene capable of modifying mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance are described; these may be assigned to three complementation groups. Chloramphenicol resistant mutants mapping at five separate mitochondrial loci are described. At least two of the nuclear genes cause modification of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance determined by mutations at three of these loci, but the other two loci are apparently non-suppressible by these nuclear alleles. This indicates that these modifiers do not act by causing a general decrease in cellular or mitochondrial permeability to the drug. A single dominant nuclear modifier of mitochondrial paromomycin resistance has been identified. It is non-allelic to and does not interact with the genes modifying mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance.", "PMID": 368591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_154", "title": "Repair of MMS-induced DNA double-strand breaks in haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which requires the presence of a duplicate genome.", "content": "The formation and repair of double-strand breaks induced in DNA by MMS was studied in haploid wild type and MMS-sensitive rad6 mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the use of the neutral and alkaline sucrose sedimentation technique. A similar decrease in average molecular weight of double-stranded DNA from 5--6 X 10(8) to 1--0.7 X 10(8) daltons was observed following treatment with 0.5% MMS in wild type and mutant strains. Incubation of cells after MMS treatment in a fresh drug-free growing medium resulted in repair of double-strand breaks in the wild type stain, but only in the exponential phase of growth. No repair of double-strand breaks was found when cells of the wild type strain were synchronized in G-1 phase by treatment with alpha factor, although DNA single-strand breaks were still efficiently repaired. Mutant rad6 which has a very low ability to repair MMS-induced single-strand breaks, did not repair double-strand breaks regardless of the phase of growth. These results suggest that (1) repair of double-strand breaks requires the ability for single-strand breaks repair, (2) rejoining of double-strand breaks requires the availability of two homologous DNA molecules, this strongly supports the recombinational model of DNA repair.", "contents": "Repair of MMS-induced DNA double-strand breaks in haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which requires the presence of a duplicate genome. The formation and repair of double-strand breaks induced in DNA by MMS was studied in haploid wild type and MMS-sensitive rad6 mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the use of the neutral and alkaline sucrose sedimentation technique. A similar decrease in average molecular weight of double-stranded DNA from 5--6 X 10(8) to 1--0.7 X 10(8) daltons was observed following treatment with 0.5% MMS in wild type and mutant strains. Incubation of cells after MMS treatment in a fresh drug-free growing medium resulted in repair of double-strand breaks in the wild type stain, but only in the exponential phase of growth. No repair of double-strand breaks was found when cells of the wild type strain were synchronized in G-1 phase by treatment with alpha factor, although DNA single-strand breaks were still efficiently repaired. Mutant rad6 which has a very low ability to repair MMS-induced single-strand breaks, did not repair double-strand breaks regardless of the phase of growth. These results suggest that (1) repair of double-strand breaks requires the ability for single-strand breaks repair, (2) rejoining of double-strand breaks requires the availability of two homologous DNA molecules, this strongly supports the recombinational model of DNA repair.", "PMID": 368592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_155", "title": "Genetic localization of diuron- and mucidin-resistant mutants relative to a group of loci of the mitochondrial DNA controlling coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Diuron-resistance, DIU (Colson et al., 1977), antimycin-resistance, ANA (Michaelis, 1976; Burger et al., 1976), funiculosin-resistance, FUN (Pratje and Michaelis, 1977; Burger et al., 1977) and mucidin-resistance, MUC (Subik et al., 1977) are each coded by a pair of genetic loci on the mit DNA of S. cerevisiae. In the present paper, these respiratiory-competent, drug-resistant loci are localized relative to respiratory-deficient BOX mutants deficient in coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase (Kotylak and Slonimski, 1976, 1977) using deletion and recombination mapping. Three drug-resistant loci possessing distinct mutated allelic forms are distinguished. DIU1 is allelic or closely linked to ANA2, FUN1 and BOX1; DIU2 is allelic or closely linked to ANA1, MUC1 and BOX4/5; MUC2 is allelic to BOX6. The high recombinant frequencies observed between the three loci (13% on the average for 33 various combinations analyzed) suggest the existence of either three genes coding for three distinct polypeptides or of a single gene coding for a single polypeptide but subdivided into three easily separable segments. The resistance of the respiratory-chain observed in vitro in the drug-resistant mutants and the allelism relationships between respiratory-competent, drug-resistant loci and coQH2-cyt c reductase deficient, BOX, loci strongly suggest that each of the three drug-resistant loci codes for a structural gene-product which is essential for the normal coQH2-cyt c reductase activity and is obviously a good candidate for a gene product of the drug-resistant loci mapped in this paper. Polypeptide length modifications of cytochrome b were observed in mutants deficient in the coQH2-cyt c red and localized at the BOX1, BOX4 and BOX6 genetic loci (Claisse et al., 1977, 1978) which are precisely the loci allelic to drug resistant mutants as shown in the present work. Taken together these two sets of data provide a strong evidence in favor of the idea that there exist three non contiguous segments of the mitochondrial DNA sequence which code for a single polypeptide sequence of cytochrome b. In each segment mutations which modify the polypeptide sequence can occur leading to the loss (BOX mutants) or to a modification (drug resistant mutants) of the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Genetic localization of diuron- and mucidin-resistant mutants relative to a group of loci of the mitochondrial DNA controlling coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diuron-resistance, DIU (Colson et al., 1977), antimycin-resistance, ANA (Michaelis, 1976; Burger et al., 1976), funiculosin-resistance, FUN (Pratje and Michaelis, 1977; Burger et al., 1977) and mucidin-resistance, MUC (Subik et al., 1977) are each coded by a pair of genetic loci on the mit DNA of S. cerevisiae. In the present paper, these respiratiory-competent, drug-resistant loci are localized relative to respiratory-deficient BOX mutants deficient in coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase (Kotylak and Slonimski, 1976, 1977) using deletion and recombination mapping. Three drug-resistant loci possessing distinct mutated allelic forms are distinguished. DIU1 is allelic or closely linked to ANA2, FUN1 and BOX1; DIU2 is allelic or closely linked to ANA1, MUC1 and BOX4/5; MUC2 is allelic to BOX6. The high recombinant frequencies observed between the three loci (13% on the average for 33 various combinations analyzed) suggest the existence of either three genes coding for three distinct polypeptides or of a single gene coding for a single polypeptide but subdivided into three easily separable segments. The resistance of the respiratory-chain observed in vitro in the drug-resistant mutants and the allelism relationships between respiratory-competent, drug-resistant loci and coQH2-cyt c reductase deficient, BOX, loci strongly suggest that each of the three drug-resistant loci codes for a structural gene-product which is essential for the normal coQH2-cyt c reductase activity and is obviously a good candidate for a gene product of the drug-resistant loci mapped in this paper. Polypeptide length modifications of cytochrome b were observed in mutants deficient in the coQH2-cyt c red and localized at the BOX1, BOX4 and BOX6 genetic loci (Claisse et al., 1977, 1978) which are precisely the loci allelic to drug resistant mutants as shown in the present work. Taken together these two sets of data provide a strong evidence in favor of the idea that there exist three non contiguous segments of the mitochondrial DNA sequence which code for a single polypeptide sequence of cytochrome b. In each segment mutations which modify the polypeptide sequence can occur leading to the loss (BOX mutants) or to a modification (drug resistant mutants) of the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 368593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_156", "title": "Allelism relationships between diuron-resistant, antimycin-resistant and funiculosin-resistant loci of the mitochondrial map in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Using allelism tests, two diuron (DIU1, DIU2), one funiculosin (FUN1), and two antimycin (ANA1, ANA2) resistance loci are resolved into two mitochondrial drug-resistant genetic loci. DIU1 is alelic to ANA2 and FUN1. DIU2 is allelic to ANA1.", "contents": "Allelism relationships between diuron-resistant, antimycin-resistant and funiculosin-resistant loci of the mitochondrial map in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using allelism tests, two diuron (DIU1, DIU2), one funiculosin (FUN1), and two antimycin (ANA1, ANA2) resistance loci are resolved into two mitochondrial drug-resistant genetic loci. DIU1 is alelic to ANA2 and FUN1. DIU2 is allelic to ANA1.", "PMID": 368594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_157", "title": "Segregation of the mutator property of plasmid R46 from its ultraviolet-protecting property.", "content": "Plasmid R46 (an R factor conferring resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline) reduces the bactericidal effect of UV irradiation but increases its mutagenic effect (reversion of hisG46), and raises the frequency of spontaneous reversion (mutator effect). Putative deletion mutants of R46 were obtained by transduction of the plasmid, then two successive conjugal transfers. Plasmids of five of six deletion classes, each with a different combination of drug resistance traits, retained conjugative ability and the UV-protecting, mutagenesis-enhancing and mutator effects of R46. (pKM101, used in the Ames system to enhance responsiveness to chemical mutagens, is one such mutant of R46.) Plasmids of a sixth class, represented by pKM115, conferred resistance only to streptomycin and were non-conjugative. All of several such plasmids (of independent origin) had a much stronger mutator effect than did R46, but lacked UV-protecting ability and did not enhance the mutagenic effect of UV irradiation. We infer that R46 possesses: (i) a gene, uvp, which increases capacity for error-prone repair of UV-damaged DNA, and thus causes both UV protection and enhancement of UV mutagenesis; (ii) gene(s) whose action in the absence of gene uvp greatly increases the frequency of spontaneous reversion of hisG46. A plasmid of another incompatibility group, pLS51, has UV-protecting and mutagenesis-enhancing effect but lacks the mutator property; introduction of pLS51 into a clone of hisG46 carrying a pKM115-type plasmid greatly reduced its spontaneous reversion rate, as expected if pLS51 also has a uvp gene able to modulate the mutator effect of R46-derived gene(s) in the pKM115-type plasmid.", "contents": "Segregation of the mutator property of plasmid R46 from its ultraviolet-protecting property. Plasmid R46 (an R factor conferring resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline) reduces the bactericidal effect of UV irradiation but increases its mutagenic effect (reversion of hisG46), and raises the frequency of spontaneous reversion (mutator effect). Putative deletion mutants of R46 were obtained by transduction of the plasmid, then two successive conjugal transfers. Plasmids of five of six deletion classes, each with a different combination of drug resistance traits, retained conjugative ability and the UV-protecting, mutagenesis-enhancing and mutator effects of R46. (pKM101, used in the Ames system to enhance responsiveness to chemical mutagens, is one such mutant of R46.) Plasmids of a sixth class, represented by pKM115, conferred resistance only to streptomycin and were non-conjugative. All of several such plasmids (of independent origin) had a much stronger mutator effect than did R46, but lacked UV-protecting ability and did not enhance the mutagenic effect of UV irradiation. We infer that R46 possesses: (i) a gene, uvp, which increases capacity for error-prone repair of UV-damaged DNA, and thus causes both UV protection and enhancement of UV mutagenesis; (ii) gene(s) whose action in the absence of gene uvp greatly increases the frequency of spontaneous reversion of hisG46. A plasmid of another incompatibility group, pLS51, has UV-protecting and mutagenesis-enhancing effect but lacks the mutator property; introduction of pLS51 into a clone of hisG46 carrying a pKM115-type plasmid greatly reduced its spontaneous reversion rate, as expected if pLS51 also has a uvp gene able to modulate the mutator effect of R46-derived gene(s) in the pKM115-type plasmid.", "PMID": 368596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_158", "title": "Repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of bacteriophage P22.", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of P22-infected Salmonella has allowed identification of the c2 repressor (MW 31,000) and study of repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of P22. Repressor is synthesized in reduced amounts or is absent in infections with P22, clNo.7, P22, c2 am08, P22 c3 am03, and P22 c3 am012, but is synthesized in markedly increased amounts in the virulent mutant, P22 virB3, and its component mutants, vx and k5. Higher levels of repressor are also found in the P22 cly 17 mutant.", "contents": "Repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of bacteriophage P22. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of P22-infected Salmonella has allowed identification of the c2 repressor (MW 31,000) and study of repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of P22. Repressor is synthesized in reduced amounts or is absent in infections with P22, clNo.7, P22, c2 am08, P22 c3 am03, and P22 c3 am012, but is synthesized in markedly increased amounts in the virulent mutant, P22 virB3, and its component mutants, vx and k5. Higher levels of repressor are also found in the P22 cly 17 mutant.", "PMID": 368597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_159", "title": "A method for purification of peptides from hydrolysates of proteins modified by chemically active analogues of substrates containing cis-diol groups.", "content": "A simple and rapid column procedure is described for the isolation from protein hydrolysates of peptides containing covalently bound substrate analogues with cis-diol groups. The method is based on complex formation between the cis-diol groups of peptide-bound compounds and dihydroxyborylic groups of a dihydroxyborylaminoethyl cellulose column. The method is useful for isolation of peptide(s) located in or near the active centre of enzymes after their affinity labelling by chemically active analogues of natural substrates like ribonucleotides, sugars, etc.", "contents": "A method for purification of peptides from hydrolysates of proteins modified by chemically active analogues of substrates containing cis-diol groups. A simple and rapid column procedure is described for the isolation from protein hydrolysates of peptides containing covalently bound substrate analogues with cis-diol groups. The method is based on complex formation between the cis-diol groups of peptide-bound compounds and dihydroxyborylic groups of a dihydroxyborylaminoethyl cellulose column. The method is useful for isolation of peptide(s) located in or near the active centre of enzymes after their affinity labelling by chemically active analogues of natural substrates like ribonucleotides, sugars, etc.", "PMID": 368598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_160", "title": "[Arrangement in chromatin of DNA sites accessible to Serratia marcescens endonuclease].", "content": "Splitting of DNA in rat thymus nuclei by Serratia marcescens endonuclease has been studied. DNA fragments were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Obtained data indicate that the internucleosomal DNA interacts with histones octamer and is cut by endonuclease to fragments multiple of 10 nucleotides. Limits digestion of nuclei with Serratia endonuclease (up to 50% of DNA acid solubility) leaves in a nondegraded form the chromatin fragments including DNA pieces up to 1000 bases in size-resistant DNA. Partly, the resistant DNA has properties of single-stranded molecules. These data are interpreted so that Serratia endonuclease is able to hydrolyse with some preference one of the DNA strands in chromatin. It can be considered as an evidence of different modes of interaction of the histone core with the two DNA strands.", "contents": "[Arrangement in chromatin of DNA sites accessible to Serratia marcescens endonuclease]. Splitting of DNA in rat thymus nuclei by Serratia marcescens endonuclease has been studied. DNA fragments were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Obtained data indicate that the internucleosomal DNA interacts with histones octamer and is cut by endonuclease to fragments multiple of 10 nucleotides. Limits digestion of nuclei with Serratia endonuclease (up to 50% of DNA acid solubility) leaves in a nondegraded form the chromatin fragments including DNA pieces up to 1000 bases in size-resistant DNA. Partly, the resistant DNA has properties of single-stranded molecules. These data are interpreted so that Serratia endonuclease is able to hydrolyse with some preference one of the DNA strands in chromatin. It can be considered as an evidence of different modes of interaction of the histone core with the two DNA strands.", "PMID": 368599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_161", "title": "[Modification of one tRNA recognition site of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA].", "content": "Affinity labelling of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA results in a binding of 1 mole of the reagent per 1 mole of the enzyme. Exhaustive alkylation of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase completely blocks the aminoacylation and partially inhibits the reaction of ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange. Removal of the tRNA moiety of the reagent by hydrolysis of the ester bond N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanine and terminal adenosine does not result in a restoration of ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange and aminoacylation activity. The latter result may testify a chemical modification of amino acid residues essential for enzymatic activity. Possibility of blocking one of the two tRNA binding sites is discussed.", "contents": "[Modification of one tRNA recognition site of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA]. Affinity labelling of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA results in a binding of 1 mole of the reagent per 1 mole of the enzyme. Exhaustive alkylation of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase completely blocks the aminoacylation and partially inhibits the reaction of ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange. Removal of the tRNA moiety of the reagent by hydrolysis of the ester bond N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanine and terminal adenosine does not result in a restoration of ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange and aminoacylation activity. The latter result may testify a chemical modification of amino acid residues essential for enzymatic activity. Possibility of blocking one of the two tRNA binding sites is discussed.", "PMID": 368600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_162", "title": "[Role of the lysine residues in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase substrates interaction].", "content": "The effect of 2,4-pentandione on the activity of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (Phe-RSase) from E. coli MRE-600 was investigated. It was shown that modification of Phe-RSase with 2,4-pentandione leads to decrease of the aminoacylation rate without an influence on the ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange reaction rate. tRNAPhe protects the enzyme against inactivation. Neither L-Phe and ATP nor the analog fo aminoacyladenylate protects the enzyme against inactivation. There are no changes in Km for amino acid and ATP in the aminoacylation reaction after modification while Km for tRNAPhe decreases three times. The dissociation constant of Phe-RSase: [14C]Phe-tRNA complex increases 4--8 times after modification. It is assumed that there are some lysine residues in Phe-RSase essential for the Phe-RSase-tRNA interaction.", "contents": "[Role of the lysine residues in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase substrates interaction]. The effect of 2,4-pentandione on the activity of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (Phe-RSase) from E. coli MRE-600 was investigated. It was shown that modification of Phe-RSase with 2,4-pentandione leads to decrease of the aminoacylation rate without an influence on the ATP--[32P]pyrophosphate exchange reaction rate. tRNAPhe protects the enzyme against inactivation. Neither L-Phe and ATP nor the analog fo aminoacyladenylate protects the enzyme against inactivation. There are no changes in Km for amino acid and ATP in the aminoacylation reaction after modification while Km for tRNAPhe decreases three times. The dissociation constant of Phe-RSase: [14C]Phe-tRNA complex increases 4--8 times after modification. It is assumed that there are some lysine residues in Phe-RSase essential for the Phe-RSase-tRNA interaction.", "PMID": 368601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_163", "title": "[Thermal denaturation of pepsin in crystal form and in solution].", "content": "Thermal transitions in pepsin crystals were studied by scanning microcalorimetry and microscopy. A sharp dependence of thermal transition parameters upon the heating rate was discovered. It was determined that during the heating of pepsin crystals it is possible to observe phase transition of the first order type. Thermal transition is connected only with the denaturation of protein molecules in the crystal. The absence of crystals melting was shown with the help of microscopy. The coincidence of equilibrium denaturation temperatures of pepsin in crystal and in solution was shown in direct calorimetric experiments. The results obtained point to the fact that intermolecular interactions do not give any contribution to the thermostability of hydrated supermolecular protein systems.", "contents": "[Thermal denaturation of pepsin in crystal form and in solution]. Thermal transitions in pepsin crystals were studied by scanning microcalorimetry and microscopy. A sharp dependence of thermal transition parameters upon the heating rate was discovered. It was determined that during the heating of pepsin crystals it is possible to observe phase transition of the first order type. Thermal transition is connected only with the denaturation of protein molecules in the crystal. The absence of crystals melting was shown with the help of microscopy. The coincidence of equilibrium denaturation temperatures of pepsin in crystal and in solution was shown in direct calorimetric experiments. The results obtained point to the fact that intermolecular interactions do not give any contribution to the thermostability of hydrated supermolecular protein systems.", "PMID": 368602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_164", "title": "[Congenital malaria in a Greek twin (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital malaria due to Plasmodium malariae in one of two living Greek twins born in Germany is presented. In the child fever, anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly were first noticed at the age of two months. Plasmodium malariae parasites were demonstrated in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The sera of mother and infant contained malaria antibodies. However the mother never showed clinical signs of malaria. Diagnosis and therapy of congenital malaria and the possible mode of transmission of this rare disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital malaria in a Greek twin (author's transl)]. A case of congenital malaria due to Plasmodium malariae in one of two living Greek twins born in Germany is presented. In the child fever, anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly were first noticed at the age of two months. Plasmodium malariae parasites were demonstrated in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The sera of mother and infant contained malaria antibodies. However the mother never showed clinical signs of malaria. Diagnosis and therapy of congenital malaria and the possible mode of transmission of this rare disease are discussed.", "PMID": 368608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_165", "title": "[Brain oligopeptides--analgesic peptides, stimulators of memory and sleep].", "content": "A review of recent advances in the structure and properties of brain endogenous oligopeptides and their analogs is given. The principal attention is drawn to the stimulators of learning long-term memory, sleep and analgetic oligopeptides.", "contents": "[Brain oligopeptides--analgesic peptides, stimulators of memory and sleep]. A review of recent advances in the structure and properties of brain endogenous oligopeptides and their analogs is given. The principal attention is drawn to the stimulators of learning long-term memory, sleep and analgetic oligopeptides.", "PMID": 368603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_166", "title": "[Specific cleavage of glycosylyl denatured DNA of T2 and T4 phages adjacent to the oligothymidilic or oligoadenylic sequences].", "content": "A method of complementarily directed alkylation with following elimination of the alkylated bases and with DNA cleavage at apurinic sites was used for specific fragmentation of glucosylyl DNA of T2 and T4 phages. It was shown that denatured glucosylyl T2 and T4 DNA's are modified by alkylating derivatives of hexaadenylate and heptauridylilate. The extent of alkylation reached the maximum and then stopped. The extent of elimination and chain cleavage corresponded to that of alkylation. Treatment of DNA after alkylation with (Ap)5ARCl under condition of saturation at 20 degrees gives 572 +/- 28 fragments from T4 DNA with 200--25,000 nucleotides long and 578 +/- 33 fragments from T2 DNA. Alkylation under condition of DNA saturation with (Ap)5ARCl at 40 degrees leads to 138 +/- 15 fragments from T4 DNA and 170 +/- 16 fragments from T2 DNA. Characteristics of the fragments obtained are given.", "contents": "[Specific cleavage of glycosylyl denatured DNA of T2 and T4 phages adjacent to the oligothymidilic or oligoadenylic sequences]. A method of complementarily directed alkylation with following elimination of the alkylated bases and with DNA cleavage at apurinic sites was used for specific fragmentation of glucosylyl DNA of T2 and T4 phages. It was shown that denatured glucosylyl T2 and T4 DNA's are modified by alkylating derivatives of hexaadenylate and heptauridylilate. The extent of alkylation reached the maximum and then stopped. The extent of elimination and chain cleavage corresponded to that of alkylation. Treatment of DNA after alkylation with (Ap)5ARCl under condition of saturation at 20 degrees gives 572 +/- 28 fragments from T4 DNA with 200--25,000 nucleotides long and 578 +/- 33 fragments from T2 DNA. Alkylation under condition of DNA saturation with (Ap)5ARCl at 40 degrees leads to 138 +/- 15 fragments from T4 DNA and 170 +/- 16 fragments from T2 DNA. Characteristics of the fragments obtained are given.", "PMID": 368604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_167", "title": "In vitro breakage of plasmid DNA by mutagens and pesticides.", "content": "Covalently closed circular molecules of the colicinogenic plasmid E1 can serve as sensitive indicators for detecting in vitro breakage of DNA. After these molecules are radioactively labeled and purified by cesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation, they are incubated with the compounds to be tested. Samples are analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients to determine the fraction of unbroken molecules and a breakage rate is calculated. Positive results were obtained for all three mutagenic alkylating agents (MMS, EMS, and MNNG) and of the 11 pesticides tested, dexon, dichlorvos, malathion, and methyl parathion induced breaks in molecules at a rate significantly greater than the controls.", "contents": "In vitro breakage of plasmid DNA by mutagens and pesticides. Covalently closed circular molecules of the colicinogenic plasmid E1 can serve as sensitive indicators for detecting in vitro breakage of DNA. After these molecules are radioactively labeled and purified by cesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation, they are incubated with the compounds to be tested. Samples are analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients to determine the fraction of unbroken molecules and a breakage rate is calculated. Positive results were obtained for all three mutagenic alkylating agents (MMS, EMS, and MNNG) and of the 11 pesticides tested, dexon, dichlorvos, malathion, and methyl parathion induced breaks in molecules at a rate significantly greater than the controls.", "PMID": 368611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_168", "title": "A new method for the preparation of mammalian spermatogonial chromosomes.", "content": "After the seminiferous tubules were minced and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove sperms, spermatids and spermatocytes (Hoo and Bowles, 1971), they were repeatedly treated with 0.1% trypsin solution to liberate spermatogonia. It was concluded that the spermatogonial chromosomes can be analysed much more easily and accurately by this procedure than by previous ones.", "contents": "A new method for the preparation of mammalian spermatogonial chromosomes. After the seminiferous tubules were minced and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove sperms, spermatids and spermatocytes (Hoo and Bowles, 1971), they were repeatedly treated with 0.1% trypsin solution to liberate spermatogonia. It was concluded that the spermatogonial chromosomes can be analysed much more easily and accurately by this procedure than by previous ones.", "PMID": 368612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_169", "title": "Deuterium isotope effects in mutagenesis by nitroso compounds.", "content": "Nitrosamines which have deuterium instead of hydrogen in the position alpha to the nitroso group have been reported to have reduced activity in carcinogenicity tests. This result implies that cleavage of a carbon--hydrogen bond is a limiting step in the reaction mechanism leading to tumor formation. Mutagenicity tests were undertaken with nitrosamines, which require metabolic activation, and with nitrosamides, which are directly acting mutagens, to determine the effect of deuterium substitution on the activity of each type of compound. Two nitrosamides (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylnitrosourea) and three nitrosamines (dimethylnitrosamine, nitrosomorpholine, and dinitrosopiperazine) and their deuterium-containing analogs were tested for reversion of a nonsense mutation in the tyr locus of Escherichia coli WU 3610 (tyr-, leu-). Nitrosamines activated by rat-liver microsomes, but not nitrosamides, were less active as mutagens when the deuterium atom was present. The results suggest that the metabolic activation of nitrosamines to a mutagenic species involves the loss of hydrogen, a reaction which the nitrosamides, in the absence of enzyme, do not undergo.", "contents": "Deuterium isotope effects in mutagenesis by nitroso compounds. Nitrosamines which have deuterium instead of hydrogen in the position alpha to the nitroso group have been reported to have reduced activity in carcinogenicity tests. This result implies that cleavage of a carbon--hydrogen bond is a limiting step in the reaction mechanism leading to tumor formation. Mutagenicity tests were undertaken with nitrosamines, which require metabolic activation, and with nitrosamides, which are directly acting mutagens, to determine the effect of deuterium substitution on the activity of each type of compound. Two nitrosamides (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylnitrosourea) and three nitrosamines (dimethylnitrosamine, nitrosomorpholine, and dinitrosopiperazine) and their deuterium-containing analogs were tested for reversion of a nonsense mutation in the tyr locus of Escherichia coli WU 3610 (tyr-, leu-). Nitrosamines activated by rat-liver microsomes, but not nitrosamides, were less active as mutagens when the deuterium atom was present. The results suggest that the metabolic activation of nitrosamines to a mutagenic species involves the loss of hydrogen, a reaction which the nitrosamides, in the absence of enzyme, do not undergo.", "PMID": 368615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_170", "title": "Differential mutagenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate insectides in Escherichia coli strains having different DNA repair capacities.", "content": "Four isogenic strains of Escherichia coli with the same auxotrophic marker (arg Fam--namely wild-type, uvrA-, polA- and recA-) were used for testing the lethalities and mutagenicities of 1-naphthyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-NAC), 3-methylphenyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-MTMC), and 3,4-dimethylphenyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-MPMC). The strains recA- and polA- showed a similarly higher sensitivity to killing than wild-type and uvrA- after treatments with each of the three chemicals, whereas the strains wild-type, uvrA-, and polA- were equally mutable by these compounds at equal doses. The strain recA- was hardly mutable by nitroso-NAC, but significant levels of Arg+ mutations were observed after treatments with nitroso-MTMC and nitroso-MPMC. These and previous results suggest that both nitroso-MTMC and nitroso-MPMC are similar in their mutagenicity pattern to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine whereas nitroso-NAC is similar to methyl methanesulfonate or X-rays, and that the major damage to DNA of the three agents is not excisable by the uvrA+-dependent excision repair, probably methylation in DNA.", "contents": "Differential mutagenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate insectides in Escherichia coli strains having different DNA repair capacities. Four isogenic strains of Escherichia coli with the same auxotrophic marker (arg Fam--namely wild-type, uvrA-, polA- and recA-) were used for testing the lethalities and mutagenicities of 1-naphthyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-NAC), 3-methylphenyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-MTMC), and 3,4-dimethylphenyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (nitroso-MPMC). The strains recA- and polA- showed a similarly higher sensitivity to killing than wild-type and uvrA- after treatments with each of the three chemicals, whereas the strains wild-type, uvrA-, and polA- were equally mutable by these compounds at equal doses. The strain recA- was hardly mutable by nitroso-NAC, but significant levels of Arg+ mutations were observed after treatments with nitroso-MTMC and nitroso-MPMC. These and previous results suggest that both nitroso-MTMC and nitroso-MPMC are similar in their mutagenicity pattern to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine whereas nitroso-NAC is similar to methyl methanesulfonate or X-rays, and that the major damage to DNA of the three agents is not excisable by the uvrA+-dependent excision repair, probably methylation in DNA.", "PMID": 368616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_171", "title": "A simple plate test for screening colicine-inducing substances as a tool for the detection of potential carcinogens.", "content": "A simple and rapid plate test is described for screening substances that induce colicine E2. By using chemicals activated with microsomal enzymes and a permeable (rfa) tester bacterium that is also deficient in DNA repair (uvrB), the range of inducing substances that can be detected has been extended. The possible correlation between colicine-inducing substances and carcinogens is discussed.", "contents": "A simple plate test for screening colicine-inducing substances as a tool for the detection of potential carcinogens. A simple and rapid plate test is described for screening substances that induce colicine E2. By using chemicals activated with microsomal enzymes and a permeable (rfa) tester bacterium that is also deficient in DNA repair (uvrB), the range of inducing substances that can be detected has been extended. The possible correlation between colicine-inducing substances and carcinogens is discussed.", "PMID": 368617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_172", "title": "Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids: structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "40 compounds structurally related to the plant flavonol quercetin were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. 10 flavonols, quercetin, myricetin, rhamnetin, galangin, kaempferol, tamarixetin, morin, 3'-O-methylquercetin, 7,4'-di-O-methylquercetin and 5,7-di-O-methyl-quercetin, exhibited unequivocal mutagenic activity. 4 compounds, quercetin, myricetin, rhamnetin and 5,7-di-O-methylquercetin, were active without metabolic activation, although metabolic activation markedly enhanced their activity. All 4 have free hydroxyl groups at the 3' and 4' positions of the B ring. The other active compounds required an in vitro rat-liver metabolizing system for significant activity. Structural features which appear essential for mutagenic activity in this strain are a basic flavanoid ring structure with (1) a free hydroxyl group at the 3 position, (2) a double bond at the 2, 3 position, (3) a keto group at the 4 position, and (4) a structure which permits the proton of the 3-hydroxyl group to tautomerise to a 3-keto compound. The data are consistent with the requirement for a B ring structure that permits oxidation to quininoid intermediates. Free hydroxyl groups in the B ring are not essential for activity if a rat-liver metabolic activating system is employed. Data from 12 compounds which differ only at the essential sites described above indicate that the structural requirements for mutagenicity in strain TA100 are the same as those for activity in strain TA98. Based on the above structural requirements, a metabolic pathway for flavonol activation to DNA-reactive species is proposed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids: structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium. 40 compounds structurally related to the plant flavonol quercetin were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. 10 flavonols, quercetin, myricetin, rhamnetin, galangin, kaempferol, tamarixetin, morin, 3'-O-methylquercetin, 7,4'-di-O-methylquercetin and 5,7-di-O-methyl-quercetin, exhibited unequivocal mutagenic activity. 4 compounds, quercetin, myricetin, rhamnetin and 5,7-di-O-methylquercetin, were active without metabolic activation, although metabolic activation markedly enhanced their activity. All 4 have free hydroxyl groups at the 3' and 4' positions of the B ring. The other active compounds required an in vitro rat-liver metabolizing system for significant activity. Structural features which appear essential for mutagenic activity in this strain are a basic flavanoid ring structure with (1) a free hydroxyl group at the 3 position, (2) a double bond at the 2, 3 position, (3) a keto group at the 4 position, and (4) a structure which permits the proton of the 3-hydroxyl group to tautomerise to a 3-keto compound. The data are consistent with the requirement for a B ring structure that permits oxidation to quininoid intermediates. Free hydroxyl groups in the B ring are not essential for activity if a rat-liver metabolic activating system is employed. Data from 12 compounds which differ only at the essential sites described above indicate that the structural requirements for mutagenicity in strain TA100 are the same as those for activity in strain TA98. Based on the above structural requirements, a metabolic pathway for flavonol activation to DNA-reactive species is proposed.", "PMID": 368618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_173", "title": "Forward mutations to arabinose resistance in Salmonella typhimurium strains: a sensitive assay for mutagenicity testing.", "content": "The forward-mutation assay using the L-arabinose-sensitive strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium has been calibrated against a selected set of mutagens. Strain SV3 is sensitive to chemicals causing base-pair substitutions, frameshift mutations and deletions. New strains deficient for the excision-repair system or the lipopolysaccharide barrier or both have been selected from strain SV3. The additional mutations do not affect the independence of the assay from experimental artifacts due to physiological or lethal damage or differences in plating density. The new strains are more sensitive than SV3 to certain mutagens. Techniques for using this set of strains are presented and their relative advantages discussed.", "contents": "Forward mutations to arabinose resistance in Salmonella typhimurium strains: a sensitive assay for mutagenicity testing. The forward-mutation assay using the L-arabinose-sensitive strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium has been calibrated against a selected set of mutagens. Strain SV3 is sensitive to chemicals causing base-pair substitutions, frameshift mutations and deletions. New strains deficient for the excision-repair system or the lipopolysaccharide barrier or both have been selected from strain SV3. The additional mutations do not affect the independence of the assay from experimental artifacts due to physiological or lethal damage or differences in plating density. The new strains are more sensitive than SV3 to certain mutagens. Techniques for using this set of strains are presented and their relative advantages discussed.", "PMID": 368619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_174", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of maleic hydrazide.", "content": "Since 1950, maleic hydrazide (MH) has been introduced into agriculture as a major commercial herbicide and a depressant of plant growth in numerous circumstances such as suppression of sprouting of vegetables and stored food crops, control of sucker growth on tobacco plants, ratardation of flowering and prolongation of dormancy period. Since 1951 MH has been known as an effective chromosome-breaking agent in higher plants, in sharp contrast with its low effect on the chromosomes and general health of tested mammals. The selectivity of action of MH in plants and animals was obviously the main reason of low interest devoted to the chemical by people working the field of environmental mutagenesis. In early works the inhibitory effects of MH on plant growth were mainly considered to result from the suppression of plant metabolism (inhibition of enzymic activity) and interference of the compound with plant hormones and growth regulators. More recently, numerous experiments performed with various plant species have shown that MH acts as an inhibitor of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Similar results have been obtained with animal tumour cells. The chromosome-breaking effect of MH on plant chromosomes resembles very closely the chromosome-breaking properties of alkylating agents and other mutagenic compounds such as mitomycin C. MH-induced chromosomal aberrations have also been recorded in grasshoppers, fish and mice, although tests with some mammalian cell lines gave negative results. Among higher plants, selective sensitivity to the toxic effects of MH is well proved. This phenomenon seems to be due to the differential ability of various plant species to detoxicate the chemical. Plants can break down MH into several products, one of which, hydrazine, is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen. MH does not seem to be toxic to bacteria and fungi. The compound is degraded by soil microflora and hence can be utilized as a source of nitrogen nutrition. MH proved to be of low toxicity to mammals, but in some instances it decreased the fertility of rats. The reported carcinogenic effects of MH in mice and rats raise the question of its risks to man.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of maleic hydrazide. Since 1950, maleic hydrazide (MH) has been introduced into agriculture as a major commercial herbicide and a depressant of plant growth in numerous circumstances such as suppression of sprouting of vegetables and stored food crops, control of sucker growth on tobacco plants, ratardation of flowering and prolongation of dormancy period. Since 1951 MH has been known as an effective chromosome-breaking agent in higher plants, in sharp contrast with its low effect on the chromosomes and general health of tested mammals. The selectivity of action of MH in plants and animals was obviously the main reason of low interest devoted to the chemical by people working the field of environmental mutagenesis. In early works the inhibitory effects of MH on plant growth were mainly considered to result from the suppression of plant metabolism (inhibition of enzymic activity) and interference of the compound with plant hormones and growth regulators. More recently, numerous experiments performed with various plant species have shown that MH acts as an inhibitor of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Similar results have been obtained with animal tumour cells. The chromosome-breaking effect of MH on plant chromosomes resembles very closely the chromosome-breaking properties of alkylating agents and other mutagenic compounds such as mitomycin C. MH-induced chromosomal aberrations have also been recorded in grasshoppers, fish and mice, although tests with some mammalian cell lines gave negative results. Among higher plants, selective sensitivity to the toxic effects of MH is well proved. This phenomenon seems to be due to the differential ability of various plant species to detoxicate the chemical. Plants can break down MH into several products, one of which, hydrazine, is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen. MH does not seem to be toxic to bacteria and fungi. The compound is degraded by soil microflora and hence can be utilized as a source of nitrogen nutrition. MH proved to be of low toxicity to mammals, but in some instances it decreased the fertility of rats. The reported carcinogenic effects of MH in mice and rats raise the question of its risks to man.", "PMID": 368621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_175", "title": "Identification of a single promoter in E. coli for rplJ, rplL and rpoBC.", "content": "A set of restriction fragments cloned into phage lambda vectors has allowed us to locate a site necessary for full rpoBC expression. We find that these genes for the two large subunits of RNA polymerase and the genes, rplL and rplJ, for two ribosomal proteins, form a single operon.", "contents": "Identification of a single promoter in E. coli for rplJ, rplL and rpoBC. A set of restriction fragments cloned into phage lambda vectors has allowed us to locate a site necessary for full rpoBC expression. We find that these genes for the two large subunits of RNA polymerase and the genes, rplL and rplJ, for two ribosomal proteins, form a single operon.", "PMID": 368640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_176", "title": "The E. coli gene encoding heat stable toxin is a bacterial transposon flanked by inverted repeats of IS1.", "content": "Restriction endonuclease subclones of the Escherichia coli gene encoding the heat stable (ST) toxin exhibit a stem and loop structure similar to those seen in many procaryotic transposons. An EcoRI DNA fragment encoding tetracycline (Tc) resistance but no transposition functions was spliced into the ST gene in one of these subclones. By monitoring Tcr, we were able to show that the ST gene transposes. Restriction and DNA sequence data strongly suggest that the ST transposon, Tn 1681, is flanked by inverted repeats of IS1.", "contents": "The E. coli gene encoding heat stable toxin is a bacterial transposon flanked by inverted repeats of IS1. Restriction endonuclease subclones of the Escherichia coli gene encoding the heat stable (ST) toxin exhibit a stem and loop structure similar to those seen in many procaryotic transposons. An EcoRI DNA fragment encoding tetracycline (Tc) resistance but no transposition functions was spliced into the ST gene in one of these subclones. By monitoring Tcr, we were able to show that the ST gene transposes. Restriction and DNA sequence data strongly suggest that the ST transposon, Tn 1681, is flanked by inverted repeats of IS1.", "PMID": 368646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_177", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants accumulating the precursor of a secreted protein in the cytoplasm.", "content": "The maltose binding protein of Escherichia coli is secreted into the external periplasmic compartment of the cell. This article describes a selection procedure for the isolation of mutants which fail to export this protein. These mutants probably result from alterations in the amino terminal 'signal sequence', causing the maltose binding protein produced to accumulate in the cytoplasm in its precursor form.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants accumulating the precursor of a secreted protein in the cytoplasm. The maltose binding protein of Escherichia coli is secreted into the external periplasmic compartment of the cell. This article describes a selection procedure for the isolation of mutants which fail to export this protein. These mutants probably result from alterations in the amino terminal 'signal sequence', causing the maltose binding protein produced to accumulate in the cytoplasm in its precursor form.", "PMID": 368649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_178", "title": "Transcription and processing of cloned yeast tyrosine tRNA genes microinjected into frog oocytes.", "content": "Xenopus oocytes transcribe cloned yeast tyrosine tRNA genes and process the RNA. The processing includes base modifications, addition of the CCA end, and splicing of the intervening sequence. The primary transcript has a 5' leader extension which varies considerably in seuqence and in length between different tRNATyr loci, but is nevertheless present in all of them.", "contents": "Transcription and processing of cloned yeast tyrosine tRNA genes microinjected into frog oocytes. Xenopus oocytes transcribe cloned yeast tyrosine tRNA genes and process the RNA. The processing includes base modifications, addition of the CCA end, and splicing of the intervening sequence. The primary transcript has a 5' leader extension which varies considerably in seuqence and in length between different tRNATyr loci, but is nevertheless present in all of them.", "PMID": 368655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_179", "title": "Bacterial flora in the digestive tract of cattle. I. Comparison of nonselective culture medium and changes in fecal bacterial flora with age.", "content": "Studies were made on nonselective culture medium and the method of culture for the investigation of the bacterial flora in the digestive tract of cattle. With their results, further studies were done to clarify changes in the fecal bacterial flora in eight calves less than 6 months of age with the lapse of time. Three roll-tube media were used in the gas jet method. They were modified VL agar (VL medium), rumen fluid glucose cellobiose agar (RGCA medium), and Medium 10 (M 10). Moreover, glucose liver blood agar (BL medium) was used in the anaerobic jar method. In this method the steel wool method was applied after the substitution of carbon dioxide. Of the four media used, VL medium was proved to be the most efficient. It was followed by RGCA medium and M 10. BL medium was much less efficient than any other medium. When the fecal bacterial flora was examined in calves for changes with the advance in age, the total bacterial count and the enteric bacterial count decreased in the second half of the experimental period. The lactobacillary group count remained almost at a constant level of 7 approximately 9 (logarithmic value) per gram in breast-fed calves, but decreased to a level of 5 (logarithmic value) per gram in bottle-fed calves at about 2 months of age or later. The streptococcal group count showed no particular tendency to change. When the organic acid contents of the feces were estimated in calves in every stage of growth, the amount of total organic acids and that of propionic acid were larger in bottle-fed than in breast-fed calves.", "contents": "Bacterial flora in the digestive tract of cattle. I. Comparison of nonselective culture medium and changes in fecal bacterial flora with age. Studies were made on nonselective culture medium and the method of culture for the investigation of the bacterial flora in the digestive tract of cattle. With their results, further studies were done to clarify changes in the fecal bacterial flora in eight calves less than 6 months of age with the lapse of time. Three roll-tube media were used in the gas jet method. They were modified VL agar (VL medium), rumen fluid glucose cellobiose agar (RGCA medium), and Medium 10 (M 10). Moreover, glucose liver blood agar (BL medium) was used in the anaerobic jar method. In this method the steel wool method was applied after the substitution of carbon dioxide. Of the four media used, VL medium was proved to be the most efficient. It was followed by RGCA medium and M 10. BL medium was much less efficient than any other medium. When the fecal bacterial flora was examined in calves for changes with the advance in age, the total bacterial count and the enteric bacterial count decreased in the second half of the experimental period. The lactobacillary group count remained almost at a constant level of 7 approximately 9 (logarithmic value) per gram in breast-fed calves, but decreased to a level of 5 (logarithmic value) per gram in bottle-fed calves at about 2 months of age or later. The streptococcal group count showed no particular tendency to change. When the organic acid contents of the feces were estimated in calves in every stage of growth, the amount of total organic acids and that of propionic acid were larger in bottle-fed than in breast-fed calves.", "PMID": 368658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_180", "title": "A possible relationship between Henoch-Schonlein syndrome and IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease). An illustrative case.", "content": "A 29-year-old white male with the Henoch-Schonlein syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis received a kidney transplant. Postransplant, a glomerulonephritis histologically and immunologically indistinguishable from IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) developed in the absence of any extrarenal manifestations of the Henoch-Schonlein syndrome. A possible pathogenetic interrelationship between these two diseases is discussed.", "contents": "A possible relationship between Henoch-Schonlein syndrome and IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease). An illustrative case. A 29-year-old white male with the Henoch-Schonlein syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis received a kidney transplant. Postransplant, a glomerulonephritis histologically and immunologically indistinguishable from IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) developed in the absence of any extrarenal manifestations of the Henoch-Schonlein syndrome. A possible pathogenetic interrelationship between these two diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 368668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_181", "title": "Treatment of patients with neurological deficits associated with cerebral vasospasm by intravascular volume expansion.", "content": "Four patients, including one preoperative patient, developed neurological deficits associated with angiographically proven cerebral vasospasm and were treated with intravascular volume expansion. Indicator dilution techniques were employed to monitor intravascular volume and cardiac functions during treatment. All four patients improved promptly. None of the patients developed cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction despite marked increase in intravascular volume and despite several risk factors such as cardiac symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and advanced age. The techniques of monitoring and controlling intravascular volume are described. We believe that this is an important therapeutic adjunct for certain aneurysm patients.", "contents": "Treatment of patients with neurological deficits associated with cerebral vasospasm by intravascular volume expansion. Four patients, including one preoperative patient, developed neurological deficits associated with angiographically proven cerebral vasospasm and were treated with intravascular volume expansion. Indicator dilution techniques were employed to monitor intravascular volume and cardiac functions during treatment. All four patients improved promptly. None of the patients developed cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction despite marked increase in intravascular volume and despite several risk factors such as cardiac symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and advanced age. The techniques of monitoring and controlling intravascular volume are described. We believe that this is an important therapeutic adjunct for certain aneurysm patients.", "PMID": 368669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_182", "title": "Unique aspects of central nervous system immunology.", "content": "In this review the authors discuss three immunologically unique aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). The first relates to whether the CNS is really an immunologically privileged site. Although still somewhat controversial, the answer to that question is that the CNS is, to a large extent, an immunologically privileged site. The second unique aspect of the CNS is the origin and significance of the microglial cell. Some microglial cells seem to originate from the systemic circulation, whereas other microglial cells seem to have a primary CNS origin. The function of the microglial cell is that of a macrophage. In addition it may play an important role in the immune response of the CNS. Present evidence suggests that the microglial cell can be classified as a lymphoreticular cell and as such is the only member of this cell type present in the CNS under normal circumstances. The final unique aspect of the central nervous system is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Under normal circumstances this fluid is essentially acellular, and the only immunoglobulins present are those that are passively derived by diffusion from the systemic circulation. However, in pathological situations (i.e., demyelinating diseases, infections, and possibly even tumors) a local immune response occurs within the CNS and can result in the production of immunoglobulins. At present the detection of such local immune responses in CSF is predominately of diagnostic value only. However, these local CNS immune responses almost certainly play an important role in the pathogenesis of the diseases in which they occur.", "contents": "Unique aspects of central nervous system immunology. In this review the authors discuss three immunologically unique aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). The first relates to whether the CNS is really an immunologically privileged site. Although still somewhat controversial, the answer to that question is that the CNS is, to a large extent, an immunologically privileged site. The second unique aspect of the CNS is the origin and significance of the microglial cell. Some microglial cells seem to originate from the systemic circulation, whereas other microglial cells seem to have a primary CNS origin. The function of the microglial cell is that of a macrophage. In addition it may play an important role in the immune response of the CNS. Present evidence suggests that the microglial cell can be classified as a lymphoreticular cell and as such is the only member of this cell type present in the CNS under normal circumstances. The final unique aspect of the central nervous system is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Under normal circumstances this fluid is essentially acellular, and the only immunoglobulins present are those that are passively derived by diffusion from the systemic circulation. However, in pathological situations (i.e., demyelinating diseases, infections, and possibly even tumors) a local immune response occurs within the CNS and can result in the production of immunoglobulins. At present the detection of such local immune responses in CSF is predominately of diagnostic value only. However, these local CNS immune responses almost certainly play an important role in the pathogenesis of the diseases in which they occur.", "PMID": 368670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_183", "title": "Damaged goods: dilemmas of responsibility for risk.", "content": "The social and physical institutions of medical practice reflect society's acceptance of the physician's preeminent responsibility in determining the adequacy of health care. Such confidence evolved from historical circumstances--social and scientific--that changed concepts of susceptibility to disease. Twentieth century campaigns to control venereal disease exemplify the growing conflicts between political and professional control measures. The social and economic costs of resolving differential risks, needs, and resources are not likely to be accomplished easily and equitably.", "contents": "Damaged goods: dilemmas of responsibility for risk. The social and physical institutions of medical practice reflect society's acceptance of the physician's preeminent responsibility in determining the adequacy of health care. Such confidence evolved from historical circumstances--social and scientific--that changed concepts of susceptibility to disease. Twentieth century campaigns to control venereal disease exemplify the growing conflicts between political and professional control measures. The social and economic costs of resolving differential risks, needs, and resources are not likely to be accomplished easily and equitably.", "PMID": 368677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_184", "title": "Hydrocephalus and amenorrhea.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman was seen for the complaint of secondary amenorrhea. Skull roentgenograms revealed a markedly enlarged sella turcica. Studies of pituitary and hypothalamic function including prolactin were normal. A pneumoencephalogram revealed dilated ventricles and a mass in the septum pellucidum and hypothalamus. Partial removal of this hypothalamic astrocytoma and placement of an interventricular shunt resulted in the return of menses. Recurrent obstruction a few months later resulted in headache, disorientation, and amenorrhea. A shunt was placed again, resulting in clearing of symptoms and a reestablishment of normal menstrual cyclicity. It appears that the occurrence of increased intracranial pressure rather than the hypothalamic tumor caused the amenorrhea.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus and amenorrhea. A 25-year-old woman was seen for the complaint of secondary amenorrhea. Skull roentgenograms revealed a markedly enlarged sella turcica. Studies of pituitary and hypothalamic function including prolactin were normal. A pneumoencephalogram revealed dilated ventricles and a mass in the septum pellucidum and hypothalamus. Partial removal of this hypothalamic astrocytoma and placement of an interventricular shunt resulted in the return of menses. Recurrent obstruction a few months later resulted in headache, disorientation, and amenorrhea. A shunt was placed again, resulting in clearing of symptoms and a reestablishment of normal menstrual cyclicity. It appears that the occurrence of increased intracranial pressure rather than the hypothalamic tumor caused the amenorrhea.", "PMID": 368693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_185", "title": "The blindness of Saint Paul.", "content": "The Book of Acts in the Bible relates the story of St Paul's sudden blindness and subsequent recovery of vision. St Paul was walking along when he saw a bright light; he fell down and awoke blind. He remained blind for three days, at which time his vision returned from a \"laying on of hands.\" Numerous theories have been proposed to account for this event. A review of the available evidence suggests that there are six additional previously unreported possible causes, which are enumerated in detail.", "contents": "The blindness of Saint Paul. The Book of Acts in the Bible relates the story of St Paul's sudden blindness and subsequent recovery of vision. St Paul was walking along when he saw a bright light; he fell down and awoke blind. He remained blind for three days, at which time his vision returned from a \"laying on of hands.\" Numerous theories have been proposed to account for this event. A review of the available evidence suggests that there are six additional previously unreported possible causes, which are enumerated in detail.", "PMID": 368696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_186", "title": "Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis.", "content": "The lesions of C2 seen in hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine following motor vehicle accidents, diving accidents, and headlong falls resemble the cervical lesion found in judicial hangings. Although the mechanism of injury in these cervical fractures is different, the distinction is significant. The fracture seen in motor vehicular accidents today usually seems to be one of hyperextension and axial compression rather than hyperextension and distraction. This distinction is responsible for the low incidence of neurologic involvement seen in the fracture caused by motor vehicle accidents. The incidence of face and scalp injuries associated with axis pedicle fractures appears significant. Union of this fracture can generally be expected, and it rarely produces late sequelae. Management of this fracture is generally preferable on an ambulatory basis utilizing a cervicothoracic brace or a halo and caudal support in more unstable fractures. A period of 12 weeks of immobilization is recommended for satisfactory union of this fracture. Occasionally the treatment of this fracture may require traction or operative intervention. If operative intervention is required, an anterior route employing interbody fusion is suggested.", "contents": "Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. The lesions of C2 seen in hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine following motor vehicle accidents, diving accidents, and headlong falls resemble the cervical lesion found in judicial hangings. Although the mechanism of injury in these cervical fractures is different, the distinction is significant. The fracture seen in motor vehicular accidents today usually seems to be one of hyperextension and axial compression rather than hyperextension and distraction. This distinction is responsible for the low incidence of neurologic involvement seen in the fracture caused by motor vehicle accidents. The incidence of face and scalp injuries associated with axis pedicle fractures appears significant. Union of this fracture can generally be expected, and it rarely produces late sequelae. Management of this fracture is generally preferable on an ambulatory basis utilizing a cervicothoracic brace or a halo and caudal support in more unstable fractures. A period of 12 weeks of immobilization is recommended for satisfactory union of this fracture. Occasionally the treatment of this fracture may require traction or operative intervention. If operative intervention is required, an anterior route employing interbody fusion is suggested.", "PMID": 368697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_187", "title": "Chlorprothixene (taractan) in post-herpetic neuralgia and other severe chronic pains.", "content": "Two trials of chlorprothixene were carried out, mainly on patients with moderate to severe post-herpetic neuralgia. When the drug was given as 50 mg b.d. to outpatients, unpleasant side-effects were more important than slight effects in alleviating pain. When the drug was given as 50 mg 6 hourly to inpatients for 5 days only, there was alleviation of constant chronic pain in a third of the patients; the effect is still lasting over a period of months in a few patients. The side-effects during the course of treatment are prominent. It is concluded that the drug is worth trying in the course recommended by Farber and Burks [1] when other means of controlling postherpetic neuralgia have failed. It would be best to give the course only to inpatients.", "contents": "Chlorprothixene (taractan) in post-herpetic neuralgia and other severe chronic pains. Two trials of chlorprothixene were carried out, mainly on patients with moderate to severe post-herpetic neuralgia. When the drug was given as 50 mg b.d. to outpatients, unpleasant side-effects were more important than slight effects in alleviating pain. When the drug was given as 50 mg 6 hourly to inpatients for 5 days only, there was alleviation of constant chronic pain in a third of the patients; the effect is still lasting over a period of months in a few patients. The side-effects during the course of treatment are prominent. It is concluded that the drug is worth trying in the course recommended by Farber and Burks [1] when other means of controlling postherpetic neuralgia have failed. It would be best to give the course only to inpatients.", "PMID": 368703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_188", "title": "The estimation of dermal collagen in osteoporotic patients by a histomorphometric method.", "content": "Sections of skin biopsies from the dorsum of the hand of patients with symptomatic osteoporosis were compared with those of carefully selected age-sex matched controls. The amount of dermal collagen in the osteoporotic individuals estimated by a histomorphometric method was found to be significantly less and severe degrees of collagen loss could be readily identified by microscopic examination. Distinct morphological abnormalities of the collagen fibres could also be observed in most patients with osteoporosis. This loss of dermal collagen is suggested to be the main factor responsible for the decrease in skin fold thickness and the frequently striking transparency of skin observed in association with osteoporosis.", "contents": "The estimation of dermal collagen in osteoporotic patients by a histomorphometric method. Sections of skin biopsies from the dorsum of the hand of patients with symptomatic osteoporosis were compared with those of carefully selected age-sex matched controls. The amount of dermal collagen in the osteoporotic individuals estimated by a histomorphometric method was found to be significantly less and severe degrees of collagen loss could be readily identified by microscopic examination. Distinct morphological abnormalities of the collagen fibres could also be observed in most patients with osteoporosis. This loss of dermal collagen is suggested to be the main factor responsible for the decrease in skin fold thickness and the frequently striking transparency of skin observed in association with osteoporosis.", "PMID": 368704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_189", "title": "Effects of relaxation training on cursive handwriting of fourth grade students.", "content": "A relaxation method of handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics and the normal control group of 10 was composed of students receiving average ratings. All three groups received nine trials of writing. Only the experimental group received relaxation training during each trial. The handwriting of the experimental group improved significantly while that of the no-treatment control group remained the same. Although the handwriting of the normal control group also improved significantly, at posttest they were no longer significantly different from the experimental group.", "contents": "Effects of relaxation training on cursive handwriting of fourth grade students. A relaxation method of handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics and the normal control group of 10 was composed of students receiving average ratings. All three groups received nine trials of writing. Only the experimental group received relaxation training during each trial. The handwriting of the experimental group improved significantly while that of the no-treatment control group remained the same. Although the handwriting of the normal control group also improved significantly, at posttest they were no longer significantly different from the experimental group.", "PMID": 368712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_190", "title": "Machover revisited: impact of sex-role orientation on sex sequence on the draw-a-person test.", "content": "A significant relationship was obtained between sex of first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person test and sex-role orientation, as operationalized by scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory of 76 males and 93 female introductory psychology students. The most striking finding was that most of the women who drew the opposite-sex figure first were \"feminine.\" To the extent that sex-role orientations can be empirically amalgamated with sex sequence, subsequent theory and research into clinical and diagnostic use of human figure drawings would increase in precision.", "contents": "Machover revisited: impact of sex-role orientation on sex sequence on the draw-a-person test. A significant relationship was obtained between sex of first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person test and sex-role orientation, as operationalized by scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory of 76 males and 93 female introductory psychology students. The most striking finding was that most of the women who drew the opposite-sex figure first were \"feminine.\" To the extent that sex-role orientations can be empirically amalgamated with sex sequence, subsequent theory and research into clinical and diagnostic use of human figure drawings would increase in precision.", "PMID": 368713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_191", "title": "\"It hurts red:\" a preliminary study of children's perception of pain.", "content": "Children's perception of pain was investigated in an exploratory study. Some synaesthetic aspects were examined such as the color of pain, texture, shape, pattern and continuous vs intermittent quality. A projective test was developed using cartoons to illustrate two situations in which children commonly experience pain, a self-administered hammer blow and a doctor-administered needle. Interviews were tape-recorded with 58 children in hospital outpatient clinics and school situations in Kindergarten and Grades 1 through 3 in Licking County, Ohio. Significantly more children perceived the pain of a needle as jagged rather than smooth, and the pain of a hammer blow as a continuous rather than on-and-off pain. A finding of interest is the consistently greater differentiation in synaesthetic perception by the younger group on four of the five variables. Synaesthetic perception may be more characteristic of children in Piager's preoperational stage (aged 4-6); more cognitively oriented perception may be exhibited by 7- to 9-yr.-old children who approximate the stage of concrete operations.", "contents": "\"It hurts red:\" a preliminary study of children's perception of pain. Children's perception of pain was investigated in an exploratory study. Some synaesthetic aspects were examined such as the color of pain, texture, shape, pattern and continuous vs intermittent quality. A projective test was developed using cartoons to illustrate two situations in which children commonly experience pain, a self-administered hammer blow and a doctor-administered needle. Interviews were tape-recorded with 58 children in hospital outpatient clinics and school situations in Kindergarten and Grades 1 through 3 in Licking County, Ohio. Significantly more children perceived the pain of a needle as jagged rather than smooth, and the pain of a hammer blow as a continuous rather than on-and-off pain. A finding of interest is the consistently greater differentiation in synaesthetic perception by the younger group on four of the five variables. Synaesthetic perception may be more characteristic of children in Piager's preoperational stage (aged 4-6); more cognitively oriented perception may be exhibited by 7- to 9-yr.-old children who approximate the stage of concrete operations.", "PMID": 368714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_192", "title": "Importance of imagery in maintenance of feedback-assisted relaxation over extinction trials.", "content": "Two groups of 16 female subjects undergoing frontalis EMG feedback training were identified according to whether they used imagery or passive concentration to achieve relaxation. The ability of these 2 groups to maintain relaxation during extinction sessions 2 and 7 days after termination of training was then investigated. Although both groups were equally successful in relaxing the frontalis during training, the group using imagery was significantly more successful in achieving relaxation during extinction sessions.", "contents": "Importance of imagery in maintenance of feedback-assisted relaxation over extinction trials. Two groups of 16 female subjects undergoing frontalis EMG feedback training were identified according to whether they used imagery or passive concentration to achieve relaxation. The ability of these 2 groups to maintain relaxation during extinction sessions 2 and 7 days after termination of training was then investigated. Although both groups were equally successful in relaxing the frontalis during training, the group using imagery was significantly more successful in achieving relaxation during extinction sessions.", "PMID": 368715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_193", "title": "Qualitative differences in human figure drawings according to schizophrenic subtype.", "content": "Human figure drawings were obtained from 136 adult schizophrenics, of whom 63 were mentally retarded. The protocols were evaluated independently by three jduges for presence of 15 defined features that stressed the quality rather than specific content of the drawings. Adequate reliability and frequency were established for seven of the parameters, which were then compared for prevalence among subgroups classified by diagnosis, preognosis, chronicity, and level of retardation. Significant differences appeared for all comparisons and each of the analyzed features. The differences among non-retarded schizophrenic subgroups seemed to reflect phenomenological distinctions, while differences associated with intellectual retardation seemed to represent developmental limitations. These data supported the validity of the figure drawing technique for distinguishing among schizophrenic subtypes and underscored the importance of suitable methodology in evaluating projective measures.", "contents": "Qualitative differences in human figure drawings according to schizophrenic subtype. Human figure drawings were obtained from 136 adult schizophrenics, of whom 63 were mentally retarded. The protocols were evaluated independently by three jduges for presence of 15 defined features that stressed the quality rather than specific content of the drawings. Adequate reliability and frequency were established for seven of the parameters, which were then compared for prevalence among subgroups classified by diagnosis, preognosis, chronicity, and level of retardation. Significant differences appeared for all comparisons and each of the analyzed features. The differences among non-retarded schizophrenic subgroups seemed to reflect phenomenological distinctions, while differences associated with intellectual retardation seemed to represent developmental limitations. These data supported the validity of the figure drawing technique for distinguishing among schizophrenic subtypes and underscored the importance of suitable methodology in evaluating projective measures.", "PMID": 368716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_194", "title": "[Computer-assisted 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in the routine diagnosis of coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity of 201Tl scanning for clinical routine use in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. A computer-aided matrix with very high resolution displaying subtle color nuances was used. For semi-quantitative assessment a scale with 16 colors was applied. This permitted to differentiate between changes of intensity of 6.25%. Compared with the ECG on exercise no higher sensitivity or specifity of 201Tl scanning was found using coronary angiography as the reference method. When a typical angina pectoris and a pathological ECG on exercise was present, confirmation of the diagnosis of coronary heart disease by scanning was readily obtained. Moreover, in the event of equivocal findings in the ECG and of atypical chest pain scanning is helpful without having to resort to invasive methods. Additionally to the exercise ECG, the location of ischemic areas in the myocardium can be easily demonstrated by scanning. When angiography has shown unobstructed coronary arteries but the ECG is suggestive of scar formation, scintigraphy provides additional information regarding the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. It is also possible by scanning to delineate the tissue defect representing fibrotic areas. This is necessary for instance when aneurysmectomy is planned.", "contents": "[Computer-assisted 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in the routine diagnosis of coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity of 201Tl scanning for clinical routine use in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. A computer-aided matrix with very high resolution displaying subtle color nuances was used. For semi-quantitative assessment a scale with 16 colors was applied. This permitted to differentiate between changes of intensity of 6.25%. Compared with the ECG on exercise no higher sensitivity or specifity of 201Tl scanning was found using coronary angiography as the reference method. When a typical angina pectoris and a pathological ECG on exercise was present, confirmation of the diagnosis of coronary heart disease by scanning was readily obtained. Moreover, in the event of equivocal findings in the ECG and of atypical chest pain scanning is helpful without having to resort to invasive methods. Additionally to the exercise ECG, the location of ischemic areas in the myocardium can be easily demonstrated by scanning. When angiography has shown unobstructed coronary arteries but the ECG is suggestive of scar formation, scintigraphy provides additional information regarding the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. It is also possible by scanning to delineate the tissue defect representing fibrotic areas. This is necessary for instance when aneurysmectomy is planned.", "PMID": 368719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_195", "title": "Acute infectious diarrhea in children.", "content": "Effective management of acute diarrheal disease depends on an understanding of the mechanisms and the pathogens responsible for diminished absorption of water from the intestines or increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestines. Initial therapy consists of fluid management, with hospitalization if dehydration is significant. Antibiotics are useful in treating specific disease entities, such as shigellosis. Careful attention to clinical status and follow-up is essential.", "contents": "Acute infectious diarrhea in children. Effective management of acute diarrheal disease depends on an understanding of the mechanisms and the pathogens responsible for diminished absorption of water from the intestines or increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestines. Initial therapy consists of fluid management, with hospitalization if dehydration is significant. Antibiotics are useful in treating specific disease entities, such as shigellosis. Careful attention to clinical status and follow-up is essential.", "PMID": 368736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_196", "title": "Investigation of macrocytic anemia.", "content": "The three most common causes of macrocytosis--vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver disease, and reticulocytosis--usually can be differentiated on the basis of red cell indexes and morphologic findings. Bone marrow studies are not indicated. In reticulocytosis, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) rarely exceeds ll0 cu mu and a reticulocyte count quickly establishes the diagnosis. In liver disease, macrocytosis is also mild and uniform. The RBCs are round. In megaloblastic anemia, the MCV may exceed 150 cu mu. The RBCs vary considerably in size and shape. The macrocytes tend to be oval. Serum vitamin B12 determination remains the best test for unmasking vitamin B12 deficiency. It should be ordered in conjunction with serum and red cell folate determinations in the course of investigating a macrocytic anemia. When vitamin B12 deficiency has been established, a Schilling test or plasma uptake test is indicated to pinpoint the cause.", "contents": "Investigation of macrocytic anemia. The three most common causes of macrocytosis--vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver disease, and reticulocytosis--usually can be differentiated on the basis of red cell indexes and morphologic findings. Bone marrow studies are not indicated. In reticulocytosis, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) rarely exceeds ll0 cu mu and a reticulocyte count quickly establishes the diagnosis. In liver disease, macrocytosis is also mild and uniform. The RBCs are round. In megaloblastic anemia, the MCV may exceed 150 cu mu. The RBCs vary considerably in size and shape. The macrocytes tend to be oval. Serum vitamin B12 determination remains the best test for unmasking vitamin B12 deficiency. It should be ordered in conjunction with serum and red cell folate determinations in the course of investigating a macrocytic anemia. When vitamin B12 deficiency has been established, a Schilling test or plasma uptake test is indicated to pinpoint the cause.", "PMID": 368738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_197", "title": "Diagnosis of rheumatic disease. 2. Laboratory tests.", "content": "Part 1, which begins on page 64, discusses diagnosis of rheumatic disease by radiography. The most popular laboratory tests in rheumatic disease are nonspecific and include those based on the formation of autoantibodies. Rheumatoid factor assays actually are of little diagnostic help in rheumatoid arthritis, but antinuclear antibody tests have become mandatory for identification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies based on immune complexes and cell immunity are valuable in specific clinical situations.", "contents": "Diagnosis of rheumatic disease. 2. Laboratory tests. Part 1, which begins on page 64, discusses diagnosis of rheumatic disease by radiography. The most popular laboratory tests in rheumatic disease are nonspecific and include those based on the formation of autoantibodies. Rheumatoid factor assays actually are of little diagnostic help in rheumatoid arthritis, but antinuclear antibody tests have become mandatory for identification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies based on immune complexes and cell immunity are valuable in specific clinical situations.", "PMID": 368740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_198", "title": "The physiological action of progesterone and the pharmacological effects of progestogens--a short review.", "content": "Substances described as progestogens differ greatly in their additional properties, which determine the limitations of their clinical use. The extrapolation of animal assays to human use requires caution, since synergism with oestrogens, which is usually necessary, shows widely-differing species-specific ratios. In other ratios, progestogens are often antagonistic to oestrogens.", "contents": "The physiological action of progesterone and the pharmacological effects of progestogens--a short review. Substances described as progestogens differ greatly in their additional properties, which determine the limitations of their clinical use. The extrapolation of animal assays to human use requires caution, since synergism with oestrogens, which is usually necessary, shows widely-differing species-specific ratios. In other ratios, progestogens are often antagonistic to oestrogens.", "PMID": 368741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_199", "title": "Review of the status of oestrogen replacement therapy.", "content": "Oestrogen treatment of climacteric disorders, chiefly with formulations based on oestradiol or oestrone, which cause much less metabolic disturbance than synthetic oestrogens, is now widely accepted. Physiological replacement requires a blood production rate approaching 0.5 mg/day. Deleterious effects of oestrogen loss are known, but the appropriate scale of long-term prophylaxis with oestrogens is controversial. Evidence for a risk of endometrial carcinoma from unopposed oestrogen therapy is inconclusive but has focused attention on the concurrent use of progestogens, which is rising rapidly but is at present no more than 10%.", "contents": "Review of the status of oestrogen replacement therapy. Oestrogen treatment of climacteric disorders, chiefly with formulations based on oestradiol or oestrone, which cause much less metabolic disturbance than synthetic oestrogens, is now widely accepted. Physiological replacement requires a blood production rate approaching 0.5 mg/day. Deleterious effects of oestrogen loss are known, but the appropriate scale of long-term prophylaxis with oestrogens is controversial. Evidence for a risk of endometrial carcinoma from unopposed oestrogen therapy is inconclusive but has focused attention on the concurrent use of progestogens, which is rising rapidly but is at present no more than 10%.", "PMID": 368742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_200", "title": "Experimental and clinical data indicating the psychotropic properties of progestogens.", "content": "Investigations of the psychotropic effects of progestogens employing the technique of quantitative pharmaco-EEG indicated that progestogens produce a profile similar to that of the minor tranquillizers. Healthy volunteers received single oral doses in a double-blind controlled study. A short review of the clinical literature adds support to the suggestion that progestogens have sedative properties.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical data indicating the psychotropic properties of progestogens. Investigations of the psychotropic effects of progestogens employing the technique of quantitative pharmaco-EEG indicated that progestogens produce a profile similar to that of the minor tranquillizers. Healthy volunteers received single oral doses in a double-blind controlled study. A short review of the clinical literature adds support to the suggestion that progestogens have sedative properties.", "PMID": 368743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_201", "title": "Comparative trial of perhexiline maleate and oxprenolol in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "A random single-blind study of oxprenolol against perhexiline has been undertaken in angina pectoris. Both drugs were effective in treatment (P less than 0.01) but perhexiline was better than oxprenolol (P less than 0.05), 12 of the 14 patients preferring perhexiline. Offset against this was the greater incidence of side effects with perhexiline, including one patient who later developed peripheral neuropathy. Despite the greater efficacy of perhexiline, it is suggested that side effects should preclude its routine prescription as a drug of first choice in angina pectoris. It should remain of value in the special situations of resistant angina and angina with heart failure or bronchospasm, when its use should be carefully monitored for these side effects.", "contents": "Comparative trial of perhexiline maleate and oxprenolol in patients with angina pectoris. A random single-blind study of oxprenolol against perhexiline has been undertaken in angina pectoris. Both drugs were effective in treatment (P less than 0.01) but perhexiline was better than oxprenolol (P less than 0.05), 12 of the 14 patients preferring perhexiline. Offset against this was the greater incidence of side effects with perhexiline, including one patient who later developed peripheral neuropathy. Despite the greater efficacy of perhexiline, it is suggested that side effects should preclude its routine prescription as a drug of first choice in angina pectoris. It should remain of value in the special situations of resistant angina and angina with heart failure or bronchospasm, when its use should be carefully monitored for these side effects.", "PMID": 368744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_202", "title": "[Interrelationship between the pineal gland and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex. IV. Effect of pinealectomy on the luteinizing function of the rat pituitary].", "content": "The effect of pinealectomy on the luteinizing function of the hypophysis was studied in sexually mature rats. Following pinealectomy or sham operation rats were blinded in one experimental series, and both blinded and ovariectomized--in another series. Blood LH was determined radioimmunologically with hard-phase immunosorbent produced from antiserum. Pinealectomy does not alter the basic blood LH concentration in the blinded male and female animals. In comparison with the sham operated rats, LH mobilization from the hypophysis was elevated in the blinded ovariectomized rats with removed pineal gland under the action of the maximal LH-releasing hormone dose (200 ng per rat). In comparison with the initial, the hormone concentration increased in control group by 189%, and in the pinealectomized--by 301%. Pinealectomy intensified the autopotentiating action of the LH-releasing hormone (in repeated administration in 60 min) to 1119%, whereas in control rats an increase of the blood LH in response to the repeated adminstration of the LH-releasing hormone constituted 730% in comparison with the initial level. Pinealectomy decreased the inhibitory action of actidion on the autopotentiating effect of the LH-releasing hormone. Besides, pinealectomy accelerated the I125-LH elimination from the circulation in the blinded female rats = 7 min). It is supposed that LH biosynthesis was more active in the hypophysis of pinealectomized rats.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the pineal gland and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex. IV. Effect of pinealectomy on the luteinizing function of the rat pituitary]. The effect of pinealectomy on the luteinizing function of the hypophysis was studied in sexually mature rats. Following pinealectomy or sham operation rats were blinded in one experimental series, and both blinded and ovariectomized--in another series. Blood LH was determined radioimmunologically with hard-phase immunosorbent produced from antiserum. Pinealectomy does not alter the basic blood LH concentration in the blinded male and female animals. In comparison with the sham operated rats, LH mobilization from the hypophysis was elevated in the blinded ovariectomized rats with removed pineal gland under the action of the maximal LH-releasing hormone dose (200 ng per rat). In comparison with the initial, the hormone concentration increased in control group by 189%, and in the pinealectomized--by 301%. Pinealectomy intensified the autopotentiating action of the LH-releasing hormone (in repeated administration in 60 min) to 1119%, whereas in control rats an increase of the blood LH in response to the repeated adminstration of the LH-releasing hormone constituted 730% in comparison with the initial level. Pinealectomy decreased the inhibitory action of actidion on the autopotentiating effect of the LH-releasing hormone. Besides, pinealectomy accelerated the I125-LH elimination from the circulation in the blinded female rats = 7 min). It is supposed that LH biosynthesis was more active in the hypophysis of pinealectomized rats.", "PMID": 368758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_203", "title": "[Biological properties of synthetic somatostatin].", "content": "Complex work on the assessment of biological properties of somatostatin synthesized according to a new original method was carried out. Its inhibitory action on the TTH, growth hormone and insulin secretion was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. As a rule, somatostatin effect was expressed against the background of stimulated hormone secretion, although basal secretion inhibition was observed with respect to insulin, The inhibitory action of somatostatin on the hormonal secretion was direct, not mediated through any regulating factors.", "contents": "[Biological properties of synthetic somatostatin]. Complex work on the assessment of biological properties of somatostatin synthesized according to a new original method was carried out. Its inhibitory action on the TTH, growth hormone and insulin secretion was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. As a rule, somatostatin effect was expressed against the background of stimulated hormone secretion, although basal secretion inhibition was observed with respect to insulin, The inhibitory action of somatostatin on the hormonal secretion was direct, not mediated through any regulating factors.", "PMID": 368759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_204", "title": "Haemodialysis without heparin.", "content": "Despite the use of heparin, activation of platelets on the artificial surface of dialyser membranes results in thrombus formation, microembolisation and thrombocytopenia. To assess the effects on these events of prostacyclin, three groups of healthy greyhounds were dialysed with heparin, heparin plus prostacyclin or prostacyclin alone. The use of prostacyclin, either alone or with heparin, abolished microembolisation from the dialyser and prevented thrombbocytopenia. With prostacyclin dialysis could be carried out without heparin and there was no clotting of blood within the extracorporeal circuit nor any change in tests of haemostasis.", "contents": "Haemodialysis without heparin. Despite the use of heparin, activation of platelets on the artificial surface of dialyser membranes results in thrombus formation, microembolisation and thrombocytopenia. To assess the effects on these events of prostacyclin, three groups of healthy greyhounds were dialysed with heparin, heparin plus prostacyclin or prostacyclin alone. The use of prostacyclin, either alone or with heparin, abolished microembolisation from the dialyser and prevented thrombbocytopenia. With prostacyclin dialysis could be carried out without heparin and there was no clotting of blood within the extracorporeal circuit nor any change in tests of haemostasis.", "PMID": 368769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_205", "title": "Androgen trial in renal anaemia.", "content": "A double blind cross-over trial of Nandrolone decanoate (Decadurabolin) was carried out in 27 patients with anaemia due to end stage renal disease, stabilised on regular haemodialysis. Sixteen patients completed the study, the other patients being excluded from the final analysis for a variety of reasons including side effects related to the androgen. There was no sustained significant rise in haemoglobin concentration or in red cell mass. Erythropoietin levels did not alter, they were within or below the normal range, but were lower than would be expected for the degree of anaemia. A majority of patients reported increased well-being including exercise tolerance, appetite and libido. Voice changes and hirsutism were noted, mainly in the females. Instability of anticoagulant therapy and abnormalities in liver function were found in some patients. The benefits, though real, were restricted essentially to the improvement in subjective findings and were unrelated to laboratory measurements. These effects might be obtained with a lower dosage of the drug.", "contents": "Androgen trial in renal anaemia. A double blind cross-over trial of Nandrolone decanoate (Decadurabolin) was carried out in 27 patients with anaemia due to end stage renal disease, stabilised on regular haemodialysis. Sixteen patients completed the study, the other patients being excluded from the final analysis for a variety of reasons including side effects related to the androgen. There was no sustained significant rise in haemoglobin concentration or in red cell mass. Erythropoietin levels did not alter, they were within or below the normal range, but were lower than would be expected for the degree of anaemia. A majority of patients reported increased well-being including exercise tolerance, appetite and libido. Voice changes and hirsutism were noted, mainly in the females. Instability of anticoagulant therapy and abnormalities in liver function were found in some patients. The benefits, though real, were restricted essentially to the improvement in subjective findings and were unrelated to laboratory measurements. These effects might be obtained with a lower dosage of the drug.", "PMID": 368770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_206", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with dialysis.", "content": "Five patients with psoriasis were treated with haemodialysis. Dialysis therapy was initiated for subsequent development of uraemia in three cases. All of these had successful renal transplants without recurrence of psoriasis while being maintained on post-transplant anti-rejection regimens. Two other cases were haemodialysed, not for uraemia but primarily for psoriasis. One case had moderate improvement of psoriasis after twice-weekly dialysis for two months while the second had no objective improvement up to one month after a single haemodialysis treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with dialysis. Five patients with psoriasis were treated with haemodialysis. Dialysis therapy was initiated for subsequent development of uraemia in three cases. All of these had successful renal transplants without recurrence of psoriasis while being maintained on post-transplant anti-rejection regimens. Two other cases were haemodialysed, not for uraemia but primarily for psoriasis. One case had moderate improvement of psoriasis after twice-weekly dialysis for two months while the second had no objective improvement up to one month after a single haemodialysis treatment.", "PMID": 368771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_207", "title": "Sex hormone changes underlying menstrual disturbances on haemodialysis.", "content": "Sequential changes in luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were studied throughout the menstrual cycle in ten women on regular haemodialysis. At the time of study seven women were menstruating and three had secondary amenorrhoea. Only one patient had regular menses. In none of the 15 cycles studied was there a normal luteal phase with an adequate PROG rise, although 9 cycles (4 patients) had E2 changes suggesting that ovulation may have occurred. Increased PRL and T levels were found in 9 and 6 women respectively. These hormonal abnormalities can be related to the menstrual disturbances and explain the low fertility seen in these patients. Bromocriptine or prednisolone may prove useful in their treatment.", "contents": "Sex hormone changes underlying menstrual disturbances on haemodialysis. Sequential changes in luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were studied throughout the menstrual cycle in ten women on regular haemodialysis. At the time of study seven women were menstruating and three had secondary amenorrhoea. Only one patient had regular menses. In none of the 15 cycles studied was there a normal luteal phase with an adequate PROG rise, although 9 cycles (4 patients) had E2 changes suggesting that ovulation may have occurred. Increased PRL and T levels were found in 9 and 6 women respectively. These hormonal abnormalities can be related to the menstrual disturbances and explain the low fertility seen in these patients. Bromocriptine or prednisolone may prove useful in their treatment.", "PMID": 368772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_208", "title": "A new predictive factor for the outcome of renal transplantation.", "content": "The cell mediated immunity (CMI) of a group of patients on regular haemodialysis was measured using a modified dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test. The strength of the reaction was graded from 0 to 15 on an objective scale which we called the DNCB index. This index was much reduced in the dialysis patients in comparison with a group of healthy controls. Thirty-six dialysis patients were subsequently transplanted and graft survival was assessed at six months. A significantly higher graft failure rate was observed in those with a strong skin reaction than in those with a weak or absent response (P less than 0.01). While the mean DNCB is much lower than normal in dialysis patients, there is a wide variation within this group. We have found that the DNCB index correlates well with renal allograft survival suggesting that this skin test has value in the prediction of transplant outcome.", "contents": "A new predictive factor for the outcome of renal transplantation. The cell mediated immunity (CMI) of a group of patients on regular haemodialysis was measured using a modified dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test. The strength of the reaction was graded from 0 to 15 on an objective scale which we called the DNCB index. This index was much reduced in the dialysis patients in comparison with a group of healthy controls. Thirty-six dialysis patients were subsequently transplanted and graft survival was assessed at six months. A significantly higher graft failure rate was observed in those with a strong skin reaction than in those with a weak or absent response (P less than 0.01). While the mean DNCB is much lower than normal in dialysis patients, there is a wide variation within this group. We have found that the DNCB index correlates well with renal allograft survival suggesting that this skin test has value in the prediction of transplant outcome.", "PMID": 368775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_209", "title": "Complement components, degradation products and immune complexes after kidney transplantation.", "content": "Levels of complement components and the presence of immune complexes were determined in blood samples from 23 patients is a function of time after kidney transplantation. During the first three post-transplantation weeks a decrease in the concentration of plasma C3 with a simultaneous increase of one of its breakdown products (C3d) was generally observed. This pattern often accompanied acute rejection episodes beyond 4 weeks after transplantation, while in the absence of complications normal and stable levels prevailed. In contrast, the presence of circulating immune complexes appeared not to correlate with rejection reactions. All 7 cases with detectable immune complexes presented with various concomitant neoplastic (renal carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma) or infectious diseases (pneumonia, septicaemia, Herpes zoster or Cytomegalovirus infection). Thus, monitoring of plasma C3 and C3d may represent a helpful additional criterion for the assessment of acute rejection in recipients of kidney allografts; the presence of circulating immune complexes, although not correlating with graft rejection, may be taken as a sign of complicating additional disease.", "contents": "Complement components, degradation products and immune complexes after kidney transplantation. Levels of complement components and the presence of immune complexes were determined in blood samples from 23 patients is a function of time after kidney transplantation. During the first three post-transplantation weeks a decrease in the concentration of plasma C3 with a simultaneous increase of one of its breakdown products (C3d) was generally observed. This pattern often accompanied acute rejection episodes beyond 4 weeks after transplantation, while in the absence of complications normal and stable levels prevailed. In contrast, the presence of circulating immune complexes appeared not to correlate with rejection reactions. All 7 cases with detectable immune complexes presented with various concomitant neoplastic (renal carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma) or infectious diseases (pneumonia, septicaemia, Herpes zoster or Cytomegalovirus infection). Thus, monitoring of plasma C3 and C3d may represent a helpful additional criterion for the assessment of acute rejection in recipients of kidney allografts; the presence of circulating immune complexes, although not correlating with graft rejection, may be taken as a sign of complicating additional disease.", "PMID": 368776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_210", "title": "E antigen in the serum of HBs antigen-positive patients on maintenance dialysis and after transplantation.", "content": "The 'e antigen' (eAg) is specifically associated with hepatitis B virus infections and appears to be a marker for the infectivity and a prognostic indicator of the chronicity of liver disease. Therefore we examined by immunodiffusion the presence of eAg in the seum of HBsAg-positive patients on maintenance dialysis. The dialysis patients had a significantly higher incidence of positive eAg compared with a group of unselected HBsAg-positive patients without renal failure. In most of the dialysis patients the microscopic findings in the liver revealed only 'minimal changes'. Three eAg-positive patients received a renal transplant. Afterwards they displayed an appreciably increased eAg-yield on immunodiffusion and histology revealed chronic persistent hepatitis. It is assumed therefore that the immunodeficiency of patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis is possibly a supporting factor in the synthesis of eAg, and will perhaps induce a more subscute and prolonged course of hepatitis. The synthesis of eAg after renal transplantation may be enhanced by the additional immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "E antigen in the serum of HBs antigen-positive patients on maintenance dialysis and after transplantation. The 'e antigen' (eAg) is specifically associated with hepatitis B virus infections and appears to be a marker for the infectivity and a prognostic indicator of the chronicity of liver disease. Therefore we examined by immunodiffusion the presence of eAg in the seum of HBsAg-positive patients on maintenance dialysis. The dialysis patients had a significantly higher incidence of positive eAg compared with a group of unselected HBsAg-positive patients without renal failure. In most of the dialysis patients the microscopic findings in the liver revealed only 'minimal changes'. Three eAg-positive patients received a renal transplant. Afterwards they displayed an appreciably increased eAg-yield on immunodiffusion and histology revealed chronic persistent hepatitis. It is assumed therefore that the immunodeficiency of patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis is possibly a supporting factor in the synthesis of eAg, and will perhaps induce a more subscute and prolonged course of hepatitis. The synthesis of eAg after renal transplantation may be enhanced by the additional immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 368777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_211", "title": "One thousand prospective cadaveric renal transplant donors.", "content": "In a community where cadaveric renal transplantation is the mainstay for the treatment of chronic renal failure a review of 1,000 prospective cadaveric renal donors shows that failure by the medical and surgical teams in the intensive care units to notify the transplant team every time of a potential donor is the major cause for the lack of donor organs. Lack of consent by the donor's relatives is also a significant factor but is less common when the donor is brain dead on a ventilator than when they still have spontaneous respiration. Gradually the transplant team is persuading their colleagues in medicine and trauma to help but at the present rate of progress it will be another decade before enough kidneys are available.", "contents": "One thousand prospective cadaveric renal transplant donors. In a community where cadaveric renal transplantation is the mainstay for the treatment of chronic renal failure a review of 1,000 prospective cadaveric renal donors shows that failure by the medical and surgical teams in the intensive care units to notify the transplant team every time of a potential donor is the major cause for the lack of donor organs. Lack of consent by the donor's relatives is also a significant factor but is less common when the donor is brain dead on a ventilator than when they still have spontaneous respiration. Gradually the transplant team is persuading their colleagues in medicine and trauma to help but at the present rate of progress it will be another decade before enough kidneys are available.", "PMID": 368778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_212", "title": "Long-term results in children following dialysis and renal transplantation.", "content": "Since 1966, 93 children in end-stage renal disease, aged between 5 and 16 years were treated by a combined programme of dialysis and transplantation. In 91 patients treatment of uraemia was started either as hospital or home haemodialysis, until now covering more than 90 dialysis years. Forty-one children were transplanted. Twenty children died during dialysis treatment, 7 after renal transplantation. Sixty-six children are currently alive, 25 with a functioning graft, 28 are treated by hospital dialysis, 13 by home haemodialysis. Eighty-three per cent of the patients on hospital dialysis are classified in rehabilitation category 2 according to the EDTA categories, and all children on home dialysis and those with functioning grafts, category 1.", "contents": "Long-term results in children following dialysis and renal transplantation. Since 1966, 93 children in end-stage renal disease, aged between 5 and 16 years were treated by a combined programme of dialysis and transplantation. In 91 patients treatment of uraemia was started either as hospital or home haemodialysis, until now covering more than 90 dialysis years. Forty-one children were transplanted. Twenty children died during dialysis treatment, 7 after renal transplantation. Sixty-six children are currently alive, 25 with a functioning graft, 28 are treated by hospital dialysis, 13 by home haemodialysis. Eighty-three per cent of the patients on hospital dialysis are classified in rehabilitation category 2 according to the EDTA categories, and all children on home dialysis and those with functioning grafts, category 1.", "PMID": 368779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_213", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of hyperacute rejection in the inbred rat.", "content": "Twenty skin-presensitised Lewis rats received kidney transplants from (Lewis X BN)f1 rats. Two grafts each were withdrawn at intervals from 1--120 min and examined using a scanning electron microscopic (SEM). A series of Lewis to Lewis isografts served as control. In hyperacute rejection at just 1 min spider-like fibrin fibres and platelets could be observed in small arteries, where the endothelium was severely altered. In these regions at 2 and particularly 5 min a fibrin network often contained platelet aggregates, mechanically altered erythrocytes as well as different kinds of leucocytes. This coagulation process progressed with time and resulted in a complete vascular occlusion at 30--60 min.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of hyperacute rejection in the inbred rat. Twenty skin-presensitised Lewis rats received kidney transplants from (Lewis X BN)f1 rats. Two grafts each were withdrawn at intervals from 1--120 min and examined using a scanning electron microscopic (SEM). A series of Lewis to Lewis isografts served as control. In hyperacute rejection at just 1 min spider-like fibrin fibres and platelets could be observed in small arteries, where the endothelium was severely altered. In these regions at 2 and particularly 5 min a fibrin network often contained platelet aggregates, mechanically altered erythrocytes as well as different kinds of leucocytes. This coagulation process progressed with time and resulted in a complete vascular occlusion at 30--60 min.", "PMID": 368780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_214", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the prediction and diagnosis of acute rejection episodes in man.", "content": "The rate of spontaneous proliferative activity of blood leucocytes, the presence of donor-directed cytotoxic cells in the circulation of transplant recipients and the fine-needle aspiration cytology of the transplant have been evaluated for the monitoring of acute rejection episodes in 8 recipients of cadaver kidney transplants. We could not find any correlation between the rate of proliferative activity of the appearance of cytotoxic cells in the recipients' circulation on the one hand, and the onset of rejection on the other hand. A detectable blast response, consisting of lymphoblasts and plasmablasts could, however, be seen inside the kidney parenchyma during the early stages of rejection. We propose that the blast response could be used for the monitoring of rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the prediction and diagnosis of acute rejection episodes in man. The rate of spontaneous proliferative activity of blood leucocytes, the presence of donor-directed cytotoxic cells in the circulation of transplant recipients and the fine-needle aspiration cytology of the transplant have been evaluated for the monitoring of acute rejection episodes in 8 recipients of cadaver kidney transplants. We could not find any correlation between the rate of proliferative activity of the appearance of cytotoxic cells in the recipients' circulation on the one hand, and the onset of rejection on the other hand. A detectable blast response, consisting of lymphoblasts and plasmablasts could, however, be seen inside the kidney parenchyma during the early stages of rejection. We propose that the blast response could be used for the monitoring of rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients.", "PMID": 368781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_215", "title": "The significance of vascular anomalies in human renal transplantation.", "content": "In a review of 250 consecutive human cadaveric kidney transplants the primary failure rate of donor kidneys with an anatomically abnormal blood supply was 36.7% as compared with 16.2% for kidneys with a single artery and vein (P less than 0.001). The incidence of primary failure due to renal vascular thrombosis in the abnormal group was 24.2%, compared with 4.1% in the normal group (P greater than 0.001). A significantly greater incidence of anastomotic haemorrhage and urinary leak was also associated with an abnormal blood supply in the donor kidney.", "contents": "The significance of vascular anomalies in human renal transplantation. In a review of 250 consecutive human cadaveric kidney transplants the primary failure rate of donor kidneys with an anatomically abnormal blood supply was 36.7% as compared with 16.2% for kidneys with a single artery and vein (P less than 0.001). The incidence of primary failure due to renal vascular thrombosis in the abnormal group was 24.2%, compared with 4.1% in the normal group (P greater than 0.001). A significantly greater incidence of anastomotic haemorrhage and urinary leak was also associated with an abnormal blood supply in the donor kidney.", "PMID": 368782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_216", "title": "Prevention of upper gastrointestinal complications after kidney transplantation.", "content": "In 94 renal transplant patients, the incidence and mortality rate of upper gastrointestinal complications was lower than in 11 other reports comprising over three thousand patients. This difference may be due to the smaller doses of prednisolone used. Duodenal ulcer and erosive gastritis were the commonest lesions and 73% occurred in the first 6 months after operation. In 131 transplant candidates, gastric assessment including endoscopy showed 34 (26%) had peptic ulceration prior to operation. In 130 subjects (38 renal transplant, 68 chronic uraemia, 24 controls), pentagastrin tests showed acid hypersecretion in uraemic patients undergoing dialysis (P less than 0.02) and a tendency for acid output to decrease after operation (P less than 0.005). In 8 transplant patients with duodenal ulcer, preliminary experience with prophylactic cimetidine has been favorable. Upper gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation are likely to be lessened by, a) use of less prednisolone in the early post-transplant phase; b) pre-transplant gastric assessment and c) the use of a safe and effective antisecretory drug in those with duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Prevention of upper gastrointestinal complications after kidney transplantation. In 94 renal transplant patients, the incidence and mortality rate of upper gastrointestinal complications was lower than in 11 other reports comprising over three thousand patients. This difference may be due to the smaller doses of prednisolone used. Duodenal ulcer and erosive gastritis were the commonest lesions and 73% occurred in the first 6 months after operation. In 131 transplant candidates, gastric assessment including endoscopy showed 34 (26%) had peptic ulceration prior to operation. In 130 subjects (38 renal transplant, 68 chronic uraemia, 24 controls), pentagastrin tests showed acid hypersecretion in uraemic patients undergoing dialysis (P less than 0.02) and a tendency for acid output to decrease after operation (P less than 0.005). In 8 transplant patients with duodenal ulcer, preliminary experience with prophylactic cimetidine has been favorable. Upper gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation are likely to be lessened by, a) use of less prednisolone in the early post-transplant phase; b) pre-transplant gastric assessment and c) the use of a safe and effective antisecretory drug in those with duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 368783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_217", "title": "Rupture of the allografted kidney--is repair possible?", "content": "Allograft rupture after transplantation is an uncommon but serious complication. A review of the literature suggests a significant mortality and very high incidence of graft loss. Data will be presented which suggests that conservative management of the allograft rupture is possible.", "contents": "Rupture of the allografted kidney--is repair possible? Allograft rupture after transplantation is an uncommon but serious complication. A review of the literature suggests a significant mortality and very high incidence of graft loss. Data will be presented which suggests that conservative management of the allograft rupture is possible.", "PMID": 368785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_218", "title": "Enhanced prostacyclin availability of blood vessels in uraemic humans and rats.", "content": "Recently prostacyclin (PHI2), an unstable prostaglandin with a strong inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, has been demonstrated in the wall of blood vessels. We estimated the PGI2 availability of arteries and veins in 10 uraemic patients and 12 nephrectomised rats. The production of PGI2 after long-term incubation of the vessels was markedly enhanced and prolonged. This alteration is probably one key mechanism for the deterioration of haemostasis in uraemics. Preliminary results of further studies indicate that substances in uraemic plasma--presumably middle molecules--may enhance the PGI2 availability of normal vessels in vitro.", "contents": "Enhanced prostacyclin availability of blood vessels in uraemic humans and rats. Recently prostacyclin (PHI2), an unstable prostaglandin with a strong inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, has been demonstrated in the wall of blood vessels. We estimated the PGI2 availability of arteries and veins in 10 uraemic patients and 12 nephrectomised rats. The production of PGI2 after long-term incubation of the vessels was markedly enhanced and prolonged. This alteration is probably one key mechanism for the deterioration of haemostasis in uraemics. Preliminary results of further studies indicate that substances in uraemic plasma--presumably middle molecules--may enhance the PGI2 availability of normal vessels in vitro.", "PMID": 368786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_219", "title": "Vascular factors in the pathogenesis of uraemic bleeding.", "content": "To determine the possible role of vascular factors in the bleeding tendency of uraemic patients, three major factors of the haemostatic system normally present in vascular tissues were studied. Factor VIII-related protein (F VIII) was detected on the vascular intima of 13 patients and 10 normal subjects. Comparable values of plasminogen activator (PA) were found in tissue slices from 7 patients and 7 controls. In contrast, prostacyclin like (PGI2) activity, measured as platelet aggregation inhibitory potency, was significantly higher in specimens from 15 patients with either acute or chronic uraemia than in 10 controls. The latter abnormality, leading to impaired platelet-vessel wall interaction, might contribute to the disturbed haemostasis of uraemic patients.", "contents": "Vascular factors in the pathogenesis of uraemic bleeding. To determine the possible role of vascular factors in the bleeding tendency of uraemic patients, three major factors of the haemostatic system normally present in vascular tissues were studied. Factor VIII-related protein (F VIII) was detected on the vascular intima of 13 patients and 10 normal subjects. Comparable values of plasminogen activator (PA) were found in tissue slices from 7 patients and 7 controls. In contrast, prostacyclin like (PGI2) activity, measured as platelet aggregation inhibitory potency, was significantly higher in specimens from 15 patients with either acute or chronic uraemia than in 10 controls. The latter abnormality, leading to impaired platelet-vessel wall interaction, might contribute to the disturbed haemostasis of uraemic patients.", "PMID": 368787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_220", "title": "Urinary fibrin degradation products--a three year comparative study.", "content": "Urinary fibrin degradation products (FDP) were determined by Merskey's passive haemagglutination test in 115 patients with biopsy proven chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN), 94 with urinary tract infection (UTI), and 23 transplanted patients. The active GN values (12.3 microgram/ml) are significantly higher than those for latent GN (0.3 microgram/ml). Those for acute UTI (9.2 microgram/ml) are significantly higher than for chronic UTI (1.3 microgram/ml). In contrast to the reports published by others, the numerous 'false positive' and 'false negative' values make diagnosis of the activity unreliable. Some prognostic value can be expected in GN with the nephrotic syndrome (NS): patients with steroid-sensitive NS excrete no FDP and patients with steroid-resistant NS excrete larger quantities of FDP. We have confirmed that a rise in FDP level following kidney transplantation is indicative of an acute rejection crisis. However, since 10 of 27 rejections were FDP negative, the absence of FDP in the urine does not preclude rejection, so that the diagnostic value is restricted.", "contents": "Urinary fibrin degradation products--a three year comparative study. Urinary fibrin degradation products (FDP) were determined by Merskey's passive haemagglutination test in 115 patients with biopsy proven chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN), 94 with urinary tract infection (UTI), and 23 transplanted patients. The active GN values (12.3 microgram/ml) are significantly higher than those for latent GN (0.3 microgram/ml). Those for acute UTI (9.2 microgram/ml) are significantly higher than for chronic UTI (1.3 microgram/ml). In contrast to the reports published by others, the numerous 'false positive' and 'false negative' values make diagnosis of the activity unreliable. Some prognostic value can be expected in GN with the nephrotic syndrome (NS): patients with steroid-sensitive NS excrete no FDP and patients with steroid-resistant NS excrete larger quantities of FDP. We have confirmed that a rise in FDP level following kidney transplantation is indicative of an acute rejection crisis. However, since 10 of 27 rejections were FDP negative, the absence of FDP in the urine does not preclude rejection, so that the diagnostic value is restricted.", "PMID": 368788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_221", "title": "HBsAg immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Out of 97 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis 10 were found to be HBsAg seropositive. None of these showed HBsAg immunodeposits within the kidney. Direct immunofluorescent kidney staining for HBsAg was observed in 4 out of 87 HBsAg seronegative patients. The HBsAg staining in kidneys was a false positive reaction due to binding of the Fc portion of the fluoresceinated IgG molecules to the IgM RF tissue deposits. The false positive reaction for HBsAg is not revealed by the usual specificity controls for fluorescence staining. The role of HBsAg in glomerulonephritis remains unproven.", "contents": "HBsAg immune complex glomerulonephritis. Out of 97 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis 10 were found to be HBsAg seropositive. None of these showed HBsAg immunodeposits within the kidney. Direct immunofluorescent kidney staining for HBsAg was observed in 4 out of 87 HBsAg seronegative patients. The HBsAg staining in kidneys was a false positive reaction due to binding of the Fc portion of the fluoresceinated IgG molecules to the IgM RF tissue deposits. The false positive reaction for HBsAg is not revealed by the usual specificity controls for fluorescence staining. The role of HBsAg in glomerulonephritis remains unproven.", "PMID": 368789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_222", "title": "Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in Escherichia coli by positive and negative effectors.", "content": "Two effectors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) have been extracted from an ODC- (speC-) mutant, Escherichia coli MA 255. One of these is an ODC inhibitor (Mr 15,000 +/- 2000) that is labile to trypsin; its activity increases 20-fold in response to increased polyamine levels in the growth medium. It has additional characteristics similar to those of the ODC antizyme of eukaryote cells: it is a noncompetitive inhibitor of ODC; the complex formed between ODC and the ODC inhibitor can be dissociated with salt to provide active ODC and active ODC inhibitor; furthermore, this E. coli ODC inhibitor is inhibitory to eukaryote ODC. A thermostable nondialyzable factor that activates ODC in vitro has also been extracted from MA255; increased polyamine levels in the growth medium caused a 1.6-fold increase in the activity of this ODC activator. Effectors with comparable activities have also been identified in the parent ODC+ (speC+) strain MA197. The fluctuations of the intracellular levels of these two ODC effectors during the growth of E. coli MA255 have been related to the temporal changes of the activity of ODC in the parent ODC+ MA197 strain. The mode of interaction of these three macromolecules, as reflected in the changes of the activity of ODC, appears to be complex. The results suggest that ODC activity may be controlled post-translationally by macromolecules that act as positive and negative effectors and whose levels fluctuate in response to the concentration of the end products of the reaction.", "contents": "Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in Escherichia coli by positive and negative effectors. Two effectors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) have been extracted from an ODC- (speC-) mutant, Escherichia coli MA 255. One of these is an ODC inhibitor (Mr 15,000 +/- 2000) that is labile to trypsin; its activity increases 20-fold in response to increased polyamine levels in the growth medium. It has additional characteristics similar to those of the ODC antizyme of eukaryote cells: it is a noncompetitive inhibitor of ODC; the complex formed between ODC and the ODC inhibitor can be dissociated with salt to provide active ODC and active ODC inhibitor; furthermore, this E. coli ODC inhibitor is inhibitory to eukaryote ODC. A thermostable nondialyzable factor that activates ODC in vitro has also been extracted from MA255; increased polyamine levels in the growth medium caused a 1.6-fold increase in the activity of this ODC activator. Effectors with comparable activities have also been identified in the parent ODC+ (speC+) strain MA197. The fluctuations of the intracellular levels of these two ODC effectors during the growth of E. coli MA255 have been related to the temporal changes of the activity of ODC in the parent ODC+ MA197 strain. The mode of interaction of these three macromolecules, as reflected in the changes of the activity of ODC, appears to be complex. The results suggest that ODC activity may be controlled post-translationally by macromolecules that act as positive and negative effectors and whose levels fluctuate in response to the concentration of the end products of the reaction.", "PMID": 368795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_223", "title": "Escherichia coli recA gene product inactivates phage lambda repressor.", "content": "Phage lambda repressor is inactivated and cleaved into two detectable fragments during incubation with purified Escherichia coli recA gene protein in vitro, in a reaction that requires ATP. This reaction reproduces the recA-dependent inactivation of repressor that occurs in vivo during induction of the SOS functions. The proteolytic activity may reside in the recA protein itself and may be a fundamental activity of it.", "contents": "Escherichia coli recA gene product inactivates phage lambda repressor. Phage lambda repressor is inactivated and cleaved into two detectable fragments during incubation with purified Escherichia coli recA gene protein in vitro, in a reaction that requires ATP. This reaction reproduces the recA-dependent inactivation of repressor that occurs in vivo during induction of the SOS functions. The proteolytic activity may reside in the recA protein itself and may be a fundamental activity of it.", "PMID": 368796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_224", "title": "DNA sequence of the araBAD promoter in Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The L-arabinose operon in Escherichia coli is a model system for the study of the control of gene expression. Maximal expression of the araBAD operon requires two positive control components: the araC protein-L-arabinose complex and the cyclic AMP receptor protein-cyclic AMP complex. Both araC protein and cyclic AMP receptor protein are required for the initiation of transcription of araBAD mRNA. We have used the plasmid pBR322 as a vector for cloning DNA fragments that contain the araBAD promoter. The cloned ara fragments were identified by both physical and genetic tests. A restriction map was constructed and the DNA sequence of the promoter was determined. The promoter contains a site that is similar to the RNA polymerase recognition sites in the galactose and lactose operons. It also contains a region similar to the known cyclic AMP receptor protein binding sites in the galactose and lactose operons.", "contents": "DNA sequence of the araBAD promoter in Escherichia coli B/r. The L-arabinose operon in Escherichia coli is a model system for the study of the control of gene expression. Maximal expression of the araBAD operon requires two positive control components: the araC protein-L-arabinose complex and the cyclic AMP receptor protein-cyclic AMP complex. Both araC protein and cyclic AMP receptor protein are required for the initiation of transcription of araBAD mRNA. We have used the plasmid pBR322 as a vector for cloning DNA fragments that contain the araBAD promoter. The cloned ara fragments were identified by both physical and genetic tests. A restriction map was constructed and the DNA sequence of the promoter was determined. The promoter contains a site that is similar to the RNA polymerase recognition sites in the galactose and lactose operons. It also contains a region similar to the known cyclic AMP receptor protein binding sites in the galactose and lactose operons.", "PMID": 368797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_225", "title": "Absolute configuration of the diastereomers of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): consequences for the stereochemistry of polymerization by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The diastereomers of uridyl-(3'-5')adenyl-O,O-phosphorothioate [Up(S)A] have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their identification as RP and SP follows from the RNase A digestion of these products. It was then shown, by the same method, that the R isomer is hydrolyzed by snake venom phosphodiesterase (PDEase) approximately 500 times faster than the S isomer. Similarly, the stereoisomer of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATPalphaS), until now arbitrarily designated as isomer B, is hydrolyzed ca 400 times faster by PDEase than is isomer A. From these results it is concluded that the R isomers of Up(S)A and ATPalphaS, isomers B, have the same absolute configuration. It then follows that isomer A of ATPalphaS, the preferred of the two isomers as substrate for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, has the S configuration. The implications for the stereochemistry of action of the latter enzyme are discussed.", "contents": "Absolute configuration of the diastereomers of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): consequences for the stereochemistry of polymerization by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. The diastereomers of uridyl-(3'-5')adenyl-O,O-phosphorothioate [Up(S)A] have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their identification as RP and SP follows from the RNase A digestion of these products. It was then shown, by the same method, that the R isomer is hydrolyzed by snake venom phosphodiesterase (PDEase) approximately 500 times faster than the S isomer. Similarly, the stereoisomer of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATPalphaS), until now arbitrarily designated as isomer B, is hydrolyzed ca 400 times faster by PDEase than is isomer A. From these results it is concluded that the R isomers of Up(S)A and ATPalphaS, isomers B, have the same absolute configuration. It then follows that isomer A of ATPalphaS, the preferred of the two isomers as substrate for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, has the S configuration. The implications for the stereochemistry of action of the latter enzyme are discussed.", "PMID": 368798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_226", "title": "Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16S RNA gene from the rrnB cistron of Escherichia coli has been determined by using three rapid DNA sequencing methods. Nearly all of the structure has been confirmed by two to six independent sequence determinations on both DNA strands. The length of the 16S rRNA chain inferred from the DNA sequence is 1541 nucleotides, in close agreement with previous estimates. We note discrepancies between this sequence and the most recent version of it reported from direct RNA sequencing [Ehresmann, C., Stiegler, P., Carbon, P. & Ebel, J.P. (1977) FEBS Lett. 84, 337-341]. A few of these may be explained by heterogeneity among 16S rRNA sequences from different cistrons. No nucleotide sequences were found in the 16S rRNA gene that cannot be reconciled with RNase digestion products of mature 16S rRNA.", "contents": "Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16S RNA gene from the rrnB cistron of Escherichia coli has been determined by using three rapid DNA sequencing methods. Nearly all of the structure has been confirmed by two to six independent sequence determinations on both DNA strands. The length of the 16S rRNA chain inferred from the DNA sequence is 1541 nucleotides, in close agreement with previous estimates. We note discrepancies between this sequence and the most recent version of it reported from direct RNA sequencing [Ehresmann, C., Stiegler, P., Carbon, P. & Ebel, J.P. (1977) FEBS Lett. 84, 337-341]. A few of these may be explained by heterogeneity among 16S rRNA sequences from different cistrons. No nucleotide sequences were found in the 16S rRNA gene that cannot be reconciled with RNase digestion products of mature 16S rRNA.", "PMID": 368799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_227", "title": "Single base-pair alterations in the Escherichia coli trp operon leader region that relieve transcription termination at the trp attenuator.", "content": "We have isolated a set of regulatory mutants defective in transcription termination at the attenuator in the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan (trp) operon. In vivo the mutants have 2- to 4-fold increased levels of expression of the trp operon above the level of the trpR parental strain. These levels are increased an additional 1.5- to 2-fold when the mutants are starved of tryptophan. Transcription termination at the trp attenuator was analyzed in vitro with DNA restriction fragments containing the termination-relief mutations. Whereas the frequency of readthrough transcription beyond the termination site is 5% with the wild-type DNA template, it is 46-76% when mutant DNAs are used as templates. The base change in the leader region of each mutant was determined by RNA and/or DNA sequencing. All the changes were between base pairs +116 and +132, in the G-C-rich segment of the leader region. The RNA residues between +114 and +134 of the leader transcript can form a stable stem and loop structure [deltaG approximately equal to -20 kcal (-84 kJ)]. All of the termination-relief mutations destabilize this structure (deltaG approximately equal to -9.0 to -10.5 kcal). These results suggest that the efficiency of transcription termination may be dependent on the integrity of the secondary structure of the above segment of the transcript of the leader region.", "contents": "Single base-pair alterations in the Escherichia coli trp operon leader region that relieve transcription termination at the trp attenuator. We have isolated a set of regulatory mutants defective in transcription termination at the attenuator in the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan (trp) operon. In vivo the mutants have 2- to 4-fold increased levels of expression of the trp operon above the level of the trpR parental strain. These levels are increased an additional 1.5- to 2-fold when the mutants are starved of tryptophan. Transcription termination at the trp attenuator was analyzed in vitro with DNA restriction fragments containing the termination-relief mutations. Whereas the frequency of readthrough transcription beyond the termination site is 5% with the wild-type DNA template, it is 46-76% when mutant DNAs are used as templates. The base change in the leader region of each mutant was determined by RNA and/or DNA sequencing. All the changes were between base pairs +116 and +132, in the G-C-rich segment of the leader region. The RNA residues between +114 and +134 of the leader transcript can form a stable stem and loop structure [deltaG approximately equal to -20 kcal (-84 kJ)]. All of the termination-relief mutations destabilize this structure (deltaG approximately equal to -9.0 to -10.5 kcal). These results suggest that the efficiency of transcription termination may be dependent on the integrity of the secondary structure of the above segment of the transcript of the leader region.", "PMID": 368800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_228", "title": "Energy coupling in DNA gyrase and the mechanism of action of novobiocin.", "content": "Escherichia coli DNA gyrase catalyzes negative supercoiling of closed duplex DNA at the expense of ATP. Two additional activities of the enzyme that have illuminated the energy coupling component of the supercoiling reaction are the DNA-dependent hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P(i) and the alteration by ATP of the DNA site specificity of the gyrase cleavage reaction. This cleavage of both DNA strands results from treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate of the stable gyrase-DNA complex that is trapped by the inhibitor oxolinic acid. Either ATP or a nonhydrolyzable analogue, adenyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate (App[NH]p), shifts the primary cleavage site on ColE1 DNA. The prevention by novobiocin and coumermycin A(1) of this cleavage rearrangement places the site of action of the antibiotics at a reaction step prior to ATP hydrolysis. The step blocked is the binding of ATP because coumermycin A(1) and novobiocin interact competitively with ATP in the ATPase and supercoiling assays; the K(i) values are more than four orders of magnitude less than the K(m) for ATP. This simple mechanism accounts for all effects of the drugs on DNA gyrase. Studies with App[NH]p, another potent competitive inhibitor of reactions catalyzed by gyrase, show that cleavage of a high energy bond is not required for driving DNA into the higher energy supercoiled form. With substrate levels of gyrase, App[NH]p induces supercoiling that is proportional to the amount of enzyme; a -0.3 superhelical turn was introduced per gyrase protomer A. We postulate that ATP and App[NH]p are allosteric effectors of a conformational change of gyrase that leads to one round of supercoiling. Nucleotide dissociation favored by hydrolysis of ATP returns gyrase to its original conformation and thereby permits enzyme turnover. Such cyclic conformational changes accompanying alteration in nucleotide affinity also seem to be a common feature of energy transduction in other diverse processes including muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Energy coupling in DNA gyrase and the mechanism of action of novobiocin. Escherichia coli DNA gyrase catalyzes negative supercoiling of closed duplex DNA at the expense of ATP. Two additional activities of the enzyme that have illuminated the energy coupling component of the supercoiling reaction are the DNA-dependent hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P(i) and the alteration by ATP of the DNA site specificity of the gyrase cleavage reaction. This cleavage of both DNA strands results from treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate of the stable gyrase-DNA complex that is trapped by the inhibitor oxolinic acid. Either ATP or a nonhydrolyzable analogue, adenyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate (App[NH]p), shifts the primary cleavage site on ColE1 DNA. The prevention by novobiocin and coumermycin A(1) of this cleavage rearrangement places the site of action of the antibiotics at a reaction step prior to ATP hydrolysis. The step blocked is the binding of ATP because coumermycin A(1) and novobiocin interact competitively with ATP in the ATPase and supercoiling assays; the K(i) values are more than four orders of magnitude less than the K(m) for ATP. This simple mechanism accounts for all effects of the drugs on DNA gyrase. Studies with App[NH]p, another potent competitive inhibitor of reactions catalyzed by gyrase, show that cleavage of a high energy bond is not required for driving DNA into the higher energy supercoiled form. With substrate levels of gyrase, App[NH]p induces supercoiling that is proportional to the amount of enzyme; a -0.3 superhelical turn was introduced per gyrase protomer A. We postulate that ATP and App[NH]p are allosteric effectors of a conformational change of gyrase that leads to one round of supercoiling. Nucleotide dissociation favored by hydrolysis of ATP returns gyrase to its original conformation and thereby permits enzyme turnover. Such cyclic conformational changes accompanying alteration in nucleotide affinity also seem to be a common feature of energy transduction in other diverse processes including muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 368801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_229", "title": "Mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The extent of cooperativity among the polypeptide chain components in the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli has been studied. Selective inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component with thiamin thiazolone pyrophosphate demonstrates that no cooperativity between this component and the overall catalytic reaction occurs: the amount of overall complex activity is directly proportional to the fraction of active pyruvate dehydrogenase component. The transacetylase component has two lipoic acid residues on each of its polypeptide chains that can be modified by N-[(3)H]ethylmaleimide in the presence of pyruvate and thiamin pyrophosphate. The kinetics of the loss of overall complex activity due to modification of the lipoyl residues on the transacetylase component by maleimide reagents shows that not all lipoic acids are coupled into the overall catalytic reaction and that acyl-group and electron pair transfer involving two or more lipoic acids per catalytic cycle must occur. Finally, full complex activity is found when only half the normal flavin content is present. The results indicate that extensive communication among lipoic acids in acyl-group and electron pair transfer must exist in the normal catalytic mechanism. These results are consistent with the average distances between catalytic sites measured by energy transfer experiments.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli. The extent of cooperativity among the polypeptide chain components in the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli has been studied. Selective inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component with thiamin thiazolone pyrophosphate demonstrates that no cooperativity between this component and the overall catalytic reaction occurs: the amount of overall complex activity is directly proportional to the fraction of active pyruvate dehydrogenase component. The transacetylase component has two lipoic acid residues on each of its polypeptide chains that can be modified by N-[(3)H]ethylmaleimide in the presence of pyruvate and thiamin pyrophosphate. The kinetics of the loss of overall complex activity due to modification of the lipoyl residues on the transacetylase component by maleimide reagents shows that not all lipoic acids are coupled into the overall catalytic reaction and that acyl-group and electron pair transfer involving two or more lipoic acids per catalytic cycle must occur. Finally, full complex activity is found when only half the normal flavin content is present. The results indicate that extensive communication among lipoic acids in acyl-group and electron pair transfer must exist in the normal catalytic mechanism. These results are consistent with the average distances between catalytic sites measured by energy transfer experiments.", "PMID": 368802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_230", "title": "An Escherichia coli mutant with an amino acid alteration within the signal sequence of outer membrane prolipoprotein.", "content": "Lipoprotein has been purified from an Escherichia coli strain carrying a mutation in the structural gene for murein lipoprotein (mlpA). Amino acid analysis of the purified mutant lipoprotein indicates that the mutant lipoprotein corresponds to the uncleaved prolipoprotein with a single amino acid replacement of glycine with aspartic acid. Automated Edman degradation has established the precise location of this amino acid substitution to be at the 14th residue of the prolipoprotein. This alteration in the signal sequence of prolipoprotein results in a failure of the mutated prolipoprotein to be processed. Furthermore, the structural alteration in the mutant lipoprotein appears also to have affected its topological localization in the mutant cell. Whereas lipoprotein in the wild-type strain is exclusively located in the outer membrane of the cell envelope, the membrane-bound lipoprotein in this mutant is recovered in both the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope. The data suggest, however, that proteolytic cleavage of prolipoprotein to form mature lipoprotein is not essential for the translocation and assembly of lipoprotein into the outer membrane.", "contents": "An Escherichia coli mutant with an amino acid alteration within the signal sequence of outer membrane prolipoprotein. Lipoprotein has been purified from an Escherichia coli strain carrying a mutation in the structural gene for murein lipoprotein (mlpA). Amino acid analysis of the purified mutant lipoprotein indicates that the mutant lipoprotein corresponds to the uncleaved prolipoprotein with a single amino acid replacement of glycine with aspartic acid. Automated Edman degradation has established the precise location of this amino acid substitution to be at the 14th residue of the prolipoprotein. This alteration in the signal sequence of prolipoprotein results in a failure of the mutated prolipoprotein to be processed. Furthermore, the structural alteration in the mutant lipoprotein appears also to have affected its topological localization in the mutant cell. Whereas lipoprotein in the wild-type strain is exclusively located in the outer membrane of the cell envelope, the membrane-bound lipoprotein in this mutant is recovered in both the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope. The data suggest, however, that proteolytic cleavage of prolipoprotein to form mature lipoprotein is not essential for the translocation and assembly of lipoprotein into the outer membrane.", "PMID": 368803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_231", "title": "Laser Raman evidence for new cloverleaf secondary structures for eukaryotic 5.8S RNA and prokaryotic 5S RNA.", "content": "Neither of the two previously proposed secondary structures for eukaryotic 5.8S RNA is consistent with the present laser Raman results. A new, highly stable \"cloverleaf\" secondary structure not only fits the Raman data but also accounts for previously determined enzymatic partial cleavage patterns, base sequence and pairing homologies, and G-C and A-U base pair numbers and ratios. The new cloverleaf model also conserves several structural features (constant loops, bulges, and stems) consistent with known 5.8S RNA functions. Finally, we propose a similar new cloverleaf secondary structure for Escherichia coli 5S RNA, consonant with many known properties of prokaryotic 5S RNA.", "contents": "Laser Raman evidence for new cloverleaf secondary structures for eukaryotic 5.8S RNA and prokaryotic 5S RNA. Neither of the two previously proposed secondary structures for eukaryotic 5.8S RNA is consistent with the present laser Raman results. A new, highly stable \"cloverleaf\" secondary structure not only fits the Raman data but also accounts for previously determined enzymatic partial cleavage patterns, base sequence and pairing homologies, and G-C and A-U base pair numbers and ratios. The new cloverleaf model also conserves several structural features (constant loops, bulges, and stems) consistent with known 5.8S RNA functions. Finally, we propose a similar new cloverleaf secondary structure for Escherichia coli 5S RNA, consonant with many known properties of prokaryotic 5S RNA.", "PMID": 368804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_232", "title": "Identification of tubulin from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A tubulin-like protein was identified in the lower eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following criteria were used: (i) copolymerization of the 35S-labeled yeast protein with porcine brain tubulin; (ii) immunoprecipitation of the 35S-labeled yeast protein with antiflagellar tubulin antibody; (iii) the presence of the yeast protein as a constituent of isolated yeast nuclei; and (iv) splitting of the yeast protein in a gel electrophoretic system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate that resolved the alpha- and beta-tubulin chains from other sources. This protein did not appear to have significant affinity for the plant alkaloid, Colcemid.", "contents": "Identification of tubulin from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tubulin-like protein was identified in the lower eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following criteria were used: (i) copolymerization of the 35S-labeled yeast protein with porcine brain tubulin; (ii) immunoprecipitation of the 35S-labeled yeast protein with antiflagellar tubulin antibody; (iii) the presence of the yeast protein as a constituent of isolated yeast nuclei; and (iv) splitting of the yeast protein in a gel electrophoretic system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate that resolved the alpha- and beta-tubulin chains from other sources. This protein did not appear to have significant affinity for the plant alkaloid, Colcemid.", "PMID": 368805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_233", "title": "Different intermediate-sized filaments distinguished by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The major protein of intermediate-sized filaments in mouse 3T3 cells, for which the name vimentin is proposed, has a molecular weight of 57,000. Antibodies against vimentin and antibodies against prekeratin have been used in parallel in immunofluorescence microscopy on a variety of cultured cells as well as on frozen tissue sections. Both antibodies decorate extended wavy arrays of filaments that are different from microfilaments and microtubules. Intermediate filament bundles decorated by antibodies against prekeratin are predominant in many epithelial cells, including epithelia-derived tumor cells, and are not decorated by antibodies to vimentin. In contrast, intermediate filaments decorated by antibodies against vimentin are widespread among nonmuscle cells of mesenchymal origin, including transformed cells, and also occur in other cells. Perinuclear whorls of aggregates of intermediate filaments induced by prolonged treatment with Colcemid generally show strong decoration with antibodies against vimentin. No significant reaction with either antiserum has been observed in muscle structures or in brain nerve tissue. These observations show that intermediate filaments with similar ultrastructure and solubility characteristics can be distinguished immunologically.", "contents": "Different intermediate-sized filaments distinguished by immunofluorescence microscopy. The major protein of intermediate-sized filaments in mouse 3T3 cells, for which the name vimentin is proposed, has a molecular weight of 57,000. Antibodies against vimentin and antibodies against prekeratin have been used in parallel in immunofluorescence microscopy on a variety of cultured cells as well as on frozen tissue sections. Both antibodies decorate extended wavy arrays of filaments that are different from microfilaments and microtubules. Intermediate filament bundles decorated by antibodies against prekeratin are predominant in many epithelial cells, including epithelia-derived tumor cells, and are not decorated by antibodies to vimentin. In contrast, intermediate filaments decorated by antibodies against vimentin are widespread among nonmuscle cells of mesenchymal origin, including transformed cells, and also occur in other cells. Perinuclear whorls of aggregates of intermediate filaments induced by prolonged treatment with Colcemid generally show strong decoration with antibodies against vimentin. No significant reaction with either antiserum has been observed in muscle structures or in brain nerve tissue. These observations show that intermediate filaments with similar ultrastructure and solubility characteristics can be distinguished immunologically.", "PMID": 368806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_234", "title": "Biogenesis of peroxisomes: intracellular site of synthesis of catalase and uricase.", "content": "The intracellular site of synthesis of two peroxisomal enzymes of rat liver, uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) and catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6), has been localized on free ribosomes and not membrane-bound ribosomes. Free polysomes and membrane-bound polysomes, prepared by classical cell fractionation techniques from rat liver, were incubated for protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. Characterization of the total translation products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as by immunoprecipitation with anti-rat albumin anti-serum, confirmed that good separation of the two polysome classes was achieved. Uricase and catalase were immunoprecipitable from translation products directed by free polysomes or phenol-extracted free polysomal mRNA but not from products of membrane-bound polysomes. Furthermore, unlike albumin, nascent uricase and catalase were not cotranslationally segregated by dog pancreas microsomal membranes. The results indicate that uricase and catalase are transferred to the interior of peroxisomes by a post-translational mechanism; an hypothesis is formulated here for the biogenesis of peroxisomes.", "contents": "Biogenesis of peroxisomes: intracellular site of synthesis of catalase and uricase. The intracellular site of synthesis of two peroxisomal enzymes of rat liver, uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) and catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6), has been localized on free ribosomes and not membrane-bound ribosomes. Free polysomes and membrane-bound polysomes, prepared by classical cell fractionation techniques from rat liver, were incubated for protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. Characterization of the total translation products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as by immunoprecipitation with anti-rat albumin anti-serum, confirmed that good separation of the two polysome classes was achieved. Uricase and catalase were immunoprecipitable from translation products directed by free polysomes or phenol-extracted free polysomal mRNA but not from products of membrane-bound polysomes. Furthermore, unlike albumin, nascent uricase and catalase were not cotranslationally segregated by dog pancreas microsomal membranes. The results indicate that uricase and catalase are transferred to the interior of peroxisomes by a post-translational mechanism; an hypothesis is formulated here for the biogenesis of peroxisomes.", "PMID": 368807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_235", "title": "Bacteriophage lambda carrying the Escherichia coli chromosomal region of the replication origin.", "content": "A transducing phage lambdaasn was isolated. The late gene region of its genome was found to have been substituted by an Escherichia coli chromosomal segment containing the genes bgIR, bgIC, glmS, uncA, and asn. Restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping and electron microscopic analysis of the lambdaasn DNA revealed that the size of the bacterial segment is approximately 1.75 X 10(7) daltons, corresponding to about 26.4 kilobases. The circular DNA of lambdaasn was digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI, diluted, and sealed with DNA ligase. When the reaction mixture was used to transform a recipient E. coli strain, a small plasmid of about 1 X 10(7) daltons (named pMCR115) was obtained. Restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping of pMCR115 and other evidence suggested that it contained the replication origin (oriC) of the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Bacteriophage lambda carrying the Escherichia coli chromosomal region of the replication origin. A transducing phage lambdaasn was isolated. The late gene region of its genome was found to have been substituted by an Escherichia coli chromosomal segment containing the genes bgIR, bgIC, glmS, uncA, and asn. Restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping and electron microscopic analysis of the lambdaasn DNA revealed that the size of the bacterial segment is approximately 1.75 X 10(7) daltons, corresponding to about 26.4 kilobases. The circular DNA of lambdaasn was digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI, diluted, and sealed with DNA ligase. When the reaction mixture was used to transform a recipient E. coli strain, a small plasmid of about 1 X 10(7) daltons (named pMCR115) was obtained. Restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping of pMCR115 and other evidence suggested that it contained the replication origin (oriC) of the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 368808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_236", "title": "Two HLA-linked loci controlling the fourth component of human complement.", "content": "An electrophoretic polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement (C4) is described. Three patterns of bands of C4 were observed in EDTA plasma from a panel of unrelated blood donors and family members by using the technique of immunofixation electrophoresis. These patterns consisted of four fast-moving anodal bands (F), four slow-moving cathodal bands (S), or a combination of both the F and S bands (FS). The C4 patterns of bands were observed in EDTA plasma and not in serum. Family studies showed that this polymorphism of C4 did not segregate with HLA histocompatibility genes in a fashion governed by two codominant alleles at a single genetic locus. The family data are in agreement with the hypothesis that two different genetic loci control the electrophoretic patterns of C4. One locus controls the presence (F) or absence (f0) of the four anodal (F) bands and the other controls the presence (S) or absence (s0) of the four cathodal (S) bands. The C4F and C4S loci are both closely linked to HLA-B.", "contents": "Two HLA-linked loci controlling the fourth component of human complement. An electrophoretic polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement (C4) is described. Three patterns of bands of C4 were observed in EDTA plasma from a panel of unrelated blood donors and family members by using the technique of immunofixation electrophoresis. These patterns consisted of four fast-moving anodal bands (F), four slow-moving cathodal bands (S), or a combination of both the F and S bands (FS). The C4 patterns of bands were observed in EDTA plasma and not in serum. Family studies showed that this polymorphism of C4 did not segregate with HLA histocompatibility genes in a fashion governed by two codominant alleles at a single genetic locus. The family data are in agreement with the hypothesis that two different genetic loci control the electrophoretic patterns of C4. One locus controls the presence (F) or absence (f0) of the four anodal (F) bands and the other controls the presence (S) or absence (s0) of the four cathodal (S) bands. The C4F and C4S loci are both closely linked to HLA-B.", "PMID": 368809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_237", "title": "Reversal of digitalis effects by specific antibodies.", "content": "Highly digoxin-specific or ouabain-specific antibodies can readily be obtained by immunizing rabbits or sheep with repeated injections of the glycoside coupled to protein carriers. By virtue of their binding capacity digoxin-specific antibodies are capable of removing digoxin concentrations from red blood cells and renal tissue specimens. As evidenced by various experiments with human erythrocytes and isolated cardiac preparations in vitro, digoxin effects are rapidly reversible in the presence of digoxin-specific antibodies. In vivo antidigoxin antibodies can protect animals from digoxin effects and promptly abolish established toxic effects, associated with marked alterations of digoxin pharmacokinetics. However, due to the large molecular weight, complete antibodies cannot be eliminated via the renal route. The use of antigen-binding (Fab) fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies offer the advantage of rapid renal elimination of bound and inactivated digoxin. So far, due to potential immune reactions, the clinical use of purified digoxin-specific antibodies of Fab fragments is restricted to life-threatening accidental or suicidal digoxin or digitoxin poisoning.", "contents": "Reversal of digitalis effects by specific antibodies. Highly digoxin-specific or ouabain-specific antibodies can readily be obtained by immunizing rabbits or sheep with repeated injections of the glycoside coupled to protein carriers. By virtue of their binding capacity digoxin-specific antibodies are capable of removing digoxin concentrations from red blood cells and renal tissue specimens. As evidenced by various experiments with human erythrocytes and isolated cardiac preparations in vitro, digoxin effects are rapidly reversible in the presence of digoxin-specific antibodies. In vivo antidigoxin antibodies can protect animals from digoxin effects and promptly abolish established toxic effects, associated with marked alterations of digoxin pharmacokinetics. However, due to the large molecular weight, complete antibodies cannot be eliminated via the renal route. The use of antigen-binding (Fab) fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies offer the advantage of rapid renal elimination of bound and inactivated digoxin. So far, due to potential immune reactions, the clinical use of purified digoxin-specific antibodies of Fab fragments is restricted to life-threatening accidental or suicidal digoxin or digitoxin poisoning.", "PMID": 368816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_238", "title": "Computer-aided classification and assessment of patients in multicenter trials.", "content": "The automated diagnostic procedure appears to be particularly suitable for clinical psychopharmacological trials since it provides a diagnostic definition and a psychopathological profile of patients assessed by various investigators of different centers where a different kind of psychopathology as well as different cultural, clinical and psychopharmacological backgrounds may be present. Furthermore, this procedure offers the possibility of reexamining and analyzing the characteristics of the experimental sample as related to the responses to the drugs. It also provides a new approach for solving some of the problems which play an important role in determining divergent results in clinical psychopharmacology such as that of patients selection and diagnostic definition. In the present study the automated diagnostic procedure derived by the scores of each item of I.M.P.S. and by factor scores are evaluated comparatively. The data reported show that the automated diagnosis should be based on the scores of single aspects of the symptomatology rather than on the basis of the factor scores.", "contents": "Computer-aided classification and assessment of patients in multicenter trials. The automated diagnostic procedure appears to be particularly suitable for clinical psychopharmacological trials since it provides a diagnostic definition and a psychopathological profile of patients assessed by various investigators of different centers where a different kind of psychopathology as well as different cultural, clinical and psychopharmacological backgrounds may be present. Furthermore, this procedure offers the possibility of reexamining and analyzing the characteristics of the experimental sample as related to the responses to the drugs. It also provides a new approach for solving some of the problems which play an important role in determining divergent results in clinical psychopharmacology such as that of patients selection and diagnostic definition. In the present study the automated diagnostic procedure derived by the scores of each item of I.M.P.S. and by factor scores are evaluated comparatively. The data reported show that the automated diagnosis should be based on the scores of single aspects of the symptomatology rather than on the basis of the factor scores.", "PMID": 368818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_239", "title": "A multidimensional test approach for the description of the CNS activity of drugs in human pharmacology.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over trial ten healthy male volunteers were administered placebo as well as one representative of each of the four hypothetical psychotropic drug classes, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and psychostimulants. The drugs were: 75 mg of chlorpromazine, 75 mg of amitriptyline, 10 mg of diazepam and 18 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. The effects of the compounds were assessed by pharmaco EEG, an adjective checklist, and a battery of psychological performance tests. The results demonstrate that the test model differentiates well between sedative and stimulatory drug effects. In addition, this multidimensional test approach discriminates adequately the effects of the various sedative drugs. The advantages and limitations of multidimensional test approaches for the description of psychotropic drugs along with the importance of employing such an approach for the development of psychotropic drugs are discussed.", "contents": "A multidimensional test approach for the description of the CNS activity of drugs in human pharmacology. In a double-blind cross-over trial ten healthy male volunteers were administered placebo as well as one representative of each of the four hypothetical psychotropic drug classes, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and psychostimulants. The drugs were: 75 mg of chlorpromazine, 75 mg of amitriptyline, 10 mg of diazepam and 18 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. The effects of the compounds were assessed by pharmaco EEG, an adjective checklist, and a battery of psychological performance tests. The results demonstrate that the test model differentiates well between sedative and stimulatory drug effects. In addition, this multidimensional test approach discriminates adequately the effects of the various sedative drugs. The advantages and limitations of multidimensional test approaches for the description of psychotropic drugs along with the importance of employing such an approach for the development of psychotropic drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 368817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_240", "title": "Prejudices in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy: reserpine as a model for experimental research in depression.", "content": "The choice of reserpine as practically the sole model substance used in research in depression over two decades was not dictated by rational considerations alone: hypothetical notions, prospects of the rapid realization of experimental research aims and the fascination of the exotic origin of this \"natural\" drug made a significant contribution.", "contents": "Prejudices in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy: reserpine as a model for experimental research in depression. The choice of reserpine as practically the sole model substance used in research in depression over two decades was not dictated by rational considerations alone: hypothetical notions, prospects of the rapid realization of experimental research aims and the fascination of the exotic origin of this \"natural\" drug made a significant contribution.", "PMID": 368819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_241", "title": "Relationship of selected clinical variables to current delivered during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.", "content": "Nineteen normal subjects were given transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to the hypothenar eminence, back, or legs, using a selected constant-current device. Stimulation characteristics from this unit were measured. Stimulation, at 20- microsec or 80- microsec pulse widths, was provided at increasing strengths until subject tolerance or muscle contraction was reached. The current delivered at each stimulus setting for single or repeated intrasubject trials was reliable at each anatomical landmark. For intersubject single trials, current levels proved reliable in the hand and back but not at any of the three interelectrode distances evaluated in the leg. Possible explanations for this latter finding are offered. This study showed that, for those stimulation settings evaluated, at least one constant-current transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit reliably delivers current of specific stimulus strengths to the hypothenar eminence or back.", "contents": "Relationship of selected clinical variables to current delivered during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Nineteen normal subjects were given transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to the hypothenar eminence, back, or legs, using a selected constant-current device. Stimulation characteristics from this unit were measured. Stimulation, at 20- microsec or 80- microsec pulse widths, was provided at increasing strengths until subject tolerance or muscle contraction was reached. The current delivered at each stimulus setting for single or repeated intrasubject trials was reliable at each anatomical landmark. For intersubject single trials, current levels proved reliable in the hand and back but not at any of the three interelectrode distances evaluated in the leg. Possible explanations for this latter finding are offered. This study showed that, for those stimulation settings evaluated, at least one constant-current transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit reliably delivers current of specific stimulus strengths to the hypothenar eminence or back.", "PMID": 368821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_242", "title": "Repairs in the lower abdomen, groin, or perineum with myocutaneous or omental flaps.", "content": "Our experiences with omental and myocutaneous flaps for the closure of the lower abdomen, groin, and perineum are outlined. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the various flaps are discussed.", "contents": "Repairs in the lower abdomen, groin, or perineum with myocutaneous or omental flaps. Our experiences with omental and myocutaneous flaps for the closure of the lower abdomen, groin, and perineum are outlined. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the various flaps are discussed.", "PMID": 368827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_243", "title": "Use of the free dorsalis pedis flap in head and neck repairs.", "content": "Many defects of the head and neck can be readily repaired with a free dorsalis pedis flap, and we report success with these flaps in 9 of 12 cases. A precise knowledge of the anatomy of the arterial supply of the flap is necessary. Preoperative arteriography is recommended  if the dorsalis pedis artery is not easily palpable, or if an anomalous distribution of the artery along the dorsum of the foot is sus pected. However, the transfer of the flap should be delayed for two weeks after preoperative arteriography is performed. The one-stage soft tissue reconstruction with a free dorsalis pedis flap has been associated with minimal morbidity and good acceptance by patients. A delay procedure for the flap seems to enhance the chances of complete survival which is so necessary in the repair of intraoral and pharyngeal defects. Careful attention to details and close monitoring of the flap will minimize morbidity. In case of an early failure of a flap, a secondary reconstruction by a different flap can be done in the first 48 to 72 hours. Early postoperative radiotherapy has been well tolerated over these free flaps.", "contents": "Use of the free dorsalis pedis flap in head and neck repairs. Many defects of the head and neck can be readily repaired with a free dorsalis pedis flap, and we report success with these flaps in 9 of 12 cases. A precise knowledge of the anatomy of the arterial supply of the flap is necessary. Preoperative arteriography is recommended  if the dorsalis pedis artery is not easily palpable, or if an anomalous distribution of the artery along the dorsum of the foot is sus pected. However, the transfer of the flap should be delayed for two weeks after preoperative arteriography is performed. The one-stage soft tissue reconstruction with a free dorsalis pedis flap has been associated with minimal morbidity and good acceptance by patients. A delay procedure for the flap seems to enhance the chances of complete survival which is so necessary in the repair of intraoral and pharyngeal defects. Careful attention to details and close monitoring of the flap will minimize morbidity. In case of an early failure of a flap, a secondary reconstruction by a different flap can be done in the first 48 to 72 hours. Early postoperative radiotherapy has been well tolerated over these free flaps.", "PMID": 368828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_244", "title": "[Errors of the placebo test].", "content": "The difficulties inherent in clinical experimentation in phlebology, stem from the fact that they concern highly subjective functional problems, and are thus difficult to measure. The answer to these difficulties seems to be found in the use of the double blind method. This method, however, contains numerous causes of errors in phlebology, since in order to be mathematically applied to computer use, it is too sketchy and does not take into account many additional factors, incidental parameters and unfavorable coincidences related either to chronobiology (weather, seasonal changes), to hormonal problems (periods of the cycle, pregnancies, contraception, menopause), to the environment (professional posture, ground heat, periods of vacation or work), or associated diseases (neuro-vegetative and rheumatic disorders, excessive weight, metabolic disorders), etc. It seems that in such cases, wide experimentation, with a very critical clinician, who attributes the improvement obtained to the drugs prescribed only when left with no other possibility and after having eliminated all the coincidental factors, gives results closer to reality than double blind experiments, behind whose pseudo-scientific appearance lies a sketchiness that is the cause of numerous errors.", "contents": "[Errors of the placebo test]. The difficulties inherent in clinical experimentation in phlebology, stem from the fact that they concern highly subjective functional problems, and are thus difficult to measure. The answer to these difficulties seems to be found in the use of the double blind method. This method, however, contains numerous causes of errors in phlebology, since in order to be mathematically applied to computer use, it is too sketchy and does not take into account many additional factors, incidental parameters and unfavorable coincidences related either to chronobiology (weather, seasonal changes), to hormonal problems (periods of the cycle, pregnancies, contraception, menopause), to the environment (professional posture, ground heat, periods of vacation or work), or associated diseases (neuro-vegetative and rheumatic disorders, excessive weight, metabolic disorders), etc. It seems that in such cases, wide experimentation, with a very critical clinician, who attributes the improvement obtained to the drugs prescribed only when left with no other possibility and after having eliminated all the coincidental factors, gives results closer to reality than double blind experiments, behind whose pseudo-scientific appearance lies a sketchiness that is the cause of numerous errors.", "PMID": 368823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_245", "title": "Use of paired abdominal flaps for release of adduction contractures of the thumb.", "content": "A method for correction of an adduction contracture of the thumb is presented. Paired flaps provide good cover to the palmar and dorsal sides of the web space. This method produces better cosmetic and functional results than the traditional methods.", "contents": "Use of paired abdominal flaps for release of adduction contractures of the thumb. A method for correction of an adduction contracture of the thumb is presented. Paired flaps provide good cover to the palmar and dorsal sides of the web space. This method produces better cosmetic and functional results than the traditional methods.", "PMID": 368829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_246", "title": "[Very extensive ulcers in a case of mixed cryoglobulinemia].", "content": "A young girl suffering from mixed cryoglobulinemia had shown since puberty ulcers of the lower limbs. A first very serious occurrence of necrotic lesions of the feet was stopped through the use of bilateral lumbar sympathectomy and grafts. A second extremely serious onset was cured using peridural lumbar anesthesia maintained for six weeks. D-penicillamine proved inefficient.", "contents": "[Very extensive ulcers in a case of mixed cryoglobulinemia]. A young girl suffering from mixed cryoglobulinemia had shown since puberty ulcers of the lower limbs. A first very serious occurrence of necrotic lesions of the feet was stopped through the use of bilateral lumbar sympathectomy and grafts. A second extremely serious onset was cured using peridural lumbar anesthesia maintained for six weeks. D-penicillamine proved inefficient.", "PMID": 368824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_247", "title": "Evaluation of tests for predicting the viability of axial pattern skin flaps in the pig.", "content": "The viability of axial pattern skin flaps in pigs was assessed by the use of intravenous fluorescein, intradermal injection of 133Xe in saline, intravenous 51Cr tagged red cells, and angiography. The results were correlated with flap survival at 4 days postoperatively. Intravenous fluorescein provided the most accurate method for prediction of viable tissue at the time of operation. There was no evidence of vascular perfusion in the distal portions of these flaps. These axial pattern flaps differed in their viability from similar flaps in humans, and anastomoses between discrete vascular territories were infrequent in pigskin.", "contents": "Evaluation of tests for predicting the viability of axial pattern skin flaps in the pig. The viability of axial pattern skin flaps in pigs was assessed by the use of intravenous fluorescein, intradermal injection of 133Xe in saline, intravenous 51Cr tagged red cells, and angiography. The results were correlated with flap survival at 4 days postoperatively. Intravenous fluorescein provided the most accurate method for prediction of viable tissue at the time of operation. There was no evidence of vascular perfusion in the distal portions of these flaps. These axial pattern flaps differed in their viability from similar flaps in humans, and anastomoses between discrete vascular territories were infrequent in pigskin.", "PMID": 368830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_248", "title": "Clinical salvage of three failing skin flaps by treatment with a vasodilator drug.", "content": "We present 3 clinical cases, one skin flap and two myocutaneous flaps, in which we believe postoperative treatment with isoxsuprine resulted in the salvage of considerable areas that would otherwise have necrosed.", "contents": "Clinical salvage of three failing skin flaps by treatment with a vasodilator drug. We present 3 clinical cases, one skin flap and two myocutaneous flaps, in which we believe postoperative treatment with isoxsuprine resulted in the salvage of considerable areas that would otherwise have necrosed.", "PMID": 368833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_249", "title": "Conservation of major leg arteries when used as recipient supply for a free flap.", "content": "The potential hazards of using proximal segments of leg arteries for end-to-end anastomosis to vessels in free flaps are examined, and alternatives are proposed. The convservation of the major tibial arteries seems highly desirable, to minimize any subsequent development of ischemic complications. Turning a free flap upside down moves the anastomosis to the distal part of the extremity, thus conserving most of the muscular branches of the recipient artery. Cutting the recipient artery distally and bending it back in recurrent fashion also allows for easy end-to-end anastomosis, with many technical advantages.", "contents": "Conservation of major leg arteries when used as recipient supply for a free flap. The potential hazards of using proximal segments of leg arteries for end-to-end anastomosis to vessels in free flaps are examined, and alternatives are proposed. The convservation of the major tibial arteries seems highly desirable, to minimize any subsequent development of ischemic complications. Turning a free flap upside down moves the anastomosis to the distal part of the extremity, thus conserving most of the muscular branches of the recipient artery. Cutting the recipient artery distally and bending it back in recurrent fashion also allows for easy end-to-end anastomosis, with many technical advantages.", "PMID": 368834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_250", "title": "Why do skin grafts fail?", "content": "Fibrin is shown to be the agent responsible for the adherence of biological dressings and of autografts to wounds. Its presence is associated with graft success, and its absence with graft failure. The results suggest that the deposition of fibrin provides the basis for the anti-bacterial actions of biological dressings and for the sterilization of the wound under adherent autografts. The total number of bacteria per gram of tissue in the wound, though important, is not critical to the result of skin grafting. The mechanism by which different organisms cause grafts to fail is by the production of plasmin and proteolytic enzymes which dissolve the important fibrin scaffold--thus ensuring their own survival. Thus, it is the levels of these (and the numbers of organisms efficient in producing them) which cause success or failure of applied skin grafts.", "contents": "Why do skin grafts fail? Fibrin is shown to be the agent responsible for the adherence of biological dressings and of autografts to wounds. Its presence is associated with graft success, and its absence with graft failure. The results suggest that the deposition of fibrin provides the basis for the anti-bacterial actions of biological dressings and for the sterilization of the wound under adherent autografts. The total number of bacteria per gram of tissue in the wound, though important, is not critical to the result of skin grafting. The mechanism by which different organisms cause grafts to fail is by the production of plasmin and proteolytic enzymes which dissolve the important fibrin scaffold--thus ensuring their own survival. Thus, it is the levels of these (and the numbers of organisms efficient in producing them) which cause success or failure of applied skin grafts.", "PMID": 368835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_251", "title": "Use of the temporalis muscule flap in blanking out orbits.", "content": "We report the use of the temporalis muscle as a transposition flap to obliterate the orbit in 5 patients. In 4 of the cases we split the muscle coronally and passed the anterior part through a window in the lateral orbital wall. In two of these patients, skin grafts were put on both sides of the temporalis muscle-fascia flap, to restore nasal lining and to cover the facial surface simultaneously. In the remaining patients, the muscle was split sagittally to provide a large surface for coverage. The temporalis muscle flap is a versatile one for filling orbits after exenteration.", "contents": "Use of the temporalis muscule flap in blanking out orbits. We report the use of the temporalis muscle as a transposition flap to obliterate the orbit in 5 patients. In 4 of the cases we split the muscle coronally and passed the anterior part through a window in the lateral orbital wall. In two of these patients, skin grafts were put on both sides of the temporalis muscle-fascia flap, to restore nasal lining and to cover the facial surface simultaneously. In the remaining patients, the muscle was split sagittally to provide a large surface for coverage. The temporalis muscle flap is a versatile one for filling orbits after exenteration.", "PMID": 368836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_252", "title": "A new island flap transfer from the dorsum of the index to the thumb.", "content": "We describe here a new island flap from the dorsum of the index finger, transferred on the first dorsal metacarpal artery with one or two veins and the terminal branches of the radial nerve. This vascular bundle is a reliable one, for we have had no necrosis in 12 consecutive cases. The quality of its venous outflow and the use of a dorsal donor site give it advantages over the Moberg-Littler island flap, unless a dorsal vein from the latter flap is preserved and sutured to a vein in the recipient site. The arterial vascularization without any skin pedicle makes this \"kite\" flap a more practical one than the \"flag\" flaps of Vilain or Holevitch or Kuhn. Finally, a one-stage transfer is usually preferable to a two-stage one (e.g. Adamson, Braillar). In a single operation, this transfer provides composite resurfacing of the thumb while bringing in new blood and nerve supply.", "contents": "A new island flap transfer from the dorsum of the index to the thumb. We describe here a new island flap from the dorsum of the index finger, transferred on the first dorsal metacarpal artery with one or two veins and the terminal branches of the radial nerve. This vascular bundle is a reliable one, for we have had no necrosis in 12 consecutive cases. The quality of its venous outflow and the use of a dorsal donor site give it advantages over the Moberg-Littler island flap, unless a dorsal vein from the latter flap is preserved and sutured to a vein in the recipient site. The arterial vascularization without any skin pedicle makes this \"kite\" flap a more practical one than the \"flag\" flaps of Vilain or Holevitch or Kuhn. Finally, a one-stage transfer is usually preferable to a two-stage one (e.g. Adamson, Braillar). In a single operation, this transfer provides composite resurfacing of the thumb while bringing in new blood and nerve supply.", "PMID": 368837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_253", "title": "The value of angiography prior to use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "content": "In 5 patients studied, preoperative angiography showed the thoracodorsal artery to be patent in two--both of them then had successful transfers of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps. Obliteration of this artery was apparent in 3 patients, precluding the operation. We suggest that selective preoperative angiography be performed in all patients in whom a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transfer is being considered, as a patent thoracodorsal artery is essential to the success of this procedure.", "contents": "The value of angiography prior to use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. In 5 patients studied, preoperative angiography showed the thoracodorsal artery to be patent in two--both of them then had successful transfers of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps. Obliteration of this artery was apparent in 3 patients, precluding the operation. We suggest that selective preoperative angiography be performed in all patients in whom a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transfer is being considered, as a patent thoracodorsal artery is essential to the success of this procedure.", "PMID": 368838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_254", "title": "Management of first trimester breast enlargement with necrosis.", "content": "We describe our management of two patients who had massive breast enlargement with necrosis in the first trimester. First, a therapeutic abortion was done to stop the breast growth, then we skin grafted the large ulcerated areas on the breasts, and finally we did a simple mastectomy with silicone gel implants for reconstruction. The latter procedure was to prevent almost certain recurrence of the problem during any succeeding pregnancy.", "contents": "Management of first trimester breast enlargement with necrosis. We describe our management of two patients who had massive breast enlargement with necrosis in the first trimester. First, a therapeutic abortion was done to stop the breast growth, then we skin grafted the large ulcerated areas on the breasts, and finally we did a simple mastectomy with silicone gel implants for reconstruction. The latter procedure was to prevent almost certain recurrence of the problem during any succeeding pregnancy.", "PMID": 368839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_255", "title": "Total rhinoplasty with a free osteocutaneous flap.", "content": "A new approach to total rhinoplasty, using a free dorsalis pedis flap containing part of the second metatarsal bone, is reported.", "contents": "Total rhinoplasty with a free osteocutaneous flap. A new approach to total rhinoplasty, using a free dorsalis pedis flap containing part of the second metatarsal bone, is reported.", "PMID": 368840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_256", "title": "Measuring tissue pressure to assess the severity of burn-induced ischemia.", "content": "Circumferential burn injuries can produce severe ischemia in the underlying muscles by producing compartmental compression. The latter requires prompt decompression, but it is often difficult to diagnose. A simple, rapid, and accurate technique for the direct measurement of compartmental pressure is described. It may be used to determine the need for decompressive escharotomy or fasciotomy, and to intraoperatively assess its adequacy.", "contents": "Measuring tissue pressure to assess the severity of burn-induced ischemia. Circumferential burn injuries can produce severe ischemia in the underlying muscles by producing compartmental compression. The latter requires prompt decompression, but it is often difficult to diagnose. A simple, rapid, and accurate technique for the direct measurement of compartmental pressure is described. It may be used to determine the need for decompressive escharotomy or fasciotomy, and to intraoperatively assess its adequacy.", "PMID": 368842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_257", "title": "One-stage repair of a cervical esophagostome with two myocutaneous flaps from the neck and shoulder.", "content": "A large esophagostome in a heavily radiated neck was reconstructed in one stage, using a sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap for lining and a trapezius myocutaneous flap for covering. The patient began eating on the seventh day and was discharged on the tenth day following the repair. Barium swallow studies demonstrated a widely patent esophagus, and the patient now has good esophageal speech.", "contents": "One-stage repair of a cervical esophagostome with two myocutaneous flaps from the neck and shoulder. A large esophagostome in a heavily radiated neck was reconstructed in one stage, using a sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap for lining and a trapezius myocutaneous flap for covering. The patient began eating on the seventh day and was discharged on the tenth day following the repair. Barium swallow studies demonstrated a widely patent esophagus, and the patient now has good esophageal speech.", "PMID": 368843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_258", "title": "Reconstruction of the oral mucocutaneous junction.", "content": "An inset free skin graft from the postauricular area was used to create a natural appearing \"white roll\" mucocutaneous junction in a lip repair.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the oral mucocutaneous junction. An inset free skin graft from the postauricular area was used to create a natural appearing \"white roll\" mucocutaneous junction in a lip repair.", "PMID": 368844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_259", "title": "[\"Slow virus\" infections and  degenerative diseases of the central nervous system].", "content": "Slow virus infections of the central nervous system are produced by both conventional and unconventional viruses. Diseases of the central nervous system which are produced by unconventional viruses are discussed. They are kuru and the Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Mention is also made of the fact that these disease may be transmitted to animals which allows an infectious genesis to be assumed. The author also discusses the clinical symptomatology, the results of anatomical and pathological examinations, and the mechanism of transmission of the disease from one human being to another. Slow virus infection as a cause of other neurological diseases is also dealt with by the author in her present paper.", "contents": "[\"Slow virus\" infections and  degenerative diseases of the central nervous system]. Slow virus infections of the central nervous system are produced by both conventional and unconventional viruses. Diseases of the central nervous system which are produced by unconventional viruses are discussed. They are kuru and the Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Mention is also made of the fact that these disease may be transmitted to animals which allows an infectious genesis to be assumed. The author also discusses the clinical symptomatology, the results of anatomical and pathological examinations, and the mechanism of transmission of the disease from one human being to another. Slow virus infection as a cause of other neurological diseases is also dealt with by the author in her present paper.", "PMID": 368845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_260", "title": "[Personality diagnosis of school-age children].", "content": "This paper discusses some selected methodical and metric problems of psychological personality diagnosis in both childhood and the period of youth. In additon to discussing a number of important questions concerning psychometric methods, the author deals with problems associated with personality diagnosis, sociometric methods, and fictitious situational tests, analyzing them by reference to data reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Personality diagnosis of school-age children]. This paper discusses some selected methodical and metric problems of psychological personality diagnosis in both childhood and the period of youth. In additon to discussing a number of important questions concerning psychometric methods, the author deals with problems associated with personality diagnosis, sociometric methods, and fictitious situational tests, analyzing them by reference to data reported in the literature.", "PMID": 368846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_261", "title": "'Positive and 'negative' aspects of the 'altered states of consciousness' induced by autogenic training, Zen and yoga.", "content": "As practices of altered states of consciousness (ASC) have become more widely used among psychotherapists who have become aware of the limitations of psychoanalytic, educational and behavioral approaches, negative aspects ('Makyo') of ASC have drawn their special attention. For the purpose of controlling or preventing these side-effects, (1) the problem of indication is most important, (2) and evaluation of the patient's personality is indispensable, (3) preparatory education about ASC methods and (4) guidance by experienced leaders are most helpful, (5) appropriate use of tranquilizers and (6) the mere presence of a supportive therapist at the place of practice can also be helpful.", "contents": "'Positive and 'negative' aspects of the 'altered states of consciousness' induced by autogenic training, Zen and yoga. As practices of altered states of consciousness (ASC) have become more widely used among psychotherapists who have become aware of the limitations of psychoanalytic, educational and behavioral approaches, negative aspects ('Makyo') of ASC have drawn their special attention. For the purpose of controlling or preventing these side-effects, (1) the problem of indication is most important, (2) and evaluation of the patient's personality is indispensable, (3) preparatory education about ASC methods and (4) guidance by experienced leaders are most helpful, (5) appropriate use of tranquilizers and (6) the mere presence of a supportive therapist at the place of practice can also be helpful.", "PMID": 368849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_262", "title": "Role of the therapist in biofeedback training.", "content": "The therapist in biofeedback training plays the role of a teacher or coach. This role, derived from learning theory and practiced in the classroom and playing field, imposes special constraints upon the psychotherapeutic situation. The therapist must be capable of physiological manipulation in self before attempting to teach this skill to another. The issue of transfer of training and maintenance of therapeutic gain are also discussed.", "contents": "Role of the therapist in biofeedback training. The therapist in biofeedback training plays the role of a teacher or coach. This role, derived from learning theory and practiced in the classroom and playing field, imposes special constraints upon the psychotherapeutic situation. The therapist must be capable of physiological manipulation in self before attempting to teach this skill to another. The issue of transfer of training and maintenance of therapeutic gain are also discussed.", "PMID": 368850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_263", "title": "Self-control, biofeedback, and change in 'psychosomatic' approach.", "content": "The new psychosomatic treatment modalities of biofeedback and relaxation techniques have in common an emphasis on self-control or self-regulation. The surging populatiry of the self-control techniques at present may reflect a change in the self-image of medicine, which emphasizes its role as a collaborator of the patient in his self-control of disease processes. Modern concept of psychosomatic medicine emphasizes a systems or field approach to evaluation and treatment rather than on 'psychogenic' causes of physical illness. The self-control treatment modalities form an important part of the armamentaria of a modern 'psychosomaticist'. We present preliminary data suggesting that 'potentiation' of biofeedback treatment may be useful. In borderline hypertensives, using pharmacologic means to reduce blood pressure during a biofeedback session may help subjects identify and re-create the 'low blood pressure states' without further aid by drugs. Hypertensives seeking biofeedback treatment are extremely internal in locus of control and tend to generalize their self-control to other areas of life to foster health and to prevent illness.", "contents": "Self-control, biofeedback, and change in 'psychosomatic' approach. The new psychosomatic treatment modalities of biofeedback and relaxation techniques have in common an emphasis on self-control or self-regulation. The surging populatiry of the self-control techniques at present may reflect a change in the self-image of medicine, which emphasizes its role as a collaborator of the patient in his self-control of disease processes. Modern concept of psychosomatic medicine emphasizes a systems or field approach to evaluation and treatment rather than on 'psychogenic' causes of physical illness. The self-control treatment modalities form an important part of the armamentaria of a modern 'psychosomaticist'. We present preliminary data suggesting that 'potentiation' of biofeedback treatment may be useful. In borderline hypertensives, using pharmacologic means to reduce blood pressure during a biofeedback session may help subjects identify and re-create the 'low blood pressure states' without further aid by drugs. Hypertensives seeking biofeedback treatment are extremely internal in locus of control and tend to generalize their self-control to other areas of life to foster health and to prevent illness.", "PMID": 368851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_264", "title": "Treatment of anxiety: a comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique. An overview.", "content": "We have investigated prospectively the efficacy of two nonpharmacologic relaxation techniques in the therapy of anxiety. A simple, meditational relaxation technique (MT) that elicits the changes of decreased sympathetic nervous system activity was compared to a self-hypnosis technique (HT) in which relaxation, with or without altered perceptions, was suggested. 32 patients with anxiety neurosis were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their responsivity to hypnosis: moderate-high and low responsivity. The MT or HT was then randomly assigned separately to each member of the two responsivity groups. Thus, 4 treatment groups were studied: moderate-high responsivity MT; low responsivity MT; moderate-high responsivity HT; and low responsivity HT. The low responsivity HT group, by definition largely incapable of achieving the altered perceptions essential to hypnosis, was designed as the control group. Patients were instructed to practice the assigned technique daily for 8 weeks. Change in anxiety was determined by three types of evaluation: psychiatric assessment; physiologic testing; and self-assessment. There was essentially no difference between the two techniques in therapeutic efficacy according to these evaluations. Psychiatric assessment revealed overall improvement in 34% of the patients and the self-rating assessment indicated improvement in 63% of the population. Patients who had moderate-high hypnotic responsivity, independent of the technique used, significantly improved on psychiatric assessment (p = 0.05) and decreased average systolic blood pressure from 126.1 to 122.5 mm Hg over the 8-week period (p = 0.048). The responsivity scores at the higher end of the hypnotic responsivity spectrum were proportionately correlated to greater decreases in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.075) and to improvement by psychiatric assessment (p = 0.003). There was, however, no consistent relation between hypnotic responsivity and the other assessments made, such as diastolic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the self-rating questionnaires. The meditational and self-hypnosis techniques employed in this investigation are simple to use and effective in the therapy of anxiety.", "contents": "Treatment of anxiety: a comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique. An overview. We have investigated prospectively the efficacy of two nonpharmacologic relaxation techniques in the therapy of anxiety. A simple, meditational relaxation technique (MT) that elicits the changes of decreased sympathetic nervous system activity was compared to a self-hypnosis technique (HT) in which relaxation, with or without altered perceptions, was suggested. 32 patients with anxiety neurosis were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their responsivity to hypnosis: moderate-high and low responsivity. The MT or HT was then randomly assigned separately to each member of the two responsivity groups. Thus, 4 treatment groups were studied: moderate-high responsivity MT; low responsivity MT; moderate-high responsivity HT; and low responsivity HT. The low responsivity HT group, by definition largely incapable of achieving the altered perceptions essential to hypnosis, was designed as the control group. Patients were instructed to practice the assigned technique daily for 8 weeks. Change in anxiety was determined by three types of evaluation: psychiatric assessment; physiologic testing; and self-assessment. There was essentially no difference between the two techniques in therapeutic efficacy according to these evaluations. Psychiatric assessment revealed overall improvement in 34% of the patients and the self-rating assessment indicated improvement in 63% of the population. Patients who had moderate-high hypnotic responsivity, independent of the technique used, significantly improved on psychiatric assessment (p = 0.05) and decreased average systolic blood pressure from 126.1 to 122.5 mm Hg over the 8-week period (p = 0.048). The responsivity scores at the higher end of the hypnotic responsivity spectrum were proportionately correlated to greater decreases in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.075) and to improvement by psychiatric assessment (p = 0.003). There was, however, no consistent relation between hypnotic responsivity and the other assessments made, such as diastolic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the self-rating questionnaires. The meditational and self-hypnosis techniques employed in this investigation are simple to use and effective in the therapy of anxiety.", "PMID": 368852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_265", "title": "[Morphologic consideration of heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The left ventricle in left heart failure can be elliptical, spherical or funnel shaped. There is no firm correlation between the different shapes and the hemodynamics. Left ventricular failure results in dilatation, deformation and loss of funnel function of the left atrium. In more advanced stages of left ventricular failure the pulmonary veins become coiled, dilated and narrow stepwise instead of the normal harmonic narrowing to the periphery. The pulmonary parenchyma exhibits fibrosis and septal siderosis at that stage. Heart failure cells can be observed frequently. In later stages, when pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle is involved, secondary global heart failure develops. Right ventricular failure may lead to necrosis of liver cells with jaundice and elevated levels of liver specific enzyms. Primary global failure has no hemodynamic consequences on the pulmonary circulation, as long as left and right ventricular failure are of equal severity. If one form prevails, the clinical picture will be that of left or right ventricular failure respectively.", "contents": "[Morphologic consideration of heart failure (author's transl)]. The left ventricle in left heart failure can be elliptical, spherical or funnel shaped. There is no firm correlation between the different shapes and the hemodynamics. Left ventricular failure results in dilatation, deformation and loss of funnel function of the left atrium. In more advanced stages of left ventricular failure the pulmonary veins become coiled, dilated and narrow stepwise instead of the normal harmonic narrowing to the periphery. The pulmonary parenchyma exhibits fibrosis and septal siderosis at that stage. Heart failure cells can be observed frequently. In later stages, when pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle is involved, secondary global heart failure develops. Right ventricular failure may lead to necrosis of liver cells with jaundice and elevated levels of liver specific enzyms. Primary global failure has no hemodynamic consequences on the pulmonary circulation, as long as left and right ventricular failure are of equal severity. If one form prevails, the clinical picture will be that of left or right ventricular failure respectively.", "PMID": 368877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_266", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The causes of heart failure may be classified into three groups, hemodynamic causes, disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction and diseases of the myocardium. Accordingly the different causes of heart failure are discussed and the technics for diagnosis reviewed. Particular diagnostic problems are mentioned, which may arise in connection with cardiac echinococcosis, atrial myxoma, sarcoid heart disease and myocardial aneurysm.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of heart failure (author's transl)]. The causes of heart failure may be classified into three groups, hemodynamic causes, disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction and diseases of the myocardium. Accordingly the different causes of heart failure are discussed and the technics for diagnosis reviewed. Particular diagnostic problems are mentioned, which may arise in connection with cardiac echinococcosis, atrial myxoma, sarcoid heart disease and myocardial aneurysm.", "PMID": 368878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_267", "title": "Treatment of Raynaud's disease: evaluation of a behavioral approach.", "content": "Eight patients with Raynaud's disease were treated with a behavioral program which included skin temperature biofeedback, relaxation training and protocol individualization based on the investigators' psychological understanding of each patient. Three patients improved clinically, although only one learned self-control of skin temperature. Anxiety reduction, brought about by relaxation or changes in the program to suit individual needs, appeared to be an important aspect of the treatment program.", "contents": "Treatment of Raynaud's disease: evaluation of a behavioral approach. Eight patients with Raynaud's disease were treated with a behavioral program which included skin temperature biofeedback, relaxation training and protocol individualization based on the investigators' psychological understanding of each patient. Three patients improved clinically, although only one learned self-control of skin temperature. Anxiety reduction, brought about by relaxation or changes in the program to suit individual needs, appeared to be an important aspect of the treatment program.", "PMID": 368891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_268", "title": "[Parasitism and allergy].", "content": "Relationship betwen parasitism and allergic diseases are briefly commented. The parasites which most frequently are involved in allergic conditions in our environment are pointed out. Some cases are reported and conclusions from the material reviewed are made.", "contents": "[Parasitism and allergy]. Relationship betwen parasitism and allergic diseases are briefly commented. The parasites which most frequently are involved in allergic conditions in our environment are pointed out. Some cases are reported and conclusions from the material reviewed are made.", "PMID": 368911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_269", "title": "[Chorioretinitis caused by toxoplasmosis: study of 65 cases].", "content": "Sixty five patients with an ophthalmoscopic diagnosis of chorioretinitis who, underwent complement fixation tests and intradermoreaction using Toxoplasma antigens were studied. 95,4% of them disclosed antibody titers with the former and 58,5% reactors were found with the latter. Sixty five individuals with neither backgrounds nor clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis were used as control, and 27,7% of reactors in both tests were likewise found. The differences among results are highly statistically significant; this points out toxoplasmosis as an important cause of chorioretinitis in our patients. Complement fixation tests were more sensitive than intradermoreactions as well as specific as the latter. Results were correlated to age, sex and animal contacts.", "contents": "[Chorioretinitis caused by toxoplasmosis: study of 65 cases]. Sixty five patients with an ophthalmoscopic diagnosis of chorioretinitis who, underwent complement fixation tests and intradermoreaction using Toxoplasma antigens were studied. 95,4% of them disclosed antibody titers with the former and 58,5% reactors were found with the latter. Sixty five individuals with neither backgrounds nor clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis were used as control, and 27,7% of reactors in both tests were likewise found. The differences among results are highly statistically significant; this points out toxoplasmosis as an important cause of chorioretinitis in our patients. Complement fixation tests were more sensitive than intradermoreactions as well as specific as the latter. Results were correlated to age, sex and animal contacts.", "PMID": 368913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_270", "title": "[Determination of cholinesterase activity in Fasciola hepatica homogenates].", "content": "The cholinesterase activity in Fasciola hepatica homogenates was studied through biological techniques. Results depict that the contractile stimulating action of a constant acetylcholine dose on the isolated rat duodenum is withdrawn when the agent is previously incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 minutes with different dilutions (20%, 40% and 80%) of Fasciola hepatica homogenates. The action is recovered when an anticholinesterase, as neostigmine is previously added to the homogenate. Since these effects are similar to those obtained when different dilutions of human blood serum with a high content of cholinesterase are led to act upon the acetylcholine dose, it is concluded that the acetylcholine inactivation induced by Fasciola hepatica homogenates results from the existence of such enzyme within this parasite.", "contents": "[Determination of cholinesterase activity in Fasciola hepatica homogenates]. The cholinesterase activity in Fasciola hepatica homogenates was studied through biological techniques. Results depict that the contractile stimulating action of a constant acetylcholine dose on the isolated rat duodenum is withdrawn when the agent is previously incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 minutes with different dilutions (20%, 40% and 80%) of Fasciola hepatica homogenates. The action is recovered when an anticholinesterase, as neostigmine is previously added to the homogenate. Since these effects are similar to those obtained when different dilutions of human blood serum with a high content of cholinesterase are led to act upon the acetylcholine dose, it is concluded that the acetylcholine inactivation induced by Fasciola hepatica homogenates results from the existence of such enzyme within this parasite.", "PMID": 368914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_271", "title": "[Vaginal candidiasis].", "content": "Three hundred and eighty eight patients from the out-patient service of the \"10 de Octubre\" Maternal-Infantile Hospital were studied and 126 (32,46%) out of them were infected with Candida genus organisms. Ninety nine (78,57%) patients had C. albicans; 16 (12,69%) patients had C. tropicalis; 9 (7,14%) patients had C. parakrusei; 1 (0,79%) patient had C. krusei; and 1 (0,79%) patient had C. guilliermondi. Leukorrhea predominated in 42% of patients; vaginal pruritus predominated in 22%; and low abdominal pain predominated in 16%. 80% of patients over 50 years had diabetes mellitus. The concurrent flora was as follows: flora 1 in 14,49% of patients; flora II in 2,91%; and flora III in 82,60%. 7,14% of the 126 infected women also had Trichomonas vaginalis.", "contents": "[Vaginal candidiasis]. Three hundred and eighty eight patients from the out-patient service of the \"10 de Octubre\" Maternal-Infantile Hospital were studied and 126 (32,46%) out of them were infected with Candida genus organisms. Ninety nine (78,57%) patients had C. albicans; 16 (12,69%) patients had C. tropicalis; 9 (7,14%) patients had C. parakrusei; 1 (0,79%) patient had C. krusei; and 1 (0,79%) patient had C. guilliermondi. Leukorrhea predominated in 42% of patients; vaginal pruritus predominated in 22%; and low abdominal pain predominated in 16%. 80% of patients over 50 years had diabetes mellitus. The concurrent flora was as follows: flora 1 in 14,49% of patients; flora II in 2,91%; and flora III in 82,60%. 7,14% of the 126 infected women also had Trichomonas vaginalis.", "PMID": 368915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_272", "title": "[Cell mediated immunity in a group of lepers (leukocytes migration inhibition test)].", "content": "Ten lepers with the lepromin-negative lepromatous form and ten lepers with the lepromin-positive tuberculoid form who underwent the leukocyte migration inhibition test were studied. A market impairment of cell-mediated immunity in the lepromatous group as well as significative differences of the  average inhibition rates between both groups of patients were found. Results from this in vitro test were correlated to those from the lepromin skin test and a correspondence in 18 out of the 20 patients studied was obtained.", "contents": "[Cell mediated immunity in a group of lepers (leukocytes migration inhibition test)]. Ten lepers with the lepromin-negative lepromatous form and ten lepers with the lepromin-positive tuberculoid form who underwent the leukocyte migration inhibition test were studied. A market impairment of cell-mediated immunity in the lepromatous group as well as significative differences of the  average inhibition rates between both groups of patients were found. Results from this in vitro test were correlated to those from the lepromin skin test and a correspondence in 18 out of the 20 patients studied was obtained.", "PMID": 368912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_273", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic study of serum from patients with untreated recently adquired syphilis].", "content": "An immunoelectrophoretic study of serum from patients with non-treated recently acquired syphilis (RAS) is made for the first time in our country. Increases in IgM and IgG fractions were detected; the increase of the former exceeded to the latter in patients with cutaneous symptomatic recently acquired syphilis (CSRAS) in comparison with those having mucous cutaneous symptomatic recently acquired syphilis (MCSRAS). IgG were increased in 100% of patients with this latter disease, although both fractions were increased in patients with latent recently acquired syphilis (LRAS).", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic study of serum from patients with untreated recently adquired syphilis]. An immunoelectrophoretic study of serum from patients with non-treated recently acquired syphilis (RAS) is made for the first time in our country. Increases in IgM and IgG fractions were detected; the increase of the former exceeded to the latter in patients with cutaneous symptomatic recently acquired syphilis (CSRAS) in comparison with those having mucous cutaneous symptomatic recently acquired syphilis (MCSRAS). IgG were increased in 100% of patients with this latter disease, although both fractions were increased in patients with latent recently acquired syphilis (LRAS).", "PMID": 368917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_274", "title": "[Modified Lassen's method for the identification of gram negative bacilli].", "content": "A variation of the components of media used by Lassen for the identification of clinically significant gram-negative bacilli is performed in pursuit of an economically accessible method that can be introduced in daily laboratory work.", "contents": "[Modified Lassen's method for the identification of gram negative bacilli]. A variation of the components of media used by Lassen for the identification of clinically significant gram-negative bacilli is performed in pursuit of an economically accessible method that can be introduced in daily laboratory work.", "PMID": 368918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_275", "title": "[Verification of Lassen's modified method for the identification of gram negative bacilli].", "content": "Eighty strains of gram-negative bacilli, according to Lassen's modified method, and the conventional methods for their identification are studied. Lassen's original dichotomic keys, with which satisfactory results were obtained in relation to conventional methods, are presented. Reliability and greater accurateness of such a modification were shown.", "contents": "[Verification of Lassen's modified method for the identification of gram negative bacilli]. Eighty strains of gram-negative bacilli, according to Lassen's modified method, and the conventional methods for their identification are studied. Lassen's original dichotomic keys, with which satisfactory results were obtained in relation to conventional methods, are presented. Reliability and greater accurateness of such a modification were shown.", "PMID": 368919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_276", "title": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Report of a suspicious case and review of the medical literature].", "content": "The case of a 24-year old patient who, in July 1976, submerged into a canal of Guanimar river and, five days later, had a febrile meningoencephalitic clinical picture, is presented; he was in a very severe condition and recovered without sequelae with a treatment based on amphotericin B. The negative cultures for bacteria, fungi and viruses, the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid and the observation of free-life amebae in the water of the wash of rhinopharynx and pharingeal cavity allowed to establish, with great accuracy, the presuntive diagnosis of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.", "contents": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Report of a suspicious case and review of the medical literature]. The case of a 24-year old patient who, in July 1976, submerged into a canal of Guanimar river and, five days later, had a febrile meningoencephalitic clinical picture, is presented; he was in a very severe condition and recovered without sequelae with a treatment based on amphotericin B. The negative cultures for bacteria, fungi and viruses, the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid and the observation of free-life amebae in the water of the wash of rhinopharynx and pharingeal cavity allowed to establish, with great accuracy, the presuntive diagnosis of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.", "PMID": 368920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_277", "title": "[Chromoblastomycosis in Cuba, retrospective clinical and epidemiologic studies of 72 patients].", "content": "A brief review of the prevalence of chromoblastomycosis in Latin America and specially, in our country is made. Seventy two patients who were clinically and epidemiologically diagnosed in the Havana province between 1963-1973 are studied, and epidemic variables of interest are analyzed. Hormodendrum pedrosoi was the prevalent pathogen. The creation of a national register for a better knowledge of the prevalence of this disease in our country is proposed. The training of mycologic dermatologist and their location in places in lack of this kind of specialist are suggested. The early diagnosis and treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "[Chromoblastomycosis in Cuba, retrospective clinical and epidemiologic studies of 72 patients]. A brief review of the prevalence of chromoblastomycosis in Latin America and specially, in our country is made. Seventy two patients who were clinically and epidemiologically diagnosed in the Havana province between 1963-1973 are studied, and epidemic variables of interest are analyzed. Hormodendrum pedrosoi was the prevalent pathogen. The creation of a national register for a better knowledge of the prevalence of this disease in our country is proposed. The training of mycologic dermatologist and their location in places in lack of this kind of specialist are suggested. The early diagnosis and treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 368916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_278", "title": "Muscle activity during chest wall restriction and positive pressure breathing in man.", "content": "The effects of sustained constriction of the rib cage (RCC), constriction of the abdomen (AC) and of breathing against a positive pressure of 10 cms of water (PPB) were studied in four normal subjects with moderate constant hypercapnia. Intercostal electrical activity (Eic) was measured by implanted wire electrodes and diaphragmatic electrical activity (Edia) by oesophageal electrodes. There was no fixed relation between Edia and VT. VT was unaltered during AC and RCC: Edia was unaltered during AC but increased during RCC. The response to PPB without constriction varied: three subjects increased end-expiratory VL with increase in Edia and inspiratory Eic. One subject initially, and one subject after training, maintained end-expiratory VL constant with no change in Edia and an increase in expiratory Eic. When PPB was applied during AC and RCC there was an increase in Edia proportional to end-expiratory lung volume. The overall response to distortion was determined by voluntary choice, but muscle electrical activity reflected chest wall configuration: when the diaphragm was shorter and at a mechanical disadvantage its electrical activity increased. This was compatible with a reflex with afferent information from diaphragm tendon organ and muscle spindle receptors.", "contents": "Muscle activity during chest wall restriction and positive pressure breathing in man. The effects of sustained constriction of the rib cage (RCC), constriction of the abdomen (AC) and of breathing against a positive pressure of 10 cms of water (PPB) were studied in four normal subjects with moderate constant hypercapnia. Intercostal electrical activity (Eic) was measured by implanted wire electrodes and diaphragmatic electrical activity (Edia) by oesophageal electrodes. There was no fixed relation between Edia and VT. VT was unaltered during AC and RCC: Edia was unaltered during AC but increased during RCC. The response to PPB without constriction varied: three subjects increased end-expiratory VL with increase in Edia and inspiratory Eic. One subject initially, and one subject after training, maintained end-expiratory VL constant with no change in Edia and an increase in expiratory Eic. When PPB was applied during AC and RCC there was an increase in Edia proportional to end-expiratory lung volume. The overall response to distortion was determined by voluntary choice, but muscle electrical activity reflected chest wall configuration: when the diaphragm was shorter and at a mechanical disadvantage its electrical activity increased. This was compatible with a reflex with afferent information from diaphragm tendon organ and muscle spindle receptors.", "PMID": 368929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_279", "title": "[Antimicrobial properties of extracts from Rhizophora mangle L].", "content": "Aqueous and alcoholic extracts are obtained from the roots, leaves and stems of ruddy mangrove-tree (Rhizophora mangle L.), a very common plant in Cuban coasts and to which different curative properties are attributed in our popular medicine. The inhibitory activity of these extracts on the growth of different human pathogenic organisms, among which are bacteria, fungii and yeasts, is reported. For this determination, a method of diffusion in an agar medium with holes in which 50 ml of each extract in question were poured was used; the size in millimeters of the inhibitory halo found in each species and the concentration of the dilution in broth for Mycobacterium strains are reported.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial properties of extracts from Rhizophora mangle L]. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts are obtained from the roots, leaves and stems of ruddy mangrove-tree (Rhizophora mangle L.), a very common plant in Cuban coasts and to which different curative properties are attributed in our popular medicine. The inhibitory activity of these extracts on the growth of different human pathogenic organisms, among which are bacteria, fungii and yeasts, is reported. For this determination, a method of diffusion in an agar medium with holes in which 50 ml of each extract in question were poured was used; the size in millimeters of the inhibitory halo found in each species and the concentration of the dilution in broth for Mycobacterium strains are reported.", "PMID": 368923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_280", "title": "Immersion vs pressure-breathing and diaphragmatic function in the upright position.", "content": "In seven anesthetized dogs, immersion in the upright position to mid-neck level (IM) was compared to pressure breathing (PB) under dry conditions during constant-stimulus diaphragmatic contraction (EPS). The comparison was in terms of EPS-induced changes in alveolar pressure under static condition (Pmus); EPS-induced tidal volume (VT); and the VT/Pmus ratio (C'). It was found that at iso-lung volume (V): (a) Pmus was greater in IM than in PB, the difference increased at higher V; (b) VT was greater in IM than in PB, but the VT difference (deltaVT) did not parallel that in Pmus; VT was maximum at a V equal to approximately 90% of FRC in air (FRCd) and decreased below and above this volume; (c) during both IM and PB, the VT-V relationship reflected a biphasic relationship of C' to V and appeared to be inherent to the upright position.", "contents": "Immersion vs pressure-breathing and diaphragmatic function in the upright position. In seven anesthetized dogs, immersion in the upright position to mid-neck level (IM) was compared to pressure breathing (PB) under dry conditions during constant-stimulus diaphragmatic contraction (EPS). The comparison was in terms of EPS-induced changes in alveolar pressure under static condition (Pmus); EPS-induced tidal volume (VT); and the VT/Pmus ratio (C'). It was found that at iso-lung volume (V): (a) Pmus was greater in IM than in PB, the difference increased at higher V; (b) VT was greater in IM than in PB, but the VT difference (deltaVT) did not parallel that in Pmus; VT was maximum at a V equal to approximately 90% of FRC in air (FRCd) and decreased below and above this volume; (c) during both IM and PB, the VT-V relationship reflected a biphasic relationship of C' to V and appeared to be inherent to the upright position.", "PMID": 368930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_281", "title": "[1st report of an intermediary host of Moniezia sp in Cuba].", "content": "The determination of an oribatid belonging to the Scheloribates genus as an intermediary host of the Moniezia sp. helminth is reported for the first time in Cuba. Photographs and measurements taken during the infecting larval state of Moniezia (cisticercoid) found are included, such as it is observed because of transparency in the interior of acarus and drew out from the Latter for its better identification.", "contents": "[1st report of an intermediary host of Moniezia sp in Cuba]. The determination of an oribatid belonging to the Scheloribates genus as an intermediary host of the Moniezia sp. helminth is reported for the first time in Cuba. Photographs and measurements taken during the infecting larval state of Moniezia (cisticercoid) found are included, such as it is observed because of transparency in the interior of acarus and drew out from the Latter for its better identification.", "PMID": 368924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_282", "title": "[Preparation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of partial fractions of Vallesia antillana Wood].", "content": "A study on the antibacterial properties of alkaloidal fractions of Vallesia antillana Wood, a Cuban plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is performed for the first time. Four partial fractions from bark of stems were prepared according to a classical extraction of total alkaloids and a partial fractionation of these, with the use of tartaric acid and ethyl ether and by a pH gradient with values of 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and alkaline one. Data from thin layer chromatography on the alkaloidal content of different fractions are added and an assessment of antibacterial activity was made; for this, a method of sections in agar medium with bacterial species of human clinical interest was used; inhibitory halos found within 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C are reported in millimeters.", "contents": "[Preparation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of partial fractions of Vallesia antillana Wood]. A study on the antibacterial properties of alkaloidal fractions of Vallesia antillana Wood, a Cuban plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is performed for the first time. Four partial fractions from bark of stems were prepared according to a classical extraction of total alkaloids and a partial fractionation of these, with the use of tartaric acid and ethyl ether and by a pH gradient with values of 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and alkaline one. Data from thin layer chromatography on the alkaloidal content of different fractions are added and an assessment of antibacterial activity was made; for this, a method of sections in agar medium with bacterial species of human clinical interest was used; inhibitory halos found within 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C are reported in millimeters.", "PMID": 368921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_283", "title": "[Parasitic duodenitis].", "content": "A study on 100 patients bearing high-localization intestinal parasitism associated to clinical manifestations compatible with an ulcerous syndrome is performed. The frequency of the parasites found is outlined, and Giardia lamblia comes first in the order of appearance. The different tests used to reach the diagnosis of this entity are assessed and emphasis in laid on the value of biliary drainage, both in the detection of parasites and the biliary sepsis that frequently accompanies them. In testing different therapeutic schemes, the value of metronidazole associated to tetracycline for intestinal giardiasis and of Alcopar for Necator americanus in stressed.", "contents": "[Parasitic duodenitis]. A study on 100 patients bearing high-localization intestinal parasitism associated to clinical manifestations compatible with an ulcerous syndrome is performed. The frequency of the parasites found is outlined, and Giardia lamblia comes first in the order of appearance. The different tests used to reach the diagnosis of this entity are assessed and emphasis in laid on the value of biliary drainage, both in the detection of parasites and the biliary sepsis that frequently accompanies them. In testing different therapeutic schemes, the value of metronidazole associated to tetracycline for intestinal giardiasis and of Alcopar for Necator americanus in stressed.", "PMID": 368922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_284", "title": "[Local grafting as a simple method of treatment of pseudoarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a new technique for the treatment of a pseudoarthrosis by local graft. The graft, taken from the basilar bone, is moved to the site of lost bone substance whilst retaining its internal muscular attachments. The result is very satisfactory and avoids the use of an iliac graft.", "contents": "[Local grafting as a simple method of treatment of pseudoarthrosis (author's transl)]. The authors present a new technique for the treatment of a pseudoarthrosis by local graft. The graft, taken from the basilar bone, is moved to the site of lost bone substance whilst retaining its internal muscular attachments. The result is very satisfactory and avoids the use of an iliac graft.", "PMID": 368955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_285", "title": "[Complete repair in one stage of the sequelae of unilateral total hare lip (author's transl)].", "content": "The sequelae of hare lip, of mixed origin, malformative and surgical, require careful analysis of the deformities present in order to ensure their correction. The basic concept is replacement of the cleft in its initial position, i.e.: --re-opening of the cleft, --exposure of the bony edges, --excision of scar tissue. Restoration is then performed starting deep and working upwards, with primary attention paid to the skeleton with the complex concern of: --normalisation of the underlying bone and of occlusion, --re-establishment of oro-nasal muscular equilibrium, --esnuring nasal ventilation. without neglecting the overall morphology. With this in mind, complete repair in one stage is most likely to result in a harmonious overall result.", "contents": "[Complete repair in one stage of the sequelae of unilateral total hare lip (author's transl)]. The sequelae of hare lip, of mixed origin, malformative and surgical, require careful analysis of the deformities present in order to ensure their correction. The basic concept is replacement of the cleft in its initial position, i.e.: --re-opening of the cleft, --exposure of the bony edges, --excision of scar tissue. Restoration is then performed starting deep and working upwards, with primary attention paid to the skeleton with the complex concern of: --normalisation of the underlying bone and of occlusion, --re-establishment of oro-nasal muscular equilibrium, --esnuring nasal ventilation. without neglecting the overall morphology. With this in mind, complete repair in one stage is most likely to result in a harmonious overall result.", "PMID": 368956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_286", "title": "Evaluation of urinary myoglobin assay test for myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial determinations of urinary myoglobulin, beta2-microglobulin and albumin, and of serum myoglobin, were performed in twenty-eight consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Patients with myocardial infarction (MI patients) all had higher serum levels of myoglobin then those with other diagnoses (OBS patients). Myoglobinuria occurred in 80% of MI patients and in half of the OBS patients. The appearance of myoglobin in urine was mainly accounted for by an impaired renal reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins. Measurement of urinary myoglobulin, in contrast to serum myoglobulin, is of little value for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Evaluation of urinary myoglobin assay test for myocardial infarction. Serial determinations of urinary myoglobulin, beta2-microglobulin and albumin, and of serum myoglobin, were performed in twenty-eight consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Patients with myocardial infarction (MI patients) all had higher serum levels of myoglobin then those with other diagnoses (OBS patients). Myoglobinuria occurred in 80% of MI patients and in half of the OBS patients. The appearance of myoglobin in urine was mainly accounted for by an impaired renal reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins. Measurement of urinary myoglobulin, in contrast to serum myoglobulin, is of little value for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 368958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_287", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on human small intestinal brush border proteins. A qualitative study of the protein composition.", "content": "The human small intestinal brush border proteins were studied qualitatively by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Brush border membranes were purified from human jejunum and the proteins released by Triton X-100. Rabbits were immunized with the released proteins and by using a double layer immunofluorescence technique the obtained antisera were shown to be specific against the brush border proteins. The precipitates obtained in crossed immunoelectrophoresis were identified by enzymatic staining techniques. Sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48), isomaltase EC 3.2.1.10), maltase (EC 3.2.1.20), phloretin-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.62), lactase (EC3.2.1.23), microvillus aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase (microsomal), EC 3.4.11.2), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.X), and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) were identified while asparate aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.7), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2) and trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) could not be visualized. This work demonstrates that cross immunoelectrophoresis can be used in the study of human small intestinal brush border proteins.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on human small intestinal brush border proteins. A qualitative study of the protein composition. The human small intestinal brush border proteins were studied qualitatively by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Brush border membranes were purified from human jejunum and the proteins released by Triton X-100. Rabbits were immunized with the released proteins and by using a double layer immunofluorescence technique the obtained antisera were shown to be specific against the brush border proteins. The precipitates obtained in crossed immunoelectrophoresis were identified by enzymatic staining techniques. Sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48), isomaltase EC 3.2.1.10), maltase (EC 3.2.1.20), phloretin-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.62), lactase (EC3.2.1.23), microvillus aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase (microsomal), EC 3.4.11.2), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.X), and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) were identified while asparate aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.7), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2) and trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) could not be visualized. This work demonstrates that cross immunoelectrophoresis can be used in the study of human small intestinal brush border proteins.", "PMID": 368959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_288", "title": "Study of the EMIT method for determination of anti-epileptic drugs in serum using an LKB 2086 reaction rate analyzer.", "content": "Phenemal, phenytoin and carbamazepine were determined by the EMIT method on an LKB 2086 Reaction Rate Analyzer and the results compared with routine results obtained for phenemal by gas chromatography and for phenytoin and carbamazepine by thin layer chromatography. Coefficients of variation for phenemal at the concentration 99 mumol/l in bovine serum were 3.1% within run and 10.8% between run. For phenytoin the coefficients of variation were respectively 13.1% and 15.4% for the same serum with a concentration of 99 mumol/l. For carbamazepine the coefficients of variation were estimated to be 14.1% within run and 10.4% between run for a human serum containing 25 mumol/l. With an LKB 2082 Kinetic Data System the coefficients of variation phenytoin and carbamazepine were reduced to 8% and the coefficients of correlation between the EMIT methods and the routine methods were at least 0.965 for all three drugs. The assay ranges were found to be satisfactory. The method allows assay down to 8.6, 4.0 and 2.1 mumol/l and up to 301, 198, and 51 mumol/l for phenemal, phenytoine and carbamazepine, respectively.", "contents": "Study of the EMIT method for determination of anti-epileptic drugs in serum using an LKB 2086 reaction rate analyzer. Phenemal, phenytoin and carbamazepine were determined by the EMIT method on an LKB 2086 Reaction Rate Analyzer and the results compared with routine results obtained for phenemal by gas chromatography and for phenytoin and carbamazepine by thin layer chromatography. Coefficients of variation for phenemal at the concentration 99 mumol/l in bovine serum were 3.1% within run and 10.8% between run. For phenytoin the coefficients of variation were respectively 13.1% and 15.4% for the same serum with a concentration of 99 mumol/l. For carbamazepine the coefficients of variation were estimated to be 14.1% within run and 10.4% between run for a human serum containing 25 mumol/l. With an LKB 2082 Kinetic Data System the coefficients of variation phenytoin and carbamazepine were reduced to 8% and the coefficients of correlation between the EMIT methods and the routine methods were at least 0.965 for all three drugs. The assay ranges were found to be satisfactory. The method allows assay down to 8.6, 4.0 and 2.1 mumol/l and up to 301, 198, and 51 mumol/l for phenemal, phenytoine and carbamazepine, respectively.", "PMID": 368960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_289", "title": "Detection of antibodies in human sera to streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates by a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Human antibodies to streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates were measured quantitatively with a radioimmunoassay using tyrosylated  125I carbohydrate. Analysis of acute and convalescent sera from people with groups A or C streptococcal pharyngeal infection or persistent carriage revealed a significant rise in antibodies. Inhibition reactions with the cold carbohydrate indicated the specificity of the elicited antibodies. In some instances, group C as well as group A antibodies occurred after group A pharyngeal infections. Further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine the significance of group-specific antibodies. Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) rises were observed in individuals with group C antibody responses after persistent group C pharyngeal carriage. For this reason, epidemiological surveys that rely primarily on ASO surveys to determine the incidence of group A streptococcal infections must be interpreted with caution, at least in the developing countries, where group C pharyngeal carriage is common.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies in human sera to streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates by a radioimmunoassay. Human antibodies to streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates were measured quantitatively with a radioimmunoassay using tyrosylated  125I carbohydrate. Analysis of acute and convalescent sera from people with groups A or C streptococcal pharyngeal infection or persistent carriage revealed a significant rise in antibodies. Inhibition reactions with the cold carbohydrate indicated the specificity of the elicited antibodies. In some instances, group C as well as group A antibodies occurred after group A pharyngeal infections. Further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine the significance of group-specific antibodies. Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) rises were observed in individuals with group C antibody responses after persistent group C pharyngeal carriage. For this reason, epidemiological surveys that rely primarily on ASO surveys to determine the incidence of group A streptococcal infections must be interpreted with caution, at least in the developing countries, where group C pharyngeal carriage is common.", "PMID": 368961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_290", "title": "Characterization of human lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgE isolated from blood and lymphoid organs.", "content": "Human lymphocytes isolated from adult peripheral blood and cord blood, tonsils, adenoids and spleens were analysed for Fc receptors for IgE (Fcepsilon) by rosette assays. The Fcepsilon+ cells were also characterized for their class of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), complement receptors, receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E), and Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP), and their abilities to phagocytoze and adhere. The average number of Fcepsilon+ cells was in adult peripheral blood 1.2 +/- 0.4%, in cord blood 3.0 +/- 1.3%, in tonsils 4.2 +/- 5.2%, in adenoids 5.8 +/- 4.2%, and in spleens varied from 0.8% to 15.8% among individual patients. Overnight culturing of the lymphocytes under conditions that allowed detection of Fc receptors for IgM (Fcmu) usually lowered the number of Fcepsilon+ cells. Neuraminidase treatment caused no change. Rosette formation was inhibited by IgE myeloma proteins and their Fc fragments, but not by mildly reduced and alkylated and heated (56 degrees C) IgE, indicating that the receptors are specific for the native configuration of the IgE Fc fragment. Double cell surface marker analyses with fluoresceinated F(ab')2 fragments of purified anti-mu, delta, and gamma antibodies used to label the Fcepsilon rosette-forming lymphocytes from peripheral adult and cord blood showed that 50-80% were sIgM+ but only 0-28% were sIgD+. In contrast, approximately 80% of the Fcepsilon+ cells from tonsils, adenoids and spleens were sIgM+ and sIgD+. The Fcesilon+ lymphocytes represented 10-20% of the sIgM+ lymphocytes in both the peripheral adult and cord blood. Depletion and enrichment experiments indicated that most of the Fcepsilon+ cells bear complement receptors. Lymphocytes having both E and Fcepsilon receptors were not found. Furthermore, the lymphocytes with HP receptors, a marker for T cells and immature B cells, were Fcepsilon-. Monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes did not form Fcepsilon rosettes. These data indicated that a minor population of human B lymphocytes have Fcepsilon receptors. The majority of the Fcepsilon+ lymphocytes in the blood differ from those in tonsils, adenoids and spleen in that the majority of the former are sIgM+/sIgD- and the latter sIgM+/sIgD+. The sIgM+/sIgD- Fcepsilon+ cells in the blood are probably relatively mature lymphocytes since they lacked HP receptors, which are found on immature B cells.", "contents": "Characterization of human lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgE isolated from blood and lymphoid organs. Human lymphocytes isolated from adult peripheral blood and cord blood, tonsils, adenoids and spleens were analysed for Fc receptors for IgE (Fcepsilon) by rosette assays. The Fcepsilon+ cells were also characterized for their class of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), complement receptors, receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E), and Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP), and their abilities to phagocytoze and adhere. The average number of Fcepsilon+ cells was in adult peripheral blood 1.2 +/- 0.4%, in cord blood 3.0 +/- 1.3%, in tonsils 4.2 +/- 5.2%, in adenoids 5.8 +/- 4.2%, and in spleens varied from 0.8% to 15.8% among individual patients. Overnight culturing of the lymphocytes under conditions that allowed detection of Fc receptors for IgM (Fcmu) usually lowered the number of Fcepsilon+ cells. Neuraminidase treatment caused no change. Rosette formation was inhibited by IgE myeloma proteins and their Fc fragments, but not by mildly reduced and alkylated and heated (56 degrees C) IgE, indicating that the receptors are specific for the native configuration of the IgE Fc fragment. Double cell surface marker analyses with fluoresceinated F(ab')2 fragments of purified anti-mu, delta, and gamma antibodies used to label the Fcepsilon rosette-forming lymphocytes from peripheral adult and cord blood showed that 50-80% were sIgM+ but only 0-28% were sIgD+. In contrast, approximately 80% of the Fcepsilon+ cells from tonsils, adenoids and spleens were sIgM+ and sIgD+. The Fcesilon+ lymphocytes represented 10-20% of the sIgM+ lymphocytes in both the peripheral adult and cord blood. Depletion and enrichment experiments indicated that most of the Fcepsilon+ cells bear complement receptors. Lymphocytes having both E and Fcepsilon receptors were not found. Furthermore, the lymphocytes with HP receptors, a marker for T cells and immature B cells, were Fcepsilon-. Monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes did not form Fcepsilon rosettes. These data indicated that a minor population of human B lymphocytes have Fcepsilon receptors. The majority of the Fcepsilon+ lymphocytes in the blood differ from those in tonsils, adenoids and spleen in that the majority of the former are sIgM+/sIgD- and the latter sIgM+/sIgD+. The sIgM+/sIgD- Fcepsilon+ cells in the blood are probably relatively mature lymphocytes since they lacked HP receptors, which are found on immature B cells.", "PMID": 368962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_291", "title": "Alternation of low and high affinities of secreted and cell-bound antibodies during the anamnestic response of rabbits to Salmonella senftenberg microorganisms.", "content": "We have investigated at the cellular level the variations in affinities of secreted antibodies and of cell receptors during the anamnestic response of rabbits, by using an immunization schedule made up of administrations, over successive intervals of 40 days, of Salmonella senftenberg vaccine. Affinities of free and membrane-bound antibodies biosynthesized at a given time were measured by inhibition of haemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) with spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood cells. The immunodominant monosaccharide, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-Me-Glc), was used as inhibitor, and the target cells were coated with the O-specific polysaccharide of the immunogenic microorganisms. We observed that the monosaccharide concentration causing a 50% inhibition (I50) alternated between low and high values in both PFC and RFC assays. Furthermore, when sheep erythrocytes were coated with polysaccharides from other strains of Salmonella bearing the determinants for serotypes 1 or 3 the percentage of cross-reactive PFC obtained exhibited a reverse oscillating pattern of variation. These results demonstrated that affinity of secreted antibodies or of antigen-receptors of cells, directed against different determinants of the antigenic polysaccharide, alternated between low and high values after each new vaccine administration. Possible mechanisms accounting for this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Alternation of low and high affinities of secreted and cell-bound antibodies during the anamnestic response of rabbits to Salmonella senftenberg microorganisms. We have investigated at the cellular level the variations in affinities of secreted antibodies and of cell receptors during the anamnestic response of rabbits, by using an immunization schedule made up of administrations, over successive intervals of 40 days, of Salmonella senftenberg vaccine. Affinities of free and membrane-bound antibodies biosynthesized at a given time were measured by inhibition of haemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) with spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood cells. The immunodominant monosaccharide, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-Me-Glc), was used as inhibitor, and the target cells were coated with the O-specific polysaccharide of the immunogenic microorganisms. We observed that the monosaccharide concentration causing a 50% inhibition (I50) alternated between low and high values in both PFC and RFC assays. Furthermore, when sheep erythrocytes were coated with polysaccharides from other strains of Salmonella bearing the determinants for serotypes 1 or 3 the percentage of cross-reactive PFC obtained exhibited a reverse oscillating pattern of variation. These results demonstrated that affinity of secreted antibodies or of antigen-receptors of cells, directed against different determinants of the antigenic polysaccharide, alternated between low and high values after each new vaccine administration. Possible mechanisms accounting for this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 368963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_292", "title": "A simple method to detect complement receptors using baker's yeast: Y C rosettes.", "content": "A technique is described to identify complement-receptor-bearing cells, using serum-treated baker's yeast as a ligand. The method consists of incubation of heat-killed baker's yeasts with fresh AB normal serum, freezing, thawing, and washing of the particles, followed by mixing with the cells. Serum is required to coat the yeasts for the rosette formation. Experiments designed to establish the serum factors responsible for the attachment of the particles to cells show that heat inactivation, chelating agents, or anti-C3 treatment prevent rosette formation. This is taken as evidence that yeasts (Y) are coated with complement (C) to compose the reagent for the YC rosette technique. The application of this technique to twenty-five normal individuals demonstrated that a mean of 11.6 per 100 lymphocytes (+/- 4.3) form rosettes; absolute number: 275 (+/- 160) rosette-forming lymphocytes per mm3. Either AB or autologous fresh serum can be used to coat the yeasts. A combined technique for YC plus E rosettes can be performed allowing the identification and enumeration of four populations of lymphocytes: (a) those having receptors for sheep erythrocytes, (b) complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, (c) those having both receptors (D lymphocytes), and (d) non-rosette-forming non-phagocytic cells.", "contents": "A simple method to detect complement receptors using baker's yeast: Y C rosettes. A technique is described to identify complement-receptor-bearing cells, using serum-treated baker's yeast as a ligand. The method consists of incubation of heat-killed baker's yeasts with fresh AB normal serum, freezing, thawing, and washing of the particles, followed by mixing with the cells. Serum is required to coat the yeasts for the rosette formation. Experiments designed to establish the serum factors responsible for the attachment of the particles to cells show that heat inactivation, chelating agents, or anti-C3 treatment prevent rosette formation. This is taken as evidence that yeasts (Y) are coated with complement (C) to compose the reagent for the YC rosette technique. The application of this technique to twenty-five normal individuals demonstrated that a mean of 11.6 per 100 lymphocytes (+/- 4.3) form rosettes; absolute number: 275 (+/- 160) rosette-forming lymphocytes per mm3. Either AB or autologous fresh serum can be used to coat the yeasts. A combined technique for YC plus E rosettes can be performed allowing the identification and enumeration of four populations of lymphocytes: (a) those having receptors for sheep erythrocytes, (b) complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, (c) those having both receptors (D lymphocytes), and (d) non-rosette-forming non-phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 368964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_293", "title": "Treatment of herpes zoster with idoxuridine ointment, including a multivariate analysis of symptoms and signs.", "content": "A double-blind, random selection comparison was made of the therapeutic effects in acute herpes zoster of (A) 40% idoxuridine (IDU) dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), or one of the following ointments: (B) a basis of polyethylene glycol, (C) a basis with 60% DMSO, (D)  a basis with 5% IDU and 60% DMSO, and (E) a basis with 40% IDU and 60% DMSO. Each group comprised 20 patients. The patients were evaluated daily until skin healing and then at 1,3, and 6 months by registering 4 neurological signs, 5 clinical evaluations of skin pathology and 4 photographic evaluations of the skin lesions. A 'profile' of the effect of each treatment was computed by calculating normalized means for each of the 13 variables. A non-random distribution of the clinical and photographic variables indicated a statistically significant, but small therapeutic effect of treatment A on skin healing, whereas no convincing effect on pain or sensitivity disturbances was established. Treatments B-E were without positive effects. The information given by the highly interdependent variables were computed for each variable and for groups of variables after appropriate scoring. It was found that the photographic evaluation contributed evidence independent of the clinical evaluation of skin pathology. A multiple correlation analysis revealed that age was positively correlated to the duration of pain and to delayed healing, that rapid healing was intimately connected to no or short-lived pain, and surprisingly that zoster in the trigeminal area healed faster than in other locations without being correlated to less pain. Treatment A must necessarily be reevaluated taking into account proper controls as well as age and affected dermatomes.", "contents": "Treatment of herpes zoster with idoxuridine ointment, including a multivariate analysis of symptoms and signs. A double-blind, random selection comparison was made of the therapeutic effects in acute herpes zoster of (A) 40% idoxuridine (IDU) dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), or one of the following ointments: (B) a basis of polyethylene glycol, (C) a basis with 60% DMSO, (D)  a basis with 5% IDU and 60% DMSO, and (E) a basis with 40% IDU and 60% DMSO. Each group comprised 20 patients. The patients were evaluated daily until skin healing and then at 1,3, and 6 months by registering 4 neurological signs, 5 clinical evaluations of skin pathology and 4 photographic evaluations of the skin lesions. A 'profile' of the effect of each treatment was computed by calculating normalized means for each of the 13 variables. A non-random distribution of the clinical and photographic variables indicated a statistically significant, but small therapeutic effect of treatment A on skin healing, whereas no convincing effect on pain or sensitivity disturbances was established. Treatments B-E were without positive effects. The information given by the highly interdependent variables were computed for each variable and for groups of variables after appropriate scoring. It was found that the photographic evaluation contributed evidence independent of the clinical evaluation of skin pathology. A multiple correlation analysis revealed that age was positively correlated to the duration of pain and to delayed healing, that rapid healing was intimately connected to no or short-lived pain, and surprisingly that zoster in the trigeminal area healed faster than in other locations without being correlated to less pain. Treatment A must necessarily be reevaluated taking into account proper controls as well as age and affected dermatomes.", "PMID": 368965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_294", "title": "Recurrent group B streptococcal infections: Report of three cases.", "content": "The group B streptococcus has become a leading cause of neonatal infection. Despite the increasing incidence of this infection, recurrence in the same patient is extremely uncommon. This report describes three infants with proved recurrent group B streptococcal disease. All patients were treated with benzylpenicillin for at least 10 days, but, after a symptom-free interval, each developed symptoms again. Whether the illness in these patients represents a relapse or a true reinfection is difficult to determine. Various possibilities are discussed. The development of a recurrent infection indicates that presently recommended therapy may be inadequate in certain instances. Comments about epidemiology, clinical picture, antibiotic sensitivity studies, and immunity are made along with speculations about possible approaches to treatment and prevention of this infection.", "contents": "Recurrent group B streptococcal infections: Report of three cases. The group B streptococcus has become a leading cause of neonatal infection. Despite the increasing incidence of this infection, recurrence in the same patient is extremely uncommon. This report describes three infants with proved recurrent group B streptococcal disease. All patients were treated with benzylpenicillin for at least 10 days, but, after a symptom-free interval, each developed symptoms again. Whether the illness in these patients represents a relapse or a true reinfection is difficult to determine. Various possibilities are discussed. The development of a recurrent infection indicates that presently recommended therapy may be inadequate in certain instances. Comments about epidemiology, clinical picture, antibiotic sensitivity studies, and immunity are made along with speculations about possible approaches to treatment and prevention of this infection.", "PMID": 368966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_295", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of neutrophil granulocytes from newborn infants and their mothers in relation to the occurrence of bacteria in amnion fluid and cord blood.", "content": "The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes from cord blood, when measured without in vitro stimulation with bacteria, was significantly higher than that of maternal granulocytes. This elevated activity may be an adequate response to the presence in cord blood of degradation products from the placenta but also of potentially pathogenic bacteria, found in cord blood of infants with high NBT values. On in vitro stimulation cord blood granulocytes displayed the same high NBT activity as those of the mothers and of healthy non-pregnant women. All but one blood culture from the infants 25--48 h after delivery were sterile. The only child with a low non-stimulated NBT activity of cord blood granulocytes was also the only one presenting a clinical picture of neonatal septicemia, though not bacteriologically verified.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of neutrophil granulocytes from newborn infants and their mothers in relation to the occurrence of bacteria in amnion fluid and cord blood. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes from cord blood, when measured without in vitro stimulation with bacteria, was significantly higher than that of maternal granulocytes. This elevated activity may be an adequate response to the presence in cord blood of degradation products from the placenta but also of potentially pathogenic bacteria, found in cord blood of infants with high NBT values. On in vitro stimulation cord blood granulocytes displayed the same high NBT activity as those of the mothers and of healthy non-pregnant women. All but one blood culture from the infants 25--48 h after delivery were sterile. The only child with a low non-stimulated NBT activity of cord blood granulocytes was also the only one presenting a clinical picture of neonatal septicemia, though not bacteriologically verified.", "PMID": 368967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_296", "title": "An outbreak of hepatitis A investigated by immune electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "In a small outbreak of hepatitis A among members of a hospital staff, excretion of hepatitis A virus could be detected by immune electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 3 out of 3 cases tested. Significant increases in antibody titre could be shown in 4 out of 6 cases (IEM), and development of virus specific IgM was shown in all 6 cases (ELISA). Among these patients IgM could be detected after 3 months, while sera drawn after 10 months were negative.", "contents": "An outbreak of hepatitis A investigated by immune electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In a small outbreak of hepatitis A among members of a hospital staff, excretion of hepatitis A virus could be detected by immune electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 3 out of 3 cases tested. Significant increases in antibody titre could be shown in 4 out of 6 cases (IEM), and development of virus specific IgM was shown in all 6 cases (ELISA). Among these patients IgM could be detected after 3 months, while sera drawn after 10 months were negative.", "PMID": 368968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_297", "title": "The osteogenic capacity of tubular and membranous bone periosteum. A qualitative and quantitative experimental study in growing rabbits.", "content": "A standardized model has been designed to qualitatively and quantitatively study new bone formation from isolated periosteum in situ. A total of 117 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 92 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Already after two weeks tibial periosteum had formed woven bone. After eight weeks cortical bone and bone marrow of normal amount and almost normal structure had regenerated. The bone formation from the skull periosteum started later and seemed to be lesser in amount and without woven bone as an intermediate stage. After 15 weeks a structurally normal calvarial bone had developed, except for the inner theca. Thus it was found that isolated tibial and skull periosteum in situ give rise to tubular and membranous bone respectively, suggesting an environmental influence. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dried, weighed and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content and this was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. After 6-7 weeks tibial periosteum had produced normal quantities of cortical bone and 7 times more bone than the same area of skull periosteum. Calvarial periosteum was not potent enough to restore a skull defect completely. Surgicel which has been used clinically in periosteal repair of maxillary clefts, quantitatively was found to diminish bone formation considerably. The supposed capacity of bone marrow to promote bone formation was not demonstrated in this study.", "contents": "The osteogenic capacity of tubular and membranous bone periosteum. A qualitative and quantitative experimental study in growing rabbits. A standardized model has been designed to qualitatively and quantitatively study new bone formation from isolated periosteum in situ. A total of 117 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 92 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Already after two weeks tibial periosteum had formed woven bone. After eight weeks cortical bone and bone marrow of normal amount and almost normal structure had regenerated. The bone formation from the skull periosteum started later and seemed to be lesser in amount and without woven bone as an intermediate stage. After 15 weeks a structurally normal calvarial bone had developed, except for the inner theca. Thus it was found that isolated tibial and skull periosteum in situ give rise to tubular and membranous bone respectively, suggesting an environmental influence. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dried, weighed and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content and this was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. After 6-7 weeks tibial periosteum had produced normal quantities of cortical bone and 7 times more bone than the same area of skull periosteum. Calvarial periosteum was not potent enough to restore a skull defect completely. Surgicel which has been used clinically in periosteal repair of maxillary clefts, quantitatively was found to diminish bone formation considerably. The supposed capacity of bone marrow to promote bone formation was not demonstrated in this study.", "PMID": 368969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_298", "title": "Osteogenic capacity of periosteal grafts. A qualitative and quantitative study of membranous and tubular bone periosteum in young rabbits.", "content": "A standardized model, permitting only periosteal bone formation, has been applied for qualitative and quantitative studies on the osteogeneses from periosteal grafts. The periosteum from the tibia was grafted to the skull and vice versa. The investigation also included the study of periosteal bone formation combined with other osteogenic factors. A total of 78 operations were performed on the tibias and skulls of 43 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Tibial periosteal grafts to skull defects started bone formation already after 2 weeks and, via a very small amount of woven bone, compact bone and bone marrow was formed after 8-10 weeks. Combined epidural and subperiosteal bone formation gave a calvarial bone. Skull periosteal grafts to tibial defects started bone formation somewhat later, but, after more woven bone as an intermediate stage, the defect had healed with thick compact bone and bone marrow after about the same period. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dry-weighted and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content, which was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. Tibial periosteum grafted to a calvarial defect halved its bone forming capacity but compared to the in situ skull periosteal potential, the capacity was tripled. This meant that the defect was completely healed. Calvarial periosteum was much less potent than was the tibial periosteum, when both were grafted to skull defects. However, when transplanted to a long bone defect the former increased its bone forming capacity 5 times compared to its original one as an in situ flap. Environmental functional demands seem to influence the type of bone formation and the final structure of the new bone. On the other hand, there are differences between long and membranous bone periosteum regarding the amount of bone formed.", "contents": "Osteogenic capacity of periosteal grafts. A qualitative and quantitative study of membranous and tubular bone periosteum in young rabbits. A standardized model, permitting only periosteal bone formation, has been applied for qualitative and quantitative studies on the osteogeneses from periosteal grafts. The periosteum from the tibia was grafted to the skull and vice versa. The investigation also included the study of periosteal bone formation combined with other osteogenic factors. A total of 78 operations were performed on the tibias and skulls of 43 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Tibial periosteal grafts to skull defects started bone formation already after 2 weeks and, via a very small amount of woven bone, compact bone and bone marrow was formed after 8-10 weeks. Combined epidural and subperiosteal bone formation gave a calvarial bone. Skull periosteal grafts to tibial defects started bone formation somewhat later, but, after more woven bone as an intermediate stage, the defect had healed with thick compact bone and bone marrow after about the same period. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dry-weighted and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content, which was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. Tibial periosteum grafted to a calvarial defect halved its bone forming capacity but compared to the in situ skull periosteal potential, the capacity was tripled. This meant that the defect was completely healed. Calvarial periosteum was much less potent than was the tibial periosteum, when both were grafted to skull defects. However, when transplanted to a long bone defect the former increased its bone forming capacity 5 times compared to its original one as an in situ flap. Environmental functional demands seem to influence the type of bone formation and the final structure of the new bone. On the other hand, there are differences between long and membranous bone periosteum regarding the amount of bone formed.", "PMID": 368970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_299", "title": "The preformed autologous bone graft. An experimental study in the rabbit.", "content": "The preformation of bone grafts involves a two-step procedure. Primarily a mould is inserted in the donor bone. After a healing period of about 6 weeks (rabbits) the mould is removed. The performed bone graft (PBG) consists of the former cortical bone that has remodelled according to the shape of the mould. PBGs are today used clinically in selected cases of mandibular reconstruction. The present paper is the first in an animal experiment series investigating the PBG. It is shown that the PBG vascular supply is rearranged towards a more marrow-dominated circulation. Six weeks after the mould installation the bone showed evidence of accretion in the form of new-developed bone protrusions along the inner mould walls. A histochemical investigation revealed that the PBG surface cells survived the surgical trauma in a higher percentage than was the case when corresponding control grafts were examined.", "contents": "The preformed autologous bone graft. An experimental study in the rabbit. The preformation of bone grafts involves a two-step procedure. Primarily a mould is inserted in the donor bone. After a healing period of about 6 weeks (rabbits) the mould is removed. The performed bone graft (PBG) consists of the former cortical bone that has remodelled according to the shape of the mould. PBGs are today used clinically in selected cases of mandibular reconstruction. The present paper is the first in an animal experiment series investigating the PBG. It is shown that the PBG vascular supply is rearranged towards a more marrow-dominated circulation. Six weeks after the mould installation the bone showed evidence of accretion in the form of new-developed bone protrusions along the inner mould walls. A histochemical investigation revealed that the PBG surface cells survived the surgical trauma in a higher percentage than was the case when corresponding control grafts were examined.", "PMID": 368971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_300", "title": "Integrated prosthetic and surgical treatment of malignant tumours of the maxilla. A new acrylic plate device.", "content": "Surgery for malignant tumours involving the palate often leads to postoperative problems for the patient. Most commonly a stent or a tampon is used to fill the resection cavity. Both materials have disadvantages, however. To overcome these we have since 1972 used a preoperatively made acrylic plate to separate the oral cavity from the resection cavity in 20 patients. This plate is fixed to the mucosa or to the remaining teeth by sutures and is left in place for 10-14 days postoperatively.", "contents": "Integrated prosthetic and surgical treatment of malignant tumours of the maxilla. A new acrylic plate device. Surgery for malignant tumours involving the palate often leads to postoperative problems for the patient. Most commonly a stent or a tampon is used to fill the resection cavity. Both materials have disadvantages, however. To overcome these we have since 1972 used a preoperatively made acrylic plate to separate the oral cavity from the resection cavity in 20 patients. This plate is fixed to the mucosa or to the remaining teeth by sutures and is left in place for 10-14 days postoperatively.", "PMID": 368972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_301", "title": "A new and easier way to anastomose microvessels. An experimental study in rats.", "content": "A new technique for microvascular anastomosis, telescoping one vessel into the other requiring only 2 sutures, is described. In 28 arterial and 15 venous anastomoses no failures were seen as recorded 3 weeks postoperatively by micro dissection, micro angiography, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded, from this experimental study in rats, that the new anastomosis is faster and easier to perform and at least as reliable as the conventional end to end anastomosis.", "contents": "A new and easier way to anastomose microvessels. An experimental study in rats. A new technique for microvascular anastomosis, telescoping one vessel into the other requiring only 2 sutures, is described. In 28 arterial and 15 venous anastomoses no failures were seen as recorded 3 weeks postoperatively by micro dissection, micro angiography, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded, from this experimental study in rats, that the new anastomosis is faster and easier to perform and at least as reliable as the conventional end to end anastomosis.", "PMID": 368973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_302", "title": "Reconstruction of auricular defect with perichondrial graft: a new technique. Case report.", "content": "A new technique is introduced to reconstruct defects of the auricle. The neochondrogenic capacity in a free graft of the auricular perichondrium is used to build the cartilaginous framework in the missing part of the auricle. By using local flaps and skin grafts for coverage of the newly formed cartilage the missing part of the auricle is satisfactorily reconstructed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of auricular defect with perichondrial graft: a new technique. Case report. A new technique is introduced to reconstruct defects of the auricle. The neochondrogenic capacity in a free graft of the auricular perichondrium is used to build the cartilaginous framework in the missing part of the auricle. By using local flaps and skin grafts for coverage of the newly formed cartilage the missing part of the auricle is satisfactorily reconstructed.", "PMID": 368974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_303", "title": "The influence of vitamin B6 supplementation on the bone marrow morphology in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment. A double-blind study.", "content": "Bone marrow smears from 20 patients with chronic renal failure and on regular haemodialysis treatment (RDT) were morphologically analysed. A double-blind study of treatment with high doses of vitamin B6 showed that the patients receiving pyridoxine got raising frequencies of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bone marrow and there were morphologic signs of a normalization within the granulopoiesis. It is suggested that this is a sign of an enhancement of the immune response. The vitamin supplementation had no significant effects on the pronounced anemia of the patients.", "contents": "The influence of vitamin B6 supplementation on the bone marrow morphology in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment. A double-blind study. Bone marrow smears from 20 patients with chronic renal failure and on regular haemodialysis treatment (RDT) were morphologically analysed. A double-blind study of treatment with high doses of vitamin B6 showed that the patients receiving pyridoxine got raising frequencies of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bone marrow and there were morphologic signs of a normalization within the granulopoiesis. It is suggested that this is a sign of an enhancement of the immune response. The vitamin supplementation had no significant effects on the pronounced anemia of the patients.", "PMID": 368975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_304", "title": "Conduiturinary diversion and urinary-tract infection. I. Serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to urographic findings.", "content": "The serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were elevated in 26 of 80 patients (33%) with a conduit urinary diversion. Urographic findings were abnormal in 44 of these 80 patients (55%). Urography was normal in 59% of the patients with normal antibody titers, but in only 15% of those with elevated titers. Raised antibody levels against E. coli O antigen (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with wide upper urinary tract or calculi more often than were normal E. coli antibody titers. Raised titers against P. mirabilis (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with scarring of the renal parenchyma more frequently than were normal titers. A statistically significant association was found between \"small\" kidney area and raised serum antibody titers against E. coli or P. mirabilis. The frequency of \"small\" kidney increased with the time lapse after urinary diversion. At 3 to 11 months postoperatively it was 29%, but among the patients with urinary diversion for more than five years the corresponding frequency was 82%. When at least one kidney was \"small\", the serum creatinine was higher than when both kidneys were of normal size. Patients with raised antibody titers tended also to have high serum creatinine (greater than or equal to 124 mumol/l) more often than those with normal titers (23 vs. 10%). These observations imply a connection between elevation of the antibody titers and destruction of the renal parenchyma in patients with conduit urinary diversion. They illustrate the value of antibody titration in the follow-up of patients with urinary diversion.", "contents": "Conduiturinary diversion and urinary-tract infection. I. Serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to urographic findings. The serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were elevated in 26 of 80 patients (33%) with a conduit urinary diversion. Urographic findings were abnormal in 44 of these 80 patients (55%). Urography was normal in 59% of the patients with normal antibody titers, but in only 15% of those with elevated titers. Raised antibody levels against E. coli O antigen (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with wide upper urinary tract or calculi more often than were normal E. coli antibody titers. Raised titers against P. mirabilis (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with scarring of the renal parenchyma more frequently than were normal titers. A statistically significant association was found between \"small\" kidney area and raised serum antibody titers against E. coli or P. mirabilis. The frequency of \"small\" kidney increased with the time lapse after urinary diversion. At 3 to 11 months postoperatively it was 29%, but among the patients with urinary diversion for more than five years the corresponding frequency was 82%. When at least one kidney was \"small\", the serum creatinine was higher than when both kidneys were of normal size. Patients with raised antibody titers tended also to have high serum creatinine (greater than or equal to 124 mumol/l) more often than those with normal titers (23 vs. 10%). These observations imply a connection between elevation of the antibody titers and destruction of the renal parenchyma in patients with conduit urinary diversion. They illustrate the value of antibody titration in the follow-up of patients with urinary diversion.", "PMID": 368976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_305", "title": "Conduit urinary diversion and urinary-tract infection. II. Raised serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to bacteriologic findings.", "content": "Elevated serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were found in 35% of 89 patients with a conduit urinary diversion. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the titers and growth of E. coli or P. mirabilis in conduit urine. But 17 (24%) of 72 patients without E. coli in urine cultures had raised E. coli antibody titer. Only 3 (4%) of 68 patients without growth of P. mirabilis had raised P. mirabilis antibody titer. When the post-diversion observation period was more than five years, the frequency of antibody titer elevation was greater than in patients with shorter post-diversion follow-up. The volume of residual urine in the conduit showed statistically significant correlation with presence of bacteriuria and with the antibody titer level against P. mirabilis. Patients with high antibody titers tended to have high readings of serum creatinine. Antibiotic therapy reduced elevated E. coli and P. mirabilis antibody titers. Titration of antibodies to E. coli and P. mirabilis is recommended in the follow-up care of patients with conduit urinary diversion.", "contents": "Conduit urinary diversion and urinary-tract infection. II. Raised serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to bacteriologic findings. Elevated serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were found in 35% of 89 patients with a conduit urinary diversion. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the titers and growth of E. coli or P. mirabilis in conduit urine. But 17 (24%) of 72 patients without E. coli in urine cultures had raised E. coli antibody titer. Only 3 (4%) of 68 patients without growth of P. mirabilis had raised P. mirabilis antibody titer. When the post-diversion observation period was more than five years, the frequency of antibody titer elevation was greater than in patients with shorter post-diversion follow-up. The volume of residual urine in the conduit showed statistically significant correlation with presence of bacteriuria and with the antibody titer level against P. mirabilis. Patients with high antibody titers tended to have high readings of serum creatinine. Antibiotic therapy reduced elevated E. coli and P. mirabilis antibody titers. Titration of antibodies to E. coli and P. mirabilis is recommended in the follow-up care of patients with conduit urinary diversion.", "PMID": 368977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_306", "title": "Extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation for carcinoma of the pelvis and ureter.", "content": "Multiple transitional cell tumours of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter of a solitary kidney were successfully managed by total ureterectomy, extracorporeal subtotal resection of the renal pelvis, autotransplantation, and calicovesicostomy. The method permits resection of a maximum of the uroepithelium of the upper urinary tract at the same time as it preserves available renal parenchyma. It also implies a new and exciting approach to the renal pelvis for endoscopic postoperative control and local treatment of the malignancy.", "contents": "Extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation for carcinoma of the pelvis and ureter. Multiple transitional cell tumours of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter of a solitary kidney were successfully managed by total ureterectomy, extracorporeal subtotal resection of the renal pelvis, autotransplantation, and calicovesicostomy. The method permits resection of a maximum of the uroepithelium of the upper urinary tract at the same time as it preserves available renal parenchyma. It also implies a new and exciting approach to the renal pelvis for endoscopic postoperative control and local treatment of the malignancy.", "PMID": 368978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_307", "title": "Skin necrosis after warfarin therapy.", "content": "A rare but potentially lethal complication of coumarin and its congeners is skin necrosis. A case of skin necrosis due to warfarin is reported and the literature is reviewed. It is suggested that if necrosis develops, the coumarin therapy should be terminated, and the patient should immediately be heparinized. Heparin, which never causes necrosis, can be used freely if further anticoagulation therapy is required, and may well prevent necrosis due to the thrombotic process.", "contents": "Skin necrosis after warfarin therapy. A rare but potentially lethal complication of coumarin and its congeners is skin necrosis. A case of skin necrosis due to warfarin is reported and the literature is reviewed. It is suggested that if necrosis develops, the coumarin therapy should be terminated, and the patient should immediately be heparinized. Heparin, which never causes necrosis, can be used freely if further anticoagulation therapy is required, and may well prevent necrosis due to the thrombotic process.", "PMID": 368994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_308", "title": "The City Hospital for Infectious Diseases--conception and first years.", "content": "Cape Town had no proper facilities for dealing with infectious disease when, in 1894, Dr Barney Fuller, city MOH, began a 6-year flight to establish the City Hospital for Infectious Diseases. The project was delayed, first by disputes between the city and the Colonial Government about paying for it, and then by the outbreak of the South African War. As a result, the hospital when built in 1900 was taken over by the military, and was only developed for its proper purpose by Dr Jasper Anderson in 1902.", "contents": "The City Hospital for Infectious Diseases--conception and first years. Cape Town had no proper facilities for dealing with infectious disease when, in 1894, Dr Barney Fuller, city MOH, began a 6-year flight to establish the City Hospital for Infectious Diseases. The project was delayed, first by disputes between the city and the Colonial Government about paying for it, and then by the outbreak of the South African War. As a result, the hospital when built in 1900 was taken over by the military, and was only developed for its proper purpose by Dr Jasper Anderson in 1902.", "PMID": 368995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_309", "title": "Polyethylene-glycol-mediated cybrid formation: high-efficiency techniques and cybrid formation without enucleation.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be used to promote the fusion of enucleated cytoplasts from chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistant mouse cells with intact cells, resulting in the formation of viable cybrids. The techniques are simple and highly efficient, yielding up to one viable cybrid per 20 intact cells fused. It also seems that PEG can be used to induce cybrid formation without the necessity of prior enucleation of the CAP-resistant cells.", "contents": "Polyethylene-glycol-mediated cybrid formation: high-efficiency techniques and cybrid formation without enucleation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be used to promote the fusion of enucleated cytoplasts from chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistant mouse cells with intact cells, resulting in the formation of viable cybrids. The techniques are simple and highly efficient, yielding up to one viable cybrid per 20 intact cells fused. It also seems that PEG can be used to induce cybrid formation without the necessity of prior enucleation of the CAP-resistant cells.", "PMID": 369002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_310", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonate.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis has become the most common condition requiring emergency surgical treatment in the newborn infant, far surpassing all major congenital anomalies in number of presentations and in deaths after surgical treatment. No single cause for the disease is known. Necrotizing enterocolitis is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the intestine, with minimal inflammation. In 25 of 50 per cent of patients, surgical resection of gangrenous bowel is necessary. Operation is reserved for infants with intestinal perforation or grangrene. Recent refinements of indications for operation often permit surgical intervention to coincide with the advent of intestinal gangrene. At operation, expeditious resection of frankly necrotic bowel and exteriorization of the marginally viable ends is all that should be attempted. Special problems postoperatively consist of management of sepsis, maintenance of nutrition and vigilant observation for early and late complications, particularly the development of ischemic intestinal stricture.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonate. Necrotizing enterocolitis has become the most common condition requiring emergency surgical treatment in the newborn infant, far surpassing all major congenital anomalies in number of presentations and in deaths after surgical treatment. No single cause for the disease is known. Necrotizing enterocolitis is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the intestine, with minimal inflammation. In 25 of 50 per cent of patients, surgical resection of gangrenous bowel is necessary. Operation is reserved for infants with intestinal perforation or grangrene. Recent refinements of indications for operation often permit surgical intervention to coincide with the advent of intestinal gangrene. At operation, expeditious resection of frankly necrotic bowel and exteriorization of the marginally viable ends is all that should be attempted. Special problems postoperatively consist of management of sepsis, maintenance of nutrition and vigilant observation for early and late complications, particularly the development of ischemic intestinal stricture.", "PMID": 369004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_311", "title": "Complications in colonoscopy.", "content": "Colonoscopy, when performed for appropriate indications and by experienced, competent personnel, is a remarkably safe procedure. The occasional complications which occur may be the result of pneumatic, mechanical or electrical injuries to the colon or may develop as secondary disorders involving other organ systems. Most complications can be successfully prevented by adequately preparing both the endoscopist and the patient and by avoiding colonoscopy when specific contraindications are present. Should complications occur, their management generally follows established surgical principles. Even though colonoscopy has made a dramatic impact upon the diagnosis of and therapy for disease of the large intestines, it is important for practitioners to be mindful of its limitations. Future developments, applied rationally, can be expected to extend its usefulness and further improve its safety.", "contents": "Complications in colonoscopy. Colonoscopy, when performed for appropriate indications and by experienced, competent personnel, is a remarkably safe procedure. The occasional complications which occur may be the result of pneumatic, mechanical or electrical injuries to the colon or may develop as secondary disorders involving other organ systems. Most complications can be successfully prevented by adequately preparing both the endoscopist and the patient and by avoiding colonoscopy when specific contraindications are present. Should complications occur, their management generally follows established surgical principles. Even though colonoscopy has made a dramatic impact upon the diagnosis of and therapy for disease of the large intestines, it is important for practitioners to be mindful of its limitations. Future developments, applied rationally, can be expected to extend its usefulness and further improve its safety.", "PMID": 369005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_312", "title": "A prospective controlled trial of sclerotherapy in the long term management of patients after esophageal variceal bleeding.", "content": "The preliminary results of the first 25 months of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, designed to compare repeated injection sclerotherapy with conservative medical management in the long term treatment of all patients shown to have previously bled from esophageal varices, are presented in detail. To date, 31 patients have been randomized, 15 in the chronic injection group and 16 in the control medical management group. In addition, five patients excluded for geographic reasons have been injected out of trial. Ethanolamine oleate has been injected into the varices, using a modified rigid esophagoscope under general anesthesia. The preliminary results have been encouraging. It has been possible to eradicate esophageal varices in the chronic injection group and, once the varices had been eradicated, no patient had recurrence of variceal bleeding. On the other hand, recurrent variceal bleeds have remained a continuing problem in a number of the patients in the control study. A longer follow-up period will be required to assess both the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of survival and to determine how long esophageal varices will remain eradicated as well as how frequently repeated injections will be required.", "contents": "A prospective controlled trial of sclerotherapy in the long term management of patients after esophageal variceal bleeding. The preliminary results of the first 25 months of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, designed to compare repeated injection sclerotherapy with conservative medical management in the long term treatment of all patients shown to have previously bled from esophageal varices, are presented in detail. To date, 31 patients have been randomized, 15 in the chronic injection group and 16 in the control medical management group. In addition, five patients excluded for geographic reasons have been injected out of trial. Ethanolamine oleate has been injected into the varices, using a modified rigid esophagoscope under general anesthesia. The preliminary results have been encouraging. It has been possible to eradicate esophageal varices in the chronic injection group and, once the varices had been eradicated, no patient had recurrence of variceal bleeding. On the other hand, recurrent variceal bleeds have remained a continuing problem in a number of the patients in the control study. A longer follow-up period will be required to assess both the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of survival and to determine how long esophageal varices will remain eradicated as well as how frequently repeated injections will be required.", "PMID": 369006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_313", "title": "Methylprednisolone in the prevention of cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic disorders during endotoxin shock in the dog.", "content": "These results provide evidence that steroid pretreatment and subsequent post-treatment prevent cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic alterations during four hours of Escherichia coli endotoxin shock in the dog. However, in this study, no data are provided on how the steroid prevents an increase in cerebral vascular resistance, and no clear answer is available in the literature. While active vasodilation or alpha-adrenergic blocking properties, or both, have been attributed to glucocorticoids, recent evidence does not support these findings during normal conditions or circulatory shock. If the increase in cerebral vascular resistance is passive, steroids may help by preventing platelet aggregation, cell disruption and subsequent microvascular plugging. Intravenously administered fluids, dextran-saline solution, while in themselves are probably not important to survival, may augment cerebral blood flow during shock through a blood dilutional effect. Finally, it is possible that steroids act to permit normal, long term cerebral auto-regulation, which is apparently impaired during endotoxin shock in the dog.", "contents": "Methylprednisolone in the prevention of cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic disorders during endotoxin shock in the dog. These results provide evidence that steroid pretreatment and subsequent post-treatment prevent cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic alterations during four hours of Escherichia coli endotoxin shock in the dog. However, in this study, no data are provided on how the steroid prevents an increase in cerebral vascular resistance, and no clear answer is available in the literature. While active vasodilation or alpha-adrenergic blocking properties, or both, have been attributed to glucocorticoids, recent evidence does not support these findings during normal conditions or circulatory shock. If the increase in cerebral vascular resistance is passive, steroids may help by preventing platelet aggregation, cell disruption and subsequent microvascular plugging. Intravenously administered fluids, dextran-saline solution, while in themselves are probably not important to survival, may augment cerebral blood flow during shock through a blood dilutional effect. Finally, it is possible that steroids act to permit normal, long term cerebral auto-regulation, which is apparently impaired during endotoxin shock in the dog.", "PMID": 369007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_314", "title": "Antacid therapy and nutritional supplementation in the prevention of Curling's ulcer.", "content": "The incidence of clinically evident Curling's ulcer among 109 potentially salvageable severely burned patients was reviewed. These patients, who had greater than a 40 per cent body surface area burn, received one of these three treatment regimens: antacids hourly until autografting was complete, antacids hourly during the early postburn period followed by nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete or no antacids during the early postburn period but subsequent nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete. Clinically evident Curling's ulcer occurred in three patients. This incidence approximates the lowest reported among severely burned patients treated prophylactically with acid-reducing regimens to minimize clinically evident Curling's ulcer. In addition to its protective effect on Curling's ulcer, Vivonex, when used in combination with a high protein, high caloric diet, meets the caloric needs of the severely burned patient. Probably, Vivonex, which has a pH range of 4.5 to 5.4 protects against clinically evident Curling's ulcer by a dilutional alkalinization of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Antacid therapy and nutritional supplementation in the prevention of Curling's ulcer. The incidence of clinically evident Curling's ulcer among 109 potentially salvageable severely burned patients was reviewed. These patients, who had greater than a 40 per cent body surface area burn, received one of these three treatment regimens: antacids hourly until autografting was complete, antacids hourly during the early postburn period followed by nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete or no antacids during the early postburn period but subsequent nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete. Clinically evident Curling's ulcer occurred in three patients. This incidence approximates the lowest reported among severely burned patients treated prophylactically with acid-reducing regimens to minimize clinically evident Curling's ulcer. In addition to its protective effect on Curling's ulcer, Vivonex, when used in combination with a high protein, high caloric diet, meets the caloric needs of the severely burned patient. Probably, Vivonex, which has a pH range of 4.5 to 5.4 protects against clinically evident Curling's ulcer by a dilutional alkalinization of gastric secretion.", "PMID": 369008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_315", "title": "Intraperitoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution for the prevention of intra-abdominal abscesses in the bacterially contaminated abdomen.", "content": "A prospective randomized investigation was undertaken, involving 168 consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy for conditions accompanying bacterially contaminated peritoneal cavities, to evaluate the effectiveness of povidone-iodine irrigation of the peritoneum in preventing the development of intra-abdominal abscesses. In the treatment group irrigated with povidone-iodine solution, 0.1 per cent available iodine, one of 80 patients had an abscess, 1.3 per cent, while, in the saline solution irrigated control group, nine of 88 patients had abscesses, 10.2 per cent, p less than 0.05. Although the serum iodine levels were elevated 24 hours after intraperitoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution, iodine levels returned to near normal by 72 hours. Thyroxine levels showed no major changes. No complications resulting from the use of povidone-iodine were recognized.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution for the prevention of intra-abdominal abscesses in the bacterially contaminated abdomen. A prospective randomized investigation was undertaken, involving 168 consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy for conditions accompanying bacterially contaminated peritoneal cavities, to evaluate the effectiveness of povidone-iodine irrigation of the peritoneum in preventing the development of intra-abdominal abscesses. In the treatment group irrigated with povidone-iodine solution, 0.1 per cent available iodine, one of 80 patients had an abscess, 1.3 per cent, while, in the saline solution irrigated control group, nine of 88 patients had abscesses, 10.2 per cent, p less than 0.05. Although the serum iodine levels were elevated 24 hours after intraperitoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution, iodine levels returned to near normal by 72 hours. Thyroxine levels showed no major changes. No complications resulting from the use of povidone-iodine were recognized.", "PMID": 369009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_316", "title": "Recent advances in the treatment of systemic mycotic infections.", "content": "Serious therapeutic problems are posed by the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients as well as in patients with compromised immune defenses, prosthetic devices and grafts and several other predisposing factors. A number of new approaches, including combination drug treatment and the development of newer agents, may justify increased optimism in the management of these infections.", "contents": "Recent advances in the treatment of systemic mycotic infections. Serious therapeutic problems are posed by the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients as well as in patients with compromised immune defenses, prosthetic devices and grafts and several other predisposing factors. A number of new approaches, including combination drug treatment and the development of newer agents, may justify increased optimism in the management of these infections.", "PMID": 369010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_317", "title": "Stereotactic implantation of iridium192 into CNS neoplasms.", "content": "A new method of stereotactic implantation of Iridium192 into CNS neoplasms is presented along with a method for tumor localization by computerized axial tomography, stereotactic angiography and stereotactic serial biopsies. A case treated with this technique is presented with an encouraging short term result.", "contents": "Stereotactic implantation of iridium192 into CNS neoplasms. A new method of stereotactic implantation of Iridium192 into CNS neoplasms is presented along with a method for tumor localization by computerized axial tomography, stereotactic angiography and stereotactic serial biopsies. A case treated with this technique is presented with an encouraging short term result.", "PMID": 369011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_318", "title": "Segmental pancreatic transplantation in pigs.", "content": "Segmental pancreatic allotransplants were performed intraperitoneally in pigs with and without ligation of the duct. Exocrine pancreatic function was suppressed by the administration of glucagon. All recipients also received high doses of methylprednisolone for the first 10 days after transplant as well as cyclophosphamide until death or sacrifice. Some animals received antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) in addition. Diabetes was induced by total panreatectomy. Allotransplantation in pancreatectomized animals was successful in preventing hyperglycemia for up to 33 days of observation. ALG in the dosage used did not show any beneficial effects and varying degrees of rejection occurred in the majority of these unmatched animal pairs. Grafts without ligation of the duct seemed to show the best preservation of tissue because of absence of obstructive damage following duct ligation. Of significance is the fact that no intraperitoneal inflammatory or infectious complications occurred in recipients of either duct-ligated or unligated grafts, presumably because of suppression of exocrine function with glucagon and the reabsorptive capability of the peritoneal surface. We speculate that this is a satisfactory physiological model for continued trials in pancreatic transplantation, although antirejection therapy was far from satisfactory.", "contents": "Segmental pancreatic transplantation in pigs. Segmental pancreatic allotransplants were performed intraperitoneally in pigs with and without ligation of the duct. Exocrine pancreatic function was suppressed by the administration of glucagon. All recipients also received high doses of methylprednisolone for the first 10 days after transplant as well as cyclophosphamide until death or sacrifice. Some animals received antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) in addition. Diabetes was induced by total panreatectomy. Allotransplantation in pancreatectomized animals was successful in preventing hyperglycemia for up to 33 days of observation. ALG in the dosage used did not show any beneficial effects and varying degrees of rejection occurred in the majority of these unmatched animal pairs. Grafts without ligation of the duct seemed to show the best preservation of tissue because of absence of obstructive damage following duct ligation. Of significance is the fact that no intraperitoneal inflammatory or infectious complications occurred in recipients of either duct-ligated or unligated grafts, presumably because of suppression of exocrine function with glucagon and the reabsorptive capability of the peritoneal surface. We speculate that this is a satisfactory physiological model for continued trials in pancreatic transplantation, although antirejection therapy was far from satisfactory.", "PMID": 369012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_319", "title": "Simplified distal pancreatectomy with the Auto Suture stapler: preliminary clinical observations.", "content": "The most serious complication following distal pancreatectomy is the development of a pancreatic fistula or subphrenic abscess. These complications are particularly prone to occur following distal pancreatectomy for trauma. The injured pancreas is divided in a contaminated field, often in the presence of hemorrhage and partly devitalized tissues, in which identification and secure closure of the transected pancreatic duct may be difficult. A review of 12 surgical publications describing experience with 234 distal pancreatectomies performed for trauma found the average pancreatic fistula rate to be 13% an in some reports as high as 25% to 30%. In an attempt to decrease the high postoperative fistula rate after distal pancreatectomy, transection of the gland with the autosuture has been investigated. There are at least three theoretical advantages of this technique. The pancreas is transected through healthy tissue, the pancreatic duct is closed securely, and stainless steel sutures are used, which probably are more resistant to the development of infection than other suture material. This report describes a technique of distal pancreatectomy for both trauma surgery and elective surgery with the TA-55 Auto Suture stapler. TA-55 Auto Suture stapler, with 3.5 mm staples, is placed across the mobilized pancreas, and two rows of staggered stainless steel staples are laid down. The gland distal to the stapler then is amputated. At present this technique has been used in a total of 12 cases--four for trauma and eight during elective procedures. One fistula related to pancreatectomy performed with the Auto Suture stapler developed, for a complication rate of 8.3%. This preliminary experience indicates that a more widespread evaluation of this technique is indicated.", "contents": "Simplified distal pancreatectomy with the Auto Suture stapler: preliminary clinical observations. The most serious complication following distal pancreatectomy is the development of a pancreatic fistula or subphrenic abscess. These complications are particularly prone to occur following distal pancreatectomy for trauma. The injured pancreas is divided in a contaminated field, often in the presence of hemorrhage and partly devitalized tissues, in which identification and secure closure of the transected pancreatic duct may be difficult. A review of 12 surgical publications describing experience with 234 distal pancreatectomies performed for trauma found the average pancreatic fistula rate to be 13% an in some reports as high as 25% to 30%. In an attempt to decrease the high postoperative fistula rate after distal pancreatectomy, transection of the gland with the autosuture has been investigated. There are at least three theoretical advantages of this technique. The pancreas is transected through healthy tissue, the pancreatic duct is closed securely, and stainless steel sutures are used, which probably are more resistant to the development of infection than other suture material. This report describes a technique of distal pancreatectomy for both trauma surgery and elective surgery with the TA-55 Auto Suture stapler. TA-55 Auto Suture stapler, with 3.5 mm staples, is placed across the mobilized pancreas, and two rows of staggered stainless steel staples are laid down. The gland distal to the stapler then is amputated. At present this technique has been used in a total of 12 cases--four for trauma and eight during elective procedures. One fistula related to pancreatectomy performed with the Auto Suture stapler developed, for a complication rate of 8.3%. This preliminary experience indicates that a more widespread evaluation of this technique is indicated.", "PMID": 369013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_320", "title": "Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene as a vascular substitute: a two year follow-up.", "content": "Since 1974, 131 femoropopliteal, distal popliteal, and tibial bypasses have been performed using expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Forty patients were operated on for limb salvage, and 21 had had previous bypass procedures. The overall patency rate was 82%. Early occlusions possibly were related to technical error, but most probably were due to severity of disease and poor runoff. Late occlusions were related to progressive atherosclerosis in the proximal or distal arterial tree. A 75.7% cumulative patency rate was noted at 28 months. In man the PTFE prosthesis demonstrates a smooth intimal lining with fibroblastic ingrowth into the interstices of the graft. These results are considered to be excellent in this high-risk patient population. The patency rates achieved with PTFE are better than those accomplished with alternative conduits and approach the patency rates reported with autogenous saphenous vein. Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene with its high patency, pliability, and tissue incorporation is an excellent arterial substitute. Only with continued use of this material and a more uniform patient selection can more equitable comparisons be made between expanded PTFE and the autogenous vein.", "contents": "Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene as a vascular substitute: a two year follow-up. Since 1974, 131 femoropopliteal, distal popliteal, and tibial bypasses have been performed using expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Forty patients were operated on for limb salvage, and 21 had had previous bypass procedures. The overall patency rate was 82%. Early occlusions possibly were related to technical error, but most probably were due to severity of disease and poor runoff. Late occlusions were related to progressive atherosclerosis in the proximal or distal arterial tree. A 75.7% cumulative patency rate was noted at 28 months. In man the PTFE prosthesis demonstrates a smooth intimal lining with fibroblastic ingrowth into the interstices of the graft. These results are considered to be excellent in this high-risk patient population. The patency rates achieved with PTFE are better than those accomplished with alternative conduits and approach the patency rates reported with autogenous saphenous vein. Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene with its high patency, pliability, and tissue incorporation is an excellent arterial substitute. Only with continued use of this material and a more uniform patient selection can more equitable comparisons be made between expanded PTFE and the autogenous vein.", "PMID": 369014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_321", "title": "Amino acid metabolism in dogs with E. coli bacteremic shock.", "content": "In 10 fasting dogs receiving 10(9) viable E. coli bacteria per kilogram intravenously, mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 120.6 +/- 15.1 to 82.2 +/- 12.8 mm Hg. The association of hypoglycemia and increased arterial alanine and glycine with elevated plasma glucagon implied impaired gluconeogenesis. A rapid elevation of blood urea concentration, indicating increased ureagenesis, a fall of blood glucose, and an increase of net urea synthesis relative to that of glucose suggested that an increased proportion of the carbon residues derived from glucogenic amino acids is catabolized via pathways other than gluconeogenesis. In the bacteremic dogs the absolute net release from the leg of valine, isoleucine, and leucine and their net release relative to the net rate of proteolysis were decreased, suggesting increased oxidation of these amino acids in skeletal muscle. An increased net release of alanine relative to the net rate of protein catabolism in muscle was in agreement with this contention.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism in dogs with E. coli bacteremic shock. In 10 fasting dogs receiving 10(9) viable E. coli bacteria per kilogram intravenously, mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 120.6 +/- 15.1 to 82.2 +/- 12.8 mm Hg. The association of hypoglycemia and increased arterial alanine and glycine with elevated plasma glucagon implied impaired gluconeogenesis. A rapid elevation of blood urea concentration, indicating increased ureagenesis, a fall of blood glucose, and an increase of net urea synthesis relative to that of glucose suggested that an increased proportion of the carbon residues derived from glucogenic amino acids is catabolized via pathways other than gluconeogenesis. In the bacteremic dogs the absolute net release from the leg of valine, isoleucine, and leucine and their net release relative to the net rate of proteolysis were decreased, suggesting increased oxidation of these amino acids in skeletal muscle. An increased net release of alanine relative to the net rate of protein catabolism in muscle was in agreement with this contention.", "PMID": 369015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_322", "title": "Food-borne parasitic infections--old stories and new facts.", "content": "A review is presented of food-borne parasitic infections. Parasitic infections with public health hazards both from conventional slaughter animals and from seafood (fish and shellfish) are discussed. The former category includes cysticercosis, echinococcosis, and trichinosis, the latter category covers various trematode, cestode, nematode, and possibly also protozoan infections. Examples of trematode infections are heterophyidiasis, transmitted to man by marine fish, and Paragonimus spp parasites, transmitted by crustaceans. Cestode infections include diphyllobothriasis transmitted by both fresh water fish and fish from brackish waters. Special attention is drawn to the condition known as sparganosis. Of the nematode infections, the eosinophilic granulomatous enteritis due to the genera Anisakis, Phocanema, and Contracaecum, transmitted to man by either marine fish or crustaceans, is mentioned. Two other nematode infections. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Capillaria philippinensis, can also be transmitted to man by marine fish. Free living amoebae (a.o. Naegleria) may be transmitted to man via shellfish as vehicles. Apart from a possible direct effect of these parasites, chemical alterations in seafood resulting from the presence of parasites may also be deleterious to the consumer. Special attention is drawn to a newly developed serological detection method, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which makes detection of infection possible not only at the slaughterhouse but also at the farm or in large herds. Strategies to control parasitic infections both in conventional slaughter animals and in seafood are discussed.", "contents": "Food-borne parasitic infections--old stories and new facts. A review is presented of food-borne parasitic infections. Parasitic infections with public health hazards both from conventional slaughter animals and from seafood (fish and shellfish) are discussed. The former category includes cysticercosis, echinococcosis, and trichinosis, the latter category covers various trematode, cestode, nematode, and possibly also protozoan infections. Examples of trematode infections are heterophyidiasis, transmitted to man by marine fish, and Paragonimus spp parasites, transmitted by crustaceans. Cestode infections include diphyllobothriasis transmitted by both fresh water fish and fish from brackish waters. Special attention is drawn to the condition known as sparganosis. Of the nematode infections, the eosinophilic granulomatous enteritis due to the genera Anisakis, Phocanema, and Contracaecum, transmitted to man by either marine fish or crustaceans, is mentioned. Two other nematode infections. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Capillaria philippinensis, can also be transmitted to man by marine fish. Free living amoebae (a.o. Naegleria) may be transmitted to man via shellfish as vehicles. Apart from a possible direct effect of these parasites, chemical alterations in seafood resulting from the presence of parasites may also be deleterious to the consumer. Special attention is drawn to a newly developed serological detection method, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which makes detection of infection possible not only at the slaughterhouse but also at the farm or in large herds. Strategies to control parasitic infections both in conventional slaughter animals and in seafood are discussed.", "PMID": 369034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_323", "title": "[Infections with strains of Escherichia coli indistinguishable from non-pathogenic porcine coliform organisms in animals other than swine (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on sixty cases in which so-called porcine coliform organisms were isolated post-mortem from various species of animal. Clinically, these were cases of abortion (cattle, dogs) and enterotoxaemia (sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, goats, guinea pigs, deer and birds).", "contents": "[Infections with strains of Escherichia coli indistinguishable from non-pathogenic porcine coliform organisms in animals other than swine (author's transl)]. A report on sixty cases in which so-called porcine coliform organisms were isolated post-mortem from various species of animal. Clinically, these were cases of abortion (cattle, dogs) and enterotoxaemia (sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, goats, guinea pigs, deer and birds).", "PMID": 369035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_324", "title": "[Studies on the bacterial causes of neonatal mortality in foals. Report on post-mortem findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The causes of neonatal mortality in foals were studied over a period of two years. The total number of foals studied was 121. Bacterial infection was found to be an important factor. Infection caused by A. equuli (1.6%) which previously was the most important one, has been superseded by E. coli infection (56%). E. coli infections particularly occur during the first weeks of life and, depending on the course of the disease, give rise to various pathological changes. Infections running an acute course are mainly marked by pathological changes of the lung and lymphoid organs. Infections running a subacute course are frequently associated with polyarthritis and polyserositis. Another important cause of infection during the first weeks of life is Klebsiella pneumonia (10%). The pathological changes occurring in this infection are markedly similar to those in subacute E. coli infection. Infections with Salmonella spp. (7%) mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months) affected with polyarthritis. C. equi and streptococcal infections (11%) also mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months). The pathological features are characterized by generalized purulent lesions in various organs. In spite of the fact that post-mortem findings suggested septicaemia, bacteriological examination was negative in 12% of the foals. The discussion is concerned with an assessment of the relationship between the pathomorphological findings and the pathogenesis of the various infections.", "contents": "[Studies on the bacterial causes of neonatal mortality in foals. Report on post-mortem findings (author's transl)]. The causes of neonatal mortality in foals were studied over a period of two years. The total number of foals studied was 121. Bacterial infection was found to be an important factor. Infection caused by A. equuli (1.6%) which previously was the most important one, has been superseded by E. coli infection (56%). E. coli infections particularly occur during the first weeks of life and, depending on the course of the disease, give rise to various pathological changes. Infections running an acute course are mainly marked by pathological changes of the lung and lymphoid organs. Infections running a subacute course are frequently associated with polyarthritis and polyserositis. Another important cause of infection during the first weeks of life is Klebsiella pneumonia (10%). The pathological changes occurring in this infection are markedly similar to those in subacute E. coli infection. Infections with Salmonella spp. (7%) mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months) affected with polyarthritis. C. equi and streptococcal infections (11%) also mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months). The pathological features are characterized by generalized purulent lesions in various organs. In spite of the fact that post-mortem findings suggested septicaemia, bacteriological examination was negative in 12% of the foals. The discussion is concerned with an assessment of the relationship between the pathomorphological findings and the pathogenesis of the various infections.", "PMID": 369036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_325", "title": "Nervous system responses to work - site chemicals - toxicological basis.", "content": "A number of materials which are applied in the chemical industry in the work environment are liable to produce injury to health, particularly neurotoxic disturbances, when absorbed by the organism. The effects exerted are determined by the anatomic-structural factors of the nervous system and the physico-chemical characteristics of a given neurotoxicant. Some of the materials to be considered exhibit pronounced affinities for certain structures and ganglion groups in the central or peripheral nervous system. This gives rise to specific patterns of morphologic or functional disturbances or lesions and ultimately leads to the development of different clinical symptoms which manifest themselves as distinct intoxication pictures characteristic of certain work-site chemicals. Currently available suggestions for a grouping of industrial neurotoxicants which is both systematic and convenient to handle for practical purposes take their bearing from the clinical and morphologic-structural features reported in the literature.", "contents": "Nervous system responses to work - site chemicals - toxicological basis. A number of materials which are applied in the chemical industry in the work environment are liable to produce injury to health, particularly neurotoxic disturbances, when absorbed by the organism. The effects exerted are determined by the anatomic-structural factors of the nervous system and the physico-chemical characteristics of a given neurotoxicant. Some of the materials to be considered exhibit pronounced affinities for certain structures and ganglion groups in the central or peripheral nervous system. This gives rise to specific patterns of morphologic or functional disturbances or lesions and ultimately leads to the development of different clinical symptoms which manifest themselves as distinct intoxication pictures characteristic of certain work-site chemicals. Currently available suggestions for a grouping of industrial neurotoxicants which is both systematic and convenient to handle for practical purposes take their bearing from the clinical and morphologic-structural features reported in the literature.", "PMID": 369038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_326", "title": "The interaction between alcohol, chlorpropamide and phenformin in a severe combined poisoning: case report.", "content": "A young non-diabetic woman ingested 2.5-3.7 g of chlorpropamide and 0.6-0.9 g of phenformin together with a large dose of alcohol, nitrofurantoin and promethazine in a suicidal attempt. She developed severe metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, polyuria and prolonged hypoglycemia in the absence of typical hypoglycemic symptoms. These unusual clinical features were in part explained on the basis of the interactions between alcohol and the other drugs.", "contents": "The interaction between alcohol, chlorpropamide and phenformin in a severe combined poisoning: case report. A young non-diabetic woman ingested 2.5-3.7 g of chlorpropamide and 0.6-0.9 g of phenformin together with a large dose of alcohol, nitrofurantoin and promethazine in a suicidal attempt. She developed severe metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, polyuria and prolonged hypoglycemia in the absence of typical hypoglycemic symptoms. These unusual clinical features were in part explained on the basis of the interactions between alcohol and the other drugs.", "PMID": 369039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_327", "title": "[Clinical and microbiological studies on the effect of locally applied aminofluorides on bacterial plaque and gingiva condition of Soviet school children].", "content": "In a short-term (over 4 weeks) clinico-microbiological study on 18 Soviet school children, 12 years of age, it was found that a supervised oral hygiene action with the amine fluoride-containing caries-preventing agents Silca and Elmex fluid (produced in the GDR) had resulted in a marked reduction in plaque formation, an improvement in gingival conditions and a reduction of the germ content in the plaques.", "contents": "[Clinical and microbiological studies on the effect of locally applied aminofluorides on bacterial plaque and gingiva condition of Soviet school children]. In a short-term (over 4 weeks) clinico-microbiological study on 18 Soviet school children, 12 years of age, it was found that a supervised oral hygiene action with the amine fluoride-containing caries-preventing agents Silca and Elmex fluid (produced in the GDR) had resulted in a marked reduction in plaque formation, an improvement in gingival conditions and a reduction of the germ content in the plaques.", "PMID": 369049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_328", "title": "[Possibilities and significance of immunological diagnosis for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases].", "content": "A clearer understanding of the aetiology of periodontal diseases can only be gained by further studies on the effects of plaques on the organism. Furthermore, the pathogenic plaque components must be assessed. It seems worth while maintaining the working hypothesis that periodontal disease is a plaque-induced clinical picture and that its various types are due to variations in the power of resistance of the organism. The better understanding of this changed reactivity and of the pathogenic plaque components must be aimed at.", "contents": "[Possibilities and significance of immunological diagnosis for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases]. A clearer understanding of the aetiology of periodontal diseases can only be gained by further studies on the effects of plaques on the organism. Furthermore, the pathogenic plaque components must be assessed. It seems worth while maintaining the working hypothesis that periodontal disease is a plaque-induced clinical picture and that its various types are due to variations in the power of resistance of the organism. The better understanding of this changed reactivity and of the pathogenic plaque components must be aimed at.", "PMID": 369050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_329", "title": "[Significance of microscopy preparations in periodontal diseases].", "content": "A simple microscopic method for the quantitative determination of bacteria, leucocytes and epithelial cells was tested on 24 healthy subjects and 75 patients with the diagnosis of periodontal disease. It was found that the microscopic picture is on principle, in correlation with exact clinical data, suited for detecting periodontal disease.", "contents": "[Significance of microscopy preparations in periodontal diseases]. A simple microscopic method for the quantitative determination of bacteria, leucocytes and epithelial cells was tested on 24 healthy subjects and 75 patients with the diagnosis of periodontal disease. It was found that the microscopic picture is on principle, in correlation with exact clinical data, suited for detecting periodontal disease.", "PMID": 369051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_330", "title": "[Roentgenological evaluation of success of nonvital teeth following treatment with dental post and crown].", "content": "For the purpose of a comparative study on the occurrence of periapical changes in non-vital teeth after application of pin crowns, the authors examined radiologically 379 teeth, 175 of which had been apicectomized. The groups of teeth with pin crowns was compared with the group of apicectomized teeth with pin crowns and with a control group of 60 teeth which had only had endodontic treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the group of teeth with pin crowns did not differ significantly from the control group in the occurrence of periapical changes. On the contrary, there was a marked increase in periapical changes in the group of apicectomized teeth with pin crowns compared to the two other groups. This difference was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Roentgenological evaluation of success of nonvital teeth following treatment with dental post and crown]. For the purpose of a comparative study on the occurrence of periapical changes in non-vital teeth after application of pin crowns, the authors examined radiologically 379 teeth, 175 of which had been apicectomized. The groups of teeth with pin crowns was compared with the group of apicectomized teeth with pin crowns and with a control group of 60 teeth which had only had endodontic treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the group of teeth with pin crowns did not differ significantly from the control group in the occurrence of periapical changes. On the contrary, there was a marked increase in periapical changes in the group of apicectomized teeth with pin crowns compared to the two other groups. This difference was statistically significant.", "PMID": 369052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_331", "title": "[Hospital and outpatient clinic for dentistry-past and future].", "content": "A short historical survey deals with the development of the Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology of the Magdeburg Medical Academy. Apart from especially marked stages prior to the erection of the new building in 1958 and the appreciation of the merits of F. Meyer, founder of the Clinic, the present paper treats the interdisciplinary connexion of the Clinic with other institutions of the Magdeburg Medical Academy and indicates its tasks in the fields of medical care, of medical education, training and continuing education, and of research. From a discussion on its significance and importance in the framework of the health policy of the Socialist Health Service of the GDR, certain speculations on its prospects are deduced (with reference to certain facts), and the consequences necessary for the continuation of its present development are pointed to.", "contents": "[Hospital and outpatient clinic for dentistry-past and future]. A short historical survey deals with the development of the Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology of the Magdeburg Medical Academy. Apart from especially marked stages prior to the erection of the new building in 1958 and the appreciation of the merits of F. Meyer, founder of the Clinic, the present paper treats the interdisciplinary connexion of the Clinic with other institutions of the Magdeburg Medical Academy and indicates its tasks in the fields of medical care, of medical education, training and continuing education, and of research. From a discussion on its significance and importance in the framework of the health policy of the Socialist Health Service of the GDR, certain speculations on its prospects are deduced (with reference to certain facts), and the consequences necessary for the continuation of its present development are pointed to.", "PMID": 369053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_332", "title": "[Development of dentistry in the Magdeburg district].", "content": "The author outlines some important stages of the development of medicine and, by that, of dentistry--the historical data evince their close connexion--especially in the region of Magdeburg. In view of the particularities and difficulties mentioned, it is easy to understand that the targeted practice of dentistry has become possible only in the twenties of our century.", "contents": "[Development of dentistry in the Magdeburg district]. The author outlines some important stages of the development of medicine and, by that, of dentistry--the historical data evince their close connexion--especially in the region of Magdeburg. In view of the particularities and difficulties mentioned, it is easy to understand that the targeted practice of dentistry has become possible only in the twenties of our century.", "PMID": 369054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_333", "title": "[Osteoplastic interlocking in recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation].", "content": "A short survey of the problems encountered in the treatment of recurrent luxations of the temporomandibular joint is followed by the description of the method of osteoplastic interlocking according to Rehrmann. In accordance with favourable reports in the literature, the authors' experience also permits to recommend this method.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic interlocking in recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation]. A short survey of the problems encountered in the treatment of recurrent luxations of the temporomandibular joint is followed by the description of the method of osteoplastic interlocking according to Rehrmann. In accordance with favourable reports in the literature, the authors' experience also permits to recommend this method.", "PMID": 369055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_334", "title": "Comparative trial on the therapeutic effectiveness of the new anthelmintic drug: ciclobendazole.", "content": "In a double-blind study in Cameroon the vermicidal effect of Ciclobendazole, a new Benzimidazole derivative, was evaluated and compared to Mebendazole. Ciclobendazole and Mebendazole were equally effective in the treatment of Ascaris and Hookworm infestations. An increase in the dosis of Ciclobendazole from 600 mg to 1200 mg did not lead to an improvement in the effectiveness. When treating trichuriasis significantly better results were achieved with Mebendazole (p = 0.01). Both drugs were tolerated equally well. Side effects, such as vomiting and diarrhoea, only occurred in a small percentage of cases.", "contents": "Comparative trial on the therapeutic effectiveness of the new anthelmintic drug: ciclobendazole. In a double-blind study in Cameroon the vermicidal effect of Ciclobendazole, a new Benzimidazole derivative, was evaluated and compared to Mebendazole. Ciclobendazole and Mebendazole were equally effective in the treatment of Ascaris and Hookworm infestations. An increase in the dosis of Ciclobendazole from 600 mg to 1200 mg did not lead to an improvement in the effectiveness. When treating trichuriasis significantly better results were achieved with Mebendazole (p = 0.01). Both drugs were tolerated equally well. Side effects, such as vomiting and diarrhoea, only occurred in a small percentage of cases.", "PMID": 369076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_335", "title": "Current concepts of the aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology of bladder cancer.", "content": "Attention is directed to the information currently available on the pathogenesis of human bladder cancer. The continuum between carcinoma, carcinoma-in-situ and other epithelial abnormalities is noted. Pre-neoplastic lesions are defined as irreversible but not necessarily progressive, and a possible morphologic marker for pre-neoplasia seen with scanning electron microscopy is described.", "contents": "Current concepts of the aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology of bladder cancer. Attention is directed to the information currently available on the pathogenesis of human bladder cancer. The continuum between carcinoma, carcinoma-in-situ and other epithelial abnormalities is noted. Pre-neoplastic lesions are defined as irreversible but not necessarily progressive, and a possible morphologic marker for pre-neoplasia seen with scanning electron microscopy is described.", "PMID": 369082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_336", "title": "Fc receptor-like structures on in vitro-cultured human ovarian tumor cells.", "content": "Four ovarian cystadenocarcinomas cultured in vitro were tested by a radioisotopic method with sera from cancer patients or healthy donors to search for a possible specific antitumor immune response of patients bearing ovarian tumors. However, the ovarian tumor cells were found to bear on their membrane surface structures able to bind immunoglobulins from any tested serum, thus making impossible the detection of a hypothetical specific antitumor antibody. These structures were demonstrated to bind the Fc portion of the Ig and were therefore similar to the Fc receptors described on various normal cells, particularly of the immunocompetent compartment.", "contents": "Fc receptor-like structures on in vitro-cultured human ovarian tumor cells. Four ovarian cystadenocarcinomas cultured in vitro were tested by a radioisotopic method with sera from cancer patients or healthy donors to search for a possible specific antitumor immune response of patients bearing ovarian tumors. However, the ovarian tumor cells were found to bear on their membrane surface structures able to bind immunoglobulins from any tested serum, thus making impossible the detection of a hypothetical specific antitumor antibody. These structures were demonstrated to bind the Fc portion of the Ig and were therefore similar to the Fc receptors described on various normal cells, particularly of the immunocompetent compartment.", "PMID": 369078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_337", "title": "Immunoperoxidase staining of carcinoembryonic antigen in urinary bladder cancer.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase study of the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in primary cancers of the urinary bladder, metastases to the bladder, non-malignant diseased bladder, and normal bladder tissues revealed that approximately 10 percent of the urothelial carcinomas (transitional cell and squamous cell types) contained detectable quantities of this antigen. The other tissues were devoid of stainable CEA. It thus appears that the incidence of positive CEA by immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue sections is much less than the frequency of blood or urinary CEA elevations in patients with urothelial cancer.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase staining of carcinoembryonic antigen in urinary bladder cancer. An immunoperoxidase study of the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in primary cancers of the urinary bladder, metastases to the bladder, non-malignant diseased bladder, and normal bladder tissues revealed that approximately 10 percent of the urothelial carcinomas (transitional cell and squamous cell types) contained detectable quantities of this antigen. The other tissues were devoid of stainable CEA. It thus appears that the incidence of positive CEA by immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue sections is much less than the frequency of blood or urinary CEA elevations in patients with urothelial cancer.", "PMID": 369084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_338", "title": "Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary: case report with a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary is reported. From a survey of the literature some anatomo-clinical considerations are drawn and the histopathologic criteria for diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary: case report with a review of the literature. A case of malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary is reported. From a survey of the literature some anatomo-clinical considerations are drawn and the histopathologic criteria for diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 369079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_339", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in serum, urine and cells of patients with bladder carcinoma.", "content": "A raised level of CEA-like substance has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay in the urine of patients with bladder carcinoma, in concentrations which increase with a more advanced stage, and in serum of patients with advanced disease. In a 2-year follow-up of patients receiving chemotherapy, a correlation of raised urinary CEA to local recurrence was seen, as well as rising and high serum values with metastases. In the patients who responded to treatment, CEA values became normal. CEA was also located in carcinoma cells from bladder washings in 24--61% of the cases. Combined studies of CEA in serum, urine and cells may be used to study the biology of the tumour and perhpas also in the monitoring of patients with urothelial carcinoma.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in serum, urine and cells of patients with bladder carcinoma. A raised level of CEA-like substance has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay in the urine of patients with bladder carcinoma, in concentrations which increase with a more advanced stage, and in serum of patients with advanced disease. In a 2-year follow-up of patients receiving chemotherapy, a correlation of raised urinary CEA to local recurrence was seen, as well as rising and high serum values with metastases. In the patients who responded to treatment, CEA values became normal. CEA was also located in carcinoma cells from bladder washings in 24--61% of the cases. Combined studies of CEA in serum, urine and cells may be used to study the biology of the tumour and perhpas also in the monitoring of patients with urothelial carcinoma.", "PMID": 369085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_340", "title": "Transplantation for polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with end stage renal failure due to polycystic renal disease have been treated with hemodialysis and transplantation. While on dialysis, the incidence of complications did not differ from a similar group of patients with other causes of renal failure. Bilateral pretransplant nephrectomy is not mandatory except in cases of persistent infection or hemorrhage. A much higher incidence of HLA A3 and HLA B7 was noted in patients with polycystic disease when compared with the general population. Following cadaver renal transplantation, kidney function was significantly better in patients with polycystic disease when compared with those with other forms of renal failure. Patient survival was the same in both groups. We conclude that hemodialysis and transplantation are acceptable forms of treatment for a patient with end stage polycystic renal disease.", "contents": "Transplantation for polycystic kidney disease. Twenty-four patients with end stage renal failure due to polycystic renal disease have been treated with hemodialysis and transplantation. While on dialysis, the incidence of complications did not differ from a similar group of patients with other causes of renal failure. Bilateral pretransplant nephrectomy is not mandatory except in cases of persistent infection or hemorrhage. A much higher incidence of HLA A3 and HLA B7 was noted in patients with polycystic disease when compared with the general population. Following cadaver renal transplantation, kidney function was significantly better in patients with polycystic disease when compared with those with other forms of renal failure. Patient survival was the same in both groups. We conclude that hemodialysis and transplantation are acceptable forms of treatment for a patient with end stage polycystic renal disease.", "PMID": 369086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_341", "title": "Anaerobic bacteriuria in renal transplantation.", "content": "Renal allograft recipients were studied prospectively utilizing improved culture techniques to investigate anaerobic bacteriuria. The study population was compared with a population of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end stage renal disease. The over-all incidence of anaerobic urinary tract infection was 7.5 per cent while the over-all incidence of aerobic urinary tract infection was 23.5  per cent. Patients with cadaver renal transplants during the early postoperative period had the highest incidnece of both anaerobic (42.9 per cent) and aerobic (71.4 per cent) urinary tract infection of all groups. The potential association between significant anaerobic bacteriuria during the first postoperative month and poor  prognosis for cadaver renal allografts merits further investigation.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteriuria in renal transplantation. Renal allograft recipients were studied prospectively utilizing improved culture techniques to investigate anaerobic bacteriuria. The study population was compared with a population of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end stage renal disease. The over-all incidence of anaerobic urinary tract infection was 7.5 per cent while the over-all incidence of aerobic urinary tract infection was 23.5  per cent. Patients with cadaver renal transplants during the early postoperative period had the highest incidnece of both anaerobic (42.9 per cent) and aerobic (71.4 per cent) urinary tract infection of all groups. The potential association between significant anaerobic bacteriuria during the first postoperative month and poor  prognosis for cadaver renal allografts merits further investigation.", "PMID": 369087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_342", "title": "Ureteral reconstruction in renal transplantation.", "content": "The complications associated with ureteral reconstruction in renal transplantation produce significant morbiditiy and mortality rates. We have evolved a combined intravesical-extravesical nonstented ureteroneocystostomy and have used it in 100 consecutive transplants, 50 of which were in high-risk diabetic recipients. No instances of urinary extravasation, fistula formation, disruption of the ureterovesical anastomosis, ureteral solughing, or ureterovesical obstruction have occurred in this series. The lack of urologic complications utilizing this technique offers reduced morbidity and mortality to transplant recipients.", "contents": "Ureteral reconstruction in renal transplantation. The complications associated with ureteral reconstruction in renal transplantation produce significant morbiditiy and mortality rates. We have evolved a combined intravesical-extravesical nonstented ureteroneocystostomy and have used it in 100 consecutive transplants, 50 of which were in high-risk diabetic recipients. No instances of urinary extravasation, fistula formation, disruption of the ureterovesical anastomosis, ureteral solughing, or ureterovesical obstruction have occurred in this series. The lack of urologic complications utilizing this technique offers reduced morbidity and mortality to transplant recipients.", "PMID": 369088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_343", "title": "Experience with the radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Our results with radioimmunoassay studies for parathyroid hormone performed during the last 6 years are compared retrospectively to results of the laboratory tests customarily secured when hyperparathyroidism is suspected. The results obtained in patients with known primary hyperparathyroidism and in patients with unconfirmed but presumptive hyperparathyroidism are compared to the results obtained from a group of normal controls. Despite the fact that certain discrepant results were noted in the earlier assay techniques the over-all results and, in particular, those of more recent years have been highly sensitive and reproducible corroboratives of the existence of primary hyperparathyroidism. About two-thirds of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism will present to the urologist. All patients with calcium-containing stones should have at least 3 determinations of the serum calcium in screening for primary hyperparathyroidism. The radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone provides the most reliable confirmation. The patient with calculous disease, elevation of the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level and hypercalcemia is virtually certain to have primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Experience with the radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Our results with radioimmunoassay studies for parathyroid hormone performed during the last 6 years are compared retrospectively to results of the laboratory tests customarily secured when hyperparathyroidism is suspected. The results obtained in patients with known primary hyperparathyroidism and in patients with unconfirmed but presumptive hyperparathyroidism are compared to the results obtained from a group of normal controls. Despite the fact that certain discrepant results were noted in the earlier assay techniques the over-all results and, in particular, those of more recent years have been highly sensitive and reproducible corroboratives of the existence of primary hyperparathyroidism. About two-thirds of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism will present to the urologist. All patients with calcium-containing stones should have at least 3 determinations of the serum calcium in screening for primary hyperparathyroidism. The radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone provides the most reliable confirmation. The patient with calculous disease, elevation of the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level and hypercalcemia is virtually certain to have primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 369090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_344", "title": "Further studies of renal preservation: protection of the ischemic kidney with inosine.", "content": "Preliminary data are presented on additional means of renal preservation, particularly in the case of warm ischemic insult. We hypothesize that 1 factor responsible for the failure of kidneys to recover after ischemic insult may be depletion of energy sources during the warm ischemic period. Specifically, adenosine triphosphate in the kidney is the principal source of energy for metabolic activity and membrane stability. Inosine, an adenosine triphosphate precursor, was used in a canine model and preliminary work suggested that inosine, when coupled with mannitol, may provide enhanced protection. In vivo assay of kidney slices suggests that inosine may, indeed, tend to maintain adenosine triphosphate levels in the ischemic kidney in contrast to relative adenosine triphosphate depletion in the kidneys not protected with inosine. These data are in concert with the apparently favorable survival data in inosine and mannitol-treated animals.", "contents": "Further studies of renal preservation: protection of the ischemic kidney with inosine. Preliminary data are presented on additional means of renal preservation, particularly in the case of warm ischemic insult. We hypothesize that 1 factor responsible for the failure of kidneys to recover after ischemic insult may be depletion of energy sources during the warm ischemic period. Specifically, adenosine triphosphate in the kidney is the principal source of energy for metabolic activity and membrane stability. Inosine, an adenosine triphosphate precursor, was used in a canine model and preliminary work suggested that inosine, when coupled with mannitol, may provide enhanced protection. In vivo assay of kidney slices suggests that inosine may, indeed, tend to maintain adenosine triphosphate levels in the ischemic kidney in contrast to relative adenosine triphosphate depletion in the kidneys not protected with inosine. These data are in concert with the apparently favorable survival data in inosine and mannitol-treated animals.", "PMID": 369092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_345", "title": "A computer-assisted filing system for urologic information.", "content": "Our increasingly inefficient, cumbersome, often ineffective and time-consuming manual mental cataloguing and retrieving system indicated to us that there must be a better technique available. However, our search of existing systems failed to reveal any matching our needs. Therefore, we developed a 4-category system for cataloguing and retrieving urologic materials. Our program is divided into 3 sections: 1) index, 2) catalogued data and 3) computer programs. We have used this system for more than a year and believe that it has satisfied our original requirements. It is easily adaptable to changes of information, allows for identification of unlimited types of material, offers thorough and accurate data retrieval techniques and is economical now that the expense of organizing the system is behind.", "contents": "A computer-assisted filing system for urologic information. Our increasingly inefficient, cumbersome, often ineffective and time-consuming manual mental cataloguing and retrieving system indicated to us that there must be a better technique available. However, our search of existing systems failed to reveal any matching our needs. Therefore, we developed a 4-category system for cataloguing and retrieving urologic materials. Our program is divided into 3 sections: 1) index, 2) catalogued data and 3) computer programs. We have used this system for more than a year and believe that it has satisfied our original requirements. It is easily adaptable to changes of information, allows for identification of unlimited types of material, offers thorough and accurate data retrieval techniques and is economical now that the expense of organizing the system is behind.", "PMID": 369093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_346", "title": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with failed hypospadias repair.", "content": "Hypospadias repair is often accompanied by complications, some of which may be major. We herein analyze 70 patients whom we have seen and enumerate the defects, list the operative procedures that have been necessary to correct the lesions and illustrate the use of some of these techniques. Surgeons treating patients with hypospadias should have command of many techniques and use them aggressively with imagination and great care.", "contents": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with failed hypospadias repair. Hypospadias repair is often accompanied by complications, some of which may be major. We herein analyze 70 patients whom we have seen and enumerate the defects, list the operative procedures that have been necessary to correct the lesions and illustrate the use of some of these techniques. Surgeons treating patients with hypospadias should have command of many techniques and use them aggressively with imagination and great care.", "PMID": 369094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_347", "title": "Reaction of the vesical wall to bacterial penetration: resistance to attachment, desquamation and leukocytic activity.", "content": "To determine the contribution of the bladder wall to defense against infection we designed a series of experiments wherein movement of introduced bacteria and inflammatory processes (cystitis) were observed by an autoradiographic technique. As a first defense line the bladder mucosal surface showed strong resistance against bacterial attachment and penetration. Moreover, epithelial cells gripped and penetrated by bacteria were desquamated and eliminated through voiding, thus arresting deeper invasion into the bladder wall. When organisms did penetrate the bladder wall they were phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the submucosa and muscularis. In contrast, once leukocytes had migrated into the urine within the bladder they no longer participated in phagocytosis. Organisms also entered the veins, the lymphatics or both and disappeared rapidly from the local site through the action of the reticuloendothelial system. These observations indicate that in addition to mechanical emptying resistance to bacterial attachment, desquamation of invaded cells, activity of leukocytes and macrophages, and disappearance of bacteria from local site are 4 mechanisms whereby the bladder resists and fights infection.", "contents": "Reaction of the vesical wall to bacterial penetration: resistance to attachment, desquamation and leukocytic activity. To determine the contribution of the bladder wall to defense against infection we designed a series of experiments wherein movement of introduced bacteria and inflammatory processes (cystitis) were observed by an autoradiographic technique. As a first defense line the bladder mucosal surface showed strong resistance against bacterial attachment and penetration. Moreover, epithelial cells gripped and penetrated by bacteria were desquamated and eliminated through voiding, thus arresting deeper invasion into the bladder wall. When organisms did penetrate the bladder wall they were phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the submucosa and muscularis. In contrast, once leukocytes had migrated into the urine within the bladder they no longer participated in phagocytosis. Organisms also entered the veins, the lymphatics or both and disappeared rapidly from the local site through the action of the reticuloendothelial system. These observations indicate that in addition to mechanical emptying resistance to bacterial attachment, desquamation of invaded cells, activity of leukocytes and macrophages, and disappearance of bacteria from local site are 4 mechanisms whereby the bladder resists and fights infection.", "PMID": 369095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_348", "title": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood. II. Bacterial variants as etiologic agents in idiopathic hematuria.", "content": "Novel bacterial structures have been demonstrated in lysed blood filtrates placed in special culture media from patients with idiopathic hematuria. These structures converted rapidly to gram-positive coccal (streptococcal and staphylococcal-like) coccobacillary and filamentous, bacterial forms in vitro from 96 per cent of the patients studied. Blood cultured conventionally yielded negative findings. Although structures (dense bodies) were demonstrated in normal control blood specimens (albeit in lesser numbers) few converted to classical bacteria in vitro (7 per cent). Erythromycin therapy appeared to correlate with disappearance of hematuria and inability to revert rapidly the variant froms to classical bacteria in vitro. It is suggested that continual bombardment of the blood by bacteria entering from the mouth or other sites may lead to the development of variant bacterial parasitism. In an effort to survive the deleterious host effects the organisms may convert to persisting osmotically stable variant bacterial forms (dense bodies). Development of a disease state may be conditioned by some existing or developing abnormality in the host (immunologic, physiologic and/or biochemical). Furthermore, changes (genetic?) that might take place in the organisms per se during their transition to variant forms and adaptation to life in vivo may not allow certain host environments to adapt to these new forms, possibly leading to a pathogenetic role in renal diseases whose etiologies have long been enigmas.", "contents": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood. II. Bacterial variants as etiologic agents in idiopathic hematuria. Novel bacterial structures have been demonstrated in lysed blood filtrates placed in special culture media from patients with idiopathic hematuria. These structures converted rapidly to gram-positive coccal (streptococcal and staphylococcal-like) coccobacillary and filamentous, bacterial forms in vitro from 96 per cent of the patients studied. Blood cultured conventionally yielded negative findings. Although structures (dense bodies) were demonstrated in normal control blood specimens (albeit in lesser numbers) few converted to classical bacteria in vitro (7 per cent). Erythromycin therapy appeared to correlate with disappearance of hematuria and inability to revert rapidly the variant froms to classical bacteria in vitro. It is suggested that continual bombardment of the blood by bacteria entering from the mouth or other sites may lead to the development of variant bacterial parasitism. In an effort to survive the deleterious host effects the organisms may convert to persisting osmotically stable variant bacterial forms (dense bodies). Development of a disease state may be conditioned by some existing or developing abnormality in the host (immunologic, physiologic and/or biochemical). Furthermore, changes (genetic?) that might take place in the organisms per se during their transition to variant forms and adaptation to life in vivo may not allow certain host environments to adapt to these new forms, possibly leading to a pathogenetic role in renal diseases whose etiologies have long been enigmas.", "PMID": 369096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_349", "title": "[Reconstructive-restorative operations of the skin after amputation of the limbs].", "content": "Up to 70% of cases admitted for primary prosthetics after amputation of the extremities suffer from some defects aod diseases of the stumps requiring surgical treatment. The experience of the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Prosthetics with 593 reconstructive-restorative operations on the stumps of the extremities allows to define indications for skin plasty on the stumps and to assess the advantages and drawbacks of different methods.", "contents": "[Reconstructive-restorative operations of the skin after amputation of the limbs]. Up to 70% of cases admitted for primary prosthetics after amputation of the extremities suffer from some defects aod diseases of the stumps requiring surgical treatment. The experience of the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Prosthetics with 593 reconstructive-restorative operations on the stumps of the extremities allows to define indications for skin plasty on the stumps and to assess the advantages and drawbacks of different methods.", "PMID": 369102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_350", "title": "[Papillosphincterotomy in lesions of terminal segment of the common bile duct].", "content": "The dissection of the papilla was carried out in 70 patients with pure stenosing papillitis and with papillitis combined with choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. The authors consider subtotal papillosphincterotomy with the length of incision of 1.5 cm to be an expedient means for the dissection of the papilla, which, in their opinion, allows to prevent developing of restenosis. The dissection of the papilla was carried out upon 35 patients with incarcerated stones and upon 8 patients with floating stones. Some practical and helpful recommendations are suggested.", "contents": "[Papillosphincterotomy in lesions of terminal segment of the common bile duct]. The dissection of the papilla was carried out in 70 patients with pure stenosing papillitis and with papillitis combined with choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. The authors consider subtotal papillosphincterotomy with the length of incision of 1.5 cm to be an expedient means for the dissection of the papilla, which, in their opinion, allows to prevent developing of restenosis. The dissection of the papilla was carried out upon 35 patients with incarcerated stones and upon 8 patients with floating stones. Some practical and helpful recommendations are suggested.", "PMID": 369103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_351", "title": "[Production of live attenuated vaccine against colibacillosis in pigs].", "content": "Two strains of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli, p-0141 and i-0149 were used to obtain mutant E. coli organisms with unchanged cultural, morphological, biochemical, and serological properties. The mutants proved apathogenic for albino mice at intravenous injection of a 6-hour broth culture at the rate of 0.3 cm3 or an endotoxin in the same dose. Neither were they enteropathogenic for pigs when inoculated into intestinal segments. They could be used as vaccinal strains.", "contents": "[Production of live attenuated vaccine against colibacillosis in pigs]. Two strains of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli, p-0141 and i-0149 were used to obtain mutant E. coli organisms with unchanged cultural, morphological, biochemical, and serological properties. The mutants proved apathogenic for albino mice at intravenous injection of a 6-hour broth culture at the rate of 0.3 cm3 or an endotoxin in the same dose. Neither were they enteropathogenic for pigs when inoculated into intestinal segments. They could be used as vaccinal strains.", "PMID": 369110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_352", "title": "[Fibrous suppurative arthritis in sheep].", "content": "Described are cases of fibrinous supprative arthritis in sheep characterized by thickenning of the joint, resulting from the involvement of the capsule (periarthritis). Histopathologically, there have been suppurative and necrotic processes combined with fibrinoid necrotizing of the collagen fibers and leukocyte infiltration of the joint capsule. Slight leukocyte infiltration has also been said to occur in the parenchymal organs. Microbiologic studies have revealed the presence of pyogenous bacteria (Corynebacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pasteurella multocida).", "contents": "[Fibrous suppurative arthritis in sheep]. Described are cases of fibrinous supprative arthritis in sheep characterized by thickenning of the joint, resulting from the involvement of the capsule (periarthritis). Histopathologically, there have been suppurative and necrotic processes combined with fibrinoid necrotizing of the collagen fibers and leukocyte infiltration of the joint capsule. Slight leukocyte infiltration has also been said to occur in the parenchymal organs. Microbiologic studies have revealed the presence of pyogenous bacteria (Corynebacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pasteurella multocida).", "PMID": 369111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_353", "title": "[Pathomorphological studies of spontaneous and experimental abortions in cows and guinea pigs].", "content": "The morphologic studies of aspergillosis abortions in cows and guinea pigs were carried out on 83 spontaneously affected aborted cattle fetuses, pregnant guinea pigs and their offsprings. Fifty-four fetuses were of spontaneously aborted cows from 12 farms along with 15 pregnant guinea pigs experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and a total of 14 fetuses of theirs. Microscopically, both in the cattle fetuses and in guinea pigs and their fetuses there were stasis, thrombosis, diapedetic hemorrhages, hyperplasia of the reticulohistiocytes, necrobiosis, and a good amount of polysaccharides in the investigated organs at the absence of hyalin in them. Special staining of cross sections of the studied viscera revealed hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus--in the blood vessels and the tissue of the organs in spontaneously and experimentally infected, resp., aborted cattle fetuses as well as in guinea pigs but not in their fetuses.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological studies of spontaneous and experimental abortions in cows and guinea pigs]. The morphologic studies of aspergillosis abortions in cows and guinea pigs were carried out on 83 spontaneously affected aborted cattle fetuses, pregnant guinea pigs and their offsprings. Fifty-four fetuses were of spontaneously aborted cows from 12 farms along with 15 pregnant guinea pigs experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and a total of 14 fetuses of theirs. Microscopically, both in the cattle fetuses and in guinea pigs and their fetuses there were stasis, thrombosis, diapedetic hemorrhages, hyperplasia of the reticulohistiocytes, necrobiosis, and a good amount of polysaccharides in the investigated organs at the absence of hyalin in them. Special staining of cross sections of the studied viscera revealed hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus--in the blood vessels and the tissue of the organs in spontaneously and experimentally infected, resp., aborted cattle fetuses as well as in guinea pigs but not in their fetuses.", "PMID": 369113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_354", "title": "[Contribution of the Moscow P.A. Gertsen Research Institute of Oncology to the development of oncological immunology in the USSR].", "content": "The main steps in the development of experimental and clinical oncoimmunology in Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P.A. Herzen for the period of 75 years of its existence are reported.", "contents": "[Contribution of the Moscow P.A. Gertsen Research Institute of Oncology to the development of oncological immunology in the USSR]. The main steps in the development of experimental and clinical oncoimmunology in Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P.A. Herzen for the period of 75 years of its existence are reported.", "PMID": 369130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_355", "title": "[Method of medical history taking and control group recruitment in oncoepidemiological studies].", "content": "Some methodical aspects of using the questionnaire as one of the basic tests, employed in oncoepidemiological investigations, are analysed. Under discussion is the potentialities and limits of the questionnairing method; the rules and ways of the optimum application of the given test to obtain the most comprehensive and objective enough information are reported. Also, the principles and criteria of selecting control groups in oncoepidemiological investigations are considered. The factors and conditions which may cause significant differences between the control and \"test\" groups irrespective of the genesis of the affection under study are discussed. An analysis is made of a number of typical methodical errors in oncoepidemiological investigations.", "contents": "[Method of medical history taking and control group recruitment in oncoepidemiological studies]. Some methodical aspects of using the questionnaire as one of the basic tests, employed in oncoepidemiological investigations, are analysed. Under discussion is the potentialities and limits of the questionnairing method; the rules and ways of the optimum application of the given test to obtain the most comprehensive and objective enough information are reported. Also, the principles and criteria of selecting control groups in oncoepidemiological investigations are considered. The factors and conditions which may cause significant differences between the control and \"test\" groups irrespective of the genesis of the affection under study are discussed. An analysis is made of a number of typical methodical errors in oncoepidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 369131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_356", "title": "[Development of combined methods of treatment of malignant tumors].", "content": "The term \"combination treatment\" should implicate various methods of treatment for malignant tumors scheduled beforehand. The combination treatment of malignant tumors is aimed at improving the immediate and late results. This is gained by means of reducing the biological activity of a tumor, both the effect of summation and potentiation of the action of different therapeutic measures being observed. The choice of methods and their sequence is determined by the prognosis factors, which incude the histological tumor structure, anatomical type of growth, the degree of its proliferation both within the range of proximate and remote zones of metastases spread, the general patient's state. At this stage it is difficult to elaborate the methods of combination treatment. The difficulties are conditioned by a variety of forms of many solid tumors, methodical difficulties and complexity of estimating an efficacy of different variants of treatment. Accumulating of knowledge should determine the a range of lesions subject to the combination treatment.", "contents": "[Development of combined methods of treatment of malignant tumors]. The term \"combination treatment\" should implicate various methods of treatment for malignant tumors scheduled beforehand. The combination treatment of malignant tumors is aimed at improving the immediate and late results. This is gained by means of reducing the biological activity of a tumor, both the effect of summation and potentiation of the action of different therapeutic measures being observed. The choice of methods and their sequence is determined by the prognosis factors, which incude the histological tumor structure, anatomical type of growth, the degree of its proliferation both within the range of proximate and remote zones of metastases spread, the general patient's state. At this stage it is difficult to elaborate the methods of combination treatment. The difficulties are conditioned by a variety of forms of many solid tumors, methodical difficulties and complexity of estimating an efficacy of different variants of treatment. Accumulating of knowledge should determine the a range of lesions subject to the combination treatment.", "PMID": 369134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_357", "title": "[History of the foundation of the Moscow P.A. Gertsen Research Institute of Oncology].", "content": "The Moscow Oncology Institute was opened on November 18 (December 1) 1903 and named \"Institute for Treatment of Malignant Tumors at Moscow University\". With the lapse of time this name was changed several times. In 1947 it was named after a prominent Soviet surgeon P.A. Herzen. It is the oldest in Russia  and one of the oldest in the world institutions for oncology researches.", "contents": "[History of the foundation of the Moscow P.A. Gertsen Research Institute of Oncology]. The Moscow Oncology Institute was opened on November 18 (December 1) 1903 and named \"Institute for Treatment of Malignant Tumors at Moscow University\". With the lapse of time this name was changed several times. In 1947 it was named after a prominent Soviet surgeon P.A. Herzen. It is the oldest in Russia  and one of the oldest in the world institutions for oncology researches.", "PMID": 369135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_358", "title": "[Prognostic value of cytological signs in breast cancer].", "content": "From a variety of cytological patterns of breast cancer the signs are singled out, which may be of a prognostic value for determining the degree of tumor malignancy prior to instituting any kind of therapy. The data on 59 patients, radically treated for breast cancer, stage IIIb, are reported: 17 patients died during a year period, 42 - survived for 5 years and longer. There were singled out 11 cytological signs among which are those available in the WHO classification for typing breast cancer malignancy. The most informational signs were as follows: the character of cell location, the content of \"naked\" nuclei and nuclear hyperchromia. It was found that for low malignancy cancer a combination of the following signs is typical: a predominance of cell aggregations, the content of \"naked\" nuclei not exceeding 20%, and the absence of nuclear hyperchromia. To determine the rate of breast cancer malignancy in a cytological investigation, it is recommended to take into account, in addition to the recommended by the WHO classification signs (hyperchromia, the number of mitoses, heterogenity of nuclei in size, form and character of staining), also such a sign as the content of \"naked\" nuclei.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of cytological signs in breast cancer]. From a variety of cytological patterns of breast cancer the signs are singled out, which may be of a prognostic value for determining the degree of tumor malignancy prior to instituting any kind of therapy. The data on 59 patients, radically treated for breast cancer, stage IIIb, are reported: 17 patients died during a year period, 42 - survived for 5 years and longer. There were singled out 11 cytological signs among which are those available in the WHO classification for typing breast cancer malignancy. The most informational signs were as follows: the character of cell location, the content of \"naked\" nuclei and nuclear hyperchromia. It was found that for low malignancy cancer a combination of the following signs is typical: a predominance of cell aggregations, the content of \"naked\" nuclei not exceeding 20%, and the absence of nuclear hyperchromia. To determine the rate of breast cancer malignancy in a cytological investigation, it is recommended to take into account, in addition to the recommended by the WHO classification signs (hyperchromia, the number of mitoses, heterogenity of nuclei in size, form and character of staining), also such a sign as the content of \"naked\" nuclei.", "PMID": 369136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_359", "title": "[Development of a system for determining antibodies to the surface antigen of the virus of hepatitis B (HBsAb)].", "content": "A method for preparation of an immune diagnosticum using human erythrocytes of 0 (I) blood group sensitized with hepatitis B surface antigen in the presence of chromium chloride followed by the addition of formalin solution, for detection of antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen is described. Using this immune diagnosticum, antibody to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus was detected in 12-15% of the normal population in the Latvian SSR, and in 91% of patients with hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Development of a system for determining antibodies to the surface antigen of the virus of hepatitis B (HBsAb)]. A method for preparation of an immune diagnosticum using human erythrocytes of 0 (I) blood group sensitized with hepatitis B surface antigen in the presence of chromium chloride followed by the addition of formalin solution, for detection of antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen is described. Using this immune diagnosticum, antibody to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus was detected in 12-15% of the normal population in the Latvian SSR, and in 91% of patients with hepatitis B.", "PMID": 369142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_360", "title": "[Pharmacology of DTIC (author's transl)].", "content": "DTIC, a new cytostatic drug developed by the NCI-USA, is described and some relevant pharmacological characteristics are defined. This drug was proved to be the number one choice for the treatment of malignant melanoma and of sarcomas. It also appears to be of value in advanced cases of Hodgkins disease. DTIC represents a very valuable addition to the available drugs for chemotherapy of malignant tumours.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of DTIC (author's transl)]. DTIC, a new cytostatic drug developed by the NCI-USA, is described and some relevant pharmacological characteristics are defined. This drug was proved to be the number one choice for the treatment of malignant melanoma and of sarcomas. It also appears to be of value in advanced cases of Hodgkins disease. DTIC represents a very valuable addition to the available drugs for chemotherapy of malignant tumours.", "PMID": 369150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_361", "title": "[Dacarbacine (DTIC) in the therapy of a malignant disease. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications and results are reviewed with regard to recent data on the effect of DTIC in patients with malignant melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin's disease, gastrointestinal carcinomas and oat cell cancer of the lung. Whilst this drug induced--mainly partial--remissions in 25% of the patients with melanomas, it is generally used in other malignant conditions in combination with other cytoxic agents. In soft tissue sarcomas adriamycin appeared as the principal additional drug. In patients with Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP treatment and requiring additional cytotoxic drugs, combination chemotherapy including DTIC may induce remissions in more than half of these patients. Other schedules were, however, also effective and results in this difficult group of patients are discussed and compared. In gastrointestinal and in oat cell carcinomas cytotoxic protocols including DTIC have shown some effect, perhaps comparable to other combinations usually employed in these conditions.", "contents": "[Dacarbacine (DTIC) in the therapy of a malignant disease. A review (author's transl)]. Indications and results are reviewed with regard to recent data on the effect of DTIC in patients with malignant melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin's disease, gastrointestinal carcinomas and oat cell cancer of the lung. Whilst this drug induced--mainly partial--remissions in 25% of the patients with melanomas, it is generally used in other malignant conditions in combination with other cytoxic agents. In soft tissue sarcomas adriamycin appeared as the principal additional drug. In patients with Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP treatment and requiring additional cytotoxic drugs, combination chemotherapy including DTIC may induce remissions in more than half of these patients. Other schedules were, however, also effective and results in this difficult group of patients are discussed and compared. In gastrointestinal and in oat cell carcinomas cytotoxic protocols including DTIC have shown some effect, perhaps comparable to other combinations usually employed in these conditions.", "PMID": 369151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_362", "title": "[DTIC in malignant melanoma: a perspective (author's transl)].", "content": "Effective therapy of malignant melanoma is still problematic. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents has proved to be ineffective in this tumour. The most extensively used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of melanoma is DTIC (dimethyl-triaceno-imidazol-carboxamide). The objective response rate in monotherapy schedules has been reported to be up to 25%. Combination therapy with other cytostatic agents did not improve the results of DTIC alone. Experimental studies and clinical investigations have demonstrated that chemotherapy can be combined successfully with immunotherapy by potentiating the effect of tumour elimination. A review of the clinical studies with DTIC in malignant melanoma is presented.", "contents": "[DTIC in malignant melanoma: a perspective (author's transl)]. Effective therapy of malignant melanoma is still problematic. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents has proved to be ineffective in this tumour. The most extensively used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of melanoma is DTIC (dimethyl-triaceno-imidazol-carboxamide). The objective response rate in monotherapy schedules has been reported to be up to 25%. Combination therapy with other cytostatic agents did not improve the results of DTIC alone. Experimental studies and clinical investigations have demonstrated that chemotherapy can be combined successfully with immunotherapy by potentiating the effect of tumour elimination. A review of the clinical studies with DTIC in malignant melanoma is presented.", "PMID": 369152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_363", "title": "[Significance of prostaglandins for fat and carbohydrate metabolism with special reference to pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus ].", "content": "A survey is given of the literature on the influence of prostaglandins on the lipid- and carbohydrate metabolism. Some common pathobiochemical features in the development of diabetes mellitus and the ischaemic heart disease are outlined, which became apparent by examinations of the fatty acid pattern in patients. Thus a biochemical basis for that epidemiologically well known fact is given, that diabetes represents a risk factor for the ischaemic heart disease. Some of the latest results from the experimental research suggest that the vascular complications occurring in chronic diabetes are caused by a decrease in the formation of prostacyclin and possibly by an increase in the thromboxane A2 production. Similar changes in the prostaglandin metabolism occur in the ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, too, as experimental results have shown.", "contents": "[Significance of prostaglandins for fat and carbohydrate metabolism with special reference to pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus ]. A survey is given of the literature on the influence of prostaglandins on the lipid- and carbohydrate metabolism. Some common pathobiochemical features in the development of diabetes mellitus and the ischaemic heart disease are outlined, which became apparent by examinations of the fatty acid pattern in patients. Thus a biochemical basis for that epidemiologically well known fact is given, that diabetes represents a risk factor for the ischaemic heart disease. Some of the latest results from the experimental research suggest that the vascular complications occurring in chronic diabetes are caused by a decrease in the formation of prostacyclin and possibly by an increase in the thromboxane A2 production. Similar changes in the prostaglandin metabolism occur in the ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, too, as experimental results have shown.", "PMID": 369161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_364", "title": "Liver transplantation.", "content": "The development of liver transplantation has been difficult. However, substantial advances have been made mostly because of better surgical techniques and because of better postoperative management. It has been necessary for surgeons to be more inquisitive about the reasons for post-transplantation liver dysfunction rather than to ascribe hepatic perturbations to rejection. With these nonspecific improvements, there has been movement of liver transplantation into the area of actual service. Before the next great step will be made, there must be an improvement in immunosuppression. The nature of such improvement is not yet clear.", "contents": "Liver transplantation. The development of liver transplantation has been difficult. However, substantial advances have been made mostly because of better surgical techniques and because of better postoperative management. It has been necessary for surgeons to be more inquisitive about the reasons for post-transplantation liver dysfunction rather than to ascribe hepatic perturbations to rejection. With these nonspecific improvements, there has been movement of liver transplantation into the area of actual service. Before the next great step will be made, there must be an improvement in immunosuppression. The nature of such improvement is not yet clear.", "PMID": 369162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_365", "title": "Prostacyclin: a potent activator of human colonic adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Prostacyclin and its stable catabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were tested on the human colonic mucosal adenylate cyclase which represents the key enzyme in the secretory process in this organ. Prostacyclin was able to activate dose-dependently the human cyclase system. Saturating concentrations of prostacyclin and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (each 0.28 mM) increased the enzyme activity 2.5-fold and only 1.4-fold, respectively. The presence of prostacyclin receptor sites in human colonic mucosa suggests a physiological role of this novel prostaglandin in human colonic function.", "contents": "Prostacyclin: a potent activator of human colonic adenylate cyclase activity. Prostacyclin and its stable catabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were tested on the human colonic mucosal adenylate cyclase which represents the key enzyme in the secretory process in this organ. Prostacyclin was able to activate dose-dependently the human cyclase system. Saturating concentrations of prostacyclin and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (each 0.28 mM) increased the enzyme activity 2.5-fold and only 1.4-fold, respectively. The presence of prostacyclin receptor sites in human colonic mucosa suggests a physiological role of this novel prostaglandin in human colonic function.", "PMID": 369163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_366", "title": "[Histotopographic demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBSAg) in liver-biopsies with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method in symptomfree HBSAg-carriers].", "content": "In 241 paraffin-embedded liver-biopsies of HBSAg-positive, voluntary blood-donors hepacellular HBSAg was demonstrated with the immunomorphologic peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method. In all sections, HBSAg-positive liver-cells were estimated, their distribution-pattern was assessed and different types of cytoplasmatic localisation of HBSAg were described. Despite high sensitivity of the PAP-method, 24% of seropostive cases were histologically negative. A correlation of HBSAg-content and histologic diagnosis was lacking. An association of high HBSAg-content with non-aggressive liver-disease and of low HBSAg-content with aggressive liver-disease in a single biopsy could not be found in our material in contrast to the literature. 34 patients were followed up through 4-6 years. Constant or improved liver-histology was associated with increased, deterioration with decreased HBSAg-tissue-content.", "contents": "[Histotopographic demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBSAg) in liver-biopsies with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method in symptomfree HBSAg-carriers]. In 241 paraffin-embedded liver-biopsies of HBSAg-positive, voluntary blood-donors hepacellular HBSAg was demonstrated with the immunomorphologic peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method. In all sections, HBSAg-positive liver-cells were estimated, their distribution-pattern was assessed and different types of cytoplasmatic localisation of HBSAg were described. Despite high sensitivity of the PAP-method, 24% of seropostive cases were histologically negative. A correlation of HBSAg-content and histologic diagnosis was lacking. An association of high HBSAg-content with non-aggressive liver-disease and of low HBSAg-content with aggressive liver-disease in a single biopsy could not be found in our material in contrast to the literature. 34 patients were followed up through 4-6 years. Constant or improved liver-histology was associated with increased, deterioration with decreased HBSAg-tissue-content.", "PMID": 369164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_367", "title": "Babesia bovis (argentina): components of the cryofibrinogen complex and their contribution to pathophysiology of infection in splenectomized calves.", "content": "A cryofibrinogen complex, found in the plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis (argentina), was characterized. The fibrinogen-like proteins of the complex were isolated and the structure of their polypeptide chains analysed. In general, the chain structure was similar to that of soluble non-crosslinked fibrin (fibrinogen) although chains indicating some degree of fibrin crosslinking were often detected. Only rarely did the chain structure suggest that fibrinolysis occurred. It was concluded that the complex was produced by activation of the coagulation system but that fibrinolysis did not occur to any marked degree. The complex was implicated in assistance to the sludging of erythrocytes in the internal organs which is a feature of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Babesia bovis (argentina): components of the cryofibrinogen complex and their contribution to pathophysiology of infection in splenectomized calves. A cryofibrinogen complex, found in the plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis (argentina), was characterized. The fibrinogen-like proteins of the complex were isolated and the structure of their polypeptide chains analysed. In general, the chain structure was similar to that of soluble non-crosslinked fibrin (fibrinogen) although chains indicating some degree of fibrin crosslinking were often detected. Only rarely did the chain structure suggest that fibrinolysis occurred. It was concluded that the complex was produced by activation of the coagulation system but that fibrinolysis did not occur to any marked degree. The complex was implicated in assistance to the sludging of erythrocytes in the internal organs which is a feature of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 369166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_368", "title": "IgG antibody binding to the outer surface of infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum.", "content": "Applying the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to the infective stages of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum, it appeared that they do not show IgG antibody binding when serum from dogs infected with A. caninum was used in the test (antiserum). However, inhibiting these stages metabolically with azide or with low temperatures, IgG antibody binding to the outer surface was observed. When the inhibitory factors were removed, shedding of fluorescent substances was seen, which were obviously coming from the outer surface of the larvae. This suggests that shedding of the antigen might occur.", "contents": "IgG antibody binding to the outer surface of infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Applying the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to the infective stages of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum, it appeared that they do not show IgG antibody binding when serum from dogs infected with A. caninum was used in the test (antiserum). However, inhibiting these stages metabolically with azide or with low temperatures, IgG antibody binding to the outer surface was observed. When the inhibitory factors were removed, shedding of fluorescent substances was seen, which were obviously coming from the outer surface of the larvae. This suggests that shedding of the antigen might occur.", "PMID": 369167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_369", "title": "Experiences with our surgical technic of partial resection of the kidney.", "content": "On the basis of 305 partial resections of the kidneys is reported on experiences with an own operation technique. By applying a chromium cat-gut supporting suture a secure and pboblem-free care of the resection wound is possible, which guarantees an as far as possible uncomplicated postoperative course. The operation technique is described and in general the problems of postoperative early and late complications are discussed.", "contents": "Experiences with our surgical technic of partial resection of the kidney. On the basis of 305 partial resections of the kidneys is reported on experiences with an own operation technique. By applying a chromium cat-gut supporting suture a secure and pboblem-free care of the resection wound is possible, which guarantees an as far as possible uncomplicated postoperative course. The operation technique is described and in general the problems of postoperative early and late complications are discussed.", "PMID": 369227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_370", "title": "[Methods and value of an immunofluorescence-optical determination of IgM, IgG and IgA rheumatoid factors].", "content": "Today the immuno-fluorescence technique is the simplest method to detect rheumatoid factors of all immuno-globulin classes. When applying sheep erythrocytes, standard sera may be used without exception. The airdried smear of the cells is to be incubated with rabbit anti-human-erythrocyte serum. The rheumatoid factors of the subsequently applied inactivated patients' sera localise above the amboceptor on the erythrocyte membrane. Only they bind FITC marked anti-human-gamma-globulin and cause a specific fluorescence. As a proof heteroagglutinines and crossreacting antibodies of the marked sera are first absorbed and corresponding controls are carried out. According to assessments of 101 sera approximately 20% of healthy people, approximately 50% of \"definitely seronegative\" patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the agglutination method as well as 30% of other arthropathies had rheumatoid factors by these methods. A negative immunofluorescence optical test does not absolutely exclude the presence of rheumatoid factors in the serum. It is suggested that their occurrence are due to secondary reactions to the formation of immunogen antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "[Methods and value of an immunofluorescence-optical determination of IgM, IgG and IgA rheumatoid factors]. Today the immuno-fluorescence technique is the simplest method to detect rheumatoid factors of all immuno-globulin classes. When applying sheep erythrocytes, standard sera may be used without exception. The airdried smear of the cells is to be incubated with rabbit anti-human-erythrocyte serum. The rheumatoid factors of the subsequently applied inactivated patients' sera localise above the amboceptor on the erythrocyte membrane. Only they bind FITC marked anti-human-gamma-globulin and cause a specific fluorescence. As a proof heteroagglutinines and crossreacting antibodies of the marked sera are first absorbed and corresponding controls are carried out. According to assessments of 101 sera approximately 20% of healthy people, approximately 50% of \"definitely seronegative\" patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the agglutination method as well as 30% of other arthropathies had rheumatoid factors by these methods. A negative immunofluorescence optical test does not absolutely exclude the presence of rheumatoid factors in the serum. It is suggested that their occurrence are due to secondary reactions to the formation of immunogen antigen-antibody complexes.", "PMID": 369226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_371", "title": "[Prophylaxis of thromboembolism using low dosage heparin (author's transl)].", "content": "In establishing a surgery free from thromboembolism low dosage-Heparin is a promising line. Its efficacy, regulation, control and side effects are surveyed. The results achieved justify its indication on a large scale.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of thromboembolism using low dosage heparin (author's transl)]. In establishing a surgery free from thromboembolism low dosage-Heparin is a promising line. Its efficacy, regulation, control and side effects are surveyed. The results achieved justify its indication on a large scale.", "PMID": 369234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_372", "title": "[Spermatozoa immunity].", "content": "A report is given on the spermatozoan and seminal plasma antigens and the possibilities of immunization of woman and man with these antigens. The occurence of sperm antibodies is demonstrable with more or less specific methods. The clinical importance of sperm antibodies for female fertility depends on quality of semen and many other factors. The local immune reactions to sperm and other reproductive antigens in the female genital tract has been inferred from the detection of higher titer of activity in tissue than was found in the circulation.", "contents": "[Spermatozoa immunity]. A report is given on the spermatozoan and seminal plasma antigens and the possibilities of immunization of woman and man with these antigens. The occurence of sperm antibodies is demonstrable with more or less specific methods. The clinical importance of sperm antibodies for female fertility depends on quality of semen and many other factors. The local immune reactions to sperm and other reproductive antigens in the female genital tract has been inferred from the detection of higher titer of activity in tissue than was found in the circulation.", "PMID": 369236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_373", "title": "[Modern concept of the makeup of intestinal microflora in healthy adults].", "content": "Analysis of the literature data on the significance of normal intestinal microbial population in the vital activity of the organism, and also on the sequelae of unfavourable shifts in the intestinal microecology is presented. The results of personal studies on the composition of normal microbial population in healthy adults are discussed; criteria for the assessment of normal intestinal biocenosis are given. The importance of bifidum flora is emphasized, and the necessity of its correction in various pathological conditions is underlined.", "contents": "[Modern concept of the makeup of intestinal microflora in healthy adults]. Analysis of the literature data on the significance of normal intestinal microbial population in the vital activity of the organism, and also on the sequelae of unfavourable shifts in the intestinal microecology is presented. The results of personal studies on the composition of normal microbial population in healthy adults are discussed; criteria for the assessment of normal intestinal biocenosis are given. The importance of bifidum flora is emphasized, and the necessity of its correction in various pathological conditions is underlined.", "PMID": 369243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_374", "title": "[Transplantation and cellular reactions to tissue antigens in Streptococcus-immunized rabbits].", "content": "The immunization of rabbits with the cells and the disintegration products of fractions of the cytoplasmic membranes of group A streptococcus (type 1) in incomplete Freund adjuvant, introduced in a single injection into the pads of the paws, caused lesions in autoplastic skin grafts and accelerated the rejection of alloplastic skin grafts. The rabbits showed positive delayed-type skin reactions to streptococcus and homologous skin antigens, and lymphocytes specifically reacting with FITC-labeled homologous skin antigen were found in their blood. Prolonged intravenous immunization with streptococcus, which induced the formation of complement fixing antibodies to homologous skin antigens, did not influence the taking of autoplastic and alloplastic skin grafts. The injection of hyperimmune streptococcus rabbit antiserum containing antibodies to skin antigens to intact rabbits produced no lesions in the autoplastic skin grafts and prolonged the lift of the alloplastic skin grafts.", "contents": "[Transplantation and cellular reactions to tissue antigens in Streptococcus-immunized rabbits]. The immunization of rabbits with the cells and the disintegration products of fractions of the cytoplasmic membranes of group A streptococcus (type 1) in incomplete Freund adjuvant, introduced in a single injection into the pads of the paws, caused lesions in autoplastic skin grafts and accelerated the rejection of alloplastic skin grafts. The rabbits showed positive delayed-type skin reactions to streptococcus and homologous skin antigens, and lymphocytes specifically reacting with FITC-labeled homologous skin antigen were found in their blood. Prolonged intravenous immunization with streptococcus, which induced the formation of complement fixing antibodies to homologous skin antigens, did not influence the taking of autoplastic and alloplastic skin grafts. The injection of hyperimmune streptococcus rabbit antiserum containing antibodies to skin antigens to intact rabbits produced no lesions in the autoplastic skin grafts and prolonged the lift of the alloplastic skin grafts.", "PMID": 369244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_375", "title": "[Identification of the enterobacteria isolated from patients by using the Enterotube test system].", "content": "The Enterotube test system intended for the accelerated identification of enterobacteria was used to study 319 strains isolated from patients with suppurative complications after surgical operations and traumatic lesions.  The test system was found to allow a reliable identification of Enterobacteriaceae having characteristic biochemical properties. It was also found that the kit intended for 10 tests could prove insufficient for the identification of atypical bacteria. The Enterotube test system made it possible to differentiate 95% of enterobacterial strains; in the identification of bacteria by their genus and species and results obtained with the use of the Enterotube test system and common biochemical methods were found to be identical (in 96.4% of tests).", "contents": "[Identification of the enterobacteria isolated from patients by using the Enterotube test system]. The Enterotube test system intended for the accelerated identification of enterobacteria was used to study 319 strains isolated from patients with suppurative complications after surgical operations and traumatic lesions.  The test system was found to allow a reliable identification of Enterobacteriaceae having characteristic biochemical properties. It was also found that the kit intended for 10 tests could prove insufficient for the identification of atypical bacteria. The Enterotube test system made it possible to differentiate 95% of enterobacterial strains; in the identification of bacteria by their genus and species and results obtained with the use of the Enterotube test system and common biochemical methods were found to be identical (in 96.4% of tests).", "PMID": 369245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_376", "title": "[Use of the passive hemagglutination test to diagnose toxoplasmosis].", "content": "The authors describe a method of obtaining toxoplasma erythrocytic diagnostic agent by sensitization of formalinized tannin-treated SRBC with purified toxoplasma antigen isolated by fractionation of complete toxoplasma antigen on Sephadex G-100. Comparative experiments with titration of sera of persons with suspected toxoplasmosis were conducted; the passive hemagglutination test with the antigen obtained proved to be highly sensitive in comparison with immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests.", "contents": "[Use of the passive hemagglutination test to diagnose toxoplasmosis]. The authors describe a method of obtaining toxoplasma erythrocytic diagnostic agent by sensitization of formalinized tannin-treated SRBC with purified toxoplasma antigen isolated by fractionation of complete toxoplasma antigen on Sephadex G-100. Comparative experiments with titration of sera of persons with suspected toxoplasmosis were conducted; the passive hemagglutination test with the antigen obtained proved to be highly sensitive in comparison with immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests.", "PMID": 369247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_377", "title": "[Gibb's free energy as a index of the assimilation of carbohydrate sources by bacteria].", "content": "The author presents substantiation of the use of thermodynamic function--of free Gibbs' energy (--deltaG) for energy characteristics of enterobacteria periodic cultures on synthetic media. Examination of strains of E. coli K12P4X Hfr, E. coli PA-309, and Sh. newcastle 762S showed the --detlaG = f (N) curves to characterise the energy value of various carbohydrate sources more completely, and also permitted the choice of their optimal concentrations in synthetic media for each of the enterobacteria strain.", "contents": "[Gibb's free energy as a index of the assimilation of carbohydrate sources by bacteria]. The author presents substantiation of the use of thermodynamic function--of free Gibbs' energy (--deltaG) for energy characteristics of enterobacteria periodic cultures on synthetic media. Examination of strains of E. coli K12P4X Hfr, E. coli PA-309, and Sh. newcastle 762S showed the --detlaG = f (N) curves to characterise the energy value of various carbohydrate sources more completely, and also permitted the choice of their optimal concentrations in synthetic media for each of the enterobacteria strain.", "PMID": 369248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_378", "title": "[Study of the enterotoxic action of the neurotoxin of the Sonne dysentery microbe in a rabbit small intestine loop model].", "content": "The enterotoxic action of neurotoxin from Sonne dysentery microbes (obtained by the method of Mesrobeanu et al.), and also of the culture autolysates and homologous Boiven's endotoxin was studied on a model of the isolated loop of the rabbit small intestine. Neurotoxin preparations obtained from virulent strains as well as autolysates of these cultures possessed enterotoxic activity, whereas purifed endotoxin preparations in doses of 1--10 mg failed to cause any dilatation of the isolated intestinal segment. A significant individual rabbit sensitivity to the enterotoxic action of the neurotoxin preparation was revealed. Lyophilization of neurotoxin preparation did not influence its enterotoxicity. However dialysis against distilled water and boiling of the neurotoxin preparations led to the loss of enterotoxic activity.", "contents": "[Study of the enterotoxic action of the neurotoxin of the Sonne dysentery microbe in a rabbit small intestine loop model]. The enterotoxic action of neurotoxin from Sonne dysentery microbes (obtained by the method of Mesrobeanu et al.), and also of the culture autolysates and homologous Boiven's endotoxin was studied on a model of the isolated loop of the rabbit small intestine. Neurotoxin preparations obtained from virulent strains as well as autolysates of these cultures possessed enterotoxic activity, whereas purifed endotoxin preparations in doses of 1--10 mg failed to cause any dilatation of the isolated intestinal segment. A significant individual rabbit sensitivity to the enterotoxic action of the neurotoxin preparation was revealed. Lyophilization of neurotoxin preparation did not influence its enterotoxicity. However dialysis against distilled water and boiling of the neurotoxin preparations led to the loss of enterotoxic activity.", "PMID": 369252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_379", "title": "The general pharmacology of prostacyclin PGI2, (PGX): a new prostaglandin especially active on the cardivascular system.", "content": "Prostacyclin is a new prostaglandin first demonstrated as a product of arterial microsomes and prostaglandin endoperoxide intermediates. The potential to form prostacyclin has now been demonstrated in many organs. It inhibits platelet aggregation, inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates the monkey but not the rat uterus in vivo, is a bronchodilator, is a vasodepressor on both systemic and pulmonary circulation, increases cardiac output and markedly decreases peripheral resistance. It reduced progesterone in pregnant hamsters but is not luteolytic in non-pregnant monkeys. In rats, i. v. infusion of 0.56 but not 1 mg/kg/day was tolerated without overt central nervous system depression. The depressor effect of i. v. infusions of prostacyclin in anesthetized rats was partially antagonized by a pressor reaction eliminated by nephrectomy, an effect not seen during infusions of prostaglandin.", "contents": "The general pharmacology of prostacyclin PGI2, (PGX): a new prostaglandin especially active on the cardivascular system. Prostacyclin is a new prostaglandin first demonstrated as a product of arterial microsomes and prostaglandin endoperoxide intermediates. The potential to form prostacyclin has now been demonstrated in many organs. It inhibits platelet aggregation, inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates the monkey but not the rat uterus in vivo, is a bronchodilator, is a vasodepressor on both systemic and pulmonary circulation, increases cardiac output and markedly decreases peripheral resistance. It reduced progesterone in pregnant hamsters but is not luteolytic in non-pregnant monkeys. In rats, i. v. infusion of 0.56 but not 1 mg/kg/day was tolerated without overt central nervous system depression. The depressor effect of i. v. infusions of prostacyclin in anesthetized rats was partially antagonized by a pressor reaction eliminated by nephrectomy, an effect not seen during infusions of prostaglandin.", "PMID": 369253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_380", "title": "A possible role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in circulation.", "content": "Recently two local hormones, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) have been discovered. These hormones are labile metabolites of arachidonic acid. TXA2 is generated by blood platelets, while PGI2 is produced by vascular endothelium. TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor. It also initiates the release reaction, followed by platelet aggregation. PGI2 is a vasodilator, especially potent in coronary circulation. It also inhibits platelet aggregation by virtue of stimulation of platelet adenyl cyclase. Common precursors for both hormones are cyclic endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2, being formed by cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid. This last enzymic reaction is more efficient in platelets than in vascular endothelium, and therefore the generation of PGI2 by vasuclar wall is accelerated by an interaction between platelets and endothelial cells. During this interaction platelets supply the endothelial PGI2 synthetase with their cyclic endoperoxides. The newly formed PGI2 repels the platelets from the intima. When PGI2 synthetase is irreversibly inactivated by low concentration of lipid peroxides, then the platelets are not rejected but stick to the endothelium, generate TXA2 and mature thrombi are formed. A balance between formation and release of PGI2, TXA2 and/or cyclic endoperoxides in circulation is of utmost importance for the control of intra-arterial thrombi formation and possibly plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "A possible role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in circulation. Recently two local hormones, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) have been discovered. These hormones are labile metabolites of arachidonic acid. TXA2 is generated by blood platelets, while PGI2 is produced by vascular endothelium. TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor. It also initiates the release reaction, followed by platelet aggregation. PGI2 is a vasodilator, especially potent in coronary circulation. It also inhibits platelet aggregation by virtue of stimulation of platelet adenyl cyclase. Common precursors for both hormones are cyclic endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2, being formed by cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid. This last enzymic reaction is more efficient in platelets than in vascular endothelium, and therefore the generation of PGI2 by vasuclar wall is accelerated by an interaction between platelets and endothelial cells. During this interaction platelets supply the endothelial PGI2 synthetase with their cyclic endoperoxides. The newly formed PGI2 repels the platelets from the intima. When PGI2 synthetase is irreversibly inactivated by low concentration of lipid peroxides, then the platelets are not rejected but stick to the endothelium, generate TXA2 and mature thrombi are formed. A balance between formation and release of PGI2, TXA2 and/or cyclic endoperoxides in circulation is of utmost importance for the control of intra-arterial thrombi formation and possibly plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 369254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_381", "title": "Some actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the cardiovascular system and the gastric microcirculation.", "content": "Prostacyclin, generated by the vascular wall, is a potent vasodilator, reducing systemic blood pressure, increasing coronary blood flow and relaxing isolated vascular strips. Its vasoactive properties are little changed by passage through the lung. Prostacyclin, which is also formed by the gastric mucosa, increases gastric mucosal blood flow and inhibits gastric acid secretion and indomethacin-induced erosions. It is the most potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation in all species tested. It is suggested that prostacyclin and PGE1 act on similar sites on platelets distinct from those for PGD2.", "contents": "Some actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the cardiovascular system and the gastric microcirculation. Prostacyclin, generated by the vascular wall, is a potent vasodilator, reducing systemic blood pressure, increasing coronary blood flow and relaxing isolated vascular strips. Its vasoactive properties are little changed by passage through the lung. Prostacyclin, which is also formed by the gastric mucosa, increases gastric mucosal blood flow and inhibits gastric acid secretion and indomethacin-induced erosions. It is the most potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation in all species tested. It is suggested that prostacyclin and PGE1 act on similar sites on platelets distinct from those for PGD2.", "PMID": 369255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_382", "title": "Influence of coronary vasodilators on prostaglandin E, F2alpha, I2, and adenosine metabolism.", "content": "We investigated the influence of oxyfedrine, verapamil, prenylamine, sodium nitrite, nitroglycerin, papaverine and carbochromen on the release of prostaglandins (PG) and adenosine from Langendorff heart preparations of guinea pigs and rabbits and on the PG biosynthesis in the heart and renal medulla of rabbits, in the bovine seminal vesicle homogenate, and in the rat stomach fundus. Oxyfedrine stimulated the release of PGE and PGF2alpha from the Langendorff hearts and increased the PG biosynthesis in all organs investigated. Compared with the other drugs, oxyfedrine showed the strongest stimulation of PGI2-synthesis in the rat stomach fundus. Prenylamine depressed the PG biosynthesis in all organs investigated but increased the PGE release from Langendorff hearts. Nitroglycerin, verapamil and, to some degree, also carbochromen increased the PGI2 synthesis in rat stomach fundus. Sodium nitrite was without influence on the PG release from Langendorff hearts and on the PG biosynthesis. Papaverine did not influence the PGI2 synthesis. Independently of the PG release, oxyfedrine, prenylamine and sodium nitrite increased the adenosine efflux from the rabbit hearts.", "contents": "Influence of coronary vasodilators on prostaglandin E, F2alpha, I2, and adenosine metabolism. We investigated the influence of oxyfedrine, verapamil, prenylamine, sodium nitrite, nitroglycerin, papaverine and carbochromen on the release of prostaglandins (PG) and adenosine from Langendorff heart preparations of guinea pigs and rabbits and on the PG biosynthesis in the heart and renal medulla of rabbits, in the bovine seminal vesicle homogenate, and in the rat stomach fundus. Oxyfedrine stimulated the release of PGE and PGF2alpha from the Langendorff hearts and increased the PG biosynthesis in all organs investigated. Compared with the other drugs, oxyfedrine showed the strongest stimulation of PGI2-synthesis in the rat stomach fundus. Prenylamine depressed the PG biosynthesis in all organs investigated but increased the PGE release from Langendorff hearts. Nitroglycerin, verapamil and, to some degree, also carbochromen increased the PGI2 synthesis in rat stomach fundus. Sodium nitrite was without influence on the PG release from Langendorff hearts and on the PG biosynthesis. Papaverine did not influence the PGI2 synthesis. Independently of the PG release, oxyfedrine, prenylamine and sodium nitrite increased the adenosine efflux from the rabbit hearts.", "PMID": 369257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_383", "title": "The antiarrhythmic action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on aconitine induced arrhythmias in rats.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) produces an antiarrhythmic effect on aconitine induced arrhythmias in rats. The ED50 of PGI2 was 0.7 microgram/kg and the maximum antiarrhythmic effect 54 per cent. The equi-effective doses of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were higher (ED50 of PGF2alpha = 1.2 microgram/kg, ED50 of PGE2 = 2.7 microgram/kg). However, PGF2alpha and PGE2 had a maximum antiarrhythmic effect of 80 per cent in this model.", "contents": "The antiarrhythmic action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on aconitine induced arrhythmias in rats. Prostacyclin (PGI2) produces an antiarrhythmic effect on aconitine induced arrhythmias in rats. The ED50 of PGI2 was 0.7 microgram/kg and the maximum antiarrhythmic effect 54 per cent. The equi-effective doses of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were higher (ED50 of PGF2alpha = 1.2 microgram/kg, ED50 of PGE2 = 2.7 microgram/kg). However, PGF2alpha and PGE2 had a maximum antiarrhythmic effect of 80 per cent in this model.", "PMID": 369259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_384", "title": "Development of polyploidy in B-cells of normal and diabetic mice.", "content": "This study was designed to clarify the relationship between pancreatic B-cell polyploidization and the progress of the diabetic syndrome in genetically diabetic (C57BL/Ks-db/db) and normal control mice (C57BL/KsJ) of matched age groups. Nuclear volume was confirmed to be a proper index of the polyploid class of the B-cell by correlation with Feulgen-DNA content as measured by microdensitometry. Nuclei of B-cells, identified by aldehyde fuchsin positive cytoplasmic granules, were traced by camera lucida and their volumes determined by semiautomatic particle size analysis. Six age groups were studied: 4.5, 7, 9.5, 12, 14.5 and 17 weeks. The major conclusions are: 1) The percentage of tetraploid nuclei in normal mice is consistently between 1.0 and 2.0% from 4.5 to 14.5 weeks of age and increases to approximately 3.0% at 17 weeks of age; however, further studies are required to determined the significance of this increase; 2) in all age groups studied, percentages of polyploid nuclei are significantly greater in diabetic than in control mice; 3) the percentage of tetraploid nuclei in diabetic animals is elevated 220% over controls at 4.5 weeks of age, remains constant until 12 weeks (while other parameters such as blood glucose level and body weight continue to rise) and increases significantly between 12 and 14.5 weeks of age. Implications of both the increased polyploidy observed at the onset of disease symptoms, and the dramatic increase occurring during the later stages of the disease, are discussed.", "contents": "Development of polyploidy in B-cells of normal and diabetic mice. This study was designed to clarify the relationship between pancreatic B-cell polyploidization and the progress of the diabetic syndrome in genetically diabetic (C57BL/Ks-db/db) and normal control mice (C57BL/KsJ) of matched age groups. Nuclear volume was confirmed to be a proper index of the polyploid class of the B-cell by correlation with Feulgen-DNA content as measured by microdensitometry. Nuclei of B-cells, identified by aldehyde fuchsin positive cytoplasmic granules, were traced by camera lucida and their volumes determined by semiautomatic particle size analysis. Six age groups were studied: 4.5, 7, 9.5, 12, 14.5 and 17 weeks. The major conclusions are: 1) The percentage of tetraploid nuclei in normal mice is consistently between 1.0 and 2.0% from 4.5 to 14.5 weeks of age and increases to approximately 3.0% at 17 weeks of age; however, further studies are required to determined the significance of this increase; 2) in all age groups studied, percentages of polyploid nuclei are significantly greater in diabetic than in control mice; 3) the percentage of tetraploid nuclei in diabetic animals is elevated 220% over controls at 4.5 weeks of age, remains constant until 12 weeks (while other parameters such as blood glucose level and body weight continue to rise) and increases significantly between 12 and 14.5 weeks of age. Implications of both the increased polyploidy observed at the onset of disease symptoms, and the dramatic increase occurring during the later stages of the disease, are discussed.", "PMID": 369261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_385", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in bovine adrenal cortex.", "content": "The zonal distribution of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase (EC 1.6.7.1) in the bovine adrenal cortex as well as their intracellular localization has been studied by the direct method of peroxidase-labelled antibody (Fab' or F(ab')2 fraction) technique. The results indicated that both proteins localized mainly in zonae fasciculata and reticularis whereas very few were present in the zona glomerulosa. Only parenchymal cells in the adrenal cortex were proved to contain both proteins. The intracellular localization of both adrenodoxin and the reductase was demonstrated to be exclusively on the inner membrane of mitochondria of these parenchymal cells by immunoelectron microscopy. The validity of the immunocytochemical method employed in this study to determine the fine localization of both proteins in the mitochondria as well as the significance of the zonal distribution in relation to the function of each individual zone is discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in bovine adrenal cortex. The zonal distribution of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase (EC 1.6.7.1) in the bovine adrenal cortex as well as their intracellular localization has been studied by the direct method of peroxidase-labelled antibody (Fab' or F(ab')2 fraction) technique. The results indicated that both proteins localized mainly in zonae fasciculata and reticularis whereas very few were present in the zona glomerulosa. Only parenchymal cells in the adrenal cortex were proved to contain both proteins. The intracellular localization of both adrenodoxin and the reductase was demonstrated to be exclusively on the inner membrane of mitochondria of these parenchymal cells by immunoelectron microscopy. The validity of the immunocytochemical method employed in this study to determine the fine localization of both proteins in the mitochondria as well as the significance of the zonal distribution in relation to the function of each individual zone is discussed.", "PMID": 369262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_386", "title": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of the active duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Thirty six patients with active duodenal ulcers were studied in this double blind work. 19 received placebo and 17 Cimetidine: 1 gr./day. The endoscopic control after 21 days, showed healing in 81,2% of the cases treated with Cimetidine and in 22,2% of those with placebo. After 42 days of continous treatment with Cimetidine the healing of duodenal ulcers was 82,3% against 50% with placebo; the difference being highly statestically significant; p less than 0.01. The symptoms improved with Cimetidine revealing less diurnal and nocturnal pain complete disappearance of nausea and vomit and a significant decreased ingestion of alkali tablets.", "contents": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of the active duodenal ulcer]. Thirty six patients with active duodenal ulcers were studied in this double blind work. 19 received placebo and 17 Cimetidine: 1 gr./day. The endoscopic control after 21 days, showed healing in 81,2% of the cases treated with Cimetidine and in 22,2% of those with placebo. After 42 days of continous treatment with Cimetidine the healing of duodenal ulcers was 82,3% against 50% with placebo; the difference being highly statestically significant; p less than 0.01. The symptoms improved with Cimetidine revealing less diurnal and nocturnal pain complete disappearance of nausea and vomit and a significant decreased ingestion of alkali tablets.", "PMID": 369263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_387", "title": "Spinous leafy nerve endings in the feline stomach wall.", "content": "The Champy-Maillet ZIO technique has been applied to the study of the muscular tunic of the stomach. In the corpus and antrum pyloricum some nerve fibres end in non-capsulated expansions owning thorn-like protrusions. Their morphology is studied and a possibly functional sensory significance is proposed, on the basis of previous experimental results.", "contents": "Spinous leafy nerve endings in the feline stomach wall. The Champy-Maillet ZIO technique has been applied to the study of the muscular tunic of the stomach. In the corpus and antrum pyloricum some nerve fibres end in non-capsulated expansions owning thorn-like protrusions. Their morphology is studied and a possibly functional sensory significance is proposed, on the basis of previous experimental results.", "PMID": 369273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_388", "title": "Effect of a slow release preparation of levodopa on Parkinson's disease in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of levodopa were determined after therapeutic oral levodopa-carbidopa doses. The wide fluctuations observed in plasma levodopa levels could be considerably reduced by the addition of a slow release levodopa preparation. This kind of combination medication was given to 15 parkinsonian patients, whose earlier therapy had proved inadequate. With the combination medication, levodopa-carbidopa, on an average 420 mg/42 mg combined with 950 mg of levodopa in slow release form, a statistically significant improvement in parkinsonian signs could be achieved without any worsening of the side effects. The results suggest that parkinsonian patients may tolerate much higher daily levodopa doses if the fluctuations in plasma levels of the drug can be diminished.", "contents": "Effect of a slow release preparation of levodopa on Parkinson's disease in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Plasma concentrations of levodopa were determined after therapeutic oral levodopa-carbidopa doses. The wide fluctuations observed in plasma levodopa levels could be considerably reduced by the addition of a slow release levodopa preparation. This kind of combination medication was given to 15 parkinsonian patients, whose earlier therapy had proved inadequate. With the combination medication, levodopa-carbidopa, on an average 420 mg/42 mg combined with 950 mg of levodopa in slow release form, a statistically significant improvement in parkinsonian signs could be achieved without any worsening of the side effects. The results suggest that parkinsonian patients may tolerate much higher daily levodopa doses if the fluctuations in plasma levels of the drug can be diminished.", "PMID": 369277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_389", "title": "Improvement of defective lactation by using oral metoclopramide.", "content": "An attempt has been made to pharmacologically enhance PRL secretion to improve lactation. Twenty-one puerperal women with past history of defective lactation and PRL levels under the normal range were studied for 4 weeks postpartum. Eleven patients who received orally 20 mg a day of metoclopramide showed persistently elevated basal levels of serum PRL during the four weeks' observation period. These women also had a good milk production and their infants did not need supplements. Ten women receiving placebo, however, showed an abrupt decrease in basal PRL levels, and this decrease persisted despite the continuation. Simultaneously a decline in the milk yield was observed and by the 14th postdelivery day milk production was minimal. The administration of metoclopramide at this moment to this group of poor lactating mothers produced an increase in serum PRL levels which presisted for the rest of the study. Metoclopramide also augmented the milk production so that these women were able to continue breast feeding their infants. Our preliminary results seem to prove that defective lactation associated with low prolactin levels (prolactipenia) can be treated by the manipulation of endogenous PRL secretion through the administration of metoclopramide or drugs which enhance PRL release.", "contents": "Improvement of defective lactation by using oral metoclopramide. An attempt has been made to pharmacologically enhance PRL secretion to improve lactation. Twenty-one puerperal women with past history of defective lactation and PRL levels under the normal range were studied for 4 weeks postpartum. Eleven patients who received orally 20 mg a day of metoclopramide showed persistently elevated basal levels of serum PRL during the four weeks' observation period. These women also had a good milk production and their infants did not need supplements. Ten women receiving placebo, however, showed an abrupt decrease in basal PRL levels, and this decrease persisted despite the continuation. Simultaneously a decline in the milk yield was observed and by the 14th postdelivery day milk production was minimal. The administration of metoclopramide at this moment to this group of poor lactating mothers produced an increase in serum PRL levels which presisted for the rest of the study. Metoclopramide also augmented the milk production so that these women were able to continue breast feeding their infants. Our preliminary results seem to prove that defective lactation associated with low prolactin levels (prolactipenia) can be treated by the manipulation of endogenous PRL secretion through the administration of metoclopramide or drugs which enhance PRL release.", "PMID": 369279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_390", "title": "Long-term prognosis of infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up studies in infants surviving after the introduction of continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "Fifty-one children surviving IRDS with CPAP alone or CPAP and IPPV were studied at the age of 2.5 to 4.0 years. One child had developed tetraplegia and mental retardation and 6 children were speech-retarded. Correlation with perinatal events showed that this group of children had a significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, a lower Apgar score and a higher PCO2 prior to ventilatory treatment than the remainder. Re-examination by age 4.0 to 5.0 years showed persistent handicaps in only four of the seven children.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up studies in infants surviving after the introduction of continuous positive airway pressure. Fifty-one children surviving IRDS with CPAP alone or CPAP and IPPV were studied at the age of 2.5 to 4.0 years. One child had developed tetraplegia and mental retardation and 6 children were speech-retarded. Correlation with perinatal events showed that this group of children had a significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, a lower Apgar score and a higher PCO2 prior to ventilatory treatment than the remainder. Re-examination by age 4.0 to 5.0 years showed persistent handicaps in only four of the seven children.", "PMID": 369280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_391", "title": "Electron-microscopic demonstration of Streptococcus mutans in 5-day-old experimental dental plaque using immunohistochemistry.", "content": "The present work described the distribution of horseradish peroxidase reaction product obtained after immunohistochemical staining of consecutive ultra-thin sections of 5-day-old experimental dental plaques using differently absorbed anti-S.mutans sobrinus, anti-S.mutans mutans, and normal rabbit lambda-globulins. It was found that an in situ identification of S.mutans subspecies sobrinus could be obtained using thoroughly absorbed anti-S.mutans sobrinus gamma-globulins and consecutive sections. The anti-S.mutans mutans gamma-globulins were after tests on pure cultures of several oral bacteria found to cross-react with S.milleri. Furthermore, crude and absorbed normal rabbit gamma-globulins were observed to contain antibodies that cross-reacted with several plaque microorganisms.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic demonstration of Streptococcus mutans in 5-day-old experimental dental plaque using immunohistochemistry. The present work described the distribution of horseradish peroxidase reaction product obtained after immunohistochemical staining of consecutive ultra-thin sections of 5-day-old experimental dental plaques using differently absorbed anti-S.mutans sobrinus, anti-S.mutans mutans, and normal rabbit lambda-globulins. It was found that an in situ identification of S.mutans subspecies sobrinus could be obtained using thoroughly absorbed anti-S.mutans sobrinus gamma-globulins and consecutive sections. The anti-S.mutans mutans gamma-globulins were after tests on pure cultures of several oral bacteria found to cross-react with S.milleri. Furthermore, crude and absorbed normal rabbit gamma-globulins were observed to contain antibodies that cross-reacted with several plaque microorganisms.", "PMID": 369295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_392", "title": "Respiratory and circulatory responses to sustained positive-pressure breathing and exercise in man.", "content": "To investigate the effects of sustained positive-pressure breathing (PPB) on the adaptation of respiratory and circulatory functions to exercise, 8 healthy volunteers were exposed to PPB of air at 15 and 30 cm H2O in the supine position at rest and while performing leg exercise at 50% of individual maximal working capacity. PPB was both subjectively and objectively better tolerated when combined with exercise than it was at rest. PPB at 30 cm H2O resulted in marked hyperventilation with alkalosis in the resting condition, but did not significantly affect respiratory minute volume, blood gases or acid-base balance during exercise. Cardiac output and left ventricular work were reduced by about one fifth and one third, respectively, both at rest and during exercise. In contrast to the case at normal airway pressure, exercise-induced increase in cardiac output was accompanied by an increment in stroke volume during PPB. Although mean arterial pressure (relative to atmospheric) was elevated by PPB at rest and during exercise, the driving pressure in systemic circuits (arterial minus central venous pressure) was reduced in both conditions. It is concluded that dynamic exercise counteracts deleterious effects of PPB by normalizing respiratory function and by improving cardiac filling by activation of the leg muscle and the abdominal pumps.", "contents": "Respiratory and circulatory responses to sustained positive-pressure breathing and exercise in man. To investigate the effects of sustained positive-pressure breathing (PPB) on the adaptation of respiratory and circulatory functions to exercise, 8 healthy volunteers were exposed to PPB of air at 15 and 30 cm H2O in the supine position at rest and while performing leg exercise at 50% of individual maximal working capacity. PPB was both subjectively and objectively better tolerated when combined with exercise than it was at rest. PPB at 30 cm H2O resulted in marked hyperventilation with alkalosis in the resting condition, but did not significantly affect respiratory minute volume, blood gases or acid-base balance during exercise. Cardiac output and left ventricular work were reduced by about one fifth and one third, respectively, both at rest and during exercise. In contrast to the case at normal airway pressure, exercise-induced increase in cardiac output was accompanied by an increment in stroke volume during PPB. Although mean arterial pressure (relative to atmospheric) was elevated by PPB at rest and during exercise, the driving pressure in systemic circuits (arterial minus central venous pressure) was reduced in both conditions. It is concluded that dynamic exercise counteracts deleterious effects of PPB by normalizing respiratory function and by improving cardiac filling by activation of the leg muscle and the abdominal pumps.", "PMID": 369297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_393", "title": "A double-blind comparison of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression.", "content": "A double-blind trial of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression using flexible dose schedules suggested that each drug is an efficient treatment for this category of depression although the patterns of response and prevalence of side-effects varied. No differences reaching a level of significance could be shown on rating scales of depression or anxiety, but trends favoured flupenthixol. However, clinical evaluation suggested flupenthixol to be more effective than diazepam on mental state examination (P less than 0.05) and to have a greater overall therapeutic effect than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05). It also had fewer side-effects than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression. A double-blind trial of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression using flexible dose schedules suggested that each drug is an efficient treatment for this category of depression although the patterns of response and prevalence of side-effects varied. No differences reaching a level of significance could be shown on rating scales of depression or anxiety, but trends favoured flupenthixol. However, clinical evaluation suggested flupenthixol to be more effective than diazepam on mental state examination (P less than 0.05) and to have a greater overall therapeutic effect than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05). It also had fewer side-effects than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 369298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_394", "title": "Preliminary clinical test of zimelidine (H 102/09), a new 5-HT uptake inhibitor.", "content": "Zimelidine, a bicyclic compound, which in animal experiments causes specific inhibition of the uptake of 5-HT, was tried on 15 patients with depression of endogenous type. It produced considerable and highly significant 5-HT uptake inhibition in rat brain slices incubated in blood plasma from the patient under treatment, but no inhibition of NA uptake. Depressive symptoms were effectively relieved or entirely abolished in about two thirds of the patients. Only four patients did not react to the drug, and three of these were probably in need of NA uptake inhibitors, which on other occasions had worked well on their depressions. These three patients showed an extreme degree or retardation. During zimelidine treatment they were not just unaffected but showed signs of excitation, impatience and desperate feelings. These preliminary findings strongly indicate the true existence of depressive cases in need of an NA uptake inhibitor, but completely resistant to a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor. The final dose of zimelidine was 75 mg b.i.d. This dose, although sufficient in most cases, was obviously somewhat low for a few of our patients. The concentration in blood plasma of zimelidine should probably reach a minimum level of 250 nmol/l and norzimelidine 500 nmol/l, and to achieve this a general dosage of 100 mg b.i.d. is recommended.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical test of zimelidine (H 102/09), a new 5-HT uptake inhibitor. Zimelidine, a bicyclic compound, which in animal experiments causes specific inhibition of the uptake of 5-HT, was tried on 15 patients with depression of endogenous type. It produced considerable and highly significant 5-HT uptake inhibition in rat brain slices incubated in blood plasma from the patient under treatment, but no inhibition of NA uptake. Depressive symptoms were effectively relieved or entirely abolished in about two thirds of the patients. Only four patients did not react to the drug, and three of these were probably in need of NA uptake inhibitors, which on other occasions had worked well on their depressions. These three patients showed an extreme degree or retardation. During zimelidine treatment they were not just unaffected but showed signs of excitation, impatience and desperate feelings. These preliminary findings strongly indicate the true existence of depressive cases in need of an NA uptake inhibitor, but completely resistant to a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor. The final dose of zimelidine was 75 mg b.i.d. This dose, although sufficient in most cases, was obviously somewhat low for a few of our patients. The concentration in blood plasma of zimelidine should probably reach a minimum level of 250 nmol/l and norzimelidine 500 nmol/l, and to achieve this a general dosage of 100 mg b.i.d. is recommended.", "PMID": 369299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_395", "title": "Changes in learning, memory, and mood during lithium treatment. Approach to a research strategy.", "content": "In a double-blind study the effects of a 14-day lithium medication (dosage: 24 mval/day to 36 mval/day) were investigated. The subjects were 24 healthy male volunteers. The effect of lithium on their mood, ability to learn nouns, and memory of the words learnt was measured after 2 hours and 14 days. In spite of a relatively low mean plasma lithium level on the 14th day (0.54 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), the lithium volunteers assessed themselves after 2 weeks of treatment as significantly less relaxed, less active, less socially involved, more bored, and more tired than the placebo group. As to learning, the lithium group showed only a slight impairment of performance compared with the placebo groups. As to memory, there was a significant difference in free recall over 2 weeks: the lithium group remembered fewer words than the placebo group. Additional motivation of free recall over 2 hours was ineffective. It is discussed whether lithium changes spontaneous initial action and thereby the will to act. This could be interpreted as a change in the production of the characteristics of experience and behaviour.", "contents": "Changes in learning, memory, and mood during lithium treatment. Approach to a research strategy. In a double-blind study the effects of a 14-day lithium medication (dosage: 24 mval/day to 36 mval/day) were investigated. The subjects were 24 healthy male volunteers. The effect of lithium on their mood, ability to learn nouns, and memory of the words learnt was measured after 2 hours and 14 days. In spite of a relatively low mean plasma lithium level on the 14th day (0.54 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), the lithium volunteers assessed themselves after 2 weeks of treatment as significantly less relaxed, less active, less socially involved, more bored, and more tired than the placebo group. As to learning, the lithium group showed only a slight impairment of performance compared with the placebo groups. As to memory, there was a significant difference in free recall over 2 weeks: the lithium group remembered fewer words than the placebo group. Additional motivation of free recall over 2 hours was ineffective. It is discussed whether lithium changes spontaneous initial action and thereby the will to act. This could be interpreted as a change in the production of the characteristics of experience and behaviour.", "PMID": 369300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_396", "title": "A simple method for the determination of section thickness with high accuracy.", "content": "Using the partial carbon-coating of histological sections their thickness was determined by a relatively simple and accurate method. Calculations were based on the instrumental recording of the distance of focus change between the upper and lower section-surfaces. Determination of tissue refractive index was not required. Results compared favourably with those of more complicated techniques.", "contents": "A simple method for the determination of section thickness with high accuracy. Using the partial carbon-coating of histological sections their thickness was determined by a relatively simple and accurate method. Calculations were based on the instrumental recording of the distance of focus change between the upper and lower section-surfaces. Determination of tissue refractive index was not required. Results compared favourably with those of more complicated techniques.", "PMID": 369302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_397", "title": "Elimination of Escherichia coli K88 adhesion determinant by antibody in porcine gut and mammary secretions following oral immunization.", "content": "1) Although virulence of enteropathogenic E. coli in the pig is essentially associated with the K88 adhesion determinant, protection of the neonate and weanling is not necessarily dependent upon antibodies to this surface antigen. 2) Modification of the surface antigenic characteristics of enteropathogens occurs in the presence of antibody, suggesting an immune mechanism of induced loss of the genetic elements responsible for the synthesis of K88. 3) Antibodies directed against the K88 antigen do not seem to participate in the elimination of the K88 antigen. These observations provide a new concept that antibody mediated mechanisms of host defense include elimination of virulence determinants, a feature vital to maintaining the balance of the host pathogen relationship favorable to the host.", "contents": "Elimination of Escherichia coli K88 adhesion determinant by antibody in porcine gut and mammary secretions following oral immunization. 1) Although virulence of enteropathogenic E. coli in the pig is essentially associated with the K88 adhesion determinant, protection of the neonate and weanling is not necessarily dependent upon antibodies to this surface antigen. 2) Modification of the surface antigenic characteristics of enteropathogens occurs in the presence of antibody, suggesting an immune mechanism of induced loss of the genetic elements responsible for the synthesis of K88. 3) Antibodies directed against the K88 antigen do not seem to participate in the elimination of the K88 antigen. These observations provide a new concept that antibody mediated mechanisms of host defense include elimination of virulence determinants, a feature vital to maintaining the balance of the host pathogen relationship favorable to the host.", "PMID": 369310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_398", "title": "Secretory IgA antibodies to enterobacterial virulence antigens: their induction and possible relevance.", "content": "1) Milk and salivary s-IgA antibodies are via the homing of IgA producing cells from the Peyer's patches closely connected with antigenic stimuli in the intestine. This explains the presence in human milk of s-IgA antibodies against E. coli O and K antigens, V. cholerae and Shigella O antigens, E. coli and V. cholerae enterotoxins. These secretory antibodies can be induced by intestinal exposure and boosted by parenteral vaccination. 2) Preliminary data suggest that the IgA response in the urinary tract and possibly in the lung may be involved in the homing mechanism as well. 3) The protective role of the milk s-IgA antibodies to enterobacterial virulence antigens is strongly suggested, as is the protection mediated by urinary antibodies against urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Secretory IgA antibodies to enterobacterial virulence antigens: their induction and possible relevance. 1) Milk and salivary s-IgA antibodies are via the homing of IgA producing cells from the Peyer's patches closely connected with antigenic stimuli in the intestine. This explains the presence in human milk of s-IgA antibodies against E. coli O and K antigens, V. cholerae and Shigella O antigens, E. coli and V. cholerae enterotoxins. These secretory antibodies can be induced by intestinal exposure and boosted by parenteral vaccination. 2) Preliminary data suggest that the IgA response in the urinary tract and possibly in the lung may be involved in the homing mechanism as well. 3) The protective role of the milk s-IgA antibodies to enterobacterial virulence antigens is strongly suggested, as is the protection mediated by urinary antibodies against urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 369311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_399", "title": "Adhesion and chemotaxis as determinants of bacterial association with mucosal surfaces.", "content": "1) Chemotaxis of cholera vibrios facilitates the association of these bacteria with the mucosal surface. 2) Mucosal extracts can block the chemotactic receptors on the bacterial surface and thereby retard the association of chemotactic bacteria with the mucosal surface. 3) Chemotactic cholera vibrios grow more efficiently than non-chemotactic mutants in germfree mice and in isolated intestinal loops of rabbits. Conversely, non-chemotactic mutants grow more efficiently in infant mice. 4) Chemotaxis is therefore of considerable importance to the in vivo growth of cholera vibrios. The various mechanisms, including those of local immunity, by which bacterial chemotaxis can be exploited for the benefit of the host deserve further exploration.", "contents": "Adhesion and chemotaxis as determinants of bacterial association with mucosal surfaces. 1) Chemotaxis of cholera vibrios facilitates the association of these bacteria with the mucosal surface. 2) Mucosal extracts can block the chemotactic receptors on the bacterial surface and thereby retard the association of chemotactic bacteria with the mucosal surface. 3) Chemotactic cholera vibrios grow more efficiently than non-chemotactic mutants in germfree mice and in isolated intestinal loops of rabbits. Conversely, non-chemotactic mutants grow more efficiently in infant mice. 4) Chemotaxis is therefore of considerable importance to the in vivo growth of cholera vibrios. The various mechanisms, including those of local immunity, by which bacterial chemotaxis can be exploited for the benefit of the host deserve further exploration.", "PMID": 369312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_400", "title": "Prevention of bacterial infections of mucosal surfaces by immune secretory IgA.", "content": "1) Colonization and diarrhea in the rabbit due to RDEC-1 strain E. coli elicits an immune response that prevents subsequent infection with the same bacterium. 2) RDEC-1 and InvEC strain colonization of the gut of pregnant rabbits is followed by the appearance, post-delivery, of anti-InvEC or RDEC-1 strain s-IgA in the milk, some of which was able to agglutinate as many as 3.4 X 10(11) bacteria per mg of s-IgA. 3) Immune s-IgA, given by the orogastric route to rabbits, is able to survive the digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the colonization and diarrhea that follows the inoculation of InvEC and RDEC-1 strains. One possible explanation for the protective effect of s-IgA is the in vivo agglutination of bacteria in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Prevention of bacterial infections of mucosal surfaces by immune secretory IgA. 1) Colonization and diarrhea in the rabbit due to RDEC-1 strain E. coli elicits an immune response that prevents subsequent infection with the same bacterium. 2) RDEC-1 and InvEC strain colonization of the gut of pregnant rabbits is followed by the appearance, post-delivery, of anti-InvEC or RDEC-1 strain s-IgA in the milk, some of which was able to agglutinate as many as 3.4 X 10(11) bacteria per mg of s-IgA. 3) Immune s-IgA, given by the orogastric route to rabbits, is able to survive the digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the colonization and diarrhea that follows the inoculation of InvEC and RDEC-1 strains. One possible explanation for the protective effect of s-IgA is the in vivo agglutination of bacteria in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 369313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_401", "title": "Studies on oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis.", "content": "1) Attempts were made to develop oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis. 2) Streptomycin, levamisole and PHA show potential immunoenhancing properties against salmonella infection. 3) The mode of action of these agents remain to be elucidated. Observed results of PHA enhancement may be related to its blastogenic effects in the splenic T-cells. 4) Decrease in certain bacterial flora resulting in less antigenic competition may be the mode of action of streptomycin as adjuvant when added to oral salmonella vaccine.", "contents": "Studies on oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis. 1) Attempts were made to develop oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis. 2) Streptomycin, levamisole and PHA show potential immunoenhancing properties against salmonella infection. 3) The mode of action of these agents remain to be elucidated. Observed results of PHA enhancement may be related to its blastogenic effects in the splenic T-cells. 4) Decrease in certain bacterial flora resulting in less antigenic competition may be the mode of action of streptomycin as adjuvant when added to oral salmonella vaccine.", "PMID": 369314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_402", "title": "Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "The only measures of morbidity for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in well-defined populations in the continental United States come from Olmsted County, Minnesota, and San Joaquin County, California. The estimated incidence rates are between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 population per year. Despite the hazards of generalizing from such small samples, these are the only estimates available. Large case series have suggested that the syndrome is more common in males, that it may occur at any age, and that it is frequently associated with some antecedent infection. Only two case-control comparisons have been carried out which reveal an association between Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and an infection 1 month prior to onset of neurological symptoms. A recent survey of four states in the United States revealed that the risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among individuals receiving immunization against influenza A/New Jersey is 7.3 times the risk among the nonvaccinated. Aside from these investigations and one study linking Guillian-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and high antibody titers to cytomegalovirus, adequate epidemiologic studies to test suggested etiologic hypotheses have not yet been carried out. The rarity of the condition and the variations in its clinical presentation and course pose certain problems for epidemiologic investigations. Strategies for overcoming these difficulties are discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The only measures of morbidity for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in well-defined populations in the continental United States come from Olmsted County, Minnesota, and San Joaquin County, California. The estimated incidence rates are between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 population per year. Despite the hazards of generalizing from such small samples, these are the only estimates available. Large case series have suggested that the syndrome is more common in males, that it may occur at any age, and that it is frequently associated with some antecedent infection. Only two case-control comparisons have been carried out which reveal an association between Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and an infection 1 month prior to onset of neurological symptoms. A recent survey of four states in the United States revealed that the risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among individuals receiving immunization against influenza A/New Jersey is 7.3 times the risk among the nonvaccinated. Aside from these investigations and one study linking Guillian-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and high antibody titers to cytomegalovirus, adequate epidemiologic studies to test suggested etiologic hypotheses have not yet been carried out. The rarity of the condition and the variations in its clinical presentation and course pose certain problems for epidemiologic investigations. Strategies for overcoming these difficulties are discussed.", "PMID": 369322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_403", "title": "Epidemiology of radiculopathies.", "content": "Many diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system or the spinal canal may be associated with pathology in the nerve roots, but the most common sources of radiculopathy are conditions that cause direct compression of nerve roots, including prolapsed intervertebral disks, disk degeneration, and osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joints. The risk for prolapsed lumbar disk is highest in the group 20 to 39 years of age, and it is probably increased by the driving of motor vehicles, full-term pregnancies, and sedentary occupations. Cervical disk prolapses tend to occur in a slightly older age group, but very little is known of specific etiologic agents. Both lumbar and cervical prolapses usually occur in a posterior-lateral direction, and thus they are generally associated with nerve root impingement. Both osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joints and disk degeneration sometimes progress to nerve root involvement. Although the shape and position of the involved structures undoubtedly influence the likelihood of radiculopathy, it is unclear what other factors cause some individuals to progress to the stage of nerve root involvement and not others. Prevalence rates for osteoarthrosis of the lumbar and cervical spines increase markedly with age, and both are sometimes associated with generalized osteoarthrosis. Mechanical stresses from heavy occupations such as mining and from certain structural abnormalities of the spine such as spondylolisthesis predispose to osteoarthrosis of the lumbar spine. However, little is known about factors associated with osteoarthrosis of the cervical spine. The nature of the stress related to development of osteoarthrosis in the lumbar spine is not known. Disk degeneration is also strongly related to age, with preliminary degenerative changes occurring as early as 20 to 29 years of age and osteophyte formation tending to occur from the fifth decade on. Mechanical stress from heavy occupations is associated with lumbar disk degeneration, but, again, little is known about etiologic factors in cervical disk degeneration. It is apparent that much remains to be learned about the etiology and natural history of these conditions, and it is clear that the gaps in knowledge are even greater for the cervical region than for the lumbar spine. In view of the relatively high frequency of occurrence of these conditions and the amount of pain and disability they cause, epidemiologic studies of etiology and natural history are urgently needed.", "contents": "Epidemiology of radiculopathies. Many diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system or the spinal canal may be associated with pathology in the nerve roots, but the most common sources of radiculopathy are conditions that cause direct compression of nerve roots, including prolapsed intervertebral disks, disk degeneration, and osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joints. The risk for prolapsed lumbar disk is highest in the group 20 to 39 years of age, and it is probably increased by the driving of motor vehicles, full-term pregnancies, and sedentary occupations. Cervical disk prolapses tend to occur in a slightly older age group, but very little is known of specific etiologic agents. Both lumbar and cervical prolapses usually occur in a posterior-lateral direction, and thus they are generally associated with nerve root impingement. Both osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joints and disk degeneration sometimes progress to nerve root involvement. Although the shape and position of the involved structures undoubtedly influence the likelihood of radiculopathy, it is unclear what other factors cause some individuals to progress to the stage of nerve root involvement and not others. Prevalence rates for osteoarthrosis of the lumbar and cervical spines increase markedly with age, and both are sometimes associated with generalized osteoarthrosis. Mechanical stresses from heavy occupations such as mining and from certain structural abnormalities of the spine such as spondylolisthesis predispose to osteoarthrosis of the lumbar spine. However, little is known about factors associated with osteoarthrosis of the cervical spine. The nature of the stress related to development of osteoarthrosis in the lumbar spine is not known. Disk degeneration is also strongly related to age, with preliminary degenerative changes occurring as early as 20 to 29 years of age and osteophyte formation tending to occur from the fifth decade on. Mechanical stress from heavy occupations is associated with lumbar disk degeneration, but, again, little is known about etiologic factors in cervical disk degeneration. It is apparent that much remains to be learned about the etiology and natural history of these conditions, and it is clear that the gaps in knowledge are even greater for the cervical region than for the lumbar spine. In view of the relatively high frequency of occurrence of these conditions and the amount of pain and disability they cause, epidemiologic studies of etiology and natural history are urgently needed.", "PMID": 369327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_404", "title": "Prostaglandins: physiological and clinical correlations.", "content": "This review has necessarily been incomplete. We have not considered the potentially important interplay between PGs and male and female reproductive functions or the well-documented relationships between PGs and inflammation. We have examined the evidence for the influence of PGs on the pulmonary and peripheral vascular circulations and the interaction between PGs and the kidney and the autonomic nervous system. Emphasis has been placed on the role of PGs in the control of the circulation of the ductus arteriosus, and our recent experiences with indomethacin in sick, preterm infants with large left-to-right ductal shunting have been outlined. Existing information has been reviewed concerning PGs and the fetal-placental and fetal-maternal units. It should be clear that a host of proposed functions exists for PGs; many remain tentative in light of the conflicting and often bewildering results of animal experimentation.", "contents": "Prostaglandins: physiological and clinical correlations. This review has necessarily been incomplete. We have not considered the potentially important interplay between PGs and male and female reproductive functions or the well-documented relationships between PGs and inflammation. We have examined the evidence for the influence of PGs on the pulmonary and peripheral vascular circulations and the interaction between PGs and the kidney and the autonomic nervous system. Emphasis has been placed on the role of PGs in the control of the circulation of the ductus arteriosus, and our recent experiences with indomethacin in sick, preterm infants with large left-to-right ductal shunting have been outlined. Existing information has been reviewed concerning PGs and the fetal-placental and fetal-maternal units. It should be clear that a host of proposed functions exists for PGs; many remain tentative in light of the conflicting and often bewildering results of animal experimentation.", "PMID": 369336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_405", "title": "Environmental causes of cancer in childhood.", "content": "Although it is commonly said that only a small proportion of childhood cancers are caused by environmental exposures, much has been learned about exogenous carcinogens through study of their effects or noneffects in children: 1. Ionizing radiation poses some risk no matter how small the dose. 2. Concepts about the viral etiology of cancer have had to be adapted to fit observations in children concerning candidate viruses. 3. Transplacental chemical carcinogenesis has become a reality and poses an increasing threat as chemical pollution worsens. 4. Questions have been raised about the risk of breast feeding in (at present) rare instances when the mother has been heavily exposed to chemicals that are excreted in the fat of breast milk. 5. A few drugs administered to children induce cancers within the pediatric age-span. The pediatrician must take action not only against exogenous agents that induce cancer while the patient is under his care, but also against exposures that begin in utero and lie latent or accumulate throughout life to give rise to cancers in the years or decades ahead. There is much more to carcinogenesis than the effects of the environment. Important information has been gained about the origins of cancer and about human biology in general through studies of children who are unusually susceptible to certain forms of neoplasia. Knowing the mechanisms involved may lead to new modes of treatment, to screening tests for environmental carcinogens or to methods for detecting cancer early enough for treatment to be life-saving.", "contents": "Environmental causes of cancer in childhood. Although it is commonly said that only a small proportion of childhood cancers are caused by environmental exposures, much has been learned about exogenous carcinogens through study of their effects or noneffects in children: 1. Ionizing radiation poses some risk no matter how small the dose. 2. Concepts about the viral etiology of cancer have had to be adapted to fit observations in children concerning candidate viruses. 3. Transplacental chemical carcinogenesis has become a reality and poses an increasing threat as chemical pollution worsens. 4. Questions have been raised about the risk of breast feeding in (at present) rare instances when the mother has been heavily exposed to chemicals that are excreted in the fat of breast milk. 5. A few drugs administered to children induce cancers within the pediatric age-span. The pediatrician must take action not only against exogenous agents that induce cancer while the patient is under his care, but also against exposures that begin in utero and lie latent or accumulate throughout life to give rise to cancers in the years or decades ahead. There is much more to carcinogenesis than the effects of the environment. Important information has been gained about the origins of cancer and about human biology in general through studies of children who are unusually susceptible to certain forms of neoplasia. Knowing the mechanisms involved may lead to new modes of treatment, to screening tests for environmental carcinogens or to methods for detecting cancer early enough for treatment to be life-saving.", "PMID": 369343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_406", "title": "Coal gasification and occupational health.", "content": "Identification and prevention of health effects due to occupational exposures in coal gasification processes requires a basic knowledge of the technological process by which gasification proceeds. This paper presents an overview of the technology and a rational approach to health hazard identification based upon the concept of the unit operation specific micro environment. A final section is devoted to summarizing current research efforts being carried out under the aegis of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "contents": "Coal gasification and occupational health. Identification and prevention of health effects due to occupational exposures in coal gasification processes requires a basic knowledge of the technological process by which gasification proceeds. This paper presents an overview of the technology and a rational approach to health hazard identification based upon the concept of the unit operation specific micro environment. A final section is devoted to summarizing current research efforts being carried out under the aegis of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "PMID": 369347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_407", "title": "Incidence of new pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization.", "content": "The incidence of pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization was assessed in 57 patients by comparing ventilation-perfusion lung scans obtained before and 1 day after catheterization. Patients were prospectively randomized to two groups, one in which right heart catheterization was performed using an antecubital venous cutdown procedure and one in which the percutaneous femoral vein approach was used. Seven patients (12 percent) had new postcatheterization perfusion defects consistent with pulmonary emboli. These patients did not differ significantly from patients without new defects in clinical characteristics, duration of catheterization, hemodynamic variables or route of right heart catheterization. The data suggest that pulmonary embolism may be a more common complication of routine cardiac catheterization than previously appreciated.", "contents": "Incidence of new pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization. The incidence of pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization was assessed in 57 patients by comparing ventilation-perfusion lung scans obtained before and 1 day after catheterization. Patients were prospectively randomized to two groups, one in which right heart catheterization was performed using an antecubital venous cutdown procedure and one in which the percutaneous femoral vein approach was used. Seven patients (12 percent) had new postcatheterization perfusion defects consistent with pulmonary emboli. These patients did not differ significantly from patients without new defects in clinical characteristics, duration of catheterization, hemodynamic variables or route of right heart catheterization. The data suggest that pulmonary embolism may be a more common complication of routine cardiac catheterization than previously appreciated.", "PMID": 369348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_408", "title": "Electrophysiologic approach to therapy of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "The refinement of the techniques of programmed stimulation and intracardiac recording has led to understanding of the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia and these techniques can be applied clinically to the development of therapeutic regimens. The efficacy of drug therapy can be assessed in sequential studies evaluating the ability of drugs to prevent initiation of the arrhythmia by electrical stimulation. The efficacy of pacemaker therapy can be evaluated by assessing the effects of stimulation during the tachycardia. The recent development of endocardial mapping provides the surgeon with a tool to guide therapeutic surgical ablation of the site of origin of the tachycardia. Such an electrophysiologic approach to recurrent ventricular tachycardia can lead to the rapid development of successful therapy under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic approach to therapy of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. The refinement of the techniques of programmed stimulation and intracardiac recording has led to understanding of the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia and these techniques can be applied clinically to the development of therapeutic regimens. The efficacy of drug therapy can be assessed in sequential studies evaluating the ability of drugs to prevent initiation of the arrhythmia by electrical stimulation. The efficacy of pacemaker therapy can be evaluated by assessing the effects of stimulation during the tachycardia. The recent development of endocardial mapping provides the surgeon with a tool to guide therapeutic surgical ablation of the site of origin of the tachycardia. Such an electrophysiologic approach to recurrent ventricular tachycardia can lead to the rapid development of successful therapy under controlled conditions.", "PMID": 369349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_409", "title": "The concept of trifascicular intraventricular conduction: historical aspects and influence on contemporary cardiology.", "content": "The efforts of Mauricio Rosenbaum and his co-workers in putting together the anatomic and electrocardiographic correlations that led to the development of the concept of trifascicular intraventricular conduction have had a major impact on electrocardiography. Perhaps the greatest testimony to their contributions is the large number of related publications by many authors since the printing of Los Hemibloqueos more than 10 years ago.", "contents": "The concept of trifascicular intraventricular conduction: historical aspects and influence on contemporary cardiology. The efforts of Mauricio Rosenbaum and his co-workers in putting together the anatomic and electrocardiographic correlations that led to the development of the concept of trifascicular intraventricular conduction have had a major impact on electrocardiography. Perhaps the greatest testimony to their contributions is the large number of related publications by many authors since the printing of Los Hemibloqueos more than 10 years ago.", "PMID": 369350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_410", "title": "Nutritional anemia: its understanding and control with special reference to the work of the World Health Organization.", "content": "Since 1949, the World Health Organization, recognizing the public health importance of nutritional anemia, has sponsored efforts directed towards its understanding and control. During this period, often as a result of the work of the Organization, advances have been made in many areas. Basic understanding of iron, folate and vitamin B12 nutrition, and the various factors which may influence the availability and requirements of these factors, has greatly increased. Surveys in a number of countries have highlighted the widespread prevalence of nutritional anemia, particularly in developing countries. The major factor responsible is a deficiency of iron, whith folate deficiency also playing a role in some population groups, especially in preganant women. There is increasing evidence that anemia adversely affects the health of individuals and may have profound socioeconomic consequences. Control of nutritional anemia is possible by providing the deficient nutrient(s) either as therapeutic supplements or by fortification of commonly used foodstuffs. Some control programs are reviewed and suggestions for further action outlined. The Organization still has an important role to play in this field, encouraging the development of control programs and providing advice and technical assistance ot member countries.", "contents": "Nutritional anemia: its understanding and control with special reference to the work of the World Health Organization. Since 1949, the World Health Organization, recognizing the public health importance of nutritional anemia, has sponsored efforts directed towards its understanding and control. During this period, often as a result of the work of the Organization, advances have been made in many areas. Basic understanding of iron, folate and vitamin B12 nutrition, and the various factors which may influence the availability and requirements of these factors, has greatly increased. Surveys in a number of countries have highlighted the widespread prevalence of nutritional anemia, particularly in developing countries. The major factor responsible is a deficiency of iron, whith folate deficiency also playing a role in some population groups, especially in preganant women. There is increasing evidence that anemia adversely affects the health of individuals and may have profound socioeconomic consequences. Control of nutritional anemia is possible by providing the deficient nutrient(s) either as therapeutic supplements or by fortification of commonly used foodstuffs. Some control programs are reviewed and suggestions for further action outlined. The Organization still has an important role to play in this field, encouraging the development of control programs and providing advice and technical assistance ot member countries.", "PMID": 369352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_411", "title": "Medical parasitology in China: an historical perspective.", "content": "Traditional Chinese anthelmintics prove to be interesting because social, political, cultural, psychological and philosophical factors could affect them. A review of the ideas on the origin of parasitic infection and the historical development of medical parasitology in China is attempted to aid in the elucidation of the rationale of traditional Chinese anthelminthic treatment.", "contents": "Medical parasitology in China: an historical perspective. Traditional Chinese anthelmintics prove to be interesting because social, political, cultural, psychological and philosophical factors could affect them. A review of the ideas on the origin of parasitic infection and the historical development of medical parasitology in China is attempted to aid in the elucidation of the rationale of traditional Chinese anthelminthic treatment.", "PMID": 369353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_412", "title": "Alcoholic hepatic disease. Specificity of IgA deposits in liver.", "content": "The extent to which the immunofluorescent phenomenon of homogeneous deposition of IgA in the hepatic sinusoids (so-called continuous pattern) was specific for alcoholic hepatic disease was investigated. In 66 of 320 liver biopsy specimens a continuous IgA pattern was observed. Alcoholism was mentioned in the cases of 50 of the 66 patients (76%). The biopsy specimens in the remaining 254 cases continued scanty detectable IgA (discontinuous pattern) or none. In the latter group only eight patients (3%) had histories of alcoholism. A direct correlation between a continuous IgA pattern in the hepatic sinusoids and alcohol abuse is thus inferred (P less than 0.001). Additional findings of the concomitant occurrence of IgA in the perisinusoidal linings of the liver, the wall of superficial cutaneous capillaries, capillaries of the gut, and the glomerular mesangium in association with alcoholic hepatic disease further substantiates the concept of the existence of an IgA-associated disease.", "contents": "Alcoholic hepatic disease. Specificity of IgA deposits in liver. The extent to which the immunofluorescent phenomenon of homogeneous deposition of IgA in the hepatic sinusoids (so-called continuous pattern) was specific for alcoholic hepatic disease was investigated. In 66 of 320 liver biopsy specimens a continuous IgA pattern was observed. Alcoholism was mentioned in the cases of 50 of the 66 patients (76%). The biopsy specimens in the remaining 254 cases continued scanty detectable IgA (discontinuous pattern) or none. In the latter group only eight patients (3%) had histories of alcoholism. A direct correlation between a continuous IgA pattern in the hepatic sinusoids and alcohol abuse is thus inferred (P less than 0.001). Additional findings of the concomitant occurrence of IgA in the perisinusoidal linings of the liver, the wall of superficial cutaneous capillaries, capillaries of the gut, and the glomerular mesangium in association with alcoholic hepatic disease further substantiates the concept of the existence of an IgA-associated disease.", "PMID": 369355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_413", "title": "Characterization of a polyvalent conjugate of Bacterroides fragilis by fluorescent antibody staining.", "content": "A polyvalent conjugate (fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled antibody reagent) prepared for Bacteroides fragilis contained conjugates prepared against three strains of B. fragilis. This conjugate stained 93% of the 111 B. fragilis test strains; the other 7% of B. fragilis stained at certain times but not others. The conjugate was specific for B. fragilis, 91 strains of anaerobes other than B. fragilis and aerobes failed to give a positive fluorescence. The advantage of this conjugate is that it provides a quicker and less expensive identification of B. fragilis than the use of pre-reduced biochemical media and gas chromatography.", "contents": "Characterization of a polyvalent conjugate of Bacterroides fragilis by fluorescent antibody staining. A polyvalent conjugate (fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled antibody reagent) prepared for Bacteroides fragilis contained conjugates prepared against three strains of B. fragilis. This conjugate stained 93% of the 111 B. fragilis test strains; the other 7% of B. fragilis stained at certain times but not others. The conjugate was specific for B. fragilis, 91 strains of anaerobes other than B. fragilis and aerobes failed to give a positive fluorescence. The advantage of this conjugate is that it provides a quicker and less expensive identification of B. fragilis than the use of pre-reduced biochemical media and gas chromatography.", "PMID": 369356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_414", "title": "Annotated bibliography of health care books for children.", "content": "We present a comprehensive bibliography of books aimed to help physicians, other health care providers, and parents prepare children for medical contacts. Publications have been annotated and rated on the basis of use and cost. We propose that this will be a useful reference for those responsible for the health care of the pediatric population.", "contents": "Annotated bibliography of health care books for children. We present a comprehensive bibliography of books aimed to help physicians, other health care providers, and parents prepare children for medical contacts. Publications have been annotated and rated on the basis of use and cost. We propose that this will be a useful reference for those responsible for the health care of the pediatric population.", "PMID": 369357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_415", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on stimulated gastric secretion and serum gastrin in the dog.", "content": "The histamine H-2 receptor antagonist cimetidine was given for 90 minutes to four fistula dogs during a steady dose 270-minute infusion of histamine (50 microgram. base/kg.hr.), urecholine (80 microgram./kg.hr.) or pentagastrin (1.5 microgram./kg.hr). In each case there was gradual but marked (75-95%) inhibition of acid secretion with maximal effects after 60-90 minutes while pepsin secretion was also suppressed but to a lesser extent. These effects persisted for at least the 90 minutes after the end of cimetidine infusion. Serum gastrin was not significantly changed by cimetidine. Kinetics of effect of cimetidine were derived from stepdose responses to histamine (2-150 microgram./kg.hr.), pentagastrin (0.1 to 10 microgram.kg.hr.) and urecholine 20-160 microgram./kg.hr.) which were made alone and with background infusions of cimetidine. Cimetidine acted competitively for acid output with histamine as the stimulus and noncompetitively for pentagastrin or urecholine. With histamine or pentagastrin pepsin was less inhibited than H+ and in the case of urecholine, pepsin secretion was not inhibited by cimetidine.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on stimulated gastric secretion and serum gastrin in the dog. The histamine H-2 receptor antagonist cimetidine was given for 90 minutes to four fistula dogs during a steady dose 270-minute infusion of histamine (50 microgram. base/kg.hr.), urecholine (80 microgram./kg.hr.) or pentagastrin (1.5 microgram./kg.hr). In each case there was gradual but marked (75-95%) inhibition of acid secretion with maximal effects after 60-90 minutes while pepsin secretion was also suppressed but to a lesser extent. These effects persisted for at least the 90 minutes after the end of cimetidine infusion. Serum gastrin was not significantly changed by cimetidine. Kinetics of effect of cimetidine were derived from stepdose responses to histamine (2-150 microgram./kg.hr.), pentagastrin (0.1 to 10 microgram.kg.hr.) and urecholine 20-160 microgram./kg.hr.) which were made alone and with background infusions of cimetidine. Cimetidine acted competitively for acid output with histamine as the stimulus and noncompetitively for pentagastrin or urecholine. With histamine or pentagastrin pepsin was less inhibited than H+ and in the case of urecholine, pepsin secretion was not inhibited by cimetidine.", "PMID": 369358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_416", "title": "Carcinoma of the small intestine in regional enteritis: presentation of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the jejunum occurring in a patient with Crohn's disease of 30-years' duration is presented. Forty-seven previously reported small bowel carcinomas in Crohn's disease patients are reviewed. The incidence of small bowel carcinomas in patients with Crohn's disease has been cited as being as low as 0.08%, a figure which is still higher than the 1 in 10(9) population which would be predicted if the two diseases were independent of one another. The average age of incidence of the Crohn's carcinomas was 46.5 years while that for the de novo group was 55 years. The sexual ratios were 2.46:1 and 2:1, males to females, for the respective groups. The de novo carcinomas had a slight predilection for the duodenum at 40.7% while the latter group had a heavy predilection for the ileum at 70.8% and contained no duodenal carcinomas. The prognosis of the Crohn's group appeared to be much worse than that of the de novo group with five-year survivals of 3.7% and 20-22% respectively. Late diagnosis in the enteritis group was felt to be the major reason for this. Finally, several pathological differences between the lesions in both groups are presented.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the small intestine in regional enteritis: presentation of a case and review of the literature. A case of carcinoma of the jejunum occurring in a patient with Crohn's disease of 30-years' duration is presented. Forty-seven previously reported small bowel carcinomas in Crohn's disease patients are reviewed. The incidence of small bowel carcinomas in patients with Crohn's disease has been cited as being as low as 0.08%, a figure which is still higher than the 1 in 10(9) population which would be predicted if the two diseases were independent of one another. The average age of incidence of the Crohn's carcinomas was 46.5 years while that for the de novo group was 55 years. The sexual ratios were 2.46:1 and 2:1, males to females, for the respective groups. The de novo carcinomas had a slight predilection for the duodenum at 40.7% while the latter group had a heavy predilection for the ileum at 70.8% and contained no duodenal carcinomas. The prognosis of the Crohn's group appeared to be much worse than that of the de novo group with five-year survivals of 3.7% and 20-22% respectively. Late diagnosis in the enteritis group was felt to be the major reason for this. Finally, several pathological differences between the lesions in both groups are presented.", "PMID": 369360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_417", "title": "Comparison of the effects of glucagon and atropine sulfate on gastric emptying.", "content": "Six asymptomatic adult males cooperated in a study of gastric emptying. Each subject was given a test meal of 500 ml. of 3.5% glucose on a fasting stomach. Ten minutes prior to the meal each was given either 1 mg atropine sulfate, placebo, or 2 mg. glucagon, double-blind and crossover. Each drug was given twice, intravenously, in a random order. The meal was removed by a Salem sump tube half an hour after ingestion. When compared to placebo, the active drugs significantly (P less than 0.05) slowed gastric emptying; atropine sulfate was more effective (P less than 0.05) than glucagon. The active drugs significantly (P 0.05) decreased total gastric acid secretion and total gastric chloride as compared to placebo. Glucagon significantly (P 0.05) increased the blood glucose concentration as compared to placebo. These results indicate that both glucagon and atropine sulfate slow the gastric emptying of a liquid sugar meal from the stomach.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of glucagon and atropine sulfate on gastric emptying. Six asymptomatic adult males cooperated in a study of gastric emptying. Each subject was given a test meal of 500 ml. of 3.5% glucose on a fasting stomach. Ten minutes prior to the meal each was given either 1 mg atropine sulfate, placebo, or 2 mg. glucagon, double-blind and crossover. Each drug was given twice, intravenously, in a random order. The meal was removed by a Salem sump tube half an hour after ingestion. When compared to placebo, the active drugs significantly (P less than 0.05) slowed gastric emptying; atropine sulfate was more effective (P less than 0.05) than glucagon. The active drugs significantly (P 0.05) decreased total gastric acid secretion and total gastric chloride as compared to placebo. Glucagon significantly (P 0.05) increased the blood glucose concentration as compared to placebo. These results indicate that both glucagon and atropine sulfate slow the gastric emptying of a liquid sugar meal from the stomach.", "PMID": 369361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_418", "title": "Alcohol-induced gastric and duodenal lesions in man.", "content": "To determine the effect of an acute dose of ethanol on the stomach and duodenum, seven alcoholic subjects with previously normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were reevaluated with endoscopy and directed biopsy three hours after the oral ingestion of ethanol (1 gm./kg. body weight) as a 35 gm./100 ml. solution. After ingestion of alcohol, all seven subjects had moderate to severe antral erythema and friability and two had patchy erosions and hemorrhage in the antrum and fundus of the stomach. Five of seven subjects had changes in the duodenal bulb consisting of erythema similar to that in the antrum of the stomach. Microscopically after alcohol, four of seven demonstrated focal subepithelial hemorrhage and another had frank mucosal hemorrhage in the antrum. In the duodenal bulb, four of seven subjects demonstrated focal subepithelial hemorrhage in the tips of bulbar villi and four of seven had striking infiltration of eosinophils in the subepithelial stroma. These histologic alterations were not present in prealcohol biopsies or in biopsies in two additional subjects given club soda alone or beef bouillon, or in repeat biopsies in two subjects re-endoscoped three days after the ingestion of alcohol when the endoscopic findings were again normal. It is concluded that a single dose of alcohol consistently causes macroscopic and microscopic antral and duodenal alterations.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced gastric and duodenal lesions in man. To determine the effect of an acute dose of ethanol on the stomach and duodenum, seven alcoholic subjects with previously normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were reevaluated with endoscopy and directed biopsy three hours after the oral ingestion of ethanol (1 gm./kg. body weight) as a 35 gm./100 ml. solution. After ingestion of alcohol, all seven subjects had moderate to severe antral erythema and friability and two had patchy erosions and hemorrhage in the antrum and fundus of the stomach. Five of seven subjects had changes in the duodenal bulb consisting of erythema similar to that in the antrum of the stomach. Microscopically after alcohol, four of seven demonstrated focal subepithelial hemorrhage and another had frank mucosal hemorrhage in the antrum. In the duodenal bulb, four of seven subjects demonstrated focal subepithelial hemorrhage in the tips of bulbar villi and four of seven had striking infiltration of eosinophils in the subepithelial stroma. These histologic alterations were not present in prealcohol biopsies or in biopsies in two additional subjects given club soda alone or beef bouillon, or in repeat biopsies in two subjects re-endoscoped three days after the ingestion of alcohol when the endoscopic findings were again normal. It is concluded that a single dose of alcohol consistently causes macroscopic and microscopic antral and duodenal alterations.", "PMID": 369362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_419", "title": "Empiric therapy of febrile granulocytopenic patients.", "content": "Antibiotic therapy in granulocytopenic cancer patients, the risk factors predisposing these patients to infection, and the signs, symptoms and types of infections occurring in these patients are reviewed. The four most commonly isolated organism at most cancer treatment centers are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Early antimicrobial therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics before culture results are known produces cure rates of approximately 70%, regardless of the combination used. The most important predictor of response to any antibacterial regimen is a rise in the absolute granulocyte count. The current recommended fever regimen would be carbenicillin (or ticarcillin) with an aminoglycoside. The choice of an aminoglycoside depends on the prevailing organism sensitivities at a particular institution; in many cases, gentamicin sulfate is suitable. Addition of a cephalosporin to the two-drug regimen offers little increase in cure rates, except whem aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are prevalent. Because of nephrotoxicity produced with combinations of cephalothin sodium and the aminoglycosides, cefazolin sodium would be the current cephalosporin of choice. An alternate third drug to be considered is co-trimoxazole, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial not yet commercially available in parenteral form. In the absence of a clinical response to appropriate antimicrobial therapy in documented infections, granulocyte transfusions may be indicated.", "contents": "Empiric therapy of febrile granulocytopenic patients. Antibiotic therapy in granulocytopenic cancer patients, the risk factors predisposing these patients to infection, and the signs, symptoms and types of infections occurring in these patients are reviewed. The four most commonly isolated organism at most cancer treatment centers are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Early antimicrobial therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics before culture results are known produces cure rates of approximately 70%, regardless of the combination used. The most important predictor of response to any antibacterial regimen is a rise in the absolute granulocyte count. The current recommended fever regimen would be carbenicillin (or ticarcillin) with an aminoglycoside. The choice of an aminoglycoside depends on the prevailing organism sensitivities at a particular institution; in many cases, gentamicin sulfate is suitable. Addition of a cephalosporin to the two-drug regimen offers little increase in cure rates, except whem aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are prevalent. Because of nephrotoxicity produced with combinations of cephalothin sodium and the aminoglycosides, cefazolin sodium would be the current cephalosporin of choice. An alternate third drug to be considered is co-trimoxazole, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial not yet commercially available in parenteral form. In the absence of a clinical response to appropriate antimicrobial therapy in documented infections, granulocyte transfusions may be indicated.", "PMID": 369364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_420", "title": "Heparinized bottles for the collection of body cavity fluids in cytopathology.", "content": "A method of preparing cytopathology specimen collection bottles with a heparin solution is described. The need and benefits of using heparinized bottles for the collection of body cavity fluids are discussed briefly. The formulation of the heparin solution and procedure for preparation of the bottles are given in detail. Collection techniques are discussed briefly. Use of the heparinized bottles results in more reliable diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Heparinized bottles for the collection of body cavity fluids in cytopathology. A method of preparing cytopathology specimen collection bottles with a heparin solution is described. The need and benefits of using heparinized bottles for the collection of body cavity fluids are discussed briefly. The formulation of the heparin solution and procedure for preparation of the bottles are given in detail. Collection techniques are discussed briefly. Use of the heparinized bottles results in more reliable diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 369365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_421", "title": "Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture. The patient's pharmacist.", "content": "The concept of the patient's pharmacist, the clinical pharmacist who directs his efforts to the individual patient with prospective and concurrent drug use review, is discussed. A patient's pharmacist is familiar with the patient's medical and social history and his present health problems, and ensures that the patient's drug therapy is appropriate at all times. His knowledge base includes an understanding of the clinical use and actions of drugs, pharmacokinetics, optimum clinical response expected from drug therapy, monitoring and evaluating clinical response and communication skills for medication counseling. The patient information the pharmacist needs is discussed in detail. The pharmacist should record his patient care activities in the medical record; this record can serve as a basis for evaluating the pharmacist's activities.", "contents": "Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture. The patient's pharmacist. The concept of the patient's pharmacist, the clinical pharmacist who directs his efforts to the individual patient with prospective and concurrent drug use review, is discussed. A patient's pharmacist is familiar with the patient's medical and social history and his present health problems, and ensures that the patient's drug therapy is appropriate at all times. His knowledge base includes an understanding of the clinical use and actions of drugs, pharmacokinetics, optimum clinical response expected from drug therapy, monitoring and evaluating clinical response and communication skills for medication counseling. The patient information the pharmacist needs is discussed in detail. The pharmacist should record his patient care activities in the medical record; this record can serve as a basis for evaluating the pharmacist's activities.", "PMID": 369366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_422", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: nitrofurantoin.", "content": "Mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of nitrofurantoin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, are discussed. The frequency and potential severity of reactions attributed to nitrofurantoin, plus its inability to achieve therapeutic blood concentrations, relegate this drug to a position of secondary importance. Nitrofurantoin compares favorably with other standard agents for the therapy of acute and recurrent urinary tract infections in women which may be caused by susceptible organisms, and it is an effective chemoprophylactic agent for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. The compound has no apparent adverse effects on the developing fetus and can be used in pregnant women. This is not sanctioned by the package insert, however. Nitrofurantoin should not be administered when the possibility of bacteremia exists, as the drug does not achieve therapeutic serum levels when administered orally. Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated for patients with renal insufficiency. The value of this compound for men with acute urinary tract infection, recurrent urinary tract infection, acute bacterial prostatitis or chronic bacterial prostatitis has not been established. There are no indications for prescribing parenteral nitrofurantoin.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: nitrofurantoin. Mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of nitrofurantoin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, are discussed. The frequency and potential severity of reactions attributed to nitrofurantoin, plus its inability to achieve therapeutic blood concentrations, relegate this drug to a position of secondary importance. Nitrofurantoin compares favorably with other standard agents for the therapy of acute and recurrent urinary tract infections in women which may be caused by susceptible organisms, and it is an effective chemoprophylactic agent for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. The compound has no apparent adverse effects on the developing fetus and can be used in pregnant women. This is not sanctioned by the package insert, however. Nitrofurantoin should not be administered when the possibility of bacteremia exists, as the drug does not achieve therapeutic serum levels when administered orally. Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated for patients with renal insufficiency. The value of this compound for men with acute urinary tract infection, recurrent urinary tract infection, acute bacterial prostatitis or chronic bacterial prostatitis has not been established. There are no indications for prescribing parenteral nitrofurantoin.", "PMID": 369367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_423", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: treatment of sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis, the possibility of its spontaneous remission, and its responsiveness to corticosteroid and other drug therapies are discussed. Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized histologicaly by a granulomatous process with cellular infiltration. The granulomatous changes may remit spontaneously or may develop into fibrosis that, at times, is severe; factors that influence these progressions of the disease are not known. Cellular and humoral immunological abnormalities may be associated with this disease. Any organ can be affected although there is a high frequency of pulmonary involvement. Sarcoidosis may be benign and remit spontaneously in as many as 70% to 80% of cases, but the overall case fatality rate can be as high as 10%. Corticosteroids, the most effective therapy, cause temporary remission of the granulomatous changes but do not influence established fibrosis. Corticosteroids only temporarily influence the natural progression of sarcoidosis; however, corticosteroid therapy can preserve the function of vital organs. Other forms of treatment, such as chloroquine, methotrexate, oxyphenbutazone, allopurinol and levamisole hydrochloride, also produce remissions of the granulomatous infiltrate of sarcoidosis but offer no therapeutic advantages over corticosteroids. The decision to treat is often a difficult one, since corticosteroids and these other therapies have potentially hazardous side effects.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: treatment of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis, the possibility of its spontaneous remission, and its responsiveness to corticosteroid and other drug therapies are discussed. Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized histologicaly by a granulomatous process with cellular infiltration. The granulomatous changes may remit spontaneously or may develop into fibrosis that, at times, is severe; factors that influence these progressions of the disease are not known. Cellular and humoral immunological abnormalities may be associated with this disease. Any organ can be affected although there is a high frequency of pulmonary involvement. Sarcoidosis may be benign and remit spontaneously in as many as 70% to 80% of cases, but the overall case fatality rate can be as high as 10%. Corticosteroids, the most effective therapy, cause temporary remission of the granulomatous changes but do not influence established fibrosis. Corticosteroids only temporarily influence the natural progression of sarcoidosis; however, corticosteroid therapy can preserve the function of vital organs. Other forms of treatment, such as chloroquine, methotrexate, oxyphenbutazone, allopurinol and levamisole hydrochloride, also produce remissions of the granulomatous infiltrate of sarcoidosis but offer no therapeutic advantages over corticosteroids. The decision to treat is often a difficult one, since corticosteroids and these other therapies have potentially hazardous side effects.", "PMID": 369368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_424", "title": "Therapeutic neutrophil transfusions: are controlled studies no longer appropriate?", "content": "The aim of this review is to determine whether sufficient data have been reported to completely define the role and/or efficacy of neutrophil transfusions in the treatment of specific types of infections in neutropenic patients. Data were collected from the literature pertaining to the use of therapeutic neutrophil transfusions. When only the controlled studies are analyzed, a significant therapeutic advantage for neutrophil transfusions plus antibiotics can be demonstrated when this treatment is compared to treatment with antibiotics alone. However, the controlled studies are vulnerable to critical analysis, and several points argue against applying data from these studies indiscriminately to all infected, neutropenic patients encountered in practice. Moreover, it is apparent when all of the data (controlled and uncontrolled studies) are tabulated, that information is insufficient to establish the efficacy of neutrophil transfusions as treatment for most types of specific bacterial infections. Several problems exist in the wholesale acceptance of liberal transfusion policies, and the benefits that justify continued controlled studies deserve emphasis.", "contents": "Therapeutic neutrophil transfusions: are controlled studies no longer appropriate? The aim of this review is to determine whether sufficient data have been reported to completely define the role and/or efficacy of neutrophil transfusions in the treatment of specific types of infections in neutropenic patients. Data were collected from the literature pertaining to the use of therapeutic neutrophil transfusions. When only the controlled studies are analyzed, a significant therapeutic advantage for neutrophil transfusions plus antibiotics can be demonstrated when this treatment is compared to treatment with antibiotics alone. However, the controlled studies are vulnerable to critical analysis, and several points argue against applying data from these studies indiscriminately to all infected, neutropenic patients encountered in practice. Moreover, it is apparent when all of the data (controlled and uncontrolled studies) are tabulated, that information is insufficient to establish the efficacy of neutrophil transfusions as treatment for most types of specific bacterial infections. Several problems exist in the wholesale acceptance of liberal transfusion policies, and the benefits that justify continued controlled studies deserve emphasis.", "PMID": 369369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_425", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome with normal renal function.", "content": "Two male patients with Goodpasture's syndrome manifesting as severe pulmonary hemorrhage with minimal renal abnormalities are described. Both patients had microscopic hematuria with normal renal function, and one had transient proteinuria. Renal glomerular histology was normal and electron microscopic findings revealed no electron-dense deposits, but immunofluorescence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was positive in a linear fashion along glomerular capillary basement membranes in both patients. Pulmonary hemorrhage was arrested following prednisone therapy, and both patients have normal pulmonary and renal function at five and 13 months of follow-up. The literature on patients with Goodpasture's syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage and normal renal function with minimal proteinuria is reviewed. It is suggested that a subset of patients with Goodpasture's syndrome have pulmonary hemorrhage as their major manifestation. Since prednisone seems to have an apparent beneficial effect on pulmonary hemorrhage, and relatively good prognosis, this diagnosis should be considered in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome with normal renal function. Two male patients with Goodpasture's syndrome manifesting as severe pulmonary hemorrhage with minimal renal abnormalities are described. Both patients had microscopic hematuria with normal renal function, and one had transient proteinuria. Renal glomerular histology was normal and electron microscopic findings revealed no electron-dense deposits, but immunofluorescence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was positive in a linear fashion along glomerular capillary basement membranes in both patients. Pulmonary hemorrhage was arrested following prednisone therapy, and both patients have normal pulmonary and renal function at five and 13 months of follow-up. The literature on patients with Goodpasture's syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage and normal renal function with minimal proteinuria is reviewed. It is suggested that a subset of patients with Goodpasture's syndrome have pulmonary hemorrhage as their major manifestation. Since prednisone seems to have an apparent beneficial effect on pulmonary hemorrhage, and relatively good prognosis, this diagnosis should be considered in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage.", "PMID": 369373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_426", "title": "Cytogenetic and endocrine studies in a 45,X female subject with spontaneous sexual development.", "content": "Cytogenetic and endocrine evaluation of a postpubertal 45,X female subject with Turner's stigmas and spontaneous sexual development was performed. A 45,X chromosomal complement was found in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts derived from skin and ovaries. Menarche, pubarche, and thelarche occurred at age 12; at age 16 she developed menstrual irregularities, with endometrial bleeding occurring every 60 to 90 days. The ovaries were normal in size, and histologic examination revealed a marked paucity of primordial follicles, increased collagenization, and absence of corpora albicans. Anovulatory cycles with moderately elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were observed. LH-releasing hormone pituitary stimulation induced a normal LH release with a very slight FSH increase. Administration of clomiphene citrate successfully induced a normal-length ovulatory cycle. Similarities in the hormonal situation of this patient and that seen in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome are pointed out.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and endocrine studies in a 45,X female subject with spontaneous sexual development. Cytogenetic and endocrine evaluation of a postpubertal 45,X female subject with Turner's stigmas and spontaneous sexual development was performed. A 45,X chromosomal complement was found in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts derived from skin and ovaries. Menarche, pubarche, and thelarche occurred at age 12; at age 16 she developed menstrual irregularities, with endometrial bleeding occurring every 60 to 90 days. The ovaries were normal in size, and histologic examination revealed a marked paucity of primordial follicles, increased collagenization, and absence of corpora albicans. Anovulatory cycles with moderately elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were observed. LH-releasing hormone pituitary stimulation induced a normal LH release with a very slight FSH increase. Administration of clomiphene citrate successfully induced a normal-length ovulatory cycle. Similarities in the hormonal situation of this patient and that seen in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome are pointed out.", "PMID": 369374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_427", "title": "Accumulation of norethindrone and individual metabolites in human plasma during short- and long-term administration of a contraceptive dosage.", "content": "Blood levels of free, sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates of norethindrone (NE) and its ring A reduced metabolites 17alpha-ethynyl-5beta-estrane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 17alpha-ethynyl-5alpha-estrane-3alpha, 17beta-diol were measured in a female volunteer who received six consecutive daily doses of 2.5 mg. of NE and in four female volunteers undergoing chronic treatment with Orthonovum 2 mg. (2 mg. of NE and 0.1 mg. of mestranol [ME]). The blood levels were quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. During treatment for 6 days with 2.5 mg. of NE daily, the 3 hour blood levels of NE and the ring A reduced metabolites increased in a stepwise fashion. During long-term treatment the concentrations of NE, NE sulfate, and the conjugates of the ring A reduced metabolites were seen to build up to a peak at approximately the midpoint of the treatment phase of each cycle, and drop to near baseline during the time when no drug was administered. Individuals varied as to their tendency to accumulate the drug and metabolites, and as to the relative proportion of metabolites formed.", "contents": "Accumulation of norethindrone and individual metabolites in human plasma during short- and long-term administration of a contraceptive dosage. Blood levels of free, sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates of norethindrone (NE) and its ring A reduced metabolites 17alpha-ethynyl-5beta-estrane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 17alpha-ethynyl-5alpha-estrane-3alpha, 17beta-diol were measured in a female volunteer who received six consecutive daily doses of 2.5 mg. of NE and in four female volunteers undergoing chronic treatment with Orthonovum 2 mg. (2 mg. of NE and 0.1 mg. of mestranol [ME]). The blood levels were quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. During treatment for 6 days with 2.5 mg. of NE daily, the 3 hour blood levels of NE and the ring A reduced metabolites increased in a stepwise fashion. During long-term treatment the concentrations of NE, NE sulfate, and the conjugates of the ring A reduced metabolites were seen to build up to a peak at approximately the midpoint of the treatment phase of each cycle, and drop to near baseline during the time when no drug was administered. Individuals varied as to their tendency to accumulate the drug and metabolites, and as to the relative proportion of metabolites formed.", "PMID": 369375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_428", "title": "Group B streptococcal colonization and antibody status in lower socioeconomic parturient women.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of group B streptococcal vaginal and throat colonization among lower socioeconomic pregnant women and the antibody concentration to the capsular polysaccharide antigen of type III group B streptococcus in their sera. Group B streptococci were recovered from 28.6 per cent of the 112 women studied; vaginal colonization was detected in 23.4 per cent, throat colonization in 4.7 per cent, and colonization at both sites in 0.9 per cent of the patients, respectively. Among these isolates of group B streptococci, serotypes III (39.5 per cent) and II (30.3 per cent) predominated. No differences were found between colonized and noncolonized women with respect to age, race, marital status, or parity. The majority of all women studied had low concentration of antibody in serum (less than 1.0 microgram per milliliter). However, women with isolation of type III group B streptococci from cultures at the time sera were collected had significantly higher concentrations than did women without group B streptococci from cultures at the time sera were collected had significantly higher concentrations than did women without group B streptococcal colonization.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal colonization and antibody status in lower socioeconomic parturient women. This investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of group B streptococcal vaginal and throat colonization among lower socioeconomic pregnant women and the antibody concentration to the capsular polysaccharide antigen of type III group B streptococcus in their sera. Group B streptococci were recovered from 28.6 per cent of the 112 women studied; vaginal colonization was detected in 23.4 per cent, throat colonization in 4.7 per cent, and colonization at both sites in 0.9 per cent of the patients, respectively. Among these isolates of group B streptococci, serotypes III (39.5 per cent) and II (30.3 per cent) predominated. No differences were found between colonized and noncolonized women with respect to age, race, marital status, or parity. The majority of all women studied had low concentration of antibody in serum (less than 1.0 microgram per milliliter). However, women with isolation of type III group B streptococci from cultures at the time sera were collected had significantly higher concentrations than did women without group B streptococci from cultures at the time sera were collected had significantly higher concentrations than did women without group B streptococcal colonization.", "PMID": 369376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_429", "title": "Optometric management of Fuchs's endothelial dystrophy.", "content": "Fuchs's endothelial dystrophy interferes with removal of fluid from the cornea by the endothelium. It progresses through stages of corneal guttata, corneal edema, bullous keratopathy, vascularization, and scarring, and complications such as glaucoma or infection. The optometrist can detect this disorder and manage its early stages as well as provide counseling and proper referral. This paper includes a case study and a discussion of the course and treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Optometric management of Fuchs's endothelial dystrophy. Fuchs's endothelial dystrophy interferes with removal of fluid from the cornea by the endothelium. It progresses through stages of corneal guttata, corneal edema, bullous keratopathy, vascularization, and scarring, and complications such as glaucoma or infection. The optometrist can detect this disorder and manage its early stages as well as provide counseling and proper referral. This paper includes a case study and a discussion of the course and treatment of this disease.", "PMID": 369377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_430", "title": "Diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex: an annual review of the ophthalmic literature.", "content": "The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex was reviewed for the period November 1976 to November 1977. Thirty-three papers of interest to optometrists have been abstracted. Main areas of interest include response of posterior segment to anterior-segment disturbances; structural anomalies in nerve-head region, including a new potential cause for hypoplasia of optic nerve; speculation on possible common origins of RPE/Bruch's membrane disturbances and endothelium/Descemet's membrane disturbances; a vascular hypothesis for pathogenesis of optic-nerve-head drusen; an explanation for reversibility of infantile glaucomatous cupping; glaucomatocyclitic crisis; the role of axoplasmic flow in papilledema; new developments in field testing for early glaucomatous loss; effects of cerebral vascular accidents on color vision; and two interesting instances of systemic disease with ocular manifestations.", "contents": "Diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex: an annual review of the ophthalmic literature. The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex was reviewed for the period November 1976 to November 1977. Thirty-three papers of interest to optometrists have been abstracted. Main areas of interest include response of posterior segment to anterior-segment disturbances; structural anomalies in nerve-head region, including a new potential cause for hypoplasia of optic nerve; speculation on possible common origins of RPE/Bruch's membrane disturbances and endothelium/Descemet's membrane disturbances; a vascular hypothesis for pathogenesis of optic-nerve-head drusen; an explanation for reversibility of infantile glaucomatous cupping; glaucomatocyclitic crisis; the role of axoplasmic flow in papilledema; new developments in field testing for early glaucomatous loss; effects of cerebral vascular accidents on color vision; and two interesting instances of systemic disease with ocular manifestations.", "PMID": 369378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_431", "title": "Acid etch bonded cast orthodontic retainers.", "content": "We have described a technique which involves the use of a cast orthodontic retaining appliance bonded by the acid etch technique and composite resin for semipermanent retention. The technique provides an alternative form of treatment which offers some unique advantages over previous retentive techniques.", "contents": "Acid etch bonded cast orthodontic retainers. We have described a technique which involves the use of a cast orthodontic retaining appliance bonded by the acid etch technique and composite resin for semipermanent retention. The technique provides an alternative form of treatment which offers some unique advantages over previous retentive techniques.", "PMID": 369383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_432", "title": "Differential effects of somatostatin analogues on alpha- and beta-cells of the pancreas.", "content": "We examined the effect of somatostatin (SS) and its analogues on basal insulin and glucagon output from the right lobe of the in situ canine pancreas. Somatostatin (0.17 and 1.7 microgram/min, iv) significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -48 +/- 9% and delta = -88 +/- 3%) and glucagon (delta = -13 +/- 16%, P = NS and delta = -55 +/- 8%). Des-Asn5-SS Significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -40 +/- 9% and delta = -92 +/- 3%) but not glucagon (delta = +35 +/- 18% and delta = +4 +/- 12%). Likewise, [D-Ser13]-SS significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -40 +/- 14% and delta = -71 +/- 8%) with only slight inhibition of glucagon (delta = +26 +/- 15%, P = NS and delta = -16 +/- 6%, P less than 0.05). In contrast, [D-Cys14]-SS significantly inhibited both inhibited both insulin and glucagon. We conclude that structural changes of cyclic somatostatin can dissociate its ability to inhibit pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. Because the putative receptors on the pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell appear to recognize different configurations of the somatostatin molecule, it is suggested that the receptors themselves are different.", "contents": "Differential effects of somatostatin analogues on alpha- and beta-cells of the pancreas. We examined the effect of somatostatin (SS) and its analogues on basal insulin and glucagon output from the right lobe of the in situ canine pancreas. Somatostatin (0.17 and 1.7 microgram/min, iv) significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -48 +/- 9% and delta = -88 +/- 3%) and glucagon (delta = -13 +/- 16%, P = NS and delta = -55 +/- 8%). Des-Asn5-SS Significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -40 +/- 9% and delta = -92 +/- 3%) but not glucagon (delta = +35 +/- 18% and delta = +4 +/- 12%). Likewise, [D-Ser13]-SS significantly inhibited insulin (delta = -40 +/- 14% and delta = -71 +/- 8%) with only slight inhibition of glucagon (delta = +26 +/- 15%, P = NS and delta = -16 +/- 6%, P less than 0.05). In contrast, [D-Cys14]-SS significantly inhibited both inhibited both insulin and glucagon. We conclude that structural changes of cyclic somatostatin can dissociate its ability to inhibit pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. Because the putative receptors on the pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell appear to recognize different configurations of the somatostatin molecule, it is suggested that the receptors themselves are different.", "PMID": 369388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_433", "title": "Stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXIX. Regulation of 86Rb+ efflux from perfused islets.", "content": "Glucose provokes a dose-related, rapid, sustained, and rapidly reversible reduction in the fractional outflow rate of 86Rb+ from perfused pancreatic islets. This efflux probably corresponds to a passive movement driven by the electrochemical gradient of K+ across the plasma membrane and mediated by a native ionphoretic system. Indeed, it is facilitated by valinomycin or cell membrane depolarization, little affected by ouabain, and inhibited by verapamil or omission of extracellular K+. The effect of glucose upon 86Rb+ efflux does not appear to be directly attributable to changes in either glucose transport, plasma cell polarization, Na+ influx, cyclic AMP concentration, or insulin secretion. Although a modulatory role of intracellular Ca2+ on K+ conductance cannot be ruled out, the experimental data suggest rather that the glucose-induced modification of 86Rb+ fractional outflow rate is directly linked, for its major part, to metabolic events such as an increase in the rate of glycolysis and/or generation of reduced pyridine nucleotides.", "contents": "Stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXIX. Regulation of 86Rb+ efflux from perfused islets. Glucose provokes a dose-related, rapid, sustained, and rapidly reversible reduction in the fractional outflow rate of 86Rb+ from perfused pancreatic islets. This efflux probably corresponds to a passive movement driven by the electrochemical gradient of K+ across the plasma membrane and mediated by a native ionphoretic system. Indeed, it is facilitated by valinomycin or cell membrane depolarization, little affected by ouabain, and inhibited by verapamil or omission of extracellular K+. The effect of glucose upon 86Rb+ efflux does not appear to be directly attributable to changes in either glucose transport, plasma cell polarization, Na+ influx, cyclic AMP concentration, or insulin secretion. Although a modulatory role of intracellular Ca2+ on K+ conductance cannot be ruled out, the experimental data suggest rather that the glucose-induced modification of 86Rb+ fractional outflow rate is directly linked, for its major part, to metabolic events such as an increase in the rate of glycolysis and/or generation of reduced pyridine nucleotides.", "PMID": 369389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_434", "title": "Effect of atropine and vagotomy on response of transplanted pancreas.", "content": "It is well established that atropine and vagotomy inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to intestinal stimulants such as fat or amino acids. These effects are usually attributed to interference with hypothetical vagal cholinergic mechanisms that facilitate release of cholecystokinin. To determine whether atropine or vagotomy interferes with release of humoral stimulants of pancreatic enzyme secretion, we studied their effect on protein secretion from an autotransplanted portion of pancreas in response to intestinal stimulants in dogs. The transplanted pancreas was as sensitive as the intact pancreas to stimulation by exogenous caerulein, a cholecystokinin-like peptide, and this response was not altered by atropine or vagotomy. Therefore, if vagotomy or atropine interferes with release of humoral pancreatic stimulants, they would be expected to reduce the response of the transplanted pancreas just as they do of the intact pancreas. Truncal vagotomy caused no significant change in protein secretion from the transplant in response to intestinal perfusion with sodium oleate or tryptophan. Atropine was tested only against sodium oleate and caused no change in response. We conclude that release of humoral pancreatic excitants of protein secretion in response to intestinal stimulants is not significantly changed by atropine or vagotomy.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and vagotomy on response of transplanted pancreas. It is well established that atropine and vagotomy inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to intestinal stimulants such as fat or amino acids. These effects are usually attributed to interference with hypothetical vagal cholinergic mechanisms that facilitate release of cholecystokinin. To determine whether atropine or vagotomy interferes with release of humoral stimulants of pancreatic enzyme secretion, we studied their effect on protein secretion from an autotransplanted portion of pancreas in response to intestinal stimulants in dogs. The transplanted pancreas was as sensitive as the intact pancreas to stimulation by exogenous caerulein, a cholecystokinin-like peptide, and this response was not altered by atropine or vagotomy. Therefore, if vagotomy or atropine interferes with release of humoral pancreatic stimulants, they would be expected to reduce the response of the transplanted pancreas just as they do of the intact pancreas. Truncal vagotomy caused no significant change in protein secretion from the transplant in response to intestinal perfusion with sodium oleate or tryptophan. Atropine was tested only against sodium oleate and caused no change in response. We conclude that release of humoral pancreatic excitants of protein secretion in response to intestinal stimulants is not significantly changed by atropine or vagotomy.", "PMID": 369390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_435", "title": "Early insulin and glucagon response to subsequent pulses of arginine, glucose, and tolbutamide in normal man.", "content": "To determine the dynamics of insulin and of glucagon secretion in response to several sequential stimuli administered shortly after an arginine pulse (5 g), 20 nonobese, apparently healthy volunteers were given arginine (5 g), glucose (5 g), and tolbutamide (1 g) by rapid intravenous injection. The early insulin and glucagon area 0-8 min was studied. At the intervals and with the dosages used in this study, different stimuli with and without prestimulation with arginine did not lead to changes in early secretion of insulin. There was no exhaustion of the pool of insulin released after multiple sequential pulses. These results suggest a pattern in which stimulation induces a rapid release of insulin and activates the interchange between the stored and labile insulin pool; the 8-min interval is sufficient for the rapid return of the two compartments to a state of equilibrium. Also for glucagon, subsequent different stimuli did not exhaust glucagon release; nevertheless, glucagon is immediately suppressed by a submaximal glucose pulse.", "contents": "Early insulin and glucagon response to subsequent pulses of arginine, glucose, and tolbutamide in normal man. To determine the dynamics of insulin and of glucagon secretion in response to several sequential stimuli administered shortly after an arginine pulse (5 g), 20 nonobese, apparently healthy volunteers were given arginine (5 g), glucose (5 g), and tolbutamide (1 g) by rapid intravenous injection. The early insulin and glucagon area 0-8 min was studied. At the intervals and with the dosages used in this study, different stimuli with and without prestimulation with arginine did not lead to changes in early secretion of insulin. There was no exhaustion of the pool of insulin released after multiple sequential pulses. These results suggest a pattern in which stimulation induces a rapid release of insulin and activates the interchange between the stored and labile insulin pool; the 8-min interval is sufficient for the rapid return of the two compartments to a state of equilibrium. Also for glucagon, subsequent different stimuli did not exhaust glucagon release; nevertheless, glucagon is immediately suppressed by a submaximal glucose pulse.", "PMID": 369391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_436", "title": "Calcium dependency of glucagon release: its modulation by nutritional factors.", "content": "The calcium dependency of glucagon release by the perfused rat pancreas was investigated in the presence of different nutrients: glucose, arginine, and a mixture of \"fumarate + glutamate + pyruvate\" (FGP, 5 mM of each salt). At a 3.3 mM glucose concentration, FGP-induced glucagon release was inhibited by the removal of calcium or addition of verapamil. At a higher glucose concentration (16.6 mM), the glucagonotropic action of FGP was again inhibited by verapamil, but the removal of extracellular calcium enhanced transiently glucagon release. Comparable results were obtained when arginine (10 mM) instead of FGP was used to stimulate the alpha cell. These findings suggest that the glucagonotropic effect of FGP or arginine depends on the availability and inward transport of calcium, whereas extracellular calcium per se may be required for glucose to be sensed by the alpha cell as an inhibitor of glucagon secretion. Thus, the nutritional environment offered to the alpha cell may condition the expression of the different mechanisms involved in the control of glucagon release by calcium.", "contents": "Calcium dependency of glucagon release: its modulation by nutritional factors. The calcium dependency of glucagon release by the perfused rat pancreas was investigated in the presence of different nutrients: glucose, arginine, and a mixture of \"fumarate + glutamate + pyruvate\" (FGP, 5 mM of each salt). At a 3.3 mM glucose concentration, FGP-induced glucagon release was inhibited by the removal of calcium or addition of verapamil. At a higher glucose concentration (16.6 mM), the glucagonotropic action of FGP was again inhibited by verapamil, but the removal of extracellular calcium enhanced transiently glucagon release. Comparable results were obtained when arginine (10 mM) instead of FGP was used to stimulate the alpha cell. These findings suggest that the glucagonotropic effect of FGP or arginine depends on the availability and inward transport of calcium, whereas extracellular calcium per se may be required for glucose to be sensed by the alpha cell as an inhibitor of glucagon secretion. Thus, the nutritional environment offered to the alpha cell may condition the expression of the different mechanisms involved in the control of glucagon release by calcium.", "PMID": 369392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_437", "title": "Effective luminal hypotonicity: the driving force for isotonic proximal tubular fluid absorption.", "content": "This Editorial Review summarizes certain considerations relevant to the mechanism(s) of isotonic fluid absorption by the mammalian proximal nephron. Recent evidence indicates that the paracellular pathway in this epithelium has a low diffusion resistance. Therefore it is possible that lateral intercellular spaces are in diffusion equilibrium with the peritubular medium. For such a circumstance, the driving forces for isotonic fluid absorption may reside in external solutions. But since the hydraulic conductance of mammalian proximal tubules is remarkably high, the effective osmotic pressure gradient between luminal and pertibular solutions required to drive isotonic fluid transport is relatively small. In the mammalian proximal nephron, effective luminal hypotonicity may provide the driving force for isotonic fluid transport. At least two mechanisms could account for the development of effective luminal hypotonicity. First, preferential absorption of bicarbonate results in a rise of luminal Cl- concentration. And because proximal tubules are more permeable to Cl- than to HCO3-, there develops a driving force for isotonic fluid transport. Second, trivial degrees of luminal hypotonicity may develop attendant on active Na+ absorption. We provide evidence that, of these two mechanisms, axial anion asymmetry is the dominant force for isotonic fluid transport.", "contents": "Effective luminal hypotonicity: the driving force for isotonic proximal tubular fluid absorption. This Editorial Review summarizes certain considerations relevant to the mechanism(s) of isotonic fluid absorption by the mammalian proximal nephron. Recent evidence indicates that the paracellular pathway in this epithelium has a low diffusion resistance. Therefore it is possible that lateral intercellular spaces are in diffusion equilibrium with the peritubular medium. For such a circumstance, the driving forces for isotonic fluid absorption may reside in external solutions. But since the hydraulic conductance of mammalian proximal tubules is remarkably high, the effective osmotic pressure gradient between luminal and pertibular solutions required to drive isotonic fluid transport is relatively small. In the mammalian proximal nephron, effective luminal hypotonicity may provide the driving force for isotonic fluid transport. At least two mechanisms could account for the development of effective luminal hypotonicity. First, preferential absorption of bicarbonate results in a rise of luminal Cl- concentration. And because proximal tubules are more permeable to Cl- than to HCO3-, there develops a driving force for isotonic fluid transport. Second, trivial degrees of luminal hypotonicity may develop attendant on active Na+ absorption. We provide evidence that, of these two mechanisms, axial anion asymmetry is the dominant force for isotonic fluid transport.", "PMID": 369393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_438", "title": "Actively circulating blood volume in endotoxin shock measured by indicator dilution.", "content": "To estimate the size of the actively circulating blood volume of splenectomized dogs during control conditions and after endotoxin infusion, the pattern of concentration changes of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin was monitored. A dual exponential equation was fitted to the data. The total red blood cell and albumin volumes of distribution were determined from the slow exponential disappearance curves. The active red blood cell and albumin volumes were 89.8 +/- 5.3% and 92.0 +/- 2.0% of the total volumes, respectively. After endotoxin shock (mean arterial blood pressure 49.1 +/- 17.8 mmHg) the active volumes fell to only 60.0 +/- 10.3% and 56.2 +/- 20.0% of the total volumes, respectively. The fast-mixing time constants were similar (3.1 +/- 1.4 min and 2.5 +/- 2.7 min, respectively) and did not change significantly during the endotoxin shock, indicating that the albumin tag mixed into its larger volume of distribution as rapidly as the cells mixed into their indicated volume. We conclude that 1) an active blood volume can be distinguished, 2) it decreases for both red blood cells and albumin in endotoxin shock, and 3) a major part of the \"extravascular plasma volume,\" as estimated by albumin dilution, is in the actively circulating circulation.", "contents": "Actively circulating blood volume in endotoxin shock measured by indicator dilution. To estimate the size of the actively circulating blood volume of splenectomized dogs during control conditions and after endotoxin infusion, the pattern of concentration changes of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin was monitored. A dual exponential equation was fitted to the data. The total red blood cell and albumin volumes of distribution were determined from the slow exponential disappearance curves. The active red blood cell and albumin volumes were 89.8 +/- 5.3% and 92.0 +/- 2.0% of the total volumes, respectively. After endotoxin shock (mean arterial blood pressure 49.1 +/- 17.8 mmHg) the active volumes fell to only 60.0 +/- 10.3% and 56.2 +/- 20.0% of the total volumes, respectively. The fast-mixing time constants were similar (3.1 +/- 1.4 min and 2.5 +/- 2.7 min, respectively) and did not change significantly during the endotoxin shock, indicating that the albumin tag mixed into its larger volume of distribution as rapidly as the cells mixed into their indicated volume. We conclude that 1) an active blood volume can be distinguished, 2) it decreases for both red blood cells and albumin in endotoxin shock, and 3) a major part of the \"extravascular plasma volume,\" as estimated by albumin dilution, is in the actively circulating circulation.", "PMID": 369394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_439", "title": "Overview: efficacy and safety of the rapid neuroleptization method with injectable haloperidol.", "content": "The authors review the literature on the rapid neuroleptization (titration) method with I.M. haloperidol. Most of the approximately 650 predominantly schizophrenic and manic patients represented in the studies calmed down rapidly on medication, and some demonstrated an early reduction in core psychotic symptoms. The initial doses varied widely, ranging from 1 to 30 mg, with a maximum total daily dosage of 100 mg. The medication seemed to have been well tolerated in all cases, with no reported major complications. The authors conclude that the method shows definite merit with agitated and belligerent patients. However, they make a number of specific recommendations for further research to clearly establish the effectiveness and safety of this method of neuroleptic administration.", "contents": "Overview: efficacy and safety of the rapid neuroleptization method with injectable haloperidol. The authors review the literature on the rapid neuroleptization (titration) method with I.M. haloperidol. Most of the approximately 650 predominantly schizophrenic and manic patients represented in the studies calmed down rapidly on medication, and some demonstrated an early reduction in core psychotic symptoms. The initial doses varied widely, ranging from 1 to 30 mg, with a maximum total daily dosage of 100 mg. The medication seemed to have been well tolerated in all cases, with no reported major complications. The authors conclude that the method shows definite merit with agitated and belligerent patients. However, they make a number of specific recommendations for further research to clearly establish the effectiveness and safety of this method of neuroleptic administration.", "PMID": 369395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_440", "title": "Antipsychotic effects of lithium in schizophrenia.", "content": "The lithium carbonate therapy of 13 psychotic schizophrenic patients was evaluated in a placebo-controlled three-week study that was double-blind. Seven of the 13 patients were less psychotic while receiving lithium; 4 of these 7 patients relapsed after lithium withdrawal. Patients who improved during the third week on lithium could be differentiated from nonresponders on the basis of their improvement during the first week. Clinical factors such as diagnosis, prognosis, and symptoms failed to predict responders from nonresponders. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first controlled study to yield positive results with schizophrenic patients treated with lithium alone.", "contents": "Antipsychotic effects of lithium in schizophrenia. The lithium carbonate therapy of 13 psychotic schizophrenic patients was evaluated in a placebo-controlled three-week study that was double-blind. Seven of the 13 patients were less psychotic while receiving lithium; 4 of these 7 patients relapsed after lithium withdrawal. Patients who improved during the third week on lithium could be differentiated from nonresponders on the basis of their improvement during the first week. Clinical factors such as diagnosis, prognosis, and symptoms failed to predict responders from nonresponders. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first controlled study to yield positive results with schizophrenic patients treated with lithium alone.", "PMID": 369396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_441", "title": "Gonadotropin response to synthetic gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) in heroin addicts.", "content": "To determine whether the pituitary-gonadal deficiency in heroin addicts is related to heroin's effect on the hypothalamus, the authors administered gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) to 10 male heroin addicts and 5 controls and measured follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) response. Basal FSH and LH levels were significantly lower in addicts; after GnRH stimulation the addicts' FSH and LH values increased but not significantly compared to controls. The difference between the two groups' response was highly significant. The authors suggest that heroin causes an incomplete blocking of gonadotropin secretion at the pituitary level, inducing a hypophyseal-gonadal deficiency and a long-lasting depletion of the endogenous releasing factor, which accounts for the reduced response to GnRH.", "contents": "Gonadotropin response to synthetic gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) in heroin addicts. To determine whether the pituitary-gonadal deficiency in heroin addicts is related to heroin's effect on the hypothalamus, the authors administered gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) to 10 male heroin addicts and 5 controls and measured follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) response. Basal FSH and LH levels were significantly lower in addicts; after GnRH stimulation the addicts' FSH and LH values increased but not significantly compared to controls. The difference between the two groups' response was highly significant. The authors suggest that heroin causes an incomplete blocking of gonadotropin secretion at the pituitary level, inducing a hypophyseal-gonadal deficiency and a long-lasting depletion of the endogenous releasing factor, which accounts for the reduced response to GnRH.", "PMID": 369397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_442", "title": "A theoretical reconciliation of competing views of time perception.", "content": "The time-perception literature is oriented around two opposing traditions, one of which, set forth by Ornstein in 1970, views time estimation as linearly and positively related to stimulus complexity, while the other, as published by Priestly in 1968, sees time as essentially linearly but negatively associated with the experiential complexity with which given intervals are filled. However, careful reading of the literature suggests that, contrary to the Ornstein and Priestly models, a linear correlation between stimulus complexity and time perception should not be expected to fully describe the range of possible relationships. What researchers appear to have ignored is the interrelated impact on time perception of the widely reported inverted-U effects of stimulus complexity and the conceptually related dimension of extroversion. With these latter considerations, comparative time perception thus becomes not a linear but rather a curvilinear, U-shaped function of both personality and stimulus complexity dimensions. The conceptual reconciliation growing out of the present literature review thus offers an explanation for previously reported empirical inconsistencies and suggests the redirection of future comparative time perception research.", "contents": "A theoretical reconciliation of competing views of time perception. The time-perception literature is oriented around two opposing traditions, one of which, set forth by Ornstein in 1970, views time estimation as linearly and positively related to stimulus complexity, while the other, as published by Priestly in 1968, sees time as essentially linearly but negatively associated with the experiential complexity with which given intervals are filled. However, careful reading of the literature suggests that, contrary to the Ornstein and Priestly models, a linear correlation between stimulus complexity and time perception should not be expected to fully describe the range of possible relationships. What researchers appear to have ignored is the interrelated impact on time perception of the widely reported inverted-U effects of stimulus complexity and the conceptually related dimension of extroversion. With these latter considerations, comparative time perception thus becomes not a linear but rather a curvilinear, U-shaped function of both personality and stimulus complexity dimensions. The conceptual reconciliation growing out of the present literature review thus offers an explanation for previously reported empirical inconsistencies and suggests the redirection of future comparative time perception research.", "PMID": 369398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_443", "title": "Absorbable iris suture. An experimental evaluation of polyglycolic acid suture.", "content": "Suturing of traumatic or surgical iris wounds has proved to be a safe and feasible microsurgical procedure. Various suture materials have been tried experimentally and clinically. If the human iris forms scar tissue the ideal suture would be an absorbable, inert, proteinfree material causing no uveal reaction. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the ocular tissue reaction to nylon, virgin-silk and polyglycolic acid (Dexon) after suturing of an experimental iridomy in 24 rabbit eyes. The tissue response was studied by biomicroscopy, iris fluorescein colour angiography, and histology. Nylon did not disintegrate and caused virtually no inflammatory reaction. Silk showed fragmentation and complete absorption after four to six months with moderate tissue response. Polyglycolic acid gave rise to a marked uveal reaction and depolymerised from the fifth to the sixth week. There was no wound dehiscence of the iris scar and the pupillary function remained intact. It is concluded that the non-absorbable materials are superior to the currently available absorbable sutures in iris surgery.", "contents": "Absorbable iris suture. An experimental evaluation of polyglycolic acid suture. Suturing of traumatic or surgical iris wounds has proved to be a safe and feasible microsurgical procedure. Various suture materials have been tried experimentally and clinically. If the human iris forms scar tissue the ideal suture would be an absorbable, inert, proteinfree material causing no uveal reaction. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the ocular tissue reaction to nylon, virgin-silk and polyglycolic acid (Dexon) after suturing of an experimental iridomy in 24 rabbit eyes. The tissue response was studied by biomicroscopy, iris fluorescein colour angiography, and histology. Nylon did not disintegrate and caused virtually no inflammatory reaction. Silk showed fragmentation and complete absorption after four to six months with moderate tissue response. Polyglycolic acid gave rise to a marked uveal reaction and depolymerised from the fifth to the sixth week. There was no wound dehiscence of the iris scar and the pupillary function remained intact. It is concluded that the non-absorbable materials are superior to the currently available absorbable sutures in iris surgery.", "PMID": 369399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_444", "title": "Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma: a case report and literature review.", "content": "A 66-year-old white woman with a confusing spectrum of central nervous system signs and symptoms had a diagnostic enucleation of her blind left eye showing retinal infiltration. Histopathologic examination showed reticulum cell sarcoma involving the retina. The patient died one month later and autopsy revealed diffuse central nervous system reticulum cell sarcoma along with right eye and systemic involvement. A review of the literature indicates intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma to be an apparently uncommon occurrence, although ocular examination may be frequently overlooked.", "contents": "Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma: a case report and literature review. A 66-year-old white woman with a confusing spectrum of central nervous system signs and symptoms had a diagnostic enucleation of her blind left eye showing retinal infiltration. Histopathologic examination showed reticulum cell sarcoma involving the retina. The patient died one month later and autopsy revealed diffuse central nervous system reticulum cell sarcoma along with right eye and systemic involvement. A review of the literature indicates intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma to be an apparently uncommon occurrence, although ocular examination may be frequently overlooked.", "PMID": 369400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_445", "title": "Bilateral recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy in the grafts. A clinico-pathologic study.", "content": "Clinical, light- and electron-microscopic findings in two sisters with bilateral recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy in the grafts are presented. The clinical pictures and microscopic findings strongly suggest that granular dystrophy may primarily be an epithelial not a stromal disease.", "contents": "Bilateral recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy in the grafts. A clinico-pathologic study. Clinical, light- and electron-microscopic findings in two sisters with bilateral recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy in the grafts are presented. The clinical pictures and microscopic findings strongly suggest that granular dystrophy may primarily be an epithelial not a stromal disease.", "PMID": 369401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_446", "title": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 4. The pancreas-research after the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) till the discovery of insulin].", "content": "In this study is the history of the pancreas-research between 1889 and 1921 described. In this period are any important discoverys detected: The islets have 2 cell types (TSCHASSOW-NIKOW 1900, 1906); the connection between diabetes mellitus and islet-alterations (OPIE 1900); the independence of islets on exocrine parenchyma (SCHULZE 1900); the discovery of internal secretion (BAYLISS, STARLING 1902) and the regeneration of islets in mammals and the man (KYRLE 1908; WEICHSELBAUM 1908 in independent publications.", "contents": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 4. The pancreas-research after the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) till the discovery of insulin]. In this study is the history of the pancreas-research between 1889 and 1921 described. In this period are any important discoverys detected: The islets have 2 cell types (TSCHASSOW-NIKOW 1900, 1906); the connection between diabetes mellitus and islet-alterations (OPIE 1900); the independence of islets on exocrine parenchyma (SCHULZE 1900); the discovery of internal secretion (BAYLISS, STARLING 1902) and the regeneration of islets in mammals and the man (KYRLE 1908; WEICHSELBAUM 1908 in independent publications.", "PMID": 369404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_447", "title": "[Investigations on the aging processes of the humerus by means of histomorphometry, regression and factor analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Histomorphometric measurements were made on bone sections prepared from osseous material removed from the diaphysial center of 70 macerated humeri obtained from persons in their third to ninth decades of life. The diameters of osteons and Haversian canals, the densities of Haversian and Volkmann's canals and osteocytes, and the proportions by volume of special and interstitial lamellae were determined. The parameters were checked for age dependence and subjected, together with previously determined macroscopic dimensions of the same left humeri, to regression analyses. Influencing variables entering into the most suitable formula for age determination include the cross-sectional area of the medullary space in the diaphysial center as well as the smallest diameters of osteons and Haversian canals. Factor analysis of the complex structure of characteristics yielded 4 factors, namely, the age factor, size factor, structural factor, and nutritional factor. Also discussed are the processes of internal transformation of adult bones.", "contents": "[Investigations on the aging processes of the humerus by means of histomorphometry, regression and factor analysis (author's transl)]. Histomorphometric measurements were made on bone sections prepared from osseous material removed from the diaphysial center of 70 macerated humeri obtained from persons in their third to ninth decades of life. The diameters of osteons and Haversian canals, the densities of Haversian and Volkmann's canals and osteocytes, and the proportions by volume of special and interstitial lamellae were determined. The parameters were checked for age dependence and subjected, together with previously determined macroscopic dimensions of the same left humeri, to regression analyses. Influencing variables entering into the most suitable formula for age determination include the cross-sectional area of the medullary space in the diaphysial center as well as the smallest diameters of osteons and Haversian canals. Factor analysis of the complex structure of characteristics yielded 4 factors, namely, the age factor, size factor, structural factor, and nutritional factor. Also discussed are the processes of internal transformation of adult bones.", "PMID": 369405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_448", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone and testosterone propionate on LH response to gonadoliberin (LRH) in young post-pubertal bulls.", "content": "LH and testosterone responses to gonadoliberin (LRH) were studied after previous dexamethasone and testosterone propionate combined treatment (treated group) compared with a single dexamethasone previous treatment (control group) in 12 Montb\u00e9liarde bulls aged 15 months. This experiment was performed on two occaisions 6 months apart according to the same schedule. They included each time 6 bulls, treated with intramuscular injections of 400 mg testosterone propionate and 6 hours later 0.25 mg gonadoliberin together with the other 3 bulls. Testosterone propionate did not influence the mean LH response to gonadoliberin although mean testosterone levels before gonadoliberin injection was very low in the controls. These data suggest that (1) the previously reported depressing effect of dexamethasone on LH is not mediated by the low peripheral testosterone level and (2) under the conditions of this study, there is no short term effect of testosterone at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone and testosterone propionate on LH response to gonadoliberin (LRH) in young post-pubertal bulls. LH and testosterone responses to gonadoliberin (LRH) were studied after previous dexamethasone and testosterone propionate combined treatment (treated group) compared with a single dexamethasone previous treatment (control group) in 12 Montb\u00e9liarde bulls aged 15 months. This experiment was performed on two occaisions 6 months apart according to the same schedule. They included each time 6 bulls, treated with intramuscular injections of 400 mg testosterone propionate and 6 hours later 0.25 mg gonadoliberin together with the other 3 bulls. Testosterone propionate did not influence the mean LH response to gonadoliberin although mean testosterone levels before gonadoliberin injection was very low in the controls. These data suggest that (1) the previously reported depressing effect of dexamethasone on LH is not mediated by the low peripheral testosterone level and (2) under the conditions of this study, there is no short term effect of testosterone at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 369406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_449", "title": "Finishing of enamel surfaces after debonding of orthodontic attachments.", "content": "The finishing of enamel surfaces after removal of directly bonded attachments is essential. The following procedures are suggested: 1. The bonding of mesh-backed stainless steel brackets with a lightly filled resin system. 2. Debonding of attachments with a direct bonding bracket remover. 3. Removal of the bulk of the remaining resin with a 12-bladed tungsten carbide bur operated at high speed with adequate air cooling. 4. Finishing of the residual resin and underlying enamel with graded polishing discs or Ceramist\u00e9 wheels used with light pressure and adequate air cooling. 5. Final finishing with a rubber cup and a water slurry of pumice.", "contents": "Finishing of enamel surfaces after debonding of orthodontic attachments. The finishing of enamel surfaces after removal of directly bonded attachments is essential. The following procedures are suggested: 1. The bonding of mesh-backed stainless steel brackets with a lightly filled resin system. 2. Debonding of attachments with a direct bonding bracket remover. 3. Removal of the bulk of the remaining resin with a 12-bladed tungsten carbide bur operated at high speed with adequate air cooling. 4. Finishing of the residual resin and underlying enamel with graded polishing discs or Ceramist\u00e9 wheels used with light pressure and adequate air cooling. 5. Final finishing with a rubber cup and a water slurry of pumice.", "PMID": 369407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_450", "title": "Comparison of serum theophylline concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and quantitative enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique.", "content": "Safe, effective theophylline therapy depends on the rapid determination of serum theophylline concentrations. Two rapid methods that require less than 0.1 ml of serum are high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitative enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT). A comparison of these two methods was carried out using 117 serum samples routinely collected from asthmatic patients in Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans. After determination by the EMIT method, specimens were analyzed by HPLC in a different laboratory. Mean serum theophylline concentrations in 100 specimens containing more than trace concentrations were 14.5 mcg/ml by the EMIT method, compared with 12.1 mcg/ml by HPLC. The paired t test showed this to be a highly significant difference (p less than 0.0005). Whichever method of determination of theophylline concentration is used, frequent validation of results by comparison with those of other laboratories seems indicated.", "contents": "Comparison of serum theophylline concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and quantitative enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique. Safe, effective theophylline therapy depends on the rapid determination of serum theophylline concentrations. Two rapid methods that require less than 0.1 ml of serum are high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitative enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT). A comparison of these two methods was carried out using 117 serum samples routinely collected from asthmatic patients in Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans. After determination by the EMIT method, specimens were analyzed by HPLC in a different laboratory. Mean serum theophylline concentrations in 100 specimens containing more than trace concentrations were 14.5 mcg/ml by the EMIT method, compared with 12.1 mcg/ml by HPLC. The paired t test showed this to be a highly significant difference (p less than 0.0005). Whichever method of determination of theophylline concentration is used, frequent validation of results by comparison with those of other laboratories seems indicated.", "PMID": 369408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_451", "title": "Diffference between mouth and esophageal occlusion pressure during CO2 rebreathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "During CO2 rebreathing, we measured the pressures generated at the mouth and in the esophagus during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effort against a closed airway in 6 normal subjects and 6 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Normal subjects showed similar reponses to CO2 in terms of both mouth pressure and esophageal pressure. Patients' responses at the mouth to CO2 were decreased compared to those of normal subjects, but the responses in the esophagus were not significantly different. The patients demonstrated a greater response of occlusion pressure measured in the esophagus than at the mouth. In patients with altered mechanical properties of the lung, the change in mouth occlusion pressure might be influenced by problems of equalization of pressure within the airways due to unequal time constants, by problems of regional differences in pressure gradients over the pleural surface, or both. Esophageal pressure during airway occlusion 100 msec after the onset of inspiration may be better measure of respiratory drive than mouth pressure in patients with intrinsic increase of airway resistance.", "contents": "Diffference between mouth and esophageal occlusion pressure during CO2 rebreathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During CO2 rebreathing, we measured the pressures generated at the mouth and in the esophagus during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effort against a closed airway in 6 normal subjects and 6 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Normal subjects showed similar reponses to CO2 in terms of both mouth pressure and esophageal pressure. Patients' responses at the mouth to CO2 were decreased compared to those of normal subjects, but the responses in the esophagus were not significantly different. The patients demonstrated a greater response of occlusion pressure measured in the esophagus than at the mouth. In patients with altered mechanical properties of the lung, the change in mouth occlusion pressure might be influenced by problems of equalization of pressure within the airways due to unequal time constants, by problems of regional differences in pressure gradients over the pleural surface, or both. Esophageal pressure during airway occlusion 100 msec after the onset of inspiration may be better measure of respiratory drive than mouth pressure in patients with intrinsic increase of airway resistance.", "PMID": 369409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_452", "title": "Uptake and degradation of Pneumocystis carinii by macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii organisms, isolated from lungs of rats with glucocorticoid-induced pneumocystosis, were ingested and degraded in vitro by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages obtained from healthy rats and mice. Uptake of the organisms was inhibited at 4 degrees C and by treatment of macrophages with iodoacetate. Neither uptake nor degradation was inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages with hydrocortisone sodium phosphate in vitro. Although peritoneal macrophages of any age in vitro were capable of ingesting Pneumocystis, alveolar macrophages that had been cultivated in vitro for less than 2 days were incapable of phagocytosis of the organism, a functional defect that corrected itself spontaneously during cultivation in vitro.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of Pneumocystis carinii by macrophages in vitro. Pneumocystis carinii organisms, isolated from lungs of rats with glucocorticoid-induced pneumocystosis, were ingested and degraded in vitro by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages obtained from healthy rats and mice. Uptake of the organisms was inhibited at 4 degrees C and by treatment of macrophages with iodoacetate. Neither uptake nor degradation was inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages with hydrocortisone sodium phosphate in vitro. Although peritoneal macrophages of any age in vitro were capable of ingesting Pneumocystis, alveolar macrophages that had been cultivated in vitro for less than 2 days were incapable of phagocytosis of the organism, a functional defect that corrected itself spontaneously during cultivation in vitro.", "PMID": 369410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_453", "title": "Pulmonary vascular effects of endotoxin in leukopenic dogs.", "content": "We have demonstrated previously that in the dog, small doses of endotoxin abolish the pulmonary vasoconstrictor reponse to hypoxia, apparently by stimulating the production of a vasodilator prostaglandin. We previously ruled out platelets as mediators of this endotoxin effect. To evaluate leukocytes as possible mediators, we rendered dogs leukopenic by means of a leukocyte antiserum. However, this did not modify the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Hence, neither leukocytes nor platelets appear to mediate the endotoxin effect. In the near absence of both platelets and leukocytes, the endotoxin effect can be prevented by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate. This suggests that endotoxin prevents hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by acting on the systemic circulation or on the lung (possibly directly on the pulmonary blood vessels) to stimulate the production of a vasodilator prostaglandin.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular effects of endotoxin in leukopenic dogs. We have demonstrated previously that in the dog, small doses of endotoxin abolish the pulmonary vasoconstrictor reponse to hypoxia, apparently by stimulating the production of a vasodilator prostaglandin. We previously ruled out platelets as mediators of this endotoxin effect. To evaluate leukocytes as possible mediators, we rendered dogs leukopenic by means of a leukocyte antiserum. However, this did not modify the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Hence, neither leukocytes nor platelets appear to mediate the endotoxin effect. In the near absence of both platelets and leukocytes, the endotoxin effect can be prevented by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate. This suggests that endotoxin prevents hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by acting on the systemic circulation or on the lung (possibly directly on the pulmonary blood vessels) to stimulate the production of a vasodilator prostaglandin.", "PMID": 369413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_454", "title": "Isolation of Eikenella corrodens from pulmonary infections.", "content": "Eikenella corrodens is a capnophilic gram-negative rod that is part of the normal human oral flora. We report the isolation of E. corrodens by transtracheal aspiration or percutaneous aspiration from 7 patients with pneumonia and/or lung abscess. Four of the 7 patients had an associated carcinoma of the lung. The susceptibilities of strains were tested to penicillin, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, and 10 cephalosporins. All strains were very susceptible to penicillin and cefoxitin and resistant to dicloxacillin and clindamycin. Susceptibilities of strains to the cephalosporins were variable. E. corrodens has been increasingly identified as a pathogen and should be recognized as an etiologic agent of pneumonia, especially in cases not responding to therapy with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, clindamycin, or cephalosporin.", "contents": "Isolation of Eikenella corrodens from pulmonary infections. Eikenella corrodens is a capnophilic gram-negative rod that is part of the normal human oral flora. We report the isolation of E. corrodens by transtracheal aspiration or percutaneous aspiration from 7 patients with pneumonia and/or lung abscess. Four of the 7 patients had an associated carcinoma of the lung. The susceptibilities of strains were tested to penicillin, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, and 10 cephalosporins. All strains were very susceptible to penicillin and cefoxitin and resistant to dicloxacillin and clindamycin. Susceptibilities of strains to the cephalosporins were variable. E. corrodens has been increasingly identified as a pathogen and should be recognized as an etiologic agent of pneumonia, especially in cases not responding to therapy with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, clindamycin, or cephalosporin.", "PMID": 369416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_455", "title": "Morphometric analyses of tracheal gland secretion and hypertrophy in male and female rats after experimental exposure to tobacco smoke.", "content": "Quantitative morphologic analyses were performed by stereologic methods on the tracheal glands of male and female rats after exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 consecutive days. The female rats were evaluated at 2 stages of their estrous cycle. The upper segment of trachea from each animal was embedded in glycol methacrylate, sectioned, and stained with a combined Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff stain for glycoproteins. Exposure to tobacco smoke caused an increase in the relative proportion of gland cells in each sex when expressed in reference to the total tissue within the cartilage ring, and an increase in mucins in the gland by 50% in both sexes. Although the relative proportions of gland cells and lumina were equivalent between the sexes, male rats had a larger quantity of mucin. The volume proportion in the glands of Alcian blue-positive mucin was 80 to 84% greater in males, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucin was 18 to 19 per cent greater in males than in females, both in control animals and those exposed to tobacco smoke. This study demonstrated that sexual differences were present in the mucin composition of the tracheal glands of normal male and female rats, that the female glycoproteins varied during the estrous cycle, and that these differences were retained after exposure to tobacco smoke.", "contents": "Morphometric analyses of tracheal gland secretion and hypertrophy in male and female rats after experimental exposure to tobacco smoke. Quantitative morphologic analyses were performed by stereologic methods on the tracheal glands of male and female rats after exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 consecutive days. The female rats were evaluated at 2 stages of their estrous cycle. The upper segment of trachea from each animal was embedded in glycol methacrylate, sectioned, and stained with a combined Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff stain for glycoproteins. Exposure to tobacco smoke caused an increase in the relative proportion of gland cells in each sex when expressed in reference to the total tissue within the cartilage ring, and an increase in mucins in the gland by 50% in both sexes. Although the relative proportions of gland cells and lumina were equivalent between the sexes, male rats had a larger quantity of mucin. The volume proportion in the glands of Alcian blue-positive mucin was 80 to 84% greater in males, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucin was 18 to 19 per cent greater in males than in females, both in control animals and those exposed to tobacco smoke. This study demonstrated that sexual differences were present in the mucin composition of the tracheal glands of normal male and female rats, that the female glycoproteins varied during the estrous cycle, and that these differences were retained after exposure to tobacco smoke.", "PMID": 369417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_456", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease by direct immunofluorescent staining.", "content": "A blind reading of direct immunofluorescent staining of sputum smears was positive in five of 21 patients with Legionnaires' disease and none of 47 control patients. Positive slides showed from eight organisms per smear (one slide) to 20 to 100 organisms per oil-immersion (magnification, 100) field (three slides). Two of the positive specimens were obtained through an endotracheal tube, one at bronchoscopy, and the other positive slides were from expectorated specimens. In addition, two open-lung biopsies and a bronchial lavage sediment from three confirmed cases of Legionnaires' disease were positive by direct immunofluorescent staining for Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease by direct immunofluorescent staining. A blind reading of direct immunofluorescent staining of sputum smears was positive in five of 21 patients with Legionnaires' disease and none of 47 control patients. Positive slides showed from eight organisms per smear (one slide) to 20 to 100 organisms per oil-immersion (magnification, 100) field (three slides). Two of the positive specimens were obtained through an endotracheal tube, one at bronchoscopy, and the other positive slides were from expectorated specimens. In addition, two open-lung biopsies and a bronchial lavage sediment from three confirmed cases of Legionnaires' disease were positive by direct immunofluorescent staining for Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "PMID": 369419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_457", "title": "No initial therapy for stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types.", "content": "The question of whether initial treatment is necessary in relatively asymptomatic patients with stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types was studied by retrospective analysis. Two groups of patients were studied: [1] 44 nonprotocol patients, followed since 1963, in whom initial treatment was withheld until required to evaluate the pace of disease and the necessity of treatment; and [2] 112 previously untreated patients who have participated in prospectively randomized clinical trials since 1971. For all 44 \"deferred\" patients, the median time before requiring treatment was 31 months, and there have been 19 patients who have not yet required therapy for periods of 3 to 104 months. The median actuarial survival for all 44 patients was 121 months. At 4 years, the actuarial survival of the 44 patients with deferred treatment is 77.3%, compared with 83.2% for the 112 protocol patients (P = 0.60). Careful observation without initiation of therapy is an appropriate option in the management of patients with relatively asymptomatic advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types.", "contents": "No initial therapy for stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types. The question of whether initial treatment is necessary in relatively asymptomatic patients with stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types was studied by retrospective analysis. Two groups of patients were studied: [1] 44 nonprotocol patients, followed since 1963, in whom initial treatment was withheld until required to evaluate the pace of disease and the necessity of treatment; and [2] 112 previously untreated patients who have participated in prospectively randomized clinical trials since 1971. For all 44 \"deferred\" patients, the median time before requiring treatment was 31 months, and there have been 19 patients who have not yet required therapy for periods of 3 to 104 months. The median actuarial survival for all 44 patients was 121 months. At 4 years, the actuarial survival of the 44 patients with deferred treatment is 77.3%, compared with 83.2% for the 112 protocol patients (P = 0.60). Careful observation without initiation of therapy is an appropriate option in the management of patients with relatively asymptomatic advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types.", "PMID": 369420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_458", "title": "Probable transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by organ transplantation.", "content": "Two heart transplant recipients developed toxoplasmosis shortly after surgery. As neither recipient had serologic evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii before transplantation, infection was acquired from an exogenous source. Of the possible modes of transmission of Toxoplasma to the recipients, infection by the oral route or through transfusion of blood or blood products seems remote. Since both heart donors had serologic evidence of recently acquired toxoplasma infection at the time of transplantation and the myocardium is known to be infected with the organism during acute infection, we considered these facts to be a strong implication that the donors' hearts were the most likely source of toxoplasma infection in the recipients.", "contents": "Probable transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by organ transplantation. Two heart transplant recipients developed toxoplasmosis shortly after surgery. As neither recipient had serologic evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii before transplantation, infection was acquired from an exogenous source. Of the possible modes of transmission of Toxoplasma to the recipients, infection by the oral route or through transfusion of blood or blood products seems remote. Since both heart donors had serologic evidence of recently acquired toxoplasma infection at the time of transplantation and the myocardium is known to be infected with the organism during acute infection, we considered these facts to be a strong implication that the donors' hearts were the most likely source of toxoplasma infection in the recipients.", "PMID": 369424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_459", "title": "[Primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of the adrenals. Study based upon one case and a review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 41-year-old man suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, predominantly on the left. This condition is somewhat less common than Conn's adenoma and differs distinctly on the basis of a very poor response to surgical treatment. It can generally be diagnosed by non-invasive techniques, the most reliable of which are the postural test and adrenal isotope scan under inhibition with dexamethasone. These methods are nevertheless not always valuable in the presence of certain forms of hyperplasia which are less distinct from an anatomical standpoint, and must then be complemented by adrenal phlebography and estimation of aldosterone in adrenal venous blood or, if this proves impossible, in the inferior vena cava and renal veins.", "contents": "[Primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of the adrenals. Study based upon one case and a review of the literature (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 41-year-old man suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, predominantly on the left. This condition is somewhat less common than Conn's adenoma and differs distinctly on the basis of a very poor response to surgical treatment. It can generally be diagnosed by non-invasive techniques, the most reliable of which are the postural test and adrenal isotope scan under inhibition with dexamethasone. These methods are nevertheless not always valuable in the presence of certain forms of hyperplasia which are less distinct from an anatomical standpoint, and must then be complemented by adrenal phlebography and estimation of aldosterone in adrenal venous blood or, if this proves impossible, in the inferior vena cava and renal veins.", "PMID": 369425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_460", "title": "[Cirrhogenic hepatitis due to perhexiline maleate: general review based upon one new case with ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of cirrhogenic hepatitis due to Pexid which was given for 8 months at 400 mg/day for a severe angina pectoris. We find here the anatomo-clinical profile of perhexiline maleate hepatiits already described in approximately 20 cases. There was a cirrhogenic evolution in our case as in 5 others : but here cirrhosis was revealing and seems stabilized since the treatment was stopped. The cirrhogenic evolution could be due to a cumulative effect of the drug and/or to an immuno-allergic mechanism as in alcoholic cirrhosis which is very similar, especially from an anatomical point of view. However cirrhogenic hepatitis differs by a characteristic lysosomal overload : brown pigment under microscopic observation and lipolysosomes with in some cases a lamellar structure under electron microscopic observation. The prescription of such a drug should be limited to cases of refractory angina pectoris and needed a regular clinical and biological survey.", "contents": "[Cirrhogenic hepatitis due to perhexiline maleate: general review based upon one new case with ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of cirrhogenic hepatitis due to Pexid which was given for 8 months at 400 mg/day for a severe angina pectoris. We find here the anatomo-clinical profile of perhexiline maleate hepatiits already described in approximately 20 cases. There was a cirrhogenic evolution in our case as in 5 others : but here cirrhosis was revealing and seems stabilized since the treatment was stopped. The cirrhogenic evolution could be due to a cumulative effect of the drug and/or to an immuno-allergic mechanism as in alcoholic cirrhosis which is very similar, especially from an anatomical point of view. However cirrhogenic hepatitis differs by a characteristic lysosomal overload : brown pigment under microscopic observation and lipolysosomes with in some cases a lamellar structure under electron microscopic observation. The prescription of such a drug should be limited to cases of refractory angina pectoris and needed a regular clinical and biological survey.", "PMID": 369426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_461", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of narcotic antagonists.", "content": "Both naloxone and naltrexone are effective narcotic antagonists with minimal agonistic effects and a wide margin of safety. Naloxone is useful in the treatment of narcotic overdose and it is helpful in the quantification of physical dependence. Naltrexone is pharmacologically successful as an orally effective, long-acting antagonist but its clinical usefulness in the prevention of relapse is still being determined.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of narcotic antagonists. Both naloxone and naltrexone are effective narcotic antagonists with minimal agonistic effects and a wide margin of safety. Naloxone is useful in the treatment of narcotic overdose and it is helpful in the quantification of physical dependence. Naltrexone is pharmacologically successful as an orally effective, long-acting antagonist but its clinical usefulness in the prevention of relapse is still being determined.", "PMID": 369432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_462", "title": "Advantages of interpositional long venous grafts in microvascular surgery.", "content": "Our clinical experience favors the use of long autologous venous micrografts any time excessive tension is noted along the anastomotic line or in case of a short pedicle in a free flap. The technical problems of harvesting and interposition of these long micrografts are presented.", "contents": "Advantages of interpositional long venous grafts in microvascular surgery. Our clinical experience favors the use of long autologous venous micrografts any time excessive tension is noted along the anastomotic line or in case of a short pedicle in a free flap. The technical problems of harvesting and interposition of these long micrografts are presented.", "PMID": 369439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_463", "title": "Management of ulcers of the leg by muscle transposition.", "content": "Chronic stasis ulcers of the lower extremity can prove difficult to treat. In the event that conservative treatment fails, one approach is to excise the ulcer, ligate the incompetent perforating veins, and close the defect by muscle transposition, followed by application of skin grafts to the transposed muscles.", "contents": "Management of ulcers of the leg by muscle transposition. Chronic stasis ulcers of the lower extremity can prove difficult to treat. In the event that conservative treatment fails, one approach is to excise the ulcer, ligate the incompetent perforating veins, and close the defect by muscle transposition, followed by application of skin grafts to the transposed muscles.", "PMID": 369440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_464", "title": "John Davies Reese and the Reese dermatome.", "content": "John Davies Reese was a unique \"loner\" whose expertise lay in the field of bioengineering. This led to his development of the calibrated dermatome that bears his name. A bachelor, Reese devoted all his spare time to perfecting dermatape, glue, and the instrument itself.", "contents": "John Davies Reese and the Reese dermatome. John Davies Reese was a unique \"loner\" whose expertise lay in the field of bioengineering. This led to his development of the calibrated dermatome that bears his name. A bachelor, Reese devoted all his spare time to perfecting dermatape, glue, and the instrument itself.", "PMID": 369442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_465", "title": "A new polymer-iodine combination (iodoplex) for treatment of donor sites: a preliminary controlled study.", "content": "A recently introduced polymer preparation (Iodoplex) is described. It is based on a new type of hydrophilic polymeric carrier into which iodine can be incorporated to the extent of 50% or more. Its main feature is that the polymer and the petroleum jelly base are water-insoluble. The iodine is slowly released from the polymer by body fluids, which are rich in protein and dead cells. Iodine has been found to be useful in the treatment of donor sites; no pain or discomfort attends its use, and the dressing peels off easily from the healed epithelium. A controlled study comparing iodoplex-impregnated and scarlet red-impregnated gauze on donor sites was carried out, and the use of Iodoplex was found to have some real advantages over scarlet red.", "contents": "A new polymer-iodine combination (iodoplex) for treatment of donor sites: a preliminary controlled study. A recently introduced polymer preparation (Iodoplex) is described. It is based on a new type of hydrophilic polymeric carrier into which iodine can be incorporated to the extent of 50% or more. Its main feature is that the polymer and the petroleum jelly base are water-insoluble. The iodine is slowly released from the polymer by body fluids, which are rich in protein and dead cells. Iodine has been found to be useful in the treatment of donor sites; no pain or discomfort attends its use, and the dressing peels off easily from the healed epithelium. A controlled study comparing iodoplex-impregnated and scarlet red-impregnated gauze on donor sites was carried out, and the use of Iodoplex was found to have some real advantages over scarlet red.", "PMID": 369443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_466", "title": "Blast injury with particular reference to recent terrorist bombing incidents.", "content": "The aetiology of primary blast lung is discussed with reference to the biodynamics of blast injury, and the clinical and pathological features of the condition are described. An analysis of casualties from bomb blast incidents occurring in Northern Ireland leads to the following conclusions concerning the injuries found in persons exposed to explosions: (1) there is a predominance of head and neck trauma, including fractures, lacerations, burns, and eye and ear injuries; (2) fractures and traumatic amputations are common and often multiple; (3) penetrating trunk wounds carry a grave prognosis; and (4) primary blast lung is rare. A comparison of four bombing incidents in England in 1973 and 1974 shows how the type and severity of injury are related to the place in which the explosion occurs. The administrative and clinical aspects of the management of casualties resulting from terrorist bombing activities are discussed.", "contents": "Blast injury with particular reference to recent terrorist bombing incidents. The aetiology of primary blast lung is discussed with reference to the biodynamics of blast injury, and the clinical and pathological features of the condition are described. An analysis of casualties from bomb blast incidents occurring in Northern Ireland leads to the following conclusions concerning the injuries found in persons exposed to explosions: (1) there is a predominance of head and neck trauma, including fractures, lacerations, burns, and eye and ear injuries; (2) fractures and traumatic amputations are common and often multiple; (3) penetrating trunk wounds carry a grave prognosis; and (4) primary blast lung is rare. A comparison of four bombing incidents in England in 1973 and 1974 shows how the type and severity of injury are related to the place in which the explosion occurs. The administrative and clinical aspects of the management of casualties resulting from terrorist bombing activities are discussed.", "PMID": 369445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_467", "title": "David Bayford. His syndrome and sign of dysphagia lusoria.", "content": "David Bayford (1739--90) was an unobtrusive medical worthy of the age of William and John Hunter, with each of whom there are documented links. From 1761, when he obtained the Membership of the Company of Surgeons, to 1782 he practised as a surgeon in London, though he was defeated by John Hunter in his bid for election to the staff of St George's Hospital in 1768. In 1782 he proceeded to the MD, granted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, when he removed to Lewes in East Sussex, where he practised as a physician. He later became disfranchised by the Company of Surgeons in order to obtain the Licentiate of the College of Physicians. In 1761, while still an apprentice surgeon, he made his discovery of the unique and bizarre cause--compression of the oesophagus by an aberrant right subclavian artery--of a fatal case of 'obstructed deglutition' for which he coined the term 'dysphagia lusoria' and for which he is eponymously remembered. This discovery remained unrecorded until 1787, when a paper describing the case was read on his behalf before the Medical Society of London.", "contents": "David Bayford. His syndrome and sign of dysphagia lusoria. David Bayford (1739--90) was an unobtrusive medical worthy of the age of William and John Hunter, with each of whom there are documented links. From 1761, when he obtained the Membership of the Company of Surgeons, to 1782 he practised as a surgeon in London, though he was defeated by John Hunter in his bid for election to the staff of St George's Hospital in 1768. In 1782 he proceeded to the MD, granted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, when he removed to Lewes in East Sussex, where he practised as a physician. He later became disfranchised by the Company of Surgeons in order to obtain the Licentiate of the College of Physicians. In 1761, while still an apprentice surgeon, he made his discovery of the unique and bizarre cause--compression of the oesophagus by an aberrant right subclavian artery--of a fatal case of 'obstructed deglutition' for which he coined the term 'dysphagia lusoria' and for which he is eponymously remembered. This discovery remained unrecorded until 1787, when a paper describing the case was read on his behalf before the Medical Society of London.", "PMID": 369446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_468", "title": "Bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia.", "content": "A study of 400 consecutive cases of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia is presented. The anaesthesia was for surgery on the lower abdomen or on the lower limbs. The patients' ages ranged from 19--91 years with the majority (60%) being over 60 years old. The patients were graded according to the A.S.A. (American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status grade and 43% of the patients were graded as III or more. The duration of surgery lasted up to 3 hours yet analgesia always outlasted the surgery. The quality of analgesia achieved was assessed and in 94% of patients this was either good or perfect. No serious complications was observed but a common sequela was hypotension which was easily controlled by etilefrine (Effortil). There were a few cases of post-spinal headache but this was never severe or long lasting.", "contents": "Bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia. A study of 400 consecutive cases of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia is presented. The anaesthesia was for surgery on the lower abdomen or on the lower limbs. The patients' ages ranged from 19--91 years with the majority (60%) being over 60 years old. The patients were graded according to the A.S.A. (American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status grade and 43% of the patients were graded as III or more. The duration of surgery lasted up to 3 hours yet analgesia always outlasted the surgery. The quality of analgesia achieved was assessed and in 94% of patients this was either good or perfect. No serious complications was observed but a common sequela was hypotension which was easily controlled by etilefrine (Effortil). There were a few cases of post-spinal headache but this was never severe or long lasting.", "PMID": 369449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_469", "title": "Mitochondrial, nuclear and smooth-muscle antibodies in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Serum mitochondrial, nuclear and smooth-muscle antibodies were assayed by the immunofluorescence method in a series of 42 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and a control series of 15 normal pregnant subjects. None of the subjects examined had mitochondrial antibodies, and nuclear antibodies were only found in one patient with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Smooth-muscle antibodies were noted altogether in four patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, in three at a titre of 1 : 40 and in one at 1 : 80; in two controls at titres of 1 : 20, and in two at 1 : 40. In the differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy the smooth-muscle antibodies particularly may be helpful in differentiating viral hepatitis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.", "contents": "Mitochondrial, nuclear and smooth-muscle antibodies in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Serum mitochondrial, nuclear and smooth-muscle antibodies were assayed by the immunofluorescence method in a series of 42 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and a control series of 15 normal pregnant subjects. None of the subjects examined had mitochondrial antibodies, and nuclear antibodies were only found in one patient with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Smooth-muscle antibodies were noted altogether in four patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, in three at a titre of 1 : 40 and in one at 1 : 80; in two controls at titres of 1 : 20, and in two at 1 : 40. In the differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy the smooth-muscle antibodies particularly may be helpful in differentiating viral hepatitis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.", "PMID": 369450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_470", "title": "New rapid bioassay of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of extracellular ATP in bacterial cultures.", "content": "Bacterial ATP levels in Escherichia coli cultures were determined by luciferin/luciferase assay. Rapid effects of gentamicin on ATP levels in the cultures were studied, and a dose-dependent accumulation of extracellular ATP was demonstrated. This phenomenon was used to develop a rapid bioassay of gentamicin in clinical serum specimens. The accuracy of the assay, expressed as coefficient of variation over the range 16 to 1 mug/ml, varied between 1.8 and 6.5%, compared to 2.3 to 4.7% for an agar disk diffusion assay. Serum gentamicin concentrations were determined by both methods in 122 serum specimens from 43 patients receiving gentamicin alone or in combination with other antibiotics, and the results were compared (r = 0.942). Determination of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of extracellular ATP in bacterial cultures requires only 10 mul of serum, allowing for capillary sampling, and results are available within 2 h.", "contents": "New rapid bioassay of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of extracellular ATP in bacterial cultures. Bacterial ATP levels in Escherichia coli cultures were determined by luciferin/luciferase assay. Rapid effects of gentamicin on ATP levels in the cultures were studied, and a dose-dependent accumulation of extracellular ATP was demonstrated. This phenomenon was used to develop a rapid bioassay of gentamicin in clinical serum specimens. The accuracy of the assay, expressed as coefficient of variation over the range 16 to 1 mug/ml, varied between 1.8 and 6.5%, compared to 2.3 to 4.7% for an agar disk diffusion assay. Serum gentamicin concentrations were determined by both methods in 122 serum specimens from 43 patients receiving gentamicin alone or in combination with other antibiotics, and the results were compared (r = 0.942). Determination of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of extracellular ATP in bacterial cultures requires only 10 mul of serum, allowing for capillary sampling, and results are available within 2 h.", "PMID": 369454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_471", "title": "Assay of gentamicin and tobramycin in sera of patients by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Therapeutic levels of gentamicin and tobramycin in the sera of patients were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Concentration-response curves for both drugs were linear over an expected therapeutic range of 1.3 to 12.5 mug/ml (coefficient of determination was >0.97). Coefficients of variation for chromatographic response to gentamicin varied from 6.3 to 9.6%, and to tobramycin from 3.8 to 13.5%. Paired gas-liquid chromatography and microbiological assays for patient serum aminoglycoside levels were performed on 106 gentamicin and 40 tobramycin sera. At levels <2.0 mug/ml, the average difference of estimates between the two assay techniques for gentamicin and tobramycin were, respectively, 38 and 29%. At drug concentrations >2.0 mug/ml, the mean difference between paired estimates was near 20% for both aminoglycosides. The speed, precision, and accuracy of the gas-liquid chromatography assay indicate that it can be a useful alternative to the microbiological procedure for the determination of gentamicin and tobramycin levels in human serum.", "contents": "Assay of gentamicin and tobramycin in sera of patients by gas-liquid chromatography. Therapeutic levels of gentamicin and tobramycin in the sera of patients were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Concentration-response curves for both drugs were linear over an expected therapeutic range of 1.3 to 12.5 mug/ml (coefficient of determination was >0.97). Coefficients of variation for chromatographic response to gentamicin varied from 6.3 to 9.6%, and to tobramycin from 3.8 to 13.5%. Paired gas-liquid chromatography and microbiological assays for patient serum aminoglycoside levels were performed on 106 gentamicin and 40 tobramycin sera. At levels <2.0 mug/ml, the average difference of estimates between the two assay techniques for gentamicin and tobramycin were, respectively, 38 and 29%. At drug concentrations >2.0 mug/ml, the mean difference between paired estimates was near 20% for both aminoglycosides. The speed, precision, and accuracy of the gas-liquid chromatography assay indicate that it can be a useful alternative to the microbiological procedure for the determination of gentamicin and tobramycin levels in human serum.", "PMID": 369455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_472", "title": "Amikacin assay in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of amikacin in serum is described. The antibiotic was separated from serum by adsorption on silica gel. The adsorbed drug was then derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde and eluted with ethanol. The derivatized amikacin was separated by reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated by fluorometry. A linear response for serum samples containing amikacin ranging from 1.0 to 15 mug/ml was obtained. Other antibiotics including various aminoglycosides did not interfere with the amikacin assay. Comparison with a standard microbiological assay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This chemical assay is sensitive and specific under the conditions tested and can be performed rapidly.", "contents": "Amikacin assay in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of amikacin in serum is described. The antibiotic was separated from serum by adsorption on silica gel. The adsorbed drug was then derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde and eluted with ethanol. The derivatized amikacin was separated by reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated by fluorometry. A linear response for serum samples containing amikacin ranging from 1.0 to 15 mug/ml was obtained. Other antibiotics including various aminoglycosides did not interfere with the amikacin assay. Comparison with a standard microbiological assay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This chemical assay is sensitive and specific under the conditions tested and can be performed rapidly.", "PMID": 369456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_473", "title": "Origin of maltase and variations in infertile men.", "content": "A specific assay based on the spectrophotometric determination of the release of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenol-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by maltase has been used to measure the activity of the enzyme in seminal plasma and in homogenates of accessory reproductive organs. Specific activity of seminal plasma maltase was 467 muU/mg of proteins in 68 fertile men, decreased significantly in varicocele (296 muU/mg), in azoospermia (246 muU/mg) and in vasectomized patients (62 muU/mg). Application of ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns led to the demonstration that maltase activity of seminal plasma and of cytosols from normal reproductive organs was recovered in three different fractions. Maltase activity is thus frequently decreased in infertility.", "contents": "Origin of maltase and variations in infertile men. A specific assay based on the spectrophotometric determination of the release of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenol-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by maltase has been used to measure the activity of the enzyme in seminal plasma and in homogenates of accessory reproductive organs. Specific activity of seminal plasma maltase was 467 muU/mg of proteins in 68 fertile men, decreased significantly in varicocele (296 muU/mg), in azoospermia (246 muU/mg) and in vasectomized patients (62 muU/mg). Application of ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns led to the demonstration that maltase activity of seminal plasma and of cytosols from normal reproductive organs was recovered in three different fractions. Maltase activity is thus frequently decreased in infertility.", "PMID": 369466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_474", "title": "Reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests.", "content": "The reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies was studied in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests. Pepsin digestion of full serum was an easy and effective procedure for preparing F(ab)2 fragments. Compared to the reactions with serum, F(ab)2 preparations revealed only a moderate decrease in agglutination titres but a complete loss of immobilizing activity. In immunofluorescence tests, nonspecific background staining was strongly reduced by using F(ab)2 fragments, thereby offering a more reliable basis for the reading of reactions. Even though the titres obtained with serum and F(ab)2 preparations did not differ essentially, it is suggested that the use of F(ab)2 fragments in IF-tests on spermatozoa may help to provide a higher degree of reproducibility.", "contents": "Reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests. The reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies was studied in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests. Pepsin digestion of full serum was an easy and effective procedure for preparing F(ab)2 fragments. Compared to the reactions with serum, F(ab)2 preparations revealed only a moderate decrease in agglutination titres but a complete loss of immobilizing activity. In immunofluorescence tests, nonspecific background staining was strongly reduced by using F(ab)2 fragments, thereby offering a more reliable basis for the reading of reactions. Even though the titres obtained with serum and F(ab)2 preparations did not differ essentially, it is suggested that the use of F(ab)2 fragments in IF-tests on spermatozoa may help to provide a higher degree of reproducibility.", "PMID": 369467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_475", "title": "On myths and countermyths: more on Szaszian fallacies.", "content": "There has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease. The pathoanatomic view ascribed to Virchow and propounded by Thomas Szasz has coexisted with the patient-centered or phenomenologic view for millenia. Schizophrenia, as well as such entities as idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, may be considered a disease because it entails suffering and incapacity, albeit in the absence of any obvious lesion. The Szaszian view of disease neither appreciates the nuances of Virchow's own position nor acknowledges the fluidity of current medical nosology.", "contents": "On myths and countermyths: more on Szaszian fallacies. There has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease. The pathoanatomic view ascribed to Virchow and propounded by Thomas Szasz has coexisted with the patient-centered or phenomenologic view for millenia. Schizophrenia, as well as such entities as idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, may be considered a disease because it entails suffering and incapacity, albeit in the absence of any obvious lesion. The Szaszian view of disease neither appreciates the nuances of Virchow's own position nor acknowledges the fluidity of current medical nosology.", "PMID": 369469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_476", "title": "The effects of methylphenidate on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive children.", "content": "Twenty hyperactive boys were observed while interacting with their mothers during a free play and task period on each of three occasions (no drug, drug, placebo). A triple-blind, drug-placebo crossover design was used to study the effects of methylphenidate on these interactions. A complex objective coding system was used to score the children's responses to various maternal behaviors as well as the mother's responses to a variety of children's behaviors. Results indicated that these children were more compliant with maternal commands during drug treatment. In response, mothers displayed increased attention to compliance while reducing their directiveness toward the boys. However, the hyperactive boys receiving methylphenidate initiated fewer social interactions and tended to show greater nonresponding. Thus, methylphenidate may improve the compliance of hyperactive children but tends to decrease their sociability.", "contents": "The effects of methylphenidate on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive children. Twenty hyperactive boys were observed while interacting with their mothers during a free play and task period on each of three occasions (no drug, drug, placebo). A triple-blind, drug-placebo crossover design was used to study the effects of methylphenidate on these interactions. A complex objective coding system was used to score the children's responses to various maternal behaviors as well as the mother's responses to a variety of children's behaviors. Results indicated that these children were more compliant with maternal commands during drug treatment. In response, mothers displayed increased attention to compliance while reducing their directiveness toward the boys. However, the hyperactive boys receiving methylphenidate initiated fewer social interactions and tended to show greater nonresponding. Thus, methylphenidate may improve the compliance of hyperactive children but tends to decrease their sociability.", "PMID": 369470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_477", "title": "Improvement of schizophrenic patients treated with [des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphin (DTgammaE).", "content": "It was postulated from animal experiments that gamma-endorphin and, in particular, the nonopiate-like peptide [des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphin (DTgammaE, beta-lipotropin [beta-LPH]62-77) have neurolepic-like activity. To test this, 14 patients with long-lasting, relapsing schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychosis resistant to conventional neuroleptics were treated with DTgammaE. An open design was used first for six patients (study 1) and a double-blind, crossover design for the other eight (study 2). In study 1, all neuroleptic medication was discontinued and 1 mg of DTgammaE zinc phosphate was given daily intramuscularly for about seven days. In study 2, six patients were maintained with neuroleptic therapy and two patients were drug free; all eight received daily intramuscular injections of 1 mg of nonlasting DTgammaE in saline and solution for eight days. There was transient or semipermanent improvement in both studies in which the psychotic symptoms diminished or even disappeared. In study 2, there was a slight but significant improvement with the first treatment. Improvement continued and by day 4, the psychotic symptoms had almost disappeared. No toxic side effects were noted. These effects of DTgammaE may be a consequence of the normalization of beta-endorphin homeostasis in the brain.", "contents": "Improvement of schizophrenic patients treated with [des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphin (DTgammaE). It was postulated from animal experiments that gamma-endorphin and, in particular, the nonopiate-like peptide [des-Tyr1]-gamma-endorphin (DTgammaE, beta-lipotropin [beta-LPH]62-77) have neurolepic-like activity. To test this, 14 patients with long-lasting, relapsing schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychosis resistant to conventional neuroleptics were treated with DTgammaE. An open design was used first for six patients (study 1) and a double-blind, crossover design for the other eight (study 2). In study 1, all neuroleptic medication was discontinued and 1 mg of DTgammaE zinc phosphate was given daily intramuscularly for about seven days. In study 2, six patients were maintained with neuroleptic therapy and two patients were drug free; all eight received daily intramuscular injections of 1 mg of nonlasting DTgammaE in saline and solution for eight days. There was transient or semipermanent improvement in both studies in which the psychotic symptoms diminished or even disappeared. In study 2, there was a slight but significant improvement with the first treatment. Improvement continued and by day 4, the psychotic symptoms had almost disappeared. No toxic side effects were noted. These effects of DTgammaE may be a consequence of the normalization of beta-endorphin homeostasis in the brain.", "PMID": 369471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_478", "title": "Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder: a controlled study.", "content": "Lithium carbonate alone has been shown to be inferior to neuroleptics alone in the treatment of excited schizo-affective illness. However, in clinical practice, lithium carbonate and neuroleptics are often combined in this disorder. We report a double-blind five-week controlled trial of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol vs placebo plus haloperidol in the treatment of excited schizo-affective patients. Eighteen patients were studied in each treatment group. Modest but statistically significant differences in favor of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol were found by week 5, using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Lithium carbonate plus haloperidol was favored both for affective schizo-affectives and for schizophrenic schizo-affectives. Lithium carbonate benefit did not seem to be restricted to affective symptoms only. In the clinical treatment of acute schizo-affective illness, the modest benefits of added lithium carbonate must be weighed against the risks of the drug's toxicity.", "contents": "Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder: a controlled study. Lithium carbonate alone has been shown to be inferior to neuroleptics alone in the treatment of excited schizo-affective illness. However, in clinical practice, lithium carbonate and neuroleptics are often combined in this disorder. We report a double-blind five-week controlled trial of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol vs placebo plus haloperidol in the treatment of excited schizo-affective patients. Eighteen patients were studied in each treatment group. Modest but statistically significant differences in favor of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol were found by week 5, using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Lithium carbonate plus haloperidol was favored both for affective schizo-affectives and for schizophrenic schizo-affectives. Lithium carbonate benefit did not seem to be restricted to affective symptoms only. In the clinical treatment of acute schizo-affective illness, the modest benefits of added lithium carbonate must be weighed against the risks of the drug's toxicity.", "PMID": 369472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_479", "title": "New therapies and new pathologies: end-stage--dialysis kidneys.", "content": "End-stage kidneys in patients who are receiving long-term intermittent treatment with hemodialysis are metabolic structures that participate in many body processes and that themselves develop and change despite severe excretory deficiencies. Nephron loss is severe. Other lesions in such kidneys include the following: smooth muscle nodules that arise in necrotic arteries and arterioles; embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium; remodeling of the arteries and veins; tubular atrophy; dilation and cyst formation (acquired cystic disease); arteriolar granular cell hyperplasia and hypertension; deposits of oxalate, calcium, and immune complexes; interstitial fibrosis with collagen and smooth muscle; mucoid change; and cellular infiltration. This list does not include all pathologic conditions found in the end-stage--dialysis kidney. The necessity of and the criteria for an experimental model of human long-term intermittent hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease, presently lacking, are indicated.", "contents": "New therapies and new pathologies: end-stage--dialysis kidneys. End-stage kidneys in patients who are receiving long-term intermittent treatment with hemodialysis are metabolic structures that participate in many body processes and that themselves develop and change despite severe excretory deficiencies. Nephron loss is severe. Other lesions in such kidneys include the following: smooth muscle nodules that arise in necrotic arteries and arterioles; embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium; remodeling of the arteries and veins; tubular atrophy; dilation and cyst formation (acquired cystic disease); arteriolar granular cell hyperplasia and hypertension; deposits of oxalate, calcium, and immune complexes; interstitial fibrosis with collagen and smooth muscle; mucoid change; and cellular infiltration. This list does not include all pathologic conditions found in the end-stage--dialysis kidney. The necessity of and the criteria for an experimental model of human long-term intermittent hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease, presently lacking, are indicated.", "PMID": 369473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_480", "title": "Draw-A-Person Test: implications for gender identification.", "content": "Human figure drawings were collected from 50 gender dysphoric adults and compared with the drawings of 84 adult evening-school students and college sophomores. The gender dysphoric males drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group males (p less than 0.001). The gender dysphoric females drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group females (p less than 0.05). Results are discussed in light of existing literature of the DAP and gender identity formation.", "contents": "Draw-A-Person Test: implications for gender identification. Human figure drawings were collected from 50 gender dysphoric adults and compared with the drawings of 84 adult evening-school students and college sophomores. The gender dysphoric males drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group males (p less than 0.001). The gender dysphoric females drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group females (p less than 0.05). Results are discussed in light of existing literature of the DAP and gender identity formation.", "PMID": 369477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_481", "title": "Treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence: a critical review of the literature.", "content": "Research on the treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence is reviewed. Problems with the existing definitions of these disorders are discussed. The studies are reviewed under seven major headings: depth therapies, behavior therapies, hypnosis, drug therapy, mechanotherapy, reeducative and supportive therapies, and extensive retraining programs. Most of the studies were case reports. Considerable methodological weaknesses were found, most notably the failure to specify subject and treatment variables, the confounding of treatment methods, inadequate or nonexistent control groups, limited, if any, follow-up assessments of treatment effects, and a failure to obtain partner validation of subjects' progress. The studies which used systematic desensitization and the studies which assessed the extensive retraining programs reported the most consistently positive results, although better-controlled replications are needed. Among other issues, it was suggested that future investigators examine the impact of treatment of homogeneous samples and conduct controlled comparisons of different treatment methods.", "contents": "Treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence: a critical review of the literature. Research on the treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence is reviewed. Problems with the existing definitions of these disorders are discussed. The studies are reviewed under seven major headings: depth therapies, behavior therapies, hypnosis, drug therapy, mechanotherapy, reeducative and supportive therapies, and extensive retraining programs. Most of the studies were case reports. Considerable methodological weaknesses were found, most notably the failure to specify subject and treatment variables, the confounding of treatment methods, inadequate or nonexistent control groups, limited, if any, follow-up assessments of treatment effects, and a failure to obtain partner validation of subjects' progress. The studies which used systematic desensitization and the studies which assessed the extensive retraining programs reported the most consistently positive results, although better-controlled replications are needed. Among other issues, it was suggested that future investigators examine the impact of treatment of homogeneous samples and conduct controlled comparisons of different treatment methods.", "PMID": 369478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_482", "title": "[Changes in the hypothalamo-hyophyseal neurosceretory system of mammals following pituitary stalk transection and hypophysectomy].", "content": "Hypophysectomy and pituitary stalk section result in dramatic morpho-functional changes in all parts of mammalian hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system. Reorganization of the hypophyseal stalk consists of several interconnected but differing in time processes. Simultaneously with the developing traumatic changes (degeneration of the sectioned neurosecretory fibers, secretory disorders) proliferation of pituicytes with characteristic phagocytic activity is observed. A little bit later, intensive mitotic division of endothelial cells and capillary formation piercing the stalk periphery begins. At the same time, a new way for blood outflow from the capillaries of the primary portal plexus into the synuses of the brain pias is restored. Degenerated neurosecretory fibers are gradually substituted by regenerating fibers forming a dense network in heavily vascularizated stalk parts. As differentiation of endothelial cells and regeneration of neurosecretory fibers procede, axovasal contacts are gradually forming. At that time the hypophyseal stalk begins functioning as a neurohumoral organ but morpho-functionally less perfect than the posterior hypophyseal lobule. In the median eminence of the operated animals, unlike the intact ones, neurosecrete is accumulating around the capillaries of the portal plexus. Mechanical damage of neurosecretory fibers during the operation results in degeneration of a greater number of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptical and paraventricular nuclei. Preserved cells have an increased functional activity because of neurohormonal deficiency in the organism. As a result of the structural changes mentioned, diabetes mellitus develops, subsiding gradually with time course.", "contents": "[Changes in the hypothalamo-hyophyseal neurosceretory system of mammals following pituitary stalk transection and hypophysectomy]. Hypophysectomy and pituitary stalk section result in dramatic morpho-functional changes in all parts of mammalian hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system. Reorganization of the hypophyseal stalk consists of several interconnected but differing in time processes. Simultaneously with the developing traumatic changes (degeneration of the sectioned neurosecretory fibers, secretory disorders) proliferation of pituicytes with characteristic phagocytic activity is observed. A little bit later, intensive mitotic division of endothelial cells and capillary formation piercing the stalk periphery begins. At the same time, a new way for blood outflow from the capillaries of the primary portal plexus into the synuses of the brain pias is restored. Degenerated neurosecretory fibers are gradually substituted by regenerating fibers forming a dense network in heavily vascularizated stalk parts. As differentiation of endothelial cells and regeneration of neurosecretory fibers procede, axovasal contacts are gradually forming. At that time the hypophyseal stalk begins functioning as a neurohumoral organ but morpho-functionally less perfect than the posterior hypophyseal lobule. In the median eminence of the operated animals, unlike the intact ones, neurosecrete is accumulating around the capillaries of the portal plexus. Mechanical damage of neurosecretory fibers during the operation results in degeneration of a greater number of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptical and paraventricular nuclei. Preserved cells have an increased functional activity because of neurohormonal deficiency in the organism. As a result of the structural changes mentioned, diabetes mellitus develops, subsiding gradually with time course.", "PMID": 369482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_483", "title": "[History of Arkhiv patologii].", "content": "In connection with the completion of the 40th volume of the journal \"Archive of Pathology\", the author, a member of the editorial board and chief secretary of the journal at the time of its foundation in 1935, deals with the first period of the work of the journal until the interruption caused by the Great Patriotic war. He characterizes the contents of the journal reflecting both the research activity of pathologists of that period and most important events of the social and scientific life. Of special interest are the materials of discussions on the important problems of science, teaching, the subjects of scientific and pedagogical literature as well as the materials dealing with the practical work of pathologists and its organization.", "contents": "[History of Arkhiv patologii]. In connection with the completion of the 40th volume of the journal \"Archive of Pathology\", the author, a member of the editorial board and chief secretary of the journal at the time of its foundation in 1935, deals with the first period of the work of the journal until the interruption caused by the Great Patriotic war. He characterizes the contents of the journal reflecting both the research activity of pathologists of that period and most important events of the social and scientific life. Of special interest are the materials of discussions on the important problems of science, teaching, the subjects of scientific and pedagogical literature as well as the materials dealing with the practical work of pathologists and its organization.", "PMID": 369488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_484", "title": "Partial artificial heart (ALVAD) use with subsequent cardiac and renal allografting in a patient with stone heart syndrome.", "content": "The abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) is an order of magnitude more effective than conventional intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in unloading and providing circulatory support to the failing left ventricle. This is a report of a unique case which demonstrates that in the absence of pulmonary vascular obstruction or constriction, the ALVAD can substitute for both left and right heart function. A 21-year-old patient with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve developed acute valvular endocarditis which rapidly progressed to congestive heart failure. An operation was undertaken, the mitral and aortic valves were excised and replaced by porcine heterografts, and a fistula from the right sinus of Valsalva to the right ventricle was closed. When coronary circulation was restored, irreversible ischemic contracture of the left ventricle, or \"stone heart\" syndrome, developed and emergency ALVAD or partial artificial heart implantation was effected. This device functioned as a total artificial heart for nearly six days, while a donor heart was sought. The patient then underwent removal of the ALVAD and cardiac and renal allografting. The transplanted heart functioned well, but the patient expired fifteen days later from gram-negative sepsis.", "contents": "Partial artificial heart (ALVAD) use with subsequent cardiac and renal allografting in a patient with stone heart syndrome. The abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) is an order of magnitude more effective than conventional intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in unloading and providing circulatory support to the failing left ventricle. This is a report of a unique case which demonstrates that in the absence of pulmonary vascular obstruction or constriction, the ALVAD can substitute for both left and right heart function. A 21-year-old patient with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve developed acute valvular endocarditis which rapidly progressed to congestive heart failure. An operation was undertaken, the mitral and aortic valves were excised and replaced by porcine heterografts, and a fistula from the right sinus of Valsalva to the right ventricle was closed. When coronary circulation was restored, irreversible ischemic contracture of the left ventricle, or \"stone heart\" syndrome, developed and emergency ALVAD or partial artificial heart implantation was effected. This device functioned as a total artificial heart for nearly six days, while a donor heart was sought. The patient then underwent removal of the ALVAD and cardiac and renal allografting. The transplanted heart functioned well, but the patient expired fifteen days later from gram-negative sepsis.", "PMID": 369490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_485", "title": "Postanoxic action myoclonus (Lance-Adams syndrome) responding to valproate.", "content": "A patient with postanoxic action myoclonus (Lance-Adams syndrome) was severely disabled with this movement disorder. Valproate sodium was administered orally, with complete resolution of the myoclonus. This favorable response has been maintained for two years. Excessive yawning, the only side effect encountered, was dose related and was abolished with the addition of pimozide to the drug regimen.", "contents": "Postanoxic action myoclonus (Lance-Adams syndrome) responding to valproate. A patient with postanoxic action myoclonus (Lance-Adams syndrome) was severely disabled with this movement disorder. Valproate sodium was administered orally, with complete resolution of the myoclonus. This favorable response has been maintained for two years. Excessive yawning, the only side effect encountered, was dose related and was abolished with the addition of pimozide to the drug regimen.", "PMID": 369491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_486", "title": "HLA antigens in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 45 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. HLA-B12 was found to have an increased frequency of 44.4% in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, which was statistically significant when compared with a frequency of 19.6% in the control population (P less than .001 or P less than .031 when corrected for the number of antigens tested). The results of this study suggest that there is an immunogenetic susceptibility to the development of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "contents": "HLA antigens in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 45 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. HLA-B12 was found to have an increased frequency of 44.4% in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, which was statistically significant when compared with a frequency of 19.6% in the control population (P less than .001 or P less than .031 when corrected for the number of antigens tested). The results of this study suggest that there is an immunogenetic susceptibility to the development of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "PMID": 369492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_487", "title": "Magnetodontics. The use of magnetic forces in dentistry.", "content": "A recently discovered alloy of cobalt and samarium (CO5Sm) has exceptional magnetic properties. A laboratory evaluation was made of the grip force of samples of this alloy of a size suitable for dental use. A review of both dental and general literature points to the need for establishing, prior to widespread usage, that magnetic fields are harmless to surrounding tissues.", "contents": "Magnetodontics. The use of magnetic forces in dentistry. A recently discovered alloy of cobalt and samarium (CO5Sm) has exceptional magnetic properties. A laboratory evaluation was made of the grip force of samples of this alloy of a size suitable for dental use. A review of both dental and general literature points to the need for establishing, prior to widespread usage, that magnetic fields are harmless to surrounding tissues.", "PMID": 369500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_488", "title": "Parallel pin retention for anterior bridge retainers.", "content": "Various methods of preparing anterior fixed bridges are described. Retention is gained by the use of slots, three-quarter crowns and suitably placed wrought or cast pins. The use of a number of paralleling devices is described.", "contents": "Parallel pin retention for anterior bridge retainers. Various methods of preparing anterior fixed bridges are described. Retention is gained by the use of slots, three-quarter crowns and suitably placed wrought or cast pins. The use of a number of paralleling devices is described.", "PMID": 369501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_489", "title": "Re-establishing natural tooth position in the endentulous environment.", "content": "The routine prosthetic arrangement of teeth set according to arbitrary criteria frequently results in adaptive problems, tissue damage, poor aesthetics, lack of stability and functional disabilities. A phonetic technique, based on the \"S\" position of the mandible, in the majority of cases provides a useful aid in achieving natural tooth positions and the occlusal vertical dimension. This technique can enhance the quality of prosthodontic service especially for patients having difficulties with full dentures.", "contents": "Re-establishing natural tooth position in the endentulous environment. The routine prosthetic arrangement of teeth set according to arbitrary criteria frequently results in adaptive problems, tissue damage, poor aesthetics, lack of stability and functional disabilities. A phonetic technique, based on the \"S\" position of the mandible, in the majority of cases provides a useful aid in achieving natural tooth positions and the occlusal vertical dimension. This technique can enhance the quality of prosthodontic service especially for patients having difficulties with full dentures.", "PMID": 369502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_490", "title": "Hormonal profile, blood sugar control and HLA patterns in long-term insulin dependent diabetes with and without vascular disease.", "content": "Nineteen insulin dependent diabetics with onset at 30 years of age or less and duration of diabetes of greater than 25 years were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of clinically evident vascular disease. The patients without vascular disease were characterised by a later mean age of onset, lower fasting growth hormone concentration, and a lower frequency of the unusual HLA pattern B8 without A1 compared to the diabetics with vascular complications. The level of blood glucose control assessed over the last 15 years, insulin antibody titres, plasma glucagon levels and plasma cholesterol did not differ between the two groups. Residual beta cell activity was found in only one of the 19 patients. Although this study does not exclude an effect of the degree of blood glucose control or persistence of beta cell function in the early stages of diabetes on the subsequent development of vascular disease, it suggests that genetic factors, age of onset and plasma growth hormone levels may be more important.", "contents": "Hormonal profile, blood sugar control and HLA patterns in long-term insulin dependent diabetes with and without vascular disease. Nineteen insulin dependent diabetics with onset at 30 years of age or less and duration of diabetes of greater than 25 years were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of clinically evident vascular disease. The patients without vascular disease were characterised by a later mean age of onset, lower fasting growth hormone concentration, and a lower frequency of the unusual HLA pattern B8 without A1 compared to the diabetics with vascular complications. The level of blood glucose control assessed over the last 15 years, insulin antibody titres, plasma glucagon levels and plasma cholesterol did not differ between the two groups. Residual beta cell activity was found in only one of the 19 patients. Although this study does not exclude an effect of the degree of blood glucose control or persistence of beta cell function in the early stages of diabetes on the subsequent development of vascular disease, it suggests that genetic factors, age of onset and plasma growth hormone levels may be more important.", "PMID": 369509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_491", "title": "Radionuclide quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts in children.", "content": "In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of radionuclide methods measuring the magnitude of left-to-right cardiac shunts, a comparison has been made of the results obtained using these procedures with those estimated by cardiac catheterization. Seventy children in whom the presence or absence of a shunt had been established, were studied. Two methods for radionuclide shunt quantitation, the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of Maltz and Treves and their modified C2/C1, were evaluated. The former was found to be superior and showed a high correlation of shunt size with the catheter results. With attention to the performance of the investigation and in the data analysis, good discrimination can be achieved between normal patients and those with shunts. Because of the atraumatic nature of the investigation, it is concluded that the procedure is of value in the diagnosis of a cardiac murmur, the assessment of postoperative patients and the follow-up of patients known to have a small shunt.", "contents": "Radionuclide quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts in children. In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of radionuclide methods measuring the magnitude of left-to-right cardiac shunts, a comparison has been made of the results obtained using these procedures with those estimated by cardiac catheterization. Seventy children in whom the presence or absence of a shunt had been established, were studied. Two methods for radionuclide shunt quantitation, the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of Maltz and Treves and their modified C2/C1, were evaluated. The former was found to be superior and showed a high correlation of shunt size with the catheter results. With attention to the performance of the investigation and in the data analysis, good discrimination can be achieved between normal patients and those with shunts. Because of the atraumatic nature of the investigation, it is concluded that the procedure is of value in the diagnosis of a cardiac murmur, the assessment of postoperative patients and the follow-up of patients known to have a small shunt.", "PMID": 369510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_492", "title": "Plasma gonadotrophins and LHRH infusions in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Nine female patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, three of them at different stages of weight gain. Basal plasma LH (luteinising hormone) was depressed in emaciated patients, but basal plasma FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) was normal. LH was significantly lower in patients who had been amenorrhoeic for less than 24 months than in those whose amenorrhoea was of longer duration. LH and FSH levels were stimulated by LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), infused at a rate of 0.5 microgram/min for four hours. One patient, tested at 60% of standard weight, had no LH response. In all other patients below 70% of standard, the maximal LH response occurred within the first hour of infusion. In patients at higher weights, the LH response was biphasic, and the maximal level was reached during the last hour of the infusion. The FSH response, similarly, approached maximal during the first hour in patients below 70% of standard, but continued to rise throughout the infusion in patients at higher weights. Body weight expressed as a percentage of standard correlated significantly with both phases of the LH response, but not with the FSH response. Most previous authors have found an association between low body weight and depressed pituitary gonadotrophins in anorexia nervosa. The present findings further elucidate this relationship.", "contents": "Plasma gonadotrophins and LHRH infusions in anorexia nervosa. Nine female patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, three of them at different stages of weight gain. Basal plasma LH (luteinising hormone) was depressed in emaciated patients, but basal plasma FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) was normal. LH was significantly lower in patients who had been amenorrhoeic for less than 24 months than in those whose amenorrhoea was of longer duration. LH and FSH levels were stimulated by LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), infused at a rate of 0.5 microgram/min for four hours. One patient, tested at 60% of standard weight, had no LH response. In all other patients below 70% of standard, the maximal LH response occurred within the first hour of infusion. In patients at higher weights, the LH response was biphasic, and the maximal level was reached during the last hour of the infusion. The FSH response, similarly, approached maximal during the first hour in patients below 70% of standard, but continued to rise throughout the infusion in patients at higher weights. Body weight expressed as a percentage of standard correlated significantly with both phases of the LH response, but not with the FSH response. Most previous authors have found an association between low body weight and depressed pituitary gonadotrophins in anorexia nervosa. The present findings further elucidate this relationship.", "PMID": 369511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_493", "title": "Transient global amnesia--a review of 213 cases from the literature.", "content": "TGA is a clearly recognisable clinical syndrome with many and varied aetiologies, the most ubiquitous being transient cerebral ischaemia. This entity is probably much more common than the literature suggests, many patients not coming to the attention of a physician due to the transient nature of the isolated memory defect and the risk of recurrence being low, it is of interest that many of the original patients described tended to be the more prominent members of the community, e.g. physicians and relatives of physicians, perhaps suggesting that the occurrence of TGA in such a person is less likely to pass unnoticed. In the differential diagnosis one should include the following: transient cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, migraine, temporal lobe encephalitis, psychogenic fugues, post-traumatic, and rarely cerebral neoplasms.", "contents": "Transient global amnesia--a review of 213 cases from the literature. TGA is a clearly recognisable clinical syndrome with many and varied aetiologies, the most ubiquitous being transient cerebral ischaemia. This entity is probably much more common than the literature suggests, many patients not coming to the attention of a physician due to the transient nature of the isolated memory defect and the risk of recurrence being low, it is of interest that many of the original patients described tended to be the more prominent members of the community, e.g. physicians and relatives of physicians, perhaps suggesting that the occurrence of TGA in such a person is less likely to pass unnoticed. In the differential diagnosis one should include the following: transient cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, migraine, temporal lobe encephalitis, psychogenic fugues, post-traumatic, and rarely cerebral neoplasms.", "PMID": 369512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_494", "title": "Obstetrics: education and practice in Sydney, 1870-1939: part 1.", "content": "The development of obstetric education in Sydney, 1870-1939. is presented in two parts: part 1 looks at the education of nurses and part 2 looks at the education of doctors and their practice of midwifery. Maternal mortality remained stubbornly high until the late 1930's. Reformers urged better education as the solution to the \"problem\" of maternal mortality. It is suggested that the established maternity care system very probably limited such benefits as came from better education.", "contents": "Obstetrics: education and practice in Sydney, 1870-1939: part 1. The development of obstetric education in Sydney, 1870-1939. is presented in two parts: part 1 looks at the education of nurses and part 2 looks at the education of doctors and their practice of midwifery. Maternal mortality remained stubbornly high until the late 1930's. Reformers urged better education as the solution to the \"problem\" of maternal mortality. It is suggested that the established maternity care system very probably limited such benefits as came from better education.", "PMID": 369513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_495", "title": "The effects on sexual response and mood after sterilization of women taking long-term oral contraception: results of a double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "Twenty women using oral contraception for a minimum of 2 years with no side effects volunteered to take part in this experiment which commenced after they had undergone laparoscopic sterilization. In a double-blind cross-over design, patients were administered either 1.0 mg ethynodiol diacetate + 0.1 mg mestranol (\"Ovulen\") each day for 21 days or an identical-looking placebo for the same number of days. The following month the alternative (cross-over) tablet was given. On days 12 and 25 of each cycle the women completed a modified form of Pitt's Depression Index and a short Sexual Response Score. The result indicated that the active pill (\"Ovulen\") was associated with a decreased sexual response, but with no increase in the depression index (relative to placebo). The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to previous work, the methodology of the study and hormone-behaviour experiments.", "contents": "The effects on sexual response and mood after sterilization of women taking long-term oral contraception: results of a double-blind cross-over study. Twenty women using oral contraception for a minimum of 2 years with no side effects volunteered to take part in this experiment which commenced after they had undergone laparoscopic sterilization. In a double-blind cross-over design, patients were administered either 1.0 mg ethynodiol diacetate + 0.1 mg mestranol (\"Ovulen\") each day for 21 days or an identical-looking placebo for the same number of days. The following month the alternative (cross-over) tablet was given. On days 12 and 25 of each cycle the women completed a modified form of Pitt's Depression Index and a short Sexual Response Score. The result indicated that the active pill (\"Ovulen\") was associated with a decreased sexual response, but with no increase in the depression index (relative to placebo). The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to previous work, the methodology of the study and hormone-behaviour experiments.", "PMID": 369515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_496", "title": "Early psychiatry in Western Australia: Dr. Nicholas Langley--a born loser.", "content": "Dr. Nicholas Langley was the first recorded \"psychiatric\" patient in Western Australia. His story provides an insight into the difficulty experienced in managing cases of violent behaviour in a small, isolated group without facilities or expertise. Langley recovered from his symptoms, and was accepted into the local community without undue stigma. He practised as a surgeon in Fremantle, and died at the age of 35, from what was apparently a cerebrovascular accident.", "contents": "Early psychiatry in Western Australia: Dr. Nicholas Langley--a born loser. Dr. Nicholas Langley was the first recorded \"psychiatric\" patient in Western Australia. His story provides an insight into the difficulty experienced in managing cases of violent behaviour in a small, isolated group without facilities or expertise. Langley recovered from his symptoms, and was accepted into the local community without undue stigma. He practised as a surgeon in Fremantle, and died at the age of 35, from what was apparently a cerebrovascular accident.", "PMID": 369516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_497", "title": "Teaching medical students psychosomatic medicine: of substances and approaches.", "content": "The author describes a curriculum in which the emphasis is on teaching of medical students a general systems approach to health and illness from the first year of medical school through the fourth year. In the first year, a three-part course in behavioral science includes: Introduction to the Patient; Social and Ethical Issues in Medicine; Exercises in Decision-Making; and a didactic lecture series, Determinants of Behavior. This is followed in the second year by a course in psychopathology taught from environmental, psychological and social perspectives. The third-year clerkship emphasizes a liaison approach where students return to the medical and surgical services to work-up patients from a broad multidimensional perspective. The formal program in psychiatry and behavioral science is supported by more than 40 electives in human development, biological, social and psychological psychiatry, including behavior. During these phases the student has experience in working as a member of a team. She/he approaches the health of an individual in terms of the life phase of the individual, the present life of the individual, his/her past experiences, previous personality, reaction to the current illness phenomenon while following the illness through the hospital phase of the present illness, studying coping and adaptational processes.", "contents": "Teaching medical students psychosomatic medicine: of substances and approaches. The author describes a curriculum in which the emphasis is on teaching of medical students a general systems approach to health and illness from the first year of medical school through the fourth year. In the first year, a three-part course in behavioral science includes: Introduction to the Patient; Social and Ethical Issues in Medicine; Exercises in Decision-Making; and a didactic lecture series, Determinants of Behavior. This is followed in the second year by a course in psychopathology taught from environmental, psychological and social perspectives. The third-year clerkship emphasizes a liaison approach where students return to the medical and surgical services to work-up patients from a broad multidimensional perspective. The formal program in psychiatry and behavioral science is supported by more than 40 electives in human development, biological, social and psychological psychiatry, including behavior. During these phases the student has experience in working as a member of a team. She/he approaches the health of an individual in terms of the life phase of the individual, the present life of the individual, his/her past experiences, previous personality, reaction to the current illness phenomenon while following the illness through the hospital phase of the present illness, studying coping and adaptational processes.", "PMID": 369551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_498", "title": "Characterization of an Escherichia coli K12 mutant that is sensitive to chlorate when grown aerobically.", "content": "Escherichia coli can normally grow aerobically in the presence of chlorate; however, mutants can be isolated that can no longer grow under these conditions. We present here the biochemical characterization of one such mutant and show that the primary genetic lesion occurs in the ubiquinone-8-biosynthetic pathway. As a consequence of this, under aerobic growth conditions the mutant is apparently unable to synthesize formate dehydrogenase, but can synthesize a Benzyl Viologen-dependent nitrate reductase activity. The nature of this activity is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of an Escherichia coli K12 mutant that is sensitive to chlorate when grown aerobically. Escherichia coli can normally grow aerobically in the presence of chlorate; however, mutants can be isolated that can no longer grow under these conditions. We present here the biochemical characterization of one such mutant and show that the primary genetic lesion occurs in the ubiquinone-8-biosynthetic pathway. As a consequence of this, under aerobic growth conditions the mutant is apparently unable to synthesize formate dehydrogenase, but can synthesize a Benzyl Viologen-dependent nitrate reductase activity. The nature of this activity is discussed.", "PMID": 369552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_499", "title": "Opposite effects of starvation on oxidation of [14C]adenosine and adenosine-induced insulin release by isolated mouse pancreatic islets.", "content": "To test further the hypothesis that ribonucleosides stimulate insulin secretion and biosynthesis by producing metabolic signals, the effects of starvation on adenosine-stimulated insulin production and the oxidation of adenosine by isolated mouse pancreatic islets were examined. No direct correlation was found between the metabolic flux and insulin secretion, since the starvation-induced impairment of the adenosine-stimulated insulin secretion was accompanied by an increased rate of adenosine oxidation. Adenosine-stimulated insulin biosynthesis was, however, unaffected by starvation.", "contents": "Opposite effects of starvation on oxidation of [14C]adenosine and adenosine-induced insulin release by isolated mouse pancreatic islets. To test further the hypothesis that ribonucleosides stimulate insulin secretion and biosynthesis by producing metabolic signals, the effects of starvation on adenosine-stimulated insulin production and the oxidation of adenosine by isolated mouse pancreatic islets were examined. No direct correlation was found between the metabolic flux and insulin secretion, since the starvation-induced impairment of the adenosine-stimulated insulin secretion was accompanied by an increased rate of adenosine oxidation. Adenosine-stimulated insulin biosynthesis was, however, unaffected by starvation.", "PMID": 369553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_500", "title": "Joint effusions after kidney transplantation.", "content": "Thirty-seven consecutive renal transplant recipients were studied prospectively for joint disease. Six developed arthralgias while corticosteroid doses were being lowered. Eleven patients (30%) developed knee effusions at a mean interval of 10 days following transplantation. Synovial fluids were colorless or very pale yellow, with few leukocytes (mean, 28/mm3). These benign transudative effusions did not correlate with immunologic abnormalities, transplant rejection, crystal deposition, or avascular necrosis and may have been due to high dose oral corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Joint effusions after kidney transplantation. Thirty-seven consecutive renal transplant recipients were studied prospectively for joint disease. Six developed arthralgias while corticosteroid doses were being lowered. Eleven patients (30%) developed knee effusions at a mean interval of 10 days following transplantation. Synovial fluids were colorless or very pale yellow, with few leukocytes (mean, 28/mm3). These benign transudative effusions did not correlate with immunologic abnormalities, transplant rejection, crystal deposition, or avascular necrosis and may have been due to high dose oral corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 369567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_501", "title": "Synovitis in secondary syphilis. Clinical, light, and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Polyarthritis and tenosynovitis were seen as the presenting complaints in 7 patients with secondary syphilis. Synovial needle biopsy was obtained in 3 cases and showed mild synovitis with infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; vascular congestion; and slightly increased synovial lining cells. In addition, electron microscopy in these synovial membranes showed many necrotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, much interstitial debris and fibrin, and in 2 patients, bodies suggestive of Treponema pallidum in the interstitium and in vessel lumens.", "contents": "Synovitis in secondary syphilis. Clinical, light, and electron microscopic studies. Polyarthritis and tenosynovitis were seen as the presenting complaints in 7 patients with secondary syphilis. Synovial needle biopsy was obtained in 3 cases and showed mild synovitis with infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; vascular congestion; and slightly increased synovial lining cells. In addition, electron microscopy in these synovial membranes showed many necrotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, much interstitial debris and fibrin, and in 2 patients, bodies suggestive of Treponema pallidum in the interstitium and in vessel lumens.", "PMID": 369568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_502", "title": "The natural history of antitumour immunity in human breast cancer assayed by tube leucocyte adherence inhibition.", "content": "The specificity of the tube LAI in breast cancer was examined in a study with coded samples of PBL. In addition, 64 patients with breast cancer had their LAI reactivity monitored and correlated with their clinical status for up to 3 years after mastectomy. When patients were assayed by tube LAI, 83, 72, and 29% with Stage I, and II and III breast cancer respectively were positive. In Stage IV brest cancer, 88% of those with local recurrence and 15% of those with disseminated cancer were positive. By contrast, 3% of control subjects were LAI+. A select group of patients admitted to hospital with suspicious breast lumps that histopathologically proved to be benign breast disease (BBD) had a higher incidence of LAI+ (12%), whereas of outpatients with BBD only 2% were LAI+. Most breast cancer patients LAI reactivity became negative 2--4 months after mastectomy, even when some harboured micrometastases. LAI reactivity remained absent in those patients who remained clinically \"cancer-free\". In the follow-up patients, LAI activity returned about 4 months before local recurrence. LAI reactivity was observed in 7/8 patients in the coded study and 14/15 patients in the follow-up study preceding and/or at the time of local recurrence. A few patients (15%) progressed to widespread cancer without preceding positive LAI activity. The results suggest that tumour-specific immunity rapidly fades after surgery and may play no role in the rejection of micrometastases by 6 months after surgery. In addition, the present study has shown that the human hose manifests tumour-specific immunity when the cancer is small, and suggests that the early detection of human cancer would depend upon reliable methods to measure the tumour-specific immune response.", "contents": "The natural history of antitumour immunity in human breast cancer assayed by tube leucocyte adherence inhibition. The specificity of the tube LAI in breast cancer was examined in a study with coded samples of PBL. In addition, 64 patients with breast cancer had their LAI reactivity monitored and correlated with their clinical status for up to 3 years after mastectomy. When patients were assayed by tube LAI, 83, 72, and 29% with Stage I, and II and III breast cancer respectively were positive. In Stage IV brest cancer, 88% of those with local recurrence and 15% of those with disseminated cancer were positive. By contrast, 3% of control subjects were LAI+. A select group of patients admitted to hospital with suspicious breast lumps that histopathologically proved to be benign breast disease (BBD) had a higher incidence of LAI+ (12%), whereas of outpatients with BBD only 2% were LAI+. Most breast cancer patients LAI reactivity became negative 2--4 months after mastectomy, even when some harboured micrometastases. LAI reactivity remained absent in those patients who remained clinically \"cancer-free\". In the follow-up patients, LAI activity returned about 4 months before local recurrence. LAI reactivity was observed in 7/8 patients in the coded study and 14/15 patients in the follow-up study preceding and/or at the time of local recurrence. A few patients (15%) progressed to widespread cancer without preceding positive LAI activity. The results suggest that tumour-specific immunity rapidly fades after surgery and may play no role in the rejection of micrometastases by 6 months after surgery. In addition, the present study has shown that the human hose manifests tumour-specific immunity when the cancer is small, and suggests that the early detection of human cancer would depend upon reliable methods to measure the tumour-specific immune response.", "PMID": 369585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_503", "title": "A study of false positive and negative responses in the tube leucocyte adherence inhibition (tube LAI) assay.", "content": "A panel of 5 different breast-cancer and 2 other cancer extracts was used to clarify the false-negative responses in patients with Stage I and II breast cancer and the false-positive responses in control subjects. Most patients with Stage I and II breast cancer who had an initially negative LAI response were positive when tested against the panel. The false negatives occurred because of (1) the experimental errors of the assay; (2) changes in the antigenic strength of the extracts; (3) antigenic heterogeneity of a few tumours and (4) lack of tumour-specific reactivity of the host. 3% of control subjects had a false-positive LAI response. The leucocytes from most of these positive patients did not react to the panel of antigens, and hence the false positives appeared to result from experimental error. In-hospital patients with benign breast disease had a 12% positivity rate when initially assayed, and 63% of these patients reacted to the panel of breast-cancer antigens. Those patients with benign breast disease who reacted to the panel of breast-cancer antigens had cytophilic anti-breast-cancer antibody in their serum; their leucocyte LAI reactivity was blocked in an immunologically specific manner by serum from advanced Stage IV breast-cancer patients; their leucocytes reacted to extracts of breast cancer and not fibrocystic breast tissue; their leucocyte reactivity was blocked by isolated breast-cancer TSA that was linked to beta 2 microglobulin, but not by normal breast-tissue proteins; and the kinetics of the LAI response after excision of the breast mass was identical to that observed with breast-cancer patients after mastectomy. In these patients, the breast tissue within the breast lump expressed breast TSA similar to unequivocal breast cancer.", "contents": "A study of false positive and negative responses in the tube leucocyte adherence inhibition (tube LAI) assay. A panel of 5 different breast-cancer and 2 other cancer extracts was used to clarify the false-negative responses in patients with Stage I and II breast cancer and the false-positive responses in control subjects. Most patients with Stage I and II breast cancer who had an initially negative LAI response were positive when tested against the panel. The false negatives occurred because of (1) the experimental errors of the assay; (2) changes in the antigenic strength of the extracts; (3) antigenic heterogeneity of a few tumours and (4) lack of tumour-specific reactivity of the host. 3% of control subjects had a false-positive LAI response. The leucocytes from most of these positive patients did not react to the panel of antigens, and hence the false positives appeared to result from experimental error. In-hospital patients with benign breast disease had a 12% positivity rate when initially assayed, and 63% of these patients reacted to the panel of breast-cancer antigens. Those patients with benign breast disease who reacted to the panel of breast-cancer antigens had cytophilic anti-breast-cancer antibody in their serum; their leucocyte LAI reactivity was blocked in an immunologically specific manner by serum from advanced Stage IV breast-cancer patients; their leucocytes reacted to extracts of breast cancer and not fibrocystic breast tissue; their leucocyte reactivity was blocked by isolated breast-cancer TSA that was linked to beta 2 microglobulin, but not by normal breast-tissue proteins; and the kinetics of the LAI response after excision of the breast mass was identical to that observed with breast-cancer patients after mastectomy. In these patients, the breast tissue within the breast lump expressed breast TSA similar to unequivocal breast cancer.", "PMID": 369586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_504", "title": "Serological response to intracaecal injections of antigenic mouse tumour cells.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies of sera from mice with induced enhancement of tumour growth demonstrated that these sera contained factors (\"interfering factors\") which in an apparently competitive manner interfered with the subsequent binding of specific antibodies to antigenic sites on the tumour-cell membrane. The factors were tumour-specific but lacked some of the immunoglobulin determinants. They could not be detected by polyvalent FITC-antimouse gamma-globulin. Interfering factors did not seem to be related to IgA or IgE. They were demonstrable in sera from tumour-free animals without growing tumours, thus differing from the tumour-specific \"blocking factors\".", "contents": "Serological response to intracaecal injections of antigenic mouse tumour cells. Immunofluorescence studies of sera from mice with induced enhancement of tumour growth demonstrated that these sera contained factors (\"interfering factors\") which in an apparently competitive manner interfered with the subsequent binding of specific antibodies to antigenic sites on the tumour-cell membrane. The factors were tumour-specific but lacked some of the immunoglobulin determinants. They could not be detected by polyvalent FITC-antimouse gamma-globulin. Interfering factors did not seem to be related to IgA or IgE. They were demonstrable in sera from tumour-free animals without growing tumours, thus differing from the tumour-specific \"blocking factors\".", "PMID": 369587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_505", "title": "BCG treatment of human tumour xenografts in athymic nude mice.", "content": "Xenografts of 3 human malignant cell lines in congenitally athymic nude mice have been examined for susceptibility to BCG. Growth of all 3 tumours, a bladder carcinoma, a melanoma and a colon carcinoma, was suppressed when cells were injected in admixture with BCG. Distant injection of BCG was ineffective. Mice with progressive growths had no detectable anti-human antibody, and rejection of cells and BCG failed to confer protection against subsequent tumour challenge. These studies indicate that human malignant cells are susceptible to local BCG-activated host responses, and that athymic mouse xenografts may be a useful model for assessing the response of human tumours to such agents.", "contents": "BCG treatment of human tumour xenografts in athymic nude mice. Xenografts of 3 human malignant cell lines in congenitally athymic nude mice have been examined for susceptibility to BCG. Growth of all 3 tumours, a bladder carcinoma, a melanoma and a colon carcinoma, was suppressed when cells were injected in admixture with BCG. Distant injection of BCG was ineffective. Mice with progressive growths had no detectable anti-human antibody, and rejection of cells and BCG failed to confer protection against subsequent tumour challenge. These studies indicate that human malignant cells are susceptible to local BCG-activated host responses, and that athymic mouse xenografts may be a useful model for assessing the response of human tumours to such agents.", "PMID": 369588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_506", "title": "Size of cancer clinical trials and stopping rules.", "content": "A recent international survey on the size of clinical trials in cancer showed the frequent problem of slow patient accrual, which remains a major hindrance to progress. The survey also revealed that, although the design of most trials specified a fixed number of patients, subsequent experience revealed a much more flexible approach, with analysis of results, say, every 4--6 months. Conventional sequential methods are hardly ever used and unfortunately most trials proceed without any predetermined stopping rules. Some trial organizers use repeated significance tests on accumulating data as a guide to the detection of treatment differences, an approach that can be adapted to a more rigorous statistical framework as a \"group sequential design\". The major statistical principle involved is that the more often one analyses the data the greater is the probability of achieving a statistically significant result, even when the two treatments are equally effective. Group sequential designs require the adoption of a more stringent significance level to allow for repeated testing. If one intends up to 10 repeated analyses of the data, only a treatment difference significant at the 1% level would merit a decision to stop the trial. For any trial to implement a stopping rule successfully there must also be prompt feedback and processing of response and survival data ready for up-to-date analysis. Such efficiency is often lacking. The repeated presentation of interim results of a trial to participating investigators can seriously affect their future reaction, especially if there are interesting but non-significant differences. Thus, some secrecy about ongoing results is advisable if trials are to achieve an unbiased conclusion.", "contents": "Size of cancer clinical trials and stopping rules. A recent international survey on the size of clinical trials in cancer showed the frequent problem of slow patient accrual, which remains a major hindrance to progress. The survey also revealed that, although the design of most trials specified a fixed number of patients, subsequent experience revealed a much more flexible approach, with analysis of results, say, every 4--6 months. Conventional sequential methods are hardly ever used and unfortunately most trials proceed without any predetermined stopping rules. Some trial organizers use repeated significance tests on accumulating data as a guide to the detection of treatment differences, an approach that can be adapted to a more rigorous statistical framework as a \"group sequential design\". The major statistical principle involved is that the more often one analyses the data the greater is the probability of achieving a statistically significant result, even when the two treatments are equally effective. Group sequential designs require the adoption of a more stringent significance level to allow for repeated testing. If one intends up to 10 repeated analyses of the data, only a treatment difference significant at the 1% level would merit a decision to stop the trial. For any trial to implement a stopping rule successfully there must also be prompt feedback and processing of response and survival data ready for up-to-date analysis. Such efficiency is often lacking. The repeated presentation of interim results of a trial to participating investigators can seriously affect their future reaction, especially if there are interesting but non-significant differences. Thus, some secrecy about ongoing results is advisable if trials are to achieve an unbiased conclusion.", "PMID": 369589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_507", "title": "Lactose carrier protein of Escherichia coli. Transport and binding of 2'-(N-dansyl)aminoethyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside.", "content": "The elevated level of lactose carrier protein present in cytoplasmic membranes derived from Escherichia coli strain T31RT, which carries the Y gene of the lac operon on a plasmid vector (Teather, R. M., et al. (1978) Mol. Gen. Genet. 159, 239--248), has allowed the detection of a complex between the carrier and the fluorescent substrate 2'-(N-dansyl)-aminoethyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Dns2-S-Gal). Binding is accompanied by a 50-nm blue shift in the emission maximum of the dansyl residue. The complex (dissociation constant, KD = 30 micron) rapidly dissociates upon addition of competing substrates such as beta-D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside or upon reaction with the thiol reagent p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate. Binding of both Dns2-S-Gal and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside (alpha-NPG) occurs spontaneously in the absence of an electrochemical potential gradient across the membrane. Comparison of equilibrium binding experiments using Dns2-S-Gal or alpha-NPG and differential labeling of the carrier with radioactive amino acids shows that the carrier binds 1 mol of substrate per mol of polypeptide (molecular weight 30 000). In addition to specific binding to the lactose carrier, Dns2-S-gal binds unspecifically to lipid vesicles or membranes, as described by a partition coefficient, K = 60, resulting in a 25-nm blue shift in the emission maximum of the dansyl group. Both Dns2-S-Gal and alpha-NPG are not only bound by the lactose carrier but also transported across the membrane by this transport protein in cells and membrane vesicles. The fluorescence changes observed with dansylated galactosides in membrane vesicles in the presence of an electrochemical gradient (Schuldiner et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1361--1370)) are interpreted as an increase in unspecific binding after translocation.", "contents": "Lactose carrier protein of Escherichia coli. Transport and binding of 2'-(N-dansyl)aminoethyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside. The elevated level of lactose carrier protein present in cytoplasmic membranes derived from Escherichia coli strain T31RT, which carries the Y gene of the lac operon on a plasmid vector (Teather, R. M., et al. (1978) Mol. Gen. Genet. 159, 239--248), has allowed the detection of a complex between the carrier and the fluorescent substrate 2'-(N-dansyl)-aminoethyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Dns2-S-Gal). Binding is accompanied by a 50-nm blue shift in the emission maximum of the dansyl residue. The complex (dissociation constant, KD = 30 micron) rapidly dissociates upon addition of competing substrates such as beta-D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside or upon reaction with the thiol reagent p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate. Binding of both Dns2-S-Gal and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside (alpha-NPG) occurs spontaneously in the absence of an electrochemical potential gradient across the membrane. Comparison of equilibrium binding experiments using Dns2-S-Gal or alpha-NPG and differential labeling of the carrier with radioactive amino acids shows that the carrier binds 1 mol of substrate per mol of polypeptide (molecular weight 30 000). In addition to specific binding to the lactose carrier, Dns2-S-gal binds unspecifically to lipid vesicles or membranes, as described by a partition coefficient, K = 60, resulting in a 25-nm blue shift in the emission maximum of the dansyl group. Both Dns2-S-Gal and alpha-NPG are not only bound by the lactose carrier but also transported across the membrane by this transport protein in cells and membrane vesicles. The fluorescence changes observed with dansylated galactosides in membrane vesicles in the presence of an electrochemical gradient (Schuldiner et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1361--1370)) are interpreted as an increase in unspecific binding after translocation.", "PMID": 369591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_508", "title": "Yeast mitochondrial deoxyribonuclease stimulated by ethidium bromide. 2. Mechanism of enzyme activation.", "content": "An endonuclease (EtdBr DNase), which is more active in the presence of EtdBr, has been purified from yeast mitochondrial membrane (Jacquemin-Sablon, H., et al. (1979) Biochemistry 18 (preceding paper in this issue)). This paper deals with the analysis of the mechanism of this activation. Determination of the enzyme activity in the presence of intercalating and nonintercalating agents showed that the enzyme does not recognize the DNA structure modifiction provoked by drug intercalation. Studies carried out with a series of phenanthridinium derivatives led to the following model. The EtdBr DNase activation would result from the formation of a ternary complex, DNA--drug--Triton X-100. The activation capacity of a drug depends on its ability to bind simultaneoulsy to the DNA (not necessarily by intercalation) and the detergent. When this complex is formed, the DNA molecule is surrounded with Triton X-100 molecules which constitute an hydrophobic environment and make the substrate more prone to interaction with the enzyme. The implications of this model are discussed.", "contents": "Yeast mitochondrial deoxyribonuclease stimulated by ethidium bromide. 2. Mechanism of enzyme activation. An endonuclease (EtdBr DNase), which is more active in the presence of EtdBr, has been purified from yeast mitochondrial membrane (Jacquemin-Sablon, H., et al. (1979) Biochemistry 18 (preceding paper in this issue)). This paper deals with the analysis of the mechanism of this activation. Determination of the enzyme activity in the presence of intercalating and nonintercalating agents showed that the enzyme does not recognize the DNA structure modifiction provoked by drug intercalation. Studies carried out with a series of phenanthridinium derivatives led to the following model. The EtdBr DNase activation would result from the formation of a ternary complex, DNA--drug--Triton X-100. The activation capacity of a drug depends on its ability to bind simultaneoulsy to the DNA (not necessarily by intercalation) and the detergent. When this complex is formed, the DNA molecule is surrounded with Triton X-100 molecules which constitute an hydrophobic environment and make the substrate more prone to interaction with the enzyme. The implications of this model are discussed.", "PMID": 369593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_509", "title": "Triphasic concentration effects of gentamicin on activity and misreading in protein synthesis.", "content": "Gentamicin is shown to exert a triphasic concentration effect on peptide synthesis in vitro with natural messengers. Low concentrations (up to 2 micron) caused slowing and a decrease in total synthesis, but little misreading (assayed with extracts lacking Glu-tRNA); the inhibition was greater with an initiating system (with phage RNA as messenger) than with pure chain elongation on purified endogenous polysomes of Escherichia coli. Moderate concentrations (up to 100 micron) slowed synthesis less, markedly increased its duration in the noninitiating system, and strongly stimulated misreading; at optimal concentrations total synthesis was even greater than normal. Moreover, with phage RNA these concentrations increased the synthesis of large polypeptides. We conclude that binding of gentamicin to its first site causes inhibition but little misreading; binding to additional site(s) partly reverses the inhibition by first-site binding and markedly stimulates misreading, and the misreading appears to favor \"readthrough\" of termination codons. In the third phase (greater than 100 micron) synthesis is slowed again but the pattern of misreading does not appear to be altered; this effect need not involve a specific further action on the ribosome.", "contents": "Triphasic concentration effects of gentamicin on activity and misreading in protein synthesis. Gentamicin is shown to exert a triphasic concentration effect on peptide synthesis in vitro with natural messengers. Low concentrations (up to 2 micron) caused slowing and a decrease in total synthesis, but little misreading (assayed with extracts lacking Glu-tRNA); the inhibition was greater with an initiating system (with phage RNA as messenger) than with pure chain elongation on purified endogenous polysomes of Escherichia coli. Moderate concentrations (up to 100 micron) slowed synthesis less, markedly increased its duration in the noninitiating system, and strongly stimulated misreading; at optimal concentrations total synthesis was even greater than normal. Moreover, with phage RNA these concentrations increased the synthesis of large polypeptides. We conclude that binding of gentamicin to its first site causes inhibition but little misreading; binding to additional site(s) partly reverses the inhibition by first-site binding and markedly stimulates misreading, and the misreading appears to favor \"readthrough\" of termination codons. In the third phase (greater than 100 micron) synthesis is slowed again but the pattern of misreading does not appear to be altered; this effect need not involve a specific further action on the ribosome.", "PMID": 369595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_510", "title": "Rapid purification of biologically active individual histone messenger RNAs by hybridization to cloned DNA linked to cellulose.", "content": "We describe a rapid and simple method for the purification of biologically active messenger RNAs. The method allows the isolation in a few hours of specific mRNAs from either whole cell or polysomal RNA even if the RNA represents less than 1% of the starting molecules. We used, as a model, cloned sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone gene fragments linked to cellulose by the method of B. E. Noyes & G. R. Stark (1975) Cell 5, 301--310) as hybridization probes to isolate specific histone mRNAs from whole cell and polysomal RNA extracts. RNAs isolated in this manner maintain their biological activity, serving as templates for histone proteins in a wheat-germ, cell-free protein translation system. In addition, radiolabeled histone-specific RNA purified from cleavage stage sea urchin embryos, pulse labeled for short periods of time and analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, was the same size as mature histone mRNA's.", "contents": "Rapid purification of biologically active individual histone messenger RNAs by hybridization to cloned DNA linked to cellulose. We describe a rapid and simple method for the purification of biologically active messenger RNAs. The method allows the isolation in a few hours of specific mRNAs from either whole cell or polysomal RNA even if the RNA represents less than 1% of the starting molecules. We used, as a model, cloned sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone gene fragments linked to cellulose by the method of B. E. Noyes & G. R. Stark (1975) Cell 5, 301--310) as hybridization probes to isolate specific histone mRNAs from whole cell and polysomal RNA extracts. RNAs isolated in this manner maintain their biological activity, serving as templates for histone proteins in a wheat-germ, cell-free protein translation system. In addition, radiolabeled histone-specific RNA purified from cleavage stage sea urchin embryos, pulse labeled for short periods of time and analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, was the same size as mature histone mRNA's.", "PMID": 369596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_511", "title": "S1 nuclease as a probe for the conformation of a dimeric tRNA precursor.", "content": "We have employed S1 nuclease to probe the structure of an intermediate in tRNA biosynthesis available only in radiochemical purity. The dimeric precursor to tRNAGln and tRNALeu from bacteriophage T4 was digested with the single-strand specific nuclease, and the products of the reaction were compared with the S1 digestion products of the mature cognate tRNA'S. Quantitation and sequence analysis of the products revealed that the location and accessibility of S1 cleavage sites in the precursor were substantially identical with those in the mature forms. Based on these conclusions, it is argued that the dimer is comprised of two domains in which the specific features of both secondary and tertiary conformation closely resemble those found in the mature molecules; at the same time we noted small but apparently significant differences in certain regions of the molecule which may reflect signals for various maturation events. Finally, we have determined that the sites of precursor cleavage by RNase P, the endonuclease which generates the mature 5' termini of these tRNAs, were completely inaccessible to S1 digestion.", "contents": "S1 nuclease as a probe for the conformation of a dimeric tRNA precursor. We have employed S1 nuclease to probe the structure of an intermediate in tRNA biosynthesis available only in radiochemical purity. The dimeric precursor to tRNAGln and tRNALeu from bacteriophage T4 was digested with the single-strand specific nuclease, and the products of the reaction were compared with the S1 digestion products of the mature cognate tRNA'S. Quantitation and sequence analysis of the products revealed that the location and accessibility of S1 cleavage sites in the precursor were substantially identical with those in the mature forms. Based on these conclusions, it is argued that the dimer is comprised of two domains in which the specific features of both secondary and tertiary conformation closely resemble those found in the mature molecules; at the same time we noted small but apparently significant differences in certain regions of the molecule which may reflect signals for various maturation events. Finally, we have determined that the sites of precursor cleavage by RNase P, the endonuclease which generates the mature 5' termini of these tRNAs, were completely inaccessible to S1 digestion.", "PMID": 369598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_512", "title": "Yeast hexokinase in solution exhibits a large conformational change upon binding glucose or glucose 6-phosphate.", "content": "Using small-angle X-ray scattering from solutions of yeast hexokinase, we have measured the radii of gyration of the monomeric B isozyme and its complexes with sugar substrates. We find that the radius of gyration decreases by 0.95 +/- 0.24 A upon binding glucose and 1.25 +/- 0.28 A upon binding glucose 6-phosphate. This observed reduction in radius of gyration in the presence of glucose is the same as that calculated from the coordinates of the high-resolution crystal structures of native hexokinase B and a glucose complex with hexokinase A. Thus, these measurements suggest that the dramatic closing of the slit between the two lobes of hexokinase observed in the crystal structures (Bennett, W.S., & Steitz, T.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4848--4852) occurs in solution when either glucose or glucose 6-phosphate is bound.", "contents": "Yeast hexokinase in solution exhibits a large conformational change upon binding glucose or glucose 6-phosphate. Using small-angle X-ray scattering from solutions of yeast hexokinase, we have measured the radii of gyration of the monomeric B isozyme and its complexes with sugar substrates. We find that the radius of gyration decreases by 0.95 +/- 0.24 A upon binding glucose and 1.25 +/- 0.28 A upon binding glucose 6-phosphate. This observed reduction in radius of gyration in the presence of glucose is the same as that calculated from the coordinates of the high-resolution crystal structures of native hexokinase B and a glucose complex with hexokinase A. Thus, these measurements suggest that the dramatic closing of the slit between the two lobes of hexokinase observed in the crystal structures (Bennett, W.S., & Steitz, T.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4848--4852) occurs in solution when either glucose or glucose 6-phosphate is bound.", "PMID": 369601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_513", "title": "T7 RNA polymerase: promoter structure and polymerase binding.", "content": "The sequences of two promoters recognized by the phage-specificied T7 RNA polymerase are presented. The two are identical in sequence but for one base pair from the initiation point (as determined by the 5' sequence of the transcripts), denoted +1, to position -15. The common : formula: (see text),  sequence also includes a region of hyphenated twofold symmetry indicated by the boxes, with the twofold axis as the center of the six base-pair box. The heavy line indicates the extent of homology. The first promoter (A) is demonstrated to lie within gene 1, the gene for the polymerase itself, and 40 bases into the message transcribed from this promoter is found the R Nase III site separating genes 1 and 1.1. Binding of T7 RNA polymerase to these promoters is associated with a hyperchromic blue shift of the base chromophores consistent with partial melting of the base pairs at the promoter. Binding of T7 RNA polymerase to these promoters disappears at low pH and low temperature and is accompanied by a consequent loss of polymerase activity. The pH dependence of the binding step is adequately described by a single pK of 7.0. Polymerase catalytic activity, but not promoter binding, requires a single free sulfhydryl group of the enzyme with a pKa of approximately 7.8.", "contents": "T7 RNA polymerase: promoter structure and polymerase binding. The sequences of two promoters recognized by the phage-specificied T7 RNA polymerase are presented. The two are identical in sequence but for one base pair from the initiation point (as determined by the 5' sequence of the transcripts), denoted +1, to position -15. The common : formula: (see text),  sequence also includes a region of hyphenated twofold symmetry indicated by the boxes, with the twofold axis as the center of the six base-pair box. The heavy line indicates the extent of homology. The first promoter (A) is demonstrated to lie within gene 1, the gene for the polymerase itself, and 40 bases into the message transcribed from this promoter is found the R Nase III site separating genes 1 and 1.1. Binding of T7 RNA polymerase to these promoters is associated with a hyperchromic blue shift of the base chromophores consistent with partial melting of the base pairs at the promoter. Binding of T7 RNA polymerase to these promoters disappears at low pH and low temperature and is accompanied by a consequent loss of polymerase activity. The pH dependence of the binding step is adequately described by a single pK of 7.0. Polymerase catalytic activity, but not promoter binding, requires a single free sulfhydryl group of the enzyme with a pKa of approximately 7.8.", "PMID": 369603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_514", "title": "Photocross-linking analysis of the contact surface of tRNA Met in complexes with Escherichia coli methionine:tRNA ligase.", "content": "Photoinduced covalent cross-linking has been used to identify a common surface of four methionine-accepting tRNAs which interact specifically with the Escherichia coli methionine:tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.10). tRNA--ligase mixtures were irradiated, and the covalently linked complexes were isolated and digested with T1 RNase (Schimmel & Budzik, 1977). The fragments lost from the elution profile of the T1 RNase digest were considered to have been cross-linked to the protein and therefore in intimate contact with the enzyme. Only specific cognate tRNA--ligase pairs produce covalently linked complexes. The four substrate tRNAs used in this study have substantially different sequences, but all showed a common cross-linking pattern, supporting the view that the sites cross-linked to the enzyme reflect the functionally common contact surface rather than particularly photoreactivity regions of tRNA. The cross-linked contact surface is comprised of three regions: (1) the narrow groove of the anticodon stem and its extension into the anticodon loop; (2) the 3' terminal residues; and (3) the 3' side of the \"T arm\". Unlike previous studies with other tRNAs, the D arm is not involved and significant radiation damage is suffered by the tRNA which must be taken into account in the analysis. The results are consistent with and complement chemical modification studies [Schulman, L. H., & Pelka, H. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 4256].", "contents": "Photocross-linking analysis of the contact surface of tRNA Met in complexes with Escherichia coli methionine:tRNA ligase. Photoinduced covalent cross-linking has been used to identify a common surface of four methionine-accepting tRNAs which interact specifically with the Escherichia coli methionine:tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.10). tRNA--ligase mixtures were irradiated, and the covalently linked complexes were isolated and digested with T1 RNase (Schimmel & Budzik, 1977). The fragments lost from the elution profile of the T1 RNase digest were considered to have been cross-linked to the protein and therefore in intimate contact with the enzyme. Only specific cognate tRNA--ligase pairs produce covalently linked complexes. The four substrate tRNAs used in this study have substantially different sequences, but all showed a common cross-linking pattern, supporting the view that the sites cross-linked to the enzyme reflect the functionally common contact surface rather than particularly photoreactivity regions of tRNA. The cross-linked contact surface is comprised of three regions: (1) the narrow groove of the anticodon stem and its extension into the anticodon loop; (2) the 3' terminal residues; and (3) the 3' side of the \"T arm\". Unlike previous studies with other tRNAs, the D arm is not involved and significant radiation damage is suffered by the tRNA which must be taken into account in the analysis. The results are consistent with and complement chemical modification studies [Schulman, L. H., & Pelka, H. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 4256].", "PMID": 369605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_515", "title": "Ionic selectivity of pores formed by the matrix protein (porin) of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Incorporation of the matrix protein (porin) from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli into black lipid films results in the formation of ion-permeable pores with a single-pore conductance of the order of 2 nS (in 1 M KCl). Information on the structure of this pore has been obtained by determining the selectivity for various species differing in charge and size. From the permeability of the pore for large organic ions (Tris+, glucosamine+, Hepes-) a minimum pore diameter of 0.8 nm is estimated. At neutral pH the pore is two to four times more permeable for alkali ions than for chloride. On the basis of the observed pH dependence of permeability, this cationic selectivity is explained by the assumption that the pore contains fixed negative charges.", "contents": "Ionic selectivity of pores formed by the matrix protein (porin) of Escherichia coli. Incorporation of the matrix protein (porin) from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli into black lipid films results in the formation of ion-permeable pores with a single-pore conductance of the order of 2 nS (in 1 M KCl). Information on the structure of this pore has been obtained by determining the selectivity for various species differing in charge and size. From the permeability of the pore for large organic ions (Tris+, glucosamine+, Hepes-) a minimum pore diameter of 0.8 nm is estimated. At neutral pH the pore is two to four times more permeable for alkali ions than for chloride. On the basis of the observed pH dependence of permeability, this cationic selectivity is explained by the assumption that the pore contains fixed negative charges.", "PMID": 369608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_516", "title": "Specificity and functions of guanine methylase of Shigella sonnei DDVI phage.", "content": "DNA methylase methylating adenine with formation of 6-methylaminopurine has been identified in Shigella sonnei 1188 cells which are the natural host of DDVI phage. At the same time, in DNA of DDVI phage replicating both in Sh. sonnei 1188 cells and in Escherichia coli B cells 7-methylguanine was found as the only minor base in amounts of 0.25 and 0.27 mol per 100 mol of nucleotides, respectively. The extract of the infected cells was found to contain both kinds of DNA methylases: virus-specific guanine methylase and cellular adenine methylase. The lack of 6-methylaminopurine in DNA of this phage is explained by reversible inhibition of the cell enzyme in the infected cells. The amount of methyl groups transferred by DDVI-specific methylase on DNA does not depend on the species of the infected cells and is similar in the case of unmodified SD phage DNA and DNA of T2 phage methylated by E. coli B enzyme. Guanine methylase has been shown to be a DDVI-induced modification enzyme and to protect against restriction of B-type. It methylates double-stranded DNAs only and is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "contents": "Specificity and functions of guanine methylase of Shigella sonnei DDVI phage. DNA methylase methylating adenine with formation of 6-methylaminopurine has been identified in Shigella sonnei 1188 cells which are the natural host of DDVI phage. At the same time, in DNA of DDVI phage replicating both in Sh. sonnei 1188 cells and in Escherichia coli B cells 7-methylguanine was found as the only minor base in amounts of 0.25 and 0.27 mol per 100 mol of nucleotides, respectively. The extract of the infected cells was found to contain both kinds of DNA methylases: virus-specific guanine methylase and cellular adenine methylase. The lack of 6-methylaminopurine in DNA of this phage is explained by reversible inhibition of the cell enzyme in the infected cells. The amount of methyl groups transferred by DDVI-specific methylase on DNA does not depend on the species of the infected cells and is similar in the case of unmodified SD phage DNA and DNA of T2 phage methylated by E. coli B enzyme. Guanine methylase has been shown to be a DDVI-induced modification enzyme and to protect against restriction of B-type. It methylates double-stranded DNAs only and is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "PMID": 369609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_517", "title": "The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI.", "content": "The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA was studied during equilibrium centrifugation in density gradients of NaI. Centrifugation at 10 degrees C prevents the partial renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA and Clostridium perfringens DNA that occurs at 20 degrees C. A centrifugation temperature of --5 degrees C is required to prevent renaturation of T7 phage DNA. Ethidium bromide decreases renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA during centrifugation at 20 degrees C and causes a small shift in the buoyant density of both denatured and native DNA. Equilibrium centrifugation at lower temperatures prevents DNA renaturation and permits increased utilization of the large buoyant density difference between native and heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI.", "contents": "The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI. The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA was studied during equilibrium centrifugation in density gradients of NaI. Centrifugation at 10 degrees C prevents the partial renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA and Clostridium perfringens DNA that occurs at 20 degrees C. A centrifugation temperature of --5 degrees C is required to prevent renaturation of T7 phage DNA. Ethidium bromide decreases renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA during centrifugation at 20 degrees C and causes a small shift in the buoyant density of both denatured and native DNA. Equilibrium centrifugation at lower temperatures prevents DNA renaturation and permits increased utilization of the large buoyant density difference between native and heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI.", "PMID": 369610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_518", "title": "An essential arginyl residue in yeast hexokinase.", "content": "The inactivation of yeast hexokinase A (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) by phenylglyoxal obeys pseudo first-order kinetics. Formation of a reversible enzyme-reagent complex prior to modification is suggested by the observed saturation kinetics. Loss of activity correlates with the incorporation of 1 mol of [14C]phenylglyoxal per mol 50 000 dalton subunit. No significant conformational change occurs concomitantly. Inactivation is attributable to modification of an arginyl residue. The pattern of protection by substrates and analogs favors an interaction of this essential residue with the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP or glucose 6-phosphate.", "contents": "An essential arginyl residue in yeast hexokinase. The inactivation of yeast hexokinase A (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) by phenylglyoxal obeys pseudo first-order kinetics. Formation of a reversible enzyme-reagent complex prior to modification is suggested by the observed saturation kinetics. Loss of activity correlates with the incorporation of 1 mol of [14C]phenylglyoxal per mol 50 000 dalton subunit. No significant conformational change occurs concomitantly. Inactivation is attributable to modification of an arginyl residue. The pattern of protection by substrates and analogs favors an interaction of this essential residue with the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP or glucose 6-phosphate.", "PMID": 369611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_519", "title": "Kinetics of pepsin-initiated coagulation of kappa-casein.", "content": "The kinetics of pepsin initiated coagulation of kappa-casein have been studied at pH 5.8. The primary and secondary phases of coagulation are shown to proceed simultaneously. The theory of enzymatically initiated clotting reactions proposed by Payens (Payens, T.A.J. (1976) Neth. Milk Dairy J. 30, 55--59) has been applied to this clotting system and has been used to obtain rate constants for the secondary phase of coagulation. As expected, clotting rate constants for kappa-casein increase with pepsin concentration. An activation energy of 30.6 kcal/mol has been obtained for the secondary phase of coagulation. Turbidity measurements are a convenient means for studying the secondary phase of coagulation but do not provide an unambiguous means for studying the primary phase of the reaction.", "contents": "Kinetics of pepsin-initiated coagulation of kappa-casein. The kinetics of pepsin initiated coagulation of kappa-casein have been studied at pH 5.8. The primary and secondary phases of coagulation are shown to proceed simultaneously. The theory of enzymatically initiated clotting reactions proposed by Payens (Payens, T.A.J. (1976) Neth. Milk Dairy J. 30, 55--59) has been applied to this clotting system and has been used to obtain rate constants for the secondary phase of coagulation. As expected, clotting rate constants for kappa-casein increase with pepsin concentration. An activation energy of 30.6 kcal/mol has been obtained for the secondary phase of coagulation. Turbidity measurements are a convenient means for studying the secondary phase of coagulation but do not provide an unambiguous means for studying the primary phase of the reaction.", "PMID": 369612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_520", "title": "Effects of benzimidazole on the purine and pyrimidine metabolism of yeast.", "content": "Yeast cells inhibited by benzimidazole accumulate hypoxanthine with associated efflux of xanthine. Unlike control cells, inhibited cells contain no detectable free UMP and CMP. Benzimidazole decreases uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the intracellular pool of hypoxanthine and xanthine but causes radioactive xanthine to accumulate in the medium. In inhibited cultures there is a threefold increase in incorporation of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the total (intracellular plus extracellular) xanthine. Uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into free nucleotides and into bound adenine and guanine was inhibited by 70%. Uptake of [U-14C]glycine into IMP, AMP, GMP, DNA and RNA was also substantially decreased. Incorporation of [2-14C]uracil into the intracellular uracil pool was inhibited by 30% and into free uridine and cytidine by over 90%. Benzimidazole inhibited incorporation of [8-3H]IMP into AMP and GMP, and decreased substantially the activity of glutamine-amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). Yeast cultures were shown to N-ribotylate benzimidazole. Results are consistent with benzimidazole inhibiting yeast growth by competing for P-rib-PP and so depriving other ribotylation processes such as the 'salvage' pathways and de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.", "contents": "Effects of benzimidazole on the purine and pyrimidine metabolism of yeast. Yeast cells inhibited by benzimidazole accumulate hypoxanthine with associated efflux of xanthine. Unlike control cells, inhibited cells contain no detectable free UMP and CMP. Benzimidazole decreases uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the intracellular pool of hypoxanthine and xanthine but causes radioactive xanthine to accumulate in the medium. In inhibited cultures there is a threefold increase in incorporation of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the total (intracellular plus extracellular) xanthine. Uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into free nucleotides and into bound adenine and guanine was inhibited by 70%. Uptake of [U-14C]glycine into IMP, AMP, GMP, DNA and RNA was also substantially decreased. Incorporation of [2-14C]uracil into the intracellular uracil pool was inhibited by 30% and into free uridine and cytidine by over 90%. Benzimidazole inhibited incorporation of [8-3H]IMP into AMP and GMP, and decreased substantially the activity of glutamine-amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). Yeast cultures were shown to N-ribotylate benzimidazole. Results are consistent with benzimidazole inhibiting yeast growth by competing for P-rib-PP and so depriving other ribotylation processes such as the 'salvage' pathways and de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.", "PMID": 369613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_521", "title": "Stimulation of renin secretion from the intact kidney and from isolated glomeruli by the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "The ionophore A23187 evoked a dose-dependent release of renin from the isolated perfused cat kidney, which was inhibited by calcium deprivation and adrenergic blockade. The latter finding indicates that the effects of A23187 on the intact kidney are mediated mainly by catecholamine release from sympathetic nerve endings. Ionophore also elicited a concentration-dependent enhancement of renin secretion from a pure preparation of glomeruli isolated from cat kidney; this stimulation was still manifest when the glomeruli were superfused with a calcium-free solution. These findings indicate that A23187 evokes renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells by mobilizing cellular calcium and support the view that an increase in intracellular calcium is intimately involved in the mechanism of renin secretion.", "contents": "Stimulation of renin secretion from the intact kidney and from isolated glomeruli by the calcium ionophore A23187. The ionophore A23187 evoked a dose-dependent release of renin from the isolated perfused cat kidney, which was inhibited by calcium deprivation and adrenergic blockade. The latter finding indicates that the effects of A23187 on the intact kidney are mediated mainly by catecholamine release from sympathetic nerve endings. Ionophore also elicited a concentration-dependent enhancement of renin secretion from a pure preparation of glomeruli isolated from cat kidney; this stimulation was still manifest when the glomeruli were superfused with a calcium-free solution. These findings indicate that A23187 evokes renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells by mobilizing cellular calcium and support the view that an increase in intracellular calcium is intimately involved in the mechanism of renin secretion.", "PMID": 369614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_522", "title": "Regulation of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase synthesis in yeast.", "content": "A basal level of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase is detected in yeast cells grown on glucose. However, a burst of enzyme production occurs in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine in pathogenic Candida albicans and non-pathogenic Saccharomyces cervisiae. The enzyme synthesis stops and its concentration in the cells declines rapidly as soon as N-acetylglucosamine is removed from the medium. Experiments with RNA- and protein-synthesis inhibitors indicate that the appearance of new enzyme activity is dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level. However, inhibition of DNA synthesis either by hydroxyurea or by mitomycin-C does not impair the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.", "contents": "Regulation of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase synthesis in yeast. A basal level of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase is detected in yeast cells grown on glucose. However, a burst of enzyme production occurs in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine in pathogenic Candida albicans and non-pathogenic Saccharomyces cervisiae. The enzyme synthesis stops and its concentration in the cells declines rapidly as soon as N-acetylglucosamine is removed from the medium. Experiments with RNA- and protein-synthesis inhibitors indicate that the appearance of new enzyme activity is dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level. However, inhibition of DNA synthesis either by hydroxyurea or by mitomycin-C does not impair the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.", "PMID": 369615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_523", "title": "4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol. A metabolite produced during the biosynthesis of thiamine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a metabolite of Escherichia coli when it is grown on a medium containing no thiamine or 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol was found to be derived from L-tyrosine and the amount produced was found to be inhibited by the addition of thiamine to the growth medium. The amount of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol produced, as measured by isotopic dilution, was shown to be equivalent to the amount of thiamine formed. Based on these observations, it was concluded that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is the cleavage product produced during the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine from tyrosine.", "contents": "4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol. A metabolite produced during the biosynthesis of thiamine in Escherichia coli. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a metabolite of Escherichia coli when it is grown on a medium containing no thiamine or 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol was found to be derived from L-tyrosine and the amount produced was found to be inhibited by the addition of thiamine to the growth medium. The amount of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol produced, as measured by isotopic dilution, was shown to be equivalent to the amount of thiamine formed. Based on these observations, it was concluded that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is the cleavage product produced during the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine from tyrosine.", "PMID": 369616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_524", "title": "[The effect of guanosinetetraphosphate on rRNA synthesis in E. coli extracts].", "content": "The synthesis of rRNA in the ribosome-free extracts S100 of E. coli cells was about 30 and 60% of total transcript when E. coli DNA and DNA of lambda rifd 18 phage were used respectively. The synthesis of rRNA with both types of DNA was inhibited in 5--6 times by 0.8 mM ppGpp, while the synthesis of total RNA decreased only two-fold. Selective action of ppGpp on rRNA synthesis is due to the intensive inhibition of the initiation of transcription of the appropriate genes. The rRNA synthesis and the inhibitory capacity of ppGpp was shown to dependend on the KCl concentration in S 100 extracts. These results indicate that ppGpp is the main factor controlling rRNA synthesis both in isolated RNA polymerase system and in cell-free extracts.", "contents": "[The effect of guanosinetetraphosphate on rRNA synthesis in E. coli extracts]. The synthesis of rRNA in the ribosome-free extracts S100 of E. coli cells was about 30 and 60% of total transcript when E. coli DNA and DNA of lambda rifd 18 phage were used respectively. The synthesis of rRNA with both types of DNA was inhibited in 5--6 times by 0.8 mM ppGpp, while the synthesis of total RNA decreased only two-fold. Selective action of ppGpp on rRNA synthesis is due to the intensive inhibition of the initiation of transcription of the appropriate genes. The rRNA synthesis and the inhibitory capacity of ppGpp was shown to dependend on the KCl concentration in S 100 extracts. These results indicate that ppGpp is the main factor controlling rRNA synthesis both in isolated RNA polymerase system and in cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 369618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_525", "title": "[Comparative study of glycosidase from cattle liver and exoglycanase from Aspergillus awamori].", "content": "Anomerities of products were estimated for glucosidases from cattle liver and Aspergillus awamori. It was demonstrated that the enzyme from cattle liver is alpha-glucosidase and that from Asp. awamori is exogluconase. It was demonstrated that alpha-glucosidase hydrolyzes the C1--O bond in the course of reaction. delta-Lactone of gluconic acid is a competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. The secondary kinetic isotope effects for both enzymes were measured. The isotope effect for alpha-glucosidase is equal to 1, for exogluconase 1,1 for glycogen and 1,18 for maltose. Some aspects of mechanisms of both enzymes are discussed in terms of the data obtained.", "contents": "[Comparative study of glycosidase from cattle liver and exoglycanase from Aspergillus awamori]. Anomerities of products were estimated for glucosidases from cattle liver and Aspergillus awamori. It was demonstrated that the enzyme from cattle liver is alpha-glucosidase and that from Asp. awamori is exogluconase. It was demonstrated that alpha-glucosidase hydrolyzes the C1--O bond in the course of reaction. delta-Lactone of gluconic acid is a competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. The secondary kinetic isotope effects for both enzymes were measured. The isotope effect for alpha-glucosidase is equal to 1, for exogluconase 1,1 for glycogen and 1,18 for maltose. Some aspects of mechanisms of both enzymes are discussed in terms of the data obtained.", "PMID": 369619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_526", "title": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine-methylase I from Escherichia coli MRE 600].", "content": "DNA-cytosine-methylase I was isolated and purified to homogeneity. The yield made up to about 30% of total activity. The enzyme molecular weight as determined by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient, by gel filtration and by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be 45,000. The Michaelis constant was 1,8 . 10(-6) M for SAM and 2 . 10(-4) M for DNA. DNA-cytosine-methylase I modifies phage lambda DNA in 60 sites. This modification does not protect DNA from the effects of restriction endonucleases HpaII and BsuRI. The enzyme methylates DNA in the nucleotide sequence: 5'...Pur-MC-C-G-G-Pyr...3'.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine-methylase I from Escherichia coli MRE 600]. DNA-cytosine-methylase I was isolated and purified to homogeneity. The yield made up to about 30% of total activity. The enzyme molecular weight as determined by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient, by gel filtration and by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be 45,000. The Michaelis constant was 1,8 . 10(-6) M for SAM and 2 . 10(-4) M for DNA. DNA-cytosine-methylase I modifies phage lambda DNA in 60 sites. This modification does not protect DNA from the effects of restriction endonucleases HpaII and BsuRI. The enzyme methylates DNA in the nucleotide sequence: 5'...Pur-MC-C-G-G-Pyr...3'.", "PMID": 369620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_527", "title": "[Nature of the intermediate compound formed during catalysis by pepsin].", "content": "The applicability of the free energies linearity principle to catalysis by pepsin may indicate that the mechanism of formation of a covalent pepsin intermediate with the second (amine or alcohol) part of the hydrolyzed substrate is a true one. The choice has been made from consideration of three possible types of mechanisms covalent binding, complex with a nonionized NH2-group and the absence of an activated intermediate.", "contents": "[Nature of the intermediate compound formed during catalysis by pepsin]. The applicability of the free energies linearity principle to catalysis by pepsin may indicate that the mechanism of formation of a covalent pepsin intermediate with the second (amine or alcohol) part of the hydrolyzed substrate is a true one. The choice has been made from consideration of three possible types of mechanisms covalent binding, complex with a nonionized NH2-group and the absence of an activated intermediate.", "PMID": 369621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_528", "title": "[Substrate specificity of peptidases catalyzing LH-RH degradation in hypothalamus, liver and heart of rat].", "content": "Degradation of [125I]-LH-RH by peptidases of hypothalamus, liver and heart of the rat and the effects of LH-RH, LH-RH antagonist D-Phe2-Phe3-D-Phe6-LH-RH, LH-RH5-10, oxytocin, bradikinin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, melanocyte-inhibiting factor, luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, lactogenic and growth hormones were studied. It was shown that the degradation was inhibited with maximal efficiency by non-labelled LH-RH (Ki = 1,7--2,0 . 10(-6) M). This observation is indicative of peptidase specificity for LH-RH. It is assumed that specific peptidases of liver and heart are involved in the reglation of LH-RH concentration in these organs.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of peptidases catalyzing LH-RH degradation in hypothalamus, liver and heart of rat]. Degradation of [125I]-LH-RH by peptidases of hypothalamus, liver and heart of the rat and the effects of LH-RH, LH-RH antagonist D-Phe2-Phe3-D-Phe6-LH-RH, LH-RH5-10, oxytocin, bradikinin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, melanocyte-inhibiting factor, luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, lactogenic and growth hormones were studied. It was shown that the degradation was inhibited with maximal efficiency by non-labelled LH-RH (Ki = 1,7--2,0 . 10(-6) M). This observation is indicative of peptidase specificity for LH-RH. It is assumed that specific peptidases of liver and heart are involved in the reglation of LH-RH concentration in these organs.", "PMID": 369622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_529", "title": "Interpretation of the results of investigating molecular fossils.", "content": "The difficulties and possible errors in interpreting the results of investigating molecular fossils within the scope of the problem of chemical evolution and origin of life on the earth are examined. These difficulties can be largely overcome on the basis of modeling processes of the transformation of organic matter under different geological conditions.", "contents": "Interpretation of the results of investigating molecular fossils. The difficulties and possible errors in interpreting the results of investigating molecular fossils within the scope of the problem of chemical evolution and origin of life on the earth are examined. These difficulties can be largely overcome on the basis of modeling processes of the transformation of organic matter under different geological conditions.", "PMID": 369617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_530", "title": "Clinical effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP) and the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa were administered to chronic schizophrenic patients in three separate experiments using a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. The three experiments were: (i) L-5HTP administration to 15 patients who had been withdrawn from all neuroleptic medication; (ii) L-5HTP administration to seven patients maintained on haloperidol; (iii) L-5HTP administration to nine patients maintained on chlorpromazine. Although the groups were diagnostically homogeneous, individual responses were highly variable. Considering each group as a whole, the only significant changes in rated psychosis consisted of an increase in the first group consequent to coming off neuroleptic medication and an increase in psychosis scores associated with adding L-5HTP to chlorpromazine. Neuroleptics apparently sensitize the central nervous system to the effects of L-5HTP loading. Acute exacerbations of psychosis induced by L-5HTP can be reversed by neuroleptics. Our experience does not give encouragement to the hypothesis that schizophrenic illnesses arise consequent to a deficit of serotonergic function that can be treated by giving a serotonin precursor in pharmacological quantities.", "contents": "Clinical effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration in chronic schizophrenic patients. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP) and the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa were administered to chronic schizophrenic patients in three separate experiments using a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. The three experiments were: (i) L-5HTP administration to 15 patients who had been withdrawn from all neuroleptic medication; (ii) L-5HTP administration to seven patients maintained on haloperidol; (iii) L-5HTP administration to nine patients maintained on chlorpromazine. Although the groups were diagnostically homogeneous, individual responses were highly variable. Considering each group as a whole, the only significant changes in rated psychosis consisted of an increase in the first group consequent to coming off neuroleptic medication and an increase in psychosis scores associated with adding L-5HTP to chlorpromazine. Neuroleptics apparently sensitize the central nervous system to the effects of L-5HTP loading. Acute exacerbations of psychosis induced by L-5HTP can be reversed by neuroleptics. Our experience does not give encouragement to the hypothesis that schizophrenic illnesses arise consequent to a deficit of serotonergic function that can be treated by giving a serotonin precursor in pharmacological quantities.", "PMID": 369623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_531", "title": "Selective attention, cortical evoked responses, and brain function in human subjects: a critical review and theory.", "content": "A theoretical framework is proposed to account for the facts of selective attention in terms of cortical redundancy and cortical-subcortical interactions as measured by the Average Evoked Response and the background EEG. The recent research concerning AER correlations of selective attention is reviewed and found to be lacking in methodological coherence. This lack is found to contaminate existing theory regarding selective attention and brain function. An alternative approach is explored and its findings are found to yield the present theory.", "contents": "Selective attention, cortical evoked responses, and brain function in human subjects: a critical review and theory. A theoretical framework is proposed to account for the facts of selective attention in terms of cortical redundancy and cortical-subcortical interactions as measured by the Average Evoked Response and the background EEG. The recent research concerning AER correlations of selective attention is reviewed and found to be lacking in methodological coherence. This lack is found to contaminate existing theory regarding selective attention and brain function. An alternative approach is explored and its findings are found to yield the present theory.", "PMID": 369624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_532", "title": "Mechanisms of erythrocyte sedimentation.", "content": "Concomitant mechanisms of red-cell sedimentation are discussed: 1. physical 2. biological (the effects of plasma proteins, viscosity, and the number and size of erythrocytes on the rate of sedimentation). 3. an up-to-date review of the principal methods and systems used to measure the sedimentation rate--Automation of the Westergren initial methodology.", "contents": "Mechanisms of erythrocyte sedimentation. Concomitant mechanisms of red-cell sedimentation are discussed: 1. physical 2. biological (the effects of plasma proteins, viscosity, and the number and size of erythrocytes on the rate of sedimentation). 3. an up-to-date review of the principal methods and systems used to measure the sedimentation rate--Automation of the Westergren initial methodology.", "PMID": 369627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_533", "title": "Drug latentiation in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Latent antitumour agents require spontaneous or enzyme-catalysed activation to cytotoxic species in vivo. Activation may occur principally in normal tissues or in the target tumour. Agents of this type are discussed and mechanisms of drug action and selectivity are described, with reference to appropriate examples. The comparatively poor therapeutic activity of many agents designed for selective activation in tumours is attributed to the often unfavourable distribution of activating enzymes between normal and neoplastic tissues. Factors to be considered in the design of new enzyme-activated agents are discussed and possible artefacts involved in the assay of tumour enzymes are described. Some novel approaches to the design of latent antitumour agents are also discussed.", "contents": "Drug latentiation in cancer chemotherapy. Latent antitumour agents require spontaneous or enzyme-catalysed activation to cytotoxic species in vivo. Activation may occur principally in normal tissues or in the target tumour. Agents of this type are discussed and mechanisms of drug action and selectivity are described, with reference to appropriate examples. The comparatively poor therapeutic activity of many agents designed for selective activation in tumours is attributed to the often unfavourable distribution of activating enzymes between normal and neoplastic tissues. Factors to be considered in the design of new enzyme-activated agents are discussed and possible artefacts involved in the assay of tumour enzymes are described. Some novel approaches to the design of latent antitumour agents are also discussed.", "PMID": 369628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_534", "title": "Ultrastructural study of normal and leukaemic leucocyte processes.", "content": "Cellular processes of leucocytes from both normal and leukaemic subjects were studied at the ultrastructural level. By high voltage transmission electron microscopy without a metal coating, more surface features could be seen in the cells than were observed by either scanning electron microscopy or conventional transmission electron microscopy. The technique was shown to be especially useful as it allows direct visualisation of the cell surface structure at high resolution without artefact-inducing preparative processes. Demonstrating receptor sites with this technique opens up the possibility of studying lymphocyte microvilli in greater detail.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of normal and leukaemic leucocyte processes. Cellular processes of leucocytes from both normal and leukaemic subjects were studied at the ultrastructural level. By high voltage transmission electron microscopy without a metal coating, more surface features could be seen in the cells than were observed by either scanning electron microscopy or conventional transmission electron microscopy. The technique was shown to be especially useful as it allows direct visualisation of the cell surface structure at high resolution without artefact-inducing preparative processes. Demonstrating receptor sites with this technique opens up the possibility of studying lymphocyte microvilli in greater detail.", "PMID": 369629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_535", "title": "Effects of chronic alcoholism on the pituitary-gonadal function of women during menopausal transition and in the post menopausal period.", "content": "The hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal function was evaluated in eleven chronically alcoholic menopausal women by measurement of basal serum oestradiol, FSH, LH and prolactin, followed by LHRH-TRH test and administration of clomiphene citrate. All patients had hepatic damage, fibrosteatosis or cirrhosis. Two subgroups have been isolated according to urinary and serum estrogen levels: seven patients with urinary estrogen output less than 14 microgram per 24 h and plasma oestradiol less than 40 pg per ml were considered as post menopausal women: basal values of FSH and LH and their response to LHRH did not differ from that observed in normal menopausal women; clomiphene citrate induced a significant suppression of FSH and LH blood levels. Four women with urinary estrogen output greater than 14 microgram per 24 h and plasma oestradiol greater than 40 pg per ml were considered in menopausal transition. Their basal and post LHRH-FSH blood levels were lower than in the control group. These results suggest a normal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis at least in the post menopausal alcoholic women.", "contents": "Effects of chronic alcoholism on the pituitary-gonadal function of women during menopausal transition and in the post menopausal period. The hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal function was evaluated in eleven chronically alcoholic menopausal women by measurement of basal serum oestradiol, FSH, LH and prolactin, followed by LHRH-TRH test and administration of clomiphene citrate. All patients had hepatic damage, fibrosteatosis or cirrhosis. Two subgroups have been isolated according to urinary and serum estrogen levels: seven patients with urinary estrogen output less than 14 microgram per 24 h and plasma oestradiol less than 40 pg per ml were considered as post menopausal women: basal values of FSH and LH and their response to LHRH did not differ from that observed in normal menopausal women; clomiphene citrate induced a significant suppression of FSH and LH blood levels. Four women with urinary estrogen output greater than 14 microgram per 24 h and plasma oestradiol greater than 40 pg per ml were considered in menopausal transition. Their basal and post LHRH-FSH blood levels were lower than in the control group. These results suggest a normal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis at least in the post menopausal alcoholic women.", "PMID": 369630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_536", "title": "Analysis of the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus using gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Thirteen compounds have been identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus. The compounds were identified as their trimethylsilyl or pentafluoropropionate derivatives and were citric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, glycerol, urea, glucose, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine and octopamine. Female venom contained trace quantities of 5-methyoxytryptamine which was not detected in male venom. Quantitative determination of tyramine and octopamine was achieved using chemical ionization (CH4) gas chromatography mass spectrometry and deuterated internal standards.", "contents": "Analysis of the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Thirteen compounds have been identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus. The compounds were identified as their trimethylsilyl or pentafluoropropionate derivatives and were citric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, glycerol, urea, glucose, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine and octopamine. Female venom contained trace quantities of 5-methyoxytryptamine which was not detected in male venom. Quantitative determination of tyramine and octopamine was achieved using chemical ionization (CH4) gas chromatography mass spectrometry and deuterated internal standards.", "PMID": 369631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_537", "title": "Real-time analysis of breath using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer.", "content": "A new technique is reported resulting in the direct, instantaneous analyses of trace compounds in breath. The analyses were performed using a commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TAGA TM2000 APCI mass spectrometer). A known flow of breath sample is introduced into the ionization region of the mass spectrometer. The study includes the measurement and monitoring in real-time, of breath ammonia during a 24 hour and a 48 hour period. The ammonia profiles indicate a personalized daily pattern associated with each subject. This method appears to be of potential value in routine detection and treatment of hyperammonemia patients. Results also show that it is possible to obtain instantaneous analyses of several naturally occurring metabolites and other substances on breath in the ppm to ppt range, suggesting a number of diagnostic research applications.", "contents": "Real-time analysis of breath using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. A new technique is reported resulting in the direct, instantaneous analyses of trace compounds in breath. The analyses were performed using a commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TAGA TM2000 APCI mass spectrometer). A known flow of breath sample is introduced into the ionization region of the mass spectrometer. The study includes the measurement and monitoring in real-time, of breath ammonia during a 24 hour and a 48 hour period. The ammonia profiles indicate a personalized daily pattern associated with each subject. This method appears to be of potential value in routine detection and treatment of hyperammonemia patients. Results also show that it is possible to obtain instantaneous analyses of several naturally occurring metabolites and other substances on breath in the ppm to ppt range, suggesting a number of diagnostic research applications.", "PMID": 369632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_538", "title": "Process characteristics of cell lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Several temperature-sensitive lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected according to their ability to release alkaline phosphatase when incubated at a nonpermissive temperature. For two mutants, cell lysis and release of alkaline phosphatase reached a maximum when cells in the logarithmic growth phase were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. Morphological changes, as well as changes in macromolecular composition of the cells, were observed. Growth is necessary and oxygen is important for the expression of cell lysis at the nonpermissive temperature.", "contents": "Process characteristics of cell lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several temperature-sensitive lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected according to their ability to release alkaline phosphatase when incubated at a nonpermissive temperature. For two mutants, cell lysis and release of alkaline phosphatase reached a maximum when cells in the logarithmic growth phase were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. Morphological changes, as well as changes in macromolecular composition of the cells, were observed. Growth is necessary and oxygen is important for the expression of cell lysis at the nonpermissive temperature.", "PMID": 369633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_539", "title": "[Changes in pressor and depressor reactions following partial pancreatectomy].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 39 mongrel pubertal dogs. The course of pressor and depressor reactions under conditions of normal vital activity and after partial corporocaudal resection of the pancreas was studied. The principal indices characterizing the changes of pressor reaction to noradrenaline, and of the depressor one -- to bradykinin and kallikrein before and 10 to 12 days after the corporocaudal resection of the pancreas were determined. Resection of the corporo-caudal part of the pancreas intensified the pressor reactions to noradrenaline, and depressor ones to bradykinin and kallikrein; it increased the initial negative chronotropic effect of catecholamines on the heart, and also enhanced the positive chronotropic effect of noradrenaline, kallikrein and bradykinin on the heart.", "contents": "[Changes in pressor and depressor reactions following partial pancreatectomy]. Experiments were conducted on 39 mongrel pubertal dogs. The course of pressor and depressor reactions under conditions of normal vital activity and after partial corporocaudal resection of the pancreas was studied. The principal indices characterizing the changes of pressor reaction to noradrenaline, and of the depressor one -- to bradykinin and kallikrein before and 10 to 12 days after the corporocaudal resection of the pancreas were determined. Resection of the corporo-caudal part of the pancreas intensified the pressor reactions to noradrenaline, and depressor ones to bradykinin and kallikrein; it increased the initial negative chronotropic effect of catecholamines on the heart, and also enhanced the positive chronotropic effect of noradrenaline, kallikrein and bradykinin on the heart.", "PMID": 369634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_540", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with chronic renal failure and in recipients of cadaveric allokidneys during the immediate posttransplant period].", "content": "Investigations of the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent lymphocytes populations of patients with chronic renal failure showed the activity of the T-lymphocytes system to be depressed in these cases. Both the lymphocyte populations took part in the rejection, but the degree of their participation differed. There was a low activation of T-lymphocytes and a high activation of B-lymphocytes in case of inflammatory processes, abscess, frunculosis, hematoma, etc., when stable doses of immunodepressants were used. The evidence of participation of T- and B-lymphocytes in the rejection opens new approaches to the diagnosis of different pathological conditions in the recipient's organism.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with chronic renal failure and in recipients of cadaveric allokidneys during the immediate posttransplant period]. Investigations of the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent lymphocytes populations of patients with chronic renal failure showed the activity of the T-lymphocytes system to be depressed in these cases. Both the lymphocyte populations took part in the rejection, but the degree of their participation differed. There was a low activation of T-lymphocytes and a high activation of B-lymphocytes in case of inflammatory processes, abscess, frunculosis, hematoma, etc., when stable doses of immunodepressants were used. The evidence of participation of T- and B-lymphocytes in the rejection opens new approaches to the diagnosis of different pathological conditions in the recipient's organism.", "PMID": 369635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_541", "title": "The medical management of renal artery stenosis in transplant recipients.", "content": "The investigation, management and clinical course of 12 patients developing stenosis of the renal artery following transplantation are described. The possible aetiology of the three arteriographic patterns of stenosis is discussed. Surgical correction of graft arterial stenosis is difficult and may lead to graft loss, whereas the outcome with antihypertensive drug treatment with or without anticoagulants is good. Surgery should only be contemplated if medical treatment is failing or if renal function is deteriorating.", "contents": "The medical management of renal artery stenosis in transplant recipients. The investigation, management and clinical course of 12 patients developing stenosis of the renal artery following transplantation are described. The possible aetiology of the three arteriographic patterns of stenosis is discussed. Surgical correction of graft arterial stenosis is difficult and may lead to graft loss, whereas the outcome with antihypertensive drug treatment with or without anticoagulants is good. Surgery should only be contemplated if medical treatment is failing or if renal function is deteriorating.", "PMID": 369641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_542", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer compared with gastrectomy for gastric ulcer in a randomized trial.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with benign gastric ulcer of the body of the stomach have been entered into a randomized trial of highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer (HSVE) (26 cases) against standard Billroth I partial gastrectomy (BI) (30 cases). The operations were carried out by all grades of surgical staff. No patient died within 1 month of operation. Postoperative morbidity was greater after gastrectomy than after HSVE. At an average follow-up of about 4 years, functional results according to a modified Visick classification were similar in both groups, with about 75 per cent good results. Two recurrent ulcers occurred after gastrectomy (7 per cent) and 4 after HSVE (15 per cent). Neither operation has a distinct advantage at this stage.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer compared with gastrectomy for gastric ulcer in a randomized trial. Fifty-six patients with benign gastric ulcer of the body of the stomach have been entered into a randomized trial of highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer (HSVE) (26 cases) against standard Billroth I partial gastrectomy (BI) (30 cases). The operations were carried out by all grades of surgical staff. No patient died within 1 month of operation. Postoperative morbidity was greater after gastrectomy than after HSVE. At an average follow-up of about 4 years, functional results according to a modified Visick classification were similar in both groups, with about 75 per cent good results. Two recurrent ulcers occurred after gastrectomy (7 per cent) and 4 after HSVE (15 per cent). Neither operation has a distinct advantage at this stage.", "PMID": 369642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_543", "title": "The stripping of varicose veins: a clinical trial of intermittent compression dressings.", "content": "This study compares a standard method of care for patients following excision and ligation of varicose veins with a new regimen which involves intermittent compression dressings. In a fully randomized between-patient prospective trial it has been found that the use of such dressings results in a significant reduction in postoperative pain and in the length of hospitalization and indicates that such dressings may improve the healing of surgical wounds.", "contents": "The stripping of varicose veins: a clinical trial of intermittent compression dressings. This study compares a standard method of care for patients following excision and ligation of varicose veins with a new regimen which involves intermittent compression dressings. In a fully randomized between-patient prospective trial it has been found that the use of such dressings results in a significant reduction in postoperative pain and in the length of hospitalization and indicates that such dressings may improve the healing of surgical wounds.", "PMID": 369643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_544", "title": "Internal fixation versus primary prosthetic replacement in acute femoral neck fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical study.", "content": "A prospective, randomized clinical study has been performed on 104 patients with an acute femoral neck fracture, comparing internal fixation (von Bahr screws) with primary prosthetic replacement (Christiansen endoprosthesis). Immediate weight bearing was allowed in both groups. The postoperative mortality rate was similar in the two groups. Internal fixation proved to be a less time-consuming operation, gave a shorter hospitalization time and was associated with a significantly reduced morbidity rate compared with prosthetic replacement. No blood transfusion was needed in the internal fixation group. Primary prosthetic replacement was associated with earlier postoperative mobilization, probably gave a more definitive treatment with fewer reoperations, and showed better results at 1-year follow-up.", "contents": "Internal fixation versus primary prosthetic replacement in acute femoral neck fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical study. A prospective, randomized clinical study has been performed on 104 patients with an acute femoral neck fracture, comparing internal fixation (von Bahr screws) with primary prosthetic replacement (Christiansen endoprosthesis). Immediate weight bearing was allowed in both groups. The postoperative mortality rate was similar in the two groups. Internal fixation proved to be a less time-consuming operation, gave a shorter hospitalization time and was associated with a significantly reduced morbidity rate compared with prosthetic replacement. No blood transfusion was needed in the internal fixation group. Primary prosthetic replacement was associated with earlier postoperative mobilization, probably gave a more definitive treatment with fewer reoperations, and showed better results at 1-year follow-up.", "PMID": 369644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_545", "title": "A clinical trial of endolymphatic therapy in malignant melanoma: interim report of the progress of the Medical Research Council trial.", "content": "This report presents the interim results of the MRC trial on the treatment of Stage I melanoma of the lower limb by endolymphatic therapy. Over a 10-year period a group of 146 patients has been entered into the trial. Although total recurrence rates were not significantly affected by endolymphatic therapy, recurrence in the lymph nodes was largely prevented. More patients in the standard treatment group needed the more major procedure of block dissection. The survival rates for the endolymphatic and standard treatment groups did not differ significantly.", "contents": "A clinical trial of endolymphatic therapy in malignant melanoma: interim report of the progress of the Medical Research Council trial. This report presents the interim results of the MRC trial on the treatment of Stage I melanoma of the lower limb by endolymphatic therapy. Over a 10-year period a group of 146 patients has been entered into the trial. Although total recurrence rates were not significantly affected by endolymphatic therapy, recurrence in the lymph nodes was largely prevented. More patients in the standard treatment group needed the more major procedure of block dissection. The survival rates for the endolymphatic and standard treatment groups did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 369645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_546", "title": "Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs and blood sugar control in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effects on diabetic control of the relative cardioselective beta-blocker metoprolol and the non-selective drug propranolol were compared in 20 hypertensive diabetic patients receiving diet alone or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Each drug was given for one month in a double-blind, cross-over study. Fasting, noon, and mid-afternoon blood sugar concentrations rose by 1.0-1.5 mmol/l (18-27 mg/100 ml). The rise with propranolol was not significantly greater than with metoprolol. In a few patients the rise was clinically important. The small overall change observed in diabetic control should not deter the use of beta-blockers in non-insulin-dependent diabetics, provided control is carefully monitored at the onset of treatment.", "contents": "Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs and blood sugar control in diabetes mellitus. The effects on diabetic control of the relative cardioselective beta-blocker metoprolol and the non-selective drug propranolol were compared in 20 hypertensive diabetic patients receiving diet alone or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Each drug was given for one month in a double-blind, cross-over study. Fasting, noon, and mid-afternoon blood sugar concentrations rose by 1.0-1.5 mmol/l (18-27 mg/100 ml). The rise with propranolol was not significantly greater than with metoprolol. In a few patients the rise was clinically important. The small overall change observed in diabetic control should not deter the use of beta-blockers in non-insulin-dependent diabetics, provided control is carefully monitored at the onset of treatment.", "PMID": 369646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_547", "title": "Improved metabolic profiles in insulin-treated diabetic patients given an alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor.", "content": "An alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (acarbose; BAY g 5421) taken with food was compared with dummy tablets in seven insulin-treated diabetic patients over eight-hour periods that included breakfast, lunch, and two snacks. Acarbose diminished the postprandial increases in blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations and may therefore be of value in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes.", "contents": "Improved metabolic profiles in insulin-treated diabetic patients given an alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor. An alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (acarbose; BAY g 5421) taken with food was compared with dummy tablets in seven insulin-treated diabetic patients over eight-hour periods that included breakfast, lunch, and two snacks. Acarbose diminished the postprandial increases in blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations and may therefore be of value in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes.", "PMID": 369651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_548", "title": "Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone.", "content": "The antihypertensive properties of the new diuretic tienilic acid were investigated. Thirteen previously untreated hypertensive patients took part in a double-blind crossover study in which 30 days' treatment with tienilic acid 250 mg, bendrofluazide 5 mg, and spironolactone 100 mg were compared. Bendrofluazide caused the greatest natriuresis on the first treatment day and the most rapid fall in blood pressure. The ultimate antihypertensive effect of all three drugs was similar. Tienilic acid caused a noticeable reduction in serum urate concentrations and a rise in urate clearance, in contrast to the other two agents, which caused slight urate retention. Tienilic acid and bendrofluazide caused falls and spironolactone a rise in plasma potassium concentrations. No untoward effects were seen from any of the drugs. It is concluded that tienilic acid is a moderately potent diuretic that lowers plasma urate concentrations. It may be the drug of first choice for hypertensive patients who already have gout or are likely to develop it when taking thiazide diuretics.", "contents": "Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone. The antihypertensive properties of the new diuretic tienilic acid were investigated. Thirteen previously untreated hypertensive patients took part in a double-blind crossover study in which 30 days' treatment with tienilic acid 250 mg, bendrofluazide 5 mg, and spironolactone 100 mg were compared. Bendrofluazide caused the greatest natriuresis on the first treatment day and the most rapid fall in blood pressure. The ultimate antihypertensive effect of all three drugs was similar. Tienilic acid caused a noticeable reduction in serum urate concentrations and a rise in urate clearance, in contrast to the other two agents, which caused slight urate retention. Tienilic acid and bendrofluazide caused falls and spironolactone a rise in plasma potassium concentrations. No untoward effects were seen from any of the drugs. It is concluded that tienilic acid is a moderately potent diuretic that lowers plasma urate concentrations. It may be the drug of first choice for hypertensive patients who already have gout or are likely to develop it when taking thiazide diuretics.", "PMID": 369652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_549", "title": "Cadaver nephrectomy: an operation on the donor's family.", "content": "Thirty-two relatives of cadaver kidney donors were interviewed six months or longer after the donor's death. Most had  positive attitudes to kidney transplantation that had been strengthened by experience, especially when they knew that they were fulfilling the donor's wishes. Twenty-three of the relatives had gained some solace from knowing that others might benefit from their misfortune, but three claimed adverse effects. In identifying the factors that influenced them to grant permission or hesitate, relatives revealed defects in the way their permission had been sought. Twelve did not clearly understand the donor's hopeless prognosis until then, and seven reacted adversely to the interviewers, finding them blunt and callous. Nevertheless, most were pleased that they had been asked. Doctors who care for unconscious, dying patients should try to give relatives explicit information on the patient's condition, whether or not the patient is a potential kidney donor, and permission for organ recovery should not be sought until they understand that death is inevitable.", "contents": "Cadaver nephrectomy: an operation on the donor's family. Thirty-two relatives of cadaver kidney donors were interviewed six months or longer after the donor's death. Most had  positive attitudes to kidney transplantation that had been strengthened by experience, especially when they knew that they were fulfilling the donor's wishes. Twenty-three of the relatives had gained some solace from knowing that others might benefit from their misfortune, but three claimed adverse effects. In identifying the factors that influenced them to grant permission or hesitate, relatives revealed defects in the way their permission had been sought. Twelve did not clearly understand the donor's hopeless prognosis until then, and seven reacted adversely to the interviewers, finding them blunt and callous. Nevertheless, most were pleased that they had been asked. Doctors who care for unconscious, dying patients should try to give relatives explicit information on the patient's condition, whether or not the patient is a potential kidney donor, and permission for organ recovery should not be sought until they understand that death is inevitable.", "PMID": 369654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_550", "title": "Urinary excretion of factor VIII after renal transplantation.", "content": "The urinary excretion of factor-VIII-related antigen (VIIIRAg) was measured in 72 patients with kidney transplants and compared with that of two end-products of fibrin-fibrinogen lysis (fragments D and E) to assess their usefulness in monitoring the onset of rejection episodes. Specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays were used to measure the three proteins. Unconcentrated urine samples of 24-hour collections were obtained from 20 healthy subjects, 48 patients with stable transplants, and 24 patients with recent transplants serially followed up from the day of transplantation. Factor VIIIRAg and fragments E and D were not detectable in the urine from healthy subjects but were present in 39%, 60%, and 100% respectively of samples from patients with stable transplants. During 33 acute rejection episodes in 19 patients with recent transplants factor VIIIRAg and fragments E and D were significantly increased above the values observed in patients with stable transplants in 82%, 73%, and 64% of samples respectively; in patients with recent transplants showing no clinical sign of rejection increased excretion of these proteins was observed in 11%, 26%, and 22% of samples respectively. The presence of factor VIIIRAg in urine from patients with kidney allografts suggests that endothelial cell-factor VIII-platelet interactions might pay a key part in the pathogenesis of acute rejection. The results suggest that the assay of factor VIIIRAg in urine is more useful than assays of fragments D and E as a corroborative index of transplant rejection.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of factor VIII after renal transplantation. The urinary excretion of factor-VIII-related antigen (VIIIRAg) was measured in 72 patients with kidney transplants and compared with that of two end-products of fibrin-fibrinogen lysis (fragments D and E) to assess their usefulness in monitoring the onset of rejection episodes. Specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays were used to measure the three proteins. Unconcentrated urine samples of 24-hour collections were obtained from 20 healthy subjects, 48 patients with stable transplants, and 24 patients with recent transplants serially followed up from the day of transplantation. Factor VIIIRAg and fragments E and D were not detectable in the urine from healthy subjects but were present in 39%, 60%, and 100% respectively of samples from patients with stable transplants. During 33 acute rejection episodes in 19 patients with recent transplants factor VIIIRAg and fragments E and D were significantly increased above the values observed in patients with stable transplants in 82%, 73%, and 64% of samples respectively; in patients with recent transplants showing no clinical sign of rejection increased excretion of these proteins was observed in 11%, 26%, and 22% of samples respectively. The presence of factor VIIIRAg in urine from patients with kidney allografts suggests that endothelial cell-factor VIII-platelet interactions might pay a key part in the pathogenesis of acute rejection. The results suggest that the assay of factor VIIIRAg in urine is more useful than assays of fragments D and E as a corroborative index of transplant rejection.", "PMID": 369659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_551", "title": "Localization and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin in the central and peripheral nervous system.", "content": "Immunocytochemistry and radioimmunochemistry demonstrate the occurrence of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in both the central and peripheral nervous system of the guinea pig. CCK nerves are particularly numerous in the neocortex, the hippocampus, the amygdaloid nuclei, the hypothalamus, the spinal cord and in the colon. The nerves contain 5 molecular components of CCK, with gel chromatographical elution constants (Kav) of 0.05, 0.50, 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30, respectively. The four latter correspond to triacontatriapeptide CCK and its COOH-terminal dodeca-, octa- and tetrapeptide portions, respectively. Cholecystokinins are hence widely distributed in the nervous system and occur in the substantial quantities (greater than or equal to 0.2 nmol CCK-8-equiv./g) in several distinct regions.", "contents": "Localization and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Immunocytochemistry and radioimmunochemistry demonstrate the occurrence of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in both the central and peripheral nervous system of the guinea pig. CCK nerves are particularly numerous in the neocortex, the hippocampus, the amygdaloid nuclei, the hypothalamus, the spinal cord and in the colon. The nerves contain 5 molecular components of CCK, with gel chromatographical elution constants (Kav) of 0.05, 0.50, 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30, respectively. The four latter correspond to triacontatriapeptide CCK and its COOH-terminal dodeca-, octa- and tetrapeptide portions, respectively. Cholecystokinins are hence widely distributed in the nervous system and occur in the substantial quantities (greater than or equal to 0.2 nmol CCK-8-equiv./g) in several distinct regions.", "PMID": 369662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_552", "title": "Salmonella investigation in an Ontario feed mill.", "content": "The frequency of Salmonella contamination of feedstuffs and finished broiler chicken feeds at an Ontario feed mill were investigated over a four-month period. Samples of feed ingredients and finished pelleted feeds were collected at various points during manufacture and cultured in trypticase soy broth prior to selective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella. Salmonella contamination was found in 4.3% of 93 finished pelleted broiler feeds examined. The contamination appeared to result primarily from the incorporation of contaminated animal protein ingredients into the feed. Meatmeal and the broiler, premix, which contained meatmeal as a filler, were most frequently contaminated followed by feather meal. Pelleting failed to eliminate the Salmonellae from the feeds. The methods used failed to detect Salmonella in the environment of the feed mill or its delivery trucks. Recommendations for control are made.", "contents": "Salmonella investigation in an Ontario feed mill. The frequency of Salmonella contamination of feedstuffs and finished broiler chicken feeds at an Ontario feed mill were investigated over a four-month period. Samples of feed ingredients and finished pelleted feeds were collected at various points during manufacture and cultured in trypticase soy broth prior to selective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella. Salmonella contamination was found in 4.3% of 93 finished pelleted broiler feeds examined. The contamination appeared to result primarily from the incorporation of contaminated animal protein ingredients into the feed. Meatmeal and the broiler, premix, which contained meatmeal as a filler, were most frequently contaminated followed by feather meal. Pelleting failed to eliminate the Salmonellae from the feeds. The methods used failed to detect Salmonella in the environment of the feed mill or its delivery trucks. Recommendations for control are made.", "PMID": 369663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_553", "title": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of Cytauxzoon-like organisms in experimentally infected cats.", "content": "Antiserum to feline Cytauxzoon-like parasites was used in conjunction with labeled rabbit antisera to feline globulins to detect the presence of Cytauxzoon-like parasites in spleens of experimentally infected cats. Frozen spleen sections from 21 infected cats showed positively fluorescing masses within splenic veins and a diffuse scattering of discretely fluorescing cells in the red and white pulp. The distribution of fluorescence corresponded with the appearance of parasitized reticuloendothelial cells in histological preparations of spleen tissue. This indirect fluorescent antibody test consistently detected the presence of Cytauxzoon-like parasites in frozen spleen sections from experimentally infected cats.", "contents": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of Cytauxzoon-like organisms in experimentally infected cats. Antiserum to feline Cytauxzoon-like parasites was used in conjunction with labeled rabbit antisera to feline globulins to detect the presence of Cytauxzoon-like parasites in spleens of experimentally infected cats. Frozen spleen sections from 21 infected cats showed positively fluorescing masses within splenic veins and a diffuse scattering of discretely fluorescing cells in the red and white pulp. The distribution of fluorescence corresponded with the appearance of parasitized reticuloendothelial cells in histological preparations of spleen tissue. This indirect fluorescent antibody test consistently detected the presence of Cytauxzoon-like parasites in frozen spleen sections from experimentally infected cats.", "PMID": 369664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_554", "title": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of swine.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody test was modified to provide a rapid technique for the detection, screening and titration of antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs. Large numbers of slides containing transmissible gastroenteritis antigen were prepared by planting mixtures of infected and uninfected swine testicular cells onto multiwelled teflon-coated slides. After overnight incubation, about one-half of the cells in each well were infected which provided contrast to aid in detecting specific fluorescence in the presence of varying degrees of background staining. Following fixation, antigen slides were stored at -20 degrees C until used. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was compared to the virus neutralization test in both the screening and titration of swine sera containing transmissible gastroenteritis antibodies. The test was found to be sensitive and reliable and to offer certain advantages over the virus neutralization test.", "contents": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was modified to provide a rapid technique for the detection, screening and titration of antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs. Large numbers of slides containing transmissible gastroenteritis antigen were prepared by planting mixtures of infected and uninfected swine testicular cells onto multiwelled teflon-coated slides. After overnight incubation, about one-half of the cells in each well were infected which provided contrast to aid in detecting specific fluorescence in the presence of varying degrees of background staining. Following fixation, antigen slides were stored at -20 degrees C until used. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was compared to the virus neutralization test in both the screening and titration of swine sera containing transmissible gastroenteritis antibodies. The test was found to be sensitive and reliable and to offer certain advantages over the virus neutralization test.", "PMID": 369665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_555", "title": "A corneal model for studying the interaction between the endothelium and sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "We wished to develop a simple model for morphological studies on the interaction between the corneal endothelium and specifically sensitized lymphocytes. Rabbits were transplanted with orthotopic allogeneic skin or corneal grafts. After the onset of the transplantation reaction, lymphoid cells from the recipient's spleen or preauricular lymph nodes were harvested and placed on the endothelial surfaces of the donor and recipient corneas which were incubated in tissue culture medium at 37 degree C for 4 hours before being examined by vital staining or scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the recipient, the donor endothelium contained more lymphoid cell aggregates and more corneal cells were damaged. The in vitro model seemed suitable for studying the cytotoxic behaviour of sensitized lymphocytes confronting the corneal endothelium.", "contents": "A corneal model for studying the interaction between the endothelium and sensitized lymphocytes. We wished to develop a simple model for morphological studies on the interaction between the corneal endothelium and specifically sensitized lymphocytes. Rabbits were transplanted with orthotopic allogeneic skin or corneal grafts. After the onset of the transplantation reaction, lymphoid cells from the recipient's spleen or preauricular lymph nodes were harvested and placed on the endothelial surfaces of the donor and recipient corneas which were incubated in tissue culture medium at 37 degree C for 4 hours before being examined by vital staining or scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the recipient, the donor endothelium contained more lymphoid cell aggregates and more corneal cells were damaged. The in vitro model seemed suitable for studying the cytotoxic behaviour of sensitized lymphocytes confronting the corneal endothelium.", "PMID": 369666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_556", "title": "Further taxonomic characterization of the genus Bdellovibrio.", "content": "Cultures of Bdellovibrio isolated from different geographic locations have been studied in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid analysis (% G + C, genome size, and DNA hybridization), cytochrome spectrum, and host range. Isolates of the genus exhibit a broad range of % G + C ranging from 37 to 51% and the genome sizes extend from 1300 x 10(6) to 1700 x 10(6) daltons. DNA hybridization continues to reveal a high level of genetic heterogeneity. Bdellovibrio 3294 exhibits 32% relative reassociation to Bdellovibrio W, 37% to Bdellovibrio stolpii Uki2, and an undetectible level to Bdellovibrio starrii A3.12 Bdellovibrio W is 23% related to B. starri A3.12 and 28.5% to B. stolpii Uki2. For the first time differential absorption techniques have revealed peaks of cytochrome b. The analysis of the cytochrome spectrum seems to be limited as a taxonomic tool since most of the recent isolates studied share a common cytochrome spectrum. Host-range studies have been found to be dependent on the experimental conditions, and with the exception of one isolate (B. starrii A3.12) the taxonomic significance of such techniques must be taken with caution.", "contents": "Further taxonomic characterization of the genus Bdellovibrio. Cultures of Bdellovibrio isolated from different geographic locations have been studied in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid analysis (% G + C, genome size, and DNA hybridization), cytochrome spectrum, and host range. Isolates of the genus exhibit a broad range of % G + C ranging from 37 to 51% and the genome sizes extend from 1300 x 10(6) to 1700 x 10(6) daltons. DNA hybridization continues to reveal a high level of genetic heterogeneity. Bdellovibrio 3294 exhibits 32% relative reassociation to Bdellovibrio W, 37% to Bdellovibrio stolpii Uki2, and an undetectible level to Bdellovibrio starrii A3.12 Bdellovibrio W is 23% related to B. starri A3.12 and 28.5% to B. stolpii Uki2. For the first time differential absorption techniques have revealed peaks of cytochrome b. The analysis of the cytochrome spectrum seems to be limited as a taxonomic tool since most of the recent isolates studied share a common cytochrome spectrum. Host-range studies have been found to be dependent on the experimental conditions, and with the exception of one isolate (B. starrii A3.12) the taxonomic significance of such techniques must be taken with caution.", "PMID": 369668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_557", "title": "Pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "Pseudotumor cerebri is a clinical syndrome in which signs and, sometimes, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure are present but in which mental and neurological function are unaffected. Therefore, the diagnosis is reached after mass and other structural causes of raised pressure have been excluded. Many causes of pseudotumor have been suggested, not all of them well documented. Pathogenesis, however, includes cerebral edema, increased cerebral blood volume, and decreased cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) absorption. Except for the risk of vision in a minority of cases, the prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "Pseudotumor cerebri. Pseudotumor cerebri is a clinical syndrome in which signs and, sometimes, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure are present but in which mental and neurological function are unaffected. Therefore, the diagnosis is reached after mass and other structural causes of raised pressure have been excluded. Many causes of pseudotumor have been suggested, not all of them well documented. Pathogenesis, however, includes cerebral edema, increased cerebral blood volume, and decreased cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) absorption. Except for the risk of vision in a minority of cases, the prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 369670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_558", "title": "Fibrosing alveolitis.", "content": "Fibrosing alveolitis is a disease of unknown cause mainly involving the gas-exchanging portions of the lungs. It may occur in isolation and be called cryptogenic or idiopathic, in which case the clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, or it may be associated with other disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The histopathologic abnormalities of the pulmonary tissue are identical in either instance. Other names used for the disease have included usual interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and the Hamman-Rich syndrome; these terms may describe different stages of the same pathologic process. Many authors in North America and those in the United Kingdom favour the term fibrosing alveolitis when describing chronic interstitial pneumonias. There may be accompanying nonspecific Immunologic abnormalities, which may denote that fibrosing alveolitis is part of the wide spectrum of diseases known as connective tissue disorders. Recently immune complexes have been found in the lung parenchyma; they probably result in the granulocyte destruction and reticuloendothelial proliferation seen in the acute phase of the disease.There are no specific diagnostic tests for the disease apart from lung biopsy, which can be performed at the time of thoracotomy or transbronchially, with the use of a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope. Lavaged cells from the alveoli have also been obtained via the bronchoscope; in persons with fibrosing alveolitis a high proportion of these cells are neutrophils, and after corticosteroid treatment the proportion decreases. The progress of the disease can be followed by examination of these washings as well as by lung scanning with gallium-67 citrate. Newer methods of treatment using combinations of corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs are being evaluated and are initially proving to be successful.", "contents": "Fibrosing alveolitis. Fibrosing alveolitis is a disease of unknown cause mainly involving the gas-exchanging portions of the lungs. It may occur in isolation and be called cryptogenic or idiopathic, in which case the clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, or it may be associated with other disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The histopathologic abnormalities of the pulmonary tissue are identical in either instance. Other names used for the disease have included usual interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and the Hamman-Rich syndrome; these terms may describe different stages of the same pathologic process. Many authors in North America and those in the United Kingdom favour the term fibrosing alveolitis when describing chronic interstitial pneumonias. There may be accompanying nonspecific Immunologic abnormalities, which may denote that fibrosing alveolitis is part of the wide spectrum of diseases known as connective tissue disorders. Recently immune complexes have been found in the lung parenchyma; they probably result in the granulocyte destruction and reticuloendothelial proliferation seen in the acute phase of the disease.There are no specific diagnostic tests for the disease apart from lung biopsy, which can be performed at the time of thoracotomy or transbronchially, with the use of a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope. Lavaged cells from the alveoli have also been obtained via the bronchoscope; in persons with fibrosing alveolitis a high proportion of these cells are neutrophils, and after corticosteroid treatment the proportion decreases. The progress of the disease can be followed by examination of these washings as well as by lung scanning with gallium-67 citrate. Newer methods of treatment using combinations of corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs are being evaluated and are initially proving to be successful.", "PMID": 369671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_559", "title": "Self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension.", "content": "The efficacy of self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension was assessed in a randomized clinical trial involving 140 persons who had been receiving antihypertensive therapy for a year or more, but whose diastolic blood pressure had remained at 95 mm Hg or higher. To control for the increased attention implicit in self-recording, which might affect blood pressure, the patients were assigned at random to one of the four groups: self-recording and monthly home visits, self-recording only, monthly home visits only, and neither self-recording nor monthly home visits. This design also permitted assessment of the effect of home visits. During the 6-month experiment no significant differences were apparent between the groups in either compliance or diastolic blood pressure. However, both self-recording and monthly home visits produced a reduction in blood pressure among patients who admitted to difficulty remembering to take their pills; a reduction was not seen among patients who said they had no such difficulty. This confirmed an earlier observation suggesting that this easily identified group of patients may be the most responsive to intervention programs.", "contents": "Self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension. The efficacy of self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension was assessed in a randomized clinical trial involving 140 persons who had been receiving antihypertensive therapy for a year or more, but whose diastolic blood pressure had remained at 95 mm Hg or higher. To control for the increased attention implicit in self-recording, which might affect blood pressure, the patients were assigned at random to one of the four groups: self-recording and monthly home visits, self-recording only, monthly home visits only, and neither self-recording nor monthly home visits. This design also permitted assessment of the effect of home visits. During the 6-month experiment no significant differences were apparent between the groups in either compliance or diastolic blood pressure. However, both self-recording and monthly home visits produced a reduction in blood pressure among patients who admitted to difficulty remembering to take their pills; a reduction was not seen among patients who said they had no such difficulty. This confirmed an earlier observation suggesting that this easily identified group of patients may be the most responsive to intervention programs.", "PMID": 369673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_560", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma of the ileocecal region after chemotherapy for multiple myeloma.", "content": "Histiocytic lymphoma of the ileocecal region developed in a patient with multiple myeloma following successful long-term alkylating agent therapy. Five and one-half years after the diagnosis of myeloma, while in remission on cyclophosphamide therapy, the patient experienced severe abdominal right lower quadrant pain due to a large cecal lymphoma. A right hemicolectomy was performed with relief of symptoms. However, 9 months later, while still asymptomatic, routine physical examination revealed a recurrent right lower quadrant tumor. Radiation therapy decreased the size of the mass, but five months later partial small bowel obstruction occurred because of recurrent lymphomatous infiltration. The patient died 7 years after the diagnosis of myeloma with extensive abdominal lymphoma. There was no evidence of recurrent myeloma after the initial remission on cyclophosphamide therapy. This patient adds to the growing literature of a second malignancy occurring after prolonged successful chemotherapy of a primary neoplasm.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma of the ileocecal region after chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. Histiocytic lymphoma of the ileocecal region developed in a patient with multiple myeloma following successful long-term alkylating agent therapy. Five and one-half years after the diagnosis of myeloma, while in remission on cyclophosphamide therapy, the patient experienced severe abdominal right lower quadrant pain due to a large cecal lymphoma. A right hemicolectomy was performed with relief of symptoms. However, 9 months later, while still asymptomatic, routine physical examination revealed a recurrent right lower quadrant tumor. Radiation therapy decreased the size of the mass, but five months later partial small bowel obstruction occurred because of recurrent lymphomatous infiltration. The patient died 7 years after the diagnosis of myeloma with extensive abdominal lymphoma. There was no evidence of recurrent myeloma after the initial remission on cyclophosphamide therapy. This patient adds to the growing literature of a second malignancy occurring after prolonged successful chemotherapy of a primary neoplasm.", "PMID": 369675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_561", "title": "Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience with the rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience in the clinical application of the Rappaport Classification on Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is reviewed in 670 cases studied since 1972. The diagnoses of institutional pathologists were reviewed by the Pathology Panel and Repository Center for Lymphoma Clinical Studies. Diagnostic agreement in regard to histologic pattern (nodular versus diffuse) was excellent (90%) but was less favorable when concurrence as to both pattern and cell type was assessed (82% in NLDP and 60% or less in other subtypes). Disagreement in regard to NHL diagnosis is related to the complexity of present nomenclature and to the lack of support of pathology activities within cooperative groups. It is suggested that patients entered into group NHL studies be randomized into favorable and unfavorable groups, primarily on the basis of histological pattern.", "contents": "Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience with the rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience in the clinical application of the Rappaport Classification on Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is reviewed in 670 cases studied since 1972. The diagnoses of institutional pathologists were reviewed by the Pathology Panel and Repository Center for Lymphoma Clinical Studies. Diagnostic agreement in regard to histologic pattern (nodular versus diffuse) was excellent (90%) but was less favorable when concurrence as to both pattern and cell type was assessed (82% in NLDP and 60% or less in other subtypes). Disagreement in regard to NHL diagnosis is related to the complexity of present nomenclature and to the lack of support of pathology activities within cooperative groups. It is suggested that patients entered into group NHL studies be randomized into favorable and unfavorable groups, primarily on the basis of histological pattern.", "PMID": 369677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_562", "title": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologic study. X. Malignant lymphomas.", "content": "In our series of 256 nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, 21 were apparently primary malignant lymphomas, including 17 ordinary lymphomas and 4 cases of \"midline malignant reticulosis.\" Of the 15 patients who had ordinary lymphomas and had adequate follow-up, 8 died of lymphoma, 4 were living with disseminated disease, 1 died of other causes with persistent lymphoma and only 2 (13%) had no evidence of recurrence at 8 and 9 years after diagnosis. The tumor was controlled in its primary site by radiotherapy in 13 of 14 patients; however, all but 2 of these patients eventually developed disseminated disease. Of the 3 patients who had midline malignant reticulosis (MMR) and had adequate follow-up, all died of disease. MMR represents an unusual variant of malignant lymphoma and often produces the clinical picture of lethal midline granuloma.", "contents": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologic study. X. Malignant lymphomas. In our series of 256 nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, 21 were apparently primary malignant lymphomas, including 17 ordinary lymphomas and 4 cases of \"midline malignant reticulosis.\" Of the 15 patients who had ordinary lymphomas and had adequate follow-up, 8 died of lymphoma, 4 were living with disseminated disease, 1 died of other causes with persistent lymphoma and only 2 (13%) had no evidence of recurrence at 8 and 9 years after diagnosis. The tumor was controlled in its primary site by radiotherapy in 13 of 14 patients; however, all but 2 of these patients eventually developed disseminated disease. Of the 3 patients who had midline malignant reticulosis (MMR) and had adequate follow-up, all died of disease. MMR represents an unusual variant of malignant lymphoma and often produces the clinical picture of lethal midline granuloma.", "PMID": 369678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_563", "title": "Phase I study of thymidine plus 5-fluorouracil infusions in advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "In order to determine the minimal toxic dose of a 5-day infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5--FU) in combination with an infusion of thymidine (TdR), 12 patients, received TdR at a dose of 8 g/m2/day for 5 1/2 days, beginning at the same time as a 5-day infusion of 5-FU at doses of 5--20 mg/kg/day. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity, and the minimal toxic dose of 5--FU was found to be 7.5 mg/kg/day. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal to absent. In eight patients with carcinoma of the colon who had received no prior chemotherapy, there were two patients with partial responses (at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg/day of 5--FU), two patients with stable disease, one patient with progressive disease, and three patients with early death (two drug-related deaths and one disease-related death). In four patients who had received prior 5--FU, one had stable disease, one had progressive disease, and two had early death (one drug-related death). We conclude that the addition of TdR to 5--FU infusions changes the dose-limiting toxicity from gastrointestinal toxicity to myelosuppression. The minimal toxic dose is decreased to approximately one third of that when 5--FU is administered alone.", "contents": "Phase I study of thymidine plus 5-fluorouracil infusions in advanced colorectal carcinoma. In order to determine the minimal toxic dose of a 5-day infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5--FU) in combination with an infusion of thymidine (TdR), 12 patients, received TdR at a dose of 8 g/m2/day for 5 1/2 days, beginning at the same time as a 5-day infusion of 5-FU at doses of 5--20 mg/kg/day. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity, and the minimal toxic dose of 5--FU was found to be 7.5 mg/kg/day. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal to absent. In eight patients with carcinoma of the colon who had received no prior chemotherapy, there were two patients with partial responses (at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg/day of 5--FU), two patients with stable disease, one patient with progressive disease, and three patients with early death (two drug-related deaths and one disease-related death). In four patients who had received prior 5--FU, one had stable disease, one had progressive disease, and two had early death (one drug-related death). We conclude that the addition of TdR to 5--FU infusions changes the dose-limiting toxicity from gastrointestinal toxicity to myelosuppression. The minimal toxic dose is decreased to approximately one third of that when 5--FU is administered alone.", "PMID": 369680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_564", "title": "Phase II study of ICRF-159 in refractory metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "ICRF-159, at a dose of 300 mg/m2, was given orally every 8 hours for nine doses every 21 days to 40 patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to hormonal therapy and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and adriamycin chemotherapy. Two patients with soft tissue disease had short-lived partial responses. The hematologic toxicity was severe. Three patients required rbc transfusions. Four patients became septic at the nadir of leukopenia; two of these patients died while leukopenic. Two patients had platelet counts less than 25,000/mm3. All patients who were nonevaluable or who had life-threatening or lethal toxicity were nonambulatory. Since the 19 nonambulatory patients had a median survival of only 1.25 months as compared to 7 months in ambulatory patients, it is recommended that future phase II trials in chemotherapy-refractory breast cancer be limited to ambulatory patients. Although ICRF-159 has minimal antineoplastic effects, it is not recommended for further investigations in metastatic breast cancer, even at more hematologically tolerable doses of 250 mg/m2 every 8 hours for nine doses.", "contents": "Phase II study of ICRF-159 in refractory metastatic breast cancer. ICRF-159, at a dose of 300 mg/m2, was given orally every 8 hours for nine doses every 21 days to 40 patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to hormonal therapy and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and adriamycin chemotherapy. Two patients with soft tissue disease had short-lived partial responses. The hematologic toxicity was severe. Three patients required rbc transfusions. Four patients became septic at the nadir of leukopenia; two of these patients died while leukopenic. Two patients had platelet counts less than 25,000/mm3. All patients who were nonevaluable or who had life-threatening or lethal toxicity were nonambulatory. Since the 19 nonambulatory patients had a median survival of only 1.25 months as compared to 7 months in ambulatory patients, it is recommended that future phase II trials in chemotherapy-refractory breast cancer be limited to ambulatory patients. Although ICRF-159 has minimal antineoplastic effects, it is not recommended for further investigations in metastatic breast cancer, even at more hematologically tolerable doses of 250 mg/m2 every 8 hours for nine doses.", "PMID": 369681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_565", "title": "Ifosfamide versus cyclophosphamide in combination drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "A combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) was compared to a combination of 5-FU, adriamycin, and ifosfamide (FAI) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. All patients in the FAC and FAI groups also received nonspecific immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and levamisole. Of 117 evaluable FAC patients, 19 (16%) achieved complete remission and 66 (56%) achieved partial remission. In the FAI group, eight of 49 (16%) evaluable patients achieved complete remission and 24 (50%) achieved partial remission. The response rates, durations of remission, and survival were similar in both groups. The combination of two immunotherapeutic agents (BCG and levamisole) did not have an additive effect since their results were similar to our previous experience with FAC-BCG and FAC-levamisole. In the FAI group, 25% of the patients had hematuria, while none of the patients in the FAC group had urinary complications. Nausea and vomiting were more severe in FAI-treated patients and some patients required iv fluids to correct dehydration. Ifosfamide in combination with 5-FU and adriamycin was more toxic than and not superior to cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Ifosfamide versus cyclophosphamide in combination drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer. A combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) was compared to a combination of 5-FU, adriamycin, and ifosfamide (FAI) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. All patients in the FAC and FAI groups also received nonspecific immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and levamisole. Of 117 evaluable FAC patients, 19 (16%) achieved complete remission and 66 (56%) achieved partial remission. In the FAI group, eight of 49 (16%) evaluable patients achieved complete remission and 24 (50%) achieved partial remission. The response rates, durations of remission, and survival were similar in both groups. The combination of two immunotherapeutic agents (BCG and levamisole) did not have an additive effect since their results were similar to our previous experience with FAC-BCG and FAC-levamisole. In the FAI group, 25% of the patients had hematuria, while none of the patients in the FAC group had urinary complications. Nausea and vomiting were more severe in FAI-treated patients and some patients required iv fluids to correct dehydration. Ifosfamide in combination with 5-FU and adriamycin was more toxic than and not superior to cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 369682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_566", "title": "Limited activity of ICRF-159 in advanced acute leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with advanced acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 16 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and two with acute undifferentiated leukemia were treated with ICRF-159. No patient achieved a complete remission and only three patients (6%) achieved a partial bone marrow remission. The only significant toxic effect was myelosuppression which probably contributed to the death of six patients. Five patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia received a combination of ICRF-159 and low-dose cytosine arabinoside. There were no remissions in this group and the toxic effects were more marked than with ICRF-159 alone. This study confirms the limited activity of ICRF-159 as a single agent in acute leukemia demonstrated in smaller series, and shows that, when used in combination with low-dose cytosine arabinoside, it was ineffective and resulted in increased toxicity. ICRF-159 alone or in combination with cytosine arabinoside has very limited activity in advanced adult acute leukemia.", "contents": "Limited activity of ICRF-159 in advanced acute leukemia. Twenty-eight patients with advanced acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 16 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and two with acute undifferentiated leukemia were treated with ICRF-159. No patient achieved a complete remission and only three patients (6%) achieved a partial bone marrow remission. The only significant toxic effect was myelosuppression which probably contributed to the death of six patients. Five patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia received a combination of ICRF-159 and low-dose cytosine arabinoside. There were no remissions in this group and the toxic effects were more marked than with ICRF-159 alone. This study confirms the limited activity of ICRF-159 as a single agent in acute leukemia demonstrated in smaller series, and shows that, when used in combination with low-dose cytosine arabinoside, it was ineffective and resulted in increased toxicity. ICRF-159 alone or in combination with cytosine arabinoside has very limited activity in advanced adult acute leukemia.", "PMID": 369684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_567", "title": "Phase II trial of adriamycin in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.", "content": "Forty-three patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma no longer amenable to management with surgery or radiotherapy were treated with adriamycin. Sixteen of the 43 patients demonstrated objective response to drug therapy with a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in the size of measurable disease. There were 11 complete responses among these 16 responders. Responders had a significantly better survival than nonresponders (P less than 0.05). Initial performance status was the only factor of demonstrable prognostic significance. Toxicity was similar to that observed in other phase II trials of adriamycin. Adriamycin, based on these data, is an active agent in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "Phase II trial of adriamycin in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Forty-three patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma no longer amenable to management with surgery or radiotherapy were treated with adriamycin. Sixteen of the 43 patients demonstrated objective response to drug therapy with a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in the size of measurable disease. There were 11 complete responses among these 16 responders. Responders had a significantly better survival than nonresponders (P less than 0.05). Initial performance status was the only factor of demonstrable prognostic significance. Toxicity was similar to that observed in other phase II trials of adriamycin. Adriamycin, based on these data, is an active agent in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 369691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_568", "title": "VM-26, a new anticancer drug with effectiveness in malignant lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (EST 1474).", "content": "Thirty-six patients with stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, who had become refractory to conventional chemotherapy, were treated with VM-26. Complete remissions were documented in two patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Six patients (four with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and two with Hodgkin's disease) had partial remissions. The overall response rate was 22% (eight of 36 patients). Hematologic toxicity was the most frequent dose-limiting toxicity. Nonhematologic toxic effects were mild and acceptable. This study demonstrates that VM-26 can produce tumor responses in refractory lymphomas. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group is currently planning two new phase II studies to incorporate VM-26 with other active new agents, one involving hexamethylmelamine and the other involving cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "contents": "VM-26, a new anticancer drug with effectiveness in malignant lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (EST 1474). Thirty-six patients with stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, who had become refractory to conventional chemotherapy, were treated with VM-26. Complete remissions were documented in two patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Six patients (four with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and two with Hodgkin's disease) had partial remissions. The overall response rate was 22% (eight of 36 patients). Hematologic toxicity was the most frequent dose-limiting toxicity. Nonhematologic toxic effects were mild and acceptable. This study demonstrates that VM-26 can produce tumor responses in refractory lymphomas. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group is currently planning two new phase II studies to incorporate VM-26 with other active new agents, one involving hexamethylmelamine and the other involving cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "PMID": 369693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_569", "title": "Phase I evaluation of piperazinedione in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "The effects of iv administered piperazinedione were studied in 28 evaluable adult and eight evaluable pediatric patients with advanced cancer. Piperazinedione produced predictable myelosuppression of moderate degree at dosages of 3--3.5 mg/m2/day X 5 days by iv injection. When given in this manner, nausea and vomiting did not occur. Single iv doses of 10--15 mg/m2 produced mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting and mild myelosuppression. Thrombocytopenia was more severe than leukopenia in both schedules. The drug produced comparable dose-related effects in adults and children. Although no therapeutic response was observed in the adults, a partial remission of 6 months' duration was seen in one child with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Phase I evaluation of piperazinedione in patients with advanced cancer. The effects of iv administered piperazinedione were studied in 28 evaluable adult and eight evaluable pediatric patients with advanced cancer. Piperazinedione produced predictable myelosuppression of moderate degree at dosages of 3--3.5 mg/m2/day X 5 days by iv injection. When given in this manner, nausea and vomiting did not occur. Single iv doses of 10--15 mg/m2 produced mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting and mild myelosuppression. Thrombocytopenia was more severe than leukopenia in both schedules. The drug produced comparable dose-related effects in adults and children. Although no therapeutic response was observed in the adults, a partial remission of 6 months' duration was seen in one child with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 369694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_570", "title": "Phase II study with sequential L-asparaginase and methotrexate in advanced refractory breast cancer.", "content": "The combination of sequential L-asparaginase and methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated in 33 patients with advanced refractory breast cancer. There were nine partial responses and one complete response, giving an overall response rate of 30% and a median duration of response of 8 months. Five of 17 patients (28%) who had received prior MTX at doses of less than 50 mg/m2 responded. Toxicity was acceptable. Moderate-to-severe stomatitis occurred in most patients and was the dose-limiting factor. Myelosuppression was minimal until the dose of MTX was escalated to greater than or equal to 180 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose of MTX was 280 mg/m2 and the median toxic dose was 220 mg/m2. These data indicate a selective \"rescue\" from MTX damage to normal target tissue by L-asparaginase. The antitumor effect observed even in patients who had been previously exposed to conventional doses of MTX suggests a possible improved therapeutic index of MTX given sequentially with L-asparaginase in this combination.", "contents": "Phase II study with sequential L-asparaginase and methotrexate in advanced refractory breast cancer. The combination of sequential L-asparaginase and methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated in 33 patients with advanced refractory breast cancer. There were nine partial responses and one complete response, giving an overall response rate of 30% and a median duration of response of 8 months. Five of 17 patients (28%) who had received prior MTX at doses of less than 50 mg/m2 responded. Toxicity was acceptable. Moderate-to-severe stomatitis occurred in most patients and was the dose-limiting factor. Myelosuppression was minimal until the dose of MTX was escalated to greater than or equal to 180 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose of MTX was 280 mg/m2 and the median toxic dose was 220 mg/m2. These data indicate a selective \"rescue\" from MTX damage to normal target tissue by L-asparaginase. The antitumor effect observed even in patients who had been previously exposed to conventional doses of MTX suggests a possible improved therapeutic index of MTX given sequentially with L-asparaginase in this combination.", "PMID": 369695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_571", "title": "Right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriosus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels.", "content": "Two patients with a right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriosus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels are described. The clinical, angiographic, and surgical findings in these two cases are detailed, and a description of the embryologic basis for these anomalies is given.", "contents": "Right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriosus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels. Two patients with a right aortic arch, right patent ductus arteriosus, and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels are described. The clinical, angiographic, and surgical findings in these two cases are detailed, and a description of the embryologic basis for these anomalies is given.", "PMID": 369696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_572", "title": "Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis using the quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation.", "content": "Cultures of L cells were grown in medium containing 2.0 mg/l bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and stained with the fluorescent dye 33258 Hoechst for flow cytometric analysis. During exposure to BUdR, The cells replace thymidine by BUdR in the newly synthesized DNA. The new DNA is not stainable with 33258 Hoechst, which is highly specific for thymidine. The temporal development of the fluorescence distributions after addition of BUdR to the growth medium has been investigated in the flow cytometer, and the data were used to calculate the mean durations of the phases G1, S and G2 + M in exponentially growing cultures as well as the cycle transit times in synchronized cultures. The percentage of non-cycling cells was determined in each experiment.", "contents": "Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis using the quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Cultures of L cells were grown in medium containing 2.0 mg/l bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and stained with the fluorescent dye 33258 Hoechst for flow cytometric analysis. During exposure to BUdR, The cells replace thymidine by BUdR in the newly synthesized DNA. The new DNA is not stainable with 33258 Hoechst, which is highly specific for thymidine. The temporal development of the fluorescence distributions after addition of BUdR to the growth medium has been investigated in the flow cytometer, and the data were used to calculate the mean durations of the phases G1, S and G2 + M in exponentially growing cultures as well as the cycle transit times in synchronized cultures. The percentage of non-cycling cells was determined in each experiment.", "PMID": 369699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_573", "title": "Delay of cell cycle progression after X-irradiation of synchronized populations of human cells (NHIK 3025) in culture.", "content": "The effect of X-irradiation on the cell cycle progression of synchronized populations of the human cell line NHIK 3025 has been studied in terms of the radiation-induced delay of DNA replication and cell division. Results were obtained by flow cytometric measurement of histograms of cellular DNA content and parallel use of conventional methods for cell cycle analysis, such as pulse labelling with [3H]thymidine and counting of cell numbers. The two sets of methods were generally in good agreement, but the advantages of employing two independent techniques are pointed out. Irradiation was found to have a minor influence on DNA replication. As compared with unirradiated populations, half-completed DNA replication was 20--30 min delayed in populations 580 rad in mid-G1 or 290 rad in early S. Cell cycle progression was markedly delayed in G2. The sensitivity induction of this delay was 0.6 min/rad for populations irradiated in mid-G1, and 1.4 min/rad for populations irradiated in early S.", "contents": "Delay of cell cycle progression after X-irradiation of synchronized populations of human cells (NHIK 3025) in culture. The effect of X-irradiation on the cell cycle progression of synchronized populations of the human cell line NHIK 3025 has been studied in terms of the radiation-induced delay of DNA replication and cell division. Results were obtained by flow cytometric measurement of histograms of cellular DNA content and parallel use of conventional methods for cell cycle analysis, such as pulse labelling with [3H]thymidine and counting of cell numbers. The two sets of methods were generally in good agreement, but the advantages of employing two independent techniques are pointed out. Irradiation was found to have a minor influence on DNA replication. As compared with unirradiated populations, half-completed DNA replication was 20--30 min delayed in populations 580 rad in mid-G1 or 290 rad in early S. Cell cycle progression was markedly delayed in G2. The sensitivity induction of this delay was 0.6 min/rad for populations irradiated in mid-G1, and 1.4 min/rad for populations irradiated in early S.", "PMID": 369700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_574", "title": "In vitro transcripts from the rrn B ribosomal RNA cistron originate from two tandem promoters.", "content": "The functional structure of the promoter region of a bacterial ribosomal operon is analyzed by in vitro transcription of linear DNA fragments derived from the hybrid Col EI plasmid pGG1. This plasmid contains the promoter region of the rrn B ribosomal cistron present in the lambdarifd18. When transcripts arising from this promoter region are terminated by restriction endonuclease cleavage of DNA, two RNA chains are resolved by gel electrophoresis that differ in length by about 100 bases. Evidence is presented indicating that these two transcripts arise from different initiation sites, each directing tandem transcription on the sense strand of the early portion of the ribosomal cistron.", "contents": "In vitro transcripts from the rrn B ribosomal RNA cistron originate from two tandem promoters. The functional structure of the promoter region of a bacterial ribosomal operon is analyzed by in vitro transcription of linear DNA fragments derived from the hybrid Col EI plasmid pGG1. This plasmid contains the promoter region of the rrn B ribosomal cistron present in the lambdarifd18. When transcripts arising from this promoter region are terminated by restriction endonuclease cleavage of DNA, two RNA chains are resolved by gel electrophoresis that differ in length by about 100 bases. Evidence is presented indicating that these two transcripts arise from different initiation sites, each directing tandem transcription on the sense strand of the early portion of the ribosomal cistron.", "PMID": 369703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_575", "title": "Mu insertion duplicates a 5 base pair sequence at the host inserted site.", "content": "Nucleotide sequences were analyzed across the two ends of lysogenic Mu DNA. These ends were cloned separately in lambdapMu hybrid particles that derived from a single Mu lysogen in the lac Z part of lambdaplac5. The obtained data imply that Mu lysogenization was associated with the duplication of 5 base pairs present in lac DNA at the Mu insertion site. As a result of this duplication, Mu DNA is flanked by two copies of five identical base pairs oriented as direct repeats. A similar conclusion has been obtained independently by other investigators with the use of a different Mu lysogen (D. Kamp and R. Kahmann, personal communication). Thus Mu insertion seems to have a striking similarity to typical IS-mediated insertions that were found to be associated with a short DNA duplication at the target site.", "contents": "Mu insertion duplicates a 5 base pair sequence at the host inserted site. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed across the two ends of lysogenic Mu DNA. These ends were cloned separately in lambdapMu hybrid particles that derived from a single Mu lysogen in the lac Z part of lambdaplac5. The obtained data imply that Mu lysogenization was associated with the duplication of 5 base pairs present in lac DNA at the Mu insertion site. As a result of this duplication, Mu DNA is flanked by two copies of five identical base pairs oriented as direct repeats. A similar conclusion has been obtained independently by other investigators with the use of a different Mu lysogen (D. Kamp and R. Kahmann, personal communication). Thus Mu insertion seems to have a striking similarity to typical IS-mediated insertions that were found to be associated with a short DNA duplication at the target site.", "PMID": 369704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_576", "title": "Antibodies against chromosomal HMG proteins stain the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.", "content": "Antibodies specific to protein HMG-1 were purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose columns to which HMG-1 was covalently bound. Immunofluorescence studies with these antibodies reveal that HMG-1 or components which immunologically cross-react with HMG-1 are present in the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster V-79, rat liver TR-12 and bovine trachea EBTr-NBL-4 cells. At selected antibody concentrations, the fluorescence present in the cytoplasm is more intense than that observed in the nucleus. The presence of HMG-1 protein in the cytoplasm of rat liver cells was verified by direct examination of the protein content of selected cytoplasmic fractions. A protein with electrophoretic mobility identical to HMG-1 was detected by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing either sodium dodecylsulfate or urea. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic extracts yielded a positive complement fixation with anti-HMG-1, while no reaction was obtained with control anti-H1 sera. We suggest that HMG protins, rather than functioning in the nucleus alone, are important structural elements of the entire cell.", "contents": "Antibodies against chromosomal HMG proteins stain the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. Antibodies specific to protein HMG-1 were purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose columns to which HMG-1 was covalently bound. Immunofluorescence studies with these antibodies reveal that HMG-1 or components which immunologically cross-react with HMG-1 are present in the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster V-79, rat liver TR-12 and bovine trachea EBTr-NBL-4 cells. At selected antibody concentrations, the fluorescence present in the cytoplasm is more intense than that observed in the nucleus. The presence of HMG-1 protein in the cytoplasm of rat liver cells was verified by direct examination of the protein content of selected cytoplasmic fractions. A protein with electrophoretic mobility identical to HMG-1 was detected by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing either sodium dodecylsulfate or urea. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic extracts yielded a positive complement fixation with anti-HMG-1, while no reaction was obtained with control anti-H1 sera. We suggest that HMG protins, rather than functioning in the nucleus alone, are important structural elements of the entire cell.", "PMID": 369705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_577", "title": "Length-independent separation of DNA restriction fragments in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "When double helical DNA is exposed to conditions favoring partial melting in polyacrylamide gels, its electrophoretic mobility undergoes a sharp cooperative transition, resulting in a large reduction in mobility. In the present experiments, where the transition is effected at a uniform temperature of 60 degrees C in a concentration gradient of a urea-formamide mixture, each Eco RI fragment of lambda or E. coli DNA exhibits the mobility transition at a characteristic concentration of the denaturant. The sudden retardation of fragments moving toward higher denaturant concentration in the gradient results in a pattern of sharpened zones in order depending upon nucleotide sequence, rather than size, and only very slightly dependent upon the time after the last fragment has been retarded. When combined with length-dependent electrophoresis in agarose in the perpendicular direction, this system provides a two-dimensional separation of fragments. The resolving power of the system is demonstrated by the clear resolution of over 250 fragments of the Eco RI digest of E. coli DNA. Corresponding fragments from an isogenic lambda lysogen of E. coli are found in the same positions, and additional fragments unique to the lysogen are evident.", "contents": "Length-independent separation of DNA restriction fragments in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When double helical DNA is exposed to conditions favoring partial melting in polyacrylamide gels, its electrophoretic mobility undergoes a sharp cooperative transition, resulting in a large reduction in mobility. In the present experiments, where the transition is effected at a uniform temperature of 60 degrees C in a concentration gradient of a urea-formamide mixture, each Eco RI fragment of lambda or E. coli DNA exhibits the mobility transition at a characteristic concentration of the denaturant. The sudden retardation of fragments moving toward higher denaturant concentration in the gradient results in a pattern of sharpened zones in order depending upon nucleotide sequence, rather than size, and only very slightly dependent upon the time after the last fragment has been retarded. When combined with length-dependent electrophoresis in agarose in the perpendicular direction, this system provides a two-dimensional separation of fragments. The resolving power of the system is demonstrated by the clear resolution of over 250 fragments of the Eco RI digest of E. coli DNA. Corresponding fragments from an isogenic lambda lysogen of E. coli are found in the same positions, and additional fragments unique to the lysogen are evident.", "PMID": 369706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_578", "title": "The participation of alpha-actinin in the capping of cell membrane components.", "content": "By means of double fluorescence staining experiments, intracellular alpha-actinin was found to accumulate under caps and patches induced in several cells by a variety of ligands. This phenomenon was demonstrated in lymphocytes and lymphoma cells treated with anti-H-2 sera; spleen lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A or anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, and VSV-infected mouse fibroblast line MC57 treated with antiserum against viral antigens. It occurred during both rapid and slow capping processes, and could be obtained by either direct or indirect ligand-induced redistribution. These observations were carried out on whole cells. For other cytoskeletal proteins such as filamin, tropomyosin and myosin, a similar accumulation under caps was not readily apparent using whole cell mounts, although earlier experiments with frozen-sectioned cells had shown such an enrichment of myosin (as well as actin). The enrichment of alpha-actinin under the clustered surface molecules was already apparent in early stages (patching) of the capping process, with or without 10 mM sodium azide present. Prolonged incubation of the cells with the different ligands resulted in endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex. alpha-Actinin was not associated with the inernalized complex, however, suggesting that it may dissociate from the patched or capped surface structures at some stage during endocytosis.", "contents": "The participation of alpha-actinin in the capping of cell membrane components. By means of double fluorescence staining experiments, intracellular alpha-actinin was found to accumulate under caps and patches induced in several cells by a variety of ligands. This phenomenon was demonstrated in lymphocytes and lymphoma cells treated with anti-H-2 sera; spleen lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A or anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, and VSV-infected mouse fibroblast line MC57 treated with antiserum against viral antigens. It occurred during both rapid and slow capping processes, and could be obtained by either direct or indirect ligand-induced redistribution. These observations were carried out on whole cells. For other cytoskeletal proteins such as filamin, tropomyosin and myosin, a similar accumulation under caps was not readily apparent using whole cell mounts, although earlier experiments with frozen-sectioned cells had shown such an enrichment of myosin (as well as actin). The enrichment of alpha-actinin under the clustered surface molecules was already apparent in early stages (patching) of the capping process, with or without 10 mM sodium azide present. Prolonged incubation of the cells with the different ligands resulted in endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex. alpha-Actinin was not associated with the inernalized complex, however, suggesting that it may dissociate from the patched or capped surface structures at some stage during endocytosis.", "PMID": 369707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_579", "title": "The activity of chloroquine against plasmodium falciparum in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran, 1976.", "content": "Study to monitor the susceptibility of P. falciparum to chloroquine in south Iran was conducted in Bandar Abbas. Forty-five falciparum malaria subjects who had received 25mg. chloroquine base per kg. body weight over 3 days were followed up for 4 weeks, while three other patients for a period of 1-3 weeks. No recrudescence could be confirmed among the subjects during the follow up of the study. The mean time of asexual parasites clearance was 2.15 days. The action of chloroquine against the asexual form of P. falciparum in the present study was suspected to be slower as compared with those observed in the previous studies. However, both in vivo and limited study using the in vitro technique showed that the response of P. falciparum asexual parasites to chloroquine was still satisfactory. The study supports previous findings in Ethiopia that acquired immunity malaria had no significant effect on the asexual parasite clearance time.", "contents": "The activity of chloroquine against plasmodium falciparum in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran, 1976. Study to monitor the susceptibility of P. falciparum to chloroquine in south Iran was conducted in Bandar Abbas. Forty-five falciparum malaria subjects who had received 25mg. chloroquine base per kg. body weight over 3 days were followed up for 4 weeks, while three other patients for a period of 1-3 weeks. No recrudescence could be confirmed among the subjects during the follow up of the study. The mean time of asexual parasites clearance was 2.15 days. The action of chloroquine against the asexual form of P. falciparum in the present study was suspected to be slower as compared with those observed in the previous studies. However, both in vivo and limited study using the in vitro technique showed that the response of P. falciparum asexual parasites to chloroquine was still satisfactory. The study supports previous findings in Ethiopia that acquired immunity malaria had no significant effect on the asexual parasite clearance time.", "PMID": 369728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_580", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Gabon. Results of a serologic survey].", "content": "1,448 sera taken from individuals of various places of South-Eastern Gabon have been studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and Fulton direct agglutination associated with 2-mercapto-ethanol test, 52.6% contained antitoxiplasmic antibodies. This study showed that toxoplasmic infection occurs early in both sexes, that it is more frequent in men (57.9%) than in women (45.4%), that the Ogoou\u00e9-Lolo province is more contaminated (62.6%) than the High Ogoou\u00e9 province (49.6%). It seems that prevalence differences are less dependent upon the telluric elimate than upon other factors, which remain to find.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis in Eastern Gabon. Results of a serologic survey]. 1,448 sera taken from individuals of various places of South-Eastern Gabon have been studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and Fulton direct agglutination associated with 2-mercapto-ethanol test, 52.6% contained antitoxiplasmic antibodies. This study showed that toxoplasmic infection occurs early in both sexes, that it is more frequent in men (57.9%) than in women (45.4%), that the Ogoou\u00e9-Lolo province is more contaminated (62.6%) than the High Ogoou\u00e9 province (49.6%). It seems that prevalence differences are less dependent upon the telluric elimate than upon other factors, which remain to find.", "PMID": 369729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_581", "title": "Flunisolide--a new intranasal steroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A double-blind, cross-over comparison of flunisolide nasal spray and its inactive aqueous vehicle has been carried out in fifty patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups; the first group (group I) received flunisolide for 3 weeks and then placebo for 3 weeks while the regimes were given in the reverse order to the second group (group II). Patients used two insufflations of 0.1 ml in each nostril twice daily. As the active spray was presented as a 0.025% solution of flunisolide, the total daily dosage was 200 microgram. Patients were assessed on admission and at the end of each 3 week period. The results show flunisolide to be significantly superior to placebo in relieving sneezing, nasal obstruction and postnasal drip, as well as improving the quality of sleep and everday life. At the end of the trial the preferences for treatment recorded by both doctors and patients were significantly in favour of the flunisolide spray. Side effects were minor and occurred during both placebo and active phases of the trial. A short Synacthen test performed at each visit showed no evidence of adrenal suppression.", "contents": "Flunisolide--a new intranasal steroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A double-blind, cross-over comparison of flunisolide nasal spray and its inactive aqueous vehicle has been carried out in fifty patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups; the first group (group I) received flunisolide for 3 weeks and then placebo for 3 weeks while the regimes were given in the reverse order to the second group (group II). Patients used two insufflations of 0.1 ml in each nostril twice daily. As the active spray was presented as a 0.025% solution of flunisolide, the total daily dosage was 200 microgram. Patients were assessed on admission and at the end of each 3 week period. The results show flunisolide to be significantly superior to placebo in relieving sneezing, nasal obstruction and postnasal drip, as well as improving the quality of sleep and everday life. At the end of the trial the preferences for treatment recorded by both doctors and patients were significantly in favour of the flunisolide spray. Side effects were minor and occurred during both placebo and active phases of the trial. A short Synacthen test performed at each visit showed no evidence of adrenal suppression.", "PMID": 369735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_582", "title": "Another look at Daggett's 1948 tympanoplasty.", "content": "It is important that we look critically at the results of conservative tympanoplasty in the presence of cholesteatoma. Lessons and observations taught many years ago by earlier otologists may give us valuable leads. A method of conservative surgery for chronic suppurative ear disease devised by Dr William Daggett in London in the late 1940s is described and evaluated in the light of current technical expertise.", "contents": "Another look at Daggett's 1948 tympanoplasty. It is important that we look critically at the results of conservative tympanoplasty in the presence of cholesteatoma. Lessons and observations taught many years ago by earlier otologists may give us valuable leads. A method of conservative surgery for chronic suppurative ear disease devised by Dr William Daggett in London in the late 1940s is described and evaluated in the light of current technical expertise.", "PMID": 369736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_583", "title": "[The role of interhuman contacts in the transmission of cholera, epidemics of 1832 and 1854].", "content": "By mapping the evidence of excess mortality month by month for cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1854, which were the most deadly and most typical of their kind in France, the authors are able to provide a kinetic description of the propagation of the Asian disease throughout the whole of France. Traditionally it has been assumed that hydric anademia explains, for the most part, the paths taken by the disease and its varying intensity, but the importance of direct interhuman contamination is demonstrated by the similitude between the ways gone along by the propagation and these of the circulation of men and goods. The evolution in the structure and volume of commercial exchanges in the first half of the nineteenth century in France, may account for the fact new areas of propagation of disease appeared in 1854, pointing to an increase in mobility and the opening up of entire regions to trade. Nevertheless, the example of migrants from Paris to Gu\u00e9ret seems to show that the part of \"healthy germ-carriers\" in the contamination is very slight.", "contents": "[The role of interhuman contacts in the transmission of cholera, epidemics of 1832 and 1854]. By mapping the evidence of excess mortality month by month for cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1854, which were the most deadly and most typical of their kind in France, the authors are able to provide a kinetic description of the propagation of the Asian disease throughout the whole of France. Traditionally it has been assumed that hydric anademia explains, for the most part, the paths taken by the disease and its varying intensity, but the importance of direct interhuman contamination is demonstrated by the similitude between the ways gone along by the propagation and these of the circulation of men and goods. The evolution in the structure and volume of commercial exchanges in the first half of the nineteenth century in France, may account for the fact new areas of propagation of disease appeared in 1854, pointing to an increase in mobility and the opening up of entire regions to trade. Nevertheless, the example of migrants from Paris to Gu\u00e9ret seems to show that the part of \"healthy germ-carriers\" in the contamination is very slight.", "PMID": 369727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_584", "title": "Reconstruction after pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy using delto-pectoral flap.", "content": "Fifty patients with hypopharyngeal cancer treated with total pharyngolaryngectomy and staged reconstruction using delto-pectoral flaps in the years from 1967-1976 were studied. The main complications were fistulae and stricture formation; these are described. The hospital mortality was low, and postoperative deaths only occurred in previously irradiated patients. The crude 5-year survival was 35%.", "contents": "Reconstruction after pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy using delto-pectoral flap. Fifty patients with hypopharyngeal cancer treated with total pharyngolaryngectomy and staged reconstruction using delto-pectoral flaps in the years from 1967-1976 were studied. The main complications were fistulae and stricture formation; these are described. The hospital mortality was low, and postoperative deaths only occurred in previously irradiated patients. The crude 5-year survival was 35%.", "PMID": 369737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_585", "title": "[A critical study of immuno-enzymatic reactions coupled with the precipitation tests on cellulose acetate membranes].", "content": "Precipitating tests carried out on cellulose acetate membrane can be increased by treating the immune complexes with enzyme linked anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. From our trials in parastic diseases (Amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, fasciolasis, filariasis, hydatidosis, trichinosis) and mycosis (Aspergillosis, Candidiasis), it seems that the immuno-enzymatic labelling of the \"active\" precipitating reactions should only be taken in consideration. We must insit on the importance of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electrodiffusion-assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electro-phoresis-assay). Both of these analytical assays are particularly sensitive. The sequence of appearance of the multiple precipitating systems of the complex parasitic mosaic can easily be watched. The different classes of immunoglobulins and their kinetics are determined by the use of monospecific antibodies linked to different enzymes which give a polychromic specific staining.", "contents": "[A critical study of immuno-enzymatic reactions coupled with the precipitation tests on cellulose acetate membranes]. Precipitating tests carried out on cellulose acetate membrane can be increased by treating the immune complexes with enzyme linked anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. From our trials in parastic diseases (Amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, fasciolasis, filariasis, hydatidosis, trichinosis) and mycosis (Aspergillosis, Candidiasis), it seems that the immuno-enzymatic labelling of the \"active\" precipitating reactions should only be taken in consideration. We must insit on the importance of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electrodiffusion-assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electro-phoresis-assay). Both of these analytical assays are particularly sensitive. The sequence of appearance of the multiple precipitating systems of the complex parasitic mosaic can easily be watched. The different classes of immunoglobulins and their kinetics are determined by the use of monospecific antibodies linked to different enzymes which give a polychromic specific staining.", "PMID": 369730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_586", "title": "[Malaria caused by accidental inoculation. 1 case].", "content": "The authors report a case of direct infection of a nurse who had taken blood sample from a young patient suffering from malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. Six similar observations have been reported in the literature. In addition, accidental infection has been observed following the use of non sterile syringes. As a result, malaria could be an unexpected consequence of the drug habit.", "contents": "[Malaria caused by accidental inoculation. 1 case]. The authors report a case of direct infection of a nurse who had taken blood sample from a young patient suffering from malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. Six similar observations have been reported in the literature. In addition, accidental infection has been observed following the use of non sterile syringes. As a result, malaria could be an unexpected consequence of the drug habit.", "PMID": 369732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_587", "title": "Gallstone dissolution--a progress report.", "content": "Cholesterol gallstone formation occurs in three stages. First, the bile must be saturated with cholesterol, thereby allowing cholesterol crystals to form. Then, nucleation and growth of the gallstone can occur, although little is known about these latter two stages. Therapy for dissolution of gallstones is directed at desaturating the bile. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), the most extensively tested agent, is successful in dissolving 60 per cent of radiolucent gallstones; however, long-term safety remains to be demonstrated. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the 7 beta epimer of CDCA, is a promising agent for cholesterol gallstone dissolution, but it, other potential agents, and dietary manipulations require more extensive study. An important problem, the prevention of recurrence of gallstones after dissolution, also needs resolution. Medical dissolution probably will be applicable as an alternative to cholecystectomy for most patients with radiolucent gallstones, but the specific relative indications remain to be determined. A variety of modalities, both medical and surgical, are being used for the treatment of retained or reformed bile duct stones. These include T-tube infusions, oral CDCA, and extraction either through the T-tube tract or after endoscopic papillotomy. Further studies, including controlled trials, are necessary to determine the relative indications for these methods.", "contents": "Gallstone dissolution--a progress report. Cholesterol gallstone formation occurs in three stages. First, the bile must be saturated with cholesterol, thereby allowing cholesterol crystals to form. Then, nucleation and growth of the gallstone can occur, although little is known about these latter two stages. Therapy for dissolution of gallstones is directed at desaturating the bile. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), the most extensively tested agent, is successful in dissolving 60 per cent of radiolucent gallstones; however, long-term safety remains to be demonstrated. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the 7 beta epimer of CDCA, is a promising agent for cholesterol gallstone dissolution, but it, other potential agents, and dietary manipulations require more extensive study. An important problem, the prevention of recurrence of gallstones after dissolution, also needs resolution. Medical dissolution probably will be applicable as an alternative to cholecystectomy for most patients with radiolucent gallstones, but the specific relative indications remain to be determined. A variety of modalities, both medical and surgical, are being used for the treatment of retained or reformed bile duct stones. These include T-tube infusions, oral CDCA, and extraction either through the T-tube tract or after endoscopic papillotomy. Further studies, including controlled trials, are necessary to determine the relative indications for these methods.", "PMID": 369742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_588", "title": "Supplemental nutrition and digestive disease.", "content": "Nutrition is an antegral part of medical management and patient care. The goal of nutritional therapy is to provide nutrients in form and amount appropriate to patients' needs. Dietary modification and application of available nutritional supplements in digestive disorders should be based upon an appreciation of the fundamental pathophysiological derangements and tailored to restore optimal gastrointestinal function.", "contents": "Supplemental nutrition and digestive disease. Nutrition is an antegral part of medical management and patient care. The goal of nutritional therapy is to provide nutrients in form and amount appropriate to patients' needs. Dietary modification and application of available nutritional supplements in digestive disorders should be based upon an appreciation of the fundamental pathophysiological derangements and tailored to restore optimal gastrointestinal function.", "PMID": 369743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_589", "title": "Antidiarrhoeal agents and laxatives: changing concepts.", "content": "Recognition that altered intestinal electrolyte transport (decreased absorption and/or increased secretion) is a primary factor in many types of diarrhoea is shaping the search for new types of antidiarrhoeal agents; it also supports continuing interest in the time-honoured but still largely unproved adsorbents. Recognition that altered intestinal electrolyte transport is also a primary effect of certain of the laxatives is of less immediate practical significance, because of the appropriate emphasis on dietary fibre and other nonpharmacological measures for prevention and correction of functional constipation. However, interest in the laxatives and their mechanisms of action will probably be directed to unanswered problems in bowel motility and the pathogenesis of constipation, which could subsequently modify use of the laxatives.", "contents": "Antidiarrhoeal agents and laxatives: changing concepts. Recognition that altered intestinal electrolyte transport (decreased absorption and/or increased secretion) is a primary factor in many types of diarrhoea is shaping the search for new types of antidiarrhoeal agents; it also supports continuing interest in the time-honoured but still largely unproved adsorbents. Recognition that altered intestinal electrolyte transport is also a primary effect of certain of the laxatives is of less immediate practical significance, because of the appropriate emphasis on dietary fibre and other nonpharmacological measures for prevention and correction of functional constipation. However, interest in the laxatives and their mechanisms of action will probably be directed to unanswered problems in bowel motility and the pathogenesis of constipation, which could subsequently modify use of the laxatives.", "PMID": 369744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_590", "title": "Spleen scan in histiocytic lymphoma: response to therapy.", "content": "Spleen scan demonstration of space-occupying lesions in patients with histiocytic lymphoma is a sensitive but not a specific finding. However, response to therapy could be evaluated if pretreatment scans show well-defined space-occupying lesions and posttreatment scans showed resolution of those changes.", "contents": "Spleen scan in histiocytic lymphoma: response to therapy. Spleen scan demonstration of space-occupying lesions in patients with histiocytic lymphoma is a sensitive but not a specific finding. However, response to therapy could be evaluated if pretreatment scans show well-defined space-occupying lesions and posttreatment scans showed resolution of those changes.", "PMID": 369759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_591", "title": "Septic arthritis mimicking cellulitis: distinction using radionuclide bone imaging.", "content": "Two patients originally diagnosed as having cellulitis involving the dorsum of the foot actually had bacterial arthritis of an underlying joint. In both patients, even after pyarthrosis was suspected, the wrong joint was aspirated. The arthropathies were located by subsequent 99mTc-phosphate bone imaging at a time when roentgenograms were normal. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy of septic arthritis are essential to prevent joint destruction and osteomyelitis. Radionuclide bone imaging can identify inflammatory joint disease but it cannot specify etiology. In our patients, however, the differential diagnosis was between skin and joint infection. Radionuclide imaging was of great help in making this distinction.", "contents": "Septic arthritis mimicking cellulitis: distinction using radionuclide bone imaging. Two patients originally diagnosed as having cellulitis involving the dorsum of the foot actually had bacterial arthritis of an underlying joint. In both patients, even after pyarthrosis was suspected, the wrong joint was aspirated. The arthropathies were located by subsequent 99mTc-phosphate bone imaging at a time when roentgenograms were normal. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy of septic arthritis are essential to prevent joint destruction and osteomyelitis. Radionuclide bone imaging can identify inflammatory joint disease but it cannot specify etiology. In our patients, however, the differential diagnosis was between skin and joint infection. Radionuclide imaging was of great help in making this distinction.", "PMID": 369761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_592", "title": "The intracellular pathway for parathormone biosynthesis and secretion.", "content": "The initial translation product of parathormone messenger RNA--preproparathormone--is larger than parathormone. Two amino terminal peptide segments of the peptide chain are removed sequentially to form the 84-amino acid hormone. The first cleavage, the removal of a 25-amino acid extension from preproparathormone, occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and results in the formation of proparathormone. This peptide moves via an energy-dependent mechanism to the Golgi region of the cell where a specific converting enzyme cleaves a basic hexapeptide segment yielding parathormone itself. A part of the newly formed hormone then is enclosed within prosecretory vesicles, transported to the cellular membrane and secreted. Another portion is stored in mature secretory vesicles and is subject to subsequent secretion. The moment to moment control of parathormone secretion by calcium resides at the plasma membrane, but a tightly coupled response at the level of intracellular hormone degradation is also necessary in order to control intracellular hormone levels in the face of rapid changes in secretory rate. Three major secretory products are released from the parathyroid under the control of extracellular calcium: (1) parathormone, (2) a large protein--\"parathyroid secretory protein\"--whose function is unknown, and (3) peptide fragments of parathormone. Secretion of hormonal fragments adds to the population of parathormone immunoreactivity in the blood. These fragments appear to be similar if not identical to those formed by peripheral metabolism of parathormone in the liver and kidney.", "contents": "The intracellular pathway for parathormone biosynthesis and secretion. The initial translation product of parathormone messenger RNA--preproparathormone--is larger than parathormone. Two amino terminal peptide segments of the peptide chain are removed sequentially to form the 84-amino acid hormone. The first cleavage, the removal of a 25-amino acid extension from preproparathormone, occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and results in the formation of proparathormone. This peptide moves via an energy-dependent mechanism to the Golgi region of the cell where a specific converting enzyme cleaves a basic hexapeptide segment yielding parathormone itself. A part of the newly formed hormone then is enclosed within prosecretory vesicles, transported to the cellular membrane and secreted. Another portion is stored in mature secretory vesicles and is subject to subsequent secretion. The moment to moment control of parathormone secretion by calcium resides at the plasma membrane, but a tightly coupled response at the level of intracellular hormone degradation is also necessary in order to control intracellular hormone levels in the face of rapid changes in secretory rate. Three major secretory products are released from the parathyroid under the control of extracellular calcium: (1) parathormone, (2) a large protein--\"parathyroid secretory protein\"--whose function is unknown, and (3) peptide fragments of parathormone. Secretion of hormonal fragments adds to the population of parathormone immunoreactivity in the blood. These fragments appear to be similar if not identical to those formed by peripheral metabolism of parathormone in the liver and kidney.", "PMID": 369758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_593", "title": "Minimizing postsurgical scars.", "content": "You will want to minimize postoperative scars for your and your patient's satisfaction. There are operative procedures and suturing techniques that will help you but, ultimately, a fine result can be most often obtained by meticulous attention to each detail, from the prep through the planning, the execution of the procedure, and the postoperative care.", "contents": "Minimizing postsurgical scars. You will want to minimize postoperative scars for your and your patient's satisfaction. There are operative procedures and suturing techniques that will help you but, ultimately, a fine result can be most often obtained by meticulous attention to each detail, from the prep through the planning, the execution of the procedure, and the postoperative care.", "PMID": 369774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_594", "title": "Fluocinonide vs halcinonide in atopic dermatitis. A paired comparison of two potent topical corticosteroids.", "content": "A study showing the superiority of fluocinonide (0.05 percent) cream over halcinonide (0.1 percent) cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis is presented herein.", "contents": "Fluocinonide vs halcinonide in atopic dermatitis. A paired comparison of two potent topical corticosteroids. A study showing the superiority of fluocinonide (0.05 percent) cream over halcinonide (0.1 percent) cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis is presented herein.", "PMID": 369775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_595", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants.", "content": "Warfarin is clinically the most widely used oral anticoagulant and its properties have been extensively studied. Assay method for these compounds have until recently been relatively nonspecific. The advent of chromatographically based techniques has enabled re-evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants, but most work continues to involve warfarin. The most important recent work has concerned the different anticoagulant potencies and metabolic pathways of the optical isomers of some of these drugs. The effects of age and some diseases on pharmacokinetics of warfarin have been examined but much remains to be done, especially with oral anticoagulants other than warfarin. There are several well established pharmacokinetic drug interactions with warfarin. There is a wide awareness of the drugs most likely to reduce anticoagulant effects by enzyme induction and alternative drugs can be used. Mechanisms of some interactions have been re-investigated. In vivo drug displacement interactions are complicated by the correlation between hepatic clearance of these drugs and the size of the unbound fraction in plasma. The interactions between phenylbutazone and warfarin and metronidazole and warfarin, resulting in potentiation of anticoagulant effect have been suggested to be due mainly to an inhibition of the metabolism of the more potent S isomer of warfarin.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants. Warfarin is clinically the most widely used oral anticoagulant and its properties have been extensively studied. Assay method for these compounds have until recently been relatively nonspecific. The advent of chromatographically based techniques has enabled re-evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants, but most work continues to involve warfarin. The most important recent work has concerned the different anticoagulant potencies and metabolic pathways of the optical isomers of some of these drugs. The effects of age and some diseases on pharmacokinetics of warfarin have been examined but much remains to be done, especially with oral anticoagulants other than warfarin. There are several well established pharmacokinetic drug interactions with warfarin. There is a wide awareness of the drugs most likely to reduce anticoagulant effects by enzyme induction and alternative drugs can be used. Mechanisms of some interactions have been re-investigated. In vivo drug displacement interactions are complicated by the correlation between hepatic clearance of these drugs and the size of the unbound fraction in plasma. The interactions between phenylbutazone and warfarin and metronidazole and warfarin, resulting in potentiation of anticoagulant effect have been suggested to be due mainly to an inhibition of the metabolism of the more potent S isomer of warfarin.", "PMID": 369763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_596", "title": "Thoracoscopy. Early diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis in the immunologically suppressed child.", "content": "Interstitial pneumonitis in immunosuppressed patients demands prompt diagnosis and treatment. In an effort to achieve a simple yet highly accurate method of diagnosis, we have evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopic examination. Twenty-seven procedures have been performed in 24 patients between the ages of 17 months and 18 years. All patients were immunosuppressed, most for treatment of malignant processes. All procedures have been performed under anesthesia with intravenously administered ketamine, without endotracheal intubation. A definitive diagnosis has been made in every case, with pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii being identified in 18 instances. Complications have been minimal and include four minor pneumothoraces, two instances of bleeding, and two instances of prolonged air leak. Mortality attributable to the procedure has been nil, although five patients have died due to their underlying diseases within 30 days of the thoracoscopic procedure. Thoracoscopy has proven to be a rapid and safe technique for providing accurate histologic and bacteriologic diagnoses in these critically ill children.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy. Early diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis in the immunologically suppressed child. Interstitial pneumonitis in immunosuppressed patients demands prompt diagnosis and treatment. In an effort to achieve a simple yet highly accurate method of diagnosis, we have evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopic examination. Twenty-seven procedures have been performed in 24 patients between the ages of 17 months and 18 years. All patients were immunosuppressed, most for treatment of malignant processes. All procedures have been performed under anesthesia with intravenously administered ketamine, without endotracheal intubation. A definitive diagnosis has been made in every case, with pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii being identified in 18 instances. Complications have been minimal and include four minor pneumothoraces, two instances of bleeding, and two instances of prolonged air leak. Mortality attributable to the procedure has been nil, although five patients have died due to their underlying diseases within 30 days of the thoracoscopic procedure. Thoracoscopy has proven to be a rapid and safe technique for providing accurate histologic and bacteriologic diagnoses in these critically ill children.", "PMID": 369778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_597", "title": "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in the newborn infant: treatment with nasal continous positive airway pressure.", "content": "A newborn infant with severe respiratory distress from bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis caused by birth injury was successfully treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Improvement gradually occurred, and CPAP was discontinued after he was 23 days of age. This therapy has advantages over alternative methods.", "contents": "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in the newborn infant: treatment with nasal continous positive airway pressure. A newborn infant with severe respiratory distress from bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis caused by birth injury was successfully treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Improvement gradually occurred, and CPAP was discontinued after he was 23 days of age. This therapy has advantages over alternative methods.", "PMID": 369780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_598", "title": "The recovery period following exposure of bacteria to penicillins.", "content": "Experiments with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes have shown that when cells are exposed to bactericidal concentration of benzylpenicillin or ampicillin and the antibiotic then inactivated with beta-lactamase the count of the surviving viable cells (colony-forming units) remains essentially constant for a period of approximately 1.5--3 h before increasing at a normal rate. No such recovery period was observed, however, when Escherichia coli or Proteus mirabilis was exposed to a bactericidal concentration of ampicillin and the antibiotic then inactivated. Microscopic observation of individual surviving cells of S. aureus following exposure to benzylpenicillin showed that in some cases resumption of cell division was delayed as long as 4 h. However, other cells in the same population showed no recovery period and resumed division within 30 min of inactivation of the antibiotic. In the latter case, the recovery period which is observed in terms of viable count may represent the period of time required for individual surviving cells to divide and give rise to normal aggregates before these fragment to produce new colony-forming units.", "contents": "The recovery period following exposure of bacteria to penicillins. Experiments with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes have shown that when cells are exposed to bactericidal concentration of benzylpenicillin or ampicillin and the antibiotic then inactivated with beta-lactamase the count of the surviving viable cells (colony-forming units) remains essentially constant for a period of approximately 1.5--3 h before increasing at a normal rate. No such recovery period was observed, however, when Escherichia coli or Proteus mirabilis was exposed to a bactericidal concentration of ampicillin and the antibiotic then inactivated. Microscopic observation of individual surviving cells of S. aureus following exposure to benzylpenicillin showed that in some cases resumption of cell division was delayed as long as 4 h. However, other cells in the same population showed no recovery period and resumed division within 30 min of inactivation of the antibiotic. In the latter case, the recovery period which is observed in terms of viable count may represent the period of time required for individual surviving cells to divide and give rise to normal aggregates before these fragment to produce new colony-forming units.", "PMID": 369783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_599", "title": "In vitro activity of sulphonamides as a function of their molar refractivity.", "content": "A significnat correlation has been found between the in vitro activity of 16 commonly employed sulphonamides and their molar refractivity. The molar refractivity has been shown to be a superior parameter for the description of the activity of sulphonamides than the sum of electronegativities of atoms making up a heterocyclic substituent in the sulphonamide molecule and molecular weight of the substituent.", "contents": "In vitro activity of sulphonamides as a function of their molar refractivity. A significnat correlation has been found between the in vitro activity of 16 commonly employed sulphonamides and their molar refractivity. The molar refractivity has been shown to be a superior parameter for the description of the activity of sulphonamides than the sum of electronegativities of atoms making up a heterocyclic substituent in the sulphonamide molecule and molecular weight of the substituent.", "PMID": 369784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_600", "title": "[Transmural varices ligation and fundoplication as an emergency operation in acute esophageal varices hemorrhage].", "content": "In patients with bleeding esophageal varices the main purpose of the treatment is to stop the bleeding at a justifiable risk. The so-called blocking procedures reach this purpose most consistently. We report the results on transmural variceal ligation plus fundoplication in 16 patients in whom the bleeding esophageal varices were not stopped by conservative means. 75% of these patients belonged to group B and C in Child's classification. Postoperative lethality was 18,7%, in all cases bleeding was stopped. These results favour trasmural varices ligation as an emergency procedure in bleeding esophageal varices.", "contents": "[Transmural varices ligation and fundoplication as an emergency operation in acute esophageal varices hemorrhage]. In patients with bleeding esophageal varices the main purpose of the treatment is to stop the bleeding at a justifiable risk. The so-called blocking procedures reach this purpose most consistently. We report the results on transmural variceal ligation plus fundoplication in 16 patients in whom the bleeding esophageal varices were not stopped by conservative means. 75% of these patients belonged to group B and C in Child's classification. Postoperative lethality was 18,7%, in all cases bleeding was stopped. These results favour trasmural varices ligation as an emergency procedure in bleeding esophageal varices.", "PMID": 369793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_601", "title": "[Treatment of hemorrhage from acute gastric and duodenal mucosa lesions with secretin].", "content": "In a prospective study 67 patients with bleeding from acute gastric mucosal lesions were treated by intravenous infusion of secretin. In 64 of the 67 patients bleeding stopped during secretin infusion. In 16 of these 64, bleeding recurred after cessation of the secretin infusion; all recurrences were stopped by secretin. Severe side effects were not observed. Secretin seems to be an effective drug in the treatment of stress ulcer bleeding.", "contents": "[Treatment of hemorrhage from acute gastric and duodenal mucosa lesions with secretin]. In a prospective study 67 patients with bleeding from acute gastric mucosal lesions were treated by intravenous infusion of secretin. In 64 of the 67 patients bleeding stopped during secretin infusion. In 16 of these 64, bleeding recurred after cessation of the secretin infusion; all recurrences were stopped by secretin. Severe side effects were not observed. Secretin seems to be an effective drug in the treatment of stress ulcer bleeding.", "PMID": 369794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_602", "title": "[Continent colostomy through free transplantation of autologous colon muscles].", "content": "The study is concerned with a problem which is to a great extent still surgically unsolved, namely that of the incontinent hollow organ occlusion. We report on our own experiments on animals and on physiologicofunctional studies, which reveal the suitability of the smooth muscles as an ideal material for sphincter replacements. By histologic research it became obvious that autotransplantations of smooth muscles, carried out for the first time by the Department of Surgery of the University of W\u00fcrzburg, are possible without significant tissue changes. The transplant is soon supplied by vessels which sprout ubiquitously and completely permeate it so that it can take over its function as sphincter. Meanwhile, the experience gained in experiments on animals has been transferred to surgery on humans. Incontinence and incontinence of the preternatural anus were eliminated in the first operations using autologous autotransplanted sphincteroplasties.", "contents": "[Continent colostomy through free transplantation of autologous colon muscles]. The study is concerned with a problem which is to a great extent still surgically unsolved, namely that of the incontinent hollow organ occlusion. We report on our own experiments on animals and on physiologicofunctional studies, which reveal the suitability of the smooth muscles as an ideal material for sphincter replacements. By histologic research it became obvious that autotransplantations of smooth muscles, carried out for the first time by the Department of Surgery of the University of W\u00fcrzburg, are possible without significant tissue changes. The transplant is soon supplied by vessels which sprout ubiquitously and completely permeate it so that it can take over its function as sphincter. Meanwhile, the experience gained in experiments on animals has been transferred to surgery on humans. Incontinence and incontinence of the preternatural anus were eliminated in the first operations using autologous autotransplanted sphincteroplasties.", "PMID": 369795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_603", "title": "[Present-day serological diagnosis of syphilis: comparison of TPHA and FTA-ABS tests with classical flocculation and complement-fixation reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve laboratories in the north Rhine-Westphalia participated in comparing TPHA and FTA-ABS tests with the so-called classical syphilis reactions (VDRL test, cardiolipin and pallida complement-fixation reaction, as well as Meinicke clearing reaction II). TPHA and FTA-ABS tests proved to be superior to the conventional methods both as regards specificity and sensitivity. Present-day serological tests of syphilis can thus be limited to the TPHA test to exclude syphilis, the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory reaction and the VDRL test to judge the need or effectiveness of antisyphilitic treatment. These reactions which supersede the conventional syphilis tests serve for rational, reliable and cheap serological diagnosis of syphilis.", "contents": "[Present-day serological diagnosis of syphilis: comparison of TPHA and FTA-ABS tests with classical flocculation and complement-fixation reaction (author's transl)]. Twelve laboratories in the north Rhine-Westphalia participated in comparing TPHA and FTA-ABS tests with the so-called classical syphilis reactions (VDRL test, cardiolipin and pallida complement-fixation reaction, as well as Meinicke clearing reaction II). TPHA and FTA-ABS tests proved to be superior to the conventional methods both as regards specificity and sensitivity. Present-day serological tests of syphilis can thus be limited to the TPHA test to exclude syphilis, the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory reaction and the VDRL test to judge the need or effectiveness of antisyphilitic treatment. These reactions which supersede the conventional syphilis tests serve for rational, reliable and cheap serological diagnosis of syphilis.", "PMID": 369799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_604", "title": "Timolol: a review of its therapeutic efficacy in the topical treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "Timolol maleate is a nonselective beta-blocking drug used for the topical treatment of increased intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma. In comparative studies it has had a somewhat greater ocular hypotensive effect than the sympathomimetic agent adrenaline (epinephrine), or lower to medium concentrations (up to 4%) of the miotic drug pilocarpine, usually lowering intraocular pressure by about 30 to 35% (absolute pressure reduction). Timolol has been well tolerated by most patients, producing fewer subjective complaints than the comparison drugs, and objective measurements of ophthalmic status have not revealed any marked changes. Although some patients have been treated for extended periods without serious adverse effects or loss of effectiveness, further published reports in larger numbers of patients treated over several years are needed to confirm the drug's apparent long term safety and continued efficacy. Nevertheless, on the basis of present evidence, timolol appears to represent an important advance in the topical treatment of glaucoma.", "contents": "Timolol: a review of its therapeutic efficacy in the topical treatment of glaucoma. Timolol maleate is a nonselective beta-blocking drug used for the topical treatment of increased intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma. In comparative studies it has had a somewhat greater ocular hypotensive effect than the sympathomimetic agent adrenaline (epinephrine), or lower to medium concentrations (up to 4%) of the miotic drug pilocarpine, usually lowering intraocular pressure by about 30 to 35% (absolute pressure reduction). Timolol has been well tolerated by most patients, producing fewer subjective complaints than the comparison drugs, and objective measurements of ophthalmic status have not revealed any marked changes. Although some patients have been treated for extended periods without serious adverse effects or loss of effectiveness, further published reports in larger numbers of patients treated over several years are needed to confirm the drug's apparent long term safety and continued efficacy. Nevertheless, on the basis of present evidence, timolol appears to represent an important advance in the topical treatment of glaucoma.", "PMID": 369807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_605", "title": "Cefoxitin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "Cefoxitin is a beta-lactam antibiotic derived from cephamycin C, a naturally occurring substance produced by Streptomyces lactamdurans. Its resistance to destruction by beta-lactamases results in a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity which includes anaerobic as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including many resistant to cephalothin and other cephalosporins. Given by intravenous or intramuscular injection, cefoxitin is effective against a wide variety of infections caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative aerobes as well as by anaerobic bacteria. It is generally well tolerated, thrombophlebitis, skin rash and some degree of discomfort after intramuscular injection, being the most commonly reported side effects. Cefoxitin has not been shown to cause adverse effects on renal function.", "contents": "Cefoxitin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Cefoxitin is a beta-lactam antibiotic derived from cephamycin C, a naturally occurring substance produced by Streptomyces lactamdurans. Its resistance to destruction by beta-lactamases results in a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity which includes anaerobic as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including many resistant to cephalothin and other cephalosporins. Given by intravenous or intramuscular injection, cefoxitin is effective against a wide variety of infections caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative aerobes as well as by anaerobic bacteria. It is generally well tolerated, thrombophlebitis, skin rash and some degree of discomfort after intramuscular injection, being the most commonly reported side effects. Cefoxitin has not been shown to cause adverse effects on renal function.", "PMID": 369806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_606", "title": "Effect of lithium on pancreatic islet insulin release.", "content": "Lithium exerts an inhibitory effect on glucose and amino acid-induced insulin release. The inhibitory effect of Li+ persists even in subsequent Li+-free conditions, indicating an only slowly reversible effect. Lithium fails to inhibit glucagon-induced insulin release. The exact mechanism of the lithium effect is as yet undetermined, but interference with calcium flux and/or microtubular function is an attractive hypothesis. The inhibitory effect of lithium on insulin release cannot be reversed by alteration in ionic (Ca++, Mg++, K+) concentrations in the incubation media. Studies involving the effect of low sodium on insulin release in which lithium had been used as an osmotic replacement for sodium must be carefully reassessed because of these findings.", "contents": "Effect of lithium on pancreatic islet insulin release. Lithium exerts an inhibitory effect on glucose and amino acid-induced insulin release. The inhibitory effect of Li+ persists even in subsequent Li+-free conditions, indicating an only slowly reversible effect. Lithium fails to inhibit glucagon-induced insulin release. The exact mechanism of the lithium effect is as yet undetermined, but interference with calcium flux and/or microtubular function is an attractive hypothesis. The inhibitory effect of lithium on insulin release cannot be reversed by alteration in ionic (Ca++, Mg++, K+) concentrations in the incubation media. Studies involving the effect of low sodium on insulin release in which lithium had been used as an osmotic replacement for sodium must be carefully reassessed because of these findings.", "PMID": 369819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_607", "title": "Extrahypothalamic neurophysin-containing perikarya, fiber pathways and fiber clusters in the rat brain.", "content": "Immunoreactive neurophysin (Np) is demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique not only within neurones of the classical hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, but also in extrahypothalamic perikarya and fibers. Np-positive perikarya are found in the triangular nucleus of the septum. Np fibers join the stria terminalis (ST) at the level of the anterior hypothalamus, and course medially in the ST to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Np fibers are found in the brain stem and spinal cord. Fine caliber Np fibers from the suprachiasmatic nucleus ascend to the medial dorsal thalamus and lateral septum. The presence of Np within neurones implies the presence of either vasopressin or oxytocin. Np-positive fibers in extrahypothalamic sites may interact with non-neurosecretory neurones involved in neuroendocrine regulation, or may serve as yet unknown functions.", "contents": "Extrahypothalamic neurophysin-containing perikarya, fiber pathways and fiber clusters in the rat brain. Immunoreactive neurophysin (Np) is demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique not only within neurones of the classical hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, but also in extrahypothalamic perikarya and fibers. Np-positive perikarya are found in the triangular nucleus of the septum. Np fibers join the stria terminalis (ST) at the level of the anterior hypothalamus, and course medially in the ST to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Np fibers are found in the brain stem and spinal cord. Fine caliber Np fibers from the suprachiasmatic nucleus ascend to the medial dorsal thalamus and lateral septum. The presence of Np within neurones implies the presence of either vasopressin or oxytocin. Np-positive fibers in extrahypothalamic sites may interact with non-neurosecretory neurones involved in neuroendocrine regulation, or may serve as yet unknown functions.", "PMID": 369820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_608", "title": "Longitudinal study on the establishment of insulin resistance in hypothalamic obese mice.", "content": "A longitudinal in vivo and in vitro analysis of the genesis of insulin resistance has been carried out in mice made obese by chemical made obese by chemical lesion (goldthioglucose, GTG) of the hypothalamus. Six weeks after GTG administration, glycemia and glucose disposal were normal but associated with increased insulin concentration, suggesting incipient insulin resistance. The in vitro counterpart of the latter in obese mice was observed in soleus muscle that was somewhat less responsive to insulin than controls, in liver that had increased basal lipogenesis but was uninfluenced by insulin, and in hepatic plasma membranes in which a slight decrease of insulin binding was measured. At this stage of obesity, basal adipose tissue lipogenesis was increased but the tissue responded in a normal fashion to insulin. These relatively discrete early metabolic changes were corroborated in vivo by a normal hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin. Sixteen weeks after GTG administration, hyperglycemia and gross hyperinsulinemia were recorded. This insulin resistance was evidenced in vivo by the lack of hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin unless considerable amounts of the hormone were administered. It coincided in vitro with a poor response of soleus muscle to insulin, an absence of a stimulatory effect of the hormone upon both adipose tissue and liver tissue, and a marked decrease in insulin binding to liver plasma membranes. It appears that insulin resistance is a multifactorial and progressive abnormality that might involve both insulin receptor and intracellular metabolic alterations.", "contents": "Longitudinal study on the establishment of insulin resistance in hypothalamic obese mice. A longitudinal in vivo and in vitro analysis of the genesis of insulin resistance has been carried out in mice made obese by chemical made obese by chemical lesion (goldthioglucose, GTG) of the hypothalamus. Six weeks after GTG administration, glycemia and glucose disposal were normal but associated with increased insulin concentration, suggesting incipient insulin resistance. The in vitro counterpart of the latter in obese mice was observed in soleus muscle that was somewhat less responsive to insulin than controls, in liver that had increased basal lipogenesis but was uninfluenced by insulin, and in hepatic plasma membranes in which a slight decrease of insulin binding was measured. At this stage of obesity, basal adipose tissue lipogenesis was increased but the tissue responded in a normal fashion to insulin. These relatively discrete early metabolic changes were corroborated in vivo by a normal hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin. Sixteen weeks after GTG administration, hyperglycemia and gross hyperinsulinemia were recorded. This insulin resistance was evidenced in vivo by the lack of hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin unless considerable amounts of the hormone were administered. It coincided in vitro with a poor response of soleus muscle to insulin, an absence of a stimulatory effect of the hormone upon both adipose tissue and liver tissue, and a marked decrease in insulin binding to liver plasma membranes. It appears that insulin resistance is a multifactorial and progressive abnormality that might involve both insulin receptor and intracellular metabolic alterations.", "PMID": 369821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_609", "title": "Phorbol myristate acetate: effect of a tumor promoter on insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a tumor-promoter capable of influencing biologic functions of many cell systems, has been demonstrated to augment glucose-initiated insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. PMA caused a 2-fold increase in insulin release. This effect of PMA did not alter the sigmoidal relationship of insulin released to glucose concentration. The effect of PMA on insulin secretion from the islet beta-cells persists and a challenge with glucose alone, subsequent to a pulse of PMA, elicits an augmented insulin release response.", "contents": "Phorbol myristate acetate: effect of a tumor promoter on insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a tumor-promoter capable of influencing biologic functions of many cell systems, has been demonstrated to augment glucose-initiated insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. PMA caused a 2-fold increase in insulin release. This effect of PMA did not alter the sigmoidal relationship of insulin released to glucose concentration. The effect of PMA on insulin secretion from the islet beta-cells persists and a challenge with glucose alone, subsequent to a pulse of PMA, elicits an augmented insulin release response.", "PMID": 369826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_610", "title": "Changes in plasma luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and gonadotropin concentrations during constant rate intravenous infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in cyclic rats.", "content": "Further analysis has been made of the response of the rat pituitary gland to LHRH during the 4-day estrous cycle. LHRH was infused iv at a constant rate (50 ng/h) into phenobarbital-treated rats at different times during the estrous cycle. Infusion at this rate in proestrous rats simulates the rising and plateau phases of the spontaneous proestrous surges of LH and FSH in plasma. Plasma LH rose to similar heights during the \"initial phase\" of LH release (during the first 40 min of infusion) on the afternoons of estrus, diestrous day one, and proestrus and during the morning of proestrus. The increase during the afternoon of diestrous day two was significantly less than that in all the other groups. A similar response was seen in the case of FSH release. A \"rapid rising\" or \"augmented\" phase of LH release (during 40-120 min of infusion) was present in all groups and the magnitude of the response was greatest during the afternoon of proestrus. In the case of FSH, an augmented phase of release started 60 min after the start of infusion, and the response during the afternoon of proestrus was slightly greater than the responses measured at the other times tested. The responses on diestrous day one were not altered when phenobarbital was omitted or when rats were ovariectomized shortly before LHRH infusion. Other differences in the LH and FSH responses during both initial and augmented phases of release were seen in rats tested at different times during the estrous cycle with an LHRH infusion rate which caused a supraphysiological response on proestrus. The results suggest that 1) the initial rising phases in plasma LH and FSH during the spontaneous surges during proestrus are not the result of an increase in pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during the estrous cycle, 2) augmented phases of LH and FSH release can be elicited on all days of the estrous cycle, and 3) the increases in magnitude of the augmented phases of LH and FSH release on proestrus, as compared to those on other days of the cycle, are the result of an increase in pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Changes in plasma luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and gonadotropin concentrations during constant rate intravenous infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in cyclic rats. Further analysis has been made of the response of the rat pituitary gland to LHRH during the 4-day estrous cycle. LHRH was infused iv at a constant rate (50 ng/h) into phenobarbital-treated rats at different times during the estrous cycle. Infusion at this rate in proestrous rats simulates the rising and plateau phases of the spontaneous proestrous surges of LH and FSH in plasma. Plasma LH rose to similar heights during the \"initial phase\" of LH release (during the first 40 min of infusion) on the afternoons of estrus, diestrous day one, and proestrus and during the morning of proestrus. The increase during the afternoon of diestrous day two was significantly less than that in all the other groups. A similar response was seen in the case of FSH release. A \"rapid rising\" or \"augmented\" phase of LH release (during 40-120 min of infusion) was present in all groups and the magnitude of the response was greatest during the afternoon of proestrus. In the case of FSH, an augmented phase of release started 60 min after the start of infusion, and the response during the afternoon of proestrus was slightly greater than the responses measured at the other times tested. The responses on diestrous day one were not altered when phenobarbital was omitted or when rats were ovariectomized shortly before LHRH infusion. Other differences in the LH and FSH responses during both initial and augmented phases of release were seen in rats tested at different times during the estrous cycle with an LHRH infusion rate which caused a supraphysiological response on proestrus. The results suggest that 1) the initial rising phases in plasma LH and FSH during the spontaneous surges during proestrus are not the result of an increase in pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during the estrous cycle, 2) augmented phases of LH and FSH release can be elicited on all days of the estrous cycle, and 3) the increases in magnitude of the augmented phases of LH and FSH release on proestrus, as compared to those on other days of the cycle, are the result of an increase in pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 369828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_611", "title": "Studies on the dual effects of glucose on 45Ca++ efflux from isolated rat islets.", "content": "45Ca++ efflux studies were performed on rat islets of Langerhans which were loaded to isotopic equilibrium during 48 h in tissue cultures. 45Ca++ loading was 50% complete at 1 h, 80% at 4 h, and reached, at equilibrium, a content equal to 10-11 pmol/islet. The islets responded to glucose stimulation with a rapid and markedly biphase insulin release. Under normal conditions, glucose stimulated 45Ca++ efflux with an initial surge (simultaneous with the first peak of insulin release), which declined rapidly to 50% of the peak value and then slowly declined for the remainder of the glucose stimulation. Special conditions were required to uncover an early inhibition of 45Ca++ efflux; these were the lowering of the temperature of the perifusate from 37 C to 30 C or below, or reduction of the medium Ca++ concentration to 0.1 mM or less. Under zero calcium conditions the glucose inhibition of 45Ca++ efflux can be rigorously interpreted as an inhibition of calcium efflux. The studies at low temperature or low Ca++ concentrations revealed two effects of glucose on 45Ca++ efflux: an initial inhibition followed by a stimulation, the inhibitory effect was obscured by the rapidity of onset of the stimulatory effect under normal conditions. At low temperature it was also possible to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release, although the stimulated 45Ca++ efflux remained unchanged. At 30 C or in experiments with 0.3 mM Ca++, glucose-stimulated insulin release preceded the stimulation of 45Ca++ efflux. It therefore, is, concluded that the stimulated 45Ca++ efflux is a consequence, rather than a determinant, of stimulus-secretion coupling. The stimulated efflux is dependent on the presence of Ca++ in the medium and is independent of emiocytosis. This latter finding excludes the secretory granules as a significant source of glucose-stimulated 45Ca++ extrusion.", "contents": "Studies on the dual effects of glucose on 45Ca++ efflux from isolated rat islets. 45Ca++ efflux studies were performed on rat islets of Langerhans which were loaded to isotopic equilibrium during 48 h in tissue cultures. 45Ca++ loading was 50% complete at 1 h, 80% at 4 h, and reached, at equilibrium, a content equal to 10-11 pmol/islet. The islets responded to glucose stimulation with a rapid and markedly biphase insulin release. Under normal conditions, glucose stimulated 45Ca++ efflux with an initial surge (simultaneous with the first peak of insulin release), which declined rapidly to 50% of the peak value and then slowly declined for the remainder of the glucose stimulation. Special conditions were required to uncover an early inhibition of 45Ca++ efflux; these were the lowering of the temperature of the perifusate from 37 C to 30 C or below, or reduction of the medium Ca++ concentration to 0.1 mM or less. Under zero calcium conditions the glucose inhibition of 45Ca++ efflux can be rigorously interpreted as an inhibition of calcium efflux. The studies at low temperature or low Ca++ concentrations revealed two effects of glucose on 45Ca++ efflux: an initial inhibition followed by a stimulation, the inhibitory effect was obscured by the rapidity of onset of the stimulatory effect under normal conditions. At low temperature it was also possible to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release, although the stimulated 45Ca++ efflux remained unchanged. At 30 C or in experiments with 0.3 mM Ca++, glucose-stimulated insulin release preceded the stimulation of 45Ca++ efflux. It therefore, is, concluded that the stimulated 45Ca++ efflux is a consequence, rather than a determinant, of stimulus-secretion coupling. The stimulated efflux is dependent on the presence of Ca++ in the medium and is independent of emiocytosis. This latter finding excludes the secretory granules as a significant source of glucose-stimulated 45Ca++ extrusion.", "PMID": 369829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_612", "title": "Electrical responses of rat islets maintained in culture with varying levels of glucose.", "content": "The electrical responses of rat islet cells maintained in culture with varying levels of glucose were determined. After culture with 2.8 or 4.2 mM glucose, the beta-cells did not respond electrically to 27.8 mM glucose. However, after culture in 5.6 mM glucose, the cells responded to 27.8 mM glucose in short term experiments with depolarization and an increase in the incidence of spike activity. Islet cells maintained in 8.4 or 14.0 mM glucose had increasingly greater (negative) membrane potentials. The incidence of glucose-induced spike activity was the greatest for cells which had been cultured in 14.0 mM glucose. Raising glucose in the culture medium from 2.8 to 14.0 mM for the last 2 days of culture restored the ability of the islets to respond electrically to glucose in short term experiments. These observations show that the electrical phenomena of the beta cell membrane are affected by alterations in the level of glucose in the culture medium and serve as reliable indicators of functional glucose sensitivity of the islet cells.", "contents": "Electrical responses of rat islets maintained in culture with varying levels of glucose. The electrical responses of rat islet cells maintained in culture with varying levels of glucose were determined. After culture with 2.8 or 4.2 mM glucose, the beta-cells did not respond electrically to 27.8 mM glucose. However, after culture in 5.6 mM glucose, the cells responded to 27.8 mM glucose in short term experiments with depolarization and an increase in the incidence of spike activity. Islet cells maintained in 8.4 or 14.0 mM glucose had increasingly greater (negative) membrane potentials. The incidence of glucose-induced spike activity was the greatest for cells which had been cultured in 14.0 mM glucose. Raising glucose in the culture medium from 2.8 to 14.0 mM for the last 2 days of culture restored the ability of the islets to respond electrically to glucose in short term experiments. These observations show that the electrical phenomena of the beta cell membrane are affected by alterations in the level of glucose in the culture medium and serve as reliable indicators of functional glucose sensitivity of the islet cells.", "PMID": 369830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_613", "title": "Modulation by alloxan of glucagon and insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The acute in vitro effect of alloxan on glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was examined. Alloxan alone produced transient insulin secretion. Pretreatment with alloxan attenuated both the stimulatory effect of glucose on insulin secretion and the inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon secretion. Exposure to alloxan in varying doses either partially or completely inhibited insulin secretion induced by arginine in the presence or absence of glucose. On the contrary, pretreatment with alloxan produced complex effects on arginine-induced glucagon secretion. In the absence of glucose, the response of glucagon to arginine infusion was lower in the pancreas exposed to alloxan than in the control experiment. In the presence of glucose, however, an apparently augmented response of glucagon to arginine was observed after exposure to higher doses of alloxan, suggesting an impaired inhibitory effect of glucose on arginine-induced glucagon secretion. These effects of pretreatment with alloxan on glucagon secretion can not be explained by earlier or simultaneous insulin secretion. Therefore, we conclude that alloxan acts not only on beta-cells, but also directly on alpha-cells, although the latter are less sensitive to this agent.", "contents": "Modulation by alloxan of glucagon and insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The acute in vitro effect of alloxan on glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was examined. Alloxan alone produced transient insulin secretion. Pretreatment with alloxan attenuated both the stimulatory effect of glucose on insulin secretion and the inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon secretion. Exposure to alloxan in varying doses either partially or completely inhibited insulin secretion induced by arginine in the presence or absence of glucose. On the contrary, pretreatment with alloxan produced complex effects on arginine-induced glucagon secretion. In the absence of glucose, the response of glucagon to arginine infusion was lower in the pancreas exposed to alloxan than in the control experiment. In the presence of glucose, however, an apparently augmented response of glucagon to arginine was observed after exposure to higher doses of alloxan, suggesting an impaired inhibitory effect of glucose on arginine-induced glucagon secretion. These effects of pretreatment with alloxan on glucagon secretion can not be explained by earlier or simultaneous insulin secretion. Therefore, we conclude that alloxan acts not only on beta-cells, but also directly on alpha-cells, although the latter are less sensitive to this agent.", "PMID": 369831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_614", "title": "Somatostatin biosynthesis occurs in pancreatic islets.", "content": "No information is at present available on the mode of SRIF biosynthesis. Since anglerfish pancreatic islet tissue is comprised of approximately 30% D cells, we have examined this tissue for SRIF synthesis . The following known differences in amino acid composition of islet peptides were used advantageously in this study: anglerfish proinsulin: Trp-0, Ile-2, Cys-6; anglerfish glucagon: Trp-1, Ile-0, Cys-0; mammalian SRIF: Trp-1, Ile-0, Cys-2. After incubating islet tissue with [3H]tryptophan and [14C]isoleucine or [35S]cystine for various time periods, proteins were extracted in 2 M acetic acid and desalted by Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration. P-2 void volume proteins were then subjected to P-10 gel filtration and isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at alkaline pH. The predominant amount of the immumoreactive SRIF in the extracts appeared in a peak eluting just before the salt volume on P-10 filtration and migrated slowly toward the cathode during PAGE. The behavior of synthetic SRIF was identical. The anglerfish SRIF immunoreactive peptide could be labeled with Trp and Cys but not Ile during incubations longer than 1 h. The Trp- and Cys-labeled peptide could be bound on columns to which the immunoglobulin fraction of antisera to SRIF had been complexed. Cycloheximide inhibited isotope incorporation into all islet proteins. These results indicate that islet SRIF is synthesized in situ. Moreover, the immunological activity, size, and charge characteristics of anglerfish islet SRIF appear to be similar to those of mammalian hypothalamic SRIF. When islets were subjected to short pulse incubations with labeled Trp and Cys, only peptides eluting in the 7,000-13,000 dalton portion of the filtration eluate became labeled. No appreciable isotope incorporation into SRIF was observed. However, when pulse incubations were followed by incubation in the presence of cycloheximide or excess unlabeled amino acids in isotope-free medium (chase), the incorporation of Trp and Cys into SRIF increased with the length of chase, suggesting the participation of a larger precursor in SRIF synthesis.", "contents": "Somatostatin biosynthesis occurs in pancreatic islets. No information is at present available on the mode of SRIF biosynthesis. Since anglerfish pancreatic islet tissue is comprised of approximately 30% D cells, we have examined this tissue for SRIF synthesis . The following known differences in amino acid composition of islet peptides were used advantageously in this study: anglerfish proinsulin: Trp-0, Ile-2, Cys-6; anglerfish glucagon: Trp-1, Ile-0, Cys-0; mammalian SRIF: Trp-1, Ile-0, Cys-2. After incubating islet tissue with [3H]tryptophan and [14C]isoleucine or [35S]cystine for various time periods, proteins were extracted in 2 M acetic acid and desalted by Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration. P-2 void volume proteins were then subjected to P-10 gel filtration and isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at alkaline pH. The predominant amount of the immumoreactive SRIF in the extracts appeared in a peak eluting just before the salt volume on P-10 filtration and migrated slowly toward the cathode during PAGE. The behavior of synthetic SRIF was identical. The anglerfish SRIF immunoreactive peptide could be labeled with Trp and Cys but not Ile during incubations longer than 1 h. The Trp- and Cys-labeled peptide could be bound on columns to which the immunoglobulin fraction of antisera to SRIF had been complexed. Cycloheximide inhibited isotope incorporation into all islet proteins. These results indicate that islet SRIF is synthesized in situ. Moreover, the immunological activity, size, and charge characteristics of anglerfish islet SRIF appear to be similar to those of mammalian hypothalamic SRIF. When islets were subjected to short pulse incubations with labeled Trp and Cys, only peptides eluting in the 7,000-13,000 dalton portion of the filtration eluate became labeled. No appreciable isotope incorporation into SRIF was observed. However, when pulse incubations were followed by incubation in the presence of cycloheximide or excess unlabeled amino acids in isotope-free medium (chase), the incorporation of Trp and Cys into SRIF increased with the length of chase, suggesting the participation of a larger precursor in SRIF synthesis.", "PMID": 369832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_615", "title": "Alloxan uptake by isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Alloxan inhibits subsequent glucose-induced insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans maintained in vitro. Several agents (D-glucose, D-mannose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, caffeine, and cytochalasin B) when present during the alloxan exposure protect against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. To examine the mechanism of alloxan inhibition, the uptake of [2-14C]alloxan was measured in isolated islets. [2-14C]Alloxan was rapidly accumulated by the islets in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. The radio-activity from islets incubated with [2-14C]alloxan was isolated and shown by thin layer chromatography to comigrate with alloxan and alloxanic acid, an alloxan decomposition product. As no uptake of radioactivity occurred in the presence of medium containing the radioactive decomposition product, it was concluded that alloxan enters the intracellular space of the islet and undergoes a subsequent internal decomposition. Some of the protective agents (3-0-methyl-D-glucose, caffeine, and cytochalasin B) partially inhibited alloxan uptake, whereas others (D-glucose and D-mannose) increased the uptake of alloxan. These and other results suggest that the experimental agents do not provide protection against alloxan inhibition by preventing the entry of alloxan into the intracellular space of the islet. The possibility of D-glucose and alloxan competing for a common binding site on the cell membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Alloxan uptake by isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Alloxan inhibits subsequent glucose-induced insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans maintained in vitro. Several agents (D-glucose, D-mannose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, caffeine, and cytochalasin B) when present during the alloxan exposure protect against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. To examine the mechanism of alloxan inhibition, the uptake of [2-14C]alloxan was measured in isolated islets. [2-14C]Alloxan was rapidly accumulated by the islets in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. The radio-activity from islets incubated with [2-14C]alloxan was isolated and shown by thin layer chromatography to comigrate with alloxan and alloxanic acid, an alloxan decomposition product. As no uptake of radioactivity occurred in the presence of medium containing the radioactive decomposition product, it was concluded that alloxan enters the intracellular space of the islet and undergoes a subsequent internal decomposition. Some of the protective agents (3-0-methyl-D-glucose, caffeine, and cytochalasin B) partially inhibited alloxan uptake, whereas others (D-glucose and D-mannose) increased the uptake of alloxan. These and other results suggest that the experimental agents do not provide protection against alloxan inhibition by preventing the entry of alloxan into the intracellular space of the islet. The possibility of D-glucose and alloxan competing for a common binding site on the cell membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 369835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_616", "title": "Further studies on the relationship between insulin release and lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake by pancreatic islets: effects of fructose and starvation.", "content": "Relationships between the release of insulin and the incorporation of 45Ca2+ into a lanthanum-nondisplaceable (intracellular) pool were studied in islets microdissected from the pancreatic glands of non-inbred ob/ob mice. In comparison with D-glucose, D-fructose was slowly oxidized and had only marginal effects on insulin release. However, fructose was as effective as glucose in stimulating the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake. The 45Ca2+ uptake was dose-dependent on the concentration of fructose in the range 0-20 mM; the same dose-dependence was obtained with glucose. Fasting the mice for 3 days caused a total block of the insulin secretory response to 20 mM glucose, but it produced an enhancement of the glucose-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Both the inhibition of insulin release and the enhancement of 45Ca2+ uptake were counteracted by pretreating the isolated islets with 20-40 mM D-glucose; pretreatment with L-glucose or fructose could not counteract the effects of fasting. Although some functional relationship may exist between the lanthanum-nondisplaceable uptake of 45Ca2+ and the insulin secretory apparatus, it is concluded that the uptake of Ca2+ is not simply the result of stimulated insulin release.", "contents": "Further studies on the relationship between insulin release and lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake by pancreatic islets: effects of fructose and starvation. Relationships between the release of insulin and the incorporation of 45Ca2+ into a lanthanum-nondisplaceable (intracellular) pool were studied in islets microdissected from the pancreatic glands of non-inbred ob/ob mice. In comparison with D-glucose, D-fructose was slowly oxidized and had only marginal effects on insulin release. However, fructose was as effective as glucose in stimulating the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake. The 45Ca2+ uptake was dose-dependent on the concentration of fructose in the range 0-20 mM; the same dose-dependence was obtained with glucose. Fasting the mice for 3 days caused a total block of the insulin secretory response to 20 mM glucose, but it produced an enhancement of the glucose-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Both the inhibition of insulin release and the enhancement of 45Ca2+ uptake were counteracted by pretreating the isolated islets with 20-40 mM D-glucose; pretreatment with L-glucose or fructose could not counteract the effects of fasting. Although some functional relationship may exist between the lanthanum-nondisplaceable uptake of 45Ca2+ and the insulin secretory apparatus, it is concluded that the uptake of Ca2+ is not simply the result of stimulated insulin release.", "PMID": 369836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_617", "title": "Relation of biogenic amines to onset of puberty in the female rat.", "content": "Changes in hypothalamic concentration and turnover index (TI) of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) were studied during the first estrous cycle at the onset of puberty. Rats were killed when 40% of the population showed open vaginas. They were classified according to the state of their reproductive tract and serum LH values, as in anestrus, early proestrus, late proestrus, estrus, or diestrus. Serum LH, PRL, and hypothalamic LHRH were measured by RIA. The TIs for DA and NE were measured by estimating their rate of decrease after administration of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, and for 5HT-TI by its increase after pargyline administration. An increase in NE-TI in the hypothalamus was observed between anestrus and early proestrus, a decrease in DA-TI during early and late proestrus, and a small increase in 5HT-TI between early and late proestrus. LH and PRL peaks were observed at late proestrus when DA-TI and NE-TI reached their lowest values and hypothalamic LHRH concentration was failing. After late proestrus, the DA-TI rose sharply, NE-TI remained essentially unchanged. 5HT-TI fell, and serum LH and PRL declined to basal levels. These results suggest that the LH and PRL surges at late proestrus during the first estrous cycle at puberty are associated with an increase in NE-TI at early proestrus, a progressive decline in DA-TI at early and late proestrus, and an increase in 5HT-TI at late proestrus.", "contents": "Relation of biogenic amines to onset of puberty in the female rat. Changes in hypothalamic concentration and turnover index (TI) of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) were studied during the first estrous cycle at the onset of puberty. Rats were killed when 40% of the population showed open vaginas. They were classified according to the state of their reproductive tract and serum LH values, as in anestrus, early proestrus, late proestrus, estrus, or diestrus. Serum LH, PRL, and hypothalamic LHRH were measured by RIA. The TIs for DA and NE were measured by estimating their rate of decrease after administration of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, and for 5HT-TI by its increase after pargyline administration. An increase in NE-TI in the hypothalamus was observed between anestrus and early proestrus, a decrease in DA-TI during early and late proestrus, and a small increase in 5HT-TI between early and late proestrus. LH and PRL peaks were observed at late proestrus when DA-TI and NE-TI reached their lowest values and hypothalamic LHRH concentration was failing. After late proestrus, the DA-TI rose sharply, NE-TI remained essentially unchanged. 5HT-TI fell, and serum LH and PRL declined to basal levels. These results suggest that the LH and PRL surges at late proestrus during the first estrous cycle at puberty are associated with an increase in NE-TI at early proestrus, a progressive decline in DA-TI at early and late proestrus, and an increase in 5HT-TI at late proestrus.", "PMID": 369837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_618", "title": "Presence of sulfhydryl groups in glucagon secretion granule membranes.", "content": "The effect of various sulfhydryl-binding reagents on the release of glucagon from isolated secretion granules was studied. Secretion granules isolated from toadfish islet tissue by differential centrifugation in sucrose were incubated in the test medium, the granules were centrifuged down, and the supernatant was assayed for glucagon using a RIA. When the granules were incubated in isotonic saline, 16-18% of the total glucagon in the granules was released. Whereas the addition of various dithiol-binding reagents (Cd++, Hg++, AsO2-, and dichlorophenylarsine), an oxidizing agent (oxidized glutathione), a reducing agent (reduced glutathione), and an amino group-binding reagent reagent (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) had no effect, the addition of Co++ to the incubation medium decreased glucagon release and the addition of the monothiol-binding reagents, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and diphenylchloroarsine, produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in glucagon release. These results suggest that sulfhydryl groups may be present in the glucagon secretion granules and that they may be involved in glucagon release.", "contents": "Presence of sulfhydryl groups in glucagon secretion granule membranes. The effect of various sulfhydryl-binding reagents on the release of glucagon from isolated secretion granules was studied. Secretion granules isolated from toadfish islet tissue by differential centrifugation in sucrose were incubated in the test medium, the granules were centrifuged down, and the supernatant was assayed for glucagon using a RIA. When the granules were incubated in isotonic saline, 16-18% of the total glucagon in the granules was released. Whereas the addition of various dithiol-binding reagents (Cd++, Hg++, AsO2-, and dichlorophenylarsine), an oxidizing agent (oxidized glutathione), a reducing agent (reduced glutathione), and an amino group-binding reagent reagent (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) had no effect, the addition of Co++ to the incubation medium decreased glucagon release and the addition of the monothiol-binding reagents, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and diphenylchloroarsine, produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in glucagon release. These results suggest that sulfhydryl groups may be present in the glucagon secretion granules and that they may be involved in glucagon release.", "PMID": 369839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_619", "title": "Inhibition of spermatogenesis in the rat by treatment with [D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210] LHRH ethylamide.", "content": "The effect of treatment with a potent LHRH agonist, [D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210]LHRH ethylamide, injected at the low dose of 100 ng, twice a week, was evaluated on spermatogenesis in the rat. Significant degenerative changes of seminiferous tubules could be observed after two weeks of treatment. These changes were progressive and led to a marked inhibition of spermatogenesis after four to eight weeks of treatment. Testis weight was decreased to approximately 50% of control after eight weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Inhibition of spermatogenesis in the rat by treatment with [D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210] LHRH ethylamide. The effect of treatment with a potent LHRH agonist, [D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210]LHRH ethylamide, injected at the low dose of 100 ng, twice a week, was evaluated on spermatogenesis in the rat. Significant degenerative changes of seminiferous tubules could be observed after two weeks of treatment. These changes were progressive and led to a marked inhibition of spermatogenesis after four to eight weeks of treatment. Testis weight was decreased to approximately 50% of control after eight weeks of treatment.", "PMID": 369841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_620", "title": "Inhibition of de novo synthesis of FSH by the Sertoli cell factor (SCF).", "content": "The effects of SCF, a substance produced by isolated rat Sertoli cells in culture, on the synthesis of FSH and LH were studied in vitro. Anterior pituitaries from adult male rats were organ-cultured 24-48h in the presence and absence of SCF in the culture medium. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into FSH and LH was determined following 6h incubation with this labelled precursor and immunoprecipitation with specific FSH or LH antibodies. Total FSH and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that SCF can selectively reduce the incorporation of 3H-leucine into immunoprecipitable FSH without decreasing the incorporation into LH.", "contents": "Inhibition of de novo synthesis of FSH by the Sertoli cell factor (SCF). The effects of SCF, a substance produced by isolated rat Sertoli cells in culture, on the synthesis of FSH and LH were studied in vitro. Anterior pituitaries from adult male rats were organ-cultured 24-48h in the presence and absence of SCF in the culture medium. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into FSH and LH was determined following 6h incubation with this labelled precursor and immunoprecipitation with specific FSH or LH antibodies. Total FSH and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that SCF can selectively reduce the incorporation of 3H-leucine into immunoprecipitable FSH without decreasing the incorporation into LH.", "PMID": 369842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_621", "title": "Monolayer cultures of gonadotrophs separated by velocity sedimentation: heterogeneity in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Isolated pituitary cells from 14-day-old male and female and adult male rats were separated into enriched populations of gonadotrophs by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. The cells, collected from five gradient fractions, were established in monolayer culture. Hormone content and hormonal secretion in response to LHRH were measured after 3 days in culture. Stored FSH and LH declined during culture, but the relative differences between fractions and between animal groups were maintained. In all fractions, LHRH stimulated the release of both FSH and LH in a dose-response fashion. The secretory potential per gonadotroph changed with fraction and the pattern was highly characteristic for each animal group. In 14-day-old females, both FSH and LH secretion increased 20 times from the fraction with the smallest to the fraction with the largest gonadotrophs. In preparations from 14-day-old males, only the release of FSH consistently rose with gonadotroph cell size. With cells from adult males, FSH as well as LH release increased with cell size, but the pattern was different for each hormone. Secretion did not always correlate with the cellular content of hormone before stimulation. The present findings suggest that gonadotrophs isolated from animals in a different physiological or developmental status may retain in short term culture certain of their previous functional characteristics. There is evidence that the gonadotroph cell population is heterogeneous not only in terms of the magnitude of the response to LHRH but also in terms of the relative proportion of FSH and LH secreted. Changes in the relative proportion of certain variants of gonadotrophs may be a cellular basis for differential regulation of FSH and LH secretion by a single releasing hormone.", "contents": "Monolayer cultures of gonadotrophs separated by velocity sedimentation: heterogeneity in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Isolated pituitary cells from 14-day-old male and female and adult male rats were separated into enriched populations of gonadotrophs by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. The cells, collected from five gradient fractions, were established in monolayer culture. Hormone content and hormonal secretion in response to LHRH were measured after 3 days in culture. Stored FSH and LH declined during culture, but the relative differences between fractions and between animal groups were maintained. In all fractions, LHRH stimulated the release of both FSH and LH in a dose-response fashion. The secretory potential per gonadotroph changed with fraction and the pattern was highly characteristic for each animal group. In 14-day-old females, both FSH and LH secretion increased 20 times from the fraction with the smallest to the fraction with the largest gonadotrophs. In preparations from 14-day-old males, only the release of FSH consistently rose with gonadotroph cell size. With cells from adult males, FSH as well as LH release increased with cell size, but the pattern was different for each hormone. Secretion did not always correlate with the cellular content of hormone before stimulation. The present findings suggest that gonadotrophs isolated from animals in a different physiological or developmental status may retain in short term culture certain of their previous functional characteristics. There is evidence that the gonadotroph cell population is heterogeneous not only in terms of the magnitude of the response to LHRH but also in terms of the relative proportion of FSH and LH secreted. Changes in the relative proportion of certain variants of gonadotrophs may be a cellular basis for differential regulation of FSH and LH secretion by a single releasing hormone.", "PMID": 369843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_622", "title": "Further studies on the role of calcium in glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis.", "content": "In a previous study comparing the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and a divalent cation ionophore (A23187) on rat thymocytes, we proposed an important contributory role for Ca2+ in glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis. The plausibility of this hypothesis was tested further in thymic lymphocytes (thymocytes) and lymph node lymphocytes (LN-lymphocytes). Thymocytes incubated in a Ca2+-containing medium responded to TA or A23187 with a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells. TA-induced cytolysis was reduced in Ca-free medium and was equally supported by Ca2+ and Sr2+, but not by Ba2+. A23187-induced cytolysis was supported by Ca2+ greater than Sr2+, but not by Ba2+. Thymocytes were also lysed by increasing concentrations of Ca2+ even in the absence of TA and A23187. LN-Lymphocytes, however, were less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of Ca2+ under the same conditions. In the presence of Ca2+, thymocytes were lysed to a greater extent than LN-lymphocytes by TA, whereas the sensitivities to A23187-induced cytolysis were the same in both populations. Omission of Ca2+ from the incubation medium inhibited the cytolytic response to TA only in thymocytes. In contrast, A23187-induced cytolysis was impaired in Ca-free medium in both thymocytes and LN-lymphocytes. These observations confirm the previous findings on Ca2+ dependence of glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis in thymocytes. This pathway, however, may not be involved in glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis of LN-lymphocytes. Thus, a more basic and as yet undefined mechanism probably mediates the lymphocytolytic process.", "contents": "Further studies on the role of calcium in glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. In a previous study comparing the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and a divalent cation ionophore (A23187) on rat thymocytes, we proposed an important contributory role for Ca2+ in glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis. The plausibility of this hypothesis was tested further in thymic lymphocytes (thymocytes) and lymph node lymphocytes (LN-lymphocytes). Thymocytes incubated in a Ca2+-containing medium responded to TA or A23187 with a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells. TA-induced cytolysis was reduced in Ca-free medium and was equally supported by Ca2+ and Sr2+, but not by Ba2+. A23187-induced cytolysis was supported by Ca2+ greater than Sr2+, but not by Ba2+. Thymocytes were also lysed by increasing concentrations of Ca2+ even in the absence of TA and A23187. LN-Lymphocytes, however, were less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of Ca2+ under the same conditions. In the presence of Ca2+, thymocytes were lysed to a greater extent than LN-lymphocytes by TA, whereas the sensitivities to A23187-induced cytolysis were the same in both populations. Omission of Ca2+ from the incubation medium inhibited the cytolytic response to TA only in thymocytes. In contrast, A23187-induced cytolysis was impaired in Ca-free medium in both thymocytes and LN-lymphocytes. These observations confirm the previous findings on Ca2+ dependence of glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis in thymocytes. This pathway, however, may not be involved in glucocorticoid-induced cytolysis of LN-lymphocytes. Thus, a more basic and as yet undefined mechanism probably mediates the lymphocytolytic process.", "PMID": 369844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_623", "title": "32P-labeling patterns in rat pancreatic islets: tissue source of the radiophosphate released after glucose stimulation.", "content": "Immediately after stimulation with glucose in vitro, isolated rat pancreatic islets prelabeled with [32P]orthophosphate release a pulse of [32P]orthophosphate into the media (the \"phosphate flush\"). Islets have been rapidly frozen before, during, and after this pulse to assess the concurrent changes in the distribution of tissue radioactivity. Under the present experimental conditions, approximately 90% of the islet radioactivity was soluble in perchloric acid (PCA-soluble) immediately before stimulation and slightly more than half of that was present as [32P]orthophosphate. The tissue pool of [32P]orthophosphate declined 55% and 62% after 7 and 14 min of stimulation which, respectively, incorporated the peak and the end of the heightened efflux of radioactivity. The net decrementa in tissue orthophosphate could account for all of the radioactivity which was released during the \"phosphate flush.\" During the 14-min period of stimulation, labeled ATP and GTP (which had accounted for 13% and 4% of total PCA-soluble radioactivity before stimulation) increased 51% and 35%, respectively, and labeled ADP and AMP (which had accounted for 5.4% and 1.5% of PCA-soluble counts) fell 36% and 77%, respectively. Certain other PCA-soluble components, such as phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine, and total PCA-insoluble radioactivity were not demonstrably altered. The findings indicate that the \"phosphate flush\" originates from a labile pool of tissue orthophosphate. It remains to be established whether the simultaneous changes in the turnover of selected nucleotides are coupled to the translocation of orthophosphate or are mediated separately.", "contents": "32P-labeling patterns in rat pancreatic islets: tissue source of the radiophosphate released after glucose stimulation. Immediately after stimulation with glucose in vitro, isolated rat pancreatic islets prelabeled with [32P]orthophosphate release a pulse of [32P]orthophosphate into the media (the \"phosphate flush\"). Islets have been rapidly frozen before, during, and after this pulse to assess the concurrent changes in the distribution of tissue radioactivity. Under the present experimental conditions, approximately 90% of the islet radioactivity was soluble in perchloric acid (PCA-soluble) immediately before stimulation and slightly more than half of that was present as [32P]orthophosphate. The tissue pool of [32P]orthophosphate declined 55% and 62% after 7 and 14 min of stimulation which, respectively, incorporated the peak and the end of the heightened efflux of radioactivity. The net decrementa in tissue orthophosphate could account for all of the radioactivity which was released during the \"phosphate flush.\" During the 14-min period of stimulation, labeled ATP and GTP (which had accounted for 13% and 4% of total PCA-soluble radioactivity before stimulation) increased 51% and 35%, respectively, and labeled ADP and AMP (which had accounted for 5.4% and 1.5% of PCA-soluble counts) fell 36% and 77%, respectively. Certain other PCA-soluble components, such as phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine, and total PCA-insoluble radioactivity were not demonstrably altered. The findings indicate that the \"phosphate flush\" originates from a labile pool of tissue orthophosphate. It remains to be established whether the simultaneous changes in the turnover of selected nucleotides are coupled to the translocation of orthophosphate or are mediated separately.", "PMID": 369845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_624", "title": "Modifications of luteinizing hormone biosynthesis and release by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D.", "content": "In the first experiment, the influence of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the time course of [3H]glucosamine ([3H]GA) and [14C]alanine ([14C]A) incorporation into LH by quartered rat anterior pituitary glands and the sequence of release of radiolabeled and total immunoreactive LH (IR-LH) was investigated. Radiolabeled LH was measured by immunoprecipitation and total IR-LH was measured by RIA. After lag periods of 5 and 20 min, respectively, incorporation of [14C]A and [3H]GA into tissue LH increased linearly for 4 h. GnRH stimulated incorporation of [3H]GA only. The ratio of [14C]A-LH to [3H]GA-LH (14C:3H ratio) in the tissue decreased significantly with time and with GnRH treatment. In the second experiment, replenishment of GnRH in the medium every 0.5 h elevated the release rate (release during each sequential 0.5 h) of both [3H]GA and [14C]A-labeled LH within 1.5 h. The release rate of radiolabeled LH increased linearly until 3.5 h. The 14C:3H ratio in LH released during each time interval was reduced by GnRH. The release rate of IR-LH increased linearly with time, plateaued by 1.5-3 h, and started to decline. In other experiments, cycloheximide blocked synthesis of [14C]A-LH and greatly reduced the GnRH-induced synthesis and release of [3H]GA-LH, but reduced release of IR-LH by only 25%. Actinomycin D had no effect on GnRH-induced synthesis and release of LH at 2 h, but significantly reduced both at 4 h. These data suggest that 1) the time course for the release of preexisting IR-LH differs from that for newly synthesized LH, 2) the newly synthesized LH released in response to high levels of GnRH has more sugar residues than that released under basal conditions, 3) the GnRH-induced LH release can occur under conditions in which LH synthesis has been blocked, and 4) synthesis of messenger RNA is not required for GnRH-induced LH release or short term LH synthesis but seems to be required for continued synthesis and subsequent release of LH.", "contents": "Modifications of luteinizing hormone biosynthesis and release by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D. In the first experiment, the influence of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the time course of [3H]glucosamine ([3H]GA) and [14C]alanine ([14C]A) incorporation into LH by quartered rat anterior pituitary glands and the sequence of release of radiolabeled and total immunoreactive LH (IR-LH) was investigated. Radiolabeled LH was measured by immunoprecipitation and total IR-LH was measured by RIA. After lag periods of 5 and 20 min, respectively, incorporation of [14C]A and [3H]GA into tissue LH increased linearly for 4 h. GnRH stimulated incorporation of [3H]GA only. The ratio of [14C]A-LH to [3H]GA-LH (14C:3H ratio) in the tissue decreased significantly with time and with GnRH treatment. In the second experiment, replenishment of GnRH in the medium every 0.5 h elevated the release rate (release during each sequential 0.5 h) of both [3H]GA and [14C]A-labeled LH within 1.5 h. The release rate of radiolabeled LH increased linearly until 3.5 h. The 14C:3H ratio in LH released during each time interval was reduced by GnRH. The release rate of IR-LH increased linearly with time, plateaued by 1.5-3 h, and started to decline. In other experiments, cycloheximide blocked synthesis of [14C]A-LH and greatly reduced the GnRH-induced synthesis and release of [3H]GA-LH, but reduced release of IR-LH by only 25%. Actinomycin D had no effect on GnRH-induced synthesis and release of LH at 2 h, but significantly reduced both at 4 h. These data suggest that 1) the time course for the release of preexisting IR-LH differs from that for newly synthesized LH, 2) the newly synthesized LH released in response to high levels of GnRH has more sugar residues than that released under basal conditions, 3) the GnRH-induced LH release can occur under conditions in which LH synthesis has been blocked, and 4) synthesis of messenger RNA is not required for GnRH-induced LH release or short term LH synthesis but seems to be required for continued synthesis and subsequent release of LH.", "PMID": 369847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_625", "title": "Pancreatic beta-cell replication: relation to insulin secretion.", "content": "The relationship between beta-cell replication and insulin release was investigated utilizing neonatal rat pancreatic monolayer cell cultures. Glucose-induced insulin release was either inhibited using diazoxide or mannoheptulose, or potentiated using theophylline. The corresponding effects on the frequency of beta-cell replication were determined by incubating cultures with [3H]thymidine and estimating the frequency of beta-cell labeling in aldehyde thionine-stained radioautographs. beta-Cell replication and insulin release were shown to be dissociable processes in two ways. First, in the presence of diazoxide (1-100 microgram/ml), insulin release was inhibited by as much as 86%, while the frequency of beta-cell replication was not reduced. Second, in the presence of theophylline (1 mM), insulin release was increased by 23%, while beta-cell replication was inhibited. Finally, the inhibition of both beta-cell replication and insulin release by mannoheptulose (5.5 mM) indicated that glucose utilization may be important for both of these beta-cell processes.", "contents": "Pancreatic beta-cell replication: relation to insulin secretion. The relationship between beta-cell replication and insulin release was investigated utilizing neonatal rat pancreatic monolayer cell cultures. Glucose-induced insulin release was either inhibited using diazoxide or mannoheptulose, or potentiated using theophylline. The corresponding effects on the frequency of beta-cell replication were determined by incubating cultures with [3H]thymidine and estimating the frequency of beta-cell labeling in aldehyde thionine-stained radioautographs. beta-Cell replication and insulin release were shown to be dissociable processes in two ways. First, in the presence of diazoxide (1-100 microgram/ml), insulin release was inhibited by as much as 86%, while the frequency of beta-cell replication was not reduced. Second, in the presence of theophylline (1 mM), insulin release was increased by 23%, while beta-cell replication was inhibited. Finally, the inhibition of both beta-cell replication and insulin release by mannoheptulose (5.5 mM) indicated that glucose utilization may be important for both of these beta-cell processes.", "PMID": 369848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_626", "title": "Ovarian steroid modulation of gonadotropin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the female hamster.", "content": "The significance of ovarian estradiol (E2) and progesterone secretion in the regulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion and pituitary responses to LHRH was investigated in the hamster. Cycling females showed increased LH and FSH responses to LHRH on the morning of proestrus as compared to the responses observed on diestrus day 2. Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH declined on the evening of proestrus, after the preovulatory LH/FSH release. The secondary increase in serum FSH concentration on the morning of estrus was accompanied by a selective increase in the pituitary FHS response to exogenous LHRH. Hamsters ovariectomized (ovx) on diestrus day 2 exhibited daily afternoon LH surges but not FSH surges for at least 10 days after ovx. The magnitude of the LH surges in ovx hamsters was approximately 30-50% of that observed in proestrous females. The pituitary LH response to exogenous LHRH in ovx animals was about 25% as great as in proestrus hamsters. Serum FSH concentrations in ovx females increased by only 30% after LHRH injection, while similar treatment with LHRH resulted in 3- to 4-fold increments in serum FSH in proestrous hamsters. Implantation of E2 capsules in ovx hamsters resulted in increased gonadotropin responses to exogenous LHRH. Serum LH concentrations in the E2-implanted, LHRH-injected animals were as great as those observed after LHRH injection in proestrous females. Administration of LHRH, LH, or progesterone on the morning of proestrus failed to detectably alter the timing or magnitude of the proestrus afternoon FSH surge. The present results suggest that the increasing serum titers of estrogen on diestrus and early proestrus result in increased pituitary sensitivity to LHRH, and this increased sensitivity probably contributes to the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge. The increases in LH and progesterone which occur during the afternoon do not seem to be responsible for triggering the proestrous FSH surge.", "contents": "Ovarian steroid modulation of gonadotropin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the female hamster. The significance of ovarian estradiol (E2) and progesterone secretion in the regulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion and pituitary responses to LHRH was investigated in the hamster. Cycling females showed increased LH and FSH responses to LHRH on the morning of proestrus as compared to the responses observed on diestrus day 2. Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH declined on the evening of proestrus, after the preovulatory LH/FSH release. The secondary increase in serum FSH concentration on the morning of estrus was accompanied by a selective increase in the pituitary FHS response to exogenous LHRH. Hamsters ovariectomized (ovx) on diestrus day 2 exhibited daily afternoon LH surges but not FSH surges for at least 10 days after ovx. The magnitude of the LH surges in ovx hamsters was approximately 30-50% of that observed in proestrous females. The pituitary LH response to exogenous LHRH in ovx animals was about 25% as great as in proestrus hamsters. Serum FSH concentrations in ovx females increased by only 30% after LHRH injection, while similar treatment with LHRH resulted in 3- to 4-fold increments in serum FSH in proestrous hamsters. Implantation of E2 capsules in ovx hamsters resulted in increased gonadotropin responses to exogenous LHRH. Serum LH concentrations in the E2-implanted, LHRH-injected animals were as great as those observed after LHRH injection in proestrous females. Administration of LHRH, LH, or progesterone on the morning of proestrus failed to detectably alter the timing or magnitude of the proestrus afternoon FSH surge. The present results suggest that the increasing serum titers of estrogen on diestrus and early proestrus result in increased pituitary sensitivity to LHRH, and this increased sensitivity probably contributes to the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge. The increases in LH and progesterone which occur during the afternoon do not seem to be responsible for triggering the proestrous FSH surge.", "PMID": 369849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_627", "title": "Effect of the bonito insulin on the insulin release from monolayer culture of rat pancreas.", "content": "The effect of bonito insulin on insulin release was examined in the monolayer culture of rat pancreatic beta-cells. The beta-cells were preincubated for 5 to 20 hr with or without a small dose (100 microunits/ml) of bonito insulin in the medium containing 100 mg% glucose. And then, they were incubated in 300 mg% glucose alone or together with bonito insulin for 5 hr. There was no significant difference between the IRI release from these beta-cells with or without bonito insulin. The concentration of bonito insulin was augmented from 100 microunits/ml to 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microunits/ml. A significant inhibitory effect on the glucose-induced insulin release was observed only after the preincubation for 20 hr with 2,000 microunits/ml of bonito insulin.", "contents": "Effect of the bonito insulin on the insulin release from monolayer culture of rat pancreas. The effect of bonito insulin on insulin release was examined in the monolayer culture of rat pancreatic beta-cells. The beta-cells were preincubated for 5 to 20 hr with or without a small dose (100 microunits/ml) of bonito insulin in the medium containing 100 mg% glucose. And then, they were incubated in 300 mg% glucose alone or together with bonito insulin for 5 hr. There was no significant difference between the IRI release from these beta-cells with or without bonito insulin. The concentration of bonito insulin was augmented from 100 microunits/ml to 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microunits/ml. A significant inhibitory effect on the glucose-induced insulin release was observed only after the preincubation for 20 hr with 2,000 microunits/ml of bonito insulin.", "PMID": 369850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_628", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and oestrogen on RNA synthesis in anterior pituitary and different brain regions of rats.", "content": "Oestradiol-17beta caused a marked reduction of RNA content in the cortex, hippocampus, brain stem, hypothalamus and RNA synthesis in the pituitary. LH-RH had facilitatory effect on the cortical and inhibitory influence on the hypothalamic RNA synthesis in vitro, and suppressed the pituitary RNA synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. The possible regulatory role of the LH-RH in the nucleic acid metabolism in discussed.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and oestrogen on RNA synthesis in anterior pituitary and different brain regions of rats. Oestradiol-17beta caused a marked reduction of RNA content in the cortex, hippocampus, brain stem, hypothalamus and RNA synthesis in the pituitary. LH-RH had facilitatory effect on the cortical and inhibitory influence on the hypothalamic RNA synthesis in vitro, and suppressed the pituitary RNA synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. The possible regulatory role of the LH-RH in the nucleic acid metabolism in discussed.", "PMID": 369852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_629", "title": "The delayed effect of sodium valproate on the photoconvulsive response in man.", "content": "The acute effect of a single oral dose of sodium valproate on the photoconvulsive response has been studied. In 7 of 9 patients naive to this drug photosensitivity was abolished or reduced. A similar effect was seen in only 2 of 7 already receiving chronic sodium valproate therapy. The effect appeared 1 to 5 hr (mean, 3 hr) after attainment of peak sodium valproate concentration and lasted up to 5 days.", "contents": "The delayed effect of sodium valproate on the photoconvulsive response in man. The acute effect of a single oral dose of sodium valproate on the photoconvulsive response has been studied. In 7 of 9 patients naive to this drug photosensitivity was abolished or reduced. A similar effect was seen in only 2 of 7 already receiving chronic sodium valproate therapy. The effect appeared 1 to 5 hr (mean, 3 hr) after attainment of peak sodium valproate concentration and lasted up to 5 days.", "PMID": 369854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_630", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on spiking activity induced by cortical freezing in cats.", "content": "In an attempt to know whether the existing anticonvulsants act on epileptogenic focus, the effect on SA induced by freezing of the visual cortex was examined in gallamine-immobilized cats. The SA was localized in the neighbor or ipsilateral cortex of the freezing area; little epileptiform activity was produced in the contralateral anterior cortex, and ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus. Spike frequency and its amplitude were stable over 8 hr. Diazepam suppressed SA and decreased spike frequency and its amplitude. Dipropylacetate and acetazolamide also suppressed SA. On the other hand, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and a high dose of phenytoin enhanced SA and increased the spike frequency. Low doses of phenytoin and trimethadione were without effect in this aspect. Taurine suppressed SA and changed the spikes to wave-like forms. The EEG arousal response was depressed with phenobarbital, carbamazepine, diazepam, and a high dose of phenytoin, but not with the other drugs examined. From these results, it is suggested that diazepam, dipropylacetate, acetazolamide, and taurine depress the epileptogenic focus activity itself without relation to the activating system.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on spiking activity induced by cortical freezing in cats. In an attempt to know whether the existing anticonvulsants act on epileptogenic focus, the effect on SA induced by freezing of the visual cortex was examined in gallamine-immobilized cats. The SA was localized in the neighbor or ipsilateral cortex of the freezing area; little epileptiform activity was produced in the contralateral anterior cortex, and ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus. Spike frequency and its amplitude were stable over 8 hr. Diazepam suppressed SA and decreased spike frequency and its amplitude. Dipropylacetate and acetazolamide also suppressed SA. On the other hand, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and a high dose of phenytoin enhanced SA and increased the spike frequency. Low doses of phenytoin and trimethadione were without effect in this aspect. Taurine suppressed SA and changed the spikes to wave-like forms. The EEG arousal response was depressed with phenobarbital, carbamazepine, diazepam, and a high dose of phenytoin, but not with the other drugs examined. From these results, it is suggested that diazepam, dipropylacetate, acetazolamide, and taurine depress the epileptogenic focus activity itself without relation to the activating system.", "PMID": 369853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_631", "title": "Valproic acid binding to human serum albumin and determination of free fraction in the presence of anticonvulsants and free fatty acids.", "content": "The interaction between valproic acid (VPA) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using the equilibrium dialysis technique under various conditions. Solutions of VPA in HSA (2 x 10(-4) M) were dialyzed against isotonic phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Protein and buffer compartments  were assayed for VPA by GLC. The free fraction (alpha) of VPA increased from 0.13 at 27 microgram/ml to 0.49 at 103 microgram/ml. Scatchard plots were linear, indicating the existence of one type of binding site. The mean (+/- % SD) number of binding sites per macromolecule was 2.06 +/- 3.7% and the mean (+/- % SD) association constant was 2.69 x 10(4) +/- 15.0% liters/mole. The effects of three anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine) and four major free fatty acids (FFA) (stearic, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic) on alpha were studied. The free fraction, 0.18, was not affected by phenobarbital (20 and 40 microgram/ml), carbamazepine (10 and 20 microgram/ml) or phenytoin (20 and 40 microgram/ml). Each of the four FFA caused a significant increase in alpha: 19--48% increase at 100 microgram/ml of FFA and 88--118% at 200 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Valproic acid binding to human serum albumin and determination of free fraction in the presence of anticonvulsants and free fatty acids. The interaction between valproic acid (VPA) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using the equilibrium dialysis technique under various conditions. Solutions of VPA in HSA (2 x 10(-4) M) were dialyzed against isotonic phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Protein and buffer compartments  were assayed for VPA by GLC. The free fraction (alpha) of VPA increased from 0.13 at 27 microgram/ml to 0.49 at 103 microgram/ml. Scatchard plots were linear, indicating the existence of one type of binding site. The mean (+/- % SD) number of binding sites per macromolecule was 2.06 +/- 3.7% and the mean (+/- % SD) association constant was 2.69 x 10(4) +/- 15.0% liters/mole. The effects of three anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine) and four major free fatty acids (FFA) (stearic, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic) on alpha were studied. The free fraction, 0.18, was not affected by phenobarbital (20 and 40 microgram/ml), carbamazepine (10 and 20 microgram/ml) or phenytoin (20 and 40 microgram/ml). Each of the four FFA caused a significant increase in alpha: 19--48% increase at 100 microgram/ml of FFA and 88--118% at 200 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 369855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_632", "title": "Protein interactions in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Specific protein interactions in Escherichia coli outer membrane were analyzed using chemical cross-linking with truly cleavable reagents and symmetrical two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major outer membrane proteins were shown to form cross-linked complexes. These include multimers of lambda receptor, protein I, II, III and the free form of lipoprotein. Lipoprotein was also found to be cross-linked to proteins II and III. The identity of many of these complexes was verified using appropriate mutants missing the proteins in question. No new protein interactions were detected in the mutants even when three of the major proteins were missing. Proteins II, III and the free form of lipoprotein could also be cross-linked to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.", "contents": "Protein interactions in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Specific protein interactions in Escherichia coli outer membrane were analyzed using chemical cross-linking with truly cleavable reagents and symmetrical two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major outer membrane proteins were shown to form cross-linked complexes. These include multimers of lambda receptor, protein I, II, III and the free form of lipoprotein. Lipoprotein was also found to be cross-linked to proteins II and III. The identity of many of these complexes was verified using appropriate mutants missing the proteins in question. No new protein interactions were detected in the mutants even when three of the major proteins were missing. Proteins II, III and the free form of lipoprotein could also be cross-linked to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.", "PMID": 369856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_633", "title": "Peptidyl transferase of bacterial ribosome: resistance to proteinase K.", "content": "70-S ribosomes and 50-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli D10 were treated with proteinase K for increasing periods of time. Peptidyl transferase activity and sparsomycin-induced binding of (U)C-A-C-C-A-[3H]Leu-Ac were tested in the treated particles, the binding of the substrate being more sensitive to the protease than peptide bond formation. Comparison of the amounts of proteins present in the treated particles with the residual activity indicates that only proteins L3 and L14 are released at a similar rate to that at which peptidyl transferase activity is lost. Proteins related to this ribosomal activity by other techniques are lost at a faster rate than the activity itself. In addition, the results indicate that sparsomycin stimulates the binding of the substrate by a different mechanism from that which inhibits peptide bond formation.", "contents": "Peptidyl transferase of bacterial ribosome: resistance to proteinase K. 70-S ribosomes and 50-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli D10 were treated with proteinase K for increasing periods of time. Peptidyl transferase activity and sparsomycin-induced binding of (U)C-A-C-C-A-[3H]Leu-Ac were tested in the treated particles, the binding of the substrate being more sensitive to the protease than peptide bond formation. Comparison of the amounts of proteins present in the treated particles with the residual activity indicates that only proteins L3 and L14 are released at a similar rate to that at which peptidyl transferase activity is lost. Proteins related to this ribosomal activity by other techniques are lost at a faster rate than the activity itself. In addition, the results indicate that sparsomycin stimulates the binding of the substrate by a different mechanism from that which inhibits peptide bond formation.", "PMID": 369857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_634", "title": "Immunofluorescent serum gliadin antibodies in children with coeliac disease and various malabsorptive disorders. I. Technique, clinical evaluation and diagnostic use of a gliadin antibody assay using pyruvic aldehyde-treated human red cells.", "content": "An immunofluorescent gliadin antibody assay is described using pyruvic aldehyde-stabilized human erythrocytes coated with gliadin. Fifty coeliac children all had high serum IgG-antigliadin titres during a normal diet or a challenge with gluten. On a gluten-free diet (30 children), titres were much lower. In patients followed-up for one year on a gluten-free diet, an initial rise in titres was followed by a slow decline. On challenge, IgG-antigliadin titres showed a slow rise or persistence at the same level in most patients. Fifty-two percent of control children with malabosrptive disorders, but without the typical \"flat\" mucosal lesion on jejunal biopsy, were shown to have positive titres in their sera, as were 6% of normal children and 4% of adult blood donors. The fluorescent antibody technique was compared with methods commonly used to detect wheat-protein antibodies, and was found to be superior to all of them. The immunofluorescent gliadin antibody assay appears to be useful in following-up children with coeliac disease, and in selecting patients for jejunal biopsy, although it does not replace biopsy.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent serum gliadin antibodies in children with coeliac disease and various malabsorptive disorders. I. Technique, clinical evaluation and diagnostic use of a gliadin antibody assay using pyruvic aldehyde-treated human red cells. An immunofluorescent gliadin antibody assay is described using pyruvic aldehyde-stabilized human erythrocytes coated with gliadin. Fifty coeliac children all had high serum IgG-antigliadin titres during a normal diet or a challenge with gluten. On a gluten-free diet (30 children), titres were much lower. In patients followed-up for one year on a gluten-free diet, an initial rise in titres was followed by a slow decline. On challenge, IgG-antigliadin titres showed a slow rise or persistence at the same level in most patients. Fifty-two percent of control children with malabosrptive disorders, but without the typical \"flat\" mucosal lesion on jejunal biopsy, were shown to have positive titres in their sera, as were 6% of normal children and 4% of adult blood donors. The fluorescent antibody technique was compared with methods commonly used to detect wheat-protein antibodies, and was found to be superior to all of them. The immunofluorescent gliadin antibody assay appears to be useful in following-up children with coeliac disease, and in selecting patients for jejunal biopsy, although it does not replace biopsy.", "PMID": 369861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_635", "title": "Torsion dystonia: a case with delayed remission following thalamotomy and phenothiazine therapy.", "content": "Torsion dystonia in 13-year-old girl progressed to severe opisthotonus and dystonic posturing of the limbs, accompanied by severe psychic changes, cachexia and calcification around joints. Drug therapy was ineffective. Ventrolateral thalamotomy and chlorpromazine brought about a delayed but remarkable amelioration of all symptoms and signs, still present 4 years later.", "contents": "Torsion dystonia: a case with delayed remission following thalamotomy and phenothiazine therapy. Torsion dystonia in 13-year-old girl progressed to severe opisthotonus and dystonic posturing of the limbs, accompanied by severe psychic changes, cachexia and calcification around joints. Drug therapy was ineffective. Ventrolateral thalamotomy and chlorpromazine brought about a delayed but remarkable amelioration of all symptoms and signs, still present 4 years later.", "PMID": 369865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_636", "title": "Renal transplantation: patients with previous saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass grafts.", "content": "2 patients underwent saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass grafting before successful renal transplantation. Both patients were able to undergo appropriate therapy for various complications, which further emphasizes the resilience that these patients can have after adequate coronary revascularization.", "contents": "Renal transplantation: patients with previous saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass grafts. 2 patients underwent saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass grafting before successful renal transplantation. Both patients were able to undergo appropriate therapy for various complications, which further emphasizes the resilience that these patients can have after adequate coronary revascularization.", "PMID": 369866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_637", "title": "Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in the dystrophic mouse.", "content": "Dystrophic mice were investigated with regard to their regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion in vivo. The following were also measured: tissue glycogen levels, activity of the glycogenolytic hydrolase, acid amyloglucosidase, and in vitro glucose utilization by liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Basal levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin of dystrophic mice were essentially within the same range as in the clinically unaffected littermate controls. Dystrophic mice had a decreased tolerance to glucose and glibenclamide; the secretion of insulin in response to these secretagogues was moderately reduced. Insulin release following beta-adrenergic stimulation, however, was increased in the dystrophic mice. Glycogen levels and acid amyloglucosidase activity were increased in dystrophic muscles but were normal in liver. Acid amyloglucosidase activity in pancreatic islets was lower in the dystrophic mouse. Glucose utilization in vitro appeared normal in liver tissue from dystrophic mice;  in dystrophic muscle there was a threefold increase in 14CO2-production with no concomitant increase in either glycogen or 14C-incorporation into glycogen. 14CO2 production and 14C-incorporation into lipid and glycogen were increased in dystrophic adipose tissue. We suggest that the decreased glucose tolerance, and the reduced insulin response to glucose in the dystrophic mouse are compensated by an increased glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue and an increased beta-adrenergic-mediated secretion of insulin.", "contents": "Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in the dystrophic mouse. Dystrophic mice were investigated with regard to their regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion in vivo. The following were also measured: tissue glycogen levels, activity of the glycogenolytic hydrolase, acid amyloglucosidase, and in vitro glucose utilization by liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Basal levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin of dystrophic mice were essentially within the same range as in the clinically unaffected littermate controls. Dystrophic mice had a decreased tolerance to glucose and glibenclamide; the secretion of insulin in response to these secretagogues was moderately reduced. Insulin release following beta-adrenergic stimulation, however, was increased in the dystrophic mice. Glycogen levels and acid amyloglucosidase activity were increased in dystrophic muscles but were normal in liver. Acid amyloglucosidase activity in pancreatic islets was lower in the dystrophic mouse. Glucose utilization in vitro appeared normal in liver tissue from dystrophic mice;  in dystrophic muscle there was a threefold increase in 14CO2-production with no concomitant increase in either glycogen or 14C-incorporation into glycogen. 14CO2 production and 14C-incorporation into lipid and glycogen were increased in dystrophic adipose tissue. We suggest that the decreased glucose tolerance, and the reduced insulin response to glucose in the dystrophic mouse are compensated by an increased glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue and an increased beta-adrenergic-mediated secretion of insulin.", "PMID": 369869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_638", "title": "Paracetamol versus placebo: effects on post-operative course.", "content": "Paracetamol was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study, in which essentially the same operation was performed on two separate occasions in 24 healthy patients, namely surgical removal of bilateral impacted wisdom teeth. Commencing on the day of surgery, either paracetamol (Panodil; 1.0 g x 4 for 2 days, then 0.5 g x 4 for the next 2 days) or placebo tablets were given, followed by crossover to the alternative treatment at the second operation about 4 weeks later. Several objective and subjective assessments were recorded for paired comparison of post-operative courses. Swelling on the 3rd day after operation when paracetamol was given averaged 71% of that measured when placebo was given (p less than 0.05). After paracetamol, a tendency was noted towards reduced local hyperpyrexia and less post-operative bleeding. The pain and preference scores were clearly in favour of paracetamol. The results provide evidence to suggest that paracetamol may reduce an acute, posttraumatic inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Paracetamol versus placebo: effects on post-operative course. Paracetamol was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study, in which essentially the same operation was performed on two separate occasions in 24 healthy patients, namely surgical removal of bilateral impacted wisdom teeth. Commencing on the day of surgery, either paracetamol (Panodil; 1.0 g x 4 for 2 days, then 0.5 g x 4 for the next 2 days) or placebo tablets were given, followed by crossover to the alternative treatment at the second operation about 4 weeks later. Several objective and subjective assessments were recorded for paired comparison of post-operative courses. Swelling on the 3rd day after operation when paracetamol was given averaged 71% of that measured when placebo was given (p less than 0.05). After paracetamol, a tendency was noted towards reduced local hyperpyrexia and less post-operative bleeding. The pain and preference scores were clearly in favour of paracetamol. The results provide evidence to suggest that paracetamol may reduce an acute, posttraumatic inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 369868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_639", "title": "Pulmonary and systemic vascular effects of exogenous prostaglandin I2 in fetal lambs.", "content": "Effects of PGI2 upon pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic arterial pressure of near term fetuses were evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized, unventilated fetal lambs by means of an open-chest, pump-perfused lung preparation. These effects were compared to those of PGE1 and PGE2 in the same animals. Intrapulmonary arterial infusions of PGI2 produced dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic arterial pressure. Effects of PGI2 upon pulmonary vascular resistance are intermediate with respect to those of PGE1 (greater) and PGE2 (less). PGI2 is a potent hypotensive compound when administered to fetal lambs, producing dose-dependent decreases in systemic arterial pressure.  When the three prostaglandins are infused into the pulmonary artery, effects on systemic arterial pressure of PGE1 and PGI2 are nearly identical. Effects of PGE2 are considerably less. PGI2 is a potent dilator of fetal lamb vessels and could play a role in circulatory control during perinatal transition.", "contents": "Pulmonary and systemic vascular effects of exogenous prostaglandin I2 in fetal lambs. Effects of PGI2 upon pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic arterial pressure of near term fetuses were evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized, unventilated fetal lambs by means of an open-chest, pump-perfused lung preparation. These effects were compared to those of PGE1 and PGE2 in the same animals. Intrapulmonary arterial infusions of PGI2 produced dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic arterial pressure. Effects of PGI2 upon pulmonary vascular resistance are intermediate with respect to those of PGE1 (greater) and PGE2 (less). PGI2 is a potent hypotensive compound when administered to fetal lambs, producing dose-dependent decreases in systemic arterial pressure.  When the three prostaglandins are infused into the pulmonary artery, effects on systemic arterial pressure of PGE1 and PGI2 are nearly identical. Effects of PGE2 are considerably less. PGI2 is a potent dilator of fetal lamb vessels and could play a role in circulatory control during perinatal transition.", "PMID": 369870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_640", "title": "Murine yolk sac hematopoiesis studied with the diffusion chamber technique.", "content": "The proliferation and differentiation of visceral and of parietal yolk sac cells from 9-day-old mouse embryos were studied in diffusion chambers (DC). After culture, the visceral yolk sac yielded predominantly macrophages whereas the parietal yolk sac displayed mainly plasmocyte-like cells. It is shown the latter do not synthesize immunoglobulin but rather elaborate Reichert's membrane. Neither visceral nor parietal yolk sac contained detectable pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) prior to or after DC culture, a finding which is discussed in the light of the current literature.", "contents": "Murine yolk sac hematopoiesis studied with the diffusion chamber technique. The proliferation and differentiation of visceral and of parietal yolk sac cells from 9-day-old mouse embryos were studied in diffusion chambers (DC). After culture, the visceral yolk sac yielded predominantly macrophages whereas the parietal yolk sac displayed mainly plasmocyte-like cells. It is shown the latter do not synthesize immunoglobulin but rather elaborate Reichert's membrane. Neither visceral nor parietal yolk sac contained detectable pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) prior to or after DC culture, a finding which is discussed in the light of the current literature.", "PMID": 369871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_641", "title": "Determination of the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles in the zona glomerulosa, based on distribution measurements. II. Application of the methods.", "content": "Stereologic investigations of the adrenal zona glomerulosa of rats were carried out in control, potassium loaded and heparin treated animals. The nuclei of the cells were considered as spheres, and the mitochondria as prolate (= elongated) ellipsoids of revolution. Size and shape distribution, numerical densities and mean volumes of particles were calculated. Control measurements were performed in order to test the acceptability of estimation errors. These stereologic methods proved to be suitable in experimental studies.", "contents": "Determination of the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles in the zona glomerulosa, based on distribution measurements. II. Application of the methods. Stereologic investigations of the adrenal zona glomerulosa of rats were carried out in control, potassium loaded and heparin treated animals. The nuclei of the cells were considered as spheres, and the mitochondria as prolate (= elongated) ellipsoids of revolution. Size and shape distribution, numerical densities and mean volumes of particles were calculated. Control measurements were performed in order to test the acceptability of estimation errors. These stereologic methods proved to be suitable in experimental studies.", "PMID": 369872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_642", "title": "Correlations between the neurobiology of colour vision and the psycholinguistics of colour naming.", "content": "Neurobiological experiments demonstrate that colour sensation is perceived by the brain by processes which, in principle, follow the opponent colour pairs scheme proposed by Hering in 1874. Tests on colour naming in various European, Asian and Central American languages have shown that the opponent scheme is also reflected in psycholinguistics. The linguistic evolution of colour terms proposed by Berlin and Kay (1969) is correlated directly with the ontogenetic development of language in children as elucidated by Jakobson (1941). Colour vision is therefore a suitable field for interdisciplinary investigations of brain processes and linguistics.", "contents": "Correlations between the neurobiology of colour vision and the psycholinguistics of colour naming. Neurobiological experiments demonstrate that colour sensation is perceived by the brain by processes which, in principle, follow the opponent colour pairs scheme proposed by Hering in 1874. Tests on colour naming in various European, Asian and Central American languages have shown that the opponent scheme is also reflected in psycholinguistics. The linguistic evolution of colour terms proposed by Berlin and Kay (1969) is correlated directly with the ontogenetic development of language in children as elucidated by Jakobson (1941). Colour vision is therefore a suitable field for interdisciplinary investigations of brain processes and linguistics.", "PMID": 369873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_643", "title": "Effect of acetylsalicylate on surgical bleeding, postoperative mortality and allograft survival in rats undergoing heart transplantation.", "content": "18 rats were treated with L-ASA before heart transplantation and daily thereafter until death or rejection. 22 animals acted as controls. A significantly higher post-operative mortality rate, without any significant modification of the transplant survival time, was found in L-ASA-treated group.", "contents": "Effect of acetylsalicylate on surgical bleeding, postoperative mortality and allograft survival in rats undergoing heart transplantation. 18 rats were treated with L-ASA before heart transplantation and daily thereafter until death or rejection. 22 animals acted as controls. A significantly higher post-operative mortality rate, without any significant modification of the transplant survival time, was found in L-ASA-treated group.", "PMID": 369874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_644", "title": "Somatostatin content and release of isolated pancreatic islets from obese-hyperglycemic mice.", "content": "The somatostatin content in pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycemic mice was much lower than in the islets of normal mice. Also the release of somatostatin was decreased from the islets obtained from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. Tissue culture for 1 week changed neither the content of, nor the amount of somatostatin released from, the pancreatic islets.", "contents": "Somatostatin content and release of isolated pancreatic islets from obese-hyperglycemic mice. The somatostatin content in pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycemic mice was much lower than in the islets of normal mice. Also the release of somatostatin was decreased from the islets obtained from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. Tissue culture for 1 week changed neither the content of, nor the amount of somatostatin released from, the pancreatic islets.", "PMID": 369875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_645", "title": "Effect of suppression of endocrine or exocrine pancreatic function in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Somatostatin did not influence the pathologic consequences of hemorrhagic shock, but pancreatic duct ligation prevented the post-oligemic decline of arterial pressure and formation of toxic factors. These results indicate that pancreatic acinar cells release myocardial depressant factor and are important in the pathophysiology of shock.", "contents": "Effect of suppression of endocrine or exocrine pancreatic function in hemorrhagic shock. Somatostatin did not influence the pathologic consequences of hemorrhagic shock, but pancreatic duct ligation prevented the post-oligemic decline of arterial pressure and formation of toxic factors. These results indicate that pancreatic acinar cells release myocardial depressant factor and are important in the pathophysiology of shock.", "PMID": 369876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_646", "title": "Reactions of cysteine, its derivatives, glutathione coenzyme A, and dihydrolipoic acid with isothiocyanates.", "content": "Isothiocyanates react with deprotonated SH groups of investigated compounds to give the esters of N-monosubstituted dithiocarbamic acid. In the presence of the SH and NH2 groups (Cys, GSH), isothiocyanates react primarily with the SH groups. The reactions are dependent on the pKa SH values.", "contents": "Reactions of cysteine, its derivatives, glutathione coenzyme A, and dihydrolipoic acid with isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates react with deprotonated SH groups of investigated compounds to give the esters of N-monosubstituted dithiocarbamic acid. In the presence of the SH and NH2 groups (Cys, GSH), isothiocyanates react primarily with the SH groups. The reactions are dependent on the pKa SH values.", "PMID": 369877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_647", "title": "lambda-Prophage induction by furocoumarin photosensitization.", "content": "Furocoumarin photosensitization induces lambda-prophage from lysogenic Escherichia coli cells; this effect is clearly due to the photoreaction that furocoumarins give with DNA, and it appears connected with the formation of monoadducts rather than of diadducts (cross-links).", "contents": "lambda-Prophage induction by furocoumarin photosensitization. Furocoumarin photosensitization induces lambda-prophage from lysogenic Escherichia coli cells; this effect is clearly due to the photoreaction that furocoumarins give with DNA, and it appears connected with the formation of monoadducts rather than of diadducts (cross-links).", "PMID": 369878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_648", "title": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families: a review of research.", "content": "Recent family interaction studies are reviewed with an emphasis on looking for dimensions along which disturbed and normal families differ. Several areas of consistency in the literature were found, including: family coalition patterns, patterns of conflict, flexibility versus rigidity, family effectiveness and efficiency, and deviant styles of communication. It was concluded that several measures reliably discriminate disturbed from normal families and that one type of measure in particular is a reliable predictor of thought disorder in offspring. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.", "contents": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families: a review of research. Recent family interaction studies are reviewed with an emphasis on looking for dimensions along which disturbed and normal families differ. Several areas of consistency in the literature were found, including: family coalition patterns, patterns of conflict, flexibility versus rigidity, family effectiveness and efficiency, and deviant styles of communication. It was concluded that several measures reliably discriminate disturbed from normal families and that one type of measure in particular is a reliable predictor of thought disorder in offspring. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.", "PMID": 369881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_649", "title": "[S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides having antifungal activity. II].", "content": "Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides [Table I: substances (I leads to XXXI)] were prepared and tested for antifungal activity. The substances, most of which had not been previously reported, were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents. The antifungal activity of the compounds was tested in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. For some compounds the was tested activity against the above strains fungicidal, Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many of the compounds proved to have high antifungal activity comparable with that of Clotrimazol. The results extended knowledge on the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compounds. The compounds with the highest antifungal activity were: 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVIII); 2-acetylmercapto-5-Cl-N,n-propylbenzamide (XIV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-octylbenzamide (XXXI); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-pentylbenzamide (XXV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-hexylbenzamide (XXVII).", "contents": "[S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides having antifungal activity. II]. Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides [Table I: substances (I leads to XXXI)] were prepared and tested for antifungal activity. The substances, most of which had not been previously reported, were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents. The antifungal activity of the compounds was tested in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. For some compounds the was tested activity against the above strains fungicidal, Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many of the compounds proved to have high antifungal activity comparable with that of Clotrimazol. The results extended knowledge on the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compounds. The compounds with the highest antifungal activity were: 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVIII); 2-acetylmercapto-5-Cl-N,n-propylbenzamide (XIV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-octylbenzamide (XXXI); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-pentylbenzamide (XXV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-hexylbenzamide (XXVII).", "PMID": 369885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_650", "title": "Failed intrauterine device contraception and limb reduction deformities: a case-control study.", "content": "Three recent case reports have suggested an association between failed intrauterine device (IUD) contraception and limb reduction deformities in the resulting offspring. To clarify further the purported teratogenic role of the IUD in the etiology of these defects, we conducted a case-control study of 96 mothers who had given birth to infants with limb defects. Interview data about IUD exposure at conception among these mothers were compared with interview data from 2 sets of controls: (1) 915 mothers of infants with other major defects and (2) a subset of the first group consisting of 169 mothers with chromosomally defective infants. No significant increase in the incidence of IUD use was found for cases when compared with either control group. Estimates of the relative risk were 1.28 (95% confidence limits [CL]of 0.29 to 5.67) and 1.78 (95% CL of 0.25 to 12.82) when the first and second groups of controls were used, respectively. These risk figures were not significantly different from 1.0. The evidence accumulated thus far militates against a teratogenic role for the IUD.", "contents": "Failed intrauterine device contraception and limb reduction deformities: a case-control study. Three recent case reports have suggested an association between failed intrauterine device (IUD) contraception and limb reduction deformities in the resulting offspring. To clarify further the purported teratogenic role of the IUD in the etiology of these defects, we conducted a case-control study of 96 mothers who had given birth to infants with limb defects. Interview data about IUD exposure at conception among these mothers were compared with interview data from 2 sets of controls: (1) 915 mothers of infants with other major defects and (2) a subset of the first group consisting of 169 mothers with chromosomally defective infants. No significant increase in the incidence of IUD use was found for cases when compared with either control group. Estimates of the relative risk were 1.28 (95% confidence limits [CL]of 0.29 to 5.67) and 1.78 (95% CL of 0.25 to 12.82) when the first and second groups of controls were used, respectively. These risk figures were not significantly different from 1.0. The evidence accumulated thus far militates against a teratogenic role for the IUD.", "PMID": 369888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_651", "title": "Pituitary adenoma and oral contraceptives: a case-control study.", "content": "A search of the centralized data resource available at the Mayo Clinic for all cases of pituitary adenoma diagnosed in the population of Olmstead County, Minnesota, disclosed an increasing incidence of this tumor in women of childbearing age. The sex, age, and temporal relationships suggest that, if this increase is real, oral contraceptives should be considered as one of the possible etiologic factors. A case-control study, however, did not reveal an association of prior use of oral contraceptives with pituitary tumor--relative risk, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 2.2. No association was found with other possible risk factors, i.e., prior head injury, radiation therapy, seizures, and smoking. Thus, unless other etiologic agents can be identified, it appears that the increasing incidence is due to advances in diagnostic and surgical technology rather than to a specific etiologic factor.", "contents": "Pituitary adenoma and oral contraceptives: a case-control study. A search of the centralized data resource available at the Mayo Clinic for all cases of pituitary adenoma diagnosed in the population of Olmstead County, Minnesota, disclosed an increasing incidence of this tumor in women of childbearing age. The sex, age, and temporal relationships suggest that, if this increase is real, oral contraceptives should be considered as one of the possible etiologic factors. A case-control study, however, did not reveal an association of prior use of oral contraceptives with pituitary tumor--relative risk, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 2.2. No association was found with other possible risk factors, i.e., prior head injury, radiation therapy, seizures, and smoking. Thus, unless other etiologic agents can be identified, it appears that the increasing incidence is due to advances in diagnostic and surgical technology rather than to a specific etiologic factor.", "PMID": 369889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_652", "title": "Possible luteolytic effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in normal women.", "content": "The administration of five subcutaneous 250-microgram doses of lutienizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 4-hour intervals, the first injection being given at 8 A.M. on 1 or 2 consecutive days between days 1 and 9 following the LH surge in normal women, shortened the luteal phase from 1 to 4 days in 16 of 17 treatment cycles. There was a better efficiency of treatment when LHRH was administered on days 6 to 9 after the LH surge as compared with days 1 to 5. In fact, the luteal phase was shortened from 3.3 +/- 0.2 days versus 1.4 +/- 0.2 days (P less than 0.01) and the serum progesterone level was decreased to 44% +/- 6% versus 71% +/- 6% of control levels (P less than 0.01) when the neurohormone was injected late as compared with early in the luteal phase. The present data raise the possibility of a luteolytic effect of LHRH in normal women and indicate the interest of such a near-physiologic approach for the control of luteal function and time of appearance of menses.", "contents": "Possible luteolytic effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in normal women. The administration of five subcutaneous 250-microgram doses of lutienizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 4-hour intervals, the first injection being given at 8 A.M. on 1 or 2 consecutive days between days 1 and 9 following the LH surge in normal women, shortened the luteal phase from 1 to 4 days in 16 of 17 treatment cycles. There was a better efficiency of treatment when LHRH was administered on days 6 to 9 after the LH surge as compared with days 1 to 5. In fact, the luteal phase was shortened from 3.3 +/- 0.2 days versus 1.4 +/- 0.2 days (P less than 0.01) and the serum progesterone level was decreased to 44% +/- 6% versus 71% +/- 6% of control levels (P less than 0.01) when the neurohormone was injected late as compared with early in the luteal phase. The present data raise the possibility of a luteolytic effect of LHRH in normal women and indicate the interest of such a near-physiologic approach for the control of luteal function and time of appearance of menses.", "PMID": 369890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_653", "title": "Gonadotropin-like substance in the preimplanted rabbit blastocyst.", "content": "The presence of a gonadotropin-like substance in preimplanted rabbit blastocyst fluid was determined bu radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/luteinizing hormone (LH), using receptors prepared from bovine corpus luteum, rat testis, and rat ovaries. An average of 16.6 microliter of fluid containing 0.83 ng of luteotropic material was recovered from each blastocyst. An intense fluorescence was exhibited by the trophoblastic cells of the blastocysts treated with fluorescein-conjugated gamma-globulin isolated from antiserum raised against human chorionic gonadotropin. Serum concentrations of LH as well as estradiol, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone up to day 6 after mating were determined in pregnant rabbits and compared with those in pseudopregnant and normal rabbits. In pregnant rabbits after mating, a surge of 62 +/- 15 ng of luteinizing hormone and 73 +/- 22 ng of progesterone/ml of serum occurred which returned to basal levels at 6 hours and on day 1, respectively. Secondary increases in serum luteinizing hormone of 26 +/- 12 to 36 +/- 16 ng/ml on days 3 and 5 and in serum progesterone of 16 +/- 4 and 14 +/- 5 ng/ml on days 5 and 6, respectively, were observed in pregnant rabbits.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-like substance in the preimplanted rabbit blastocyst. The presence of a gonadotropin-like substance in preimplanted rabbit blastocyst fluid was determined bu radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/luteinizing hormone (LH), using receptors prepared from bovine corpus luteum, rat testis, and rat ovaries. An average of 16.6 microliter of fluid containing 0.83 ng of luteotropic material was recovered from each blastocyst. An intense fluorescence was exhibited by the trophoblastic cells of the blastocysts treated with fluorescein-conjugated gamma-globulin isolated from antiserum raised against human chorionic gonadotropin. Serum concentrations of LH as well as estradiol, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone up to day 6 after mating were determined in pregnant rabbits and compared with those in pseudopregnant and normal rabbits. In pregnant rabbits after mating, a surge of 62 +/- 15 ng of luteinizing hormone and 73 +/- 22 ng of progesterone/ml of serum occurred which returned to basal levels at 6 hours and on day 1, respectively. Secondary increases in serum luteinizing hormone of 26 +/- 12 to 36 +/- 16 ng/ml on days 3 and 5 and in serum progesterone of 16 +/- 4 and 14 +/- 5 ng/ml on days 5 and 6, respectively, were observed in pregnant rabbits.", "PMID": 369891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_654", "title": "A controlled comparative trial of a new antidepressant, ciclazindol.", "content": "The author describes a controlled, double-blind, comparative trial of a new tetracyclic compound, ciclazindol (WY 23409), against amitriptyline in the treatment of thirty-five patients admitted to hospital with depressive illness. Each patient was randomly allocated to three weeks treatment with either 50 mg b.d. ciclazindol or 50 mg b.d. amitriptyline. In the event of a poor response the dose level was raised to 75 mg b.d. Separation of cases of endogenous depression and severity of depression were assessed by the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire, a self-rating technique. Severity of depression was also assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale. No significant difference was noted between the drugs in either the degree or the rate of response nor when the endogenous cases alone were studied. The interesting observation was made that only one-third of ciclazindol patients gained weight compared to almost three-quarters of the amitriptyline group and the mean weight gain of the latter was over double that of the ciclazindol group. The author concludes that ciclazindol offers promise and merits further study using higher dosage levels once its full safety trials have been completed.", "contents": "A controlled comparative trial of a new antidepressant, ciclazindol. The author describes a controlled, double-blind, comparative trial of a new tetracyclic compound, ciclazindol (WY 23409), against amitriptyline in the treatment of thirty-five patients admitted to hospital with depressive illness. Each patient was randomly allocated to three weeks treatment with either 50 mg b.d. ciclazindol or 50 mg b.d. amitriptyline. In the event of a poor response the dose level was raised to 75 mg b.d. Separation of cases of endogenous depression and severity of depression were assessed by the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire, a self-rating technique. Severity of depression was also assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale. No significant difference was noted between the drugs in either the degree or the rate of response nor when the endogenous cases alone were studied. The interesting observation was made that only one-third of ciclazindol patients gained weight compared to almost three-quarters of the amitriptyline group and the mean weight gain of the latter was over double that of the ciclazindol group. The author concludes that ciclazindol offers promise and merits further study using higher dosage levels once its full safety trials have been completed.", "PMID": 369921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_655", "title": "Multicentre study of 'Flagyl' in the prevention of post-operative anaerobic infection.", "content": "In a study carried out with 565 patients undergoing gynaecological and general surgical procedures, metronidazole ('Flagyl') was used pre- and post-operatively and the incidence of post-operative infection, particularly that due to anaerobic organisms, was recorded. This was not a controlled study but, by comparison with other series, it would appear that the use of oral metronidazole had substantially reduced the likelihood of supervention of anaerobic sepsis. It is probable that the use of intravenous metronidazole therapy would have reduced the incidence of anaerobic sepsis still further had this preparation been available at the time.", "contents": "Multicentre study of 'Flagyl' in the prevention of post-operative anaerobic infection. In a study carried out with 565 patients undergoing gynaecological and general surgical procedures, metronidazole ('Flagyl') was used pre- and post-operatively and the incidence of post-operative infection, particularly that due to anaerobic organisms, was recorded. This was not a controlled study but, by comparison with other series, it would appear that the use of oral metronidazole had substantially reduced the likelihood of supervention of anaerobic sepsis. It is probable that the use of intravenous metronidazole therapy would have reduced the incidence of anaerobic sepsis still further had this preparation been available at the time.", "PMID": 369922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_656", "title": "Aldactone and acebutolol in treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-one essential hypertensives were randomly treated with Aldactone, acebutolol or a combination of the two drugs. Statistically significant falls in systolic and diastolic pressures were demonstrated during treatment with Aldactone 100 mg daily, also when acebutolol and Aldactone 200 mg daily were administered. When the combination of Aldactone and acebutolol was given, diastolic pressures were lowered to a greater degree than seen with individual treatments.", "contents": "Aldactone and acebutolol in treatment of hypertension. Twenty-one essential hypertensives were randomly treated with Aldactone, acebutolol or a combination of the two drugs. Statistically significant falls in systolic and diastolic pressures were demonstrated during treatment with Aldactone 100 mg daily, also when acebutolol and Aldactone 200 mg daily were administered. When the combination of Aldactone and acebutolol was given, diastolic pressures were lowered to a greater degree than seen with individual treatments.", "PMID": 369923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_657", "title": "A comparison of indoprofen and indomethacin in the supportive treatment of soft-tissue injuries in football players: a pilot study.", "content": "Twenty-four professional footballers suffering from recent soft-tissue injuries were included in a double-blind pilot trial comparing the efficacy and tolerability of indoprofen 800 mg/day and indomethacin 80 mg/day. Twelve subjects were allocated at random to each of the two drugs. Mean reduction of pain and swelling by the 3rd day of treatment was greater in the indoprofen group, as was the rate of disappearance of these symptoms, calculated in terms of t 1/2. A statistically significant (p less than 0.05) superiority of indoprofen versus indomethacin was, however, reached only for pain elicited by active movement. No adverse reactions were recorded with either drug.", "contents": "A comparison of indoprofen and indomethacin in the supportive treatment of soft-tissue injuries in football players: a pilot study. Twenty-four professional footballers suffering from recent soft-tissue injuries were included in a double-blind pilot trial comparing the efficacy and tolerability of indoprofen 800 mg/day and indomethacin 80 mg/day. Twelve subjects were allocated at random to each of the two drugs. Mean reduction of pain and swelling by the 3rd day of treatment was greater in the indoprofen group, as was the rate of disappearance of these symptoms, calculated in terms of t 1/2. A statistically significant (p less than 0.05) superiority of indoprofen versus indomethacin was, however, reached only for pain elicited by active movement. No adverse reactions were recorded with either drug.", "PMID": 369924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_658", "title": "A multicentre double-blind comparison of oxaprozin aspirin therapy on rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Preliminary clinical studies showed that oxaprozin (4,5 Diphenyl-2-oxazolepropionic acid) has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties with a plasma half-life of about 40 hours. Consequently, a multicentre, double-blind parallel trial was conducted for 12 weeks at thirteen investigator sites, utilizing 212 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis and comparing oxaprozin 600 mg/day, oxaprozin 1200 mg/day and aspirin 3900 mg/day. Both the oxaprozin and aspirin-treated patients had statistically significant improvement from baseline periods, in most key categories evaluated. Oxaprozin administered twice a day (b.i.d.) was as effective as aspirin administered four times a day (q.i.d.) and caused significantly less tinnitus (p less than 0.001). Fewer patients receiving high dose oxaprozin (2%) dropped out of the study because of unsatisfactory response than did those receiving aspirin (10%). There were no clinically significant laboratory abnormalities in the gastro-intestinal, renal, hepatic or haematological parameters monitored. This study suggests that oxaprozin is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "A multicentre double-blind comparison of oxaprozin aspirin therapy on rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary clinical studies showed that oxaprozin (4,5 Diphenyl-2-oxazolepropionic acid) has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties with a plasma half-life of about 40 hours. Consequently, a multicentre, double-blind parallel trial was conducted for 12 weeks at thirteen investigator sites, utilizing 212 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis and comparing oxaprozin 600 mg/day, oxaprozin 1200 mg/day and aspirin 3900 mg/day. Both the oxaprozin and aspirin-treated patients had statistically significant improvement from baseline periods, in most key categories evaluated. Oxaprozin administered twice a day (b.i.d.) was as effective as aspirin administered four times a day (q.i.d.) and caused significantly less tinnitus (p less than 0.001). Fewer patients receiving high dose oxaprozin (2%) dropped out of the study because of unsatisfactory response than did those receiving aspirin (10%). There were no clinically significant laboratory abnormalities in the gastro-intestinal, renal, hepatic or haematological parameters monitored. This study suggests that oxaprozin is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 369925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_659", "title": "Comparison of efficacy of amoxapine and imipramine in a multi-clinic double-blind study using the WHO schedule for a standard assessment of patients with depressive disorders.", "content": "A multi-clinic double-blind controlled study on amoxapine in comparison with imipramine, using the WHO Schedule for a Standard Assessment of Patients with Depressive Disorders, was performed and the data were analyzed with 111 patients. The assessment of severity of illness and overall improvement indicated clearly the superiority of the antidepressive effect of amoxapine to that of imipramine. The onset of antidepressive effect of amoxapine was clearly more rapid than that of imipramine, and in more than half of the patients in the amoxapine group the improvement was seen within four days following the drug administration. Amoxapine was superior to imipramine in terms of safety and usefulness. The side-effects due to amoxapine appeared less frequently and were less serious than with imipramine. The difference between amoxapine and imipramine was especially remarkable for hypotensive effect. The antidepressive effect of amoxaphine was superior to that of imipramine for almost all symptoms and signs. Amoxapine displayed an especially remarkable effect on psychomotor retardation, depressive feeling, anxiety and tension, somatic complaints and sleep disturbance.", "contents": "Comparison of efficacy of amoxapine and imipramine in a multi-clinic double-blind study using the WHO schedule for a standard assessment of patients with depressive disorders. A multi-clinic double-blind controlled study on amoxapine in comparison with imipramine, using the WHO Schedule for a Standard Assessment of Patients with Depressive Disorders, was performed and the data were analyzed with 111 patients. The assessment of severity of illness and overall improvement indicated clearly the superiority of the antidepressive effect of amoxapine to that of imipramine. The onset of antidepressive effect of amoxapine was clearly more rapid than that of imipramine, and in more than half of the patients in the amoxapine group the improvement was seen within four days following the drug administration. Amoxapine was superior to imipramine in terms of safety and usefulness. The side-effects due to amoxapine appeared less frequently and were less serious than with imipramine. The difference between amoxapine and imipramine was especially remarkable for hypotensive effect. The antidepressive effect of amoxaphine was superior to that of imipramine for almost all symptoms and signs. Amoxapine displayed an especially remarkable effect on psychomotor retardation, depressive feeling, anxiety and tension, somatic complaints and sleep disturbance.", "PMID": 369926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_660", "title": "Kinetics of native insulin in diabetic, obese, and aged men.", "content": "The kinetics of unlabeled porcine insulin were studied in 69 nondiabetic male subjects aged 18-83 yr with obesity indexes of 0.93 - 1.51 and in 12 maturity-onset diabetics age 46-78 yr with obesity indexes of 0.95-1.56 by using the euglycemic clamp technique. Analysis of the insulin kinetic data by using a mathematical model permitted the determination, for each individual, of steady state distribution masses and degradation rate constants. The individuals were grouped to allow comparison of the results on the basis of age, obesity index, or diabetes. The responses over a period of 120 min to an infusion and wash out of insulin show some transient as well as steady state differences with age, obesity, or diabetes. Analysis of these data by use of compartmental models leads to the conclusion that in the steady state the ratio of insulin in extravascular spaces to that in plasma (T/P) is decreased in the moderately obese group (26%) and in the diabetic group (17%) but increased in the older group (13%) when each is compared with the appropriate control. Since extravascular insulin includes both insulin bound to receptors and insulin in the interstitial fluid, the observed changes in the extravascular to plasma mass ratio most likely reflect changes in in vivo binding to receptors, although the magnitude of the change would be modified somewhat by changes in the size of the interstitial spaces relative to plasma. In addition, the rate of entry of new insulin into plasma (BSDR) was increased in the diabetic population (45%; P less than 0.02) as well as in the moderately obese group (27%) but was decreased somewhat in the older group (11%). The following general conclusions can be drawn from the results: The pattern of parameter changes seen with obesity is similar to that seen with maturity-onset diabetes. The decrease in T/P seen with obesity and with maturity-onset diabetes cannot be accounted for solely by changes in fasting plasma insulin levels in these populations. The pattern of changes seen in the older subjects is opposite that seen in the maturity-onset diabetics, which suggests that diabetes is a perturbation distinct from the normal aging process. Finally, the changes in the metabolism of insulin are not large, making it unlikely that they are the sole cause of the major alterations in glucose tolerance seen with aging, obesity, or diabetes.", "contents": "Kinetics of native insulin in diabetic, obese, and aged men. The kinetics of unlabeled porcine insulin were studied in 69 nondiabetic male subjects aged 18-83 yr with obesity indexes of 0.93 - 1.51 and in 12 maturity-onset diabetics age 46-78 yr with obesity indexes of 0.95-1.56 by using the euglycemic clamp technique. Analysis of the insulin kinetic data by using a mathematical model permitted the determination, for each individual, of steady state distribution masses and degradation rate constants. The individuals were grouped to allow comparison of the results on the basis of age, obesity index, or diabetes. The responses over a period of 120 min to an infusion and wash out of insulin show some transient as well as steady state differences with age, obesity, or diabetes. Analysis of these data by use of compartmental models leads to the conclusion that in the steady state the ratio of insulin in extravascular spaces to that in plasma (T/P) is decreased in the moderately obese group (26%) and in the diabetic group (17%) but increased in the older group (13%) when each is compared with the appropriate control. Since extravascular insulin includes both insulin bound to receptors and insulin in the interstitial fluid, the observed changes in the extravascular to plasma mass ratio most likely reflect changes in in vivo binding to receptors, although the magnitude of the change would be modified somewhat by changes in the size of the interstitial spaces relative to plasma. In addition, the rate of entry of new insulin into plasma (BSDR) was increased in the diabetic population (45%; P less than 0.02) as well as in the moderately obese group (27%) but was decreased somewhat in the older group (11%). The following general conclusions can be drawn from the results: The pattern of parameter changes seen with obesity is similar to that seen with maturity-onset diabetes. The decrease in T/P seen with obesity and with maturity-onset diabetes cannot be accounted for solely by changes in fasting plasma insulin levels in these populations. The pattern of changes seen in the older subjects is opposite that seen in the maturity-onset diabetics, which suggests that diabetes is a perturbation distinct from the normal aging process. Finally, the changes in the metabolism of insulin are not large, making it unlikely that they are the sole cause of the major alterations in glucose tolerance seen with aging, obesity, or diabetes.", "PMID": 369927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_661", "title": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. III. Effect of insulin treatment on the growth and differentiation of the pancreatic implants after reversal of diabetes.", "content": "Eight 18-316 fetal pancreases were transplanted to syngeneic alloxan diabetic male rats. Some of the recipients were treated with insulin for a 7-day period immediately after transplant. By previously published clinical criteria, three groups of recipients could be identified after reversal of diabetes by the transplanted tissue: insulin-treated rapid reversal; insulin-treated slow reversal; and control (not treated with insulin). Five animals in each group were sacrificed after glucose tolerance testing for morphologic and hormonal analysis of the transplanted tissue. The insulin-,glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive islet cell masses of the fetal pancreatic implants were quantitated. There was a correlation between the beta cell mass of the implants and the glucose tolerance exhibited by the host animals. The rapid response insulin-treated recipients had significantly greater implant beta cell mass and insulin content compared with the other groups. There was no difference in implant alpha cell mass among the groups, but the insulin-treated implants had a significantly greater glucagon content. The delta cell mass of insulin-treated rapid response was less than that of the other two groups. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported morphometric analysis 15 days after transplantation. The relationships of transplanted beta cell mass, beta cell differentiation, transplant site, and cell-to-cell interactions within the transplanted islet to the control of glucose homeostasis are also discussed.", "contents": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. III. Effect of insulin treatment on the growth and differentiation of the pancreatic implants after reversal of diabetes. Eight 18-316 fetal pancreases were transplanted to syngeneic alloxan diabetic male rats. Some of the recipients were treated with insulin for a 7-day period immediately after transplant. By previously published clinical criteria, three groups of recipients could be identified after reversal of diabetes by the transplanted tissue: insulin-treated rapid reversal; insulin-treated slow reversal; and control (not treated with insulin). Five animals in each group were sacrificed after glucose tolerance testing for morphologic and hormonal analysis of the transplanted tissue. The insulin-,glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive islet cell masses of the fetal pancreatic implants were quantitated. There was a correlation between the beta cell mass of the implants and the glucose tolerance exhibited by the host animals. The rapid response insulin-treated recipients had significantly greater implant beta cell mass and insulin content compared with the other groups. There was no difference in implant alpha cell mass among the groups, but the insulin-treated implants had a significantly greater glucagon content. The delta cell mass of insulin-treated rapid response was less than that of the other two groups. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported morphometric analysis 15 days after transplantation. The relationships of transplanted beta cell mass, beta cell differentiation, transplant site, and cell-to-cell interactions within the transplanted islet to the control of glucose homeostasis are also discussed.", "PMID": 369928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_662", "title": "Dental infection in a cirrhotic patient. Source of recurrent sepsis.", "content": "A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis had multiple episodes of sepsis with Klebsiella pneumonia. Repeated searches for the source of infection finally revealed the organism in the root of a tooth. Evidence indicated that this site was the primary source of infection. The importance of dental infections in alcoholics and the difficulty in diagnosing those infections are emphasized by this case.", "contents": "Dental infection in a cirrhotic patient. Source of recurrent sepsis. A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis had multiple episodes of sepsis with Klebsiella pneumonia. Repeated searches for the source of infection finally revealed the organism in the root of a tooth. Evidence indicated that this site was the primary source of infection. The importance of dental infections in alcoholics and the difficulty in diagnosing those infections are emphasized by this case.", "PMID": 369935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_663", "title": "[Stereotaxic: measurements of the skull cap and skull base in merino sheep (Ovis aries L.)].", "content": "On the 14 skulls of 6-month old merino labms, stereotaxical measurements were carried out. Not only individual variations were found, but they also dependent on sex. A small assymetry was found on the diagrams of frontal measurements of the skull cap and base. The point bregma is more variable than the lambda. The position of the cranial third of the skull base in 6 month old lambs is not yet constant and until adult age it will shift about 30 degrees to 35 degrees dorsalward and forward. Since the skull cap and base do not grow parallely, and their cranial part has not constant position, we do not recommended this age group for chronic experiments with implanted electrodes. Owing to smaller variations of the skull cap and base and nearer position of the sutura sagittalis toward the medial line, male lambs would be more suitable for short-term experiments and for the stereotactic atlas of deep brain structures.", "contents": "[Stereotaxic: measurements of the skull cap and skull base in merino sheep (Ovis aries L.)]. On the 14 skulls of 6-month old merino labms, stereotaxical measurements were carried out. Not only individual variations were found, but they also dependent on sex. A small assymetry was found on the diagrams of frontal measurements of the skull cap and base. The point bregma is more variable than the lambda. The position of the cranial third of the skull base in 6 month old lambs is not yet constant and until adult age it will shift about 30 degrees to 35 degrees dorsalward and forward. Since the skull cap and base do not grow parallely, and their cranial part has not constant position, we do not recommended this age group for chronic experiments with implanted electrodes. Owing to smaller variations of the skull cap and base and nearer position of the sutura sagittalis toward the medial line, male lambs would be more suitable for short-term experiments and for the stereotactic atlas of deep brain structures.", "PMID": 369937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_664", "title": "The effects of crowding stress on the pancreatic islets morphology in golden hamsters.", "content": "Behavior and the pancreatic islets morphology of golden hamsters exposed for different periods (24 h, 15 and 30 d) to crowding stress were investigated. The crowding induced an intensive turmoil and enhanced irritability and aggressiveness, particularly among the female specimens. Within a week, a rank hierarchy seemed to establish and therefore, later the fighting incidence was more reduced. Marked morphological alterations were recorded in the endocrine pancreas, affecting in various degrees all cell types, but especially the insulin-producing cells. The B-cells showed increased sizes, higher incidence of mitotic divisions, a drastical reduction of secretory granules amounts, enlargement of GOLGI complexes, mitochondria swelling and extension of the ergastoplasm. On the other hand, after 30 d, part of these cells displayed pycnotic nuclei, large cytoplasmic vacuoles and increased number of lasosomes and lipid inclusions. Due to the B-cell hyperplasia, the relative number of both A1- and A2-cells per islet occurred diminished and their typical localization modified.  The islets of 15 and 30 d crowded specimens showed enlarged sinusoids and clear peri-insular spaces. The above morphological modifications, which suggest as a whole the global stimulation of gland secretory activity, are presented in relation with other authors findings. The presumably involvements of adrenal-cortex and -medulla hormones in the mediation of stress-induced glycemic and pancreatic alterations are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of crowding stress on the pancreatic islets morphology in golden hamsters. Behavior and the pancreatic islets morphology of golden hamsters exposed for different periods (24 h, 15 and 30 d) to crowding stress were investigated. The crowding induced an intensive turmoil and enhanced irritability and aggressiveness, particularly among the female specimens. Within a week, a rank hierarchy seemed to establish and therefore, later the fighting incidence was more reduced. Marked morphological alterations were recorded in the endocrine pancreas, affecting in various degrees all cell types, but especially the insulin-producing cells. The B-cells showed increased sizes, higher incidence of mitotic divisions, a drastical reduction of secretory granules amounts, enlargement of GOLGI complexes, mitochondria swelling and extension of the ergastoplasm. On the other hand, after 30 d, part of these cells displayed pycnotic nuclei, large cytoplasmic vacuoles and increased number of lasosomes and lipid inclusions. Due to the B-cell hyperplasia, the relative number of both A1- and A2-cells per islet occurred diminished and their typical localization modified.  The islets of 15 and 30 d crowded specimens showed enlarged sinusoids and clear peri-insular spaces. The above morphological modifications, which suggest as a whole the global stimulation of gland secretory activity, are presented in relation with other authors findings. The presumably involvements of adrenal-cortex and -medulla hormones in the mediation of stress-induced glycemic and pancreatic alterations are discussed.", "PMID": 369938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_665", "title": "Insulin administration in the frog Rana tigrina: studies on the blood glucose and the histology of the endocrine pancreas.", "content": "The effect of various doses of insulin (25-, 50-, and 150 U/kg body weight) on the blood glucose level and islet-cytology of the frog Rana tigrina was studied until 96 h. Following the hormonal administration the frogs exhibited hypoglycemia, abnormal neuromuscular activity and degranulation of both the insulin secreting beta- and glucagon secreting alpha-(alpha2-) cells of the pancreatic islets. The action of insulin was dose and temperature dependent; the higher the dose and temperature, the greater the hypoglycemia and atrophy of islet tissue. The insulin-induced convulsive activity appears to be due to the direct action of this hormone on the nervous system; the shocks are not influenced by thermal variation. The great sensitivity of Rana tigrina to exogenous insulin seems to be related to only a few alpha2-cells in the endocrine pancreas and consequently, a smaller amount of circulating glucagon in this animal.", "contents": "Insulin administration in the frog Rana tigrina: studies on the blood glucose and the histology of the endocrine pancreas. The effect of various doses of insulin (25-, 50-, and 150 U/kg body weight) on the blood glucose level and islet-cytology of the frog Rana tigrina was studied until 96 h. Following the hormonal administration the frogs exhibited hypoglycemia, abnormal neuromuscular activity and degranulation of both the insulin secreting beta- and glucagon secreting alpha-(alpha2-) cells of the pancreatic islets. The action of insulin was dose and temperature dependent; the higher the dose and temperature, the greater the hypoglycemia and atrophy of islet tissue. The insulin-induced convulsive activity appears to be due to the direct action of this hormone on the nervous system; the shocks are not influenced by thermal variation. The great sensitivity of Rana tigrina to exogenous insulin seems to be related to only a few alpha2-cells in the endocrine pancreas and consequently, a smaller amount of circulating glucagon in this animal.", "PMID": 369939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_666", "title": "[Are Hegar's rods omissible? (author's transl)].", "content": "The widening effect of Sulproston 500 microgram IM on the cervix uteri was investigated in a double-blind study conducted in 50 non-pregnant volunteers. In women in the postmenopausal stage who had been given Sulproston, resistance-free widening of the cervix with Hegar's rods was H 8.33 +/- 0.87. Easy passage of the cervix uteri and of the internal os uteri was achieved with Hegar 8.22 +/- 0.66 in the first half of the cycle and with Hegar 8.35 +/- 3.06 in the second half of the cycle. In all three groups, the size of the rods was significantly smaller following intramuscular application of physiological saline solution. The widening effect of PGE2 or PGE2 derivatives on the cervix, which has been known for quite some time in patients with pregnant uterus, applies in equal measure to the non-pregnant cyclic uterus and to the postmenopausal uterus.", "contents": "[Are Hegar's rods omissible? (author's transl)]. The widening effect of Sulproston 500 microgram IM on the cervix uteri was investigated in a double-blind study conducted in 50 non-pregnant volunteers. In women in the postmenopausal stage who had been given Sulproston, resistance-free widening of the cervix with Hegar's rods was H 8.33 +/- 0.87. Easy passage of the cervix uteri and of the internal os uteri was achieved with Hegar 8.22 +/- 0.66 in the first half of the cycle and with Hegar 8.35 +/- 3.06 in the second half of the cycle. In all three groups, the size of the rods was significantly smaller following intramuscular application of physiological saline solution. The widening effect of PGE2 or PGE2 derivatives on the cervix, which has been known for quite some time in patients with pregnant uterus, applies in equal measure to the non-pregnant cyclic uterus and to the postmenopausal uterus.", "PMID": 369941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_667", "title": "Isolation, genetic mapping and some characterization of a mutation in Escherichia coli that affects the processing of ribonuleic acid.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated from an rnc (RNase III-) strain of Escherichia coli, and their rRNA metabolism was analyzed on 3% polyacrylamide gels. One of these mutants was unable to produce 23S and 5S rRNAs at the nonpermissive temperature. When an rnc+ allele was introduced to this strain, it remained temperature sensitive. At the nonpermissive temperature, this strain could then produce 23S rRNA but was unable to make normal levels of 5S rRNA. In matings and transduction experiments, the defect in rRNA metabolism and temperature sensitivity behaved as a syndrome caused by a single point mutation, which was mapped at min 23.5 on the E. coli chromosome. This mutation probably affects an enzyme, ribonuclease E (RNase E), which introduces a cut in the nascent rRNA transcript between the 23S and the 5S rRNA cistrons. The mutation rne is recessive with respect to temperature sensitivity and the pattern of rRNA. Revertants able to grow at 43 degrees and with normal metabolism of rRNA were isolated; genetic analysis showed that they do not contain the original rne mutation, suggesting that they were true revertants. By combining the rne mutation with an rnc mutation, double rnc rne strains were synthesized, which behaved very similarly to the original rnc strain from which the rne mutation was isolated. Such strains have RNA metabolism that is similar to that of rnc strains at permissive temperatures, but at the nonpermissive temperature they fail to synthesize p23, m23, and 5S rRNAs. Thus, the experiments reported here, together with previous studies, suggest the existence of a new processing ribonuclease activity in Escherichia coli, which is called ribonuclease E.", "contents": "Isolation, genetic mapping and some characterization of a mutation in Escherichia coli that affects the processing of ribonuleic acid. Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated from an rnc (RNase III-) strain of Escherichia coli, and their rRNA metabolism was analyzed on 3% polyacrylamide gels. One of these mutants was unable to produce 23S and 5S rRNAs at the nonpermissive temperature. When an rnc+ allele was introduced to this strain, it remained temperature sensitive. At the nonpermissive temperature, this strain could then produce 23S rRNA but was unable to make normal levels of 5S rRNA. In matings and transduction experiments, the defect in rRNA metabolism and temperature sensitivity behaved as a syndrome caused by a single point mutation, which was mapped at min 23.5 on the E. coli chromosome. This mutation probably affects an enzyme, ribonuclease E (RNase E), which introduces a cut in the nascent rRNA transcript between the 23S and the 5S rRNA cistrons. The mutation rne is recessive with respect to temperature sensitivity and the pattern of rRNA. Revertants able to grow at 43 degrees and with normal metabolism of rRNA were isolated; genetic analysis showed that they do not contain the original rne mutation, suggesting that they were true revertants. By combining the rne mutation with an rnc mutation, double rnc rne strains were synthesized, which behaved very similarly to the original rnc strain from which the rne mutation was isolated. Such strains have RNA metabolism that is similar to that of rnc strains at permissive temperatures, but at the nonpermissive temperature they fail to synthesize p23, m23, and 5S rRNAs. Thus, the experiments reported here, together with previous studies, suggest the existence of a new processing ribonuclease activity in Escherichia coli, which is called ribonuclease E.", "PMID": 369943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_668", "title": "[Specificity of introducing the transposon that determines chloramphenicol resistance (Tn9) into the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "Translocation of Tn9 coding for chloramphenicol-resistance from lambdaatt80 genome into bacterial chromosome was studied. Three preferential sites of Tn9 integration, attTn9A, ATTTn9B and attTn9C, were found on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12; attTn9A was mapped between purD and rpoB loci, attTn9B was cotransducible with argG, attTn9C was located between 61 and 66 minutes of the standard E. coli K-12 genetic map. The integration of Tn9 in these att sites occurs with almost equal probability. Tn9 integrated in attTn9A shown significantly higher frequency of excision and P1-transduction frequency than Tn9 integrated in either of two other attTn9 sites.", "contents": "[Specificity of introducing the transposon that determines chloramphenicol resistance (Tn9) into the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12]. Translocation of Tn9 coding for chloramphenicol-resistance from lambdaatt80 genome into bacterial chromosome was studied. Three preferential sites of Tn9 integration, attTn9A, ATTTn9B and attTn9C, were found on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12; attTn9A was mapped between purD and rpoB loci, attTn9B was cotransducible with argG, attTn9C was located between 61 and 66 minutes of the standard E. coli K-12 genetic map. The integration of Tn9 in these att sites occurs with almost equal probability. Tn9 integrated in attTn9A shown significantly higher frequency of excision and P1-transduction frequency than Tn9 integrated in either of two other attTn9 sites.", "PMID": 369944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_669", "title": "[Regulation of the activity of Escherichia coli deo-operon structural genes: the mutation mapped within the operon boundaries and affecting drm and pup gene activity].", "content": "The mutant AIR38 is isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 strain deficient in thymidilate synthetase and deoxyriboaldolase (HfrH, thy, dra)--by selection for low thymine requirement on the medium containing inosine as the carbon source. Under the conditions mentioned the mutant AIR38 (thy, dra) grows at low thymine concentration (2 mkg/ml), and is uncapable to grow in the presence of thymidine (40 mkg/ml). Dra+ derivatives of the AIR38 do no catabolize inozine in the presence of thymidine as well. The mutation AIR38 is mapped within the deo-operon between drm and pup mutation markers. The levels of phosphodeoxyribomutase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in cell extracts of AIR38 are 2.5-6-fold decreased. In transductional experiments with phage P1 and the mutant AIR38 as recipient the delayed haploidization of merozygotes dra+, AIR+/dra, AIR38, thy and the dominant expression of the sensitivity to thymidine in the presence of inosine as the carbon source are observed. It is supposed that the mutation AIR38 affects the structural gene of purine nucleoside phosphorilase by altering the mode of interaction of this enzyme with the membrane under the conditions of thymine starvation.", "contents": "[Regulation of the activity of Escherichia coli deo-operon structural genes: the mutation mapped within the operon boundaries and affecting drm and pup gene activity]. The mutant AIR38 is isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 strain deficient in thymidilate synthetase and deoxyriboaldolase (HfrH, thy, dra)--by selection for low thymine requirement on the medium containing inosine as the carbon source. Under the conditions mentioned the mutant AIR38 (thy, dra) grows at low thymine concentration (2 mkg/ml), and is uncapable to grow in the presence of thymidine (40 mkg/ml). Dra+ derivatives of the AIR38 do no catabolize inozine in the presence of thymidine as well. The mutation AIR38 is mapped within the deo-operon between drm and pup mutation markers. The levels of phosphodeoxyribomutase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in cell extracts of AIR38 are 2.5-6-fold decreased. In transductional experiments with phage P1 and the mutant AIR38 as recipient the delayed haploidization of merozygotes dra+, AIR+/dra, AIR38, thy and the dominant expression of the sensitivity to thymidine in the presence of inosine as the carbon source are observed. It is supposed that the mutation AIR38 affects the structural gene of purine nucleoside phosphorilase by altering the mode of interaction of this enzyme with the membrane under the conditions of thymine starvation.", "PMID": 369945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_670", "title": "[Mutagenic action of nitroso compounds on Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "An attempt to induce some forward and back mutations in two Escherichia coli strains (his- and HfrH requiring thiamine) under the action of the carcinogenic nitrosamines--dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)--is described. For this purpose the cells of E. coli were treated with 5% DMN or 1% DEN for 1 hour at 37 degrees C in 0.14 M NaCl. It was shown that the sensitivity of both strains to both nitrose compounds was not the same. DEN was 5-fold as toxic as DMN for the E. coli cells. DMN and DEN induced neither mutations of resistance to 10(-3) M valine, nor reversions in histidine-dependent strain. These mutations were obtained after the cells were treated with 0.1 M NaNO2. Lethal effects of DMN increased more than in 5 times and the toxicity of DEN did not change in hydroxylating mixture, in which nitrosamines derived to active compounds. Under these conditions both carcinogenes showed a mutagenic activity. DEN proved to be about twice as strong mutagenically as DMN. Thus, in our experiments we could see that DMN and DEN could induce both forward and back mutations in E. coli.", "contents": "[Mutagenic action of nitroso compounds on Escherichia coli cells]. An attempt to induce some forward and back mutations in two Escherichia coli strains (his- and HfrH requiring thiamine) under the action of the carcinogenic nitrosamines--dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)--is described. For this purpose the cells of E. coli were treated with 5% DMN or 1% DEN for 1 hour at 37 degrees C in 0.14 M NaCl. It was shown that the sensitivity of both strains to both nitrose compounds was not the same. DEN was 5-fold as toxic as DMN for the E. coli cells. DMN and DEN induced neither mutations of resistance to 10(-3) M valine, nor reversions in histidine-dependent strain. These mutations were obtained after the cells were treated with 0.1 M NaNO2. Lethal effects of DMN increased more than in 5 times and the toxicity of DEN did not change in hydroxylating mixture, in which nitrosamines derived to active compounds. Under these conditions both carcinogenes showed a mutagenic activity. DEN proved to be about twice as strong mutagenically as DMN. Thus, in our experiments we could see that DMN and DEN could induce both forward and back mutations in E. coli.", "PMID": 369946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_671", "title": "Isolation, cloning and characterization of argF gene DNA from Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A 1650 base pair (BP) fragment carrying the entire argF structural gene with its associated control regions was isolated from an EcoRI/BamHI digest of phi80argFilambda cI857 DNA. This segment was cloned using the EcoRI and BamHI cleavage sites in the plasmid pBR322. A preliminary restriction map of the argF region was prepared. RNA polymerase binding studies indicated that the argF promoter is located approx. 30 base pairs from the EcoRI terminus of the cloned DNA segment.", "contents": "Isolation, cloning and characterization of argF gene DNA from Escherichia coli K-12. A 1650 base pair (BP) fragment carrying the entire argF structural gene with its associated control regions was isolated from an EcoRI/BamHI digest of phi80argFilambda cI857 DNA. This segment was cloned using the EcoRI and BamHI cleavage sites in the plasmid pBR322. A preliminary restriction map of the argF region was prepared. RNA polymerase binding studies indicated that the argF promoter is located approx. 30 base pairs from the EcoRI terminus of the cloned DNA segment.", "PMID": 369953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_672", "title": "Cloning of the phr gene and amplification of photolyase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new technique is developed for physically enriching recombinant DNA molecules in an in vitro recombination mixture. UV-irradiation of the donor DNA before recombination enables photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) (deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase, EC 4.1.99.3) to attach to the donor segments in recombinant molecules. This attached protein causes retention of the recombinant molecules on a nitrocellulose filter, while molecules not containing donor DNA pass through. The bound DNA  is repaired of its UV damage and released for insertion into cells by exposure to photoreactivating light in situ, yielding approx. 350-fold enrichment. Although applicable to any gene, this procedure has been used in cloning the Escherichia coli phr gene itself, permitting 100-fold amplification of the gene product in vivo.", "contents": "Cloning of the phr gene and amplification of photolyase in Escherichia coli. A new technique is developed for physically enriching recombinant DNA molecules in an in vitro recombination mixture. UV-irradiation of the donor DNA before recombination enables photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) (deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase, EC 4.1.99.3) to attach to the donor segments in recombinant molecules. This attached protein causes retention of the recombinant molecules on a nitrocellulose filter, while molecules not containing donor DNA pass through. The bound DNA  is repaired of its UV damage and released for insertion into cells by exposure to photoreactivating light in situ, yielding approx. 350-fold enrichment. Although applicable to any gene, this procedure has been used in cloning the Escherichia coli phr gene itself, permitting 100-fold amplification of the gene product in vivo.", "PMID": 369954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_673", "title": "Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on intestinal microflora.", "content": "The microflora of the jejunum, ileum, and colon has been studied from operative samples in Crohn's disease (n = 30), ulcerative colitis (n = 15), and controls (n = 40). There was no significant difference in the flora of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with controls. In Crohn's disease there was a significant increase in E. coli (P less than 0.001) and B. fragilis (P less than 0.001) in the ileum and of E. coli (P less than 0.001) and lactobacilli (P less than 0.01) in the colon. The abnormal ileal flora in Crohn's disease was unrelated to serological evidence of disease activity (indices: ESR, serum albumin, serum seromucoids), diameter of the ileum, or excision of the ileocaecal valve. The abnormal colonic flora in Crohn's disease was not related to presence of macroscopic colitis.", "contents": "Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on intestinal microflora. The microflora of the jejunum, ileum, and colon has been studied from operative samples in Crohn's disease (n = 30), ulcerative colitis (n = 15), and controls (n = 40). There was no significant difference in the flora of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with controls. In Crohn's disease there was a significant increase in E. coli (P less than 0.001) and B. fragilis (P less than 0.001) in the ileum and of E. coli (P less than 0.001) and lactobacilli (P less than 0.01) in the colon. The abnormal ileal flora in Crohn's disease was unrelated to serological evidence of disease activity (indices: ESR, serum albumin, serum seromucoids), diameter of the ileum, or excision of the ileocaecal valve. The abnormal colonic flora in Crohn's disease was not related to presence of macroscopic colitis.", "PMID": 369959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_674", "title": "A new host, Simulium argyreatum Meig., for the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of blackflies in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) from the midgut of blackfly larvae is recorded from a population of Simulium argyreatum in Czechoslovakia. A 7.7% infection of 2766 sampled larvae was manifested by white spots in their body. 85% of the white-spotted larvae were infected with CPV when sampled in June. In August 9% of 1377 larvae had white spots but only 10.6% of them were with CPV. Out of 823 collected pupae, only 3 imperfect pupae had the virus in apparent form. Other infections producing white spots in larvae were due to the microsporidia Plistophora multispora, P. simulii, P. debaisieuxi, Thelohania fibrata, the fungus Coelomycidium simulii and the mermithids.", "contents": "A new host, Simulium argyreatum Meig., for the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of blackflies in Czechoslovakia. The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) from the midgut of blackfly larvae is recorded from a population of Simulium argyreatum in Czechoslovakia. A 7.7% infection of 2766 sampled larvae was manifested by white spots in their body. 85% of the white-spotted larvae were infected with CPV when sampled in June. In August 9% of 1377 larvae had white spots but only 10.6% of them were with CPV. Out of 823 collected pupae, only 3 imperfect pupae had the virus in apparent form. Other infections producing white spots in larvae were due to the microsporidia Plistophora multispora, P. simulii, P. debaisieuxi, Thelohania fibrata, the fungus Coelomycidium simulii and the mermithids.", "PMID": 369963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_675", "title": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (III) (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanisms of the immunostimulative activity. In the present paper, an investigation was carried out to clarify the mechanisms regarding immunostimulative activity of alpha-MPG and DPA. Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophage was enhanced by high concentration of alpha-MPG, but was unaffected with DPA in vitro. Mice were immunized with an i.v. injection of sheep erythrocytes and 3 days later spleen cells were isolated and incubated with alpha-MPG and DPA FOR 24 HR. Although neither drug affected the number of recovered and living cells, hemolytic plaque forming cells were increased with alpha-MPG and there was a tendency to increase with DPA. Phytohemagglutinin-P and/or lipopolysacchride E. coli-induced blast formation was not reinforced by either drug in spleen cells of mice, and no mitogenic activity was found in the spleen cells. In the early stage of immuno-response to polyvinylpyrrolidone as a T cell independent antigen, the titre of antibody showed no increase after either drug. alpha MPG and DPA apparently act as potentiators in antigen modifications of macrophages.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (III) (author's transl)]. Mechanisms of the immunostimulative activity. In the present paper, an investigation was carried out to clarify the mechanisms regarding immunostimulative activity of alpha-MPG and DPA. Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophage was enhanced by high concentration of alpha-MPG, but was unaffected with DPA in vitro. Mice were immunized with an i.v. injection of sheep erythrocytes and 3 days later spleen cells were isolated and incubated with alpha-MPG and DPA FOR 24 HR. Although neither drug affected the number of recovered and living cells, hemolytic plaque forming cells were increased with alpha-MPG and there was a tendency to increase with DPA. Phytohemagglutinin-P and/or lipopolysacchride E. coli-induced blast formation was not reinforced by either drug in spleen cells of mice, and no mitogenic activity was found in the spleen cells. In the early stage of immuno-response to polyvinylpyrrolidone as a T cell independent antigen, the titre of antibody showed no increase after either drug. alpha MPG and DPA apparently act as potentiators in antigen modifications of macrophages.", "PMID": 369964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_676", "title": "[Ozone-oxygen therapy for  gynecologic carcinomas. The effect of parenteral-ozone oxygen mixture administration on free fatty acids and triglycerides in patients with gynecologic carcinomas].", "content": "As some authors suspect that ozone influences the metabolic process of fat, we tried to analyse the influence of an ozone-oxygen gas which was applied parenterally. 40 patients with gynecological cancer received 10 ml ozone-oxygen gas with a content of 450 gamma ozone and venous blood was removed before and 10 minutes after application. The serum was lyophilized and the level of fatty acids and triglycerids was determined by the method of Randerath (1965). a statistically significant decrease of the concentrations was observed after application of ozone. Different theories as to the cause of this action are discussed.", "contents": "[Ozone-oxygen therapy for  gynecologic carcinomas. The effect of parenteral-ozone oxygen mixture administration on free fatty acids and triglycerides in patients with gynecologic carcinomas]. As some authors suspect that ozone influences the metabolic process of fat, we tried to analyse the influence of an ozone-oxygen gas which was applied parenterally. 40 patients with gynecological cancer received 10 ml ozone-oxygen gas with a content of 450 gamma ozone and venous blood was removed before and 10 minutes after application. The serum was lyophilized and the level of fatty acids and triglycerids was determined by the method of Randerath (1965). a statistically significant decrease of the concentrations was observed after application of ozone. Different theories as to the cause of this action are discussed.", "PMID": 369965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_677", "title": "[In vivo study of the effects of i.v. immunoglobulin therapy. Tissue distribution of native and enzyme-treated human immunoglobulin fractions given i.v. in man].", "content": "The tissue distribution of intravenously injected native and enzyme-treated human gammaglobulin has been investigated in human rectum mucosa. FITC-labelled antibodies to human gammaglobulin were used to locate the injected antibody preparation. Three hours after application of these different gammaglobulin-preparations no enrichment in the mucosa was found. Neither the native gammaglobulin nor the enzyme-treated gammaglobulin showed any concentration in the lamina propria of the large bowel mucosa or an intracellular enrichment in the epithel. This study shows that the quicker elimination of enzyme-treated gamma-globulin from the circulation cannot be explained by an intracellular increase.", "contents": "[In vivo study of the effects of i.v. immunoglobulin therapy. Tissue distribution of native and enzyme-treated human immunoglobulin fractions given i.v. in man]. The tissue distribution of intravenously injected native and enzyme-treated human gammaglobulin has been investigated in human rectum mucosa. FITC-labelled antibodies to human gammaglobulin were used to locate the injected antibody preparation. Three hours after application of these different gammaglobulin-preparations no enrichment in the mucosa was found. Neither the native gammaglobulin nor the enzyme-treated gammaglobulin showed any concentration in the lamina propria of the large bowel mucosa or an intracellular enrichment in the epithel. This study shows that the quicker elimination of enzyme-treated gamma-globulin from the circulation cannot be explained by an intracellular increase.", "PMID": 369966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_678", "title": "[Immunological problems in radiotherapy and adjuvant cytostatic chemotherapy of breast cancer].", "content": "The possible importance of the immune system in early development and progression of breast cancer is being discussed. The different laboratory methods in controlling the specific and non-specific immune reactivity are summarized. The modificaiton of the immunological parameters by radio- resp. chemotherapy is critically presented on the basis of published data and on own results. An analysis of the data obtained by various immunological methods in respect to their consequences in diagnosis and prognosis is done. An immunological monitoring in the control of radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy in breast cancer patients is proposed.", "contents": "[Immunological problems in radiotherapy and adjuvant cytostatic chemotherapy of breast cancer]. The possible importance of the immune system in early development and progression of breast cancer is being discussed. The different laboratory methods in controlling the specific and non-specific immune reactivity are summarized. The modificaiton of the immunological parameters by radio- resp. chemotherapy is critically presented on the basis of published data and on own results. An analysis of the data obtained by various immunological methods in respect to their consequences in diagnosis and prognosis is done. An immunological monitoring in the control of radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy in breast cancer patients is proposed.", "PMID": 369967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_679", "title": "[Questioning of women in puerperium concerning their experiences at delivery].", "content": "200 patients of the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik W\u00fcrzburg were asked in a quenstionnaire about their attitude towards antenatal care and child birth as performed in a big gynecological hospital. Safety was their main point for choosing a big hospital. Patients' reactions about intensive perinatal care, analgesia, husbands' presence and rooming in are summarized as well as their criticism of organization and treatment during the ante-, peri- and postnatal period. 5 conclusions are drawn to make child birth in a big hospital more humane.", "contents": "[Questioning of women in puerperium concerning their experiences at delivery]. 200 patients of the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik W\u00fcrzburg were asked in a quenstionnaire about their attitude towards antenatal care and child birth as performed in a big gynecological hospital. Safety was their main point for choosing a big hospital. Patients' reactions about intensive perinatal care, analgesia, husbands' presence and rooming in are summarized as well as their criticism of organization and treatment during the ante-, peri- and postnatal period. 5 conclusions are drawn to make child birth in a big hospital more humane.", "PMID": 369970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_680", "title": "[Development and current possibilities of cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis in the routine laboratory. 2. Studies on protein composition].", "content": "In the 1st part of this paper (Schulz et al. 1979) a survey was given of the cytological and the chemical procedures at present available for cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. The 2nd part describes different laboratory methods to separate the protein mixture of cerebrospinal fluid into protein fractions or single proteins. These surveys intend both an improvement of the quality and a unification of laboratory methods regarding diagnostic examinations of cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[Development and current possibilities of cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis in the routine laboratory. 2. Studies on protein composition]. In the 1st part of this paper (Schulz et al. 1979) a survey was given of the cytological and the chemical procedures at present available for cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. The 2nd part describes different laboratory methods to separate the protein mixture of cerebrospinal fluid into protein fractions or single proteins. These surveys intend both an improvement of the quality and a unification of laboratory methods regarding diagnostic examinations of cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 369971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_681", "title": "Comparison of endocrine secretion by monolayer cultures derived by different procedures from neonatal hamster and rat pancreas.", "content": "Monolayer cultures derived from neonatal hamster or rat pancreas by two different epithelioid cell-enriching gravity sedimentation procedures varied in ability to maintain uniform levels of insulin secretion with increased culture age. Rat pancreatic cultures were superior in this respect to identically derived hamster preparations, depending on the preparative procedure employed. Quantitative differences in the temporal pattern of insulin secretion by different rat pancreatic culture preparations were ascribed to plating cell density and consequent terminal cell density as a function of preparative procedure such that reduced densities favored sustained secretory levels. These findings suggest the importance of tissue species and preparative procedure in deriving pancreatic monolayer cultures capable of sustained levels of insulin secretion with age.", "contents": "Comparison of endocrine secretion by monolayer cultures derived by different procedures from neonatal hamster and rat pancreas. Monolayer cultures derived from neonatal hamster or rat pancreas by two different epithelioid cell-enriching gravity sedimentation procedures varied in ability to maintain uniform levels of insulin secretion with increased culture age. Rat pancreatic cultures were superior in this respect to identically derived hamster preparations, depending on the preparative procedure employed. Quantitative differences in the temporal pattern of insulin secretion by different rat pancreatic culture preparations were ascribed to plating cell density and consequent terminal cell density as a function of preparative procedure such that reduced densities favored sustained secretory levels. These findings suggest the importance of tissue species and preparative procedure in deriving pancreatic monolayer cultures capable of sustained levels of insulin secretion with age.", "PMID": 369972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_682", "title": "Formulating therapeutic objectives as a prelude to program evaluation.", "content": "The author emphasizes the need for more precise formulation of goals for mental health treatment programs. He describes the Veterans Administration's five-year effort at goal formulation using ideas borrowed from operations research and education. With goals from various VA programs as examples, he illustrates how goal statements can be written with more specificity. He also describes how matching rating-scale items can be developed to measure the degree to which each goal is being met.", "contents": "Formulating therapeutic objectives as a prelude to program evaluation. The author emphasizes the need for more precise formulation of goals for mental health treatment programs. He describes the Veterans Administration's five-year effort at goal formulation using ideas borrowed from operations research and education. With goals from various VA programs as examples, he illustrates how goal statements can be written with more specificity. He also describes how matching rating-scale items can be developed to measure the degree to which each goal is being met.", "PMID": 369973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_683", "title": "More rigid costing formulas required under proposed federal regulations.", "content": "Many hospital laboratories are at a distinct disadvantage in competition with commercial laboratories, but a more reasoned approach to costs and utilization can erase the deficit.", "contents": "More rigid costing formulas required under proposed federal regulations. Many hospital laboratories are at a distinct disadvantage in competition with commercial laboratories, but a more reasoned approach to costs and utilization can erase the deficit.", "PMID": 369978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_684", "title": "SHUR: a shift of power?", "content": "HEW's Health Care Financing Administration links uniform reporting and Medicare reimbursement under the provisions of the proposed System for Hospital Uniform Reporting. This summary of a position paper published by the public accounting firm Ernst & Ernst covers two questions: What will SHUR mean to hospitals? and, What can be done about it?", "contents": "SHUR: a shift of power? HEW's Health Care Financing Administration links uniform reporting and Medicare reimbursement under the provisions of the proposed System for Hospital Uniform Reporting. This summary of a position paper published by the public accounting firm Ernst & Ernst covers two questions: What will SHUR mean to hospitals? and, What can be done about it?", "PMID": 369980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_685", "title": "A Catholic health care system: who's responsible?", "content": "If Catholic hospitals cannot develop cooperative efforts within and among themselves, it will be difficult for them to do so with other health care systems or the government. Their desire to establish a united, comprehensive Catholic health care system is not enough; they must be willing to risk even a partial loss of independence in order to achieve this goal and preserve the Catholic healing ministry.", "contents": "A Catholic health care system: who's responsible? If Catholic hospitals cannot develop cooperative efforts within and among themselves, it will be difficult for them to do so with other health care systems or the government. Their desire to establish a united, comprehensive Catholic health care system is not enough; they must be willing to risk even a partial loss of independence in order to achieve this goal and preserve the Catholic healing ministry.", "PMID": 369981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_686", "title": "Calcitonin secreting struma-carcinoid tumor of the ovary.", "content": "The ultrastructure of strumal carcinoid tumors at times may reveal a far more complex structure than can be ascertained from light microscopy. It may at times be indistinguishable from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Both tumors appear to be capable of producing 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and calcitonin. The common shared biologic and ultrastructural features suggest a common origin, from neuroectodermal cells.", "contents": "Calcitonin secreting struma-carcinoid tumor of the ovary. The ultrastructure of strumal carcinoid tumors at times may reveal a far more complex structure than can be ascertained from light microscopy. It may at times be indistinguishable from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Both tumors appear to be capable of producing 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and calcitonin. The common shared biologic and ultrastructural features suggest a common origin, from neuroectodermal cells.", "PMID": 369982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_687", "title": "Cryptosporidial enteritis in a patient with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Cryptosporidium is a potentially pathogenic coccidial protoxoan known to inhabit the striated border of interestinal epithelium in several animal species. Recently two cases of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis have been described. The purpose of this report is to document a third case of chronic debilitating cryptosporidial enteritis in a young boy with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. The endogenous protozoan life cycle and morphologic features are examined as studied by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cryptosporidial enteritis in a patient with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. Cryptosporidium is a potentially pathogenic coccidial protoxoan known to inhabit the striated border of interestinal epithelium in several animal species. Recently two cases of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis have been described. The purpose of this report is to document a third case of chronic debilitating cryptosporidial enteritis in a young boy with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. The endogenous protozoan life cycle and morphologic features are examined as studied by light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 369983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_688", "title": "Influence of intermittent hyperglycemic glucose levels on the phagocytosis of microorganisms by human granulocytes in vitro.", "content": "Repeated brief exposures to glucose in concentrations of 0.8 g/100 ml significantly depresses in vitro phagocytic ingestion of opsonized Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by human peripheral polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN's), while the same concentration of L-aminoacid mixtures (Freamine) under the same conditions has no influence on it.", "contents": "Influence of intermittent hyperglycemic glucose levels on the phagocytosis of microorganisms by human granulocytes in vitro. Repeated brief exposures to glucose in concentrations of 0.8 g/100 ml significantly depresses in vitro phagocytic ingestion of opsonized Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by human peripheral polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN's), while the same concentration of L-aminoacid mixtures (Freamine) under the same conditions has no influence on it.", "PMID": 369990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_689", "title": "Cellular immunity in patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome before and after administration of transfer factor: a follow-up study.", "content": "Four patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome were treated with transfer factor (TF), in an attempt to improve their clinical condition. Before and during treatment, cellular reactivity was followed in vivo (delayed type skin reactivity) and in vitro (lymphocyte transformation). In all patients positive skin reactions were occasionally observed during TF treatment. The lymphocyte reactivity in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was slightly diminished, the responding capacity of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) severely impaired and the response to bacterial, viral and fungal antigens absent before and during TF treatment. No clinical improvement was observed after large doses of TF. No correlation between skin test reversal and TF administration was found, and lymphocyte transformation in vitro did not improve. Subsequently, a double blind trial, in which we compared the effect of TF and placebo, was carried out in these patients, which revealed no effect of TF therapy. It is concluded that the results of treatment with TF in these patients are highly controversial.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome before and after administration of transfer factor: a follow-up study. Four patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome were treated with transfer factor (TF), in an attempt to improve their clinical condition. Before and during treatment, cellular reactivity was followed in vivo (delayed type skin reactivity) and in vitro (lymphocyte transformation). In all patients positive skin reactions were occasionally observed during TF treatment. The lymphocyte reactivity in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was slightly diminished, the responding capacity of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) severely impaired and the response to bacterial, viral and fungal antigens absent before and during TF treatment. No clinical improvement was observed after large doses of TF. No correlation between skin test reversal and TF administration was found, and lymphocyte transformation in vitro did not improve. Subsequently, a double blind trial, in which we compared the effect of TF and placebo, was carried out in these patients, which revealed no effect of TF therapy. It is concluded that the results of treatment with TF in these patients are highly controversial.", "PMID": 369991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_690", "title": "Isolation of IgE from normal mouse serum.", "content": "Mouse IgE was isolated from reaginic ascitic fluid and an antiserum to it was produced in rabbits. An immunoadsorbent, prepared with this antiserum,  was used to isolate IgE from normal mouse serum. Mouse serum proteins, isolated by (NH4)2SO4 (40--60%) precipitation, were applied to the anti-IgE immunoadsorbent and eluted with 3 M KI or 3.5 M NaSCN. In addition to containing IgE, the eluate contained other immunoglobulins which were subsequently removed with specific immunoadsorbents to IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgA and IgM. Further purification was achieved by gel filtration on Bio Gel A 0.5 m, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and Pevikon block electrophoresis. Since non-immunoglobulin components were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis, IgE was isolated from this pool with an anti-Fab immunoadsorbent and eluted with 3.5 M NaSCN. Based on recovery of 987 micrograms IgE from 855 ml NMS, IgE concentration was estimated at 1.15 microgram/ml. Analysis of purified IgE by immunoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation in gel detected a single component, partially identical to isoelectric focused rat IgE myelomas IR162 and IR331 Antiserum to it could completely abolish 48 h but not 2 h passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions. Normal IgE, when used as a diluent, could inhibit 48 h PCA reaction of reaginic antibody suggesting that it binds to mouse skin in a way similar to reagin. This demonstrates that IgE can be isolated from normal mouse serum. The availability of this source of mouse IgE should facilitate further use of this animal model in studies of allergic reactions.", "contents": "Isolation of IgE from normal mouse serum. Mouse IgE was isolated from reaginic ascitic fluid and an antiserum to it was produced in rabbits. An immunoadsorbent, prepared with this antiserum,  was used to isolate IgE from normal mouse serum. Mouse serum proteins, isolated by (NH4)2SO4 (40--60%) precipitation, were applied to the anti-IgE immunoadsorbent and eluted with 3 M KI or 3.5 M NaSCN. In addition to containing IgE, the eluate contained other immunoglobulins which were subsequently removed with specific immunoadsorbents to IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgA and IgM. Further purification was achieved by gel filtration on Bio Gel A 0.5 m, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and Pevikon block electrophoresis. Since non-immunoglobulin components were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis, IgE was isolated from this pool with an anti-Fab immunoadsorbent and eluted with 3.5 M NaSCN. Based on recovery of 987 micrograms IgE from 855 ml NMS, IgE concentration was estimated at 1.15 microgram/ml. Analysis of purified IgE by immunoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation in gel detected a single component, partially identical to isoelectric focused rat IgE myelomas IR162 and IR331 Antiserum to it could completely abolish 48 h but not 2 h passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions. Normal IgE, when used as a diluent, could inhibit 48 h PCA reaction of reaginic antibody suggesting that it binds to mouse skin in a way similar to reagin. This demonstrates that IgE can be isolated from normal mouse serum. The availability of this source of mouse IgE should facilitate further use of this animal model in studies of allergic reactions.", "PMID": 369992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_691", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of Fusarium toxins. Effects on antibody synthesis and skin grafts of crude extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of crude Fusarium poae extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol on synthesis of antibody to sheep red blood cells was investigated, as well as the effect of T2-toxin on skin graft rejection. Fusarium crude extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol cause a significant reduction in thymus weight and inhibit responsiveness to sheep red blood cells. The effect on antibody synthesis was critically dependent on the drug doses used. The effect of an immunosuppressive dose of T2-toxin disappeared within 6 days after the end of the treatment. The administration of T2-toxin subsequent to immunization stops antibody synthesis. T2-toxin significantly prolongs the period required for skin graft rejection.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of Fusarium toxins. Effects on antibody synthesis and skin grafts of crude extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. The inhibitory effect of crude Fusarium poae extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol on synthesis of antibody to sheep red blood cells was investigated, as well as the effect of T2-toxin on skin graft rejection. Fusarium crude extracts, T2-toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol cause a significant reduction in thymus weight and inhibit responsiveness to sheep red blood cells. The effect on antibody synthesis was critically dependent on the drug doses used. The effect of an immunosuppressive dose of T2-toxin disappeared within 6 days after the end of the treatment. The administration of T2-toxin subsequent to immunization stops antibody synthesis. T2-toxin significantly prolongs the period required for skin graft rejection.", "PMID": 369993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_692", "title": "Suppression of secondary immune response by antilymphocyte serum: time relationship between immunization and administration of antilymphocyte serum.", "content": "The effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the secondary humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in rats was studied by the Jerne plaque assay technique. Its effect was also studied on the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to SRBC by the foot pad swelling test. ALS(N), which was prepared against lymphocytes from normal rats, had no effect on the secondary humoral and cellular response or on the primary cellular response, when administered postantigenically. ALS(I), which was raised against lymph node cells from SRBC immunized rats produced significant immunosuppression of the secondary response to SRBC when administered either before or after the antigenic injections. In the case of DH, ALS(I) behaved just like ALS(N) having no effect on the secondary response and suppressing the primary only when administered prior to the antigen.", "contents": "Suppression of secondary immune response by antilymphocyte serum: time relationship between immunization and administration of antilymphocyte serum. The effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the secondary humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in rats was studied by the Jerne plaque assay technique. Its effect was also studied on the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to SRBC by the foot pad swelling test. ALS(N), which was prepared against lymphocytes from normal rats, had no effect on the secondary humoral and cellular response or on the primary cellular response, when administered postantigenically. ALS(I), which was raised against lymph node cells from SRBC immunized rats produced significant immunosuppression of the secondary response to SRBC when administered either before or after the antigenic injections. In the case of DH, ALS(I) behaved just like ALS(N) having no effect on the secondary response and suppressing the primary only when administered prior to the antigen.", "PMID": 369994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_693", "title": "Influence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on chemotactic factor-induced neutrophil aggregation.", "content": "The influences of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on chemotactic factor-induced rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) aggregation was studied using a recently described Coulter counter assay technique. Compared with those of other PMN functional assays (adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and phagocytosis), the cation requirements for cell aggregation appear unique. Chemotactic factor-induced aggregation did not occur in the absence of either cation. When the concentration of both cations was increased equivalently, aggregation increased. The effect plateaued at 2.8 mM of Ca2+ and Mg2+. When the concentration of one cation alone was increased, aggregation peaked. Further increases inhibited maximal aggregation. By systematic variation of the cation concentrations, optimal aggregation was found at Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations of 2.8 mM. At these concentrations, significant aggregation was induced with chemotactic doses of bacterial factor, the chemotactic fragment of human C5, and the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-met-leu-phe. Thus, under these conditions, chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of neutrophils may be a useful indicator of interactions of chemotactic factors with neutrophils.", "contents": "Influence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on chemotactic factor-induced neutrophil aggregation. The influences of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on chemotactic factor-induced rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) aggregation was studied using a recently described Coulter counter assay technique. Compared with those of other PMN functional assays (adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and phagocytosis), the cation requirements for cell aggregation appear unique. Chemotactic factor-induced aggregation did not occur in the absence of either cation. When the concentration of both cations was increased equivalently, aggregation increased. The effect plateaued at 2.8 mM of Ca2+ and Mg2+. When the concentration of one cation alone was increased, aggregation peaked. Further increases inhibited maximal aggregation. By systematic variation of the cation concentrations, optimal aggregation was found at Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations of 2.8 mM. At these concentrations, significant aggregation was induced with chemotactic doses of bacterial factor, the chemotactic fragment of human C5, and the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-met-leu-phe. Thus, under these conditions, chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of neutrophils may be a useful indicator of interactions of chemotactic factors with neutrophils.", "PMID": 370000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_694", "title": "Biologically active derivatives of fatty acids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and endoperoxides.", "content": "The causal role assigned to the E and F prostaglandins in inflammatory processes, implied by the antiinflammatory action of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, is not consistent with the findings reported here that a compound (MK-447) capable of increasing levels of these prostaglandins is antiinflammatory in classical animal models of acute inflammation. That both MK-447 and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors depress the enzymatic formation of PGG2 from arachidonic acid suggests that this endoperoxide plays a pivotal role in acute inflammation. However, in view of the intermediate nature of PGG2, it seems likely that such a pivotal role for this substance is a function of its ability to be converted to other inflammatory mediators. Possible candidates for a causal role are thromboxane A2 (TXA2) prostacyclin (PGI2), both of which derive from PGG2. However, direct evidence is presented to show that an oxygen equivalent released in the enzymatic conversion of PGG2 to PGH2 is a prime factor in inflammation.", "contents": "Biologically active derivatives of fatty acids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and endoperoxides. The causal role assigned to the E and F prostaglandins in inflammatory processes, implied by the antiinflammatory action of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, is not consistent with the findings reported here that a compound (MK-447) capable of increasing levels of these prostaglandins is antiinflammatory in classical animal models of acute inflammation. That both MK-447 and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors depress the enzymatic formation of PGG2 from arachidonic acid suggests that this endoperoxide plays a pivotal role in acute inflammation. However, in view of the intermediate nature of PGG2, it seems likely that such a pivotal role for this substance is a function of its ability to be converted to other inflammatory mediators. Possible candidates for a causal role are thromboxane A2 (TXA2) prostacyclin (PGI2), both of which derive from PGG2. However, direct evidence is presented to show that an oxygen equivalent released in the enzymatic conversion of PGG2 to PGH2 is a prime factor in inflammation.", "PMID": 370001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_695", "title": "Steroids, aspirin, and inflammation.", "content": "The ability of adrenal corticosteroids to both both suppress inflammation and compromise host defenses has been well documented. Recently, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, based on our new knowledge of the cell biology of inflammation and the biochemistry of the phagocytic cell itself, has provided new insights into the mechanism of steroid action in the inflammatory process. Evidence is presented that pharmacologic doses of steroids are capable of inhibiting each of the steps in phagocytic-micro-organism interaction: chemotaxis, recognition and opsonization, phagocytosis, membrane fusion, and degranulation. In addition, steroid alteration of the postphagocytic superoxide production, hydrogen peroxide generation, and prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis is described. The antiinflammatory effects of aspirin and indomethacin can be explained almost entirely by virtue of their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase, this preventing the transformation of arachidonic acid to both prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The cortisol-induced inhibition of endoperoxides, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes (at a site proximal to the release of arachidonic acid) may well explain those antiinflammatory actions that cortisone shares with aspirin. However, patients treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents effectively combat infections. In contrast, corticosteroids have more profound effects, as can be seen by the inhibition of superoxide production, with the subsequent decrease in hydrogen peroxide generation and the diminution in release of the antibacterial lysosomal hydrolases within the phagocytic vacuole. Thus, corticosteroids interfere with the killing of microorganisms. This new understanding of the pharmacologic action of cortisol on phagocytic cells explains, we believe, how glucocorticoids alleviate inflammation while, at the same time, they permit multiplication of the offending microorganism within the phagocyte.", "contents": "Steroids, aspirin, and inflammation. The ability of adrenal corticosteroids to both both suppress inflammation and compromise host defenses has been well documented. Recently, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, based on our new knowledge of the cell biology of inflammation and the biochemistry of the phagocytic cell itself, has provided new insights into the mechanism of steroid action in the inflammatory process. Evidence is presented that pharmacologic doses of steroids are capable of inhibiting each of the steps in phagocytic-micro-organism interaction: chemotaxis, recognition and opsonization, phagocytosis, membrane fusion, and degranulation. In addition, steroid alteration of the postphagocytic superoxide production, hydrogen peroxide generation, and prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis is described. The antiinflammatory effects of aspirin and indomethacin can be explained almost entirely by virtue of their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase, this preventing the transformation of arachidonic acid to both prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The cortisol-induced inhibition of endoperoxides, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes (at a site proximal to the release of arachidonic acid) may well explain those antiinflammatory actions that cortisone shares with aspirin. However, patients treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents effectively combat infections. In contrast, corticosteroids have more profound effects, as can be seen by the inhibition of superoxide production, with the subsequent decrease in hydrogen peroxide generation and the diminution in release of the antibacterial lysosomal hydrolases within the phagocytic vacuole. Thus, corticosteroids interfere with the killing of microorganisms. This new understanding of the pharmacologic action of cortisol on phagocytic cells explains, we believe, how glucocorticoids alleviate inflammation while, at the same time, they permit multiplication of the offending microorganism within the phagocyte.", "PMID": 370002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_696", "title": "Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mediation and modulation of inflammation.", "content": "When appropriately stimulated (even in the absence of phagocytosis), human polymorphonuclear leukocytes release and/or generate proinflammatory materials and substances capable of provoking tissue injury. These include hydrolases and nonenzymatic substances ordinarily contained within lysosomes, as well as oxygen-derived free radicals. It is now possible to add prostaglandins and thromboxanes to this list. Whereas prostaglandins are capable of eliciting many phenomena associated with inflammation, their effects on cyclic nucleotide metabolism may render these compounds antiinflammatory. Thus, the very cells that release mediators of inflammation provide a mechanism for modulating the inflammatory response.", "contents": "Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mediation and modulation of inflammation. When appropriately stimulated (even in the absence of phagocytosis), human polymorphonuclear leukocytes release and/or generate proinflammatory materials and substances capable of provoking tissue injury. These include hydrolases and nonenzymatic substances ordinarily contained within lysosomes, as well as oxygen-derived free radicals. It is now possible to add prostaglandins and thromboxanes to this list. Whereas prostaglandins are capable of eliciting many phenomena associated with inflammation, their effects on cyclic nucleotide metabolism may render these compounds antiinflammatory. Thus, the very cells that release mediators of inflammation provide a mechanism for modulating the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 370003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_697", "title": "Significance of an in vitro phenomenon in which murine erythrocytes are lysed by autologous spleen cells and spherules of Coccidioides immitis.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice immunized with a variety of antigens and incubated in vitro with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis lyse six to eight times more autologous murine erythrocytes than normal spleen cells and spherules. Cellular and biochemical events in this phenomenon were investigated to ascertain its significance. Kinetic studies suggested that hemolysis results from the activation of some immune cells by spherules. The capacity of spherules to activate these cells is rather unusual because, of the inert particles tested, only zymosan A and crude chitin demonstrated comparable activity. Furthermore, although the hemolytic phenomenon occurred in serum-free medium, more lysis was effected by immune cells and opsonized spherules or zymosan A than by immune cells and untreated fungal particles. Sheep, chicken, and human erythrocytes were not lysed in the hemolytic phenomenon; however, hemoglobin in chicken and sheep erythrocytes was oxidized. Both the murine erythrocyte lysis and oxidation of ovine hemoglobin correlated with the reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium by immune cells adherent to spherules, and both phenomena appeared to be mediated by H2O2 released into the medium by activated cells. Spleen cells reactive with spherules could not be depleted by treatment with iron carbonyl, antiimmunoglobulin plus complement, or anti-brain-associated theta plus complement, but they were partially or completely depleted after rosette formation with erythrocytes coated with antibody or murine complement. Using light and electron microscopy, we noted that immune spleens contained more neutrophils than normal spleens, that these neutrophils reduced Nitro Blue Tetrazolium after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, and that they were the most prevalent cell type adherent to spherules after incubation in vitro.", "contents": "Significance of an in vitro phenomenon in which murine erythrocytes are lysed by autologous spleen cells and spherules of Coccidioides immitis. Spleen cells from mice immunized with a variety of antigens and incubated in vitro with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis lyse six to eight times more autologous murine erythrocytes than normal spleen cells and spherules. Cellular and biochemical events in this phenomenon were investigated to ascertain its significance. Kinetic studies suggested that hemolysis results from the activation of some immune cells by spherules. The capacity of spherules to activate these cells is rather unusual because, of the inert particles tested, only zymosan A and crude chitin demonstrated comparable activity. Furthermore, although the hemolytic phenomenon occurred in serum-free medium, more lysis was effected by immune cells and opsonized spherules or zymosan A than by immune cells and untreated fungal particles. Sheep, chicken, and human erythrocytes were not lysed in the hemolytic phenomenon; however, hemoglobin in chicken and sheep erythrocytes was oxidized. Both the murine erythrocyte lysis and oxidation of ovine hemoglobin correlated with the reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium by immune cells adherent to spherules, and both phenomena appeared to be mediated by H2O2 released into the medium by activated cells. Spleen cells reactive with spherules could not be depleted by treatment with iron carbonyl, antiimmunoglobulin plus complement, or anti-brain-associated theta plus complement, but they were partially or completely depleted after rosette formation with erythrocytes coated with antibody or murine complement. Using light and electron microscopy, we noted that immune spleens contained more neutrophils than normal spleens, that these neutrophils reduced Nitro Blue Tetrazolium after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, and that they were the most prevalent cell type adherent to spherules after incubation in vitro.", "PMID": 370005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_698", "title": "Adhesion of commensal bacteria to the large intestine wall in humans.", "content": "Biopsies taken during colonoscopic examination of the human large bowel were used to examine the relationship of the commensal bacterial to the mucosal epithelial cell surface. Bacteria were seen adhering to the exposed epithelial cell surface and also to the mucus sheet. Isolation of aerobic organisms showed that Escherichia coli are closely associated with the gut wall throughout the large intestine. One strain of E. coli predominated in each biopsy, and this strain was present along the whole length of bowel. Adhesion of bacteria to the gut wall does occur in vivo and may be one of the factors involved in the ability of an organism to colonize and persist.", "contents": "Adhesion of commensal bacteria to the large intestine wall in humans. Biopsies taken during colonoscopic examination of the human large bowel were used to examine the relationship of the commensal bacterial to the mucosal epithelial cell surface. Bacteria were seen adhering to the exposed epithelial cell surface and also to the mucus sheet. Isolation of aerobic organisms showed that Escherichia coli are closely associated with the gut wall throughout the large intestine. One strain of E. coli predominated in each biopsy, and this strain was present along the whole length of bowel. Adhesion of bacteria to the gut wall does occur in vivo and may be one of the factors involved in the ability of an organism to colonize and persist.", "PMID": 370006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_699", "title": "Importance of the intestinal inflammatory reaction in salmonella-mediated intestinal secretion.", "content": "The ability of Salmonella typhimurium to invade the intestinal epithelium is essential to the pathogenesis of salmonella-induced intestinal secretion. This invasion is accompanied by an intense acute inflammatory reaction. The present study tests the hypothesis that the acute inflammatory reaction may have a role in the pathogenesis of salmonella-induced secretion. Two groups of rabbits infected with S. typhimurium were studied: normal animals and animals pretreated with nitrogen mustard. Nitrogen mustard depletes the polymorphonuclear leukocyte pool and thereby prevents the formation of an acute inflammatory reaction. In vivo ligated ileal loops were constructed and infected 72 h after nitrogen mustard administration when polymorphonuclear leukocytes were undetectable. Nitrogen mustard treatment markedly inhibited salmonella-induced  secretion. Ileal histology in normal animals infected with S. typhimurium revealed an intense acute inflammatory reaction, while in animals pretreated with nitrogen mustard only a rare polymorphonuclear leukocyte was seen. The antisecretory effect of nitrogen mustard was not merely a nonspecific effect since nitrogen mustard treatment did not inhibit cholera toxin-induced secretion and did not alter either ileal morphology nor the activities of various intestinal enzymes in normal animals. Nitrogen mustard also did not alter the virulence of the inoculated S. typhimurium. These data suggest that the mucosal inflammatory reaction induced by salmonella invasion may be important to the pathogenesis of the salmonella secretory process. The mechanism by which the inflammatory reaction stimulates secretion is not known.", "contents": "Importance of the intestinal inflammatory reaction in salmonella-mediated intestinal secretion. The ability of Salmonella typhimurium to invade the intestinal epithelium is essential to the pathogenesis of salmonella-induced intestinal secretion. This invasion is accompanied by an intense acute inflammatory reaction. The present study tests the hypothesis that the acute inflammatory reaction may have a role in the pathogenesis of salmonella-induced secretion. Two groups of rabbits infected with S. typhimurium were studied: normal animals and animals pretreated with nitrogen mustard. Nitrogen mustard depletes the polymorphonuclear leukocyte pool and thereby prevents the formation of an acute inflammatory reaction. In vivo ligated ileal loops were constructed and infected 72 h after nitrogen mustard administration when polymorphonuclear leukocytes were undetectable. Nitrogen mustard treatment markedly inhibited salmonella-induced  secretion. Ileal histology in normal animals infected with S. typhimurium revealed an intense acute inflammatory reaction, while in animals pretreated with nitrogen mustard only a rare polymorphonuclear leukocyte was seen. The antisecretory effect of nitrogen mustard was not merely a nonspecific effect since nitrogen mustard treatment did not inhibit cholera toxin-induced secretion and did not alter either ileal morphology nor the activities of various intestinal enzymes in normal animals. Nitrogen mustard also did not alter the virulence of the inoculated S. typhimurium. These data suggest that the mucosal inflammatory reaction induced by salmonella invasion may be important to the pathogenesis of the salmonella secretory process. The mechanism by which the inflammatory reaction stimulates secretion is not known.", "PMID": 370007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_700", "title": "Cultivation of Ureaplasma urealyticum in continuous culture.", "content": "Continuous culture of Ureaplasma urealyticum is reported with a steady-state cell biomass of greater than 10(6) cells per ml. Thus, large cell numbers can be easily obtained; in addition, the system provides a powerful means for exploring what nutrients(s) limits the growth yield of this organism. Urea is shown not to be the growth-limiting nutrient in conventional media, although when provided in excess it appears to be completely hydrolyzed.", "contents": "Cultivation of Ureaplasma urealyticum in continuous culture. Continuous culture of Ureaplasma urealyticum is reported with a steady-state cell biomass of greater than 10(6) cells per ml. Thus, large cell numbers can be easily obtained; in addition, the system provides a powerful means for exploring what nutrients(s) limits the growth yield of this organism. Urea is shown not to be the growth-limiting nutrient in conventional media, although when provided in excess it appears to be completely hydrolyzed.", "PMID": 370008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_701", "title": "Mitomycin C stimulates production of a toxin in Shigella species that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Shigella dysenteriae produced a toxin that caused morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells which was different from the neurotoxin (Y. Takeda, K. Okamoto, and T. Miwatani, Infect. Immun. 18:546--548, 1977). It was found that the toxin was produced not only by S. dysenteriae but also by S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. The production of the toxin was stimulated by the addition of 1 microgram of mitomycin C per ml to the culture in the early logarithmic growth phase.", "contents": "Mitomycin C stimulates production of a toxin in Shigella species that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Shigella dysenteriae produced a toxin that caused morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells which was different from the neurotoxin (Y. Takeda, K. Okamoto, and T. Miwatani, Infect. Immun. 18:546--548, 1977). It was found that the toxin was produced not only by S. dysenteriae but also by S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. The production of the toxin was stimulated by the addition of 1 microgram of mitomycin C per ml to the culture in the early logarithmic growth phase.", "PMID": 370009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_702", "title": "Lymphoid cells in endotoxin-induced production of the amyloid-related serum amyloid A protein.", "content": "Endotoxin-treated mice exhibit a rapid rise in the level of the serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, but this effect is not observed in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. To evaluate the role of lymphoid cells in the production of SAA protein, C3H/HeJ mice were adoptively transfused with endotoxin-sensitive (C3H/HeN) bone marrow cells. After such adoptive transfer, endotoxin treatment of C3H/HeJ mice resulted in high serum levels of SAA protein. The ability of chimeric mice to make SAA protein correlated with the presence of endotoxin-sensitive B lymphocytes and macrophages. These findings suggest that lymphocytes and/or macrophages play an important role in initiating SAA protein synthesis after endotoxin treatment and suggest a possible mechanism by which chronic infection or inflammation leads to amyloidosis.", "contents": "Lymphoid cells in endotoxin-induced production of the amyloid-related serum amyloid A protein. Endotoxin-treated mice exhibit a rapid rise in the level of the serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, but this effect is not observed in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. To evaluate the role of lymphoid cells in the production of SAA protein, C3H/HeJ mice were adoptively transfused with endotoxin-sensitive (C3H/HeN) bone marrow cells. After such adoptive transfer, endotoxin treatment of C3H/HeJ mice resulted in high serum levels of SAA protein. The ability of chimeric mice to make SAA protein correlated with the presence of endotoxin-sensitive B lymphocytes and macrophages. These findings suggest that lymphocytes and/or macrophages play an important role in initiating SAA protein synthesis after endotoxin treatment and suggest a possible mechanism by which chronic infection or inflammation leads to amyloidosis.", "PMID": 370010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_703", "title": "Dissociation of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase from the bactericidal activity of neutrophils.", "content": "We have identified an apparently healthy individual with no history of repeated infections whose neutrophils were virtually devoid of alkaline phosphatase activity by either spectrophotometric or histochemical assay. His cells showed normal bactericidal activity toward both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli when tested in vitro. We have also demonstrated that L-p-bromolevamisole, a potent inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase in many tissues, is likewise an effective inhibitor of the neutrophilic enzyme. Concentrations of this compound which caused nearly complete inhibition of the neutrophilic enzyme did not impair the ability of intact cells to kill bacteria. These results suggest that leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is not required for the normal bactericidal activity of neutrophils.", "contents": "Dissociation of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase from the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. We have identified an apparently healthy individual with no history of repeated infections whose neutrophils were virtually devoid of alkaline phosphatase activity by either spectrophotometric or histochemical assay. His cells showed normal bactericidal activity toward both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli when tested in vitro. We have also demonstrated that L-p-bromolevamisole, a potent inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase in many tissues, is likewise an effective inhibitor of the neutrophilic enzyme. Concentrations of this compound which caused nearly complete inhibition of the neutrophilic enzyme did not impair the ability of intact cells to kill bacteria. These results suggest that leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is not required for the normal bactericidal activity of neutrophils.", "PMID": 370011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_704", "title": "Transfer by bone marrow cells of increased natural resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae induced by lipopolysaccharide in genetically deficient C3H/He mice.", "content": "In a previous study we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide failed to elicit nonspecific resistance in C3H/He lipopolysaccharide low-responder mice against Klebsiella infection in contrast to its activity in a closely related histocompatible high-responder subline, C3HeB/Fe. Complete restoration of lipopolysaccharide-induced protection against 10(5) Klebsiella was obtained in the present study by transferring bone marrow from high-responder mice to the highly deficient C3H/He mice. The ability of C3H/He mice to clear and destroy bacteria in 5 h was also transferred by C3HeB/Fe marrow cells. In contrast, when high-responder C3HeB/Fe mice were reconstituted with low-responder bone marrow, the clearance and destruction of K. pneumoniae were similar to what is observed in the high-responder strain, but survival was only temporary. Collectively, our data show that the failure of C3H/He mice to respond to lipopolysaccharide with nonspecific immunity is due to a defect in two types of bone-marrow-derived cells--radioresistant and radiosensitive.", "contents": "Transfer by bone marrow cells of increased natural resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae induced by lipopolysaccharide in genetically deficient C3H/He mice. In a previous study we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide failed to elicit nonspecific resistance in C3H/He lipopolysaccharide low-responder mice against Klebsiella infection in contrast to its activity in a closely related histocompatible high-responder subline, C3HeB/Fe. Complete restoration of lipopolysaccharide-induced protection against 10(5) Klebsiella was obtained in the present study by transferring bone marrow from high-responder mice to the highly deficient C3H/He mice. The ability of C3H/He mice to clear and destroy bacteria in 5 h was also transferred by C3HeB/Fe marrow cells. In contrast, when high-responder C3HeB/Fe mice were reconstituted with low-responder bone marrow, the clearance and destruction of K. pneumoniae were similar to what is observed in the high-responder strain, but survival was only temporary. Collectively, our data show that the failure of C3H/He mice to respond to lipopolysaccharide with nonspecific immunity is due to a defect in two types of bone-marrow-derived cells--radioresistant and radiosensitive.", "PMID": 370012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_705", "title": "Relationship between enterotoxin production and serotype in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "We examined the relationship between serotype and enterotoxin production in 109 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from 109 patients with severe cholera-like diarrhea in Dacca, Bangladesh. Of 69 strains producing both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins, 59 (86%) belonged to the one of four O serogroups, and 56 (81%) of these strains belonged to one of six O:K:H serotypes. In contrast, 34 strains producing only heat-stable toxin were distributed among 15 O serogroups, and six strains producing only heat-labile toxin were distributed among six O serogroups. Twelve strains producing heat-labile and heat-stable toxins and five strains producing heat-stable toxin were found which had the same serotype (O78:K-:H12) and biotype. It appears that at least in one geographic setting E. coli strains producing both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins are more restricted in their O groups and O:K:H serotypes than E. coli that produce only heat-stable toxin and that certain serobiotypes may commonly include strains which produce both toxin types.", "contents": "Relationship between enterotoxin production and serotype in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. We examined the relationship between serotype and enterotoxin production in 109 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from 109 patients with severe cholera-like diarrhea in Dacca, Bangladesh. Of 69 strains producing both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins, 59 (86%) belonged to the one of four O serogroups, and 56 (81%) of these strains belonged to one of six O:K:H serotypes. In contrast, 34 strains producing only heat-stable toxin were distributed among 15 O serogroups, and six strains producing only heat-labile toxin were distributed among six O serogroups. Twelve strains producing heat-labile and heat-stable toxins and five strains producing heat-stable toxin were found which had the same serotype (O78:K-:H12) and biotype. It appears that at least in one geographic setting E. coli strains producing both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins are more restricted in their O groups and O:K:H serotypes than E. coli that produce only heat-stable toxin and that certain serobiotypes may commonly include strains which produce both toxin types.", "PMID": 370013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_706", "title": "Hemagglutination patterns of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli determined with human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes in the presence and absence of mannose.", "content": "A hemagglutination (HA)-typing system has been developed for the presumptive identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) possessing the colonization factor antigens (CFA) CFA/I or CFA/II. E. coli isolates are grown on CFA agar and tested for mannose-sensitive (MS) or mannose-resistant (MR) HA of human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/I-positive ETEC exhibit MRHA with human, bovine, and chicken erythrocytes, but no HA with guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/II-positive ETEC produce HA (MRHA) only with bovine and chicken erythrocytes. Common pili appear to be the primary MS-hemagglutinin of E. coli because the prototype strain K-12 exhibits HA (MSHA) with all but bovine erythrocytes. However, only 6.6% (23 of 351) of E. coli belonging to the classical enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups (EPEC) possessed the same HA pattern as strain K-12; 42% of the EPEC cultures (146 of 351) were similar to K-12 in producing MSHA with chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes and no HA with bovine erythrocytes, but different in that these produced either no HA or MRHA with human erythrocytes. These EPEC-associated HA patterns were assigned to a separate category, termed HA type III. Non-EPEC serogroups associated with sporadic diarrhea (i.e., the facultatively enteropathogenic E. coli, or FEEC) and 41% (19 of 46) of available Salmonella isolates also produced HA type III patterns. This observation is of considerable interest because many FEEC possess somatic antigens cross-reactive with Salmonella. Although the biochemical basis for this result has not been established, the data reported herein suggest a relationship between the HA type III phenotype and virulence (enteropathogenicity) in both the EPEC and FEEC serogroups. We propose that HA typing be used in conjunction with serotyping of E. coli to determine the degree of association of HA type III E. coli with sporadic diarrhea in infants and young children.", "contents": "Hemagglutination patterns of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli determined with human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes in the presence and absence of mannose. A hemagglutination (HA)-typing system has been developed for the presumptive identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) possessing the colonization factor antigens (CFA) CFA/I or CFA/II. E. coli isolates are grown on CFA agar and tested for mannose-sensitive (MS) or mannose-resistant (MR) HA of human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/I-positive ETEC exhibit MRHA with human, bovine, and chicken erythrocytes, but no HA with guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/II-positive ETEC produce HA (MRHA) only with bovine and chicken erythrocytes. Common pili appear to be the primary MS-hemagglutinin of E. coli because the prototype strain K-12 exhibits HA (MSHA) with all but bovine erythrocytes. However, only 6.6% (23 of 351) of E. coli belonging to the classical enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups (EPEC) possessed the same HA pattern as strain K-12; 42% of the EPEC cultures (146 of 351) were similar to K-12 in producing MSHA with chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes and no HA with bovine erythrocytes, but different in that these produced either no HA or MRHA with human erythrocytes. These EPEC-associated HA patterns were assigned to a separate category, termed HA type III. Non-EPEC serogroups associated with sporadic diarrhea (i.e., the facultatively enteropathogenic E. coli, or FEEC) and 41% (19 of 46) of available Salmonella isolates also produced HA type III patterns. This observation is of considerable interest because many FEEC possess somatic antigens cross-reactive with Salmonella. Although the biochemical basis for this result has not been established, the data reported herein suggest a relationship between the HA type III phenotype and virulence (enteropathogenicity) in both the EPEC and FEEC serogroups. We propose that HA typing be used in conjunction with serotyping of E. coli to determine the degree of association of HA type III E. coli with sporadic diarrhea in infants and young children.", "PMID": 370014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_707", "title": "Adjuvants in the induction of suppressor cells.", "content": "The effect of different mycobacterial adjuvants on the parameters of delayed hypersensitivity was investigated in strain 13 guinea pigs. The composition of the tubercle bacilli and the type of vehicle in which the antigen was presented determined the presence and extent of suppressor cell activity. When antigen was introduced in complete Freund adjuvant, both adherent and nonadherent cells had suppressive properties, with the suppressive effect demonstrable in vitro from 1 to 5 weeks after sensitization. Suppressor activity was indicated in vivo by a reduction of delayed footpad hypersensitivity in animals presensitized with complete Freund adjuvant.", "contents": "Adjuvants in the induction of suppressor cells. The effect of different mycobacterial adjuvants on the parameters of delayed hypersensitivity was investigated in strain 13 guinea pigs. The composition of the tubercle bacilli and the type of vehicle in which the antigen was presented determined the presence and extent of suppressor cell activity. When antigen was introduced in complete Freund adjuvant, both adherent and nonadherent cells had suppressive properties, with the suppressive effect demonstrable in vitro from 1 to 5 weeks after sensitization. Suppressor activity was indicated in vivo by a reduction of delayed footpad hypersensitivity in animals presensitized with complete Freund adjuvant.", "PMID": 370015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_708", "title": "Capacity of virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols) for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Treponema pallidum (Nichols) was extracted from infected rabbit tissue, and cell lysates were prepared for monitoring thymidine kinase and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activities. No thymidine kinase could be demonstrated in preparations of T. pallidum or the cultivable T. phagedenis biotype Reiter. Significant levels of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase were detected in both treponemal samples. Interestingly, comparisons of polymerase activity among a spectrum of bacterial genera revealed a direct correlation between enzyme concentrations and estimated generation time. Incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine into macromolecules by intact T. pallidum and the Reiter treponeme was examined. Selective ribonuclease-deoxyribonuclease digestion and cesium chloride gradient banding demonstrated that T. pallidum, independent of the host, and T. phagedenis were capable of synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid only from the [3H]-uridine precursor.", "contents": "Capacity of virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols) for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Treponema pallidum (Nichols) was extracted from infected rabbit tissue, and cell lysates were prepared for monitoring thymidine kinase and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activities. No thymidine kinase could be demonstrated in preparations of T. pallidum or the cultivable T. phagedenis biotype Reiter. Significant levels of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase were detected in both treponemal samples. Interestingly, comparisons of polymerase activity among a spectrum of bacterial genera revealed a direct correlation between enzyme concentrations and estimated generation time. Incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine into macromolecules by intact T. pallidum and the Reiter treponeme was examined. Selective ribonuclease-deoxyribonuclease digestion and cesium chloride gradient banding demonstrated that T. pallidum, independent of the host, and T. phagedenis were capable of synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid only from the [3H]-uridine precursor.", "PMID": 370016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_709", "title": "Strain specificity of opsonins for group B streptococci types II and III.", "content": "Strains of types II and III group B streptococci do not appear to be uniformly susceptible to opsonization by antibody-containing human sera, as studied using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. We could not demonstrate a correlation of serum-sensitive or resistant strains with capsular antigen quantities, although serum absorption studies with whole organisms and HCl, trichloroacetic acid, and saline extracts indicated that the antibody to type-specific capsular polysaccharide is important in opsonizing both serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains. Since trypsin treatment produced significantly enhanced opsonization of serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains, proteins present on some group B streptococci may be important antiphagocytic factors.", "contents": "Strain specificity of opsonins for group B streptococci types II and III. Strains of types II and III group B streptococci do not appear to be uniformly susceptible to opsonization by antibody-containing human sera, as studied using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. We could not demonstrate a correlation of serum-sensitive or resistant strains with capsular antigen quantities, although serum absorption studies with whole organisms and HCl, trichloroacetic acid, and saline extracts indicated that the antibody to type-specific capsular polysaccharide is important in opsonizing both serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains. Since trypsin treatment produced significantly enhanced opsonization of serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains, proteins present on some group B streptococci may be important antiphagocytic factors.", "PMID": 370017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_710", "title": "Characteristics of lipid A-protein complex from endotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S and R strains).", "content": "Mild acetic acid hydrolysis of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide-protein complex) of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S and R forms) yielded a lipid A-protein complex that consisted of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugar and, in terms of chemical composition, displayed no marked differences between the S and R forms. Its protein portion (53 to 56%) consisted of at least 16 amino acids. In the fatty acid portion (14 to 18%), myristic, 3-hydroxymyristic, palmitic, and stearic acids accounted for 50%. The sugar portion (10 to 12%) consisted solely of glucosamine. The remainder was unidentified substances, most of which contained phosphorus. Lipid A-protein complexes derived from both S and R forms were not toxic for mice in doses up to 1,000 microgram/mouse, but their Linulus test activity had increased considerably as compared with the starting lipopolysaccharide-protein complex material: from 10(-6) to 10(-10--10(-12) mg/ml. The lipid A-protein complexes were readily soluble in a water solution of triethylamine, in dimethyl sulfoxide, and in pyridine.", "contents": "Characteristics of lipid A-protein complex from endotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S and R strains). Mild acetic acid hydrolysis of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide-protein complex) of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S and R forms) yielded a lipid A-protein complex that consisted of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugar and, in terms of chemical composition, displayed no marked differences between the S and R forms. Its protein portion (53 to 56%) consisted of at least 16 amino acids. In the fatty acid portion (14 to 18%), myristic, 3-hydroxymyristic, palmitic, and stearic acids accounted for 50%. The sugar portion (10 to 12%) consisted solely of glucosamine. The remainder was unidentified substances, most of which contained phosphorus. Lipid A-protein complexes derived from both S and R forms were not toxic for mice in doses up to 1,000 microgram/mouse, but their Linulus test activity had increased considerably as compared with the starting lipopolysaccharide-protein complex material: from 10(-6) to 10(-10--10(-12) mg/ml. The lipid A-protein complexes were readily soluble in a water solution of triethylamine, in dimethyl sulfoxide, and in pyridine.", "PMID": 370018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_711", "title": "Comparison of sulfamethoxazole alone and combined with trimethoprim in urinary tract infections.", "content": "In a double blind, randomized study, sulfamethoxazole was compared alone and in combination with trimethoprim as commonly used in therapeutic regimes for the treatment of uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections in out-patients. The cure of sulfamethoxazole alone was 92.2%, and for sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim 97.6%. The rate of side-effects for the former was 5%, for the latter 21.8%. If the failure rate plus the rate of occurrence of rash, which necessitated discontinuing the drug, are combined, it appears that 8.8% of the patients were at a disadvantage receiving sulfamethoxazole compared to 9.7% for the combination of sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim. When considering the cure rate and rate of side-effects together, therefore, the position of sulfamethoxazole alone as a suitable drug in this type of infection is defended.", "contents": "Comparison of sulfamethoxazole alone and combined with trimethoprim in urinary tract infections. In a double blind, randomized study, sulfamethoxazole was compared alone and in combination with trimethoprim as commonly used in therapeutic regimes for the treatment of uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections in out-patients. The cure of sulfamethoxazole alone was 92.2%, and for sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim 97.6%. The rate of side-effects for the former was 5%, for the latter 21.8%. If the failure rate plus the rate of occurrence of rash, which necessitated discontinuing the drug, are combined, it appears that 8.8% of the patients were at a disadvantage receiving sulfamethoxazole compared to 9.7% for the combination of sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim. When considering the cure rate and rate of side-effects together, therefore, the position of sulfamethoxazole alone as a suitable drug in this type of infection is defended.", "PMID": 370019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_712", "title": "Antibacterial efficacy of cefazolin and cephradine in neutropenic mice.", "content": "The activity of cefazolin (CEZ) and cephradine (CED) was studied in experimentally infected neutropenic mice. Neutropenia was induced by 600 rad whole-body irradiation; an infection was induced by the injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the thigh on Day 5 after irradiation. Antibiotics were administered 1 h later, and antibacterial activity was estimated from bacteria counts made in the homogenized individual thighs 3 h after infection. The effect of a low dose of each of the cephalosporins on the infection was significantly lower in the absence of granulocytes than in animals with intact host defence; at higher dosages the effect of both antibiotics on the infection was the same in neutropenic and unirradiated mice. In the neutropenic mice, CEZ was 2.95 times more active than CED against E. coli in vivo, this difference in activity being similar to that found earlier in normal mice.", "contents": "Antibacterial efficacy of cefazolin and cephradine in neutropenic mice. The activity of cefazolin (CEZ) and cephradine (CED) was studied in experimentally infected neutropenic mice. Neutropenia was induced by 600 rad whole-body irradiation; an infection was induced by the injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the thigh on Day 5 after irradiation. Antibiotics were administered 1 h later, and antibacterial activity was estimated from bacteria counts made in the homogenized individual thighs 3 h after infection. The effect of a low dose of each of the cephalosporins on the infection was significantly lower in the absence of granulocytes than in animals with intact host defence; at higher dosages the effect of both antibiotics on the infection was the same in neutropenic and unirradiated mice. In the neutropenic mice, CEZ was 2.95 times more active than CED against E. coli in vivo, this difference in activity being similar to that found earlier in normal mice.", "PMID": 370021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_713", "title": "Influence of carbonyl iron treatment on lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "The influence of carbonyl iron treatment on different human mononuclear cell subsets was investigated. There is evidence that, in addition to removal of phagocytic cells, lymphocytes are depleted, B cells being more affected than other subpopulations.", "contents": "Influence of carbonyl iron treatment on lymphocyte subpopulations. The influence of carbonyl iron treatment on different human mononuclear cell subsets was investigated. There is evidence that, in addition to removal of phagocytic cells, lymphocytes are depleted, B cells being more affected than other subpopulations.", "PMID": 370025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_714", "title": "Effect of the MER tubercle bacillus fraction on the responsiveness of mice to T-independent antigens.", "content": "The effect of treatment with the methanol extraction residue (MER) mycobacterial fraction on the immunological responsiveness of BALB/c mice to the T-independent antigens pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (SIIII) and trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide conjugate (TNP-LPS) was ascertained. Pretreatment with MER prevented the establishment of immunological paralysis by threshold doses (10 or 15 microgram) of SIII and by a paralyzing dose of 100 microgram TNP-LPS. The induction of immunological paralysis by SIII was unaffected by treatment with the bacterial adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum and with the B cell mitogens PPD, LPS (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide), and dextran sulfate.", "contents": "Effect of the MER tubercle bacillus fraction on the responsiveness of mice to T-independent antigens. The effect of treatment with the methanol extraction residue (MER) mycobacterial fraction on the immunological responsiveness of BALB/c mice to the T-independent antigens pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (SIIII) and trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide conjugate (TNP-LPS) was ascertained. Pretreatment with MER prevented the establishment of immunological paralysis by threshold doses (10 or 15 microgram) of SIII and by a paralyzing dose of 100 microgram TNP-LPS. The induction of immunological paralysis by SIII was unaffected by treatment with the bacterial adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum and with the B cell mitogens PPD, LPS (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide), and dextran sulfate.", "PMID": 370026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_715", "title": "Characterization of pig lymphocyte subpopulations by adherence to nylon wool.", "content": "The property of adherence to nylon wool was used to separate and characterize pig blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Thymus-dependent null cells proved the least adherent lymphocytes, and B cells, bearing surface Ig or Fc receptor, the most adherent. sIg+ lymphocytes detected by immunofluorescence and by 51Cr release cytotoxicity showed similar frequency and adherence properties. Lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC in PBS or in dextran had similar adherence patterns and showed both non-adherent and adherent components. Lymphocytes bearing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Ia-like antigens shown by eosin exclusion or 51Cr release cytotoxicity were enriched in the adherent fraction, but also occurred in significant numbers in the non-adherent fraction. Non-adherent Ia+ cells were predominantly sIg- and probably T cells, whereas the adherent Ia+ group included the sIg+ cells and some sIg- cells.", "contents": "Characterization of pig lymphocyte subpopulations by adherence to nylon wool. The property of adherence to nylon wool was used to separate and characterize pig blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Thymus-dependent null cells proved the least adherent lymphocytes, and B cells, bearing surface Ig or Fc receptor, the most adherent. sIg+ lymphocytes detected by immunofluorescence and by 51Cr release cytotoxicity showed similar frequency and adherence properties. Lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC in PBS or in dextran had similar adherence patterns and showed both non-adherent and adherent components. Lymphocytes bearing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Ia-like antigens shown by eosin exclusion or 51Cr release cytotoxicity were enriched in the adherent fraction, but also occurred in significant numbers in the non-adherent fraction. Non-adherent Ia+ cells were predominantly sIg- and probably T cells, whereas the adherent Ia+ group included the sIg+ cells and some sIg- cells.", "PMID": 370027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_716", "title": "The mechanism of action of soluble lymphocyte mediators. VI. Effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on macrophage microtubules.", "content": "The effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on macrophage microtubules was examined by functional, biochemical and morphological methods. It was found that: (1) the microtubule-stabilizing agent deuterium oxide (D2O) inhibits spontaneous macrophage migration from capillaries and enhances the migration blocking effect of MIF; (2) MIF does not modify the amount of total tubulin in macrophages, as determined by an 3H-colchicine binding assay, but increases significantly the proportion of tubulin present in polymeric form; (3) macrophages exposed to MIF and examined by immunofluorescence with specific antitubulin antibody demonstrate a striking increase in the percentage of cells with a well-organized microtubular network, characterized by a high density of thick fibrils and prominent paranuclear microtubule organizing centers. It is concluded that MIF inhibits cellular motility by inducing the formation of numerous microtubules, probably by enhancing tubulin polymerization.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of soluble lymphocyte mediators. VI. Effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on macrophage microtubules. The effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on macrophage microtubules was examined by functional, biochemical and morphological methods. It was found that: (1) the microtubule-stabilizing agent deuterium oxide (D2O) inhibits spontaneous macrophage migration from capillaries and enhances the migration blocking effect of MIF; (2) MIF does not modify the amount of total tubulin in macrophages, as determined by an 3H-colchicine binding assay, but increases significantly the proportion of tubulin present in polymeric form; (3) macrophages exposed to MIF and examined by immunofluorescence with specific antitubulin antibody demonstrate a striking increase in the percentage of cells with a well-organized microtubular network, characterized by a high density of thick fibrils and prominent paranuclear microtubule organizing centers. It is concluded that MIF inhibits cellular motility by inducing the formation of numerous microtubules, probably by enhancing tubulin polymerization.", "PMID": 370028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_717", "title": "Regulation of lymphocyte activation by serum factors.", "content": "The effect of autologous normal mouse serum on activating properties of the polyclonal B cell activators lipopolysaccharide and purified protein derivative was studied. 'Low' concentrations (0.1-1%) were found to be slightly stimulatory, whereas 'high' concentrations (greater than 10%) were clearly inhibitory both for the induction of plaque-forming cells and for the DNA synthetic response. Similar effects were recorded in unstimulated cultures. Absorption of normal mouse serum with the erythrocytes used as target cells in the plaque assay resulted in less suppression or sometimes even in enhanced responses.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphocyte activation by serum factors. The effect of autologous normal mouse serum on activating properties of the polyclonal B cell activators lipopolysaccharide and purified protein derivative was studied. 'Low' concentrations (0.1-1%) were found to be slightly stimulatory, whereas 'high' concentrations (greater than 10%) were clearly inhibitory both for the induction of plaque-forming cells and for the DNA synthetic response. Similar effects were recorded in unstimulated cultures. Absorption of normal mouse serum with the erythrocytes used as target cells in the plaque assay resulted in less suppression or sometimes even in enhanced responses.", "PMID": 370029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_718", "title": "Non-specific potentiation of IgE by parasitic infections in man.", "content": "Infection with the helminthic parasites Ascaris lumbricoides and/or Necator americanus (hookworm) induces the production in man of high levels of serum IgE. The specificity of this IgE antibody when measured by RAST to a wide range of allergens was restricted in general to the helminthic antigens. Absorption of the sera with immunosorbents produced by coupling extracts of A. lumbricoides to CNBr activated Sepharose 4B established that Ascaris antigen specific IgE antibodies contributed a minor fraction of the total serum IgE. These observations suggest that parasitic infections in man as in laboratory animals potentiate the production of high levels of IgE with specificity unrelated to that of the parasite antigens. While the specificity of this potentiated IgE was not established, it is not directed towards inhalant allergens.", "contents": "Non-specific potentiation of IgE by parasitic infections in man. Infection with the helminthic parasites Ascaris lumbricoides and/or Necator americanus (hookworm) induces the production in man of high levels of serum IgE. The specificity of this IgE antibody when measured by RAST to a wide range of allergens was restricted in general to the helminthic antigens. Absorption of the sera with immunosorbents produced by coupling extracts of A. lumbricoides to CNBr activated Sepharose 4B established that Ascaris antigen specific IgE antibodies contributed a minor fraction of the total serum IgE. These observations suggest that parasitic infections in man as in laboratory animals potentiate the production of high levels of IgE with specificity unrelated to that of the parasite antigens. While the specificity of this potentiated IgE was not established, it is not directed towards inhalant allergens.", "PMID": 370030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_719", "title": "Study of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein in relation to populations of human blood leucocytes.", "content": "Pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) was identified by immunofluorescence on the surface membrane of mononuclear cells from normal individuals with an extensive range of plasma concentrations of the glycoprotein. The incidence of positive cells did not correlate with plasma levels but was significantly raised in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Anti-alpha2-PAG antibody interfered with E and Fc rosette formation but not with production of C3 rosettes. A large proportion of C3 receptor-bearing cells (B lymphocytes) but only a tiny fraction of E-rosette-forming cells (T lymphocytes) were positive for the protein. Antibody directed against human Ia antigen markedly reduced staining for alpha2-PAG.", "contents": "Study of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein in relation to populations of human blood leucocytes. Pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) was identified by immunofluorescence on the surface membrane of mononuclear cells from normal individuals with an extensive range of plasma concentrations of the glycoprotein. The incidence of positive cells did not correlate with plasma levels but was significantly raised in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Anti-alpha2-PAG antibody interfered with E and Fc rosette formation but not with production of C3 rosettes. A large proportion of C3 receptor-bearing cells (B lymphocytes) but only a tiny fraction of E-rosette-forming cells (T lymphocytes) were positive for the protein. Antibody directed against human Ia antigen markedly reduced staining for alpha2-PAG.", "PMID": 370031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_720", "title": "Edwin Chadwick, the market ideology, and sanitary reform: on the nature of the 19th-century public health movement.", "content": "This article is an attempt to place the origin of sanitary legislation in England, and its chief proponent, Edwin Chadwick, in the overall dynamics of 19th-century social development. It examines the public health movement in light of the transition of English society into the domination of the market ideology, and the effect that this had on health. Emphasis is placed on explaining the utilitarian movement, of which Chadwick was an instrumental part, and its role in promoting the market system through the enactment of the New Poor Law in 1834. The article suggests that the enactment of sanitary reform in the 1848 Public Health Act was the unplanned reaction to the detrimental effects that the market ideology had on health in the industrial centers. The main intent of this article is to go beyond the prevailing belief that sanitary reform was a humane contribution of publicly spirited men. It concludes that this state intervention was materially necessitated: it was forced by the contradictions inherent in the market system.", "contents": "Edwin Chadwick, the market ideology, and sanitary reform: on the nature of the 19th-century public health movement. This article is an attempt to place the origin of sanitary legislation in England, and its chief proponent, Edwin Chadwick, in the overall dynamics of 19th-century social development. It examines the public health movement in light of the transition of English society into the domination of the market ideology, and the effect that this had on health. Emphasis is placed on explaining the utilitarian movement, of which Chadwick was an instrumental part, and its role in promoting the market system through the enactment of the New Poor Law in 1834. The article suggests that the enactment of sanitary reform in the 1848 Public Health Act was the unplanned reaction to the detrimental effects that the market ideology had on health in the industrial centers. The main intent of this article is to go beyond the prevailing belief that sanitary reform was a humane contribution of publicly spirited men. It concludes that this state intervention was materially necessitated: it was forced by the contradictions inherent in the market system.", "PMID": 370032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_721", "title": "Community medicine under imperialism: a new medical police?", "content": "This paper explains the historical reasons for the reappearance, since the middle of the 20th century, of social issues in the medical context of capitalist countries. The author interprets the rise of a community trend in medicine as one of the solutions that capitalism is proposing for the problems of public health. He considers that primary care coverage extension projects provide a means to attend to minimal levels of social demand, as well as basic conditions for the protection of previously neglected populations, without changing social relations or significantly diminishing productive investment. On the contrary, the consumer market will in many cases be expanded by new forms of demand. The contradictory nature of \"community\" services under capitalism is analyzed so as to provide a basis for the design of a strategy that takes into account the interests of the people.", "contents": "Community medicine under imperialism: a new medical police? This paper explains the historical reasons for the reappearance, since the middle of the 20th century, of social issues in the medical context of capitalist countries. The author interprets the rise of a community trend in medicine as one of the solutions that capitalism is proposing for the problems of public health. He considers that primary care coverage extension projects provide a means to attend to minimal levels of social demand, as well as basic conditions for the protection of previously neglected populations, without changing social relations or significantly diminishing productive investment. On the contrary, the consumer market will in many cases be expanded by new forms of demand. The contradictory nature of \"community\" services under capitalism is analyzed so as to provide a basis for the design of a strategy that takes into account the interests of the people.", "PMID": 370035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_722", "title": "Myelofibrosis--pathophysiology and treatment.", "content": "A case of myelofibrosis successfully treated by the use of splenectomy has been reported. The feeling of the authors is that splenectomy should be considered at a much earlier stage of the disease, when the patient is a better risk with a longer survival. We see no valid physiological reasoning for leaving a spleen in, which is valueless to the patient in addition to causing multiple side effects, directly and indirectly from its size and overactivity. This is especially true when attempts to reduce the size have potential hazards, none are completely effective and when the physiological necessity for this reticulo endothelial site seems to be unnecessary. Perhaps it would be of greatest value if all cases of myelofibrosis should be seen at the inception and throughout by the hematological and surgical service together.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis--pathophysiology and treatment. A case of myelofibrosis successfully treated by the use of splenectomy has been reported. The feeling of the authors is that splenectomy should be considered at a much earlier stage of the disease, when the patient is a better risk with a longer survival. We see no valid physiological reasoning for leaving a spleen in, which is valueless to the patient in addition to causing multiple side effects, directly and indirectly from its size and overactivity. This is especially true when attempts to reduce the size have potential hazards, none are completely effective and when the physiological necessity for this reticulo endothelial site seems to be unnecessary. Perhaps it would be of greatest value if all cases of myelofibrosis should be seen at the inception and throughout by the hematological and surgical service together.", "PMID": 370037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_723", "title": "Fenfluramine, vitamin C and weight loss.", "content": "Forty-two female patients with refractory obesity completed a 20-week double-blind study during which they were given a diet designed to provide not more than 40 mg vitamin C and 1000 kcal (4.2 MJ) daily. Twenty-two of the patients took 600 mg of supplementary vitamin C daily and the remainder, a matched placebo. All were given their highest tolerated dose of fenfluramine up to a maximum of 160 mg daily. There was no significant difference in the mean weight loss of the two groups. This study fails to support the hypothesis that the anti-obesity effect of fenfluramine is influenced by the vitamin C intake.", "contents": "Fenfluramine, vitamin C and weight loss. Forty-two female patients with refractory obesity completed a 20-week double-blind study during which they were given a diet designed to provide not more than 40 mg vitamin C and 1000 kcal (4.2 MJ) daily. Twenty-two of the patients took 600 mg of supplementary vitamin C daily and the remainder, a matched placebo. All were given their highest tolerated dose of fenfluramine up to a maximum of 160 mg daily. There was no significant difference in the mean weight loss of the two groups. This study fails to support the hypothesis that the anti-obesity effect of fenfluramine is influenced by the vitamin C intake.", "PMID": 370042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_724", "title": "Proteolytic susceptibility and methionine modification of monodeamidated ribonuclease A.", "content": "The susceptibility of a monodeamidated RNAaseA (RNAaseAa1) towards carboxypeptidaseA , alpha-chymotrypsin and pepsin has been studied. Similar to RNAaseA, the C-terminal of RNAaseAa1 is not available for carboxypeptidaseA hydrolysis. The thermal stability of RNAaseAa1 as probed through chymotryptic digestion is found to be less than that of RNAaseA. Preliminary chromatographic analysis of the digested material, however, suggests that the nature of thermal transition might be the same in the two proteins. Pepsin inactivates RNAaseAa1 more slowly than does RNAaseA. Accordingly, less peptide bonds, almost half that of RNAaseA, are cleaved by pepsin in RNAaseAa1. The accumulation of RNAase-P type intermediates is not evident during peptic digestion of RNAaseAa1. Reaction with O-benzoquinone at low pH shows that methionines of the deamidated protein seem to have higher reactivities. These observations indicate a different structure for RNAaseAa1 at elevated temperature and low pH.", "contents": "Proteolytic susceptibility and methionine modification of monodeamidated ribonuclease A. The susceptibility of a monodeamidated RNAaseA (RNAaseAa1) towards carboxypeptidaseA , alpha-chymotrypsin and pepsin has been studied. Similar to RNAaseA, the C-terminal of RNAaseAa1 is not available for carboxypeptidaseA hydrolysis. The thermal stability of RNAaseAa1 as probed through chymotryptic digestion is found to be less than that of RNAaseA. Preliminary chromatographic analysis of the digested material, however, suggests that the nature of thermal transition might be the same in the two proteins. Pepsin inactivates RNAaseAa1 more slowly than does RNAaseA. Accordingly, less peptide bonds, almost half that of RNAaseA, are cleaved by pepsin in RNAaseAa1. The accumulation of RNAase-P type intermediates is not evident during peptic digestion of RNAaseAa1. Reaction with O-benzoquinone at low pH shows that methionines of the deamidated protein seem to have higher reactivities. These observations indicate a different structure for RNAaseAa1 at elevated temperature and low pH.", "PMID": 370043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_725", "title": "Influence of chlortetracycline feeding on salmonellosis in calves. I. Rate and duration of shedding. II. Severity of illness.", "content": "Studies were conducted to test the influence of the feeding of chlortetracycline (CTC) on the fecal shedding of S. typhimurium subsequent to experimentally induced infection in calves. Levels of 0, 20, 50, and 100 gm CTC per ton of feed were fed to groups of calves for a two-week period before inoculation and the resulting level of shedding of S. typhimurium quantified. At the 50 gm/ton level, the feeding of CTC was associated with a significantly higher level of shedding than in non-CTC fed controls, and the duration of shedding was longer. Calves fed at 50 and 100 gm CTC/ton were affected much more severely by the inoculation than calves receiving no CTC. The same was true to a lesser extent in the calves fed 20 gm/ton. Observations made on each calf included changes in body temperature, time of onset, severity and duration of diarrhea, straining, and anorexia. Since the fecal output of salmonellae is increased at the level of 50 gm/ton, the authors conclude that this commonly used level of CTC feeding in calves contributes to the size of the salmonella reservoir in nature, thus increasing the risk of exposure to both man and animals alike and otherwise complicates the problems of salmonellosis.", "contents": "Influence of chlortetracycline feeding on salmonellosis in calves. I. Rate and duration of shedding. II. Severity of illness. Studies were conducted to test the influence of the feeding of chlortetracycline (CTC) on the fecal shedding of S. typhimurium subsequent to experimentally induced infection in calves. Levels of 0, 20, 50, and 100 gm CTC per ton of feed were fed to groups of calves for a two-week period before inoculation and the resulting level of shedding of S. typhimurium quantified. At the 50 gm/ton level, the feeding of CTC was associated with a significantly higher level of shedding than in non-CTC fed controls, and the duration of shedding was longer. Calves fed at 50 and 100 gm CTC/ton were affected much more severely by the inoculation than calves receiving no CTC. The same was true to a lesser extent in the calves fed 20 gm/ton. Observations made on each calf included changes in body temperature, time of onset, severity and duration of diarrhea, straining, and anorexia. Since the fecal output of salmonellae is increased at the level of 50 gm/ton, the authors conclude that this commonly used level of CTC feeding in calves contributes to the size of the salmonella reservoir in nature, thus increasing the risk of exposure to both man and animals alike and otherwise complicates the problems of salmonellosis.", "PMID": 370044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_726", "title": "Re-establishing a dialectic of madness.", "content": "Historical evidence indicates that until the seventeenth century, a dialectical conception of madness existed; it combined the elements of loss of reason and idiocy with prophecy and clairvoyance. The onset of the Age of Reason marked the end of man's communication with madness and the accompanying dissolution of the dialectic--madness became solely a symbol of opprobrium and the insane were herded off into houses of confinement. Because mad people are returning to the streets again, it is important that we begin to explore the potential benefits that can be derived from re-establishing our communications with madness, i.e. reconstituting the dialectic. An examination of the formerly valued aspects of madness can serve as a useful point of departure.", "contents": "Re-establishing a dialectic of madness. Historical evidence indicates that until the seventeenth century, a dialectical conception of madness existed; it combined the elements of loss of reason and idiocy with prophecy and clairvoyance. The onset of the Age of Reason marked the end of man's communication with madness and the accompanying dissolution of the dialectic--madness became solely a symbol of opprobrium and the insane were herded off into houses of confinement. Because mad people are returning to the streets again, it is important that we begin to explore the potential benefits that can be derived from re-establishing our communications with madness, i.e. reconstituting the dialectic. An examination of the formerly valued aspects of madness can serve as a useful point of departure.", "PMID": 370045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_727", "title": "Expression of Ia antigen-like molecules on cells in the corneal epithelium.", "content": "Ia antigens, known to be expressed preferentially on cells of the immune system, have been shown to be present on cells in the cornea. By immunofluorescence studies, it was shown that a specific rabbit anti-Ia antigen serum stained cells in the corneal epithelium. The stained cells were well integrated into the corneal epithelial architecture and displayed short dendritic processes. Their location in the cornea and corneal limbus and their morphological appearance make it reasonable to suggest that the Ia antigen-expressing cells of the cornea are equivalents of the Ia antigen-bearing Langerhans' cells of the epidermis.", "contents": "Expression of Ia antigen-like molecules on cells in the corneal epithelium. Ia antigens, known to be expressed preferentially on cells of the immune system, have been shown to be present on cells in the cornea. By immunofluorescence studies, it was shown that a specific rabbit anti-Ia antigen serum stained cells in the corneal epithelium. The stained cells were well integrated into the corneal epithelial architecture and displayed short dendritic processes. Their location in the cornea and corneal limbus and their morphological appearance make it reasonable to suggest that the Ia antigen-expressing cells of the cornea are equivalents of the Ia antigen-bearing Langerhans' cells of the epidermis.", "PMID": 370058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_728", "title": "Transient hypoaldosteronism after renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Studies were performed to investigate the nature of the hyperkalemia and hypokaliuria observed in two patients after renal allotransplantation in both of whom the graft was functioning and urinary output was adequate. In the first patient, examinations in the upright position revealed low values for plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. The second patient showed similar findings, and, in addition, an angiotensin II (Hypertensin) infusion was ineffective in stimulating aldosterone secretion during the hyperkalemic state. In both patients, short-term administration of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone caused kaliuresis with a definite decrease in serum potassium. There was a spontaneous correction of the biochemical and hormonal abnormalities six weeks after transplantation and the response to an angiotensin II infusion normalized. We suggest that the hyperkalemia in both of these patients was due primarily to the transient failure of the renin-angiotensin system of the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "Transient hypoaldosteronism after renal allotransplantation. Studies were performed to investigate the nature of the hyperkalemia and hypokaliuria observed in two patients after renal allotransplantation in both of whom the graft was functioning and urinary output was adequate. In the first patient, examinations in the upright position revealed low values for plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. The second patient showed similar findings, and, in addition, an angiotensin II (Hypertensin) infusion was ineffective in stimulating aldosterone secretion during the hyperkalemic state. In both patients, short-term administration of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone caused kaliuresis with a definite decrease in serum potassium. There was a spontaneous correction of the biochemical and hormonal abnormalities six weeks after transplantation and the response to an angiotensin II infusion normalized. We suggest that the hyperkalemia in both of these patients was due primarily to the transient failure of the renin-angiotensin system of the transplanted kidney.", "PMID": 370059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_729", "title": "[\"The drunken Silen\" with symptoms of liver insufficiency].", "content": "In an oil painting by Rubens \"The Drunken Silen\" in possession of the Alte Pinakothek (old picture gallery), Munich, characteristic symptoms of hepatic insufficiency can be diagnosed.", "contents": "[\"The drunken Silen\" with symptoms of liver insufficiency]. In an oil painting by Rubens \"The Drunken Silen\" in possession of the Alte Pinakothek (old picture gallery), Munich, characteristic symptoms of hepatic insufficiency can be diagnosed.", "PMID": 370063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_730", "title": "[An unusual clinical form of pemphigus vulgaris].", "content": "A 36-year-old woman developed bullous skin lesions which clinically seemed most likely to be dermatitis herpetiformis or bullous pemphigoid. However, histological examinations as well as immunofluorescence and electron microscopic observations substantiated the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris.", "contents": "[An unusual clinical form of pemphigus vulgaris]. A 36-year-old woman developed bullous skin lesions which clinically seemed most likely to be dermatitis herpetiformis or bullous pemphigoid. However, histological examinations as well as immunofluorescence and electron microscopic observations substantiated the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris.", "PMID": 370064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_731", "title": "The comparison of two agar media for germ tube and chlamydospore production by Candida albicans.", "content": "A simple (2% oxgall) agar medium is described for the production of both germ tubes and chlamydospores by over 500 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. In comparison studies between the 2% oxgall agar and the more complex \"cream of rice\" infusion-oxgall-Tween 80 agar (RIOT), germ tubes were formed by 478 isolates in both media, by 9 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 11 isolates in only the RIOT medium. Chlamydospores were formed by 481 isolates in both media, by 2 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 9 isolates in only the RIOT medium. The data also show that both the germ tubes and chlamydospores were needed for the presumptive clinical identification of C. albicans.", "contents": "The comparison of two agar media for germ tube and chlamydospore production by Candida albicans. A simple (2% oxgall) agar medium is described for the production of both germ tubes and chlamydospores by over 500 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. In comparison studies between the 2% oxgall agar and the more complex \"cream of rice\" infusion-oxgall-Tween 80 agar (RIOT), germ tubes were formed by 478 isolates in both media, by 9 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 11 isolates in only the RIOT medium. Chlamydospores were formed by 481 isolates in both media, by 2 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 9 isolates in only the RIOT medium. The data also show that both the germ tubes and chlamydospores were needed for the presumptive clinical identification of C. albicans.", "PMID": 370069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_732", "title": "Model-fitting approaches to the analysis of human behaviour.", "content": "Model-fitting methods are now prominent in the analysis of human behavioural variation. Various ways of specifying models have been proposed. These are identical in their simplest form but differ in the emphasis given to more subtle sources of variation. The biometrical genetical approach allows flexibility in the specification of non-additive factors. Given additivity, the approach of path analysis may be used to specify several environmental models in the presence of assortative mating. In many cases the methods should yield identical conclusions. Several statistical methods have been proposed for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. The most suitable rely on the method of maximum likelihood for the estimation of variance and covariance components. Any multifactorial model can be formulated in these terms. The choice of method will depend chiefly on the design of the experiment and the ease with which a data summary can be obtained without significant loss of information. Examples are given in which the causes of variation show different degrees of detectable complexity. A variety of experimental designs yield behavioural data which illustrate the contribution of additive and non-additive genetical effects, the mating system, sibling and cultural effects, the interaction of genetical effects with age and sex. The discrimination between alternative hypotheses is often difficult. The extension of the approach to the analysis of multiple measurements and discontinuous traits is considered.", "contents": "Model-fitting approaches to the analysis of human behaviour. Model-fitting methods are now prominent in the analysis of human behavioural variation. Various ways of specifying models have been proposed. These are identical in their simplest form but differ in the emphasis given to more subtle sources of variation. The biometrical genetical approach allows flexibility in the specification of non-additive factors. Given additivity, the approach of path analysis may be used to specify several environmental models in the presence of assortative mating. In many cases the methods should yield identical conclusions. Several statistical methods have been proposed for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. The most suitable rely on the method of maximum likelihood for the estimation of variance and covariance components. Any multifactorial model can be formulated in these terms. The choice of method will depend chiefly on the design of the experiment and the ease with which a data summary can be obtained without significant loss of information. Examples are given in which the causes of variation show different degrees of detectable complexity. A variety of experimental designs yield behavioural data which illustrate the contribution of additive and non-additive genetical effects, the mating system, sibling and cultural effects, the interaction of genetical effects with age and sex. The discrimination between alternative hypotheses is often difficult. The extension of the approach to the analysis of multiple measurements and discontinuous traits is considered.", "PMID": 370072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_733", "title": "Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in the dog with PEEP ventilation.", "content": "The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at 20 cmH2O on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow was studied in intact dogs and isolated lung preparations. Measurements were made of a) the continuous distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q), b) the vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow, and c) the dimensions of the microvasculature. Without PEEP the distributions of ventilation and perfusion were unimodal and centered on a VA/Q close to one. Dependent regions received 5-10 times more of cardiac output than uppermost regions. With PEEP the distribution showed a bimodal character, one mode of normal VA/Q and the other comprising one-third of ventilation, lying between VA/Q of 10 and 100. Cardiac output was reduced two- to threefold and blood flow in the uppermost regions was grossly reduced but not eliminated. Bimodal distributions were also found in isolated lungs with PEEP, and histological examination of rapidly frozen lung tissue showed that alveolar capillaries were closed in the uppermost, poorly perfused regions, whereas alveolar corner vessels remained open. We suggest that the blood flow through these corner vessels is responsible for the additional, high VA/Q mode during PEEP.", "contents": "Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in the dog with PEEP ventilation. The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at 20 cmH2O on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow was studied in intact dogs and isolated lung preparations. Measurements were made of a) the continuous distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q), b) the vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow, and c) the dimensions of the microvasculature. Without PEEP the distributions of ventilation and perfusion were unimodal and centered on a VA/Q close to one. Dependent regions received 5-10 times more of cardiac output than uppermost regions. With PEEP the distribution showed a bimodal character, one mode of normal VA/Q and the other comprising one-third of ventilation, lying between VA/Q of 10 and 100. Cardiac output was reduced two- to threefold and blood flow in the uppermost regions was grossly reduced but not eliminated. Bimodal distributions were also found in isolated lungs with PEEP, and histological examination of rapidly frozen lung tissue showed that alveolar capillaries were closed in the uppermost, poorly perfused regions, whereas alveolar corner vessels remained open. We suggest that the blood flow through these corner vessels is responsible for the additional, high VA/Q mode during PEEP.", "PMID": 370077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_734", "title": "Fimbriae of Escherichia coli K-12 strain AW405 and related bacteria.", "content": "Fimbriate strains of Escherichia coli K-12 of the AW405 series agglutinated erythrocytes of several animal species. The hemagglutination was mannose senstivie, and the fimbriae were type 1. When cultured for extended periods in static broths, they did not form fimbrial pellicles but formed thick, nonfimbrial pellicles, the appearance of which was not associated with the selective outgrowth of fimbriate-phase bacteria.", "contents": "Fimbriae of Escherichia coli K-12 strain AW405 and related bacteria. Fimbriate strains of Escherichia coli K-12 of the AW405 series agglutinated erythrocytes of several animal species. The hemagglutination was mannose senstivie, and the fimbriae were type 1. When cultured for extended periods in static broths, they did not form fimbrial pellicles but formed thick, nonfimbrial pellicles, the appearance of which was not associated with the selective outgrowth of fimbriate-phase bacteria.", "PMID": 370087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_735", "title": "Levallorphan-tolerant mutants of Excherichia coli with altered morphologies.", "content": "The penetration of levallorphan, a synthetic morphinan known to interact with the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli, is seriously limited by the outer membrane. To select target-resistant mutants rather than outer membrane mutants, a two-step procedure was developed, which involved the selection by penicillin of an \"intermediate\" parental strain with a decreased penetration barrier and a subsequent positive selection of levallorphan-tolerant pseudo-revertant clones. Unlike the direct selection, this technique yielded various types of mutants in which the morphology, the septation ability, and the growth rate were greatly affected.", "contents": "Levallorphan-tolerant mutants of Excherichia coli with altered morphologies. The penetration of levallorphan, a synthetic morphinan known to interact with the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli, is seriously limited by the outer membrane. To select target-resistant mutants rather than outer membrane mutants, a two-step procedure was developed, which involved the selection by penicillin of an \"intermediate\" parental strain with a decreased penetration barrier and a subsequent positive selection of levallorphan-tolerant pseudo-revertant clones. Unlike the direct selection, this technique yielded various types of mutants in which the morphology, the septation ability, and the growth rate were greatly affected.", "PMID": 370088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_736", "title": "Differential inhibition of bacterial growth and hemolysin production by lincosamide antibiotics.", "content": "Lincomycin and clindamycin, at concentrations below those which partially inhibited bacterial growth, completely suppressed the production of streptolysin S. Chloramphenicol and erythromycin had no effect on hemolysin production.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of bacterial growth and hemolysin production by lincosamide antibiotics. Lincomycin and clindamycin, at concentrations below those which partially inhibited bacterial growth, completely suppressed the production of streptolysin S. Chloramphenicol and erythromycin had no effect on hemolysin production.", "PMID": 370089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_737", "title": "Effect of growth medium on the relative polypeptide composition of cellular outer membrane and released outer membrane material in Escherichia coli.", "content": "When ratios of the major polypeptides of the outer membrane isolated from cells of Escherichia coli B grown in minimal medium containing either a single amino acid or several amino acids were compared, no difference was observed. However, the ratio of these polypeptides in outer membrane material released into the medium during logarithmic phase growth on these two media was markedly different.", "contents": "Effect of growth medium on the relative polypeptide composition of cellular outer membrane and released outer membrane material in Escherichia coli. When ratios of the major polypeptides of the outer membrane isolated from cells of Escherichia coli B grown in minimal medium containing either a single amino acid or several amino acids were compared, no difference was observed. However, the ratio of these polypeptides in outer membrane material released into the medium during logarithmic phase growth on these two media was markedly different.", "PMID": 370090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_738", "title": "Regulation of N-acetylglutamate synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "N-Acetylglutamate synthase was purified to homogeneity from Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme is subject to repression and feedback inhibition by arginine. Inhibition studies indicated that arginine exerts its effect primarily by reducing the affinity of the enzyme for glutamate.", "contents": "Regulation of N-acetylglutamate synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. N-Acetylglutamate synthase was purified to homogeneity from Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme is subject to repression and feedback inhibition by arginine. Inhibition studies indicated that arginine exerts its effect primarily by reducing the affinity of the enzyme for glutamate.", "PMID": 370091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_739", "title": "Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate yeast cells by their cell cycle position. The rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins showed a constant exponential increase through the cell cycle.", "contents": "Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate yeast cells by their cell cycle position. The rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins showed a constant exponential increase through the cell cycle.", "PMID": 370092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_740", "title": "Microtiter plate assay for sexual agglutination in the yeast Hansenula wingei.", "content": "A fast method is described for determining the mating type of yeast spore clones independent of genetic complementation between auxotrophic markers.", "contents": "Microtiter plate assay for sexual agglutination in the yeast Hansenula wingei. A fast method is described for determining the mating type of yeast spore clones independent of genetic complementation between auxotrophic markers.", "PMID": 370093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_741", "title": "Amber suppressor mutations in Pseudomonas acidovorans.", "content": "Almost 50% of the clones of Pseudomonas acidovorans(pLM2) selected for resistance to tetracycline supported the growth of an amber mutant of bacteriophage PRD1.", "contents": "Amber suppressor mutations in Pseudomonas acidovorans. Almost 50% of the clones of Pseudomonas acidovorans(pLM2) selected for resistance to tetracycline supported the growth of an amber mutant of bacteriophage PRD1.", "PMID": 370094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_742", "title": "The relA locus specifies a positive effector in branched-chain amino acid transport regulation.", "content": "The regulation of branched-chain amino acid transport and periplasmic binding proteins was studied in Escherichia coli strains which were isogenic except for the relA locus, the gene for the \"stringent factor,\" which is responsible for guanosine tetraphosphate synthesis. The strain containing the relA mutation could not be derepressed for the synthesis of leucine transport or binding proteins when shifted from a medium containing all 20 amino acids in excess to one in which leucine was limiting. The relA+ strain showed normal derepression under these conditions.", "contents": "The relA locus specifies a positive effector in branched-chain amino acid transport regulation. The regulation of branched-chain amino acid transport and periplasmic binding proteins was studied in Escherichia coli strains which were isogenic except for the relA locus, the gene for the \"stringent factor,\" which is responsible for guanosine tetraphosphate synthesis. The strain containing the relA mutation could not be derepressed for the synthesis of leucine transport or binding proteins when shifted from a medium containing all 20 amino acids in excess to one in which leucine was limiting. The relA+ strain showed normal derepression under these conditions.", "PMID": 370095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_743", "title": "Chromosomal regulation of sexual expression in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We report a genetic analysis of a recessive chromosomal mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 that is responsibel for masking the sexual expression of an F factor that it carries. We call this new bacterial gene, which is closely linked to thr, fex, for F expression.", "contents": "Chromosomal regulation of sexual expression in Escherichia coli. We report a genetic analysis of a recessive chromosomal mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 that is responsibel for masking the sexual expression of an F factor that it carries. We call this new bacterial gene, which is closely linked to thr, fex, for F expression.", "PMID": 370096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_744", "title": "In vitro incorporation of molybdate into demolybdoproteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "When Escherichia coli was grown in the presence of tungstate, inactive forms of two molybdoenzymes, nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase, accumulated and were converted to their active forms upon incubation of cell suspensions with molybdate and chloramphenicol. The conversion to the active enzymes did not occur in cell extracts. When incubated with [(99)Mo]molybdate and chloramphenicol, the tungstate-grown cells incorporated (99)Mo into protein components which were released from membranes by procedures used to release nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase and which migrated with these activities on polyacrylamide gels. Although neither activity was formed during incubation of the crude extract with molybdate, (99)Mo was incorporated into protein components which were released from the membrane fraction under the same conditions and were similar to the active enzymes in their electrophoretic properties. The in vitro incorporation of (99)Mo occurred specifically into these components and was equal to or greater than the amount incorporated in vivo under the same conditions. Molybdenum in preformed, active nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase did not exchange with [(99)Mo]molybdate, demonstrating that the observed incorporation depended on the demolybdo forms of the enzymes. We conclude that molybdate may be incorporated into the demolybdo forms both in vivo and in vitro; some unknown additional factor or step, required for active enzyme formation, occurs in vivo but not in vitro under the conditions employed.", "contents": "In vitro incorporation of molybdate into demolybdoproteins in Escherichia coli. When Escherichia coli was grown in the presence of tungstate, inactive forms of two molybdoenzymes, nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase, accumulated and were converted to their active forms upon incubation of cell suspensions with molybdate and chloramphenicol. The conversion to the active enzymes did not occur in cell extracts. When incubated with [(99)Mo]molybdate and chloramphenicol, the tungstate-grown cells incorporated (99)Mo into protein components which were released from membranes by procedures used to release nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase and which migrated with these activities on polyacrylamide gels. Although neither activity was formed during incubation of the crude extract with molybdate, (99)Mo was incorporated into protein components which were released from the membrane fraction under the same conditions and were similar to the active enzymes in their electrophoretic properties. The in vitro incorporation of (99)Mo occurred specifically into these components and was equal to or greater than the amount incorporated in vivo under the same conditions. Molybdenum in preformed, active nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase did not exchange with [(99)Mo]molybdate, demonstrating that the observed incorporation depended on the demolybdo forms of the enzymes. We conclude that molybdate may be incorporated into the demolybdo forms both in vivo and in vitro; some unknown additional factor or step, required for active enzyme formation, occurs in vivo but not in vitro under the conditions employed.", "PMID": 370097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_745", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-membrane interactions near the origin of replication and initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A previously reported salt-sensitive binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to the cell envelope in Escherichia coli, involving approximately one site per chromosome near the origin of DNA replication, is rapidly disrupted in vivo by rifampin or chloramphenicol treatment and by amino acid starvation. DNA replication still initiates with this origin-specific binding disrupted, even when the disruption extends over the period of obligatory protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis that must precede initiation after release of cells from amino acid starvation. Thus the origin-associated membrane-DNA interaction is not necessary either for the initiation event itself or for the maturation of a putative initiation apparatus in E. coli.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-membrane interactions near the origin of replication and initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. A previously reported salt-sensitive binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to the cell envelope in Escherichia coli, involving approximately one site per chromosome near the origin of DNA replication, is rapidly disrupted in vivo by rifampin or chloramphenicol treatment and by amino acid starvation. DNA replication still initiates with this origin-specific binding disrupted, even when the disruption extends over the period of obligatory protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis that must precede initiation after release of cells from amino acid starvation. Thus the origin-associated membrane-DNA interaction is not necessary either for the initiation event itself or for the maturation of a putative initiation apparatus in E. coli.", "PMID": 370098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_746", "title": "Control of the receptor for galactose taxis in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The chemotactic response to galactose in wild-type Salmonella typhimurium is not inducible by galactose, but is inducible by fucose, a non-metabolizable analog. In a galactokinase mutant, however, the galactose receptor is inducible by galactose. These data indicate that the concentration of free galactose in the cell controls the levels of the galactose receptor. The intensities of the chemotactic responses were found to vary in proportion to the concentration of galactose receptors. In bacteria with higher levels of galactose receptors, the ribose response is inhibited by galactose. This supports the model in which the ribose and galactose receptors compete for a common component of the signaling system.", "contents": "Control of the receptor for galactose taxis in Salmonella typhimurium. The chemotactic response to galactose in wild-type Salmonella typhimurium is not inducible by galactose, but is inducible by fucose, a non-metabolizable analog. In a galactokinase mutant, however, the galactose receptor is inducible by galactose. These data indicate that the concentration of free galactose in the cell controls the levels of the galactose receptor. The intensities of the chemotactic responses were found to vary in proportion to the concentration of galactose receptors. In bacteria with higher levels of galactose receptors, the ribose response is inhibited by galactose. This supports the model in which the ribose and galactose receptors compete for a common component of the signaling system.", "PMID": 370099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_747", "title": "Membrane-bound deoxyribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli: effects of replication, protein synthesis, and ribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "The experiments presented in this paper suggest that the shift observed in sedimentation of deoxyribonucleic acid from cells of Escherichia coli subjected to amino acid starvation is related to inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis rather than to its release from the membrane at the termination of replication.", "contents": "Membrane-bound deoxyribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli: effects of replication, protein synthesis, and ribonucleic acid synthesis. The experiments presented in this paper suggest that the shift observed in sedimentation of deoxyribonucleic acid from cells of Escherichia coli subjected to amino acid starvation is related to inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis rather than to its release from the membrane at the termination of replication.", "PMID": 370100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_748", "title": "Promoter-like mutants with increased expression of the Escherichia coli uridine phosphorylase structural gene.", "content": "From an Escherichia coli K-12 strain lacking adenylate cyclase (cya) and cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp), two mutants were isolated that synthesize uridine phosphorylase constitutively. The mutations differ from one another and also from a wild type in the maximum rate of uridine phosphorylase synthesis. They have constitutive expression of the uridine phosphorylase gene (udp) in the presence of repressor protein coded by the cytR regulatory gene and decrease the sensitivity of the udp gene simultaneously with catabolite repression. Both mutations cause a high level of udp expression whether they are in a cya crp or in a cya+ crp+ background. Another mutation (udpP1) isolated previously alters the response of udp gene to the ctyR repressor and produces a higher constitutive level of uridine phosphorylase in a cytR+ than in a cytR background when bacteria are grown in glucose. The synthesis of uridine phosphorylase in this mutant is dependent on an intact cyclic AMP-cyclic AMP receptor protein complex. All mutations studied are cis-acting and extremely closely linked to the udp structural gene, and appear to affect the uridine phosphorylase promoter-operator region. The data obtained are in accordance with a suggestion that the cytR repressor protein normally asserts its function by preventing the positive action of cyclic AMP-cyclic AMP receptor protein complex.", "contents": "Promoter-like mutants with increased expression of the Escherichia coli uridine phosphorylase structural gene. From an Escherichia coli K-12 strain lacking adenylate cyclase (cya) and cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp), two mutants were isolated that synthesize uridine phosphorylase constitutively. The mutations differ from one another and also from a wild type in the maximum rate of uridine phosphorylase synthesis. They have constitutive expression of the uridine phosphorylase gene (udp) in the presence of repressor protein coded by the cytR regulatory gene and decrease the sensitivity of the udp gene simultaneously with catabolite repression. Both mutations cause a high level of udp expression whether they are in a cya crp or in a cya+ crp+ background. Another mutation (udpP1) isolated previously alters the response of udp gene to the ctyR repressor and produces a higher constitutive level of uridine phosphorylase in a cytR+ than in a cytR background when bacteria are grown in glucose. The synthesis of uridine phosphorylase in this mutant is dependent on an intact cyclic AMP-cyclic AMP receptor protein complex. All mutations studied are cis-acting and extremely closely linked to the udp structural gene, and appear to affect the uridine phosphorylase promoter-operator region. The data obtained are in accordance with a suggestion that the cytR repressor protein normally asserts its function by preventing the positive action of cyclic AMP-cyclic AMP receptor protein complex.", "PMID": 370101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_749", "title": "Lipoprotein synthesis in Escherichia coli spheroplasts: accumulation of lipoprotein in cytoplasmic membrane.", "content": "Synthesis of cell envelope proteins was studied in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-lysozyme spheroplasts of Escherichia coli ML30. The rate of incorporation of [3H]arginine into proteins in spheroplasts was about 30% of that of intact cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in spheroplasts revealed the preferential synthesis of five polypeptides, one of which has been identified as the free form of murein lipoprotein. Lipoprotein synthesized in spheroplasts was found to be of same molecular size as that of mature lipoprotein. No prolipoprotein was observed even with a short pulse-labeling with [3H]arginine. On the other hand, significant accumulation of newly synthesized lipoprotein in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of spheroplasts was observed. These results suggest that the processing of prolipoprotein occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of the cell envelope.", "contents": "Lipoprotein synthesis in Escherichia coli spheroplasts: accumulation of lipoprotein in cytoplasmic membrane. Synthesis of cell envelope proteins was studied in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-lysozyme spheroplasts of Escherichia coli ML30. The rate of incorporation of [3H]arginine into proteins in spheroplasts was about 30% of that of intact cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in spheroplasts revealed the preferential synthesis of five polypeptides, one of which has been identified as the free form of murein lipoprotein. Lipoprotein synthesized in spheroplasts was found to be of same molecular size as that of mature lipoprotein. No prolipoprotein was observed even with a short pulse-labeling with [3H]arginine. On the other hand, significant accumulation of newly synthesized lipoprotein in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of spheroplasts was observed. These results suggest that the processing of prolipoprotein occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of the cell envelope.", "PMID": 370102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_750", "title": "Effect of host lex, recA, recF, and uvrD genotypes on the ultraviolet light-protecting and related properties of plasmid R46 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The ability of plasmid R46 to reduce the lethal but enhance the mutagenic effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was tested in sets of Escherichia coli K-12 derivatives, wild type or with different mutations affecting DNA repair capacity, but otherwise isogenic. UV protection and enhancement of UV mutagenic effect were obtained in uvrA6, uvrB5, uvrD3, and recF143 hosts, but not in a recA56 strain. The plasmid gave some UV protection in two lexA1 and two lexA101 strains and in one lexA102 host, but produced no such effect in another lexA102 host. The plasmid restored UV mutagenic effect in a lexB30 strain, the yield of induced mutants per survivor of irradiation (10 J/m2) being about the same for the lexB30(R46) and lex+(R46) strains; by contrast the plasmid, though it reduced the UV sensitivity of the lexB30 strain, did not make it as UV-resistant as the lex+ R-strain.", "contents": "Effect of host lex, recA, recF, and uvrD genotypes on the ultraviolet light-protecting and related properties of plasmid R46 in Escherichia coli. The ability of plasmid R46 to reduce the lethal but enhance the mutagenic effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was tested in sets of Escherichia coli K-12 derivatives, wild type or with different mutations affecting DNA repair capacity, but otherwise isogenic. UV protection and enhancement of UV mutagenic effect were obtained in uvrA6, uvrB5, uvrD3, and recF143 hosts, but not in a recA56 strain. The plasmid gave some UV protection in two lexA1 and two lexA101 strains and in one lexA102 host, but produced no such effect in another lexA102 host. The plasmid restored UV mutagenic effect in a lexB30 strain, the yield of induced mutants per survivor of irradiation (10 J/m2) being about the same for the lexB30(R46) and lex+(R46) strains; by contrast the plasmid, though it reduced the UV sensitivity of the lexB30 strain, did not make it as UV-resistant as the lex+ R-strain.", "PMID": 370103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_751", "title": "Acetohydroxy acid synthase I of Escherichia coli: purification and properties.", "content": "Several properties of the three acetohydroxy acid synthases of Escherichia coli have been compared in crude extracts. The three enzymes can be readily distinguished from each other. Acetohydroxy acid synthase I, the product of the ilvB gene, has been purified to near homogeneity. The purification was made possible by the fact that the enzyme was maintained in buffers of a high ionic strength or in buffers containing glycerol. Density gradient centrifugation studies indicated that the enzyme exists as a dimer of subunits of similar (60,000) molecular weight in buffers containing glycerol with or without two of the cofactors. Mg2+ and thiamine diphosphate. When flavine adenine dinucleotide was added along with Mg2+ and thiamine diphosphate, an increase in the rate of sedimentation occurred that was thought to be due to a rapid tetramer-dimer interconversion. The addition of pyruvate, the substrate, along with the three cofactors, resulted in a further increase in sedimentation rate, due presumably to an increase in the tetramer-to-dimer ratio. The addition of valine to the complete system resulted in maintenance of the enzyme in the dimeric state concomitant with inhibition of enzyme activity.", "contents": "Acetohydroxy acid synthase I of Escherichia coli: purification and properties. Several properties of the three acetohydroxy acid synthases of Escherichia coli have been compared in crude extracts. The three enzymes can be readily distinguished from each other. Acetohydroxy acid synthase I, the product of the ilvB gene, has been purified to near homogeneity. The purification was made possible by the fact that the enzyme was maintained in buffers of a high ionic strength or in buffers containing glycerol. Density gradient centrifugation studies indicated that the enzyme exists as a dimer of subunits of similar (60,000) molecular weight in buffers containing glycerol with or without two of the cofactors. Mg2+ and thiamine diphosphate. When flavine adenine dinucleotide was added along with Mg2+ and thiamine diphosphate, an increase in the rate of sedimentation occurred that was thought to be due to a rapid tetramer-dimer interconversion. The addition of pyruvate, the substrate, along with the three cofactors, resulted in a further increase in sedimentation rate, due presumably to an increase in the tetramer-to-dimer ratio. The addition of valine to the complete system resulted in maintenance of the enzyme in the dimeric state concomitant with inhibition of enzyme activity.", "PMID": 370104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_752", "title": "Biochemical characterization of nonintegrated plasmid-folded chromosome complexes: sex factor F and the Escherichia coli nucleoid.", "content": "The existence of nonintegrated plasmid-chromosome complexes has been deduced in previous work from the cosedimentation of covalently closed, circular plasmids with host folded chromosomes. In the present work, it is shown that about 70 to 90% of the covalently closed, circular F deoxyribonucleic acid could be released in vitro from chromosome complexes by ribonuclease treatment but not by protease, Sarkosyl, or ethidium bromide. Consistent with the in vitro studies, Escherichia coli cells treated for 5 min with rifampin, an inhibitor of ribonucleic acid initiation, released upon lysis 90% of their plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid as freely sedimenting molecules.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of nonintegrated plasmid-folded chromosome complexes: sex factor F and the Escherichia coli nucleoid. The existence of nonintegrated plasmid-chromosome complexes has been deduced in previous work from the cosedimentation of covalently closed, circular plasmids with host folded chromosomes. In the present work, it is shown that about 70 to 90% of the covalently closed, circular F deoxyribonucleic acid could be released in vitro from chromosome complexes by ribonuclease treatment but not by protease, Sarkosyl, or ethidium bromide. Consistent with the in vitro studies, Escherichia coli cells treated for 5 min with rifampin, an inhibitor of ribonucleic acid initiation, released upon lysis 90% of their plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid as freely sedimenting molecules.", "PMID": 370105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_753", "title": "Simplified preparation of mycoplasmas, an acholeplasma, and a spiroplasma for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A simple, effective procedure was developed for scanning electron microscopic examination of mycoplasmas and similar organisms. Cultivation of several mycoplasmal species, an acholeplasma, and a spiroplasma in broth media in Leighton tubes with cover slips resulted in attachment of the organisms to the cover slips. The attached cells were easily processed for either scanning electron microscopy or light microscopy. By eliminating the need for centrifugation, which was used in previously described techniques, physical stress on the cell is minimized. The effects of different preparative procedures on the morphology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum are described.", "contents": "Simplified preparation of mycoplasmas, an acholeplasma, and a spiroplasma for scanning electron microscopy. A simple, effective procedure was developed for scanning electron microscopic examination of mycoplasmas and similar organisms. Cultivation of several mycoplasmal species, an acholeplasma, and a spiroplasma in broth media in Leighton tubes with cover slips resulted in attachment of the organisms to the cover slips. The attached cells were easily processed for either scanning electron microscopy or light microscopy. By eliminating the need for centrifugation, which was used in previously described techniques, physical stress on the cell is minimized. The effects of different preparative procedures on the morphology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum are described.", "PMID": 370106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_754", "title": "Transposition of a duplicate antibiotic resistance gene and generation of deletions in plasmid R6K.", "content": "Transformation experiments showed that spontaneous deletions which result in loss of streptomycin resistance and an increase in conjugal transfer efficiency are present at a frequency of about 10(-4) in plasmid molecules of R6K. Similar deletions were thus readily selected by conjugal transfer of R6K, and their appearance was dependent upon recA+ activity in either donor or recipient host. The deoxyribonucleic acid segment deleted in four mutants examined was concluded to extend from the same terminus of the transposon, TnA, in the same direction, but to different extents, and to retain the TnA region intact. Insertions of a duplicate TnA element were found in R6K plasmids isolated from strains selected for increased ampicillin resistance, which were unstable in recA+ strains. In four plasmids examined after transfer to a recA host, an inverted repeat of the preexisting TnA element was shown to have been inserted at a similar location and was in two instances associated with deletions which extended from the same direction as those described above. The deletions are ascribed to the result of recA+-dependent recombination between direct repeats of TnA.", "contents": "Transposition of a duplicate antibiotic resistance gene and generation of deletions in plasmid R6K. Transformation experiments showed that spontaneous deletions which result in loss of streptomycin resistance and an increase in conjugal transfer efficiency are present at a frequency of about 10(-4) in plasmid molecules of R6K. Similar deletions were thus readily selected by conjugal transfer of R6K, and their appearance was dependent upon recA+ activity in either donor or recipient host. The deoxyribonucleic acid segment deleted in four mutants examined was concluded to extend from the same terminus of the transposon, TnA, in the same direction, but to different extents, and to retain the TnA region intact. Insertions of a duplicate TnA element were found in R6K plasmids isolated from strains selected for increased ampicillin resistance, which were unstable in recA+ strains. In four plasmids examined after transfer to a recA host, an inverted repeat of the preexisting TnA element was shown to have been inserted at a similar location and was in two instances associated with deletions which extended from the same direction as those described above. The deletions are ascribed to the result of recA+-dependent recombination between direct repeats of TnA.", "PMID": 370107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_755", "title": "Location of an ampicillin resistance transposon, Tn1701, in a group of small, nontransferring plasmids.", "content": "By restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping and electron microscopic examination of heteroduplexes, we have identified an ampicillin resistance determinant transposon, designated Tn1701, in a group of small, nontransferring plasmids which confer resistance to ampicillin (Ap), sulfonamide (Su), and streptomycin (Sm). Plasmid NTP1, which mediates Ap resistance, contains Tn1701. Recombinant plasmids NTP3 (Ap Su) and NTP4 (Ap Su Sm) contain Tn1701, indicating that they were derived by transposition of Tn1701 from NTP1 to an unrelated plasmid, NTP2 (Su Sm). The transposon Tn1701 is very similar to the known ampicillin resistance transposons Tn1, Tn2, and Tn3 in its size (3.2 x 10(6) daltons), base sequence homology observed by heteroduplex formation, restriction endonuclease cleavage sites, and possession of a short inverted repeat sequence at both ends. Like the other TnA elements, Tn1701 also specifies a type TEM beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Location of an ampicillin resistance transposon, Tn1701, in a group of small, nontransferring plasmids. By restriction endonuclease cleavage mapping and electron microscopic examination of heteroduplexes, we have identified an ampicillin resistance determinant transposon, designated Tn1701, in a group of small, nontransferring plasmids which confer resistance to ampicillin (Ap), sulfonamide (Su), and streptomycin (Sm). Plasmid NTP1, which mediates Ap resistance, contains Tn1701. Recombinant plasmids NTP3 (Ap Su) and NTP4 (Ap Su Sm) contain Tn1701, indicating that they were derived by transposition of Tn1701 from NTP1 to an unrelated plasmid, NTP2 (Su Sm). The transposon Tn1701 is very similar to the known ampicillin resistance transposons Tn1, Tn2, and Tn3 in its size (3.2 x 10(6) daltons), base sequence homology observed by heteroduplex formation, restriction endonuclease cleavage sites, and possession of a short inverted repeat sequence at both ends. Like the other TnA elements, Tn1701 also specifies a type TEM beta-lactamase.", "PMID": 370108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_756", "title": "A double-blind comparative study of desipramine hydrochloride and diazepam in the control of mixed anxiety/depression symptomatology.", "content": "The comparative therapeutic effects of desipramine hydrochloride and diazepam on the various symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated in a double-blind, parallel 4 week study of 53 psychoneurotic outpatients who manifested moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety. The median daily dose for the desipramine treated group was 150 mg; for the diazepam treated group, 20 mg. Patients who received desipramine scored significantly better than diazepam treated patients on 26 of the total of 51 variables derived from The Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, The Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Anxiety, and 2 clinical global impressions. Patients who received diazepam scored significantly better on 1 variable, an item pertaining to sleep.", "contents": "A double-blind comparative study of desipramine hydrochloride and diazepam in the control of mixed anxiety/depression symptomatology. The comparative therapeutic effects of desipramine hydrochloride and diazepam on the various symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated in a double-blind, parallel 4 week study of 53 psychoneurotic outpatients who manifested moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety. The median daily dose for the desipramine treated group was 150 mg; for the diazepam treated group, 20 mg. Patients who received desipramine scored significantly better than diazepam treated patients on 26 of the total of 51 variables derived from The Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, The Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Anxiety, and 2 clinical global impressions. Patients who received diazepam scored significantly better on 1 variable, an item pertaining to sleep.", "PMID": 370109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_757", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. The role of lysyl residues in the catalytic and regulatory functions.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase [EC 4.1.1.31] of E. coli was inactivated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS), a reagent known to attack amino groups in polypeptides. When the modified enzyme was hydrolyzed with acid, epsilon-trinitrophenyl lysine (TNP-lysine) was identified as a product. Close similarity of the absorption spectrum of the modified enzyme to that of TNP-alpha-acetyl lysine and other observations indicated that most of the amino acid residues modified were lysyl residues. Spectrophotometric determination suggested that five lysyl residues out of 37 residues per subunit were modified concomitant with the complete inactivation of the enzyme. DL-Phospholactate (P-lactate), a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, protected the enzyme from TNBS inactivation. The concentration of P-lactate required for half-maximal protection was 3 mM in the presence of Mg2+ and acetyl-CoA (CoASAc), which is one of the allosteric activators of the enzyme. About 1.3 lysyl residues per subunit were protected from modification by 10 mM P-lactate, indicating that one or two lysyl residues are essential for the catalytic activity and are located at or near the active site. The Km values of the partially inactivated enzyme for PEP and Mg2+ were essentially unchanged, though Vmax was decreased. The partially inactivated enzyme showed no sensitivity to the allosteric activators, i.e., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) and GTP, or to the allosteric inhibitor, i.e., L-aspartate (or L-malate), but retained sensitivities to other activators, i.e., CoASAc and long-chain fatty acids. P-lactate, in the presence of Mg2+ and CoASAc, protected the enzyme from inactivation, but did not protect it from desensitization to Fru-1,6-P2, GTP, and L-aspartate. However, when the modification was carried out in the presence of L-malate, the enzyme was protected from desensitization to L-aspartate (or L-malate), but was not protected from desensitization to Fru-1,6-P2 and GTP. These results indicate that the lysyl residues involved in the catalytic and regulatory functions are different from each other, and that lysyl residues involved in the regulation by L-aspartate (or L-malate) are also different from those involved in the regulation by Fru-1,6-P2 and GTP.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. The role of lysyl residues in the catalytic and regulatory functions. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase [EC 4.1.1.31] of E. coli was inactivated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS), a reagent known to attack amino groups in polypeptides. When the modified enzyme was hydrolyzed with acid, epsilon-trinitrophenyl lysine (TNP-lysine) was identified as a product. Close similarity of the absorption spectrum of the modified enzyme to that of TNP-alpha-acetyl lysine and other observations indicated that most of the amino acid residues modified were lysyl residues. Spectrophotometric determination suggested that five lysyl residues out of 37 residues per subunit were modified concomitant with the complete inactivation of the enzyme. DL-Phospholactate (P-lactate), a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, protected the enzyme from TNBS inactivation. The concentration of P-lactate required for half-maximal protection was 3 mM in the presence of Mg2+ and acetyl-CoA (CoASAc), which is one of the allosteric activators of the enzyme. About 1.3 lysyl residues per subunit were protected from modification by 10 mM P-lactate, indicating that one or two lysyl residues are essential for the catalytic activity and are located at or near the active site. The Km values of the partially inactivated enzyme for PEP and Mg2+ were essentially unchanged, though Vmax was decreased. The partially inactivated enzyme showed no sensitivity to the allosteric activators, i.e., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) and GTP, or to the allosteric inhibitor, i.e., L-aspartate (or L-malate), but retained sensitivities to other activators, i.e., CoASAc and long-chain fatty acids. P-lactate, in the presence of Mg2+ and CoASAc, protected the enzyme from inactivation, but did not protect it from desensitization to Fru-1,6-P2, GTP, and L-aspartate. However, when the modification was carried out in the presence of L-malate, the enzyme was protected from desensitization to L-aspartate (or L-malate), but was not protected from desensitization to Fru-1,6-P2 and GTP. These results indicate that the lysyl residues involved in the catalytic and regulatory functions are different from each other, and that lysyl residues involved in the regulation by L-aspartate (or L-malate) are also different from those involved in the regulation by Fru-1,6-P2 and GTP.", "PMID": 370110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_758", "title": "Effect of a serine protease on isolated myofibrils.", "content": "Morphological changes occurred in myofibrils prepared from the glycerinated psoas muscle of rabbit during incubation with a serine protease crystallized from rat skeletal muscle. Two notable phenomena were observed: (1) loss of the Z band in the early stage of incubation and (2) complete disappearance of the A band after swelling of the myofibrils. The results indicate that the serine protease has an action on myofibrils different from that of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease.", "contents": "Effect of a serine protease on isolated myofibrils. Morphological changes occurred in myofibrils prepared from the glycerinated psoas muscle of rabbit during incubation with a serine protease crystallized from rat skeletal muscle. Two notable phenomena were observed: (1) loss of the Z band in the early stage of incubation and (2) complete disappearance of the A band after swelling of the myofibrils. The results indicate that the serine protease has an action on myofibrils different from that of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease.", "PMID": 370111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_759", "title": "Identification of a high molecular weight actin-binding protein in skeletal muscle.", "content": "A large polypeptide having a molecular weight of 240,000 as determined by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate has been identified in whole cell homogenates from chick skeletal muscle myoblasts and the rat myoblast L6 cell line. A similar polypeptide was identified in both thigh and breast chicken skeletal muscle, but the latter contained less of this protein per g of tissue. Antibodies made to gizzard filamin (an actin-binding protein having a molecular weight of 240,000) cross-reacted with the partially purified Mr = 240,000 protein from chicken skeletal muscle. With use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the filamin antibody localized in the Z-line region of chicken skeletal muscle myofibrils. These results indicate that skeletal muscle contains a filamin-like protein that may form an integral part of the myofibril structure.", "contents": "Identification of a high molecular weight actin-binding protein in skeletal muscle. A large polypeptide having a molecular weight of 240,000 as determined by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate has been identified in whole cell homogenates from chick skeletal muscle myoblasts and the rat myoblast L6 cell line. A similar polypeptide was identified in both thigh and breast chicken skeletal muscle, but the latter contained less of this protein per g of tissue. Antibodies made to gizzard filamin (an actin-binding protein having a molecular weight of 240,000) cross-reacted with the partially purified Mr = 240,000 protein from chicken skeletal muscle. With use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the filamin antibody localized in the Z-line region of chicken skeletal muscle myofibrils. These results indicate that skeletal muscle contains a filamin-like protein that may form an integral part of the myofibril structure.", "PMID": 370113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_760", "title": "Methanol formation in vivo from methylated chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Chemotactically wild type Escherichia coli were incubated with L-[methyl-3H]methionine to label the methyl groups of their methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Cells were then treated to specifically demethylate these proteins. We have identified the end product of this demethylation as [3H]methanol in the cell-free medium from treated cells.", "contents": "Methanol formation in vivo from methylated chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli. Chemotactically wild type Escherichia coli were incubated with L-[methyl-3H]methionine to label the methyl groups of their methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Cells were then treated to specifically demethylate these proteins. We have identified the end product of this demethylation as [3H]methanol in the cell-free medium from treated cells.", "PMID": 370114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_761", "title": "Compartment syndrome as a complication of the Hauser procedure.", "content": "A compartment syndrome developed in eleven patients who had undergone the Hauser procedure. The residual disabilities ranged from mild weakness and contracture of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg to complete muscle necrosis necessitating above-the knee amputation in two patients. Dissections of ten cadaver limbs demonstrated that the anterior tibial recurrent vessels have numberous leash-like branches that terminate along the lateral border of the tibial tubercle. When these vessels are sectioned they retract laterally and distally under the fascia and within the muscles of the anterior compartment. It is postulated that continued postoperative bleeding from these vessels after the Hauser procedure may lead to an ischemic compartment syndrome in the leg.", "contents": "Compartment syndrome as a complication of the Hauser procedure. A compartment syndrome developed in eleven patients who had undergone the Hauser procedure. The residual disabilities ranged from mild weakness and contracture of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg to complete muscle necrosis necessitating above-the knee amputation in two patients. Dissections of ten cadaver limbs demonstrated that the anterior tibial recurrent vessels have numberous leash-like branches that terminate along the lateral border of the tibial tubercle. When these vessels are sectioned they retract laterally and distally under the fascia and within the muscles of the anterior compartment. It is postulated that continued postoperative bleeding from these vessels after the Hauser procedure may lead to an ischemic compartment syndrome in the leg.", "PMID": 370117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_762", "title": "The operative treatment of elbow dislocation in the adult.", "content": "Operative treatment of traumatic dislocation of the elbow joint is indicated when there is proved gross instability or osteochondral fractures and loose bodies, or both. We performed a capsule-ligament repair in twenty-eight patients, and no cast was applied postoperatively. Satisfactory results were achieved with an average follow-up of two and one-half months. In all patients postoperative assisted range-of-motion exercise was begun after the operative wound and healed. The functional outcome depended on the osseous lesions involving the articular surface and on the time interval between the accident and the operation.", "contents": "The operative treatment of elbow dislocation in the adult. Operative treatment of traumatic dislocation of the elbow joint is indicated when there is proved gross instability or osteochondral fractures and loose bodies, or both. We performed a capsule-ligament repair in twenty-eight patients, and no cast was applied postoperatively. Satisfactory results were achieved with an average follow-up of two and one-half months. In all patients postoperative assisted range-of-motion exercise was begun after the operative wound and healed. The functional outcome depended on the osseous lesions involving the articular surface and on the time interval between the accident and the operation.", "PMID": 370118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_763", "title": "Pyogenic non-tuberculous spinal infection: an analysis of thirty cases.", "content": "Thirty patients with non-tuberculous pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine are reported in all of whom the diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically, histologically or serologically. The clinical and radiological features and investigations are analysed. Back pain, localised to the level involved, was the predominant symptom. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was raised in all cases, and a characteristic sequence of radiological features is described.", "contents": "Pyogenic non-tuberculous spinal infection: an analysis of thirty cases. Thirty patients with non-tuberculous pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine are reported in all of whom the diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically, histologically or serologically. The clinical and radiological features and investigations are analysed. Back pain, localised to the level involved, was the predominant symptom. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was raised in all cases, and a characteristic sequence of radiological features is described.", "PMID": 370121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_764", "title": "alpha-Actinin localization in the junctional complex of intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "We have used antibody to chicken gizzard alpha-actinin to identify and localize this molecule in chicken intestinal epithelium. The antibody binds only to alpha-actinin when tested against a crude extract of chicken gizzard. Extracts of purified epithelial cells contain a molecule which has a subunit molecular weight of 100,000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels and which is able to inhibit the interaction of alpha-actinin antibody and 125I-labeled chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. By indirect immunofluorescence, alpha-actinin is localized in the apical portion of chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Ethanol-fixed cryostat sections of intestine taken through the apical portion of the epithelial cells and in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the cells show that alpha-actinin is organized in a polygonal pattern which corresponds to the outlines of the polygonally packed epithelial cells. We interpret the data as indicating that alpha-actinin is a component of the tight junction (zonula occludens) and/or the belt desmosome (zonula adherens), both of which are membrane structures known to encircle the cell and to be confined to its apical portion.", "contents": "alpha-Actinin localization in the junctional complex of intestinal epithelial cells. We have used antibody to chicken gizzard alpha-actinin to identify and localize this molecule in chicken intestinal epithelium. The antibody binds only to alpha-actinin when tested against a crude extract of chicken gizzard. Extracts of purified epithelial cells contain a molecule which has a subunit molecular weight of 100,000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels and which is able to inhibit the interaction of alpha-actinin antibody and 125I-labeled chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. By indirect immunofluorescence, alpha-actinin is localized in the apical portion of chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Ethanol-fixed cryostat sections of intestine taken through the apical portion of the epithelial cells and in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the cells show that alpha-actinin is organized in a polygonal pattern which corresponds to the outlines of the polygonally packed epithelial cells. We interpret the data as indicating that alpha-actinin is a component of the tight junction (zonula occludens) and/or the belt desmosome (zonula adherens), both of which are membrane structures known to encircle the cell and to be confined to its apical portion.", "PMID": 370125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_765", "title": "Do human spermatozoa reactivate in the cytoplasm of somatic cells?", "content": "The morphological changes following Sendai virus-enhanced interaction of purified fractions of human spermatozoa with various types of fibroblast lines were examined over a period of several days. The incorporation of spermatozoa was monitored by a variety of immunofluorescent staining techniques, including one for protamin. The initially high incorporation frequency (30--40%) was accompanied by swelling of the acrosome and nucleus, which, in most instances, was followed by gradual lysis of the sperm components. However, a small proportion of all incorporated spermatozoa (2%) exhibited chromatin decondensation, accompanied by a shift from a protamin to histone content and induction of RNA and DNA synthesis. These latter cells appear to fit the criteria for true reactivation and electron-microscope studies show that they do not undergo phagocytosis as do the majority of incorporated spermatozoa.", "contents": "Do human spermatozoa reactivate in the cytoplasm of somatic cells? The morphological changes following Sendai virus-enhanced interaction of purified fractions of human spermatozoa with various types of fibroblast lines were examined over a period of several days. The incorporation of spermatozoa was monitored by a variety of immunofluorescent staining techniques, including one for protamin. The initially high incorporation frequency (30--40%) was accompanied by swelling of the acrosome and nucleus, which, in most instances, was followed by gradual lysis of the sperm components. However, a small proportion of all incorporated spermatozoa (2%) exhibited chromatin decondensation, accompanied by a shift from a protamin to histone content and induction of RNA and DNA synthesis. These latter cells appear to fit the criteria for true reactivation and electron-microscope studies show that they do not undergo phagocytosis as do the majority of incorporated spermatozoa.", "PMID": 370126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_766", "title": "Insect axopods.", "content": "Using the elctron microscope we have found axopods, a cell organelle previously undescribed in multicellular animals, in the lower Malpighian tubule of the insect. Rhodnius prolixus. The axopods, which are 0.2 to 0.8 micrometer in diameter and 10 or more micrometer in length, derive from the luminal surface of the tubule and contain an array of 1 to about 46 microtubules each. These microtubules arise within the cell near the cell junctions or near clumps of mitochondria. Uric acid crystals which occur naturally in the lower tubule have been observed to move down the tubule under experimental conditions where peristalsis and fluid secretion can be ruled out. We suggest that the axopods are motile and serve to transport the crystals along the narrow tubule lumen. Since cilia are not found on somatic cells of arthropods, we suggest that axopods have evolved in the lower tubule to perform a function analogous to a ciliated epithelium in other animals.", "contents": "Insect axopods. Using the elctron microscope we have found axopods, a cell organelle previously undescribed in multicellular animals, in the lower Malpighian tubule of the insect. Rhodnius prolixus. The axopods, which are 0.2 to 0.8 micrometer in diameter and 10 or more micrometer in length, derive from the luminal surface of the tubule and contain an array of 1 to about 46 microtubules each. These microtubules arise within the cell near the cell junctions or near clumps of mitochondria. Uric acid crystals which occur naturally in the lower tubule have been observed to move down the tubule under experimental conditions where peristalsis and fluid secretion can be ruled out. We suggest that the axopods are motile and serve to transport the crystals along the narrow tubule lumen. Since cilia are not found on somatic cells of arthropods, we suggest that axopods have evolved in the lower tubule to perform a function analogous to a ciliated epithelium in other animals.", "PMID": 370127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_767", "title": "Cell differentiation during fruiting body formation in polysphondylium pallidum.", "content": "The spatial pattern of cellular differentiation was studied during fruiting body formation in Polysphondylium pallidum using 3 different staining methods: Calcofluor fluorescence (cellulose accumulation), neutral red (prestalk cells) and immunofluorescence (prespore cells). Neutral-red staining revealed the existence of a clear prestalk region which becomes evident during aggregation and continues throughout culmination. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that cells in the prestalk region gradually lose their presporeness (fluorescence) as they are transformed into differentiated stalk cells. Calcofluor staining revealed that stalk cell differentiation begins during the mid-aggregation phase and that the mode of formation of the main stalk and the side branches differs slightly in morphology. Calcofluor staining also demonstrated the development, during aggregation, of a thick cellulosic girdle with lateral tubular extensions which surround the aggregation streams. The above results are discussed in terms of our present knowledge about differentiation and morphogenesis in cellular slime moulds.", "contents": "Cell differentiation during fruiting body formation in polysphondylium pallidum. The spatial pattern of cellular differentiation was studied during fruiting body formation in Polysphondylium pallidum using 3 different staining methods: Calcofluor fluorescence (cellulose accumulation), neutral red (prestalk cells) and immunofluorescence (prespore cells). Neutral-red staining revealed the existence of a clear prestalk region which becomes evident during aggregation and continues throughout culmination. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that cells in the prestalk region gradually lose their presporeness (fluorescence) as they are transformed into differentiated stalk cells. Calcofluor staining revealed that stalk cell differentiation begins during the mid-aggregation phase and that the mode of formation of the main stalk and the side branches differs slightly in morphology. Calcofluor staining also demonstrated the development, during aggregation, of a thick cellulosic girdle with lateral tubular extensions which surround the aggregation streams. The above results are discussed in terms of our present knowledge about differentiation and morphogenesis in cellular slime moulds.", "PMID": 370128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_768", "title": "Plasma membrane vesiculation in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells. I. Morphological and biochemical characterization.", "content": "3T3 and SV3T3 mouse embryo cells and a variety of other monolayer cell lines can be induced to form and shed plasma membrane vesicles by exposure to sulphydryl blocking agents including formaldehyde and N-ethyl malemide. Morphological studies show that multiple vesicles are formed and released from individual cells and that the vesicle membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane of the cell. Vesicles measure from o.1 to 15 micrometer in diameter and are free of detectable contamination with cytoplasmic membranes and organelles. Vesicles also show a 10-fold enrichment in the plasma membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase and are devoid of detectable NADH-cytochrome C reductase and succinic dehydrogenase activity which are marker enzymes for endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively. Vesicles have a high cholesterol: phospholipid ratio and show enrichment in sphingomyelin content. They contain receptors for Con A and WGA, approximately 20 size class polypeptides and intramembranous particles. These results suggest that vesicles are derived from and have the general characteristics of plasma membranes.", "contents": "Plasma membrane vesiculation in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells. I. Morphological and biochemical characterization. 3T3 and SV3T3 mouse embryo cells and a variety of other monolayer cell lines can be induced to form and shed plasma membrane vesicles by exposure to sulphydryl blocking agents including formaldehyde and N-ethyl malemide. Morphological studies show that multiple vesicles are formed and released from individual cells and that the vesicle membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane of the cell. Vesicles measure from o.1 to 15 micrometer in diameter and are free of detectable contamination with cytoplasmic membranes and organelles. Vesicles also show a 10-fold enrichment in the plasma membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase and are devoid of detectable NADH-cytochrome C reductase and succinic dehydrogenase activity which are marker enzymes for endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively. Vesicles have a high cholesterol: phospholipid ratio and show enrichment in sphingomyelin content. They contain receptors for Con A and WGA, approximately 20 size class polypeptides and intramembranous particles. These results suggest that vesicles are derived from and have the general characteristics of plasma membranes.", "PMID": 370129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_769", "title": "Altered patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis during the cell cycle: a mechanism compensating for variation in gene concentration.", "content": "In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a series of diploid mutants divides at smaller cell sizes than wild type. In these smaller strains, the mean gene concentration (defined by previous authors as the DNA to protein ratio) is higher than in wild type. Such an increase in gene concentration should also increase the concentration of those components such as messenger and ribosomal RNA, whose rate of synthesis is determined by gene dosage. We show that the mean concentrations of these 2 RNA species in the small cells are not increased, but are the same as in wild type. The small mutant cells are thus able to compensate for changes in gene concentration. This compensation is shown to operate through differences in the patterns of synthesis of RNA during the cell cycle. In all the strains of the diploid series, the rates of synthesis of messenger and ribosomal RNA double as steps once in each cell cycle. The timings of the steps in the cell cycle appear to be cell-size related, since the smaller the cell at division, the later are the steps in the cell cycle. In contrast, there is comparatively little variation in the timing of DNA replication in the cycles of cells of different sizes. We propose that after DNA replication, there is a delay before doubling in the rate of transcription. Such a cell mass-related delay is all that is required to compensate for increased gene concentration, and results in the same mean functional DNA concentration in all strains. This mechanism will maintain the same mean messenger and ribosomal RNA concentrations in cells dividing at different sizes. Ways in which the cell size-related control over transcription may operate are discussed.", "contents": "Altered patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis during the cell cycle: a mechanism compensating for variation in gene concentration. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a series of diploid mutants divides at smaller cell sizes than wild type. In these smaller strains, the mean gene concentration (defined by previous authors as the DNA to protein ratio) is higher than in wild type. Such an increase in gene concentration should also increase the concentration of those components such as messenger and ribosomal RNA, whose rate of synthesis is determined by gene dosage. We show that the mean concentrations of these 2 RNA species in the small cells are not increased, but are the same as in wild type. The small mutant cells are thus able to compensate for changes in gene concentration. This compensation is shown to operate through differences in the patterns of synthesis of RNA during the cell cycle. In all the strains of the diploid series, the rates of synthesis of messenger and ribosomal RNA double as steps once in each cell cycle. The timings of the steps in the cell cycle appear to be cell-size related, since the smaller the cell at division, the later are the steps in the cell cycle. In contrast, there is comparatively little variation in the timing of DNA replication in the cycles of cells of different sizes. We propose that after DNA replication, there is a delay before doubling in the rate of transcription. Such a cell mass-related delay is all that is required to compensate for increased gene concentration, and results in the same mean functional DNA concentration in all strains. This mechanism will maintain the same mean messenger and ribosomal RNA concentrations in cells dividing at different sizes. Ways in which the cell size-related control over transcription may operate are discussed.", "PMID": 370130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_770", "title": "Electron microscopy of spermatocytes previously studied in life: methods and some observations on micromanipulated chromosomes.", "content": "A new method is offered for combined living cell and electron-microscopic studies of spermatocytes (or other cells) which normally do not adhere to glass. The key step is micro-injection of glutaraldehyde near the target cell whenever desired during observation in life. Fixation begins and simultaneously the cell is stuck very firmly to the underlying coverslip. The method is easy and reliable: cells are almost never lost and are well preserved, except for membranes. The application of the method is illustrated by studies of micromanipulated grasshopper spermatocytes. A chromosome was detached from the spindle and placed in the cytoplasm. Before or after the beginning of chromosome movement back toward the spindle, the cell was fixed, sectioned and the manipulated chromosome observed in the electron microscope. If the detached chromosome had not moved by the time of fixation, no or only one or two microtubules were seen at its kinetochore, but if movement had occurred, a few microtubules were always present. The arrangement of these microtubules corresponded to the direction of movement, but they commonly were at an unusual angle relative to the kinetochore. The origin and role in chromosome movement of the microtubules seen near moving chromosomes far from the spindle is not yet established, but a speculation is offered. A goal for future work is the detailed analysis of the microtubules associated with individual moving chromosomes. Such an analysis is feasible because the moving chromosome is far removed from the confusing mass of spindle microtubules, and its value is enhanced because the direction of movement at the time of fixation is known.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of spermatocytes previously studied in life: methods and some observations on micromanipulated chromosomes. A new method is offered for combined living cell and electron-microscopic studies of spermatocytes (or other cells) which normally do not adhere to glass. The key step is micro-injection of glutaraldehyde near the target cell whenever desired during observation in life. Fixation begins and simultaneously the cell is stuck very firmly to the underlying coverslip. The method is easy and reliable: cells are almost never lost and are well preserved, except for membranes. The application of the method is illustrated by studies of micromanipulated grasshopper spermatocytes. A chromosome was detached from the spindle and placed in the cytoplasm. Before or after the beginning of chromosome movement back toward the spindle, the cell was fixed, sectioned and the manipulated chromosome observed in the electron microscope. If the detached chromosome had not moved by the time of fixation, no or only one or two microtubules were seen at its kinetochore, but if movement had occurred, a few microtubules were always present. The arrangement of these microtubules corresponded to the direction of movement, but they commonly were at an unusual angle relative to the kinetochore. The origin and role in chromosome movement of the microtubules seen near moving chromosomes far from the spindle is not yet established, but a speculation is offered. A goal for future work is the detailed analysis of the microtubules associated with individual moving chromosomes. Such an analysis is feasible because the moving chromosome is far removed from the confusing mass of spindle microtubules, and its value is enhanced because the direction of movement at the time of fixation is known.", "PMID": 370131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_771", "title": "Botulism: a pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatographic study.", "content": "Forty samples of dried Clostridia bacteria were subjected to pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC). Examination of the key fingerprint peaks enabled the analyst to differentiate the samples into their respective antigenic groups. Peaks occurring at the high boiling end of profile could be used to distinguish proteolytic from non-proteolytic strains of C-botulinum. PGLC has proven to be a highly reproducible as well as a rapid specific method for differentiating and identifying samples of Clostridium botulinum.", "contents": "Botulism: a pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatographic study. Forty samples of dried Clostridia bacteria were subjected to pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC). Examination of the key fingerprint peaks enabled the analyst to differentiate the samples into their respective antigenic groups. Peaks occurring at the high boiling end of profile could be used to distinguish proteolytic from non-proteolytic strains of C-botulinum. PGLC has proven to be a highly reproducible as well as a rapid specific method for differentiating and identifying samples of Clostridium botulinum.", "PMID": 370136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_772", "title": "The effect of methysergide, pimozide, and sodium valproate on the diazepam-stimulated growth hormone secretion in man.", "content": "Diazepam-induced GH secretion was tested on 28 male volunteers before and after a 3-day treatment with methysergide, pimozide, or sodium valproate. Serum GH, diazepam, and blood glucose levels were determined. Without prior medication, the mean serum GH level increased 336% 1 h after diazepam administration. Treatment with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, had no effect on the diazepam-stimulated GH secretion, whereas pimozide, the selective dopamine receptor-blocking agent, reduced the GH response to diazepam by 50% (P less than 0.05). Sodium valproate, a gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitor, also inhibited diazepam-induced GH secretion; stimulated GH levels were 51% at 30 min (P less than 0.025), 39% at 60 min (P less than 0.025), and 46% at 90 min (P less than 0.025) relative to the stimulated levels without medication. No difference was found in blood glucose or serum diazepam levels after the drug treatments relative to the values obtained under basal conditions. It is suggested that diazepam-induced GH secretion is at least partly mediated via dopaminergic mechanisms. Serotonin does not seem to be involved. It is further proposed that gamma-aminobutyric acid plays an inhibitory role in GH secretion.", "contents": "The effect of methysergide, pimozide, and sodium valproate on the diazepam-stimulated growth hormone secretion in man. Diazepam-induced GH secretion was tested on 28 male volunteers before and after a 3-day treatment with methysergide, pimozide, or sodium valproate. Serum GH, diazepam, and blood glucose levels were determined. Without prior medication, the mean serum GH level increased 336% 1 h after diazepam administration. Treatment with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, had no effect on the diazepam-stimulated GH secretion, whereas pimozide, the selective dopamine receptor-blocking agent, reduced the GH response to diazepam by 50% (P less than 0.05). Sodium valproate, a gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitor, also inhibited diazepam-induced GH secretion; stimulated GH levels were 51% at 30 min (P less than 0.025), 39% at 60 min (P less than 0.025), and 46% at 90 min (P less than 0.025) relative to the stimulated levels without medication. No difference was found in blood glucose or serum diazepam levels after the drug treatments relative to the values obtained under basal conditions. It is suggested that diazepam-induced GH secretion is at least partly mediated via dopaminergic mechanisms. Serotonin does not seem to be involved. It is further proposed that gamma-aminobutyric acid plays an inhibitory role in GH secretion.", "PMID": 370137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_773", "title": "Metabolically deficient dwarf-colony mutants of Escherichia coli: deficiency and resistance to antibiotics of strains isolated from urine culture.", "content": "Sixteen metabolically deficient dwarf-colony mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated from urine culture and represented about 2% of all E. coli isolated during the same period. In 14 cases, mutants were isolated from debilitated patients: elderly persons or patients in the terminal stages of a chronic disease. In 15 of these subjects, deficient dwarf-colony mutants appeared to be the true cause of urinary tract infection, since there was leukocyturia and important bacteriuria, and organisms were obtained in pure culture. Study of metabolic deficiencies on Davis synthetic medium and nutritive agar resulted in the identification of eleven deficiencies in cysteine, two in thiamine, two in thymidine, and one in glutamine. Study of resistance to antibiotics revealed that nine were susceptible to all antibiotics, three were resistant to tetracycline alone, two were resistant to two antibiotics (chloramphenicol-tetracycline, streptomycin-tetracycline), and two were resistant to three antibiotics (ampicillin-chloramphenicol-tetracycline, ampicillin-streptomycin-tetracycline). Resistance was coded for by conjugative plasmids in five strains.", "contents": "Metabolically deficient dwarf-colony mutants of Escherichia coli: deficiency and resistance to antibiotics of strains isolated from urine culture. Sixteen metabolically deficient dwarf-colony mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated from urine culture and represented about 2% of all E. coli isolated during the same period. In 14 cases, mutants were isolated from debilitated patients: elderly persons or patients in the terminal stages of a chronic disease. In 15 of these subjects, deficient dwarf-colony mutants appeared to be the true cause of urinary tract infection, since there was leukocyturia and important bacteriuria, and organisms were obtained in pure culture. Study of metabolic deficiencies on Davis synthetic medium and nutritive agar resulted in the identification of eleven deficiencies in cysteine, two in thiamine, two in thymidine, and one in glutamine. Study of resistance to antibiotics revealed that nine were susceptible to all antibiotics, three were resistant to tetracycline alone, two were resistant to two antibiotics (chloramphenicol-tetracycline, streptomycin-tetracycline), and two were resistant to three antibiotics (ampicillin-chloramphenicol-tetracycline, ampicillin-streptomycin-tetracycline). Resistance was coded for by conjugative plasmids in five strains.", "PMID": 370140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_774", "title": "Multi-laboratory evaluation of an automated microbial detection/identification system.", "content": "An automated and computerized system (Automicrobic System [AMS]) for the detection of frequently encountered bacteria in clinical urine specimens was tested in a collaborative study among six laboratories. The sensitivity, specificity, reliability, and reproducibility of the AMS were determined, and the system was compared with conventional detection and identification systems. In this study, pure cultures and mixtures of pure cultures were used to simulate clinical urine specimens. With pure cultures, the sensitivity of the AMS in identifying the nine groups of organisms most commonly found in urine averaged 92.8%. The specificity averaged 99.4%, and the reliability of a positive result averaged 92.1%. The latter value was strongly influenced by a relatively high occurrence of false positive Escherichia coli results. The AMS was capable of detecting growth of most organisms, including those which it was not designed to identify. However, it identified some of these incorrectly as common urinary tract flora. Reproducibility of results, both within laboratories and among different laboratories, was high. Fast-growing organisms, such as E. coli and Klebsiella/Enterobacter species, were detected often at cell populations well below the AMS enumeration threshold of 70,000/ml. In mixed culture studies, high levels of sensitivity and specificity were maintained but when Serratia species were present in mixtures with other organisms, there was often a false positive report of E. coli. The overall performance of the AMS was considered satisfactory under the test conditions used.", "contents": "Multi-laboratory evaluation of an automated microbial detection/identification system. An automated and computerized system (Automicrobic System [AMS]) for the detection of frequently encountered bacteria in clinical urine specimens was tested in a collaborative study among six laboratories. The sensitivity, specificity, reliability, and reproducibility of the AMS were determined, and the system was compared with conventional detection and identification systems. In this study, pure cultures and mixtures of pure cultures were used to simulate clinical urine specimens. With pure cultures, the sensitivity of the AMS in identifying the nine groups of organisms most commonly found in urine averaged 92.8%. The specificity averaged 99.4%, and the reliability of a positive result averaged 92.1%. The latter value was strongly influenced by a relatively high occurrence of false positive Escherichia coli results. The AMS was capable of detecting growth of most organisms, including those which it was not designed to identify. However, it identified some of these incorrectly as common urinary tract flora. Reproducibility of results, both within laboratories and among different laboratories, was high. Fast-growing organisms, such as E. coli and Klebsiella/Enterobacter species, were detected often at cell populations well below the AMS enumeration threshold of 70,000/ml. In mixed culture studies, high levels of sensitivity and specificity were maintained but when Serratia species were present in mixtures with other organisms, there was often a false positive report of E. coli. The overall performance of the AMS was considered satisfactory under the test conditions used.", "PMID": 370141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_775", "title": "Effects of storage in an anaerobic transport system on bacteria in known polymicrobial mixtures and in clinical specimens.", "content": "An anaerobic transport system (ATS) which provides for catalytic removal of oxygen was evaluated by using in vitro-prepared polymicrobial mixtures of logphase bacteria and clinical specimens. Inoculated swabs were stored at room temperature in (i) aerobic, (ii) anaerobic glove box, and (iii) ATS environments, and bacteria were quantitated after 2, 24, 48, and 72 h. Bacteria in a three-part mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Escherichia coli and in a five-part mixture of B. fragilis, P. anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa survived 72 h of storage in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments, but the anaerobic species were inactivated in the aerobic storage except for B. fragilis in pure culture or in the three-part mixture. Changes in relative proportions among the species in a mixture were least in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments and greatest during the aerobic storage, particularly in the five-part mixture. Bacteria present in pure or mixed culture in clinical specimens generally survived 72 h of storage in the ATS. These data indicate that changes in relative proportions occur with prolonged storage even under anaerobic conditions, but that the ATS would be most effective for preserving anaerobic bacteria and preventing drastic concentration changes and overgrowth of facultative and aerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Effects of storage in an anaerobic transport system on bacteria in known polymicrobial mixtures and in clinical specimens. An anaerobic transport system (ATS) which provides for catalytic removal of oxygen was evaluated by using in vitro-prepared polymicrobial mixtures of logphase bacteria and clinical specimens. Inoculated swabs were stored at room temperature in (i) aerobic, (ii) anaerobic glove box, and (iii) ATS environments, and bacteria were quantitated after 2, 24, 48, and 72 h. Bacteria in a three-part mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Escherichia coli and in a five-part mixture of B. fragilis, P. anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa survived 72 h of storage in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments, but the anaerobic species were inactivated in the aerobic storage except for B. fragilis in pure culture or in the three-part mixture. Changes in relative proportions among the species in a mixture were least in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments and greatest during the aerobic storage, particularly in the five-part mixture. Bacteria present in pure or mixed culture in clinical specimens generally survived 72 h of storage in the ATS. These data indicate that changes in relative proportions occur with prolonged storage even under anaerobic conditions, but that the ATS would be most effective for preserving anaerobic bacteria and preventing drastic concentration changes and overgrowth of facultative and aerobic bacteria.", "PMID": 370142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_776", "title": "Evaluation of the Repliscan system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The Repliscan system, a semiautomated method for identifying gram-negative bacilli, was evaluated for its potential usefulness in clinical microbiology laboratories. A total of 1,877 isolates, including 1,712 fermentative and 165 nonfermentative organisms, were tested in parallel with the Repliscan and Enterotube methods of enteric identification. Discrepancies were retested in each system as well as with conventional methods. The Repliscan method correctly identified 91%, misidentified 2%, and failed to identify 7% of the fermentative orgamisms tested. Of the genera under study, Enterobacter posed the greatest problem to the system in terms of overall identification rates. The Repliscan appears to be an efficient, economic, and effective laboratory tool for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Repliscan system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The Repliscan system, a semiautomated method for identifying gram-negative bacilli, was evaluated for its potential usefulness in clinical microbiology laboratories. A total of 1,877 isolates, including 1,712 fermentative and 165 nonfermentative organisms, were tested in parallel with the Repliscan and Enterotube methods of enteric identification. Discrepancies were retested in each system as well as with conventional methods. The Repliscan method correctly identified 91%, misidentified 2%, and failed to identify 7% of the fermentative orgamisms tested. Of the genera under study, Enterobacter posed the greatest problem to the system in terms of overall identification rates. The Repliscan appears to be an efficient, economic, and effective laboratory tool for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 370143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_777", "title": "Increased Escherichia coli enterotoxin detection after concentrating culture supernatants: possible new enterotoxin detectable in dogs but not in infant mice.", "content": "The heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli can be detected by infant mouse or dog intestinal loop tests. These tests differ in that the dog assay uses concentrated culture supernatants and is based on measurements of net intestinal absorption, whereas the mouse test uses unconcentrated supernatants and depends on gross fluid accumulation. To compare the relative sensitivities of these assays, culture supernatants of randomly selected E. coli isolates from 34 Bangalee diarrhea patients were tested for ST in dog loops and infant mice. Supernatants were also tested for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in dog loops, Y-1 adrenal cells, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. E. coli supernatants that produced positive responses for both ST and LT in the dog loop assay (ST+/LT+) also produced positive responses when tested for ST in infant mice and for LT in cell lines. Supernatants of strains negative for ST and LT in dog loop (ST-/LT) were also negative in other assays. Of 10 strains positive for just ST in the dog loop test (ST+/LT-), only 5 were ST positive in the standard infant mouse test. Supernatants of the other five strains (dog loop positive, mouse test negative) were then concentrated 100-fold and retested in mice. Three of these five gave consistently positive results after concentration, and two were only intermittently positive. Concentrated supernatants of negative control strains (ST-/LT-) were all negative in mice. The dog assay detects more strains producing ST than the infant mouse test. The infant mouse test, which detects only gross fluid accumulation, failed to detect approximately half of the 10 strains which produced ST alone (ST+/LT-; P = 0.025). Concentrating supernatants for the mouse assay increases sensitivity for detection of ST, but certain E. coli strains produce a variety of ST to which infant mice do not respond.", "contents": "Increased Escherichia coli enterotoxin detection after concentrating culture supernatants: possible new enterotoxin detectable in dogs but not in infant mice. The heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli can be detected by infant mouse or dog intestinal loop tests. These tests differ in that the dog assay uses concentrated culture supernatants and is based on measurements of net intestinal absorption, whereas the mouse test uses unconcentrated supernatants and depends on gross fluid accumulation. To compare the relative sensitivities of these assays, culture supernatants of randomly selected E. coli isolates from 34 Bangalee diarrhea patients were tested for ST in dog loops and infant mice. Supernatants were also tested for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in dog loops, Y-1 adrenal cells, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. E. coli supernatants that produced positive responses for both ST and LT in the dog loop assay (ST+/LT+) also produced positive responses when tested for ST in infant mice and for LT in cell lines. Supernatants of strains negative for ST and LT in dog loop (ST-/LT) were also negative in other assays. Of 10 strains positive for just ST in the dog loop test (ST+/LT-), only 5 were ST positive in the standard infant mouse test. Supernatants of the other five strains (dog loop positive, mouse test negative) were then concentrated 100-fold and retested in mice. Three of these five gave consistently positive results after concentration, and two were only intermittently positive. Concentrated supernatants of negative control strains (ST-/LT-) were all negative in mice. The dog assay detects more strains producing ST than the infant mouse test. The infant mouse test, which detects only gross fluid accumulation, failed to detect approximately half of the 10 strains which produced ST alone (ST+/LT-; P = 0.025). Concentrating supernatants for the mouse assay increases sensitivity for detection of ST, but certain E. coli strains produce a variety of ST to which infant mice do not respond.", "PMID": 370144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_778", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody test for detecting antibody to Klebsiella.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody  test was performed in standard test tubes and microtiter plates to meausre high-titer antibody against Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide. Initial studies were conducted with rabbit sera; other studies were conducted with the serum of a patient infected with type 9 Klebsiella. Both immunized rabbits and an infected patient disclosed high titers of anticapsular antibody. Control sera from other immunized rabbits and other infected humans failed to show this substantial antibody titer against type 9 Klebsiella. Comparisons between counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence disclosed that the sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody test for anti-Klebsiella antibody ranged between 400 and 10,000 times that of these tests.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody test for detecting antibody to Klebsiella. The enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody  test was performed in standard test tubes and microtiter plates to meausre high-titer antibody against Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide. Initial studies were conducted with rabbit sera; other studies were conducted with the serum of a patient infected with type 9 Klebsiella. Both immunized rabbits and an infected patient disclosed high titers of anticapsular antibody. Control sera from other immunized rabbits and other infected humans failed to show this substantial antibody titer against type 9 Klebsiella. Comparisons between counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence disclosed that the sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunospecific antibody test for anti-Klebsiella antibody ranged between 400 and 10,000 times that of these tests.", "PMID": 370145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_779", "title": "Typing methods for Proteus rettgeri: comparison of biotype, antibiograms, serotype, and bacteriocin production.", "content": "Two hunderd five strains of Proteus rettgeri from epidemic and nonepidemic sources were differentiated by a new biotyping scheme, agglutination in O antisera, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and a new scheme based on bacteriocin production. The P. rettgeri were divided into 10 groups by their fermentation of lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and salicin. These groups were then subdivided into 19 biotypes by other biochemical reactions. Bacteriocin production was tested by the cross-streak method. Thirty-four bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strains were evaluated, and 16 were selected for the final scheme and used to type the 205 P. rettgeri, which were divided into 15 bacteriocin types. Serologically, 43% of the P. rettgeri were O42, 13% were untypable, 4% were O15, and 3% each were O33, O64, and O84 in addition to 31 remaining serotypes. Strains of P. rettgeri from known outbreaks contained fewer biotypes, O groups, and bacteriocin types and were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than endemic strains. Strains with common patterns with all four marker systems were frequently associated with outbreaks. A strong correlation between multiple antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin production was shown.", "contents": "Typing methods for Proteus rettgeri: comparison of biotype, antibiograms, serotype, and bacteriocin production. Two hunderd five strains of Proteus rettgeri from epidemic and nonepidemic sources were differentiated by a new biotyping scheme, agglutination in O antisera, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and a new scheme based on bacteriocin production. The P. rettgeri were divided into 10 groups by their fermentation of lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and salicin. These groups were then subdivided into 19 biotypes by other biochemical reactions. Bacteriocin production was tested by the cross-streak method. Thirty-four bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strains were evaluated, and 16 were selected for the final scheme and used to type the 205 P. rettgeri, which were divided into 15 bacteriocin types. Serologically, 43% of the P. rettgeri were O42, 13% were untypable, 4% were O15, and 3% each were O33, O64, and O84 in addition to 31 remaining serotypes. Strains of P. rettgeri from known outbreaks contained fewer biotypes, O groups, and bacteriocin types and were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than endemic strains. Strains with common patterns with all four marker systems were frequently associated with outbreaks. A strong correlation between multiple antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin production was shown.", "PMID": 370146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_780", "title": "Serological identification of group A streptococci from throat scrapings before culture.", "content": "The use of a microtechnique (modified nitrous acid extraction) to test samples from 150 school children and from patients with acute follicular tonsillitis has indicated that group A streptococci in the throat can be identified from tonsillar scrapings in 30 min. The results are comparable to the grouping results obtained by standard throat culture techniques and the Lancefield procedure for grouping. No cross-reaction with other bacteria or cellular material occurs. Study has also shown that the nitrous acid extraction yields three- to fourfold more polysaccharides than the Lancefield hot-HCl of Fuller formamide techniques. The use of the microtechnique leads to another 20-fold concentration of the antigen. Immune salting-out effect could be obtained with 1.00 M sodium acetate. Such molarity is too low to cause nonspecific slating out. It leads to a strong ampliciation of the precipitin reaction.", "contents": "Serological identification of group A streptococci from throat scrapings before culture. The use of a microtechnique (modified nitrous acid extraction) to test samples from 150 school children and from patients with acute follicular tonsillitis has indicated that group A streptococci in the throat can be identified from tonsillar scrapings in 30 min. The results are comparable to the grouping results obtained by standard throat culture techniques and the Lancefield procedure for grouping. No cross-reaction with other bacteria or cellular material occurs. Study has also shown that the nitrous acid extraction yields three- to fourfold more polysaccharides than the Lancefield hot-HCl of Fuller formamide techniques. The use of the microtechnique leads to another 20-fold concentration of the antigen. Immune salting-out effect could be obtained with 1.00 M sodium acetate. Such molarity is too low to cause nonspecific slating out. It leads to a strong ampliciation of the precipitin reaction.", "PMID": 370147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_781", "title": "Rapid entry port for an anaerobic glove box.", "content": "A rapid entry mechanism for an anaerobic glove box is described. The entry port is practical for entry or removal of one or two items and requires only seconds to operate. No deleterious effect on isolation or growth of anaerobes has been encountered since installation of the rapid entry port 3.5 years ago. Details for its construction are given.", "contents": "Rapid entry port for an anaerobic glove box. A rapid entry mechanism for an anaerobic glove box is described. The entry port is practical for entry or removal of one or two items and requires only seconds to operate. No deleterious effect on isolation or growth of anaerobes has been encountered since installation of the rapid entry port 3.5 years ago. Details for its construction are given.", "PMID": 370148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_782", "title": "Phagocytic resistance of Escherichia coli K-1 isolates and relationship to virulence.", "content": "Blood culture isolates from 133 episodes of Escherichia coli bacteremia were typed for K-1 capsular antigen by immunodiffusion, utilizing equine antiserum raised against meningococcal group B polysaccharide. Twenty-six percent (34 of 133) of these isolates were positive for K-1 antigen. These 133 strains, 34 K-1 and 99 non-K-1, were tested for susceptibility to phagocytosis. K-1 strains were found to be more resistant to clearance (27%) than non-K-1 strains (71%) when tested in an in vitro opsonophagocytic/killing assay containing normal human granulocytes and plasma. Additional studies demonstrated that resistance was due to decreased phagocytosis rather than diminished intraleukocytic killing. K-1 strains obtained from stool showed a similar degree of resistance to phagocytosis when compared with K-1 blood isolates. A comparison of clinical data on non-neonatal patients with E. coli K-1 and non-K-1 bacteremia showed no significant differences in mortality for these two groups. The incidence of shock for patients bacteremic with K-1 strains (74%) was significantly greater than that for patients bacteremic with non-K-1 strains (33%). These differences are attributed to the increased resistance to phagocytosis observed for K-1 versus non-K-1 E. coli isolates.", "contents": "Phagocytic resistance of Escherichia coli K-1 isolates and relationship to virulence. Blood culture isolates from 133 episodes of Escherichia coli bacteremia were typed for K-1 capsular antigen by immunodiffusion, utilizing equine antiserum raised against meningococcal group B polysaccharide. Twenty-six percent (34 of 133) of these isolates were positive for K-1 antigen. These 133 strains, 34 K-1 and 99 non-K-1, were tested for susceptibility to phagocytosis. K-1 strains were found to be more resistant to clearance (27%) than non-K-1 strains (71%) when tested in an in vitro opsonophagocytic/killing assay containing normal human granulocytes and plasma. Additional studies demonstrated that resistance was due to decreased phagocytosis rather than diminished intraleukocytic killing. K-1 strains obtained from stool showed a similar degree of resistance to phagocytosis when compared with K-1 blood isolates. A comparison of clinical data on non-neonatal patients with E. coli K-1 and non-K-1 bacteremia showed no significant differences in mortality for these two groups. The incidence of shock for patients bacteremic with K-1 strains (74%) was significantly greater than that for patients bacteremic with non-K-1 strains (33%). These differences are attributed to the increased resistance to phagocytosis observed for K-1 versus non-K-1 E. coli isolates.", "PMID": 370149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_783", "title": "Esterase activity in Candida species.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the lipolytic activities (specifically, esterase) of those species of Candida that are most commonly isolated from human infections. Eight species of Candida were surveyed for their ability to hydrolyze various polyoxyethylene sorbitan compounds (Tweens). Of the 64 isolates tested, each had activity for at least one of the substrates. Most of the isolates hydrolyzed Tweens 40, 60, and 85. In contrast, none hydrolyzed Tween 80. Only one species hydrolyzed Tween 20. The patterns of precipitation resulting from reactions of fatty acids hydrolyzed from Tweens 40, 60, and 85 with calcium ions in the media were also useful in distinguishing some of the species. In the past, such reactions have been reported as being dependent on esterase activity.", "contents": "Esterase activity in Candida species. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the lipolytic activities (specifically, esterase) of those species of Candida that are most commonly isolated from human infections. Eight species of Candida were surveyed for their ability to hydrolyze various polyoxyethylene sorbitan compounds (Tweens). Of the 64 isolates tested, each had activity for at least one of the substrates. Most of the isolates hydrolyzed Tweens 40, 60, and 85. In contrast, none hydrolyzed Tween 80. Only one species hydrolyzed Tween 20. The patterns of precipitation resulting from reactions of fatty acids hydrolyzed from Tweens 40, 60, and 85 with calcium ions in the media were also useful in distinguishing some of the species. In the past, such reactions have been reported as being dependent on esterase activity.", "PMID": 370150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_784", "title": "Evaluation of a routine anaerobic subculture of blood cultures for detection of anaerobic bacteremia.", "content": "The value of a routine 48-h anaerobic subculture of blood cultures was assessed in our laboratory over a 4-month period. Excluding presumed contaminants, anaerobes represented 51 (6.9%) of the total number of 734 positive cultures. Sixteen isolates (all Bacteroides) from six patients were detected by the anaerobic subculture. All but one of these were also detected macroscopically. Excluding the one isolate, the routine anaerobic subculture hastened the identification of anaerobic organisms by only 1 day in two patients. We conclude that a routine anaerobic subculture is not indicated for the detection of anaerobic bacteremia.", "contents": "Evaluation of a routine anaerobic subculture of blood cultures for detection of anaerobic bacteremia. The value of a routine 48-h anaerobic subculture of blood cultures was assessed in our laboratory over a 4-month period. Excluding presumed contaminants, anaerobes represented 51 (6.9%) of the total number of 734 positive cultures. Sixteen isolates (all Bacteroides) from six patients were detected by the anaerobic subculture. All but one of these were also detected macroscopically. Excluding the one isolate, the routine anaerobic subculture hastened the identification of anaerobic organisms by only 1 day in two patients. We conclude that a routine anaerobic subculture is not indicated for the detection of anaerobic bacteremia.", "PMID": 370151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_785", "title": "Simultaneous nosocomial outbreaks caused by multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae types 2 and 30.", "content": "Two simultaneous Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreaks resistant to multiple antibiotics are reported. The closely related strains were distinguished by comparing the zone diameters obtained by disk diffusion susceptibility testing but not by interpretations of susceptible, resistant, or intermediate. Similar conclusions were made when minimal inhibitory concentrations were considered. The separation was subsequently confirmed by capsular serotyping into types 2 and 30. The data presented suggest that routine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns obtained from disk diffusion and/or minimal inhibitory concentrations may serve as an inexpensive and reliable typing system for epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "Simultaneous nosocomial outbreaks caused by multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae types 2 and 30. Two simultaneous Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreaks resistant to multiple antibiotics are reported. The closely related strains were distinguished by comparing the zone diameters obtained by disk diffusion susceptibility testing but not by interpretations of susceptible, resistant, or intermediate. Similar conclusions were made when minimal inhibitory concentrations were considered. The separation was subsequently confirmed by capsular serotyping into types 2 and 30. The data presented suggest that routine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns obtained from disk diffusion and/or minimal inhibitory concentrations may serve as an inexpensive and reliable typing system for epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 370152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_786", "title": "Tests of gender feelings and behavior in homosexuality, transvestism and transsexualism.", "content": "Categorized 64 male transsexual and transvestite Ss into two groups on the basis of the strength of their feminine gender identity. The two groups were compared to a homosexual group and a control group on four tests designed to measure gender feelings and behavior, namely: the California Personality Inventory Femininity Scale, the Draw-A-Person test, the Franck Drawing Completion test, and the Information and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS. It was found that the CPI-Fe scale and DAP test significantly correlate with the degree of feminine gender identity reported by the Ss. However, the two tests appear to measure different aspects of gender feelings and behavior in some Ss.", "contents": "Tests of gender feelings and behavior in homosexuality, transvestism and transsexualism. Categorized 64 male transsexual and transvestite Ss into two groups on the basis of the strength of their feminine gender identity. The two groups were compared to a homosexual group and a control group on four tests designed to measure gender feelings and behavior, namely: the California Personality Inventory Femininity Scale, the Draw-A-Person test, the Franck Drawing Completion test, and the Information and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS. It was found that the CPI-Fe scale and DAP test significantly correlate with the degree of feminine gender identity reported by the Ss. However, the two tests appear to measure different aspects of gender feelings and behavior in some Ss.", "PMID": 370153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_787", "title": "A curvilinear relationship between alcoholic withdrawal tremor and personality.", "content": "Many studies cite no more than 80% incidence of hand tremor during withdrawal in known alcoholics, although this symptom is one of the diagnostic signs of addiction. We found that of 48 patients tested, hand tremor increased in 29 Ss after the application of a passive relaxation technique while it decreased in 28. It was found that MMPI data obtained for both groups fitted the inverted U curve in that the most distressed Ss tremored as little as did the least distressed originally, while the tremor increased in the high stress group after relaxation therapy while it decreased in the least stressed group. Implications for alcoholism research and theory were discussed, and the possible superiority of the CES to drug therapy for withdrawal was noted.", "contents": "A curvilinear relationship between alcoholic withdrawal tremor and personality. Many studies cite no more than 80% incidence of hand tremor during withdrawal in known alcoholics, although this symptom is one of the diagnostic signs of addiction. We found that of 48 patients tested, hand tremor increased in 29 Ss after the application of a passive relaxation technique while it decreased in 28. It was found that MMPI data obtained for both groups fitted the inverted U curve in that the most distressed Ss tremored as little as did the least distressed originally, while the tremor increased in the high stress group after relaxation therapy while it decreased in the least stressed group. Implications for alcoholism research and theory were discussed, and the possible superiority of the CES to drug therapy for withdrawal was noted.", "PMID": 370154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_788", "title": "Acute hemodynamic effects of tocainide in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "content": "To characterize the acute hemodynamic effects of tocainide hydrochloride, a new antiarrhythmic agent, 11 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization were given intravenous infusions of the drug for 15 minutes at rates of 0.50 (six patients) or 0.75 (five patients) mg/kg/min. The hemodynamic status of these subjects was determined before, during, and for 15 minutes after treatment, and blood levels of tocainide were followed during and after treatment. Tocainide blood levels at the end of the infusions were 14.9 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml (S.E.) and 15 minutes later were 6.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml. In these subjects treatment was not associated with significant changes in Ao or PCW, but it was associated with a statistically significant but small decrease in LV dp/dt. At the same time, LVED was not significantly elevated. Treatment was also accompanied by small increases in PA diastolic and mean pressures, but RA and RV were unchanged. Significant changes were not seen in HR, CO, CI, SV, SVR, or PVR. Thus, the intravenous infusion of 0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg/min of tocainide for 15 minutes produced small but statistically significant depression of left ventricular function without producing changes in CO or clinical evidence of congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Acute hemodynamic effects of tocainide in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. To characterize the acute hemodynamic effects of tocainide hydrochloride, a new antiarrhythmic agent, 11 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization were given intravenous infusions of the drug for 15 minutes at rates of 0.50 (six patients) or 0.75 (five patients) mg/kg/min. The hemodynamic status of these subjects was determined before, during, and for 15 minutes after treatment, and blood levels of tocainide were followed during and after treatment. Tocainide blood levels at the end of the infusions were 14.9 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml (S.E.) and 15 minutes later were 6.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml. In these subjects treatment was not associated with significant changes in Ao or PCW, but it was associated with a statistically significant but small decrease in LV dp/dt. At the same time, LVED was not significantly elevated. Treatment was also accompanied by small increases in PA diastolic and mean pressures, but RA and RV were unchanged. Significant changes were not seen in HR, CO, CI, SV, SVR, or PVR. Thus, the intravenous infusion of 0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg/min of tocainide for 15 minutes produced small but statistically significant depression of left ventricular function without producing changes in CO or clinical evidence of congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 370155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_789", "title": "The effect of psychotomimetics on therapist--patient matching of speech \"rhythms\".", "content": "This study examined the effects of lysergic acid (LSD) and dextroamphetamine (DA) on therapist--patient matching of speech rhythms (mean phrase period) in psychotherapy. LSD, DA, and placebo (PL) were administered repeatedly over a 1 1/2-year period to seven patients in a randomized double-blind design. The second, fourth, and sixth encounters with LSD, DA, and PL were analyzed. These therapy dialogues were processed by an on--off detector of speech which computed probabilities of vocalizing when already talking (T), when listening (L), and when pausing (P) for therapist and patient, respectively. The mean phrase period for the therapist and the patient was calculated from the vocalization probabilities (T, P). The results show that both LSD and DA significantly enhance therapist-patient matching of mean phrase period in the earliest (second) session, an effect that disappears for both drugs, but later for DA (sixth session) than for LSD (fourth session). At no time was this effect observed in PL sessions, nor was the matching a simple function of a therapist--patient convergence of the components (T, P) of the mean phrase period.", "contents": "The effect of psychotomimetics on therapist--patient matching of speech \"rhythms\". This study examined the effects of lysergic acid (LSD) and dextroamphetamine (DA) on therapist--patient matching of speech rhythms (mean phrase period) in psychotherapy. LSD, DA, and placebo (PL) were administered repeatedly over a 1 1/2-year period to seven patients in a randomized double-blind design. The second, fourth, and sixth encounters with LSD, DA, and PL were analyzed. These therapy dialogues were processed by an on--off detector of speech which computed probabilities of vocalizing when already talking (T), when listening (L), and when pausing (P) for therapist and patient, respectively. The mean phrase period for the therapist and the patient was calculated from the vocalization probabilities (T, P). The results show that both LSD and DA significantly enhance therapist-patient matching of mean phrase period in the earliest (second) session, an effect that disappears for both drugs, but later for DA (sixth session) than for LSD (fourth session). At no time was this effect observed in PL sessions, nor was the matching a simple function of a therapist--patient convergence of the components (T, P) of the mean phrase period.", "PMID": 370160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_790", "title": "Comprehension training with aphasic subjects: the development and application of five automated language programs.", "content": "Automated comprehension training was utilized to present five original language programs to seven aphasic adults. Subjects were required to attend to visual and auditory stimuli and to solve problems through language comprehension by pressing transparent panels over four pictured choices. Subjects were pre- and posttested with an automated probe containing those linguistic structures presented in the training programs. Results indicated significant improvement in the comprehension of certain linguistic structures as measured by performances on repeated program trials and by probe testing. Qualitative information relative to program construction and administration is included in the discussion.", "contents": "Comprehension training with aphasic subjects: the development and application of five automated language programs. Automated comprehension training was utilized to present five original language programs to seven aphasic adults. Subjects were required to attend to visual and auditory stimuli and to solve problems through language comprehension by pressing transparent panels over four pictured choices. Subjects were pre- and posttested with an automated probe containing those linguistic structures presented in the training programs. Results indicated significant improvement in the comprehension of certain linguistic structures as measured by performances on repeated program trials and by probe testing. Qualitative information relative to program construction and administration is included in the discussion.", "PMID": 370161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_791", "title": "Phase I 1/2 evaluation and methodology of RO 20-2230 in postoperative patients.", "content": "This report presents the rationale and methodology of our \"phase 1 1/2\" model for drug evaluation and reports the results of a typical study. We found that Ro 20-2230, and investigational agonist-antagonist analgesic, was well tolerated in therapeutic doses, with 15 mg intramuscular Ro 20-2230 approximately equivalent to 10 mg intramuscular morphine sulfate.", "contents": "Phase I 1/2 evaluation and methodology of RO 20-2230 in postoperative patients. This report presents the rationale and methodology of our \"phase 1 1/2\" model for drug evaluation and reports the results of a typical study. We found that Ro 20-2230, and investigational agonist-antagonist analgesic, was well tolerated in therapeutic doses, with 15 mg intramuscular Ro 20-2230 approximately equivalent to 10 mg intramuscular morphine sulfate.", "PMID": 370156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_792", "title": "Evaluation of a new diuretic, diapamide, in congestive heart failure.", "content": "The diuretic response of patients with congestive heart failure to establish doses of diapamide (750 mg) and furosemide (80 mg) was compared in an open, crossover study. Peak urine output occurred in the first 6 hours after administration of furosemide but somewhat later (12 to 18 hours) with diapamide. Both agents produced active diuresis and natriuresis in most patients. Comparisons of drug effect during the first days of each treatment period and analysis of the entire first treatment period indicated that urine output with furosemide was significantly greater than with diapamide. Urinary sodium excretion on the first day of treatment was not significantly greater with furosemide than with diapamide, nor were the differences significant on subsequent days. The observed differences between drugs on urinary potassium and chloride excretion were not statistically significant. The most frequently occurring adverse reaction was mild to moderate nausea, which was reported by five patients receiving diapamide and two patients receiving furosemide. Diarrhea and vomiting were also more frequent with diapamide. Diapamide would appear to serve a role between the milder thiazide diuretics and the more effective furosemide.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new diuretic, diapamide, in congestive heart failure. The diuretic response of patients with congestive heart failure to establish doses of diapamide (750 mg) and furosemide (80 mg) was compared in an open, crossover study. Peak urine output occurred in the first 6 hours after administration of furosemide but somewhat later (12 to 18 hours) with diapamide. Both agents produced active diuresis and natriuresis in most patients. Comparisons of drug effect during the first days of each treatment period and analysis of the entire first treatment period indicated that urine output with furosemide was significantly greater than with diapamide. Urinary sodium excretion on the first day of treatment was not significantly greater with furosemide than with diapamide, nor were the differences significant on subsequent days. The observed differences between drugs on urinary potassium and chloride excretion were not statistically significant. The most frequently occurring adverse reaction was mild to moderate nausea, which was reported by five patients receiving diapamide and two patients receiving furosemide. Diarrhea and vomiting were also more frequent with diapamide. Diapamide would appear to serve a role between the milder thiazide diuretics and the more effective furosemide.", "PMID": 370157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_793", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopy of skin in lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A multistep immunocytochemical method, utilizing horeradish peroxidase as an immunological bound marker enzyme, was employed to demonstrate in vivo fixed immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in the skin of three patients with CDLE and three patients with SLE. The immunoglobulin deposits were confined to the uppermost strata of the dermis, i.e. the area just below the basal lamina. Small amounts of immunoglobulin were visible within the lamina lucida and the basal lamina. Only quantitative differences were observed between deposits of immunoglobulins in CDLE and SLE. I CDLE, the reaction product covered a wider area of the superficial dermis and extended deeper down into the dermis. IgG and IgM deposits exhibited an identical fine structural morphology.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopy of skin in lupus erythematosus. A multistep immunocytochemical method, utilizing horeradish peroxidase as an immunological bound marker enzyme, was employed to demonstrate in vivo fixed immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in the skin of three patients with CDLE and three patients with SLE. The immunoglobulin deposits were confined to the uppermost strata of the dermis, i.e. the area just below the basal lamina. Small amounts of immunoglobulin were visible within the lamina lucida and the basal lamina. Only quantitative differences were observed between deposits of immunoglobulins in CDLE and SLE. I CDLE, the reaction product covered a wider area of the superficial dermis and extended deeper down into the dermis. IgG and IgM deposits exhibited an identical fine structural morphology.", "PMID": 370164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_794", "title": "Replicate studies comparing the relative efficacies of aspirin and indoprofen in oral surgery outpatients.", "content": "The results from the present studies confirm that indoprofen is an orally effective analgesic drug. Both the 100- and 200-mg dosages of indoprofen demonstrated superior analgesic activity when compared to 600 mg aspirin.", "contents": "Replicate studies comparing the relative efficacies of aspirin and indoprofen in oral surgery outpatients. The results from the present studies confirm that indoprofen is an orally effective analgesic drug. Both the 100- and 200-mg dosages of indoprofen demonstrated superior analgesic activity when compared to 600 mg aspirin.", "PMID": 370158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_795", "title": "Survival of Escherichia coli, strain W, during the manufacture of cottage cheese.", "content": "Cottage cheese was manufactured in 10-liter experimental vats by the direct-acid-set method from milk that was inoculated with a heat resistant strain of Escherichia coli. Growth or survival of Strain W (ATCC 9637) E. coli was determined at various stages of the cheese making operation after the cheese-skim milk was inoculated to give counts of 2.5 X 10(4) or 4.0 X 10(5) cells/ml. Numbers of coliform organisms remained constant at the inoculated concentration in the cheese milk up to a cooking temperature of 43 C. At 43 C, when curd was separated from the whey, the curd (not washed) had coliform counts that were two log cycles greater than the whey. These trends were in milks with both cell counts. Washing of the curd with acid and 10 ppm chlorine reduced the number of coliform cells in the curd at all cooking temperatures as compared with unwashed curd. Acid wash of the curd at pH 5 did not reduce the coliform counts below those of unwashed curd. Cooking temperatures of 54 C were necessary to destroy (less than 1 cell/ml) E. coli Strain W, in either the unwashed or acid-chlorine washed curd. Holding curd with an initial average log count of 6.26 coliform cells/ml at constant temperatures of 38, 43, 49, and 54 C confirmed that 54 C for 50 min was necessary to reduce the average count to less than 1 cell/ml in isolated curd. Coliforms in whey were reduced to that concentration after 10 min at 54 C.", "contents": "Survival of Escherichia coli, strain W, during the manufacture of cottage cheese. Cottage cheese was manufactured in 10-liter experimental vats by the direct-acid-set method from milk that was inoculated with a heat resistant strain of Escherichia coli. Growth or survival of Strain W (ATCC 9637) E. coli was determined at various stages of the cheese making operation after the cheese-skim milk was inoculated to give counts of 2.5 X 10(4) or 4.0 X 10(5) cells/ml. Numbers of coliform organisms remained constant at the inoculated concentration in the cheese milk up to a cooking temperature of 43 C. At 43 C, when curd was separated from the whey, the curd (not washed) had coliform counts that were two log cycles greater than the whey. These trends were in milks with both cell counts. Washing of the curd with acid and 10 ppm chlorine reduced the number of coliform cells in the curd at all cooking temperatures as compared with unwashed curd. Acid wash of the curd at pH 5 did not reduce the coliform counts below those of unwashed curd. Cooking temperatures of 54 C were necessary to destroy (less than 1 cell/ml) E. coli Strain W, in either the unwashed or acid-chlorine washed curd. Holding curd with an initial average log count of 6.26 coliform cells/ml at constant temperatures of 38, 43, 49, and 54 C confirmed that 54 C for 50 min was necessary to reduce the average count to less than 1 cell/ml in isolated curd. Coliforms in whey were reduced to that concentration after 10 min at 54 C.", "PMID": 370165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_796", "title": "Axial stiffness of retention pins in human dentin.", "content": "Axial deflections of pins, anchored in specimens of human dentin by five different procedures, were measured by a specially constructed apparatus to an accuracy of 0.1 mu. Axial stiffness values calculated from these measurements were found to be significantly different for different methods of anchorage. Cemented pins displayed the lowest axial stiffness when compared with friction-locked and self-threading pins.", "contents": "Axial stiffness of retention pins in human dentin. Axial deflections of pins, anchored in specimens of human dentin by five different procedures, were measured by a specially constructed apparatus to an accuracy of 0.1 mu. Axial stiffness values calculated from these measurements were found to be significantly different for different methods of anchorage. Cemented pins displayed the lowest axial stiffness when compared with friction-locked and self-threading pins.", "PMID": 370167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_797", "title": "A photoelastic study of stress concentrations produced by retention pins in amalgam restorations.", "content": "Photoelastic models of pin-amalgam restorations were constructed to simulate different pin-dentin-amalgam relationships. The stress-raising effect of a pin is influenced by the axial stiffness of the pin and its capability of bonding with the amalgam. The stress produced by a very stiff non-bonded pin could cause failure of the restoration.", "contents": "A photoelastic study of stress concentrations produced by retention pins in amalgam restorations. Photoelastic models of pin-amalgam restorations were constructed to simulate different pin-dentin-amalgam relationships. The stress-raising effect of a pin is influenced by the axial stiffness of the pin and its capability of bonding with the amalgam. The stress produced by a very stiff non-bonded pin could cause failure of the restoration.", "PMID": 370168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_798", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XVIII: synthesis of a polyfunctional surface-active comonomer.", "content": "An oligomeric diglycidyl ether was allowed to react first with one mole of acrylic acid and then with one half mole of lithium o-aminobenzoate. The nature of the complex product was estimated by probability statistics. This appears to be the best method, so far, for synthesis of a PolySAC (poly-functional surface-active comonomer).", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XVIII: synthesis of a polyfunctional surface-active comonomer. An oligomeric diglycidyl ether was allowed to react first with one mole of acrylic acid and then with one half mole of lithium o-aminobenzoate. The nature of the complex product was estimated by probability statistics. This appears to be the best method, so far, for synthesis of a PolySAC (poly-functional surface-active comonomer).", "PMID": 370169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_799", "title": "A randomised controlled trial of the effect on middle-aged men of advice to stop smoking.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial of smoking cessation is reported in 1445 male smokers aged 40-59 at high risk of cardiorespiratory disease. The 714 men in the intervention group were recalled for a series of personal interviews with a doctor. After one year, 51% of the intervention group reported that they were not smoking any cigarettes, and most of the others reported a reduction. Compared with the \"normal care\" group, the men in the intervention group showed a decline in the prevalence of sputum production and dyspnoea; ventilatory function did not improve but its rate of decline was significantly slowed. There were no evident effects on blood pressure levels, nor on electrocardiographic findings over three years, nor on sickness absence over one year. Mortality follow-up has continued for an average of 7.9 years; 98 (13.7%) of the intervention group have died, compared with 94 (12.9%) of the \"normal care\" group. The 95% confidence limits on mortality range from 2.63% in favour of intervention to 4.37% in favour of normal care. The power of the trial has been reduced by smoking cessation in the \"normal care\" group. It is concluded that smoking cessation in these middle-aged men improved the symptoms and progress of chronic bronchitis; but the reversibility of the risk of cigarettes to the smoker's life may have been overestimated in observational studies.", "contents": "A randomised controlled trial of the effect on middle-aged men of advice to stop smoking. A randomised controlled trial of smoking cessation is reported in 1445 male smokers aged 40-59 at high risk of cardiorespiratory disease. The 714 men in the intervention group were recalled for a series of personal interviews with a doctor. After one year, 51% of the intervention group reported that they were not smoking any cigarettes, and most of the others reported a reduction. Compared with the \"normal care\" group, the men in the intervention group showed a decline in the prevalence of sputum production and dyspnoea; ventilatory function did not improve but its rate of decline was significantly slowed. There were no evident effects on blood pressure levels, nor on electrocardiographic findings over three years, nor on sickness absence over one year. Mortality follow-up has continued for an average of 7.9 years; 98 (13.7%) of the intervention group have died, compared with 94 (12.9%) of the \"normal care\" group. The 95% confidence limits on mortality range from 2.63% in favour of intervention to 4.37% in favour of normal care. The power of the trial has been reduced by smoking cessation in the \"normal care\" group. It is concluded that smoking cessation in these middle-aged men improved the symptoms and progress of chronic bronchitis; but the reversibility of the risk of cigarettes to the smoker's life may have been overestimated in observational studies.", "PMID": 370171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_800", "title": "A double-blind crossover comparison of topical anesthetics.", "content": "Three topical anesthetics and a placebo were compared in 102 separate trials. The degree of anesthesia produced with each agent was determined by placing a needle in the palate near the palatal foramen. Pain produced was rated by the participants on a scale from 1 to 5.", "contents": "A double-blind crossover comparison of topical anesthetics. Three topical anesthetics and a placebo were compared in 102 separate trials. The degree of anesthesia produced with each agent was determined by placing a needle in the palate near the palatal foramen. Pain produced was rated by the participants on a scale from 1 to 5.", "PMID": 370178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_801", "title": "How to maintain quality in economy dentures.", "content": "A method for constructing custom dentures using minimum time at the chair is described. Efficiency with this or any technique is gained only through experience. Although there are many ways of achieving the same goal, the basic principles of sound prosthodontic procedures must be followed for the service to be professionally acceptable.", "contents": "How to maintain quality in economy dentures. A method for constructing custom dentures using minimum time at the chair is described. Efficiency with this or any technique is gained only through experience. Although there are many ways of achieving the same goal, the basic principles of sound prosthodontic procedures must be followed for the service to be professionally acceptable.", "PMID": 370179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_802", "title": "Review of training and evaluation studies in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries.", "content": "A review of the literature on research in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries is presented. Summaries of each of the training and evaluation studies sponsored by both private and government agencies are given. Wide variation in research methods of these studies and the failure to report important details make it difficult to interpret and use the research findings. Results from all studies indicate that dental auxiliaries can, with the proper training, perform selected reversible and irreversible dental procedures at an acceptable level of quality. Future research should be conducted in private practice settings and in new oral health care delivery systems with various configurations of expanded function dental auxiliaries.", "contents": "Review of training and evaluation studies in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries. A review of the literature on research in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries is presented. Summaries of each of the training and evaluation studies sponsored by both private and government agencies are given. Wide variation in research methods of these studies and the failure to report important details make it difficult to interpret and use the research findings. Results from all studies indicate that dental auxiliaries can, with the proper training, perform selected reversible and irreversible dental procedures at an acceptable level of quality. Future research should be conducted in private practice settings and in new oral health care delivery systems with various configurations of expanded function dental auxiliaries.", "PMID": 370180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_803", "title": "Free vascularized bone grafts in surgery of the upper extremity.", "content": "Free vascularized fibular grafts were employed in five patients with segmental bone defects following trauma or resection of tumors of the upper extremity with excellent results in three patients and satisfactory results in two. No donor site morbidity was experienced. A comparison with rib and iliac crest grafts indicates that the fibula is more suitable for reconstruction of long bone defects. The advantages of this technique are stability without sacrificing viability and a shorter immobilization period with more rapid incorporation and hypertrophy of the graft. The disadvantages are prolonged operating time, difficulty in assessing patency of anastamoses in the immediate postoperative period, and sacrifice of a major vessel in the lower extremity.", "contents": "Free vascularized bone grafts in surgery of the upper extremity. Free vascularized fibular grafts were employed in five patients with segmental bone defects following trauma or resection of tumors of the upper extremity with excellent results in three patients and satisfactory results in two. No donor site morbidity was experienced. A comparison with rib and iliac crest grafts indicates that the fibula is more suitable for reconstruction of long bone defects. The advantages of this technique are stability without sacrificing viability and a shorter immobilization period with more rapid incorporation and hypertrophy of the graft. The disadvantages are prolonged operating time, difficulty in assessing patency of anastamoses in the immediate postoperative period, and sacrifice of a major vessel in the lower extremity.", "PMID": 370187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_804", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst involving the hand: a review and report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst occurred in the hand. One involved the distal phalanx and followed a crushing injury to the tip of the finger; amputation of the part resulted in cure. The other involved almost all of the first metacarpal and was resected and replaced by an iliac bone graft. The appearance of an aneurysmal bone cyst in roentgenograms and after angiography usually is not diagnostic, although benign, progressive growth and potential for recurrence require complete removal.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst involving the hand: a review and report of two cases. Two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst occurred in the hand. One involved the distal phalanx and followed a crushing injury to the tip of the finger; amputation of the part resulted in cure. The other involved almost all of the first metacarpal and was resected and replaced by an iliac bone graft. The appearance of an aneurysmal bone cyst in roentgenograms and after angiography usually is not diagnostic, although benign, progressive growth and potential for recurrence require complete removal.", "PMID": 370188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_805", "title": "Molecular characteristic of antibodies in the blood serum and in the lymph nodes during fractional immunization with small doses of bacterial vaccines.", "content": "An experiment on 58 rabbits demonstrated that only macromolecular agglutinins 19S are present in extracts from the lymph nodes after fractional immunization with small doses of typhoid vaccine or some dysentery vaccine. At the same time, antibodies in the blood serum are distributed in fractions of different molecular weight, starting from the 14th day of experiment. It is very probable that this distribution of antibodies is associated with the occurrence in the blood of an inhibitor of the activity of macromolecular antibodies.", "contents": "Molecular characteristic of antibodies in the blood serum and in the lymph nodes during fractional immunization with small doses of bacterial vaccines. An experiment on 58 rabbits demonstrated that only macromolecular agglutinins 19S are present in extracts from the lymph nodes after fractional immunization with small doses of typhoid vaccine or some dysentery vaccine. At the same time, antibodies in the blood serum are distributed in fractions of different molecular weight, starting from the 14th day of experiment. It is very probable that this distribution of antibodies is associated with the occurrence in the blood of an inhibitor of the activity of macromolecular antibodies.", "PMID": 370307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_806", "title": "An immunofluorescence assay for human antibodies to Ross River virus.", "content": "A rapid reliable immunofluorescence assay for antibodies to Ross River virus has been developed. Its particular benefit is in aiding a differential diagnosis to be made by rapid detection of IgM antibodies to this virus.", "contents": "An immunofluorescence assay for human antibodies to Ross River virus. A rapid reliable immunofluorescence assay for antibodies to Ross River virus has been developed. Its particular benefit is in aiding a differential diagnosis to be made by rapid detection of IgM antibodies to this virus.", "PMID": 370308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_807", "title": "Preparation of stable erythrocyte target cells suitable for detection of the antibody response to the haptens azobenzenearsonate, azophenyltrimethylammonium and azophenylphosphorylcholine by plaque-forming cell assay.", "content": "The preparation of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which have been sensitized with the haptens azobenzenearsonate, phosphorylcholine and azophenyltrimethylammonium, and are suitable for use in a plaque-forming cell assay, is described. Each hapten is first coupled to a phenolic imidoester (methyl-p-hydroxybenzimidate) and the substituted imidoesters are employed to prepare target SRBC. Details are presented concerning synthesis and purification of the imidoesters, as well as conditions for coupling to SRBC. The hapten-SRBC prepared by this method are very stable and offer significant advantages over other procedures for coupling these haptens to red blood cells.", "contents": "Preparation of stable erythrocyte target cells suitable for detection of the antibody response to the haptens azobenzenearsonate, azophenyltrimethylammonium and azophenylphosphorylcholine by plaque-forming cell assay. The preparation of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which have been sensitized with the haptens azobenzenearsonate, phosphorylcholine and azophenyltrimethylammonium, and are suitable for use in a plaque-forming cell assay, is described. Each hapten is first coupled to a phenolic imidoester (methyl-p-hydroxybenzimidate) and the substituted imidoesters are employed to prepare target SRBC. Details are presented concerning synthesis and purification of the imidoesters, as well as conditions for coupling to SRBC. The hapten-SRBC prepared by this method are very stable and offer significant advantages over other procedures for coupling these haptens to red blood cells.", "PMID": 370309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_808", "title": "Luminescence immunoassay (LIA): a solid-phase immunoassay monitored by chemiluminescence.", "content": "A luminescence immunoassay (LIA) has been developed utilizing the chemiluminescent luminol reaction with heme as catalyst. Rabbit antibody against human serum albumin was quantitated in antigen coated plastic tubes using commercially available goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase which was the source of heme. The measurable range of antibody is considerably wider by LIA than by enzyme immunoassays. The time to develop and measure activity is short and constant which makes LIA suitable for automation. In its present form, LIA is slightly less sensitive but has better day-to-day reproducibility than corresponding enzymes immunoassays.", "contents": "Luminescence immunoassay (LIA): a solid-phase immunoassay monitored by chemiluminescence. A luminescence immunoassay (LIA) has been developed utilizing the chemiluminescent luminol reaction with heme as catalyst. Rabbit antibody against human serum albumin was quantitated in antigen coated plastic tubes using commercially available goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase which was the source of heme. The measurable range of antibody is considerably wider by LIA than by enzyme immunoassays. The time to develop and measure activity is short and constant which makes LIA suitable for automation. In its present form, LIA is slightly less sensitive but has better day-to-day reproducibility than corresponding enzymes immunoassays.", "PMID": 370310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_809", "title": "Purification of peroxidase-conjugated antibody for enzyme immunoassay by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A.", "content": "Preparation of peroxidase-conjugated antibody contaminated with very small amounts of unconjugated antibody for highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays is described. The purification process is dependent upon the differential affinity of antibody and peroxidase-conjugated antibody for concanavalin A (Con A). Application of peroxidase and radioactive labelled IgG alone or as a mixture to Con A-Sepharose columns showed that 62-83% of IgG and 0% of peroxidase could be eluted under starting conditions, while 70-83% of peroxidase and about 6% of IgG could be eluted with appropriate buffer. The contamination of the conjugate with unconjugated antibody is dependent on the ratio of conjugated to unconjugated antibody in the mixture to be purified. Using this procedure on IgG conjugated with peroxidase with a ratio of unconjugated to conjugated IgG of about 2 : 1 a preparation was obtained where the ratio was changed to 0.1 : 1.", "contents": "Purification of peroxidase-conjugated antibody for enzyme immunoassay by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A. Preparation of peroxidase-conjugated antibody contaminated with very small amounts of unconjugated antibody for highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays is described. The purification process is dependent upon the differential affinity of antibody and peroxidase-conjugated antibody for concanavalin A (Con A). Application of peroxidase and radioactive labelled IgG alone or as a mixture to Con A-Sepharose columns showed that 62-83% of IgG and 0% of peroxidase could be eluted under starting conditions, while 70-83% of peroxidase and about 6% of IgG could be eluted with appropriate buffer. The contamination of the conjugate with unconjugated antibody is dependent on the ratio of conjugated to unconjugated antibody in the mixture to be purified. Using this procedure on IgG conjugated with peroxidase with a ratio of unconjugated to conjugated IgG of about 2 : 1 a preparation was obtained where the ratio was changed to 0.1 : 1.", "PMID": 370311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_810", "title": "Human monocyte chemotaxis: a quantitative in vivo technique.", "content": "This report describes a new quantitative technique for evaluating monocyte chemotaxis to a site of superficial epidermal abrasion. Micro-acrylic chambers containing 50% Zymosan activated autologous serum were separated from a 5-mm diameter epidermal abrasion by 2 Nucleopore filters which entrapped migrating monocytes but allowed free neutrophil migration. Monocytes were specifically identified by alpha napthyl acetate esterase activity. Monocytes accumulated within the filters by 4 hr and maximized at 16 and 20 hr. This technique is superior to previous skin chamber techniques in the high yield of monocytes and in specific histochemical identification of monocytes. In contrast to the Rebuck window, it does not generate attractants and has greater reproducibility. This technique will be useful in the study of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, in contrasting the function of peripheral blood monocytes to those available in the skin, and in testing the effects of drugs, immunodeficiency and infection on monocyte function in vivo.", "contents": "Human monocyte chemotaxis: a quantitative in vivo technique. This report describes a new quantitative technique for evaluating monocyte chemotaxis to a site of superficial epidermal abrasion. Micro-acrylic chambers containing 50% Zymosan activated autologous serum were separated from a 5-mm diameter epidermal abrasion by 2 Nucleopore filters which entrapped migrating monocytes but allowed free neutrophil migration. Monocytes were specifically identified by alpha napthyl acetate esterase activity. Monocytes accumulated within the filters by 4 hr and maximized at 16 and 20 hr. This technique is superior to previous skin chamber techniques in the high yield of monocytes and in specific histochemical identification of monocytes. In contrast to the Rebuck window, it does not generate attractants and has greater reproducibility. This technique will be useful in the study of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, in contrasting the function of peripheral blood monocytes to those available in the skin, and in testing the effects of drugs, immunodeficiency and infection on monocyte function in vivo.", "PMID": 370315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_811", "title": "Subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In recent years, evidence from several laboratories has indicated that various subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus exist. Some of these subsets have distinctive mucocutaneous features but more importantly they have different prevalence of renal disease--thus different prognosis. These subsets are defined by the specificity of the serum antibodies the SLE patient possesses.", "contents": "Subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus. In recent years, evidence from several laboratories has indicated that various subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus exist. Some of these subsets have distinctive mucocutaneous features but more importantly they have different prevalence of renal disease--thus different prognosis. These subsets are defined by the specificity of the serum antibodies the SLE patient possesses.", "PMID": 370316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_812", "title": "A microprocessor controlled timing device for cardiac electrical stimulation.", "content": "A microcomputer controlled device for delivering precisely timed stimuli to cardiac chambers is described. Stimulation patterns are determined by software, rather than hardware design, resulting in enhanced flexibility. Additionally, by providing timing inputs to conventional laboratory stimulators, this instrument can convert these limited use devices into ones capable of generating complex cardiac stimulation patterns at moderate cost.", "contents": "A microprocessor controlled timing device for cardiac electrical stimulation. A microcomputer controlled device for delivering precisely timed stimuli to cardiac chambers is described. Stimulation patterns are determined by software, rather than hardware design, resulting in enhanced flexibility. Additionally, by providing timing inputs to conventional laboratory stimulators, this instrument can convert these limited use devices into ones capable of generating complex cardiac stimulation patterns at moderate cost.", "PMID": 370321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_813", "title": "A method for isolating uncontaminated nuclei from all stages of developing Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "A method for isolating nuclei from Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. This procedure enables the isolation of nuclei, free from contamination with yolk and pigment granules, at all stages of embryoic development. Using this method the nuclear yield is 60--70% of the estimated number of cells in the embryo. The DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone protein content of these nuclei during embryogenesis (from early cleavage to the swimming tadpole stage) has been measured.", "contents": "A method for isolating uncontaminated nuclei from all stages of developing Xenopus laevis embryos. A method for isolating nuclei from Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. This procedure enables the isolation of nuclei, free from contamination with yolk and pigment granules, at all stages of embryoic development. Using this method the nuclear yield is 60--70% of the estimated number of cells in the embryo. The DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone protein content of these nuclei during embryogenesis (from early cleavage to the swimming tadpole stage) has been measured.", "PMID": 370328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_814", "title": "Cell contacts and sorting out in vivo: the behaviour of some embryonic tissues implanted into the developing chick wing.", "content": "The interaction of cells from embryonic liver, neural retina and mesonephros with cells from limb-bud mesenchyme has been investigated in vivo by grafting these tissues into the developing chick wing-bud. The implanted cells were in all cases from quail tissue which can be recognized histologically. As embryonic liver and neural tube are tissues that sort externally to limb-bud mesenchyme in mixed aggregates, it would be expected, from a differential adhesiveness hypothesis, that heterotypic adhesions along the borders of graft and host would be favoured over cell-cell adhesions in the graft. No morphological signs of this were evident: rather the grafted cells maximized like-like contacts. The cells of the grafts, including those from control mesenchyme, did not invade into the wing. The results were the same irrespective of whether the graft was a fragment of tissue or a pellet of reaggregated cells. This supports the idea that cells within tissues are not actively moving around and also provides controls for assaying the invasiveness of other cell types, such as malignant cells into the wing.", "contents": "Cell contacts and sorting out in vivo: the behaviour of some embryonic tissues implanted into the developing chick wing. The interaction of cells from embryonic liver, neural retina and mesonephros with cells from limb-bud mesenchyme has been investigated in vivo by grafting these tissues into the developing chick wing-bud. The implanted cells were in all cases from quail tissue which can be recognized histologically. As embryonic liver and neural tube are tissues that sort externally to limb-bud mesenchyme in mixed aggregates, it would be expected, from a differential adhesiveness hypothesis, that heterotypic adhesions along the borders of graft and host would be favoured over cell-cell adhesions in the graft. No morphological signs of this were evident: rather the grafted cells maximized like-like contacts. The cells of the grafts, including those from control mesenchyme, did not invade into the wing. The results were the same irrespective of whether the graft was a fragment of tissue or a pellet of reaggregated cells. This supports the idea that cells within tissues are not actively moving around and also provides controls for assaying the invasiveness of other cell types, such as malignant cells into the wing.", "PMID": 370329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_815", "title": "Toxicity studies with decamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide.", "content": "Decamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that has been under investigation by the World Health Organization for use in some vector control programs. Decamethrin proved to be a highly toxic pyrethroid ester. The acute LD50 for adult female rats was 31 mg/kg by the oral route and 4 mg/kg by the intravenous route of administration. The LD50 was observed to be sex and age dependent, with higher values recorded for weanlings and males. Initial signs of decamethrin poisoning include profuse salivation and convulsive movements. Weakness, dyspnea, anorexia and staining of the fur were observed beyond the first day following compound administration. Absorption of decamethrin was rapid by the inhalation route and minimal by the dermal route of administration. No evidence of teratogenic activity was found in rats or mice at dose levels that produced marked maternal toxicity, and no persistent toxicity was observed in neonatal rats that received perinatal exposure to decamethrin. No mutagenic activity was detected in three different in vitro assays, with or without metabolic activation.", "contents": "Toxicity studies with decamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Decamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that has been under investigation by the World Health Organization for use in some vector control programs. Decamethrin proved to be a highly toxic pyrethroid ester. The acute LD50 for adult female rats was 31 mg/kg by the oral route and 4 mg/kg by the intravenous route of administration. The LD50 was observed to be sex and age dependent, with higher values recorded for weanlings and males. Initial signs of decamethrin poisoning include profuse salivation and convulsive movements. Weakness, dyspnea, anorexia and staining of the fur were observed beyond the first day following compound administration. Absorption of decamethrin was rapid by the inhalation route and minimal by the dermal route of administration. No evidence of teratogenic activity was found in rats or mice at dose levels that produced marked maternal toxicity, and no persistent toxicity was observed in neonatal rats that received perinatal exposure to decamethrin. No mutagenic activity was detected in three different in vitro assays, with or without metabolic activation.", "PMID": 370325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_816", "title": "Investigation of the potency of cells from the postimplantation mouse embryo by blastocyst injection: a preliminary report.", "content": "Chimaeric conceptuses have been produced by injection of 5 1/2-and 6 1/2-day extra-embryonic ectoderm and 5 1/2-day embryonic and extra-embryonic endoderm into 3 1/2-day mouse blastocysts. Extra-embryonic ectoderm cells contributed only to the ectoplacental cone and/or trophoblast giant cell fractions, reflecting the probable trophectoderm origin of these cells. Proximal (visceral) endoderm cells overlying both the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm contributed cells only to the endoderm of the visceral yolk sac, indicating that the definitive embryonic endoderm has not formed by 5 1/2 days p.c.", "contents": "Investigation of the potency of cells from the postimplantation mouse embryo by blastocyst injection: a preliminary report. Chimaeric conceptuses have been produced by injection of 5 1/2-and 6 1/2-day extra-embryonic ectoderm and 5 1/2-day embryonic and extra-embryonic endoderm into 3 1/2-day mouse blastocysts. Extra-embryonic ectoderm cells contributed only to the ectoplacental cone and/or trophoblast giant cell fractions, reflecting the probable trophectoderm origin of these cells. Proximal (visceral) endoderm cells overlying both the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm contributed cells only to the endoderm of the visceral yolk sac, indicating that the definitive embryonic endoderm has not formed by 5 1/2 days p.c.", "PMID": 370330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_817", "title": "Lead retention in ancient Nubian and contemporary populations.", "content": "The lead concentration in bone and tooth has been determined in 105 well-preserved Nubian skeletons from the period 3300 B.C. - 750 A.D., as well as in 17 individuals from present-day Denmark. The analyses were performed blind in two different laboratories, and the results were in close agreement. Compared to contemporary lead levels in Denmark, the oldest Nubian bones contained about 10 times less lead, while the teeth contained about 30 times less lead. Small increases in lead retention of Nubians during historical time periods were associated with early uses of lead.", "contents": "Lead retention in ancient Nubian and contemporary populations. The lead concentration in bone and tooth has been determined in 105 well-preserved Nubian skeletons from the period 3300 B.C. - 750 A.D., as well as in 17 individuals from present-day Denmark. The analyses were performed blind in two different laboratories, and the results were in close agreement. Compared to contemporary lead levels in Denmark, the oldest Nubian bones contained about 10 times less lead, while the teeth contained about 30 times less lead. Small increases in lead retention of Nubians during historical time periods were associated with early uses of lead.", "PMID": 370326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_818", "title": "Cocaine and benzoylecgonine excretion in humans.", "content": "Maximal urinary excretion of unchanged cocaine occurred within 2 h of the intranasal absorption of 1.5 mg/kg body weight of cocaine hydrochloride, and diminished rapidly thereafter. Excretion of benzoylecgonine was maximal 4 to 8 h following administration of the drug and diminished slowly over an interval of several days. Peak cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations observed were 24 and 75 microgram/ml, respectively. Benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratios were too varied to allow estimation of cocaine concentrations from benzoylecgonine concentration data or vice versa. Benzoylecgonine concentrations generally exceeded the corresponding cocaine values by a wide margin, but excretion of free cocaine in the absence of benzoylecgonine was observed in one subject. Cocaine was generally detected for only approximately 8 h, and for a maximum of 12 h, whereas benzoylecgonine was generally detected by chromatographic or enzyme immunologic assays for 48 to 72 h. Benzoylecgonine was positively identified in urine by raidoimmunoassay for 96 to 144 h after dosing.", "contents": "Cocaine and benzoylecgonine excretion in humans. Maximal urinary excretion of unchanged cocaine occurred within 2 h of the intranasal absorption of 1.5 mg/kg body weight of cocaine hydrochloride, and diminished rapidly thereafter. Excretion of benzoylecgonine was maximal 4 to 8 h following administration of the drug and diminished slowly over an interval of several days. Peak cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations observed were 24 and 75 microgram/ml, respectively. Benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratios were too varied to allow estimation of cocaine concentrations from benzoylecgonine concentration data or vice versa. Benzoylecgonine concentrations generally exceeded the corresponding cocaine values by a wide margin, but excretion of free cocaine in the absence of benzoylecgonine was observed in one subject. Cocaine was generally detected for only approximately 8 h, and for a maximum of 12 h, whereas benzoylecgonine was generally detected by chromatographic or enzyme immunologic assays for 48 to 72 h. Benzoylecgonine was positively identified in urine by raidoimmunoassay for 96 to 144 h after dosing.", "PMID": 370332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_819", "title": "The use of step enzymes as markers during meiosis and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The activities of ornithine aminotransferase, sucrase and acid and alkaline phosphatases have been studied throughout sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The same enzymes were monitored during synchronous vegetative growth. Each of these enzymes has been demonstrated to increase in a 'step' manner during both growth and sporulation. Alkaline phosphatase increased in a two-step manner whereas the others increased in a single step. The times of increase of these enzymes formed a similar sequence during both sporulation and growth. It has been proposed that these enzymes are under a common mechanism of control during growth and sporulation and that the sequence of enzyme appearance may be used as markers of the sporulation process.", "contents": "The use of step enzymes as markers during meiosis and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activities of ornithine aminotransferase, sucrase and acid and alkaline phosphatases have been studied throughout sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The same enzymes were monitored during synchronous vegetative growth. Each of these enzymes has been demonstrated to increase in a 'step' manner during both growth and sporulation. Alkaline phosphatase increased in a two-step manner whereas the others increased in a single step. The times of increase of these enzymes formed a similar sequence during both sporulation and growth. It has been proposed that these enzymes are under a common mechanism of control during growth and sporulation and that the sequence of enzyme appearance may be used as markers of the sporulation process.", "PMID": 370342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_820", "title": "Relationships between strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subspp. mycoides and capri studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cell proteins.", "content": "Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides have been divided into small colony (SC) and large colony (LC) types (Cottew & Yeats, 1978). The protein patterns of representative strains of these two types and of M. mycoides subsp. capri were compared by a high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoretic method. The results suggest that the LC strains are more closely related to M. mycoides subsp. capri than to the SC strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides.", "contents": "Relationships between strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subspp. mycoides and capri studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cell proteins. Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides have been divided into small colony (SC) and large colony (LC) types (Cottew & Yeats, 1978). The protein patterns of representative strains of these two types and of M. mycoides subsp. capri were compared by a high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoretic method. The results suggest that the LC strains are more closely related to M. mycoides subsp. capri than to the SC strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides.", "PMID": 370343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_821", "title": "Thermosensitive H1 plasmids determining citrate utilization.", "content": "Twelve thermosensitive H1 plasmids from strains of Salmonella typhi that had caused outbreaks of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam, Thailand and India mediated citrate utilization (Cit+) in a prototrophic Escherichia coli K12 strain but not in the S. typhi strains from which they were derived. Four H1 plasmids from a similar outbreak in Mexico differed from the Far Eastern plasmids in not mediating citrate utlization but in mediating mercury resistance. H1 plasmids resembling the Far Eastern and the Mexican plasmids in regard to citrate utilization and mercury resistance were found in sewage in Britain. Citrate utilization was transferred to eight pathogenic strains of E. coli and to one strain each of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. Cultures of Cit+ bacteria grew more rapidly in citrate media at 28 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Plasmid mutants that were more efficient at utilizing citrate were present in all such cultures--they grew equally well or better at 37 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. None of 222 strains of E. coli or Shigella that contained a variety of different plasmids were able to utilize citrate. This property was not transferred to the prototrophic E. coli K12 strain from Citrobacter (3 strains), Salmonella (39 strains), Proteus (44 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (33 strains) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44 strains).", "contents": "Thermosensitive H1 plasmids determining citrate utilization. Twelve thermosensitive H1 plasmids from strains of Salmonella typhi that had caused outbreaks of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam, Thailand and India mediated citrate utilization (Cit+) in a prototrophic Escherichia coli K12 strain but not in the S. typhi strains from which they were derived. Four H1 plasmids from a similar outbreak in Mexico differed from the Far Eastern plasmids in not mediating citrate utlization but in mediating mercury resistance. H1 plasmids resembling the Far Eastern and the Mexican plasmids in regard to citrate utilization and mercury resistance were found in sewage in Britain. Citrate utilization was transferred to eight pathogenic strains of E. coli and to one strain each of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. Cultures of Cit+ bacteria grew more rapidly in citrate media at 28 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Plasmid mutants that were more efficient at utilizing citrate were present in all such cultures--they grew equally well or better at 37 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. None of 222 strains of E. coli or Shigella that contained a variety of different plasmids were able to utilize citrate. This property was not transferred to the prototrophic E. coli K12 strain from Citrobacter (3 strains), Salmonella (39 strains), Proteus (44 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (33 strains) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44 strains).", "PMID": 370344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_822", "title": "Chromosomal location of the mop (groE) gene necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis in escherichia coli.", "content": "The chromosomal location of a host gene, mop (groE), which is essential for the morphogenesis of several bacteriophages in Escherichia coli, was determined by two- and three-factor transductional crosses using phage P1. Cotransduction frequencies beteen mop and other markers were: aspA, 90%; ampA, 77%; frdA, 73%; mel, 24%. The sequence of markers in the corresponding segment (mel to purA; 91.5 to 93.5 min) of the E. coli linkage map was shown to be mel--aspA--mop(groE)--ampA--frdA--pur A.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of the mop (groE) gene necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis in escherichia coli. The chromosomal location of a host gene, mop (groE), which is essential for the morphogenesis of several bacteriophages in Escherichia coli, was determined by two- and three-factor transductional crosses using phage P1. Cotransduction frequencies beteen mop and other markers were: aspA, 90%; ampA, 77%; frdA, 73%; mel, 24%. The sequence of markers in the corresponding segment (mel to purA; 91.5 to 93.5 min) of the E. coli linkage map was shown to be mel--aspA--mop(groE)--ampA--frdA--pur A.", "PMID": 370345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_823", "title": "Formation of concatemeric DNA as an intermediate in the replication of bacteriophage T1 DNA molecules.", "content": "The structure of intracellular DNA extracted from phage T1 infected cells was analysed by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. DNA labelled with 3H-dThd during a short pulse given at any time during T1 DNA synthesis sedimented in neutral gradients as a broad heterogeneous band with a large fraction of the label sedimenting more rapidly than mature T1 DNA molecules. Rapidly-sedimenting label was also observed when pulse-labelled DNA was denatured and analysed on alkaline sucrose gradients. Electron microscopy of intracellular T1 DNA revealed linear molecules of variable length the longest of which were three to four times the mature genome length. The distribution of lengths derived from electron microscopy are consistent with the molecular length distributions calculated from the sedimentation coefficients. We conclude that the rapidly-sedimenting DNA is in the form of concatemers consisting of linear tandem repeats of the T1 genome. The concatemeric form of replicating T1 DNA is a precursor of progeny T1 genomes since in pulse-chase experiments it was converted efficiently into mature, infectious T1 phage particles. The identification of this concatemeric form of T1 DNA provides supporting evidence for the model proposed by Gill & MacHattie (1976) to account for the formation of the very limited number of cyclic permutations of gene sequence found for mature T1 DNA molecules.", "contents": "Formation of concatemeric DNA as an intermediate in the replication of bacteriophage T1 DNA molecules. The structure of intracellular DNA extracted from phage T1 infected cells was analysed by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. DNA labelled with 3H-dThd during a short pulse given at any time during T1 DNA synthesis sedimented in neutral gradients as a broad heterogeneous band with a large fraction of the label sedimenting more rapidly than mature T1 DNA molecules. Rapidly-sedimenting label was also observed when pulse-labelled DNA was denatured and analysed on alkaline sucrose gradients. Electron microscopy of intracellular T1 DNA revealed linear molecules of variable length the longest of which were three to four times the mature genome length. The distribution of lengths derived from electron microscopy are consistent with the molecular length distributions calculated from the sedimentation coefficients. We conclude that the rapidly-sedimenting DNA is in the form of concatemers consisting of linear tandem repeats of the T1 genome. The concatemeric form of replicating T1 DNA is a precursor of progeny T1 genomes since in pulse-chase experiments it was converted efficiently into mature, infectious T1 phage particles. The identification of this concatemeric form of T1 DNA provides supporting evidence for the model proposed by Gill & MacHattie (1976) to account for the formation of the very limited number of cyclic permutations of gene sequence found for mature T1 DNA molecules.", "PMID": 370347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_824", "title": "Experiences with L-deprenyl in Parkinsonism.", "content": "In about 2/3 of the cases studied (152 patients), the combination of deprenyl and the substitution-therapy has a favourable effect as it tends to normalize motor activity. Although the administering of deprenyl renders neither L-Dopa nor the decarboxylase inhibitor superfluous, their side effects can be slightly reduced as their dose is reduced. Therefore it is advised to give all patients a trial with this drug.", "contents": "Experiences with L-deprenyl in Parkinsonism. In about 2/3 of the cases studied (152 patients), the combination of deprenyl and the substitution-therapy has a favourable effect as it tends to normalize motor activity. Although the administering of deprenyl renders neither L-Dopa nor the decarboxylase inhibitor superfluous, their side effects can be slightly reduced as their dose is reduced. Therefore it is advised to give all patients a trial with this drug.", "PMID": 370348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_825", "title": "Physiological study of presumed ventralis intermedius neurons in the human thalamus.", "content": "Unitary or a group of unitary responses recorded extracellularly in the rostral part of the thalamic sensory nucleus during the course of thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other kinds of tremor were studied. They were the first sensory neurons encountered in the frontocaudal approach of the stereotaxic needle to the therapeutic target at the lower border of the ventralis intermedius nucleus. The spike discharges, isolated from high neural noise background, responded to passive and/or active movement of joint or muscle on the contralateral extremity but never to light tactile stimuli. In five cases, electrical stimulation of the corresponding peripheral nerves elicited the same spike discharge at short and fixed latency of about 12 msec. Weak electrical stimulation given to each thalamic point produced paresthetic or electric sensation around the receptive field, and stronger stimulation induced tremor-like movement in the area involving the receptive field. Finally, a small coagulation lesion in this thalamic point resulted in immediate relief of tremor without any sensory deficit. From these findings, the possibility is considered that in the human, this particular thalamic zone could be the ventralis intermedius nucleus, which is separable from the surrounding nuclei and is related to tremor mechanism.", "contents": "Physiological study of presumed ventralis intermedius neurons in the human thalamus. Unitary or a group of unitary responses recorded extracellularly in the rostral part of the thalamic sensory nucleus during the course of thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other kinds of tremor were studied. They were the first sensory neurons encountered in the frontocaudal approach of the stereotaxic needle to the therapeutic target at the lower border of the ventralis intermedius nucleus. The spike discharges, isolated from high neural noise background, responded to passive and/or active movement of joint or muscle on the contralateral extremity but never to light tactile stimuli. In five cases, electrical stimulation of the corresponding peripheral nerves elicited the same spike discharge at short and fixed latency of about 12 msec. Weak electrical stimulation given to each thalamic point produced paresthetic or electric sensation around the receptive field, and stronger stimulation induced tremor-like movement in the area involving the receptive field. Finally, a small coagulation lesion in this thalamic point resulted in immediate relief of tremor without any sensory deficit. From these findings, the possibility is considered that in the human, this particular thalamic zone could be the ventralis intermedius nucleus, which is separable from the surrounding nuclei and is related to tremor mechanism.", "PMID": 370349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_826", "title": "Further data on the acute effect of intravenous steroids on canine CSF secretion and absorption.", "content": "Considerable difference of opinion has arisen as to whether intravenously administered steroids affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production in the acute laboratory animal undergoing ventriculocisternal perfusion. Our experiments with ventriculocisternal perfusion in dogs indicate that, when given intravenously, neither dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, nor aldosterone result in a significant, acute effect upon CSF production. Similarly, CSF absorption and outflow resistance mechanisms are not acutely affected by intravenous methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and aldosterone. Dexamethasone also probably does not produce an immediate effect upon CSF absorption.", "contents": "Further data on the acute effect of intravenous steroids on canine CSF secretion and absorption. Considerable difference of opinion has arisen as to whether intravenously administered steroids affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production in the acute laboratory animal undergoing ventriculocisternal perfusion. Our experiments with ventriculocisternal perfusion in dogs indicate that, when given intravenously, neither dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, nor aldosterone result in a significant, acute effect upon CSF production. Similarly, CSF absorption and outflow resistance mechanisms are not acutely affected by intravenous methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and aldosterone. Dexamethasone also probably does not produce an immediate effect upon CSF absorption.", "PMID": 370350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_827", "title": "Group B beta hemolytic streptococcal sepsis and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: a comparison.", "content": "The clinical features of 27 patients with early onset group B beta hemolytic streptococcus sepsis were reviewed. Fifteen presented with a clinical pattern indistinguishable from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and were compared with 15 patients with IRDS. Rupture of membranes for greater than 12 hours prior to delivery occurred more often in patients with GBS (33%) than in the patients with IRDS (16%). Hypotension was more commonly seen in the patients with GBS (56%) than in the patients with IRDS (36%). There was no difference in the incidence of apnea or the respirator peak inspiratory pressure requirements between the two groups of patients, but there was a tendency for a decline in the total white blood cell count in the first 24 hours of life in those patients with GBS sepsis.", "contents": "Group B beta hemolytic streptococcal sepsis and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: a comparison. The clinical features of 27 patients with early onset group B beta hemolytic streptococcus sepsis were reviewed. Fifteen presented with a clinical pattern indistinguishable from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and were compared with 15 patients with IRDS. Rupture of membranes for greater than 12 hours prior to delivery occurred more often in patients with GBS (33%) than in the patients with IRDS (16%). Hypotension was more commonly seen in the patients with GBS (56%) than in the patients with IRDS (36%). There was no difference in the incidence of apnea or the respirator peak inspiratory pressure requirements between the two groups of patients, but there was a tendency for a decline in the total white blood cell count in the first 24 hours of life in those patients with GBS sepsis.", "PMID": 370355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_828", "title": "Epidemiologic and bacteriologic evaluation of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in our neonatal unit has varied from 4.7% to zero to 4.4% during three time periods. Simultaneously, significant changes have occurred in the spectrum of bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract of unaffected infants in the same unit. During the first period of increased attack rate, 82% of gastric and 88% of fecal Enterobacteriaceae were E. coli and K. pneumoniae. When the attack rate decreased the frequencies were 11% (gastric) and 47% (fecal), and P. mirabilis was retrieved with increased frequency. The return of E. coli and K. pneumoniae as the dominant organisms was associated with an increase in NEC. Infants with NEC, compared with controls, had a statistically significant increased frequency of retrieval of E. coli and K. pneumoniae from gastric and fecal samplings. The data suggest an active role for certain enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of NEC.", "contents": "Epidemiologic and bacteriologic evaluation of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in our neonatal unit has varied from 4.7% to zero to 4.4% during three time periods. Simultaneously, significant changes have occurred in the spectrum of bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract of unaffected infants in the same unit. During the first period of increased attack rate, 82% of gastric and 88% of fecal Enterobacteriaceae were E. coli and K. pneumoniae. When the attack rate decreased the frequencies were 11% (gastric) and 47% (fecal), and P. mirabilis was retrieved with increased frequency. The return of E. coli and K. pneumoniae as the dominant organisms was associated with an increase in NEC. Infants with NEC, compared with controls, had a statistically significant increased frequency of retrieval of E. coli and K. pneumoniae from gastric and fecal samplings. The data suggest an active role for certain enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of NEC.", "PMID": 370356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_829", "title": "Neonatal E. coli pericarditis.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals only one case of neonatal Escherichia coli pericarditis. This is a case report of Escherichia coli pericarditis occurring in a two day old infant. The infant initially presented with lethargy and jaundice but this rapidly progressed into shock. Despite vigorous resuscitative efforts, the infant succumbed and at autopsy 30 cc of purulent fluid were obtained. Cultures of the admission blood and post-mortem pericardial effusion grew Escherichia coli. The clinical diagnosis of pericarditis is often difficult because of vague, nonspecific symptoms and signs. The symptoms are usually those of sepsis plus those of impaired circulation due to mechanical embarrassment by accumulating pericardial effusion. It is difficult to differentiate pericarditis with effusion from myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to congestive heart failure. The use of pericardiocentesis as a diagnostic tool and echocardiography are the most helpful techniques presently available for diagnosis. Management consists of vigorous supportive efforts, antibiotics, and drainage of the pericardial effusion. Because of the very high mortality associated with this disorder, a high index of suspicion with a vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient is indicated.", "contents": "Neonatal E. coli pericarditis. A review of the literature reveals only one case of neonatal Escherichia coli pericarditis. This is a case report of Escherichia coli pericarditis occurring in a two day old infant. The infant initially presented with lethargy and jaundice but this rapidly progressed into shock. Despite vigorous resuscitative efforts, the infant succumbed and at autopsy 30 cc of purulent fluid were obtained. Cultures of the admission blood and post-mortem pericardial effusion grew Escherichia coli. The clinical diagnosis of pericarditis is often difficult because of vague, nonspecific symptoms and signs. The symptoms are usually those of sepsis plus those of impaired circulation due to mechanical embarrassment by accumulating pericardial effusion. It is difficult to differentiate pericarditis with effusion from myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to congestive heart failure. The use of pericardiocentesis as a diagnostic tool and echocardiography are the most helpful techniques presently available for diagnosis. Management consists of vigorous supportive efforts, antibiotics, and drainage of the pericardial effusion. Because of the very high mortality associated with this disorder, a high index of suspicion with a vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient is indicated.", "PMID": 370357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_830", "title": "The evaluation and significance of intrapartum FHR-oscillation patterns.", "content": "The last two hours of 342 intrapartum FHR records of high technical quality were evaluated visually with simple tools (compasses, caliper). All data were entered on punched cards (25 pro fetus) and analyzed using an IBM system 370/135. In 253 fetuses with an actual pH in the umbilical artery (UA) above 7.199 the oscillation frequency (OF) during the last 30 min. preceding delivery amounted to 9.5 +/- 4.5 (4615 minutes without decelerations or accelerations). The 5th percentile, the median and the 95th percentile were 2,9 and 18 per minute respectively. OF refers to the number of visually detectable turning points in baseline FHR. There exists a significant association (2 alpha less than 0.001)  between the OF and the oscillation amplitude (OA) per minute: a reduction in OF is followed by a decrease in OA even in vigorous infants. In acidotic fetuses OF is decreased when compared with FHR minutes of equal OA in nonacidotic infants. However this becomes statistically significant only in fetuses with actual pH (UA) below 7.150 i.e. in fetuses with severe acidosis. These findings can explain why the loss of FHR variability as a single symptom may be misleading in individual cases.", "contents": "The evaluation and significance of intrapartum FHR-oscillation patterns. The last two hours of 342 intrapartum FHR records of high technical quality were evaluated visually with simple tools (compasses, caliper). All data were entered on punched cards (25 pro fetus) and analyzed using an IBM system 370/135. In 253 fetuses with an actual pH in the umbilical artery (UA) above 7.199 the oscillation frequency (OF) during the last 30 min. preceding delivery amounted to 9.5 +/- 4.5 (4615 minutes without decelerations or accelerations). The 5th percentile, the median and the 95th percentile were 2,9 and 18 per minute respectively. OF refers to the number of visually detectable turning points in baseline FHR. There exists a significant association (2 alpha less than 0.001)  between the OF and the oscillation amplitude (OA) per minute: a reduction in OF is followed by a decrease in OA even in vigorous infants. In acidotic fetuses OF is decreased when compared with FHR minutes of equal OA in nonacidotic infants. However this becomes statistically significant only in fetuses with actual pH (UA) below 7.150 i.e. in fetuses with severe acidosis. These findings can explain why the loss of FHR variability as a single symptom may be misleading in individual cases.", "PMID": 370359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_831", "title": "The sutureless free gingival graft.", "content": "A technique designed to utilize the autogenous free gingival graft without the use of sutures was demonstrated. Necessary objectives were maintained but achieved without unnecessarily piercing the graft, and in less time. The only variance in results would be due to the underlying physical properties of the recipient site. This new approach to grafting avoids the cyanoacrylate from getting between the graft and recipient site, therefore acting as a foreign body. Also shown was the complete coverage of a denuded root surface by this technique using a free autogenous gingival graft. This technique enables the surgeon to achieve the results of a predictable technique (autogenous free gingival graft) even more predictably simple.", "contents": "The sutureless free gingival graft. A technique designed to utilize the autogenous free gingival graft without the use of sutures was demonstrated. Necessary objectives were maintained but achieved without unnecessarily piercing the graft, and in less time. The only variance in results would be due to the underlying physical properties of the recipient site. This new approach to grafting avoids the cyanoacrylate from getting between the graft and recipient site, therefore acting as a foreign body. Also shown was the complete coverage of a denuded root surface by this technique using a free autogenous gingival graft. This technique enables the surgeon to achieve the results of a predictable technique (autogenous free gingival graft) even more predictably simple.", "PMID": 370360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_832", "title": "Determination of iodide in metabolic studies of 125I-labeled compounds.", "content": "Methods capable of measuring inorganic iodide in the presence of other highly polar metabolites were developed in support of studies concerning the metabolism of 125I-labeled compounds. The methods included separation of iodine on a weakly basic resin paper followed by gamma-counting, methyl iodide exchange, and reverse isotopic dilution.", "contents": "Determination of iodide in metabolic studies of 125I-labeled compounds. Methods capable of measuring inorganic iodide in the presence of other highly polar metabolites were developed in support of studies concerning the metabolism of 125I-labeled compounds. The methods included separation of iodine on a weakly basic resin paper followed by gamma-counting, methyl iodide exchange, and reverse isotopic dilution.", "PMID": 370363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_833", "title": "Compound action potentials recorded from mammalian peripheral nerves following ligation or resuturing.", "content": "1. Cat hind limb peripheral nerves were fitted with cuff recording electrodes, and their distal portions were later cut and ligated to prevent regeneration. The compound action potential amplitude initially declined with a time constant between 1 and 2 months and then remained relatively unchanged for periods of more than a year. Similar but smaller changes were observed in the conduction velocity of the nerves which also stabilized after a few months. 2. In nerves that were cut and resutured to their distal stumps or sutured directly to nearby muscles, a recovery was observed. The time course was well fitted by an initial exponential decay with a similar time constant to that above, followed by an exponential recovery with a longer time constant (3-4 months). Nerve conduction, muscle potentials and twitch tension often recovered to control values, even when the amplitude of the nerve compound action potential remained depressed. 3. Thus, nerve fibres survive axotomy for long periods of time and continue to conduct action potentials, even if unable to regenerate to appropriate end-organs. When regeneration is permitted, a fraction of nerve fibres may reinnervate nearly all end-organs. The diameter and conduction velocity of these nerve fibres presumably increase toward control values, while other fibres remain subnormal in these parameters. 4. Factors in the design of cuff electrodes which determine the amplitude of compound action potentials are described in an Appendix.", "contents": "Compound action potentials recorded from mammalian peripheral nerves following ligation or resuturing. 1. Cat hind limb peripheral nerves were fitted with cuff recording electrodes, and their distal portions were later cut and ligated to prevent regeneration. The compound action potential amplitude initially declined with a time constant between 1 and 2 months and then remained relatively unchanged for periods of more than a year. Similar but smaller changes were observed in the conduction velocity of the nerves which also stabilized after a few months. 2. In nerves that were cut and resutured to their distal stumps or sutured directly to nearby muscles, a recovery was observed. The time course was well fitted by an initial exponential decay with a similar time constant to that above, followed by an exponential recovery with a longer time constant (3-4 months). Nerve conduction, muscle potentials and twitch tension often recovered to control values, even when the amplitude of the nerve compound action potential remained depressed. 3. Thus, nerve fibres survive axotomy for long periods of time and continue to conduct action potentials, even if unable to regenerate to appropriate end-organs. When regeneration is permitted, a fraction of nerve fibres may reinnervate nearly all end-organs. The diameter and conduction velocity of these nerve fibres presumably increase toward control values, while other fibres remain subnormal in these parameters. 4. Factors in the design of cuff electrodes which determine the amplitude of compound action potentials are described in an Appendix.", "PMID": 370366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_834", "title": "[Calorimetric study of the effect of salicylate in man during heat exposure and exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The effect of sodium acetylo-salicylate (2 g per os) on the thermoregulatory responses of 10 male subjects was studied by direct and indirect calorimetry during two tests : heat exposure at 37 degrees C and exercise (50 W) at 25 degrees C. Both test were performed twice : with salicylate treatment and with a placebo. 2. During heat exposure at 37 degrees C for 75 min, the rise in tympanic temperature (Tty) and in mean skin temperature Ts, the time course of heat losses by radiation (R), convection (C) and evaporation (E), and the metabolic rate (M), measured by oxygen consumption, were not altered by salicylate treatment. 3. During exercise, salicylate treatment did not affect the time course of Tty and Ts, (R + C) and M. However, salicylate treatment decreased the delay for triggering the evaporative response (E) to the thermal load; similarly, the increase in cutaneous blood flow was triggered sooner in subjected receiving salicylate than in controls. 4. In conclusion, these results suggest that, during exercise, the thermal controller triggers thermoregulatory responses during passive hyperthermia by heat exposure.", "contents": "[Calorimetric study of the effect of salicylate in man during heat exposure and exercise (author's transl)]. 1. The effect of sodium acetylo-salicylate (2 g per os) on the thermoregulatory responses of 10 male subjects was studied by direct and indirect calorimetry during two tests : heat exposure at 37 degrees C and exercise (50 W) at 25 degrees C. Both test were performed twice : with salicylate treatment and with a placebo. 2. During heat exposure at 37 degrees C for 75 min, the rise in tympanic temperature (Tty) and in mean skin temperature Ts, the time course of heat losses by radiation (R), convection (C) and evaporation (E), and the metabolic rate (M), measured by oxygen consumption, were not altered by salicylate treatment. 3. During exercise, salicylate treatment did not affect the time course of Tty and Ts, (R + C) and M. However, salicylate treatment decreased the delay for triggering the evaporative response (E) to the thermal load; similarly, the increase in cutaneous blood flow was triggered sooner in subjected receiving salicylate than in controls. 4. In conclusion, these results suggest that, during exercise, the thermal controller triggers thermoregulatory responses during passive hyperthermia by heat exposure.", "PMID": 370367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_835", "title": "Patient response to variations in denture technique. Part II: five-year cephalometric evaluation.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if differences in rates of residual alveolar bone loss could be found in patients wearing dentures made by a complex technique and a standard technique. Cephalometric radiographs were made for each of 64 patients at initial placement of the dentures and for all active patients at five yearly recall visits. These radiographs were measured to determine rates of mandibular bone loss, maxillary bone loss, loss of total face height, rotation of the mandible, and migration of the denture bases over the 5-year period. At the end of the study no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients could be found. Examination of all participants in this study revealed rates of bone loss that were very similar to those reported by other investigators.", "contents": "Patient response to variations in denture technique. Part II: five-year cephalometric evaluation. This study was designed to determine if differences in rates of residual alveolar bone loss could be found in patients wearing dentures made by a complex technique and a standard technique. Cephalometric radiographs were made for each of 64 patients at initial placement of the dentures and for all active patients at five yearly recall visits. These radiographs were measured to determine rates of mandibular bone loss, maxillary bone loss, loss of total face height, rotation of the mandible, and migration of the denture bases over the 5-year period. At the end of the study no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients could be found. Examination of all participants in this study revealed rates of bone loss that were very similar to those reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 370368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_836", "title": "Bilaterally hinged complete denture for a severely undercut maxillary arch. Solution to a problem.", "content": "A technique is described for the construction of a complete maxillary denture for a patient with extreme hard tissue undercuts. By means of a three-part impression procedure and buccolabial flanges that were hinged bilaterally with a central latch, a successful prosthesis was attained.", "contents": "Bilaterally hinged complete denture for a severely undercut maxillary arch. Solution to a problem. A technique is described for the construction of a complete maxillary denture for a patient with extreme hard tissue undercuts. By means of a three-part impression procedure and buccolabial flanges that were hinged bilaterally with a central latch, a successful prosthesis was attained.", "PMID": 370369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_837", "title": "Personal identification using dental prostheses.", "content": "A personal identity mark may be added to a metal or an acrylic resin prosthesis. The importance of this technique, particularly in terms of forensic investigation and identification, should make it a compulsory dental procedure. Where metal is involved, engraving is the most desirable method of marking. The heat resistance of various labeling materials indicates that an acrylic resin prosthesis should contain a marked, heat resistant material together with a mark clearly visible from the denture surface.", "contents": "Personal identification using dental prostheses. A personal identity mark may be added to a metal or an acrylic resin prosthesis. The importance of this technique, particularly in terms of forensic investigation and identification, should make it a compulsory dental procedure. Where metal is involved, engraving is the most desirable method of marking. The heat resistance of various labeling materials indicates that an acrylic resin prosthesis should contain a marked, heat resistant material together with a mark clearly visible from the denture surface.", "PMID": 370370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_838", "title": "Maxillary segmental osteotomies for mandibular removable partial denture patients.", "content": "The posterior maxillary osteotomy is a versatile and useful treatment alternative for a variety of dentofacial conditions. Its place in the management of bilateral distal-extension removable partial denture construction has been described along with a report of treatment of a patient.", "contents": "Maxillary segmental osteotomies for mandibular removable partial denture patients. The posterior maxillary osteotomy is a versatile and useful treatment alternative for a variety of dentofacial conditions. Its place in the management of bilateral distal-extension removable partial denture construction has been described along with a report of treatment of a patient.", "PMID": 370371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_839", "title": "Multiple-abutment fixed partial dentures in maxillofacial prosthetics.", "content": "Ten patients were presented to illustrate multiple-abutment fixed partial dentures used in combination with auxiliary prosthetic attachments of a fixed or removable design to solve diverse problems encountered in the rehabilitation of congenital and acquired orofacial defects. While such fixed prostheses have high initial costs, their effectiveness and long-term cost-benefits suggest that, where appropriate, they represent optimum therapy that will prove most economical over the long term.", "contents": "Multiple-abutment fixed partial dentures in maxillofacial prosthetics. Ten patients were presented to illustrate multiple-abutment fixed partial dentures used in combination with auxiliary prosthetic attachments of a fixed or removable design to solve diverse problems encountered in the rehabilitation of congenital and acquired orofacial defects. While such fixed prostheses have high initial costs, their effectiveness and long-term cost-benefits suggest that, where appropriate, they represent optimum therapy that will prove most economical over the long term.", "PMID": 370372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_840", "title": "Modified denture flask for three-piece ear molds.", "content": "A method of modifying a conventional large denture flask to accomodate a three-piece ear mold has been presented. The modified flask is useful in producing accurate castings with a decrease in the incidence of stone fracture.", "contents": "Modified denture flask for three-piece ear molds. A method of modifying a conventional large denture flask to accomodate a three-piece ear mold has been presented. The modified flask is useful in producing accurate castings with a decrease in the incidence of stone fracture.", "PMID": 370373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_841", "title": "Modification of stone dies for fabrication of porcelain jacket crowns.", "content": "This technique affords the use of accurate die materials. The adaptation of matrix foils to a prepared apron will allow its withdrawal, without distortion, resulting in more accurate jacket restorations.", "contents": "Modification of stone dies for fabrication of porcelain jacket crowns. This technique affords the use of accurate die materials. The adaptation of matrix foils to a prepared apron will allow its withdrawal, without distortion, resulting in more accurate jacket restorations.", "PMID": 370374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_842", "title": "Neurologic sequelae in infants with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "The literature on neurologic sequelae in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is reviewed. In many studies this term is used for only those infants who have a birthweight (BW) below the 10th percentile and are labeled small for gestational age (SGA). The etiology of IUGR can often be correlated with a characteristic pattern of in utero growth and a subsequently predictable pattern of postnatal growth and/or developmental outcome. The concept that certain premature infants who are appropriately grown for gestational age (AGA) but whose birth weights fall below the 50th percentile may have IUGR is supported by the analysis of data from this study. In attempting to predict the neurologic outcome, it may be more helpful to recognize etiologic factors such as sleep disturbances than to analyze infants by birth weight gestational age groups.", "contents": "Neurologic sequelae in infants with intrauterine growth retardation. The literature on neurologic sequelae in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is reviewed. In many studies this term is used for only those infants who have a birthweight (BW) below the 10th percentile and are labeled small for gestational age (SGA). The etiology of IUGR can often be correlated with a characteristic pattern of in utero growth and a subsequently predictable pattern of postnatal growth and/or developmental outcome. The concept that certain premature infants who are appropriately grown for gestational age (AGA) but whose birth weights fall below the 50th percentile may have IUGR is supported by the analysis of data from this study. In attempting to predict the neurologic outcome, it may be more helpful to recognize etiologic factors such as sleep disturbances than to analyze infants by birth weight gestational age groups.", "PMID": 370385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_843", "title": "Cardiac surgical research and heart transplantation in Papio ursinus.", "content": "The use of non-human primates stems from the concern for employing an animal genetically closely related to man. During a 3 year period over 300 baboons were handled in the Cardiac Research Unit and more than 60 heterotopic cardiac transplantations were performed. The baboon presents multiple advantages if compared with the problems arising from the use of the dog or the pig in cardiac surgical experimentation. This experimental work illustrated these advantages and demonstrated that heterotopic cardiac transplantation is a valuable model for treatment of patients in end stage cardiac failure. The procedure has been performed successfully in 16 patients, 12 being presently alive, 1-36 months following transplant.", "contents": "Cardiac surgical research and heart transplantation in Papio ursinus. The use of non-human primates stems from the concern for employing an animal genetically closely related to man. During a 3 year period over 300 baboons were handled in the Cardiac Research Unit and more than 60 heterotopic cardiac transplantations were performed. The baboon presents multiple advantages if compared with the problems arising from the use of the dog or the pig in cardiac surgical experimentation. This experimental work illustrated these advantages and demonstrated that heterotopic cardiac transplantation is a valuable model for treatment of patients in end stage cardiac failure. The procedure has been performed successfully in 16 patients, 12 being presently alive, 1-36 months following transplant.", "PMID": 370387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_844", "title": "The role of laboratory animals in dental research.", "content": "In dental research, in common with other forms of scientific research, the use of laboratory animals is necessary to carry out many investigations that may not be undertaken on man, and to control biological variability. In South Africa the main experimental animals used in dental research are rats and vervet monkeys, although other species such as dogs and baboons have been used. This paper lists examples of published dental research carried out in laboratory animals in South Africa in the fields of bone healing, dental caries, dental materials, growth studies, oral cancer, oral mucosa and periodontal disease investigations.", "contents": "The role of laboratory animals in dental research. In dental research, in common with other forms of scientific research, the use of laboratory animals is necessary to carry out many investigations that may not be undertaken on man, and to control biological variability. In South Africa the main experimental animals used in dental research are rats and vervet monkeys, although other species such as dogs and baboons have been used. This paper lists examples of published dental research carried out in laboratory animals in South Africa in the fields of bone healing, dental caries, dental materials, growth studies, oral cancer, oral mucosa and periodontal disease investigations.", "PMID": 370388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_845", "title": "Antimalarials. 4. Trichloronaphthalene amino alcohols.", "content": "An improved procedure for the synthesis of naphthalene amino alcohols is described. Four new compounds were prepared and tested by Rane Laboratories for activity vs. Plasmodium berghei in mice. All compounds were active, the most active being 1-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,7-dichloro-1-naphthyl]-3-(di-n-butylamino)propanol hydrochloride (16b). Structure--activity relationships between the naphthalene and quinoline isosteres are discussed.", "contents": "Antimalarials. 4. Trichloronaphthalene amino alcohols. An improved procedure for the synthesis of naphthalene amino alcohols is described. Four new compounds were prepared and tested by Rane Laboratories for activity vs. Plasmodium berghei in mice. All compounds were active, the most active being 1-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,7-dichloro-1-naphthyl]-3-(di-n-butylamino)propanol hydrochloride (16b). Structure--activity relationships between the naphthalene and quinoline isosteres are discussed.", "PMID": 370389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_846", "title": "An economical, semi-automatic system for measuring cellular tree structures in three dimensions, with special emphasis on Golgi-impregnated neurons.", "content": "The hardware and software of a semi-automatic system are described for the measurement of cellular tree structures in thick microscopical sections such as the process of Golgi-impregnated neurons. With this system, the morphologist--viewing the neuron directly through the microscope--measures the tree structures using three cartesian coordinates of characteristic points, e.g. centre of cell, origin of processes, bifurcation points, end points, deflection points, etc. The system requires an on-line computer, but does not demand a dedicated computer since a joy-stick generator usually drives the microscopical stage during cell tracking. A digital computer is utilized for acquisition of data, and, when needed, to return the stage to a required position. The microscope stage is coupled to three stepping motors with 0.5 micron as the smallest step. The stepping motor for movement of the stage parallel to the optical axis (z-direction) is coupled directly to a spindle mechanism, replacing the original cog wheel mechanism. This construction shows no measurable backlash. The practical advantages of this new measuring system in relation to the existing digital systems currently in use, its accuracy and its costs, are discussed.", "contents": "An economical, semi-automatic system for measuring cellular tree structures in three dimensions, with special emphasis on Golgi-impregnated neurons. The hardware and software of a semi-automatic system are described for the measurement of cellular tree structures in thick microscopical sections such as the process of Golgi-impregnated neurons. With this system, the morphologist--viewing the neuron directly through the microscope--measures the tree structures using three cartesian coordinates of characteristic points, e.g. centre of cell, origin of processes, bifurcation points, end points, deflection points, etc. The system requires an on-line computer, but does not demand a dedicated computer since a joy-stick generator usually drives the microscopical stage during cell tracking. A digital computer is utilized for acquisition of data, and, when needed, to return the stage to a required position. The microscope stage is coupled to three stepping motors with 0.5 micron as the smallest step. The stepping motor for movement of the stage parallel to the optical axis (z-direction) is coupled directly to a spindle mechanism, replacing the original cog wheel mechanism. This construction shows no measurable backlash. The practical advantages of this new measuring system in relation to the existing digital systems currently in use, its accuracy and its costs, are discussed.", "PMID": 370395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_847", "title": "The estimation of neuronal population density by a robust distance method.", "content": "A new \"nearest-neighbour\" or \"distance\" method of estimating neurone population density is introduced. The method was originally developed for ecological studies but can be imported into histology without significant modification; changes in population density can be estimated by inverting the measure of area per unit cell (the so-called mean area). Its advantages include tests of randomness for the spatial distribution of the cells at issue and a robustness which can tolerate some departure from a random distribution pattern. To illustrate how the method is applied estimates of neurone density, in terms of \"mean area\" per cell-point, are made on a montage tracing of the human cerebellar dentate nucleus.", "contents": "The estimation of neuronal population density by a robust distance method. A new \"nearest-neighbour\" or \"distance\" method of estimating neurone population density is introduced. The method was originally developed for ecological studies but can be imported into histology without significant modification; changes in population density can be estimated by inverting the measure of area per unit cell (the so-called mean area). Its advantages include tests of randomness for the spatial distribution of the cells at issue and a robustness which can tolerate some departure from a random distribution pattern. To illustrate how the method is applied estimates of neurone density, in terms of \"mean area\" per cell-point, are made on a montage tracing of the human cerebellar dentate nucleus.", "PMID": 370396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_848", "title": "Preparation of resin embedded unicellular organisms without the use of fixatives and dehydration media.", "content": "A method is presented for processing single cells for conventional ultrathin sectioning without the use of fixatives and dehydration media. The cells were fixed by a physical method--spray freezing--which provides extremely high cooling rates, needs no pretreatment with cryoprotective agents and is therefore assumed to maintain the in vivo morphology of the cell. Hitherto cells prepared in this way have been investigated exclusively by freeze etching. To combine the advantages of this method with those of conventional ultrathin sectioning we have processed spray frozen cells with widely varying water contents (spermatozoa and lymphocytes) by freeze drying at 188 K and vacuum embedding. When compared to conventional chemical fixation the differences found in ultrastructural preservation of spermatozoa using this kind of preparation were confined to the arrangement of spermhead membranes and middlepiece structures. Lymphocyte structure was much closer to that known from chemical preparation, the only differences being a denser cytoplasm, denser mitochondrial matrices and thicker plasma membranes. These differences are probably due to the absence of eluating and dissolving effects present in conventional chemical preparations. The ultrastructural preservation of spray frozen cells is not different after freeze etching or after freeze-drying and vacuum embedding. This indicates clearly that drying and resin embedding does not produce artefacts and that structural preservation is therefore limited by the quality of cryofixation. Therefore this method is considered a contribution to the problem of preservation of the in vivo assembly of cellular substructure. Furthermore it seems to be a potential basis for preparation of soluble or diffusible substances or cellular compounds which would be influenced by fixatives and dehydrating agents.", "contents": "Preparation of resin embedded unicellular organisms without the use of fixatives and dehydration media. A method is presented for processing single cells for conventional ultrathin sectioning without the use of fixatives and dehydration media. The cells were fixed by a physical method--spray freezing--which provides extremely high cooling rates, needs no pretreatment with cryoprotective agents and is therefore assumed to maintain the in vivo morphology of the cell. Hitherto cells prepared in this way have been investigated exclusively by freeze etching. To combine the advantages of this method with those of conventional ultrathin sectioning we have processed spray frozen cells with widely varying water contents (spermatozoa and lymphocytes) by freeze drying at 188 K and vacuum embedding. When compared to conventional chemical fixation the differences found in ultrastructural preservation of spermatozoa using this kind of preparation were confined to the arrangement of spermhead membranes and middlepiece structures. Lymphocyte structure was much closer to that known from chemical preparation, the only differences being a denser cytoplasm, denser mitochondrial matrices and thicker plasma membranes. These differences are probably due to the absence of eluating and dissolving effects present in conventional chemical preparations. The ultrastructural preservation of spray frozen cells is not different after freeze etching or after freeze-drying and vacuum embedding. This indicates clearly that drying and resin embedding does not produce artefacts and that structural preservation is therefore limited by the quality of cryofixation. Therefore this method is considered a contribution to the problem of preservation of the in vivo assembly of cellular substructure. Furthermore it seems to be a potential basis for preparation of soluble or diffusible substances or cellular compounds which would be influenced by fixatives and dehydrating agents.", "PMID": 370397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_849", "title": "Vertical plane serial sectioning of identified tissue culture cells.", "content": "Identifying marks can be made around specific cells on the culture surface of plastic tissue culture dishes. When the cultures are embedded in situ and the plastic dish is split away, the marks are reproduced around the cells. The marks permit trimming and complete serial sectioning of specific cells in the vertical plane.", "contents": "Vertical plane serial sectioning of identified tissue culture cells. Identifying marks can be made around specific cells on the culture surface of plastic tissue culture dishes. When the cultures are embedded in situ and the plastic dish is split away, the marks are reproduced around the cells. The marks permit trimming and complete serial sectioning of specific cells in the vertical plane.", "PMID": 370398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_850", "title": "Measurement by Quantimet 720 of the proportion of actively growing cells in tissue cultures of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The size-distribution of normal human lymphocytes growing in tissue culture was measured with a Quantimet 720 image-analysing computer. The proportion of cells undergoing volumetric growth after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was dervived from a simple mathematical model describing the growth patterns of the cells up to the first mitotic division. The approach may have general application in biology as a method for measuring the proportion of growing cells by microscopy.", "contents": "Measurement by Quantimet 720 of the proportion of actively growing cells in tissue cultures of human lymphocytes. The size-distribution of normal human lymphocytes growing in tissue culture was measured with a Quantimet 720 image-analysing computer. The proportion of cells undergoing volumetric growth after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was dervived from a simple mathematical model describing the growth patterns of the cells up to the first mitotic division. The approach may have general application in biology as a method for measuring the proportion of growing cells by microscopy.", "PMID": 370399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_851", "title": "Controversy in renal transplantation: antireflux versus non-antireflux ureteroneocystostomy.", "content": "A comparison of 118 consecutive nephroureteral allografts suggests that ureteroneocystostomy provides excellent results with (60 cases) or without (52 cases) an antireflex procedure. Reflux was noted in less than 10% of each group after transplantation and no morbidity could be attributed to reflux when it was found. There was no obstruction or anastomotic leakage in either group. The advantages of each procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Controversy in renal transplantation: antireflux versus non-antireflux ureteroneocystostomy. A comparison of 118 consecutive nephroureteral allografts suggests that ureteroneocystostomy provides excellent results with (60 cases) or without (52 cases) an antireflex procedure. Reflux was noted in less than 10% of each group after transplantation and no morbidity could be attributed to reflux when it was found. There was no obstruction or anastomotic leakage in either group. The advantages of each procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 370418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_852", "title": "Comparison of procarbazine, imidazole-carboxamide and cyclophosphamide in relapsing patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "In this third cooperative chemotherapy trial of the National Prostatic Cancer Project 165 patients with histologically confirmed, relapsing clinical stage D prostatic cancer were randomized to receive either imidazole-carboxamide, procarbazine or cyclophosphamide. All patients had received and failed previous hormonal therapy. Patients whose disease progressed after 12 weeks on initial therapy were crossed over or randomized to receive an alternate drug. There were 129 patients available for comparison of treatments. The objective response rates (partial regression plus stable disease) were 26% for cyclophosphamide, 27% for imidazole-carboxamide and 14% for procarbazine. Subjective responses were noted in pain relief, improvement in performance status and weight gain. Procarbazine was associated with excessive toxicity, resulting in many patients (28%) discontinuing therapy within the first 3 weeks and closure of this particular arm of the study. The regimen of initial imidazole-carboxamide therapy with a later cross-over to cyclophosphamide when the disease continues to progress is associated with the longest increase in survival. Imidazole-carboxamide and cyclophosphamide appear to be active agents in advanced prostatic cancer and are worthy of continued use in this disease.", "contents": "Comparison of procarbazine, imidazole-carboxamide and cyclophosphamide in relapsing patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. In this third cooperative chemotherapy trial of the National Prostatic Cancer Project 165 patients with histologically confirmed, relapsing clinical stage D prostatic cancer were randomized to receive either imidazole-carboxamide, procarbazine or cyclophosphamide. All patients had received and failed previous hormonal therapy. Patients whose disease progressed after 12 weeks on initial therapy were crossed over or randomized to receive an alternate drug. There were 129 patients available for comparison of treatments. The objective response rates (partial regression plus stable disease) were 26% for cyclophosphamide, 27% for imidazole-carboxamide and 14% for procarbazine. Subjective responses were noted in pain relief, improvement in performance status and weight gain. Procarbazine was associated with excessive toxicity, resulting in many patients (28%) discontinuing therapy within the first 3 weeks and closure of this particular arm of the study. The regimen of initial imidazole-carboxamide therapy with a later cross-over to cyclophosphamide when the disease continues to progress is associated with the longest increase in survival. Imidazole-carboxamide and cyclophosphamide appear to be active agents in advanced prostatic cancer and are worthy of continued use in this disease.", "PMID": 370420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_853", "title": "Gallium-67 scanning and conservative treatment in acute inflammatory lesions of the renal cortex.", "content": "Three cases of suspected acute suppurative lesions of the renal cortex treated successfully with antimicrobial agents are presented. In support of other reports it appears that selected cases, particularly when diagnosed early, may be managed conservatively without surgical drainage. In those cases of severe sepsis, large intrarenal or perinephric abscesses, resistant organisms or those that are refractory to treatment, surgical intervention may be unavoidable. Gallium-67 nuclear scanning is a safe, non-invasive method of locating rapidly these areas of inflammation and has proved to be a useful tool in earlier diagnosis.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scanning and conservative treatment in acute inflammatory lesions of the renal cortex. Three cases of suspected acute suppurative lesions of the renal cortex treated successfully with antimicrobial agents are presented. In support of other reports it appears that selected cases, particularly when diagnosed early, may be managed conservatively without surgical drainage. In those cases of severe sepsis, large intrarenal or perinephric abscesses, resistant organisms or those that are refractory to treatment, surgical intervention may be unavoidable. Gallium-67 nuclear scanning is a safe, non-invasive method of locating rapidly these areas of inflammation and has proved to be a useful tool in earlier diagnosis.", "PMID": 370421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_854", "title": "[Basic and clinical examinations of CS-1170 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "1. CS-1170 was administered for the purpose of prophylaxis during cardiac catheterization in patients with heart disease, and its blood levels were measured. 2. The mean blood level (Moni-Trol I standard) after one intravenous shot of 20 mg/kg was 53.6 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged below 6 and 66.9 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged above 10 at 30 minutes, and 1.95 mcg/ml and 5.2 mcg/ml respectively at 6 hours. 3. The mean half life of the blood level was 1.09 hours in catheterized children aged below 6, 1.37 hours in catheterized children aged above 10, and 0.71 hours in infections children. 4. The urinary excretion seemed satisfactorily high although there was a great variation. 5. The clinical efficacy was 88.9%. 6. The bacteriological efficacy was 100% for E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus and was 0% for Staphylococcus epidermidis. 7. Although GOT and GPT were elevated in one case as a side effect, they rapidly returned to normal after discontinuation of administration.", "contents": "[Basic and clinical examinations of CS-1170 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 1. CS-1170 was administered for the purpose of prophylaxis during cardiac catheterization in patients with heart disease, and its blood levels were measured. 2. The mean blood level (Moni-Trol I standard) after one intravenous shot of 20 mg/kg was 53.6 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged below 6 and 66.9 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged above 10 at 30 minutes, and 1.95 mcg/ml and 5.2 mcg/ml respectively at 6 hours. 3. The mean half life of the blood level was 1.09 hours in catheterized children aged below 6, 1.37 hours in catheterized children aged above 10, and 0.71 hours in infections children. 4. The urinary excretion seemed satisfactorily high although there was a great variation. 5. The clinical efficacy was 88.9%. 6. The bacteriological efficacy was 100% for E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus and was 0% for Staphylococcus epidermidis. 7. Although GOT and GPT were elevated in one case as a side effect, they rapidly returned to normal after discontinuation of administration.", "PMID": 370423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_855", "title": "[Blood rheological disorders in atherosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta and their correction by the use of aspirin].", "content": "The initial hemorheologic values and their dynamics in various periods after reconstructive operations were studied in 70 patients with atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta. The rheologic blood properties proved to be considerably changed in atherosclerotic affection of the abdominal aorta. The causes of the hemorheologic disorders in this pathological condition are marked changes in regional hemodynamics and the character of the blood flow and significant disorders of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Study of the effect of aspirin on the rheologic properties of blood in this contingent of patients showed the expediency of its use both in preoperative management and in the postoperative period. Aspirin reduces significantly the degree of blood platelet aggregation and the seeming viscosity of blood.", "contents": "[Blood rheological disorders in atherosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta and their correction by the use of aspirin]. The initial hemorheologic values and their dynamics in various periods after reconstructive operations were studied in 70 patients with atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta. The rheologic blood properties proved to be considerably changed in atherosclerotic affection of the abdominal aorta. The causes of the hemorheologic disorders in this pathological condition are marked changes in regional hemodynamics and the character of the blood flow and significant disorders of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Study of the effect of aspirin on the rheologic properties of blood in this contingent of patients showed the expediency of its use both in preoperative management and in the postoperative period. Aspirin reduces significantly the degree of blood platelet aggregation and the seeming viscosity of blood.", "PMID": 370436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_856", "title": "[Diagnostic value of a method of partial pulmonary rheography in pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "In the absence of clinical and X-ray signs of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic pneumonia, partial rheography of the lungs revealed symptoms of increased vascular resistance in some pulmonary zones and ventilation disorders with the corresponding discordance of the ventilation-perfusion relations in the early stages, which progressed with the intensification of the stage of chronic pneumonia and the severity of pulmonary hypertension. A decrease in ventilation and perfusion in the pulmonary zones as well as a decrease of the ventilation/blood flow ratio may promote the development of zonal arterial hypoxemia, stable increase of vascular resistance, and development of pulmonary hypertension. The method of zonal rheography of the lungs may be used in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of a method of partial pulmonary rheography in pulmonary hypertension]. In the absence of clinical and X-ray signs of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic pneumonia, partial rheography of the lungs revealed symptoms of increased vascular resistance in some pulmonary zones and ventilation disorders with the corresponding discordance of the ventilation-perfusion relations in the early stages, which progressed with the intensification of the stage of chronic pneumonia and the severity of pulmonary hypertension. A decrease in ventilation and perfusion in the pulmonary zones as well as a decrease of the ventilation/blood flow ratio may promote the development of zonal arterial hypoxemia, stable increase of vascular resistance, and development of pulmonary hypertension. The method of zonal rheography of the lungs may be used in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 370437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_857", "title": "Process /pr\u00e1/,ses/n: the action of moving forward progressively from one point to another on the way to completion.", "content": "A rationale for the application of a stage process model for the language-disordered child is presented. The major behaviors of the communicative system (pragmatic-semantic-syntactic-phonological) are summarized and organized in stages from prelinguistic to the adult level. The article provides clinicians with guidelines, based on complexity, for the content and sequencing of communicative behaviors to be used in planning remedial programs.", "contents": "Process /pr\u00e1/,ses/n: the action of moving forward progressively from one point to another on the way to completion. A rationale for the application of a stage process model for the language-disordered child is presented. The major behaviors of the communicative system (pragmatic-semantic-syntactic-phonological) are summarized and organized in stages from prelinguistic to the adult level. The article provides clinicians with guidelines, based on complexity, for the content and sequencing of communicative behaviors to be used in planning remedial programs.", "PMID": 370456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_858", "title": "A study of the central auditory processes in stutterers using the Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) Test battery.", "content": "The performance of a group of stutters (N = 14) and a group of nonstutterers (N = 14) was compared on the Synthetic Sentence Identification Test (Speaks and Jerger, 1965). The test is designed to assess central auditory function. It was hypothesized that because of subtle neurologically based differences in perceptual processing, the performance of the two groups would differ significantly on one or more of the subtests. An analysis of variance revealed that the performance of the stuttering group was significantly poorer (0.01 level of confidence) than that of the nonstutteres on the Ipsilateral Competing Message Subtest. The results of the investigation were compatible with other studies that suggest a neurological dysfunction within the central auditory apparatus as at least one of the underlying causes of disfluency. It was concluded that further investigations of the central auditory processes in stutterers are warranted to make a more definitive statement about the etiology of stuttering.", "contents": "A study of the central auditory processes in stutterers using the Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) Test battery. The performance of a group of stutters (N = 14) and a group of nonstutterers (N = 14) was compared on the Synthetic Sentence Identification Test (Speaks and Jerger, 1965). The test is designed to assess central auditory function. It was hypothesized that because of subtle neurologically based differences in perceptual processing, the performance of the two groups would differ significantly on one or more of the subtests. An analysis of variance revealed that the performance of the stuttering group was significantly poorer (0.01 level of confidence) than that of the nonstutteres on the Ipsilateral Competing Message Subtest. The results of the investigation were compatible with other studies that suggest a neurological dysfunction within the central auditory apparatus as at least one of the underlying causes of disfluency. It was concluded that further investigations of the central auditory processes in stutterers are warranted to make a more definitive statement about the etiology of stuttering.", "PMID": 370457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_859", "title": "Postcardiotomy delirium: a critical review.", "content": "The literature concerning postcardiotomy delirium contains confusing definitions and contradictory results. In a critical review of the subject, we conclude that cardiac status, the severity of physical illness, the complexity of the surgical procedure, and preoperative organic brain disease are the determining factors in postcardiotomy delirium. Preoperative anxiety, denial, and depression also have some correlation. Age, sex, time on bypass, and preoperative psychological profile seem to have no influence on outcome. No psychological etiology for delirium has been proven consistently. The therapeutic influence of preoperative interviews in preventing postoperative psychiatric complications remains equivocal as do theories implicating sensory deprivation in the intensive care unit. Long-term follow-up studies suggest that psychological problems impair functional recovery from heart surgery. The suggested treatment of patients with delirium includes chemotherapy, psychotherapy, and environmental support. Finally we suggest that investigation of biochemical abnormalities in delirium may prove to be a model for clarifying the role of neurotransmitters in functional psychiatric illnesses.", "contents": "Postcardiotomy delirium: a critical review. The literature concerning postcardiotomy delirium contains confusing definitions and contradictory results. In a critical review of the subject, we conclude that cardiac status, the severity of physical illness, the complexity of the surgical procedure, and preoperative organic brain disease are the determining factors in postcardiotomy delirium. Preoperative anxiety, denial, and depression also have some correlation. Age, sex, time on bypass, and preoperative psychological profile seem to have no influence on outcome. No psychological etiology for delirium has been proven consistently. The therapeutic influence of preoperative interviews in preventing postoperative psychiatric complications remains equivocal as do theories implicating sensory deprivation in the intensive care unit. Long-term follow-up studies suggest that psychological problems impair functional recovery from heart surgery. The suggested treatment of patients with delirium includes chemotherapy, psychotherapy, and environmental support. Finally we suggest that investigation of biochemical abnormalities in delirium may prove to be a model for clarifying the role of neurotransmitters in functional psychiatric illnesses.", "PMID": 370460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_860", "title": "Myocardial protection with methylprednisolone. Evaluation of viability of hearts subjected to warm ischemia before transplantation.", "content": "Methylprednisolone was given at different intervals before warm ischemia of the heart (37 degrees C. for 60 minutes), and viability of these hearts was evaluated after transplantation into the abdomen of another dog. Animals were divided into four groups: Group 1 received no methylprednisolone: Groups II, III, and IV received 30 mg. of methylprednisolone per kilogram 10 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes before warm ischemia. In all parameters measured, the animals of Group IV performed better than the other groups. It is concluded that methylprednisolone, when given 2 hours before warm ischemia, exerts a protective effect on the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial protection with methylprednisolone. Evaluation of viability of hearts subjected to warm ischemia before transplantation. Methylprednisolone was given at different intervals before warm ischemia of the heart (37 degrees C. for 60 minutes), and viability of these hearts was evaluated after transplantation into the abdomen of another dog. Animals were divided into four groups: Group 1 received no methylprednisolone: Groups II, III, and IV received 30 mg. of methylprednisolone per kilogram 10 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes before warm ischemia. In all parameters measured, the animals of Group IV performed better than the other groups. It is concluded that methylprednisolone, when given 2 hours before warm ischemia, exerts a protective effect on the ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 370461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_861", "title": "An unusual case of lymphocele after renal transplantation. Case report.", "content": "A patient who developed a lymphocele five years after renal transplantation is presented and discussed.", "contents": "An unusual case of lymphocele after renal transplantation. Case report. A patient who developed a lymphocele five years after renal transplantation is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 370463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_862", "title": "Analysis of the semantic structures of medical reference languages: part 2. Analysis of the semantic power of MeSH, ICD and SNOMED.", "content": "Three medical reference languages, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), were compared through an analysis of their structures. They were found to differ in the degrees of complexity and specificity of meaning that they could convey. This variation in semantic power has been correlated with their different functions.", "contents": "Analysis of the semantic structures of medical reference languages: part 2. Analysis of the semantic power of MeSH, ICD and SNOMED. Three medical reference languages, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), were compared through an analysis of their structures. They were found to differ in the degrees of complexity and specificity of meaning that they could convey. This variation in semantic power has been correlated with their different functions.", "PMID": 370473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_863", "title": "Complete reconstruction of the chin and floor of the mouth.", "content": "A method of reconstruction of the entire floor of the mouth and chin is presented, utilizing interdigitated ventral tongue flaps for reconstruction of the floor of the mouth, and a deltopectoral flap for reconstruction of the chin, which, even with loss of bony support of the mandible, provides a watertight, competent oral sphincter with adequate communication and nutrition.", "contents": "Complete reconstruction of the chin and floor of the mouth. A method of reconstruction of the entire floor of the mouth and chin is presented, utilizing interdigitated ventral tongue flaps for reconstruction of the floor of the mouth, and a deltopectoral flap for reconstruction of the chin, which, even with loss of bony support of the mandible, provides a watertight, competent oral sphincter with adequate communication and nutrition.", "PMID": 370477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_864", "title": "Linolenic acid deficiency.", "content": "Linolenic acid deficiency has not been demonstrated clearly in warm blooded animals, yet circumstantial evidence suggests that n-3 fatty acids may have functions in these animals. The fact that several species of fish definitely require dietary n-3 fatty acids indicates that n-3 fatty acids have important and specific functions in these animals and suggests that such functions may also be present in warm blooded animals. It is also true that n-3 fatty acid distribution in tissues of birds and mammals appears to be under strict metabolic control, and that this complex metabolic control mechanism apparently has survived evolutionary pressure for a very long time. So far, attempts to produce linolenic acid deficiency in mammals have not revealed an absolute requirement for n-3 fatty acids. If functions for n-3 fatty acids do exist in warm blooded animals, it seems probable that they may be located in the cerebral cortex or in the retina, because these tissues normally contain high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids.", "contents": "Linolenic acid deficiency. Linolenic acid deficiency has not been demonstrated clearly in warm blooded animals, yet circumstantial evidence suggests that n-3 fatty acids may have functions in these animals. The fact that several species of fish definitely require dietary n-3 fatty acids indicates that n-3 fatty acids have important and specific functions in these animals and suggests that such functions may also be present in warm blooded animals. It is also true that n-3 fatty acid distribution in tissues of birds and mammals appears to be under strict metabolic control, and that this complex metabolic control mechanism apparently has survived evolutionary pressure for a very long time. So far, attempts to produce linolenic acid deficiency in mammals have not revealed an absolute requirement for n-3 fatty acids. If functions for n-3 fatty acids do exist in warm blooded animals, it seems probable that they may be located in the cerebral cortex or in the retina, because these tissues normally contain high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids.", "PMID": 370483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_865", "title": "[Early congenital syphilis (7 cases observed in Bangui Hospital Central African Empire) (author's transl)].", "content": "In an infant of good condition, skin changes, anemia, hepato-splenomegalia and more over radiological osseous changes are symptoms of great value which are to be confirmed by a serological test of the baby and its mother. Treatment is very effective but it would be better to protect the foetus by an early detection and treatment of the syphilitic pregnant woman.", "contents": "[Early congenital syphilis (7 cases observed in Bangui Hospital Central African Empire) (author's transl)]. In an infant of good condition, skin changes, anemia, hepato-splenomegalia and more over radiological osseous changes are symptoms of great value which are to be confirmed by a serological test of the baby and its mother. Treatment is very effective but it would be better to protect the foetus by an early detection and treatment of the syphilitic pregnant woman.", "PMID": 370499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_866", "title": "[Reliability of the indirect immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of African human trypanosomiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The reliability of an immunodiagnosis depends on its efficiency, i.e. the possibility of sorting out infected people from uninfected thanks to a good sensibility and a good specificity, and to its reproductibility. The authors have studied the reliability of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) for trypanosomiasis diagnosis on 90 sera (30 sera from patients with proven trypanosomiasis and 60 sera from patients free of trypanosome infection). Reproductibility is considered as good when the reading has been done by the same reader. Sensibility approaches 100 p. 100 and specificity varies according to readers: the reader taking the \"brillance\" into account obtains a specificity of more than 85 p. 100 and the reader reading the immunofluorescence extinction obtains a specificity between 65 p. 100 and 77 p. 100. The IFAT may be taken as a reference to evaluate new immunodiagnosis.", "contents": "[Reliability of the indirect immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of African human trypanosomiasis (author's transl)]. The reliability of an immunodiagnosis depends on its efficiency, i.e. the possibility of sorting out infected people from uninfected thanks to a good sensibility and a good specificity, and to its reproductibility. The authors have studied the reliability of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) for trypanosomiasis diagnosis on 90 sera (30 sera from patients with proven trypanosomiasis and 60 sera from patients free of trypanosome infection). Reproductibility is considered as good when the reading has been done by the same reader. Sensibility approaches 100 p. 100 and specificity varies according to readers: the reader taking the \"brillance\" into account obtains a specificity of more than 85 p. 100 and the reader reading the immunofluorescence extinction obtains a specificity between 65 p. 100 and 77 p. 100. The IFAT may be taken as a reference to evaluate new immunodiagnosis.", "PMID": 370497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_867", "title": "[Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann in tropical Africa: its importance and its control (author's transl)].", "content": "Improvement in communications, unchecked urbanization and use of inadequate insecticides have promoted widespreading and proliferation of C.p. fatigans in tropical Africa. This mosquito is a pest for man but also a main vector of Bancroftian filariasis. Various sanitation measures and insecticidal control are now available to destroy it; these control methods are indicated.", "contents": "[Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann in tropical Africa: its importance and its control (author's transl)]. Improvement in communications, unchecked urbanization and use of inadequate insecticides have promoted widespreading and proliferation of C.p. fatigans in tropical Africa. This mosquito is a pest for man but also a main vector of Bancroftian filariasis. Various sanitation measures and insecticidal control are now available to destroy it; these control methods are indicated.", "PMID": 370500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_868", "title": "[Organization of mass screening of human trypanosomiasis in West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological diagnosis methods appear to be necessary at the occasion of large scale surveys. The authors recommend indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and propose the creation of a mobile team supplied with necessary equipment for immunological tests and parasitological exams to be carried out in the field.", "contents": "[Organization of mass screening of human trypanosomiasis in West Africa (author's transl)]. Immunological diagnosis methods appear to be necessary at the occasion of large scale surveys. The authors recommend indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and propose the creation of a mobile team supplied with necessary equipment for immunological tests and parasitological exams to be carried out in the field.", "PMID": 370498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_869", "title": "In vitro assay for responsiveness of lymphocytes to transfer factor by a new leukocyte migration inhibitory test.", "content": "Transfer factor (TF) causes nonimmune lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD). The activity of TF was measured by leukocyte migration inhibitory test (LMIT). The LMIT was a modification of the conventional agarose droplet method. To express the activity of LMIF quantitatively and simply, LMIF titer was introduced. The LMIF titer was obtained from the combination of two factors, LMIF dilution and cell migration diameter, and therefore this made the LMIT much more sensitive as compared to the conventional LMIT. The responsiveness of lymphocytes from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and from cell-mediated immunodeficiency in children to TF was assayed by LMIT. In ALL, the lymphocyte responsiveness was poor in relapse but improved with remission. The responsiveness was remarkably well in 3 patients with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. This method appears useful for the in vitro evaluation of responsiveness of lymphocytes to TF.", "contents": "In vitro assay for responsiveness of lymphocytes to transfer factor by a new leukocyte migration inhibitory test. Transfer factor (TF) causes nonimmune lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD). The activity of TF was measured by leukocyte migration inhibitory test (LMIT). The LMIT was a modification of the conventional agarose droplet method. To express the activity of LMIF quantitatively and simply, LMIF titer was introduced. The LMIF titer was obtained from the combination of two factors, LMIF dilution and cell migration diameter, and therefore this made the LMIT much more sensitive as compared to the conventional LMIT. The responsiveness of lymphocytes from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and from cell-mediated immunodeficiency in children to TF was assayed by LMIT. In ALL, the lymphocyte responsiveness was poor in relapse but improved with remission. The responsiveness was remarkably well in 3 patients with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. This method appears useful for the in vitro evaluation of responsiveness of lymphocytes to TF.", "PMID": 370507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_870", "title": "[Use of a pyrimidine-dependent mutant for effective labeling of the DNA OF Aspergillus nidulans].", "content": "Incorporation of the radioactive label from pyrimidines into RNA and DNA of an Aspergillus nidulans pyrimidine-dependent mutant was studied. The label from [14C2]uridine was incorporated at the highest rate into both fractions of nucleic acids from A. nidulans of the wild type and pyr-mutant. The content of the label in the DNA of the pyr-mutant was several times higher than that in the wild type DNA. Therefore, pyr-mutants can be used in order to study molecular-genetic processes in the cells of A. nidulans. The label from [3H5]deoxyuridine, [14C2]thymine, [14C2]thymidine, [14C2]cytosine and I114C2]uracil was incorporated into the pyr-mutant RNA and DNA at a much lower rate than into the wild type RNA and DNA. Apparently, these pyrimidines cannot maintain the growth of the pyr-mutant. Incorporation of the label from [14C2]uracil into the pyr-mutant DNA increased if growth of the mycelium was stimulated by low concentrations of unlabeled uridine.", "contents": "[Use of a pyrimidine-dependent mutant for effective labeling of the DNA OF Aspergillus nidulans]. Incorporation of the radioactive label from pyrimidines into RNA and DNA of an Aspergillus nidulans pyrimidine-dependent mutant was studied. The label from [14C2]uridine was incorporated at the highest rate into both fractions of nucleic acids from A. nidulans of the wild type and pyr-mutant. The content of the label in the DNA of the pyr-mutant was several times higher than that in the wild type DNA. Therefore, pyr-mutants can be used in order to study molecular-genetic processes in the cells of A. nidulans. The label from [3H5]deoxyuridine, [14C2]thymine, [14C2]thymidine, [14C2]cytosine and I114C2]uracil was incorporated into the pyr-mutant RNA and DNA at a much lower rate than into the wild type RNA and DNA. Apparently, these pyrimidines cannot maintain the growth of the pyr-mutant. Incorporation of the label from [14C2]uracil into the pyr-mutant DNA increased if growth of the mycelium was stimulated by low concentrations of unlabeled uridine.", "PMID": 370508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_871", "title": "[Use of ultrasound to obtain small Escherichia coli cells containing drd plasmids].", "content": "Treatment with ultrasound of Escherichia coli K-12 chi 1100 producing mini-cells and containing R factor 100-1 drd depressed in conjugation transfer, prior to defferential and zonal centrifugation, makes it possible to increase the yield and purity of mini-cells. Combination of ultrasound treatment with differential centrifugation produces mini-cells with purity greater than 10(3) per parent cell. Ultrasound has no negative effect on the physiological state of mini-cells and the hydrodynamical characteristics of segregated plasmid DNA.", "contents": "[Use of ultrasound to obtain small Escherichia coli cells containing drd plasmids]. Treatment with ultrasound of Escherichia coli K-12 chi 1100 producing mini-cells and containing R factor 100-1 drd depressed in conjugation transfer, prior to defferential and zonal centrifugation, makes it possible to increase the yield and purity of mini-cells. Combination of ultrasound treatment with differential centrifugation produces mini-cells with purity greater than 10(3) per parent cell. Ultrasound has no negative effect on the physiological state of mini-cells and the hydrodynamical characteristics of segregated plasmid DNA.", "PMID": 370511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_872", "title": "[Dynamics of the interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with the bacterial host under aerobic and anaerobic conditions].", "content": "Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus can interact with the host bacterium cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The dynamics of the interaction between the parasite and the host depended on the regime of incubation. The latent period and the time at which Bd. bacteriovorus reached the stationary level became shorter under aerobic conditions. Lysis of the host bacterium cells under aerobic conditions proceeded more effectively, at a higher rate, and after a shorter period of the constant titre than under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with the bacterial host under aerobic and anaerobic conditions]. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus can interact with the host bacterium cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The dynamics of the interaction between the parasite and the host depended on the regime of incubation. The latent period and the time at which Bd. bacteriovorus reached the stationary level became shorter under aerobic conditions. Lysis of the host bacterium cells under aerobic conditions proceeded more effectively, at a higher rate, and after a shorter period of the constant titre than under anaerobic conditions.", "PMID": 370513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_873", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the viability of Escherichia coli strains in seawater].", "content": "The survival and growth of E. coli strains were studied at different temperatures of sea water. The bacterial number for serotypes 055 and 078 was found to increase with a decrease in temperatue of sea water to 5 degrees C. The bacteria of serotype 015 did not grow in sea water whereas those of serotype 0115 were capable of growth only at 20 and 15 degrees C. The bacteria were able to survive from 4 to 98 days depending on the temperature of water and the strain of E. coli.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the viability of Escherichia coli strains in seawater]. The survival and growth of E. coli strains were studied at different temperatures of sea water. The bacterial number for serotypes 055 and 078 was found to increase with a decrease in temperatue of sea water to 5 degrees C. The bacteria of serotype 015 did not grow in sea water whereas those of serotype 0115 were capable of growth only at 20 and 15 degrees C. The bacteria were able to survive from 4 to 98 days depending on the temperature of water and the strain of E. coli.", "PMID": 370514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_874", "title": "[Effect of cell reserve carbohydrates on an increase in the keeping qualities of baker's yeast].", "content": "Synthesis of reserve carbohydrates (trehalose and metabolically active glycogen) can be intensified in the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by adding glycerol and magnesium or phosphorus salts to the cultural broth. An increase in the content of reserve carbohydrates in the cells increases their preservation after separation from the substrate.", "contents": "[Effect of cell reserve carbohydrates on an increase in the keeping qualities of baker's yeast]. Synthesis of reserve carbohydrates (trehalose and metabolically active glycogen) can be intensified in the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by adding glycerol and magnesium or phosphorus salts to the cultural broth. An increase in the content of reserve carbohydrates in the cells increases their preservation after separation from the substrate.", "PMID": 370515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_875", "title": "[Comparative study of the rate of glucose and oxygen consumption by bacteria normally and under the action of low temperatures].", "content": "The effect of freezing on the rate of respiration and glucose assimilation in Escherichia coli M-17 incubated in 2 mM phosphate buffer, physiological solution, and media containing 1% and 10% glycerol was studied by potentiometry and delayed fluorescence of bacterial cells. When the cells were frozen to --70 degrees C and the rate of freezing-thawing was 10--15 degrees C per 1 min, the rate of respiration and glucose assimilation was below the stationary level, and the restoration took 20--60 min depending on the incubation medium. The low activity of the cells is attributed to the disturbed permeability of bacterial membranes, in particularly, for H+ ions.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the rate of glucose and oxygen consumption by bacteria normally and under the action of low temperatures]. The effect of freezing on the rate of respiration and glucose assimilation in Escherichia coli M-17 incubated in 2 mM phosphate buffer, physiological solution, and media containing 1% and 10% glycerol was studied by potentiometry and delayed fluorescence of bacterial cells. When the cells were frozen to --70 degrees C and the rate of freezing-thawing was 10--15 degrees C per 1 min, the rate of respiration and glucose assimilation was below the stationary level, and the restoration took 20--60 min depending on the incubation medium. The low activity of the cells is attributed to the disturbed permeability of bacterial membranes, in particularly, for H+ ions.", "PMID": 370517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_876", "title": "Prolactin suppression in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.", "content": "Abnormal secretion of prolactin is amongst the many disorders of hormone secretion which have been proposed as potential causes for the common syndrome of premenstrual tension. Eight women suffering from this disorder participated in a five-month double-blind crossover trial of bromocriptine (5 mg per day) given in the luteal phase of the cycle. Significant improvement in most symptoms occurred during active as opposed to placebo therapy, together with objective evidence of a decrease in premenstrual weight gain and breast enlargement. This corresponds with the results of other studies which used bromocriptine in this dosage. The effect may be mediated by suppression of prolactin secretion, but could equally be a direct effect of bromocriptine.", "contents": "Prolactin suppression in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Abnormal secretion of prolactin is amongst the many disorders of hormone secretion which have been proposed as potential causes for the common syndrome of premenstrual tension. Eight women suffering from this disorder participated in a five-month double-blind crossover trial of bromocriptine (5 mg per day) given in the luteal phase of the cycle. Significant improvement in most symptoms occurred during active as opposed to placebo therapy, together with objective evidence of a decrease in premenstrual weight gain and breast enlargement. This corresponds with the results of other studies which used bromocriptine in this dosage. The effect may be mediated by suppression of prolactin secretion, but could equally be a direct effect of bromocriptine.", "PMID": 370525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_877", "title": "[Effect of raised temperatures on the protein and RNA synthesis rate in yeasts].", "content": "The rates of incorporation of labelled precursors of protein (14C-DL-leucine) and RNA (14C-uracil) into the cells of synchronous yeast cultures of Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces (fabospora) fragilis were studied at different temperatures. Synthesis of RNA and then of protein was inhibited in H. anomala if the temperature was increased above the optimal one. This is manifested even more distinctly in Sacch. cerevisiae and P. membranaefaciens. In the thermotolerant yeast Sacch. fragilis, the incorporation of 14C-uracil was inhibited at temperatures above 40 degrees C while the rate of protein synthesis did not decrease.", "contents": "[Effect of raised temperatures on the protein and RNA synthesis rate in yeasts]. The rates of incorporation of labelled precursors of protein (14C-DL-leucine) and RNA (14C-uracil) into the cells of synchronous yeast cultures of Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces (fabospora) fragilis were studied at different temperatures. Synthesis of RNA and then of protein was inhibited in H. anomala if the temperature was increased above the optimal one. This is manifested even more distinctly in Sacch. cerevisiae and P. membranaefaciens. In the thermotolerant yeast Sacch. fragilis, the incorporation of 14C-uracil was inhibited at temperatures above 40 degrees C while the rate of protein synthesis did not decrease.", "PMID": 370520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_878", "title": "Bromocriptine, methyl testosterone and placebo for inhibition of physiological lactation: a controlled study.", "content": "Lactation occurs when the fully developed breast is released from the inhibitory influence which oestrogen and progesterone exert upon the action of prolactin. The use of oestrogens to suppress lactation depends on a continuation of the peripheral, that is, mammary, inhibition of prolactin. Androgens are also believed to act by inhibition of the action of prolactin on the mammary gland epithelium. Bromocriptine, when compared in a double-blind trial with orally administered methyl testosterone and placebo, gave almost complete relief of breast discomfort and congestion, though a small amount of milk production was seen. Methyl testosterone, in the dosage used in this study, was quite ineffective in suppressing lactation or breast symptoms.", "contents": "Bromocriptine, methyl testosterone and placebo for inhibition of physiological lactation: a controlled study. Lactation occurs when the fully developed breast is released from the inhibitory influence which oestrogen and progesterone exert upon the action of prolactin. The use of oestrogens to suppress lactation depends on a continuation of the peripheral, that is, mammary, inhibition of prolactin. Androgens are also believed to act by inhibition of the action of prolactin on the mammary gland epithelium. Bromocriptine, when compared in a double-blind trial with orally administered methyl testosterone and placebo, gave almost complete relief of breast discomfort and congestion, though a small amount of milk production was seen. Methyl testosterone, in the dosage used in this study, was quite ineffective in suppressing lactation or breast symptoms.", "PMID": 370526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_879", "title": "A double-blind trial of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Twenty-two patients entered a double-blind trial to test the efficacy of bromocriptine therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease who were already stabilized on conventional L-Dopa therapy. Of these, three patients who were receiving placebo withdrew when no improvement occurred and control became complicated. Another four patients taking active drug withdrew because of side effects, but only in one case was the symptom (nausea and vomiting) thought to be a true effect of the drug. Of the 15 patients who completed the trial, nine were taking active drug and six took placebo. Although more than half the patients in each group were subjectively improved, measurement scales of functional disability and physical examination revealed no significant change in either group. Side effects encountered included nausea, dyskinesia, and hallucinations. It was concluded that bromocriptine does not offer any additional benefit to patients with Parkinson's disease who are stabilized on L-Dopa therapy, but may have a place in those patients who encounter side effects due to fluctuations in serum and tissue levels of L-Dopa.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease. Twenty-two patients entered a double-blind trial to test the efficacy of bromocriptine therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease who were already stabilized on conventional L-Dopa therapy. Of these, three patients who were receiving placebo withdrew when no improvement occurred and control became complicated. Another four patients taking active drug withdrew because of side effects, but only in one case was the symptom (nausea and vomiting) thought to be a true effect of the drug. Of the 15 patients who completed the trial, nine were taking active drug and six took placebo. Although more than half the patients in each group were subjectively improved, measurement scales of functional disability and physical examination revealed no significant change in either group. Side effects encountered included nausea, dyskinesia, and hallucinations. It was concluded that bromocriptine does not offer any additional benefit to patients with Parkinson's disease who are stabilized on L-Dopa therapy, but may have a place in those patients who encounter side effects due to fluctuations in serum and tissue levels of L-Dopa.", "PMID": 370527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_880", "title": "The first man/machine interaction in medicine: the pulsilogium of Sanctorius.", "content": "This article, published in lieu of the customary feature, artifact, describes one of the earliest medical devices--a device to measure pulse rate. A close examination of the pulsilogium of Sanctorius of Padua (1561--1636) reveals it to be something more than the first measuring device in medical history; it is also the first man/machine system in medicine. Using a systems approach, pulsilogium and physician interaction is found to contain important dynamic characteristics. The device is operated in a negative feedback mode, employs the concept of transduction, and measures pulse through another dimension--length. More than 100 years after its invention, the pulsilogium found useful application by de la Croix in measurements of cardiac function during \"electrification.\"", "contents": "The first man/machine interaction in medicine: the pulsilogium of Sanctorius. This article, published in lieu of the customary feature, artifact, describes one of the earliest medical devices--a device to measure pulse rate. A close examination of the pulsilogium of Sanctorius of Padua (1561--1636) reveals it to be something more than the first measuring device in medical history; it is also the first man/machine system in medicine. Using a systems approach, pulsilogium and physician interaction is found to contain important dynamic characteristics. The device is operated in a negative feedback mode, employs the concept of transduction, and measures pulse through another dimension--length. More than 100 years after its invention, the pulsilogium found useful application by de la Croix in measurements of cardiac function during \"electrification.\"", "PMID": 370523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_881", "title": "Third Myron Karon Memorial Lecture. Resistance of human tumors to cancer chemotherapeutic agents: an important research problem.", "content": "The mechanisms whereby malignant cells become biochemically resistant to anti-cancer drugs are surveyed, with emphasis on human tumors. Methotrexate is used as a model to illustrate the mechanisms of resistance that can occur, and how cells can increase their production of dihyrofolate reductase, the target enzyme. Drug resistance remains one of the major impediments to the successful use of chemotherapy for neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Third Myron Karon Memorial Lecture. Resistance of human tumors to cancer chemotherapeutic agents: an important research problem. The mechanisms whereby malignant cells become biochemically resistant to anti-cancer drugs are surveyed, with emphasis on human tumors. Methotrexate is used as a model to illustrate the mechanisms of resistance that can occur, and how cells can increase their production of dihyrofolate reductase, the target enzyme. Drug resistance remains one of the major impediments to the successful use of chemotherapy for neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 370531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_882", "title": "[Metabolic pathways of exogenous pyrimidines in Aspergillus nidulans].", "content": "Studies on the susceptibility of the wild-type strain of Aspergillus nidulans to 6-azauracil suggest that it synthesizes pyrimidines using a by-pass pathway which is induced with 6-azauracil. The effect of a series of pyrimidines on the toxic action of 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouidine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine has been investigated. As the result of these studies, a scheme is proposed for the metabolism of some pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Aso. nidulans.", "contents": "[Metabolic pathways of exogenous pyrimidines in Aspergillus nidulans]. Studies on the susceptibility of the wild-type strain of Aspergillus nidulans to 6-azauracil suggest that it synthesizes pyrimidines using a by-pass pathway which is induced with 6-azauracil. The effect of a series of pyrimidines on the toxic action of 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouidine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine has been investigated. As the result of these studies, a scheme is proposed for the metabolism of some pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Aso. nidulans.", "PMID": 370519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_883", "title": "In vitro antitumor reactivity of mononuclear leukocytes from cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with BCG.", "content": "Mononuclear cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MCMC) against cultured tumor target cells was studied sequentially in melanoma and breast cancer patients before and during BGC administration. MCMC showed temporary fluctuations. In patients with locally advanced melanoma and carcinoma of the breast after tumor load reduction, the administration of BCG may increase the MCMC. This did not always correlate with a favorable clinical course. Potentiating serum factors appeared in 50% of these patients during BCG therapy, while blocking factors were rare. Neither correlated with prognosis. In patients with disseminated melanoma receiving chemoimmunotherapy, increases in MCMC may be related to clinical course. Blocking serum factors frequently developed in this group of patients and potentiating factors were rare. Neither correlated with the clinical course. Significant MCMC among normal donors and the apparent lack of specificity suggest a common nonspecific (? natural) cellular reactivity against cultured tumor target cells.", "contents": "In vitro antitumor reactivity of mononuclear leukocytes from cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with BCG. Mononuclear cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MCMC) against cultured tumor target cells was studied sequentially in melanoma and breast cancer patients before and during BGC administration. MCMC showed temporary fluctuations. In patients with locally advanced melanoma and carcinoma of the breast after tumor load reduction, the administration of BCG may increase the MCMC. This did not always correlate with a favorable clinical course. Potentiating serum factors appeared in 50% of these patients during BCG therapy, while blocking factors were rare. Neither correlated with prognosis. In patients with disseminated melanoma receiving chemoimmunotherapy, increases in MCMC may be related to clinical course. Blocking serum factors frequently developed in this group of patients and potentiating factors were rare. Neither correlated with the clinical course. Significant MCMC among normal donors and the apparent lack of specificity suggest a common nonspecific (? natural) cellular reactivity against cultured tumor target cells.", "PMID": 370532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_884", "title": "4-Aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide excretion in acute leukemia.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 4-aminimidazole-5-carboxamide (AIC) as been reported to be increased in children with acute leukemia and has been correlated with disease status. Using a modification of the method of Skibba et al [5], determinations were made on urine from 26 children with acute leukemia. The urine from ten normal children served as controls. The effect of chemotherapy on urinary AIC was studied comparing patients on vincristine and prednisone (V+P) with those on 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide (Triple Rx). Patients in remission on Triple Rx had lower levels of urinary AIC than did patients on Triple Rx in relapse or patients on V+P in either remission or relapse. Twenty patients had sequential measurements. Values for individual patients were not predictive of disease status. One such patient is described. This study demonstrates that chemotherapy, as well as disease status, affects the urinary excretion of AIC in children with acute leukemia.", "contents": "4-Aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide excretion in acute leukemia. The urinary excretion of 4-aminimidazole-5-carboxamide (AIC) as been reported to be increased in children with acute leukemia and has been correlated with disease status. Using a modification of the method of Skibba et al [5], determinations were made on urine from 26 children with acute leukemia. The urine from ten normal children served as controls. The effect of chemotherapy on urinary AIC was studied comparing patients on vincristine and prednisone (V+P) with those on 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide (Triple Rx). Patients in remission on Triple Rx had lower levels of urinary AIC than did patients on Triple Rx in relapse or patients on V+P in either remission or relapse. Twenty patients had sequential measurements. Values for individual patients were not predictive of disease status. One such patient is described. This study demonstrates that chemotherapy, as well as disease status, affects the urinary excretion of AIC in children with acute leukemia.", "PMID": 370534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_885", "title": "EST 0469B--comparison of high- and low-dose cyclophosphamide in human lung cancer.", "content": "A controlled trial of high-intermittent vs low-chronic dose cyclophosphamide in human lung cancer failed to show the benefits reported in noncontrolled trials. There were no differences in toxicity observed.", "contents": "EST 0469B--comparison of high- and low-dose cyclophosphamide in human lung cancer. A controlled trial of high-intermittent vs low-chronic dose cyclophosphamide in human lung cancer failed to show the benefits reported in noncontrolled trials. There were no differences in toxicity observed.", "PMID": 370535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_886", "title": "Safety of delayed leucovorin \"rescue\" following high-dose methotrexate in children.", "content": "High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with leucovorin (CF) \"rescue\" is being investigated for treatment of many malignant tumors. CF is usually begun 2 hours after ending the HDMTX infusion. However, since CF and methotrexate compete for the same cellular transport system, at high extracellular methotrexate concentrations it may be impossible to \"rescue\" cells with CF. A regimen of HDMTX with delayed leucovorin \"rescue\" was therefore designed. In this program, a 6-hour infusion of methotrexate (7.5 gm/m2) was followed 24 hours later by leucovorin \"rescue.\" Nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma received 115 courses of this treatment. Toxicity was minimal. Plasma methotrexate values were identical to those following early CF 'rescue\" regimens. HDMTX with delayed \"rescue\" is well tolerated. Although theoretically sound, further studies are needed to determine its efficacy in comparison to standard early \"rescue\" regimens.", "contents": "Safety of delayed leucovorin \"rescue\" following high-dose methotrexate in children. High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with leucovorin (CF) \"rescue\" is being investigated for treatment of many malignant tumors. CF is usually begun 2 hours after ending the HDMTX infusion. However, since CF and methotrexate compete for the same cellular transport system, at high extracellular methotrexate concentrations it may be impossible to \"rescue\" cells with CF. A regimen of HDMTX with delayed leucovorin \"rescue\" was therefore designed. In this program, a 6-hour infusion of methotrexate (7.5 gm/m2) was followed 24 hours later by leucovorin \"rescue.\" Nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma received 115 courses of this treatment. Toxicity was minimal. Plasma methotrexate values were identical to those following early CF 'rescue\" regimens. HDMTX with delayed \"rescue\" is well tolerated. Although theoretically sound, further studies are needed to determine its efficacy in comparison to standard early \"rescue\" regimens.", "PMID": 370536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_887", "title": "High-dose methotrexate for the remission induction of refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Six adults with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with high-dose methotrexate, citrovorum factor, and vincristine. All patients had previously received extensive treatment with standard therapeutic agents, including vincristine, and all but one had received prior methotrexate. Two patients achieved complete remission and one achieved partial remission. Responses were seen at 3--6 gm/m2 of methotrexate. The durations of remission were 7--10 weeks. High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor is effective in the treatment of advanced ALL and should be considered for inclusion in initial combination chemotherapeutic regimens for adult ALL.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate for the remission induction of refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Six adults with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with high-dose methotrexate, citrovorum factor, and vincristine. All patients had previously received extensive treatment with standard therapeutic agents, including vincristine, and all but one had received prior methotrexate. Two patients achieved complete remission and one achieved partial remission. Responses were seen at 3--6 gm/m2 of methotrexate. The durations of remission were 7--10 weeks. High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor is effective in the treatment of advanced ALL and should be considered for inclusion in initial combination chemotherapeutic regimens for adult ALL.", "PMID": 370537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_888", "title": "CCNU, vinblastine, and delalutin therapy in renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Advanced renal cell carcinoma is relatively resistant to most adequately evaluated chemotherapeutic agents. The combination of CCNU and vinblastine, which has antitumor activity in a frog renal carcinoma model system, has demonstrated activity in initial studies in man. The current study investigated this combination of drugs together with a progestational agent, Delalutin. Seventeen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with CCNU, vinblastine and Delalutin. There were no objective responses. Four patients with stable disease had a mean survival of 18 months compared to 13 patients with progressive disease who had a mean survival of 5 months. The survival of the four patients with stable disease was in large part due to the slowly progressive natural history of their disease.", "contents": "CCNU, vinblastine, and delalutin therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Advanced renal cell carcinoma is relatively resistant to most adequately evaluated chemotherapeutic agents. The combination of CCNU and vinblastine, which has antitumor activity in a frog renal carcinoma model system, has demonstrated activity in initial studies in man. The current study investigated this combination of drugs together with a progestational agent, Delalutin. Seventeen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with CCNU, vinblastine and Delalutin. There were no objective responses. Four patients with stable disease had a mean survival of 18 months compared to 13 patients with progressive disease who had a mean survival of 5 months. The survival of the four patients with stable disease was in large part due to the slowly progressive natural history of their disease.", "PMID": 370538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_889", "title": "Meiotic recombination and synaptonemal complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The course of meiotic recombination, gene conversion and crossing-over, was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene conversion was used as the selected event by removing cells from a medium inducing and promoting meiosis to a vegetative growth medium selective for convertants. Gene conversion started to increase at the same time as DNA synthesis, and nuclei entered a phase where the chromatin appeared as thread-like structures. Crossing over of linked and unlinked markers also started early but remained at a low level until synaptonemal complexes were formed. However, gene conversion and a limited amount of crossing-over could be completed without synaptonemal complexes. It was concluded that meiotic recombination in yeast can occur as early as during DNA synthesis and does not require the function of synaptonemal complexes. Moreover, the low incidence of crossing-over early in meiosis is attributed to a low frequency of strand isomerization.", "contents": "Meiotic recombination and synaptonemal complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The course of meiotic recombination, gene conversion and crossing-over, was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene conversion was used as the selected event by removing cells from a medium inducing and promoting meiosis to a vegetative growth medium selective for convertants. Gene conversion started to increase at the same time as DNA synthesis, and nuclei entered a phase where the chromatin appeared as thread-like structures. Crossing over of linked and unlinked markers also started early but remained at a low level until synaptonemal complexes were formed. However, gene conversion and a limited amount of crossing-over could be completed without synaptonemal complexes. It was concluded that meiotic recombination in yeast can occur as early as during DNA synthesis and does not require the function of synaptonemal complexes. Moreover, the low incidence of crossing-over early in meiosis is attributed to a low frequency of strand isomerization.", "PMID": 370542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_890", "title": "Mitotic recombination in the absence of synaptonemal complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mitotic cells of a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with appropriate markers for the detection of mitotic crossing-over and mitotic gene conversion were irradiated with X-rays. Induction of these recombinational events was strong. After irradiation, cells were incubated in a rich growth medium and samples were removed for studying the possible formation of synaptonemal complexes up to a time when most cells had completed the first post-irradiation cell division. No complexes were found during the entire period of sampling, during which mitotic recombination in G1 (mitotic gene conversion), DNA replication and G2 (mitotic crossing-over) had occurred. These results are interpreted to mean that synaptonemal complexes are not required for mitotic recombination.", "contents": "Mitotic recombination in the absence of synaptonemal complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitotic cells of a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with appropriate markers for the detection of mitotic crossing-over and mitotic gene conversion were irradiated with X-rays. Induction of these recombinational events was strong. After irradiation, cells were incubated in a rich growth medium and samples were removed for studying the possible formation of synaptonemal complexes up to a time when most cells had completed the first post-irradiation cell division. No complexes were found during the entire period of sampling, during which mitotic recombination in G1 (mitotic gene conversion), DNA replication and G2 (mitotic crossing-over) had occurred. These results are interpreted to mean that synaptonemal complexes are not required for mitotic recombination.", "PMID": 370543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_891", "title": "Major proteins of the outer cell envelope membrane of Escherichia coli K12: multiple species of protein I differ in primary structure.", "content": "Protein I, one of the major outer membrane proteins of E. coli in most K12 strains is represented by two very similar polypeptides Ia and Ib. Sequential mutations (involving selections for phage resistance) can lead to loss of proteins Ia and Ib. Among \"revertants\" of such Ia-Ib- mutants clones exist that instead of Ia or Ib produce a third species of protein I, polypeptide Ic. Ichihara and Mizushima [J. Biochem. 83, 1095--1100 (1978)] have shown that proteins Ia and Ib exhibit differences in primary structure. Here evidence is presented indicating that protein Ic also is not identical in primary structure with Ia or Ib. Thus, 3 very similar structural genes appear to exist for the protein I species known to date, and that for Ic normally is silent. Introduction of a functional Ic locus into a Ia+ Ib+ strain caused expression of all three proteins with a reduced rate of synthesis of protein Ia.", "contents": "Major proteins of the outer cell envelope membrane of Escherichia coli K12: multiple species of protein I differ in primary structure. Protein I, one of the major outer membrane proteins of E. coli in most K12 strains is represented by two very similar polypeptides Ia and Ib. Sequential mutations (involving selections for phage resistance) can lead to loss of proteins Ia and Ib. Among \"revertants\" of such Ia-Ib- mutants clones exist that instead of Ia or Ib produce a third species of protein I, polypeptide Ic. Ichihara and Mizushima [J. Biochem. 83, 1095--1100 (1978)] have shown that proteins Ia and Ib exhibit differences in primary structure. Here evidence is presented indicating that protein Ic also is not identical in primary structure with Ia or Ib. Thus, 3 very similar structural genes appear to exist for the protein I species known to date, and that for Ic normally is silent. Introduction of a functional Ic locus into a Ia+ Ib+ strain caused expression of all three proteins with a reduced rate of synthesis of protein Ia.", "PMID": 370544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_892", "title": "The non-reciprocality of organelle gene recombination in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: some new observations and a restatement of some old problems.", "content": "Organelle recombinant genotype frequencies, derived from analysis of individual mitotic zygote clones of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were subjected to two types of statistical tests in an attempt to detect the occurrence of reciprocal recombination: (i) calculation of correlation coefficients for the frequencies of two recombinant genotypes (reciprocal or non-reciprocal pairs) within individual zygote clones, and (ii) application of the chi-square test for independence to the frequencies of zygotes yielding one or the other, neither, or both of a given recombinant pair. Applying test (i), the strongest correlations are found for non-reciprocal rather than reciprocal pairs. When the data are analyzed by method (ii), some reciprocal as well as non-reciprocal pairs appear to be produced concurrently in zygote clones. However, such deviations from independence are greatest for non-reciprocal pairs. These tests yield comparable results for yeast mitochondrial and Chlamydomonas chloroplast gene recombination, and provide no convincing evidence for reciprocal genetic exchange. Explanations for the observed lack of reciprocality are discussed with reference both to our present understanding of the molecular events responsible for genetic recombination, and to the problems which may be unique to the analysis of organelle gene recombination.", "contents": "The non-reciprocality of organelle gene recombination in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: some new observations and a restatement of some old problems. Organelle recombinant genotype frequencies, derived from analysis of individual mitotic zygote clones of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were subjected to two types of statistical tests in an attempt to detect the occurrence of reciprocal recombination: (i) calculation of correlation coefficients for the frequencies of two recombinant genotypes (reciprocal or non-reciprocal pairs) within individual zygote clones, and (ii) application of the chi-square test for independence to the frequencies of zygotes yielding one or the other, neither, or both of a given recombinant pair. Applying test (i), the strongest correlations are found for non-reciprocal rather than reciprocal pairs. When the data are analyzed by method (ii), some reciprocal as well as non-reciprocal pairs appear to be produced concurrently in zygote clones. However, such deviations from independence are greatest for non-reciprocal pairs. These tests yield comparable results for yeast mitochondrial and Chlamydomonas chloroplast gene recombination, and provide no convincing evidence for reciprocal genetic exchange. Explanations for the observed lack of reciprocality are discussed with reference both to our present understanding of the molecular events responsible for genetic recombination, and to the problems which may be unique to the analysis of organelle gene recombination.", "PMID": 370545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_893", "title": "Genetic mapping of a putative temperature-sensitive transcription mutation in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A putative temperature-sensitive transcription mutant described earlier (Jabbar and Jayaraman, 1976) has been genetically mapped. The locus maps at 38 min to the left of aroD. The mutation is recessive to the wild type and it affects a gene probably other than the genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanine tRNA synthetase and protein synthesis initiation factor IF-3 which also map in the same region.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of a putative temperature-sensitive transcription mutation in Escherichia coli K12. A putative temperature-sensitive transcription mutant described earlier (Jabbar and Jayaraman, 1976) has been genetically mapped. The locus maps at 38 min to the left of aroD. The mutation is recessive to the wild type and it affects a gene probably other than the genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanine tRNA synthetase and protein synthesis initiation factor IF-3 which also map in the same region.", "PMID": 370546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_894", "title": "[Dental implants coated with isotropic carbon].", "content": "22 implants have been carried out in the mandibular arches of 5 dogs for the purpose of assessing the usefulness of a special isotropic carbon coating on vitallium cast dental replicas. Clinico-radiological, histopathological and microradiographic data showed the usefulness of the coating. Permucous acceptability, which is hard to obtain with other materials, proved satisfactory. Anchorage of the replicas to the surrounding bone was good, thus confirming the compatibility and usefulness of the isotropic carbon coating.", "contents": "[Dental implants coated with isotropic carbon]. 22 implants have been carried out in the mandibular arches of 5 dogs for the purpose of assessing the usefulness of a special isotropic carbon coating on vitallium cast dental replicas. Clinico-radiological, histopathological and microradiographic data showed the usefulness of the coating. Permucous acceptability, which is hard to obtain with other materials, proved satisfactory. Anchorage of the replicas to the surrounding bone was good, thus confirming the compatibility and usefulness of the isotropic carbon coating.", "PMID": 370541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_895", "title": "Evidence for a common mechanism for the insertion of the Tn10 transposon and for the generation of Tn10-stimulated deletions.", "content": "Mutations in and near the Salmonella typhimurium histidine transport operon were generated by insertion of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10. Deletion mutants affecting histidine transport genes were subsequently isolated in several of the Tn10-containing strains. Tn10 insertions in hisJ occurred preferentially at one site, designated site A. This same site was also the preferential endpoint of deletions originating from Tn10 insertions at two neighboring sites. Thus, Tn10 insertion and Tn10-stimulated deletion formation appear to involve a common DNA-recogition step.", "contents": "Evidence for a common mechanism for the insertion of the Tn10 transposon and for the generation of Tn10-stimulated deletions. Mutations in and near the Salmonella typhimurium histidine transport operon were generated by insertion of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10. Deletion mutants affecting histidine transport genes were subsequently isolated in several of the Tn10-containing strains. Tn10 insertions in hisJ occurred preferentially at one site, designated site A. This same site was also the preferential endpoint of deletions originating from Tn10 insertions at two neighboring sites. Thus, Tn10 insertion and Tn10-stimulated deletion formation appear to involve a common DNA-recogition step.", "PMID": 370547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_896", "title": "Binding of lac repressor to the secondary lac operator in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In the lac operon, the existence of a secondary repressor binding site, inside Z gene, had been inferred from in vitro binding studies (Reznikoff et al., 1974; Gilbert et al., 1975). A series of deletions have been constructed from a lac transducing lambda bacteriophage. Some of those deleted bacteriophages have still the property of derepressing a chromosomal lac operon, even though they do not contain any more the lac operator. This phenomenon is an indication that the secondary repressor binding site is also active in vivo.", "contents": "Binding of lac repressor to the secondary lac operator in Escherichia coli. In the lac operon, the existence of a secondary repressor binding site, inside Z gene, had been inferred from in vitro binding studies (Reznikoff et al., 1974; Gilbert et al., 1975). A series of deletions have been constructed from a lac transducing lambda bacteriophage. Some of those deleted bacteriophages have still the property of derepressing a chromosomal lac operon, even though they do not contain any more the lac operator. This phenomenon is an indication that the secondary repressor binding site is also active in vivo.", "PMID": 370548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_897", "title": "Calcium metabolism in intact isolated thymocytes.", "content": "Isolated rat thymocytes incubated under proper metabolic conditions extrude Ca2+ previously taken up under metabolically unfavourable conditions. The extrusion can be supported by both respiratory and glycolytic energy but glycolysis seems to be more efficient for this purpose. La3+ (50--200 micron) and the ionophore A 23187 inhibit cell Ca2+ extrusion. Ruthenium Red (1--100 micron) does not influence cell Ca2+ extrusion while it inhibits the in situ mitochondrial cation uptake. All the results are consistent with a cell regulation model of Ca2+ content in which both plasma membrane and mitochondria co-operate, acting in opposite directions, in order to decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The possibility of Na+-Ca2+ hetero-exchange participation to cell Ca2+ homeostasis regulation is also discussed.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in intact isolated thymocytes. Isolated rat thymocytes incubated under proper metabolic conditions extrude Ca2+ previously taken up under metabolically unfavourable conditions. The extrusion can be supported by both respiratory and glycolytic energy but glycolysis seems to be more efficient for this purpose. La3+ (50--200 micron) and the ionophore A 23187 inhibit cell Ca2+ extrusion. Ruthenium Red (1--100 micron) does not influence cell Ca2+ extrusion while it inhibits the in situ mitochondrial cation uptake. All the results are consistent with a cell regulation model of Ca2+ content in which both plasma membrane and mitochondria co-operate, acting in opposite directions, in order to decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The possibility of Na+-Ca2+ hetero-exchange participation to cell Ca2+ homeostasis regulation is also discussed.", "PMID": 370551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_898", "title": "Platelet responses in health and disease.", "content": "This article summarizes recent ultrastructure findings from our laboratory and documents some of the information accumulated primarily since 1975 from many laboratories. Special attention is given to documentation by scanning electron microscopy which affords insight into platelet activation (adhesion, aggregation, release/secretion) and especially platelet-vessel wall interactions. Structural physiology of platelets is considered in some detail as a basis for understanding platelet disorders contributing to clinical problems of thrombosis and hemorrhage. The impaired ability of von Willebrand platelets to adhere to injured vessel wall is reported using the human umbilical vein perfusion model. Relationships between platelets and blood coagulation factors focus on the exquisite sensitivity of platelets to minute amounts of thrombin. Unmasking of platelet factor 3 sites is identified on activated platelets, after glutaraldehyde fixation, by their reaction ot latex bearing anti-platelet factor 3 markers. The basis for platelet-collagen interactions is reviewed. Conditions for and possible mechanisms behind platelet interaction with vessel wall are discussed. Ex vivo flowing blood-vessel wall models offer opportunities for improved understanding of the platelets role(s) in vascular diseases.", "contents": "Platelet responses in health and disease. This article summarizes recent ultrastructure findings from our laboratory and documents some of the information accumulated primarily since 1975 from many laboratories. Special attention is given to documentation by scanning electron microscopy which affords insight into platelet activation (adhesion, aggregation, release/secretion) and especially platelet-vessel wall interactions. Structural physiology of platelets is considered in some detail as a basis for understanding platelet disorders contributing to clinical problems of thrombosis and hemorrhage. The impaired ability of von Willebrand platelets to adhere to injured vessel wall is reported using the human umbilical vein perfusion model. Relationships between platelets and blood coagulation factors focus on the exquisite sensitivity of platelets to minute amounts of thrombin. Unmasking of platelet factor 3 sites is identified on activated platelets, after glutaraldehyde fixation, by their reaction ot latex bearing anti-platelet factor 3 markers. The basis for platelet-collagen interactions is reviewed. Conditions for and possible mechanisms behind platelet interaction with vessel wall are discussed. Ex vivo flowing blood-vessel wall models offer opportunities for improved understanding of the platelets role(s) in vascular diseases.", "PMID": 370550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_899", "title": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. I. Isolation; physical and enzymatic properties.", "content": "This is the first of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological, and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7, (Staphylococcal nuclease, Micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses the purification of the enzyme and its general physical and enzymological properties. Subsequent articles will deal with specific studies of the nucleotide binding site, crystallographic studies of a nuclease-inhibitor complex, use of the nuclease as a model for protein folding and possible mechanisms for the action of the enzyme.", "contents": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. I. Isolation; physical and enzymatic properties. This is the first of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological, and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7, (Staphylococcal nuclease, Micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses the purification of the enzyme and its general physical and enzymological properties. Subsequent articles will deal with specific studies of the nucleotide binding site, crystallographic studies of a nuclease-inhibitor complex, use of the nuclease as a model for protein folding and possible mechanisms for the action of the enzyme.", "PMID": 370553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_900", "title": "[Selective binding of oligoribonucleotides by T7 phage induced RNA-polymerase].", "content": "It was shown previously that E. coli RNA-polymerase being incubated with the random oligonucleotide mixtures of definite length binds certain oligoribonucleotides with the length greater than or equal to 5 nucleotides. The data presented demonstrate that T7 phage induced RNA-polymerase (T7 RNA-polymerase) also binds selectively oligoribonucleotides beginning from pentaribonucleotides. From the random mixtures of penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- and decaribonucleotides the hepta- and octaribonucleotides are bound most efficiently. The T7 RNA-polymerase bound oligoribonucleotides can be completely extracted from the random mixture by the addition of the redundant enzyme amounts. As far as E. coli RNA-polymerase and T7 RNA-polymerase do not compete for the oligoribonucleotides the conclusion is made that they bind different oligoribonucleotides. The addition of the T7 DNA to the previously formed T7 RNA-polymerase--heptaribonucleotide complex competitively displace the heptaribonucleotides from the complex; the competitive effect of T4 DNA is very low. The data suggest that the oligoribonucleotides which are selectively bound by the RNA-polymerase are attached to the enzyme site responsible for the interaction with the promotor.", "contents": "[Selective binding of oligoribonucleotides by T7 phage induced RNA-polymerase]. It was shown previously that E. coli RNA-polymerase being incubated with the random oligonucleotide mixtures of definite length binds certain oligoribonucleotides with the length greater than or equal to 5 nucleotides. The data presented demonstrate that T7 phage induced RNA-polymerase (T7 RNA-polymerase) also binds selectively oligoribonucleotides beginning from pentaribonucleotides. From the random mixtures of penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- and decaribonucleotides the hepta- and octaribonucleotides are bound most efficiently. The T7 RNA-polymerase bound oligoribonucleotides can be completely extracted from the random mixture by the addition of the redundant enzyme amounts. As far as E. coli RNA-polymerase and T7 RNA-polymerase do not compete for the oligoribonucleotides the conclusion is made that they bind different oligoribonucleotides. The addition of the T7 DNA to the previously formed T7 RNA-polymerase--heptaribonucleotide complex competitively displace the heptaribonucleotides from the complex; the competitive effect of T4 DNA is very low. The data suggest that the oligoribonucleotides which are selectively bound by the RNA-polymerase are attached to the enzyme site responsible for the interaction with the promotor.", "PMID": 370554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_901", "title": "The basis of pulmonary edema, with emphasis on ultrastructure.", "content": "In the normal lung, a delicate interplay of physical forces and structural devices maintains the gas-exchanging membranes hydrated but unflooded. Liquids leaking from the alveolar capillaries are prevented from interfering with gas-exchange by a combination of mechanisms: the alveolar epithelium prevents easy access of liquids into the alveolar space; glycosoaminoglycan \"sumps\" in the thick portion of the septum bind excess liquid, thereby protecting the gas-exchanging thin portions of the alveolar-capillary barrier from water-logging; gradients of subatmospheric pressure promote the rapid transfer of liquids from the septal \"sumps\" into a compliant peribronchial space for further disposal by the lymphatic vessels. \"Leaky\" pulmonary and bronchial microvessels upset the osmotic forces in the interstitial space and interfere with the capacity of the lymphatic system to reabsorb liquids. Accumulation of excess liquids is limited initially to the interstitum. When the capacity of this space to bind liquids is overcome alveolar edema develops.", "contents": "The basis of pulmonary edema, with emphasis on ultrastructure. In the normal lung, a delicate interplay of physical forces and structural devices maintains the gas-exchanging membranes hydrated but unflooded. Liquids leaking from the alveolar capillaries are prevented from interfering with gas-exchange by a combination of mechanisms: the alveolar epithelium prevents easy access of liquids into the alveolar space; glycosoaminoglycan \"sumps\" in the thick portion of the septum bind excess liquid, thereby protecting the gas-exchanging thin portions of the alveolar-capillary barrier from water-logging; gradients of subatmospheric pressure promote the rapid transfer of liquids from the septal \"sumps\" into a compliant peribronchial space for further disposal by the lymphatic vessels. \"Leaky\" pulmonary and bronchial microvessels upset the osmotic forces in the interstitial space and interfere with the capacity of the lymphatic system to reabsorb liquids. Accumulation of excess liquids is limited initially to the interstitum. When the capacity of this space to bind liquids is overcome alveolar edema develops.", "PMID": 370561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_902", "title": "The effect of norharman on the metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomes in vitro in relation to its enhancement of the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene.", "content": "The effect of norharman on the metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomes was studied. Separation of the metabolites into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions showed that norharman inhibited the conversion of hydrophobic metabolites to hydrophilic ones. Analysis of the hydrophobic metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed that norharman also inhibited the disappearance of benzo[alpha]pyrene itself. However, large amounts of hydrophobic metabolites, such as phenol, quinones and diols, were formed in the presence of norharman, and formation of the strong mutagen 7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene was increased 10-fold by norharman. The increase in formation of this compound may be one of the chief reasons why norharman enhances the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene on Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "The effect of norharman on the metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomes in vitro in relation to its enhancement of the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene. The effect of norharman on the metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomes was studied. Separation of the metabolites into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions showed that norharman inhibited the conversion of hydrophobic metabolites to hydrophilic ones. Analysis of the hydrophobic metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed that norharman also inhibited the disappearance of benzo[alpha]pyrene itself. However, large amounts of hydrophobic metabolites, such as phenol, quinones and diols, were formed in the presence of norharman, and formation of the strong mutagen 7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene was increased 10-fold by norharman. The increase in formation of this compound may be one of the chief reasons why norharman enhances the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene on Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 370567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_903", "title": "Mutagenicities of styrene oxide derivatives on Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100): relationship between mutagenic potencies and chemical reactivity.", "content": "The lethal and mutagenic effects of p-methyl-, m-chloro-, p-chloro- and  unsubstituted styrene oxide on Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100) were investigated. At equal concentrations, p-chlorostyrene oxide was more lethal than p-methyl-, m-chloro- or unsubstituted styrene oxide. When the survival fraction was 0.8 or more, the mutagenicities of these compounds increased in the order: m-chlorostyrene oxide = p-chlorostyrene oxide less than styrene oxide less than p-methyl-styrene oxide. The mutagenicities of these compounds depended only on the reactivity of their benzylic site; the reactivity at their primary site and their partition coefficients appeared to have no effect.", "contents": "Mutagenicities of styrene oxide derivatives on Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100): relationship between mutagenic potencies and chemical reactivity. The lethal and mutagenic effects of p-methyl-, m-chloro-, p-chloro- and  unsubstituted styrene oxide on Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100) were investigated. At equal concentrations, p-chlorostyrene oxide was more lethal than p-methyl-, m-chloro- or unsubstituted styrene oxide. When the survival fraction was 0.8 or more, the mutagenicities of these compounds increased in the order: m-chlorostyrene oxide = p-chlorostyrene oxide less than styrene oxide less than p-methyl-styrene oxide. The mutagenicities of these compounds depended only on the reactivity of their benzylic site; the reactivity at their primary site and their partition coefficients appeared to have no effect.", "PMID": 370568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_904", "title": "Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form.", "content": "Soluble trivalent chromium compounds (chromium potassium sulfate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, neochromium and chromium alum) were inactive for Salmonella typhimurium TA100, even at milligram amounts per plate. No effect could be detected either in the absence or in the presence of rat-liver, lung or muscle microsomal fractions, of rat-muscle mitochondria (with or without ATP), of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or of human serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates. Conversely, addition of a strongly oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) resulted in toxic effects in plates incorporating more than 40--80 microgram of compounds and elicited a dose-effect mutagenic response at 10--40 microgram per plate. These effects could be ascribed to oxidation of chromium from the trivalent to the active hexavalent state. Insoluble chromite, as tested in the spot test, was spontaneously mutagenic, owing to contamination of the industrial product with hexavalent chromium. The results obtained may be useful to interpret the findings of carcinogenicity tests and to predict health hazards linked to chromium.", "contents": "Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form. Soluble trivalent chromium compounds (chromium potassium sulfate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, neochromium and chromium alum) were inactive for Salmonella typhimurium TA100, even at milligram amounts per plate. No effect could be detected either in the absence or in the presence of rat-liver, lung or muscle microsomal fractions, of rat-muscle mitochondria (with or without ATP), of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or of human serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates. Conversely, addition of a strongly oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) resulted in toxic effects in plates incorporating more than 40--80 microgram of compounds and elicited a dose-effect mutagenic response at 10--40 microgram per plate. These effects could be ascribed to oxidation of chromium from the trivalent to the active hexavalent state. Insoluble chromite, as tested in the spot test, was spontaneously mutagenic, owing to contamination of the industrial product with hexavalent chromium. The results obtained may be useful to interpret the findings of carcinogenicity tests and to predict health hazards linked to chromium.", "PMID": 370569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_905", "title": "Mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium of some Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxins.", "content": "17 mycotoxins produced by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species were screened for their mutagenic activity to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, both with and without metabolic activation. Austdiol, austocystins A and D, kojic acid and viridicatumtoxin were found to be mutagenic after metabolic activation, while austdiol was also mutagenic per se. Aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and versicolorin A, which were used as positive controls were also mutagenic. No mutagenic activity was evident in the case of citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, fumitremorgen B, griseofulvin, luteoskyrin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, secalonic acid D and TR2-toxin. A good relationship was found between the mutagenic activity, or lack of it, of most of the mycotoxins with existing data on carcinogenicity. Inadequate information on the carcinogenicity of austdiol, austocystins A and D, kojic acid and viridicatumtoxin precluded correlations with mutagenicity to S. typhimurium. The relationship between chemical structure and mutagenicity of the mycotoxins is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium of some Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxins. 17 mycotoxins produced by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species were screened for their mutagenic activity to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, both with and without metabolic activation. Austdiol, austocystins A and D, kojic acid and viridicatumtoxin were found to be mutagenic after metabolic activation, while austdiol was also mutagenic per se. Aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and versicolorin A, which were used as positive controls were also mutagenic. No mutagenic activity was evident in the case of citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, fumitremorgen B, griseofulvin, luteoskyrin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, secalonic acid D and TR2-toxin. A good relationship was found between the mutagenic activity, or lack of it, of most of the mycotoxins with existing data on carcinogenicity. Inadequate information on the carcinogenicity of austdiol, austocystins A and D, kojic acid and viridicatumtoxin precluded correlations with mutagenicity to S. typhimurium. The relationship between chemical structure and mutagenicity of the mycotoxins is discussed.", "PMID": 370570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_906", "title": "Mutagenic activity of furfural in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of furfural was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Furfural produced mutations in the TA100 strain, but not in the TA98 strain. A rat-liver microsomal fraction did not increase the mutagenic activity of furfural in either strain. Mutagenic activity of furfural in the TA100 strain was not increased by benzo[alpha]pyrene in the presence of metabolic activation.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of furfural in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The mutagenic activity of furfural was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Furfural produced mutations in the TA100 strain, but not in the TA98 strain. A rat-liver microsomal fraction did not increase the mutagenic activity of furfural in either strain. Mutagenic activity of furfural in the TA100 strain was not increased by benzo[alpha]pyrene in the presence of metabolic activation.", "PMID": 370571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_907", "title": "The lack of mutagenic properties of patulin and patulin adducts formed with cysteine in Salmonella test systems.", "content": "The mutagenic properties of patulin and the patulin adducts formed with cysteine were tested with histidine auxotroph Salmonella typhimurium strains as indicator organisms. The tests were performed by microsomal activation and host-mediated assay. Neither patulin nor patulin--cysteine reaction mixture was mutagenic in these test systems.", "contents": "The lack of mutagenic properties of patulin and patulin adducts formed with cysteine in Salmonella test systems. The mutagenic properties of patulin and the patulin adducts formed with cysteine were tested with histidine auxotroph Salmonella typhimurium strains as indicator organisms. The tests were performed by microsomal activation and host-mediated assay. Neither patulin nor patulin--cysteine reaction mixture was mutagenic in these test systems.", "PMID": 370572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_908", "title": "Mutagenicity of aliphatic epoxides.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 17 aliphatic epoxides was determined using the specially constructed mutants of Salmonella typhimurium developed by Ames. The activity of these epoxides together with those reported in the literature as mutagens in strains TA100 and TA1535 depended on the degree of substitution around the oxirane ring. Monosubstituted oxiranes were the most potent mutagens in both strains. 1,1-Disubstitution resulted in the complete loss or reduction of mutagenicity, trans-1,2-Disubstituted, and tetrasubstituted oxiranes all lacked mutagenicity, while the cis-1,2-disubstituted oxiranes tested were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 only. For the monosubstituted compounds the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents increased mutagenicity.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of aliphatic epoxides. The mutagenicity of 17 aliphatic epoxides was determined using the specially constructed mutants of Salmonella typhimurium developed by Ames. The activity of these epoxides together with those reported in the literature as mutagens in strains TA100 and TA1535 depended on the degree of substitution around the oxirane ring. Monosubstituted oxiranes were the most potent mutagens in both strains. 1,1-Disubstitution resulted in the complete loss or reduction of mutagenicity, trans-1,2-Disubstituted, and tetrasubstituted oxiranes all lacked mutagenicity, while the cis-1,2-disubstituted oxiranes tested were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 only. For the monosubstituted compounds the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents increased mutagenicity.", "PMID": 370573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_909", "title": "Identification of a mutagenic substance in a spice, sumac, as quercetin.", "content": "The mutagenicity of a spice, sumac, was demonstrated on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The active principle was purified and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, UV-absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All the mutagenic activity of sumac was found to be due to quercetin.", "contents": "Identification of a mutagenic substance in a spice, sumac, as quercetin. The mutagenicity of a spice, sumac, was demonstrated on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The active principle was purified and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, UV-absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All the mutagenic activity of sumac was found to be due to quercetin.", "PMID": 370574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_910", "title": "Comparative mutagenesis of plant flavonoids in microbial systems.", "content": "The plant flavonoids quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), myricetin (3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone), myricitrin (myricetin-3-rhamnoside), hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone), quercitrin (quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosylglucoside or quercetin-3-rutinoside), and hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rutinoside) have been assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal activation system. Quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, myricetin, quercitrin and rutin were mutagenic in the histidine reversion system with the frameshift strain TA98. The flavonols quercetin and myricetin are mutagenic without metabolic activation, although more effective when a rat liver microsomal preparation (S-9) is included; all others require metabolic activation. Flavonoids are common constituents of higher plants, with extensive medical uses. In addition to pure compounds, we have examined crude extracts of tobacco (snuff) and extracts from commonly available nutritional supplements containing rutin. Mutagenic activity can be detected and is correlated with the flavonoid content.", "contents": "Comparative mutagenesis of plant flavonoids in microbial systems. The plant flavonoids quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), myricetin (3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone), myricitrin (myricetin-3-rhamnoside), hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone), quercitrin (quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosylglucoside or quercetin-3-rutinoside), and hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rutinoside) have been assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal activation system. Quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, myricetin, quercitrin and rutin were mutagenic in the histidine reversion system with the frameshift strain TA98. The flavonols quercetin and myricetin are mutagenic without metabolic activation, although more effective when a rat liver microsomal preparation (S-9) is included; all others require metabolic activation. Flavonoids are common constituents of higher plants, with extensive medical uses. In addition to pure compounds, we have examined crude extracts of tobacco (snuff) and extracts from commonly available nutritional supplements containing rutin. Mutagenic activity can be detected and is correlated with the flavonoid content.", "PMID": 370575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_911", "title": "Genetic activity of chemicals in yeast: DNA alterations and mutations induced by alkylating anti-cancer agents.", "content": "The simple eukaryotic organism baker's yeast allows demonstration of primary DNA lesions in parallel with measurement of mutagenicity and lethality after treatment with alkylating chemicals. Several anti-cancer drugs formed cross-linked DNA molecules and were genetically active. The mutagenicity and lethality of these drugs varied substantially and were dependent on the function of some processes of DNA dark-repair.", "contents": "Genetic activity of chemicals in yeast: DNA alterations and mutations induced by alkylating anti-cancer agents. The simple eukaryotic organism baker's yeast allows demonstration of primary DNA lesions in parallel with measurement of mutagenicity and lethality after treatment with alkylating chemicals. Several anti-cancer drugs formed cross-linked DNA molecules and were genetically active. The mutagenicity and lethality of these drugs varied substantially and were dependent on the function of some processes of DNA dark-repair.", "PMID": 370576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_912", "title": "The mutagenic effect of benzene, toluene and xylene studied by the SCE technique.", "content": "In experiments in vitro, neither benzene, toluene nor xylene changed the number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) or the number of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Toluene and xylene caused a significant cell growth inhibition which was not observed with benzene in the same concentrations.", "contents": "The mutagenic effect of benzene, toluene and xylene studied by the SCE technique. In experiments in vitro, neither benzene, toluene nor xylene changed the number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) or the number of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Toluene and xylene caused a significant cell growth inhibition which was not observed with benzene in the same concentrations.", "PMID": 370577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_913", "title": "Herbicidal phenylalkylureas as possible mutagens I. Mutagenicity tests with some urea herbicides.", "content": "Substituted phenylalkylureas are widely used as herbicides. In the assay system of Friedman and Staub, which measures the inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis (DSI test), most of these substances showed a positive reaction, i.e. they depressed tnymidine incorporation significantly. Bacterial tests demonstrated a weak mutagenic activity, too; but in the micronucleus test the compounds were almost inactive. As one member of this group of chemicals--the herbicide monuron--is a recognized carcinogen, these results seem to indicate a possible hazard, but more investigations are needed to quantify this danger.", "contents": "Herbicidal phenylalkylureas as possible mutagens I. Mutagenicity tests with some urea herbicides. Substituted phenylalkylureas are widely used as herbicides. In the assay system of Friedman and Staub, which measures the inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis (DSI test), most of these substances showed a positive reaction, i.e. they depressed tnymidine incorporation significantly. Bacterial tests demonstrated a weak mutagenic activity, too; but in the micronucleus test the compounds were almost inactive. As one member of this group of chemicals--the herbicide monuron--is a recognized carcinogen, these results seem to indicate a possible hazard, but more investigations are needed to quantify this danger.", "PMID": 370578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_914", "title": "Mutagenicity of aliphatic nitrosamines in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "25 aliphatic nitrosamines were examined in the Ames assay for bacterial mutagens, using rat liver \"S-9\" for activation. Of them, 8 carcinogens were mutagenic and 5 non-carcinogens were not mutagenic. However, 2 compounds not carcinogenic in rats were mutagenic and 9 carcinogens were not mutagenic, including 6 that are liver carcinogens in rats.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of aliphatic nitrosamines in Salmonella typhimurium. 25 aliphatic nitrosamines were examined in the Ames assay for bacterial mutagens, using rat liver \"S-9\" for activation. Of them, 8 carcinogens were mutagenic and 5 non-carcinogens were not mutagenic. However, 2 compounds not carcinogenic in rats were mutagenic and 9 carcinogens were not mutagenic, including 6 that are liver carcinogens in rats.", "PMID": 370582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_915", "title": "Comutagenic effects exerted by N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "Mutagenesis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1530 is characterized by biphasic dose and time response curves. At low doses or short incubation times mutagenic response is minimal, but increases rapidly when an apparent threshold dose or threshold incubation time is exceeded. Bacteria pretreated with subthreshold doses of DMN or NMU were many times more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of methylating and ethylating N-nitroso compounds than were untreated bacteria. The growth phase of the bacteria had little effect on the percentage enhancement of mutagenesis caused by pretreatment with NMU although exponentially growing cells were more sensitive to mutagenesis induced by NMU or diethylnitrosamine. Mutagenesis induced by methylmethanesulfonate and N-propyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was not significantly enhanced by pretreatment of bacteria with NMU or NEU suggesting that the former mutagens act by different mechanisms than NMU or NEU.", "contents": "Comutagenic effects exerted by N-nitroso compounds. Mutagenesis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1530 is characterized by biphasic dose and time response curves. At low doses or short incubation times mutagenic response is minimal, but increases rapidly when an apparent threshold dose or threshold incubation time is exceeded. Bacteria pretreated with subthreshold doses of DMN or NMU were many times more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of methylating and ethylating N-nitroso compounds than were untreated bacteria. The growth phase of the bacteria had little effect on the percentage enhancement of mutagenesis caused by pretreatment with NMU although exponentially growing cells were more sensitive to mutagenesis induced by NMU or diethylnitrosamine. Mutagenesis induced by methylmethanesulfonate and N-propyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was not significantly enhanced by pretreatment of bacteria with NMU or NEU suggesting that the former mutagens act by different mechanisms than NMU or NEU.", "PMID": 370583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_916", "title": "Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test.", "content": "Diflubenzuron, one of a new class of pesticides believed to act via inhibition of chitin synthesis in the developing insect cuticle, was tested for possible mutagenic activity using the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation test at the thymidine kinase locus, and the Ames Salmonella/microsome reverse mutation test. No mutagenic effect was found.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Diflubenzuron, one of a new class of pesticides believed to act via inhibition of chitin synthesis in the developing insect cuticle, was tested for possible mutagenic activity using the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation test at the thymidine kinase locus, and the Ames Salmonella/microsome reverse mutation test. No mutagenic effect was found.", "PMID": 370584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_917", "title": "Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and benzanthrone derivatives in the Salmonella/microsome test: activation of anthraquinone glycosides by enzymic extracts of rat cecal bacteria.", "content": "Approximately 70 anthraquinones and 20 benzanthrones were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test, employing 5 tester strains and Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsomes. About one-third of the anthraquinones were frameshift mutagens, particularly phenolic and nitro anthraquinones. The most potent mutagens detected were of plant origin. Lucidin (1,3-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone) and its 2-ethyl ether gave values of 70 and 82 revertants per nmol, respectively, with strain TA100 (and microsomes in the case of the ether). A number of glycosides of mutagenic hydroxyanthraquinones were found to be nonmutagenic in the standard assay procedure, but could be activated by incorporation of cell-free sonic extracts of rat cecal bacteria, e.g., alizarin-2-O-beta-D-glycoside, emodin-1 (8)-monoglucoside and lucidin-3-O-primveroside. Over one-third of the benzanthrones tested were frameshift mutagens for Salmonella; the most potent response of 64 revertants/nmol was obtained with 3-p-toluidinobenzanthrone and microsomal activation in strain TA98.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and benzanthrone derivatives in the Salmonella/microsome test: activation of anthraquinone glycosides by enzymic extracts of rat cecal bacteria. Approximately 70 anthraquinones and 20 benzanthrones were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test, employing 5 tester strains and Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsomes. About one-third of the anthraquinones were frameshift mutagens, particularly phenolic and nitro anthraquinones. The most potent mutagens detected were of plant origin. Lucidin (1,3-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone) and its 2-ethyl ether gave values of 70 and 82 revertants per nmol, respectively, with strain TA100 (and microsomes in the case of the ether). A number of glycosides of mutagenic hydroxyanthraquinones were found to be nonmutagenic in the standard assay procedure, but could be activated by incorporation of cell-free sonic extracts of rat cecal bacteria, e.g., alizarin-2-O-beta-D-glycoside, emodin-1 (8)-monoglucoside and lucidin-3-O-primveroside. Over one-third of the benzanthrones tested were frameshift mutagens for Salmonella; the most potent response of 64 revertants/nmol was obtained with 3-p-toluidinobenzanthrone and microsomal activation in strain TA98.", "PMID": 370585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_918", "title": "Ineffectiveness of ascorbic acid therapy in nephropathic cystinosis.", "content": "Because high concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.57 mM) lower the free (nonprotein) cystine content of cultured cystinotic skin fibroblasts by over 50 per cent, we did a double-blind clinical trial to establish whether this drug would benefit cystinotic children. Sixty-four patients were randomized into the study; 32 received ascorbic acid (200 mg per kilogram of body weight per day), and 32 placebo. The study was terminated after approximately two years because there was no indication that vitamin C was beneficial and accumulating evidence that it might be harmful. Of 11 patients who left the study because of death or the requirement for dialysis or renal transplantation, eight were receiving ascorbic acid. The estimated relative risk (treatment vs. control) of an adverse event was R = 2.7, with a 90 per cent confidence interval of (0.8, 11.5). The serum creatinine concentration increased 0.53 mg per deciliter per year in patients receiving vitamin C and 0.24 mg per deciliter per year in patients receiving placebo (P = 0.08).", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of ascorbic acid therapy in nephropathic cystinosis. Because high concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.57 mM) lower the free (nonprotein) cystine content of cultured cystinotic skin fibroblasts by over 50 per cent, we did a double-blind clinical trial to establish whether this drug would benefit cystinotic children. Sixty-four patients were randomized into the study; 32 received ascorbic acid (200 mg per kilogram of body weight per day), and 32 placebo. The study was terminated after approximately two years because there was no indication that vitamin C was beneficial and accumulating evidence that it might be harmful. Of 11 patients who left the study because of death or the requirement for dialysis or renal transplantation, eight were receiving ascorbic acid. The estimated relative risk (treatment vs. control) of an adverse event was R = 2.7, with a 90 per cent confidence interval of (0.8, 11.5). The serum creatinine concentration increased 0.53 mg per deciliter per year in patients receiving vitamin C and 0.24 mg per deciliter per year in patients receiving placebo (P = 0.08).", "PMID": 370586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_919", "title": "Free \"small\" and IgG-associated \"large\" hepatitis B e antigen in the serum and glomerular capillary walls of two patients with membranous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Nephrotic syndrome developed in two children who carried hepatitis B virus. Both their serums contained hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg).  Two physicochemically and immunologically different categories of HBeAg activity were identified in their serums--i.e., small molecular (free) and large molecular (associated with IgG). Their kidney-biopsy specimens disclosed pathologic changes typical of membranous glomerulonephritis. By a fluorescent-antibody technic, HBeAg was found to be deposited in diffuse granular fashion, along glomerular capillary walls together with IgG and beta1C, but no deposition of hepatitis B surface antigen was detected. The presence of HBeAg in association with IgG both in the serum and in the kidneys of these patients suggests that HBeAg caused membranous glomerulonephritis by inducing the formation and deposition of immune complexes.", "contents": "Free \"small\" and IgG-associated \"large\" hepatitis B e antigen in the serum and glomerular capillary walls of two patients with membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome developed in two children who carried hepatitis B virus. Both their serums contained hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg).  Two physicochemically and immunologically different categories of HBeAg activity were identified in their serums--i.e., small molecular (free) and large molecular (associated with IgG). Their kidney-biopsy specimens disclosed pathologic changes typical of membranous glomerulonephritis. By a fluorescent-antibody technic, HBeAg was found to be deposited in diffuse granular fashion, along glomerular capillary walls together with IgG and beta1C, but no deposition of hepatitis B surface antigen was detected. The presence of HBeAg in association with IgG both in the serum and in the kidneys of these patients suggests that HBeAg caused membranous glomerulonephritis by inducing the formation and deposition of immune complexes.", "PMID": 370592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_920", "title": "Causes of the excessive rates of perinatal mortality and prematurity in pregnancies complicated by maternal urinary-tract infections.", "content": "The study was undertaken to determine the causes of the more frequent pre-term deliveries, fetal and neonatal deaths associated with maternal urinary-tract infections during pregnancy. The combined perinatal mortality rate for eight common placental and fetal disorders was 42 per thousand births in the infected vs. 21 per thousand in the noninfected, owing to a greater mortality from noninfectious placental and fetal disorders in the gestations with the urinary-tract infections (P less than 0.001). All the mortality excess took place when the urinary-tract infections occurred within 15 days of delivery. Death rates were highest when the urinary-tract infections coexisted with maternal hypertension and acetonuria.Hydramnios, amniotic-fluid bacterial infections and abruptio placentae were responsible for two thirds of the more frequent preterm deliveries in the pregnancies complicated by urinary-tract infections.", "contents": "Causes of the excessive rates of perinatal mortality and prematurity in pregnancies complicated by maternal urinary-tract infections. The study was undertaken to determine the causes of the more frequent pre-term deliveries, fetal and neonatal deaths associated with maternal urinary-tract infections during pregnancy. The combined perinatal mortality rate for eight common placental and fetal disorders was 42 per thousand births in the infected vs. 21 per thousand in the noninfected, owing to a greater mortality from noninfectious placental and fetal disorders in the gestations with the urinary-tract infections (P less than 0.001). All the mortality excess took place when the urinary-tract infections occurred within 15 days of delivery. Death rates were highest when the urinary-tract infections coexisted with maternal hypertension and acetonuria.Hydramnios, amniotic-fluid bacterial infections and abruptio placentae were responsible for two thirds of the more frequent preterm deliveries in the pregnancies complicated by urinary-tract infections.", "PMID": 370593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_921", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and human leukocyte antigen linkage: differentiation of two forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "To determine whether hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotype, we tissue-typed 70 unrelated afflicted patients and 86 of their asymptomatic family members (from nine separate kindreds). Forty-five per cent of the white patients had B-12 antigen as compared to 23 per cent in matched control subjects; 69 per cent of black patients had a B-5-complex antigen as compared to 33 per cent in matched controls. Patients with a B-12 or B-5-complex antigen were nonhypertensive and had family members with the disease. Patients without these antigens were severely hypertensive and had no affected family members. Linkage analysis of six families revealed a lod score of 7.7 for asymmetric septal hypertrophy and the HLA region of chromosome 6. We conclude that there is a heritable, nonhypertensive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy linked to the HLA loci on chromosome 6 and that a sporadic form is associated with severe, systemic hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and human leukocyte antigen linkage: differentiation of two forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To determine whether hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotype, we tissue-typed 70 unrelated afflicted patients and 86 of their asymptomatic family members (from nine separate kindreds). Forty-five per cent of the white patients had B-12 antigen as compared to 23 per cent in matched control subjects; 69 per cent of black patients had a B-5-complex antigen as compared to 33 per cent in matched controls. Patients with a B-12 or B-5-complex antigen were nonhypertensive and had family members with the disease. Patients without these antigens were severely hypertensive and had no affected family members. Linkage analysis of six families revealed a lod score of 7.7 for asymmetric septal hypertrophy and the HLA region of chromosome 6. We conclude that there is a heritable, nonhypertensive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy linked to the HLA loci on chromosome 6 and that a sporadic form is associated with severe, systemic hypertension.", "PMID": 370596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_922", "title": "Isolation and rapid identification of yeasts from compromised hosts.", "content": "In order to improve the isolation and identification of yeasts in a cancer research hospital, a protocol was developed utilizing an improved blood culture methodology and a four-test schema for rapid yeast identification. The blood culturing technique, based upon centrifugation, has shown a ten-fold increase in isolation of fungi from blood and has provided for: quantitation or organisms, unlimited selection of media and atmospheres for primary culturing, and a 1:200 dilution of microorganisms away from serum antimicrobial factors and antibiotics. The four-test schema, which may be adapted for the identification of any unknown yeast in pure culture, consists of a dye pour plate auxanogram (DPPA), Tween 80-Oxgall-Caffeic acid (TOC), a rapid nitrate-reductase test (swab test) and Urea 'R' Broth. Using this protocol, over 95% of the clinical isolates received were correctly identified within 24 hours and 100% by 48 hours. By using DPPA, a 14 sugar assimilation pattern for each isolate was determined within 12 to 16 hours; and in some cases, as little as 6 hours. Growth on TOC yielded one of the following results: (1) Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea sequentially produced germ tubes and chlamydospores in 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively; (2) Cryptococcus neoformans produced a brown pigment specific for its identification in 12 hours or less. The swab test gave results on nitrate utilization in less than 15 minutes and urease was detected within 4 hours.", "contents": "Isolation and rapid identification of yeasts from compromised hosts. In order to improve the isolation and identification of yeasts in a cancer research hospital, a protocol was developed utilizing an improved blood culture methodology and a four-test schema for rapid yeast identification. The blood culturing technique, based upon centrifugation, has shown a ten-fold increase in isolation of fungi from blood and has provided for: quantitation or organisms, unlimited selection of media and atmospheres for primary culturing, and a 1:200 dilution of microorganisms away from serum antimicrobial factors and antibiotics. The four-test schema, which may be adapted for the identification of any unknown yeast in pure culture, consists of a dye pour plate auxanogram (DPPA), Tween 80-Oxgall-Caffeic acid (TOC), a rapid nitrate-reductase test (swab test) and Urea 'R' Broth. Using this protocol, over 95% of the clinical isolates received were correctly identified within 24 hours and 100% by 48 hours. By using DPPA, a 14 sugar assimilation pattern for each isolate was determined within 12 to 16 hours; and in some cases, as little as 6 hours. Growth on TOC yielded one of the following results: (1) Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea sequentially produced germ tubes and chlamydospores in 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively; (2) Cryptococcus neoformans produced a brown pigment specific for its identification in 12 hours or less. The swab test gave results on nitrate utilization in less than 15 minutes and urease was detected within 4 hours.", "PMID": 370600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_923", "title": "Fungal toxins as a parasitic factor responsible for the establishment of fungal infections.", "content": "Although the mechanism of fungal infections, particularly that of opportunistic fungus infections, has been studied extensively, much still remains to be clarified. As is the case of certain bacterial infections, it has long been assumed by numerous investigators that some toxins, enzymes and other metabolites produced in vitro as well as in vivo by pathogenic fungi or their cellular constituents might be responsible for the establishment of fungal infections. However, there are very few papers which deal with isolation and/or characterization of pathogenic fungus-derived toxins, particularly those of high molecular weight, to sufficiently meet various criteria for toxins including etiopathological ability. Likewise, it has been speculated that certain enzymes produced by pathogenic fungi are related to the pathogenesis of infections with the fungi implicated, but no direct evidence has been provided. It is commonly held by researchers concerned with medical mycology that the lowering of specific and/or nonspecific resistance of a host to pathogenic fungi is a prerequisite for the establishment of infections, particularly opportunistic infections. However, it is also accepted that if a given fungus possesses no parasite factors (e.g. toxigenicity, invasiveness and others), it would be unable to initiate infection even when the host is in a severe immunodeficient state. This is supported by our recent studies working with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some other so-called nonpathogenic yeasts (unpublished data). Based on these considerations, the author and his co-workers have attempted to isolate several high and low molecular weight toxins in a pure state from virulent strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as opportunist. Studies have also been made on the etiopathological roles of some successfully isolated toxins in infections with the fungi implicated (46). In addition to our experimental results, general concepts in fungal toxins, particularly those related to such toxins as isolated in our laboratory are outlined. Since opportunistic fungus infections have created a global problem because of their world-wide prevalence, a sharp demarcation between the so-called pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi has become vague. Despite this situation, two terms are conventionally used throughout this paper.", "contents": "Fungal toxins as a parasitic factor responsible for the establishment of fungal infections. Although the mechanism of fungal infections, particularly that of opportunistic fungus infections, has been studied extensively, much still remains to be clarified. As is the case of certain bacterial infections, it has long been assumed by numerous investigators that some toxins, enzymes and other metabolites produced in vitro as well as in vivo by pathogenic fungi or their cellular constituents might be responsible for the establishment of fungal infections. However, there are very few papers which deal with isolation and/or characterization of pathogenic fungus-derived toxins, particularly those of high molecular weight, to sufficiently meet various criteria for toxins including etiopathological ability. Likewise, it has been speculated that certain enzymes produced by pathogenic fungi are related to the pathogenesis of infections with the fungi implicated, but no direct evidence has been provided. It is commonly held by researchers concerned with medical mycology that the lowering of specific and/or nonspecific resistance of a host to pathogenic fungi is a prerequisite for the establishment of infections, particularly opportunistic infections. However, it is also accepted that if a given fungus possesses no parasite factors (e.g. toxigenicity, invasiveness and others), it would be unable to initiate infection even when the host is in a severe immunodeficient state. This is supported by our recent studies working with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some other so-called nonpathogenic yeasts (unpublished data). Based on these considerations, the author and his co-workers have attempted to isolate several high and low molecular weight toxins in a pure state from virulent strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as opportunist. Studies have also been made on the etiopathological roles of some successfully isolated toxins in infections with the fungi implicated (46). In addition to our experimental results, general concepts in fungal toxins, particularly those related to such toxins as isolated in our laboratory are outlined. Since opportunistic fungus infections have created a global problem because of their world-wide prevalence, a sharp demarcation between the so-called pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi has become vague. Despite this situation, two terms are conventionally used throughout this paper.", "PMID": 370602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_924", "title": "Virulence genetics of Aspergillus nidulans Eidam: a review.", "content": "Studies of the influence of genotypic alterations on the murine virulence of Aspergillus nidulans Eidam are reviewed to emphasize the potential of this fungus for genetic studies of virulence.", "contents": "Virulence genetics of Aspergillus nidulans Eidam: a review. Studies of the influence of genotypic alterations on the murine virulence of Aspergillus nidulans Eidam are reviewed to emphasize the potential of this fungus for genetic studies of virulence.", "PMID": 370604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_925", "title": "Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "The concept of the epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans as the causative agent of cryptococcosis and as a basidiomycetous yeast is based on the fact that bird manure has been until now its only known habitat but not plant material which likewise harbours various nonpathogenic Cryptococcus species. It could be shown that the possible influence of nutritional factors on the morphology and morphogenesis earns attention not only in view of the epidemiology of C. neoformans but of its perfect states, too.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans. The concept of the epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans as the causative agent of cryptococcosis and as a basidiomycetous yeast is based on the fact that bird manure has been until now its only known habitat but not plant material which likewise harbours various nonpathogenic Cryptococcus species. It could be shown that the possible influence of nutritional factors on the morphology and morphogenesis earns attention not only in view of the epidemiology of C. neoformans but of its perfect states, too.", "PMID": 370607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_926", "title": "Clinical significance of circulating immune complexes detection in chronic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Sera from 168 patients with various types of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) were assayed for immune complexes (IC) by two independent methods, a modification of the PEG precipitation test (PEG) and the inhibition of complement-dependent lymphocyte rosette formation (RI). Both assays had different reactivities, the RI being more sensitive than the PEG test. Higher percentages of positivity of these tests were observed in the GN groups than in normal controls. However serial measurements demonstrated that IC were present only intermittently in most instances. The presence of IC correlated with disease activity in patients with focal glomerulosclerosis membranous GN and membranoproliferative GN, while in lupus erythematosus it reflected the effects of different treatment regimens although it had no relationship with clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, our results suggest that these tests are of little help to the clinician to appreciate disease activity and monitor therapy in individual GN patients.", "contents": "Clinical significance of circulating immune complexes detection in chronic glomerulonephritis. Sera from 168 patients with various types of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) were assayed for immune complexes (IC) by two independent methods, a modification of the PEG precipitation test (PEG) and the inhibition of complement-dependent lymphocyte rosette formation (RI). Both assays had different reactivities, the RI being more sensitive than the PEG test. Higher percentages of positivity of these tests were observed in the GN groups than in normal controls. However serial measurements demonstrated that IC were present only intermittently in most instances. The presence of IC correlated with disease activity in patients with focal glomerulosclerosis membranous GN and membranoproliferative GN, while in lupus erythematosus it reflected the effects of different treatment regimens although it had no relationship with clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, our results suggest that these tests are of little help to the clinician to appreciate disease activity and monitor therapy in individual GN patients.", "PMID": 370624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_927", "title": "High Rates of controlled ultrafiltration combined with optimal diffusion: recent advances in hemodialysis technique.", "content": "A system which permits high rates of middle molecule removal while preserving the removal of low molecular weight substances is described. It consists of a high fluid flux hollow fiber artificial kidney and an ultrafiltration controller. When used in combination, high rates of convective transport can be achieved through rapid ultrafiltration and reconstitution of blood with physiologic salt solutions. The theoretical impact of changing from conventional dialysis to this form of therapy on the body burden of middle molecules is estimated.", "contents": "High Rates of controlled ultrafiltration combined with optimal diffusion: recent advances in hemodialysis technique. A system which permits high rates of middle molecule removal while preserving the removal of low molecular weight substances is described. It consists of a high fluid flux hollow fiber artificial kidney and an ultrafiltration controller. When used in combination, high rates of convective transport can be achieved through rapid ultrafiltration and reconstitution of blood with physiologic salt solutions. The theoretical impact of changing from conventional dialysis to this form of therapy on the body burden of middle molecules is estimated.", "PMID": 370625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_928", "title": "Interrelationship of time of dialysis-dependent uremia and pretransplant blood transfusions.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 167 renal allotransplants, a statistically significant correlation was found between the number of pretransplant blood transfusions and the time of dialysis-dependent uremia. This correlation suggests that one possible explanation for the association of a beneficial effect of pretransplant blood transfusions with allograft survival may be in part due to the prolongation of uremia, which is a well-known immunosupressive factor. This begs the question of whether the transfusion-dialysis time association promotes a further selection factor leaving sensitized patients waiting for longer periods of time for transplants or unable to receive transplants at all. Whether the transfusion and the favorable prognosis association is also related to other specific immunological mechanisms remains to be proven.", "contents": "Interrelationship of time of dialysis-dependent uremia and pretransplant blood transfusions. In a consecutive series of 167 renal allotransplants, a statistically significant correlation was found between the number of pretransplant blood transfusions and the time of dialysis-dependent uremia. This correlation suggests that one possible explanation for the association of a beneficial effect of pretransplant blood transfusions with allograft survival may be in part due to the prolongation of uremia, which is a well-known immunosupressive factor. This begs the question of whether the transfusion-dialysis time association promotes a further selection factor leaving sensitized patients waiting for longer periods of time for transplants or unable to receive transplants at all. Whether the transfusion and the favorable prognosis association is also related to other specific immunological mechanisms remains to be proven.", "PMID": 370626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_929", "title": "Immunologic monitoring of transplant rejection: correlation of in vitro assays with morphologic changes on transplant biopsy.", "content": "The assays of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) were correlated with histopathologic criteria of refection in 35 transplant biopsies. A positive LMC was seen with 6/8 biopsies showing moderate to severe cellular rejection and in 8/17 with mild cellular rejection. Positive ADCC and/or CDC assays were associated with 14/14 biopsies containing rejection vasculitis. These results suggest that selected in vitro assays may be useful in monitoring the immunologic events occurring in the rejecting allograft.", "contents": "Immunologic monitoring of transplant rejection: correlation of in vitro assays with morphologic changes on transplant biopsy. The assays of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) were correlated with histopathologic criteria of refection in 35 transplant biopsies. A positive LMC was seen with 6/8 biopsies showing moderate to severe cellular rejection and in 8/17 with mild cellular rejection. Positive ADCC and/or CDC assays were associated with 14/14 biopsies containing rejection vasculitis. These results suggest that selected in vitro assays may be useful in monitoring the immunologic events occurring in the rejecting allograft.", "PMID": 370627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_930", "title": "Blood pressure behaviour in patients with malignant hypertension submitted to kidney transplantation.", "content": "The authors investigated post-renal transplantation hypertension behaviour in 20 patients with primary malignant hypertension (PMH), in 42 patients with secondary malignant hypertension (SMH) and in 62 controls (without malignant hypertension). All cases of malignant hypertension required removal of primary kidneys, either before or after transplantation. Hypertension was noticed at different periods of the post-renal transplantation phase, in 93% of PMH cases, 90% of SMH cases and in only 31% of the controls. After a period of time following transplantation, a decrease of hypertension incidence in the SMH and control groups was noticed, and persistence of hypertension was observed in the PMH group. The long-term development of PMH patients was worse than that of the other two groups.", "contents": "Blood pressure behaviour in patients with malignant hypertension submitted to kidney transplantation. The authors investigated post-renal transplantation hypertension behaviour in 20 patients with primary malignant hypertension (PMH), in 42 patients with secondary malignant hypertension (SMH) and in 62 controls (without malignant hypertension). All cases of malignant hypertension required removal of primary kidneys, either before or after transplantation. Hypertension was noticed at different periods of the post-renal transplantation phase, in 93% of PMH cases, 90% of SMH cases and in only 31% of the controls. After a period of time following transplantation, a decrease of hypertension incidence in the SMH and control groups was noticed, and persistence of hypertension was observed in the PMH group. The long-term development of PMH patients was worse than that of the other two groups.", "PMID": 370628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_931", "title": "Hyperreninemia during renal transplantation.", "content": "18 patients undergoing renal transplantation were studied prospectively to determine the incidence and mechanism of blood pressure elevations which sometimes occur after release of vascular clamps from the grafts. No patients became as severely hypertensive as noted in previous reports. A weak, but statistically significant (r=0.56, p less than 0.05) positive correlation was found between changes in plasma renin activity and small incremental changes in blood pressure. 2 patients in whom the greatest change in renin occurred showed little or no increase in blood pressure. In view of the small blood pressure changes seen in the face of significant changes in plasma renin activity, it appears unlikely that acute hyperreninemia alone is sufficient explanation for postdeclamping hypertension which is sometimes observed during renal transplantation.", "contents": "Hyperreninemia during renal transplantation. 18 patients undergoing renal transplantation were studied prospectively to determine the incidence and mechanism of blood pressure elevations which sometimes occur after release of vascular clamps from the grafts. No patients became as severely hypertensive as noted in previous reports. A weak, but statistically significant (r=0.56, p less than 0.05) positive correlation was found between changes in plasma renin activity and small incremental changes in blood pressure. 2 patients in whom the greatest change in renin occurred showed little or no increase in blood pressure. In view of the small blood pressure changes seen in the face of significant changes in plasma renin activity, it appears unlikely that acute hyperreninemia alone is sufficient explanation for postdeclamping hypertension which is sometimes observed during renal transplantation.", "PMID": 370629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_932", "title": "A longitudinal study of bone disease after successful renal transplantation.", "content": "A retrospective study of 100 patients followed for 1-4 years after successful renal transplantation was undertaken to assess the amelioration of previously present metabolic bone disease and to determine the risk factors associated with the development of osteonecrosis. 42% of patients showed some evidence of bony abnormality. Following transplantation, there was slow but progressive resolution in the X-ray changes of hyperparathyroidism but not of osteoporosis. 14% of patients developed osteonecrosis in the posttransplant period with the femoral head the most common site involved (72% of patients). Osteonecrosis could not be related to average steroid dose, number of steroid pulses, or the preexistence of metabolic bone disease.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of bone disease after successful renal transplantation. A retrospective study of 100 patients followed for 1-4 years after successful renal transplantation was undertaken to assess the amelioration of previously present metabolic bone disease and to determine the risk factors associated with the development of osteonecrosis. 42% of patients showed some evidence of bony abnormality. Following transplantation, there was slow but progressive resolution in the X-ray changes of hyperparathyroidism but not of osteoporosis. 14% of patients developed osteonecrosis in the posttransplant period with the femoral head the most common site involved (72% of patients). Osteonecrosis could not be related to average steroid dose, number of steroid pulses, or the preexistence of metabolic bone disease.", "PMID": 370630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_933", "title": "Nephrology in the tropical setting.", "content": "The pattern of renal disease and its basic principles of management are essentially the same in the tropics as in the temperate environment. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis with concomitant hypertension account for most cases of renal failure. Malaria is now well recognised as a cause of the nephrotic syndrome. Economic and manpower factors dictate a conservative approach to therapy. Maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation are not realistic in the present context, having regard to the order of priorities in health care delivery.", "contents": "Nephrology in the tropical setting. The pattern of renal disease and its basic principles of management are essentially the same in the tropics as in the temperate environment. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis with concomitant hypertension account for most cases of renal failure. Malaria is now well recognised as a cause of the nephrotic syndrome. Economic and manpower factors dictate a conservative approach to therapy. Maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation are not realistic in the present context, having regard to the order of priorities in health care delivery.", "PMID": 370631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_934", "title": "A clinical and immunopathologic dissection of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "content": "This contribution seeks to illustrate the immunopathogenetic complexities of the syndrome of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. As with most of the clinical syndromes of glomerular disease, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may be dissected into a number of categories based upon combinations of clinical, morphologic and immunologic observations. It has been demonstrated that such observations have an important bearing on the natural history, prognosis and treatment of this syndrome. Much remains to be learned, particularly with respect to etiological factors, the genesis of extracapillary proliferation and the means of modifying or preventing these diseases.", "contents": "A clinical and immunopathologic dissection of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. This contribution seeks to illustrate the immunopathogenetic complexities of the syndrome of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. As with most of the clinical syndromes of glomerular disease, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may be dissected into a number of categories based upon combinations of clinical, morphologic and immunologic observations. It has been demonstrated that such observations have an important bearing on the natural history, prognosis and treatment of this syndrome. Much remains to be learned, particularly with respect to etiological factors, the genesis of extracapillary proliferation and the means of modifying or preventing these diseases.", "PMID": 370632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_935", "title": "Metabolism of polypeptide hormones by the normal kidney and in uremia.", "content": "Recent work from our laboratory on the mechanism of polypeptide hormone handling by the normal kidney and the pathogenesis of altered hormonal metabolism in renal failure is reviewed. The kidney extracts substantial amounts of low - and medium - molecular weight polypeptide hormones from the renal circulation by a process which probably involves both glomerular filtration plus luminal reabsorption and direct peritubular uptake, although the relative contribution of the two mechanisms under physiologic conditions is not known. The bulk of the extracted hormone is catabolized in the renal parenchyma since urinary excretion is negligible. Renal catabolism contributes an important fraction of the total metabolic clearance of polypeptide hormones, which accounts in part for their increased circulating levels in renal failure. Since certain hormones are heterogenous and a large proportion of their plasma immunoreactivity may consist of components of uncertain biologic activity, simple correlations between circulating hormone levels and endocrine abnormalities in uremia are hazardous.", "contents": "Metabolism of polypeptide hormones by the normal kidney and in uremia. Recent work from our laboratory on the mechanism of polypeptide hormone handling by the normal kidney and the pathogenesis of altered hormonal metabolism in renal failure is reviewed. The kidney extracts substantial amounts of low - and medium - molecular weight polypeptide hormones from the renal circulation by a process which probably involves both glomerular filtration plus luminal reabsorption and direct peritubular uptake, although the relative contribution of the two mechanisms under physiologic conditions is not known. The bulk of the extracted hormone is catabolized in the renal parenchyma since urinary excretion is negligible. Renal catabolism contributes an important fraction of the total metabolic clearance of polypeptide hormones, which accounts in part for their increased circulating levels in renal failure. Since certain hormones are heterogenous and a large proportion of their plasma immunoreactivity may consist of components of uncertain biologic activity, simple correlations between circulating hormone levels and endocrine abnormalities in uremia are hazardous.", "PMID": 370635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_936", "title": "Distribution and release of adenosine triphosphate in rat brain.", "content": "The steady-state level of brain ATP was measured after the tissue had been treated with a focused microwave irradiation system. The brain ATP content (1.50 nmol/mg tissue) obtained by microwave fixation is similar to that observed by others using fast-freezing and microwave fixation techniques. The concentrations of ATP in different brain regions show a rather uniform distribution, ranging from 1.918 +/- 0.059 (brainstem) to 2.393 +/- 0.19 (caudate) nmol/mg tissue; however, insufficient microwave fixation time seems to produce a greater regional variation of ATP. Release of ATP was investigated by placing a cup on the sensory-motor cortex. The rate for basal release of ATP is 1.43 +/- 0.14 femtomole/min/mm(2). A 30-fold increase in ATP release was obtained by direct stimulation of the cortex with 5 mA pulses of 0.2 msec duration at a rate of 20/sec over a period of 10 min. These results, in conjunction with others describing the potent pharmacological action of the nucleotide, seem to suggest that ATP could be a mediator in a \"purinergic\" system in the CNS.", "contents": "Distribution and release of adenosine triphosphate in rat brain. The steady-state level of brain ATP was measured after the tissue had been treated with a focused microwave irradiation system. The brain ATP content (1.50 nmol/mg tissue) obtained by microwave fixation is similar to that observed by others using fast-freezing and microwave fixation techniques. The concentrations of ATP in different brain regions show a rather uniform distribution, ranging from 1.918 +/- 0.059 (brainstem) to 2.393 +/- 0.19 (caudate) nmol/mg tissue; however, insufficient microwave fixation time seems to produce a greater regional variation of ATP. Release of ATP was investigated by placing a cup on the sensory-motor cortex. The rate for basal release of ATP is 1.43 +/- 0.14 femtomole/min/mm(2). A 30-fold increase in ATP release was obtained by direct stimulation of the cortex with 5 mA pulses of 0.2 msec duration at a rate of 20/sec over a period of 10 min. These results, in conjunction with others describing the potent pharmacological action of the nucleotide, seem to suggest that ATP could be a mediator in a \"purinergic\" system in the CNS.", "PMID": 370672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_937", "title": "Vertebrate GABA receptors.", "content": "Physiologic-pharmacologic studies in vivo and with tissue cultures have revealed that synaptic GABA receptors exist in the vertebrate CNS. The GABA antagonist, bicuculline, can be used to detect synaptic GABA receptors in both the presence and absence of Na+, even though GABA binding to cerebral subcellular fractions occurs mainly to transport (uptake) receptors in the presence of Na+.", "contents": "Vertebrate GABA receptors. Physiologic-pharmacologic studies in vivo and with tissue cultures have revealed that synaptic GABA receptors exist in the vertebrate CNS. The GABA antagonist, bicuculline, can be used to detect synaptic GABA receptors in both the presence and absence of Na+, even though GABA binding to cerebral subcellular fractions occurs mainly to transport (uptake) receptors in the presence of Na+.", "PMID": 370671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_938", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) and reproductive behavior in male doves exposed to long and short photoperiods.", "content": "In order to determine whether the variable degree of nest-building behavior displayed by male doves exposed to different photoregimes is related to differences in luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) levels, androgen-treated castrates held on long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) daylengths were treated with 20 microgram LRF or saline daily. Birds in both groups exhibited higher levels of initial courtship and nest-building when held on long days. LRF treatment had no effect on any of the behavior patterns examined. The results suggest that photoperiod does not affect reproductive behavior in male doves through changes in endogenous levels of LRF.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) and reproductive behavior in male doves exposed to long and short photoperiods. In order to determine whether the variable degree of nest-building behavior displayed by male doves exposed to different photoregimes is related to differences in luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) levels, androgen-treated castrates held on long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) daylengths were treated with 20 microgram LRF or saline daily. Birds in both groups exhibited higher levels of initial courtship and nest-building when held on long days. LRF treatment had no effect on any of the behavior patterns examined. The results suggest that photoperiod does not affect reproductive behavior in male doves through changes in endogenous levels of LRF.", "PMID": 370678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_939", "title": "[Development of therapeutic neuroradiology (author's transl)].", "content": "While therapeutic endovascular occlusions date from as early as 1904, it is in the last 20 years that therapeutic neutroradiology has come into its own. Progress has been made in four directions. (1) Embolization has developed from the original technique involving arteriotomy, through percutaneous methods, to present-day superselective catheterization. Concurrently, the materials used have been improved: from nonmalleable muscle and Silastic balls, to malleable Spongel and dura mater, and most recently to polymerizable fluid plastic substances. The possibility of obstructing very narrow vessels extends the range of indications of embolization. (2) Balloon catheters have been developed, first with nondetachable balloons (1971), more recently with detachable ones (1974). (3) Other techniques may be used to produce a therapeutic thrombosis, e.g., endovascular electrocoagulation and thermocoagulation. (4) Foreign bodies may be extracted safely by catheterization. Further development of techniques should ensure a growing importance for therapeutic neuroradiology in the future.", "contents": "[Development of therapeutic neuroradiology (author's transl)]. While therapeutic endovascular occlusions date from as early as 1904, it is in the last 20 years that therapeutic neutroradiology has come into its own. Progress has been made in four directions. (1) Embolization has developed from the original technique involving arteriotomy, through percutaneous methods, to present-day superselective catheterization. Concurrently, the materials used have been improved: from nonmalleable muscle and Silastic balls, to malleable Spongel and dura mater, and most recently to polymerizable fluid plastic substances. The possibility of obstructing very narrow vessels extends the range of indications of embolization. (2) Balloon catheters have been developed, first with nondetachable balloons (1971), more recently with detachable ones (1974). (3) Other techniques may be used to produce a therapeutic thrombosis, e.g., endovascular electrocoagulation and thermocoagulation. (4) Foreign bodies may be extracted safely by catheterization. Further development of techniques should ensure a growing importance for therapeutic neuroradiology in the future.", "PMID": 370679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_940", "title": "CT studies in patients operated with stereotaxic thalamotomies.", "content": "CT has been used in controlling stereotaxic thalamotomies in patients with movement disorders. The results obtained in 12 such patients, with early and delayed scans, are presented.", "contents": "CT studies in patients operated with stereotaxic thalamotomies. CT has been used in controlling stereotaxic thalamotomies in patients with movement disorders. The results obtained in 12 such patients, with early and delayed scans, are presented.", "PMID": 370680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_941", "title": "Stereotaxic exploration in 200 supratentorial brain tumors. Its value in addition to computerized tomography.", "content": "The authors emphasize the advantages of stereotaxic methodology in the management of 200 brain tumors. Nowadays computerized tomography is the first stage of radiologic diagnosis. Both CT scan and stereotaxic examination have been carried out in more than 35% of these tumors. Rather than a comparison of the two examinations, the authors' purpose is to attempt to demonstrate their complementarity in the assessment of location, volume, and nature of the lesion and eventually in the choice of a therapeutic attitude. Analysis of topographic data and staged biopsies, gathered from the 'stereotaxic space,' provides the neurosurgeon with accurate information for planned surgical excision or interstitial irradiation.", "contents": "Stereotaxic exploration in 200 supratentorial brain tumors. Its value in addition to computerized tomography. The authors emphasize the advantages of stereotaxic methodology in the management of 200 brain tumors. Nowadays computerized tomography is the first stage of radiologic diagnosis. Both CT scan and stereotaxic examination have been carried out in more than 35% of these tumors. Rather than a comparison of the two examinations, the authors' purpose is to attempt to demonstrate their complementarity in the assessment of location, volume, and nature of the lesion and eventually in the choice of a therapeutic attitude. Analysis of topographic data and staged biopsies, gathered from the 'stereotaxic space,' provides the neurosurgeon with accurate information for planned surgical excision or interstitial irradiation.", "PMID": 370681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_942", "title": "[Preliminary evaluation of Depakine effects in epilepsy].", "content": "Depakine Labaz in doses from 30 to 1200 mg daily was given to 52 patients in an outpatient clinic. In 13% of cases symptoms of drug intolerance developed and the treatment had to be discontinued. In 45 cases treatment was continued. The drug was given usually to patients refractory to previous drugs, with evidence of organic brain disease. The highest degree of clinical improvement was observed in patients with grand mal seizures and seizures without convulsions. The influence of this treatment of partial complex seizures was slightly smaller. The number of patients treated was too small for evaluation of the effects in partial simple seizures. The total proportion of improved patients was about 60%. In EEG curves normalization of background activity was the most frequent findings, without appearance of rapid activity. In some cases manifestation of focal changes was observed. The favourable effect of Depakine on seizure activity manifested itself in later period of treatment and was slight. The drug had a favourable effect on the wellbeing of patients and had no significant toxic effect in the liver or kidneys.", "contents": "[Preliminary evaluation of Depakine effects in epilepsy]. Depakine Labaz in doses from 30 to 1200 mg daily was given to 52 patients in an outpatient clinic. In 13% of cases symptoms of drug intolerance developed and the treatment had to be discontinued. In 45 cases treatment was continued. The drug was given usually to patients refractory to previous drugs, with evidence of organic brain disease. The highest degree of clinical improvement was observed in patients with grand mal seizures and seizures without convulsions. The influence of this treatment of partial complex seizures was slightly smaller. The number of patients treated was too small for evaluation of the effects in partial simple seizures. The total proportion of improved patients was about 60%. In EEG curves normalization of background activity was the most frequent findings, without appearance of rapid activity. In some cases manifestation of focal changes was observed. The favourable effect of Depakine on seizure activity manifested itself in later period of treatment and was slight. The drug had a favourable effect on the wellbeing of patients and had no significant toxic effect in the liver or kidneys.", "PMID": 370675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_943", "title": "PAM cell assay as a tests for multiple-sclerosis associated agent.", "content": "Contrary to previous reports, no evidence for a multiple sclerosis-associated agent (MSAA) was obtained when coded brain samples from multiple sclerosis patients and controls were tested in PAM cells.", "contents": "PAM cell assay as a tests for multiple-sclerosis associated agent. Contrary to previous reports, no evidence for a multiple sclerosis-associated agent (MSAA) was obtained when coded brain samples from multiple sclerosis patients and controls were tested in PAM cells.", "PMID": 370684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_944", "title": "Double-blind study of modified neurotoxin in motor neuron disease.", "content": "In a double-blind study, we evaluated the intramuscular administration of modified neurotoxin in 48 patients who were treated for 6 months. There was no evidence to support claims that patients receive any benefit from the neurotoxin. A significant number of patients had minor functional improvement, often of a transient nature, but these manifestations were more common in the placebo-treated patients than in those receiving neurotoxin. These variations in the course of motor neuron disease have not been stressed in the previous literature.", "contents": "Double-blind study of modified neurotoxin in motor neuron disease. In a double-blind study, we evaluated the intramuscular administration of modified neurotoxin in 48 patients who were treated for 6 months. There was no evidence to support claims that patients receive any benefit from the neurotoxin. A significant number of patients had minor functional improvement, often of a transient nature, but these manifestations were more common in the placebo-treated patients than in those receiving neurotoxin. These variations in the course of motor neuron disease have not been stressed in the previous literature.", "PMID": 370685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_945", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes: brain abscess or meningoencephalitis?", "content": "A brain abscess caused by Listeria monocytogenes developed in an immunosuppressed renal transplant patient. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis from this organism were encountered in three other renal transplant recipients at this medical center during the past 4 years. Focal neurologic deficits occurred in patients with either Listeria abscess or meningoencephalitis. Computerized tomography was a rapid aid to the diagnosis of abscess. Immunosuppression has increased the incidence of central nervous system Listeria infections, but ampicillin still provides effective treatment, even when immunosuppressive therapy is continued. Limited experience with Listeria brain abscess suggests that surgical intervention improves the prognosis.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes: brain abscess or meningoencephalitis? A brain abscess caused by Listeria monocytogenes developed in an immunosuppressed renal transplant patient. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis from this organism were encountered in three other renal transplant recipients at this medical center during the past 4 years. Focal neurologic deficits occurred in patients with either Listeria abscess or meningoencephalitis. Computerized tomography was a rapid aid to the diagnosis of abscess. Immunosuppression has increased the incidence of central nervous system Listeria infections, but ampicillin still provides effective treatment, even when immunosuppressive therapy is continued. Limited experience with Listeria brain abscess suggests that surgical intervention improves the prognosis.", "PMID": 370686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_946", "title": "Effects of valproate and ethosuximide on thalamocortical excitability.", "content": "Sodium valproate and ethosuximide are anticonvulsants employed in the treatment of petit mal epilepsy; both drugs are considered to be thalamically active. Valproate and ethosuximide both decreased the average evoked response following the second of two stimuli delivered to the ventrolateral thalamus at stimulus frequencies in the region of 3 Hz. Ethosuximide, but not valproate, enhanced the average evoked response at high stimulus frequencies an action shared with several convulsant treatments having different modes of action. The clinical effects of valproate and ethosuximide can be related to this differential modulation of thalamocortical excitability.", "contents": "Effects of valproate and ethosuximide on thalamocortical excitability. Sodium valproate and ethosuximide are anticonvulsants employed in the treatment of petit mal epilepsy; both drugs are considered to be thalamically active. Valproate and ethosuximide both decreased the average evoked response following the second of two stimuli delivered to the ventrolateral thalamus at stimulus frequencies in the region of 3 Hz. Ethosuximide, but not valproate, enhanced the average evoked response at high stimulus frequencies an action shared with several convulsant treatments having different modes of action. The clinical effects of valproate and ethosuximide can be related to this differential modulation of thalamocortical excitability.", "PMID": 370687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_947", "title": "The transfer of antibiotic resistance by R plasmids in Shigellae.", "content": "Forty-five strains of Shigella species isolated at Auckland Hospital from 1972--1974 were investigated for antibiotic resistance. Forty-two strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 11 strains transferred antibiotic resistance by conjugation to E. coli.", "contents": "The transfer of antibiotic resistance by R plasmids in Shigellae. Forty-five strains of Shigella species isolated at Auckland Hospital from 1972--1974 were investigated for antibiotic resistance. Forty-two strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 11 strains transferred antibiotic resistance by conjugation to E. coli.", "PMID": 370696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_948", "title": "Selective inhibition of leukocyte adherence in women with breast cancer using a variety of tissue extracts.", "content": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) tests for the assessment of tumor immunity in vitro have been based on the assumption that the adherence of the leukocytes is inhibited by specific interaction with an antigenic tumor extract. However, loss of leukocyte adherence could depend on several non-immunological factors including disease state of the leukocyte donor and the presence of a variety of agents, proteins or tissue extracts. We have studied LAI , therefore, using different species and concentrations of serum protein or tissue extracts. Our results show that leukocytes from patients with a variety of diseases adhere to glass in a rather consistent fashion. High concentrations of serum protein or tissue extract inhibited leukocyte adherence. 39 breast cancer patients and 38 female controls were studied with a total of 23 solubilized extracts from breast carcinoma, other tumor and non-tumor tissues. Breast cancer patients showed selective LAI in the presence of 200 microgram per test tube of several breast carcinoma extracts.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of leukocyte adherence in women with breast cancer using a variety of tissue extracts. Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) tests for the assessment of tumor immunity in vitro have been based on the assumption that the adherence of the leukocytes is inhibited by specific interaction with an antigenic tumor extract. However, loss of leukocyte adherence could depend on several non-immunological factors including disease state of the leukocyte donor and the presence of a variety of agents, proteins or tissue extracts. We have studied LAI , therefore, using different species and concentrations of serum protein or tissue extracts. Our results show that leukocytes from patients with a variety of diseases adhere to glass in a rather consistent fashion. High concentrations of serum protein or tissue extract inhibited leukocyte adherence. 39 breast cancer patients and 38 female controls were studied with a total of 23 solubilized extracts from breast carcinoma, other tumor and non-tumor tissues. Breast cancer patients showed selective LAI in the presence of 200 microgram per test tube of several breast carcinoma extracts.", "PMID": 370704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_949", "title": "Retroperitoneal lymphoma involving pancreas--complementary radionuclide scan and ultrasonography.", "content": "Radionuclide emisssion tomography and ultrasonography were obtained on a patient with recurrent epigastric pain. In the pancreatic region an ultrasonic scan revealed a conglomerated mass. Following administration of Se-75 selenomethionine, the multiplane longitudinal tomographic scan demonstrated marked concentration of activity in the region of the pancreas which corresponded to a large defect in the hilus of the liver observed on prior liver-spleen scan with Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Surgery revealed a poorly differentiated histiocytic lymphoma in the retroperitoneum. The radionuclide and echographic scans of the retroperitoneal lymphomas briefly discussed, and their complementary role as a diagnostic tool stressed.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal lymphoma involving pancreas--complementary radionuclide scan and ultrasonography. Radionuclide emisssion tomography and ultrasonography were obtained on a patient with recurrent epigastric pain. In the pancreatic region an ultrasonic scan revealed a conglomerated mass. Following administration of Se-75 selenomethionine, the multiplane longitudinal tomographic scan demonstrated marked concentration of activity in the region of the pancreas which corresponded to a large defect in the hilus of the liver observed on prior liver-spleen scan with Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Surgery revealed a poorly differentiated histiocytic lymphoma in the retroperitoneum. The radionuclide and echographic scans of the retroperitoneal lymphomas briefly discussed, and their complementary role as a diagnostic tool stressed.", "PMID": 370705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_950", "title": "The clinical evaluation of 9-0 and 10-0 monofilament Polyglactin 910 absorbable suture for corneal surgery.", "content": "The 9-0 or 10-0 monofilament Polyglactin 910 absorbable (Vicryl) suture was utilized in combination with 10-0 nylon suture for 35 patients undergoing corneal surgery in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a very fine absorbable suture material. The maintenance of wound approximation, degree of tissue reaction, and rate of absorption were observed along with any adverse effects. Adequate wound closure was maintained in all cases. Little tissue reaction was present in the cornea although a slightly increased healing time was observed for the corneal epithelium in five cases. Absorption was complete within six weeks. The clinical usefulness appears to be in patients who might avoid an additional general anesthetic for suture removal by using the absorbable 10-0 Vicryl for small corneal lacerations and incisions.", "contents": "The clinical evaluation of 9-0 and 10-0 monofilament Polyglactin 910 absorbable suture for corneal surgery. The 9-0 or 10-0 monofilament Polyglactin 910 absorbable (Vicryl) suture was utilized in combination with 10-0 nylon suture for 35 patients undergoing corneal surgery in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a very fine absorbable suture material. The maintenance of wound approximation, degree of tissue reaction, and rate of absorption were observed along with any adverse effects. Adequate wound closure was maintained in all cases. Little tissue reaction was present in the cornea although a slightly increased healing time was observed for the corneal epithelium in five cases. Absorption was complete within six weeks. The clinical usefulness appears to be in patients who might avoid an additional general anesthetic for suture removal by using the absorbable 10-0 Vicryl for small corneal lacerations and incisions.", "PMID": 370706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_951", "title": "Lamellar keratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus: conectomy.", "content": "The first 52 eyes of 48 keratoconus patients treated with conectomy and followed for a period of time ranging from 6 to 48 months are included in this study. An average change in the refractive power of the cornea of 10.3 diopters was found after conectomy. The mode for the best corrected visual acuity was 20/30, and the average corneal astigmatism was 3.00 diopters. Photodiagnosis evaluation, microsurgical techniques and instrumentation monofilament nylon, use of the donor cornea minus the endothelium and improved postoperative refractive techniques have combined to make conectomy a reliable and successful form of treatment in keratoconus patients. Both penetrating keratoplasty and conectomy techniques have proven to be successful in the surgical management of keratoconus, and it is the surgeon's responsibility to determine the appropriate approach for the keratoconus patient. Both of these procedures will continue to be refined as ophthalmic technology and surgical skills improve.", "contents": "Lamellar keratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus: conectomy. The first 52 eyes of 48 keratoconus patients treated with conectomy and followed for a period of time ranging from 6 to 48 months are included in this study. An average change in the refractive power of the cornea of 10.3 diopters was found after conectomy. The mode for the best corrected visual acuity was 20/30, and the average corneal astigmatism was 3.00 diopters. Photodiagnosis evaluation, microsurgical techniques and instrumentation monofilament nylon, use of the donor cornea minus the endothelium and improved postoperative refractive techniques have combined to make conectomy a reliable and successful form of treatment in keratoconus patients. Both penetrating keratoplasty and conectomy techniques have proven to be successful in the surgical management of keratoconus, and it is the surgeon's responsibility to determine the appropriate approach for the keratoconus patient. Both of these procedures will continue to be refined as ophthalmic technology and surgical skills improve.", "PMID": 370707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_952", "title": "Cephalosporium endophthalmitis following penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A 69-year-old male with chronic herpes simplex keratitis underwent penetrating keratoplasty, using cryopreserved tissue. Seven weeks postoperatively the patient developed cephalosporium endophthalmitis. Intensive medical and surgical therapy was unsuccessful and the eye had to be enucleated within three weeks. Cephalosporium species are isolated more often in intraocular infection than from corneal ulceration. Although favorable response to Amphotericin-B and Primaricin has been reported, the final outcome has been unfavorable in most of these cases.", "contents": "Cephalosporium endophthalmitis following penetrating keratoplasty. A 69-year-old male with chronic herpes simplex keratitis underwent penetrating keratoplasty, using cryopreserved tissue. Seven weeks postoperatively the patient developed cephalosporium endophthalmitis. Intensive medical and surgical therapy was unsuccessful and the eye had to be enucleated within three weeks. Cephalosporium species are isolated more often in intraocular infection than from corneal ulceration. Although favorable response to Amphotericin-B and Primaricin has been reported, the final outcome has been unfavorable in most of these cases.", "PMID": 370708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_953", "title": "Donor corneal endothelium: slit-lamp examination of buttons in storage medium.", "content": "The integrity of the corneal endothelium is vital to the maintenance of a clear graft. The slit-lamp examination of the cornea from the endothelial surface, as described, allows the exclusion from transplantation of buttons with obvious endothelial trauma or disease. The use of this method at the Wilmer Institute during the last four years has been part of the preoperative assessment of all corneal donor buttons and has helped to reduce the rate of early graft failure.", "contents": "Donor corneal endothelium: slit-lamp examination of buttons in storage medium. The integrity of the corneal endothelium is vital to the maintenance of a clear graft. The slit-lamp examination of the cornea from the endothelial surface, as described, allows the exclusion from transplantation of buttons with obvious endothelial trauma or disease. The use of this method at the Wilmer Institute during the last four years has been part of the preoperative assessment of all corneal donor buttons and has helped to reduce the rate of early graft failure.", "PMID": 370709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_954", "title": "A method for ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty.", "content": "Rotational ipsilateral penetrating autokeratoplasty is useful in the treatment of certain nonprogressive corneal scars. The procedure alleviates difficulties with the availability of donor tissue and with graft rejection. A method is presented for determining the maximum clear central corneal area that can be obtained by rotational autokeratoplasty and the most appropriate trephine size and placement. Two dimensions must be obtained either at the slit lamp or from photographs: the diameter of the largest circle of clear cornea and the shortest distance from the edge of this circle (edge of the scar) to the center of the cornea. An illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "A method for ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty. Rotational ipsilateral penetrating autokeratoplasty is useful in the treatment of certain nonprogressive corneal scars. The procedure alleviates difficulties with the availability of donor tissue and with graft rejection. A method is presented for determining the maximum clear central corneal area that can be obtained by rotational autokeratoplasty and the most appropriate trephine size and placement. Two dimensions must be obtained either at the slit lamp or from photographs: the diameter of the largest circle of clear cornea and the shortest distance from the edge of this circle (edge of the scar) to the center of the cornea. An illustrative case is presented.", "PMID": 370710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_955", "title": "A review of chemotherapeutic plaque control.", "content": "Of the plaque-control agents studied, it would appear that chlorhexidine is the most suitable agent to prevent plaque accumulation and the development of gingivitis. It also is attractive to speculate on the possibilities of a commercially available mouthwash. A trio of antibiotics--kanamycin, spiramycin, and vancomycin--may prove of value in the treatment of severe gingival and periodontal disease. The ultimate role of xylitol has yet to be determined. Regardless of the agent selected, access to the gingival sulcus region seems critical.", "contents": "A review of chemotherapeutic plaque control. Of the plaque-control agents studied, it would appear that chlorhexidine is the most suitable agent to prevent plaque accumulation and the development of gingivitis. It also is attractive to speculate on the possibilities of a commercially available mouthwash. A trio of antibiotics--kanamycin, spiramycin, and vancomycin--may prove of value in the treatment of severe gingival and periodontal disease. The ultimate role of xylitol has yet to be determined. Regardless of the agent selected, access to the gingival sulcus region seems critical.", "PMID": 370711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_956", "title": "Gutta-percha points of apicoectomy. To push or to pull?", "content": "A gutta-percha root-filling point placed during apicoectomy may be condensed by the application of pressure to its coronal end or tension to its apical end. Scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrates the effect that these techniques have on the adaptation of the root filling to the canal. The pressure method would appear to produce the more satisfactory result.", "contents": "Gutta-percha points of apicoectomy. To push or to pull? A gutta-percha root-filling point placed during apicoectomy may be condensed by the application of pressure to its coronal end or tension to its apical end. Scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrates the effect that these techniques have on the adaptation of the root filling to the canal. The pressure method would appear to produce the more satisfactory result.", "PMID": 370712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_957", "title": "Treatment of phantom limb pain with muscular relaxation training to disrupt the pain--anxiety--tension cycle.", "content": "Sixteen phantom limb pain patients were treated with a combination of (1) progressive muscle relaxation exercise, (2) feedback of stump and forehead muscle tension, and (3) reassurance about normal phantom sensations and the relationship between anxiety and pain. Fourteen of the patients had chronic pain (average of 12 years) and two were recent amputees (5- and 1-week). At the end of treatment, 8 of the chronic patients showed virtually complete relief from pain, 4 showed significant decreases to a point at which they no longer desired treatment and 2 showed no significant change. Both recent amputees showed complete relief from pain. These changes have been sustained for follow-up period of 6 months to 3 years. The 2 unsuccessful patients did not learn to relax and had strong psychological needs for their pain.", "contents": "Treatment of phantom limb pain with muscular relaxation training to disrupt the pain--anxiety--tension cycle. Sixteen phantom limb pain patients were treated with a combination of (1) progressive muscle relaxation exercise, (2) feedback of stump and forehead muscle tension, and (3) reassurance about normal phantom sensations and the relationship between anxiety and pain. Fourteen of the patients had chronic pain (average of 12 years) and two were recent amputees (5- and 1-week). At the end of treatment, 8 of the chronic patients showed virtually complete relief from pain, 4 showed significant decreases to a point at which they no longer desired treatment and 2 showed no significant change. Both recent amputees showed complete relief from pain. These changes have been sustained for follow-up period of 6 months to 3 years. The 2 unsuccessful patients did not learn to relax and had strong psychological needs for their pain.", "PMID": 370738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_958", "title": "[Experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis of the mouse. Pathologic, virologic and electric correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "The brain electrographic activity of mouse experimental LCM has been systematically compared with the pathology and the virus growth in brain. There is an excellent correlation between anatomic lesions and brain electrographic activity which begins in slow waves followed with electric discharges attendant upon clinical paroxysms. The different records have been described and a physiopathological interpretation of these electroclinical paroxysms is proposed.", "contents": "[Experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis of the mouse. Pathologic, virologic and electric correlations (author's transl)]. The brain electrographic activity of mouse experimental LCM has been systematically compared with the pathology and the virus growth in brain. There is an excellent correlation between anatomic lesions and brain electrographic activity which begins in slow waves followed with electric discharges attendant upon clinical paroxysms. The different records have been described and a physiopathological interpretation of these electroclinical paroxysms is proposed.", "PMID": 370740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_959", "title": "[Structure and ultrastructure of osteoblasts and of the osteoid tissue in Paget's disease of bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Light and electron microscope studies of 64 biopsies from patients with Paget's bone disease reveal the structure of osteoblasts and osteoid tissue. The osteoblasts observed do not differ morphologically from those described in other bone diseases and the woven bone shows no specificity. These cells are possibly hyperactive and our observations show that such hyperactivity may be consequent to the increased and disorganized resorption of lamellar bone tissue by osteoclasts which are known to be abnormal. Osteoblasts do not appear to play any direct role in the pathogenesis of Paget's bone disease.", "contents": "[Structure and ultrastructure of osteoblasts and of the osteoid tissue in Paget's disease of bone (author's transl)]. Light and electron microscope studies of 64 biopsies from patients with Paget's bone disease reveal the structure of osteoblasts and osteoid tissue. The osteoblasts observed do not differ morphologically from those described in other bone diseases and the woven bone shows no specificity. These cells are possibly hyperactive and our observations show that such hyperactivity may be consequent to the increased and disorganized resorption of lamellar bone tissue by osteoclasts which are known to be abnormal. Osteoblasts do not appear to play any direct role in the pathogenesis of Paget's bone disease.", "PMID": 370741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_960", "title": "[Distribution and correlations of serum uric-acid in two French adult populations : 13,885 men and 6,861 women (author's transl)].", "content": "Distributions and correlations of serum uric acid (SUA) were studied in 13.885 men and 6.861 women who were between the ages of 20 and 90. In men and women the distribution of SUA is unimodal. The average SUA value is 628 mg/100 ml (SD : 1,19) IN MEN AND 5,05 MG/100 ML (SD : 1,10) in women. 27% of the men and 4% of the women have a SUA level above 7 mg/100 ml. In men and in women correlations of SUA with an obesity index is strong (r = 0,272; r = 0,311). In men partial correlations between SUA and age, blood pressure, cholesterolemia, glycemia and hemoglobinemia diminish when obesity index is fixed. In women these correlations are stronger and do not vary when obesity index is fixed. In men and women the correlation between SUA and creatininemia is strong and do not vary when obesity index is fixed.", "contents": "[Distribution and correlations of serum uric-acid in two French adult populations : 13,885 men and 6,861 women (author's transl)]. Distributions and correlations of serum uric acid (SUA) were studied in 13.885 men and 6.861 women who were between the ages of 20 and 90. In men and women the distribution of SUA is unimodal. The average SUA value is 628 mg/100 ml (SD : 1,19) IN MEN AND 5,05 MG/100 ML (SD : 1,10) in women. 27% of the men and 4% of the women have a SUA level above 7 mg/100 ml. In men and in women correlations of SUA with an obesity index is strong (r = 0,272; r = 0,311). In men partial correlations between SUA and age, blood pressure, cholesterolemia, glycemia and hemoglobinemia diminish when obesity index is fixed. In women these correlations are stronger and do not vary when obesity index is fixed. In men and women the correlation between SUA and creatininemia is strong and do not vary when obesity index is fixed.", "PMID": 370742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_961", "title": "[Eosinophilia and respiratory function in the asthmatic subject (author's transl)].", "content": "Total eosinophil count (TEC) was done in 13 normal subjects, in 8 subjects before and 90 mn after a \"French\" breakfast and in 29 asthmatic patients. The geometric mean is higher (p less than 0,001) in asthmatic than in normal subjects : 304 (231-391) versus 144 (101-197). The breakfast does not interfer with the result of the TEC. In asthmatic subjects, a significant inverse correlation appears (r = 0,57, p less than 0,01) between the logarithm of TEC forced expiratory volume in one second and the quotient : vital capacity. This correlation persists whatever may be the subject's age, the duration of the asthma or age at which he first contracted the illness. Asthma appeared after 40 years in 4 of the subjects : their TEC was higher (p less than 0,01) than in subjects who had become asthmatic before the age of forty. The respiratory function was lowered more in these 4 patients than in others who had been ill for the same time (p less than 0,001). The TEC is not related to results of skin testing with usual inhalant allergens (grass pollen, house dust, cat's or dog's dander) or by result of a provocation test (by inhalation of allergen). Eosinophilia and bronchial obstruction are connected by one (or more) factors that may be inhalant allergens in extrinsec asthma and circulating immune complexes in intrinsec asthma.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia and respiratory function in the asthmatic subject (author's transl)]. Total eosinophil count (TEC) was done in 13 normal subjects, in 8 subjects before and 90 mn after a \"French\" breakfast and in 29 asthmatic patients. The geometric mean is higher (p less than 0,001) in asthmatic than in normal subjects : 304 (231-391) versus 144 (101-197). The breakfast does not interfer with the result of the TEC. In asthmatic subjects, a significant inverse correlation appears (r = 0,57, p less than 0,01) between the logarithm of TEC forced expiratory volume in one second and the quotient : vital capacity. This correlation persists whatever may be the subject's age, the duration of the asthma or age at which he first contracted the illness. Asthma appeared after 40 years in 4 of the subjects : their TEC was higher (p less than 0,01) than in subjects who had become asthmatic before the age of forty. The respiratory function was lowered more in these 4 patients than in others who had been ill for the same time (p less than 0,001). The TEC is not related to results of skin testing with usual inhalant allergens (grass pollen, house dust, cat's or dog's dander) or by result of a provocation test (by inhalation of allergen). Eosinophilia and bronchial obstruction are connected by one (or more) factors that may be inhalant allergens in extrinsec asthma and circulating immune complexes in intrinsec asthma.", "PMID": 370743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_962", "title": "[Variations in the phagocytic potency of circulating leukocytes from rats which received a thermal injury. Effects of an immunostimulation with Corynebacterium granulosum (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study in vitro the variations of phagocytic activity of circulating leukocytes from rats which received a thermal injury and were either immunostimulated or not by a single iv injection of C. granulosum. The thermal injury which was applied at about 10 percent of the body surface was of an intermediary type ; it developed towards necrosis before cicatrising on about the 30th day. Phagocytic activity was expressed as the percentage of \"active\" phagocytes or of those cells which phagocytosed Sta. aureus and S. typhi murium. In not immunostimulated rats, the phagocytic activity was profoundly depressed as a result of the thermal injury ; this was most marked at about 8 days after the thermal injury (close to 38% compared with 80% in control-not-burned-rats). The phagocytic potency or circulating leukocytes from burned and immunostimulated rats corresponded at about the 8th day to that of healthy rats. The reported variations are statistically significant, as assessed by the Student \"t\" and X2 tests. Our study showed that those rats which were burned in our experimental conditions responded favourably to the immunostimulation. It would be interesting to check whether the use of anaerobic corynebacteria in man could represent an adjunct treatment of those septic complications which are so frequent in severe burns.", "contents": "[Variations in the phagocytic potency of circulating leukocytes from rats which received a thermal injury. Effects of an immunostimulation with Corynebacterium granulosum (author's transl)]. Experiments were carried out to study in vitro the variations of phagocytic activity of circulating leukocytes from rats which received a thermal injury and were either immunostimulated or not by a single iv injection of C. granulosum. The thermal injury which was applied at about 10 percent of the body surface was of an intermediary type ; it developed towards necrosis before cicatrising on about the 30th day. Phagocytic activity was expressed as the percentage of \"active\" phagocytes or of those cells which phagocytosed Sta. aureus and S. typhi murium. In not immunostimulated rats, the phagocytic activity was profoundly depressed as a result of the thermal injury ; this was most marked at about 8 days after the thermal injury (close to 38% compared with 80% in control-not-burned-rats). The phagocytic potency or circulating leukocytes from burned and immunostimulated rats corresponded at about the 8th day to that of healthy rats. The reported variations are statistically significant, as assessed by the Student \"t\" and X2 tests. Our study showed that those rats which were burned in our experimental conditions responded favourably to the immunostimulation. It would be interesting to check whether the use of anaerobic corynebacteria in man could represent an adjunct treatment of those septic complications which are so frequent in severe burns.", "PMID": 370744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_963", "title": "[Recent results concerning muscular disorders arising from thyroid gland dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "The hight number of muscular disorders which may be observed clinically in thyroid dysfunction contrast with the paucity of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of action of the thyroid hormones. Those which have been described allowed the following conclusions to be made : 1) The thyroid hormones simultaneously increase the oxydative phosphorylation in mitochondria and the activation of glycogen phosphorylase. 2) They modify the properties of cell membrane without noticialy changing the cytoplasm (light and electron microscopically). These modifications are concommitant with a reduction in resting membrane potential associated with anomalies of Na+ conductance and Ca+ uptake. 3) The appareance and the number of motor units in each muscle is dependant on the hormonal impregnation. However, these diverses actions do not reveal whether the thyroid hormone receptors are in the muscle or if they act via the intermediary of a neuronal trophic factor.", "contents": "[Recent results concerning muscular disorders arising from thyroid gland dysfunction (author's transl)]. The hight number of muscular disorders which may be observed clinically in thyroid dysfunction contrast with the paucity of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of action of the thyroid hormones. Those which have been described allowed the following conclusions to be made : 1) The thyroid hormones simultaneously increase the oxydative phosphorylation in mitochondria and the activation of glycogen phosphorylase. 2) They modify the properties of cell membrane without noticialy changing the cytoplasm (light and electron microscopically). These modifications are concommitant with a reduction in resting membrane potential associated with anomalies of Na+ conductance and Ca+ uptake. 3) The appareance and the number of motor units in each muscle is dependant on the hormonal impregnation. However, these diverses actions do not reveal whether the thyroid hormone receptors are in the muscle or if they act via the intermediary of a neuronal trophic factor.", "PMID": 370745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_964", "title": "[The classification of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium phages (author's transl)].", "content": "All phages studied are tailed, belong to six morphological groups, and are classified by morphological and serological properties and by physico-chemical parameters of the virion and its nucleic acid. Four species of Agrobacterium and 12 species of Rhizobium phages are described, and their relationship with enterobacteria phages discussed. They include 68 viruses, whereas 60 poorly known phages have not been classified.", "contents": "[The classification of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium phages (author's transl)]. All phages studied are tailed, belong to six morphological groups, and are classified by morphological and serological properties and by physico-chemical parameters of the virion and its nucleic acid. Four species of Agrobacterium and 12 species of Rhizobium phages are described, and their relationship with enterobacteria phages discussed. They include 68 viruses, whereas 60 poorly known phages have not been classified.", "PMID": 370746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_965", "title": "[Use of hemolysis in gel in the serodiagnosis of rubella. Comparison with hemagglutination inhibition].", "content": "The hemolysis in gel test (HIG) was compared with the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). This new test is simple and time-sparing since it does not require dilution or serum pre-treatment, and can be measured directly in mm. It is not more expensive than the HI method. It has proved sensitive and is not affected by non specific serum hemagglutination inhibitors and is conclusive whenever HI titers are looked upon with suspicion (titers of less than 1/20). It is therefore well adapted to mass screening of immunity against rubella but in the field of recent infections HI method still has its role to play. Using the HIG test as a reference, we measured the loss of Ig to rubella following the three most commonly employed methods for removal of inhibitors: the mean values of 16 sera were 25% of antibodies lost after kaolin pre-treatment, 62% lost after heparine-Mn-Cl2 procedure 75% lost after dextran-CaCl2 treatment.", "contents": "[Use of hemolysis in gel in the serodiagnosis of rubella. Comparison with hemagglutination inhibition]. The hemolysis in gel test (HIG) was compared with the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). This new test is simple and time-sparing since it does not require dilution or serum pre-treatment, and can be measured directly in mm. It is not more expensive than the HI method. It has proved sensitive and is not affected by non specific serum hemagglutination inhibitors and is conclusive whenever HI titers are looked upon with suspicion (titers of less than 1/20). It is therefore well adapted to mass screening of immunity against rubella but in the field of recent infections HI method still has its role to play. Using the HIG test as a reference, we measured the loss of Ig to rubella following the three most commonly employed methods for removal of inhibitors: the mean values of 16 sera were 25% of antibodies lost after kaolin pre-treatment, 62% lost after heparine-Mn-Cl2 procedure 75% lost after dextran-CaCl2 treatment.", "PMID": 370748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_966", "title": "[Current data on prolactin].", "content": "Prolactin has been lately singled-out among the pituitary hormones, and as such the object of considerable research in the past 15 years. The frequency of prolactin secreting adenomes is established now. The responsibility of iatrogenic factors (neuroleptics, oral contraceptives) in some hyperprolactinaemias is a known fact. The study of the inhibiting dopaminergic system was a landmark in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. During the recent Nice Congress, some issues remained unsettled on the physiological activities of prolactin. The matter is clearer when it comes to prolactin secretion. In equilibrium between inhibiting and stimulant factors, the secretion is controlled by the CNS, influenced by the hormonal environment, and its timing is the object of a retrocontrol. This is a very instructive pattern in endocrinology.", "contents": "[Current data on prolactin]. Prolactin has been lately singled-out among the pituitary hormones, and as such the object of considerable research in the past 15 years. The frequency of prolactin secreting adenomes is established now. The responsibility of iatrogenic factors (neuroleptics, oral contraceptives) in some hyperprolactinaemias is a known fact. The study of the inhibiting dopaminergic system was a landmark in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. During the recent Nice Congress, some issues remained unsettled on the physiological activities of prolactin. The matter is clearer when it comes to prolactin secretion. In equilibrium between inhibiting and stimulant factors, the secretion is controlled by the CNS, influenced by the hormonal environment, and its timing is the object of a retrocontrol. This is a very instructive pattern in endocrinology.", "PMID": 370749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_967", "title": "[Chromatography of urinary amino-acid in bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The urinary excretion of amino-acid have been determined by ionic exchange chromatography for 10 cases of bismuth encephalopathy and for 15 normal controls. The ninhydrine positive constituant reported by Burns in 5 cases of encephalopathy has not been detected. We are thinking it may be related to the use of a rich amino-acid solution during perfusions. We did not find any significant difference between the urinary excretion of amino-acid average value to the two groups. We found an increase excretion when severe encephalopathy were observed. Separate analysis of individual amino-acid excretion showed the following results: i) average percent of tyrosine excretion is lower in controls as in encephalopathies; ii) among the different ratios tested only SER + THR)/TYR and VAL/TYR are different in the two groups.", "contents": "[Chromatography of urinary amino-acid in bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)]. The urinary excretion of amino-acid have been determined by ionic exchange chromatography for 10 cases of bismuth encephalopathy and for 15 normal controls. The ninhydrine positive constituant reported by Burns in 5 cases of encephalopathy has not been detected. We are thinking it may be related to the use of a rich amino-acid solution during perfusions. We did not find any significant difference between the urinary excretion of amino-acid average value to the two groups. We found an increase excretion when severe encephalopathy were observed. Separate analysis of individual amino-acid excretion showed the following results: i) average percent of tyrosine excretion is lower in controls as in encephalopathies; ii) among the different ratios tested only SER + THR)/TYR and VAL/TYR are different in the two groups.", "PMID": 370750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_968", "title": "[Human lung tissue and serum concentrations of cefradin (author's transl)].", "content": "This work was performed on samples from 30 patients requiring lung removal. One dose of 2 g of cefradin was injected intravenously before operation. Titrations of the antibiotic was performed simultaneously on large pieces of the excised lung and on the serum.", "contents": "[Human lung tissue and serum concentrations of cefradin (author's transl)]. This work was performed on samples from 30 patients requiring lung removal. One dose of 2 g of cefradin was injected intravenously before operation. Titrations of the antibiotic was performed simultaneously on large pieces of the excised lung and on the serum.", "PMID": 370751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_969", "title": "Brief case presentation on the nature of psychopathy in Structural Analysis theory.", "content": "A case study is reported which clearly supports the theory and usefulness of Structural Analysis regarding psychopathy. Psychiatric diagnosis, a computer MMPI report, and clinical impressions constitute the data.", "contents": "Brief case presentation on the nature of psychopathy in Structural Analysis theory. A case study is reported which clearly supports the theory and usefulness of Structural Analysis regarding psychopathy. Psychiatric diagnosis, a computer MMPI report, and clinical impressions constitute the data.", "PMID": 370758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_970", "title": "Antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotica resistance Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a modern farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions.", "content": "On a farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotic resistance has been studied in E. coli isolated from calves which were 5 and 30 days old. Strains with resistance to up to seven antibiotics as well as transferable resistance against up to five antibiotics were recorded. On an average, 4.2 strains with different patterns and 4.0 different strains with transferable resistance were isolated from each calf. The corresponding figures previously found for healthy control calves were 1.6 and 1.1 strains, respectively. Resistance and transferable resistance were most common against sulphonamide and penicillin.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotica resistance Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a modern farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions. On a farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotic resistance has been studied in E. coli isolated from calves which were 5 and 30 days old. Strains with resistance to up to seven antibiotics as well as transferable resistance against up to five antibiotics were recorded. On an average, 4.2 strains with different patterns and 4.0 different strains with transferable resistance were isolated from each calf. The corresponding figures previously found for healthy control calves were 1.6 and 1.1 strains, respectively. Resistance and transferable resistance were most common against sulphonamide and penicillin.", "PMID": 370760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_971", "title": "[Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in faeces from young pigs and calves in Denmark].", "content": "A comparative study of investigations from 1970 (before the prohibition against therapeutically used antibiotics as food additives for growth promotion) and from 1978 respectively proves that the prevalence of young pigs and calves with resistant E. coli has increased significantly from 61% to 92% and from 69% to 86% (tables I and II). Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of young pigs and calves with antibiotic resistant E. coli with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone. This shows that the prevalence of young pigs with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol has increased significantly from 1970 to 1978. The same facts apply to the calves. However, the increase in tetracycline resistance is not significant. Neomycin resistant E. coli for both young pigs and calves were only found in 1978. Figure 3 shows the distribution of the number of resistance determinants per young pig and calf with resistant E. coli. The figure shows the significant tendency that the pigs and calves investigated contain resistant E. coli with more resistance determinants in 1978 than in 1970. The distribution of R-factors among resistant E. coli seems to be reduced at first sight but a closer examination establishes that this only goes for R-factor mediated sulfonamide resistance (the experimental conditions may account for this). R-factor mediated streptomycin resistance has increased while R-factor mediated tetracycline resistance was at the same level. On the basis of literature the causes and risks of an increased distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli are discussed.", "contents": "[Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in faeces from young pigs and calves in Denmark]. A comparative study of investigations from 1970 (before the prohibition against therapeutically used antibiotics as food additives for growth promotion) and from 1978 respectively proves that the prevalence of young pigs and calves with resistant E. coli has increased significantly from 61% to 92% and from 69% to 86% (tables I and II). Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of young pigs and calves with antibiotic resistant E. coli with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone. This shows that the prevalence of young pigs with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol has increased significantly from 1970 to 1978. The same facts apply to the calves. However, the increase in tetracycline resistance is not significant. Neomycin resistant E. coli for both young pigs and calves were only found in 1978. Figure 3 shows the distribution of the number of resistance determinants per young pig and calf with resistant E. coli. The figure shows the significant tendency that the pigs and calves investigated contain resistant E. coli with more resistance determinants in 1978 than in 1970. The distribution of R-factors among resistant E. coli seems to be reduced at first sight but a closer examination establishes that this only goes for R-factor mediated sulfonamide resistance (the experimental conditions may account for this). R-factor mediated streptomycin resistance has increased while R-factor mediated tetracycline resistance was at the same level. On the basis of literature the causes and risks of an increased distribution of antibiotic resistant E. coli are discussed.", "PMID": 370761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_972", "title": "Arthrosis with special reference to the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. I A review of the literature.", "content": "The terms arthrosis, arthritis, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis dissecans and dysplasia are defined. A short review of the pathological anatomical changes seen in primary and secondary arthrosis is given, and the anatomy of the elbow is briefly described. The literature concerning elbow lesions leading to arthrosis in young, rapidly growing dogs is reviewed.", "contents": "Arthrosis with special reference to the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. I A review of the literature. The terms arthrosis, arthritis, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis dissecans and dysplasia are defined. A short review of the pathological anatomical changes seen in primary and secondary arthrosis is given, and the anatomy of the elbow is briefly described. The literature concerning elbow lesions leading to arthrosis in young, rapidly growing dogs is reviewed.", "PMID": 370762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_973", "title": "Toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E in fresh herring in relation to the measured oxidation potential (Eh).", "content": "Recent work has showed high positive oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) values in fresh fish flesh, whereas strongly reducing conditions exist in fish viscera and spoiled fish flesh. The present study has demonstrated that this difference in measured Eh does not significantly influence growth and toxin production by Cl. botulinum type E. In comparison, storage temperature and the spore load in fish markedly influence toxin production. The public health significance of rapid toxin formation and high toxin titers demonstrated in ungutted fish is pointed out.", "contents": "Toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E in fresh herring in relation to the measured oxidation potential (Eh). Recent work has showed high positive oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) values in fresh fish flesh, whereas strongly reducing conditions exist in fish viscera and spoiled fish flesh. The present study has demonstrated that this difference in measured Eh does not significantly influence growth and toxin production by Cl. botulinum type E. In comparison, storage temperature and the spore load in fish markedly influence toxin production. The public health significance of rapid toxin formation and high toxin titers demonstrated in ungutted fish is pointed out.", "PMID": 370763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_974", "title": "[Early amniocentesis in twin pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1972, we have performed 951 early amniocentesis in 902 pregnant women. There were 19 twin pregnancies, all diamniotic, representing 2.1% of the sample. Diagnosis was always suspected before the amniocentesis. It was confirmed by echography in the 14 cases in which this technique was used. Out of the first 5 cases without echography, we punctured only one sac. In the 14 last cases, the process was successful in 13 cases thanks:--the perfection of echography showing the exact location of the fetuses and the position of the septum--the injection of congo red (12 cases) or methylene blue (2 cases) into the first sac. The indications were as follows: chromosomal aberrations (14 cases) metabolic diseases (1 case), sex-linked disorders (1 cases) neural tube defects (3 cases). No complications due to amniocentesis were observed but three abortions and one fetal death occurred. The reason why is discussed. We have made only one therapeutic abortion.", "contents": "[Early amniocentesis in twin pregnancies (author's transl)]. Since 1972, we have performed 951 early amniocentesis in 902 pregnant women. There were 19 twin pregnancies, all diamniotic, representing 2.1% of the sample. Diagnosis was always suspected before the amniocentesis. It was confirmed by echography in the 14 cases in which this technique was used. Out of the first 5 cases without echography, we punctured only one sac. In the 14 last cases, the process was successful in 13 cases thanks:--the perfection of echography showing the exact location of the fetuses and the position of the septum--the injection of congo red (12 cases) or methylene blue (2 cases) into the first sac. The indications were as follows: chromosomal aberrations (14 cases) metabolic diseases (1 case), sex-linked disorders (1 cases) neural tube defects (3 cases). No complications due to amniocentesis were observed but three abortions and one fetal death occurred. The reason why is discussed. We have made only one therapeutic abortion.", "PMID": 370765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_975", "title": "[Prazosine: a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Prazosine, a derivative of quinazoline, acts by relaxing the smooth vascular muscles and blocking postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors. A special protocol was used to treat arterial hypertension in 21 subjects. A small dose (0.5 mg) was given the first day to avoid orthostatic hypotension, then 0.5 mg x 3 on days 2, 3 and 4, followed by 1 mg x 3 on subsequent days. Dosage can be progressively increased up to 30 mg/day. During the first 36 days of treatment, prazosine was given alone. A significant drop in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure was observed in the reclining subject. The effect on orthostatic pressures were nevertheless significantly lower than before initiating treatment. Prazosine induces only a slight increase plasma renin activity. In 9 patients the use of prazosine alone at 3 to 6 mg per day produced not only a drop in arterial pressure but its normalization. In 5 other patients, the administration of prazosine associated with a beta-blocker, acebutolol, induced normalization of arterial pressure. The association of prazosine with a thiazide diuretic was not considered successful. In 5 patients, treatment was interrupted with the appearance of coronary insufficiency, orthostatic hypotension and frequent headaches. Minor side-effects observed in 8 others patients did not require interruption of treatment. Based on the above results, it can be stated that prazosine is an efficient new peripheral vasodilator with good patient tolerance for the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Prazosine: a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension (author's transl)]. Prazosine, a derivative of quinazoline, acts by relaxing the smooth vascular muscles and blocking postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors. A special protocol was used to treat arterial hypertension in 21 subjects. A small dose (0.5 mg) was given the first day to avoid orthostatic hypotension, then 0.5 mg x 3 on days 2, 3 and 4, followed by 1 mg x 3 on subsequent days. Dosage can be progressively increased up to 30 mg/day. During the first 36 days of treatment, prazosine was given alone. A significant drop in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure was observed in the reclining subject. The effect on orthostatic pressures were nevertheless significantly lower than before initiating treatment. Prazosine induces only a slight increase plasma renin activity. In 9 patients the use of prazosine alone at 3 to 6 mg per day produced not only a drop in arterial pressure but its normalization. In 5 other patients, the administration of prazosine associated with a beta-blocker, acebutolol, induced normalization of arterial pressure. The association of prazosine with a thiazide diuretic was not considered successful. In 5 patients, treatment was interrupted with the appearance of coronary insufficiency, orthostatic hypotension and frequent headaches. Minor side-effects observed in 8 others patients did not require interruption of treatment. Based on the above results, it can be stated that prazosine is an efficient new peripheral vasodilator with good patient tolerance for the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 370766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_976", "title": "[Critical study of techniques for the detection of \"light\" rheumatoid factors (author's transl)].", "content": "In a number of cases of true rheumatoid arthritis, it is not possible to demonstrate the presence of 19 S \"heavy\" rheumatoid factors by the Waaler-Rose and globulin latex techniques. However, in some of them, 7 S rheumatoid factors are suspected. Three techniques for the detection of these \"light\" rheumatoid factors are described and critically evaluated. The authors report their own experience of the immuno-absorption and indirect immunofluorescence technique performed on 156 sera from RA patients. Immuno-absorption is not felt to be a reliable technique on several grounds. Indirect immunofluorescence is of value only in the diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis where it provides information in addition to that offered by classical techniques. It is positive in 53.3% of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis sera.", "contents": "[Critical study of techniques for the detection of \"light\" rheumatoid factors (author's transl)]. In a number of cases of true rheumatoid arthritis, it is not possible to demonstrate the presence of 19 S \"heavy\" rheumatoid factors by the Waaler-Rose and globulin latex techniques. However, in some of them, 7 S rheumatoid factors are suspected. Three techniques for the detection of these \"light\" rheumatoid factors are described and critically evaluated. The authors report their own experience of the immuno-absorption and indirect immunofluorescence technique performed on 156 sera from RA patients. Immuno-absorption is not felt to be a reliable technique on several grounds. Indirect immunofluorescence is of value only in the diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis where it provides information in addition to that offered by classical techniques. It is positive in 53.3% of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis sera.", "PMID": 370768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_977", "title": "[Plastic surgery using part of the epiploon. Prior vascularisation of the transplant on the dorsal surface of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "The epiploon has proved to be excellent material for reconstructive surgery. The authors present a new technique by which the epiploon may be transplanted into almost any part of the body, using the hand as a vector. The epiploon is implanted beneath the skin covering the hand and acquires a new vascularisation. In a second phase, the epiploon is divided at the point at which it leaves the abdomen. The free epiploon, vascularised by the hand, may then be transplanted into a wide range of areas: head, leg, foot, etc. The epiploic flap formed in this way has many advantages over the Gilles-Filatov tubular skin flap.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery using part of the epiploon. Prior vascularisation of the transplant on the dorsal surface of the hand (author's transl)]. The epiploon has proved to be excellent material for reconstructive surgery. The authors present a new technique by which the epiploon may be transplanted into almost any part of the body, using the hand as a vector. The epiploon is implanted beneath the skin covering the hand and acquires a new vascularisation. In a second phase, the epiploon is divided at the point at which it leaves the abdomen. The free epiploon, vascularised by the hand, may then be transplanted into a wide range of areas: head, leg, foot, etc. The epiploic flap formed in this way has many advantages over the Gilles-Filatov tubular skin flap.", "PMID": 370769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_978", "title": "Bacteriophage lambda and plasmid vectors, allowing fusion of cloned genes in each of the three translational phases.", "content": "We have constructed vectors from bacteriophage lambda and from plasmid pBR322 having a single EcoRI restriction site which is immediately downstream from the lac UV5 promotor. Each vector allows the fusion of a cloned gene to the lac Z gene in a different phase relative to the translation initiation codon of the lac Z gene. These vectors were constructed through modification of the initial EcoRI restriction site by S1 endonuclease treatment and then addition of octadeoxyribonucleotides (EcoRI linkers), which shifted the restriction site by 2 or 4 nucleotides. Used in combination these vectors should allow translation of a cloned gene in any one of the three coding phases. The bacteriophages vectors are certified as B2 (EK2) safety level vectors by the French \"recombinaison g\u00e9n\u00e9tique in vitro\" committee (D.G.R.S.T.).", "contents": "Bacteriophage lambda and plasmid vectors, allowing fusion of cloned genes in each of the three translational phases. We have constructed vectors from bacteriophage lambda and from plasmid pBR322 having a single EcoRI restriction site which is immediately downstream from the lac UV5 promotor. Each vector allows the fusion of a cloned gene to the lac Z gene in a different phase relative to the translation initiation codon of the lac Z gene. These vectors were constructed through modification of the initial EcoRI restriction site by S1 endonuclease treatment and then addition of octadeoxyribonucleotides (EcoRI linkers), which shifted the restriction site by 2 or 4 nucleotides. Used in combination these vectors should allow translation of a cloned gene in any one of the three coding phases. The bacteriophages vectors are certified as B2 (EK2) safety level vectors by the French \"recombinaison g\u00e9n\u00e9tique in vitro\" committee (D.G.R.S.T.).", "PMID": 370770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_979", "title": "Purification of pseudouridylate synthetase I from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Pseudouridylate synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium has been purified 1,000 fold and is about 90% pure. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons. In the presence of tRNA there is a change in molecular weight from 50.000 to 100.000. This change does not seem to be due to the formation of a tRNA-enzyme complex but rather to a tRNA induced dimerization. Other properties of the enzyme are described.", "contents": "Purification of pseudouridylate synthetase I from Salmonella typhimurium. Pseudouridylate synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium has been purified 1,000 fold and is about 90% pure. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons. In the presence of tRNA there is a change in molecular weight from 50.000 to 100.000. This change does not seem to be due to the formation of a tRNA-enzyme complex but rather to a tRNA induced dimerization. Other properties of the enzyme are described.", "PMID": 370771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_980", "title": "The ovalbumin split gene: molecular cloning of Eco RI fragments \"c\" and \"d\".", "content": "The Eco RI fragments \"c\" and \"d\" of the ovalbumin gene (1, 2) have been isolated by molecular cloning. Restriction enzyme mapping and electron microscopy have confirmed that the two fragments contain the same ovalbumin mRNA coding sequences. These sequences are split into two regions which have been mapped in fragments \"c\" and \"d\". There is no evidence that the ovalbumin mRNA sequences contained in these fragments could be further interrupted. Our results confirm that the presence of Eco RI fragment \"d\" in some chickens is due to the existence of an allelic variant of the ovalbumin gene which contains an additional Eco RI site within the region corresponding to Eco RI fragment \"c\". This additional Eco RI site appears to be the main difference between the two alleles. Finally, our results provide a direct demonstration that most of the ovalbumin mRNA sequences are encoded for by Eco RI fragments \"a\", \"b\" and \"c\".", "contents": "The ovalbumin split gene: molecular cloning of Eco RI fragments \"c\" and \"d\". The Eco RI fragments \"c\" and \"d\" of the ovalbumin gene (1, 2) have been isolated by molecular cloning. Restriction enzyme mapping and electron microscopy have confirmed that the two fragments contain the same ovalbumin mRNA coding sequences. These sequences are split into two regions which have been mapped in fragments \"c\" and \"d\". There is no evidence that the ovalbumin mRNA sequences contained in these fragments could be further interrupted. Our results confirm that the presence of Eco RI fragment \"d\" in some chickens is due to the existence of an allelic variant of the ovalbumin gene which contains an additional Eco RI site within the region corresponding to Eco RI fragment \"c\". This additional Eco RI site appears to be the main difference between the two alleles. Finally, our results provide a direct demonstration that most of the ovalbumin mRNA sequences are encoded for by Eco RI fragments \"a\", \"b\" and \"c\".", "PMID": 370772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_981", "title": "A conserved and unique (AT)-rich segment in yeast mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "The mtDNA of the cytoplasmic petite mutant of yeast RD1A consists mainly of a perfect head-to-tail repetition of a known sequence of 66 consecutive AT and 2 GC base pairs. We have hybridized complementary RNA made on RD1A mtDNA with the mtDNAs of four different wild-type Saccharomyces strains that differ markedly in restriction fragmentation pattern. The tm's of the four heteroduplexes are identical to the tm of the homoduplex of RD1A mtDNA with complementary RNA of one repeat length. With all four wild-type mtDNAs this complementary RNA hybridizes mainly to a single restriction fragment of about 300 base pairs. This shows the conservation and individuality of at least one (AT)-rich segment in yeast mtDNA. The 300 base pair fragment has been mapped in the vicinity of the oxi-2 locus. The possible role of the (AT)-rich segment in the processing of the primary transcript of this region is discussed.", "contents": "A conserved and unique (AT)-rich segment in yeast mitochondrial DNA. The mtDNA of the cytoplasmic petite mutant of yeast RD1A consists mainly of a perfect head-to-tail repetition of a known sequence of 66 consecutive AT and 2 GC base pairs. We have hybridized complementary RNA made on RD1A mtDNA with the mtDNAs of four different wild-type Saccharomyces strains that differ markedly in restriction fragmentation pattern. The tm's of the four heteroduplexes are identical to the tm of the homoduplex of RD1A mtDNA with complementary RNA of one repeat length. With all four wild-type mtDNAs this complementary RNA hybridizes mainly to a single restriction fragment of about 300 base pairs. This shows the conservation and individuality of at least one (AT)-rich segment in yeast mtDNA. The 300 base pair fragment has been mapped in the vicinity of the oxi-2 locus. The possible role of the (AT)-rich segment in the processing of the primary transcript of this region is discussed.", "PMID": 370773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_982", "title": "Primary structure of yeast mitochondrial DNA-coded phenylalanine-tRNA.", "content": "Mitochondrial tRNAPhe from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was sequenced by fingerprinting uniformly labeled 32 P-tRNA as well as by 5'-end postlabeling techniques. Its sequence was found to be: pG-C-U-U-U-U-A-U-A-G-C-U-U-A-G-D-G-G-D-A-A-A-G-C-m22G-A-U-A-A-A-phi-U-G-A-A-m1G-A-phi-U-U-A-U-U-U-A-C-A-U-G-U-A-G-U-phi-C-G-A-U-U-C-U-C-A-U-U-A-A-G-G-G-C-A-C-C-A. The secondary structure we propose, in order to maximize base pairing in the phiC stem and to allow tertiary interaction between G15 and C46, excludes U50 from base pairing giving a bulge in the phiC stem. No conclusion can be drawn concerning the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria evolution by comparing the primary structure of mt. tRNAPhe with other sequenced tRNAsPhe. This mt.tRNAPhe lacks some of the structural elements reported to be involved in the yeast cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase recognition site and cannot be aminoacylated by purified yeast cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase.", "contents": "Primary structure of yeast mitochondrial DNA-coded phenylalanine-tRNA. Mitochondrial tRNAPhe from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was sequenced by fingerprinting uniformly labeled 32 P-tRNA as well as by 5'-end postlabeling techniques. Its sequence was found to be: pG-C-U-U-U-U-A-U-A-G-C-U-U-A-G-D-G-G-D-A-A-A-G-C-m22G-A-U-A-A-A-phi-U-G-A-A-m1G-A-phi-U-U-A-U-U-U-A-C-A-U-G-U-A-G-U-phi-C-G-A-U-U-C-U-C-A-U-U-A-A-G-G-G-C-A-C-C-A. The secondary structure we propose, in order to maximize base pairing in the phiC stem and to allow tertiary interaction between G15 and C46, excludes U50 from base pairing giving a bulge in the phiC stem. No conclusion can be drawn concerning the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria evolution by comparing the primary structure of mt. tRNAPhe with other sequenced tRNAsPhe. This mt.tRNAPhe lacks some of the structural elements reported to be involved in the yeast cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase recognition site and cannot be aminoacylated by purified yeast cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase.", "PMID": 370774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_983", "title": "Cloning of nematode tRNA genes and their expression in the frog oocyte.", "content": "Transfer RNA genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been cloned in E. coli using the plasmid Col E1 as vector. The tRNAs coded by 3 hybrid plasmids were purified by hybridisation of labelled nematode tRNA with the plasmid DNAs. Each plasmid appears to code for a single distinct tRNA species. The expression of the cloned DNAs was analysed in vivo by injection into nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Evidence is presented which suggests that these nematode tRNA genes are accurately transcribed and processed in frog oocytes. Analysis of one hybrid plasmid shows that a 300 base pair DNA fragment contains both the structural gene and those regions required for its transcription in vivo. The results show that cloned eukaryotic DNAs from a heterologous source can be tested for functional gene activity in X. laevis oocytes.", "contents": "Cloning of nematode tRNA genes and their expression in the frog oocyte. Transfer RNA genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been cloned in E. coli using the plasmid Col E1 as vector. The tRNAs coded by 3 hybrid plasmids were purified by hybridisation of labelled nematode tRNA with the plasmid DNAs. Each plasmid appears to code for a single distinct tRNA species. The expression of the cloned DNAs was analysed in vivo by injection into nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Evidence is presented which suggests that these nematode tRNA genes are accurately transcribed and processed in frog oocytes. Analysis of one hybrid plasmid shows that a 300 base pair DNA fragment contains both the structural gene and those regions required for its transcription in vivo. The results show that cloned eukaryotic DNAs from a heterologous source can be tested for functional gene activity in X. laevis oocytes.", "PMID": 370775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_984", "title": "The attenuator of the tryptophan operon in E.coli: rho-mediated release of RNA polymerase from a transcription termination complex in vitro.", "content": "In vivo, termination of transcription at the attenuator site of the tryptophan (trp) operon of E. coli is influenced by the protein termination factor rho. In vitro, termination does not depend on rho factor, and is very efficient in a purified system consisting only of RNA polymerase, the DNA template, nucleoside triphosphates, and buffer. The extent of termination in this system is unaffected over a wide range of salt and nucleoside triphosphate concentration. However, there is a 10-fold stimulation of trp leader mRNA synthesis if rho factor is present during the transcription reaction. This stimulation occurs only at low molar ratios of polymerase to template, and can be blocked by rifampicin. It is thus most likely due to the recycling of RNA polymerase molecules that have been released from the attenuator site by rho factor. In fact, transcription of the trp leader region  in vitro results in the fomration of a stable termination complex which can be observed on sucrose gradients or by binding to nitrocellulose filters. These data indicate that a major function of rho at the trp attenuator is to release completed transcripts from a pre-formed termination complex, rather than to cause the cessation of elongation.", "contents": "The attenuator of the tryptophan operon in E.coli: rho-mediated release of RNA polymerase from a transcription termination complex in vitro. In vivo, termination of transcription at the attenuator site of the tryptophan (trp) operon of E. coli is influenced by the protein termination factor rho. In vitro, termination does not depend on rho factor, and is very efficient in a purified system consisting only of RNA polymerase, the DNA template, nucleoside triphosphates, and buffer. The extent of termination in this system is unaffected over a wide range of salt and nucleoside triphosphate concentration. However, there is a 10-fold stimulation of trp leader mRNA synthesis if rho factor is present during the transcription reaction. This stimulation occurs only at low molar ratios of polymerase to template, and can be blocked by rifampicin. It is thus most likely due to the recycling of RNA polymerase molecules that have been released from the attenuator site by rho factor. In fact, transcription of the trp leader region  in vitro results in the fomration of a stable termination complex which can be observed on sucrose gradients or by binding to nitrocellulose filters. These data indicate that a major function of rho at the trp attenuator is to release completed transcripts from a pre-formed termination complex, rather than to cause the cessation of elongation.", "PMID": 370776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_985", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of gene VII and of a hypothetical gene (IX) in bacteriophage M13.", "content": "A DNA fragment containing gene VII of bacteriophage M13 has been transcribed and the nucleotide sequence of this 169-nucleotides long transcript was determined by RNA sequencing methods. Additionally, the nucleotide sequence of this gene and parts of its neighbouring genes V and VIII has been determined by the dimethylsulphate-hydrazine technique. The reading frame of gene VII has been established by determining the nucleotide changes occurring in the transcripts of two amber mutants of this gene. From these combined data it is apparent that gene VII is only 99 nucleotides long and is immediately followed by the termination codon UGA. Its initiation codon AUG is separated from gene V by only a single nucleotide. It was noted that between the UGA termination codon of gene VII and the initiation codon of the next gene (gene VIII) there is space for another, hitherto unknown gene. This gene (IX) most probably codes for the small polypeptide (\"C-protein\") present in mature M13 phage particles.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of gene VII and of a hypothetical gene (IX) in bacteriophage M13. A DNA fragment containing gene VII of bacteriophage M13 has been transcribed and the nucleotide sequence of this 169-nucleotides long transcript was determined by RNA sequencing methods. Additionally, the nucleotide sequence of this gene and parts of its neighbouring genes V and VIII has been determined by the dimethylsulphate-hydrazine technique. The reading frame of gene VII has been established by determining the nucleotide changes occurring in the transcripts of two amber mutants of this gene. From these combined data it is apparent that gene VII is only 99 nucleotides long and is immediately followed by the termination codon UGA. Its initiation codon AUG is separated from gene V by only a single nucleotide. It was noted that between the UGA termination codon of gene VII and the initiation codon of the next gene (gene VIII) there is space for another, hitherto unknown gene. This gene (IX) most probably codes for the small polypeptide (\"C-protein\") present in mature M13 phage particles.", "PMID": 370777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_986", "title": "Detection of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences in E. coli infected with hybrid bacteriophage.", "content": "Yeast ribosomal DNA was inserted into Escherichia coli on a bacteriophage vector and the host cell RNA was then extracted and analyzed for the presence of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences. RNA complementary to yeast rDNA was detected by hybridization. The transcription of yeast rDNA was found to be independent of phage RNA synthesis and to occur on the same DNA strand as rRNA transcription in yeast. However, hybridization to restriction fragments of yeast rDNA suggested that the RNA species detected in E. coli differ somewhat from authentic yeast rRNA.", "contents": "Detection of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences in E. coli infected with hybrid bacteriophage. Yeast ribosomal DNA was inserted into Escherichia coli on a bacteriophage vector and the host cell RNA was then extracted and analyzed for the presence of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences. RNA complementary to yeast rDNA was detected by hybridization. The transcription of yeast rDNA was found to be independent of phage RNA synthesis and to occur on the same DNA strand as rRNA transcription in yeast. However, hybridization to restriction fragments of yeast rDNA suggested that the RNA species detected in E. coli differ somewhat from authentic yeast rRNA.", "PMID": 370778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_987", "title": "2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-phosphate: an alternative substrate for thymidylate synthetase from Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The substrate specificity of 2'-deoxy-2'-substituted uridines and their 5'-phosphates towards thymidylate synthetase from Escherichia coli K12 was investigated. Besides the natural substrate 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate (dUMP), only 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-phosphate (dUflMP) was a substrate. The KM of dUflMP is 11 times higher than that of dUMP, while the Vmax values are virtually the same. It is concluded that the size of the 2'-substituent and not its polarity (and the concomitant conformational change) determines substrate specificity of thymidylate synthetase.", "contents": "2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-phosphate: an alternative substrate for thymidylate synthetase from Escherichia coli K12. The substrate specificity of 2'-deoxy-2'-substituted uridines and their 5'-phosphates towards thymidylate synthetase from Escherichia coli K12 was investigated. Besides the natural substrate 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate (dUMP), only 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-phosphate (dUflMP) was a substrate. The KM of dUflMP is 11 times higher than that of dUMP, while the Vmax values are virtually the same. It is concluded that the size of the 2'-substituent and not its polarity (and the concomitant conformational change) determines substrate specificity of thymidylate synthetase.", "PMID": 370779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_988", "title": "Participation of X47-fluorescamine modified E. coli tRNAs in in vitro protein biosynthesis.", "content": "The reaction of fluorescamine with primary amino groups of tRNAs was investigated. The reagent was attached under mild conditions to the 3'-end of tRNAPhe-C-C-A(3'NH) from yeast and to the minor nucleoside x in E. coli tRNAArg, tRNALys, tRNAMet, tRNAIle and tRNAPhe. The primary aliphatic amino groups of these tRNAs react specifically so that the fluorescamine dye is not attached to the amino groups of the nucleobases. E. coli tRNA species modified on the minor nucleoside X47 can all be aminoacylated. An involvement of the minor modified nucleoside X47 in the tRNA: synthetase interaction is detected. Native tRNALys-C-C-A from E. coli can be phenylalanylated by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast, whereas this is not the case for fluorescamine treated tRNALys-C-C-A(XF47). Pre-tRNAPhe-C-C-A(XF47) forms a ternary complex with the elongation factor Tu:GTP from E. coli, binds enzymatically to the ribosomal A-site and is active in poly U dependent poly Phe synthesis. Fluorescamine-labelled E. coli tRNAs provide new substrates for the study of protein biosynthesis by spectroscopic methods.", "contents": "Participation of X47-fluorescamine modified E. coli tRNAs in in vitro protein biosynthesis. The reaction of fluorescamine with primary amino groups of tRNAs was investigated. The reagent was attached under mild conditions to the 3'-end of tRNAPhe-C-C-A(3'NH) from yeast and to the minor nucleoside x in E. coli tRNAArg, tRNALys, tRNAMet, tRNAIle and tRNAPhe. The primary aliphatic amino groups of these tRNAs react specifically so that the fluorescamine dye is not attached to the amino groups of the nucleobases. E. coli tRNA species modified on the minor nucleoside X47 can all be aminoacylated. An involvement of the minor modified nucleoside X47 in the tRNA: synthetase interaction is detected. Native tRNALys-C-C-A from E. coli can be phenylalanylated by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast, whereas this is not the case for fluorescamine treated tRNALys-C-C-A(XF47). Pre-tRNAPhe-C-C-A(XF47) forms a ternary complex with the elongation factor Tu:GTP from E. coli, binds enzymatically to the ribosomal A-site and is active in poly U dependent poly Phe synthesis. Fluorescamine-labelled E. coli tRNAs provide new substrates for the study of protein biosynthesis by spectroscopic methods.", "PMID": 370780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_989", "title": "Antibodies elicited by defined oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequences.", "content": "Antibodies to the oligodeoxyribonucleotides d(pT)3, d(pT)4, d(pT)6 and d(pA-A-T-T) were elicited in rabbits by immunization with electrostatic complexes of the respective haptens with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). The antisera were assayed by complement fixation using denatured DNA's of various sources as antigens. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibition of the complement fixation reaction by defined oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The antibodies were shown to be specific for the sequence of the oligode-oxyribonucleotides or parts of it.", "contents": "Antibodies elicited by defined oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequences. Antibodies to the oligodeoxyribonucleotides d(pT)3, d(pT)4, d(pT)6 and d(pA-A-T-T) were elicited in rabbits by immunization with electrostatic complexes of the respective haptens with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). The antisera were assayed by complement fixation using denatured DNA's of various sources as antigens. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibition of the complement fixation reaction by defined oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The antibodies were shown to be specific for the sequence of the oligode-oxyribonucleotides or parts of it.", "PMID": 370781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_990", "title": "RNA-RNA interactions in the binding site of protein L24 on 23S ribosomal RNA of E. coli. II. Sequence analysis of the interacting fragments.", "content": "A ribonucleoprotein complex containing several RNA subfragments from the 5' part of 23S RNA was recovered after digestion of the reconstituted complex between 23S RNA and protein L24. It was suggested in the preceding paper that the RNA subfragments 4B, 10A and 9, which are widely separated in the sequence, strongly interact. These subfragments were previously partially sequenced by the classical fingerprinting methods. Their sequences have now been completed with rapid new RNA sequencing methods. We propose here a base-pairing model showing how these subfragments may interact with one another.", "contents": "RNA-RNA interactions in the binding site of protein L24 on 23S ribosomal RNA of E. coli. II. Sequence analysis of the interacting fragments. A ribonucleoprotein complex containing several RNA subfragments from the 5' part of 23S RNA was recovered after digestion of the reconstituted complex between 23S RNA and protein L24. It was suggested in the preceding paper that the RNA subfragments 4B, 10A and 9, which are widely separated in the sequence, strongly interact. These subfragments were previously partially sequenced by the classical fingerprinting methods. Their sequences have now been completed with rapid new RNA sequencing methods. We propose here a base-pairing model showing how these subfragments may interact with one another.", "PMID": 370782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_991", "title": "The interaction of RNA polymerase and lac repressor with the lac control region.", "content": "We have examined the interactions of lac repressor and RNA polymerase with the DNA of the lac control region, using a method for direct visualization of the regions of DNA protected by proteins from DNAase attack. The repressor protects the operator essentially as reported by Gilbert and Maxam (1) with some small modifications. However, the evidence reported here concerning the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA of the promoter mutant UV5 indicates that : 1) the RNA polymerase molecule binds asymmetrically to the promoter DNA, 2) RNA polymerase protects DNA sequences to within a few bases of the CAP binding site, suggesting direct interaction between polymerase and the CAP protein at this site, 3) RNA polymerase still binds to the promoter when repressor is bound to the operator, but fails to form the same extensive complex.", "contents": "The interaction of RNA polymerase and lac repressor with the lac control region. We have examined the interactions of lac repressor and RNA polymerase with the DNA of the lac control region, using a method for direct visualization of the regions of DNA protected by proteins from DNAase attack. The repressor protects the operator essentially as reported by Gilbert and Maxam (1) with some small modifications. However, the evidence reported here concerning the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA of the promoter mutant UV5 indicates that : 1) the RNA polymerase molecule binds asymmetrically to the promoter DNA, 2) RNA polymerase protects DNA sequences to within a few bases of the CAP binding site, suggesting direct interaction between polymerase and the CAP protein at this site, 3) RNA polymerase still binds to the promoter when repressor is bound to the operator, but fails to form the same extensive complex.", "PMID": 370784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_992", "title": "Fluorescence studies of the accessibility of the 3' ends of the ribosomal RNAs in Escherichia coli ribosomes and subunits.", "content": "The accessibility of the 3'-ends of E. coli in various states has been probed by reaction, after periodate oxidation, with the fluorescent dye proflavine semicarbazide. Free oxidized 16S and 23S rRNAs each react with 2 equivalents of dye. The 23S rRNA is equally reactive in the 50S subunit and the 70S ribosome. The 16S RRNA 3'-end is accessible in the 30S subunit. In the intact 70S particle, periodate can reach the 3'-end of the 16S rRNA but the dye cannot. The 5S rRNA is relatively inaccessible to periodate oxidation or dye reaction in the 70S particle. Dye-labelled 16S rRNA will reconstitute into 30S particles but they are inactive in polypeptide synthesis. This is apparently due to the inability of the 30S particles to form tight complexes with 50S subunits. Iodide quenching studies indicate that the environment of the 3'-end of 16S rRNA in the 30S particle is different from that of the free rRNA.", "contents": "Fluorescence studies of the accessibility of the 3' ends of the ribosomal RNAs in Escherichia coli ribosomes and subunits. The accessibility of the 3'-ends of E. coli in various states has been probed by reaction, after periodate oxidation, with the fluorescent dye proflavine semicarbazide. Free oxidized 16S and 23S rRNAs each react with 2 equivalents of dye. The 23S rRNA is equally reactive in the 50S subunit and the 70S ribosome. The 16S RRNA 3'-end is accessible in the 30S subunit. In the intact 70S particle, periodate can reach the 3'-end of the 16S rRNA but the dye cannot. The 5S rRNA is relatively inaccessible to periodate oxidation or dye reaction in the 70S particle. Dye-labelled 16S rRNA will reconstitute into 30S particles but they are inactive in polypeptide synthesis. This is apparently due to the inability of the 30S particles to form tight complexes with 50S subunits. Iodide quenching studies indicate that the environment of the 3'-end of 16S rRNA in the 30S particle is different from that of the free rRNA.", "PMID": 370785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_993", "title": "The specificity of in vitro chromatin transcription.", "content": "The in vitro transcription of chicken reticulocyte chromatin with E. coli RNA polymerase has been studied in several different ways. The amount of globin RNA sequences has been measured by hybridizing the transcript with globin cDNA; we show that under the proper conditions mercurated transcript RNA can be separated from endogenous RNA on sulfhydryl affinity columns. The amount of globin RNA in the transcript is approximately 20 fold greater than that from erythrocyte chromatin or reticulocyte DNA. Although these data could be used to support the hypothesis of specific transcription, we show by RNA/RNA self hybridization of the transcript (which is at least 50% symmetric) and by hybridization of the transcript to unique DNA in vast RNA excess that the bulk of the chromatin transcript differs little from the transcript of naked DNA. Several explanations for these apparently contradictory results are offered with the most likely one being compatible with random transcription of at least most of the sequences in the chromatin.", "contents": "The specificity of in vitro chromatin transcription. The in vitro transcription of chicken reticulocyte chromatin with E. coli RNA polymerase has been studied in several different ways. The amount of globin RNA sequences has been measured by hybridizing the transcript with globin cDNA; we show that under the proper conditions mercurated transcript RNA can be separated from endogenous RNA on sulfhydryl affinity columns. The amount of globin RNA in the transcript is approximately 20 fold greater than that from erythrocyte chromatin or reticulocyte DNA. Although these data could be used to support the hypothesis of specific transcription, we show by RNA/RNA self hybridization of the transcript (which is at least 50% symmetric) and by hybridization of the transcript to unique DNA in vast RNA excess that the bulk of the chromatin transcript differs little from the transcript of naked DNA. Several explanations for these apparently contradictory results are offered with the most likely one being compatible with random transcription of at least most of the sequences in the chromatin.", "PMID": 370786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_994", "title": "Nucleosome packing in chromatin as revealed by nuclease digestion.", "content": "Chromatin DNA of rat thymus nuclei was cleaved by Serratia marcescens endonculease. The fragments have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The results obtained are interpreted to mean that the internucleosomal DNA is cleaved by the endonuclease into fragments which are multiples of 10 nucleotides. The 10 nucleotide periodicity in fragmentation of internucleosomal DNA is independent of the presence of histone H1 and is likely to be determined by the interaction of this DNA stretch with the histone core of nucleosomes. Such interaction implies a close association between the nucleosomes in the chromatin thread. Quasi-limit chromatin digest (50--55% of DNA hydrolysis) contains undegraded DNA fragments with length of up to 1000 nucleotides or more. A part of this resistant DNA consists of single-stranded fragments or contains single stranded regions. These data may be accounted for by a very compact nucleosome packing in the resistant chromatin in which one of the DNA stands is more accessible to the endonuclease action.", "contents": "Nucleosome packing in chromatin as revealed by nuclease digestion. Chromatin DNA of rat thymus nuclei was cleaved by Serratia marcescens endonculease. The fragments have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The results obtained are interpreted to mean that the internucleosomal DNA is cleaved by the endonuclease into fragments which are multiples of 10 nucleotides. The 10 nucleotide periodicity in fragmentation of internucleosomal DNA is independent of the presence of histone H1 and is likely to be determined by the interaction of this DNA stretch with the histone core of nucleosomes. Such interaction implies a close association between the nucleosomes in the chromatin thread. Quasi-limit chromatin digest (50--55% of DNA hydrolysis) contains undegraded DNA fragments with length of up to 1000 nucleotides or more. A part of this resistant DNA consists of single-stranded fragments or contains single stranded regions. These data may be accounted for by a very compact nucleosome packing in the resistant chromatin in which one of the DNA stands is more accessible to the endonuclease action.", "PMID": 370787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_995", "title": "Origin and direction of replication of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13.", "content": "Cairn's type replicative intermediates of both the wildtype Clo DF13 plasmid and the copy mutant CLO DF13 cop3 were isolated by dye-buoyant density centrifugation. Replicative intermediates were linearized at the HpaI or Sa1I cleavage site, and examined with the electron-microscope. The data show that replication of both the Clo DF13 wild type plasmid and the Clo DF13 cop3 plasmid, initiates at about 2.8% on the physical map. Replication proceeds unindirectionally and counterclockwise on this map.", "contents": "Origin and direction of replication of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13. Cairn's type replicative intermediates of both the wildtype Clo DF13 plasmid and the copy mutant CLO DF13 cop3 were isolated by dye-buoyant density centrifugation. Replicative intermediates were linearized at the HpaI or Sa1I cleavage site, and examined with the electron-microscope. The data show that replication of both the Clo DF13 wild type plasmid and the Clo DF13 cop3 plasmid, initiates at about 2.8% on the physical map. Replication proceeds unindirectionally and counterclockwise on this map.", "PMID": 370788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_996", "title": "The interaction of RNA polymerase II from wheat with supercoiled and linear plasmid templates.", "content": "Interactions between a plant RNA polymerase II and ColE1 based plasmid DNA templates have been studied. Gel electrophoresis indicates that the enzyme binds to both supercoiled and linear species. Using the totally double stranded pMB9/SmaI fragment it is shown that transcription of completely base paired DNA is ten-fold lower than that of denatured or supercoiled plasmid, and reflects the presence of fewer initiation sites. A small proportion of the transcript remains tightly bound to supercoiled templates. 3' oligodeoxycytidine extensions on pMB9/SmaI serve to promote transcription of the linear double stranded form. Using restriction kinetics it is shown that there is a small enhancement of polymerase binding at the pMB9 tetracycline promoter, but that the selectivity of binding at this locus is lower than for the natural bacterial polymerase.", "contents": "The interaction of RNA polymerase II from wheat with supercoiled and linear plasmid templates. Interactions between a plant RNA polymerase II and ColE1 based plasmid DNA templates have been studied. Gel electrophoresis indicates that the enzyme binds to both supercoiled and linear species. Using the totally double stranded pMB9/SmaI fragment it is shown that transcription of completely base paired DNA is ten-fold lower than that of denatured or supercoiled plasmid, and reflects the presence of fewer initiation sites. A small proportion of the transcript remains tightly bound to supercoiled templates. 3' oligodeoxycytidine extensions on pMB9/SmaI serve to promote transcription of the linear double stranded form. Using restriction kinetics it is shown that there is a small enhancement of polymerase binding at the pMB9 tetracycline promoter, but that the selectivity of binding at this locus is lower than for the natural bacterial polymerase.", "PMID": 370789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_997", "title": "The DNA sequence at the T7 C promoter.", "content": "Restriction fragments of T7 DNA which selectively bind E. coli RNA polymerase have been identified. These include fragments located close to the beginning of gene 1 where according to Minkley and Pribnow (1973) there is a promoter called C. The smallest fragment from this region which binds RNA polymerase has been sequenced. It contains a promoter-like sequence, at an appropriate distance from the sequence TACA which Minkley and Pribnow suggested should lie at the initiation site of C. RNA synthesised in vitro from these fragments has been sequenced. The RNA sequence corresponds to the sequence to the right of the C promoter. The C promoter differs significantly from the A1 A2 and A3 promoters in sequence. Its structure and position suggest it plays a role in T7 infection.", "contents": "The DNA sequence at the T7 C promoter. Restriction fragments of T7 DNA which selectively bind E. coli RNA polymerase have been identified. These include fragments located close to the beginning of gene 1 where according to Minkley and Pribnow (1973) there is a promoter called C. The smallest fragment from this region which binds RNA polymerase has been sequenced. It contains a promoter-like sequence, at an appropriate distance from the sequence TACA which Minkley and Pribnow suggested should lie at the initiation site of C. RNA synthesised in vitro from these fragments has been sequenced. The RNA sequence corresponds to the sequence to the right of the C promoter. The C promoter differs significantly from the A1 A2 and A3 promoters in sequence. Its structure and position suggest it plays a role in T7 infection.", "PMID": 370790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_998", "title": "Sequence of the gene for isoleucine tRNA1 and the surrounding region in a ribosomal RNA operon of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A DNA fragment of about 2000 base pairs carrying the gene for tRNA(1) (Ile) has been cloned from a total Eco RI endonuclease digest of Escherichia coli DNA. Sequence analyses revealed that about the first 850 base pairs from one end of the fragment contain a nucleotide sequence corresponding to that in the 3'-end of 16S rRNA. The gene for tRNA(Ile) follows the 16S rRNA gene and both genes flank a spacer sequence of 68 base pairs. The spacer region contains a repeating, a hair pin and a symmetrical structure when the sequence is viewed in the single stranded form. A notable hair pin structure is also observed in the region adjacent to the 3'-end of the tRNA(1) (Ile) gene. In addition, about 850 base pairs from the other end of the DNA fragment have been found to contain the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-end of 23S rRNA. The presence of the genes for tRNA(1) (Ile), 16S and 23S rRNA and the hybridization to tRNA(1) (Ala) suggest that this cloned DNA is part of one of the E. coli rRNA operons carrying these two tRNA genes as a spacer.Images", "contents": "Sequence of the gene for isoleucine tRNA1 and the surrounding region in a ribosomal RNA operon of Escherichia coli. A DNA fragment of about 2000 base pairs carrying the gene for tRNA(1) (Ile) has been cloned from a total Eco RI endonuclease digest of Escherichia coli DNA. Sequence analyses revealed that about the first 850 base pairs from one end of the fragment contain a nucleotide sequence corresponding to that in the 3'-end of 16S rRNA. The gene for tRNA(Ile) follows the 16S rRNA gene and both genes flank a spacer sequence of 68 base pairs. The spacer region contains a repeating, a hair pin and a symmetrical structure when the sequence is viewed in the single stranded form. A notable hair pin structure is also observed in the region adjacent to the 3'-end of the tRNA(1) (Ile) gene. In addition, about 850 base pairs from the other end of the DNA fragment have been found to contain the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-end of 23S rRNA. The presence of the genes for tRNA(1) (Ile), 16S and 23S rRNA and the hybridization to tRNA(1) (Ala) suggest that this cloned DNA is part of one of the E. coli rRNA operons carrying these two tRNA genes as a spacer.Images", "PMID": 370791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_999", "title": "Long double-stranded sequences (dsRNA-B) of nuclear pre-mRNA consist of a few highly abundant classes of sequences: evidence from DNA cloning experiments.", "content": "DNA preparations from about hundred randomly selected clones containing mouse DNA fragments were screened for the existence of sequences complementary to long double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA able to snap back after melting (dsRNA-B). Many clones containing such sequences were found. The cloned sequences can be subdivided into three groups: (1) those complementary to about a half (at least to 30-40%) of the total dsRNA, designated as sequences B1; (2) those complementary to a part of sequence B1; and (3) sequences complementary to about a quarter (at least to 15%) of the total dsRNA referred to as sequence B2. The size of DNA sequence complementary to dsRNA is about 400 base pairs. Melting experiments with hybrids show that the members of B1 family are very similar if not identical, while the divergence among B2 sequences is higher, but still the number of substitutions does not exceed 9% of bases. Thus, the major part of dsRNA-B consists of a small number of highly abundant sequences as was suggested earlier on the basis of renaturation kinetics /1-3/. Sequences B1 and B2 are represented by many copies in the mouse genome and in pre-mRNA, and many of them probably do not form hairpin-like structures.", "contents": "Long double-stranded sequences (dsRNA-B) of nuclear pre-mRNA consist of a few highly abundant classes of sequences: evidence from DNA cloning experiments. DNA preparations from about hundred randomly selected clones containing mouse DNA fragments were screened for the existence of sequences complementary to long double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA able to snap back after melting (dsRNA-B). Many clones containing such sequences were found. The cloned sequences can be subdivided into three groups: (1) those complementary to about a half (at least to 30-40%) of the total dsRNA, designated as sequences B1; (2) those complementary to a part of sequence B1; and (3) sequences complementary to about a quarter (at least to 15%) of the total dsRNA referred to as sequence B2. The size of DNA sequence complementary to dsRNA is about 400 base pairs. Melting experiments with hybrids show that the members of B1 family are very similar if not identical, while the divergence among B2 sequences is higher, but still the number of substitutions does not exceed 9% of bases. Thus, the major part of dsRNA-B consists of a small number of highly abundant sequences as was suggested earlier on the basis of renaturation kinetics /1-3/. Sequences B1 and B2 are represented by many copies in the mouse genome and in pre-mRNA, and many of them probably do not form hairpin-like structures.", "PMID": 370792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1000", "title": "Early outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'.", "content": "The literature of the outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' (ENM) from 1934 to 1955 has been selected to show that the disease affects other people besides young adult females in hospitals and nursing homes. There have been district epidemics, in which the male: female ratio was almost even and several male outbreaks affecting soldiers in barracks. Some outbreaks appear to have been triggered off by an epidemic of poliomyelitis, and the epidemiology of outbreaks in Iceland in 1948 and 1955 suggests that the normal cytopathological effects of poliomyelitis infection have been suppressed by the new disease. In the Durban epidemic (1955) a toxic metabolite was discovered in the urine of many patients and a markedly increased urinary excretion of creatine was noted in two New York State outbreaks. The results of the transmission of an agent from patients with ENM to monkeys suggest that the neurological disorder might be in the form of mild disseminated lesions scattered throughout the nervous system from the brain to peripheral nerves and associated with perivascular round cell infiltration without significant cellular damage. ENM infection was widespread in the North of England in 1955 and associated with lymphocyte abnormalities, which have persisted in some cases for several years. This suggests a continuous organic process.", "contents": "Early outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. The literature of the outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' (ENM) from 1934 to 1955 has been selected to show that the disease affects other people besides young adult females in hospitals and nursing homes. There have been district epidemics, in which the male: female ratio was almost even and several male outbreaks affecting soldiers in barracks. Some outbreaks appear to have been triggered off by an epidemic of poliomyelitis, and the epidemiology of outbreaks in Iceland in 1948 and 1955 suggests that the normal cytopathological effects of poliomyelitis infection have been suppressed by the new disease. In the Durban epidemic (1955) a toxic metabolite was discovered in the urine of many patients and a markedly increased urinary excretion of creatine was noted in two New York State outbreaks. The results of the transmission of an agent from patients with ENM to monkeys suggest that the neurological disorder might be in the form of mild disseminated lesions scattered throughout the nervous system from the brain to peripheral nerves and associated with perivascular round cell infiltration without significant cellular damage. ENM infection was widespread in the North of England in 1955 and associated with lymphocyte abnormalities, which have persisted in some cases for several years. This suggests a continuous organic process.", "PMID": 370810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1001", "title": "Viral causes of psychiatric disease.", "content": "Current evidence on the role of viruses in the causation of psychiatric illness is reviewed. Herpes simplex encephalitis is relatively well defined but a wider role for this virus, particularly in relation to affective disorders, is suggested by some Scandinavian surveys of antibody titres in psychiatric populations. The extent to which influenzal illnesses and infectious mononucleosis may lead to neurotic, and occasional psychotic, episodes is the subject of controversy. The clinical literature is reviewed on the occurrence of encephalitis-like illnesses with prominent psychiatric and behavioural features. It is pointed out that no reliable criterion exists for differentiating these illnesses from such psychiatric syndromes as schizophrenia. It is suggested that neglect of this borderland area, and perhaps preconceptions concerning the features of 'organic' and 'functional' psychiatric disease, may have led to an underestimate of the possible role of viruses in the causation of psychiatric disease.", "contents": "Viral causes of psychiatric disease. Current evidence on the role of viruses in the causation of psychiatric illness is reviewed. Herpes simplex encephalitis is relatively well defined but a wider role for this virus, particularly in relation to affective disorders, is suggested by some Scandinavian surveys of antibody titres in psychiatric populations. The extent to which influenzal illnesses and infectious mononucleosis may lead to neurotic, and occasional psychotic, episodes is the subject of controversy. The clinical literature is reviewed on the occurrence of encephalitis-like illnesses with prominent psychiatric and behavioural features. It is pointed out that no reliable criterion exists for differentiating these illnesses from such psychiatric syndromes as schizophrenia. It is suggested that neglect of this borderland area, and perhaps preconceptions concerning the features of 'organic' and 'functional' psychiatric disease, may have led to an underestimate of the possible role of viruses in the causation of psychiatric disease.", "PMID": 370811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1002", "title": "[Lesional pulmonary edema].", "content": "The authors having reported all the possible denominations of syndromes of respiratory distress in the adult mention again the main etiologies, stressing on the last ones. They recall afterwards the different clinical, radiological and biological stages of this syndrome. The hemodynamic profile is defined by normal catheterism data and the presence of a true anatomical shunt. On the other hand several hemodynamic variations are possible. The differential diagnosis is essentially cardiac edema. Finally the authors state that treatment is done only by symptomatic therapies: dehydration and assisted ventilation. They do not make use of membrane oxygenator. Assisted ventilation is essential and is mainly based on a good indication and the optimal use of permanent positive pressure.", "contents": "[Lesional pulmonary edema]. The authors having reported all the possible denominations of syndromes of respiratory distress in the adult mention again the main etiologies, stressing on the last ones. They recall afterwards the different clinical, radiological and biological stages of this syndrome. The hemodynamic profile is defined by normal catheterism data and the presence of a true anatomical shunt. On the other hand several hemodynamic variations are possible. The differential diagnosis is essentially cardiac edema. Finally the authors state that treatment is done only by symptomatic therapies: dehydration and assisted ventilation. They do not make use of membrane oxygenator. Assisted ventilation is essential and is mainly based on a good indication and the optimal use of permanent positive pressure.", "PMID": 370812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1003", "title": "ATP-dependent renaturation of DNA catalyzed by the recA protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The product of the recA gene of Escherichia coli has been purified to near-homogeneity by a simple three-step procedure. Incubation of the recA protein with complementary single strands of DNA, Mg2+, and ATP results in the rapid formation of large DNA aggregates containing many branched structures. As judged by resistance to S1 nuclease and by electron microscopy, these aggregates contain both duplex and single-stranded regions. The renaturation and aggregation of DNA catalyzed by the recA protein is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. The recA protein purified from a cold-sensitive recA mutant does not catalyze DNA renaturation or aggregation at 28 degrees C, but does so at 37 degrees C, a finding which correlates with the recombination defect observed in vivo and indicates that this activity is an intrinsic function of the recA protein. These results suggest that the recA protein plays a specific role in strand transfer during recombination and possibly in postreplication repair of damaged DNA.", "contents": "ATP-dependent renaturation of DNA catalyzed by the recA protein of Escherichia coli. The product of the recA gene of Escherichia coli has been purified to near-homogeneity by a simple three-step procedure. Incubation of the recA protein with complementary single strands of DNA, Mg2+, and ATP results in the rapid formation of large DNA aggregates containing many branched structures. As judged by resistance to S1 nuclease and by electron microscopy, these aggregates contain both duplex and single-stranded regions. The renaturation and aggregation of DNA catalyzed by the recA protein is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. The recA protein purified from a cold-sensitive recA mutant does not catalyze DNA renaturation or aggregation at 28 degrees C, but does so at 37 degrees C, a finding which correlates with the recombination defect observed in vivo and indicates that this activity is an intrinsic function of the recA protein. These results suggest that the recA protein plays a specific role in strand transfer during recombination and possibly in postreplication repair of damaged DNA.", "PMID": 370822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1004", "title": "Interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with promoters of several coliphage and plasmid DNAs.", "content": "The interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) with restriction fragments obtained from various E. coli related DNAs was studied in vitro. The DNAs investigated included several coliphage genomes (T5, lambda, T7, fd) and plasmid DNAs (pML 21, pSC101). By using the nitrocellulose filter binding of the enzyme-DNA complexes, fragment-specific relative rates of complex formation as well as complex stabilities were determined. Promoter-specific relative rates of polymerase binding were derived from fragment-specific rates by taking into account the number of major binding sites for RNA polymerase within several DNAs. Estimates of the stability of complexes formed between some major binding sites and the enzyme were obtained by studying the rate of complex decay. Both characteristics--rate of complex formation and rate of decay--varied widely and independently of each other. The promoters reacting most efficiently with E. coli RNA polymerase were found in the early region of coliphage T5 whereas some promoters in pML 21, or for example, the lambda promoter PI, belong to signals binding the enzyme most slowly. Based on the second-order rate constant determined for the interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with promoters of phage fd, the fastest promoters characterized so far reacted with rates in the order of 10(8) M-1s-1. The hierarchy of promoters established here is of interest from the viewpoint that promoter strength correlates with the rate of polymerase binding. Among the promoters studied here this rate spans a range of 2 orders of magnitude.", "contents": "Interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with promoters of several coliphage and plasmid DNAs. The interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) with restriction fragments obtained from various E. coli related DNAs was studied in vitro. The DNAs investigated included several coliphage genomes (T5, lambda, T7, fd) and plasmid DNAs (pML 21, pSC101). By using the nitrocellulose filter binding of the enzyme-DNA complexes, fragment-specific relative rates of complex formation as well as complex stabilities were determined. Promoter-specific relative rates of polymerase binding were derived from fragment-specific rates by taking into account the number of major binding sites for RNA polymerase within several DNAs. Estimates of the stability of complexes formed between some major binding sites and the enzyme were obtained by studying the rate of complex decay. Both characteristics--rate of complex formation and rate of decay--varied widely and independently of each other. The promoters reacting most efficiently with E. coli RNA polymerase were found in the early region of coliphage T5 whereas some promoters in pML 21, or for example, the lambda promoter PI, belong to signals binding the enzyme most slowly. Based on the second-order rate constant determined for the interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with promoters of phage fd, the fastest promoters characterized so far reacted with rates in the order of 10(8) M-1s-1. The hierarchy of promoters established here is of interest from the viewpoint that promoter strength correlates with the rate of polymerase binding. Among the promoters studied here this rate spans a range of 2 orders of magnitude.", "PMID": 370823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1005", "title": "Translational and post-translational cleavage of M13 procoat protein: extracts of both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli contain leader peptidase activity.", "content": "The coat protein of coliphage M13 is an integral protein of the host cytoplasmic membrane at all stages of the infectious cycle. Both in in vivo and DNA-directed in vitro synthesis, it is initially made with an NH2-terminal \"leader peptide\" of 23 amino acids and is termed procoat. We now report that leader peptidase, and activity which removes the leader peptide and converts procoat to coat, is found in both the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane of Escherichia coli. However, only cytoplasmic membranes will catalyze cleavage of procoat in the absence of detergent. Leader peptidase will cleave procoat either during translation or after protein synthesis is complete.", "contents": "Translational and post-translational cleavage of M13 procoat protein: extracts of both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli contain leader peptidase activity. The coat protein of coliphage M13 is an integral protein of the host cytoplasmic membrane at all stages of the infectious cycle. Both in in vivo and DNA-directed in vitro synthesis, it is initially made with an NH2-terminal \"leader peptide\" of 23 amino acids and is termed procoat. We now report that leader peptidase, and activity which removes the leader peptide and converts procoat to coat, is found in both the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane of Escherichia coli. However, only cytoplasmic membranes will catalyze cleavage of procoat in the absence of detergent. Leader peptidase will cleave procoat either during translation or after protein synthesis is complete.", "PMID": 370824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1006", "title": "Kinetics of initiation of bacterial protein synthesis.", "content": "The 30S initiation complex, formed with the 30S ribosomal subunit, mRNA, and fMet-tRNA, has been shown by kinetic analysis with limiting concentrations of Escherichia coli ribosomes to be an obligatory intermediate in the formation of the 70S initiation complex. The formation of the 70S initiation complex began with an induction period and was proportional to the concentration of the 30S complex, which rapidly rose to a peak. The entire time course of the sequential pseudo-first-order, second-order reaction was reproduced accurately by the overall rate expression, in which we used rate constants that were determined by carrying out 30S and 70S complex formation separately. By using limiting concentrations of mRNA, we showed that phage MS2 RNA contained no specific signal that enhanced its rate of 30S complex formation with E. coli ribosomes and initiation factors; the pseudo-first-order rate constants obtained with poly(A3C9G1U1), poly(C15G1U4), and poly(G1U3) were 12-45 times higher than that with MS2 RNA. The observation that the rate constants for binding of fMet-tRNA and AcPhe-tRNA with a given synthetic RNA were comparable indicated that the initiator codon is recognized only indirectly through the initiator tRNA.", "contents": "Kinetics of initiation of bacterial protein synthesis. The 30S initiation complex, formed with the 30S ribosomal subunit, mRNA, and fMet-tRNA, has been shown by kinetic analysis with limiting concentrations of Escherichia coli ribosomes to be an obligatory intermediate in the formation of the 70S initiation complex. The formation of the 70S initiation complex began with an induction period and was proportional to the concentration of the 30S complex, which rapidly rose to a peak. The entire time course of the sequential pseudo-first-order, second-order reaction was reproduced accurately by the overall rate expression, in which we used rate constants that were determined by carrying out 30S and 70S complex formation separately. By using limiting concentrations of mRNA, we showed that phage MS2 RNA contained no specific signal that enhanced its rate of 30S complex formation with E. coli ribosomes and initiation factors; the pseudo-first-order rate constants obtained with poly(A3C9G1U1), poly(C15G1U4), and poly(G1U3) were 12-45 times higher than that with MS2 RNA. The observation that the rate constants for binding of fMet-tRNA and AcPhe-tRNA with a given synthetic RNA were comparable indicated that the initiator codon is recognized only indirectly through the initiator tRNA.", "PMID": 370825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1007", "title": "Identification of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein for the ribose and galactose chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The ribose and galactose chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli have previously been identified as the ribose- and galactose-binding proteins. We now report the discovery of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein that functions in the transfer of receptor signals from these two binding proteins to the flagella. This protein is distinct from previously described methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Its level of methylation is influenced by D-ribose, D-galactose, and certain structural analogues of them. This methyl-accepting protein is required for chemotaxis toward those attractants; mutants in the trg gene, which do not methylate this protein, are devoid of taxis toward D-ribose, D-galactose, and their analogues. In addition, methylation of the methyl-accepting protein in response to each of these attractants requires the appropriate binding protein. The binding protein's chemoreceptor function is required for such methylation, but its transport activity is not. Because the function of this methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein involves two of the best-characterized chemoreceptors, the discovery of this protein represents a promising base for further study of the linkage between chemoreceptors and flagella in bacteria.", "contents": "Identification of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein for the ribose and galactose chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli. The ribose and galactose chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli have previously been identified as the ribose- and galactose-binding proteins. We now report the discovery of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein that functions in the transfer of receptor signals from these two binding proteins to the flagella. This protein is distinct from previously described methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Its level of methylation is influenced by D-ribose, D-galactose, and certain structural analogues of them. This methyl-accepting protein is required for chemotaxis toward those attractants; mutants in the trg gene, which do not methylate this protein, are devoid of taxis toward D-ribose, D-galactose, and their analogues. In addition, methylation of the methyl-accepting protein in response to each of these attractants requires the appropriate binding protein. The binding protein's chemoreceptor function is required for such methylation, but its transport activity is not. Because the function of this methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein involves two of the best-characterized chemoreceptors, the discovery of this protein represents a promising base for further study of the linkage between chemoreceptors and flagella in bacteria.", "PMID": 370826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1008", "title": "Evidence for transcriptional regulation of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase in yeast by hybridization of mRNA to the yeast structural gene cloned in Escherichia coli.", "content": "From a large population of strains of Escherichia coli carrying shear fragments of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA attached by in vitro recombination to the plasmid vector pMB9, two hybrid plasmids were selected that relieve the pyrimidine requirement of nonreverting pyrF mutants of E. coli. An 1100-base-pair DNA fragment common to the two complementing plasmids was recloned into another plasmid vector, pBR322; these new hybrids retained the ability to specify orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.23) synthesis in E. coli. Evidence is presented that this common fragment is yeast DNA and thus apparently carried the structural information for yeast orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, the product of yeast gene ura3. A hybrid plasmid containing the 1100-base-pair fragment was used to measure levels of putative ura3 mRNA from yeast cultures labeled with [3H]adenine, ura3 mRNA was unstable with an apparent half-life of 10.5 min. Under different circumstances previously shown to alter the level of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase in yeast, a coordinate variation in proportion of labeled RNA complementary to the hybrid plasmid was found. These data support the hypothesis that regulation of the ura3 gene in yeast is at the level of transcription.", "contents": "Evidence for transcriptional regulation of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase in yeast by hybridization of mRNA to the yeast structural gene cloned in Escherichia coli. From a large population of strains of Escherichia coli carrying shear fragments of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA attached by in vitro recombination to the plasmid vector pMB9, two hybrid plasmids were selected that relieve the pyrimidine requirement of nonreverting pyrF mutants of E. coli. An 1100-base-pair DNA fragment common to the two complementing plasmids was recloned into another plasmid vector, pBR322; these new hybrids retained the ability to specify orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.23) synthesis in E. coli. Evidence is presented that this common fragment is yeast DNA and thus apparently carried the structural information for yeast orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, the product of yeast gene ura3. A hybrid plasmid containing the 1100-base-pair fragment was used to measure levels of putative ura3 mRNA from yeast cultures labeled with [3H]adenine, ura3 mRNA was unstable with an apparent half-life of 10.5 min. Under different circumstances previously shown to alter the level of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase in yeast, a coordinate variation in proportion of labeled RNA complementary to the hybrid plasmid was found. These data support the hypothesis that regulation of the ura3 gene in yeast is at the level of transcription.", "PMID": 370827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1009", "title": "Phase variation in Salmonella: genetic analysis of a recombinational switch.", "content": "The alternative expression of Salmonella genes H1 and H2, which specify different flagellar antigens, results in the oscillation of phenotype known as phase variation. This alternation is controlled by the inversion of an 800-base-pair sequence of DNA adjacent to, or including part of, the H2 gene. The invertable region was presumed to regulate the function of a promoter and to include specific sites at which a recombinational event, resulting in the inversion, could occur. Here we report genetic manipulations of hybrid lambda phage carrying the H2 gene that were used to define the H2 promoter region and the recombinational sites. The H2 gene fragment was inserted on a hybrid lambda phage next to the cheW gene, which lacked a promoter element. In the resulting fusion, cheW gene activity was restored, the expression of the H2 and cheW genes was controlled coordinately by the inversion, and the polarity of transcription and location of the H2 gene could be determined. Evidence from this type of gene fusion suggested that the H2 gene promoter is included in the inversion region. Hybrid H2 phage were constructed that contained substitutions for regions of the H2 gene. In contrast to hybrid lambda containing the H2 gene, which alternate between \"on\" and \"off\" states, several substituted lambdaH2 were fixed in the \"on\" state. A site necessary for the recombinational event must have been removed in these fixed lambdaH2.", "contents": "Phase variation in Salmonella: genetic analysis of a recombinational switch. The alternative expression of Salmonella genes H1 and H2, which specify different flagellar antigens, results in the oscillation of phenotype known as phase variation. This alternation is controlled by the inversion of an 800-base-pair sequence of DNA adjacent to, or including part of, the H2 gene. The invertable region was presumed to regulate the function of a promoter and to include specific sites at which a recombinational event, resulting in the inversion, could occur. Here we report genetic manipulations of hybrid lambda phage carrying the H2 gene that were used to define the H2 promoter region and the recombinational sites. The H2 gene fragment was inserted on a hybrid lambda phage next to the cheW gene, which lacked a promoter element. In the resulting fusion, cheW gene activity was restored, the expression of the H2 and cheW genes was controlled coordinately by the inversion, and the polarity of transcription and location of the H2 gene could be determined. Evidence from this type of gene fusion suggested that the H2 gene promoter is included in the inversion region. Hybrid H2 phage were constructed that contained substitutions for regions of the H2 gene. In contrast to hybrid lambda containing the H2 gene, which alternate between \"on\" and \"off\" states, several substituted lambdaH2 were fixed in the \"on\" state. A site necessary for the recombinational event must have been removed in these fixed lambdaH2.", "PMID": 370828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1010", "title": "Yeast ribosomal DNA genes are located on chromosome XII.", "content": "Two lines of experimental evidence indicate that the repeating ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are located on chromosome XII. First, the rDNA genes are linked mitotically to genes that have been previously mapped to chromosome XII. Second, yeast strains that have two copies of the chromosome containing the rDNA genes in every strain examined also have two copies of chromosome XII; this is not true for the other yeast chromosomes. These data also establish that in mitosis most of the rDNA genes in yeast are not extrachromosomal.", "contents": "Yeast ribosomal DNA genes are located on chromosome XII. Two lines of experimental evidence indicate that the repeating ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are located on chromosome XII. First, the rDNA genes are linked mitotically to genes that have been previously mapped to chromosome XII. Second, yeast strains that have two copies of the chromosome containing the rDNA genes in every strain examined also have two copies of chromosome XII; this is not true for the other yeast chromosomes. These data also establish that in mitosis most of the rDNA genes in yeast are not extrachromosomal.", "PMID": 370829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1011", "title": "Transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells to rabbit cornea: clinical implications for human studies.", "content": "Rabbit corneas denuded of their endothelium were coated with bovine corneal endothelial cells (from steers) previously maintained in tissue culture for short (20 generations) or prolonged (200 generations) periods. When grafted back into female rabbits, the corneal buttons remained clear and showed no edema. In contrast, denuded corneas coated with bovine keratocytes and grafted into rabbits became opaque and edematous within 7 days and remained so thereafter. Bovine corneal endothelial cells of the grafted corneas, which had remained clear for over 100 days, proliferated actively when put back into tissue culture. The corneal endothelial cells of the graft were characteristic of the male (XY). The chromosome number of the endothelium of the recipient rabbit was 2n = 44 with sex chromosomes characteristic of the female (XX). Results of the karyotype analysis show that there was no invasion of the corneal button by the recipient endothelium and, conversely, no invasion of the recipient endothelium by the endothelium on the corneal button. These results demonstrate that cultured corneal endothelial cells remain functional in vitro and can replace a damaged or nonfunctional endothelium in vivo.", "contents": "Transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells to rabbit cornea: clinical implications for human studies. Rabbit corneas denuded of their endothelium were coated with bovine corneal endothelial cells (from steers) previously maintained in tissue culture for short (20 generations) or prolonged (200 generations) periods. When grafted back into female rabbits, the corneal buttons remained clear and showed no edema. In contrast, denuded corneas coated with bovine keratocytes and grafted into rabbits became opaque and edematous within 7 days and remained so thereafter. Bovine corneal endothelial cells of the grafted corneas, which had remained clear for over 100 days, proliferated actively when put back into tissue culture. The corneal endothelial cells of the graft were characteristic of the male (XY). The chromosome number of the endothelium of the recipient rabbit was 2n = 44 with sex chromosomes characteristic of the female (XX). Results of the karyotype analysis show that there was no invasion of the corneal button by the recipient endothelium and, conversely, no invasion of the recipient endothelium by the endothelium on the corneal button. These results demonstrate that cultured corneal endothelial cells remain functional in vitro and can replace a damaged or nonfunctional endothelium in vivo.", "PMID": 370830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1012", "title": "Thermosensory transduction in Escherichia coli: inhibition of the thermoresponse by L-serine.", "content": "Information processing of the thermoresponse in Escherichia coli was compared with that of the chemoresponse. Competition experiments between various chemical stimuli and the thermal stimulus showed that only L-serine was a potent inhibitor of the thermosensory transduction. The concentration of L-serine necessary for complete inhibition of the thermoresponse was about 0.1 mM. L-Serine at this concentration did not inhibit chemoresponses to many amino acids. Pleiotropic aspartate-taxis mutants (tar) showed normal thermoresponse but pleiotropic serine-taxis mutants (tsr) showed decreased or almost no thermoresponse. These results suggest that the thermosensory transducing system in E. coli has an intimate interaction with the chemosensory transducing pathway specific for L-serine. A simple model for the thermosensory transduction is discussed.", "contents": "Thermosensory transduction in Escherichia coli: inhibition of the thermoresponse by L-serine. Information processing of the thermoresponse in Escherichia coli was compared with that of the chemoresponse. Competition experiments between various chemical stimuli and the thermal stimulus showed that only L-serine was a potent inhibitor of the thermosensory transduction. The concentration of L-serine necessary for complete inhibition of the thermoresponse was about 0.1 mM. L-Serine at this concentration did not inhibit chemoresponses to many amino acids. Pleiotropic aspartate-taxis mutants (tar) showed normal thermoresponse but pleiotropic serine-taxis mutants (tsr) showed decreased or almost no thermoresponse. These results suggest that the thermosensory transducing system in E. coli has an intimate interaction with the chemosensory transducing pathway specific for L-serine. A simple model for the thermosensory transduction is discussed.", "PMID": 370831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1013", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 replication origin.", "content": "From subfragments of an EcoRI fragment (9 kilobase pairs) that contained the replication origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome and had been cloned as a recombinant with a nonreplicating DNA fragment coding for ampicillin resistance, small derivative plasmids were constructed. The smallest of these, pTSO151, contained a segment of 463 base pairs as the chromosomal component. Another plasmid, pSY134, constructed from BamHI digests of the EcoRI fragment and mini-F(pMF21), contained a region of 422 base pairs identical with a corresponding region in pTSO151. We conclude that the replication origin of E. coli chromosome is located within this 422-base-pair segment. The nucleotide sequence of this segment is presented.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 replication origin. From subfragments of an EcoRI fragment (9 kilobase pairs) that contained the replication origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome and had been cloned as a recombinant with a nonreplicating DNA fragment coding for ampicillin resistance, small derivative plasmids were constructed. The smallest of these, pTSO151, contained a segment of 463 base pairs as the chromosomal component. Another plasmid, pSY134, constructed from BamHI digests of the EcoRI fragment and mini-F(pMF21), contained a region of 422 base pairs identical with a corresponding region in pTSO151. We conclude that the replication origin of E. coli chromosome is located within this 422-base-pair segment. The nucleotide sequence of this segment is presented.", "PMID": 370832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1014", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the origin of replication of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome.", "content": "The origin of replication, oriC, of the Escherichia coli chromosome was mapped within a DNA segment of 422 base pairs. The nucleotide sequence of this segment was determined. The source of DNA for the sequence analysis was a minichromosome constructed in vivo, consisting exclusively of chromosomal DNA and a minichromosome constructed by cloning in vitro. The nucleotide sequence of the replication origin is characterized by a high degree of repetitiveness due to both inverted and direct repeats. Sequence homologies were found between portions of the replication origins of E. coli and phages lambda and G4. This suggests similarities in some steps in the initiation of replication of the different replicons.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the origin of replication of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. The origin of replication, oriC, of the Escherichia coli chromosome was mapped within a DNA segment of 422 base pairs. The nucleotide sequence of this segment was determined. The source of DNA for the sequence analysis was a minichromosome constructed in vivo, consisting exclusively of chromosomal DNA and a minichromosome constructed by cloning in vitro. The nucleotide sequence of the replication origin is characterized by a high degree of repetitiveness due to both inverted and direct repeats. Sequence homologies were found between portions of the replication origins of E. coli and phages lambda and G4. This suggests similarities in some steps in the initiation of replication of the different replicons.", "PMID": 370833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1015", "title": "Immunoprecipitation and partial characterization of diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins from surface of guinea pig cells.", "content": "125I-Labeled membrane glycoproteins that specifically interact with diphtheria toxin and CRM197 protein--but not with diphtheria toxoid, fragment A of diphtheria toxin, or cholera toxin--were detected by use of the lactoperoxidase labeling technique followed by an immunoprecipitation system. These glycoproteins, which adhere to lentil lectin-Sepharose columns, are present on the surface of diphtheria toxin-sensitive guinea pig lymph node cells but are completely lacking on the surface of diphtheria toxin-resistant mouse L cells. The major 125I-labeled glycoprotein that interacts with diphtheria toxin exhibits anomalous behavior, characteristic of glycoproteins, when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This demonstration of the biochemical nature of specific diphtheria toxin binding membrane components raises the possibility that the detected components are diphtheria toxin receptors.", "contents": "Immunoprecipitation and partial characterization of diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins from surface of guinea pig cells. 125I-Labeled membrane glycoproteins that specifically interact with diphtheria toxin and CRM197 protein--but not with diphtheria toxoid, fragment A of diphtheria toxin, or cholera toxin--were detected by use of the lactoperoxidase labeling technique followed by an immunoprecipitation system. These glycoproteins, which adhere to lentil lectin-Sepharose columns, are present on the surface of diphtheria toxin-sensitive guinea pig lymph node cells but are completely lacking on the surface of diphtheria toxin-resistant mouse L cells. The major 125I-labeled glycoprotein that interacts with diphtheria toxin exhibits anomalous behavior, characteristic of glycoproteins, when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This demonstration of the biochemical nature of specific diphtheria toxin binding membrane components raises the possibility that the detected components are diphtheria toxin receptors.", "PMID": 370834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1016", "title": "Origin and direction of DNA replication of plasmid RSF1030.", "content": "An in vitro replication system has been used to study the origin and direction of replication of the covalently closed, circular DNA of plasmid RSF1030, a nonconjugative R factor. We have enriched for replicative intermediates in these studies either by isolating them on the basis of their unique structure or by limiting the extent of synthesis in the in vitro system. Circular molecules that have replicated to various extents migrate to characteristic positions in agarose gels, thus providing a rapid and efficient method for isolating partially replicated forms. Alternatively, replicative intermediates can be isolated directly from reaction mixtures that contain dideoxyTTP (ddTTP), a compound that limits the average extent of synthesis in vitro. Electron microscopic analysis of such intermediates linearized with either Hpa I or BamHI indicates that RSF1030 replicates in vitro from a unique origin located 70% from one end of Hpa I-cleaved molecules and 47% from the BamHI site. The unidirectional mode of replication has been confirmed by the order in which the six HincII fragments of RSF1030 DNA are labeled in vitro when synthesis is limited to various extents with ddTTP. Finally, a physical map of RSF1030 has been constructed using the restriction endonucleases BamHI, Hpa I, and HincII, and the origin and direction of replication have been defined relative to the map.", "contents": "Origin and direction of DNA replication of plasmid RSF1030. An in vitro replication system has been used to study the origin and direction of replication of the covalently closed, circular DNA of plasmid RSF1030, a nonconjugative R factor. We have enriched for replicative intermediates in these studies either by isolating them on the basis of their unique structure or by limiting the extent of synthesis in the in vitro system. Circular molecules that have replicated to various extents migrate to characteristic positions in agarose gels, thus providing a rapid and efficient method for isolating partially replicated forms. Alternatively, replicative intermediates can be isolated directly from reaction mixtures that contain dideoxyTTP (ddTTP), a compound that limits the average extent of synthesis in vitro. Electron microscopic analysis of such intermediates linearized with either Hpa I or BamHI indicates that RSF1030 replicates in vitro from a unique origin located 70% from one end of Hpa I-cleaved molecules and 47% from the BamHI site. The unidirectional mode of replication has been confirmed by the order in which the six HincII fragments of RSF1030 DNA are labeled in vitro when synthesis is limited to various extents with ddTTP. Finally, a physical map of RSF1030 has been constructed using the restriction endonucleases BamHI, Hpa I, and HincII, and the origin and direction of replication have been defined relative to the map.", "PMID": 370835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1017", "title": "A general method for maximizing the expression of a cloned gene.", "content": "We present a method, utilizing a combination of restriction endonuclease cleavage and digestion with Escherichia coli exonuclease III and Aspergillus orizae nuclease S1, that allows us to position a restriction fragment bearing the promoter of the lacZ gene of E. coli at virtually any distance in front of any cloned gene. In particular, we have used this method to examine the effect on protein production of gene-promoter separation for the cro gene of phage lambda and to produce plasmids that, upon transformation into appropriate E. coli hosts, direct the synthesis of up to 190,000 cro protein monomers per cell.", "contents": "A general method for maximizing the expression of a cloned gene. We present a method, utilizing a combination of restriction endonuclease cleavage and digestion with Escherichia coli exonuclease III and Aspergillus orizae nuclease S1, that allows us to position a restriction fragment bearing the promoter of the lacZ gene of E. coli at virtually any distance in front of any cloned gene. In particular, we have used this method to examine the effect on protein production of gene-promoter separation for the cro gene of phage lambda and to produce plasmids that, upon transformation into appropriate E. coli hosts, direct the synthesis of up to 190,000 cro protein monomers per cell.", "PMID": 370836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1018", "title": "Cranio-orbital correction for massive enlargement of the cranial vault.", "content": "A case is reported in which an immense cranial vault was reduced as part of the rehabilitation of a patient with severe hydrocephalus who had preservation of the intellect. This patient was selected carefully, and we do not advocate such procedures on every hydrocephalic. This patient was recumbent and bedridden prior to the procedure because of the size and weight of his head, but he was able to move freely in a wheelchair and attend a special school after the reduction of the skull.", "contents": "Cranio-orbital correction for massive enlargement of the cranial vault. A case is reported in which an immense cranial vault was reduced as part of the rehabilitation of a patient with severe hydrocephalus who had preservation of the intellect. This patient was selected carefully, and we do not advocate such procedures on every hydrocephalic. This patient was recumbent and bedridden prior to the procedure because of the size and weight of his head, but he was able to move freely in a wheelchair and attend a special school after the reduction of the skull.", "PMID": 370850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1019", "title": "Inhibition of myofibroblasts by skin grafts.", "content": "The myofibroblast population was studied by electron microscopy in rat wounds healing by (1) contraction of granulation tissue, (2) by coverage with split-skin grafts, and (3) by coverage with full-thickness skin grafts. In all 3 types of wounds, myofibroblasts appeared early and reached a peak number at two weeks after wounding. At this time, 40 to 50 percent of the wound fibroblasts had myofibroblast characteristics. The granulating wounds contracted rapidly and completely, and had long persistence of myofibroblasts. Split-skin grafted wounds contracted less and had a more rapid decrease in myofibroblasts. The wounds covered with full thickness skin grafts had a minimum of contraction with a very rapid decrease in the number of myofibroblasts until by 4 weeks no myofibroblasts were present. Full-thickness skin grafts thus appeared to influence contracting wounds not by preventing the formation of myofibroblasts, but by speeding up completion of their life cycle.", "contents": "Inhibition of myofibroblasts by skin grafts. The myofibroblast population was studied by electron microscopy in rat wounds healing by (1) contraction of granulation tissue, (2) by coverage with split-skin grafts, and (3) by coverage with full-thickness skin grafts. In all 3 types of wounds, myofibroblasts appeared early and reached a peak number at two weeks after wounding. At this time, 40 to 50 percent of the wound fibroblasts had myofibroblast characteristics. The granulating wounds contracted rapidly and completely, and had long persistence of myofibroblasts. Split-skin grafted wounds contracted less and had a more rapid decrease in myofibroblasts. The wounds covered with full thickness skin grafts had a minimum of contraction with a very rapid decrease in the number of myofibroblasts until by 4 weeks no myofibroblasts were present. Full-thickness skin grafts thus appeared to influence contracting wounds not by preventing the formation of myofibroblasts, but by speeding up completion of their life cycle.", "PMID": 370851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1020", "title": "A new technique for skin grafting in avascular areas: a preliminary report.", "content": "A 3 X 3 cm, buried, split-skin graft will survive on an avascular bed if it is temporarily covered with a skin flap. Four cases of secondary ear reconstruction are presented, in which this technique was effectively used.", "contents": "A new technique for skin grafting in avascular areas: a preliminary report. A 3 X 3 cm, buried, split-skin graft will survive on an avascular bed if it is temporarily covered with a skin flap. Four cases of secondary ear reconstruction are presented, in which this technique was effectively used.", "PMID": 370852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1021", "title": "Pilar tumors.", "content": "We present 5 cases of pilar tumor, and we review the controversy over whether this tumor has a malignant potential. We feel the correct treatment is excision deep to galea, with a one to two cm margin of normal scalp. Presented with a pathology report of \"pilar tumor\" on a \"shelled out\" or ruptured sebaceous cyst, we feel the correct treatment is complete excision of the previous scar, going deep to the galea and taking a one to two cm margin of surrounding normal scalp.", "contents": "Pilar tumors. We present 5 cases of pilar tumor, and we review the controversy over whether this tumor has a malignant potential. We feel the correct treatment is excision deep to galea, with a one to two cm margin of normal scalp. Presented with a pathology report of \"pilar tumor\" on a \"shelled out\" or ruptured sebaceous cyst, we feel the correct treatment is complete excision of the previous scar, going deep to the galea and taking a one to two cm margin of surrounding normal scalp.", "PMID": 370853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1022", "title": "Skin abnormalities of the back in diastematomyelia.", "content": "The presence of congenital skin abnormalities on the back may be associated with a serious underlying spinal anomaly, diastematomyelia. The significance of the progressive development of neurological deficits, due to the presence of a bony or cartilaginous spur in the spinal cord, is stressed. An awareness of this condition should lead to an early diagnosis with a neurological evaluation and, if necessary, prophylactic surgery before irreversible nerve damage develops.", "contents": "Skin abnormalities of the back in diastematomyelia. The presence of congenital skin abnormalities on the back may be associated with a serious underlying spinal anomaly, diastematomyelia. The significance of the progressive development of neurological deficits, due to the presence of a bony or cartilaginous spur in the spinal cord, is stressed. An awareness of this condition should lead to an early diagnosis with a neurological evaluation and, if necessary, prophylactic surgery before irreversible nerve damage develops.", "PMID": 370854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1023", "title": "Study of effects of porcine skin and bovine dermis on the healing of split-skin graft donor sites in humans.", "content": "A study was undertaken of the effects of heterografts (lyophilized porcine skin or bovine dermis) on the healing of split-skin graft donor sites. When compared with a petrolatum gauze dressing, no advantages were found. Some disadvantages developed, however, which led us to discontinue their use.", "contents": "Study of effects of porcine skin and bovine dermis on the healing of split-skin graft donor sites in humans. A study was undertaken of the effects of heterografts (lyophilized porcine skin or bovine dermis) on the healing of split-skin graft donor sites. When compared with a petrolatum gauze dressing, no advantages were found. Some disadvantages developed, however, which led us to discontinue their use.", "PMID": 370856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1024", "title": "Study of the delay phenomenon in axial pattern flaps in pigs.", "content": "A technique, using radioactively-tagged microspheres to measure the blood flow in delayed axial pattern flaps in the pig, is presented. The blood flow was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the delayed portion of these flaps, reaching maximal levels after 4 to 12 days of delay. Also, the blood flow to these flaps correlated with tissue survival during the first week after the delay (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Study of the delay phenomenon in axial pattern flaps in pigs. A technique, using radioactively-tagged microspheres to measure the blood flow in delayed axial pattern flaps in the pig, is presented. The blood flow was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the delayed portion of these flaps, reaching maximal levels after 4 to 12 days of delay. Also, the blood flow to these flaps correlated with tissue survival during the first week after the delay (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 370857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1025", "title": "Problems in the assessment of analyzability.", "content": "As additional studies of assessment of analyzability have been reported, research has proven very difficult and provided little clarification. This paper reviews the literature, particularly of the last twenty-five years, from the viewpoint of identifying the nature of the problems in developing useful methods of study. Some approaches to these problems, which might provide increased understanding as well as a clearer definition of some inherent limitations, are discussed.", "contents": "Problems in the assessment of analyzability. As additional studies of assessment of analyzability have been reported, research has proven very difficult and provided little clarification. This paper reviews the literature, particularly of the last twenty-five years, from the viewpoint of identifying the nature of the problems in developing useful methods of study. Some approaches to these problems, which might provide increased understanding as well as a clearer definition of some inherent limitations, are discussed.", "PMID": 370860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1026", "title": "Patterns and issues in multiaxial psychiatric diagnosis.", "content": "The multiaxial diagnostic model, consisting in the systematic formulation of a patient's condition according to separate clinical variables of aspects, is receiving increasing attention in several parts of the world. This innovative model promises to improve diagnostic reliability and validity and involves many methodological challenges. This paper reviews patterns and issues in the conceptualization of axial content, number and organization of axes, dimensional versus categorical scaling, and evaluation and further development of multiaxial systems.", "contents": "Patterns and issues in multiaxial psychiatric diagnosis. The multiaxial diagnostic model, consisting in the systematic formulation of a patient's condition according to separate clinical variables of aspects, is receiving increasing attention in several parts of the world. This innovative model promises to improve diagnostic reliability and validity and involves many methodological challenges. This paper reviews patterns and issues in the conceptualization of axial content, number and organization of axes, dimensional versus categorical scaling, and evaluation and further development of multiaxial systems.", "PMID": 370861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1027", "title": "The clinical evaluation of obsessionality: a development of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory.", "content": "The Leyton Obessional Inventory gives both an indication of the range of obsessional symptoms present and the degree of resistance and interference associated with each symptom. A new method is described in which the covariation of resistance and interference is represented in the form of a matrix. The results, using this method, can give a unique picture of the quality of the patient's symptoms from the clinical standpoint and provide useful guidelines for treatment and follow up. Automatic data-provessing is offered for the convenience of clinicians and researchers wishing to utilize the test in this form.", "contents": "The clinical evaluation of obsessionality: a development of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory. The Leyton Obessional Inventory gives both an indication of the range of obsessional symptoms present and the degree of resistance and interference associated with each symptom. A new method is described in which the covariation of resistance and interference is represented in the form of a matrix. The results, using this method, can give a unique picture of the quality of the patient's symptoms from the clinical standpoint and provide useful guidelines for treatment and follow up. Automatic data-provessing is offered for the convenience of clinicians and researchers wishing to utilize the test in this form.", "PMID": 370862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1028", "title": "Schizo-affective psychosis: definitions and incidence.", "content": "Eight definitions of schizo-affective psychosis have been compared in a sample of psychotic first admissions. Their mutual concordance is very low (mean 0.19) showing that there is very poor agreement about the meaning of the term 'schizo-affective' at present. Ten patients (4.5% of admissions and 8% of psychotic admissions within the age group studied) satisfied 3 definitions, a figure which demonstrates the numerical importance of this group of unclassified mental disorders.", "contents": "Schizo-affective psychosis: definitions and incidence. Eight definitions of schizo-affective psychosis have been compared in a sample of psychotic first admissions. Their mutual concordance is very low (mean 0.19) showing that there is very poor agreement about the meaning of the term 'schizo-affective' at present. Ten patients (4.5% of admissions and 8% of psychotic admissions within the age group studied) satisfied 3 definitions, a figure which demonstrates the numerical importance of this group of unclassified mental disorders.", "PMID": 370863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1029", "title": "[A miniaturized method for some biochemical tests of bacteric identification (author's transl)].", "content": "A miniaturized method for some biochemical tests of bacteric identification was presented. Results of quality control and comparisons with traditional method were reported.", "contents": "[A miniaturized method for some biochemical tests of bacteric identification (author's transl)]. A miniaturized method for some biochemical tests of bacteric identification was presented. Results of quality control and comparisons with traditional method were reported.", "PMID": 370873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1030", "title": "[The normal and pathological proteic, immunological and cytoimmunological features of synovial fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The A. describes the normal pathological proteic, immunological and cito-immunological features of synovial fluid. According to these features, the synovial fluid have been classified into 3 groups: a) non-inflammatory, animmune fluids (without pathological immunitary features); b) inflammatory, normoimmune fluids (having immunological features with normal physiopathological reactions); c) inflammatory, iperimmune-disimmune fluids (with complex and abnormal immunological features). Histologically, they correspond to: a) non flogistic artrosynovitis (synoviosis, simple synovitis); b) inflammatory arthrosynovitis without tipical features (they are also described as cronic aspecific arthorosynovitis) or characterized by pathohomonic features (tubercolar synovitis, gouty synovitis. ecc.); c) rheumatoid arthrosynovitis (and inflammatory arthrosinovitis rheumatoid like). There is a generical correlation between histological aspects of groups a) and b) and humoral values of synovial fluid. Tipical correlations have been found between histological features of RA and humoral values of synovial fluid. These are expression of individual immunological reactivity of tissues in presence of rheumatoid factors. The tissutal reactivity can subiecy even to endogenous or exogenous causes.", "contents": "[The normal and pathological proteic, immunological and cytoimmunological features of synovial fluid (author's transl)]. The A. describes the normal pathological proteic, immunological and cito-immunological features of synovial fluid. According to these features, the synovial fluid have been classified into 3 groups: a) non-inflammatory, animmune fluids (without pathological immunitary features); b) inflammatory, normoimmune fluids (having immunological features with normal physiopathological reactions); c) inflammatory, iperimmune-disimmune fluids (with complex and abnormal immunological features). Histologically, they correspond to: a) non flogistic artrosynovitis (synoviosis, simple synovitis); b) inflammatory arthrosynovitis without tipical features (they are also described as cronic aspecific arthorosynovitis) or characterized by pathohomonic features (tubercolar synovitis, gouty synovitis. ecc.); c) rheumatoid arthrosynovitis (and inflammatory arthrosinovitis rheumatoid like). There is a generical correlation between histological aspects of groups a) and b) and humoral values of synovial fluid. Tipical correlations have been found between histological features of RA and humoral values of synovial fluid. These are expression of individual immunological reactivity of tissues in presence of rheumatoid factors. The tissutal reactivity can subiecy even to endogenous or exogenous causes.", "PMID": 370874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1031", "title": "Lower respiratory infections: how infants differ from adults.", "content": "Largely for anatomic reasons, the peripheral airways of infants are more susceptible to inflammatory narrowing than are those of adults. When infection occurs in the lower respiratory tract of an infant, the primary effect is likely to be on the smaller airways, not the alveoli. The results are airtrapping and atelectasis. This airway obstruction often causes severe respiratory embarrassment. It is recognized on chest films by generalized hyperinflation and irregularity of aeration. Small airway obstruction is a common and important manifestation of lower respiratory infection in infancy. True consolidative pneumonia is much less frequent.", "contents": "Lower respiratory infections: how infants differ from adults. Largely for anatomic reasons, the peripheral airways of infants are more susceptible to inflammatory narrowing than are those of adults. When infection occurs in the lower respiratory tract of an infant, the primary effect is likely to be on the smaller airways, not the alveoli. The results are airtrapping and atelectasis. This airway obstruction often causes severe respiratory embarrassment. It is recognized on chest films by generalized hyperinflation and irregularity of aeration. Small airway obstruction is a common and important manifestation of lower respiratory infection in infancy. True consolidative pneumonia is much less frequent.", "PMID": 370889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1032", "title": "Knowledge-based computer-assisted diagnosis of chest radiographs.", "content": "The computer can produce structured radiologic content which can potentially keep the radiologists current in radiology literature. As the radiologist continues to make observations and uses the available information, he has at his fingertips with the computer the current information to offer appropriate differential diagnosis and suggest appropriate patient follow up. The computer allows the radiologist to learn and grow rather than guess and hope.", "contents": "Knowledge-based computer-assisted diagnosis of chest radiographs. The computer can produce structured radiologic content which can potentially keep the radiologists current in radiology literature. As the radiologist continues to make observations and uses the available information, he has at his fingertips with the computer the current information to offer appropriate differential diagnosis and suggest appropriate patient follow up. The computer allows the radiologist to learn and grow rather than guess and hope.", "PMID": 370892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1033", "title": "Hysterosalpingography with Amipaque.", "content": "The authors report their initial experience with Amipaque (metrizamide) in hysterosalpingography. Amipaque was compared to Isopaque Cerebral in 37 patients, using a double-blind design. Excellent radiographs were obtained with both agents. No statistically significant difference in discomfort and pain was found up to 24 hours after the procedure. However, the aftereffects indicate that Amipaque might be less irritating to the pelvic peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Hysterosalpingography with Amipaque. The authors report their initial experience with Amipaque (metrizamide) in hysterosalpingography. Amipaque was compared to Isopaque Cerebral in 37 patients, using a double-blind design. Excellent radiographs were obtained with both agents. No statistically significant difference in discomfort and pain was found up to 24 hours after the procedure. However, the aftereffects indicate that Amipaque might be less irritating to the pelvic peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 370894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1034", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of abdominal and pelvic abscesses.", "content": "The CT characteristics of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in 29 patients were analyzed. The pathological development of an abscess as it relates to the CT appearance is discussed. Findings such as low-density areas within a soft-tissue mass or a definable wall or rim, while seen in abscesses, can be seen in other pathological entities as well, such as hematomas, noninfected inflammatory masses, and cystic or necrotic tumors. The most specific CT sign of an abscess was extraluminal gas, seen in 38% of patients.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of abdominal and pelvic abscesses. The CT characteristics of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in 29 patients were analyzed. The pathological development of an abscess as it relates to the CT appearance is discussed. Findings such as low-density areas within a soft-tissue mass or a definable wall or rim, while seen in abscesses, can be seen in other pathological entities as well, such as hematomas, noninfected inflammatory masses, and cystic or necrotic tumors. The most specific CT sign of an abscess was extraluminal gas, seen in 38% of patients.", "PMID": 370901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1035", "title": "Radiobiological considerations in the use of total-body irradiation for bone-marrow transplantation.", "content": "On radiobiological grounds, a therapeutic advantage should result when total body irradiation (TBI) in preparation for bone-marrow engraftment is given as a fractionated course, rather than as a single exposure at logistically reasonable dose rates. This is because cells of hemopoietic origin in general show less capacity for repair of sublethal radiation injury than do cells of other organs. Dose-limiting lung tolerance, in the context of fractionated TBI, is estimated to be at least 12 Gy (without correction) in increments of 2 Gy regardless of dose rate. A practical method for delivering TBI using a high-energy linear accelerator is described.", "contents": "Radiobiological considerations in the use of total-body irradiation for bone-marrow transplantation. On radiobiological grounds, a therapeutic advantage should result when total body irradiation (TBI) in preparation for bone-marrow engraftment is given as a fractionated course, rather than as a single exposure at logistically reasonable dose rates. This is because cells of hemopoietic origin in general show less capacity for repair of sublethal radiation injury than do cells of other organs. Dose-limiting lung tolerance, in the context of fractionated TBI, is estimated to be at least 12 Gy (without correction) in increments of 2 Gy regardless of dose rate. A practical method for delivering TBI using a high-energy linear accelerator is described.", "PMID": 370902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1036", "title": "Alteration of perirenal fat secondary to diffuse retroperitoneal infiltration.", "content": "Inflammatory effusions and diffuse neoplasia in the fatty retroperitoneal space, which can alter the perirenal fat, can be recognized radiographically because of density differences. The opacity of fluid and tumor accentuates the remaining fat which conforms to the renal contour. This perirenal fatty border appears as a lucent strip when the perirenal fat is not violated and as abnormal perirenal streakiness when the perirenal fat is infiltrated by fluid or tumor. Six cases are described.", "contents": "Alteration of perirenal fat secondary to diffuse retroperitoneal infiltration. Inflammatory effusions and diffuse neoplasia in the fatty retroperitoneal space, which can alter the perirenal fat, can be recognized radiographically because of density differences. The opacity of fluid and tumor accentuates the remaining fat which conforms to the renal contour. This perirenal fatty border appears as a lucent strip when the perirenal fat is not violated and as abnormal perirenal streakiness when the perirenal fat is infiltrated by fluid or tumor. Six cases are described.", "PMID": 370904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1037", "title": "[Security at work in terms of risk factors (author's transl)].", "content": "Accident epidemiology aims at determining those factors which are associated with an increased risk. Here accidents at work are considered in which any given situation involves: one or many individuals (I); one or many tasks (T); one or many machines or production tools (M); an environment (E). Eight factors are proposed for each of which one of the above components is dominant. Each factor is defined and examples are given. In addition, where applicable, the following are given: subfactors; references to studies which demonstrate the association between risk and factor; one or several possible action mechanisms; proposals enabling a quantitative evaluation to be made for statistical purposes; suggestions for prevention. The factors are: Individual disposition (I) or liability. Worker's inexperience (I). Stress (T) imposed on the worker. Recovery (T) (an exceptional task must be performed in order to regain normal work conditions). Catachresis (M) (a tool is used for an unusual purpose or a machine is required to exceed normal work load). Material wear (M) or damage. Interference (E) between partially independent processes. Insufficient information (E) concerning the state of the system.", "contents": "[Security at work in terms of risk factors (author's transl)]. Accident epidemiology aims at determining those factors which are associated with an increased risk. Here accidents at work are considered in which any given situation involves: one or many individuals (I); one or many tasks (T); one or many machines or production tools (M); an environment (E). Eight factors are proposed for each of which one of the above components is dominant. Each factor is defined and examples are given. In addition, where applicable, the following are given: subfactors; references to studies which demonstrate the association between risk and factor; one or several possible action mechanisms; proposals enabling a quantitative evaluation to be made for statistical purposes; suggestions for prevention. The factors are: Individual disposition (I) or liability. Worker's inexperience (I). Stress (T) imposed on the worker. Recovery (T) (an exceptional task must be performed in order to regain normal work conditions). Catachresis (M) (a tool is used for an unusual purpose or a machine is required to exceed normal work load). Material wear (M) or damage. Interference (E) between partially independent processes. Insufficient information (E) concerning the state of the system.", "PMID": 370924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1038", "title": "[Bactericidal power's assessment of eight antiseptic products intended to surgeon's hand-washing (author's transl)].", "content": "A standard hand-washing technique was used in order to test the relative effectiveness of eight both detergent and alcoholic preparations intended to surgeon's hands disinfection. A single four or seven minutes washing with alcoholic solutions was shown to eliminate a much larger proportion of the skin flora than could be removed by a single four or seven minutes hand-washing with detergent antiseptic preparations. Authors have also determined effect of wearing surgical rubber gloves after skin disinfection and compared viable bacterial counts in hand washings immediately after the antiseptic treatment and when gloves had been worn for one hour.", "contents": "[Bactericidal power's assessment of eight antiseptic products intended to surgeon's hand-washing (author's transl)]. A standard hand-washing technique was used in order to test the relative effectiveness of eight both detergent and alcoholic preparations intended to surgeon's hands disinfection. A single four or seven minutes washing with alcoholic solutions was shown to eliminate a much larger proportion of the skin flora than could be removed by a single four or seven minutes hand-washing with detergent antiseptic preparations. Authors have also determined effect of wearing surgical rubber gloves after skin disinfection and compared viable bacterial counts in hand washings immediately after the antiseptic treatment and when gloves had been worn for one hour.", "PMID": 370925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1039", "title": "[Applications and limitations of immunological techniques in the sero-epidemiological analysis of parasitic risk (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to be applicable to sero-epidemiology, serological reactions must lend themselves to micro-techniques and automation. Their results, notably concerning malaria, sleeping sickness, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis and filariasis, complement those of direct parasitological examination. Serology is often more accurate, but is also more costly and should be reserved for those cases in which other analytical methods are either impossible or too undependable (low transmission level). Serological methods generally involve little risk or false negativity, but they can be falsely positive and improvement of the specificity of available testing procedures is at present one of the major technological problems of parasitic sero-epidemiology.", "contents": "[Applications and limitations of immunological techniques in the sero-epidemiological analysis of parasitic risk (author's transl)]. In order to be applicable to sero-epidemiology, serological reactions must lend themselves to micro-techniques and automation. Their results, notably concerning malaria, sleeping sickness, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis and filariasis, complement those of direct parasitological examination. Serology is often more accurate, but is also more costly and should be reserved for those cases in which other analytical methods are either impossible or too undependable (low transmission level). Serological methods generally involve little risk or false negativity, but they can be falsely positive and improvement of the specificity of available testing procedures is at present one of the major technological problems of parasitic sero-epidemiology.", "PMID": 370927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1040", "title": "BCG in the immunotherapy of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas: preliminary results of a controlled trial.", "content": "Thirty-three patients exhibiting non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with one or more criteria of poor prognosis and in whom complete remission had been induced by an association of chemo + radio + chemotherapy were randomized to either receive BCG or no further treatment. The present results indicate that BCG may be useful to maintain remission in about one-third of the patients, but these results are not yet significant.", "contents": "BCG in the immunotherapy of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas: preliminary results of a controlled trial. Thirty-three patients exhibiting non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with one or more criteria of poor prognosis and in whom complete remission had been induced by an association of chemo + radio + chemotherapy were randomized to either receive BCG or no further treatment. The present results indicate that BCG may be useful to maintain remission in about one-third of the patients, but these results are not yet significant.", "PMID": 370938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1041", "title": "Preliminary results of chemoradiotherapy followed (or not ) by active immunotherapy of stage III and IV lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma: correlation of the results with WHO categorization.", "content": "One hundred and one patients with advanced (stage III and IV) LS and RS at the first presentation of the disease or on relapse were treated with a regimen combining initial chemotherapy, complementary radiotherapy on \"icebergs,\" supplementary chemotherapy, and finally, active immunotherapy. The overall complete remission rate was about 79% for LS and 73% for RS. About 50% of the patients were still in remission for both diseases after 2 years; 60% with LS were still alive after 2 years and 44% with Rs. This study shows the useful prognostic value of the WHO classification for LS and RS: the prognosis of prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) LS is far better than that of the lymphoblastic type, which is itself better than that of the very poor prognostic immunoblastic type. The prognosis of RS is intermediate between that of the best prognostic type and that of the poorest prognostic type of LS.", "contents": "Preliminary results of chemoradiotherapy followed (or not ) by active immunotherapy of stage III and IV lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma: correlation of the results with WHO categorization. One hundred and one patients with advanced (stage III and IV) LS and RS at the first presentation of the disease or on relapse were treated with a regimen combining initial chemotherapy, complementary radiotherapy on \"icebergs,\" supplementary chemotherapy, and finally, active immunotherapy. The overall complete remission rate was about 79% for LS and 73% for RS. About 50% of the patients were still in remission for both diseases after 2 years; 60% with LS were still alive after 2 years and 44% with Rs. This study shows the useful prognostic value of the WHO classification for LS and RS: the prognosis of prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) LS is far better than that of the lymphoblastic type, which is itself better than that of the very poor prognostic immunoblastic type. The prognosis of RS is intermediate between that of the best prognostic type and that of the poorest prognostic type of LS.", "PMID": 370939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1042", "title": "Cellular renewal kinetics of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Although the DNA synthesis times of the dividing NHL cell types were found to be within the normal range (7--12 h), the generation times of these neoplastic lymphocytes seem to be prolonged. However, even with a normal percentage of proliferating lymphoma cells (=growth fraction), the total number of mitotically active neoplastic lymphocytes is considerably increased in each NHL due to extensive enlargement of the total cellularity of each patient's lymphatic system. Therefore, in each NHL patient, the total cellularity of each patients' lymphatic system. Therefore, in each NHL patient, the total number of newly produced lymphoma cells is significantly increased. According to the Kiel classification of the NHL, the NHL of low-grade malignancy are considered to be characterized by the proliferative constellation of an enhanced cell production associated with reduced or normal cell death rates, whereas in the NHL of high-grade malignancy, increased cell death rates seem to be overcompensated by even higher cell renewal rates. These differences in the cellular proliferation kinetics of the NHL are supposed to be of higher prognostic and clinical significance than their B- or T-cell properties.", "contents": "Cellular renewal kinetics of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Although the DNA synthesis times of the dividing NHL cell types were found to be within the normal range (7--12 h), the generation times of these neoplastic lymphocytes seem to be prolonged. However, even with a normal percentage of proliferating lymphoma cells (=growth fraction), the total number of mitotically active neoplastic lymphocytes is considerably increased in each NHL due to extensive enlargement of the total cellularity of each patient's lymphatic system. Therefore, in each NHL patient, the total cellularity of each patients' lymphatic system. Therefore, in each NHL patient, the total number of newly produced lymphoma cells is significantly increased. According to the Kiel classification of the NHL, the NHL of low-grade malignancy are considered to be characterized by the proliferative constellation of an enhanced cell production associated with reduced or normal cell death rates, whereas in the NHL of high-grade malignancy, increased cell death rates seem to be overcompensated by even higher cell renewal rates. These differences in the cellular proliferation kinetics of the NHL are supposed to be of higher prognostic and clinical significance than their B- or T-cell properties.", "PMID": 370941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1043", "title": "Determination of cardiac output in the mouse.", "content": "A technique is described for determination of cardiac output in the mouse. The method is basically a tracer dilution technique using 86-rubidium as soluble indicator, where a microsampler is used for blood collection and in which the gamma function fitting is applied for area determination.", "contents": "Determination of cardiac output in the mouse. A technique is described for determination of cardiac output in the mouse. The method is basically a tracer dilution technique using 86-rubidium as soluble indicator, where a microsampler is used for blood collection and in which the gamma function fitting is applied for area determination.", "PMID": 370946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1044", "title": "The possibility of identification of oligodendrocyte-myelin sheath processes in the white matter of rats.", "content": "When myelination is completed it is no longer possible to see with the EM the continuity of myelin sheath with the oligodendroglial processes. An ultrastructural study has been therefore carried out of the unmyelinated of the white matter to see whether it might be possible to recognize the presence of such continuity. The following were considered: 1) unmyelinated fibres in bundles, 2) astroglial processes, 3) large oligodendroglial processes, 4) tongues, 5) \"fibre-like\" processes (including tubulus and filamentes which are partly identifiable as either unmyelinated fibres or thin oligondendroglial processes). In addition to morphology, quantitative aspects were also considered such as area of section of each process and number of tubules and filamentes present in each section. No substantial quantitative differences were found between \"fibre-like\" processes and unmyelinated fibres in bundles. These findings failed to show any morphological evidence of connections between myelin sheaths and oligodendroglial processes. This however still possible that the oligodendroglial processes are so few in number in comparison with the unmyelinated fibers that their statistical contribution is negligeable and that no substantial error is made in identifying all \"fibre-like\" processes as unmyelinated fibres.", "contents": "The possibility of identification of oligodendrocyte-myelin sheath processes in the white matter of rats. When myelination is completed it is no longer possible to see with the EM the continuity of myelin sheath with the oligodendroglial processes. An ultrastructural study has been therefore carried out of the unmyelinated of the white matter to see whether it might be possible to recognize the presence of such continuity. The following were considered: 1) unmyelinated fibres in bundles, 2) astroglial processes, 3) large oligodendroglial processes, 4) tongues, 5) \"fibre-like\" processes (including tubulus and filamentes which are partly identifiable as either unmyelinated fibres or thin oligondendroglial processes). In addition to morphology, quantitative aspects were also considered such as area of section of each process and number of tubules and filamentes present in each section. No substantial quantitative differences were found between \"fibre-like\" processes and unmyelinated fibres in bundles. These findings failed to show any morphological evidence of connections between myelin sheaths and oligodendroglial processes. This however still possible that the oligodendroglial processes are so few in number in comparison with the unmyelinated fibers that their statistical contribution is negligeable and that no substantial error is made in identifying all \"fibre-like\" processes as unmyelinated fibres.", "PMID": 370956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1045", "title": "[Study of articular cartilage in arthrosis. Histological and biochemical data].", "content": "Arthrosis is characterized by destructive lesions of cartilage occuring in the pressure areas of the articular surfaces and leading to the denudation and erosion of the sub-chondral bone. At a further stage these lesions are distinguished from cartilage lesions due to aging and correspond to the progressive erosion of a tissue whose cells present mainly signs of degeneration and whose tissue contains few proteoglycans. The histologic appearance of the initial lesions of the cartilage remains a matter of controversy and ambiguity. Some look like fissures in relatively healthy tissues where the cells show signs of proliferation and hyperactivity. Others correspond to the fragmentation of tissues whose cells and connective tissues are severely damaged. The first biochemical changes of cartilage in arthrosis associate a disorder of proteoglycan aggregation and an increase in the water content. The modifications of proteoglycans could be due to the action of proteolytic enzymes or to a lack of synthesis due to changes in chondrocyte glycotransferase. The biochemical changes could be the cause of cartilage destruction following pressures, since they can decrease the resistance of the tissue. They could nevertheless, be secondary to rupture lesions of the collagen, due only to stress. Arthrosis can then be secondary to either a special weakness of the cartilage or abnormal stress factors.", "contents": "[Study of articular cartilage in arthrosis. Histological and biochemical data]. Arthrosis is characterized by destructive lesions of cartilage occuring in the pressure areas of the articular surfaces and leading to the denudation and erosion of the sub-chondral bone. At a further stage these lesions are distinguished from cartilage lesions due to aging and correspond to the progressive erosion of a tissue whose cells present mainly signs of degeneration and whose tissue contains few proteoglycans. The histologic appearance of the initial lesions of the cartilage remains a matter of controversy and ambiguity. Some look like fissures in relatively healthy tissues where the cells show signs of proliferation and hyperactivity. Others correspond to the fragmentation of tissues whose cells and connective tissues are severely damaged. The first biochemical changes of cartilage in arthrosis associate a disorder of proteoglycan aggregation and an increase in the water content. The modifications of proteoglycans could be due to the action of proteolytic enzymes or to a lack of synthesis due to changes in chondrocyte glycotransferase. The biochemical changes could be the cause of cartilage destruction following pressures, since they can decrease the resistance of the tissue. They could nevertheless, be secondary to rupture lesions of the collagen, due only to stress. Arthrosis can then be secondary to either a special weakness of the cartilage or abnormal stress factors.", "PMID": 370962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1046", "title": "[Physiopathology of primitive arthrosis. Problems and hypotheses].", "content": "The origin and the evolution of the so-called primitive arthrosis represent two problems that hypotheses, developed by the authors, contribute to elucidate. Primitive arthrosis begins with a prearthrosic chondropathy which looks like the changes in the joint cartilage due to aging and due both to local conditions preventing the nutrition of the cartilage and to general factors causing failure of the system regulating the synthesis and the differentiation of articular tissues. These conditions are also relevant to primitive monoarthrosis, relatively rare in comparison with the frequency of secondary arthrosis and in comparison with arthrosis disease, which is the prototype of primitive polyarthrosis. The variable mixture of different local and general factors can explain the differences in evolution of primitive arthrosis, ranging from slow chondral erosion to accelerated destruction of bone and cartilage.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of primitive arthrosis. Problems and hypotheses]. The origin and the evolution of the so-called primitive arthrosis represent two problems that hypotheses, developed by the authors, contribute to elucidate. Primitive arthrosis begins with a prearthrosic chondropathy which looks like the changes in the joint cartilage due to aging and due both to local conditions preventing the nutrition of the cartilage and to general factors causing failure of the system regulating the synthesis and the differentiation of articular tissues. These conditions are also relevant to primitive monoarthrosis, relatively rare in comparison with the frequency of secondary arthrosis and in comparison with arthrosis disease, which is the prototype of primitive polyarthrosis. The variable mixture of different local and general factors can explain the differences in evolution of primitive arthrosis, ranging from slow chondral erosion to accelerated destruction of bone and cartilage.", "PMID": 370963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1047", "title": "Effect of experimental neutropenia on initial gingivitis in dogs.", "content": "The role of neutrophilic granulocytes in the loss of gingival collagen has been studied by inducing experimental neutropenia during initial gingivitis in beagle dogs. Neutropenia was induced for 4 d in three animals with normal gingiva by repeated injections of rabbit anti-neutrophil serum. During neutropenia microbial plaque was allowed to form on the teeth. Samples of junctional (crevicular) leukocytes and gingival fluid were taken on days 0 and 4. Block biopsies of buccal gingiva were obtained on day 4. Stained semi- and ultrathin sections were used for histometric and stereologic tissue analysis. Gingival fluid flow increased from day 0 to day 4 in all dogs while junctional leukocytes increased in one dog only. Subgingival plaque had formed in most biopsies, and in the junctional epithelium very few neutrophilic granulocytes were present. In the coronal connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium lymphoid cells, structurally abnormal neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages were diffusely scattered. The gingival collagen appeared mainly displaced by the inflammatory cells rather than dissolved. The data suggest that neutrophilic granulocytes may contribute to the loss of gingival collagen during initial gingivitis in dogs. The neutrophils also seem to be of importance for the limitation of subgingival plaque growth along the tooth surface.", "contents": "Effect of experimental neutropenia on initial gingivitis in dogs. The role of neutrophilic granulocytes in the loss of gingival collagen has been studied by inducing experimental neutropenia during initial gingivitis in beagle dogs. Neutropenia was induced for 4 d in three animals with normal gingiva by repeated injections of rabbit anti-neutrophil serum. During neutropenia microbial plaque was allowed to form on the teeth. Samples of junctional (crevicular) leukocytes and gingival fluid were taken on days 0 and 4. Block biopsies of buccal gingiva were obtained on day 4. Stained semi- and ultrathin sections were used for histometric and stereologic tissue analysis. Gingival fluid flow increased from day 0 to day 4 in all dogs while junctional leukocytes increased in one dog only. Subgingival plaque had formed in most biopsies, and in the junctional epithelium very few neutrophilic granulocytes were present. In the coronal connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium lymphoid cells, structurally abnormal neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages were diffusely scattered. The gingival collagen appeared mainly displaced by the inflammatory cells rather than dissolved. The data suggest that neutrophilic granulocytes may contribute to the loss of gingival collagen during initial gingivitis in dogs. The neutrophils also seem to be of importance for the limitation of subgingival plaque growth along the tooth surface.", "PMID": 370965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1048", "title": "Die-spacing technique by diffusion precipitation.", "content": "The present study has shown that it is possible by utilizing the principle of diffusion to precipitate on stone dies an adequate resin spacer of uniform and desirable thickness. Details and variables of the technique are described. The precipitation technique is simple and requires a minimum of time and equipment. This spacer technique opens up gateways for a new and improved casting technique cleared of most of the variables affecting the precision of the methods employed up till now. A new gypsum bonded investment for the new casting technique is being developed.", "contents": "Die-spacing technique by diffusion precipitation. The present study has shown that it is possible by utilizing the principle of diffusion to precipitate on stone dies an adequate resin spacer of uniform and desirable thickness. Details and variables of the technique are described. The precipitation technique is simple and requires a minimum of time and equipment. This spacer technique opens up gateways for a new and improved casting technique cleared of most of the variables affecting the precision of the methods employed up till now. A new gypsum bonded investment for the new casting technique is being developed.", "PMID": 370966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1049", "title": "Reflex adrenergic gastrin release evoked by unloading of carotid baroreceptors in cats.", "content": "Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 0.10 and 6.0 microgram . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin response to complete elimination of the carotid baroreceptor discharge by cutting the bilateral sinus nerves. Such unloading of the baroreceptors simulates a blood pressure drop to 50--60 mmHg, resulting in a pronounced reflex increase in the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. Cutting the sinus nerves caused an increased level of immuno-reactive gastrin in the portal plasma, and this elevated gastrin concentration was virtually  extinguished by bilateral adrenalectomy. We conclude that the carotid baroreceptors can influence the gastrin release by a reflex adjustment of the release of adrenal catecholamines.", "contents": "Reflex adrenergic gastrin release evoked by unloading of carotid baroreceptors in cats. Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 0.10 and 6.0 microgram . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin response to complete elimination of the carotid baroreceptor discharge by cutting the bilateral sinus nerves. Such unloading of the baroreceptors simulates a blood pressure drop to 50--60 mmHg, resulting in a pronounced reflex increase in the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. Cutting the sinus nerves caused an increased level of immuno-reactive gastrin in the portal plasma, and this elevated gastrin concentration was virtually  extinguished by bilateral adrenalectomy. We conclude that the carotid baroreceptors can influence the gastrin release by a reflex adjustment of the release of adrenal catecholamines.", "PMID": 370967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1050", "title": "Parietal and chief cell sensitivity to pentagastrin stimulation before and after cimetidine treatment for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 0.10 and 6.0 microgram . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin was studied in ten duodenal ulcer patients before and after cessation of 6 weeks of cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day. Acid output in response to the low dose of pentagastrin was on average 63% of the response to the high dose before and on average 65% after treatment. The corresponding values for pepsin output were on average 88% both before and after treatment. Thus, the parietal and chief cell sensitivity stayed unchanged after cimetidine treatment. Mean maximal acid output decreased insignificantly, from 39.4 mmol/h before 34.9 mmol/h after cimetidine treatment. The results suggest an unchanged gastric acid and pepsin secretion capacity after short-term treatment with cimetidine for duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Parietal and chief cell sensitivity to pentagastrin stimulation before and after cimetidine treatment for duodenal ulcer. Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 0.10 and 6.0 microgram . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin was studied in ten duodenal ulcer patients before and after cessation of 6 weeks of cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day. Acid output in response to the low dose of pentagastrin was on average 63% of the response to the high dose before and on average 65% after treatment. The corresponding values for pepsin output were on average 88% both before and after treatment. Thus, the parietal and chief cell sensitivity stayed unchanged after cimetidine treatment. Mean maximal acid output decreased insignificantly, from 39.4 mmol/h before 34.9 mmol/h after cimetidine treatment. The results suggest an unchanged gastric acid and pepsin secretion capacity after short-term treatment with cimetidine for duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 370968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1051", "title": "Simple closure or definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In the period 1959--1971 a simple operative closure was the initial management of 112 patients with acute perforation of duodenal ulcers. At follow-up 6--18 years after perforation the relevance of the length of ulcer history prior to perforation in deciding upon 'definitive' emergency operation is evaluated. Using such a selection criterion, the rate of misinterpretation at the time of perforation is close on 50%, and half of these patients would be subjected to an apparently unnecessary operation. Furthermore, about 80% of the patients for whom simple closure was not sufficient treatment developed ulcer dyspepsia within the first year after the perforation. Therefore, simple suture of a duodenal perforation with careful clinical follow-up for at least 1 year is recommended.", "contents": "Simple closure or definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer. In the period 1959--1971 a simple operative closure was the initial management of 112 patients with acute perforation of duodenal ulcers. At follow-up 6--18 years after perforation the relevance of the length of ulcer history prior to perforation in deciding upon 'definitive' emergency operation is evaluated. Using such a selection criterion, the rate of misinterpretation at the time of perforation is close on 50%, and half of these patients would be subjected to an apparently unnecessary operation. Furthermore, about 80% of the patients for whom simple closure was not sufficient treatment developed ulcer dyspepsia within the first year after the perforation. Therefore, simple suture of a duodenal perforation with careful clinical follow-up for at least 1 year is recommended.", "PMID": 370969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1052", "title": "Evidence for predominant involvement of the B-cell system in the inflammatory process in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The cellular infiltrate in the walls of resected ileum and colon specimens obtained from patients with Crohn's disease was analysed. Mononuclear cells in tissue sections were characterized by the use of surface membrane markers and immuno-histochemical and enzyme histochemical techniques. It was found that: [1] B cells, as judged by the presence of surface membrane immunoglobulin and C3 receptors and the absence of alpha-naphthylacetate esterase and acid phosphatase activity, were the predominant type of cells in the intestinal infiltrate often found in close relation with smaller numbers of non-B cells; [2] all types of immunoglobulin-containing cells were increased in number with a shift in the ratio of IgA/IgG/IgM-containing cells in favour of the IgG- and IgM-containing cells; and [3] the histopathological reaction of the regional draining lymph nodes showed hyperplasia of B-cell areas (follicles and medulla) and small or absent T-cell areas (paracortex), consistent with a B-cell response. Our results indicate that the inflammatory process in the bowel wall in Crohn's disease mainly reflects stimulation of the B-cell system.", "contents": "Evidence for predominant involvement of the B-cell system in the inflammatory process in Crohn's disease. The cellular infiltrate in the walls of resected ileum and colon specimens obtained from patients with Crohn's disease was analysed. Mononuclear cells in tissue sections were characterized by the use of surface membrane markers and immuno-histochemical and enzyme histochemical techniques. It was found that: [1] B cells, as judged by the presence of surface membrane immunoglobulin and C3 receptors and the absence of alpha-naphthylacetate esterase and acid phosphatase activity, were the predominant type of cells in the intestinal infiltrate often found in close relation with smaller numbers of non-B cells; [2] all types of immunoglobulin-containing cells were increased in number with a shift in the ratio of IgA/IgG/IgM-containing cells in favour of the IgG- and IgM-containing cells; and [3] the histopathological reaction of the regional draining lymph nodes showed hyperplasia of B-cell areas (follicles and medulla) and small or absent T-cell areas (paracortex), consistent with a B-cell response. Our results indicate that the inflammatory process in the bowel wall in Crohn's disease mainly reflects stimulation of the B-cell system.", "PMID": 370970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1053", "title": "Sequential flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA-content in peripheral blood during treatment for acute leukaemia.", "content": "Sequential flow cytometric analysis (FCM) of relative nuclear DNA content per cell was done in peripheral blood of 12 patients during treatment for acute leukaemia. A marked increase of cells with S-phase DNA-content during the first hours of treatment was found in patients responding favorably to treatment. One patient with increase of 'S-phase cells' died before clinical improvement could be evaluated. However, lack of S-phase increase at one treatment cycle did not exclude a favorable response in the next. Two cases with probable aneuploid leukaemia showed gradual disappearance of abnormal cells during therapy. The value of FCM analysis of peripheral blood seems to be in predicting the response to treatment before clinical signs appear.", "contents": "Sequential flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA-content in peripheral blood during treatment for acute leukaemia. Sequential flow cytometric analysis (FCM) of relative nuclear DNA content per cell was done in peripheral blood of 12 patients during treatment for acute leukaemia. A marked increase of cells with S-phase DNA-content during the first hours of treatment was found in patients responding favorably to treatment. One patient with increase of 'S-phase cells' died before clinical improvement could be evaluated. However, lack of S-phase increase at one treatment cycle did not exclude a favorable response in the next. Two cases with probable aneuploid leukaemia showed gradual disappearance of abnormal cells during therapy. The value of FCM analysis of peripheral blood seems to be in predicting the response to treatment before clinical signs appear.", "PMID": 370971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1054", "title": "Antibody response in rabbits to Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "content": "The specificity of the immune response after immunization with Mycobacterium bovis BCG was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel in a BCG/anti-BCG system, in which the reaction against thirty distinct components of BCG was recorded. After a single injection of total sonicate of 3 mg (dry weight) bacilli, the antibody response was markedly similar in eight rabbits. Th earliest and strongest response was directed against nine components of BCG; all but one of these belonged to the group of thirteen components that cross-react extensively with other mycobacteria. After repeated immunization with sonicate from about 0.8 microgram of BCG bacilli, five components still induced a marked antibody response. All but one of these components are among the most widely cross-reacting BCG components, and the observations made after subsequent challenge with the higher dose of BCG indicate that low-zone tolerance was induced against other components of the bacilli. The implication of these findings concerning formation of anti-mycobacterial antibodies in normal individuals and during mycobacterial infection is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody response in rabbits to Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The specificity of the immune response after immunization with Mycobacterium bovis BCG was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel in a BCG/anti-BCG system, in which the reaction against thirty distinct components of BCG was recorded. After a single injection of total sonicate of 3 mg (dry weight) bacilli, the antibody response was markedly similar in eight rabbits. Th earliest and strongest response was directed against nine components of BCG; all but one of these belonged to the group of thirteen components that cross-react extensively with other mycobacteria. After repeated immunization with sonicate from about 0.8 microgram of BCG bacilli, five components still induced a marked antibody response. All but one of these components are among the most widely cross-reacting BCG components, and the observations made after subsequent challenge with the higher dose of BCG indicate that low-zone tolerance was induced against other components of the bacilli. The implication of these findings concerning formation of anti-mycobacterial antibodies in normal individuals and during mycobacterial infection is discussed.", "PMID": 370972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1055", "title": "[Indications for hemodialysis and kidney transplantation].", "content": "Results of dialysis treatment and kidney transplantation are discussed on the basis of data on survival, quality of life and cost. Influence of age, diabetes mellitus and hypertensive vascular disease on various type of treatment is outlined.", "contents": "[Indications for hemodialysis and kidney transplantation]. Results of dialysis treatment and kidney transplantation are discussed on the basis of data on survival, quality of life and cost. Influence of age, diabetes mellitus and hypertensive vascular disease on various type of treatment is outlined.", "PMID": 370973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1056", "title": "[Clinical study of the tolerance for 2 iodine containing contrast media for computerized tomography of the skull].", "content": "Clinical tolerance of two iodine contrast media (Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate and Na-ioxitalamate) was tested in 1,628 patients requiring enhancing during computed tomography. Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate was administered to 53.1% and the rest received Na-ioxitalamate. Infusion time was 4-6 min and the administered contrast quantity was 250 ml. Contrast medium injection was withheld from patients with known severe allergic disease, but in cases with known mild allergic reactions the contrast medium was given only after prophylactic administration of cortisone. Na-ioxitalamate was extremely well tolerated, causing only 0.11% (one patient) adverse effects, whereas in the case of Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate a total of 42 side reactions were observed in 2.87% (22) of the patients. These reactions chiefly consisted of nausea and vomiting, which disrupted the CT examination and may endanger patients because of possible lung aspiration. Good tolerance of ioxitalamate seems mainly due to the chemical configuration of the organic iodine compound and the sodium salt of the contrast medium. The slow infusion time of 4-6 min - which is desirable in CT examination - contributes further to the good tolerance of ioxitalamate when different infusion times for this contrast medium are compared. The differing amount of iodine in the two contrast media and their different toxicity for the blood-brain barrier did not influence their enhancing quality, nor did these two factors modify relevant aspects for the diagnosis of intracranial lesions.", "contents": "[Clinical study of the tolerance for 2 iodine containing contrast media for computerized tomography of the skull]. Clinical tolerance of two iodine contrast media (Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate and Na-ioxitalamate) was tested in 1,628 patients requiring enhancing during computed tomography. Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate was administered to 53.1% and the rest received Na-ioxitalamate. Infusion time was 4-6 min and the administered contrast quantity was 250 ml. Contrast medium injection was withheld from patients with known severe allergic disease, but in cases with known mild allergic reactions the contrast medium was given only after prophylactic administration of cortisone. Na-ioxitalamate was extremely well tolerated, causing only 0.11% (one patient) adverse effects, whereas in the case of Na-methylglucamine-diatrizoate a total of 42 side reactions were observed in 2.87% (22) of the patients. These reactions chiefly consisted of nausea and vomiting, which disrupted the CT examination and may endanger patients because of possible lung aspiration. Good tolerance of ioxitalamate seems mainly due to the chemical configuration of the organic iodine compound and the sodium salt of the contrast medium. The slow infusion time of 4-6 min - which is desirable in CT examination - contributes further to the good tolerance of ioxitalamate when different infusion times for this contrast medium are compared. The differing amount of iodine in the two contrast media and their different toxicity for the blood-brain barrier did not influence their enhancing quality, nor did these two factors modify relevant aspects for the diagnosis of intracranial lesions.", "PMID": 370976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1057", "title": "[Complications of nephrotic syndrome with special reference to thromboembolic accidents].", "content": "The nephrotic syndrome may be associated with several complications caused by severe proteinuria. The consequences of severe renal protein loss are disturbances of water and electrolyte metabolism, thromboses and thromboembolic complications, hyperlipidemia with accelerated atherosclerosis and, finally, some other complications due to the decreased oncotic pressure and the renal loss of transport globulins and immunoglobulins. Diagnosis and treatment of these complications are important in the management of patients with nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, the frequency and localization of thromboses and thromboembolic complications in 11 patients with nephrotic syndrome are described. In addition, factors which are known to be responsible for the hypercoagulable state in nephrotic syndrome were evaluated and correlated to the thromboembolic complications in these patients. An important finding was that in all patients with thromboses and thromboembolic complications, the serum albumin concentrations were below 2 g/100 ml, whereas, with one exception, serum albumin levels were above 2 g/100 ml in cases without thromboembolic complications. Our results indicate that serum albumin levels may be used as an indirect parameter to assess the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Complications of nephrotic syndrome with special reference to thromboembolic accidents]. The nephrotic syndrome may be associated with several complications caused by severe proteinuria. The consequences of severe renal protein loss are disturbances of water and electrolyte metabolism, thromboses and thromboembolic complications, hyperlipidemia with accelerated atherosclerosis and, finally, some other complications due to the decreased oncotic pressure and the renal loss of transport globulins and immunoglobulins. Diagnosis and treatment of these complications are important in the management of patients with nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, the frequency and localization of thromboses and thromboembolic complications in 11 patients with nephrotic syndrome are described. In addition, factors which are known to be responsible for the hypercoagulable state in nephrotic syndrome were evaluated and correlated to the thromboembolic complications in these patients. An important finding was that in all patients with thromboses and thromboembolic complications, the serum albumin concentrations were below 2 g/100 ml, whereas, with one exception, serum albumin levels were above 2 g/100 ml in cases without thromboembolic complications. Our results indicate that serum albumin levels may be used as an indirect parameter to assess the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 370977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1058", "title": "Binding of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to DNA: evidence for unwinding and shortening of the double helix.", "content": "The antitumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) and the inactive trans isomer bind and produce cooperative changes in closed and nicked circular duplex DNA's. Covalent binding of both platinum complexes to the closed circular DNA alters the degree of supercoiling, presumably by disrupting and unwinding the double helix. Electron micrographs show the platinated DNA's to be shortened by up to 50 percent of their original length. At similar ratios of bound platinum per nucleotide, the electrophoretic mobilities of the DNA's in gels containing the dye ethidium bromide are the same for both isomers. The only detectable difference in the binding of the two platinum isomers is an increase in the electrophoretic mobility in nondye gels of closed circular DNA having small amounts of bound cis-DDP that is not apparent for the trans complex.", "contents": "Binding of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to DNA: evidence for unwinding and shortening of the double helix. The antitumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) and the inactive trans isomer bind and produce cooperative changes in closed and nicked circular duplex DNA's. Covalent binding of both platinum complexes to the closed circular DNA alters the degree of supercoiling, presumably by disrupting and unwinding the double helix. Electron micrographs show the platinated DNA's to be shortened by up to 50 percent of their original length. At similar ratios of bound platinum per nucleotide, the electrophoretic mobilities of the DNA's in gels containing the dye ethidium bromide are the same for both isomers. The only detectable difference in the binding of the two platinum isomers is an increase in the electrophoretic mobility in nondye gels of closed circular DNA having small amounts of bound cis-DDP that is not apparent for the trans complex.", "PMID": 370979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1059", "title": "Amniotic fluid antibacterial mechanisms: newer concepts.", "content": "In this review the factors present in human amniotic fluid that may function to inhibit bacterial growth have been examined. It appears that several potential antibacterial systems are present. Lysozyme and B-lysin may significantly contribute to the killing of gram-positive bacteria. Whether or not the remaining antibacterial systems function to inhibit gram-positive organisms remains to be determined. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor recently described in our laboratory may represent the primary defense mechanism against gram-negative bacteria in amniotic fluid. Studies are warranted to ascertain whether this antibacterial system also inhibits gram-positive bacteria. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is quite different from other bacterial inhibitors in at least three respects. The system is very sensitive to the ubiquitous phosphate anion. The reason for this sensitivity is unknown and is difficult to explain phylogenetically, since phosphates are present virtually everywhere. To our knowledge this is the first antibacterial system of human origin which has been shown to require a metal cation as an integral part of the bactericidal effect. The peptide component of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is also unique in that it is of the molecular size of antibiotics or hormones. Additionally, the peptide does not appear to contain any unusual amino acids to explain its antibacterial activity. The mechanism of bacterial destruction of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor, and its relation to the other antibacterial systems in amniotic fluid, remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid antibacterial mechanisms: newer concepts. In this review the factors present in human amniotic fluid that may function to inhibit bacterial growth have been examined. It appears that several potential antibacterial systems are present. Lysozyme and B-lysin may significantly contribute to the killing of gram-positive bacteria. Whether or not the remaining antibacterial systems function to inhibit gram-positive organisms remains to be determined. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor recently described in our laboratory may represent the primary defense mechanism against gram-negative bacteria in amniotic fluid. Studies are warranted to ascertain whether this antibacterial system also inhibits gram-positive bacteria. The phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is quite different from other bacterial inhibitors in at least three respects. The system is very sensitive to the ubiquitous phosphate anion. The reason for this sensitivity is unknown and is difficult to explain phylogenetically, since phosphates are present virtually everywhere. To our knowledge this is the first antibacterial system of human origin which has been shown to require a metal cation as an integral part of the bactericidal effect. The peptide component of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor is also unique in that it is of the molecular size of antibiotics or hormones. Additionally, the peptide does not appear to contain any unusual amino acids to explain its antibacterial activity. The mechanism of bacterial destruction of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor, and its relation to the other antibacterial systems in amniotic fluid, remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 370990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1060", "title": "On the mechanism of sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "Sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis is beginning to be understood at the molecular level. At the receptor end, we have some considerable knowledge about the molecular properties of chemoreceptors. At the effector end, we know that flagella rotate and that the direction of rotation is determined by attractants and repellents, although we do not yet know the molecular features of the motor and the gear shift. Between the receptors and the effectors is a system for integrating the sensory transduction, which somewhow involves methylation of membrane proteins and possibly a change in membrane potential, but further details of how the mechanism works remain to be elucidated. It seems to us likely that the facts and concepts learned from a study of sensory transduction in bacteria can be applied to answering questions about transduction mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Examples include the following: How do sensory stimuli produce their effects in sensory receptor cells? How do neurotransmitters act at receptors of postsynaptic cells to produce the variety of effects possible (changes in membrane potential, in secretion, in contraction, etc.)? How do hormones interact with their receptors to bring about various responses?", "contents": "On the mechanism of sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis. Sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis is beginning to be understood at the molecular level. At the receptor end, we have some considerable knowledge about the molecular properties of chemoreceptors. At the effector end, we know that flagella rotate and that the direction of rotation is determined by attractants and repellents, although we do not yet know the molecular features of the motor and the gear shift. Between the receptors and the effectors is a system for integrating the sensory transduction, which somewhow involves methylation of membrane proteins and possibly a change in membrane potential, but further details of how the mechanism works remain to be elucidated. It seems to us likely that the facts and concepts learned from a study of sensory transduction in bacteria can be applied to answering questions about transduction mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Examples include the following: How do sensory stimuli produce their effects in sensory receptor cells? How do neurotransmitters act at receptors of postsynaptic cells to produce the variety of effects possible (changes in membrane potential, in secretion, in contraction, etc.)? How do hormones interact with their receptors to bring about various responses?", "PMID": 370997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1061", "title": "Septicemia in children with cancer.", "content": "Because of the persistently high mortality from sepsis in cancer patients, a retrospective study was designed to identify the causative organisms and to determine the factors affecting the outcome of sepsis. A total of 84 episodes of septicemia in 61 children with cancer were studied. The more frequently isolated organisms were: Staphylococcus aureus (21.4%); Escherichia coli (18%); Klebsiella (7.1%); Pseudomonas (6%); and Bacteroides fragilis (6%). Other isolates included Proteus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, hemolytic Streptococcus, and Bacillus cereus. In 10.7% of septic episodes, mixed bacterial infections were documented. Twenty-four (28.6%) resulted in death; in 13 (54%) death occurred within 24 hours after admission. The fatality rate was high in cases associated with absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts of less than 100/cu mm, in neoplastic relapse, and when infection with gram-negative, anaerobic and mixed bacterial flora occurred.", "contents": "Septicemia in children with cancer. Because of the persistently high mortality from sepsis in cancer patients, a retrospective study was designed to identify the causative organisms and to determine the factors affecting the outcome of sepsis. A total of 84 episodes of septicemia in 61 children with cancer were studied. The more frequently isolated organisms were: Staphylococcus aureus (21.4%); Escherichia coli (18%); Klebsiella (7.1%); Pseudomonas (6%); and Bacteroides fragilis (6%). Other isolates included Proteus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, hemolytic Streptococcus, and Bacillus cereus. In 10.7% of septic episodes, mixed bacterial infections were documented. Twenty-four (28.6%) resulted in death; in 13 (54%) death occurred within 24 hours after admission. The fatality rate was high in cases associated with absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts of less than 100/cu mm, in neoplastic relapse, and when infection with gram-negative, anaerobic and mixed bacterial flora occurred.", "PMID": 371000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1062", "title": "Tungiasis in Tennessee.", "content": "Tungiasis, an infestation by a burrowing flea, may cause multiple, painful lesions which, if they become secondarily infected, may eventuate in death. With increasing air travel to tropical areas, American physicians should recognize the lesion of this intracutaneous parasite. The fully developed lesion resembles an abscess with a black center. An infestation diagnosed in Memphis, Tennessee, is reported in a businessman who had returned from Brazil. Treatment consists of excision of the gravid female flea and careful cleaning of the cystic cavity. Healing is usually complete without sequelae. In an early infestation, the smaller gravid female, like a splinter, can be removed with a sterile needle. Tetanus prophylaxis may be indicated, depending on the wound and its location.", "contents": "Tungiasis in Tennessee. Tungiasis, an infestation by a burrowing flea, may cause multiple, painful lesions which, if they become secondarily infected, may eventuate in death. With increasing air travel to tropical areas, American physicians should recognize the lesion of this intracutaneous parasite. The fully developed lesion resembles an abscess with a black center. An infestation diagnosed in Memphis, Tennessee, is reported in a businessman who had returned from Brazil. Treatment consists of excision of the gravid female flea and careful cleaning of the cystic cavity. Healing is usually complete without sequelae. In an early infestation, the smaller gravid female, like a splinter, can be removed with a sterile needle. Tetanus prophylaxis may be indicated, depending on the wound and its location.", "PMID": 371001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1063", "title": "Behavior modification and haloperidol in chronic facial pain.", "content": "Neuralgiform pain and migrainous pain, both of which are amenable to drug therapy, comprise a relatively small percentage of the group of patients with facial pain who come to the practitioner's office. The largest group of facial pain patients are those with myofascial connective tissue disorders. A second group includes patients with neuropathic pain due to trauma such as oral surgery. A third group is made up of those without any identifiable focus of pain in the extracranial tissue. In these three nonneuralgiform and nonmigrainous groups, it is thought that personality factors affecting psychophysiologic mechanisms are of great importance. These patients are generally difficult to treat. A variety of modalities of therapy, such as behavior modification, hypnosis, and biofeedback, has been reported as helpful in some of these patients. In this report we focus on 12 subjects who failed with all these forms of therapy. We found that they responded to relaxation therapy (after Jacobson) along with haloperidol. We describe further characteristics of these patients and details of our method of treatment.", "contents": "Behavior modification and haloperidol in chronic facial pain. Neuralgiform pain and migrainous pain, both of which are amenable to drug therapy, comprise a relatively small percentage of the group of patients with facial pain who come to the practitioner's office. The largest group of facial pain patients are those with myofascial connective tissue disorders. A second group includes patients with neuropathic pain due to trauma such as oral surgery. A third group is made up of those without any identifiable focus of pain in the extracranial tissue. In these three nonneuralgiform and nonmigrainous groups, it is thought that personality factors affecting psychophysiologic mechanisms are of great importance. These patients are generally difficult to treat. A variety of modalities of therapy, such as behavior modification, hypnosis, and biofeedback, has been reported as helpful in some of these patients. In this report we focus on 12 subjects who failed with all these forms of therapy. We found that they responded to relaxation therapy (after Jacobson) along with haloperidol. We describe further characteristics of these patients and details of our method of treatment.", "PMID": 371002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1064", "title": "Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader.", "content": "Embolization of cholesterol crystals from ulcerated atheromatous lesions can produce distinct syndromes that mimic more common disease processes. Cholesterol emboli can present as renal failure, hypertension, spells of numbness, abdominal pain, and myocardial infarction, or as a multisystem disease that closely approximates the presentation, clinical course, and even biopsy picture of polymyositis or periarteritis nodosa. A review of this problem with particular attention to the clinical presentations should help in the early diagnosis and treatment of cholesterol emboli and avoid unnecessary and inappropriate therapies.", "contents": "Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader. Embolization of cholesterol crystals from ulcerated atheromatous lesions can produce distinct syndromes that mimic more common disease processes. Cholesterol emboli can present as renal failure, hypertension, spells of numbness, abdominal pain, and myocardial infarction, or as a multisystem disease that closely approximates the presentation, clinical course, and even biopsy picture of polymyositis or periarteritis nodosa. A review of this problem with particular attention to the clinical presentations should help in the early diagnosis and treatment of cholesterol emboli and avoid unnecessary and inappropriate therapies.", "PMID": 371003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1065", "title": "Grand rounds: Nashville VA Hospital--Vanderbilt University. Saturday conference: renal disease in the juvenile diabetic.", "content": "Renal disease, particularly glomerulosclerosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Signaled by the onset of proteinuria after 15 or more years of insulin therapy, progressive renal insufficiency due to glomerulosclerosis terminates in uremia within five years. Although some patients have benefited from chronic dialysis programs, the outcome in uremic diabetics has been considerably better if successful renal transplantation can be accomplished. Extrarenal complications of diabetes mellitus and recurrence of diabetic lesions in transplanted kidneys have hampered the recovery and rehabilitation of transplant recipients. Other renal diseases encountered in juvenile diabetics are reviewed.", "contents": "Grand rounds: Nashville VA Hospital--Vanderbilt University. Saturday conference: renal disease in the juvenile diabetic. Renal disease, particularly glomerulosclerosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Signaled by the onset of proteinuria after 15 or more years of insulin therapy, progressive renal insufficiency due to glomerulosclerosis terminates in uremia within five years. Although some patients have benefited from chronic dialysis programs, the outcome in uremic diabetics has been considerably better if successful renal transplantation can be accomplished. Extrarenal complications of diabetes mellitus and recurrence of diabetic lesions in transplanted kidneys have hampered the recovery and rehabilitation of transplant recipients. Other renal diseases encountered in juvenile diabetics are reviewed.", "PMID": 371005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1066", "title": "Patterns of infection in untreated acute leukemia: impact of initial hospitalization.", "content": "Several previous authors have examined the association between infection and acute leukemia, especially at the time of death, but none has assessed this problem at the time of diagnosis and initial hospitalization. We have undertaken a retrospective review of cases of acute leukemia diagnosed at the affiliated hospitals of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Results suggest that bacteriologic findings in this population initially resemble those in the general outpatient population. Gram-negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, appear as important pathogens after the first week of hospitalization. A statistically significant association with prolonged granulocytopenia and use of antibiotics develops during this course. As a consequence of these data, we recommend careful culture and clinical delineation of the early infection, choosing the narrowest spectrum of antibiotic coverage appropriate to the infection present as data evolve.", "contents": "Patterns of infection in untreated acute leukemia: impact of initial hospitalization. Several previous authors have examined the association between infection and acute leukemia, especially at the time of death, but none has assessed this problem at the time of diagnosis and initial hospitalization. We have undertaken a retrospective review of cases of acute leukemia diagnosed at the affiliated hospitals of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Results suggest that bacteriologic findings in this population initially resemble those in the general outpatient population. Gram-negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, appear as important pathogens after the first week of hospitalization. A statistically significant association with prolonged granulocytopenia and use of antibiotics develops during this course. As a consequence of these data, we recommend careful culture and clinical delineation of the early infection, choosing the narrowest spectrum of antibiotic coverage appropriate to the infection present as data evolve.", "PMID": 371009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1067", "title": "Transurethral passage of Aspergillus fungus balls in acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute myelocytic leukemia who had a chronic febrile illness during the induction of remission of leukemia developed asymptomatic discrete pulmonary infiltrates which rapidly evolved into cavities containing homogeneous opacities. Over the next five weeks, the cavities resolved without specific treatment. The patient subsequently passed large fungus balls in the urine, and the diagnosis of disseminated aspergillosis was made. A course of intravenous amphotericin B therapy was completed without complications. This case demonstrates the importance of culturing urine specifically for fungal organisms in the immunosuppressed host.", "contents": "Transurethral passage of Aspergillus fungus balls in acute myelocytic leukemia. A patient with acute myelocytic leukemia who had a chronic febrile illness during the induction of remission of leukemia developed asymptomatic discrete pulmonary infiltrates which rapidly evolved into cavities containing homogeneous opacities. Over the next five weeks, the cavities resolved without specific treatment. The patient subsequently passed large fungus balls in the urine, and the diagnosis of disseminated aspergillosis was made. A course of intravenous amphotericin B therapy was completed without complications. This case demonstrates the importance of culturing urine specifically for fungal organisms in the immunosuppressed host.", "PMID": 371013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1068", "title": "Metastatic lymphoma in the ureter complicated by bacteremia and fungemia.", "content": "A 64-year-old woman presented with retroperitoneal lymphoma metastatic to the left ureter. Lymphoma was not diagnosed and her clinical course was not fully explained until after surgery. The lack of superficial lymphoma delayed diagnosis and therefore prevented effective treatment. Her situation became unmanageable when it was complicated by bacteremia (E coli) and fungemia (Candida albicans).", "contents": "Metastatic lymphoma in the ureter complicated by bacteremia and fungemia. A 64-year-old woman presented with retroperitoneal lymphoma metastatic to the left ureter. Lymphoma was not diagnosed and her clinical course was not fully explained until after surgery. The lack of superficial lymphoma delayed diagnosis and therefore prevented effective treatment. Her situation became unmanageable when it was complicated by bacteremia (E coli) and fungemia (Candida albicans).", "PMID": 371014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1069", "title": "Status and prospects of genetic disease.", "content": "The current status of our knowledge of genetic diseases is reviewed. The incidence of monogenic, multifactorial and chromosomal disorders, according to the literature to date, is given, and the possibilities of mass screening programmes are discussed. The prospects for antenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases are reviewed, with emphasis on the indications for amniocentesis and the safety of the procedure. Finally, speculations are made regarding the possible effects of medical and social practices on the frequency of genetic disorders in future generations.", "contents": "Status and prospects of genetic disease. The current status of our knowledge of genetic diseases is reviewed. The incidence of monogenic, multifactorial and chromosomal disorders, according to the literature to date, is given, and the possibilities of mass screening programmes are discussed. The prospects for antenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases are reviewed, with emphasis on the indications for amniocentesis and the safety of the procedure. Finally, speculations are made regarding the possible effects of medical and social practices on the frequency of genetic disorders in future generations.", "PMID": 371020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1070", "title": "Oxprenolol slow-release with cyclopenthiazide-KCl compared with methyldopa in the treatment of essential hypertension. A multicentre general practice trial.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with essential hypertension from 39 general practice centres were treated in a double-blind trial with either oxprenolol 160 mg in a slow-release (SR) formulation with cyclopenthiazide 0,25 mg and potassium chloride 600 mg given once daily, or methyldopa 250 mg 3 times daily. After a 2-week placebo washout period, each patient was treated for 10 weeks. Both treatments significantly reduced blood pressure. Oxprenolol SR plus cyclopenthiazide-KCl was shown to possess significantly superior antihypertensive activity to methyldopa. Pulse rate, as expected, was significantly decreased by the beta-blocker and virtually unaffected by methyldopa. The overall incidence of side-effects was low. The incidence of sleepiness and dry mouth was significantly higher in the methyldopa group, and erythema in the oxprenolol group. The principle of general practitioners conducting multi-centre double-blind trials for research purposes, on drugs which are predominantly given to ambulatory patients, has been established for the first time in South Africa. Virtually no difficulty was encountered in getting patients' consent in the general practice milieu.", "contents": "Oxprenolol slow-release with cyclopenthiazide-KCl compared with methyldopa in the treatment of essential hypertension. A multicentre general practice trial. Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with essential hypertension from 39 general practice centres were treated in a double-blind trial with either oxprenolol 160 mg in a slow-release (SR) formulation with cyclopenthiazide 0,25 mg and potassium chloride 600 mg given once daily, or methyldopa 250 mg 3 times daily. After a 2-week placebo washout period, each patient was treated for 10 weeks. Both treatments significantly reduced blood pressure. Oxprenolol SR plus cyclopenthiazide-KCl was shown to possess significantly superior antihypertensive activity to methyldopa. Pulse rate, as expected, was significantly decreased by the beta-blocker and virtually unaffected by methyldopa. The overall incidence of side-effects was low. The incidence of sleepiness and dry mouth was significantly higher in the methyldopa group, and erythema in the oxprenolol group. The principle of general practitioners conducting multi-centre double-blind trials for research purposes, on drugs which are predominantly given to ambulatory patients, has been established for the first time in South Africa. Virtually no difficulty was encountered in getting patients' consent in the general practice milieu.", "PMID": 371021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1071", "title": "The effects of canthaxanthin on the photocutaneous manifestations of porphyria.", "content": "An open trial with canthaxanthin, a photoprotective agent, was carried out on 7 patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EHP), 5 patients with variegate porphyria (VP), and 2 patients with symptomatic porphyria (SP). In 4 of the 7 patients with EHP, sun tolerance was significantly but only moderately increased. In 2 children sun tolerance was greatly increased. Only 2 of the 5 patients with VP and 1 of the 2 patients with SP showed any improvement.", "contents": "The effects of canthaxanthin on the photocutaneous manifestations of porphyria. An open trial with canthaxanthin, a photoprotective agent, was carried out on 7 patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EHP), 5 patients with variegate porphyria (VP), and 2 patients with symptomatic porphyria (SP). In 4 of the 7 patients with EHP, sun tolerance was significantly but only moderately increased. In 2 children sun tolerance was greatly increased. Only 2 of the 5 patients with VP and 1 of the 2 patients with SP showed any improvement.", "PMID": 371027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1072", "title": "The anti-arrhythmic efficacy of perhexiline maleate, disopyramide and mexiletine in ventricular ectopic activity.", "content": "The anti-arrhythmic efficacy of perhexiline maleate, disopyramide and mexiletine has been evaluated in 27 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease who exhibited frequent ventricular ectopic beats (i.e. greater than or equal to 8/h). Holter tape recordings were made during normal working hours before, during and after the sequential administration of the three drugs. Each drug was administered to each patient for a 2-month period. The drug had to be discontinued in 4 cases because of side-effects. A significant reduction (P less than 0,001) in ectopic beat frequency occurred with all three drugs. No significant difference in anti-arrhythmic potency could be demonstrated between the drugs.", "contents": "The anti-arrhythmic efficacy of perhexiline maleate, disopyramide and mexiletine in ventricular ectopic activity. The anti-arrhythmic efficacy of perhexiline maleate, disopyramide and mexiletine has been evaluated in 27 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease who exhibited frequent ventricular ectopic beats (i.e. greater than or equal to 8/h). Holter tape recordings were made during normal working hours before, during and after the sequential administration of the three drugs. Each drug was administered to each patient for a 2-month period. The drug had to be discontinued in 4 cases because of side-effects. A significant reduction (P less than 0,001) in ectopic beat frequency occurred with all three drugs. No significant difference in anti-arrhythmic potency could be demonstrated between the drugs.", "PMID": 371028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1073", "title": "Long-term treatment with cimetidine.", "content": "Forty-seven patients were treated in a double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of 400 mg cimetidine, an H2- receptor antagonist (Tagamet; SKF), twice a day in the prevention of recurrent duodenal ulcers. A total of 7 patients was not considered in the final evaluation; 6 patients withdrew, while 1 patient did not maintain the prescribed treatment. Of the remaining 40 patients, 26 took cimetidine and 14 placebo. Ulcers recurred in all placebo patients within a year. Of the cimetidine patients, 2 had recurrent ulcers within a year, while 3 more had other endoscopic abnormalities at the termination of treatment. The remaining 21 patients (80,8%) had no abnormalities which could be endoscopically observed at the end of a year. It may be concluded that a maintenance dose of cimetidine significantly reduces the risk of recurrence of a duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with cimetidine. Forty-seven patients were treated in a double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of 400 mg cimetidine, an H2- receptor antagonist (Tagamet; SKF), twice a day in the prevention of recurrent duodenal ulcers. A total of 7 patients was not considered in the final evaluation; 6 patients withdrew, while 1 patient did not maintain the prescribed treatment. Of the remaining 40 patients, 26 took cimetidine and 14 placebo. Ulcers recurred in all placebo patients within a year. Of the cimetidine patients, 2 had recurrent ulcers within a year, while 3 more had other endoscopic abnormalities at the termination of treatment. The remaining 21 patients (80,8%) had no abnormalities which could be endoscopically observed at the end of a year. It may be concluded that a maintenance dose of cimetidine significantly reduces the risk of recurrence of a duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 371030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1074", "title": "The effects of hepatitis A and B in pregnancy on mother and fetus.", "content": "A woman who developed hepatitis B during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy gave birth to a preterm, small-for-gestational-age infant whose blood also contained hepatitis B antigen. The effects of viral hepatitis on the fetus are reviewed and an approach to the management of such pregnancies is formulated.", "contents": "The effects of hepatitis A and B in pregnancy on mother and fetus. A woman who developed hepatitis B during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy gave birth to a preterm, small-for-gestational-age infant whose blood also contained hepatitis B antigen. The effects of viral hepatitis on the fetus are reviewed and an approach to the management of such pregnancies is formulated.", "PMID": 371031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1075", "title": "Effects of prenatal fenoterol, phenobarbitone and dexamethasone administration on the total phospholipid content of amniotic fluid.", "content": "The effect of prenatally administered phenobarbitone, fenoterol (a beta-sympathomimetic drug) and dexamethasone on fetal pulmonary maturity, as measured by the total phospholipid (TPL) content of amniotic fluid, was assessed. Compared with control values, there was a significantly greater rise after fenoterol (P less than 0,01) and dexamethasone (P less than 0,01), but not after phenobarbitone administration. The ability of dexamethasone to convert the TPL value to mature levels (greater than or equal 2,0 microgram/ml) was significantly greater than that of fenoterol (P less than 0,05).", "contents": "Effects of prenatal fenoterol, phenobarbitone and dexamethasone administration on the total phospholipid content of amniotic fluid. The effect of prenatally administered phenobarbitone, fenoterol (a beta-sympathomimetic drug) and dexamethasone on fetal pulmonary maturity, as measured by the total phospholipid (TPL) content of amniotic fluid, was assessed. Compared with control values, there was a significantly greater rise after fenoterol (P less than 0,01) and dexamethasone (P less than 0,01), but not after phenobarbitone administration. The ability of dexamethasone to convert the TPL value to mature levels (greater than or equal 2,0 microgram/ml) was significantly greater than that of fenoterol (P less than 0,05).", "PMID": 371032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1076", "title": "Fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy, whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for refractory acute leukaemia.", "content": "Rapid onset of liver failure with fatal outcome occurred in a young woman after successful bone marrow transplantation undertaken for refractory acute leukaemia. Centrilobular necrosis was demonstrated at autopsy and was attributed to prior cytotoxic chemotherapy, possibly potentiated by the total-body irradiation that was used in preparation for the transplant. This association between liver damage and prolonged drug therapy, coupled with the short median survival currently achieved within these chemotherapy regimens, has initiated an evaluation of bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukaemia during the first complete remission, rather than at a later stage when cumulative drug toxicity to the liver may have taken place.", "contents": "Fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy, whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for refractory acute leukaemia. Rapid onset of liver failure with fatal outcome occurred in a young woman after successful bone marrow transplantation undertaken for refractory acute leukaemia. Centrilobular necrosis was demonstrated at autopsy and was attributed to prior cytotoxic chemotherapy, possibly potentiated by the total-body irradiation that was used in preparation for the transplant. This association between liver damage and prolonged drug therapy, coupled with the short median survival currently achieved within these chemotherapy regimens, has initiated an evaluation of bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukaemia during the first complete remission, rather than at a later stage when cumulative drug toxicity to the liver may have taken place.", "PMID": 371033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1077", "title": "Bicitropeptide, antacid and placebo in gastric and duodenal ulceration. A two-centre, double-blind, comparative endoscopic study.", "content": "A bismuth-peptide complex (BCP Compound), an antacid (Maalox) and corresponding placebos were studied in a 6-week comparative double-blind trial of treatment in 106 randomized ambulant patients with endoscopically proven duodenal and gastric ulcers. Patients were examined after 1, 3 and 6 weeks' treatment and results assessed separately for duodenal and gastric ulcers on endoscopic evidence at weeks 3 and 6 respectively. Bicitropeptide was significantly better than antacid and placebo at 3 and 6 weeks for treatment of both duodenal and gastric ulcers. In the bicitropeptide group 100% of the patients in the duodenal ulcer group and 95,2% in the gastric ulcer group responded to treatment (improved or healed). No haematological or biochemical changes were noted and no adverse effects were recorded.", "contents": "Bicitropeptide, antacid and placebo in gastric and duodenal ulceration. A two-centre, double-blind, comparative endoscopic study. A bismuth-peptide complex (BCP Compound), an antacid (Maalox) and corresponding placebos were studied in a 6-week comparative double-blind trial of treatment in 106 randomized ambulant patients with endoscopically proven duodenal and gastric ulcers. Patients were examined after 1, 3 and 6 weeks' treatment and results assessed separately for duodenal and gastric ulcers on endoscopic evidence at weeks 3 and 6 respectively. Bicitropeptide was significantly better than antacid and placebo at 3 and 6 weeks for treatment of both duodenal and gastric ulcers. In the bicitropeptide group 100% of the patients in the duodenal ulcer group and 95,2% in the gastric ulcer group responded to treatment (improved or healed). No haematological or biochemical changes were noted and no adverse effects were recorded.", "PMID": 371034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1078", "title": "Pituitary tumours in pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "A case report is presented of acromegaly occurring during pregnancy. The problems arising in association with pituitary tumours in pregnancy are discussed and current views on management are outlined.", "contents": "Pituitary tumours in pregnancy. A case report. A case report is presented of acromegaly occurring during pregnancy. The problems arising in association with pituitary tumours in pregnancy are discussed and current views on management are outlined.", "PMID": 371035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1079", "title": "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of guanabenz versus clonidine.", "content": "The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of guanabenz were evaluated against clonidine in two groups of 18 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Both compounds reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the doses used, whether pressures were measured in the supine or standing positions. Side-effects, such as dry mouth and drowsiness, were similar in both groups of patients. No postural hypotension occurred.", "contents": "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of guanabenz versus clonidine. The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of guanabenz were evaluated against clonidine in two groups of 18 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Both compounds reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the doses used, whether pressures were measured in the supine or standing positions. Side-effects, such as dry mouth and drowsiness, were similar in both groups of patients. No postural hypotension occurred.", "PMID": 371036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1080", "title": "Measles and the state of nutrition.", "content": "The severity of an attack of measles is largely determined by the underlying state of nutrition at the time of the attack. Evidence is presented which suggests that, conversely, measles may be responsible for the precipitation of malnutrition in undernourished children, by a combination of several different mechanisms.", "contents": "Measles and the state of nutrition. The severity of an attack of measles is largely determined by the underlying state of nutrition at the time of the attack. Evidence is presented which suggests that, conversely, measles may be responsible for the precipitation of malnutrition in undernourished children, by a combination of several different mechanisms.", "PMID": 371037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1081", "title": "Group B streptococci in blacks.", "content": "Vaginal swabs were taken from 60 Black women attending a family planning clinic and from 60 attending a special clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Using selective media, the isolation rate for group B streptococci was 26,7% in the former group and 40,0% in the latter. The isolation rates of other streptococcal serogroups are also given. All group B streptococci isolated were uniformly sensitive to penicillin but resistant to gentamicin. Clinical details of 7 patients with group B streptococcal septicaemia are also given.", "contents": "Group B streptococci in blacks. Vaginal swabs were taken from 60 Black women attending a family planning clinic and from 60 attending a special clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Using selective media, the isolation rate for group B streptococci was 26,7% in the former group and 40,0% in the latter. The isolation rates of other streptococcal serogroups are also given. All group B streptococci isolated were uniformly sensitive to penicillin but resistant to gentamicin. Clinical details of 7 patients with group B streptococcal septicaemia are also given.", "PMID": 371039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1082", "title": "Stereotaxic pontine spinothalamic tractotomy.", "content": "Radiofrequency lesions of the spinothalamic tract in the pons have been made in five patients with pain from malignant disease. In all cases relief from pain in the upper limbs and neck was obtained. No important dysesthesias were reported postoperatively. Findings on stimulation in the target and elsewhere in the pons are described. In one case the lesion was verified on postmortem examination.", "contents": "Stereotaxic pontine spinothalamic tractotomy. Radiofrequency lesions of the spinothalamic tract in the pons have been made in five patients with pain from malignant disease. In all cases relief from pain in the upper limbs and neck was obtained. No important dysesthesias were reported postoperatively. Findings on stimulation in the target and elsewhere in the pons are described. In one case the lesion was verified on postmortem examination.", "PMID": 371044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1083", "title": "Reduction of postoperative infection in elective colon surgery with preoperative administration of kanamycin and erythromycin.", "content": "The results of a randomized prospective preoperative antibiotic study in colon surgery is presented. Antibiotics were given by mouth for 2 days prior to operation: kanamycin (1 gm four times a day) and erythromycin (750 mg three times a day). Kanamycin combined with erythromycin significantly reduced wound infection as compared to kanamycin with a placebo (three of 38 vs. 16 of 39, P less than 0.001). Thus oral aminoglycoside given alone appears to be inadequate to offer protection against postoperative infection in elective colon surgery.", "contents": "Reduction of postoperative infection in elective colon surgery with preoperative administration of kanamycin and erythromycin. The results of a randomized prospective preoperative antibiotic study in colon surgery is presented. Antibiotics were given by mouth for 2 days prior to operation: kanamycin (1 gm four times a day) and erythromycin (750 mg three times a day). Kanamycin combined with erythromycin significantly reduced wound infection as compared to kanamycin with a placebo (three of 38 vs. 16 of 39, P less than 0.001). Thus oral aminoglycoside given alone appears to be inadequate to offer protection against postoperative infection in elective colon surgery.", "PMID": 371048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1084", "title": "Aerosol salbutamol administration by IPPB: lowest effective dose.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine whether small doses of salbutamol solution, aerosolised and delivered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB), would be as effective as the 5 to 10 mg dose usually recommended for inhalational use. In nine asthmatic subjects we found that there was no significant difference between the peak bronchodilator effect of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg of salbutamol solution as assessed by FEV1 (P greater than 0.05). The 5 mg dose of salbutamol solution caused a significantly longer duration of effect than the 1.0 mg and smaller doses of salbutamol, but it also caused four of the nine subjects to complain of unwanted effects. In addition, a radiotracer technique in four normal subjects showed that an inverse relationship exists between the amount of aerosol deposited in the lungs and the tidal folume of IPPB. The maximum dose deposited in the lungs was about 10% of that initially present in the nebuliser.", "contents": "Aerosol salbutamol administration by IPPB: lowest effective dose. This study was conducted to determine whether small doses of salbutamol solution, aerosolised and delivered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB), would be as effective as the 5 to 10 mg dose usually recommended for inhalational use. In nine asthmatic subjects we found that there was no significant difference between the peak bronchodilator effect of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg of salbutamol solution as assessed by FEV1 (P greater than 0.05). The 5 mg dose of salbutamol solution caused a significantly longer duration of effect than the 1.0 mg and smaller doses of salbutamol, but it also caused four of the nine subjects to complain of unwanted effects. In addition, a radiotracer technique in four normal subjects showed that an inverse relationship exists between the amount of aerosol deposited in the lungs and the tidal folume of IPPB. The maximum dose deposited in the lungs was about 10% of that initially present in the nebuliser.", "PMID": 371056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1085", "title": "Stenoses and functional disorders of the lacrimal drainage apparatus. Radiological examination.", "content": "The diagnosis of epiphora can be greatly aided by a special radiologic technique, performed during bilateral injection of contrast medium into the lacrimal passages and utilizing seriography, magnification and image subtraction. The authors describe the technique, discuss the interpretation of the various radiologic patterns, and stress the importance of this method for evaluating inflammation, stenoses and functional alterations of the lacrimal passages.", "contents": "Stenoses and functional disorders of the lacrimal drainage apparatus. Radiological examination. The diagnosis of epiphora can be greatly aided by a special radiologic technique, performed during bilateral injection of contrast medium into the lacrimal passages and utilizing seriography, magnification and image subtraction. The authors describe the technique, discuss the interpretation of the various radiologic patterns, and stress the importance of this method for evaluating inflammation, stenoses and functional alterations of the lacrimal passages.", "PMID": 371047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1086", "title": "Inhaled antihistamines--bronchodilatation and effects on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "To assess further the bronchodilator activity of inhaled antihistamines ten stable asthmatic subjects inhaled aerosols of clemastine, 1 mg/ml, and saline placebo administered double blind. Subjects underwent bronchial challenge with increasing concentrations of histamine and methacholine, and specific airways conductance was measured by whole body plethysmography at each concentration. There was a significant 21.9% increase in specific airways conductance after inhalation of clemastine. Subjects could tolerate significantly higher mean concentrations of histamine when treated with clemastine than with saline. The shift of the cumulative log histamine dose-reponse curve suggests that such protection is due to competitive antagonism to the inhaled clemastine. Clemastine did not protect subjects against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, which suggests that its bronchodilator properties are not related to any anticholinergic action.", "contents": "Inhaled antihistamines--bronchodilatation and effects on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. To assess further the bronchodilator activity of inhaled antihistamines ten stable asthmatic subjects inhaled aerosols of clemastine, 1 mg/ml, and saline placebo administered double blind. Subjects underwent bronchial challenge with increasing concentrations of histamine and methacholine, and specific airways conductance was measured by whole body plethysmography at each concentration. There was a significant 21.9% increase in specific airways conductance after inhalation of clemastine. Subjects could tolerate significantly higher mean concentrations of histamine when treated with clemastine than with saline. The shift of the cumulative log histamine dose-reponse curve suggests that such protection is due to competitive antagonism to the inhaled clemastine. Clemastine did not protect subjects against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, which suggests that its bronchodilator properties are not related to any anticholinergic action.", "PMID": 371057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1087", "title": "Passive expiration as a test of lung function.", "content": "Twenty-five normal subjects, 14 non-smokers and 11 smokers, passively expired into a spirometer after a maximal active inspiration, and after a passive inflation of the chest by a pressure cycled intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) machine. Acceptable passive expirations could be performed by all subjects after a passive inspiration but by only 12 after an active inspiration. Expired volume was found to change exponentially with time (r greater than 0.98), and the time constant of passive expiration (Tp) was obtained. There was no significant difference between the smokers and non-smokers in age, sex, forced vital capacity, FEV1 FEV1/FVC%, maximum mid-expiratory flow rate, maximum expiratory flow at 50% and 25% of the vital capacity, or the magnitude of the fall in the dynamic compliance with increasing frequency of breathing (Cdyn/f). Tp in smokers (1.06 +/- 0.47 SD) was significantly longer than in the non-smokers (0.65  +/- 0.25 SD P less than 0.02). Tp had a significant correlation with Cdyn/f(Tp = 0.6 + 161.81 Cdyn/f +/- 0.38 SE, r = 0.49, P less than 0.02). We conclude that satisfactory passive expiratory spirograms can be easily obtained after a mechanically assisted passive inspiration. Tp thus obtained is determined by the intrinsic properties of the respiratory system (lung plus thorax), and is significantly prolonged in smokers compared with non-smokers when other studies of pulmonary function including frequency dependence of compliance are unchanged.", "contents": "Passive expiration as a test of lung function. Twenty-five normal subjects, 14 non-smokers and 11 smokers, passively expired into a spirometer after a maximal active inspiration, and after a passive inflation of the chest by a pressure cycled intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) machine. Acceptable passive expirations could be performed by all subjects after a passive inspiration but by only 12 after an active inspiration. Expired volume was found to change exponentially with time (r greater than 0.98), and the time constant of passive expiration (Tp) was obtained. There was no significant difference between the smokers and non-smokers in age, sex, forced vital capacity, FEV1 FEV1/FVC%, maximum mid-expiratory flow rate, maximum expiratory flow at 50% and 25% of the vital capacity, or the magnitude of the fall in the dynamic compliance with increasing frequency of breathing (Cdyn/f). Tp in smokers (1.06 +/- 0.47 SD) was significantly longer than in the non-smokers (0.65  +/- 0.25 SD P less than 0.02). Tp had a significant correlation with Cdyn/f(Tp = 0.6 + 161.81 Cdyn/f +/- 0.38 SE, r = 0.49, P less than 0.02). We conclude that satisfactory passive expiratory spirograms can be easily obtained after a mechanically assisted passive inspiration. Tp thus obtained is determined by the intrinsic properties of the respiratory system (lung plus thorax), and is significantly prolonged in smokers compared with non-smokers when other studies of pulmonary function including frequency dependence of compliance are unchanged.", "PMID": 371059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1088", "title": "Estimation of haplotype frequency and linkage disequilibrium parameter in the HLA system.", "content": "Conventional formulae currently employed were extended to calculate the haplotype frequency and the corresponding variance for an arbitrary number (n) of loci when unrelated individuals were investigated. A formula is presented for the variance for the degree of three locus linkage disequilibrium.", "contents": "Estimation of haplotype frequency and linkage disequilibrium parameter in the HLA system. Conventional formulae currently employed were extended to calculate the haplotype frequency and the corresponding variance for an arbitrary number (n) of loci when unrelated individuals were investigated. A formula is presented for the variance for the degree of three locus linkage disequilibrium.", "PMID": 371070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1089", "title": "Intracellular Ig identification on paraffin-embedded solitary plasmacytoid proliferation: a routine method to define the biological nature of plasma cells.", "content": "The difficulty to recognize morphologically the biological nature of the exuberant plasma cell proliferations is known by every pathologist. Therefore, an immunohistochemical method has been applied to routine paraffin-embedded sections of biopsies from 26 patients suspected to bear a solitary plasmacytoma. The method has allowed to distinguish between monoclonal (likely to be neoplastic) and polyclonal cases (likely to be reactive).", "contents": "Intracellular Ig identification on paraffin-embedded solitary plasmacytoid proliferation: a routine method to define the biological nature of plasma cells. The difficulty to recognize morphologically the biological nature of the exuberant plasma cell proliferations is known by every pathologist. Therefore, an immunohistochemical method has been applied to routine paraffin-embedded sections of biopsies from 26 patients suspected to bear a solitary plasmacytoma. The method has allowed to distinguish between monoclonal (likely to be neoplastic) and polyclonal cases (likely to be reactive).", "PMID": 371086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1090", "title": "Immunofluorescence in the study of sclerosing retroperitonitis.", "content": "Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis are presented. Etiopathogenetic problems connected with various drugs are discussed, among which the methysergide is of paramount importance as well as the less known drugs such as reserpine. Histologic structures were studied by immunofluorescence which gives evidence of the antigen coloring the compound with specific gamma-globulins combined with a strongly fluorescent drug (fluorescein): its positivity is clear and precise with total anti-Ig serum, as well as with anti-IgG, less weak with anti-IgA, and negative with anti-IgM. Such results advocate a tissular immunity movement and stress the theory which aims to focus retroperitoneal fibrosis within the chapter of autoimmunization diseases.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence in the study of sclerosing retroperitonitis. Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis are presented. Etiopathogenetic problems connected with various drugs are discussed, among which the methysergide is of paramount importance as well as the less known drugs such as reserpine. Histologic structures were studied by immunofluorescence which gives evidence of the antigen coloring the compound with specific gamma-globulins combined with a strongly fluorescent drug (fluorescein): its positivity is clear and precise with total anti-Ig serum, as well as with anti-IgG, less weak with anti-IgA, and negative with anti-IgM. Such results advocate a tissular immunity movement and stress the theory which aims to focus retroperitoneal fibrosis within the chapter of autoimmunization diseases.", "PMID": 371093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1091", "title": "Reiter's disease.", "content": "Reiter's disease can no longer be considered a rare and relatively benign syndrome consisting of the clinical triad of urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis. It is, in fact, a post-infectious reactive arthritis that belongs to a new group of diseases now called seronegative spondyloarthropathies. These diseases are characterized by an extremely high association with the genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen B27. In its full course, the disease often is incomplete with its initial clinical manifestations and characterized by chronicity and progressive crippling recurrences.", "contents": "Reiter's disease. Reiter's disease can no longer be considered a rare and relatively benign syndrome consisting of the clinical triad of urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis. It is, in fact, a post-infectious reactive arthritis that belongs to a new group of diseases now called seronegative spondyloarthropathies. These diseases are characterized by an extremely high association with the genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen B27. In its full course, the disease often is incomplete with its initial clinical manifestations and characterized by chronicity and progressive crippling recurrences.", "PMID": 371095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1092", "title": "[Procedural problems in the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers].", "content": "Data concerning 175 cases operated upon for gastroduodenal ulcer are set forth in the article. Much importance is attached to a thorough mobilization of the duodenum, treatment of its stump, gastroenterostomy on the shortest afferent loop and to a broad use of suturing apparatuses and of caprone as a suture material, as well. Mortality constituted 1.1%.", "contents": "[Procedural problems in the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers]. Data concerning 175 cases operated upon for gastroduodenal ulcer are set forth in the article. Much importance is attached to a thorough mobilization of the duodenum, treatment of its stump, gastroenterostomy on the shortest afferent loop and to a broad use of suturing apparatuses and of caprone as a suture material, as well. Mortality constituted 1.1%.", "PMID": 371102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1093", "title": "[Dermatoplasty in treating trophic ulcers of the lower extremities].", "content": "The main principle of the surgical treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities consists in a radical excision of all the pathologically changed tissues around the ulcer and under it and, in case of disorders of the venous reflux, in various surgical restorative and corrective interventions followed with plastic closure of the wound defect. 422 patients were operated upon (462 operations). The choice of the radical method of treatment resulted in a stable healing of ulcers in 84% of cases.", "contents": "[Dermatoplasty in treating trophic ulcers of the lower extremities]. The main principle of the surgical treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities consists in a radical excision of all the pathologically changed tissues around the ulcer and under it and, in case of disorders of the venous reflux, in various surgical restorative and corrective interventions followed with plastic closure of the wound defect. 422 patients were operated upon (462 operations). The choice of the radical method of treatment resulted in a stable healing of ulcers in 84% of cases.", "PMID": 371104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1094", "title": "[Experience with the experimental autograft of a skin-fascia flap with simultaneous restoration of the blood circulation in the graft].", "content": "The use of the microsurgery allows to carry out the autotransplantation of the skin-fascial graft. Optic magnification, special instruments and suture material are necessary for the formation of anastomoses of the small diameter arteries and veins. The autotransplantation of skin-fascial grafts permits to correct extensive defects of the skin and underlying tissues. A thorough formation of vascular anastomoses and an adequate pharmacotherapy are of great importance.", "contents": "[Experience with the experimental autograft of a skin-fascia flap with simultaneous restoration of the blood circulation in the graft]. The use of the microsurgery allows to carry out the autotransplantation of the skin-fascial graft. Optic magnification, special instruments and suture material are necessary for the formation of anastomoses of the small diameter arteries and veins. The autotransplantation of skin-fascial grafts permits to correct extensive defects of the skin and underlying tissues. A thorough formation of vascular anastomoses and an adequate pharmacotherapy are of great importance.", "PMID": 371106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1095", "title": "[Resistance of E. coli and bacteria of the genus Proteus to the thermal processing of perishable meat products].", "content": "Experiments were carried out in six meat combines to establish the devitalization of Escherichia coli and bacteria of the Proteus genus at the thermal treatment of perishable meat products. Seventy series of experiments were conducted with 16 types of meat products of a different structure (homogenic and heterogenic), varying composition unequal diameter of the casings (3-4 am, 5-6 am, and 7-8 am), and different type of the latter--natural, paper, and cutis-lika. Twenty-four-hour agar cultures at a density of 10(5)-10(7) bacteria per gram of meat mass were used. In a series of experiments the temperature was dermined of the finished product when it reached 68 degrees C; in another group--after smoking and at various intervals during cooking; and in a third group of experiments the temperature was fillowed up during the entire thermal process, using thermo pairs. Studied was the heat resistance of the organisms tested under laboratory conditions, using the thermal curve in the production of meat products. The samples were investigated at the 24th, and 48th hour, and on the 5th day of room temperature storage. Results showed that devitalization of these organisms set in at 63 degrees C (E. coli) and 60 degrees (Proteus). The composition and homogeneity of the meat mass and the diameter of casings were found to have no effect on the heat resistance of these organisms.", "contents": "[Resistance of E. coli and bacteria of the genus Proteus to the thermal processing of perishable meat products]. Experiments were carried out in six meat combines to establish the devitalization of Escherichia coli and bacteria of the Proteus genus at the thermal treatment of perishable meat products. Seventy series of experiments were conducted with 16 types of meat products of a different structure (homogenic and heterogenic), varying composition unequal diameter of the casings (3-4 am, 5-6 am, and 7-8 am), and different type of the latter--natural, paper, and cutis-lika. Twenty-four-hour agar cultures at a density of 10(5)-10(7) bacteria per gram of meat mass were used. In a series of experiments the temperature was dermined of the finished product when it reached 68 degrees C; in another group--after smoking and at various intervals during cooking; and in a third group of experiments the temperature was fillowed up during the entire thermal process, using thermo pairs. Studied was the heat resistance of the organisms tested under laboratory conditions, using the thermal curve in the production of meat products. The samples were investigated at the 24th, and 48th hour, and on the 5th day of room temperature storage. Results showed that devitalization of these organisms set in at 63 degrees C (E. coli) and 60 degrees (Proteus). The composition and homogeneity of the meat mass and the diameter of casings were found to have no effect on the heat resistance of these organisms.", "PMID": 371114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1096", "title": "[Immunogenic properties of a polyvalent vaccine against colisepticemia in calves].", "content": "A polyvalent vaccine was produced against coli septicaemia in calves, using the most commonly encountered serotypes of Escherichia coli as etiologic agents. The effect of the various unspecific factors on the immunogenic properties of the vaccine was followed up through vaccination of guinea pigs, rabbits, and pregnant cows. It was found that best immunogenic effects produced a vaccine that was inactivated by 0.4 per cent formalin and fixed in an oil adjuvant. Guinea pigs that were challenged with 1, 2 and 3 DIM remained 100 per cent alive. Somewhat weaker were the immunogenic properties of vaccinal batches that had such adjuvant as 1 per cent alum or 20 per cent aluminium hydroxide, and weakest proved the immunogenic quality of a vaccine having a 0.01 per cent saponin adjuvant. It was established that the colostrum of cows that were thrice hyperim munized with 5, 10, and 20 cm3 of the vaccine at ten-day intervals contained more specific antibodies than the blood serum. The level of K-agglutinins was shown to exceed considerably that of 0-agglutinins.", "contents": "[Immunogenic properties of a polyvalent vaccine against colisepticemia in calves]. A polyvalent vaccine was produced against coli septicaemia in calves, using the most commonly encountered serotypes of Escherichia coli as etiologic agents. The effect of the various unspecific factors on the immunogenic properties of the vaccine was followed up through vaccination of guinea pigs, rabbits, and pregnant cows. It was found that best immunogenic effects produced a vaccine that was inactivated by 0.4 per cent formalin and fixed in an oil adjuvant. Guinea pigs that were challenged with 1, 2 and 3 DIM remained 100 per cent alive. Somewhat weaker were the immunogenic properties of vaccinal batches that had such adjuvant as 1 per cent alum or 20 per cent aluminium hydroxide, and weakest proved the immunogenic quality of a vaccine having a 0.01 per cent saponin adjuvant. It was established that the colostrum of cows that were thrice hyperim munized with 5, 10, and 20 cm3 of the vaccine at ten-day intervals contained more specific antibodies than the blood serum. The level of K-agglutinins was shown to exceed considerably that of 0-agglutinins.", "PMID": 371116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1097", "title": "A family with allo-immune neonatal neutropenia: group-specific pathogenicity of maternal antibodies.", "content": "A family is presented, in which the mother developed strong neutrophil granulocyte-specific antibodies with the specificity anti-NA. The first and third children, both NA1-positive, suffered from severe transient neonatal neutropenia, but the second child, NA1-negative, did not. Anti-NA1 antibodies were detectable in the serum of one affected child and the antibody level was directly related to the extent of neutropenia. The incidence of granulocyte-specific antibodies in 198 pregnant women was determined and found to be low.", "contents": "A family with allo-immune neonatal neutropenia: group-specific pathogenicity of maternal antibodies. A family is presented, in which the mother developed strong neutrophil granulocyte-specific antibodies with the specificity anti-NA. The first and third children, both NA1-positive, suffered from severe transient neonatal neutropenia, but the second child, NA1-negative, did not. Anti-NA1 antibodies were detectable in the serum of one affected child and the antibody level was directly related to the extent of neutropenia. The incidence of granulocyte-specific antibodies in 198 pregnant women was determined and found to be low.", "PMID": 371130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1098", "title": "On the problems of efficacy of separation of IgM and IgG by different methods.", "content": "Using ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion exchange, an attempt was made to completely separate immunoglobulin IgM and IgG present in pooled human serum of blood group O. The quality of separation was studied by testing IgG fractions for the presence of IgM by a sensitive detection method. It is demonstrated by rheophoresis that small amounts of IgM always remain detectable in the IgG fraction. This is of clinical importance because conclusions on the presence of specific antibody of different Ig classes are usually drawn under the assumption of complete separation. The control of the efficacy of the separation process using a sensitive detection method for Ig of different classes is recommended.", "contents": "On the problems of efficacy of separation of IgM and IgG by different methods. Using ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion exchange, an attempt was made to completely separate immunoglobulin IgM and IgG present in pooled human serum of blood group O. The quality of separation was studied by testing IgG fractions for the presence of IgM by a sensitive detection method. It is demonstrated by rheophoresis that small amounts of IgM always remain detectable in the IgG fraction. This is of clinical importance because conclusions on the presence of specific antibody of different Ig classes are usually drawn under the assumption of complete separation. The control of the efficacy of the separation process using a sensitive detection method for Ig of different classes is recommended.", "PMID": 371131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1099", "title": "Chronic autoimmune neutropenia due to anti-NA1 antibody.", "content": "A 12-month-old child neutropenic since the age of 8 months, was referred to our institute for a sepsis from Candida albicans. On exploring the cause of neutropenia, an anti-NA1 antibody could be detected in the patient's serum. This antibody seemed to be responsible for the neutropenia because the child's PMN type was NA1+. The reactivity of the autoantibody with the patient's own granulocytes was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies performed on blood and marrow cells. A reduced number of T lymphocytes with poor PHA responsivity has been interpreted as the possible cause of the autoimmune disease. Steroid therapy did not cure the neutropenia but the child's general condition improved.", "contents": "Chronic autoimmune neutropenia due to anti-NA1 antibody. A 12-month-old child neutropenic since the age of 8 months, was referred to our institute for a sepsis from Candida albicans. On exploring the cause of neutropenia, an anti-NA1 antibody could be detected in the patient's serum. This antibody seemed to be responsible for the neutropenia because the child's PMN type was NA1+. The reactivity of the autoantibody with the patient's own granulocytes was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies performed on blood and marrow cells. A reduced number of T lymphocytes with poor PHA responsivity has been interpreted as the possible cause of the autoimmune disease. Steroid therapy did not cure the neutropenia but the child's general condition improved.", "PMID": 371132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1100", "title": "Strokes, transient ischemic attacks and asymptomatic bruits.", "content": "Research into noninvasive techniques for evaluating cerebrovascular insufficiency has shown that hemodynamically significant lesions can be identified with considerable accuracy. Concurrently, recent descriptions of carefully applied medical and surgical therapy indicate that thromboembolic stroke can be effectively prevented when patients are allocated to the proper therapeutic protocols. The approach of these two lines of basic investigation to the clinical focal point of stroke control make it imperative that clinicians review the tools at hand for identifying persons at high risk, as well as the available therapeutic alternatives for effective stroke prevention.", "contents": "Strokes, transient ischemic attacks and asymptomatic bruits. Research into noninvasive techniques for evaluating cerebrovascular insufficiency has shown that hemodynamically significant lesions can be identified with considerable accuracy. Concurrently, recent descriptions of carefully applied medical and surgical therapy indicate that thromboembolic stroke can be effectively prevented when patients are allocated to the proper therapeutic protocols. The approach of these two lines of basic investigation to the clinical focal point of stroke control make it imperative that clinicians review the tools at hand for identifying persons at high risk, as well as the available therapeutic alternatives for effective stroke prevention.", "PMID": 371149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1101", "title": "[The contribution made by the 2nd Department of Surgery, Vienna University, to the treatment of colorectal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of colorectal cancer was chosen as a significant example for the history of the second department of surgery of Vienna University. Not only was a considerable part of relevant surgical techniques developed here, but also the problem of cancer has always been one of the traditional fields of activity of this institution. After the foundation of modern abdominal surgery by Billroth, his pupil Czerny performed the first combined abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum, whilst Gussenbauer, his successor, carried out the first curative resection of a carcinoma of the colon. Hochenegg performed the first sphincter-saving resection of the rectum and devised his pull-through procedure. Moreover, he started to organize the general fight against cancer by a campaign to enlighten the public. Denk continued these activities. He founded the cancer research centre and initiated the present activities in the prevention and therapy of cancer in this country.", "contents": "[The contribution made by the 2nd Department of Surgery, Vienna University, to the treatment of colorectal cancer (author's transl)]. The treatment of colorectal cancer was chosen as a significant example for the history of the second department of surgery of Vienna University. Not only was a considerable part of relevant surgical techniques developed here, but also the problem of cancer has always been one of the traditional fields of activity of this institution. After the foundation of modern abdominal surgery by Billroth, his pupil Czerny performed the first combined abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum, whilst Gussenbauer, his successor, carried out the first curative resection of a carcinoma of the colon. Hochenegg performed the first sphincter-saving resection of the rectum and devised his pull-through procedure. Moreover, he started to organize the general fight against cancer by a campaign to enlighten the public. Denk continued these activities. He founded the cancer research centre and initiated the present activities in the prevention and therapy of cancer in this country.", "PMID": 371152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1102", "title": "[Reconstruction of the breast after surgery for cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The tendency towards less radical, stage-dependent procedures in the surgical management of breast cancer has opened the way to improvement in the reconstructive measures available. Reconstruction of the female breast can be undertaken with greater or lesser success and facility according to whether the initial procedure was subcutaneous mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy or the Rotter--Halstedt radical operation. The different plastic reconstructive methods developed over the past years are discussed and illustrated by cases treated under our care.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the breast after surgery for cancer (author's transl)]. The tendency towards less radical, stage-dependent procedures in the surgical management of breast cancer has opened the way to improvement in the reconstructive measures available. Reconstruction of the female breast can be undertaken with greater or lesser success and facility according to whether the initial procedure was subcutaneous mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy or the Rotter--Halstedt radical operation. The different plastic reconstructive methods developed over the past years are discussed and illustrated by cases treated under our care.", "PMID": 371153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1103", "title": "[Management of the critically burned geriatric patient (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the specialised therapeutic needs regarding immediate care, parenteral nutrition and surgery in burned geriatric patients according to the experience gained in the treatment of these patients at the Burns Treatment Division of the Department of Dermatology (I) of the University of Vienna.", "contents": "[Management of the critically burned geriatric patient (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the specialised therapeutic needs regarding immediate care, parenteral nutrition and surgery in burned geriatric patients according to the experience gained in the treatment of these patients at the Burns Treatment Division of the Department of Dermatology (I) of the University of Vienna.", "PMID": 371154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1104", "title": "[An evaluation of candida serology following renal transplantation and its connexion with other postoperative complications (author's transl)].", "content": "53 renal transplant recipients aged 13 to 58 years were followed up regularly clinically, microbiologically and serologically over observation periods ranging from 6 to 82 months following transplantation with a view to diagnosing mycetic complications. The only (facultative) pathogenic species found was Candida albicans. This species was isolated in every single patient, but far-reaching differences were observed with regard to the degree of form of infection in the individual person. Mainly, cases showed only a transient growth of Candida to a greater or lesser extent on the mucous membranes of the orointestinal tract, but in few cases serious systemic forms like fungaemia and urinary tract infections were manifest. Comparing the mycological and clinical findings it was apparent that the degree of mycetic infection and attendant complications was closely correlated to the incidence and severity of several--at least primarily--non-mycetic complications postoperatively, such as disorders of transplant function, rejection reactions, diabetes and bacterial infections. A causal connexion, thus, probably exists between postoperative mycetic and non-mycetic complications and the presumable underlying pathological mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "[An evaluation of candida serology following renal transplantation and its connexion with other postoperative complications (author's transl)]. 53 renal transplant recipients aged 13 to 58 years were followed up regularly clinically, microbiologically and serologically over observation periods ranging from 6 to 82 months following transplantation with a view to diagnosing mycetic complications. The only (facultative) pathogenic species found was Candida albicans. This species was isolated in every single patient, but far-reaching differences were observed with regard to the degree of form of infection in the individual person. Mainly, cases showed only a transient growth of Candida to a greater or lesser extent on the mucous membranes of the orointestinal tract, but in few cases serious systemic forms like fungaemia and urinary tract infections were manifest. Comparing the mycological and clinical findings it was apparent that the degree of mycetic infection and attendant complications was closely correlated to the incidence and severity of several--at least primarily--non-mycetic complications postoperatively, such as disorders of transplant function, rejection reactions, diabetes and bacterial infections. A causal connexion, thus, probably exists between postoperative mycetic and non-mycetic complications and the presumable underlying pathological mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 371155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1105", "title": "[Kidney filtration -- mechanisms and methods of investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative data are presented on the glomeruli in the human, dog and rat kidney. Micropuncture techniques for the determination of filtration pressure and filtration rate are described. The final part of this paper deals with the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. The roles are discussed of filtration equilibrium/disequilibrium and of the renin-angiotensin systems in the filtration process.", "contents": "[Kidney filtration -- mechanisms and methods of investigation (author's transl)]. Quantitative data are presented on the glomeruli in the human, dog and rat kidney. Micropuncture techniques for the determination of filtration pressure and filtration rate are described. The final part of this paper deals with the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. The roles are discussed of filtration equilibrium/disequilibrium and of the renin-angiotensin systems in the filtration process.", "PMID": 371156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1106", "title": "[Morbidity during regular dialysis treatment and after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal transplantation was associated with a lesser degree of morbidity than chronic dialysis treatment in a group of 48 patients with end-stage renal failure. Morbidity was defined as total days of in-patient hospitalization divided by total days of risk. The morbidity during chronic intermittent dialysis, with a mean observation time of 296.1 (20 to 2255) days, was 11.8%, whereas after renal transplantation, with a mean observation time of 1004.0 (131 to 2400) days, only 7.6% of all days at risk were spent in hospital. Morbidity rises to 38.1% during chronic dialysis if all dialysis days on an out-patient basis are considered as hospitalization days. Morbidity was lowest (3.8%) in patients sent home for the first time with a functioning graft. Cardiac complications and fluid lung were the most common causes for morbidity during haemodialysis treatment; morbidity after renal transplantation was mainly due to renal rejection and infections under non-specific immunosuppression. Social and occupational rehabilitation was better after renal transplantation than during haemodialysis treatment. It can be concluded from these data that with regard to the quality of life renal transplantation is the preferable alternative in the management of end-stage renal failure.", "contents": "[Morbidity during regular dialysis treatment and after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Renal transplantation was associated with a lesser degree of morbidity than chronic dialysis treatment in a group of 48 patients with end-stage renal failure. Morbidity was defined as total days of in-patient hospitalization divided by total days of risk. The morbidity during chronic intermittent dialysis, with a mean observation time of 296.1 (20 to 2255) days, was 11.8%, whereas after renal transplantation, with a mean observation time of 1004.0 (131 to 2400) days, only 7.6% of all days at risk were spent in hospital. Morbidity rises to 38.1% during chronic dialysis if all dialysis days on an out-patient basis are considered as hospitalization days. Morbidity was lowest (3.8%) in patients sent home for the first time with a functioning graft. Cardiac complications and fluid lung were the most common causes for morbidity during haemodialysis treatment; morbidity after renal transplantation was mainly due to renal rejection and infections under non-specific immunosuppression. Social and occupational rehabilitation was better after renal transplantation than during haemodialysis treatment. It can be concluded from these data that with regard to the quality of life renal transplantation is the preferable alternative in the management of end-stage renal failure.", "PMID": 371157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1107", "title": "[Value and perspectives of endoscopic brush cytology in gastric lesions  (author's transl)].", "content": "The techniques for cell collection are well established. Cells in good quality and sufficient quantities are obtained. The preparation of the sediment depends on the microscopic techniques to be used. The cytological tumor criteria are well established. The diagnostic efficiency is more than 90% of cases with proved malignancies. In comparison with the endoscopic biopsy the brush cytology has the following advantages: A stenosis can be reached by the brush much easier than by the forceps. The tumor detection is improved by cytology under optimal conditions for 10% of the cases. Quantitative microscopic techniques can be adapted. The most important perspective for a further improvement of gastric cytology lies in the development of methods for automation in tumor cell recognition. The present status of such techniques is presented.", "contents": "[Value and perspectives of endoscopic brush cytology in gastric lesions  (author's transl)]. The techniques for cell collection are well established. Cells in good quality and sufficient quantities are obtained. The preparation of the sediment depends on the microscopic techniques to be used. The cytological tumor criteria are well established. The diagnostic efficiency is more than 90% of cases with proved malignancies. In comparison with the endoscopic biopsy the brush cytology has the following advantages: A stenosis can be reached by the brush much easier than by the forceps. The tumor detection is improved by cytology under optimal conditions for 10% of the cases. Quantitative microscopic techniques can be adapted. The most important perspective for a further improvement of gastric cytology lies in the development of methods for automation in tumor cell recognition. The present status of such techniques is presented.", "PMID": 371168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1108", "title": "[Juan Huarte of San Juan and his significance for differential psychology].", "content": "The Spanish physician Juan Huarte de San Juan (about 1529 to 1588) produced in 1575 a book \"Examen de Ingenios para las ciencias\", which was published in Baeza and which, through the differential psychology developped by him, initiated in the impressing age of the rennaissance a new era of the history of psychology, which is called Huartism (psychologic physiology). Unfortunately his book, written in Spanish with 77 editions in all the important languages of the civilized world, became relatively little known. The following assertions are the object of his partially modern system which is based on the antique philosophers: 1) Man can have only a single talent - differentiated in a high degree and again there is a differentiation between individuals and nations. 2) It is necessary to choose a profession in accordance with the talent well in time. 3) In case of \"lacking genius\" the individual toils in vain with science. 4) Each talent is marked by a temperament which is corresponding to the physique of a person.", "contents": "[Juan Huarte of San Juan and his significance for differential psychology]. The Spanish physician Juan Huarte de San Juan (about 1529 to 1588) produced in 1575 a book \"Examen de Ingenios para las ciencias\", which was published in Baeza and which, through the differential psychology developped by him, initiated in the impressing age of the rennaissance a new era of the history of psychology, which is called Huartism (psychologic physiology). Unfortunately his book, written in Spanish with 77 editions in all the important languages of the civilized world, became relatively little known. The following assertions are the object of his partially modern system which is based on the antique philosophers: 1) Man can have only a single talent - differentiated in a high degree and again there is a differentiation between individuals and nations. 2) It is necessary to choose a profession in accordance with the talent well in time. 3) In case of \"lacking genius\" the individual toils in vain with science. 4) Each talent is marked by a temperament which is corresponding to the physique of a person.", "PMID": 371169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1109", "title": "Human fetal cells. I. Mitogenic responses.", "content": "Human fetal cells from 10 prematures and newborn infants (28--38 weeks of gestational age) and isolated or non-isolated fetal cells circulating in the blood of 9 primigravidae were studied in their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide. An age-dependent responsiveness of fetal cells obtained from the prematures to all mitogens tested was detected as well as a clear graduation of mitogenic capacity with phytohemagglutinin to produce the highest stimulation. Though a moderate mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide and dextran sulfate was noted in the blood cultures of the infants, LPS and in part DS transformation of fetal cells obtained from maternal blood appeared to be reduced or absent. A selective stimulation of fetal cells occurring in the circulation of primiparae sufficient for prenatal diagnosis could not be achieved with the mitogens tested. The findings suggest that fetal cells crossing to the mother are different from normal fetal lymphocytes. The present study was performed to elucidate in as quantitative a manner as possible the responses of human fetal cells to different T- and B-cell mitogens. Cells were obtained from various sources for comparing the mitogenic responses of isolated and non-isolated fetal cells. Our results demonstrate that mitogenic responses depend on the gestational age of the fetal cells, the source of the cells and on experimental conditions.", "contents": "Human fetal cells. I. Mitogenic responses. Human fetal cells from 10 prematures and newborn infants (28--38 weeks of gestational age) and isolated or non-isolated fetal cells circulating in the blood of 9 primigravidae were studied in their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide. An age-dependent responsiveness of fetal cells obtained from the prematures to all mitogens tested was detected as well as a clear graduation of mitogenic capacity with phytohemagglutinin to produce the highest stimulation. Though a moderate mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide and dextran sulfate was noted in the blood cultures of the infants, LPS and in part DS transformation of fetal cells obtained from maternal blood appeared to be reduced or absent. A selective stimulation of fetal cells occurring in the circulation of primiparae sufficient for prenatal diagnosis could not be achieved with the mitogens tested. The findings suggest that fetal cells crossing to the mother are different from normal fetal lymphocytes. The present study was performed to elucidate in as quantitative a manner as possible the responses of human fetal cells to different T- and B-cell mitogens. Cells were obtained from various sources for comparing the mitogenic responses of isolated and non-isolated fetal cells. Our results demonstrate that mitogenic responses depend on the gestational age of the fetal cells, the source of the cells and on experimental conditions.", "PMID": 371170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1110", "title": "The interaction of opsonins with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). I. The influence of human complement (C) and IgG on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E. coli.", "content": "The influence of opsonization on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E. coli was tested in a phagocytic system consisting of a monolayer of human PMN to which was added E. coli opsonized in different ways. At the end of the phagocytosis, noningested bacteria were separated and the monolayer was removed. The cells were then fractionated. The number of bacteria at different time intervals and the amount and distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the cell fractions were determined. It became apparent that the ingestion of cell-attached bacteria was independent of opsonins. However, the intracellular destruction was enhanced following opsonization with C only, although this was not the result of a greater discharge of lysosomal enzymes into the phagosome. We postulate that sublethal damage of E. coli by C renders the bacteria more sensitive to the bactericidal activity of the phagocytes.", "contents": "The interaction of opsonins with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). I. The influence of human complement (C) and IgG on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E. coli. The influence of opsonization on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E. coli was tested in a phagocytic system consisting of a monolayer of human PMN to which was added E. coli opsonized in different ways. At the end of the phagocytosis, noningested bacteria were separated and the monolayer was removed. The cells were then fractionated. The number of bacteria at different time intervals and the amount and distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the cell fractions were determined. It became apparent that the ingestion of cell-attached bacteria was independent of opsonins. However, the intracellular destruction was enhanced following opsonization with C only, although this was not the result of a greater discharge of lysosomal enzymes into the phagosome. We postulate that sublethal damage of E. coli by C renders the bacteria more sensitive to the bactericidal activity of the phagocytes.", "PMID": 371171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1111", "title": "AET-treated sheep red blood cell and immunobead for combined detection of human peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "This paper describes a method for the simultaneous determination of human thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) and thymus-independent lymphocyte (B cell) populations by mixing lymphocytes, sheep red blood cells, and immunobeads. This method also detects lymphocytes possessing both T and B cell markers. T cells are detected by rosette formation with AET-treated sheep red blood cells and B cells are identified by rosette formation with polyacrylamide gel coated with antibody specific to immunoglobulin classes. The major advantages of this technique is that it is simple, convenient, and reproducible. Three different types of rosettes are distinguishable under light microscopic observation. The detection of double marker lymphocytes, using this combined technique, may have further application in clinical investigation.", "contents": "AET-treated sheep red blood cell and immunobead for combined detection of human peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations. This paper describes a method for the simultaneous determination of human thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) and thymus-independent lymphocyte (B cell) populations by mixing lymphocytes, sheep red blood cells, and immunobeads. This method also detects lymphocytes possessing both T and B cell markers. T cells are detected by rosette formation with AET-treated sheep red blood cells and B cells are identified by rosette formation with polyacrylamide gel coated with antibody specific to immunoglobulin classes. The major advantages of this technique is that it is simple, convenient, and reproducible. Three different types of rosettes are distinguishable under light microscopic observation. The detection of double marker lymphocytes, using this combined technique, may have further application in clinical investigation.", "PMID": 371172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1112", "title": "[Contrast density and side effect rate in lumbar myelography--a clinical comparison of Meglumin-Iocarmate and Metrizamide].", "content": "The author reports that side effects were somewhat more frequent after metrizamide than after meglumin-iocarmate, in the course of a comparative study carried out at the reporting hospital from the beginning of 1977, using the water-soluble x-ray contrast media Amipaque (metrizamide) and Dimer X (meglumin-iocarmate).", "contents": "[Contrast density and side effect rate in lumbar myelography--a clinical comparison of Meglumin-Iocarmate and Metrizamide]. The author reports that side effects were somewhat more frequent after metrizamide than after meglumin-iocarmate, in the course of a comparative study carried out at the reporting hospital from the beginning of 1977, using the water-soluble x-ray contrast media Amipaque (metrizamide) and Dimer X (meglumin-iocarmate).", "PMID": 371174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1113", "title": "[Contrast medium visualization of the cavum epidurale via Dimer X (peridurography) (author's transl)].", "content": "The term \"peridurography\" stands for visualization of the cavum epidurale via a water-soluble contrast medium. The article reports on the technique and indication. The experience collected on the basis of 93 peridurographies effected by the authors justify the assumption that this method can be considered as reliable in the diagnosis of prolapsed vertebral disk.", "contents": "[Contrast medium visualization of the cavum epidurale via Dimer X (peridurography) (author's transl)]. The term \"peridurography\" stands for visualization of the cavum epidurale via a water-soluble contrast medium. The article reports on the technique and indication. The experience collected on the basis of 93 peridurographies effected by the authors justify the assumption that this method can be considered as reliable in the diagnosis of prolapsed vertebral disk.", "PMID": 371175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1114", "title": "[Suicide risk in view of psychological test results].", "content": "The medical case histories of 32 young suicides have been studied the majority of whom has been in contact over the last two years with the East Swiss Infantile and Juvenile Psychiatric Clinic. In evaluating the case, we have relied first and foremost on the interpretation of psychological tests. The question as to whether juvenile suicides differ in any way from juveniles who have merely attempted to kill themselves can be summed up as follows: juveniles who have succeeded in suiciding point clearly and directly to suicide in their tests unlike juveniles who have not succeeded. With these the potential danger must be sought elsewhere, namely in their psychic make-up. We are at present examining the typical features of the tests carried out with suicides and potential suicides.", "contents": "[Suicide risk in view of psychological test results]. The medical case histories of 32 young suicides have been studied the majority of whom has been in contact over the last two years with the East Swiss Infantile and Juvenile Psychiatric Clinic. In evaluating the case, we have relied first and foremost on the interpretation of psychological tests. The question as to whether juvenile suicides differ in any way from juveniles who have merely attempted to kill themselves can be summed up as follows: juveniles who have succeeded in suiciding point clearly and directly to suicide in their tests unlike juveniles who have not succeeded. With these the potential danger must be sought elsewhere, namely in their psychic make-up. We are at present examining the typical features of the tests carried out with suicides and potential suicides.", "PMID": 371242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1115", "title": "[Suicide prevention - current practice and theory].", "content": "The present situation of suicide prevention is portrayed by an historical outline, and the description of the practice and the theoretical foundations. It is established that suicide prevention was intensified after 1948 through the fundamental practical and theoretical works of Erwin Ringel. The present situation is characterized by the fact that after the initial recovery of desperate persons as patients for medicine, the defamation of the suicidal act by society could be avoided in another manner than by merely classifying it as a sickness. Increasing interest is being granted to political and other suicides who depict suicide as a possibility of mankind. The practical application of suicide prevention consists in the organization of rest-centres, the interdisciplinary participation of various professional groups and the application of various medical, psychological and social therapies. The theoretical foundation includes the theories of early and present psychoanalysis, social science and theoretical learn-oriented psychology. This formation and this global view of suicide prevention-practice and theory today, allow us to draw the conclusion that every physician, psychologist, social worker or other human being who comes into contact with desperate persons applies the most effective suicide prevention when he behaves in a straight forward manner, and is interested unreservedly in a candid, unforced way in the psychic and social conflict situation of the other, allthewhile respecting that person's freedom.", "contents": "[Suicide prevention - current practice and theory]. The present situation of suicide prevention is portrayed by an historical outline, and the description of the practice and the theoretical foundations. It is established that suicide prevention was intensified after 1948 through the fundamental practical and theoretical works of Erwin Ringel. The present situation is characterized by the fact that after the initial recovery of desperate persons as patients for medicine, the defamation of the suicidal act by society could be avoided in another manner than by merely classifying it as a sickness. Increasing interest is being granted to political and other suicides who depict suicide as a possibility of mankind. The practical application of suicide prevention consists in the organization of rest-centres, the interdisciplinary participation of various professional groups and the application of various medical, psychological and social therapies. The theoretical foundation includes the theories of early and present psychoanalysis, social science and theoretical learn-oriented psychology. This formation and this global view of suicide prevention-practice and theory today, allow us to draw the conclusion that every physician, psychologist, social worker or other human being who comes into contact with desperate persons applies the most effective suicide prevention when he behaves in a straight forward manner, and is interested unreservedly in a candid, unforced way in the psychic and social conflict situation of the other, allthewhile respecting that person's freedom.", "PMID": 371243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1116", "title": "[Possibilities of using hemoperfusion in the treatment of chronic kidney insufficiency].", "content": "A survey of the administration possibilities of the activated charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of the chronic renal insufficiency is given. Various coating methods for activated charcoal as well as important adsorption abilities of the activated charcoal for uraemia-specific metabolites are described in detail. Then comes a classification of the haemoperfusion in the treatment of ureamia. The result is that at present the use of haemoperfusion with activated charcoal in the therapy of uraemia may be regarded only as a supplementary therapy of the haemodialysis and the haemofiltration, respectively.", "contents": "[Possibilities of using hemoperfusion in the treatment of chronic kidney insufficiency]. A survey of the administration possibilities of the activated charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of the chronic renal insufficiency is given. Various coating methods for activated charcoal as well as important adsorption abilities of the activated charcoal for uraemia-specific metabolites are described in detail. Then comes a classification of the haemoperfusion in the treatment of ureamia. The result is that at present the use of haemoperfusion with activated charcoal in the therapy of uraemia may be regarded only as a supplementary therapy of the haemodialysis and the haemofiltration, respectively.", "PMID": 371244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1117", "title": "[A new method for evaluation of beta-lactamase production of resistant enterobacteriaceae strains (author's transl)].", "content": "Resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae were investigated with a chemical and microbiological test on beta-lactamase activity. The chemical method was needed as screening-test basing on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the chromogenic cephalosporin compound 87/312. The microbiological test is a modified cup plate method using Staph. aureus SG 511 as sensitive test strain for penicillins and cephalosporins. In one of the two cups of the blood agar plate 20 microliter of the beta-lactam antibiotic, in the other cup 20 microliter of the supernatant of the 24 h broth of the bacterial strain was pipettet. If the lactamase in the supernatant neutralises the antibiotic, a halfemoonlike blank is forming on the left site of the inhibition zone. An unchangeable inhibition zone demonstrates stability of the antibiotic to the enzyme. Each of 10 ampicillin- and/or cephalothin-resistant strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia were investigated against 6 penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, bay k 4999) and 6 cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefamandol, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefradine). The microbiological method allows the statement, against which beta-lactam antibiotic the enzyme is effective. A correlation between the beta-lactamase activity and the MIC values in Enterobacteriaceae was not found.", "contents": "[A new method for evaluation of beta-lactamase production of resistant enterobacteriaceae strains (author's transl)]. Resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae were investigated with a chemical and microbiological test on beta-lactamase activity. The chemical method was needed as screening-test basing on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the chromogenic cephalosporin compound 87/312. The microbiological test is a modified cup plate method using Staph. aureus SG 511 as sensitive test strain for penicillins and cephalosporins. In one of the two cups of the blood agar plate 20 microliter of the beta-lactam antibiotic, in the other cup 20 microliter of the supernatant of the 24 h broth of the bacterial strain was pipettet. If the lactamase in the supernatant neutralises the antibiotic, a halfemoonlike blank is forming on the left site of the inhibition zone. An unchangeable inhibition zone demonstrates stability of the antibiotic to the enzyme. Each of 10 ampicillin- and/or cephalothin-resistant strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia were investigated against 6 penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, bay k 4999) and 6 cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefamandol, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefradine). The microbiological method allows the statement, against which beta-lactam antibiotic the enzyme is effective. A correlation between the beta-lactamase activity and the MIC values in Enterobacteriaceae was not found.", "PMID": 371259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1118", "title": "[In-vitro-effect of constant and varying concentrations of beta-lactam-antibiotics on bacteria. I. Quantitative studies on the kinetics of bactericidal effects (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a continuous culture method using the Biostat apparatus (Braun Melsungen) during a six hours interval the kinetics of growth inhibition and killing of E. coli were studied under the influence of varying concentrations of carbenicillin and cephalotin. The bacteria were incubated with the antibiotic at 37 degrees C, either in the broth of the culture vessel or incorporated into the depth of the agar of a dip slide which was brought into the uninoculated broth. Constant inhibitory concentrations (1 X MIC-4 X MIC) caused a bactericidal effect with both antibiotics. The recovery of the bacteria from the toxic effects of carbenicillin and cephalotin was slow if the concentrations were decreased to subinhibitory concentrations after initial contact with inhibitory peak levels. Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrated with both antibiotics a rapid filament formation with partial lysis.", "contents": "[In-vitro-effect of constant and varying concentrations of beta-lactam-antibiotics on bacteria. I. Quantitative studies on the kinetics of bactericidal effects (author's transl)]. On the basis of a continuous culture method using the Biostat apparatus (Braun Melsungen) during a six hours interval the kinetics of growth inhibition and killing of E. coli were studied under the influence of varying concentrations of carbenicillin and cephalotin. The bacteria were incubated with the antibiotic at 37 degrees C, either in the broth of the culture vessel or incorporated into the depth of the agar of a dip slide which was brought into the uninoculated broth. Constant inhibitory concentrations (1 X MIC-4 X MIC) caused a bactericidal effect with both antibiotics. The recovery of the bacteria from the toxic effects of carbenicillin and cephalotin was slow if the concentrations were decreased to subinhibitory concentrations after initial contact with inhibitory peak levels. Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrated with both antibiotics a rapid filament formation with partial lysis.", "PMID": 371260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1119", "title": "[Distribution of pathogenic enterobacteria in the water of open reservoirs].", "content": "Investigations carried out indicated that the main source of microbial contamination of open reservoirs were effluents often drained without any purification and disinfection. Salmonellae were isolated in 10.6 +/- 0.88% of the water samples examined in the Southern regions of the country. Isolation of pathogenic enterobacteria from the water of open reservoirs was seasonal, with the maximal percentage in winter and in spring, this being connected with delay of self-purification processes in the cold seasons of the year. Serovars isolated from water and patients proved to be identical. There was no direct correlation between the coli index and the isolation of pathogenic enterobacteria.", "contents": "[Distribution of pathogenic enterobacteria in the water of open reservoirs]. Investigations carried out indicated that the main source of microbial contamination of open reservoirs were effluents often drained without any purification and disinfection. Salmonellae were isolated in 10.6 +/- 0.88% of the water samples examined in the Southern regions of the country. Isolation of pathogenic enterobacteria from the water of open reservoirs was seasonal, with the maximal percentage in winter and in spring, this being connected with delay of self-purification processes in the cold seasons of the year. Serovars isolated from water and patients proved to be identical. There was no direct correlation between the coli index and the isolation of pathogenic enterobacteria.", "PMID": 371266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1120", "title": "[Detection and study of the labile toxic factor of Proteus mirabilis].", "content": "The author studied the dynamics of toxin formation of the high- and low-virulent Pr. mirabilis strains. The high-virulent strain produced toxic substances of the exotoxin type detectable in 1-2-day broth cultures. Later the activity of the culture medium of both cultures under study was due to substances of the endotoxin type. By physico-chemical and immunobiological properties, and also by chemical composition of Pr. mirabilis \"early toxin\" was similar to the exoenterotoxins of enterobacteria. A principal possibility of concentration and purification of Pr. mirabilis \"early toxin\" with the use of ultrafiltration and gel-chromatography was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Detection and study of the labile toxic factor of Proteus mirabilis]. The author studied the dynamics of toxin formation of the high- and low-virulent Pr. mirabilis strains. The high-virulent strain produced toxic substances of the exotoxin type detectable in 1-2-day broth cultures. Later the activity of the culture medium of both cultures under study was due to substances of the endotoxin type. By physico-chemical and immunobiological properties, and also by chemical composition of Pr. mirabilis \"early toxin\" was similar to the exoenterotoxins of enterobacteria. A principal possibility of concentration and purification of Pr. mirabilis \"early toxin\" with the use of ultrafiltration and gel-chromatography was demonstrated.", "PMID": 371267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1121", "title": "[Natural focal infections in the north of the Far East. I. The detection of natural foci of infections in Chukot].", "content": "Results of a 3-year complex (zoo-parasitological, viral, bacteriological, and serological) studies of mammals and birds in Chukotka demonstrated the presence of natural foci of pseudo-tuberculosis, intestinal yersinosis, salmonellosis (heidelberg), and of tick-borne encephalitis. The existence of natural foci of tularemia and endemic rickettsioses is supposed on the basis of serological data.", "contents": "[Natural focal infections in the north of the Far East. I. The detection of natural foci of infections in Chukot]. Results of a 3-year complex (zoo-parasitological, viral, bacteriological, and serological) studies of mammals and birds in Chukotka demonstrated the presence of natural foci of pseudo-tuberculosis, intestinal yersinosis, salmonellosis (heidelberg), and of tick-borne encephalitis. The existence of natural foci of tularemia and endemic rickettsioses is supposed on the basis of serological data.", "PMID": 371268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1122", "title": "[Efficacy of the per os immunization and reimmunization of man with staphylococcal anatoxin].", "content": "By double immunization of 72 persons and single reimmunization of 38 persons per os with tablets containing 100 BU of purified concentrated staphylococcus toxoid (PCST) it was revealed that this immunization was harmless and the immunological response was adequate. The tablets were intended for application through the oral mucosa (oral) or the intestinal tract (enteral); the immunological response depended on the dose of the preparation and the scheme of administration. A high sensitization of healthy persons examined to staphylococcus was found. There was a tendency to reduction of hypersensitivity after the immunization with staphylococcus toxoid (examination in 6 months) and activation of reactions after the antigen administration (examination in 14 days).", "contents": "[Efficacy of the per os immunization and reimmunization of man with staphylococcal anatoxin]. By double immunization of 72 persons and single reimmunization of 38 persons per os with tablets containing 100 BU of purified concentrated staphylococcus toxoid (PCST) it was revealed that this immunization was harmless and the immunological response was adequate. The tablets were intended for application through the oral mucosa (oral) or the intestinal tract (enteral); the immunological response depended on the dose of the preparation and the scheme of administration. A high sensitization of healthy persons examined to staphylococcus was found. There was a tendency to reduction of hypersensitivity after the immunization with staphylococcus toxoid (examination in 6 months) and activation of reactions after the antigen administration (examination in 14 days).", "PMID": 371275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1123", "title": "[Selection of phage-resistent clones of streptococcus group A and their properties].", "content": "In studying the effects induced by virulent phage CAI in the sensitive cultures of streptococcus, group A, a possibility was shown of selection of phage-resistant clones with the altered enzymatic activity. These clones lost their capacity to produce proteinase and retained residual lipoproteinase activity. This evidence correlates with literature data indicating that phage-resistant streptococci served as good producers of M-protein--the main virulence factor. Infection of the culture producing streptokinase with phage CAI with a definite infection multiplicity led to an increase of the enzyme activity in the culture fluid. This process was accompanied by selection of the resistant strains characterized by greater streptokinase production and greater enzyme stability. As suggested, the latter could result from the absence of proteolytic activity in the phage-resistant clone.", "contents": "[Selection of phage-resistent clones of streptococcus group A and their properties]. In studying the effects induced by virulent phage CAI in the sensitive cultures of streptococcus, group A, a possibility was shown of selection of phage-resistant clones with the altered enzymatic activity. These clones lost their capacity to produce proteinase and retained residual lipoproteinase activity. This evidence correlates with literature data indicating that phage-resistant streptococci served as good producers of M-protein--the main virulence factor. Infection of the culture producing streptokinase with phage CAI with a definite infection multiplicity led to an increase of the enzyme activity in the culture fluid. This process was accompanied by selection of the resistant strains characterized by greater streptokinase production and greater enzyme stability. As suggested, the latter could result from the absence of proteolytic activity in the phage-resistant clone.", "PMID": 371276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1124", "title": "[Antigenic makeup of the protective fractions of S. typhimurium].", "content": "The authors present the results of chemical and immunochemical study of 4 protective fractions (Grasset's antigens, hydroxylamine vaccines, surface antigens, and Boivin's antigens) isolated from the virulent S. typhimurium strain, and of suppressor revertant obtained from streptomycin-dependent mutant of the initial strain. Despite some differences in their chemical and antigenic composition, Grasset's antigens, surface antigens fraction, and hydroxylamine vaccine contained the main cell protective substances and could be used (after further study) as vaccines for enteral immunization. On the basis of the results of chemical analysis and the study of Boivin's antigens antigenic structure it is supposed that O-antigen was changed in the revertant strain.", "contents": "[Antigenic makeup of the protective fractions of S. typhimurium]. The authors present the results of chemical and immunochemical study of 4 protective fractions (Grasset's antigens, hydroxylamine vaccines, surface antigens, and Boivin's antigens) isolated from the virulent S. typhimurium strain, and of suppressor revertant obtained from streptomycin-dependent mutant of the initial strain. Despite some differences in their chemical and antigenic composition, Grasset's antigens, surface antigens fraction, and hydroxylamine vaccine contained the main cell protective substances and could be used (after further study) as vaccines for enteral immunization. On the basis of the results of chemical analysis and the study of Boivin's antigens antigenic structure it is supposed that O-antigen was changed in the revertant strain.", "PMID": 371277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1125", "title": "[Production of auxotrophic mutants of Shigella sonnei].", "content": "Use of selection method with R. Ffm phage offered a possibility of obtaining R-forms of Sh. sonnei from the population of bacteria of phase II with a low frequency of natural dissociation. Mono- and polyauxotrophic mutant of I, II and R-phases by hir, ilv, pro, and mtl markers were obtained by treatment of Sh. sonnei strains with nitrosoguanidine and ethyl-methanesulfonate. The frequency of mutation in two Sh. sonnei strains studied in this work (UBC and No. 941) by the same genetic regions proved to differ. The change of Sh. sonnei phase I into phase II was observed only in selection by proline marker which could be connected with the existence in this region of a gene controlling the dissociation process.", "contents": "[Production of auxotrophic mutants of Shigella sonnei]. Use of selection method with R. Ffm phage offered a possibility of obtaining R-forms of Sh. sonnei from the population of bacteria of phase II with a low frequency of natural dissociation. Mono- and polyauxotrophic mutant of I, II and R-phases by hir, ilv, pro, and mtl markers were obtained by treatment of Sh. sonnei strains with nitrosoguanidine and ethyl-methanesulfonate. The frequency of mutation in two Sh. sonnei strains studied in this work (UBC and No. 941) by the same genetic regions proved to differ. The change of Sh. sonnei phase I into phase II was observed only in selection by proline marker which could be connected with the existence in this region of a gene controlling the dissociation process.", "PMID": 371278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1126", "title": "[Evaluation of the nonspecific reactivity of the body in pulmonary tuberculosis by means of a \"skin window\"].", "content": "Cell reaction of the interstitial tissue in the aseptic inflammation areas was studied to determine the nonspecific reactivity of the organism in patients with infiltrative tuberculosis of the lungs. Rebuck's \"skin window\" method modified by Shurenkova was used. Results of investigations conducted in 15 patients and 10 healthy individuals indicated the absence in them of any significant difference in the character of the inflammatory exudate. Consequently, infiltrative tuberculosis of the lungs coursed against the background of unchanged nonspecific reactivity of the organism.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the nonspecific reactivity of the body in pulmonary tuberculosis by means of a \"skin window\"]. Cell reaction of the interstitial tissue in the aseptic inflammation areas was studied to determine the nonspecific reactivity of the organism in patients with infiltrative tuberculosis of the lungs. Rebuck's \"skin window\" method modified by Shurenkova was used. Results of investigations conducted in 15 patients and 10 healthy individuals indicated the absence in them of any significant difference in the character of the inflammatory exudate. Consequently, infiltrative tuberculosis of the lungs coursed against the background of unchanged nonspecific reactivity of the organism.", "PMID": 371281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1127", "title": "[Mechanism of action of serum globulin preparations].", "content": "Experiments on mice demonstrated that serum homologous globulin preparations containing normal autoantibodies caused induction of autoantibodies in subcutaneous injection to intact animals; this was recorded on the basis of increase of the blood autoantibody level and of the plaque-forming cells content in the spleen tissue. This activation was seen as soon as the first hours--24 hours after the administration of the preparation and failed to disappear in 7 days, persisting in repeated administration of the preparation.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of serum globulin preparations]. Experiments on mice demonstrated that serum homologous globulin preparations containing normal autoantibodies caused induction of autoantibodies in subcutaneous injection to intact animals; this was recorded on the basis of increase of the blood autoantibody level and of the plaque-forming cells content in the spleen tissue. This activation was seen as soon as the first hours--24 hours after the administration of the preparation and failed to disappear in 7 days, persisting in repeated administration of the preparation.", "PMID": 371283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1128", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of Nocardia asteroides].", "content": "Morphology--by growth phases-- was studied in the N. asteroides strain isolated from cows suffering from mastitis in Cuba. During the growth N. asteroides culture underwent a number of morphological cyclic changes; definite morphology was typical for each growth phase. There was a similarity between the structure of the surface N. asteroides and mycobacteria; cyclic changes in the structure of the membranes in nocardia were also shown.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of Nocardia asteroides]. Morphology--by growth phases-- was studied in the N. asteroides strain isolated from cows suffering from mastitis in Cuba. During the growth N. asteroides culture underwent a number of morphological cyclic changes; definite morphology was typical for each growth phase. There was a similarity between the structure of the surface N. asteroides and mycobacteria; cyclic changes in the structure of the membranes in nocardia were also shown.", "PMID": 371289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1129", "title": "[Characteristics of the action of the biologically active factor from virulent Shigella flexneri strains in a study on mice and a cell culture].", "content": "The authors subjected to further study the biologically active factor revealed by them earlier in the virulent Sh. flexneri cultures by using the genetically bound triad of Sh. flexneri 5a-222 cultures and the corresponding couple of Sh. flexneri 2a-516. There was shown correlation of the strains virulence determined by the keratoconjunctival test, with the presence of genetically-determined production of the biologically active factor detectable in the culture filtrate, which produced toxic action of the continuous cell cultures in the virulen Sh. flexneri strains of different serovars (2a and 5a), and lethal action in intravenous injection to mice. Comparative study of toxicity of the preparations of the endotoxin, free endotoxin, and neurotoxin types showed the biologically active factor to resemble the neurotoxin, differing from it in the toxic action and thermolability. Filtrates of the virulent and genetically characterised avirulent strains differed in the protein and lipids content, this permitting to suggest participation of the protein and lipid complex in the toxic action of the biologically active factor.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the action of the biologically active factor from virulent Shigella flexneri strains in a study on mice and a cell culture]. The authors subjected to further study the biologically active factor revealed by them earlier in the virulent Sh. flexneri cultures by using the genetically bound triad of Sh. flexneri 5a-222 cultures and the corresponding couple of Sh. flexneri 2a-516. There was shown correlation of the strains virulence determined by the keratoconjunctival test, with the presence of genetically-determined production of the biologically active factor detectable in the culture filtrate, which produced toxic action of the continuous cell cultures in the virulen Sh. flexneri strains of different serovars (2a and 5a), and lethal action in intravenous injection to mice. Comparative study of toxicity of the preparations of the endotoxin, free endotoxin, and neurotoxin types showed the biologically active factor to resemble the neurotoxin, differing from it in the toxic action and thermolability. Filtrates of the virulent and genetically characterised avirulent strains differed in the protein and lipids content, this permitting to suggest participation of the protein and lipid complex in the toxic action of the biologically active factor.", "PMID": 371290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1130", "title": "[Media with yeast RNA for isolating Shigella flexneri from feces].", "content": "The authors demonstrated a considerable, in comparison with the control, increase of the biomass of Sh. flexneri causative agent, when growing in meat-peptone broth with 1-4 mg of NaRNA,  and of the number of colonies in the feces of the patients and of healthy persons artificially contaminated with Sh. flexneri when inoculated in Ploskirev's agar or Endo medium with 4 mg/ml of NaRNA. Using media with NaRNA for laboratory diagnosis of dysentery is recommended.", "contents": "[Media with yeast RNA for isolating Shigella flexneri from feces]. The authors demonstrated a considerable, in comparison with the control, increase of the biomass of Sh. flexneri causative agent, when growing in meat-peptone broth with 1-4 mg of NaRNA,  and of the number of colonies in the feces of the patients and of healthy persons artificially contaminated with Sh. flexneri when inoculated in Ploskirev's agar or Endo medium with 4 mg/ml of NaRNA. Using media with NaRNA for laboratory diagnosis of dysentery is recommended.", "PMID": 371291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1131", "title": "[Reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness of an oral cholera chemical vaccine in a limited controlled experiment with human revaccination].", "content": "Oral cholera chemical vaccine in the doses tested (2 and 3 tablets) proved to be areactogenic, harmless and immunologically effective in a controlled limited trial in 150 volunteers. By the results of titration of specific antitoxins and vibriocidal antibodies in the blood serum, as well as of coproantibodies a dose of 2 tablets was chosen as the optimal one.", "contents": "[Reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness of an oral cholera chemical vaccine in a limited controlled experiment with human revaccination]. Oral cholera chemical vaccine in the doses tested (2 and 3 tablets) proved to be areactogenic, harmless and immunologically effective in a controlled limited trial in 150 volunteers. By the results of titration of specific antitoxins and vibriocidal antibodies in the blood serum, as well as of coproantibodies a dose of 2 tablets was chosen as the optimal one.", "PMID": 371293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1132", "title": "[Antigenic activity of a gamma-ray inactivated, concentrated, purified cultured antirabies vaccine].", "content": "Concentrated purified cultural rabies vaccine inactivated with gamma-rays caused in intramuscular injection (2 ml twice at an interval of 23 and 21 days) production of virus-neutralizing antibodies both in experiments on animals and in the vaccinated volunteers in titres not below those obtained in persons given a complete course of cultural rabies vaccine inoculations. No untoward reactions occurred.", "contents": "[Antigenic activity of a gamma-ray inactivated, concentrated, purified cultured antirabies vaccine]. Concentrated purified cultural rabies vaccine inactivated with gamma-rays caused in intramuscular injection (2 ml twice at an interval of 23 and 21 days) production of virus-neutralizing antibodies both in experiments on animals and in the vaccinated volunteers in titres not below those obtained in persons given a complete course of cultural rabies vaccine inoculations. No untoward reactions occurred.", "PMID": 371294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1133", "title": "[Use of the immunofluorescent microagglutination reaction for the purpose of studying ornithosis infection. 1. Production and approbation of a corpuscular luminescent diagnosticum].", "content": "A method of obtaining the fluorescent ornithosis corpuscular diagnostic agent providing for the extraction of the corpuscular antigen with its subsequent conjugation with fluorochrome-fluoresceine isothiocyanate. The use of this preparation permits to stage the agglutination reaction on the basis of immunofluorescent analysis, this facilitating the recording of the reaction results and considerably decreasing consumption of the diagnostic agent. As shown, the suggested immunofluorescent microagglutination reaction was characterised by a sufficiently high sensitivity, specificity, and can be used for detection of antibodies to the causative agent of ornithosis.", "contents": "[Use of the immunofluorescent microagglutination reaction for the purpose of studying ornithosis infection. 1. Production and approbation of a corpuscular luminescent diagnosticum]. A method of obtaining the fluorescent ornithosis corpuscular diagnostic agent providing for the extraction of the corpuscular antigen with its subsequent conjugation with fluorochrome-fluoresceine isothiocyanate. The use of this preparation permits to stage the agglutination reaction on the basis of immunofluorescent analysis, this facilitating the recording of the reaction results and considerably decreasing consumption of the diagnostic agent. As shown, the suggested immunofluorescent microagglutination reaction was characterised by a sufficiently high sensitivity, specificity, and can be used for detection of antibodies to the causative agent of ornithosis.", "PMID": 371295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1134", "title": "[Activity of the T- and B-lymphocyte systems in microbial eczema].", "content": "The author demonstrated a marked reduction in number of T-spontaneously rosette-forming lymphocyte and B-cells tested by direct immunofluorescence in the peripheral blood of patients suffering from microbial eczema. Reduction in number of B-lymphocytes was accompanied by a decrease in serum immunoglobulins (of M and G classes) content, of the titre of normal antibodies of E. coli, in parallel with increase in concentration of immunoglobulins, class A, and of agglutinating titre to staphylococcus P-209.", "contents": "[Activity of the T- and B-lymphocyte systems in microbial eczema]. The author demonstrated a marked reduction in number of T-spontaneously rosette-forming lymphocyte and B-cells tested by direct immunofluorescence in the peripheral blood of patients suffering from microbial eczema. Reduction in number of B-lymphocytes was accompanied by a decrease in serum immunoglobulins (of M and G classes) content, of the titre of normal antibodies of E. coli, in parallel with increase in concentration of immunoglobulins, class A, and of agglutinating titre to staphylococcus P-209.", "PMID": 371296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1135", "title": "[Tissue and bacterial sensitization in patients with bone pathology].", "content": "The author studied sensitization to normal tissues (bone, muscle, spleen) and tissues altered by pathological process (sequestrum, scars), and also to allergens of widespread causative agents of purulent infection (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, E. coli) in 87 patients with different bone pathology and in 24 donors. Leukocytolysis reaction (modified by Karapaty) was used for ascertaining the sensitization; a total of 592 tests were conducted. With the development of infection in soft tissues and then in the bone there was an increase in frequency of positive reactions and their manifestation in interaction with the antigens of both normal tissues and those altered by pathological process. The incidence of positive reactions and their manifestation with bacterial allergens coinciding with the microbial flora of the focus of infection was also increased.", "contents": "[Tissue and bacterial sensitization in patients with bone pathology]. The author studied sensitization to normal tissues (bone, muscle, spleen) and tissues altered by pathological process (sequestrum, scars), and also to allergens of widespread causative agents of purulent infection (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, E. coli) in 87 patients with different bone pathology and in 24 donors. Leukocytolysis reaction (modified by Karapaty) was used for ascertaining the sensitization; a total of 592 tests were conducted. With the development of infection in soft tissues and then in the bone there was an increase in frequency of positive reactions and their manifestation in interaction with the antigens of both normal tissues and those altered by pathological process. The incidence of positive reactions and their manifestation with bacterial allergens coinciding with the microbial flora of the focus of infection was also increased.", "PMID": 371297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1136", "title": "[Transforming activity of plasmid R6K DNA on Serratia marcescens strain 20-10. The behavior of the plasmid in the transformants].", "content": "The authors described transformation of S. marcescens, strain 20-10, of the isolated R6K plasmide DNA. As demonstrated by centrifugation in cesium chloride gradient and electrophoresis in agarose, the plasmide was present in the transformants in the form identical to R6K in E. coli K12. Analysis of the transforming activity of R6K plasmide from Serratia and E. coli K12 strains with a complete and defective restriction system showed S. marsescens, strain 20-10, to possess specific system of restriction and modification. In studying beta-lactamase activity and Serratia and E. coli strains ampicillin and streptomycin resistance revealed differences in the phenotypical expression of the plasmide signs in the heterologous and homologous host.", "contents": "[Transforming activity of plasmid R6K DNA on Serratia marcescens strain 20-10. The behavior of the plasmid in the transformants]. The authors described transformation of S. marcescens, strain 20-10, of the isolated R6K plasmide DNA. As demonstrated by centrifugation in cesium chloride gradient and electrophoresis in agarose, the plasmide was present in the transformants in the form identical to R6K in E. coli K12. Analysis of the transforming activity of R6K plasmide from Serratia and E. coli K12 strains with a complete and defective restriction system showed S. marsescens, strain 20-10, to possess specific system of restriction and modification. In studying beta-lactamase activity and Serratia and E. coli strains ampicillin and streptomycin resistance revealed differences in the phenotypical expression of the plasmide signs in the heterologous and homologous host.", "PMID": 371301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1137", "title": "[Intracytoplasmic membrane structures in the L forms of the hemolytic streptococcus].", "content": "In studying the submicroscopic structure of the L-form of streptococcus, group A, isolated from the heart tissue of rabbit there were revealed intracytoplasmic membrane structures. Ring lamellar structures were most frequently revealed in the spheroid cells with dense and loose cytoplasm. They were also found in dense cytoplasm of elementary bodies. Myelin-like structures or those resembling a bundle of microtubules were less incident. Fibrillar structures collected into bands, 64--140 nm in with, and located on one or both sides of the cells beside the cytoplasmic membrane were revealed in the spheroid cells. Individual fibrillae, 8 to 10 nm in diameter, adhered one to another, interlaced, and were sometimes located in parallel. The fibrillar band was loose in the lysed cells.", "contents": "[Intracytoplasmic membrane structures in the L forms of the hemolytic streptococcus]. In studying the submicroscopic structure of the L-form of streptococcus, group A, isolated from the heart tissue of rabbit there were revealed intracytoplasmic membrane structures. Ring lamellar structures were most frequently revealed in the spheroid cells with dense and loose cytoplasm. They were also found in dense cytoplasm of elementary bodies. Myelin-like structures or those resembling a bundle of microtubules were less incident. Fibrillar structures collected into bands, 64--140 nm in with, and located on one or both sides of the cells beside the cytoplasmic membrane were revealed in the spheroid cells. Individual fibrillae, 8 to 10 nm in diameter, adhered one to another, interlaced, and were sometimes located in parallel. The fibrillar band was loose in the lysed cells.", "PMID": 371303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1138", "title": "[Aromatic amino acid metabolism in Enterobacteriaceae microorganisms].", "content": "The authors revealed phenylalanine deaminase (PAD) in the majority of the Citrobacter strains investigated; the activity of PAD varied within a rather considerable range (0.3--4.58 micrometer of phenylpiruvate in 1 hr per 1 mg of bacterial protein). The presence of this enzyme thus served as an auxiliary biochemical test characterising this group of conditionally pathogenic microbes of the Enterobacteriacea family. Tyrosine decarboxylase was absent in 26 of 50 strains of Citrobacter examined. In the rest of the strains the activity of this enzyme was low. Consequently, tyrosine decarboxylase could not be used for identification of microorganisms of the Citrobacter genus.", "contents": "[Aromatic amino acid metabolism in Enterobacteriaceae microorganisms]. The authors revealed phenylalanine deaminase (PAD) in the majority of the Citrobacter strains investigated; the activity of PAD varied within a rather considerable range (0.3--4.58 micrometer of phenylpiruvate in 1 hr per 1 mg of bacterial protein). The presence of this enzyme thus served as an auxiliary biochemical test characterising this group of conditionally pathogenic microbes of the Enterobacteriacea family. Tyrosine decarboxylase was absent in 26 of 50 strains of Citrobacter examined. In the rest of the strains the activity of this enzyme was low. Consequently, tyrosine decarboxylase could not be used for identification of microorganisms of the Citrobacter genus.", "PMID": 371304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1139", "title": "[Gibbs free energy in periodic enterobacterial cultures].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the Gibbs' free energy (--delta G) output in periodic cultures of nonpathogenic and enteropathogenic escherichia, shigellae, salmonellae,  Proteus, serratia, and klebsiellae in the hydrolysate broth in a special twelve--chamber cultivator. Graphic expression--deltaG = f(N) permitted to reveal differences in the energy characteristics of individual enterobacteria genera and species. It is supposed that such studies could be useful in the choice of redox-indicators during the construction of differential-diagnostic media for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal infections.", "contents": "[Gibbs free energy in periodic enterobacterial cultures]. The authors present the results of study of the Gibbs' free energy (--delta G) output in periodic cultures of nonpathogenic and enteropathogenic escherichia, shigellae, salmonellae,  Proteus, serratia, and klebsiellae in the hydrolysate broth in a special twelve--chamber cultivator. Graphic expression--deltaG = f(N) permitted to reveal differences in the energy characteristics of individual enterobacteria genera and species. It is supposed that such studies could be useful in the choice of redox-indicators during the construction of differential-diagnostic media for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal infections.", "PMID": 371306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1140", "title": "[Content of A-, G- and M-class immunoglobulins in adults perorally immunized with a liver Sonne dysentery vaccine].", "content": "The authors studied the immunological shifts in the blood and saliva of 357 adults immunized with live enteral dysentery Sonne vaccine from a spontaneous mutant according to different schemes (1, 2, 3, 4 injections at 2--3-day intervals. The general level of IgA, IgG, and IgM increased during the immunization; there was also an elevation of the specific antibodies level of these classes in the blood of the persons vaccinated. Accretion was the greatest of IgA both in the blood and in saliva of the immunized persons; this pointed to a marked, chiefly local, immunological activity of the vaccine. As shown, during the immunization the rise and the changes in the antibody level of various immunoglobulin classes differed from such in dysentery infection; in the latter case, along with the IgA-antibodies there was a marked elevation of the IgG- and IgM-antibodies level. It is supposed that there was a possibility of a changed of a 4-time immunization scheme  to-3-time one, with increase of intervals between the vaccine administration.", "contents": "[Content of A-, G- and M-class immunoglobulins in adults perorally immunized with a liver Sonne dysentery vaccine]. The authors studied the immunological shifts in the blood and saliva of 357 adults immunized with live enteral dysentery Sonne vaccine from a spontaneous mutant according to different schemes (1, 2, 3, 4 injections at 2--3-day intervals. The general level of IgA, IgG, and IgM increased during the immunization; there was also an elevation of the specific antibodies level of these classes in the blood of the persons vaccinated. Accretion was the greatest of IgA both in the blood and in saliva of the immunized persons; this pointed to a marked, chiefly local, immunological activity of the vaccine. As shown, during the immunization the rise and the changes in the antibody level of various immunoglobulin classes differed from such in dysentery infection; in the latter case, along with the IgA-antibodies there was a marked elevation of the IgG- and IgM-antibodies level. It is supposed that there was a possibility of a changed of a 4-time immunization scheme  to-3-time one, with increase of intervals between the vaccine administration.", "PMID": 371307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1141", "title": "[Antibiotic and sulfanilamide resistance of the coli- and lactobacteria used for the production of bacterial preparations].", "content": "An antibiotic-resistant mutant recommended for the production of colibacterin preparation was isolated from the E. coli strain M-17 highly-sensitive to antibiotics. A possibility of complex use of bacterial preparations (coli- and lactobacterin) with antibiotics and sulphanylamides for prevention of dysbacteriosis was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Antibiotic and sulfanilamide resistance of the coli- and lactobacteria used for the production of bacterial preparations]. An antibiotic-resistant mutant recommended for the production of colibacterin preparation was isolated from the E. coli strain M-17 highly-sensitive to antibiotics. A possibility of complex use of bacterial preparations (coli- and lactobacterin) with antibiotics and sulphanylamides for prevention of dysbacteriosis was demonstrated.", "PMID": 371308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1142", "title": "[Nutrient medium for the isolation of hemocultures from brucellosis patients].", "content": "To isolate brucellosis causative agent from the blood of patients against the background of antibiotic therapy the authors used for the first time the medium consisting of aminopeptide, beta-globulin agar with glucose, glycerine, and twin-60. No valuable food products--meat, liver--were required to prepare the medium; by-product of gamma-globulin production being used. With the aid of the suggested medium there was isolated 2.4 times more hemocultures than on the widely used meat-peptone medium. This is attributed to the presence in the medium of human protein, essential amino acids, and blood mineral substances, which, in combination, facilitated adaptation of brucellosis causative agent to the nutrient medium similar to human blood by composition. Economical effect in using the mentioned medium constituted 53.8% annually.", "contents": "[Nutrient medium for the isolation of hemocultures from brucellosis patients]. To isolate brucellosis causative agent from the blood of patients against the background of antibiotic therapy the authors used for the first time the medium consisting of aminopeptide, beta-globulin agar with glucose, glycerine, and twin-60. No valuable food products--meat, liver--were required to prepare the medium; by-product of gamma-globulin production being used. With the aid of the suggested medium there was isolated 2.4 times more hemocultures than on the widely used meat-peptone medium. This is attributed to the presence in the medium of human protein, essential amino acids, and blood mineral substances, which, in combination, facilitated adaptation of brucellosis causative agent to the nutrient medium similar to human blood by composition. Economical effect in using the mentioned medium constituted 53.8% annually.", "PMID": 371310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1143", "title": "[Preoperative calculation for stereotaxic clipping of cerebral aneurysms].", "content": "Preoperative calculations employing geometric methods make it possible to determine the optimum site for forming the trephination opening and the position of the plane for parting the clips in operations of stereotaxic clipping. Some new special terms are suggested which are used in geometric constructions. The suggested method was applied in 23 operations on 20 patients with arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain treated by the method of stereotaxic clipping.", "contents": "[Preoperative calculation for stereotaxic clipping of cerebral aneurysms]. Preoperative calculations employing geometric methods make it possible to determine the optimum site for forming the trephination opening and the position of the plane for parting the clips in operations of stereotaxic clipping. Some new special terms are suggested which are used in geometric constructions. The suggested method was applied in 23 operations on 20 patients with arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain treated by the method of stereotaxic clipping.", "PMID": 371312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1144", "title": "Characteristics of evoked potentials and single neuron responses in the cat sensorimotor cortex to sound stimuli with different frequencies.", "content": "The characteristics of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) (experiments with awake non-paralysed animals), of the evoked potentials (EP) and of the responses of single sensorimotor cortical neurons (acute experiments) of cats to tone-bursts with frequencies within 0.1-6.0 kHz were studied. Response selectivity to the tone-burst frequencies which are energetically pronounced in some biologically significant sounds for the cat was observed. The averaged curve of the dependence of the amplitude of AEP in the somatosensory cortical region (S1) on the tone-burst frequency has reliable maximum values at the frequencies of 0.8, 1.6 and 2.0-3.0 kHz. Most pronounced changes in the heart rhythm were observed within the tone-burst frequency ranges in which the AEP of the highest amplitudes were recorded. The amplitude of the AEP was found to increase during the conditioned reflex elaboration. The curve of the dependence of the probability of the EP occurrence on the frequency at equal sound pressure levels had maximum values at the frequencies of 1.6 and 3.2 kHz. The highest amplitude values of EP were found at frequencies of 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kHz. More than half of the recorded neurons revealed the lowest values of the response thresholds and the maximum values of the occurrence probability under suprathreshold stimulation at frequencies close to 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 kHz. It is supposed that the above mentioned feature of the input frequency organization in sensorimotor cortex is connected with the selectivity as to the biological significance of acoustic stimuli.", "contents": "Characteristics of evoked potentials and single neuron responses in the cat sensorimotor cortex to sound stimuli with different frequencies. The characteristics of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) (experiments with awake non-paralysed animals), of the evoked potentials (EP) and of the responses of single sensorimotor cortical neurons (acute experiments) of cats to tone-bursts with frequencies within 0.1-6.0 kHz were studied. Response selectivity to the tone-burst frequencies which are energetically pronounced in some biologically significant sounds for the cat was observed. The averaged curve of the dependence of the amplitude of AEP in the somatosensory cortical region (S1) on the tone-burst frequency has reliable maximum values at the frequencies of 0.8, 1.6 and 2.0-3.0 kHz. Most pronounced changes in the heart rhythm were observed within the tone-burst frequency ranges in which the AEP of the highest amplitudes were recorded. The amplitude of the AEP was found to increase during the conditioned reflex elaboration. The curve of the dependence of the probability of the EP occurrence on the frequency at equal sound pressure levels had maximum values at the frequencies of 1.6 and 3.2 kHz. The highest amplitude values of EP were found at frequencies of 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kHz. More than half of the recorded neurons revealed the lowest values of the response thresholds and the maximum values of the occurrence probability under suprathreshold stimulation at frequencies close to 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 kHz. It is supposed that the above mentioned feature of the input frequency organization in sensorimotor cortex is connected with the selectivity as to the biological significance of acoustic stimuli.", "PMID": 371314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1145", "title": "Pulmonary embolism associated with elective surgery, detected by ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy.", "content": "The frequency of clinical and sub-clinical postoperative pulmonary embolism, demonstrated by combined pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scanning, and the prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin, were assessed in a randomised double-blind study in 43 patients aged over 40 years. Pulmonary embolism was demonstrated using combined ventilation-perfusion scanning in 4 out of 43 patients (9%). The incidence was 1 out of 19 patients in the heparin-treated group and 3 out of 24 patients in the placebo group. This difference was not significant. If post-operative perfusion scanning alone had been utilised for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, the frequency of pulmonary emboli would have been 33%, with 21% in the heparin group and 46% in the placebo group. This difference is not significant. It is concluded that perfusion scanning over-estimates the frequency of post-operative pulmonary embolism. The use of the more specific combined ventilation-perfusion scanning shows that asymptomatic postoperative pulmonary embolism does occur, but that the frequency is considerably lower than indicated by perfusion scanning alone. Combined ventilations-perfusion scanning must be performed in studies assessing the effects of various treatment regimes on the frequency of pulmonary embolism postoperatively. The small number of patients included in the study do not permit any conclusions concerning any prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin against pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism associated with elective surgery, detected by ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. The frequency of clinical and sub-clinical postoperative pulmonary embolism, demonstrated by combined pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scanning, and the prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin, were assessed in a randomised double-blind study in 43 patients aged over 40 years. Pulmonary embolism was demonstrated using combined ventilation-perfusion scanning in 4 out of 43 patients (9%). The incidence was 1 out of 19 patients in the heparin-treated group and 3 out of 24 patients in the placebo group. This difference was not significant. If post-operative perfusion scanning alone had been utilised for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, the frequency of pulmonary emboli would have been 33%, with 21% in the heparin group and 46% in the placebo group. This difference is not significant. It is concluded that perfusion scanning over-estimates the frequency of post-operative pulmonary embolism. The use of the more specific combined ventilation-perfusion scanning shows that asymptomatic postoperative pulmonary embolism does occur, but that the frequency is considerably lower than indicated by perfusion scanning alone. Combined ventilations-perfusion scanning must be performed in studies assessing the effects of various treatment regimes on the frequency of pulmonary embolism postoperatively. The small number of patients included in the study do not permit any conclusions concerning any prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin against pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 371316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1146", "title": "Dexon versus chromic catgut-Mersilene simultaneously employed for gastro-intestinal anastomoses, evaluated endoscopically.", "content": "Twenty gastro-intestinal anastomoses were sutured, in a randomized manner, with two layers of Dexon in the anterior or posterior suture line, and chromic catgut-Merselene in the other. Each of the suture lines was evaluated \"blind\" using endoscopy, 3 months postoperatively. No anastomosis failure was observed, in any of the patients, nor were there any definite differences between the two suture lines with regard to the degree of irritation. However, visible, non-absorbable suture material could be seen in two cases where conventional material had been employed. It is concluded that two layers of Dexon are preferable to non-absorbable materials for use in gastro-intestinal anastomoses.", "contents": "Dexon versus chromic catgut-Mersilene simultaneously employed for gastro-intestinal anastomoses, evaluated endoscopically. Twenty gastro-intestinal anastomoses were sutured, in a randomized manner, with two layers of Dexon in the anterior or posterior suture line, and chromic catgut-Merselene in the other. Each of the suture lines was evaluated \"blind\" using endoscopy, 3 months postoperatively. No anastomosis failure was observed, in any of the patients, nor were there any definite differences between the two suture lines with regard to the degree of irritation. However, visible, non-absorbable suture material could be seen in two cases where conventional material had been employed. It is concluded that two layers of Dexon are preferable to non-absorbable materials for use in gastro-intestinal anastomoses.", "PMID": 371317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1147", "title": "Septic complications in colo-rectal surgery after 24 hours versus 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation. I. Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study.", "content": "A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was performed to compare 24 hours and 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation by means of gentamicin + vancomycin + mycostatin. 83 patients undergoing elective colo-rectal operations completed the study (Tablet I), and the two groups proved similar in terms of age, sex, diagnosis, surgical procedures and operation time (Table II). No significant difference in septic complications was found between patients receiving 24 hours and 60 hours of preoperative treatment (Table III). Wound infection occurred significantly more frequently in operations of long duration (Table IV). Cultures made from infected wounds revealed a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in half of the cases, whereas pure aerobic or anaerobic infections were equally frequent (Table V).", "contents": "Septic complications in colo-rectal surgery after 24 hours versus 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation. I. Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was performed to compare 24 hours and 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation by means of gentamicin + vancomycin + mycostatin. 83 patients undergoing elective colo-rectal operations completed the study (Tablet I), and the two groups proved similar in terms of age, sex, diagnosis, surgical procedures and operation time (Table II). No significant difference in septic complications was found between patients receiving 24 hours and 60 hours of preoperative treatment (Table III). Wound infection occurred significantly more frequently in operations of long duration (Table IV). Cultures made from infected wounds revealed a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in half of the cases, whereas pure aerobic or anaerobic infections were equally frequent (Table V).", "PMID": 371318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1148", "title": "Septic complications in colo-rectal surgery after 24 hours versus 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation. II. Significance of bacterial concentrations in the bowel for contamination of the operation field and subsequent wound infection.", "content": "In a controlled study, the results of peroral preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation administered for 24 vs. 60 hours, respectively, were compared. No differences were found in concentrations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria or in concentrations of antibiotics in colonic contents. Contamination of the operation field during operation was examined by quantitative culture of irrigation fluid from the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of bacteria in colonic contents and the degree of contamination in the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. A significant correlation was also found between contamination of the operation field and subsequent development of wound infection.", "contents": "Septic complications in colo-rectal surgery after 24 hours versus 60 hours of preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation. II. Significance of bacterial concentrations in the bowel for contamination of the operation field and subsequent wound infection. In a controlled study, the results of peroral preoperative antibiotic bowel preparation administered for 24 vs. 60 hours, respectively, were compared. No differences were found in concentrations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria or in concentrations of antibiotics in colonic contents. Contamination of the operation field during operation was examined by quantitative culture of irrigation fluid from the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of bacteria in colonic contents and the degree of contamination in the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. A significant correlation was also found between contamination of the operation field and subsequent development of wound infection.", "PMID": 371319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1149", "title": "Short-term regulation of LH and FSH secretion in cyclic women. III. Effects of varying doses of two consecutive LH-RH injections on pituitary and ovarian response.", "content": "The effects of two consecutive LH-RH injections at 120 min intervals with either a varying first or second LH-RH dose on pituitary gonadotrophin response were investigated in 15 eugonadal women to study pituitary secretory processes. Each volunteer underwent a total of 4 LH-RH double stimulation tests. In group I (n = 8) the first LH-RH dose of each of the 4 tests was fixed at 25 microgram, whereas the second LH-RH dose consisted of either 6, 25, 100 or 400 microgram. In group II (n = 7) the first LH-RH dose varied between 6 and 400 microgram, while the second LH-RH dose was kept constant at 25 microgram. Serum gonadotrophin and serum ovarian steroid levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after LH-RH administration. The volunteers in both groups served as their own controls. A linear log-dose response relationship was found between the various doses of LH-RH injected and the corresponding LH and FSH elevations elicited. However, the dose of the first LH-RH injection also significantly influenced the gonadotrophin reaction after the second LH-RH injection in a linear log-dose response relationship. Serum levels of oestradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone significantly increased in response to the elevated serum gonadotrophin levels after LH-RH stimulation during the 4 h test period, but the rise did not correlate to the LH-RH dose used. The results indicate that LH-releasing hormone stimulates not only the release, but also the synthesis of LH and FSH in a dose-related manner. These findings are consistent with our previously reported concept that the magnitude of LH and FSH response to the first LH-RH injection reflects the \"storage capacity\", while the increase observed after the second LH-RH injection represents the \"synthesis capacity\" of the gonadotrophs.", "contents": "Short-term regulation of LH and FSH secretion in cyclic women. III. Effects of varying doses of two consecutive LH-RH injections on pituitary and ovarian response. The effects of two consecutive LH-RH injections at 120 min intervals with either a varying first or second LH-RH dose on pituitary gonadotrophin response were investigated in 15 eugonadal women to study pituitary secretory processes. Each volunteer underwent a total of 4 LH-RH double stimulation tests. In group I (n = 8) the first LH-RH dose of each of the 4 tests was fixed at 25 microgram, whereas the second LH-RH dose consisted of either 6, 25, 100 or 400 microgram. In group II (n = 7) the first LH-RH dose varied between 6 and 400 microgram, while the second LH-RH dose was kept constant at 25 microgram. Serum gonadotrophin and serum ovarian steroid levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after LH-RH administration. The volunteers in both groups served as their own controls. A linear log-dose response relationship was found between the various doses of LH-RH injected and the corresponding LH and FSH elevations elicited. However, the dose of the first LH-RH injection also significantly influenced the gonadotrophin reaction after the second LH-RH injection in a linear log-dose response relationship. Serum levels of oestradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone significantly increased in response to the elevated serum gonadotrophin levels after LH-RH stimulation during the 4 h test period, but the rise did not correlate to the LH-RH dose used. The results indicate that LH-releasing hormone stimulates not only the release, but also the synthesis of LH and FSH in a dose-related manner. These findings are consistent with our previously reported concept that the magnitude of LH and FSH response to the first LH-RH injection reflects the \"storage capacity\", while the increase observed after the second LH-RH injection represents the \"synthesis capacity\" of the gonadotrophs.", "PMID": 371321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1150", "title": "Incidence of immune complex nephritis following active immunisation with a testosterone-3-BSA conjugate or BSA alone.", "content": "Before immunisation with hormones can be applied in therapeutic medicine, the possible immunological side effects should be investigated. Therefore the kidneys of 20 rabbits immunised with testosterone-BSA conjugates were examined 4 to 30 weeks after immunisation for the presence of immune complex precipitation and glomerulonephritis. Eighty-five per cent showed differing degrees of precipitation and 50% had an exudative glomerulonephritis. None of the kidneys from normal control rabbits or those immunised with complete Freund's adjuvant or BSA showed any signs of immune complex precipitation, although high anti-BSA titres were present in the BSA-immunised animals (1/3000--1/25,000). BSA antibodies could not be detected in the rabbits immunised with testosterone-3-BSA. In the light of these findings active immunisation with steroid-BSA conjugates would not be advisable as a means of therapy.", "contents": "Incidence of immune complex nephritis following active immunisation with a testosterone-3-BSA conjugate or BSA alone. Before immunisation with hormones can be applied in therapeutic medicine, the possible immunological side effects should be investigated. Therefore the kidneys of 20 rabbits immunised with testosterone-BSA conjugates were examined 4 to 30 weeks after immunisation for the presence of immune complex precipitation and glomerulonephritis. Eighty-five per cent showed differing degrees of precipitation and 50% had an exudative glomerulonephritis. None of the kidneys from normal control rabbits or those immunised with complete Freund's adjuvant or BSA showed any signs of immune complex precipitation, although high anti-BSA titres were present in the BSA-immunised animals (1/3000--1/25,000). BSA antibodies could not be detected in the rabbits immunised with testosterone-3-BSA. In the light of these findings active immunisation with steroid-BSA conjugates would not be advisable as a means of therapy.", "PMID": 371322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1151", "title": "[Automatic grinding of undecalcified bone sections with exact adjustment of thickness].", "content": "A new grinding machine for preparing thin undecalcified bone sections after methylmethacrylate embedding is described. About 20 rather small bone sections can be ground at the same time; bigger specimens, up to 8 cm of length, are allowed. Bone sections are mounted on a cylindrical specimen holder by an adhesive film. Then the final thickness of the sections is exactly adjusted by screwing three rubies out of the holder's bottom. Now the prepared holder is set in a guide ring on a turntable carrying a rough ended glass plate. The desired thickness of the sections is reached as soon as the three rubies touch the glass surface. The variation in the thickness of the sections is less than +/- 3 micron. The machine is simply constructed, easily to handle and rapidly to clean.", "contents": "[Automatic grinding of undecalcified bone sections with exact adjustment of thickness]. A new grinding machine for preparing thin undecalcified bone sections after methylmethacrylate embedding is described. About 20 rather small bone sections can be ground at the same time; bigger specimens, up to 8 cm of length, are allowed. Bone sections are mounted on a cylindrical specimen holder by an adhesive film. Then the final thickness of the sections is exactly adjusted by screwing three rubies out of the holder's bottom. Now the prepared holder is set in a guide ring on a turntable carrying a rough ended glass plate. The desired thickness of the sections is reached as soon as the three rubies touch the glass surface. The variation in the thickness of the sections is less than +/- 3 micron. The machine is simply constructed, easily to handle and rapidly to clean.", "PMID": 371325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1152", "title": "Morphometric evaluation of the number of exocrine pancreatic cells during early postnatal growth in the rat.", "content": "The number of the various cell categories of the exocrine pancreas of the rat was evaluated by morphometric methods in paraffin sections of glands from rats aged 2, 5, 15, 20 and 33 days. The evolution of these cell types could be properly expressed by equations of the type y = aoek.x, where y = cell number, and x = age in days. The time necessary for each cell type to duplicate was thus obtained. The percentages (y') of acinar, intercalated duct and connective tissue cells also proved to be age-dependent and could be expressed by second-degree equations.", "contents": "Morphometric evaluation of the number of exocrine pancreatic cells during early postnatal growth in the rat. The number of the various cell categories of the exocrine pancreas of the rat was evaluated by morphometric methods in paraffin sections of glands from rats aged 2, 5, 15, 20 and 33 days. The evolution of these cell types could be properly expressed by equations of the type y = aoek.x, where y = cell number, and x = age in days. The time necessary for each cell type to duplicate was thus obtained. The percentages (y') of acinar, intercalated duct and connective tissue cells also proved to be age-dependent and could be expressed by second-degree equations.", "PMID": 371326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1153", "title": "Correlations of electromyographic silent period duration and the Helkimo dysfunction index.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients seen for consultation concerning mandibular dysfunction symptoms were examined utilizing the Helkimo index of dysfunction and electromyographic silent period recordings from masticatory muscles. The data collected were analyzed for correlations between the two parameters. Several significant correlations were noted between certain variables of the dysfunction index and the duration of the silent period. The mean duration of the silent period increased with increasing dysfunction index value. However, the clinical significance of this correlation is not established as long as we do not know the validity of neither the dysfunction index nor the the EMG silent period duration.", "contents": "Correlations of electromyographic silent period duration and the Helkimo dysfunction index. Fifty-eight patients seen for consultation concerning mandibular dysfunction symptoms were examined utilizing the Helkimo index of dysfunction and electromyographic silent period recordings from masticatory muscles. The data collected were analyzed for correlations between the two parameters. Several significant correlations were noted between certain variables of the dysfunction index and the duration of the silent period. The mean duration of the silent period increased with increasing dysfunction index value. However, the clinical significance of this correlation is not established as long as we do not know the validity of neither the dysfunction index nor the the EMG silent period duration.", "PMID": 371328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1154", "title": "Repair of bone defects by bone inductive material.", "content": "Experimental fibular defects in 16 rats were filled with an acid decalcified homogenous bone matrix (bone inductive material). Autogenous bone grafts in corresponding defects in the other legs of the same rats served as controls. After 3 months, 11 of the 16 defects filled with bone inductive material healed with bony union, but only 4 of the 16 defects treated with autogenous bone grafts had healed. The results suggest that bone inductive material can repair bone defects are too large to be healed by autogenous bone grafts.", "contents": "Repair of bone defects by bone inductive material. Experimental fibular defects in 16 rats were filled with an acid decalcified homogenous bone matrix (bone inductive material). Autogenous bone grafts in corresponding defects in the other legs of the same rats served as controls. After 3 months, 11 of the 16 defects filled with bone inductive material healed with bony union, but only 4 of the 16 defects treated with autogenous bone grafts had healed. The results suggest that bone inductive material can repair bone defects are too large to be healed by autogenous bone grafts.", "PMID": 371330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1155", "title": "The neurovascular island pedicle flap.", "content": "Nine patients with irreparable damage to the nerves of the thumb, treated with a neurovascular island pedicle flap from the third or fourth finger to the defect thumb, have been re-examined 9 months to 8 years after the operation. Eight patients had a 2-point discrimination of less than 15 mm corresponding to the flap and all had a positive Ninhydrin test. Two had complete cortical reorientation and three partial reorientation. Six found the function of the thumb to be good or fair. Three described the result as poor and three had to be reoperated because of contractures of the donor finger and/or thumb. The method can be recommended for use in young, well motivated patients.", "contents": "The neurovascular island pedicle flap. Nine patients with irreparable damage to the nerves of the thumb, treated with a neurovascular island pedicle flap from the third or fourth finger to the defect thumb, have been re-examined 9 months to 8 years after the operation. Eight patients had a 2-point discrimination of less than 15 mm corresponding to the flap and all had a positive Ninhydrin test. Two had complete cortical reorientation and three partial reorientation. Six found the function of the thumb to be good or fair. Three described the result as poor and three had to be reoperated because of contractures of the donor finger and/or thumb. The method can be recommended for use in young, well motivated patients.", "PMID": 371331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1156", "title": "Renal transplantation in amyloidosis.", "content": "During a three-year period renal transplantation was performed in 12 patients with amyloidosis. This disease was primary (or the cause unknown) in two cases and secondary in ten. In the latter cases the primary disease was rheumatoid arthritis in six, ankylosing spondylitis in one, osteomyelitis in two and tuberculosis in one. Five of the 12 patients were alive one year after transplantation. Two years after transplantation four out of seven were alive. Graft survival was the same. At the end of the three-year period five patients were alive. In two of these cases renal biopsy showed amyloid deposits in the transplant two and three years, respectively, after the transplantation.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in amyloidosis. During a three-year period renal transplantation was performed in 12 patients with amyloidosis. This disease was primary (or the cause unknown) in two cases and secondary in ten. In the latter cases the primary disease was rheumatoid arthritis in six, ankylosing spondylitis in one, osteomyelitis in two and tuberculosis in one. Five of the 12 patients were alive one year after transplantation. Two years after transplantation four out of seven were alive. Graft survival was the same. At the end of the three-year period five patients were alive. In two of these cases renal biopsy showed amyloid deposits in the transplant two and three years, respectively, after the transplantation.", "PMID": 371338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1157", "title": "Analgesic treatment with levomepromazine in acute myocardial infarction. A randomized clinical trial.", "content": "The efficacy of a non-narcotic analgesic is evaluated in a double-blind randomized series of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Levomepromazine or pethidine were given in 328 consecutive cases to 316 patients within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Levomepromazine, 12.5 mg, appeared as effective as pethidine, 50 mg, in the alleviation of pain, though the initial dose had to be higher. Nausea and vomiting were half as frequent in the levomepromazine group as in the pethidine group (p less than 0.001). The incidences of arrhythmias, lung oedema, hypotension and thromboembolic complications did not differ between the groups. The mortality rate in the first 4 weeks was 22% in the levomepromazine group and 37% in the pethidine group (p less than 0.005), and after one year 39 and 50% (p less than 0.05), respectively. It is concluded that levomepromazine is better tolerated than pethidine in AMI. This suggests that the present management of pain in AMI should be reconsidered.", "contents": "Analgesic treatment with levomepromazine in acute myocardial infarction. A randomized clinical trial. The efficacy of a non-narcotic analgesic is evaluated in a double-blind randomized series of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Levomepromazine or pethidine were given in 328 consecutive cases to 316 patients within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Levomepromazine, 12.5 mg, appeared as effective as pethidine, 50 mg, in the alleviation of pain, though the initial dose had to be higher. Nausea and vomiting were half as frequent in the levomepromazine group as in the pethidine group (p less than 0.001). The incidences of arrhythmias, lung oedema, hypotension and thromboembolic complications did not differ between the groups. The mortality rate in the first 4 weeks was 22% in the levomepromazine group and 37% in the pethidine group (p less than 0.005), and after one year 39 and 50% (p less than 0.05), respectively. It is concluded that levomepromazine is better tolerated than pethidine in AMI. This suggests that the present management of pain in AMI should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 371339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1158", "title": "Insulin in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood after glucose, tolbutamide and glipizide stimulation. Indication of insulin release from peripheral tissues.", "content": "Insulin in portal, hepatic and/or peripheral venous blood was determined in 16 patients admitted to a surgical ward for various diseases. Portal venous blood was obtained via a catheter introduced into the portal vein either through the umbilical vein remnant or transhepatically. Four subjects were given a peroral load of glucose, followed after 60 min by i.v. tolbutamide. In simultaneous blood samples, two of these subjects showed higher insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood than in portal venous blood. Twelve subjects were given i.v. glipizide. In one subject blood samples were drawn from the portal vein, a hepatic vein and a peripheral vein and in six subjects from the portal vein and a hepatic vein. Two subjects showed higher insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood than in portal venous blood. The mean peripheral insulin response (six subjects) was of the same magnitude as the mean hepatic insulin response (six subjects). It is suggested that these findings reflect a release of previously bound insulin from peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Insulin in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood after glucose, tolbutamide and glipizide stimulation. Indication of insulin release from peripheral tissues. Insulin in portal, hepatic and/or peripheral venous blood was determined in 16 patients admitted to a surgical ward for various diseases. Portal venous blood was obtained via a catheter introduced into the portal vein either through the umbilical vein remnant or transhepatically. Four subjects were given a peroral load of glucose, followed after 60 min by i.v. tolbutamide. In simultaneous blood samples, two of these subjects showed higher insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood than in portal venous blood. Twelve subjects were given i.v. glipizide. In one subject blood samples were drawn from the portal vein, a hepatic vein and a peripheral vein and in six subjects from the portal vein and a hepatic vein. Two subjects showed higher insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood than in portal venous blood. The mean peripheral insulin response (six subjects) was of the same magnitude as the mean hepatic insulin response (six subjects). It is suggested that these findings reflect a release of previously bound insulin from peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 371340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1159", "title": "A stroke unit in a medical department. Organization and the first 100 patients.", "content": "A non-intensive stroke unit of 10 beds has been started in the Medical Department, Serafimerlasarettet, Stockholm. The aim is to make diagnostic and therapeutic studies in unselected stroke patients. Patients with suspect cerebrovascular disease in the Casualty Department are admitted to the unit non-selectively and without any age limit. Relevant physical findings and laboratory data are followed and registered by code on special charts to make evaluation by computer possible. A preplanned investigative programme is adhered to. Strict criteria for diagnosis and treatment are followed. The experience and results from the first 100 patients treated in the Stroke Unit indicate that the unit is a good basis for both education and research.", "contents": "A stroke unit in a medical department. Organization and the first 100 patients. A non-intensive stroke unit of 10 beds has been started in the Medical Department, Serafimerlasarettet, Stockholm. The aim is to make diagnostic and therapeutic studies in unselected stroke patients. Patients with suspect cerebrovascular disease in the Casualty Department are admitted to the unit non-selectively and without any age limit. Relevant physical findings and laboratory data are followed and registered by code on special charts to make evaluation by computer possible. A preplanned investigative programme is adhered to. Strict criteria for diagnosis and treatment are followed. The experience and results from the first 100 patients treated in the Stroke Unit indicate that the unit is a good basis for both education and research.", "PMID": 371341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1160", "title": "Pancreatic beta cell secretion during oral and intravenous glucose administration.", "content": "The contribution of decreased hepatic insulin extraction to the relative hyperinsulinemia after oral glucose load as compared to intravenous glucose load was studied in 6 normal weight male volunteers by means of an analysis of the relationship between peripheral venous concentrations of insulin and C-peptide following similar glycemic stimuli after oral and intravenous glucose administration. The incremental areas  under the insulin and C-peptide curves were higher during oral as compared to intravenous glucose administration, 436 (251--762) per cent and 267 (124-378) per cent respectively (mean and range). The ratio between corresponding incremental areas of insulin and C-peptide were 53 (17--103 per cent higher during oral glucose load. These findings suggest that the augmented peripheral insulin levels after oral glucose administration are caused by a combination of increased beta cell secretion and decreased hepatic insulin extraction.", "contents": "Pancreatic beta cell secretion during oral and intravenous glucose administration. The contribution of decreased hepatic insulin extraction to the relative hyperinsulinemia after oral glucose load as compared to intravenous glucose load was studied in 6 normal weight male volunteers by means of an analysis of the relationship between peripheral venous concentrations of insulin and C-peptide following similar glycemic stimuli after oral and intravenous glucose administration. The incremental areas  under the insulin and C-peptide curves were higher during oral as compared to intravenous glucose administration, 436 (251--762) per cent and 267 (124-378) per cent respectively (mean and range). The ratio between corresponding incremental areas of insulin and C-peptide were 53 (17--103 per cent higher during oral glucose load. These findings suggest that the augmented peripheral insulin levels after oral glucose administration are caused by a combination of increased beta cell secretion and decreased hepatic insulin extraction.", "PMID": 371342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1161", "title": "Effect of anterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and reproductive function in sheep.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine the effects of the anterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus performed at the level of posterior border of the optic chiasm--group I and above the midline of the optic chiasm--group II, on the release of LH and reproductive function in sheep. All 13 ewes of the group I lost their estrous cycles and did not experience ovulations as well as preovulatory type of LH surge. In 8 ewes the basal LH concentration in the blood plasma remained in physiological range of the diestrous phase of the cyclic ewes. In the remaining 5 animals in which deafferentation caused some lesions of the ventromedial-infundibular area the basal plasma LH level was markedly reduced. In contrast in all 18 ewes of group II, estrous cycles occurred regularly during the whole postoperative period of the breeding season. Moreover, throughout the subsequent quiescent non-breeding season 10 of these ewes displayed regular estrous cycles, 3 ewes had irregular estrous cycles and 5 ewes became anestrous. In all the ewes of this group the basal plasma LH levels were in physiological range, but preovulatory peaks of LH were lower than in the control ones. The neuroanatomic organization of the sheep hypothalamic structure participating in the control of gonadotropin secretion and estrous cycle regulation is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of anterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and reproductive function in sheep. The present study was designed to determine the effects of the anterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus performed at the level of posterior border of the optic chiasm--group I and above the midline of the optic chiasm--group II, on the release of LH and reproductive function in sheep. All 13 ewes of the group I lost their estrous cycles and did not experience ovulations as well as preovulatory type of LH surge. In 8 ewes the basal LH concentration in the blood plasma remained in physiological range of the diestrous phase of the cyclic ewes. In the remaining 5 animals in which deafferentation caused some lesions of the ventromedial-infundibular area the basal plasma LH level was markedly reduced. In contrast in all 18 ewes of group II, estrous cycles occurred regularly during the whole postoperative period of the breeding season. Moreover, throughout the subsequent quiescent non-breeding season 10 of these ewes displayed regular estrous cycles, 3 ewes had irregular estrous cycles and 5 ewes became anestrous. In all the ewes of this group the basal plasma LH levels were in physiological range, but preovulatory peaks of LH were lower than in the control ones. The neuroanatomic organization of the sheep hypothalamic structure participating in the control of gonadotropin secretion and estrous cycle regulation is discussed.", "PMID": 371337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1162", "title": "Kidney function in acromegaly.", "content": "Creatinine clearance and daily urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion rates (radio-immunoassays) were measured several times in 14 patients with acromegaly. Eleven patients were treated with bromocriptine, 5 to 55 mg/day. The activity of the disease was assessed by measuring urinary growth hormone excretion (radio-immunoassay). In agreement with previous investigations we found the creatinine clearance elevated. However, no correlation was found between this variable and urinary growth hormone excretion. Urinary albumin and beta 2-microglobulin excretion rates were not significantly different from our previous results in 27 adults control subjects. There was no correlation between urinary growth hormone excretion and urinary albumin or beta 2-microglobulin excretion rates. Bromocriptine treatment reduced urinary growth hormone excretion from 220 to 91 ng/24 hours, p less than 0.01, but no significant alterations were induced in the above mentioned kidney function variables.", "contents": "Kidney function in acromegaly. Creatinine clearance and daily urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion rates (radio-immunoassays) were measured several times in 14 patients with acromegaly. Eleven patients were treated with bromocriptine, 5 to 55 mg/day. The activity of the disease was assessed by measuring urinary growth hormone excretion (radio-immunoassay). In agreement with previous investigations we found the creatinine clearance elevated. However, no correlation was found between this variable and urinary growth hormone excretion. Urinary albumin and beta 2-microglobulin excretion rates were not significantly different from our previous results in 27 adults control subjects. There was no correlation between urinary growth hormone excretion and urinary albumin or beta 2-microglobulin excretion rates. Bromocriptine treatment reduced urinary growth hormone excretion from 220 to 91 ng/24 hours, p less than 0.01, but no significant alterations were induced in the above mentioned kidney function variables.", "PMID": 371344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1163", "title": "Variations of matrix electrondensity in brain mitochondria.", "content": "The configuration of brain mitochondria was compared in situ, after aldehyde perfusion and/or osmium immersion fixation and in isolated fractions of different functional performance. After combined aldehyde perfusion osmium immersion fixation in situ, mitochondria were condensed having a dark matrix. Fractions capable of controlled respiration also consisted of condensed mitochondria. On the contrary, expanded mitochondria with light matrix were brought about by immersion fixation. Fractions consisting predominantly of light mitochondria displayed no controlled respiration. Light matrix and expanded form are therefore regarded as a functionally impaired state of brain mitochondria. The condensed form is thought to be a landmark of good fixation.", "contents": "Variations of matrix electrondensity in brain mitochondria. The configuration of brain mitochondria was compared in situ, after aldehyde perfusion and/or osmium immersion fixation and in isolated fractions of different functional performance. After combined aldehyde perfusion osmium immersion fixation in situ, mitochondria were condensed having a dark matrix. Fractions capable of controlled respiration also consisted of condensed mitochondria. On the contrary, expanded mitochondria with light matrix were brought about by immersion fixation. Fractions consisting predominantly of light mitochondria displayed no controlled respiration. Light matrix and expanded form are therefore regarded as a functionally impaired state of brain mitochondria. The condensed form is thought to be a landmark of good fixation.", "PMID": 371345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1164", "title": "Blood supply of the rat amygdala.", "content": "The cerebral vessels of the rat were filled with inks of different colours. The topography of the vessels of the amygdala were reconstructed from serial sections. The circulation of the individual amygdaloid nuclei was studied in detail. The arteries of the amygdala arise from the deep and cortical branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Eight major arteries were found to supply blood to the amygdala. All amygdaloid nuclei receive branches from both arterial trunks. The vast majority of the veins are collected by the middle cerebral and basal veins. Only a small fraction drains into the hippocampal vein. Of particular importance are the veins ending in the basal vein and those cortical ones that run in the rhinal sulcus. All amygdaloid nuclei have a multidirectional drainage.", "contents": "Blood supply of the rat amygdala. The cerebral vessels of the rat were filled with inks of different colours. The topography of the vessels of the amygdala were reconstructed from serial sections. The circulation of the individual amygdaloid nuclei was studied in detail. The arteries of the amygdala arise from the deep and cortical branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Eight major arteries were found to supply blood to the amygdala. All amygdaloid nuclei receive branches from both arterial trunks. The vast majority of the veins are collected by the middle cerebral and basal veins. Only a small fraction drains into the hippocampal vein. Of particular importance are the veins ending in the basal vein and those cortical ones that run in the rhinal sulcus. All amygdaloid nuclei have a multidirectional drainage.", "PMID": 371346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1165", "title": "The effect of high dose dexamethasone in children with severe closed head injury. A preliminary report.", "content": "Out of a total 157 hospitalized head-injured children, twelve years of age and under, fifteen were considered to be severe, three of whom died within 72 hours of admission. Nine children with closed head injuries who were in coma for at least 24 hours (did not open eyes, speak, or follow commands), with absent or impaired oculocephalic reflex, impaired pupil reactivity to light, and who were decerebrating for at least twelve hours, were studied. Five were given high dose dexamethasone therapy (1 mg/kg) within six hours of injury, repeated at six hours, and then maintained at 1 mg/kg/day for eight days, and four either received none or were treated with a low dose regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day). In those receiving high dose therapy, intracranial pressure waves were noticeably less, peak intracranial pressure was lower, and intensive care and hospital stay were shorter. It was also noted that in the high dose therapy group spontaneous eye opening and speech returned sooner, and all were considered to have returned to their premorbid status by six months following injury. Of the no steroid or low dose group, one died, and of the remainder at six months one was aphasic and still decerebrating, another was aphasic and severely handicapped, and the third returned to school seven months after injury.", "contents": "The effect of high dose dexamethasone in children with severe closed head injury. A preliminary report. Out of a total 157 hospitalized head-injured children, twelve years of age and under, fifteen were considered to be severe, three of whom died within 72 hours of admission. Nine children with closed head injuries who were in coma for at least 24 hours (did not open eyes, speak, or follow commands), with absent or impaired oculocephalic reflex, impaired pupil reactivity to light, and who were decerebrating for at least twelve hours, were studied. Five were given high dose dexamethasone therapy (1 mg/kg) within six hours of injury, repeated at six hours, and then maintained at 1 mg/kg/day for eight days, and four either received none or were treated with a low dose regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day). In those receiving high dose therapy, intracranial pressure waves were noticeably less, peak intracranial pressure was lower, and intensive care and hospital stay were shorter. It was also noted that in the high dose therapy group spontaneous eye opening and speech returned sooner, and all were considered to have returned to their premorbid status by six months following injury. Of the no steroid or low dose group, one died, and of the remainder at six months one was aphasic and still decerebrating, another was aphasic and severely handicapped, and the third returned to school seven months after injury.", "PMID": 371348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1166", "title": "Energy metabolism in feasting and fasting.", "content": "During feasting on a balanced carbohydrate, fat, and protein meal resting metabolic rate, body temperature and respiratory quotient all increase. The dietary components are utilized to replenish and augment glycogen and fat stores in the body. Excessive carbohydrate is also converted to lipid in the liver and stored along with the excessive lipids of dietary origin as triglycerides in adipose tissue, the major fuel storage depot. Amino acids in excess of those needed for protein synthesis are preferentially catabolized over glucose and fat for energy production. This occurs because there are no significant storage sites for amino acids or proteins, and the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds is ill tolerated. During fasting, adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and kidneys work in concert to supply, to convert, and to conserve fuels for the body. During the brief postabsorptive period, blood fuel homeostasis is maintained primarily by hepatic glycogenolysis and adipose tissue lipolysis. As fasting progresses, muscle proteolysis supplies glycogenic amino acids for heightened hepatic gluconeogenesis for a short period of time. After about three days of starvation, the metabolic profile is set to conserve protein and to supply greater quantities of alternate fuels. In particular, free fatty acids and ketone bodies are utilized to maintain energy needs. The ability of the kidney to conserve ketone bodies prevents the loss of large quantities of these valuable fuels in the urine. This delicate interplay among liver, muscle, kidney, and adipose tissue maintains blood fuel homeostasis and allows humans to survive caloric deprivation for extended periods.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in feasting and fasting. During feasting on a balanced carbohydrate, fat, and protein meal resting metabolic rate, body temperature and respiratory quotient all increase. The dietary components are utilized to replenish and augment glycogen and fat stores in the body. Excessive carbohydrate is also converted to lipid in the liver and stored along with the excessive lipids of dietary origin as triglycerides in adipose tissue, the major fuel storage depot. Amino acids in excess of those needed for protein synthesis are preferentially catabolized over glucose and fat for energy production. This occurs because there are no significant storage sites for amino acids or proteins, and the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds is ill tolerated. During fasting, adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and kidneys work in concert to supply, to convert, and to conserve fuels for the body. During the brief postabsorptive period, blood fuel homeostasis is maintained primarily by hepatic glycogenolysis and adipose tissue lipolysis. As fasting progresses, muscle proteolysis supplies glycogenic amino acids for heightened hepatic gluconeogenesis for a short period of time. After about three days of starvation, the metabolic profile is set to conserve protein and to supply greater quantities of alternate fuels. In particular, free fatty acids and ketone bodies are utilized to maintain energy needs. The ability of the kidney to conserve ketone bodies prevents the loss of large quantities of these valuable fuels in the urine. This delicate interplay among liver, muscle, kidney, and adipose tissue maintains blood fuel homeostasis and allows humans to survive caloric deprivation for extended periods.", "PMID": 371355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1167", "title": "Iatrogenic disorders from cancer treatment.", "content": "All cancer therapies have potential and often serious side effects. With judicious selection of therapies, the risks are acceptable as are the contributions to better care, including that of iatrogenic disorders from therapy. It should, again, be stressed that new drugs and new modalities in combinations of treatments increase iatrogenic disorders from cancer therapy; as this increase is more and more appreciated, adjustments in schedules are resulting in decreased incidences of such disorders. Truly long-term effects over decades or generations are, of course, not yet known for most of the modern cancer therapies.", "contents": "Iatrogenic disorders from cancer treatment. All cancer therapies have potential and often serious side effects. With judicious selection of therapies, the risks are acceptable as are the contributions to better care, including that of iatrogenic disorders from therapy. It should, again, be stressed that new drugs and new modalities in combinations of treatments increase iatrogenic disorders from cancer therapy; as this increase is more and more appreciated, adjustments in schedules are resulting in decreased incidences of such disorders. Truly long-term effects over decades or generations are, of course, not yet known for most of the modern cancer therapies.", "PMID": 371358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1168", "title": "Medical complications of drug abuse.", "content": "Because we do not fully understand the cause of drug abuse, we do not currently have specific therapy for the abuse phenomenon. It is likely that those patients who abuse drugs are not a homogeneous treatment group. The patients seen most frequently because of medical complications probably represent only a small percentage of the total number of drug abusers. The medical complications of drug abuse affect almost all organ systems, and may result acutely from overdose or may not become apparent until after prolonged or recurrent use. Special emphasis has been placed on recognizing the key points of the physical examination in the overdose setting and in the drug-abusing patient that will give clues as to the nature and degree of the drug abuse. It is not clear whether drug abuse causes behavioral problems or vice versa. Physicians need to develop the medical expertise necessary to care for patients with drug abuse problems. Special attention is called to new drug abuse problems: complications associated with phencyclidine, amyl nitrate, and layman's remedies; acute and pulmonary complications; rhabdomyolysis; the brown heroin syndrome; and methylphenidate abuse. Although each of these complications has individual importance, a high incidence of alcohol use and smoking further compromises the general health of drug-abusing patients. Treating all of the medical complications of drugs must be viewed as only the beginning of a therapeutic attempt to restore these patients to a more physically and emotionally healthy life.", "contents": "Medical complications of drug abuse. Because we do not fully understand the cause of drug abuse, we do not currently have specific therapy for the abuse phenomenon. It is likely that those patients who abuse drugs are not a homogeneous treatment group. The patients seen most frequently because of medical complications probably represent only a small percentage of the total number of drug abusers. The medical complications of drug abuse affect almost all organ systems, and may result acutely from overdose or may not become apparent until after prolonged or recurrent use. Special emphasis has been placed on recognizing the key points of the physical examination in the overdose setting and in the drug-abusing patient that will give clues as to the nature and degree of the drug abuse. It is not clear whether drug abuse causes behavioral problems or vice versa. Physicians need to develop the medical expertise necessary to care for patients with drug abuse problems. Special attention is called to new drug abuse problems: complications associated with phencyclidine, amyl nitrate, and layman's remedies; acute and pulmonary complications; rhabdomyolysis; the brown heroin syndrome; and methylphenidate abuse. Although each of these complications has individual importance, a high incidence of alcohol use and smoking further compromises the general health of drug-abusing patients. Treating all of the medical complications of drugs must be viewed as only the beginning of a therapeutic attempt to restore these patients to a more physically and emotionally healthy life.", "PMID": 371359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1169", "title": "A placebo controlled double-blind trial of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, administered intransally, 50 mcg into each nostril four times a day, was compared to placebo aerosol therapy in a three-week, double-blind trial of 30 patients with allergic rhinitis. Evaluation of efficacy, derived from patient scoring on daily diary cards and a weekly evaluation of signs and symptoms by a physician, showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. The 400 mcg/day dosage did not provide for systemic absorption as determined by measurements of plasma cortisol levels and circulating eosinophils. The only side effects consisted of mild to moderate burning and stinging or drying of the nasal mucosa.", "contents": "A placebo controlled double-blind trial of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, administered intransally, 50 mcg into each nostril four times a day, was compared to placebo aerosol therapy in a three-week, double-blind trial of 30 patients with allergic rhinitis. Evaluation of efficacy, derived from patient scoring on daily diary cards and a weekly evaluation of signs and symptoms by a physician, showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. The 400 mcg/day dosage did not provide for systemic absorption as determined by measurements of plasma cortisol levels and circulating eosinophils. The only side effects consisted of mild to moderate burning and stinging or drying of the nasal mucosa.", "PMID": 371371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1170", "title": "Variation in the measurement of serum IgE levels.", "content": "Three assays for immunoglobulin E (IgE) are compared using seven serum samples covering a wide range of values. The assays examined are the double antibody radioimmunoassay, single antibody/ammonium sulfate precipitation method and the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST). In addition, values from the double antibody and single antibody/ammonium sulfate assays are compared using two different antisera to IgE. PRIST results in consistently lower values but the three assays produce results that would not have been clinically significantly different. The range of values obtained over a six-month period with aliquots of the same two samples run in duplicate twenty-three times in the double antibody assay was 1080 to 1440 I.U./ml for the Hi sample and 5.4 to 9.0 I.U./ml for the LO. Results are compared to those of a national study in which serum samples were supplied blind to research laboratories for analysis by two methods. Coefficients of variation from 35% to 73% are unacceptably large and indicate the need to establish international standards for serum IgE quantitation.", "contents": "Variation in the measurement of serum IgE levels. Three assays for immunoglobulin E (IgE) are compared using seven serum samples covering a wide range of values. The assays examined are the double antibody radioimmunoassay, single antibody/ammonium sulfate precipitation method and the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST). In addition, values from the double antibody and single antibody/ammonium sulfate assays are compared using two different antisera to IgE. PRIST results in consistently lower values but the three assays produce results that would not have been clinically significantly different. The range of values obtained over a six-month period with aliquots of the same two samples run in duplicate twenty-three times in the double antibody assay was 1080 to 1440 I.U./ml for the Hi sample and 5.4 to 9.0 I.U./ml for the LO. Results are compared to those of a national study in which serum samples were supplied blind to research laboratories for analysis by two methods. Coefficients of variation from 35% to 73% are unacceptably large and indicate the need to establish international standards for serum IgE quantitation.", "PMID": 371372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1171", "title": "Immunologic and genetic factors predisposing to allergy.", "content": "Allergy often begins with a subtle and/or transient T cell defect. This defect is first responsible for an IgA deficiency. The normal function of IgA is immune exclusion. In its absence, allergens can pass through the mucosa and stimulate the immunocompetent cells. The T cell defect may also be implied by the synthesis of IgE directed against the allergens which passed through. Clinical, biological and immunological findings (T cell defect in allergic disease, low range of IgA in the early life of atopics) are in agreement. The genetic factor for pollinosis and house dust allergy are segregated. In ragweed allergy there is an Ir gene coding for antigen-specific Ig of different classes and a group of non-linked major histocompatibility complex alleles coding for non antigen-specific IgE. There are some links with HLA. In house dust allergy the Ir gene is very common and almost everyone can produce an allergy under some conditions (T cell defect). Whatever the immunologic and genetic factors are, they need allergens and environmental factors to induce allergy. Allergy is a complex state in which several mechanisms, often associated and sometimes unclear, are involved. Some of them may be an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system, and/or an increase in the mucous membrane permeability, and/or a subtle immunodeficiency. All these mechanisms are regulated by genetic factors and modulated by environmental ones.", "contents": "Immunologic and genetic factors predisposing to allergy. Allergy often begins with a subtle and/or transient T cell defect. This defect is first responsible for an IgA deficiency. The normal function of IgA is immune exclusion. In its absence, allergens can pass through the mucosa and stimulate the immunocompetent cells. The T cell defect may also be implied by the synthesis of IgE directed against the allergens which passed through. Clinical, biological and immunological findings (T cell defect in allergic disease, low range of IgA in the early life of atopics) are in agreement. The genetic factor for pollinosis and house dust allergy are segregated. In ragweed allergy there is an Ir gene coding for antigen-specific Ig of different classes and a group of non-linked major histocompatibility complex alleles coding for non antigen-specific IgE. There are some links with HLA. In house dust allergy the Ir gene is very common and almost everyone can produce an allergy under some conditions (T cell defect). Whatever the immunologic and genetic factors are, they need allergens and environmental factors to induce allergy. Allergy is a complex state in which several mechanisms, often associated and sometimes unclear, are involved. Some of them may be an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system, and/or an increase in the mucous membrane permeability, and/or a subtle immunodeficiency. All these mechanisms are regulated by genetic factors and modulated by environmental ones.", "PMID": 371374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1172", "title": "Bacteriocin typing of Serratia marcescens. A simplified system.", "content": "The authors describe a simplified system for the detection of bacteriocin production by Serratia marcescens with the use of six indicator strains, which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes (two strains), and Serratia rubidaea grown on arabinose minimal medium plates. Of the 64 possible bacteriocin types, 11 were observed; 66% of the isolates tested were found to be one of three types. Occasionally more than one bacteriocin type was observed in an individual specimen; however, serotyping or antibiograms, or both, also indicated this was a different strain. The marcescin types were stable markers. With the use of this technic, different endemic strains of Serratia were shown to predominate in various areas of the hospital. In addition, when urinary tract isolates were compared with respiratory tract isolates, significant differences were found in the predominate types. The typing of these isolates by bacteriocin production was supported by serotype and antibiotype findings. The results suggest that this simple system may be a useful tool in a general hospital.", "contents": "Bacteriocin typing of Serratia marcescens. A simplified system. The authors describe a simplified system for the detection of bacteriocin production by Serratia marcescens with the use of six indicator strains, which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes (two strains), and Serratia rubidaea grown on arabinose minimal medium plates. Of the 64 possible bacteriocin types, 11 were observed; 66% of the isolates tested were found to be one of three types. Occasionally more than one bacteriocin type was observed in an individual specimen; however, serotyping or antibiograms, or both, also indicated this was a different strain. The marcescin types were stable markers. With the use of this technic, different endemic strains of Serratia were shown to predominate in various areas of the hospital. In addition, when urinary tract isolates were compared with respiratory tract isolates, significant differences were found in the predominate types. The typing of these isolates by bacteriocin production was supported by serotype and antibiotype findings. The results suggest that this simple system may be a useful tool in a general hospital.", "PMID": 371382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1173", "title": "Comparative costs of microbial identification employing conventional and prepackaged commercial systems.", "content": "The accuracy of commercially prepackaged kits for microbial identification has become well established. Laboratory workers may encounter increasing demands for production of objective data to justify replacement of systems using individual biochemical tests in tubes. The authors present a system of cost analysis in which materials and labor costs are separately computed, and to which are added the effects of (1) fringe benefits, (2) decreased productivity resulting from administration, quality control, education and development, and (3) the additional expense of indirect costs that are allocated to laboratory procedures by accepted and standardized hospital accounting methods. Labor costs should be based on time-engineered studies conducted in individual laboratories. Alternatively, various published \"unit values\" may be used. The result may present several alternative differences in cost, depending on which unit values are accepted as applicable to the individual laboratory. Despite these uncertainties, the method of analysis provides a more objective means of justifying the cost of introduction of prepackaged kits where accuracy and speed of identification have already been proven to have advantages over biochemical tests in tubes.", "contents": "Comparative costs of microbial identification employing conventional and prepackaged commercial systems. The accuracy of commercially prepackaged kits for microbial identification has become well established. Laboratory workers may encounter increasing demands for production of objective data to justify replacement of systems using individual biochemical tests in tubes. The authors present a system of cost analysis in which materials and labor costs are separately computed, and to which are added the effects of (1) fringe benefits, (2) decreased productivity resulting from administration, quality control, education and development, and (3) the additional expense of indirect costs that are allocated to laboratory procedures by accepted and standardized hospital accounting methods. Labor costs should be based on time-engineered studies conducted in individual laboratories. Alternatively, various published \"unit values\" may be used. The result may present several alternative differences in cost, depending on which unit values are accepted as applicable to the individual laboratory. Despite these uncertainties, the method of analysis provides a more objective means of justifying the cost of introduction of prepackaged kits where accuracy and speed of identification have already been proven to have advantages over biochemical tests in tubes.", "PMID": 371383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1174", "title": "Valproate sodium in refractory seizures: a study of efficacy.", "content": "Sodium valproate (N-dipropylacetic acid) is a newly released anticonvulsant drug with a broad spectrum of activity. Twenty-seven children with uncontrolled seizures, predominantly akinetic and myoclonic, were treated with this drug. Encouraging results were noted in those with head-nodding spells, body drops, and myoclonic jerks (\"minor motor\" seizures). Side effects included occasional gastrointestinal disturbance. No important hepatotoxic complications were noted. Two persons displayed transient neurologic side effects. Of particular interest was the noticeable improvements in mental status noted in 17 of the 27 patients. Some variations in blood level of other anticonvulsant drugs were noted, emphasizing the importance of monitoring these drugs. Valproate sodium provides important improvement in our ability to manage minor motor seizures.", "contents": "Valproate sodium in refractory seizures: a study of efficacy. Sodium valproate (N-dipropylacetic acid) is a newly released anticonvulsant drug with a broad spectrum of activity. Twenty-seven children with uncontrolled seizures, predominantly akinetic and myoclonic, were treated with this drug. Encouraging results were noted in those with head-nodding spells, body drops, and myoclonic jerks (\"minor motor\" seizures). Side effects included occasional gastrointestinal disturbance. No important hepatotoxic complications were noted. Two persons displayed transient neurologic side effects. Of particular interest was the noticeable improvements in mental status noted in 17 of the 27 patients. Some variations in blood level of other anticonvulsant drugs were noted, emphasizing the importance of monitoring these drugs. Valproate sodium provides important improvement in our ability to manage minor motor seizures.", "PMID": 371384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1175", "title": "Zoster-like eruption due to echovirus 6.", "content": "A unilateral vesiculobullous eruption associated with fever was seen on the neck, shoulder, and upper part of the chest of a 7-year-old boy. Although three dermatomes in all were involved, the lesions resembled herpes zoster. The patient had had varicella in infancy. Culture of fluid from several bullae yielded echovirus 6; however, and serum neutralizing antibody to this virus rose in titer from 1:32 to 1:640. It is suggested that echovirus 6 and other enteroviruses may cause a number of vesicular eruptions that resemble herpes zoster and similar infections. Viral culture, while often difficult to obtain, is the only way to identify the cause of eruptions like this one.", "contents": "Zoster-like eruption due to echovirus 6. A unilateral vesiculobullous eruption associated with fever was seen on the neck, shoulder, and upper part of the chest of a 7-year-old boy. Although three dermatomes in all were involved, the lesions resembled herpes zoster. The patient had had varicella in infancy. Culture of fluid from several bullae yielded echovirus 6; however, and serum neutralizing antibody to this virus rose in titer from 1:32 to 1:640. It is suggested that echovirus 6 and other enteroviruses may cause a number of vesicular eruptions that resemble herpes zoster and similar infections. Viral culture, while often difficult to obtain, is the only way to identify the cause of eruptions like this one.", "PMID": 371385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1176", "title": "Heroin addiction as a family phenomenon: a new conceptual model.", "content": "The chronic relapsing nature of heroin addiction can be explained from a family systems viewpoint. The addiction cycle is part of a family pattern involving a complex homeostatic system of interlocking feedback mechanisms. These serve to maintain the addiction and consequently the overall family stability. Drug-taking usually starts at adolescence. It is related to an intense fear of separation experienced by the family in response to the addict's attempts at individuation. The family becomes stuck at a particular developmental stage. Heroin provides a solution at several levels to the dilemma of whether or not to allow him independence. Paradoxically, it permits him to simultaneously be both close and distant, \"in\" and \"out\", competent and incompetent, relative to his family of origin. This is pseudoindividuation. An understanding of these concepts, and their integration into a homeostatic model, can provide the basis for effective treatment.", "contents": "Heroin addiction as a family phenomenon: a new conceptual model. The chronic relapsing nature of heroin addiction can be explained from a family systems viewpoint. The addiction cycle is part of a family pattern involving a complex homeostatic system of interlocking feedback mechanisms. These serve to maintain the addiction and consequently the overall family stability. Drug-taking usually starts at adolescence. It is related to an intense fear of separation experienced by the family in response to the addict's attempts at individuation. The family becomes stuck at a particular developmental stage. Heroin provides a solution at several levels to the dilemma of whether or not to allow him independence. Paradoxically, it permits him to simultaneously be both close and distant, \"in\" and \"out\", competent and incompetent, relative to his family of origin. This is pseudoindividuation. An understanding of these concepts, and their integration into a homeostatic model, can provide the basis for effective treatment.", "PMID": 371388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1177", "title": "The risk of streptococcal infections in rheumatic and non-rheumatic families: an application of Greenwood's chain-binomial model.", "content": "Infectious transmission of streptococci in families has been demonstrated to follow Greenwood's chain-binomial model in its simplest form which did not need beta transformation to correct for differences in susceptibility between families. Following the application of this model, an estimate of the risk of acquisition of M-typable group A beta-hemolytic streptococci is given (p = 0.05--0.06). The risk is the same among siblings of rheumatic fever patients and children from non-rheumatic families. This emphasizes that the familial aggregation associated with rheumatic fever is not due to increased susceptibility of such families to streptococcal infections.", "contents": "The risk of streptococcal infections in rheumatic and non-rheumatic families: an application of Greenwood's chain-binomial model. Infectious transmission of streptococci in families has been demonstrated to follow Greenwood's chain-binomial model in its simplest form which did not need beta transformation to correct for differences in susceptibility between families. Following the application of this model, an estimate of the risk of acquisition of M-typable group A beta-hemolytic streptococci is given (p = 0.05--0.06). The risk is the same among siblings of rheumatic fever patients and children from non-rheumatic families. This emphasizes that the familial aggregation associated with rheumatic fever is not due to increased susceptibility of such families to streptococcal infections.", "PMID": 371390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1178", "title": "Adult severe combined immunodeficiency and sarcoid-like granulomas with hypersplenism.", "content": "A patient presented with lymphopenia, anergy, hypogammaglobulinemia and hypersplenism. Histologic examination of the spleen and lymph node revealed noncaseating sarcoid-like granulomas. Despite a significant rise in circulating lymphocytes after splenectomy there was in vivo and in vitro evidence of B- and T-lymphocyte dysfunction. A histologic picture mimicking sarcoidosis may occur in patients with immune deficiency. The granulomatous proliferation may represent an altered host response to antigen.", "contents": "Adult severe combined immunodeficiency and sarcoid-like granulomas with hypersplenism. A patient presented with lymphopenia, anergy, hypogammaglobulinemia and hypersplenism. Histologic examination of the spleen and lymph node revealed noncaseating sarcoid-like granulomas. Despite a significant rise in circulating lymphocytes after splenectomy there was in vivo and in vitro evidence of B- and T-lymphocyte dysfunction. A histologic picture mimicking sarcoidosis may occur in patients with immune deficiency. The granulomatous proliferation may represent an altered host response to antigen.", "PMID": 371391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1179", "title": "The influence of PEEP on survival of patients in respiratory failure: a retrospective analysis.", "content": "Positive end expiratory pressure breathing (PEEP) is used to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients who are hypoxemic despite breathing oxygen in concentrations potentially toxic to their lungs. We reviewed the hospital course of 78 patients whose arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was less than 70 torr despite a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 1.0. Only 60 per cent of these patients were treated with PEEP and their clinical illnesses and severity of cardiopulmonary dysfunction were similar to those in patients not treated with PEEP. PEEP increased the length of survival from 4.2 to 9.2 days (P less than 0.05) whereas over-all survival, defined as hospital discharge, was similar at 31 per cent with and 26 per cent without PEEP. An improvement in PaO2 and decrease in shunt fraction following a trial of PEEP portends a favorable outcome, but its continued use appears to prolong life for a few days without affecting hospital mortality. Survival appears related more to the maintenance of adequate tissue oxygenation as manifested by a high mixed venous oxygen than to improved gas exchange as reflected by an increase in PaO2.", "contents": "The influence of PEEP on survival of patients in respiratory failure: a retrospective analysis. Positive end expiratory pressure breathing (PEEP) is used to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients who are hypoxemic despite breathing oxygen in concentrations potentially toxic to their lungs. We reviewed the hospital course of 78 patients whose arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was less than 70 torr despite a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 1.0. Only 60 per cent of these patients were treated with PEEP and their clinical illnesses and severity of cardiopulmonary dysfunction were similar to those in patients not treated with PEEP. PEEP increased the length of survival from 4.2 to 9.2 days (P less than 0.05) whereas over-all survival, defined as hospital discharge, was similar at 31 per cent with and 26 per cent without PEEP. An improvement in PaO2 and decrease in shunt fraction following a trial of PEEP portends a favorable outcome, but its continued use appears to prolong life for a few days without affecting hospital mortality. Survival appears related more to the maintenance of adequate tissue oxygenation as manifested by a high mixed venous oxygen than to improved gas exchange as reflected by an increase in PaO2.", "PMID": 371394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1180", "title": "Renal transplantation for patients with type I and type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: serial complement and nephritic factor measurements and the problem of recurrence of disease.", "content": "Fourteen patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as their original kidney disease received 16 renal allografts. All 14 patients are alive, 11 currently have functioning allografts, and one graft was lost to recurrence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Originally depressed serum complement (C3) concentrations returned to normal soon after transplantation in those patients with no clinical evidence of recurrence. Two patients with type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis had recurrence of disease. Nephritic factor (C3NeF) was high in both these patients before they received their transplants and was absent soon thereafter. However, abnormally high levels were again detected in their course. The one recurrence of type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was associated with depressed C3, Clq, C4 and factor B but without C3NeF activity. Despite warnings of \"high risks/ and \"high mortality\" associated with renal transplants in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, we, because of these results and a review of the literature, continue to recommend renal transplants from both living related (LRD) and cadaver (CAD) donors in otherwise suitable patients who have renal failure due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Renal transplantation for patients with type I and type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: serial complement and nephritic factor measurements and the problem of recurrence of disease. Fourteen patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as their original kidney disease received 16 renal allografts. All 14 patients are alive, 11 currently have functioning allografts, and one graft was lost to recurrence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Originally depressed serum complement (C3) concentrations returned to normal soon after transplantation in those patients with no clinical evidence of recurrence. Two patients with type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis had recurrence of disease. Nephritic factor (C3NeF) was high in both these patients before they received their transplants and was absent soon thereafter. However, abnormally high levels were again detected in their course. The one recurrence of type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was associated with depressed C3, Clq, C4 and factor B but without C3NeF activity. Despite warnings of \"high risks/ and \"high mortality\" associated with renal transplants in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, we, because of these results and a review of the literature, continue to recommend renal transplants from both living related (LRD) and cadaver (CAD) donors in otherwise suitable patients who have renal failure due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 371395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1181", "title": "A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients.", "content": "Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) therapy was investigated in the prophylaxis of infections in granulocytopenia. Hospitalized granulocytopenic patients were allocated at random to receive TMP/SMZ (group 1) or to a control group (group 2). The percentage of febrile granulocytopenic days was significantly reduced in group 1, 19 per cent compared to 39 per cent in group 2 (P less than 0.01). In group 1, there were no bacteremias in 59 episodes of granulocytopenia (909 days). In group 2, there were nine bacteremias in 52 episodes of granulocytopenia (796 days)(P = 0.001). Disseminated candidiasis developed in two patients in each group. Candida occurred in similar numbers in surveillance cultures in both groups; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were slightly decreased, and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to TMP slightly increased in group 1. This study suggest that oral prophylactic TMP/SMZ therapy is an effective, well tolerated, easily administered alternative to \"gut sterilization\" with nonabsorbable antibiotics.", "contents": "A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients. Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) therapy was investigated in the prophylaxis of infections in granulocytopenia. Hospitalized granulocytopenic patients were allocated at random to receive TMP/SMZ (group 1) or to a control group (group 2). The percentage of febrile granulocytopenic days was significantly reduced in group 1, 19 per cent compared to 39 per cent in group 2 (P less than 0.01). In group 1, there were no bacteremias in 59 episodes of granulocytopenia (909 days). In group 2, there were nine bacteremias in 52 episodes of granulocytopenia (796 days)(P = 0.001). Disseminated candidiasis developed in two patients in each group. Candida occurred in similar numbers in surveillance cultures in both groups; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were slightly decreased, and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to TMP slightly increased in group 1. This study suggest that oral prophylactic TMP/SMZ therapy is an effective, well tolerated, easily administered alternative to \"gut sterilization\" with nonabsorbable antibiotics.", "PMID": 371396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1182", "title": "Splenic function: normal, too much and too little.", "content": "This review is concerned with normal splenic function, mechanisms and consequences of splenomegaly, hypersplenism, the medical indications for splenectomy and the various aspects of hyposplenism. The potential probelm of lethal septicemia in hyposplenic or asplenic patients is also considered.", "contents": "Splenic function: normal, too much and too little. This review is concerned with normal splenic function, mechanisms and consequences of splenomegaly, hypersplenism, the medical indications for splenectomy and the various aspects of hyposplenism. The potential probelm of lethal septicemia in hyposplenic or asplenic patients is also considered.", "PMID": 371397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1183", "title": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis.", "content": "This report describes the isolation of Cardiobacterium hominis from a patient with a history of rheumatic heart disease. Seven blood cultures yielded the organism. This investigation includes the case history, significant details of the hospital course, and the bacteriological, biochemical, and antimicrobial characteristics of Cardiobacterium hominis, integrated with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis. This report describes the isolation of Cardiobacterium hominis from a patient with a history of rheumatic heart disease. Seven blood cultures yielded the organism. This investigation includes the case history, significant details of the hospital course, and the bacteriological, biochemical, and antimicrobial characteristics of Cardiobacterium hominis, integrated with a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 371398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1184", "title": "Characterization of staphylococci using the API 20E system.", "content": "Fifty-four strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, five isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci, and seven species of Micrococcus were tested in the API 20E system. After 48 hours' incubation, results indicated that the various species and subgroups could be separated by their reactions. Staphylococcus saphrophyticus subgroup 3 was ONPG and mannitol positive. S. epidermidis subgroup 1 was positive for arginine dihydrolase (ADH), whereas S. epidermidis subgroup 4 was positive for ADH, mannitol, and arabinose. S. aureus coagulase negative was characterized by positive ONPG, ADH, and mannitol. In contrast, S. aureus coagulase positive was not positive for ONPG but was positive for ADH and mannitol. Most of these staphylococci were able to utilize nitrates, urea, glucose, and sucrose. The micrococci, on the other hand, gave varied reactions, with most species being only weakly reactive.", "contents": "Characterization of staphylococci using the API 20E system. Fifty-four strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, five isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci, and seven species of Micrococcus were tested in the API 20E system. After 48 hours' incubation, results indicated that the various species and subgroups could be separated by their reactions. Staphylococcus saphrophyticus subgroup 3 was ONPG and mannitol positive. S. epidermidis subgroup 1 was positive for arginine dihydrolase (ADH), whereas S. epidermidis subgroup 4 was positive for ADH, mannitol, and arabinose. S. aureus coagulase negative was characterized by positive ONPG, ADH, and mannitol. In contrast, S. aureus coagulase positive was not positive for ONPG but was positive for ADH and mannitol. Most of these staphylococci were able to utilize nitrates, urea, glucose, and sucrose. The micrococci, on the other hand, gave varied reactions, with most species being only weakly reactive.", "PMID": 371400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1185", "title": "New motility medium for nonfermenting bacilli.", "content": "Researchers compared use of a semisolid agar plate to wet mount examinations of broth cultures (16 to 18 hours) for the detection of motility of 96 reference and clinical strains of gram-negative rods. In this double blind study, 83 nonfermentative and 13 oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli were tested by the two methods. Overall accuracy of the semisolid agar motility test was 96.8 percent compared to 89.6 percent for the broth method. Reproducibility of agar plate tests using selected reference strains was 100 percent in contrast to 90 percent for broth examinations. These findings indicate that the semisolid agar plate offers a convenient and more accurate method than wet mount examination for determining motility of unusual gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "New motility medium for nonfermenting bacilli. Researchers compared use of a semisolid agar plate to wet mount examinations of broth cultures (16 to 18 hours) for the detection of motility of 96 reference and clinical strains of gram-negative rods. In this double blind study, 83 nonfermentative and 13 oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli were tested by the two methods. Overall accuracy of the semisolid agar motility test was 96.8 percent compared to 89.6 percent for the broth method. Reproducibility of agar plate tests using selected reference strains was 100 percent in contrast to 90 percent for broth examinations. These findings indicate that the semisolid agar plate offers a convenient and more accurate method than wet mount examination for determining motility of unusual gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 371401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1186", "title": "A review of laboratory methods for identification of group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae).", "content": "A selected review is presented of the history of Group B streptococcal infections and the laboratory tests used to identify Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), an opportunistic pathogen which causes serious infections in newborn infants and compromised patients in other age groups. Its isolation may be increased by growth in a selective medium. The methods for Group B streptococci identification include the hydrolysis of sodium hippurate, the CAMP reaction, pigment production, and antibiotic disk susceptibility. Also, immunological tests, such as Lancefield's classical precipitin test, immunofluorescence staining, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and coagglutination are available.", "contents": "A review of laboratory methods for identification of group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae). A selected review is presented of the history of Group B streptococcal infections and the laboratory tests used to identify Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), an opportunistic pathogen which causes serious infections in newborn infants and compromised patients in other age groups. Its isolation may be increased by growth in a selective medium. The methods for Group B streptococci identification include the hydrolysis of sodium hippurate, the CAMP reaction, pigment production, and antibiotic disk susceptibility. Also, immunological tests, such as Lancefield's classical precipitin test, immunofluorescence staining, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and coagglutination are available.", "PMID": 371403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1187", "title": "Microcomputers in the teaching laboratory: a hematology case study.", "content": "The new mass market microcomputers offer an economical means of providing individualized instruction to medical technology students. A program that uses case studies to familiarize students with the erythrokinetic model for classifying anemias is being used to supplement classroom instruction at Minot State College, Minot, North Dakota. The program encourages students to apply the information they receive in class to solving practical problems in hematology.", "contents": "Microcomputers in the teaching laboratory: a hematology case study. The new mass market microcomputers offer an economical means of providing individualized instruction to medical technology students. A program that uses case studies to familiarize students with the erythrokinetic model for classifying anemias is being used to supplement classroom instruction at Minot State College, Minot, North Dakota. The program encourages students to apply the information they receive in class to solving practical problems in hematology.", "PMID": 371404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1188", "title": "Potentiation of schistosome granuloma formation. By lentinan--a T-cell adjuvant.", "content": "Lentinan is a fungal polysaccharide which acts as a T-cell adjuvant. When this glucan was administered to thymus-intact mice by intraperitoneal injection, conspicuously enlarged lung granulomas formed in response to either Schistosoma mansoni or S japonicum eggs or to antigen-coated polyacrylamide beads. Liver granulomas in cercaria-induced S mansoni infection were augmented up to eight-fold in volume. By contrast, nude mice showed a complete absence of hypersensitivity granulomas, regardless of whether they received lentinan. Lentinan-potentiated granulomas show a distinctive histopathologic picture characterized by abundant, large, pale-staining macrophages; reduced and redistributed eosinophil populations; and frequent, extensive central necrosis, uncommon in unpotentiated schistosome foci. They also differ in their distributions of egg antigen and of host immunoglobulins. Optimal lentinan effects followed a single 1-mg dose when given to sensitized mice on the day of intravenous challenge with S mansoni eggs rather than at the time of intraperitoneal sensitization or following challenge. This adjuvant appears to act on effector T cells or on macrophages interacting with T cells; its effect on macrophages in a latex bead foreign body granuloma was minimal. A number of other lentinan-associated systemic effects on parasite and host were noted and described, including reduced female schistosome egg output.", "contents": "Potentiation of schistosome granuloma formation. By lentinan--a T-cell adjuvant. Lentinan is a fungal polysaccharide which acts as a T-cell adjuvant. When this glucan was administered to thymus-intact mice by intraperitoneal injection, conspicuously enlarged lung granulomas formed in response to either Schistosoma mansoni or S japonicum eggs or to antigen-coated polyacrylamide beads. Liver granulomas in cercaria-induced S mansoni infection were augmented up to eight-fold in volume. By contrast, nude mice showed a complete absence of hypersensitivity granulomas, regardless of whether they received lentinan. Lentinan-potentiated granulomas show a distinctive histopathologic picture characterized by abundant, large, pale-staining macrophages; reduced and redistributed eosinophil populations; and frequent, extensive central necrosis, uncommon in unpotentiated schistosome foci. They also differ in their distributions of egg antigen and of host immunoglobulins. Optimal lentinan effects followed a single 1-mg dose when given to sensitized mice on the day of intravenous challenge with S mansoni eggs rather than at the time of intraperitoneal sensitization or following challenge. This adjuvant appears to act on effector T cells or on macrophages interacting with T cells; its effect on macrophages in a latex bead foreign body granuloma was minimal. A number of other lentinan-associated systemic effects on parasite and host were noted and described, including reduced female schistosome egg output.", "PMID": 371408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1189", "title": "The macrophage in the development of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Studies using tissue culture and electron microscopy.", "content": "The role played by the macrophage in the development of injury in rabbit nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) has been assessed by electron microscopy and glomerular culture of renal tissue obtained by several biopsies during the course of the disease. These observations have been correlated with the other immune, cellular, and biochemical events occurring in the glomerulus, ie, deposition of immunoglobulin and complement, proteinuria, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) exudation, fibrin deposition, crescent formation, and renal failure. A biphasic macrophage accumulation was detected, corresponding to the heterologous and autologous phases of the disease. In the autologous or crescentic phase, macrophages accumulated within the glomerular tuft from Day 5; their appearance coincided with the accumulation of PMN and development of proteinuria. Fibrin deposition in Bowman's space, which commenced on Days 6 and 7, was rapidly followed by the migration of macrophages from the glomeruli into Bowman's space. Within Bowman's space, macrophages were observed to phagocytose fibrin, transform into epithelioid and giant cells, and accumulate to form a substantial proportion of the cells forming the crescent. The inflammatory process of PMN exudation, macrophage accumulation, fibrin deposition, and crescent formation and the degree of renal failure reached a maximum by Days 12 to 14. Thereafter, resolution of the inflammatory process occurred so that by Day 40 macrophages had disappeared from the glomeruli. However, varying degrees of glomerular damage and renal failure persisted, occurring largely as a result of glomerulosclerosis and sclerosis of crescents. The tissue culture studies also demonstrated mesangial cell proliferation during the inflammatory process but did not show any abnormality of epithelial cell activity. This study demonstrates that the macrophages participate in NTN by accumulating in damaged glomeruli then migrating into Bowman's space (probably in response to fibrin deposition) where they undergo granulomatous transformation and accumulate, contributing to crescent formation.", "contents": "The macrophage in the development of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Studies using tissue culture and electron microscopy. The role played by the macrophage in the development of injury in rabbit nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) has been assessed by electron microscopy and glomerular culture of renal tissue obtained by several biopsies during the course of the disease. These observations have been correlated with the other immune, cellular, and biochemical events occurring in the glomerulus, ie, deposition of immunoglobulin and complement, proteinuria, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) exudation, fibrin deposition, crescent formation, and renal failure. A biphasic macrophage accumulation was detected, corresponding to the heterologous and autologous phases of the disease. In the autologous or crescentic phase, macrophages accumulated within the glomerular tuft from Day 5; their appearance coincided with the accumulation of PMN and development of proteinuria. Fibrin deposition in Bowman's space, which commenced on Days 6 and 7, was rapidly followed by the migration of macrophages from the glomeruli into Bowman's space. Within Bowman's space, macrophages were observed to phagocytose fibrin, transform into epithelioid and giant cells, and accumulate to form a substantial proportion of the cells forming the crescent. The inflammatory process of PMN exudation, macrophage accumulation, fibrin deposition, and crescent formation and the degree of renal failure reached a maximum by Days 12 to 14. Thereafter, resolution of the inflammatory process occurred so that by Day 40 macrophages had disappeared from the glomeruli. However, varying degrees of glomerular damage and renal failure persisted, occurring largely as a result of glomerulosclerosis and sclerosis of crescents. The tissue culture studies also demonstrated mesangial cell proliferation during the inflammatory process but did not show any abnormality of epithelial cell activity. This study demonstrates that the macrophages participate in NTN by accumulating in damaged glomeruli then migrating into Bowman's space (probably in response to fibrin deposition) where they undergo granulomatous transformation and accumulate, contributing to crescent formation.", "PMID": 371409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1190", "title": "Group B streptococcal infections in adult males.", "content": "A 19-month study of group B streptococcal infection was performed to investigate the spectrum of such infections in adult males, the relation of serotypes to clinical illnesses, the effects of previous antibiotic therapy on infection and colonization, and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these organisms. Twenty-four patients had definite or possible infections while 41 patients were colonized with group B streptococci. The most frequent infections encountered were pneumonia (ten cases) and soft tissue infections (nine cases). Five infections (21%) were nosocomial in origin. The most frequent serotypes were Ia and II. No correlation of serotype and type of infection was observed. Patients receiving previous antibiotic therapy were significantly more likely to be colonized than infected with group B streptococci. Penicillin was the antibiotic to which these organisms were most susceptible; tetracycline and gentamicin showed the least activity.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infections in adult males. A 19-month study of group B streptococcal infection was performed to investigate the spectrum of such infections in adult males, the relation of serotypes to clinical illnesses, the effects of previous antibiotic therapy on infection and colonization, and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these organisms. Twenty-four patients had definite or possible infections while 41 patients were colonized with group B streptococci. The most frequent infections encountered were pneumonia (ten cases) and soft tissue infections (nine cases). Five infections (21%) were nosocomial in origin. The most frequent serotypes were Ia and II. No correlation of serotype and type of infection was observed. Patients receiving previous antibiotic therapy were significantly more likely to be colonized than infected with group B streptococci. Penicillin was the antibiotic to which these organisms were most susceptible; tetracycline and gentamicin showed the least activity.", "PMID": 371405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1191", "title": "Case report. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in adults: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An adult drug abuser with endocarditis due to a group II Staphylococcus aureus developed the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). Studies of the patient's immune function found cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to be essentially normal; thus, previous suggestions that deficient CMI is required in adults who develop SSSS seem unfounded. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of SSSS and its differentiation from drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Case report. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in adults: case report and review of the literature. An adult drug abuser with endocarditis due to a group II Staphylococcus aureus developed the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). Studies of the patient's immune function found cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to be essentially normal; thus, previous suggestions that deficient CMI is required in adults who develop SSSS seem unfounded. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of SSSS and its differentiation from drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 371406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1192", "title": "The presence and possible role of monocyte infiltration in human chronic proliferative glomerulonephritides. Light microscopic, immunofluorescence, and histochemical correlations.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of chronic glomerulonephritis with proliferative pattern (11 cases of primary mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia, 8 cases of SLE, and 8 cases of primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) were studied with particular attention to the glomerular monocyte infiltration. The latter, detected by means of nonspecific esterase technique, was compared with the presence of hyaline thrombi and intraluminal immunoglobulin lumps. Monocyte infiltration was heavy and almost constant in cryoglobulinemia, less important in SLE, and practically absent in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. By means of immunofluorescence technique on paraffin embedded material, monocytes are shown to contain IgG and IgM, suggesting a phagocytic activity on some types of immune complexes. Since monocytes are migrant cells, and therefore easily removable from the glomeruli by the bloodstream, it seems that they could be responsible for regression of glomerular hypercellularity as reported in some patients with cryoglobulinemia showing clinical improvement.", "contents": "The presence and possible role of monocyte infiltration in human chronic proliferative glomerulonephritides. Light microscopic, immunofluorescence, and histochemical correlations. Twenty-seven cases of chronic glomerulonephritis with proliferative pattern (11 cases of primary mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia, 8 cases of SLE, and 8 cases of primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) were studied with particular attention to the glomerular monocyte infiltration. The latter, detected by means of nonspecific esterase technique, was compared with the presence of hyaline thrombi and intraluminal immunoglobulin lumps. Monocyte infiltration was heavy and almost constant in cryoglobulinemia, less important in SLE, and practically absent in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. By means of immunofluorescence technique on paraffin embedded material, monocytes are shown to contain IgG and IgM, suggesting a phagocytic activity on some types of immune complexes. Since monocytes are migrant cells, and therefore easily removable from the glomeruli by the bloodstream, it seems that they could be responsible for regression of glomerular hypercellularity as reported in some patients with cryoglobulinemia showing clinical improvement.", "PMID": 371410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1193", "title": "Isolation and tissue localization of type AB2 collagen from normal lung parenchyma.", "content": "Type AB2 collagen was isolated from normal lung parenchyma by pepsin extraction followed by differential salt extraction. This collagen comigrates with AB2 collagen isolated from placental membranes when run on 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; it has an alpha A and alpha B polypeptide chain ratio of 1 : 2 and a cyanogen bromide peptide profile similar to known AB2 collagen on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This AB2 collagen isolated from lung tissue specifically inhibits passive hemagglutination of affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to AB2 collagen isolated from amnionic and chorionic membranes. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, AB2 collagen was found to be widely distributed throughout the lung and was found preferentially associated with cell surfaces (basement lamina) and basement membranes.", "contents": "Isolation and tissue localization of type AB2 collagen from normal lung parenchyma. Type AB2 collagen was isolated from normal lung parenchyma by pepsin extraction followed by differential salt extraction. This collagen comigrates with AB2 collagen isolated from placental membranes when run on 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; it has an alpha A and alpha B polypeptide chain ratio of 1 : 2 and a cyanogen bromide peptide profile similar to known AB2 collagen on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This AB2 collagen isolated from lung tissue specifically inhibits passive hemagglutination of affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to AB2 collagen isolated from amnionic and chorionic membranes. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, AB2 collagen was found to be widely distributed throughout the lung and was found preferentially associated with cell surfaces (basement lamina) and basement membranes.", "PMID": 371411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1194", "title": "Immunogenetic aspects of intracerebral skin transplantation in inbred rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of intracerebral skin grafts transplanted across different genetic disparities in the major histocompatibility complex (RT1) to elicit an immune response in inbred rats, as determined by histologic examination and by the ability of the grafts to sensitize the recipients to subsequent orthotopic skin grafts. The ability of intracerebral skin allografts to sensitize rats to transplantation antigens is related to the specific genetic disparity between the graft and the host: sensitization appears to occur more consistently across an A region barrier than across a B region barrier. Histologic changes of intracerebral graft rejection are more severe in rats with two intracerebral grafts than in those with one. The degree of histologic change attributable to intracerebral allograft rejection correlates with the ability of these grafts to sensitize the recipient. In certain strains intracerebral sensitization is accomplished with two grafts but not with one, indicating an antigenic dose requirement for intracerebral sensitization.", "contents": "Immunogenetic aspects of intracerebral skin transplantation in inbred rats. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of intracerebral skin grafts transplanted across different genetic disparities in the major histocompatibility complex (RT1) to elicit an immune response in inbred rats, as determined by histologic examination and by the ability of the grafts to sensitize the recipients to subsequent orthotopic skin grafts. The ability of intracerebral skin allografts to sensitize rats to transplantation antigens is related to the specific genetic disparity between the graft and the host: sensitization appears to occur more consistently across an A region barrier than across a B region barrier. Histologic changes of intracerebral graft rejection are more severe in rats with two intracerebral grafts than in those with one. The degree of histologic change attributable to intracerebral allograft rejection correlates with the ability of these grafts to sensitize the recipient. In certain strains intracerebral sensitization is accomplished with two grafts but not with one, indicating an antigenic dose requirement for intracerebral sensitization.", "PMID": 371412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1195", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone in bovine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenomas.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic localization of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human and bovine parathyroid tissue has been achieved using an indirect peroxidase labeled antibody method. Granular deposition of the reaction product was found throughout the chief cell cytoplasm. There was no nuclear staining. At the ultrastructural level, parathyroid hormone localized by this method appeared to be largely confined to the secretory granules in the cytoplasm of cells. Mitochondria and nuclei were free of reaction product. Aggregated sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum were minimally reactive, and Golgi apparatuses did not show reaction product.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone in bovine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenomas. Light and electron microscopic localization of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human and bovine parathyroid tissue has been achieved using an indirect peroxidase labeled antibody method. Granular deposition of the reaction product was found throughout the chief cell cytoplasm. There was no nuclear staining. At the ultrastructural level, parathyroid hormone localized by this method appeared to be largely confined to the secretory granules in the cytoplasm of cells. Mitochondria and nuclei were free of reaction product. Aggregated sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum were minimally reactive, and Golgi apparatuses did not show reaction product.", "PMID": 371413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1196", "title": "The generation of electric currents in cardiac fibers by Na/Ca exchange.", "content": "The presence of a detectable Ca current during the excitation of a cardiac fiber implies that the Ca lost during the resting interval of the duty cycle must also be detectable. Ca outward movement appears to be effected by Na/Ca exchange when more Na enters than Ca leaves per cycle, thus making the mechanism electrogenic. Since Na/Ca exchange can move Ca either inward or outward depending on the direction of the electrochemical gradient for Na, a potential exists where there is no electric current generated by the Na/Ca exchange mechanism, i.e., a reversal potential ER. Cardiac fibers appear to have a reversal potential that is about midway between their resting membrane potential and their plateau. Carrier currents both inward and outward are therefore generated during cardiac action potentials. The implications of the conditions stated above are explored.", "contents": "The generation of electric currents in cardiac fibers by Na/Ca exchange. The presence of a detectable Ca current during the excitation of a cardiac fiber implies that the Ca lost during the resting interval of the duty cycle must also be detectable. Ca outward movement appears to be effected by Na/Ca exchange when more Na enters than Ca leaves per cycle, thus making the mechanism electrogenic. Since Na/Ca exchange can move Ca either inward or outward depending on the direction of the electrochemical gradient for Na, a potential exists where there is no electric current generated by the Na/Ca exchange mechanism, i.e., a reversal potential ER. Cardiac fibers appear to have a reversal potential that is about midway between their resting membrane potential and their plateau. Carrier currents both inward and outward are therefore generated during cardiac action potentials. The implications of the conditions stated above are explored.", "PMID": 371415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1197", "title": "The use of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics in the study of renal physiology.", "content": "Classical formulations for the analysis of membrane transport processes, which ignored possible interactions between flows of diverse permeant species, often led to inconsistencies in the evaluation of permeability coefficients. For water flow induced by an osmotic pressure difference this difficulty was resolved by Staverman's introduction of the reflection coefficient sigma, a parameter which incorporates the interaction between solute and solvent in the course of their passage through a membrane. A comprehensive nonequilibrium thermodynamic (NET) formalism suitable for many biological systems was provided by Kedem and Katchalsky. For an n-flow system each flow is in general dependent on n forces; the assumption of Onsager reciprocity, however, reduces the number of independent phenomenological coefficients. Although NET is widely applied in the study of renal physiology, fundamental theoretical and practical problems remain. Basic considerations are the need to control or evaluate the influence of all coupled flows and to establish conditions fostering linear dependencies of flows on forces. When this is done a transport system may be characterized in terms of intrinsic membrane parameters, facilitating the systematic study of the effects of drugs, hormones, and various experimental perturbations.", "contents": "The use of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics in the study of renal physiology. Classical formulations for the analysis of membrane transport processes, which ignored possible interactions between flows of diverse permeant species, often led to inconsistencies in the evaluation of permeability coefficients. For water flow induced by an osmotic pressure difference this difficulty was resolved by Staverman's introduction of the reflection coefficient sigma, a parameter which incorporates the interaction between solute and solvent in the course of their passage through a membrane. A comprehensive nonequilibrium thermodynamic (NET) formalism suitable for many biological systems was provided by Kedem and Katchalsky. For an n-flow system each flow is in general dependent on n forces; the assumption of Onsager reciprocity, however, reduces the number of independent phenomenological coefficients. Although NET is widely applied in the study of renal physiology, fundamental theoretical and practical problems remain. Basic considerations are the need to control or evaluate the influence of all coupled flows and to establish conditions fostering linear dependencies of flows on forces. When this is done a transport system may be characterized in terms of intrinsic membrane parameters, facilitating the systematic study of the effects of drugs, hormones, and various experimental perturbations.", "PMID": 371416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1198", "title": "Relation of ventricular repolarization to electrocardiographic T wave-form and arrhythmia vulnerability.", "content": "The normal sequence of ventricular recovery proceeds from epicardium to endocardium, but on the epicardium the pattern of ventricular recovery is similar to the pattern of activation. Data concerning ventricular repolarization have been obtained from analyses of electrocardiographic recordings, suction potential recordings, a limited number of recordings of transmembrane action potentials, and from measurements of refractory periods. Normal ventricular repolarization has now been characterized in sufficient detail that it can be used with theoretic models to derive T waves with forms that correspond closely to recorded T waves. These models provide insights concerning the body surface manifestations of the electrophysiologic events of ventricular repolarization and should contribute to a more physiologic approach to interpreting T wave abnormalities in clinical electrocardiograms. A relationship between inhomogeneity of ventricular refractory period duration and arrhythmia vulnerability has also been documented. Because inhomogeneity of ventricular repolarization is a factor in both T wave-form and arrhythmia vulnerability, methods of analysis of the T wave for determining patients at risk of developing arrhythmias should be possible. One such analysis is presented. The method has been tested on experimental animals before and after interventions designed to increase arrhythmia vulnerability and in a limited number of patient studies. The results to date are encouraging and suggest that in the future electrocardiographic examination will be used as a prognostic tool in addition to its already established diagnostic function.", "contents": "Relation of ventricular repolarization to electrocardiographic T wave-form and arrhythmia vulnerability. The normal sequence of ventricular recovery proceeds from epicardium to endocardium, but on the epicardium the pattern of ventricular recovery is similar to the pattern of activation. Data concerning ventricular repolarization have been obtained from analyses of electrocardiographic recordings, suction potential recordings, a limited number of recordings of transmembrane action potentials, and from measurements of refractory periods. Normal ventricular repolarization has now been characterized in sufficient detail that it can be used with theoretic models to derive T waves with forms that correspond closely to recorded T waves. These models provide insights concerning the body surface manifestations of the electrophysiologic events of ventricular repolarization and should contribute to a more physiologic approach to interpreting T wave abnormalities in clinical electrocardiograms. A relationship between inhomogeneity of ventricular refractory period duration and arrhythmia vulnerability has also been documented. Because inhomogeneity of ventricular repolarization is a factor in both T wave-form and arrhythmia vulnerability, methods of analysis of the T wave for determining patients at risk of developing arrhythmias should be possible. One such analysis is presented. The method has been tested on experimental animals before and after interventions designed to increase arrhythmia vulnerability and in a limited number of patient studies. The results to date are encouraging and suggest that in the future electrocardiographic examination will be used as a prognostic tool in addition to its already established diagnostic function.", "PMID": 371417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1199", "title": "An explanation of impaired solute mixing in extracellular fluid after hemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "A theory is presented suggesting that the slowed rate of solute dispersion in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space during or after hemorrhagic shock is largely due to a depressed cardiac output, and that mixing may be improved by any fluid therapy that decreases the mean recirculation time for the solute. This theory was tested by comparing solute mixing rates after treatment of shocked anesthetized dogs with either protein-free Ringer solution with Ringer solution containing 5% albumin. The rate of mixing was determined by computer analysis of the disappearance of an ECF tracer from plasma. Compared with Ringer-treated dogs, the albumin-treated group had a faster rate of tracer equilibration, larger cardiac plasma output, and smaller, approximately normal ECF volume. It was concluded that the abnormal dispersion of solute within the ECF space seen during or after hypotension can be corrected simply by restoring the cardiac output, and that albumin-containing fluid may be more effective in this regard than crystalloid solution alone.", "contents": "An explanation of impaired solute mixing in extracellular fluid after hemorrhagic hypotension. A theory is presented suggesting that the slowed rate of solute dispersion in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space during or after hemorrhagic shock is largely due to a depressed cardiac output, and that mixing may be improved by any fluid therapy that decreases the mean recirculation time for the solute. This theory was tested by comparing solute mixing rates after treatment of shocked anesthetized dogs with either protein-free Ringer solution with Ringer solution containing 5% albumin. The rate of mixing was determined by computer analysis of the disappearance of an ECF tracer from plasma. Compared with Ringer-treated dogs, the albumin-treated group had a faster rate of tracer equilibration, larger cardiac plasma output, and smaller, approximately normal ECF volume. It was concluded that the abnormal dispersion of solute within the ECF space seen during or after hypotension can be corrected simply by restoring the cardiac output, and that albumin-containing fluid may be more effective in this regard than crystalloid solution alone.", "PMID": 371418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1200", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenia: a review of the data.", "content": "The authors review studies of platelet and white cell monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in schizophrenic patients. The data on acute schizophrenic patients remain inconclusive. Review of 26 reports of chronic schizophrenic patients leaves little doubt, however, that there is a subgroup in which the enzyme activity is decreased. Despite the strong association of decreased MAO activity and chronic schizophrenia, the etiological relationship of low platelet MAO activity to schizophrenia has not been demonstrated. More complete diagnostic descriptions will shed light on precisely which patients have lowered MAO activity. Further metabolic investigations with such patients are needed to determine the physiological significance of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenia: a review of the data. The authors review studies of platelet and white cell monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in schizophrenic patients. The data on acute schizophrenic patients remain inconclusive. Review of 26 reports of chronic schizophrenic patients leaves little doubt, however, that there is a subgroup in which the enzyme activity is decreased. Despite the strong association of decreased MAO activity and chronic schizophrenia, the etiological relationship of low platelet MAO activity to schizophrenia has not been demonstrated. More complete diagnostic descriptions will shed light on precisely which patients have lowered MAO activity. Further metabolic investigations with such patients are needed to determine the physiological significance of this phenomenon.", "PMID": 371419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1201", "title": "Medicaid audit: crisis in confidentiality and the patient-psychiatrist relationship.", "content": "The authors describe their experience with a routine Medicaid audit and discuss the damage such a procedure can do to the trust between psychiatrists and patients, confidentiality, doctors' reputations, transference reactions, and patients' own emotional states. The authors point out that these crucial issues have broad implications because of the possibility of passage of national health insurance legislation.", "contents": "Medicaid audit: crisis in confidentiality and the patient-psychiatrist relationship. The authors describe their experience with a routine Medicaid audit and discuss the damage such a procedure can do to the trust between psychiatrists and patients, confidentiality, doctors' reputations, transference reactions, and patients' own emotional states. The authors point out that these crucial issues have broad implications because of the possibility of passage of national health insurance legislation.", "PMID": 371420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1202", "title": "The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes.", "content": "The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and various psychotherapies, in comparison with one another or in combination, has not been fully established in randomized clinical trials. The authors present a randomized controlled trial comparing the combination of amitriptyline and short-term interpersonal psychotherapy, either treatment alone, and nonscheduled supportive psychotherapy in ambulatory patients with acute depression. They found that pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy alone were equally efficacious and better than nonscheduled treatment. The combination treatment of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy was more effective than either treatment alone and delayed the onset of symptomatic failure.", "contents": "The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and various psychotherapies, in comparison with one another or in combination, has not been fully established in randomized clinical trials. The authors present a randomized controlled trial comparing the combination of amitriptyline and short-term interpersonal psychotherapy, either treatment alone, and nonscheduled supportive psychotherapy in ambulatory patients with acute depression. They found that pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy alone were equally efficacious and better than nonscheduled treatment. The combination treatment of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy was more effective than either treatment alone and delayed the onset of symptomatic failure.", "PMID": 371421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1203", "title": "Intravascular migratory bullets.", "content": "The estimated course of a penetrating missile provides some clues to planning intraoperative priorities and management. However, missiles which become intravascular emboli present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Twenty-eight patients have been seen with bullet emboli. Five patients had emboli to the lungs, two of which were removed. Two large bullets embolized from a right heart injury down the inferior vena cava, one to a hepatic vein and one to the right renal vein. Fourteen patients had arterial bullet emboli, four originating in the heart, four in the thoracic aorta, and six in the abdominal aorta. Two patients died, one of cerebral infarction secondary to bullet embolus to the right carotid artery and one of an unrecognized traumatic intracardiac defect. Complications were secondary to associated injuries rather than a result of removal of bullet emboli.", "contents": "Intravascular migratory bullets. The estimated course of a penetrating missile provides some clues to planning intraoperative priorities and management. However, missiles which become intravascular emboli present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Twenty-eight patients have been seen with bullet emboli. Five patients had emboli to the lungs, two of which were removed. Two large bullets embolized from a right heart injury down the inferior vena cava, one to a hepatic vein and one to the right renal vein. Fourteen patients had arterial bullet emboli, four originating in the heart, four in the thoracic aorta, and six in the abdominal aorta. Two patients died, one of cerebral infarction secondary to bullet embolus to the right carotid artery and one of an unrecognized traumatic intracardiac defect. Complications were secondary to associated injuries rather than a result of removal of bullet emboli.", "PMID": 371424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1204", "title": "Bowen's disease of the anal and perianal area. A report and analysis of twelve cases.", "content": "Retrospective evaluation of twelve patients treated at the Cleveland Clinic for perianal Bowen's disease showed that these patients can be cured by wide local excision with skin grafting when necessary. No recurrence or metastasis was found during the follow-up period when the systematic technic was used. Only involved anal mucosa was removed, and normal mucosa was preserved; this aids in controlling anal continence. The margins of the resected skin must be subjected to frozen section study to be sure that total excision has been achieved. In this study a diagnosis of perianal Bowen's disease was made incidentally in six of the twelve patients during histologic examination of anorectal tissue removed for other reasons. Seven of the twelve either had had a systemic or cutaneous cancer previously or another systemic or cutaneous cancer subsequently developed, indicating the high association between Bowen's disease and other cancers. Therefore, it is important that all excised skin from anal or perianal operations be submitted for histologic examination, and if the diagnosis is Bowen's disease, the lesion must be completely removed using wide local excision. These patients should be evaluated and followed up because other malignancies may be present or evolve at a later time.", "contents": "Bowen's disease of the anal and perianal area. A report and analysis of twelve cases. Retrospective evaluation of twelve patients treated at the Cleveland Clinic for perianal Bowen's disease showed that these patients can be cured by wide local excision with skin grafting when necessary. No recurrence or metastasis was found during the follow-up period when the systematic technic was used. Only involved anal mucosa was removed, and normal mucosa was preserved; this aids in controlling anal continence. The margins of the resected skin must be subjected to frozen section study to be sure that total excision has been achieved. In this study a diagnosis of perianal Bowen's disease was made incidentally in six of the twelve patients during histologic examination of anorectal tissue removed for other reasons. Seven of the twelve either had had a systemic or cutaneous cancer previously or another systemic or cutaneous cancer subsequently developed, indicating the high association between Bowen's disease and other cancers. Therefore, it is important that all excised skin from anal or perianal operations be submitted for histologic examination, and if the diagnosis is Bowen's disease, the lesion must be completely removed using wide local excision. These patients should be evaluated and followed up because other malignancies may be present or evolve at a later time.", "PMID": 371426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1205", "title": "A secure method of repair of large ventral hernias with Marlex mesh to eliminate tension.", "content": "The use of Marlex mesh to bridge abdominal fascial defects is well known. However, its use in reinforcing securely the repair of a minority of ventral hernias which can be approximated, only under considerable tension, is described.", "contents": "A secure method of repair of large ventral hernias with Marlex mesh to eliminate tension. The use of Marlex mesh to bridge abdominal fascial defects is well known. However, its use in reinforcing securely the repair of a minority of ventral hernias which can be approximated, only under considerable tension, is described.", "PMID": 371427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1206", "title": "Urolithiasis from stapler anastomosis.", "content": "The simplicity of operation and versatility and speed of automatic stapling devices in the creation of ileal loops have been amply documented. Three cases of stone formation in the ileal loop, secondary to encrustation about the staples, are reported herein, and the modification to the surgical technic which would obviate this problem is presented.", "contents": "Urolithiasis from stapler anastomosis. The simplicity of operation and versatility and speed of automatic stapling devices in the creation of ileal loops have been amply documented. Three cases of stone formation in the ileal loop, secondary to encrustation about the staples, are reported herein, and the modification to the surgical technic which would obviate this problem is presented.", "PMID": 371428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1207", "title": "The fate of exposed bone.", "content": "Exposed bone, even in conjunction with a fracture, will cover spontaneously with granulation tissue followed by epithelium, or will sequestrate and then cover, providing there is adequate circulation at the wound site. The healing process is lengthy but need not interfere with the reestablishment of function of the wounded part. The method requires surgical restraint but has a high success rate and avoids the risks and failures of complicated skin transfer methods.", "contents": "The fate of exposed bone. Exposed bone, even in conjunction with a fracture, will cover spontaneously with granulation tissue followed by epithelium, or will sequestrate and then cover, providing there is adequate circulation at the wound site. The healing process is lengthy but need not interfere with the reestablishment of function of the wounded part. The method requires surgical restraint but has a high success rate and avoids the risks and failures of complicated skin transfer methods.", "PMID": 371430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1208", "title": "The role of acetaldehyde in mediating reactivity to an acute dose of ethanol among different racial groups.", "content": "Physiologic changes after ingestion of alcohol were monitored in Chinese and white volunteers, and absorption rate, acetaldehyde concentration, facial flushing, and heart rate increases were correlated.", "contents": "The role of acetaldehyde in mediating reactivity to an acute dose of ethanol among different racial groups. Physiologic changes after ingestion of alcohol were monitored in Chinese and white volunteers, and absorption rate, acetaldehyde concentration, facial flushing, and heart rate increases were correlated.", "PMID": 371444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1209", "title": "Young alcoholics in treatment: their characteristics and recovery rates at follow-up.", "content": "Reporting data on characteristics of young alcoholics, treatment and recovery, and comparisons made with older alcoholics in similar treatment, this study indicates the differences and similarities, as well as pointing up the need to investigate the types of treatment most needed in this section of the population.", "contents": "Young alcoholics in treatment: their characteristics and recovery rates at follow-up. Reporting data on characteristics of young alcoholics, treatment and recovery, and comparisons made with older alcoholics in similar treatment, this study indicates the differences and similarities, as well as pointing up the need to investigate the types of treatment most needed in this section of the population.", "PMID": 371445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1210", "title": "Changes in the metabolism of biogenic amines in alcoholism--especially regarding CSF monoamine metabolites and serum DBH activity.", "content": "Concentrations of the major metabolites of biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid and activity of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in abstinent alcoholics were measured, suggesting that withdrawal symptoms of alcoholics were based on the abnormality of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the body.", "contents": "Changes in the metabolism of biogenic amines in alcoholism--especially regarding CSF monoamine metabolites and serum DBH activity. Concentrations of the major metabolites of biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid and activity of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in abstinent alcoholics were measured, suggesting that withdrawal symptoms of alcoholics were based on the abnormality of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the body.", "PMID": 371446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1211", "title": "Alcohol and coronary arteries.", "content": "The relationship between alcohol intake and the extent of coronary artery occlusion was studied and indicated that the patients who abstained or consumed less than 1 oz of alcohol weekly had significantly higher occlusion scores than those imbibing moderate amounts.", "contents": "Alcohol and coronary arteries. The relationship between alcohol intake and the extent of coronary artery occlusion was studied and indicated that the patients who abstained or consumed less than 1 oz of alcohol weekly had significantly higher occlusion scores than those imbibing moderate amounts.", "PMID": 371447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1212", "title": "Drinking behavior, remission, and relapse: the Rand Report revisited.", "content": "Utilizing the Armor, Polich, and Stambul 1976 criteria, the clinical course of patients from 26 treatment programs was studied, with relapse analyses differing from the data reported by Armor et al. The overall rate of remission at 6 mo follow-up was considerably lower (54%) in this study. The data suggest that those alcoholics who chose to reduce their drinking, as an option, experienced a substantial risk of relapse.", "contents": "Drinking behavior, remission, and relapse: the Rand Report revisited. Utilizing the Armor, Polich, and Stambul 1976 criteria, the clinical course of patients from 26 treatment programs was studied, with relapse analyses differing from the data reported by Armor et al. The overall rate of remission at 6 mo follow-up was considerably lower (54%) in this study. The data suggest that those alcoholics who chose to reduce their drinking, as an option, experienced a substantial risk of relapse.", "PMID": 371448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1213", "title": "Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension.", "content": "Studying coronary risk factors, this article concludes that: regular use of alcohol may protect against major coronary events; regular use of three or more drinks daily is a probable risk factor for hypertension; the relations of alcohol use to coronary disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy are disparate.", "contents": "Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension. Studying coronary risk factors, this article concludes that: regular use of alcohol may protect against major coronary events; regular use of three or more drinks daily is a probable risk factor for hypertension; the relations of alcohol use to coronary disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy are disparate.", "PMID": 371449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1214", "title": "Varied cardiac abnormalities in alcoholics.", "content": "The toxic effects of acute or chronic use of alcohol on cerebral and hepatic function have long been recognized, but it has been thought that the heart was not similarly affected. This study reexamines this traditional thought and indicates that ethyl alcohol may have chronic toxic effects on the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Varied cardiac abnormalities in alcoholics. The toxic effects of acute or chronic use of alcohol on cerebral and hepatic function have long been recognized, but it has been thought that the heart was not similarly affected. This study reexamines this traditional thought and indicates that ethyl alcohol may have chronic toxic effects on the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 371450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1215", "title": "Alterations in phospholipid composition in ethanol tolerance and dependence.", "content": "Mammalian cells may retain a limited capacity to alter membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition. This may play a role in adaptation to the presence of ethanol (cellular tolerance) and in the response to the removal of ethanol and the withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Alterations in phospholipid composition in ethanol tolerance and dependence. Mammalian cells may retain a limited capacity to alter membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition. This may play a role in adaptation to the presence of ethanol (cellular tolerance) and in the response to the removal of ethanol and the withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 371451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1216", "title": "Cross-tolerance to effect of ethanol and temperature in Aplysia: preliminary observations.", "content": "Reporting an unexpected finding, this article suggests a bidirectional cross-tolerance between ethanol-tolerant and temperature-adapted preparations may be a widespread phenomenon. Further investigation of these findings may provide useful insight into the nature of the specific membrane changes in alcohol tolerance.", "contents": "Cross-tolerance to effect of ethanol and temperature in Aplysia: preliminary observations. Reporting an unexpected finding, this article suggests a bidirectional cross-tolerance between ethanol-tolerant and temperature-adapted preparations may be a widespread phenomenon. Further investigation of these findings may provide useful insight into the nature of the specific membrane changes in alcohol tolerance.", "PMID": 371452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1217", "title": "Effect of ethanol on membranes: a fluorescent probe study.", "content": "Using fluorescence techniques to study changes in membrane structure as a function of ethanol concentration and alcoholism, it was found that ethanol primarily affects probes located at the membrane-water interface. Changes in the lipid composition of membranes during alcoholism were detected by fluorescent probes that partition into the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on membranes: a fluorescent probe study. Using fluorescence techniques to study changes in membrane structure as a function of ethanol concentration and alcoholism, it was found that ethanol primarily affects probes located at the membrane-water interface. Changes in the lipid composition of membranes during alcoholism were detected by fluorescent probes that partition into the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.", "PMID": 371453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1218", "title": "Developmental level and prognosis in alcoholics.", "content": "An index of developmental level of functioning, derived from the Rorschach, was compared with several other prognostic measures to predict treatment outcome.", "contents": "Developmental level and prognosis in alcoholics. An index of developmental level of functioning, derived from the Rorschach, was compared with several other prognostic measures to predict treatment outcome.", "PMID": 371454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1219", "title": "Alcoholic liver damage is provoked by 4-methylpyrazole, which prolongs the influence of ethanol but reduces acetaldehyde levels.", "content": "Rats chronically fed ethanol developed liver injury only if they also received low doses of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, suggesting that the consistency of the influence of ethanol and its metabolism, rather than the level of acetaldehyde or the degree of the metabolic effects, contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver damage.", "contents": "Alcoholic liver damage is provoked by 4-methylpyrazole, which prolongs the influence of ethanol but reduces acetaldehyde levels. Rats chronically fed ethanol developed liver injury only if they also received low doses of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, suggesting that the consistency of the influence of ethanol and its metabolism, rather than the level of acetaldehyde or the degree of the metabolic effects, contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver damage.", "PMID": 371455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1220", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis.", "content": "A patient is reported whose ailment meets the criteria of CPM. The illness was complicated by pneumonitis, most likely of the aspiration type. Of particular interest was the reversibility of a clinical picture of marked deterioration when attention was paid to fluid and electrolyte balance and maintenance of respiration. This patient's illness appears to meet the criteria of CPM, namely impairment of the facial muscles and tongue with dysphagia and dysarthria, flaccid quadriparesis or quadriplegia, and frequently, lack of response to painful stimuli followed by respiratory paralysis. The presence of peripheral neuropathy has been previously noted in a patient with CPM, but it is not an integral part of the disease.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis. A patient is reported whose ailment meets the criteria of CPM. The illness was complicated by pneumonitis, most likely of the aspiration type. Of particular interest was the reversibility of a clinical picture of marked deterioration when attention was paid to fluid and electrolyte balance and maintenance of respiration. This patient's illness appears to meet the criteria of CPM, namely impairment of the facial muscles and tongue with dysphagia and dysarthria, flaccid quadriparesis or quadriplegia, and frequently, lack of response to painful stimuli followed by respiratory paralysis. The presence of peripheral neuropathy has been previously noted in a patient with CPM, but it is not an integral part of the disease.", "PMID": 371456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1221", "title": "Amniotic fluid embolism.", "content": "The statement that amniotic fluid embolism is the most dangerous and untreatable condition in obstetrics appears to be true. It must be suspected in any patient who collapses or bleeds excessively during labour or the immediate post-partum period. Attempts should be made to secure a definitive diagnosis in life by examination of blood obtained from the right side of the heart and the sputum for elements of amniotic fluid. Lung scanning is a useful aid to diagnosis. The principal factors that have been implicated in the clinical syndrome of amniotic fluid embolism are anaphylaxis, vascular obstruction by particulate matter, vascular spasm due to prostaglandins and possibly some other vasoactive substances, and the possibility that all the changes could be explained by disseminated intravascular coagulation as a primary event. Further work is required to elucidate the relative contributions of these various factors. Due to the suddeness of the catastrophe and the very high mortality, haemodynamic data in humans is virtually non-existent. With improved methods of resuscitation it is to be hoped that the mortality rate will be reduced and that such data will become available. In this way it might become possible to apply the results of animal research and indicate the most effective method of treatment.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid embolism. The statement that amniotic fluid embolism is the most dangerous and untreatable condition in obstetrics appears to be true. It must be suspected in any patient who collapses or bleeds excessively during labour or the immediate post-partum period. Attempts should be made to secure a definitive diagnosis in life by examination of blood obtained from the right side of the heart and the sputum for elements of amniotic fluid. Lung scanning is a useful aid to diagnosis. The principal factors that have been implicated in the clinical syndrome of amniotic fluid embolism are anaphylaxis, vascular obstruction by particulate matter, vascular spasm due to prostaglandins and possibly some other vasoactive substances, and the possibility that all the changes could be explained by disseminated intravascular coagulation as a primary event. Further work is required to elucidate the relative contributions of these various factors. Due to the suddeness of the catastrophe and the very high mortality, haemodynamic data in humans is virtually non-existent. With improved methods of resuscitation it is to be hoped that the mortality rate will be reduced and that such data will become available. In this way it might become possible to apply the results of animal research and indicate the most effective method of treatment.", "PMID": 371460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1222", "title": "Episodic hypertension caused by recurrent renal artery lesions following transplantation: a case report.", "content": "A kidney transplant patient developed recurrent hypertension on two successive occasions associated with lesions of the renal artery. The first episode of hypertension was caused by renal artery stenosis and was surgically corrected; the second was caused by a sizable pseudoaneurysm at the site of arterial anastomosis which was resected, and arterial continuity was successfully re-established.", "contents": "Episodic hypertension caused by recurrent renal artery lesions following transplantation: a case report. A kidney transplant patient developed recurrent hypertension on two successive occasions associated with lesions of the renal artery. The first episode of hypertension was caused by renal artery stenosis and was surgically corrected; the second was caused by a sizable pseudoaneurysm at the site of arterial anastomosis which was resected, and arterial continuity was successfully re-established.", "PMID": 371469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1223", "title": "The broken wire suture.", "content": "The body is a hostile environment for wire sutures. Although the problems of electrochemical corrosion, direct chemical attack on the suture, and inflammation produced in reaction to the suture have been largley eliminated by the use of austenitic stainless steel wires, failure of the wires may still occur due to mechano-chemical cracking -- the combined effect of insignificant stresses, usually from cold working, and insignificant chemical potentials produced by body fluids. Although stainless steel wire remains a satisfactory material for sternotomy closure or for reattaching costal cartilages, the two spectacular complications of a broken wire point out the need for care in using wire sutures. Bending, twisting, kinking and knotting must be avoided as much as possible.", "contents": "The broken wire suture. The body is a hostile environment for wire sutures. Although the problems of electrochemical corrosion, direct chemical attack on the suture, and inflammation produced in reaction to the suture have been largley eliminated by the use of austenitic stainless steel wires, failure of the wires may still occur due to mechano-chemical cracking -- the combined effect of insignificant stresses, usually from cold working, and insignificant chemical potentials produced by body fluids. Although stainless steel wire remains a satisfactory material for sternotomy closure or for reattaching costal cartilages, the two spectacular complications of a broken wire point out the need for care in using wire sutures. Bending, twisting, kinking and knotting must be avoided as much as possible.", "PMID": 371474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1224", "title": "[Familial infantile cortical hyperostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of familial Caffey's disease is referred with focused clinic, radiologic and anatopathologic aspects. The hereditary patterns may obey a autosomic dominant one, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Thus a improved familial research is necessary in all the infantile cortical hyperostosis cases.", "contents": "[Familial infantile cortical hyperostosis (author's transl)]. A new case of familial Caffey's disease is referred with focused clinic, radiologic and anatopathologic aspects. The hereditary patterns may obey a autosomic dominant one, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Thus a improved familial research is necessary in all the infantile cortical hyperostosis cases.", "PMID": 371475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1225", "title": "Laetrile: end play around the FDA. A review of legal developments.", "content": "We consider here some of the legal and political background behind today's laetrile controversy. First, we provide a brief historical review of our present food and drug legislation and discuss details of these laws with respect to attempts by laetrile's backers to use the courts in the legalization of this compound. We analyze one case, Rutherford v. United States, that was won in the lower courts by the advocates of laetrile and conclude that the courts may have allowed emotionalism to interfere with the process of rational decision-making. On a larger scale, this emotionalism manifests itself as political pressure that may bring about changes in our food and drug legislation. These changes could loosen restrictions on the effectiveness requirement and result in the sacrifice of consumer protection in favor of making available more drugs, some of them ineffective, from which the patient may choose for treatment.", "contents": "Laetrile: end play around the FDA. A review of legal developments. We consider here some of the legal and political background behind today's laetrile controversy. First, we provide a brief historical review of our present food and drug legislation and discuss details of these laws with respect to attempts by laetrile's backers to use the courts in the legalization of this compound. We analyze one case, Rutherford v. United States, that was won in the lower courts by the advocates of laetrile and conclude that the courts may have allowed emotionalism to interfere with the process of rational decision-making. On a larger scale, this emotionalism manifests itself as political pressure that may bring about changes in our food and drug legislation. These changes could loosen restrictions on the effectiveness requirement and result in the sacrifice of consumer protection in favor of making available more drugs, some of them ineffective, from which the patient may choose for treatment.", "PMID": 371476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1226", "title": "A model for plasmid maintenance of bacteriophage P1.", "content": "Studies of the stability of P1 plasmid in a P1 cry Escherichia coli lysogen have suggested a model for equipartition of plasmid copies. Equipartition might be controlled by the detachment of P1 copies after replication, followed by their reattachment to membrane sites, in coordination with bacterial division.", "contents": "A model for plasmid maintenance of bacteriophage P1. Studies of the stability of P1 plasmid in a P1 cry Escherichia coli lysogen have suggested a model for equipartition of plasmid copies. Equipartition might be controlled by the detachment of P1 copies after replication, followed by their reattachment to membrane sites, in coordination with bacterial division.", "PMID": 371479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1227", "title": "[A new culture medium for growth and sporulation of Entomophthorales species, pathogens of aphids (author's transl)].", "content": "No one of the 3 specific egg yolk fractions (neutral lipids, polar lipids and proteins) was necessary for growth and sporulation of species such as Entomophthora aphidis, E. phalloides and E. thaxteriana, normally grown on egg yolk media. Egg yolk could be replaced by a sunflower oil-yeast extract mixture. E. thaxteriana was especially well studied. Various animal and vegetable fats and even chemically pure triglycerides could replace sunflower oil as a carbon source. Yeast extract was the best nitrogen source tested. In liquid culture, sporulation was directly dependent on yeast extract concentration. When yeast extract concentration was held constant, an increase in oil concentration did not produce an increase in sporulation. High dextrose concentrations inhibited resting spore formation. Liquid cultures of E. thaxteriana regularly produced 3 x 10(6) azygospores/ml in a 20 l fermentor.", "contents": "[A new culture medium for growth and sporulation of Entomophthorales species, pathogens of aphids (author's transl)]. No one of the 3 specific egg yolk fractions (neutral lipids, polar lipids and proteins) was necessary for growth and sporulation of species such as Entomophthora aphidis, E. phalloides and E. thaxteriana, normally grown on egg yolk media. Egg yolk could be replaced by a sunflower oil-yeast extract mixture. E. thaxteriana was especially well studied. Various animal and vegetable fats and even chemically pure triglycerides could replace sunflower oil as a carbon source. Yeast extract was the best nitrogen source tested. In liquid culture, sporulation was directly dependent on yeast extract concentration. When yeast extract concentration was held constant, an increase in oil concentration did not produce an increase in sporulation. High dextrose concentrations inhibited resting spore formation. Liquid cultures of E. thaxteriana regularly produced 3 x 10(6) azygospores/ml in a 20 l fermentor.", "PMID": 371481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1228", "title": "[Investigation of the immunity status towards tetanus of a population of mechanics at the car-factory \"Renault\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Tetanus immunity has been studied in a population of mechanics working at the car-factory \"Renault\". For the study, 283 individuals were divided into 3 groups. The first group consisted of non-vaccined individuals, the second of vaccinated individuals and the third of individuals who had been boostered. The influence of different parameters on tetanus immunity status was considered, i. e. the age of the subjects, the time at which boostering was given, the serotherapy (when it was administered) and the contact with machine lubricating and cooling fluids. Clostridium tetani bacilli and spores were frequently found in aqueous machine fluids. Their presence is a potential hazard for non-vaccinated mechanics coming to contact with the fluids. Tetanus antibody levels in the sera of the tested population were determined in vivo by the toxin neutralization test. The influence on tetanus immunity of the different parameters considered in this paper was subjected to statistical analysis. From the whole population, 27% of the individuals were found to have no protection against tetanus. When age was taken into account, 53% of the individuals over 45 years old and 10% of those under 45 years old were shown to be devoid of tetanus immunity. It could be shown that younger individuals were better protected than older ones, because the formers had been immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxoid and most of the latters with fluid toxoid. Of the individuals in the third group who had received a booster injection within 15 years after primo-vaccination, 98% showed protective tetanus antibody levels in their sera in contrast to 25% when boostering had occurred more than 15 years after primo-vaccination. Contact with machine fluids was found to influence the degree of immunity of only those individuals whose boostering dated back to more than 25 years. Unexpectedly, 3 mechanics seemed to develop immunity after coming into contact with machine fluids. From the results reported here, it is concluded that tetanus immunity in vaccinated individuals should be renewed by a compulsory booster injection given every 5, 10 or, at the minimum, 15 years. Moreover, high-risk  populations such as that represented by the mechanics should be immunized or boostered on commencing employment.", "contents": "[Investigation of the immunity status towards tetanus of a population of mechanics at the car-factory \"Renault\" (author's transl)]. Tetanus immunity has been studied in a population of mechanics working at the car-factory \"Renault\". For the study, 283 individuals were divided into 3 groups. The first group consisted of non-vaccined individuals, the second of vaccinated individuals and the third of individuals who had been boostered. The influence of different parameters on tetanus immunity status was considered, i. e. the age of the subjects, the time at which boostering was given, the serotherapy (when it was administered) and the contact with machine lubricating and cooling fluids. Clostridium tetani bacilli and spores were frequently found in aqueous machine fluids. Their presence is a potential hazard for non-vaccinated mechanics coming to contact with the fluids. Tetanus antibody levels in the sera of the tested population were determined in vivo by the toxin neutralization test. The influence on tetanus immunity of the different parameters considered in this paper was subjected to statistical analysis. From the whole population, 27% of the individuals were found to have no protection against tetanus. When age was taken into account, 53% of the individuals over 45 years old and 10% of those under 45 years old were shown to be devoid of tetanus immunity. It could be shown that younger individuals were better protected than older ones, because the formers had been immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxoid and most of the latters with fluid toxoid. Of the individuals in the third group who had received a booster injection within 15 years after primo-vaccination, 98% showed protective tetanus antibody levels in their sera in contrast to 25% when boostering had occurred more than 15 years after primo-vaccination. Contact with machine fluids was found to influence the degree of immunity of only those individuals whose boostering dated back to more than 25 years. Unexpectedly, 3 mechanics seemed to develop immunity after coming into contact with machine fluids. From the results reported here, it is concluded that tetanus immunity in vaccinated individuals should be renewed by a compulsory booster injection given every 5, 10 or, at the minimum, 15 years. Moreover, high-risk  populations such as that represented by the mechanics should be immunized or boostered on commencing employment.", "PMID": 371480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1229", "title": "[Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase: a comparison for sensitivity in cutaneous immunopathology (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the sensitivities of the immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxydase (IPo) techniques was undertaken. The material used was biopsies of various skin lesions and especially pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus and dermatitis herpetiformis. Direct and indirect methods were performed for the detection of fixed immunoglobulins and complement deposits. With large deposits, immunoperoxydase and immunofluorescence show an equal sensibility and the labeling obtained with IPo is never more intensive than the labeling obtained with IF. In contrast, with small deposits, IPo was less sensitive than IF and appears negative in the majority of the cases and especially in dermatitis herpetiformis. These results are confirmed in using increasing dilutions of conjugates and can be explained by the difficulty in doing the observation of small positive deposits with IPo.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase: a comparison for sensitivity in cutaneous immunopathology (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the sensitivities of the immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxydase (IPo) techniques was undertaken. The material used was biopsies of various skin lesions and especially pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus and dermatitis herpetiformis. Direct and indirect methods were performed for the detection of fixed immunoglobulins and complement deposits. With large deposits, immunoperoxydase and immunofluorescence show an equal sensibility and the labeling obtained with IPo is never more intensive than the labeling obtained with IF. In contrast, with small deposits, IPo was less sensitive than IF and appears negative in the majority of the cases and especially in dermatitis herpetiformis. These results are confirmed in using increasing dilutions of conjugates and can be explained by the difficulty in doing the observation of small positive deposits with IPo.", "PMID": 371495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1230", "title": "Versatility of lumbar transposition flaps in the closure of meningomyelocele skin defects.", "content": "A simple method for repair of skin defects after neurosurgical ablation of meningomyelocele is described. One or two skin flaps adjoining the defect are elevated, the right based superiorly and the left inferiorly. They are then transposed to cover the dural repair, and the donor site is repaired by a split-thickness skin graft. The ability of these flaps to close defects of all sizes is stressed.", "contents": "Versatility of lumbar transposition flaps in the closure of meningomyelocele skin defects. A simple method for repair of skin defects after neurosurgical ablation of meningomyelocele is described. One or two skin flaps adjoining the defect are elevated, the right based superiorly and the left inferiorly. They are then transposed to cover the dural repair, and the donor site is repaired by a split-thickness skin graft. The ability of these flaps to close defects of all sizes is stressed.", "PMID": 371498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1231", "title": "Bovie: the man and the machine.", "content": "The origins of electrosurgery are presented and recognition given to one of its forgotten pioneers, William T. Bovie. Though not a physician, Bovie contributed greatly to patient care.", "contents": "Bovie: the man and the machine. The origins of electrosurgery are presented and recognition given to one of its forgotten pioneers, William T. Bovie. Though not a physician, Bovie contributed greatly to patient care.", "PMID": 371500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1232", "title": "Nutritional importance of colostrum in the piglet.", "content": "Suckling of colostrum by piglets is very important in order to improve the survival rate. Colostrum provides maternal antibodies, energy and protein. Rearing piglets suckling an artificial milk of a similar chemical composition to that of sow's milk failed when the animals were housed in conventional conditions although numerous research workers succeeded in rearing 90% of animals delivered and fed in sterile conditions. Studies on the chemical analysis of colostrum showed a high dry matter content (30-40% higher than that of milk) in particular a high protein level (twice that of milk). The high proportion of globulins, i.e. 38% during farrowing, drops to 12% of the protein 4 days later; conversely the casein content rather low at birth doubles over the same period. Colostrum proteins are not used to proved energetic nutrients; some of them are absorbed without hydrolysis and have a special physiological r\u00f4le. The transmission of maternal immunity by gamma globulins is well known; lactotransferrin plays an important r\u00f4le as a transporter and a bacteriostatic factor. Enzymatic proteins such as lyzozyme govern the metabolism of glycoproteins. Hydrolyzed albumins, casein and proteose-peptone fraction provide the essential amino acids for de novo protein synthesis. The fat content is relatively low during the first 24 hours and increases threefold in the 4 days after farrowing. It provides the majority of the energy required by the young animal. A high proportion of some fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids, are used preferentially as sources of energy. Other components, including enzymes of the mammary cells, were found, but their particular r\u00f4le has not been explained. Colostrum contains in addition numerous vitamins (vitamins A and E) and some particular trace elements (iodine and selenium), and their transfer from the maternal diet to the young is particularity efficient by colostrum suckling. The nutritional r\u00f4le of those nutrients is important and their levels could affect the survival rate of the piglets. Hypotheses concerning the digestion and absorption of nutrients and antibodies are summarized, and finally, recommendations are made for further research and for the minimum amount of colostrum required by each piglet for survival and efficient postnatal growth to be assessed.", "contents": "Nutritional importance of colostrum in the piglet. Suckling of colostrum by piglets is very important in order to improve the survival rate. Colostrum provides maternal antibodies, energy and protein. Rearing piglets suckling an artificial milk of a similar chemical composition to that of sow's milk failed when the animals were housed in conventional conditions although numerous research workers succeeded in rearing 90% of animals delivered and fed in sterile conditions. Studies on the chemical analysis of colostrum showed a high dry matter content (30-40% higher than that of milk) in particular a high protein level (twice that of milk). The high proportion of globulins, i.e. 38% during farrowing, drops to 12% of the protein 4 days later; conversely the casein content rather low at birth doubles over the same period. Colostrum proteins are not used to proved energetic nutrients; some of them are absorbed without hydrolysis and have a special physiological r\u00f4le. The transmission of maternal immunity by gamma globulins is well known; lactotransferrin plays an important r\u00f4le as a transporter and a bacteriostatic factor. Enzymatic proteins such as lyzozyme govern the metabolism of glycoproteins. Hydrolyzed albumins, casein and proteose-peptone fraction provide the essential amino acids for de novo protein synthesis. The fat content is relatively low during the first 24 hours and increases threefold in the 4 days after farrowing. It provides the majority of the energy required by the young animal. A high proportion of some fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids, are used preferentially as sources of energy. Other components, including enzymes of the mammary cells, were found, but their particular r\u00f4le has not been explained. Colostrum contains in addition numerous vitamins (vitamins A and E) and some particular trace elements (iodine and selenium), and their transfer from the maternal diet to the young is particularity efficient by colostrum suckling. The nutritional r\u00f4le of those nutrients is important and their levels could affect the survival rate of the piglets. Hypotheses concerning the digestion and absorption of nutrients and antibodies are summarized, and finally, recommendations are made for further research and for the minimum amount of colostrum required by each piglet for survival and efficient postnatal growth to be assessed.", "PMID": 371502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1233", "title": "Physiology of colostrum production.", "content": "The mammary gland growth--appearance of a lobulo-alveolar structure--, the secretion of colostrum and lactogenesis occur when precise endocrine equilibrium take place during gestation and lactation in the cow and the sow. The formation of alveoli requires hormonal sequences including first, ovarian and foetoplacental hormones--estrogens and progesterone--and, then, antepituitary--prolactin--and adrenal--corticoids--hormones. These sequences appear during pregnancy and lead to a near complete development of the mammary gland at parturition in the cow and the sow. Administrations of ovarian steroids which produce the same variations of levels of these hormones in plasma as during the pregnancy allow the lobulo-alveolar structure to develop in the non pregnant dried cow. The synthesis of specific products of milk--casseins and lactose--remains low throughout pregnancy and then increase sharply after calving or farrowing. Around parturition, the secretion of colostrum takes place when plasma levels of progesterone drop very fast and those of estrogens increase and are at the highest level observed during gestation. A few hours later, the plasma levels of prolactin and corticoids increase significantly. The colostrum secretion, the appearance of high affinity IgG1 receptors and the specific uptake of IgG1 in maternal serum coincide with a complicated hormonal environment in which a lower progesteronemia and a higher prolactinemia seem to play a major role. Estrogens--especially 17 beta-estradiol--are required for the apperance of new epithelial mammary cells which acquire specific binding sites for IgG1 later. After injections of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone to non pregnant, dried cows, the IgG1 secretion takes place when the plasma levels of these steroids decrease. On the other hand, the secretion of colostrum is the same as in a normal parturition when calving is induced by dexamethasone or dexamethasone + estradiol benzoate injections. After parturition, there is a lower uptake of proteins from the serum when prolactin and corticoids induce the onset of copious mileticulum, of the Golgi apparatus, of mitochondria and of the appearance of a polarized structure which depress the possibilities of migration of proteins from the serum through the cell.", "contents": "Physiology of colostrum production. The mammary gland growth--appearance of a lobulo-alveolar structure--, the secretion of colostrum and lactogenesis occur when precise endocrine equilibrium take place during gestation and lactation in the cow and the sow. The formation of alveoli requires hormonal sequences including first, ovarian and foetoplacental hormones--estrogens and progesterone--and, then, antepituitary--prolactin--and adrenal--corticoids--hormones. These sequences appear during pregnancy and lead to a near complete development of the mammary gland at parturition in the cow and the sow. Administrations of ovarian steroids which produce the same variations of levels of these hormones in plasma as during the pregnancy allow the lobulo-alveolar structure to develop in the non pregnant dried cow. The synthesis of specific products of milk--casseins and lactose--remains low throughout pregnancy and then increase sharply after calving or farrowing. Around parturition, the secretion of colostrum takes place when plasma levels of progesterone drop very fast and those of estrogens increase and are at the highest level observed during gestation. A few hours later, the plasma levels of prolactin and corticoids increase significantly. The colostrum secretion, the appearance of high affinity IgG1 receptors and the specific uptake of IgG1 in maternal serum coincide with a complicated hormonal environment in which a lower progesteronemia and a higher prolactinemia seem to play a major role. Estrogens--especially 17 beta-estradiol--are required for the apperance of new epithelial mammary cells which acquire specific binding sites for IgG1 later. After injections of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone to non pregnant, dried cows, the IgG1 secretion takes place when the plasma levels of these steroids decrease. On the other hand, the secretion of colostrum is the same as in a normal parturition when calving is induced by dexamethasone or dexamethasone + estradiol benzoate injections. After parturition, there is a lower uptake of proteins from the serum when prolactin and corticoids induce the onset of copious mileticulum, of the Golgi apparatus, of mitochondria and of the appearance of a polarized structure which depress the possibilities of migration of proteins from the serum through the cell.", "PMID": 371503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1234", "title": "Use of polyvalent cow colostrum in the prevention of enteric infections in calves and piglets.", "content": "Colostrum of cows immunized with a polyvalent vaccine against enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli gave good protection to piglets and calves against enteric coli infections. Bovine immunoglobulin (IgG1) and its precipitable fragments persisted in the small intestine of piglets for 6 hours after oral administration. The proteolytic breakdown of porcine colostral IgG2, which occurs predominantly in the small intestine proceeded at a higher rate than that of heterologous bovine colostral IgG1. Colostrum of cows immunized with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus by intramammary administration protected newborn piglets from virulent TGE virus on oral administration. The prevention of enteric coli infections in suckling piglets and calves in Czechoslovakia is based on vaccination of pregnant cows and sows and on additional passive protection of weanlings by oral administration of dried or liquid immune colostrum or serum of cows vaccinated with polyvalent vaccines prepared from enteropathogenic strains of E. Coli.", "contents": "Use of polyvalent cow colostrum in the prevention of enteric infections in calves and piglets. Colostrum of cows immunized with a polyvalent vaccine against enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli gave good protection to piglets and calves against enteric coli infections. Bovine immunoglobulin (IgG1) and its precipitable fragments persisted in the small intestine of piglets for 6 hours after oral administration. The proteolytic breakdown of porcine colostral IgG2, which occurs predominantly in the small intestine proceeded at a higher rate than that of heterologous bovine colostral IgG1. Colostrum of cows immunized with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus by intramammary administration protected newborn piglets from virulent TGE virus on oral administration. The prevention of enteric coli infections in suckling piglets and calves in Czechoslovakia is based on vaccination of pregnant cows and sows and on additional passive protection of weanlings by oral administration of dried or liquid immune colostrum or serum of cows vaccinated with polyvalent vaccines prepared from enteropathogenic strains of E. Coli.", "PMID": 371506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1235", "title": "The distribution of immunoglobulins in the intestine of the neonatal calf.", "content": "The distribution of immunoglobulins G, M and A in the small intestine of colostrum fed calves was monitored using immunofluorescent techniques. Colostral immunoglobulins were located in villous region of the small intestine where they were found either in the lamina propria, in the epithelial cells or on the mucosal surface of the epithelial cells. The distribution varied according to the age of calf examined. In very young calves, the villous epithelial cells were seen to be absorbing immunoglobulin of all 3 classes, whereas in 4 day old calves, the epithelial cells were generally devoid of immunoglobulin. In unsuckled calves, the intestinal immunoglobulins were synthesised in the Peyers patches and crypt region of the mucosa of the small intestine and immunoglobulin was found in the crypt epithelial cells and in plasma cells in the surrounding lamina propria.", "contents": "The distribution of immunoglobulins in the intestine of the neonatal calf. The distribution of immunoglobulins G, M and A in the small intestine of colostrum fed calves was monitored using immunofluorescent techniques. Colostral immunoglobulins were located in villous region of the small intestine where they were found either in the lamina propria, in the epithelial cells or on the mucosal surface of the epithelial cells. The distribution varied according to the age of calf examined. In very young calves, the villous epithelial cells were seen to be absorbing immunoglobulin of all 3 classes, whereas in 4 day old calves, the epithelial cells were generally devoid of immunoglobulin. In unsuckled calves, the intestinal immunoglobulins were synthesised in the Peyers patches and crypt region of the mucosa of the small intestine and immunoglobulin was found in the crypt epithelial cells and in plasma cells in the surrounding lamina propria.", "PMID": 371507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1236", "title": "Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K 99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E. coli Ent+ K99+.", "content": "We have measured the protective effect of colostrum of vaccinated cows with the K99 antigen comparatively with the colostrum of non vaccinated cows, in calves receiving at birth 2 liters of colostrum and just after 5 times 10(10) to 1 times 10(11) E. coli Ent+, K99+. The K99 antigen was prepared from E coli B41 (0101:K99:H-) cultured in a fermentor. Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously with 100 mg or 300 mg (wet weight) in emulsion in Freund uncomplete adjuvant 45 and 15 days before parturition. Of 4 calves receiving a colostrum of non vaccinated cows 4 had a diarrhoea, 3 became dehydrated and 2 died. Of 6 calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows, 5 were healthy and the 6th calf had a mild diarrhoea for few hours and became again healthy. Control and protected calves excreted E. coli K99+, 24 HOURS AFTER INFECTION. The protection is probably due to K99 antibodies which inhibit adhesion of E. coli K99+ to the intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K 99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E. coli Ent+ K99+. We have measured the protective effect of colostrum of vaccinated cows with the K99 antigen comparatively with the colostrum of non vaccinated cows, in calves receiving at birth 2 liters of colostrum and just after 5 times 10(10) to 1 times 10(11) E. coli Ent+, K99+. The K99 antigen was prepared from E coli B41 (0101:K99:H-) cultured in a fermentor. Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously with 100 mg or 300 mg (wet weight) in emulsion in Freund uncomplete adjuvant 45 and 15 days before parturition. Of 4 calves receiving a colostrum of non vaccinated cows 4 had a diarrhoea, 3 became dehydrated and 2 died. Of 6 calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows, 5 were healthy and the 6th calf had a mild diarrhoea for few hours and became again healthy. Control and protected calves excreted E. coli K99+, 24 HOURS AFTER INFECTION. The protection is probably due to K99 antibodies which inhibit adhesion of E. coli K99+ to the intestinal epithelium.", "PMID": 371508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1237", "title": "Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features.", "content": "Intensive search over the past five years for all cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the Faroe Island since about 1920 has revealed 25 cases among native-born resident Faroese up to 1977. All but 1 patient had clinical onset of MS between 1943 and 1960; 1 case began in 1970. Four cases of MS in Faroese with prolonged foreign residence and 5 among Danish-born Faroese were excluded. The 24 included cases with onset between 1943 and 1960 meet all criteria for a point-source epidemic. The median year of onset was 1949. The cumulative risk of MS for Faroese in 1940 was 8.7 per 10,000. All 14 early-onset cases (1943 to 1949) were in patients 11 to 45 years old in 1940; all but 2 late-onset cases (1952 to 1960) were in persons aged up to 10 years old in 1940. British troops occupied the Faroese in large numbers for five years beginning in April, 1940. During the war, all but 3 patients resided in locations where the troops were stationed, and these 3 also had direct contact with the British. We conclude that there was an epidemic of MS on the Faroes and that the disease was probably introduced by the British troops (or their baggage). If so, then MS on the Faroes is a transmissible disease, most likely infectious; but only about 1 in 500 of the exposed individuals were clinically affected.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features. Intensive search over the past five years for all cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the Faroe Island since about 1920 has revealed 25 cases among native-born resident Faroese up to 1977. All but 1 patient had clinical onset of MS between 1943 and 1960; 1 case began in 1970. Four cases of MS in Faroese with prolonged foreign residence and 5 among Danish-born Faroese were excluded. The 24 included cases with onset between 1943 and 1960 meet all criteria for a point-source epidemic. The median year of onset was 1949. The cumulative risk of MS for Faroese in 1940 was 8.7 per 10,000. All 14 early-onset cases (1943 to 1949) were in patients 11 to 45 years old in 1940; all but 2 late-onset cases (1952 to 1960) were in persons aged up to 10 years old in 1940. British troops occupied the Faroese in large numbers for five years beginning in April, 1940. During the war, all but 3 patients resided in locations where the troops were stationed, and these 3 also had direct contact with the British. We conclude that there was an epidemic of MS on the Faroes and that the disease was probably introduced by the British troops (or their baggage). If so, then MS on the Faroes is a transmissible disease, most likely infectious; but only about 1 in 500 of the exposed individuals were clinically affected.", "PMID": 371519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1238", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: patterns of worldwide occurrence and the significance of familial and sporadic clustering.", "content": "The worldwide epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is presented from an analysis of 1,435 patients. In the United States, the average annual mortality rate is at least 0.26 deaths per million. Temporal-spatial clustering of cases was not found in the United States, but reports from other countries indicate that such clustering does occur. Fifteen percent of the cases were of the familial type, suggesting a genetic susceptibility to infection. Iatrogenic transmission by corneal transplantation and neurosurgical operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing CJD. It remains to be determined whether the virus of CJD is maintained only by patient-to-patient transmission, has a zoonotic reservoir such as scrapie, or causes widespread latent infection of man that is occasionally activated.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: patterns of worldwide occurrence and the significance of familial and sporadic clustering. The worldwide epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is presented from an analysis of 1,435 patients. In the United States, the average annual mortality rate is at least 0.26 deaths per million. Temporal-spatial clustering of cases was not found in the United States, but reports from other countries indicate that such clustering does occur. Fifteen percent of the cases were of the familial type, suggesting a genetic susceptibility to infection. Iatrogenic transmission by corneal transplantation and neurosurgical operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing CJD. It remains to be determined whether the virus of CJD is maintained only by patient-to-patient transmission, has a zoonotic reservoir such as scrapie, or causes widespread latent infection of man that is occasionally activated.", "PMID": 371520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1239", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: I. Retrospective study of the Paris area during the ten-year period 1968-1977.", "content": "A systematic search for cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease occurring in the ten-year period 1968 through 1977 was conducted in the city of Paris and surrounding departments which comprise the greater Paris area. Fifty-six cases were found among the total population of approximately 10 million inhabitants, with a maximum incidence of 1.1 cases per year per million people in the densely populated city of Paris and a progressively lower incidence in the less heavily populated suburban and rural areas of the region. There was no temporal or geographic clustering of disease. Attention is drawn to the often rapid onset and short duration of illness (nearly two-thirds of the patients died within five months of onset) and the frequent early occurrence of symptoms such as asthenia, diaphoresis, and disturbances of sleep and appetite.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: I. Retrospective study of the Paris area during the ten-year period 1968-1977. A systematic search for cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease occurring in the ten-year period 1968 through 1977 was conducted in the city of Paris and surrounding departments which comprise the greater Paris area. Fifty-six cases were found among the total population of approximately 10 million inhabitants, with a maximum incidence of 1.1 cases per year per million people in the densely populated city of Paris and a progressively lower incidence in the less heavily populated suburban and rural areas of the region. There was no temporal or geographic clustering of disease. Attention is drawn to the often rapid onset and short duration of illness (nearly two-thirds of the patients died within five months of onset) and the frequent early occurrence of symptoms such as asthenia, diaphoresis, and disturbances of sleep and appetite.", "PMID": 371521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1240", "title": "[Inflammation and resistance of mice infected by \"Candida albicans\" (author's transl)].", "content": "An inflammatory reaction induced by the subcutaneous injection of talc embedded in a gel calcium phosphate increased resistance of mice challenged intravenously with Candida albicans. The relationship between the absolute number of polymorphonuclear phagocytes in the blood and this protective effect seems to indicate a major role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes following inflammation.", "contents": "[Inflammation and resistance of mice infected by \"Candida albicans\" (author's transl)]. An inflammatory reaction induced by the subcutaneous injection of talc embedded in a gel calcium phosphate increased resistance of mice challenged intravenously with Candida albicans. The relationship between the absolute number of polymorphonuclear phagocytes in the blood and this protective effect seems to indicate a major role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes following inflammation.", "PMID": 371518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1241", "title": "[Action of tetracycline and sodium deoxycholate combinations on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the cells of the NAG vibrio, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli].", "content": "The effect of tetracycline combination with sodium desoxycholate, a surface-active substance, on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio, Staph. aureus and E. coli was studied by incorporation of 1-14C-glycine and 8-14C-adenine into proteins and nucleic acids. It was found that sodium desoxycholate suppressed the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio and Staph. aureus. Its combination with tetracycline resulted in summation or increase of the suppressive effects on proteins and nucleic acids as compared to the effect of the substances used alone. Sodium desoxycholate even in very high concentration, up to 12800 gamma/ml, had no effect on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of E. coli and respectively it did not change the activity of tetracycline on combined use.", "contents": "[Action of tetracycline and sodium deoxycholate combinations on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the cells of the NAG vibrio, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli]. The effect of tetracycline combination with sodium desoxycholate, a surface-active substance, on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio, Staph. aureus and E. coli was studied by incorporation of 1-14C-glycine and 8-14C-adenine into proteins and nucleic acids. It was found that sodium desoxycholate suppressed the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio and Staph. aureus. Its combination with tetracycline resulted in summation or increase of the suppressive effects on proteins and nucleic acids as compared to the effect of the substances used alone. Sodium desoxycholate even in very high concentration, up to 12800 gamma/ml, had no effect on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of E. coli and respectively it did not change the activity of tetracycline on combined use.", "PMID": 371536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1242", "title": "[Therapeutic use of carminomycin in Ewing's sarcoma in children].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of carminomycin in various combinations with other antitumor drugs, i. e. vincristin, cyclophosphan, dactinomycin and metatrexate was studied in clinics on 18 children with wide-spread Juing sarcoma. Satisfactory direct effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 47.0 per cent of the patients, which was evident from a decrease in the secondary tumor, disappearance of the pains and improvement of the general state of the patients.", "contents": "[Therapeutic use of carminomycin in Ewing's sarcoma in children]. The therapeutic effect of carminomycin in various combinations with other antitumor drugs, i. e. vincristin, cyclophosphan, dactinomycin and metatrexate was studied in clinics on 18 children with wide-spread Juing sarcoma. Satisfactory direct effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 47.0 per cent of the patients, which was evident from a decrease in the secondary tumor, disappearance of the pains and improvement of the general state of the patients.", "PMID": 371537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1243", "title": "Bacitracin production by whole cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Whole cells of Bacillus sp., bacitracin-producing bacteria, were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared by using 5% total acrylamide (95% acrylamide monomer and 5% N, N'-methylenebis acrylamide). Bacitracin production by the immobilized whole cells was examined by using various fermentation media. In starch-bouillon medium, the initial activity of immobilized whole cells for bacitracin production was 20 to 25% that of an equivalent amount of washed cells. With successive utilizations in 1% peptone as reaction medium, activity of the immobilized whole cells increased gradually and reached a steady-state maximum having a value of 80 to 90% of the activity obtained initially with washed cells, whereas the washed cells lost most activity when utilized successively. What appeared to be growth of the bacteria in the gel was observed by electron microscopy. Therefore, the activation of immobilized whole cells during successive utilizations apparently resulted from the growth of whole cells in the gel, especially at the gel surface.", "contents": "Bacitracin production by whole cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. Whole cells of Bacillus sp., bacitracin-producing bacteria, were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared by using 5% total acrylamide (95% acrylamide monomer and 5% N, N'-methylenebis acrylamide). Bacitracin production by the immobilized whole cells was examined by using various fermentation media. In starch-bouillon medium, the initial activity of immobilized whole cells for bacitracin production was 20 to 25% that of an equivalent amount of washed cells. With successive utilizations in 1% peptone as reaction medium, activity of the immobilized whole cells increased gradually and reached a steady-state maximum having a value of 80 to 90% of the activity obtained initially with washed cells, whereas the washed cells lost most activity when utilized successively. What appeared to be growth of the bacteria in the gel was observed by electron microscopy. Therefore, the activation of immobilized whole cells during successive utilizations apparently resulted from the growth of whole cells in the gel, especially at the gel surface.", "PMID": 371538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1244", "title": "SCE-963, a new potent cephalosporin with high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 1 and 3 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A few biochemical activities of SCE-963, a new cephalosporin with potent antibacterial activities against gram-negative bacteria, were compared with those of several currently available cephalosporins against strains of Escherichia coli K-12. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of SCE-963, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin were 0.2, 1.56, 3.13, 12.5, and 25 mug/ml, respectively. Affinities of these cephalosporins for the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1B of E. coli correlated well with their antibacterial activities; among tested cephalosporins, SCE-963 showed the highest affinity for PBP 1B. SCE-963 inhibited cross-linking of peptidoglycan in a cell-free system the most strongly suggesting that this inhibition results from its high affinity for PBP 1B. SCE-963 also showed the highest affinity for PBP 3; it caused filamentation of cells over a wide range of relatively lower concentrations. Thus its superior antibacterial activity is believed to be manifested through its high affinity for the PBPs.", "contents": "SCE-963, a new potent cephalosporin with high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 1 and 3 of Escherichia coli. A few biochemical activities of SCE-963, a new cephalosporin with potent antibacterial activities against gram-negative bacteria, were compared with those of several currently available cephalosporins against strains of Escherichia coli K-12. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of SCE-963, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin were 0.2, 1.56, 3.13, 12.5, and 25 mug/ml, respectively. Affinities of these cephalosporins for the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1B of E. coli correlated well with their antibacterial activities; among tested cephalosporins, SCE-963 showed the highest affinity for PBP 1B. SCE-963 inhibited cross-linking of peptidoglycan in a cell-free system the most strongly suggesting that this inhibition results from its high affinity for PBP 1B. SCE-963 also showed the highest affinity for PBP 3; it caused filamentation of cells over a wide range of relatively lower concentrations. Thus its superior antibacterial activity is believed to be manifested through its high affinity for the PBPs.", "PMID": 371539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1245", "title": "Double-blind clinical trials of oral cyclacillin and ampicillin.", "content": "A double-blind study was performed to compare the clinical response and the incidence of side effects in 2,581 patients administered ampicillin or cyclacillin for infections of the genitourinary or respiratory tract, infections of the skin and soft tissues, or for otitis media. There was no significant difference in clinical response and bacterial eradication. All side effects, including diarrhea and skin rash, were approximately twice as frequent in patients treated with ampicillin.", "contents": "Double-blind clinical trials of oral cyclacillin and ampicillin. A double-blind study was performed to compare the clinical response and the incidence of side effects in 2,581 patients administered ampicillin or cyclacillin for infections of the genitourinary or respiratory tract, infections of the skin and soft tissues, or for otitis media. There was no significant difference in clinical response and bacterial eradication. All side effects, including diarrhea and skin rash, were approximately twice as frequent in patients treated with ampicillin.", "PMID": 371540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1246", "title": "Investigations of the occurrence of gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "During the 19-month period from June 1976 to December 1977, 90 patients became colonized or infected with gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (GRS). Of 63 adults, 56 had hospital-acquired GRS, whereas only 9 of 27 children had hospital-acquired GRS (P < 0.001). The other 7 adults and 18 children had GRS present on admission. More than half of those who acquired GRS in the hospital had received prior aminoglycoside therapy. Attack rates were higher in adults than in children and significantly higher on the plastic surgery service than on any other adult service. Phage typing revealed a single-strain outbreak on the plastic surgery ward involving 11 patients, whereas other isolates were of several phage types. Community-acquired GRS occurred more frequently in rural native communities (P < 0.02) and may be related to the use of topical gentamicin. Of 17 native children, 10 were from the same area but there was no common phage type. Agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing confirmed that all isolates were gentamicin resistant (MIC >/= 8 mug/ml) and almost all were tobramycin resistant (MIC >/= 8 mug/ml). Although the MIC distribution between gentamicin disk-susceptible and -resistant strains was significantly different, MIC's for 90% of gentamicin disk-resistant strains were </=8 mug of amikacin per ml, and MIC's for 92% of the strains were </=4 mug of netilmicin per ml.", "contents": "Investigations of the occurrence of gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. During the 19-month period from June 1976 to December 1977, 90 patients became colonized or infected with gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (GRS). Of 63 adults, 56 had hospital-acquired GRS, whereas only 9 of 27 children had hospital-acquired GRS (P < 0.001). The other 7 adults and 18 children had GRS present on admission. More than half of those who acquired GRS in the hospital had received prior aminoglycoside therapy. Attack rates were higher in adults than in children and significantly higher on the plastic surgery service than on any other adult service. Phage typing revealed a single-strain outbreak on the plastic surgery ward involving 11 patients, whereas other isolates were of several phage types. Community-acquired GRS occurred more frequently in rural native communities (P < 0.02) and may be related to the use of topical gentamicin. Of 17 native children, 10 were from the same area but there was no common phage type. Agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing confirmed that all isolates were gentamicin resistant (MIC >/= 8 mug/ml) and almost all were tobramycin resistant (MIC >/= 8 mug/ml). Although the MIC distribution between gentamicin disk-susceptible and -resistant strains was significantly different, MIC's for 90% of gentamicin disk-resistant strains were </=8 mug of amikacin per ml, and MIC's for 92% of the strains were </=4 mug of netilmicin per ml.", "PMID": 371541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1247", "title": "Induction of streptomycin uptake in resistant strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Different streptomycin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, including an R100 plasmid-carrying strain of E. coli W3110, the ribosomally resistant mutant SM10, and the spontaneous revertant from dependence to independence d1023, exhibited poor accumulation capacity for aminoglycoside antibiotics. This was due to a failure of these mutants to induce the general polyamine transport system that is utilized by streptomycin to enter the cell. It is shown that the aminoglycoside kanamycin, which is effective on these streptomycin-resistant strains, was capable of inducing the uptake of streptomycin, thus giving rise to streptomycin accumulation up to wild-type levels. Plasmid-determined resistance, which has been speculated to be the result of a blockage of the uptake system by modified antibiotic molecules, cannot be overcome by the induction of streptomycin transport. Increase in permeability of the antibiotic does not affect the susceptibility of the bacteria. It is shown that all of the antibiotic taken up was enzymatically modified. R-plasmid-conferred resistance to aminoglycosides is therefore explained by the inactivation of the antibiotic entering the bacterial cell.", "contents": "Induction of streptomycin uptake in resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Different streptomycin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, including an R100 plasmid-carrying strain of E. coli W3110, the ribosomally resistant mutant SM10, and the spontaneous revertant from dependence to independence d1023, exhibited poor accumulation capacity for aminoglycoside antibiotics. This was due to a failure of these mutants to induce the general polyamine transport system that is utilized by streptomycin to enter the cell. It is shown that the aminoglycoside kanamycin, which is effective on these streptomycin-resistant strains, was capable of inducing the uptake of streptomycin, thus giving rise to streptomycin accumulation up to wild-type levels. Plasmid-determined resistance, which has been speculated to be the result of a blockage of the uptake system by modified antibiotic molecules, cannot be overcome by the induction of streptomycin transport. Increase in permeability of the antibiotic does not affect the susceptibility of the bacteria. It is shown that all of the antibiotic taken up was enzymatically modified. R-plasmid-conferred resistance to aminoglycosides is therefore explained by the inactivation of the antibiotic entering the bacterial cell.", "PMID": 371542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1248", "title": "Growth conditions and rifampin susceptibility.", "content": "The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to rifampin was measured during unlimited growth in rich and poor media and during chemostat growth limited by the carbon source. During batch growth at low turbidities, the susceptibility of the bacteria increased as the growth rate decreased, consistent with the longer time available for drug penetration in the poorer media. During chemostat culture, the bacteria remained highly susceptible or became genetically resistant, dependent on the manner in which the bacteria were exposed to the antibiotic. If the concentration of rifampin was abruptly raised, susceptible cells were replaced by genetically resistant cells. However, if the concentration of antibiotic was raised slowly, the genetically susceptible cells continued to grow. This difference in response of chemostat cultures according to mode of drug administration was attributed to an inducible detoxification of the drug by the bacteria, because the susceptible genotype is maintained only when the concentration of rifampin is increased gradually and when a high population of cells is maintained. Direct evidence for the inactivation of the rifampin from the bioassay of culture supernatants is presented.", "contents": "Growth conditions and rifampin susceptibility. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to rifampin was measured during unlimited growth in rich and poor media and during chemostat growth limited by the carbon source. During batch growth at low turbidities, the susceptibility of the bacteria increased as the growth rate decreased, consistent with the longer time available for drug penetration in the poorer media. During chemostat culture, the bacteria remained highly susceptible or became genetically resistant, dependent on the manner in which the bacteria were exposed to the antibiotic. If the concentration of rifampin was abruptly raised, susceptible cells were replaced by genetically resistant cells. However, if the concentration of antibiotic was raised slowly, the genetically susceptible cells continued to grow. This difference in response of chemostat cultures according to mode of drug administration was attributed to an inducible detoxification of the drug by the bacteria, because the susceptible genotype is maintained only when the concentration of rifampin is increased gradually and when a high population of cells is maintained. Direct evidence for the inactivation of the rifampin from the bioassay of culture supernatants is presented.", "PMID": 371543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1249", "title": "Chloroquine resistance in malaria: accessibility of drug receptors to mefloquine.", "content": "The process of mefloquine accumulation was studied in mouse erythrocytes infected with either Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine susceptible) or P. berghei CR (chloroquine resistant). In both cases, mefloquine was accumulated by a saturable process with an apparent dissociation constant of 2.5 x 10(-6) M and an apparent maximal capacity of 700 mumol per kg of erythrocyte pellet; uninfected mouse erythrocytes accumulated more than half as much mefloquine as infected erythrocytes. The process of accumulation was not stimulated by providing glucose as a substrate, and it was not inhibited in infected erythrocytes by azide, iodoacetate, or incubation at 2 degrees C. Although mefloquine was accumulated more effectively than chloroquine by uninfected erythrocytes and by erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR, competition between chloroquine and mefloquine was observed, raising the possibility that the same process of accumulation serves both drugs. Chloroquine competitively inhibits mefloquine accumulation, with an apparent inhibitor constant of 1.7 x 10(-3) M, and mefloquine competitively inhibits chloroquine accumulation, with an apparent inhibitor constant of 2 x 10(-6) M. The same process of accumulation and the same group of receptors could serve both drugs if mefloquine has greater access than chloroquine to the receptors. Regardless of whether the same process serves both drugs, undiminished accumulation by erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR provides an explanation for the superiority of mefloquine in treating chloroquine-resistant malaria.", "contents": "Chloroquine resistance in malaria: accessibility of drug receptors to mefloquine. The process of mefloquine accumulation was studied in mouse erythrocytes infected with either Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine susceptible) or P. berghei CR (chloroquine resistant). In both cases, mefloquine was accumulated by a saturable process with an apparent dissociation constant of 2.5 x 10(-6) M and an apparent maximal capacity of 700 mumol per kg of erythrocyte pellet; uninfected mouse erythrocytes accumulated more than half as much mefloquine as infected erythrocytes. The process of accumulation was not stimulated by providing glucose as a substrate, and it was not inhibited in infected erythrocytes by azide, iodoacetate, or incubation at 2 degrees C. Although mefloquine was accumulated more effectively than chloroquine by uninfected erythrocytes and by erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR, competition between chloroquine and mefloquine was observed, raising the possibility that the same process of accumulation serves both drugs. Chloroquine competitively inhibits mefloquine accumulation, with an apparent inhibitor constant of 1.7 x 10(-3) M, and mefloquine competitively inhibits chloroquine accumulation, with an apparent inhibitor constant of 2 x 10(-6) M. The same process of accumulation and the same group of receptors could serve both drugs if mefloquine has greater access than chloroquine to the receptors. Regardless of whether the same process serves both drugs, undiminished accumulation by erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR provides an explanation for the superiority of mefloquine in treating chloroquine-resistant malaria.", "PMID": 371544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1250", "title": "Lack of effect of an interferon inducer, N,N-dihexadecyl-m-xylylenediamine, on rhinovirus challenge in humans.", "content": "CP-28,888-27 and placebo nasal sprays were compared in 62 normal volunteers challenged with rhinovirus type 13 or 21 in two randomized, double-blind studies. Half of the subjects received CP-28,888-27 and half received nasal placebo administered at 24, 20, and 16 h before challenge and 4 and 8 h after challenge. In each study, the number of subjects shedding virus in nasal washes, the number developing fourfold or greater serum antibody responses, and the number developing afebrile or febrile upper respiratory tract illness were not significantly different comparing subjects given CP-28,888-27 and those given placebo. Interferon was detected in nasal washes from 5 of 15 volunteers tested in the CP-28,888-27 group compared to 2 of 15 volunteers from the placebo group.", "contents": "Lack of effect of an interferon inducer, N,N-dihexadecyl-m-xylylenediamine, on rhinovirus challenge in humans. CP-28,888-27 and placebo nasal sprays were compared in 62 normal volunteers challenged with rhinovirus type 13 or 21 in two randomized, double-blind studies. Half of the subjects received CP-28,888-27 and half received nasal placebo administered at 24, 20, and 16 h before challenge and 4 and 8 h after challenge. In each study, the number of subjects shedding virus in nasal washes, the number developing fourfold or greater serum antibody responses, and the number developing afebrile or febrile upper respiratory tract illness were not significantly different comparing subjects given CP-28,888-27 and those given placebo. Interferon was detected in nasal washes from 5 of 15 volunteers tested in the CP-28,888-27 group compared to 2 of 15 volunteers from the placebo group.", "PMID": 371545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1251", "title": "Unusual subepidermal bullous diseases with immunologic features of bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with histologic and immunologic features of bullous pemphigold (BP) were evaluated. Eleven patients had a localized blistering disease that was predominantly confined to one area of the body, most commonly the lower extremities. Two patients displayed a dapsone-responsive blistering disease that was characterized by a flexural distribution of ten to 20 1-cm or less, intensely pruitic, subepidermal bullae and linear IgA basement membrane zone deposition. Two patients had a chronic recalcitrant generalized scarring, hyperkeratotic, subepidermal blistering eruption that demonstrated serologic and direct immunofluorescence (IF) findings of BP. One patient displayed grouped small vesicles surmounted on an erythematous base; the clinical diagnosis was dermatitis herpetiformis, but direct IF examination of the biopsy specimen showed features of BP. One patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita had serologic and direct IF features suggestive of BP.", "contents": "Unusual subepidermal bullous diseases with immunologic features of bullous pemphigoid. Sixty-seven patients with histologic and immunologic features of bullous pemphigold (BP) were evaluated. Eleven patients had a localized blistering disease that was predominantly confined to one area of the body, most commonly the lower extremities. Two patients displayed a dapsone-responsive blistering disease that was characterized by a flexural distribution of ten to 20 1-cm or less, intensely pruitic, subepidermal bullae and linear IgA basement membrane zone deposition. Two patients had a chronic recalcitrant generalized scarring, hyperkeratotic, subepidermal blistering eruption that demonstrated serologic and direct immunofluorescence (IF) findings of BP. One patient displayed grouped small vesicles surmounted on an erythematous base; the clinical diagnosis was dermatitis herpetiformis, but direct IF examination of the biopsy specimen showed features of BP. One patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita had serologic and direct IF features suggestive of BP.", "PMID": 371547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1252", "title": "Early tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting of deep dermal hand burns.", "content": "Thermal injuries to the hand constitute not only one of the most common burns, but one of the most difficult for the burn surgeon to treat. Early wound closure is mandatory if maximum functional return is to be attained and scarring minimized. Over the last three and one-half years, 60 patients with deep dermal dorsal hand and finger burns were treated by tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting. All patients were admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of injury and excision was performed between the third to the tenth post burn day. Operative technique consisted of sequential eschar excision using the Humby knife or Goulian-Weck dermatome until viable dermis was visible. Mesh autograft, ratio 1 to 1(1/2) without expansion, was applied. There was 100% graft take in all but four hands. Hand function with full range of motion returned by the tenth postoperative day. Complications were minor. Patient follow-up ranged from six months to three and one-half years. No patient has required subsequent surgery for scar revision or contracture release. Range of motion in all patients has been excellent and all patients have continued to maintain normal hand function. The cosmetic appearance has been good except for the early \"mesh\" appearance of the graft which has become less apparent with time. In summary, early tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting of deep dermal dorsal hand burns has fulfilled the following burn principles-preservation of tissue, prevention of wound infection, maintenance of function and early wound closure.", "contents": "Early tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting of deep dermal hand burns. Thermal injuries to the hand constitute not only one of the most common burns, but one of the most difficult for the burn surgeon to treat. Early wound closure is mandatory if maximum functional return is to be attained and scarring minimized. Over the last three and one-half years, 60 patients with deep dermal dorsal hand and finger burns were treated by tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting. All patients were admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of injury and excision was performed between the third to the tenth post burn day. Operative technique consisted of sequential eschar excision using the Humby knife or Goulian-Weck dermatome until viable dermis was visible. Mesh autograft, ratio 1 to 1(1/2) without expansion, was applied. There was 100% graft take in all but four hands. Hand function with full range of motion returned by the tenth postoperative day. Complications were minor. Patient follow-up ranged from six months to three and one-half years. No patient has required subsequent surgery for scar revision or contracture release. Range of motion in all patients has been excellent and all patients have continued to maintain normal hand function. The cosmetic appearance has been good except for the early \"mesh\" appearance of the graft which has become less apparent with time. In summary, early tangential excision and immediate mesh autografting of deep dermal dorsal hand burns has fulfilled the following burn principles-preservation of tissue, prevention of wound infection, maintenance of function and early wound closure.", "PMID": 371555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1253", "title": "100 HLA-identical sibling transplants. Prognostic factors other than histocompatibility.", "content": "Analysis of 100 patients receiving HLA identical sibling transplants was performed. Excellent graft survival demonstrated in the group attests to the importance of matching serological determined antigens. There seems to be a modest beneficial effect on antilymphoblast globulin in low dosage, but not in high doses. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus results in a significant negative influence on patient survival and graft function in the male recipient but not in the female. A particularly striking point that emerges is the potential hazard in incorrectly treating for rejection. Rejection occurs very rarely in these patients; in a patient with deteriorating renal function, etiologies other than rejection should be vigorously sought (including transcutaneous biopsy) prior to initiation of rejection therapy.", "contents": "100 HLA-identical sibling transplants. Prognostic factors other than histocompatibility. Analysis of 100 patients receiving HLA identical sibling transplants was performed. Excellent graft survival demonstrated in the group attests to the importance of matching serological determined antigens. There seems to be a modest beneficial effect on antilymphoblast globulin in low dosage, but not in high doses. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus results in a significant negative influence on patient survival and graft function in the male recipient but not in the female. A particularly striking point that emerges is the potential hazard in incorrectly treating for rejection. Rejection occurs very rarely in these patients; in a patient with deteriorating renal function, etiologies other than rejection should be vigorously sought (including transcutaneous biopsy) prior to initiation of rejection therapy.", "PMID": 371556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1254", "title": "Protection by plasma proteins of the isolated lamb heart perfused with stroma-free hemoglobin at 38 degrees.", "content": "Isolated lamb hearts were perfused for eight hours at 38 degrees with stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS). The preservation of cardiac structure and function was studied. Control hearts perfused with blood (N = 6) developed no ventricular failure or significant weight gain (13% +/- 5), showed no alteration of cellular ultrastructure, and little interstitial edema. Hearts perfused with 7% (N = 7) or 11% (N = 5) SFHS contracted less well, became edematous (22% and 44% weight gain) and showed altered mitochondria, capillary endothelial swelling and hemoglobin extravasation into the interstitial space. The addition of 5-7% albumin to SFHS (N = 9) markedly reduced interstitial edema (weight gain 11% +/- 13), preserved mitochondria, prevented endothelial swelling, and limited transcapillary escape of hemoglobin. Thus isolated hearts perfused with SFHS develop vascular endothelial damage and an increase in capillary permeability. The addition of plasma proteins to the perfusate protects against this injury.", "contents": "Protection by plasma proteins of the isolated lamb heart perfused with stroma-free hemoglobin at 38 degrees. Isolated lamb hearts were perfused for eight hours at 38 degrees with stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS). The preservation of cardiac structure and function was studied. Control hearts perfused with blood (N = 6) developed no ventricular failure or significant weight gain (13% +/- 5), showed no alteration of cellular ultrastructure, and little interstitial edema. Hearts perfused with 7% (N = 7) or 11% (N = 5) SFHS contracted less well, became edematous (22% and 44% weight gain) and showed altered mitochondria, capillary endothelial swelling and hemoglobin extravasation into the interstitial space. The addition of 5-7% albumin to SFHS (N = 9) markedly reduced interstitial edema (weight gain 11% +/- 13), preserved mitochondria, prevented endothelial swelling, and limited transcapillary escape of hemoglobin. Thus isolated hearts perfused with SFHS develop vascular endothelial damage and an increase in capillary permeability. The addition of plasma proteins to the perfusate protects against this injury.", "PMID": 371557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1255", "title": "Effect of diflunisal on the human plasma levels and on the urinary excretion of naproxen.", "content": "A double-blind placebo controlled crossover study was performed in twelve healthy volunteers receiving multiple doses of naproxen (250 mg b.i.d.) and diflunisal (250 mg b.i.d.) to study the effect of diflunisal co-administration on the naproxen levels in plasma and urine. The naproxen steady-state level was reached between the second and the third day. The peak plasma level appeared about 2 hr after drug administration and varied from 68 to 75 microgram/ml. This maximum was not modified by a simultaneous administration of diflunisal neither in its position nor in its intensity. Statistical analysis using a parametric method, did not reveal a significant influence of diflunisal on the plasma kinetics or on the urinary elimination of naproxen.", "contents": "Effect of diflunisal on the human plasma levels and on the urinary excretion of naproxen. A double-blind placebo controlled crossover study was performed in twelve healthy volunteers receiving multiple doses of naproxen (250 mg b.i.d.) and diflunisal (250 mg b.i.d.) to study the effect of diflunisal co-administration on the naproxen levels in plasma and urine. The naproxen steady-state level was reached between the second and the third day. The peak plasma level appeared about 2 hr after drug administration and varied from 68 to 75 microgram/ml. This maximum was not modified by a simultaneous administration of diflunisal neither in its position nor in its intensity. Statistical analysis using a parametric method, did not reveal a significant influence of diflunisal on the plasma kinetics or on the urinary elimination of naproxen.", "PMID": 371561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1256", "title": "Complications of chrysotherapy: a review of recent studies.", "content": "Chrysotherapy has become a cornerstone in the treatment program of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, approximately one third of these individuals will experience an adverse drug reaction at some time. Cutaneous manifestations are most commonly recognized and do not necessarily preclude reinstitution of gold after their resolution. Other complications involving the hematopoietic and renal systems are less frequent but may be severe. Recently, investigators have described serious toxic reactions involving the liver and lungs. The pathophysiologic mechanism of these untoward effects appears to be immunologic, although there are conflicting data. Treatment is primarily supportive, and the role of corticosteroids and chelating agents remains controversial. Emphasis should be placed primarily on early detection of adverse reactions through patient education and careful monitoring of blood and urine values.", "contents": "Complications of chrysotherapy: a review of recent studies. Chrysotherapy has become a cornerstone in the treatment program of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, approximately one third of these individuals will experience an adverse drug reaction at some time. Cutaneous manifestations are most commonly recognized and do not necessarily preclude reinstitution of gold after their resolution. Other complications involving the hematopoietic and renal systems are less frequent but may be severe. Recently, investigators have described serious toxic reactions involving the liver and lungs. The pathophysiologic mechanism of these untoward effects appears to be immunologic, although there are conflicting data. Treatment is primarily supportive, and the role of corticosteroids and chelating agents remains controversial. Emphasis should be placed primarily on early detection of adverse reactions through patient education and careful monitoring of blood and urine values.", "PMID": 371565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1257", "title": "Failure of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in invasive Nocardia asteroides infection.", "content": "A case of pulmonary nocardiosis occurred with progressive involvement of the pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, and sternum. Surgical resection and drainage procedures followed by administration of the drug combination, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, over a six-month period led to clinical recovery. Discontinuation of drug therapy, however, was followed by relapse and further invasion by the same organism. A literature survey of Nocardia asteroides infections treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole disclosed that posttreatment follow-up is often too brief or unknown, making the ultimate success of therapy uncertain.", "contents": "Failure of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in invasive Nocardia asteroides infection. A case of pulmonary nocardiosis occurred with progressive involvement of the pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, and sternum. Surgical resection and drainage procedures followed by administration of the drug combination, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, over a six-month period led to clinical recovery. Discontinuation of drug therapy, however, was followed by relapse and further invasion by the same organism. A literature survey of Nocardia asteroides infections treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole disclosed that posttreatment follow-up is often too brief or unknown, making the ultimate success of therapy uncertain.", "PMID": 371567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1258", "title": "[Prolonged glomerulonephritis and cyanotic heart disease].", "content": "Three children with congenital heart disease presented with more or less severe renal dysfunction. Histologic studies showed signs of membranoproliferative pseudoglomerulonephritis without deposits on immunofluorescence. Surgical correction of the heart defect induced a spectacular functional and histologic improvement.", "contents": "[Prolonged glomerulonephritis and cyanotic heart disease]. Three children with congenital heart disease presented with more or less severe renal dysfunction. Histologic studies showed signs of membranoproliferative pseudoglomerulonephritis without deposits on immunofluorescence. Surgical correction of the heart defect induced a spectacular functional and histologic improvement.", "PMID": 371575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1259", "title": "Medieval and early modern theories of mental illness.", "content": "Historians of medieval and early modern psychiatry have utilized limited source materials in their research. They have focused on printed works, particularly formal treatises by celebrated authors, and neglected manuscript collections. The resulting histories depict early European psychiatric thought as dominated by demonology. Examination of the archives of an early English legal incompetency jurisdiction flatly contradicts this picture. Starting in the 13th century, the English government conducted mental status examinations of psychiatrically disabled individuals, using commonsense, naturalistic criteria of impairment; private, supervised guardians were appointed for such persons. Furthermore, etiological theories entertained by royal officials and laymen relied on physiological and psychological notions of psychiatric illness. These findings raise serious questions about conventional accounts of this period and underline the need for more research using original manuscripts.", "contents": "Medieval and early modern theories of mental illness. Historians of medieval and early modern psychiatry have utilized limited source materials in their research. They have focused on printed works, particularly formal treatises by celebrated authors, and neglected manuscript collections. The resulting histories depict early European psychiatric thought as dominated by demonology. Examination of the archives of an early English legal incompetency jurisdiction flatly contradicts this picture. Starting in the 13th century, the English government conducted mental status examinations of psychiatrically disabled individuals, using commonsense, naturalistic criteria of impairment; private, supervised guardians were appointed for such persons. Furthermore, etiological theories entertained by royal officials and laymen relied on physiological and psychological notions of psychiatric illness. These findings raise serious questions about conventional accounts of this period and underline the need for more research using original manuscripts.", "PMID": 371576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1260", "title": "Psychoanalytic training. Problems and perspectives.", "content": "The increasing prolongation of the didactic analysis and supervisory hours that has occurred in most psychoanalytic institutes over the past several decades has not only failed to guarantee a better trained and more scientific group of psychoanalysts, but, because of the unhealthy and authoritarian hegemony of training analysts over their candidates, may be having a contrary effect of fostering rigidity and dogmatism. If psychoanalysis is to remain vital, it must be open to growth and change like any other branch of science and its practitioners must be flexible and open to new vistas of knowledge from whatever source. A suggestion is offered that would enable psychoanalytic candidates, in most instances, to complete their training within a four-year period.", "contents": "Psychoanalytic training. Problems and perspectives. The increasing prolongation of the didactic analysis and supervisory hours that has occurred in most psychoanalytic institutes over the past several decades has not only failed to guarantee a better trained and more scientific group of psychoanalysts, but, because of the unhealthy and authoritarian hegemony of training analysts over their candidates, may be having a contrary effect of fostering rigidity and dogmatism. If psychoanalysis is to remain vital, it must be open to growth and change like any other branch of science and its practitioners must be flexible and open to new vistas of knowledge from whatever source. A suggestion is offered that would enable psychoanalytic candidates, in most instances, to complete their training within a four-year period.", "PMID": 371577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1261", "title": "[Cytology of metastases of rare tumors in the pleura (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Oncocytological Center of Zala Country were investigated in the recent years 2378 cases from effusions of pleural cavity. Ten of the tested cases had been proved to be metastases of sarcomatous lesions. Three of them were myosarcoma, two of them were malignant melanoma and one fibromyosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, osteosarcoma and sarcomatous stage of Hodgkin disease, each. The author gives a review of the cytological characteristics of metastatic sarcomatous lesions. Up to the opinion of the author there are some characteristics which can help in the typing.", "contents": "[Cytology of metastases of rare tumors in the pleura (author's transl)]. In the Oncocytological Center of Zala Country were investigated in the recent years 2378 cases from effusions of pleural cavity. Ten of the tested cases had been proved to be metastases of sarcomatous lesions. Three of them were myosarcoma, two of them were malignant melanoma and one fibromyosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, osteosarcoma and sarcomatous stage of Hodgkin disease, each. The author gives a review of the cytological characteristics of metastatic sarcomatous lesions. Up to the opinion of the author there are some characteristics which can help in the typing.", "PMID": 371578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1262", "title": "[Epidemiology of lymphogranulomatosis (M. Hodgkin) (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease) is a rare neoplasm in the G.D.R.: incidence (standardized for \"Europe-population\") male 3.2--3.5, female 1.8--2.1 per 10 000 per year. Geographical differences in incidence and mortality are remarkable, but firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Epidemiological research has demonstrated: familial aggregation; association with HLA-antigen; space-temporal clusters which are considered as suspicious for infectious aetiology; association with occupational factors; higher incidence after tonsillectomy and appendectomy as an index of social factors; no influence of ionizing radiation. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms are strikingly often found in patients with Hodgkin's disease. It may be that Hodgkin's disease is no nosological entity but clinical and morphological manifestation of two diseases, namely infectious granuloma in youth and true neoplasm in the elderly.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of lymphogranulomatosis (M. Hodgkin) (author's transl)]. Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease) is a rare neoplasm in the G.D.R.: incidence (standardized for \"Europe-population\") male 3.2--3.5, female 1.8--2.1 per 10 000 per year. Geographical differences in incidence and mortality are remarkable, but firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Epidemiological research has demonstrated: familial aggregation; association with HLA-antigen; space-temporal clusters which are considered as suspicious for infectious aetiology; association with occupational factors; higher incidence after tonsillectomy and appendectomy as an index of social factors; no influence of ionizing radiation. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms are strikingly often found in patients with Hodgkin's disease. It may be that Hodgkin's disease is no nosological entity but clinical and morphological manifestation of two diseases, namely infectious granuloma in youth and true neoplasm in the elderly.", "PMID": 371579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1263", "title": "The role of platelets in infections. I. Observations in human and murine malaria.", "content": "The interaction between platelets and microorganisms may be underestimated. Our in vivo studies support a direct role of thrombocytes in malarial infections. We have found intrathrombocytic parasites of Plasmodium vivax (in 10% of men naturally infected) and P berghei (in 53% of mice experimentally infected); these were both merozoites and trophozoites. Neither the mechanism of parasitization (whether by active penetration or by phagocytosis) nor the outcome of this phenomenon is known. However, structures suggestive of partially digested parasitic material were seen in platelets of almost 50% of the men and 75% of the mice. These findings suggest that other microoganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) may also enter thrombocytes in vivo. If so, platelets could play important roles, either favorable or deleterious, in infections.", "contents": "The role of platelets in infections. I. Observations in human and murine malaria. The interaction between platelets and microorganisms may be underestimated. Our in vivo studies support a direct role of thrombocytes in malarial infections. We have found intrathrombocytic parasites of Plasmodium vivax (in 10% of men naturally infected) and P berghei (in 53% of mice experimentally infected); these were both merozoites and trophozoites. Neither the mechanism of parasitization (whether by active penetration or by phagocytosis) nor the outcome of this phenomenon is known. However, structures suggestive of partially digested parasitic material were seen in platelets of almost 50% of the men and 75% of the mice. These findings suggest that other microoganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) may also enter thrombocytes in vivo. If so, platelets could play important roles, either favorable or deleterious, in infections.", "PMID": 371580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1264", "title": "Embedding in large plastic blocks. Diagnostic light and potential electron microscopy on the same block.", "content": "Specimens destined for light and electron microscopy were fixed in a modified buffered formalin, postosmicated, dehydrated, and embedded in a mixture of epoxy resins (Epon-araldite) in large plastic molds. These blocks were sectioned at 0.5 to 1 micron on a JB-4 microtome and stained with a combined nuclear and cytoplasmic stain (Paragon). The sections were examined by light microscopy for diagnostic evaluation. If ultrastructural examination was also desired, the selected area was isolated using the \"mesa\" technique. The trimmed block was then sectioned on an ultramicrotome, picked up on grids, stained, and examined in the electron microscope. We think these techniques offer the diagnostic pathologist the potential of viewing 1-micron sections at a light microscopy level with the option of subsequent electron microscopy of the same area of the same block.", "contents": "Embedding in large plastic blocks. Diagnostic light and potential electron microscopy on the same block. Specimens destined for light and electron microscopy were fixed in a modified buffered formalin, postosmicated, dehydrated, and embedded in a mixture of epoxy resins (Epon-araldite) in large plastic molds. These blocks were sectioned at 0.5 to 1 micron on a JB-4 microtome and stained with a combined nuclear and cytoplasmic stain (Paragon). The sections were examined by light microscopy for diagnostic evaluation. If ultrastructural examination was also desired, the selected area was isolated using the \"mesa\" technique. The trimmed block was then sectioned on an ultramicrotome, picked up on grids, stained, and examined in the electron microscope. We think these techniques offer the diagnostic pathologist the potential of viewing 1-micron sections at a light microscopy level with the option of subsequent electron microscopy of the same area of the same block.", "PMID": 371581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1265", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum. Consequences of positive end-expiratory pressure therapy.", "content": "Patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy should be considered at risk for pneumoperitoneum. In the four patients described, chest roentgenographic demonstration of pulmonary interstitial gas and pneumomediastinum, frequently but not always associated with pneumothorax, preceded the dissection of gas into the abdominal cavity. Neither prompt intubation of the pleural space with reexpansion of the lung in the event of pneumothorax nor decrease in the PEEP applied precluded dissection of gas from the mediastinum into the retroperitoneal and peritoneal spaces. This sequence of roentgenographic events should strongly suggest pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum as a sequela to PEEP therapy rather than a ruptured viscus.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum. Consequences of positive end-expiratory pressure therapy. Patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy should be considered at risk for pneumoperitoneum. In the four patients described, chest roentgenographic demonstration of pulmonary interstitial gas and pneumomediastinum, frequently but not always associated with pneumothorax, preceded the dissection of gas into the abdominal cavity. Neither prompt intubation of the pleural space with reexpansion of the lung in the event of pneumothorax nor decrease in the PEEP applied precluded dissection of gas from the mediastinum into the retroperitoneal and peritoneal spaces. This sequence of roentgenographic events should strongly suggest pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum as a sequela to PEEP therapy rather than a ruptured viscus.", "PMID": 371582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1266", "title": "Cholangitis with a silver lining.", "content": "Acute obstructive cholangitis developed secondary to a common duct stone formed around a silver hemostatic clip, introduced at cholecystectomy two years previously, that had migrated from a long cystic duct remnant. Stone formation around a silk suture is well known, and silver clips in the area of the porta hepatis may constitute a similar hazard.", "contents": "Cholangitis with a silver lining. Acute obstructive cholangitis developed secondary to a common duct stone formed around a silver hemostatic clip, introduced at cholecystectomy two years previously, that had migrated from a long cystic duct remnant. Stone formation around a silk suture is well known, and silver clips in the area of the porta hepatis may constitute a similar hazard.", "PMID": 371583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1267", "title": "[Role of epithelial basement membrane of the small intestine in providing immunologic homeostasis].", "content": "A morphometric method was used experimentally to prove the immune barrier function of the epithelial basal membrane of the small intestine mucous membrane. The epithelial basal membrane located on the border of the epithelium and connective tissue provides biochemical and immunological protection of the layer proper against penetrotion into it of antigens from the epithelium, being a barrier of immunological homeostasis. The damage of the epithelial membrane is accompanied by coming of the intestinal lumen antigens into the layer proper causing there a disturbance of immunological homeostasis. In response to this lymphoid cells migrate from the stroma to the epithelium towards the antigens, and lymphocytic reaction in the layer proper increases.", "contents": "[Role of epithelial basement membrane of the small intestine in providing immunologic homeostasis]. A morphometric method was used experimentally to prove the immune barrier function of the epithelial basal membrane of the small intestine mucous membrane. The epithelial basal membrane located on the border of the epithelium and connective tissue provides biochemical and immunological protection of the layer proper against penetrotion into it of antigens from the epithelium, being a barrier of immunological homeostasis. The damage of the epithelial membrane is accompanied by coming of the intestinal lumen antigens into the layer proper causing there a disturbance of immunological homeostasis. In response to this lymphoid cells migrate from the stroma to the epithelium towards the antigens, and lymphocytic reaction in the layer proper increases.", "PMID": 371587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1268", "title": "[Functional-morphological model of organization of the epithelium of normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human endometrium].", "content": "A model of functional-morphological organization of epithelium of human normal, hyperplastic, and tumour endometrium is described. The model is based on a hypothesis that a population of stem cells capable of indefinite unlimited self-maintenance exists in normal glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The population of normal stem cells of endometrium epithelium is the source of emergence of differentiated types of epithelial cells among which, according to the model, three cell types can be distinguished: cells sensitive to estradiol alone, cells sensitive to both estradiol and progesteron, and cells sensitive to progesteron alone. The conditions necessary for transition of one cell type to another as well as histochemical characteristics of each of the cell types are described. The model has been used for the analysis of morphological changes developing in hyperplastic processes and cancer of the endometrium as well as for the substantiation of the current schedules for hormone therapy of these diseases.", "contents": "[Functional-morphological model of organization of the epithelium of normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human endometrium]. A model of functional-morphological organization of epithelium of human normal, hyperplastic, and tumour endometrium is described. The model is based on a hypothesis that a population of stem cells capable of indefinite unlimited self-maintenance exists in normal glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The population of normal stem cells of endometrium epithelium is the source of emergence of differentiated types of epithelial cells among which, according to the model, three cell types can be distinguished: cells sensitive to estradiol alone, cells sensitive to both estradiol and progesteron, and cells sensitive to progesteron alone. The conditions necessary for transition of one cell type to another as well as histochemical characteristics of each of the cell types are described. The model has been used for the analysis of morphological changes developing in hyperplastic processes and cancer of the endometrium as well as for the substantiation of the current schedules for hormone therapy of these diseases.", "PMID": 371588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1269", "title": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome (\"shock lung\") in adults].", "content": "The causes of the development of acute respiratory insufficiency (\"shock lung\") may include any shock, burn disease, posttransfusion syndrome, hyperoxygenation and trauma of the lungs. Morphologically, against the background of inflation of the lung parenchyma, bilateral fine-focus atelectases, focal disorders of the circulation of the type of leukostases, sludge, leading to extensive hyalin (spodogenic) thromboses, develop. Secondarily, a small-focus edema, hemorrhages, sometimes, hyalin membranes, develop. Atelectases are initially reversible, but later, when surfactant desintegrates against the background of circulatory disorders, they become stable. The main mechanism of the development of this process consists in the release, during shock, of biologically active amines in the lungs leading to circulatory disorders in them. This is attested to by the possibility of producing the \"shock lung\" picture in intact animals by inoculation into their blood of plasma from the animals in a shock condition.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome (\"shock lung\") in adults]. The causes of the development of acute respiratory insufficiency (\"shock lung\") may include any shock, burn disease, posttransfusion syndrome, hyperoxygenation and trauma of the lungs. Morphologically, against the background of inflation of the lung parenchyma, bilateral fine-focus atelectases, focal disorders of the circulation of the type of leukostases, sludge, leading to extensive hyalin (spodogenic) thromboses, develop. Secondarily, a small-focus edema, hemorrhages, sometimes, hyalin membranes, develop. Atelectases are initially reversible, but later, when surfactant desintegrates against the background of circulatory disorders, they become stable. The main mechanism of the development of this process consists in the release, during shock, of biologically active amines in the lungs leading to circulatory disorders in them. This is attested to by the possibility of producing the \"shock lung\" picture in intact animals by inoculation into their blood of plasma from the animals in a shock condition.", "PMID": 371589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1270", "title": "[Pathomorphosis of acute renal insufficiency].", "content": "The pathogenetic treatment of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) of the type of \"shock kidney\" started early in the disease changes the clinico-anatomical picture of ARI. Therapeutically conditioned pathomorphosis of ARI may exist. According to the data of the literature and the author's data based on morphological analysis of 400 autopsy cases of ARI, the ARI pathomorphosis consists of the following : (1) emergence of reversible ARI forms (when the treatment is started early and nephron is not deeply affected); (2) disappearance of some morphological signs of ARI (reaction of the renal tissue to cyclinders, tubulorexis); (3) appearance of unusual regeneration of nephroepithelium in deep affection of the kidneys. Renal changes associated with therapy should be regarded as pathology of ARI therapy.", "contents": "[Pathomorphosis of acute renal insufficiency]. The pathogenetic treatment of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) of the type of \"shock kidney\" started early in the disease changes the clinico-anatomical picture of ARI. Therapeutically conditioned pathomorphosis of ARI may exist. According to the data of the literature and the author's data based on morphological analysis of 400 autopsy cases of ARI, the ARI pathomorphosis consists of the following : (1) emergence of reversible ARI forms (when the treatment is started early and nephron is not deeply affected); (2) disappearance of some morphological signs of ARI (reaction of the renal tissue to cyclinders, tubulorexis); (3) appearance of unusual regeneration of nephroepithelium in deep affection of the kidneys. Renal changes associated with therapy should be regarded as pathology of ARI therapy.", "PMID": 371590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1271", "title": "[Morphogenesis of complicated and uncomplicated influenza].", "content": "Changes in the lungs in the prodromal period immediately after inoculation of animals with influenza virus were studied at length by electron microscopy. An early involvement in the process of pulmonary alveolar cells was demonstrated. Particular attention is drawn to viral and viral-bacterial associations determining the severity of the course of influenza and its lethal outcomes. The paper deals with the importance of latent infection in intrauterine infection with influenza virus.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of complicated and uncomplicated influenza]. Changes in the lungs in the prodromal period immediately after inoculation of animals with influenza virus were studied at length by electron microscopy. An early involvement in the process of pulmonary alveolar cells was demonstrated. Particular attention is drawn to viral and viral-bacterial associations determining the severity of the course of influenza and its lethal outcomes. The paper deals with the importance of latent infection in intrauterine infection with influenza virus.", "PMID": 371593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1272", "title": "Clinical and radiologic remission in reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain.", "content": "Two patients with cerebral reticulum cell sarcoma (CRCS) are reported in whom neurologic abnormalities and radiologic (computerized tomographic [CT] scan) evidence of tumor remitted. In one patient, remission followed craniectomy and corticosteroid therapy and lasted for eight months. In the other patient, at least four remissions occurred over a span of seven years, each in conjunction with the administration of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may favorably alter the biologic activity of tumor tissue in some cases of CRCS, predisposing to clinical remission and disappearance of tumor on CT scan.", "contents": "Clinical and radiologic remission in reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain. Two patients with cerebral reticulum cell sarcoma (CRCS) are reported in whom neurologic abnormalities and radiologic (computerized tomographic [CT] scan) evidence of tumor remitted. In one patient, remission followed craniectomy and corticosteroid therapy and lasted for eight months. In the other patient, at least four remissions occurred over a span of seven years, each in conjunction with the administration of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may favorably alter the biologic activity of tumor tissue in some cases of CRCS, predisposing to clinical remission and disappearance of tumor on CT scan.", "PMID": 371595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1273", "title": "Timolol maleate: efficacy and safety.", "content": "A randomized, double-masked trial of various concentrations of timolol maleate ophthalmic solution (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) vs placebo demonstrated that all concentrations of timolol effectively lowered intraocular pressure (IOP). A 0.5% solution of timolol was as effective in reducing IOP as the 1.0% concentration. Blood pressure, visual acuity, and pupillary diameter were not altered significantly by any concentration of timolol tested during this study. There was a dose-dependent decrease in resting pulse rate with increasing concentrations of timolol. No objective signs of drug intolerance were found on external ocular examination, nor were any subjective symptoms elicited on questioning the subjects. Timolol applied topically twice daily in concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% appeared to be an effective and safe ocular hypotensive agent.", "contents": "Timolol maleate: efficacy and safety. A randomized, double-masked trial of various concentrations of timolol maleate ophthalmic solution (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) vs placebo demonstrated that all concentrations of timolol effectively lowered intraocular pressure (IOP). A 0.5% solution of timolol was as effective in reducing IOP as the 1.0% concentration. Blood pressure, visual acuity, and pupillary diameter were not altered significantly by any concentration of timolol tested during this study. There was a dose-dependent decrease in resting pulse rate with increasing concentrations of timolol. No objective signs of drug intolerance were found on external ocular examination, nor were any subjective symptoms elicited on questioning the subjects. Timolol applied topically twice daily in concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% appeared to be an effective and safe ocular hypotensive agent.", "PMID": 371597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1274", "title": "Prescribing in Australia. Part 1.", "content": "A brief history of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is given. Available statistics in recent years have been analyzed indicating the more frequently prescribed drugs both individually and in the major pharmacological groups.", "contents": "Prescribing in Australia. Part 1. A brief history of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is given. Available statistics in recent years have been analyzed indicating the more frequently prescribed drugs both individually and in the major pharmacological groups.", "PMID": 371598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1275", "title": "Candida infection in human.", "content": "Sputum, vaginal smear, skin and nail scraping, and oral scraping from 269 suspected cases of fungus infection were examined by microscopy and culture for fungus. One hundred similar specimens from healthy individuals were examined as controls. Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) difference was observed (67.3% versus 7%) in the rate of isolation of fungus in the two groups. Three strains of Candida species were found among the isolates. In sputum, oral scraping and vaginal discharge, C. albicans, and in skin and nail scraping Candida stellatoidia were the prevalent strains. Candida tropicalis was isolated in fair proportion from the skin and nail scraping.", "contents": "Candida infection in human. Sputum, vaginal smear, skin and nail scraping, and oral scraping from 269 suspected cases of fungus infection were examined by microscopy and culture for fungus. One hundred similar specimens from healthy individuals were examined as controls. Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) difference was observed (67.3% versus 7%) in the rate of isolation of fungus in the two groups. Three strains of Candida species were found among the isolates. In sputum, oral scraping and vaginal discharge, C. albicans, and in skin and nail scraping Candida stellatoidia were the prevalent strains. Candida tropicalis was isolated in fair proportion from the skin and nail scraping.", "PMID": 371600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1276", "title": "Classification of leukemic cells by Ia alloantigens and complement receptors. Surface probes for cell differentiation.", "content": "Of particular interest in the study of cell membrane markers of leukemic cells were cytotoxic and immunofluorescent results obtained in comparing Ia alloantigen and complement receptor (CR) expression on normal leukocytic and leukemic cell types. Using discontinuous Ficoll gradients, Ia alloantigens were found on varying numbers of leukemic myelo- and lymphoblasts, and on the early stages of normal melocytes. Ia alloantigens, however, were not detectable on mature polymorphonuclear cells. This establishes human Ia alloantigens as cell surface differentiation markers. The appearance of complement receptors was observed later than that of Ia alloantigens. CR1 (EAC1-4b) showed up later in the differentiation than CR2 (EAC1-3d). Thus, an immunological discrimination between AML blasts and CML blast crisis blasts appears to be possible: AML blasts are mostly Ia-positive but CR-negative, whilst CML blast crisis cells are only 20-30% Ia-positive and carry complement receptors in at least equal amounts. The AML blast cell would appear as the less-differentiated cell type when compared to the CML blast crisis cells. The picture, however, remains complex since in CML blast crisis at least three different types of blast cells can be identified: an Ia-positive and an Ia-negative myeloid blast as well as an  Ia-positive lymphoid blast. The quantitative composition of these three elements within the myeloid differentiation profile can vary somewhat from patient to patient. Furthermore, these studies revealed a disturbed differentiation of leukemic cell types.", "contents": "Classification of leukemic cells by Ia alloantigens and complement receptors. Surface probes for cell differentiation. Of particular interest in the study of cell membrane markers of leukemic cells were cytotoxic and immunofluorescent results obtained in comparing Ia alloantigen and complement receptor (CR) expression on normal leukocytic and leukemic cell types. Using discontinuous Ficoll gradients, Ia alloantigens were found on varying numbers of leukemic myelo- and lymphoblasts, and on the early stages of normal melocytes. Ia alloantigens, however, were not detectable on mature polymorphonuclear cells. This establishes human Ia alloantigens as cell surface differentiation markers. The appearance of complement receptors was observed later than that of Ia alloantigens. CR1 (EAC1-4b) showed up later in the differentiation than CR2 (EAC1-3d). Thus, an immunological discrimination between AML blasts and CML blast crisis blasts appears to be possible: AML blasts are mostly Ia-positive but CR-negative, whilst CML blast crisis cells are only 20-30% Ia-positive and carry complement receptors in at least equal amounts. The AML blast cell would appear as the less-differentiated cell type when compared to the CML blast crisis cells. The picture, however, remains complex since in CML blast crisis at least three different types of blast cells can be identified: an Ia-positive and an Ia-negative myeloid blast as well as an  Ia-positive lymphoid blast. The quantitative composition of these three elements within the myeloid differentiation profile can vary somewhat from patient to patient. Furthermore, these studies revealed a disturbed differentiation of leukemic cell types.", "PMID": 371603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1277", "title": "Some features of glycogen metabolism in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The higher the exercise intensity, the greater the relative proportion of energy output derived from carbohydrate metabolism. Muscle glycogen stores are the most important source of carbohydrate during heavy exercise and in normal dietary conditions. At the same relative energy output, a muscle rich in type II fibers obtains a relatively larger energy contribution from carbohydrates, in terms of local muscle glycogen utilization, than one rich in type I fibers. This pattern can be modified by different dietary means.", "contents": "Some features of glycogen metabolism in human skeletal muscle. The higher the exercise intensity, the greater the relative proportion of energy output derived from carbohydrate metabolism. Muscle glycogen stores are the most important source of carbohydrate during heavy exercise and in normal dietary conditions. At the same relative energy output, a muscle rich in type II fibers obtains a relatively larger energy contribution from carbohydrates, in terms of local muscle glycogen utilization, than one rich in type I fibers. This pattern can be modified by different dietary means.", "PMID": 371610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1278", "title": "The role of physical exercise and training in the management of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effects of physical activity on blood glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus and the potential benefits of exercise in the treatment of diabetic patients, are reviewed. Mild physical exercise results in a fall of blood glucose levels in controlled diabetic patients; this acute effect of exercise might be used in particular to inhibit the rise of blood glucose seen in insulin-treated diabetics after food intake. In contrast, physical activity will further deteriorate the metabolic situation in decompensated diabetic patients by an increase in blood glucose and a rapid aggravation of ketosis. On the other hand exercise potentiates the blood glucose lowering effect of subcutaneously injected insulin; therefore precautions have to be taken in order to avoid hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics especially during and after more strenous exercise. In juvenile-type diabetes, physical activity can be used as an efficient therapeutic adjunct only in cooperative, well-instructed patients who are used to check their metabolic situation on a regular basis. Physical training increases the tissues' sensitivity towards (endogenous) insulin. Hence, in addition to the diet, training might represent the most appropriate treatment in maturity onset-type diabetic patients. However, direct evidence for an improvement of glucose tolerance in diabetic patients by physical training is still lacking. In order to formulate detailed, generally applicable recommendations on how to carry out a useful therapeutic program of physical exercise and/or training in diabetic patients, further clinical studies assessing the quantitative effects of physical activity on carbohydrate metabolism are needed.", "contents": "The role of physical exercise and training in the management of diabetes mellitus. The effects of physical activity on blood glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus and the potential benefits of exercise in the treatment of diabetic patients, are reviewed. Mild physical exercise results in a fall of blood glucose levels in controlled diabetic patients; this acute effect of exercise might be used in particular to inhibit the rise of blood glucose seen in insulin-treated diabetics after food intake. In contrast, physical activity will further deteriorate the metabolic situation in decompensated diabetic patients by an increase in blood glucose and a rapid aggravation of ketosis. On the other hand exercise potentiates the blood glucose lowering effect of subcutaneously injected insulin; therefore precautions have to be taken in order to avoid hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics especially during and after more strenous exercise. In juvenile-type diabetes, physical activity can be used as an efficient therapeutic adjunct only in cooperative, well-instructed patients who are used to check their metabolic situation on a regular basis. Physical training increases the tissues' sensitivity towards (endogenous) insulin. Hence, in addition to the diet, training might represent the most appropriate treatment in maturity onset-type diabetic patients. However, direct evidence for an improvement of glucose tolerance in diabetic patients by physical training is still lacking. In order to formulate detailed, generally applicable recommendations on how to carry out a useful therapeutic program of physical exercise and/or training in diabetic patients, further clinical studies assessing the quantitative effects of physical activity on carbohydrate metabolism are needed.", "PMID": 371613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1279", "title": "Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Formation of coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase and its concerted induction in Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. Kinetic studies of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation by Escherichia coli suggested that coenzyme B12 (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin), with ethanolamine, is a co-inducer. 2. Enzymic and immunological tests failed to show the formation of complementary enzyme components induced separately by ethanolamine and cobalamin respectively. 3. Although specific for ethanolamine as the substrate, enzyme formation was induced by certain analogues, e.g. 2-aminopropan-1-ol. 4. Experiments with cyano[57Co]-cobalamin suggested that neither coenzyme B12 nor some more tightly bound coenzymically inactive cobamide was necessary for enzyme stability in vitro. 5. Mutants of E. coli were obtained which formed ethanolamine ammonia-lyase apoenzyme constitutively, showing that neither ethanolamine nor cobalamin was required for assembly or post-transcriptional stability of the enzyme in vivo. Constitutive enzyme formation was subject to catabolite repression, particularly by glucose. 6. It appears likely that ethanolamine and coenzyme B12, acting in concert, induce ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation. The term 'concerted' induction is proposed for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Formation of coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase and its concerted induction in Escherichia coli. 1. Kinetic studies of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation by Escherichia coli suggested that coenzyme B12 (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin), with ethanolamine, is a co-inducer. 2. Enzymic and immunological tests failed to show the formation of complementary enzyme components induced separately by ethanolamine and cobalamin respectively. 3. Although specific for ethanolamine as the substrate, enzyme formation was induced by certain analogues, e.g. 2-aminopropan-1-ol. 4. Experiments with cyano[57Co]-cobalamin suggested that neither coenzyme B12 nor some more tightly bound coenzymically inactive cobamide was necessary for enzyme stability in vitro. 5. Mutants of E. coli were obtained which formed ethanolamine ammonia-lyase apoenzyme constitutively, showing that neither ethanolamine nor cobalamin was required for assembly or post-transcriptional stability of the enzyme in vivo. Constitutive enzyme formation was subject to catabolite repression, particularly by glucose. 6. It appears likely that ethanolamine and coenzyme B12, acting in concert, induce ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation. The term 'concerted' induction is proposed for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 371614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1280", "title": "Polypeptide-chain stoicheiometry and lipoic acid content of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex was isolated from Escherichia coli grown in the presence of [35S]sulphate. The three component enzymes were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the molar ratios of the three polypeptide chains were determined by measurement of the radioactivity in each band. The chain ratio of lipoamide dehydrogenase to lipoate acetyltransferase approached unity, but there was a molar excess of chains of the pyruvate decarboxylase component. The 35S-labelled complex was also used in a new determination of the total lipoic acid content. It was found that each polypeptide chain of the lipoate acetyltransferase component appears to bear at least three lipoyl groups.", "contents": "Polypeptide-chain stoicheiometry and lipoic acid content of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli. The pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex was isolated from Escherichia coli grown in the presence of [35S]sulphate. The three component enzymes were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the molar ratios of the three polypeptide chains were determined by measurement of the radioactivity in each band. The chain ratio of lipoamide dehydrogenase to lipoate acetyltransferase approached unity, but there was a molar excess of chains of the pyruvate decarboxylase component. The 35S-labelled complex was also used in a new determination of the total lipoic acid content. It was found that each polypeptide chain of the lipoate acetyltransferase component appears to bear at least three lipoyl groups.", "PMID": 371615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1281", "title": "An antineuronal antibody cross-reacting with erythrocytes and lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "An antibody with erythrocyte and lymphocyte activity, present in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), demonstrated additional reactivity with neurons. The neuronal reactivity was greater with cortical neurons than with cerebellar and caudate nucleus neurons, was predominantly IgG, and was immunologically specific. Selected sera from 22 patients with active SLE were tested for the presence of antineuronal antibody. Eleven of 12 sera obtained from patients with neuropsychiatric disease demonstrated definite neuron reactivity, in contrast to only 2 of 10 sera obtained from patients without evidence of neuropsychiatric involvement (P less than 0.005). Five of 21 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but no sera from 5 other disease control groups, contained antineuronal antibody. Serial studies of 2 SLE patients with transient psychotic episodes demonstrated a close association between antibody titer and the appearance of psychosis in one. These observations suggest that the detection of antineuronal antibodies in patients with SLE may be of value in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric complications.", "contents": "An antineuronal antibody cross-reacting with erythrocytes and lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. An antibody with erythrocyte and lymphocyte activity, present in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), demonstrated additional reactivity with neurons. The neuronal reactivity was greater with cortical neurons than with cerebellar and caudate nucleus neurons, was predominantly IgG, and was immunologically specific. Selected sera from 22 patients with active SLE were tested for the presence of antineuronal antibody. Eleven of 12 sera obtained from patients with neuropsychiatric disease demonstrated definite neuron reactivity, in contrast to only 2 of 10 sera obtained from patients without evidence of neuropsychiatric involvement (P less than 0.005). Five of 21 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but no sera from 5 other disease control groups, contained antineuronal antibody. Serial studies of 2 SLE patients with transient psychotic episodes demonstrated a close association between antibody titer and the appearance of psychosis in one. These observations suggest that the detection of antineuronal antibodies in patients with SLE may be of value in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric complications.", "PMID": 371627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1282", "title": "Anti-native DNA detection by the Crithidia luciliae method: an improved guide to the diagnosis and clinical management of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The clinical value of the Crithidia luciliae (CL) method for detection of antibodies to native DNA (nDNA) was assessed. Significant titers were limited almost exclusively to patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evaluation of sera from patients at the onset of active lupus demonstrated elevated anti-nDNA levels in 80% of subjects with active disease and in 94% of patients with clinically evident lupus nephritis. In longitudinal studies, rising titers of anti-nDNA were invariably accompanied by exacerbation of lupus activity. These findings suggest that the CL method correlates more closely with active SLE than do other anti-DNA methods in common use and indicate that it will prove highly useful in the diagnosis and management of SLE.", "contents": "Anti-native DNA detection by the Crithidia luciliae method: an improved guide to the diagnosis and clinical management of systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinical value of the Crithidia luciliae (CL) method for detection of antibodies to native DNA (nDNA) was assessed. Significant titers were limited almost exclusively to patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evaluation of sera from patients at the onset of active lupus demonstrated elevated anti-nDNA levels in 80% of subjects with active disease and in 94% of patients with clinically evident lupus nephritis. In longitudinal studies, rising titers of anti-nDNA were invariably accompanied by exacerbation of lupus activity. These findings suggest that the CL method correlates more closely with active SLE than do other anti-DNA methods in common use and indicate that it will prove highly useful in the diagnosis and management of SLE.", "PMID": 371628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1283", "title": "Comparison of gastrointestinal effects of aspirin and fenoprofen. A double blind crossover study.", "content": "Sixteen men received 3904 mg of aspirin, 2400 mg of fenoprofen, or placebo daily for 1 week in a double blind and crossover trial. Fecal blood loss was measured by 51Cr labeled red cells; gastric and duodenal pathology were observed endoscopically. There was more (P less than 0.05) blood loss (4.96 ml) after aspirin than after fenoprofen (2.46 ml) or placebo (0.79 ml). By endoscopic examination, aspirin induced more (P less than 0.05) gastrointestinal pathology than fenoprofen or placebo, and there was a correlation of 0.70 between the two methods used in this study.", "contents": "Comparison of gastrointestinal effects of aspirin and fenoprofen. A double blind crossover study. Sixteen men received 3904 mg of aspirin, 2400 mg of fenoprofen, or placebo daily for 1 week in a double blind and crossover trial. Fecal blood loss was measured by 51Cr labeled red cells; gastric and duodenal pathology were observed endoscopically. There was more (P less than 0.05) blood loss (4.96 ml) after aspirin than after fenoprofen (2.46 ml) or placebo (0.79 ml). By endoscopic examination, aspirin induced more (P less than 0.05) gastrointestinal pathology than fenoprofen or placebo, and there was a correlation of 0.70 between the two methods used in this study.", "PMID": 371629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1284", "title": "[Reaction between anti-erythrocyte-membrane immune sera and erythrocytes of patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Observations made with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods].", "content": "The immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques have been applied to erythrocytes from the periferal blood of beta thalassemia patients, coated with rabbit anti human erythrocyte membrane antibodies. Enhanced staininh has been found in a number of mature and immature red blood cells, as well as the presence of plasma proteins sticking to the surface of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Reaction between anti-erythrocyte-membrane immune sera and erythrocytes of patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Observations made with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods]. The immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques have been applied to erythrocytes from the periferal blood of beta thalassemia patients, coated with rabbit anti human erythrocyte membrane antibodies. Enhanced staininh has been found in a number of mature and immature red blood cells, as well as the presence of plasma proteins sticking to the surface of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 371635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1285", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis resulting from Nocardia asteroides.", "content": "Nocardia asteroides was isolated from the prosthetic valve of a 64-year-old woman who had died of endocarditis after aortic valve replacement. Multiple blood cultures had all been negative. This organism is increasingly being recognised as a pathogen and is usually sensitive to sulphonamides. These should be tried in culture negative endocarditis unresponsive to standard therapy.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis resulting from Nocardia asteroides. Nocardia asteroides was isolated from the prosthetic valve of a 64-year-old woman who had died of endocarditis after aortic valve replacement. Multiple blood cultures had all been negative. This organism is increasingly being recognised as a pathogen and is usually sensitive to sulphonamides. These should be tried in culture negative endocarditis unresponsive to standard therapy.", "PMID": 371642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1286", "title": "Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on haemodynamic and respiratory indices and on perceived exertion during exercise in hypertensive patients.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial of the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol and the beta1-selective blocker metoprolol was carried out in 8 hypertensive patients. At the end of each 4-week period of treatment haemodynamic and respiratory indices and perceived exertion were studied during moderate exercise. Both beta-blockers resulted in reduced heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure, whereas the stroke volume increased. Total peripheral resistance did not change. During exercise the expiratory peak flow rate equally increased in every period. However, the peak flow rate at rest, as well as during exercise, was reduced by propranolol, while metoprolol had no such influence. Neither of the beta-blockers changed O2 consumption, CO2 production, tidal volume, or respiratory rate. Moreover, they did not influence perceived exertion.  These results suggest that the arteriolar and bronchiolar beta2-receptors do not play a major role in the alteration of circulation and ventilation during exercise. As far as their practical use as antihypertensive agents is concerned, this study shows no advantage in the use of either of these beta-blockers.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on haemodynamic and respiratory indices and on perceived exertion during exercise in hypertensive patients. A double-blind cross-over trial of the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol and the beta1-selective blocker metoprolol was carried out in 8 hypertensive patients. At the end of each 4-week period of treatment haemodynamic and respiratory indices and perceived exertion were studied during moderate exercise. Both beta-blockers resulted in reduced heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure, whereas the stroke volume increased. Total peripheral resistance did not change. During exercise the expiratory peak flow rate equally increased in every period. However, the peak flow rate at rest, as well as during exercise, was reduced by propranolol, while metoprolol had no such influence. Neither of the beta-blockers changed O2 consumption, CO2 production, tidal volume, or respiratory rate. Moreover, they did not influence perceived exertion.  These results suggest that the arteriolar and bronchiolar beta2-receptors do not play a major role in the alteration of circulation and ventilation during exercise. As far as their practical use as antihypertensive agents is concerned, this study shows no advantage in the use of either of these beta-blockers.", "PMID": 371643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1287", "title": "Management of unstable angina at rest by verapamil. A double-blind cross-over study in coronary care unit.", "content": "A therapeutic trial with verapamil, a calcium-antagonist drug, was performed in 12 patients admitted to our coronary care unit because of frequent daily attacks of angina at rest attributed to coronary vasospasm. After a 48-hour run-in period, oral verapamil 480 mg/day and placebo were administered alternately during 4 randomised 48-hour periods. Transient ischaemic attacks with ST segment elevation or depression, with or without pain, were documented by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. The number of attacks during the run-in and 2 placebo periods were 128, 123, and 130, respectively, and 31 and 23 during the 2 treatment periods (P less than 0.006 and P less than 0.003). This drug therefore appears to be effective in the management of patients with frequent attacks of angina at rest.", "contents": "Management of unstable angina at rest by verapamil. A double-blind cross-over study in coronary care unit. A therapeutic trial with verapamil, a calcium-antagonist drug, was performed in 12 patients admitted to our coronary care unit because of frequent daily attacks of angina at rest attributed to coronary vasospasm. After a 48-hour run-in period, oral verapamil 480 mg/day and placebo were administered alternately during 4 randomised 48-hour periods. Transient ischaemic attacks with ST segment elevation or depression, with or without pain, were documented by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. The number of attacks during the run-in and 2 placebo periods were 128, 123, and 130, respectively, and 31 and 23 during the 2 treatment periods (P less than 0.006 and P less than 0.003). This drug therefore appears to be effective in the management of patients with frequent attacks of angina at rest.", "PMID": 371644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1288", "title": "Observations on haemodynamic effects of mexiletine.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of intravenous mexiletine have been studied in 16 patients with valvular heart disease without clinical evidence of heart failure. A bolus injection of 150 mg administered to 6 of the 16 patients resulted in a mean plasma concentration above the therapeutic range for at least 5 minutes after the drug was given. A small but significant rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure occurred. In 10 patients, the effects of intravenous mexiletine were compared with those of intravenous saline in a double blind trial. No significant difference was found in the haemodynamic effects, though both saline and mexiletine produced a small rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mexiletine when administered to patients without heart failure in doses known to be clinically effective did not have important adverse haemodynamic effects.", "contents": "Observations on haemodynamic effects of mexiletine. The haemodynamic effects of intravenous mexiletine have been studied in 16 patients with valvular heart disease without clinical evidence of heart failure. A bolus injection of 150 mg administered to 6 of the 16 patients resulted in a mean plasma concentration above the therapeutic range for at least 5 minutes after the drug was given. A small but significant rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure occurred. In 10 patients, the effects of intravenous mexiletine were compared with those of intravenous saline in a double blind trial. No significant difference was found in the haemodynamic effects, though both saline and mexiletine produced a small rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mexiletine when administered to patients without heart failure in doses known to be clinically effective did not have important adverse haemodynamic effects.", "PMID": 371646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1289", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of increased airway pressure during controlled and spontaneous breathing after cardiac surgery.", "content": "The cardiorespiratory effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure (IPPV), continuous positive airway pressure breathing (CPAP) and spontaneous breathing (SR) were studied in 11 patients 3--20 h after open-heart surgery. The transition from IPPV to CPAP resulted in a significant reduction in tidal volume and significant increases in respiratory frequency, PaCO2, oxygen transport and mean arterial pressure, but there were no significant changes in cardiac output or PaO2. There were no significant differences in any of the measurements between CPAP and SR.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of increased airway pressure during controlled and spontaneous breathing after cardiac surgery. The cardiorespiratory effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure (IPPV), continuous positive airway pressure breathing (CPAP) and spontaneous breathing (SR) were studied in 11 patients 3--20 h after open-heart surgery. The transition from IPPV to CPAP resulted in a significant reduction in tidal volume and significant increases in respiratory frequency, PaCO2, oxygen transport and mean arterial pressure, but there were no significant changes in cardiac output or PaO2. There were no significant differences in any of the measurements between CPAP and SR.", "PMID": 371648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1290", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias during outpatient dental anaesthesia: a comparison of controlled ventilation with and without halothane.", "content": "The frequency and nature of cardiac arrhythmia during two controlled ventilation techniques for endotracheal anaesthesia in dental outpatients have been compared. Both techniques used nitrous oxide and oxygen with alcuronium, but in one the additional agent was halothane and in the other it was fentanyl. The frequency of arrhythmia in both groups was 5%. No ventricular arrhythmia was seen but benign nodal rhythm was noted. It is suggested that the anti-arrhythmia effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants may prevent ventricular arrhythmia in patients receiving halothane.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias during outpatient dental anaesthesia: a comparison of controlled ventilation with and without halothane. The frequency and nature of cardiac arrhythmia during two controlled ventilation techniques for endotracheal anaesthesia in dental outpatients have been compared. Both techniques used nitrous oxide and oxygen with alcuronium, but in one the additional agent was halothane and in the other it was fentanyl. The frequency of arrhythmia in both groups was 5%. No ventricular arrhythmia was seen but benign nodal rhythm was noted. It is suggested that the anti-arrhythmia effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants may prevent ventricular arrhythmia in patients receiving halothane.", "PMID": 371649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1291", "title": "Ergometrine or oxytocin? Blood loss and side-effects at spontaneous vertex delivery.", "content": "Blood loss and the frequency of vomiting were assessed at 88 spontaneous vertex deliveries. An i.v. injection of oxytocin 10 u was as effective as ergometrine 0.5 mg in controlling bleeding from the uterus after delivery. The continuous infusion of a dilute solution of oxytocin in the first stage of labour was not followed by an increased blood loss at delivery. Oxytocin infusions were maintained for 1 h after delivery. Vomiting or retching occurred in 13% of the mothers who received i.v. ergometrine. None of the women who received oxytocin suffered emetic sequelae.", "contents": "Ergometrine or oxytocin? Blood loss and side-effects at spontaneous vertex delivery. Blood loss and the frequency of vomiting were assessed at 88 spontaneous vertex deliveries. An i.v. injection of oxytocin 10 u was as effective as ergometrine 0.5 mg in controlling bleeding from the uterus after delivery. The continuous infusion of a dilute solution of oxytocin in the first stage of labour was not followed by an increased blood loss at delivery. Oxytocin infusions were maintained for 1 h after delivery. Vomiting or retching occurred in 13% of the mothers who received i.v. ergometrine. None of the women who received oxytocin suffered emetic sequelae.", "PMID": 371650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1292", "title": "The metabolism of [14C]-debrisoquine in man.", "content": "1 The synthesis of [14C]-debrisoquine hydrochloride and 4-hydroxy-debrisoquine sulphate is described. 2 The metabolic fate and excretion profile in both urine and faeces of 14C-labelled debrisoquine was studied in five healthy human subjects. 3 Investigations showed that the drug is well-absorbed after a single oral dose of 32 mg and quantitatively eliminated from the body within three days. 4 4-Hydroxy-debrisoquine is the major metabolite of debrisoquine, although significant amounts of 5-,6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy-debrisoquine are also formed. 5 Electron-capture gas chromatography is a useful method for measuring debrisoquine and its five hydroxylated metabolites in urine at the pg level.", "contents": "The metabolism of [14C]-debrisoquine in man. 1 The synthesis of [14C]-debrisoquine hydrochloride and 4-hydroxy-debrisoquine sulphate is described. 2 The metabolic fate and excretion profile in both urine and faeces of 14C-labelled debrisoquine was studied in five healthy human subjects. 3 Investigations showed that the drug is well-absorbed after a single oral dose of 32 mg and quantitatively eliminated from the body within three days. 4 4-Hydroxy-debrisoquine is the major metabolite of debrisoquine, although significant amounts of 5-,6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy-debrisoquine are also formed. 5 Electron-capture gas chromatography is a useful method for measuring debrisoquine and its five hydroxylated metabolites in urine at the pg level.", "PMID": 371651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1293", "title": "Experimental lepromatous leprosy in the white-handed gibbon (Hylobatus lar): successful inoculation with leprosy bacilli of human origin.", "content": "Leprosy bacilli of human origin were inoculated into a white-handed gibbon by the i.v. and i.p. routes, and also locally into ears, testis and around an ulnar nerve. The animal was observed closely during a period of nearly 15 years and did not exhibit any clinical evidence of cutaneous or neurological disease. At death, a wide range of tissues was taken for bacterial counts and histological examination, and a disseminated and progressive infection was demonstrated. Acid-fast bacilli were found in many sites; their morphological appearance distribution in nerves, and pattern of multiplication in mouse foot-pads, and also the presence of anti-mycobacterial antibody in the serum and the absence of specific lymphocyte transformation were all in keeping with an infection by Mycobacterium leprae, at an early lepromatous stage. This is probably the first fully documented report of experimental lepromatous infection in a primate. The findings are discussed in relation to the long incubation period of le promatous leprosy and the difficulties of diagnosing the disease at an early stage in man.", "contents": "Experimental lepromatous leprosy in the white-handed gibbon (Hylobatus lar): successful inoculation with leprosy bacilli of human origin. Leprosy bacilli of human origin were inoculated into a white-handed gibbon by the i.v. and i.p. routes, and also locally into ears, testis and around an ulnar nerve. The animal was observed closely during a period of nearly 15 years and did not exhibit any clinical evidence of cutaneous or neurological disease. At death, a wide range of tissues was taken for bacterial counts and histological examination, and a disseminated and progressive infection was demonstrated. Acid-fast bacilli were found in many sites; their morphological appearance distribution in nerves, and pattern of multiplication in mouse foot-pads, and also the presence of anti-mycobacterial antibody in the serum and the absence of specific lymphocyte transformation were all in keeping with an infection by Mycobacterium leprae, at an early lepromatous stage. This is probably the first fully documented report of experimental lepromatous infection in a primate. The findings are discussed in relation to the long incubation period of le promatous leprosy and the difficulties of diagnosing the disease at an early stage in man.", "PMID": 371653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1294", "title": "Malignant atrophic papulosis.", "content": "The lethal intestino-cutaneous syndrome which we described in 1942 as malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) has gained various other visceral sites. However, the cutaneous eruption remains the constant and pathognomonic symptom, which, despite its benign appearance harbours a serious prognosis because of the frequently very severe lesions in the small intestine, and sometimes of the nervous system. The very special histological structure shows zones of necrosis (dermal in the skin) due to vasculitis with a tendency to thrombosis, affecting the small vessels below the lesion, and with little or no inflammatory reaction, which differentiates it from other angiitis. The aetiology remains uncertain (?viral) and the treatment is disappointing although heparin appears to have been helpful occasionally.", "contents": "Malignant atrophic papulosis. The lethal intestino-cutaneous syndrome which we described in 1942 as malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) has gained various other visceral sites. However, the cutaneous eruption remains the constant and pathognomonic symptom, which, despite its benign appearance harbours a serious prognosis because of the frequently very severe lesions in the small intestine, and sometimes of the nervous system. The very special histological structure shows zones of necrosis (dermal in the skin) due to vasculitis with a tendency to thrombosis, affecting the small vessels below the lesion, and with little or no inflammatory reaction, which differentiates it from other angiitis. The aetiology remains uncertain (?viral) and the treatment is disappointing although heparin appears to have been helpful occasionally.", "PMID": 371654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1295", "title": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood and other papulo-vesicular acro-located syndromes.", "content": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC), first recognized in Milan and described by Gianotti in 1955, is an infectious disease of childhood, of low infectivity, fairly widespread, and characterized by: (1) Non-relapsing erythemato-papular dermatitis localized to the face and limbs, lasting about 3 weeks. (2) Paracortical hyperplasia of lymph-nodes. (3) Acute hepatitis, usually anicteric, which lasts at least 2 months and may progress to chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood and other papulo-vesicular acro-located syndromes. Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC), first recognized in Milan and described by Gianotti in 1955, is an infectious disease of childhood, of low infectivity, fairly widespread, and characterized by: (1) Non-relapsing erythemato-papular dermatitis localized to the face and limbs, lasting about 3 weeks. (2) Paracortical hyperplasia of lymph-nodes. (3) Acute hepatitis, usually anicteric, which lasts at least 2 months and may progress to chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 371656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1296", "title": "Circulating reticulin autoantibodies of IgA class in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Circulating reticulin autoantibodies of IgA class and anti-nuclear antigen antibodies were found in a high frequency in dermatitis herpetiformis patients as compared with age- and sex-matched controls.", "contents": "Circulating reticulin autoantibodies of IgA class in dermatitis herpetiformis. Circulating reticulin autoantibodies of IgA class and anti-nuclear antigen antibodies were found in a high frequency in dermatitis herpetiformis patients as compared with age- and sex-matched controls.", "PMID": 371658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1297", "title": "Identification in situ of T lymphocytes in the dermal and epidermal infiltrates of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Frozen tissue sections from the lesions of five patients with histologically proven mycosis fungoides were examined using a specific antihuman T-cell antiserum and an indirect peroxidase staining technique. The dermal and epidermal infiltrates were shown to comprise predominantly cells bearing the specific T-cell antigen, HTLA. Two of the patients exhibited characteristic Pautrier microabscesses whose cells were exclusively T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Identification in situ of T lymphocytes in the dermal and epidermal infiltrates of mycosis fungoides. Frozen tissue sections from the lesions of five patients with histologically proven mycosis fungoides were examined using a specific antihuman T-cell antiserum and an indirect peroxidase staining technique. The dermal and epidermal infiltrates were shown to comprise predominantly cells bearing the specific T-cell antigen, HTLA. Two of the patients exhibited characteristic Pautrier microabscesses whose cells were exclusively T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 371659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1298", "title": "Properties of anti-hairy cell serum.", "content": "An antiserum was prepared in rabbits against hairy leukaemic cells. After absorption with human erythrocytes, thymus and liver powder, the serum was passed through immunoabsorbent columns to remove extensive anti-plasma protein activity. Following these procedures, sensitive techniques failed to reveal residual activity against alpha-macroglobulins, beta2-microglobulin and other human plasma proteins. The antiserum reacted with normal B lymphocytes but not with T lymphocytes or monocytes. Positive reactions were seen in B cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, hairy-cell leukaemia and uninucleated Reed-Sternberg cells.", "contents": "Properties of anti-hairy cell serum. An antiserum was prepared in rabbits against hairy leukaemic cells. After absorption with human erythrocytes, thymus and liver powder, the serum was passed through immunoabsorbent columns to remove extensive anti-plasma protein activity. Following these procedures, sensitive techniques failed to reveal residual activity against alpha-macroglobulins, beta2-microglobulin and other human plasma proteins. The antiserum reacted with normal B lymphocytes but not with T lymphocytes or monocytes. Positive reactions were seen in B cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, hairy-cell leukaemia and uninucleated Reed-Sternberg cells.", "PMID": 371661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1299", "title": "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome by spironolactone.", "content": "Spironlactone was given to 28 women in a double blind cross over trial during four menstrual cycles. Hormonal profiles were measured during the first two cycles. Plasma aldosterone was elevated in the premenstrual phase of the cycles but there was no significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The rise in serum progesterone was higher in the symptomatic group during the postovulatory phase. The administration of spironolactone reduced weight and relieved psychological symptoms in more than 80 per cent of the symptomatic group.", "contents": "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome by spironolactone. Spironlactone was given to 28 women in a double blind cross over trial during four menstrual cycles. Hormonal profiles were measured during the first two cycles. Plasma aldosterone was elevated in the premenstrual phase of the cycles but there was no significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The rise in serum progesterone was higher in the symptomatic group during the postovulatory phase. The administration of spironolactone reduced weight and relieved psychological symptoms in more than 80 per cent of the symptomatic group.", "PMID": 371663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1300", "title": "A comparison of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha vaginal gel for ripening the cervix before induction of labour.", "content": "The efficacy of a vaginal gel containing either 5 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or 25 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) to ripen the unfavourable cervix for labour induction was assessed in a double blind trial. PGF2 alpha, compared with PGE2, had little effect upon the clinical state of the cervix, but the resultant duration of labour in each of the two groups was shorter than in a control group. While the numbers of patients requiring oxytocin stimulation of labour and regional analgesia were reduced in both groups compared with the controls, PGF2 alpha was much less effective than PGE2. Uterine hypertonus was observed using both prostaglandins during an experimental study and the implications are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha vaginal gel for ripening the cervix before induction of labour. The efficacy of a vaginal gel containing either 5 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or 25 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) to ripen the unfavourable cervix for labour induction was assessed in a double blind trial. PGF2 alpha, compared with PGE2, had little effect upon the clinical state of the cervix, but the resultant duration of labour in each of the two groups was shorter than in a control group. While the numbers of patients requiring oxytocin stimulation of labour and regional analgesia were reduced in both groups compared with the controls, PGF2 alpha was much less effective than PGE2. Uterine hypertonus was observed using both prostaglandins during an experimental study and the implications are discussed.", "PMID": 371664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1301", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic appearances in the amnion in polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios.", "content": "The appearances of the amnion from two patients with polyhydramnios and two patients with oligohydramnios are described. In polyhydramnios the amnion showed a normal incidence of all the four patterns found in normal amnion at term and no abnormal features were noted. In oligohydramnios, two of four normal patterns predominated and intercellular canals were sparse.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic appearances in the amnion in polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. The appearances of the amnion from two patients with polyhydramnios and two patients with oligohydramnios are described. In polyhydramnios the amnion showed a normal incidence of all the four patterns found in normal amnion at term and no abnormal features were noted. In oligohydramnios, two of four normal patterns predominated and intercellular canals were sparse.", "PMID": 371665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1302", "title": "A new method of full thickness skin graft fixation.", "content": "A technique of free full thickness skin graft fixation utilising central and paracentral sutures between the graft and the depths of the recipient bed is described. The intrinsic fixation provided by these sutures allow larger free grafts, thus eliminating the need to use local flaps. These sutures also allow double free grafts-mucosal and dermal-for full thickness lower eyelid reconstructions. Patients do not need hospital admission and can resume normal activity immediately after the operation. One hundred and nine skin grafts secured by this technique have yielded very satisfactory results.", "contents": "A new method of full thickness skin graft fixation. A technique of free full thickness skin graft fixation utilising central and paracentral sutures between the graft and the depths of the recipient bed is described. The intrinsic fixation provided by these sutures allow larger free grafts, thus eliminating the need to use local flaps. These sutures also allow double free grafts-mucosal and dermal-for full thickness lower eyelid reconstructions. Patients do not need hospital admission and can resume normal activity immediately after the operation. One hundred and nine skin grafts secured by this technique have yielded very satisfactory results.", "PMID": 371666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1303", "title": "Lac UV5 transcription in vitro. Rate limitation subsequent to formation of an RNA polymerase-DNA complex.", "content": "The kinetics of transcription of lac UV5 mRNA using purified DNA restriction fragment as template has been studied. This template, which contains only 203 base pairs, directs the formation of a 67-base lac mRNA with high specificity. The half-time for formation of a DNA-RNA polymerase complex is approximately 0.2 min. However, upon addition of 200 micron nucleoside triphosphates to this complex, RNA production proceeds with a half-time of approximately 1 min. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate-limiting step for lac UV5 mRNA production, under typical in vitro conditions, occurs subsequent to the formation of a promoter-specific complex.", "contents": "Lac UV5 transcription in vitro. Rate limitation subsequent to formation of an RNA polymerase-DNA complex. The kinetics of transcription of lac UV5 mRNA using purified DNA restriction fragment as template has been studied. This template, which contains only 203 base pairs, directs the formation of a 67-base lac mRNA with high specificity. The half-time for formation of a DNA-RNA polymerase complex is approximately 0.2 min. However, upon addition of 200 micron nucleoside triphosphates to this complex, RNA production proceeds with a half-time of approximately 1 min. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate-limiting step for lac UV5 mRNA production, under typical in vitro conditions, occurs subsequent to the formation of a promoter-specific complex.", "PMID": 371668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1304", "title": "DNA sequence directs placement of histone cores on restriction fragments during nucleosome formation.", "content": "Restriction fragments, 203 and 144 base pairs in length, bearing the Escherichia coli lac control region have been reconstituted with the core histones from calf thymus to form nucleosomes. By several criteria the reconstituted nucleosomes are similar to native nucleosomes obtained by micrococcal nuclease digestion of calf thymus nuclei. However, sensitive nuclease digestion studies reveal subtle and important differences between native monosomes and the lac reconstitutes. Each reconstitute consists mainly of nucleosomes containing histone cores placed nonrandomly with respect to the DNA sequence. The shorter reconstitute forms asymmetric nucleosomes as evidenced by the DNase I digestion pattern. Exonuclease III digestion followed by 5'-end analysis of the larger reconstitute suggests that, of the many possible arrangements of histone core with DNA sequence, only two are highly favored.", "contents": "DNA sequence directs placement of histone cores on restriction fragments during nucleosome formation. Restriction fragments, 203 and 144 base pairs in length, bearing the Escherichia coli lac control region have been reconstituted with the core histones from calf thymus to form nucleosomes. By several criteria the reconstituted nucleosomes are similar to native nucleosomes obtained by micrococcal nuclease digestion of calf thymus nuclei. However, sensitive nuclease digestion studies reveal subtle and important differences between native monosomes and the lac reconstitutes. Each reconstitute consists mainly of nucleosomes containing histone cores placed nonrandomly with respect to the DNA sequence. The shorter reconstitute forms asymmetric nucleosomes as evidenced by the DNase I digestion pattern. Exonuclease III digestion followed by 5'-end analysis of the larger reconstitute suggests that, of the many possible arrangements of histone core with DNA sequence, only two are highly favored.", "PMID": 371669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1305", "title": "Subunits of RNA polymerase in function and structure. 7. Structure of premature core enzyme.", "content": "The structure of premature core enzyme, an obligatory intermediate in both in vivo and in vitro assembly of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was compared with that of native core enzyme. Though this assembled but inactive form of core enzyme harbors the gross conformation similar to that of native enzyme, minor and presumably local differences exist, which were identified by near-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra, tritium-hydrogen exchange rate, protease sensitivity, intersubunit cross-linking rate by bifunctional reagents, sedimentation behavior, and elution profile from phosphocellulose. Taken together these results indicate that the core enzyme subunits are loosely associated in the premature core. The temperature-dependent maturation is required for the core subunits to be tightly associated, leading to the formation of structurally stable and functionally active RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Subunits of RNA polymerase in function and structure. 7. Structure of premature core enzyme. The structure of premature core enzyme, an obligatory intermediate in both in vivo and in vitro assembly of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was compared with that of native core enzyme. Though this assembled but inactive form of core enzyme harbors the gross conformation similar to that of native enzyme, minor and presumably local differences exist, which were identified by near-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra, tritium-hydrogen exchange rate, protease sensitivity, intersubunit cross-linking rate by bifunctional reagents, sedimentation behavior, and elution profile from phosphocellulose. Taken together these results indicate that the core enzyme subunits are loosely associated in the premature core. The temperature-dependent maturation is required for the core subunits to be tightly associated, leading to the formation of structurally stable and functionally active RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 371670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1306", "title": "Subunits of RNA polymerase in function and structure. 8. Catalytic properties of self-reactivated core enzyme.", "content": "As an attempt to identify the maturation pathway of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, the catalytic properties of core enzyme reactivated in the absence of maturation-promoting factors (sigma subunit or DNA) (that is, of self-reactivated core enzyme) were compared with those of native core enzyme. Differences have been found in the intrinsic activities such as in the template specificity, Km value of DNA template for the polymerase, activation energy for RNA synthesis, and increment of enzyme activity by sigma subunit. These observations imply that the transcription initiation by self-reactivated core enzyme is inaccurate and, therefore, more strict conditions including the presence of maturation-promoting factors are required for premature core be activated to the genuine function with the transcription specificity of native core enzyme.", "contents": "Subunits of RNA polymerase in function and structure. 8. Catalytic properties of self-reactivated core enzyme. As an attempt to identify the maturation pathway of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, the catalytic properties of core enzyme reactivated in the absence of maturation-promoting factors (sigma subunit or DNA) (that is, of self-reactivated core enzyme) were compared with those of native core enzyme. Differences have been found in the intrinsic activities such as in the template specificity, Km value of DNA template for the polymerase, activation energy for RNA synthesis, and increment of enzyme activity by sigma subunit. These observations imply that the transcription initiation by self-reactivated core enzyme is inaccurate and, therefore, more strict conditions including the presence of maturation-promoting factors are required for premature core be activated to the genuine function with the transcription specificity of native core enzyme.", "PMID": 371671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1307", "title": "Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli does not need an editing mechanism to reject serine and alanine. High binding energy of small groups in specific molecular interactions.", "content": "The cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli only very slowly activates serine, alanine, and alpha-aminobutyrate, the possible competitors of cysteine. The upper limits on the values of kcat/KM for the amino acid dependent ATP/pyrophosphate exchange reactions, relative to that of cysteine, are less than 10(-8), 2 x 10(-7), and 3 x 10(-6), respectively. It is calculated from these data and the concentrations of the amino acids in vivo that the error rates for the misincorporation of serine and alanine for cysteine are less than 10(-9) and 5 x 10(-8), respectively. There is no need for an error correcting mechanism and no evidence has been found to implicate one: there is no detectable ATP/pyrophosp hatase activity of the enzyme in the presence of tRNACys and alanine; Ala-tRNACys has been synthesized by the reductive desulfurization of Cys-tRNACys and has been found to be relatively resistant to the enzyme-catalyzed deacylation. Part of the high selectivity of the enzyme for the -SH group of cysteine (approximately 5 kcal/mol) appears to be caused by dispersion forces: simple calculations suggest that the dispersion energy between sulfur and a methylene group is about 2.5 times greater than that between two methylene groups. This high \"hydrophobicity\" of sulfur is consistent with the relative binding energies of substrates of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The rest of the high binding energy of the-SH group may come from hydrogen bonding.", "contents": "Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli does not need an editing mechanism to reject serine and alanine. High binding energy of small groups in specific molecular interactions. The cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli only very slowly activates serine, alanine, and alpha-aminobutyrate, the possible competitors of cysteine. The upper limits on the values of kcat/KM for the amino acid dependent ATP/pyrophosphate exchange reactions, relative to that of cysteine, are less than 10(-8), 2 x 10(-7), and 3 x 10(-6), respectively. It is calculated from these data and the concentrations of the amino acids in vivo that the error rates for the misincorporation of serine and alanine for cysteine are less than 10(-9) and 5 x 10(-8), respectively. There is no need for an error correcting mechanism and no evidence has been found to implicate one: there is no detectable ATP/pyrophosp hatase activity of the enzyme in the presence of tRNACys and alanine; Ala-tRNACys has been synthesized by the reductive desulfurization of Cys-tRNACys and has been found to be relatively resistant to the enzyme-catalyzed deacylation. Part of the high selectivity of the enzyme for the -SH group of cysteine (approximately 5 kcal/mol) appears to be caused by dispersion forces: simple calculations suggest that the dispersion energy between sulfur and a methylene group is about 2.5 times greater than that between two methylene groups. This high \"hydrophobicity\" of sulfur is consistent with the relative binding energies of substrates of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The rest of the high binding energy of the-SH group may come from hydrogen bonding.", "PMID": 371674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1308", "title": "Analysis of protein--protein relationships in 30S ribosome assembly intermediates using protection from proteolytic digestion.", "content": "Treatment of the intact bacterial ribosome with proteolytic enzymes results in little or no digestion of many of the component proteins [Craven, G. R., & Gupta, V. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67, 1329]. In contrast, when the proteins are released from the constraints of ribosome structure they become completely susceptible to proteolytic attack. We have attempted to exploit these observations in an effort to determine the precise steps in ribosome assembly which result in a conversion of the structures of the various proteins from a proteolysis sensitive to a resistant form. Thus, a total of 11 30S ribosome assembly intermediate complexes of proteins and 16S RNA were prepared and digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin. The kinetics of digestion of each protein in the complex were followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By a comparison of the digestion pattern of two complexes differing only by the presence of a single protein, it was possible to deduce several specific protective effects of one protein on its neighbor in the complex. On the basis of these studies, we propose nine protein-protein protective effects. The possible relevance of these interrelationships to other well-established proximity relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of protein--protein relationships in 30S ribosome assembly intermediates using protection from proteolytic digestion. Treatment of the intact bacterial ribosome with proteolytic enzymes results in little or no digestion of many of the component proteins [Craven, G. R., & Gupta, V. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67, 1329]. In contrast, when the proteins are released from the constraints of ribosome structure they become completely susceptible to proteolytic attack. We have attempted to exploit these observations in an effort to determine the precise steps in ribosome assembly which result in a conversion of the structures of the various proteins from a proteolysis sensitive to a resistant form. Thus, a total of 11 30S ribosome assembly intermediate complexes of proteins and 16S RNA were prepared and digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin. The kinetics of digestion of each protein in the complex were followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By a comparison of the digestion pattern of two complexes differing only by the presence of a single protein, it was possible to deduce several specific protective effects of one protein on its neighbor in the complex. On the basis of these studies, we propose nine protein-protein protective effects. The possible relevance of these interrelationships to other well-established proximity relationships is discussed.", "PMID": 371675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1309", "title": "Fragmentation of the human transplantation antigen heavy chain by limited proteolysis, acid cleavage, and cyanogen bromide treatment.", "content": "Highly purified, papain-solubilized HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens comprising a mixture of a great number of allelic forms from at least three loci have been fragmented by limited proteolysis, acid cleavage, and cyanogen bromide treatment. Limited proteolysis of 125I-labeled HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and pepsin resulted in the production of two large fragments. One fragment was associated with beta 2-microglobulin and contained all of the carbohydrate. The other fragment, which had a molecular weight of about 13,000, is most probably derived from the COOH-terminal part of the heavy chain. Acid cleavage of the HLA antigen heavy chain gave rise to two main fragments with molecular weights of 22,000 and 11,000. Both fragments contained disulfide bonds. Two minor components, representing further cleavage products of the 22,000-dalton fragment, were also observed. Cleavage of the HLA antigen heavy chain at methionyl residues gave rise to one carbohydrate-containing, cysteine-free 14,000-dalton fragment and one 20,000-dalton fragment that contained all cysteines but no carbohydrate. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analyses demonstrated that the 22,000-dalton acid cleavage fragment and the 14,000-dalton cyanogen bromide fragment were derived from the NH2-terminal part of the HLA antigen heavy chain.", "contents": "Fragmentation of the human transplantation antigen heavy chain by limited proteolysis, acid cleavage, and cyanogen bromide treatment. Highly purified, papain-solubilized HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens comprising a mixture of a great number of allelic forms from at least three loci have been fragmented by limited proteolysis, acid cleavage, and cyanogen bromide treatment. Limited proteolysis of 125I-labeled HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and pepsin resulted in the production of two large fragments. One fragment was associated with beta 2-microglobulin and contained all of the carbohydrate. The other fragment, which had a molecular weight of about 13,000, is most probably derived from the COOH-terminal part of the heavy chain. Acid cleavage of the HLA antigen heavy chain gave rise to two main fragments with molecular weights of 22,000 and 11,000. Both fragments contained disulfide bonds. Two minor components, representing further cleavage products of the 22,000-dalton fragment, were also observed. Cleavage of the HLA antigen heavy chain at methionyl residues gave rise to one carbohydrate-containing, cysteine-free 14,000-dalton fragment and one 20,000-dalton fragment that contained all cysteines but no carbohydrate. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analyses demonstrated that the 22,000-dalton acid cleavage fragment and the 14,000-dalton cyanogen bromide fragment were derived from the NH2-terminal part of the HLA antigen heavy chain.", "PMID": 371676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1310", "title": "Purification and properties of the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.", "content": "An improved purification procedure is described for the sigma subunit of escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [ribonucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6]. The method involves chromatography of purified RNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA-agarose, Bio-Rex 70, and finally Ultragel AcA44. The sigma factor obtained is electrophoretically pure with a yield of about 40%. A number of the chemical--physical properties of sigma are presented. A molecular weight of 82,000 was determined by phosphate buffered sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ultraviolet absorption spectra were used to determine an E280nm 1% of 8.4. The amino acid composition and 12-residue N-terminal sequence (Met-Glx-Glx-Asx-Pro-Glx-(Ser or Cys)-Glx-Leu-Lys-Leu-Leu) of sigma have been determined. The isoelectric focusing properties of sigma are presented. Denaturation--renaturation studies indicate that sigma is capable of an unusually rapid and complete recovery of activity after being subjected to denaturing conditions. A stable, 40,000-dalton fragment is generated from sigma by mild trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. An improved purification procedure is described for the sigma subunit of escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [ribonucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6]. The method involves chromatography of purified RNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA-agarose, Bio-Rex 70, and finally Ultragel AcA44. The sigma factor obtained is electrophoretically pure with a yield of about 40%. A number of the chemical--physical properties of sigma are presented. A molecular weight of 82,000 was determined by phosphate buffered sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ultraviolet absorption spectra were used to determine an E280nm 1% of 8.4. The amino acid composition and 12-residue N-terminal sequence (Met-Glx-Glx-Asx-Pro-Glx-(Ser or Cys)-Glx-Leu-Lys-Leu-Leu) of sigma have been determined. The isoelectric focusing properties of sigma are presented. Denaturation--renaturation studies indicate that sigma is capable of an unusually rapid and complete recovery of activity after being subjected to denaturing conditions. A stable, 40,000-dalton fragment is generated from sigma by mild trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 371677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1311", "title": "Electrolyte effects on the activity of mutant enzymes in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "All temperature-sensitive histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium tested are corrected by addition of neutral salts to their growth medium. The correctability seems to result from direct electrolyte effects on mutant protein stability since several of the mutant proteins are also salt correctable in vitro.", "contents": "Electrolyte effects on the activity of mutant enzymes in vivo and in vitro. All temperature-sensitive histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium tested are corrected by addition of neutral salts to their growth medium. The correctability seems to result from direct electrolyte effects on mutant protein stability since several of the mutant proteins are also salt correctable in vitro.", "PMID": 371678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1312", "title": "Dissociation of guanosine nucleotide-elongation factor G-ribosome complexes.", "content": "The spontaneous dissociation of complexes containing elongation factor G (EF-G), the ribosome, and either GDP plus fusidic acid, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, or guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate has been measured and it follows biphasic kinetics that can be resolved into two first-order decay rates. This suggest the existence of two classes of complexes with apparent dissociation rate constants (k) differing 5--20-fold. The values of k and the distribution of complexes between the fast and the slowly decaying class depend on the conditions in which the dissociation occurs but not on the conditions in which the complexes are formed. Rapid transitions of complexes from one to the other class occur only when the chemical environment in which the dissociation takes place is modified. Thus, increasing the concentration of NH4Cl or adding the antibiotic thiostrepton accelerates the decay and converts slowly dissociating into fast dissociating complexes. In contrast, addition of misreading-inducing aminoglycoside antibiotics of the neomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin (but not hygromycin) groups slows down the decay. For neomycin B at 10 micron, this  effect is due to the conversion of fast into slowly decaying complexes. A model to explain the results involving conformational transitions of the complexes is proposed.", "contents": "Dissociation of guanosine nucleotide-elongation factor G-ribosome complexes. The spontaneous dissociation of complexes containing elongation factor G (EF-G), the ribosome, and either GDP plus fusidic acid, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, or guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate has been measured and it follows biphasic kinetics that can be resolved into two first-order decay rates. This suggest the existence of two classes of complexes with apparent dissociation rate constants (k) differing 5--20-fold. The values of k and the distribution of complexes between the fast and the slowly decaying class depend on the conditions in which the dissociation occurs but not on the conditions in which the complexes are formed. Rapid transitions of complexes from one to the other class occur only when the chemical environment in which the dissociation takes place is modified. Thus, increasing the concentration of NH4Cl or adding the antibiotic thiostrepton accelerates the decay and converts slowly dissociating into fast dissociating complexes. In contrast, addition of misreading-inducing aminoglycoside antibiotics of the neomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin (but not hygromycin) groups slows down the decay. For neomycin B at 10 micron, this  effect is due to the conversion of fast into slowly decaying complexes. A model to explain the results involving conformational transitions of the complexes is proposed.", "PMID": 371679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1313", "title": "Unmasking of an essential thiol during function of the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphenolpyruvate beta-glucoside phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli.", "content": "beta-Glucoside transport by phosphoenolpyruvate-hexose phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli is inactivated in vivo by thiol reagents. This inactivation is strongly enhanced by the presence of transported substrates. In a system reconstituted from soluble and membrane-bound components, only the particulate component, the membrane-bound enzyme IIbgl appeared as the target of N-ethylmaleimide inaction. The same feature was found in the case of methyl-alpha-D-glucoside uptake via enzyme IIglc. It is shown that the sensitizing effect of substrates is specific and not generalized, methyl-alpha-D-glucoside only sensitizes enzyme IIglc and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside only sensitizes enzyme IIbgl towards N-ethylmaleimide inactivation. The inactivation of enzyme IIbgl by thiol reagents is also promoted in vivo by fluoride inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis. In toluene-treated bacteria, the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate protects against inactivation by thiol reagents of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside phosphorylation. Both results suggest that the inactivator resistent form of enzyme IIbgl is an energized form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Unmasking of an essential thiol during function of the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphenolpyruvate beta-glucoside phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli. beta-Glucoside transport by phosphoenolpyruvate-hexose phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli is inactivated in vivo by thiol reagents. This inactivation is strongly enhanced by the presence of transported substrates. In a system reconstituted from soluble and membrane-bound components, only the particulate component, the membrane-bound enzyme IIbgl appeared as the target of N-ethylmaleimide inaction. The same feature was found in the case of methyl-alpha-D-glucoside uptake via enzyme IIglc. It is shown that the sensitizing effect of substrates is specific and not generalized, methyl-alpha-D-glucoside only sensitizes enzyme IIglc and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside only sensitizes enzyme IIbgl towards N-ethylmaleimide inactivation. The inactivation of enzyme IIbgl by thiol reagents is also promoted in vivo by fluoride inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis. In toluene-treated bacteria, the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate protects against inactivation by thiol reagents of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside phosphorylation. Both results suggest that the inactivator resistent form of enzyme IIbgl is an energized form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 371680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1314", "title": "Escherichia coli Hfr-DNA degradation in endonuclease I-deficient minicells.", "content": "[3H]Thymidine (dThd)-labelled Hfr DNA was transferred by conjugation into Escherichia coli F- minicells harvested from an endonuclease I-deficient (endI-) strain and its iosgenic wild type (endI+) parent. The susceptibility of this DNA to attack by DNAase was examined. The kinetics of in vivo conversion of [3H]dThd-labelled DNA into acid soluble radioactivity was examined. This activity, attributed to exonuclease action was the same for both strains. Contribution of endonuclease I was measured by an analysis of changes in weight-average (Mw) and number-average (Mn) molecular weight distribution of DNA molecules recovered from minicells. Reduction in Mw was greater in the endI-strain. The ratio Mn/Mw changed drastically during the incubation period of endI- minicells, but remained unchanged in the endI+ strain. These experiments suggest that the presence of the endI- mutation in minicell-producing strain chi1268 leads to a greater loss in M2 of Hfr DNA conjugally transferred into the minicells.", "contents": "Escherichia coli Hfr-DNA degradation in endonuclease I-deficient minicells. [3H]Thymidine (dThd)-labelled Hfr DNA was transferred by conjugation into Escherichia coli F- minicells harvested from an endonuclease I-deficient (endI-) strain and its iosgenic wild type (endI+) parent. The susceptibility of this DNA to attack by DNAase was examined. The kinetics of in vivo conversion of [3H]dThd-labelled DNA into acid soluble radioactivity was examined. This activity, attributed to exonuclease action was the same for both strains. Contribution of endonuclease I was measured by an analysis of changes in weight-average (Mw) and number-average (Mn) molecular weight distribution of DNA molecules recovered from minicells. Reduction in Mw was greater in the endI-strain. The ratio Mn/Mw changed drastically during the incubation period of endI- minicells, but remained unchanged in the endI+ strain. These experiments suggest that the presence of the endI- mutation in minicell-producing strain chi1268 leads to a greater loss in M2 of Hfr DNA conjugally transferred into the minicells.", "PMID": 371681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1315", "title": "Genomic integrity of T1 DNA after gamma-and ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "T1 DNA, gamma-irradiated in the phage particle or irradiated with ultraviolet light was checked for structural integrity by kinetics of melting and reannealing. gamma-Irradiated DNA differed in all thermokinetic properties by a factor of 3-4 from DNA degraded by mechanical or enzymatical treatments. Ultraviolet irradiation caused much smaller effects than gamma-irradiation. Considering the frequency of pyrimidine dimers in relation to the gamma-ray induced lesions, strong evidence can be derived, that in addition to single base damages, local denatured regions are produced by gamma-irradiation. Such regions, formed possibly by direct absorption of radiation energy in DNA, i.e. by primary ionizations, are associated with base lesions and are passed over during reannealing.", "contents": "Genomic integrity of T1 DNA after gamma-and ultraviolet irradiation. T1 DNA, gamma-irradiated in the phage particle or irradiated with ultraviolet light was checked for structural integrity by kinetics of melting and reannealing. gamma-Irradiated DNA differed in all thermokinetic properties by a factor of 3-4 from DNA degraded by mechanical or enzymatical treatments. Ultraviolet irradiation caused much smaller effects than gamma-irradiation. Considering the frequency of pyrimidine dimers in relation to the gamma-ray induced lesions, strong evidence can be derived, that in addition to single base damages, local denatured regions are produced by gamma-irradiation. Such regions, formed possibly by direct absorption of radiation energy in DNA, i.e. by primary ionizations, are associated with base lesions and are passed over during reannealing.", "PMID": 371682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1316", "title": "Inhibition of translation in bacterial and eukaryotic systems by the antibiotic anthelmycin (hikizimycin).", "content": "Anthelmycin inhibits protein synthesis on both pro- and eukaryotic ribosomes by preventing the peptide bond-forming reaction. The drug is structurally similar to certain other 4-aminohexosyl cytosine antibiotics including blasticidin S, gougerotin, amicetin and bamicetin although unlike these compounds anthelmycin lacks an aminoacyl moiety. It is proposed that anthelmycin inhibits the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre by associating with a site that overlaps the (related) ribosomal receptor site(s) for the other four inhibitors.", "contents": "Inhibition of translation in bacterial and eukaryotic systems by the antibiotic anthelmycin (hikizimycin). Anthelmycin inhibits protein synthesis on both pro- and eukaryotic ribosomes by preventing the peptide bond-forming reaction. The drug is structurally similar to certain other 4-aminohexosyl cytosine antibiotics including blasticidin S, gougerotin, amicetin and bamicetin although unlike these compounds anthelmycin lacks an aminoacyl moiety. It is proposed that anthelmycin inhibits the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre by associating with a site that overlaps the (related) ribosomal receptor site(s) for the other four inhibitors.", "PMID": 371683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1317", "title": "A purified nucleoprotein fragment of the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A '13 S' nucleoprotein fragment was isolated from a nuclease digest of Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomal subunits and purified to gel electrophoretic homogeneity. It contained two polynucleotides, of about 1.1 . 10(5) and 2.5 . 10(4) daltons, which separated when the fragment was deproteinized. The major protein components were S4, S7 and S9/11, with S15, S16, S18, S19 and S20 present in reduced amount.", "contents": "A purified nucleoprotein fragment of the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. A '13 S' nucleoprotein fragment was isolated from a nuclease digest of Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomal subunits and purified to gel electrophoretic homogeneity. It contained two polynucleotides, of about 1.1 . 10(5) and 2.5 . 10(4) daltons, which separated when the fragment was deproteinized. The major protein components were S4, S7 and S9/11, with S15, S16, S18, S19 and S20 present in reduced amount.", "PMID": 371684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1318", "title": "S1 nuclease as a probe of yeast ribosomal 5 S RNA conformation.", "content": "5 S RNA was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of 32P-phosphate and digested with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease. Two different procedures were employed to determine the sites of attack on the RNA. First, 5 S RNA was isolated from nuclease S1 digests, digested to completion with ribonuclease T1, and then 'fingerprinted' by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Quantitation of each of the characteristic RNAase T1-derived oligonucleotides was employed to determine the relative susceptibility of various regions of the molecule to nuclease S1. A second procedure to define nuclease S1-susceptible sites in the molecule employed polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic fractionation of nuclease S1 digests followed by identification of the nucleotide sequences of the released RNA fragments. Both procedures showed that the region of the molecule between residues 9 and 60 was most susceptible to nuclease S1, with preferential cleavage occurring between residues 12-25 and 50-60. These results are discussed in relation to a proposed model for the secondary structure of yeast 5 S RNA.", "contents": "S1 nuclease as a probe of yeast ribosomal 5 S RNA conformation. 5 S RNA was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of 32P-phosphate and digested with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease. Two different procedures were employed to determine the sites of attack on the RNA. First, 5 S RNA was isolated from nuclease S1 digests, digested to completion with ribonuclease T1, and then 'fingerprinted' by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Quantitation of each of the characteristic RNAase T1-derived oligonucleotides was employed to determine the relative susceptibility of various regions of the molecule to nuclease S1. A second procedure to define nuclease S1-susceptible sites in the molecule employed polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic fractionation of nuclease S1 digests followed by identification of the nucleotide sequences of the released RNA fragments. Both procedures showed that the region of the molecule between residues 9 and 60 was most susceptible to nuclease S1, with preferential cleavage occurring between residues 12-25 and 50-60. These results are discussed in relation to a proposed model for the secondary structure of yeast 5 S RNA.", "PMID": 371685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1319", "title": "Fatty acid and glycerol labeling of glycerolipids of leukocytes in response to ionophore A23187.", "content": "The effect of divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]linoleic acid and [U-14C]glycerol into glycerolipids of polymorphonulcear leukocytes was examined. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the labeling of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and diacylglycerol by both labeled fatty acids and glycerol. [1-14C]Palmitic acid and [1-14C]linoleic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol was reduced by the presence of the ionophore in the incubation medium, while [U-14C]glycerol labeling of these lipids was not significantly changed under identical conditions. These data reflect that the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is activated, and the acylations of lysophosphatidyl-choline and endogenous diacylglycerol are inhibited in cells incubated with ionophore A23187. External calcium was not required for the ionophore effect on the incorporation of labeled fatty acids and glycerol. It is suggested that the ionophore alters the metabolism of the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of glycerolipids by changing the distribution of intracellular calcium of leukocytes.", "contents": "Fatty acid and glycerol labeling of glycerolipids of leukocytes in response to ionophore A23187. The effect of divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]linoleic acid and [U-14C]glycerol into glycerolipids of polymorphonulcear leukocytes was examined. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the labeling of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and diacylglycerol by both labeled fatty acids and glycerol. [1-14C]Palmitic acid and [1-14C]linoleic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol was reduced by the presence of the ionophore in the incubation medium, while [U-14C]glycerol labeling of these lipids was not significantly changed under identical conditions. These data reflect that the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is activated, and the acylations of lysophosphatidyl-choline and endogenous diacylglycerol are inhibited in cells incubated with ionophore A23187. External calcium was not required for the ionophore effect on the incorporation of labeled fatty acids and glycerol. It is suggested that the ionophore alters the metabolism of the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of glycerolipids by changing the distribution of intracellular calcium of leukocytes.", "PMID": 371686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1320", "title": "Isolation of a thiamine-binding protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Thiamine-binding protein was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by successive procedures of cold osmotic shock treatment, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and ultrafiltration. The purified thiamine-binding protein was an electrophoretically homogeneous molecule which appeared to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 140 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No thiamine-binding protein was observed by disc gel electrophoresis in the shock fluid released from yeast cells grown in the presence of 1 muM thiamine, indicating that the formation of this protein is regulated by exogenous thiamine as previously suggested.", "contents": "Isolation of a thiamine-binding protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thiamine-binding protein was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by successive procedures of cold osmotic shock treatment, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and ultrafiltration. The purified thiamine-binding protein was an electrophoretically homogeneous molecule which appeared to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 140 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No thiamine-binding protein was observed by disc gel electrophoresis in the shock fluid released from yeast cells grown in the presence of 1 muM thiamine, indicating that the formation of this protein is regulated by exogenous thiamine as previously suggested.", "PMID": 371687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1321", "title": "The roles of small ions, especially calcium, in virus disassembly, takeover, and transformation.", "content": "Three related hypotheses are proposed. (1) Many simple viruses disassemble in the act of crossing a membrane, drawing energy from ionic disequilibria across the membrane. (2) Many of the metabolic changes early in virus infection are due to altered ion fluxes across membranes and the consequently altered ion concentrations in cytoplasm. (3) The crucial determinant of the transformed phenotype is also a change in ion concentrations. Ca2+ ions may play a major role in these effects.", "contents": "The roles of small ions, especially calcium, in virus disassembly, takeover, and transformation. Three related hypotheses are proposed. (1) Many simple viruses disassemble in the act of crossing a membrane, drawing energy from ionic disequilibria across the membrane. (2) Many of the metabolic changes early in virus infection are due to altered ion fluxes across membranes and the consequently altered ion concentrations in cytoplasm. (3) The crucial determinant of the transformed phenotype is also a change in ion concentrations. Ca2+ ions may play a major role in these effects.", "PMID": 371688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1322", "title": "Renal transplantation and viral infections. IV. A survey of herpes simplex virus excretion in relation to cellular specific immunity and humoral immunity among renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Fourteen renal transplant recipients were screened systematically for HVH virus infection, cellular and humoral HVH immunity and general cellular immunity evaluated by PHA response. This study demonstrates significant correlation between humoral and cellular responses to HVH before graft and virus isolation after graft. This virus excretion occurred simultaneously with a PHA response peak. Neither significant drops in cellular general or specific HVH immune response nor correlation between acute rejection episode and any studied parameters were observed.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and viral infections. IV. A survey of herpes simplex virus excretion in relation to cellular specific immunity and humoral immunity among renal transplant recipients. Fourteen renal transplant recipients were screened systematically for HVH virus infection, cellular and humoral HVH immunity and general cellular immunity evaluated by PHA response. This study demonstrates significant correlation between humoral and cellular responses to HVH before graft and virus isolation after graft. This virus excretion occurred simultaneously with a PHA response peak. Neither significant drops in cellular general or specific HVH immune response nor correlation between acute rejection episode and any studied parameters were observed.", "PMID": 371689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1323", "title": "Cytostatic therapy-induced vomiting inhibited by domperidone. A double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "A cross-over double-blind trial was conducted in 14 patients (20 double-blind treatment courses) comparing domperidone and placebo in the treatment of vomiting due to intensive cytostatic treatment. Eight ml, containing 16 mg of domperidone or placebo was injected one hour before the start of cytostatic therapy. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated by the investigator and the duration of nausea and vomiting was registered in the majority of the patients. Domperidone was preferred to placebo 13 times, whereas the reverse preference occurred only twice. The duration of both nausea (a median of 11 hours against seven hours) and vomiting (a median of 7 1/2 hours against 6 hours) was shorter with domperidone than with the placebo.", "contents": "Cytostatic therapy-induced vomiting inhibited by domperidone. A double-blind cross-over study. A cross-over double-blind trial was conducted in 14 patients (20 double-blind treatment courses) comparing domperidone and placebo in the treatment of vomiting due to intensive cytostatic treatment. Eight ml, containing 16 mg of domperidone or placebo was injected one hour before the start of cytostatic therapy. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated by the investigator and the duration of nausea and vomiting was registered in the majority of the patients. Domperidone was preferred to placebo 13 times, whereas the reverse preference occurred only twice. The duration of both nausea (a median of 11 hours against seven hours) and vomiting (a median of 7 1/2 hours against 6 hours) was shorter with domperidone than with the placebo.", "PMID": 371690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1324", "title": "Indirect hemagglutination using whole mixed antigen for checking toxoplasmosis immunity and for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis, compared with immunofluorescence.", "content": "The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) is an easy technic for which it is possible to get commercial reactifs. This methode should be used often for the serodepistage of Toxoplasmosis and control of the immunitry anti-toxoplasmosis. We used a technique with total mixed antigen, that was compared with indirect immuno-fluorescence (I.F.I.), for 623 human serums. The I.H.A. was used with sheep formal hematies and coated with glutaraldehyde, with a total mixed antigen prepared from ultra sonicated parasites. This standardised reactive can be kept one year at 4 degrees C. We worked with U well micro-titration plates and the result is obtained after 2 hours. The I.F.I. technique was made with classical methods using Evans blue counter staining. The reproducibility of the I.H.A., during 366 tests was satisfactory. For the control of the immunity anti-toxoplasmic, the results tallied with both methods in more 95% of cases. Lastly, as test of progression, the I.H.A. with total mixed antigen appear an interesting way for the early diagnosis of the Toxoplasmosis where the reaction seems to be positive as soon as I.F.I.", "contents": "Indirect hemagglutination using whole mixed antigen for checking toxoplasmosis immunity and for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis, compared with immunofluorescence. The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) is an easy technic for which it is possible to get commercial reactifs. This methode should be used often for the serodepistage of Toxoplasmosis and control of the immunitry anti-toxoplasmosis. We used a technique with total mixed antigen, that was compared with indirect immuno-fluorescence (I.F.I.), for 623 human serums. The I.H.A. was used with sheep formal hematies and coated with glutaraldehyde, with a total mixed antigen prepared from ultra sonicated parasites. This standardised reactive can be kept one year at 4 degrees C. We worked with U well micro-titration plates and the result is obtained after 2 hours. The I.F.I. technique was made with classical methods using Evans blue counter staining. The reproducibility of the I.H.A., during 366 tests was satisfactory. For the control of the immunity anti-toxoplasmic, the results tallied with both methods in more 95% of cases. Lastly, as test of progression, the I.H.A. with total mixed antigen appear an interesting way for the early diagnosis of the Toxoplasmosis where the reaction seems to be positive as soon as I.F.I.", "PMID": 371691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1325", "title": "Human interferon production with diploid fibroblast cells grown on microcarriers.", "content": "A variety of diploid human fibroblast lines have been successfully grown to high densities (greater than 10(6) cell/ml) on recently developed microcarriers. Interferon induction using poly I.poly C and a superinduction procedure resulted in yields greater than 10,000 units/ml with one cell line. A direct comparison of microcarrier cultures to roller bottle cultures showed equivalent interferon yields on a per cell basis and some apparent differences relating to optimum inducer concentrations and kinetics of interferon accumulation.", "contents": "Human interferon production with diploid fibroblast cells grown on microcarriers. A variety of diploid human fibroblast lines have been successfully grown to high densities (greater than 10(6) cell/ml) on recently developed microcarriers. Interferon induction using poly I.poly C and a superinduction procedure resulted in yields greater than 10,000 units/ml with one cell line. A direct comparison of microcarrier cultures to roller bottle cultures showed equivalent interferon yields on a per cell basis and some apparent differences relating to optimum inducer concentrations and kinetics of interferon accumulation.", "PMID": 371692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1326", "title": "Regulation of differentiation in transformed erythroid cells.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells provide a model for the study of erythropoietic differentiation uncoupled from the normal requirement for erythropoietin for cell proliferation. Evidence is presented which suggests that differentiation-inducing chemicals may have a number of cellular sites of action, including effects at the plasma membrane and on chromatin, but a common pathway may include a transient delay of the cell cycle in G1, alterations in chromatin structure, and the expression of a complex pattern of gene transcription responsible for the program of differentiation.", "contents": "Regulation of differentiation in transformed erythroid cells. Murine erythroleukemia cells provide a model for the study of erythropoietic differentiation uncoupled from the normal requirement for erythropoietin for cell proliferation. Evidence is presented which suggests that differentiation-inducing chemicals may have a number of cellular sites of action, including effects at the plasma membrane and on chromatin, but a common pathway may include a transient delay of the cell cycle in G1, alterations in chromatin structure, and the expression of a complex pattern of gene transcription responsible for the program of differentiation.", "PMID": 371697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1327", "title": "Chronic hypoplastic marrow failure and residual injury.", "content": "An experimental model of chronic marrow failure can be produced in mice by treatment with a short course of busulphan. This results in permanent partial marrow failure which may later progress and become complete. The underlying lesion appears to be stem cell damage which leads to failure of proliferation of stem cells and their progeny. Other drugs can produce the same lesion and alkylation of DNA may be the mechanism.", "contents": "Chronic hypoplastic marrow failure and residual injury. An experimental model of chronic marrow failure can be produced in mice by treatment with a short course of busulphan. This results in permanent partial marrow failure which may later progress and become complete. The underlying lesion appears to be stem cell damage which leads to failure of proliferation of stem cells and their progeny. Other drugs can produce the same lesion and alkylation of DNA may be the mechanism.", "PMID": 371698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1328", "title": "The bgJ/bgJ:W/WV bone marrow chimera. A model for studying stem cell regulation.", "content": "In studies with bgJ/bgJ:W/WV chimeric mice, we used the biege neutrophil marker as a criterion of of W/WV marrow replacement by implanted bgJ/bg/J stem cells. Data from a 50-fold range of inoculum doses and a 2-year period of observation indicate a hyperbolic pattern of replacement expressed as a log dose-response relationship. The saturating effect with increasing inoculum dose was interpreted as reflecting random initial stem cell seeding in bone marrow coupled with a decreasing efficiency of colonization by migration. From the statistics of random sampling and the exponential decrease of the 63% replacement dose with time, we estimate that W/WV marrow contains about 2600 stem cell regulatory volumes of about 10(8) mu3 (50 cell diameters) each, a dimension consistent with concepts of short-range cell-cell interactions. Our observations suggest that each regulatory volume is essentially self-contained and that stem cell migration is generally restricted to contiguous volumes.", "contents": "The bgJ/bgJ:W/WV bone marrow chimera. A model for studying stem cell regulation. In studies with bgJ/bgJ:W/WV chimeric mice, we used the biege neutrophil marker as a criterion of of W/WV marrow replacement by implanted bgJ/bg/J stem cells. Data from a 50-fold range of inoculum doses and a 2-year period of observation indicate a hyperbolic pattern of replacement expressed as a log dose-response relationship. The saturating effect with increasing inoculum dose was interpreted as reflecting random initial stem cell seeding in bone marrow coupled with a decreasing efficiency of colonization by migration. From the statistics of random sampling and the exponential decrease of the 63% replacement dose with time, we estimate that W/WV marrow contains about 2600 stem cell regulatory volumes of about 10(8) mu3 (50 cell diameters) each, a dimension consistent with concepts of short-range cell-cell interactions. Our observations suggest that each regulatory volume is essentially self-contained and that stem cell migration is generally restricted to contiguous volumes.", "PMID": 371699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1329", "title": "Reversibility of hematopoietic stem cell direction (not 'commitment') as influenced by the microenvironment.", "content": "The 7-day colony types (E vs. G) formed in irradiated recipient spleens and bones by donor cells from adult bone marrow and spleen and early fetal liver were examined. Both direct and sequential transplant (retransplantation shortly after lodgment) experiments were carried out. It was found that recipient spleen receiving donor bone marrow, spleen or fetal liver developed significantly higher E/G ratios in that order, but that the E/G for colonies in recipient bones remained around 1. This led to the following conclusions concerning differences in the proportion of E or G colonies formed in recipient spleens and bones: (1) selective lodgment of 'committed' CFU-S does not occur; (2) selected repression or stimulation of 'committed' CFU-S does not occur; and (3) the findings are best explained by a condition of reversible directedness present in many or all transplantable pluripotent stem cells.", "contents": "Reversibility of hematopoietic stem cell direction (not 'commitment') as influenced by the microenvironment. The 7-day colony types (E vs. G) formed in irradiated recipient spleens and bones by donor cells from adult bone marrow and spleen and early fetal liver were examined. Both direct and sequential transplant (retransplantation shortly after lodgment) experiments were carried out. It was found that recipient spleen receiving donor bone marrow, spleen or fetal liver developed significantly higher E/G ratios in that order, but that the E/G for colonies in recipient bones remained around 1. This led to the following conclusions concerning differences in the proportion of E or G colonies formed in recipient spleens and bones: (1) selective lodgment of 'committed' CFU-S does not occur; (2) selected repression or stimulation of 'committed' CFU-S does not occur; and (3) the findings are best explained by a condition of reversible directedness present in many or all transplantable pluripotent stem cells.", "PMID": 371700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1330", "title": "Analysis of erythropoiesis by erythroid colony formation in culture.", "content": "The development of clonal assays for hemopoietic progenitors has provided new tools for the analysis of normal and abnormal cell regulation. Such assays have been applied to erythropoiesis and have demonstrated classes of precursors which differ significantly in their growth potential, physical characteristics, and sensitivity to the hormone, erythropoietin. A formal geneology of these classes has been established and insight into the factors that regulate the numbers of the classes provided by studies in anemic and polycythemic animals. The results suggest that commitment to the earliest erythroid progenitors recognizable in culture is not controlled by erythropoietin, whereas the most differentiated elements demonstrate a requirement for the hormone for their maintenance. Recognition of differences in the factors that control erythroid differentiation predict that a variety of mechanisms will be found to account for different forms of erythroid failure in man.", "contents": "Analysis of erythropoiesis by erythroid colony formation in culture. The development of clonal assays for hemopoietic progenitors has provided new tools for the analysis of normal and abnormal cell regulation. Such assays have been applied to erythropoiesis and have demonstrated classes of precursors which differ significantly in their growth potential, physical characteristics, and sensitivity to the hormone, erythropoietin. A formal geneology of these classes has been established and insight into the factors that regulate the numbers of the classes provided by studies in anemic and polycythemic animals. The results suggest that commitment to the earliest erythroid progenitors recognizable in culture is not controlled by erythropoietin, whereas the most differentiated elements demonstrate a requirement for the hormone for their maintenance. Recognition of differences in the factors that control erythroid differentiation predict that a variety of mechanisms will be found to account for different forms of erythroid failure in man.", "PMID": 371701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1331", "title": "Frequency-dependent control of nutritional and nonnutritional circuits in the dog paw.", "content": "The neural control of blood flow and volume distribution between parallel nutritional and nonnutritional circuits has been investigated in 13 vascularly and neurally isolated dog hindpaws. The superficial and deep fibular nerves and the tibial nerve were cut and individually stimulated at frequencies of 0.1, 1, 5, 10 and 15 Hz. Increasing stimulation rates to each nerve progressively increased blood flow resistance. Vascular volume changes were determined by indicator dilution and tissue volume changes by plethysmography. The permeability surface area product of 86Rb (PS) and the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) were determined. Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve stimulations caused progressively increased nonnutritional circuit constriction with increasing stimulation frequencies resulting in blood flow redistribution to the nutritional circuit as evidenced by increasing PS and CFC values. Tibial nerve stimulation at 0.1 Hz caused nonnutritional circuit constriction and blood flow redistribution to the nutritional circuit (PS and CFC increased). As the stimulation frequency was increased, there was progressive increase of the nutritional circuit constriction and altered blood flow distribution; i.e., CFC and PS decreased with increasing frequency of stimulation, presumably due to predominantly arterial segment resistance increase.", "contents": "Frequency-dependent control of nutritional and nonnutritional circuits in the dog paw. The neural control of blood flow and volume distribution between parallel nutritional and nonnutritional circuits has been investigated in 13 vascularly and neurally isolated dog hindpaws. The superficial and deep fibular nerves and the tibial nerve were cut and individually stimulated at frequencies of 0.1, 1, 5, 10 and 15 Hz. Increasing stimulation rates to each nerve progressively increased blood flow resistance. Vascular volume changes were determined by indicator dilution and tissue volume changes by plethysmography. The permeability surface area product of 86Rb (PS) and the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) were determined. Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve stimulations caused progressively increased nonnutritional circuit constriction with increasing stimulation frequencies resulting in blood flow redistribution to the nutritional circuit as evidenced by increasing PS and CFC values. Tibial nerve stimulation at 0.1 Hz caused nonnutritional circuit constriction and blood flow redistribution to the nutritional circuit (PS and CFC increased). As the stimulation frequency was increased, there was progressive increase of the nutritional circuit constriction and altered blood flow distribution; i.e., CFC and PS decreased with increasing frequency of stimulation, presumably due to predominantly arterial segment resistance increase.", "PMID": 371702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1332", "title": "[History of anatomy in Lyon].", "content": "1. We know very little concerning the teaching of anatomy during the Middle Ages. Only two authors, who both came to live in Lyon, Lanfranc and Guy de Chauliac, wrote on the subject. On the other hand, the important development of printing in Lyon from the sixteenth century onwards, made it possible to spread the translations of classic works and most of the books on Anatomy of the Renaissance. 2. However, Lyonese Anatomy developed very slowly because hospital training was more often badly organized. The only true supporter of Anatomy has been Marc Antoine Petit, chief surgeon of the H\u00f4tel-Dieu before the French Revolution. 3. Apart from the parallel but only transient teaching of the Royal College of Surgery, one will have to wait for the creation of an official teaching first assumed by \"schools\" (secondary school and preparatory school) and finally by the Faculty of Medicine created in 1877. The names of Testut and of Latarjet contributed to the reknown of the Faculty of Medicine by their anatomical studies of great value for several generations of students. 4. Recently the Faculty of Medicine has been divided into four \"universities\". The new buildings are larger. The \"gift of corpses\" has brought a remedy to the shortage of the last twenty years. Anatomical research can be pursued thanks to micro-anatomy and bio-mechanics while conventional teaching is completed by dissection.", "contents": "[History of anatomy in Lyon]. 1. We know very little concerning the teaching of anatomy during the Middle Ages. Only two authors, who both came to live in Lyon, Lanfranc and Guy de Chauliac, wrote on the subject. On the other hand, the important development of printing in Lyon from the sixteenth century onwards, made it possible to spread the translations of classic works and most of the books on Anatomy of the Renaissance. 2. However, Lyonese Anatomy developed very slowly because hospital training was more often badly organized. The only true supporter of Anatomy has been Marc Antoine Petit, chief surgeon of the H\u00f4tel-Dieu before the French Revolution. 3. Apart from the parallel but only transient teaching of the Royal College of Surgery, one will have to wait for the creation of an official teaching first assumed by \"schools\" (secondary school and preparatory school) and finally by the Faculty of Medicine created in 1877. The names of Testut and of Latarjet contributed to the reknown of the Faculty of Medicine by their anatomical studies of great value for several generations of students. 4. Recently the Faculty of Medicine has been divided into four \"universities\". The new buildings are larger. The \"gift of corpses\" has brought a remedy to the shortage of the last twenty years. Anatomical research can be pursued thanks to micro-anatomy and bio-mechanics while conventional teaching is completed by dissection.", "PMID": 371703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1333", "title": "[Phase contrast microscopy studies of the urine of newborn infants].", "content": "Phase contrast microscopy allows a much better identification of the urinary sediment constituents than conventional bright field microscopy. The urinary sediment of 100 neonates admitted in a care unit has been examined by phase contrast microscopy. In all cases, squamous cells are far more numerous in newborn girls than in boys. An important rate of abnormal sediments has been observed: in 40 patients cytologic symptoms of renal ischaemia have been observed (hyaline or granulous casts and renal tubular cells, but red blood cells are uncommon). Numerous uric acid cristals were persent in 22 newborns, in correlation with a prolonged perinatal hypoxia. A considerable bacteriuria was seen in 21 neonates, without concomitant leucocyturia. In conclusion, only 20% of the investigated neonates had a normal urinary sediment.", "contents": "[Phase contrast microscopy studies of the urine of newborn infants]. Phase contrast microscopy allows a much better identification of the urinary sediment constituents than conventional bright field microscopy. The urinary sediment of 100 neonates admitted in a care unit has been examined by phase contrast microscopy. In all cases, squamous cells are far more numerous in newborn girls than in boys. An important rate of abnormal sediments has been observed: in 40 patients cytologic symptoms of renal ischaemia have been observed (hyaline or granulous casts and renal tubular cells, but red blood cells are uncommon). Numerous uric acid cristals were persent in 22 newborns, in correlation with a prolonged perinatal hypoxia. A considerable bacteriuria was seen in 21 neonates, without concomitant leucocyturia. In conclusion, only 20% of the investigated neonates had a normal urinary sediment.", "PMID": 371704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1334", "title": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation and cancer: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Research in the kinetics of cell proliferation directly interests oncologists for fundamental and pragmatic reasons. Since cancer is a perturbation of the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, such research may help to understand, the regulation mechanisms, in particular the role of microenvironment, of long range humoral factors, and of membrane site receptors. Furthermore the kinetics of cell proliferation in a normal tissue, or a tumour, influences its response to radiation or drugs. From this evolves the practical interest in research on hemopoietic tissues and on human and experimental tumors. Finally, the growth kinetics of human tumors explain their natural history and opens prospects for the treatment of intraclinical neoplastic disease and metastasis.", "contents": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation and cancer: introduction (author's transl)]. Research in the kinetics of cell proliferation directly interests oncologists for fundamental and pragmatic reasons. Since cancer is a perturbation of the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, such research may help to understand, the regulation mechanisms, in particular the role of microenvironment, of long range humoral factors, and of membrane site receptors. Furthermore the kinetics of cell proliferation in a normal tissue, or a tumour, influences its response to radiation or drugs. From this evolves the practical interest in research on hemopoietic tissues and on human and experimental tumors. Finally, the growth kinetics of human tumors explain their natural history and opens prospects for the treatment of intraclinical neoplastic disease and metastasis.", "PMID": 371706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1335", "title": "In vitro cloning of hemopoietic cells.", "content": "Semisolid cloning systems are now available to detect the specific progenitor cells of neutrophilmacrophages, eosinophils, megakaryocytes and erythroid cells. Colony proliferation in vitro with the production of mature progeny requires stimulation by glycoprotein regulators specific for each hemopoietic class. Two of these, erythropoietin and GM-CSF have been purified. A new cloning system has been developed using spleen conditioned medium that detects multipotential hemopoietic cells in the mouse.", "contents": "In vitro cloning of hemopoietic cells. Semisolid cloning systems are now available to detect the specific progenitor cells of neutrophilmacrophages, eosinophils, megakaryocytes and erythroid cells. Colony proliferation in vitro with the production of mature progeny requires stimulation by glycoprotein regulators specific for each hemopoietic class. Two of these, erythropoietin and GM-CSF have been purified. A new cloning system has been developed using spleen conditioned medium that detects multipotential hemopoietic cells in the mouse.", "PMID": 371707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1336", "title": "Clonal expansion and progression in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "Diseaes originating in pluripotent stem cells, then developing through clonal expansion and clonal progression may properly be grouped together because of their common features. Among these, AML appears to be unique by reason of the presence within the clone of a blast cell population. Studies of cellular composition and regulation in AML clones require assays that measure not only myelopoiesis but also blast cell proliferation. The relation of the blast population to other components of AML clones remains uncertain. Resolution of the uncertainty is important in considering therapeutic strategies.", "contents": "Clonal expansion and progression in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Diseaes originating in pluripotent stem cells, then developing through clonal expansion and clonal progression may properly be grouped together because of their common features. Among these, AML appears to be unique by reason of the presence within the clone of a blast cell population. Studies of cellular composition and regulation in AML clones require assays that measure not only myelopoiesis but also blast cell proliferation. The relation of the blast population to other components of AML clones remains uncertain. Resolution of the uncertainty is important in considering therapeutic strategies.", "PMID": 371708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1337", "title": "The growth and therapeutic response of human tumours in immune deficient mice.", "content": "The development of techniques for growing human tumours in immune-deficient mice is reviewed. In a compilation of success-rates in grafting a series of types of human tumour into a variety of recipients there is evidence for different levels of success among the tumour types but little firm information on the comparative receptivity of different hosts. Adenocarcinomas, particularly of the colon, have done well, as have melanomas and some tumours of the nervous system. Breast carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and various sarcomas have transplanted poorly. Human tumour xenografts have been found to maintain the histological characteristics of the parent tumour and in some cases hormone production and hormone dependance have also been maintained. Evidence is accumulating on the maintainance of therapeutic sensitivity of the tumours.", "contents": "The growth and therapeutic response of human tumours in immune deficient mice. The development of techniques for growing human tumours in immune-deficient mice is reviewed. In a compilation of success-rates in grafting a series of types of human tumour into a variety of recipients there is evidence for different levels of success among the tumour types but little firm information on the comparative receptivity of different hosts. Adenocarcinomas, particularly of the colon, have done well, as have melanomas and some tumours of the nervous system. Breast carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and various sarcomas have transplanted poorly. Human tumour xenografts have been found to maintain the histological characteristics of the parent tumour and in some cases hormone production and hormone dependance have also been maintained. Evidence is accumulating on the maintainance of therapeutic sensitivity of the tumours.", "PMID": 371709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1338", "title": "Use of on-line bibliographic retrieval services in health sciences libraries in the United States and Canada.", "content": "This paper reports the major findings of a questionnaire sent to the 708 U. S. and Canadian institutions which were using the National Library of Medicine's search services as of November 1977. Development of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) on-line network is traced characterizes type of institution, use of NLM and non-NLM data bases, operational service patterns, staffing levels, fee-for-service policies, and perceived impact.", "contents": "Use of on-line bibliographic retrieval services in health sciences libraries in the United States and Canada. This paper reports the major findings of a questionnaire sent to the 708 U. S. and Canadian institutions which were using the National Library of Medicine's search services as of November 1977. Development of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) on-line network is traced characterizes type of institution, use of NLM and non-NLM data bases, operational service patterns, staffing levels, fee-for-service policies, and perceived impact.", "PMID": 371720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1339", "title": "Searching the MEDLARS file on NLM and BRS a comparative study.", "content": "A comparison of the MEDLARS data base as it is currently available from the National Library of Medicine and Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS), Inc., is presented in chart format, and some major capability differences between the two systems are highlighted. The information inlcuded justifies the dual availability of the data base in health sciences libraries. This paper is intended for searchers and others familiar with one or both systems. Administrators considering the acquisition of the BRS system may find the study useful.", "contents": "Searching the MEDLARS file on NLM and BRS a comparative study. A comparison of the MEDLARS data base as it is currently available from the National Library of Medicine and Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS), Inc., is presented in chart format, and some major capability differences between the two systems are highlighted. The information inlcuded justifies the dual availability of the data base in health sciences libraries. This paper is intended for searchers and others familiar with one or both systems. Administrators considering the acquisition of the BRS system may find the study useful.", "PMID": 371721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1340", "title": "Training at the postgraduate level for medical librarians: a review.", "content": "Postgraduate education for medical librarians is approachable from several perspectives, including internships, certificate programs, and continuing education programs. The diverse population of medical library personnel calls for a varied yet coordinated system of postgraduate education involving the Medical Library Association, regional medical libraries, library schools, and the National Library of Medical, in addition to active participation by all librarians in the health sciences field. Basic philosophies for each of the major types of programs are discussed and recommendations for future training of health sciences librarians are provided.", "contents": "Training at the postgraduate level for medical librarians: a review. Postgraduate education for medical librarians is approachable from several perspectives, including internships, certificate programs, and continuing education programs. The diverse population of medical library personnel calls for a varied yet coordinated system of postgraduate education involving the Medical Library Association, regional medical libraries, library schools, and the National Library of Medical, in addition to active participation by all librarians in the health sciences field. Basic philosophies for each of the major types of programs are discussed and recommendations for future training of health sciences librarians are provided.", "PMID": 371722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1341", "title": "Foreign material in the capsules around breast prostheses and the cellular reaction to it.", "content": "Thirteen capsules which had formed around breast prostheses were examined, using the technique of splitting the capsule wall. A foreign material in droplet form was present in all the capsules. The foreign material was taken up by phagocytes, and the cytological evidence is that it has cytotoxic activity. It was shown that the material migrates to the vessels in the outer layer of the capsule and may reach the lumen of those vessels. On the basis of the microscopic appearance and the results of infrared spectrum analysis, the foreign material in the capsules was assumed to be silicone.", "contents": "Foreign material in the capsules around breast prostheses and the cellular reaction to it. Thirteen capsules which had formed around breast prostheses were examined, using the technique of splitting the capsule wall. A foreign material in droplet form was present in all the capsules. The foreign material was taken up by phagocytes, and the cytological evidence is that it has cytotoxic activity. It was shown that the material migrates to the vessels in the outer layer of the capsule and may reach the lumen of those vessels. On the basis of the microscopic appearance and the results of infrared spectrum analysis, the foreign material in the capsules was assumed to be silicone.", "PMID": 371727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1342", "title": "Prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin I2 and the vascular changes of inflammation.", "content": "1. Plasma exudation and blood flow changes induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), I2 (PG12), D2 (PGD2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were measured in rabbit dorsal skin by the use of [131I]-albumin and 133Xe. 2. Little plasma exudation was produced by any of the prostaglandins when injected alone. 3. Both PGE2 and PGI2 were potent at increasing blood flow, whereas PGF2 alpha and PGD2 produced an increase only at high doses. 4. All of the prostaglandins studied potentiated the plasma exudation induced by bradykinin. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potent potentiating activity, whereas PGD2 and PGF2 alpha had activity at doses too high to be of biological significance. 5. Intradermal injections of arachidonate alone resulted in little plasma exudation but produced an increase in blood flow. Arachidonate potentiated bradykinin-induced plasma exudation. 6. Locally-injected indomethacin had no effect on basal blood flow and little effect on the exudation produced by bradykinin, but indomethacin did inhibit the vasodilatation and exudation potentiation produced by arachidonate. 7. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potency in producing marked potentiation of plasma exudation induced by intradermal injection of zymosan. 8. In the reaction to zymosan, it is concluded that vasodilatation is the result of the release of arachidonate, which is subsequently coverted to either PGE2 or PGI2. These substances regulate the plasma exudation induced by independently-released vascular permeability-increasing mediators.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin I2 and the vascular changes of inflammation. 1. Plasma exudation and blood flow changes induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), I2 (PG12), D2 (PGD2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were measured in rabbit dorsal skin by the use of [131I]-albumin and 133Xe. 2. Little plasma exudation was produced by any of the prostaglandins when injected alone. 3. Both PGE2 and PGI2 were potent at increasing blood flow, whereas PGF2 alpha and PGD2 produced an increase only at high doses. 4. All of the prostaglandins studied potentiated the plasma exudation induced by bradykinin. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potent potentiating activity, whereas PGD2 and PGF2 alpha had activity at doses too high to be of biological significance. 5. Intradermal injections of arachidonate alone resulted in little plasma exudation but produced an increase in blood flow. Arachidonate potentiated bradykinin-induced plasma exudation. 6. Locally-injected indomethacin had no effect on basal blood flow and little effect on the exudation produced by bradykinin, but indomethacin did inhibit the vasodilatation and exudation potentiation produced by arachidonate. 7. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potency in producing marked potentiation of plasma exudation induced by intradermal injection of zymosan. 8. In the reaction to zymosan, it is concluded that vasodilatation is the result of the release of arachidonate, which is subsequently coverted to either PGE2 or PGI2. These substances regulate the plasma exudation induced by independently-released vascular permeability-increasing mediators.", "PMID": 371730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1343", "title": "Pain in peripheral arteriography-a comparison of a low osmolality contrast medium with a conventional compound.", "content": "The pain reaction to a new low osmolality contrast agent, sodium-methyl-glucamine-ioxaglate, in comparison to the conventional compound methylglucamine-ioxitalamate was tested and statistically evaluated in 12 patients using the visual analogue scale method. The intensity of pain experienced was significantly smaller following intra-arterial injection of the compound of low osmolality as compared to the conventional contrast agent.", "contents": "Pain in peripheral arteriography-a comparison of a low osmolality contrast medium with a conventional compound. The pain reaction to a new low osmolality contrast agent, sodium-methyl-glucamine-ioxaglate, in comparison to the conventional compound methylglucamine-ioxitalamate was tested and statistically evaluated in 12 patients using the visual analogue scale method. The intensity of pain experienced was significantly smaller following intra-arterial injection of the compound of low osmolality as compared to the conventional contrast agent.", "PMID": 371733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1344", "title": "Radiation effects on pre-natal development and their radiological significance.", "content": "The evidence relating to pre-natal radiation exposure and the subsequent occurrence of malformations and cancer suggests that the overall risk lies in the range 0--1 cases per 1000 irradiated by one rad in utero in the first four months of pregnancy. The natural level of occurrence of serious handicaps in average pregnancies is at least 30 times higher. Is the much lower probability of radiation-induced harm sufficiently high to justify (a) concern when a woman who has been irradiated is found to have been pregnant at that time, or (b) the maintenance of restrictions on medical uses of ionizing radiation in women in the reproductive age, such as the ten day rule?", "contents": "Radiation effects on pre-natal development and their radiological significance. The evidence relating to pre-natal radiation exposure and the subsequent occurrence of malformations and cancer suggests that the overall risk lies in the range 0--1 cases per 1000 irradiated by one rad in utero in the first four months of pregnancy. The natural level of occurrence of serious handicaps in average pregnancies is at least 30 times higher. Is the much lower probability of radiation-induced harm sufficiently high to justify (a) concern when a woman who has been irradiated is found to have been pregnant at that time, or (b) the maintenance of restrictions on medical uses of ionizing radiation in women in the reproductive age, such as the ten day rule?", "PMID": 371736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1345", "title": "A prospective randomized trial of vagotomy in chronic duodenal ulceration.", "content": "In a prospective, randomized trial, 76 patients with duodenal ulceration treated by truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty were compared with 77 patients who underwent highly selective vagotomy. A total of 149 patients was followed up for from 1 to 4 years, the average follow-up period being 2.6 years. There was no operative mortality and no significant difference in postoperative morbidity between the two groups. The incidence of recurrent ulceration was greater after highly selective vagotomy, but this difference was not statistically significant. The clinical results were comparable in each group, and although the incidence of diarrhoea and dumping was greater after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, this difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "A prospective randomized trial of vagotomy in chronic duodenal ulceration. In a prospective, randomized trial, 76 patients with duodenal ulceration treated by truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty were compared with 77 patients who underwent highly selective vagotomy. A total of 149 patients was followed up for from 1 to 4 years, the average follow-up period being 2.6 years. There was no operative mortality and no significant difference in postoperative morbidity between the two groups. The incidence of recurrent ulceration was greater after highly selective vagotomy, but this difference was not statistically significant. The clinical results were comparable in each group, and although the incidence of diarrhoea and dumping was greater after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, this difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 371737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1346", "title": "Interrelations between serum gastrin levels, gastric emptying and acid output before and after proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy.", "content": "In a prospective study of proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy measurements were made, before and after operation, of acid output, gastrin output and gastric emptying of a solid and a liquid meat extract meal. No relationships were demonstrable between acid output and gastrin output. Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy (TVA) produced rapid early emptying of both meals combined with gross prolongation of the overall emptying of the solid meal. Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy reduced the intergrated gastrin output after either meal. Proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) produced rapid early emptying of the liquid meal with no alteration in the early emptying of the solid meal; however, overall solid meal emptying was delayed. Proximal gastric vagotomy increased basal, peak and integrated gastrin output. In preoperative patients slow solid meal emptying was associated with higher gastrin output but after PGV the reverse was found, the slowest emptiers having the lowest gastrin output. These findings do not support the contention that a pyloroplasty should be added to PGV to reduce the hypergastrinaemia produced by the operation.", "contents": "Interrelations between serum gastrin levels, gastric emptying and acid output before and after proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. In a prospective study of proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy measurements were made, before and after operation, of acid output, gastrin output and gastric emptying of a solid and a liquid meat extract meal. No relationships were demonstrable between acid output and gastrin output. Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy (TVA) produced rapid early emptying of both meals combined with gross prolongation of the overall emptying of the solid meal. Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy reduced the intergrated gastrin output after either meal. Proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) produced rapid early emptying of the liquid meal with no alteration in the early emptying of the solid meal; however, overall solid meal emptying was delayed. Proximal gastric vagotomy increased basal, peak and integrated gastrin output. In preoperative patients slow solid meal emptying was associated with higher gastrin output but after PGV the reverse was found, the slowest emptiers having the lowest gastrin output. These findings do not support the contention that a pyloroplasty should be added to PGV to reduce the hypergastrinaemia produced by the operation.", "PMID": 371738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1347", "title": "Scalp and cranial substitution with autotransplanted greater omentum using microvascular anastomosis.", "content": "A case is described whereby a large defect of scalp and cranium was successfully covered using autotransplanted greater omentum, revascularized by microsurgical techniques.", "contents": "Scalp and cranial substitution with autotransplanted greater omentum using microvascular anastomosis. A case is described whereby a large defect of scalp and cranium was successfully covered using autotransplanted greater omentum, revascularized by microsurgical techniques.", "PMID": 371739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1348", "title": "Randomized controlled trial of cefuroxime for established postoperative respiratory infection.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial has investigated the value of cefuroxime (a new antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase) in 80 patients with established postoperative respiratory infection. Although the majority of respiratory isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime, there was no significant advantage in the antibiotic group compared with the controls with respect to duration of fever, radiological abnormality or infected sputum. We conclude that antibiotics are rarely necessary for the majority of patients who develop postoperative respiratory infections.", "contents": "Randomized controlled trial of cefuroxime for established postoperative respiratory infection. A randomized controlled trial has investigated the value of cefuroxime (a new antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase) in 80 patients with established postoperative respiratory infection. Although the majority of respiratory isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime, there was no significant advantage in the antibiotic group compared with the controls with respect to duration of fever, radiological abnormality or infected sputum. We conclude that antibiotics are rarely necessary for the majority of patients who develop postoperative respiratory infections.", "PMID": 371741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1349", "title": "The use of metronidazole in the preparation of the bowel for surgery.", "content": "A randomized trial was carried out in 120 patients undergoing colonic surgery mainly for carcinoma. Sixty-one patients received metronidazole and Thalazole and 59 received Thalazole alone. Sepsis occurred in 8 (13.1 per cent) of the 61 patients who received metronidazole, compared with 29 (49.2 per cent) of 59 patients who received only Thalazole. Of the 8 patients with sepsis who received metronidazole, none had infection due to anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "The use of metronidazole in the preparation of the bowel for surgery. A randomized trial was carried out in 120 patients undergoing colonic surgery mainly for carcinoma. Sixty-one patients received metronidazole and Thalazole and 59 received Thalazole alone. Sepsis occurred in 8 (13.1 per cent) of the 61 patients who received metronidazole, compared with 29 (49.2 per cent) of 59 patients who received only Thalazole. Of the 8 patients with sepsis who received metronidazole, none had infection due to anaerobic organisms.", "PMID": 371742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1350", "title": "One-dose antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy: a randomized trial of clindamycin, cefazolin sodium and a placebo.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty patients were admitted to a prospective randomized trial of single dosage prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy. There were 12 exclusions, 72 patients received placebo, 81 received 600 mg i.m. clindamycin phosphate and 85 received 1 1 g i.m. cefazolin sodium, the agent being given in the anaesthetic room. Clindamycin produced a significant reduction in the overall rate of wound infection from 33 per cent in the controls to 17 per cent. In cases with a gangrenous or perforated appendix the infection rate in controls was 78 per cent; this was reduced to 44 per cent by a single dose of clindamycin. Cefazolin significantly reduced the number of aerobic organisms isolated from wound infections, but did not significantly reduce the incidence of wound infection. We conclude that anaerobic organisms are more important than faecal aerobic organisms in the pathogenesis of wound infection after appendicectomy.", "contents": "One-dose antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy: a randomized trial of clindamycin, cefazolin sodium and a placebo. Two hundred and fifty patients were admitted to a prospective randomized trial of single dosage prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy. There were 12 exclusions, 72 patients received placebo, 81 received 600 mg i.m. clindamycin phosphate and 85 received 1 1 g i.m. cefazolin sodium, the agent being given in the anaesthetic room. Clindamycin produced a significant reduction in the overall rate of wound infection from 33 per cent in the controls to 17 per cent. In cases with a gangrenous or perforated appendix the infection rate in controls was 78 per cent; this was reduced to 44 per cent by a single dose of clindamycin. Cefazolin significantly reduced the number of aerobic organisms isolated from wound infections, but did not significantly reduce the incidence of wound infection. We conclude that anaerobic organisms are more important than faecal aerobic organisms in the pathogenesis of wound infection after appendicectomy.", "PMID": 371743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1351", "title": "Diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women.", "content": "The results of Gram stains and cultures from 145 women with uncomplicated ano-genital gonorrhoea are presented. The site which gave the highest yield of gonococci was the cervix. Equally good results were obtained with Stuart's transport medium and direct plating in the clinic. Positive results from rectal specimens alone were obtained from 8.4% of the 119 women in whom the rectum was examined. In 89 women the results of rectal specimens taken through a proctoscope were compared with those of swabs passed blindly up the anal canal. When Stuart's transport medium was used swabs taken through a proctoscope gave better results than the swabs taken blindly; the latter gave more positive results when direct plating was used. Thus when Stuart's medium is used a proctoscope is essential for the collection of rectal samples. Up to three sets of investigations were carried out where necessary, but 95% of the 145 cases were diagnosed on the results of the first set. However, only 54% of those patients diagnosed at their first visit had positive Gram-stain results. Further refinement of culture results is unlikely to improve diagnostic yield; what is needed is better, rapid diagnosis in the clinic.", "contents": "Diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women. The results of Gram stains and cultures from 145 women with uncomplicated ano-genital gonorrhoea are presented. The site which gave the highest yield of gonococci was the cervix. Equally good results were obtained with Stuart's transport medium and direct plating in the clinic. Positive results from rectal specimens alone were obtained from 8.4% of the 119 women in whom the rectum was examined. In 89 women the results of rectal specimens taken through a proctoscope were compared with those of swabs passed blindly up the anal canal. When Stuart's transport medium was used swabs taken through a proctoscope gave better results than the swabs taken blindly; the latter gave more positive results when direct plating was used. Thus when Stuart's medium is used a proctoscope is essential for the collection of rectal samples. Up to three sets of investigations were carried out where necessary, but 95% of the 145 cases were diagnosed on the results of the first set. However, only 54% of those patients diagnosed at their first visit had positive Gram-stain results. Further refinement of culture results is unlikely to improve diagnostic yield; what is needed is better, rapid diagnosis in the clinic.", "PMID": 371745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1352", "title": "Treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with rifampicin as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "The results of a double-blind therapeutic trial on 217 men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) show that minocycline was more effective than rifampicin. Before treatment Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 43% of men, Ureaplasma urealyticum from 59%, and Mycoplasma hominis from 22%. Chlamydiae and ureaplasmas were isolated less frequently from men with a recent history of NGU. Minocycline was given to 94 patients, and after treatment chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 40 initially chlamydia-positive patients and ureaplasmas from only five of 57 initially ureaplasma-positive patients. Although most patients responded clinically, failure and partial recovery rather than complete recovery were observed more often among those who were infected with ureaplasmas. Rifampicin was given to 123 patients, after which chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 53 initially chlamydia-positive men whereas ureaplasmas, insensitive to the antibiotic in vitro, were isolated from 55 of 68 men who had initially positive results. Patients infected with ureaplasmas failed to respond to rifampicin treatment significantly more often than those who were not infected. This was also observed when only patients who had never had NGU or who had not had a recent episode were considered. Furthermore, 24 (44%) of the 55 men whose ureaplasmas persisted failed to recover whereas only one (7\u00b77%) of 13 men whose ureaplasmas disappeared did not respond to treatment. These results suggested that ureaplasmas were a cause of urethritis in some of the men (an estimated 10% at least). In addition, Reiter's disease developed in two men treated with rifampicin from whom only ureaplasmas had been isolated initially. M. hominis did not seem to have an important pathogenic role in NGU and there was evidence that ureaplasmas were an unlikely cause of urethritis in some men since the organisms persisted despite complete clinical recovery.", "contents": "Treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with rifampicin as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The results of a double-blind therapeutic trial on 217 men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) show that minocycline was more effective than rifampicin. Before treatment Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 43% of men, Ureaplasma urealyticum from 59%, and Mycoplasma hominis from 22%. Chlamydiae and ureaplasmas were isolated less frequently from men with a recent history of NGU. Minocycline was given to 94 patients, and after treatment chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 40 initially chlamydia-positive patients and ureaplasmas from only five of 57 initially ureaplasma-positive patients. Although most patients responded clinically, failure and partial recovery rather than complete recovery were observed more often among those who were infected with ureaplasmas. Rifampicin was given to 123 patients, after which chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 53 initially chlamydia-positive men whereas ureaplasmas, insensitive to the antibiotic in vitro, were isolated from 55 of 68 men who had initially positive results. Patients infected with ureaplasmas failed to respond to rifampicin treatment significantly more often than those who were not infected. This was also observed when only patients who had never had NGU or who had not had a recent episode were considered. Furthermore, 24 (44%) of the 55 men whose ureaplasmas persisted failed to recover whereas only one (7\u00b77%) of 13 men whose ureaplasmas disappeared did not respond to treatment. These results suggested that ureaplasmas were a cause of urethritis in some of the men (an estimated 10% at least). In addition, Reiter's disease developed in two men treated with rifampicin from whom only ureaplasmas had been isolated initially. M. hominis did not seem to have an important pathogenic role in NGU and there was evidence that ureaplasmas were an unlikely cause of urethritis in some men since the organisms persisted despite complete clinical recovery.", "PMID": 371746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1353", "title": "A rose by any other name... on 'naming of neurones' by Rowe and Stone.", "content": "Rowe and Stone dispose of descriptive terminologies for retinal units as 'essentialist' and argue for a 'neutral' multifactorial system redefined from previous W, X. Y nomenclatures. It is argued here that descriptive terminology need not be either essentialist or undesirable and that the W, X, Y terminology is too confused with false associations to be satisfactory. The synthetic power of the W, X, Y nomenclature was lost with the discovery of concentric W cell receptive fields, the projection of the W cells to the LGN and the suggestion of overlap between X and W conduction velocity groups. It was made methodologically unsound by its employment for the naming of Nissl stained soma classes before the identity of individual somas with the physiological entities can be demonstrated. Although now redefined, the identity of symbols in the several vintages of the W, X, Y system leads to inevitable confusion. The current tripartite division of a multidimensional quality space without cluster analysis is not neutral because it emphasises conduction velocity but represses the diversity of W receptive fields. The concise, apt and memorable descriptive receptive field terminologies are more desirable in that they are operationally based and approximate the unit's transfer function--the parameter most significant to the central nervous system in its information processing task; thus they are more suited for cross species comparison because of a probably bountiful source of functional hypotheses. The lack of taxonomic neutrality in the W, X, Y system has recently been emphasised by its failure to adequately classify rabbit retinal receptive field categories.", "contents": "A rose by any other name... on 'naming of neurones' by Rowe and Stone. Rowe and Stone dispose of descriptive terminologies for retinal units as 'essentialist' and argue for a 'neutral' multifactorial system redefined from previous W, X. Y nomenclatures. It is argued here that descriptive terminology need not be either essentialist or undesirable and that the W, X, Y terminology is too confused with false associations to be satisfactory. The synthetic power of the W, X, Y nomenclature was lost with the discovery of concentric W cell receptive fields, the projection of the W cells to the LGN and the suggestion of overlap between X and W conduction velocity groups. It was made methodologically unsound by its employment for the naming of Nissl stained soma classes before the identity of individual somas with the physiological entities can be demonstrated. Although now redefined, the identity of symbols in the several vintages of the W, X, Y system leads to inevitable confusion. The current tripartite division of a multidimensional quality space without cluster analysis is not neutral because it emphasises conduction velocity but represses the diversity of W receptive fields. The concise, apt and memorable descriptive receptive field terminologies are more desirable in that they are operationally based and approximate the unit's transfer function--the parameter most significant to the central nervous system in its information processing task; thus they are more suited for cross species comparison because of a probably bountiful source of functional hypotheses. The lack of taxonomic neutrality in the W, X, Y system has recently been emphasised by its failure to adequately classify rabbit retinal receptive field categories.", "PMID": 371750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1354", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of neurofilaments in experimental neurofibrillary degeneration induced by aluminum.", "content": "In order to identify the protein composition of 10 nm neuronal filaments, we prepared enriched fractions of rabbit spinal neurons undergoing experimental neurofilamentous degeneration induced by aluminum. Electron microscopy of the isolated perikarya showed well-preserved, large perinuclear masses of neurofilaments, which were not found in similarly isolated control perikarya. Comparison of these glial-free fractions by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed several-fold augmentation in the filament-enriched neurons of proteins migrating at 68,000 and 160,000 daltons, with an additional component at 200,000 daltons. Otherwise, the protein patterns were identical; no band was found at 51,000 daltons, the molecular weight assigned to the major proteins both of glial filaments and of a previously reported bovine brain filament preparation. An antiserum raised against the 160,000 dalton component of a modified bovine brain filament fraction produced specific and intense fluorescent staining of the aluminum-induced neurofilament bundles. Antibodies to the 51,000 dalton protein of brain filaments and to tubulin failed to stain the induced filaments. The results strongly support the hypothesis that both normal and aluminum-induced neuronal filaments are composed of 68,000, 160,000 and 200,000 dalton polypeptides and do not contain significant amounts of the 51,000 dalton filament protein. The likelihood of biochemical heterogeneity among organelles with similar morphology, namely the glial and neuronal filaments, is raised.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of neurofilaments in experimental neurofibrillary degeneration induced by aluminum. In order to identify the protein composition of 10 nm neuronal filaments, we prepared enriched fractions of rabbit spinal neurons undergoing experimental neurofilamentous degeneration induced by aluminum. Electron microscopy of the isolated perikarya showed well-preserved, large perinuclear masses of neurofilaments, which were not found in similarly isolated control perikarya. Comparison of these glial-free fractions by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed several-fold augmentation in the filament-enriched neurons of proteins migrating at 68,000 and 160,000 daltons, with an additional component at 200,000 daltons. Otherwise, the protein patterns were identical; no band was found at 51,000 daltons, the molecular weight assigned to the major proteins both of glial filaments and of a previously reported bovine brain filament preparation. An antiserum raised against the 160,000 dalton component of a modified bovine brain filament fraction produced specific and intense fluorescent staining of the aluminum-induced neurofilament bundles. Antibodies to the 51,000 dalton protein of brain filaments and to tubulin failed to stain the induced filaments. The results strongly support the hypothesis that both normal and aluminum-induced neuronal filaments are composed of 68,000, 160,000 and 200,000 dalton polypeptides and do not contain significant amounts of the 51,000 dalton filament protein. The likelihood of biochemical heterogeneity among organelles with similar morphology, namely the glial and neuronal filaments, is raised.", "PMID": 371751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1355", "title": "Studies on cultured rat Schwann cells. I. Establishment of purified populations from cultures of peripheral nerve.", "content": "We have previously reported that in dissociated cultures of neonatal rat sciatic nerve, all of the cells could be identified by indirect immunofluorescence with two antisera to cell surface antigens. The Schwann cells, but not the fibroblasts, expressed the Ran-1 antigen, while the fibroblasts, but not the Schwann cells, expressed the Thy-1 antigen. We have exploited this difference to derive pure populations of Schwann cells. A combination of [3H]thymidine autoradiography and immunofluorescence marking showed that in Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% foetal calf serum, the Schwann cells divided slowly while the fibroblasts divided rapidly. Accordingly, two day old cultures were exposed to cytosine arabinoside to select against the fibroblasts, followed by growth in medium containing an extract of bovine pituitary which stimulated division of the Schwann cells. After 7 days the confluent cultures, which contained 80-90% Schwann cells, were passaged after treatment in suspension with antiserum to Thy-1 and rabbit complement. After continued growth in medium with pituitary extract, the secondary cultures contained greater than 99.5% Schwann cells. These purified populations have been maintained in culture for as long as 150 days (6 passages) and retained the Ran-1 marker. The cultured Schwann cells expressed the S100 antigen, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation, and receptors for cholera toxin. They did not express the large external transformation sensitive protein, the glial fibrillary acidic protein, or receptors for tetanus toxin.", "contents": "Studies on cultured rat Schwann cells. I. Establishment of purified populations from cultures of peripheral nerve. We have previously reported that in dissociated cultures of neonatal rat sciatic nerve, all of the cells could be identified by indirect immunofluorescence with two antisera to cell surface antigens. The Schwann cells, but not the fibroblasts, expressed the Ran-1 antigen, while the fibroblasts, but not the Schwann cells, expressed the Thy-1 antigen. We have exploited this difference to derive pure populations of Schwann cells. A combination of [3H]thymidine autoradiography and immunofluorescence marking showed that in Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% foetal calf serum, the Schwann cells divided slowly while the fibroblasts divided rapidly. Accordingly, two day old cultures were exposed to cytosine arabinoside to select against the fibroblasts, followed by growth in medium containing an extract of bovine pituitary which stimulated division of the Schwann cells. After 7 days the confluent cultures, which contained 80-90% Schwann cells, were passaged after treatment in suspension with antiserum to Thy-1 and rabbit complement. After continued growth in medium with pituitary extract, the secondary cultures contained greater than 99.5% Schwann cells. These purified populations have been maintained in culture for as long as 150 days (6 passages) and retained the Ran-1 marker. The cultured Schwann cells expressed the S100 antigen, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation, and receptors for cholera toxin. They did not express the large external transformation sensitive protein, the glial fibrillary acidic protein, or receptors for tetanus toxin.", "PMID": 371755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1356", "title": "A syncytium regression test to detect antibodies to bovine syncytial virus.", "content": "A test to detect antibodies to bovine syncytial virus was developed from the observation that syncytia in monolayer cell cultures infected with bovine syncytial virus regress and disappear in the presence of bovine syncytial virus antibodies. The test is useful in monitoring the presence of bovine syncytial virus and bovine syncytial virus antibodies in cattle used in studies on bovine leukosis.", "contents": "A syncytium regression test to detect antibodies to bovine syncytial virus. A test to detect antibodies to bovine syncytial virus was developed from the observation that syncytia in monolayer cell cultures infected with bovine syncytial virus regress and disappear in the presence of bovine syncytial virus antibodies. The test is useful in monitoring the presence of bovine syncytial virus and bovine syncytial virus antibodies in cattle used in studies on bovine leukosis.", "PMID": 371762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1357", "title": "Permeability properties of swine small intestine: effect of a heat stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin.", "content": "The permeability of weanling swine small intestine was estimated using measurements of filtration coefficients and equivalent pore size. Hypertonic solutions of mannitol, erythritol and urea were used to calculate reflection coefficients in the duodenum, mid jejunum and distal jejunum. Estimated effective pore radius was 6.4-7.4, 5.6-7.2 and 4.7-4.9A degrees in the three respective regions. Similarly the filtration coefficient induced by hypertonic solutions of mannitol decreased significantly in the distal jejunal segments. The results show an aboral gradient of decreasing permeability along the small intestine of the weanling pig. In situ incubation of loops in the proximal jejunum with a heat stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin for one hour did not significantly change the effective pore size as calculated from reflection coefficients of hypertonic solutions of erythritol and urea. However, the filtration coefficients of loops exposed to the enterotoxin were significantly greater than control loops with hypertonic solutions of erythritol and urea but not mannitol. This suggests the occurrence of a slight reduction in epithelial porosity. The results support the hypothesis that intestinal secretion induced by heat stable E. coli enterotoxin is not the result of an increased mucosal permeability.", "contents": "Permeability properties of swine small intestine: effect of a heat stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin. The permeability of weanling swine small intestine was estimated using measurements of filtration coefficients and equivalent pore size. Hypertonic solutions of mannitol, erythritol and urea were used to calculate reflection coefficients in the duodenum, mid jejunum and distal jejunum. Estimated effective pore radius was 6.4-7.4, 5.6-7.2 and 4.7-4.9A degrees in the three respective regions. Similarly the filtration coefficient induced by hypertonic solutions of mannitol decreased significantly in the distal jejunal segments. The results show an aboral gradient of decreasing permeability along the small intestine of the weanling pig. In situ incubation of loops in the proximal jejunum with a heat stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin for one hour did not significantly change the effective pore size as calculated from reflection coefficients of hypertonic solutions of erythritol and urea. However, the filtration coefficients of loops exposed to the enterotoxin were significantly greater than control loops with hypertonic solutions of erythritol and urea but not mannitol. This suggests the occurrence of a slight reduction in epithelial porosity. The results support the hypothesis that intestinal secretion induced by heat stable E. coli enterotoxin is not the result of an increased mucosal permeability.", "PMID": 371763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1358", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immune response to crude antigens of Dermatophilus congolensis during experimental infection of rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were infected with Dermatophilus congolensis and tested for humoral immune response by indirect haemagglutination and for cell-mediated immune response to crude antigens of D. congolensis. Lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition assays were used as in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immune response while cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was used in vivo. Endo-antigen and whole cell antigen were found to significantly induce cell-mediated immune response. In contrast, humoral responses were found to be more significantly induced by exo-antigen. A biphasic immune response was revealed by the lymphocyte transformation test.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immune response to crude antigens of Dermatophilus congolensis during experimental infection of rabbits. Rabbits were infected with Dermatophilus congolensis and tested for humoral immune response by indirect haemagglutination and for cell-mediated immune response to crude antigens of D. congolensis. Lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition assays were used as in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immune response while cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was used in vivo. Endo-antigen and whole cell antigen were found to significantly induce cell-mediated immune response. In contrast, humoral responses were found to be more significantly induced by exo-antigen. A biphasic immune response was revealed by the lymphocyte transformation test.", "PMID": 371764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1359", "title": "Copper inhibits pressor responses to noradrenaline but not potassium. Interactions with prostaglandins E1, E2, and I2 and penicillamine.", "content": "Low concentrations of copper inhibited responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin (IC50 3 X 10(-6) M) but not to potassium in rat mesenteric vascular preparations perfused either with buffer or indomethacin and prostaglandin (PGE2). The dose-response curve was not shifted by indomethacin, imidazole, or PGE2 but was moved to the right by 2.8 X 10(-11) M PGE1 and to the left by 2.8 X 10(-7) M PGE1. These effects of copper are similar to the effects of PGI2 in the preparation. Copper moved the PGI2 dose-response curve against noradrenaline in parallel to the left, suggesting that the two were interacting at some point. Penicillamine, which may stimulate PGE1 synthesis, had PGE1-like interactions with the copper effect, suggesting that its value in Wilson's disease may be partly due to antagonism of the biological action of copper as well as to its copper-chelating properties.", "contents": "Copper inhibits pressor responses to noradrenaline but not potassium. Interactions with prostaglandins E1, E2, and I2 and penicillamine. Low concentrations of copper inhibited responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin (IC50 3 X 10(-6) M) but not to potassium in rat mesenteric vascular preparations perfused either with buffer or indomethacin and prostaglandin (PGE2). The dose-response curve was not shifted by indomethacin, imidazole, or PGE2 but was moved to the right by 2.8 X 10(-11) M PGE1 and to the left by 2.8 X 10(-7) M PGE1. These effects of copper are similar to the effects of PGI2 in the preparation. Copper moved the PGI2 dose-response curve against noradrenaline in parallel to the left, suggesting that the two were interacting at some point. Penicillamine, which may stimulate PGE1 synthesis, had PGE1-like interactions with the copper effect, suggesting that its value in Wilson's disease may be partly due to antagonism of the biological action of copper as well as to its copper-chelating properties.", "PMID": 371766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1360", "title": "Increased in vitro sensitivity of Candida albicans to amphotericin B when grown in mixed culture with Escherichia coli.", "content": "The growth of Candida albicans was inhibited by some Escherichia coli strains both in conventional batch cultures and also in a chemostat under conditions of constant addition of fresh medium. Concentrations of 0.2 microgram amphotericin B per millilitre and of 2 microgram nystatin per millilitre, which caused a slight inhibition of C. albicans in pure culture, exerted a strong fungicidal effect when the yeast was placed in mixed cultures with certain strains of E. coli. Candida albicans cells, inhibited by either E. coli or in mixed culture with polyene antibiotics, appeared larger and less uniformly stained by acridine orange than control cells from pure cultures. Addition of chloramphenicol to the mixed cultures, in quantities sufficient to kill the E. coli cells, abolished the increased sensitivity of C. albicans to amphotericin B or nystatin. In preliminary in vivo tests, E. coli did not sensitize C. albicans to the polyene antibiotics.", "contents": "Increased in vitro sensitivity of Candida albicans to amphotericin B when grown in mixed culture with Escherichia coli. The growth of Candida albicans was inhibited by some Escherichia coli strains both in conventional batch cultures and also in a chemostat under conditions of constant addition of fresh medium. Concentrations of 0.2 microgram amphotericin B per millilitre and of 2 microgram nystatin per millilitre, which caused a slight inhibition of C. albicans in pure culture, exerted a strong fungicidal effect when the yeast was placed in mixed cultures with certain strains of E. coli. Candida albicans cells, inhibited by either E. coli or in mixed culture with polyene antibiotics, appeared larger and less uniformly stained by acridine orange than control cells from pure cultures. Addition of chloramphenicol to the mixed cultures, in quantities sufficient to kill the E. coli cells, abolished the increased sensitivity of C. albicans to amphotericin B or nystatin. In preliminary in vivo tests, E. coli did not sensitize C. albicans to the polyene antibiotics.", "PMID": 371767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1361", "title": "Endotoxin in germfree, gnotobiotic, or conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The Limulus assay for bacterial endotoxin was performed on serum and (or) plasma from animals monoassociated with Clostridium species, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Candida albicans. Plasma from animals monoassociated with the gram-negative bacteria or C. albicans consistently showed a positive Limulus test while conventional-flora controls, germfree rats, and gnotobiotic animals monoassociated with gram-positive bacteria or E. agglomerans were negative. Germfree and conventional rats were injected (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) with Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although no endotoxin was detectable in either group prior to the injection, by 1 h post injection endotoxin was in the plasma of all groups. The germfree rats appeared to clear the LPS quicker than their conventional-flora counterparts. Generally, LPS-injected rats (conventional and germfree) showed clumping and decreased number of platelets, a decrease in their lymphocyte counts, and increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts.", "contents": "Endotoxin in germfree, gnotobiotic, or conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats. The Limulus assay for bacterial endotoxin was performed on serum and (or) plasma from animals monoassociated with Clostridium species, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Candida albicans. Plasma from animals monoassociated with the gram-negative bacteria or C. albicans consistently showed a positive Limulus test while conventional-flora controls, germfree rats, and gnotobiotic animals monoassociated with gram-positive bacteria or E. agglomerans were negative. Germfree and conventional rats were injected (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) with Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although no endotoxin was detectable in either group prior to the injection, by 1 h post injection endotoxin was in the plasma of all groups. The germfree rats appeared to clear the LPS quicker than their conventional-flora counterparts. Generally, LPS-injected rats (conventional and germfree) showed clumping and decreased number of platelets, a decrease in their lymphocyte counts, and increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts.", "PMID": 371771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1362", "title": "Factors influencing the in vivo stability of L-serine deaminase activity in E. coli K12.", "content": "L-Serine deaminase (L-SD) is unstable in intact cells of Escherichia coli K12. The extent of this instability is dependent on the nitrogen content of the medium in which the enzyme is synthesized, and on that in which it is tested. Enzyme activity in cells grown with an inorganic nitrogen source is unstable in the presence of inorganic nitrogen; enzyme activity in cells grown with an organic nitrogen source is unstable in the presence of the amino acids glycine and leucine.", "contents": "Factors influencing the in vivo stability of L-serine deaminase activity in E. coli K12. L-Serine deaminase (L-SD) is unstable in intact cells of Escherichia coli K12. The extent of this instability is dependent on the nitrogen content of the medium in which the enzyme is synthesized, and on that in which it is tested. Enzyme activity in cells grown with an inorganic nitrogen source is unstable in the presence of inorganic nitrogen; enzyme activity in cells grown with an organic nitrogen source is unstable in the presence of the amino acids glycine and leucine.", "PMID": 371772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1363", "title": "Sporulation in single-spore isolates from amitrole-induced multispored asci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Amitrole treatment causes multispored ascus production by cells of a yeast strain whose asci normally contain two diploid spores. Single spores were isolated from asci containing two to eight spores and their ability to germinate was determined. Cells in colonies grown from single spores sporulated in the same manner as the parent strain indicating that amitrole had not induced meiotic division in the developing asci.", "contents": "Sporulation in single-spore isolates from amitrole-induced multispored asci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amitrole treatment causes multispored ascus production by cells of a yeast strain whose asci normally contain two diploid spores. Single spores were isolated from asci containing two to eight spores and their ability to germinate was determined. Cells in colonies grown from single spores sporulated in the same manner as the parent strain indicating that amitrole had not induced meiotic division in the developing asci.", "PMID": 371773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1364", "title": "Regulation of extracellular protease formation by Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Heavy cell suspensions of Serratia marcescens, when grown in gelatin-containing media, produce extracellular proteases which increase in specific activity in a linear fashion for 3 to 4h. During partial purification, a single peak of proteolytic activity was demonstrated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. However, electrophoresis using 5% polyacrylamide gels discloses three proteolytically active bands. Evidence in favor of gelatin acting as an inducer of the 'proteolytic system' was provided by two observations. First, proteolytic activity is only present in media containing gelatin. Secondly, the addition of 10(-4) M rifampicin to cells growing in gelatin-containing medium plus an additional carbon source inhibits protease activity totally, but has no effect on growth. When glycerol is added to a growing cell suspension in gelatin-containing medium, growth increases, but protease specific activity decreases. This 'glycerol effect' is not due to an accumulation of active or inactive enzyme in association with the cell, nor to a decrease in the total number of proteases synthesized. Rather, glycerol, as other utilizable carbohydrates, exerts a repression which can be eliminated by 5 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Regulation of extracellular protease formation by Serratia marcescens. Heavy cell suspensions of Serratia marcescens, when grown in gelatin-containing media, produce extracellular proteases which increase in specific activity in a linear fashion for 3 to 4h. During partial purification, a single peak of proteolytic activity was demonstrated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. However, electrophoresis using 5% polyacrylamide gels discloses three proteolytically active bands. Evidence in favor of gelatin acting as an inducer of the 'proteolytic system' was provided by two observations. First, proteolytic activity is only present in media containing gelatin. Secondly, the addition of 10(-4) M rifampicin to cells growing in gelatin-containing medium plus an additional carbon source inhibits protease activity totally, but has no effect on growth. When glycerol is added to a growing cell suspension in gelatin-containing medium, growth increases, but protease specific activity decreases. This 'glycerol effect' is not due to an accumulation of active or inactive enzyme in association with the cell, nor to a decrease in the total number of proteases synthesized. Rather, glycerol, as other utilizable carbohydrates, exerts a repression which can be eliminated by 5 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 371774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1365", "title": "Cancer immunotherapy.", "content": "Important contributions that stimulated studies in cancer immunotherapy included: (1) the discovery of tumour-associated antigens; (2) the observation that infection with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in animals was protective against tumour challenge; and (3) the observation that immunodepression due either to malignant disease or to treatment of the disease, was, in some instances, related to prognosis. Immunotherapy trials with microbial agents have involved attempts to obtain a local effect by injecting the agent into the tumour or into the region of the tumour and to obtain a \"systemic\" effect distant from the site of injection. Trials with active specific immunotherapy involving tumour cells or tumour cell extracts have frequently involved the combination of these specific agents with a nonspecific adjuvant such as BCG. Recent studies with thymosin and levamisole in patients with lung cancer and other types of malignant disease have shown prolonged survival in the groups receiving immunotherapy.", "contents": "Cancer immunotherapy. Important contributions that stimulated studies in cancer immunotherapy included: (1) the discovery of tumour-associated antigens; (2) the observation that infection with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in animals was protective against tumour challenge; and (3) the observation that immunodepression due either to malignant disease or to treatment of the disease, was, in some instances, related to prognosis. Immunotherapy trials with microbial agents have involved attempts to obtain a local effect by injecting the agent into the tumour or into the region of the tumour and to obtain a \"systemic\" effect distant from the site of injection. Trials with active specific immunotherapy involving tumour cells or tumour cell extracts have frequently involved the combination of these specific agents with a nonspecific adjuvant such as BCG. Recent studies with thymosin and levamisole in patients with lung cancer and other types of malignant disease have shown prolonged survival in the groups receiving immunotherapy.", "PMID": 371776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1366", "title": "Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy.", "content": "Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy have contributed to the reduction in the proportion of persons whose epilepsy is uncontrolled. New knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin has led to a better understanding of the drug's bioavailability and uses. Carbamazepine has recently been introduced for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Clonazepam has been found of particular benefit in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Valproic acid is a promising antiepileptic drug with broad-spectrum activity, and is particularly useful in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures, although further clinical experience is required before it can supplant ethosuximide as the preferred drug for the treatment of absence seizures. Monitoring of the plasma concentration of antiepileptic drugs has added greatly to the achievement of optimal drug therapy and the prevention of toxic effects.", "contents": "Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy. Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy have contributed to the reduction in the proportion of persons whose epilepsy is uncontrolled. New knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin has led to a better understanding of the drug's bioavailability and uses. Carbamazepine has recently been introduced for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Clonazepam has been found of particular benefit in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Valproic acid is a promising antiepileptic drug with broad-spectrum activity, and is particularly useful in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures, although further clinical experience is required before it can supplant ethosuximide as the preferred drug for the treatment of absence seizures. Monitoring of the plasma concentration of antiepileptic drugs has added greatly to the achievement of optimal drug therapy and the prevention of toxic effects.", "PMID": 371777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1367", "title": "What did Eugen Bleuler really say?", "content": "Bleuler's 1911 monograph on schizophrenia is an attempt to redefine Kraepelin's dementia praecox making use of contemporaneous somatogenic and psychogenic theories of illness, and is best appreciated in its proper historical context. Currently there is confusion about Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia, arising in part from inherent textual difficulties and compounded by inaccurate representations of his account. This conceptual confusion may be reflected in diagnostic uncertainty today, and in the renewed interest in nosology and diagnostic rigor that characterizes much of the literature on schizophrenia at the present time.", "contents": "What did Eugen Bleuler really say? Bleuler's 1911 monograph on schizophrenia is an attempt to redefine Kraepelin's dementia praecox making use of contemporaneous somatogenic and psychogenic theories of illness, and is best appreciated in its proper historical context. Currently there is confusion about Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia, arising in part from inherent textual difficulties and compounded by inaccurate representations of his account. This conceptual confusion may be reflected in diagnostic uncertainty today, and in the renewed interest in nosology and diagnostic rigor that characterizes much of the literature on schizophrenia at the present time.", "PMID": 371780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1368", "title": "Postdiversion precystectomy irradiation for cancer of the bladder.", "content": "This is the first report of a 4-year prospective trial of integrated irradiation and cystectomy in the management of advanced bladder carcinoma. Patients are treated sequentially with staging laparotomy and urinary diversion, highdose preoperative irradiation (5,000 rad/30 treatments/42 days), and total cystectomy. Twenty-eight consecutive patients have been entered into the study; all had Grade III or IV tumor or clinical evidence of invasion (Jewett Stage B1-D1). Local control has been achieved in 21 of 22 patients, and the 4-year actuarial survival is 54%. The initial staging procedure not only defines inoperable patients, but also allows completion of urinary diversion prior to small bowel irradiation with fewer anastomotic problems. Acute and chronic complications have been minimal, and there have been no treatment-related deaths.", "contents": "Postdiversion precystectomy irradiation for cancer of the bladder. This is the first report of a 4-year prospective trial of integrated irradiation and cystectomy in the management of advanced bladder carcinoma. Patients are treated sequentially with staging laparotomy and urinary diversion, highdose preoperative irradiation (5,000 rad/30 treatments/42 days), and total cystectomy. Twenty-eight consecutive patients have been entered into the study; all had Grade III or IV tumor or clinical evidence of invasion (Jewett Stage B1-D1). Local control has been achieved in 21 of 22 patients, and the 4-year actuarial survival is 54%. The initial staging procedure not only defines inoperable patients, but also allows completion of urinary diversion prior to small bowel irradiation with fewer anastomotic problems. Acute and chronic complications have been minimal, and there have been no treatment-related deaths.", "PMID": 371781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1369", "title": "Experience with pion radiotherapy.", "content": "Forty-one patients with a total of 86 tumors were treated with negative pimesons (pions) at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) through December 31, 1977. An additional 30 tumors in the total patient population were treated with 100 kVp x-rays to assess comparative effects on skin nodules and 8 patients received additive photon or electron radiation to pion-treated portals. Of 52 evaluable tumors in 20 patients treated with pions only and followed for 3 to 22 months, 81% (42 tumors) completely regressed; 6% (3 tumors) partially regressed; and 13% (7 tumors) did not respond, although 5 of the 7 have shown no growth for 10 months. Of eight tumors in seven patients treated with a combination of pions and conventional radiation, three tumors showed complete response and five tumors showed partial response, though the resected specimens in two (one with complete and one with partial response) revealed no tumor microscopically. Reactions in normal tissues have been mild, with some patients exhibiting no normal tissue reaction, as compared with relatively marked tumor response.", "contents": "Experience with pion radiotherapy. Forty-one patients with a total of 86 tumors were treated with negative pimesons (pions) at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) through December 31, 1977. An additional 30 tumors in the total patient population were treated with 100 kVp x-rays to assess comparative effects on skin nodules and 8 patients received additive photon or electron radiation to pion-treated portals. Of 52 evaluable tumors in 20 patients treated with pions only and followed for 3 to 22 months, 81% (42 tumors) completely regressed; 6% (3 tumors) partially regressed; and 13% (7 tumors) did not respond, although 5 of the 7 have shown no growth for 10 months. Of eight tumors in seven patients treated with a combination of pions and conventional radiation, three tumors showed complete response and five tumors showed partial response, though the resected specimens in two (one with complete and one with partial response) revealed no tumor microscopically. Reactions in normal tissues have been mild, with some patients exhibiting no normal tissue reaction, as compared with relatively marked tumor response.", "PMID": 371782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1370", "title": "Selectivity of the micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition assay in pancreatic cancer.", "content": "A modified leukocyte adherence inhibition assay was performed on white blood cells from patients with ductal pancreatic cancer, other malignancies, benign gastrointestinal diseases including pancreatitis, and healthy controls, using four different ductal pancreatic cancer membrane preparations and similar preparations from gastric and colorectal cancers. A mean adherence index of less than or equal to 0.2 was evidence that the leukocytes \"recognized\" the antigen(s). In 9 of 10 patients with localized pancreatic cancer, 13 of 15 leukocyte populations \"recognized\" the pancreatic cancer antigen(s) and not other tested antigen(s). Leukocytes from only 11 of 18 patients (17 of 29 assays) with metastatic pancreatic cancer \"recognized\" the pancreatic tumor antigen (and no other antigen). The inability to recognize the pancreatic tumor antigen(s) was not related to nutritional, biochemical or therapeutic status of the patient, but was related to the demonstration of a response to skin test antigens. In contrast, 3 of 35 leukocyte populations in 2 of 31 patients with malignancies other than pancreatic, 1 of 28 with benign gastrointestinal disease, and one of 38 healthy control populations \"recognized\" the antigen.  The LAI is worthy of further study in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "Selectivity of the micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition assay in pancreatic cancer. A modified leukocyte adherence inhibition assay was performed on white blood cells from patients with ductal pancreatic cancer, other malignancies, benign gastrointestinal diseases including pancreatitis, and healthy controls, using four different ductal pancreatic cancer membrane preparations and similar preparations from gastric and colorectal cancers. A mean adherence index of less than or equal to 0.2 was evidence that the leukocytes \"recognized\" the antigen(s). In 9 of 10 patients with localized pancreatic cancer, 13 of 15 leukocyte populations \"recognized\" the pancreatic cancer antigen(s) and not other tested antigen(s). Leukocytes from only 11 of 18 patients (17 of 29 assays) with metastatic pancreatic cancer \"recognized\" the pancreatic tumor antigen (and no other antigen). The inability to recognize the pancreatic tumor antigen(s) was not related to nutritional, biochemical or therapeutic status of the patient, but was related to the demonstration of a response to skin test antigens. In contrast, 3 of 35 leukocyte populations in 2 of 31 patients with malignancies other than pancreatic, 1 of 28 with benign gastrointestinal disease, and one of 38 healthy control populations \"recognized\" the antigen.  The LAI is worthy of further study in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "PMID": 371783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1371", "title": "Effect of postoperative wound infection on the course of stage II melanoma.", "content": "Microbial infections reportedly have a favorable effect on the course of certain malignant diseases. Intralesional inoculation of micro-organisms can bring about tumor regression in certain clinical and experimental situations. In order to evaluate the influence of immediate postoperative wound infection on the course of Stage II melanomas, a retrospective study was undertaken of 211 patients who had undergone axillary or groin dissection. None had any antibiotic, steroid, chemoimmunotherapy, or cryosurgery and there was no history of a second primary neoplasm, pregnancy, immunodeficiency, or administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Forty of these patients developed significant postoperative wound infections. Although their representation according to sex, tumor location, number of nodes involved, and other parameters was comparable to that of the remaining 171 patients who did not develop wound infections, the incidence of local recurrence in the group with infections was significantly lower (p less than 0.01). Patient survival and disease-free interval following node dissection were not influenced by infection. Postoperative infections in the groin or axilla offered only local protection from tumor recurrence; the ultimate course of the disease was not affected.", "contents": "Effect of postoperative wound infection on the course of stage II melanoma. Microbial infections reportedly have a favorable effect on the course of certain malignant diseases. Intralesional inoculation of micro-organisms can bring about tumor regression in certain clinical and experimental situations. In order to evaluate the influence of immediate postoperative wound infection on the course of Stage II melanomas, a retrospective study was undertaken of 211 patients who had undergone axillary or groin dissection. None had any antibiotic, steroid, chemoimmunotherapy, or cryosurgery and there was no history of a second primary neoplasm, pregnancy, immunodeficiency, or administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Forty of these patients developed significant postoperative wound infections. Although their representation according to sex, tumor location, number of nodes involved, and other parameters was comparable to that of the remaining 171 patients who did not develop wound infections, the incidence of local recurrence in the group with infections was significantly lower (p less than 0.01). Patient survival and disease-free interval following node dissection were not influenced by infection. Postoperative infections in the groin or axilla offered only local protection from tumor recurrence; the ultimate course of the disease was not affected.", "PMID": 371784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1372", "title": "Primary histiocytic lymphoma of the epididymis.", "content": "The first documented case of primary histiocytic lymphoma of the epididymis is presented. The tumor showed distinct nodularity, which is unusual for extranodal lymphomas, and marked sclerosis. Extensive staging work-up showed no evidence of extraepididymal spread. Unusual features included the youth of the patient at presentation and the severe diffuse atrophy of the adjacent testicular parenchyma. Following orchiectomy and radiotherapy, there has been no subsequent clinical evidence of systemic disease.", "contents": "Primary histiocytic lymphoma of the epididymis. The first documented case of primary histiocytic lymphoma of the epididymis is presented. The tumor showed distinct nodularity, which is unusual for extranodal lymphomas, and marked sclerosis. Extensive staging work-up showed no evidence of extraepididymal spread. Unusual features included the youth of the patient at presentation and the severe diffuse atrophy of the adjacent testicular parenchyma. Following orchiectomy and radiotherapy, there has been no subsequent clinical evidence of systemic disease.", "PMID": 371786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1373", "title": "Systemic cancer and the metastatic process.", "content": "Various known and presumed characteristics of malignant cells that permit metastasis and factors that contribute to the establishment of secondary tumor foci are reviewed. The potential for therapeutic control with and the limitations of chemotherapy are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Systemic cancer and the metastatic process. Various known and presumed characteristics of malignant cells that permit metastasis and factors that contribute to the establishment of secondary tumor foci are reviewed. The potential for therapeutic control with and the limitations of chemotherapy are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 371787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1374", "title": "Estimated risk and occurrence of breast cancer in asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients.", "content": "Mathematical procedures, some unique to this study, were applied to 114 suggested risk factors, with as many as 10 subsets, from history, physical and x-ray examination on 30,904 breast studies on 7,252 patients referred from the Emory University Clinic since 1963. One-fifth of the cancers were unrelated to symptoms; 82% of the cancers were free of axillary lymph node metastasis. There was no sign or symptom that predicted preclinical cancer. Interaction of numerous indicators subjected to strong statistical procedures could contribute to establishing risk of even early breast cancer. The results of hierarchic discriminant analyses demonstrated the feasibility of using simultaneously large numbers of risk factors in a systematic way to pinpoint patient with mammary cancer. Based on usual clinical and x-ray assessment of the women 12.5% of the noncancer patients required biopsy to demonstrate 70% of the cancers with a cancer to benign rate of 1 to 4. Using the same data with discriminant analyses, 5.6% of the patients would require biopsy, at the rate of 11.9% of the population. A computerized system has been developed for widespread application to provide the clinician with a highly objective and totally consistent assessment of risk for breast cancer in each of his patients.", "contents": "Estimated risk and occurrence of breast cancer in asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients. Mathematical procedures, some unique to this study, were applied to 114 suggested risk factors, with as many as 10 subsets, from history, physical and x-ray examination on 30,904 breast studies on 7,252 patients referred from the Emory University Clinic since 1963. One-fifth of the cancers were unrelated to symptoms; 82% of the cancers were free of axillary lymph node metastasis. There was no sign or symptom that predicted preclinical cancer. Interaction of numerous indicators subjected to strong statistical procedures could contribute to establishing risk of even early breast cancer. The results of hierarchic discriminant analyses demonstrated the feasibility of using simultaneously large numbers of risk factors in a systematic way to pinpoint patient with mammary cancer. Based on usual clinical and x-ray assessment of the women 12.5% of the noncancer patients required biopsy to demonstrate 70% of the cancers with a cancer to benign rate of 1 to 4. Using the same data with discriminant analyses, 5.6% of the patients would require biopsy, at the rate of 11.9% of the population. A computerized system has been developed for widespread application to provide the clinician with a highly objective and totally consistent assessment of risk for breast cancer in each of his patients.", "PMID": 371788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1375", "title": "Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay in gastrointestinal (GIT) cancer.", "content": "Tumor-specific immunity to carcinoma of the colon, pancreas and stomach was assayed by tube LAI. Cancers of the colon, pancreas and stomach, were shown to possess organ-type specific neoantigens. In 115 patients with colon cancer, 100%, 75%, 61% with Dukes' A, B and C cancer were LAI positive, respectively. Even a microfocus of in situ cancer in a colon adenoma was sufficient to stimulate measurable tumor-specific immunity in the host. In Dukes' D cancer, 25% of patients with widespread metastasis were positive, whereas 100% with solitary lesions were positive. Reactive leukocytes from patients with colon cancer did not react to extracts of normal bowel mucosa or villous adenoma from LAI-negative patients. Leukocytes from 19% (3 of 16) of patients with colon adenomas reacted to the extract of colon cancer but not normal colon mucosa. Moreover, the LAI-positive response of the patients with colon adenomas or colon cancer is directed to a colon cancer TSA which is linked to beta2-microglobulin. These studies suggest that some colon adenomas express TSA before morphological evidence of cancer. It is not known if the acquisition of a cell surface TSA is an irreversible step toward unrestrained growth and metastasis. In pancreatic cancer, 100% of patients with cancers less than 5 cm and without metastasis were LAI positive, whereas 29% were positive when the cancer was greater than 5 cm or had metastasized. In Patients with stomach cancer, 100% with Stage II and 46% with Stage III and IV cancer were LAI-positive. Leukocytes from patients with other GIT cancers and from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or pancreatitis did not react with extracts of colon, stomach or pancreatic cancer. Leukocytes from patients with metastatic cancer, usually did not react in the tube LAI assay because their surfaces were coated in vivo with TSA. LAI reactivity was present when CEA was not detectable and when CEA levels were elevated LAI activity was often absent. The present study suggests that the automated tube LAI shows sufficient promise to warrant studies to determine its efficacy for the diagnosis of GIT cancers.", "contents": "Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay in gastrointestinal (GIT) cancer. Tumor-specific immunity to carcinoma of the colon, pancreas and stomach was assayed by tube LAI. Cancers of the colon, pancreas and stomach, were shown to possess organ-type specific neoantigens. In 115 patients with colon cancer, 100%, 75%, 61% with Dukes' A, B and C cancer were LAI positive, respectively. Even a microfocus of in situ cancer in a colon adenoma was sufficient to stimulate measurable tumor-specific immunity in the host. In Dukes' D cancer, 25% of patients with widespread metastasis were positive, whereas 100% with solitary lesions were positive. Reactive leukocytes from patients with colon cancer did not react to extracts of normal bowel mucosa or villous adenoma from LAI-negative patients. Leukocytes from 19% (3 of 16) of patients with colon adenomas reacted to the extract of colon cancer but not normal colon mucosa. Moreover, the LAI-positive response of the patients with colon adenomas or colon cancer is directed to a colon cancer TSA which is linked to beta2-microglobulin. These studies suggest that some colon adenomas express TSA before morphological evidence of cancer. It is not known if the acquisition of a cell surface TSA is an irreversible step toward unrestrained growth and metastasis. In pancreatic cancer, 100% of patients with cancers less than 5 cm and without metastasis were LAI positive, whereas 29% were positive when the cancer was greater than 5 cm or had metastasized. In Patients with stomach cancer, 100% with Stage II and 46% with Stage III and IV cancer were LAI-positive. Leukocytes from patients with other GIT cancers and from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or pancreatitis did not react with extracts of colon, stomach or pancreatic cancer. Leukocytes from patients with metastatic cancer, usually did not react in the tube LAI assay because their surfaces were coated in vivo with TSA. LAI reactivity was present when CEA was not detectable and when CEA levels were elevated LAI activity was often absent. The present study suggests that the automated tube LAI shows sufficient promise to warrant studies to determine its efficacy for the diagnosis of GIT cancers.", "PMID": 371789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1376", "title": "Ascorbic acid and cancer: a review.", "content": "Host resistance to neoplastic growth and invasiveness is recognized to be an important factor in determining the occurrence, the progress, and the eventual outcome of every cancer illness. The factors involved in host resistance are briefly reviewed, and the relationship between these factors and ascorbic acid metabolism is presented in detail. It is shown that many factors involved in host resistance to neoplasia are significantly dependent upon the availability of ascorbate.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and cancer: a review. Host resistance to neoplastic growth and invasiveness is recognized to be an important factor in determining the occurrence, the progress, and the eventual outcome of every cancer illness. The factors involved in host resistance are briefly reviewed, and the relationship between these factors and ascorbic acid metabolism is presented in detail. It is shown that many factors involved in host resistance to neoplasia are significantly dependent upon the availability of ascorbate.", "PMID": 371790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1377", "title": "Assay of 855 test chemicals in ten tester strains using a new modification of the Ames test for bacterial mutagens.", "content": "Determination of mutagenic activity in bacterial systems has become accepted as an initial step in the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of new chemicals. In this paper, a bacterial mutagen screening technique is described in which chemicals can be tested in 10 tester strains over a 10,000-fold concentration gradient both with and without metabolic activation. Using this assay, 855 chemicals were tested, and 182 were found to be mutagenic in one or more of the tester strains. Included were 299 chemicals used in chemical manufacturing or laboratory synthesis. Of these, 20% gave a positive response in one or more strains. The high rate of positives undoubtedly reflects the high chemical reactivity of compounds in this group. In contrast, when 261 organic chemicals which were synthesized for evaluation as potential pharmaceutical or agricultural products were tested, only 8% were identified as mutagenic. The Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA1538 proved to be very reliable and efficient in detecting and identifying frame-shift mutagens. TA100 was the most sensitive tester strain, detecting 142 of the 182 mutagens encountered in the study. However, since TA100 detected both base substitution mutagens and frame-shift mutagens, this tester strain was not suitable for the specific identification of base substitution mutagens. Base substitution mutagens were more reliably detected by Escherichia coli tester strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA- than they were by S. typhimurium strains G46 and TA1535. The data obtained when mutagens are tested by the concentration gradient procedures can include (a) the activity spectrum in tester strains, (b) identification as either frame-shift or base substitution mutagens, (c) the minimal concentration at which auxotroph growth is inhibited, and (d) mutagenic potency in terms of minimal concentration at which mutagenicity is observed. The data obtained have been found to be of immediate use. For example, with manufacturing intermediates the data have been combined with other toxicity data and used as a basis for setting safety standards for handling such compounds in the workplace. In addition, positive bacterial mutagenicity data on selected members of new series of organic compounds can serve to alert the chemist early to the possibility that the compounds may possess undesirable toxic properties, particularly carcinogenicity. Also, this type of data should be of great value both in the planning and in the interpretation of other in vitro tests designed to evaluate the potential carcinogenicity in mammals of chemicals found to be positive in bacterial tests.", "contents": "Assay of 855 test chemicals in ten tester strains using a new modification of the Ames test for bacterial mutagens. Determination of mutagenic activity in bacterial systems has become accepted as an initial step in the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of new chemicals. In this paper, a bacterial mutagen screening technique is described in which chemicals can be tested in 10 tester strains over a 10,000-fold concentration gradient both with and without metabolic activation. Using this assay, 855 chemicals were tested, and 182 were found to be mutagenic in one or more of the tester strains. Included were 299 chemicals used in chemical manufacturing or laboratory synthesis. Of these, 20% gave a positive response in one or more strains. The high rate of positives undoubtedly reflects the high chemical reactivity of compounds in this group. In contrast, when 261 organic chemicals which were synthesized for evaluation as potential pharmaceutical or agricultural products were tested, only 8% were identified as mutagenic. The Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA1538 proved to be very reliable and efficient in detecting and identifying frame-shift mutagens. TA100 was the most sensitive tester strain, detecting 142 of the 182 mutagens encountered in the study. However, since TA100 detected both base substitution mutagens and frame-shift mutagens, this tester strain was not suitable for the specific identification of base substitution mutagens. Base substitution mutagens were more reliably detected by Escherichia coli tester strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA- than they were by S. typhimurium strains G46 and TA1535. The data obtained when mutagens are tested by the concentration gradient procedures can include (a) the activity spectrum in tester strains, (b) identification as either frame-shift or base substitution mutagens, (c) the minimal concentration at which auxotroph growth is inhibited, and (d) mutagenic potency in terms of minimal concentration at which mutagenicity is observed. The data obtained have been found to be of immediate use. For example, with manufacturing intermediates the data have been combined with other toxicity data and used as a basis for setting safety standards for handling such compounds in the workplace. In addition, positive bacterial mutagenicity data on selected members of new series of organic compounds can serve to alert the chemist early to the possibility that the compounds may possess undesirable toxic properties, particularly carcinogenicity. Also, this type of data should be of great value both in the planning and in the interpretation of other in vitro tests designed to evaluate the potential carcinogenicity in mammals of chemicals found to be positive in bacterial tests.", "PMID": 371791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1378", "title": "Microtubules and actin-containing filaments of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells.", "content": "The distribution and organization of microtubules (MT's) and actin-containing microfilaments (MF's) were examined in epithelial cells of primary cultures established from normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tissues and in cells of three clonal culture lines derived from murine mammary adenocarcinomas. No consistent differences in the cytoskeletal components were found among cell populations of the primary cultures as revealed either by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies to tubulin and actin or by electron microscopy. Overall, the majority of cells in the three types of primary cultures possessed elaborate complexes of MT's and actin filaments after fluorescent staining with the appropriate antibodies, and abundant MT's and MF's were found in the cells at the ultrastructural level. Similar patterns of MT's and MF's were observed in cells of two of the clonal mammary tumor lines. Cells of the third line, however, exhibited intricate networks of MT's but had a reduction in actin cables detectable by the immunofluorescence procedure. Moreover, MF's were difficult to locate by electron microscopy. The results suggest that the lesion(s) in growth control in the neoplastic mammary cells may not involve any gross alterations in MT's or MF's.", "contents": "Microtubules and actin-containing filaments of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells. The distribution and organization of microtubules (MT's) and actin-containing microfilaments (MF's) were examined in epithelial cells of primary cultures established from normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tissues and in cells of three clonal culture lines derived from murine mammary adenocarcinomas. No consistent differences in the cytoskeletal components were found among cell populations of the primary cultures as revealed either by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies to tubulin and actin or by electron microscopy. Overall, the majority of cells in the three types of primary cultures possessed elaborate complexes of MT's and actin filaments after fluorescent staining with the appropriate antibodies, and abundant MT's and MF's were found in the cells at the ultrastructural level. Similar patterns of MT's and MF's were observed in cells of two of the clonal mammary tumor lines. Cells of the third line, however, exhibited intricate networks of MT's but had a reduction in actin cables detectable by the immunofluorescence procedure. Moreover, MF's were difficult to locate by electron microscopy. The results suggest that the lesion(s) in growth control in the neoplastic mammary cells may not involve any gross alterations in MT's or MF's.", "PMID": 371792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1379", "title": "Feeder layer and nutritional requirements for the establishment and cloning of human malignant lymphoma cell lines.", "content": "Cell lines were successfully established in continuous suspension culture from 10 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (SU-DHL-1 to SU-DHL-10), two with North American Burkitt's lymphoma (SU-AmB-1 and SU-AmB-2), and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (SU-ALL-1). By screening a variety of parameters, including media, sera, effusion fluids, feeder layers, and chemical supplements, the nutritive growth requirements of lymphoma cells obtained from malignant effusions and lymph node biopsies were determined for each tumor. Most of these cell lines initially required human skin fibroblast or epithelial cell feeder layers from which they could be weaned after one to six weeks in culture and maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640 containing 20% fetal calf serum and 10% pooled human serum. Several of these cell lines were successfully cloned on 0.5% Noble agar substrates. In the presence of human serum and selected feeder monolayers, cloning efficiencies increased significantly from less than 1% to 15 to 25%. In addition, the cloning efficiencies of certain cell lines showed a concentration-dependent increase with specific chemical supplements including L-cysteine and dithiothreitol. Placental colony-stimulating factor, nerve growth factor, epithelial growth factor, and fibroblastic growth factor were ineffective in augmenting the cloning efficiencies of the human lymphoma cell lines. After a single passage on agar, cells subpassaged from visible colonies showed markedly increased cloning efficiencies to levels as high as 50%. Such cloning efficiencies, coupled with the use of replica plating, make this technique applicable to genetic and quantitative radiobiological, immunological, and chemotherapeutic studies. Although these methods have thus far been used only with lymphoreticular tumors, they may also be applicable to the cell culture of other human neoplasms and normal tissues.", "contents": "Feeder layer and nutritional requirements for the establishment and cloning of human malignant lymphoma cell lines. Cell lines were successfully established in continuous suspension culture from 10 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (SU-DHL-1 to SU-DHL-10), two with North American Burkitt's lymphoma (SU-AmB-1 and SU-AmB-2), and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (SU-ALL-1). By screening a variety of parameters, including media, sera, effusion fluids, feeder layers, and chemical supplements, the nutritive growth requirements of lymphoma cells obtained from malignant effusions and lymph node biopsies were determined for each tumor. Most of these cell lines initially required human skin fibroblast or epithelial cell feeder layers from which they could be weaned after one to six weeks in culture and maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640 containing 20% fetal calf serum and 10% pooled human serum. Several of these cell lines were successfully cloned on 0.5% Noble agar substrates. In the presence of human serum and selected feeder monolayers, cloning efficiencies increased significantly from less than 1% to 15 to 25%. In addition, the cloning efficiencies of certain cell lines showed a concentration-dependent increase with specific chemical supplements including L-cysteine and dithiothreitol. Placental colony-stimulating factor, nerve growth factor, epithelial growth factor, and fibroblastic growth factor were ineffective in augmenting the cloning efficiencies of the human lymphoma cell lines. After a single passage on agar, cells subpassaged from visible colonies showed markedly increased cloning efficiencies to levels as high as 50%. Such cloning efficiencies, coupled with the use of replica plating, make this technique applicable to genetic and quantitative radiobiological, immunological, and chemotherapeutic studies. Although these methods have thus far been used only with lymphoreticular tumors, they may also be applicable to the cell culture of other human neoplasms and normal tissues.", "PMID": 371794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1380", "title": "Clinical evaluation of peptichemio.", "content": "Peptichemio is a peptide complex of m-L-phenylalanine mustard. A clinical evaluation of this agent was conducted in 116 patients, of whom 104 were evaluable for both toxicity and response. The majority of patients had solid tumors. The drug was administered iv daily for 3 days at doses of 20-75 mg/m2/day, with courses repeated at 3-4-week intervals. The optimal dose schedule appears to be 45 mg/m2/day for 3 days. The major side effects were cumulative myelotoxicity, phlebitis, and mild nausea and vomiting. No other major organ toxicity was observed. The partial remission rate was 7%. Most patients had received an alkylating agent as part of their previous therapy. There were seven partial responses and four less than partial responses achieved in patients with melanoma, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal, genitourinary, breast, and head and neck carcinomas. Responses lasted 4-36 weeks.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of peptichemio. Peptichemio is a peptide complex of m-L-phenylalanine mustard. A clinical evaluation of this agent was conducted in 116 patients, of whom 104 were evaluable for both toxicity and response. The majority of patients had solid tumors. The drug was administered iv daily for 3 days at doses of 20-75 mg/m2/day, with courses repeated at 3-4-week intervals. The optimal dose schedule appears to be 45 mg/m2/day for 3 days. The major side effects were cumulative myelotoxicity, phlebitis, and mild nausea and vomiting. No other major organ toxicity was observed. The partial remission rate was 7%. Most patients had received an alkylating agent as part of their previous therapy. There were seven partial responses and four less than partial responses achieved in patients with melanoma, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal, genitourinary, breast, and head and neck carcinomas. Responses lasted 4-36 weeks.", "PMID": 371797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1381", "title": "Phase II study of Leo 1031 (prednimustine) in advanced ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, 21 who had not responded to conventional surgery and irradiation therapy and 15 who had not responded to conventional surgery, irradiation therapy, and chemotherapy, were treated in a phase II study with Leo 1031. Objective responses were obtained in ten (28%) of the 36 patients (two complete and eight partial responses). An additional 11 (32%) patients had stable disease. The two complete responders were in remission for 4 months. During remission, all of the patients had an improved quality of life. Myelosuppression of varying severity occurred in 11 patients; three of these patients died from their complications. Two patients developed reversible confusion and one patient became psychotic. Eight patients became euphoric during treatment. Leo 1031 might be worthwhile as a palliative chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, but the risk of euphoria must always be considered since it can lead to voluntary overdosage.", "contents": "Phase II study of Leo 1031 (prednimustine) in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Thirty-six patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, 21 who had not responded to conventional surgery and irradiation therapy and 15 who had not responded to conventional surgery, irradiation therapy, and chemotherapy, were treated in a phase II study with Leo 1031. Objective responses were obtained in ten (28%) of the 36 patients (two complete and eight partial responses). An additional 11 (32%) patients had stable disease. The two complete responders were in remission for 4 months. During remission, all of the patients had an improved quality of life. Myelosuppression of varying severity occurred in 11 patients; three of these patients died from their complications. Two patients developed reversible confusion and one patient became psychotic. Eight patients became euphoric during treatment. Leo 1031 might be worthwhile as a palliative chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, but the risk of euphoria must always be considered since it can lead to voluntary overdosage.", "PMID": 371798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1382", "title": "Phase I trial of a new form of an oral administration of VP-16-213.", "content": "A new oral form of VP-16-213 consisting of a hydrophilic soft gelatin capsule containing a VP-16-213 solution was tested for toxicity in 26 patients. The drug was administered at four different dose levels, 350, 500, 650, and 750 mg/m2, in 5-day courses every 21-28 days. A dose-dependent effect was observed with regard to hematologic toxicity and alopecia. It is concluded that the drinking ampules of VP-16-213 can be replaced with the new oral capsules with a recommended initial dose of 100-130 mg/m2 given in 5-day courses every 21-28 days.", "contents": "Phase I trial of a new form of an oral administration of VP-16-213. A new oral form of VP-16-213 consisting of a hydrophilic soft gelatin capsule containing a VP-16-213 solution was tested for toxicity in 26 patients. The drug was administered at four different dose levels, 350, 500, 650, and 750 mg/m2, in 5-day courses every 21-28 days. A dose-dependent effect was observed with regard to hematologic toxicity and alopecia. It is concluded that the drinking ampules of VP-16-213 can be replaced with the new oral capsules with a recommended initial dose of 100-130 mg/m2 given in 5-day courses every 21-28 days.", "PMID": 371801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1383", "title": "Results of a phase II study of maytansine in patients with breast carcinoma and melanoma.", "content": "During the phase I study of maytansine at our institution, some activity was observed against breast carcinoma and melanoma. A phase II study was thus initiated to more thoroughly investigate the activity of this drug against these two tumors. In 33 evaluable patients with melanoma, no complete or partial responses were observed. Twenty-one evaluable patients with breast cancer were entered and only one response (partial) was seen. The toxicity was similar to that observed in the phase I study and consisted mainly of diarrhea, paresthesias, phlebitis, and flu-like symptoms. Myelosuppression was infrequent and was short-lived when it occurred.", "contents": "Results of a phase II study of maytansine in patients with breast carcinoma and melanoma. During the phase I study of maytansine at our institution, some activity was observed against breast carcinoma and melanoma. A phase II study was thus initiated to more thoroughly investigate the activity of this drug against these two tumors. In 33 evaluable patients with melanoma, no complete or partial responses were observed. Twenty-one evaluable patients with breast cancer were entered and only one response (partial) was seen. The toxicity was similar to that observed in the phase I study and consisted mainly of diarrhea, paresthesias, phlebitis, and flu-like symptoms. Myelosuppression was infrequent and was short-lived when it occurred.", "PMID": 371803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1384", "title": "Phase II study of single-agent therapy with megestrol acetate, VP-16-213, cyclophosphamide, and dianhydrogalactitol in advanced renal cell cancer.", "content": "One hundred and forty-four patients with advanced renal cell cancer were evaluated for objective response to single-agent treatment with megestrol acetate, VP-16-213, cyclophosphamide, or dianhydrogalactitol. In view of the low order of response observed, these agents do not appear to be effective in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. Performance status and a relatively long interval from onset of primary symptoms to study entry were the most favorable prognostic variables affecting time to progression and survival for patients in this study.", "contents": "Phase II study of single-agent therapy with megestrol acetate, VP-16-213, cyclophosphamide, and dianhydrogalactitol in advanced renal cell cancer. One hundred and forty-four patients with advanced renal cell cancer were evaluated for objective response to single-agent treatment with megestrol acetate, VP-16-213, cyclophosphamide, or dianhydrogalactitol. In view of the low order of response observed, these agents do not appear to be effective in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. Performance status and a relatively long interval from onset of primary symptoms to study entry were the most favorable prognostic variables affecting time to progression and survival for patients in this study.", "PMID": 371804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1385", "title": "Structural studies on the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide.", "content": "The structure of the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide, which is the common core in Shigella flexneri and some Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has been investigated. The principal method used in these studies involved methylation analysis of the original and modified materials. The polysaccharide was modified by N-deacetylation-deamination and by Smith degradation. As a result of these studies, the following structure is proposed: alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-[alpha-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)]-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to.", "contents": "Structural studies on the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide. The structure of the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide, which is the common core in Shigella flexneri and some Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has been investigated. The principal method used in these studies involved methylation analysis of the original and modified materials. The polysaccharide was modified by N-deacetylation-deamination and by Smith degradation. As a result of these studies, the following structure is proposed: alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-[alpha-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)]-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to.", "PMID": 371805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1386", "title": "The discrete-time kinetic model analysis of DNA content distributions in experimental tumour cells.", "content": "A method was developed to analyse and characterize FMF measurements of DNA content distribution, utilizing the discrete time kinetic (DTK) model for cell kinetics analysis. The DTK model determines the time sequence of the cell age distribution during the proliferation of a tumor cell population and simulates the distribution pattern of the DNA content of cells in each age compartment of the cell cycle. The cells in one age compartment are distributed and spread into several compartments of the DNA content distribution to allow for different rates of DNA synthesis and instrument dispersion effects. It is assumed that the DNA content of cells in each age compartment has a Gaussian distribution. Thus, for a given cell age distribution the DNA content distribution depends on two parameters of the cells in each age compartment: the average DNA content and its coefficient of variation. As the DTK model generates the best fit DNA content distribution to the FMF measurement data, it enables one to estimate specific values of these two parameters in each stage of the cell cycle and to determine the fraction of cells in each cycle phase. The method was utilized to fit FMf measurements of DNA content distributions and to analyse their relationship tothe cell kinetic parameters, namely cell loss rate, cell cycle times and grwoth graction of exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro and, also, with a wide range of coeffficients of variation, of the L1210 ascites tumour during the growth period.", "contents": "The discrete-time kinetic model analysis of DNA content distributions in experimental tumour cells. A method was developed to analyse and characterize FMF measurements of DNA content distribution, utilizing the discrete time kinetic (DTK) model for cell kinetics analysis. The DTK model determines the time sequence of the cell age distribution during the proliferation of a tumor cell population and simulates the distribution pattern of the DNA content of cells in each age compartment of the cell cycle. The cells in one age compartment are distributed and spread into several compartments of the DNA content distribution to allow for different rates of DNA synthesis and instrument dispersion effects. It is assumed that the DNA content of cells in each age compartment has a Gaussian distribution. Thus, for a given cell age distribution the DNA content distribution depends on two parameters of the cells in each age compartment: the average DNA content and its coefficient of variation. As the DTK model generates the best fit DNA content distribution to the FMF measurement data, it enables one to estimate specific values of these two parameters in each stage of the cell cycle and to determine the fraction of cells in each cycle phase. The method was utilized to fit FMf measurements of DNA content distributions and to analyse their relationship tothe cell kinetic parameters, namely cell loss rate, cell cycle times and grwoth graction of exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro and, also, with a wide range of coeffficients of variation, of the L1210 ascites tumour during the growth period.", "PMID": 371812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1387", "title": "In vivo effects of 5-fluorouracil and ftorafur[1-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil] on murine mammary tumors and small intestine.", "content": "The in vivo anti-tumour and toxic effects of ftorafur (FT) and 5-fluorouracil (FU) were studied in the C3H mouse. On a molar basis, FU was two to three times more potent than FT with respect to growth inhibition of murine mammary adenocarcinomas. However, FT produced less host toxicity than FU when both drugs were compared at dose levels which produced equivalent anti-tumor effects. The differences between FT and FU with respect to tumor growth inhibition and host toxicity were reflected in their ability to suppress deoxyuridine incorporation into tumor cell and intestinal DNA, respectively. Flow cytometry (FCM) studies indicated that FT and FU were capable of producing pertubations in the DNA distribution of tumour cells. Both drugs induced an initial accumulation of cells in S phase following their administration at equivalent anti-tumour dose levels. At later intervals, an apparent block of cell progression at the G1/S boundary was observed. Drug-induced perturbations in the DNA distribution of tumour cells as detected by FCM correlated with results obtained by classical autoradiographic techniques using tritiated thymidine. Both procedures showed that tumor cells were capable of moving through S phase even in the presence of an apparently near complete inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA. That such cells were, in fact, capable of synthesizing DNA at moderate rates was shown by their ability to incorporate 32P into DNA. The possible relationship of these findings to the therapeutic and toxic activities of FT and FU is discussed.", "contents": "In vivo effects of 5-fluorouracil and ftorafur[1-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil] on murine mammary tumors and small intestine. The in vivo anti-tumour and toxic effects of ftorafur (FT) and 5-fluorouracil (FU) were studied in the C3H mouse. On a molar basis, FU was two to three times more potent than FT with respect to growth inhibition of murine mammary adenocarcinomas. However, FT produced less host toxicity than FU when both drugs were compared at dose levels which produced equivalent anti-tumor effects. The differences between FT and FU with respect to tumor growth inhibition and host toxicity were reflected in their ability to suppress deoxyuridine incorporation into tumor cell and intestinal DNA, respectively. Flow cytometry (FCM) studies indicated that FT and FU were capable of producing pertubations in the DNA distribution of tumour cells. Both drugs induced an initial accumulation of cells in S phase following their administration at equivalent anti-tumour dose levels. At later intervals, an apparent block of cell progression at the G1/S boundary was observed. Drug-induced perturbations in the DNA distribution of tumour cells as detected by FCM correlated with results obtained by classical autoradiographic techniques using tritiated thymidine. Both procedures showed that tumor cells were capable of moving through S phase even in the presence of an apparently near complete inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA. That such cells were, in fact, capable of synthesizing DNA at moderate rates was shown by their ability to incorporate 32P into DNA. The possible relationship of these findings to the therapeutic and toxic activities of FT and FU is discussed.", "PMID": 371813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1388", "title": "DNA flow cytometry of isolated keratinized epithelia: a methodological study based on ultrasonic tissue disaggregation.", "content": "Ultrasonication of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium, which had been separated from underlying tissue by means of acetic acid, resulted in disaggregation of all cellular layers in the epithelium, giving a suspension of single nuclei with mitoses preserved. This suspension was treated with RNAse and ethidium bromide for analysis by flow cytometry. From the resulting DNA histogram the G1, S and G2 + M fractions were estimated using the computer program of Fried (1976). Treatment with dithiothreitol before sonication increased the yield of nuclei in suspension and decreased the amount of debris and clumps, thereby suppressing overestimation of small S fractions. This method of preparation prior to DNA flow cytometry was useful for the study of the hamster cheek pouch epithelium and of normal and pathological human epidermis.", "contents": "DNA flow cytometry of isolated keratinized epithelia: a methodological study based on ultrasonic tissue disaggregation. Ultrasonication of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium, which had been separated from underlying tissue by means of acetic acid, resulted in disaggregation of all cellular layers in the epithelium, giving a suspension of single nuclei with mitoses preserved. This suspension was treated with RNAse and ethidium bromide for analysis by flow cytometry. From the resulting DNA histogram the G1, S and G2 + M fractions were estimated using the computer program of Fried (1976). Treatment with dithiothreitol before sonication increased the yield of nuclei in suspension and decreased the amount of debris and clumps, thereby suppressing overestimation of small S fractions. This method of preparation prior to DNA flow cytometry was useful for the study of the hamster cheek pouch epithelium and of normal and pathological human epidermis.", "PMID": 371814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1389", "title": "Colony-forming units in diffusion chambers (CFU-d) and colony-forming units in agar culture (CFU-c) obtained from normal human bone marrow: a possible parent-progeny relationship.", "content": "An series of experiments was performed to elucidate the relationship between cells that form granulocytic colonies in fibrin clot diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneum (i.p.) of irradiated mice (CFU-d) and day 7 and day 14 CFU-U which give rise to colonies after 7 and 14 days in agar cultures in vitro, respectively. Normal human bone marrow cells were cultured in suspension in vitro or in diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated or non-irradiated mice. During these culture conditions there was an initial decrease in the number of CFU-c per culture. This was followed by an increase between day 2 and day 7 of culture. No similar increase of neutrophilic CFU-d was observed. When CFU-d, day 14 and day 7 CFU-c in normal marrow were separated by velocity sedimentation and cultured in suspension culture or in diffusion chambers for 7 days, the maximum increase of day 7 and day 14 CFU-c was observed in slowly sedimenting cell fractions which contained the majority of CFU-d. After 3 days in suspension culture, the maximum increase of day 14 CFU-c was found in fractions which also gave rise to maximum numbers of CFU-c after 7 days. However, day 7 CFU-c were found in fractions which initially contained the majority of day 14 CFU-c. No increase in CFU-d was found in fractions initially containing peak numbers of CFU-c. Between 53 and 71% of CFU-c harvested from diffusion chambers in irradiated mice or from suspension cultures were sensitive to pulse incubation with tritiated thymidine, suggesting that the cells were proliferating during these culture conditions. In diffusion chambers implanted into non-irradiated mice, however, CFU-c were found to be relatively resistant to this treatment (3-11% sensitive to tritiated thymidine). Thus marked increases in CFU-c were also observed during experimental conditions, where no significant DNA synthesis was detected. A reproducible time sequence of increase in CFU-c populations in culture was observed. Day 14 CFU-c and cells that gave rise to clusters on day 7 in agar increased between day 2 and day 4, whereas day 7 CFU-c increased between day 4 and day 7. The results suggested that CFU-d gave rise to CFU-c in culture and that day 14 CFU-c were precursors of day 7 CFU-c.", "contents": "Colony-forming units in diffusion chambers (CFU-d) and colony-forming units in agar culture (CFU-c) obtained from normal human bone marrow: a possible parent-progeny relationship. An series of experiments was performed to elucidate the relationship between cells that form granulocytic colonies in fibrin clot diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneum (i.p.) of irradiated mice (CFU-d) and day 7 and day 14 CFU-U which give rise to colonies after 7 and 14 days in agar cultures in vitro, respectively. Normal human bone marrow cells were cultured in suspension in vitro or in diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated or non-irradiated mice. During these culture conditions there was an initial decrease in the number of CFU-c per culture. This was followed by an increase between day 2 and day 7 of culture. No similar increase of neutrophilic CFU-d was observed. When CFU-d, day 14 and day 7 CFU-c in normal marrow were separated by velocity sedimentation and cultured in suspension culture or in diffusion chambers for 7 days, the maximum increase of day 7 and day 14 CFU-c was observed in slowly sedimenting cell fractions which contained the majority of CFU-d. After 3 days in suspension culture, the maximum increase of day 14 CFU-c was found in fractions which also gave rise to maximum numbers of CFU-c after 7 days. However, day 7 CFU-c were found in fractions which initially contained the majority of day 14 CFU-c. No increase in CFU-d was found in fractions initially containing peak numbers of CFU-c. Between 53 and 71% of CFU-c harvested from diffusion chambers in irradiated mice or from suspension cultures were sensitive to pulse incubation with tritiated thymidine, suggesting that the cells were proliferating during these culture conditions. In diffusion chambers implanted into non-irradiated mice, however, CFU-c were found to be relatively resistant to this treatment (3-11% sensitive to tritiated thymidine). Thus marked increases in CFU-c were also observed during experimental conditions, where no significant DNA synthesis was detected. A reproducible time sequence of increase in CFU-c populations in culture was observed. Day 14 CFU-c and cells that gave rise to clusters on day 7 in agar increased between day 2 and day 4, whereas day 7 CFU-c increased between day 4 and day 7. The results suggested that CFU-d gave rise to CFU-c in culture and that day 14 CFU-c were precursors of day 7 CFU-c.", "PMID": 371815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1390", "title": "The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on Salmonella typhimurium. II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "In this investigation Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1530 and TA 1535 were combined with isolated perfused rat liver. Samples of perfusate and bile produced were tested for mutagenicity after treatment with 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) or 2-chloroethanol. The results are in good agreement with our previous experiments which indicate that both DEC and DBE are activated through conjugation with glutathione (GSH). Most GSH conjugates are normally excreted in bile. Following liver perfusion the bile was highly mutagenic after DCE and DBE treatments, while 2-chloroethanol did not have this effect. The highest mutagenic effect was seen 15--30 min after the addition of DCE or DBE. The production of mutagenic bile also occurred in mice treated in vivo with DCE. One possible metabolic endproduct of a GSH conjugate is the corresponding mercapturic acid. Thus synthetic N-acetyl-S-(2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine was tested on TA 1535 and found to be as mutagenic as S-(2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine in the concentration range 0.2--0.6 mumol/plate. Differences and similarities in the metabolism of DCE and vinyl chloride are discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on Salmonella typhimurium. II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver. In this investigation Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1530 and TA 1535 were combined with isolated perfused rat liver. Samples of perfusate and bile produced were tested for mutagenicity after treatment with 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) or 2-chloroethanol. The results are in good agreement with our previous experiments which indicate that both DEC and DBE are activated through conjugation with glutathione (GSH). Most GSH conjugates are normally excreted in bile. Following liver perfusion the bile was highly mutagenic after DCE and DBE treatments, while 2-chloroethanol did not have this effect. The highest mutagenic effect was seen 15--30 min after the addition of DCE or DBE. The production of mutagenic bile also occurred in mice treated in vivo with DCE. One possible metabolic endproduct of a GSH conjugate is the corresponding mercapturic acid. Thus synthetic N-acetyl-S-(2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine was tested on TA 1535 and found to be as mutagenic as S-(2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine in the concentration range 0.2--0.6 mumol/plate. Differences and similarities in the metabolism of DCE and vinyl chloride are discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 371841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1391", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test. Characterization of immunological properties and clinical application.", "content": "Immunological properties of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin reaction were investigated by animal and clinical experiments. In the guinea pigs an intradermal dose of PHA-P produced erythema and induration with a maximal response at 24 hours after the injection. Histologically it was characterized by perivascular infiltration of lymphoid cells in the dermis and subcutis, being similar to that of tuberculin (PPD) skin reaction. PHA skin reaction, however, showed some difference from that of PPD in the initial cellular response in that the former was composed of small mononuclear cells and granulocytes with rapid development and the latter was composed of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) and granulocytes with slow development. Intradermal injection of 1:1000 dilution of PHA-P produced a similar erythema in man. In 39 of 59 patients with connective tissue diseases, the results of the in vivo (skin test) and in vitro (lymphocyte transformation) response to PHA correlated well. In the 59 patients, the incidence of the positive rate of the PHA tests (55.9%) was significantly higher than that of the DNCB test (33.9%) and of the PPD test (23.7%). These observations suggest that the PHA skin test has properties of delayed hypersensitivity and is highly sensitive and that it may be a useful measure of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test. Characterization of immunological properties and clinical application. Immunological properties of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin reaction were investigated by animal and clinical experiments. In the guinea pigs an intradermal dose of PHA-P produced erythema and induration with a maximal response at 24 hours after the injection. Histologically it was characterized by perivascular infiltration of lymphoid cells in the dermis and subcutis, being similar to that of tuberculin (PPD) skin reaction. PHA skin reaction, however, showed some difference from that of PPD in the initial cellular response in that the former was composed of small mononuclear cells and granulocytes with rapid development and the latter was composed of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) and granulocytes with slow development. Intradermal injection of 1:1000 dilution of PHA-P produced a similar erythema in man. In 39 of 59 patients with connective tissue diseases, the results of the in vivo (skin test) and in vitro (lymphocyte transformation) response to PHA correlated well. In the 59 patients, the incidence of the positive rate of the PHA tests (55.9%) was significantly higher than that of the DNCB test (33.9%) and of the PPD test (23.7%). These observations suggest that the PHA skin test has properties of delayed hypersensitivity and is highly sensitive and that it may be a useful measure of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 371848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1392", "title": "Separation of Plasmodium berghei-parasitized rat erythrocytes by means of carrier-free electrophoresis.", "content": "A carrier-free electrophoresis apparatus was used to isolate rat erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei. The region of high electrophoretic mobility yielded noninfected erythrocytes, whereas that of low electrophoretic mobility yielded erythrocytes infected with viable parasites. Over 98% purity of parasitized erythrocytes was obtained when blood at an advanced stage of parasitaemia was used. Merozoite-rich fractions were also observed. This continuous one-step separation method should provide large numbers of parasitized erythrocytes for use in immunological and biochemical studies of malaria.", "contents": "Separation of Plasmodium berghei-parasitized rat erythrocytes by means of carrier-free electrophoresis. A carrier-free electrophoresis apparatus was used to isolate rat erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei. The region of high electrophoretic mobility yielded noninfected erythrocytes, whereas that of low electrophoretic mobility yielded erythrocytes infected with viable parasites. Over 98% purity of parasitized erythrocytes was obtained when blood at an advanced stage of parasitaemia was used. Merozoite-rich fractions were also observed. This continuous one-step separation method should provide large numbers of parasitized erythrocytes for use in immunological and biochemical studies of malaria.", "PMID": 371849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1393", "title": "Concentration and separation of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum by gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Concentration of infected erythrocytes was achieved in cell suspensions derived from long-term culture of Plasmodium falciparum growing asynchronously in human erythrocytes. This new procedure involves the slow centrifugation (at 33 g) of erythrocyte suspensions through 5% Ficoll solutions. Mature asexual erythrocytic forms are preferentially retained in the gradient solution (top fraction). After further gradient centrifugation of these parasitized cells, the concentration of mature forms is increased 15- to 31-fold and a mature form parasitaemia of 71-81% is obtained in the final erythrocyte suspension. Furthermore, at least 75% of the total number of the mature forms can be retrieved by this method. Parasitized cells that are not retained in the gradient are sedimented to the bottom of the tube (bottom fraction) and consist predominantly of ring forms. Parasites from both the top and bottom fractions are viable and have been used to initiate short-term synchronous cultures. By providing purified parasite preparations, this simple procedure will facilitate immunological, chemotherapeutic, and biochemical studies with P. falciparum.", "contents": "Concentration and separation of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum by gradient centrifugation. Concentration of infected erythrocytes was achieved in cell suspensions derived from long-term culture of Plasmodium falciparum growing asynchronously in human erythrocytes. This new procedure involves the slow centrifugation (at 33 g) of erythrocyte suspensions through 5% Ficoll solutions. Mature asexual erythrocytic forms are preferentially retained in the gradient solution (top fraction). After further gradient centrifugation of these parasitized cells, the concentration of mature forms is increased 15- to 31-fold and a mature form parasitaemia of 71-81% is obtained in the final erythrocyte suspension. Furthermore, at least 75% of the total number of the mature forms can be retrieved by this method. Parasitized cells that are not retained in the gradient are sedimented to the bottom of the tube (bottom fraction) and consist predominantly of ring forms. Parasites from both the top and bottom fractions are viable and have been used to initiate short-term synchronous cultures. By providing purified parasite preparations, this simple procedure will facilitate immunological, chemotherapeutic, and biochemical studies with P. falciparum.", "PMID": 371850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1394", "title": "The effects of geometry, elasticity, and external pressures on the diastolic pressure-volume and stiffness-stress relations. How important is the pericardium?", "content": "The concept of an incremental elastic modulus is applied in the quantification of passive elastic stiffness-stress relations of intact heart muscle, and a transmural pressure-volume relation for the left ventricle is subsequently derived in terms of geometry, muscle elasticity, and external pressures to assess their importance. Physiological and clinical applications of this method indicate that: (1) stiffness-stress relations obtained on the basis of pressure-volume data from dog hearts are not significantly different from those obtained from muscle strips excised from these same hearts; (2) shape and the presence of right ventricular, pericardial, or pleural pressures are of secondary importance in an assessment of passive elastic stiffness; and (3) dramatic shifts in the left ventricular intracavity pressure-volume relations following drug interventions are primarily due to the presence of substantial pericardial pressures; however, the transmural pressure-volume relations are not markedly altered, implying no alteration in the intrinsic ventricular compliance.", "contents": "The effects of geometry, elasticity, and external pressures on the diastolic pressure-volume and stiffness-stress relations. How important is the pericardium? The concept of an incremental elastic modulus is applied in the quantification of passive elastic stiffness-stress relations of intact heart muscle, and a transmural pressure-volume relation for the left ventricle is subsequently derived in terms of geometry, muscle elasticity, and external pressures to assess their importance. Physiological and clinical applications of this method indicate that: (1) stiffness-stress relations obtained on the basis of pressure-volume data from dog hearts are not significantly different from those obtained from muscle strips excised from these same hearts; (2) shape and the presence of right ventricular, pericardial, or pleural pressures are of secondary importance in an assessment of passive elastic stiffness; and (3) dramatic shifts in the left ventricular intracavity pressure-volume relations following drug interventions are primarily due to the presence of substantial pericardial pressures; however, the transmural pressure-volume relations are not markedly altered, implying no alteration in the intrinsic ventricular compliance.", "PMID": 371853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1395", "title": "Prostaglandins and renin release: the effect of PGI2, PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro PGE2 on the baroreceptor mechanism of renin release in the dog.", "content": "We compared the ability of the vasodilator prostaglandins PGI2, PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro PGE2 to release renin when infused into the denervated, nonfiltering canine kidney in vivo. Papaverine was used as a nonprostaglandin vasodilator. All the prostaglandins tested were capable of stimulating renin secretion, with the scale of potency being 13,14-dihydro PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGE2; papaverine had no effect on renin secretion. These results indicate that both PGE2 and PGI2 can stimulate renin secretion but that vasodilation per se is not a stimulus. 13,14-Dihydro PGE2 was included because it is a poorer substrate than PGE2, both for transport into cells and catabolism to inactive products, but has comparable potency to PGE2 when tested in systems with limited ability to catabolize PGE2. The fact that 13,14-dihydro PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin tested suggests that the effects of PGE2 in our system are reduced by the kidneys' recognized ability to extract and catabolize PGE2. Since PGI2 is less avidly metabolized than PGE2 by the kidney, the differences in observed potency between PGE2 and PGI2 could be largely the result of differences in renal catabolism of the two prostaglandins rather than differences in intrinsic potency. Therefore, both PGE2 and PGI2 are candidates for the endogenous prostaglandin responsible for stimulating renin secretion.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and renin release: the effect of PGI2, PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro PGE2 on the baroreceptor mechanism of renin release in the dog. We compared the ability of the vasodilator prostaglandins PGI2, PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro PGE2 to release renin when infused into the denervated, nonfiltering canine kidney in vivo. Papaverine was used as a nonprostaglandin vasodilator. All the prostaglandins tested were capable of stimulating renin secretion, with the scale of potency being 13,14-dihydro PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGE2; papaverine had no effect on renin secretion. These results indicate that both PGE2 and PGI2 can stimulate renin secretion but that vasodilation per se is not a stimulus. 13,14-Dihydro PGE2 was included because it is a poorer substrate than PGE2, both for transport into cells and catabolism to inactive products, but has comparable potency to PGE2 when tested in systems with limited ability to catabolize PGE2. The fact that 13,14-dihydro PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin tested suggests that the effects of PGE2 in our system are reduced by the kidneys' recognized ability to extract and catabolize PGE2. Since PGI2 is less avidly metabolized than PGE2 by the kidney, the differences in observed potency between PGE2 and PGI2 could be largely the result of differences in renal catabolism of the two prostaglandins rather than differences in intrinsic potency. Therefore, both PGE2 and PGI2 are candidates for the endogenous prostaglandin responsible for stimulating renin secretion.", "PMID": 371855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1396", "title": "Treatment of hypertension with nifedipine, a calcium antagonistic agent.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring after a single dose (10 mg) of nifedipine in 27 primary hypertensive subjects (diastolic pressure greater than 110 mm Hg) documented that this calcium antagonistic agent exerts a potent arteriolar vasodilating action, which results in prompt (-21% of control at 30 minutes) and persistent (-16% of control at 120 minutes) fall in mean arterial pressure associated with a rise in cardiac output and pulse rate. The same patients received oral treatment for 3 weeks. Hourly pressure readings showed that 1) the antihypertensive response to each dose lasts 8--12 hours; and 2) nifedipine every 6 hours significantly reduced blood pressure throughout the 24 hours, without postural hypotension. Side effect were short-lasting (headache in five patients, palpitation without arrhythmias in eight patients, burning sensation in the face and legs in five patients and sporadic extrasystoles in five patients) and tended to disappear with continued treatment. Development of drug resistance, sodium retention, plasma volume expansion, renin release or angina pectoris were not observed during the study. Although these findings seem to differentiate nifedipine from other vasodilators currently used in the treatment of hypertension, broader experience and more prolonged trials with nifedipine as an antihypertensive agent will be needed before conclusions can be drawn on these particular aspects.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension with nifedipine, a calcium antagonistic agent. Hemodynamic monitoring after a single dose (10 mg) of nifedipine in 27 primary hypertensive subjects (diastolic pressure greater than 110 mm Hg) documented that this calcium antagonistic agent exerts a potent arteriolar vasodilating action, which results in prompt (-21% of control at 30 minutes) and persistent (-16% of control at 120 minutes) fall in mean arterial pressure associated with a rise in cardiac output and pulse rate. The same patients received oral treatment for 3 weeks. Hourly pressure readings showed that 1) the antihypertensive response to each dose lasts 8--12 hours; and 2) nifedipine every 6 hours significantly reduced blood pressure throughout the 24 hours, without postural hypotension. Side effect were short-lasting (headache in five patients, palpitation without arrhythmias in eight patients, burning sensation in the face and legs in five patients and sporadic extrasystoles in five patients) and tended to disappear with continued treatment. Development of drug resistance, sodium retention, plasma volume expansion, renin release or angina pectoris were not observed during the study. Although these findings seem to differentiate nifedipine from other vasodilators currently used in the treatment of hypertension, broader experience and more prolonged trials with nifedipine as an antihypertensive agent will be needed before conclusions can be drawn on these particular aspects.", "PMID": 371856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1397", "title": "Presurgical changes in unilateral cleft palate subjects.", "content": "This investigation utilizes computerized measuring and statistical techniques, stereophotogrammetry, and a newly developed method of measuring palatal surface areas to study changes in the maxillary arch dimensions at birth and at 4 months in 3 groups of subjects: (1) 30 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate cases who were treated by presurgical maxillary orthopaedics; (2) 15 similar cases who had no such treatment and served as controls; and (3) 30 normal children. The changes occurring in the 3 groups over the 4-month period were compared. In particular, it was noted that presurgical treatment had a constrictive effect on general arch growth and that it also retarded the growth of palatal tissue. The significance of this in relation to other findings and to presurgical treatment in general is discussed.", "contents": "Presurgical changes in unilateral cleft palate subjects. This investigation utilizes computerized measuring and statistical techniques, stereophotogrammetry, and a newly developed method of measuring palatal surface areas to study changes in the maxillary arch dimensions at birth and at 4 months in 3 groups of subjects: (1) 30 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate cases who were treated by presurgical maxillary orthopaedics; (2) 15 similar cases who had no such treatment and served as controls; and (3) 30 normal children. The changes occurring in the 3 groups over the 4-month period were compared. In particular, it was noted that presurgical treatment had a constrictive effect on general arch growth and that it also retarded the growth of palatal tissue. The significance of this in relation to other findings and to presurgical treatment in general is discussed.", "PMID": 371859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1398", "title": "Changes in pituitary gonadotropins during the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to sulpiride.", "content": "Sulpiride, a dopamine receptor blocker which raises prolactin, was given to six women with idiopathic amenorrhoea for 10 days and to eleven women with regular cycles for 3 to 6 months. The latter group developed galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea during treatment. Basal LH AND FSH concentrations showed no significant changes. At 3 months but not at 10 days (amenorrhoea group) or 6 months (regular menses group) the area-under-the-curve of LH response to LHRH was increased. FSH responses to LHRH was not altered. The significance of these results to the hyperprolactinaemia-amenorrhoea syndromes are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in pituitary gonadotropins during the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to sulpiride. Sulpiride, a dopamine receptor blocker which raises prolactin, was given to six women with idiopathic amenorrhoea for 10 days and to eleven women with regular cycles for 3 to 6 months. The latter group developed galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea during treatment. Basal LH AND FSH concentrations showed no significant changes. At 3 months but not at 10 days (amenorrhoea group) or 6 months (regular menses group) the area-under-the-curve of LH response to LHRH was increased. FSH responses to LHRH was not altered. The significance of these results to the hyperprolactinaemia-amenorrhoea syndromes are discussed.", "PMID": 371860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1399", "title": "Further studies on the effects of dihydrotestosterone on gonadotrophin release induced by LH-RH in men.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the feed-back mechanism of the hypothalamo-pituitary testis axis, seven men were subjected to LH-RH tests before and after treatment with dihydrotestosterone. Our results clearly show that DHT at least in pharmacological doses, inhibits directly basal LH-RH and gonadotrophin secretion, without affecting the pulsatile gonadotrophin release or impairing the pituitary response to LH-RH. The physiological significance of these observations remains however to be proven.", "contents": "Further studies on the effects of dihydrotestosterone on gonadotrophin release induced by LH-RH in men. In order to determine the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the feed-back mechanism of the hypothalamo-pituitary testis axis, seven men were subjected to LH-RH tests before and after treatment with dihydrotestosterone. Our results clearly show that DHT at least in pharmacological doses, inhibits directly basal LH-RH and gonadotrophin secretion, without affecting the pulsatile gonadotrophin release or impairing the pituitary response to LH-RH. The physiological significance of these observations remains however to be proven.", "PMID": 371861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1400", "title": "Acromegaly: insensitivity of the pancreatic alpha cell to hyperglycaemia.", "content": "Plasma glucagon levels were determined after 50 g of oral glucose loading in eleven acromegalics and fourteen normal subjects. Basal plasma glucagon levels were significantly elevated in patients with acromegaly, as compared with those in normal subjects. Oral glucose loading caused a decrease in plasma glucagon in normal subjects but not in acromegalics. Since this non-suppressibility of plasma glucagon by orally administered glucose was observed even in acromegalics without diabetes, it is concluded that insensitivity of the pancreatic alpha cell to hyperglycaemia exists in patients with acromegaly as well as in diabetics.", "contents": "Acromegaly: insensitivity of the pancreatic alpha cell to hyperglycaemia. Plasma glucagon levels were determined after 50 g of oral glucose loading in eleven acromegalics and fourteen normal subjects. Basal plasma glucagon levels were significantly elevated in patients with acromegaly, as compared with those in normal subjects. Oral glucose loading caused a decrease in plasma glucagon in normal subjects but not in acromegalics. Since this non-suppressibility of plasma glucagon by orally administered glucose was observed even in acromegalics without diabetes, it is concluded that insensitivity of the pancreatic alpha cell to hyperglycaemia exists in patients with acromegaly as well as in diabetics.", "PMID": 371862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1401", "title": "Pharmacological immunosuppression in clinical organ grafting. Observations on four agents: cyclosporin A, Asta 5122 (cytimun), lambda carrageenan and promethazine hydrochloride.", "content": "In this article I have attempted to summarize experiments on four agents investigated for immunosuppressive activity in experimental and clinical organ grafting. The difficulty of finding a suitable laboratory model relevant to man has been demonstrated in this experience. A cyclophosphamide-derivative, Asta-5122 (cytimun), has only a marginally superior immunosuppressive activity in a dog with a renal allograft compared with cyclophosphamide and is much inferior to azathioprine. This agent, however, appears to be valuable in clinical practice in patients with liver grafts. A combination of lambda carrageenan, promethazine hydrochloride and imuran has profound immunosuppressive activity in the same canine model, but proved to be both ineffective and potentially toxic in a limited trial in man. The fungal cyclic peptide, cyclosporin A, has been shown to be an extremely powerful immunosuppressive agent and remarkably non-toxic in dogs with renal allografts and pigs with orthotopic heart grafts. This agent is currently being investigated as an immunosuppressant in patients with organ grafts.", "contents": "Pharmacological immunosuppression in clinical organ grafting. Observations on four agents: cyclosporin A, Asta 5122 (cytimun), lambda carrageenan and promethazine hydrochloride. In this article I have attempted to summarize experiments on four agents investigated for immunosuppressive activity in experimental and clinical organ grafting. The difficulty of finding a suitable laboratory model relevant to man has been demonstrated in this experience. A cyclophosphamide-derivative, Asta-5122 (cytimun), has only a marginally superior immunosuppressive activity in a dog with a renal allograft compared with cyclophosphamide and is much inferior to azathioprine. This agent, however, appears to be valuable in clinical practice in patients with liver grafts. A combination of lambda carrageenan, promethazine hydrochloride and imuran has profound immunosuppressive activity in the same canine model, but proved to be both ineffective and potentially toxic in a limited trial in man. The fungal cyclic peptide, cyclosporin A, has been shown to be an extremely powerful immunosuppressive agent and remarkably non-toxic in dogs with renal allografts and pigs with orthotopic heart grafts. This agent is currently being investigated as an immunosuppressant in patients with organ grafts.", "PMID": 371877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1402", "title": "Miconazole prolongs murine skin graft survival.", "content": "The effects of miconazole, a broad spectrum anti-fungal compound, on the immune response was studied in mice. At the non-toxic dose of 300 mg/kg per day, there was minimal suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells. In contrast, there was a marked prolongation of skin graft survival from 13.6 +/- 1.8 days (mean +/- s.d.) in untreated mice to 18.6 +/- 3.5 dyas in the treated group. Miconazole may be of use in clinical transplantation.", "contents": "Miconazole prolongs murine skin graft survival. The effects of miconazole, a broad spectrum anti-fungal compound, on the immune response was studied in mice. At the non-toxic dose of 300 mg/kg per day, there was minimal suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells. In contrast, there was a marked prolongation of skin graft survival from 13.6 +/- 1.8 days (mean +/- s.d.) in untreated mice to 18.6 +/- 3.5 dyas in the treated group. Miconazole may be of use in clinical transplantation.", "PMID": 371878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1403", "title": "Possible C1q bypass loop activation in the haemolytic uraemic syndrome.", "content": "Ultrastructural and immunofluorescent microscopic studies were performed on renal tissue obtained from nine patients during the acute and convalescent phase of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). All had glomerular deposits of IgM in the absence of circulating immune complexes. This was associated with deposition of C1q during the acute phase, and properdin and C3 during the convalescent phase. C4 was consistently absent. Since such a pattern of complement deposition does not fulfil criteria either for alternate or classical pathway activation, the possibility of C1q bypass loop activation by IgM is suggested.", "contents": "Possible C1q bypass loop activation in the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescent microscopic studies were performed on renal tissue obtained from nine patients during the acute and convalescent phase of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). All had glomerular deposits of IgM in the absence of circulating immune complexes. This was associated with deposition of C1q during the acute phase, and properdin and C3 during the convalescent phase. C4 was consistently absent. Since such a pattern of complement deposition does not fulfil criteria either for alternate or classical pathway activation, the possibility of C1q bypass loop activation by IgM is suggested.", "PMID": 371879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1404", "title": "Direct Coombs antiglobulin reactions in Gambian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. I. Incidence and class specificity.", "content": "Gambian children with past or present Plasmodium falciparum malaria were investigated for the incidence of Coombs positivity using monospecific antisera. Approximately 50% were positive and the most frequent form of erythrocyte sensitization was with C3d. Other specificities, EIgG, EIgGC3d and EIgGC4bC3d were less common. Erthyrocytes were never found sensitized with IgA or IgM. There was no correlation between a positive test and age, tribal status or level of parasitaemia at presentation, although a positive test was often found in association with anaemia. Sensitized erythrocytes were present in the circulation for a period of up to 6 weeks following initial observation. The mechanism of erythrocyte sensitization is not known, but the results suggest a Type III complex-mediated hypersensitivity involving parasite antigen-antibody complexes. It is likely that these reactions contribute to the pathogenesis of the anaemia in falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Direct Coombs antiglobulin reactions in Gambian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. I. Incidence and class specificity. Gambian children with past or present Plasmodium falciparum malaria were investigated for the incidence of Coombs positivity using monospecific antisera. Approximately 50% were positive and the most frequent form of erythrocyte sensitization was with C3d. Other specificities, EIgG, EIgGC3d and EIgGC4bC3d were less common. Erthyrocytes were never found sensitized with IgA or IgM. There was no correlation between a positive test and age, tribal status or level of parasitaemia at presentation, although a positive test was often found in association with anaemia. Sensitized erythrocytes were present in the circulation for a period of up to 6 weeks following initial observation. The mechanism of erythrocyte sensitization is not known, but the results suggest a Type III complex-mediated hypersensitivity involving parasite antigen-antibody complexes. It is likely that these reactions contribute to the pathogenesis of the anaemia in falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 371880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1405", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to HBsAg-coated target cells in patients with hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis (CAH).", "content": "A new technique using HBsAg-coated Chang cells as target cells was developed in order to measure cell-mediated immune reactions to HBsAg. The specificity of cytotoxic reactions was tested in experiments using Chang cells conjugated with human serum albumin. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) specific for the HBsAg-coated target cells was demonstrated up to dilutions of anti-HBsAg serum of 10,000 : 1, when lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal individuals were added to the target cells. Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to HBsAg-coated target cells was demonstrated for lymphocytes from patients with hepatitis B and from patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), but not for lymphocytes from healthy controls. The CMC of hepatitis B lymphocytes to HBsAg-coated target cells was inhibited in the presence of antiserum to HBsAg. In experiments using purified lymphocyte populations evidence is presented that the CMC is T-cell dependent. HLA-restriction of the CMC was not observed. The described cytotoxicity test system has the advantage that target cells conjugated with defined antigens are used and that relevant control target cells are available.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to HBsAg-coated target cells in patients with hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis (CAH). A new technique using HBsAg-coated Chang cells as target cells was developed in order to measure cell-mediated immune reactions to HBsAg. The specificity of cytotoxic reactions was tested in experiments using Chang cells conjugated with human serum albumin. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) specific for the HBsAg-coated target cells was demonstrated up to dilutions of anti-HBsAg serum of 10,000 : 1, when lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal individuals were added to the target cells. Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to HBsAg-coated target cells was demonstrated for lymphocytes from patients with hepatitis B and from patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), but not for lymphocytes from healthy controls. The CMC of hepatitis B lymphocytes to HBsAg-coated target cells was inhibited in the presence of antiserum to HBsAg. In experiments using purified lymphocyte populations evidence is presented that the CMC is T-cell dependent. HLA-restriction of the CMC was not observed. The described cytotoxicity test system has the advantage that target cells conjugated with defined antigens are used and that relevant control target cells are available.", "PMID": 371882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1406", "title": "Facilitation reaction (enhancing antibodies and suppressor cells) and rejection reaction (sensitized cells) from the mother to the paternal antigens of the conceptus.", "content": "Humoral and cellular immune agents of a maternal reaction were investigated during pregnancy. Fluorescence studies performed on mouse placentae at 14 days detected maternal immunoglobulins of mainly IgG1 but also IgG2 subclasses. These immunoglobulins, after acid elution, can rebind the placenta and the thymocytes of the relevant paternal strain in case of allogeneic pregnancies, demonstrating an antibody activity towards both placenta specific and paternal strain antigens. They can specifically enhance a paternal strain tumour allograft on a maternal strain recipient. Spleen cells from an allogeneically pregnant mother can reduce or promote paternal strain tumour allograft on a maternal strain recipient. The aggressive effect is shown with small doses of transferred cells, whereas large doses promote enhancement. The suppression of the cytotoxic response of the recipient was ascribed to T cells by use of anti-theta plus complement. Thus, both the rejection reaction (immune cytotoxic cells) and the facilitation reaction (enhancing antibodies and suppressor cells) were demonstrated during pregnancy.", "contents": "Facilitation reaction (enhancing antibodies and suppressor cells) and rejection reaction (sensitized cells) from the mother to the paternal antigens of the conceptus. Humoral and cellular immune agents of a maternal reaction were investigated during pregnancy. Fluorescence studies performed on mouse placentae at 14 days detected maternal immunoglobulins of mainly IgG1 but also IgG2 subclasses. These immunoglobulins, after acid elution, can rebind the placenta and the thymocytes of the relevant paternal strain in case of allogeneic pregnancies, demonstrating an antibody activity towards both placenta specific and paternal strain antigens. They can specifically enhance a paternal strain tumour allograft on a maternal strain recipient. Spleen cells from an allogeneically pregnant mother can reduce or promote paternal strain tumour allograft on a maternal strain recipient. The aggressive effect is shown with small doses of transferred cells, whereas large doses promote enhancement. The suppression of the cytotoxic response of the recipient was ascribed to T cells by use of anti-theta plus complement. Thus, both the rejection reaction (immune cytotoxic cells) and the facilitation reaction (enhancing antibodies and suppressor cells) were demonstrated during pregnancy.", "PMID": 371881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1407", "title": "Antibodies to maize in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease.", "content": "The incidence of antibodies to maize using an immunofluorescent technique has been found to be 14% in controls, 33% in Crohn's disease, 50% in ulcerative colitis and 44% in coeliac disease. This result indicates that humoral immunity to maize is probably unimportant in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. The similar incidence of antibodies in the inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac groups suggests absorption of dietary antigen secondary to an increased mucosal permeability.", "contents": "Antibodies to maize in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease. The incidence of antibodies to maize using an immunofluorescent technique has been found to be 14% in controls, 33% in Crohn's disease, 50% in ulcerative colitis and 44% in coeliac disease. This result indicates that humoral immunity to maize is probably unimportant in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. The similar incidence of antibodies in the inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac groups suggests absorption of dietary antigen secondary to an increased mucosal permeability.", "PMID": 371884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1408", "title": "Allergy in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Forty-four patients with cystic fibrosis, sixty-seven parents, and thirty-nine controls were compared with regard to their immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity, total and specific serum IgE and serum IgG4 concentrations. The patients had increased prick test reactions and specific IgE to Aspergillus fumigatus. The development of reactions to A. fumigatus correlated with the severity of the disease. There were no other significant differences when serum total IgE, specific IgE and IgG4 concentrations or skin test reactivity were compared in the patients, parents and controls.", "contents": "Allergy in cystic fibrosis. Forty-four patients with cystic fibrosis, sixty-seven parents, and thirty-nine controls were compared with regard to their immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity, total and specific serum IgE and serum IgG4 concentrations. The patients had increased prick test reactions and specific IgE to Aspergillus fumigatus. The development of reactions to A. fumigatus correlated with the severity of the disease. There were no other significant differences when serum total IgE, specific IgE and IgG4 concentrations or skin test reactivity were compared in the patients, parents and controls.", "PMID": 371883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1409", "title": "A method for the ultrastructural examination of cell monolayers cultured in plastic microtitre plates.", "content": "A method is presented by which cells growing as monolayers cultured in microtitre plates can be embedded for electron microscopy. The technique has the following advantages: numerous specimens may be prepared with relatively small numbers of cells, cell-cell interactions remain undisturbed and may be enumerated, and morphology can be studied under circumstances identical with those used in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays.", "contents": "A method for the ultrastructural examination of cell monolayers cultured in plastic microtitre plates. A method is presented by which cells growing as monolayers cultured in microtitre plates can be embedded for electron microscopy. The technique has the following advantages: numerous specimens may be prepared with relatively small numbers of cells, cell-cell interactions remain undisturbed and may be enumerated, and morphology can be studied under circumstances identical with those used in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays.", "PMID": 371885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1410", "title": "Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots.", "content": "The method for determination of anti-thyroid antibodies in extracts of dried whole blood on filter paper was described. Antibodies in dried blood were stable at room temperature for at least 1 month and were extracted well by overnight elution. This simple method requires only a minimal 30 microliter of venous blood and would enable large-scale screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "contents": "Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots. The method for determination of anti-thyroid antibodies in extracts of dried whole blood on filter paper was described. Antibodies in dried blood were stable at room temperature for at least 1 month and were extracted well by overnight elution. This simple method requires only a minimal 30 microliter of venous blood and would enable large-scale screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 371886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1411", "title": "A placebo controlled clinical trial of transfer factor in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "The effects of repeated injections of transfer factor over a period of 20 weeks were investigated in fourteen bacteriologically positive patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum. All patients showed negative (0 mm induration) skin tests to M. leprae antigens (i.e. leprolin and lepromin). Of these patients, seven were treated with transfer factor with a total of 9 units (1 unit being equivalent to 5 x 10(8) lymphocytes) and seven with a placebo. Maintenance treatment with clofazimine was continued. Transfer factor was prepared from the lymphocytes of donors who showed positive skin tests to M. leprae antigens (i.e. leprolin greater than or equal to 12 mm induration, average 15.5 mm or lepromin greater than or equal to 8 mm induration, average 13.6 mm), as well as a positive lymphocyte transformation in vitro to M. leprae (the average transformation being higher than the average transformation of lymphocytes of tuberculoid leprosy patients). No differences were found between the two groups as regards the clinical course of the disease, the histopathological and bacteriological evaluation of skin biopsies, changes in skin test reactivity to various antigens (i.e. lepromin, leprolin, PPD, Mumps, C. albicans, Tr. rubrum and Varidase), as well as the lymphocyte transformation in vitro to various mitogens (i.e. PHA, PWM, Con A) and antigens (i.e. M. leprae, leprolin, PPD, BCG, Mumps, C. albicans, Trichophyton and Varidase). No evidence was found to suggest that transfer factor is a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy patients or that it increases cell-mediated immune reactivity towards M. leprae.", "contents": "A placebo controlled clinical trial of transfer factor in lepromatous leprosy. The effects of repeated injections of transfer factor over a period of 20 weeks were investigated in fourteen bacteriologically positive patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum. All patients showed negative (0 mm induration) skin tests to M. leprae antigens (i.e. leprolin and lepromin). Of these patients, seven were treated with transfer factor with a total of 9 units (1 unit being equivalent to 5 x 10(8) lymphocytes) and seven with a placebo. Maintenance treatment with clofazimine was continued. Transfer factor was prepared from the lymphocytes of donors who showed positive skin tests to M. leprae antigens (i.e. leprolin greater than or equal to 12 mm induration, average 15.5 mm or lepromin greater than or equal to 8 mm induration, average 13.6 mm), as well as a positive lymphocyte transformation in vitro to M. leprae (the average transformation being higher than the average transformation of lymphocytes of tuberculoid leprosy patients). No differences were found between the two groups as regards the clinical course of the disease, the histopathological and bacteriological evaluation of skin biopsies, changes in skin test reactivity to various antigens (i.e. lepromin, leprolin, PPD, Mumps, C. albicans, Tr. rubrum and Varidase), as well as the lymphocyte transformation in vitro to various mitogens (i.e. PHA, PWM, Con A) and antigens (i.e. M. leprae, leprolin, PPD, BCG, Mumps, C. albicans, Trichophyton and Varidase). No evidence was found to suggest that transfer factor is a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy patients or that it increases cell-mediated immune reactivity towards M. leprae.", "PMID": 371887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1412", "title": "An evaluation of the immunoperoxidase technique in renal biopsy diagnosis.", "content": "An evaluation of the use of horseradish peroxidase labelled antisera against IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 compared with corresponding antisera labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate has been carried out on renal biopsy material from 200 patients with renal disease. A disparity between the two methods was observed in 10-19% of the readings according to the antigen being demonstrated. The majority of differences recorded would not have influenced the executive diagnosis. Where the immunological results could have influenced the executive diagnosis, 5 probable false results were obtained using innumofluorescence and 4 with immunoperoxidase. Immunoperoxidase has the advantage over immunofluorescence in that it provides a permanent preparation which can be reviewed months or years later. In addition it provides more accurate localization of the immune deposits since the section can be counterstained with Mayer's hemalum and viewed by conventional light microscopy. In view of these advantages we recommend that serious consideration should be given to using immunoperoxidase in place of immunofluorescence for the examination of renal biopsy material.", "contents": "An evaluation of the immunoperoxidase technique in renal biopsy diagnosis. An evaluation of the use of horseradish peroxidase labelled antisera against IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 compared with corresponding antisera labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate has been carried out on renal biopsy material from 200 patients with renal disease. A disparity between the two methods was observed in 10-19% of the readings according to the antigen being demonstrated. The majority of differences recorded would not have influenced the executive diagnosis. Where the immunological results could have influenced the executive diagnosis, 5 probable false results were obtained using innumofluorescence and 4 with immunoperoxidase. Immunoperoxidase has the advantage over immunofluorescence in that it provides a permanent preparation which can be reviewed months or years later. In addition it provides more accurate localization of the immune deposits since the section can be counterstained with Mayer's hemalum and viewed by conventional light microscopy. In view of these advantages we recommend that serious consideration should be given to using immunoperoxidase in place of immunofluorescence for the examination of renal biopsy material.", "PMID": 371888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1413", "title": "Acute disseminated aspergillosis during the neonatal period. Report of an instance in a 14-day-old infant.", "content": "We describe an infant who died with extensive lesions of disseminated aspergillosis on the 18th day of postnatal life. Aspergillus fumigatus was recovered from blood cultures. Initial clinical manifestations were suggestive of hepatitis, and steroids and antibiotics were used in the treatment. This therapy may have fostered the onset of an opportunistic mycosis. Advanced multisystemic aspergillotic lesions were seen at autopsy, especially prominent in lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The extent and magnitude of the lesions observed suggest inception of the disease very early in life, although no case of human aspergillosis has been known to be congenital. Neonatal aspergillosis is poorly characterized. Only four previously reported cases came to our notice in which the disease could be diagnosed in the first month of life. The ubiquitous nature of pathogenic Aspergillus, joined to aggresive treatments designed to achieve increased survivals in neonatology, could potentially result in greater numbers of cases of this and other uncommon mycoses.", "contents": "Acute disseminated aspergillosis during the neonatal period. Report of an instance in a 14-day-old infant. We describe an infant who died with extensive lesions of disseminated aspergillosis on the 18th day of postnatal life. Aspergillus fumigatus was recovered from blood cultures. Initial clinical manifestations were suggestive of hepatitis, and steroids and antibiotics were used in the treatment. This therapy may have fostered the onset of an opportunistic mycosis. Advanced multisystemic aspergillotic lesions were seen at autopsy, especially prominent in lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The extent and magnitude of the lesions observed suggest inception of the disease very early in life, although no case of human aspergillosis has been known to be congenital. Neonatal aspergillosis is poorly characterized. Only four previously reported cases came to our notice in which the disease could be diagnosed in the first month of life. The ubiquitous nature of pathogenic Aspergillus, joined to aggresive treatments designed to achieve increased survivals in neonatology, could potentially result in greater numbers of cases of this and other uncommon mycoses.", "PMID": 371889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1414", "title": "Once-daily metoprolol in primary hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of the selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocker, metoprolol, administered once daily was evaluated in 32 patients with primary hypertension. After a 4-wk placebo period, the patients were treated with either 150 mg or 300 mg of metoprolol, once daily, for 8 wk. Initially and during the treatment periods blood was drawn for analysis of metoprolol in plasma, plasma renin activity (PRA), and electrolytes, and urine was collected for determination of the urinary aldosterone excretion. Metoprolol reduced the blood pressure measured up to 26 hr after the last dose. The percentage of responders to metoprolol (decrease of mean arterial pressure greater than or equal to 10% over placebo) was 40% for patients on 150 mg and 71% for patients on 300 mg. Except in the standing position, heart rates were reduced for 26 hr after a 150-mg dose. There was a correlation between pretreatment PRA levels and antihypertensive effect of metoprolol in patients on 300 mg metoprolol but not in patients on 150 mg. Urinary aldosterone decreased equally during treatment in responders and nonresponders. Antihypertensive effects and side effects did not correlate with plasma metoprolol concentrations.", "contents": "Once-daily metoprolol in primary hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of the selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocker, metoprolol, administered once daily was evaluated in 32 patients with primary hypertension. After a 4-wk placebo period, the patients were treated with either 150 mg or 300 mg of metoprolol, once daily, for 8 wk. Initially and during the treatment periods blood was drawn for analysis of metoprolol in plasma, plasma renin activity (PRA), and electrolytes, and urine was collected for determination of the urinary aldosterone excretion. Metoprolol reduced the blood pressure measured up to 26 hr after the last dose. The percentage of responders to metoprolol (decrease of mean arterial pressure greater than or equal to 10% over placebo) was 40% for patients on 150 mg and 71% for patients on 300 mg. Except in the standing position, heart rates were reduced for 26 hr after a 150-mg dose. There was a correlation between pretreatment PRA levels and antihypertensive effect of metoprolol in patients on 300 mg metoprolol but not in patients on 150 mg. Urinary aldosterone decreased equally during treatment in responders and nonresponders. Antihypertensive effects and side effects did not correlate with plasma metoprolol concentrations.", "PMID": 371902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1415", "title": "The calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction: effects of ethanol dose.", "content": "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving five male alcoholic volunteers, oral administration of 0.7 mg/kg of calcium carbimide (CC) 12 hr before ingestion of ethanol (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 gm/kg) produced an interaction consisting of increased blood acetaldehyde level, tachycardia, and decreased diastolic blood pressure. The order of intensity of the interaction with regard to ethanol dose was 0.5 greater than 0.25 greater than 0.125 k gm/kg. The subjects were aware of a CC-ethanol interaction only for 0.25 and 0.5 gm/kg of ethanol, for which heart rate was elevated above 100 bpm. With the criterion of heart rate above 100 as indicative of the CC-ethanol interaction, the onset was 0.25 and 0.38 hr for the 0.5 and 0.25 gm/kg ethanol doses and the duration of the interaction was 1.0 and 0.38 hr, respectively. There were positive linear correlations between blood acetaldehyde level and both heart rate and pulse pressure. There was appreciable individual variability in the intensity and duration of the interaction. Pretreatment with CC reduced the rate of ethanol metabolism at the 0.5 gm/kg ethanol dose.", "contents": "The calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction: effects of ethanol dose. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving five male alcoholic volunteers, oral administration of 0.7 mg/kg of calcium carbimide (CC) 12 hr before ingestion of ethanol (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 gm/kg) produced an interaction consisting of increased blood acetaldehyde level, tachycardia, and decreased diastolic blood pressure. The order of intensity of the interaction with regard to ethanol dose was 0.5 greater than 0.25 greater than 0.125 k gm/kg. The subjects were aware of a CC-ethanol interaction only for 0.25 and 0.5 gm/kg of ethanol, for which heart rate was elevated above 100 bpm. With the criterion of heart rate above 100 as indicative of the CC-ethanol interaction, the onset was 0.25 and 0.38 hr for the 0.5 and 0.25 gm/kg ethanol doses and the duration of the interaction was 1.0 and 0.38 hr, respectively. There were positive linear correlations between blood acetaldehyde level and both heart rate and pulse pressure. There was appreciable individual variability in the intensity and duration of the interaction. Pretreatment with CC reduced the rate of ethanol metabolism at the 0.5 gm/kg ethanol dose.", "PMID": 371903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1416", "title": "Tooth loss, prosthetics and dental treatment habits in a group of Swedish men.", "content": "Dental history, dental status, the need for prosthetic treatment and dental treatment habits were studied in 389 men aged 21--54 years. The men were selected from a group undergoing military refresher training in the south of Sweden. One percent of the men were toothless. About 3% had full dentures in one or both jaws and an equal percentage had partial dentures. About 3% of the men had bridges in the maxilla and 2% in the mandible. Tooth loss was greatest in the mandibular molar segment, followed by the maxillary molar segment. By means of an index for dental status about 8% of the men were judged to be in great need of prosthetic treatment for aesthetic reasons and/or to improve occlusion. Age, place of birth, educational level and smoking habits were among the factors which seemed to be related to dental status. Seventy percent of the men reported that they went to the dentist once a year, while about 10% seemed rarely or never to seek dental treatment. Dental treatment habits were correlated to place of birth, number of brothers and sisters, edentulousness and the need for prosthetic treatment, among other factors.", "contents": "Tooth loss, prosthetics and dental treatment habits in a group of Swedish men. Dental history, dental status, the need for prosthetic treatment and dental treatment habits were studied in 389 men aged 21--54 years. The men were selected from a group undergoing military refresher training in the south of Sweden. One percent of the men were toothless. About 3% had full dentures in one or both jaws and an equal percentage had partial dentures. About 3% of the men had bridges in the maxilla and 2% in the mandible. Tooth loss was greatest in the mandibular molar segment, followed by the maxillary molar segment. By means of an index for dental status about 8% of the men were judged to be in great need of prosthetic treatment for aesthetic reasons and/or to improve occlusion. Age, place of birth, educational level and smoking habits were among the factors which seemed to be related to dental status. Seventy percent of the men reported that they went to the dentist once a year, while about 10% seemed rarely or never to seek dental treatment. Dental treatment habits were correlated to place of birth, number of brothers and sisters, edentulousness and the need for prosthetic treatment, among other factors.", "PMID": 371907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1417", "title": "A method of utilizing the subjects' initial caries experience to increase efficiency in caries clinical trials.", "content": "A problem which often occurs in caries clinical trials is the existence of an imbalance by group in the initial DMFS scores among subjects completing the study. Four methods of incorporating the study subjects' initial caries experience were identified and compared in six recently conducted clinical trials to see which of the methods was the most efficient in making treatment group comparisons of study subjects' caries increment scores. The consistent method of choice was one which utilized an adaptation of Grainger's caries severity index as a stratification factor in a blocking analysis of caries increments. The results suggest that more information regarding future caries exist in knowing where decay is present in the dentition than in knowing the subjects' total DMFS counts.", "contents": "A method of utilizing the subjects' initial caries experience to increase efficiency in caries clinical trials. A problem which often occurs in caries clinical trials is the existence of an imbalance by group in the initial DMFS scores among subjects completing the study. Four methods of incorporating the study subjects' initial caries experience were identified and compared in six recently conducted clinical trials to see which of the methods was the most efficient in making treatment group comparisons of study subjects' caries increment scores. The consistent method of choice was one which utilized an adaptation of Grainger's caries severity index as a stratification factor in a blocking analysis of caries increments. The results suggest that more information regarding future caries exist in knowing where decay is present in the dentition than in knowing the subjects' total DMFS counts.", "PMID": 371908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1418", "title": "Effect of the LRF-antagonist [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-LRF on pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The potent LRF-antagonist [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-LRF (Antag.) has been examined for its effect in mated female rats. While 1.25 mg Antag. given b.i.d. for 7 days after mating prolongs pregnancy, the administration of 2.5 mg Antag. b.i.d. for the same period results in the complete absence of developing fetuses.", "contents": "Effect of the LRF-antagonist [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-LRF on pregnancy in the rat. The potent LRF-antagonist [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-LRF (Antag.) has been examined for its effect in mated female rats. While 1.25 mg Antag. given b.i.d. for 7 days after mating prolongs pregnancy, the administration of 2.5 mg Antag. b.i.d. for the same period results in the complete absence of developing fetuses.", "PMID": 371912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1419", "title": "Cancer metastasis: a product of tumor-host interactions.", "content": "Metastasis continues to be the most devastating event for the patient with an established primary cancer. The most significant therapeutic problems are: (1) treatment of patients with established macrometastases, (2) identification of patients who have micrometastases and (3) the development of adequate adjunctive therapies for micrometastases. It is hoped that our evolving understanding of the biology of experimental metastasis and the high level of premium quality laboratory research ongoing in this area will result in further resolution of this clinical problem or, at least, a better understanding of this most extreme expression of the malignant phenotype.", "contents": "Cancer metastasis: a product of tumor-host interactions. Metastasis continues to be the most devastating event for the patient with an established primary cancer. The most significant therapeutic problems are: (1) treatment of patients with established macrometastases, (2) identification of patients who have micrometastases and (3) the development of adequate adjunctive therapies for micrometastases. It is hoped that our evolving understanding of the biology of experimental metastasis and the high level of premium quality laboratory research ongoing in this area will result in further resolution of this clinical problem or, at least, a better understanding of this most extreme expression of the malignant phenotype.", "PMID": 371913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1420", "title": "Ascites: its correction by peritoneovenous shunting.", "content": "Patients with refractory ascites and HRS should be considered to present an urgent indication for peritoneovenous shunting. The shunt offers a method of continuous reinfusion of ascitic fluid which corrects avid sodium retention, oliguria and azotemia. Severe encephalopathy, jaundice or peritoneal sepsis--common complications of cirrhosis--contraindicate installation of the shunt before improvement occurs. Associated cardiac disease does not contraindicate the use of the shunt provided that ascitic fluid is removed at the time of operation and large amounts of diuretics are used. This operation has also proved useful in ascites attributed to causes other than cirrhosis. The main complications include disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hepatic coma and sepsis in a few patients. Results of a randomized prospective study indicate that the shunt should probably be considered in patients with diet-resistant massive ascites even before they prove to be refractory to diuretic therapy.", "contents": "Ascites: its correction by peritoneovenous shunting. Patients with refractory ascites and HRS should be considered to present an urgent indication for peritoneovenous shunting. The shunt offers a method of continuous reinfusion of ascitic fluid which corrects avid sodium retention, oliguria and azotemia. Severe encephalopathy, jaundice or peritoneal sepsis--common complications of cirrhosis--contraindicate installation of the shunt before improvement occurs. Associated cardiac disease does not contraindicate the use of the shunt provided that ascitic fluid is removed at the time of operation and large amounts of diuretics are used. This operation has also proved useful in ascites attributed to causes other than cirrhosis. The main complications include disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hepatic coma and sepsis in a few patients. Results of a randomized prospective study indicate that the shunt should probably be considered in patients with diet-resistant massive ascites even before they prove to be refractory to diuretic therapy.", "PMID": 371915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1421", "title": "A simple procedure for obtaining autoradiographs of G-banded chromosomes.", "content": "Chromosomal preparations from cells flash-labeled with 3H-dT were Giemsa-banded following trypsin digestion, allowed to air-dry, and then were coated with a layer of 1% Formvar. The slides were subsequently coated with radiographic emulsion (NTB2) and processed for autoradiography. The resulting chromosomes had distinct G-banding and radiographic labeling patterns. Chemographic grain formation in the emulsion, normally caused by Giemsa stain, was prevented by the film of Formvar, allowing a very low background grain level.", "contents": "A simple procedure for obtaining autoradiographs of G-banded chromosomes. Chromosomal preparations from cells flash-labeled with 3H-dT were Giemsa-banded following trypsin digestion, allowed to air-dry, and then were coated with a layer of 1% Formvar. The slides were subsequently coated with radiographic emulsion (NTB2) and processed for autoradiography. The resulting chromosomes had distinct G-banding and radiographic labeling patterns. Chemographic grain formation in the emulsion, normally caused by Giemsa stain, was prevented by the film of Formvar, allowing a very low background grain level.", "PMID": 371931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1422", "title": "A probe into nuclear events during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: studies of folded chromosomes in cdc mutants which arrest in G1.", "content": "The sedimentation behavior of folded chromosomes from cell-division-cycle (cdc) mutants which arrest in G1 was examined. At the restrictive temperature the folded genome of cdc 7, which arrests after spindle pole body (SPB) separation and spindle formation, cosediments with a standard g1 structure, indicating that by the cdc 7 step the g1 form of the folded genome has been assembled. In the mutant, cdc 4, which arrests before SPB separation but after SPB duplication, a standard g1 structure is not formed. cdc 4 cells, however, are able to enter G0 at the restrictive temperature, and the corresponding go structure is stable. These results indicate that the cdc 4 gene product may be involved in the development of folded genome conformation which leads to the g1 structure. Since the cdc 4 gene product is required for SPB separation, the g1 structure may be defined by an association between chromosomes and spindle components. The folded chromosomes of the \"start\" mutants cdc 25 and cdc 28 are unstable at the restrictive temperature. In contrast to cdc 4, neither cdc 25 nor cdc 28 are able to enter the G0 stage in a normal manner, i.e., the g0 structure is unstable at the restrictive temperature. The inference is that both the cdc 25 and cdc 28 gene products are required for the functional integrity of the folded genome at both a stage early in G1 and in the pathway to G0.", "contents": "A probe into nuclear events during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: studies of folded chromosomes in cdc mutants which arrest in G1. The sedimentation behavior of folded chromosomes from cell-division-cycle (cdc) mutants which arrest in G1 was examined. At the restrictive temperature the folded genome of cdc 7, which arrests after spindle pole body (SPB) separation and spindle formation, cosediments with a standard g1 structure, indicating that by the cdc 7 step the g1 form of the folded genome has been assembled. In the mutant, cdc 4, which arrests before SPB separation but after SPB duplication, a standard g1 structure is not formed. cdc 4 cells, however, are able to enter G0 at the restrictive temperature, and the corresponding go structure is stable. These results indicate that the cdc 4 gene product may be involved in the development of folded genome conformation which leads to the g1 structure. Since the cdc 4 gene product is required for SPB separation, the g1 structure may be defined by an association between chromosomes and spindle components. The folded chromosomes of the \"start\" mutants cdc 25 and cdc 28 are unstable at the restrictive temperature. In contrast to cdc 4, neither cdc 25 nor cdc 28 are able to enter the G0 stage in a normal manner, i.e., the g0 structure is unstable at the restrictive temperature. The inference is that both the cdc 25 and cdc 28 gene products are required for the functional integrity of the folded genome at both a stage early in G1 and in the pathway to G0.", "PMID": 371932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1423", "title": "A sequential analysis of meiosis in the male mouse using a restricted spermatocyte population obtained by a hydroxyurea/triaziquone treatment.", "content": "A method is described to restrict the spermatocyte population in mice and other rodents using hydroxyurea (HU) and triaziquone (T). HU affects cells in S-phase, whereas T is an agent especially active on spermatogonia and not on spermatocytes. An application of three i.p. HU injections with 12 h intervals, followed about nine days later by one i.p. T injection creates two large gaps in the spermatogenic line. The two gaps enclose a small, well-defined group of primary spermatocytes in meiotic interphase. - The development of the restricted spermatocyte population is followed day by day. The analysis of meiosis in male mice has revealed the correct sequence of meiotic, and especially prophase I stages. On account of clearly visible differences in chromosome morphology the diplotene stage could be divided into three periods. It is suggested to use the following nomenclature: pre-diffuse diplotene, diffuse diplotene and post-difuse diplotene. The experiment was also informative about the timing of the stages in spermatocyte development by correlating the days at which the successive stages were observed with the corresponding stage of the epithelial cycle. The calculation of the position and duration of the diffuse diplotene, enables us to put forward a proposal about the significance of the diffuse diplotene. - A combination of the HU/T method with cell separation techniques provides good perspectives for detailed biochemical studies on processes taking place during meiosis.", "contents": "A sequential analysis of meiosis in the male mouse using a restricted spermatocyte population obtained by a hydroxyurea/triaziquone treatment. A method is described to restrict the spermatocyte population in mice and other rodents using hydroxyurea (HU) and triaziquone (T). HU affects cells in S-phase, whereas T is an agent especially active on spermatogonia and not on spermatocytes. An application of three i.p. HU injections with 12 h intervals, followed about nine days later by one i.p. T injection creates two large gaps in the spermatogenic line. The two gaps enclose a small, well-defined group of primary spermatocytes in meiotic interphase. - The development of the restricted spermatocyte population is followed day by day. The analysis of meiosis in male mice has revealed the correct sequence of meiotic, and especially prophase I stages. On account of clearly visible differences in chromosome morphology the diplotene stage could be divided into three periods. It is suggested to use the following nomenclature: pre-diffuse diplotene, diffuse diplotene and post-difuse diplotene. The experiment was also informative about the timing of the stages in spermatocyte development by correlating the days at which the successive stages were observed with the corresponding stage of the epithelial cycle. The calculation of the position and duration of the diffuse diplotene, enables us to put forward a proposal about the significance of the diffuse diplotene. - A combination of the HU/T method with cell separation techniques provides good perspectives for detailed biochemical studies on processes taking place during meiosis.", "PMID": 371933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1424", "title": "Telescoping anastomosis of the colon: a comparative study.", "content": "The incidence of large-intestinal anastomotic leaks remains unacceptably high. For this reason, we studied the resistance to dehiscence of a telescoping type of anastomosis and compared it with the conventional one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses in a canine model. These experiments demonstrated that the telescoping anastomosis provided a more resistant suture line during the early postoperative phase and did not cause encroachment of the lumen by the diaphragm, which was consistently produced when an inverting suture line was used. Three days postoperatively the mean bursting pressures of the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses were 31 +/- 12, 120 +/- 46, and 52 +/- 21 mm Hg, respectively. The telescoping anastomosis had a mean bursting pressure of 210 +/- 44 mm Hg, which was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those of all the other anastomoses tested. However, seven and 14 days after operation, there was no statistically significant difference among the bursting pressures of the various anastomoses. When the different types of anastomoses were examined histologically, it was found that there was considerably more suture-line inflammation, edema, micro-abscess formation, mucosal ulceration and pericolic inflammation of the fat in the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses than in the telescoping anastomosis.", "contents": "Telescoping anastomosis of the colon: a comparative study. The incidence of large-intestinal anastomotic leaks remains unacceptably high. For this reason, we studied the resistance to dehiscence of a telescoping type of anastomosis and compared it with the conventional one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses in a canine model. These experiments demonstrated that the telescoping anastomosis provided a more resistant suture line during the early postoperative phase and did not cause encroachment of the lumen by the diaphragm, which was consistently produced when an inverting suture line was used. Three days postoperatively the mean bursting pressures of the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses were 31 +/- 12, 120 +/- 46, and 52 +/- 21 mm Hg, respectively. The telescoping anastomosis had a mean bursting pressure of 210 +/- 44 mm Hg, which was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those of all the other anastomoses tested. However, seven and 14 days after operation, there was no statistically significant difference among the bursting pressures of the various anastomoses. When the different types of anastomoses were examined histologically, it was found that there was considerably more suture-line inflammation, edema, micro-abscess formation, mucosal ulceration and pericolic inflammation of the fat in the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses than in the telescoping anastomosis.", "PMID": 371935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1425", "title": "Antimitochondrial antibodies: reagent variables may lead to diagnostic error.", "content": "Laboratory-prepared and commercially obtained fluorescein-labeled rabbit antihuman IgG were compared in performing the antimitochondria antibody (AMA) assay. Identical results were obtained using either of the fluorescent antisera at protein concentrations of 1.5 mg/ml and 1:10 dilutions of patients' sera. Positive AMA tests with either antisera were observed in each of 7 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 2 of 83 patients with miscellaneous hepatic diseases, and in 1 of 24 patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO) of 2-24 weeks duration. However, when undiluted commercial fluorescent antiserum (15.8 mg protein/ml) was substituted in the assay, sera from 11 of 23 AMA-negative patients with EBO and 12 of 15 with miscellaneous liver diseases demonstrated an atypical fluorescence located primarily along the periphery of the rat renal tubules. Thus, if the conjugated antibody is not adjusted to an optimal protein concentration, this atypical fluorescence could be interpreted as a positive AMA test and lead to diagnostic error.", "contents": "Antimitochondrial antibodies: reagent variables may lead to diagnostic error. Laboratory-prepared and commercially obtained fluorescein-labeled rabbit antihuman IgG were compared in performing the antimitochondria antibody (AMA) assay. Identical results were obtained using either of the fluorescent antisera at protein concentrations of 1.5 mg/ml and 1:10 dilutions of patients' sera. Positive AMA tests with either antisera were observed in each of 7 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 2 of 83 patients with miscellaneous hepatic diseases, and in 1 of 24 patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO) of 2-24 weeks duration. However, when undiluted commercial fluorescent antiserum (15.8 mg protein/ml) was substituted in the assay, sera from 11 of 23 AMA-negative patients with EBO and 12 of 15 with miscellaneous liver diseases demonstrated an atypical fluorescence located primarily along the periphery of the rat renal tubules. Thus, if the conjugated antibody is not adjusted to an optimal protein concentration, this atypical fluorescence could be interpreted as a positive AMA test and lead to diagnostic error.", "PMID": 371937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1426", "title": "Different gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to solid-liquid or homogenized meals.", "content": "We have compared responses to an ordinary solid-liquid (S) meal and to a homogenized (H) meal of identical composition (sirloin steak, bread, butter, ice cream with chocolate syrup, and water) by measuring simultaneously postprandial gastric, pancreatic, and biliary functions by marker-perfusion techniques. Responses to each (S or H) meals differed strikingly both in magnitude and pattern. S meals elicited a stronger early gastric secretory response (acid, pepsin, and volume) which compensated for faster initial emptying and resulted in higher gastric acidity and volume than after H meals. Further, nutrients ingested with S meals were emptied at a slower rate than H (as evidenced by a more gradual decline in intragastric buffer and osmolality, as well as time required for complete emptying of the meal). This, in turn, prolonged pancreatic and biliary responses since stimulation of these organs continued for as long as meal was delivered into the duodenum. However, early biliary outputs (gallbladder response) were less after S than H, probably because nutrients entered the duodenum more slowly and were initially diluted by rapidly emptying water. The physical characteristics of each meal (encompassing appearance, taste, and form of ingestion) probably accounted for early differences in digestive responses. Later, interactions between gastric (motor and secretory), pancreatic, and biliary functions played a major role. Our findings suggest that gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to liquid test meals introduced into the stomach may differ substantially from the presumably more physiological response to ordinary solid-liquid meals.", "contents": "Different gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to solid-liquid or homogenized meals. We have compared responses to an ordinary solid-liquid (S) meal and to a homogenized (H) meal of identical composition (sirloin steak, bread, butter, ice cream with chocolate syrup, and water) by measuring simultaneously postprandial gastric, pancreatic, and biliary functions by marker-perfusion techniques. Responses to each (S or H) meals differed strikingly both in magnitude and pattern. S meals elicited a stronger early gastric secretory response (acid, pepsin, and volume) which compensated for faster initial emptying and resulted in higher gastric acidity and volume than after H meals. Further, nutrients ingested with S meals were emptied at a slower rate than H (as evidenced by a more gradual decline in intragastric buffer and osmolality, as well as time required for complete emptying of the meal). This, in turn, prolonged pancreatic and biliary responses since stimulation of these organs continued for as long as meal was delivered into the duodenum. However, early biliary outputs (gallbladder response) were less after S than H, probably because nutrients entered the duodenum more slowly and were initially diluted by rapidly emptying water. The physical characteristics of each meal (encompassing appearance, taste, and form of ingestion) probably accounted for early differences in digestive responses. Later, interactions between gastric (motor and secretory), pancreatic, and biliary functions played a major role. Our findings suggest that gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to liquid test meals introduced into the stomach may differ substantially from the presumably more physiological response to ordinary solid-liquid meals.", "PMID": 371939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1427", "title": "A review of upper-gastrointestinal effects of the newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "Newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAI's) such as ibuprofen, neproxen, fenoprofen, and tolmetin have broadened the therapeutic choice and increased the chances of providing optimum arthritis control, but require careful assessment of the possibilities for unwanted drug effects when long-term therapy is required. A review of the literature on the gastrointestinal effects of the promising newer NSAIs, as compared with the older agents, aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone, is presented, highlighting animal toxicology and human adverse reaction surveillance data and the evidence for various suggested pathophysiological mechanisms.", "contents": "A review of upper-gastrointestinal effects of the newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAI's) such as ibuprofen, neproxen, fenoprofen, and tolmetin have broadened the therapeutic choice and increased the chances of providing optimum arthritis control, but require careful assessment of the possibilities for unwanted drug effects when long-term therapy is required. A review of the literature on the gastrointestinal effects of the promising newer NSAIs, as compared with the older agents, aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone, is presented, highlighting animal toxicology and human adverse reaction surveillance data and the evidence for various suggested pathophysiological mechanisms.", "PMID": 371938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1428", "title": "[Pre-orthodontic surgical treatment of retained or ectopic teeth in juvenile dentitions].", "content": "For orthodontic and gnathologic reasons, impacted teeth in adolescents should not be extracted but rather placed in their appropriate positions. This article deals with the surgical aspects of a combined surgical and orthodontic methods for incorporating these teeth into the dental arch. The procedure for lifting the gingival tissue to expose the impacted tooth and the application of a plastic attachment via \"direct bonding\" were described.", "contents": "[Pre-orthodontic surgical treatment of retained or ectopic teeth in juvenile dentitions]. For orthodontic and gnathologic reasons, impacted teeth in adolescents should not be extracted but rather placed in their appropriate positions. This article deals with the surgical aspects of a combined surgical and orthodontic methods for incorporating these teeth into the dental arch. The procedure for lifting the gingival tissue to expose the impacted tooth and the application of a plastic attachment via \"direct bonding\" were described.", "PMID": 371943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1429", "title": "[Defect and filling therapy by means of dental enamel etching in the deciduous dentition].", "content": "The cauterization of enamal for treating defects and filling decidious teeth was studied clinically and with the raster electron microscope. Results up to now tend to indicate that this procedure is particularly well suited for decidious teeth and that it will be an increasingly important procedure in the future.", "contents": "[Defect and filling therapy by means of dental enamel etching in the deciduous dentition]. The cauterization of enamal for treating defects and filling decidious teeth was studied clinically and with the raster electron microscope. Results up to now tend to indicate that this procedure is particularly well suited for decidious teeth and that it will be an increasingly important procedure in the future.", "PMID": 371944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1430", "title": "[The change of dimensions in bonded crowns].", "content": "The dimension of the crown is changed when the ceramic mass is fased. The reduction in dimension in the mesiodistal direction is greater than in the buccolingual direction when the crown is faced on one side. This shrinkage influences the exact fit of the crown faced with ceramic material. The form of the crown faced with plastic also changed; this change however was a deformation rather than a shrinkage.", "contents": "[The change of dimensions in bonded crowns]. The dimension of the crown is changed when the ceramic mass is fased. The reduction in dimension in the mesiodistal direction is greater than in the buccolingual direction when the crown is faced on one side. This shrinkage influences the exact fit of the crown faced with ceramic material. The form of the crown faced with plastic also changed; this change however was a deformation rather than a shrinkage.", "PMID": 371945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1431", "title": "[Evaluation and habits of wearing model cast prostheses--results of an inquiry among patients].", "content": "An evaluation was made of 1246 questionnaires. A difference could be established between patients wearing prostheses for the first time and patients wearing prostheses over a long period of time. No differences were demonstrable between men and women. Age-related differences could not be determined, the treated jaw did not influence the evaluation, and there was no relationship between the type of prosthesis and the subjective statements given by the patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation and habits of wearing model cast prostheses--results of an inquiry among patients]. An evaluation was made of 1246 questionnaires. A difference could be established between patients wearing prostheses for the first time and patients wearing prostheses over a long period of time. No differences were demonstrable between men and women. Age-related differences could not be determined, the treated jaw did not influence the evaluation, and there was no relationship between the type of prosthesis and the subjective statements given by the patients.", "PMID": 371946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1432", "title": "[Gnathologic aspects in total prostheses].", "content": "Using a combination of the all-oral procedure (M. Hofmann), the Lauritzen technique, and the TMJ system, it is possible to construct dental prostheses geared to the individual patient for individuals whose teeth have all been extracted. This rational procedure was introduced and discussed.", "contents": "[Gnathologic aspects in total prostheses]. Using a combination of the all-oral procedure (M. Hofmann), the Lauritzen technique, and the TMJ system, it is possible to construct dental prostheses geared to the individual patient for individuals whose teeth have all been extracted. This rational procedure was introduced and discussed.", "PMID": 371947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1433", "title": "[The anatomical course of the mandibular canal--a computer assisted trigonometric radiographic interpretation].", "content": "The mandibular canal was demonstrated on two stereoscopic radiographs which correspond radiographically to isolated films of the mandible. The central ray forms 20 degrees and a 50 degrees angle with the camperian plane on the radiograph. A reference pointer attached to the teeth is also reproduced on the film. The angle and direction of the central ray is computed on the basis of the diagram of the reference pointer. A defined adjustment therefore is unnecessary when the radiograph is being taken. The coordinates of the mandibular canal and the surrounding root tips are accurately computed with a programmable computer.", "contents": "[The anatomical course of the mandibular canal--a computer assisted trigonometric radiographic interpretation]. The mandibular canal was demonstrated on two stereoscopic radiographs which correspond radiographically to isolated films of the mandible. The central ray forms 20 degrees and a 50 degrees angle with the camperian plane on the radiograph. A reference pointer attached to the teeth is also reproduced on the film. The angle and direction of the central ray is computed on the basis of the diagram of the reference pointer. A defined adjustment therefore is unnecessary when the radiograph is being taken. The coordinates of the mandibular canal and the surrounding root tips are accurately computed with a programmable computer.", "PMID": 371949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1434", "title": "Developmental changes in the response of male and female rat pituitary to LH-RH in vitro.", "content": "Changes in the binding of 125I-LH-RH and the sensitivity of male and female rat pituitary of LH-RH were measured in vitro from the 5th to 60th day of age. Pituitaries of all the age groups were responsive to LH-RH. Two phases of pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH could be detected in both the male and female rat. The first phase or the period of low sensitivity extended up to the day 14, while the second one or the period of high sensitivity started from the day 15 onwards. During the second period the sensitivity of female pituitary to LH-RH was significantly higher than that of male one. In the female pituitary the changes in the sensitivity to LH-RH were parallel to changes in 125I-LH-RH binding. However, in the male pituitary 125I-LH-RH binding was higher while the sensitivity of pituitary to LH-RH was compatively lower than in the female rat. It is postulated that two different types of receptors may be involved in the stimulation of LH-RH induced LH release from the male and female pituitary.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the response of male and female rat pituitary to LH-RH in vitro. Changes in the binding of 125I-LH-RH and the sensitivity of male and female rat pituitary of LH-RH were measured in vitro from the 5th to 60th day of age. Pituitaries of all the age groups were responsive to LH-RH. Two phases of pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH could be detected in both the male and female rat. The first phase or the period of low sensitivity extended up to the day 14, while the second one or the period of high sensitivity started from the day 15 onwards. During the second period the sensitivity of female pituitary to LH-RH was significantly higher than that of male one. In the female pituitary the changes in the sensitivity to LH-RH were parallel to changes in 125I-LH-RH binding. However, in the male pituitary 125I-LH-RH binding was higher while the sensitivity of pituitary to LH-RH was compatively lower than in the female rat. It is postulated that two different types of receptors may be involved in the stimulation of LH-RH induced LH release from the male and female pituitary.", "PMID": 371950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1435", "title": "Insulin secretion and the morphological and metabolic characteristics of pancreatic islets of hyperthyroid ob/ob mice.", "content": "Thyroxine treatment induced experimental hyperthyroidism in ob/ob mice, inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused ob/ob mouse pancreas, and reduced total pancreas insulin content. In contrast, glucose-induced insulin release from incubated pancreatic islets and insulin content of pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice isolated by freehand microdissection were not reduced after thyroxine treatment when expressed per microgram dry islet. Histological examination of the ob/ob mouse pancreas revealed islets without degenerative lesions of islet cells. Granularity of beta cells was well preserved. The average number of pancreatic islets was unchanged. However, the beta cell area was significantly decreased in relation to the total pancreatic parenchyma after thyroxine treatment. This implies that insulin release and content per pancreatic islet was half of that of the controls. ATP content of islets was slightly reduced. Glucose oxidation and glucose utilization by islets from treated mice were slightly increased. Thyroxine treatment of the animals did not abolish the stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake by glucose, but it did suppress the potentiating effect of fasting on the stimulatory effect of glucose on 45Ca2+ uptake. The metabolic characteristics of islets from experimentally hyperthyroid mice are those of all hyperthyroid tissues. The results provide no evidence for the view that the effects of thyroxine treatment may be due to disturbed metabolic function or energy deprivation of pancreatic islets. Inhibition of insulin secretion from the pancreas after thyroxine administration is apparently due to a reduction in pancreas insulin content and a diminished pancreatic islet volume. Reduced pancreatic islet volume represents most probably a reduction of individual islet cell volume.", "contents": "Insulin secretion and the morphological and metabolic characteristics of pancreatic islets of hyperthyroid ob/ob mice. Thyroxine treatment induced experimental hyperthyroidism in ob/ob mice, inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused ob/ob mouse pancreas, and reduced total pancreas insulin content. In contrast, glucose-induced insulin release from incubated pancreatic islets and insulin content of pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice isolated by freehand microdissection were not reduced after thyroxine treatment when expressed per microgram dry islet. Histological examination of the ob/ob mouse pancreas revealed islets without degenerative lesions of islet cells. Granularity of beta cells was well preserved. The average number of pancreatic islets was unchanged. However, the beta cell area was significantly decreased in relation to the total pancreatic parenchyma after thyroxine treatment. This implies that insulin release and content per pancreatic islet was half of that of the controls. ATP content of islets was slightly reduced. Glucose oxidation and glucose utilization by islets from treated mice were slightly increased. Thyroxine treatment of the animals did not abolish the stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake by glucose, but it did suppress the potentiating effect of fasting on the stimulatory effect of glucose on 45Ca2+ uptake. The metabolic characteristics of islets from experimentally hyperthyroid mice are those of all hyperthyroid tissues. The results provide no evidence for the view that the effects of thyroxine treatment may be due to disturbed metabolic function or energy deprivation of pancreatic islets. Inhibition of insulin secretion from the pancreas after thyroxine administration is apparently due to a reduction in pancreas insulin content and a diminished pancreatic islet volume. Reduced pancreatic islet volume represents most probably a reduction of individual islet cell volume.", "PMID": 371951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1436", "title": "The effects of vitamin A on insulin release and glucose oxidation in isolated rat islets.", "content": "We tested the effects of vitamin A, a membrane surface-active agent, on glucose (16.7 mM)-induced biphasic insulin release from collagenase-isolated rat islets. Also, efforts were made to correlate the effects of vitamin A with glucose oxidation. Vitamin A (10(-4) M) inhibited first- and second phase insulin release; 10(-5) M vitamin A inhibited second phase release only and to a lesser extent than that observed with 10(-4) M vitamin A; and 10(-6) M vitamin A had no effect. Vitamin A (10(-7) M) stimulated biphasic insulin release. Exposure to high glucose (27.8 mM) overcame the effects of 10(-4) M vitamin A on first phase release, but not on second phase release of insulin. Exposure to 10(-5) M hydrocortisone opposed the effects of 10(-4) M vitamin A on both phases of insulin release. Vitamin A (10(-4) and 10(-5) M) inhibited glucose oxidation by islets, as measured by the production of 14CO2 from [14C]glucose. The effects of vitamin A on insulin release were dissociated in part from those effects on glucose oxidation, in that hydrocortisone opposed the effect of vitamin A on insulin release but not on glucose oxidation. The effects of vitamin A on insulin secretion can best be explained by the interaction of vitamin A at multiple sites affecting the membrane and intracellular glucose oxidation.", "contents": "The effects of vitamin A on insulin release and glucose oxidation in isolated rat islets. We tested the effects of vitamin A, a membrane surface-active agent, on glucose (16.7 mM)-induced biphasic insulin release from collagenase-isolated rat islets. Also, efforts were made to correlate the effects of vitamin A with glucose oxidation. Vitamin A (10(-4) M) inhibited first- and second phase insulin release; 10(-5) M vitamin A inhibited second phase release only and to a lesser extent than that observed with 10(-4) M vitamin A; and 10(-6) M vitamin A had no effect. Vitamin A (10(-7) M) stimulated biphasic insulin release. Exposure to high glucose (27.8 mM) overcame the effects of 10(-4) M vitamin A on first phase release, but not on second phase release of insulin. Exposure to 10(-5) M hydrocortisone opposed the effects of 10(-4) M vitamin A on both phases of insulin release. Vitamin A (10(-4) and 10(-5) M) inhibited glucose oxidation by islets, as measured by the production of 14CO2 from [14C]glucose. The effects of vitamin A on insulin release were dissociated in part from those effects on glucose oxidation, in that hydrocortisone opposed the effect of vitamin A on insulin release but not on glucose oxidation. The effects of vitamin A on insulin secretion can best be explained by the interaction of vitamin A at multiple sites affecting the membrane and intracellular glucose oxidation.", "PMID": 371952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1437", "title": "Secretion of \"inhibin\" by rat granulosa cells in vitro.", "content": "Rat granulosa cells secrete a substance in vitro that acts directly upon cultured rat pituitary cells to preferentially suppress FSH production. It is inferred from these results that the granulosa cell is a source of ovarian \"inhibin\" and that the pituitary gonadotroph is a site of \"inhibin\" action.", "contents": "Secretion of \"inhibin\" by rat granulosa cells in vitro. Rat granulosa cells secrete a substance in vitro that acts directly upon cultured rat pituitary cells to preferentially suppress FSH production. It is inferred from these results that the granulosa cell is a source of ovarian \"inhibin\" and that the pituitary gonadotroph is a site of \"inhibin\" action.", "PMID": 371953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1438", "title": "On the biochemical nature of triose- and hexose-stimulated insulin secretion.", "content": "The differential effects of several specific inhibitors of intermediary metabolism, mannoheptulose, 2-deoxylucose, and iodoacetate, were studied with isolated perifused pancreatic islets stimulated with glucose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, or alpha-ketoisocaproate. Insulin release rates and/or capacities to metabolize these caloric stimuli served as indicators of the inhibitors' actions. Mannoheptulose and 2-deoxyglucose blocked hexose-stimulated hormone release and hexose metabolism concomitantly, but left the functional and metabolic actions of trioses unaltered. Iodoacetate blocked hexose- and triose-stimulated hormone release as well as their metabolism in a parallel fashion. The action of alpha-ketoisocaproate was not affected by any of these three inhibitory agents. The data are most easily explained by a theory that incorporates metabolic signals, arising during the degradation of insulin-releasing fuel molecules, as an integral component in the process of beta-cell stimulation.", "contents": "On the biochemical nature of triose- and hexose-stimulated insulin secretion. The differential effects of several specific inhibitors of intermediary metabolism, mannoheptulose, 2-deoxylucose, and iodoacetate, were studied with isolated perifused pancreatic islets stimulated with glucose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, or alpha-ketoisocaproate. Insulin release rates and/or capacities to metabolize these caloric stimuli served as indicators of the inhibitors' actions. Mannoheptulose and 2-deoxyglucose blocked hexose-stimulated hormone release and hexose metabolism concomitantly, but left the functional and metabolic actions of trioses unaltered. Iodoacetate blocked hexose- and triose-stimulated hormone release as well as their metabolism in a parallel fashion. The action of alpha-ketoisocaproate was not affected by any of these three inhibitory agents. The data are most easily explained by a theory that incorporates metabolic signals, arising during the degradation of insulin-releasing fuel molecules, as an integral component in the process of beta-cell stimulation.", "PMID": 371954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1439", "title": "Chronic effects of [D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt]luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the female rat.", "content": "LRF and one of its highly potent analogs, [D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt]LRF (A), were tested for their effects on pregnancy. Daily doses of A prevented implantation and/or caused resorption of implanted blastocysts in mated female rats. This effect was dose related and was most evident when given in regimens including days 5-7 or days 9-10 or pregnancy. LRF also has antigonadal effects, but at much higher doses than A. The use of corn oil vs. 0.1% gelatin-saline improved the effectiveness of low doses of A. Termination of pregnancy in A- or LRF-treated rats is most probably due to the markedly diminished progesterone secretion, which could result from the secretion of biologically inactive gonadotropins, reduced pituitary responsiveness to endogenous LRF, or down-regulation of gonadal receptors for LH.", "contents": "Chronic effects of [D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt]luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the female rat. LRF and one of its highly potent analogs, [D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt]LRF (A), were tested for their effects on pregnancy. Daily doses of A prevented implantation and/or caused resorption of implanted blastocysts in mated female rats. This effect was dose related and was most evident when given in regimens including days 5-7 or days 9-10 or pregnancy. LRF also has antigonadal effects, but at much higher doses than A. The use of corn oil vs. 0.1% gelatin-saline improved the effectiveness of low doses of A. Termination of pregnancy in A- or LRF-treated rats is most probably due to the markedly diminished progesterone secretion, which could result from the secretion of biologically inactive gonadotropins, reduced pituitary responsiveness to endogenous LRF, or down-regulation of gonadal receptors for LH.", "PMID": 371955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1440", "title": "Cobalt(III) labeling of methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Native and trypsin-modified methionyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli were found to be inactivated by incubation in the presence of Co(III) complexes of ATP, stabilized either by imidazole or phenanthroline, or by oxidation in situ to Co(III) of the substrate ATP-Co(II). It has been shown that the inactivation proceeds by specific labeling of the catalytic ATP-Mg(II) site of the synthetases. The enzymes are completely inactivated by the incorporation of one cobalt atom and one ATP molecule per active site. The inactivated enzymes may be stored for a long period without significant reactivation or removal of the cobalt label. In the presence of dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol, the labeled enzymes recover full activity with concomittant release of the bound label molecules.", "contents": "Cobalt(III) labeling of methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Native and trypsin-modified methionyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli were found to be inactivated by incubation in the presence of Co(III) complexes of ATP, stabilized either by imidazole or phenanthroline, or by oxidation in situ to Co(III) of the substrate ATP-Co(II). It has been shown that the inactivation proceeds by specific labeling of the catalytic ATP-Mg(II) site of the synthetases. The enzymes are completely inactivated by the incorporation of one cobalt atom and one ATP molecule per active site. The inactivated enzymes may be stored for a long period without significant reactivation or removal of the cobalt label. In the presence of dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol, the labeled enzymes recover full activity with concomittant release of the bound label molecules.", "PMID": 371961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1441", "title": "Purification and characterization of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified 9400-fold by affinity chromatography giving rise to an electrophoretically homogeneous preparation. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by gel filtration with Sephadex G-100 and by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Both methods reveal a molecular weight of 51,000. 3. The enzyme requires Mg2+ and has its pH optimum at 8.5. 4. Isoelectric focussing as well as gel electrophoresis of the purified extract reveals a single band which exhibits enzyme activity. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 5.1. 5. The enzyme displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent Michaelis constants for hypoxanthine, guanine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate of 23 microns, 18 microns, and 50 microns respectively.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified 9400-fold by affinity chromatography giving rise to an electrophoretically homogeneous preparation. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by gel filtration with Sephadex G-100 and by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Both methods reveal a molecular weight of 51,000. 3. The enzyme requires Mg2+ and has its pH optimum at 8.5. 4. Isoelectric focussing as well as gel electrophoresis of the purified extract reveals a single band which exhibits enzyme activity. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 5.1. 5. The enzyme displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent Michaelis constants for hypoxanthine, guanine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate of 23 microns, 18 microns, and 50 microns respectively.", "PMID": 371963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1442", "title": "Defect in the split proteins of 30-S ribosomal subunits and under-methylation of 16-S ribosomal RNA in a polyamine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli grown in the absence of polyamines.", "content": "Polyphenylalanine synthesis was carried out with Escherichia coli Q13 50-S ribosomal subunits and reconstituted 30-S particles containing different combinations of 23-S core particles and 30-S subunit split proteins obtained from a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli during its growth in the presence or absence of putrescine. It was concluded that the defect in the amount of some kinds of 30-S subunit split proteins was responsible for the decrease of polypeptide synthesis in a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli grown in the absence of polyamines. The methylation of 16-S RNA during growth in the absence of putrescine was decreased, while the degree of methylation of 23-S RNA did not change significantly. The decrease in methylation of 16-S RNA in the absence of putrescine was due mainly to a decrease of methylation of adenine. The relationship between the decrease of polypeptide synthetic activity of 30-S ribosomal subunits obtained from a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli grown in the absence of polyamines and the decrease of methylation of 16-S RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Defect in the split proteins of 30-S ribosomal subunits and under-methylation of 16-S ribosomal RNA in a polyamine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli grown in the absence of polyamines. Polyphenylalanine synthesis was carried out with Escherichia coli Q13 50-S ribosomal subunits and reconstituted 30-S particles containing different combinations of 23-S core particles and 30-S subunit split proteins obtained from a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli during its growth in the presence or absence of putrescine. It was concluded that the defect in the amount of some kinds of 30-S subunit split proteins was responsible for the decrease of polypeptide synthesis in a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli grown in the absence of polyamines. The methylation of 16-S RNA during growth in the absence of putrescine was decreased, while the degree of methylation of 23-S RNA did not change significantly. The decrease in methylation of 16-S RNA in the absence of putrescine was due mainly to a decrease of methylation of adenine. The relationship between the decrease of polypeptide synthetic activity of 30-S ribosomal subunits obtained from a polyamine-requiring mutant of E. coli grown in the absence of polyamines and the decrease of methylation of 16-S RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 371962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1443", "title": "The mitochondrial COB region in yeast codes for apocytochrome b and is mosaic.", "content": "Mitochondrial mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in cytochrome b were analyzed genetically and biochemically in order to elucidate the role of the mitochondrial genetic system in the biosynthesis of this cytochrome. The mutants mapped between OLI1 and OLI2 on mitochondrial DNA in a region called COB. A fine structure map of the COB region was constructed by rho- deletion mapping and recombination analysis. The combined genetic and biochemical data indicate that the COB region is mosaic and contains at least five distinct clusters of mutants, A-E, with A being closest to OLI2 and E being closest to OLI1. Clusters A, C and E are probably coding regions for apocytochrome b, whereas clusters B and D seem to be involved in as yet unknown functions. These conclusions rest on the following evidence. 1. Most mutants in clusters A, C and E have specifically lost cytochrome b. Many of them accumulate smaller mitochondrial translation products; some of these were identified as fragments of apocytochrome b by proteolytic fingerprinting. The molecular weight of these fragments depends on the map position of the mutant, increasing in the direction OLI2 leads to OLI1. The mutant closest to OLI1 accumulates an apocytochrome b which is slightly larger than that of wild type. 2. A mutant in cluster C exhibits a spectral absorption band of cytochrome b that is shifted 1.5 nm to the red. 3. Mutants in clusters B and D are pleiotropic. A majority of them are conditional and lack the absorption bands of both cytochrome b and cytochrome aa3; these mutants also fail to accumulate apocytochrome b and subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase and instead form a large number of abnormal translation products whose nature is unknown. 4. Zygotic complementation tests reveal at least two complementation groups: The first group includes all mutants in cluster B and the second group includes mutants in clusters (A + C + D + E).", "contents": "The mitochondrial COB region in yeast codes for apocytochrome b and is mosaic. Mitochondrial mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in cytochrome b were analyzed genetically and biochemically in order to elucidate the role of the mitochondrial genetic system in the biosynthesis of this cytochrome. The mutants mapped between OLI1 and OLI2 on mitochondrial DNA in a region called COB. A fine structure map of the COB region was constructed by rho- deletion mapping and recombination analysis. The combined genetic and biochemical data indicate that the COB region is mosaic and contains at least five distinct clusters of mutants, A-E, with A being closest to OLI2 and E being closest to OLI1. Clusters A, C and E are probably coding regions for apocytochrome b, whereas clusters B and D seem to be involved in as yet unknown functions. These conclusions rest on the following evidence. 1. Most mutants in clusters A, C and E have specifically lost cytochrome b. Many of them accumulate smaller mitochondrial translation products; some of these were identified as fragments of apocytochrome b by proteolytic fingerprinting. The molecular weight of these fragments depends on the map position of the mutant, increasing in the direction OLI2 leads to OLI1. The mutant closest to OLI1 accumulates an apocytochrome b which is slightly larger than that of wild type. 2. A mutant in cluster C exhibits a spectral absorption band of cytochrome b that is shifted 1.5 nm to the red. 3. Mutants in clusters B and D are pleiotropic. A majority of them are conditional and lack the absorption bands of both cytochrome b and cytochrome aa3; these mutants also fail to accumulate apocytochrome b and subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase and instead form a large number of abnormal translation products whose nature is unknown. 4. Zygotic complementation tests reveal at least two complementation groups: The first group includes all mutants in cluster B and the second group includes mutants in clusters (A + C + D + E).", "PMID": 371966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1444", "title": "Translational fidelity and specificity of ribosomes cleaved by cloacin DF13.", "content": "The effect of cloacin DF13 cleavage on several functional properties of the ribosome has been studied in a translational system in vitro. Cleaved ribosomes synthesize relatively shorter polypeptide chains on synthetic and natural templates. Their translational specificity is, however, unchanged as judged by the read-out of MS2 RNA. Here, cleaved as well as control ribosomes start translation only on the coat cistron of the phage RNA. Cloacin cleavage of ribosomes increases their fidelity of translation. Differential inhibition of translation of synthetic and natural template was not observed.", "contents": "Translational fidelity and specificity of ribosomes cleaved by cloacin DF13. The effect of cloacin DF13 cleavage on several functional properties of the ribosome has been studied in a translational system in vitro. Cleaved ribosomes synthesize relatively shorter polypeptide chains on synthetic and natural templates. Their translational specificity is, however, unchanged as judged by the read-out of MS2 RNA. Here, cleaved as well as control ribosomes start translation only on the coat cistron of the phage RNA. Cloacin cleavage of ribosomes increases their fidelity of translation. Differential inhibition of translation of synthetic and natural template was not observed.", "PMID": 371967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1445", "title": "Late prognosis in acute posttransplant renal failure in 102 patients.", "content": "An ivestigation was made of the effect of the duration of posttransplant renal failure on the late prognosis of graft as well as patient survival and on the frequency of complications in 102 patients who had a functioning graft at three months after transplantation. A direct correlation was found between duration of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and the late prognosis of the graft. The creatinine clearance was significantly higher and the frequency of complications was lower in the group with immediate resumption of renal function. The mortality rate increased with the duration of ATN.", "contents": "Late prognosis in acute posttransplant renal failure in 102 patients. An ivestigation was made of the effect of the duration of posttransplant renal failure on the late prognosis of graft as well as patient survival and on the frequency of complications in 102 patients who had a functioning graft at three months after transplantation. A direct correlation was found between duration of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and the late prognosis of the graft. The creatinine clearance was significantly higher and the frequency of complications was lower in the group with immediate resumption of renal function. The mortality rate increased with the duration of ATN.", "PMID": 371968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1446", "title": "Thymic involvement in control of bone marrow growth. Use of T-cell-depleted hybrid mice.", "content": "Because of mounting evidence of involvement of thymus-derived cells in blood formation we have studied the growth of transplanted bone marrow in mice extensively depleted of T-lymphocytes (TCD). Poor growth of parental marrow was found not to be appreciably altered in TCD hybrid recipients. However, parental thymic lymphocytes even in massive doses were not able to augment hemopoiesis in TCD hosts, in contrast to findings from sham-thymectomized or age control mice. This indication that a third (host) cell takes part in the thymocyte-marrow stem cell interaction was reinforced by the finding that isogenic (hybrid) thymocytes administered to TCD mice 5 weeks before the final irradiation restored their ability to support thymocyte-induced augmentation of parental marrow growth. Data were obtained from theta-poor sham-thymectomized irradiated controls which are interpreted as evidence for a suppressor T cell. Thymocytes administered with marrow produced a shift toward granulopoiesis in TCD mice as well as in controls. From this finding we infer that although thymus-derived cells are intimately involved in regulation of myelopoiesis, the effect of administered thymic lymphocytes on the differentiative pathway does not depend on host T cells.", "contents": "Thymic involvement in control of bone marrow growth. Use of T-cell-depleted hybrid mice. Because of mounting evidence of involvement of thymus-derived cells in blood formation we have studied the growth of transplanted bone marrow in mice extensively depleted of T-lymphocytes (TCD). Poor growth of parental marrow was found not to be appreciably altered in TCD hybrid recipients. However, parental thymic lymphocytes even in massive doses were not able to augment hemopoiesis in TCD hosts, in contrast to findings from sham-thymectomized or age control mice. This indication that a third (host) cell takes part in the thymocyte-marrow stem cell interaction was reinforced by the finding that isogenic (hybrid) thymocytes administered to TCD mice 5 weeks before the final irradiation restored their ability to support thymocyte-induced augmentation of parental marrow growth. Data were obtained from theta-poor sham-thymectomized irradiated controls which are interpreted as evidence for a suppressor T cell. Thymocytes administered with marrow produced a shift toward granulopoiesis in TCD mice as well as in controls. From this finding we infer that although thymus-derived cells are intimately involved in regulation of myelopoiesis, the effect of administered thymic lymphocytes on the differentiative pathway does not depend on host T cells.", "PMID": 371971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1447", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as a leukemic marker in bone marrow transplant recipients.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was measured in bone marrow samples from five patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse before bone marrow transplantation and serially thereafter. This enzyme seems to be a sensitive marker which can serve as an early indicator of recurrence of the disease. It is not influenced by clinical graft-versus-host reaction.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as a leukemic marker in bone marrow transplant recipients. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was measured in bone marrow samples from five patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse before bone marrow transplantation and serially thereafter. This enzyme seems to be a sensitive marker which can serve as an early indicator of recurrence of the disease. It is not influenced by clinical graft-versus-host reaction.", "PMID": 371972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1448", "title": "The collection, preservation and function of peripheral blood hematopoietic cells in dogs.", "content": "Semicontinuous flow centrifugation (SFC) was employed in canines to obtain adequate numbers of cells for autologous marrow repopulation following supralethal cyclophosphamide administration (100 mg per kg). Four cycles using a 225 ml bowl and 30 ml per minute flow rate were carried out for procurement. Collections averaged 8.4 +/- 0.4 x 10(9) (n = 30) leukocytes. Mononuclear cells (MNC) comprised 75 +/- 2% of the population and granulocyte colony-forming units (CFU-C) totaled 1.9 +/- 0.09 x 10(5) colonies per collection. Eighty-six percent of mononuclear cells were \"T\" cells in the 30 to 90 second fraction compared to 49% at 150 to 120 seconds. CFU-C fractionation revealed a peak at 30-210 seconds and a second peak at 120-210 seconds. Following programed freezing and rapid thawing 77.7 +/- 11.4% of CFU-C were recovered. Using a dose of 1 x10(9) MNC per kg for reinfusion, marrow repopulation and clinical recovery occurred in four out of four dogs. It was concluded that 1) SFC was effective for obtaining adequate numbers of peripheral blood stem cells for autologous marrow repopulation. 2) A rapid thawing and direct transfusion technique appears satisfactory for administration. 3) Some separation of \"T\", \"B\" and CFU-C peripheral blood components is possible by centrifugation.", "contents": "The collection, preservation and function of peripheral blood hematopoietic cells in dogs. Semicontinuous flow centrifugation (SFC) was employed in canines to obtain adequate numbers of cells for autologous marrow repopulation following supralethal cyclophosphamide administration (100 mg per kg). Four cycles using a 225 ml bowl and 30 ml per minute flow rate were carried out for procurement. Collections averaged 8.4 +/- 0.4 x 10(9) (n = 30) leukocytes. Mononuclear cells (MNC) comprised 75 +/- 2% of the population and granulocyte colony-forming units (CFU-C) totaled 1.9 +/- 0.09 x 10(5) colonies per collection. Eighty-six percent of mononuclear cells were \"T\" cells in the 30 to 90 second fraction compared to 49% at 150 to 120 seconds. CFU-C fractionation revealed a peak at 30-210 seconds and a second peak at 120-210 seconds. Following programed freezing and rapid thawing 77.7 +/- 11.4% of CFU-C were recovered. Using a dose of 1 x10(9) MNC per kg for reinfusion, marrow repopulation and clinical recovery occurred in four out of four dogs. It was concluded that 1) SFC was effective for obtaining adequate numbers of peripheral blood stem cells for autologous marrow repopulation. 2) A rapid thawing and direct transfusion technique appears satisfactory for administration. 3) Some separation of \"T\", \"B\" and CFU-C peripheral blood components is possible by centrifugation.", "PMID": 371973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1449", "title": "Chelation therapy in beta-thalassemia major: a one-year double blind study of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid.", "content": "A year-long double-blind study of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) given orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg four times per day was undertaken in 15 patients with beta-thalassemia major. 2,3-DHB and placebo (mannitol) were tolerated to an equal degree and there were no signs of drug toxicity at the end of 1 year. Efficacy in terms of retardation of iron accumulation could be documented using serial liver biopsies, serum ferritin determinations, or clinical laboratory assessment. Serum iron values increased, as did the iron binding capacity, in the group receiving 2,3-DHB. The increase in iron binding capacity was due to drug interference with the method of determination. Because of the greater efficacy of slow infusions of desferrioxamine in chelating iron when administered slowly, the clinic has shifted its emphasis toward further evaluation of that compound. Nevertheless, in view of the minimal toxicity of 2,3-DHB, further work appears warranted to define its role in the treatment of iron-overload.", "contents": "Chelation therapy in beta-thalassemia major: a one-year double blind study of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A year-long double-blind study of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) given orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg four times per day was undertaken in 15 patients with beta-thalassemia major. 2,3-DHB and placebo (mannitol) were tolerated to an equal degree and there were no signs of drug toxicity at the end of 1 year. Efficacy in terms of retardation of iron accumulation could be documented using serial liver biopsies, serum ferritin determinations, or clinical laboratory assessment. Serum iron values increased, as did the iron binding capacity, in the group receiving 2,3-DHB. The increase in iron binding capacity was due to drug interference with the method of determination. Because of the greater efficacy of slow infusions of desferrioxamine in chelating iron when administered slowly, the clinic has shifted its emphasis toward further evaluation of that compound. Nevertheless, in view of the minimal toxicity of 2,3-DHB, further work appears warranted to define its role in the treatment of iron-overload.", "PMID": 371974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1450", "title": "Elimination of platelets from mononuclear cell preparations using heat-killed yeast.", "content": "A new method for reducing platelet contamination in mononuclear cell preparations using heat killed yeast is presented. Yeast cells are added to the buffy coat of peripheral blood, incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 hour, layered over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, and centrifuged at 700 g for 30 minutes at room temperature. The cells at the interface are collected and evaluated for platelet count, lymphocyte surface markers, and mononuclear cell recovery. With increasing yeast concentration, the platelet count decreases to 93% over control values. No detectable lymphocyte subset is removed by this method. Cell recovery varies, but seems to decrease with the addition of higher concentrations of yeast cells. Normal plasma is required for the successful removal of platelets. Heat-inactivated plasma significantly reduces the efficiency of platelet removal.", "contents": "Elimination of platelets from mononuclear cell preparations using heat-killed yeast. A new method for reducing platelet contamination in mononuclear cell preparations using heat killed yeast is presented. Yeast cells are added to the buffy coat of peripheral blood, incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 hour, layered over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, and centrifuged at 700 g for 30 minutes at room temperature. The cells at the interface are collected and evaluated for platelet count, lymphocyte surface markers, and mononuclear cell recovery. With increasing yeast concentration, the platelet count decreases to 93% over control values. No detectable lymphocyte subset is removed by this method. Cell recovery varies, but seems to decrease with the addition of higher concentrations of yeast cells. Normal plasma is required for the successful removal of platelets. Heat-inactivated plasma significantly reduces the efficiency of platelet removal.", "PMID": 371975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1451", "title": "Clomiphene citrate in the management of infertility associated with shortened luteal phases.", "content": "Repetitively short luteal phases were found in eight infertile women. The short luteal phase was defined as 10 days or less from the presumed time of ovulation (as assessed by basal body temperature recording) to the onset of menses. Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) therapy resulted in pregnancy in two patients and lengthened the luteal phase in the other six. Ultimately, seven of eight patients conceived during Clomid therapy. Clomid therapy can lengthen the luteal phase in patients with luteal temperature elevation of 10 days or less. The occurrence of short luteal phases may be associated with infertility.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate in the management of infertility associated with shortened luteal phases. Repetitively short luteal phases were found in eight infertile women. The short luteal phase was defined as 10 days or less from the presumed time of ovulation (as assessed by basal body temperature recording) to the onset of menses. Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) therapy resulted in pregnancy in two patients and lengthened the luteal phase in the other six. Ultimately, seven of eight patients conceived during Clomid therapy. Clomid therapy can lengthen the luteal phase in patients with luteal temperature elevation of 10 days or less. The occurrence of short luteal phases may be associated with infertility.", "PMID": 371990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1452", "title": "Contraceptive properties of endotoxin in rabbits.", "content": "Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg intravenously interfered with follicular rupture normally induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in rabbits. This action was greatest when the endotoxin was given 5 to 6 hours after the administration of hCG. The failure of follicular rupture resulted in entrapment of ova. Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 4 of pregnancy resulted in failure of implantation. Indomethacin (2 micrograms/kg) given intramuscularly concomitantly was unable to reverse this action. Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 8 of pregnancy had an immediate lethal action on embryonic development, and this effect was inhibited by concomitant indomethacin treatment. Nevertheless, most fetuses died after the indomethacin treatment. Whether this was due to a direct toxic action of indomethacin or to a secondary action of endotoxin not blocked by indomethacin is not clear. Endotoxin did not exert its antifertility actions through a luteolytic mechanism.", "contents": "Contraceptive properties of endotoxin in rabbits. Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg intravenously interfered with follicular rupture normally induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in rabbits. This action was greatest when the endotoxin was given 5 to 6 hours after the administration of hCG. The failure of follicular rupture resulted in entrapment of ova. Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 4 of pregnancy resulted in failure of implantation. Indomethacin (2 micrograms/kg) given intramuscularly concomitantly was unable to reverse this action. Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 8 of pregnancy had an immediate lethal action on embryonic development, and this effect was inhibited by concomitant indomethacin treatment. Nevertheless, most fetuses died after the indomethacin treatment. Whether this was due to a direct toxic action of indomethacin or to a secondary action of endotoxin not blocked by indomethacin is not clear. Endotoxin did not exert its antifertility actions through a luteolytic mechanism.", "PMID": 371991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1453", "title": "Effect of native and modified bull seminal ribonuclease on tumour and testicular cells and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes.", "content": "The carboxymethylated, oxidized and reduced forms of AS RNase inhibited transplantability and DNA synthesis of tumour cells BP-8 and EL-4 incubated in vitro. With tumour cells EL-4 the results under in vitro conditions did not not correspond to those obtained under the conditions in vivo. The survival of mice given injections of EL-4 cells and of the native and carboxymethylated AS RNase was only slightly prolonged. Mice that received intra-abdominally BP-8 cells and both carboxymethylated and oxidized and reduced forms of AS RNase survived two or three times longer than the controls. Succinylation and maleylation of AS RNase eliminated any antitumoral effect. Aspermatogenic activity of AS RNase was abolished by any modification of the molecule which had substantially reduced, or removed, the RNase activity. Neither native nor modified forms of AS RNase had an inhibitory effect on unstimulated pig lymphocytes. The DNA synthesis of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by the native and carboxymethylated AS RNase only. Bovine pancreatic A RNase had any inhibitory effect on neither tumour nor testicular cells.", "contents": "Effect of native and modified bull seminal ribonuclease on tumour and testicular cells and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes. The carboxymethylated, oxidized and reduced forms of AS RNase inhibited transplantability and DNA synthesis of tumour cells BP-8 and EL-4 incubated in vitro. With tumour cells EL-4 the results under in vitro conditions did not not correspond to those obtained under the conditions in vivo. The survival of mice given injections of EL-4 cells and of the native and carboxymethylated AS RNase was only slightly prolonged. Mice that received intra-abdominally BP-8 cells and both carboxymethylated and oxidized and reduced forms of AS RNase survived two or three times longer than the controls. Succinylation and maleylation of AS RNase eliminated any antitumoral effect. Aspermatogenic activity of AS RNase was abolished by any modification of the molecule which had substantially reduced, or removed, the RNase activity. Neither native nor modified forms of AS RNase had an inhibitory effect on unstimulated pig lymphocytes. The DNA synthesis of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by the native and carboxymethylated AS RNase only. Bovine pancreatic A RNase had any inhibitory effect on neither tumour nor testicular cells.", "PMID": 371993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1454", "title": "Detection of thymosin 5 in calf and mouse thymus and in nude mouse dysgenetic thymus.", "content": "Thymosin 5 was traced in calf and mouse thymuses by fluorochrome-labelled rabbit anti-calf thymosin. The presence of thymosin 5 or its individual components was found 1. in groups of cortical epithelial cells in calf thymuses and in single cortical epithelial cells in mouse thymuses. 2. In some marginal (blastema) cells of the thymus cortex of calves and 14-day-old mice. 3. In perivascular epithelial cells of the calf thymus. 4. In occasional medullary epithelial cells of the calf and mouse thymus. In all cases there was a marked alternation of entirely negative and positive cell-containing thymic lobuli. In 4 of 13 cases comparatively strong positivity was found in tightyly arranged epithelial cells in an individual acinus in the dysgenetic thymus of nude mice, the positive cases being concentrated among the youngest mice studied.", "contents": "Detection of thymosin 5 in calf and mouse thymus and in nude mouse dysgenetic thymus. Thymosin 5 was traced in calf and mouse thymuses by fluorochrome-labelled rabbit anti-calf thymosin. The presence of thymosin 5 or its individual components was found 1. in groups of cortical epithelial cells in calf thymuses and in single cortical epithelial cells in mouse thymuses. 2. In some marginal (blastema) cells of the thymus cortex of calves and 14-day-old mice. 3. In perivascular epithelial cells of the calf thymus. 4. In occasional medullary epithelial cells of the calf and mouse thymus. In all cases there was a marked alternation of entirely negative and positive cell-containing thymic lobuli. In 4 of 13 cases comparatively strong positivity was found in tightyly arranged epithelial cells in an individual acinus in the dysgenetic thymus of nude mice, the positive cases being concentrated among the youngest mice studied.", "PMID": 371994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1455", "title": "The failure to induce allotransplantation tolerance with serum in mice.", "content": "The possibility of allotransplantation tolerance induction with serum in newborn and adult mice was investigated. In comparison with the previous findings in pigs and rats, not even a prolongation of skin graft survival was obtained in the treated recipient mice.", "contents": "The failure to induce allotransplantation tolerance with serum in mice. The possibility of allotransplantation tolerance induction with serum in newborn and adult mice was investigated. In comparison with the previous findings in pigs and rats, not even a prolongation of skin graft survival was obtained in the treated recipient mice.", "PMID": 371995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1456", "title": "Family formation and the life cycle.", "content": "Mathematical expressions are developed for certain life cycles when only the age-specific birth and death rates are known. The probability at birth that a woman will have a specified number of children and the expected length of time spent before the first birth, between the first and the last child, and between the last child and the time of the woman's death are shown to be calculable. Expressions for the probability of at least one child outliving the mother and for the expected number of children outliving the mother are also developed and are evaluated for three selected countries with different birth and death rates to show how these life cycles depend on birth and death rates.", "contents": "Family formation and the life cycle. Mathematical expressions are developed for certain life cycles when only the age-specific birth and death rates are known. The probability at birth that a woman will have a specified number of children and the expected length of time spent before the first birth, between the first and the last child, and between the last child and the time of the woman's death are shown to be calculable. Expressions for the probability of at least one child outliving the mother and for the expected number of children outliving the mother are also developed and are evaluated for three selected countries with different birth and death rates to show how these life cycles depend on birth and death rates.", "PMID": 371997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1457", "title": "Validation of an inferential approach for the measurement of illegitimacy.", "content": "An inferential model which utilizes surname comparisons in inferring legitimacy status is developed and validated. Criterion validation is employed to assess the level of agreement between the inferential approach and the conventional reporting procedure. Data for the analysis are based on a sample of birth certificates contained in files of the National Center for Health Statistics for calendar year 1973. Results indicate that despite excessive error within some categories of the control variables, the inferential method is generally adequate to obtain reliable estimates of illegitimacy.", "contents": "Validation of an inferential approach for the measurement of illegitimacy. An inferential model which utilizes surname comparisons in inferring legitimacy status is developed and validated. Criterion validation is employed to assess the level of agreement between the inferential approach and the conventional reporting procedure. Data for the analysis are based on a sample of birth certificates contained in files of the National Center for Health Statistics for calendar year 1973. Results indicate that despite excessive error within some categories of the control variables, the inferential method is generally adequate to obtain reliable estimates of illegitimacy.", "PMID": 371998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1458", "title": "Social background composition and educational growth.", "content": "This paper examines the impact of intercohort changes in social background composition on changes in grade progression rates at selected schooling levels. It presents formal arguments that the relative and absolute effects of background composition on grade progression rates should decline over levels of schooling, and using data for white males born beteen 1907 and 1951, offers empirical support for these arguments. Whereas twentieth century increases in average educational attainment are primarily due to increases in grade progression rates at the elementary and secondary levels, future growth must occur through increases in transition rates beyond high school, given the near universality of high school graduation for cohorts born at midcentury. Our analysis shows that postsecondary progression rates are much less responsive to changes in family background composition than rates in the schooling process. Despite intercohort changes in background composition that are increasingly favorable to educational attainment, future educational growth may be slower than past growth because compositional effects on average attainment will be through progression rates where the effects are weak.", "contents": "Social background composition and educational growth. This paper examines the impact of intercohort changes in social background composition on changes in grade progression rates at selected schooling levels. It presents formal arguments that the relative and absolute effects of background composition on grade progression rates should decline over levels of schooling, and using data for white males born beteen 1907 and 1951, offers empirical support for these arguments. Whereas twentieth century increases in average educational attainment are primarily due to increases in grade progression rates at the elementary and secondary levels, future growth must occur through increases in transition rates beyond high school, given the near universality of high school graduation for cohorts born at midcentury. Our analysis shows that postsecondary progression rates are much less responsive to changes in family background composition than rates in the schooling process. Despite intercohort changes in background composition that are increasingly favorable to educational attainment, future educational growth may be slower than past growth because compositional effects on average attainment will be through progression rates where the effects are weak.", "PMID": 371999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1459", "title": "Influence of the base on the results of clinical trials with topical corticosteroids.", "content": "A comparative trial between betamethasone valerate and halcinonide has shown the former to be superior, thus contradicting the results from other trials. It is thought that the discrepancy is due to differences in the nature of the preparations used in the various studies. It is suggested that note is made of the base used in trials before final conclusions about the efficicacy of steroids are made.", "contents": "Influence of the base on the results of clinical trials with topical corticosteroids. A comparative trial between betamethasone valerate and halcinonide has shown the former to be superior, thus contradicting the results from other trials. It is thought that the discrepancy is due to differences in the nature of the preparations used in the various studies. It is suggested that note is made of the base used in trials before final conclusions about the efficicacy of steroids are made.", "PMID": 372027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1460", "title": "Cryogenic preservation of isolated rat Islets of Langerhans: effect of cooling and warming rates.", "content": "Isolated rat Islets of Langerhans have been frozen to and stored at -196 degrees. After thawing, these islets were capable of secreting near normal levels of insulin in response to graded glucose challenge. Maximal retention of functional viability as measured by the ability of the islets to secrete insulin in response to a glucose challenge was obtained after freezing islets at a cooling rate of approximately 75 degrees per minute in the presence of 1.0 mol/1 dimethyl sulfoxol followed by warming at rates of greater than 3.5 degrees/minute. The critical freezing parameters include the time and temperature of exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, the rate of cooling, the temperature of the post-thaw dilution from the freezing medium and the presence of serum in the dilution medium.", "contents": "Cryogenic preservation of isolated rat Islets of Langerhans: effect of cooling and warming rates. Isolated rat Islets of Langerhans have been frozen to and stored at -196 degrees. After thawing, these islets were capable of secreting near normal levels of insulin in response to graded glucose challenge. Maximal retention of functional viability as measured by the ability of the islets to secrete insulin in response to a glucose challenge was obtained after freezing islets at a cooling rate of approximately 75 degrees per minute in the presence of 1.0 mol/1 dimethyl sulfoxol followed by warming at rates of greater than 3.5 degrees/minute. The critical freezing parameters include the time and temperature of exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, the rate of cooling, the temperature of the post-thaw dilution from the freezing medium and the presence of serum in the dilution medium.", "PMID": 372038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1461", "title": "Alloxan-induced alteration of insulin release, rubidium efflux and glucose metabolism in rat islets stimulated by various secretagogues.", "content": "Insulin release and 86Rb efflux were studied in perifused rat islets exposed in vitro to alloxan (2 mmol/l) for 5 min. At a low glucose concentration, alloxan transiently increased 86Rb efflux. Alloxan immediately and completely abolished the secretory response to glucose (15 mmol/l) and markedly delayed the reduction in 86Rb efflux normally produced by the sugar. 3-O-methylglucose (20 mmol/l) provided complete protection against the alteration of 86Rb efflux and partial protection against the inhibition of insulin release. Immediately after alloxan treatment, glyceraldehyde, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid and tolbutamide still induced a rapid release of insulin, but the late phase normally stimulated by glyceraldehyde and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid was inhibited. If islets were exposed to glyceraldehyde or tolbutamide 15 min after alloxan treatment, the rapid insulin release was also markedly impaired. Alloxan failed, however, to affect the ability of these three stimuli to reduce 86Rb efflux from islet cells. Glucose oxidation and utilization were decreased in alloxan-treated islets and 3-O-methylglucose protected against this effect. The results show that the glucose recognition system in B-cells is the most rapidly and severely affected by alloxan. The drug also alters the response to other secretagogues, the insulin releasing properties of which can be impaired without alteration of their ability to reduce 86Rb efflux.", "contents": "Alloxan-induced alteration of insulin release, rubidium efflux and glucose metabolism in rat islets stimulated by various secretagogues. Insulin release and 86Rb efflux were studied in perifused rat islets exposed in vitro to alloxan (2 mmol/l) for 5 min. At a low glucose concentration, alloxan transiently increased 86Rb efflux. Alloxan immediately and completely abolished the secretory response to glucose (15 mmol/l) and markedly delayed the reduction in 86Rb efflux normally produced by the sugar. 3-O-methylglucose (20 mmol/l) provided complete protection against the alteration of 86Rb efflux and partial protection against the inhibition of insulin release. Immediately after alloxan treatment, glyceraldehyde, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid and tolbutamide still induced a rapid release of insulin, but the late phase normally stimulated by glyceraldehyde and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid was inhibited. If islets were exposed to glyceraldehyde or tolbutamide 15 min after alloxan treatment, the rapid insulin release was also markedly impaired. Alloxan failed, however, to affect the ability of these three stimuli to reduce 86Rb efflux from islet cells. Glucose oxidation and utilization were decreased in alloxan-treated islets and 3-O-methylglucose protected against this effect. The results show that the glucose recognition system in B-cells is the most rapidly and severely affected by alloxan. The drug also alters the response to other secretagogues, the insulin releasing properties of which can be impaired without alteration of their ability to reduce 86Rb efflux.", "PMID": 372040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1462", "title": "Long loop Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy following total gastrectomy.", "content": "Excellent results were obtained with total gastrectomy in 42 patients having received one-layer esophagojejunostomy by hand-suturing. This is a safe and easy technique to use and therefore we use it from 1971 in all patients undergoing total gastrectomy.", "contents": "Long loop Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy following total gastrectomy. Excellent results were obtained with total gastrectomy in 42 patients having received one-layer esophagojejunostomy by hand-suturing. This is a safe and easy technique to use and therefore we use it from 1971 in all patients undergoing total gastrectomy.", "PMID": 372041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1463", "title": "Genetic analysis of multiple drug cross resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a nuclear-mitochondrial gene interaction.", "content": "A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cross resistant to several antibiotics, was isolated in our laboratory and subjected to genetic analysis. Tetrad analysis of diploids obtained from crosses between the resistant mutant and a sensitive wild-type strain suggest that the multiple resistance to the five agents, oligomycin (OLI), rhodamine 6G (RHG), tetracycline (TCN), chloramphenicol (CAP) and cycloheximide (CHX) is determined by a single nuclear gene, ant1, and requires several cytoplasmic genes for expression of resistance to oligomycin, rhodamine 6G and tetracycline. --Vegetatively growing diploid clones derived from the cross ant1 [RHO+] X +[RHO+] show mitotic segregation of two phenotypic classes for the drugs OLI, RHG TCN. Diploids derived from the two reciprocal crosses, ant1 [RHO+] X +[RHO-] and ant1 [RHO-] X +[RHO+], fail to exhibit mitotic segregation. These results are consistent with our hypothesis concerning the involvement of cytoplasmic loci. They suggest, in addition, that these loci are associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). --Evidence for this association is provided by the demonstration of genetic linkage between the cytoplasmic loci involved in the interaction, RHG-1, TCN-1 and OLI-5, and two well-characterized mitochondrial loci, ERY and CAP. --We have mapped the nuclear ant1 locus 3.3 cM from the centromere-linked gene, leu1, on the same side of the centromere of chromosome VII as leu1. --In the light of these findings, we discuss the claims made by several authors of the episomal nature of mutations similar to the one described here, as well as of the possible involvement of yeast 2 mu DNA in such mutations.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of multiple drug cross resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a nuclear-mitochondrial gene interaction. A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cross resistant to several antibiotics, was isolated in our laboratory and subjected to genetic analysis. Tetrad analysis of diploids obtained from crosses between the resistant mutant and a sensitive wild-type strain suggest that the multiple resistance to the five agents, oligomycin (OLI), rhodamine 6G (RHG), tetracycline (TCN), chloramphenicol (CAP) and cycloheximide (CHX) is determined by a single nuclear gene, ant1, and requires several cytoplasmic genes for expression of resistance to oligomycin, rhodamine 6G and tetracycline. --Vegetatively growing diploid clones derived from the cross ant1 [RHO+] X +[RHO+] show mitotic segregation of two phenotypic classes for the drugs OLI, RHG TCN. Diploids derived from the two reciprocal crosses, ant1 [RHO+] X +[RHO-] and ant1 [RHO-] X +[RHO+], fail to exhibit mitotic segregation. These results are consistent with our hypothesis concerning the involvement of cytoplasmic loci. They suggest, in addition, that these loci are associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). --Evidence for this association is provided by the demonstration of genetic linkage between the cytoplasmic loci involved in the interaction, RHG-1, TCN-1 and OLI-5, and two well-characterized mitochondrial loci, ERY and CAP. --We have mapped the nuclear ant1 locus 3.3 cM from the centromere-linked gene, leu1, on the same side of the centromere of chromosome VII as leu1. --In the light of these findings, we discuss the claims made by several authors of the episomal nature of mutations similar to the one described here, as well as of the possible involvement of yeast 2 mu DNA in such mutations.", "PMID": 372044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1464", "title": "The CAN1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: fine-structure analysis and forward mutation rates.", "content": "A system of strains and growth media was developed to allow efficient detection of forward mutation, reversion, complementation, and suppression at the canavanine-resistance (CAN1) locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic fine-structure analysis revealed that the map length is at least 40, and possibly as much as 60 X-ray map units; this is the longest gene map yet reported in S. cerevisiae. Allelic complementation was not observed, despite testing of a large number of allele pairs, and alleles suppressible by the ochre suppressor SUP11 were absent from a sample of 48 spontaneous mutants and occurred infrequently (7%) among a sample of ultraviolet-induced mutants. Infrequent mutant types included canavanine-resistant mutants capable of arginine uptake and alleles thought to represent deletions or inversions. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, the spontaneous forward mutation rate at CAN1 did not increase during meiosis.", "contents": "The CAN1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: fine-structure analysis and forward mutation rates. A system of strains and growth media was developed to allow efficient detection of forward mutation, reversion, complementation, and suppression at the canavanine-resistance (CAN1) locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic fine-structure analysis revealed that the map length is at least 40, and possibly as much as 60 X-ray map units; this is the longest gene map yet reported in S. cerevisiae. Allelic complementation was not observed, despite testing of a large number of allele pairs, and alleles suppressible by the ochre suppressor SUP11 were absent from a sample of 48 spontaneous mutants and occurred infrequently (7%) among a sample of ultraviolet-induced mutants. Infrequent mutant types included canavanine-resistant mutants capable of arginine uptake and alleles thought to represent deletions or inversions. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, the spontaneous forward mutation rate at CAN1 did not increase during meiosis.", "PMID": 372045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1465", "title": "Expression of radiation-induced mutations at the arginine permease (CAN1) locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the expression of resistance to the L-arginine analog, L-canavanine, after mutagenesis, is strongly dependent on the metabolic state of the cell. The frequency of mutations recovered after exposure to ultraviolet light or X rays was measured under a variety of culture conditions. The results indicate that the frequency of mutants recovered is determined by the following three factors: (1) The potential mutants still possess enough permease activity to take up some of the cell poison, and some are therefore killed before they can express the mutant genotype. The sensitivity is strongly influenced by the endogenous free arginine, which is in turn influenced by the growth medium. (2) The rapid decay of the permease molecules and the inability of the potential mutants to resynthesize this protein results in a rapidly increasing change of expression when selection is delayed. (3) During the time when the permease activity is decaying, repair of the mutagen-induced damage appears to occur.", "contents": "Expression of radiation-induced mutations at the arginine permease (CAN1) locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the expression of resistance to the L-arginine analog, L-canavanine, after mutagenesis, is strongly dependent on the metabolic state of the cell. The frequency of mutations recovered after exposure to ultraviolet light or X rays was measured under a variety of culture conditions. The results indicate that the frequency of mutants recovered is determined by the following three factors: (1) The potential mutants still possess enough permease activity to take up some of the cell poison, and some are therefore killed before they can express the mutant genotype. The sensitivity is strongly influenced by the endogenous free arginine, which is in turn influenced by the growth medium. (2) The rapid decay of the permease molecules and the inability of the potential mutants to resynthesize this protein results in a rapidly increasing change of expression when selection is delayed. (3) During the time when the permease activity is decaying, repair of the mutagen-induced damage appears to occur.", "PMID": 372046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1466", "title": "Restriction map of the region surrounding the EcoRI site in the pCR1 plasmid and analysis of an inserted ovalbumin gene.", "content": "We have determined a restriction map of a 1650 base pair region surrounding the EcoRI site of the bacterial plasmid, pCR1. We have used pCR1 as a vector in cloning synthetic ovalbumin double-stranded cDNA. Using the pCR1 restriction map, we have characterized the ovalbumin sequences inserted in one recombinant plasmid, pOvE12. POvE12 appears to contain all, or nearly all, of the sequences found in full length, double-stranded cDNA synthesized in vitro.", "contents": "Restriction map of the region surrounding the EcoRI site in the pCR1 plasmid and analysis of an inserted ovalbumin gene. We have determined a restriction map of a 1650 base pair region surrounding the EcoRI site of the bacterial plasmid, pCR1. We have used pCR1 as a vector in cloning synthetic ovalbumin double-stranded cDNA. Using the pCR1 restriction map, we have characterized the ovalbumin sequences inserted in one recombinant plasmid, pOvE12. POvE12 appears to contain all, or nearly all, of the sequences found in full length, double-stranded cDNA synthesized in vitro.", "PMID": 372047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1467", "title": "The physical localization of the gene for ribosomal protein S20.", "content": "As a prerequisite to the examination of the structure and properties of the promoter for ribosomal protein S20 of Escherichia coli, I have determined the cleavage sites in lambdadapB2cI857S7 DNA for four restriction endonucleases. Subsequently, purified fragments obtained after digestion of this DNA with BamI or HindIII have served as templates for coupled transcription and translation. This has permitted the localization of the structural gene for S20 within a 1000 base pair segment of lambdadapB2cIB57S7 DNA . Cleavage of this DNA with HindIII partially inactivates the expression of S20 in vitro, implying that one HindIII site lies in or near a region essential for the expression of S20.", "contents": "The physical localization of the gene for ribosomal protein S20. As a prerequisite to the examination of the structure and properties of the promoter for ribosomal protein S20 of Escherichia coli, I have determined the cleavage sites in lambdadapB2cI857S7 DNA for four restriction endonucleases. Subsequently, purified fragments obtained after digestion of this DNA with BamI or HindIII have served as templates for coupled transcription and translation. This has permitted the localization of the structural gene for S20 within a 1000 base pair segment of lambdadapB2cIB57S7 DNA . Cleavage of this DNA with HindIII partially inactivates the expression of S20 in vitro, implying that one HindIII site lies in or near a region essential for the expression of S20.", "PMID": 372048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1468", "title": "Construction of plasmid cloning vehicles that promote gene expression from the bacteriophage lambda pL promoter.", "content": "Two multiple-copy, ColE1-type, plasmid cloning vehicles, pHUB2 and pHUB4, have been constructed that carry four different single restriction sites down-stream from the phage lambda promoter pL. The promoting activity of pL is switched off at low temperature in the presence of a cIts gene that specifies a temperature-sensitive repressor but could be activated by heat induction. cIts was located either on the host chromosome, or on a second plasmid pRK248 that is compatible with the cloning vehicle, or on the vehicle itself. Three different restriction fragments, each carrying the gene trpA of Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella dysenteriae, have been inserted into the EcoRI, BamHI and SalI sites, respectively, of these plasmids and pL dependent expression of the inserted gene in Escherichia coli was determined by measuring the enzymatic activity of the trpA gene product. Heat induction resulted in a level of expression of trpA corresponding to 1 to 6.6% of the total soluble cell protein as trpA protein. The level of trpA protein production depended on the particular insert and the plasmid used.", "contents": "Construction of plasmid cloning vehicles that promote gene expression from the bacteriophage lambda pL promoter. Two multiple-copy, ColE1-type, plasmid cloning vehicles, pHUB2 and pHUB4, have been constructed that carry four different single restriction sites down-stream from the phage lambda promoter pL. The promoting activity of pL is switched off at low temperature in the presence of a cIts gene that specifies a temperature-sensitive repressor but could be activated by heat induction. cIts was located either on the host chromosome, or on a second plasmid pRK248 that is compatible with the cloning vehicle, or on the vehicle itself. Three different restriction fragments, each carrying the gene trpA of Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella dysenteriae, have been inserted into the EcoRI, BamHI and SalI sites, respectively, of these plasmids and pL dependent expression of the inserted gene in Escherichia coli was determined by measuring the enzymatic activity of the trpA gene product. Heat induction resulted in a level of expression of trpA corresponding to 1 to 6.6% of the total soluble cell protein as trpA protein. The level of trpA protein production depended on the particular insert and the plasmid used.", "PMID": 372049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1469", "title": "Effects of centrophenoxine on the monovalent electrolyte contents of the large brain cortical cells of old rats.", "content": "The effect of centrophenixine has been studied on the monovalent electrolyte contents of the brain cortical cells of old female Wistar rats by means of energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The drug was administered in form of an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg body weight for 20 days. The treatment decreased the potassium content in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in terms of dry mass fraction, whereas the sodium concentration remained unchanged. The Na+/K+ ration increased significantly in both cell compartments. The chloride content of the nuclei decreased slightly. If one supposes just 1--2% rehydration of the old cytoplasm, the decrease of the total ionic strength may be of considerable extent, it may even reach the values obtained in young adult animals. The results are interpreted in terms of a recently developed 'membrane hypothesis' of aging.", "contents": "Effects of centrophenoxine on the monovalent electrolyte contents of the large brain cortical cells of old rats. The effect of centrophenixine has been studied on the monovalent electrolyte contents of the brain cortical cells of old female Wistar rats by means of energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The drug was administered in form of an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg body weight for 20 days. The treatment decreased the potassium content in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in terms of dry mass fraction, whereas the sodium concentration remained unchanged. The Na+/K+ ration increased significantly in both cell compartments. The chloride content of the nuclei decreased slightly. If one supposes just 1--2% rehydration of the old cytoplasm, the decrease of the total ionic strength may be of considerable extent, it may even reach the values obtained in young adult animals. The results are interpreted in terms of a recently developed 'membrane hypothesis' of aging.", "PMID": 372050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1470", "title": "Double-blind comparison of cimetidine and placebo in the maintenance of healing of chronic duodenal ulceration.", "content": "Patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulceration were allocated at random to treatment with either cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) or matching placebo for six months. Before entry to the trial all patients were shown to have healed ulcers on endoscopy. Most of the patients had participated in a one-month trial of cimetidine during which their ulcers healed. The trial showed that four of 29 patients relapsed on maintenance treatment with cimetidine, which therefore did not confer complete immunity from relapse. However, cimetidine treatment was very much better than placebo treatment, on which 18 of 31 patients relapsed. Of the 22 patients who relapsed clinically, 20 were submitted to endoscopy and 19 of these were shown to have ulcerated again. Endoscopy at the end of the trial showed that ulcers had also redeveloped in five of 28 asymptomatic patients. Length of previous dyspeptic history had no bearing on the results of the trial but there was evidence that relapse on placebo was less likely if the ulcer had originally healed on a high dose of cimetidine. Clinical relapse was associated with worsening duodenitis. Symptoms, clinical observation, and laboratory tests showed no important abnormalities in the patients.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of cimetidine and placebo in the maintenance of healing of chronic duodenal ulceration. Patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulceration were allocated at random to treatment with either cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) or matching placebo for six months. Before entry to the trial all patients were shown to have healed ulcers on endoscopy. Most of the patients had participated in a one-month trial of cimetidine during which their ulcers healed. The trial showed that four of 29 patients relapsed on maintenance treatment with cimetidine, which therefore did not confer complete immunity from relapse. However, cimetidine treatment was very much better than placebo treatment, on which 18 of 31 patients relapsed. Of the 22 patients who relapsed clinically, 20 were submitted to endoscopy and 19 of these were shown to have ulcerated again. Endoscopy at the end of the trial showed that ulcers had also redeveloped in five of 28 asymptomatic patients. Length of previous dyspeptic history had no bearing on the results of the trial but there was evidence that relapse on placebo was less likely if the ulcer had originally healed on a high dose of cimetidine. Clinical relapse was associated with worsening duodenitis. Symptoms, clinical observation, and laboratory tests showed no important abnormalities in the patients.", "PMID": 372063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1471", "title": "[Malignant cutaneous lymphoma. Histology and clinical aspects with special reference to plastic-embedded tissue specimens].", "content": "The basis of this paper is the terminology of Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas based on Gerard-Marchant, Hamlin, Lennert and others, and known as the \"Kiel Classification\". We have come to the opinion through histological studies of 70 malignant skin lymphomas, that this concept can also be used for malignant lymphoreticular proliferations of the skin, especially since advances in cell differentiation have shown lymphatic origin of different skin tumors.", "contents": "[Malignant cutaneous lymphoma. Histology and clinical aspects with special reference to plastic-embedded tissue specimens]. The basis of this paper is the terminology of Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas based on Gerard-Marchant, Hamlin, Lennert and others, and known as the \"Kiel Classification\". We have come to the opinion through histological studies of 70 malignant skin lymphomas, that this concept can also be used for malignant lymphoreticular proliferations of the skin, especially since advances in cell differentiation have shown lymphatic origin of different skin tumors.", "PMID": 372072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1472", "title": "[Cefazedone in infectious diseases in gynecology. Clinical tests on efficacy and tolerance].", "content": "A clinical trial on efficacy and tolerance of Cefazedone, a new semisynthetic Cephalosporine-derivate, was carried out in a gynaecological clinic on 75 patients. In 38 of these cases, besides the gynaecological affection, urinary tract infections were determined microbiologically (E. coli, P. mirabilis, klebsiella or enterococci). Inflammation of the lower abdominal area was established in the remaining 37 patients (adnexitis, pelvic peritonitis, endometritis, salpingitis). The average duration of treatment was 10 to 11 days. Cefazedone was injected intravenously twice a day, the daily dose was 2 to 4 g. The clinical assessment of the treatment was very good in 28 cases, good in 43 cases, moderate in 3 patients and poor in 1 case. All initially identified pathogens were eliminated after treatment. A slight transitory diarrhea was observed in 5 cases. There were no further side-effects. The values of gamma-GT, serum-creatinin, hemoglobin and erythrozytes were controlled before and after medication and showed no detremental effect of the drug. The local tolerance of Cefazedone was good in more than 90% of the cases treated.", "contents": "[Cefazedone in infectious diseases in gynecology. Clinical tests on efficacy and tolerance]. A clinical trial on efficacy and tolerance of Cefazedone, a new semisynthetic Cephalosporine-derivate, was carried out in a gynaecological clinic on 75 patients. In 38 of these cases, besides the gynaecological affection, urinary tract infections were determined microbiologically (E. coli, P. mirabilis, klebsiella or enterococci). Inflammation of the lower abdominal area was established in the remaining 37 patients (adnexitis, pelvic peritonitis, endometritis, salpingitis). The average duration of treatment was 10 to 11 days. Cefazedone was injected intravenously twice a day, the daily dose was 2 to 4 g. The clinical assessment of the treatment was very good in 28 cases, good in 43 cases, moderate in 3 patients and poor in 1 case. All initially identified pathogens were eliminated after treatment. A slight transitory diarrhea was observed in 5 cases. There were no further side-effects. The values of gamma-GT, serum-creatinin, hemoglobin and erythrozytes were controlled before and after medication and showed no detremental effect of the drug. The local tolerance of Cefazedone was good in more than 90% of the cases treated.", "PMID": 372073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1473", "title": "[Lipoid A, a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis. Experimental and clinical studies of a lipoid A dependent pathological immune reaction].", "content": "Lipid A injected into the temporarily occluded renal pelvis of adult dogs, persisted in the kidney tissue and induced an abacterial interstitial nephritis with positive anti-lipid A titers. This reaction was increased by a single dose of lipid A vaccine, reduced by four consecutive immunisations prior to the lipid A injection and absent in puppies. The presence of IgG, IgM and complement complexes in the kidney was demonstrated by immunofluoroscopy. Lipid A antibody titers were measured by the passive hemolysis test in 349 humans. In two out of 20 healthy adults and 16 out of 18 children with recurrent urinary tract infection anti-lipid A antibodies were present. In contrast, no titers were found in 23 newborn babies. In a group of 156 patients with acute urinary tract infection, 28% revealed positive titers, whereas in a group of 132 patients with recurrent urinary tract infection titers occurred in 81%. Selected from this group of 132 patients 61 suffered from an acute infection of the upper tract. 59 oft these (96%) showed definite titers. There was no difference in the development of anti-lipid A antibodies between men and women and the height of the titers did not correlate with the clinical picture of the disease (acute or chronic). The combination of proteinuria and anti-lipid A antibodies indicates the pressure of reccurrent urinary tract infection or chronic pyelonephritis with about 90% accuracy. The titers are caused by immunogenically active lipid A in the body. Since lipid A has the ability to remain in the renal tissue for a long period of time and thereby to maintain the inflammatory response, long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis (six months) should be given to patients with a high risk of recurrent urinary tract infection.", "contents": "[Lipoid A, a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis. Experimental and clinical studies of a lipoid A dependent pathological immune reaction]. Lipid A injected into the temporarily occluded renal pelvis of adult dogs, persisted in the kidney tissue and induced an abacterial interstitial nephritis with positive anti-lipid A titers. This reaction was increased by a single dose of lipid A vaccine, reduced by four consecutive immunisations prior to the lipid A injection and absent in puppies. The presence of IgG, IgM and complement complexes in the kidney was demonstrated by immunofluoroscopy. Lipid A antibody titers were measured by the passive hemolysis test in 349 humans. In two out of 20 healthy adults and 16 out of 18 children with recurrent urinary tract infection anti-lipid A antibodies were present. In contrast, no titers were found in 23 newborn babies. In a group of 156 patients with acute urinary tract infection, 28% revealed positive titers, whereas in a group of 132 patients with recurrent urinary tract infection titers occurred in 81%. Selected from this group of 132 patients 61 suffered from an acute infection of the upper tract. 59 oft these (96%) showed definite titers. There was no difference in the development of anti-lipid A antibodies between men and women and the height of the titers did not correlate with the clinical picture of the disease (acute or chronic). The combination of proteinuria and anti-lipid A antibodies indicates the pressure of reccurrent urinary tract infection or chronic pyelonephritis with about 90% accuracy. The titers are caused by immunogenically active lipid A in the body. Since lipid A has the ability to remain in the renal tissue for a long period of time and thereby to maintain the inflammatory response, long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis (six months) should be given to patients with a high risk of recurrent urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 372074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1474", "title": "Ethology and veterinary science.", "content": "After a brief introduction on the scope and methods of ethology, this review analyses the development of the concepts of normal and pathological behaviour in accordance with the ethological approach. Finally there is a discussion on the possible functions of ethology in the veterinary field.", "contents": "Ethology and veterinary science. After a brief introduction on the scope and methods of ethology, this review analyses the development of the concepts of normal and pathological behaviour in accordance with the ethological approach. Finally there is a discussion on the possible functions of ethology in the veterinary field.", "PMID": 372069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1475", "title": "The identification of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic loci of the human nervous system.", "content": "Immunoreactive-like GnRH activity has been identified in 24 of 26 separate loci of the human central nervous system. Tissues, secured from 5 brains at autopsy, were dissected, extracted sequentially with 2N and glacial acetic acid, lyophilized, and eluted in buffered saline for GnRH determinations by specific radioimmunoassay. GnRH concentrations (ng/mg protein) ranged from 8.96 (infundibulum) to 0.001 (cerebellum. middle lobe). Highest extrahypothalamic concentrations of GnRH were found in mamillary body (0.076) and thalamus (0.002). Extrahypothalamic GnRH was identical to synthetic and hypothalamic GnRH by criteria of immunoidentity. No post-mortem GnRH peptidolysis, evaluated experimentally in rats, was evident between 0 and 16 hrs in intact tissues maintained at 4 degrees C. These data suggest that GnRH is distributed throughout regions of the human brain outside the hypothalamus and suggest new, non-endocrine functions for GnRH in the human CNS, analogous the those reported recently for GnRH in experimental animals.", "contents": "The identification of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic loci of the human nervous system. Immunoreactive-like GnRH activity has been identified in 24 of 26 separate loci of the human central nervous system. Tissues, secured from 5 brains at autopsy, were dissected, extracted sequentially with 2N and glacial acetic acid, lyophilized, and eluted in buffered saline for GnRH determinations by specific radioimmunoassay. GnRH concentrations (ng/mg protein) ranged from 8.96 (infundibulum) to 0.001 (cerebellum. middle lobe). Highest extrahypothalamic concentrations of GnRH were found in mamillary body (0.076) and thalamus (0.002). Extrahypothalamic GnRH was identical to synthetic and hypothalamic GnRH by criteria of immunoidentity. No post-mortem GnRH peptidolysis, evaluated experimentally in rats, was evident between 0 and 16 hrs in intact tissues maintained at 4 degrees C. These data suggest that GnRH is distributed throughout regions of the human brain outside the hypothalamus and suggest new, non-endocrine functions for GnRH in the human CNS, analogous the those reported recently for GnRH in experimental animals.", "PMID": 372080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1476", "title": "Enhancement of leucine-induced insulin secretion by somatostatin antiserum pretreatment.", "content": "Insulin secretion induced by leucine and leucine plus glucose from rat pancreatic islets was enhanced by prior treatment with somatostatin antiserum as compared with normal rabbit serum in vitro. The results provide evidence that somatostatin plays an important role in insulin secretion in rats.", "contents": "Enhancement of leucine-induced insulin secretion by somatostatin antiserum pretreatment. Insulin secretion induced by leucine and leucine plus glucose from rat pancreatic islets was enhanced by prior treatment with somatostatin antiserum as compared with normal rabbit serum in vitro. The results provide evidence that somatostatin plays an important role in insulin secretion in rats.", "PMID": 372079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1477", "title": "Menstrual disturbances in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Twelve female patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (HD) and 5 females posttransplantation (PT) were studied. All the HD patients had menstrual disturbances and 5 had galactorrhea. The mean basal LH level was significantly elevated (p less than .05) in patients on HD compared to normal controls, but the mean LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) was not significantly different from the control group. Mean basal FSH and the FSH response to LRH was normal. In the PT pateints the LH response to LRH was significantly greater at 120 min when compared to normal females. In the HD group the serum 17B estradiol, progesterone and testosterone levels were significantly lower than in the controls but in the PT group only testosterone levels were significantly lower. These results differ from those previously found in uremic males. Elevated prolactin levels were found in the patients on hemodialysis and correlated well with the presence of galactorrhea. These was no correlation between the elevated prolactin levels and amenorrhea in the patients on hemodialysis but one PT patient with amenorrhea had elevated prolactin levels.", "contents": "Menstrual disturbances in chronic renal failure. Twelve female patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (HD) and 5 females posttransplantation (PT) were studied. All the HD patients had menstrual disturbances and 5 had galactorrhea. The mean basal LH level was significantly elevated (p less than .05) in patients on HD compared to normal controls, but the mean LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) was not significantly different from the control group. Mean basal FSH and the FSH response to LRH was normal. In the PT pateints the LH response to LRH was significantly greater at 120 min when compared to normal females. In the HD group the serum 17B estradiol, progesterone and testosterone levels were significantly lower than in the controls but in the PT group only testosterone levels were significantly lower. These results differ from those previously found in uremic males. Elevated prolactin levels were found in the patients on hemodialysis and correlated well with the presence of galactorrhea. These was no correlation between the elevated prolactin levels and amenorrhea in the patients on hemodialysis but one PT patient with amenorrhea had elevated prolactin levels.", "PMID": 372081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1478", "title": "The brown bowel syndrome: a possible smooth muscle mitochondrial myopathy?", "content": "Two cases of lipofuscinosis of the gastrointestinal tract are described, and a mitochondrial origin of the pigment is proposed. The mechanism of formation of lipofuscin is discussed, with particular reference to the maintenance of structurally and functionally intact mitochondrial membranes. The central role of vitamin E is considered, and its biochemical significance to mitochondrial metabolism is emphasized. Comparisons are drawn between the abnormalities demonstrated within the smooth muscle cells of the two cases described, and the muscle cells observed in cases of skeletal muscle myopathies of mitochondrial origin. It is proposed that lipofuscinosis of the gastrointestinal tract, otherwise known as the 'brown bowel syndrome', may be regarded as a smooth muscle myopathy of mitochondrial origin.", "contents": "The brown bowel syndrome: a possible smooth muscle mitochondrial myopathy? Two cases of lipofuscinosis of the gastrointestinal tract are described, and a mitochondrial origin of the pigment is proposed. The mechanism of formation of lipofuscin is discussed, with particular reference to the maintenance of structurally and functionally intact mitochondrial membranes. The central role of vitamin E is considered, and its biochemical significance to mitochondrial metabolism is emphasized. Comparisons are drawn between the abnormalities demonstrated within the smooth muscle cells of the two cases described, and the muscle cells observed in cases of skeletal muscle myopathies of mitochondrial origin. It is proposed that lipofuscinosis of the gastrointestinal tract, otherwise known as the 'brown bowel syndrome', may be regarded as a smooth muscle myopathy of mitochondrial origin.", "PMID": 372082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1479", "title": "Urban administrator forges links with community.", "content": "As executive director of New York's Bellevue Hospital Center, Madeline Bohman has a deep commitment to the concept of community. She sees a need for hospitals to assume responsibility for teaching patients and for providing community outreach services.", "contents": "Urban administrator forges links with community. As executive director of New York's Bellevue Hospital Center, Madeline Bohman has a deep commitment to the concept of community. She sees a need for hospitals to assume responsibility for teaching patients and for providing community outreach services.", "PMID": 372086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1480", "title": "Hospitals must publicize VE, Rep. Marks says.", "content": "Representative Marks believes that hospitals should accelerate the VE program and that they should publicize their progress via television.", "contents": "Hospitals must publicize VE, Rep. Marks says. Representative Marks believes that hospitals should accelerate the VE program and that they should publicize their progress via television.", "PMID": 372087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1481", "title": "Soluble di- and aminopeptidases in Escherichia K-12. Dispensible enzymes.", "content": "As part of a study of the peptidase content of Escherichia coli K-12, two peptidase-deficient amino acid auxotrophs isolated and characterized by Miller as pepD- (strain CM17) and pepD- pepN- pepA- pepB- pepQ- (strain CM89) were examined for the presence of several peptidases previously obtained from strain K-12 in this laboratory. The soluble fraction of each mutant was found to lack the broad-specificity strain K-12 dipeptidase DP and the strain CM89 fraction also lacked activity characteristic of the strain K-12 aminopeptidases AP, L, and OP; like strain CM17, strain CM89 contained the tripeptide-specific aminopeptidase TP. Strain CM89 (but not CM17) appeared to contain little if any activity attributable to the ribosome-bound aminopeptidase I of strain K-12. Whereas loss of DP, AP, OP, and aminopeptidase I activity may be attributed to the pepD-, pepB-, pepN-, and pepA- mutations, respectively, the reason for the loss of L activity remains uncertain. Grown responses of strain CM89 in liquid media containing di- or tripeptides were in accord with absence of enzymes catalyzing rapid hydrolysis of dipeptides. In synthetic liquid media supplemented with the required amino acids per se or with peptone, cultures of both CM strains grew more slowly than strain K-12 and produced smaller cell-yields than those produced by strain K-12.", "contents": "Soluble di- and aminopeptidases in Escherichia K-12. Dispensible enzymes. As part of a study of the peptidase content of Escherichia coli K-12, two peptidase-deficient amino acid auxotrophs isolated and characterized by Miller as pepD- (strain CM17) and pepD- pepN- pepA- pepB- pepQ- (strain CM89) were examined for the presence of several peptidases previously obtained from strain K-12 in this laboratory. The soluble fraction of each mutant was found to lack the broad-specificity strain K-12 dipeptidase DP and the strain CM89 fraction also lacked activity characteristic of the strain K-12 aminopeptidases AP, L, and OP; like strain CM17, strain CM89 contained the tripeptide-specific aminopeptidase TP. Strain CM89 (but not CM17) appeared to contain little if any activity attributable to the ribosome-bound aminopeptidase I of strain K-12. Whereas loss of DP, AP, OP, and aminopeptidase I activity may be attributed to the pepD-, pepB-, pepN-, and pepA- mutations, respectively, the reason for the loss of L activity remains uncertain. Grown responses of strain CM89 in liquid media containing di- or tripeptides were in accord with absence of enzymes catalyzing rapid hydrolysis of dipeptides. In synthetic liquid media supplemented with the required amino acids per se or with peptone, cultures of both CM strains grew more slowly than strain K-12 and produced smaller cell-yields than those produced by strain K-12.", "PMID": 372108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1482", "title": "Protease B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification and characterization.", "content": "Protease B has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified in six steps as follows: autolysis of the yeast cells, ammonium sulfate fractionation, activation of the proteolytic enzymes, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, chromatography on CM-cellulose and finally, a second chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The preparation was shown to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels in the absence as well as in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Furthermore, the molecular weight (43,000 daltons) and the isoelectric point (5.45) were in good agreement with earlier published values. The amino acid composition is reported. The absence of disulfide bonds in protease B has to be outlined. The amino acid residues of the protein have been found to be folded nearly quantitatively (at least 80%) in a beta-conformation as deduced from a circular dichroism study. Finally, the tryptophan residues (5 mol/mol protein) are largely buried in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme.", "contents": "Protease B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification and characterization. Protease B has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified in six steps as follows: autolysis of the yeast cells, ammonium sulfate fractionation, activation of the proteolytic enzymes, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, chromatography on CM-cellulose and finally, a second chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The preparation was shown to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels in the absence as well as in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Furthermore, the molecular weight (43,000 daltons) and the isoelectric point (5.45) were in good agreement with earlier published values. The amino acid composition is reported. The absence of disulfide bonds in protease B has to be outlined. The amino acid residues of the protein have been found to be folded nearly quantitatively (at least 80%) in a beta-conformation as deduced from a circular dichroism study. Finally, the tryptophan residues (5 mol/mol protein) are largely buried in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme.", "PMID": 372109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1483", "title": "The response of E. coli Bs-1 to tritium-beta particles under aerated and anoxic conditions.", "content": "E. coli Bs-1 cells were exposed to acute doses of tritium-beta particles by suspension in tritiated water for known lengths of time. The resulting survival rate was compared with that obtained for external irradiation with 7 MeV electrons. The o.e.r. measured for tritium-beta s was not significantly different from the value of 2.15 measured for 7 MeV electrons. The r.b.e. of the tritium beta s relative to 7 MeV electrons was 1.21 in both air and nitrogen. These results were compared with existing data for low voltage electron irradiations and with track segment studies of the effect of varying LET on the radiosensitivity of E. coli Bs-1.", "contents": "The response of E. coli Bs-1 to tritium-beta particles under aerated and anoxic conditions. E. coli Bs-1 cells were exposed to acute doses of tritium-beta particles by suspension in tritiated water for known lengths of time. The resulting survival rate was compared with that obtained for external irradiation with 7 MeV electrons. The o.e.r. measured for tritium-beta s was not significantly different from the value of 2.15 measured for 7 MeV electrons. The r.b.e. of the tritium beta s relative to 7 MeV electrons was 1.21 in both air and nitrogen. These results were compared with existing data for low voltage electron irradiations and with track segment studies of the effect of varying LET on the radiosensitivity of E. coli Bs-1.", "PMID": 372110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1484", "title": "The effect of endotoxin-induced intraocular inflammation on the rat lens epithelium.", "content": "Intraocular inflammation induced by an intravitreal injection of Shigella endotoxin into the rat eye produces early changes in the number of dividing cells of the lens epithelium and affects the organization of the meridional rows. A depression in mitotic activity in the germinative zone is observed during the first 24 hr after injection. At 48 hr, despite the continued mitotic inhibition in the germinative zone, an increase in cell division occurs in the central zone. By 72 hr, the germinative zone mitosis reappears and exceeds control values, whereas the central zone mitotic activity returns to normal. At that time mitotic figures are found in the transitional zone. Disorganization of the meridional rows is seen as early as 12 hr after injection (the first time period observed) and reaches a peak by 48 hr. During the next 5 days, however, the severity of the disorganization diminishes. By the seventh day the rows appear, for the most part, fully recovered, and the mitotic activity reaches normal or near-normal levels in all regions. The details of these observations and their possible relationship to inflammatory cataracta complicata are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of endotoxin-induced intraocular inflammation on the rat lens epithelium. Intraocular inflammation induced by an intravitreal injection of Shigella endotoxin into the rat eye produces early changes in the number of dividing cells of the lens epithelium and affects the organization of the meridional rows. A depression in mitotic activity in the germinative zone is observed during the first 24 hr after injection. At 48 hr, despite the continued mitotic inhibition in the germinative zone, an increase in cell division occurs in the central zone. By 72 hr, the germinative zone mitosis reappears and exceeds control values, whereas the central zone mitotic activity returns to normal. At that time mitotic figures are found in the transitional zone. Disorganization of the meridional rows is seen as early as 12 hr after injection (the first time period observed) and reaches a peak by 48 hr. During the next 5 days, however, the severity of the disorganization diminishes. By the seventh day the rows appear, for the most part, fully recovered, and the mitotic activity reaches normal or near-normal levels in all regions. The details of these observations and their possible relationship to inflammatory cataracta complicata are discussed.", "PMID": 372124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1485", "title": "Immunity and male infertility.", "content": "This article has attempted to review evidence which suggests that immune factors may be operative in a small but significant number of infertile men. Although our current understanding of the possible processes by which autosensitization to previously sequestered reproductive antigens occurs is incomplete, there are laboratory assays presently available that indicate, but do not prove, that immune factors may be contributing to the infertile state. Continued research is needed to develop new assays and materials (especially purified sperm antigens) which might enhance our knowledge of the underlying immunoreproductive changes. Until these are available the outline below might be considered when investigating a patient with infertility of suspected immune origin.", "contents": "Immunity and male infertility. This article has attempted to review evidence which suggests that immune factors may be operative in a small but significant number of infertile men. Although our current understanding of the possible processes by which autosensitization to previously sequestered reproductive antigens occurs is incomplete, there are laboratory assays presently available that indicate, but do not prove, that immune factors may be contributing to the infertile state. Continued research is needed to develop new assays and materials (especially purified sperm antigens) which might enhance our knowledge of the underlying immunoreproductive changes. Until these are available the outline below might be considered when investigating a patient with infertility of suspected immune origin.", "PMID": 372125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1486", "title": "Quantitative age related histologic changes in the human vas deferens.", "content": "Sections of vas deferens from 50 men between 27 and 82 years of age were examined histologically for evidence of changes in muscle area and for changes in per cent of the cross-sectional area of the vas deferens that was occupied by muscle and connective tissue as a function of age. No variation in quantitative measurement of muscle or connective tissue could be correlated with age but a diffuse increase in unmeasurable amounts of connective tissue was seen with increasing age.", "contents": "Quantitative age related histologic changes in the human vas deferens. Sections of vas deferens from 50 men between 27 and 82 years of age were examined histologically for evidence of changes in muscle area and for changes in per cent of the cross-sectional area of the vas deferens that was occupied by muscle and connective tissue as a function of age. No variation in quantitative measurement of muscle or connective tissue could be correlated with age but a diffuse increase in unmeasurable amounts of connective tissue was seen with increasing age.", "PMID": 372126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1487", "title": "Development of the calyceal system in the human fetus.", "content": "The calyceal system including the papilla, infundibulum, and renal pelvis in human fetuses and neonates was studied histologically and chronologically. There was a considerable discrepancy between the development of the calyceal muscles and the papilla. The protuberant form of the papilla developed much earlier than the calyceal muscle which was observed in the late stage of intrauterine life. The calyceal muscles were differentiated and extended from the renal pelvic muscles through the infundibular muscles after approximately 21 weeks of intrauterine age and were not fully developed by the late stage of intrauterine life. On the other hand, the cup-shaped calyces and the protuberant form of the papilla developed into the form similar to that observed in the adult by the 21st week; their development began in the 16th week. From these observations the etiology of megacalyces was speculated and discussed based on the discrepancy of the muscular development of the calyceal wall and the development of the protuberant papilla.", "contents": "Development of the calyceal system in the human fetus. The calyceal system including the papilla, infundibulum, and renal pelvis in human fetuses and neonates was studied histologically and chronologically. There was a considerable discrepancy between the development of the calyceal muscles and the papilla. The protuberant form of the papilla developed much earlier than the calyceal muscle which was observed in the late stage of intrauterine life. The calyceal muscles were differentiated and extended from the renal pelvic muscles through the infundibular muscles after approximately 21 weeks of intrauterine age and were not fully developed by the late stage of intrauterine life. On the other hand, the cup-shaped calyces and the protuberant form of the papilla developed into the form similar to that observed in the adult by the 21st week; their development began in the 16th week. From these observations the etiology of megacalyces was speculated and discussed based on the discrepancy of the muscular development of the calyceal wall and the development of the protuberant papilla.", "PMID": 372129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1488", "title": "Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus structural proteins compared from in vivo and in vitro sources.", "content": "Polyhedrin obtained from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was apparently not modified in terms of primary structure after passage through alternate host systems, both in vivo and in vitro, as investigated by two-dimensional, high-voltage electrophoresis of tryptic digests of this protein as well as amino acid analysis. N-terminal analyses were conducted using an improved technique which showed proline to be the N-terminal amino acid. In addition, passage of enveloped nucleocapsids through alternate hosts as studied by SDS-PAGE showed the polypeptide compositions to be very similar.", "contents": "Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus structural proteins compared from in vivo and in vitro sources. Polyhedrin obtained from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was apparently not modified in terms of primary structure after passage through alternate host systems, both in vivo and in vitro, as investigated by two-dimensional, high-voltage electrophoresis of tryptic digests of this protein as well as amino acid analysis. N-terminal analyses were conducted using an improved technique which showed proline to be the N-terminal amino acid. In addition, passage of enveloped nucleocapsids through alternate hosts as studied by SDS-PAGE showed the polypeptide compositions to be very similar.", "PMID": 372131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1489", "title": "Finish lines in fixed prosthodontics.", "content": "Ideally, all finish lines should be placed supragingivally. Due to esthetic and carious considerations, however, subgingival placement of the finish line is preferred. No one type of finish line can be used for all crown preparations. In lower anterior teeth or periodontically-treated teeth, the knife-edge finish line appears to be the treatment of choice. In short teeth and preparations for porcelain and porcelain-gold crowns, the full shoulder bevelled preparation is the treatment of choice. In full gold and acrylic veneered gold crowns, as in endodontically-treated teeth, the chamfer preparation is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Finish lines in fixed prosthodontics. Ideally, all finish lines should be placed supragingivally. Due to esthetic and carious considerations, however, subgingival placement of the finish line is preferred. No one type of finish line can be used for all crown preparations. In lower anterior teeth or periodontically-treated teeth, the knife-edge finish line appears to be the treatment of choice. In short teeth and preparations for porcelain and porcelain-gold crowns, the full shoulder bevelled preparation is the treatment of choice. In full gold and acrylic veneered gold crowns, as in endodontically-treated teeth, the chamfer preparation is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 372138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1490", "title": "[Kidney transplantation in the treatment of hypertension].", "content": "Renal autotransplantation seems to be of great value as a means of renal revascularization in hypertension of renovascular origin, especially in those cases in which the preceding angioplastic procedure have resulted in failure or in cases with peripheral or difficult stenoses of the renal artery. One case is reported with a coarctation of the abdominal aorta involving both kidney arteries. The patient was treated by bypass operation and kidney autotransplantation. Two years later both kidneys are functioning normally and the patient is normotensive.", "contents": "[Kidney transplantation in the treatment of hypertension]. Renal autotransplantation seems to be of great value as a means of renal revascularization in hypertension of renovascular origin, especially in those cases in which the preceding angioplastic procedure have resulted in failure or in cases with peripheral or difficult stenoses of the renal artery. One case is reported with a coarctation of the abdominal aorta involving both kidney arteries. The patient was treated by bypass operation and kidney autotransplantation. Two years later both kidneys are functioning normally and the patient is normotensive.", "PMID": 372139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1491", "title": "Phenobarbital in prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice. A control trial of two regimens.", "content": "The prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by phenobarbital is widely used in many countries. However, dose and period of administration vary according to authors, as the dose-effect relation is not known and since little research in pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital has been done so far. In the present study we compared the effect on serum bilirubin of a single injection of 10 mg/kg body weight and of a prolonged administration of 10 mg/kg/day during 3 days in premature and full-term newborn infants. The single injection had the same effect as the prolonged administration, provided it was given within 12 h after birth.", "contents": "Phenobarbital in prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice. A control trial of two regimens. The prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by phenobarbital is widely used in many countries. However, dose and period of administration vary according to authors, as the dose-effect relation is not known and since little research in pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital has been done so far. In the present study we compared the effect on serum bilirubin of a single injection of 10 mg/kg body weight and of a prolonged administration of 10 mg/kg/day during 3 days in premature and full-term newborn infants. The single injection had the same effect as the prolonged administration, provided it was given within 12 h after birth.", "PMID": 372140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1492", "title": "LH-RH and HCG studies in a Turner phenotype male (Noonan's syndrome). A case report.", "content": "LH-RH and HCG stimulation tests were performed in a prepubertal 13-year-old boy with Noonan's syndrome. The basal plasma LH (0.8 mIU/ml) was normal and FSH (2.5 mIU/ml) high, with an elevated response of both LH (8.3 mIU/ml) and FSH (9.6 mIU/ml) to LH-RH, as seen in primary hypogonadism. However, the patient had a normal testosterone response to HCG (437 ng%). These conflicting test results illustrate the difficulty of predicting potential for fertility in patients with Turner phenotype male.", "contents": "LH-RH and HCG studies in a Turner phenotype male (Noonan's syndrome). A case report. LH-RH and HCG stimulation tests were performed in a prepubertal 13-year-old boy with Noonan's syndrome. The basal plasma LH (0.8 mIU/ml) was normal and FSH (2.5 mIU/ml) high, with an elevated response of both LH (8.3 mIU/ml) and FSH (9.6 mIU/ml) to LH-RH, as seen in primary hypogonadism. However, the patient had a normal testosterone response to HCG (437 ng%). These conflicting test results illustrate the difficulty of predicting potential for fertility in patients with Turner phenotype male.", "PMID": 372142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1493", "title": "High dose granulocyte substitution after bone marrow transplantation in a case of aplastic anaemia in childhood.", "content": "A bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was successfully carried out in a seven-year-old boy with aplastic anaemia. An HLA and MLC-identical brother served as donor. During the first 16 days after BMT between 0.55 and 7.11X10(10) granulocytes were transfused 14 times (an average of 4.03X10(10) per transfusion). The maximum increment in the peripheral blood after transfusion was over 4000 granulocytes per microliter. The course of local infections was taken as parameter for determining the clinical effectiveness of the granulocyte transfusion. Under the substitution therapy the necrotic ulcer of a fingertip and the mucous membrane ulcers in the oral cavity subsided. The presence of transfused granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"orogranulocytes\") could be established. There was a statistically significant relationship between the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood and the number of orogranulocytes. It could be demonstrated that in children a temporary normalisation of the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood can be attained by means of granulocyte substitution and that the transfused granulocytes are clinically effective.", "contents": "High dose granulocyte substitution after bone marrow transplantation in a case of aplastic anaemia in childhood. A bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was successfully carried out in a seven-year-old boy with aplastic anaemia. An HLA and MLC-identical brother served as donor. During the first 16 days after BMT between 0.55 and 7.11X10(10) granulocytes were transfused 14 times (an average of 4.03X10(10) per transfusion). The maximum increment in the peripheral blood after transfusion was over 4000 granulocytes per microliter. The course of local infections was taken as parameter for determining the clinical effectiveness of the granulocyte transfusion. Under the substitution therapy the necrotic ulcer of a fingertip and the mucous membrane ulcers in the oral cavity subsided. The presence of transfused granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"orogranulocytes\") could be established. There was a statistically significant relationship between the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood and the number of orogranulocytes. It could be demonstrated that in children a temporary normalisation of the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood can be attained by means of granulocyte substitution and that the transfused granulocytes are clinically effective.", "PMID": 372143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1494", "title": "Antibodies to gliadin as a screening test for coeliac disease. A prospective study.", "content": "The diagnostic value of gliadin antibody determination using the fluorescent immunosorbent test was examined in a prospective study of 57 children with gastrointestinal disease. Antibodies to gliadin were found in all 20 patients with active coeliac disease, whereas 7 of these children (37%) had a normal xylose absorption test despite a flat small gut mucosa. Only 4 (14%) of 28 children with other gastrointestinal conditions had antibodies to gliadin, invariably in low titre. After at least 2 years on a gluten-free diet none of 9 children with coeliac disease in remission had demonstrable gliadin antibodies. The gliadin antibodies disappear slowly, within 6 to 24 months, after withdrawal of gliadin from the diet. 0.8% (5/606) of a healthy control group of children, adolescents and adults (not biopsied) had gliadin antibodies in low titre. Increased mean cow's milk antibody titres were demonstrable in 8 (40%) of 20 patients with active coeliac disease as well as in 9 (32%) of 28 patients with other gastrointestinal lesions. Our studies show that determination of circulating gliadin antibodies is a worthwhile screening test in suspected cases of coeliac disease. In patients so selected there is a definite indication for small intestinal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Antibodies to gliadin as a screening test for coeliac disease. A prospective study. The diagnostic value of gliadin antibody determination using the fluorescent immunosorbent test was examined in a prospective study of 57 children with gastrointestinal disease. Antibodies to gliadin were found in all 20 patients with active coeliac disease, whereas 7 of these children (37%) had a normal xylose absorption test despite a flat small gut mucosa. Only 4 (14%) of 28 children with other gastrointestinal conditions had antibodies to gliadin, invariably in low titre. After at least 2 years on a gluten-free diet none of 9 children with coeliac disease in remission had demonstrable gliadin antibodies. The gliadin antibodies disappear slowly, within 6 to 24 months, after withdrawal of gliadin from the diet. 0.8% (5/606) of a healthy control group of children, adolescents and adults (not biopsied) had gliadin antibodies in low titre. Increased mean cow's milk antibody titres were demonstrable in 8 (40%) of 20 patients with active coeliac disease as well as in 9 (32%) of 28 patients with other gastrointestinal lesions. Our studies show that determination of circulating gliadin antibodies is a worthwhile screening test in suspected cases of coeliac disease. In patients so selected there is a definite indication for small intestinal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 372144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1495", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells.", "content": "We have been able to demonstrate 5-hydroxytryptamine in the enterochromaffin cells of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, using a highly specific antiserum. Conventional histochemical techniques for identifying amines as cell markers can thus be replaced by more reliable and sensitive immunocytochemical methods. This has been facilitated by the use of p-benzoquinone as fixative which has been shown to preserve the localization and antigenicity of amines, as well as peptides.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. We have been able to demonstrate 5-hydroxytryptamine in the enterochromaffin cells of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, using a highly specific antiserum. Conventional histochemical techniques for identifying amines as cell markers can thus be replaced by more reliable and sensitive immunocytochemical methods. This has been facilitated by the use of p-benzoquinone as fixative which has been shown to preserve the localization and antigenicity of amines, as well as peptides.", "PMID": 372152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1496", "title": "Specific immunohistochemical localization of type I collagen in porcine periodontal tissues using the peroxidase-labelled antibody technique.", "content": "Antibody against Type I collagen was raised in rabbits and purified by immunoadsorption on Sepharose-conjugated Types I and III collagen. The cross-reactivity of purified antibody to Type III collagen was found to be less than 0.5% by passive haemagglutination and less than 1.5% by radioimmunoassay. When paraffin sections of fixed and decalcified pig molars were incubated with purified antibody to Type I collagen, varying degrees of staining were observed in the ligament, gingiva, bone and cementum. The periodontal ligament adjacent to bone was more widely stained than that adjacent to cementum in some regions, whereas in others, no difference in staining could be discerned between the two halves of the ligament. The lamina propria of gingiva was stained, and this appeared to be most intense in the vicinity of the overlying epithelium. The fibrous component in the endosteal spaces, the dentine and the extracellular coronal elements in the pulp were generally stained. The impression obtained from the staining pattern is that Type I collagen is not restricted to particular regions of the periodontal ligament or the lamina propria of the gingiva.", "contents": "Specific immunohistochemical localization of type I collagen in porcine periodontal tissues using the peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Antibody against Type I collagen was raised in rabbits and purified by immunoadsorption on Sepharose-conjugated Types I and III collagen. The cross-reactivity of purified antibody to Type III collagen was found to be less than 0.5% by passive haemagglutination and less than 1.5% by radioimmunoassay. When paraffin sections of fixed and decalcified pig molars were incubated with purified antibody to Type I collagen, varying degrees of staining were observed in the ligament, gingiva, bone and cementum. The periodontal ligament adjacent to bone was more widely stained than that adjacent to cementum in some regions, whereas in others, no difference in staining could be discerned between the two halves of the ligament. The lamina propria of gingiva was stained, and this appeared to be most intense in the vicinity of the overlying epithelium. The fibrous component in the endosteal spaces, the dentine and the extracellular coronal elements in the pulp were generally stained. The impression obtained from the staining pattern is that Type I collagen is not restricted to particular regions of the periodontal ligament or the lamina propria of the gingiva.", "PMID": 372153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1497", "title": "An immunocytochemical study of the distribution of pancreatic endocrine cells in chicks, with special reference to the relationship between pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells.", "content": "Araldite sections of formalin-fixed pancreas from chicks at hatching were treated by an indirect immuno-enzyme technique to reveal cells containing APP, somatostatin, glucagon and insulin. APP cells were found scattered in the exocrine parenchyma. A few were associated with insulin-containing B islets and occasional cells occurred in and around glucagon-containing A islets. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed peripherally in A and B islets and were dispersed in the exocrine tissue. APP cells were roughly as numerous in the exocrine parenchyma as somatostatin-immunoreactive cells. Since certain published observations point to the possible occurrence of APP and somatostatin in the same cells, consecutive sections were stained for these hormones. In no case did the two peptides occur in the same cell. Sections subjected to double-staining confirmed this result. Therefore it is likely that the described differences between APP and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells are valid.", "contents": "An immunocytochemical study of the distribution of pancreatic endocrine cells in chicks, with special reference to the relationship between pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells. Araldite sections of formalin-fixed pancreas from chicks at hatching were treated by an indirect immuno-enzyme technique to reveal cells containing APP, somatostatin, glucagon and insulin. APP cells were found scattered in the exocrine parenchyma. A few were associated with insulin-containing B islets and occasional cells occurred in and around glucagon-containing A islets. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed peripherally in A and B islets and were dispersed in the exocrine tissue. APP cells were roughly as numerous in the exocrine parenchyma as somatostatin-immunoreactive cells. Since certain published observations point to the possible occurrence of APP and somatostatin in the same cells, consecutive sections were stained for these hormones. In no case did the two peptides occur in the same cell. Sections subjected to double-staining confirmed this result. Therefore it is likely that the described differences between APP and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells are valid.", "PMID": 372154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1498", "title": "Constancy and variability in the content of DNA in cerebellar Purkinje cell nuclei. A cytophotometric study.", "content": "A cytophotometric study of DNA content in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of rats, cats, chicken and humans (Feulgen staining) revealed that in a certain number of cells the amount of NDA ranged between the diploid and tetraploid level (H2C cells). The incidence of H2C Purkinje cells varied among the species studied. In rats, which were studied most thoroughly, these cells amounted on average to 3%. In some rats, as well as in some cats and chickens H2C Purkinje cells were entirely absent. In the group of animals possesing H2C Purkinje cells, great interindividual differences were observed. In rats for instance, the incidence of these cells varied from 1 to 23 per cent. Topographic analyses carried out in rat and human cerebellum revealed that H2C Purkinje cells occurred more frequently in the hemispheres than in the vermis. No significant differences were found in the number of H2C Purkinje cells in healthy and Kilham-DNA-virus infected rats. Densitometric analysis of the distribution of nuclear chromatin showed that H2C Purkinje cells were richer in condensed chromatin, especially in the region of the nucleolus, which apparently contains the hyperploid surplus of DNA. It is proposed that the phenomenon of DNA hyperdiploidy arises as a result of either incomplete S-phase in some immature Purkinje cell precursors or the amplification of some DNA sequences particularly those localized in the nucleolar region.", "contents": "Constancy and variability in the content of DNA in cerebellar Purkinje cell nuclei. A cytophotometric study. A cytophotometric study of DNA content in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of rats, cats, chicken and humans (Feulgen staining) revealed that in a certain number of cells the amount of NDA ranged between the diploid and tetraploid level (H2C cells). The incidence of H2C Purkinje cells varied among the species studied. In rats, which were studied most thoroughly, these cells amounted on average to 3%. In some rats, as well as in some cats and chickens H2C Purkinje cells were entirely absent. In the group of animals possesing H2C Purkinje cells, great interindividual differences were observed. In rats for instance, the incidence of these cells varied from 1 to 23 per cent. Topographic analyses carried out in rat and human cerebellum revealed that H2C Purkinje cells occurred more frequently in the hemispheres than in the vermis. No significant differences were found in the number of H2C Purkinje cells in healthy and Kilham-DNA-virus infected rats. Densitometric analysis of the distribution of nuclear chromatin showed that H2C Purkinje cells were richer in condensed chromatin, especially in the region of the nucleolus, which apparently contains the hyperploid surplus of DNA. It is proposed that the phenomenon of DNA hyperdiploidy arises as a result of either incomplete S-phase in some immature Purkinje cell precursors or the amplification of some DNA sequences particularly those localized in the nucleolar region.", "PMID": 372155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1499", "title": "A gravimetric system for lyophilized samples in the sub-microgram range.", "content": "A new quartz fiber balance is described which is evacuated and electrically shielded. This balance minimizes the problems of moisture uptake by the lyophilized sample, air convection inside the balance and static electricity. Besides it offers a wider useful weighing range and a higher handling comfort. It could be shown that in the regular (i.e. not evacuated) balance the moisture uptake varies considerably with the humidity of the air and with the kind of sample analyzed, and that it might be greater than previously reported.", "contents": "A gravimetric system for lyophilized samples in the sub-microgram range. A new quartz fiber balance is described which is evacuated and electrically shielded. This balance minimizes the problems of moisture uptake by the lyophilized sample, air convection inside the balance and static electricity. Besides it offers a wider useful weighing range and a higher handling comfort. It could be shown that in the regular (i.e. not evacuated) balance the moisture uptake varies considerably with the humidity of the air and with the kind of sample analyzed, and that it might be greater than previously reported.", "PMID": 372157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1500", "title": "Growth hormone-like immunoreactivity in gastrin cells and gastrinomas.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH)-immunoreactive material was found to occur in the antral gastrin cells and in scattered cells of the pancreatic islets in several mammalian species, including man. Examination of gastrinomas revealed the majority of tumour cells to display GH-like immunoreactivity.", "contents": "Growth hormone-like immunoreactivity in gastrin cells and gastrinomas. Growth hormone (GH)-immunoreactive material was found to occur in the antral gastrin cells and in scattered cells of the pancreatic islets in several mammalian species, including man. Examination of gastrinomas revealed the majority of tumour cells to display GH-like immunoreactivity.", "PMID": 372158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1501", "title": "[Acute and chronic middle ear pathology in mediaeval man (author's transl)].", "content": "The variety, extent and consequences of middle ear cleft disease in ancient times is reviewed. The findings of macroscopic radiological and scanning electron microscopic examination of skeletal material from two south German Merovingian populations and two pre-Columbian population groups from the south west of North America are presented. The possibility of false diagnosis was considered. Cases previously described are reviewed, summarized and compared. In both the Frankish-Alemannian populations diseases of the middle ear cleft significantly occur more frequently within the lower social groups. From this it is possible to deduce that external factors were paramount in the pathogenesis of these diseases in early cultures, whereas in the present mid-European populations constitutional factors predominate. In contrast to recent claims (Cockburn, 1977) that diseases of the middle ear were rare amongst inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, earlier literature and the observations presented in this article show that these diseases were not so uncommon. Cases found in ancient Peru show no evidence of surgical treatment, although the standards of surgery, which at that time included trephination, could have made this feasible.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic middle ear pathology in mediaeval man (author's transl)]. The variety, extent and consequences of middle ear cleft disease in ancient times is reviewed. The findings of macroscopic radiological and scanning electron microscopic examination of skeletal material from two south German Merovingian populations and two pre-Columbian population groups from the south west of North America are presented. The possibility of false diagnosis was considered. Cases previously described are reviewed, summarized and compared. In both the Frankish-Alemannian populations diseases of the middle ear cleft significantly occur more frequently within the lower social groups. From this it is possible to deduce that external factors were paramount in the pathogenesis of these diseases in early cultures, whereas in the present mid-European populations constitutional factors predominate. In contrast to recent claims (Cockburn, 1977) that diseases of the middle ear were rare amongst inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, earlier literature and the observations presented in this article show that these diseases were not so uncommon. Cases found in ancient Peru show no evidence of surgical treatment, although the standards of surgery, which at that time included trephination, could have made this feasible.", "PMID": 372159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1502", "title": "Trimethoprim in combination with a sulfonamide for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections.", "content": "Trimethoprim, in combination with sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole was administered orally for 7 to 14 days to 84 dogs with urinary tract infections (UTI). The daily dosage of 26.4 mg/kg (12 mg/lb) was divided into 2 equal parts and administered at about 12-hour intervals. Response to treatment, based on negative urine culture during or after therapy, was 37 of 45 (82%) for UTI caused by Escherichia coli, 11 of 15 (73%) UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, 8 of 12 (67%) UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 6 (100%) UTI caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and 5 of 9 (56%) UTI caused by Streptococcus spp. These 5 species comprised 88% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study.", "contents": "Trimethoprim in combination with a sulfonamide for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections. Trimethoprim, in combination with sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole was administered orally for 7 to 14 days to 84 dogs with urinary tract infections (UTI). The daily dosage of 26.4 mg/kg (12 mg/lb) was divided into 2 equal parts and administered at about 12-hour intervals. Response to treatment, based on negative urine culture during or after therapy, was 37 of 45 (82%) for UTI caused by Escherichia coli, 11 of 15 (73%) UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, 8 of 12 (67%) UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 6 (100%) UTI caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and 5 of 9 (56%) UTI caused by Streptococcus spp. These 5 species comprised 88% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study.", "PMID": 372165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1503", "title": "Stylism in anatomical illustration from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries.", "content": "An overview of four centuries of anatomical illustration is presented, citing specific examples to document trends in style and to show the effects of concurrent advances in the technology of reproduction and printing.", "contents": "Stylism in anatomical illustration from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. An overview of four centuries of anatomical illustration is presented, citing specific examples to document trends in style and to show the effects of concurrent advances in the technology of reproduction and printing.", "PMID": 372176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1504", "title": "[Oral protozoans and diabetes: study in 117 patients].", "content": "A study on the presence of oral Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax has been carried out on calculus or dental plaque from 117 diabetic subjects. Statistical analysis of results shows no correlation between diabetes and protozoa. The same frequency was found between diabetic and normal subjects. Nevertheless, a significant relation has been found between the diabetes and the yeasts.", "contents": "[Oral protozoans and diabetes: study in 117 patients]. A study on the presence of oral Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax has been carried out on calculus or dental plaque from 117 diabetic subjects. Statistical analysis of results shows no correlation between diabetes and protozoa. The same frequency was found between diabetic and normal subjects. Nevertheless, a significant relation has been found between the diabetes and the yeasts.", "PMID": 372177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1505", "title": "Peroxidase-dependent deactivation of prostacyclin synthetase.", "content": "A study of the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade revealed a high sensitivity of prostacyclin synthetase and a complete resistance of thromboxane A2 synthetase to time-dependent destruction by an oxidant [Ox] released during the peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of hydroperoxy fatty acids. The destructive action of [Ox] derived from prostaglandin G1 (PGG1), 15-hydroperoxy-PGE1, 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid upon prostacyclin synthetase was prevented by 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. On the other hand, deactivation resulting from PGG2 metabolism was neither time-dependent nor sensitive to 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. The possibility that the action of [Ox] may alter the arachidonic acid cascade in favor of thromboxane A2 is discussed in view of its possible implications in inflammatory and other pathological processes.", "contents": "Peroxidase-dependent deactivation of prostacyclin synthetase. A study of the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade revealed a high sensitivity of prostacyclin synthetase and a complete resistance of thromboxane A2 synthetase to time-dependent destruction by an oxidant [Ox] released during the peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of hydroperoxy fatty acids. The destructive action of [Ox] derived from prostaglandin G1 (PGG1), 15-hydroperoxy-PGE1, 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid upon prostacyclin synthetase was prevented by 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. On the other hand, deactivation resulting from PGG2 metabolism was neither time-dependent nor sensitive to 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. The possibility that the action of [Ox] may alter the arachidonic acid cascade in favor of thromboxane A2 is discussed in view of its possible implications in inflammatory and other pathological processes.", "PMID": 372178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1506", "title": "Opioid peptides derived from food proteins. The exorphins.", "content": "Peptides with opioid activity are found in pepsin hydrolysates of wheat gluten and alpha-casein. The opioid activity of these peptides was demonstrated by use of the following bioassays: 1) naloxone-reversible inhibition of adenylate cyclase in homogenates of neuroblastoma X-glioma hybrid cells; 2) naloxone-reversible inhibition of electrically stimulated contractions of the mouse vas deferens; 3) displacement of [3H]dihydromorphine and [3H-Tyr, dAla2]met-enkephalin amide from rat brain membranes. Substances which stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase the contractions of the mouse vas deferens but do not bind to opiate receptors are also isolated from gluten hydrolysates. It is suggested that peptides derived from some food proteins may be of physiological importance.", "contents": "Opioid peptides derived from food proteins. The exorphins. Peptides with opioid activity are found in pepsin hydrolysates of wheat gluten and alpha-casein. The opioid activity of these peptides was demonstrated by use of the following bioassays: 1) naloxone-reversible inhibition of adenylate cyclase in homogenates of neuroblastoma X-glioma hybrid cells; 2) naloxone-reversible inhibition of electrically stimulated contractions of the mouse vas deferens; 3) displacement of [3H]dihydromorphine and [3H-Tyr, dAla2]met-enkephalin amide from rat brain membranes. Substances which stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase the contractions of the mouse vas deferens but do not bind to opiate receptors are also isolated from gluten hydrolysates. It is suggested that peptides derived from some food proteins may be of physiological importance.", "PMID": 372181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1507", "title": "The effects of substituted pyrimidines in DNAs on cleavage by sequence-specific endonucleases.", "content": "The rates of cleavage of DNAs containing substituents at position 5 of thymine or cytosine have been measured for a variety of sequence-specific endonucleases, so as to determine which features in the DNA sequence are being probed. Phage phi e DNA fully substituted with 5-hydroxymethyluracil is cleaved more slowly by enzymes whose recognition sequences contain A-T base pairs than are DNAs containing thymine, but both types of DNA are cleaved at similar rates by enzymes recognizing sequences composed only of G-C base pairs. Phage PBS2 DNA with uracil completely substituted for thymine is cleaved slowly by several enzymes which recognize sequences containing A-T base pairs (endonucleases Hpa I, HindII, and HindIII), while the rates of cleavage by other enzymes (endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI) are not affected. Phage lambda- and P22 DNAs containing 5-bromouracil are cleaved more slowly by several enzymes (endonucleases HindIII, Hpa I, BamHI) than are thymine-containing DNAs. Enzymes that recognize sequence isomers with the composition G:C:2A:2T (endonucleases EcoRI, Hpa I, HindIII) are not equally affected by substitution at position 5 of thymine, suggesting that they differ in their contacts with A-T base pairs. DNA containing glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of cytosine is resistant to cleavage by all the endonucleases examined.", "contents": "The effects of substituted pyrimidines in DNAs on cleavage by sequence-specific endonucleases. The rates of cleavage of DNAs containing substituents at position 5 of thymine or cytosine have been measured for a variety of sequence-specific endonucleases, so as to determine which features in the DNA sequence are being probed. Phage phi e DNA fully substituted with 5-hydroxymethyluracil is cleaved more slowly by enzymes whose recognition sequences contain A-T base pairs than are DNAs containing thymine, but both types of DNA are cleaved at similar rates by enzymes recognizing sequences composed only of G-C base pairs. Phage PBS2 DNA with uracil completely substituted for thymine is cleaved slowly by several enzymes which recognize sequences containing A-T base pairs (endonucleases Hpa I, HindII, and HindIII), while the rates of cleavage by other enzymes (endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI) are not affected. Phage lambda- and P22 DNAs containing 5-bromouracil are cleaved more slowly by several enzymes (endonucleases HindIII, Hpa I, BamHI) than are thymine-containing DNAs. Enzymes that recognize sequence isomers with the composition G:C:2A:2T (endonucleases EcoRI, Hpa I, HindIII) are not equally affected by substitution at position 5 of thymine, suggesting that they differ in their contacts with A-T base pairs. DNA containing glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of cytosine is resistant to cleavage by all the endonucleases examined.", "PMID": 372183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1508", "title": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase.", "content": "The mechanism of ppGpp inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4) was examined. Initial rate kinetic studies demonstrate the ppGpp inhibition is competitive with respect to GTP and noncompetitive with respect to L-aspartate and IMP. This is in contrast to an earlier report (Gallant, J., Irr, J., and Cashel, M. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5812-5816), which suggested that ppGpp did not bind at the GTP site. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. The potency of the ppGpp inhibition is confirmed.", "contents": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase. The mechanism of ppGpp inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4) was examined. Initial rate kinetic studies demonstrate the ppGpp inhibition is competitive with respect to GTP and noncompetitive with respect to L-aspartate and IMP. This is in contrast to an earlier report (Gallant, J., Irr, J., and Cashel, M. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5812-5816), which suggested that ppGpp did not bind at the GTP site. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. The potency of the ppGpp inhibition is confirmed.", "PMID": 372184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1509", "title": "Small angle X-ray scattering of dimeric yeast hexokinase in solution.", "content": "Small angle x-ray scattering measurements on dimeric yeast hexokinase B at pH 5.5 in acetate buffer yield a radius of gyration of 31.28 +/- 0.23 angstrom. This measured value is comparable to the radius of gyration of 31.5 angstrom calculated from the refined coordinates of the dimer in the BII crystal form. The hexokinase dimer found in the BI crystal form has a radius of gyration of 42 angstrom calculated from the atomic coordinates. Thus, the measured radius of gyration is consistent with the BII dimer being the predominant species in solution and rules out the existence of the BI dimer as a major species under these conditions.", "contents": "Small angle X-ray scattering of dimeric yeast hexokinase in solution. Small angle x-ray scattering measurements on dimeric yeast hexokinase B at pH 5.5 in acetate buffer yield a radius of gyration of 31.28 +/- 0.23 angstrom. This measured value is comparable to the radius of gyration of 31.5 angstrom calculated from the refined coordinates of the dimer in the BII crystal form. The hexokinase dimer found in the BI crystal form has a radius of gyration of 42 angstrom calculated from the atomic coordinates. Thus, the measured radius of gyration is consistent with the BII dimer being the predominant species in solution and rules out the existence of the BI dimer as a major species under these conditions.", "PMID": 372185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1510", "title": "Novel mechanism of post-transcriptional modification of tRNA. Insertion of bases of Q precursors into tRNA by a specific tRNA transglycosylase reaction.", "content": "The guanine insertion enzyme isolated from Escherichia coli (tRNA transglycosylase) catalyzed the incorporation of bases of Q (queuosine) precursors into E. coli undermodified tRNAAsn and tRNATyr. These bases of Q precursors were inserted in the first position of the anticodon of tRNASn and tRNATyr, replacing guanine originally located in that position. This is a novel type of post-transcriptional modification, inserting a modified base into the polynucleotide chain by cleavage of the N--C glycoside bond without breakage of the phosphodiester bond. One of the bases of Q precursors, 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine, was found in the acid-soluble fraction of E. coli cells, supporting the conclusion that formation of Q, 7-(3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine, in tRNA in vivo actually proceeds by the tRNA transglycosylase reaction.", "contents": "Novel mechanism of post-transcriptional modification of tRNA. Insertion of bases of Q precursors into tRNA by a specific tRNA transglycosylase reaction. The guanine insertion enzyme isolated from Escherichia coli (tRNA transglycosylase) catalyzed the incorporation of bases of Q (queuosine) precursors into E. coli undermodified tRNAAsn and tRNATyr. These bases of Q precursors were inserted in the first position of the anticodon of tRNASn and tRNATyr, replacing guanine originally located in that position. This is a novel type of post-transcriptional modification, inserting a modified base into the polynucleotide chain by cleavage of the N--C glycoside bond without breakage of the phosphodiester bond. One of the bases of Q precursors, 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine, was found in the acid-soluble fraction of E. coli cells, supporting the conclusion that formation of Q, 7-(3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine, in tRNA in vivo actually proceeds by the tRNA transglycosylase reaction.", "PMID": 372186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1511", "title": "A rapid procedure for isolation of large quantities of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I utilizing a lambdapolA transducing phage.", "content": "DNA polymerase I produced by infection of Escherichia coli K12 with the specialized transducing phage lambdapolA has been purified by a simplified procedure and shown to be identical with the enzyme produced by uninfected E. coli in all aspects which have been examined. The abundance of the enzyme in infected cells and the ease with which it may be purified will simplify the study of the enzyme's physical and chemical characteristics. In addition, the enzyme is now much more readily available for use as an analytical tool in nucleic acid sequence and structure studies.", "contents": "A rapid procedure for isolation of large quantities of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I utilizing a lambdapolA transducing phage. DNA polymerase I produced by infection of Escherichia coli K12 with the specialized transducing phage lambdapolA has been purified by a simplified procedure and shown to be identical with the enzyme produced by uninfected E. coli in all aspects which have been examined. The abundance of the enzyme in infected cells and the ease with which it may be purified will simplify the study of the enzyme's physical and chemical characteristics. In addition, the enzyme is now much more readily available for use as an analytical tool in nucleic acid sequence and structure studies.", "PMID": 372187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1512", "title": "Sequence of the 16 S-23 s spacer region in two ribosomal RNA operons of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The transducing phages lambdadaroE and lambdadilv5, which carry the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operons rrnD and rrnX, respectively, have been mapped with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and Sma I. Using hybridization techniques, we have located the ribosomal RNA genes on these phage DNAs. The DNA sequence of the 437-base-pair 16 S-23 S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer in the two rRNA operons rrnD and rrnX has been determined. The nucleotides examined exhibit only one base pair change between rrnD and rrnX. Both spacer regions contain the genes for tRNA1Ile and tRNA1BAla; the gene sequences are identical with the previously deduced tRNA sequences and are clustered within the first 60% of the spacer DNA. The most striking feature of the 16 S-23 S intergenic region in these two operons is the disparity in G-C content between the tRNA gene sequences (60% G-C) and the remaining spacer DNA (37% G-C). Spacer sequences are known to be involved in the processing of the ribosomal RNA transcript by RNase III and RNase P. In addition, we report the sequence of the first 108 base pairs of the 23 S rRNA gene.", "contents": "Sequence of the 16 S-23 s spacer region in two ribosomal RNA operons of Escherichia coli. The transducing phages lambdadaroE and lambdadilv5, which carry the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operons rrnD and rrnX, respectively, have been mapped with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and Sma I. Using hybridization techniques, we have located the ribosomal RNA genes on these phage DNAs. The DNA sequence of the 437-base-pair 16 S-23 S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer in the two rRNA operons rrnD and rrnX has been determined. The nucleotides examined exhibit only one base pair change between rrnD and rrnX. Both spacer regions contain the genes for tRNA1Ile and tRNA1BAla; the gene sequences are identical with the previously deduced tRNA sequences and are clustered within the first 60% of the spacer DNA. The most striking feature of the 16 S-23 S intergenic region in these two operons is the disparity in G-C content between the tRNA gene sequences (60% G-C) and the remaining spacer DNA (37% G-C). Spacer sequences are known to be involved in the processing of the ribosomal RNA transcript by RNase III and RNase P. In addition, we report the sequence of the first 108 base pairs of the 23 S rRNA gene.", "PMID": 372188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1513", "title": "Activity changes in lac repressor with cysteine oxidation.", "content": "The effects of prior covalent cysteine modification or nonspecific DNA presence on the reaction of lac repressor protein with N-bromosuccinimide have been investigated. At low excesses, N-bromosuccinimide oxidation causes loss of operator DNA binding activity with simultaneous retention of inducer and nonspecific DNA binding activities. Cysteine and methionine are oxidized under the conditions utilized. Covalent modification of the cysteines of repressor prior to reaction decreased the observed loss of operator DNA binding capacity; the presence of nonspecific DNA partially prevented oxidation of the cysteines by N-bromosuccinimide, and concurrent protection of operator binding ability was observed. Methionine oxidation was observed in the cases where protection of the operator DNA binding capacity of repressor was seen. The region surrounding cysteine 107 was found to be influential in maintaining intact operator DNA binding function in repressor. This observation provides chemical evidence for the contribution of the core region of repressor in determining specificity of the protein in binding the lac operator. The protection from oxidation of cysteine residues in the core region by the presence of nonspecific DNA suggests that this binding influences the core region of the protein.", "contents": "Activity changes in lac repressor with cysteine oxidation. The effects of prior covalent cysteine modification or nonspecific DNA presence on the reaction of lac repressor protein with N-bromosuccinimide have been investigated. At low excesses, N-bromosuccinimide oxidation causes loss of operator DNA binding activity with simultaneous retention of inducer and nonspecific DNA binding activities. Cysteine and methionine are oxidized under the conditions utilized. Covalent modification of the cysteines of repressor prior to reaction decreased the observed loss of operator DNA binding capacity; the presence of nonspecific DNA partially prevented oxidation of the cysteines by N-bromosuccinimide, and concurrent protection of operator binding ability was observed. Methionine oxidation was observed in the cases where protection of the operator DNA binding capacity of repressor was seen. The region surrounding cysteine 107 was found to be influential in maintaining intact operator DNA binding function in repressor. This observation provides chemical evidence for the contribution of the core region of repressor in determining specificity of the protein in binding the lac operator. The protection from oxidation of cysteine residues in the core region by the presence of nonspecific DNA suggests that this binding influences the core region of the protein.", "PMID": 372189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1514", "title": "Tryptic core protein of lactose repressor binds operator DNA.", "content": "The core protein produced by mild proteolytic digestion of lactose repressor protein has been purified from native repressor by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The core protein isolated in this manner binds to operator DNA with an apparent dissociation constant of 10(-7) M, and the observed binding is decreased by the presence of inducer. Competition studies with nonspecific DNA indicate that the binding species in the core protein preparations is neither intact lactose repressor nor mixed tetramers containing varying numbers of intact NH2-terminal regions. This conclusion is supported by experiments designed to measure the rate of dissociation of the core protein from the operator DNA. Calculations based on the assumption that the isolated core protein binds similarly to the corresponding region in intact repressor protein indicate that the core region contributes approximately 40 to 50% of the energy of binding to operator DNA. Furthermore, the change in operator affinity upon inducer binding to core accounts for a minimum of 60% of the free energy change in binding to operator observed for the native protein. The demonstration that core protein binds to operator DNA requires a re-evaluation of the various models for repressor binding to DNA. A possible model based on the available information is presented.", "contents": "Tryptic core protein of lactose repressor binds operator DNA. The core protein produced by mild proteolytic digestion of lactose repressor protein has been purified from native repressor by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The core protein isolated in this manner binds to operator DNA with an apparent dissociation constant of 10(-7) M, and the observed binding is decreased by the presence of inducer. Competition studies with nonspecific DNA indicate that the binding species in the core protein preparations is neither intact lactose repressor nor mixed tetramers containing varying numbers of intact NH2-terminal regions. This conclusion is supported by experiments designed to measure the rate of dissociation of the core protein from the operator DNA. Calculations based on the assumption that the isolated core protein binds similarly to the corresponding region in intact repressor protein indicate that the core region contributes approximately 40 to 50% of the energy of binding to operator DNA. Furthermore, the change in operator affinity upon inducer binding to core accounts for a minimum of 60% of the free energy change in binding to operator observed for the native protein. The demonstration that core protein binds to operator DNA requires a re-evaluation of the various models for repressor binding to DNA. A possible model based on the available information is presented.", "PMID": 372190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1515", "title": "Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Escherichia coli. Purification and properties.", "content": "Glutamine 5-phosphoribosylamine:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (amidophosphoribosyl-transferase) has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 194,000 by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and 224,000 by gel filtration. A subunit Mr = 57,000 was estimated by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Cross-linking experiments gave species of Mr = 57,000, 117,000, and 177,000. A trimer or tetramer of identical subunits is indicated for the native enzyme. Highly active E. coli amidophosphoribosyl-transferase lacks significant nonheme iron. Enzyme activity was not enhanced by addition of iron salts and sulfide. Amidophosphoribosyltransferase exhibited both NH3- and glutamine-dependent activities. Glutaminase activity was detected in the absence of other substrates. Both glutamine- and NH3-dependent activities were subject to end product inhibition by purine 5'-ribonucleotides. AMP and GMP, in combination, gave synergistic inhibition. AMP and GMP exhibited positive cooperativity. In addition, GMP promoted cooperativity for saturation by 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Glutamine utilization was inhibited by NH3, suggesting that the amide of glutamine is transferred to the NH3 site prior to amination of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. The glutamine-dependent activity was selectively inactivated by the glutamine analogs L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid and 6-diazo-5-oxo L-norleucine (DON) and by iodoacetamide. Incorporation of 1 eq of DON/subunit (Mr = 57,000) caused complete inactivation of the glutamine-dependent activity, thus providing evidence for one glutamine site per monomer and for the functional identity of the subunits. Following alkylation with iodoacetamide, carboxymethylcysteine was the only modified amino acid isolated from an acid hydrolysate. The glutamine-dependent activity was sensitive to oxidation. Inactivation by exposure to air was reversed by incubation with high concentrations of dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Escherichia coli. Purification and properties. Glutamine 5-phosphoribosylamine:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (amidophosphoribosyl-transferase) has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 194,000 by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and 224,000 by gel filtration. A subunit Mr = 57,000 was estimated by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Cross-linking experiments gave species of Mr = 57,000, 117,000, and 177,000. A trimer or tetramer of identical subunits is indicated for the native enzyme. Highly active E. coli amidophosphoribosyl-transferase lacks significant nonheme iron. Enzyme activity was not enhanced by addition of iron salts and sulfide. Amidophosphoribosyltransferase exhibited both NH3- and glutamine-dependent activities. Glutaminase activity was detected in the absence of other substrates. Both glutamine- and NH3-dependent activities were subject to end product inhibition by purine 5'-ribonucleotides. AMP and GMP, in combination, gave synergistic inhibition. AMP and GMP exhibited positive cooperativity. In addition, GMP promoted cooperativity for saturation by 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Glutamine utilization was inhibited by NH3, suggesting that the amide of glutamine is transferred to the NH3 site prior to amination of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. The glutamine-dependent activity was selectively inactivated by the glutamine analogs L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid and 6-diazo-5-oxo L-norleucine (DON) and by iodoacetamide. Incorporation of 1 eq of DON/subunit (Mr = 57,000) caused complete inactivation of the glutamine-dependent activity, thus providing evidence for one glutamine site per monomer and for the functional identity of the subunits. Following alkylation with iodoacetamide, carboxymethylcysteine was the only modified amino acid isolated from an acid hydrolysate. The glutamine-dependent activity was sensitive to oxidation. Inactivation by exposure to air was reversed by incubation with high concentrations of dithiothreitol.", "PMID": 372191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1516", "title": "Proinsulin precursors in catfish pancreatic islets.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether insulin-related peptides, larger than proinsulin, could be detected in pancreatic islet cells. Catfish pancreatic islets were incubated with radiolabeled amino acids. After 15- to 60-min incubation, two acid-alcohol-extractable peptides, larger than proinsulin, were detected which were approximately of Mr = 12,000 and 11,000 (12 K and 11K, respectively). They migrated as single polypeptide chains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, and were therefore not aggregates of insulin or proinsulin. The 12 K protein had identical mobility with catfish preoproinsulin synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system. On standard electrophoresis at pH 8.9, the 12 K protein migrated separately from proinsulin and was at least 65% one protein with two to three minor contaminants. The 12 K and 11 K proteins were chemically related to insulin and proinsulin as shown by tryptic peptide analysis, using cation exchange resin chromatography, and by two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps. Analysis of the tryptic digest of the 12 K protein, compared to proinsulin after leucine aminopeptidase treatment, suggested that the NH2 terminus of the larger protein was different from that of proinsulin. These peptides were specifically bound to anti-insulin antibody. The binding was only 5 to 8% of the protein added, but was specific for the 12 K and 11 K proteins when the immunoprecipitates were examined by electrophoresis and not from contaminating proinsulin. During the continuous incubation of the islets with [3H]leucine, 12 K and 11 K proteins were synthesized in the cell before proinsulin. When islets were first incubated with [3H]leucine for 30 min followed by incubation with excess unlabeled leucine, the 12 K and 11 K proteins appeared to show a precursor-product relationship to proinsulin and insulin. Even when total islet protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide (100 microgram/ml), proinsulin continued to be synthesized for up to 2 h. This suggested that the conversion of the proinsulin precursors to proinsulin in the fish is a post-translational event.", "contents": "Proinsulin precursors in catfish pancreatic islets. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether insulin-related peptides, larger than proinsulin, could be detected in pancreatic islet cells. Catfish pancreatic islets were incubated with radiolabeled amino acids. After 15- to 60-min incubation, two acid-alcohol-extractable peptides, larger than proinsulin, were detected which were approximately of Mr = 12,000 and 11,000 (12 K and 11K, respectively). They migrated as single polypeptide chains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, and were therefore not aggregates of insulin or proinsulin. The 12 K protein had identical mobility with catfish preoproinsulin synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system. On standard electrophoresis at pH 8.9, the 12 K protein migrated separately from proinsulin and was at least 65% one protein with two to three minor contaminants. The 12 K and 11 K proteins were chemically related to insulin and proinsulin as shown by tryptic peptide analysis, using cation exchange resin chromatography, and by two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps. Analysis of the tryptic digest of the 12 K protein, compared to proinsulin after leucine aminopeptidase treatment, suggested that the NH2 terminus of the larger protein was different from that of proinsulin. These peptides were specifically bound to anti-insulin antibody. The binding was only 5 to 8% of the protein added, but was specific for the 12 K and 11 K proteins when the immunoprecipitates were examined by electrophoresis and not from contaminating proinsulin. During the continuous incubation of the islets with [3H]leucine, 12 K and 11 K proteins were synthesized in the cell before proinsulin. When islets were first incubated with [3H]leucine for 30 min followed by incubation with excess unlabeled leucine, the 12 K and 11 K proteins appeared to show a precursor-product relationship to proinsulin and insulin. Even when total islet protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide (100 microgram/ml), proinsulin continued to be synthesized for up to 2 h. This suggested that the conversion of the proinsulin precursors to proinsulin in the fish is a post-translational event.", "PMID": 372192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1517", "title": "Can a small blood vessel prosthesis be derived from heterologous foreign body reactive tissue?", "content": "This study investigated as a small diameter vascular replacement the tissue formed adjacent to an implanted cylindrical foreign body, heterologously transplanted. Grafts of 4 mm i.d. were grown in rabbits and transplanted to dogs as segmental carotid and femoral artery replacements. These maintained 50% patency after 3 weeks. Variables in the further development of this concept are discussed.", "contents": "Can a small blood vessel prosthesis be derived from heterologous foreign body reactive tissue? This study investigated as a small diameter vascular replacement the tissue formed adjacent to an implanted cylindrical foreign body, heterologously transplanted. Grafts of 4 mm i.d. were grown in rabbits and transplanted to dogs as segmental carotid and femoral artery replacements. These maintained 50% patency after 3 weeks. Variables in the further development of this concept are discussed.", "PMID": 372194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1518", "title": "Nuclear volume control by nucleoskeletal DNA, selection for cell volume and cell growth rate, and the solution of the DNA C-value paradox.", "content": "The 40,000-fold variation in eukaryote haploid DNA content is unrelated to organismic complexity or to the numbers of protein-coding genes. In eukaryote microorganisms, as well as in animals and plants, DNA content is strongly correlated with cell volume and nuclear volume, and with cell cycle length and minimum generation time. These correlations are simply explained by postulating that DNA has 2 major functions unrelated to its protein-coding capacity: (1) the control of cell volume by the number of replicon origins, and (2) the determination of nuclear volume by the overall bulk of the DNA: cell growth rates are determined by the cell volume and by the area of the nuclear envelope available for nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA, which in turn depends on the nuclear volume and therefore on the DNA content. During evolution nuclear volume, and therefore DNA content, has to be adjusted to the cell volume to allow reasonable growth rates. The great diversity of cell volumes and growth rates, and therefore of DNA contents, among eukaryotes results from a varying balance in different species between r-selection, which favours small cells and rapid growth rates and therefore low DNA C-values, and K-selection which favours large cells and slow growth rates and therefore high DNA C-values. In multicellular organisms cell size needs to vary in different tissues: size differences between somatic cells result from polyteny, endopolyploidy, or the synthesis of nucleoskeletal RNA. Conflict between the need for large ova and small somatic cells explains why lampbrush chromosomes, nurse cells, chromatin diminution and chromosome elimination evolved. Similar evolutionary considerations clarify the nature of polygenes, the significance of the distribution of haploidy, diploidy and dikaryosis in life cycles and of double fertilization in angiosperms, and of heteroploidy despite DNA constancy in cultured cells, and other puzzles in eukaryote chromosome biology. Eukaryote DNA can be divided into genic DNA (G-DNA), which codes for proteins (or serves as recognition sites for proteins involved in transcription, replication and recombination), and nucleoskeletal DNA (S-DNA) which exists only because of its nucleoskeletal role in determining the nuclear volume (which it shares with G-DNA, and performs not only directly, but also indirectly by coding for nucleoskeletal RNA). Mechanistic and evolutionary implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Nuclear volume control by nucleoskeletal DNA, selection for cell volume and cell growth rate, and the solution of the DNA C-value paradox. The 40,000-fold variation in eukaryote haploid DNA content is unrelated to organismic complexity or to the numbers of protein-coding genes. In eukaryote microorganisms, as well as in animals and plants, DNA content is strongly correlated with cell volume and nuclear volume, and with cell cycle length and minimum generation time. These correlations are simply explained by postulating that DNA has 2 major functions unrelated to its protein-coding capacity: (1) the control of cell volume by the number of replicon origins, and (2) the determination of nuclear volume by the overall bulk of the DNA: cell growth rates are determined by the cell volume and by the area of the nuclear envelope available for nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA, which in turn depends on the nuclear volume and therefore on the DNA content. During evolution nuclear volume, and therefore DNA content, has to be adjusted to the cell volume to allow reasonable growth rates. The great diversity of cell volumes and growth rates, and therefore of DNA contents, among eukaryotes results from a varying balance in different species between r-selection, which favours small cells and rapid growth rates and therefore low DNA C-values, and K-selection which favours large cells and slow growth rates and therefore high DNA C-values. In multicellular organisms cell size needs to vary in different tissues: size differences between somatic cells result from polyteny, endopolyploidy, or the synthesis of nucleoskeletal RNA. Conflict between the need for large ova and small somatic cells explains why lampbrush chromosomes, nurse cells, chromatin diminution and chromosome elimination evolved. Similar evolutionary considerations clarify the nature of polygenes, the significance of the distribution of haploidy, diploidy and dikaryosis in life cycles and of double fertilization in angiosperms, and of heteroploidy despite DNA constancy in cultured cells, and other puzzles in eukaryote chromosome biology. Eukaryote DNA can be divided into genic DNA (G-DNA), which codes for proteins (or serves as recognition sites for proteins involved in transcription, replication and recombination), and nucleoskeletal DNA (S-DNA) which exists only because of its nucleoskeletal role in determining the nuclear volume (which it shares with G-DNA, and performs not only directly, but also indirectly by coding for nucleoskeletal RNA). Mechanistic and evolutionary implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 372199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1519", "title": "Chemical information sources: aids in the review of drug applications.", "content": "Applications of computerized databases to the \"Chemist's Review\" of drug applications are presented with emphasis on the critical topics addressed in the controls review process and the time limitations imposed thereon.", "contents": "Chemical information sources: aids in the review of drug applications. Applications of computerized databases to the \"Chemist's Review\" of drug applications are presented with emphasis on the critical topics addressed in the controls review process and the time limitations imposed thereon.", "PMID": 372200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1520", "title": "Experimental remarks on various types of small vessel anastomoses.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on small arteries in dogs with end-to-end anastomosis by conventional sutures. Nakayama's rings and methyl-2-Cyanocrylate adhesive. Problems concerning their application for a satisfactory patency of the vessels are discussed. In conclusion, the best results were observed in the second group, while the use of adhesive material, though promising, is not to be advocated till further development of the material.", "contents": "Experimental remarks on various types of small vessel anastomoses. Experiments were carried out on small arteries in dogs with end-to-end anastomosis by conventional sutures. Nakayama's rings and methyl-2-Cyanocrylate adhesive. Problems concerning their application for a satisfactory patency of the vessels are discussed. In conclusion, the best results were observed in the second group, while the use of adhesive material, though promising, is not to be advocated till further development of the material.", "PMID": 372198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1521", "title": "Abnormal plasma catecholamine responses in acromegalics.", "content": "Plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine responses to bromocriptine (2.5 mg orally) or to LRH (100 microgram iv) were studied in seven acromegalic patients. In contrast to normal men, in whom plasma concentrations of catecholamines decrease markedly, acromegalic subjects fail to show decreases in plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine in response to bromocriptine (four of four studied) or LRH (three of four studied). Mean basal plasma catecholamine concentrations do not differ in acromegalic patients, normal men, and a group of nonacromegalic endocrine control patients. Since it appears that bromocriptine and LRH suppress plasma catecholamine concentrations through mechanisms at brain catecholamine neurons, these data are compatible with disordered catecholamine neurons in the brain of patients with acromegaly.", "contents": "Abnormal plasma catecholamine responses in acromegalics. Plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine responses to bromocriptine (2.5 mg orally) or to LRH (100 microgram iv) were studied in seven acromegalic patients. In contrast to normal men, in whom plasma concentrations of catecholamines decrease markedly, acromegalic subjects fail to show decreases in plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine in response to bromocriptine (four of four studied) or LRH (three of four studied). Mean basal plasma catecholamine concentrations do not differ in acromegalic patients, normal men, and a group of nonacromegalic endocrine control patients. Since it appears that bromocriptine and LRH suppress plasma catecholamine concentrations through mechanisms at brain catecholamine neurons, these data are compatible with disordered catecholamine neurons in the brain of patients with acromegaly.", "PMID": 372207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1522", "title": "The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was evaluated in seven men with thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease. Loss of libido and decreased potency were present in 71% and 56%, respectively. All patients had normal testicular volume (25 ml in all) and gynecomastia was detected in two of seven patients. Total sperm counts were less than 40 million in four of the five men tested. There was an inverse correlation between basal serum 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels and total sperm count (r = -0.87; P less than 0.05). Mean (+/- SE) total testosterone (T) and E2 levels (1008 +/- 104 ng/100 ml and 104 +/- 16 pg/ml) were significantly higher than in normal men (P less than 0.05). Free T (13.6 +/- 2.4 ng/100 ml) was indistinguishable from normal (15.3 +/- 1.5 ng/100 ml). The mean (+/- SE) response of serum T to hCG administration was blunted (80 +/- 40%) compared to controls (193 +/- 19%; P less than 0.02). Basal plasma LH levels (15.5 +/- 1.5 mIU/ml) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in normal men (9.1 +/- 0.6 mIU/ml) and hyperresponded to 100 microgram LRH iv in five of seven patients. Basal plasma FSH levels and the FSH response to LRH were normal. These results suggest that men with hyperthyroidism have 1) partial Leydig cell failure, 2) impairment of spermatogenesis, and 3) blunting of the feedback effects of E2.", "contents": "The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis. The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was evaluated in seven men with thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease. Loss of libido and decreased potency were present in 71% and 56%, respectively. All patients had normal testicular volume (25 ml in all) and gynecomastia was detected in two of seven patients. Total sperm counts were less than 40 million in four of the five men tested. There was an inverse correlation between basal serum 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels and total sperm count (r = -0.87; P less than 0.05). Mean (+/- SE) total testosterone (T) and E2 levels (1008 +/- 104 ng/100 ml and 104 +/- 16 pg/ml) were significantly higher than in normal men (P less than 0.05). Free T (13.6 +/- 2.4 ng/100 ml) was indistinguishable from normal (15.3 +/- 1.5 ng/100 ml). The mean (+/- SE) response of serum T to hCG administration was blunted (80 +/- 40%) compared to controls (193 +/- 19%; P less than 0.02). Basal plasma LH levels (15.5 +/- 1.5 mIU/ml) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in normal men (9.1 +/- 0.6 mIU/ml) and hyperresponded to 100 microgram LRH iv in five of seven patients. Basal plasma FSH levels and the FSH response to LRH were normal. These results suggest that men with hyperthyroidism have 1) partial Leydig cell failure, 2) impairment of spermatogenesis, and 3) blunting of the feedback effects of E2.", "PMID": 372208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1523", "title": "Repetitive infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone distinguishes hypothalamic from pituitary hypogonadism.", "content": "Patients who have severe hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by presumed hypothalamic disease often have a subnormal LH response to a bolus dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). To determine if this subnormal response is the result of lack of exposure of the pituitary gonadotroph cells to GnRH, five such men were given daily infusions of 500 microgram GnRH, for 7 days. A standard 250-microgram bolus test dose of GnRH was administered before and again immediately after the week of GnRH infusions. Five men who had severe hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a result of presumed pituitary disease also received daily GnRH infusions for 1 week. The mean incremental LH responses (+/- SE) to GnRH of the men with presumed hypothalamic disease were 5.0 +/- 1.9 mIU/ml before and 56.9 mIU/ml after the week of infusions. The mean incremental LH responses of the men with presumed pituitary disease were 2.4 +/- 0.7 mIU/ml before and 3.7 +/- 2.9 mIU/ml after the week of infusions. These data suggest that the normal gonadotroph requires prolonged exposure to GnRH for LH responsiveness to become normal, but that the severely damaged gonadotroph cannot be stimulated to release LH normally even by the same prolonged stimulation with GnRH.", "contents": "Repetitive infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone distinguishes hypothalamic from pituitary hypogonadism. Patients who have severe hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by presumed hypothalamic disease often have a subnormal LH response to a bolus dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). To determine if this subnormal response is the result of lack of exposure of the pituitary gonadotroph cells to GnRH, five such men were given daily infusions of 500 microgram GnRH, for 7 days. A standard 250-microgram bolus test dose of GnRH was administered before and again immediately after the week of GnRH infusions. Five men who had severe hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a result of presumed pituitary disease also received daily GnRH infusions for 1 week. The mean incremental LH responses (+/- SE) to GnRH of the men with presumed hypothalamic disease were 5.0 +/- 1.9 mIU/ml before and 56.9 mIU/ml after the week of infusions. The mean incremental LH responses of the men with presumed pituitary disease were 2.4 +/- 0.7 mIU/ml before and 3.7 +/- 2.9 mIU/ml after the week of infusions. These data suggest that the normal gonadotroph requires prolonged exposure to GnRH for LH responsiveness to become normal, but that the severely damaged gonadotroph cannot be stimulated to release LH normally even by the same prolonged stimulation with GnRH.", "PMID": 372209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1524", "title": "Recognition of a new serogroup of Legionnaires disease bacterium.", "content": "A strain of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (LDB) that was isolated by Joseph E. McDade from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus, Maine was serologically different from 16 other strains of LDB that had been isolated previously from patients in other geographic locations. The serological differences of the Togus isolate were shown in results of direct and indirect fluorescent antibody staining and of immunoelectrophoresis with soluble antigen extracts. Seroconversion for the Togus strain of LDB in acute- and convalescent-phase sera from a second patient with atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus indicated that this patient had been infected with an LDB that was serologically similar or identical to the Togus isolate. The Togus serogroup of LDB should be considered when performing serological tests for Legionnaires disease.", "contents": "Recognition of a new serogroup of Legionnaires disease bacterium. A strain of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (LDB) that was isolated by Joseph E. McDade from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus, Maine was serologically different from 16 other strains of LDB that had been isolated previously from patients in other geographic locations. The serological differences of the Togus isolate were shown in results of direct and indirect fluorescent antibody staining and of immunoelectrophoresis with soluble antigen extracts. Seroconversion for the Togus strain of LDB in acute- and convalescent-phase sera from a second patient with atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus indicated that this patient had been infected with an LDB that was serologically similar or identical to the Togus isolate. The Togus serogroup of LDB should be considered when performing serological tests for Legionnaires disease.", "PMID": 372210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1525", "title": "Single-radial hemolysis as a cost-effective determinant of Rubella antibody status.", "content": "Single-radial hemolysis was examined for sensitivity, reliability, and cost for determination of rubella antibody levels in the general population. Results obtained with single-radial hemolysis plates made in this laboratory, and those under development by a commercial manufacturer, were compared with those obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition method normally used for rubella antibody determinations. The results suggest that single-radial hemolysis is comparable to hemagglutination inhibition with respect to sensitivity and reliability; it is superior to hemagglutination inhibition in terms of ease of manipulation and economy of use.", "contents": "Single-radial hemolysis as a cost-effective determinant of Rubella antibody status. Single-radial hemolysis was examined for sensitivity, reliability, and cost for determination of rubella antibody levels in the general population. Results obtained with single-radial hemolysis plates made in this laboratory, and those under development by a commercial manufacturer, were compared with those obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition method normally used for rubella antibody determinations. The results suggest that single-radial hemolysis is comparable to hemagglutination inhibition with respect to sensitivity and reliability; it is superior to hemagglutination inhibition in terms of ease of manipulation and economy of use.", "PMID": 372211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1526", "title": "Improved reliability of the primary plate bacitracin test on throat cultures with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar plates.", "content": "The primary plate bacitracin differentiation disk susceptibility test identified 85% of group A streptococci from throat cultures on SXT-BA(CO2) plates within 24 h, as compared to only 26% on a conventional sheep blood agar plate.", "contents": "Improved reliability of the primary plate bacitracin test on throat cultures with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar plates. The primary plate bacitracin differentiation disk susceptibility test identified 85% of group A streptococci from throat cultures on SXT-BA(CO2) plates within 24 h, as compared to only 26% on a conventional sheep blood agar plate.", "PMID": 372212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1527", "title": "Routine separation of staphylococci from micrococci based on bacteriolytic activity production.", "content": "A new method is described by which separation of staphylococci from micrococci can be achieved in routine laboratory use. The basis of this method is that bacteriolytic activity is produced by staphylococci but not by micrococci.", "contents": "Routine separation of staphylococci from micrococci based on bacteriolytic activity production. A new method is described by which separation of staphylococci from micrococci can be achieved in routine laboratory use. The basis of this method is that bacteriolytic activity is produced by staphylococci but not by micrococci.", "PMID": 372213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1528", "title": "Adaptation of the staphylococcal coagglutination technique for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Protein A-containing staphylococci coated with specific antiserum were tested for heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. The immunological cross-reactivity of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin with Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) was the basis for sensitizing stabilized suspensions of the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus with anticholeragen. Unconcentrated culture supernatant fluid containing E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin produced macroscopic agglutination when mixed with sensitized staphylococci in capillary tubes. A total of 15 toxigenic and 61 nontoxigenic isolates were tested by the staphylococcal coagglutination technique in a coded fashion and found to be in agreement with previous results of the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay and the passive immune hemolysis test. The staphylococcal coagglutination technique is simple, relatively inexpensive to perform, and requires the immunoglobulin fraction of anticholeragen as the only specific reagent. The staphylococcal coagglutination technique appears to have potential for routine use in diagnostic microbiology laboratories.", "contents": "Adaptation of the staphylococcal coagglutination technique for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Protein A-containing staphylococci coated with specific antiserum were tested for heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. The immunological cross-reactivity of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin with Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) was the basis for sensitizing stabilized suspensions of the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus with anticholeragen. Unconcentrated culture supernatant fluid containing E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin produced macroscopic agglutination when mixed with sensitized staphylococci in capillary tubes. A total of 15 toxigenic and 61 nontoxigenic isolates were tested by the staphylococcal coagglutination technique in a coded fashion and found to be in agreement with previous results of the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay and the passive immune hemolysis test. The staphylococcal coagglutination technique is simple, relatively inexpensive to perform, and requires the immunoglobulin fraction of anticholeragen as the only specific reagent. The staphylococcal coagglutination technique appears to have potential for routine use in diagnostic microbiology laboratories.", "PMID": 372214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1529", "title": "Improved laboratory efficiency and diagnostic accuracy with new double-lumen-protected swab for for endometrial specimens.", "content": "Intrauterine specimens were obtained from 22 patients with endometritis and 24 control patients following cesarean section by using both a new protected swab and a standard anaerobic swab. The protected swab improved the value of the direct smear and Gram stain, resulted in fewer false-positive cultures, better defined endometrial flora in patients with endometritis, and permitted major savings in laboratory personnel time and materials.", "contents": "Improved laboratory efficiency and diagnostic accuracy with new double-lumen-protected swab for for endometrial specimens. Intrauterine specimens were obtained from 22 patients with endometritis and 24 control patients following cesarean section by using both a new protected swab and a standard anaerobic swab. The protected swab improved the value of the direct smear and Gram stain, resulted in fewer false-positive cultures, better defined endometrial flora in patients with endometritis, and permitted major savings in laboratory personnel time and materials.", "PMID": 372215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1530", "title": "Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay blocking test for detection of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.", "content": "The development of a solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay blocking test to detect serum antibody to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin is described. The assay is easy to perform and quantitate, and it is sensitive and specific.", "contents": "Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay blocking test for detection of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. The development of a solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay blocking test to detect serum antibody to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin is described. The assay is easy to perform and quantitate, and it is sensitive and specific.", "PMID": 372216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1531", "title": "Factors affecting isolation and identification of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale).", "content": "The rate of isolation of organisms resembling Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) from vaginal specimens was not significantly affected by anaerobic versus carbon dioxide incubation atmospheres or whether specimens were inoculated on isolation media immediately after collection or after a delay of 6 h. Forty-one clinically isolated strains were provisionally divided into 30 H. vaginalis strains and 11 H. vaginalis-like (HVL) strains based on morphological and growth characteristics. The H. vaginalis strains were less reactive in API-20A identification test strips, (Analytab Products, Inc.) using Lombard-Dowell broth, than in a modified basal medium that contained proteose peptone no. 3 (Difco). The numbers and kinds of substrates fermented by 30 clinical and 2 reference strains of H. vaginalis varied among conventional, API, Minitek (Baltimore Biological Laboratory), and rapid buffered substrate fermentation systems. A greater number and variety of carbohydrates were fermented by the 11 HVL strains more consistently in all four test systems. Analysis of volatile and nonvolatile fermentation end products by gas-liquid chromatography did not reveal significant differences between the H. vaginalis and HVL strains. However, the latter group grew in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth, whereas the H. vaginalis strains did not grow without the addition of starch to peptone-yeast extract-glucose. All of the reference and clinical strains were similar in their susceptibilities to a variety of antimicrobial compounds except sulfonamides, which inhibited the HVL strains and bifidobacteria but not the H. vaginalis strains. Sulfonamide susceptibility or resistance corresponded in part to the H. vaginalis and HVL-bifidobacteria strain reactions on selected conventional fermentation substrates. Susceptibility or resistance to sulfonamides and metronidazole in conjunction with fermentation tests is described to aid in the separation of H. vaginalis from other possibly unrecognized biotypes of H. vaginalis or other vaginal bacteria that presumptively resemble the organism. A human blood medium known as V agar was also of considerable value in distinguishing H. vaginalis from HVL strains, because only the H. vaginalis strains produced diffuse beta-hemolysis on V agar.", "contents": "Factors affecting isolation and identification of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale). The rate of isolation of organisms resembling Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) from vaginal specimens was not significantly affected by anaerobic versus carbon dioxide incubation atmospheres or whether specimens were inoculated on isolation media immediately after collection or after a delay of 6 h. Forty-one clinically isolated strains were provisionally divided into 30 H. vaginalis strains and 11 H. vaginalis-like (HVL) strains based on morphological and growth characteristics. The H. vaginalis strains were less reactive in API-20A identification test strips, (Analytab Products, Inc.) using Lombard-Dowell broth, than in a modified basal medium that contained proteose peptone no. 3 (Difco). The numbers and kinds of substrates fermented by 30 clinical and 2 reference strains of H. vaginalis varied among conventional, API, Minitek (Baltimore Biological Laboratory), and rapid buffered substrate fermentation systems. A greater number and variety of carbohydrates were fermented by the 11 HVL strains more consistently in all four test systems. Analysis of volatile and nonvolatile fermentation end products by gas-liquid chromatography did not reveal significant differences between the H. vaginalis and HVL strains. However, the latter group grew in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth, whereas the H. vaginalis strains did not grow without the addition of starch to peptone-yeast extract-glucose. All of the reference and clinical strains were similar in their susceptibilities to a variety of antimicrobial compounds except sulfonamides, which inhibited the HVL strains and bifidobacteria but not the H. vaginalis strains. Sulfonamide susceptibility or resistance corresponded in part to the H. vaginalis and HVL-bifidobacteria strain reactions on selected conventional fermentation substrates. Susceptibility or resistance to sulfonamides and metronidazole in conjunction with fermentation tests is described to aid in the separation of H. vaginalis from other possibly unrecognized biotypes of H. vaginalis or other vaginal bacteria that presumptively resemble the organism. A human blood medium known as V agar was also of considerable value in distinguishing H. vaginalis from HVL strains, because only the H. vaginalis strains produced diffuse beta-hemolysis on V agar.", "PMID": 372217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1532", "title": "Biochemical, enzymatic, and serological differentiation of Peptococcus indolicus (Christiansen) S\u00f8rensen from Peptococcus asaccharolyticus (Distaso) Douglas.", "content": "Peptococcus indolicus (formerly Micrococcus indolicus) is an asaccharolytic anaerobic coccus that is frequently isolated from udder secretions from cases of heifer and dry-cow mastitis (summer mastitis). To facilitate better identification and its differentiation from Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, a variety of biochemical, enzymatic, and serological properties were studied. Seventy-nine strains of P. indolicus of bovine origin and 10 strains of P. asaccharolyticus of human origin were examined using the API 20A and API-ZYM test kit systems. In addition, production of extracellular enzymes by using sensitive substrate-containing agar plate tests, production of peptocoagulase (a plasma-clotting factor), hemolytic properties, metabolic end products by gas chromatography, and serological characteristics with a set of P. indolicus typing antisera were investigated. P. indolicus and P. asaccharolyticus were not satisfactorily differentiated solely by the API 20A system. P. indolicus differed from P. asaccharolyticus in producing H(2)S, reducing nitrate to nitrite, producing peptocoagulase, possessing alkaline phosphatase, and producing large amounts of propionate from lactate. Moreover, none of the strains of P. asaccharolyticus was typable with the P. indolicus typing antisera. The majority (88%) of P. indolicus strains also gave weak hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid, and 6 out of 79 produced deoxyribonuclease. All strains in this study were sensitive to metronidazole (5 mug) by disk diffusion tests.", "contents": "Biochemical, enzymatic, and serological differentiation of Peptococcus indolicus (Christiansen) S\u00f8rensen from Peptococcus asaccharolyticus (Distaso) Douglas. Peptococcus indolicus (formerly Micrococcus indolicus) is an asaccharolytic anaerobic coccus that is frequently isolated from udder secretions from cases of heifer and dry-cow mastitis (summer mastitis). To facilitate better identification and its differentiation from Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, a variety of biochemical, enzymatic, and serological properties were studied. Seventy-nine strains of P. indolicus of bovine origin and 10 strains of P. asaccharolyticus of human origin were examined using the API 20A and API-ZYM test kit systems. In addition, production of extracellular enzymes by using sensitive substrate-containing agar plate tests, production of peptocoagulase (a plasma-clotting factor), hemolytic properties, metabolic end products by gas chromatography, and serological characteristics with a set of P. indolicus typing antisera were investigated. P. indolicus and P. asaccharolyticus were not satisfactorily differentiated solely by the API 20A system. P. indolicus differed from P. asaccharolyticus in producing H(2)S, reducing nitrate to nitrite, producing peptocoagulase, possessing alkaline phosphatase, and producing large amounts of propionate from lactate. Moreover, none of the strains of P. asaccharolyticus was typable with the P. indolicus typing antisera. The majority (88%) of P. indolicus strains also gave weak hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid, and 6 out of 79 produced deoxyribonuclease. All strains in this study were sensitive to metronidazole (5 mug) by disk diffusion tests.", "PMID": 372218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1533", "title": "Problems affecting performance of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test for syphilis.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining of Treponema pallidum was studied to clarify the effect of three factors on the results of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test: (i) heat inactivation of sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min before testing, (ii) use of multicircle slides, and (iii) tungsten illumination to visualize and assess unstained treponemes on reactive as well as nonreactive smears. It was found that serum inactivation before testing was not necessary for detection of immunoglobin G antibody, but an immunoglobulin M prozone was detected in unheated serum. On multicircle slides, it was demonstrated that a false-positive reaction could be obtained in 30 s at 37 and 25 degrees C if a smear where a nonreactive serum had been placed was crossed by a strongly reactive serum from another circle. Tungsten illumination proved necessary for correct assessment of unstained treponemes on all fluorescent treponemal antibody-aborption test smears, reactive or nonreactive. The possible role of these factors in incorrect fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test results is discussed.", "contents": "Problems affecting performance of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test for syphilis. Immunofluorescent staining of Treponema pallidum was studied to clarify the effect of three factors on the results of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test: (i) heat inactivation of sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min before testing, (ii) use of multicircle slides, and (iii) tungsten illumination to visualize and assess unstained treponemes on reactive as well as nonreactive smears. It was found that serum inactivation before testing was not necessary for detection of immunoglobin G antibody, but an immunoglobulin M prozone was detected in unheated serum. On multicircle slides, it was demonstrated that a false-positive reaction could be obtained in 30 s at 37 and 25 degrees C if a smear where a nonreactive serum had been placed was crossed by a strongly reactive serum from another circle. Tungsten illumination proved necessary for correct assessment of unstained treponemes on all fluorescent treponemal antibody-aborption test smears, reactive or nonreactive. The possible role of these factors in incorrect fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test results is discussed.", "PMID": 372219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1534", "title": "Evaluation of colistin and nalidixic acid in Todd-Hewitt broth for selective isolation of group B streptocci.", "content": "Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) containing colistin and nalidixic acid was compared with four other media with respect to efficacy of isolation of group B streptocci. It was effective as plain THB, THB with gentamicin and nalidixic acid and blood, and THB with colistin, nalidixic acid, and blood. THB with gentamicin and nalidixic acid, but without blood, was inhibitory to group B streptocci. The value of THB with colistin and nalidixic acid lies in its ability to successfully inhibit gram-negative organisms and still promote group B streptococcal growth without the addition of blood. This greatly reduces the time and expense of media preparation and permits early determination of bacterial growth, so that other means of rapidly identifying group B streptocci can be applied at the earliest possible time.", "contents": "Evaluation of colistin and nalidixic acid in Todd-Hewitt broth for selective isolation of group B streptocci. Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) containing colistin and nalidixic acid was compared with four other media with respect to efficacy of isolation of group B streptocci. It was effective as plain THB, THB with gentamicin and nalidixic acid and blood, and THB with colistin, nalidixic acid, and blood. THB with gentamicin and nalidixic acid, but without blood, was inhibitory to group B streptocci. The value of THB with colistin and nalidixic acid lies in its ability to successfully inhibit gram-negative organisms and still promote group B streptococcal growth without the addition of blood. This greatly reduces the time and expense of media preparation and permits early determination of bacterial growth, so that other means of rapidly identifying group B streptocci can be applied at the earliest possible time.", "PMID": 372220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1535", "title": "Simplified chromatographic separation of immunoglobulin M from G and its application to toxoplasma indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) antibody technique for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin M (IgM) often gives false negative results, probably due to the competition between IgG and IgM. We therefore adapted a gel filtration procedure for the separation of IgG and IgM to a routine diagnostic test capable handling at least 10 sera per day and requiring only 50 microliters of serum. The results from 108 sera having positive complement fixation titers for Toxoplasma showed that 17 were IgM positive when the whole serum was tested by IIF compared with 55 positive when the IgM fraction was used. Sera with antideoxyribonucleic acid titers do not give false positive results after fractionation, and the removal of IgG eliminates false positive results due to rheumatoid factor. A prospective study showed that Toxoplasma IgM may persist up to 9 months.", "contents": "Simplified chromatographic separation of immunoglobulin M from G and its application to toxoplasma indirect immunofluorescence. The indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) antibody technique for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin M (IgM) often gives false negative results, probably due to the competition between IgG and IgM. We therefore adapted a gel filtration procedure for the separation of IgG and IgM to a routine diagnostic test capable handling at least 10 sera per day and requiring only 50 microliters of serum. The results from 108 sera having positive complement fixation titers for Toxoplasma showed that 17 were IgM positive when the whole serum was tested by IIF compared with 55 positive when the IgM fraction was used. Sera with antideoxyribonucleic acid titers do not give false positive results after fractionation, and the removal of IgG eliminates false positive results due to rheumatoid factor. A prospective study showed that Toxoplasma IgM may persist up to 9 months.", "PMID": 372221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1536", "title": "Accuracy and reproducibility of the Oxi/Ferm system in identifying a select group of unusual gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The Oxi/Ferm (O/F) identification system was compared in a double-blind study to a conventional test battery for the characterization of 96 reference and clinical strains consisting of 83 nonfermentative and 13 oxidase-producing, fermentative gram-negative bacilli. The O/F tube and supplemental tests correctly identified 84% of the nonfermentative and 77% of the oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli. However, when the supplemental tests were excluded and the biochemical profiles generated by all nine O/F tube reactions were examined, the profile accuracy reached 95% (79 of 83) for the nonfermentative and 93% (12 of 13) for oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli. Seven of the nine O/F substrate reactions demonstrated less than or equal to 89% agreement with conventional reactions, whereas the urea and arginine reactions provided 82 and 85% agreement, respectively. Replicate O/F tests with six selected organisms demonstrated 97% identification reproducibility and 84% overall substrate reproducibility. The mean O/F identification time was 2.6 days as compared to 3.3 days for the conventional system. Although this study suggests that the O/F system is a convenient, rapid, and accurate alternative to conventional identification methods, several modifications are recommended.", "contents": "Accuracy and reproducibility of the Oxi/Ferm system in identifying a select group of unusual gram-negative bacilli. The Oxi/Ferm (O/F) identification system was compared in a double-blind study to a conventional test battery for the characterization of 96 reference and clinical strains consisting of 83 nonfermentative and 13 oxidase-producing, fermentative gram-negative bacilli. The O/F tube and supplemental tests correctly identified 84% of the nonfermentative and 77% of the oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli. However, when the supplemental tests were excluded and the biochemical profiles generated by all nine O/F tube reactions were examined, the profile accuracy reached 95% (79 of 83) for the nonfermentative and 93% (12 of 13) for oxidase-producing, fermentative bacilli. Seven of the nine O/F substrate reactions demonstrated less than or equal to 89% agreement with conventional reactions, whereas the urea and arginine reactions provided 82 and 85% agreement, respectively. Replicate O/F tests with six selected organisms demonstrated 97% identification reproducibility and 84% overall substrate reproducibility. The mean O/F identification time was 2.6 days as compared to 3.3 days for the conventional system. Although this study suggests that the O/F system is a convenient, rapid, and accurate alternative to conventional identification methods, several modifications are recommended.", "PMID": 372222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1537", "title": "Evaluation of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar plates for recovery of group A streptocci from throat cultures.", "content": "We compared the selective blood agar medium of Gunn et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:650-655, 1977) which contains sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (SXT-BA) to the conventional blood agar surface plate (SBA) and a modified blood agar pour plate plus broth method for the recovery of group A streptococci from throat swabs. The influence of CO(2) and ambient air incubation of the SXT-BA and SBA plates was also evaluated. A total of 696 throat swabs from symptomatic children were cultured simultaneously by the five methods and observed after overnight incubation; 204 positive cultures were detected overall. Recovery rates of each individual method were: SXT-BA (CO(2)), 90.7%; SXT-BA (air), 87.7%; pour plate plus broth, 83.3%; SBA (CO(2)), 79.4%; and SBA (air) 77%. Approximately one-half of the false-negative cultures in the SXT-BA (CO(2)) and SXT-BA (air) methods had colony counts of >/=10 to 100 colonies per plate. In contrast, for the SBA (CO(2)), SBA (air), and pour plate plus broth methods, approximately 70% of the false-negative cultures had colony counts of >/=10 to 100/plate. False-positive cultures obtained by the SXT-BA (CO(2)) and SXT-BA (air) methods were 11 and 12.7%, respectively-one-half as high as the rates obtained by the remaining methods. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, groups C, F, and G, are inhibited on the SXT-BA plates and were the primary cause of the higher false-positive rates on SBA and pour plate plus broth methods. An additional 3% positive cultures were obtained by incubating SXT-BA (CO(2)) plates up to 48 h before discarding as negative. We recommend either the SXT-BA (CO(2)) or the SXT-BA (air) method with up to 48 h of incubation for routine use in throat cultures.", "contents": "Evaluation of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar plates for recovery of group A streptocci from throat cultures. We compared the selective blood agar medium of Gunn et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:650-655, 1977) which contains sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (SXT-BA) to the conventional blood agar surface plate (SBA) and a modified blood agar pour plate plus broth method for the recovery of group A streptococci from throat swabs. The influence of CO(2) and ambient air incubation of the SXT-BA and SBA plates was also evaluated. A total of 696 throat swabs from symptomatic children were cultured simultaneously by the five methods and observed after overnight incubation; 204 positive cultures were detected overall. Recovery rates of each individual method were: SXT-BA (CO(2)), 90.7%; SXT-BA (air), 87.7%; pour plate plus broth, 83.3%; SBA (CO(2)), 79.4%; and SBA (air) 77%. Approximately one-half of the false-negative cultures in the SXT-BA (CO(2)) and SXT-BA (air) methods had colony counts of >/=10 to 100 colonies per plate. In contrast, for the SBA (CO(2)), SBA (air), and pour plate plus broth methods, approximately 70% of the false-negative cultures had colony counts of >/=10 to 100/plate. False-positive cultures obtained by the SXT-BA (CO(2)) and SXT-BA (air) methods were 11 and 12.7%, respectively-one-half as high as the rates obtained by the remaining methods. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, groups C, F, and G, are inhibited on the SXT-BA plates and were the primary cause of the higher false-positive rates on SBA and pour plate plus broth methods. An additional 3% positive cultures were obtained by incubating SXT-BA (CO(2)) plates up to 48 h before discarding as negative. We recommend either the SXT-BA (CO(2)) or the SXT-BA (air) method with up to 48 h of incubation for routine use in throat cultures.", "PMID": 372223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1538", "title": "Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the Y1 adrenal cell enterotoxin assay.", "content": "The Y1 adrenal cell assay for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was found to be relatively insensitive for filtrates of toxigenic Escherichia coli H10407. When observations were made blindly and subjected to rigorous controls, reliable detection of LT occured only at filtrate dilutions from 1:4 to 1:10. Detection of LT was unreliable when E. coli H10407 was mixed with another enteric organism. Overall, 7.1% of observers' reports from a single assay were imprecise, and 2.6% would have resulted in errors in detection of LT; however, triplicate assays prevented false positive reports of LT detection. Routine testing for LT production in the clinical diagnostic laboratory awaits a simpler, more sensitive, and more direct method of testing stool specimens.", "contents": "Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the Y1 adrenal cell enterotoxin assay. The Y1 adrenal cell assay for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was found to be relatively insensitive for filtrates of toxigenic Escherichia coli H10407. When observations were made blindly and subjected to rigorous controls, reliable detection of LT occured only at filtrate dilutions from 1:4 to 1:10. Detection of LT was unreliable when E. coli H10407 was mixed with another enteric organism. Overall, 7.1% of observers' reports from a single assay were imprecise, and 2.6% would have resulted in errors in detection of LT; however, triplicate assays prevented false positive reports of LT detection. Routine testing for LT production in the clinical diagnostic laboratory awaits a simpler, more sensitive, and more direct method of testing stool specimens.", "PMID": 372224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1539", "title": "Reproducibility of an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody technique for capsular serotyping of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Reproducibility of capsular serotypes of 55 consecutive clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated by an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody technique previously described by Riser et al. (J. Clin. Pathol. 29: 296-304, 1976) Five colonies per specimen were examined for colony-to-colony variation, day-to-day variation, and reader-to-reader variation. Seventy-two reference strains were tested with each of 18 pools and 72 specific antisera prior to the clinical specimens to determine antiserum specificity and cross-reaction patterns. Lot-to-lot variation was examined with the reference strains. There was minimal lot-to-lot variation among the antisera tested. Ten antiserum pools required supplementation with individual antisera. The patterns of supplementation may vary from lot to lot. Colony-to-colony variation in intensity of immunofluorescence occurred, but there was no variation in serotype. These findings differ from previously reported colonial variation which occurred when API 20E biotypes were determined for individual colonies of K. pneumoniae directly from clinical specimens. Eighteen percent of clinical isolates studied gave cross-reactions when tested with the indicated specific antiserum. All but one of the cross-reactions were resolved with further dilutions. Day-to-day and reader-to-reader variations were minimal. The immunofluorescent-antibody technique is a reliable and reproducible method for capsular serotype determination. Capsular serotypes are less variable than API biotypes since colony-to-colony variation of serotype does not occur.", "contents": "Reproducibility of an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody technique for capsular serotyping of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Reproducibility of capsular serotypes of 55 consecutive clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated by an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody technique previously described by Riser et al. (J. Clin. Pathol. 29: 296-304, 1976) Five colonies per specimen were examined for colony-to-colony variation, day-to-day variation, and reader-to-reader variation. Seventy-two reference strains were tested with each of 18 pools and 72 specific antisera prior to the clinical specimens to determine antiserum specificity and cross-reaction patterns. Lot-to-lot variation was examined with the reference strains. There was minimal lot-to-lot variation among the antisera tested. Ten antiserum pools required supplementation with individual antisera. The patterns of supplementation may vary from lot to lot. Colony-to-colony variation in intensity of immunofluorescence occurred, but there was no variation in serotype. These findings differ from previously reported colonial variation which occurred when API 20E biotypes were determined for individual colonies of K. pneumoniae directly from clinical specimens. Eighteen percent of clinical isolates studied gave cross-reactions when tested with the indicated specific antiserum. All but one of the cross-reactions were resolved with further dilutions. Day-to-day and reader-to-reader variations were minimal. The immunofluorescent-antibody technique is a reliable and reproducible method for capsular serotype determination. Capsular serotypes are less variable than API biotypes since colony-to-colony variation of serotype does not occur.", "PMID": 372225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1540", "title": "Comparison of media and techniques for detection of group A streptococci in throat swab specimens.", "content": "Detection of group A streptococci in primary throat cultures was compared by using aerobic and anerobic incubation with selective nonselective media. Sheep blood agar plates incubated anaerobically detected 98% of the group A streptococci, whereas aerobically incubated blood agar plates which had been stabbed at the time of inoculation detected only 63%. Blood agar plates containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (23.75 and 1.25 mirograms per ml, respectively) detected only 70% of group A streptocci when incubated aerobically and 84% when incubated anaerobically.", "contents": "Comparison of media and techniques for detection of group A streptococci in throat swab specimens. Detection of group A streptococci in primary throat cultures was compared by using aerobic and anerobic incubation with selective nonselective media. Sheep blood agar plates incubated anaerobically detected 98% of the group A streptococci, whereas aerobically incubated blood agar plates which had been stabbed at the time of inoculation detected only 63%. Blood agar plates containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (23.75 and 1.25 mirograms per ml, respectively) detected only 70% of group A streptocci when incubated aerobically and 84% when incubated anaerobically.", "PMID": 372227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1541", "title": "Comparison of the API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems in identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria.", "content": "The API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems were tested in parallel to identify nonfermentative bacteria and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria. Test strains consisted of consecutive clinical isolates, with stock cultures used to supplement those species infrequently recovered. The two microsystems, as well as tubes of triple sugar iron, motility, cetrimide, and oxidative glucose media, were inoculated by each worker for each organism. Identification of each isolate was by the protocol of the manufacturers, with supplemental tests and flagella stains performed when necessary. Concurrent identification was undertaken with a conventional system against which the results of the two systems were compared for accuracy. There was a 95.3% accuracy in identification by the Oxi-Ferm system and 88.9% by the API system. Almost one-fourth of all identification attempts with the API required computer assistance, and most of these were for oxidase positive bacteria. Because of this, and because the API system showed greater accuracy in identification of the oxidase-negative bacteria, it seems best suited for identification of these organisms (P. maltophilia, A. anitratus, and A. lwoffi). The Oxi/Ferm system is technically less cumbersome than the API and is well suited for both groups of organisms.", "contents": "Comparison of the API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems in identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria. The API 20E and Oxi/Ferm systems were tested in parallel to identify nonfermentative bacteria and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria. Test strains consisted of consecutive clinical isolates, with stock cultures used to supplement those species infrequently recovered. The two microsystems, as well as tubes of triple sugar iron, motility, cetrimide, and oxidative glucose media, were inoculated by each worker for each organism. Identification of each isolate was by the protocol of the manufacturers, with supplemental tests and flagella stains performed when necessary. Concurrent identification was undertaken with a conventional system against which the results of the two systems were compared for accuracy. There was a 95.3% accuracy in identification by the Oxi-Ferm system and 88.9% by the API system. Almost one-fourth of all identification attempts with the API required computer assistance, and most of these were for oxidase positive bacteria. Because of this, and because the API system showed greater accuracy in identification of the oxidase-negative bacteria, it seems best suited for identification of these organisms (P. maltophilia, A. anitratus, and A. lwoffi). The Oxi/Ferm system is technically less cumbersome than the API and is well suited for both groups of organisms.", "PMID": 372226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1542", "title": "Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from Honey.", "content": "Methods for the isolation of Clostridium botulinum from honey samples are described. A total of 9 of 90 honey samples were positive for C. botulinum; 6 of the positive samples had been fed to babies who developed infant botulism.", "contents": "Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from Honey. Methods for the isolation of Clostridium botulinum from honey samples are described. A total of 9 of 90 honey samples were positive for C. botulinum; 6 of the positive samples had been fed to babies who developed infant botulism.", "PMID": 372229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1543", "title": "Rapid subtyping of influenza A virus isolates by membrane fluorescence.", "content": "During the winter of 1977-1978 three influenza A virus serotypes (A/Vic/3/75, A/Texas/1/77 [both H3N2], and A/USSR/90/77 [H1N1]) circulated in Denver, offering us the opportunity to apply fluorescent antibody techniques to the specific identification of these viruses. Surface antigens of infected, unfixed primary monkey kidney cells were stained in suspension by an indirect immunofluorescence technique with anti-H3N2 and anti-H1N1 antisera. In tests of cells infected with known viruses, the members of the H3N2 family could not be distinguished from one another, but were easily distinguished from H1N1 strains. A total of 101 hemadsorption-positive clinical specimens were evaluated over a 6-month period. Forty-five of 48 influenza A H3N2 and 24 of 29 H1N1 specimens confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition were correctly identified by membrane fluorescence of cultured cells, with no misidentifications among influenza strains and with 1 false positive among 24 non-influenza isolates. The average time to identification by this technique was 4 days compared to 7 days by hemagglutination inhibition. Live cell membrane fluorescence is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for identifying and grouping influenza A viruses.", "contents": "Rapid subtyping of influenza A virus isolates by membrane fluorescence. During the winter of 1977-1978 three influenza A virus serotypes (A/Vic/3/75, A/Texas/1/77 [both H3N2], and A/USSR/90/77 [H1N1]) circulated in Denver, offering us the opportunity to apply fluorescent antibody techniques to the specific identification of these viruses. Surface antigens of infected, unfixed primary monkey kidney cells were stained in suspension by an indirect immunofluorescence technique with anti-H3N2 and anti-H1N1 antisera. In tests of cells infected with known viruses, the members of the H3N2 family could not be distinguished from one another, but were easily distinguished from H1N1 strains. A total of 101 hemadsorption-positive clinical specimens were evaluated over a 6-month period. Forty-five of 48 influenza A H3N2 and 24 of 29 H1N1 specimens confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition were correctly identified by membrane fluorescence of cultured cells, with no misidentifications among influenza strains and with 1 false positive among 24 non-influenza isolates. The average time to identification by this technique was 4 days compared to 7 days by hemagglutination inhibition. Live cell membrane fluorescence is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for identifying and grouping influenza A viruses.", "PMID": 372228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1544", "title": "Invasive strain of Escherichia coli belonging to O group 29.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a child with diarrhea was biochemically similar and antigenically identical (O and K antigens) to the standard strain of E. coli O group 29 and was positive in the Ser\u00e9ny test for invasiveness, which suggests that it can cause a Shigella-like illness.", "contents": "Invasive strain of Escherichia coli belonging to O group 29. A strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a child with diarrhea was biochemically similar and antigenically identical (O and K antigens) to the standard strain of E. coli O group 29 and was positive in the Ser\u00e9ny test for invasiveness, which suggests that it can cause a Shigella-like illness.", "PMID": 372230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1545", "title": "Compact anaerobic glove box for hospitals and research laboratories.", "content": "An anaerobic glove box designed for moderate-sized hospitals or research laboratories is described. The compact vinyl and metal enclosure becomes anaerobic rapidly after inflation, requires no vacuum pump, and provides incubator space equivalent to 15 standard anaerobic jars.", "contents": "Compact anaerobic glove box for hospitals and research laboratories. An anaerobic glove box designed for moderate-sized hospitals or research laboratories is described. The compact vinyl and metal enclosure becomes anaerobic rapidly after inflation, requires no vacuum pump, and provides incubator space equivalent to 15 standard anaerobic jars.", "PMID": 372231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1546", "title": "Detection of pigment precursors in white clinical strains of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Filter paper strips containing a pigment precursor extracted from Serratia marcescens strain 933 were used to determine whether white, clinical S. marcescens strains could form pigment syntrophically. In all, 114 strains (113 of clinical origin) were tested, and 99% were found to develop colors ranging from violets to pinks.", "contents": "Detection of pigment precursors in white clinical strains of Serratia marcescens. Filter paper strips containing a pigment precursor extracted from Serratia marcescens strain 933 were used to determine whether white, clinical S. marcescens strains could form pigment syntrophically. In all, 114 strains (113 of clinical origin) were tested, and 99% were found to develop colors ranging from violets to pinks.", "PMID": 372232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1547", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The development of immune deposits on the subepithelial surface of the glomerular capillary wall was studied in isolated rat kidneys perfused at controlled perfusion pressure, pH, temperature, and flow rates with recirculating oxygenated perfusate containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) in buffer and sheep antibody to rat proximal tubular epithelial cell brush border antigen (Fx1A). Control kidney were perfused with equal concentrations of non-antibody immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Renal function was monitored by measuring inulin clearance, sodium reabsorption, and urine flow as well as BSA excretion and fractional clearance. Perfused kidneys were studied by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. All kidneys perfused with anti-Fx1A developed diffuse, finely granular deposits of IgG along the glomerular capillary wall by immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed these deposits to be localized exclusively in the subepithelial space and slit pores. Similar deposits were produced in a nonrecirculating perfusion system, thereby excluding the formation of immune complexes in the perfusate caused by renal release of tubular antigen. Control kidneys perfused with nonantibody IgG did not develop glomerular immune deposits. Renal function and BSA excretion were the same in experimental and control kidneys. Glomerular deposits in antibody perfused kidneys were indistinguishable from deposits in rats injected with anti-Fx1A or immunized with Fx1A to produce autologous immune complex nephropathy. These studies demonstrate that subepithelial immune deposits can be produced in the isolated rat kidney by perfusion with specific antibody to Fx1A in the absence of circulating immune complexes. In this model deposits result from in situ complex formation rather than circulating immune complex deposition.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The development of immune deposits on the subepithelial surface of the glomerular capillary wall was studied in isolated rat kidneys perfused at controlled perfusion pressure, pH, temperature, and flow rates with recirculating oxygenated perfusate containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) in buffer and sheep antibody to rat proximal tubular epithelial cell brush border antigen (Fx1A). Control kidney were perfused with equal concentrations of non-antibody immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Renal function was monitored by measuring inulin clearance, sodium reabsorption, and urine flow as well as BSA excretion and fractional clearance. Perfused kidneys were studied by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. All kidneys perfused with anti-Fx1A developed diffuse, finely granular deposits of IgG along the glomerular capillary wall by immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed these deposits to be localized exclusively in the subepithelial space and slit pores. Similar deposits were produced in a nonrecirculating perfusion system, thereby excluding the formation of immune complexes in the perfusate caused by renal release of tubular antigen. Control kidneys perfused with nonantibody IgG did not develop glomerular immune deposits. Renal function and BSA excretion were the same in experimental and control kidneys. Glomerular deposits in antibody perfused kidneys were indistinguishable from deposits in rats injected with anti-Fx1A or immunized with Fx1A to produce autologous immune complex nephropathy. These studies demonstrate that subepithelial immune deposits can be produced in the isolated rat kidney by perfusion with specific antibody to Fx1A in the absence of circulating immune complexes. In this model deposits result from in situ complex formation rather than circulating immune complex deposition.", "PMID": 372233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1548", "title": "The modification of biophysical and endotoxic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by serum.", "content": "Normal rabbit serum reduces the buoyant density of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (d = 1.44 g/cm3) and Salmonella minnesota R595 (d = 1.38 g/cm3) to a value less than g/cm3. This density shift is associated with the inhibition of a number of endotoxic activities of the LPS; namely, the pyrogenic activity, the ability to produce an immediate neutropenia in rabbits, lethality in adrenalectomized mice, and anticomplementary activity. A qualitatively similar change in buoyant density was observed to occur after intravenous injection of the LPS into rabbits. Preliminary evidence suggests that the density shift does not occur as a result of the degradation of the glycolipid backbone of the LPS. These data suggest that the interactions of LPS with plasma (or serum) components leading to reduction in buoyant density may account for a major pathway of LPS detoxification.", "contents": "The modification of biophysical and endotoxic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by serum. Normal rabbit serum reduces the buoyant density of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (d = 1.44 g/cm3) and Salmonella minnesota R595 (d = 1.38 g/cm3) to a value less than g/cm3. This density shift is associated with the inhibition of a number of endotoxic activities of the LPS; namely, the pyrogenic activity, the ability to produce an immediate neutropenia in rabbits, lethality in adrenalectomized mice, and anticomplementary activity. A qualitatively similar change in buoyant density was observed to occur after intravenous injection of the LPS into rabbits. Preliminary evidence suggests that the density shift does not occur as a result of the degradation of the glycolipid backbone of the LPS. These data suggest that the interactions of LPS with plasma (or serum) components leading to reduction in buoyant density may account for a major pathway of LPS detoxification.", "PMID": 372234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1549", "title": "Role of secretory events in modulating human neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "The relationship between neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) locomotion and the exocytosis of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules was studied by assessing these processes in cells migrating through micropore filters and by measuring the effects of degranulating stimuli on PMN chemotaxis, orientation, adhesiveness, and ability to bind the chemoattractant f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe. Studies of cells migrating through cellulose nitrate filters indicated that concentrations of f-Met-Leu-Phe optimal for exocytosis were greater than those optimal for chemotaxis and actually inhibited cell migration. In other studies incubation of PMNs with concentrations of secretagogues causing exocytosis of 30% or greater PMN lysozyme increased cell adhesiveness and inhibited chemotaxis. PMNs that had secreted more than 30% lysozyme appeared round, did not orient in a gradient of chemoattractant, and were capable of significantly less f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe binding than were control cells. The decreased binding of f-Met-Leu-Phe was not associated with hydrolysis of chemotactic peptide by washed cells, although peptide hydrolysis was caused by cell products secreted extracellularly after vigorous exocytosis. In contrast, when only 10--15% cellular lysozyme was released f-Met-Leu-Phe binding was enhanced significantly and there was no depression of chemotaxis. The data indicate limited exocytosis of intracellular granule contents is associated with increased availability of PMN cehmotactic factor receptors. Vigorous exocytosis is associated with inactivation of chemotactic responsiveness related to increase cell adhesiveness, decreased PMN binding of chemotactic factors, and to hydrolysis of chemoattractants by factors secreted extracellularly.", "contents": "Role of secretory events in modulating human neutrophil chemotaxis. The relationship between neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) locomotion and the exocytosis of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules was studied by assessing these processes in cells migrating through micropore filters and by measuring the effects of degranulating stimuli on PMN chemotaxis, orientation, adhesiveness, and ability to bind the chemoattractant f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe. Studies of cells migrating through cellulose nitrate filters indicated that concentrations of f-Met-Leu-Phe optimal for exocytosis were greater than those optimal for chemotaxis and actually inhibited cell migration. In other studies incubation of PMNs with concentrations of secretagogues causing exocytosis of 30% or greater PMN lysozyme increased cell adhesiveness and inhibited chemotaxis. PMNs that had secreted more than 30% lysozyme appeared round, did not orient in a gradient of chemoattractant, and were capable of significantly less f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe binding than were control cells. The decreased binding of f-Met-Leu-Phe was not associated with hydrolysis of chemotactic peptide by washed cells, although peptide hydrolysis was caused by cell products secreted extracellularly after vigorous exocytosis. In contrast, when only 10--15% cellular lysozyme was released f-Met-Leu-Phe binding was enhanced significantly and there was no depression of chemotaxis. The data indicate limited exocytosis of intracellular granule contents is associated with increased availability of PMN cehmotactic factor receptors. Vigorous exocytosis is associated with inactivation of chemotactic responsiveness related to increase cell adhesiveness, decreased PMN binding of chemotactic factors, and to hydrolysis of chemoattractants by factors secreted extracellularly.", "PMID": 372235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1550", "title": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency: disappearance of adenine deoxynucleotides from a patient's erythrocytes after successful marrow transplantation.", "content": "Accumulation of adenine deoxynucleotides (dATP and dADP) in the erythrocytes of a patient with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency was confirmed. The patient, now 18 mo old, was treated with a bone marrow transplantation from his HLA identical sister at 7 mo of age. Before and after the transplant, his erythrocyte and lymphocyte ADA activities, as well as his erythrocyte nucleotide profiles, were measured. 10 wk after the marrow transplant, no ADA activity could be detected in his erythrocytes, whereas there was a mixture of donor and patient lymphocytes as measured by ADA assays and karyotyping. At the same time, both dATP and dADP had disappeared from his erythrocytes, which were entirely of patient origin. These findings indicate that partial engraftment of donor lymphocytes into an ADA-deficient patient is capable of \"correcting\" alterations of deoxynucleotide concentrations in the patient's ADA-deficient erythrocytes.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency: disappearance of adenine deoxynucleotides from a patient's erythrocytes after successful marrow transplantation. Accumulation of adenine deoxynucleotides (dATP and dADP) in the erythrocytes of a patient with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency was confirmed. The patient, now 18 mo old, was treated with a bone marrow transplantation from his HLA identical sister at 7 mo of age. Before and after the transplant, his erythrocyte and lymphocyte ADA activities, as well as his erythrocyte nucleotide profiles, were measured. 10 wk after the marrow transplant, no ADA activity could be detected in his erythrocytes, whereas there was a mixture of donor and patient lymphocytes as measured by ADA assays and karyotyping. At the same time, both dATP and dADP had disappeared from his erythrocytes, which were entirely of patient origin. These findings indicate that partial engraftment of donor lymphocytes into an ADA-deficient patient is capable of \"correcting\" alterations of deoxynucleotide concentrations in the patient's ADA-deficient erythrocytes.", "PMID": 372236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1551", "title": "Selective binding site for [3H]prostacyclin on platelets.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is the most potent, naturally occurring inhibitor of platelet aggregation known. To determine whether PGI(2) is bound by platelets, high specific activity [9-(3)H]PGI(2) was synthesized by iodination and subsequent base treatment of the labeled precursor [9-(3)H]prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha) methyl ester. Binding experiments were performed at room temperature with normal citrated human platelet-rich plasma that contained [(14)C]sucrose or [(14)C]PGF(1alpha) as an internal marker for the extracellular space. Binding of [(3)H]PGI(2) plateaued within 2 min and this bond radioactivity could be displaced rapidly by excess nonradioactive PGI(2). Scatchard analysis of concentration-dependent binding yielded a hyperbolic plot which appeared to be caused by the existence of two classes of binding sites. The higher affinity class has a dissociation constant of 12.1+/-2.7 nM and a capacity of 93 (+/-21)sites per platelet. The lower affinity class had a dissociation constant of 0.909+/-.236 muM and a capacity of 2,700+/-700 sites per platelet. The relative ability of PGI(2), PGE(1), PGE(2), and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) to displace [(3)H]PGI(2) initially bound to the higher affinity class of sites were 100:5:<0.3: <0.3. These relative abilities parallel the relative potencies of these compounds as inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. However PGD(2), which is more potent than PGE(1) as an inhibitor of aggregation, did not displace bound [(3)H]PGI(2). The higher affinity binding site for PGI(2) appears to be the specific receptor through which PGI(2) exerts its effect on platelets.", "contents": "Selective binding site for [3H]prostacyclin on platelets. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is the most potent, naturally occurring inhibitor of platelet aggregation known. To determine whether PGI(2) is bound by platelets, high specific activity [9-(3)H]PGI(2) was synthesized by iodination and subsequent base treatment of the labeled precursor [9-(3)H]prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha) methyl ester. Binding experiments were performed at room temperature with normal citrated human platelet-rich plasma that contained [(14)C]sucrose or [(14)C]PGF(1alpha) as an internal marker for the extracellular space. Binding of [(3)H]PGI(2) plateaued within 2 min and this bond radioactivity could be displaced rapidly by excess nonradioactive PGI(2). Scatchard analysis of concentration-dependent binding yielded a hyperbolic plot which appeared to be caused by the existence of two classes of binding sites. The higher affinity class has a dissociation constant of 12.1+/-2.7 nM and a capacity of 93 (+/-21)sites per platelet. The lower affinity class had a dissociation constant of 0.909+/-.236 muM and a capacity of 2,700+/-700 sites per platelet. The relative ability of PGI(2), PGE(1), PGE(2), and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) to displace [(3)H]PGI(2) initially bound to the higher affinity class of sites were 100:5:<0.3: <0.3. These relative abilities parallel the relative potencies of these compounds as inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. However PGD(2), which is more potent than PGE(1) as an inhibitor of aggregation, did not displace bound [(3)H]PGI(2). The higher affinity binding site for PGI(2) appears to be the specific receptor through which PGI(2) exerts its effect on platelets.", "PMID": 372237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1552", "title": "Motility and adhesiveness in human neutrophils. Effects of chemotactic factors.", "content": "Human peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) obtained from healthy adults were examined in vitro with techniques adapted to assess the effects of chemotactic factors (CF) on cellular configuration and adhesiveness. The results were compared with those that use certain conventional techniques for assessing chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Exposure of PMN to N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-phenylalanine (f-Met-Phe), zymosan-activated serum, bacterial chemotactic factor, or a low molecular weight chemotactic factor from activated serum (C5a) in the absence of a gradient resulted in a change in cellular shape from a spherical to a polarized configuration in a high percentage of cells. This occurred rapidly in suspension, under conditions designed to exclude a role for cell adhesiveness, and was reversible upon removal of the CF. Restimulation of cells with the CF resulted in reappearance of the polarized configuration to the same extent as on initial stimulation with one exception: f-Met-Phe pretreated cells failed to respond to f-Met-Phe, though they responded fully to the other CF. Each CF caused a significant increase in PMN attachment to protein-coated glass. This enhanced adhesiveness was not reversible upon removal of the CF when the cells were treated under conditions shown to produce chemotactic deactivation. Cells treated under these conditions also exhibited significantly reduced motility on glass and in micropore filters in the absence of a gradient of CF. Bacterial chemotactic factor, even at high concentrations, failed to produce deactivation and did not cause a sustained enhancement of adhesiveness.", "contents": "Motility and adhesiveness in human neutrophils. Effects of chemotactic factors. Human peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) obtained from healthy adults were examined in vitro with techniques adapted to assess the effects of chemotactic factors (CF) on cellular configuration and adhesiveness. The results were compared with those that use certain conventional techniques for assessing chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Exposure of PMN to N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-phenylalanine (f-Met-Phe), zymosan-activated serum, bacterial chemotactic factor, or a low molecular weight chemotactic factor from activated serum (C5a) in the absence of a gradient resulted in a change in cellular shape from a spherical to a polarized configuration in a high percentage of cells. This occurred rapidly in suspension, under conditions designed to exclude a role for cell adhesiveness, and was reversible upon removal of the CF. Restimulation of cells with the CF resulted in reappearance of the polarized configuration to the same extent as on initial stimulation with one exception: f-Met-Phe pretreated cells failed to respond to f-Met-Phe, though they responded fully to the other CF. Each CF caused a significant increase in PMN attachment to protein-coated glass. This enhanced adhesiveness was not reversible upon removal of the CF when the cells were treated under conditions shown to produce chemotactic deactivation. Cells treated under these conditions also exhibited significantly reduced motility on glass and in micropore filters in the absence of a gradient of CF. Bacterial chemotactic factor, even at high concentrations, failed to produce deactivation and did not cause a sustained enhancement of adhesiveness.", "PMID": 372238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1553", "title": "Administration of gonadal steroids to the castrated male rat prevents a decrease in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the incubated hypothalamus.", "content": "The influence of testosterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion was assessed indirectly by altering the serum testosterone concentration of male rats and measuring GnRH release from their incubated hypothalami 1 wk later.GnRH release from hypothalami of castrated rats was 13.4+/-1.2 (SE) pg/h, compared to 35.3+/-3.8 pg/h from hypothalami of intact rats (P < 0.001). GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate, 100 or 500 mug daily, was 25.0+/-3.4 pg/h and 27.9+/-3.6 pg/h, which is significantly greater (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) than that from hypothalami of castrated rats treated only with sesame oil.A similar decrease in GnRH release from hypothalami of hypophysectomized rats and prevention of this decrease by treating the hypophysectomized rats with testosterone propionate is evidence that the observed effects of testosterone are not mediated via luteinizing hormone and(or) follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Treatment of castrated rats with either dihydrotestosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate also prevented the decrease in GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats. We conclude that testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol all prevent the decrease in GnRH release from hypothalami of castrated rats treated with these steroids. The possibility exists that these steroids may also maintain GnRH secretion in vivo.", "contents": "Administration of gonadal steroids to the castrated male rat prevents a decrease in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the incubated hypothalamus. The influence of testosterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion was assessed indirectly by altering the serum testosterone concentration of male rats and measuring GnRH release from their incubated hypothalami 1 wk later.GnRH release from hypothalami of castrated rats was 13.4+/-1.2 (SE) pg/h, compared to 35.3+/-3.8 pg/h from hypothalami of intact rats (P < 0.001). GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate, 100 or 500 mug daily, was 25.0+/-3.4 pg/h and 27.9+/-3.6 pg/h, which is significantly greater (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) than that from hypothalami of castrated rats treated only with sesame oil.A similar decrease in GnRH release from hypothalami of hypophysectomized rats and prevention of this decrease by treating the hypophysectomized rats with testosterone propionate is evidence that the observed effects of testosterone are not mediated via luteinizing hormone and(or) follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Treatment of castrated rats with either dihydrotestosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate also prevented the decrease in GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats. We conclude that testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol all prevent the decrease in GnRH release from hypothalami of castrated rats treated with these steroids. The possibility exists that these steroids may also maintain GnRH secretion in vivo.", "PMID": 372239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1554", "title": "Platelet and blood vessel arachidonate metabolism and interactions.", "content": "Exogenous arachidonate addition to intact platelets, in the absence or the presence of blood vessel microsomes, results in the production of thromboxane B(2) (the stable degradation product of thromboxane A(2)) only. Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxides are released from intact platelets only when thromboxane synthetase is inhibited. Thus, addition of exogenous arachidonate to imidazole-pretreated platelets in the presence of bovine aorta microsomes (source of prostacyclin synthetase) results predominantly in the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (the stable degradation product of prostacyclin). Strips of intact aorta were removed from aspirin-treated rabbits, thus the isolated blood vessels were unable to convert endogenous or exogenous arachidonate to prostacyclin. Human platelets, with [(14)C]arachidonate-labeled phospholipids, adhered to the blood vessel segments and released some thromboxane B(2). The subsequent addition of thrombin facilitated the release of endogenous arachidonate and thromboxane, but no labeled 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was detectable. There is therefore no direct chemical evidence of PG-endoperoxide release from human platelets during either aggregation or adhesion, which therefore precludes the possibility that blood vessels use platelet PG-endoperoxide for prostacyclin synthesis. Imidazole inhibited the thromboxane synthetase in the labeled platelets, and thereafter thrombin stimulation resulted in the release of platelet-derived, labeled PG-endoperoxides that were converted to labeled prostacyclin by the vascular prostacyclin synthetase. The latter result suggests a potential antithrombotic therapeutic benefit might be achieved using an effective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.", "contents": "Platelet and blood vessel arachidonate metabolism and interactions. Exogenous arachidonate addition to intact platelets, in the absence or the presence of blood vessel microsomes, results in the production of thromboxane B(2) (the stable degradation product of thromboxane A(2)) only. Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxides are released from intact platelets only when thromboxane synthetase is inhibited. Thus, addition of exogenous arachidonate to imidazole-pretreated platelets in the presence of bovine aorta microsomes (source of prostacyclin synthetase) results predominantly in the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (the stable degradation product of prostacyclin). Strips of intact aorta were removed from aspirin-treated rabbits, thus the isolated blood vessels were unable to convert endogenous or exogenous arachidonate to prostacyclin. Human platelets, with [(14)C]arachidonate-labeled phospholipids, adhered to the blood vessel segments and released some thromboxane B(2). The subsequent addition of thrombin facilitated the release of endogenous arachidonate and thromboxane, but no labeled 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was detectable. There is therefore no direct chemical evidence of PG-endoperoxide release from human platelets during either aggregation or adhesion, which therefore precludes the possibility that blood vessels use platelet PG-endoperoxide for prostacyclin synthesis. Imidazole inhibited the thromboxane synthetase in the labeled platelets, and thereafter thrombin stimulation resulted in the release of platelet-derived, labeled PG-endoperoxides that were converted to labeled prostacyclin by the vascular prostacyclin synthetase. The latter result suggests a potential antithrombotic therapeutic benefit might be achieved using an effective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.", "PMID": 372240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1555", "title": "Discrepancies between the doses of cholecystokinin or caerulein-stimulating exocrine and endocrine responses in perfused isolated rat pancreas.", "content": "The effects of highly purified natural porcine cholecystokinin (CCK) and synthetic caerulein on the rate of flow of pancreatic juice, the rate of output of amylase, and the rate of release of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were simultaneously investigated in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The maximal flow rate of pancreatic juice was obtained with concentrations of CCK ranging from 0.5 to 10 mU/ml, whereas amylase output was maximal at CCK concentrations from 1 to 10 mU/ml. Caerulein at concentrations of 0.05-1 ng/ml induced a similar maximal flow rate and amylase secretion. Supramaximal stimulatory concentrations of these peptides resulted in lower rates of release of fluid and amylase than with the maximally effective concentrations. Stimulation of IRI and IRG release was elicited only with concentrations of peptides supramaximal for effects on the exocrine responses. The demonstration of very similar discrepancies between the doses of caerulein required to elicit maximal exocrine responses and those required to elicit endocrine responses provide strong evidence that the pattern of the effect of the porcine CCK is accounted for by CCK itself. Although caerulein had no influence on IRI response when superimposed on 100 or 150 mg/100 ml glucose stimulation, preperfusion of caerulein led to a significant enhancement of IRI response to a subsequent glucose stimulation in both phases. The augmentation effect was completely separate from the direct IRI-stimulating effect of caerulein, because the CCK-like peptide requires no glucose for insulinotropic action. Because the concentrations of the peptides necessary for stimulation of endocrine responses were inhibitory in their effects on exocrine responses, it may be inferred that it is unlikely that the endocrine effect is physiologically important, though the results of caerulein for augmenting glucose-stimulated IRI release suggests a possible role for CCK in carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Discrepancies between the doses of cholecystokinin or caerulein-stimulating exocrine and endocrine responses in perfused isolated rat pancreas. The effects of highly purified natural porcine cholecystokinin (CCK) and synthetic caerulein on the rate of flow of pancreatic juice, the rate of output of amylase, and the rate of release of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were simultaneously investigated in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The maximal flow rate of pancreatic juice was obtained with concentrations of CCK ranging from 0.5 to 10 mU/ml, whereas amylase output was maximal at CCK concentrations from 1 to 10 mU/ml. Caerulein at concentrations of 0.05-1 ng/ml induced a similar maximal flow rate and amylase secretion. Supramaximal stimulatory concentrations of these peptides resulted in lower rates of release of fluid and amylase than with the maximally effective concentrations. Stimulation of IRI and IRG release was elicited only with concentrations of peptides supramaximal for effects on the exocrine responses. The demonstration of very similar discrepancies between the doses of caerulein required to elicit maximal exocrine responses and those required to elicit endocrine responses provide strong evidence that the pattern of the effect of the porcine CCK is accounted for by CCK itself. Although caerulein had no influence on IRI response when superimposed on 100 or 150 mg/100 ml glucose stimulation, preperfusion of caerulein led to a significant enhancement of IRI response to a subsequent glucose stimulation in both phases. The augmentation effect was completely separate from the direct IRI-stimulating effect of caerulein, because the CCK-like peptide requires no glucose for insulinotropic action. Because the concentrations of the peptides necessary for stimulation of endocrine responses were inhibitory in their effects on exocrine responses, it may be inferred that it is unlikely that the endocrine effect is physiologically important, though the results of caerulein for augmenting glucose-stimulated IRI release suggests a possible role for CCK in carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 372241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1556", "title": "Recovery of endothelial cell prostacyclin production after inhibition by low doses of aspirin.", "content": "Endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin (PGI(2)), an unstable prostaglandin that inhibits platelet aggregation and serotonin release. Because cyclooxygenase, which is necessary for synthesis of PGI(2), is inactivated by aspirin, we examined the effect of aspirin on PGI(2) production by cultured human endothelial cells. Endothelial cells synthesize PGI(2) (20.1+/-7.2 ng/10(6) cells, mean+/-SD) when stimulated with 20 muM sodium arachidonate for 2 min. PGI(2) production is inhibited by low-dose aspirin (5 muM); the t((1/2)) of inactivation is 6.0+/-1.3 min (mean+/-SEM, n = 3). Thus, endothelial cell cyclooxygenase is as sensitive to aspirin as the enzyme in platelets. After 1 h incubation with aspirin, endothelial cell PGI(2) production was inhibited 50% by 2.1+/-0.4 muM aspirin and was inhibited 90% by 6.2+/-0.9 muM aspirin (mean+/-SEM, n = 4). When endothelial cells were incubated with 100 muM aspirin, washed, and recultured, their ability to synthesize PGI(2) returned to control levels in 35.6+/-1.0 h (mean+/-SEM, n = 4). Recovery of endothelial PGI(2) production after aspirin depended on de novo protein synthesis because treatment with cycloheximide (3 mug/ml) inhibited recovery by 92%.These results indicate that although endothelial cell cyclooxygenase in vitro is inhibited by low concentrations of aspirin, endothelial cells rapidly resynthesize their cyclooxygenase after the aspirin is removed. This rapid resynthesis of cyclooxygenase lessens the likelihood that aspirin used in clinical doses promotes thrombosis.", "contents": "Recovery of endothelial cell prostacyclin production after inhibition by low doses of aspirin. Endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin (PGI(2)), an unstable prostaglandin that inhibits platelet aggregation and serotonin release. Because cyclooxygenase, which is necessary for synthesis of PGI(2), is inactivated by aspirin, we examined the effect of aspirin on PGI(2) production by cultured human endothelial cells. Endothelial cells synthesize PGI(2) (20.1+/-7.2 ng/10(6) cells, mean+/-SD) when stimulated with 20 muM sodium arachidonate for 2 min. PGI(2) production is inhibited by low-dose aspirin (5 muM); the t((1/2)) of inactivation is 6.0+/-1.3 min (mean+/-SEM, n = 3). Thus, endothelial cell cyclooxygenase is as sensitive to aspirin as the enzyme in platelets. After 1 h incubation with aspirin, endothelial cell PGI(2) production was inhibited 50% by 2.1+/-0.4 muM aspirin and was inhibited 90% by 6.2+/-0.9 muM aspirin (mean+/-SEM, n = 4). When endothelial cells were incubated with 100 muM aspirin, washed, and recultured, their ability to synthesize PGI(2) returned to control levels in 35.6+/-1.0 h (mean+/-SEM, n = 4). Recovery of endothelial PGI(2) production after aspirin depended on de novo protein synthesis because treatment with cycloheximide (3 mug/ml) inhibited recovery by 92%.These results indicate that although endothelial cell cyclooxygenase in vitro is inhibited by low concentrations of aspirin, endothelial cells rapidly resynthesize their cyclooxygenase after the aspirin is removed. This rapid resynthesis of cyclooxygenase lessens the likelihood that aspirin used in clinical doses promotes thrombosis.", "PMID": 372242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1557", "title": "Identification and quantitation of platelet-associated fibronectin antigen.", "content": "Platelet-associated fibronectin antigen has been identified by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent techniques. In radioimmunoassay, platelet fibronectin was immunochemically indistinguishable from plasma fibronectin. Platelet and plasma fibronectin were bound and eluted from gelatin-sepharose under similar conditions. The level of platelet fibronectin in detergent extracts of washed platelets from 12 healthy adults was 2.85 +/- 1.24 microgram/10(9) platelets. Immunofluorescence with F(ab')2 fragments of immunochemically purified antifibronectin showed that all platelets stained with a discrete punctate pattern. The identification of platelet fibronectin antigen raises the possibility that this protein may participate in platelet-platelet or platelet-surface interactions.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of platelet-associated fibronectin antigen. Platelet-associated fibronectin antigen has been identified by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent techniques. In radioimmunoassay, platelet fibronectin was immunochemically indistinguishable from plasma fibronectin. Platelet and plasma fibronectin were bound and eluted from gelatin-sepharose under similar conditions. The level of platelet fibronectin in detergent extracts of washed platelets from 12 healthy adults was 2.85 +/- 1.24 microgram/10(9) platelets. Immunofluorescence with F(ab')2 fragments of immunochemically purified antifibronectin showed that all platelets stained with a discrete punctate pattern. The identification of platelet fibronectin antigen raises the possibility that this protein may participate in platelet-platelet or platelet-surface interactions.", "PMID": 372243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1558", "title": "Immunoglobulin and complement in normal skin.", "content": "Cryostat sections of normal skin from 57 white adults were examined by direct and indirect immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement factors, and transferrin. The results for basement membrane zone (BMX) were significantly different for the 11 face and 46 non-face biopsies: in the face, IgM was found in five, IgG in two, IgA in one, and C3 in none, whereas, in non-face, IgM was present in six, IgG in none, IgA in one, and C3 in five. The results for dermal vessel walls (DV) were not apparently different for face and non-face; in the 57 biopsies IgM was present in one, IgG in none, IgA in one, and C3 in one. The 11 biopsies from the face and 26 of the non-face biopsies were examined further. No IgD or C4 was identified, but one case (scalp) showed BMZ Clq, properdin, and transferrin, and in two cases (one face, one non-face) DV properdin was found. Cytoid bodies (IgM and IgA) were present in moderate numbers in one case; all other positive reactions were finely granular.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin and complement in normal skin. Cryostat sections of normal skin from 57 white adults were examined by direct and indirect immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement factors, and transferrin. The results for basement membrane zone (BMX) were significantly different for the 11 face and 46 non-face biopsies: in the face, IgM was found in five, IgG in two, IgA in one, and C3 in none, whereas, in non-face, IgM was present in six, IgG in none, IgA in one, and C3 in five. The results for dermal vessel walls (DV) were not apparently different for face and non-face; in the 57 biopsies IgM was present in one, IgG in none, IgA in one, and C3 in one. The 11 biopsies from the face and 26 of the non-face biopsies were examined further. No IgD or C4 was identified, but one case (scalp) showed BMZ Clq, properdin, and transferrin, and in two cases (one face, one non-face) DV properdin was found. Cytoid bodies (IgM and IgA) were present in moderate numbers in one case; all other positive reactions were finely granular.", "PMID": 372244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1559", "title": "Platelet aggregation in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A method for washing platelets by albumin density gradient separation has been modified to prepare platelet rich plasma of thrombocytopenic patients for platelet aggregation studies. The concentration procedure, consisting of centrifuging platelets into a specific gravity gradient between plasma and 40-45% aqueous solution of bovine albumin, does not affect platelet aggregation adversely. Platelet aggregation in eight patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was determined by this method. On the basis of the results the patients could clearly be divided into two groups: four patients with normal aggregation and four with a qualitative platelet defect. In contrast to the other patients, the group with an in vitro platelet functional defect all had more prolonged bleeding times and the presence of a serum antiplatelet antibody.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A method for washing platelets by albumin density gradient separation has been modified to prepare platelet rich plasma of thrombocytopenic patients for platelet aggregation studies. The concentration procedure, consisting of centrifuging platelets into a specific gravity gradient between plasma and 40-45% aqueous solution of bovine albumin, does not affect platelet aggregation adversely. Platelet aggregation in eight patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was determined by this method. On the basis of the results the patients could clearly be divided into two groups: four patients with normal aggregation and four with a qualitative platelet defect. In contrast to the other patients, the group with an in vitro platelet functional defect all had more prolonged bleeding times and the presence of a serum antiplatelet antibody.", "PMID": 372245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1560", "title": "Marrow graft rejection and inhibition of growth in culture by serum in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The sera of 28 patients with aplastic anaemia were examined for their effect on granulocyte colony growth in soft agar. Normal sera did not affect colony growth, but 13 sera from patients with aplastic anaemia, three from multiparous women, and six from patients polytransfused for various disorders caused colony inhibition. This inhibition was not due to the presence of HLA antibodies in aplasia patients because some sera inhibited HLA compatible bone marrow, and polyspecific HLA antibodies were not found in all inhibitory sera. All patients who failed to show engraftment or who rejected their bone marrow graft within three weeks had serum inhibitory to normal bone marrow cell culture, but inhibition could not be demonstrated against autologous bone marrow cells in these patients with aplastic anaemia. The results show that patients with serum inhibitors have an increased risk of early graft rejection and suggest that this rejection is mediated by antibodies directed against bone marrow stem cells.", "contents": "Marrow graft rejection and inhibition of growth in culture by serum in aplastic anaemia. The sera of 28 patients with aplastic anaemia were examined for their effect on granulocyte colony growth in soft agar. Normal sera did not affect colony growth, but 13 sera from patients with aplastic anaemia, three from multiparous women, and six from patients polytransfused for various disorders caused colony inhibition. This inhibition was not due to the presence of HLA antibodies in aplasia patients because some sera inhibited HLA compatible bone marrow, and polyspecific HLA antibodies were not found in all inhibitory sera. All patients who failed to show engraftment or who rejected their bone marrow graft within three weeks had serum inhibitory to normal bone marrow cell culture, but inhibition could not be demonstrated against autologous bone marrow cells in these patients with aplastic anaemia. The results show that patients with serum inhibitors have an increased risk of early graft rejection and suggest that this rejection is mediated by antibodies directed against bone marrow stem cells.", "PMID": 372246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1561", "title": "A new antigen on the epithelial membrane: its immunoperoxidase localisation in normal and neoplastic tissue.", "content": "Using antisera raised against defatted human cream we have demonstrated a new antigen on the epithelial membrane. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique on routinely processed histological sections was used, and we describe results which show that this antigen has a widespread but highly selective distribution, being apparently localised to membranes that have a secretory function. The antigen is carried by a variety of adenocarcinomas, suggesting that its localisation may have a role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of malignant disease.", "contents": "A new antigen on the epithelial membrane: its immunoperoxidase localisation in normal and neoplastic tissue. Using antisera raised against defatted human cream we have demonstrated a new antigen on the epithelial membrane. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique on routinely processed histological sections was used, and we describe results which show that this antigen has a widespread but highly selective distribution, being apparently localised to membranes that have a secretory function. The antigen is carried by a variety of adenocarcinomas, suggesting that its localisation may have a role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of malignant disease.", "PMID": 372248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1562", "title": "A formalin fixative for immunochemical and ultrastructural studies on gastrointestinal endocrine cells.", "content": "Using indirect immunofluorescence, indirect immunoperoxidase, and unlabelled antibody enzyme techniques, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin were localised in sections of both wax- and resin-embedded tissues that had been fixed in a buffered formalin solution. Ultrastructural preservation of the resin-embedded samples was also adequate for combined electron microscopy and light microscope immunochemistry. As the fixative concerned is stable it can be permanently available in surgical units. It is suggested, therefore, that this fixative should prove useful as an alternative to buffered formaldehyde, which must be freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde powder, in institutions where specimen collection is difficult or which have to refer cases with an endocrine involvement to other laboratories for immunochemical and fine structural examination.", "contents": "A formalin fixative for immunochemical and ultrastructural studies on gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Using indirect immunofluorescence, indirect immunoperoxidase, and unlabelled antibody enzyme techniques, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin were localised in sections of both wax- and resin-embedded tissues that had been fixed in a buffered formalin solution. Ultrastructural preservation of the resin-embedded samples was also adequate for combined electron microscopy and light microscope immunochemistry. As the fixative concerned is stable it can be permanently available in surgical units. It is suggested, therefore, that this fixative should prove useful as an alternative to buffered formaldehyde, which must be freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde powder, in institutions where specimen collection is difficult or which have to refer cases with an endocrine involvement to other laboratories for immunochemical and fine structural examination.", "PMID": 372249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1563", "title": "Infection of total hip prostheses by Peptococcus magnus: an immunofluorescence and ELISA study of two cases.", "content": "In two cases of infected total hip replacements, Peptococcus magnus was isolated in pure culture from the implant when it was removed. Fluorescent antibody and ELISA studies have shown that both patients developed an antibody response to this anaerobic coccus soon after the replacement operation. These results suggest that the organism is a true infective agent, which was probably responsible for the failure of the arthroplasty operation.", "contents": "Infection of total hip prostheses by Peptococcus magnus: an immunofluorescence and ELISA study of two cases. In two cases of infected total hip replacements, Peptococcus magnus was isolated in pure culture from the implant when it was removed. Fluorescent antibody and ELISA studies have shown that both patients developed an antibody response to this anaerobic coccus soon after the replacement operation. These results suggest that the organism is a true infective agent, which was probably responsible for the failure of the arthroplasty operation.", "PMID": 372250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1564", "title": "Identification of Gram-negative non-fermenters and oxidase-positive fermenters by the Oxi/Ferm tube.", "content": "Since the recent introduction of the Roche Oxi/Ferm Tube to the UK two identification schemes have been developed by the manufacturer for use with the kit. We evaluated the success of these two schemes in identifying 222 predominantly culture collection strains belonging to 45 taxa of non-fermenters and nine taxa of oxidase-positive fermenters. The strains were chosen to represent all the taxa included in the two identification schemes developed by the manufacturer and we have therefore been able to assess the overall success of identification by the two schemes. Since, however, our choice of strains does not reflect their incidence in clinical material, our identification rates are not necessarily those that might be obtained in a routine clinical laboratory. The most advanced identification scheme so far developed for the Oxi/Ferm Tube (CCIS System 1977-1432) allowed 62% of the 222 strains to be correctly identified although a disturbing feature was that more of the strains that were not correctly identified were incorrectly identified (24%) rather than not identified (14%); these figures represent an improvement over the earlier identification scheme (CCIS System 1976-621-74346) for which the corresponding figures were 56%, 32%, and 12%. CCIS System 1977-1432 seems likely to give a better performance in a routine clinical laboratory than in this study since for those taxa which, we would judge from the material sent to us for identification, are most commonly seen in a routine laboratory (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, A. lwoffii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. maltophilia, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and P. putida) 89% were correctly identified, none remained unidentified, and 11% were incorrectly identified. Thirty strains, each of a different taxon, were tested in triplicate to assess the reproducibility of reactions in the Oxi/Ferm Tube.", "contents": "Identification of Gram-negative non-fermenters and oxidase-positive fermenters by the Oxi/Ferm tube. Since the recent introduction of the Roche Oxi/Ferm Tube to the UK two identification schemes have been developed by the manufacturer for use with the kit. We evaluated the success of these two schemes in identifying 222 predominantly culture collection strains belonging to 45 taxa of non-fermenters and nine taxa of oxidase-positive fermenters. The strains were chosen to represent all the taxa included in the two identification schemes developed by the manufacturer and we have therefore been able to assess the overall success of identification by the two schemes. Since, however, our choice of strains does not reflect their incidence in clinical material, our identification rates are not necessarily those that might be obtained in a routine clinical laboratory. The most advanced identification scheme so far developed for the Oxi/Ferm Tube (CCIS System 1977-1432) allowed 62% of the 222 strains to be correctly identified although a disturbing feature was that more of the strains that were not correctly identified were incorrectly identified (24%) rather than not identified (14%); these figures represent an improvement over the earlier identification scheme (CCIS System 1976-621-74346) for which the corresponding figures were 56%, 32%, and 12%. CCIS System 1977-1432 seems likely to give a better performance in a routine clinical laboratory than in this study since for those taxa which, we would judge from the material sent to us for identification, are most commonly seen in a routine laboratory (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, A. lwoffii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. maltophilia, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and P. putida) 89% were correctly identified, none remained unidentified, and 11% were incorrectly identified. Thirty strains, each of a different taxon, were tested in triplicate to assess the reproducibility of reactions in the Oxi/Ferm Tube.", "PMID": 372251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1565", "title": "Gastric function and histology in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Gastric function and histology were investigated in 24 patients with untreated chronic renal failure. At endoscopy nine patients had oesophagitis, 12 patients were considered to have gastritis, and the duodenum appeared inflamed in 20 patients. Endoscopic biopsies were taken at standard sites in the stomach and duodenum; gastritis was found in all patients, and 17 patients had duodenitis. Stimulated acid secretion was impaired in seven out of 20 patients and acid hypersecretion was found in a further two patients. Pepsin output correlated well with acid output in these patients. Fasting serum gastrin levels were elevated in 12 of the 19 patients tested. Patients with atrophic gastritis had low acid outputs and hypergastrinaemia, and when extensive gastritis was present, the patients tended to have more severe renal failure and hyposecretion of acid. Three patients were studied again after regular haemodialysis or renal transplantation and were found to show marked endoscopic and histological improvement.", "contents": "Gastric function and histology in chronic renal failure. Gastric function and histology were investigated in 24 patients with untreated chronic renal failure. At endoscopy nine patients had oesophagitis, 12 patients were considered to have gastritis, and the duodenum appeared inflamed in 20 patients. Endoscopic biopsies were taken at standard sites in the stomach and duodenum; gastritis was found in all patients, and 17 patients had duodenitis. Stimulated acid secretion was impaired in seven out of 20 patients and acid hypersecretion was found in a further two patients. Pepsin output correlated well with acid output in these patients. Fasting serum gastrin levels were elevated in 12 of the 19 patients tested. Patients with atrophic gastritis had low acid outputs and hypergastrinaemia, and when extensive gastritis was present, the patients tended to have more severe renal failure and hyposecretion of acid. Three patients were studied again after regular haemodialysis or renal transplantation and were found to show marked endoscopic and histological improvement.", "PMID": 372252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1566", "title": "Toxocariasis: serological diagnosis by enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "An enzyme-immunoassay was developed to measure the concentration of serum antibody specific for the secretory antigens released by migrating toxocaral larvae. This technique was evaluated by testing sera from healthy UK adults, and from patients with and without toxocariasis. In 922 healthy adults, 2.6% were found to have elevated specific antibody levels. Elevated values were observed twice as frequently in males as in females but showed no significant regression with age between 20 and 65 years. Of 62 patients with non-toxocaral helminthic infections, all had antitoxocaral antibody levels within the range of values observed in healthy controls and had a mean level which was not significantly elevated. All of 13 patients with clinical toxocariasis had enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody levels above the 100th percentiles of both the healthy population and the helminth-infected group and had a significantly high mean value (p less than 0.001) more than 12 times that of the healthy or infected controls. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity of the toxocariasis enzyme-immunoassay indicates that this new test should be useful in reference immunodiagnostic applications and in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys.", "contents": "Toxocariasis: serological diagnosis by enzyme immunoassay. An enzyme-immunoassay was developed to measure the concentration of serum antibody specific for the secretory antigens released by migrating toxocaral larvae. This technique was evaluated by testing sera from healthy UK adults, and from patients with and without toxocariasis. In 922 healthy adults, 2.6% were found to have elevated specific antibody levels. Elevated values were observed twice as frequently in males as in females but showed no significant regression with age between 20 and 65 years. Of 62 patients with non-toxocaral helminthic infections, all had antitoxocaral antibody levels within the range of values observed in healthy controls and had a mean level which was not significantly elevated. All of 13 patients with clinical toxocariasis had enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody levels above the 100th percentiles of both the healthy population and the helminth-infected group and had a significantly high mean value (p less than 0.001) more than 12 times that of the healthy or infected controls. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity of the toxocariasis enzyme-immunoassay indicates that this new test should be useful in reference immunodiagnostic applications and in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys.", "PMID": 372253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1567", "title": "Gingival bleeding in an experimental clinical trial design.", "content": "An experimental clinical trial design is described in which the onset of gingival bleeding was used as an indicator of early gingivitis. Twenty-nine dental students participated in a double-blind crossover trial utilising chlorhexidine as a known plaque inhibitor. The onset of gingival bleeding was assessed in three ways, one of which yielded a statistically significant difference in favour of the active mouthrinse (P = 0.02). The method has a role in screening agents believed to be active against gingivitis.", "contents": "Gingival bleeding in an experimental clinical trial design. An experimental clinical trial design is described in which the onset of gingival bleeding was used as an indicator of early gingivitis. Twenty-nine dental students participated in a double-blind crossover trial utilising chlorhexidine as a known plaque inhibitor. The onset of gingival bleeding was assessed in three ways, one of which yielded a statistically significant difference in favour of the active mouthrinse (P = 0.02). The method has a role in screening agents believed to be active against gingivitis.", "PMID": 372255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1568", "title": "Periodontal dressing materials.", "content": "A detailed review of periodontal dressings is presented, covering physical, chemical and biological aspects. Areas requiring further research are outlined, particularly in the physico-chemical sphere; and some contra-indications to particular substances are described. It is concluded that there is a definite place for dressings, but that more knowledge is required before optimal properties can be developed.", "contents": "Periodontal dressing materials. A detailed review of periodontal dressings is presented, covering physical, chemical and biological aspects. Areas requiring further research are outlined, particularly in the physico-chemical sphere; and some contra-indications to particular substances are described. It is concluded that there is a definite place for dressings, but that more knowledge is required before optimal properties can be developed.", "PMID": 372256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1569", "title": "Vascular morphology in noninflamed healed gingiva of dogs.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine if the regular vascular network previously reported as occurring in noninflamed marginal gingiva would become re-established following plaque control and treatment of gingiva by gingivectomy and scaling. Gingivectomies were performed on dogs with and without pre-experimental gingivitis in order to obtain gingival specimens healed for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Plaque was controlled using toothbrushing and topical applications of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. After 12 weeks, the animals were perfused via the carotid arteries with glutaraldehyde and Microfil latex compound. Specimens were processed for either routine histology or examination of vascular morphology in methyl salicylate cleared tissues. The absence of inflammation in healed gingiva was evaluated clinically, using the Gingival and Plaque Indices, and histologically. Results showed that in healed clinically and histologically noninflamed gingiva, the vascular morphology was established as a series of looped vessels which could readily be distinguished from the regular network of vessels described by Hock (1975) in marginal gingiva that had neither been inflamed nor resected.", "contents": "Vascular morphology in noninflamed healed gingiva of dogs. The objective of this study was to determine if the regular vascular network previously reported as occurring in noninflamed marginal gingiva would become re-established following plaque control and treatment of gingiva by gingivectomy and scaling. Gingivectomies were performed on dogs with and without pre-experimental gingivitis in order to obtain gingival specimens healed for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Plaque was controlled using toothbrushing and topical applications of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. After 12 weeks, the animals were perfused via the carotid arteries with glutaraldehyde and Microfil latex compound. Specimens were processed for either routine histology or examination of vascular morphology in methyl salicylate cleared tissues. The absence of inflammation in healed gingiva was evaluated clinically, using the Gingival and Plaque Indices, and histologically. Results showed that in healed clinically and histologically noninflamed gingiva, the vascular morphology was established as a series of looped vessels which could readily be distinguished from the regular network of vessels described by Hock (1975) in marginal gingiva that had neither been inflamed nor resected.", "PMID": 372257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1570", "title": "A study of the synaptogenesis in the cerebellar cortex through chronic treatment and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin.", "content": "The mechanism of synaptogenesis between dendritic spines of Purkinje cells and parallel fibers in the chicken cerebellum was studied through chronic treatment and immunocytochemistry of beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT). Attention was directed to the question of whether the presynaptic specializations (presynaptic vesicular grids composed of presynaptic dense projections and associated vesicles) of the parallel fibers can differentiate in the absence of the Purkinje cells. Normal cerebella from 18-day and 21-day chick embryos, incubated with beta-BT and reacted with HRP-labeled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG, showed a positive HRP reaction on Purkinje cells but not on external and internal granule cells. Thus, in chicken cerebellum, beta-BT primarily affects Purkinje cells. When beta-BT was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals, beginning on the 4th day of incubation, the cerebella were markedly reduced in size and most of the Purkinje cells as well as the nerve fibers in the white matter disappeared between the 18th and the 21st day of incubation. Folia of the 21st day experimental cerebella were irregular in shape and the area of the midsagittal section was one fourth that of the controls. In the 21st day cerebella treated with beta-BT, the majority of Purkinje cells disappear. However, the external granule cells remain intact and showed the usual mitotic activity. The majority of the inner granule cells were normal. Some of the parallel fibers, which display presynaptic vesicular grids, established synaptic contact with stellate cells and the dendritic spines of the few Purkinje cells that survived the treatment. However, vast areas of the molecular layer contained neither dendrites of Purkinje cells, nor parallel fibers displaying presynaptic vesicular grids devoid of their postsynaptic counterpart. In such areas, the molecular layer consisted of parallel fibers of uniform diameter, some of which contained accumulations of vesicles, but displaying no presynaptic dense projections. This suggests that parallel fibers may not be able to completely develop the presynaptic vesicular grids in the absence of their target cells.", "contents": "A study of the synaptogenesis in the cerebellar cortex through chronic treatment and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin. The mechanism of synaptogenesis between dendritic spines of Purkinje cells and parallel fibers in the chicken cerebellum was studied through chronic treatment and immunocytochemistry of beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT). Attention was directed to the question of whether the presynaptic specializations (presynaptic vesicular grids composed of presynaptic dense projections and associated vesicles) of the parallel fibers can differentiate in the absence of the Purkinje cells. Normal cerebella from 18-day and 21-day chick embryos, incubated with beta-BT and reacted with HRP-labeled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG, showed a positive HRP reaction on Purkinje cells but not on external and internal granule cells. Thus, in chicken cerebellum, beta-BT primarily affects Purkinje cells. When beta-BT was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals, beginning on the 4th day of incubation, the cerebella were markedly reduced in size and most of the Purkinje cells as well as the nerve fibers in the white matter disappeared between the 18th and the 21st day of incubation. Folia of the 21st day experimental cerebella were irregular in shape and the area of the midsagittal section was one fourth that of the controls. In the 21st day cerebella treated with beta-BT, the majority of Purkinje cells disappear. However, the external granule cells remain intact and showed the usual mitotic activity. The majority of the inner granule cells were normal. Some of the parallel fibers, which display presynaptic vesicular grids, established synaptic contact with stellate cells and the dendritic spines of the few Purkinje cells that survived the treatment. However, vast areas of the molecular layer contained neither dendrites of Purkinje cells, nor parallel fibers displaying presynaptic vesicular grids devoid of their postsynaptic counterpart. In such areas, the molecular layer consisted of parallel fibers of uniform diameter, some of which contained accumulations of vesicles, but displaying no presynaptic dense projections. This suggests that parallel fibers may not be able to completely develop the presynaptic vesicular grids in the absence of their target cells.", "PMID": 372258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1571", "title": "Psychological stress reduction during dental procedures.", "content": "Behavioral methods of patient stress reduction during amalgam restorations were evaluated. Eighty adult patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups of 20 each: a control group, a relaxation group, a perceived control group, and an active distraction group. Both relaxation and distraction were found to be effective in reducing patient discomfort.", "contents": "Psychological stress reduction during dental procedures. Behavioral methods of patient stress reduction during amalgam restorations were evaluated. Eighty adult patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups of 20 each: a control group, a relaxation group, a perceived control group, and an active distraction group. Both relaxation and distraction were found to be effective in reducing patient discomfort.", "PMID": 372266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1572", "title": "Non-pressure adhesion of a new adhesive restorative resin.", "content": "Non-pressure adhesion of a new adhesive restorative resin was investigated employing a new tensile test. The material was adhesive to both enamel and dentin as well as to carious dentin and showed strong adhesion to all substrates tested. Etching further increased the adhesion even to dentin.", "contents": "Non-pressure adhesion of a new adhesive restorative resin. Non-pressure adhesion of a new adhesive restorative resin was investigated employing a new tensile test. The material was adhesive to both enamel and dentin as well as to carious dentin and showed strong adhesion to all substrates tested. Etching further increased the adhesion even to dentin.", "PMID": 372267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1573", "title": "Effects of adhesion promoters on resin-enamel retention.", "content": "The adhesive effects of three adhesion promoters were compared utilizing three different filled resins on acid-etched human permanent teeth. The results demonstrated a significantly greater resistance to dislodgement of resins by shear forces when an NPG-GMA type of adhesion promoter was utilized. Type of resin did not influence resin retention.", "contents": "Effects of adhesion promoters on resin-enamel retention. The adhesive effects of three adhesion promoters were compared utilizing three different filled resins on acid-etched human permanent teeth. The results demonstrated a significantly greater resistance to dislodgement of resins by shear forces when an NPG-GMA type of adhesion promoter was utilized. Type of resin did not influence resin retention.", "PMID": 372268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1574", "title": "The role of diffusible ionic species in the bonding of polycarboxylate cements to dentine: an in vitro study.", "content": "Treatment of freshly-cut dentine with fluoride ions or high concentrations of metal ions produced changes ranging from mineralization of tubule contents to precipitation of adherent surface layers. Combinations of these treatments with application of fluoridated and non-fluoridated polycarboxylate cements and glass ionomer cements produced both increases and reductions in bond strength which are explained by ionic diffusion at the interface prior to setting.", "contents": "The role of diffusible ionic species in the bonding of polycarboxylate cements to dentine: an in vitro study. Treatment of freshly-cut dentine with fluoride ions or high concentrations of metal ions produced changes ranging from mineralization of tubule contents to precipitation of adherent surface layers. Combinations of these treatments with application of fluoridated and non-fluoridated polycarboxylate cements and glass ionomer cements produced both increases and reductions in bond strength which are explained by ionic diffusion at the interface prior to setting.", "PMID": 372269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1575", "title": "The CASE system for cancer education.", "content": "A Computer-Assisted-Self-Evaluation (CASE) program in oncology is described. The program is based on motivation by immediate, informative feedback, and involves the computer-guided interaction of a student with a series of microfiche cards. The computer leads the student through a series of 16 questions and associated explanations and recommendations based on the answer choices. Since all textual materials are placed on microfiche cards, the computer is only required to print simple, prearranged sentences and comments. As a result four students, using different CASE topics, can time-share the same computer terminal. This time-sharing capability, together with the large but compact, low cost information storage afforded by the use of microfiche, makes the cost of this system comparable to that of conventional study aids. The use of the CASE system as an educational aid and self-tutoring mechanism has been well accepted by faculty and students.", "contents": "The CASE system for cancer education. A Computer-Assisted-Self-Evaluation (CASE) program in oncology is described. The program is based on motivation by immediate, informative feedback, and involves the computer-guided interaction of a student with a series of microfiche cards. The computer leads the student through a series of 16 questions and associated explanations and recommendations based on the answer choices. Since all textual materials are placed on microfiche cards, the computer is only required to print simple, prearranged sentences and comments. As a result four students, using different CASE topics, can time-share the same computer terminal. This time-sharing capability, together with the large but compact, low cost information storage afforded by the use of microfiche, makes the cost of this system comparable to that of conventional study aids. The use of the CASE system as an educational aid and self-tutoring mechanism has been well accepted by faculty and students.", "PMID": 372271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1576", "title": "Programmed instruction in general pathology: evaluation of performance in comparison to conventional instruction and scholastic achievement.", "content": "Previous studies relating the efficacy of various teaching methods to student achievement levels have yielded conflicting results. This study compares programmed instruction in pathology with conventional instruction for students exhibiting different levels of academic achievement, as measured by undergraduate GPA. The results of this study reveal that no significant difference in examination performance exists regardless of the teaching method employed when achievement level is considered.", "contents": "Programmed instruction in general pathology: evaluation of performance in comparison to conventional instruction and scholastic achievement. Previous studies relating the efficacy of various teaching methods to student achievement levels have yielded conflicting results. This study compares programmed instruction in pathology with conventional instruction for students exhibiting different levels of academic achievement, as measured by undergraduate GPA. The results of this study reveal that no significant difference in examination performance exists regardless of the teaching method employed when achievement level is considered.", "PMID": 372272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1577", "title": "The histologic grossing and reading of wedge-shaped specimens from malignancies taken from the oral lips.", "content": "A simple method of grossing, sectioning, and reading operative specimens obtained by wedge resections of carcinomas from lower lips is described.", "contents": "The histologic grossing and reading of wedge-shaped specimens from malignancies taken from the oral lips. A simple method of grossing, sectioning, and reading operative specimens obtained by wedge resections of carcinomas from lower lips is described.", "PMID": 372274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1578", "title": "Bioethics and informed consent in American health care delivery.", "content": "Bioethics is a multi-dimensional discipline. The traditional aspect being medical ethics, a branch of Western philosophy which, since the time of Hippocrates, has sought to formulate rules of proper conduct for physicians. Ethics and informed consent are interrelated issues. Consent is the central issue on which hangs most of the ethical problems in human experimentation. The informed consent of the human patient is the ultimate protection from the hazards of research and therapy in medicine, the basic premise of this being that every human being has the right to determine what shall be done to his own body. The patient must have full prognosis, complications, sequelae, discomforts, costs, inconveniences, risks and expectations. Medically and ethically what should the patient be told? There appears to be no obvious format, but the patient should be told enough to allow him to make a rational decision. This paper contains an analysis of the reactions of just a few American nurses to this dilemma. The nurse who attempts to use only her scientific training to determine ethical conduct is in a quandary because seldon is there empirical evidence available to support her decision, no matter what it is.", "contents": "Bioethics and informed consent in American health care delivery. Bioethics is a multi-dimensional discipline. The traditional aspect being medical ethics, a branch of Western philosophy which, since the time of Hippocrates, has sought to formulate rules of proper conduct for physicians. Ethics and informed consent are interrelated issues. Consent is the central issue on which hangs most of the ethical problems in human experimentation. The informed consent of the human patient is the ultimate protection from the hazards of research and therapy in medicine, the basic premise of this being that every human being has the right to determine what shall be done to his own body. The patient must have full prognosis, complications, sequelae, discomforts, costs, inconveniences, risks and expectations. Medically and ethically what should the patient be told? There appears to be no obvious format, but the patient should be told enough to allow him to make a rational decision. This paper contains an analysis of the reactions of just a few American nurses to this dilemma. The nurse who attempts to use only her scientific training to determine ethical conduct is in a quandary because seldon is there empirical evidence available to support her decision, no matter what it is.", "PMID": 372281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1579", "title": "The problems and the values of objective nursing observations in psychiatric nursing care.", "content": "This paper describes a drug trial which illustrates the problems involved in objective nursing recordings to assess response to a specific treatment. It also highlights some difficulties in recording results. The paper briefly describes the history and diagnosis of a patient and the choice of treatment. The method of formulation of a checklist and the difficulties in completing a study are discussed. The results of the study and their value in planning future work are outlined. Conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of carrying out a controlled drug trial with a patient on a ward but the most important aspects are the ability of nurses to perform objective assessments and the value of this approach when assessing a patient and his response to treatment.", "contents": "The problems and the values of objective nursing observations in psychiatric nursing care. This paper describes a drug trial which illustrates the problems involved in objective nursing recordings to assess response to a specific treatment. It also highlights some difficulties in recording results. The paper briefly describes the history and diagnosis of a patient and the choice of treatment. The method of formulation of a checklist and the difficulties in completing a study are discussed. The results of the study and their value in planning future work are outlined. Conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of carrying out a controlled drug trial with a patient on a ward but the most important aspects are the ability of nurses to perform objective assessments and the value of this approach when assessing a patient and his response to treatment.", "PMID": 372282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1580", "title": "Clinical success and potential failure after single application of a pit and fissure sealant: a four-year report.", "content": "A single application of a filled chemically initiated BIS-GMA sealant to permanent first molars of children ranging in age from 5 to 8 years covered the original sites in 52.4% of the 185 teeth examined after four years. Retention of sealant is greater in mandibular (64.7%) than in maxillary (42.0%) molars. The rate of loss of sealant was greatest during the first year (20%), then less than 10% per year at the second, third, and fourth recalls. In comparison with two similar studies, the retention of sealant was 20% to 30% greater. Using the parameters of percent effectiveness, net gain, and DMF scores per 100 test and control teeth, the data from the current study indicate a continued positive effect substantially greater than that in other similar studies. Complete loss of sealant does not appear to predispose that surface to caries any more than its contralateral paired surface. However, a partial loss of sealant because of abrasive wear that results in the exposure of the terminal ends of a fissure is a potential failure in that it creates an environment conducive to caries. Thus, even the well-applied sealant does not necessarily constitute permanent obturation of pits and fissures. Periodic clinical observation is necessary to determine the success or potential failure of the sealant treatment.", "contents": "Clinical success and potential failure after single application of a pit and fissure sealant: a four-year report. A single application of a filled chemically initiated BIS-GMA sealant to permanent first molars of children ranging in age from 5 to 8 years covered the original sites in 52.4% of the 185 teeth examined after four years. Retention of sealant is greater in mandibular (64.7%) than in maxillary (42.0%) molars. The rate of loss of sealant was greatest during the first year (20%), then less than 10% per year at the second, third, and fourth recalls. In comparison with two similar studies, the retention of sealant was 20% to 30% greater. Using the parameters of percent effectiveness, net gain, and DMF scores per 100 test and control teeth, the data from the current study indicate a continued positive effect substantially greater than that in other similar studies. Complete loss of sealant does not appear to predispose that surface to caries any more than its contralateral paired surface. However, a partial loss of sealant because of abrasive wear that results in the exposure of the terminal ends of a fissure is a potential failure in that it creates an environment conducive to caries. Thus, even the well-applied sealant does not necessarily constitute permanent obturation of pits and fissures. Periodic clinical observation is necessary to determine the success or potential failure of the sealant treatment.", "PMID": 372286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1581", "title": "Soft tissue emphysema.", "content": "Many cases of soft tissue emphysema have been reported; it is recognized as a common surgical and dental complication. This report adds to the number of recorded cases and emphasizes the potential for emphysema with the use of high pressure dental instruments. It also shows that the point of entry of air may be overlooked and will therefore delay diagnosis. Proper diagnosis and recognition of the potential for widespread secondary infection dictate the management of emphysema. If any doubt should exist, consultation should be obtained without hesitation.", "contents": "Soft tissue emphysema. Many cases of soft tissue emphysema have been reported; it is recognized as a common surgical and dental complication. This report adds to the number of recorded cases and emphasizes the potential for emphysema with the use of high pressure dental instruments. It also shows that the point of entry of air may be overlooked and will therefore delay diagnosis. Proper diagnosis and recognition of the potential for widespread secondary infection dictate the management of emphysema. If any doubt should exist, consultation should be obtained without hesitation.", "PMID": 372287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1582", "title": "Electroencephalographic and clinical changes as correlated in geriatric patients treated three months with an ergot alkaloid preparation.", "content": "The results of a 3-month trial with an ergot alkaloid preparation (Hydergine) in 16 geriatric patients showed that, in accordance with a previously proposed working hypothesis, the improvement induced by the drug in electroencephalographic age-related changes was accompanied by clinical improvement in patients with similarly age-related mental deterioration.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and clinical changes as correlated in geriatric patients treated three months with an ergot alkaloid preparation. The results of a 3-month trial with an ergot alkaloid preparation (Hydergine) in 16 geriatric patients showed that, in accordance with a previously proposed working hypothesis, the improvement induced by the drug in electroencephalographic age-related changes was accompanied by clinical improvement in patients with similarly age-related mental deterioration.", "PMID": 372291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1583", "title": "Efficacy of nylidrin hydrochloride in the treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly.", "content": "A double-blind study was conducted on the effects of nylidrin hydrochloride versus placebo in 60 patients with mild to moderate symptoms of chronic brain syndrome. Their ages ranged from 65 to 99 years. Preliminary results indicated that nylidrin HCl (a vasodilator) is a relatively safe therapeutic agent and more effective than placebo in ameliorating the symptoms of cognitive impairment associated with aging, on both a short term (3-month) and a long-term (9-month) basis. In a dosage of 24 mg daily, it reached its peak effectiveness after 3 months of use.", "contents": "Efficacy of nylidrin hydrochloride in the treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly. A double-blind study was conducted on the effects of nylidrin hydrochloride versus placebo in 60 patients with mild to moderate symptoms of chronic brain syndrome. Their ages ranged from 65 to 99 years. Preliminary results indicated that nylidrin HCl (a vasodilator) is a relatively safe therapeutic agent and more effective than placebo in ameliorating the symptoms of cognitive impairment associated with aging, on both a short term (3-month) and a long-term (9-month) basis. In a dosage of 24 mg daily, it reached its peak effectiveness after 3 months of use.", "PMID": 372292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1584", "title": "Neuron-thymic lymphocyte binding by serum IgG of 90- and 500-day-old female Wistar albino rats.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro IgG binding to neurons was determined by the direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques in 90- and 500-day-old female Wistar rats. The sera were also tested against other organs of 90- and 300-day-old rats, and an absorption technique was carried out with minced thymus. Only 1 90-day-old rat showed positive in vivo neuron binding. One serum of a young (6.7%) and 17 sera of old (42.5%) rats were positive by the in vitro procedures. The 1 young and 4 of the old positive sera cross-reacted with thymocytes, and when 3 of these were subjected to absorption, neuron igG binding capacity was removed. Significant cross-reactivity with other organs could not be demonstrated. These observations indicate that in these rats there are at least two kinds of serum neuron binding IgG which significantly increase with age; one of these cross-reacts with thymus and the other does not.", "contents": "Neuron-thymic lymphocyte binding by serum IgG of 90- and 500-day-old female Wistar albino rats. In vivo and in vitro IgG binding to neurons was determined by the direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques in 90- and 500-day-old female Wistar rats. The sera were also tested against other organs of 90- and 300-day-old rats, and an absorption technique was carried out with minced thymus. Only 1 90-day-old rat showed positive in vivo neuron binding. One serum of a young (6.7%) and 17 sera of old (42.5%) rats were positive by the in vitro procedures. The 1 young and 4 of the old positive sera cross-reacted with thymocytes, and when 3 of these were subjected to absorption, neuron igG binding capacity was removed. Significant cross-reactivity with other organs could not be demonstrated. These observations indicate that in these rats there are at least two kinds of serum neuron binding IgG which significantly increase with age; one of these cross-reacts with thymus and the other does not.", "PMID": 372296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1585", "title": "Age-related changes in aortic intima of rats.", "content": "The aortic intima of young and old Wistar rats was studied by light and electron microscopy. The endothelial cells of young rats are flat and regular and lie adjacent to the internal elastic lamina (IEL). Endothelial cells of old rats have irregular shapes and sizes and bulge into the lumen. Long protrusions connect these cells to the IEL through a layer of granular and fibrillar material that separates the IEL from the endothelium. This material is PAS and Alcian blue positive and increases with age. There are twice as many pinocytic vesicles on the luminal front of endothelial cells of old rats as compared to the tissue front. Endothelial cells of young rats have similar numbers of vesicles on the two fronts. No significant difference was found between the charge density of the luninal plasmalemma of young and old rats; however, significantly less sialyl groups were found on endothelial cells of old rats. A marked difference in the labeling pattern of the IEL by cationized ferritin (CF) was observed between young and old rats.", "contents": "Age-related changes in aortic intima of rats. The aortic intima of young and old Wistar rats was studied by light and electron microscopy. The endothelial cells of young rats are flat and regular and lie adjacent to the internal elastic lamina (IEL). Endothelial cells of old rats have irregular shapes and sizes and bulge into the lumen. Long protrusions connect these cells to the IEL through a layer of granular and fibrillar material that separates the IEL from the endothelium. This material is PAS and Alcian blue positive and increases with age. There are twice as many pinocytic vesicles on the luminal front of endothelial cells of old rats as compared to the tissue front. Endothelial cells of young rats have similar numbers of vesicles on the two fronts. No significant difference was found between the charge density of the luninal plasmalemma of young and old rats; however, significantly less sialyl groups were found on endothelial cells of old rats. A marked difference in the labeling pattern of the IEL by cationized ferritin (CF) was observed between young and old rats.", "PMID": 372297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1586", "title": "The development and assessment of a bacteriocin typing method for Klebsiella.", "content": "Klebsiellas are generally typed by the method of capsular serotyping but, although this is a reliable method, it is time consuming, requires the production of a large number of antisera and is not generally available. For this reason another method for typing klebsiellas was sought. A bacteriocin typing method involving mitomycin C induction was developed and the cultural conditions giving optimum klebecin production and the best methods of testing the sensitivity of the organisms to klebecins were determined. Of 190 klebsiella strains screened for bacteriocinogeny, only 68 (35.8%) produced klebecin and after calculation of similarity values by computer analysis, a typing set of 15 producers was selected. This typing set allowed over 96% of klebsiella strains to be typed and tests of the reproducibility of the method and the variability of typing patterns in natural populations of klebsiella indicated that results of acceptable accuracy could be obtained, while retaining good discrimination if two or more differences were required between patterns before they were regarded as distinct. A complete set of capsular antisera were prepared, enabling the results obtained from klebecin typing to be compared with those from serotyping. There was generally close agreement between the results from the two typing methods and greater discrimination was obtained between similar strains when the two methods were combined. Klebecin typing and serotyping revealed relationships between strains from five outbreaks of infection, and strains of the same serotype from different hospitals could frequently be distinguished by their klebecin typing patterns.", "contents": "The development and assessment of a bacteriocin typing method for Klebsiella. Klebsiellas are generally typed by the method of capsular serotyping but, although this is a reliable method, it is time consuming, requires the production of a large number of antisera and is not generally available. For this reason another method for typing klebsiellas was sought. A bacteriocin typing method involving mitomycin C induction was developed and the cultural conditions giving optimum klebecin production and the best methods of testing the sensitivity of the organisms to klebecins were determined. Of 190 klebsiella strains screened for bacteriocinogeny, only 68 (35.8%) produced klebecin and after calculation of similarity values by computer analysis, a typing set of 15 producers was selected. This typing set allowed over 96% of klebsiella strains to be typed and tests of the reproducibility of the method and the variability of typing patterns in natural populations of klebsiella indicated that results of acceptable accuracy could be obtained, while retaining good discrimination if two or more differences were required between patterns before they were regarded as distinct. A complete set of capsular antisera were prepared, enabling the results obtained from klebecin typing to be compared with those from serotyping. There was generally close agreement between the results from the two typing methods and greater discrimination was obtained between similar strains when the two methods were combined. Klebecin typing and serotyping revealed relationships between strains from five outbreaks of infection, and strains of the same serotype from different hospitals could frequently be distinguished by their klebecin typing patterns.", "PMID": 372440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1587", "title": "Complex surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes. IV. The phenomenon of interference of human serum under the conditions of the bactericidal test.", "content": "The phenomenon of interference of human sera under the conditions of the bactericidal test was described. In the presence of these sera, secondarily non-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes were capable of vigorous growth and anti M 12 bactericidal activity was impaired. The factor was found in the albumin fraction and has probably the character of a blocking cytophilic lymphokin. It can markedly distort the interpretation of the bactericidal test.", "contents": "Complex surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes. IV. The phenomenon of interference of human serum under the conditions of the bactericidal test. The phenomenon of interference of human sera under the conditions of the bactericidal test was described. In the presence of these sera, secondarily non-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes were capable of vigorous growth and anti M 12 bactericidal activity was impaired. The factor was found in the albumin fraction and has probably the character of a blocking cytophilic lymphokin. It can markedly distort the interpretation of the bactericidal test.", "PMID": 372442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1588", "title": "Enterotoxigenic E. coli in humans.", "content": "E. coli strains isolated from persons having diarrhoeal disease were tested for the production of TS enterotoxin. The production of TSE was demonstrated in 2.5% in a series of 80 strains isolated from children under one year of age, having acute diarrhoea. TSE was produced by 8.4% of E. coli strains out of 59 strains isolated from patients over one year of age. Among these strains, an interesting E. coli strain was isolated from the patient T. J., which produced TSE for more than 15 months. The production of TLE was tested though not proved in all strains by experiment on an isolated intestinal loop of an adult rabbit. The test on suckling mice so far appears to be the most suitable test for the demonstration of TSE. The results were considered positive when the index (the ratio of the weight of the whole intestine to the weight of the rest of the body) was higher than 0.08 while indices up to 0.078 were considered negative. E. coli strains with indices of intermediate values and strains with temporary production of TSE, occurring particularly in very small children, deserve special attention. The height of the indices was not influenced by a 30-minute exposure at 60 degrees C, but a decrease in the values of the indices was observed after boiling for a period of 15 min. The occurrence of E. coli strains producing TSE is evidently small in humans in European countries but, without doubt, they are important in the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic E. coli in humans. E. coli strains isolated from persons having diarrhoeal disease were tested for the production of TS enterotoxin. The production of TSE was demonstrated in 2.5% in a series of 80 strains isolated from children under one year of age, having acute diarrhoea. TSE was produced by 8.4% of E. coli strains out of 59 strains isolated from patients over one year of age. Among these strains, an interesting E. coli strain was isolated from the patient T. J., which produced TSE for more than 15 months. The production of TLE was tested though not proved in all strains by experiment on an isolated intestinal loop of an adult rabbit. The test on suckling mice so far appears to be the most suitable test for the demonstration of TSE. The results were considered positive when the index (the ratio of the weight of the whole intestine to the weight of the rest of the body) was higher than 0.08 while indices up to 0.078 were considered negative. E. coli strains with indices of intermediate values and strains with temporary production of TSE, occurring particularly in very small children, deserve special attention. The height of the indices was not influenced by a 30-minute exposure at 60 degrees C, but a decrease in the values of the indices was observed after boiling for a period of 15 min. The occurrence of E. coli strains producing TSE is evidently small in humans in European countries but, without doubt, they are important in the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases.", "PMID": 372443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1589", "title": "A comparison of labelled antibody methods for the detection of virus antigens in cell monolayers.", "content": "A number of labelled antibody methods have been applied to the detection of Semliki Forest virus antigens after replication of the virus in monolayers of host cells in multi-wellpolystyrene plates. The importance of several reaction variables has been investigated and the sensitivity of the methods compared for different periods of virus replication. Direct assays with radio-labelled antibody (RLA) and indirect assays using peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes (PAP) were equally sensitive. Direct and indirect assays using enzyme-linked antibodies (ELA) were slightly less sensitive than direct RLA and PAP methods but were more sensitive than the indirect RLA or fluorescent antibody (FLA) methods. Direct assays using ELA were more rapid and easier to perform than the other assay methods.", "contents": "A comparison of labelled antibody methods for the detection of virus antigens in cell monolayers. A number of labelled antibody methods have been applied to the detection of Semliki Forest virus antigens after replication of the virus in monolayers of host cells in multi-wellpolystyrene plates. The importance of several reaction variables has been investigated and the sensitivity of the methods compared for different periods of virus replication. Direct assays with radio-labelled antibody (RLA) and indirect assays using peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes (PAP) were equally sensitive. Direct and indirect assays using enzyme-linked antibodies (ELA) were slightly less sensitive than direct RLA and PAP methods but were more sensitive than the indirect RLA or fluorescent antibody (FLA) methods. Direct assays using ELA were more rapid and easier to perform than the other assay methods.", "PMID": 372444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1590", "title": "Detection of antibody-forming cells and humoral antibody to horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Two new simple methods for detecting antibody-forming cells by hemolytic plaque assay and hemagglutinating antibody to horseradish peroxidase have been developed in mice. Both techniques utilize as target, sheep erythrocytes coupled directly with horseradish peroxidase. These assays are sensitive, antigen-specific and are useful to quantitate both direct and indirect antibody-forming cells and humoral antibodies.", "contents": "Detection of antibody-forming cells and humoral antibody to horseradish peroxidase. Two new simple methods for detecting antibody-forming cells by hemolytic plaque assay and hemagglutinating antibody to horseradish peroxidase have been developed in mice. Both techniques utilize as target, sheep erythrocytes coupled directly with horseradish peroxidase. These assays are sensitive, antigen-specific and are useful to quantitate both direct and indirect antibody-forming cells and humoral antibodies.", "PMID": 372446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1591", "title": "The effects of organic solvents and temperature on the desorption of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from immunoadsorbent.", "content": "Physicochemical parameters governing the elution of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from its immunoadsorbent were studied. Non-denaturing elution conditions were determined (alkali medium containing 50%, v/v, ethylene glycol) and the method was applied to one-step isolation of enzyme from a crude yeast preparation.", "contents": "The effects of organic solvents and temperature on the desorption of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from immunoadsorbent. Physicochemical parameters governing the elution of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from its immunoadsorbent were studied. Non-denaturing elution conditions were determined (alkali medium containing 50%, v/v, ethylene glycol) and the method was applied to one-step isolation of enzyme from a crude yeast preparation.", "PMID": 372447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1592", "title": "The leukocyte adherence-inhibition assay as a diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis: study of a substance found in MS blood.", "content": "We have modified and adapted two well-accepted cancer immunology research techniques to study blood leukocyte phenomena of MS patients. The LAI test of Halliday and Miller and the 3 molar potassium chloride (3M KCl) tumor antigen extraction technique of Dean and McCoy were adapted to extract from pooled MS whole blood an MSRM. The LAI test results of 53 of 58 MS patients (91%) were considered positive, but only three of 75 control subjects (4%) were positive when tested against the MSRM. This indicates that patients with MS had a greater specific reactivity to the MSRM than did the control subjects (healthy individuals and patients with disease other than MS). The specificity and reproducibility of this reaction were tested with materials prepared from various malignant diseases. Sensitized leukocytes showed consistently higher reactivity to antigen extracts prepared from corresponding types of tumors than to extracts prepared from tumors of other histological types. Our results indicate that (1) the LAI test is able to corroborate the neurological diagnosis of MS and (2) there is a blood constituent found only in the MS patient.", "contents": "The leukocyte adherence-inhibition assay as a diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis: study of a substance found in MS blood. We have modified and adapted two well-accepted cancer immunology research techniques to study blood leukocyte phenomena of MS patients. The LAI test of Halliday and Miller and the 3 molar potassium chloride (3M KCl) tumor antigen extraction technique of Dean and McCoy were adapted to extract from pooled MS whole blood an MSRM. The LAI test results of 53 of 58 MS patients (91%) were considered positive, but only three of 75 control subjects (4%) were positive when tested against the MSRM. This indicates that patients with MS had a greater specific reactivity to the MSRM than did the control subjects (healthy individuals and patients with disease other than MS). The specificity and reproducibility of this reaction were tested with materials prepared from various malignant diseases. Sensitized leukocytes showed consistently higher reactivity to antigen extracts prepared from corresponding types of tumors than to extracts prepared from tumors of other histological types. Our results indicate that (1) the LAI test is able to corroborate the neurological diagnosis of MS and (2) there is a blood constituent found only in the MS patient.", "PMID": 372467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1593", "title": "David Edward Hughes and his audiometer.", "content": "A brief biography of David Edward Hughes is outlined. His Audiometer and its presentation are described. The response of clinicians to the device is discussed.", "contents": "David Edward Hughes and his audiometer. A brief biography of David Edward Hughes is outlined. His Audiometer and its presentation are described. The response of clinicians to the device is discussed.", "PMID": 372469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1594", "title": "Differential control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the ram.", "content": "Adult Soay rams with low concentrations of gonadotrophins in the circulation as a result of 12 weeks of exposure to long daylengths (16 h light : 8 h darkness) were given small doses (100 ng) of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) into the jugular vein two, four or seven times/day for 10 days. Each injection of LH-RH induced a transitory increase in the concentration of LH and testosterone in the plasma, whereas the concentration of FSH showed little immediate change. After repeated treatment with pulses of LH-RH, the responses of LH and testosterone became slightly enhanced and the plasma concentration of FSH became permanently raised; these changes were most conspicuous in the animals receiving the most frequent injections. At the end of the study when the injections of LH-RH were stopped, the concentrations of LH and testosterone remained low but the concentrations of FSH continued to be maintained at a high level for at least 24 h.", "contents": "Differential control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the ram. Adult Soay rams with low concentrations of gonadotrophins in the circulation as a result of 12 weeks of exposure to long daylengths (16 h light : 8 h darkness) were given small doses (100 ng) of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) into the jugular vein two, four or seven times/day for 10 days. Each injection of LH-RH induced a transitory increase in the concentration of LH and testosterone in the plasma, whereas the concentration of FSH showed little immediate change. After repeated treatment with pulses of LH-RH, the responses of LH and testosterone became slightly enhanced and the plasma concentration of FSH became permanently raised; these changes were most conspicuous in the animals receiving the most frequent injections. At the end of the study when the injections of LH-RH were stopped, the concentrations of LH and testosterone remained low but the concentrations of FSH continued to be maintained at a high level for at least 24 h.", "PMID": 372477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1595", "title": "Relative activity, plasma elimination and tissue degradation of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and certain of its analogues.", "content": "The abilities of three nonapeptide analogues of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in anoestrous and cyclic ewes were examined, as were their elimination from the plasma in vivo and degradation by extracts of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, lung, kidney, liver and plasma in vitro. In all cases, comparisons were made with synthetic LH-RH. When injected i.v. into mature ewes as a single dose, the potencies of the analogues were graded and Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide was found to be the least potent. It was not possible to demonstrate any significant increase in the potency of this analogue over LH-RH, although a trend was apparent with each parameter examined. [D-Ser(But)6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide had the greatest potency. There were no differences between the responses of anoestrous ewes and those of ewes treated on day 10 of the oestrous cycle. None of the analogues had a rate of elimination from the plasma different from that of LH-RH during either the first or the second components of the biphasic disappearance curve. The incubation of LH-RH with tissue extracts showed that extracts of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland degraded LH-RH to a similar extent. Both the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary gland extracts degraded more LH-RH than did lung extract, which in turn destroyed more LH-RH than did extracts of kidney or liver tissue. The degradative abilities of kidney and liver extracts did not differ from each other. Plasma failed to degrade LH-RH or the analogues. Although LH-RH was rapidly destroyed by hypothalamic extract in vitro, of the analogues, only Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide was degraded. The anterior pituitary gland and kidney extracts failed to degrade [D-Ser6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide and [D-Ser(But)6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide as rapidly as LH-RH. Extracts of liver and lung were incapable of catabolizing any of the analogues. There was an inverse correlation between the LH- and FSH-releasing potency of an analogue and its rate of degradation by anterior pituitary gland extract. The slower rates of catabolism of certain analogues of LH-RH by the anterior pituitary gland may explain their increased LH- and FSH-releasing potency.", "contents": "Relative activity, plasma elimination and tissue degradation of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and certain of its analogues. The abilities of three nonapeptide analogues of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in anoestrous and cyclic ewes were examined, as were their elimination from the plasma in vivo and degradation by extracts of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, lung, kidney, liver and plasma in vitro. In all cases, comparisons were made with synthetic LH-RH. When injected i.v. into mature ewes as a single dose, the potencies of the analogues were graded and Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide was found to be the least potent. It was not possible to demonstrate any significant increase in the potency of this analogue over LH-RH, although a trend was apparent with each parameter examined. [D-Ser(But)6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide had the greatest potency. There were no differences between the responses of anoestrous ewes and those of ewes treated on day 10 of the oestrous cycle. None of the analogues had a rate of elimination from the plasma different from that of LH-RH during either the first or the second components of the biphasic disappearance curve. The incubation of LH-RH with tissue extracts showed that extracts of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland degraded LH-RH to a similar extent. Both the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary gland extracts degraded more LH-RH than did lung extract, which in turn destroyed more LH-RH than did extracts of kidney or liver tissue. The degradative abilities of kidney and liver extracts did not differ from each other. Plasma failed to degrade LH-RH or the analogues. Although LH-RH was rapidly destroyed by hypothalamic extract in vitro, of the analogues, only Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide was degraded. The anterior pituitary gland and kidney extracts failed to degrade [D-Ser6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide and [D-Ser(But)6] Des Gly-NH2(10) LH-RH ethylamide as rapidly as LH-RH. Extracts of liver and lung were incapable of catabolizing any of the analogues. There was an inverse correlation between the LH- and FSH-releasing potency of an analogue and its rate of degradation by anterior pituitary gland extract. The slower rates of catabolism of certain analogues of LH-RH by the anterior pituitary gland may explain their increased LH- and FSH-releasing potency.", "PMID": 372478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1596", "title": "Evidence to suggest that rat growth hormone is modified when secreted by the pituitary gland.", "content": "The relationships were examined between the concentrations of GH determined by bioassay (rat tibia test) and radioimmunoassay in homogenates of rat adenohypophysial tissue and in the incubation medium in which the tissue had been maintained. Adenohypophyses from young male rats were incubated in Medium 199 with or without a putative synthetic GH-releasing factor (GRF) to achieve a dynamic state of GH secretion, but the GRF did not consistently stimulate the release of GH as measured by either bioassay or radioimmunoassay. Both assays gave closely similar values for the concentration of GH in homogenates of the adenohypophyses of undisturbed rats. When the two assays were used to measure the concentrations of GH in incubated pituitary tissue, the values showed no correlation, although the concentrations of GH in the incubation medium were again highly correlated. However, the bioassay : radioimmunoassay ratio for the secreted hormone [2.14 +/- 0.09 (S.E.M.)] was significantly higher than that for the intrapituitary form from the unincubated gland (0.93 +/- 0.06). By radioimmunoassay, secreted rat GH was found to be less stable than purified rat GH when the two forms were incubated in vitro with slices of various rat tissues. Similarly, the rate of clearance of secreted rat GH from the plasma of hypophysectomized rats, as determined by radioimmunoassay, was much faster than that of the purified GH. The biological activity of purified bovine GH was blocked by aprotinin, an inhibitor of proteolysis, but the drug had no inhibitory effect on the bioactivity of rat GH secreted into the incubation medium. Overall, these results indicate that secreted rat GH has properties intermediate between those of the intrapituitary form and the form found in the circulation.", "contents": "Evidence to suggest that rat growth hormone is modified when secreted by the pituitary gland. The relationships were examined between the concentrations of GH determined by bioassay (rat tibia test) and radioimmunoassay in homogenates of rat adenohypophysial tissue and in the incubation medium in which the tissue had been maintained. Adenohypophyses from young male rats were incubated in Medium 199 with or without a putative synthetic GH-releasing factor (GRF) to achieve a dynamic state of GH secretion, but the GRF did not consistently stimulate the release of GH as measured by either bioassay or radioimmunoassay. Both assays gave closely similar values for the concentration of GH in homogenates of the adenohypophyses of undisturbed rats. When the two assays were used to measure the concentrations of GH in incubated pituitary tissue, the values showed no correlation, although the concentrations of GH in the incubation medium were again highly correlated. However, the bioassay : radioimmunoassay ratio for the secreted hormone [2.14 +/- 0.09 (S.E.M.)] was significantly higher than that for the intrapituitary form from the unincubated gland (0.93 +/- 0.06). By radioimmunoassay, secreted rat GH was found to be less stable than purified rat GH when the two forms were incubated in vitro with slices of various rat tissues. Similarly, the rate of clearance of secreted rat GH from the plasma of hypophysectomized rats, as determined by radioimmunoassay, was much faster than that of the purified GH. The biological activity of purified bovine GH was blocked by aprotinin, an inhibitor of proteolysis, but the drug had no inhibitory effect on the bioactivity of rat GH secreted into the incubation medium. Overall, these results indicate that secreted rat GH has properties intermediate between those of the intrapituitary form and the form found in the circulation.", "PMID": 372479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1597", "title": "Bioassay of inhibin-like activity using pituitary cells in vitro.", "content": "The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland appears to be partially regulated by a protein hormone, inhibin, which is produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis and is also present in ovarian follicular fluid (FF). The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive method for the detection and estimation of inhibin-like activity, using dispersed pituitary cells in culture. Pituitary cells from adult male rats were dispersed and precultured for 3 days. After renewal of the medium (2 ml), samples to be tested for inhibin-like activity were added and culture was continued for a further 3 days. A dose-dependent suppression of the concentration of FSH in the medium (lambda = 0.17--0.22) was observed after addition of FF (0.05--1 microliter) or Sertoli cell culture medium (SCCM, 0.05--1 ml). Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were not affected with these doses of FF, but SCCM and higher doses of FF caused a significant increase in the concentration of LH in the medium. During an additional 6 h of culture in the presence of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), FF and SCCM suppressed the release of both FSH (lambda = 0.07--0.11) and LH in a dose-dependent way. Cellular content of FSH, but not of LH, was decreased after these treatments. These results could not be explained by damage to the pituitary cells, by degradation of FSH or LH-RH, or by effects of steroids. It is concluded that this pituitary cell culture system can be used as a sensitive method for the estimation of inhibin-like activity in FF and SCCM.", "contents": "Bioassay of inhibin-like activity using pituitary cells in vitro. The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland appears to be partially regulated by a protein hormone, inhibin, which is produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis and is also present in ovarian follicular fluid (FF). The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive method for the detection and estimation of inhibin-like activity, using dispersed pituitary cells in culture. Pituitary cells from adult male rats were dispersed and precultured for 3 days. After renewal of the medium (2 ml), samples to be tested for inhibin-like activity were added and culture was continued for a further 3 days. A dose-dependent suppression of the concentration of FSH in the medium (lambda = 0.17--0.22) was observed after addition of FF (0.05--1 microliter) or Sertoli cell culture medium (SCCM, 0.05--1 ml). Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were not affected with these doses of FF, but SCCM and higher doses of FF caused a significant increase in the concentration of LH in the medium. During an additional 6 h of culture in the presence of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), FF and SCCM suppressed the release of both FSH (lambda = 0.07--0.11) and LH in a dose-dependent way. Cellular content of FSH, but not of LH, was decreased after these treatments. These results could not be explained by damage to the pituitary cells, by degradation of FSH or LH-RH, or by effects of steroids. It is concluded that this pituitary cell culture system can be used as a sensitive method for the estimation of inhibin-like activity in FF and SCCM.", "PMID": 372480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1598", "title": "Form variation in Escherichia coli K1: determined by O-acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "The chemical basis for the alternating antigenic change called form variation noted for the Escherichia coli K1-capsular polysaccharide has been shown by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to be a result of random O-acetylation of C7 and C9 carbons of the alpha-2-8-linked sialic acid homopolymer. A serologic method (antiserum agar) was developed to identify and isolate the form variants. The O-acetyl positive and O-acetyl negative K1 polysaccharides had unique biochemical and immunologic properties. The O-acetyl-positive variants resisted neuraminidase hydrolysis in contrast to the susceptibility of the O-acetyl negative variant to this enzyme. In addition, O-acetylation altered the antigenicity of the O-acetyl polysaccharides. When injected as whole organisms, O-acetyl positive organisms produced anti-K1 -antibodies in rabbits specific for this polysaccharide variant. O-acetyl negative organisms were comparatively less immunogenic; however, antibodies induced by these organisms reacted with both K1 polysaccharide variants. Burros, injected with either variant, produced antibodies reactive with both K1 polysaccharides.", "contents": "Form variation in Escherichia coli K1: determined by O-acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide. The chemical basis for the alternating antigenic change called form variation noted for the Escherichia coli K1-capsular polysaccharide has been shown by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to be a result of random O-acetylation of C7 and C9 carbons of the alpha-2-8-linked sialic acid homopolymer. A serologic method (antiserum agar) was developed to identify and isolate the form variants. The O-acetyl positive and O-acetyl negative K1 polysaccharides had unique biochemical and immunologic properties. The O-acetyl-positive variants resisted neuraminidase hydrolysis in contrast to the susceptibility of the O-acetyl negative variant to this enzyme. In addition, O-acetylation altered the antigenicity of the O-acetyl polysaccharides. When injected as whole organisms, O-acetyl positive organisms produced anti-K1 -antibodies in rabbits specific for this polysaccharide variant. O-acetyl negative organisms were comparatively less immunogenic; however, antibodies induced by these organisms reacted with both K1 polysaccharide variants. Burros, injected with either variant, produced antibodies reactive with both K1 polysaccharides.", "PMID": 372481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1599", "title": "Cellular requirements for lipopolysaccharide adjuvanticity. A role for both T lymphocytes and macrophages for in vitro responses to particulate antigens.", "content": "By employing primary cultures of purified spleen cells from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responder (C3H/HeN or C57BL/10Sn) or nonresponder (C3H/HeJ or C57BL/10ScN) mice incubated with particulate antigen and LPS prepared by phenol-water extraction (Ph), we have presented evidence that both T cells and macrophages (MO) are required for LPS-induced adjuvanticity. First, MO derived from C3H/HeN spleen cells, when mixed with responder, C3H/HeN lymphocytes and Ph-LPS, elicited enhanced antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes (SRC) antigen, whereas lymphocytes from the nonresponder, C3H/HeJ mouse strain did not evoke this response. Similarly, purified T cells from C3H/HeN spleens, when cultured with responder, nu/nu spleen cells, and Ph-LPS yielded enhanced anti-TNP PFC responses; whereas, C3H/HeJ T cells did not potentiate immune responses when mixed with optimal concentrations of Ph-LPS. LPS prepared by butanol-water extraction elicited significant adjuvant effects with all cell combinations. Finally, purified responder T cells and MO enabled either responder or nonresponder B cells to elicit LPS potentiation. These data indicate that T cells and MO are controlling LPS-induced augmentation of B-cell responses.", "contents": "Cellular requirements for lipopolysaccharide adjuvanticity. A role for both T lymphocytes and macrophages for in vitro responses to particulate antigens. By employing primary cultures of purified spleen cells from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responder (C3H/HeN or C57BL/10Sn) or nonresponder (C3H/HeJ or C57BL/10ScN) mice incubated with particulate antigen and LPS prepared by phenol-water extraction (Ph), we have presented evidence that both T cells and macrophages (MO) are required for LPS-induced adjuvanticity. First, MO derived from C3H/HeN spleen cells, when mixed with responder, C3H/HeN lymphocytes and Ph-LPS, elicited enhanced antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes (SRC) antigen, whereas lymphocytes from the nonresponder, C3H/HeJ mouse strain did not evoke this response. Similarly, purified T cells from C3H/HeN spleens, when cultured with responder, nu/nu spleen cells, and Ph-LPS yielded enhanced anti-TNP PFC responses; whereas, C3H/HeJ T cells did not potentiate immune responses when mixed with optimal concentrations of Ph-LPS. LPS prepared by butanol-water extraction elicited significant adjuvant effects with all cell combinations. Finally, purified responder T cells and MO enabled either responder or nonresponder B cells to elicit LPS potentiation. These data indicate that T cells and MO are controlling LPS-induced augmentation of B-cell responses.", "PMID": 372482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1600", "title": "Bactericidal activity of the alternative complement pathway generated from 11 isolated plasma proteins.", "content": "Exposure of E. coli K12 W1485 to the cytolytic alternative pathway assembled from the 11 isolated pathway proteins resulted in killing of the bacteria, as evidenced by loss of viability. Lysis of the bacteria required introduction of lysozyme into the reaction mixture. The time-course and dose dependency of bacteriolysis in the isolated system were identical to those in C4-depleted serum. The bacteriolytic activity of the pathway was highly dependent on the concentration of the pathway proteins and became insignificant at 1:16 physiological concentration. Electron microscopic visualization of killed and of lysed bacteria revealed numerous complement membrane lesions and partial disintegration of the outer phospholipid membrane. Scanning electron microscopy showed that killed bacteria were enlarged, partially collapsed and exhibited irregular surface protrusions. Lysed bacteria were fragmented and appeared polymorphic. This study demonstrates that the alternative pathway, in absence of immunoglobulins, has the potential or eradicating gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of the alternative complement pathway generated from 11 isolated plasma proteins. Exposure of E. coli K12 W1485 to the cytolytic alternative pathway assembled from the 11 isolated pathway proteins resulted in killing of the bacteria, as evidenced by loss of viability. Lysis of the bacteria required introduction of lysozyme into the reaction mixture. The time-course and dose dependency of bacteriolysis in the isolated system were identical to those in C4-depleted serum. The bacteriolytic activity of the pathway was highly dependent on the concentration of the pathway proteins and became insignificant at 1:16 physiological concentration. Electron microscopic visualization of killed and of lysed bacteria revealed numerous complement membrane lesions and partial disintegration of the outer phospholipid membrane. Scanning electron microscopy showed that killed bacteria were enlarged, partially collapsed and exhibited irregular surface protrusions. Lysed bacteria were fragmented and appeared polymorphic. This study demonstrates that the alternative pathway, in absence of immunoglobulins, has the potential or eradicating gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 372483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1601", "title": "Metabolic similarities between fertilization and phagocytosis. Conservation of a peroxidatic mechanism.", "content": "At the time of fertilization, sea urchin eggs release a peroxidase which, together with H2O2 generated by a respiratory burst, is responsible for hardening of the fertilization membrane. We demonstrate here that the ovoperoxidase of unfertilized eggs is located in cortical granules and, after fertilization, is concentrated in the fertilization membrane. Fertilization of sea urchin eggs or their parthenogenetic activation with the ionophor A23187 also results in (a) the conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination), (b) the deiodination of eggs exogenously labeled with myeloperoxidase and H2O2, (c) the degradation of thyroxine as measured by the recovery of the released radioiodine at the origin and in the inorganic iodide spot on paper chromatography, and (d) the conversion of estradiol to an alcohol-precipitable form (estrogen binding). The iodination reaction and the binding of estradio occurs predominantly in the fertilization membrane where the ovoperoxidase is concentrated. From the estimation of the kinetics of incorporation of iodine, we determine that the peroxidative system is active for 30 min after fertilization, long after hardening of the fertilization membrane is complete. Most of the bound iodine is lost during the hatching process. Iodination of albumin is catalyzed by the material released from the egg during fertilization, when combined with H2O2 and iodide. Iodination, thyroxine degradation, and estradiol binding are inhibited by azide, cyanide, aminotriazole, methimazole, ascorbic acid and ergothioneine, all of which can inhibit peroxidase-catalyzed reactions. These responses of the sea urchin egg to fertilization are strikingly similar to the changes induced in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by phagocytosis and, in both instances, a peroxidative mechanism may be involved.", "contents": "Metabolic similarities between fertilization and phagocytosis. Conservation of a peroxidatic mechanism. At the time of fertilization, sea urchin eggs release a peroxidase which, together with H2O2 generated by a respiratory burst, is responsible for hardening of the fertilization membrane. We demonstrate here that the ovoperoxidase of unfertilized eggs is located in cortical granules and, after fertilization, is concentrated in the fertilization membrane. Fertilization of sea urchin eggs or their parthenogenetic activation with the ionophor A23187 also results in (a) the conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination), (b) the deiodination of eggs exogenously labeled with myeloperoxidase and H2O2, (c) the degradation of thyroxine as measured by the recovery of the released radioiodine at the origin and in the inorganic iodide spot on paper chromatography, and (d) the conversion of estradiol to an alcohol-precipitable form (estrogen binding). The iodination reaction and the binding of estradio occurs predominantly in the fertilization membrane where the ovoperoxidase is concentrated. From the estimation of the kinetics of incorporation of iodine, we determine that the peroxidative system is active for 30 min after fertilization, long after hardening of the fertilization membrane is complete. Most of the bound iodine is lost during the hatching process. Iodination of albumin is catalyzed by the material released from the egg during fertilization, when combined with H2O2 and iodide. Iodination, thyroxine degradation, and estradiol binding are inhibited by azide, cyanide, aminotriazole, methimazole, ascorbic acid and ergothioneine, all of which can inhibit peroxidase-catalyzed reactions. These responses of the sea urchin egg to fertilization are strikingly similar to the changes induced in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by phagocytosis and, in both instances, a peroxidative mechanism may be involved.", "PMID": 372484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1602", "title": "Sexual dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Sexual dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitis has been reviewed. The prevalence of impotence among diabetic males ranges between 50 and 60 percent. Duration of diabetes does not correlate with the increasing incidence of impotence, but increasing age of the male is associated. The etiology of impotence is generally assumed to be autonomic neuropathy; the role of vascular pathology is moot. Retrograde ejaculation is present in one to two percent of the cases. Nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring during periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep will aid in the differential diagnosis of organic vs psychogenic etiology. Penile prostheses should be considered in the treatment of organic impotence, while sex counseling is indicated for psychogenic cases. The effect of diabetes on female sexual response is conflicting. Further research in needed.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus. Sexual dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitis has been reviewed. The prevalence of impotence among diabetic males ranges between 50 and 60 percent. Duration of diabetes does not correlate with the increasing incidence of impotence, but increasing age of the male is associated. The etiology of impotence is generally assumed to be autonomic neuropathy; the role of vascular pathology is moot. Retrograde ejaculation is present in one to two percent of the cases. Nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring during periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep will aid in the differential diagnosis of organic vs psychogenic etiology. Penile prostheses should be considered in the treatment of organic impotence, while sex counseling is indicated for psychogenic cases. The effect of diabetes on female sexual response is conflicting. Further research in needed.", "PMID": 372485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1603", "title": "Induced quantitative variation for penicillin titre in clonal populations of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The variation in penicillin titre within populations of cultures of Aspergillus nidulans derived from untreated conidia and from conidia treated with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), near-ultraviolet light in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), each at several dose levels, was determined. Both mutagentreated and untreated populations showed a continuous distribution of pencillin titres. The population mean titre of the mutagenized populations was decreased and the range of titres was increased relative to those of the control populations. No differences between sister cultures could be detected in three untreated populations, but nine out of ten populations derived from mutagenized conidia showed significant variation for penicillin titre. In general the magnitude of this induced variation increased with increasing dosage of the mutagen. Comparisons at fixed survival levels indicate that 8MOP mutagenesis is less effective for the induction of variation in penicillin titre than EMS or NTG mutagenesis. A statistical procedure was adopted to classify the survivors as unchanged cultures ('0'), titre-increasing mutants ('+') or titre-decreasing mutants (\"-\"). The frequency of both '+' and '-' mutants increased following mutagenesis, with NTG being the most active of the three mutagens. Over all treatments, these two mutant classes were recovered with equal frequency. The frequency of \"+\" mutants was largely independent of mutagen dose, within the ranges used, and moderate treatments (around 10% survival) gave as high or higher frequencies than more extreme doses. All three mutagens, and in particular NTG, produced morphological mutants. These contained an increased frequency of titre-decreasing mutants, but increases in titre appeared to be independent of changes in colony morphology. Estimates based on the observed frequencies of penicillin titre mutants suggest that several hundred genes are potentially capable of affecting this continuous variable.", "contents": "Induced quantitative variation for penicillin titre in clonal populations of Aspergillus nidulans. The variation in penicillin titre within populations of cultures of Aspergillus nidulans derived from untreated conidia and from conidia treated with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), near-ultraviolet light in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), each at several dose levels, was determined. Both mutagentreated and untreated populations showed a continuous distribution of pencillin titres. The population mean titre of the mutagenized populations was decreased and the range of titres was increased relative to those of the control populations. No differences between sister cultures could be detected in three untreated populations, but nine out of ten populations derived from mutagenized conidia showed significant variation for penicillin titre. In general the magnitude of this induced variation increased with increasing dosage of the mutagen. Comparisons at fixed survival levels indicate that 8MOP mutagenesis is less effective for the induction of variation in penicillin titre than EMS or NTG mutagenesis. A statistical procedure was adopted to classify the survivors as unchanged cultures ('0'), titre-increasing mutants ('+') or titre-decreasing mutants (\"-\"). The frequency of both '+' and '-' mutants increased following mutagenesis, with NTG being the most active of the three mutagens. Over all treatments, these two mutant classes were recovered with equal frequency. The frequency of \"+\" mutants was largely independent of mutagen dose, within the ranges used, and moderate treatments (around 10% survival) gave as high or higher frequencies than more extreme doses. All three mutagens, and in particular NTG, produced morphological mutants. These contained an increased frequency of titre-decreasing mutants, but increases in titre appeared to be independent of changes in colony morphology. Estimates based on the observed frequencies of penicillin titre mutants suggest that several hundred genes are potentially capable of affecting this continuous variable.", "PMID": 372487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1604", "title": "Genetic circularity of the Proteus mirabilis linkage map.", "content": "The T incompatibility group plasmid R394 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006. It transferred relatively large segments, corresponding to at least 20 min on the D plasmid chromosomal map of the organism. The frequency of recombination for a large number of selected markers was nearly constant at 5 X 10(-6) per donor cell and it is concluded that mobilization takes place from a number of chromosomal sites. All recombinants were R+ and displayed all properties of the plasmid. By analysing crosses for co-inheritance frequencies of unselected markers, a number of chromosomal loci were assembled in linear array. Linkage between markers at the ends of this linkage group was established to markers at the respective termini of the existing D plasmid linkage group. This established a composite circular linkage map of genes of the P. mirabilis strain PM5006 chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic circularity of the Proteus mirabilis linkage map. The T incompatibility group plasmid R394 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006. It transferred relatively large segments, corresponding to at least 20 min on the D plasmid chromosomal map of the organism. The frequency of recombination for a large number of selected markers was nearly constant at 5 X 10(-6) per donor cell and it is concluded that mobilization takes place from a number of chromosomal sites. All recombinants were R+ and displayed all properties of the plasmid. By analysing crosses for co-inheritance frequencies of unselected markers, a number of chromosomal loci were assembled in linear array. Linkage between markers at the ends of this linkage group was established to markers at the respective termini of the existing D plasmid linkage group. This established a composite circular linkage map of genes of the P. mirabilis strain PM5006 chromosome.", "PMID": 372488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1605", "title": "Effects of phosphate limitation of growth on the cell-wall and lipid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The phosphorus content of phosphate-limited Saccharomyces cerevisiae was only 71% of that of non-limited yeast. Walls prepared from phosphate-limited cells contained slightly less phosphorus than control walls. No evidence was obtained for the presence in these walls of uronic acid or succinyl residues. The carbohydrate content of walls of phosphate-limited yeast was less than that of non-limited walls, and this was reflected in a decreased glucan content. There was only a slight decrease in glucosamine content while the protein content increased. The major change in the lipid composition of phosphate-limited yeast was a decrease in both sterol esters and triacylglycerols. There was a decrease in total lipid content, but increased production of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The phosphatidylserine content was decreased. These results suggest that there are fewer intracellular low-density vesicles in phosphate-limited yeast.", "contents": "Effects of phosphate limitation of growth on the cell-wall and lipid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The phosphorus content of phosphate-limited Saccharomyces cerevisiae was only 71% of that of non-limited yeast. Walls prepared from phosphate-limited cells contained slightly less phosphorus than control walls. No evidence was obtained for the presence in these walls of uronic acid or succinyl residues. The carbohydrate content of walls of phosphate-limited yeast was less than that of non-limited walls, and this was reflected in a decreased glucan content. There was only a slight decrease in glucosamine content while the protein content increased. The major change in the lipid composition of phosphate-limited yeast was a decrease in both sterol esters and triacylglycerols. There was a decrease in total lipid content, but increased production of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The phosphatidylserine content was decreased. These results suggest that there are fewer intracellular low-density vesicles in phosphate-limited yeast.", "PMID": 372489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1606", "title": "Protein II influences ferrichrome-iron transport in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Ferrichrome-promoted iron uptake in Escherichia coli K12 is strictly dependent upon the tonA gene product, a 'minor' outer membrane protein. By selection for mutants of E. coli resistant to phages which require 'major' outer membrane proteins as receptors, strains with pronounced protein deficiencies were constructed. Such strains were tested for anomalous behaviour of ferrichrome transport. No significant differences in iron uptake were detected in E. coli K12 strains with markedly reduced amounts of protein I. However, a reduction in the initial velocity (up to 40%) was observed in E. coli deficient in outer membrane protein II. This difference was only evident when cells were grown under iron-starvation conditions; it was abolished when cells were grown in rich medium. Kinetic parameters for ferrichrome transport were determined for maximum velocity but for Km; double reciprocal plots showed a biphasic nature, probably attributable to a limited number of outer membrane binding sites and to the multi-component nature of the ferrichrome-iron transport system.", "contents": "Protein II influences ferrichrome-iron transport in Escherichia coli K12. Ferrichrome-promoted iron uptake in Escherichia coli K12 is strictly dependent upon the tonA gene product, a 'minor' outer membrane protein. By selection for mutants of E. coli resistant to phages which require 'major' outer membrane proteins as receptors, strains with pronounced protein deficiencies were constructed. Such strains were tested for anomalous behaviour of ferrichrome transport. No significant differences in iron uptake were detected in E. coli K12 strains with markedly reduced amounts of protein I. However, a reduction in the initial velocity (up to 40%) was observed in E. coli deficient in outer membrane protein II. This difference was only evident when cells were grown under iron-starvation conditions; it was abolished when cells were grown in rich medium. Kinetic parameters for ferrichrome transport were determined for maximum velocity but for Km; double reciprocal plots showed a biphasic nature, probably attributable to a limited number of outer membrane binding sites and to the multi-component nature of the ferrichrome-iron transport system.", "PMID": 372490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1607", "title": "Transfer of a gene for sucrose utilization into Escherichia coli K12, and consequent failure of expression of genes for D-serine utilization.", "content": "As the first stage in investigating the genetic basis of natural variation in Escherichia coli, the gene(s) conferring the ability to use sucrose as a carbon and energy source (given the symbol sac+) was transferred from a wild strain to K12, which does not use sucrose. The sac+ region was transferred by two different methods. On both occasions it took a chromosomal location at minute 50.5 on the linkage map, between aroC and supN, in the region of the dsd genes, which confer the ability to use D-serine as a carbon  and energy source. When the sac+ region was present in the K12 chromosome the bacteria were unable to use D-serine as a carbon and energy source. In F' sac+/dsd+ diploids, the dsd+ genes were similarly not expressed. Strain K12(sac+) bacteria were sensitive to inhibition by D-serine; they mutated to D-serine resistance with much greater frequency than did a dsd mutant of K12. Such bacteria also mutated frequently to use raffinose. Strain K12(sac+) bacteria did not utilize sucrose when they carried a mutation affecting the phosphotransferase system.", "contents": "Transfer of a gene for sucrose utilization into Escherichia coli K12, and consequent failure of expression of genes for D-serine utilization. As the first stage in investigating the genetic basis of natural variation in Escherichia coli, the gene(s) conferring the ability to use sucrose as a carbon and energy source (given the symbol sac+) was transferred from a wild strain to K12, which does not use sucrose. The sac+ region was transferred by two different methods. On both occasions it took a chromosomal location at minute 50.5 on the linkage map, between aroC and supN, in the region of the dsd genes, which confer the ability to use D-serine as a carbon  and energy source. When the sac+ region was present in the K12 chromosome the bacteria were unable to use D-serine as a carbon and energy source. In F' sac+/dsd+ diploids, the dsd+ genes were similarly not expressed. Strain K12(sac+) bacteria were sensitive to inhibition by D-serine; they mutated to D-serine resistance with much greater frequency than did a dsd mutant of K12. Such bacteria also mutated frequently to use raffinose. Strain K12(sac+) bacteria did not utilize sucrose when they carried a mutation affecting the phosphotransferase system.", "PMID": 372492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1608", "title": "Uroporphyrin- and coproporphyrin I-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A new type of haem-deficient mutant was isolated in Escherichia coli K12 by neomycin selection. The mutant was deficient in uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase activity as indicated by the accumulation of uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin. The mapping of the corresponding hemD gene by P1-mediated transduction showed that the new gene was located between ilv and cya, at min 83 on the chromosomal map of Escherichia coli K12.", "contents": "Uroporphyrin- and coproporphyrin I-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K12. A new type of haem-deficient mutant was isolated in Escherichia coli K12 by neomycin selection. The mutant was deficient in uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase activity as indicated by the accumulation of uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin. The mapping of the corresponding hemD gene by P1-mediated transduction showed that the new gene was located between ilv and cya, at min 83 on the chromosomal map of Escherichia coli K12.", "PMID": 372493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1609", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for determining separately IgM and IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus. A micro-modification in microtitre plates proved to be at least as sensitive as the HI test. However, more precise information could be achieved by a macrotest using antigen coated polystyrene balls. False positive results in IgM antibody determinations could be caused by a rheumatoid factor. A high content of IgM antibodies in a serum could impair the determination of its IgG antibodies but not vice versa. Titres were expressed in comparison to a positive control serum.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for determining separately IgM and IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus. A micro-modification in microtitre plates proved to be at least as sensitive as the HI test. However, more precise information could be achieved by a macrotest using antigen coated polystyrene balls. False positive results in IgM antibody determinations could be caused by a rheumatoid factor. A high content of IgM antibodies in a serum could impair the determination of its IgG antibodies but not vice versa. Titres were expressed in comparison to a positive control serum.", "PMID": 372494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1610", "title": "Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B core particles obtained from the nucleus of hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Liver tissue infected with hepatitis B virus was homogenized and nuclei were separated by centrifugation. Hepatitis B core particles were obtained from the nucleus by the digestion with pronase followed by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Hepatitis B core particles were then treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2 mercaptoethanol and tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by the haemagglutination method. The antigenicity of HBeAg was clearly demonstrated in hepatitis B core particles so treated, although untreated core particles did not reveal any detectable HBeAg activity. The localization of HBeAg in hepatitis B core particles was further supported by the results of a fluorescent antibody technique. When a frozen section of the liver infected with hepatitis B virus was stained with the specific rabbit antibody against HBeAg labelled with fluorescent isothiocyanate, only nuclei of hepatocytes were stained, in a similar distribution to hepatitis B core antigen visualized by fluorescent antibody against hepatitis B core antigen in a nearby section.", "contents": "Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B core particles obtained from the nucleus of hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus. Liver tissue infected with hepatitis B virus was homogenized and nuclei were separated by centrifugation. Hepatitis B core particles were obtained from the nucleus by the digestion with pronase followed by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Hepatitis B core particles were then treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2 mercaptoethanol and tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by the haemagglutination method. The antigenicity of HBeAg was clearly demonstrated in hepatitis B core particles so treated, although untreated core particles did not reveal any detectable HBeAg activity. The localization of HBeAg in hepatitis B core particles was further supported by the results of a fluorescent antibody technique. When a frozen section of the liver infected with hepatitis B virus was stained with the specific rabbit antibody against HBeAg labelled with fluorescent isothiocyanate, only nuclei of hepatocytes were stained, in a similar distribution to hepatitis B core antigen visualized by fluorescent antibody against hepatitis B core antigen in a nearby section.", "PMID": 372495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1611", "title": "Cyclic expression of antigen and infectious virus in a BHK cell line (0-853) persistently infected with an SSPE strain of measles virus.", "content": "Establishment and characteristics of a baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK 0-853) persistently infected with a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) strain of measles virus (Lec strain) is described. The persistent infection was easily and repeatedly established and no special conditions were required. There was a predictable fluctuation in expression of virus intracellular and membrane antigens which varied from greater than 90% to less than 1% of the cells demonstrating these antigens during the first 6 or 7 passages. Thereafter, fluctuation of antigen and infectious virus expression continued in an unpredictable fashion.", "contents": "Cyclic expression of antigen and infectious virus in a BHK cell line (0-853) persistently infected with an SSPE strain of measles virus. Establishment and characteristics of a baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK 0-853) persistently infected with a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) strain of measles virus (Lec strain) is described. The persistent infection was easily and repeatedly established and no special conditions were required. There was a predictable fluctuation in expression of virus intracellular and membrane antigens which varied from greater than 90% to less than 1% of the cells demonstrating these antigens during the first 6 or 7 passages. Thereafter, fluctuation of antigen and infectious virus expression continued in an unpredictable fashion.", "PMID": 372496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1612", "title": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in ependymomas and other brain tumors. Distribution, diagnostic criteria, and relation to formation of processes.", "content": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in ependymomas by the three-step immunoperoxidase method and compared to results in astrocytomas and normal tissues. An order of reactivity for GFAP is presented. Diagnostic criteria, based on GFAP content, are proposed. In ependymomas GFAP-positive cells give rise to only some of the tumor cells, usually those forming tubules and perivascular arrangements. It is hypothesized that the same GFAP-positive cells may form tubules at their luminal poles and may produce perivascular arrangements at their other poles. The aberrant regulation associated with neoplastic transformation in glia is often, but not always, reflected in increased GFAP content. In both astrocytes and ependymal cells GFAP may have a similar function since in both cells the increase in GFAP appears to be related to the development of fibrillary processes.", "contents": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in ependymomas and other brain tumors. Distribution, diagnostic criteria, and relation to formation of processes. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in ependymomas by the three-step immunoperoxidase method and compared to results in astrocytomas and normal tissues. An order of reactivity for GFAP is presented. Diagnostic criteria, based on GFAP content, are proposed. In ependymomas GFAP-positive cells give rise to only some of the tumor cells, usually those forming tubules and perivascular arrangements. It is hypothesized that the same GFAP-positive cells may form tubules at their luminal poles and may produce perivascular arrangements at their other poles. The aberrant regulation associated with neoplastic transformation in glia is often, but not always, reflected in increased GFAP content. In both astrocytes and ependymal cells GFAP may have a similar function since in both cells the increase in GFAP appears to be related to the development of fibrillary processes.", "PMID": 372499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1613", "title": "Human brain growth in the 19th and 20th century.", "content": "Data of 2399 brain weights and ages from populations before 1880, 1885 to 1900 and 1966 to 1976 were obtained from German anatomical and pathological institutes, analyzed with non-linear and multiple linear regression analyses and the results compared. The influence of the absolute age (sample period) on brain weights of adults (age of at least 10 years of ontogenesis) could not be verified. Different averages in the different samples seem to be stipulated by inhomogeneities of the age distributions. Sex differences were confirmed for the different periods. There is an accelerated degree of maturity of brain weights between the population sampled from 1966 to 1976 and the two older populations. The growth rate of the degree of maturity reveals the same fact, i.e., the growth rate is more rapid than 100 years ago. These differences may be explained by changed causes of death in the autopsy samples, but it is possible that they are at least partly caused by an acceleration of brain development in the early postnatal period. In all populations analyzed brain weights in females develop faster than in males. The development of the brain weight in 6 more samples is compared with the results for the Medical School Hannover sample.", "contents": "Human brain growth in the 19th and 20th century. Data of 2399 brain weights and ages from populations before 1880, 1885 to 1900 and 1966 to 1976 were obtained from German anatomical and pathological institutes, analyzed with non-linear and multiple linear regression analyses and the results compared. The influence of the absolute age (sample period) on brain weights of adults (age of at least 10 years of ontogenesis) could not be verified. Different averages in the different samples seem to be stipulated by inhomogeneities of the age distributions. Sex differences were confirmed for the different periods. There is an accelerated degree of maturity of brain weights between the population sampled from 1966 to 1976 and the two older populations. The growth rate of the degree of maturity reveals the same fact, i.e., the growth rate is more rapid than 100 years ago. These differences may be explained by changed causes of death in the autopsy samples, but it is possible that they are at least partly caused by an acceleration of brain development in the early postnatal period. In all populations analyzed brain weights in females develop faster than in males. The development of the brain weight in 6 more samples is compared with the results for the Medical School Hannover sample.", "PMID": 372500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1614", "title": "Uveitis and cerebral reticulum-cell sarcoma (large-cell lymphoma). Case report.", "content": "A patient with a peculiarly refractoy uveitis and vitritis was later found to have an infiltrative mass lesion of the posterior portion of the corpus callosum. The histopathological diagnosis of reticulum-cell sarcoma (large-cell lymphoma) was made after study of vitreous tissue obtained by pars plana vitrectomy of the right eye. Intraocular involvement with cerebral reticulum-cell sarcoma has been reported previously.", "contents": "Uveitis and cerebral reticulum-cell sarcoma (large-cell lymphoma). Case report. A patient with a peculiarly refractoy uveitis and vitritis was later found to have an infiltrative mass lesion of the posterior portion of the corpus callosum. The histopathological diagnosis of reticulum-cell sarcoma (large-cell lymphoma) was made after study of vitreous tissue obtained by pars plana vitrectomy of the right eye. Intraocular involvement with cerebral reticulum-cell sarcoma has been reported previously.", "PMID": 372501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1615", "title": "Computer-assisted liver-mass estimation from gamma-camera images.", "content": "We have devised a computer-assisted method for objective estimation of liver mass from the right lateral projection of radiocolloid images of the liver. Gamma-camera images were digitized, preprocessed, and stored in computer memory. The definition of liver for area measurement was adaptively determined by means of a Laplacian operator that measures change in radioactivity slope associated with the liver margin. Individual thresholds were calculated for each of 16 subregions. A liver-mass index was derived from a linear regression model correlating the area of the right lateral projection with liver weight at autopsy in 50 patients whose livers weighed between 0.8 to 3.0 Kg. The correlation coefficient found for this method was 0.83 using the equation: Liver Mass [kg] = Area [cm2]/275 [kg/cm2]--0.215 [kg]. Liver-mass estimates using an alternative computer-assisted method or representative manual methods adapted for gamma-camera images showed lower correlation with liver weight at autopsy.", "contents": "Computer-assisted liver-mass estimation from gamma-camera images. We have devised a computer-assisted method for objective estimation of liver mass from the right lateral projection of radiocolloid images of the liver. Gamma-camera images were digitized, preprocessed, and stored in computer memory. The definition of liver for area measurement was adaptively determined by means of a Laplacian operator that measures change in radioactivity slope associated with the liver margin. Individual thresholds were calculated for each of 16 subregions. A liver-mass index was derived from a linear regression model correlating the area of the right lateral projection with liver weight at autopsy in 50 patients whose livers weighed between 0.8 to 3.0 Kg. The correlation coefficient found for this method was 0.83 using the equation: Liver Mass [kg] = Area [cm2]/275 [kg/cm2]--0.215 [kg]. Liver-mass estimates using an alternative computer-assisted method or representative manual methods adapted for gamma-camera images showed lower correlation with liver weight at autopsy.", "PMID": 372502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1616", "title": "Simple computer quantitation of spleen-to-liver ratios in the diagnosis of hepatocellular disease.", "content": "Increased splenic uptake of radiocolloids is a helpful sign in the scintigraphic diagnosis of various hepatocellular diseases, but little attempt has been made to quantify this physiologic phenomenon. We have devised a simple computer method that compares average splenic activity to average right-lobe liver activity. The method is reproducible (r = 0.97) and exhibits little interobserver variation (r = 0.99). One hundred clinically normal subjects were found to have a nearly symmetrical distribution of S/L ratios around a mean of 0.77, with a s.d. of 0.20. Fifteen subjects normal by biopsy were found to have a similar mean spleen-to-liver (S/L) ratio of 0.74. Based upon a normal range of 0.37 to 1.17 (0.77 +/- 2 s.d.), elevated S/L ratios were found in fatty metamorphosis (85%), cirrhosis (67%), and chronic hepatitis (43%). Abnormal S/L ratios in the range from 1.17 to approximately 1.4 were not visually obvious. Overall sensitivity of the S/L ratio in these three diseases is 69%. When combined with the other scintigraphic indications of hepatocellular disease (nonhomogenous colloid uptake, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and bone-marrow colloidal uptake), the liver scan was found to have a sensitivity of 93%.", "contents": "Simple computer quantitation of spleen-to-liver ratios in the diagnosis of hepatocellular disease. Increased splenic uptake of radiocolloids is a helpful sign in the scintigraphic diagnosis of various hepatocellular diseases, but little attempt has been made to quantify this physiologic phenomenon. We have devised a simple computer method that compares average splenic activity to average right-lobe liver activity. The method is reproducible (r = 0.97) and exhibits little interobserver variation (r = 0.99). One hundred clinically normal subjects were found to have a nearly symmetrical distribution of S/L ratios around a mean of 0.77, with a s.d. of 0.20. Fifteen subjects normal by biopsy were found to have a similar mean spleen-to-liver (S/L) ratio of 0.74. Based upon a normal range of 0.37 to 1.17 (0.77 +/- 2 s.d.), elevated S/L ratios were found in fatty metamorphosis (85%), cirrhosis (67%), and chronic hepatitis (43%). Abnormal S/L ratios in the range from 1.17 to approximately 1.4 were not visually obvious. Overall sensitivity of the S/L ratio in these three diseases is 69%. When combined with the other scintigraphic indications of hepatocellular disease (nonhomogenous colloid uptake, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and bone-marrow colloidal uptake), the liver scan was found to have a sensitivity of 93%.", "PMID": 372503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1617", "title": "Retrospective evaluation of reproductive performance of workers exposed to ethylene dibromide (EDB).", "content": "An attempt has been made to examine retrospectively any antifertility influence of ethylene dibromide (EDB) by studying the reproductive performance of men exposed to EDB, exclusively on the basis of their reproductive histories in terms of live births to their wives, subsequent to their occupational exposure to EDB. The number of live, putatively legitimate, natural children born to the wives was compared to the expected number derived from national fertility tables published for successive birth cohorts of U.S. women by the National Center for Health Statistics. The indirect standardization method was used to adjust for the confounding effects of maternal age, parity, race and calendar year in deriving the expected births. The number of observed births was expressed as a percentage of the expected in assessing the workers' reproductive performance. One of the four plants studied showed a significant decrease in fertility.", "contents": "Retrospective evaluation of reproductive performance of workers exposed to ethylene dibromide (EDB). An attempt has been made to examine retrospectively any antifertility influence of ethylene dibromide (EDB) by studying the reproductive performance of men exposed to EDB, exclusively on the basis of their reproductive histories in terms of live births to their wives, subsequent to their occupational exposure to EDB. The number of live, putatively legitimate, natural children born to the wives was compared to the expected number derived from national fertility tables published for successive birth cohorts of U.S. women by the National Center for Health Statistics. The indirect standardization method was used to adjust for the confounding effects of maternal age, parity, race and calendar year in deriving the expected births. The number of observed births was expressed as a percentage of the expected in assessing the workers' reproductive performance. One of the four plants studied showed a significant decrease in fertility.", "PMID": 372505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1618", "title": "Short-range shotgun wounds to the face.", "content": "To efficiently treat short-range shotgun wounds to the face, it is imperative to have a basic understanding of the causes, pathogenesis, probable extent of initial injury, primary treatment principles, and secondary reconstruction problems associated with these injuries. This paper deals with these basic principles in an attempt to provide a guide to the treatment of these devastating injuries.", "contents": "Short-range shotgun wounds to the face. To efficiently treat short-range shotgun wounds to the face, it is imperative to have a basic understanding of the causes, pathogenesis, probable extent of initial injury, primary treatment principles, and secondary reconstruction problems associated with these injuries. This paper deals with these basic principles in an attempt to provide a guide to the treatment of these devastating injuries.", "PMID": 372507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1619", "title": "Normal human glomerular cells in culture.", "content": "Reproducible patterns of cell outgrowth have been observed from isolated normal adult, human glomeruli grown in tissue culture. Three morphologically distinct cell populations designated Types I, II, and III have been observed in culture from 15 normal human kidneys. Assessment of the morphology and behaviour of these cells has been made by phase contrast, time-lapse cinemicroscopic, transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination. The phagocytic capacity of these cells has been determined. The Type I cell appears in culture by migration from the capillary loops, its branched cytoplasm and ultrastructural features confirming its origin as a visceral epithelial cell. In keeping with the highly specialised nature of this cell, division was rare, movement was not observed, and differentiation was progressively lost in culture. The Type II cell was mobile and capable of active division. Ultrastructural features were those of mesangial cells. The Type III cell which was seen only rarely, had the features of a macrophage. Endothelial outgrowth was not observed.", "contents": "Normal human glomerular cells in culture. Reproducible patterns of cell outgrowth have been observed from isolated normal adult, human glomeruli grown in tissue culture. Three morphologically distinct cell populations designated Types I, II, and III have been observed in culture from 15 normal human kidneys. Assessment of the morphology and behaviour of these cells has been made by phase contrast, time-lapse cinemicroscopic, transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination. The phagocytic capacity of these cells has been determined. The Type I cell appears in culture by migration from the capillary loops, its branched cytoplasm and ultrastructural features confirming its origin as a visceral epithelial cell. In keeping with the highly specialised nature of this cell, division was rare, movement was not observed, and differentiation was progressively lost in culture. The Type II cell was mobile and capable of active division. Ultrastructural features were those of mesangial cells. The Type III cell which was seen only rarely, had the features of a macrophage. Endothelial outgrowth was not observed.", "PMID": 372509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1620", "title": "Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with C3 nephritic factor and hypocomplementemia.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy with mild renal failure and signs and symptoms of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis including severe hypocomplementemia had, by renal biopsy, numerous crescents but no deposits in the glomerular capillary loops. Instead, deposits identical in location and composition to those described for children with idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were present. The severe hypocomplementemia was found to be due to high levels of C3 nephritic factor; niether nephritic factor nor hypocomplementemia has been reported in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis of the idiopathic type. Following prompt therapy with methylprednisolone intravenously, serologic abnormalities disappeared and renal function greatly improved, but a later biopsy showed 50% of the glomeruli obliterated by scarring. The case is of importance not only in indicating that severe hypocomplementemia does not rule out idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis but also in adding to the list of diseases in which nephritic factor can be found.", "contents": "Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with C3 nephritic factor and hypocomplementemia. A 7-year-old boy with mild renal failure and signs and symptoms of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis including severe hypocomplementemia had, by renal biopsy, numerous crescents but no deposits in the glomerular capillary loops. Instead, deposits identical in location and composition to those described for children with idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were present. The severe hypocomplementemia was found to be due to high levels of C3 nephritic factor; niether nephritic factor nor hypocomplementemia has been reported in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis of the idiopathic type. Following prompt therapy with methylprednisolone intravenously, serologic abnormalities disappeared and renal function greatly improved, but a later biopsy showed 50% of the glomeruli obliterated by scarring. The case is of importance not only in indicating that severe hypocomplementemia does not rule out idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis but also in adding to the list of diseases in which nephritic factor can be found.", "PMID": 372512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1621", "title": "The effect of synthetic androgens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in boys with constitutionally delayed growth.", "content": "Serial concentrations of basal serum LH, FSH, testosterone, and LH and FSH responses to intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone were measured before and during six months of administration of fluoxymesterone or oxandrolone in 14 boys with constitutionally delayed growth and adolescence, in order to assess the effects of these androgens on maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Before therapy all boys had normal hormonal responses based on bone age. At the end of six months therapy 10 of the 14 boys had lower LH responses (34 to 89% reduction) to GnRH without consistent changes in FSH responses. With both androgens, there there was significant suppression of both basal serum FSH and testosterone. Eleven boys were restudied six months after completion of therapy; basal serum LH, FSH, and testosterone and responses to GnRH were equal to or greater than pretreatment levels, indicating recovery or progressive maturation of the HPGA. All boys had increased growth velocity and imporved weight gain without excessive bone age advancement; all had improved psychosocial adjustment.", "contents": "The effect of synthetic androgens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in boys with constitutionally delayed growth. Serial concentrations of basal serum LH, FSH, testosterone, and LH and FSH responses to intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone were measured before and during six months of administration of fluoxymesterone or oxandrolone in 14 boys with constitutionally delayed growth and adolescence, in order to assess the effects of these androgens on maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Before therapy all boys had normal hormonal responses based on bone age. At the end of six months therapy 10 of the 14 boys had lower LH responses (34 to 89% reduction) to GnRH without consistent changes in FSH responses. With both androgens, there there was significant suppression of both basal serum FSH and testosterone. Eleven boys were restudied six months after completion of therapy; basal serum LH, FSH, and testosterone and responses to GnRH were equal to or greater than pretreatment levels, indicating recovery or progressive maturation of the HPGA. All boys had increased growth velocity and imporved weight gain without excessive bone age advancement; all had improved psychosocial adjustment.", "PMID": 372514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1622", "title": "Factor and cluster analyses with the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study.", "content": "The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration (P-F) Study data of 104 psychiatric hospital patients, 56 males and 48 females, were subjected first to a Factor Analysis and then to a Cluster Analysis. In the former, five factors were extracted which showed some similarity to other Factor Analyses reported in the literature. The Cluster Analysis turned up one very large group (42% of the sample) characterized by depression and P-F profiles with elevated i and very low E scores. Seven other clusters are described in the article. The factors and clusters found are clinically meaningful and can provide assistance in interpreting P-F profiles. Recommendations for a revised P-F manual to enhance the usefulness of the test are made.", "contents": "Factor and cluster analyses with the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study. The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration (P-F) Study data of 104 psychiatric hospital patients, 56 males and 48 females, were subjected first to a Factor Analysis and then to a Cluster Analysis. In the former, five factors were extracted which showed some similarity to other Factor Analyses reported in the literature. The Cluster Analysis turned up one very large group (42% of the sample) characterized by depression and P-F profiles with elevated i and very low E scores. Seven other clusters are described in the article. The factors and clusters found are clinically meaningful and can provide assistance in interpreting P-F profiles. Recommendations for a revised P-F manual to enhance the usefulness of the test are made.", "PMID": 372515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1623", "title": "The current state of process-reactive schizophrenia.", "content": "Current developments in the process-reactive classification of schizophrenia are examined in the light of diagnosis, paranoid-nonparanoid status, premorbid adjustment, demographic factors, and outcome. Recent studies are reviewed as suggestive of a present focus, and theoretical possibilities are explored. Recommendations are made to include a broader, more complex view of the process-reactive conception,  methodological improvements, further theoretical development, and increased research into a variety of promising areas utilizing this framework and facilitating its useful growth as an approach to understanding the totality of schizophrenia.", "contents": "The current state of process-reactive schizophrenia. Current developments in the process-reactive classification of schizophrenia are examined in the light of diagnosis, paranoid-nonparanoid status, premorbid adjustment, demographic factors, and outcome. Recent studies are reviewed as suggestive of a present focus, and theoretical possibilities are explored. Recommendations are made to include a broader, more complex view of the process-reactive conception,  methodological improvements, further theoretical development, and increased research into a variety of promising areas utilizing this framework and facilitating its useful growth as an approach to understanding the totality of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 372518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1624", "title": "[Hyperfractionated radiotherapy in 56 patients with tumors of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of irradiation known as hyperfractionated radiotherapy was studied in 56 patients with cancers in the region of the ear, nose, and throat. The dose was 72 grays given during 80 sessions over a period of 28 days, with a rest period of two weeks at the half-way point. Each session lasted 2 hours. The results (complications and survival rate) were compared with those obtained in a control group treated with 70 grays in 35 sessions over a period of 7 weeks. The complication rate was 21% in the series treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy, against 19% in those given classical treatment (results not significant). The survival rate was better, however, (63% against 33% after 18 months), for the patients treated with this new method of irradiation.", "contents": "[Hyperfractionated radiotherapy in 56 patients with tumors of the head and neck (author's transl)]. A new method of irradiation known as hyperfractionated radiotherapy was studied in 56 patients with cancers in the region of the ear, nose, and throat. The dose was 72 grays given during 80 sessions over a period of 28 days, with a rest period of two weeks at the half-way point. Each session lasted 2 hours. The results (complications and survival rate) were compared with those obtained in a control group treated with 70 grays in 35 sessions over a period of 7 weeks. The complication rate was 21% in the series treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy, against 19% in those given classical treatment (results not significant). The survival rate was better, however, (63% against 33% after 18 months), for the patients treated with this new method of irradiation.", "PMID": 372519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1625", "title": "Longterm survival of lupus nephritis patients treated with azathioprine and prednisone.", "content": "Forty-seven SLE patients with severe renal disease characterized by renal biopsy documentation of diffuse proliferative or membranous glomerulonephritis or the nephrotic syndrome have been treated with azathioprine and prednisone in combination and followed for up to 12 years. Survivorship was 82% +/- 6% for five years and 74% +/- 8% for 10 years. There have been eight deaths and two patients have gone on hemodialysis. Five of the eight deaths are attributable to superinfection. Improvement in creatinine clearance was documented in 21 and decreased proteinuria in 35 of the patients. A therapeutic program, which included high dose corticosteroids initially, the combinations of azathioprine with corticosteroids chronically, and the rapid reduction in corticosteroid dosage to an alternate day schedule, appears to contribute to improved survivorship.", "contents": "Longterm survival of lupus nephritis patients treated with azathioprine and prednisone. Forty-seven SLE patients with severe renal disease characterized by renal biopsy documentation of diffuse proliferative or membranous glomerulonephritis or the nephrotic syndrome have been treated with azathioprine and prednisone in combination and followed for up to 12 years. Survivorship was 82% +/- 6% for five years and 74% +/- 8% for 10 years. There have been eight deaths and two patients have gone on hemodialysis. Five of the eight deaths are attributable to superinfection. Improvement in creatinine clearance was documented in 21 and decreased proteinuria in 35 of the patients. A therapeutic program, which included high dose corticosteroids initially, the combinations of azathioprine with corticosteroids chronically, and the rapid reduction in corticosteroid dosage to an alternate day schedule, appears to contribute to improved survivorship.", "PMID": 372523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1626", "title": "Immune complexes in psoriasis with and without arthritis.", "content": "Two different assays were employed to detect soluble immune complexes in the serum of a large group of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Using a Raji cell assay no evidence of complexes was found. However, with the Clq deviation method, sera from 29% of the patients with psoriasis alone and 35% of those with associated arthritis, exhibited Clq reacting material.", "contents": "Immune complexes in psoriasis with and without arthritis. Two different assays were employed to detect soluble immune complexes in the serum of a large group of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Using a Raji cell assay no evidence of complexes was found. However, with the Clq deviation method, sera from 29% of the patients with psoriasis alone and 35% of those with associated arthritis, exhibited Clq reacting material.", "PMID": 372524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1627", "title": "Naproxen vs. aspirin in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee.", "content": "This 12-week double-blind trial compared the efficacy and tolerance of naproxen (750 mg/day) with that of aspirin (3.6 gm/day). There was no statistical difference in efficacy between the two trial drugs for any of the objective (e.g., 25-foot walking time) or subjective (e.g., overall severity of symptoms) variables measured. No side effects were experienced by 69% of the naproxen patients and 37.5% of the aspirin patients. There were a statistically greater number and more severe side effects during aspirin therapy than during naproxen therapy (p = 0.002). The results show naproxen to be a potentially useful drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis.", "contents": "Naproxen vs. aspirin in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. This 12-week double-blind trial compared the efficacy and tolerance of naproxen (750 mg/day) with that of aspirin (3.6 gm/day). There was no statistical difference in efficacy between the two trial drugs for any of the objective (e.g., 25-foot walking time) or subjective (e.g., overall severity of symptoms) variables measured. No side effects were experienced by 69% of the naproxen patients and 37.5% of the aspirin patients. There were a statistically greater number and more severe side effects during aspirin therapy than during naproxen therapy (p = 0.002). The results show naproxen to be a potentially useful drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 372525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1628", "title": "Chernogubov's syndrome: a translation of the first modern case report of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "The heritable disorder of connective tissue, now termed Ehlers--Danlos syndrome, was described by Chernogubov, a Russian dermatologist, in 1892. His graphic description of the first modern case with multisystemic features is presented in English translation. Chernogubov attributed the development of this disorder to a generalized defect in the embryological formation of connective tissue fibers. Chernogubov's observations were recognized by his colleagues as providing new insights in explaining an interesting and puzzling case. In the literature of the Soviet Union this syndrome is known as Chernogubov's syndrome. This work is justifiably recognized as a seminal publication in rheumatology.", "contents": "Chernogubov's syndrome: a translation of the first modern case report of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The heritable disorder of connective tissue, now termed Ehlers--Danlos syndrome, was described by Chernogubov, a Russian dermatologist, in 1892. His graphic description of the first modern case with multisystemic features is presented in English translation. Chernogubov attributed the development of this disorder to a generalized defect in the embryological formation of connective tissue fibers. Chernogubov's observations were recognized by his colleagues as providing new insights in explaining an interesting and puzzling case. In the literature of the Soviet Union this syndrome is known as Chernogubov's syndrome. This work is justifiably recognized as a seminal publication in rheumatology.", "PMID": 372526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1629", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships in 1-aryl-2-(alkylamino)ethanol antimalarials.", "content": "A quantitative structure-activity relationship has been formulated for 646 antimalarials acting against P. berghei in mice. The equation developed has 14 terms, 9 of which are indicator variables. The correlation coefficient for the QSAR is 0.898 and the standard deviation is 0.309. The antimalarials are all arylcarbinols of the type X-ArCHOHCH2NR1R2. Sixty different aryl structures, including a variety of heterocyles, are contained in the study. The most important determinate of activity is found to be the electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents X; the hydrophobic character of X and R plays less important roles. Suggestions for more potent analogues are made and the lack of activity of about 100 additional analogues is also considered.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships in 1-aryl-2-(alkylamino)ethanol antimalarials. A quantitative structure-activity relationship has been formulated for 646 antimalarials acting against P. berghei in mice. The equation developed has 14 terms, 9 of which are indicator variables. The correlation coefficient for the QSAR is 0.898 and the standard deviation is 0.309. The antimalarials are all arylcarbinols of the type X-ArCHOHCH2NR1R2. Sixty different aryl structures, including a variety of heterocyles, are contained in the study. The most important determinate of activity is found to be the electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents X; the hydrophobic character of X and R plays less important roles. Suggestions for more potent analogues are made and the lack of activity of about 100 additional analogues is also considered.", "PMID": 372527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1630", "title": "The donation and transplantation of kidneys: should the law be changed?", "content": "It is now eighteen years on since the Human Tissue Act 1961, but this legislation is still unchanged in England, Scotland and Wales. Ian Kennedy, in this paper, lays before us the law as it is, the problems of its interpretation and his opinion of what government should be doing to help clarify the situation and remove some of the problems which exist daily for the doctors who face the dilemma of seeking consent for transplants at the moment of extreme grief for the surviving spouses or relatives of the patient who has been in his care only moments before. Ian Kennedy suggests that by doing nothing the Department of Health and the government are being both callous and less than honest.", "contents": "The donation and transplantation of kidneys: should the law be changed? It is now eighteen years on since the Human Tissue Act 1961, but this legislation is still unchanged in England, Scotland and Wales. Ian Kennedy, in this paper, lays before us the law as it is, the problems of its interpretation and his opinion of what government should be doing to help clarify the situation and remove some of the problems which exist daily for the doctors who face the dilemma of seeking consent for transplants at the moment of extreme grief for the surviving spouses or relatives of the patient who has been in his care only moments before. Ian Kennedy suggests that by doing nothing the Department of Health and the government are being both callous and less than honest.", "PMID": 372528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1631", "title": "What is medicine?: towards a philosophical approach.", "content": "The failure of Western medicine to deal with many of the problems it is currently facing has led to an awareness of the need for a fundamental reappraisal. The way in which medical concepts derived from the nineteenth century have brought technical medical advances in this century and the alliances that medicine has made with statistics and more recently the social sciences, have prevented a questioning of medicine's underlying assumptions. Thus, despite a number of critical initiatives from both within and outside medicine, there has been no coherent development to seriously confront the question 'what is medicine?'. It is suggested that the basis for such a development depends on the return to a philosophical questioning of our conceptual understanding of disease, a subject which has largely been ignored during the past hundred years.", "contents": "What is medicine?: towards a philosophical approach. The failure of Western medicine to deal with many of the problems it is currently facing has led to an awareness of the need for a fundamental reappraisal. The way in which medical concepts derived from the nineteenth century have brought technical medical advances in this century and the alliances that medicine has made with statistics and more recently the social sciences, have prevented a questioning of medicine's underlying assumptions. Thus, despite a number of critical initiatives from both within and outside medicine, there has been no coherent development to seriously confront the question 'what is medicine?'. It is suggested that the basis for such a development depends on the return to a philosophical questioning of our conceptual understanding of disease, a subject which has largely been ignored during the past hundred years.", "PMID": 372529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1632", "title": "The special affinity of particular types of Proteus mirabilis for the urinary tract.", "content": "The strains of Proteus species found in significant numbers and as pure cultures in urine from 217 individuals were isolated, identified to species level and typed for proticine production (P type) and proticine sensitivity (S type) to give their P/S type. Urinary-tract infections with Proteus, principally P. mirabilis, were associated with the elderly. Ninety seven distinct P/S types were found but three P/S types P3/S1,8, P3/S1,8,13 and P3/S1,13 were isolated at a much higher frequency (14%) then could be explained from their faecal carriage rate. These types were almost without exception restricted to patients with clinical symptoms of urinary-tract infection and it is suggested therefore that they have some special affinity for the urinary tract.", "contents": "The special affinity of particular types of Proteus mirabilis for the urinary tract. The strains of Proteus species found in significant numbers and as pure cultures in urine from 217 individuals were isolated, identified to species level and typed for proticine production (P type) and proticine sensitivity (S type) to give their P/S type. Urinary-tract infections with Proteus, principally P. mirabilis, were associated with the elderly. Ninety seven distinct P/S types were found but three P/S types P3/S1,8, P3/S1,8,13 and P3/S1,13 were isolated at a much higher frequency (14%) then could be explained from their faecal carriage rate. These types were almost without exception restricted to patients with clinical symptoms of urinary-tract infection and it is suggested therefore that they have some special affinity for the urinary tract.", "PMID": 372530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1633", "title": "Escherichia coli K antigen in relation to serum-induced lysis and phagocytosis.", "content": "The presence of capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) and their relation to phagocytosis and sensitivity to the lytic action of serum of 26 strains of E. coli isolated from stools of healthy volunteers and from blood cultures were studied. Four of 12 strains isolated from stool cultures and 12 (86%) of the 14 strains isolated from blood cultures possessed K antigen. Three of the 12 strains isolated from stool cultures and seven of the 14 isolated from blood cultures were resistant to uptake by polymorphonuclear leucocytes; these resistant strains contained large amounts of K antigen. By contrast 10 strains, three with low amounts of K antigen and seven without detectable amounts of K antigen, were readily phagocytosed. Thus it appears that K antigen renders E. coli resistant to phagocytosis. Only four (15%) of the 26 strains were sensitive to serum lysis and there was no correlation between the presence of K antigen and the resistance to serum lysis.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K antigen in relation to serum-induced lysis and phagocytosis. The presence of capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) and their relation to phagocytosis and sensitivity to the lytic action of serum of 26 strains of E. coli isolated from stools of healthy volunteers and from blood cultures were studied. Four of 12 strains isolated from stool cultures and 12 (86%) of the 14 strains isolated from blood cultures possessed K antigen. Three of the 12 strains isolated from stool cultures and seven of the 14 isolated from blood cultures were resistant to uptake by polymorphonuclear leucocytes; these resistant strains contained large amounts of K antigen. By contrast 10 strains, three with low amounts of K antigen and seven without detectable amounts of K antigen, were readily phagocytosed. Thus it appears that K antigen renders E. coli resistant to phagocytosis. Only four (15%) of the 26 strains were sensitive to serum lysis and there was no correlation between the presence of K antigen and the resistance to serum lysis.", "PMID": 372531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1634", "title": "Experience with radial haemolysis for rubella antibody screening.", "content": "Twelve hundred and thirty three sera were tested in parallel by the single radial haemolysis (SRH) and by the simplified haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) technique in routine use in this laboratory. In 1203 (97.6%) of these sera the results were in agreement. The remaining 30 (2.4%) sera were re-tested by both methods because on initial testing the results obtained by the two methods did not agree; only three specimens remained discrepant. The SRH is a simple test to perform and discriminates clearly between positive and negative sera. It is particularly suitable for screening large batches of sera.", "contents": "Experience with radial haemolysis for rubella antibody screening. Twelve hundred and thirty three sera were tested in parallel by the single radial haemolysis (SRH) and by the simplified haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) technique in routine use in this laboratory. In 1203 (97.6%) of these sera the results were in agreement. The remaining 30 (2.4%) sera were re-tested by both methods because on initial testing the results obtained by the two methods did not agree; only three specimens remained discrepant. The SRH is a simple test to perform and discriminates clearly between positive and negative sera. It is particularly suitable for screening large batches of sera.", "PMID": 372532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1635", "title": "The effect of freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen on the viability and growth of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "The effects of rapid and slow rates of freezing in liquid nitrogen, storage in liquid nitrogen for 12 months, and the rate of subsequent thawing on the viability and growth of M. leprae in the mouse footpad were studied. Some loss of viability of M. leprae was detected, and this was found to be associated with the freezing process, rather than with storage or thawing. Slow freezing was less deleterious than quick freezing, with a loss of viability of 90% compared with 98%. The growth pattern of M. leprae was unaffected except for a delay in the appearance of growth caused by the loss of viability, though there was some evidence of an increased lag phase of one strain, possibly due to the repair of sub-lethally damaged organisms.", "contents": "The effect of freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen on the viability and growth of Mycobacterium leprae. The effects of rapid and slow rates of freezing in liquid nitrogen, storage in liquid nitrogen for 12 months, and the rate of subsequent thawing on the viability and growth of M. leprae in the mouse footpad were studied. Some loss of viability of M. leprae was detected, and this was found to be associated with the freezing process, rather than with storage or thawing. Slow freezing was less deleterious than quick freezing, with a loss of viability of 90% compared with 98%. The growth pattern of M. leprae was unaffected except for a delay in the appearance of growth caused by the loss of viability, though there was some evidence of an increased lag phase of one strain, possibly due to the repair of sub-lethally damaged organisms.", "PMID": 372533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1636", "title": "The variable response of bacteria to excess ferric iron in host tissues.", "content": "The enhancement by exogenous ferric iron, both systemic and local, of the infectivity of 120 strains of bacteria, representing 17 genera, was measured in the skin of guinea-pigs. Systemic iron enhanced only 23% of 115 strains, and local iron 49% of 71 strains. Systemic iron, by an apparently anti-inflammatory action, depressed the size of lesions produced by 27 of the non-enhanced strains from nine of the genera tested. For most strains, the degree of enhancement was small, ranging from 2- to 8-fold, and often evident only with the more effective local iron; among these were some near-saprophytes like Mycobacterium phlei, M. smegmatis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium bifermentans. Substantial enhancement, from 14- to 50-fold, was observed with the more pathogenic among the strains tested: namely BCG, Corynebacterium ovis, C. murium, Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Cl. perfringens, Cl. septicum, Cl. oedematiens, and some strains of Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila. The enhancement of BCG by a single dose of iron given locally with the inoculum was only feebly manifest after 7 days, but substantial after 14--19 days, indicating the decisive effect of interference with an early humoral defence on the establishment of chronic infection some time later. Insofar as guinea-pigs whose antibacterial defences are lowered by substantial amounts of exogenous iron in the circulation represent human subjects at risk of infection because of clinical states characterised by excess of available iron, the results of the survey suggest that only a minority among the environmental bacteria can take advantage of the decreased resistance associated with such states; but that this minority is likely to include the more virulent strains in the environment.", "contents": "The variable response of bacteria to excess ferric iron in host tissues. The enhancement by exogenous ferric iron, both systemic and local, of the infectivity of 120 strains of bacteria, representing 17 genera, was measured in the skin of guinea-pigs. Systemic iron enhanced only 23% of 115 strains, and local iron 49% of 71 strains. Systemic iron, by an apparently anti-inflammatory action, depressed the size of lesions produced by 27 of the non-enhanced strains from nine of the genera tested. For most strains, the degree of enhancement was small, ranging from 2- to 8-fold, and often evident only with the more effective local iron; among these were some near-saprophytes like Mycobacterium phlei, M. smegmatis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium bifermentans. Substantial enhancement, from 14- to 50-fold, was observed with the more pathogenic among the strains tested: namely BCG, Corynebacterium ovis, C. murium, Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Cl. perfringens, Cl. septicum, Cl. oedematiens, and some strains of Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila. The enhancement of BCG by a single dose of iron given locally with the inoculum was only feebly manifest after 7 days, but substantial after 14--19 days, indicating the decisive effect of interference with an early humoral defence on the establishment of chronic infection some time later. Insofar as guinea-pigs whose antibacterial defences are lowered by substantial amounts of exogenous iron in the circulation represent human subjects at risk of infection because of clinical states characterised by excess of available iron, the results of the survey suggest that only a minority among the environmental bacteria can take advantage of the decreased resistance associated with such states; but that this minority is likely to include the more virulent strains in the environment.", "PMID": 372534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1637", "title": "The effect of 5-fluorocytosine on the blastospores and hyphae of Candida albicans.", "content": "In Candida albicans the continued increase in dry weight, in cell volume and in hyphal length during 5FC treatment is mainly due to increased amount of carbohydrate despite the decreased amounts of nucleic acids. Incorporation studies with 32PO4 (for RNA) in C. albicans and with 3H-thymidine-monophosphate (for DNA) in a thymidine-utilising strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown that the decreased amounts of nucleic acids were due to an inhibition of synthesis of RNA and DNA by 5FC. Nuclear-staining techniques on the hyphal phase of C. albicans showed that 5FC inhibits nuclear division. The changes in amounts of protein during 5FC treatment do not wholly explain the changes in cell size although 14C-histidine incorporation experiments showed that protein synthesis continued in the presence of 5FC. 14C-glucose incorporation in the presence of 5FC showed an initial accelerated synthesis of carbohydrate with a maintained level of synthesis after 16 h. This abnormal pattern of synthesis correlates with the increase in amount of carbohydrate and in cell size and hyphal elongation. 5FC inhibits DNA synthesis, and all manifestations of unbalanced growth that culminate in the cell volume changes appear to be a consequence of that inhibition.", "contents": "The effect of 5-fluorocytosine on the blastospores and hyphae of Candida albicans. In Candida albicans the continued increase in dry weight, in cell volume and in hyphal length during 5FC treatment is mainly due to increased amount of carbohydrate despite the decreased amounts of nucleic acids. Incorporation studies with 32PO4 (for RNA) in C. albicans and with 3H-thymidine-monophosphate (for DNA) in a thymidine-utilising strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown that the decreased amounts of nucleic acids were due to an inhibition of synthesis of RNA and DNA by 5FC. Nuclear-staining techniques on the hyphal phase of C. albicans showed that 5FC inhibits nuclear division. The changes in amounts of protein during 5FC treatment do not wholly explain the changes in cell size although 14C-histidine incorporation experiments showed that protein synthesis continued in the presence of 5FC. 14C-glucose incorporation in the presence of 5FC showed an initial accelerated synthesis of carbohydrate with a maintained level of synthesis after 16 h. This abnormal pattern of synthesis correlates with the increase in amount of carbohydrate and in cell size and hyphal elongation. 5FC inhibits DNA synthesis, and all manifestations of unbalanced growth that culminate in the cell volume changes appear to be a consequence of that inhibition.", "PMID": 372535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1638", "title": "Histologic investigation of glycol methacrylate embedded chick embryonic tissue.", "content": "Specific light microscopic investigations (i.e. histochemical) of early embryonic material have always been beset by difficulties in processing and obtaining tissue sections of good quality. The advent of glycol methacrylate (GMA) as an embedding medium now provides a means to overcome these inherent problems with this tissue. Investigations were carried out to assess the histological results produced by different fixatives and times of fixation of GMA embedded 5-day chick embryonic tissue. Optimum cellular preservation of all tissues occurred following fixation in a mixture of acetic acid, 95% ethanol and neutral buffered formalin (AAF). With the procedures described in this study, a new method is available for more comprehensive examination of all types of early embryonic material.", "contents": "Histologic investigation of glycol methacrylate embedded chick embryonic tissue. Specific light microscopic investigations (i.e. histochemical) of early embryonic material have always been beset by difficulties in processing and obtaining tissue sections of good quality. The advent of glycol methacrylate (GMA) as an embedding medium now provides a means to overcome these inherent problems with this tissue. Investigations were carried out to assess the histological results produced by different fixatives and times of fixation of GMA embedded 5-day chick embryonic tissue. Optimum cellular preservation of all tissues occurred following fixation in a mixture of acetic acid, 95% ethanol and neutral buffered formalin (AAF). With the procedures described in this study, a new method is available for more comprehensive examination of all types of early embryonic material.", "PMID": 372536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1639", "title": "A technique for illuminating early chick embryos in ovo with a glass rod as a light guide.", "content": "A glass rod mounted on a microscope condenser acts as a light guide through the yolk of a fertile hen's egg. Two apertures must first be made in the shell: the one below covered with plastic film which seals around the rod; the one above covered with a glass coverslip to allow microscopic observation of the embryo.", "contents": "A technique for illuminating early chick embryos in ovo with a glass rod as a light guide. A glass rod mounted on a microscope condenser acts as a light guide through the yolk of a fertile hen's egg. Two apertures must first be made in the shell: the one below covered with plastic film which seals around the rod; the one above covered with a glass coverslip to allow microscopic observation of the embryo.", "PMID": 372537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1640", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in Indonesians with bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE) were determined on 185 Indonesians mostly males with and without microfilaremia and with and without clinical disease (hydrocele and elphantiasis). No significant differences were found in IgA and IgE levels in any of the groups but significantly higher IgG levels were found in microfilariae positive persons than those without microfilaremia. Persons with microfilariae alone and symptoms alone, but not both, had higher levels of IgM. There were no correlations between disease category and Ig levels.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in Indonesians with bancroftian filariasis. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE) were determined on 185 Indonesians mostly males with and without microfilaremia and with and without clinical disease (hydrocele and elphantiasis). No significant differences were found in IgA and IgE levels in any of the groups but significantly higher IgG levels were found in microfilariae positive persons than those without microfilaremia. Persons with microfilariae alone and symptoms alone, but not both, had higher levels of IgM. There were no correlations between disease category and Ig levels.", "PMID": 372553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1641", "title": "Muscle flaps in the head and neck.", "content": "Muscle flaps about the head and neck have signficant application in reconstruction and rehabilitation following radical ablative surgery. Nine such flaps are reviewed and the uses, advantages, and disadvantages in three major muscle falps cited. Their main applications include: 1) augmentation of a regional deficiency and preparation of a bed for skin grafting; 2) rehabilitation of the paralyzed face and so improved appearance in repose and animation; 3) protection for vital vascular structures such as the carotid or innominate artery; and 4) assistance in mastication and deglutition when transposed to a paralytic or deficient area.", "contents": "Muscle flaps in the head and neck. Muscle flaps about the head and neck have signficant application in reconstruction and rehabilitation following radical ablative surgery. Nine such flaps are reviewed and the uses, advantages, and disadvantages in three major muscle falps cited. Their main applications include: 1) augmentation of a regional deficiency and preparation of a bed for skin grafting; 2) rehabilitation of the paralyzed face and so improved appearance in repose and animation; 3) protection for vital vascular structures such as the carotid or innominate artery; and 4) assistance in mastication and deglutition when transposed to a paralytic or deficient area.", "PMID": 372554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1642", "title": "Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and 0X174 DNAs by electron microscopy.", "content": "Complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and bacteriophage S13 and phage phiX174 replicative form III DNAs have been shown to form at specific locations on the phage genomes. The major locations on S13 have been mapped at 8 to 10 and 92 to 96% of the genome length, starting from the unique Pst I cleavage site. The locations correspond to the beginnings of genes D and B, respectively. Four minor locations map at 18 to 22, 28 to 32, 50 to 56, and 70 to 74% of the genome. The 70 to 74% site corresponds to the beginning of the A gene. The major locations on phiX174 are at 8 to 10, 50 to 54, and 92 to 94% of the genome. The 50 to 54% site is at the start of the H gene and has an equivalent minor site on S13, but it is not a promoter site. Three minor sites on phiX174, at 20 to 24, 26 to 32, and 68 to 74% of the genome, correspond to sites on S13. The data confirm the locations of sites identified by restriction fragment binding experiments (E. Rassart and J. H. Spencer, J. Virol. 27:677--687, 1978) and the assignment of putative promoters at the start of genes A, B and D.", "contents": "Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and 0X174 DNAs by electron microscopy. Complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and bacteriophage S13 and phage phiX174 replicative form III DNAs have been shown to form at specific locations on the phage genomes. The major locations on S13 have been mapped at 8 to 10 and 92 to 96% of the genome length, starting from the unique Pst I cleavage site. The locations correspond to the beginnings of genes D and B, respectively. Four minor locations map at 18 to 22, 28 to 32, 50 to 56, and 70 to 74% of the genome. The 70 to 74% site corresponds to the beginning of the A gene. The major locations on phiX174 are at 8 to 10, 50 to 54, and 92 to 94% of the genome. The 50 to 54% site is at the start of the H gene and has an equivalent minor site on S13, but it is not a promoter site. Three minor sites on phiX174, at 20 to 24, 26 to 32, and 68 to 74% of the genome, correspond to sites on S13. The data confirm the locations of sites identified by restriction fragment binding experiments (E. Rassart and J. H. Spencer, J. Virol. 27:677--687, 1978) and the assignment of putative promoters at the start of genes A, B and D.", "PMID": 372559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1643", "title": "Involvement of DNA gyrase in replication and transcription of bacteriophage T7 DNA.", "content": "Growth of bacteriophage T7 is inhibited by the antibiotic coumermycin A1, an inhibitor of the Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Since growth of the phage is insensitive to the antibiotic in strains containing a coumermycin-resistant DNA gyrase, this enzyme appears to be required for phage growth. We have investigated the effect of coumermycin on the kinetics of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during T7 infection. DNA synthesis is completely inhibited by the antibiotic. In addition, coumermycin significantly inhibits transcription of late but not early genes. Thus, E. coli DNA gyrase may play an important role in transcription as well as in replication of T7 DNA.", "contents": "Involvement of DNA gyrase in replication and transcription of bacteriophage T7 DNA. Growth of bacteriophage T7 is inhibited by the antibiotic coumermycin A1, an inhibitor of the Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Since growth of the phage is insensitive to the antibiotic in strains containing a coumermycin-resistant DNA gyrase, this enzyme appears to be required for phage growth. We have investigated the effect of coumermycin on the kinetics of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during T7 infection. DNA synthesis is completely inhibited by the antibiotic. In addition, coumermycin significantly inhibits transcription of late but not early genes. Thus, E. coli DNA gyrase may play an important role in transcription as well as in replication of T7 DNA.", "PMID": 372560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1644", "title": "Chromosomal location of the attachment site for the PA-2 prophage in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The chromosomal attachment site for the PA-2 prophage is located between dsd and aroC at the approximately 50 min on the Escherichia coli K-12 genetic map. The attachment site is designated attPA-2.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of the attachment site for the PA-2 prophage in Escherichia coli K-12. The chromosomal attachment site for the PA-2 prophage is located between dsd and aroC at the approximately 50 min on the Escherichia coli K-12 genetic map. The attachment site is designated attPA-2.", "PMID": 372562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1645", "title": "Construction and characterization of the hybrid bacteriophage lambda Charon vectors for DNA cloning.", "content": "Twenty hybrid lambda phages especially designed for molecular cloning have been constructed and named Charon phages. These phages differ in the ranges of sizes of DNA fragments that may be inserted, by the selections and screens which may be used to isolate and detect the incorporation of cloned fragments, by the way transcription of the cloned fragment may be controlled, by the different restriction enzymes that can be used for cloning, by the phage immunities that may be employed for controlling replication and transcription, and by the biological safety features that they contain. The crosses used to produce the vectors are described, and their genealogy is discussed. The structure of each vector has been verified by genetic tests, by DNA length determinations, by electron micrographic analysis of DNA heteroduplexes, and by gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests. In the course of these constructions, a new EcoRI site was found in a derivative of lambda Aam32Bam1 which maps very near the left cohesive end of lambda.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of the hybrid bacteriophage lambda Charon vectors for DNA cloning. Twenty hybrid lambda phages especially designed for molecular cloning have been constructed and named Charon phages. These phages differ in the ranges of sizes of DNA fragments that may be inserted, by the selections and screens which may be used to isolate and detect the incorporation of cloned fragments, by the way transcription of the cloned fragment may be controlled, by the different restriction enzymes that can be used for cloning, by the phage immunities that may be employed for controlling replication and transcription, and by the biological safety features that they contain. The crosses used to produce the vectors are described, and their genealogy is discussed. The structure of each vector has been verified by genetic tests, by DNA length determinations, by electron micrographic analysis of DNA heteroduplexes, and by gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests. In the course of these constructions, a new EcoRI site was found in a derivative of lambda Aam32Bam1 which maps very near the left cohesive end of lambda.", "PMID": 372561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1646", "title": "In situ flushing of donor kidneys: its technique and rationale.", "content": "In situ flushing of kidneys through an isolated segment of aorta was done on mongrel dogs. The 500 cc cold perfusate at 3 to 4C (delivered in 6 minutes) effectively cooled the kidneys to about 15C. This simplified technique of in situ flushing, its usefulness and rationale are discussed.", "contents": "In situ flushing of donor kidneys: its technique and rationale. In situ flushing of kidneys through an isolated segment of aorta was done on mongrel dogs. The 500 cc cold perfusate at 3 to 4C (delivered in 6 minutes) effectively cooled the kidneys to about 15C. This simplified technique of in situ flushing, its usefulness and rationale are discussed.", "PMID": 372563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1647", "title": "Free full thickness skin graft urethroplasty: current technique.", "content": "We present details of our current techniques for skin graft urethroplasty. We believe that careful attention to the details of these operative techniques is important to their success. The changes from our previous reports include: 1) preparation of patch grafts with rounded ends, 2) preparation of tube grafts with fishmouth spatulation, 3) fixation of the stent catheter to the anterior abdominal wall, 4) leaving a stent catheter inlying for 2 weeks and replacing with a smaller catheter if a voiding cystourethrogram shows extravasation, 5) fixation of the graft during preparation by dermatome adhesive, 6) irrigation of the wound with irrigant before closure and 7) urodynamic flow study for non-invasive postoperative followup.", "contents": "Free full thickness skin graft urethroplasty: current technique. We present details of our current techniques for skin graft urethroplasty. We believe that careful attention to the details of these operative techniques is important to their success. The changes from our previous reports include: 1) preparation of patch grafts with rounded ends, 2) preparation of tube grafts with fishmouth spatulation, 3) fixation of the stent catheter to the anterior abdominal wall, 4) leaving a stent catheter inlying for 2 weeks and replacing with a smaller catheter if a voiding cystourethrogram shows extravasation, 5) fixation of the graft during preparation by dermatome adhesive, 6) irrigation of the wound with irrigant before closure and 7) urodynamic flow study for non-invasive postoperative followup.", "PMID": 372564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1648", "title": "Intercostal nerve block with thoracoabdominal incision.", "content": "A double-blind study was done on 30 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal incisions for retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in testicular carcinoma to determine the effect of intraoperative intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine. The postoperative pain, day of ambulation and day of oral fluid intake were analyzed. In this homogeneous group we found a significant reduction in the amount of postoperative analgesia required but no difference in the day of ambulation or fluid intake.", "contents": "Intercostal nerve block with thoracoabdominal incision. A double-blind study was done on 30 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal incisions for retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in testicular carcinoma to determine the effect of intraoperative intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine. The postoperative pain, day of ambulation and day of oral fluid intake were analyzed. In this homogeneous group we found a significant reduction in the amount of postoperative analgesia required but no difference in the day of ambulation or fluid intake.", "PMID": 372565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1649", "title": "Massive renal angiomyolipoma: preoperative infarction by balloon catheter.", "content": "A case of a renal angiomyolipoma supplied by 2 renal arteries is reported. Preoperative, percutaneous transluminal infarction by a balloon catheter facilitated surgical removal of this massive neoplasm.", "contents": "Massive renal angiomyolipoma: preoperative infarction by balloon catheter. A case of a renal angiomyolipoma supplied by 2 renal arteries is reported. Preoperative, percutaneous transluminal infarction by a balloon catheter facilitated surgical removal of this massive neoplasm.", "PMID": 372566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1650", "title": "Analysis of costs and outcomes of renal transplantation at one center. Its implications.", "content": "A cost increase of more than 900% for medical services to dialysis patients and transplant recipients has been projected during the decade 1974 to 1984. To evaluate the role of renal transplantation in the End-Stage Renal Disease Program, we analyzed direct costs and patient outcomes in 466 consecutive transplants at our center. A successful transplant from either a living related or cadaver donor cost less than +7,000 per year for two years of graft function. The cost of transplants rejected during the second year also proved cost-effective when compared with the yearly costs of maintenance-facility hemodialysis. Patient survival was 100% at two years for recipients of a transplant from a living related donor and 84% at two years for recipients of a transplant from a cadaver. Renal transplantation can reduce the rising costs for end-stage renal disease patient care, without reducing life expectancy.", "contents": "Analysis of costs and outcomes of renal transplantation at one center. Its implications. A cost increase of more than 900% for medical services to dialysis patients and transplant recipients has been projected during the decade 1974 to 1984. To evaluate the role of renal transplantation in the End-Stage Renal Disease Program, we analyzed direct costs and patient outcomes in 466 consecutive transplants at our center. A successful transplant from either a living related or cadaver donor cost less than +7,000 per year for two years of graft function. The cost of transplants rejected during the second year also proved cost-effective when compared with the yearly costs of maintenance-facility hemodialysis. Patient survival was 100% at two years for recipients of a transplant from a living related donor and 84% at two years for recipients of a transplant from a cadaver. Renal transplantation can reduce the rising costs for end-stage renal disease patient care, without reducing life expectancy.", "PMID": 372589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1651", "title": "Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with influenza.", "content": "Fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may follow viral influenza infections. Two cases with verified influenza A infection were followed by fatal necrotizing pneumonia due to Aspergillus fumigatus. Both patients demonstrated cutaneous anergy and lymphocytopenia. Influenza and perhaps other viruses that depress T-cell function may result in increased susceptibility to infections in which T cells are important in host defenses.", "contents": "Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with influenza. Fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may follow viral influenza infections. Two cases with verified influenza A infection were followed by fatal necrotizing pneumonia due to Aspergillus fumigatus. Both patients demonstrated cutaneous anergy and lymphocytopenia. Influenza and perhaps other viruses that depress T-cell function may result in increased susceptibility to infections in which T cells are important in host defenses.", "PMID": 372590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1652", "title": "Prophylaxis of streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever: a comparison of orally administered clindamycin and penicillin.", "content": "Orally administered clindamycin and penicillin were compared for effectiveness in preventing streptococcal infections in 202 randomly assigned patients with previous rheumatic fever (RF). Among 143 patients aged 21 years or younger observed for 537 patient-years, the number of streptococcal infections (and number per patient-year) was 23 (0.084) in the penicillin group and 12 (0.045) in the clindamycin group. Excluding uncooperative patients, the rate of streptococcal infection remained less, though not statistically significant, in the clindamycin group than in the penicillin group. Two RF recurrences occurred in the penicillin group, and no recurrence occurred in the clindamycin group. Clindamycin was well tolerated except for possible mild gastrointestinal symptoms in six patients. Clindamycin can be substituted for penicillin for RF prophylaxis when there is allergy to penicillin or concern about the development of penicillin-resistant mouth organisms.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever: a comparison of orally administered clindamycin and penicillin. Orally administered clindamycin and penicillin were compared for effectiveness in preventing streptococcal infections in 202 randomly assigned patients with previous rheumatic fever (RF). Among 143 patients aged 21 years or younger observed for 537 patient-years, the number of streptococcal infections (and number per patient-year) was 23 (0.084) in the penicillin group and 12 (0.045) in the clindamycin group. Excluding uncooperative patients, the rate of streptococcal infection remained less, though not statistically significant, in the clindamycin group than in the penicillin group. Two RF recurrences occurred in the penicillin group, and no recurrence occurred in the clindamycin group. Clindamycin was well tolerated except for possible mild gastrointestinal symptoms in six patients. Clindamycin can be substituted for penicillin for RF prophylaxis when there is allergy to penicillin or concern about the development of penicillin-resistant mouth organisms.", "PMID": 372593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1653", "title": "Respiratory failure in cancer patients.", "content": "A review of 180 cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilation disclosed that 26% survived to extubation, and 13% and 7% were alive at two and six months, respectively. Mortality was related to several factors individually and the cumulative number of organ systems dysfunctioning in a given patient. Compared with general intensive care patients, those with respiratory failure and neoplastic disease demonstrated a high incidence of drug-induced pulmonary disease, hematologic abnormalities, pneumothorax, and infections with multiple and unusual organisms--all of which alter the approach to management. Although the long-term survival was poor, immediate survival was comparable with that of many groups of patients with respiratory failure.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in cancer patients. A review of 180 cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilation disclosed that 26% survived to extubation, and 13% and 7% were alive at two and six months, respectively. Mortality was related to several factors individually and the cumulative number of organ systems dysfunctioning in a given patient. Compared with general intensive care patients, those with respiratory failure and neoplastic disease demonstrated a high incidence of drug-induced pulmonary disease, hematologic abnormalities, pneumothorax, and infections with multiple and unusual organisms--all of which alter the approach to management. Although the long-term survival was poor, immediate survival was comparable with that of many groups of patients with respiratory failure.", "PMID": 372604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1654", "title": "Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide. A double-blind study of antihypertensive properties with an open crossover.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients completed a double-blind study of the antihypertensive effects of ticrynafen compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide. The results of blood pressure reduction were comparable in the two groups. After six months, 12 patients were crossed over to ticrynafen therapy from hydrochlorothiazide. They maintained their blood pressure reduction. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the uric acid response. The uric acid level in the patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide therapy rose from a baseline of 5.9 to 7.5 mg/dL (normal range, 3.0 to 8.0 mg/dL). The uric acid level of those patients receiving ticrynafen therapy decreased from a baseline of 6.4 mg/dL to a low of 3.3 mg/dL. In view of ticrynafen's appreciable antihypertensive and uric-acid-lowering effects, it appears to be a useful new antihypertensive drug.", "contents": "Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide. A double-blind study of antihypertensive properties with an open crossover. Twenty-eight patients completed a double-blind study of the antihypertensive effects of ticrynafen compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide. The results of blood pressure reduction were comparable in the two groups. After six months, 12 patients were crossed over to ticrynafen therapy from hydrochlorothiazide. They maintained their blood pressure reduction. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the uric acid response. The uric acid level in the patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide therapy rose from a baseline of 5.9 to 7.5 mg/dL (normal range, 3.0 to 8.0 mg/dL). The uric acid level of those patients receiving ticrynafen therapy decreased from a baseline of 6.4 mg/dL to a low of 3.3 mg/dL. In view of ticrynafen's appreciable antihypertensive and uric-acid-lowering effects, it appears to be a useful new antihypertensive drug.", "PMID": 372609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1655", "title": "Kupffer cell sarcoma in rats after exposure to small doses of dimethylnitrosamine and N-2-acetylaminofluorene during hepatic regeneration.", "content": "During experiments to study the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in adult male Wistar rats by exposing regenerating livers to the action of small doses of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), several primary sarcomas of the liver were incidentally observed. The morphology and behavior of the tumors suggest their origin from Kupffer's cells. Kupffer cell sarcomas occurred more frequently when 70% hepatectomy was used as the regenerative stimulus. None of the 36 animals treated with AAF alone and 2 of the 38 rats given DMN only had this tumor.", "contents": "Kupffer cell sarcoma in rats after exposure to small doses of dimethylnitrosamine and N-2-acetylaminofluorene during hepatic regeneration. During experiments to study the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in adult male Wistar rats by exposing regenerating livers to the action of small doses of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), several primary sarcomas of the liver were incidentally observed. The morphology and behavior of the tumors suggest their origin from Kupffer's cells. Kupffer cell sarcomas occurred more frequently when 70% hepatectomy was used as the regenerative stimulus. None of the 36 animals treated with AAF alone and 2 of the 38 rats given DMN only had this tumor.", "PMID": 372650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1656", "title": "Reaction of immune complexes with Hodgkin's disease tissue cultures: radioimmune assay and immunoferritin electron microscopy.", "content": "We examined the binding of soluble immune complexes in sera from patients with Hodgkin's disease to established tissue cultures derived from the tumor. Circulating immune complex levels were determined by the Raji cell assay, and the reaction of serum with cultured cells was examined with a radioimmune assay and by immunoferritin electron microscopy. Serum with elevated immune complexes was found to react with cells of Hodgkin's disease monolayers when tested with radioiodine-labeled antisera against human IgG heavy and light chains and the complement 3 (C3) component. When examined with the electron microscope, monolayers incubated with Hodgkin's disease serum containing immune complex and labeled with ferritin-conjugated antiserum to C3 contained surface-bound ferritin particles with a uniform but discontinuous pattern. Absorption of Hodgkin's disease serum with monolayer cells reduced immune complexes and decreased reactivity of the sample with cultured cells by radioimmune assay. Sera of patients with other disorders and aggregated gamma-globulin with complement, despite markedly elevated immune complex levels, did not react positively with monolayers derived from Hodgkin's disease tumors, and none of the sera reacted with normal cultured spleen. The approximate size of serum components reacting with Hodgkin's disease monolayers was estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation fractions in the 19S region reacted with monolayer cells when tested with 125I-labeled antisera to both IgG and C3 and contained immunoglobulin-complement complexes by gel diffusion and immunoabsorption. A component sedimenting at 7-9S contained immunoglobulin not complexed with complement; this component reacted with monolayer cells when tested with anti-IgG antiserum but did not react when tested with antibody to C3. The reaction of Hodgkin's disease monolayers with serum containing immune complexes differed from that of two suspension culture lines composed of cells with surface complement and IgG Fc receptors. Inasmuch as cells of our long-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers do not contain these surface receptors, possibly the antibody component of the immune complex reacts with antigens on the surface of cultured cells.", "contents": "Reaction of immune complexes with Hodgkin's disease tissue cultures: radioimmune assay and immunoferritin electron microscopy. We examined the binding of soluble immune complexes in sera from patients with Hodgkin's disease to established tissue cultures derived from the tumor. Circulating immune complex levels were determined by the Raji cell assay, and the reaction of serum with cultured cells was examined with a radioimmune assay and by immunoferritin electron microscopy. Serum with elevated immune complexes was found to react with cells of Hodgkin's disease monolayers when tested with radioiodine-labeled antisera against human IgG heavy and light chains and the complement 3 (C3) component. When examined with the electron microscope, monolayers incubated with Hodgkin's disease serum containing immune complex and labeled with ferritin-conjugated antiserum to C3 contained surface-bound ferritin particles with a uniform but discontinuous pattern. Absorption of Hodgkin's disease serum with monolayer cells reduced immune complexes and decreased reactivity of the sample with cultured cells by radioimmune assay. Sera of patients with other disorders and aggregated gamma-globulin with complement, despite markedly elevated immune complex levels, did not react positively with monolayers derived from Hodgkin's disease tumors, and none of the sera reacted with normal cultured spleen. The approximate size of serum components reacting with Hodgkin's disease monolayers was estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation fractions in the 19S region reacted with monolayer cells when tested with 125I-labeled antisera to both IgG and C3 and contained immunoglobulin-complement complexes by gel diffusion and immunoabsorption. A component sedimenting at 7-9S contained immunoglobulin not complexed with complement; this component reacted with monolayer cells when tested with anti-IgG antiserum but did not react when tested with antibody to C3. The reaction of Hodgkin's disease monolayers with serum containing immune complexes differed from that of two suspension culture lines composed of cells with surface complement and IgG Fc receptors. Inasmuch as cells of our long-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers do not contain these surface receptors, possibly the antibody component of the immune complex reacts with antigens on the surface of cultured cells.", "PMID": 372654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1657", "title": "Selection of carcinogens and related compounds tested for mutagenic activity.", "content": "A list of 102 chemicals was prepared for subsequent mutagenesis assays in a National Cancer Institute program to determine the extent of correlation between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in standardized assays. The chemicals were divided into five major categories: 37 aromatic amines, 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8 nitrosamines and nitrosamides, 16 alkylating agents, and a miscellaneous category consisting of 11 heterocyclic compounds, 7 amides, ureas and acylating agents, 5 antimetabolites, 4 inorganic chemicals, and 3 promoters. The chemicals were further described as procarcinogens (requiring metabolic activation to exert their biologic activities), ultimate carcinogens (direct-acting chemicals not requiring metabolic activation), and noncarcinogens (compounds shown to be inactive in one or more adequate carcinogenicity tests). An extensive bibliography documents the selection and categorization of the compounds.", "contents": "Selection of carcinogens and related compounds tested for mutagenic activity. A list of 102 chemicals was prepared for subsequent mutagenesis assays in a National Cancer Institute program to determine the extent of correlation between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in standardized assays. The chemicals were divided into five major categories: 37 aromatic amines, 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8 nitrosamines and nitrosamides, 16 alkylating agents, and a miscellaneous category consisting of 11 heterocyclic compounds, 7 amides, ureas and acylating agents, 5 antimetabolites, 4 inorganic chemicals, and 3 promoters. The chemicals were further described as procarcinogens (requiring metabolic activation to exert their biologic activities), ultimate carcinogens (direct-acting chemicals not requiring metabolic activation), and noncarcinogens (compounds shown to be inactive in one or more adequate carcinogenicity tests). An extensive bibliography documents the selection and categorization of the compounds.", "PMID": 372655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1658", "title": "Evaluation of the mutagenicity and DNA-modifying activity of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in microbial systems.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 99 chemicals was determined in a standard Salmonella typhimurium assay with the use of strains TA1535 and TA1538; the DNA-modifying capacity was determined with normal and DNA polymerase-deficient Escherichia coli strains. The following categories of chemicals were studied: alkylating agents (15); nitrosamines, hydrazines, and related substances (8); heterocyclics (10); aromatic amines (36); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (11); amides, ureas, and acylating agents (7); antimetabolites (5); inorganics (4); and promoters (3). Of the substances studied, 21 were known noncarcinogens, 21 were ultimate carcinogens, and 45 were procarcinogens. Of the noncarcinogens, 35, 30, and 25% were positive in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both systems, respectively. All of the ultimate carcinogens were detectable as mutagens of DNA-modifying agents; 79, 100, and 79% gave positive tests in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both systems, respectively. Of the procarcinogens 72% were identifiable by these procedures: 52, 67, and 48% in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both assays, respectively. A tabulation of the combined data for ultimate carcinogens and procarcinogens indicates that 77% of the carcinogens gave positive results: 61, 74, and 59% in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both assays, respectively. We suggest that, for prescreening procedures with microbial assays, S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 be included and the standard E. coli DNA polymerase-deficient assay be run in tandem with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. When the standard E. coli DNA polymerase-deficient assay does not give interpretable results because of the lack of zones of growth inhibition, a modified assay with the use of liquid suspension should be performed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the mutagenicity and DNA-modifying activity of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in microbial systems. The mutagenicity of 99 chemicals was determined in a standard Salmonella typhimurium assay with the use of strains TA1535 and TA1538; the DNA-modifying capacity was determined with normal and DNA polymerase-deficient Escherichia coli strains. The following categories of chemicals were studied: alkylating agents (15); nitrosamines, hydrazines, and related substances (8); heterocyclics (10); aromatic amines (36); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (11); amides, ureas, and acylating agents (7); antimetabolites (5); inorganics (4); and promoters (3). Of the substances studied, 21 were known noncarcinogens, 21 were ultimate carcinogens, and 45 were procarcinogens. Of the noncarcinogens, 35, 30, and 25% were positive in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both systems, respectively. All of the ultimate carcinogens were detectable as mutagens of DNA-modifying agents; 79, 100, and 79% gave positive tests in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both systems, respectively. Of the procarcinogens 72% were identifiable by these procedures: 52, 67, and 48% in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both assays, respectively. A tabulation of the combined data for ultimate carcinogens and procarcinogens indicates that 77% of the carcinogens gave positive results: 61, 74, and 59% in the Salmonella, E. coli, and both assays, respectively. We suggest that, for prescreening procedures with microbial assays, S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 be included and the standard E. coli DNA polymerase-deficient assay be run in tandem with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. When the standard E. coli DNA polymerase-deficient assay does not give interpretable results because of the lack of zones of growth inhibition, a modified assay with the use of liquid suspension should be performed.", "PMID": 372656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1659", "title": "In vitro mutagenicity assays of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of 101 chemicals was studied with the use of the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system described by Ames. The tester strains were TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100. Assays were conducted in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system prepared from the livers of randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats that had been pretreated with Aroclor 1254. The test chemicals were incorporated into the agar with bacteria and the metabolic activation system. Mutagens were defined as chemicals that induced a reproducible dose-related increase in the number of histidine-independent revertants. With the use of these procedures, 65% of the organic carcinogens and 25% of the noncarcinogens were found to be mutagenic.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenicity assays of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Salmonella typhimurium. The mutagenic activity of 101 chemicals was studied with the use of the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system described by Ames. The tester strains were TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100. Assays were conducted in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system prepared from the livers of randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats that had been pretreated with Aroclor 1254. The test chemicals were incorporated into the agar with bacteria and the metabolic activation system. Mutagens were defined as chemicals that induced a reproducible dose-related increase in the number of histidine-independent revertants. With the use of these procedures, 65% of the organic carcinogens and 25% of the noncarcinogens were found to be mutagenic.", "PMID": 372657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1660", "title": "In vitro assays for recombinogenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3.", "content": "A total of 101 carcinogens, noncarcinogens, metals, and promoters representing a wide variety of chemical classes was tested to determine whether they increased mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. A metabolic activation system prepared from homogenates of livers from rats that had been pretreated with Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls) was incorporated in the assay procedure. All of the ultimate carcinogens (20/20) and 38% of the procarcinogens (18/48) increased mitotic recombination. Of the noncarcinogens 29% (6/21) also increased mitotic recombination. A improved metabolic activation procedure appears to be required to increase the probability of detecting procarcinogens by this method. The carcinogens thioacetamide, natulan, auramine, safrole, and 1'-hydroxysafrole increased mitotic recombination in S. cerevisiae D3 (the last compound was marginally positive), but they were negative in assays with Salmonella typhyimurium.", "contents": "In vitro assays for recombinogenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. A total of 101 carcinogens, noncarcinogens, metals, and promoters representing a wide variety of chemical classes was tested to determine whether they increased mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. A metabolic activation system prepared from homogenates of livers from rats that had been pretreated with Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls) was incorporated in the assay procedure. All of the ultimate carcinogens (20/20) and 38% of the procarcinogens (18/48) increased mitotic recombination. Of the noncarcinogens 29% (6/21) also increased mitotic recombination. A improved metabolic activation procedure appears to be required to increase the probability of detecting procarcinogens by this method. The carcinogens thioacetamide, natulan, auramine, safrole, and 1'-hydroxysafrole increased mitotic recombination in S. cerevisiae D3 (the last compound was marginally positive), but they were negative in assays with Salmonella typhyimurium.", "PMID": 372658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1661", "title": "Mutagenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of 79 carcinogens, noncarcinogens, and structurally related compounds toward Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1530, TA1535, and TA1538 and toward Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 were investigated in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay. Fewer than half of the carcinogens were mutagenic toward the Salmonella strains. The insensitivity of the system was most marked with the aromatic amine and polycyclic hydrocarbon procarcinogens. Under the test conditions, fewer than 10% of the carcinogens showed clear mutagenic activity toward S. cerevisiae D3. However, none of the noncarcinogens was significantly mutagenic toward either S. typhimurium or S. cerevisiae D3. Overall, the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay does not seem suitable for routine preliminary screening of large numbers of potential carcinogens. The median lethal doses to mice of 46 compounds were determined.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay. The mutagenic activities of 79 carcinogens, noncarcinogens, and structurally related compounds toward Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1530, TA1535, and TA1538 and toward Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 were investigated in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay. Fewer than half of the carcinogens were mutagenic toward the Salmonella strains. The insensitivity of the system was most marked with the aromatic amine and polycyclic hydrocarbon procarcinogens. Under the test conditions, fewer than 10% of the carcinogens showed clear mutagenic activity toward S. cerevisiae D3. However, none of the noncarcinogens was significantly mutagenic toward either S. typhimurium or S. cerevisiae D3. Overall, the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay does not seem suitable for routine preliminary screening of large numbers of potential carcinogens. The median lethal doses to mice of 46 compounds were determined.", "PMID": 372659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1662", "title": "Initial National Cancer Institute studies on mutagenesis as a prescreen for chemical carcinogens: an appraisal.", "content": "The efficacy of several in vitro and in vivo assays to detect carcinogens from a list of compounds was evaluated. Salmonella and polymerase A-deficient Escherichia coli in vitro were the most effective systems studied. Together they detected 82% of the organic carcinogens tested. Potential prescreening systems, which were thought to be currently insufficiently sensitive for the routine screening of potential carcinogens, included a) the development of resistance to thymidine overloading, methotrexate, and cytosine arabinoside by L5178y cells, b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3, c) the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay, and d) thymidine uptake as a reflection of DNA repair.", "contents": "Initial National Cancer Institute studies on mutagenesis as a prescreen for chemical carcinogens: an appraisal. The efficacy of several in vitro and in vivo assays to detect carcinogens from a list of compounds was evaluated. Salmonella and polymerase A-deficient Escherichia coli in vitro were the most effective systems studied. Together they detected 82% of the organic carcinogens tested. Potential prescreening systems, which were thought to be currently insufficiently sensitive for the routine screening of potential carcinogens, included a) the development of resistance to thymidine overloading, methotrexate, and cytosine arabinoside by L5178y cells, b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3, c) the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay, and d) thymidine uptake as a reflection of DNA repair.", "PMID": 372660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1663", "title": "[Use of the aldosterone antagonist, canrenoate potassium for treating chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The results of studying the clinical effect of the diuretic soldacton and its effect on a number of indices of water-electrolyte metabolism are discussed. The drug was used in 16 patients with IIB--III stage of circulatory insufficiency. It was found that soldacton possesses a moderate diuretic and natriuretic effect and produces a potassium-preserving effect. The drug is effective in various initial concentrations of plasma aldosterone which does not change significantly under its effect. Soldacton promotes improvement of tolerance to cardiac glycosides and diminishes the risk of the development of digitalis intoxication.", "contents": "[Use of the aldosterone antagonist, canrenoate potassium for treating chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The results of studying the clinical effect of the diuretic soldacton and its effect on a number of indices of water-electrolyte metabolism are discussed. The drug was used in 16 patients with IIB--III stage of circulatory insufficiency. It was found that soldacton possesses a moderate diuretic and natriuretic effect and produces a potassium-preserving effect. The drug is effective in various initial concentrations of plasma aldosterone which does not change significantly under its effect. Soldacton promotes improvement of tolerance to cardiac glycosides and diminishes the risk of the development of digitalis intoxication.", "PMID": 372667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1664", "title": "[Use of Visken-15 for treating hypertension].", "content": "The hypotensive effect of visken-15, a blocking agent of the beta-adrenergic receptors, was studied in 7 patients with stage IB hypertensive disease, in 18 with stage IIA, and in 8 patients with stage IIB under conditions of in- and out-patient establishments. A favourable effect was produced in 81.5% of patients who were given one tablet of the drug once or twice a day. Treatment with visken-15 led to a decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, in the rate of cardiac contractions, and in the blood minute volume at rest, in the orthostatic position, and during physical load. Visken-15 is marked by low toxicity, it is tolerated well and seldom causes side effects. The drug is recommended for the treatment of patients with early stages of hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Use of Visken-15 for treating hypertension]. The hypotensive effect of visken-15, a blocking agent of the beta-adrenergic receptors, was studied in 7 patients with stage IB hypertensive disease, in 18 with stage IIA, and in 8 patients with stage IIB under conditions of in- and out-patient establishments. A favourable effect was produced in 81.5% of patients who were given one tablet of the drug once or twice a day. Treatment with visken-15 led to a decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, in the rate of cardiac contractions, and in the blood minute volume at rest, in the orthostatic position, and during physical load. Visken-15 is marked by low toxicity, it is tolerated well and seldom causes side effects. The drug is recommended for the treatment of patients with early stages of hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 372668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1665", "title": "[Absolute and relative volumes of the right ventricle normally and in pathological states measured by the dye dilution method].", "content": "In using the method of dye dilution improved by reflectometry by means of fibrooptic catheters the authors measured the volumes of the right ventricle in patients with hemodynamics close to normal, in patients with a tension load of the right ventricle, with a volumetric load, in decompensation and in pericarditis. The authors noted a constancy of the relative stroke volume in compensated work of the right ventricle (approximately 53%). They regard this index to be the criterion of normal pump function of the right ventricle. In deficiency of this function the relative stroke volume may be reduced by nearly half, to 28%.", "contents": "[Absolute and relative volumes of the right ventricle normally and in pathological states measured by the dye dilution method]. In using the method of dye dilution improved by reflectometry by means of fibrooptic catheters the authors measured the volumes of the right ventricle in patients with hemodynamics close to normal, in patients with a tension load of the right ventricle, with a volumetric load, in decompensation and in pericarditis. The authors noted a constancy of the relative stroke volume in compensated work of the right ventricle (approximately 53%). They regard this index to be the criterion of normal pump function of the right ventricle. In deficiency of this function the relative stroke volume may be reduced by nearly half, to 28%.", "PMID": 372669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1666", "title": "Pulmonary response to glass fiber by inhalation exposure.", "content": "Rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs were exposed to airborne glass fiber at a gravimetric concentration of 0.42 mg. per liter for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 90 days. The number of dust particles greater than 5 micron. in length was 0.73 x 10(6) per liter with an average diameter of approximately 1.2 micron. Most particles were less than 2 micron. in size and only 15% of the dust particles had a fibrous shape. Few fibers were longer than 10 micron. The pulmonary response was characterized by macrophage reaction with alveolar proteinosis at 90 days of inhalation. The light and ultrastructural alterations were similar to the other experimental or human alveolar proteinosis. The alveolar proteinosis disappeared at 1-year postexposure, but focal dust cell accumulation with proliferating granular pneumocytes persisted throughout the 2-year recovery period. No significant fibrosis or stromal changes were found in the dust-deposited areas. In hamsters and guinea pigs, most ferruginous bodies were developed from fibrous fibers but not from tiny dust particles. The tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly swollen and laden with dust cells.", "contents": "Pulmonary response to glass fiber by inhalation exposure. Rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs were exposed to airborne glass fiber at a gravimetric concentration of 0.42 mg. per liter for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 90 days. The number of dust particles greater than 5 micron. in length was 0.73 x 10(6) per liter with an average diameter of approximately 1.2 micron. Most particles were less than 2 micron. in size and only 15% of the dust particles had a fibrous shape. Few fibers were longer than 10 micron. The pulmonary response was characterized by macrophage reaction with alveolar proteinosis at 90 days of inhalation. The light and ultrastructural alterations were similar to the other experimental or human alveolar proteinosis. The alveolar proteinosis disappeared at 1-year postexposure, but focal dust cell accumulation with proliferating granular pneumocytes persisted throughout the 2-year recovery period. No significant fibrosis or stromal changes were found in the dust-deposited areas. In hamsters and guinea pigs, most ferruginous bodies were developed from fibrous fibers but not from tiny dust particles. The tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly swollen and laden with dust cells.", "PMID": 372672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1667", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of dense deposit disease. The presence of railroad tracks and mesangial rings.", "content": "Immunopathologic analysis was carried out on renal tissue from patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, nine with type I and nine with type II (dense deposit disease). A specific finding in all patients with type II, but not type I, was the presence of C3 along the margin but not within the central portion of dense deposit material in the glomerular basement membrane giving a double linear appearance (railroad tracks); C3 was also present within the mesangium, outlining numerous circular structures (mesangial rings). By phase contrast, electron microscopy, and dual label fluorescence studies, the railroad tracks and mesangial rings were shown to outline dense deposit material. Mesangial rings contained properdin (four of nine patients); railroad tracks contained properdin (five of nine patients) and C4 (four of nine patients); no other complement components or immunoglobulins were present. Studies using rhodamine-conjugated rabbit antibody to human glomerular basement membrane demonstrated no reactivity with the dense deposit material itself. In type I and to a lesser extent in type II, granular deposits of C3, C4, properdin, IgM, and IgG were present along the glomerular basement membrane, suggesting that immune complexes play a role in both diseases. Dense deposit transformation of the glomerular basement membrane may be a consequence of a highly specific injury.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of dense deposit disease. The presence of railroad tracks and mesangial rings. Immunopathologic analysis was carried out on renal tissue from patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, nine with type I and nine with type II (dense deposit disease). A specific finding in all patients with type II, but not type I, was the presence of C3 along the margin but not within the central portion of dense deposit material in the glomerular basement membrane giving a double linear appearance (railroad tracks); C3 was also present within the mesangium, outlining numerous circular structures (mesangial rings). By phase contrast, electron microscopy, and dual label fluorescence studies, the railroad tracks and mesangial rings were shown to outline dense deposit material. Mesangial rings contained properdin (four of nine patients); railroad tracks contained properdin (five of nine patients) and C4 (four of nine patients); no other complement components or immunoglobulins were present. Studies using rhodamine-conjugated rabbit antibody to human glomerular basement membrane demonstrated no reactivity with the dense deposit material itself. In type I and to a lesser extent in type II, granular deposits of C3, C4, properdin, IgM, and IgG were present along the glomerular basement membrane, suggesting that immune complexes play a role in both diseases. Dense deposit transformation of the glomerular basement membrane may be a consequence of a highly specific injury.", "PMID": 372673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1668", "title": "Effect of donor bronchial length on healing: a canine model to evaluate bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation.", "content": "Bronchial anastomotic complications in lung transplantation in man remain a major cause of failure. To study this problem in a canine model, we varied the length of the distal bronchial component in three groups of dogs that underwent hilar stripping, bronchial transection, and reanastomosis, The distal bronchial component was thus analogous to the donor in a transplanted lung. Anastomoses were performed, respectively, at the level of the main carina (long single anastomosis), at the midpoint between the main carina and the bifurcation of the left main-stem bronchus (short single anastomosis), and just distal to the bifurcation of the left main-stem bronchus (lobar anastomosis). Bronchial anastomotic damage and necrosis were evaluated by periodic examination with a fiberoptic bronchoscope and by gross and microscopic examination at sacrifice on the seventh postoperative day. The long single anastomoses demonstrated the most necrosis, and the labor anastomoses showed the least. The short single anastomoses showed an intermediate degree of damage. These findings support the hypothesis that shortening the distal or donor bronchial component reduces anastomotic damage, probably because of better pulmonary-to-bronchial collateral blood supply. This study provides a canine model by which to examine bronchial anastomotic complicatons and demonstrates the feasibility of performing labor anastomoses as a means for decreasing bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation.", "contents": "Effect of donor bronchial length on healing: a canine model to evaluate bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation. Bronchial anastomotic complications in lung transplantation in man remain a major cause of failure. To study this problem in a canine model, we varied the length of the distal bronchial component in three groups of dogs that underwent hilar stripping, bronchial transection, and reanastomosis, The distal bronchial component was thus analogous to the donor in a transplanted lung. Anastomoses were performed, respectively, at the level of the main carina (long single anastomosis), at the midpoint between the main carina and the bifurcation of the left main-stem bronchus (short single anastomosis), and just distal to the bifurcation of the left main-stem bronchus (lobar anastomosis). Bronchial anastomotic damage and necrosis were evaluated by periodic examination with a fiberoptic bronchoscope and by gross and microscopic examination at sacrifice on the seventh postoperative day. The long single anastomoses demonstrated the most necrosis, and the labor anastomoses showed the least. The short single anastomoses showed an intermediate degree of damage. These findings support the hypothesis that shortening the distal or donor bronchial component reduces anastomotic damage, probably because of better pulmonary-to-bronchial collateral blood supply. This study provides a canine model by which to examine bronchial anastomotic complicatons and demonstrates the feasibility of performing labor anastomoses as a means for decreasing bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation.", "PMID": 372684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1669", "title": "Surgical management of congenital vascular rings.", "content": "Case histories of 53 patients with surgically treated vascular rings are presented. The diagnosis was strongly suggested in all patients by symptoms of tracheosophageal obstruction and was confirmed by barium esophagogram, which showed typical bilateral and posterior indentations in the esophagus. Angiography was rarely used although it is helpful in doubtful cases. Endoscopic studies were considered unnecessary and potentially harmful. A left posterolateral thoractomy afforded ample access for division of the ring in all patients. Two patients died who were operated upon during the early experience. There were no postoperative deaths among the last 45 consecutive patients. All survivors had excellent symptomatic relief although complete resolution of symptoms took several months in some patients. All survivors had excellent symptomatic relief although complete resolution of symptoms took several months in some patients. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical division is emphasized.", "contents": "Surgical management of congenital vascular rings. Case histories of 53 patients with surgically treated vascular rings are presented. The diagnosis was strongly suggested in all patients by symptoms of tracheosophageal obstruction and was confirmed by barium esophagogram, which showed typical bilateral and posterior indentations in the esophagus. Angiography was rarely used although it is helpful in doubtful cases. Endoscopic studies were considered unnecessary and potentially harmful. A left posterolateral thoractomy afforded ample access for division of the ring in all patients. Two patients died who were operated upon during the early experience. There were no postoperative deaths among the last 45 consecutive patients. All survivors had excellent symptomatic relief although complete resolution of symptoms took several months in some patients. All survivors had excellent symptomatic relief although complete resolution of symptoms took several months in some patients. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical division is emphasized.", "PMID": 372685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1670", "title": "New technique for repair of posterior left ventricular rupture.", "content": "A case is presented of posterior left ventricular rupture occurring from resection of intramyocardial calcification during mitral valve replacement. The laceration was obvious on the operating table with discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass, but attempts at simple closure with buttressd sutures were unsuccessful. The ventricular defect was repaired by insertion of a low-porosity Dacron graft. A saphenous vein bypass graft was also placed between the aorta and circumflex coronary artery.", "contents": "New technique for repair of posterior left ventricular rupture. A case is presented of posterior left ventricular rupture occurring from resection of intramyocardial calcification during mitral valve replacement. The laceration was obvious on the operating table with discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass, but attempts at simple closure with buttressd sutures were unsuccessful. The ventricular defect was repaired by insertion of a low-porosity Dacron graft. A saphenous vein bypass graft was also placed between the aorta and circumflex coronary artery.", "PMID": 372686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1671", "title": "Series on pharmacology in practice: 1. Drugs that alter mood. I. Tricyclic agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "content": "In the last 20 years, the treatment of mood disorders has advanced immeasurably. We now have relatively safe and effective agents for the treatment of depression and mania. This review discusses two types of agents that elevate mood--tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors--including the indications for their use and their modes of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions.", "contents": "Series on pharmacology in practice: 1. Drugs that alter mood. I. Tricyclic agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In the last 20 years, the treatment of mood disorders has advanced immeasurably. We now have relatively safe and effective agents for the treatment of depression and mania. This review discusses two types of agents that elevate mood--tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors--including the indications for their use and their modes of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions.", "PMID": 372690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1672", "title": "Health status index: category rating versus magnitude estimation for measuring levels of well-being.", "content": "Levels of Well-Being are social preferences, or weights that members of society associate with time-specific states of function. A Weighted Life Expectancy, which can be used to measure program outputs, is created by summing the levels across diverse cases and multiplying them by probable transitions (prognoses) among the states and levels. This operation requires however, that the Levels of Well-Being be measured on underlying metric scale. The present analysis compares preference measurements from a simple category rating procedure with those obtained using the more complex and difficult magnitude estimation method which has been claimed to yield ratio level measures. In a randomly counterbalanced design, 65 college students rated 30 case descriptions representing the range of the Well-Being continuum. The results exhibit the classical logarithmic relation observed for a prothetic continua. When transformed to a meaningful 0-1 unit scale, however, the magnitude responses are compressed at the lower end of the scale near death. Such results are inconsistent not only with category rating, but also with intuitive notions of the relative importance of the function states, with the results of rating procedures that simulate social choice, and with evidence that confirms the interval properties of the category ratings themselves. Furthermore, the ease of administration of category rating means that multiple attributes of cases can be considered jointly, avoiding the need to aggregate scale values for different attributes by arbitrary rules. In sum, magnitude estimation is inappropriate as a measurement method for a Health Status Index and is probably also inappropriate for other measures of utility and social choice.", "contents": "Health status index: category rating versus magnitude estimation for measuring levels of well-being. Levels of Well-Being are social preferences, or weights that members of society associate with time-specific states of function. A Weighted Life Expectancy, which can be used to measure program outputs, is created by summing the levels across diverse cases and multiplying them by probable transitions (prognoses) among the states and levels. This operation requires however, that the Levels of Well-Being be measured on underlying metric scale. The present analysis compares preference measurements from a simple category rating procedure with those obtained using the more complex and difficult magnitude estimation method which has been claimed to yield ratio level measures. In a randomly counterbalanced design, 65 college students rated 30 case descriptions representing the range of the Well-Being continuum. The results exhibit the classical logarithmic relation observed for a prothetic continua. When transformed to a meaningful 0-1 unit scale, however, the magnitude responses are compressed at the lower end of the scale near death. Such results are inconsistent not only with category rating, but also with intuitive notions of the relative importance of the function states, with the results of rating procedures that simulate social choice, and with evidence that confirms the interval properties of the category ratings themselves. Furthermore, the ease of administration of category rating means that multiple attributes of cases can be considered jointly, avoiding the need to aggregate scale values for different attributes by arbitrary rules. In sum, magnitude estimation is inappropriate as a measurement method for a Health Status Index and is probably also inappropriate for other measures of utility and social choice.", "PMID": 372692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1673", "title": "[Determinaci\u00f3n of islet-cell antibodies in different groups of diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The discovery of islet-cell antibodies (ICA) has served to reinforce the theory that the pathogenesis of diabetes is immunologic. These antibodies have been found in the serum of diabetics who also had other autoimmune diseases and in that of most insulin dependent diabetics. ICA were detected by an indirect immunofluorescent technique using human pancreas tissue as a substrate. In this study two human islet cell adenomas were employed; their cell composition was analyzed by means of this technique with antihormone antibodies marked with fluorescein. Serum from 74 diabetic patients and 45 normal controls were studied using this substrate. Twenty-three of the 56 insulin-dependent diabetics were in the first clinical stage of the disease; 18 of them (78%) were positive for ICA. The other 33 insulin-dependent diabetics had the disease for over 3 years; six of these (36%) were positive. Anticellular antibodies were detected also in two of the 18 patients who were not insulin-dependent (5%). There was only one case of positivity among the controls (2%). These figures are similar to those of previous studies. It has been shown that the incidence of islet-cell antibodies drops rapidly after the fifth week of the disease; it depends primarily on the stage of development and has little to do with the age of the patient at the onset of the disease. Knowledge about these antibodies makes it easier to classify diabetics and to arrive at a prognosis regarding possible later insulin-dependence. These antibodies may be a consequence or even the cause of the destruction of the pancreatic islets provoked by a viral infection and perhaps determined by a predisposing genetic factor.", "contents": "[Determinaci\u00f3n of islet-cell antibodies in different groups of diabetics (author's transl)]. The discovery of islet-cell antibodies (ICA) has served to reinforce the theory that the pathogenesis of diabetes is immunologic. These antibodies have been found in the serum of diabetics who also had other autoimmune diseases and in that of most insulin dependent diabetics. ICA were detected by an indirect immunofluorescent technique using human pancreas tissue as a substrate. In this study two human islet cell adenomas were employed; their cell composition was analyzed by means of this technique with antihormone antibodies marked with fluorescein. Serum from 74 diabetic patients and 45 normal controls were studied using this substrate. Twenty-three of the 56 insulin-dependent diabetics were in the first clinical stage of the disease; 18 of them (78%) were positive for ICA. The other 33 insulin-dependent diabetics had the disease for over 3 years; six of these (36%) were positive. Anticellular antibodies were detected also in two of the 18 patients who were not insulin-dependent (5%). There was only one case of positivity among the controls (2%). These figures are similar to those of previous studies. It has been shown that the incidence of islet-cell antibodies drops rapidly after the fifth week of the disease; it depends primarily on the stage of development and has little to do with the age of the patient at the onset of the disease. Knowledge about these antibodies makes it easier to classify diabetics and to arrive at a prognosis regarding possible later insulin-dependence. These antibodies may be a consequence or even the cause of the destruction of the pancreatic islets provoked by a viral infection and perhaps determined by a predisposing genetic factor.", "PMID": 372693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1674", "title": "[A study of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients and intrapulmonary shunt under the action of NAB-365, a new exogenous catecholamine of selective beta-2 action (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients were studied using NAB-365 (clenbuterol), an exogenous catecholamine with selective beta-2 action to determine various parameters of pulmonary physiopathology. They included: alveolar-arterial gradients in partial oxygen pressures, coefficient of respiratory inefficacy, alveolar ventilation, and intrapulmonary venoarterial short circuits. By studying these parameters before and after clinical administration of clenbuterol we were able to demonstrate a decrease in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients (p less than 0.001), decrease in the respiratory inefficacy coefficient (p less than 0.001), increase in alveolar ventilation (p less than 0.001), and a shunt decrease (p less than 0.0025). The drug improves diffusion and oxygenation without affecting the adrenergic cardiac receptors.", "contents": "[A study of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients and intrapulmonary shunt under the action of NAB-365, a new exogenous catecholamine of selective beta-2 action (author's transl)]. Thirty patients were studied using NAB-365 (clenbuterol), an exogenous catecholamine with selective beta-2 action to determine various parameters of pulmonary physiopathology. They included: alveolar-arterial gradients in partial oxygen pressures, coefficient of respiratory inefficacy, alveolar ventilation, and intrapulmonary venoarterial short circuits. By studying these parameters before and after clinical administration of clenbuterol we were able to demonstrate a decrease in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients (p less than 0.001), decrease in the respiratory inefficacy coefficient (p less than 0.001), increase in alveolar ventilation (p less than 0.001), and a shunt decrease (p less than 0.0025). The drug improves diffusion and oxygenation without affecting the adrenergic cardiac receptors.", "PMID": 372694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1675", "title": "The rhinologist and the management of pituitary disease.", "content": "Since the early days of pituitary surgery, a variety of transnasal approaches have been used to gain access to the sella turcica. Each of these approaches requires crossing the sphenoid sinus, hence the transsphenoidalnoidal designation of these methods. Since the growth and refinement of microsurgery as a distinct surgical discipline, there has been a coincidental maturation of transsphenoidal microsurgical techniques for the management of a variety of pituitary disorders. The present paper reviews the historical events leading to the current methods of transphenoidal pituitary surgery. Detailed descriptions of each method are given, with the advantages and disadvantages of each. The author's method is described and illustrated in a step-by-step manner, and the criteria which determine operability by transsphenoidal versus transfrontal craniotomy are discussed. The advantages which transsphenoidal techniques offer over transfrontal methods are emphasized. The paper deals with pituitary disorders on a clinical and pathological basis. The work-up of pituitary lesions is discussed, with a detailed presentation of the endocrine evaluation. Further emphasis is given to the value of tomography of the sphenosellar complex in planning operative approaches for removal of pituitary lesions, particularly when the lesion is a so-called \"microadenoma,\" producing no obvious expansion nor erosion of the cellar floor. The author's experience in the management of 125 lesions of the pituitary or associated sella turcica is presented and complications are discussed. Because of the relatively brief period of follow-up, no conclusive evidence can be offered regarding cures in the author's series. However, on the basis of reported experience by others working in the same area, one may expect acceptable long-term improvement or cures in selected pituitary lesions operated on by transshpenoidal methods. The team management of pituitary disorders is stressed. In particular, emphasis is given to the contributions which the current day otorhinolaryngologist can make, because of his knowledge and experience in rhinological and microsurgical techniques. There is no other surgical specialty so uniquely qualified to provide operative treatment of pituitary lesions using transsphenoidal surgical pathways.", "contents": "The rhinologist and the management of pituitary disease. Since the early days of pituitary surgery, a variety of transnasal approaches have been used to gain access to the sella turcica. Each of these approaches requires crossing the sphenoid sinus, hence the transsphenoidalnoidal designation of these methods. Since the growth and refinement of microsurgery as a distinct surgical discipline, there has been a coincidental maturation of transsphenoidal microsurgical techniques for the management of a variety of pituitary disorders. The present paper reviews the historical events leading to the current methods of transphenoidal pituitary surgery. Detailed descriptions of each method are given, with the advantages and disadvantages of each. The author's method is described and illustrated in a step-by-step manner, and the criteria which determine operability by transsphenoidal versus transfrontal craniotomy are discussed. The advantages which transsphenoidal techniques offer over transfrontal methods are emphasized. The paper deals with pituitary disorders on a clinical and pathological basis. The work-up of pituitary lesions is discussed, with a detailed presentation of the endocrine evaluation. Further emphasis is given to the value of tomography of the sphenosellar complex in planning operative approaches for removal of pituitary lesions, particularly when the lesion is a so-called \"microadenoma,\" producing no obvious expansion nor erosion of the cellar floor. The author's experience in the management of 125 lesions of the pituitary or associated sella turcica is presented and complications are discussed. Because of the relatively brief period of follow-up, no conclusive evidence can be offered regarding cures in the author's series. However, on the basis of reported experience by others working in the same area, one may expect acceptable long-term improvement or cures in selected pituitary lesions operated on by transshpenoidal methods. The team management of pituitary disorders is stressed. In particular, emphasis is given to the contributions which the current day otorhinolaryngologist can make, because of his knowledge and experience in rhinological and microsurgical techniques. There is no other surgical specialty so uniquely qualified to provide operative treatment of pituitary lesions using transsphenoidal surgical pathways.", "PMID": 372700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1676", "title": "Flap reconstruction in patients with head and neck cancer: techniques and results.", "content": "Patients who are treated by surgery, radiotherapy, or any combination thereof may suffer from complications in wound healing or tumor recurrence which necessitate reconstruction of repair utilizing tissue brought in from other parts of the body. The majority of patients, who required flap reconstruction for primary repair or for a complication of their surgery, had their primary lesion in the supraglottic larynx or inferior hypopharynx. More than two-thirds of the flaps elevated were for fistula repair. Five year survival in this group of patients was lower than in those patients with uncomplicated postoperative courses, although the quality of life for the survivors in both groups was not significantly different.", "contents": "Flap reconstruction in patients with head and neck cancer: techniques and results. Patients who are treated by surgery, radiotherapy, or any combination thereof may suffer from complications in wound healing or tumor recurrence which necessitate reconstruction of repair utilizing tissue brought in from other parts of the body. The majority of patients, who required flap reconstruction for primary repair or for a complication of their surgery, had their primary lesion in the supraglottic larynx or inferior hypopharynx. More than two-thirds of the flaps elevated were for fistula repair. Five year survival in this group of patients was lower than in those patients with uncomplicated postoperative courses, although the quality of life for the survivors in both groups was not significantly different.", "PMID": 372701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1677", "title": "[Automation of the determination of cardiac output by means of 4-electrode rheocardiography].", "content": "A method of cardiac output determination is described, based on automatic processing of the differential rheogram and arterial pressure traces, by a computer algorithm. All variable parameters of the rated formula are defined automatically. The method provides highly precise and rapid definition of the cardiac output.", "contents": "[Automation of the determination of cardiac output by means of 4-electrode rheocardiography]. A method of cardiac output determination is described, based on automatic processing of the differential rheogram and arterial pressure traces, by a computer algorithm. All variable parameters of the rated formula are defined automatically. The method provides highly precise and rapid definition of the cardiac output.", "PMID": 372722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1678", "title": "[Laser correlation spectrometer for immunological and virological analyses].", "content": "A correlative laser spectrometer is recommended to record the immunologic reactions and differentiate the virus particles. The correlator used in this spectrometer is of the three-bit type; it measures the base line and allows preliminary signal processing. The correlative laser spectrometer is designed for application in clinical diagnostic laboratories.", "contents": "[Laser correlation spectrometer for immunological and virological analyses]. A correlative laser spectrometer is recommended to record the immunologic reactions and differentiate the virus particles. The correlator used in this spectrometer is of the three-bit type; it measures the base line and allows preliminary signal processing. The correlative laser spectrometer is designed for application in clinical diagnostic laboratories.", "PMID": 372723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1679", "title": "[Automated system of medical examination data processing].", "content": "To solve some problems concerning practical and experimental medicine, an automatic system was elaborated for processing the medical examination data. The core of the system is the NAIRY-2 computer. All the problems to be solved were divided into four groups, according to the software management: those, concerned with archival storage and acquisition of data about the patients' state; on formation of visual (graphic) presentation of the data contained in perforated documents; on diagnosis and prognoses, according to clinical and physiological data through the use of an applied program package; and those to be programmed by the user, in accordance with standard and additional software of the NAIRI-2.", "contents": "[Automated system of medical examination data processing]. To solve some problems concerning practical and experimental medicine, an automatic system was elaborated for processing the medical examination data. The core of the system is the NAIRY-2 computer. All the problems to be solved were divided into four groups, according to the software management: those, concerned with archival storage and acquisition of data about the patients' state; on formation of visual (graphic) presentation of the data contained in perforated documents; on diagnosis and prognoses, according to clinical and physiological data through the use of an applied program package; and those to be programmed by the user, in accordance with standard and additional software of the NAIRI-2.", "PMID": 372724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1680", "title": "[Cardiosynchronized means of treatment and diagnosis].", "content": "Diverse ways of a cardiophased action on the cardio-vascular system for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes are assessed. Requirements for the basic subunits of the assisted circulation apparatus to be met, the possibilities open for developing automatic cardiosynchronization systems, and also features peculiar to the synchronization mode in effecting coronarography and conditions necessary for implementation of the method for elective introduction of liquid agents into the supravalvular space of the aorta are discussed.", "contents": "[Cardiosynchronized means of treatment and diagnosis]. Diverse ways of a cardiophased action on the cardio-vascular system for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes are assessed. Requirements for the basic subunits of the assisted circulation apparatus to be met, the possibilities open for developing automatic cardiosynchronization systems, and also features peculiar to the synchronization mode in effecting coronarography and conditions necessary for implementation of the method for elective introduction of liquid agents into the supravalvular space of the aorta are discussed.", "PMID": 372725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1681", "title": "Plasmid replication functions. II. Cloning analysis of the repA replication region of antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5.", "content": "R6-5 is a low copy number, conjugative, FII incompatibility group plasmid that has a molecular length of 102 kb and that specifies resistance against several antibiotics (chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphonamide) and mercury salts. By means of in vitro cloning procedures, mini plasmids have been generated that contain a DNA segment from the essential region of R6-5 that is only 2.6 kb in length. This DNA segment, which consists of two PstI fragments that are adjacent in the parent plasmid, carries all genes and sequences required for the regulated replication and incompatibility properties of R6-5, including its origin of replication, OriV, an essential function that has been designated RepA, and the copy control function, Cop. Three different polypeptides, having monomer molecular weights of 23,000, 10,000 and 9,500 daltons, are synthesized in detectable quantities by minicells carrying pBR322 hybrid plasmids that contain DNA segments from the R6-5 essential region. A spontaneous deletion derivative of a pBR322 hybrid plasmid that carries the R6-5 origin of replication was isolated. Heteroduplex analysis of this derivative plasmid indicates that the deleted DNA segment carries the R6-5 replication origin and that its termini consist of short inverted repeat sequences.", "contents": "Plasmid replication functions. II. Cloning analysis of the repA replication region of antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5. R6-5 is a low copy number, conjugative, FII incompatibility group plasmid that has a molecular length of 102 kb and that specifies resistance against several antibiotics (chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphonamide) and mercury salts. By means of in vitro cloning procedures, mini plasmids have been generated that contain a DNA segment from the essential region of R6-5 that is only 2.6 kb in length. This DNA segment, which consists of two PstI fragments that are adjacent in the parent plasmid, carries all genes and sequences required for the regulated replication and incompatibility properties of R6-5, including its origin of replication, OriV, an essential function that has been designated RepA, and the copy control function, Cop. Three different polypeptides, having monomer molecular weights of 23,000, 10,000 and 9,500 daltons, are synthesized in detectable quantities by minicells carrying pBR322 hybrid plasmids that contain DNA segments from the R6-5 essential region. A spontaneous deletion derivative of a pBR322 hybrid plasmid that carries the R6-5 origin of replication was isolated. Heteroduplex analysis of this derivative plasmid indicates that the deleted DNA segment carries the R6-5 replication origin and that its termini consist of short inverted repeat sequences.", "PMID": 372736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1682", "title": "Inserted sequence in the mitochondrial 23S ribosomal RNA gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The sequence organization of the yeast mit-DNA region carrying the large ribosomal RNA gene and the polar locus omega was examined. Hybridization studies using rho- deletion mutants and electron microscopy of the heteroduplexes formed between 23S rRNA and the appropriate restriction fragments, lead to the conclusion that the 23S rRNA1 gene of the omega+ strains is split by an insertion sequence of 1,000-1,100 bp. In contrast, no detactable insertion was found in the 23S rRNA gene of the omega- strains. The size and the location of the insert found in the 23S rRNA gene of the omega+ strains appear to be identical to those of the sequence delta which had previously been found to characterize the difference (at the omega locus) between the mitDNA of the wild type strains carrying the omega+ or omega- alleles (Jacq et al., 1977).", "contents": "Inserted sequence in the mitochondrial 23S ribosomal RNA gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequence organization of the yeast mit-DNA region carrying the large ribosomal RNA gene and the polar locus omega was examined. Hybridization studies using rho- deletion mutants and electron microscopy of the heteroduplexes formed between 23S rRNA and the appropriate restriction fragments, lead to the conclusion that the 23S rRNA1 gene of the omega+ strains is split by an insertion sequence of 1,000-1,100 bp. In contrast, no detactable insertion was found in the 23S rRNA gene of the omega- strains. The size and the location of the insert found in the 23S rRNA gene of the omega+ strains appear to be identical to those of the sequence delta which had previously been found to characterize the difference (at the omega locus) between the mitDNA of the wild type strains carrying the omega+ or omega- alleles (Jacq et al., 1977).", "PMID": 372737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1683", "title": "Plasmid replication functions. III. Origin and direction of replication of a \"mini\" plasmid derived from R6-5.", "content": "Replicating DNA molecules of the mini R6-5 plasmid, pKTO71, were purified by equilibrium centrifugation in two successive ethidium bromide-caesium chloride gradients, converted to linear forms by cleavage with either HindIII or BglII restriction endonuclease, and examined in the electron microscope. Determination of the replication fork positions in 65 replicating molecules demonstrated that replication is initiated at a unique location on the plasmid and that it proceeds uni-directionally from this site. The direction of replication is such that the origin-proximal BglII cleavage site is replicated late or, in the case of the parent R6-5 plasmid, is such that the R-determinant region of the molecule is replicated early. The origin of replication, located by these experiments at R6-5 coordinate 98.6 kb, is clearly distinct from that of the R6-5 incompatibility determinant which has been shown to be located on an adjacent PstI-generated DNA fragment whose termini have R6-5 coordinates 96.8 and 97.9 kb. This result indicates that the incompatibility function is not an origin DNA sequence.", "contents": "Plasmid replication functions. III. Origin and direction of replication of a \"mini\" plasmid derived from R6-5. Replicating DNA molecules of the mini R6-5 plasmid, pKTO71, were purified by equilibrium centrifugation in two successive ethidium bromide-caesium chloride gradients, converted to linear forms by cleavage with either HindIII or BglII restriction endonuclease, and examined in the electron microscope. Determination of the replication fork positions in 65 replicating molecules demonstrated that replication is initiated at a unique location on the plasmid and that it proceeds uni-directionally from this site. The direction of replication is such that the origin-proximal BglII cleavage site is replicated late or, in the case of the parent R6-5 plasmid, is such that the R-determinant region of the molecule is replicated early. The origin of replication, located by these experiments at R6-5 coordinate 98.6 kb, is clearly distinct from that of the R6-5 incompatibility determinant which has been shown to be located on an adjacent PstI-generated DNA fragment whose termini have R6-5 coordinates 96.8 and 97.9 kb. This result indicates that the incompatibility function is not an origin DNA sequence.", "PMID": 372738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1684", "title": "Introduction of an active enzyme into permeable cells of Escherichia coli: acquisition of ultraviolet light resistance by uvr mutants on introduction of T4 endonuclease V.", "content": "Plasmolysed cells of Escherichia coli N212 (uvr A recA) acquired ultraviolet resistance when the cells were exposed to high concentrations of T4 endonuclease V. With increasing concentrations of T4 enzyme, survivals of plasmolysed cells after ultraviolet irradiation increased while colony-forming ability of unirradiated plasmolysed cells was not significantly affected by the enzyme treatment. Under appropriate conditions more than 200 fold increase in survivals was observed. When plasmolysed cells were treated with a pre-heated enzyme preparation or enzyme fractions derived from T4v1 (endonuclease V-deficient mutant)-infected cells, only little or no reactivation took place. Permeabilization of cells prior to the enzyme treatment was essential for the effective reactivation. Treatment of intact cells with the T4 enzyme did not cause any reactivation. Cells treated with 20 mM EGTA or 50 mM CaCl2 in cold were reactivated to certain extents by the enzyme, but the extents of the reactivation were far less compared to those of plasmolysed cells. Plasmolysed cells of strains carrying a mutation in one of uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes were reactivated by introduction of T4 endonuclease V, as was the uvrA recA double mutant. UvrD mutants were also reactivated, but rather slightly. However, wild type strain as well as strains having a mutation in recA or polA gene were not reactivated. From these results it was suggested that T4 endonuclease V, taken up into permeable cells, can function in vivo to replace defective functions, which are controlled by the uvr genes. The conditions established in the present study may be used for introduction of other proteins into viable bacterial cells.", "contents": "Introduction of an active enzyme into permeable cells of Escherichia coli: acquisition of ultraviolet light resistance by uvr mutants on introduction of T4 endonuclease V. Plasmolysed cells of Escherichia coli N212 (uvr A recA) acquired ultraviolet resistance when the cells were exposed to high concentrations of T4 endonuclease V. With increasing concentrations of T4 enzyme, survivals of plasmolysed cells after ultraviolet irradiation increased while colony-forming ability of unirradiated plasmolysed cells was not significantly affected by the enzyme treatment. Under appropriate conditions more than 200 fold increase in survivals was observed. When plasmolysed cells were treated with a pre-heated enzyme preparation or enzyme fractions derived from T4v1 (endonuclease V-deficient mutant)-infected cells, only little or no reactivation took place. Permeabilization of cells prior to the enzyme treatment was essential for the effective reactivation. Treatment of intact cells with the T4 enzyme did not cause any reactivation. Cells treated with 20 mM EGTA or 50 mM CaCl2 in cold were reactivated to certain extents by the enzyme, but the extents of the reactivation were far less compared to those of plasmolysed cells. Plasmolysed cells of strains carrying a mutation in one of uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes were reactivated by introduction of T4 endonuclease V, as was the uvrA recA double mutant. UvrD mutants were also reactivated, but rather slightly. However, wild type strain as well as strains having a mutation in recA or polA gene were not reactivated. From these results it was suggested that T4 endonuclease V, taken up into permeable cells, can function in vivo to replace defective functions, which are controlled by the uvr genes. The conditions established in the present study may be used for introduction of other proteins into viable bacterial cells.", "PMID": 372739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1685", "title": "Studies of viable T4 bacteriophage containing cytosine-substituted DNA (T4dC phage). II. Cleavage of T4dC DNA by endonuclease SalI and bam HI.", "content": "Digestion of non-glucosylated and cytosine-substituted T4 phage (T4dC) DNA with SalI restriction endonuclease showed that the DNA had nine SalI-sensitive sites. There were eight SalI sites in DNA from a strain which had a deletion in the rII-denB-ndd region. The comparison of two digestion patterns indicated that one of the SalI-sensitive sites was present in the deleted region and that the SalI-F fragments (8.4 x 10(6) daltons) was located adjacent to the SalI-C or SalI-D fragments (15.5 x 10(6) daltons) on the T4 chromosome. The DNA gave no detectable cleavage product when digested with BamHI endonuclease alone, while, when digested successively with BamHI and SalI, the DNA yielded two new digestion products in place of one fragment formed by SalI alone. The BamHI-sensitive site was in the SalI-A fragment (25.2 x 10(6) daltons). The usefulness of this information for making cleavage maps of T4 phage chromosome is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of viable T4 bacteriophage containing cytosine-substituted DNA (T4dC phage). II. Cleavage of T4dC DNA by endonuclease SalI and bam HI. Digestion of non-glucosylated and cytosine-substituted T4 phage (T4dC) DNA with SalI restriction endonuclease showed that the DNA had nine SalI-sensitive sites. There were eight SalI sites in DNA from a strain which had a deletion in the rII-denB-ndd region. The comparison of two digestion patterns indicated that one of the SalI-sensitive sites was present in the deleted region and that the SalI-F fragments (8.4 x 10(6) daltons) was located adjacent to the SalI-C or SalI-D fragments (15.5 x 10(6) daltons) on the T4 chromosome. The DNA gave no detectable cleavage product when digested with BamHI endonuclease alone, while, when digested successively with BamHI and SalI, the DNA yielded two new digestion products in place of one fragment formed by SalI alone. The BamHI-sensitive site was in the SalI-A fragment (25.2 x 10(6) daltons). The usefulness of this information for making cleavage maps of T4 phage chromosome is discussed.", "PMID": 372740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1686", "title": "Degradation of Escherichia coli DNA: evidence for limitation in vivo by protein X, the recA gene product.", "content": "DNA is more extensively degraded after it is damaged in recA mutants of E. coli than in wild type cells. All data presented here are consistent with the recA gene product, protein X, being an inhibitor of nalidixic acid induced degradation of the bulk DNA (but not of newly replicated DNA). Production of protein X also is correlated with appearance of various \"S.O.S.\" repair functions. Evidence was obtained by comparing the rates of protein X synthesis and solubilization of uniformly-labeled DNA in intact cells, incubated in the presence of nalidixic acid. A set of mutants at the lexA locus produced protein X at different rates and degraded their DNA at rates which were inversely correlated to their rates of protein X production. A low concentration of rifampicin quite specifically inhibited protein X production by wild type E. coli, and allowed more rapid DNA degradation. After the DNA was damaged by the incubation of cells in the presence of nalidixic acid, cells preloaded with protein X degraded their DNA more slowly. We propose that protein X could protect DNA against degradation by binding to single-stranded regions, thereby inhibiting nuclease action.", "contents": "Degradation of Escherichia coli DNA: evidence for limitation in vivo by protein X, the recA gene product. DNA is more extensively degraded after it is damaged in recA mutants of E. coli than in wild type cells. All data presented here are consistent with the recA gene product, protein X, being an inhibitor of nalidixic acid induced degradation of the bulk DNA (but not of newly replicated DNA). Production of protein X also is correlated with appearance of various \"S.O.S.\" repair functions. Evidence was obtained by comparing the rates of protein X synthesis and solubilization of uniformly-labeled DNA in intact cells, incubated in the presence of nalidixic acid. A set of mutants at the lexA locus produced protein X at different rates and degraded their DNA at rates which were inversely correlated to their rates of protein X production. A low concentration of rifampicin quite specifically inhibited protein X production by wild type E. coli, and allowed more rapid DNA degradation. After the DNA was damaged by the incubation of cells in the presence of nalidixic acid, cells preloaded with protein X degraded their DNA more slowly. We propose that protein X could protect DNA against degradation by binding to single-stranded regions, thereby inhibiting nuclease action.", "PMID": 372741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1687", "title": "The use of sym-triazine trichloride in RNA-protein cross-linking studies with Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits.", "content": "The reagent sym-triazine trichloride is used as a bifunctional reagent to generate RNA-protein cross-links within intact ribosomal subunits from E. coli. The reaction takes place in a stepwise manner, involving substitution of one chlorine atom at 12 degrees and pH 8, and substitution of the second at 40 degrees and pH 6. The cross-linked proteins are analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the existence of a stable cross-linkage is demonstrated by isolating protein-oligonucleotide complexes from 32P-labelled subunits. The proteins cross-linked are S3 and S4 in the 30S subunit, and L2 in the large subunit, together with smaller amounts of other proteins. The reagent should prove useful in topographical studies of the E. coli ribosome as it is a rigid molecule and generates very short cross-links.", "contents": "The use of sym-triazine trichloride in RNA-protein cross-linking studies with Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits. The reagent sym-triazine trichloride is used as a bifunctional reagent to generate RNA-protein cross-links within intact ribosomal subunits from E. coli. The reaction takes place in a stepwise manner, involving substitution of one chlorine atom at 12 degrees and pH 8, and substitution of the second at 40 degrees and pH 6. The cross-linked proteins are analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the existence of a stable cross-linkage is demonstrated by isolating protein-oligonucleotide complexes from 32P-labelled subunits. The proteins cross-linked are S3 and S4 in the 30S subunit, and L2 in the large subunit, together with smaller amounts of other proteins. The reagent should prove useful in topographical studies of the E. coli ribosome as it is a rigid molecule and generates very short cross-links.", "PMID": 372742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1688", "title": "Inhibition of growth by imidazol(on)e propionic acid: evidence in vivo for coordination of histidine catabolism with the catabolism of other amino acids.", "content": "Imidazole propionic acid (ipa), a gratuitous inducer of the histidine-utilization (hut) system in Salmonella typhimurium, inhibits the organism's growth on succinate minimal medium. Induction of the hut system is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause inhibition. A study of the ability of single amino acids to relieve ipa-restricted growth suggests that insufficient glutamate is the cause of slow growth. The inhibition of growth by imidazolone propionic acid (iopa), an intermediate in the catabolism of histidine to glutamate, is similar to that by ipa. Studies using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride plates to examine amino acid catabolism suggest that accumulation of ipa or iopa leads to inactivation of aspartate amino-transferase (AAT). This interpretation is supported by studies of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking AAT. The mutant grows poorly on succinate minimal medium, and the poor growth is relieved by the same amino acids that relieve ipa- and iopa-restricted growth. These and other findings are discussed in terms of coordination of the histidine-utilization system with enzymatic activities involved in the catabolism of other amino acids.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth by imidazol(on)e propionic acid: evidence in vivo for coordination of histidine catabolism with the catabolism of other amino acids. Imidazole propionic acid (ipa), a gratuitous inducer of the histidine-utilization (hut) system in Salmonella typhimurium, inhibits the organism's growth on succinate minimal medium. Induction of the hut system is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause inhibition. A study of the ability of single amino acids to relieve ipa-restricted growth suggests that insufficient glutamate is the cause of slow growth. The inhibition of growth by imidazolone propionic acid (iopa), an intermediate in the catabolism of histidine to glutamate, is similar to that by ipa. Studies using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride plates to examine amino acid catabolism suggest that accumulation of ipa or iopa leads to inactivation of aspartate amino-transferase (AAT). This interpretation is supported by studies of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking AAT. The mutant grows poorly on succinate minimal medium, and the poor growth is relieved by the same amino acids that relieve ipa- and iopa-restricted growth. These and other findings are discussed in terms of coordination of the histidine-utilization system with enzymatic activities involved in the catabolism of other amino acids.", "PMID": 372743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1689", "title": "X-ray sensitivity of Escherichia coli lysogenic for bacteriophage P2.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli C or K lysogenic for the non-inducible phage P2 show a lower survival following X-ray irradiation as compared to nonlysogenic strains. This difference in X-ray sensitivity is not accompanied by a significant difference in X-ray induced mutability. The capacity of X-irradiated P2 lysogens to multiply any of a number of unirradiated infecting phages is severely impaired. These effects of X-ray treatment can be most simply explained as a consequence of the fact that protein and RNA syntheses are strongly inhibited in P2 lysogens after X-irradiation. All the above events specifically occurring in X-rayed P2 lysogens are dependent on the P2 gene old.", "contents": "X-ray sensitivity of Escherichia coli lysogenic for bacteriophage P2. Strains of Escherichia coli C or K lysogenic for the non-inducible phage P2 show a lower survival following X-ray irradiation as compared to nonlysogenic strains. This difference in X-ray sensitivity is not accompanied by a significant difference in X-ray induced mutability. The capacity of X-irradiated P2 lysogens to multiply any of a number of unirradiated infecting phages is severely impaired. These effects of X-ray treatment can be most simply explained as a consequence of the fact that protein and RNA syntheses are strongly inhibited in P2 lysogens after X-irradiation. All the above events specifically occurring in X-rayed P2 lysogens are dependent on the P2 gene old.", "PMID": 372744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1690", "title": "Regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast. III. Synthesis during the cell cycle.", "content": "Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells in different stages of the cell cycle from a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in balanced exponential growth. The rate of DNA and RNA synthesis was determined using a pulse--long-term label technique that is capable of distinguishing between exponential, linear, and periodic variations in the rate of synthesis through the cell cycle. It was found that while the rate of DNA synthesis varies periodically through the cell cycle, the rate of synthesis of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA increases exponentially through the cell cycle. The implications of these findings for the control of RNA synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast. III. Synthesis during the cell cycle. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells in different stages of the cell cycle from a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in balanced exponential growth. The rate of DNA and RNA synthesis was determined using a pulse--long-term label technique that is capable of distinguishing between exponential, linear, and periodic variations in the rate of synthesis through the cell cycle. It was found that while the rate of DNA synthesis varies periodically through the cell cycle, the rate of synthesis of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA increases exponentially through the cell cycle. The implications of these findings for the control of RNA synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 372745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1691", "title": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. III. Map position of two genes, prmA and prmB, governing methylation of proteins L11 and L3.", "content": "Two genes governing ribosomal protein methylation have been located on the map of Escherichia coli by conjugation and transduction crosses between wild-type and prm (protein methylation) mutants. The Prm phenotype of recombinants was determined by an in vitro assay of methylgroups incorporation into protein. Gene prmA, governing methylation of protein L11 is situated at minute 71 on the map and is cotransduced with aroE (30%) and with rpsL (5%). Gene prmB, governing methylation of protein L3 is at minute 50, very close to aroC (98.5% co-transduction). A cold-sensitive phenotype was found associated with mutation prmB and was used to score a large number of recombinants in a three factor cross. The results of this cross suggest the order aroC -prmB - purF. The striking symmetrical clustering of aro, prm and rim (ribosome maturation) genes is discussed.", "contents": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. III. Map position of two genes, prmA and prmB, governing methylation of proteins L11 and L3. Two genes governing ribosomal protein methylation have been located on the map of Escherichia coli by conjugation and transduction crosses between wild-type and prm (protein methylation) mutants. The Prm phenotype of recombinants was determined by an in vitro assay of methylgroups incorporation into protein. Gene prmA, governing methylation of protein L11 is situated at minute 71 on the map and is cotransduced with aroE (30%) and with rpsL (5%). Gene prmB, governing methylation of protein L3 is at minute 50, very close to aroC (98.5% co-transduction). A cold-sensitive phenotype was found associated with mutation prmB and was used to score a large number of recombinants in a three factor cross. The results of this cross suggest the order aroC -prmB - purF. The striking symmetrical clustering of aro, prm and rim (ribosome maturation) genes is discussed.", "PMID": 372746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1692", "title": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. I. Comparison of mutants with various alterations in ribosomal protein S4.", "content": "Streptomycin-independent revertants were selected from streptomycin-dependent mutants. Twenty-five out of 150 such revertants were temperature sensitive. Ribosomal proteins from 18 temperature-sensitive and 10 temperature-insensitive revertants were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventeen of the former but none of the latter category showed an alteration of protein S4. The mutated rpsD allele of 6 temperature-sensitive revertants was transduced into a rpsL+ strain. In all cases an increased suppressibility of T4 amber phages was observed. Such suppressibility was not observed in the original rpsD, rpsL strains. All 18 temperature-sensitive mutants were disturbed in the processing of 17s to 16s RNA at non-permissive temperature and the accumulated 17s RNA was degraded. Temperature-insensitive rpsD revertants could be isolated, which had gained a second alteration in S4. Such revertants, which had lost the temperature-sensitive property, were also unable to suppress growth of T4 amber phages. It is concluded that temperature-sensitive growth, inability to process 17s RNA and to assemble 30S ribosomes at non-permissive temperature as well as increased translational ambiguity are highly correlated properties in rpsD mutants.", "contents": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. I. Comparison of mutants with various alterations in ribosomal protein S4. Streptomycin-independent revertants were selected from streptomycin-dependent mutants. Twenty-five out of 150 such revertants were temperature sensitive. Ribosomal proteins from 18 temperature-sensitive and 10 temperature-insensitive revertants were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventeen of the former but none of the latter category showed an alteration of protein S4. The mutated rpsD allele of 6 temperature-sensitive revertants was transduced into a rpsL+ strain. In all cases an increased suppressibility of T4 amber phages was observed. Such suppressibility was not observed in the original rpsD, rpsL strains. All 18 temperature-sensitive mutants were disturbed in the processing of 17s to 16s RNA at non-permissive temperature and the accumulated 17s RNA was degraded. Temperature-insensitive rpsD revertants could be isolated, which had gained a second alteration in S4. Such revertants, which had lost the temperature-sensitive property, were also unable to suppress growth of T4 amber phages. It is concluded that temperature-sensitive growth, inability to process 17s RNA and to assemble 30S ribosomes at non-permissive temperature as well as increased translational ambiguity are highly correlated properties in rpsD mutants.", "PMID": 372747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1693", "title": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. II. Physiology of some representative mutants.", "content": "The effects of ribosomal ambiguity mutations (ram A-) on the assembly of ribosomal 30S subunits in Escherichia coli were studied in some representative mutant strains. It was found that the inability of these strains to produce active 30S subunits at nonpermissive temperatures is correlated with a halt in the accumulation of protein S4. It is demonstrated that 30S-precursor particles lacking this protein accumulate and break down at nonpermissive temperatures and that most of the 30S proteins as well as the 17S RNA constituting these particles are similarly unstable. These findings are discussed and related to the finding that merodiploid strains containing genes for both mutant and wild type protein S4 do not accumulate the mutant form of the protein. Experiments indicating that ribosomal precursor particles are associated with polysomes are presented. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is suggested that the assembly of ribosomes is tightly coupled to the synthesis of ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. II. Physiology of some representative mutants. The effects of ribosomal ambiguity mutations (ram A-) on the assembly of ribosomal 30S subunits in Escherichia coli were studied in some representative mutant strains. It was found that the inability of these strains to produce active 30S subunits at nonpermissive temperatures is correlated with a halt in the accumulation of protein S4. It is demonstrated that 30S-precursor particles lacking this protein accumulate and break down at nonpermissive temperatures and that most of the 30S proteins as well as the 17S RNA constituting these particles are similarly unstable. These findings are discussed and related to the finding that merodiploid strains containing genes for both mutant and wild type protein S4 do not accumulate the mutant form of the protein. Experiments indicating that ribosomal precursor particles are associated with polysomes are presented. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is suggested that the assembly of ribosomes is tightly coupled to the synthesis of ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 372748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1694", "title": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. III. Effects of rpsD mutations on expression of some ribosomal protein genes.", "content": "Relative rates of production and steady state levels of ribosomal proteins were determined in a temperature sensitive rpsD (S4) mutant of Escherichia coli. Some proteins (S4, S12, S13) were overproduced in the mutant at permissive temperature but steady state levels of all examined ribosomal proteins were normal. In a rpsD+/rpsD+ homodiploid strain the relative rates of production of ribosomal proteins were not affected by the increased gene dose. In a rpsD+/rpsD heterodiploid strain only wild type, but not mutant S4, was found. In such a strain S4, S7, S12 and probably S13 is overproduced. It is implied that S4 is involved in the regulation of expression of proximal genes of the two transcriptional units including the genes coding for S4 itself and S12, respectively. A degradation system for ribosomal proteins, which is rapid enough to be of regulatory significance, is demonstrated.", "contents": "Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli. III. Effects of rpsD mutations on expression of some ribosomal protein genes. Relative rates of production and steady state levels of ribosomal proteins were determined in a temperature sensitive rpsD (S4) mutant of Escherichia coli. Some proteins (S4, S12, S13) were overproduced in the mutant at permissive temperature but steady state levels of all examined ribosomal proteins were normal. In a rpsD+/rpsD+ homodiploid strain the relative rates of production of ribosomal proteins were not affected by the increased gene dose. In a rpsD+/rpsD heterodiploid strain only wild type, but not mutant S4, was found. In such a strain S4, S7, S12 and probably S13 is overproduced. It is implied that S4 is involved in the regulation of expression of proximal genes of the two transcriptional units including the genes coding for S4 itself and S12, respectively. A degradation system for ribosomal proteins, which is rapid enough to be of regulatory significance, is demonstrated.", "PMID": 372749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1695", "title": "W-reactivation of phage lambda in recF, recL, uvrA, and uvrB mutants of E. coli K-12.", "content": "W-reactivation is reduced by recF143 and recF144 mutations and is undetectable if a second mutation at either the uvrA or uvrB locus is combined with recF143. The uvrA and uvrB mutations alone block W-reactivation partially. A recL152 mutation also partially blocks W-reactivation by itself. In combination with a uvrB5 mutation, recL125 blocks W-reactivation completely but in combination with recF143, significant residual W-reactivation ability remains. We suggest that the phenomenon of W-reactivation is the result of at least two modes or pathways. The observation that recF143 uvrB5 and recF143 uvrA6 strains permit normal levels of mutagenesis (Kato et al., 1977) but completely block all W-reactivation leads us to suggest further that the mechanism(s) of W-reactivation is at least partly different from that of UV mutagenesis.", "contents": "W-reactivation of phage lambda in recF, recL, uvrA, and uvrB mutants of E. coli K-12. W-reactivation is reduced by recF143 and recF144 mutations and is undetectable if a second mutation at either the uvrA or uvrB locus is combined with recF143. The uvrA and uvrB mutations alone block W-reactivation partially. A recL152 mutation also partially blocks W-reactivation by itself. In combination with a uvrB5 mutation, recL125 blocks W-reactivation completely but in combination with recF143, significant residual W-reactivation ability remains. We suggest that the phenomenon of W-reactivation is the result of at least two modes or pathways. The observation that recF143 uvrB5 and recF143 uvrA6 strains permit normal levels of mutagenesis (Kato et al., 1977) but completely block all W-reactivation leads us to suggest further that the mechanism(s) of W-reactivation is at least partly different from that of UV mutagenesis.", "PMID": 372750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1696", "title": "Deletion mapping of the ilvGOEDAC genes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A set of lambdadilv phage has been examined that carry overlapping segments of isoleucine-valine structural and regulatory genes derived from the ilv cluster at 83 min on the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. The ilv genes present in these phage, and their order, have been determined by transduction of auxotrophs, escape synthesis, and deletion mapping. The order of ilv genes in the phage, and hence the order in the host chromosome, was found to be ilvG-ilvO-ilvEDA-ilvC. Lysogens containing lambdadilv phage were constructed for dominance analysis of regulatory mutations in the ilvO and ilvA genes. The ilvO671 allele is cis-dominant to ilvO+, while the ilvA538 allele is trans-recessive to ilvA+. Thus, the ilvO gene, that is identified by cis-dominant regulatory mutations that result in increased ilvG and ilvEDA expression, is situated between and may be contiguous with ilvG and ilvEDA.", "contents": "Deletion mapping of the ilvGOEDAC genes of Escherichia coli K-12. A set of lambdadilv phage has been examined that carry overlapping segments of isoleucine-valine structural and regulatory genes derived from the ilv cluster at 83 min on the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. The ilv genes present in these phage, and their order, have been determined by transduction of auxotrophs, escape synthesis, and deletion mapping. The order of ilv genes in the phage, and hence the order in the host chromosome, was found to be ilvG-ilvO-ilvEDA-ilvC. Lysogens containing lambdadilv phage were constructed for dominance analysis of regulatory mutations in the ilvO and ilvA genes. The ilvO671 allele is cis-dominant to ilvO+, while the ilvA538 allele is trans-recessive to ilvA+. Thus, the ilvO gene, that is identified by cis-dominant regulatory mutations that result in increased ilvG and ilvEDA expression, is situated between and may be contiguous with ilvG and ilvEDA.", "PMID": 372751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1697", "title": "Mutations affecting the formation of acetohydroxy acid synthase II in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Genetic mapping experiments have established that two recently isolated valine-resistant mutants of the K-12 strain of Escherichia coli have lesions lying between ilvE and rbs. These lesions allowed expression of the ilvG gene, specifying the valine-insensitive acetohydroxy acid synthase (synthase II) and an increased expression of the ilvEDA operon. In this respect, they resembled an earlier described ilvO lesion that was reported to lie between ilvA and ilvC. All three lesions were cis-dominant in cis-trans tests. Reexamination of the earlier studied ilvO lesion revealed that it, too, lies between ilvE and rbs. Valine-sensitive derivatives with lesions presumed to be in ilvG were selected from each of the valine-resistant strains. In two of the valine-resistant strains, the ilvG mutations were on the rbs side of ilvO, indicating a gene order rbs-ilvG-ilvO-ilvE-ilvD-ilvA-ilvC. In one of the recently isolated valine-resistant stocks, however, the apparent ilvG mutation was found to be between ilvE and the aline resistance marker. This finding suggests that either ilvO and ilvG mutations are interspersed or there is another locus, ilvR, that behaves phenotypically like ilvO and which lies between ilvG and rbs.", "contents": "Mutations affecting the formation of acetohydroxy acid synthase II in Escherichia coli K-12. Genetic mapping experiments have established that two recently isolated valine-resistant mutants of the K-12 strain of Escherichia coli have lesions lying between ilvE and rbs. These lesions allowed expression of the ilvG gene, specifying the valine-insensitive acetohydroxy acid synthase (synthase II) and an increased expression of the ilvEDA operon. In this respect, they resembled an earlier described ilvO lesion that was reported to lie between ilvA and ilvC. All three lesions were cis-dominant in cis-trans tests. Reexamination of the earlier studied ilvO lesion revealed that it, too, lies between ilvE and rbs. Valine-sensitive derivatives with lesions presumed to be in ilvG were selected from each of the valine-resistant strains. In two of the valine-resistant strains, the ilvG mutations were on the rbs side of ilvO, indicating a gene order rbs-ilvG-ilvO-ilvE-ilvD-ilvA-ilvC. In one of the recently isolated valine-resistant stocks, however, the apparent ilvG mutation was found to be between ilvE and the aline resistance marker. This finding suggests that either ilvO and ilvG mutations are interspersed or there is another locus, ilvR, that behaves phenotypically like ilvO and which lies between ilvG and rbs.", "PMID": 372752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1698", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the degradation of guanosine 5'-triphosphate, 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp).", "content": "A new class of mutants of E. coli exhibiting altered metabolism of ppGpp and pppGpp has been isolated, and mapped at a locus designated gpp, near min 83 on the genetic map. These mutants accumulate elevated levels of pppGpp during amino acid starvation or carbon source downshift, and exhibit a reduced rate of pppGpp degradation in vivo. The in vitro evidence suggests that the gpp mutants are defective in a 5'-nucleotidase, which specifically hydrolyzes pppGpp to ppGpp. Certain combinations of gpp and spoT mutations are inviable. A gpp spoT double mutant, constructed by employing a leaky spoT mutation, was found to have a slower rate of pppGpp degradation than the gpp mutant alone. This result indicates that spoT also participates in pppGpp degradation. The inviability of certain gpp spoT combinations is attributed to the inability of the double mutants to degrade pppGpp. This is supported by the observation that selection for increased growth rate on the double mutant results in the recovery of relA mutations. Various effects of the gpp mutation upon the pppGpp and ppGpp pools provide additional support for a scheme in which pppGpp is the major precursor of ppGpp.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the degradation of guanosine 5'-triphosphate, 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp). A new class of mutants of E. coli exhibiting altered metabolism of ppGpp and pppGpp has been isolated, and mapped at a locus designated gpp, near min 83 on the genetic map. These mutants accumulate elevated levels of pppGpp during amino acid starvation or carbon source downshift, and exhibit a reduced rate of pppGpp degradation in vivo. The in vitro evidence suggests that the gpp mutants are defective in a 5'-nucleotidase, which specifically hydrolyzes pppGpp to ppGpp. Certain combinations of gpp and spoT mutations are inviable. A gpp spoT double mutant, constructed by employing a leaky spoT mutation, was found to have a slower rate of pppGpp degradation than the gpp mutant alone. This result indicates that spoT also participates in pppGpp degradation. The inviability of certain gpp spoT combinations is attributed to the inability of the double mutants to degrade pppGpp. This is supported by the observation that selection for increased growth rate on the double mutant results in the recovery of relA mutations. Various effects of the gpp mutation upon the pppGpp and ppGpp pools provide additional support for a scheme in which pppGpp is the major precursor of ppGpp.", "PMID": 372753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1699", "title": "Genetic organization of the E. coli chromosome around the structural gene for initiation factor IF3 (infC).", "content": "A set of lambda transducing phages carrying varying lengths of the E. coli chromosome around the structural gene for initiation factor IF3 (infC) was derived from lambda p2 which is known to carry, besides infC, the structural genes for the alpha subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheS), the beta subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheT) and the structural gene for threonyl-tRNA synthetase (thrS). The E. coli coding content of these derived phages was analysed by genetic complementation of a set of mutants and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in UV irradiated cells infected with these phages. The segregation pattern of the different genes among these derived phages indicates that the order of the genes is pheT - pheS - \"P12\" - (infC, thrS) where infC is probably between \"P12\" and thrS. \"P12\" is the structural gene of a 12,000 molecular weight unidentified protein.", "contents": "Genetic organization of the E. coli chromosome around the structural gene for initiation factor IF3 (infC). A set of lambda transducing phages carrying varying lengths of the E. coli chromosome around the structural gene for initiation factor IF3 (infC) was derived from lambda p2 which is known to carry, besides infC, the structural genes for the alpha subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheS), the beta subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheT) and the structural gene for threonyl-tRNA synthetase (thrS). The E. coli coding content of these derived phages was analysed by genetic complementation of a set of mutants and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in UV irradiated cells infected with these phages. The segregation pattern of the different genes among these derived phages indicates that the order of the genes is pheT - pheS - \"P12\" - (infC, thrS) where infC is probably between \"P12\" and thrS. \"P12\" is the structural gene of a 12,000 molecular weight unidentified protein.", "PMID": 372755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1700", "title": "Investigations of the F conjugation gene traI:traI mutants and lambdatraI transducing phages.", "content": "A series of traI point and deletion mutants of Flac, and a traM mutant, were characterised. Complementation tests with an amber Flac traI mutant confirmed their genotypes, and in addition all the traI mutants, but not the traM mutant, were complemented by pRS31 (PSC101 traDI) and EDlambda109 (lambdatraI). Judging from the efficiencies of plating of F-specific phages, none of the mutations affected pilus formation. The traI products of F and of the F-like plasmid R1 were interchangeable with each other but not with that of R100, while the traM product of F could not be replaced by those of R1 or of R100. Neither traI nor traM were needed for conjugal transfer of ColE1. Three lambda transducing phages carrying traI were isolated by in vivo or in vitro techniques, and characterised by genetic complementation tests, by analysis of the fragments produced by restriction endonucleases, and by measurement of heteroduplex molecules. The genetic structures together with the sizes and F coordinates, of the transfer regions carried by the phages were thereby determined. Comparison of the proteins synthesised in UV-irradiated cells by one of the lambdatraI phages with those made by a derivative carrying an amber traI mutation, allowed the traI product to be identified as a protein of molecular weight 174,000. In addition, the molecular weights of the traD (84,000), traS (18,000), and traT (25,000) products made by the lambdatraSTD1 phage EDlambda107 were measured. The possible roles of the traI and traM products in conjugation are discussed.", "contents": "Investigations of the F conjugation gene traI:traI mutants and lambdatraI transducing phages. A series of traI point and deletion mutants of Flac, and a traM mutant, were characterised. Complementation tests with an amber Flac traI mutant confirmed their genotypes, and in addition all the traI mutants, but not the traM mutant, were complemented by pRS31 (PSC101 traDI) and EDlambda109 (lambdatraI). Judging from the efficiencies of plating of F-specific phages, none of the mutations affected pilus formation. The traI products of F and of the F-like plasmid R1 were interchangeable with each other but not with that of R100, while the traM product of F could not be replaced by those of R1 or of R100. Neither traI nor traM were needed for conjugal transfer of ColE1. Three lambda transducing phages carrying traI were isolated by in vivo or in vitro techniques, and characterised by genetic complementation tests, by analysis of the fragments produced by restriction endonucleases, and by measurement of heteroduplex molecules. The genetic structures together with the sizes and F coordinates, of the transfer regions carried by the phages were thereby determined. Comparison of the proteins synthesised in UV-irradiated cells by one of the lambdatraI phages with those made by a derivative carrying an amber traI mutation, allowed the traI product to be identified as a protein of molecular weight 174,000. In addition, the molecular weights of the traD (84,000), traS (18,000), and traT (25,000) products made by the lambdatraSTD1 phage EDlambda107 were measured. The possible roles of the traI and traM products in conjugation are discussed.", "PMID": 372754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1701", "title": "Analysis of lincomycin resistance mutations in Escherichia coli.", "content": "High level lincomycin resistant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated and screened for altered ribosomal proteins and functions. Amongst 58 strains investigated by electrophoresis one had an altered ribosomal protein S7, another one a mutated L14 and two showed altered L15 proteins. A correlation between these alterations and lincomycin resistant growth could not be demonstrated by genetic analysis for any of the mutants. In vitro, however, extracts from the two L15 mutants were less sensitive to inhibition by the drug. A gene locus (linR) responsible for the lincomycin resistance phenotype was mapped at min 30 of the Escherichia coli chromosome near tyrR; it seems to be identical to the previously described linB locus (Apirion, 1967); however, in contrast to these reports it does not seem to alter any ribosomal function.", "contents": "Analysis of lincomycin resistance mutations in Escherichia coli. High level lincomycin resistant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated and screened for altered ribosomal proteins and functions. Amongst 58 strains investigated by electrophoresis one had an altered ribosomal protein S7, another one a mutated L14 and two showed altered L15 proteins. A correlation between these alterations and lincomycin resistant growth could not be demonstrated by genetic analysis for any of the mutants. In vitro, however, extracts from the two L15 mutants were less sensitive to inhibition by the drug. A gene locus (linR) responsible for the lincomycin resistance phenotype was mapped at min 30 of the Escherichia coli chromosome near tyrR; it seems to be identical to the previously described linB locus (Apirion, 1967); however, in contrast to these reports it does not seem to alter any ribosomal function.", "PMID": 372756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1702", "title": "Individual messenger RNA half lives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have measured the decay half-life of functional messenger RNA (mRNA) for some thirty different proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Production of newly synthesized mRNA was halted by raising the temperature of a culture of a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts 136. Aliquots of this culture were pulsed-labelled with [35S]-methionine at various times after the temperature shift and the radioactive proteins separated on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system of O'Farrell. We find a range in the decay half lives of individual mRNA species which varies from 3.5 min to greater than 70 min. We find three general classes of decay curves, (a) simple exponential (first order); some of these showed a shoulder before onset of exponential decay; (b) bi-component or multi-component concave upward; (c) initial stimulation of rate of mRNA synthesis, followed by virtually undetectable decay.", "contents": "Individual messenger RNA half lives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have measured the decay half-life of functional messenger RNA (mRNA) for some thirty different proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Production of newly synthesized mRNA was halted by raising the temperature of a culture of a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts 136. Aliquots of this culture were pulsed-labelled with [35S]-methionine at various times after the temperature shift and the radioactive proteins separated on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system of O'Farrell. We find a range in the decay half lives of individual mRNA species which varies from 3.5 min to greater than 70 min. We find three general classes of decay curves, (a) simple exponential (first order); some of these showed a shoulder before onset of exponential decay; (b) bi-component or multi-component concave upward; (c) initial stimulation of rate of mRNA synthesis, followed by virtually undetectable decay.", "PMID": 372757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1703", "title": "The half-life of mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The decay kinetics of mRNA was studied in a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant, ts136, which is defective in cytoplasmic RNA production at 37 degree C. The disappearance of the synthetic capacity of mRNA was determined by withdrawing equal volumes of ts136 cell culture and pulse-labelling with [35S]methionine at various time intervals after the shift to 37 degrees C from 23 degrees C. The synthesized proteins were separated on a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic system and then quantitatively analyzed for theri incorporated radioactivities by scintillation counting. Our results show that yeast mRNAs have divergent functional half-lives ranging from 4.5 to 41 min, with an average value of 22 min. Each mRNA exhibits a simple exponential decay with its own characteristic dacay pattern. Of the approximately 500 major polypeptides made by yeast cells, which are detectable on autoradiograms of the gels, 80 were arbitrarily selected and the mRNAs coding for those polypeptides were examined for their decay kinetics.", "contents": "The half-life of mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The decay kinetics of mRNA was studied in a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant, ts136, which is defective in cytoplasmic RNA production at 37 degree C. The disappearance of the synthetic capacity of mRNA was determined by withdrawing equal volumes of ts136 cell culture and pulse-labelling with [35S]methionine at various time intervals after the shift to 37 degrees C from 23 degrees C. The synthesized proteins were separated on a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic system and then quantitatively analyzed for theri incorporated radioactivities by scintillation counting. Our results show that yeast mRNAs have divergent functional half-lives ranging from 4.5 to 41 min, with an average value of 22 min. Each mRNA exhibits a simple exponential decay with its own characteristic dacay pattern. Of the approximately 500 major polypeptides made by yeast cells, which are detectable on autoradiograms of the gels, 80 were arbitrarily selected and the mRNAs coding for those polypeptides were examined for their decay kinetics.", "PMID": 372758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1704", "title": "A streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant with ribosomes temperature-sensitive in the suppression of a nonsense codon.", "content": "Cell free extracts from a streptomycin-resistant E. coli mutant which is also temperature-sensitive for Q beta phage were studied for suppression of a nonsense mutation at various temperatures. The streptomycin-resistant ribosomes of the mutant were found to be temperature-sensitive in suppression of an amber mutation in f2 phage coat protein while retaining the ability to synthesize proteins at an elevated temperature (42 degrees C). The restriction of amber suppression at 42 degrees C is assumed to be related to an alteration in ribosomal protein S12 of the streptomycin-resistant mutant which also causes a change in its electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "A streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant with ribosomes temperature-sensitive in the suppression of a nonsense codon. Cell free extracts from a streptomycin-resistant E. coli mutant which is also temperature-sensitive for Q beta phage were studied for suppression of a nonsense mutation at various temperatures. The streptomycin-resistant ribosomes of the mutant were found to be temperature-sensitive in suppression of an amber mutation in f2 phage coat protein while retaining the ability to synthesize proteins at an elevated temperature (42 degrees C). The restriction of amber suppression at 42 degrees C is assumed to be related to an alteration in ribosomal protein S12 of the streptomycin-resistant mutant which also causes a change in its electrophoretic mobility.", "PMID": 372759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1705", "title": "The requirement of nonsense suppression for the development of several phages.", "content": "A spontaneous streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant which is temperature-sensitive for suppression of a nonsense codon was studied for its ability to propagate phages T2, T4D, T5, phi K, f2, MS2, R17, Q beta, lambda as well as filamentous phages fl, fd and M13. Of all phages tested, only the growth of Q beta, lambda, and filamentous phages is inhibited in the mutant at 42 degree C. This selective inhibition suggests that, like Q beta, lambda and filamentous phages also require a read-through proten(s) which results from suppression of a termination codon.", "contents": "The requirement of nonsense suppression for the development of several phages. A spontaneous streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant which is temperature-sensitive for suppression of a nonsense codon was studied for its ability to propagate phages T2, T4D, T5, phi K, f2, MS2, R17, Q beta, lambda as well as filamentous phages fl, fd and M13. Of all phages tested, only the growth of Q beta, lambda, and filamentous phages is inhibited in the mutant at 42 degree C. This selective inhibition suggests that, like Q beta, lambda and filamentous phages also require a read-through proten(s) which results from suppression of a termination codon.", "PMID": 372760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1706", "title": "Methylgroups of ribosomal protein L11 are not related to the synthesis of ppGpp.", "content": "Ribosomes carrying either a normally methylated or an undermethylated L11, respectively, were tested with respect to the stringency reaction in the presence of crude stringent factor. Systems with either kind of ribosomes synthesize ppGpp with the same efficiency. The ppGpp synthesis in presence of ribosomes with undermethylated L11 depends also on stringent factor, mRNA and deacylated tRNA whereas aminoacyl-tRNA and peptidyl-analogous tRNA show no effect. Thus, the absence of methylation in L11 does not influence the stringency reaction.", "contents": "Methylgroups of ribosomal protein L11 are not related to the synthesis of ppGpp. Ribosomes carrying either a normally methylated or an undermethylated L11, respectively, were tested with respect to the stringency reaction in the presence of crude stringent factor. Systems with either kind of ribosomes synthesize ppGpp with the same efficiency. The ppGpp synthesis in presence of ribosomes with undermethylated L11 depends also on stringent factor, mRNA and deacylated tRNA whereas aminoacyl-tRNA and peptidyl-analogous tRNA show no effect. Thus, the absence of methylation in L11 does not influence the stringency reaction.", "PMID": 372761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1707", "title": "Induced segregation in interspecific hybrids of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus rugulosus obtained by protoplast fusion.", "content": "Interspecific hybrids produced by polyethylene glycol induced fusion of protoplasts from auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus rugulosus were grown in the presence of the recombinogens benomyl and chloral hydrate to stimulate segregation. The A. nidulans parental strains used had a known genetic marker in each linkage group. Hybrids grown on complete medium containing benomyl yielded more segregants. Analysis of the segregants showed that the distribution of A. nidulans linkage groups was random. No specific linkage group appeared in all the segregants. The two parents are closely related taxonomically and the findings from these experiments suggest that a high degree of chromosomal homology may exist between them.", "contents": "Induced segregation in interspecific hybrids of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus rugulosus obtained by protoplast fusion. Interspecific hybrids produced by polyethylene glycol induced fusion of protoplasts from auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus rugulosus were grown in the presence of the recombinogens benomyl and chloral hydrate to stimulate segregation. The A. nidulans parental strains used had a known genetic marker in each linkage group. Hybrids grown on complete medium containing benomyl yielded more segregants. Analysis of the segregants showed that the distribution of A. nidulans linkage groups was random. No specific linkage group appeared in all the segregants. The two parents are closely related taxonomically and the findings from these experiments suggest that a high degree of chromosomal homology may exist between them.", "PMID": 372762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1708", "title": "Peptide chain elongation rate and ribosomal activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a function of the growth rate.", "content": "The peptide-chain elongation rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at two different growth rates was estimated by the kinetics of radioactive labelling of nascent and finished polypeptides as described by Gausing, 1972, and Young and Bremer, 1976. The elongation rates of a diploid strain cultured in yeast nitrogen base supplemented with glucose or acetate were 9.3 amino acids/s and 5.5 amino acids/s at 30 degrees C, respectively. These data together with published values on the \"ribosomal efficency\" as a function of growth rate (Waldron and Lacroute, (1975) enable us to estimate the rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins as a function of the rate of total protein synthesis, alpha r, and the fraction of ribosomes that one active in protein synthesis. We conclude that in S. cerevisiae alpha r is largely independent of the growth rate while the fraction of active ribosomes decreases with decreasing growth rate.", "contents": "Peptide chain elongation rate and ribosomal activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a function of the growth rate. The peptide-chain elongation rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at two different growth rates was estimated by the kinetics of radioactive labelling of nascent and finished polypeptides as described by Gausing, 1972, and Young and Bremer, 1976. The elongation rates of a diploid strain cultured in yeast nitrogen base supplemented with glucose or acetate were 9.3 amino acids/s and 5.5 amino acids/s at 30 degrees C, respectively. These data together with published values on the \"ribosomal efficency\" as a function of growth rate (Waldron and Lacroute, (1975) enable us to estimate the rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins as a function of the rate of total protein synthesis, alpha r, and the fraction of ribosomes that one active in protein synthesis. We conclude that in S. cerevisiae alpha r is largely independent of the growth rate while the fraction of active ribosomes decreases with decreasing growth rate.", "PMID": 372763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1709", "title": "Cloning of an EcoRI fragment carrying E. coli tufA gene.", "content": "EcoRI fragments of the transducing phage lambda fus3 DNA have been linked to the ColEl derivative plasmid RSF2124 (ColEl-Apr) DNA using bacteriophage T4 ligase. Among the plasmids formed, one designated pTUAl was found to contain the E. coli tufA gene. The proof for the presence of tufA gene in pTUAl is based on the following observations: (1) ability of pTUAl DNA and is EcoRI fragments to direct synthesis of EF-Tu in a cell-free protein synthesizing system; and (2) RNA . DNA hybridization of RNA transcribed from phage lambda rifd18 carrying tufB with DNA from pTUAl.", "contents": "Cloning of an EcoRI fragment carrying E. coli tufA gene. EcoRI fragments of the transducing phage lambda fus3 DNA have been linked to the ColEl derivative plasmid RSF2124 (ColEl-Apr) DNA using bacteriophage T4 ligase. Among the plasmids formed, one designated pTUAl was found to contain the E. coli tufA gene. The proof for the presence of tufA gene in pTUAl is based on the following observations: (1) ability of pTUAl DNA and is EcoRI fragments to direct synthesis of EF-Tu in a cell-free protein synthesizing system; and (2) RNA . DNA hybridization of RNA transcribed from phage lambda rifd18 carrying tufB with DNA from pTUAl.", "PMID": 372764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1710", "title": "Sectioning of Epon blocks in the 20 m to 60 micromicron range for histological studies.", "content": "Thick sections of tissue, (20 micron--60 micron), are useful in studying the relationship between individual large cells and cell layers in organized neural structures. The ability of the Nomarski Differential Interference-Contrast Microscope to bring a single thin layer into sharp focus makes the examination of such sections feasible. Although celloidin is the classical embedding medium for large, thick sections of neural tissue, the time necessary for this preparation is most inconvenient. Epon is an excellent embedding medium; however, it is extremely hard and brittle. By heating the Epon block face, thick sections can be cut. To avoid the cumbersome, often detrimental use of heat, a modification of this technique was found. Epon blocks, trimmed to a 1 millimeter square face, may be sectioned at room temperature on the sliding microtome at 20 micron to 60 micron with ease. The simple method of preparing such sections is described.", "contents": "Sectioning of Epon blocks in the 20 m to 60 micromicron range for histological studies. Thick sections of tissue, (20 micron--60 micron), are useful in studying the relationship between individual large cells and cell layers in organized neural structures. The ability of the Nomarski Differential Interference-Contrast Microscope to bring a single thin layer into sharp focus makes the examination of such sections feasible. Although celloidin is the classical embedding medium for large, thick sections of neural tissue, the time necessary for this preparation is most inconvenient. Epon is an excellent embedding medium; however, it is extremely hard and brittle. By heating the Epon block face, thick sections can be cut. To avoid the cumbersome, often detrimental use of heat, a modification of this technique was found. Epon blocks, trimmed to a 1 millimeter square face, may be sectioned at room temperature on the sliding microtome at 20 micron to 60 micron with ease. The simple method of preparing such sections is described.", "PMID": 372765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1711", "title": "The art and science of clinical teaching.", "content": "A review of the literature on clinical teaching indicates that medical schools emphasize didactic teaching of facts. Interpersonal skills, problem solving skills and cultivation of attitudes are neglected. However, the literature also described the skills of 'good' clinical teachers, and enumerates them. Programmes attempting to develop students' interpersonal skills and problem solving skills are reported. Finally, areas for further practice and study in clinical teaching are recommended.", "contents": "The art and science of clinical teaching. A review of the literature on clinical teaching indicates that medical schools emphasize didactic teaching of facts. Interpersonal skills, problem solving skills and cultivation of attitudes are neglected. However, the literature also described the skills of 'good' clinical teachers, and enumerates them. Programmes attempting to develop students' interpersonal skills and problem solving skills are reported. Finally, areas for further practice and study in clinical teaching are recommended.", "PMID": 372770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1712", "title": "Tinidazole in the prevention of wound infection after elective colorectal surgery.", "content": "During the first six months of 1978, 71 patients were the subject of a controlled trial of the use of tinidazole for the prevention of wound infection after elective colonic surgery. The trial design was prospective, randomized and double-blind with tinidazole or placebo given at the last oral intake before operation. The objective endpoint of the trial was the presence or absence of wound infection manifested by pus. All patients underwent a standard preoperative preparation of bowel washouts, and a standardized surgical technique included, in all cases, the use of wound drainage. At the end of the trial there were three wound infections in 40 patients who were given tinidazole, and eleven wound infections in 31 patients who were given placebo. The difference in wound infection rate between these two groups is significant (x2 with Yates correction = 7.3; P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Tinidazole in the prevention of wound infection after elective colorectal surgery. During the first six months of 1978, 71 patients were the subject of a controlled trial of the use of tinidazole for the prevention of wound infection after elective colonic surgery. The trial design was prospective, randomized and double-blind with tinidazole or placebo given at the last oral intake before operation. The objective endpoint of the trial was the presence or absence of wound infection manifested by pus. All patients underwent a standard preoperative preparation of bowel washouts, and a standardized surgical technique included, in all cases, the use of wound drainage. At the end of the trial there were three wound infections in 40 patients who were given tinidazole, and eleven wound infections in 31 patients who were given placebo. The difference in wound infection rate between these two groups is significant (x2 with Yates correction = 7.3; P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 372777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1713", "title": "Mineral springs and spring fever. Lithium: fact and fantasy in psychopharmacology.", "content": "Lithium salts have been employed as medical treatment for more than two thousand years. The history of lithium in medicine reveals a strictly empiricist approach to its use which has resulted in its varying popularity as a therapeutic treatment over the past century. Much of the enthusiasm about the therapeutic use of lithium has been generated by faulty scientific process. This paper reviews the scientific errors which have surrounded the medical use of lithium in history, discusses the metaphorical use of medical terminology and the problem which is posed by the literal interpretation of such terms, and challenges the currently accepted point of view that lithium is a specific treatment for mania. The scientific errors which have resulted in the introduction of lithium as a treatment for mania are reviewed, and it is proposed that lithium treatment be viewed as the paradigm of modern psychopharmacology. The author suggests that the empiricist approach in biological psychiatry requires critical scrutiny in order to avoid tragic consequences, regarding the hazards both to patients arbittrarily exposed to lithium therapy, as well as to the scientific concept of disease as it is modified by those who wish to re-define disease, empirically, in terms of response to treatment.", "contents": "Mineral springs and spring fever. Lithium: fact and fantasy in psychopharmacology. Lithium salts have been employed as medical treatment for more than two thousand years. The history of lithium in medicine reveals a strictly empiricist approach to its use which has resulted in its varying popularity as a therapeutic treatment over the past century. Much of the enthusiasm about the therapeutic use of lithium has been generated by faulty scientific process. This paper reviews the scientific errors which have surrounded the medical use of lithium in history, discusses the metaphorical use of medical terminology and the problem which is posed by the literal interpretation of such terms, and challenges the currently accepted point of view that lithium is a specific treatment for mania. The scientific errors which have resulted in the introduction of lithium as a treatment for mania are reviewed, and it is proposed that lithium treatment be viewed as the paradigm of modern psychopharmacology. The author suggests that the empiricist approach in biological psychiatry requires critical scrutiny in order to avoid tragic consequences, regarding the hazards both to patients arbittrarily exposed to lithium therapy, as well as to the scientific concept of disease as it is modified by those who wish to re-define disease, empirically, in terms of response to treatment.", "PMID": 372774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1714", "title": "Immunonephelometric assays.", "content": "Nephelometry, the measurement of scattered light, determines the size, shape, and concentration of the scattering particles (at least in theory). For the applications of nephelometry in immunoassays, the scatterers are the antigen-antibody complexes formed. The rationale for using nephelometry includes the advantages of greater simplicity and improved precision as compared to other assay methods. There are, however, other factors which limit the immunological assays in which nephelometry is employed, most notably its sensitivity to noise due to dust and occasional large aggregates of antigen-antibody complexes. Nephelometers commercially available for immunoassays use a variety of light sources; most measure the scattered light at a single angle, and several incorporate microcomputers. A review of the theory of light scattering by small spheres is introduced to indicate fashions in which future developments may make nephelometry the method of choice for an even wider range of immunoassays.", "contents": "Immunonephelometric assays. Nephelometry, the measurement of scattered light, determines the size, shape, and concentration of the scattering particles (at least in theory). For the applications of nephelometry in immunoassays, the scatterers are the antigen-antibody complexes formed. The rationale for using nephelometry includes the advantages of greater simplicity and improved precision as compared to other assay methods. There are, however, other factors which limit the immunological assays in which nephelometry is employed, most notably its sensitivity to noise due to dust and occasional large aggregates of antigen-antibody complexes. Nephelometers commercially available for immunoassays use a variety of light sources; most measure the scattered light at a single angle, and several incorporate microcomputers. A review of the theory of light scattering by small spheres is introduced to indicate fashions in which future developments may make nephelometry the method of choice for an even wider range of immunoassays.", "PMID": 372782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1715", "title": "Mason-Pfizer like virus in kidney grafted patients.", "content": "Lymphocytes from a kidney grafted patient were specifically stimulated to incorporated thymidine in vitro by mitomycin C treated Hela cells infected with a Mason-Pfizer like virus (MPV). The thermolabile mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV tl) grown in leukocytes of this patient produced pseudotypes which were neutralized by the patient's sera and boy rabbit anti-MPV sera. Coculture of the patients leukocytes with SIRC cells yielded virus populations with dual properties; those of MPV plus those of another virus which was not typed serologically but possessed the biological properties of typical C particles. The patient also had neutralizing antibodies to MPV, which were detected by inhibition of syncytium formation on KC cells and by neutralization of VSV tl (MPV) pseudotypes. Preliminary results on the frequency of similar findings in other kidney grafted patients are presented.", "contents": "Mason-Pfizer like virus in kidney grafted patients. Lymphocytes from a kidney grafted patient were specifically stimulated to incorporated thymidine in vitro by mitomycin C treated Hela cells infected with a Mason-Pfizer like virus (MPV). The thermolabile mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV tl) grown in leukocytes of this patient produced pseudotypes which were neutralized by the patient's sera and boy rabbit anti-MPV sera. Coculture of the patients leukocytes with SIRC cells yielded virus populations with dual properties; those of MPV plus those of another virus which was not typed serologically but possessed the biological properties of typical C particles. The patient also had neutralizing antibodies to MPV, which were detected by inhibition of syncytium formation on KC cells and by neutralization of VSV tl (MPV) pseudotypes. Preliminary results on the frequency of similar findings in other kidney grafted patients are presented.", "PMID": 372781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1716", "title": "The relation of repair phenomena to mutation induction in bacteria.", "content": "The relation of various processes to mutation induction by radiation and chemicals is discussed for for various species of bacteria. A variety of repair processes have been identified at the molecular level that can eliminate many kinds of potentially mutagenic lesions before they can be converted to final mutation. Fixation often but not always occurs at replication. A number of mutagens, including UV light, ionizing radiation, and a number of chemicals, induce an error-prone process, perhaps a modification of the proof-reading system, that allows bacteria to survive after potentially lethal damage at the expense of making errors. Some mutagens, notably monofunctional alkylating agents and base analogues, produce mutations by other processes. Even in these cases, repair processes play an important role. There is some evidence that error-free as well as error-prone repair processes can be induced. A brief discussion is given of the relation of these findings to the practical problems of hazards estimations.", "contents": "The relation of repair phenomena to mutation induction in bacteria. The relation of various processes to mutation induction by radiation and chemicals is discussed for for various species of bacteria. A variety of repair processes have been identified at the molecular level that can eliminate many kinds of potentially mutagenic lesions before they can be converted to final mutation. Fixation often but not always occurs at replication. A number of mutagens, including UV light, ionizing radiation, and a number of chemicals, induce an error-prone process, perhaps a modification of the proof-reading system, that allows bacteria to survive after potentially lethal damage at the expense of making errors. Some mutagens, notably monofunctional alkylating agents and base analogues, produce mutations by other processes. Even in these cases, repair processes play an important role. There is some evidence that error-free as well as error-prone repair processes can be induced. A brief discussion is given of the relation of these findings to the practical problems of hazards estimations.", "PMID": 372787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1717", "title": "Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria. II. Genetic effects of broad-spectrum visible light in the presence of acridine dyes and methylene blue in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Photodynamic mutagenesis was studied in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli B/r (TlR trp) exposed to one of six different acridine dyes or methylene blue. Mutation to phage T5 resistance was induced with a broad-spectrum fluorescent-light source. All of the agents tested were photomutagenic; acridine yellow was the most efficient sensitizer and quinacrine was the least efficient. Quinacrine also was moderately mutagenic in the dark, in contrast to the other agents tested, which were not significantly mutagenic in the dark at the low concentrations tested for photomutagenesis. The mutation rate with acridine orange was directly proportional to both fluence rate and dye concentration over the ranges tested. Photomutation rates with acridine orange, proflavine and methylene blue were independent of growth rate of the chemostat cultures. These results are consistent with photomutagenesis occurring as the result of photochemical damage to DNA-dye complexes, independent of cell expression was approximately 2.5 generations for each of the photomutagens tested. This short expression delay supports an earlier segregational model for expression of phage resistance. The following results suggest that photodynamic mutagenesis is due mainly to intercalated dye molecules: (1) both acridine and 9-aminoacridine are photodynamic mutagens; (2) acridine inhibits photomutagenesis with acridine orange; and (3) neither putrescine or spermine, which bind to DNA without intercalating, inhibited photomutagenesis by acridine orange or proflavine.", "contents": "Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria. II. Genetic effects of broad-spectrum visible light in the presence of acridine dyes and methylene blue in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli. Photodynamic mutagenesis was studied in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli B/r (TlR trp) exposed to one of six different acridine dyes or methylene blue. Mutation to phage T5 resistance was induced with a broad-spectrum fluorescent-light source. All of the agents tested were photomutagenic; acridine yellow was the most efficient sensitizer and quinacrine was the least efficient. Quinacrine also was moderately mutagenic in the dark, in contrast to the other agents tested, which were not significantly mutagenic in the dark at the low concentrations tested for photomutagenesis. The mutation rate with acridine orange was directly proportional to both fluence rate and dye concentration over the ranges tested. Photomutation rates with acridine orange, proflavine and methylene blue were independent of growth rate of the chemostat cultures. These results are consistent with photomutagenesis occurring as the result of photochemical damage to DNA-dye complexes, independent of cell expression was approximately 2.5 generations for each of the photomutagens tested. This short expression delay supports an earlier segregational model for expression of phage resistance. The following results suggest that photodynamic mutagenesis is due mainly to intercalated dye molecules: (1) both acridine and 9-aminoacridine are photodynamic mutagens; (2) acridine inhibits photomutagenesis with acridine orange; and (3) neither putrescine or spermine, which bind to DNA without intercalating, inhibited photomutagenesis by acridine orange or proflavine.", "PMID": 372788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1718", "title": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by removable prostheses with distribution of force by means of wires in Kennedy 4th class cases].", "content": "Prosthetic rehabilitation in cases of Kennedy class 4th, particularly when the from gap is extensive, presents problems of both aesthetic (lack of front teeth) and functional nature that are not easy to solve. On one side a mixed dental and mucosa support must be obtained while on the other over-loading of the abutment teeth must be avoided by distributing force axially and unformly. This is done by using a special type of prosthesis described here where force is distributed by means of wires. Cases treated like this and followed up have shown positive results as regards both clinical and mechanical results.", "contents": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by removable prostheses with distribution of force by means of wires in Kennedy 4th class cases]. Prosthetic rehabilitation in cases of Kennedy class 4th, particularly when the from gap is extensive, presents problems of both aesthetic (lack of front teeth) and functional nature that are not easy to solve. On one side a mixed dental and mucosa support must be obtained while on the other over-loading of the abutment teeth must be avoided by distributing force axially and unformly. This is done by using a special type of prosthesis described here where force is distributed by means of wires. Cases treated like this and followed up have shown positive results as regards both clinical and mechanical results.", "PMID": 372784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1719", "title": "Effect of mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents and defects in DNA repair genes on recombination in F' partial diploid Escherichia coli.", "content": "The ability of mutagenic agents, nonmutagenic substances and defects in DNA repair to alter the genotype of F' partial diploid (F30) Escherichia coli was determined. The frequency of auxotrophic mutants and histidine requiring (His-) haploid colonies was increased by mutagen treatment but Hfr colonies were not detected in F30 E. coli even with specific selection techniques. Genotype changes due to nonreciprocal recombination were determined by measuring the frequency of His- homogenotes, eg. F' hisC780, hisI+/hisC780, hisI+, arising from a His+ heterogenote, F' hisC780 hisI+/hisC+, his1903. At least 75% of the recombinants were homozygous for histidine alleles which were present on the F' plasmid (exogenote) of the parental hetergenote rather than for histidine alleles on the chromosome. Mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents which histidine alleles on the chromosome. Mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents which block DNA synthesis and a defective DNA polymerase I gene, polA1, were found to increase the frequency of nonreciprocal recombination. A defect in the ability to excise thymine dimers, uvrC34, did not increase spontaneous nonreciprocal recombination. However, UV irradiation but not methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induced greater recombination in this excision-repair defective mutant than in DNA-repair-proficient strains. Mutagenic agents, with the exception of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), induced greater increases in recombination than the chemotherapeutic agents or the polA1 mutation. EMS, which causes relatively little degradation of DNA, was more mutagenic but less recombinogenic than MMS, a homologous compound ths that inhibition of DNA occurring single-stranded regions in replicative intermediates of the DNA. Mutagens which cause the rapid breakdown of DNA may, in addition, introduce lesions into the genome that increase the number of single-stranded regions thus inducing even higher frequencies of recombination.", "contents": "Effect of mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents and defects in DNA repair genes on recombination in F' partial diploid Escherichia coli. The ability of mutagenic agents, nonmutagenic substances and defects in DNA repair to alter the genotype of F' partial diploid (F30) Escherichia coli was determined. The frequency of auxotrophic mutants and histidine requiring (His-) haploid colonies was increased by mutagen treatment but Hfr colonies were not detected in F30 E. coli even with specific selection techniques. Genotype changes due to nonreciprocal recombination were determined by measuring the frequency of His- homogenotes, eg. F' hisC780, hisI+/hisC780, hisI+, arising from a His+ heterogenote, F' hisC780 hisI+/hisC+, his1903. At least 75% of the recombinants were homozygous for histidine alleles which were present on the F' plasmid (exogenote) of the parental hetergenote rather than for histidine alleles on the chromosome. Mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents which histidine alleles on the chromosome. Mutagens, chemotherapeutic agents which block DNA synthesis and a defective DNA polymerase I gene, polA1, were found to increase the frequency of nonreciprocal recombination. A defect in the ability to excise thymine dimers, uvrC34, did not increase spontaneous nonreciprocal recombination. However, UV irradiation but not methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induced greater recombination in this excision-repair defective mutant than in DNA-repair-proficient strains. Mutagenic agents, with the exception of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), induced greater increases in recombination than the chemotherapeutic agents or the polA1 mutation. EMS, which causes relatively little degradation of DNA, was more mutagenic but less recombinogenic than MMS, a homologous compound ths that inhibition of DNA occurring single-stranded regions in replicative intermediates of the DNA. Mutagens which cause the rapid breakdown of DNA may, in addition, introduce lesions into the genome that increase the number of single-stranded regions thus inducing even higher frequencies of recombination.", "PMID": 372790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1720", "title": "Validation and characterization of the L5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma mutagen assay system.", "content": "The current status of the L5178Y/TK+/- leads to TK-/- mouse-lymphoma mutagenicity assay is described. Dose-survival-mutagenic response data are shown for 43 chemicals. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of non-induced and/or Aroclor-induced rat-liver S-9 are compared for most of these chemicals, 25 of these for which usuable carcinogenicity data exist have been used to construct an approximately linear relationship between oncogenic potency in vivo and mutagenic potency in this system in vitro; linearity between these two endpoints extends over a greater than 100,000-fold range in potencies. Several carcinogens which are negative or difficult to detect in the standard Ames assay are mutagenic in this mammalian cell system. These include natulan, sodium saccharin (lot S-1022), p,p'-DDE (metabolite of DDT), dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine and diethylstilbestrol. Characterization of the TK-/- mutants suggests that two mutagenic mechanisms contribute to their final yield. Large-colony TK-/- mutants probably represent point or gene mutations affecting the TK locus. In addition, a class of small-colony TK(/- mutants are described and characterized as being heritably growth-deficient; this and other properties suggest that these small-colony TK-/- mutants originate by a heritable and viable chromosomal aberration. Most carcinogens and mutagens tested produce both classes of TK-/- mutants in this system; the relative proportions of small- and large-colony mutants are both mutagen- and dose-dependent. Comparative studies have been done at the rapidly-expressing TK locus and the slowly-expressing HGPRT locus in these cells. Several carcinogens detected at the TK locus are non- or very weakly mutagenic at the HGPRT locus. This findings is consistent with the induction of slow-growing specific locus mutants by a chromosomal mechanism and their subsequent dilution during this long expression time.", "contents": "Validation and characterization of the L5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma mutagen assay system. The current status of the L5178Y/TK+/- leads to TK-/- mouse-lymphoma mutagenicity assay is described. Dose-survival-mutagenic response data are shown for 43 chemicals. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of non-induced and/or Aroclor-induced rat-liver S-9 are compared for most of these chemicals, 25 of these for which usuable carcinogenicity data exist have been used to construct an approximately linear relationship between oncogenic potency in vivo and mutagenic potency in this system in vitro; linearity between these two endpoints extends over a greater than 100,000-fold range in potencies. Several carcinogens which are negative or difficult to detect in the standard Ames assay are mutagenic in this mammalian cell system. These include natulan, sodium saccharin (lot S-1022), p,p'-DDE (metabolite of DDT), dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine and diethylstilbestrol. Characterization of the TK-/- mutants suggests that two mutagenic mechanisms contribute to their final yield. Large-colony TK-/- mutants probably represent point or gene mutations affecting the TK locus. In addition, a class of small-colony TK(/- mutants are described and characterized as being heritably growth-deficient; this and other properties suggest that these small-colony TK-/- mutants originate by a heritable and viable chromosomal aberration. Most carcinogens and mutagens tested produce both classes of TK-/- mutants in this system; the relative proportions of small- and large-colony mutants are both mutagen- and dose-dependent. Comparative studies have been done at the rapidly-expressing TK locus and the slowly-expressing HGPRT locus in these cells. Several carcinogens detected at the TK locus are non- or very weakly mutagenic at the HGPRT locus. This findings is consistent with the induction of slow-growing specific locus mutants by a chromosomal mechanism and their subsequent dilution during this long expression time.", "PMID": 372791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1721", "title": "Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria. III. Mutagenesis by acridine orange and 500-nm monochromatic light in strains of Escherichia coli that differ in repair capability.", "content": "In the presence of acridine orange (AO) and monochromatic 500-nm light, the recombination-deficient strain of Escherichia coli, WP10 (recA), showed a 15-fold increase in mutation rate over the wild-type (WP2) strain. Under the same conditions, strain Bs--1 (uvrB lexA lon) showed a 5-fold increase in mutation rate over strain WP2. In contrast, the endonuclease-deficient, strain, WP2s (uvrA), showed a lower AO-500 nm mutation rate than wild-type. The extremely high mutation rate of the recA strain cannot be due to error-prone inducible SOS repair since the inducible recA + function is absent. Repair of the AO-500 nm-induced lesions is likely due to a recA+-dependent, error-free, recombination process. It is concluded that the high mutation rates with AO-500 nm light obtained in chemostat cultures of recA and lexA strains occur as a consequence of errors during semi-conservative DNA replication in the presence of unrepaired DNA lesions.", "contents": "Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria. III. Mutagenesis by acridine orange and 500-nm monochromatic light in strains of Escherichia coli that differ in repair capability. In the presence of acridine orange (AO) and monochromatic 500-nm light, the recombination-deficient strain of Escherichia coli, WP10 (recA), showed a 15-fold increase in mutation rate over the wild-type (WP2) strain. Under the same conditions, strain Bs--1 (uvrB lexA lon) showed a 5-fold increase in mutation rate over strain WP2. In contrast, the endonuclease-deficient, strain, WP2s (uvrA), showed a lower AO-500 nm mutation rate than wild-type. The extremely high mutation rate of the recA strain cannot be due to error-prone inducible SOS repair since the inducible recA + function is absent. Repair of the AO-500 nm-induced lesions is likely due to a recA+-dependent, error-free, recombination process. It is concluded that the high mutation rates with AO-500 nm light obtained in chemostat cultures of recA and lexA strains occur as a consequence of errors during semi-conservative DNA replication in the presence of unrepaired DNA lesions.", "PMID": 372792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1722", "title": "Mutation induction by thymidine deprivation in Escherichia coli B/r. I. Influence of caffeine.", "content": "The addition of caffeine to the plating medium after thymine deprivation of E. coli WP2 uvr+ thyA or WP2 uvrA thyA had no influence on survival. Caffeine, however, reduced the frequency of mutants. The hypothesis is presented that the reduced mutagenesis is due to the sensitivity to caffeine of an inducible error-prone repair mechanism operating during thymine deprivation and after the re-addition of thymine.", "contents": "Mutation induction by thymidine deprivation in Escherichia coli B/r. I. Influence of caffeine. The addition of caffeine to the plating medium after thymine deprivation of E. coli WP2 uvr+ thyA or WP2 uvrA thyA had no influence on survival. Caffeine, however, reduced the frequency of mutants. The hypothesis is presented that the reduced mutagenesis is due to the sensitivity to caffeine of an inducible error-prone repair mechanism operating during thymine deprivation and after the re-addition of thymine.", "PMID": 372793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1723", "title": "Aryl-monoalkyl and cyclic triazenes: direct-acting mutagens.", "content": "An aryl-monoalkyl triazene, methyl-p-tolyl triazene (MTT) and a cyclic triazene (delta2-triazoline) are direct-acting mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and for cell-free Hemophilus influenzae DNA. MTT causes reversion of the hisG46 base-substitution mutation, but no reversion of the hisD3052 frameshift mutation. Induced mutation frequency is not strongly influenced by modifications in the genetic background of the S. typhimurium Ames tester strains, but is mildly enhanced by the addition of a pool of amino acids to the plating medium and is strongly enhanced by liquid preincubation before plating.", "contents": "Aryl-monoalkyl and cyclic triazenes: direct-acting mutagens. An aryl-monoalkyl triazene, methyl-p-tolyl triazene (MTT) and a cyclic triazene (delta2-triazoline) are direct-acting mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and for cell-free Hemophilus influenzae DNA. MTT causes reversion of the hisG46 base-substitution mutation, but no reversion of the hisD3052 frameshift mutation. Induced mutation frequency is not strongly influenced by modifications in the genetic background of the S. typhimurium Ames tester strains, but is mildly enhanced by the addition of a pool of amino acids to the plating medium and is strongly enhanced by liquid preincubation before plating.", "PMID": 372794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1724", "title": "Effect of gamma and alpha irradiation on survival of wild-type and sensitive mutants of yeast.", "content": "Survival curves have been obtained for haploid and diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the wild-type strain and the sensitive mutant rad51-1 exposed to gamma-rays and alpha-particles. The difference in radio-sensitivities of the wild-type diploid strain and the homozygous rad51-1 mutant was significantly higher after low-LET radiation than after high-LET radiation. This was not true for haploid strains. The liquid-holding recovery of irradiated cells was greater for gamma-ray-induced damage than for damage inflicted by alpha-particles. The value of the RBE of high-LET radiation was correlated with cell-repair capacity.", "contents": "Effect of gamma and alpha irradiation on survival of wild-type and sensitive mutants of yeast. Survival curves have been obtained for haploid and diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the wild-type strain and the sensitive mutant rad51-1 exposed to gamma-rays and alpha-particles. The difference in radio-sensitivities of the wild-type diploid strain and the homozygous rad51-1 mutant was significantly higher after low-LET radiation than after high-LET radiation. This was not true for haploid strains. The liquid-holding recovery of irradiated cells was greater for gamma-ray-induced damage than for damage inflicted by alpha-particles. The value of the RBE of high-LET radiation was correlated with cell-repair capacity.", "PMID": 372795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1725", "title": "Further study of the genetic toxicity of gentian violet.", "content": "The genetic toxicity of gentian violet was studied with the Ames and the Rosenkranz bacterial assays as well as the cytogenetic assays (Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro in the presence of rat-liver S-9 fractions, the chicken-embryo and mouse-bone-marrow cells in vivo). Gentian violet was found to be toxic but not mutagenic in the Ames assay. However, it was active in the Rosenkranz assay causing reparable DNA damage. The presence of S-9 in the in vitro cytogenetic assay and in the bacterial assays showed that the activity of gentian violet could be reduced or eliminated. In the in vivo assays, gentian violet was not clastogenic and failed to induce sister-chromatid exchanges. However, gentian violet proved to be highly toxic to growing chick embryos at high dosage and depressed mitotic activities in mouse bone marrow after prolonged treatment. Our study suggested that gentian violet can be inactivated by the liver detoxification system. However, it is potentially hazardous to cells that are exposed to the dye directly (e.g. skin epithelium and cell lining of the gastrointestinal tract).", "contents": "Further study of the genetic toxicity of gentian violet. The genetic toxicity of gentian violet was studied with the Ames and the Rosenkranz bacterial assays as well as the cytogenetic assays (Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro in the presence of rat-liver S-9 fractions, the chicken-embryo and mouse-bone-marrow cells in vivo). Gentian violet was found to be toxic but not mutagenic in the Ames assay. However, it was active in the Rosenkranz assay causing reparable DNA damage. The presence of S-9 in the in vitro cytogenetic assay and in the bacterial assays showed that the activity of gentian violet could be reduced or eliminated. In the in vivo assays, gentian violet was not clastogenic and failed to induce sister-chromatid exchanges. However, gentian violet proved to be highly toxic to growing chick embryos at high dosage and depressed mitotic activities in mouse bone marrow after prolonged treatment. Our study suggested that gentian violet can be inactivated by the liver detoxification system. However, it is potentially hazardous to cells that are exposed to the dye directly (e.g. skin epithelium and cell lining of the gastrointestinal tract).", "PMID": 372796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1726", "title": "Actions of an antispermatogenic, but non-mutagenic, indenopyridine derivative in mice and Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "This paper describes a new antispermatogenic agent. Following single oral administration to mice, the indenopyridine derivative (4aRS,5SR,9bRS)-2-ethyl-1,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-p-tolyl-2H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridine hydrochloride, code No. 20-438, produced long-lasting inhibition of the spermatogenic process at dose levels of 10 mg/kg (1/40 of the lowest lethal dose) and higher. Testes weights were significantly reduced from days 2--217 after treatment, and no clear-cut evidence of a recovery was found during this time. The fertility of treated males was normal during the initial 2 weeks after treatment, followed by partial or total sterility in weeks 3--6, and incomplete recovery in weeks 7--29 after treatment. The antifertility effects were caused by maturation depletion of the germ cells, leading to oligospermia. The following rank of decreasing \"susceptibility\" of the germ cells was observed: Spermatocytes greater than early spermatids, intermediate spermatogonia greater than stem cells. Sperm and late spermatids were not affected. Despite the characteristic specific germ-cell pattern of antifertility effects, 20-438 showed neither indications of pre- and post-implantational dominant lethality, nor mutagenic potentiality as measured by cytogenetic analysis of spermatocytes or spermatogonia, the sperm abnormality assay, the micronucleus test, and the Salmonella assay. These data suggest that the action of 20-438, leading to oligospermia, does not involve genetic toxic effects.", "contents": "Actions of an antispermatogenic, but non-mutagenic, indenopyridine derivative in mice and Salmonella typhimurium. This paper describes a new antispermatogenic agent. Following single oral administration to mice, the indenopyridine derivative (4aRS,5SR,9bRS)-2-ethyl-1,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-p-tolyl-2H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridine hydrochloride, code No. 20-438, produced long-lasting inhibition of the spermatogenic process at dose levels of 10 mg/kg (1/40 of the lowest lethal dose) and higher. Testes weights were significantly reduced from days 2--217 after treatment, and no clear-cut evidence of a recovery was found during this time. The fertility of treated males was normal during the initial 2 weeks after treatment, followed by partial or total sterility in weeks 3--6, and incomplete recovery in weeks 7--29 after treatment. The antifertility effects were caused by maturation depletion of the germ cells, leading to oligospermia. The following rank of decreasing \"susceptibility\" of the germ cells was observed: Spermatocytes greater than early spermatids, intermediate spermatogonia greater than stem cells. Sperm and late spermatids were not affected. Despite the characteristic specific germ-cell pattern of antifertility effects, 20-438 showed neither indications of pre- and post-implantational dominant lethality, nor mutagenic potentiality as measured by cytogenetic analysis of spermatocytes or spermatogonia, the sperm abnormality assay, the micronucleus test, and the Salmonella assay. These data suggest that the action of 20-438, leading to oligospermia, does not involve genetic toxic effects.", "PMID": 372797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1727", "title": "Lack of cytogenetic effects in mice or mutations in Salmonella receiving sodium fluoride.", "content": "We have examined the possible effect of fluoride intake on chromosome damage. There was no evidence of increased frequency of chromosomal aberration in bone marrow or testis cells of mice with either 50 ppm fluoride intake over several generations or 100 ppm intake for 6 weeks compared to animals drinking distilled water. Fluoride was not found to be mutagenic in a widely used bacterial mutagenesis assay over a range of 0.1 to as high as 2000 microgram fluoride per plate.", "contents": "Lack of cytogenetic effects in mice or mutations in Salmonella receiving sodium fluoride. We have examined the possible effect of fluoride intake on chromosome damage. There was no evidence of increased frequency of chromosomal aberration in bone marrow or testis cells of mice with either 50 ppm fluoride intake over several generations or 100 ppm intake for 6 weeks compared to animals drinking distilled water. Fluoride was not found to be mutagenic in a widely used bacterial mutagenesis assay over a range of 0.1 to as high as 2000 microgram fluoride per plate.", "PMID": 372798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1728", "title": "Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians.", "content": "The level of biologic lead (expressed as the ratio of atomic lead to atomic calcium) in bones of Peruvians buried 1600 years ago was found to be 3 x 10(-8), as compared to 2100 to 3500 x 10(-8) in the bones of present-day residents of England and the United States. The ratio of barium to calcium was 2 to 3 x 10(-6) in bones of ancient Peruvians and present-day Americans. Barium and lead have similar morphologic distributions in organisms, so this discrepancy for lead must result from overexposure of present-day people to industrial lead and not from natural variations. The magnitude of this discrepancy has been confirmed by two different lines of investigation not reported in this article. This new evidence suggests that natural interactions of lead in human cells have not yet been determined because reagents, nutrients and controls used in laboratory and field studies have been contaminated with lead far in excess of naturally occurring levels.", "contents": "Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians. The level of biologic lead (expressed as the ratio of atomic lead to atomic calcium) in bones of Peruvians buried 1600 years ago was found to be 3 x 10(-8), as compared to 2100 to 3500 x 10(-8) in the bones of present-day residents of England and the United States. The ratio of barium to calcium was 2 to 3 x 10(-6) in bones of ancient Peruvians and present-day Americans. Barium and lead have similar morphologic distributions in organisms, so this discrepancy for lead must result from overexposure of present-day people to industrial lead and not from natural variations. The magnitude of this discrepancy has been confirmed by two different lines of investigation not reported in this article. This new evidence suggests that natural interactions of lead in human cells have not yet been determined because reagents, nutrients and controls used in laboratory and field studies have been contaminated with lead far in excess of naturally occurring levels.", "PMID": 372802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1729", "title": "The ribosomal RNA gene region in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus.", "content": "A fine structure map of the ribosomal gene region of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus has been generated. The ribosomal DNA density satellite has been analyzed with restriction enzymes and by hybridization to urchin 18S and 26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The L. variegatus rRNA repeats show heterogeneity on the nontranscribed spacer. Minor bands containing transcribed spacer sequences are observed. One interpretation of these bands would require both transcribed spacer heterogeneity and defective ribosomal genes retained among the rRNA gene repeats.", "contents": "The ribosomal RNA gene region in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. A fine structure map of the ribosomal gene region of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus has been generated. The ribosomal DNA density satellite has been analyzed with restriction enzymes and by hybridization to urchin 18S and 26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The L. variegatus rRNA repeats show heterogeneity on the nontranscribed spacer. Minor bands containing transcribed spacer sequences are observed. One interpretation of these bands would require both transcribed spacer heterogeneity and defective ribosomal genes retained among the rRNA gene repeats.", "PMID": 372814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1730", "title": "Genetics of cultured mammalian cells, as studied by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "In the past 10 years, the technique of somatic cell hybridization has been used extensively in studies on mammalian somatic cell genetics. Much of the work with hybrid cells has focused on the problems of gene regulation and gene mapping; these two areas and the consideration of new techniques are discussed in this article. The types of genetic manipulations than can be used to investigate these problems are the central theme of the review.", "contents": "Genetics of cultured mammalian cells, as studied by somatic cell hybridization. In the past 10 years, the technique of somatic cell hybridization has been used extensively in studies on mammalian somatic cell genetics. Much of the work with hybrid cells has focused on the problems of gene regulation and gene mapping; these two areas and the consideration of new techniques are discussed in this article. The types of genetic manipulations than can be used to investigate these problems are the central theme of the review.", "PMID": 372815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1731", "title": "In vitro carcinogenesis with cells in early passage.", "content": "A well-documented rationale exists for the study of the induction of cancer at the cellular level. Transformation can be quantitated; its frequency follows a linear relationship with dose and is consistent with a \"one-hit\" phenomenon. Transformed colonies do produce transformed lines with attributes of neoplastic cells including the production of tumors; in vitro activity correlates with in vivo activity to provide evidence that chemically induced carcinogenesis can be studied in vitro. In vitro techniques utilizing mammalian cells in culture have made possible the rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity of agents in man's environment. Neoplastic transformation is inductive and not the result of the selection of preexisting tumor cells. The addition of a host-mediated step in the bioassay makes it possible to decrease the number of false negatives, which may result from the requirement for metabolic activation of the chemical. Thus the in vitro studies described have a high probability of providing practical methods for determining which chemicals in use have a potential of producing cancer. Furthermore, the nature of the cell-target insult interaction can be determined, as well as the chemical nature of the ultimate carcinogen, the degree to which any agent acts alone, be it a chemical, a virus, or irradiation, and the extent to which one agent interacts with another from the same or a different category of carcinogens. Sequential treatment involving chemicals, viruses, and radiation are important, since combinations of various agents may be responsible for an increased risk of cancer in laboratory animals and human populations. The use of multiple agents may also lead to different but specific new types of assays to use for surveillance of our environment for carcinogenic agents. Pretreatment of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells with either X-irradiation or methyl methanesulfonate, but not UV-irradiation, increases the frequency of chemical transformation as does posttreatment with caffeine. Most, if not all, chemical carcinogens will increase the sensitivity of hamster embryo cells to transformation by a carcinogenic simian adenovirus SA7. The enhancement of virus transformation is related to both the length of chemical treatment and the interval between chemical and viral addition. The mechanism of transformation enhancement by various agents has yet to be explained. They may affect a number of molecular processes or cause a modification of existing DNA and thus provide an explanation for carcinogenesis; in fact, in some systems some of these agents may also show mutagenic activity and produce chromosomal aberrations, However, although DNA is the critical site for a mutagen, the critical target(s) of chemical carcinogens is still unknown.", "contents": "In vitro carcinogenesis with cells in early passage. A well-documented rationale exists for the study of the induction of cancer at the cellular level. Transformation can be quantitated; its frequency follows a linear relationship with dose and is consistent with a \"one-hit\" phenomenon. Transformed colonies do produce transformed lines with attributes of neoplastic cells including the production of tumors; in vitro activity correlates with in vivo activity to provide evidence that chemically induced carcinogenesis can be studied in vitro. In vitro techniques utilizing mammalian cells in culture have made possible the rapid evaluation of carcinogenicity of agents in man's environment. Neoplastic transformation is inductive and not the result of the selection of preexisting tumor cells. The addition of a host-mediated step in the bioassay makes it possible to decrease the number of false negatives, which may result from the requirement for metabolic activation of the chemical. Thus the in vitro studies described have a high probability of providing practical methods for determining which chemicals in use have a potential of producing cancer. Furthermore, the nature of the cell-target insult interaction can be determined, as well as the chemical nature of the ultimate carcinogen, the degree to which any agent acts alone, be it a chemical, a virus, or irradiation, and the extent to which one agent interacts with another from the same or a different category of carcinogens. Sequential treatment involving chemicals, viruses, and radiation are important, since combinations of various agents may be responsible for an increased risk of cancer in laboratory animals and human populations. The use of multiple agents may also lead to different but specific new types of assays to use for surveillance of our environment for carcinogenic agents. Pretreatment of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells with either X-irradiation or methyl methanesulfonate, but not UV-irradiation, increases the frequency of chemical transformation as does posttreatment with caffeine. Most, if not all, chemical carcinogens will increase the sensitivity of hamster embryo cells to transformation by a carcinogenic simian adenovirus SA7. The enhancement of virus transformation is related to both the length of chemical treatment and the interval between chemical and viral addition. The mechanism of transformation enhancement by various agents has yet to be explained. They may affect a number of molecular processes or cause a modification of existing DNA and thus provide an explanation for carcinogenesis; in fact, in some systems some of these agents may also show mutagenic activity and produce chromosomal aberrations, However, although DNA is the critical site for a mutagen, the critical target(s) of chemical carcinogens is still unknown.", "PMID": 372816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1732", "title": "Metabolism of acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The acetylcholine receptor in skeletal muscle is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein. Its biosynthesis and incorporation into plasma membrane and its degradation are being studied with the use of biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic techniques. In this report, previously published data are combined with new information to yield a consistent and fairly detailed description ofthe mechanisms involved in receptor metabolism. It is proposed that the biosynthesis, transport, and incorporation of the receptor into plasma membranes involve a mechanism similar, or identical, to that used by the cell for production and secretion of secretory proteins. The receptor is degraded by a random-hit process, which involves internalization, transport to secondary lysosomes, and hydrolysis. Sites of regulation of receptor metabolism are discussed in the context of regulation of the number and distribution of receptors in plasma membranes, particularly with respect to the formation and stability of neuromuscular junctions.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle. The acetylcholine receptor in skeletal muscle is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein. Its biosynthesis and incorporation into plasma membrane and its degradation are being studied with the use of biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic techniques. In this report, previously published data are combined with new information to yield a consistent and fairly detailed description ofthe mechanisms involved in receptor metabolism. It is proposed that the biosynthesis, transport, and incorporation of the receptor into plasma membranes involve a mechanism similar, or identical, to that used by the cell for production and secretion of secretory proteins. The receptor is degraded by a random-hit process, which involves internalization, transport to secondary lysosomes, and hydrolysis. Sites of regulation of receptor metabolism are discussed in the context of regulation of the number and distribution of receptors in plasma membranes, particularly with respect to the formation and stability of neuromuscular junctions.", "PMID": 372817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1733", "title": "The genetics of the mitochondrial DNA of mammalian somatic cells, their hybrids and cybrids.", "content": "A brief review is attempted of the status of the genetics of the mitochondria of mammalian cells in vitro. Reverse segregant human-mouse hybrid strains are unusually stable and retain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of both species for many generations but eventually lose the mtDNA of the species whose chromosomes are segregated. A molecular interchange resembling recombination among mtDNA molecules can be detected in these hybrids. Eisenstadt and co-workers have shown that chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis less in mitochondria isolated form chloramphenicol-resistant, mutant cell strains than from sensitive strains. They have also shown that resistance is effectively transmitted by cytoplast fusion. These genetic markers are, therefore, probably in the mtDNA of mammals as they are in yeast. Although chloramphenicol resistance has not been transferred from one distinct species to another by cytoplast fusion, we find that different subspecies of mouse are able to exchange resistance. We have also transferred chloramphenicol resistance to (\"transformed\") 10(-3) sensitive cells by treating them with purified mtDNA from resistant cells. Treatment with DNA from Escherichia coli and/or mtDNA purified from sensitive cells does not transform. Treatment with nuclear DNA, however, from either sensitive or resistant cells does transform. We suggest that exogenously applied nuclear DNA acts as a potent mutagen in mitochondria. A potential application of the mtDNA transformation phenomenon to molecular cloning of DNA in mammalian mitochondria is proposed.", "contents": "The genetics of the mitochondrial DNA of mammalian somatic cells, their hybrids and cybrids. A brief review is attempted of the status of the genetics of the mitochondria of mammalian cells in vitro. Reverse segregant human-mouse hybrid strains are unusually stable and retain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of both species for many generations but eventually lose the mtDNA of the species whose chromosomes are segregated. A molecular interchange resembling recombination among mtDNA molecules can be detected in these hybrids. Eisenstadt and co-workers have shown that chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis less in mitochondria isolated form chloramphenicol-resistant, mutant cell strains than from sensitive strains. They have also shown that resistance is effectively transmitted by cytoplast fusion. These genetic markers are, therefore, probably in the mtDNA of mammals as they are in yeast. Although chloramphenicol resistance has not been transferred from one distinct species to another by cytoplast fusion, we find that different subspecies of mouse are able to exchange resistance. We have also transferred chloramphenicol resistance to (\"transformed\") 10(-3) sensitive cells by treating them with purified mtDNA from resistant cells. Treatment with DNA from Escherichia coli and/or mtDNA purified from sensitive cells does not transform. Treatment with nuclear DNA, however, from either sensitive or resistant cells does transform. We suggest that exogenously applied nuclear DNA acts as a potent mutagen in mitochondria. A potential application of the mtDNA transformation phenomenon to molecular cloning of DNA in mammalian mitochondria is proposed.", "PMID": 372818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1734", "title": "Red cell-mediated microinjection.", "content": "I have reviewed the current status of microinjection based on fusion of red blood cells and tissue culture cells. Macromolecules are introduced into red blood cells during hypotonic hemolysis, and the resealed red cells are then fused to tissue culture cells with Sendai virus. The procedure has been used to inject ferritin, thymidine kinase, bovine serum albumin, and transfer RNA molecules into large numbers of tissue culture cells. Physiologically significant amounts of various macromolecules can be transferred, and preliminary studies show that [125I]bovine serum albumin and transfer RNA are stable within recipient culture cells. Tissue culture cells remain viable following microinjection. Red cell-mediated microinjection should facilitate the study of various processes, such as macromolecular turnover and genetic regulation, that are not easily studied with conventional biochemical techniques.", "contents": "Red cell-mediated microinjection. I have reviewed the current status of microinjection based on fusion of red blood cells and tissue culture cells. Macromolecules are introduced into red blood cells during hypotonic hemolysis, and the resealed red cells are then fused to tissue culture cells with Sendai virus. The procedure has been used to inject ferritin, thymidine kinase, bovine serum albumin, and transfer RNA molecules into large numbers of tissue culture cells. Physiologically significant amounts of various macromolecules can be transferred, and preliminary studies show that [125I]bovine serum albumin and transfer RNA are stable within recipient culture cells. Tissue culture cells remain viable following microinjection. Red cell-mediated microinjection should facilitate the study of various processes, such as macromolecular turnover and genetic regulation, that are not easily studied with conventional biochemical techniques.", "PMID": 372819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1735", "title": "Transitional cell cancer: fluorescent antibody binding to tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "The IFA assay has been used to detect antigen--antibody reactions between sera from patients with TCC and TCC cell lines established in our laboratory. A positive immunofluorescence reaction, consisting of perinuclear staining, was seen in 86% of the sera from TCC patients exposed to 253J cells. A positive reaction was detection in only 8% of the sera from healthy donors, in 19% of that from patients with nonmalignant urinary tract disease, and in 31% of the sera from patients with urinary tract tumors other than TCC when exposed to 253J cells. No positive reaction was detected when these same sera were exposed to either WI-38 or normal human kidney cells. The positive fluorescence could be removed from TCC sera by absorption with TCC surgical specimens but not by absorption with nontumor surgical specimens.", "contents": "Transitional cell cancer: fluorescent antibody binding to tumor cells in vitro. The IFA assay has been used to detect antigen--antibody reactions between sera from patients with TCC and TCC cell lines established in our laboratory. A positive immunofluorescence reaction, consisting of perinuclear staining, was seen in 86% of the sera from TCC patients exposed to 253J cells. A positive reaction was detection in only 8% of the sera from healthy donors, in 19% of that from patients with nonmalignant urinary tract disease, and in 31% of the sera from patients with urinary tract tumors other than TCC when exposed to 253J cells. No positive reaction was detected when these same sera were exposed to either WI-38 or normal human kidney cells. The positive fluorescence could be removed from TCC sera by absorption with TCC surgical specimens but not by absorption with nontumor surgical specimens.", "PMID": 372820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1736", "title": "Identification of cultured, human, malignant, prostatic epithelial cells.", "content": "Identification of cloned cells is necessary for experimentation with them. This paper details a method for the identification of cultured human malignant prostatic epithelial cells derived from metastatic deposits of prostate cancer by localization of a specific rabbit antiserum to human prostatic acid phosphatase in the cells.", "contents": "Identification of cultured, human, malignant, prostatic epithelial cells. Identification of cloned cells is necessary for experimentation with them. This paper details a method for the identification of cultured human malignant prostatic epithelial cells derived from metastatic deposits of prostate cancer by localization of a specific rabbit antiserum to human prostatic acid phosphatase in the cells.", "PMID": 372822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1737", "title": "Poly I:C immunotherapy in patients with papillomas or superficial carcinomas of the bladder.", "content": "A randomized prospective therapeutic trial of poly I:C immunotherapy in patients with papillomas or superficial carcinomas of the bladder is presented. Poly I:C had no beneficial effect on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder tumors.", "contents": "Poly I:C immunotherapy in patients with papillomas or superficial carcinomas of the bladder. A randomized prospective therapeutic trial of poly I:C immunotherapy in patients with papillomas or superficial carcinomas of the bladder is presented. Poly I:C had no beneficial effect on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder tumors.", "PMID": 372823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1738", "title": "EB 33, an epithelial cell line from human prostate carcinoma: a review.", "content": "The cell line EB 33 was cultivated from the tissue of a human prostate adenocarcinoma in June 1973. Since that time, efforts have been made by scientists in several laboratories to characterize this line by morphologic, biochemical, endocrinologic, genetic, and immunologic parameters. The great need for a well-defined prostatic cell line for immunologic experimentation warrants a complete review of the subject.", "contents": "EB 33, an epithelial cell line from human prostate carcinoma: a review. The cell line EB 33 was cultivated from the tissue of a human prostate adenocarcinoma in June 1973. Since that time, efforts have been made by scientists in several laboratories to characterize this line by morphologic, biochemical, endocrinologic, genetic, and immunologic parameters. The great need for a well-defined prostatic cell line for immunologic experimentation warrants a complete review of the subject.", "PMID": 372824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1739", "title": "Transmission of allosteric effects in DNA.", "content": "Binding of distamycin induces a cooperative transition of calf thymus DNA to a new form with higher affinity for the drug and altered structural properties.", "contents": "Transmission of allosteric effects in DNA. Binding of distamycin induces a cooperative transition of calf thymus DNA to a new form with higher affinity for the drug and altered structural properties.", "PMID": 372825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1740", "title": "Distribution of polymorphic forms of troponin components and tropomyosin in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Specific antibodies have been used to show that in adult skeletal muscle the slow and fast forms of the components of the troponin complex are located in type I and type II fibres respectively. alpha-Tropomyosin is restricted to type II cells. During development, as a result of changes in innervation and in certain diseased stages, both the slow and fast polymorphic forms of the troponin components are present in the same cell.", "contents": "Distribution of polymorphic forms of troponin components and tropomyosin in skeletal muscle. Specific antibodies have been used to show that in adult skeletal muscle the slow and fast forms of the components of the troponin complex are located in type I and type II fibres respectively. alpha-Tropomyosin is restricted to type II cells. During development, as a result of changes in innervation and in certain diseased stages, both the slow and fast polymorphic forms of the troponin components are present in the same cell.", "PMID": 372827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1741", "title": "Experimental data concerning the question of the synergic action of the influenza virus and of some chemical carcinogens in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.", "content": "The importance of new discoveries in the field of molecular biology concerning the interaction of oncogenic material in cell leading to a synthesis of knowledge in the field of viral and physico-chemical blastomogenesis is underlined. A concise reference to earlier studies and to the present state of knowledge is presented, with a subsequent review of the results of experimental studies dealing with the problem of the synergic action of influenza viruses (type A2, A/PRS, B, Sendai) and of chemical carcinogens (urethane, cancerogenic hydrocarbons, diethylnitrosamines, cigarette smoke) in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Both the suggested and already demonstrated mechanisms of the joint action of viruses and chemical carcinogens, illustrating the interrelations between the two factors in the process of malignant transformation, are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental data concerning the question of the synergic action of the influenza virus and of some chemical carcinogens in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The importance of new discoveries in the field of molecular biology concerning the interaction of oncogenic material in cell leading to a synthesis of knowledge in the field of viral and physico-chemical blastomogenesis is underlined. A concise reference to earlier studies and to the present state of knowledge is presented, with a subsequent review of the results of experimental studies dealing with the problem of the synergic action of influenza viruses (type A2, A/PRS, B, Sendai) and of chemical carcinogens (urethane, cancerogenic hydrocarbons, diethylnitrosamines, cigarette smoke) in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Both the suggested and already demonstrated mechanisms of the joint action of viruses and chemical carcinogens, illustrating the interrelations between the two factors in the process of malignant transformation, are discussed.", "PMID": 372834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1742", "title": "Splenic and thymic histamine forming enzyme activity and weights following organ allograft and tumor cell transplantation.", "content": "Kinetic of the increasing activity of histamine forming enzyme--histidine decarboxylase in host spleen and thymus, following kidney and heart allografting and after tumor cells transplantation is presented.", "contents": "Splenic and thymic histamine forming enzyme activity and weights following organ allograft and tumor cell transplantation. Kinetic of the increasing activity of histamine forming enzyme--histidine decarboxylase in host spleen and thymus, following kidney and heart allografting and after tumor cells transplantation is presented.", "PMID": 372835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1743", "title": "Antitumor effect of sublethal irradiation caused by its tolerance abrogating capacity.", "content": "After the resection of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas, representing 1--2% of total body weight, \"R\" rats were immunized with glutaraldehyde-fixed tumor cells, irradiated sublethally [0.1419 C kg-1 (550 R)], and restored immunologically by thymus, spleen and bone marrow cells. Afterwards, 87.5% of them were able to reject a viable challenge cell graft of 1 X 10(5) cells. Sublethal irradiation alone had the same effect, reflected by 90% of rats rejecting the grafts. Five control lots were run. They showed that none of the treatments, applied to \"tumor-resected\" animals could provide normal animals with the same defense capacity. Results point to the decisive role of the transient presence of the tumor in the host and of the sublethal irradiation in restoration of its defense capacity. Role of partial tolerance, in producing the host's immune inhibition, and of the capacity of irradiation to abrogating it, are discussed.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of sublethal irradiation caused by its tolerance abrogating capacity. After the resection of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas, representing 1--2% of total body weight, \"R\" rats were immunized with glutaraldehyde-fixed tumor cells, irradiated sublethally [0.1419 C kg-1 (550 R)], and restored immunologically by thymus, spleen and bone marrow cells. Afterwards, 87.5% of them were able to reject a viable challenge cell graft of 1 X 10(5) cells. Sublethal irradiation alone had the same effect, reflected by 90% of rats rejecting the grafts. Five control lots were run. They showed that none of the treatments, applied to \"tumor-resected\" animals could provide normal animals with the same defense capacity. Results point to the decisive role of the transient presence of the tumor in the host and of the sublethal irradiation in restoration of its defense capacity. Role of partial tolerance, in producing the host's immune inhibition, and of the capacity of irradiation to abrogating it, are discussed.", "PMID": 372836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1744", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neurons in cultures of fetal rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Hypothalamic fragments from 21-day-old fetal rats were cultured in Maximow double-coverslip assemblies for 1 to 2 months. Neurons containing LH-RH were demonstrated immunohistochemically using an antiserum to LH-RH (Dermody; 1:500--1:4,000). LH-RH was demonstrable only in neuronal perikarya (8--13 micrometer) and in small (less than 1 micrometer) round structures nearby, primarily in explants of the median eminence-arcuate nucleus region. Reactive neurons were not found in explants of the preoptic area and could not be demonstrated in fetal hypothalami at the time of explantation. The presence of mature-looking LH-RH containing neurons in these cultures suggests that this tissue culture system can be used for the study of hypothalamic development.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neurons in cultures of fetal rat hypothalamus. Hypothalamic fragments from 21-day-old fetal rats were cultured in Maximow double-coverslip assemblies for 1 to 2 months. Neurons containing LH-RH were demonstrated immunohistochemically using an antiserum to LH-RH (Dermody; 1:500--1:4,000). LH-RH was demonstrable only in neuronal perikarya (8--13 micrometer) and in small (less than 1 micrometer) round structures nearby, primarily in explants of the median eminence-arcuate nucleus region. Reactive neurons were not found in explants of the preoptic area and could not be demonstrated in fetal hypothalami at the time of explantation. The presence of mature-looking LH-RH containing neurons in these cultures suggests that this tissue culture system can be used for the study of hypothalamic development.", "PMID": 372838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1745", "title": "The profile and severity of lithium-induced side effects in mentally healthy subjects.", "content": "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design various side effects (= unwanted effects) during 6 months of therapeutic serum lithium levels (0.7-1.1 mmol/1) to nonpsychiatric patients were studied. The side effects were measured by self-rating scales and independent observer rating scales administered every 2-4 weeks throughout the study. After months of treatment, lithium induced hand tremor and thirst/polyuria; however, without any relationship to the serum levels of lithium. The frequency of tremor was highest in patients above the age of 60 years. No initial sedative-like lithium effect was found.", "contents": "The profile and severity of lithium-induced side effects in mentally healthy subjects. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design various side effects (= unwanted effects) during 6 months of therapeutic serum lithium levels (0.7-1.1 mmol/1) to nonpsychiatric patients were studied. The side effects were measured by self-rating scales and independent observer rating scales administered every 2-4 weeks throughout the study. After months of treatment, lithium induced hand tremor and thirst/polyuria; however, without any relationship to the serum levels of lithium. The frequency of tremor was highest in patients above the age of 60 years. No initial sedative-like lithium effect was found.", "PMID": 372839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1746", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: familial clustering among Libyan-born Israelis.", "content": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was studied among Libyan-born Israelis, in whom the disease appears with unusual frequency. Interviews with relatives of deceased victims revealed statistically significant clustering within families. The results suggest either a common source of exposure or a genetic influence on susceptibility to the virus.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: familial clustering among Libyan-born Israelis. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was studied among Libyan-born Israelis, in whom the disease appears with unusual frequency. Interviews with relatives of deceased victims revealed statistically significant clustering within families. The results suggest either a common source of exposure or a genetic influence on susceptibility to the virus.", "PMID": 372840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1747", "title": "Paying for physician services under Medicare and Medicaid.", "content": "Public systems for physician reimbursement aim to reconcile two disparate objectives: ensuring availability of services to the poor and aged; and keeping rates of cost increase within acceptable limits. Several interesting--and unorthodox--policy simulations of physician pricing behavior are investigated through econometric estimation. Current arrangement for paying physicians are fraught with difficulties. The objectives of Medicare and Medicaid are not well served.", "contents": "Paying for physician services under Medicare and Medicaid. Public systems for physician reimbursement aim to reconcile two disparate objectives: ensuring availability of services to the poor and aged; and keeping rates of cost increase within acceptable limits. Several interesting--and unorthodox--policy simulations of physician pricing behavior are investigated through econometric estimation. Current arrangement for paying physicians are fraught with difficulties. The objectives of Medicare and Medicaid are not well served.", "PMID": 372844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1748", "title": "[The effect of respiratory mechanics on the hematocrit. III. Study in patients with bronchopulmonary disease treated with intermittent positive pressure inhalation therapy].", "content": "The Authors studied the behaviour of lung volumes and mechanics and of haematocrit after intermittent pulmonary positive pressure breathing (IPPB) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. An improvement of obstructive sindrome at 10'-20'-40' and a contemporary decreasing of haematocrit were observed. This statistically significant modification was regarded as an expression of a different distribution of blood in lung vessels dued to an increasing of this vascular compliance and to a decrease of alveolar inflation. The Authors postulate the realization of a better circulation in lung vessels which contributes to a lowering of haematocrit in these patients perhaps for a different VA/Ob ratio.", "contents": "[The effect of respiratory mechanics on the hematocrit. III. Study in patients with bronchopulmonary disease treated with intermittent positive pressure inhalation therapy]. The Authors studied the behaviour of lung volumes and mechanics and of haematocrit after intermittent pulmonary positive pressure breathing (IPPB) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. An improvement of obstructive sindrome at 10'-20'-40' and a contemporary decreasing of haematocrit were observed. This statistically significant modification was regarded as an expression of a different distribution of blood in lung vessels dued to an increasing of this vascular compliance and to a decrease of alveolar inflation. The Authors postulate the realization of a better circulation in lung vessels which contributes to a lowering of haematocrit in these patients perhaps for a different VA/Ob ratio.", "PMID": 372847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1749", "title": "[Hepatic porphyria].", "content": "Porphyria is making increasing demands on the attention of clinicians and research worker. An account is given of hepatic forms, since these have recently come into prominence on account of recent advances in the understanding of their metabolic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. A description of the physiopathology of porphyrin metabolism is followed by an examination of the incidence, genetic features, aetiology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, symptomatology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of each form. Particular attention is devoted to intermittent acute and cutanea tarda porphyria, since these are more commonly encountered in practice. Personal experience gathered in a large series of cases of cutanea tarda porphyria is presented.", "contents": "[Hepatic porphyria]. Porphyria is making increasing demands on the attention of clinicians and research worker. An account is given of hepatic forms, since these have recently come into prominence on account of recent advances in the understanding of their metabolic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. A description of the physiopathology of porphyrin metabolism is followed by an examination of the incidence, genetic features, aetiology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, symptomatology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of each form. Particular attention is devoted to intermittent acute and cutanea tarda porphyria, since these are more commonly encountered in practice. Personal experience gathered in a large series of cases of cutanea tarda porphyria is presented.", "PMID": 372849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1750", "title": "[Antitubercular chemoprophylaxis after 20 years of its world-wide application].", "content": "The researches carried out on calves (1952--1953) and over 3000 guinea-pigs, rabbits and rats in the Forlanini Institute of Rome for five years, are remembered. The first clinical experiment on a group of 500 children exposed to family contagion (1955--1956) is also related. The links between INH-prophylaxis and anti-tuberculous immunity, and between INH-prophylaxis and vaccination with BCG are discussed. The clinical indications of this method among miners with pneumoconiosis, in the psychiatric institutions, and among patients subjected to long cortisone treatment are exposed. A short synthesis of the favorable results obtained in many countries everywhere is reported. Lastly the Author synthesizes the vast experiment carried out during this decade by I.U.A.T. on the remarkable efficacy of INH-prophylaxis among adults with fibrotic lung lesions in seven nations in Europe. The Author concludes the paper, affirming that chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid, after 20 years of application, has obtained the official chrism and can furnish, besides the BCG vaccine, a remarkable contribution to the control of tuberculosis in all countries of the world.", "contents": "[Antitubercular chemoprophylaxis after 20 years of its world-wide application]. The researches carried out on calves (1952--1953) and over 3000 guinea-pigs, rabbits and rats in the Forlanini Institute of Rome for five years, are remembered. The first clinical experiment on a group of 500 children exposed to family contagion (1955--1956) is also related. The links between INH-prophylaxis and anti-tuberculous immunity, and between INH-prophylaxis and vaccination with BCG are discussed. The clinical indications of this method among miners with pneumoconiosis, in the psychiatric institutions, and among patients subjected to long cortisone treatment are exposed. A short synthesis of the favorable results obtained in many countries everywhere is reported. Lastly the Author synthesizes the vast experiment carried out during this decade by I.U.A.T. on the remarkable efficacy of INH-prophylaxis among adults with fibrotic lung lesions in seven nations in Europe. The Author concludes the paper, affirming that chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid, after 20 years of application, has obtained the official chrism and can furnish, besides the BCG vaccine, a remarkable contribution to the control of tuberculosis in all countries of the world.", "PMID": 372851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1751", "title": "[Diagnosis of chronic reflux esophagitis. Role of endoscopic and histological examination].", "content": "Fibroendoscopic and histobioptic study of the distal oesophageal mucosa has been carried out in a series of patients suffering from gastro-oesophageal regurgitation. The regurgitation condition was verified and its extent established by means of anamnestic, spot-fluorographic and manometric-pHmetric investigations. On the basis of the analysis of relations between the extent of the oesophagitis assessed on the basis of endoscopy and that arising out of microscopic examination of the biopsy, it is concluded that there is no complete correspondence between the two techniques insofar as endoscopy can give false positive or false negative results. On the basis of these results and of those of functional investigations, histology is considered desirable even when the oesophageal mucosa is normal, if there are clinical and/or laboratory signs of gastro-oesophageal regurgitation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of chronic reflux esophagitis. Role of endoscopic and histological examination]. Fibroendoscopic and histobioptic study of the distal oesophageal mucosa has been carried out in a series of patients suffering from gastro-oesophageal regurgitation. The regurgitation condition was verified and its extent established by means of anamnestic, spot-fluorographic and manometric-pHmetric investigations. On the basis of the analysis of relations between the extent of the oesophagitis assessed on the basis of endoscopy and that arising out of microscopic examination of the biopsy, it is concluded that there is no complete correspondence between the two techniques insofar as endoscopy can give false positive or false negative results. On the basis of these results and of those of functional investigations, histology is considered desirable even when the oesophageal mucosa is normal, if there are clinical and/or laboratory signs of gastro-oesophageal regurgitation.", "PMID": 372853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1752", "title": "[Functional study of the pancreatic alpha and beta cells of normal aged subjects, using a standard meal].", "content": "Modifications in glycaemic, insulinaemic and pancreatic glucagon levels have been studied in 20 normal elderly subjects and in 20 young adults (controls) following a standard meal. Results showed that glycaemia is higher and insulinaemia rises more slowly in the elderly, while serum glucagon values show no substantial variations in the two groups of subjects.", "contents": "[Functional study of the pancreatic alpha and beta cells of normal aged subjects, using a standard meal]. Modifications in glycaemic, insulinaemic and pancreatic glucagon levels have been studied in 20 normal elderly subjects and in 20 young adults (controls) following a standard meal. Results showed that glycaemia is higher and insulinaemia rises more slowly in the elderly, while serum glucagon values show no substantial variations in the two groups of subjects.", "PMID": 372854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1753", "title": "[Anti-ammonemic activity of the gamma-ethyl ester of glutamic acid. Controlled clinical study].", "content": "A controlled clinical trial was made of the anti-ammoniaemic properties of gamma-ethylester glutamic acid, arginine and placebo in a series of 45 patients with hepatic insufficiency characterized by hyperammonemia (excluding cases of pre-coma and coma) randomly assigned to three groups for treatment with: gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid (25 g), l-arginine (25 g) and physiological solution in identical 500 ml bottles. Various parameters were controlled. The results obtained were assessed with different statistical techniques, depending on the parameter concerned and the aims of the trial. Blood ammoniaemia was significantly decreased by both-ethylester of glutamic acid and arginine though the former was more effective quantitatively and in terms of time. SGOT and BSF values also followed the same pattern.", "contents": "[Anti-ammonemic activity of the gamma-ethyl ester of glutamic acid. Controlled clinical study]. A controlled clinical trial was made of the anti-ammoniaemic properties of gamma-ethylester glutamic acid, arginine and placebo in a series of 45 patients with hepatic insufficiency characterized by hyperammonemia (excluding cases of pre-coma and coma) randomly assigned to three groups for treatment with: gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid (25 g), l-arginine (25 g) and physiological solution in identical 500 ml bottles. Various parameters were controlled. The results obtained were assessed with different statistical techniques, depending on the parameter concerned and the aims of the trial. Blood ammoniaemia was significantly decreased by both-ethylester of glutamic acid and arginine though the former was more effective quantitatively and in terms of time. SGOT and BSF values also followed the same pattern.", "PMID": 372858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1754", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--alteration in ganglioside sphingosine in the brain of a patient.", "content": "Gangliosides isolated from the brain of patients with Creutzfelt-Jakob (C-J) disease were analyzed. The ganglioside current was abnormally low, and the percentage distributions of individual gangliosides and the long-chain base compositions were abnormal. The C20-sphingosine contents of all the ganglioside fractions were low. Abnormalities in ganglioside long-chain bases in adult human brain have been reported previously only in patients with inherited metabolic disorders. These abnormalities in C-J disease seem to be closely related to the cause of the disease.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--alteration in ganglioside sphingosine in the brain of a patient. Gangliosides isolated from the brain of patients with Creutzfelt-Jakob (C-J) disease were analyzed. The ganglioside current was abnormally low, and the percentage distributions of individual gangliosides and the long-chain base compositions were abnormal. The C20-sphingosine contents of all the ganglioside fractions were low. Abnormalities in ganglioside long-chain bases in adult human brain have been reported previously only in patients with inherited metabolic disorders. These abnormalities in C-J disease seem to be closely related to the cause of the disease.", "PMID": 372860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1755", "title": "Bone and joint complications of maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation.", "content": "Bone and joint complications of haemodialysis and renal transplant managed at Auckland Hospital have been reviewed. All pathological fractures in patients on haemodialysis united with conservative treatment and a cervical spine infection resolved following currettage of the lesion. Avascular necrosis was the main complication following renal transplant, the earliest pathognomonic radiological sign being a lucent line parallel to the articular surface, although this was often preceded by symptoms. Conservative management successfully controlled symptoms of femoral condylar and humeral lesions but only temporary relief was gained when the hip was involved. Total hip replacement, however, gave good results in all cases (10 hips) without significant operative complications.", "contents": "Bone and joint complications of maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation. Bone and joint complications of haemodialysis and renal transplant managed at Auckland Hospital have been reviewed. All pathological fractures in patients on haemodialysis united with conservative treatment and a cervical spine infection resolved following currettage of the lesion. Avascular necrosis was the main complication following renal transplant, the earliest pathognomonic radiological sign being a lucent line parallel to the articular surface, although this was often preceded by symptoms. Conservative management successfully controlled symptoms of femoral condylar and humeral lesions but only temporary relief was gained when the hip was involved. Total hip replacement, however, gave good results in all cases (10 hips) without significant operative complications.", "PMID": 372866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1756", "title": "Diclofenac in rheumatoid disease.", "content": "The clinical activity and side effects of a new phenyl acetic-acid derivative, diclofenac, have been assessed in 24 patients with rheumatoid disease. Diclofenac 25 mg q.i.d. was compared with 750mg of aspirin BP q.i.d. using a double-blind crossover technique involving four weeks on each drug. Benefits were similar for the two preparations but with improvement in morning stiffness and incidence of dyspepsia favouring diclofenac, and a more marked reduction of the sedimentation rate occurring with aspirin. A moderate elevation of liver enzymes was seen in one patient on diclofenac, and of lactate dehydrogenase in one other. It is concluded that diclofenac is a therapeutically active analgesic anti-inflammatory agent.", "contents": "Diclofenac in rheumatoid disease. The clinical activity and side effects of a new phenyl acetic-acid derivative, diclofenac, have been assessed in 24 patients with rheumatoid disease. Diclofenac 25 mg q.i.d. was compared with 750mg of aspirin BP q.i.d. using a double-blind crossover technique involving four weeks on each drug. Benefits were similar for the two preparations but with improvement in morning stiffness and incidence of dyspepsia favouring diclofenac, and a more marked reduction of the sedimentation rate occurring with aspirin. A moderate elevation of liver enzymes was seen in one patient on diclofenac, and of lactate dehydrogenase in one other. It is concluded that diclofenac is a therapeutically active analgesic anti-inflammatory agent.", "PMID": 372867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1757", "title": "Dysuria in general practice.", "content": "An analysis of 98 clinical consultations for dysuria in an urban general practice revealed that only 60 percent of patients had proven urinary tract infections. Two percent had gonorrhoea and the rest had an urethral syndrome. Most of the urinary tract infections were caused by Escherichia coli and Streptococcus epidermidis. Proteus mirabilis was the next commonest infecting organism. Among the commonly used urinary antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin was found to be the cheapest and most effective agent. The aetiology of the urethral syndrome was obscure and apart from a small minority of patients who had thrush (16 percent) no obvious cause could be found.", "contents": "Dysuria in general practice. An analysis of 98 clinical consultations for dysuria in an urban general practice revealed that only 60 percent of patients had proven urinary tract infections. Two percent had gonorrhoea and the rest had an urethral syndrome. Most of the urinary tract infections were caused by Escherichia coli and Streptococcus epidermidis. Proteus mirabilis was the next commonest infecting organism. Among the commonly used urinary antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin was found to be the cheapest and most effective agent. The aetiology of the urethral syndrome was obscure and apart from a small minority of patients who had thrush (16 percent) no obvious cause could be found.", "PMID": 372868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1758", "title": "Thrombocytopenia in obstetric syndromes. A review.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia is a phenomenon sometimes observed in connection with various obstetric syndromes. Many times it appears clinically to be a comparatively benign complication of an otherwise significant disease. In some cases, however, it may be a clue to serious disease and its pathophysiology. The subject of thrombocytopenia induced by or related to various obstetric syndromes is reviewed and comments offered regarding the significance of the observation of platelet deficiency in these conditions.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia in obstetric syndromes. A review. Thrombocytopenia is a phenomenon sometimes observed in connection with various obstetric syndromes. Many times it appears clinically to be a comparatively benign complication of an otherwise significant disease. In some cases, however, it may be a clue to serious disease and its pathophysiology. The subject of thrombocytopenia induced by or related to various obstetric syndromes is reviewed and comments offered regarding the significance of the observation of platelet deficiency in these conditions.", "PMID": 372870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1759", "title": "Contemporary management and conduct of preterm labor and delivery: a review.", "content": "Current concepts in the conduct of preterm labor and management of delivery of the premature infant are reviewed. Pharmacologic modalities available for inhibiting preterm labor are discussed as well as the efficacy, indications and contraindications for these agents. An analysis of the role of corticosteroids in achieving fetal pulmonary maturity in the preterm infant is reviewed, and based on the existent literature the intrapartum management of the small fetus is outlined. The mode of delivery, vaginal or via cesarean section, for these infants is likewise discussed.", "contents": "Contemporary management and conduct of preterm labor and delivery: a review. Current concepts in the conduct of preterm labor and management of delivery of the premature infant are reviewed. Pharmacologic modalities available for inhibiting preterm labor are discussed as well as the efficacy, indications and contraindications for these agents. An analysis of the role of corticosteroids in achieving fetal pulmonary maturity in the preterm infant is reviewed, and based on the existent literature the intrapartum management of the small fetus is outlined. The mode of delivery, vaginal or via cesarean section, for these infants is likewise discussed.", "PMID": 372871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1760", "title": "The role of C. albicans in denture stomatitis.", "content": "Denture stomatitis is an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues, especially the maxillary hard palate. Frequently it mimics many oral lesions. Early diagnosis of the lesion is essential to assure rational therapy. A diagnostic procedure based upon the enumeration of Candida albicans appeared to be feasible. A control group of twenty fully dentate subjects with no clinical evidence of stomatitis was sampled to establish normal concentrations of C. albicans in the oral flora. Samples were taken from a triangular area of the hard palate, serially diluted in broth, and all dilutions were incubated aerobically. In the control population, C. albicans never exceeded 100 organisms per square centimeter per subject sample. A population of edentulous patients with denture stomatitis, prior to any therapy, was similarly sampled. In many of these patients the concentration of C. albicans always exceeded 10,000 organisms per square centimeter per patient. The patients received denture replacements and antimycotic antibiotic therapy. Follow-up cultures were taken 4 to 6 weeks after completion of therapy. All patients were found to be free of denture stomatitis.", "contents": "The role of C. albicans in denture stomatitis. Denture stomatitis is an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues, especially the maxillary hard palate. Frequently it mimics many oral lesions. Early diagnosis of the lesion is essential to assure rational therapy. A diagnostic procedure based upon the enumeration of Candida albicans appeared to be feasible. A control group of twenty fully dentate subjects with no clinical evidence of stomatitis was sampled to establish normal concentrations of C. albicans in the oral flora. Samples were taken from a triangular area of the hard palate, serially diluted in broth, and all dilutions were incubated aerobically. In the control population, C. albicans never exceeded 100 organisms per square centimeter per subject sample. A population of edentulous patients with denture stomatitis, prior to any therapy, was similarly sampled. In many of these patients the concentration of C. albicans always exceeded 10,000 organisms per square centimeter per patient. The patients received denture replacements and antimycotic antibiotic therapy. Follow-up cultures were taken 4 to 6 weeks after completion of therapy. All patients were found to be free of denture stomatitis.", "PMID": 372872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1761", "title": "The effects of etching enamel with acid on human dental pulp. A preliminary study.", "content": "Enamel acid-etching has become a widespread, popular clinical procedure in recent years. Numerous studies have investigated the nature of the acid-treated enamel. However, little or no information is presently available pertaining to the effects of acid treatment upon dental pulp tissue. A limited investigation was carried out on bilateral orthodontic extraction cases to determine the effects of enamel acid-etching upon healthy dental pulp. In each of five cases one premolar served as the experimental tooth, while the contralateral premolar served as the control. After a 24-hour postoperative interval there appeared to be no basic histologic difference between the experimental and control groups.", "contents": "The effects of etching enamel with acid on human dental pulp. A preliminary study. Enamel acid-etching has become a widespread, popular clinical procedure in recent years. Numerous studies have investigated the nature of the acid-treated enamel. However, little or no information is presently available pertaining to the effects of acid treatment upon dental pulp tissue. A limited investigation was carried out on bilateral orthodontic extraction cases to determine the effects of enamel acid-etching upon healthy dental pulp. In each of five cases one premolar served as the experimental tooth, while the contralateral premolar served as the control. After a 24-hour postoperative interval there appeared to be no basic histologic difference between the experimental and control groups.", "PMID": 372873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1762", "title": "Progress in community pediatric research.", "content": "This review examines three major facets of progress in community pediatric research. The number of publications with this orientation has increased substantially over a 10-year period, and abstracts submitted to the Ambulatory Pediatric Association meetings have doubled. New methodologies are identified and their application to ambulatory pediatric care is described. In particular, procedures and approaches are examined in the context of recognized criteria for sociomedical research.", "contents": "Progress in community pediatric research. This review examines three major facets of progress in community pediatric research. The number of publications with this orientation has increased substantially over a 10-year period, and abstracts submitted to the Ambulatory Pediatric Association meetings have doubled. New methodologies are identified and their application to ambulatory pediatric care is described. In particular, procedures and approaches are examined in the context of recognized criteria for sociomedical research.", "PMID": 372890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1763", "title": "The identification of soluble adult antigen on the tegumental surface of juvenile Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "An antiserum was raised in rabbits against a soluble extract of fresh homogenized adult Fasciola hepatica of rat origin and was then absorbed with rat and mouse tissue antigens. This antiserum reacted specifically with the surface coat of adult flukes, of both rat and mouse origin, by indirect immunofluorescence to show the detail of surface spines. When tested against juvenile stages recovered from mice the reaction was positive with all but the earliest hepatic parenchyma stages. No reaction was present on the tegumental surface of newly excysted juveniles or stages 1 or 2 days post-infection (p.i.) whether recovered from the peritoneal cavity or the hepatic parenchyma.", "contents": "The identification of soluble adult antigen on the tegumental surface of juvenile Fasciola hepatica. An antiserum was raised in rabbits against a soluble extract of fresh homogenized adult Fasciola hepatica of rat origin and was then absorbed with rat and mouse tissue antigens. This antiserum reacted specifically with the surface coat of adult flukes, of both rat and mouse origin, by indirect immunofluorescence to show the detail of surface spines. When tested against juvenile stages recovered from mice the reaction was positive with all but the earliest hepatic parenchyma stages. No reaction was present on the tegumental surface of newly excysted juveniles or stages 1 or 2 days post-infection (p.i.) whether recovered from the peritoneal cavity or the hepatic parenchyma.", "PMID": 372892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1764", "title": "The ribosomes of Plasmodium berghei: isolation and ribosomal ribonucleic acid analysis.", "content": "Ribosomes and high molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from the blood stages of Plasmodium berghei parasites were studied in preparations free from host ribosome contamination. Purified malarial ribosomes were isolated in high yield from a population of ultrastructurally intact, viable parasites by hypertonic lysis with Triton X-100 and differential centrifugation. These ribosomes were shown to be derived from active polysomes and could be dissociated into subunits by puromycin-0.5 M KCl treatment. Malarial rRNA extracted from purified 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits was characterized by electrophoretic, sedimentation and base ratio analyses. Like certain other protozoa, the P. berghei 40S ribosomal subunit possessed an exceptionally large RNA species (mol. wt 0.9 X 10(6), while RNA isolated from the parasite's 60S subunit (mol. wt 1.5 X 10(6)) was specifically 'nicked' to produce one large component (mol.wt 1.2 X 10(6)) and one small component (mol.wt 0.3 X 10(6)) in equimolar quantities. These rRNA's migrate identically on polyacrylamide gels after heating to 63 degrees C for 5 min or under denaturing conditions in the presence of formamide, indicating an absence of aggregation and non-specific degradation of the rRNA species. Base composition studies showed P. berghei rRNA to be low in guanosine and cytosine content, as is the case for protozoa generally.", "contents": "The ribosomes of Plasmodium berghei: isolation and ribosomal ribonucleic acid analysis. Ribosomes and high molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from the blood stages of Plasmodium berghei parasites were studied in preparations free from host ribosome contamination. Purified malarial ribosomes were isolated in high yield from a population of ultrastructurally intact, viable parasites by hypertonic lysis with Triton X-100 and differential centrifugation. These ribosomes were shown to be derived from active polysomes and could be dissociated into subunits by puromycin-0.5 M KCl treatment. Malarial rRNA extracted from purified 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits was characterized by electrophoretic, sedimentation and base ratio analyses. Like certain other protozoa, the P. berghei 40S ribosomal subunit possessed an exceptionally large RNA species (mol. wt 0.9 X 10(6), while RNA isolated from the parasite's 60S subunit (mol. wt 1.5 X 10(6)) was specifically 'nicked' to produce one large component (mol.wt 1.2 X 10(6)) and one small component (mol.wt 0.3 X 10(6)) in equimolar quantities. These rRNA's migrate identically on polyacrylamide gels after heating to 63 degrees C for 5 min or under denaturing conditions in the presence of formamide, indicating an absence of aggregation and non-specific degradation of the rRNA species. Base composition studies showed P. berghei rRNA to be low in guanosine and cytosine content, as is the case for protozoa generally.", "PMID": 372893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1765", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of rat liver after administration of an aminated steroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The administration of amino-3 beta hydroxy-20 beta pregnene-5, to the male Wistar rat, per os, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/24 h, induce the development of a chronic active hepatitis. The ultrastructural observation shows slight changes only in perilobular hepatocytes at the beginning of treatment; then hepatocellular alterations progressively increase and may be observed in the whole lobule after 40 and 80 days of treatment; the progression of hepatocellular damage is associated with collagen increase and bile duct proliferation. The interest of this experimental hepatitis, as a model analogous to human chronic active hepatitis, is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of rat liver after administration of an aminated steroid (author's transl)]. The administration of amino-3 beta hydroxy-20 beta pregnene-5, to the male Wistar rat, per os, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/24 h, induce the development of a chronic active hepatitis. The ultrastructural observation shows slight changes only in perilobular hepatocytes at the beginning of treatment; then hepatocellular alterations progressively increase and may be observed in the whole lobule after 40 and 80 days of treatment; the progression of hepatocellular damage is associated with collagen increase and bile duct proliferation. The interest of this experimental hepatitis, as a model analogous to human chronic active hepatitis, is discussed.", "PMID": 372895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1766", "title": "Biochemical studies on glomerular basement membrane in human diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "Biochemical modifications of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in diabetes mellitus have been investigated in human subjects. Amino acid analysis and electrophoretic study of unfractioned GBM from diabetic and non diabetic kidneys showed an increase in hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline and glycine and in the glycosylgalactosyl-hydroxylysine (G-G-H) content of diabetic GBM. A decrease in 1/2 cystine was also demonstrated in diabetes. Fractionation of GBM showed the increase in G-G-H observed on unfractioned GBM to reflect a quantitative increase of the \"collagen\" fraction in diabetes, the amino acid composition of this fraction remaining unchanged. The decrease in 1/2 cystine demonstrated on unfractioned GBM was located in the non collagenous fractions of this structure.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on glomerular basement membrane in human diabetic microangiopathy. Biochemical modifications of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in diabetes mellitus have been investigated in human subjects. Amino acid analysis and electrophoretic study of unfractioned GBM from diabetic and non diabetic kidneys showed an increase in hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline and glycine and in the glycosylgalactosyl-hydroxylysine (G-G-H) content of diabetic GBM. A decrease in 1/2 cystine was also demonstrated in diabetes. Fractionation of GBM showed the increase in G-G-H observed on unfractioned GBM to reflect a quantitative increase of the \"collagen\" fraction in diabetes, the amino acid composition of this fraction remaining unchanged. The decrease in 1/2 cystine demonstrated on unfractioned GBM was located in the non collagenous fractions of this structure.", "PMID": 372896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1767", "title": "[Study of amino monosaccharides by thermoionic detection in gas-liquid chromatography. Application to a pyroglobulin IgM (author's transl)].", "content": "The monosaccharides of proteic samples liberated by methanolysis and submitted to trimethylsilylation by the trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) are determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The neutral sugars are detected in simple flame ionization (FID) and the amino sugars identified separatively by the use of a thermoionic detector (TID) which responds selectively to nitrogenous and phosphorated compounds. The method described has been tested on standard mixtures of monosaccharides and on a well known glycoprotein : the uromucoid. Then it has been applied to a pyroglobulin IgM (mu2, chi2).", "contents": "[Study of amino monosaccharides by thermoionic detection in gas-liquid chromatography. Application to a pyroglobulin IgM (author's transl)]. The monosaccharides of proteic samples liberated by methanolysis and submitted to trimethylsilylation by the trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) are determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The neutral sugars are detected in simple flame ionization (FID) and the amino sugars identified separatively by the use of a thermoionic detector (TID) which responds selectively to nitrogenous and phosphorated compounds. The method described has been tested on standard mixtures of monosaccharides and on a well known glycoprotein : the uromucoid. Then it has been applied to a pyroglobulin IgM (mu2, chi2).", "PMID": 372897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1768", "title": "[Lipid particles agglutinated in hyperlipidemias with opalescent sera (author's transl)].", "content": "During the five last years, we observed under the microscope all the hyperlipidemic sera received in our laboratory, to search a lipid particle agglutination. We have retained 24 sera with obvious agglutination (9 types V, 9 types IV and 6 types IIb), the lipidemia of which was compared, type to type, to 56 control sera (16 types V, 16 types IV and 24 types IIb), in which no agglutination has been found. We observed significant differences in the means of cholesterol (CT) triglycerids (TG), vitamin A (VA) and CT/TG, VA/TG and VA/CT ratios, comparing agglutinated and control sera. These differences suggest that the agglutination phenomenon is in relation with the nature of the lipid particles present in the hyperlipidemic sera, which could be \"chylomicron remnants\" in type V hyperlipidemias, and other forms of \"remnants\" in type IV and IIb hyperlipidemias. These \"remnants\" could result from a blockade of lipolysis. This blockade of lipolysis in the agglutinated sera might be related to what is known about the authentificated autoimmune hyperlipidemia (AIH). Thus we can suppose that hyperlipidemias with obvious serum lipid particle agglutination are autoimmune hyperlipidemias.", "contents": "[Lipid particles agglutinated in hyperlipidemias with opalescent sera (author's transl)]. During the five last years, we observed under the microscope all the hyperlipidemic sera received in our laboratory, to search a lipid particle agglutination. We have retained 24 sera with obvious agglutination (9 types V, 9 types IV and 6 types IIb), the lipidemia of which was compared, type to type, to 56 control sera (16 types V, 16 types IV and 24 types IIb), in which no agglutination has been found. We observed significant differences in the means of cholesterol (CT) triglycerids (TG), vitamin A (VA) and CT/TG, VA/TG and VA/CT ratios, comparing agglutinated and control sera. These differences suggest that the agglutination phenomenon is in relation with the nature of the lipid particles present in the hyperlipidemic sera, which could be \"chylomicron remnants\" in type V hyperlipidemias, and other forms of \"remnants\" in type IV and IIb hyperlipidemias. These \"remnants\" could result from a blockade of lipolysis. This blockade of lipolysis in the agglutinated sera might be related to what is known about the authentificated autoimmune hyperlipidemia (AIH). Thus we can suppose that hyperlipidemias with obvious serum lipid particle agglutination are autoimmune hyperlipidemias.", "PMID": 372898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1769", "title": "[Investigation of circulating immune complexes in some diseases associated with a platelets hyperdestruction process (author's transl)].", "content": "A possible relationship between the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and the platelet-bound IgG levels was investigated in 38 patients with some diseases associated with a no drug-related platelets hyperdestruction process of which 33 had idiopathic thrombopenic purpura (ITP). By using the 125I-C1q binding test, these CIC were only detected in 4 of the 42 tested sera. No correlation was noticed between the percentage of C1q binding and the platelet IgG levels evaluated by the quantitative hemolysis inhibition test. These results do not allow to consider the involvement of CIC in the thrombocytopenia genesis observed in these diseases.", "contents": "[Investigation of circulating immune complexes in some diseases associated with a platelets hyperdestruction process (author's transl)]. A possible relationship between the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and the platelet-bound IgG levels was investigated in 38 patients with some diseases associated with a no drug-related platelets hyperdestruction process of which 33 had idiopathic thrombopenic purpura (ITP). By using the 125I-C1q binding test, these CIC were only detected in 4 of the 42 tested sera. No correlation was noticed between the percentage of C1q binding and the platelet IgG levels evaluated by the quantitative hemolysis inhibition test. These results do not allow to consider the involvement of CIC in the thrombocytopenia genesis observed in these diseases.", "PMID": 372899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1770", "title": "[Pathophysiology of chronic, bronchial hypersecretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The biochemical and rheological analysis of sputum allows one to detect abnormalities of the bronchial secretion and to describe the development of the bronchial disease. The main biochemical components of sputum and their biological activities are first described. The fibrillar structure of the mucus is related to heavy weight glycoproteins and these macromolecules contribute to the viscoelastic properties of the bronchial secretion, by their capacity to combine with other proteins such as secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). As the chronic bronchial hypersecretory state progresses, the glandular synthesis of mucins and/or secretory proteins decreases while the passive filtration of blood-derived proteins, such as serumalbumin, increases. Such biochemical changes are frequently associated with a rise in viscosity and a loss in elasticity of sputum. These rheological modifications result in an impairment of the mucociliary clearance and therefore contribute to airway obstruction. The assessment of different indices such as the equilibrium in mucin secretion, S-IgA/serum-albumin ratio, viscosity and elasticity of sputum and its mucociliary transport rate, should lead to a better knowledge of the defense properties of the bronchial mucosa.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of chronic, bronchial hypersecretion (author's transl)]. The biochemical and rheological analysis of sputum allows one to detect abnormalities of the bronchial secretion and to describe the development of the bronchial disease. The main biochemical components of sputum and their biological activities are first described. The fibrillar structure of the mucus is related to heavy weight glycoproteins and these macromolecules contribute to the viscoelastic properties of the bronchial secretion, by their capacity to combine with other proteins such as secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). As the chronic bronchial hypersecretory state progresses, the glandular synthesis of mucins and/or secretory proteins decreases while the passive filtration of blood-derived proteins, such as serumalbumin, increases. Such biochemical changes are frequently associated with a rise in viscosity and a loss in elasticity of sputum. These rheological modifications result in an impairment of the mucociliary clearance and therefore contribute to airway obstruction. The assessment of different indices such as the equilibrium in mucin secretion, S-IgA/serum-albumin ratio, viscosity and elasticity of sputum and its mucociliary transport rate, should lead to a better knowledge of the defense properties of the bronchial mucosa.", "PMID": 372900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1771", "title": "[Spectrofluorimetric automatised assay of free and total tryptophan in plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "An automated fluorometric method, including norharmane transformation of tryptophan (TRP) by formaldehyde and perhydrol, is applied to free and total TRP determination in human plasma. Separation of free TRP determination in human plasma. Separation of free TRP is achieved by ultrafiltration at pH 7,25 under an air/CO2 flow. The procedure here described is easy, rapid and very sensitive, allowing to work on microsamples if free TRP separation could be realized with them. A correct precision is obtained (CV : 2,8% for plasma repetability) and the specificity is quite good in plasma according to the negligible effect of tryptamine. Frequent values, calculated from 19 healthy subjects are [mean +/- tSE (risk 5%)]:--free TRP : 11,8 +/- 1,5 mumol/l;--total TRP : 52,2 +/- 19,7 mumol/l.", "contents": "[Spectrofluorimetric automatised assay of free and total tryptophan in plasma (author's transl)]. An automated fluorometric method, including norharmane transformation of tryptophan (TRP) by formaldehyde and perhydrol, is applied to free and total TRP determination in human plasma. Separation of free TRP determination in human plasma. Separation of free TRP is achieved by ultrafiltration at pH 7,25 under an air/CO2 flow. The procedure here described is easy, rapid and very sensitive, allowing to work on microsamples if free TRP separation could be realized with them. A correct precision is obtained (CV : 2,8% for plasma repetability) and the specificity is quite good in plasma according to the negligible effect of tryptamine. Frequent values, calculated from 19 healthy subjects are [mean +/- tSE (risk 5%)]:--free TRP : 11,8 +/- 1,5 mumol/l;--total TRP : 52,2 +/- 19,7 mumol/l.", "PMID": 372901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1772", "title": "Retinoblastoma.", "content": "Retinoblastoma is a radiosensitive malignancy of neuroblastic origin that primarily affects young children. Its relatively low incidence belies its potential importance in the understanding of tumor biology in general. A case is made for referral of all retinoblastoma patients to centers with retinoblastoma protocols.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a radiosensitive malignancy of neuroblastic origin that primarily affects young children. Its relatively low incidence belies its potential importance in the understanding of tumor biology in general. A case is made for referral of all retinoblastoma patients to centers with retinoblastoma protocols.", "PMID": 372907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1773", "title": "Right aortic arch with aberrant left innominate artery.", "content": "A 9-year-old girl with type D right aortic arch anomaly, has been presented. The diagnosis was based upon the presence of signs and symptoms of a vascular ring and the early visualization of a retroesophageal aberrant left innominate artery, by means of countercurrent right brachial angiography. Division of the ligamentum arteriosum at operation relieved the symptoms.", "contents": "Right aortic arch with aberrant left innominate artery. A 9-year-old girl with type D right aortic arch anomaly, has been presented. The diagnosis was based upon the presence of signs and symptoms of a vascular ring and the early visualization of a retroesophageal aberrant left innominate artery, by means of countercurrent right brachial angiography. Division of the ligamentum arteriosum at operation relieved the symptoms.", "PMID": 372909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1774", "title": "Effects of endotracheal tube leaks on functional residual capacity determination in intubated neonates.", "content": "The present study evaluates a new closed circuit helium (He) dilution technique for determination of endotracheal (ET) tube leakage and functional residual capacity (FRC) in neonates with ET tubes. By analytically relating the fall in He concentration due to mixing with that due to leakage, it is possible to predict the final equilibration concentration of He and, therefore, correct for ET tube leaks. The system (120 ml) contains an air pump, He meter, breathing bag in cyclinder, a strip chart readout, and solenoid valve. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or ventilator pressure can be applied during testing. FRC measurements were performed on 13 neonates (799--4500 g) on CPAP with ET tubes. Leak rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) on 3 cm H2O CPAP compared to O cm H2O CPAP. The mean measured FRC was 53.5 ml at 3 cm H2O and 46.3 ml at 0 cm H2O CPAP. If gas leakage had not been considered in FRC calculations, the error in FRC could have been as high as 39% at 3 cm H2O CPAP and 18% at 0 cm H2O CPAP.", "contents": "Effects of endotracheal tube leaks on functional residual capacity determination in intubated neonates. The present study evaluates a new closed circuit helium (He) dilution technique for determination of endotracheal (ET) tube leakage and functional residual capacity (FRC) in neonates with ET tubes. By analytically relating the fall in He concentration due to mixing with that due to leakage, it is possible to predict the final equilibration concentration of He and, therefore, correct for ET tube leaks. The system (120 ml) contains an air pump, He meter, breathing bag in cyclinder, a strip chart readout, and solenoid valve. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or ventilator pressure can be applied during testing. FRC measurements were performed on 13 neonates (799--4500 g) on CPAP with ET tubes. Leak rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) on 3 cm H2O CPAP compared to O cm H2O CPAP. The mean measured FRC was 53.5 ml at 3 cm H2O and 46.3 ml at 0 cm H2O CPAP. If gas leakage had not been considered in FRC calculations, the error in FRC could have been as high as 39% at 3 cm H2O CPAP and 18% at 0 cm H2O CPAP.", "PMID": 372911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1775", "title": "Inhibition by indomethacin of the renal response to an acute saline load in the dog.", "content": "The kidneys of sodium-loaded dogs, treated by indomethacin before their transplantation to the neck vessels of sodium-depleted animals, lose their ability to increase the fractional excretion of sodium following an intravenous infusion of saline; they behave similarly to the kidneys of sodium-depleted dogs. Moreover, they become unable to potentiate the response of the kidneys of the sodium-depleted perfusors. The experimental conditions exclude a direct effect of the drug eo ipso. The results indicate that renal prostaglandins are involved in the adjustment of the renal response to saline loading, depending on the previous dietary sodium balance, and that they are related with the potentiating factors released into the blood by the kidneys of sodium-loaded animals.", "contents": "Inhibition by indomethacin of the renal response to an acute saline load in the dog. The kidneys of sodium-loaded dogs, treated by indomethacin before their transplantation to the neck vessels of sodium-depleted animals, lose their ability to increase the fractional excretion of sodium following an intravenous infusion of saline; they behave similarly to the kidneys of sodium-depleted dogs. Moreover, they become unable to potentiate the response of the kidneys of the sodium-depleted perfusors. The experimental conditions exclude a direct effect of the drug eo ipso. The results indicate that renal prostaglandins are involved in the adjustment of the renal response to saline loading, depending on the previous dietary sodium balance, and that they are related with the potentiating factors released into the blood by the kidneys of sodium-loaded animals.", "PMID": 372919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1776", "title": "Influence of calcium and ionophore 23187 on tubular phosphate reabsorption.", "content": "In previous studies it has been demonstrated that a decline of plasma calcium concentration accounts for the decrease of phosphate reabsorption in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats undergoing phosphate loading. Microinfusion studies were performed in TPTX rats in order to discriminate between a systemic effect of calcium an a direct renal effect. Thyroparathyroidectomized animals were infused with a phosphate solution continuously. When plasma calcium concentration fell below 1.30 mmol/l, proximal convoluted tubules were microinfused with a phosphate tracer solution for 42 min. After 18 min a calcium chloride-containing solution was applied superficially (superfused) to the area of the microinfused tubule. This elevation of peritubular calcium concentration led to an immediate increase of phosphate reabsorption up to 12% of the microinfused phosphate load within 24 min. In another series of experiments, the calcium specific ionophore A23187--a substance which is known to increase intracellular calcium--was superfused on the microinfused tubule. This resulted again in an increase of fractional phosphate reabsorption of about 15% after 24 min. In contrast, when calcium chloride-free as well as ionophore-free solutions were superfused fractional phosphate reabsorption decreased (7%). From these data we conclude that 1. calcium has a direct renal effect on phosphate reabsorption in the absence of parathyroid hormone and 2. intracellular calcium appears to be a major parameter in the regulation of renal phosphate transport under these conditions.", "contents": "Influence of calcium and ionophore 23187 on tubular phosphate reabsorption. In previous studies it has been demonstrated that a decline of plasma calcium concentration accounts for the decrease of phosphate reabsorption in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats undergoing phosphate loading. Microinfusion studies were performed in TPTX rats in order to discriminate between a systemic effect of calcium an a direct renal effect. Thyroparathyroidectomized animals were infused with a phosphate solution continuously. When plasma calcium concentration fell below 1.30 mmol/l, proximal convoluted tubules were microinfused with a phosphate tracer solution for 42 min. After 18 min a calcium chloride-containing solution was applied superficially (superfused) to the area of the microinfused tubule. This elevation of peritubular calcium concentration led to an immediate increase of phosphate reabsorption up to 12% of the microinfused phosphate load within 24 min. In another series of experiments, the calcium specific ionophore A23187--a substance which is known to increase intracellular calcium--was superfused on the microinfused tubule. This resulted again in an increase of fractional phosphate reabsorption of about 15% after 24 min. In contrast, when calcium chloride-free as well as ionophore-free solutions were superfused fractional phosphate reabsorption decreased (7%). From these data we conclude that 1. calcium has a direct renal effect on phosphate reabsorption in the absence of parathyroid hormone and 2. intracellular calcium appears to be a major parameter in the regulation of renal phosphate transport under these conditions.", "PMID": 372920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1777", "title": "A fiberoptic reflection densitometer with cardiac output calculator.", "content": "A catheter-tip densitometer for indocyanine green is described consisting of a cardiac catheter containing optical fibers, an incandescent light source, a light detection unit and a processing unit. Half of the optical fibers guide the light to the blood at the tip of the catheter, the other half the back-scattered (reflected) light to the detection unit. In the detection unit the light is measured by two silicium barrier layer photocells after it has been split into two beams by a beam splitter. In the measuring channel the light passes an 800 nm filter before reaching the photocell. When fiberoptic catheters with glass fibers are employed, the other channel, used for compensation of non-specific effects such as blood flow variations, contains no filter, thus measuring light in a broad spectral band. It is shown that in this way compensation of flow effects may be about two times better than when a 920 nm filter is used. When using plastic optical fibers a 950 nm filter must be used, because above lambda = 850 nm plastic fibers transmit only a band around that wavelength (950 nm). At zero dye concentration the densitometer output or ratio of compensating and measuring photocell output R/R800 is almost insensitive to changes in haemoglobin concentration. When the blood contains dye, however, the influence of haemoglobin concentration is considerable. The densitometer output R/R800 is linearly related to dye concentration up to 50 mg . 1-1, the output R920/R800 up to 30 mg . 1(-1). The output R/R800 decreases with decreasing oxygen saturation; the slope of the calibration line, however, appears to be unaffected. The processing unit also contains an analog cardiac output calculator consisting of an integrator and a divider. Central dye dilution curves recorded from the pulmonary artery after injection of dye into the right atrium or a caval vein come down to the baseline. At this moment the reading of a digital voltmeter displaying the divider output calibrated in 1 . min-1 can be held and the reading taken.", "contents": "A fiberoptic reflection densitometer with cardiac output calculator. A catheter-tip densitometer for indocyanine green is described consisting of a cardiac catheter containing optical fibers, an incandescent light source, a light detection unit and a processing unit. Half of the optical fibers guide the light to the blood at the tip of the catheter, the other half the back-scattered (reflected) light to the detection unit. In the detection unit the light is measured by two silicium barrier layer photocells after it has been split into two beams by a beam splitter. In the measuring channel the light passes an 800 nm filter before reaching the photocell. When fiberoptic catheters with glass fibers are employed, the other channel, used for compensation of non-specific effects such as blood flow variations, contains no filter, thus measuring light in a broad spectral band. It is shown that in this way compensation of flow effects may be about two times better than when a 920 nm filter is used. When using plastic optical fibers a 950 nm filter must be used, because above lambda = 850 nm plastic fibers transmit only a band around that wavelength (950 nm). At zero dye concentration the densitometer output or ratio of compensating and measuring photocell output R/R800 is almost insensitive to changes in haemoglobin concentration. When the blood contains dye, however, the influence of haemoglobin concentration is considerable. The densitometer output R/R800 is linearly related to dye concentration up to 50 mg . 1-1, the output R920/R800 up to 30 mg . 1(-1). The output R/R800 decreases with decreasing oxygen saturation; the slope of the calibration line, however, appears to be unaffected. The processing unit also contains an analog cardiac output calculator consisting of an integrator and a divider. Central dye dilution curves recorded from the pulmonary artery after injection of dye into the right atrium or a caval vein come down to the baseline. At this moment the reading of a digital voltmeter displaying the divider output calibrated in 1 . min-1 can be held and the reading taken.", "PMID": 372921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1778", "title": "A method for subtraction of the extrarenal \"background\" in dynamic 131I-hippurate renoscintigraphy.", "content": "Using a Toshiba GC-401 gamma camera with MDS computer Trinary a new method was developed for subtracting the extrarenal (extracanalicular) \"background\" from the count rate recorded over the kidneys after intravenous administration of 131I-hippurate. Mean subtraction factors of the \"blood\" activity curve were calculated from a study of 27 patients who were given 51Cr-HSA for purposes of conventional renography with \"background\" subtraction. The values of the mean subtraction factors FR,L for the right and left kidney, by which a blood count rate should be multiplied amounted to 0.86 +/- 0.12 and 0.79 +/- 0.13, respectively. A comparison of the coefficients of variation of the pure renal signal when mean vs. individually determined subtraction factors were used, and the verification of the method in unilaterally nephrectomized patients have demonstrated that determination of the factors, FR,L, for each patient individually is not required and sufficient precision can be obtained by using the method and factors reported in this study.", "contents": "A method for subtraction of the extrarenal \"background\" in dynamic 131I-hippurate renoscintigraphy. Using a Toshiba GC-401 gamma camera with MDS computer Trinary a new method was developed for subtracting the extrarenal (extracanalicular) \"background\" from the count rate recorded over the kidneys after intravenous administration of 131I-hippurate. Mean subtraction factors of the \"blood\" activity curve were calculated from a study of 27 patients who were given 51Cr-HSA for purposes of conventional renography with \"background\" subtraction. The values of the mean subtraction factors FR,L for the right and left kidney, by which a blood count rate should be multiplied amounted to 0.86 +/- 0.12 and 0.79 +/- 0.13, respectively. A comparison of the coefficients of variation of the pure renal signal when mean vs. individually determined subtraction factors were used, and the verification of the method in unilaterally nephrectomized patients have demonstrated that determination of the factors, FR,L, for each patient individually is not required and sufficient precision can be obtained by using the method and factors reported in this study.", "PMID": 372922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1779", "title": "[Quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy? (author's transl)].", "content": "Methodological aspects and clinical value of digital sacroiliac joint scintigraphy area are described. Preinformation of the observer affects the value of the uptake ratios significantly. A data processing is presented which reduces this effect. Nevertheless there is insufficient discrimination between normal persons and patients with acute inflammation. Routine bone scanning can therefore not be used to exclude \"inflammatory changes\".", "contents": "[Quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy? (author's transl)]. Methodological aspects and clinical value of digital sacroiliac joint scintigraphy area are described. Preinformation of the observer affects the value of the uptake ratios significantly. A data processing is presented which reduces this effect. Nevertheless there is insufficient discrimination between normal persons and patients with acute inflammation. Routine bone scanning can therefore not be used to exclude \"inflammatory changes\".", "PMID": 372923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1780", "title": "The unprejudiced basis of bias.", "content": "The results of a study can be invalid if the study population is not chosen properly. Four hypothetical examples show how unintentional selection bias can occur and how to recognize it in both prospectiveand retrospective studies.", "contents": "The unprejudiced basis of bias. The results of a study can be invalid if the study population is not chosen properly. Four hypothetical examples show how unintentional selection bias can occur and how to recognize it in both prospectiveand retrospective studies.", "PMID": 372935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1781", "title": "[Suggestion for the investigation of eosinophilia caused by filaria Onchocerca volvulus].", "content": "It is proposed to search if by immunological means it is possible to distinguish eosinophilia produced by the filaria Onchocerca volvulus from other eosinophiliae. The proposed methods also seem to allow the detection of the presence of the specific antibodies in other hematic cells.", "contents": "[Suggestion for the investigation of eosinophilia caused by filaria Onchocerca volvulus]. It is proposed to search if by immunological means it is possible to distinguish eosinophilia produced by the filaria Onchocerca volvulus from other eosinophiliae. The proposed methods also seem to allow the detection of the presence of the specific antibodies in other hematic cells.", "PMID": 372944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1782", "title": "A model for the cardiac-associated changes of the thoracic electrical impedance in man.", "content": "A simple mathematical model has been developed which is able to fit the impedance waveform produced by normal and abnormal subjects throughout the cardiac cycle with reasonable precision. Contributions from both the aorta and vena cava are significant. Fitted values of model parameters offer potentially useful clinical information. Estimates of the stroke volume obtained from the model correlate will with values derived from the maximum rate of change of the thoracic impedance during systole, but are in poorer agreement with values obtained using tracer dilution techniques.", "contents": "A model for the cardiac-associated changes of the thoracic electrical impedance in man. A simple mathematical model has been developed which is able to fit the impedance waveform produced by normal and abnormal subjects throughout the cardiac cycle with reasonable precision. Contributions from both the aorta and vena cava are significant. Fitted values of model parameters offer potentially useful clinical information. Estimates of the stroke volume obtained from the model correlate will with values derived from the maximum rate of change of the thoracic impedance during systole, but are in poorer agreement with values obtained using tracer dilution techniques.", "PMID": 372955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1783", "title": "The effects of reserpine on microcirculatory flow in rat flaps.", "content": "A model flap was developed in the rat which allowed us to quantitate microcirculatory blood flow within a flap, and to correlate the flow with the length of flap eventually surviving. A critical flow of 0.02 and 0.03 ml/min/gm (measured during the first 24 hours after flap elevation by radioactive microspheres) appears to be necessary for tissue survival. Reserpine, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, did not increase blood flow in the flap or the length of flap surviving in this model.", "contents": "The effects of reserpine on microcirculatory flow in rat flaps. A model flap was developed in the rat which allowed us to quantitate microcirculatory blood flow within a flap, and to correlate the flow with the length of flap eventually surviving. A critical flow of 0.02 and 0.03 ml/min/gm (measured during the first 24 hours after flap elevation by radioactive microspheres) appears to be necessary for tissue survival. Reserpine, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, did not increase blood flow in the flap or the length of flap surviving in this model.", "PMID": 372984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1784", "title": "Justinian II and Carmagnola: a Byzantine rhinoplasty?", "content": "The Carmagnola statue, although undoubtedly a Byzantine Emperor, still holds its secret as to who it actually represents, and how his nose got that way. Our tentative conclusions concerning the possibility of Justinian's Indian nasal reconstruction only raise other questions. If Justinian Rhinometos did have a nasal reconstruction, how was the knowledge of the technique transmitted from northern India to the Byzantine Empire by the end of the 7th century? And if Justinian did have his \"rhinokopia\" surgically corrected, would this represent the first case of nasal reconstruction in the western world, 900 years before the triumphs of Tagliacozzi?", "contents": "Justinian II and Carmagnola: a Byzantine rhinoplasty? The Carmagnola statue, although undoubtedly a Byzantine Emperor, still holds its secret as to who it actually represents, and how his nose got that way. Our tentative conclusions concerning the possibility of Justinian's Indian nasal reconstruction only raise other questions. If Justinian Rhinometos did have a nasal reconstruction, how was the knowledge of the technique transmitted from northern India to the Byzantine Empire by the end of the 7th century? And if Justinian did have his \"rhinokopia\" surgically corrected, would this represent the first case of nasal reconstruction in the western world, 900 years before the triumphs of Tagliacozzi?", "PMID": 372986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1785", "title": "Uses of the trapezius and sternomastoid myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction.", "content": "Both of these myocutaneous flaps can supplant forehead and deltopectoral flaps, in certain indications. They are additional arterialized flaps for the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon, and can be useful in many repairs in the head and neck region.", "contents": "Uses of the trapezius and sternomastoid myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction. Both of these myocutaneous flaps can supplant forehead and deltopectoral flaps, in certain indications. They are additional arterialized flaps for the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon, and can be useful in many repairs in the head and neck region.", "PMID": 372987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1786", "title": "The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. A versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck.", "content": "A compound flap is described that utilizes skin from the anterior chest on a narrow segment of pectoralis major muscle, with its underlying axial neurovascular bundle. This flap has been used successfully to reconstruct large defects in 4 consecutive patients. Our experience with this flap suggests that it may be more versatile than the deltopectoral flap.", "contents": "The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. A versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. A compound flap is described that utilizes skin from the anterior chest on a narrow segment of pectoralis major muscle, with its underlying axial neurovascular bundle. This flap has been used successfully to reconstruct large defects in 4 consecutive patients. Our experience with this flap suggests that it may be more versatile than the deltopectoral flap.", "PMID": 372988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1787", "title": "Experimental work with isoxuprine for prevention of skin flap necrosis and for treatment of the failing flap.", "content": "The administration of isoxuprine intraperitoneally resulted in the complete survival of abdominal island skin flaps in rats that otherwise underwent a standard pattern of necrosis. The drug was effective when administered for two weeks before and one week after raising the flap, or when administered afterwards alone. The mechanisms of its action were investigated and are described.", "contents": "Experimental work with isoxuprine for prevention of skin flap necrosis and for treatment of the failing flap. The administration of isoxuprine intraperitoneally resulted in the complete survival of abdominal island skin flaps in rats that otherwise underwent a standard pattern of necrosis. The drug was effective when administered for two weeks before and one week after raising the flap, or when administered afterwards alone. The mechanisms of its action were investigated and are described.", "PMID": 372989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1788", "title": "Free toe-to-fingertip neurovascular flaps.", "content": "Six cases of free toe-to-fingertip neurovascular flaps are presented. The principal advantages of this procedure over rotation island flaps are (1) achievement of better two-point discrimination, (2) an acceptable donor defect, (3) no cortical reorientation is necessary, and (4) there is minimal tension on the nerve.", "contents": "Free toe-to-fingertip neurovascular flaps. Six cases of free toe-to-fingertip neurovascular flaps are presented. The principal advantages of this procedure over rotation island flaps are (1) achievement of better two-point discrimination, (2) an acceptable donor defect, (3) no cortical reorientation is necessary, and (4) there is minimal tension on the nerve.", "PMID": 372990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1789", "title": "One-stage reconstruction for defects of the mouth using a sternomastoid myocutaneous flap.", "content": "The sternomastoid muscle has 3 blood supplies: the occipital artery superiorly, the superior thyroid artery in the middle, and the thyrocervical trunk below. We report the use of a myocutaneous flap consisting of a \"paddle\" of skin on the end of a pedicle of sternomastoid muscle--with the latter based either on its superior or inferior blood supply. Fourteen such flaps have been used successfully in 13 consecutive patients for one-stage reconstructions of defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Although there was partial epithelial loss of the skin \"paddle\" in 7 cases, in each case the surviving dermis became resurfaced with epithelium.", "contents": "One-stage reconstruction for defects of the mouth using a sternomastoid myocutaneous flap. The sternomastoid muscle has 3 blood supplies: the occipital artery superiorly, the superior thyroid artery in the middle, and the thyrocervical trunk below. We report the use of a myocutaneous flap consisting of a \"paddle\" of skin on the end of a pedicle of sternomastoid muscle--with the latter based either on its superior or inferior blood supply. Fourteen such flaps have been used successfully in 13 consecutive patients for one-stage reconstructions of defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Although there was partial epithelial loss of the skin \"paddle\" in 7 cases, in each case the surviving dermis became resurfaced with epithelium.", "PMID": 372991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1790", "title": "The locking loop tendon suture.", "content": "The locking loop tendon suture is suggested as an effective method for suturing tendons where tension is likely during the early post-operative period. The relationship of the intratendinous parts of the suture to each other is critical to the resultant tensile strength. Experimental work has confirmed its strength and its lack of interference with the intrinsic vasculature of the tendons. Our results from this clinical repair of 72 tendons by this method have been better, in general, than we obtained with other currently popular methods.", "contents": "The locking loop tendon suture. The locking loop tendon suture is suggested as an effective method for suturing tendons where tension is likely during the early post-operative period. The relationship of the intratendinous parts of the suture to each other is critical to the resultant tensile strength. Experimental work has confirmed its strength and its lack of interference with the intrinsic vasculature of the tendons. Our results from this clinical repair of 72 tendons by this method have been better, in general, than we obtained with other currently popular methods.", "PMID": 372992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1791", "title": "Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction.", "content": "We have found the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, when used as a \"pedicled island flap,\" to be an adaptable and dependable alternative flap for repairs after major resections in the head and neck. The long vascular pedicle, containing large vessels, provides a means to transfer a large bulk of tissue into the head and neck for the repair of major through-and-through defects.", "contents": "Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction. We have found the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, when used as a \"pedicled island flap,\" to be an adaptable and dependable alternative flap for repairs after major resections in the head and neck. The long vascular pedicle, containing large vessels, provides a means to transfer a large bulk of tissue into the head and neck for the repair of major through-and-through defects.", "PMID": 372993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1792", "title": "Angiography of the iliofemoral arteriovenous system supplying free groin flaps and free hypogastric flaps.", "content": "The circulatory anatomy of the iliofemoral region was elucidated by doing detailed angiography in 50 cases, and we classified the vessels into 4 types. In most cases, the s.c.i.a. predominated over the s.i.e.a. Therefore, it is probably better to plan free flaps supplied by this artery. This vessel usually arises approximately two or three fingerbreadths inferior to the intersection of the femoral artery and the inguinal ligament, and the skin flap should be designed in the area inferior and parallel to the inguinal ligament.", "contents": "Angiography of the iliofemoral arteriovenous system supplying free groin flaps and free hypogastric flaps. The circulatory anatomy of the iliofemoral region was elucidated by doing detailed angiography in 50 cases, and we classified the vessels into 4 types. In most cases, the s.c.i.a. predominated over the s.i.e.a. Therefore, it is probably better to plan free flaps supplied by this artery. This vessel usually arises approximately two or three fingerbreadths inferior to the intersection of the femoral artery and the inguinal ligament, and the skin flap should be designed in the area inferior and parallel to the inguinal ligament.", "PMID": 372994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1793", "title": "Evaluation of anastomotic techniques in the experimental transfer of free skin flaps.", "content": "Vascularized groin flaps were transferred to the contralateral side by various microvascular anastomotic techniques. There was no statistical difference between the results of end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses, when the same sized vessels were compared. However, significant differences existed when vessels smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter were anastomosed.", "contents": "Evaluation of anastomotic techniques in the experimental transfer of free skin flaps. Vascularized groin flaps were transferred to the contralateral side by various microvascular anastomotic techniques. There was no statistical difference between the results of end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses, when the same sized vessels were compared. However, significant differences existed when vessels smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter were anastomosed.", "PMID": 372995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1794", "title": "Case report: Reconstruction of the mid-face in an adult, after gangrenous destruction in infancy.", "content": "We report a case of an adult mid-face reconstruction for a deformity occurring in infancy, using a Le Fort III advancement first to restore the contour of the skeleton. This was followed by a scalping forehead flap for the nasal reconstruction, and a fleur-de-lis Abbe flap for reconstruction of the lip and nasal vestibule.", "contents": "Case report: Reconstruction of the mid-face in an adult, after gangrenous destruction in infancy. We report a case of an adult mid-face reconstruction for a deformity occurring in infancy, using a Le Fort III advancement first to restore the contour of the skeleton. This was followed by a scalping forehead flap for the nasal reconstruction, and a fleur-de-lis Abbe flap for reconstruction of the lip and nasal vestibule.", "PMID": 372999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1795", "title": "Case report: Use of skin grafting to keep a scleroderma patient ambulant.", "content": "A case of scleroderma is presented in which there was extensive skin involvement with contractures, but without any systemic manifestation. This patient has been kept ambulatory by repeated skin grafting. The grafts were taken from the few areas which were not involved with the disease. The grafting was successful, and so far the skin grafts have remained free of disease.", "contents": "Case report: Use of skin grafting to keep a scleroderma patient ambulant. A case of scleroderma is presented in which there was extensive skin involvement with contractures, but without any systemic manifestation. This patient has been kept ambulatory by repeated skin grafting. The grafts were taken from the few areas which were not involved with the disease. The grafting was successful, and so far the skin grafts have remained free of disease.", "PMID": 373000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1796", "title": "Renin, cortisol, and aldosterone during transcendental meditation.", "content": "The effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, and lactate were studied by measuring these variables before, during, and after 20--30 min of meditation. Subjects, who rested quietly rather than meditating, served as controls. There were no differences in the basal values for these variables between meditators and controls, but controls, in contrast to meditators, showed a significant increase in cortisol between the first (A) and second (B) samples of the control period. PRA increased slightly (14%) but significantly (p less than 0.03) during TM, but not during quiet rest in controls. Cortisol decreased progressively (after sample B) throughout the experiment to the same degree in both groups. Aldosterone and lactate did not change. The data do not support the hypothesis that TM induces a unique state characterized by decreased sympathetic activity or release from stress, but do suggest that meditators may be less responsive to an acute stress.", "contents": "Renin, cortisol, and aldosterone during transcendental meditation. The effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, and lactate were studied by measuring these variables before, during, and after 20--30 min of meditation. Subjects, who rested quietly rather than meditating, served as controls. There were no differences in the basal values for these variables between meditators and controls, but controls, in contrast to meditators, showed a significant increase in cortisol between the first (A) and second (B) samples of the control period. PRA increased slightly (14%) but significantly (p less than 0.03) during TM, but not during quiet rest in controls. Cortisol decreased progressively (after sample B) throughout the experiment to the same degree in both groups. Aldosterone and lactate did not change. The data do not support the hypothesis that TM induces a unique state characterized by decreased sympathetic activity or release from stress, but do suggest that meditators may be less responsive to an acute stress.", "PMID": 373002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1797", "title": "Premature labor and indomethacin.", "content": "Administration of indomethacin to 29 women in the 26th--37th week of gestation with premature labor contractions was followed in 26 by a significant decrease of uterine activity. The effect of therapy was monitored by serial external tocometry recordings and by plasma concentrations of estriol, h.P.L., alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol/creatinine ratio in urine. The labor was monitored by cardiotocography; the new born infants were examined by the pediatrician. Following oral indomethacin treatment (25 mg every 6 Hours for 5 days) no untoward effects was observed on maternal and fetal wellbeing during pregnancy and labor. Four out 29 newborn infants, all appropriate for gestational age of 36--40 weeks, had one-minute Apgar scores less than 7, cyanosis, tachypnea, hypoxemia and serious oxygen dependency for several days. All the infant survived. These abnormalities may be due to short-term exposure to indomethacin and consequent inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, impairement of prostaglandin-dependent physiological regulation of vessel tone during fetal life and circulatory disorders at birth.", "contents": "Premature labor and indomethacin. Administration of indomethacin to 29 women in the 26th--37th week of gestation with premature labor contractions was followed in 26 by a significant decrease of uterine activity. The effect of therapy was monitored by serial external tocometry recordings and by plasma concentrations of estriol, h.P.L., alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol/creatinine ratio in urine. The labor was monitored by cardiotocography; the new born infants were examined by the pediatrician. Following oral indomethacin treatment (25 mg every 6 Hours for 5 days) no untoward effects was observed on maternal and fetal wellbeing during pregnancy and labor. Four out 29 newborn infants, all appropriate for gestational age of 36--40 weeks, had one-minute Apgar scores less than 7, cyanosis, tachypnea, hypoxemia and serious oxygen dependency for several days. All the infant survived. These abnormalities may be due to short-term exposure to indomethacin and consequent inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, impairement of prostaglandin-dependent physiological regulation of vessel tone during fetal life and circulatory disorders at birth.", "PMID": 373019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1798", "title": "Possible role for prostacyclin in human parturition.", "content": "Human amnion, chorion, decidua and placenta produced 6-oxo-PGF1alpha when superfused in vitro. Furthermore amnion, an avascular tissue, produced more 6-oxo-PGF1alpha after labour than all other tissues investigated and its production of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was significantly greater after labour than before the onset of labour. These findings suggest that prostacyclin production by foetal membranes may have a role in the mechanisms controlling human parturition. Moreover, this is the first evidence for the production of prostacyclin by an avascular tissue.", "contents": "Possible role for prostacyclin in human parturition. Human amnion, chorion, decidua and placenta produced 6-oxo-PGF1alpha when superfused in vitro. Furthermore amnion, an avascular tissue, produced more 6-oxo-PGF1alpha after labour than all other tissues investigated and its production of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was significantly greater after labour than before the onset of labour. These findings suggest that prostacyclin production by foetal membranes may have a role in the mechanisms controlling human parturition. Moreover, this is the first evidence for the production of prostacyclin by an avascular tissue.", "PMID": 373020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1799", "title": "[An epidemiological study of foci of S. mansoni bilharziosis in Minkana and Nalassi (Lekie Division, Cameroun) (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiological survey involved the examination of the total population of the two villages as well as the investigation of the freshwater snails in the neigbouring waters bodies. Biomphalaria camerunensis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were found to be the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The cassage of eggs in the stools was more frequently observed in two groups, those aged 10-19 years and in the elderly women. The study of the prevalence of the disease by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique on frozen sections of S. mansoni revealed that already in childhood the percentage of subjects with circulating antibodies is high. This percentage remains elevated in subsequent age groups. The geometrical mean reciprocal titers show an age and sex pattern similar to that found for prevalence. Both the percentage of positive indirect immunofluorescence tests and their respective titers were higher in patients with eggs in their stools. The immunological reaction using homologous S. mansoni antigen is more sensitive than that with heterologous S. haematobium antigen.", "contents": "[An epidemiological study of foci of S. mansoni bilharziosis in Minkana and Nalassi (Lekie Division, Cameroun) (author's transl)]. The epidemiological survey involved the examination of the total population of the two villages as well as the investigation of the freshwater snails in the neigbouring waters bodies. Biomphalaria camerunensis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were found to be the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The cassage of eggs in the stools was more frequently observed in two groups, those aged 10-19 years and in the elderly women. The study of the prevalence of the disease by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique on frozen sections of S. mansoni revealed that already in childhood the percentage of subjects with circulating antibodies is high. This percentage remains elevated in subsequent age groups. The geometrical mean reciprocal titers show an age and sex pattern similar to that found for prevalence. Both the percentage of positive indirect immunofluorescence tests and their respective titers were higher in patients with eggs in their stools. The immunological reaction using homologous S. mansoni antigen is more sensitive than that with heterologous S. haematobium antigen.", "PMID": 373026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1800", "title": "Pathologic effects of oral contraceptives.", "content": "The pathologic effects of oral contraceptives have been described in this paper and in other reviews [1, 5, 23, 35, 44, 48, 59, 80, 103, 114]. Approximately 10 million women currently use oral contraceptives in the United States. These drugs are beneficial both to the users and for population control. It is their effect on the health status of women who take them that must continue to have well-organized investigation so that more meaningful conclusions concerning their safety will permit continued use. In some instances, the pathologic effects of oral contraceptives make it necessary that new methods of contraception be found. Intensive research in this area is needed and judiciuos use of oral contraceptives must be maintained. A national registry should be formed to record and investigate the cases of women who die or have adverse reactions while taking these agents. A registry might identify associations no previously known to exist in patients taking oral contraceptives. It would serve to concentrate the data in one area so that more material would be available for the study of pathogenetic mechanisms. It would heighten patient and physician awareness of the untoward effects and increase the responsibilities of the women who take them to monitor their own health.", "contents": "Pathologic effects of oral contraceptives. The pathologic effects of oral contraceptives have been described in this paper and in other reviews [1, 5, 23, 35, 44, 48, 59, 80, 103, 114]. Approximately 10 million women currently use oral contraceptives in the United States. These drugs are beneficial both to the users and for population control. It is their effect on the health status of women who take them that must continue to have well-organized investigation so that more meaningful conclusions concerning their safety will permit continued use. In some instances, the pathologic effects of oral contraceptives make it necessary that new methods of contraception be found. Intensive research in this area is needed and judiciuos use of oral contraceptives must be maintained. A national registry should be formed to record and investigate the cases of women who die or have adverse reactions while taking these agents. A registry might identify associations no previously known to exist in patients taking oral contraceptives. It would serve to concentrate the data in one area so that more material would be available for the study of pathogenetic mechanisms. It would heighten patient and physician awareness of the untoward effects and increase the responsibilities of the women who take them to monitor their own health.", "PMID": 373029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1801", "title": "[Reconstructive microsurgery in use of CO2-laser (author's transl)].", "content": "CO2-Laser is presented for application in reconstructive operations. At cornua uteri and urine bladders of rabbits excisions were undertaken. The free wound edges were approximated and coagulated by laser irradiation. After these operations 70% (uterus) respectively 90% (urine bladder) of the organs remained fully functionable.", "contents": "[Reconstructive microsurgery in use of CO2-laser (author's transl)]. CO2-Laser is presented for application in reconstructive operations. At cornua uteri and urine bladders of rabbits excisions were undertaken. The free wound edges were approximated and coagulated by laser irradiation. After these operations 70% (uterus) respectively 90% (urine bladder) of the organs remained fully functionable.", "PMID": 373030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1802", "title": "Detection of Border disease antigen in tissues of affected sheep and in cell cultures by immunofluorescence.", "content": "An account is presented of the distribution of fluorescence in cryostat sections of tissues from eight lambs with Border disease (BD). In young lambs fluorescence was observed in almost every organ, indicating a generalised infection with BD virus. Fluorescence was most prominent in the secretory glands of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, the basal cell layers of the epidermis and mucous membranes, and in the medullary rays of the kidneys. Abomasum, pancreas, kidneys, testicles and thyroid were most consistently affected. Although the number of fluorescing tissues decreased with age, viral antigen could still be detected in two sheep of 22 and 52 weeks old. Border disease viral antigen was demonstrated in cell cultures derived from the brain, kidney and testicle of six out of seven lambs despite the presence of neutralising antibody against bovine virus diarrhoea virus in three of them. The presence of the virus in the skin, the vascular walls and the endocrine system is discussed in relation to the aberrant development of fetal hair follicles, periarteritis and growth retardation respectively.", "contents": "Detection of Border disease antigen in tissues of affected sheep and in cell cultures by immunofluorescence. An account is presented of the distribution of fluorescence in cryostat sections of tissues from eight lambs with Border disease (BD). In young lambs fluorescence was observed in almost every organ, indicating a generalised infection with BD virus. Fluorescence was most prominent in the secretory glands of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, the basal cell layers of the epidermis and mucous membranes, and in the medullary rays of the kidneys. Abomasum, pancreas, kidneys, testicles and thyroid were most consistently affected. Although the number of fluorescing tissues decreased with age, viral antigen could still be detected in two sheep of 22 and 52 weeks old. Border disease viral antigen was demonstrated in cell cultures derived from the brain, kidney and testicle of six out of seven lambs despite the presence of neutralising antibody against bovine virus diarrhoea virus in three of them. The presence of the virus in the skin, the vascular walls and the endocrine system is discussed in relation to the aberrant development of fetal hair follicles, periarteritis and growth retardation respectively.", "PMID": 373033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1803", "title": "Lymphocyte unresponsiveness to PPD tuberculin in badgers infected with Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation tests using phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A showed that both T and B lymphocytes are functional in tuberculous badgers. Dose response curves indicated that purified protein derivative sensitised lymphocytes were suppressed when cultured in the presence of the antigen.", "contents": "Lymphocyte unresponsiveness to PPD tuberculin in badgers infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Lymphocyte transformation tests using phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A showed that both T and B lymphocytes are functional in tuberculous badgers. Dose response curves indicated that purified protein derivative sensitised lymphocytes were suppressed when cultured in the presence of the antigen.", "PMID": 373034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1804", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax on the secondary immune response of cattle to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides.", "content": "Trypanosoma congolense and T vivax infections in cattle were shown to have a suppressive effect on the secondary humoral immune response to M mycoides. The trypanosome infections caused an involution of the thymus. The secondary response was biphasic in nature and was unrelated to infection with trypanosomes.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax on the secondary immune response of cattle to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides. Trypanosoma congolense and T vivax infections in cattle were shown to have a suppressive effect on the secondary humoral immune response to M mycoides. The trypanosome infections caused an involution of the thymus. The secondary response was biphasic in nature and was unrelated to infection with trypanosomes.", "PMID": 373035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1805", "title": "[Value of different diagnostic tests for Micrococcaceae and their implication in pathology].", "content": "A number of 1431 products were examined and 200 coagulase-negative micrococcaceae strains were isolated and identified. On the basis of morphological aspects, enzymatic reactions and behavioural testing to antibiotics 18 strains (9%) were listed as Micrococcus and 182 (91%) as Staphylococcus strains. Efficient among the tests used for differentiating between the two genera were : microscopic aspects, pigmentogenesis, resistance to ClNa, anaerobic glucose fermentation, glycerol fermentation in the presence of erythromycin, reduction of nitrates to nitrites, and testing to novobiocin. Other tests, due to their variability, could only be used conjointly, and, finally, a further category had no diagnostic value, such as oxidase and catalase tests or the rhamnose fermentation reaction. Both the Micrococcus and the Staphylococcus strains were isolated from pathological cases and from healthy carriers, and can therefore be listed in the group of potential pathogens.", "contents": "[Value of different diagnostic tests for Micrococcaceae and their implication in pathology]. A number of 1431 products were examined and 200 coagulase-negative micrococcaceae strains were isolated and identified. On the basis of morphological aspects, enzymatic reactions and behavioural testing to antibiotics 18 strains (9%) were listed as Micrococcus and 182 (91%) as Staphylococcus strains. Efficient among the tests used for differentiating between the two genera were : microscopic aspects, pigmentogenesis, resistance to ClNa, anaerobic glucose fermentation, glycerol fermentation in the presence of erythromycin, reduction of nitrates to nitrites, and testing to novobiocin. Other tests, due to their variability, could only be used conjointly, and, finally, a further category had no diagnostic value, such as oxidase and catalase tests or the rhamnose fermentation reaction. Both the Micrococcus and the Staphylococcus strains were isolated from pathological cases and from healthy carriers, and can therefore be listed in the group of potential pathogens.", "PMID": 373058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1806", "title": "Prophylactic effect of cimetidine in gastric ulcer patients.", "content": "Nineteen patients entered a double-blind randomized trial of the prophylactic effect of cimetidine in gastric ulcer disease. The diagnosis of gastric ulcer had been established endoscopically prior to the trial, but at the time of entry the patients were symptom-free and their ulcers had healed. The patients received either cimetidine, 400 mg twice daily or inactive tablets. Ten cimetidine-treated patients completed 12 months' treatment without suffering a recurrence of symptoms, whereas 5 of 9 placebo-treated patients suffered a symptomatic relapse after 7 to 18 weeks (P less than 0.025). In 4 of the 5 patients an ulcer was found at gastroscopy. It is concluded that maintenance treatment with cimetidine helps to prevent symptomatic relapses in gastric ulcer patients.", "contents": "Prophylactic effect of cimetidine in gastric ulcer patients. Nineteen patients entered a double-blind randomized trial of the prophylactic effect of cimetidine in gastric ulcer disease. The diagnosis of gastric ulcer had been established endoscopically prior to the trial, but at the time of entry the patients were symptom-free and their ulcers had healed. The patients received either cimetidine, 400 mg twice daily or inactive tablets. Ten cimetidine-treated patients completed 12 months' treatment without suffering a recurrence of symptoms, whereas 5 of 9 placebo-treated patients suffered a symptomatic relapse after 7 to 18 weeks (P less than 0.025). In 4 of the 5 patients an ulcer was found at gastroscopy. It is concluded that maintenance treatment with cimetidine helps to prevent symptomatic relapses in gastric ulcer patients.", "PMID": 373071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1807", "title": "Comparison of glucagon, atropine, and placebo as premedication for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The effects of 0.5 mg glucagon and 0.5 mg atropine given intravenously as premedication in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy have been examined and compared to those of placebo (0.9% NaCl) in a double-blind study involving 36 patients and 1 endoscopist. The results showed no difference between atropine, glucagon, and placebo with regard to vomiting, opening of the pylorus, feeling of discomfort, or the success of the examination. Glucagon significantly reduced peristalsis compared with both atropine (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.01). The reflux was also significantly reduced by glucagon compared with both atropine (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.01). No difference was found between glucagon and atropine with regard to secretion, but both drugs reduced the secretion compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). Glucagon also reduced the secretion of mucus compared with placebo (p = 0.05). No adverse effects occurred.", "contents": "Comparison of glucagon, atropine, and placebo as premedication for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The effects of 0.5 mg glucagon and 0.5 mg atropine given intravenously as premedication in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy have been examined and compared to those of placebo (0.9% NaCl) in a double-blind study involving 36 patients and 1 endoscopist. The results showed no difference between atropine, glucagon, and placebo with regard to vomiting, opening of the pylorus, feeling of discomfort, or the success of the examination. Glucagon significantly reduced peristalsis compared with both atropine (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.01). The reflux was also significantly reduced by glucagon compared with both atropine (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.01). No difference was found between glucagon and atropine with regard to secretion, but both drugs reduced the secretion compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). Glucagon also reduced the secretion of mucus compared with placebo (p = 0.05). No adverse effects occurred.", "PMID": 373072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1808", "title": "Serum concentration of trimipramine (Surmontil) and gastric secretion of acid and pepsin following peroral administration of the drug in healthy humans.", "content": "Previous blind studies have shown an increased rate of healing of both duodenal and gastric ulcers following 4 weeks peroral administration of 50 mg trimipramine. The present study shows the effect of 50 mg trimipramine perorally on gastric secretion in relation to that of 25 mg of the drug and placebo. At regular intervals blood specimens were obtained for determination of the serum concentration of trimipramine. In 9 healthy young students it was found that the estimated stabilized values of volume and acid output following 50 mg trimipramine, 33 ml and 3.9 mmol/15 min, respectively, were significantly lower than those following the smallest dose, 37 ml and 4.6 mmol/15 min, respectively. On the other hand, no significant changes of gastric secretion were observed following the peroral administration of 25 mg trimipramine when compared to placebo. Following 50 mg trimipramine the output of pepsin was reduced by about 25%. The values of serum concentration of trimipramine were about 200 nmol/1 at 100 min after administration of 50 mg trimipramine and decreased gradually, whereas the values following the smaller dose were about half of those after the larger one. The results indicate that about 50 mg trimipramine is needed for obtaining a reduction of gastric secretions. Future studies may show whether 25 mg trimipramine, which does not suppress acid secretion when given perorally, is able to promote peptic ulcer healing.", "contents": "Serum concentration of trimipramine (Surmontil) and gastric secretion of acid and pepsin following peroral administration of the drug in healthy humans. Previous blind studies have shown an increased rate of healing of both duodenal and gastric ulcers following 4 weeks peroral administration of 50 mg trimipramine. The present study shows the effect of 50 mg trimipramine perorally on gastric secretion in relation to that of 25 mg of the drug and placebo. At regular intervals blood specimens were obtained for determination of the serum concentration of trimipramine. In 9 healthy young students it was found that the estimated stabilized values of volume and acid output following 50 mg trimipramine, 33 ml and 3.9 mmol/15 min, respectively, were significantly lower than those following the smallest dose, 37 ml and 4.6 mmol/15 min, respectively. On the other hand, no significant changes of gastric secretion were observed following the peroral administration of 25 mg trimipramine when compared to placebo. Following 50 mg trimipramine the output of pepsin was reduced by about 25%. The values of serum concentration of trimipramine were about 200 nmol/1 at 100 min after administration of 50 mg trimipramine and decreased gradually, whereas the values following the smaller dose were about half of those after the larger one. The results indicate that about 50 mg trimipramine is needed for obtaining a reduction of gastric secretions. Future studies may show whether 25 mg trimipramine, which does not suppress acid secretion when given perorally, is able to promote peptic ulcer healing.", "PMID": 373073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1809", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of exudative macrophages in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "The possible value of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of skin window preparations in the clinical situation has been investigated with reference to 48-hour macrophages in 26 patients with malignant lymphoma. The preparations were processed for SEM using critical point drying and sputter coating. Identification of macrophages was made with reference to light microscopy both of parallel preparations and of specimens already studied by SEM. Distinctive SEM appearances were present in most of the patients. Although many macrophages were similar to those from normal subjects, the majority showed a more variable morphology including the presence of ruffles and coarse ridge-like profiles. Highly significant differences were found on statistical analysis. It is suggested that immaturity of the 48-hour macrophages is present in some patients with malignant lymphoma (perhaps reflecting the macrophage dysfunction already described in these diseases). The findings indicate the potential clinical application for this technique.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of exudative macrophages in malignant lymphoma. The possible value of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of skin window preparations in the clinical situation has been investigated with reference to 48-hour macrophages in 26 patients with malignant lymphoma. The preparations were processed for SEM using critical point drying and sputter coating. Identification of macrophages was made with reference to light microscopy both of parallel preparations and of specimens already studied by SEM. Distinctive SEM appearances were present in most of the patients. Although many macrophages were similar to those from normal subjects, the majority showed a more variable morphology including the presence of ruffles and coarse ridge-like profiles. Highly significant differences were found on statistical analysis. It is suggested that immaturity of the 48-hour macrophages is present in some patients with malignant lymphoma (perhaps reflecting the macrophage dysfunction already described in these diseases). The findings indicate the potential clinical application for this technique.", "PMID": 373074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1810", "title": "A new pre-irradiation conditioning regimen which protects against radiation injury and facilitates engraftment of xenogeneic bone marrow.", "content": "Administration of a large number of xenogeneic (rat) bone marrow cells before lethal, total body irradiation in mice (preconditioning regimen) results in powerful protection from radiation damage, remarkable prolongation of their survival, facilitation of marrow engraftment and induction of rat chimerism. This protective effect is not exerted by thymus or spleen cells and does not depend on specific immune mechanisms. The preconditioning regimen is more efficient when the bone marrow cells are viable and when the cells are inoculated intravenously a few hours before irradiation.", "contents": "A new pre-irradiation conditioning regimen which protects against radiation injury and facilitates engraftment of xenogeneic bone marrow. Administration of a large number of xenogeneic (rat) bone marrow cells before lethal, total body irradiation in mice (preconditioning regimen) results in powerful protection from radiation damage, remarkable prolongation of their survival, facilitation of marrow engraftment and induction of rat chimerism. This protective effect is not exerted by thymus or spleen cells and does not depend on specific immune mechanisms. The preconditioning regimen is more efficient when the bone marrow cells are viable and when the cells are inoculated intravenously a few hours before irradiation.", "PMID": 373075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1811", "title": "Antigenic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "About twenty distinct antigenic components have been demonstrated in Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis against a rabbit antiserum produced by immunization with concentrated M. leprae antigen. This system allows a more detailed analysis of the antigenic relationship between M. leprae and other mycobacteria and a better characterization of the antigenic content of various M leprae preparations than with previously available anstisera of the antigenic content of various M. leprae preparations than with previously available antisera which reacted with far fewer components. The antibody activity in sera of patients with lepromatous leprosy was studied by incorporating the sera into the intermediate gel of the M. leprae reference system. Antibodies were found against only seven of the components. Since those compared are all known to be cross-reacting widely with antigens of other mycobacteria, it is speculated that cross-immunization may influence the antibody response in lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae. About twenty distinct antigenic components have been demonstrated in Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis against a rabbit antiserum produced by immunization with concentrated M. leprae antigen. This system allows a more detailed analysis of the antigenic relationship between M. leprae and other mycobacteria and a better characterization of the antigenic content of various M leprae preparations than with previously available anstisera of the antigenic content of various M. leprae preparations than with previously available antisera which reacted with far fewer components. The antibody activity in sera of patients with lepromatous leprosy was studied by incorporating the sera into the intermediate gel of the M. leprae reference system. Antibodies were found against only seven of the components. Since those compared are all known to be cross-reacting widely with antigens of other mycobacteria, it is speculated that cross-immunization may influence the antibody response in lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 373076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1812", "title": "A comparative, double-blind study on tolfenamic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sixty patients with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis were treated at random with tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, in a daily dose of 600 mg, or with phenylbutazone 300 mg or acetylsalicylic acid 1,500 mg daily. Both the patients and the physician found that tolfenamic acid had a clearly better effect than phenylbutazone or the low-dose acetylsalicylic acid used as a control. Tolfenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid were well tolerated. Serious side-effects (leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in one case, hematemesis and melena in another) only occurred in those patients who received phenylbutazone.", "contents": "A comparative, double-blind study on tolfenamic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty patients with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis were treated at random with tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, in a daily dose of 600 mg, or with phenylbutazone 300 mg or acetylsalicylic acid 1,500 mg daily. Both the patients and the physician found that tolfenamic acid had a clearly better effect than phenylbutazone or the low-dose acetylsalicylic acid used as a control. Tolfenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid were well tolerated. Serious side-effects (leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in one case, hematemesis and melena in another) only occurred in those patients who received phenylbutazone.", "PMID": 373084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1813", "title": "A comparative clinical study of a new antirheumatic agent, tolfenamic acid (Clotam), and phenylbutazone in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a new anthranilic acid derivative, tolfenamic acid, and phenylbutazone. Each drug was given in doses of 100 mg 3 times daily. Both periods of treatment lasted 3 weeks. Objective and clinical studies of the antirheumatic effect showed no significant difference between the two forms of treatment. On phenylbutazone treatment, however, there were significantly greater numbers of, and more serious, side-effects (especially dyspeptic symptoms and fluid retention) than on tolfenamic acid treatment.", "contents": "A comparative clinical study of a new antirheumatic agent, tolfenamic acid (Clotam), and phenylbutazone in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a new anthranilic acid derivative, tolfenamic acid, and phenylbutazone. Each drug was given in doses of 100 mg 3 times daily. Both periods of treatment lasted 3 weeks. Objective and clinical studies of the antirheumatic effect showed no significant difference between the two forms of treatment. On phenylbutazone treatment, however, there were significantly greater numbers of, and more serious, side-effects (especially dyspeptic symptoms and fluid retention) than on tolfenamic acid treatment.", "PMID": 373085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1814", "title": "Tolfenamic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In an open trial of three months' duration the clinical effect of tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, was found to be good in 85 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Both subjective and objective parameters clearly improved, and corticoid therapy could be abandoned by 21% of the patients. Tolfenamic acid was for the most part better than or as good as, the previous medication by which the disease had been brought to a stabile state. Side-effects were mild, no severe adverse reactions were observed which could be definitely attributed to tolfenamic acid.", "contents": "Tolfenamic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In an open trial of three months' duration the clinical effect of tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, was found to be good in 85 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Both subjective and objective parameters clearly improved, and corticoid therapy could be abandoned by 21% of the patients. Tolfenamic acid was for the most part better than or as good as, the previous medication by which the disease had been brought to a stabile state. Side-effects were mild, no severe adverse reactions were observed which could be definitely attributed to tolfenamic acid.", "PMID": 373086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1815", "title": "IgG-, IgM- and IgA-rheumatoid factors in healthy adults and rheumatoid patients determined by an indirect immunofluorescence method.", "content": "Sera from 173 healthy adults and 55 rheumatoid patients were studied for IgG-, IgM- and IgA-rheumatoid factors (RFs) by a modification of Este's indirect immunofluorescence method. Rabbit IgG bound to smeared sheep red cells was used as antigen. With each serum tested a smear on non-sensitized cells was used as control antigen. Anti-IgG of the sera studied, binding to the antigen, was demonstrated by fluorescein-conjugated antisera, monospecific for gamma, mu and alpha chains, and not containing antibodies to sheep erythrocytes or rabbit IgG. Positive reactions were obtained with IgG as antigen, but not with the F(ab')2 fragment. The sera tested were treated with dithiothreitol before they were assayed for IgG-RF, in order to abolish false-positive reactions due to IgM-RF activity. The detection limit for IgM-RF was 1 IU per ml. IgM-RF titres of 9 occurred in 7% of healthy adults and 73% of rheumatoid patients, titres greater than or equal to 18 in 3.5% and 67% respectively. IgG-RF titres of 9 occurred in 9% of healthy adults, 21% of seronegative and 24% of seropositive rheumatoid patients. Titres of 18 occurred in 3% of healthy adults and in 14% of seronegative rheumatoid patients. Titres of greater than or equal to 18 occurred in 22% of seropositive rheumatoid patients. IgG-RF was correlated with an involvement of more than 20 joints. IgA-RF was found in 83% of seropositive, 11% of seronegative rheumatoid patients and in none of the healthy adults (serum dilution 1:9).", "contents": "IgG-, IgM- and IgA-rheumatoid factors in healthy adults and rheumatoid patients determined by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Sera from 173 healthy adults and 55 rheumatoid patients were studied for IgG-, IgM- and IgA-rheumatoid factors (RFs) by a modification of Este's indirect immunofluorescence method. Rabbit IgG bound to smeared sheep red cells was used as antigen. With each serum tested a smear on non-sensitized cells was used as control antigen. Anti-IgG of the sera studied, binding to the antigen, was demonstrated by fluorescein-conjugated antisera, monospecific for gamma, mu and alpha chains, and not containing antibodies to sheep erythrocytes or rabbit IgG. Positive reactions were obtained with IgG as antigen, but not with the F(ab')2 fragment. The sera tested were treated with dithiothreitol before they were assayed for IgG-RF, in order to abolish false-positive reactions due to IgM-RF activity. The detection limit for IgM-RF was 1 IU per ml. IgM-RF titres of 9 occurred in 7% of healthy adults and 73% of rheumatoid patients, titres greater than or equal to 18 in 3.5% and 67% respectively. IgG-RF titres of 9 occurred in 9% of healthy adults, 21% of seronegative and 24% of seropositive rheumatoid patients. Titres of 18 occurred in 3% of healthy adults and in 14% of seronegative rheumatoid patients. Titres of greater than or equal to 18 occurred in 22% of seropositive rheumatoid patients. IgG-RF was correlated with an involvement of more than 20 joints. IgA-RF was found in 83% of seropositive, 11% of seronegative rheumatoid patients and in none of the healthy adults (serum dilution 1:9).", "PMID": 373087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1816", "title": "Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of levamisole in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty-three out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed the study intended to compare under double-blind conditions, 50 mg levamisole tablets with placebo. Patients were given the double-blind medication at a dosage of one tablet t.i.d. for 3 months, and at a dosage of one tablet t.i.d., on 2 consecutive days every week for the next 3 months. Pain score, duration of morning stiffness, articular index and E. S. R. were recorded at the start of treatment, after 3 months of treatment and at the end of treatment. The levamisole patients made significantly better progress than did the placebo patients: for E.S.R. after 3 months of treatment, and for E.S.R., pain and morning stiffness by the end of treatment. Ten levamisole patients and 5 placebo patients reported adverse reactions. These were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms in the levamisole-treated patients.", "contents": "Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of levamisole in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-three out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed the study intended to compare under double-blind conditions, 50 mg levamisole tablets with placebo. Patients were given the double-blind medication at a dosage of one tablet t.i.d. for 3 months, and at a dosage of one tablet t.i.d., on 2 consecutive days every week for the next 3 months. Pain score, duration of morning stiffness, articular index and E. S. R. were recorded at the start of treatment, after 3 months of treatment and at the end of treatment. The levamisole patients made significantly better progress than did the placebo patients: for E.S.R. after 3 months of treatment, and for E.S.R., pain and morning stiffness by the end of treatment. Ten levamisole patients and 5 placebo patients reported adverse reactions. These were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms in the levamisole-treated patients.", "PMID": 373088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1817", "title": "Cystic fibrosis compared with the immotile-cilia syndrome. A study of mucociliary clearance, ciliary ultrastructure, clinical picture and ventilatory function.", "content": "Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were investigated for mucociliary clearance (with and without stimulation by terbutaline), clinical picture, ventilatory function and ultrastructure of cilia. The results were compared with those of patients with congenitally immotile cilia (immotile-cilia syndrome). Mucociliary clearance could be demonstrated in all the seven CF patients who succeeded in inhaling the test aerosol. Ciliary ultrastructure from a deceased CF patient was normal. Patients with the immotile cilia syndrome had no substantial clearance and defective cilia. The CF patients coughed more during the clearance measurements than any other group studied earlier, and their coughing was effective. One patient succeeded in avoiding coughing in both measurements and had faster clearance when he got terbutaline than when he got the vehicle. Although younger, the CF patients tended to be more obstructed in their lungs and more handicapped than the patients suffering from the immotile-cilia syndrome. The latter patients had more discomfort from rhinitis, sinusitis and otitis than had the CF patients. An impairment of the mucociliary transport rate is hence unlikely to be a primary pathogenic factor for the respiratory tract disease in CF patients.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis compared with the immotile-cilia syndrome. A study of mucociliary clearance, ciliary ultrastructure, clinical picture and ventilatory function. Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were investigated for mucociliary clearance (with and without stimulation by terbutaline), clinical picture, ventilatory function and ultrastructure of cilia. The results were compared with those of patients with congenitally immotile cilia (immotile-cilia syndrome). Mucociliary clearance could be demonstrated in all the seven CF patients who succeeded in inhaling the test aerosol. Ciliary ultrastructure from a deceased CF patient was normal. Patients with the immotile cilia syndrome had no substantial clearance and defective cilia. The CF patients coughed more during the clearance measurements than any other group studied earlier, and their coughing was effective. One patient succeeded in avoiding coughing in both measurements and had faster clearance when he got terbutaline than when he got the vehicle. Although younger, the CF patients tended to be more obstructed in their lungs and more handicapped than the patients suffering from the immotile-cilia syndrome. The latter patients had more discomfort from rhinitis, sinusitis and otitis than had the CF patients. An impairment of the mucociliary transport rate is hence unlikely to be a primary pathogenic factor for the respiratory tract disease in CF patients.", "PMID": 373089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1818", "title": "Long-term trial of an alpha adrenoceptor blocking drug (Indoramin) in asthma. A preliminary report.", "content": "Eight patients suffering from both asthma and migraine underwent a clinical trial for 3 months of indoramin, an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist with antihistamine and antiserotonin activity. Patients were told indoramin was prescribed for migraine prophylaxis. In three asthmatic patients there was a marked increase in airflow meter (AFM) readings which were recorded daily, the remaining five showing no significant change or a decrease in AFM readings. Indoramin did not appear to potentiate the action of the beta sympathomimetic aerosols. It is suggested that a small population of asthmatic patients may derive therapeutic benefit from an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist. Seven of the eight patients experienced a 50% decrease in the frequency of their migraine headaches.", "contents": "Long-term trial of an alpha adrenoceptor blocking drug (Indoramin) in asthma. A preliminary report. Eight patients suffering from both asthma and migraine underwent a clinical trial for 3 months of indoramin, an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist with antihistamine and antiserotonin activity. Patients were told indoramin was prescribed for migraine prophylaxis. In three asthmatic patients there was a marked increase in airflow meter (AFM) readings which were recorded daily, the remaining five showing no significant change or a decrease in AFM readings. Indoramin did not appear to potentiate the action of the beta sympathomimetic aerosols. It is suggested that a small population of asthmatic patients may derive therapeutic benefit from an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist. Seven of the eight patients experienced a 50% decrease in the frequency of their migraine headaches.", "PMID": 373090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1819", "title": "Prolongation of rat cardiac allograft survival by donor pretreatment. Impact of dose and timing of drug administration.", "content": "We investigated the effect of two variables, the time interval between drug administration and transplant removal and the dosage of the drug, on the prolongation of rat heart allograft survival via donor pretreatment. A maximal or near-maximal survival-prolonging effect was recorded when the drug was given at least 6 hours before removal of the transplant; extension of pretreatment beyond that time had relatively little effect on the outcome of the graft. A maximal survival prolonging effect was obtained with all of the test drugs, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydroxyurea, busulfan and procarbazine, in doses of LD-50. The therapeutical margin was small, however, as doses of 0.5 x LD-50 and 2 X LD-50 were clearly inferior in their effect.", "contents": "Prolongation of rat cardiac allograft survival by donor pretreatment. Impact of dose and timing of drug administration. We investigated the effect of two variables, the time interval between drug administration and transplant removal and the dosage of the drug, on the prolongation of rat heart allograft survival via donor pretreatment. A maximal or near-maximal survival-prolonging effect was recorded when the drug was given at least 6 hours before removal of the transplant; extension of pretreatment beyond that time had relatively little effect on the outcome of the graft. A maximal survival prolonging effect was obtained with all of the test drugs, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydroxyurea, busulfan and procarbazine, in doses of LD-50. The therapeutical margin was small, however, as doses of 0.5 x LD-50 and 2 X LD-50 were clearly inferior in their effect.", "PMID": 373096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1820", "title": "Mechanical and conventional manual sutures of the bronchial stump. A comparative study of 298 surgical patients.", "content": "A U.S.-made TA-30 model stapling device was utilized to close the bronchial stump in 146 patients, while conventional manual suturing with chromic catgut was performed for the same purpose in 152 patients. The two groups were comparable in respect of pre-operative status and operative diagnosis. Patients, in whom the stapler was utilized, showed a decreased incidence of bronchial fistula (1% vs. 3%) and empyema without fistula (1% vs. 3%). The stapler, compared with conventional manual sutures, allows a simpler and swifter suture of the bronchial stump, reduces the contamination of the operative field, achieves uniform and tighter closure of the bronchus, leaves a better preserved terminal blood perfusion of the stump and utilizes a more tolerated sewing material with less resultant tissue inflammation.", "contents": "Mechanical and conventional manual sutures of the bronchial stump. A comparative study of 298 surgical patients. A U.S.-made TA-30 model stapling device was utilized to close the bronchial stump in 146 patients, while conventional manual suturing with chromic catgut was performed for the same purpose in 152 patients. The two groups were comparable in respect of pre-operative status and operative diagnosis. Patients, in whom the stapler was utilized, showed a decreased incidence of bronchial fistula (1% vs. 3%) and empyema without fistula (1% vs. 3%). The stapler, compared with conventional manual sutures, allows a simpler and swifter suture of the bronchial stump, reduces the contamination of the operative field, achieves uniform and tighter closure of the bronchus, leaves a better preserved terminal blood perfusion of the stump and utilizes a more tolerated sewing material with less resultant tissue inflammation.", "PMID": 373097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1821", "title": "[Long-term, complete remission in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following high-dosage combination therapy with or without autologous bone marrow transplantation].", "content": "22 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy were treated with high-dose combination chemotherapy followed in the first 12 patients by infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow. The next 10 patients received chemotherapy alone. Four patients died shortly after chemotherapy. Four patients remain in unmaintained remission 40, 30, 20 and 8 months after treatment. Patients receiving cryopreserved marrow recovered leukocyte, granulocyte and platelet function significantly faster and had significantly fewer febrile days than did controls. These findings demonstrate that high dose combination chemotherapy may benefit some patients unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy, and that cryopreserved bone marrow can speed hematopoetic recovery and be of clinical benefit to the patient.", "contents": "[Long-term, complete remission in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma following high-dosage combination therapy with or without autologous bone marrow transplantation]. 22 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy were treated with high-dose combination chemotherapy followed in the first 12 patients by infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow. The next 10 patients received chemotherapy alone. Four patients died shortly after chemotherapy. Four patients remain in unmaintained remission 40, 30, 20 and 8 months after treatment. Patients receiving cryopreserved marrow recovered leukocyte, granulocyte and platelet function significantly faster and had significantly fewer febrile days than did controls. These findings demonstrate that high dose combination chemotherapy may benefit some patients unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy, and that cryopreserved bone marrow can speed hematopoetic recovery and be of clinical benefit to the patient.", "PMID": 373098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1822", "title": "[Atenelol and bendrofluazide in the treatment of medium and severe hypertension (preliminary report)].", "content": "In 15 patients with moderate to severe hypertension (WHO II--III) atenolol was evaluated against a thiazide diuretic (bendrofluazide) in a single blind crossover study. Systolic blood pressure values were lowered more efficiently by the diuretic, while diastolic pressure values were significantly better controlled by atenolol. Atenolol and bendrofluazide, by mere addition of the pressure effects of the single components, clearly afforded the best pressure control. Side effects of atenolol were frequent but mild, never causing major concern with the patients or a dropout from the study. Although the pressure response to atenolol was significantly better in the normal and high renin group of patients, there was no statistically significant correlation between the reduction in plasma renin and blood pressure induced by atenolol. In turn, the pressure response to the diuretic was significantly better in low renin than in normal and high renin patients.", "contents": "[Atenelol and bendrofluazide in the treatment of medium and severe hypertension (preliminary report)]. In 15 patients with moderate to severe hypertension (WHO II--III) atenolol was evaluated against a thiazide diuretic (bendrofluazide) in a single blind crossover study. Systolic blood pressure values were lowered more efficiently by the diuretic, while diastolic pressure values were significantly better controlled by atenolol. Atenolol and bendrofluazide, by mere addition of the pressure effects of the single components, clearly afforded the best pressure control. Side effects of atenolol were frequent but mild, never causing major concern with the patients or a dropout from the study. Although the pressure response to atenolol was significantly better in the normal and high renin group of patients, there was no statistically significant correlation between the reduction in plasma renin and blood pressure induced by atenolol. In turn, the pressure response to the diuretic was significantly better in low renin than in normal and high renin patients.", "PMID": 373099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1823", "title": "[Experiences with a new hypouricemic diuretic (tienilic acid): comparison with hydrochlorothiazide].", "content": "A new hypouricemic diuretic (tienilic acid) was compared with hydrochlorothiazide in a double-blind study in 8 patients with mild essential hypertension. After a two-week placebo period the patients received either 250 mg tienilic acid or 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide in a single daily dose for 3 weeks. After a second placebo period of 2 weeks the patients received, in a crossover design, either tienilic acid or hydrochlorothiazide for a further 3 weeks. The reduction of blood pressure and of body weight was similar for both drugs. When treatment was started diuresis and natriuresis increased with tienilic acid and with hydrochlorothiazide. Whereas serum sodium levels showed only minor variations, serum potassium levels fell with both diuretics and urinary potassium excretion increased. Urinary calcium excretion decreased and serum calcium levels slightly increased under both treatments. Both diuretics induced similar increases of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone-18-glucuronide excretion. Blood urea nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, serum creatinine levels were raised slightly under both drug regimens. Whereas the serum uric acid level rose and remained elevated for the duration of hydrochlorothiazide treatment, it fell significantly and remained lowered during treatment with tienilic acid. Uric acid clearance was about twice as high with tienilic acid as with hydrochlorothiazide. Tienilic acid therefore appears to be a therapeutic alternative to thiazides and other hyperuricemic diuretics in hypertensive patients in whom hyperuricemia should be avoided or corrected.", "contents": "[Experiences with a new hypouricemic diuretic (tienilic acid): comparison with hydrochlorothiazide]. A new hypouricemic diuretic (tienilic acid) was compared with hydrochlorothiazide in a double-blind study in 8 patients with mild essential hypertension. After a two-week placebo period the patients received either 250 mg tienilic acid or 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide in a single daily dose for 3 weeks. After a second placebo period of 2 weeks the patients received, in a crossover design, either tienilic acid or hydrochlorothiazide for a further 3 weeks. The reduction of blood pressure and of body weight was similar for both drugs. When treatment was started diuresis and natriuresis increased with tienilic acid and with hydrochlorothiazide. Whereas serum sodium levels showed only minor variations, serum potassium levels fell with both diuretics and urinary potassium excretion increased. Urinary calcium excretion decreased and serum calcium levels slightly increased under both treatments. Both diuretics induced similar increases of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone-18-glucuronide excretion. Blood urea nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, serum creatinine levels were raised slightly under both drug regimens. Whereas the serum uric acid level rose and remained elevated for the duration of hydrochlorothiazide treatment, it fell significantly and remained lowered during treatment with tienilic acid. Uric acid clearance was about twice as high with tienilic acid as with hydrochlorothiazide. Tienilic acid therefore appears to be a therapeutic alternative to thiazides and other hyperuricemic diuretics in hypertensive patients in whom hyperuricemia should be avoided or corrected.", "PMID": 373100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1824", "title": "Medical treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Recent controlled clinical trials have shown that acute episodes of duodenal ulcer can be treated successfully with either anti-secretory (cimetidine), mucosa-protective (carbenoxolone, organic bismuth preparation) or antacid drugs. For prevention of recurrence, only cimetidine has thus far proved effective. A critical review is presented of the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs in conservative ulcer therapy.", "contents": "Medical treatment of duodenal ulcer. Recent controlled clinical trials have shown that acute episodes of duodenal ulcer can be treated successfully with either anti-secretory (cimetidine), mucosa-protective (carbenoxolone, organic bismuth preparation) or antacid drugs. For prevention of recurrence, only cimetidine has thus far proved effective. A critical review is presented of the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs in conservative ulcer therapy.", "PMID": 373101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1825", "title": "Angiography in the diagnosis and therapy of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "The value of angiography in the diagnosis and therapy of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed. Based on experience with diagnostic angiography in over 350 acute gastrointestinal bleeders and therapeutic interventional angiography in more than 150 of them several principles are illuminated. Angiography should be used after emergency endoscopy and a trial of medical therapy. Selective vasoconstrictive therapy is highly effective in controlling bleeding from superficial mucosal lesions although less effective for bleeding from major arteries as is seen in peptic ulcers. Selective transcatheter occlusive therapy is a fast and effective method for controlling arterial bleeding in appropriates cases. For variceal bleeding low dose intravenous infusion of vasopressin is as effective in decreasing portal pressure and blood flow as is selective superior mesenteric infusion. Direct selective occlusion of gastroesophageal varices by the transhepatic approach is a new and exciting method of treatment for variceal bleeding.", "contents": "Angiography in the diagnosis and therapy of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The value of angiography in the diagnosis and therapy of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed. Based on experience with diagnostic angiography in over 350 acute gastrointestinal bleeders and therapeutic interventional angiography in more than 150 of them several principles are illuminated. Angiography should be used after emergency endoscopy and a trial of medical therapy. Selective vasoconstrictive therapy is highly effective in controlling bleeding from superficial mucosal lesions although less effective for bleeding from major arteries as is seen in peptic ulcers. Selective transcatheter occlusive therapy is a fast and effective method for controlling arterial bleeding in appropriates cases. For variceal bleeding low dose intravenous infusion of vasopressin is as effective in decreasing portal pressure and blood flow as is selective superior mesenteric infusion. Direct selective occlusion of gastroesophageal varices by the transhepatic approach is a new and exciting method of treatment for variceal bleeding.", "PMID": 373102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1826", "title": "[Cimetidine treatment of reflux esophagitis: results of a double-blind study].", "content": "The effect of cimetidine on healing of reflux esophagitis was investigated in a double blind study in which 16 patients received 1.6 g cimetidine/day and 20 patients placebo. After 6 weeks endoscopic healing or amelioration of the esophagitis was observed in 10 of 20 patients on placebo (50%) and in 9 of 16 patients receiving cimetidine (56%). Continuation of double blind therapy in 24 patients for another 6 weeks led to improved healing in 12 cimetidine patients but not in 10 placebo patients. In only 4 of 16 cimetidine patients there was complete healing of esophagitis at the end of the study. The cimetidine patients had fewer symptoms to a statistically significant degree after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. It is concluded that, despite its statistically significant effects on esophagitis and reflux symptoms, cimetidine therapy of reflux disease is not satisfactory. If cimetidine therapy appears to be indicated, it should be continued for at least 12 weeks.", "contents": "[Cimetidine treatment of reflux esophagitis: results of a double-blind study]. The effect of cimetidine on healing of reflux esophagitis was investigated in a double blind study in which 16 patients received 1.6 g cimetidine/day and 20 patients placebo. After 6 weeks endoscopic healing or amelioration of the esophagitis was observed in 10 of 20 patients on placebo (50%) and in 9 of 16 patients receiving cimetidine (56%). Continuation of double blind therapy in 24 patients for another 6 weeks led to improved healing in 12 cimetidine patients but not in 10 placebo patients. In only 4 of 16 cimetidine patients there was complete healing of esophagitis at the end of the study. The cimetidine patients had fewer symptoms to a statistically significant degree after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. It is concluded that, despite its statistically significant effects on esophagitis and reflux symptoms, cimetidine therapy of reflux disease is not satisfactory. If cimetidine therapy appears to be indicated, it should be continued for at least 12 weeks.", "PMID": 373103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1827", "title": "[Cimetidine prevention of stress ulcers].", "content": "A study of 2015 cases from an intensive care unit shows that prophylactic administration of cimetidine and antacid produces a statistically significant decrease in stress ulcer, as compared with antacid alone or sulpirid and antacids.", "contents": "[Cimetidine prevention of stress ulcers]. A study of 2015 cases from an intensive care unit shows that prophylactic administration of cimetidine and antacid produces a statistically significant decrease in stress ulcer, as compared with antacid alone or sulpirid and antacids.", "PMID": 373104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1828", "title": "[Therapy of duodenal ulcer with cimetidine, pirenzipine and placebo: report on a double-blind randomized study].", "content": "A double-blind randomized controlled study with pirenzepine (75 mg/day), cimetidine (1 g/day) and placebo was performed in 50 consecutive out-patients with duodenal ulcer. The patients also received an antacid containing aluminium hydroxide. Pirenzepine, cimetidine and placebo had similar effects on the 4-week healing rate. Dryness of the mouth was more frequent with pirenzepine than with the other two types of treatment. The incidence of other side effects did not differ in the three groups. A tendency towards more rapid disappearance of subjective symptoms in the patients treated with pirenzepine was not statistically significant. In conclusion, pirenzepine and cimetidine were not superior to placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Therapy of duodenal ulcer with cimetidine, pirenzipine and placebo: report on a double-blind randomized study]. A double-blind randomized controlled study with pirenzepine (75 mg/day), cimetidine (1 g/day) and placebo was performed in 50 consecutive out-patients with duodenal ulcer. The patients also received an antacid containing aluminium hydroxide. Pirenzepine, cimetidine and placebo had similar effects on the 4-week healing rate. Dryness of the mouth was more frequent with pirenzepine than with the other two types of treatment. The incidence of other side effects did not differ in the three groups. A tendency towards more rapid disappearance of subjective symptoms in the patients treated with pirenzepine was not statistically significant. In conclusion, pirenzepine and cimetidine were not superior to placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 373105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1829", "title": "[Viral hypothesis of multiple sclerosis: new aspects].", "content": "A review is presented of the epidemiological and serological data on which the viral hypothesis of multiple sclerosis is based. Recent experiments investigating the capacity of viruses to establish chronic infections are presented as a model to explain the clinical course of the disease. Finally, studies of the molecular interactions of vaccinia virus with the myelin membrane serve as a basis on which to discuss the problem of the mechanism of demyelination.", "contents": "[Viral hypothesis of multiple sclerosis: new aspects]. A review is presented of the epidemiological and serological data on which the viral hypothesis of multiple sclerosis is based. Recent experiments investigating the capacity of viruses to establish chronic infections are presented as a model to explain the clinical course of the disease. Finally, studies of the molecular interactions of vaccinia virus with the myelin membrane serve as a basis on which to discuss the problem of the mechanism of demyelination.", "PMID": 373106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1830", "title": "[BCG sepsis as a fatal complication of BCG vaccination].", "content": "Fatal septicemia with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) following BCG vaccination is always caused by an underlying defect of immunologic mechanisms. At the Children's Hospital, University of Berne, two cases of BCG septicemia were recently observed. The clinical picture, course, and pathogenesis of the illness are discussed. The harmless complications of BCG vaccination are summarized, and a review of the literature on fatal disseminated BCG infection stresses the different type of immunologic mechanism defect and clinical course. Therapy with antituberculous drugs is ineffective. Other therapeutic measures are mentioned. Immunologic tests must be performed rapidly when fatal disseminated BCG infection is suspected, in order to organize genetic counselling as soon as possible. The question whether newborns should still be vaccinated in spite of the numerous complications is discussed and answered in the affirmative.", "contents": "[BCG sepsis as a fatal complication of BCG vaccination]. Fatal septicemia with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) following BCG vaccination is always caused by an underlying defect of immunologic mechanisms. At the Children's Hospital, University of Berne, two cases of BCG septicemia were recently observed. The clinical picture, course, and pathogenesis of the illness are discussed. The harmless complications of BCG vaccination are summarized, and a review of the literature on fatal disseminated BCG infection stresses the different type of immunologic mechanism defect and clinical course. Therapy with antituberculous drugs is ineffective. Other therapeutic measures are mentioned. Immunologic tests must be performed rapidly when fatal disseminated BCG infection is suspected, in order to organize genetic counselling as soon as possible. The question whether newborns should still be vaccinated in spite of the numerous complications is discussed and answered in the affirmative.", "PMID": 373107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1831", "title": "[Cross-over double-blind study using neophylline oral (proxyphylline and diprophylline) in bronchial asthma].", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial 16 asthmatic patients were given placebo or 4 or 8 tablets of Neophyllin (each tablet containing 56 mg proxyphylline and 84 mg diprophylline) on two consecutive days. Very slight bronchodilatation independent of the oral dose and plasma level was observed 90 minutes after taking Neophyllin. However, when a betastimulator was inhaled (0.5 mg salbutamol) prior to taking 8 tablets of Neophyllin, surprisingly marked Neophyllin-induced bronchodilatation was observed after 60 and 90 minutes (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.025). This bronchodilatation was about half that with 4 slow release coated tablets of Neo-Biphyllin (75 mg teophylline in each tablet). When Neophyllin was taken only proxyphylline caused bronchodilatation (no correlation between plasma diprophylline levels and bronchodilatation). The threshold value of plasma proxyphylline was about 13 microgram/ml plasma. Below this level proxyphylline is ineffective (likewise no correlation between plasma proxyphylline levels and bronchodilatation). An oral dose of about 600 mg proxyphylline (in Neophyllin) is needed to reach an effective plasma level within 90 minutes.", "contents": "[Cross-over double-blind study using neophylline oral (proxyphylline and diprophylline) in bronchial asthma]. In a double-blind crossover trial 16 asthmatic patients were given placebo or 4 or 8 tablets of Neophyllin (each tablet containing 56 mg proxyphylline and 84 mg diprophylline) on two consecutive days. Very slight bronchodilatation independent of the oral dose and plasma level was observed 90 minutes after taking Neophyllin. However, when a betastimulator was inhaled (0.5 mg salbutamol) prior to taking 8 tablets of Neophyllin, surprisingly marked Neophyllin-induced bronchodilatation was observed after 60 and 90 minutes (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.025). This bronchodilatation was about half that with 4 slow release coated tablets of Neo-Biphyllin (75 mg teophylline in each tablet). When Neophyllin was taken only proxyphylline caused bronchodilatation (no correlation between plasma diprophylline levels and bronchodilatation). The threshold value of plasma proxyphylline was about 13 microgram/ml plasma. Below this level proxyphylline is ineffective (likewise no correlation between plasma proxyphylline levels and bronchodilatation). An oral dose of about 600 mg proxyphylline (in Neophyllin) is needed to reach an effective plasma level within 90 minutes.", "PMID": 373108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1832", "title": "[Blood picture changes in patients hospitalized in an internal medical department].", "content": "One quarter, i.e. 810 of 3621 patients admitted to a medical department showed quantitative abnormalities of the blood picture even when leukocytosis is excluded. In contrast, only in 113 cases were hematological diseases the main diagnoses on the hospital charts. 18% of the patients hospitalized for the first time had anemia. On analysis of blood changes according to their causes, 28% were found to be of either iatrogenic or toxic origin, the two causes exhibiting roughly the same frequency. The incidence of iatrogenic and toxic blood changes was equal to that of blood abnormalities due to malignant disease including hemoblastoses. Alcohol and phenacetin were the most frequent exogenous toxins, while anticoagulant, immunosuppressant and ulcerogenic drugs were the most frequent iatrogenic causes of abnormalities.", "contents": "[Blood picture changes in patients hospitalized in an internal medical department]. One quarter, i.e. 810 of 3621 patients admitted to a medical department showed quantitative abnormalities of the blood picture even when leukocytosis is excluded. In contrast, only in 113 cases were hematological diseases the main diagnoses on the hospital charts. 18% of the patients hospitalized for the first time had anemia. On analysis of blood changes according to their causes, 28% were found to be of either iatrogenic or toxic origin, the two causes exhibiting roughly the same frequency. The incidence of iatrogenic and toxic blood changes was equal to that of blood abnormalities due to malignant disease including hemoblastoses. Alcohol and phenacetin were the most frequent exogenous toxins, while anticoagulant, immunosuppressant and ulcerogenic drugs were the most frequent iatrogenic causes of abnormalities.", "PMID": 373110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1833", "title": "[Autologous bone marrow reimplantation in children with advanced tumor. First experiences of feasibility].", "content": "In three children with metastatic tumor uncontrollable by conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, bone marrow was obtained under general anesthesia and cryopreserved according to a carefully developed protocol. The autologous bone marrow cells were reinfused after intensive cytostatic therapy and total body irradiation (2 patients). After an aplastic phase of 7--14 days the peripheral blood leukocyte and thrombocyte count began to recover. The toxicity of the intensive treatment preceding the autologous bone marrow transfusion, and the autologous bone marrow cells themselves were well tolerated. The aplastic phase was easily controlled by the use of granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Except for fever and mucosal ulcerations observed during the phase of extreme leukopenia, the general condition of the patients during partial isolation lasting 26--34 days was astonishingly good. One child died 13 weeks after returning home due to a local relapse. The other two patients survived for 6 + and 11 + weeks and are in complete and partial remission respectively. A further evaluation of the clinical significance of autologous bone marrow reimplantations appears to be feasible in pediatric oncology.", "contents": "[Autologous bone marrow reimplantation in children with advanced tumor. First experiences of feasibility]. In three children with metastatic tumor uncontrollable by conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, bone marrow was obtained under general anesthesia and cryopreserved according to a carefully developed protocol. The autologous bone marrow cells were reinfused after intensive cytostatic therapy and total body irradiation (2 patients). After an aplastic phase of 7--14 days the peripheral blood leukocyte and thrombocyte count began to recover. The toxicity of the intensive treatment preceding the autologous bone marrow transfusion, and the autologous bone marrow cells themselves were well tolerated. The aplastic phase was easily controlled by the use of granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Except for fever and mucosal ulcerations observed during the phase of extreme leukopenia, the general condition of the patients during partial isolation lasting 26--34 days was astonishingly good. One child died 13 weeks after returning home due to a local relapse. The other two patients survived for 6 + and 11 + weeks and are in complete and partial remission respectively. A further evaluation of the clinical significance of autologous bone marrow reimplantations appears to be feasible in pediatric oncology.", "PMID": 373111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1834", "title": "[New aspects of liver circulation: effects and consequences for the portocaval shunt therapy in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Hepatic circulation, which is of essential importance in supplying the liver cells with oxygen and substrates needed for securing metabolic homeostasis of the organism, is characterized by well-regulated mechanisms of intrahepatic arterial, portal and hepatovenous interaction. Furthermore, the hepatic circulation is integrated in the systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic as interposed in a high, or respectively low, pressure system. Beside these hemodynamic mechanisms there are also specific morphologic features in the hepatic vascular bed responsible for regulating liver blood flow. For hepatic nutritions and trophics, and for the metabolic homeostasis of the organism, portal blood is of greater importance than arterial. In porto-caval shunt surgery it is recommended that any remaining portal flow to the liver be preserved to the greatest extent possible.", "contents": "[New aspects of liver circulation: effects and consequences for the portocaval shunt therapy in liver cirrhosis]. Hepatic circulation, which is of essential importance in supplying the liver cells with oxygen and substrates needed for securing metabolic homeostasis of the organism, is characterized by well-regulated mechanisms of intrahepatic arterial, portal and hepatovenous interaction. Furthermore, the hepatic circulation is integrated in the systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic as interposed in a high, or respectively low, pressure system. Beside these hemodynamic mechanisms there are also specific morphologic features in the hepatic vascular bed responsible for regulating liver blood flow. For hepatic nutritions and trophics, and for the metabolic homeostasis of the organism, portal blood is of greater importance than arterial. In porto-caval shunt surgery it is recommended that any remaining portal flow to the liver be preserved to the greatest extent possible.", "PMID": 373112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1835", "title": "[Movements of the supporting teeth in Kennedy-Applegate class III and IV restorations].", "content": "Two types of restoration of the class III and two types of the class VI have been tested on a test bench. These restorations react differently to vertical forces than to oblique ones. The fixed bridge reacts best to vertical forces. On the other hand it is the bilateral prosthesis with four Akers clasps which is more favorable to oblique forces. The enclosed saddles function, in this case, as a brake. When the global results (vertical and oblique forces) of induced movements are compared for the two types of class-III restoration (four Akers clasps or two Dolder bars) the differences are insignificant.", "contents": "[Movements of the supporting teeth in Kennedy-Applegate class III and IV restorations]. Two types of restoration of the class III and two types of the class VI have been tested on a test bench. These restorations react differently to vertical forces than to oblique ones. The fixed bridge reacts best to vertical forces. On the other hand it is the bilateral prosthesis with four Akers clasps which is more favorable to oblique forces. The enclosed saddles function, in this case, as a brake. When the global results (vertical and oblique forces) of induced movements are compared for the two types of class-III restoration (four Akers clasps or two Dolder bars) the differences are insignificant.", "PMID": 373113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1836", "title": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons.", "content": "The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.", "contents": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.", "PMID": 373114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1837", "title": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. II. Halogenated saturated hydrocarbons.", "content": "The halogenated saturated hydrocarbons analogously to the previously considered halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons (Part I) possess considerable utility in a broad spectrum of applications including; solvents, dry-cleaning fluids, refrigerants, fumigants, degreasing agents, propellants and intermediates in the production of other chemicals, textiles and plastics. Methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, hexachloroethane, ethyl chloride and fluorocarbons were reviewed principally in terms of their synthesis (or occurrence), areas of application, stability, distribution, reactivity, levels of exposure, populations at risk, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism.", "contents": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. II. Halogenated saturated hydrocarbons. The halogenated saturated hydrocarbons analogously to the previously considered halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons (Part I) possess considerable utility in a broad spectrum of applications including; solvents, dry-cleaning fluids, refrigerants, fumigants, degreasing agents, propellants and intermediates in the production of other chemicals, textiles and plastics. Methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, hexachloroethane, ethyl chloride and fluorocarbons were reviewed principally in terms of their synthesis (or occurrence), areas of application, stability, distribution, reactivity, levels of exposure, populations at risk, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism.", "PMID": 373115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1838", "title": "Determination of halogenated organic compounds and mutagenicity testing of spent bleach liquors.", "content": "The content of organohalogenated compounds in spent bleach liquor from different bleaching stages in a sulphate and a sulphite plant has been determined by a combination of glass capillary gas chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Several compounds which have not been reported before have been identified including halogenated derivatives of dimethyl-propylnaphthalenes and alkylated catechols. The unconcentrated effluents, non-polar and total extracts were tested for mutagenic activity with Ames' Salmonella test. Spent bleach liquors from most bleaching stages as well as the total effluents contained mutagenic compounds. Addition of liver microsomes for metabolic activation reduced the mutagenic activity in all stages except for the first chlorination stage in the sulphate plant. Two isomers of chloro-, bromo-, and dichloro-p-cymene previously determined in effluents from bleaching plants were synthesized from the parent molecule. Both bromo- and dichloro-p-cymene exhibited weak mutagenic activity in the Salmonella test system. Liver microsomes reduced the effect slightly. The chlorinated cymenes were found to account for up to 18% of the total organically-bound chlorine in the non-polar extracts.", "contents": "Determination of halogenated organic compounds and mutagenicity testing of spent bleach liquors. The content of organohalogenated compounds in spent bleach liquor from different bleaching stages in a sulphate and a sulphite plant has been determined by a combination of glass capillary gas chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Several compounds which have not been reported before have been identified including halogenated derivatives of dimethyl-propylnaphthalenes and alkylated catechols. The unconcentrated effluents, non-polar and total extracts were tested for mutagenic activity with Ames' Salmonella test. Spent bleach liquors from most bleaching stages as well as the total effluents contained mutagenic compounds. Addition of liver microsomes for metabolic activation reduced the mutagenic activity in all stages except for the first chlorination stage in the sulphate plant. Two isomers of chloro-, bromo-, and dichloro-p-cymene previously determined in effluents from bleaching plants were synthesized from the parent molecule. Both bromo- and dichloro-p-cymene exhibited weak mutagenic activity in the Salmonella test system. Liver microsomes reduced the effect slightly. The chlorinated cymenes were found to account for up to 18% of the total organically-bound chlorine in the non-polar extracts.", "PMID": 373116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1839", "title": "Pituitary-brain vascular relations: a new paradigm.", "content": "Vascular casts of the pituitary gland have demonstrated a paucity of veins extending from the adenohypophysis to the systemic circulation and have suggested that some adenohypophyseal venous blood returns to the neurohypophysis. The neurohypophyseal capillary bed may function as a vascular switch and in this article a series of 14 questions are proposed regarding the vascular dynamics of the pituitary. Together these questions raise the larger question, namely, whether pituitary hormones are transported directly to the brain to modify brain function?", "contents": "Pituitary-brain vascular relations: a new paradigm. Vascular casts of the pituitary gland have demonstrated a paucity of veins extending from the adenohypophysis to the systemic circulation and have suggested that some adenohypophyseal venous blood returns to the neurohypophysis. The neurohypophyseal capillary bed may function as a vascular switch and in this article a series of 14 questions are proposed regarding the vascular dynamics of the pituitary. Together these questions raise the larger question, namely, whether pituitary hormones are transported directly to the brain to modify brain function?", "PMID": 373118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1840", "title": "\"Sontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in vitro: a form of foreign body (smooth surface) tumorigenesis.", "content": "Explants of subcutaneous connective tissue from adult BALB/c mice into plastic petri dishes were serially subcultured and tested for tumorigenicity in two ways: by the subcutaneous implantation of cells attached to plastic plates (1 by 5 by 10 millimeters), and by the subcutaneous injection of cells suspended in saline. Cells grown in vitro for 18 or more days before being implanted attached to a plastic plate (2.4 x 10(4) to 3.4 x 10(5) cells per plate) formed tumors after 24 to 79 weeks. The latent period before tumor appearance correlated inversely with the time spent by the cells in tissue culture. Cells inoculated in saline suspension (10 to 100 times the above number per plate) did not form tumors until after 84 days in vitro; plates alone did not induce tumor formation within more than 1 1/2 years of implantation. The tumors arising from the plate-attached cells were transplantable without plates and histologically appeared to be undifferentiated sarcomas. It is well established that smooth-surfaced foreign bodies, regardless of their chemical composition, will produce sarcomas when transplanted subcutaneously in rodents. We interpret our data, particularly the decrease in tumor latent period with time spent in tissue culture, as indicating that a smooth surface was acting as a carcinogen first in vitro (the surface of the tissue culture dish) and then in vivo (the surface of the plastic plate).", "contents": "\"Sontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in vitro: a form of foreign body (smooth surface) tumorigenesis. Explants of subcutaneous connective tissue from adult BALB/c mice into plastic petri dishes were serially subcultured and tested for tumorigenicity in two ways: by the subcutaneous implantation of cells attached to plastic plates (1 by 5 by 10 millimeters), and by the subcutaneous injection of cells suspended in saline. Cells grown in vitro for 18 or more days before being implanted attached to a plastic plate (2.4 x 10(4) to 3.4 x 10(5) cells per plate) formed tumors after 24 to 79 weeks. The latent period before tumor appearance correlated inversely with the time spent by the cells in tissue culture. Cells inoculated in saline suspension (10 to 100 times the above number per plate) did not form tumors until after 84 days in vitro; plates alone did not induce tumor formation within more than 1 1/2 years of implantation. The tumors arising from the plate-attached cells were transplantable without plates and histologically appeared to be undifferentiated sarcomas. It is well established that smooth-surfaced foreign bodies, regardless of their chemical composition, will produce sarcomas when transplanted subcutaneously in rodents. We interpret our data, particularly the decrease in tumor latent period with time spent in tissue culture, as indicating that a smooth surface was acting as a carcinogen first in vitro (the surface of the tissue culture dish) and then in vivo (the surface of the plastic plate).", "PMID": 373119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1841", "title": "Split genes and RNA splicing.", "content": "A number of genes in higher organisms and in their viruses appear to be split. That is, they have \"nonsense\" stretches of DNA interspersed within the sense DNA. The cell produces a full RNA transcript of this DNA, nonsense and all, and then appears to splice out the nonsense sequences before sending the RNA to the cytoplasm. In this article what is known about these intervening sequences and about the processing of the RNA is outlined. Also discussed is their possible use and how they might have arisen in evolution.", "contents": "Split genes and RNA splicing. A number of genes in higher organisms and in their viruses appear to be split. That is, they have \"nonsense\" stretches of DNA interspersed within the sense DNA. The cell produces a full RNA transcript of this DNA, nonsense and all, and then appears to splice out the nonsense sequences before sending the RNA to the cytoplasm. In this article what is known about these intervening sequences and about the processing of the RNA is outlined. Also discussed is their possible use and how they might have arisen in evolution.", "PMID": 373120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1842", "title": "Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer.", "content": "Damage to DNA appears to be the major cause of most cancer and genetic birth defects and may contribute to aging and heart disease as well. The agents that cause this damage must be identified. Many of these agents are natural chemicals present in the human diet as complex mixtures. The tens of thousands of man-made chemicals that have been introduced into the environment in the last few decades must also be tested for their ability to damage DNA. Existing animal tests and human epidemiology alone are inadequate for this task because of time, expense, and the difficulty of dealing with complex mixtures, Newly developed short-term tests, most of them assaying for mutagenicity, are discussed as key tools in identifying environmental mutagens and carcinogens.", "contents": "Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer. Damage to DNA appears to be the major cause of most cancer and genetic birth defects and may contribute to aging and heart disease as well. The agents that cause this damage must be identified. Many of these agents are natural chemicals present in the human diet as complex mixtures. The tens of thousands of man-made chemicals that have been introduced into the environment in the last few decades must also be tested for their ability to damage DNA. Existing animal tests and human epidemiology alone are inadequate for this task because of time, expense, and the difficulty of dealing with complex mixtures, Newly developed short-term tests, most of them assaying for mutagenicity, are discussed as key tools in identifying environmental mutagens and carcinogens.", "PMID": 373122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1843", "title": "Traumatic hemobilia: coordination of roentgenographic, scintigraphic, and angiographic findings.", "content": "This report proffers a diagram of radiologic procedures to aid in the diagnosis of traumatic hemobilia and updates the most important radiologic findings of hemobilia to demonstrate the value of the coordinated use of liver scintigraphy and angiography. According to the diagnostic schema, evaluation of biliary tract hemorrhage progresses from plain films through liver scintigraphy and angiography. Depending on the procedure yielding positive results, logical termination or progression is possible at any stage of the work-up.", "contents": "Traumatic hemobilia: coordination of roentgenographic, scintigraphic, and angiographic findings. This report proffers a diagram of radiologic procedures to aid in the diagnosis of traumatic hemobilia and updates the most important radiologic findings of hemobilia to demonstrate the value of the coordinated use of liver scintigraphy and angiography. According to the diagnostic schema, evaluation of biliary tract hemorrhage progresses from plain films through liver scintigraphy and angiography. Depending on the procedure yielding positive results, logical termination or progression is possible at any stage of the work-up.", "PMID": 373123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1844", "title": "Primary dysmenorrhea treated with indomethacin.", "content": "Primary dysmenorrhea is a difficult entity to treat, and therapy is usually directed at relieving symptoms. There is some indication that this disorder is caused by an increase in prostaglandin F2alpha. Therefore, logically the treatment may include antiprostaglandin agents. We have studied 32 women with the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea in a randomized double-blind fashion using a placebo and indomethacin. Both agents were taken three times a day over four cycles, and therapy was begun two days before the usual onset of pelvic pain. Only two of 16 patients in the placebo group were significantly improved in the four-month treatment cycles while all 16 in the treatment group showed some improvement, 11 having cessation of pain. In the six months following the study period, all patients were given indomethacin. The original treatment group did not change significantly. However, all in the placebo group when switched to indomethacin had some relief, 12 of the 16 showing complete cessation of pain. Gastric irritation was the main side effect and was present in 18% of the treatment group and 12% in the placebo group. Indomethacin appears to effectively relieve primary dysmenorrhea and does not appear to be associated with a high incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Primary dysmenorrhea treated with indomethacin. Primary dysmenorrhea is a difficult entity to treat, and therapy is usually directed at relieving symptoms. There is some indication that this disorder is caused by an increase in prostaglandin F2alpha. Therefore, logically the treatment may include antiprostaglandin agents. We have studied 32 women with the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea in a randomized double-blind fashion using a placebo and indomethacin. Both agents were taken three times a day over four cycles, and therapy was begun two days before the usual onset of pelvic pain. Only two of 16 patients in the placebo group were significantly improved in the four-month treatment cycles while all 16 in the treatment group showed some improvement, 11 having cessation of pain. In the six months following the study period, all patients were given indomethacin. The original treatment group did not change significantly. However, all in the placebo group when switched to indomethacin had some relief, 12 of the 16 showing complete cessation of pain. Gastric irritation was the main side effect and was present in 18% of the treatment group and 12% in the placebo group. Indomethacin appears to effectively relieve primary dysmenorrhea and does not appear to be associated with a high incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 373124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1845", "title": "Cost containment: medical system rehabilitation or reform.", "content": "Cost containment is considered the premier goal for improvement of the medical care system. Before any other steps can be taken to improve availability, accessibility, or quality, or before introduction of any governmental programs for the removal of economic obstacles to obtaining medical care,--in other words, before any effort to make the medical care system more equitable--the rapid hyperinflation of medical care costs must be arrested. It is argued here that the defects of the system as currently operating are such that no cost control effort can be effective without radical change and reorganization of the system itself: methods of practice, methods of reimbursing providers, and methods of assuring accountability and supervision. And it is further argued, that if only cost control measures are instituted, not only will inflation not be stemmed, but it will be further aggravated and at the same time, the poor and minorities now suffering the consequences of an inadequate, ineffective, and unresponsive medical care system will be further deprived.", "contents": "Cost containment: medical system rehabilitation or reform. Cost containment is considered the premier goal for improvement of the medical care system. Before any other steps can be taken to improve availability, accessibility, or quality, or before introduction of any governmental programs for the removal of economic obstacles to obtaining medical care,--in other words, before any effort to make the medical care system more equitable--the rapid hyperinflation of medical care costs must be arrested. It is argued here that the defects of the system as currently operating are such that no cost control effort can be effective without radical change and reorganization of the system itself: methods of practice, methods of reimbursing providers, and methods of assuring accountability and supervision. And it is further argued, that if only cost control measures are instituted, not only will inflation not be stemmed, but it will be further aggravated and at the same time, the poor and minorities now suffering the consequences of an inadequate, ineffective, and unresponsive medical care system will be further deprived.", "PMID": 373126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1846", "title": "Intravenous metronidazole therapy for Bacteroides fragilis meningitis.", "content": "A 69-year-old man developed meningitis due to Bacteroides fragilis and Streptococcus MG-intermedius, which progressed during chloramphenicol and nafcillin therapy to the extent that he seemed near death, with frank pus covering the spinal cord at surgery. Treatment with intravenous metronidazole and penicillin G was curative. After multiple trauma, a 20-year-old man developed meningitis due to Escherichia coli and B fragilis. He failed to respond to chloramphenicol alone, but responded to combined treatment with chloramphenicol and metronidazole. The right frontal sinus and epidural space abscesses were drained and a right frontal lobe abscess was excised. Metronidazole may be a uniquely effective agent for treatment of meningitis due to susceptible strains of Bacteroides fragilis.", "contents": "Intravenous metronidazole therapy for Bacteroides fragilis meningitis. A 69-year-old man developed meningitis due to Bacteroides fragilis and Streptococcus MG-intermedius, which progressed during chloramphenicol and nafcillin therapy to the extent that he seemed near death, with frank pus covering the spinal cord at surgery. Treatment with intravenous metronidazole and penicillin G was curative. After multiple trauma, a 20-year-old man developed meningitis due to Escherichia coli and B fragilis. He failed to respond to chloramphenicol alone, but responded to combined treatment with chloramphenicol and metronidazole. The right frontal sinus and epidural space abscesses were drained and a right frontal lobe abscess was excised. Metronidazole may be a uniquely effective agent for treatment of meningitis due to susceptible strains of Bacteroides fragilis.", "PMID": 373128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1847", "title": "Clearance of falciparum parasitaemia with a single dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Vientiane, Laos.", "content": "A total of 49 semi-immune Laotians aged 3 to 49 years, with falciparum malaria were treated with a single dose of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (1500 mg, 75 mg, adult dose), in Vientiane, Laos. On day 7 after treatment the 49 cases were asymptomatic with complete disappearance of patent asexual parasitaemia. The result is compared with that obtained from treating 48 similar cases with a standard dose of chloroquine over 3 days.", "contents": "Clearance of falciparum parasitaemia with a single dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Vientiane, Laos. A total of 49 semi-immune Laotians aged 3 to 49 years, with falciparum malaria were treated with a single dose of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (1500 mg, 75 mg, adult dose), in Vientiane, Laos. On day 7 after treatment the 49 cases were asymptomatic with complete disappearance of patent asexual parasitaemia. The result is compared with that obtained from treating 48 similar cases with a standard dose of chloroquine over 3 days.", "PMID": 373131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1848", "title": "Caffey's disease in Cape Town.", "content": "Six cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis or Caffey's disease are presented, with opinions as to its prevalence, incidence and origin.", "contents": "Caffey's disease in Cape Town. Six cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis or Caffey's disease are presented, with opinions as to its prevalence, incidence and origin.", "PMID": 373139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1849", "title": "Bioautographic visualization of aminoacylase-1: assignment of the structural gene ACY-1 to chromosome 3 in man.", "content": "A bioautographic assay was developed for the visualization of aminoacylase-1 (N-acylamino acid aminohydrolase, ACY-1; EC 3.5.1.14) after zone electrophoresis. Bioautography and species differences in electrophoretic mobility of ACY-1 made it possible to investigate the chromosome assignment of the gene for human ACY-1 using human--mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human ACY-1 segregated concordantly with beta-galactosidase-A (beta GALA; EC 3.2.1.23) but showed discordant segregation with 32 other markers representing 23 linkage groups. The beta GALA gene has been previously assigned to chromosome 3. From this evidence and confirming chromosome analyses, ACY-1 has been assigned to chromosome 3. A genetic polymorphism in the electrophoretic mobility of ACY was observed in mouse strains, demonstrating that this enzyme can be mapped in genetic crosses of Mus musculus.", "contents": "Bioautographic visualization of aminoacylase-1: assignment of the structural gene ACY-1 to chromosome 3 in man. A bioautographic assay was developed for the visualization of aminoacylase-1 (N-acylamino acid aminohydrolase, ACY-1; EC 3.5.1.14) after zone electrophoresis. Bioautography and species differences in electrophoretic mobility of ACY-1 made it possible to investigate the chromosome assignment of the gene for human ACY-1 using human--mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human ACY-1 segregated concordantly with beta-galactosidase-A (beta GALA; EC 3.2.1.23) but showed discordant segregation with 32 other markers representing 23 linkage groups. The beta GALA gene has been previously assigned to chromosome 3. From this evidence and confirming chromosome analyses, ACY-1 has been assigned to chromosome 3. A genetic polymorphism in the electrophoretic mobility of ACY was observed in mouse strains, demonstrating that this enzyme can be mapped in genetic crosses of Mus musculus.", "PMID": 373141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1850", "title": "Experience with the Russian model 249 suture gun for anastomosis of the rectum.", "content": "The Russian Model 249 circular suturing device used for rectal anastomoses in 62 patients undergoing high or low anterior resection or colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis was technically easy to use. The 38 high anastomoses were all shown to be intact by a Gastrografin, meglucomine diatrigoate, enema study 14 days after the operation. Of the 24 low anastomoses, six demonstrated small, 5 to 10 millimeters, dehiscences, two of the latter being evident also upon clinical examination. At least six of the low anastomoses were made at levels too low for hand suture from the abdomen. In three patients, moderate hemorrhage from the anastomotic site during the first two or three days complicated the situation; in all, it ceased spontaneously. In two patients, strictures developed, one of which rectified itself once the fecal stream was restored to the rectum on closing the transverse colostomy, the other was submitted to instrumental dilation, perhaps unnecessarily. The Model 249 circular suturing device provides colorectal anastomoses that are at least as secure as those done by hand suture and, sometimes, enables an anastomosis to be made at a lower level than would be possible by the conventional suture technique through the abdomen. Bleeding from the anastomotic site and subsequent stricture formation are rare complications of this technique.", "contents": "Experience with the Russian model 249 suture gun for anastomosis of the rectum. The Russian Model 249 circular suturing device used for rectal anastomoses in 62 patients undergoing high or low anterior resection or colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis was technically easy to use. The 38 high anastomoses were all shown to be intact by a Gastrografin, meglucomine diatrigoate, enema study 14 days after the operation. Of the 24 low anastomoses, six demonstrated small, 5 to 10 millimeters, dehiscences, two of the latter being evident also upon clinical examination. At least six of the low anastomoses were made at levels too low for hand suture from the abdomen. In three patients, moderate hemorrhage from the anastomotic site during the first two or three days complicated the situation; in all, it ceased spontaneously. In two patients, strictures developed, one of which rectified itself once the fecal stream was restored to the rectum on closing the transverse colostomy, the other was submitted to instrumental dilation, perhaps unnecessarily. The Model 249 circular suturing device provides colorectal anastomoses that are at least as secure as those done by hand suture and, sometimes, enables an anastomosis to be made at a lower level than would be possible by the conventional suture technique through the abdomen. Bleeding from the anastomotic site and subsequent stricture formation are rare complications of this technique.", "PMID": 373142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1851", "title": "Surgical correction of longitudinal median or paramedian incisional hernia.", "content": "A new surgical technique for the correction of longitudinal median and paramedian incisional hernia uses the hernial sac itself, a tissue of good resistance and healing properties, to cover raw areas, remake the abdominal wall anatomy, propitiate tensionless sutures and render unnecessary the use of prosthetic material, even in the largest hernia.", "contents": "Surgical correction of longitudinal median or paramedian incisional hernia. A new surgical technique for the correction of longitudinal median and paramedian incisional hernia uses the hernial sac itself, a tissue of good resistance and healing properties, to cover raw areas, remake the abdominal wall anatomy, propitiate tensionless sutures and render unnecessary the use of prosthetic material, even in the largest hernia.", "PMID": 373143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1852", "title": "Extracorporeal perfusion without anticoagulation and the response to endotoxin.", "content": "The results of this study show that an extracorporeal perfusion system without anticoagulation can be established in the dog under certain conditions. The exact mechanisms merit further investigation. It also points to a model to study the effects of endotoxin without heparin interference and as another model for studying the canine blood coagulation system.", "contents": "Extracorporeal perfusion without anticoagulation and the response to endotoxin. The results of this study show that an extracorporeal perfusion system without anticoagulation can be established in the dog under certain conditions. The exact mechanisms merit further investigation. It also points to a model to study the effects of endotoxin without heparin interference and as another model for studying the canine blood coagulation system.", "PMID": 373144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1853", "title": "Results of simple scar excision and layered repair with elevation in facial scars.", "content": "Spreading tension across scars is curtailed when revised by simple scar excision and layered repair with elevation of wound margins. The procedure has reduced the width and leveled the scar to the surrounding skin in all our patients. Hairline scars result more frequently in scars of less width preoperatively.", "contents": "Results of simple scar excision and layered repair with elevation in facial scars. Spreading tension across scars is curtailed when revised by simple scar excision and layered repair with elevation of wound margins. The procedure has reduced the width and leveled the scar to the surrounding skin in all our patients. Hairline scars result more frequently in scars of less width preoperatively.", "PMID": 373145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1854", "title": "Parathyroid transplantation: fate of a long-term allograft in man.", "content": "Previously our group reported clinical, histological, and biochemical evidence of parathyroid allograft survival in a patient transplanted sequentially with renal and parathyroid tissues from the same donor. After 30 months of function, both grafts were concomitantly rrjected. The prolonged parathyroid allograft survival described in certain experimental animals has been attributed to the tissue's being \"immunologically privileged.\" Our current clinical observations do not support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Parathyroid transplantation: fate of a long-term allograft in man. Previously our group reported clinical, histological, and biochemical evidence of parathyroid allograft survival in a patient transplanted sequentially with renal and parathyroid tissues from the same donor. After 30 months of function, both grafts were concomitantly rrjected. The prolonged parathyroid allograft survival described in certain experimental animals has been attributed to the tissue's being \"immunologically privileged.\" Our current clinical observations do not support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 373147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1855", "title": "Abnormalities in organ blood flow and its distribution during positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Current evidence is inconclusive regarding the possibility that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) redistributes flow and may be directly responsible for systemic organ dysfunction. This study tests the hypothesis that PEEP may induce abnormalities in the distribution of cardiac output (CO). Eight anesthetized dogs were studied during (1) 0 cm H2O PEEP (Z1), (2) 15 cm H2O PEEP  (P), (3) Z2, and (4) bleeding (B) to reduce the CO to the same level as P. At each of the four periods, a different 15 mu radiolabelled microsphere was injected into the left atrium. Another four dogs were used to varify that each type of microsphere had the same flow distribution. CO fell from 3.1 liters/min to 1.9 during P (P smaller than 0.01) and to 2.0 during B (P smaller than 0.01). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) declined from 102 to 83 mm Hg (P smaller than 0.01) and 86 mm Hg (P smaller than 0.01(, respectively. Left atrial pressure (LAP) rose from 5.0 to 7.9 mm Hg during P (P smaller than 0.01) and fell during B to 2.7 mm Hg. c0 and its distribution were the same during Z1 and Z2. P caused selective reductions in hepatic (52%), adrenal (25%), and bronchial (24%) blood flows (P smaller than 0.01). In contrast, total flow to these  organs during B was the same as during Z. Total renal flow was unchanged by P or B, but the cortical:medullary flow ratio increased during P from 24 to 49 (P smaller than 0.01) and was unchanged by B. P induced a decrease in fundal nucosal flow as compared with Z (P smaller than 0.01). Total coronary flow fell from 100 to 64 ml/min during both P and B (P smaller than 0.01). P led to a selective fall in subendocardial flow (67 ml/min X 100 gm) as compared with B (82.5 ML/MIN X 100 gm, P smaller than 0.01) as well as in the subendocardial:subepicardial flow ratio (1.069 vs. 1.112 ml/min X 100 gm, P smaller than 0.05). It is likely that the higher left ventricular filling pressure (LAP) during P as compared with during B compressed the endocardium and induced relative ischemia. Similarly the high airway pressure during P may have impeded bronchial mucosal flow. The causes and consequences of the other P-induced variations in flow are speculative.", "contents": "Abnormalities in organ blood flow and its distribution during positive end-expiratory pressure. Current evidence is inconclusive regarding the possibility that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) redistributes flow and may be directly responsible for systemic organ dysfunction. This study tests the hypothesis that PEEP may induce abnormalities in the distribution of cardiac output (CO). Eight anesthetized dogs were studied during (1) 0 cm H2O PEEP (Z1), (2) 15 cm H2O PEEP  (P), (3) Z2, and (4) bleeding (B) to reduce the CO to the same level as P. At each of the four periods, a different 15 mu radiolabelled microsphere was injected into the left atrium. Another four dogs were used to varify that each type of microsphere had the same flow distribution. CO fell from 3.1 liters/min to 1.9 during P (P smaller than 0.01) and to 2.0 during B (P smaller than 0.01). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) declined from 102 to 83 mm Hg (P smaller than 0.01) and 86 mm Hg (P smaller than 0.01(, respectively. Left atrial pressure (LAP) rose from 5.0 to 7.9 mm Hg during P (P smaller than 0.01) and fell during B to 2.7 mm Hg. c0 and its distribution were the same during Z1 and Z2. P caused selective reductions in hepatic (52%), adrenal (25%), and bronchial (24%) blood flows (P smaller than 0.01). In contrast, total flow to these  organs during B was the same as during Z. Total renal flow was unchanged by P or B, but the cortical:medullary flow ratio increased during P from 24 to 49 (P smaller than 0.01) and was unchanged by B. P induced a decrease in fundal nucosal flow as compared with Z (P smaller than 0.01). Total coronary flow fell from 100 to 64 ml/min during both P and B (P smaller than 0.01). P led to a selective fall in subendocardial flow (67 ml/min X 100 gm) as compared with B (82.5 ML/MIN X 100 gm, P smaller than 0.01) as well as in the subendocardial:subepicardial flow ratio (1.069 vs. 1.112 ml/min X 100 gm, P smaller than 0.05). It is likely that the higher left ventricular filling pressure (LAP) during P as compared with during B compressed the endocardium and induced relative ischemia. Similarly the high airway pressure during P may have impeded bronchial mucosal flow. The causes and consequences of the other P-induced variations in flow are speculative.", "PMID": 373148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1856", "title": "Valentine Mott (1785-1865), the father of American vascular surgery: a historical perspective.", "content": "Valentine Mott was one of the most eminent physicians of the first half of the 19th century. Recognized as a pioneer vascular surgeon, he is credited with having performed at least eight original surgical procedures. Included within his lifetime operative record are ligations of the innominate artery, the common and external carotids, the right subclavian artery, the common, external and internal iliac arteries, the femoral artery, and the popliteal a;tery for the treatment of aneurysmal disease. In addition, he was highly regarded for his innovative approach to venous problems. This is most remarkable in that all of this work was done prior to the discovery of anesthesia, antisepsis, and the use of transfusions. Through research, utilizing primary archival and secondary source material in the form of previously unpublished manuscripts, correspondence, and background information, a biography of his life is presented. When his many surgical successes are placed in proper historical perspective, Valentine Mott can truly be called the Father of American Vascular Surgery.", "contents": "Valentine Mott (1785-1865), the father of American vascular surgery: a historical perspective. Valentine Mott was one of the most eminent physicians of the first half of the 19th century. Recognized as a pioneer vascular surgeon, he is credited with having performed at least eight original surgical procedures. Included within his lifetime operative record are ligations of the innominate artery, the common and external carotids, the right subclavian artery, the common, external and internal iliac arteries, the femoral artery, and the popliteal a;tery for the treatment of aneurysmal disease. In addition, he was highly regarded for his innovative approach to venous problems. This is most remarkable in that all of this work was done prior to the discovery of anesthesia, antisepsis, and the use of transfusions. Through research, utilizing primary archival and secondary source material in the form of previously unpublished manuscripts, correspondence, and background information, a biography of his life is presented. When his many surgical successes are placed in proper historical perspective, Valentine Mott can truly be called the Father of American Vascular Surgery.", "PMID": 373149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1857", "title": "Management of of arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the innominate artery.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the innominate artery is an unusual lesion. A review of the literature has revealed many approaches to this problem in the past, but the mortality rate has remained significant and serious complications have been frequent. Computerized axial tomography and noninvasive cerebrovascular methods can be useful in managing this lesion. Vein grafts from the ascending aorta to the common carotid and subclavian arteries were used to revascularize a patient following resection of an innominate aneurysm.", "contents": "Management of of arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the innominate artery. Arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the innominate artery is an unusual lesion. A review of the literature has revealed many approaches to this problem in the past, but the mortality rate has remained significant and serious complications have been frequent. Computerized axial tomography and noninvasive cerebrovascular methods can be useful in managing this lesion. Vein grafts from the ascending aorta to the common carotid and subclavian arteries were used to revascularize a patient following resection of an innominate aneurysm.", "PMID": 373150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1858", "title": "Results of renal transplantation using pediatric cadaver donors.", "content": "In order to determine the results of transplantation using pediatric cadaver donors, a retrospective analysis of a series of 502 renal transplant recipients was carried out. Methods of procurement, preservation, recipient selection, and immunosuppressive regimen were similar for all patients. Sixty-five recipients were approximately equally divided into three groups whose donors were younger than 5 years of age, 6 to 10 years old, and 11 to 15 years. These three groups then were compared with each other and to a randomly selected representative group of recipients whose donors were adults (16 years or older) for the following parameters: actuarial graft and patient survival, causes of graft failure and patient death, level of serum creatinine in currently functioning grafts, and recipient age. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for any parameter except that the mean age of recipients was approximately 16 years for the donors up to 5 years of age and was between 31 and 36 years for the other donor age groups (P = 0.01). These results support the contention that brain-dead pediatric patients of any age should be considered to be potential cadaveric kidney donors. Exclusion of these patients is very wasteful and also is unnecessary since results of transplantation equal to those obtained with adult donors can be expected. Technical graft failures should not be more frequent than with adult kidneys, and there is no need to modify the basic surgical technique for small kidneys in order to achieve this.", "contents": "Results of renal transplantation using pediatric cadaver donors. In order to determine the results of transplantation using pediatric cadaver donors, a retrospective analysis of a series of 502 renal transplant recipients was carried out. Methods of procurement, preservation, recipient selection, and immunosuppressive regimen were similar for all patients. Sixty-five recipients were approximately equally divided into three groups whose donors were younger than 5 years of age, 6 to 10 years old, and 11 to 15 years. These three groups then were compared with each other and to a randomly selected representative group of recipients whose donors were adults (16 years or older) for the following parameters: actuarial graft and patient survival, causes of graft failure and patient death, level of serum creatinine in currently functioning grafts, and recipient age. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for any parameter except that the mean age of recipients was approximately 16 years for the donors up to 5 years of age and was between 31 and 36 years for the other donor age groups (P = 0.01). These results support the contention that brain-dead pediatric patients of any age should be considered to be potential cadaveric kidney donors. Exclusion of these patients is very wasteful and also is unnecessary since results of transplantation equal to those obtained with adult donors can be expected. Technical graft failures should not be more frequent than with adult kidneys, and there is no need to modify the basic surgical technique for small kidneys in order to achieve this.", "PMID": 373151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1859", "title": "Abdominal aortic salmonellosis.", "content": "A recent example of Salmonella mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented together with a review of the 24 other cases in the literature. Emphasis is placed on common modes of presentation, diagnosis, and surgical management. A review of current theories of etiology is presented along with a new, more descriptive classification of mycotic aneurysms.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic salmonellosis. A recent example of Salmonella mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented together with a review of the 24 other cases in the literature. Emphasis is placed on common modes of presentation, diagnosis, and surgical management. A review of current theories of etiology is presented along with a new, more descriptive classification of mycotic aneurysms.", "PMID": 373152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1860", "title": "The therapy of otitis externa.", "content": "The clinical findings following the instillation of an aqueous solution containing natamycin, neomycin and hydrocortisone into the ears of dogs exhibiting the signs of otitis externa are described. Out of a total of 143 cases, 50 were also examined microbiologically both before and after treatment in order to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the solution. The severity of the complaint appeared to be of little significance as far as the respons is concerned. A favourable response was noted clinically in 95% and microbiologically in 86% of the cases treated.", "contents": "The therapy of otitis externa. The clinical findings following the instillation of an aqueous solution containing natamycin, neomycin and hydrocortisone into the ears of dogs exhibiting the signs of otitis externa are described. Out of a total of 143 cases, 50 were also examined microbiologically both before and after treatment in order to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the solution. The severity of the complaint appeared to be of little significance as far as the respons is concerned. A favourable response was noted clinically in 95% and microbiologically in 86% of the cases treated.", "PMID": 373160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1861", "title": "Alveolar macrophage function in nickel dust exposed rabbits.", "content": "8 rabbits were exposed to metallic nickel dust (2 mg/m3, of which about half was respirable) for 4 weeks. The lungs were lavaged and the macrophages were collected. In comparison with 8 control rabbits, a significant increase was noted in the nickel exposed rabbits as concerned the weight and density of the lungs, the size variation of the lung cells, the phagocytosis of silver coated particles, and the metabolic activity as measured by NBT reduction. The last mentioned increase was recorded during basal conditions as well as during phagocytosis. The NBT reduction during phagocytosis was significantly correlated with the degree of phagocytosis of silver coated particles in both control and exposed rabbits. It is suggested that the exposure to nickel dust has unspecifically activated the macrophages perhaps by increased production of phospholipids.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophage function in nickel dust exposed rabbits. 8 rabbits were exposed to metallic nickel dust (2 mg/m3, of which about half was respirable) for 4 weeks. The lungs were lavaged and the macrophages were collected. In comparison with 8 control rabbits, a significant increase was noted in the nickel exposed rabbits as concerned the weight and density of the lungs, the size variation of the lung cells, the phagocytosis of silver coated particles, and the metabolic activity as measured by NBT reduction. The last mentioned increase was recorded during basal conditions as well as during phagocytosis. The NBT reduction during phagocytosis was significantly correlated with the degree of phagocytosis of silver coated particles in both control and exposed rabbits. It is suggested that the exposure to nickel dust has unspecifically activated the macrophages perhaps by increased production of phospholipids.", "PMID": 373162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1862", "title": "[The value of the gingival cytogram for the evaluation of hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "The results obtained from the cytological examination of gingival smears taken during one cycle demonstrate that the effect of the depot contraceptive Deposiston on the gingivae is measurable.", "contents": "[The value of the gingival cytogram for the evaluation of hormonal contraceptives]. The results obtained from the cytological examination of gingival smears taken during one cycle demonstrate that the effect of the depot contraceptive Deposiston on the gingivae is measurable.", "PMID": 373163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1863", "title": "[Evaluation of therapy with removable cast partial dentures. 2. Faulty design as a cause of therapeutic failure].", "content": "On the basis of follow-up examinations in patients with removable cast partial prostheses, the author points to ill-designed construction forms that are conspicuous above all by their supporting elements and denture bases.", "contents": "[Evaluation of therapy with removable cast partial dentures. 2. Faulty design as a cause of therapeutic failure]. On the basis of follow-up examinations in patients with removable cast partial prostheses, the author points to ill-designed construction forms that are conspicuous above all by their supporting elements and denture bases.", "PMID": 373164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1864", "title": "[Inlays as support for removable cast partial dentures].", "content": "On the basis of follow-up examinations in patients with removable cast partial prostheses, the author emphasizes the necessity of placing inlays as interlocks on abutment teeth, and he gives advice on inlay designs which are in conformity with prosthetic therapy.", "contents": "[Inlays as support for removable cast partial dentures]. On the basis of follow-up examinations in patients with removable cast partial prostheses, the author emphasizes the necessity of placing inlays as interlocks on abutment teeth, and he gives advice on inlay designs which are in conformity with prosthetic therapy.", "PMID": 373165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1865", "title": "[The prosthesis hygiene index--a method for documentation and health education].", "content": "The microbial plaques retained in the unphysiological space between oral mucosa and denture base in case of unsatisfactory denture cleaning are always an inflammation factor that is of particular importance from the viewpoints of pathogenesis and therapy. The described denture hygiene index has been developed for the objective evaluation of denture uncleanliness and of the efficacy of hygiene measures.", "contents": "[The prosthesis hygiene index--a method for documentation and health education]. The microbial plaques retained in the unphysiological space between oral mucosa and denture base in case of unsatisfactory denture cleaning are always an inflammation factor that is of particular importance from the viewpoints of pathogenesis and therapy. The described denture hygiene index has been developed for the objective evaluation of denture uncleanliness and of the efficacy of hygiene measures.", "PMID": 373166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1866", "title": "[New aspects of therapy for alveolitis with Grisaldon].", "content": "In the GDR, Grisaldon has been used in alveolitis therapy since 1974. The results from the bacteriological testing of this preparation and the diluting and rinsing effects of saliva and blood on it arouse doubts about its antibacterial efficiency. Thrombelastographic studies demonstrated the clotting-accelerating and the marked fibrin-stabilizing effect of pure acetylsalicylic acid. In contrast to other publications, it was stated that the p-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester is absolutely indifferent. Histological studies on animals have shown that Grisaldon is detectable in the alveolus as a foreign body even 28 days after application, and that it decelerates wound healing.", "contents": "[New aspects of therapy for alveolitis with Grisaldon]. In the GDR, Grisaldon has been used in alveolitis therapy since 1974. The results from the bacteriological testing of this preparation and the diluting and rinsing effects of saliva and blood on it arouse doubts about its antibacterial efficiency. Thrombelastographic studies demonstrated the clotting-accelerating and the marked fibrin-stabilizing effect of pure acetylsalicylic acid. In contrast to other publications, it was stated that the p-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester is absolutely indifferent. Histological studies on animals have shown that Grisaldon is detectable in the alveolus as a foreign body even 28 days after application, and that it decelerates wound healing.", "PMID": 373167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1867", "title": "[The effect of hormones on the periodontal condition--clinical studies on 300 female patients].", "content": "In this study 300 women (100 pregnant women, 100 women taking contraceptives and 100 women without contraceptive medication) were examined, recording the periodontal condition (using a computer-orientated chart) and the periodontal index according to K\u00f6tzschke. The values for the total index and the superficial and deep components of the index according to K\u00f6tzschke, the pocket depth and the degree of tooth mobility (determined for each tooth) were significantly higher in women under contraceptive medication than in the control subjects.", "contents": "[The effect of hormones on the periodontal condition--clinical studies on 300 female patients]. In this study 300 women (100 pregnant women, 100 women taking contraceptives and 100 women without contraceptive medication) were examined, recording the periodontal condition (using a computer-orientated chart) and the periodontal index according to K\u00f6tzschke. The values for the total index and the superficial and deep components of the index according to K\u00f6tzschke, the pocket depth and the degree of tooth mobility (determined for each tooth) were significantly higher in women under contraceptive medication than in the control subjects.", "PMID": 373168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1868", "title": "A bibliography of suicide notes: 1856-1979.", "content": "A bibliography of suicide notes, arranged chronologically, from 1856 to the present (1979) is presented without comment.", "contents": "A bibliography of suicide notes: 1856-1979. A bibliography of suicide notes, arranged chronologically, from 1856 to the present (1979) is presented without comment.", "PMID": 373169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1869", "title": "Aphakic glaucoma.", "content": "The cause of aphakic glaucoma should always be determined because treatment must be directed towards the aetiological mechanism. We have defined early aphakic glaucoma as that occurring within the first 6 postoperative weeks and late aphakic glaucoma as occurring at any later time. Of the various causes of glaucoma in each category, among the most serious and challenging to treat are pupillary block and angle closure. These emanate from postoperative shallow or empty anterior chambers which are associated with wound fistula, choroidal detachment, or a combination of both. Other mechanisms producing aphakic glaucoma are inflammation, alpha chymotrypsin, epithelial downgrowth, and iris cysts. Pressure elevation unrelated to aphakic glaucoma may also result from intraocular tumours, recurrence of glaucoma secondary to uveitis, and undiagnosed preexisting primary glaucoma.", "contents": "Aphakic glaucoma. The cause of aphakic glaucoma should always be determined because treatment must be directed towards the aetiological mechanism. We have defined early aphakic glaucoma as that occurring within the first 6 postoperative weeks and late aphakic glaucoma as occurring at any later time. Of the various causes of glaucoma in each category, among the most serious and challenging to treat are pupillary block and angle closure. These emanate from postoperative shallow or empty anterior chambers which are associated with wound fistula, choroidal detachment, or a combination of both. Other mechanisms producing aphakic glaucoma are inflammation, alpha chymotrypsin, epithelial downgrowth, and iris cysts. Pressure elevation unrelated to aphakic glaucoma may also result from intraocular tumours, recurrence of glaucoma secondary to uveitis, and undiagnosed preexisting primary glaucoma.", "PMID": 373170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1870", "title": "Management of trauma of the anterior segment.", "content": "Since the introduction of the operating microscope the technique of wound repair has improved from purely reconstructive to preventive principles. In dealing with severe injuries of the anterior segment, the performance of vitrectomy seems to be the main problem. Secondary damage of the vitreous base has to be avoided, especially in children and juveniles. Prophylactic measurements against retinal detachment has proved to be useful. Using a light interference technique, the mode of action of different cutting instruments in the vitreous can be demonstrated. The guillotine technique seems to have the least distant effect. The scheme of surgical treatment has to be adapted to the individual situation and to the capability of the surgeon.", "contents": "Management of trauma of the anterior segment. Since the introduction of the operating microscope the technique of wound repair has improved from purely reconstructive to preventive principles. In dealing with severe injuries of the anterior segment, the performance of vitrectomy seems to be the main problem. Secondary damage of the vitreous base has to be avoided, especially in children and juveniles. Prophylactic measurements against retinal detachment has proved to be useful. Using a light interference technique, the mode of action of different cutting instruments in the vitreous can be demonstrated. The guillotine technique seems to have the least distant effect. The scheme of surgical treatment has to be adapted to the individual situation and to the capability of the surgeon.", "PMID": 373173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1871", "title": "Ocular penetration of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone into the aqueous humour after subconjunctival injection.", "content": "The concentration of steroids in the aqueous humour was measured at various intervals after subconjunctival injection in a series of 130 patients of both sexes who came to cataract extraction. Both hydrocortisone acetate (0.5 ml of 2.5 per cent solution) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.5 ml of 0.4 per cent solution) attained a peak concentration in the aqueous of 214.4 and 268.0 micrograms/ml respectively within 10 minutes. Dexamethasone was from 30 to 47 times more effective than hydrocortisone for up to 24 hrs, but the latter provided a reasonably high concentration for up to 7 days.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone into the aqueous humour after subconjunctival injection. The concentration of steroids in the aqueous humour was measured at various intervals after subconjunctival injection in a series of 130 patients of both sexes who came to cataract extraction. Both hydrocortisone acetate (0.5 ml of 2.5 per cent solution) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.5 ml of 0.4 per cent solution) attained a peak concentration in the aqueous of 214.4 and 268.0 micrograms/ml respectively within 10 minutes. Dexamethasone was from 30 to 47 times more effective than hydrocortisone for up to 24 hrs, but the latter provided a reasonably high concentration for up to 7 days.", "PMID": 373174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1872", "title": "Primary repair of eyelid lacerations.", "content": "A brief outline of the principles of repair of eyelid wounds is given. The undesirable consequences of inexpert primary repair are contrasted with the near normal function and cosmesis obtained after repair carried out with the author's 5-layer suturing technique described here for the first time. It is emphasized that, provided there is no ocular perforation, waiting up to 48 hours to obtain optimal conditions for the operation does not affect the outcome.", "contents": "Primary repair of eyelid lacerations. A brief outline of the principles of repair of eyelid wounds is given. The undesirable consequences of inexpert primary repair are contrasted with the near normal function and cosmesis obtained after repair carried out with the author's 5-layer suturing technique described here for the first time. It is emphasized that, provided there is no ocular perforation, waiting up to 48 hours to obtain optimal conditions for the operation does not affect the outcome.", "PMID": 373175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1873", "title": "Specific and nonspecific cytotoxicity of leukocytes from human renal allograft recipients against donor fibroblasts.", "content": "A microcytotoxicity assay was used to search for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, serum-blocking factors, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against fibroblasts of donor origin in 19 human renal allograft recipients. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) were frequently cytotoxic when they were obtained within 6 days prior to rejection, following sustained rejections, and within 1 month after removal of rejected grafts, but the toxicity was usually nonspecific. Recipient PMC were noncytotoxic when they were obtained within 6 days after the onset of an acute reversed rejection and during quiescent intervals when there was no evidence of rejection within 6 days before or after the assay. These data suggest that, regardless of its lack of specificity, there is some relationship between cytotoxicity of recipient PMC and allograft rejection. In none of 69 post-transplant serum samples was ADCC against donor target cells detected with the microcytotoxicity assay.", "contents": "Specific and nonspecific cytotoxicity of leukocytes from human renal allograft recipients against donor fibroblasts. A microcytotoxicity assay was used to search for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, serum-blocking factors, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against fibroblasts of donor origin in 19 human renal allograft recipients. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) were frequently cytotoxic when they were obtained within 6 days prior to rejection, following sustained rejections, and within 1 month after removal of rejected grafts, but the toxicity was usually nonspecific. Recipient PMC were noncytotoxic when they were obtained within 6 days after the onset of an acute reversed rejection and during quiescent intervals when there was no evidence of rejection within 6 days before or after the assay. These data suggest that, regardless of its lack of specificity, there is some relationship between cytotoxicity of recipient PMC and allograft rejection. In none of 69 post-transplant serum samples was ADCC against donor target cells detected with the microcytotoxicity assay.", "PMID": 373179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1874", "title": "Antibodies directed against antigens on the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in patients with rejecting renal allografts.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the humoral immune response against endothelial antigens of the donor kidney in human renal allograft recipients. Sera from 61 transplant recipients who received 62 grafts were studied for the presence of circulating endothelial antibodies (CEAb) using an indirect immunofluorescence technique with a pretransplant biopsy of the graft as a substrate. IgG antibodies directed against the endothelium of peritubular capillaries were found in the sera of 6 of the 10 patients with graft rejection within 7 weeks after transplantation, whereas these antibodies were not found in the absence of rejection (P less than 0.001). Immunofluorescence studies of post-transplant biopsies showed IgG along the endothelium of peritubular capillaries only in the grafts of patients with CEAb. Eluates from these grafts contained IgG antibodies that bound to the endothelium of the donor as shown by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Absorption of endothelial antibody (EAb)-positive sera with human platelets or Wistar strain rat erythrocytes showed that the EAb were not directed against serologically defined HLA antigens or against heterophile antigens on rat erythrocytes. We conclude from this study that the presence of antibodies directed against endothelial antigens is associated with poor graft prognosis and that these antibodies may be responsible for the rejection process.", "contents": "Antibodies directed against antigens on the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in patients with rejecting renal allografts. This study was undertaken to examine the humoral immune response against endothelial antigens of the donor kidney in human renal allograft recipients. Sera from 61 transplant recipients who received 62 grafts were studied for the presence of circulating endothelial antibodies (CEAb) using an indirect immunofluorescence technique with a pretransplant biopsy of the graft as a substrate. IgG antibodies directed against the endothelium of peritubular capillaries were found in the sera of 6 of the 10 patients with graft rejection within 7 weeks after transplantation, whereas these antibodies were not found in the absence of rejection (P less than 0.001). Immunofluorescence studies of post-transplant biopsies showed IgG along the endothelium of peritubular capillaries only in the grafts of patients with CEAb. Eluates from these grafts contained IgG antibodies that bound to the endothelium of the donor as shown by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Absorption of endothelial antibody (EAb)-positive sera with human platelets or Wistar strain rat erythrocytes showed that the EAb were not directed against serologically defined HLA antigens or against heterophile antigens on rat erythrocytes. We conclude from this study that the presence of antibodies directed against endothelial antigens is associated with poor graft prognosis and that these antibodies may be responsible for the rejection process.", "PMID": 373180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1875", "title": "Tolerance to non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens. Transplantation tolerance to the H-4 and H-7 histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "There have been several reports of observations which suggest that transplantation tolerance may be a result of positive immunoregulation rather than simply unresponsiveness attributable to a lack of competent effector cells. In particular, several investigators have reported that tolerance of the H-Y and H-1 histocompatibility antigens is mediated by a population of thymus-derived lymphocytes. In a companion report, we have presented evidence that supports the existence of a suppressor cell to the H-Y antigen. Furthermore, we have observed that female mice rendered tolerant of the H-Y antigens by neonatal exposure to male lymphoid cells or by multiparity accept male skin grafts indefinitely, but inactivate male peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in a second-set fashion. This observation has led us to investigate whether tolerance of other non-H-2 antigens is controlled by a similar mechanism. Using mice congenic with C57BL/10 at the H-4 and H-7 loci, we have shown that mice rendered tolerant of the H-7a and H-4b antigens by neonatal exposure to histoincompatibe lymphoid cells are incapable of rejecting either skin or peritoneal cell allografts, suggesting that identical histocompatibility antigens are present on skin and peritoneal cells. Tolerance induced in neonatal mice to the H-4b and H-7a antigens could not be adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients. These results suggest that tolerance involving the H-4 and H-7 antigens is most likely because of a clonal inactivation of alloantigen-reactive cells as a consequence of neonatal exposure to antigen.", "contents": "Tolerance to non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens. Transplantation tolerance to the H-4 and H-7 histocompatibility antigens. There have been several reports of observations which suggest that transplantation tolerance may be a result of positive immunoregulation rather than simply unresponsiveness attributable to a lack of competent effector cells. In particular, several investigators have reported that tolerance of the H-Y and H-1 histocompatibility antigens is mediated by a population of thymus-derived lymphocytes. In a companion report, we have presented evidence that supports the existence of a suppressor cell to the H-Y antigen. Furthermore, we have observed that female mice rendered tolerant of the H-Y antigens by neonatal exposure to male lymphoid cells or by multiparity accept male skin grafts indefinitely, but inactivate male peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in a second-set fashion. This observation has led us to investigate whether tolerance of other non-H-2 antigens is controlled by a similar mechanism. Using mice congenic with C57BL/10 at the H-4 and H-7 loci, we have shown that mice rendered tolerant of the H-7a and H-4b antigens by neonatal exposure to histoincompatibe lymphoid cells are incapable of rejecting either skin or peritoneal cell allografts, suggesting that identical histocompatibility antigens are present on skin and peritoneal cells. Tolerance induced in neonatal mice to the H-4b and H-7a antigens could not be adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients. These results suggest that tolerance involving the H-4 and H-7 antigens is most likely because of a clonal inactivation of alloantigen-reactive cells as a consequence of neonatal exposure to antigen.", "PMID": 373182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1876", "title": "Cryopreservation of human lymphocytes: a brief review and evaluation of an automated liquid nitrogen freezer.", "content": "Successful cryopreservation of human lymphocytes has been previously described. Cryopreserved lymphocytes are useful for a variety of in vitro immunologic studies. This study was performed to determine the applicability and/or advantages of using a programmable freezing system, and compares glycerol versus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at varying concentrations on post-thaw viability, E-rosetting and immunoglobulin fluorescence. Prefreeze T and B lymphocyte percentages were determined. Cells were then frozen in varying concentrations of glycerol and DMSO. Optimum cryoprotectant type and concentration was determined. Lymphocytes from seven individuals were frozen by the batch method in a mechanical freezer and with the automated liquid nitrogen injection system. Data on post-thaw T and B percentages and viability revealed 10% DMSO and liquid nitrogen control freezing method at 1 C/minute as the best conditions for lymphocyte preservation as reflected by post-thaw in vitro testing.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of human lymphocytes: a brief review and evaluation of an automated liquid nitrogen freezer. Successful cryopreservation of human lymphocytes has been previously described. Cryopreserved lymphocytes are useful for a variety of in vitro immunologic studies. This study was performed to determine the applicability and/or advantages of using a programmable freezing system, and compares glycerol versus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at varying concentrations on post-thaw viability, E-rosetting and immunoglobulin fluorescence. Prefreeze T and B lymphocyte percentages were determined. Cells were then frozen in varying concentrations of glycerol and DMSO. Optimum cryoprotectant type and concentration was determined. Lymphocytes from seven individuals were frozen by the batch method in a mechanical freezer and with the automated liquid nitrogen injection system. Data on post-thaw T and B percentages and viability revealed 10% DMSO and liquid nitrogen control freezing method at 1 C/minute as the best conditions for lymphocyte preservation as reflected by post-thaw in vitro testing.", "PMID": 373178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1877", "title": "Long-term cadaver allograft survival in the recipient with a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch.", "content": "Over a 2 1/2-year period, prospective standard, T, and B lymphocyte crossmatches were performed in 45 cadaver renal transplants using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique. Twenty-three of the 45 recipients had a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch. Cumulative graft survival rates did not differ between recipients with a positive and negative B lymphocyte crossmatch. High levels of presensitization in routine lymphocytotoxic antibody screening or transplant number did not adversely affect graft survival in recipients with a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch. Five recipients had moderately positive standard crossmatches which were attributable to anti-B lymphocytotoxicity. Four of these five grafts are presently functioning with normal serum creatinine levels 9 to 14 months post-transplant. A positive B lymphocyte crossmatch is compatible with good long-term cadaveric renal allograft survival. In addition, a weakly positive standard crossmatch is not a contraindication to transplantation when the positive crossmatch is attributable to anti-B lymphocyte antibody.", "contents": "Long-term cadaver allograft survival in the recipient with a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch. Over a 2 1/2-year period, prospective standard, T, and B lymphocyte crossmatches were performed in 45 cadaver renal transplants using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique. Twenty-three of the 45 recipients had a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch. Cumulative graft survival rates did not differ between recipients with a positive and negative B lymphocyte crossmatch. High levels of presensitization in routine lymphocytotoxic antibody screening or transplant number did not adversely affect graft survival in recipients with a positive B lymphocyte crossmatch. Five recipients had moderately positive standard crossmatches which were attributable to anti-B lymphocytotoxicity. Four of these five grafts are presently functioning with normal serum creatinine levels 9 to 14 months post-transplant. A positive B lymphocyte crossmatch is compatible with good long-term cadaveric renal allograft survival. In addition, a weakly positive standard crossmatch is not a contraindication to transplantation when the positive crossmatch is attributable to anti-B lymphocyte antibody.", "PMID": 373188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1878", "title": "Adverse presensitization to renal transplants. Detection by utilization of a D locus antigen-defined lymphoblastoid cell panel as targets in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays.", "content": "Sera obtained before transplantation from 52 consecutive renal allograft recipients were tested for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and for complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies (CDC). A D locus antigen-defined lymphoblastoid cell panel (B lymphoblastoid cell panel) was used as targets for the ADCC, and a peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) panel from 40 donors was used as targets for the CDC. Of the 343 ADCC assays, 118 of 168 performed with pretransplant sera from 24 recipients with early graft loss were positive, whereas only 81 of 175 performed with pretransplant sera from 25 recipients with a successful graft outcome were positive (P less than 0.001). A significantly greater degree of presensitization to the B lymphoblastoid cell panel was found in the group that lost their grafts as compared to the group with successful grafts (69% versus 49%, P less than 0.001). Sera from all six recipients with hyperacute rejection were positive in the ADCC before and after absorption with pooled platelets. In contrast, pretransplant CDC results were not predictive of ultimate graft outcome. Utilizing any level of cytotoxicity against the PBL panel as an index of adverse presensitization, no significant correlation between pretransplant CDC results and graft outcome was observed. These results suggest a prognostic role for ADCC using a B lymphoblastoid cell panel as targets to screen and identify high-risk potential graft recipients.", "contents": "Adverse presensitization to renal transplants. Detection by utilization of a D locus antigen-defined lymphoblastoid cell panel as targets in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Sera obtained before transplantation from 52 consecutive renal allograft recipients were tested for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and for complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies (CDC). A D locus antigen-defined lymphoblastoid cell panel (B lymphoblastoid cell panel) was used as targets for the ADCC, and a peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) panel from 40 donors was used as targets for the CDC. Of the 343 ADCC assays, 118 of 168 performed with pretransplant sera from 24 recipients with early graft loss were positive, whereas only 81 of 175 performed with pretransplant sera from 25 recipients with a successful graft outcome were positive (P less than 0.001). A significantly greater degree of presensitization to the B lymphoblastoid cell panel was found in the group that lost their grafts as compared to the group with successful grafts (69% versus 49%, P less than 0.001). Sera from all six recipients with hyperacute rejection were positive in the ADCC before and after absorption with pooled platelets. In contrast, pretransplant CDC results were not predictive of ultimate graft outcome. Utilizing any level of cytotoxicity against the PBL panel as an index of adverse presensitization, no significant correlation between pretransplant CDC results and graft outcome was observed. These results suggest a prognostic role for ADCC using a B lymphoblastoid cell panel as targets to screen and identify high-risk potential graft recipients.", "PMID": 373190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1879", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the \"light\" and \"dark\" B-cells in the pancreatic islets of rats].", "content": "The ultrastructure of B-cells in the rat pancreatic islets has been studied under various experimental conditions (thyroidectomy, continuous thyroxine treatment, regeneration after partial pancreatectomy, thyroidectomy with partial pancreatectomy, partial pancreatectomy, partial pancreatectomy with continuous thyroxine treatment). Five types of B-cells have been distinguished. It has been supposed that \"light\" B-cell 1 is related to the stage of secretory granule extrusion, \"light\" B-cell 2 reflects the extrusion of secretory material and the early stages of secretory granule synthesis; \"dark\" B-cell 1 is involved in the intensive synthesis, formation and extrusion of secretory material, and \"dark\" B-cell 2 in the intensive secretory granule synthesis, formation and storage.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the \"light\" and \"dark\" B-cells in the pancreatic islets of rats]. The ultrastructure of B-cells in the rat pancreatic islets has been studied under various experimental conditions (thyroidectomy, continuous thyroxine treatment, regeneration after partial pancreatectomy, thyroidectomy with partial pancreatectomy, partial pancreatectomy, partial pancreatectomy with continuous thyroxine treatment). Five types of B-cells have been distinguished. It has been supposed that \"light\" B-cell 1 is related to the stage of secretory granule extrusion, \"light\" B-cell 2 reflects the extrusion of secretory material and the early stages of secretory granule synthesis; \"dark\" B-cell 1 is involved in the intensive synthesis, formation and extrusion of secretory material, and \"dark\" B-cell 2 in the intensive secretory granule synthesis, formation and storage.", "PMID": 373196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1880", "title": "[Irreversibility of intestinal epithelium stem cell conversion into semi-stem enterocytes and the ability of the latter to reproduce themselves].", "content": "The analysis of literature experimental data on cell kinetics of the generating intestinal epithelium of rats and mice suggested the irreversibility of transformation of intestinal epithelium stem cells into non-stem proliferating enterocytes and the ability of the latter for self-reproduction. This property of half-stem enterocytes enabled us to assume that the daughter cells immediately after their appearance are always in the G1-phase of the mother cell mitotic cycle.", "contents": "[Irreversibility of intestinal epithelium stem cell conversion into semi-stem enterocytes and the ability of the latter to reproduce themselves]. The analysis of literature experimental data on cell kinetics of the generating intestinal epithelium of rats and mice suggested the irreversibility of transformation of intestinal epithelium stem cells into non-stem proliferating enterocytes and the ability of the latter for self-reproduction. This property of half-stem enterocytes enabled us to assume that the daughter cells immediately after their appearance are always in the G1-phase of the mother cell mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 373197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1881", "title": "[Ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis of the cellular reactivity of the exo- and endocrine epithelium of the frog pancreas under the action of cobalt chloride].", "content": "The frog pancreatic epithelium was studied using morphometry, autoradiography and electron microscopy during the treatment with cobalt chloride (10 mg/100 g body wieght). In response to this treatment, generative changes in some exocrine cells were revealed. At the same time, those of cells, whose nuclei were in the state of DNA synthesis, increased in number. Cobalt chloride resulted in endocrine A-cells damage. A compensation of the broken endocrine A-cell function was maintained in a transformation of the exocrine epithelium into endocrine A-cells and in the appearance of intermediate acinar-islet cells, as well as in islet A-cell hyperplasia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis of the cellular reactivity of the exo- and endocrine epithelium of the frog pancreas under the action of cobalt chloride]. The frog pancreatic epithelium was studied using morphometry, autoradiography and electron microscopy during the treatment with cobalt chloride (10 mg/100 g body wieght). In response to this treatment, generative changes in some exocrine cells were revealed. At the same time, those of cells, whose nuclei were in the state of DNA synthesis, increased in number. Cobalt chloride resulted in endocrine A-cells damage. A compensation of the broken endocrine A-cell function was maintained in a transformation of the exocrine epithelium into endocrine A-cells and in the appearance of intermediate acinar-islet cells, as well as in islet A-cell hyperplasia.", "PMID": 373198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1882", "title": "[Cytofluorimetric study of the glycogen content in hepatocytes of varying ploidy in adult rats].", "content": "A combined method, that allows measuring glycogen and DNA contents in one of the same cell, was applied for quantitative determination of these in mono- and binucleate hepatocytes with different ploidy obtained from adult rats. The mean glycogen content was shown to increase proportionally to the genome number within the changes of the hepatocyte ploidy from 2 to 8c.", "contents": "[Cytofluorimetric study of the glycogen content in hepatocytes of varying ploidy in adult rats]. A combined method, that allows measuring glycogen and DNA contents in one of the same cell, was applied for quantitative determination of these in mono- and binucleate hepatocytes with different ploidy obtained from adult rats. The mean glycogen content was shown to increase proportionally to the genome number within the changes of the hepatocyte ploidy from 2 to 8c.", "PMID": 373199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1883", "title": "[Effect of histological processing on the nucleic acid, free nucleotide and protein content in the cranial cervical sympathetic ganglion].", "content": "By means of biochemical techniques, the stability of free nucleotide contents has been demonstrated in the rabbit sympathetic node fixed in the Carnoy solution for 1--2 hours at 4 degrees C. A 2 hour fixation at room temperature and at 37 degrees, however, results in a considerable loss of free nucleotides--of the total amount in the fresh ganglion tissue, resp., 66.6 and 74.5%. According to these data, the Carnoy solution can be successfully used for a quantitative precipitation of free nucleotides. A histological treatment of this Carnoy fixed sympathetic ganglion (for 2 hours, at 4 degrees) causes no losses of nucleic acids, free nucleotides or protein, does not affect RNA, DNA or protein contents, but leads, however, to a remarkable loss of free nucleotides--up to 45%.", "contents": "[Effect of histological processing on the nucleic acid, free nucleotide and protein content in the cranial cervical sympathetic ganglion]. By means of biochemical techniques, the stability of free nucleotide contents has been demonstrated in the rabbit sympathetic node fixed in the Carnoy solution for 1--2 hours at 4 degrees C. A 2 hour fixation at room temperature and at 37 degrees, however, results in a considerable loss of free nucleotides--of the total amount in the fresh ganglion tissue, resp., 66.6 and 74.5%. According to these data, the Carnoy solution can be successfully used for a quantitative precipitation of free nucleotides. A histological treatment of this Carnoy fixed sympathetic ganglion (for 2 hours, at 4 degrees) causes no losses of nucleic acids, free nucleotides or protein, does not affect RNA, DNA or protein contents, but leads, however, to a remarkable loss of free nucleotides--up to 45%.", "PMID": 373200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1884", "title": "[Nonhomogeneity of the distribution of the absorbing substance in cytophotometry].", "content": "Results of two-wavelengths cytophotometry may be used to calculate m--the quantity of light absorbing substance, and gamma--the degree of non-homogeneity of distribution of the substance on a preparation. Formula (1) is almost free from any distributional error. Optical density limits of applicability of formula (3) for gamma are shown on fig. 2. An algorithm for calculation of gamma at higher optical densities is proposed.", "contents": "[Nonhomogeneity of the distribution of the absorbing substance in cytophotometry]. Results of two-wavelengths cytophotometry may be used to calculate m--the quantity of light absorbing substance, and gamma--the degree of non-homogeneity of distribution of the substance on a preparation. Formula (1) is almost free from any distributional error. Optical density limits of applicability of formula (3) for gamma are shown on fig. 2. An algorithm for calculation of gamma at higher optical densities is proposed.", "PMID": 373201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1885", "title": "Nontraumatic rupture of renal allografts.", "content": "Eight cases of nontraumatic renal allograft rupture were identified in 237 renal transplants performed at UCLA Medical Center. Careful clinicopathologic studies in these patients suggest three principal underlying causes: major graft vessel occlusion, hyperacute or accelerated rejection, and acute rejection. The clinical and pathologic features of these various categories are compared and contrasted.", "contents": "Nontraumatic rupture of renal allografts. Eight cases of nontraumatic renal allograft rupture were identified in 237 renal transplants performed at UCLA Medical Center. Careful clinicopathologic studies in these patients suggest three principal underlying causes: major graft vessel occlusion, hyperacute or accelerated rejection, and acute rejection. The clinical and pathologic features of these various categories are compared and contrasted.", "PMID": 373206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1886", "title": "Use of pre-existing ureterocutaneous anastomosis as conduit in renal allotransplantation.", "content": "This report details 2 patients with unusable bladders whose renal allografts were anastomosed to an existent end cutaneous ureterostomy. The literature on renal allotransplants into intestinal conduits is reviewed. Use of existent, mature end cutaneous ureterostomies is suggested as an alternative to an intestinal conduit in patients with unusable bladders who require renal allografts.", "contents": "Use of pre-existing ureterocutaneous anastomosis as conduit in renal allotransplantation. This report details 2 patients with unusable bladders whose renal allografts were anastomosed to an existent end cutaneous ureterostomy. The literature on renal allotransplants into intestinal conduits is reviewed. Use of existent, mature end cutaneous ureterostomies is suggested as an alternative to an intestinal conduit in patients with unusable bladders who require renal allografts.", "PMID": 373207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1887", "title": "Genitourinary leiomyomas.", "content": "Leiomyomas may originate from any anatomic location of smooth muscle in the genitourinary system but are uncommon neoplasms. Five unusual cases of leiomyomas arising from the renal pelvis, bladder, spermatic cord, and glans penis are presented. The leiomyoma arising from the glans penis in a three-year-old boy is the first case of a leiomyoma in that location noted in the literature. A review of leiomyomas from each genitourinary structure of origin is presented.", "contents": "Genitourinary leiomyomas. Leiomyomas may originate from any anatomic location of smooth muscle in the genitourinary system but are uncommon neoplasms. Five unusual cases of leiomyomas arising from the renal pelvis, bladder, spermatic cord, and glans penis are presented. The leiomyoma arising from the glans penis in a three-year-old boy is the first case of a leiomyoma in that location noted in the literature. A review of leiomyomas from each genitourinary structure of origin is presented.", "PMID": 373208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1888", "title": "[Open dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hand and their treatment].", "content": "The authors have studied the results of the treatment of 16 cases with fractures and fracture-dislocations of the hand. The indications for an early and delayed surgical treatment are set forth. The surgical tactics and methods of treatment depending on the type of injury are described.", "contents": "[Open dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hand and their treatment]. The authors have studied the results of the treatment of 16 cases with fractures and fracture-dislocations of the hand. The indications for an early and delayed surgical treatment are set forth. The surgical tactics and methods of treatment depending on the type of injury are described.", "PMID": 373215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1889", "title": "[Use of a rotation flap from tissues of the preauricular region and lateral surface of the neck for closing a penetrating defect of the cheek].", "content": "The authors use the rotational flap tranfered from the lateral surface of the neck, with one-stage epithelization of the wound surface from the side of the mouth cavity with a split skin graft, to correct the postoperative penetrating defect of the cheek. The necessity of a thorough fixation of the skin graft on the wound surface emphasized.", "contents": "[Use of a rotation flap from tissues of the preauricular region and lateral surface of the neck for closing a penetrating defect of the cheek]. The authors use the rotational flap tranfered from the lateral surface of the neck, with one-stage epithelization of the wound surface from the side of the mouth cavity with a split skin graft, to correct the postoperative penetrating defect of the cheek. The necessity of a thorough fixation of the skin graft on the wound surface emphasized.", "PMID": 373216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1890", "title": "[Role of prolonged peridural anesthesia in the complex of therapeutic measures after operations on the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "On the grounds of an analysis of 577 observations over postoperative longlasting peridural anesthesia its favorable effect upon the gastrointestinal function and upon the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications has been shown. The importance of an individual approach to the indications of peridural anesthesia in the postoperative period is emphasized.", "contents": "[Role of prolonged peridural anesthesia in the complex of therapeutic measures after operations on the gastrointestinal tract]. On the grounds of an analysis of 577 observations over postoperative longlasting peridural anesthesia its favorable effect upon the gastrointestinal function and upon the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications has been shown. The importance of an individual approach to the indications of peridural anesthesia in the postoperative period is emphasized.", "PMID": 373217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1891", "title": "[Disorder of the rheological properties of the blood as a risk factor in interventions on the abdominal aorta and its branches].", "content": "102 patients with abdominal aorta and its branches atherosclerotic injuries of various forms and localization have been studied. The patients have showed significant disturbances of the rheologic blood properties which aggravate during the surgical treatment and play a big part in the development of postoperative thrombotic and microcirculatory complications. An outline of the correction of hemorheologic disorders allowing to diminish the number of complications and to improve the results of the treatment of this pathology is devised and set forth in this work.", "contents": "[Disorder of the rheological properties of the blood as a risk factor in interventions on the abdominal aorta and its branches]. 102 patients with abdominal aorta and its branches atherosclerotic injuries of various forms and localization have been studied. The patients have showed significant disturbances of the rheologic blood properties which aggravate during the surgical treatment and play a big part in the development of postoperative thrombotic and microcirculatory complications. An outline of the correction of hemorheologic disorders allowing to diminish the number of complications and to improve the results of the treatment of this pathology is devised and set forth in this work.", "PMID": 373218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1892", "title": "[Errors in the treatment of combined injury to the flexor tendons nerves of the fingers and hand].", "content": "An analysis of errors in the treatment of combined traumas of the flexor tendons and nerves of the fingers and the hand in patients admitted for the restorative therapy of the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology within the period from 1969 to 1977 is presented. All the errors are subdivided into diagnostic errors, those due to the surgical technique, and connected with the rehabilitation period. A number of organizational suggestions are set forth on the grounds of the obtained findings.", "contents": "[Errors in the treatment of combined injury to the flexor tendons nerves of the fingers and hand]. An analysis of errors in the treatment of combined traumas of the flexor tendons and nerves of the fingers and the hand in patients admitted for the restorative therapy of the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology within the period from 1969 to 1977 is presented. All the errors are subdivided into diagnostic errors, those due to the surgical technique, and connected with the rehabilitation period. A number of organizational suggestions are set forth on the grounds of the obtained findings.", "PMID": 373219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1893", "title": "Comparisons of serological tests for Babesia in British cattle.", "content": "A comparison was made between the microplate enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and complement fixation (CF) tests for the detection of antibodies in the serum of cattle experimentally infected with Babesia divergens and B major. Antibodies were detected using all three tests but they were detected earlier using the CF test. However CF titres were consistently lower than those obtained using the other tests. Although there was little to choose between the IFA and ELISA tests, it was suggested that the ELISA may be preferable since it is less subject to operator error and operator stress, and can be adapted readily to field use.", "contents": "Comparisons of serological tests for Babesia in British cattle. A comparison was made between the microplate enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and complement fixation (CF) tests for the detection of antibodies in the serum of cattle experimentally infected with Babesia divergens and B major. Antibodies were detected using all three tests but they were detected earlier using the CF test. However CF titres were consistently lower than those obtained using the other tests. Although there was little to choose between the IFA and ELISA tests, it was suggested that the ELISA may be preferable since it is less subject to operator error and operator stress, and can be adapted readily to field use.", "PMID": 373221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1894", "title": "Pathological features of multiple bone infection in the foal.", "content": "The gross and histological features of multiple bone infection in two foals are described. In both cases the lesions were confined to the region of the growth plate. Bone and, in some cases, growth plate cartilage destruction has occurred associated with an extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. The significance of the pathological observation is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of bone infection in the foal.", "contents": "Pathological features of multiple bone infection in the foal. The gross and histological features of multiple bone infection in two foals are described. In both cases the lesions were confined to the region of the growth plate. Bone and, in some cases, growth plate cartilage destruction has occurred associated with an extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. The significance of the pathological observation is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of bone infection in the foal.", "PMID": 373223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1895", "title": "Transmissible drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses.", "content": "The antibiotic resistance patterns and the distribution of R-factors among Escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses were studied. It was found that 102 strains (16.48 per cent) of a total of 619 isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Twenty-six per cent (27 strains) of the resistant strains were capable of transferring either a part or the entire resistance patterns to the sensitive recipient strain. These results indicates that antibiotic resistance and R-factors are not particularly widespread among animals whose diet does not cotain antimicrobial drugs.", "contents": "Transmissible drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses. The antibiotic resistance patterns and the distribution of R-factors among Escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses were studied. It was found that 102 strains (16.48 per cent) of a total of 619 isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Twenty-six per cent (27 strains) of the resistant strains were capable of transferring either a part or the entire resistance patterns to the sensitive recipient strain. These results indicates that antibiotic resistance and R-factors are not particularly widespread among animals whose diet does not cotain antimicrobial drugs.", "PMID": 373224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1896", "title": "[Comparative studies of methods for the detection of immune carriers of the Newcastle disease virus in poultry].", "content": "Mass prophylactic vaccinations have radically chaugned the clinical syndrome, pathogenesis, and morphological picture of the Newcastle disease: clinically it is manifested with respiratory troubles, and morphologically--with tracheitis. The method for isolating the virus on chick embryos from immune birds have proved undependable: the higher the immunity of birds, the lower the probability of virus isolation. Following the vaccination of birds after the adopted prophylactic programme and at the three-fold vaccination with a lentogenic La Sota strain and four-fold vaccination with a mesogenic Komarov strain precipitating antibodies have been detected in single serum samples only. In the presence of respiratory troubles in immune birds the rise of antiheamagglutination titers and the mass manifestation of precipitating antibodies in the blood serum is said to be an indication of the presence of a field of velogenic virus, while HI and AGPT are suitable methods for the detection of immune carriers of Newcastle disease. These can be used also for the differential diagnosis of the latent forms of infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, the diphtheroid form of pox, and CRD. In order to restrict and do away with the velogenic field strains of the Newcastle disease virus a suggestion is made to kill all birds that have shown respiratory troubles and positive results in virologic and serologic examinations through HI and AGPT.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of methods for the detection of immune carriers of the Newcastle disease virus in poultry]. Mass prophylactic vaccinations have radically chaugned the clinical syndrome, pathogenesis, and morphological picture of the Newcastle disease: clinically it is manifested with respiratory troubles, and morphologically--with tracheitis. The method for isolating the virus on chick embryos from immune birds have proved undependable: the higher the immunity of birds, the lower the probability of virus isolation. Following the vaccination of birds after the adopted prophylactic programme and at the three-fold vaccination with a lentogenic La Sota strain and four-fold vaccination with a mesogenic Komarov strain precipitating antibodies have been detected in single serum samples only. In the presence of respiratory troubles in immune birds the rise of antiheamagglutination titers and the mass manifestation of precipitating antibodies in the blood serum is said to be an indication of the presence of a field of velogenic virus, while HI and AGPT are suitable methods for the detection of immune carriers of Newcastle disease. These can be used also for the differential diagnosis of the latent forms of infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, the diphtheroid form of pox, and CRD. In order to restrict and do away with the velogenic field strains of the Newcastle disease virus a suggestion is made to kill all birds that have shown respiratory troubles and positive results in virologic and serologic examinations through HI and AGPT.", "PMID": 373231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1897", "title": "[Express methods of determining the biochemical properties of pathogenic microorganisms].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out to evaluate some express methods for determining the biochemical properties of microorganisms. Described are disc methods establishing the production of indol and H2S, the breakdown of urea, and the reduction of nitrates and nitrites, with which the time of investigation is shortened severalfold. The results obtained are clear and well defined, and fully agree with the results obtained by methods described in the Bulgarian State Standards. It is suggested to apply these methods in the wide laboratory practice.", "contents": "[Express methods of determining the biochemical properties of pathogenic microorganisms]. Comparative studies were carried out to evaluate some express methods for determining the biochemical properties of microorganisms. Described are disc methods establishing the production of indol and H2S, the breakdown of urea, and the reduction of nitrates and nitrites, with which the time of investigation is shortened severalfold. The results obtained are clear and well defined, and fully agree with the results obtained by methods described in the Bulgarian State Standards. It is suggested to apply these methods in the wide laboratory practice.", "PMID": 373232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1898", "title": "[Enterotoxic form of colibacteriosis in calves].", "content": "The enterotoxemic from of calf colibacteriosis was observed on a total of 18 occasions in newborn animals. Clinically, the disease was manifested with diarrhea, depression of the eyes, fast dehydration, the calves tending to go down and lie for a prolonged periods, with high death rates. Some of the diseased calves showed nervous symptoms. Escherichia coli 0126 was isolated from the intestinal content and the mesenterial lymph of the affected calves. It proved virulent for albino mice. Morphologically, there were strongly expressed circulatory disturbances--hyperemia, perivascular edemas, hemorrhages (Fig. 1 and 2) thrombi (Fig. 3 and 5), with a vacuolar and parenchymal dystrophia of the liver, kidneys, and heart.", "contents": "[Enterotoxic form of colibacteriosis in calves]. The enterotoxemic from of calf colibacteriosis was observed on a total of 18 occasions in newborn animals. Clinically, the disease was manifested with diarrhea, depression of the eyes, fast dehydration, the calves tending to go down and lie for a prolonged periods, with high death rates. Some of the diseased calves showed nervous symptoms. Escherichia coli 0126 was isolated from the intestinal content and the mesenterial lymph of the affected calves. It proved virulent for albino mice. Morphologically, there were strongly expressed circulatory disturbances--hyperemia, perivascular edemas, hemorrhages (Fig. 1 and 2) thrombi (Fig. 3 and 5), with a vacuolar and parenchymal dystrophia of the liver, kidneys, and heart.", "PMID": 373233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1899", "title": "[Antitumor action of preparation No. 31 in malignant tumors of the ovaries (a clinical cytological study)].", "content": "The authors have analysed clinico-cytological findings to estimate the efficacy of the preparation No 31 therapy in 18 primary patients with ascites forms of malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary. This preparation was found to be a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent possessing a marked cytolytic effect on tumor cells. The method of cytological assay of the serous cavities exudates may be utilized to determine the tumor sensitivity to the agent under test at early terms of the treatment, while being correlated with clinical data the former may be used to estimate the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Antitumor action of preparation No. 31 in malignant tumors of the ovaries (a clinical cytological study)]. The authors have analysed clinico-cytological findings to estimate the efficacy of the preparation No 31 therapy in 18 primary patients with ascites forms of malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary. This preparation was found to be a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent possessing a marked cytolytic effect on tumor cells. The method of cytological assay of the serous cavities exudates may be utilized to determine the tumor sensitivity to the agent under test at early terms of the treatment, while being correlated with clinical data the former may be used to estimate the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.", "PMID": 373239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1900", "title": "[Immediate tasks and the potentials of conducting immunotherapy of malignant neoplasms].", "content": "This work sums up the immunological studies performed clinically and delineates the trends of further investigations in active non-specific, specific and passive immunotherapy associated with other methods of the treatment--irradiation, surgery, chemotherapy. There are offered 4 phases of the clinical study on the immunological effect on normalization of the cellular and humoral immunity responses in oncological patients: phase I--selecting of the dosage, phase II--studying of the effectiveness of immunostimulation, phase III--a detailed comparative study of new chemical drugs, phase IV--estimating the effectiveness of different schemes of immunotherapy including the combination treatment of oncological patients.", "contents": "[Immediate tasks and the potentials of conducting immunotherapy of malignant neoplasms]. This work sums up the immunological studies performed clinically and delineates the trends of further investigations in active non-specific, specific and passive immunotherapy associated with other methods of the treatment--irradiation, surgery, chemotherapy. There are offered 4 phases of the clinical study on the immunological effect on normalization of the cellular and humoral immunity responses in oncological patients: phase I--selecting of the dosage, phase II--studying of the effectiveness of immunostimulation, phase III--a detailed comparative study of new chemical drugs, phase IV--estimating the effectiveness of different schemes of immunotherapy including the combination treatment of oncological patients.", "PMID": 373240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1901", "title": "[Action of a polypeptide epiphyseal extract on cervical cancer].", "content": "The authors report the results of experimental and clinical estimation of the effect of polypeptide extract of the epiphysis (epithalamin) on cervical cancer. Injection of epithalamin is shown to improve the cell immunity indices and renders an antitumor action. The experiments on mice with the transplantable squamous cell cancer of the cervix (strain SCC) have indicated a marked antitumor effect of epithalamin and its potentiating effect on cyclophosphan action.", "contents": "[Action of a polypeptide epiphyseal extract on cervical cancer]. The authors report the results of experimental and clinical estimation of the effect of polypeptide extract of the epiphysis (epithalamin) on cervical cancer. Injection of epithalamin is shown to improve the cell immunity indices and renders an antitumor action. The experiments on mice with the transplantable squamous cell cancer of the cervix (strain SCC) have indicated a marked antitumor effect of epithalamin and its potentiating effect on cyclophosphan action.", "PMID": 373241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1902", "title": "[So-called lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid pharyngeal ring].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 43 observations of \"lymphoepitheliomas\" has shown that in 34 cases this diagnosis was referred to low-differentiated cancer with lymphocytic infiltration, and in 9 cases--to reticulosarcomas (an epitheliod variant). The authors suggest some signs as an adjunct for the differential diagnosis between an epithelioid variant of reticulosarcoma and low-differentiated cancer. It is necessary to exclude lymphocytic epithelioma as an onconosollogical unit, since it does not exist as a double-tissue tumor.", "contents": "[So-called lymphoepithelioma of the lymphoid pharyngeal ring]. A retrospective analysis of 43 observations of \"lymphoepitheliomas\" has shown that in 34 cases this diagnosis was referred to low-differentiated cancer with lymphocytic infiltration, and in 9 cases--to reticulosarcomas (an epitheliod variant). The authors suggest some signs as an adjunct for the differential diagnosis between an epithelioid variant of reticulosarcoma and low-differentiated cancer. It is necessary to exclude lymphocytic epithelioma as an onconosollogical unit, since it does not exist as a double-tissue tumor.", "PMID": 373242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1903", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the mineral content of bone].", "content": "The interest shown in bone mineralometry is explained by the great medical and social importance of osteoporosis and the growing potentialities of the methods for its guantitative determination. The possibilities for visual assessment of the conventional X-ray image of the bone are discussed in the reports as well as X-ray morphometry o. the tubular bones and vertebrae, roentgen and photonabsorption densitometry and computer-tomography. The lack of an available, simple and cheap method for the present is stressed to force the objectivization of the changes in the mineral content of the bones, to be performed by the combined application of X-ray morphometry, fine analysis of bone structure, making use of the mammographic technique and roentgen (photon-absorption resp) densijometry.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the mineral content of bone]. The interest shown in bone mineralometry is explained by the great medical and social importance of osteoporosis and the growing potentialities of the methods for its guantitative determination. The possibilities for visual assessment of the conventional X-ray image of the bone are discussed in the reports as well as X-ray morphometry o. the tubular bones and vertebrae, roentgen and photonabsorption densitometry and computer-tomography. The lack of an available, simple and cheap method for the present is stressed to force the objectivization of the changes in the mineral content of the bones, to be performed by the combined application of X-ray morphometry, fine analysis of bone structure, making use of the mammographic technique and roentgen (photon-absorption resp) densijometry.", "PMID": 373253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1904", "title": "[Preparation and characteristics of diploid cell strains from the tissues of a bovine embryo].", "content": "Two strains of diploid cells were prepared from the lung (BEL-2) and skin-muscle (SMBE-3) tissues of a bovine embryo. According to the results of morphological and karyological studies, these cultures consisted of fibroblast-like cells retaining diploid chromosome number (60) in the process of long-term cultivation. These cell populations have a limited life span (75-80 passages) and 3 growth phases. The species appurtenance of BEL-2 and SMBE-3 cells was confirmed. The cells were not contaminated with mycoplasma or extraneous viruses, had no tumorigenic activity. The BEL-2 cell culture is most susceptible to measles virus, SMBE-3 culture to vaccinia virus.", "contents": "[Preparation and characteristics of diploid cell strains from the tissues of a bovine embryo]. Two strains of diploid cells were prepared from the lung (BEL-2) and skin-muscle (SMBE-3) tissues of a bovine embryo. According to the results of morphological and karyological studies, these cultures consisted of fibroblast-like cells retaining diploid chromosome number (60) in the process of long-term cultivation. These cell populations have a limited life span (75-80 passages) and 3 growth phases. The species appurtenance of BEL-2 and SMBE-3 cells was confirmed. The cells were not contaminated with mycoplasma or extraneous viruses, had no tumorigenic activity. The BEL-2 cell culture is most susceptible to measles virus, SMBE-3 culture to vaccinia virus.", "PMID": 373247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1905", "title": "[Possibility of using a protein enteral feeding preparation in the overall therapy of peptic ulcer in children].", "content": "A protein-rich diet for children with peptic ulcer has been developed. The diet includes a new dietetic product--the proteinic enpit, prepared by the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR. The effect of the diet in children with peptic ulcer at the time of exacerbation of the process was subjected to a complex study. This ration is shown to have a beneficial influence on basic symptoms of the affection, on the condition of the protein metabolism and reduces the period of the ulcerous defect cicatrization.", "contents": "[Possibility of using a protein enteral feeding preparation in the overall therapy of peptic ulcer in children]. A protein-rich diet for children with peptic ulcer has been developed. The diet includes a new dietetic product--the proteinic enpit, prepared by the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR. The effect of the diet in children with peptic ulcer at the time of exacerbation of the process was subjected to a complex study. This ration is shown to have a beneficial influence on basic symptoms of the affection, on the condition of the protein metabolism and reduces the period of the ulcerous defect cicatrization.", "PMID": 373246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1906", "title": "[Treatment of duodenal ulcer with Tagamet (cimetidine)].", "content": "The results from the treatment of 25 patients with duodenal ulcer with 1 g tagamet daily (3x200 mg after meal and 400 mg in the evening before going to bed) in the course of 20 days, are reported. The subjective complaints of the patients disappeared in 87--100 per cent (in 2/3 of the patients even in the first three days after the initiation of the treatment) and the ulcer in 44 per cent. The immediate results obtained are statistically more significant as compared with the control group (only on diet), but the differences are not significant as regards the groups treated only with oxyferoscorbon and only with Caved-S. Tagamet treatment leads to a decrease of the basic indices of gastric secretion and does not change the content of N-acetylneuroamine acid in the gastric juice. The venous administration of tagamet inhibits the gastric acid production stimulated by pentagastrin. Tagamet treatment does not change the biochemical laboratory indices, the inflammatory and structural changes in the gastric-duodenal mucosa and induces no adverse effects and complications.", "contents": "[Treatment of duodenal ulcer with Tagamet (cimetidine)]. The results from the treatment of 25 patients with duodenal ulcer with 1 g tagamet daily (3x200 mg after meal and 400 mg in the evening before going to bed) in the course of 20 days, are reported. The subjective complaints of the patients disappeared in 87--100 per cent (in 2/3 of the patients even in the first three days after the initiation of the treatment) and the ulcer in 44 per cent. The immediate results obtained are statistically more significant as compared with the control group (only on diet), but the differences are not significant as regards the groups treated only with oxyferoscorbon and only with Caved-S. Tagamet treatment leads to a decrease of the basic indices of gastric secretion and does not change the content of N-acetylneuroamine acid in the gastric juice. The venous administration of tagamet inhibits the gastric acid production stimulated by pentagastrin. Tagamet treatment does not change the biochemical laboratory indices, the inflammatory and structural changes in the gastric-duodenal mucosa and induces no adverse effects and complications.", "PMID": 373254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1907", "title": "[Morphological and immunofluorescent studies of the leukocytes in blood smears in hepatitis A and B and chronic liver diseases].", "content": "Morphological examination of leukocytes in blood smears from patients with viral hepatitis A and B revealed up to 34% of atypical lymphocytes (AL) in the form of cells of irregular shape with the wide basophilic cytoplasm. Their number reached maximum by the 9th--14th day of the disease and decreased to 8% by 40--50 days. The number of AL was significantly higher during the high activity of the process both in acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis A and B. In normal subjects as well as in patients with chronic hepatitis of alcoholic etiology the amount of AL did not exceed 6%. Immunofluorescent studies with gammaglobulin from convalescents after viral hepatitis A demonstrated fluorescence of the leukocyte cytoplasm in 86.3% of blood smears from patients with viral hepatitis both early in the disease and at 14--20 days in infectious hepatitis A (in controls no more than 6%). Fluorescence was demonstrated in 70.1% of cases in examinations of blood smears from patients with chronic liver diseases of viral etiology.", "contents": "[Morphological and immunofluorescent studies of the leukocytes in blood smears in hepatitis A and B and chronic liver diseases]. Morphological examination of leukocytes in blood smears from patients with viral hepatitis A and B revealed up to 34% of atypical lymphocytes (AL) in the form of cells of irregular shape with the wide basophilic cytoplasm. Their number reached maximum by the 9th--14th day of the disease and decreased to 8% by 40--50 days. The number of AL was significantly higher during the high activity of the process both in acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis A and B. In normal subjects as well as in patients with chronic hepatitis of alcoholic etiology the amount of AL did not exceed 6%. Immunofluorescent studies with gammaglobulin from convalescents after viral hepatitis A demonstrated fluorescence of the leukocyte cytoplasm in 86.3% of blood smears from patients with viral hepatitis both early in the disease and at 14--20 days in infectious hepatitis A (in controls no more than 6%). Fluorescence was demonstrated in 70.1% of cases in examinations of blood smears from patients with chronic liver diseases of viral etiology.", "PMID": 373249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1908", "title": "[Immunofluorescence method of study of biosynthesis of human interferon].", "content": "The method of fluorescent antibody (MFA) has first been used for the study of regularities of human interferon biosynthesis in superinduced cells. The dynamics of the appearance and accumulation of interferon in individual cells and the dependence of these processes upon the time elapsing since the termination of superinduction were determined. Clear-cut inverse relationship between the interferon content in cells (MFA) and the interferon content in the culture fluid (titrations of biological activity) was established.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence method of study of biosynthesis of human interferon]. The method of fluorescent antibody (MFA) has first been used for the study of regularities of human interferon biosynthesis in superinduced cells. The dynamics of the appearance and accumulation of interferon in individual cells and the dependence of these processes upon the time elapsing since the termination of superinduction were determined. Clear-cut inverse relationship between the interferon content in cells (MFA) and the interferon content in the culture fluid (titrations of biological activity) was established.", "PMID": 373250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1909", "title": "[Use of peroxidase and FITC labeled antibodies for express-diagnosis of influenza].", "content": "The evaluation of influenza antigen detection was done in comparative experiments on the same material during an epidemic of influenza due to A2/Victoria (H3N2) influenza virus. Cells of the nasal mucosa from 65 patients were tested at the same intervals by two methods showing no difference in the principle of the reaction: peroxidase-labeled (IP) and FITC-labeled (IF) antibody. By the latter method influenza could be diagnosed in 36% of cases, by IP in 38%, by the combination of the two in 56%. There is sufficient evidence of the specificity of IP method. This method of influenza antigen detection is as sensitive as IF (47 and 44%, respectively), however, with IP the evaluation of the results is much easier.", "contents": "[Use of peroxidase and FITC labeled antibodies for express-diagnosis of influenza]. The evaluation of influenza antigen detection was done in comparative experiments on the same material during an epidemic of influenza due to A2/Victoria (H3N2) influenza virus. Cells of the nasal mucosa from 65 patients were tested at the same intervals by two methods showing no difference in the principle of the reaction: peroxidase-labeled (IP) and FITC-labeled (IF) antibody. By the latter method influenza could be diagnosed in 36% of cases, by IP in 38%, by the combination of the two in 56%. There is sufficient evidence of the specificity of IP method. This method of influenza antigen detection is as sensitive as IF (47 and 44%, respectively), however, with IP the evaluation of the results is much easier.", "PMID": 373251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1910", "title": "[Course and intensive treatment of acute falciparum malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a nineteen-year-old women with the cerebral form of malaria tropica is reported. She showed hyperpyrexia, abdominal manifestations, haemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Cerebral symptoms amounting to grade IV encephalopathy occurred. The patient responded rapidly to the administration of chloroquine, anticonvulsants, dextran, corticosteroids, antipyretics, blood and antithrombin III and her symptoms had almost completely vanished one week after the onset of therapy.", "contents": "[Course and intensive treatment of acute falciparum malaria (author's transl)]. The case of a nineteen-year-old women with the cerebral form of malaria tropica is reported. She showed hyperpyrexia, abdominal manifestations, haemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Cerebral symptoms amounting to grade IV encephalopathy occurred. The patient responded rapidly to the administration of chloroquine, anticonvulsants, dextran, corticosteroids, antipyretics, blood and antithrombin III and her symptoms had almost completely vanished one week after the onset of therapy.", "PMID": 373259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1911", "title": "[Therapy of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers with cimetidine (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind randomized trial 91 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal and/or prepyloric ulcers received either 1000 mg cimetidine daily (44 patients) or placebo (47 patients) for 4 weeks. At 2 weeks complete ulcer healing was significantly increased in patients receiving cimetidine (45%) in comparison with those treated with placebo (15%) (p less than 0.01). At 4 weeks 73% of the patients on cimetidine and 32% of those on placebo showed complete healing (p less than 0.001). Ulcer size decreased more rapidly with cimetidine than placebo (p less than 0.05). With respect to the number of pain-free days and nights cimetidine was significantly superior to placebo during the days of the second week only (p less than 0.05). Cimetidine patients consumed significantly less antacids than those receiving placebo (p less than 0.01). There was no significant correlations between ulcer healing and freedom from pain at the end of either cimetidine or placebo treatment in this study. No specific side effects referable to cimetidine were observed.", "contents": "[Therapy of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers with cimetidine (author's transl)]. In a double-blind randomized trial 91 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal and/or prepyloric ulcers received either 1000 mg cimetidine daily (44 patients) or placebo (47 patients) for 4 weeks. At 2 weeks complete ulcer healing was significantly increased in patients receiving cimetidine (45%) in comparison with those treated with placebo (15%) (p less than 0.01). At 4 weeks 73% of the patients on cimetidine and 32% of those on placebo showed complete healing (p less than 0.001). Ulcer size decreased more rapidly with cimetidine than placebo (p less than 0.05). With respect to the number of pain-free days and nights cimetidine was significantly superior to placebo during the days of the second week only (p less than 0.05). Cimetidine patients consumed significantly less antacids than those receiving placebo (p less than 0.01). There was no significant correlations between ulcer healing and freedom from pain at the end of either cimetidine or placebo treatment in this study. No specific side effects referable to cimetidine were observed.", "PMID": 373260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1912", "title": "[The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in vaginal obstetric procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "202 cases of vaginal obstetric procedures (forceps and vacuum extraction, breech delivery and manual removal) were reviewed with regard to assessing the value of prophylactic administration of antibiotics. Criteria for the evaluation were fever post partum, duration of stay in hospital and involution of the uterus. The results showed that the prophylactic administration of antibiotics had no significant effect on these parameters, with or without the simultaneous administration of oxytocics. Hence, in view of the risk of allergic reactions, toxicity and the selection of resistant strains the prophylactic administration of antibiotics does not seem to be justified in vaginal obstetric procedures. Scrupulous aseptic precautions during all vaginal or intrauterine procedures are considered essential for the prevention of infection.", "contents": "[The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in vaginal obstetric procedures (author's transl)]. 202 cases of vaginal obstetric procedures (forceps and vacuum extraction, breech delivery and manual removal) were reviewed with regard to assessing the value of prophylactic administration of antibiotics. Criteria for the evaluation were fever post partum, duration of stay in hospital and involution of the uterus. The results showed that the prophylactic administration of antibiotics had no significant effect on these parameters, with or without the simultaneous administration of oxytocics. Hence, in view of the risk of allergic reactions, toxicity and the selection of resistant strains the prophylactic administration of antibiotics does not seem to be justified in vaginal obstetric procedures. Scrupulous aseptic precautions during all vaginal or intrauterine procedures are considered essential for the prevention of infection.", "PMID": 373261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1913", "title": "[System of host specificity and the DNA methylases of shigellae and their phages].", "content": "In Shigella sonnei cells there is a host DNA specificity system responsible for modification and restriction of DDII phage. DNA methylase from Shigella stutzeri cells is specific for adenine and catalyses the appearance of 6-'-methylaminopurine in the acceptory DNA. Methylases from Shigella sonnei cells are specific for adenine and cytosine and provide for the presence of 6'-methylaminopurine and 5'-methylcytosine in DNA. The modifying activity of these cells may be equally likely associated with both the enzymes. A simplified version of the additional methylation test has been developed for the study of enzyme specificity. The results of additional and cross methylation suggest that several adenine methylases are present in the cells of these Shigella, one of these enzymes being shared by Shigella stutzeri and Shigella sonnei. The DNA's isolated from Shigella sonnei and Shigella stutzeri cells are undermethylated and in vitro undergo additional methylation upon incubation with the appropriate enzyme.", "contents": "[System of host specificity and the DNA methylases of shigellae and their phages]. In Shigella sonnei cells there is a host DNA specificity system responsible for modification and restriction of DDII phage. DNA methylase from Shigella stutzeri cells is specific for adenine and catalyses the appearance of 6-'-methylaminopurine in the acceptory DNA. Methylases from Shigella sonnei cells are specific for adenine and cytosine and provide for the presence of 6'-methylaminopurine and 5'-methylcytosine in DNA. The modifying activity of these cells may be equally likely associated with both the enzymes. A simplified version of the additional methylation test has been developed for the study of enzyme specificity. The results of additional and cross methylation suggest that several adenine methylases are present in the cells of these Shigella, one of these enzymes being shared by Shigella stutzeri and Shigella sonnei. The DNA's isolated from Shigella sonnei and Shigella stutzeri cells are undermethylated and in vitro undergo additional methylation upon incubation with the appropriate enzyme.", "PMID": 373252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1914", "title": "[Therapy of traumatic brain edema with spironolactone (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients with severe brain injury a double-blind study was performed. The effectiveness of the aldosterone-antagonist Aldactone pro injectione was examined in therapy of traumatic brain edema. The results indicate elimination of sodium and water from brain cells and white matter. Concomitantly faster improvement of state of consciousness was observed.", "contents": "[Therapy of traumatic brain edema with spironolactone (author's transl)]. In 30 patients with severe brain injury a double-blind study was performed. The effectiveness of the aldosterone-antagonist Aldactone pro injectione was examined in therapy of traumatic brain edema. The results indicate elimination of sodium and water from brain cells and white matter. Concomitantly faster improvement of state of consciousness was observed.", "PMID": 373262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1915", "title": "Infectious complications associated with renal transplantation: an analysis of risk factors.", "content": "To assess the multiple risk factors reported to be associated with onset of serious bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal infections in renal allograft recipients, a retrospective study of all renal transplantations performed at Yale-New Haven Medical Center from the inception of the transplantation program in December, 1967, to December, 1975, was undertaken. Ninety-six renal allograft transplants in 85 patients were available for evaluation during this study period. Renal allograft recipients were evaluated for incidence of infection from time of transplantation until transplant nephrectomy, death, or January 1, 1976. All infections were characterized by type of infection, organism, site, and time of onset post-transplantation. Recipients with infections were also evaluated for their donor type, living-related or cadaveric, age at time of transplantation, granulocytopenia, corticosteroid therapy, and rejection episodes. There were 215 infections, 92 of which were defined as serious, in 78 of the 96 renal allograft recipients. Eighteen renal allograft recipients had no infections. Granulocytopenia, but not rejection, correlated with serious infections at some time in the patient's course. However, no significant temporal relationship between serious infections and episodes of granulocytopenia or rejection could be established. Mortality rate and incidence of serious infection was higher in the group receiving high dose corticosteroid therapy compared with the group receiving lower doses of corticosteroids. The mortality rate in these 85 transplant recipients was 33%. Seventy-four percent of these deaths were directly related to infection (24% of 85 patients).", "contents": "Infectious complications associated with renal transplantation: an analysis of risk factors. To assess the multiple risk factors reported to be associated with onset of serious bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal infections in renal allograft recipients, a retrospective study of all renal transplantations performed at Yale-New Haven Medical Center from the inception of the transplantation program in December, 1967, to December, 1975, was undertaken. Ninety-six renal allograft transplants in 85 patients were available for evaluation during this study period. Renal allograft recipients were evaluated for incidence of infection from time of transplantation until transplant nephrectomy, death, or January 1, 1976. All infections were characterized by type of infection, organism, site, and time of onset post-transplantation. Recipients with infections were also evaluated for their donor type, living-related or cadaveric, age at time of transplantation, granulocytopenia, corticosteroid therapy, and rejection episodes. There were 215 infections, 92 of which were defined as serious, in 78 of the 96 renal allograft recipients. Eighteen renal allograft recipients had no infections. Granulocytopenia, but not rejection, correlated with serious infections at some time in the patient's course. However, no significant temporal relationship between serious infections and episodes of granulocytopenia or rejection could be established. Mortality rate and incidence of serious infection was higher in the group receiving high dose corticosteroid therapy compared with the group receiving lower doses of corticosteroids. The mortality rate in these 85 transplant recipients was 33%. Seventy-four percent of these deaths were directly related to infection (24% of 85 patients).", "PMID": 373266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1916", "title": "Induced abortion as a risk factor for perinatal complications: a review.", "content": "Past and continuing studies of the influence of a prior induced abortion on subsequent perinatal complications are reviewed. Many definitive conclusions are precluded because of design problems in the extant studies and these methodological issues, therefore, form the focus for the current review. The available studies do suggest that abortion by vacuum aspiration is not a risk factor for complications of subsequent pregnancies, labor, delivery, or of newborns. Abortion by dilatation and curettage, however, may increase the risk of subsequent spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and prematurity but these findings need to be confirmed. The impact of other abortion techniques or perinatal complications has not been studied. The more common design problems in the extant literature include: (1) failure to control for confounding maternal factors; (2) problems in reliability of reporting previous abortion; and (3) nonspecific measurement of abortion techniques. Since approximately three-quarters of all abortions performed annually in the United States are on young never-married women who may eventually wish to bear children, further rigorous research to define the risks of induced abortion is urgently required.", "contents": "Induced abortion as a risk factor for perinatal complications: a review. Past and continuing studies of the influence of a prior induced abortion on subsequent perinatal complications are reviewed. Many definitive conclusions are precluded because of design problems in the extant studies and these methodological issues, therefore, form the focus for the current review. The available studies do suggest that abortion by vacuum aspiration is not a risk factor for complications of subsequent pregnancies, labor, delivery, or of newborns. Abortion by dilatation and curettage, however, may increase the risk of subsequent spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and prematurity but these findings need to be confirmed. The impact of other abortion techniques or perinatal complications has not been studied. The more common design problems in the extant literature include: (1) failure to control for confounding maternal factors; (2) problems in reliability of reporting previous abortion; and (3) nonspecific measurement of abortion techniques. Since approximately three-quarters of all abortions performed annually in the United States are on young never-married women who may eventually wish to bear children, further rigorous research to define the risks of induced abortion is urgently required.", "PMID": 373267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1917", "title": "[Pharmacology of fibrinolytics].", "content": "The pharmacological basis for clinical uses of the fibrinolytic agents streptokinase and urokinase is summarizing described. Since streptokinase is still the drug of choice in fibrinolytic therapy of thromboembolic disorders, its chemistry, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and side-effects are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of fibrinolytics]. The pharmacological basis for clinical uses of the fibrinolytic agents streptokinase and urokinase is summarizing described. Since streptokinase is still the drug of choice in fibrinolytic therapy of thromboembolic disorders, its chemistry, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and side-effects are reported in detail.", "PMID": 373275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1918", "title": "A thematic approach to the history of physiology.", "content": "This paper is a brief report of an undergraduate course in the history of physiology. A specific area, the development of the concepts of the cardiovascular system, was examined chronologically through primary readings and laboratory exercises. As an unusual approach to a frequently ignored but important subject, it may be of interest to those concerned with teaching the history of science.", "contents": "A thematic approach to the history of physiology. This paper is a brief report of an undergraduate course in the history of physiology. A specific area, the development of the concepts of the cardiovascular system, was examined chronologically through primary readings and laboratory exercises. As an unusual approach to a frequently ignored but important subject, it may be of interest to those concerned with teaching the history of science.", "PMID": 373269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1919", "title": "Fever theory in the seventeenth century: building toward a comprehensive physiology.", "content": "Physicians in the seventeenth century developed several theories to explain the causes and cures of fever. These theories relied heavily upon the most important physiological discovery of the period, the circulation of blood throughout the human body. In addition, physicians, increasingly emphasized careful observation of their patients' symptoms, in order to develop empirically effective methods of treatment.", "contents": "Fever theory in the seventeenth century: building toward a comprehensive physiology. Physicians in the seventeenth century developed several theories to explain the causes and cures of fever. These theories relied heavily upon the most important physiological discovery of the period, the circulation of blood throughout the human body. In addition, physicians, increasingly emphasized careful observation of their patients' symptoms, in order to develop empirically effective methods of treatment.", "PMID": 373270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1920", "title": "[Pharmacology of heparin].", "content": "After introductory notes on the history of heparin research the chemistry of this mucopolysaccharide is described. It is shown that the chemistry of heparin cannot be exactly described by one chemical formula because heparin represents a family of compounds with different chain-length. Molecular features responsible for the high structural specificity of anticoagulant activity are described. The present status of knowledge on the mechanism of the anticoagulant action of heparin is described in detail. It is shown that basic mechanism is the acceleration of the interaction of antithrombin III with the clotting factors IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa, and thrombin which are known to be serine proteases. The effects of heparin of platelet function, lipid composition of blood, and on fibrinolysis reflect its complex influence on hemostasis. After a description of side effects and toxicity clinically relevant data on its pharmacocinetics are given.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of heparin]. After introductory notes on the history of heparin research the chemistry of this mucopolysaccharide is described. It is shown that the chemistry of heparin cannot be exactly described by one chemical formula because heparin represents a family of compounds with different chain-length. Molecular features responsible for the high structural specificity of anticoagulant activity are described. The present status of knowledge on the mechanism of the anticoagulant action of heparin is described in detail. It is shown that basic mechanism is the acceleration of the interaction of antithrombin III with the clotting factors IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa, and thrombin which are known to be serine proteases. The effects of heparin of platelet function, lipid composition of blood, and on fibrinolysis reflect its complex influence on hemostasis. After a description of side effects and toxicity clinically relevant data on its pharmacocinetics are given.", "PMID": 373277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1921", "title": "The case of the casual chirurgeon: John Browne.", "content": "In 1687 a woman whose leg had been badly injured brought action in the Mayor's Court of London against her surgeon, contesting his bill because her treatment had been neglected.", "contents": "The case of the casual chirurgeon: John Browne. In 1687 a woman whose leg had been badly injured brought action in the Mayor's Court of London against her surgeon, contesting his bill because her treatment had been neglected.", "PMID": 373271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1922", "title": "[Acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. III. Differentiated respiration].", "content": "In the third information concerning the topic \"acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine\" the fundamentals of differentiated respiration are described. Current generators with constant and variable flow are best suited to remove the combined disturbances of the inhomogeneous lung or their results. In the Medivent-series a choice of types of respiratory apparatuses is at disposal by means of which a large part of respiratory disturbances may be commanded. A comprehensive possibility of the modification of the characteristics of respiration by an adjustibility of the sizes of respiration which are independent upon another is to be demanded. The PEEP is a valuable enlargement of the characteristics of respiration. Its effects are to be controlled in reaction to the circulation. In the centre of the information is the immediate practical approach in indication, choice of the parameters, adaptation of the patient to respiration and withdrawal.", "contents": "[Acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. III. Differentiated respiration]. In the third information concerning the topic \"acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine\" the fundamentals of differentiated respiration are described. Current generators with constant and variable flow are best suited to remove the combined disturbances of the inhomogeneous lung or their results. In the Medivent-series a choice of types of respiratory apparatuses is at disposal by means of which a large part of respiratory disturbances may be commanded. A comprehensive possibility of the modification of the characteristics of respiration by an adjustibility of the sizes of respiration which are independent upon another is to be demanded. The PEEP is a valuable enlargement of the characteristics of respiration. Its effects are to be controlled in reaction to the circulation. In the centre of the information is the immediate practical approach in indication, choice of the parameters, adaptation of the patient to respiration and withdrawal.", "PMID": 373279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1923", "title": "[Role of life style and nutrition in the etiology, prevention and therapy of coronary disease with special reference to lipid metabolism].", "content": "Issuing from the epidemiological situation of the angiocardiopathies the importance of the factors of risk for the coronary heart disease are emphasized with special consideration of the disturbances of lipometabolism. Essential constituent in the reduction of the factors of risk, particularly obesity, hyperlipoproteinaemia and hypertension, is the change of the habits of nutrition. An increased supply of manifold unsaturated fatty acids, an adequate to the disturbances of lipometabolism type-specific restriction of the cholesterol and carbohydrate intake and a reduction of the saline supply are to be recommended. The importance of measures in the field of health education which should begin already at school age is emphasized.", "contents": "[Role of life style and nutrition in the etiology, prevention and therapy of coronary disease with special reference to lipid metabolism]. Issuing from the epidemiological situation of the angiocardiopathies the importance of the factors of risk for the coronary heart disease are emphasized with special consideration of the disturbances of lipometabolism. Essential constituent in the reduction of the factors of risk, particularly obesity, hyperlipoproteinaemia and hypertension, is the change of the habits of nutrition. An increased supply of manifold unsaturated fatty acids, an adequate to the disturbances of lipometabolism type-specific restriction of the cholesterol and carbohydrate intake and a reduction of the saline supply are to be recommended. The importance of measures in the field of health education which should begin already at school age is emphasized.", "PMID": 373280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1924", "title": "Fibrinogen or its derivatives in the Kurloff cells.", "content": "We have investigated the occurrence of fibrinogen or its derivatives in the Kurloff bodies of female guinea pigs by means of immunofluorescence, histochemistry and ultrastructural analysis. The Kurloff bodies are fluorescent after incubation with anti-guinea pig fibrinogen immuno-globulins coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. PTAH, Martius scarlet blue, Masson 44--41, Picro-Mallory V stain the Kurloff bodies just as they stain fibrin and fibrinoid. However, the ultrastructure of the central mass of the Kurloff body is finely granular without fibrils. Thus the Kurloff body contains no fibrin but incompletely polymerized fibrinogen derivatives or breakdown products of fibrin.", "contents": "Fibrinogen or its derivatives in the Kurloff cells. We have investigated the occurrence of fibrinogen or its derivatives in the Kurloff bodies of female guinea pigs by means of immunofluorescence, histochemistry and ultrastructural analysis. The Kurloff bodies are fluorescent after incubation with anti-guinea pig fibrinogen immuno-globulins coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. PTAH, Martius scarlet blue, Masson 44--41, Picro-Mallory V stain the Kurloff bodies just as they stain fibrin and fibrinoid. However, the ultrastructure of the central mass of the Kurloff body is finely granular without fibrils. Thus the Kurloff body contains no fibrin but incompletely polymerized fibrinogen derivatives or breakdown products of fibrin.", "PMID": 373282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1925", "title": "Some aspects of fermentation of Rhizobium leguminosarum with reference to economy of ingredients in the substrate.", "content": "Incremental feeding of nutrients was found to be beneficial in mass cultivation of R. leguminosarum. Similarly, semi-continuous fermentation of R. leguminosarum up to 4 days was also found to be useful in maintaining the viable number of cells.", "contents": "Some aspects of fermentation of Rhizobium leguminosarum with reference to economy of ingredients in the substrate. Incremental feeding of nutrients was found to be beneficial in mass cultivation of R. leguminosarum. Similarly, semi-continuous fermentation of R. leguminosarum up to 4 days was also found to be useful in maintaining the viable number of cells.", "PMID": 373307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1926", "title": "Fermentative production of fodder yeasts.", "content": "Fermentative production of fodder yeasts are achieved by different microorganisms of yeast. Influence of some biochemical factors on the formation of fodder yeast are examined. The raw ingredients and by-products which are used in the fermentative formation of fodder yeast are also reviewed.", "contents": "Fermentative production of fodder yeasts. Fermentative production of fodder yeasts are achieved by different microorganisms of yeast. Influence of some biochemical factors on the formation of fodder yeast are examined. The raw ingredients and by-products which are used in the fermentative formation of fodder yeast are also reviewed.", "PMID": 373308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1927", "title": "[Plate osteosynthesis using the support principle].", "content": "In the operative treatment of fractures there are special principles for plating by support. Osteosynthesis is indicated for comminnuted fractures and bone defects in the metaphysis. Plating for distance also is established for fractures and pseudarthroses with defects in the diaphysis. This method is especially recommended for fractures of the head of the tibia and for reconstructing the pilon tibial.", "contents": "[Plate osteosynthesis using the support principle]. In the operative treatment of fractures there are special principles for plating by support. Osteosynthesis is indicated for comminnuted fractures and bone defects in the metaphysis. Plating for distance also is established for fractures and pseudarthroses with defects in the diaphysis. This method is especially recommended for fractures of the head of the tibia and for reconstructing the pilon tibial.", "PMID": 373314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1928", "title": "[Soft tissue injuries in compound fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems in the management of soft tissue injuries in compound fractures are presented. They usually originate from the initial traumatic force, but may be the result of pitfalls of the primary treatment as well. The management of open fractures--as it is performed in this clinic--is presented in detail. After primary stabilization of the fracture attention is directed to the associated soft tissue injuries, which require utmost care in the further course of treatment. Primary wound closure should never be forcefully obtained, since closure under tension will result in severe secondary tissue damage. In our experience temporary open wound treatment and delayed closure is the method of choice in the initial management of open fractures. For temporary cover we successfully use the synthetic skin substitute Epigard. Since we adopted this policy, the rate of infection declined drastically, and anaerobic infections as well as generalized sepsis could be totally avoided.", "contents": "[Soft tissue injuries in compound fractures (author's transl)]. Problems in the management of soft tissue injuries in compound fractures are presented. They usually originate from the initial traumatic force, but may be the result of pitfalls of the primary treatment as well. The management of open fractures--as it is performed in this clinic--is presented in detail. After primary stabilization of the fracture attention is directed to the associated soft tissue injuries, which require utmost care in the further course of treatment. Primary wound closure should never be forcefully obtained, since closure under tension will result in severe secondary tissue damage. In our experience temporary open wound treatment and delayed closure is the method of choice in the initial management of open fractures. For temporary cover we successfully use the synthetic skin substitute Epigard. Since we adopted this policy, the rate of infection declined drastically, and anaerobic infections as well as generalized sepsis could be totally avoided.", "PMID": 373315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1929", "title": "[Allogeneic osteoplasty following tumour resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Replacement by allogeneic cold-preserved bone following resection of bone-tumours is a successful method. The substitution of the allogeneic bone is delayed. Extensive allogeneic osteoplasties should be performed in consideration of the donor-recipient-selection principle.", "contents": "[Allogeneic osteoplasty following tumour resection (author's transl)]. Replacement by allogeneic cold-preserved bone following resection of bone-tumours is a successful method. The substitution of the allogeneic bone is delayed. Extensive allogeneic osteoplasties should be performed in consideration of the donor-recipient-selection principle.", "PMID": 373316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1930", "title": "[Sperma- and HLA-antibody demonstration in sterility].", "content": "Sperma antibodies were detected by means of passive haemagglutination, the immobilisation test and immunofluorescence in the serum of 16 females from among 150 infertile married couples. These serums (experimental group) and 16 serum samples containing no sperma antibodies (control group) were investigated for the presence of cytotoxic HLA-antibodies against lymphocytes from their married partners and from 20 selected donors by means of the micro-lymphocyte toxicity test. HLA-antibodies against the lymphocytes of the husbands involved were found in four women from the experimental group. Two of these four serums also reacted with 20% of the test lymphocytes. In the control group, lymphocyte-toxic antibodies against test subjects were also found in all three serums which cross-reacted with the lymphocytes of the husbands. No new diagnostic or therapeutic criteria for the treatment of sterility can be derived from the combined humoral sperma and cytotoxic HLA-antibodies in the serum.", "contents": "[Sperma- and HLA-antibody demonstration in sterility]. Sperma antibodies were detected by means of passive haemagglutination, the immobilisation test and immunofluorescence in the serum of 16 females from among 150 infertile married couples. These serums (experimental group) and 16 serum samples containing no sperma antibodies (control group) were investigated for the presence of cytotoxic HLA-antibodies against lymphocytes from their married partners and from 20 selected donors by means of the micro-lymphocyte toxicity test. HLA-antibodies against the lymphocytes of the husbands involved were found in four women from the experimental group. Two of these four serums also reacted with 20% of the test lymphocytes. In the control group, lymphocyte-toxic antibodies against test subjects were also found in all three serums which cross-reacted with the lymphocytes of the husbands. No new diagnostic or therapeutic criteria for the treatment of sterility can be derived from the combined humoral sperma and cytotoxic HLA-antibodies in the serum.", "PMID": 373318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1931", "title": "[Theoretical and clinical aspects of the penetration test].", "content": "An overlook is given about the theory of penetrating tests. The assay of tests depends from some biological factors concerning sperms, spermplasma and the cervix mucus itself. The penetrating tests are important in functional disorders in the area of cervixsperm. In negative results hormonal defects and immunological factors have to be considered.", "contents": "[Theoretical and clinical aspects of the penetration test]. An overlook is given about the theory of penetrating tests. The assay of tests depends from some biological factors concerning sperms, spermplasma and the cervix mucus itself. The penetrating tests are important in functional disorders in the area of cervixsperm. In negative results hormonal defects and immunological factors have to be considered.", "PMID": 373319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1932", "title": "Encapsulation by transformation of strains of Staphylococcus aureus determined by the serum-soft agar technique.", "content": "Transformation for capsular-types (A and B) between four Staphylococcus aureus strains was attempted using a serum-soft agar technique to distinguish the capsular-type. DNA preparations from the Smith diffuse strain (capsular-type A) transformed strain NS58C (unencapsulated variant of capsular-type B) to type A. The strain NS58C required Ala- and His-, however, the two transformants tested were Ala+ and His+. These properties coincided with those of the donor strain just as the following characters of the transformants, which are quite different from the untransformed recipient cells: i) negative clumping factor reaction, ii) diffuse-type growth in serum-soft agar, and iii) high mouse virulence. The change to capsular-type A was antigenically comfirmed by electronmicroscopy using ferritin conjugated anti-capsular antibody.", "contents": "Encapsulation by transformation of strains of Staphylococcus aureus determined by the serum-soft agar technique. Transformation for capsular-types (A and B) between four Staphylococcus aureus strains was attempted using a serum-soft agar technique to distinguish the capsular-type. DNA preparations from the Smith diffuse strain (capsular-type A) transformed strain NS58C (unencapsulated variant of capsular-type B) to type A. The strain NS58C required Ala- and His-, however, the two transformants tested were Ala+ and His+. These properties coincided with those of the donor strain just as the following characters of the transformants, which are quite different from the untransformed recipient cells: i) negative clumping factor reaction, ii) diffuse-type growth in serum-soft agar, and iii) high mouse virulence. The change to capsular-type A was antigenically comfirmed by electronmicroscopy using ferritin conjugated anti-capsular antibody.", "PMID": 373320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1933", "title": "[Phage typing of rough E. coli strains isolated from urine (author's transl)].", "content": "A differentiation of E. coli rough strains is generally not well established in bacteriological urine diagnosis although these strains are relatively often isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections (see table 2). An exact characterization of rough strains seems to be necessary especially for the distinction between recurrent and reinfection during therapy and follow-up studies. The application of phage typing for characterization of E. coli rough strains isolated from urine is reported in the following paper, using a set of 13 phages (A-M) introduced by Marsik and Parisi (8). Out of 284 E. coli rough strains 166 (58.4 per cent) were found to be typable. Altogether 56 different phage patterns were observed. The most common phage patterns are presented in table 1. It is evident that GHK is the most frequent pattern occurring in 7 per cent of the strains investigated. The next most common patterns are M and BCDEIJLM (4.9 and 3.5 per cent, respectively). These, together with AM (3.2 per cent) and F (3.2 per cent) account for 21.8 per cent of all the rough strains tested. From the results it is concluded that phage typing may be a valuable tool for differentiation of E. coli rough strains.", "contents": "[Phage typing of rough E. coli strains isolated from urine (author's transl)]. A differentiation of E. coli rough strains is generally not well established in bacteriological urine diagnosis although these strains are relatively often isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections (see table 2). An exact characterization of rough strains seems to be necessary especially for the distinction between recurrent and reinfection during therapy and follow-up studies. The application of phage typing for characterization of E. coli rough strains isolated from urine is reported in the following paper, using a set of 13 phages (A-M) introduced by Marsik and Parisi (8). Out of 284 E. coli rough strains 166 (58.4 per cent) were found to be typable. Altogether 56 different phage patterns were observed. The most common phage patterns are presented in table 1. It is evident that GHK is the most frequent pattern occurring in 7 per cent of the strains investigated. The next most common patterns are M and BCDEIJLM (4.9 and 3.5 per cent, respectively). These, together with AM (3.2 per cent) and F (3.2 per cent) account for 21.8 per cent of all the rough strains tested. From the results it is concluded that phage typing may be a valuable tool for differentiation of E. coli rough strains.", "PMID": 373321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1934", "title": "[Experimental studies to culture bacteria from blood specimen with an addition of ampicillin in various nutrient media (author's transl)].", "content": "Ampicillin-sensitive or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella strains were cultured in various nutrient media as prototypes of the agents of sepsis isolated in bacteriological routine analysis. In each case, 2 ml of defibrinated human blood containing 100 and 1000 cells, 8 gamma and 80 gamma ampicillin/1 ml blood respectively were added to 50 ml of nutrient medium. The following media were used. 1. casein soya-bean meal peptone broth (Oxoid), 2. tryptose-phosphate medium (Oxoid), 3. dextrose broth (Oxoid), 4. brain-heart-dextrose medium (Oxoid), 5. brain-heart infusion, autoclaved (Difco), 6. brain-heart infusion, after sterile filtration (Difco), 7. vacutainer culture bottles (BD) prepared medium, 8. micrognost blood culture bottles (Biotest) prepared medium. While the sensitive staphylococcus strain exhibited a slower growth than the sensitive Klebsiella strain in all nutrient media, the growth rate of the two resistant variants was approximately the same for an initial count of 100 cells per ml of blood. Among the resistant staphylococci the higher initial count of the inoculum resulted in an improved growth. After addition of 8 gamma or 80 gamma ampicillin/1 ml blood the sensitive staphylococcus strain did not show any grwoth irrespective of the inoculated number of cells while the sensitive Klebsiella strain multiplied irrespective of the initial number of cells. After 24 hours the resistant staphylococci and Klebsiella strains of which 1000 cells each had been used for inoculation exhibited growth in almost all media used.", "contents": "[Experimental studies to culture bacteria from blood specimen with an addition of ampicillin in various nutrient media (author's transl)]. Ampicillin-sensitive or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella strains were cultured in various nutrient media as prototypes of the agents of sepsis isolated in bacteriological routine analysis. In each case, 2 ml of defibrinated human blood containing 100 and 1000 cells, 8 gamma and 80 gamma ampicillin/1 ml blood respectively were added to 50 ml of nutrient medium. The following media were used. 1. casein soya-bean meal peptone broth (Oxoid), 2. tryptose-phosphate medium (Oxoid), 3. dextrose broth (Oxoid), 4. brain-heart-dextrose medium (Oxoid), 5. brain-heart infusion, autoclaved (Difco), 6. brain-heart infusion, after sterile filtration (Difco), 7. vacutainer culture bottles (BD) prepared medium, 8. micrognost blood culture bottles (Biotest) prepared medium. While the sensitive staphylococcus strain exhibited a slower growth than the sensitive Klebsiella strain in all nutrient media, the growth rate of the two resistant variants was approximately the same for an initial count of 100 cells per ml of blood. Among the resistant staphylococci the higher initial count of the inoculum resulted in an improved growth. After addition of 8 gamma or 80 gamma ampicillin/1 ml blood the sensitive staphylococcus strain did not show any grwoth irrespective of the inoculated number of cells while the sensitive Klebsiella strain multiplied irrespective of the initial number of cells. After 24 hours the resistant staphylococci and Klebsiella strains of which 1000 cells each had been used for inoculation exhibited growth in almost all media used.", "PMID": 373322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1935", "title": "[The biochemical activity of the aflatoxins (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of experiments with the Salmonella typhimurium-liver microsome technique make it evident that the mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of aflatoxin B1 is aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide. This compound forms adducts with guanine in DNA. There is a close relationship between the mutagenic activity and the hepatocarcinogenic property of the different aflatoxin derivatives.", "contents": "[The biochemical activity of the aflatoxins (author's transl)]. Results of experiments with the Salmonella typhimurium-liver microsome technique make it evident that the mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of aflatoxin B1 is aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide. This compound forms adducts with guanine in DNA. There is a close relationship between the mutagenic activity and the hepatocarcinogenic property of the different aflatoxin derivatives.", "PMID": 373323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1936", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amine-aldehyde-condensates. 6. Communication: azomethines of substituted benzaldehydes (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates a number of substituted benzaldehyde azomethines was synthesized by condensation of suitable benzaldehydes with primary amines (aminoethanol and n-butylamine). Structures and physical constants are shown in the table 1. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 2 and 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and of the suspension-disinfecting test following the method of the DGHM (table 5). It may be shown that both the germistatic and the germicidal activity depends on the substituents of the aromatic ring. Bactericidal activity show the test compounds mainly versus the gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amine-aldehyde-condensates. 6. Communication: azomethines of substituted benzaldehydes (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates a number of substituted benzaldehyde azomethines was synthesized by condensation of suitable benzaldehydes with primary amines (aminoethanol and n-butylamine). Structures and physical constants are shown in the table 1. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 2 and 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and of the suspension-disinfecting test following the method of the DGHM (table 5). It may be shown that both the germistatic and the germicidal activity depends on the substituents of the aromatic ring. Bactericidal activity show the test compounds mainly versus the gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 373326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1937", "title": "[Cellular immunity factors in dysentery].", "content": "Cellular immune response was studied in 89 adult patients suffering from various clinical forms of acute dysentery, with the use of the lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction under the action of a specific antigen (dysenterin) and a nonspecific mitogen (phitohemagglutinin). Functional value of T-lymphocytes proved to be retained in patients with acute dysentery; there was also lymphocyte stimulation by a specific antigen in patients with moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery during the first week of the disease. Specificity of blast-cell transformation of sensitized lymphocytes under the action of dysenterin was shown. Patients with a high percentage of the lymphocyte blast forms displayed a more rapid positive progress of the main clinical indices at the height of the disease than analogous patients with a low blast percentage in the blood. The expediency of using the blast-cell transformation reaction for differential diagnosis and prognosis of moderately severe and severe forms of acute dysentery is discussed.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity factors in dysentery]. Cellular immune response was studied in 89 adult patients suffering from various clinical forms of acute dysentery, with the use of the lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction under the action of a specific antigen (dysenterin) and a nonspecific mitogen (phitohemagglutinin). Functional value of T-lymphocytes proved to be retained in patients with acute dysentery; there was also lymphocyte stimulation by a specific antigen in patients with moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery during the first week of the disease. Specificity of blast-cell transformation of sensitized lymphocytes under the action of dysenterin was shown. Patients with a high percentage of the lymphocyte blast forms displayed a more rapid positive progress of the main clinical indices at the height of the disease than analogous patients with a low blast percentage in the blood. The expediency of using the blast-cell transformation reaction for differential diagnosis and prognosis of moderately severe and severe forms of acute dysentery is discussed.", "PMID": 373334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1938", "title": "[Immunological reactions in the secretions of volunteers vaccinated against influenza by aerosol and intranasally].", "content": "Aerosol and intranasal methods of influenza vaccination were studied on volunteers. Aerosol vaccination induced intensive S-IgA-producing reaction and increase of the specific antibody titres in the saliva and nasal secretions. Intranasal vaccination led to increase of influenza antibodies in the washings from the nasopharynx. The presence of a wide spectrum of antiviral and antibacterial normal secretory antibodies was revealed in the fluids under study. Along with stimulation of specific secretory antibodies, the methods of influenza vaccination under study led to increase of the titre of antibodies nonspecific of the vaccine used.", "contents": "[Immunological reactions in the secretions of volunteers vaccinated against influenza by aerosol and intranasally]. Aerosol and intranasal methods of influenza vaccination were studied on volunteers. Aerosol vaccination induced intensive S-IgA-producing reaction and increase of the specific antibody titres in the saliva and nasal secretions. Intranasal vaccination led to increase of influenza antibodies in the washings from the nasopharynx. The presence of a wide spectrum of antiviral and antibacterial normal secretory antibodies was revealed in the fluids under study. Along with stimulation of specific secretory antibodies, the methods of influenza vaccination under study led to increase of the titre of antibodies nonspecific of the vaccine used.", "PMID": 373335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1939", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental infection. II. A study of the dynamics of Shigella infection].", "content": "The dynamics of experimental Shigella infection of chick embryo fibroblasts was studied with the use of electron microscopy. The antibiotic-resistant forms of Sh. sonnei 1,188 was found to be incapable of invasion into the fibroblast cytoplasm and intracellular proliferation. The destruction of fibroblasts observed during the infection was seemingly caused by the action of bacterial endotoxins.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental infection. II. A study of the dynamics of Shigella infection]. The dynamics of experimental Shigella infection of chick embryo fibroblasts was studied with the use of electron microscopy. The antibiotic-resistant forms of Sh. sonnei 1,188 was found to be incapable of invasion into the fibroblast cytoplasm and intracellular proliferation. The destruction of fibroblasts observed during the infection was seemingly caused by the action of bacterial endotoxins.", "PMID": 373336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1940", "title": "[Interrelationships between the virulence and the presence of M-protein in hemolytic streptococcus group A].", "content": "Experiments on mice demonstrated that of hemolytic streptococci A M types 2, 3, 12, 22, 46, and 49 characteristic is the absence of parallelism between their virulence for mice and the presence of M+-colonies in the microbial population. There was also a greater virulence for mice of M-variants. The established changes in serological properties of the cultures passaged in vitro were brought to the acquisition of polyagglutinability by the passage cultures, and to the loss of type-specific protection by the immune sera against these cultures. A possibility of acquisition by passage cultures of a factor determining their high virulence for mice, nonidentical to M-protein, is discussed.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between the virulence and the presence of M-protein in hemolytic streptococcus group A]. Experiments on mice demonstrated that of hemolytic streptococci A M types 2, 3, 12, 22, 46, and 49 characteristic is the absence of parallelism between their virulence for mice and the presence of M+-colonies in the microbial population. There was also a greater virulence for mice of M-variants. The established changes in serological properties of the cultures passaged in vitro were brought to the acquisition of polyagglutinability by the passage cultures, and to the loss of type-specific protection by the immune sera against these cultures. A possibility of acquisition by passage cultures of a factor determining their high virulence for mice, nonidentical to M-protein, is discussed.", "PMID": 373337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1941", "title": "[Properties of the R plasmids of Sh. flexneri strains isolated in Bulgaria].", "content": "The study of 3,237 Sh. flexneri strains isolated in Bulgaria revealed that 50.72% of them were resistant to antibiotics. 95.88% of the antibiotic-resistant strains were found to have R factor of incompatibility groups F, I or N. The plasmids of incompatibility group F had the property fin+, and the plasmids of groups I and N had the property fin-. R plasmids were divided into 4 groups by their ability for phage restriction.", "contents": "[Properties of the R plasmids of Sh. flexneri strains isolated in Bulgaria]. The study of 3,237 Sh. flexneri strains isolated in Bulgaria revealed that 50.72% of them were resistant to antibiotics. 95.88% of the antibiotic-resistant strains were found to have R factor of incompatibility groups F, I or N. The plasmids of incompatibility group F had the property fin+, and the plasmids of groups I and N had the property fin-. R plasmids were divided into 4 groups by their ability for phage restriction.", "PMID": 373338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1942", "title": "[Detection of receptors for the IgG Fc fragment as well as for the C3 component of complement in the spleen T-lymphocytes of CBA mice].", "content": "The presence of receptors to the Fc fragment of IgG and to the C3 component in the complement of T lymphocytes in the spleen of CBA mice was studied. The study was made by the method based on Coons's indirect immunofluorescence test with the use of antithymocytic globulin, in combination with EA and EAC rossette-formation. A significant percentage of T lymphocytes was found to have the receptor to the Fc fragment of IgG, while only a small part of T lymphocytes was found to have the receptor to the C3 component of the complement.", "contents": "[Detection of receptors for the IgG Fc fragment as well as for the C3 component of complement in the spleen T-lymphocytes of CBA mice]. The presence of receptors to the Fc fragment of IgG and to the C3 component in the complement of T lymphocytes in the spleen of CBA mice was studied. The study was made by the method based on Coons's indirect immunofluorescence test with the use of antithymocytic globulin, in combination with EA and EAC rossette-formation. A significant percentage of T lymphocytes was found to have the receptor to the Fc fragment of IgG, while only a small part of T lymphocytes was found to have the receptor to the C3 component of the complement.", "PMID": 373339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1943", "title": "[Determination of the localization of the kcpA gene on the chromosome of E. coli O124. I. Use of the type F' plasmids of varying length].", "content": "The loss of virulence was observed in some of the transconjugates of E. coli O124 in the process of the transfer of the plasmids differing in length: F' 200 PS, F'x 573 and F'x 363, carrying the genes of the chromosome area lac--pur E. The genetic determinants contributing to the ability of E. coli O124 to produce keratoconjunctivitis seem to be localized near the lactose marker, and not near E as in Sh. flexneri. In E. coli O124 these genetic determinants are probably localized on both sides of the lactose operon.", "contents": "[Determination of the localization of the kcpA gene on the chromosome of E. coli O124. I. Use of the type F' plasmids of varying length]. The loss of virulence was observed in some of the transconjugates of E. coli O124 in the process of the transfer of the plasmids differing in length: F' 200 PS, F'x 573 and F'x 363, carrying the genes of the chromosome area lac--pur E. The genetic determinants contributing to the ability of E. coli O124 to produce keratoconjunctivitis seem to be localized near the lactose marker, and not near E as in Sh. flexneri. In E. coli O124 these genetic determinants are probably localized on both sides of the lactose operon.", "PMID": 373340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1944", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of different globulin preparations and of the means for blood sensitization in obtaining antibody erythrocytic diagnostica].", "content": "In comparing the hemosensitizing activity of various immunoglobulin preparations with different methods of erythrocyte loading the greatest activity and specificity was revealed in IgG isolated by means of DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The method of erythrocyte sensitization with the use of alizarin blue indicator was more advantageous in respect to sensitivity and specificity of Sh. sonnei and Newcastle indication over Boyden's, Jandl and Simmons', Bing's methods.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of different globulin preparations and of the means for blood sensitization in obtaining antibody erythrocytic diagnostica]. In comparing the hemosensitizing activity of various immunoglobulin preparations with different methods of erythrocyte loading the greatest activity and specificity was revealed in IgG isolated by means of DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The method of erythrocyte sensitization with the use of alizarin blue indicator was more advantageous in respect to sensitivity and specificity of Sh. sonnei and Newcastle indication over Boyden's, Jandl and Simmons', Bing's methods.", "PMID": 373342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1945", "title": "[Frozen and thawed bacteria as recipients of isolated phages and plasmid DNA].", "content": "Bacteria subjected to freezing and thawing are effective recipients of phage 1 phi 7 DNA, lambda DNA, and plasmid pMB9 DNA. The effectiveness of transfection and plasmid transformation of frozen and thawed bacteria is determined by the joint action of 3 factors: 1) the conditions of freezing and thawing of a recipient and DNA mixture with freezing carried out at a rate of 400 degrees C/min to--76 degrees C or--196 degrees C and with subsequent thawing at 42 degrees C; 2) a transitory character of recipient competence preservation in respect of phage and plasmid DNA; 3) the degree of recipient cryolability depending, in particular, on the genotype of the recipient. The maximum indices of transfection effectiveness and plasmid transformation have been obtained with bacterial concentration equal to 1--5 X 10(9) cells/ml, phage and plasmid DNA concentration equal to 0.05--0.5 mcg/ml in the reaction mixture containing 0.5--1% of Spofa bactopeptone, PH 7.4--7.6.", "contents": "[Frozen and thawed bacteria as recipients of isolated phages and plasmid DNA]. Bacteria subjected to freezing and thawing are effective recipients of phage 1 phi 7 DNA, lambda DNA, and plasmid pMB9 DNA. The effectiveness of transfection and plasmid transformation of frozen and thawed bacteria is determined by the joint action of 3 factors: 1) the conditions of freezing and thawing of a recipient and DNA mixture with freezing carried out at a rate of 400 degrees C/min to--76 degrees C or--196 degrees C and with subsequent thawing at 42 degrees C; 2) a transitory character of recipient competence preservation in respect of phage and plasmid DNA; 3) the degree of recipient cryolability depending, in particular, on the genotype of the recipient. The maximum indices of transfection effectiveness and plasmid transformation have been obtained with bacterial concentration equal to 1--5 X 10(9) cells/ml, phage and plasmid DNA concentration equal to 0.05--0.5 mcg/ml in the reaction mixture containing 0.5--1% of Spofa bactopeptone, PH 7.4--7.6.", "PMID": 373343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1946", "title": "Biosynthesis of somatostatin in pancreatic islets of Wistar rats.", "content": "Pancreatic islets of Wistar rats were isolated by collagenase digestion and incubated with [3H]-L-phenylalanine. Using a specific somatostatin antiserum radioactivity was found in the antibody-antigen-complex. The radioactivity was displaced by unlabelled somatostatin. These findings give the first evidence for the biosynthesis of somatostatin or somatostatin-like peptides in mammalian pancreatic islets.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of somatostatin in pancreatic islets of Wistar rats. Pancreatic islets of Wistar rats were isolated by collagenase digestion and incubated with [3H]-L-phenylalanine. Using a specific somatostatin antiserum radioactivity was found in the antibody-antigen-complex. The radioactivity was displaced by unlabelled somatostatin. These findings give the first evidence for the biosynthesis of somatostatin or somatostatin-like peptides in mammalian pancreatic islets.", "PMID": 373344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1947", "title": "Preparation and characterization of insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio).", "content": "Insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated and crystallized. The insulin was biologically active in two tests; it decreased the blood glucose level and stimulated 14CO2-formation from glucose. The chemical properties are similar to those of insulins from other species. The insulins of carp and of mammals differ greatly immunologically. Antibodies against carp insulin crossreact with carp proinsulin.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated and crystallized. The insulin was biologically active in two tests; it decreased the blood glucose level and stimulated 14CO2-formation from glucose. The chemical properties are similar to those of insulins from other species. The insulins of carp and of mammals differ greatly immunologically. Antibodies against carp insulin crossreact with carp proinsulin.", "PMID": 373345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1948", "title": "[Studies on the recognition of specific sensitization to tumor antigens by measuring passive electrical additive effects as against the electrophoretic mobility test].", "content": "Lymphocytes from cancer patients were incubated with different tumor antigens. In the medium in which the lymphocytes were suspended, passive electrical values could be measured in the Mc region. These values correlate with a specific sensibilization of tumor carriers. By comparison with the electrophoresis-mobility test (em-test) we found in 66 out of 74 supernatants, using CEA and KCl-extracts as antigens, a good conformity of the two reaction patterns.", "contents": "[Studies on the recognition of specific sensitization to tumor antigens by measuring passive electrical additive effects as against the electrophoretic mobility test]. Lymphocytes from cancer patients were incubated with different tumor antigens. In the medium in which the lymphocytes were suspended, passive electrical values could be measured in the Mc region. These values correlate with a specific sensibilization of tumor carriers. By comparison with the electrophoresis-mobility test (em-test) we found in 66 out of 74 supernatants, using CEA and KCl-extracts as antigens, a good conformity of the two reaction patterns.", "PMID": 373346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1949", "title": "Isolation of ribosomes from Escherichia coli by chromatography on methyl-albumin-kieselgel.", "content": "The present communication shows that ribosomes isolated by differential centrifugation retain their composition and biological activity during subsequent methyl-albumin-kieselgel (MAK)-chromatography. The data obtained were used to develop a novel chromatographic procedure for the isolation of ribosomes from E. coli lysates. It could be demonstrated that purified preparations of active ribosomes can be obtained by MAK-chromatography avoiding ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Isolation of ribosomes from Escherichia coli by chromatography on methyl-albumin-kieselgel. The present communication shows that ribosomes isolated by differential centrifugation retain their composition and biological activity during subsequent methyl-albumin-kieselgel (MAK)-chromatography. The data obtained were used to develop a novel chromatographic procedure for the isolation of ribosomes from E. coli lysates. It could be demonstrated that purified preparations of active ribosomes can be obtained by MAK-chromatography avoiding ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 373347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1950", "title": "[Effect of the chemical surface structure of functionalized polystyrene on the kinetic properties of immobilized yeast pyruvate decarboxylase].", "content": "The influence of the loading density of different functional groups and the length of suitable spacer structures on the kinetic properties of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase are investigated on identical polystyrene matrices. At constant concentrations of the fixed protein both the specific activity and the storage stability of the immobilized enzymes increase with increasing concentrations of the protein binding (C = O)-groups. pH-Optimum and K'M-value prove to be functions of the NH3+-content of the supports. Using four spacer resins with an equal content of spacer groups it could be shown that the optimum time of coupling as well as the maximum catalytical activity, storage stability and thermostability depend on the length of the spacer structures. On the other hand, the mobility of an ESR-marker fixed via the same spacers to the resin is not affected by the different spacer structures.", "contents": "[Effect of the chemical surface structure of functionalized polystyrene on the kinetic properties of immobilized yeast pyruvate decarboxylase]. The influence of the loading density of different functional groups and the length of suitable spacer structures on the kinetic properties of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase are investigated on identical polystyrene matrices. At constant concentrations of the fixed protein both the specific activity and the storage stability of the immobilized enzymes increase with increasing concentrations of the protein binding (C = O)-groups. pH-Optimum and K'M-value prove to be functions of the NH3+-content of the supports. Using four spacer resins with an equal content of spacer groups it could be shown that the optimum time of coupling as well as the maximum catalytical activity, storage stability and thermostability depend on the length of the spacer structures. On the other hand, the mobility of an ESR-marker fixed via the same spacers to the resin is not affected by the different spacer structures.", "PMID": 373348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1951", "title": "[Laboratory experiments with a polyvalent extract vaccine for oral immunization against E. coli enteritis].", "content": "Bacteria of E. coli causing enteritis can be extracted by EDTA-sodium. These extracts having lower dry weights result in better protective effects in contrast to sodium-deoxycholate extracts. The EDTA-sodium extracts can be concentrated, purified and sterile filtrated. Thus the production of polyvalent vaccines is possible. A direct relation exists between the effectiveness of the extracts and the virulence of the strains used for extraction. The more virulent the original strain the better is the protective effect of the vaccine produced by extraction of the original strain. The single components of the polyvalent vaccine show a certain improvement of their protective effects. For estimating the immunizing dose, it is necessary to consider the limiting dose. When exceeding this dose the protective effect or the vaccine does not further increase but remains constant of even decreases. The immunizing dose wanted must be greater than the ED50 but smaller than the limiting dose. Extremely high oral doses of vaccine result in symptoms of incompatibility in mice.", "contents": "[Laboratory experiments with a polyvalent extract vaccine for oral immunization against E. coli enteritis]. Bacteria of E. coli causing enteritis can be extracted by EDTA-sodium. These extracts having lower dry weights result in better protective effects in contrast to sodium-deoxycholate extracts. The EDTA-sodium extracts can be concentrated, purified and sterile filtrated. Thus the production of polyvalent vaccines is possible. A direct relation exists between the effectiveness of the extracts and the virulence of the strains used for extraction. The more virulent the original strain the better is the protective effect of the vaccine produced by extraction of the original strain. The single components of the polyvalent vaccine show a certain improvement of their protective effects. For estimating the immunizing dose, it is necessary to consider the limiting dose. When exceeding this dose the protective effect or the vaccine does not further increase but remains constant of even decreases. The immunizing dose wanted must be greater than the ED50 but smaller than the limiting dose. Extremely high oral doses of vaccine result in symptoms of incompatibility in mice.", "PMID": 373349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1952", "title": "Prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolic complications with low-dose heparin. An analysis of different administration intervals.", "content": "The literature on low-dose heparin thrombosis prophylaxis has been reviewed to evaluate differences in effect and bleeding complications between heparin administered at twelve- and eight-hour intervals. The more frequent administration gives a slightly greater reduction of the overall frequency of thrombosis but is not more effective in reducing extensive thrombi or fatal pulmonary emboli. Moreover, it causes more haemorrage, which is why it is concluded that the twelve-hourly interval must be recommended.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolic complications with low-dose heparin. An analysis of different administration intervals. The literature on low-dose heparin thrombosis prophylaxis has been reviewed to evaluate differences in effect and bleeding complications between heparin administered at twelve- and eight-hour intervals. The more frequent administration gives a slightly greater reduction of the overall frequency of thrombosis but is not more effective in reducing extensive thrombi or fatal pulmonary emboli. Moreover, it causes more haemorrage, which is why it is concluded that the twelve-hourly interval must be recommended.", "PMID": 373351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1953", "title": "[Surgical treatment of decubitus ulcer in paraplegics. Experience with 70 reconstructive procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon our own experience with 70 surgical procedures for 49 primary decubitus ulcers, 17 complications and 7 recurrences in 31 paraplegics, and upon the techniques described in the literature, the different reconstructive methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and illustrated with representative cases. The surgical reconstruction of decubitus ulcers requires a thorough planning and an atraumatic surgical technique. Nevertheless complications are not seldom and recurrences are possible.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of decubitus ulcer in paraplegics. Experience with 70 reconstructive procedures (author's transl)]. Based upon our own experience with 70 surgical procedures for 49 primary decubitus ulcers, 17 complications and 7 recurrences in 31 paraplegics, and upon the techniques described in the literature, the different reconstructive methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and illustrated with representative cases. The surgical reconstruction of decubitus ulcers requires a thorough planning and an atraumatic surgical technique. Nevertheless complications are not seldom and recurrences are possible.", "PMID": 373350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1954", "title": "Studies on the frequency and associations of islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Ninety-six juvenile onset type diabetics showed an increase in the frequency of HLA B8 and B15 and a decrease in frequency of HLA B7 antigens. Sixty-four maturity onset diabetics showed no disturbance in the frequency of these antigens. Fifty-four of the juvenile onset type diabetics, with an average duration of disease of 3.2 years were tested for the presence of islet cell antibodies (ICAs). Thirty-two percent were positive, the frequency decreasing from 70% in those patients tested within one year of diagnosis to 0.5% in those patients tested more than 5 years after diagnosis. No correlation was found between HLA type and the frequency of ICAs, but there was an increase in other autoantibodies in B15 positive patients. Preliminary absorption studies suggest a cross reactivity of ICAs and Coxsackie B4 virus.", "contents": "Studies on the frequency and associations of islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Ninety-six juvenile onset type diabetics showed an increase in the frequency of HLA B8 and B15 and a decrease in frequency of HLA B7 antigens. Sixty-four maturity onset diabetics showed no disturbance in the frequency of these antigens. Fifty-four of the juvenile onset type diabetics, with an average duration of disease of 3.2 years were tested for the presence of islet cell antibodies (ICAs). Thirty-two percent were positive, the frequency decreasing from 70% in those patients tested within one year of diagnosis to 0.5% in those patients tested more than 5 years after diagnosis. No correlation was found between HLA type and the frequency of ICAs, but there was an increase in other autoantibodies in B15 positive patients. Preliminary absorption studies suggest a cross reactivity of ICAs and Coxsackie B4 virus.", "PMID": 373353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1955", "title": "In vitro conversion of proinsulin to insulin by cathepsin B and role of C-peptide.", "content": "Cathepsin B, purified from isolated islets of Langerhans, when incubated with proinsulin under in vitro conditions could convert proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide, releasing free arginine and lysine. When C-peptide, prepared from rat pancreas, was added to the incubation system consisting of proinsulin and cathepsin B, it completely inhibited the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.", "contents": "In vitro conversion of proinsulin to insulin by cathepsin B and role of C-peptide. Cathepsin B, purified from isolated islets of Langerhans, when incubated with proinsulin under in vitro conditions could convert proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide, releasing free arginine and lysine. When C-peptide, prepared from rat pancreas, was added to the incubation system consisting of proinsulin and cathepsin B, it completely inhibited the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.", "PMID": 373354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1956", "title": "The effect of fenfluramine on obese, maturity-onset diabetic patients.", "content": "In 38 obese maturity-onset diabetic patients the effect of fenfluramine therapy on carbohydrate tolerance was compared to placebo therapy in a double blind trial. Fenfluramine therapy did not affect weight loss, or fasting glucose levels but produced a slight but significant improvement in glucose tolerance. This improvement was not correlated with any change in body weight or insulin secretion.", "contents": "The effect of fenfluramine on obese, maturity-onset diabetic patients. In 38 obese maturity-onset diabetic patients the effect of fenfluramine therapy on carbohydrate tolerance was compared to placebo therapy in a double blind trial. Fenfluramine therapy did not affect weight loss, or fasting glucose levels but produced a slight but significant improvement in glucose tolerance. This improvement was not correlated with any change in body weight or insulin secretion.", "PMID": 373358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1957", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 5. Mobilisation of a glucose-stimulated pool of intracellular 45Ca by metabolic inhibitors and the ionophore A-23187.", "content": "Glucose is believed to stimulate incorporation of calcium into the secretory granules of the pancreatic beta-cells. The mechanism of the glucose-stimulated accumulation of calcium in the granule pool was evaluated by measuring fluxes of 45Ca in beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets microdissected from ob/ob-mice. The incorporation of lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca in response to phosphate in being suppressed by 10 micrometer antimycin A, 0.3 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol or 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide. Exposure to each of these metabolic inhibitors also resulted in a protracted efflux of the glucose-sensitive 45Ca under conditions when neither the 45Ca incorporated in the presence of 3 mM glucose nor in response to phosphate was significantly affected. The glucose-stimulated intracellular 45Ca existed in a state allowing it to be washed out with the ionophore A-23187. The results suggest that the glucose-stimulated incorporation of calcium into the secretory granules is mediated by transport against a concentration gradient into the granule sac.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 5. Mobilisation of a glucose-stimulated pool of intracellular 45Ca by metabolic inhibitors and the ionophore A-23187. Glucose is believed to stimulate incorporation of calcium into the secretory granules of the pancreatic beta-cells. The mechanism of the glucose-stimulated accumulation of calcium in the granule pool was evaluated by measuring fluxes of 45Ca in beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets microdissected from ob/ob-mice. The incorporation of lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca in response to phosphate in being suppressed by 10 micrometer antimycin A, 0.3 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol or 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide. Exposure to each of these metabolic inhibitors also resulted in a protracted efflux of the glucose-sensitive 45Ca under conditions when neither the 45Ca incorporated in the presence of 3 mM glucose nor in response to phosphate was significantly affected. The glucose-stimulated intracellular 45Ca existed in a state allowing it to be washed out with the ionophore A-23187. The results suggest that the glucose-stimulated incorporation of calcium into the secretory granules is mediated by transport against a concentration gradient into the granule sac.", "PMID": 373359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1958", "title": "Inhibition by kynurenine metabolites of proinsulin synthesis in isolated pancreatic islets.", "content": "The effect of kynurenine metabolites on insulin biosynthesis was investigated in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. Both quinaldic acid and 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid were found to produce significant inhibition of the proinsulin synthesis. However, the conversion process of proinsulin to insulin in the islet was not affected by these kynurenine metabolites. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these end-metabolites of dynurenine was characterized by preferential inhibition of proinsulin synthesis as distinct from non-insulin protein synthesis in the islet. In contrast to the significant inhibitory effect of quinaldic acid and 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid on proinsulin synthesis, xanthurenic acid and kynurenic acid were far less effective, and L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid showed little ability to inhibit proinsulin synthesis in islets.", "contents": "Inhibition by kynurenine metabolites of proinsulin synthesis in isolated pancreatic islets. The effect of kynurenine metabolites on insulin biosynthesis was investigated in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. Both quinaldic acid and 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid were found to produce significant inhibition of the proinsulin synthesis. However, the conversion process of proinsulin to insulin in the islet was not affected by these kynurenine metabolites. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these end-metabolites of dynurenine was characterized by preferential inhibition of proinsulin synthesis as distinct from non-insulin protein synthesis in the islet. In contrast to the significant inhibitory effect of quinaldic acid and 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid on proinsulin synthesis, xanthurenic acid and kynurenic acid were far less effective, and L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid showed little ability to inhibit proinsulin synthesis in islets.", "PMID": 373355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1959", "title": "Functional modifications of endocrine pancreas after internal biliary fistula (experimental research).", "content": "The function of the B-insular system has been explored in dogs total internal biliary fistula (cholecysto-jejunostomy after closure of the common bile duct), an operation which causes an increase in number and total volume of pancreatic islets. Two groups of 10 animals each were either submitted to operation or used as controls. The endocrine function of the pancreas was explored 45-60 cays after surgery by assessing basal blood glucose and serum insulin. IVGTT and i.v. tolbutamide test were performed subsequently. The results indicate that in operated animals the ability to release insulin after stimulation is increased and that the control of basal hormone secretion is fully preserved.", "contents": "Functional modifications of endocrine pancreas after internal biliary fistula (experimental research). The function of the B-insular system has been explored in dogs total internal biliary fistula (cholecysto-jejunostomy after closure of the common bile duct), an operation which causes an increase in number and total volume of pancreatic islets. Two groups of 10 animals each were either submitted to operation or used as controls. The endocrine function of the pancreas was explored 45-60 cays after surgery by assessing basal blood glucose and serum insulin. IVGTT and i.v. tolbutamide test were performed subsequently. The results indicate that in operated animals the ability to release insulin after stimulation is increased and that the control of basal hormone secretion is fully preserved.", "PMID": 373356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1960", "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis and perinephric gas in a diabetic.", "content": "A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis with perinephric gas is presented. The patient was an elderly female diabetic and in addition had a subphrenic abscess as a complication of EPPG. Diabetes was not under control and E. coli was the sole pathogen. As the patient did not respond to conservative treatment, nephrectomy and drainage of subphrenic abscess were done and the patient improved rapidly.", "contents": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis and perinephric gas in a diabetic. A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis with perinephric gas is presented. The patient was an elderly female diabetic and in addition had a subphrenic abscess as a complication of EPPG. Diabetes was not under control and E. coli was the sole pathogen. As the patient did not respond to conservative treatment, nephrectomy and drainage of subphrenic abscess were done and the patient improved rapidly.", "PMID": 373357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1961", "title": "Allogeneic transplantation in low-grade malignant bone tumours. A new operative technique to avoid amputation.", "content": "A massive allografting of deep-frozen cadaver bone or hemi-joint was performed in 11 patients with tumours which were diagnosed as aggressive, low-grade malignancies. One patient died from a pre-existing hepatic insufficiency. The other 10 patients have been followed up from 1 to 8 years. These patients received two bone grafts and eight hemi-joint grafts around the knee joint. The operative procedure consisted of fixation of the graft by stable osteosynthesis, surrounding the graft-host junction with an autogeneic iliac chips cuff and, in cases of hemi-joint grafts, reconstruction of the ligaments. X-ray, scintigraphy and biopsy were used to judge the incorporation of the graft. The patients had to be prepared to face a considerable morbidity with long non-weight-bearing periods and possibly further operations. A full restitution of function was achieved in the bone graft cases. The patients with hemi-joint grafts were also able to retain their limb with a good or satisfactory function. No metastases or recurrences were experienced. The allograft procedure appears to be useful for younger adults, whose long life expectancy makes this operation justifiable, although the fate of cartilage still is unpredictable.", "contents": "Allogeneic transplantation in low-grade malignant bone tumours. A new operative technique to avoid amputation. A massive allografting of deep-frozen cadaver bone or hemi-joint was performed in 11 patients with tumours which were diagnosed as aggressive, low-grade malignancies. One patient died from a pre-existing hepatic insufficiency. The other 10 patients have been followed up from 1 to 8 years. These patients received two bone grafts and eight hemi-joint grafts around the knee joint. The operative procedure consisted of fixation of the graft by stable osteosynthesis, surrounding the graft-host junction with an autogeneic iliac chips cuff and, in cases of hemi-joint grafts, reconstruction of the ligaments. X-ray, scintigraphy and biopsy were used to judge the incorporation of the graft. The patients had to be prepared to face a considerable morbidity with long non-weight-bearing periods and possibly further operations. A full restitution of function was achieved in the bone graft cases. The patients with hemi-joint grafts were also able to retain their limb with a good or satisfactory function. No metastases or recurrences were experienced. The allograft procedure appears to be useful for younger adults, whose long life expectancy makes this operation justifiable, although the fate of cartilage still is unpredictable.", "PMID": 373366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1962", "title": "Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by free grafts of cancellous autologous bone tissue. A preliminary report.", "content": "Chronic osteomyelitis was treated by free grafts of autologous bone tissue in 13 consecutive patients aged 18 to 81 to years. In all patients the osteomyelitis was located in the leg, and Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism. Seven had an infected non-union. The duration of the osteomyelitis varied from less than 1 year to 75 years. Surgical debridement and grafting of cancellous and cortical cancellous bone were performed at the one operation. The osteomyelitis healed after a single operation in all patients but one, who needed three operations before the infection was eradicated. In one patient a second bone grafting operation was necessary before weight-bearing could be allowed. Although the number of patients is small, the results agree well with larger series published recently. Grafting of autologous bone tissue seems to be a very valuable method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by free grafts of cancellous autologous bone tissue. A preliminary report. Chronic osteomyelitis was treated by free grafts of autologous bone tissue in 13 consecutive patients aged 18 to 81 to years. In all patients the osteomyelitis was located in the leg, and Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism. Seven had an infected non-union. The duration of the osteomyelitis varied from less than 1 year to 75 years. Surgical debridement and grafting of cancellous and cortical cancellous bone were performed at the one operation. The osteomyelitis healed after a single operation in all patients but one, who needed three operations before the infection was eradicated. In one patient a second bone grafting operation was necessary before weight-bearing could be allowed. Although the number of patients is small, the results agree well with larger series published recently. Grafting of autologous bone tissue seems to be a very valuable method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 373367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1963", "title": "Analysis of different variants of erythrocyte survival using digital computers.", "content": "In the paper a method is presented, enabling parameter estimation of erythrocyte survival patterns, what is an important element in the diagnosis of haemolytic anaemias. The method is based on a computer program, fitting the experimental data to eight variants of theoretical patterns with use of a weighted least squares criterion. A simple statistical test of approximation quality is described and several interpretational examples are given. The program may be easily handled by a physician with small programming experience.", "contents": "Analysis of different variants of erythrocyte survival using digital computers. In the paper a method is presented, enabling parameter estimation of erythrocyte survival patterns, what is an important element in the diagnosis of haemolytic anaemias. The method is based on a computer program, fitting the experimental data to eight variants of theoretical patterns with use of a weighted least squares criterion. A simple statistical test of approximation quality is described and several interpretational examples are given. The program may be easily handled by a physician with small programming experience.", "PMID": 373362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1964", "title": "[Granulocyte adherence in advanced Hodgkin's disease and its dependence on antiproliferative drugs used].", "content": "In 36 patients with stage III and IV of Hodgkin's disease granulocyte adherence was investigated. The determinations were carried out in minicolumns filled with nylon fibres. In 13 patients the determinations were repeated 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after administration of vinblastine and cyclophosphamide. In all patients granulocyte adherence was reduced, by 54.1 +/- 3.5% on the average. The values of adherence in the control group were of the order of 83.7 +/- +/- 4.7%. Administration of antiproliferative drugs reduced further the adherence. The lowest value of it was observed 6 hours after vinblastine and cyclophosphamide administration. After that time the adherence increased gradually reaching the initial level 24 hours after administration of antiproliferative agents. These results suggest that reduced adherence of granulocytes may be an additional cause, besides abnormal immunological reactions, of the impairment of the resistance mechanisms of the organism in advanced stages of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Granulocyte adherence in advanced Hodgkin's disease and its dependence on antiproliferative drugs used]. In 36 patients with stage III and IV of Hodgkin's disease granulocyte adherence was investigated. The determinations were carried out in minicolumns filled with nylon fibres. In 13 patients the determinations were repeated 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after administration of vinblastine and cyclophosphamide. In all patients granulocyte adherence was reduced, by 54.1 +/- 3.5% on the average. The values of adherence in the control group were of the order of 83.7 +/- +/- 4.7%. Administration of antiproliferative drugs reduced further the adherence. The lowest value of it was observed 6 hours after vinblastine and cyclophosphamide administration. After that time the adherence increased gradually reaching the initial level 24 hours after administration of antiproliferative agents. These results suggest that reduced adherence of granulocytes may be an additional cause, besides abnormal immunological reactions, of the impairment of the resistance mechanisms of the organism in advanced stages of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 373364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1965", "title": "[Analysis of anamnestic data in patients with acute leukemia].", "content": "The authors report a trial of a comprehensive study of a correlations between various data obtained during history taking and the development of leukaemia in children. On the basis of epidemiological cards data were analysed concerning 200 children with acute leukaemia, including 108 boys and 92 girls. The control group comprised 217 healthy children. The method of classification of independent characteristics was used for the analysis of discernibility of children in these two groups. Continuous (or quantitative) characteristics were regarded as normally distributed, and discrete ones were defined by the frequencies found. As a result of computer processing of data 181 out of 200 patients (90.5%) and 204 controls (94.0%) were classified accurately. The mean error of classification was 7.75%.", "contents": "[Analysis of anamnestic data in patients with acute leukemia]. The authors report a trial of a comprehensive study of a correlations between various data obtained during history taking and the development of leukaemia in children. On the basis of epidemiological cards data were analysed concerning 200 children with acute leukaemia, including 108 boys and 92 girls. The control group comprised 217 healthy children. The method of classification of independent characteristics was used for the analysis of discernibility of children in these two groups. Continuous (or quantitative) characteristics were regarded as normally distributed, and discrete ones were defined by the frequencies found. As a result of computer processing of data 181 out of 200 patients (90.5%) and 204 controls (94.0%) were classified accurately. The mean error of classification was 7.75%.", "PMID": 373363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1966", "title": "Lymph follicular cholecystitis.", "content": "Ten cases of cholecystitis with severe lymphocytic reactions were selected among serially examined 131 cases of cholecystitis or/and cholelithiasis. Gram-negative bacterial infection, especially E. coli and K. pneumonia seemed to be related as the cause of these severe lymphocytic reactions, but the gallstone revealed no definite influence. We would like to separate the cases with severe lymphocytic reactions as a lymph follicular cholecystitis and consider the possibility of a gram-negative bacterial infection in bile.", "contents": "Lymph follicular cholecystitis. Ten cases of cholecystitis with severe lymphocytic reactions were selected among serially examined 131 cases of cholecystitis or/and cholelithiasis. Gram-negative bacterial infection, especially E. coli and K. pneumonia seemed to be related as the cause of these severe lymphocytic reactions, but the gallstone revealed no definite influence. We would like to separate the cases with severe lymphocytic reactions as a lymph follicular cholecystitis and consider the possibility of a gram-negative bacterial infection in bile.", "PMID": 373378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1967", "title": "Pseudomonas cepacia bacteraemia due to intrinsic contamination of an anaesthetic. Bacteriological and serological observations.", "content": "In November-December 1977 an epidemic of bacteraemia due to P. cepacia was observed in Odense, Denmark (nine patients), and in Nijmegen, Holland (seven patients). All patients recovered. The epidemic was traced to intrinsic contamination of two batches of the anaesthetic fentanyl. All isolates from the patients and from the two batches belonged to the same biotype, had identical sensitivity patterns, and identical antigens. The P. cepacia strain differed from stock strains in being able to grow in two passages in methyl-p-hydroxi-benzoate, 0.5 mg/ml, which promoted the growth of the microorganism: inocula of 2-20 cfu were sufficient to initiate growth in the drug or preservative. These facts indicate the inadvisability of using p-hydroxi-benzoates as preservatives in vials. The strain was inhibited at temperatures above 38.5 degrees C, corresponding to the recovery of the patients after a period with fever above 39 degrees C. Fourteen out of 15 patients examined had agglutinin titres greater than or equal to 320, while 36 blood donors had titres less than 40. Of 12 patients with postoperative fever in the same period whose blood cultures did not yield P. cepacia, three had titres greater than 320.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cepacia bacteraemia due to intrinsic contamination of an anaesthetic. Bacteriological and serological observations. In November-December 1977 an epidemic of bacteraemia due to P. cepacia was observed in Odense, Denmark (nine patients), and in Nijmegen, Holland (seven patients). All patients recovered. The epidemic was traced to intrinsic contamination of two batches of the anaesthetic fentanyl. All isolates from the patients and from the two batches belonged to the same biotype, had identical sensitivity patterns, and identical antigens. The P. cepacia strain differed from stock strains in being able to grow in two passages in methyl-p-hydroxi-benzoate, 0.5 mg/ml, which promoted the growth of the microorganism: inocula of 2-20 cfu were sufficient to initiate growth in the drug or preservative. These facts indicate the inadvisability of using p-hydroxi-benzoates as preservatives in vials. The strain was inhibited at temperatures above 38.5 degrees C, corresponding to the recovery of the patients after a period with fever above 39 degrees C. Fourteen out of 15 patients examined had agglutinin titres greater than or equal to 320, while 36 blood donors had titres less than 40. Of 12 patients with postoperative fever in the same period whose blood cultures did not yield P. cepacia, three had titres greater than 320.", "PMID": 373379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1968", "title": "Electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining of Streptococcus mutans during controlled growth in two different media.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans subspecies sobrinus serotype d (B13) was cultivated in a fermentor under controlled conditions in two different media: a complex proteose-peptone medium and a defined minimal medium (C4). Specimens from different growth phases were examined by electron-microscopy and tested electron-immunohistochemically. Irrespective of the growth medium used, no differences were observed in the immunohistochemical staining pattern of bacteria during the lag, the exponential and the early staionary phases. Specimens obtained several hours after exponential growth contained areas where the bacteria showed staining that ranged from  a strong deposit of reaction product to no deposit. This appearance seems partly to explain the differences in the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of certain bacteria observed in dental plaques stained for identification of S. mutans subspecies sorbrinus.", "contents": "Electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining of Streptococcus mutans during controlled growth in two different media. Streptococcus mutans subspecies sobrinus serotype d (B13) was cultivated in a fermentor under controlled conditions in two different media: a complex proteose-peptone medium and a defined minimal medium (C4). Specimens from different growth phases were examined by electron-microscopy and tested electron-immunohistochemically. Irrespective of the growth medium used, no differences were observed in the immunohistochemical staining pattern of bacteria during the lag, the exponential and the early staionary phases. Specimens obtained several hours after exponential growth contained areas where the bacteria showed staining that ranged from  a strong deposit of reaction product to no deposit. This appearance seems partly to explain the differences in the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of certain bacteria observed in dental plaques stained for identification of S. mutans subspecies sorbrinus.", "PMID": 373380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1969", "title": "Diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria: antibodies against synthetic Salmonella O-antigen 8 for immunofluorescence and co-agglutination using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci.", "content": "An antiserum against the synthetic disaccharide abequose 1 leads to 3 alpha rhamnose (AR), representative of Salmonella O-antigen 8, coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used for diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and by co-agglutination (COA) using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci. Among the 1150 enteric bacteria tested in IFL, the antiserum correctly identified all 99 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 bacteria with O-antigen 8. No fluorescence was seen with 484 Salmonella bacteria belonging to other serogroups or 567 non-Salmonella enteric bacteria. The anti-AR-BSA serum was favourable as compared to a conventional Salmonella factor O8 serum as regards both titre and specificity. In the COA test, all 22 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 strains agglutinated strongly and within seconds, whereas no agglutination could be seen when 93 Salmonella bacteria representing other serogroups were tested.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria: antibodies against synthetic Salmonella O-antigen 8 for immunofluorescence and co-agglutination using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci. An antiserum against the synthetic disaccharide abequose 1 leads to 3 alpha rhamnose (AR), representative of Salmonella O-antigen 8, coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used for diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and by co-agglutination (COA) using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci. Among the 1150 enteric bacteria tested in IFL, the antiserum correctly identified all 99 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 bacteria with O-antigen 8. No fluorescence was seen with 484 Salmonella bacteria belonging to other serogroups or 567 non-Salmonella enteric bacteria. The anti-AR-BSA serum was favourable as compared to a conventional Salmonella factor O8 serum as regards both titre and specificity. In the COA test, all 22 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 strains agglutinated strongly and within seconds, whereas no agglutination could be seen when 93 Salmonella bacteria representing other serogroups were tested.", "PMID": 373381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1970", "title": "Incidence and titres of smooth-muscle antibodies in human sera.", "content": "By means of the indirect immunofluorescence method smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were determined in 182 patients with various diseases and the findings were compared with those of 7 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 580 normal controls. IgG-SMA were found in 85.7% of the patients with CAH, titres above 80 occurred only in Hepatitis B-associated antigen (HBAg)-negative CAH, but IgG-SMA in low titres were also found with increased incidence in syphilis (16.7%) and in infections of the central nervous system (19%). In other diseases (Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, myasthenia gravis, progressive muscular dystrophy, atopic dermatitis and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection) the prevalence did not differ from that of controls (3.6%). IgM-SMA were found more often in CAH (28.6%), in infections of the central nervous system (14.3%) and in the mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (13%) than in controls (2.6%), but titres above 20 occurred only in controls. IgA-SMA were detected only in a patient with syphilis. Demonstration of IgG-SMA titres above 80 seems to support the diagnosis of HBAg-negative CAH, while the demonstration of IgA- and IgM-SMA seems to be without diagnostic value in chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Incidence and titres of smooth-muscle antibodies in human sera. By means of the indirect immunofluorescence method smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were determined in 182 patients with various diseases and the findings were compared with those of 7 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 580 normal controls. IgG-SMA were found in 85.7% of the patients with CAH, titres above 80 occurred only in Hepatitis B-associated antigen (HBAg)-negative CAH, but IgG-SMA in low titres were also found with increased incidence in syphilis (16.7%) and in infections of the central nervous system (19%). In other diseases (Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, myasthenia gravis, progressive muscular dystrophy, atopic dermatitis and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection) the prevalence did not differ from that of controls (3.6%). IgM-SMA were found more often in CAH (28.6%), in infections of the central nervous system (14.3%) and in the mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (13%) than in controls (2.6%), but titres above 20 occurred only in controls. IgA-SMA were detected only in a patient with syphilis. Demonstration of IgG-SMA titres above 80 seems to support the diagnosis of HBAg-negative CAH, while the demonstration of IgA- and IgM-SMA seems to be without diagnostic value in chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 373382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1971", "title": "Effect of mycoplasmas on phagocytosis and immunocompetence in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate some possible mechanisms by which mycoplasmas may facilitate a subsequent bacterial infection. The effector of M. arthritidis, M. hominis and U. urealyticum on lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens, subsequent antibody response, and the ability of neutrophils to carry out phagocytosis was investigated. In vitro, large doses of M. arthritidis and M. hominis depressed the reactivity of lymphocytes and the phagocytic ability of neutrophils. In vivo, inoculation of myoplasmas had no effect on reactivity of lymphocytes from rats, and antibody response to subsequently injected E. coli was normal. However, peritoneal neutrophils from rats injected intraperitoneally with large doses of M. arthritidis and M. Hominis were invalidated in their ability to cause phagocytosis of E. Coli. U. urealyticum had no observable effect on lymphocytes and neutrophils in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of mycoplasmas on phagocytosis and immunocompetence in rats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some possible mechanisms by which mycoplasmas may facilitate a subsequent bacterial infection. The effector of M. arthritidis, M. hominis and U. urealyticum on lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens, subsequent antibody response, and the ability of neutrophils to carry out phagocytosis was investigated. In vitro, large doses of M. arthritidis and M. hominis depressed the reactivity of lymphocytes and the phagocytic ability of neutrophils. In vivo, inoculation of myoplasmas had no effect on reactivity of lymphocytes from rats, and antibody response to subsequently injected E. coli was normal. However, peritoneal neutrophils from rats injected intraperitoneally with large doses of M. arthritidis and M. Hominis were invalidated in their ability to cause phagocytosis of E. Coli. U. urealyticum had no observable effect on lymphocytes and neutrophils in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 373384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1972", "title": "Complement receptors in human peripheral nerve tissue.", "content": "Cryostat sections of human peripheral nerve tissue adsorbed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and human complement (EAC). Activated complement was essential for the reaction to occur. The receptor had specificity for the C3b fragment. In order to obrain binding to nerve tissue, the indicator cells had to be coated with more complement than that required for binding to C3b receptors in spleen and renal tissue. The receptors are located within the nerve fascicles and are probably of glycoprotein nature. The receptors for C3b in peripheral nerve tissus may be of significance in the deposition of immune complexes, which may play a role in acute polyradiculoneuritis.", "contents": "Complement receptors in human peripheral nerve tissue. Cryostat sections of human peripheral nerve tissue adsorbed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and human complement (EAC). Activated complement was essential for the reaction to occur. The receptor had specificity for the C3b fragment. In order to obrain binding to nerve tissue, the indicator cells had to be coated with more complement than that required for binding to C3b receptors in spleen and renal tissue. The receptors are located within the nerve fascicles and are probably of glycoprotein nature. The receptors for C3b in peripheral nerve tissus may be of significance in the deposition of immune complexes, which may play a role in acute polyradiculoneuritis.", "PMID": 373385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1973", "title": "Interaction of the Fc part of IgG with Lancefield extracts of hemolytic streptococci. Strain specificity and activity.", "content": "Lancefield extracts of 19 types of group A streptococci as well as one group C and one group G strain were examined for agglutination of human red cells coated with various anti-Rh antibodies. Fourteen extracts agglutinated one or more of the coated cell samples, while five did not. The agglutination was inhibited by Fc but not by Fab fragments of human IgG. After mouse passages, three of the non-agglutinating strains acquired agglutinating capacity. At least three different reactivities were distinguished by the action of the extracts on IgG1 and IgG3 coated cells, respectively. Two of the streptococcal extracts, agglutinating the same anti-Rh coated cells, could be further differentiated in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) experiments using purified IgG3 myeloma proteins. Five selected agglutinating systems were inhibited by purified myeloma proteins of the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses. IgG3 proteins inhibited only two of the five HAI systems.", "contents": "Interaction of the Fc part of IgG with Lancefield extracts of hemolytic streptococci. Strain specificity and activity. Lancefield extracts of 19 types of group A streptococci as well as one group C and one group G strain were examined for agglutination of human red cells coated with various anti-Rh antibodies. Fourteen extracts agglutinated one or more of the coated cell samples, while five did not. The agglutination was inhibited by Fc but not by Fab fragments of human IgG. After mouse passages, three of the non-agglutinating strains acquired agglutinating capacity. At least three different reactivities were distinguished by the action of the extracts on IgG1 and IgG3 coated cells, respectively. Two of the streptococcal extracts, agglutinating the same anti-Rh coated cells, could be further differentiated in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) experiments using purified IgG3 myeloma proteins. Five selected agglutinating systems were inhibited by purified myeloma proteins of the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses. IgG3 proteins inhibited only two of the five HAI systems.", "PMID": 373386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1974", "title": "Barbital and diazepam plasma levels during treatment of delirium tremens.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of barbital and diazepam were measured daily during a double-blind study of the efficacy of the two drugs in the treatment of delirium tremens and less severe clinical states. Treatment was estimated as satisfactory in the majority of cases; the present study deals with the satisfactory groups only. Both in the barbital group and in the diazepam group the same plasma level was seen in different clinical states. This result is discussed in relation to the theories about the aetiology of delirium tremens, and it is concluded that the data fits best with the assumption that delirium tremens is released from a withdrawal state, but once established, the delirious state is not interrupted by the drugs. The barbital concentrations were rather high, many at a level where non-alcoholics would show pronounced intoxication symptoms not seen in the present material. The diazepam concentrations on the other hand were low, often below a level where a cerebral effect is measurable in normal subjects. On this basis it is concluded, that the two drugs have different modes of action. Barbital may act by its cross-dependence properties with alcohol and thus diminish the withdrawal reaction, whereas diazepam may act by its anti-anxiety effect, but not in the doses here applied, by cross-dependence properties with alcohol. Finally, this hypothesis is discussed in relation to clinical experience in the treatment of delirium tremens.", "contents": "Barbital and diazepam plasma levels during treatment of delirium tremens. Plasma concentrations of barbital and diazepam were measured daily during a double-blind study of the efficacy of the two drugs in the treatment of delirium tremens and less severe clinical states. Treatment was estimated as satisfactory in the majority of cases; the present study deals with the satisfactory groups only. Both in the barbital group and in the diazepam group the same plasma level was seen in different clinical states. This result is discussed in relation to the theories about the aetiology of delirium tremens, and it is concluded that the data fits best with the assumption that delirium tremens is released from a withdrawal state, but once established, the delirious state is not interrupted by the drugs. The barbital concentrations were rather high, many at a level where non-alcoholics would show pronounced intoxication symptoms not seen in the present material. The diazepam concentrations on the other hand were low, often below a level where a cerebral effect is measurable in normal subjects. On this basis it is concluded, that the two drugs have different modes of action. Barbital may act by its cross-dependence properties with alcohol and thus diminish the withdrawal reaction, whereas diazepam may act by its anti-anxiety effect, but not in the doses here applied, by cross-dependence properties with alcohol. Finally, this hypothesis is discussed in relation to clinical experience in the treatment of delirium tremens.", "PMID": 373390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1975", "title": "Single versus divided daily dosages of clomipramine. Plasma concentration and clinical effect.", "content": "Sixteen depressed patients have been treated with a daily dose of 150 mg clomipramine for 20 days. Every patient received the total dose at night for 10 days and three times daily for 10 days according to a double-blind, cross-over design. No differences were noted between the two dose regimens, either regarding the clinical effect or the side effects. The plasma level ratio of parent drug to demethylated metabolite was higher on single than multiple doses.", "contents": "Single versus divided daily dosages of clomipramine. Plasma concentration and clinical effect. Sixteen depressed patients have been treated with a daily dose of 150 mg clomipramine for 20 days. Every patient received the total dose at night for 10 days and three times daily for 10 days according to a double-blind, cross-over design. No differences were noted between the two dose regimens, either regarding the clinical effect or the side effects. The plasma level ratio of parent drug to demethylated metabolite was higher on single than multiple doses.", "PMID": 373391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1976", "title": "Computer aided diagnosis of bone tumors.", "content": "Four radiologists, three of whom having no special expertise in bone tumor radiology, analysed 177 bone tumors. One of the radiologists, using a computer aided bone tumor program, performed significantly better than the other two at a comparable level of training and was able to compete successfully with the fourth radiologist experienced in bone diagnosis. The results validate the assumption that computer aided diagnostic programs may improve the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists having limited experience with the problem at hand.", "contents": "Computer aided diagnosis of bone tumors. Four radiologists, three of whom having no special expertise in bone tumor radiology, analysed 177 bone tumors. One of the radiologists, using a computer aided bone tumor program, performed significantly better than the other two at a comparable level of training and was able to compete successfully with the fourth radiologist experienced in bone diagnosis. The results validate the assumption that computer aided diagnostic programs may improve the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists having limited experience with the problem at hand.", "PMID": 373392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1977", "title": "Maintenance of potassium balance during diuretic therapy.", "content": "The relative efficacies of potassium chloride, amiloride, triamterene and spironolactone in maintaining potassium balance were studied in 40 patients with essential hypertension receiving diuretic therapy. The preparations were administered in random order in a cross-over manner. In 31 patients treated with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily, addition of 1500 mg potassium chloride daily was the weakest and 50 mg spironolactone daily the most effective agent for maintaining serum potassium. Amiloride (5 mg daily) and triamterene (75 mg daily) were less effective and equally so. Similar results were obtained with 9 patients treated with double dosages of the diuretic and supplements. Despite changes in serum potassium, total body potassium remained constant throughout the trial.", "contents": "Maintenance of potassium balance during diuretic therapy. The relative efficacies of potassium chloride, amiloride, triamterene and spironolactone in maintaining potassium balance were studied in 40 patients with essential hypertension receiving diuretic therapy. The preparations were administered in random order in a cross-over manner. In 31 patients treated with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily, addition of 1500 mg potassium chloride daily was the weakest and 50 mg spironolactone daily the most effective agent for maintaining serum potassium. Amiloride (5 mg daily) and triamterene (75 mg daily) were less effective and equally so. Similar results were obtained with 9 patients treated with double dosages of the diuretic and supplements. Despite changes in serum potassium, total body potassium remained constant throughout the trial.", "PMID": 373393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1978", "title": "Hemodynamic and hormonal changes induced by noise.", "content": "Eighteen healthy male volunteers with normal hearing were exposed to industrial noise at different sound levels (75, 85 and 95 dB A) in a noise laboratory. Blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were recorded with noninvasive techniques. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration in venous plasma were analyzed before and during noise exposure. The mean resting blood pressure of the whole group was 120/70 mm Hg. During noise stimulation diastolic blood pressure increased (12.2%, p less than 0.001) as did mean arterial pressure (6.6%, p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (12.7%, p less than 0.001). Stroke volume (7.3%, p less than 0.001) and cardiac output (5.0%, p less than 0.01) were both reduced at 95 dB A. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure did not change significantly. At 75 and 85 dB A there were similar but smaller changes in the hemodynamic parameters. There were no changes in adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma during maximal noise exposure. The noise induced hemodynamic changes remained 5 minutes after the noise stimulation was stopped but had disappeared after 10 minutes of rest.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and hormonal changes induced by noise. Eighteen healthy male volunteers with normal hearing were exposed to industrial noise at different sound levels (75, 85 and 95 dB A) in a noise laboratory. Blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were recorded with noninvasive techniques. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration in venous plasma were analyzed before and during noise exposure. The mean resting blood pressure of the whole group was 120/70 mm Hg. During noise stimulation diastolic blood pressure increased (12.2%, p less than 0.001) as did mean arterial pressure (6.6%, p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (12.7%, p less than 0.001). Stroke volume (7.3%, p less than 0.001) and cardiac output (5.0%, p less than 0.01) were both reduced at 95 dB A. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure did not change significantly. At 75 and 85 dB A there were similar but smaller changes in the hemodynamic parameters. There were no changes in adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma during maximal noise exposure. The noise induced hemodynamic changes remained 5 minutes after the noise stimulation was stopped but had disappeared after 10 minutes of rest.", "PMID": 373395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1979", "title": "An exploration of adolescent feminine and occupational behavior development.", "content": "Women in the United States have become more involved in the dual roles of homemaker and worker. This article traces briefly the development of the feminine role and occupational choice through a review of the literature; and stresses the need for occupational therapists who work with adolescents to be aware of such development. Three theoretical approaches to sex-role development are explored, and developmental aspects of occupational choice are examined. An assessment tool is included, and may be used to help identify areas of developmental lag and thereby aid in treatment planning.", "contents": "An exploration of adolescent feminine and occupational behavior development. Women in the United States have become more involved in the dual roles of homemaker and worker. This article traces briefly the development of the feminine role and occupational choice through a review of the literature; and stresses the need for occupational therapists who work with adolescents to be aware of such development. Three theoretical approaches to sex-role development are explored, and developmental aspects of occupational choice are examined. An assessment tool is included, and may be used to help identify areas of developmental lag and thereby aid in treatment planning.", "PMID": 373405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1980", "title": "Influence of development on the number of calcitonin-containing cells in the mouse thyroid.", "content": "Calcitonin-containing cells in serial, 6-micrometer sections of the thyroid glands of Swiss Webster mice, at 1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age, were demonstrated by an immunoperoxidase method, using antiserum to human calcitonin. C-cell nuclei were counted in every sixth section of both left and right lobes. The average number of C-cells counted in the thyroid glands of 8-week-old animals was 18-fold, 5.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater than the number observed in 1-day, 2-week and 4-week-old animals, respectively. C-cell concentration was found to be greatest in 4-week-old mice. Mitoses of C-cells were observed in animals which were 1 day, 2 weeks and four weeks old. No mitotic figures were seen in 8-week-old animals. A few C-cells were seen in close association with neurons. The volume of the thyroid glands of 8-week-old animals was about 14-, 4- and 3-fold greater than the volume in the 1-day-old, 2-week-old and 4-week-old mice, respectively. These changes in the C-cell population during development provide a model for the study of C-cell proliferation and storage of calcitonin.", "contents": "Influence of development on the number of calcitonin-containing cells in the mouse thyroid. Calcitonin-containing cells in serial, 6-micrometer sections of the thyroid glands of Swiss Webster mice, at 1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age, were demonstrated by an immunoperoxidase method, using antiserum to human calcitonin. C-cell nuclei were counted in every sixth section of both left and right lobes. The average number of C-cells counted in the thyroid glands of 8-week-old animals was 18-fold, 5.5-fold and 2.5-fold greater than the number observed in 1-day, 2-week and 4-week-old animals, respectively. C-cell concentration was found to be greatest in 4-week-old mice. Mitoses of C-cells were observed in animals which were 1 day, 2 weeks and four weeks old. No mitotic figures were seen in 8-week-old animals. A few C-cells were seen in close association with neurons. The volume of the thyroid glands of 8-week-old animals was about 14-, 4- and 3-fold greater than the volume in the 1-day-old, 2-week-old and 4-week-old mice, respectively. These changes in the C-cell population during development provide a model for the study of C-cell proliferation and storage of calcitonin.", "PMID": 373414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1981", "title": "Failure of oral L-histidine to influence appetite or affect zinc metabolism in man: a double-blind study.", "content": "L-Histidine, 4 g/day in gelatin capsules, was administered orally to eight normal volunteers for 2 weeks in a double-blind, balanced, crossover study with 2 weeks of placebo treatment. Body weight, serum and urinary zinc and histidine concentrations, as well as subjective ratings of appetite, taste and smell perception, and food intake were monitored. L-Histidine therapy had no significant effect on appetite, taste and smell perception, food intake, or body weight. Similarly, no effects were observed on total serum zinc, albumin-bound zinc or alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound zinc concentrations, or on urinary histidine excretion. Serum histidine concentrations increased with therapy. Urinary zinc excretion was increased significantly after 1 week, but not after 2 weeks of L-histidine therapy. It can be concluded that oral L-histidine, at the dose used, has no value as an anorectic agent.", "contents": "Failure of oral L-histidine to influence appetite or affect zinc metabolism in man: a double-blind study. L-Histidine, 4 g/day in gelatin capsules, was administered orally to eight normal volunteers for 2 weeks in a double-blind, balanced, crossover study with 2 weeks of placebo treatment. Body weight, serum and urinary zinc and histidine concentrations, as well as subjective ratings of appetite, taste and smell perception, and food intake were monitored. L-Histidine therapy had no significant effect on appetite, taste and smell perception, food intake, or body weight. Similarly, no effects were observed on total serum zinc, albumin-bound zinc or alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound zinc concentrations, or on urinary histidine excretion. Serum histidine concentrations increased with therapy. Urinary zinc excretion was increased significantly after 1 week, but not after 2 weeks of L-histidine therapy. It can be concluded that oral L-histidine, at the dose used, has no value as an anorectic agent.", "PMID": 373415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1982", "title": "Dientamoeba fragilis. An intestinal pathogen in children?", "content": "A retrospective study was conducted of 35 children in whom Dientamoeba fragilis was the only parasite found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 32 (91%) of these children; diarrhea was the most common finding in patients with acute symptoms, whereas abdominal pain was more common in children with chronic symptoms. Peripheral eosinophilia was present in half of the children examined and was statistically more significant in patients with D fragilis than in a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. Therapy with diiodohydroxyquin or metronidazole was effective; children's symptoms were diminished or were eliminated on follow-up evaluation after treatment. From this association between therapy and symptomatic relief, D fragilis should be considered pathogenic in those children with GI symptoms.", "contents": "Dientamoeba fragilis. An intestinal pathogen in children? A retrospective study was conducted of 35 children in whom Dientamoeba fragilis was the only parasite found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 32 (91%) of these children; diarrhea was the most common finding in patients with acute symptoms, whereas abdominal pain was more common in children with chronic symptoms. Peripheral eosinophilia was present in half of the children examined and was statistically more significant in patients with D fragilis than in a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. Therapy with diiodohydroxyquin or metronidazole was effective; children's symptoms were diminished or were eliminated on follow-up evaluation after treatment. From this association between therapy and symptomatic relief, D fragilis should be considered pathogenic in those children with GI symptoms.", "PMID": 373418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1983", "title": "Reiter's disease in children.", "content": "Three Canadian Indian boys, aged 2, 14, and 15 years, with features of Reiter's disease (RD) had arthritis occur that was characterized by noticeable tenderness and large effusions. The two youngest also had conjunctivitis and urethritis and thus conformed to the classical triad of RD. The eldest had dysuria and a history suggesting keratoderma blennorrhagica. All had HLA-B27 antigen. Inclusions indicative of chlamydial infection were seen in assays from the two youngest boys. Previously documented cases of childhood RD have been reviewed. More flexible diagnostic criteria may be useful in identifying this class of seronegative arthritis in children.", "contents": "Reiter's disease in children. Three Canadian Indian boys, aged 2, 14, and 15 years, with features of Reiter's disease (RD) had arthritis occur that was characterized by noticeable tenderness and large effusions. The two youngest also had conjunctivitis and urethritis and thus conformed to the classical triad of RD. The eldest had dysuria and a history suggesting keratoderma blennorrhagica. All had HLA-B27 antigen. Inclusions indicative of chlamydial infection were seen in assays from the two youngest boys. Previously documented cases of childhood RD have been reviewed. More flexible diagnostic criteria may be useful in identifying this class of seronegative arthritis in children.", "PMID": 373419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1984", "title": "Perirectal abscess in childhood. A review of 29 cases.", "content": "A total of 29 cases of perirectal abscess at Milwaukee Children's Hospital between 1965 and 1975 were retrospectively reviewed. One fourth of these children had a serious underlying chronic disease. Staphylococcus aureaus was the organism that grew most frequently from pus obtained from the abscesses, accounting for 52% of the isolates. Therapy included incision and drainage alone and incision and drainage plus parenteral and/or oral antibiotic treatment. One patient, a child with leukemia, died of this infection. Complications, primarily fistulain-ano or recurrent abscess, occurred in 42% of the survivors.", "contents": "Perirectal abscess in childhood. A review of 29 cases. A total of 29 cases of perirectal abscess at Milwaukee Children's Hospital between 1965 and 1975 were retrospectively reviewed. One fourth of these children had a serious underlying chronic disease. Staphylococcus aureaus was the organism that grew most frequently from pus obtained from the abscesses, accounting for 52% of the isolates. Therapy included incision and drainage alone and incision and drainage plus parenteral and/or oral antibiotic treatment. One patient, a child with leukemia, died of this infection. Complications, primarily fistulain-ano or recurrent abscess, occurred in 42% of the survivors.", "PMID": 373420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1985", "title": "Effect of gastrin on the exocrine pancreas. A review.", "content": "Studies in animals demonstrate a gastric hormonal phase of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Endogenous or exogenous gastrin causes a marked elevation in the pancreatic enzymes and a lesser increase in the pancreatic volume and bicarbonate. It is possible that these \"gastrin\" effects may be the basis of a \"cephalic\" phase of pancreatic secretion. These observations have been only partially confirmed in human subjects with and without the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The physiologic importance of these ecbolic actions as well as a possible trophic effect remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Effect of gastrin on the exocrine pancreas. A review. Studies in animals demonstrate a gastric hormonal phase of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Endogenous or exogenous gastrin causes a marked elevation in the pancreatic enzymes and a lesser increase in the pancreatic volume and bicarbonate. It is possible that these \"gastrin\" effects may be the basis of a \"cephalic\" phase of pancreatic secretion. These observations have been only partially confirmed in human subjects with and without the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The physiologic importance of these ecbolic actions as well as a possible trophic effect remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 373424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1986", "title": "BCG treatment of Crohn's disease.", "content": "Among 53 patients with documented Crohn's disease, 30% manifested a defect in delayed hypersensitivity demonstrated by negative DNCB skin tests and significant (p less than 0.01) T-lymphocyte hyporeactivity. A double-blind controlled trial was conducted to evaluate oral Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy in nine of these patients with Crohn's disease and deficient cellular immunity. All patients had a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) greater than 150 (at least moderate activity) upon randomization to BCG (five patients) or placebo (four patients) treatment for six to 12 months. No significicant differences between BCG and placebo treatment were found in the CDAI, laboratory tests and gastrointestinal roentgenograms. We conclude that the disturbance in cell-mediated immunity in patients with Crohn's disease probably is a manifestation of the disease rather than an etiological factor and that immunostimulation with oral BCG is not effective therapy.", "contents": "BCG treatment of Crohn's disease. Among 53 patients with documented Crohn's disease, 30% manifested a defect in delayed hypersensitivity demonstrated by negative DNCB skin tests and significant (p less than 0.01) T-lymphocyte hyporeactivity. A double-blind controlled trial was conducted to evaluate oral Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy in nine of these patients with Crohn's disease and deficient cellular immunity. All patients had a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) greater than 150 (at least moderate activity) upon randomization to BCG (five patients) or placebo (four patients) treatment for six to 12 months. No significicant differences between BCG and placebo treatment were found in the CDAI, laboratory tests and gastrointestinal roentgenograms. We conclude that the disturbance in cell-mediated immunity in patients with Crohn's disease probably is a manifestation of the disease rather than an etiological factor and that immunostimulation with oral BCG is not effective therapy.", "PMID": 373425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1987", "title": "Sampling considerations in the gathering and analysis of pedigree data.", "content": "A general expression for the likelihood of a set of phenotypic observations on a randomly sampled pedigree, suitable for a wide variety of genetic models, has been previously modified to allow for independent ascertainments via probands. In this paper, further allowance is made for the fact that a pedigree usually contains some individuals who, whatever their phentoype, could never be probands, and we derive the limiting form of the likelihood appropriate for single ascertainment. The case when the sampling frame is ill-defined is discussed, and suggestions made for how to proceed in such a case.", "contents": "Sampling considerations in the gathering and analysis of pedigree data. A general expression for the likelihood of a set of phenotypic observations on a randomly sampled pedigree, suitable for a wide variety of genetic models, has been previously modified to allow for independent ascertainments via probands. In this paper, further allowance is made for the fact that a pedigree usually contains some individuals who, whatever their phentoype, could never be probands, and we derive the limiting form of the likelihood appropriate for single ascertainment. The case when the sampling frame is ill-defined is discussed, and suggestions made for how to proceed in such a case.", "PMID": 373427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1988", "title": "Donald E. Francke Medal lecture. The transition from apothecary to pharmacist in British hospitals.", "content": "The transition from hospital apothecaries to contemporary hospital pharmacists in Great Britain is reviewed, beginning with the monk-apothecaries associated with the monastic infirmaries as early as the 12th century. Briefly reviewed is the use of the title Apothecary, from about the mid-1500s to about the mid-1800s, at three Royal Hospitals--St. Thomas's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the Bethlehem Hospital. The responsibilities, pharmaceutical and otherwise, of persons who held this title over the years are discussed. Pharmaceutical duties were eventually entrusted to the dispenser (or, at St. Thomas's, the pharmaceutist) and then to the pharmacist. The history of hospital apothecaries is also traced at the voluntary hospitals, University College Hospital, and hospitals in Scotland, Wales and the British provinces. British hospital apothecaries changed from a pharmaceutical orientation to a medical orientation, but they retained control of hospital pharmacies for about 50 years after this change was sanctioned legally.", "contents": "Donald E. Francke Medal lecture. The transition from apothecary to pharmacist in British hospitals. The transition from hospital apothecaries to contemporary hospital pharmacists in Great Britain is reviewed, beginning with the monk-apothecaries associated with the monastic infirmaries as early as the 12th century. Briefly reviewed is the use of the title Apothecary, from about the mid-1500s to about the mid-1800s, at three Royal Hospitals--St. Thomas's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the Bethlehem Hospital. The responsibilities, pharmaceutical and otherwise, of persons who held this title over the years are discussed. Pharmaceutical duties were eventually entrusted to the dispenser (or, at St. Thomas's, the pharmaceutist) and then to the pharmacist. The history of hospital apothecaries is also traced at the voluntary hospitals, University College Hospital, and hospitals in Scotland, Wales and the British provinces. British hospital apothecaries changed from a pharmaceutical orientation to a medical orientation, but they retained control of hospital pharmacies for about 50 years after this change was sanctioned legally.", "PMID": 373431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1989", "title": "Reference aids for developing policies and procedures for intravenous admixture services.", "content": "A table of literature citations designed to help hospital pharmacists develop a policy and procedure manual for i.v. admixture services is presented. The table is categorized according to literature that will aid in developing policies and procedures for specific aspects of admixutre services (e.g., distribution procedures, quality assurance). The citations were selected from two periodicals (American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy and Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy) and three other publications.", "contents": "Reference aids for developing policies and procedures for intravenous admixture services. A table of literature citations designed to help hospital pharmacists develop a policy and procedure manual for i.v. admixture services is presented. The table is categorized according to literature that will aid in developing policies and procedures for specific aspects of admixutre services (e.g., distribution procedures, quality assurance). The citations were selected from two periodicals (American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy and Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy) and three other publications.", "PMID": 373432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1990", "title": "Patient factors contributing to the emergence of gentamicin-resistant Serratia marcescens.", "content": "One hundred forty nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections (including 76 cases of bacteremia) were identified by prospective surveillance from 1975 through 1977 and retrospective chart review from 1968 through 1974. Thirty-four cases (24 per cent) involved gentamicin-resistant strains. All gentamicin-resistant strains appeared after 1974. Ninety per cent of the patients had undergone surgery, and 88 per cent had received prior antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of gentamicin-resistant S. marcescens paralleled the increase in usage of gentamicin. Prior use of gentamicin for more than two days in an individual patient was a significant risk factor (P = 0.0002) for being infected with a Serratia that was gentamicin-resistant. Other factors which separated gentamicin-resistant Serratia infections from gentamicin-sensitive Serratia infections were (1) urinary site of infection (P = 0.0005), (2) urinary catheter (P = 0.002), (3) endotracheal tube or tracheotomy (P = 0.03) and (4) increasing duration of hospitalization (P less than 0.05). Thirty-three of 34 (97 per cent) patients with gentamicin-resistant strains had urinary catheters. Specific measures to control infection were effective in decreasing the incidence of infections caused by gentamicin-resistant Serratia.", "contents": "Patient factors contributing to the emergence of gentamicin-resistant Serratia marcescens. One hundred forty nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections (including 76 cases of bacteremia) were identified by prospective surveillance from 1975 through 1977 and retrospective chart review from 1968 through 1974. Thirty-four cases (24 per cent) involved gentamicin-resistant strains. All gentamicin-resistant strains appeared after 1974. Ninety per cent of the patients had undergone surgery, and 88 per cent had received prior antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of gentamicin-resistant S. marcescens paralleled the increase in usage of gentamicin. Prior use of gentamicin for more than two days in an individual patient was a significant risk factor (P = 0.0002) for being infected with a Serratia that was gentamicin-resistant. Other factors which separated gentamicin-resistant Serratia infections from gentamicin-sensitive Serratia infections were (1) urinary site of infection (P = 0.0005), (2) urinary catheter (P = 0.002), (3) endotracheal tube or tracheotomy (P = 0.03) and (4) increasing duration of hospitalization (P less than 0.05). Thirty-three of 34 (97 per cent) patients with gentamicin-resistant strains had urinary catheters. Specific measures to control infection were effective in decreasing the incidence of infections caused by gentamicin-resistant Serratia.", "PMID": 373434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1991", "title": "Lead poisoning from a gunshot wound. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A man was hospitalized on three occasions for symptoms of lead intoxication 20 to 25 years after a gunshot wound that resulted in retention of a lead bullet in his hip joint. The potential for lead toxicity as a complication of a lead missile injury appears to be related to (1) the surface area of lead exposed for dissolution, (2) the location of the lead projectile, and (3) the length of time during which body tissues are exposed to absorbable lead. Cases of lead poisoning of immediate onset resulting from lead shot have been reported in Europe, but all documented cases of ammunition-related plumbism reported in the United States have involved synovial fluid dissolution of a single lead bullet over many years. The solvent characteristics of synovial fluid and associated local arthritis are apparently important factors in the dissolution and absorption of lead from projectiles located in joints. Awareness that lead intoxication can be a complication of retained lead projectiles should allow rapid institution of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic modalities when such a clinical situation arises.", "contents": "Lead poisoning from a gunshot wound. Report of a case and review of the literature. A man was hospitalized on three occasions for symptoms of lead intoxication 20 to 25 years after a gunshot wound that resulted in retention of a lead bullet in his hip joint. The potential for lead toxicity as a complication of a lead missile injury appears to be related to (1) the surface area of lead exposed for dissolution, (2) the location of the lead projectile, and (3) the length of time during which body tissues are exposed to absorbable lead. Cases of lead poisoning of immediate onset resulting from lead shot have been reported in Europe, but all documented cases of ammunition-related plumbism reported in the United States have involved synovial fluid dissolution of a single lead bullet over many years. The solvent characteristics of synovial fluid and associated local arthritis are apparently important factors in the dissolution and absorption of lead from projectiles located in joints. Awareness that lead intoxication can be a complication of retained lead projectiles should allow rapid institution of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic modalities when such a clinical situation arises.", "PMID": 373435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1992", "title": "Amyloid deposition in a renal allograft in a case of amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A case of amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis is presented in which renal transplantation was performed. Five years after transplantation the patient died following an episode of acute pancreatitis. During the intervening period the rheumatoid arthritis was considered quiescent, but his course was marked by several infectious processes caused by unusual organisms. The allograft function remained normal. Apart from renal amyloid the autopsy showed extensive generalized amyloidosis, most marked in vessel walls and endocrine organs. Amyloid deposits were located exclusively in the vessel walls of the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "Amyloid deposition in a renal allograft in a case of amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. A case of amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis is presented in which renal transplantation was performed. Five years after transplantation the patient died following an episode of acute pancreatitis. During the intervening period the rheumatoid arthritis was considered quiescent, but his course was marked by several infectious processes caused by unusual organisms. The allograft function remained normal. Apart from renal amyloid the autopsy showed extensive generalized amyloidosis, most marked in vessel walls and endocrine organs. Amyloid deposits were located exclusively in the vessel walls of the transplanted kidney.", "PMID": 373436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1993", "title": "Identification of the high-risk asthmatic patient. Experience with 39 patients undergoing ventilation for status asthmaticus.", "content": "Thirty-nine asthmatic patients required mechanical ventilation (IPPV) for status asthamticus over a seven and a half year period. We reviewed their clinical records with particular emphasis on the events leading to intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and the long-term courses of those patients who survived IPPV. Long delays by patients before seeking medical attention, incomplete assessment of acute attacks, underuse of corticosteroids prior to admission and overuse of sedation were important factors often influencing the necessity for IPPV. Four patients died during IPPV. Of the 35 who survived, 32 were regularly followed in our Respiratory Clinic. Nine patients subsequently died, eight undoubtedly from asthma. Serial measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were retrospectively analyzed to determine patterns of asthma. Of the 23 patients still alive, 14 have well controlled asthma, five have a pattern of persistent airflow obstruction, two have markedly labile asthma, and two have gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction. By contrast, seven patients who died sufficiently long after IPPV to enable categorization of their patterns showed either markedly labile asthma or gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction. None had relatively constant ventilatory function at either normal or suboptimal levels. We suggest that patterns of asthma are useful guides in detecting patients at high-risk. Patterns characterized by markedly labile asthma or gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction appear to be associated with an increased risk of sudden death from asthma.", "contents": "Identification of the high-risk asthmatic patient. Experience with 39 patients undergoing ventilation for status asthmaticus. Thirty-nine asthmatic patients required mechanical ventilation (IPPV) for status asthamticus over a seven and a half year period. We reviewed their clinical records with particular emphasis on the events leading to intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and the long-term courses of those patients who survived IPPV. Long delays by patients before seeking medical attention, incomplete assessment of acute attacks, underuse of corticosteroids prior to admission and overuse of sedation were important factors often influencing the necessity for IPPV. Four patients died during IPPV. Of the 35 who survived, 32 were regularly followed in our Respiratory Clinic. Nine patients subsequently died, eight undoubtedly from asthma. Serial measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were retrospectively analyzed to determine patterns of asthma. Of the 23 patients still alive, 14 have well controlled asthma, five have a pattern of persistent airflow obstruction, two have markedly labile asthma, and two have gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction. By contrast, seven patients who died sufficiently long after IPPV to enable categorization of their patterns showed either markedly labile asthma or gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction. None had relatively constant ventilatory function at either normal or suboptimal levels. We suggest that patterns of asthma are useful guides in detecting patients at high-risk. Patterns characterized by markedly labile asthma or gradually deteriorating airflow obstruction appear to be associated with an increased risk of sudden death from asthma.", "PMID": 373438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1994", "title": "Randomized trial of empiric antibiotic therapy with ticarcillin in combination with gentamicin, amikacin or netilmicin in febrile patients with granulocytopenia and cancer.", "content": "A randomized trial of ticarcillin plus gentamicin (group 1), ticarcillin plus amikacin (group 2) and ticarcillin plus netilmicin (group 3) as empiric antibiotic therapy in patients with granulocytopenia and cancer was carried out at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center. The response rate for all infections was 97 per cent in group 1, 91 per cent in group 2 and 95 per cent in group 3. Patients with bacteremias showed improvement in 93 per cent (group 1), 78 per cent (group 2) and 82 per cent (group 3) of cases. All failures were among patients with gram-negative bacteremias. Both antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteremic organism and granulocyte recovery correlated with patient improvement. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were rare and were not significantly different in three groups of patients. Therefore, ticarcillin plus gentamicin, ticarcillin plus amikacin and ticarcillin plus netilmicin appear to be equally efficacious and minimally toxic in this patient population. Excellent over-all results can be expected with these combinations provided the etiologic agent is susceptible.", "contents": "Randomized trial of empiric antibiotic therapy with ticarcillin in combination with gentamicin, amikacin or netilmicin in febrile patients with granulocytopenia and cancer. A randomized trial of ticarcillin plus gentamicin (group 1), ticarcillin plus amikacin (group 2) and ticarcillin plus netilmicin (group 3) as empiric antibiotic therapy in patients with granulocytopenia and cancer was carried out at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center. The response rate for all infections was 97 per cent in group 1, 91 per cent in group 2 and 95 per cent in group 3. Patients with bacteremias showed improvement in 93 per cent (group 1), 78 per cent (group 2) and 82 per cent (group 3) of cases. All failures were among patients with gram-negative bacteremias. Both antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteremic organism and granulocyte recovery correlated with patient improvement. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were rare and were not significantly different in three groups of patients. Therefore, ticarcillin plus gentamicin, ticarcillin plus amikacin and ticarcillin plus netilmicin appear to be equally efficacious and minimally toxic in this patient population. Excellent over-all results can be expected with these combinations provided the etiologic agent is susceptible.", "PMID": 373439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1995", "title": "Immunodiagnosis in ovarian cancer: blocking factor activity.", "content": "Tumor immunology studies have been utilized for development of a blocking factor assay for therapy monitoring in ovarian cancer. The blocking factor index was defined as the arithmetic difference between assays conducted in the presence and absence of the patient's serum compared to incubations with normal control lymphocytes. Eighteen advanced ovarian epithelial malignancies have shown blocking factor activity during treatment. Blocking factor has abated in eight patients whose clinical disease completely regressed. Chemotherapy was discontinued after 18 to 24 months. In 10 patients, blocking factor persisted and chemotherapy has been continued. Some of these patients showed decreasing blocking factor; others have shown increases, which led to death due to disseminated disease in four cases. Blocking factor activity was found to correlate with tumor growth.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis in ovarian cancer: blocking factor activity. Tumor immunology studies have been utilized for development of a blocking factor assay for therapy monitoring in ovarian cancer. The blocking factor index was defined as the arithmetic difference between assays conducted in the presence and absence of the patient's serum compared to incubations with normal control lymphocytes. Eighteen advanced ovarian epithelial malignancies have shown blocking factor activity during treatment. Blocking factor has abated in eight patients whose clinical disease completely regressed. Chemotherapy was discontinued after 18 to 24 months. In 10 patients, blocking factor persisted and chemotherapy has been continued. Some of these patients showed decreasing blocking factor; others have shown increases, which led to death due to disseminated disease in four cases. Blocking factor activity was found to correlate with tumor growth.", "PMID": 373445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1996", "title": "Transfer of bacterial infections by donor cornea in penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A 45-year-old man died of Hogdkin's disease complicated by peritonitis and possible septicemia. His corneas were used for transplant in a 26-year-old man with advanced keratoconus and a 42-year-old man with vascularized central leukoma of old herpetic keratitis. Both recipients developed a fulminating endophthalmitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We believe that the donor corneas, although clinically normal, were heavily infected, with signs of inflammation possibly suppressed by the Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Transfer of bacterial infections by donor cornea in penetrating keratoplasty. A 45-year-old man died of Hogdkin's disease complicated by peritonitis and possible septicemia. His corneas were used for transplant in a 26-year-old man with advanced keratoconus and a 42-year-old man with vascularized central leukoma of old herpetic keratitis. Both recipients developed a fulminating endophthalmitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We believe that the donor corneas, although clinically normal, were heavily infected, with signs of inflammation possibly suppressed by the Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 373448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1997", "title": "Lack of blood group antigen A on human corneal endothelium.", "content": "Using direct immunofluorescence and mixed agglutination, we did not find blood group antigen A on human corneal endothelium from patients of blood type A or AB. The antigen was easily detected on the epithelium of these patients. We believe that the ABO blood group antigens are probably absent on human corneal endothelium, therefore they cannot play a direct role in specific corneal endothelial rejection.", "contents": "Lack of blood group antigen A on human corneal endothelium. Using direct immunofluorescence and mixed agglutination, we did not find blood group antigen A on human corneal endothelium from patients of blood type A or AB. The antigen was easily detected on the epithelium of these patients. We believe that the ABO blood group antigens are probably absent on human corneal endothelium, therefore they cannot play a direct role in specific corneal endothelial rejection.", "PMID": 373449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1998", "title": "Clinical comparison of dipivalyl epinephrine and epinephrine in the treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "Dipivalyl epinephrine, 0.1%, though slightly less effective in decreasing intraocular pressure, showed significantly fewer side effects than epinephrine hydrochloride, 2%. Seventeen patients with symmetrically increased intraocular pressures who completed a six-month double-masked crossover study showed a significant decrease in intraocular pressure averaging 23.7% for dipivalyl epinephrine over the entire study and 27.4% for epinephrine. In the first treatment period, dipivalyl epinephrine was slightly less effective than epinephrine. In the second treatment period, dipivalyl epinephrine was statistically less effective than epinephrine. Two of the original 25 patients were dropped from the study because of epinephrine allergy or intolerance, one had uncontrolled pressures with either drug, and five failed to maintain adequate follow-up. Complaints of side effects such as burning and irritation occurred much more frequently in eyes receiving epinephrine (24%) than dipivalyl epinephrine (3%). Mild mydriasis occurred with each drug, averaging +0.65 mm with dipivalyl epinephrine and +0.55 mm Hg with epinephrine. No effect on blood pressure or pulse rate was found for the two drugs.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of dipivalyl epinephrine and epinephrine in the treatment of glaucoma. Dipivalyl epinephrine, 0.1%, though slightly less effective in decreasing intraocular pressure, showed significantly fewer side effects than epinephrine hydrochloride, 2%. Seventeen patients with symmetrically increased intraocular pressures who completed a six-month double-masked crossover study showed a significant decrease in intraocular pressure averaging 23.7% for dipivalyl epinephrine over the entire study and 27.4% for epinephrine. In the first treatment period, dipivalyl epinephrine was slightly less effective than epinephrine. In the second treatment period, dipivalyl epinephrine was statistically less effective than epinephrine. Two of the original 25 patients were dropped from the study because of epinephrine allergy or intolerance, one had uncontrolled pressures with either drug, and five failed to maintain adequate follow-up. Complaints of side effects such as burning and irritation occurred much more frequently in eyes receiving epinephrine (24%) than dipivalyl epinephrine (3%). Mild mydriasis occurred with each drug, averaging +0.65 mm with dipivalyl epinephrine and +0.55 mm Hg with epinephrine. No effect on blood pressure or pulse rate was found for the two drugs.", "PMID": 373450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_1999", "title": "Possible foreign body granuloma of the retina associated with intravenous cocaine addiction.", "content": "A 27-year-old man who was a heroin addict had light flashes in front of the right eye and a hemicentral scotoma immediately after intravenous cocaine. The initial ophthalmoscopic appearance was of a white foreign body lying over the papillomacular bundle of the retina in the right eye. This ophthalmoscopic finding was consistent with intraocular talc, cornstarch, or lactose, common diluting agents that are present in intravenous injections of heroin, cocaine, or methylphenidate hydrochloride, and are known to cause systemic embolic phenomena in chronic drug abusers. This glistening crystal on the surface of the retina changed and evolved into a noninfectious but inflammatory organization of retinal granuloma, in which the foreign body crystal could still be visualized at the apex of the lesion. The anterior and posterior segments of the eye remained free of inflammatory signs throughout the course of the organization of the retinal granuloma.", "contents": "Possible foreign body granuloma of the retina associated with intravenous cocaine addiction. A 27-year-old man who was a heroin addict had light flashes in front of the right eye and a hemicentral scotoma immediately after intravenous cocaine. The initial ophthalmoscopic appearance was of a white foreign body lying over the papillomacular bundle of the retina in the right eye. This ophthalmoscopic finding was consistent with intraocular talc, cornstarch, or lactose, common diluting agents that are present in intravenous injections of heroin, cocaine, or methylphenidate hydrochloride, and are known to cause systemic embolic phenomena in chronic drug abusers. This glistening crystal on the surface of the retina changed and evolved into a noninfectious but inflammatory organization of retinal granuloma, in which the foreign body crystal could still be visualized at the apex of the lesion. The anterior and posterior segments of the eye remained free of inflammatory signs throughout the course of the organization of the retinal granuloma.", "PMID": 373453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2000", "title": "The visual status of diabetic patients after renal transplantation.", "content": "To determine the effect of renal transplantation on visual status, we studied 134 eyes of 67 diabetic patients prospectively for one to seven years, with a mean of three years, after surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity and retinopathy status were determined at the time of surgery and annually thereafter. Useful visual acuity (greater than or equal to 6/15 [20/5o]) was present in 49% (66) of the eyes at the time of the baseline examination and in 51% (69) at the final determination. Of the 134 eyes 40% (54) were legally blind (less than or equal to 6/60 [20/200]) before surgery. Sixty-eight percent (91) of the eyes showed no significant visual change during the period of follow-up, 15% (20) showed significant improvement, and 17% (23) deteriorated significantly after surgery. With regard to the retinovitreous findings, 13% (12) of the eyes had non-proliferative retinopathy, 20% (26 had active proliferative retinopathy, and 67% (90) had inactive or involutional retinopathy. The results of this study showed stable or improved visual function in 83% (111) of the eyes after renal transplantation. Transplantation before dialysis becomes necessary may ben an important consideration in an attempt to reduce the high incidence of visual impairment in diabetic patients with renal failure.", "contents": "The visual status of diabetic patients after renal transplantation. To determine the effect of renal transplantation on visual status, we studied 134 eyes of 67 diabetic patients prospectively for one to seven years, with a mean of three years, after surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity and retinopathy status were determined at the time of surgery and annually thereafter. Useful visual acuity (greater than or equal to 6/15 [20/5o]) was present in 49% (66) of the eyes at the time of the baseline examination and in 51% (69) at the final determination. Of the 134 eyes 40% (54) were legally blind (less than or equal to 6/60 [20/200]) before surgery. Sixty-eight percent (91) of the eyes showed no significant visual change during the period of follow-up, 15% (20) showed significant improvement, and 17% (23) deteriorated significantly after surgery. With regard to the retinovitreous findings, 13% (12) of the eyes had non-proliferative retinopathy, 20% (26 had active proliferative retinopathy, and 67% (90) had inactive or involutional retinopathy. The results of this study showed stable or improved visual function in 83% (111) of the eyes after renal transplantation. Transplantation before dialysis becomes necessary may ben an important consideration in an attempt to reduce the high incidence of visual impairment in diabetic patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 373454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2001", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and optic atrophy.", "content": "A 49-year-old man developed ataxia, myoclonic jerks, cortical blindness, and dementia. In 3 1/2 months, he rapidly deteriorated and died. Clinical and autopsy diagnosis confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The eyes were examined and bilateral optic atrophy was noted. No other ocular changes were noted. Optic atrophy had not been noted before death.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and optic atrophy. A 49-year-old man developed ataxia, myoclonic jerks, cortical blindness, and dementia. In 3 1/2 months, he rapidly deteriorated and died. Clinical and autopsy diagnosis confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The eyes were examined and bilateral optic atrophy was noted. No other ocular changes were noted. Optic atrophy had not been noted before death.", "PMID": 373455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2002", "title": "An adjustable transposition procedure for abduction deficiences.", "content": "We used an adjustable transposition procedure in two cases of horizontal abduction deficiency (one of lateral rectus palsy and one of Duane syndrome with marked co-contraction). Primary position balanced alignment and maximum balanced rotations were obtained without inducing vertical deviation as the result of the transposition. The vertical force vectors were neutralized by the self-adjusting nature of the vertical rectus union. The procedure allowed for both intraoperative and postoperative adjustment of the result.", "contents": "An adjustable transposition procedure for abduction deficiences. We used an adjustable transposition procedure in two cases of horizontal abduction deficiency (one of lateral rectus palsy and one of Duane syndrome with marked co-contraction). Primary position balanced alignment and maximum balanced rotations were obtained without inducing vertical deviation as the result of the transposition. The vertical force vectors were neutralized by the self-adjusting nature of the vertical rectus union. The procedure allowed for both intraoperative and postoperative adjustment of the result.", "PMID": 373456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2003", "title": "Split-level full-thickness eyelid graft.", "content": "A new method of surgical treatment for cicatricial eyelid retraction involves grafts placed in both the anterior and posterior lamellae of the upper eyelid, when there is a shortage of tissue in both layers, caused by previous surgical procedures. The anterior lamellar graft is of postauricular skin and the posterior graft is of buccal mucosa. The two grafts are placed at different levels in the eyelid so that each has a viable vascular bed. The procedure, called the split-level full-thickness eyelid graft, is not designed to correct problems involving only the eyelid retractors, such as retraction secondary to thyroid disease.", "contents": "Split-level full-thickness eyelid graft. A new method of surgical treatment for cicatricial eyelid retraction involves grafts placed in both the anterior and posterior lamellae of the upper eyelid, when there is a shortage of tissue in both layers, caused by previous surgical procedures. The anterior lamellar graft is of postauricular skin and the posterior graft is of buccal mucosa. The two grafts are placed at different levels in the eyelid so that each has a viable vascular bed. The procedure, called the split-level full-thickness eyelid graft, is not designed to correct problems involving only the eyelid retractors, such as retraction secondary to thyroid disease.", "PMID": 373457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2004", "title": "Pedicle skin flap to prevent corneal perforation.", "content": "A pedicle skin flap from the lower eyelid was passed through the lower eyelid into the lower fornix and sutured over the cornea in a 36-year-old man with impending perforation caused by lye burns. Perforation was avoided but occurred in the control eye.", "contents": "Pedicle skin flap to prevent corneal perforation. A pedicle skin flap from the lower eyelid was passed through the lower eyelid into the lower fornix and sutured over the cornea in a 36-year-old man with impending perforation caused by lye burns. Perforation was avoided but occurred in the control eye.", "PMID": 373458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2005", "title": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen.", "content": "Reduction of syngeneic tumor growth in primary tumor-bearing murine hosts has been accomplished using a variety of treatments designed to decrease endogenous suppressor cell activity or augment host effector responses. Selective interference with suppressor cell function can be achieved by in vivo administration of anti-thymocyte serums at critical times during the early stages of tumor development or by continuous treatment with antiserums directed to interact with I-J determinants on suppressor cells or suppressor factors. This later mode of therapy also results in a delay in tumor appearance when suboptimal doses of tumor are given. Preferential diminution of suppressor cell precursor activity has also been observed by pretreatment of tumor recipients with low doses of cyclophosphamide. Normal animals so treated are capable of adoptively transferring primarily helper-type activity to tumor-bearing recipients. Decreased tumor growth and prolonged host survival have also been achieved using BCG as a means of augmenting host effector potential. Thus, it is possible to inhibit tumor development in a murine model by modes of immunotherapy which may be relevant to the early treatment of certain human neoplasms.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. Reduction of syngeneic tumor growth in primary tumor-bearing murine hosts has been accomplished using a variety of treatments designed to decrease endogenous suppressor cell activity or augment host effector responses. Selective interference with suppressor cell function can be achieved by in vivo administration of anti-thymocyte serums at critical times during the early stages of tumor development or by continuous treatment with antiserums directed to interact with I-J determinants on suppressor cells or suppressor factors. This later mode of therapy also results in a delay in tumor appearance when suboptimal doses of tumor are given. Preferential diminution of suppressor cell precursor activity has also been observed by pretreatment of tumor recipients with low doses of cyclophosphamide. Normal animals so treated are capable of adoptively transferring primarily helper-type activity to tumor-bearing recipients. Decreased tumor growth and prolonged host survival have also been achieved using BCG as a means of augmenting host effector potential. Thus, it is possible to inhibit tumor development in a murine model by modes of immunotherapy which may be relevant to the early treatment of certain human neoplasms.", "PMID": 373460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2006", "title": "Kinetics of prostaglandin production in various inflammatory lesions, measured in draining lymph.", "content": "Efferent lymph was collected over long periods via catheters surgically placed in popliteal and prefemoral lymph nodes of sheep. Prostaglandin (PG) E and F equivalents were measured with a radioimmunoassay. After stimulation with heat-killed Escherichia coli, PG levels rose dramatically in the efferent lymph but were undetectable in the contralateral control lymphatics or in the systemic circulation. When E coli were infused directly into a lymph node, the PG levels in the effluent lymph were inhibited with indomethacin. Carrageenan, delayed hypersensitivity, and lymphocyte transfer reactions were also studied. In the classic acute inflammations (caused by E coli and carrageenan) the PG levels rose early in the response (first 4 to 6 hours) compared with delayed production in the immune reactions. With PPD, PG levels peaked between 10 and 20 hours after injections, while PG rose 127 hours after allogeneic lymphocytes were injected. These results are discussed in relation to the role of PG in inflammation, and the use of the sheep lymphatic model in PG research is emphasized.", "contents": "Kinetics of prostaglandin production in various inflammatory lesions, measured in draining lymph. Efferent lymph was collected over long periods via catheters surgically placed in popliteal and prefemoral lymph nodes of sheep. Prostaglandin (PG) E and F equivalents were measured with a radioimmunoassay. After stimulation with heat-killed Escherichia coli, PG levels rose dramatically in the efferent lymph but were undetectable in the contralateral control lymphatics or in the systemic circulation. When E coli were infused directly into a lymph node, the PG levels in the effluent lymph were inhibited with indomethacin. Carrageenan, delayed hypersensitivity, and lymphocyte transfer reactions were also studied. In the classic acute inflammations (caused by E coli and carrageenan) the PG levels rose early in the response (first 4 to 6 hours) compared with delayed production in the immune reactions. With PPD, PG levels peaked between 10 and 20 hours after injections, while PG rose 127 hours after allogeneic lymphocytes were injected. These results are discussed in relation to the role of PG in inflammation, and the use of the sheep lymphatic model in PG research is emphasized.", "PMID": 373461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2007", "title": "Effect of synthetic C-terminal fragments of hGH on glucose oxidation by isolated islets.", "content": "The effect of polypeptides containing the human growth hormone sequence 177--191 on the glucose metabolism of isolated islets of Langerhans has been investigated. It has been found that such peptides accelerate the incorporation of hydrogen at carbon atom 5 into water while accelerating the flux (1-14C oxidation) through the pentose phosphate shunt and inhibiting the oxidation of [6-14C]glucose. The latter inhibition was found not to be due to inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it was further found that the previously demonstrated potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release by the peptides was independent of energy provision because none of the glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, or leucine could substitute for glucose. In view of the fact that the insulinogogue effect of this peptide is to potentiate the glucose stimulatory effect on islets, these phenomena may well be unrelated.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic C-terminal fragments of hGH on glucose oxidation by isolated islets. The effect of polypeptides containing the human growth hormone sequence 177--191 on the glucose metabolism of isolated islets of Langerhans has been investigated. It has been found that such peptides accelerate the incorporation of hydrogen at carbon atom 5 into water while accelerating the flux (1-14C oxidation) through the pentose phosphate shunt and inhibiting the oxidation of [6-14C]glucose. The latter inhibition was found not to be due to inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it was further found that the previously demonstrated potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release by the peptides was independent of energy provision because none of the glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, or leucine could substitute for glucose. In view of the fact that the insulinogogue effect of this peptide is to potentiate the glucose stimulatory effect on islets, these phenomena may well be unrelated.", "PMID": 373464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2008", "title": "Sensory functions of the liver--a review.", "content": "In this paper we critically review anatomic, electrophysiological, physiological, and behavioral evidence for neural receptors in the liver. Several lines of evidence suggest that the afferent innervation of the liver may be substantial, although few anatomic studies have directly addressed the question of an hepatic sensory supply. On the other hand, there is convincing functional evidence for a variety of hepatic sensory receptors. Hepatic osmo-, ion, and baroreceptors, sensitive to changes in the osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations in blood and to variations in portal venous pressure, modulate diuresis and natriuresis. Metabolic receptors, for which the adequate stimuli have not yet been specified, influence feeding behavior and gastric acid secretion in response to alterations in hepatic metabolism associated with changes in the supply of metabolic fuels. Directions for future research are suggested and general conclusions about the role of hepatic receptors in homeostasis are discussed.", "contents": "Sensory functions of the liver--a review. In this paper we critically review anatomic, electrophysiological, physiological, and behavioral evidence for neural receptors in the liver. Several lines of evidence suggest that the afferent innervation of the liver may be substantial, although few anatomic studies have directly addressed the question of an hepatic sensory supply. On the other hand, there is convincing functional evidence for a variety of hepatic sensory receptors. Hepatic osmo-, ion, and baroreceptors, sensitive to changes in the osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations in blood and to variations in portal venous pressure, modulate diuresis and natriuresis. Metabolic receptors, for which the adequate stimuli have not yet been specified, influence feeding behavior and gastric acid secretion in response to alterations in hepatic metabolism associated with changes in the supply of metabolic fuels. Directions for future research are suggested and general conclusions about the role of hepatic receptors in homeostasis are discussed.", "PMID": 373465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2009", "title": "Insulin secretion by isolated perfused rat and mouse pancreas.", "content": "A method for isolation and perfusion of a pancreas preparation consisting of pancreas, stomach, proximal duodenum, and spleen is described. Basic characteristics of regulation of insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas isolated from rats, albino mice, obese mice (ob/ob), and black mice were identical. Viability and stability of the pancreas preparation during perfusion were maintained as documented by measurements of oxygen consumption of the pancreas preparation, perfusion pressure, and pH of the perfusion medium. The insulin-secretory capacity of the pancreas of different animal species was compared. Insulin secretion by the perfused rat and obese (ob/ob) mouse pancreas was much more potent than that by the pancreas of lean albino and lean black mice. D-Glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreas was decreased after fasting of the animals and was dependent on glucose concentration and presence of calcium in the perfusion medium. D-Glyceraldehyde, tolbutamide, D-mannose, dihydroxyacetone, L-leucine, and L-arginine also induced insulin secretion from the pancreas. D-Fructose, D-galactose, L-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-xylose, D,L-glyceric acid, pyruvate, L-lactate, and theophylline did not provoke insulin secretion.", "contents": "Insulin secretion by isolated perfused rat and mouse pancreas. A method for isolation and perfusion of a pancreas preparation consisting of pancreas, stomach, proximal duodenum, and spleen is described. Basic characteristics of regulation of insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas isolated from rats, albino mice, obese mice (ob/ob), and black mice were identical. Viability and stability of the pancreas preparation during perfusion were maintained as documented by measurements of oxygen consumption of the pancreas preparation, perfusion pressure, and pH of the perfusion medium. The insulin-secretory capacity of the pancreas of different animal species was compared. Insulin secretion by the perfused rat and obese (ob/ob) mouse pancreas was much more potent than that by the pancreas of lean albino and lean black mice. D-Glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreas was decreased after fasting of the animals and was dependent on glucose concentration and presence of calcium in the perfusion medium. D-Glyceraldehyde, tolbutamide, D-mannose, dihydroxyacetone, L-leucine, and L-arginine also induced insulin secretion from the pancreas. D-Fructose, D-galactose, L-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-xylose, D,L-glyceric acid, pyruvate, L-lactate, and theophylline did not provoke insulin secretion.", "PMID": 373466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2010", "title": "Osmotic and nonosmotic control of vasopressin release.", "content": "While the existence of an osmotic control for vasopressin (AVP) release has been long recognized, development of a sensitive immunoassay has allowed for better understanding of factors affecting the threshold and sensitivity of AVP release. Individual variation, genetic, environmental, and species differences, and the nature of the solute providing the osmotic stimuli can significantly affect the release of the hormone by altering the threshold and/or the sensitivity of the osmoreceptor. In addition to the hypothalamic osmoreceptor, AVP secretion is also controlled by an anatomically separate pathway which is responsive to nonosmotic stimuli. It appears that both low-pressure (left atrial) and high-pressure (carotid and aortic) receptors via the parasympathetic pathways provide the major nonosmotic pathway for vasopressin release. Such pathways are activated in response to acute systemic hemodynamic changes, stress, and hypoxia. The precise interaction between osmotic and nonosmotic AVP release remains to be clarified. A model of osmotic and nonosmotic interactions, based on available electrophysiologic studies, is presented and its clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Osmotic and nonosmotic control of vasopressin release. While the existence of an osmotic control for vasopressin (AVP) release has been long recognized, development of a sensitive immunoassay has allowed for better understanding of factors affecting the threshold and sensitivity of AVP release. Individual variation, genetic, environmental, and species differences, and the nature of the solute providing the osmotic stimuli can significantly affect the release of the hormone by altering the threshold and/or the sensitivity of the osmoreceptor. In addition to the hypothalamic osmoreceptor, AVP secretion is also controlled by an anatomically separate pathway which is responsive to nonosmotic stimuli. It appears that both low-pressure (left atrial) and high-pressure (carotid and aortic) receptors via the parasympathetic pathways provide the major nonosmotic pathway for vasopressin release. Such pathways are activated in response to acute systemic hemodynamic changes, stress, and hypoxia. The precise interaction between osmotic and nonosmotic AVP release remains to be clarified. A model of osmotic and nonosmotic interactions, based on available electrophysiologic studies, is presented and its clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 373467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2011", "title": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on ventricular function in dogs.", "content": "Artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) reduces venous return by raising intrathoracic pressure. To determine whether PEEP decreases cardiac output further by depressing myocardial function, we constructed Starling curves, using rapid dextran infusion in 7 anesthetized dogs ventilated with zero (ZEEP) and 20 cm PEEP. The changes in stroke volume and in left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) when PEEP was added or removed were significantly greater than could be attributed to the corresponding change in transmural left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDPTM) on these Starling curves. To the extent that PEEP did not alter left ventricular diastolic volume-pressure characteristics, these data indicated PEEP depressed ventricular function. Identical changes with PEEP in cardiac output (-30%), esophageal pressure (+10 cmH2O), and left ventricular function were observed after pulmonary edema was induced with oleic acid. These results confirm and extend recent suggestions that high levels of PEEP depress left ventricular function in dogs, accounting for about half of the reduction in cardiac output before and during acute pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on ventricular function in dogs. Artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) reduces venous return by raising intrathoracic pressure. To determine whether PEEP decreases cardiac output further by depressing myocardial function, we constructed Starling curves, using rapid dextran infusion in 7 anesthetized dogs ventilated with zero (ZEEP) and 20 cm PEEP. The changes in stroke volume and in left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) when PEEP was added or removed were significantly greater than could be attributed to the corresponding change in transmural left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDPTM) on these Starling curves. To the extent that PEEP did not alter left ventricular diastolic volume-pressure characteristics, these data indicated PEEP depressed ventricular function. Identical changes with PEEP in cardiac output (-30%), esophageal pressure (+10 cmH2O), and left ventricular function were observed after pulmonary edema was induced with oleic acid. These results confirm and extend recent suggestions that high levels of PEEP depress left ventricular function in dogs, accounting for about half of the reduction in cardiac output before and during acute pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 373468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2012", "title": "Effect of temperature and clofibrate on Plasmodium berghei infection in mice.", "content": "Parasitemia counts established that 22 degrees C-acclimated mice subjected to cold exposure for a short time (-35 degrees C for 30 min) during Plasmodium berghei infection had significantly higher parasitemia levels than parasitized mice continuously housed at 22 degrees C. Parasitized 5 degrees C-acclimated mice also demonstrated higher parasitemia levels than parasitized 22 degrees C-acclimated mice. There was no correlation between plasma free fatty acid (PFFA) concentration and parasitemia in mice infected with P. berghei. The effect of clofibrate (an agent known to reduce PFFA levels in rats) in reducing PFFA levels in mice was inconclusive. However, the P. berghei-infected mice treated with clofibrate demonstrated significantly lower parasitemia when compared to parasitized mice that were not treated with clofibrate.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and clofibrate on Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Parasitemia counts established that 22 degrees C-acclimated mice subjected to cold exposure for a short time (-35 degrees C for 30 min) during Plasmodium berghei infection had significantly higher parasitemia levels than parasitized mice continuously housed at 22 degrees C. Parasitized 5 degrees C-acclimated mice also demonstrated higher parasitemia levels than parasitized 22 degrees C-acclimated mice. There was no correlation between plasma free fatty acid (PFFA) concentration and parasitemia in mice infected with P. berghei. The effect of clofibrate (an agent known to reduce PFFA levels in rats) in reducing PFFA levels in mice was inconclusive. However, the P. berghei-infected mice treated with clofibrate demonstrated significantly lower parasitemia when compared to parasitized mice that were not treated with clofibrate.", "PMID": 373470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2013", "title": "Host defenses in murine malaria: successful vaccination of mice against Plasmodium berghei by using formolized blood parasites.", "content": "Infections of normal ICR mice with the NYU-2 strain of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) are uniformly fatal. However, a proportion of mice that have been vaccinated with a formalin-killed antigen prepared from the blood stages of Pb survive an otherwise lethal challenge. Such immunity is not induced by immunization with normal mouse erythrocytes. The level of acquired anti-malarial immunity is related to the size and number of doses of antigen, and intravenous injection is superior to the subcutaneous route of vaccination. The addition of the adjuvants BCG and Corynebacterium parvum to the immunizing regimen improved the level of protection to a variable extent, depending on the batch of plasmodial antigen with which they were used. The adjuvants were most efficacious when used with batches of antigen which were poorly protective when used alone. These adjuvants were found never to protect ICR mice against Pb unless used in combination with specific antigen.", "contents": "Host defenses in murine malaria: successful vaccination of mice against Plasmodium berghei by using formolized blood parasites. Infections of normal ICR mice with the NYU-2 strain of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) are uniformly fatal. However, a proportion of mice that have been vaccinated with a formalin-killed antigen prepared from the blood stages of Pb survive an otherwise lethal challenge. Such immunity is not induced by immunization with normal mouse erythrocytes. The level of acquired anti-malarial immunity is related to the size and number of doses of antigen, and intravenous injection is superior to the subcutaneous route of vaccination. The addition of the adjuvants BCG and Corynebacterium parvum to the immunizing regimen improved the level of protection to a variable extent, depending on the batch of plasmodial antigen with which they were used. The adjuvants were most efficacious when used with batches of antigen which were poorly protective when used alone. These adjuvants were found never to protect ICR mice against Pb unless used in combination with specific antigen.", "PMID": 373471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2014", "title": "Longevity of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica and mosquito infection acquired from a patient with low level parasitemia.", "content": "Two cases are reported which illustrate important epidemiological aspects of lymphatic filariasis--prolonged longevity of the adult parasite and the possibility of transmission by individuals with ultra-low level microfilaremia. These cases demonstrate that people can remain carriers of microfilariae in the peripheral blood for many years without reinfection, and even those with a low level microfilaremia can constitute a significant reservoir of mosquito infection. Such cases represent one of the most serious obstacles to the eradication of lymphatic filariasis in regions where control is based on chemotherapy.", "contents": "Longevity of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica and mosquito infection acquired from a patient with low level parasitemia. Two cases are reported which illustrate important epidemiological aspects of lymphatic filariasis--prolonged longevity of the adult parasite and the possibility of transmission by individuals with ultra-low level microfilaremia. These cases demonstrate that people can remain carriers of microfilariae in the peripheral blood for many years without reinfection, and even those with a low level microfilaremia can constitute a significant reservoir of mosquito infection. Such cases represent one of the most serious obstacles to the eradication of lymphatic filariasis in regions where control is based on chemotherapy.", "PMID": 373472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2015", "title": "Diabetic management by insulin infusion during major surgery.", "content": "In five insulin-requiring, uremic diabetic patients undergoing renal transplantation, we infused insulin intravenously at a low rate to maintain plasma glucose levels between 100 and 200 mg/100 ml. In those patients receiving 100 mg or more of prednisone per day and 5 per cent dextrose solution, the hourly infusion rate was determined from tthe following equation: insulin (U) = plasma glucose value divided by 100. When prednisone was not given or when the patient was thin, the ratio became: plasma glucose value divided by 150. Results were compared with those of nineteen similar transplant patients treated with conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy during surgery, and significantly better glucose control was achieved with the low dosage, intravenous infusion.", "contents": "Diabetic management by insulin infusion during major surgery. In five insulin-requiring, uremic diabetic patients undergoing renal transplantation, we infused insulin intravenously at a low rate to maintain plasma glucose levels between 100 and 200 mg/100 ml. In those patients receiving 100 mg or more of prednisone per day and 5 per cent dextrose solution, the hourly infusion rate was determined from tthe following equation: insulin (U) = plasma glucose value divided by 100. When prednisone was not given or when the patient was thin, the ratio became: plasma glucose value divided by 150. Results were compared with those of nineteen similar transplant patients treated with conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy during surgery, and significantly better glucose control was achieved with the low dosage, intravenous infusion.", "PMID": 373474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2016", "title": "Comparison of Marlex mesh and microporous teflon sheets when used for hernia repair in the experimental animal.", "content": "A new prosthetic material, microporous expanded Teflon (PTFE) was compared with Marlex mesh in the experimental animal. Triangular pieces of each material were placed beneath the transversalis fascia in the right and left groins of seven white New Zealand rabbits (mean weight, 8 kg). The animals were sacrificed are two week intervals. PTFE was found to retain its position and shape without local or peritoneal reaction. By contrast, Marlex mesh showed marked inflammatory reaction and scarring with complete distortion of the graft. Microscopically, PTFE was completely invaded by fibroblast at eight weeks, with flat orientation of graft to the fibrous tissue forming a \"neofascia\". In contrast, Marlex mesh lacked fibroblastic incorporation of the graft with marked scarring and distortion. These findings suggest that PTFE could be a useful fascial buttress in inguinal hernia repair where Marlex mesh is now used.", "contents": "Comparison of Marlex mesh and microporous teflon sheets when used for hernia repair in the experimental animal. A new prosthetic material, microporous expanded Teflon (PTFE) was compared with Marlex mesh in the experimental animal. Triangular pieces of each material were placed beneath the transversalis fascia in the right and left groins of seven white New Zealand rabbits (mean weight, 8 kg). The animals were sacrificed are two week intervals. PTFE was found to retain its position and shape without local or peritoneal reaction. By contrast, Marlex mesh showed marked inflammatory reaction and scarring with complete distortion of the graft. Microscopically, PTFE was completely invaded by fibroblast at eight weeks, with flat orientation of graft to the fibrous tissue forming a \"neofascia\". In contrast, Marlex mesh lacked fibroblastic incorporation of the graft with marked scarring and distortion. These findings suggest that PTFE could be a useful fascial buttress in inguinal hernia repair where Marlex mesh is now used.", "PMID": 373475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2017", "title": "The influence of donor age on graft survival.", "content": "Recent papers report differing conclusions concerning use of kidneys from different donor age groups. We analyzed graft survival of 652 consecutive cadaver kidney donor-recipient pairs. Overall cumulative graft survival was 45 per cent at two years post transplantation. Kidneys from donors aged less that fifteen, sixteen to thirty. thirty-one to forty-five, and forty-six to sixty years had a cumulative graft survival of 51, 44, 39, and 40 percent, respectively. The difference is not statistically significant. When both donor and recipient ages are controlled, the pediatric aged kidney may be superior in the pediatric recipient or the older normotensive adult recipient. Use of properly selected cadaver kidneys in patients of all age ranges is encouraged.", "contents": "The influence of donor age on graft survival. Recent papers report differing conclusions concerning use of kidneys from different donor age groups. We analyzed graft survival of 652 consecutive cadaver kidney donor-recipient pairs. Overall cumulative graft survival was 45 per cent at two years post transplantation. Kidneys from donors aged less that fifteen, sixteen to thirty. thirty-one to forty-five, and forty-six to sixty years had a cumulative graft survival of 51, 44, 39, and 40 percent, respectively. The difference is not statistically significant. When both donor and recipient ages are controlled, the pediatric aged kidney may be superior in the pediatric recipient or the older normotensive adult recipient. Use of properly selected cadaver kidneys in patients of all age ranges is encouraged.", "PMID": 373476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2018", "title": "The management of inadvertent subcutaneous adriamycin infiltration.", "content": "Once the inadvertent infiltration of Adriamycin occurs, it is recommended to immediately treat the problem. This has been accomplished by wide excision and meshed split thickness skin grafting for resurfacing of the defect. Obtaining a healed wound alleviates the stiffness from lack of motion or ruptured tendons. Pain from the open ulcer, which is prone to infection in the immunosuppressed patient, is lessened. An analogy between pit viper envenomization and Adriamycin infiltration is discussed.", "contents": "The management of inadvertent subcutaneous adriamycin infiltration. Once the inadvertent infiltration of Adriamycin occurs, it is recommended to immediately treat the problem. This has been accomplished by wide excision and meshed split thickness skin grafting for resurfacing of the defect. Obtaining a healed wound alleviates the stiffness from lack of motion or ruptured tendons. Pain from the open ulcer, which is prone to infection in the immunosuppressed patient, is lessened. An analogy between pit viper envenomization and Adriamycin infiltration is discussed.", "PMID": 373478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2019", "title": "Suture technic to provide hemostasis after liver wedge biopsy.", "content": "A surgical technic for liver wedge biopsy is described. Vertical mattress sutures are placed to outline a triangular mass of liver with its apes 2 to 3 cm from the liver edge and its based formed by the edge. The suture is tied tightly until the mass blanches, and the biopsy is made within the mass. No additional suturing or hemostatic agents are needed.", "contents": "Suture technic to provide hemostasis after liver wedge biopsy. A surgical technic for liver wedge biopsy is described. Vertical mattress sutures are placed to outline a triangular mass of liver with its apes 2 to 3 cm from the liver edge and its based formed by the edge. The suture is tied tightly until the mass blanches, and the biopsy is made within the mass. No additional suturing or hemostatic agents are needed.", "PMID": 373479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2020", "title": "The intraocular pressure responses of low-dose bupranolol (Ophtorenin) and methazolamide (Neptazane) in glaucomatous eyes. A controlled clinical study.", "content": "In a single-dose, double-blind study, the minimum effective doses of bupranolol and methazolamide were established. The beta-blocker bupranolol (Ophtorenin, Dr. Winzer, Konstanz) in an oily solution reduced IOP significantly in a concentration of 0.05%. The carboanhydrase inhibitor Methazolamide (Neptazane) did not change IOP in a peroral dose of 50 mg, while 100 mg p.o. gave a significant IOP decrease. Both drugs exhibited an additive effect in this low regimen. It is concluded that the combined application of both drugs will postpone or avoid side effects and prolong the time and the field of clinical usefulness. It appears possible that both have a different mechanism of action.", "contents": "The intraocular pressure responses of low-dose bupranolol (Ophtorenin) and methazolamide (Neptazane) in glaucomatous eyes. A controlled clinical study. In a single-dose, double-blind study, the minimum effective doses of bupranolol and methazolamide were established. The beta-blocker bupranolol (Ophtorenin, Dr. Winzer, Konstanz) in an oily solution reduced IOP significantly in a concentration of 0.05%. The carboanhydrase inhibitor Methazolamide (Neptazane) did not change IOP in a peroral dose of 50 mg, while 100 mg p.o. gave a significant IOP decrease. Both drugs exhibited an additive effect in this low regimen. It is concluded that the combined application of both drugs will postpone or avoid side effects and prolong the time and the field of clinical usefulness. It appears possible that both have a different mechanism of action.", "PMID": 373489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2021", "title": "[Change of intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients by hyperventilation, positive negative pressure ventilation and PEEP (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a hyperventilation, positive negative pressure ventilation (PNPV) and ventilation using positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP), on intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in 24 patients suffering from different neurosurgical disorders. The patients were given a basic anaesthesia including muscle relaxation. The investigations showed, that hyperventilation, followed by a PCO2 of 26 and 30 torr, clearly lowered the intracranial pressure. The pressure drop was much more pronounced when the preexisting ICP was high than when it was low, due to the form of the compliance curve of the brain. PNPV also lowered intracranial pressure, but a harmful effect of this technique on lung function and structure is known. Its use is justified only for short periods and in addition to other measures for lowering ICP. The results also demonstrated that PNPV possesses limited beneficial properties with regard to the subject discussed here. Ventilation by PEEP significantly increased ICP. This technique is to be employed with caution in neurosurgery. Arterial pressure (radial artery) and central venous pressure (subclavian vein) were also recorded.", "contents": "[Change of intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients by hyperventilation, positive negative pressure ventilation and PEEP (author's transl)]. The effects of a hyperventilation, positive negative pressure ventilation (PNPV) and ventilation using positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP), on intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in 24 patients suffering from different neurosurgical disorders. The patients were given a basic anaesthesia including muscle relaxation. The investigations showed, that hyperventilation, followed by a PCO2 of 26 and 30 torr, clearly lowered the intracranial pressure. The pressure drop was much more pronounced when the preexisting ICP was high than when it was low, due to the form of the compliance curve of the brain. PNPV also lowered intracranial pressure, but a harmful effect of this technique on lung function and structure is known. Its use is justified only for short periods and in addition to other measures for lowering ICP. The results also demonstrated that PNPV possesses limited beneficial properties with regard to the subject discussed here. Ventilation by PEEP significantly increased ICP. This technique is to be employed with caution in neurosurgery. Arterial pressure (radial artery) and central venous pressure (subclavian vein) were also recorded.", "PMID": 373492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2022", "title": "[The influence of dopamine of kidney function during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (PEEP) (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 20 patients the influence of continuous positive-pressure Ventilation (PEEP) on cardiac output, kidney function and renal and intrarenal hemodynamics was investigated. During ventilation with PEEP 10 ccm H2O a reduction of cardiac output, glomerular filtrationrate, sodium excretion and urinary output was observed. Renal blood flow, especially the cortical fraction, also decreased. Dopamine infusion, in a dose of 4 ng.kg-1.min-1, during continuous PEEP-ventilation, induced an increase of cardiac output, glomerular filtrationrate, renal sodium excretion and diuresis. The decreased renal cortical perfusion particularly was improved by Dopamine application.", "contents": "[The influence of dopamine of kidney function during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (PEEP) (author's transl)]. In a group of 20 patients the influence of continuous positive-pressure Ventilation (PEEP) on cardiac output, kidney function and renal and intrarenal hemodynamics was investigated. During ventilation with PEEP 10 ccm H2O a reduction of cardiac output, glomerular filtrationrate, sodium excretion and urinary output was observed. Renal blood flow, especially the cortical fraction, also decreased. Dopamine infusion, in a dose of 4 ng.kg-1.min-1, during continuous PEEP-ventilation, induced an increase of cardiac output, glomerular filtrationrate, renal sodium excretion and diuresis. The decreased renal cortical perfusion particularly was improved by Dopamine application.", "PMID": 373493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2023", "title": "[Arterio-tracheal fistula during long-term intubation of an awake patient. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of anterior softening of the trachea due to thyroid swelling a patient was intubated with a \"Lanz-\" endotracheal tube with low-pressure cuff after thyroidectomy. The awake, eating patient developed severe endotracheal haemorrhage during the 17 days of intubation. Thoracotomy revealed a 2 cm long horizontal rupture probably at the site of the tube tip at the anterior wall of the trachea. The opening was connected to a rupture of the right brachiocephalic trunk at its bifurcation. Interpositions of dacron prostheses between the trunk, the subclavian artery and the carotid artery and suture of the tracheal wall controlled the situation. However, the patient died from acute hepatic failure, as shown at post-mortem examination. This case report is a warning against long-term intubation of awake patients, as sometimes recommanded.", "contents": "[Arterio-tracheal fistula during long-term intubation of an awake patient. Case report (author's transl)]. Because of anterior softening of the trachea due to thyroid swelling a patient was intubated with a \"Lanz-\" endotracheal tube with low-pressure cuff after thyroidectomy. The awake, eating patient developed severe endotracheal haemorrhage during the 17 days of intubation. Thoracotomy revealed a 2 cm long horizontal rupture probably at the site of the tube tip at the anterior wall of the trachea. The opening was connected to a rupture of the right brachiocephalic trunk at its bifurcation. Interpositions of dacron prostheses between the trunk, the subclavian artery and the carotid artery and suture of the tracheal wall controlled the situation. However, the patient died from acute hepatic failure, as shown at post-mortem examination. This case report is a warning against long-term intubation of awake patients, as sometimes recommanded.", "PMID": 373494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2024", "title": "[A simple self prepared IMV system using original parts of Bird including alternative ventilation under CPAP and PEEP (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple self prepared IMV system (intermittant mandatory ventilation system) is described. Only original parts of Bird are used. The system is in fact a combination of the original Bird-PEEP-system with the CPAP-system described by us [1]. The function, mounting and working of the IMV system is described. With this combined system it is now possible to apply different forms of assisted or nonassisted ventilation (CPAP, PEEP, IMV) utilizing the same system making by minor modifications. The FIO2 can be exactly regulated. It is possible to pass continuously from totally controlled ventilation to full spontaneous breathing with or without CPAP. Since original parts of Bird-gears are used in many intensive care units, new developments in artificial ventilation such as IMV can be realized without great expenses. The functioning of this system is demonstrated by several cases including the documentation of recorded changes of arterial oxigenation.", "contents": "[A simple self prepared IMV system using original parts of Bird including alternative ventilation under CPAP and PEEP (author's transl)]. A simple self prepared IMV system (intermittant mandatory ventilation system) is described. Only original parts of Bird are used. The system is in fact a combination of the original Bird-PEEP-system with the CPAP-system described by us [1]. The function, mounting and working of the IMV system is described. With this combined system it is now possible to apply different forms of assisted or nonassisted ventilation (CPAP, PEEP, IMV) utilizing the same system making by minor modifications. The FIO2 can be exactly regulated. It is possible to pass continuously from totally controlled ventilation to full spontaneous breathing with or without CPAP. Since original parts of Bird-gears are used in many intensive care units, new developments in artificial ventilation such as IMV can be realized without great expenses. The functioning of this system is demonstrated by several cases including the documentation of recorded changes of arterial oxigenation.", "PMID": 373496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2025", "title": "Anesthesia and the development of surgery (1846-1896).", "content": "The hypothesis that the introduction of anesthesia in 1846 accelerated the development of surgery was tested by compiling statistics on the types of operations performed in this country and abroad in the absence of anesthesia (prior to 1846) and over the 50-year period after 1846. Prior to 1846, surgery involved the extremities and superficial parts of the body almost exclusively. The same was generally true for 50 years following 1846. The introduction of anesthesia was necessary before surgery could advance, but control of infection, establishment of the sciences of pathology and physiology, and development of professionalism in clinical medicine and surgery based on research and teaching were also required. Almost a half-century lapsed after the introduction of anesthesia before surgery advanced significantly beyond the stage it was at prior to the introduction of anesthesia in 1846.", "contents": "Anesthesia and the development of surgery (1846-1896). The hypothesis that the introduction of anesthesia in 1846 accelerated the development of surgery was tested by compiling statistics on the types of operations performed in this country and abroad in the absence of anesthesia (prior to 1846) and over the 50-year period after 1846. Prior to 1846, surgery involved the extremities and superficial parts of the body almost exclusively. The same was generally true for 50 years following 1846. The introduction of anesthesia was necessary before surgery could advance, but control of infection, establishment of the sciences of pathology and physiology, and development of professionalism in clinical medicine and surgery based on research and teaching were also required. Almost a half-century lapsed after the introduction of anesthesia before surgery advanced significantly beyond the stage it was at prior to the introduction of anesthesia in 1846.", "PMID": 373499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2026", "title": "Stridor in pediatric patients.", "content": "We have presented a classification scheme to help in evaluating the diagnosis of stridor in the pediatric patient. The correct diagnosis can usually be arrived at on the basis of a careful and complete history, physical examination, appropriate radiographic studies and bronchoscopy. The anesthesiologist should be aware of the problems associated with all these conditions. In every instance prompt establishment of an adequate airway is imperative.", "contents": "Stridor in pediatric patients. We have presented a classification scheme to help in evaluating the diagnosis of stridor in the pediatric patient. The correct diagnosis can usually be arrived at on the basis of a careful and complete history, physical examination, appropriate radiographic studies and bronchoscopy. The anesthesiologist should be aware of the problems associated with all these conditions. In every instance prompt establishment of an adequate airway is imperative.", "PMID": 373502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2027", "title": "Ischemic myelopathy.", "content": "Ischemic myelopathy and Angiology of the Spinal Cord have recently drawn the attention of both paraplegists and angiologists, and their details are now fairly well known. Ischemic myelopathies increased with the rise of vascular surgery, but the means of prevention have been carefully studied and the incidence is now decreasing. Twenty-five hundred cases of cord injury have been reviewed, and among 92 nontraumatic cases, 16 ischemic myelopathies have been tabulated. The anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord circulation have been described.", "contents": "Ischemic myelopathy. Ischemic myelopathy and Angiology of the Spinal Cord have recently drawn the attention of both paraplegists and angiologists, and their details are now fairly well known. Ischemic myelopathies increased with the rise of vascular surgery, but the means of prevention have been carefully studied and the incidence is now decreasing. Twenty-five hundred cases of cord injury have been reviewed, and among 92 nontraumatic cases, 16 ischemic myelopathies have been tabulated. The anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord circulation have been described.", "PMID": 373514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2028", "title": "Decreased venous distensibility in essential hypertension: lack of systemic hemodynamic correlates.", "content": "Venous distensibility in essential hypertension has been reported to be unchanged or decreased; its pathophysiologic role is uncertain. In 27 male hypertensive patients and 21 normotensive control subjects, forearm venous distensibility and capillary filtration rate at 30 cm of H2O distending pressure were measured by strain gauge plethysmography. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma volume (PV) by the Evans blue dye dilution technique, mean arterial pressure (MAP) by cuff, and cardiac output (CO) by the CO2 rebreathing method were also measured. Compared to values in normotensive control subjects, forearm venous distensibility in hypertensive subjects was decreased (P less than 0.05); the forearm venous pressure-volume curves (deflation phase) were shifted in the direction of the pressure axis (P less than 0.02); and the capillary filtration rate was increased (P less than 0.05). Venous distensibility changes in hypertensive subjects were unrelated to PRA, MAP, PV, CO, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance. These findings confirm previous reports of decreased venous distensibility in hypertension and provide direct evidence for increased capillary filtration rate. In view of the lack of significant correlation between venous distensibility and the measured hemodynamic parameters, a patho-physiologic role for venous distensibility in hypertension could not be established.", "contents": "Decreased venous distensibility in essential hypertension: lack of systemic hemodynamic correlates. Venous distensibility in essential hypertension has been reported to be unchanged or decreased; its pathophysiologic role is uncertain. In 27 male hypertensive patients and 21 normotensive control subjects, forearm venous distensibility and capillary filtration rate at 30 cm of H2O distending pressure were measured by strain gauge plethysmography. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma volume (PV) by the Evans blue dye dilution technique, mean arterial pressure (MAP) by cuff, and cardiac output (CO) by the CO2 rebreathing method were also measured. Compared to values in normotensive control subjects, forearm venous distensibility in hypertensive subjects was decreased (P less than 0.05); the forearm venous pressure-volume curves (deflation phase) were shifted in the direction of the pressure axis (P less than 0.02); and the capillary filtration rate was increased (P less than 0.05). Venous distensibility changes in hypertensive subjects were unrelated to PRA, MAP, PV, CO, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance. These findings confirm previous reports of decreased venous distensibility in hypertension and provide direct evidence for increased capillary filtration rate. In view of the lack of significant correlation between venous distensibility and the measured hemodynamic parameters, a patho-physiologic role for venous distensibility in hypertension could not be established.", "PMID": 373515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2029", "title": "The value of atropine in the documentation of reversible airways obstruction.", "content": "Thirteen randomly selected outpatient asthmatics were treated with nebulized atropine sulfate, isoproterenol and the combination of these drugs in a randomized double-blind trial. Sequential pulmonary function parameters, cardiovascular changes and side effects were monitored over a 60-minute period following drug administration. Both atropine and isoproterenol produced significant and equivalent improvement in mean forced expiratory flow rates; the combination of drugs produced significantly greater improvement at each time interval without producing significant cardiovascular changes or side effects. Four patients failed to show clinically significant increases in expiratory flow rates following  isoproterenol alone; two of these four improved following atropine alone,  while two improved only when given the combination of drugs. The addition of an anti-cholinergic agent may provide a more precise assessment of reversibility of obstructive airways disease in the individual patient.", "contents": "The value of atropine in the documentation of reversible airways obstruction. Thirteen randomly selected outpatient asthmatics were treated with nebulized atropine sulfate, isoproterenol and the combination of these drugs in a randomized double-blind trial. Sequential pulmonary function parameters, cardiovascular changes and side effects were monitored over a 60-minute period following drug administration. Both atropine and isoproterenol produced significant and equivalent improvement in mean forced expiratory flow rates; the combination of drugs produced significantly greater improvement at each time interval without producing significant cardiovascular changes or side effects. Four patients failed to show clinically significant increases in expiratory flow rates following  isoproterenol alone; two of these four improved following atropine alone,  while two improved only when given the combination of drugs. The addition of an anti-cholinergic agent may provide a more precise assessment of reversibility of obstructive airways disease in the individual patient.", "PMID": 373517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2030", "title": "Bupivacaine: a review.", "content": "A review of current significant literature concerning bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcaine) is presented with particular emphasis on clinical use in oral surgery. The major advantages compared with other presently used local anesthetics are an increased duration of action and a favorable potency to toxicity ratio.", "contents": "Bupivacaine: a review. A review of current significant literature concerning bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcaine) is presented with particular emphasis on clinical use in oral surgery. The major advantages compared with other presently used local anesthetics are an increased duration of action and a favorable potency to toxicity ratio.", "PMID": 373511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2031", "title": "[Anti-Candida albicans IgM antibody: correlation between immunofluorescence and ultracentrifugation (author's transl)].", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique for specific IgM anti-Candida albicans was applied to 158 sera and compared with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. For detection of specific IgM results of both methods were in agreement for 157 sera (99.36%). Specific IgM titers determined with IFA on unfractionated sera followed those found on fractionated sera. The results show that specific IgM anti-C. albicans can be identified and titrated by the immunofluorescent technique.", "contents": "[Anti-Candida albicans IgM antibody: correlation between immunofluorescence and ultracentrifugation (author's transl)]. The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique for specific IgM anti-Candida albicans was applied to 158 sera and compared with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. For detection of specific IgM results of both methods were in agreement for 157 sera (99.36%). Specific IgM titers determined with IFA on unfractionated sera followed those found on fractionated sera. The results show that specific IgM anti-C. albicans can be identified and titrated by the immunofluorescent technique.", "PMID": 373520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2032", "title": "Procedure for processing of central nervous system tissue for immunofluorescence, light, and electron microscopic evaluation.", "content": "A rapid and simple procedure has been developed for the simultaneous localization of viral antigen in central nervous system tissues by immunofluorescnece and concomitant correlation with viral induced lesions in the contralateral brain hemisphere. In this study, one-half of the brain was excised from the dog under deep general anesthesia and samples were collected for immunofluorescence by snap freezing in liquid nitrogen. The other half of the brain was perfused under pressure with a buffered glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde mixture for subsequent light microscopic and ultrastructural evaluation. The technique was useful in studying central nervous system diseases in large outbred experimental subjects in which economic and other considerations developed for tissue processing in rodents was not feasible.", "contents": "Procedure for processing of central nervous system tissue for immunofluorescence, light, and electron microscopic evaluation. A rapid and simple procedure has been developed for the simultaneous localization of viral antigen in central nervous system tissues by immunofluorescnece and concomitant correlation with viral induced lesions in the contralateral brain hemisphere. In this study, one-half of the brain was excised from the dog under deep general anesthesia and samples were collected for immunofluorescence by snap freezing in liquid nitrogen. The other half of the brain was perfused under pressure with a buffered glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde mixture for subsequent light microscopic and ultrastructural evaluation. The technique was useful in studying central nervous system diseases in large outbred experimental subjects in which economic and other considerations developed for tissue processing in rodents was not feasible.", "PMID": 373523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2033", "title": "Management of lung contusion.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-two consecutive patients with lung contusion were admitted during the three-year period of 1972 through 1974. All were treated with early intubation and mechanical ventilation with positive and-expiratory pressure with the postulate that such management would minimize the progression of interstitial edema, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. If progressive increase in the alveolar/arterial oxygen tension gradient was not observed over the ensuing 24 hours, and in the absence of other non-thoracic indications of continuance of mechanical ventilation, patients were extubated and removed from the ventilator. All other patients were further ventilated and followed by daily chest roentgenograms and blood gas studies. Mean ventilation time was 6.2 days. Progressive hypoxemia and deterioration of pulmonary function were not seen. The incidence of pneumonia and tension pneumothorax was low. Overall mortality was 10.6 per cent. The most common cause of death was brain death. No deaths were the result of hypoxemia.", "contents": "Management of lung contusion. One hundred and thirty-two consecutive patients with lung contusion were admitted during the three-year period of 1972 through 1974. All were treated with early intubation and mechanical ventilation with positive and-expiratory pressure with the postulate that such management would minimize the progression of interstitial edema, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. If progressive increase in the alveolar/arterial oxygen tension gradient was not observed over the ensuing 24 hours, and in the absence of other non-thoracic indications of continuance of mechanical ventilation, patients were extubated and removed from the ventilator. All other patients were further ventilated and followed by daily chest roentgenograms and blood gas studies. Mean ventilation time was 6.2 days. Progressive hypoxemia and deterioration of pulmonary function were not seen. The incidence of pneumonia and tension pneumothorax was low. Overall mortality was 10.6 per cent. The most common cause of death was brain death. No deaths were the result of hypoxemia.", "PMID": 373533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2034", "title": "The Philadelphia epidemic of Legionnaire's disease: clinical, pulmonary, and serologic findings two years later.", "content": "Clinical, pulmonary, and serologic findings in Legionnaires who attended the 1976 American Legion Convention in Philadelphia were studied 2 years after the Legionnaires' disease epidemic there. All 31 survivors of Legionnaires' disease studied became ill within 2 weeks after the convention, and 18 had not fully recovered 2 years after the epidemic. Twenty-five (28%) of 90 additional Legionnaires exposed at the convention but not diagnosed as having Legionnaires' disease became ill during the same time interval; five of these had symptoms during the next 2 years. Survivors had decreased diffusion capacities measured by the carbon monoxide single-breath method. These differences could not be accounted for by ventilation abnormalities or concurrent illness. Significant levels of IgG or IgM antibodies persisted in 94% of survivors of Legionnaires' disease and in 53% of Legionnaires exposed at the convention, which suggests a high prevalence of subclinical infection. Persistence of IgM antibody raises the question of latency or subclinical infection as part of the natural history of Legionnaires' disease.", "contents": "The Philadelphia epidemic of Legionnaire's disease: clinical, pulmonary, and serologic findings two years later. Clinical, pulmonary, and serologic findings in Legionnaires who attended the 1976 American Legion Convention in Philadelphia were studied 2 years after the Legionnaires' disease epidemic there. All 31 survivors of Legionnaires' disease studied became ill within 2 weeks after the convention, and 18 had not fully recovered 2 years after the epidemic. Twenty-five (28%) of 90 additional Legionnaires exposed at the convention but not diagnosed as having Legionnaires' disease became ill during the same time interval; five of these had symptoms during the next 2 years. Survivors had decreased diffusion capacities measured by the carbon monoxide single-breath method. These differences could not be accounted for by ventilation abnormalities or concurrent illness. Significant levels of IgG or IgM antibodies persisted in 94% of survivors of Legionnaires' disease and in 53% of Legionnaires exposed at the convention, which suggests a high prevalence of subclinical infection. Persistence of IgM antibody raises the question of latency or subclinical infection as part of the natural history of Legionnaires' disease.", "PMID": 373542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2035", "title": "The compromised host and Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "Pneumonia caused by Legionnaires' disease bacterium was recognized in eight patients during a 7-month period. The patients were immunosuppressed by their underlying illness, corticosteroid therapy, and other exogenous immunosuppressive agents. Five of the patients had received immunosuppressive therapy for less than 16 days. Clinical presentation was similar to that of other bacterial pneumonias in compromised patients. Legionnaires' disease progressed to necrotizing pneumonia with abscess formation and respiratory failure in two patients. Diagnosis was made by [1] culture of lung tissue and bronchial washings; [2] direct fluorescent antibody staining of lung tissue, sputum, and bronchial washings; and [3] serologic evidence of infection. Therapy with oral erythromycin was ineffective. Intravenous erythromycin was given to six patients, with a good response. However, two patients showed further clinical improvement after rifampin was added. Because this illness may be more severe in compromised hosts, open lung biopsy and special microbiologic tests should be done when Legionnaires' disease is suspected.", "contents": "The compromised host and Legionnaires' disease. Pneumonia caused by Legionnaires' disease bacterium was recognized in eight patients during a 7-month period. The patients were immunosuppressed by their underlying illness, corticosteroid therapy, and other exogenous immunosuppressive agents. Five of the patients had received immunosuppressive therapy for less than 16 days. Clinical presentation was similar to that of other bacterial pneumonias in compromised patients. Legionnaires' disease progressed to necrotizing pneumonia with abscess formation and respiratory failure in two patients. Diagnosis was made by [1] culture of lung tissue and bronchial washings; [2] direct fluorescent antibody staining of lung tissue, sputum, and bronchial washings; and [3] serologic evidence of infection. Therapy with oral erythromycin was ineffective. Intravenous erythromycin was given to six patients, with a good response. However, two patients showed further clinical improvement after rifampin was added. Because this illness may be more severe in compromised hosts, open lung biopsy and special microbiologic tests should be done when Legionnaires' disease is suspected.", "PMID": 373543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2036", "title": "Legionnaires' disease in patients with associated serious disease.", "content": "Of nine patients with Legionnaires' disease, seven were receiving corticosteroids, and all nine had serious underlying diseases. Direct immunofluorescent examination of respiratory secretions, including sputum and transtracheal aspirates, showed the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium in five of seven patients who seroconverted and in a sixth patient with a single elevated titer to the LD bacterium. All nine patients received erythromycin therapy, and five survived. Two patients showed persistence of their infection after receiving 2 weeks of erythromycin therapy, and two patients developed pulmonary abscesses. These cases of Legionnaires' disease show the occurrence of pulmonary abscesses, the possibility of relapse after giving only 2 weeks of erythromycin therapy, and the utility of direct immunofluorescence for early diagnosis.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease in patients with associated serious disease. Of nine patients with Legionnaires' disease, seven were receiving corticosteroids, and all nine had serious underlying diseases. Direct immunofluorescent examination of respiratory secretions, including sputum and transtracheal aspirates, showed the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium in five of seven patients who seroconverted and in a sixth patient with a single elevated titer to the LD bacterium. All nine patients received erythromycin therapy, and five survived. Two patients showed persistence of their infection after receiving 2 weeks of erythromycin therapy, and two patients developed pulmonary abscesses. These cases of Legionnaires' disease show the occurrence of pulmonary abscesses, the possibility of relapse after giving only 2 weeks of erythromycin therapy, and the utility of direct immunofluorescence for early diagnosis.", "PMID": 373544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2037", "title": "Autopsy diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients. A paleodiagnosis using Giemsa stain (Wohlbach modification).", "content": "A diffuse pneumonia characterized by short Giemsa-stained, gram-negative rods that were not cultured was diagnosed at autopsy in the fall of 1975 in three immunosuppressed patients who had had renal transplants. An acute fibrinous exudate was found, with macrophages, neutrophils, and numerous short bacilli in each inflamed alveolus as shown by Giemsa's stain (Wohlbach modification). Transplantation was stopped for 1 month. The institutional infection control committee discussed the cases, and increased observation. After the Legionnaires' disease agent was identified in 1977, the bacteria were stained by Dieterle's method and identified as Legionnaires' disease bacteria by direct fluorescent antibody test. No further cases have been identified in the succeeding 62 renal transplantations at this medical center. Although Wohlbach's modification of Giemsa has given consistently good staining of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium in our cases, unclarified factors may interfere with good staining, and the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa stain was unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Autopsy diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients. A paleodiagnosis using Giemsa stain (Wohlbach modification). A diffuse pneumonia characterized by short Giemsa-stained, gram-negative rods that were not cultured was diagnosed at autopsy in the fall of 1975 in three immunosuppressed patients who had had renal transplants. An acute fibrinous exudate was found, with macrophages, neutrophils, and numerous short bacilli in each inflamed alveolus as shown by Giemsa's stain (Wohlbach modification). Transplantation was stopped for 1 month. The institutional infection control committee discussed the cases, and increased observation. After the Legionnaires' disease agent was identified in 1977, the bacteria were stained by Dieterle's method and identified as Legionnaires' disease bacteria by direct fluorescent antibody test. No further cases have been identified in the succeeding 62 renal transplantations at this medical center. Although Wohlbach's modification of Giemsa has given consistently good staining of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium in our cases, unclarified factors may interfere with good staining, and the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa stain was unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 373545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2038", "title": "Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in Columbus, Ohio.", "content": "Three patients with severe pneumonia at a community hospital in Columbus, Ohio, were found to have Legionnaires' disease in late August 1977. A subsequent serologic survey of patients with pneumonia at this hospital identified three additional cases. Among patients with pneumonia, hospital exposure in the 2 weeks before onset of illness was significantly associated with Legionnaires' disease (P = 0.003). Serosurveys of hospital employees with a recent history of upper respiratory illness, healthy employees, and workers at the hospital construction site showed that one of 101, one of 107, and none of 114, respectively, has a single reciprocal titer of greater than or equal to 256 to the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. Serosurveys of patients with pneumonia at three control hospitals identified five additional patients with Legionnaires' disease, three of them with pneumonia that was apparently hospital acquired in a single renal transplant unit. A fourth patient from that unit without clinical illness had a fourfold rise in titer to LD bacterium.", "contents": "Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in Columbus, Ohio. Three patients with severe pneumonia at a community hospital in Columbus, Ohio, were found to have Legionnaires' disease in late August 1977. A subsequent serologic survey of patients with pneumonia at this hospital identified three additional cases. Among patients with pneumonia, hospital exposure in the 2 weeks before onset of illness was significantly associated with Legionnaires' disease (P = 0.003). Serosurveys of hospital employees with a recent history of upper respiratory illness, healthy employees, and workers at the hospital construction site showed that one of 101, one of 107, and none of 114, respectively, has a single reciprocal titer of greater than or equal to 256 to the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. Serosurveys of patients with pneumonia at three control hospitals identified five additional patients with Legionnaires' disease, three of them with pneumonia that was apparently hospital acquired in a single renal transplant unit. A fourth patient from that unit without clinical illness had a fourfold rise in titer to LD bacterium.", "PMID": 373546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2039", "title": "Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center.", "content": "Forty-nine cases of Legionnaires' disease were identified from May 1977 through July 1978 in patients and employees at Wadsworth Medical Center. Cases clustered in October and November 1977. Fifteen patients died. All Legionnaires' disease (LD) patients were in the hospital before onset of illness (median time from admission to onset, 17 days; range, 3 to 276 days). Twenty patients were immunosuppressed or compromised by malignancy. In 1977, six of 12 renal-homograft recipients acquired LD pneumonia in contrast to three of 22 during the preceding 3 years (P = 0.031, Fisher's exact test). In a prospective survey of 1658 consecutive hospital admissions, seven cases of Legionnaires' diseases occurred (0.4%), including six among 14 patients who seroconverted to the LD bacterium. Prevalence of a reciprocal titer of 128 or above in Wadsworth employees was significantly greater than in a nearby control population (P = 0.044, Fisher's exact test). Exposure to the external hospital environment may be an important factor, and soil may be a reservoir for the LD bacterium. Legionnaires' disease at Wadsworth may be a nosocomial pneumonia affecting a small group of patients with particular risk factors.", "contents": "Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center. Forty-nine cases of Legionnaires' disease were identified from May 1977 through July 1978 in patients and employees at Wadsworth Medical Center. Cases clustered in October and November 1977. Fifteen patients died. All Legionnaires' disease (LD) patients were in the hospital before onset of illness (median time from admission to onset, 17 days; range, 3 to 276 days). Twenty patients were immunosuppressed or compromised by malignancy. In 1977, six of 12 renal-homograft recipients acquired LD pneumonia in contrast to three of 22 during the preceding 3 years (P = 0.031, Fisher's exact test). In a prospective survey of 1658 consecutive hospital admissions, seven cases of Legionnaires' diseases occurred (0.4%), including six among 14 patients who seroconverted to the LD bacterium. Prevalence of a reciprocal titer of 128 or above in Wadsworth employees was significantly greater than in a nearby control population (P = 0.044, Fisher's exact test). Exposure to the external hospital environment may be an important factor, and soil may be a reservoir for the LD bacterium. Legionnaires' disease at Wadsworth may be a nosocomial pneumonia affecting a small group of patients with particular risk factors.", "PMID": 373547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2040", "title": "Legionnaires' disease bacterium isolated in 1947.", "content": "The results of serologic, cultural, and DNA relatedness studies have shown that the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium and an unclassified agent isolated in 1947 are the same species. Both organisms grew on charcoal-yeast extract agar, enriched Mueller-Hinton agar, and F-G agar, but neither grew on blood agar, trypticase soy agar, or in thioglycollate broth. Both agents reacted with convalescent sera from patients with Legionnaires' disease and convalescent sera from guinea pigs infected experimentally with the LD bacterium. The percentage of guanine plus cytosine in DNA preparations from each organism was ascertained by thermal denaturation to be 39%. In DNA hybridization reactions the 1947 isolate showed the same degree of relatedness to Philadelphia 1 strain of the LD bacterium as did three recent isolates of the bacterium. The LD bacterium was also shown to be antigenically related to another unclassified organism isolated in 1959.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease bacterium isolated in 1947. The results of serologic, cultural, and DNA relatedness studies have shown that the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium and an unclassified agent isolated in 1947 are the same species. Both organisms grew on charcoal-yeast extract agar, enriched Mueller-Hinton agar, and F-G agar, but neither grew on blood agar, trypticase soy agar, or in thioglycollate broth. Both agents reacted with convalescent sera from patients with Legionnaires' disease and convalescent sera from guinea pigs infected experimentally with the LD bacterium. The percentage of guanine plus cytosine in DNA preparations from each organism was ascertained by thermal denaturation to be 39%. In DNA hybridization reactions the 1947 isolate showed the same degree of relatedness to Philadelphia 1 strain of the LD bacterium as did three recent isolates of the bacterium. The LD bacterium was also shown to be antigenically related to another unclassified organism isolated in 1959.", "PMID": 373548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2041", "title": "Isolation of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium from environmental samples.", "content": "We analyzed 24 environmental samples collected in or near the Indiana Memorial Union, where an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease occurred in early 1978. We conducted fluorescent antibody analyses and culture on F-G and charcoal yeast extract agars of each sample directly; splenic tissue of guinea pigs inoculated with the sample; and yolk sacs from embryonated eggs inoculated with splenic tissue of guinea pigs injected with the sample. Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium was isolated from seven of the 24 samples: one water sample from the air-conditioner cooling tower of the Union; three water samples from a stream near the Union; and three mud samples from the same stream. The LD bacterium strains were of three different serotypes. These findings indicate that LD bacteria may be widespread in nature.", "contents": "Isolation of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium from environmental samples. We analyzed 24 environmental samples collected in or near the Indiana Memorial Union, where an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease occurred in early 1978. We conducted fluorescent antibody analyses and culture on F-G and charcoal yeast extract agars of each sample directly; splenic tissue of guinea pigs inoculated with the sample; and yolk sacs from embryonated eggs inoculated with splenic tissue of guinea pigs injected with the sample. Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium was isolated from seven of the 24 samples: one water sample from the air-conditioner cooling tower of the Union; three water samples from a stream near the Union; and three mud samples from the same stream. The LD bacterium strains were of three different serotypes. These findings indicate that LD bacteria may be widespread in nature.", "PMID": 373549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2042", "title": "Pathologic findings in guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "Tissues from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied with light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. The principal gross lesion was diffuse peritonitis of varying severity. Microscopically, the peritonitis of covered by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, fibrin, and cellular debris. Foci of inflammation and necrosis were consistently observed in the splenic parenchyma, and similar lesions were often found in the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas, heart, and other organs. Numerous LD bacteria were seen in the peritoneal exudate; fewer were found in disseminated lesions. In electron micrographs, the highest concentrations were seen in macrophages, with fewer organisms present in neutrophils or extracellular spaces. Although the lung is the primary organ konwn to be affected by Legionnaires' disease in humans, our findings indicate that the LD bacterium is capable of dissemination.", "contents": "Pathologic findings in guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Tissues from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied with light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. The principal gross lesion was diffuse peritonitis of varying severity. Microscopically, the peritonitis of covered by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, fibrin, and cellular debris. Foci of inflammation and necrosis were consistently observed in the splenic parenchyma, and similar lesions were often found in the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas, heart, and other organs. Numerous LD bacteria were seen in the peritoneal exudate; fewer were found in disseminated lesions. In electron micrographs, the highest concentrations were seen in macrophages, with fewer organisms present in neutrophils or extracellular spaces. Although the lung is the primary organ konwn to be affected by Legionnaires' disease in humans, our findings indicate that the LD bacterium is capable of dissemination.", "PMID": 373550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2043", "title": "Immunologic factors affecting the in-vivo and in-vitro survival of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "Immunologic factors affecting viability of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice and  guinea pigs. In bactericidal tests, fresh human serum quickly killed LD cells. Heating fresh serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min destroyed bactericidal activity; absorbing it with bentonite had little effect. Fresh normal human serum was more effective than guinea pig serum. Adding LD cells to fresh normal human serum caused a greater than 50% depletion in functional complement activity, apparently by activating the classic C-142 pathway, because human serum deficient in C4 was not bactericidal. Antibodies to the Knoxville 1 LD strain in guinea pigs showed enhanced complement-mediated bactericidal activity. Without complement, immune guinea pig or human sera prolonged in-vitro LD cell survival. Antibodies to Knoxville 1 in mice depressed in-vitro bactericidal activity of human complement against Knoxville 1. In-vitro bactericidal tests support in-vivo studies in subcutaneous chambers. Complement-deficient mice immunized with Knoxville 1 were (P less than 0.01) less resistant to homologous challenge than nonimmunized mice. Immunized guinea pigs had a greater than 80-fold increase in resistance to subcutaneous-chamber infection.", "contents": "Immunologic factors affecting the in-vivo and in-vitro survival of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Immunologic factors affecting viability of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice and  guinea pigs. In bactericidal tests, fresh human serum quickly killed LD cells. Heating fresh serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min destroyed bactericidal activity; absorbing it with bentonite had little effect. Fresh normal human serum was more effective than guinea pig serum. Adding LD cells to fresh normal human serum caused a greater than 50% depletion in functional complement activity, apparently by activating the classic C-142 pathway, because human serum deficient in C4 was not bactericidal. Antibodies to the Knoxville 1 LD strain in guinea pigs showed enhanced complement-mediated bactericidal activity. Without complement, immune guinea pig or human sera prolonged in-vitro LD cell survival. Antibodies to Knoxville 1 in mice depressed in-vitro bactericidal activity of human complement against Knoxville 1. In-vitro bactericidal tests support in-vivo studies in subcutaneous chambers. Complement-deficient mice immunized with Knoxville 1 were (P less than 0.01) less resistant to homologous challenge than nonimmunized mice. Immunized guinea pigs had a greater than 80-fold increase in resistance to subcutaneous-chamber infection.", "PMID": 373551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2044", "title": "Scottish experience with the serologic diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "Four-hundred fifty-nine sera from 342 persons were examined at Ruchill Hospital, Glasgow, using an agar-grown heat-killed, ether-treated antigen derived from the Philadelphia 1 strain of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. They were examined, in parallel, at the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta. Overall agreement (results agreeing +/- one twofold dilution) was reached with 90% of sera. Important differences were obtained with 10 (2.2%) sera. With three of these 10 sera the CDC alone obtained a significant titre (256) whereas with the other seven the Glasgow laboratory alone obtained a titre of 256. Altogether 28 persons (8.2%) with an agreed titre of 256 or higher were identified. However, some of these people had been ill 4 years before serum was obtained for examination. These persistent high titres make the serologic diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease difficult.", "contents": "Scottish experience with the serologic diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. Four-hundred fifty-nine sera from 342 persons were examined at Ruchill Hospital, Glasgow, using an agar-grown heat-killed, ether-treated antigen derived from the Philadelphia 1 strain of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. They were examined, in parallel, at the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta. Overall agreement (results agreeing +/- one twofold dilution) was reached with 90% of sera. Important differences were obtained with 10 (2.2%) sera. With three of these 10 sera the CDC alone obtained a significant titre (256) whereas with the other seven the Glasgow laboratory alone obtained a titre of 256. Altogether 28 persons (8.2%) with an agreed titre of 256 or higher were identified. However, some of these people had been ill 4 years before serum was obtained for examination. These persistent high titres make the serologic diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease difficult.", "PMID": 373552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2045", "title": "False positive reactions in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Legionnaires' disease eliminated by use of formolised yolk-sac antigen.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) technique for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease was used to investigate an outbreak of respiratory disease in a military population. The outbreak was later shown to be caused by an adenovirus. High titres were obtained using the ether-killed antigen supplied by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, but not with a formolised yolk-sac antigen prepared in out laboratory. The reactivity of these sera with the CDC antigen was removed by absorption with a partly identified gram-positive bacterium, whereas sera from persons with true Legionnaires' disease were unaffected by such treatment, suggesting that such reactivity is not specific for Legionnaires' disease. The lack of reactivity with negative control sera and strong reactivity from a small group of patients in whom seroconversion was demonstrated has led us to conclude that formolised yolk-sac antigen is a reliable antigen for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease by the FA method. Measurement of the sensitivity and specificity of the formolised yolk-sac antigen is still in progress.", "contents": "False positive reactions in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Legionnaires' disease eliminated by use of formolised yolk-sac antigen. The indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) technique for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease was used to investigate an outbreak of respiratory disease in a military population. The outbreak was later shown to be caused by an adenovirus. High titres were obtained using the ether-killed antigen supplied by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, but not with a formolised yolk-sac antigen prepared in out laboratory. The reactivity of these sera with the CDC antigen was removed by absorption with a partly identified gram-positive bacterium, whereas sera from persons with true Legionnaires' disease were unaffected by such treatment, suggesting that such reactivity is not specific for Legionnaires' disease. The lack of reactivity with negative control sera and strong reactivity from a small group of patients in whom seroconversion was demonstrated has led us to conclude that formolised yolk-sac antigen is a reliable antigen for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease by the FA method. Measurement of the sensitivity and specificity of the formolised yolk-sac antigen is still in progress.", "PMID": 373553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2046", "title": "Prevalence of antibodies to Legionnaires' disease. A seroepidemiologic survey of Michigan residents using the hemagglutination test.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody test and a microhemagglutination technique detected antibodies in human sera to Legionnaires' disease antigen about equally. Since the hemagglutination technique was simpler, more rapid, and less expensive, we used it to ascertain the prevalence of antibody in 1200 sera from apparently healthy, nonhospitalized Michigan residents. Prevalence was analyzed by age, sex, geographic location (county or residence), and season of the year. There was a significant difference in prevalence between seasons: 91 of 600 sera (15.2%) from February to March 1978 had a titer equal to or greater than 1.16, contrasted with 179 of 600 sera (29.8%) from August to September 1978. This difference was independent of age and sex. There was no significant difference by geographic location, sex, or age except for decreased prevalence for persons 60 years or older.", "contents": "Prevalence of antibodies to Legionnaires' disease. A seroepidemiologic survey of Michigan residents using the hemagglutination test. The indirect fluorescent antibody test and a microhemagglutination technique detected antibodies in human sera to Legionnaires' disease antigen about equally. Since the hemagglutination technique was simpler, more rapid, and less expensive, we used it to ascertain the prevalence of antibody in 1200 sera from apparently healthy, nonhospitalized Michigan residents. Prevalence was analyzed by age, sex, geographic location (county or residence), and season of the year. There was a significant difference in prevalence between seasons: 91 of 600 sera (15.2%) from February to March 1978 had a titer equal to or greater than 1.16, contrasted with 179 of 600 sera (29.8%) from August to September 1978. This difference was independent of age and sex. There was no significant difference by geographic location, sex, or age except for decreased prevalence for persons 60 years or older.", "PMID": 373554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2047", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: one person's perspective.", "content": "Since July 1976 when an outbreak of severe, acute respiratory disease of unknown origin occurred among attendees at the 58th Annual Convention of the American Legion in Philadelphia, great progress has been made, including identification of the causative organism, Legionella pneumophila. Clinical features include not only respiratory involvement but often abdominal complaints, encephalopathy, renal disease, and rhabdomyolysis. Erythromycin appears to be an effective antimicrobial agent. Epidemiologic studies have defined epidemics as well as sporadic cases. Legionella pneumophila has appeared as an opportunistic pathogen. Organisms have been isolated from air-handling equipment and evaporative condensers in four instances. At present diagnosis usually is based on the demonstration of a fourfold rise in antibody titer between serum specimens obtained 3 to 6 weeks apart. Recent data suggest that organisms may be shown in tracheal secretions using a direct flluorescent antibody procedure and that antigen may be shown in urine using the microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: one person's perspective. Since July 1976 when an outbreak of severe, acute respiratory disease of unknown origin occurred among attendees at the 58th Annual Convention of the American Legion in Philadelphia, great progress has been made, including identification of the causative organism, Legionella pneumophila. Clinical features include not only respiratory involvement but often abdominal complaints, encephalopathy, renal disease, and rhabdomyolysis. Erythromycin appears to be an effective antimicrobial agent. Epidemiologic studies have defined epidemics as well as sporadic cases. Legionella pneumophila has appeared as an opportunistic pathogen. Organisms have been isolated from air-handling equipment and evaporative condensers in four instances. At present diagnosis usually is based on the demonstration of a fourfold rise in antibody titer between serum specimens obtained 3 to 6 weeks apart. Recent data suggest that organisms may be shown in tracheal secretions using a direct flluorescent antibody procedure and that antigen may be shown in urine using the microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.", "PMID": 373555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2048", "title": "Lessons from Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "In July 1976 a pneumonialike epidemic from a previously unrecognized microorganism erupted among Legionnaires who had attended a meeting in Philadelphia. There were an estimated 182 cases, in which 29 patients died. Among other things the episodes shows that even in a medically sophisticated industrialized nation, a bacterical pathogen can produce a small epidemic and defy identification for almost 6 months. One historical implication of the event is the need to consider the possibility of a return of large-scale epidemic disease rivaling the sweeps of bubonic plague in fourteenth-century Europe. Such epidemics could occur through any of a variety of microorganismic mechanisms recognized as operating at the present time. It is suggested that humans would react to such a disaster much as their progenitors did centuries ago.", "contents": "Lessons from Legionnaires' disease. In July 1976 a pneumonialike epidemic from a previously unrecognized microorganism erupted among Legionnaires who had attended a meeting in Philadelphia. There were an estimated 182 cases, in which 29 patients died. Among other things the episodes shows that even in a medically sophisticated industrialized nation, a bacterical pathogen can produce a small epidemic and defy identification for almost 6 months. One historical implication of the event is the need to consider the possibility of a return of large-scale epidemic disease rivaling the sweeps of bubonic plague in fourteenth-century Europe. Such epidemics could occur through any of a variety of microorganismic mechanisms recognized as operating at the present time. It is suggested that humans would react to such a disaster much as their progenitors did centuries ago.", "PMID": 373556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2049", "title": "Contamination of intravenous infusion fluid: effects of changing administration sets.", "content": "Daily change of intravenous (i.v.) infusion administration sets has been recommended by the Center for Disease Control since 1973 to reduce the risk of infusion bacteremia. To evaluate this recommendation, we undertook a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that compared the rates of i.v.-associated bacteremia, in-use i.v. fluid contamination, and phlebitis in 300 patients whose administration sets were changed every 24 h with those in 300 patients whose administration sets were changed every 48 h. No i.v.-associated bacteremia occurred. Twelve of 600 infusions (2%) had positive infusion-fluid cultures: five in one group and seven in the other. Both groups had comparable rates of phlebitis. In this study population with low rates of fluid contamination, no benefit accrued from changing the administration sets every 24 h instead of every 48 h. In hospitals with low rates of fluid contamination, the routine changing of i.v. administration sets every 48 h will result in substantial financial savings.", "contents": "Contamination of intravenous infusion fluid: effects of changing administration sets. Daily change of intravenous (i.v.) infusion administration sets has been recommended by the Center for Disease Control since 1973 to reduce the risk of infusion bacteremia. To evaluate this recommendation, we undertook a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that compared the rates of i.v.-associated bacteremia, in-use i.v. fluid contamination, and phlebitis in 300 patients whose administration sets were changed every 24 h with those in 300 patients whose administration sets were changed every 48 h. No i.v.-associated bacteremia occurred. Twelve of 600 infusions (2%) had positive infusion-fluid cultures: five in one group and seven in the other. Both groups had comparable rates of phlebitis. In this study population with low rates of fluid contamination, no benefit accrued from changing the administration sets every 24 h instead of every 48 h. In hospitals with low rates of fluid contamination, the routine changing of i.v. administration sets every 48 h will result in substantial financial savings.", "PMID": 373560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2050", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on gastric hypersecretion and diarrhea in systemic mastocytosis.", "content": "Two patients had systemic mastocytosis and histamine excess, marked gastric acid and pepsin hypersecretion, and diarrhea. Cimetidine inhibited gastric acid secretion in both, but with only partial initial control of diarrhea. The other manifestations of mastocytosis were only partly controlled, even by combined H-1 and H-2 antagonist therapy. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion before and after 5 and 14 months, respectively, of continuous and effective cimetidine therapy were essentially the same. Thus there was no evidence for an increase in the number of H-2 receptors during the long period of blockade or of involution of the parietal or peptic cell mass.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on gastric hypersecretion and diarrhea in systemic mastocytosis. Two patients had systemic mastocytosis and histamine excess, marked gastric acid and pepsin hypersecretion, and diarrhea. Cimetidine inhibited gastric acid secretion in both, but with only partial initial control of diarrhea. The other manifestations of mastocytosis were only partly controlled, even by combined H-1 and H-2 antagonist therapy. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion before and after 5 and 14 months, respectively, of continuous and effective cimetidine therapy were essentially the same. Thus there was no evidence for an increase in the number of H-2 receptors during the long period of blockade or of involution of the parietal or peptic cell mass.", "PMID": 373561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2051", "title": "[Primary mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta from salmonella injection. A new case successfully operated upon (author's transl)].", "content": "A double aneurism, located in the abdominal aorta and left common iliac was found complicating a salmonella typhimurium infection which had been present for 7 months. A by-pass operation between the inaffected iliac arteries was followed by resection of the two aneurisms. Cultures taken from the walls of the aneurisms showed the presence of salmonella typhimurium. The authors stress the particular seriousness of the spontaneous evolution of such mycotic aneurisms.", "contents": "[Primary mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta from salmonella injection. A new case successfully operated upon (author's transl)]. A double aneurism, located in the abdominal aorta and left common iliac was found complicating a salmonella typhimurium infection which had been present for 7 months. A by-pass operation between the inaffected iliac arteries was followed by resection of the two aneurisms. Cultures taken from the walls of the aneurisms showed the presence of salmonella typhimurium. The authors stress the particular seriousness of the spontaneous evolution of such mycotic aneurisms.", "PMID": 373564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2052", "title": "Gastroduodenal haemorrhage.", "content": "Before the First World War the treatment of gastroduodenal haemorrhage was predominantly medical, though the results, especially with recurrent haemorrhage, were far less satisfactory than was claimed by some physicians. It was not until Finsterer, in 1939, demonstrated the virtues of early operation that surgery began to take its place in the treatment of this condition, mainly by gastric resection. Results remained poor, however, until 1958 with the introduction of conservative treatment by vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and under-running of the bleeding point. Personal experience, both with partial gastrectomy in the 1950s and 1960s and with mainly conservative treatment between 1967 and 1970, is described and the results presented.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal haemorrhage. Before the First World War the treatment of gastroduodenal haemorrhage was predominantly medical, though the results, especially with recurrent haemorrhage, were far less satisfactory than was claimed by some physicians. It was not until Finsterer, in 1939, demonstrated the virtues of early operation that surgery began to take its place in the treatment of this condition, mainly by gastric resection. Results remained poor, however, until 1958 with the introduction of conservative treatment by vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and under-running of the bleeding point. Personal experience, both with partial gastrectomy in the 1950s and 1960s and with mainly conservative treatment between 1967 and 1970, is described and the results presented.", "PMID": 373573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2053", "title": "Hunterian Oration, 1979. Some controversial aspects of John Hunter's life and work.", "content": "John Hunter's life and work have been described extensively in more than a dozen biographies, in over ninety Orations, and in thousands of articles and lectures. In spite of this manifest acknowledgment of John Hunter's greatness there are nevertheless numerous aspects of his character, his health, and his opinions which have been the subject of criticism, misunderstanding, lack of appreciation, and even slander.", "contents": "Hunterian Oration, 1979. Some controversial aspects of John Hunter's life and work. John Hunter's life and work have been described extensively in more than a dozen biographies, in over ninety Orations, and in thousands of articles and lectures. In spite of this manifest acknowledgment of John Hunter's greatness there are nevertheless numerous aspects of his character, his health, and his opinions which have been the subject of criticism, misunderstanding, lack of appreciation, and even slander.", "PMID": 373574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2054", "title": "Kinetics of the complement fixing and immunofluorescent antibody response in experimental chlamydiosis in ewes.", "content": "Normal, 70 days pregnant ewes were inoculated i.v. with a chicken embryo grown Chlamydia psittaci strain. The ewes presented a biphasic febrile curve and aborted 30 to 68 days after inoculation. Chlamydiae were isolated from aborted fetuses and from vaginal swabs. Ewes developed CF and IF antibodies titrating 1:320 to 1:1024 two to three weeks after inoculation. A second antibody rise occurred one to two weeks before or after abortion and reached titers of 1:640 to 1:1024. Immunoglobulin fractions from the serum of the ewes were also tested by CF and IF. IgG antibodies were detected by both methods and the trend of their kinetics was similar to that of whole serum. IgM antibodies were present in very low titers in the immunoglobulin fractions of some of the animals. CF and IF were equally sensitive in detecting anti-Chlamydia antibodies in whole serum or immunoglobulin fractions.", "contents": "Kinetics of the complement fixing and immunofluorescent antibody response in experimental chlamydiosis in ewes. Normal, 70 days pregnant ewes were inoculated i.v. with a chicken embryo grown Chlamydia psittaci strain. The ewes presented a biphasic febrile curve and aborted 30 to 68 days after inoculation. Chlamydiae were isolated from aborted fetuses and from vaginal swabs. Ewes developed CF and IF antibodies titrating 1:320 to 1:1024 two to three weeks after inoculation. A second antibody rise occurred one to two weeks before or after abortion and reached titers of 1:640 to 1:1024. Immunoglobulin fractions from the serum of the ewes were also tested by CF and IF. IgG antibodies were detected by both methods and the trend of their kinetics was similar to that of whole serum. IgM antibodies were present in very low titers in the immunoglobulin fractions of some of the animals. CF and IF were equally sensitive in detecting anti-Chlamydia antibodies in whole serum or immunoglobulin fractions.", "PMID": 373577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2055", "title": "[Histological and immunological aspects of allergic and non allergic nasal mucosae. A study of 64 biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "Optical and immunofluorescent microscopy was used to examine 52 pathological nasal mucosae (41 allergic, 11 non-allergic), and the results were compared to the clinical, biological and allergic findings. It was noted that there were a large variety of histological lesions in each group of patients, their extent being related much more to the duration and severity of the aggression than to their nature. There appears to be a relation between the extent of the anatomical lesions and immunological activity, non-allergic mucosae being low in immunoglobulin levels.", "contents": "[Histological and immunological aspects of allergic and non allergic nasal mucosae. A study of 64 biopsies (author's transl)]. Optical and immunofluorescent microscopy was used to examine 52 pathological nasal mucosae (41 allergic, 11 non-allergic), and the results were compared to the clinical, biological and allergic findings. It was noted that there were a large variety of histological lesions in each group of patients, their extent being related much more to the duration and severity of the aggression than to their nature. There appears to be a relation between the extent of the anatomical lesions and immunological activity, non-allergic mucosae being low in immunoglobulin levels.", "PMID": 373571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2056", "title": "[Compound grafts in laryngeal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Compound grafts were used during surgery for enlarging the larynx and after cordectomy.--During operations for re-establishment of laryngeal permeability, a compound graft taken from the auricle of the ear ensures rapid cicatrization of excellent quality. This technique was used in 26 patients and gave very good results in 25 of them.--After cordectomy, a perichondro-cutaneous graft from the auricle ensures optimal reconstruction of the anatomy of the larynx. Voice re-education would appear, however, to be necessary in many cases. Surgery of this type appears to be of great value, even when excision is made for cancer of the vocal cord, which was the case in 8 of our 16 patients.", "contents": "[Compound grafts in laryngeal surgery (author's transl)]. Compound grafts were used during surgery for enlarging the larynx and after cordectomy.--During operations for re-establishment of laryngeal permeability, a compound graft taken from the auricle of the ear ensures rapid cicatrization of excellent quality. This technique was used in 26 patients and gave very good results in 25 of them.--After cordectomy, a perichondro-cutaneous graft from the auricle ensures optimal reconstruction of the anatomy of the larynx. Voice re-education would appear, however, to be necessary in many cases. Surgery of this type appears to be of great value, even when excision is made for cancer of the vocal cord, which was the case in 8 of our 16 patients.", "PMID": 373572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2057", "title": "Assignment of the human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (alphaGLU) to chromosome 17 using somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid clones (MOGs) were made between the mouse line RAG and a primary fibroblast line from an individual of the rare alphaGLU 2 phenotype. Fifteen independent primary clones and 32 subclones were tested for the presence of human alphaGLU after separation of the human and rodent enzymes by starch gel electrophoresis. Twenty-three other human-mouse hybrids from six different crosses were analysed for the presence of human alphaGLU by exploiting a difference in the thermostability of the human and mouse enzymes. The hybrids were also analysed for up to 25 other enzymes which were used as markers for different human chromosomes. Two of the MOG hybrids were karyotyped and karyotype data were already available for a number of the other hybrids. The combined results demonstrate that alphaGLU is located on chromosome 17, and probably on 17q.", "contents": "Assignment of the human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (alphaGLU) to chromosome 17 using somatic cell hybrids. Hybrid clones (MOGs) were made between the mouse line RAG and a primary fibroblast line from an individual of the rare alphaGLU 2 phenotype. Fifteen independent primary clones and 32 subclones were tested for the presence of human alphaGLU after separation of the human and rodent enzymes by starch gel electrophoresis. Twenty-three other human-mouse hybrids from six different crosses were analysed for the presence of human alphaGLU by exploiting a difference in the thermostability of the human and mouse enzymes. The hybrids were also analysed for up to 25 other enzymes which were used as markers for different human chromosomes. Two of the MOG hybrids were karyotyped and karyotype data were already available for a number of the other hybrids. The combined results demonstrate that alphaGLU is located on chromosome 17, and probably on 17q.", "PMID": 373580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2058", "title": "Inhibition of human factor B activity of the properdin system by human and guinea-pig sera.", "content": "The activity of factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation was assayed in human and guinea-pig sera using the radial haemolytic assay with various MgCl2 and RB concentrations. RB were prepared by heating at 50 degrees C human or guinea-pig sera to render them deficient in factor B. Whatever concentrated RB and MgCl2 were, guinea-pig sera seemed unable to react while human sera gave an haemolytic reaction with both human and guinea-pig RB. We described an inhibition of human factor B activity by human and guinea-pig RB under certain conditions. This inhibition is more pronounced in the case of guinea-pig RB.", "contents": "Inhibition of human factor B activity of the properdin system by human and guinea-pig sera. The activity of factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation was assayed in human and guinea-pig sera using the radial haemolytic assay with various MgCl2 and RB concentrations. RB were prepared by heating at 50 degrees C human or guinea-pig sera to render them deficient in factor B. Whatever concentrated RB and MgCl2 were, guinea-pig sera seemed unable to react while human sera gave an haemolytic reaction with both human and guinea-pig RB. We described an inhibition of human factor B activity by human and guinea-pig RB under certain conditions. This inhibition is more pronounced in the case of guinea-pig RB.", "PMID": 373582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2059", "title": "Increased release of lymphokines by allografted mouse spleen cells following concanavalin A stimulation.", "content": "Using a test proposed in this laboratory for following macrophage \"activation\" (intracellular beta-glucuronidase content) and quantitative dilution studies, we have shown that lymphocytes from mice presensitized by a skin allograft release far more macrophage activating lympholines than do normal lymphocytes when non-specifically stimulated by concanavalin A. This difference may be due to latent metabolic changes of sensitized lymphocytes, but it may also express a modified balance among the various lymphocyte subpopulations within the spleen of grafted mice.", "contents": "Increased release of lymphokines by allografted mouse spleen cells following concanavalin A stimulation. Using a test proposed in this laboratory for following macrophage \"activation\" (intracellular beta-glucuronidase content) and quantitative dilution studies, we have shown that lymphocytes from mice presensitized by a skin allograft release far more macrophage activating lympholines than do normal lymphocytes when non-specifically stimulated by concanavalin A. This difference may be due to latent metabolic changes of sensitized lymphocytes, but it may also express a modified balance among the various lymphocyte subpopulations within the spleen of grafted mice.", "PMID": 373583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2060", "title": "Control of mucus secretion and ion transport in airways.", "content": "The output of secretions from the airway submucosal glands is regulated by vagal efferent nerves. Stimulation of cough receptors increases mucus output reflexly via the vagus nerves. Adrenergic agonists increase submucosal gland secretions in some species, which indicates that adrenergic receptors are present in these cells. However, evidence for adrenergic nervous pathways to the glands is limited. Irritants and drugs stimulate secretion from epithelial cells by direct effects. There is also evidence that the secretion of epithelial cells can be stimulated by parasympathetic nervous pathways in birds but not in mammals. Active ion transport of Cl- toward the lumen and of Na+ toward the submucosa results in net ion movement toward the airway lumen in unstimulated tracheal epithelia. Drugs and mediators increase the net movement of ions toward the lumen. No agents have yet been found that increase net ion movement toward the submucosa. The link between ion transport and water secretion in airway epithelia, although speculative, seems likely in view of the evidence from other epithelia. Since airway epithelium is a \"tight junction\" epithelium, modification of the tight junction may alter the transepithelial movement of water and ions. We suggest that the depth and consistency of the periciliary layer of airway secretions determine the ability of the cilia to propel the mucoprotein gel and thereby modify mucociliary transport. To achieve this, secretion of mucus must be controlled separately from the secretion of water. Studies are needed to determine which of the specialized functions of the epithelial cells interact to regulate the clearance of secretions from the airway. Is the sol maintained by secretion and reabsorption of fluid across the epithelium? Does the sol move with the gel by ciliary action or does it remain stationary? Do changes in the epithelial tight junctions influence net water movement and thus indirectly alter the depth of the sol layer? To answer these questions, techniques are needed to study subunits of the airway, including isolated surface cells and submucosal glands; and sensitive methods are required to analyze the very small samples of secretions for glycoprotein and electrolyte content. Intracellular measurements of electrolyte concentrations and electrical potentials may help to elucidate the mechanisms of transepithelial ion and water movement. The control system for the production and removal of respiratory tract secretions may be altered in disease. For instance, chronic stimulation of cough receptors causes reflex secretion and may be the cause of the hyperplasia of submucosal glands and of the abnormal secretions that occur in chronic bronchitis and asthma (50, 58). The abnormally viscid mucus in cystic fibrosis may be due to a defect in Cl- transport, which provides too little water for both the gel and sol layers. These speculations are intended to identify areas for further research, which hopefully will reduce the morbidity and mortality in these common lung diseases.", "contents": "Control of mucus secretion and ion transport in airways. The output of secretions from the airway submucosal glands is regulated by vagal efferent nerves. Stimulation of cough receptors increases mucus output reflexly via the vagus nerves. Adrenergic agonists increase submucosal gland secretions in some species, which indicates that adrenergic receptors are present in these cells. However, evidence for adrenergic nervous pathways to the glands is limited. Irritants and drugs stimulate secretion from epithelial cells by direct effects. There is also evidence that the secretion of epithelial cells can be stimulated by parasympathetic nervous pathways in birds but not in mammals. Active ion transport of Cl- toward the lumen and of Na+ toward the submucosa results in net ion movement toward the airway lumen in unstimulated tracheal epithelia. Drugs and mediators increase the net movement of ions toward the lumen. No agents have yet been found that increase net ion movement toward the submucosa. The link between ion transport and water secretion in airway epithelia, although speculative, seems likely in view of the evidence from other epithelia. Since airway epithelium is a \"tight junction\" epithelium, modification of the tight junction may alter the transepithelial movement of water and ions. We suggest that the depth and consistency of the periciliary layer of airway secretions determine the ability of the cilia to propel the mucoprotein gel and thereby modify mucociliary transport. To achieve this, secretion of mucus must be controlled separately from the secretion of water. Studies are needed to determine which of the specialized functions of the epithelial cells interact to regulate the clearance of secretions from the airway. Is the sol maintained by secretion and reabsorption of fluid across the epithelium? Does the sol move with the gel by ciliary action or does it remain stationary? Do changes in the epithelial tight junctions influence net water movement and thus indirectly alter the depth of the sol layer? To answer these questions, techniques are needed to study subunits of the airway, including isolated surface cells and submucosal glands; and sensitive methods are required to analyze the very small samples of secretions for glycoprotein and electrolyte content. Intracellular measurements of electrolyte concentrations and electrical potentials may help to elucidate the mechanisms of transepithelial ion and water movement. The control system for the production and removal of respiratory tract secretions may be altered in disease. For instance, chronic stimulation of cough receptors causes reflex secretion and may be the cause of the hyperplasia of submucosal glands and of the abnormal secretions that occur in chronic bronchitis and asthma (50, 58). The abnormally viscid mucus in cystic fibrosis may be due to a defect in Cl- transport, which provides too little water for both the gel and sol layers. These speculations are intended to identify areas for further research, which hopefully will reduce the morbidity and mortality in these common lung diseases.", "PMID": 373597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2061", "title": "[Antibiotic resistance of Shigella in different regions of the USSR].", "content": "Shigella were most sensitive to polymyxin ceporin, ampicillin, neomycin and furazolidone and resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin. Shigella resistant simultaneously to two or three drugs mainly to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + streptomycin and tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin were most frequent. The frequency of the Shigella strains carrying R-plasmids increased from 28 per cent in 1969--1970 to 72.6 per cent in 1977. The Shigella strains isolated during the dysentery outbreak in 1973--1977 carried the R-factor controlling resistance to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin + neomycin. Interaction between separate biochemical types, colicinogenicity and drug resistance classes was found in the Shigella isolates. The data on the effect of antibiotic (tetracyclines) intensive use in stock-raising defining wide spread of the R-plasmids controlling resistance to these drugs were obtained.", "contents": "[Antibiotic resistance of Shigella in different regions of the USSR]. Shigella were most sensitive to polymyxin ceporin, ampicillin, neomycin and furazolidone and resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin. Shigella resistant simultaneously to two or three drugs mainly to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + streptomycin and tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin were most frequent. The frequency of the Shigella strains carrying R-plasmids increased from 28 per cent in 1969--1970 to 72.6 per cent in 1977. The Shigella strains isolated during the dysentery outbreak in 1973--1977 carried the R-factor controlling resistance to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin + neomycin. Interaction between separate biochemical types, colicinogenicity and drug resistance classes was found in the Shigella isolates. The data on the effect of antibiotic (tetracyclines) intensive use in stock-raising defining wide spread of the R-plasmids controlling resistance to these drugs were obtained.", "PMID": 373617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2062", "title": "[Compaction of 2-chain DNA as a method of procedure in determining its binding constant with antibiotics].", "content": "The binding of antibiotics and dyes with a compact form of DNA produced in water-salt solutions containing polyethylenglycol (PEG) presents a possibility of studying antibiotic interaction with DNA molecules contained in biological objects, such as viruses and chromosomes, since the compact form of DNA reflects some DNA properties in vivo. Possibly the use of the compact and not the \"open\" or linear form of DNA in chemical reactions will provide data on the efficiency of the compound \"action\" under conditions close to intracellular ones. The results well be useful in screening substances with \"optimal\" pharmacological effect. The paper presents a method for determination of the constant of antibiotic or dye binding with DNA and two-chain synthetic polynucleotides in water-salt solutions containing PEG. The method is based on \"elimination\" of the DNA molecules in the form of compact particles bound in a complex with an antibiotic or a dye. Comparison of the data with the results of estimation of the constants of antibiotic binding with DNA by the routine methods showed close conformity of the binding constants determined by different methods. It was found that the value of the binding constant of the antibiotics studied slightly depended on the structural state of DNA. The value was practically the same for the linear and the compact forms of DNA.", "contents": "[Compaction of 2-chain DNA as a method of procedure in determining its binding constant with antibiotics]. The binding of antibiotics and dyes with a compact form of DNA produced in water-salt solutions containing polyethylenglycol (PEG) presents a possibility of studying antibiotic interaction with DNA molecules contained in biological objects, such as viruses and chromosomes, since the compact form of DNA reflects some DNA properties in vivo. Possibly the use of the compact and not the \"open\" or linear form of DNA in chemical reactions will provide data on the efficiency of the compound \"action\" under conditions close to intracellular ones. The results well be useful in screening substances with \"optimal\" pharmacological effect. The paper presents a method for determination of the constant of antibiotic or dye binding with DNA and two-chain synthetic polynucleotides in water-salt solutions containing PEG. The method is based on \"elimination\" of the DNA molecules in the form of compact particles bound in a complex with an antibiotic or a dye. Comparison of the data with the results of estimation of the constants of antibiotic binding with DNA by the routine methods showed close conformity of the binding constants determined by different methods. It was found that the value of the binding constant of the antibiotics studied slightly depended on the structural state of DNA. The value was practically the same for the linear and the compact forms of DNA.", "PMID": 373618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2063", "title": "[Effectiveness of the intramuscular administration of high doses of penicillin in treating pneumonia].", "content": "Clinical tolerance of benzylpenicillin administered intramuscularly in doses of 2000000--3000000 units every 4--6hours (12000000 units a day) was studied in 253 patients with pneumonia. Satisfactory tolerance of sodium benzylpenicillin and pronounced painfulness at the site of injection of potassium benzylpenicillin were noted. General toxic side effects in the form of asthenia, dizziness, pain in the heart region were observed in a part of elderly patients. The benzylpenicillin serum levels after administration of 2000000 units were 6--10 times higher than those after administration of 200000 units. The efficiency of benzylpenicillin elevated doses was studied in 193 patients. In 101 of them the previous treatment with usual doses of benzylpenicillin, i. e. 200000 units every 4 hours was not sufficiently effective. The elevated doses of benzylpenicillin proved to be effective in 78 per cent of the cases, the effect being observed in all the cases with acute pneumonia, in 88.5 per cent of the cases with neglected state and in 83 per cent of the cases with chronic pneumonia. The therapeutic effect was also observed in most of the patients with benzylpenicillin resistant microflora in the sputum. On the basis of high efficiency of penicillin therapy it was concluded that gram-positive cocci played the main role in pneumonia etiology.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the intramuscular administration of high doses of penicillin in treating pneumonia]. Clinical tolerance of benzylpenicillin administered intramuscularly in doses of 2000000--3000000 units every 4--6hours (12000000 units a day) was studied in 253 patients with pneumonia. Satisfactory tolerance of sodium benzylpenicillin and pronounced painfulness at the site of injection of potassium benzylpenicillin were noted. General toxic side effects in the form of asthenia, dizziness, pain in the heart region were observed in a part of elderly patients. The benzylpenicillin serum levels after administration of 2000000 units were 6--10 times higher than those after administration of 200000 units. The efficiency of benzylpenicillin elevated doses was studied in 193 patients. In 101 of them the previous treatment with usual doses of benzylpenicillin, i. e. 200000 units every 4 hours was not sufficiently effective. The elevated doses of benzylpenicillin proved to be effective in 78 per cent of the cases, the effect being observed in all the cases with acute pneumonia, in 88.5 per cent of the cases with neglected state and in 83 per cent of the cases with chronic pneumonia. The therapeutic effect was also observed in most of the patients with benzylpenicillin resistant microflora in the sputum. On the basis of high efficiency of penicillin therapy it was concluded that gram-positive cocci played the main role in pneumonia etiology.", "PMID": 373619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2064", "title": "[Use of carminomycin on children and adolescents with osteogenic sarcoma].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of carminomycin was studied in clinic at different treatment schemes with respect to 14 children and juvenile patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Pronounced local effect evident from disappearance of the pain and in some cases decrease of the metastatic tumor were noted in the patients with metastases of the osteogenic sarcoma to the bones or relapses of the primary tumor. Subjective improvement and objective effect were observed respectively in 90 and 53 per cent of the patients with metastases into the lungs and pronounced lung symptomatology.", "contents": "[Use of carminomycin on children and adolescents with osteogenic sarcoma]. The therapeutic effect of carminomycin was studied in clinic at different treatment schemes with respect to 14 children and juvenile patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Pronounced local effect evident from disappearance of the pain and in some cases decrease of the metastatic tumor were noted in the patients with metastases of the osteogenic sarcoma to the bones or relapses of the primary tumor. Subjective improvement and objective effect were observed respectively in 90 and 53 per cent of the patients with metastases into the lungs and pronounced lung symptomatology.", "PMID": 373620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2065", "title": "Clostridium botulinum in the Gulf of Thailand.", "content": "A survey was carried out to determine the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in samples of mud, sand, and fish from the Gulf of Thailand. Enrichment cultures from 762 samples of mud and sand from seven different areas around the Gulf were tested. C. botulinum type D was present in 10 samples, and type E was present in 2 samples taken from the west coast at Hua Hin. Enrichment cultures from 16,773 fish grouped into 2,151 samples yielded 10 filtrates containing C. botulinum type D and 5 containing type E. All of the toxic filtrates were obtained from samples of fish taken from the west coast of the Gulf of Thailand.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum in the Gulf of Thailand. A survey was carried out to determine the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in samples of mud, sand, and fish from the Gulf of Thailand. Enrichment cultures from 762 samples of mud and sand from seven different areas around the Gulf were tested. C. botulinum type D was present in 10 samples, and type E was present in 2 samples taken from the west coast at Hua Hin. Enrichment cultures from 16,773 fish grouped into 2,151 samples yielded 10 filtrates containing C. botulinum type D and 5 containing type E. All of the toxic filtrates were obtained from samples of fish taken from the west coast of the Gulf of Thailand.", "PMID": 373623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2066", "title": "Limitations of the Moeller lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests.", "content": "A total of 40 fecal and environmental isolates, including 26 Escherichia coli strains, 9 members of the genus Klebsiella, and 5 members of the genus Enterobacter, were tested by enzyme assay for their endogenous and induced levels of lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase when grown in Moeller decarboxylase medium. All of the coliforms examined had measurable lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activities whether or not they were positive in the Moeller test. In general, the Moeller lysine decarboxylase test reflected the inducibility of lysine decarboxylase whereas the Moeller ornithine decarboxylase test did not relect the inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase. Neither test measured the amount of intracellular enzyme; rather, they indicated whether the amount of polyamine liberated was sufficient to raise the pH of the culture medium above 7. Changing the growth conditions (i.e., the concentrations of glucose, lysine, and amino acids other than lysine) greatly influenced the lysine decarboxylase activity in coliforms. The limitations on the interpretation of the Moeller test results are discussed.", "contents": "Limitations of the Moeller lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests. A total of 40 fecal and environmental isolates, including 26 Escherichia coli strains, 9 members of the genus Klebsiella, and 5 members of the genus Enterobacter, were tested by enzyme assay for their endogenous and induced levels of lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase when grown in Moeller decarboxylase medium. All of the coliforms examined had measurable lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activities whether or not they were positive in the Moeller test. In general, the Moeller lysine decarboxylase test reflected the inducibility of lysine decarboxylase whereas the Moeller ornithine decarboxylase test did not relect the inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase. Neither test measured the amount of intracellular enzyme; rather, they indicated whether the amount of polyamine liberated was sufficient to raise the pH of the culture medium above 7. Changing the growth conditions (i.e., the concentrations of glucose, lysine, and amino acids other than lysine) greatly influenced the lysine decarboxylase activity in coliforms. The limitations on the interpretation of the Moeller test results are discussed.", "PMID": 373624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2067", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks during drying of Escherichia coli on a hydorohobic filter membrane.", "content": "Cells of Escherichia coli mounted on a hydrophobic filter membrane were dried under various vapor pressures. A mutant defective in deoxyribonucleic acid repair (uvrA recA) was more sensitive to drying at a water activity of 0.53 or below than the parent strain but not at a water activity of 0.75 and above. Sucrose gradient studies showed that single- and double-strand breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid occurred at a water activity of 0.53 or below, but no breaks could be observed at a water activity of 0.75 or above. These results were observed in all cells rehydrated with 0.03 M tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrocholoride buffer solution at 0 or 37 degrees C, in the presence or absence of oxygen, with saturated water vapor or with a hypertonic solution followed by a gradual dilution. Freezable water was detected in the cells only at a water activity above 0.75 by differential scanning calorimetry. Removal of unfreezable water of cells in the drying, therfore, might induce deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks during drying of Escherichia coli on a hydorohobic filter membrane. Cells of Escherichia coli mounted on a hydrophobic filter membrane were dried under various vapor pressures. A mutant defective in deoxyribonucleic acid repair (uvrA recA) was more sensitive to drying at a water activity of 0.53 or below than the parent strain but not at a water activity of 0.75 and above. Sucrose gradient studies showed that single- and double-strand breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid occurred at a water activity of 0.53 or below, but no breaks could be observed at a water activity of 0.75 or above. These results were observed in all cells rehydrated with 0.03 M tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrocholoride buffer solution at 0 or 37 degrees C, in the presence or absence of oxygen, with saturated water vapor or with a hypertonic solution followed by a gradual dilution. Freezable water was detected in the cells only at a water activity above 0.75 by differential scanning calorimetry. Removal of unfreezable water of cells in the drying, therfore, might induce deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks.", "PMID": 373625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2068", "title": "Histamine production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an incident of scombroid fish poisoning.", "content": "A histamine-producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from a sample of tuna sashimi implicated in an outbreak of scombroid fish poisoning. None of the other nine gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the tuna sashimi was capable of equivalent histamine production. Bacterial histamine production was monitored in a tuna fish infusion broth (TFIB), and the implicated K. pneumoniae was capable of producing 442 mg of histamine per 100 g of tuna in TFIB in 7 h under controlled incubation conditions. Only 12 of 50 other K. pneumoniae strains, representing 5 distinct biochemical types, which had been originally isolated from foods, were able to produce such levels of histamine in TFIB. No correlation was found between histamine production and other biochemical characteristics or antibiotic resistance. Of the 12 histamine-producing strains, 11 belonged to type 2, which is characterized as indole negative with positive reactions in the urea and Voges-Proskauer tests. However, only 50% of the type 2 strains examined produced high levels of histamine in TFIB. Additionally, the implicated K. pneumoniae strain and one other strain belonged to type 1, which is characterized by positive reactions in the indole, urea, and Voges-Proskauer tests.", "contents": "Histamine production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an incident of scombroid fish poisoning. A histamine-producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from a sample of tuna sashimi implicated in an outbreak of scombroid fish poisoning. None of the other nine gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the tuna sashimi was capable of equivalent histamine production. Bacterial histamine production was monitored in a tuna fish infusion broth (TFIB), and the implicated K. pneumoniae was capable of producing 442 mg of histamine per 100 g of tuna in TFIB in 7 h under controlled incubation conditions. Only 12 of 50 other K. pneumoniae strains, representing 5 distinct biochemical types, which had been originally isolated from foods, were able to produce such levels of histamine in TFIB. No correlation was found between histamine production and other biochemical characteristics or antibiotic resistance. Of the 12 histamine-producing strains, 11 belonged to type 2, which is characterized as indole negative with positive reactions in the urea and Voges-Proskauer tests. However, only 50% of the type 2 strains examined produced high levels of histamine in TFIB. Additionally, the implicated K. pneumoniae strain and one other strain belonged to type 1, which is characterized by positive reactions in the indole, urea, and Voges-Proskauer tests.", "PMID": 373626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2069", "title": "Tandem coagulase/thermonuclease agar method for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "In optimizing previously reported coagulase agar media to obtain a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive coagulase test agar, variations in plasmas, pH, buffer system, fibrinogen, and fibrinolytic inhibitor were investigated. The agar with the following composition was determined best for the demonstration of coagulase production by Staphylococcus aureus: 25 ml of 15% bovine fibrinogen (fraction I, type I, citrated, Sigma Chemical Co.), 25 ml of rehydrated rabbit plasma (coagulase plasma ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Difco), 10.0 mg of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Schwarz/Mann), and 450 ml of brain heart infusion agar (Difco). In additional studies involving 7 different temperatures and 11 heating times, the thermal destruction of microbial nucleases on plate count agar and coagulase test agar was investigated. Heating the plates for 2.5 h at 65 degrees C destroyed all heatlabile nucleases, but not thermonucleases of S. aureus. A tandem agar plate method for the identification of S. aureus was developed. Coagulase and thermonuclease activity of 50 colonies can be detected on a single agar plate. Suspect S. aureus colonies isolated on various selective media are transferred to coagulase test agar, the plates are incubated at 37 degrees C for 18 h, and the coagulase reaction is recorded. The plates are then heated at 65 degrees C for 2.5 h, overlaid with toluidine blue-metachromatic diffusion agar, and reincubated at 37 degrees C for 3 h, and the thermonuclease reaction is recorded. Studies based on 88 enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains and 133 and 48 suspect S. aureus strains isolated from fresh salami mixtures on mannitol salt and tellurite-polymyxin-egg yolk agars, respectively, demonstrated 100% agreement between the tandem agar plate method and standard coagulase and thermonuclease tests. Overall, the tandem agar plate method is a rapid and convenient approach contributing to the identification of S. aureus from foods.", "contents": "Tandem coagulase/thermonuclease agar method for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. In optimizing previously reported coagulase agar media to obtain a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive coagulase test agar, variations in plasmas, pH, buffer system, fibrinogen, and fibrinolytic inhibitor were investigated. The agar with the following composition was determined best for the demonstration of coagulase production by Staphylococcus aureus: 25 ml of 15% bovine fibrinogen (fraction I, type I, citrated, Sigma Chemical Co.), 25 ml of rehydrated rabbit plasma (coagulase plasma ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Difco), 10.0 mg of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Schwarz/Mann), and 450 ml of brain heart infusion agar (Difco). In additional studies involving 7 different temperatures and 11 heating times, the thermal destruction of microbial nucleases on plate count agar and coagulase test agar was investigated. Heating the plates for 2.5 h at 65 degrees C destroyed all heatlabile nucleases, but not thermonucleases of S. aureus. A tandem agar plate method for the identification of S. aureus was developed. Coagulase and thermonuclease activity of 50 colonies can be detected on a single agar plate. Suspect S. aureus colonies isolated on various selective media are transferred to coagulase test agar, the plates are incubated at 37 degrees C for 18 h, and the coagulase reaction is recorded. The plates are then heated at 65 degrees C for 2.5 h, overlaid with toluidine blue-metachromatic diffusion agar, and reincubated at 37 degrees C for 3 h, and the thermonuclease reaction is recorded. Studies based on 88 enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains and 133 and 48 suspect S. aureus strains isolated from fresh salami mixtures on mannitol salt and tellurite-polymyxin-egg yolk agars, respectively, demonstrated 100% agreement between the tandem agar plate method and standard coagulase and thermonuclease tests. Overall, the tandem agar plate method is a rapid and convenient approach contributing to the identification of S. aureus from foods.", "PMID": 373627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2070", "title": "Uneven distribution of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on human skin.", "content": "Viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria are not evenly distributed on the skin of the volar forearm. An increase in the size of the area sampled did not result in a proportional increase in the number of the viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria recovered.", "contents": "Uneven distribution of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on human skin. Viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria are not evenly distributed on the skin of the volar forearm. An increase in the size of the area sampled did not result in a proportional increase in the number of the viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria recovered.", "PMID": 373628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2071", "title": "Effects of trimeprazine and trimipramine on nocturnal scratching in patients with atopic eczema.", "content": "Twelve men with severe and long-standing atopic eczema were admitted to a double-blind trial to establish the effects of trimeprazine tartrate, trimipramine maleate, and placebo on nocturnal scratching. Neither of the drugs altered the likelihood of a scratching bout beginning in wakefulness or in any stage of sleep. However, both drugs, especially trimipramine, made sleep less broken, and the reduced time spent in stage 1 of sleep accounted for a modest reduction in the overall amount of scratching during the night.", "contents": "Effects of trimeprazine and trimipramine on nocturnal scratching in patients with atopic eczema. Twelve men with severe and long-standing atopic eczema were admitted to a double-blind trial to establish the effects of trimeprazine tartrate, trimipramine maleate, and placebo on nocturnal scratching. Neither of the drugs altered the likelihood of a scratching bout beginning in wakefulness or in any stage of sleep. However, both drugs, especially trimipramine, made sleep less broken, and the reduced time spent in stage 1 of sleep accounted for a modest reduction in the overall amount of scratching during the night.", "PMID": 373632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2072", "title": "In vivo bound pemphigus antibodies in a stillborn infant. Passive intrauterine transfer of pemphigus vulgaris?", "content": "Pemphigus vulgaris developed in a 23-year-old woman during the first trimester of pregnancy. In the 33d week she had a stillbirth of a female child who showed extensive skin lesions clinically suggestive of pemphigus. The application of direct immunofluorescence staining to skin tissue sections showed deposition of IgG in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis of both mother and child. Our findings raise the possibility of transplacentar passage of pemphigus antibody, which may have been responsible for the fetal skin lesions.", "contents": "In vivo bound pemphigus antibodies in a stillborn infant. Passive intrauterine transfer of pemphigus vulgaris? Pemphigus vulgaris developed in a 23-year-old woman during the first trimester of pregnancy. In the 33d week she had a stillbirth of a female child who showed extensive skin lesions clinically suggestive of pemphigus. The application of direct immunofluorescence staining to skin tissue sections showed deposition of IgG in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis of both mother and child. Our findings raise the possibility of transplacentar passage of pemphigus antibody, which may have been responsible for the fetal skin lesions.", "PMID": 373633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2073", "title": "Localized pemphigoid simulating dyshidrosiform dermatitis.", "content": "A patient had a localized, persistent vesicular eruption of the feet that was clinically identical to dyshidrosiform dermatitis. Direct and indirect immunofluorescent studies revealed a bullous pemphigoid (BP) pattern. Antibody blocking experiments showed the patient's circulating basement membrane zone antibody to be identical to that of classical BP. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of localized BP are discussed.", "contents": "Localized pemphigoid simulating dyshidrosiform dermatitis. A patient had a localized, persistent vesicular eruption of the feet that was clinically identical to dyshidrosiform dermatitis. Direct and indirect immunofluorescent studies revealed a bullous pemphigoid (BP) pattern. Antibody blocking experiments showed the patient's circulating basement membrane zone antibody to be identical to that of classical BP. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of localized BP are discussed.", "PMID": 373634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2074", "title": "Bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Bullous eruption of diabetes is a cutaneous sign of diabetes mellitus. Patients with this disorder manifest a sudden onset of intraepidermal or subepidermal bullae, which are primarily confined to the extremities and heal within several weeks without scarring. Our patient had severe diabetes and experienced two episodes of bullae associated with intense, ultraviolet light exposure. Negative immunofluorescence, early disappearance of anchoring filaments and half-desmosomes between cell membrane and basal lamina, and the absence of urinary uroporphyrins separate this entity from certain similar-appearing conditions. Cation imbalance, precipitated by renal failure, could be a possible causal factor.", "contents": "Bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus. Bullous eruption of diabetes is a cutaneous sign of diabetes mellitus. Patients with this disorder manifest a sudden onset of intraepidermal or subepidermal bullae, which are primarily confined to the extremities and heal within several weeks without scarring. Our patient had severe diabetes and experienced two episodes of bullae associated with intense, ultraviolet light exposure. Negative immunofluorescence, early disappearance of anchoring filaments and half-desmosomes between cell membrane and basal lamina, and the absence of urinary uroporphyrins separate this entity from certain similar-appearing conditions. Cation imbalance, precipitated by renal failure, could be a possible causal factor.", "PMID": 373635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2075", "title": "Beaded fluorescence pattern of FTA-ABS test associated with malignancy.", "content": "A beaded pattern of immunofluorescence (IF) occasionally occurs in routine FTA-ABS testing. This phenomenon strongly correlates with false-positive reactions in patients with SLE. We report on this IF finding in association with carcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Beaded fluorescence pattern of FTA-ABS test associated with malignancy. A beaded pattern of immunofluorescence (IF) occasionally occurs in routine FTA-ABS testing. This phenomenon strongly correlates with false-positive reactions in patients with SLE. We report on this IF finding in association with carcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 373636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2076", "title": "Polymorphic pemphigoid.", "content": "We describe 20 patients with a chronic polymorphic eruption; they shared clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic features of both dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid (BP). In 14 of these 20 cases, direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies corresponded to BP. The remaining six patients showed IgA deposits in a linear pattern at the basement membrane zone, and two of these six showed IgA pemphigoid antibodies in their sera as well. No significant clinical and histological differences were detected in the patients, in connection with the immunological findings. Furthermore, one patient's condition, which was studied by repeated immunofluorescence examinations, changed from a linear IgA pattern and a negative indirect test to a linear IgG pattern and a positive reaction for IgG pemphigoid antibodies. We concluded that these cases constitute a polymorphic variant of BP.", "contents": "Polymorphic pemphigoid. We describe 20 patients with a chronic polymorphic eruption; they shared clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic features of both dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid (BP). In 14 of these 20 cases, direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies corresponded to BP. The remaining six patients showed IgA deposits in a linear pattern at the basement membrane zone, and two of these six showed IgA pemphigoid antibodies in their sera as well. No significant clinical and histological differences were detected in the patients, in connection with the immunological findings. Furthermore, one patient's condition, which was studied by repeated immunofluorescence examinations, changed from a linear IgA pattern and a negative indirect test to a linear IgG pattern and a positive reaction for IgG pemphigoid antibodies. We concluded that these cases constitute a polymorphic variant of BP.", "PMID": 373638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2077", "title": "Correlation of antibodies in skin and serum with disease severity in pemphigus.", "content": "Direct and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) testing was performed on 63 patients with active or inactive pemphigus in order to determine the reliability of these tests for diagnosis and for monitoring disease severity. Direct IF was positive in 58 of 63 patients with pemphigus. The five patients with negative direct IF had been free of lesions for more than a year. Thus, the direct IF test is a reliable diagnostic procedure that shows positive findings early in the disease. Indirect IF is inferior to direct IF as a diagnostic test because it may be negative in early cases, as observed in four patients. Furthermore, indirect IF, contrary to claims, is not reliable for evaluating the status of the disease. Thus, in patients with lesions and receiving treatment, 41% of the determinations showed a negative titer; whereas in patients free of lesions, 45% of the determinations showed a positive titer. In particular, seven patients without lesions and without treatment for more than a year had a positive titer.", "contents": "Correlation of antibodies in skin and serum with disease severity in pemphigus. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) testing was performed on 63 patients with active or inactive pemphigus in order to determine the reliability of these tests for diagnosis and for monitoring disease severity. Direct IF was positive in 58 of 63 patients with pemphigus. The five patients with negative direct IF had been free of lesions for more than a year. Thus, the direct IF test is a reliable diagnostic procedure that shows positive findings early in the disease. Indirect IF is inferior to direct IF as a diagnostic test because it may be negative in early cases, as observed in four patients. Furthermore, indirect IF, contrary to claims, is not reliable for evaluating the status of the disease. Thus, in patients with lesions and receiving treatment, 41% of the determinations showed a negative titer; whereas in patients free of lesions, 45% of the determinations showed a positive titer. In particular, seven patients without lesions and without treatment for more than a year had a positive titer.", "PMID": 373639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2078", "title": "Pemphigoid vegetans.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman had massive purulent and verrucous vegetations with fissuring in the groin and axillae. She also had scaling, crusted, bullous, and purulent lesions on the scalp, face, axillae, umbilicus, groin, and hands. Biopsy specimens of skin for histopathologic examinations and direct immunofluorescent study showed typical bullous pemphigoid, and serial serum samples tested by indirect immunofluorescent study confirmed the diagnosis. A basement membrane antibody was presented on four occasions at titers of 320, 1,280, 169, and 320. The differential diagnosis included dermatitis vegetans and pemphigus vegetans. An appropriate term for this manifestation of bullous pemphigoid is \"pemphigoid vegetans.\"", "contents": "Pemphigoid vegetans. A 24-year-old woman had massive purulent and verrucous vegetations with fissuring in the groin and axillae. She also had scaling, crusted, bullous, and purulent lesions on the scalp, face, axillae, umbilicus, groin, and hands. Biopsy specimens of skin for histopathologic examinations and direct immunofluorescent study showed typical bullous pemphigoid, and serial serum samples tested by indirect immunofluorescent study confirmed the diagnosis. A basement membrane antibody was presented on four occasions at titers of 320, 1,280, 169, and 320. The differential diagnosis included dermatitis vegetans and pemphigus vegetans. An appropriate term for this manifestation of bullous pemphigoid is \"pemphigoid vegetans.\"", "PMID": 373640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2079", "title": "Childhood asthma. A controlled trial of family psychotherapy.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of family psychotherapy as an adjunct conventional treatment in childhood asthma, children with moderate to severe asthma were randomly allocated to a control group or to an experimental group; the latter group received 6 hours of family treatment during a 4-month period, and both groups had standard medical treatment. While there was no significant difference between the two groups on three parameters, the experimental group were significantly better in day-wheeze score and thoracic gas volume. These results suggest that family treatment in selected cases may have a place in the overall management of childhood asthma, and that more research with larger numbers of children is necessary.", "contents": "Childhood asthma. A controlled trial of family psychotherapy. In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of family psychotherapy as an adjunct conventional treatment in childhood asthma, children with moderate to severe asthma were randomly allocated to a control group or to an experimental group; the latter group received 6 hours of family treatment during a 4-month period, and both groups had standard medical treatment. While there was no significant difference between the two groups on three parameters, the experimental group were significantly better in day-wheeze score and thoracic gas volume. These results suggest that family treatment in selected cases may have a place in the overall management of childhood asthma, and that more research with larger numbers of children is necessary.", "PMID": 373642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2080", "title": "Hepatic dysfunction in childhood malaria.", "content": "Hepatic function of 80 children aged under 3 years with Plasmodium vivax malaria were studied during the acute attack and 6 weeks after antimalarial treatment. Raised levels of serum aspartate transaminase (serum AST; SGOT), serum alanine transaminase (serum ALT; SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase were observed in 68%, 39% and 46% of cases respectively. AST levels were higher than ALT ones and the mean level of both enzymes was much higher in patients with hepatomegaly. The hepatic dysfunction which these observations reflect is transient, as these enzymes were found to be at their normal levels 6 weeks after treatment. A transient derangement of liver function is thus a common feature of childhood malaria, and hepatic dysfunction takes place to a significant degree even in P. vivax malaria.", "contents": "Hepatic dysfunction in childhood malaria. Hepatic function of 80 children aged under 3 years with Plasmodium vivax malaria were studied during the acute attack and 6 weeks after antimalarial treatment. Raised levels of serum aspartate transaminase (serum AST; SGOT), serum alanine transaminase (serum ALT; SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase were observed in 68%, 39% and 46% of cases respectively. AST levels were higher than ALT ones and the mean level of both enzymes was much higher in patients with hepatomegaly. The hepatic dysfunction which these observations reflect is transient, as these enzymes were found to be at their normal levels 6 weeks after treatment. A transient derangement of liver function is thus a common feature of childhood malaria, and hepatic dysfunction takes place to a significant degree even in P. vivax malaria.", "PMID": 373643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2081", "title": "A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine in Nigerian children with the nephrotic syndrome and poorly selective proteinuria.", "content": "In a controlled trial, symptomatic treatment alone, or 12 weeks of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine were compared in Nigerian children with nephrotic syndrome (mainly quartan malarial nephropathy) and poorly selective proteinuria. Full remission in 2 patients in each of the two groups treated with drugs, and diminution of proteinuria in most patients in the cyclophosphamide group showed possible evidence of benefit. Infections during treatment were significantly more common in the drug-treated groups but were controllable. Mortality from renal failure in the 2nd year after treatment was significantly greater in the azathioprine-treated group than in the other two, suggesting that the drug may have exacerbated the nephritis. The 5-year survival rate was similar in the cyclophosphamide and the control group.", "contents": "A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine in Nigerian children with the nephrotic syndrome and poorly selective proteinuria. In a controlled trial, symptomatic treatment alone, or 12 weeks of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine were compared in Nigerian children with nephrotic syndrome (mainly quartan malarial nephropathy) and poorly selective proteinuria. Full remission in 2 patients in each of the two groups treated with drugs, and diminution of proteinuria in most patients in the cyclophosphamide group showed possible evidence of benefit. Infections during treatment were significantly more common in the drug-treated groups but were controllable. Mortality from renal failure in the 2nd year after treatment was significantly greater in the azathioprine-treated group than in the other two, suggesting that the drug may have exacerbated the nephritis. The 5-year survival rate was similar in the cyclophosphamide and the control group.", "PMID": 373645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2082", "title": "A clinical comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by pressurised aerosol and as a powder from a rotahaler.", "content": "14 children with severe asthma were studied for 2 months in a double-blind cross-over trial to compare the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered as an aerosol and as a powder from a rotahaler. Inhalation via the aerosol was satisfactory in 13 patients, each of whom used the rotahaler correctly. Younger children preferred to use the rotahaler. Comparison of daily symptoms, twice daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and use of salbutamol during the 2 months of the trial showed that control of asthma was equally good, irrespective of the device used to deliver active beclomethasone.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by pressurised aerosol and as a powder from a rotahaler. 14 children with severe asthma were studied for 2 months in a double-blind cross-over trial to compare the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered as an aerosol and as a powder from a rotahaler. Inhalation via the aerosol was satisfactory in 13 patients, each of whom used the rotahaler correctly. Younger children preferred to use the rotahaler. Comparison of daily symptoms, twice daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and use of salbutamol during the 2 months of the trial showed that control of asthma was equally good, irrespective of the device used to deliver active beclomethasone.", "PMID": 373646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2083", "title": "A thermographic and clinical comparison of three intra-articular steroid preparations in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We have compared three intra-articular steroid preparations in a double blind study on 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and bilateral synovitis of the knees. One knee was injected with 1.0 ml of either prednisolone t-butyl acetate, methyl prednisolone acetate, or triamcinolone hexacetonide, and the patients were followed up for 6 weeks with regular clinical and thermographic assessments. Thermographic improvement was seen with all 3 drugs but was greatest initially and longest lasting with triamcinolone. No significant systemic improvement was seen with any drug after a single injection, though all 3 steroid preparations suppressed endogenous cortisol.", "contents": "A thermographic and clinical comparison of three intra-articular steroid preparations in rheumatoid arthritis. We have compared three intra-articular steroid preparations in a double blind study on 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and bilateral synovitis of the knees. One knee was injected with 1.0 ml of either prednisolone t-butyl acetate, methyl prednisolone acetate, or triamcinolone hexacetonide, and the patients were followed up for 6 weeks with regular clinical and thermographic assessments. Thermographic improvement was seen with all 3 drugs but was greatest initially and longest lasting with triamcinolone. No significant systemic improvement was seen with any drug after a single injection, though all 3 steroid preparations suppressed endogenous cortisol.", "PMID": 373651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2084", "title": "Reticulum cell sarcoma in azathioprine-treated systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The development of a reticulum cell sarcoma in the lung of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine for 18 months is described. This possible hazard of immunosuppressive therapy is discussed in relation to patients with SLE.", "contents": "Reticulum cell sarcoma in azathioprine-treated systemic lupus erythematosus. The development of a reticulum cell sarcoma in the lung of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine for 18 months is described. This possible hazard of immunosuppressive therapy is discussed in relation to patients with SLE.", "PMID": 373652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2085", "title": "Neurological complications of anticoagulation therapy: a neurologist's review.", "content": "Anticoagulant-induced bleeding may involve the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. It may occur with either coumarin or heparin anticoagulants, in the absence of trauma, and while prothrombin times, clotting times, or partial thromboplastin times are in accepted therapeutic ranges. Bleeding involving the brain occurs usually as a subdural hematoma, with intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhages occurring less frequently. There may be diagnostic problems in the recognition of these anticoagulant-related subdural hematomas. The spinal cord involvement usually appears in the form of an extradural hematoma. This condition can progress rapidly, and prompt recognition of its presence, localization with myelography, and laminectomy for surgical evacuation are necessary. The peripheral nerve most frequently compressed is the femoral nerve, due to bleeding into the iliacus muscle. Other nerves can be involved, and surgical evacuation may be necessary at times.", "contents": "Neurological complications of anticoagulation therapy: a neurologist's review. Anticoagulant-induced bleeding may involve the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. It may occur with either coumarin or heparin anticoagulants, in the absence of trauma, and while prothrombin times, clotting times, or partial thromboplastin times are in accepted therapeutic ranges. Bleeding involving the brain occurs usually as a subdural hematoma, with intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhages occurring less frequently. There may be diagnostic problems in the recognition of these anticoagulant-related subdural hematomas. The spinal cord involvement usually appears in the form of an extradural hematoma. This condition can progress rapidly, and prompt recognition of its presence, localization with myelography, and laminectomy for surgical evacuation are necessary. The peripheral nerve most frequently compressed is the femoral nerve, due to bleeding into the iliacus muscle. Other nerves can be involved, and surgical evacuation may be necessary at times.", "PMID": 373657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2086", "title": "Asymptomatic bilious ascites following percutaneous liver biopsy.", "content": "Asymptomatic bile leakage developed in a woman following percutaneous liver biopsy. The case is remarkable because features of cholestasis were not present at the time of biopsy, the bile leak occurred through the needle tract in the liver, billous ascites occurred without signs of acute peritonitis, and the complication was the initial manifestation of extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to encasement of the common bile duct by histiocytic lymphoma.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bilious ascites following percutaneous liver biopsy. Asymptomatic bile leakage developed in a woman following percutaneous liver biopsy. The case is remarkable because features of cholestasis were not present at the time of biopsy, the bile leak occurred through the needle tract in the liver, billous ascites occurred without signs of acute peritonitis, and the complication was the initial manifestation of extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to encasement of the common bile duct by histiocytic lymphoma.", "PMID": 373659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2087", "title": "Apparent cure of intracranial Nocardia asteroides infection by minocycline.", "content": "Currently preferred therapy for CNS Nocardia infection is high-dose sulfonamide coupled with surgical drainage. Neither of these could be used in our patient; this led to therapy with minocycline alone. Several months after completion of minocycline therapy, the patient apparently is cured. His favorable outcome probably resulted from a combination of susceptibility of the organism to minocycline coupled with good CNS penetration of the agent resulting in CNS levels of drug 16 to 22 times higher than the Nocardia inhibitory concentration.", "contents": "Apparent cure of intracranial Nocardia asteroides infection by minocycline. Currently preferred therapy for CNS Nocardia infection is high-dose sulfonamide coupled with surgical drainage. Neither of these could be used in our patient; this led to therapy with minocycline alone. Several months after completion of minocycline therapy, the patient apparently is cured. His favorable outcome probably resulted from a combination of susceptibility of the organism to minocycline coupled with good CNS penetration of the agent resulting in CNS levels of drug 16 to 22 times higher than the Nocardia inhibitory concentration.", "PMID": 373660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2088", "title": "Arrhythmogenic effects of orally administered bronchodilators.", "content": "The respiratory and circulatory effects of orally administered ephedrine sulfate, 25 mg, aminophylline, 400 mg, terbutaline sulfate, 5 mg, and placebo were evaluated in 20 patients with ventricular arrhythmia by a double-blind crossover method. The bronchodilator effect of terbutaline was similar to that of aminophylline over four hours but superior to ephedrine at the fourth hour. Both terbutaline and ephedrine exhibited chronotropic effects, with the effect of terbutaline greater than that of ephedrine at the fourth hour. The effect of aminophylline on heart rate did not differ from placebo. Only terbutaline was associated with an increase in ventricular ectopic beats. Ventricular tachycardia occurred in three patients treated with terbutaline and in one patient with ephedrine. There were no significant changes in blood pressure. Orally administered terbutaline should not be regarded as safer than orally administered ephedrine or aminophylline in patients with arrhythmias.", "contents": "Arrhythmogenic effects of orally administered bronchodilators. The respiratory and circulatory effects of orally administered ephedrine sulfate, 25 mg, aminophylline, 400 mg, terbutaline sulfate, 5 mg, and placebo were evaluated in 20 patients with ventricular arrhythmia by a double-blind crossover method. The bronchodilator effect of terbutaline was similar to that of aminophylline over four hours but superior to ephedrine at the fourth hour. Both terbutaline and ephedrine exhibited chronotropic effects, with the effect of terbutaline greater than that of ephedrine at the fourth hour. The effect of aminophylline on heart rate did not differ from placebo. Only terbutaline was associated with an increase in ventricular ectopic beats. Ventricular tachycardia occurred in three patients treated with terbutaline and in one patient with ephedrine. There were no significant changes in blood pressure. Orally administered terbutaline should not be regarded as safer than orally administered ephedrine or aminophylline in patients with arrhythmias.", "PMID": 373661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2089", "title": "Acute leukemia and immunosupressive drug use: a review of patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for non-neoplastic diseases.", "content": "We have reviewed 61 reported cases of acute leukemia developing in patients who had previously received immunosuppressive agents for non-neoplastic disorders. In three patients the diagnosis of acute leukemia was made less than six months after the first exposure to immunosuppressive drugs and was, therefore, considered coincidental. Among the remaining 58 patients, most diagnoses were of myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia. The underlying diagnoses in most of the 58 patients were rheumatoid arthritis or renal disease or renal transplant. Thirty patients had received alkylating agents exclusively, 10 had received antimetabolites only, while the remaining 18 patients had received multiple therapeutic modalities including antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and/or radiation. Most patients had also received large amounts of corticosteroids. Although we do not have the overall denominator of population at risk, the relatively high proportion of patients who had received alkylating agents before developing acute leukemia doses suggest a causal relationship, and one might, therefore, hesitate before using such drugs in non-life-threatening diseases.", "contents": "Acute leukemia and immunosupressive drug use: a review of patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for non-neoplastic diseases. We have reviewed 61 reported cases of acute leukemia developing in patients who had previously received immunosuppressive agents for non-neoplastic disorders. In three patients the diagnosis of acute leukemia was made less than six months after the first exposure to immunosuppressive drugs and was, therefore, considered coincidental. Among the remaining 58 patients, most diagnoses were of myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia. The underlying diagnoses in most of the 58 patients were rheumatoid arthritis or renal disease or renal transplant. Thirty patients had received alkylating agents exclusively, 10 had received antimetabolites only, while the remaining 18 patients had received multiple therapeutic modalities including antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and/or radiation. Most patients had also received large amounts of corticosteroids. Although we do not have the overall denominator of population at risk, the relatively high proportion of patients who had received alkylating agents before developing acute leukemia doses suggest a causal relationship, and one might, therefore, hesitate before using such drugs in non-life-threatening diseases.", "PMID": 373662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2090", "title": "[Plasma vasopressin in premature infants on mechanical ventilation].", "content": "A systematic study has been undertaken to improve the understanding of water regulation in premature babies who are artificially ventilated. Thirty nine premature babies, 16 normal (Group N, GA 31.4 weeks, B/W 1622 g) and 23 with respiratory distress syndrome who were ventilated with or without continuous positive pressure (Group V, GA 31 weeks, BW 1505 g) have been studied. Plasma osmolalities were the same in both groups (284 and 282 mosM/Kg H2O) but there were significant differences (p less than 0.001) between the urine osmolalities N = 150.6 +/- 19.6 V = 294 +/- 25.9 mosM/Kg H2O) and the plasma ADH levels of the two groups (N = 2.9 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, V = 12.2 +/- 2.4 pg/ml). There was a significant correlation between the urine osmolality and the plasma ADH level but not between plasma osmolality and the plasma ADH level. Several hypotheses can be proposed but none are satisfactory.", "contents": "[Plasma vasopressin in premature infants on mechanical ventilation]. A systematic study has been undertaken to improve the understanding of water regulation in premature babies who are artificially ventilated. Thirty nine premature babies, 16 normal (Group N, GA 31.4 weeks, B/W 1622 g) and 23 with respiratory distress syndrome who were ventilated with or without continuous positive pressure (Group V, GA 31 weeks, BW 1505 g) have been studied. Plasma osmolalities were the same in both groups (284 and 282 mosM/Kg H2O) but there were significant differences (p less than 0.001) between the urine osmolalities N = 150.6 +/- 19.6 V = 294 +/- 25.9 mosM/Kg H2O) and the plasma ADH levels of the two groups (N = 2.9 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, V = 12.2 +/- 2.4 pg/ml). There was a significant correlation between the urine osmolality and the plasma ADH level but not between plasma osmolality and the plasma ADH level. Several hypotheses can be proposed but none are satisfactory.", "PMID": 373663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2091", "title": "Psychiatric disorders in two African villages.", "content": "Adults in two small Ugandan villages were interviewed, using a standard psychiatric examination and standard methods of case identification and diagnosis. Twenty percent had disorders just above threshold level, and a further 5% had more definite disorders. Most of these conditions were depressive, but hypomanic and anxiety states were also represented. A survey of women in southeast London found only half this frequency of disorders. Further studies are required to confirm these results.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorders in two African villages. Adults in two small Ugandan villages were interviewed, using a standard psychiatric examination and standard methods of case identification and diagnosis. Twenty percent had disorders just above threshold level, and a further 5% had more definite disorders. Most of these conditions were depressive, but hypomanic and anxiety states were also represented. A survey of women in southeast London found only half this frequency of disorders. Further studies are required to confirm these results.", "PMID": 373664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2092", "title": "Treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine.", "content": "The combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics has been widely recommended and commonly used clinically for the schizophrenic patient who becomes depressed. However, the value of the combination for these patients has not been clearly demonstrated. This report presents results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the combination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride with that of perphenazine alone in the treatment of 35 ambulatory chronic schizophrenic patients in whom depressive symptoms developed. Results showed that the addition of amitriptyline to perphenazine, when compared with perphenazine alone, was more effective in reducing symptoms of depression after four months of treatment, but less effective in reducing thought disorder. The study concludes that the value of adding an antidepressant to the usual neuroleptic in the treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia should be reviewed.", "contents": "Treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine. The combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics has been widely recommended and commonly used clinically for the schizophrenic patient who becomes depressed. However, the value of the combination for these patients has not been clearly demonstrated. This report presents results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the combination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride with that of perphenazine alone in the treatment of 35 ambulatory chronic schizophrenic patients in whom depressive symptoms developed. Results showed that the addition of amitriptyline to perphenazine, when compared with perphenazine alone, was more effective in reducing symptoms of depression after four months of treatment, but less effective in reducing thought disorder. The study concludes that the value of adding an antidepressant to the usual neuroleptic in the treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia should be reviewed.", "PMID": 373665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2093", "title": "Distribution and frequency of gastrin cells in the digestive tract of the Japanese quail.", "content": "The gastrin cells of the Japanese quail were studied histologically and immunocytochemically. Cells reacting with antiserum to gastrin (gastrin cells) were demonstrated by the peroxidase-labelled antibody method and showed brownish cytoplasm. They also were stained argyrophil by the Grimelius' silver method. Gastrin cells were found in the epithelium of the pyloric region and small intestine and not in any other regions. They were the most numerous in the pyloric region (382.14 +/- 12.77/1.25mm2), next in the ileum (3.79 +/- 1.24/1.25mm2) and duodenum (2.93 +/- 0.62/1.25mm2), and the least in the jejunum (0.93 +/- 0.62/1.25mm2). Remarkable concentration of gastrin cells in the pyloric region has thus been demonstrated.", "contents": "Distribution and frequency of gastrin cells in the digestive tract of the Japanese quail. The gastrin cells of the Japanese quail were studied histologically and immunocytochemically. Cells reacting with antiserum to gastrin (gastrin cells) were demonstrated by the peroxidase-labelled antibody method and showed brownish cytoplasm. They also were stained argyrophil by the Grimelius' silver method. Gastrin cells were found in the epithelium of the pyloric region and small intestine and not in any other regions. They were the most numerous in the pyloric region (382.14 +/- 12.77/1.25mm2), next in the ileum (3.79 +/- 1.24/1.25mm2) and duodenum (2.93 +/- 0.62/1.25mm2), and the least in the jejunum (0.93 +/- 0.62/1.25mm2). Remarkable concentration of gastrin cells in the pyloric region has thus been demonstrated.", "PMID": 373667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2094", "title": "Angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in the rat submaxillary gland.", "content": "Rat salivary glands were examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using anti-angiotensin II antiserum. Cells reacting with the antiserum were found in the convoluted granular tubules of the submaxillary gland. In view of the previous reports that renin was isolated from the rat submaxillary gland and that cells with a renin-like immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the convoluted granular tubules of the gland, the present study suggests that a set of substances forming the renin-angiotensin system may be present in this gland.", "contents": "Angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in the rat submaxillary gland. Rat salivary glands were examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using anti-angiotensin II antiserum. Cells reacting with the antiserum were found in the convoluted granular tubules of the submaxillary gland. In view of the previous reports that renin was isolated from the rat submaxillary gland and that cells with a renin-like immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the convoluted granular tubules of the gland, the present study suggests that a set of substances forming the renin-angiotensin system may be present in this gland.", "PMID": 373668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2095", "title": "Enhancement of cardiac allografts in rats at the major AbG locus. I. Synergistic effect of specific and non-specific immunosuppression.", "content": "Investigations of the specific and nonspecific immunosupression of heart transplants in rats are presented. Pretreatment of the Wistar recipient of the August heart with donor strain cellular antigen and anti-donor hyperimmune serum 11 and 10 days before transplantation caused enhancement of the heart graft in this strain combination differing in the major AgB histocompatibility locus. Combination of that protocol with non-specific immunosuppression, i.e. ATS treatment caused synergistic effect. Heart grafts in animal treated with that full protocol of biological immunosuppression survived for 50.8 days.", "contents": "Enhancement of cardiac allografts in rats at the major AbG locus. I. Synergistic effect of specific and non-specific immunosuppression. Investigations of the specific and nonspecific immunosupression of heart transplants in rats are presented. Pretreatment of the Wistar recipient of the August heart with donor strain cellular antigen and anti-donor hyperimmune serum 11 and 10 days before transplantation caused enhancement of the heart graft in this strain combination differing in the major AgB histocompatibility locus. Combination of that protocol with non-specific immunosuppression, i.e. ATS treatment caused synergistic effect. Heart grafts in animal treated with that full protocol of biological immunosuppression survived for 50.8 days.", "PMID": 373669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2096", "title": "Active enhancement of dog kidney allografts using ALG and donor platelets.", "content": "The results of the studies indicate that platelets can be used as donor specific antigen in protocols of \"biological suppression\". Administration of donor specific platelets 10 days after transplantation to unmatched mongrel dogs treated for a brief period with ALG resulted in a marked prolongation of kidney allograft survival. Acute rejection of a second kidney from an indifferent donor suggests that a state of specific unresponsiveness was achieved by recipients pretreatment with ALG and donor antigen challenge.", "contents": "Active enhancement of dog kidney allografts using ALG and donor platelets. The results of the studies indicate that platelets can be used as donor specific antigen in protocols of \"biological suppression\". Administration of donor specific platelets 10 days after transplantation to unmatched mongrel dogs treated for a brief period with ALG resulted in a marked prolongation of kidney allograft survival. Acute rejection of a second kidney from an indifferent donor suggests that a state of specific unresponsiveness was achieved by recipients pretreatment with ALG and donor antigen challenge.", "PMID": 373670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2097", "title": "Heterotopically induced bone marrow. I. Cellular composition of bone marrow derived from the heterotopic ossicles induced in mice by xenogeneic epithelia of human amnion and dog's transitional epithelium.", "content": "Following heterotopic osteogenesis by implantation of xenogeneic epithelia (FL and WISH cell line, transitional epithelium of dog) in mice a biogenesis of hemopoietic tissue among induced ossicles is observed. Precursors and mature forms of all types of blood cells are found in the induced bone marrow. The concentration of lymphocytes in the induced bone marrow is higher, and that of erythropoietic cells lower as compared with orthotopic femur bone marrow. The yield of myeloid cells varied from 0.14 to 3.61 x 10(6) cells per induced bone-containing nodule.", "contents": "Heterotopically induced bone marrow. I. Cellular composition of bone marrow derived from the heterotopic ossicles induced in mice by xenogeneic epithelia of human amnion and dog's transitional epithelium. Following heterotopic osteogenesis by implantation of xenogeneic epithelia (FL and WISH cell line, transitional epithelium of dog) in mice a biogenesis of hemopoietic tissue among induced ossicles is observed. Precursors and mature forms of all types of blood cells are found in the induced bone marrow. The concentration of lymphocytes in the induced bone marrow is higher, and that of erythropoietic cells lower as compared with orthotopic femur bone marrow. The yield of myeloid cells varied from 0.14 to 3.61 x 10(6) cells per induced bone-containing nodule.", "PMID": 373671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2098", "title": "Heterotopically induced bone marrow. The concentration of hemopoietic stem cells in the induced bone marrow and its ability to repopulate lethally irradiated recipients.", "content": "Bone marrow induced in mice by xenogeneic epithelia of human amnion established cell line and of dog transitional epithelium seems to contain hemopoietic stem cells in the same concentration as orthotopic bone marrow. The induced bone marrow is able to protect lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients when used in the same doses as orthotopic one.", "contents": "Heterotopically induced bone marrow. The concentration of hemopoietic stem cells in the induced bone marrow and its ability to repopulate lethally irradiated recipients. Bone marrow induced in mice by xenogeneic epithelia of human amnion established cell line and of dog transitional epithelium seems to contain hemopoietic stem cells in the same concentration as orthotopic bone marrow. The induced bone marrow is able to protect lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients when used in the same doses as orthotopic one.", "PMID": 373672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2099", "title": "Attempts of bone induction by xenogeneic epithelial cells in sublethally and lethally irradiated mice. Preliminary report.", "content": "Contrary to non-irradiated mice, no heterotopic bone formation was observed in sublethally (700 R) irradiated animals. In animals lethally irradiated (850 R) and protected with syngeneic bone marrow, a bone induction can be observed. The induction is weaker and infrequent when inducing cells are administered 2 weeks after irradiation and repopulation, and a cortisone was given at the time of epithelial cell grafting, than when the inducing cells were given immediately after irradiation and repopulation, and no cortisone was administered.", "contents": "Attempts of bone induction by xenogeneic epithelial cells in sublethally and lethally irradiated mice. Preliminary report. Contrary to non-irradiated mice, no heterotopic bone formation was observed in sublethally (700 R) irradiated animals. In animals lethally irradiated (850 R) and protected with syngeneic bone marrow, a bone induction can be observed. The induction is weaker and infrequent when inducing cells are administered 2 weeks after irradiation and repopulation, and a cortisone was given at the time of epithelial cell grafting, than when the inducing cells were given immediately after irradiation and repopulation, and no cortisone was administered.", "PMID": 373674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2100", "title": "Immunogenicity of fresh and preserved cortical and cancellous allogeneic bone grafts as tested by modified migration inhibition test in mice.", "content": "Mice were grafted with allogeneic compact and cancellous bone. The bone used was fresh and preserved by either lyophilization or deep freezing. Preserved grafts were radiosterilized by a dose of 3.3 MRads. The immunization of recipients was assessed by a modified migration inhibition test based on migration of cells from three-dimensional clot culture. Both preservation methods seem to change bone immunogenicity and enhancement of migration instead of inhibition occurring in the case of fresh bone was noted.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of fresh and preserved cortical and cancellous allogeneic bone grafts as tested by modified migration inhibition test in mice. Mice were grafted with allogeneic compact and cancellous bone. The bone used was fresh and preserved by either lyophilization or deep freezing. Preserved grafts were radiosterilized by a dose of 3.3 MRads. The immunization of recipients was assessed by a modified migration inhibition test based on migration of cells from three-dimensional clot culture. Both preservation methods seem to change bone immunogenicity and enhancement of migration instead of inhibition occurring in the case of fresh bone was noted.", "PMID": 373675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2101", "title": "Preserved bone in clinical transplantation.", "content": "Results of treatment by preserved bone transplantation in 552 patients are presented. Analysis is based on the activity of the Central Tissue Bank in Warsaw. Radiation-sterilization of lyophilized bone allografts is a routine method used in this bank. After long term observation of patients, the importance of age and diagnosis for clinical results of bone transplantation are discussed.", "contents": "Preserved bone in clinical transplantation. Results of treatment by preserved bone transplantation in 552 patients are presented. Analysis is based on the activity of the Central Tissue Bank in Warsaw. Radiation-sterilization of lyophilized bone allografts is a routine method used in this bank. After long term observation of patients, the importance of age and diagnosis for clinical results of bone transplantation are discussed.", "PMID": 373676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2102", "title": "Biological and biochemical characteristics of serum fraction effluent from xenografts and inhibiting leukocyte migration.", "content": "Serum effluent from the hyperacutely rejected rabbit-to-dog liver graft strongly inhibits migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. Fractionation of this serum on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 revealed the most active fraction to be that containing IgG. This finding supports our view that immune complexes formed during the hyperacute rejection of xenografts are mainly responsible for the inhibition of migration of peripheral blood leukocytes.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical characteristics of serum fraction effluent from xenografts and inhibiting leukocyte migration. Serum effluent from the hyperacutely rejected rabbit-to-dog liver graft strongly inhibits migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. Fractionation of this serum on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 revealed the most active fraction to be that containing IgG. This finding supports our view that immune complexes formed during the hyperacute rejection of xenografts are mainly responsible for the inhibition of migration of peripheral blood leukocytes.", "PMID": 373677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2103", "title": "Preparation of immune sera against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).", "content": "CEA antigen obtained by the Wroc\u0142aw team and CEA standard antigen from Chester Beatty Cancer Research Institute, London were used for immunization of goats. Two immunization methods were adopted: one with decreasing antigen doses beginning from 500 microgram and the other with equal, small doses of 10 microgram. Anti-goat IgG1 + IgG2 immune serum was obtained by immunizing a horse with 10 mg of the antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-CEA immune sera obtained after immunization with small doses were highly active; in the RIA test they showed half maximum CEA binding at 1:40,000 and 1:80,000 dilutions. Likewise, the anti IgG1 and IgG2 serum from the horse proved to be highly active.", "contents": "Preparation of immune sera against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA antigen obtained by the Wroc\u0142aw team and CEA standard antigen from Chester Beatty Cancer Research Institute, London were used for immunization of goats. Two immunization methods were adopted: one with decreasing antigen doses beginning from 500 microgram and the other with equal, small doses of 10 microgram. Anti-goat IgG1 + IgG2 immune serum was obtained by immunizing a horse with 10 mg of the antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-CEA immune sera obtained after immunization with small doses were highly active; in the RIA test they showed half maximum CEA binding at 1:40,000 and 1:80,000 dilutions. Likewise, the anti IgG1 and IgG2 serum from the horse proved to be highly active.", "PMID": 373678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2104", "title": "Immunochemical studies on free lipid A from Proteus mirabilis 1959.", "content": "The chemical composition and serological activity of free lipid A from Proteus were studied. Only two fatty acids: myristic acid and 3-hydroxymyristic acid were detected. When calculated for glucosamine disaccharide unit, 2 moles of ester-linked and 1 mole of amide-linked fatty acid are present. Amino group of glucosaminyl residue is substituted by 3-hydroxymyristic acid. The occurence of an uncommon (4-aminoarabinose) substituent, attached outside the backbone, was noticed. The results of serological investigation indicate the great similarity between antigenic determinants of Proteus lipid A and Salmonella-type of lipid.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on free lipid A from Proteus mirabilis 1959. The chemical composition and serological activity of free lipid A from Proteus were studied. Only two fatty acids: myristic acid and 3-hydroxymyristic acid were detected. When calculated for glucosamine disaccharide unit, 2 moles of ester-linked and 1 mole of amide-linked fatty acid are present. Amino group of glucosaminyl residue is substituted by 3-hydroxymyristic acid. The occurence of an uncommon (4-aminoarabinose) substituent, attached outside the backbone, was noticed. The results of serological investigation indicate the great similarity between antigenic determinants of Proteus lipid A and Salmonella-type of lipid.", "PMID": 373679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2105", "title": "Study of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). II. ADCC activity in renal graft recipients and acute accelerated graft rejection.", "content": "ADCC activity in 27 cadaver renal allograft recipients was studied. All the patients were given standard immunosuppressive treatment. Significant positive correlation between high ADCC activity during first 5 days after grafting and accelerated rjection crisis was found. The high positive ADCC test may signalize the possibility of acute accelerated rejection of renal allograft.", "contents": "Study of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). II. ADCC activity in renal graft recipients and acute accelerated graft rejection. ADCC activity in 27 cadaver renal allograft recipients was studied. All the patients were given standard immunosuppressive treatment. Significant positive correlation between high ADCC activity during first 5 days after grafting and accelerated rjection crisis was found. The high positive ADCC test may signalize the possibility of acute accelerated rejection of renal allograft.", "PMID": 373680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2106", "title": "Interferon induction in mice by uniform salt forms of Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide and its components.", "content": "Interferon-inducing capacity of uniform salts of Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS), its polysaccharide component and lipid A were compared. Low-molecular-weight triethylamine and ethanolamine salt forms of the lipopolysaccharide were most active in interferon production. It was confirmed that lipid part of LPS is responsible for interferon-inducing activity.", "contents": "Interferon induction in mice by uniform salt forms of Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide and its components. Interferon-inducing capacity of uniform salts of Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS), its polysaccharide component and lipid A were compared. Low-molecular-weight triethylamine and ethanolamine salt forms of the lipopolysaccharide were most active in interferon production. It was confirmed that lipid part of LPS is responsible for interferon-inducing activity.", "PMID": 373682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2107", "title": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis.", "content": "143 patients were evaluated clinically on the basis of the renal biopsy. Three methods for detecting circulating immune complexes (CIC) were employed: complement consumption test, inhibition of erythrocyte antibody IgG-EA rosette forming test and optical density of 4% PEG precipitated sera. CIC were present in the sera of all patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (2 weeks after streptococcal infection of the throat). In a group of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis the highest values in positive results were observed in lupus nephritis, chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic submicroscopic glomerulonephritis. These results were compared with levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 components and serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM).", "contents": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis. 143 patients were evaluated clinically on the basis of the renal biopsy. Three methods for detecting circulating immune complexes (CIC) were employed: complement consumption test, inhibition of erythrocyte antibody IgG-EA rosette forming test and optical density of 4% PEG precipitated sera. CIC were present in the sera of all patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (2 weeks after streptococcal infection of the throat). In a group of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis the highest values in positive results were observed in lupus nephritis, chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic submicroscopic glomerulonephritis. These results were compared with levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 components and serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM).", "PMID": 373683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2108", "title": "Immune processes induced by dysentery bacilli in mice.", "content": "Studies on immune reactions induced by dysentery bacilli revealed that mice immunized orally or intravenously develop the specific general resistance against reinfection with the microorganisms. Antibodies circulating against bacilli were the indicators of humoral immune response and the activated T lymphocyte detected in the spleen of immunized mice were the indicators of the cell mediated immunity.", "contents": "Immune processes induced by dysentery bacilli in mice. Studies on immune reactions induced by dysentery bacilli revealed that mice immunized orally or intravenously develop the specific general resistance against reinfection with the microorganisms. Antibodies circulating against bacilli were the indicators of humoral immune response and the activated T lymphocyte detected in the spleen of immunized mice were the indicators of the cell mediated immunity.", "PMID": 373684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2109", "title": "Studies on virulence of Shigella flexneri.", "content": "The antigenic structure and some biological properties were compared in virulent S. flexneri strains of differences in: 1) antigenic composition; 2) biochemical activity; 3) sensitivity to a set of Shigella phages and 4) susceptibility to phagocytosis. The only difference found concerned the LD50 for mice; it was 10 to 100 times larger for avirulent than for virulent strains of S. flexneri. The toxic products of the strains were also compared. The lipopolisaccharide and free endotoxin purified from virulent and avirulent variants behaved similarly when tested for: LD50, pyrogenicity and the local Shwartzman reaction. A striking difference was demonstrated in the ultrastructure of lipopolisaccharide and free endotoxin isolated from virulent and avirulent variant of S. flexneri 3a.", "contents": "Studies on virulence of Shigella flexneri. The antigenic structure and some biological properties were compared in virulent S. flexneri strains of differences in: 1) antigenic composition; 2) biochemical activity; 3) sensitivity to a set of Shigella phages and 4) susceptibility to phagocytosis. The only difference found concerned the LD50 for mice; it was 10 to 100 times larger for avirulent than for virulent strains of S. flexneri. The toxic products of the strains were also compared. The lipopolisaccharide and free endotoxin purified from virulent and avirulent variants behaved similarly when tested for: LD50, pyrogenicity and the local Shwartzman reaction. A striking difference was demonstrated in the ultrastructure of lipopolisaccharide and free endotoxin isolated from virulent and avirulent variant of S. flexneri 3a.", "PMID": 373685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2110", "title": "The protective function of cell-mediated immunity in syphilis.", "content": "Experimental evidence has been obtained to show that the cell-mediated response in syphilis is protective. The use of chemical immunosuppressors (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil) resulted in the abolition of the cell-mediated response measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI test), and was accompanied by an enhancement in the severity of the lesions during the course of experimental syphilis in the rabbit. Successful adoptive transfer of resistance to syphilitic infection from immune donor rabbits to normal recipient rabbits employing lymph node lymphocytes was accomplished.", "contents": "The protective function of cell-mediated immunity in syphilis. Experimental evidence has been obtained to show that the cell-mediated response in syphilis is protective. The use of chemical immunosuppressors (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil) resulted in the abolition of the cell-mediated response measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI test), and was accompanied by an enhancement in the severity of the lesions during the course of experimental syphilis in the rabbit. Successful adoptive transfer of resistance to syphilitic infection from immune donor rabbits to normal recipient rabbits employing lymph node lymphocytes was accomplished.", "PMID": 373686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2111", "title": "Immunologic phenomena in herpes gestationis.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies were performed in 12 cases of herpes gestations. Direct IF staining (performed in 10 of them) revealed a highly characteristic pattern, notably 1) Constantly BMZ deposits of complement component C3, 2) In most biopsy specimens also C4 and C5, 3) Deposits of C4, C5, properdin and IgG variable in different specimens of given patients. About half of the specimens examined contained properdin and about one third stained for IgG, 4) Findings of IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE were consistently negative, 5) Serum findings of BMZ antibodies in given cases were variable. In two cases circulating BMZ antibodies were detected in one of the samples examined. On the base of these findings it seems that HG is related to BP.", "contents": "Immunologic phenomena in herpes gestationis. Immunofluorescence studies were performed in 12 cases of herpes gestations. Direct IF staining (performed in 10 of them) revealed a highly characteristic pattern, notably 1) Constantly BMZ deposits of complement component C3, 2) In most biopsy specimens also C4 and C5, 3) Deposits of C4, C5, properdin and IgG variable in different specimens of given patients. About half of the specimens examined contained properdin and about one third stained for IgG, 4) Findings of IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE were consistently negative, 5) Serum findings of BMZ antibodies in given cases were variable. In two cases circulating BMZ antibodies were detected in one of the samples examined. On the base of these findings it seems that HG is related to BP.", "PMID": 373687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2112", "title": "Subepidermal bullous disease of childhood with linear IgA deposits.", "content": "It has been shown that a group of bullous diseases of children with overlapping symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP), characterized by linear IgA deposits in the unchanged skin, should be regarded as a nosological entity. From the practical point of view it seems justified to set apart this group because of differences in treatment.", "contents": "Subepidermal bullous disease of childhood with linear IgA deposits. It has been shown that a group of bullous diseases of children with overlapping symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP), characterized by linear IgA deposits in the unchanged skin, should be regarded as a nosological entity. From the practical point of view it seems justified to set apart this group because of differences in treatment.", "PMID": 373688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2113", "title": "Crithidium luciliae immunofluorescence test (CL test) a simple and reliable method for detecting anti-native DNA antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies directed against native DNA using Crithidium lucillae as an antigen substrate were demonstrated in 39 of 72 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with active lesions whereas results were negative in 42 cases of SLE during remission and in 69 cases of other collagenoses, and in 20 healthy subjects. A clearcut correlation with the peripheral type of fluorescence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) was found in the routine method of immunofluorescence on the monkey esophagus. Renal lesions were present in almost all cases of SLE with positive results of the test for Crithidium luciliae. The new technique of detecting antibodies against native DNA is simple and creates new diagnostic and prognostic possibilities in SLE.", "contents": "Crithidium luciliae immunofluorescence test (CL test) a simple and reliable method for detecting anti-native DNA antibodies. Antibodies directed against native DNA using Crithidium lucillae as an antigen substrate were demonstrated in 39 of 72 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with active lesions whereas results were negative in 42 cases of SLE during remission and in 69 cases of other collagenoses, and in 20 healthy subjects. A clearcut correlation with the peripheral type of fluorescence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) was found in the routine method of immunofluorescence on the monkey esophagus. Renal lesions were present in almost all cases of SLE with positive results of the test for Crithidium luciliae. The new technique of detecting antibodies against native DNA is simple and creates new diagnostic and prognostic possibilities in SLE.", "PMID": 373689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2114", "title": "Cellular immunity in asbestosis.", "content": "A highly statistically significant correlation was found between asbestosis and impaired responsiveness in skin reaction to intermediate and second strength tuberculin and SK-SD. Considering ANA incidence these antibodies were found with higher frequency in asbestos workers who lacked a cutaneous response to the recall antigens. In asbestosis cases peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles are also abnormal demonstrating low proportions of E-RFC. Moreover, MIF test results showed the impairment of this cytokine generation when lymphocytes were stimulated with SK-SD, PPD and PHA in asbestosis cases. The lymphocyte transformation study documents an impaired response mainly to a lower dose of PHA and ConA in asbestosis cases and in asbestos workers with ANA.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in asbestosis. A highly statistically significant correlation was found between asbestosis and impaired responsiveness in skin reaction to intermediate and second strength tuberculin and SK-SD. Considering ANA incidence these antibodies were found with higher frequency in asbestos workers who lacked a cutaneous response to the recall antigens. In asbestosis cases peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles are also abnormal demonstrating low proportions of E-RFC. Moreover, MIF test results showed the impairment of this cytokine generation when lymphocytes were stimulated with SK-SD, PPD and PHA in asbestosis cases. The lymphocyte transformation study documents an impaired response mainly to a lower dose of PHA and ConA in asbestosis cases and in asbestos workers with ANA.", "PMID": 373690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2115", "title": "Short time and prolonged low dose X radiation in human immunity.", "content": "In 172 X-ray technicians and 178 controls the occurrence of autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulin levels were determined. A slight and non-significant prevelance of autoantibodies was found in X-ray exposed women with extended employment. IgM levels tend to be higher in this group. X-ray technicians had lower proportions of E-RFC. Moreover, MIF generation is slightly impaired in X-ray exposed people. Peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles were determined in patients before and after X-ray examinations. Significant drops in EAC-RFC were found in these people at 1 and 3 hrs after exposure. Such changes were not revealed in the control group. LIF was measured before and 3 hrs after X-ray exposure in patients, who underwent a digestive tract examination, the coefficients of correlation between the LIF results were weaker as compared with the control results.", "contents": "Short time and prolonged low dose X radiation in human immunity. In 172 X-ray technicians and 178 controls the occurrence of autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulin levels were determined. A slight and non-significant prevelance of autoantibodies was found in X-ray exposed women with extended employment. IgM levels tend to be higher in this group. X-ray technicians had lower proportions of E-RFC. Moreover, MIF generation is slightly impaired in X-ray exposed people. Peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles were determined in patients before and after X-ray examinations. Significant drops in EAC-RFC were found in these people at 1 and 3 hrs after exposure. Such changes were not revealed in the control group. LIF was measured before and 3 hrs after X-ray exposure in patients, who underwent a digestive tract examination, the coefficients of correlation between the LIF results were weaker as compared with the control results.", "PMID": 373691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2116", "title": "The influence of aminoguanidine derivatives on the process of humoral and cellular immunogenesis.", "content": "The influence of six aminoguanidine derivatives on the process of humoral and cellular immunogenesis was examined. The obtained results can be presented in the following items: 1. Strong action inhibiting the primary humoral response was found in mice of Balb/c strain where the decrease of PFC number in spleen was from 34.8% to 96.7%; only the second preparation (D-mannose-ylidene-aminoguanidine) (HCl) caused a significant increase of PFC number and thus, on the contrary, exerted the action stimulating the humoral immunological response. 2. Among the examined preparations only three (third, fourth and fifth) showed the action inhibiting MIF production (the decrease within 30-50%) and only these three preparations caused a clear prolongation of allograft survival in the pattern: Balb/c-recipient, C3H-skin graft donor. 3. The clear decrease of the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was found (within 40-60%) as a result of administering aminoguanidine derivatives. 4. Synergism was not found to occur when administering jointly ALS and aminoguanidine derivatives, with the aim of prolonging allograft survival or inhibiting MIF production.", "contents": "The influence of aminoguanidine derivatives on the process of humoral and cellular immunogenesis. The influence of six aminoguanidine derivatives on the process of humoral and cellular immunogenesis was examined. The obtained results can be presented in the following items: 1. Strong action inhibiting the primary humoral response was found in mice of Balb/c strain where the decrease of PFC number in spleen was from 34.8% to 96.7%; only the second preparation (D-mannose-ylidene-aminoguanidine) (HCl) caused a significant increase of PFC number and thus, on the contrary, exerted the action stimulating the humoral immunological response. 2. Among the examined preparations only three (third, fourth and fifth) showed the action inhibiting MIF production (the decrease within 30-50%) and only these three preparations caused a clear prolongation of allograft survival in the pattern: Balb/c-recipient, C3H-skin graft donor. 3. The clear decrease of the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was found (within 40-60%) as a result of administering aminoguanidine derivatives. 4. Synergism was not found to occur when administering jointly ALS and aminoguanidine derivatives, with the aim of prolonging allograft survival or inhibiting MIF production.", "PMID": 373692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2117", "title": "Lymphokine-supressing cells in patients after kidney transplantation.", "content": "Streptococcal antigens elicit Leukocyte Migration Inhibitory Factor (LMIF) production by sensitive human lymphocytes in vitro leading to an inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose plates. When mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors are added to the assay system, no significant alteration of LMIF generation occurs. Likewise, cells from patients with kidney allografts obtained during an uneventful postoperative course did not influence lymphokine synthesis. Conversely, cells isolated from patients undergoing acute graft rejection abolished SKSD-induced LMIF production by normal lymphocytes. These results support our earlier report of the existence of lymphokine-suppressing cells in man and suggest that they may play yet poorly defined role in certain immunopathologic situations.", "contents": "Lymphokine-supressing cells in patients after kidney transplantation. Streptococcal antigens elicit Leukocyte Migration Inhibitory Factor (LMIF) production by sensitive human lymphocytes in vitro leading to an inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose plates. When mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors are added to the assay system, no significant alteration of LMIF generation occurs. Likewise, cells from patients with kidney allografts obtained during an uneventful postoperative course did not influence lymphokine synthesis. Conversely, cells isolated from patients undergoing acute graft rejection abolished SKSD-induced LMIF production by normal lymphocytes. These results support our earlier report of the existence of lymphokine-suppressing cells in man and suggest that they may play yet poorly defined role in certain immunopathologic situations.", "PMID": 373693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2118", "title": "In vitro proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells circulating in blood of patients with kidney allografts.", "content": "The in vitro formation of lymphoid (L-CFU) and myeloid (GM-CFU) colonies derived from progenitor cells circulating in blood of patients bearing kidney allografts was studied upon a stimulation with PHA and Colony Stimulating Factor. In patients undergoing acute rejection a marked reduction of L-CFU and GM-CFU was found. Chronic rejection was associated with moderate impairment of GM-CFU proliferation, while patients with stable graft function had moderately reduced L-CFU progenitors with normal level of GM-CFU cells.", "contents": "In vitro proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells circulating in blood of patients with kidney allografts. The in vitro formation of lymphoid (L-CFU) and myeloid (GM-CFU) colonies derived from progenitor cells circulating in blood of patients bearing kidney allografts was studied upon a stimulation with PHA and Colony Stimulating Factor. In patients undergoing acute rejection a marked reduction of L-CFU and GM-CFU was found. Chronic rejection was associated with moderate impairment of GM-CFU proliferation, while patients with stable graft function had moderately reduced L-CFU progenitors with normal level of GM-CFU cells.", "PMID": 373694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2119", "title": "Neutrophil functions in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood of renal allograft recipients were studied for their ability to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as to enhance intracellular metabolism measured by the reduction of NBT salts. In addition, the influence of sera these patients on normal cells was investigated. At the same time, these cells were also tested for candidacidal activity. The data derived from these studies indicate that phagocytic cells from these patients are impaired with respect to their capacity to fight the pathogenic microorganisms as well as their sera do not promote normal killing of microorganisms, while the NBT reaction is not changed significantly. Large doses of steroids and rejection crises do not appear to affect dramatically these functions, while an ATG therapy abolishes neutrophil killing ability.", "contents": "Neutrophil functions in renal transplant recipients. Neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood of renal allograft recipients were studied for their ability to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as to enhance intracellular metabolism measured by the reduction of NBT salts. In addition, the influence of sera these patients on normal cells was investigated. At the same time, these cells were also tested for candidacidal activity. The data derived from these studies indicate that phagocytic cells from these patients are impaired with respect to their capacity to fight the pathogenic microorganisms as well as their sera do not promote normal killing of microorganisms, while the NBT reaction is not changed significantly. Large doses of steroids and rejection crises do not appear to affect dramatically these functions, while an ATG therapy abolishes neutrophil killing ability.", "PMID": 373695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2120", "title": "Lymphocyte dependent antibody (LDA) test in renal transplanted patients.", "content": "Using LDA test the presence of antibodies in patients prior to and post renal transplantation was studied. The relationship between the results of LDA test and graft rejection episodes, the treatment with large doses of prednisolone and CDC test performed simultaneously were analized. No correlation between results of LDA test prior to transplantation or its response to prednisolone treatment and acute rejection crises was found. The value of LDA test in predicting rejection episodes was not confirmed. LDA test detects antibodies 10 times more frequently than CDC test. The presence of cytotoxic antibodies CDC was not always connected with the presence of LDA and vice versa.", "contents": "Lymphocyte dependent antibody (LDA) test in renal transplanted patients. Using LDA test the presence of antibodies in patients prior to and post renal transplantation was studied. The relationship between the results of LDA test and graft rejection episodes, the treatment with large doses of prednisolone and CDC test performed simultaneously were analized. No correlation between results of LDA test prior to transplantation or its response to prednisolone treatment and acute rejection crises was found. The value of LDA test in predicting rejection episodes was not confirmed. LDA test detects antibodies 10 times more frequently than CDC test. The presence of cytotoxic antibodies CDC was not always connected with the presence of LDA and vice versa.", "PMID": 373697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2121", "title": "Innominate artery disruption due to blunt trauma.", "content": "Two patients had innominate artery disruption due to blunt trauma. Compression forces between the sternum and vertebral column and rotational forces were the mechanisms of injury. Mediastinal widening led to the diagnosis in one patient who underwent successful repair with preservation of cerebral flow by an aortic to subclavian bypass graft prior to oversewing the innominate artery. A normal mediastinal shadow led to a delay in diagnosis in the second patient who underwent surgery after the appearance of focal neurologic signs. The use of a temporary indwelling aortic-carotid shunt during repair did not prevent residual hemiparesis.", "contents": "Innominate artery disruption due to blunt trauma. Two patients had innominate artery disruption due to blunt trauma. Compression forces between the sternum and vertebral column and rotational forces were the mechanisms of injury. Mediastinal widening led to the diagnosis in one patient who underwent successful repair with preservation of cerebral flow by an aortic to subclavian bypass graft prior to oversewing the innominate artery. A normal mediastinal shadow led to a delay in diagnosis in the second patient who underwent surgery after the appearance of focal neurologic signs. The use of a temporary indwelling aortic-carotid shunt during repair did not prevent residual hemiparesis.", "PMID": 373699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2122", "title": "Management of surgical gastrointestinal complications in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Gastrointestinal (GI) complications developed in 19 (7.2%) of 265 patients after renal transplantation, and 3 (16%) patients died. Complications included colon perforations, colonic bleeding, small-bowel infarction, pancreatitis, subphrenic abscess, and upper GI tract bleeding. Ulcers located in the second portion of the duodenum developed in six patients; four of them required operation for massive hemorrhage, which occurred during or immediately after the administration of high-dose methylprednisolone for rejection. However, the association of methylprednisolone and colon perforation was not clear from this report. Early diagnosis and prompt operation for surgical-type GI complications in transplant recipients contribute to a low mortality.", "contents": "Management of surgical gastrointestinal complications in renal transplant recipients. Gastrointestinal (GI) complications developed in 19 (7.2%) of 265 patients after renal transplantation, and 3 (16%) patients died. Complications included colon perforations, colonic bleeding, small-bowel infarction, pancreatitis, subphrenic abscess, and upper GI tract bleeding. Ulcers located in the second portion of the duodenum developed in six patients; four of them required operation for massive hemorrhage, which occurred during or immediately after the administration of high-dose methylprednisolone for rejection. However, the association of methylprednisolone and colon perforation was not clear from this report. Early diagnosis and prompt operation for surgical-type GI complications in transplant recipients contribute to a low mortality.", "PMID": 373700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2123", "title": "Race as a risk factor in cadaver kidney transplantation.", "content": "Recipients of 93 first-cadaver kidney transplants were studied for the effect of recipient and donor race on graft and patient survival. Both graft and patient survival were lower for black recipients than for whites. The difference was not explained by racial mismatch between donor and recipient. Black recipients had more rejection episodes and more instances of bacterial pneumonia. Pretransplant splenectomy reduced the likelihood of rejection episodes for black recipients and increased their rate of graft survival.", "contents": "Race as a risk factor in cadaver kidney transplantation. Recipients of 93 first-cadaver kidney transplants were studied for the effect of recipient and donor race on graft and patient survival. Both graft and patient survival were lower for black recipients than for whites. The difference was not explained by racial mismatch between donor and recipient. Black recipients had more rejection episodes and more instances of bacterial pneumonia. Pretransplant splenectomy reduced the likelihood of rejection episodes for black recipients and increased their rate of graft survival.", "PMID": 373703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2124", "title": "Techniques of splenic conservation.", "content": "The scope of surgical procedures on the spleen has undergone a dramatic change in the past few years. Efforts directed toward splenic preservation have intensified with the emerging realization that sepsis is a sequela not to be ignored in asplenic subjects. Successful operations on splenic parenchyma require modified techniques of exposure and mobilization of the spleen. The segmental vasculature of the spleen makes possible controlled resection of traumatized or diseased segments of parenchyma. Hemostatic measures include the use of metal clips, ligation of small intrasplenic vessels, and application of topical agents for residual surface bleeding. With the use of such techniques, conservative splenic surgery is possible in minor and major splenic trauma, splenic cysts, and selected pathologic states in the spleen.", "contents": "Techniques of splenic conservation. The scope of surgical procedures on the spleen has undergone a dramatic change in the past few years. Efforts directed toward splenic preservation have intensified with the emerging realization that sepsis is a sequela not to be ignored in asplenic subjects. Successful operations on splenic parenchyma require modified techniques of exposure and mobilization of the spleen. The segmental vasculature of the spleen makes possible controlled resection of traumatized or diseased segments of parenchyma. Hemostatic measures include the use of metal clips, ligation of small intrasplenic vessels, and application of topical agents for residual surface bleeding. With the use of such techniques, conservative splenic surgery is possible in minor and major splenic trauma, splenic cysts, and selected pathologic states in the spleen.", "PMID": 373704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2125", "title": "Early positive end-expiratory pressure in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "This prospective study was designed to determine the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) instituted early in the course of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Seventy-nine (7%) of 1,200 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit were selected because of a high probability that ARDS would develop, and were randomized into two treatment groups. Of the 79 patients, 45 were immediately treated with 5 cm H2O of end-expiratory pressure (early PEEP group), and 34 received PEEP only when severe hypoxemia developed (late PEEP group). The incidence of ARDS was significantly lower in the early PEEP group than in the late PEEP group (20% vs 53%; P less than .002). Fewer pulmonary deaths occurred in this group (11% vs 29%; P = .02), and there was less pulmonary morbidity. This study supports the efficacy of early low-level PEEP in the treatment of patients for whom there is a high probability that ARDS will develop.", "contents": "Early positive end-expiratory pressure in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. This prospective study was designed to determine the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) instituted early in the course of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Seventy-nine (7%) of 1,200 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit were selected because of a high probability that ARDS would develop, and were randomized into two treatment groups. Of the 79 patients, 45 were immediately treated with 5 cm H2O of end-expiratory pressure (early PEEP group), and 34 received PEEP only when severe hypoxemia developed (late PEEP group). The incidence of ARDS was significantly lower in the early PEEP group than in the late PEEP group (20% vs 53%; P less than .002). Fewer pulmonary deaths occurred in this group (11% vs 29%; P = .02), and there was less pulmonary morbidity. This study supports the efficacy of early low-level PEEP in the treatment of patients for whom there is a high probability that ARDS will develop.", "PMID": 373705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2126", "title": "The determination of trace levels of arsenic in human biological materials.", "content": "The authors have reviewed the techniques developed for measuring the concentration of total arsenic and that of some specific arsenic species (As V, As III, aromatic and aliphatic arsenic derivatives) in biological materials mainly in urine. Whether the relative concentrations of these arsenical species found in human urine represent their true distribution in the urine secreted by the kidney (possible change in valence state in the bladder mainly at alkaline pH, breakdown of arsenical derivatives during urine pretreatment) remains to be investigated further. No technique is yet available for measuring specifically the organoarsenic derivative(s) excreted after ingestion of marine animals. No available system has been found that will digest tissues without changing the original valence states of arsenic. Therefore only total arsenic can be measured with accuracy in tissue.", "contents": "The determination of trace levels of arsenic in human biological materials. The authors have reviewed the techniques developed for measuring the concentration of total arsenic and that of some specific arsenic species (As V, As III, aromatic and aliphatic arsenic derivatives) in biological materials mainly in urine. Whether the relative concentrations of these arsenical species found in human urine represent their true distribution in the urine secreted by the kidney (possible change in valence state in the bladder mainly at alkaline pH, breakdown of arsenical derivatives during urine pretreatment) remains to be investigated further. No technique is yet available for measuring specifically the organoarsenic derivative(s) excreted after ingestion of marine animals. No available system has been found that will digest tissues without changing the original valence states of arsenic. Therefore only total arsenic can be measured with accuracy in tissue.", "PMID": 373706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2127", "title": "[Formation of human islands of Langerhans cells from the epithelium of the acini and ducts].", "content": "The contents of endocrine cells in the epithelium of ducts and the number of acino-insular elements in exocrine parenchyma and in pancreatic islets were estimated by means of the dotted method in semithin sections prepared from the pancreas of the human embryos (4--7 months of embryogenesis) and of adult persons (40--50 years of age). Endocrine cell formation was noted in all stages studied in ontogenesis. Quantitative data demonstrated that the epithelium of the ducts is the main source for insulocyte formation. In the pancreas of both human embryos and adult persons, acino-insular transformation participated in the formation of endocrine elements. The data obtained gave a certain evidence on entodermal origin of the pancreatic islets in the human pancreas.", "contents": "[Formation of human islands of Langerhans cells from the epithelium of the acini and ducts]. The contents of endocrine cells in the epithelium of ducts and the number of acino-insular elements in exocrine parenchyma and in pancreatic islets were estimated by means of the dotted method in semithin sections prepared from the pancreas of the human embryos (4--7 months of embryogenesis) and of adult persons (40--50 years of age). Endocrine cell formation was noted in all stages studied in ontogenesis. Quantitative data demonstrated that the epithelium of the ducts is the main source for insulocyte formation. In the pancreas of both human embryos and adult persons, acino-insular transformation participated in the formation of endocrine elements. The data obtained gave a certain evidence on entodermal origin of the pancreatic islets in the human pancreas.", "PMID": 373708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2128", "title": "[Blood vessels of the pancreatic islets in different portions of the adult human pancreas].", "content": "The pancreatic islets and their blood vessels have been studied in the head, the body and the tail of the human pancreas. The following methods have been applied: injection, histological and quantitative estimation, graphic and plastic reconstruction. A rather great variability in the form of the pancreatic islets has been stated, with presence of one--two peculiar processes in large islets. In different parts of the pancreatic gland, relative volume of the endocrine parenchyma has been stated to be statistically greater (2.16 +/- 0.45%) in the caudal portion than in the head of the gland (1.31 +/- 0.26%). In every pancreatic islet an afferent arterial vessel is described, two types of its branching are determined: magistral and scattered. Relative volume of the pancreatic islets and morpho-functional coefficient reflecting the ratio of the capillary surface area to the volume of the islet capillaries in different parts of the pancreatic gland have been estimated.", "contents": "[Blood vessels of the pancreatic islets in different portions of the adult human pancreas]. The pancreatic islets and their blood vessels have been studied in the head, the body and the tail of the human pancreas. The following methods have been applied: injection, histological and quantitative estimation, graphic and plastic reconstruction. A rather great variability in the form of the pancreatic islets has been stated, with presence of one--two peculiar processes in large islets. In different parts of the pancreatic gland, relative volume of the endocrine parenchyma has been stated to be statistically greater (2.16 +/- 0.45%) in the caudal portion than in the head of the gland (1.31 +/- 0.26%). In every pancreatic islet an afferent arterial vessel is described, two types of its branching are determined: magistral and scattered. Relative volume of the pancreatic islets and morpho-functional coefficient reflecting the ratio of the capillary surface area to the volume of the islet capillaries in different parts of the pancreatic gland have been estimated.", "PMID": 373714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2129", "title": "[Reinnervation of internal organs and vessels by the neuropexy technic].", "content": "Some new data on reinnervation of organs and vessels by means of transplantation of vegetative ganglia and sewing of neural branches are presented. When transplanting the cranial cervical ganglion to a muscle, and the caudal mesenteric ganglion to the urinary bladder wall, some neurocytes in the periphery of the ganglia are preserved; simultaneously, massive outgrowth of neural fibres occurs in the area of transplantation. These facts are considered as formation of a new local innervation center of the organ \"recipient\". The central part of the dog hypogastric nerve is sewed to the renal artery, in other experiments it is sewed into the rectum wall. A massive regeration of neural fibres along the course of the renal artery and the appearance of a neural ganglion in the rectum wall are stated. The sewed hypogastric nerve grows thicker, especially under the conditions of increased functioning of the organ \"recipient\". In a number of experiments, the large otic nerve is sewed to the common carotid artery. The development of a young connective tissue growing into the adventitia of the vessel is noted. Numerous regenerating neural fibres surrounding the vessel are noted in this tissue. Thus, a possibility of creating new or supplementary innervating connections of internal organs and vessels by means of sewing to them sensitive nerves or vegetative ganglia is morphologically substantiated.", "contents": "[Reinnervation of internal organs and vessels by the neuropexy technic]. Some new data on reinnervation of organs and vessels by means of transplantation of vegetative ganglia and sewing of neural branches are presented. When transplanting the cranial cervical ganglion to a muscle, and the caudal mesenteric ganglion to the urinary bladder wall, some neurocytes in the periphery of the ganglia are preserved; simultaneously, massive outgrowth of neural fibres occurs in the area of transplantation. These facts are considered as formation of a new local innervation center of the organ \"recipient\". The central part of the dog hypogastric nerve is sewed to the renal artery, in other experiments it is sewed into the rectum wall. A massive regeration of neural fibres along the course of the renal artery and the appearance of a neural ganglion in the rectum wall are stated. The sewed hypogastric nerve grows thicker, especially under the conditions of increased functioning of the organ \"recipient\". In a number of experiments, the large otic nerve is sewed to the common carotid artery. The development of a young connective tissue growing into the adventitia of the vessel is noted. Numerous regenerating neural fibres surrounding the vessel are noted in this tissue. Thus, a possibility of creating new or supplementary innervating connections of internal organs and vessels by means of sewing to them sensitive nerves or vegetative ganglia is morphologically substantiated.", "PMID": 373719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2130", "title": "The microscopic characterization of multinucleated giant cells formed on polymeric surfaces perfused with blood.", "content": "Multinucleated, foreign body giant cells were formed by the fusion of blood monocytes on polymeric membranes perfused with blood during extended extracorporeal circulation. In the current study, heparinized blood, flowing in an arteriovenous shunt in a sheep, perfused polycarbonate, polypropylene and silicone rubber membranes of a recently developed bioartificial tissue culture system. The multinucleated giant cells were studied by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, after membrane perfusion for periods of one to two weeks. The giant cells, which were the predominant cellular components of the blood-polymer interface layer, contained from a few to more that one hundred nuclei and varied in diameter up to 400 microns. The cellular interaction with the three membrane types was similar, although fewer mononuclear cells were observed adhering to the silicone rubber membrane. The presence or absence of micropores in the membranes had no effect on the formation of giant cells, nor did the presence of foreign tissue in culture behind the microporous membranes. High blood flow rates and chronic anticoagulation with heparin permitted observation of this foreign body reaction of blood independent of thrombosis.", "contents": "The microscopic characterization of multinucleated giant cells formed on polymeric surfaces perfused with blood. Multinucleated, foreign body giant cells were formed by the fusion of blood monocytes on polymeric membranes perfused with blood during extended extracorporeal circulation. In the current study, heparinized blood, flowing in an arteriovenous shunt in a sheep, perfused polycarbonate, polypropylene and silicone rubber membranes of a recently developed bioartificial tissue culture system. The multinucleated giant cells were studied by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, after membrane perfusion for periods of one to two weeks. The giant cells, which were the predominant cellular components of the blood-polymer interface layer, contained from a few to more that one hundred nuclei and varied in diameter up to 400 microns. The cellular interaction with the three membrane types was similar, although fewer mononuclear cells were observed adhering to the silicone rubber membrane. The presence or absence of micropores in the membranes had no effect on the formation of giant cells, nor did the presence of foreign tissue in culture behind the microporous membranes. High blood flow rates and chronic anticoagulation with heparin permitted observation of this foreign body reaction of blood independent of thrombosis.", "PMID": 373721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2131", "title": "Tracheostoma construction with a deltopectoral flap.", "content": "We describe a technique of tracheostoma construction utilizing a deltopectoral flap. This method can be used when entry into the superior mediastinum and low tracheal resection is required.", "contents": "Tracheostoma construction with a deltopectoral flap. We describe a technique of tracheostoma construction utilizing a deltopectoral flap. This method can be used when entry into the superior mediastinum and low tracheal resection is required.", "PMID": 373725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2132", "title": "[The value of fine-needle-cytology, imprint-cytology and histology in the head-neck-region (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies about the fine-needle-cytology, imprint-cytology and histology furnished an almost complete agreement between imprint-cytology and histology. Suspected tumor findings by way of fine-needle-biopsy deserve the same place as similar histological examinations. Negative cytological results have to be critically evaluated. Fine-needle-cytology presents a quick and not too painful procedure that is both relatively free of complications and repeatable examination.", "contents": "[The value of fine-needle-cytology, imprint-cytology and histology in the head-neck-region (author's transl)]. Comparative studies about the fine-needle-cytology, imprint-cytology and histology furnished an almost complete agreement between imprint-cytology and histology. Suspected tumor findings by way of fine-needle-biopsy deserve the same place as similar histological examinations. Negative cytological results have to be critically evaluated. Fine-needle-cytology presents a quick and not too painful procedure that is both relatively free of complications and repeatable examination.", "PMID": 373726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2133", "title": "[Our experiences about the value of laryngeal cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytology is a harmless and an important examination method in laryngeal cytology. Cytology controlled by biopsy and histology can lead with increasing experiences to diagnostic consequences. In a number of our cases cytology led to an early laryngofissur. In all these cases histology had justified the procedure.", "contents": "[Our experiences about the value of laryngeal cytology (author's transl)]. Cytology is a harmless and an important examination method in laryngeal cytology. Cytology controlled by biopsy and histology can lead with increasing experiences to diagnostic consequences. In a number of our cases cytology led to an early laryngofissur. In all these cases histology had justified the procedure.", "PMID": 373727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2134", "title": "[Alternatives to the posterior nasal pack by Bellocq (author's transl)].", "content": "233 cases with posterior nasal pack are compared, two third being treated with Foley catheter technique. Using the Bellocq technique there are 47% of bleeding at intervals and 9% of bleeding while using the Foley catheter. Local and general complications are 3.5 times lugher Bellocq technique than in Foley catheter use.", "contents": "[Alternatives to the posterior nasal pack by Bellocq (author's transl)]. 233 cases with posterior nasal pack are compared, two third being treated with Foley catheter technique. Using the Bellocq technique there are 47% of bleeding at intervals and 9% of bleeding while using the Foley catheter. Local and general complications are 3.5 times lugher Bellocq technique than in Foley catheter use.", "PMID": 373728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2135", "title": "New parachute cuff and positive end-expiratory pressure to minimize tracheal injury and prevent aspiration.", "content": "A new parachute cuff has been tested in combination with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on mongrel dogs. During positive-pressure ventilation the intracuff and intratracheal pressures showed synchronous, identical pressure variations, and therefore theoretically with this type of cuff the pressure against the tracheal wall would be minimal. The cuff provided a seal against gas leakage from the lungs throughout the entire test period, i.e., for up to 7 h. To avoid aspiration of mouth contents during the passive exhalation phase, different amounts of PEEP were tested. A PEEP of 4.0--8.0 cm H2O always produced a seal against a column of fluid in the mouth exerting a hydrostatic pressure of 5.4--8.8 cm H2O against the cuff. This seal was maintained during the whole test period. No difference in sealing capacity was found when the cuff was used with a normal respiratory frequency (20/min) and with high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (60/min). When the PEEP is eliminated, e.g., when the respirator is disconnected for suction of the endotracheal tube, the sealing effect will be abolished. As the cuff extends up into the larynx there will be no pooling of fluid above the cuff. The risk of aspiration can therefore be diminished by suction of oral cavity before disconnecting the respirator. With the use of the pneumatic valve principle together with high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation, an open respirator system can produce a continuous PEEP, thereby preventing aspiration even during suctioning of the tracheal tube.", "contents": "New parachute cuff and positive end-expiratory pressure to minimize tracheal injury and prevent aspiration. A new parachute cuff has been tested in combination with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on mongrel dogs. During positive-pressure ventilation the intracuff and intratracheal pressures showed synchronous, identical pressure variations, and therefore theoretically with this type of cuff the pressure against the tracheal wall would be minimal. The cuff provided a seal against gas leakage from the lungs throughout the entire test period, i.e., for up to 7 h. To avoid aspiration of mouth contents during the passive exhalation phase, different amounts of PEEP were tested. A PEEP of 4.0--8.0 cm H2O always produced a seal against a column of fluid in the mouth exerting a hydrostatic pressure of 5.4--8.8 cm H2O against the cuff. This seal was maintained during the whole test period. No difference in sealing capacity was found when the cuff was used with a normal respiratory frequency (20/min) and with high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (60/min). When the PEEP is eliminated, e.g., when the respirator is disconnected for suction of the endotracheal tube, the sealing effect will be abolished. As the cuff extends up into the larynx there will be no pooling of fluid above the cuff. The risk of aspiration can therefore be diminished by suction of oral cavity before disconnecting the respirator. With the use of the pneumatic valve principle together with high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation, an open respirator system can produce a continuous PEEP, thereby preventing aspiration even during suctioning of the tracheal tube.", "PMID": 373730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2136", "title": "Some observations on the diagnosis and treatment of complete denture problems.", "content": "Diagnosis of problems in the wearing of complete dentures can only be made after taking a complete history of the difficulties encountered by the patient. This necessitates careful attention whilst the patient relates the various difficulties. The record of these statements should be scrutinized carefully and this will assist in making the correct diagnosis of the cause of the difficulties. Specific problems encountered by elderly patients are examined and some methods of overcoming them are presented.", "contents": "Some observations on the diagnosis and treatment of complete denture problems. Diagnosis of problems in the wearing of complete dentures can only be made after taking a complete history of the difficulties encountered by the patient. This necessitates careful attention whilst the patient relates the various difficulties. The record of these statements should be scrutinized carefully and this will assist in making the correct diagnosis of the cause of the difficulties. Specific problems encountered by elderly patients are examined and some methods of overcoming them are presented.", "PMID": 373734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2137", "title": "A controlled trial of cervical manipulation of migraine.", "content": "The efficacy of cervical manipulation for migraine was evaluated. In a six-month trial, 85 volunteers suffering from migraine were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. One group received cervical manipulation performed by a medical practitioner or by a physiotherapist, another received cervical manipulation performed by a chiropractor, while the control group received mobilization performed by a medical practitioner or by a physiotherapist. For the whole sample, migraine symptoms were significantly reduced. No difference in outcome was found between those who received cervical manipulation, performed by chiropractor or orthodox therapist, and those who received the control treatment. Chiropractic treatment was no more effective than the other two treatments in reducing frequency, duration or induced disability of migraine attacks, but chiropractic patients did report a greater reduction in pain associated with their attacks.", "contents": "A controlled trial of cervical manipulation of migraine. The efficacy of cervical manipulation for migraine was evaluated. In a six-month trial, 85 volunteers suffering from migraine were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. One group received cervical manipulation performed by a medical practitioner or by a physiotherapist, another received cervical manipulation performed by a chiropractor, while the control group received mobilization performed by a medical practitioner or by a physiotherapist. For the whole sample, migraine symptoms were significantly reduced. No difference in outcome was found between those who received cervical manipulation, performed by chiropractor or orthodox therapist, and those who received the control treatment. Chiropractic treatment was no more effective than the other two treatments in reducing frequency, duration or induced disability of migraine attacks, but chiropractic patients did report a greater reduction in pain associated with their attacks.", "PMID": 373735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2138", "title": "Alternative pathway of complement activation by Candida albicans.", "content": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Candida albicans was examined using a chemotactic assay. Two serologically defined strains and eight clinical isolates of Candida albicans were used in these experiments. The results showed that all ten strains of Candida albicans were capable of alternative complement pathway activation. These findings may provide an insight into host resistance to this infection.", "contents": "Alternative pathway of complement activation by Candida albicans. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Candida albicans was examined using a chemotactic assay. Two serologically defined strains and eight clinical isolates of Candida albicans were used in these experiments. The results showed that all ten strains of Candida albicans were capable of alternative complement pathway activation. These findings may provide an insight into host resistance to this infection.", "PMID": 373736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2139", "title": "Interpretation of the whole-nerve action potential off-effect in response to tone bursts.", "content": "The growth of an off-effect in the whole-nerve action potential (AP) at the end of a tone burst is explained by means of some fundamental laws of systems theory applied to the available knowledge of the mechanisms of generation of the AP. The dependence of the amplitude and of the shape of the off-AP on the burst paradigms (frequency, amplitude and phase) is successfully predicted on the ground of a simple model for the cochlear events.", "contents": "Interpretation of the whole-nerve action potential off-effect in response to tone bursts. The growth of an off-effect in the whole-nerve action potential (AP) at the end of a tone burst is explained by means of some fundamental laws of systems theory applied to the available knowledge of the mechanisms of generation of the AP. The dependence of the amplitude and of the shape of the off-AP on the burst paradigms (frequency, amplitude and phase) is successfully predicted on the ground of a simple model for the cochlear events.", "PMID": 373733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2140", "title": "Immune reactions in patients with bladder and prostatic cancer.", "content": "Although there are many reports of cellular immune reactions in bladder and prostatic carcinoma patients, few have demonstrated the presence of humoral reactivity. The use of microtechniques, especially the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has made sequential studies possible on patients with early or small tumours. Using this assay, the presence of serum antibodies has been demonstrated in both bladder and prostate patients, the specificities of these reactions being checked against a battery of different tumours and normal tissues. In many of the patients, with low or transient antibody levels, the presence of circulating immune complexes was shown by the Raji cell assay and analysed by double counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (DCIE). The content of these complexes appeared to be either antibody and tumour antigen or antibody and antiimmunoglobulin. In a small series of cryosurgically treated prostatic carcinoma patients, the course of these antibodies was monitored over several weeks, and the fluctuations in antibody levels were related to the presence of these different types of complexes.", "contents": "Immune reactions in patients with bladder and prostatic cancer. Although there are many reports of cellular immune reactions in bladder and prostatic carcinoma patients, few have demonstrated the presence of humoral reactivity. The use of microtechniques, especially the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has made sequential studies possible on patients with early or small tumours. Using this assay, the presence of serum antibodies has been demonstrated in both bladder and prostate patients, the specificities of these reactions being checked against a battery of different tumours and normal tissues. In many of the patients, with low or transient antibody levels, the presence of circulating immune complexes was shown by the Raji cell assay and analysed by double counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (DCIE). The content of these complexes appeared to be either antibody and tumour antigen or antibody and antiimmunoglobulin. In a small series of cryosurgically treated prostatic carcinoma patients, the course of these antibodies was monitored over several weeks, and the fluctuations in antibody levels were related to the presence of these different types of complexes.", "PMID": 373738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2141", "title": "Effects of Gal-E-mutant of Salmonella typhimurium on experimental salmonellosis in chickens.", "content": "Compared with unvaccinated challenged birds, day-old chicks vaccinated orally with live Salmonella typhimurium galactose epimerase mutant (G30D) and challenged orally after 14 days with a field strain of S. typhimurium had statistically significant reductions in fecal shedding (P less than 0.01), in salmonella carrier status at slaughter (P less than 0.05), in salmonella in the broiler-house environment (P less than 0.005), and in serological response in the fourth week after challenge (P less than 0.005). The vaccine did not elicit a serological response as measured by plate, microagglutination, and microantiglobulin tests. The vaccine had a significant depression on live-weight gain which was not apparent after 6 weeks. The vaccine did not significantly reduce live weight at 8 weeks below that of unvaccinated control birds. The field strain produced an 8% reduction in live weight at 8 weeks below that of controls. The potential role of vaccines in salmonella control, and economic losses due to salmonellosis, are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of Gal-E-mutant of Salmonella typhimurium on experimental salmonellosis in chickens. Compared with unvaccinated challenged birds, day-old chicks vaccinated orally with live Salmonella typhimurium galactose epimerase mutant (G30D) and challenged orally after 14 days with a field strain of S. typhimurium had statistically significant reductions in fecal shedding (P less than 0.01), in salmonella carrier status at slaughter (P less than 0.05), in salmonella in the broiler-house environment (P less than 0.005), and in serological response in the fourth week after challenge (P less than 0.005). The vaccine did not elicit a serological response as measured by plate, microagglutination, and microantiglobulin tests. The vaccine had a significant depression on live-weight gain which was not apparent after 6 weeks. The vaccine did not significantly reduce live weight at 8 weeks below that of unvaccinated control birds. The field strain produced an 8% reduction in live weight at 8 weeks below that of controls. The potential role of vaccines in salmonella control, and economic losses due to salmonellosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 373741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2142", "title": "[New findings on the immunology of protozoan blood parasitoses in domestic animals].", "content": "Intensive research in the field of the immunology of protozoan blood parasitoses has led to a further clarification of the interrelations between parasites and hosts. Progress in the analysis of the antigen character of the parasites and investigations of the immune response form the basis for extending serological diagnosis and improved vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccines against babesioses could be increased. Vaccines have been tested successfully against tropical theileriosis and East Coast fever. It is only with African trypanosomes that immunoprophylaxis seems to be impossible at present.", "contents": "[New findings on the immunology of protozoan blood parasitoses in domestic animals]. Intensive research in the field of the immunology of protozoan blood parasitoses has led to a further clarification of the interrelations between parasites and hosts. Progress in the analysis of the antigen character of the parasites and investigations of the immune response form the basis for extending serological diagnosis and improved vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccines against babesioses could be increased. Vaccines have been tested successfully against tropical theileriosis and East Coast fever. It is only with African trypanosomes that immunoprophylaxis seems to be impossible at present.", "PMID": 373747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2143", "title": "Occurrence of Escherichia coli in feces of psittacine birds.", "content": "The feces of 125 psittacine birds, representing 12 species, were cultured on selective media to determine the presence of Escherichia coli. Only 13.6% (17) of the birds yielded E. coli.", "contents": "Occurrence of Escherichia coli in feces of psittacine birds. The feces of 125 psittacine birds, representing 12 species, were cultured on selective media to determine the presence of Escherichia coli. Only 13.6% (17) of the birds yielded E. coli.", "PMID": 373742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2144", "title": "Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry feed and litter at three temperatures.", "content": "Poultry feed and litter were contaminated with a large number of Salmonella typhimurium cells and then stored at 11, 25, or 38 C. Samples of feed and litter were cultured at daily or weekly intervals. The organisms survived best at the two lower temperatures. Persistence was as follows: at 11 C, at least 18 months in both feed and litter; at 25 C, 16 months in feed and 18 months in litter; and at 38 C, about 40 days in feed and only 13 days in litter. Hence, samples of feed and litter collected for bacteriologic examination should be stored at low temperatures.", "contents": "Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry feed and litter at three temperatures. Poultry feed and litter were contaminated with a large number of Salmonella typhimurium cells and then stored at 11, 25, or 38 C. Samples of feed and litter were cultured at daily or weekly intervals. The organisms survived best at the two lower temperatures. Persistence was as follows: at 11 C, at least 18 months in both feed and litter; at 25 C, 16 months in feed and 18 months in litter; and at 38 C, about 40 days in feed and only 13 days in litter. Hence, samples of feed and litter collected for bacteriologic examination should be stored at low temperatures.", "PMID": 373743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2145", "title": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. VII. Dynamics and temporal development of local humoral immunity induced by a live avirulent fowl cholera vaccine.", "content": "Vaccination of turkeys by administering the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water induced local antibodies in the tracheal secretions. Their appearance and persistence were demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Local antibodies were induced by the 10th day and persisted up to the 42nd day postvaccination, whereas none were induced by an oil-adjuvanted bacterin throughout the observation period (56 days). Thus, the CU strain of P. multocida appeared to generate a local humoral immunity in the respiratory system whereas the bacterin did not.", "contents": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. VII. Dynamics and temporal development of local humoral immunity induced by a live avirulent fowl cholera vaccine. Vaccination of turkeys by administering the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water induced local antibodies in the tracheal secretions. Their appearance and persistence were demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Local antibodies were induced by the 10th day and persisted up to the 42nd day postvaccination, whereas none were induced by an oil-adjuvanted bacterin throughout the observation period (56 days). Thus, the CU strain of P. multocida appeared to generate a local humoral immunity in the respiratory system whereas the bacterin did not.", "PMID": 373744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2146", "title": "Oxidation--reduction potentials of molybdenum and iron--sulphur centres in nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The potentials of the couples Mo(IV)--(Mo(V) and Mo(V)--Mo(VI) in nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli K12 were measured as + 180 mV and + 220 mV respectively at pH 7.14. The potentials associated with two other e.p.r. signals, believed to be due to iron--sulphur centres, were measured as + 50 mV and + 80 mV.", "contents": "Oxidation--reduction potentials of molybdenum and iron--sulphur centres in nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli. The potentials of the couples Mo(IV)--(Mo(V) and Mo(V)--Mo(VI) in nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli K12 were measured as + 180 mV and + 220 mV respectively at pH 7.14. The potentials associated with two other e.p.r. signals, believed to be due to iron--sulphur centres, were measured as + 50 mV and + 80 mV.", "PMID": 373749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2147", "title": "Energy coupling to the transport of inorganic phosphate in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The nature of the energy source for phosphate transport was studied in strains of Escherichia coli in which either one of the two major systems (PIT, PST) for phosphate transport was present. In the PIT system, phosphate transport is coupled to the proton-motive force. The energy source for the PST system appears to be phosphate-bond energy, as has been found in other systems involving binding proteins. High concentration gradients of phosphate (between 100 and 500) are established by both systems.", "contents": "Energy coupling to the transport of inorganic phosphate in Escherichia coli K12. The nature of the energy source for phosphate transport was studied in strains of Escherichia coli in which either one of the two major systems (PIT, PST) for phosphate transport was present. In the PIT system, phosphate transport is coupled to the proton-motive force. The energy source for the PST system appears to be phosphate-bond energy, as has been found in other systems involving binding proteins. High concentration gradients of phosphate (between 100 and 500) are established by both systems.", "PMID": 373750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2148", "title": "Polarization of chlorotetracycline fluorescence in pancreatic islet cells and its response to calcium ions and D-glucose.", "content": "Suspensions rich in pancreatic beta-cells were prepared from non-inbred ob/ob-mice, incubated with 10 micrometer-chlorotetracycline, and analysed for fluorescence polarization in a microscope. Throughout the temperature range 16--38 degrees C, fluorescence was enhanced by 5 mM-Ca2+ in the incubation medium; 20 mM-D-glucose decreased the fluorescence measured in the presence of Ca2+. Fluorescence showed a curvilinear negative regression on temperature. The curves were rectified to a virtually ideal degree by Arrhenius transformations of data. Non-parametric testing of differences between linearized regression lines forms the basis for the following conclusions. The temperature-dependence of fluorescence intensity appeared to be smaller for Ca2+-specific signals than for the background fluorescence of chlorotetracycline in Ca2+-deficient cells. D-Glucose significantly diminished the polarization of fluorescence in cells incubated with Ca2+. It is suggested that D-glucose increases the mobility of Ca2+ in beta-cell plasma membranes; this mobility increase may help to explain previously reported effects of D-glucose on 45Ca2+ fluxes and membrane electric potential.", "contents": "Polarization of chlorotetracycline fluorescence in pancreatic islet cells and its response to calcium ions and D-glucose. Suspensions rich in pancreatic beta-cells were prepared from non-inbred ob/ob-mice, incubated with 10 micrometer-chlorotetracycline, and analysed for fluorescence polarization in a microscope. Throughout the temperature range 16--38 degrees C, fluorescence was enhanced by 5 mM-Ca2+ in the incubation medium; 20 mM-D-glucose decreased the fluorescence measured in the presence of Ca2+. Fluorescence showed a curvilinear negative regression on temperature. The curves were rectified to a virtually ideal degree by Arrhenius transformations of data. Non-parametric testing of differences between linearized regression lines forms the basis for the following conclusions. The temperature-dependence of fluorescence intensity appeared to be smaller for Ca2+-specific signals than for the background fluorescence of chlorotetracycline in Ca2+-deficient cells. D-Glucose significantly diminished the polarization of fluorescence in cells incubated with Ca2+. It is suggested that D-glucose increases the mobility of Ca2+ in beta-cell plasma membranes; this mobility increase may help to explain previously reported effects of D-glucose on 45Ca2+ fluxes and membrane electric potential.", "PMID": 373751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2149", "title": "Glucose transport of Escherichia coli growing in glucose-limited continuous culture.", "content": "Dilute cultures of wild-type Escherichia coli K12 and of derivatives impaired in one or other Enzyme-II component of the glucose phosphotransferase system were grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation. Cells harvested from the chemostat took up [U-14C]glucose from 0.1 mM solutions at rates directly related to the rates at which those cells had grown; the activity of the phosphotransferase system in those cells, rendered permeable with optimal accounts of toluene, parallels the ability of the cells to take up glucose. The capacity of these systems was rate-limiting for growth under the negligibly low glucose concentration in the chemostat, but was adequate to account for the stimulation of respiration observed when the cells were presented suddenly with excess glucose.", "contents": "Glucose transport of Escherichia coli growing in glucose-limited continuous culture. Dilute cultures of wild-type Escherichia coli K12 and of derivatives impaired in one or other Enzyme-II component of the glucose phosphotransferase system were grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation. Cells harvested from the chemostat took up [U-14C]glucose from 0.1 mM solutions at rates directly related to the rates at which those cells had grown; the activity of the phosphotransferase system in those cells, rendered permeable with optimal accounts of toluene, parallels the ability of the cells to take up glucose. The capacity of these systems was rate-limiting for growth under the negligibly low glucose concentration in the chemostat, but was adequate to account for the stimulation of respiration observed when the cells were presented suddenly with excess glucose.", "PMID": 373752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2150", "title": "The redox state and regulation of amino acid metabolism in man.", "content": "Traditionally, regulation of amino acid metabolism in both postabsorptive and prolonged-fasted man has been generally regarded as being hormonal in nature. In particular, insulin, and to a lesser extent glucagon, have been nominated for key roles in this process. More recently, however, reconsideration of previous studies involving insulin, glucagon, and protein meals as well as previously unreported studies (cortisol and tri-iodothyronine) from this laboratory, have suggested another means of regulating amino acid metabolism in fasting man. This new hypothesis is centered on the redox state of muscle of fasting man, which is remarkably reduced in both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. It was found that insulin, and to a lesser extent glucagon, when infused into fasting subjects (1) rendered muscle significantly more reduced, and (2) resulted in a diminution in urinary nitrogen excretion. In contrast, when either tri-iodothyronine or cortisol were administered to fasting individuals (1) muscle was found to become more oxidized when compared with the control period, and (2) increased urinary nitrogen excretion was observed in both cases. It was noteworthy that the ingestion of a protein meal by a nitrogen-depleted individual was followed by a dramatic change in muscle redox state (the muscle became more reduced), together with marked uptakes of a variety of amino acids. It is therefore proposed that the protein conservation evidenced by fasting man may be dependent on the reduced state of muslce tissue.", "contents": "The redox state and regulation of amino acid metabolism in man. Traditionally, regulation of amino acid metabolism in both postabsorptive and prolonged-fasted man has been generally regarded as being hormonal in nature. In particular, insulin, and to a lesser extent glucagon, have been nominated for key roles in this process. More recently, however, reconsideration of previous studies involving insulin, glucagon, and protein meals as well as previously unreported studies (cortisol and tri-iodothyronine) from this laboratory, have suggested another means of regulating amino acid metabolism in fasting man. This new hypothesis is centered on the redox state of muscle of fasting man, which is remarkably reduced in both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. It was found that insulin, and to a lesser extent glucagon, when infused into fasting subjects (1) rendered muscle significantly more reduced, and (2) resulted in a diminution in urinary nitrogen excretion. In contrast, when either tri-iodothyronine or cortisol were administered to fasting individuals (1) muscle was found to become more oxidized when compared with the control period, and (2) increased urinary nitrogen excretion was observed in both cases. It was noteworthy that the ingestion of a protein meal by a nitrogen-depleted individual was followed by a dramatic change in muscle redox state (the muscle became more reduced), together with marked uptakes of a variety of amino acids. It is therefore proposed that the protein conservation evidenced by fasting man may be dependent on the reduced state of muslce tissue.", "PMID": 373767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2151", "title": "Control of hepatic glucose output by glucagon and insulin in the intact dog.", "content": "The regulation of hepatic glucose production by glucagon and insulin has been studied in the intact dog. An attempt has been made to evaluate the role of basal physiological concentrations of the hormones in the regulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin was infused continuously into postabsorptive dogs to inhibit the secretion of both glucagon and insulin. Either or both hormones were then replaced intraportally by continuous infusion as desired. The main observations were as follows. (1) When both hormones were simultaneously replaced for periods up to 4.5h, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations, total glucose output (glycogenolysis plus gluconeogenesis), glucose utilization and the plasma glucose concentration closely matched the same parameters in 0.9% NaCl-infused controls. (2) When glucagon alone was infused, thereby creating a selective insulin deficiency, glucose output (primarily glycogenolysis) rapidly increased by as much as threefold. Glycogenolytic glucose production then fell off progressively and returned to the control value within 4h. The gluconeogenic conversion of [14C]alanine and [14C]lactate into [14C]glucose was stimulated markedly and increased progressively throughout the test period. Glucagon therefore converted the liver from an organ largely dependent on glycogenolysis for glucose production to one heavily dependent on gluconeogenesis. The potent inhibitory effect of basal insulin on postabsorptive glucose output was also clearly apparent. (3) When insulin alone was infused, thereby creating a selective glucagon deficiency, glucose output (glycogenolysis) fell abruptly by about 30% and remained decreased. Gluconeogenesis also decreased (20%) after the selective removal of both insulin and glucagon, but it only remained suppressed for 1h. The low glucose output led to a modest fall in the blood glucose concentration. Thus glucagon plays an important role in maintaining basal glucose production. (4) When insulin was infused and the plasma glucose was kept at its control concentration by infusion of glucose in similar experiments to the above, the hepatic output of glucose fell by as much as 75%. This demonstrates the presence of a glucagon-independent metabolic reflex triggered by a low plasma glucose concentration, the purpose of which is to maintain glucose output at a rate capable of preventing castastrophic hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Control of hepatic glucose output by glucagon and insulin in the intact dog. The regulation of hepatic glucose production by glucagon and insulin has been studied in the intact dog. An attempt has been made to evaluate the role of basal physiological concentrations of the hormones in the regulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin was infused continuously into postabsorptive dogs to inhibit the secretion of both glucagon and insulin. Either or both hormones were then replaced intraportally by continuous infusion as desired. The main observations were as follows. (1) When both hormones were simultaneously replaced for periods up to 4.5h, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations, total glucose output (glycogenolysis plus gluconeogenesis), glucose utilization and the plasma glucose concentration closely matched the same parameters in 0.9% NaCl-infused controls. (2) When glucagon alone was infused, thereby creating a selective insulin deficiency, glucose output (primarily glycogenolysis) rapidly increased by as much as threefold. Glycogenolytic glucose production then fell off progressively and returned to the control value within 4h. The gluconeogenic conversion of [14C]alanine and [14C]lactate into [14C]glucose was stimulated markedly and increased progressively throughout the test period. Glucagon therefore converted the liver from an organ largely dependent on glycogenolysis for glucose production to one heavily dependent on gluconeogenesis. The potent inhibitory effect of basal insulin on postabsorptive glucose output was also clearly apparent. (3) When insulin alone was infused, thereby creating a selective glucagon deficiency, glucose output (glycogenolysis) fell abruptly by about 30% and remained decreased. Gluconeogenesis also decreased (20%) after the selective removal of both insulin and glucagon, but it only remained suppressed for 1h. The low glucose output led to a modest fall in the blood glucose concentration. Thus glucagon plays an important role in maintaining basal glucose production. (4) When insulin was infused and the plasma glucose was kept at its control concentration by infusion of glucose in similar experiments to the above, the hepatic output of glucose fell by as much as 75%. This demonstrates the presence of a glucagon-independent metabolic reflex triggered by a low plasma glucose concentration, the purpose of which is to maintain glucose output at a rate capable of preventing castastrophic hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 373768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2152", "title": "Regulation of pyruvate oxidation and the conservation of glucose.", "content": "In animals the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is mainly responsible for the irreversible loss of glucose carbon by oxidation. Regulation of this reaction is shown to be a major determinant of glucose conservation in starvation and diabetes. Estimates of conservation in man in starvation and diabetes are reviewed. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by products of its reactions; it is also regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle catalysed by a kinase intrinsic to the complex and by a more loosely associated phosphatase. Inactivation is largely accomplished by phosphorylation of the tetrameric decarboxylase component (alpha2beta2) to alpha2Pbeta2. Complete phosphorylation produces the (alpha2P3)beta2 form. Both forms are completely reactivated by phosphatase action but the initial rate of reactivation of a complex containing alpha2Pbeta2 is approximately three times that of (alpha2P3)beta2. The proportion of active (dephosphorylated) complex is decreased in rat tissues by starvation and diabetes and in perfused rat heart by oxidation of fatty acids and ketone bodies. In adipose tissue in vitro, insulin increases the proportion of active complex and lipolytic hormones may decrease this proportion. It is suggested that rates of oxidation of lipid fuels may be a major determinant of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in tissues in relation to the actions of insulin and lipolytic hormones and the effects of diabetes and starvation. Phosphorylation and inactivation of the complex are enhanced by high mitochondrial ratios of [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA], [ATP]/[ADP], [NADH]/[NAD+] and low concentrations of pyruvate, Mg2+ and Ca2+, and vice versa.", "contents": "Regulation of pyruvate oxidation and the conservation of glucose. In animals the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is mainly responsible for the irreversible loss of glucose carbon by oxidation. Regulation of this reaction is shown to be a major determinant of glucose conservation in starvation and diabetes. Estimates of conservation in man in starvation and diabetes are reviewed. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by products of its reactions; it is also regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle catalysed by a kinase intrinsic to the complex and by a more loosely associated phosphatase. Inactivation is largely accomplished by phosphorylation of the tetrameric decarboxylase component (alpha2beta2) to alpha2Pbeta2. Complete phosphorylation produces the (alpha2P3)beta2 form. Both forms are completely reactivated by phosphatase action but the initial rate of reactivation of a complex containing alpha2Pbeta2 is approximately three times that of (alpha2P3)beta2. The proportion of active (dephosphorylated) complex is decreased in rat tissues by starvation and diabetes and in perfused rat heart by oxidation of fatty acids and ketone bodies. In adipose tissue in vitro, insulin increases the proportion of active complex and lipolytic hormones may decrease this proportion. It is suggested that rates of oxidation of lipid fuels may be a major determinant of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in tissues in relation to the actions of insulin and lipolytic hormones and the effects of diabetes and starvation. Phosphorylation and inactivation of the complex are enhanced by high mitochondrial ratios of [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA], [ATP]/[ADP], [NADH]/[NAD+] and low concentrations of pyruvate, Mg2+ and Ca2+, and vice versa.", "PMID": 373769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2153", "title": "[Comparative study on the efficacy of diflucortolone valerate in the psoriasis plaque test (author's transl)].", "content": "Diflucortolone valerate was administered to 35 psoriatic patients of both sexes in 0.3% concentration as a W/O emulsion in comparison with various commercially available preparations to study its action in the psoriasis plaque test according to Scholtz and Dumas. The study showed the test substance to be equipotent with the halcinonide, clobetasol-17-propionate and desoximetasone preparations and significantly superior to those containing betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate, betamethasone-17-valerate and fluocinonide.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the efficacy of diflucortolone valerate in the psoriasis plaque test (author's transl)]. Diflucortolone valerate was administered to 35 psoriatic patients of both sexes in 0.3% concentration as a W/O emulsion in comparison with various commercially available preparations to study its action in the psoriasis plaque test according to Scholtz and Dumas. The study showed the test substance to be equipotent with the halcinonide, clobetasol-17-propionate and desoximetasone preparations and significantly superior to those containing betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate, betamethasone-17-valerate and fluocinonide.", "PMID": 373772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2154", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in dog and mouse.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of sodium di-n-propyl-acetate (sodium valproate, Ergenyl) after i.v. and oral administration in dogs and mice were studied. After i.v. administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg sodium valproate in dogs a biphasic exponential decay of valproate serum concentrations was found, so that a two-compartment open model could be assumed. With mice a monophasic exponential decay of valproate serum concentrations was found after i.v. administration of 200 and 420 mg/kg sodium valproate corresponding to a one-compartment open model. Valproate was rapidly eliminated in both species, the half-life being 90--120 min in dogs (T0.5 beta) and 50 min in mice. After oral administration, valproate was readily absorbed in both species. The transfer of valproate from blood to brains of mice was likewise rapid, and the observed concentrations in brain were 1/4 to 1/5 of that in serum. The binding of valproate to serum proteins determined in dog serum was calculated to 88%. The pKa of valproate was determined to 4.56 and valproate is, therefore, nearly lipid-insoluble at pH 7.4.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in dog and mouse. The pharmacokinetics of sodium di-n-propyl-acetate (sodium valproate, Ergenyl) after i.v. and oral administration in dogs and mice were studied. After i.v. administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg sodium valproate in dogs a biphasic exponential decay of valproate serum concentrations was found, so that a two-compartment open model could be assumed. With mice a monophasic exponential decay of valproate serum concentrations was found after i.v. administration of 200 and 420 mg/kg sodium valproate corresponding to a one-compartment open model. Valproate was rapidly eliminated in both species, the half-life being 90--120 min in dogs (T0.5 beta) and 50 min in mice. After oral administration, valproate was readily absorbed in both species. The transfer of valproate from blood to brains of mice was likewise rapid, and the observed concentrations in brain were 1/4 to 1/5 of that in serum. The binding of valproate to serum proteins determined in dog serum was calculated to 88%. The pKa of valproate was determined to 4.56 and valproate is, therefore, nearly lipid-insoluble at pH 7.4.", "PMID": 373773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2155", "title": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. II. Effects of agents stimulating noradrenergic receptors.", "content": "The effects of three \"noradrenergic stimulants\", norepinephrine and alpha-methylnorepinephrine administered into the cerebral ventricles and of parenterally injected clonidine, have been observed on 18 separate items of dexamphetamine-induced behaviour in the mouse. Stereotyped behaviour was depressed by the \"noradreneric stimulants\" except for compulsive gnawing, which was markedly enhanced. Aspects of locomotor activity were enhanced except when compulsive gnawing was strong, at which time they were suppressed. Elements of heightened arousal were enhanced. It is suggested that these may be a positive noradrenergic component in the genesis of compulsive gnawing, locomotor activity and heightened arousal. The dominance of compulsive gnawing over certain other dexamphetamine-induced behaviours may lead indirectly to the suppressor effects of the noradrenergic stimulants on these behaviours.", "contents": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. II. Effects of agents stimulating noradrenergic receptors. The effects of three \"noradrenergic stimulants\", norepinephrine and alpha-methylnorepinephrine administered into the cerebral ventricles and of parenterally injected clonidine, have been observed on 18 separate items of dexamphetamine-induced behaviour in the mouse. Stereotyped behaviour was depressed by the \"noradreneric stimulants\" except for compulsive gnawing, which was markedly enhanced. Aspects of locomotor activity were enhanced except when compulsive gnawing was strong, at which time they were suppressed. Elements of heightened arousal were enhanced. It is suggested that these may be a positive noradrenergic component in the genesis of compulsive gnawing, locomotor activity and heightened arousal. The dominance of compulsive gnawing over certain other dexamphetamine-induced behaviours may lead indirectly to the suppressor effects of the noradrenergic stimulants on these behaviours.", "PMID": 373774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2156", "title": "[Isosorbide dinitrate and bupranolol in the therapy of coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and three healthy volunteers were treated with a combination of a long-acting nitrite and a beta-receptor blocking agent. The drug proved effective in diminishing haemodynamic changes after physical and mental stress, respectively. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of recent knowledge on CHD pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Isosorbide dinitrate and bupranolol in the therapy of coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Sixteen patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and three healthy volunteers were treated with a combination of a long-acting nitrite and a beta-receptor blocking agent. The drug proved effective in diminishing haemodynamic changes after physical and mental stress, respectively. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of recent knowledge on CHD pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 373775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2157", "title": "[The effect of an oral aminophylline compound with protracted activity on respiratory resistance and blood gases in obstructive respiratory diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of theophylline ethylenediamine oblong tablets (Euphyllin retard) was tested in 40 patients by means of a double-blind trial, applying a dose of 2 X 350 mg/d and 2 X 700 mg/d. At the dose of 2 X 700 mg/d Euphyllin retard showed a good bronchodilatory effect. A reduction of the obstruction in the airways and an improvement of the arterial blood gases was statistically secured. At the dose of 2 X 350 mg/d a sufficient bronchodilation could not be recorded.", "contents": "[The effect of an oral aminophylline compound with protracted activity on respiratory resistance and blood gases in obstructive respiratory diseases (author's transl)]. The effect of theophylline ethylenediamine oblong tablets (Euphyllin retard) was tested in 40 patients by means of a double-blind trial, applying a dose of 2 X 350 mg/d and 2 X 700 mg/d. At the dose of 2 X 700 mg/d Euphyllin retard showed a good bronchodilatory effect. A reduction of the obstruction in the airways and an improvement of the arterial blood gases was statistically secured. At the dose of 2 X 350 mg/d a sufficient bronchodilation could not be recorded.", "PMID": 373776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2158", "title": "[Clinical results in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis with ambroxol in comparison with bromhexine (author's transl)].", "content": "Preclinical studies of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872), the metabolite VIII of bromhexine, show that it is superior to the basic substance with respect to its bronchosecretolytic properties. In a double blind study 30 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis received in randomized order 36 mg bromhexine/d or 45 mg ambroxol/d, each over a period of 4 weeks. The following parameters were studied: mean bronchial flow resistance, forced expiratory volume, static lung volumes, arterial blood gases as well as clinical and laboratory results. Bromhexine was not associated with a change in lung function parameters. Ambroxol was associated with a 25% reduction of the average bronchial flow resistance. The forced expiratory volume improved over the period on the average by 14%. Patients with slight arterial hypoxemia had an increase in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen. The patients found both substances facilitated expectoration. Further studies appear necessary to confirm the improved respiratory performance under the influence of ambroxol.", "contents": "[Clinical results in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis with ambroxol in comparison with bromhexine (author's transl)]. Preclinical studies of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872), the metabolite VIII of bromhexine, show that it is superior to the basic substance with respect to its bronchosecretolytic properties. In a double blind study 30 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis received in randomized order 36 mg bromhexine/d or 45 mg ambroxol/d, each over a period of 4 weeks. The following parameters were studied: mean bronchial flow resistance, forced expiratory volume, static lung volumes, arterial blood gases as well as clinical and laboratory results. Bromhexine was not associated with a change in lung function parameters. Ambroxol was associated with a 25% reduction of the average bronchial flow resistance. The forced expiratory volume improved over the period on the average by 14%. Patients with slight arterial hypoxemia had an increase in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen. The patients found both substances facilitated expectoration. Further studies appear necessary to confirm the improved respiratory performance under the influence of ambroxol.", "PMID": 373777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2159", "title": "[The respirophonogram as a means of drug screening (author's transl)].", "content": "Respirophonography is an objective method of measuring respiratory and adventicious sounds. Current techniques make a perfect, albeit somewhat tedious registering of these respiratory murmurs possible, which can then be analysed for frequency. In this paper the method is investigated for its applicability to drug screening and proved satisfactory in a double blind trial and a pilot study. During treatment with secretolytic drugs the pathological respiratory sounds change or cease. In the respirophonogram this is recognisable by the fact that the volume peaks are either displaced to another frequency area or that they disappear altogether. The frequency range 100--500 Hz is the most significant as far as the respiratory murmurs are concerned. The concepts familiar to the clinician experienced in auscultation are set out in an unaccustomed way in the frequency-volume diagram. The respirophonogram offers the advantage that it can be documented and that findings can therefore be compared objectively. From the point of view of the clinician respirophonography is despite its far reaching perfection already attained, still technically in a preliminary stage.", "contents": "[The respirophonogram as a means of drug screening (author's transl)]. Respirophonography is an objective method of measuring respiratory and adventicious sounds. Current techniques make a perfect, albeit somewhat tedious registering of these respiratory murmurs possible, which can then be analysed for frequency. In this paper the method is investigated for its applicability to drug screening and proved satisfactory in a double blind trial and a pilot study. During treatment with secretolytic drugs the pathological respiratory sounds change or cease. In the respirophonogram this is recognisable by the fact that the volume peaks are either displaced to another frequency area or that they disappear altogether. The frequency range 100--500 Hz is the most significant as far as the respiratory murmurs are concerned. The concepts familiar to the clinician experienced in auscultation are set out in an unaccustomed way in the frequency-volume diagram. The respirophonogram offers the advantage that it can be documented and that findings can therefore be compared objectively. From the point of view of the clinician respirophonography is despite its far reaching perfection already attained, still technically in a preliminary stage.", "PMID": 373778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2160", "title": "Serological aspects of rat tumour xenograft growth in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The serum of athymic nude mice bearing rat tumour xenografts has been examined for tumour-specific antigen. With a sarcoma and a hepatoma, tumour-specific antigen expression continued in xenograft growths, and sera of tumour-bearing mice contained free antigen, assayed by its ability to neutralise reactivity of tumour-immune rat sera against tumour target cells in an indirect membrane-immunofluorescence test. In contrast, no anti-rat antibody was detectable in sera of mice bearing the xenografts, or rejecting cells injected in admixture with BCG.", "contents": "Serological aspects of rat tumour xenograft growth in athymic nude mice. The serum of athymic nude mice bearing rat tumour xenografts has been examined for tumour-specific antigen. With a sarcoma and a hepatoma, tumour-specific antigen expression continued in xenograft growths, and sera of tumour-bearing mice contained free antigen, assayed by its ability to neutralise reactivity of tumour-immune rat sera against tumour target cells in an indirect membrane-immunofluorescence test. In contrast, no anti-rat antibody was detectable in sera of mice bearing the xenografts, or rejecting cells injected in admixture with BCG.", "PMID": 373782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2161", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: a clinical description of thirteen cases.", "content": "We describe 13 patients with legionnaires' disease in Nottingham, all presenting with lobar pneumonia. Six patients required artificial ventilation and 2 died. No common source of infection has yet been identified, but the disease appears to be prevalent and possibly endemic in this city.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: a clinical description of thirteen cases. We describe 13 patients with legionnaires' disease in Nottingham, all presenting with lobar pneumonia. Six patients required artificial ventilation and 2 died. No common source of infection has yet been identified, but the disease appears to be prevalent and possibly endemic in this city.", "PMID": 373783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2162", "title": "Fenoterol in asthma.", "content": "Fenoterol is a beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator. In a double-blind cross-over trial in 17 asthmatic patients with reversible airway obstruction inhalation of both fenoterol (0.4 mg) and terbutaline (0.5 mg) produced a statistically significant greater increase in peak expiratory flow rate than did placebo. The magnitude and duration of response to fenoterol exceeded that to terbutaline in the doses used. The patients' subjective assessment also suggested the relief of their symptoms with the active drugs. Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Fenoterol in asthma. Fenoterol is a beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator. In a double-blind cross-over trial in 17 asthmatic patients with reversible airway obstruction inhalation of both fenoterol (0.4 mg) and terbutaline (0.5 mg) produced a statistically significant greater increase in peak expiratory flow rate than did placebo. The magnitude and duration of response to fenoterol exceeded that to terbutaline in the doses used. The patients' subjective assessment also suggested the relief of their symptoms with the active drugs. Side effects were minimal.", "PMID": 373786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2163", "title": "Localization of specific carbohydrate configurations in human skin using fluorescein-labelled lectins.", "content": "The binding of three fluorescein-labelled lectins by normal human skin has been studied. The patterns of bound fluorescence seen were characteristic for each lectin, indicating that saccharide residues were available for lectin localization in the skin. Concanavalin A (glucose and mannose specific) and ricin 120 (galactose specific) presented similar patterns of localization of fluorescence in the epidermis and dermis. Both lectins presented a continuous band at the dermo--epidermal junction, but with concanavalin A the band was broader, while with ricin 120 the junctional band was thinner and more closely associated with the epidermal interface. With the peanut lectin (galactose specific) fluorescence outlined the periphery of the keratinocytes in the upper Malpighian and granular cell layers only; no junctional band was seen and the dermal appendages and collagen did not fluoresce. The stratum corneum did not fluoresce with any of the lectins studied.", "contents": "Localization of specific carbohydrate configurations in human skin using fluorescein-labelled lectins. The binding of three fluorescein-labelled lectins by normal human skin has been studied. The patterns of bound fluorescence seen were characteristic for each lectin, indicating that saccharide residues were available for lectin localization in the skin. Concanavalin A (glucose and mannose specific) and ricin 120 (galactose specific) presented similar patterns of localization of fluorescence in the epidermis and dermis. Both lectins presented a continuous band at the dermo--epidermal junction, but with concanavalin A the band was broader, while with ricin 120 the junctional band was thinner and more closely associated with the epidermal interface. With the peanut lectin (galactose specific) fluorescence outlined the periphery of the keratinocytes in the upper Malpighian and granular cell layers only; no junctional band was seen and the dermal appendages and collagen did not fluoresce. The stratum corneum did not fluoresce with any of the lectins studied.", "PMID": 373787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2164", "title": "Formation of transcobalamin II--vitamin B12 complex by guinea-pig ileal mucosa in organ culture after in vivo incubation with intrinsic factor--vitamin B12.", "content": "The in vivo incubation of intrinsic factor--[57Co]vitamin B12 in an ileal loop of a guinea-pig followed by in vitro culturing of segments of the ileum for 180 min has been used to study the transepithelial transport of vitamin B12. Analysis of the solubilized supernate of mucosa following the in vivo phase demonstrated that 44% of the [57Co]vitamin B12 was bound to intrinsic factor (IF), 26% was free, and 16% was bound to transcobalamin II (TCII). Following culture, similar analysis demonstrated that 18% of the vitamin was now bound to IF, 49% was free, and 35% ws bound to TCII. In the culture medium, 54% of the [57Co]vitamin B12 was free and 37% was bound to TCII. The formation of TCII-[57Co]vitamin B12 did not occur if homogenized mucosa was incubated with free[57Co]vitamin B12, but it did form in cultures of ileal segments from animals given an excess of unlabelled vitamin to saturate all circulating TCH, and in the medium containing puromycin. Indirect immunofluorescence using chicken anti-TCII demonstrated that TCII was associated with the mucosal cells of both the ileum and jejunum.  These studies demonstrate that following transepithelial flux of vitamin B12 through the ileal mucosa, the vitamin becomes coupled to TCII. This coupling requires a structurally intact mucosa and the source of the TCII appears to be the ileal mucosal cell rather than unsaturated TCII circulating in the blood.", "contents": "Formation of transcobalamin II--vitamin B12 complex by guinea-pig ileal mucosa in organ culture after in vivo incubation with intrinsic factor--vitamin B12. The in vivo incubation of intrinsic factor--[57Co]vitamin B12 in an ileal loop of a guinea-pig followed by in vitro culturing of segments of the ileum for 180 min has been used to study the transepithelial transport of vitamin B12. Analysis of the solubilized supernate of mucosa following the in vivo phase demonstrated that 44% of the [57Co]vitamin B12 was bound to intrinsic factor (IF), 26% was free, and 16% was bound to transcobalamin II (TCII). Following culture, similar analysis demonstrated that 18% of the vitamin was now bound to IF, 49% was free, and 35% ws bound to TCII. In the culture medium, 54% of the [57Co]vitamin B12 was free and 37% was bound to TCII. The formation of TCII-[57Co]vitamin B12 did not occur if homogenized mucosa was incubated with free[57Co]vitamin B12, but it did form in cultures of ileal segments from animals given an excess of unlabelled vitamin to saturate all circulating TCH, and in the medium containing puromycin. Indirect immunofluorescence using chicken anti-TCII demonstrated that TCII was associated with the mucosal cells of both the ileum and jejunum.  These studies demonstrate that following transepithelial flux of vitamin B12 through the ileal mucosa, the vitamin becomes coupled to TCII. This coupling requires a structurally intact mucosa and the source of the TCII appears to be the ileal mucosal cell rather than unsaturated TCII circulating in the blood.", "PMID": 373791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2165", "title": "A randomized double-blind trial of two low dose combined oral contraceptives.", "content": "Fifty-five women using Loestrin-20 (20 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate) as an oral contraceptive have been compared with a like number using Microgynon-30 (30 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 150 microgram levonorgestrel) in a randomized, double-blind trial. Despite the small sample size, the main finding in the trial is clear-cut; Loestrin-20 provides poor cycle control and is thus less acceptable as an oral contraceptive than Microgynon-30. Although there is also a suggestion that Loestrin-20 may be less effective than Microgynon-30, the difference in the accidental pregnancy rates is not statistically significant.", "contents": "A randomized double-blind trial of two low dose combined oral contraceptives. Fifty-five women using Loestrin-20 (20 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate) as an oral contraceptive have been compared with a like number using Microgynon-30 (30 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 150 microgram levonorgestrel) in a randomized, double-blind trial. Despite the small sample size, the main finding in the trial is clear-cut; Loestrin-20 provides poor cycle control and is thus less acceptable as an oral contraceptive than Microgynon-30. Although there is also a suggestion that Loestrin-20 may be less effective than Microgynon-30, the difference in the accidental pregnancy rates is not statistically significant.", "PMID": 373792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2166", "title": "Normocapnic anaesthesia for intraocular surgery.", "content": "Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry in 23 patients undergoing lens extraction showed that a normocapnic general anaesthetic technique with controlled ventilation of the lungs (IPPV) reliably reduced the IOP by 50% for the duration of the operative period. This was not associated with large falls in systemic arterial pressure which are often a feature of spontaneously breathing halothane anaesthesia for eye surgery. Normocapnia and IPPV were easy to achieve by use of the single-limb coaxial Bain anaesthetic breathing circuit in conjunction with an electrically driven, small, and inexpensive ventilator while the anesthetic mixture of 33% oxygen and 0.5% halothane in nitrous oxide was delivered at a rate of 70 ml/kg body weight per minute.", "contents": "Normocapnic anaesthesia for intraocular surgery. Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry in 23 patients undergoing lens extraction showed that a normocapnic general anaesthetic technique with controlled ventilation of the lungs (IPPV) reliably reduced the IOP by 50% for the duration of the operative period. This was not associated with large falls in systemic arterial pressure which are often a feature of spontaneously breathing halothane anaesthesia for eye surgery. Normocapnia and IPPV were easy to achieve by use of the single-limb coaxial Bain anaesthetic breathing circuit in conjunction with an electrically driven, small, and inexpensive ventilator while the anesthetic mixture of 33% oxygen and 0.5% halothane in nitrous oxide was delivered at a rate of 70 ml/kg body weight per minute.", "PMID": 373793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2167", "title": "Keratoplasty sensitivity.", "content": "Analysis of graft sensitivity showed a return to normal after 3 years in only one-third of the eyes. It is not known whether this is due to regeneration of abnormal or superficial nerve fibres. Contact lens wearers showed less sensitivity than spectacle wearers.", "contents": "Keratoplasty sensitivity. Analysis of graft sensitivity showed a return to normal after 3 years in only one-third of the eyes. It is not known whether this is due to regeneration of abnormal or superficial nerve fibres. Contact lens wearers showed less sensitivity than spectacle wearers.", "PMID": 373794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2168", "title": "Keratoconus keratoplasty curvatures and contact lens wear.", "content": "Fifty-three grafted keratoconus corneas chosen at random from several hundred operated upon over a 10-year period showed an increase in myopia after removal of sutures but a decrease in astigmatism. With the photoelectrokeratograph machine the spherical zone was shown to be limited to 3 mm with gross eccentricities. Half the patients chose to wear contact lenses after surgery and 10% had no correction. Contact lens wearers showed a much greater decrease in astigmatism than spectacle wearers.", "contents": "Keratoconus keratoplasty curvatures and contact lens wear. Fifty-three grafted keratoconus corneas chosen at random from several hundred operated upon over a 10-year period showed an increase in myopia after removal of sutures but a decrease in astigmatism. With the photoelectrokeratograph machine the spherical zone was shown to be limited to 3 mm with gross eccentricities. Half the patients chose to wear contact lenses after surgery and 10% had no correction. Contact lens wearers showed a much greater decrease in astigmatism than spectacle wearers.", "PMID": 373795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2169", "title": "Subunit interaction in tryptophan synthase of Escherichia coli: calorimetric studies on association of alpha and beta 2 subunits.", "content": "Association of the apo-beta 2 and the holo-(beta-PLP)2 subunits of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli (L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole) (EC 4.2.1.20)) with alpha subunits of the same enzyme has been studied by microcalorimetry. The results obtained from thermometric titrations clearly demonstrate that only the native complex alpha2beta 2 is formed, independent of an excess of alpha protein. The reaction of the holo-(beta-PLP)2 with alpha subunits at 25 degrees C is accompanied by a negative enthalpy change, which is almost twice as large as that for complex formation with the apo-beta 2 protein, thus indicating that the interaction enthalpy becomes more favorable in the presence of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Both reaction enthalpies show very large negative temperature coefficients, -3600 +/- 100 cal K-1 (Mol of beta 2)-1 being the value for the formation of the apoenzyme and -2300 +/- 100 cal K-1 (mol of beta 2)-1 pertaining to formation of the holoenzyme. The studies on the association of alpha and beta2 subunits in the two buffers revealed that at 25 degrees C approximately 0.75 proton are absorbed in the presence and absence of the coenzyme, whereas at 35 degrees C one proton is taken up from the solution when PLP is present, but two if the apo-beta 2 complex reacts. These results are a clear indication of energetic linkage between intersubunit interaction, hydrogen ion equilibria, and the binding of the coenzyme.", "contents": "Subunit interaction in tryptophan synthase of Escherichia coli: calorimetric studies on association of alpha and beta 2 subunits. Association of the apo-beta 2 and the holo-(beta-PLP)2 subunits of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli (L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole) (EC 4.2.1.20)) with alpha subunits of the same enzyme has been studied by microcalorimetry. The results obtained from thermometric titrations clearly demonstrate that only the native complex alpha2beta 2 is formed, independent of an excess of alpha protein. The reaction of the holo-(beta-PLP)2 with alpha subunits at 25 degrees C is accompanied by a negative enthalpy change, which is almost twice as large as that for complex formation with the apo-beta 2 protein, thus indicating that the interaction enthalpy becomes more favorable in the presence of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Both reaction enthalpies show very large negative temperature coefficients, -3600 +/- 100 cal K-1 (Mol of beta 2)-1 being the value for the formation of the apoenzyme and -2300 +/- 100 cal K-1 (mol of beta 2)-1 pertaining to formation of the holoenzyme. The studies on the association of alpha and beta2 subunits in the two buffers revealed that at 25 degrees C approximately 0.75 proton are absorbed in the presence and absence of the coenzyme, whereas at 35 degrees C one proton is taken up from the solution when PLP is present, but two if the apo-beta 2 complex reacts. These results are a clear indication of energetic linkage between intersubunit interaction, hydrogen ion equilibria, and the binding of the coenzyme.", "PMID": 373796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2170", "title": "Conformation of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 in solution: hydrodynamic, spectroscopic, and conformation prediction studies.", "content": "The conformation of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 in solution has been studied using spectroscopic and hydrodynamic methods. Circular dichroism studies in the near-ultraviolet region reveal two bands at 262 and 268 nm originating from the tertiary conformational environment of the phenylalanyl residues. Additional characterization of the phenylalanine environment includes an intrinsic fluorescence emission spectrum arising from the phenylalanine fluorophores. Computer analysis of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum suggests that L7/L12 contains as much as approximately 76% alpha helix. Hydrodynamic properties of L7/L12, measured with the purpose of providing relevant shape information, include the frictional coefficient ratio (1.84 +/- 0.03) and intrinsic viscosity (28 +/- 0.4 mL/g). The experimentally determined frictional coefficient (6.15 +/- 0.15 X 10(-8) has been compared with theoretical calculations of the same value employing two independent methods and assuming various dimensions for the L7/L12 dimer. Combining the experimental results from this work with those available from the literature, and using conformation predictive methods of Chou & Fasman [P. Y. Chou & G. D. Fasman (1974) Biochemistry 13, 211-222, 222-245] and of Maxfield & Scheraga (F. R. Maxfield & H. A. Scheraga (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5138-5153), several possible molecular models of the L7/L12 dimer have been constructed and critically examined. A model which is consistent with all of the available data is proposed.", "contents": "Conformation of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 in solution: hydrodynamic, spectroscopic, and conformation prediction studies. The conformation of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 in solution has been studied using spectroscopic and hydrodynamic methods. Circular dichroism studies in the near-ultraviolet region reveal two bands at 262 and 268 nm originating from the tertiary conformational environment of the phenylalanyl residues. Additional characterization of the phenylalanine environment includes an intrinsic fluorescence emission spectrum arising from the phenylalanine fluorophores. Computer analysis of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum suggests that L7/L12 contains as much as approximately 76% alpha helix. Hydrodynamic properties of L7/L12, measured with the purpose of providing relevant shape information, include the frictional coefficient ratio (1.84 +/- 0.03) and intrinsic viscosity (28 +/- 0.4 mL/g). The experimentally determined frictional coefficient (6.15 +/- 0.15 X 10(-8) has been compared with theoretical calculations of the same value employing two independent methods and assuming various dimensions for the L7/L12 dimer. Combining the experimental results from this work with those available from the literature, and using conformation predictive methods of Chou & Fasman [P. Y. Chou & G. D. Fasman (1974) Biochemistry 13, 211-222, 222-245] and of Maxfield & Scheraga (F. R. Maxfield & H. A. Scheraga (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5138-5153), several possible molecular models of the L7/L12 dimer have been constructed and critically examined. A model which is consistent with all of the available data is proposed.", "PMID": 373797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2171", "title": "Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli K 10. Multiple enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complexes as a consequence of substrate specificity.", "content": "The interaction between Phe-tRNA(Phe) or other acyl-tRNA derivatives thereof and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli K 10 has been investigated by nonequilibrium dialysis, by fluorescence titration in the presence of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate, by the kinetics of the aminoacylation of tRNA(Phe), and by the kinetics of the catalytic hydrolysis of Phe-tRNA(Phe). Phe-tRNA(Phe), or derivatives thereof, forms two types of complexes with the synthetase. One type involves the attachment of the phenylalanyl moiety to the phenylalanine-specific site of the enzyme, and the other type, to the tRNA(Phe)-specific binding site. They resemble alternative modes of a destabilized enzyme-product complex and are predicted on the basis of thermodynamic considerations. The two modes of binding of acyl-tRNA compete with each other. The attachment of Phe-tRNA(Phe) to the phenylalanine-specific site dominates. At equilibrium, this complex is present at a fourfold higher concentration than the other type of complex. The HNO2 deaminated Phe-tRNA(Phe) binds exclusively to the site specific for L-phenylalanine. On the contrary, Ile-tRNA(Phe) adds at 94.1% to the tRNA(Phe)-specific site. The association of Phe-tRNA(Phe) with this site leads to enzymatic hydrolysis into L-phenylalanine and tRNA(Phe). The complex involving the phenylalanine-specific site is hydrolytically unproductive. L-Phenylalanine acts as an activator of the hydrolysis by occupying the amino acid specific site and by shifting the equilibrium between the complexes toward the binding ot Phe-tRNA(Phe) at the tRNA(Phe)-specific site. The association of Phe-tRNA(Phe) at the phenylalanine-specific site does not interfere sterically with the binding of free tRNA(Phe). The sequential addition of free and aminoacylated tRNA(Phe) exhibits negative cooperativity. Such a mechanism could help to expel the product from the enzyme.", "contents": "Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli K 10. Multiple enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complexes as a consequence of substrate specificity. The interaction between Phe-tRNA(Phe) or other acyl-tRNA derivatives thereof and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli K 10 has been investigated by nonequilibrium dialysis, by fluorescence titration in the presence of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate, by the kinetics of the aminoacylation of tRNA(Phe), and by the kinetics of the catalytic hydrolysis of Phe-tRNA(Phe). Phe-tRNA(Phe), or derivatives thereof, forms two types of complexes with the synthetase. One type involves the attachment of the phenylalanyl moiety to the phenylalanine-specific site of the enzyme, and the other type, to the tRNA(Phe)-specific binding site. They resemble alternative modes of a destabilized enzyme-product complex and are predicted on the basis of thermodynamic considerations. The two modes of binding of acyl-tRNA compete with each other. The attachment of Phe-tRNA(Phe) to the phenylalanine-specific site dominates. At equilibrium, this complex is present at a fourfold higher concentration than the other type of complex. The HNO2 deaminated Phe-tRNA(Phe) binds exclusively to the site specific for L-phenylalanine. On the contrary, Ile-tRNA(Phe) adds at 94.1% to the tRNA(Phe)-specific site. The association of Phe-tRNA(Phe) with this site leads to enzymatic hydrolysis into L-phenylalanine and tRNA(Phe). The complex involving the phenylalanine-specific site is hydrolytically unproductive. L-Phenylalanine acts as an activator of the hydrolysis by occupying the amino acid specific site and by shifting the equilibrium between the complexes toward the binding ot Phe-tRNA(Phe) at the tRNA(Phe)-specific site. The association of Phe-tRNA(Phe) at the phenylalanine-specific site does not interfere sterically with the binding of free tRNA(Phe). The sequential addition of free and aminoacylated tRNA(Phe) exhibits negative cooperativity. Such a mechanism could help to expel the product from the enzyme.", "PMID": 373798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2172", "title": "Study of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli by deuterium magnetic resonance.", "content": "The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli were studied between 0 and 40 degrees C by deuterium magnetic resonance quadrupolar echo spectroscopy. The L51 strain of E. coli was used to incorporate perdeuterated palmitic acid into the membrane phospholipids. The cytoplasmic and outer membranes were separated using standard techniques. The spectrum of each membrane preparation was dominated at high temperatures (greater than or equal to 37 degrees C) by the characteristic liquid-crystalline plateau previously observed for perdeuterated palmitate chains in model phospholipid membranes. At low temperatures, the shape and width of the spectrum were characteristic of the gel phase. The relative intensities of the liquid-crystalline and gel features varied systematically with temperature. A quantitative analysis of the acyl chain orientational order was carried out by using the method of moments. The orientational order at each temperature was greater in the outer membrane sample than in that of the cytoplasmic membrane, indicating that the liquid-crystalline-gel transition region in the outer membrane is shifted to higher temperatures than that of the cytoplasmic membrane by about 7 degrees C. It is clear from the results that most of the phospholipid molecules participate in the phase transition.", "contents": "Study of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli by deuterium magnetic resonance. The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli were studied between 0 and 40 degrees C by deuterium magnetic resonance quadrupolar echo spectroscopy. The L51 strain of E. coli was used to incorporate perdeuterated palmitic acid into the membrane phospholipids. The cytoplasmic and outer membranes were separated using standard techniques. The spectrum of each membrane preparation was dominated at high temperatures (greater than or equal to 37 degrees C) by the characteristic liquid-crystalline plateau previously observed for perdeuterated palmitate chains in model phospholipid membranes. At low temperatures, the shape and width of the spectrum were characteristic of the gel phase. The relative intensities of the liquid-crystalline and gel features varied systematically with temperature. A quantitative analysis of the acyl chain orientational order was carried out by using the method of moments. The orientational order at each temperature was greater in the outer membrane sample than in that of the cytoplasmic membrane, indicating that the liquid-crystalline-gel transition region in the outer membrane is shifted to higher temperatures than that of the cytoplasmic membrane by about 7 degrees C. It is clear from the results that most of the phospholipid molecules participate in the phase transition.", "PMID": 373801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2173", "title": "Mechanistic studies with vinylglycine and beta-haloaminobutyrates as substrates for cystathionine gamma-synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Cystathionine gamma-synthetase (EC 4.2.99.9), a key enzyme in bacterial methionoine biosynthesis, has been found to use L-vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) and L-beta-haloaminobutyrates (X = F, Cl) as substrates in addition to the physiological gamma-substituted substrate O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSHS). Vinylglycine is a substrate both for alpha-ketobutyrate formation (the normal product from gamma elimination with OSHS) and for cystathionine formation (the normal gamma-replacement product with OSHS) in the presence of cysteine. This behavior substantiates that the stabilized vinylglycine--pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) alpha carbanion is the key partitioning species in this enzyme's catalysis. The Vmax values for ketobutyrate production and cystathonine formation from vinylglycine are equivalent at approximately 45 U/mg, whereas the corresponding Vmax values from OSHS are 20 and 200 U/mg, respectively, suggesting different rate-determining steps with these two substrates. The beta-haloaminobutyrates undergo catalyzed HX elimination to yield bound aminocrotonate--PLP directly as a an initial intermediate and as a precursor of ketobutyrate. Little or no cystathionine formation is detectable when these substrates are incubated with enzyme and the normal cosubstrate cysteine, strongly indicating that the aminocrotonate--PLP intermediate is not in rapid, reversible equilibrium with the stabilized vinylglycine--PLP carbanion; in normal catalysis, the prototropic shift from alpha carbanion to aminocrotonate appears functionally unidirectional. The HX-elimination step from beta-chloroaminobutyrate is nonconcerted as demonstrated by a 3H2O in equilibrium chloroaminobutyrate exchange reaction. Further suggestion for discrete beta-halo-alpha-carbanionic intermediates derives from the observation that the haloaminobutyrates appear to a partition between ketobutyrate formation and enzyme inactivation. Since neither vinylglycine nor OSHS causes any detectable inactivation during turnover, it is likely that the inactivation species is not a common intermediate, i.e., the electrophilic aminocrotonate--PLP species (a potential Michael acceptor), but rather a species peculiar to the beta-haloaminobutyrate pathway. The beta-halo-alpha-carbanion--PLP intermediate has beta-halo-alpha-iminodihydropyridine character in the p-quinoid resonance contributor and is a good candidate for an alkylating agent by an SN2--displacement mechanism. Spectroscopic analyses of incubations with the various amino acid substrates show a number of long-wavelength absorbing species forming during turnover, tentative assignments are suggested.", "contents": "Mechanistic studies with vinylglycine and beta-haloaminobutyrates as substrates for cystathionine gamma-synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium. Cystathionine gamma-synthetase (EC 4.2.99.9), a key enzyme in bacterial methionoine biosynthesis, has been found to use L-vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) and L-beta-haloaminobutyrates (X = F, Cl) as substrates in addition to the physiological gamma-substituted substrate O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSHS). Vinylglycine is a substrate both for alpha-ketobutyrate formation (the normal product from gamma elimination with OSHS) and for cystathionine formation (the normal gamma-replacement product with OSHS) in the presence of cysteine. This behavior substantiates that the stabilized vinylglycine--pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) alpha carbanion is the key partitioning species in this enzyme's catalysis. The Vmax values for ketobutyrate production and cystathonine formation from vinylglycine are equivalent at approximately 45 U/mg, whereas the corresponding Vmax values from OSHS are 20 and 200 U/mg, respectively, suggesting different rate-determining steps with these two substrates. The beta-haloaminobutyrates undergo catalyzed HX elimination to yield bound aminocrotonate--PLP directly as a an initial intermediate and as a precursor of ketobutyrate. Little or no cystathionine formation is detectable when these substrates are incubated with enzyme and the normal cosubstrate cysteine, strongly indicating that the aminocrotonate--PLP intermediate is not in rapid, reversible equilibrium with the stabilized vinylglycine--PLP carbanion; in normal catalysis, the prototropic shift from alpha carbanion to aminocrotonate appears functionally unidirectional. The HX-elimination step from beta-chloroaminobutyrate is nonconcerted as demonstrated by a 3H2O in equilibrium chloroaminobutyrate exchange reaction. Further suggestion for discrete beta-halo-alpha-carbanionic intermediates derives from the observation that the haloaminobutyrates appear to a partition between ketobutyrate formation and enzyme inactivation. Since neither vinylglycine nor OSHS causes any detectable inactivation during turnover, it is likely that the inactivation species is not a common intermediate, i.e., the electrophilic aminocrotonate--PLP species (a potential Michael acceptor), but rather a species peculiar to the beta-haloaminobutyrate pathway. The beta-halo-alpha-carbanion--PLP intermediate has beta-halo-alpha-iminodihydropyridine character in the p-quinoid resonance contributor and is a good candidate for an alkylating agent by an SN2--displacement mechanism. Spectroscopic analyses of incubations with the various amino acid substrates show a number of long-wavelength absorbing species forming during turnover, tentative assignments are suggested.", "PMID": 373802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2174", "title": "Small angle x-ray scattering from the inner and outer membranes from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Small angle X-ray data from purified forms of inner or cytoplasmic and outer membranes from Escherichia coli have been obtained and appear to be qualitatively similar. Transitory changes are apparent in the circularly averaged X-ray profiles from inner membranes. Such results could be due to the loss or denaturation of peripheral membrane proteins. Some partially dried forms of outer membrane are partly ordered and produce diffraction patterns which support an underlying bilayer structure. An extra light membrane fraction which results from membrane preparations utilizing a French pressure cell for spheroplast disruption has been characterized and shown to be similar to inner membrane. The purified membranes produce small angle X-ray diffraction patterns which are much different from those of lipid dispersions and the differences are attributable to the high protein content of the intact membranes. While the small angle X-ray region may be useful for characterizing the membrane preparations, the paucity of detail in the diffraction pattern suggest that it will be of little value in describing the complex underlying membrane structure.", "contents": "Small angle x-ray scattering from the inner and outer membranes from Escherichia coli. Small angle X-ray data from purified forms of inner or cytoplasmic and outer membranes from Escherichia coli have been obtained and appear to be qualitatively similar. Transitory changes are apparent in the circularly averaged X-ray profiles from inner membranes. Such results could be due to the loss or denaturation of peripheral membrane proteins. Some partially dried forms of outer membrane are partly ordered and produce diffraction patterns which support an underlying bilayer structure. An extra light membrane fraction which results from membrane preparations utilizing a French pressure cell for spheroplast disruption has been characterized and shown to be similar to inner membrane. The purified membranes produce small angle X-ray diffraction patterns which are much different from those of lipid dispersions and the differences are attributable to the high protein content of the intact membranes. While the small angle X-ray region may be useful for characterizing the membrane preparations, the paucity of detail in the diffraction pattern suggest that it will be of little value in describing the complex underlying membrane structure.", "PMID": 373803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2175", "title": "Specificity of chromatin transcription in vitro. Anomalies due to RNA-dependent RNA synthesis.", "content": "In the presence of Mn2+, globin mRNA can be transcribed into a partial RNA copy by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. This process also occurs when the mRNA is transcribed together with chromatin. A fraction, at least, of the newly synthesized RNA copy (anti-globin RNA) can serve as a template for the synthesis of globin sequences of the same polarity as the original mRNA. This process is sufficient to explain the specific synthesis of a subset of the globin RNA on mouse foetal liver chromatin. It also accounts for the synthesis of double-stranded RNA sequence by E. coli RNA polymerase, on chromatin as well as on pure mRNA. Results are presented suggesting that the poly(A) tract of the mRNA could be preferentially transcribed. In the presence of Mg2+, the RNA-dependent transcription is strongly inhibited, as well as the synthesis of double-stranded RNA. Under these conditions, the transcription on chromatin appears to be largely DNA dependent, and the synthesis of globin sequences is completely asymmetric. Spermine (0.3 mM) seems to improve the specificity of transcription. The transcription of chromatin in vitro is thus largely dependent on the nature of the divalent cation present in the in the incubation mixture.", "contents": "Specificity of chromatin transcription in vitro. Anomalies due to RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. In the presence of Mn2+, globin mRNA can be transcribed into a partial RNA copy by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. This process also occurs when the mRNA is transcribed together with chromatin. A fraction, at least, of the newly synthesized RNA copy (anti-globin RNA) can serve as a template for the synthesis of globin sequences of the same polarity as the original mRNA. This process is sufficient to explain the specific synthesis of a subset of the globin RNA on mouse foetal liver chromatin. It also accounts for the synthesis of double-stranded RNA sequence by E. coli RNA polymerase, on chromatin as well as on pure mRNA. Results are presented suggesting that the poly(A) tract of the mRNA could be preferentially transcribed. In the presence of Mg2+, the RNA-dependent transcription is strongly inhibited, as well as the synthesis of double-stranded RNA. Under these conditions, the transcription on chromatin appears to be largely DNA dependent, and the synthesis of globin sequences is completely asymmetric. Spermine (0.3 mM) seems to improve the specificity of transcription. The transcription of chromatin in vitro is thus largely dependent on the nature of the divalent cation present in the in the incubation mixture.", "PMID": 373804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2176", "title": "DNA synthesis with methylated poly(dC-dG) templates. Evidence for a competitive nature to miscoding by O(6)-methylguanine.", "content": "The alternating copolymer poly(dC-dG) has been methylated with either dimethyl sulphate or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the levels of the various methylation products determined. In addition to the 3-methylcytosine, 3-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine (produced by both agents) reaction with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea also yielded easily detectable amounts of O(6)-methylguanine and phosphotriesters. These methylated polymers were then used as templates in an in vitro assay with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I measuring the incorporation of complementary (dCMP and dGMP) and noncomplementary (dAMP and dTMP) nucleotides. When the dimethyl sulphate-methylated polymer was used as template there was virtually no detectable incorporation of non-complementary nucleotides indicating that no miscoding could be attributed to the presence of 3-methylcytosine, 3-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine. However, when the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-methylated polymer was used as template there was a specific incorporation of dTMP but not of dAMP. The amount of dTMP incorporated was always less than the level of O(6)-methylguanine in the template and was found to vary with the relative concentrations of the deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates in the assay. As the amount of dCTP present in the assay was decreased the wrong incorporation of dTMP increased and approached the level that would have been expected for a one-to-one miscoding by O(6)-methylguanine as the concentration of dCTP approached zero. The results indicate that O(6)-methylguanine is capable of miscoding with a DNA polymerase but the miscoding is competitive with the normal incorporation of dCMP: when the 5'-triphosphate precursors are present in equal amounts approximately one O(6)-methylguanine in three miscodes leading to the incorporation of dTMP.", "contents": "DNA synthesis with methylated poly(dC-dG) templates. Evidence for a competitive nature to miscoding by O(6)-methylguanine. The alternating copolymer poly(dC-dG) has been methylated with either dimethyl sulphate or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the levels of the various methylation products determined. In addition to the 3-methylcytosine, 3-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine (produced by both agents) reaction with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea also yielded easily detectable amounts of O(6)-methylguanine and phosphotriesters. These methylated polymers were then used as templates in an in vitro assay with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I measuring the incorporation of complementary (dCMP and dGMP) and noncomplementary (dAMP and dTMP) nucleotides. When the dimethyl sulphate-methylated polymer was used as template there was virtually no detectable incorporation of non-complementary nucleotides indicating that no miscoding could be attributed to the presence of 3-methylcytosine, 3-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine. However, when the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-methylated polymer was used as template there was a specific incorporation of dTMP but not of dAMP. The amount of dTMP incorporated was always less than the level of O(6)-methylguanine in the template and was found to vary with the relative concentrations of the deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates in the assay. As the amount of dCTP present in the assay was decreased the wrong incorporation of dTMP increased and approached the level that would have been expected for a one-to-one miscoding by O(6)-methylguanine as the concentration of dCTP approached zero. The results indicate that O(6)-methylguanine is capable of miscoding with a DNA polymerase but the miscoding is competitive with the normal incorporation of dCMP: when the 5'-triphosphate precursors are present in equal amounts approximately one O(6)-methylguanine in three miscodes leading to the incorporation of dTMP.", "PMID": 373805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2177", "title": "Glycerol 3-phosphate analogues as metabolic inhibitors in Escherichia coli, 3-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl-1-phosphonate, a drug that interferes with normal phosphoglyceride metabolism.", "content": "3-Hydroxy-4-oxobutyl-1-phosphonate, the phoshonic acid analogue of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, enters Escherichia coli via the glycerol 3-phosphate transport system. There is no differential effect upon the accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or phosphoglycerides, although the accumulation of proteins was less effected. Examination of the phospholipids revealed that phosphatidylglycerol accumulation was most severely inhibited and cardiolipin accumulation was least affected. Concentrations of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and its phosphonic acid analogue that markedly inhibit macromolecular and phosphoglyceride biosynthesis have no effect upon the intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pool size. The phosphonate is a competitive inhibitor of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in reactions catalyzed by acyl coenzyme A:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and CDP-diacylglycerol:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase. A Km mutant for the former enzyme was susceptible to the phosphansferase activity. Studies with mutant strains ruled out the aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate synthase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase as the primary sites of action.", "contents": "Glycerol 3-phosphate analogues as metabolic inhibitors in Escherichia coli, 3-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl-1-phosphonate, a drug that interferes with normal phosphoglyceride metabolism. 3-Hydroxy-4-oxobutyl-1-phosphonate, the phoshonic acid analogue of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, enters Escherichia coli via the glycerol 3-phosphate transport system. There is no differential effect upon the accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or phosphoglycerides, although the accumulation of proteins was less effected. Examination of the phospholipids revealed that phosphatidylglycerol accumulation was most severely inhibited and cardiolipin accumulation was least affected. Concentrations of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and its phosphonic acid analogue that markedly inhibit macromolecular and phosphoglyceride biosynthesis have no effect upon the intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pool size. The phosphonate is a competitive inhibitor of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in reactions catalyzed by acyl coenzyme A:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and CDP-diacylglycerol:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase. A Km mutant for the former enzyme was susceptible to the phosphansferase activity. Studies with mutant strains ruled out the aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate synthase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase as the primary sites of action.", "PMID": 373806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2178", "title": "Characterization of peptic inhibitory activity associated with sulfated glycoprotein isolated from gastric mucosa.", "content": "Sulfated glycoproteins were extracted and purified from porcine stomach mucous scraping. Four sulfated glycoprotein fractions were separated and subsequently purified. These compounds always accompanied the apparent peptic inhibitory activity and consisted of 15-18% (w/w) protein. The carbohydrate portions contained an equimolar ratio of galactose and hexosamine (mainly glucosamine), together with lesser amounts of fucose and sialic acid. The sulfate content of the above fractions was 2-9% (w/w) of the total sulfated glycoprotein. The mode of inhibition of the sulfated glycoproteins to peptic activity was investigated and suggested that there was binding of the sulfated glycoproteins to the substrate of pepsin, making the substrate resistant to peptic activity. The sulfated glycoproteins neither bound pepsin at pH 1.8 nor inhibited the hydrolysis of a synthetic dipeptide substrate of pepsin. Desulfation of the sulfated glycoproteins resulted in the loss of both the inhibitory activity and the precipitate formation. The precipitation curve for sulfated glycoprotein and porcine serum albumin showed that both bound in varying proportions and suggests that both components are multivalent in this precipitate formation.", "contents": "Characterization of peptic inhibitory activity associated with sulfated glycoprotein isolated from gastric mucosa. Sulfated glycoproteins were extracted and purified from porcine stomach mucous scraping. Four sulfated glycoprotein fractions were separated and subsequently purified. These compounds always accompanied the apparent peptic inhibitory activity and consisted of 15-18% (w/w) protein. The carbohydrate portions contained an equimolar ratio of galactose and hexosamine (mainly glucosamine), together with lesser amounts of fucose and sialic acid. The sulfate content of the above fractions was 2-9% (w/w) of the total sulfated glycoprotein. The mode of inhibition of the sulfated glycoproteins to peptic activity was investigated and suggested that there was binding of the sulfated glycoproteins to the substrate of pepsin, making the substrate resistant to peptic activity. The sulfated glycoproteins neither bound pepsin at pH 1.8 nor inhibited the hydrolysis of a synthetic dipeptide substrate of pepsin. Desulfation of the sulfated glycoproteins resulted in the loss of both the inhibitory activity and the precipitate formation. The precipitation curve for sulfated glycoprotein and porcine serum albumin showed that both bound in varying proportions and suggests that both components are multivalent in this precipitate formation.", "PMID": 373807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2179", "title": "[Dependence of the rate of aspartate ammonia-lyase reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized cells of E. coli on temperature and preliminary thermal treatment].", "content": "The effects of temperature (45--55 degrees) and duration of thermal treatment on the L-aspartase activity of free and immobilized on polyacrylamide gel cells of E. coli, strain 85 were studied. It was found that preliminary thermal treatment of the cells at 50 degrees for 40--60 min is optimal for a high aspartase activity. Within the temperature interval of 20--55 degrees the temperature dependence of effective rate constants of L-aspartate synthesis obeys the Arrhenius equation, whereas the effective energy of activation is decreased from 12,6 to 3,6 kcal/mole, when the \"activation\" of the cells shows an increase.", "contents": "[Dependence of the rate of aspartate ammonia-lyase reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized cells of E. coli on temperature and preliminary thermal treatment]. The effects of temperature (45--55 degrees) and duration of thermal treatment on the L-aspartase activity of free and immobilized on polyacrylamide gel cells of E. coli, strain 85 were studied. It was found that preliminary thermal treatment of the cells at 50 degrees for 40--60 min is optimal for a high aspartase activity. Within the temperature interval of 20--55 degrees the temperature dependence of effective rate constants of L-aspartate synthesis obeys the Arrhenius equation, whereas the effective energy of activation is decreased from 12,6 to 3,6 kcal/mole, when the \"activation\" of the cells shows an increase.", "PMID": 373809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2180", "title": "The behavioural significance of heart rate: the Laceys' hypothesis.", "content": "The Laceys' account of the significance of heart rate changes for behaviour is critically evaluated. Two interwoven propositions are discerned in their account: first, the cardiac variations regulate central attentional activities via an afferent feedback mechanism; second, that environmental intake-rejection comprises a basic dimension underlying directional cardiac changes. Examination of pertinent psychophysiological research reveals that the first of these propositions lacks substantive support. The intra-cardiac cycle method has yielded highly equivocal results. Inter-cardiac cycle studies offer only modest correlational support and the two studies which have directly manipulated heart rate found that sensori-motor performance was largely unaffected. Difficulties also surround the other proposition. Consideration of the verbalization, pleasantness-unpleasantness and time estimation studies indicates that the relationship between heart rate and attention is variable and that heart rate is associated with factors other than attentional requirements. While the Laceys have attempted to reconcile such unfavourable evidence, conceptual clarity is frequently sacrificed in the process. It is concluded that the interpretation of cardiac responses must be sought in superordinate variables that account for both heart rate changes that can be related to attention and those that cannot, and that any afferent feedback mechanism, based on heart rate, most likely fulfills functions other than that proposed by the Laceys.", "contents": "The behavioural significance of heart rate: the Laceys' hypothesis. The Laceys' account of the significance of heart rate changes for behaviour is critically evaluated. Two interwoven propositions are discerned in their account: first, the cardiac variations regulate central attentional activities via an afferent feedback mechanism; second, that environmental intake-rejection comprises a basic dimension underlying directional cardiac changes. Examination of pertinent psychophysiological research reveals that the first of these propositions lacks substantive support. The intra-cardiac cycle method has yielded highly equivocal results. Inter-cardiac cycle studies offer only modest correlational support and the two studies which have directly manipulated heart rate found that sensori-motor performance was largely unaffected. Difficulties also surround the other proposition. Consideration of the verbalization, pleasantness-unpleasantness and time estimation studies indicates that the relationship between heart rate and attention is variable and that heart rate is associated with factors other than attentional requirements. While the Laceys have attempted to reconcile such unfavourable evidence, conceptual clarity is frequently sacrificed in the process. It is concluded that the interpretation of cardiac responses must be sought in superordinate variables that account for both heart rate changes that can be related to attention and those that cannot, and that any afferent feedback mechanism, based on heart rate, most likely fulfills functions other than that proposed by the Laceys.", "PMID": 373810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2181", "title": "The analysis of failure times in the presence of competing risks.", "content": "Distinct problems in the analysis of failure times with competing causes of failure include the estimation of treatment or exposure effects on specific failure types, the study of interrelations among failure types, and the estimation of failure rates for some causes given the removal of certain other failure types. The usual formation of these problems is in terms of conceptual or latent failure times for each failure type. This approach is criticized on the basis of unwarranted assumptions, lack of physical interpretation and identifiability problems. An alternative approach utilizing cause-specific hazard functions for observable quantities, including time-dependent covariates, is proposed. Cause-specific hazard functions are shown to be the basic estimable quantities in the competing risks framework. A method, involving the estimation of parameters that relate time-dependent risk indicators for some causes to cause-specific hazard functions for other causes, is proposed for the study of interrelations among failure types. Further, it is argued that the problem of estimation of failure rates under the removal of certain causes is not well posed until a mechanism for cause removal is specified. Following such a specification, one will sometimes be in a position to make sensible extrapolations from available data to situations involving cause removal. A clinical program in bone marrow transplantation for leukemia provides a setting for discussion and illustration of each of these ideas. Failure due to censoring in a survivorship study leads to further discussion.", "contents": "The analysis of failure times in the presence of competing risks. Distinct problems in the analysis of failure times with competing causes of failure include the estimation of treatment or exposure effects on specific failure types, the study of interrelations among failure types, and the estimation of failure rates for some causes given the removal of certain other failure types. The usual formation of these problems is in terms of conceptual or latent failure times for each failure type. This approach is criticized on the basis of unwarranted assumptions, lack of physical interpretation and identifiability problems. An alternative approach utilizing cause-specific hazard functions for observable quantities, including time-dependent covariates, is proposed. Cause-specific hazard functions are shown to be the basic estimable quantities in the competing risks framework. A method, involving the estimation of parameters that relate time-dependent risk indicators for some causes to cause-specific hazard functions for other causes, is proposed for the study of interrelations among failure types. Further, it is argued that the problem of estimation of failure rates under the removal of certain causes is not well posed until a mechanism for cause removal is specified. Following such a specification, one will sometimes be in a position to make sensible extrapolations from available data to situations involving cause removal. A clinical program in bone marrow transplantation for leukemia provides a setting for discussion and illustration of each of these ideas. Failure due to censoring in a survivorship study leads to further discussion.", "PMID": 373811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2182", "title": "Measures of association between disease and genotype.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the statistical aspects of the phenomenon of disease occurring more frequently in individuals with some genotypes than in individuals with others. A correlation coefficient is defined to quantify association between disease and genotype. A distinction is made between the concepts of independence of allele and disease and independence of genotype and disease. This distinction is used to define two components of association which describe separate aspects of association of disease with genotype. One component is a measure of the association of disease with allele; the other a measure of the effect of allele interaction on association of disease and genotype. One aspect of the usefulness of the partition into components which is discussed is in expressing the recurrence risk of disease for a relative of an affected individual. A chi-squared analysis is provided to test hypotheses about the components of association and other hypotheses of genetic interest. This analysis is illustrated using a study done to determine the effect of the sex-linked dwarfing gene in male chickens on resistance to E. coli infection. This analysis shows a significant allele interaction effect on resistance to disease but no association of disease with alleles. In conclusion, some extensions and limitations of the proposed concepts and procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Measures of association between disease and genotype. This paper is concerned with the statistical aspects of the phenomenon of disease occurring more frequently in individuals with some genotypes than in individuals with others. A correlation coefficient is defined to quantify association between disease and genotype. A distinction is made between the concepts of independence of allele and disease and independence of genotype and disease. This distinction is used to define two components of association which describe separate aspects of association of disease with genotype. One component is a measure of the association of disease with allele; the other a measure of the effect of allele interaction on association of disease and genotype. One aspect of the usefulness of the partition into components which is discussed is in expressing the recurrence risk of disease for a relative of an affected individual. A chi-squared analysis is provided to test hypotheses about the components of association and other hypotheses of genetic interest. This analysis is illustrated using a study done to determine the effect of the sex-linked dwarfing gene in male chickens on resistance to E. coli infection. This analysis shows a significant allele interaction effect on resistance to disease but no association of disease with alleles. In conclusion, some extensions and limitations of the proposed concepts and procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 373812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2183", "title": "[Determination of human leukocyte interferon by a microfluorimetric immunologic method].", "content": "The possibility of quantitative determination of human leucocyte interferon using FITC-labeled antiinterferon antibodies was studied. A highly specific antiinterferon immunoglobulin was obtained as a result of longterm immunization of a donkey with human leucocyte interferon followed by fractionation and immuno-absorbtion of immune plasma. This immunoglobulin was labeled with FITC and used for human leucocyte interferon assay in direct and indirect reactions of fluorescence immunoinhibition. The titres of different human leucocyte interferon preparations in this immunoassay were comparable with the titres of the same preparations detected by interferon inhibition of viral cytopathic effect.", "contents": "[Determination of human leukocyte interferon by a microfluorimetric immunologic method]. The possibility of quantitative determination of human leucocyte interferon using FITC-labeled antiinterferon antibodies was studied. A highly specific antiinterferon immunoglobulin was obtained as a result of longterm immunization of a donkey with human leucocyte interferon followed by fractionation and immuno-absorbtion of immune plasma. This immunoglobulin was labeled with FITC and used for human leucocyte interferon assay in direct and indirect reactions of fluorescence immunoinhibition. The titres of different human leucocyte interferon preparations in this immunoassay were comparable with the titres of the same preparations detected by interferon inhibition of viral cytopathic effect.", "PMID": 373813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2184", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of conjugative plasmids from serologically typed E. coli AP1].", "content": "The plasmid DNAs isolated from E. coli AP1 were studied by electron microscopy. Two plasmid DNA forms (FB1-1 and FB1--2) with the mol wt of 35.9 +/- 0.5 x x 10(6) and 51.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(6) daltons, respectively, were revealed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of conjugative plasmids from serologically typed E. coli AP1]. The plasmid DNAs isolated from E. coli AP1 were studied by electron microscopy. Two plasmid DNA forms (FB1-1 and FB1--2) with the mol wt of 35.9 +/- 0.5 x x 10(6) and 51.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(6) daltons, respectively, were revealed.", "PMID": 373814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2185", "title": "[Role of bone marrow stroma in the phenomenon of hybrid resistance].", "content": "In the site of hemopoiesis produced by implantation of an irradiated bone marrow plug beneath the kidney capsule all dividing hemopoietic cells were of recipient origin, as shown by karyologic analysis. In such implants hybrid resistance was of the donor's type. It is suggested that the migrating cells of hemopoietic origin, including lymphocytes and macrophages, do not participate in producing the hybrid resistance.", "contents": "[Role of bone marrow stroma in the phenomenon of hybrid resistance]. In the site of hemopoiesis produced by implantation of an irradiated bone marrow plug beneath the kidney capsule all dividing hemopoietic cells were of recipient origin, as shown by karyologic analysis. In such implants hybrid resistance was of the donor's type. It is suggested that the migrating cells of hemopoietic origin, including lymphocytes and macrophages, do not participate in producing the hybrid resistance.", "PMID": 373815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2186", "title": "[Tissue-specific antigen of chick adenohypophysis appearing at early stages of histotypic differentiation].", "content": "The tissue-specific water-soluble antigen characterized by alpha1-globulin electrophoretic mobility was revealed in chick adenohypophysis. The antigen was shown to appear in embryogenesis at early stages of histotypical differentiation of the adenohypophysis by indirect immunofluorescence. The first cells with specific fluorescence were found simultaneously in the cephalic and caudal lobes of 6-day embryo adenohypophysis. The bright patterned fluorescence was observed in all cellular cords of the adenohypophysis by the 8--10th day of the development. This antigen may be used as a common marker for pituitary cell differentiation.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific antigen of chick adenohypophysis appearing at early stages of histotypic differentiation]. The tissue-specific water-soluble antigen characterized by alpha1-globulin electrophoretic mobility was revealed in chick adenohypophysis. The antigen was shown to appear in embryogenesis at early stages of histotypical differentiation of the adenohypophysis by indirect immunofluorescence. The first cells with specific fluorescence were found simultaneously in the cephalic and caudal lobes of 6-day embryo adenohypophysis. The bright patterned fluorescence was observed in all cellular cords of the adenohypophysis by the 8--10th day of the development. This antigen may be used as a common marker for pituitary cell differentiation.", "PMID": 373816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2187", "title": "Two populations of granulocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "The granulocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are defective, and the defect is similar to that previously described for the PNH erythrocyte. Using anti-I antibody to activate complement and 51Cr release to detect cell lysis, we found two populations of granulocytes that differed in their susceptibility to lysis by complement in 5 of 6 patients. A proportion of the cells were lysed by one-fifteenth to one-twentieth the amount of complement required to lyse normal cells; the remainder of the granulocytes appeared to be normal in their susceptibility to the lytic action of complement. The binding of the third component of complement (C3) to PNH granulocytes was at least twice that bound to normal cells, even though the binding of antibody was the same for normal and PNH cells. This suggests that the binding of C3 and probably the efficiency of the terminal steps of complement lysis are increased in the abnormal PHN granulocyte. These defects affect only a portion of the granulocytes, thus suggesting that the disorder is a clonal stem cell abnormality.", "contents": "Two populations of granulocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The granulocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are defective, and the defect is similar to that previously described for the PNH erythrocyte. Using anti-I antibody to activate complement and 51Cr release to detect cell lysis, we found two populations of granulocytes that differed in their susceptibility to lysis by complement in 5 of 6 patients. A proportion of the cells were lysed by one-fifteenth to one-twentieth the amount of complement required to lyse normal cells; the remainder of the granulocytes appeared to be normal in their susceptibility to the lytic action of complement. The binding of the third component of complement (C3) to PNH granulocytes was at least twice that bound to normal cells, even though the binding of antibody was the same for normal and PNH cells. This suggests that the binding of C3 and probably the efficiency of the terminal steps of complement lysis are increased in the abnormal PHN granulocyte. These defects affect only a portion of the granulocytes, thus suggesting that the disorder is a clonal stem cell abnormality.", "PMID": 373817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2188", "title": "Genetic control of F cells in human adults.", "content": "Hb F levels were determined on samples from 750 normal blood donors. Six individuals (0.8%) had Hb F levels in excess of 1.1%, the upper end of the continuous distribution. Eight individuals at the upper end and 7 individuals at the lower end of the range were selected for family studies. These studies revealed that the control of Hb F levels in adults, as judged by the more sensitive F-cell technique, has a major genetic component. Structural analysis of the Hb F in several cases demonstrated that both G gamma and A gamma chains were present, but in variable proportions. These results are discussed in light of current concepts of adult F-cell production.", "contents": "Genetic control of F cells in human adults. Hb F levels were determined on samples from 750 normal blood donors. Six individuals (0.8%) had Hb F levels in excess of 1.1%, the upper end of the continuous distribution. Eight individuals at the upper end and 7 individuals at the lower end of the range were selected for family studies. These studies revealed that the control of Hb F levels in adults, as judged by the more sensitive F-cell technique, has a major genetic component. Structural analysis of the Hb F in several cases demonstrated that both G gamma and A gamma chains were present, but in variable proportions. These results are discussed in light of current concepts of adult F-cell production.", "PMID": 373818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2189", "title": "Ioxaglate, a new low osmolar contrast medium used in femoral angiography.", "content": "Ioxaglate, a new monoacid, dimeric contrast medium was compared with diatrizoate (Urografin 60%) in a series of 61 femoral angiographies. In a double blind group of 34 examinations all patients preferred ioxaglate which caused slight pain in only five cases, whereas after diatrizoate 14 patients felt severe pain (six were unable to keep their legs still) and 12 felt slight pain. Increase in heart rate and decrease in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure was seen after both contrast medium injections, but significantly less after ioxaglate than after diatrizoate.", "contents": "Ioxaglate, a new low osmolar contrast medium used in femoral angiography. Ioxaglate, a new monoacid, dimeric contrast medium was compared with diatrizoate (Urografin 60%) in a series of 61 femoral angiographies. In a double blind group of 34 examinations all patients preferred ioxaglate which caused slight pain in only five cases, whereas after diatrizoate 14 patients felt severe pain (six were unable to keep their legs still) and 12 felt slight pain. Increase in heart rate and decrease in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure was seen after both contrast medium injections, but significantly less after ioxaglate than after diatrizoate.", "PMID": 373836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2190", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement.", "content": "A controlled prospective trial to compare the efficacy of the antibiotics cephaloridine and flucloxacillin in preventing infection after total hip replacement was conducted at three hospitals. The antibiotic regimens began before surgery, cephaloridine being continued for 12 hours and flucloxacillin for 14 days afterwards. Over an 18-month period 297 patients undergoing a total of 310 hip replacements were entered into the trial and randomly allocated to one of the regimens. The follow-up period ranged from one to two and a half years. All operations were performed in conventional operating theatres; at two of the hospitals these were also used by various other surgical disciplines. Four patients developed deep infection, two having received the cephaloridine and two the flucloxacillin regimen. The overall rate of deep infection was therefore 1.3%. Thus three doses of cephaloridine proved to be as effective as a two-week regimen of flucloxacillin. Giving a prophylactic systemic antibiotic reduced the incidence of infection to a level comparable with that obtained in ultra-clean-air operating enclosures.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement. A controlled prospective trial to compare the efficacy of the antibiotics cephaloridine and flucloxacillin in preventing infection after total hip replacement was conducted at three hospitals. The antibiotic regimens began before surgery, cephaloridine being continued for 12 hours and flucloxacillin for 14 days afterwards. Over an 18-month period 297 patients undergoing a total of 310 hip replacements were entered into the trial and randomly allocated to one of the regimens. The follow-up period ranged from one to two and a half years. All operations were performed in conventional operating theatres; at two of the hospitals these were also used by various other surgical disciplines. Four patients developed deep infection, two having received the cephaloridine and two the flucloxacillin regimen. The overall rate of deep infection was therefore 1.3%. Thus three doses of cephaloridine proved to be as effective as a two-week regimen of flucloxacillin. Giving a prophylactic systemic antibiotic reduced the incidence of infection to a level comparable with that obtained in ultra-clean-air operating enclosures.", "PMID": 373841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2191", "title": "Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation: do they matter?", "content": "The effect of urinary tract infections on renal function was assessed in 86 patients with renal allografts that had functioned for more than one year. Follow-up periods ranged from one to 10 years. Recurrent or persistent urinary sepsis was quite common in these long-term survivors but had no observable effect on graft function or survival of patients or grafts. Treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infections was largely unsuccessful. Probably such infections may be safely ignored.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation: do they matter? The effect of urinary tract infections on renal function was assessed in 86 patients with renal allografts that had functioned for more than one year. Follow-up periods ranged from one to 10 years. Recurrent or persistent urinary sepsis was quite common in these long-term survivors but had no observable effect on graft function or survival of patients or grafts. Treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infections was largely unsuccessful. Probably such infections may be safely ignored.", "PMID": 373842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2192", "title": "Dissociation of absorptions of calcium and phosphate after successful cadaveric renal transplantation.", "content": "Calcium and phosphate absorptions were studied by radiotracer techniques in 30 patients after successful cadaveric renal transplantation, and results were compared with those in a group of normal subjects and in groups of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Both calcium and phosphate absorptions were impared in patients with CRF, including those receiving haemodialysis. Abnormalities of calcium absorption, however, seemed to occur earlier in the course of advanced renal failure than abnormalities in phosphate absorption. Calcium absorption improved dramatically after successful renal transplantation, while phosphate absorption remained the same. A dissociation between calcium and phosphate absorptions is not often seen clinically, and the mechanisms for it are unknown. Phosphate malabsorption may be a further contributing factor in the development of persistent hypophosphataemia after transplantation.", "contents": "Dissociation of absorptions of calcium and phosphate after successful cadaveric renal transplantation. Calcium and phosphate absorptions were studied by radiotracer techniques in 30 patients after successful cadaveric renal transplantation, and results were compared with those in a group of normal subjects and in groups of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Both calcium and phosphate absorptions were impared in patients with CRF, including those receiving haemodialysis. Abnormalities of calcium absorption, however, seemed to occur earlier in the course of advanced renal failure than abnormalities in phosphate absorption. Calcium absorption improved dramatically after successful renal transplantation, while phosphate absorption remained the same. A dissociation between calcium and phosphate absorptions is not often seen clinically, and the mechanisms for it are unknown. Phosphate malabsorption may be a further contributing factor in the development of persistent hypophosphataemia after transplantation.", "PMID": 373843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2193", "title": "Why blame the obstetrician? A review.", "content": "Because of superficial thinking obstetricians have been blamed unjustifiably for causing brain damage, cerebral palsy, mental subnormality, congenital torticollis, and facial palsy. It is essential to look behind obvious difficulties in labour, such as abnormal presentation or anoxia, to the underlying causes, which are often genetic or social, or concern other prenatal factors.", "contents": "Why blame the obstetrician? A review. Because of superficial thinking obstetricians have been blamed unjustifiably for causing brain damage, cerebral palsy, mental subnormality, congenital torticollis, and facial palsy. It is essential to look behind obvious difficulties in labour, such as abnormal presentation or anoxia, to the underlying causes, which are often genetic or social, or concern other prenatal factors.", "PMID": 373851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2194", "title": "Comparison of salbutamol given intravenously and by intermittent positive-pressure breathing in life-threatening asthma.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial was carried out during 22 episodes of life-threatening asthma in 19 patients to compare salbutamol given as a 500 microgram intravenous injection and as a 0 . 5% solution administered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) for three minutes. Relief of pulsus paradoxus was significantly better after IPPB than the intravenous treatment. Both treatments significantly improved the peak expiratory flow rate. Salbutamol given intravenously produced a mean increase in heart rate of over 20 beats/min five minutes after treatment compared with the relief of tachycardia that occurred after administration by IPPB. Four patients had noticeable cardiovascular side effects after salbutamol given intravenously, but no such effects were noticed after administration by IPPB. Two patients withdrawn shortly after entry into the trial because of a worsening clinical condition had received intravenous salbutamol. It is concluded that salbutamol given by IPPB is better than that given by slow intravenous injection in severe acute asthma.", "contents": "Comparison of salbutamol given intravenously and by intermittent positive-pressure breathing in life-threatening asthma. A double-blind crossover trial was carried out during 22 episodes of life-threatening asthma in 19 patients to compare salbutamol given as a 500 microgram intravenous injection and as a 0 . 5% solution administered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) for three minutes. Relief of pulsus paradoxus was significantly better after IPPB than the intravenous treatment. Both treatments significantly improved the peak expiratory flow rate. Salbutamol given intravenously produced a mean increase in heart rate of over 20 beats/min five minutes after treatment compared with the relief of tachycardia that occurred after administration by IPPB. Four patients had noticeable cardiovascular side effects after salbutamol given intravenously, but no such effects were noticed after administration by IPPB. Two patients withdrawn shortly after entry into the trial because of a worsening clinical condition had received intravenous salbutamol. It is concluded that salbutamol given by IPPB is better than that given by slow intravenous injection in severe acute asthma.", "PMID": 373852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2195", "title": "Neural-tube defects: importance of a history of abortion in aetiology.", "content": "The overall incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) in 69,056 pregnancies was 4.7/1000 births. ASB was more common (8.4/1000 births) among children of mothers who had had two or more abortions, but the increased risk was confined to spina bifida. A history of abortion was more common in older women and women of higher parity, but this was not matched by a similar increase in the incidence of ASB. The incidence of ASB was related to social class, but the prevalence of previous abortions was similar in all classes. The results suggest that expectant mothers with a history of two or more abortions have an increased risk of producing a child with spina bifida. The abortions are considered to be a manifestation of previous abnormal conceptions rather than the primary cause.", "contents": "Neural-tube defects: importance of a history of abortion in aetiology. The overall incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) in 69,056 pregnancies was 4.7/1000 births. ASB was more common (8.4/1000 births) among children of mothers who had had two or more abortions, but the increased risk was confined to spina bifida. A history of abortion was more common in older women and women of higher parity, but this was not matched by a similar increase in the incidence of ASB. The incidence of ASB was related to social class, but the prevalence of previous abortions was similar in all classes. The results suggest that expectant mothers with a history of two or more abortions have an increased risk of producing a child with spina bifida. The abortions are considered to be a manifestation of previous abnormal conceptions rather than the primary cause.", "PMID": 373858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2196", "title": "Organization of vestibular afferents to the vestibular nuclei of the dogfish.", "content": "Electrophysiological and light microscopical studies were made on the vestibular area of the dogfish hindbrain. Three vestibular nuclei were distinguished: the superior nucleus (VES), the magnocellularis nucleus (VEM), and the ventral nucleus (VEV). The distribution of field potentials evoked in the hindbrain by stimulation of nerve VIII confirms the location and extent of the vestibular nuclei. It also raises the possibility of a direct contralateral projection of vestibular nerve fibres. Unit studies confirm the interpretation of the field potentials and provide evidence of mono- and polysynaptic activation of vestibular nuclear neurons by vestibular afferents.", "contents": "Organization of vestibular afferents to the vestibular nuclei of the dogfish. Electrophysiological and light microscopical studies were made on the vestibular area of the dogfish hindbrain. Three vestibular nuclei were distinguished: the superior nucleus (VES), the magnocellularis nucleus (VEM), and the ventral nucleus (VEV). The distribution of field potentials evoked in the hindbrain by stimulation of nerve VIII confirms the location and extent of the vestibular nuclei. It also raises the possibility of a direct contralateral projection of vestibular nerve fibres. Unit studies confirm the interpretation of the field potentials and provide evidence of mono- and polysynaptic activation of vestibular nuclear neurons by vestibular afferents.", "PMID": 373860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2197", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalins in median eminence and adenohypophysis.", "content": "Immunohistochemical staining for methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin were used to reveal an enkephalins-like substance in the median eminence and adenohypophysis of guinea pig and rat. Nerve endings were stained for enkephalins in the external layer of the median eminence. By successive staining of two different antigens, somatostatin fibers in the guinea pig were also shown to be enkephalin-immunoreactive. Staining of the adenohypophysis varied with the species and the antisera used. Intermediate lobe and corticomelanotrophs were stained moderately. In both species, and with all the antisera, thyrotrophs were shown to contain an immunoreactive substance. In the guinea pig, gonadotrophs were stained particularly by the anti-leucine-enkephalin antiserum used. The locus of enkephalin action on pituitary functions can be discussed: enkephalins possibly have an inhibiting action on somatostatin fibers, which agrees with the stimulating action of enkephalins on GH already known. Furthermore, enkephalins could have a direct action on pituitary glycoprotein proceducing cells, which would explain their inhibiting action demonstrated previously on LH, FSH and TSH.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalins in median eminence and adenohypophysis. Immunohistochemical staining for methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin were used to reveal an enkephalins-like substance in the median eminence and adenohypophysis of guinea pig and rat. Nerve endings were stained for enkephalins in the external layer of the median eminence. By successive staining of two different antigens, somatostatin fibers in the guinea pig were also shown to be enkephalin-immunoreactive. Staining of the adenohypophysis varied with the species and the antisera used. Intermediate lobe and corticomelanotrophs were stained moderately. In both species, and with all the antisera, thyrotrophs were shown to contain an immunoreactive substance. In the guinea pig, gonadotrophs were stained particularly by the anti-leucine-enkephalin antiserum used. The locus of enkephalin action on pituitary functions can be discussed: enkephalins possibly have an inhibiting action on somatostatin fibers, which agrees with the stimulating action of enkephalins on GH already known. Furthermore, enkephalins could have a direct action on pituitary glycoprotein proceducing cells, which would explain their inhibiting action demonstrated previously on LH, FSH and TSH.", "PMID": 373861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2198", "title": "Bile acids of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy.", "content": "The bile acids of the gall bladder and hepatic tissue of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy were isolated by thin-layer chromatography and identified by combined gas-liquid chromatrography and mass spectrometry. Except for complete deconjugation and extensive dehydration, the bile acids were found to correspond in their qualitative and quantitative composition to the gall bladder bile acids of modern man. The secondary bile acids constituted about 50% of the total and were identified as the normal bacterial oxidoreduction products of the primary bile acids and their dehydration products. In addition a series of unsaturated bile acids were identified, which corresponded to the dehydration products of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. It is suggested that both bile acid deconjugation and the limited oxidoreduction were probably brought about by the Clostridium organisms identified in the tissue. On the basis of the bile acid composition it is concluded that the ancient man metabolized cholesterol along the same pathways as modern man.", "contents": "Bile acids of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy. The bile acids of the gall bladder and hepatic tissue of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy were isolated by thin-layer chromatography and identified by combined gas-liquid chromatrography and mass spectrometry. Except for complete deconjugation and extensive dehydration, the bile acids were found to correspond in their qualitative and quantitative composition to the gall bladder bile acids of modern man. The secondary bile acids constituted about 50% of the total and were identified as the normal bacterial oxidoreduction products of the primary bile acids and their dehydration products. In addition a series of unsaturated bile acids were identified, which corresponded to the dehydration products of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. It is suggested that both bile acid deconjugation and the limited oxidoreduction were probably brought about by the Clostridium organisms identified in the tissue. On the basis of the bile acid composition it is concluded that the ancient man metabolized cholesterol along the same pathways as modern man.", "PMID": 373867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2199", "title": "Degradation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by the slime mould Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A strain of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum degraded lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from a variety of bacteria. The anticomplementary (AC) activity of LPS was greatly reduced, as was the content of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, and the ability to sensitize erythrocytes to agglutination by antibody. These results indicate that Physarum has enzymes which reduce the lipid A moiety of LPS. In contrast, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-actanoic acid (KDO), immunodominant sugars, and beta-hydroxymyristic acid were scarcely affected. Both supernates and plasmodial extracts of Physarum had LPS-degradative activity and were able to attack both purified LPS and LPS in killed bacteria.", "contents": "Degradation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. A strain of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum degraded lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from a variety of bacteria. The anticomplementary (AC) activity of LPS was greatly reduced, as was the content of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, and the ability to sensitize erythrocytes to agglutination by antibody. These results indicate that Physarum has enzymes which reduce the lipid A moiety of LPS. In contrast, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-actanoic acid (KDO), immunodominant sugars, and beta-hydroxymyristic acid were scarcely affected. Both supernates and plasmodial extracts of Physarum had LPS-degradative activity and were able to attack both purified LPS and LPS in killed bacteria.", "PMID": 373869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2200", "title": "Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia on pancreatic endocrine function and peripheral utilization of glucose.", "content": "Extracorporeal circulation has been reported to produce abnormalities of glucose, metabolism. Pancreatic endocrine function and peripheral glucose utilisation were studied in 11 nondiabetic patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. Nonpulsatile flow with hemodilution and moderate hypothermia to 28 degrees C were used in each case. Following the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass, serum glucose values rose rapidly to a mean of 972 mg/dl (54.0 mmol/l) and were associated with high circulating concentrations of insulin in the range of 216 microU/ml [1549.8 pmol/l]. High circulating concentrations for both insulin and glucose were maintained throughout the bypass period. These returned to normal postoperatively when the patient was in the recovery room. The results of this study indicate that both the pancreatic endocrine response and the peripheral utilization of glucose are impaired during cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution and moderate hypothermia to 28 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia on pancreatic endocrine function and peripheral utilization of glucose. Extracorporeal circulation has been reported to produce abnormalities of glucose, metabolism. Pancreatic endocrine function and peripheral glucose utilisation were studied in 11 nondiabetic patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. Nonpulsatile flow with hemodilution and moderate hypothermia to 28 degrees C were used in each case. Following the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass, serum glucose values rose rapidly to a mean of 972 mg/dl (54.0 mmol/l) and were associated with high circulating concentrations of insulin in the range of 216 microU/ml [1549.8 pmol/l]. High circulating concentrations for both insulin and glucose were maintained throughout the bypass period. These returned to normal postoperatively when the patient was in the recovery room. The results of this study indicate that both the pancreatic endocrine response and the peripheral utilization of glucose are impaired during cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution and moderate hypothermia to 28 degrees C.", "PMID": 373870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2201", "title": "Comparison of ampicillin with clindamycin plus gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum uterine infection.", "content": "A prospective randomized study of the treatment of postpartum endometritis was conducted with 43 patients. The bacterial origin of the infection was determined by uterine aspiration. Treatment was successful in 17 of the 19 patients receiving ampicillin (12 g/d) and in 21 of the 24 patients receiving clindamycin (2.4 g/d) plus gentamicin (5.1 mg/kg daily).", "contents": "Comparison of ampicillin with clindamycin plus gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum uterine infection. A prospective randomized study of the treatment of postpartum endometritis was conducted with 43 patients. The bacterial origin of the infection was determined by uterine aspiration. Treatment was successful in 17 of the 19 patients receiving ampicillin (12 g/d) and in 21 of the 24 patients receiving clindamycin (2.4 g/d) plus gentamicin (5.1 mg/kg daily).", "PMID": 373871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2202", "title": "Clinical involvement of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Aeromonas hydrophila has for some time been regarded as an opportunistic pathogen in hosts with impaired local or general defence mechanisms. Infections in such individuals are generally severe. The organism is also being isolated with increasing frequency throughout the world from a variety of focal and systemic infections of varying severity in persons that are apparently immunologically normal. Most commonly it causes acute diarrheal disease by producing an enterotoxin. Thus the organism appears to have greater clinical significance that was hitherto suspected. The organism has been infrequently reported from humans in Canada, but its correct laboratory identification, together with increased awareness that it can contribute to illness, will undoubtedly lead to more reports of its isolation in Canada.", "contents": "Clinical involvement of Aeromonas hydrophila. Aeromonas hydrophila has for some time been regarded as an opportunistic pathogen in hosts with impaired local or general defence mechanisms. Infections in such individuals are generally severe. The organism is also being isolated with increasing frequency throughout the world from a variety of focal and systemic infections of varying severity in persons that are apparently immunologically normal. Most commonly it causes acute diarrheal disease by producing an enterotoxin. Thus the organism appears to have greater clinical significance that was hitherto suspected. The organism has been infrequently reported from humans in Canada, but its correct laboratory identification, together with increased awareness that it can contribute to illness, will undoubtedly lead to more reports of its isolation in Canada.", "PMID": 373876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2203", "title": "Mutagenicity of some N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene in V79 Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Mutagenicity of 4 N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (acyl: acetyl or myristoyl residue) was examined in V79 Chinese hamster cells in the absence of a metabolic activation system. N-Myristoyloxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-MyO-AAF) was toxic and weakly mutagenic, inducing 8-azaguanine-resistant (AZAr) mutants in V79 Chinese hamster cells in a concentration-dependent fashion; while N-acetoxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene (N-AcO-MyAF) and N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene (N-MyO-MyAF) were neither cytotoxic nor mutagenic. Under the same conditions, N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-AcO-AAF) was highly toxic and mutagenic. Neither of the 2 N-myristoyloxy derivatives was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium. These esters have been reported to produce local tumours at the site of their injection in rats, bo be electrophilic towards methionine, and to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. In view of the fact that some of the esters were mutagenic in neither S. typhimurium nor V79 Chinese hamster cells, our findings emphasize the need for multiple short-term tests in predicting potential carcinogenic activity of chemicals.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of some N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutagenicity of 4 N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (acyl: acetyl or myristoyl residue) was examined in V79 Chinese hamster cells in the absence of a metabolic activation system. N-Myristoyloxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-MyO-AAF) was toxic and weakly mutagenic, inducing 8-azaguanine-resistant (AZAr) mutants in V79 Chinese hamster cells in a concentration-dependent fashion; while N-acetoxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene (N-AcO-MyAF) and N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene (N-MyO-MyAF) were neither cytotoxic nor mutagenic. Under the same conditions, N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-AcO-AAF) was highly toxic and mutagenic. Neither of the 2 N-myristoyloxy derivatives was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium. These esters have been reported to produce local tumours at the site of their injection in rats, bo be electrophilic towards methionine, and to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. In view of the fact that some of the esters were mutagenic in neither S. typhimurium nor V79 Chinese hamster cells, our findings emphasize the need for multiple short-term tests in predicting potential carcinogenic activity of chemicals.", "PMID": 373878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2204", "title": "[Poisoning due to tricyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents].", "content": "During the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the number of poisonings due to tricyclic antidepressants in both children and adults. The main toxic manifestations are of anticholinergic origin, and the most frequent constitute the so-called central anticholinergic syndrome. Most of the deaths result from the cardiac complications. Three cases are presented that illustrate chiefly the toxic manifestations related to the central nervous system. The therapeutic management is reviewed in the light of the metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressants, their pharmacologic action and the mechanism of their toxic effects.", "contents": "[Poisoning due to tricyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents]. During the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the number of poisonings due to tricyclic antidepressants in both children and adults. The main toxic manifestations are of anticholinergic origin, and the most frequent constitute the so-called central anticholinergic syndrome. Most of the deaths result from the cardiac complications. Three cases are presented that illustrate chiefly the toxic manifestations related to the central nervous system. The therapeutic management is reviewed in the light of the metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressants, their pharmacologic action and the mechanism of their toxic effects.", "PMID": 373877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2205", "title": "Maintenance of human skin on nude mice for studies of chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "The feasibility of utilizing neonatal human foreskins grafted to congenitally athymic nude mice for carcinogenesis studies was explored. Human grafts could be maintained morphologically intact for at least as long as 27 weeks. Topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced hyperplasia in human skin. Systemic administration of urethane followed by twice weekly topical TPA applications induced no mouse skin tumors in ungrafted nude mice and a moderate number in grafted nude mice. Two benign squamous papillary lesions developed in the human graft sites receiving TPA. One of these was likely of human origin but definitive origin of the second was uncertain.", "contents": "Maintenance of human skin on nude mice for studies of chemical carcinogenesis. The feasibility of utilizing neonatal human foreskins grafted to congenitally athymic nude mice for carcinogenesis studies was explored. Human grafts could be maintained morphologically intact for at least as long as 27 weeks. Topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced hyperplasia in human skin. Systemic administration of urethane followed by twice weekly topical TPA applications induced no mouse skin tumors in ungrafted nude mice and a moderate number in grafted nude mice. Two benign squamous papillary lesions developed in the human graft sites receiving TPA. One of these was likely of human origin but definitive origin of the second was uncertain.", "PMID": 373879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2206", "title": "Distribution of LHRH in the rat and mouse brain with special reference to the tanycytes.", "content": "The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in the rat and mouse brain by means of light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. An immunoreactive product to LHRH antiserum was found near the blood vessels of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. In the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region, an immunoreactive material occurred bilaterally in the hypothalamic tissue around the tuberoinfundibular sulci. Electron microscopy revealed that immunoreactive fibers observed light microscopically contain numerous granules 100--130 nm in diameter. No immunoreactive product was located in the tanycytes of the median eminence, the perikarya of hypothalamic neurons, and the parenchyma of several circumventricular organs (subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal organ, area postrema).", "contents": "Distribution of LHRH in the rat and mouse brain with special reference to the tanycytes. The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in the rat and mouse brain by means of light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. An immunoreactive product to LHRH antiserum was found near the blood vessels of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. In the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region, an immunoreactive material occurred bilaterally in the hypothalamic tissue around the tuberoinfundibular sulci. Electron microscopy revealed that immunoreactive fibers observed light microscopically contain numerous granules 100--130 nm in diameter. No immunoreactive product was located in the tanycytes of the median eminence, the perikarya of hypothalamic neurons, and the parenchyma of several circumventricular organs (subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal organ, area postrema).", "PMID": 373880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2207", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in neurohaemal tissue of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, induced by the ionophores Br-X-537 A and A-23187.", "content": "The antibiotic ionophores Br-X-537A and A-23187 alter the ultrastructure of neurohaemal tissue on the transverse nerve of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Br-X-537A induces dramatic changes in the ultrastructural appearance of all three types of neurosecretory fibres present in the neurohaemal tissue. The neurosecretory granules become more electron-lucent and the mitochondria become more electron-opaque. The bounding membrane of the granules is frequently ruptured. A-23187, on the other hand, has no effect on two of the three types of fibres, but does produce an increase in the number of exocytotic profiles in the third. The two ionophores therefore have different effects on the same tissue. The results are discussed in the light of previous work with the use of these ionophores.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in neurohaemal tissue of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, induced by the ionophores Br-X-537 A and A-23187. The antibiotic ionophores Br-X-537A and A-23187 alter the ultrastructure of neurohaemal tissue on the transverse nerve of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Br-X-537A induces dramatic changes in the ultrastructural appearance of all three types of neurosecretory fibres present in the neurohaemal tissue. The neurosecretory granules become more electron-lucent and the mitochondria become more electron-opaque. The bounding membrane of the granules is frequently ruptured. A-23187, on the other hand, has no effect on two of the three types of fibres, but does produce an increase in the number of exocytotic profiles in the third. The two ionophores therefore have different effects on the same tissue. The results are discussed in the light of previous work with the use of these ionophores.", "PMID": 373881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2208", "title": "Metabolic-morphologic events in the integument of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii).", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to obtain a coordinated metabolic-morphologic view of some of the events of cellular differentiation that occur across the epidermis of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and which enable this animal to secrete copious amounts of mucus. As judged by epidermal incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in vivo, about 98% of DNA replication is confined to the basal three layers of the total of 6--8 layers of cells. Small mucous cells (SMC), the most numerous of the three major cell types involved in mucigenesis, show in vitro and in vivo radioincorporation profiles of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine which differ markedly from those of [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose. Time-course incorporation profiles (mean silver grains/cell and percentage of cells with at least one cluster of silver grains) of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine not only reflected the metabolic activities of cell renewal and differentiation in basally-located cells but also the high mucigenic activity in cells near the epidermal surface. By contrast, [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose were mainly incorporated by the more mature SMC in juxtanuclear regions near Golgi complexes and newly formed secretory vesicles. The intensity of [3H]-fucose labeling appeared proportional to the intensity of histochemical staining of the apical cytoplasm. The prominent capsule, within SMC in basal and lateral regions, which arises from a tight intermingling of tonofilaments, appears to restrict secretory vesicles to apical regions while the cell progressively differentiates and migrates to the epidermal surface. The other mucigenic cell types, large mucous cells and thread cells, each show distinctive differentiation and radioincorporation patterns.", "contents": "Metabolic-morphologic events in the integument of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii). Light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to obtain a coordinated metabolic-morphologic view of some of the events of cellular differentiation that occur across the epidermis of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and which enable this animal to secrete copious amounts of mucus. As judged by epidermal incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in vivo, about 98% of DNA replication is confined to the basal three layers of the total of 6--8 layers of cells. Small mucous cells (SMC), the most numerous of the three major cell types involved in mucigenesis, show in vitro and in vivo radioincorporation profiles of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine which differ markedly from those of [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose. Time-course incorporation profiles (mean silver grains/cell and percentage of cells with at least one cluster of silver grains) of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine not only reflected the metabolic activities of cell renewal and differentiation in basally-located cells but also the high mucigenic activity in cells near the epidermal surface. By contrast, [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose were mainly incorporated by the more mature SMC in juxtanuclear regions near Golgi complexes and newly formed secretory vesicles. The intensity of [3H]-fucose labeling appeared proportional to the intensity of histochemical staining of the apical cytoplasm. The prominent capsule, within SMC in basal and lateral regions, which arises from a tight intermingling of tonofilaments, appears to restrict secretory vesicles to apical regions while the cell progressively differentiates and migrates to the epidermal surface. The other mucigenic cell types, large mucous cells and thread cells, each show distinctive differentiation and radioincorporation patterns.", "PMID": 373882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2209", "title": "The relation between solid cell nests and C cells of the thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical and morphometric investigation.", "content": "Thyroid tissue of 300 routine autopsies was processed in a standardized manner. So-called solid cell nests (SCN) were found in 21 patients (7%). These cases were investigated carefully by serial step sectioning. In order to explore the correlation of SCN to the C-cell system, the sections were stained by silver impregnation and the immunoperoxidase method. Morphometric analyses revealed a significant increase in the density of C cells in the proximity of the SCN. With progressive distance from the SCN, the C-cell density decreased and reached normal values. In 30% of the cases argyrophilic and calcitonin-positive cells were found lying within the SCN. Occasionally, mixed follicles could be discerned: These were lined on the one side by a multilayered squamous epithelium, on the other side by normal monolayered cubic follicular epithelium, and contained a peculiar granular material. In one case, SCN were associated with intrathyroid portions of the parathyroids and adult adipose tissue, in a second case with adipose tissue only. Most probably SCN are vestiges of the ultimobranchial body and should be interpreted as such, despite the fact that other authors have expressed different views. The lack of disturbances in the calcium metabolism of the patients and the absence of medullary carcinoma in their family histories led us to interpret locally confined C-cell hyperplasia not as reactive nor premalignant, but rather as normal.", "contents": "The relation between solid cell nests and C cells of the thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical and morphometric investigation. Thyroid tissue of 300 routine autopsies was processed in a standardized manner. So-called solid cell nests (SCN) were found in 21 patients (7%). These cases were investigated carefully by serial step sectioning. In order to explore the correlation of SCN to the C-cell system, the sections were stained by silver impregnation and the immunoperoxidase method. Morphometric analyses revealed a significant increase in the density of C cells in the proximity of the SCN. With progressive distance from the SCN, the C-cell density decreased and reached normal values. In 30% of the cases argyrophilic and calcitonin-positive cells were found lying within the SCN. Occasionally, mixed follicles could be discerned: These were lined on the one side by a multilayered squamous epithelium, on the other side by normal monolayered cubic follicular epithelium, and contained a peculiar granular material. In one case, SCN were associated with intrathyroid portions of the parathyroids and adult adipose tissue, in a second case with adipose tissue only. Most probably SCN are vestiges of the ultimobranchial body and should be interpreted as such, despite the fact that other authors have expressed different views. The lack of disturbances in the calcium metabolism of the patients and the absence of medullary carcinoma in their family histories led us to interpret locally confined C-cell hyperplasia not as reactive nor premalignant, but rather as normal.", "PMID": 373883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2210", "title": "Single-dose therapy of falciparum malaria with mefloquine or pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine.", "content": "A single oral dose (1.5 g) of mefloquine hydrochloride cured all of 37 patients with falciparum malaria, and a single dose of pyrimethamine (75 mg) plus sulfadoxine (1.5 g) cured 34 of 38 patients. The rates at which parasitaemia and fever abated were similar for the two regimens but mefloquine was associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.", "contents": "Single-dose therapy of falciparum malaria with mefloquine or pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine. A single oral dose (1.5 g) of mefloquine hydrochloride cured all of 37 patients with falciparum malaria, and a single dose of pyrimethamine (75 mg) plus sulfadoxine (1.5 g) cured 34 of 38 patients. The rates at which parasitaemia and fever abated were similar for the two regimens but mefloquine was associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.", "PMID": 373903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2211", "title": "Cardiotoxic effects of antitumor agents.", "content": "Cardiotoxic effects related to treatment with some antitumor agents (chiefly anthracycline antibiotics, cylophosphamide, corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, and radiation therapy), their association, and contemporaneous administration of other (potentially) cardiotoxic drugs are reviewed. Experimental models, clinical findings, and diagnostic methods are briefly described. Pathogenetic factors and interactions of antitumor drugs with biomembranes, DNA, and immune reactions are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiotoxic effects of antitumor agents. Cardiotoxic effects related to treatment with some antitumor agents (chiefly anthracycline antibiotics, cylophosphamide, corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, and radiation therapy), their association, and contemporaneous administration of other (potentially) cardiotoxic drugs are reviewed. Experimental models, clinical findings, and diagnostic methods are briefly described. Pathogenetic factors and interactions of antitumor drugs with biomembranes, DNA, and immune reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 373905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2212", "title": "Sequential combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The results of a prospective controlled study with alternating cycles of two effective non-cross resistant combinations in advanced breast cancer are reported. The two combinations consisted of adriamycin plus vincristine (AV) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF). The study was carried out with the main intent to obtain a higher incidence and a longer duration of response compared to that obtained with either combination alone. A total of 110 evaluable patients (55 for each treatment group) not previously treated with chemotherapy were randomly allocated to receive either Therapy A (2 AV followed by 2 CMF) or Therapy B (2 CMF followed by 2 AV). Complete plus partial response (53% vs 60%) as well as duration of remission (11 vs 12 months) were similar in both treatment groups. At the time of present analysis, 20 patients died from cancer (Therapy A: 9; Therapy B: 11) and in 9 of them death occurred during the first 12 months. The administration of sequential combinations was no more toxic than the administration of either combination alone.", "contents": "Sequential combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. The results of a prospective controlled study with alternating cycles of two effective non-cross resistant combinations in advanced breast cancer are reported. The two combinations consisted of adriamycin plus vincristine (AV) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF). The study was carried out with the main intent to obtain a higher incidence and a longer duration of response compared to that obtained with either combination alone. A total of 110 evaluable patients (55 for each treatment group) not previously treated with chemotherapy were randomly allocated to receive either Therapy A (2 AV followed by 2 CMF) or Therapy B (2 CMF followed by 2 AV). Complete plus partial response (53% vs 60%) as well as duration of remission (11 vs 12 months) were similar in both treatment groups. At the time of present analysis, 20 patients died from cancer (Therapy A: 9; Therapy B: 11) and in 9 of them death occurred during the first 12 months. The administration of sequential combinations was no more toxic than the administration of either combination alone.", "PMID": 373906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2213", "title": "Combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in locally advanced (T3b-T4) breast cancer.", "content": "Combined treatment modality was applied in 110 consecutive women with primary inoperable (T3b-T4) Breast cancer. Treatment was started with four cycles of adriamycin plus vincristine (AV). This was followed in responders by high-energy radiotherapy (RT). At the end of combined therapy, patients in complete remission (CR) were randomized to either no further treatment or six more cycles of chemotherapy. AV induced objective response in 89% of patients (complete 15.5%, partial 54.5%, improvement 19%). At the end of RT, 81% of 98 (82.7%) patients responding to AV were classified in CR. The median duration of CR was 15 months. The median free interval was statistically prolonged by additional chemotherapy. The three-year survival was 52.8%. Altogether, present findings indicate that combined treatment modality has improved the three-year survival compared to the previous series treated with radiotherapy alone. However, to achieve a satisfactory control of T3b-T4 breast cancer a more aggressive and prolonged treatment is required.", "contents": "Combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in locally advanced (T3b-T4) breast cancer. Combined treatment modality was applied in 110 consecutive women with primary inoperable (T3b-T4) Breast cancer. Treatment was started with four cycles of adriamycin plus vincristine (AV). This was followed in responders by high-energy radiotherapy (RT). At the end of combined therapy, patients in complete remission (CR) were randomized to either no further treatment or six more cycles of chemotherapy. AV induced objective response in 89% of patients (complete 15.5%, partial 54.5%, improvement 19%). At the end of RT, 81% of 98 (82.7%) patients responding to AV were classified in CR. The median duration of CR was 15 months. The median free interval was statistically prolonged by additional chemotherapy. The three-year survival was 52.8%. Altogether, present findings indicate that combined treatment modality has improved the three-year survival compared to the previous series treated with radiotherapy alone. However, to achieve a satisfactory control of T3b-T4 breast cancer a more aggressive and prolonged treatment is required.", "PMID": 373908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2214", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of 24-h infusions of high-dose methotrexate.", "content": "Cytocidal activity of a drug is dependent on both drug dosage and duration of exposure. In contrast to the 'conventional\" 6-h infusion and in an attempto to improve its efficacy, the high-dose methotrexate therapeutic regimen was given over a 24-h period with 10% of the dose administered in the first hour. Citrovorum factor was initiated at hour 24 and continued for 72 h. Treatment was administered every 2-3 weeks. 57 infusions were performed in twelve patients aged 7-20 years (six with osteogenic sarcoma and six with acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Determinations of serum methotrexate levels revealed that the levels were dependent on the dose. Levels assayed at 24 h revealed the following results: 4.4 +/- 1.4 x 10(-5) molar with 4.5 g/m(2), 2.04 +/- 0.34 x 10(-4) molar with 7.5 g/m(2) and 4.59 +/- 0.80 x 10(-4) molar with 12.5 g/m(2). Major toxicity was myelosuppression in 12 of 57 patients. There were no responses. The study demonstrates that 24-h infusions of high-dose methotrexate can be tolerated every 2-3 weeks in patients without bone marrow involvement and levels of at least 10(-4) molar can be maintained during the infusion.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of 24-h infusions of high-dose methotrexate. Cytocidal activity of a drug is dependent on both drug dosage and duration of exposure. In contrast to the 'conventional\" 6-h infusion and in an attempto to improve its efficacy, the high-dose methotrexate therapeutic regimen was given over a 24-h period with 10% of the dose administered in the first hour. Citrovorum factor was initiated at hour 24 and continued for 72 h. Treatment was administered every 2-3 weeks. 57 infusions were performed in twelve patients aged 7-20 years (six with osteogenic sarcoma and six with acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Determinations of serum methotrexate levels revealed that the levels were dependent on the dose. Levels assayed at 24 h revealed the following results: 4.4 +/- 1.4 x 10(-5) molar with 4.5 g/m(2), 2.04 +/- 0.34 x 10(-4) molar with 7.5 g/m(2) and 4.59 +/- 0.80 x 10(-4) molar with 12.5 g/m(2). Major toxicity was myelosuppression in 12 of 57 patients. There were no responses. The study demonstrates that 24-h infusions of high-dose methotrexate can be tolerated every 2-3 weeks in patients without bone marrow involvement and levels of at least 10(-4) molar can be maintained during the infusion.", "PMID": 373909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2215", "title": "Initial clinical experience with a simultaneous combination of 2,4-diamino-5(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP) with folinic acid.", "content": "DDMP, a diaminopyrimidine folate antagonist, was given to 26 tumor patients in a dosage of 50 mg/m2 per week orally, simultaneously with 3 mg CF i.m. or i.v. The CF dose was increased to 30 mg in patients showing evidence of toxicity, and withdrawn in the absence of toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity was seen in myelosuppression, particularly thrombopenia and skin rashes. At the 3 mg CF level, 18 out of 26 patients developed toxicity. No toxicity was seen at the 30 mg CF level in 11 patients. After cessation of CF, toxicity occurred in five out of seven patients. After the onset of toxicity, CF was added as a delayed rescue, in a dosage of 15 mg every 8 h or 30-60 mg daily. One patient died of sepsis with agranulocytosis. All other patients recovered from myelosuppression within 1 or 2 weeks. Objective responses were observed in seven patients, four of the ten with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck, two out of eight with epidermoid cancer of the lung, and one out of three with melanoma.", "contents": "Initial clinical experience with a simultaneous combination of 2,4-diamino-5(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP) with folinic acid. DDMP, a diaminopyrimidine folate antagonist, was given to 26 tumor patients in a dosage of 50 mg/m2 per week orally, simultaneously with 3 mg CF i.m. or i.v. The CF dose was increased to 30 mg in patients showing evidence of toxicity, and withdrawn in the absence of toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity was seen in myelosuppression, particularly thrombopenia and skin rashes. At the 3 mg CF level, 18 out of 26 patients developed toxicity. No toxicity was seen at the 30 mg CF level in 11 patients. After cessation of CF, toxicity occurred in five out of seven patients. After the onset of toxicity, CF was added as a delayed rescue, in a dosage of 15 mg every 8 h or 30-60 mg daily. One patient died of sepsis with agranulocytosis. All other patients recovered from myelosuppression within 1 or 2 weeks. Objective responses were observed in seven patients, four of the ten with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck, two out of eight with epidermoid cancer of the lung, and one out of three with melanoma.", "PMID": 373910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2216", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of unfavourable histology.", "content": "Thirty previously untreated adults with diffuse histiocytic and diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, prednisolone, and L-asparaginase. Complete remission was achieved in 11 out of 12 cases with stage III and 7 out of 18 cases with stage IV disease (P less than 0.005). Bone marrow infiltration, clinical central nervous system involvement, and massive intra-abdominal disease all influenced the prognosis adversely. Complete remission was followed by cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate, and maintained with weekly cyclophosphamide and methotrexate and daily 6-mercaptopurine. The duration of remission was significantly longer for patients with stage III disease (the median of which has not been reached), than for patients with stage IV disease (P = 0.007). Survival was significantly longer for patients in whom complete remission was achieved than for those in whom it was not (P = 0.001), and also for patients with stage III than for those with stage IV disease (P = 0.02).", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of unfavourable histology. Thirty previously untreated adults with diffuse histiocytic and diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, prednisolone, and L-asparaginase. Complete remission was achieved in 11 out of 12 cases with stage III and 7 out of 18 cases with stage IV disease (P less than 0.005). Bone marrow infiltration, clinical central nervous system involvement, and massive intra-abdominal disease all influenced the prognosis adversely. Complete remission was followed by cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate, and maintained with weekly cyclophosphamide and methotrexate and daily 6-mercaptopurine. The duration of remission was significantly longer for patients with stage III disease (the median of which has not been reached), than for patients with stage IV disease (P = 0.007). Survival was significantly longer for patients in whom complete remission was achieved than for those in whom it was not (P = 0.001), and also for patients with stage III than for those with stage IV disease (P = 0.02).", "PMID": 373911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2217", "title": "Prognosis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Study of 650 patients.", "content": "The complete hematological remission (CHR) rate, duration of remission and survival were studied in relation to age, peripheral blast cell (PBC) count, presence or absence of tumor masses, cytological type, and treatment in 650 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Prognostic factors were considered separately and divided into prognostic classes. Age and PCB count correlated with both the rate and the duration of CHR. This correlation was still observed for more recent treatment schedules though it appears to be becoming progressively less significant. Meningeal relapses were more common in patients less than 1 year old and in those with a high PCB count. It is suggested that stratification of patients according to such factors as age, PCB count, presence or absence of tumor, and cytological type might be necessary for the design of new treatment protocols and for the evaluation of their results.", "contents": "Prognosis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Study of 650 patients. The complete hematological remission (CHR) rate, duration of remission and survival were studied in relation to age, peripheral blast cell (PBC) count, presence or absence of tumor masses, cytological type, and treatment in 650 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Prognostic factors were considered separately and divided into prognostic classes. Age and PCB count correlated with both the rate and the duration of CHR. This correlation was still observed for more recent treatment schedules though it appears to be becoming progressively less significant. Meningeal relapses were more common in patients less than 1 year old and in those with a high PCB count. It is suggested that stratification of patients according to such factors as age, PCB count, presence or absence of tumor, and cytological type might be necessary for the design of new treatment protocols and for the evaluation of their results.", "PMID": 373912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2218", "title": "The fluoropyrimidines: biochemical mechanisms and design of clinical trials.", "content": "Our understanding of the biochemical events of fluoropyrimidine-induced cytotoxicity remains incomplete. However, we have a good perception of the activation and degradation pathways of these agents. Additionally, from studies performed in vitro we are gaining a new appreciation of the interactions between methotrexate and the fluoropyrimidines. These studies suggest that the common clinical practice of simultaneously administering methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil may be disadvantageous. Several simple scheduling modifications of combination therapies with these two drugs could lead to improved clinical efficacy and deserve further investigation.", "contents": "The fluoropyrimidines: biochemical mechanisms and design of clinical trials. Our understanding of the biochemical events of fluoropyrimidine-induced cytotoxicity remains incomplete. However, we have a good perception of the activation and degradation pathways of these agents. Additionally, from studies performed in vitro we are gaining a new appreciation of the interactions between methotrexate and the fluoropyrimidines. These studies suggest that the common clinical practice of simultaneously administering methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil may be disadvantageous. Several simple scheduling modifications of combination therapies with these two drugs could lead to improved clinical efficacy and deserve further investigation.", "PMID": 373913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2219", "title": "Hepatic estrogen and progesterone receptors in an estrogen-associated hepatic neoplasm.", "content": "A patient with a benign hepatic neoplasm developing after treatment with estrogenic hormones is described. After excision, the neoplastic tissue was analyzed for the presence of cytosol estrogen and progesterone binding proteins. The neoplasm was classified as focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and was demonstrated to contain high-affinity cytosol estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors. The estrogen-binding affinity of the neoplasm was three times greater than that of normal liver. Further investigation of cytosol hormone receptors in estrogen associated hepatic neoplasms will be required to define the role of these binding proteins in the possible etiology of certain liver tumors.", "contents": "Hepatic estrogen and progesterone receptors in an estrogen-associated hepatic neoplasm. A patient with a benign hepatic neoplasm developing after treatment with estrogenic hormones is described. After excision, the neoplastic tissue was analyzed for the presence of cytosol estrogen and progesterone binding proteins. The neoplasm was classified as focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and was demonstrated to contain high-affinity cytosol estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors. The estrogen-binding affinity of the neoplasm was three times greater than that of normal liver. Further investigation of cytosol hormone receptors in estrogen associated hepatic neoplasms will be required to define the role of these binding proteins in the possible etiology of certain liver tumors.", "PMID": 373914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2220", "title": "Clinical, toxicological, and pharmacological studies of combination chemotherapy of adenocarcinoma with adriamycin and Baker's antifolate.", "content": "Ten patients with disseminated adenocarcinoma were treated with combination chemotherapy employing Adriamycin and Baker's Antifolate (BAF). There were seven patients with lung adenocarcinoma, two of whom achieved partial remission while the remaining five had their disease stabilized. Drug toxicity to the bone marrow, gastrointestinal mucosa, and skin was dose-limiting and was greater than the known toxicities of the individual drugs. Pharmacological studies of both drugs were performed on five patients to determine whether abnormal pharmacokinetics could explain this collateral toxicity. Adriamycin plasma concentrations and disappearance seemed to be unaffected by BAF. However, BAF levels were prolonged, apparently due to an Adriamycin effect on the plasma elimination of BAF, resulting in a prolonged exposure of sensitive tissues and organs to BAF. Consequently, when BAF and Adriamycin are used in combination, appropriate dose and schedule changes must be made to avoid any potentially serious side effects.", "contents": "Clinical, toxicological, and pharmacological studies of combination chemotherapy of adenocarcinoma with adriamycin and Baker's antifolate. Ten patients with disseminated adenocarcinoma were treated with combination chemotherapy employing Adriamycin and Baker's Antifolate (BAF). There were seven patients with lung adenocarcinoma, two of whom achieved partial remission while the remaining five had their disease stabilized. Drug toxicity to the bone marrow, gastrointestinal mucosa, and skin was dose-limiting and was greater than the known toxicities of the individual drugs. Pharmacological studies of both drugs were performed on five patients to determine whether abnormal pharmacokinetics could explain this collateral toxicity. Adriamycin plasma concentrations and disappearance seemed to be unaffected by BAF. However, BAF levels were prolonged, apparently due to an Adriamycin effect on the plasma elimination of BAF, resulting in a prolonged exposure of sensitive tissues and organs to BAF. Consequently, when BAF and Adriamycin are used in combination, appropriate dose and schedule changes must be made to avoid any potentially serious side effects.", "PMID": 373915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2221", "title": "High volume intraperitoneal chemotherapy (\"belly bath\") for ovarian cancer. Pharmacologic basis and early results.", "content": "The currently accepted therapies for ovarian cancer have produced only limited numbers of extended complete remissions in advanced-stage disease. Studies of high-volume intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been initiated to define the toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and the therapeutic effectiveness of this treatment modality. This technique has been virtually ignored until recently, because little success has been achieved with it except in one study (Rutledge, 1966), in which large intraperitoneal fluid volumes were used. The general lack of success probably reflects inadequate attention to physiologic and pharmacologic principles of drug distribution and absorption in a space as large as the peritoneal cavity. Biomedical engineers, pharmacologists, and clinicians at the NCI have cooperated in the development of a rational chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Following mathematical pharmacokinetic modeling and toxicologic studies in rat, a Phase I clinical trial of intraperitoneal methotrexate administered in large volumes of dialysis fluid was initiated. Results in three patients confirm the practicality of this approach, and further investigation is warranted.", "contents": "High volume intraperitoneal chemotherapy (\"belly bath\") for ovarian cancer. Pharmacologic basis and early results. The currently accepted therapies for ovarian cancer have produced only limited numbers of extended complete remissions in advanced-stage disease. Studies of high-volume intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been initiated to define the toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and the therapeutic effectiveness of this treatment modality. This technique has been virtually ignored until recently, because little success has been achieved with it except in one study (Rutledge, 1966), in which large intraperitoneal fluid volumes were used. The general lack of success probably reflects inadequate attention to physiologic and pharmacologic principles of drug distribution and absorption in a space as large as the peritoneal cavity. Biomedical engineers, pharmacologists, and clinicians at the NCI have cooperated in the development of a rational chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Following mathematical pharmacokinetic modeling and toxicologic studies in rat, a Phase I clinical trial of intraperitoneal methotrexate administered in large volumes of dialysis fluid was initiated. Results in three patients confirm the practicality of this approach, and further investigation is warranted.", "PMID": 373916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2222", "title": "Chemotherapy in the management of extramedullary plasmacytoma.", "content": "The results of chemotherapy in 24 patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are reported. Complete regressions, including disappearance of monoclonal paraprotein and healing of bone lesions, were seen in 12 of 20 (60%) patients with disseminated disease. Extramedullary plasmacytoma responds better to chemotherapy than myeloma, and treatment should be pursued with vigour until all signs of disease have disappeared. Sensitivity to single-agent chemotherapy may vary, and if treatment fails with one agent, others should be tried.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in the management of extramedullary plasmacytoma. The results of chemotherapy in 24 patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are reported. Complete regressions, including disappearance of monoclonal paraprotein and healing of bone lesions, were seen in 12 of 20 (60%) patients with disseminated disease. Extramedullary plasmacytoma responds better to chemotherapy than myeloma, and treatment should be pursued with vigour until all signs of disease have disappeared. Sensitivity to single-agent chemotherapy may vary, and if treatment fails with one agent, others should be tried.", "PMID": 373917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2223", "title": "Preliminary results of chemo-radiotherapy followed or not by active immunotherapy of stage III and IV lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma. Correlation of the results with WHO categorisation.", "content": "We treated 101 patients with advanced (stage III and IV) lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma at first presentation of the disease or in relapse according to a protocol combining initial chemotherapy, complementary radiotherapy on icebergs, supplementary chemotherapy, and, finally, active immunotherapy. The overall complete remission rate was about 79% for lymphosarcoma and 73% for reticulosarcoma. About 50% of the patients were still in remission in each of the two diseases at 2 years; 60% of lymphosarcoma and 44% of reticulosarcoma patients achieved 2-year survival. This study shows the prognostic value of the WHO classification for lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma: the prognosis of prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) lymphosarcoma is far better than that of the lymphoblastic type, which is in turn better than that of the very poor prognosis of the immunoblastic type. The prognosis of reticulosarcoma is intermediate between that of the best-prognosis and that of the poorest-prognosis type of lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Preliminary results of chemo-radiotherapy followed or not by active immunotherapy of stage III and IV lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma. Correlation of the results with WHO categorisation. We treated 101 patients with advanced (stage III and IV) lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma at first presentation of the disease or in relapse according to a protocol combining initial chemotherapy, complementary radiotherapy on icebergs, supplementary chemotherapy, and, finally, active immunotherapy. The overall complete remission rate was about 79% for lymphosarcoma and 73% for reticulosarcoma. About 50% of the patients were still in remission in each of the two diseases at 2 years; 60% of lymphosarcoma and 44% of reticulosarcoma patients achieved 2-year survival. This study shows the prognostic value of the WHO classification for lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma: the prognosis of prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) lymphosarcoma is far better than that of the lymphoblastic type, which is in turn better than that of the very poor prognosis of the immunoblastic type. The prognosis of reticulosarcoma is intermediate between that of the best-prognosis and that of the poorest-prognosis type of lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 373920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2224", "title": "Cytostatic-associated vomiting effectively inhibited by domperidone (R 33 812).", "content": "The effect of domperidone on vomiting due to cytostatic treatment was studied during a double-blind trial involving 41 patients. One group received the sequence domperidone-placebo and the other the reverse sequence during two consecutive courses of cytostatic therapy (chlormethine alone or in combination with other cytostatics). Domperidone 2 mg/ml or the placebo was injected IV 1 h before the start of the cytostatic treatment. A similar injection was given 4 h later. Presence, duration, and incidence of nausea and vomiting before, during, and after the peak period (period from the second up to and including the sixth hour after cytostatic injection) were measured. With respect to vomiting, domperidone was significantly superior to placebo concerning duration and effect before and after the peak period in both sequences. There was no difference during the peak period. With respect to nausea, domperidone was superior to placebo concerning duration and effect during the peak period in the placebo-domperidone sequence. No difference was observed in the reverse order. A significant superiority of domperidone was noted before the peak period.", "contents": "Cytostatic-associated vomiting effectively inhibited by domperidone (R 33 812). The effect of domperidone on vomiting due to cytostatic treatment was studied during a double-blind trial involving 41 patients. One group received the sequence domperidone-placebo and the other the reverse sequence during two consecutive courses of cytostatic therapy (chlormethine alone or in combination with other cytostatics). Domperidone 2 mg/ml or the placebo was injected IV 1 h before the start of the cytostatic treatment. A similar injection was given 4 h later. Presence, duration, and incidence of nausea and vomiting before, during, and after the peak period (period from the second up to and including the sixth hour after cytostatic injection) were measured. With respect to vomiting, domperidone was significantly superior to placebo concerning duration and effect before and after the peak period in both sequences. There was no difference during the peak period. With respect to nausea, domperidone was superior to placebo concerning duration and effect during the peak period in the placebo-domperidone sequence. No difference was observed in the reverse order. A significant superiority of domperidone was noted before the peak period.", "PMID": 373921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2225", "title": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in non-small-cell lung cancer.", "content": "Nineteen patients with non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue. Two partial responses (10.5%) were observed, lasting 13 and 17 weeks. Toxicity was acceptable. It is concluded that the occasional benefit of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue at this dose and according to the schedule described for these patients does not warrant further study.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nineteen patients with non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue. Two partial responses (10.5%) were observed, lasting 13 and 17 weeks. Toxicity was acceptable. It is concluded that the occasional benefit of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue at this dose and according to the schedule described for these patients does not warrant further study.", "PMID": 373922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2226", "title": "Preliminary results of a phase II trial of aclacinomycin in acute leukaemia and lymphosarcoma. An oncostatic anthracyclin that is rarely cardiotoxic and induces no alopecia.", "content": "A phase II trial of which preliminary results are available for 22 patients indicates that aclacinomycin applied in a continuous modality induced complete and partial remission in four of nine patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia that was resistant to all previously available drugs, and in four of eight patients with stage V lymphosarcoma (leukaemic). Bone-marrow toxicity was the major side-effect. Only one patient of 20 suffered from cardiac toxicity; no one had alopoecia. This very low incidence of myocardial lesions and the absence of hair loss had been predicted, respectively, by our electron microscope study of the myocardium and the light electron microscope study of the skin of golden hamsters [7], a test that detects frequent severe myocardium and skin toxicities for adriamycin and some anthracyclin analogues such as detorubicin, which was found to be toxic in a high percentage of patients in a clinical trial conducted by the E.O.R.T.C. Clinical Screening Group [8].", "contents": "Preliminary results of a phase II trial of aclacinomycin in acute leukaemia and lymphosarcoma. An oncostatic anthracyclin that is rarely cardiotoxic and induces no alopecia. A phase II trial of which preliminary results are available for 22 patients indicates that aclacinomycin applied in a continuous modality induced complete and partial remission in four of nine patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia that was resistant to all previously available drugs, and in four of eight patients with stage V lymphosarcoma (leukaemic). Bone-marrow toxicity was the major side-effect. Only one patient of 20 suffered from cardiac toxicity; no one had alopoecia. This very low incidence of myocardial lesions and the absence of hair loss had been predicted, respectively, by our electron microscope study of the myocardium and the light electron microscope study of the skin of golden hamsters [7], a test that detects frequent severe myocardium and skin toxicities for adriamycin and some anthracyclin analogues such as detorubicin, which was found to be toxic in a high percentage of patients in a clinical trial conducted by the E.O.R.T.C. Clinical Screening Group [8].", "PMID": 373923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2227", "title": "Instantaneous blood flow responses to positive end-expiratory pressure with spontaneous ventilation.", "content": "Variable hemodynamic responses to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with spontaneous ventilation have been reported. To clarify these responses, 15 awake patients were studied using a catheter-tip velocity transducer to record phasic aortic root blood flow continuously before, during and after PEEP (10 cm H2O) applied with a face mask. Central blood volume and effective ventricular filling pressures were measured. Phasic pulmonary artery blood flow was also simultaneously recorded in three of these patients. PEEP produced an acute aortic blood flow reduction, detected within one respiratory cycle. Stroke volume decreased 12%, and since heart rate was unchanged, cardiac output also declined (p less than 0.05). Inspiratory-to-expiratory aortic flow changes were less during PEEP. In contrast, inspiratory-to-expiratory pulmonary artery flow alterations were exaggerated due to a marked flow decline during expiration. Central blood volume and effective left ventricular filling pressure decreased 9% and 19%, respectively (p less than 0.05 in all patients). The decrease in pulmonary artery flow was associated with a decrease in central blood volume in the three patients in whom pulmonary flow was measured. PEEP promptly reduces cardiac output during spontaneous ventilation, related to a decrease in pulmonary flow in expiration.", "contents": "Instantaneous blood flow responses to positive end-expiratory pressure with spontaneous ventilation. Variable hemodynamic responses to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with spontaneous ventilation have been reported. To clarify these responses, 15 awake patients were studied using a catheter-tip velocity transducer to record phasic aortic root blood flow continuously before, during and after PEEP (10 cm H2O) applied with a face mask. Central blood volume and effective ventricular filling pressures were measured. Phasic pulmonary artery blood flow was also simultaneously recorded in three of these patients. PEEP produced an acute aortic blood flow reduction, detected within one respiratory cycle. Stroke volume decreased 12%, and since heart rate was unchanged, cardiac output also declined (p less than 0.05). Inspiratory-to-expiratory aortic flow changes were less during PEEP. In contrast, inspiratory-to-expiratory pulmonary artery flow alterations were exaggerated due to a marked flow decline during expiration. Central blood volume and effective left ventricular filling pressure decreased 9% and 19%, respectively (p less than 0.05 in all patients). The decrease in pulmonary artery flow was associated with a decrease in central blood volume in the three patients in whom pulmonary flow was measured. PEEP promptly reduces cardiac output during spontaneous ventilation, related to a decrease in pulmonary flow in expiration.", "PMID": 373924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2228", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of estrogen-like substances in plasma, with polyethylene glycol as precipitant.", "content": "We devised an enzyme immunoassay for plasma estrogen-like substances in pregnancy, using estriol covalently linked to horseradish peroxidase. Free and bound steroid were separated by use of polyethylene glycol reagent. The assay satisfies the normal criteria of specificity and precision. Results obtained by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay agreed well. Our assay is particularly applicable in smaller clinical laboratories to routine determination of plasma estriol in pregnancy.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of estrogen-like substances in plasma, with polyethylene glycol as precipitant. We devised an enzyme immunoassay for plasma estrogen-like substances in pregnancy, using estriol covalently linked to horseradish peroxidase. Free and bound steroid were separated by use of polyethylene glycol reagent. The assay satisfies the normal criteria of specificity and precision. Results obtained by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay agreed well. Our assay is particularly applicable in smaller clinical laboratories to routine determination of plasma estriol in pregnancy.", "PMID": 373925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2229", "title": "Evaluation of automated enzyme immunoassays for five anticonvulsants and theophylline adapted to a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We report a clinical evaluation of the enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) performed with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer as compared to gas-liquid and liquid chromatography for anticonvulsant drugs and theophylline, respectively. A good correlation was obtained for all drugs, although some difficulties were experienced with one lot of reagent for ethosuximide. The analyzer has an economic advantage if many samples are being analyzed for few drugs in each sample.", "contents": "Evaluation of automated enzyme immunoassays for five anticonvulsants and theophylline adapted to a centrifugal analyzer. We report a clinical evaluation of the enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) performed with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer as compared to gas-liquid and liquid chromatography for anticonvulsant drugs and theophylline, respectively. A good correlation was obtained for all drugs, although some difficulties were experienced with one lot of reagent for ethosuximide. The analyzer has an economic advantage if many samples are being analyzed for few drugs in each sample.", "PMID": 373926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2230", "title": "Determination of valproic acid (di-N-propyl acetic acid) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with pre-column butylation.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of the anti-convulsant drug valproic acid in plasma or serum is described. Valproic acid is extracted from acidified plasma (or serum) into toluene containing octanoic acid as the internal standard. The toluene layer is back extracted with a methanolic solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide; an aliquot of the methanolic layer is mixed after phase separation with N,N-dimethylacetamide and 1-iodobutane. After centrifugation the clear supernatant (which is stable for at least 24 h) is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography, on a 3% OV17 column. The procedure is rapid and sensitive, and the back-extraction step with methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide results in clean chromatogram obtained from blank plasma. Sample volumes of 50 microliter suffice for the determination of therapeutic levels of VPA.", "contents": "Determination of valproic acid (di-N-propyl acetic acid) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with pre-column butylation. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of the anti-convulsant drug valproic acid in plasma or serum is described. Valproic acid is extracted from acidified plasma (or serum) into toluene containing octanoic acid as the internal standard. The toluene layer is back extracted with a methanolic solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide; an aliquot of the methanolic layer is mixed after phase separation with N,N-dimethylacetamide and 1-iodobutane. After centrifugation the clear supernatant (which is stable for at least 24 h) is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography, on a 3% OV17 column. The procedure is rapid and sensitive, and the back-extraction step with methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide results in clean chromatogram obtained from blank plasma. Sample volumes of 50 microliter suffice for the determination of therapeutic levels of VPA.", "PMID": 373927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2231", "title": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin as labelled antigen.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin is described and compared with that using [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin. The minimum detectable amount of somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin as tracer was 0.1 to 0.5 pg, which is approximately 10-fold lower than the lower detection limit of the RIA using [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin. Moreover, it was found that the shelf-life of N[125I]Tyr-somatostatin was prolonged in comparison with labelled Tyr1-somatostatin. Human pancreatic and gastric extracts displayed immunological similarity to synthetic somatostatin tetradecapeptide.", "contents": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin as labelled antigen. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin is described and compared with that using [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin. The minimum detectable amount of somatostatin using N-[125I]-Tyr-somatostatin as tracer was 0.1 to 0.5 pg, which is approximately 10-fold lower than the lower detection limit of the RIA using [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin. Moreover, it was found that the shelf-life of N[125I]Tyr-somatostatin was prolonged in comparison with labelled Tyr1-somatostatin. Human pancreatic and gastric extracts displayed immunological similarity to synthetic somatostatin tetradecapeptide.", "PMID": 373928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2232", "title": "Chromosome 8 abnormalities as components of neoplastic and hematologic disorders.", "content": "Publications involving patients with any abnormality of chromosome 8 have been reviewed in detail. For the time period involved, a total of 277 cases were found, including 74 instances of congenital aneuploidy, 130 instances of acquired aneuploidy, 38 instances of congenital rearrangements, and 35 instances of acquired rearrangements. A total of 170 cases of neoplastic and hematologic disorders were included; three were associated with congenital aneuploidy, two with congenital rearrangements, and the remaining 165 with acquired aberrations. The specific disorders ranged from sideroblastic anemia through chronic and acute leukemia to solid tumors. There appears to be a definite, though non-specific correlation between congenital or acquired chromosome 8 abnormalities and the development of certain types of neoplastic growth.", "contents": "Chromosome 8 abnormalities as components of neoplastic and hematologic disorders. Publications involving patients with any abnormality of chromosome 8 have been reviewed in detail. For the time period involved, a total of 277 cases were found, including 74 instances of congenital aneuploidy, 130 instances of acquired aneuploidy, 38 instances of congenital rearrangements, and 35 instances of acquired rearrangements. A total of 170 cases of neoplastic and hematologic disorders were included; three were associated with congenital aneuploidy, two with congenital rearrangements, and the remaining 165 with acquired aberrations. The specific disorders ranged from sideroblastic anemia through chronic and acute leukemia to solid tumors. There appears to be a definite, though non-specific correlation between congenital or acquired chromosome 8 abnormalities and the development of certain types of neoplastic growth.", "PMID": 373929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2233", "title": "Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in Northern Sudan to the chironomid Cladotanytarsus lewisi ('green nimitti').", "content": "Hypersensitivity to Chironomidae (non-biting midges) has been a problem in Northern Sudan since about 1927 and is probably due to the working of dams which have produced lake-like conditions on parts of the Blue and main Niles where breeding has evidently increased. Studies were undertaken to determine whether this hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE. Sixteen Sudanese, with bronchial asthma associated with exposure to the chironomid, Cladotanytarsus lewisi ('green nimitti'), were investigated. All patients gave a positive immediate-type skin reaction to an extract of the midge and the majority had markedly elevated concentrations of circulating IgE. Serum from all patients passively sensitized human lung fragments in vitro for the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis by the 'nimitti' antigen. This tissue-sensitizing activity could be removed by immunoabsorption with an anti-IgE. These results indicate that this widespread and important hypersensitivity in the Sudan is IgE-mediated and thus may potentially be treated by desensitization.", "contents": "Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in Northern Sudan to the chironomid Cladotanytarsus lewisi ('green nimitti'). Hypersensitivity to Chironomidae (non-biting midges) has been a problem in Northern Sudan since about 1927 and is probably due to the working of dams which have produced lake-like conditions on parts of the Blue and main Niles where breeding has evidently increased. Studies were undertaken to determine whether this hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE. Sixteen Sudanese, with bronchial asthma associated with exposure to the chironomid, Cladotanytarsus lewisi ('green nimitti'), were investigated. All patients gave a positive immediate-type skin reaction to an extract of the midge and the majority had markedly elevated concentrations of circulating IgE. Serum from all patients passively sensitized human lung fragments in vitro for the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis by the 'nimitti' antigen. This tissue-sensitizing activity could be removed by immunoabsorption with an anti-IgE. These results indicate that this widespread and important hypersensitivity in the Sudan is IgE-mediated and thus may potentially be treated by desensitization.", "PMID": 373930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2234", "title": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "Sera of twenty-five patients with alcoholic liver disease and forty normal control sera were screened for circulating immune complexes by means of the anti-antibody neutralization test and by Raji-cell membrane immunofluorescence assay. IgG-containing immune complexes were detected in thirteen out of twenty-five patients with alcoholic liver diseases and in one out of forty normal individuals; in addition, IgA-containing complexes were demonstrated in seven out of thirteen sera positive for IgG complexes. The presence of immune complexes was restricted to alcoholic hepatitis and active cirrhosis, thus indicating a relationship with disease severity.", "contents": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in alcoholic liver disease. Sera of twenty-five patients with alcoholic liver disease and forty normal control sera were screened for circulating immune complexes by means of the anti-antibody neutralization test and by Raji-cell membrane immunofluorescence assay. IgG-containing immune complexes were detected in thirteen out of twenty-five patients with alcoholic liver diseases and in one out of forty normal individuals; in addition, IgA-containing complexes were demonstrated in seven out of thirteen sera positive for IgG complexes. The presence of immune complexes was restricted to alcoholic hepatitis and active cirrhosis, thus indicating a relationship with disease severity.", "PMID": 373931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2235", "title": "The role of macrophages in the lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae in vitro.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy do not normally react in vitro to stimulation by Mycobacterium leprae antigens. In contrast, we found that T cells from non-responding patients in combination with macrophages from responding patients or healthy contacts did respond well to M. leprae. Conversely, T cells from responding patients or healthy contacts in combinations with macrophages from non-responding patients failed to respond. It seems, therefore, that the lack of response normally observed in in vitro tests using cells from lepromatous leprosy patients is due to a failure of their macrophages to present M. leprae antigens in an immunogenic form.", "contents": "The role of macrophages in the lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy do not normally react in vitro to stimulation by Mycobacterium leprae antigens. In contrast, we found that T cells from non-responding patients in combination with macrophages from responding patients or healthy contacts did respond well to M. leprae. Conversely, T cells from responding patients or healthy contacts in combinations with macrophages from non-responding patients failed to respond. It seems, therefore, that the lack of response normally observed in in vitro tests using cells from lepromatous leprosy patients is due to a failure of their macrophages to present M. leprae antigens in an immunogenic form.", "PMID": 373933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2236", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide treatment on the course of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection and development of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in C57B1 and BALB/c mice.", "content": "Pre-treatment of Mycobacterium lepraemurium susceptible, BALB/c, and resistant, C57Bl, mice with cyclophosphamide markedly altered the development of delayed hypersensitivity during footpad infections with this organism. A tuberculin-type response demonstrated by untreated C57Bl mice was significantly intensified after week 3 in cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice although this response had returned to normal levels by week 8. A Jones-Mote-type response demonstrated throughout experiments by untreated BALB/c mice was considerably increased in magnitude by week 3 in cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice. By week 6 this response had become considerably protracted and was of the tuberculin-type. By week 8 however this response had started to diminish and by week 12 cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated BALB/c mice produced similar Jones-Mote-type responses when skin-tested. Cyclophosphamide pre-treatment had no effect on the growth of M. lepraemurium in C57Bl mice over 12 weeks. In BALB/c mice however cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice demonstrated considerable resistance to infection at weeks 8 and 10 after infection but not thereafter. Whereas the magnitude of the delayed hypersensitivity response in C57Bl mice could not be correlated with resistance such a relationship could be demonstrated in BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide treatment on the course of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection and development of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in C57B1 and BALB/c mice. Pre-treatment of Mycobacterium lepraemurium susceptible, BALB/c, and resistant, C57Bl, mice with cyclophosphamide markedly altered the development of delayed hypersensitivity during footpad infections with this organism. A tuberculin-type response demonstrated by untreated C57Bl mice was significantly intensified after week 3 in cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice although this response had returned to normal levels by week 8. A Jones-Mote-type response demonstrated throughout experiments by untreated BALB/c mice was considerably increased in magnitude by week 3 in cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice. By week 6 this response had become considerably protracted and was of the tuberculin-type. By week 8 however this response had started to diminish and by week 12 cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated BALB/c mice produced similar Jones-Mote-type responses when skin-tested. Cyclophosphamide pre-treatment had no effect on the growth of M. lepraemurium in C57Bl mice over 12 weeks. In BALB/c mice however cyclophosphamide-pre-treated mice demonstrated considerable resistance to infection at weeks 8 and 10 after infection but not thereafter. Whereas the magnitude of the delayed hypersensitivity response in C57Bl mice could not be correlated with resistance such a relationship could be demonstrated in BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 373934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2237", "title": "Loss of circulating T lymphocytes with normal levels of B and 'null' lymphocytes in Thai adults with malaria.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from forty-nine Thai adults infected with either Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax were examined in order to determine the percentage of T, B, and Fc-receptor-bearing cells present. In comparison to healthy  controls, both the percentage and concentration of peripheral T cells were decreased in the malaria-infected individuals as assessed by formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The percentage of peripheral B cells was increased but their concentration was unchanged, as assessed by two techniques: the presence of surface immunoglobulin and the presence of a complement receptor. Both the percentage and concentration of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors were unchanged in infected individuals. Finally, calculation of the changes in 'null' cells (defined either as non-T, non-B lymphocytes or as non-T, non-B, non Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes) revealed an increase in the 'null' cell percentage but a decrease in the absolute number of 'null' cells. These data indicate that in adult Thai patients naturally infected with malaria, there is a real loss of circulating T lymphocytes with no real change in B, Fc-receptor-bearing, or 'null' lymphocytes.", "contents": "Loss of circulating T lymphocytes with normal levels of B and 'null' lymphocytes in Thai adults with malaria. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from forty-nine Thai adults infected with either Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax were examined in order to determine the percentage of T, B, and Fc-receptor-bearing cells present. In comparison to healthy  controls, both the percentage and concentration of peripheral T cells were decreased in the malaria-infected individuals as assessed by formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The percentage of peripheral B cells was increased but their concentration was unchanged, as assessed by two techniques: the presence of surface immunoglobulin and the presence of a complement receptor. Both the percentage and concentration of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors were unchanged in infected individuals. Finally, calculation of the changes in 'null' cells (defined either as non-T, non-B lymphocytes or as non-T, non-B, non Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes) revealed an increase in the 'null' cell percentage but a decrease in the absolute number of 'null' cells. These data indicate that in adult Thai patients naturally infected with malaria, there is a real loss of circulating T lymphocytes with no real change in B, Fc-receptor-bearing, or 'null' lymphocytes.", "PMID": 373935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2238", "title": "Active T and EA-rosette-forming cells in human cadaver renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Active T(AT) and EA-rosette-forming cells (RFC) were determined in seventeen haemodialysis patients and twenty-two renal allograft recipients to correlate these estimates with the clinical outcome of renal allografts. Either AT- or EA-RFC or both were found to be elevated during the period of rejection crisis. Assays for AT- and EA-RFC were found to be complementary suggesting that they may be detecting two different types of rejection crises. Thus, determination of AT- and EA-RFC in the peripheral blood may prove to be useful in the routine immunological monitoring of renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "Active T and EA-rosette-forming cells in human cadaver renal allograft recipients. Active T(AT) and EA-rosette-forming cells (RFC) were determined in seventeen haemodialysis patients and twenty-two renal allograft recipients to correlate these estimates with the clinical outcome of renal allografts. Either AT- or EA-RFC or both were found to be elevated during the period of rejection crisis. Assays for AT- and EA-RFC were found to be complementary suggesting that they may be detecting two different types of rejection crises. Thus, determination of AT- and EA-RFC in the peripheral blood may prove to be useful in the routine immunological monitoring of renal allograft recipients.", "PMID": 373936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2239", "title": "The combined use of antilymphocyte serum and cyclophosphamide to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) were compared for their ability to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat. These two agents were chosen since they are generally considered to act on different arms of the immune response, and might therefore complement each other's action. Dose response studies showed that both agents could suppress rejection completely. There were no differences in their ability to suppress the lymphocytotoxic antibody response to the graft and the histological patterns of rejection were similar. There was no evidence that cyclo-phosphamide was more effective in suppressing vascular lesions. The doses of both agents which suppressed the lymphocytotoxic antibody response were substantially lower than those required to suppress graft rejection. When suboptimal doses of the two agents were administered together, the combinations were found to be additive and not synergistic.", "contents": "The combined use of antilymphocyte serum and cyclophosphamide to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat. Cyclophosphamide and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) were compared for their ability to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat. These two agents were chosen since they are generally considered to act on different arms of the immune response, and might therefore complement each other's action. Dose response studies showed that both agents could suppress rejection completely. There were no differences in their ability to suppress the lymphocytotoxic antibody response to the graft and the histological patterns of rejection were similar. There was no evidence that cyclo-phosphamide was more effective in suppressing vascular lesions. The doses of both agents which suppressed the lymphocytotoxic antibody response were substantially lower than those required to suppress graft rejection. When suboptimal doses of the two agents were administered together, the combinations were found to be additive and not synergistic.", "PMID": 373937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2240", "title": "Effects of isosorbide dinitrate on pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Eighteen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pulmonary hypertension were studied to assess the hemodynamic response to acute oxygen administration and to oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). All 18 patients had baseline hemodynamic measurements and hemodynamic measurements during low-flow nasal oxygen. Following a second baseline measurement, patients received either oral ISDN (11 patients) or placebo (7 patients) in a randomized, double-blind protocol. Heart rate decreased with oxygen administration but there were no other significant hemodynamic changes. With oral ISDN, there was a significant fall in pulmonary artery and brachial artery pressure. Cardiac output, right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance all fell but not significantly. We conclude that oral ISDN is effective in reducing pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Effects of isosorbide dinitrate on pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eighteen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pulmonary hypertension were studied to assess the hemodynamic response to acute oxygen administration and to oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). All 18 patients had baseline hemodynamic measurements and hemodynamic measurements during low-flow nasal oxygen. Following a second baseline measurement, patients received either oral ISDN (11 patients) or placebo (7 patients) in a randomized, double-blind protocol. Heart rate decreased with oxygen administration but there were no other significant hemodynamic changes. With oral ISDN, there was a significant fall in pulmonary artery and brachial artery pressure. Cardiac output, right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance all fell but not significantly. We conclude that oral ISDN is effective in reducing pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 373940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2241", "title": "gamma-Carboxyglutamate excretion and warfarin therapy.", "content": "The urinary excretion of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), the amino acid involved in the vitamin K-dependent calcium binding of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, IX, and X, was studied in warfarin-anticoagulated patients. An isotope dilution procedure was developed for the measurement of free urinary Gla with the use of prior anion-exchange chromatography to separate and concentrate the free Gla from whole urine and subsequent automated amino acid analysis. Eight subjects on stable warfarin anticoagulant therapy and 11 comparable control subjects with normal coagulation were examined. Urinary Gla excretion was reduced in patients on warfarin anticoagulant therapy (p = 0.001) and the urinary Gla level correlated (r = -0.73, p = 0.001) with plasma prothrombin time. It is concluded that decreased urinary Gla in warfarin-treated patients is related to coagulation status and may be a clinically useful parameter.", "contents": "gamma-Carboxyglutamate excretion and warfarin therapy. The urinary excretion of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), the amino acid involved in the vitamin K-dependent calcium binding of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, IX, and X, was studied in warfarin-anticoagulated patients. An isotope dilution procedure was developed for the measurement of free urinary Gla with the use of prior anion-exchange chromatography to separate and concentrate the free Gla from whole urine and subsequent automated amino acid analysis. Eight subjects on stable warfarin anticoagulant therapy and 11 comparable control subjects with normal coagulation were examined. Urinary Gla excretion was reduced in patients on warfarin anticoagulant therapy (p = 0.001) and the urinary Gla level correlated (r = -0.73, p = 0.001) with plasma prothrombin time. It is concluded that decreased urinary Gla in warfarin-treated patients is related to coagulation status and may be a clinically useful parameter.", "PMID": 373941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2242", "title": "Pirprofen and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Pirprofen (800 mg/day) or aspirin (3,600 mg/day) was administered in double-blind fashion for up to one year to 40 adult outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, after a short, single-blind placebo period. There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between pirprofen and aspirin, as evidenced by patient opinion, observer opinion, grip strength, walking time, number of tender joints, number of swollen joints, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Clinically significant pain of gastrointestinal origin occurred in an equal number of patients from each group. Audiologic evaluation revealed 3 pirprofen-treated patients and 5 aspirin-treated patients in whom sensorineural hearing loss progressed during therapy and required either discontinuation or reduction of drug dosage. Ophthalmologic evaluation disclosed a high prevalence of lesions, the most common being decreased visual acuity and cataracts not explained by previous antiarthritic therapy. The high prevalence of audiologic and ophthalmologic pathology reported in the literature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis makes it difficult to establish in our study whether pirprofen or aspirin affected these organ systems.", "contents": "Pirprofen and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pirprofen (800 mg/day) or aspirin (3,600 mg/day) was administered in double-blind fashion for up to one year to 40 adult outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, after a short, single-blind placebo period. There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between pirprofen and aspirin, as evidenced by patient opinion, observer opinion, grip strength, walking time, number of tender joints, number of swollen joints, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Clinically significant pain of gastrointestinal origin occurred in an equal number of patients from each group. Audiologic evaluation revealed 3 pirprofen-treated patients and 5 aspirin-treated patients in whom sensorineural hearing loss progressed during therapy and required either discontinuation or reduction of drug dosage. Ophthalmologic evaluation disclosed a high prevalence of lesions, the most common being decreased visual acuity and cataracts not explained by previous antiarthritic therapy. The high prevalence of audiologic and ophthalmologic pathology reported in the literature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis makes it difficult to establish in our study whether pirprofen or aspirin affected these organ systems.", "PMID": 373942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2243", "title": "Terminating a trial -- the ethical problem.", "content": "A comparative clinical trial will often lead to the conclusion that one regimen is clearly better than another. Should the estimated difference in the regimens be large and precisely determined, continuation of the trial would constitute abuse of the participants. Some earlier proposals for ethical decision making on continuing a trial are shown to be unsatisfactory, and a more general framework for dealing with the problem is proposed.", "contents": "Terminating a trial -- the ethical problem. A comparative clinical trial will often lead to the conclusion that one regimen is clearly better than another. Should the estimated difference in the regimens be large and precisely determined, continuation of the trial would constitute abuse of the participants. Some earlier proposals for ethical decision making on continuing a trial are shown to be unsatisfactory, and a more general framework for dealing with the problem is proposed.", "PMID": 373945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2244", "title": "Terminating a long-term clinical trial.", "content": "Long-term trials often include more than one active treatment group. These may be discontinued independently if found ineffective or possibly harmful. Certain subgroups of patients may be discovered, in the course of a clinical trial, who do not respond satisfactorily and are, therefore, excluded during the course of a trial. Yet anouther kind of termination comes when we have a therapeutic breakthrough or when hope has to be abandoned for demonstrating beneficial effects for one, several, or all treatments included in a trial. Examples from the authors' experience are presented, as are successful and unsuccessful techniques in managing terminations of various types.", "contents": "Terminating a long-term clinical trial. Long-term trials often include more than one active treatment group. These may be discontinued independently if found ineffective or possibly harmful. Certain subgroups of patients may be discovered, in the course of a clinical trial, who do not respond satisfactorily and are, therefore, excluded during the course of a trial. Yet anouther kind of termination comes when we have a therapeutic breakthrough or when hope has to be abandoned for demonstrating beneficial effects for one, several, or all treatments included in a trial. Examples from the authors' experience are presented, as are successful and unsuccessful techniques in managing terminations of various types.", "PMID": 373946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2245", "title": "Problems of university-based scientists associated with clinical trials.", "content": "University faculty members who participate in clinical trials face a number of difficulties in connection with this association. Publication opportunities are often limited, and individual scholarship is difficult to express and evaluate within the context of a cooperative trial. Merit increases, promotion, and the award of tenure will usually require evidence of scholarly achievement outside the trial setting. For this reason, it seems inadvisable to recommend that a young investigator devote a major portion of his scholarly and research time to such an activity. A possible exception may be a full-time appointment for 1 to 2 years. Nonetheless, cooperative clinical trials are an important investigative tool and they should continue to be associated with academic centers. If appropriate administrative arrangements can be made, it should be possible to solve the academic problems of the young investigator associated with such trials.", "contents": "Problems of university-based scientists associated with clinical trials. University faculty members who participate in clinical trials face a number of difficulties in connection with this association. Publication opportunities are often limited, and individual scholarship is difficult to express and evaluate within the context of a cooperative trial. Merit increases, promotion, and the award of tenure will usually require evidence of scholarly achievement outside the trial setting. For this reason, it seems inadvisable to recommend that a young investigator devote a major portion of his scholarly and research time to such an activity. A possible exception may be a full-time appointment for 1 to 2 years. Nonetheless, cooperative clinical trials are an important investigative tool and they should continue to be associated with academic centers. If appropriate administrative arrangements can be made, it should be possible to solve the academic problems of the young investigator associated with such trials.", "PMID": 373950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2246", "title": "Effective clinical trials investigators and adequate incentives.", "content": "Because of the importance of randomized controlled trials in medical research and development, the most competent and qualified individuals from a variety of medical specialties are needed as investigators for these trials. Such people must be highly dedicated to the improvement of human health and they must also be cooperative and able to work in the highly disciplined atmosphere that such a trial demands. In order that the trial investigators be persons of high caliber, certain incentives must be guaranteed, such as recognition of one's contributions to the trial itself, publications, and opportunities to present study results at various meetings. University and medical school policies on promotion and tenure need to be reassessed bearing in mind the complexity of achieving optimal recognition of the individuals investigator's contributions to a clinical trial.", "contents": "Effective clinical trials investigators and adequate incentives. Because of the importance of randomized controlled trials in medical research and development, the most competent and qualified individuals from a variety of medical specialties are needed as investigators for these trials. Such people must be highly dedicated to the improvement of human health and they must also be cooperative and able to work in the highly disciplined atmosphere that such a trial demands. In order that the trial investigators be persons of high caliber, certain incentives must be guaranteed, such as recognition of one's contributions to the trial itself, publications, and opportunities to present study results at various meetings. University and medical school policies on promotion and tenure need to be reassessed bearing in mind the complexity of achieving optimal recognition of the individuals investigator's contributions to a clinical trial.", "PMID": 373951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2247", "title": "Publications and promotions for the clinical investigator.", "content": "If cooperative clinical trials are to compete with other types of clinical research for the attention of physician investigators, they must offer rewards in the form of publication credits and academic recognition. Large-scale multi-institutional clinical trials provide less opportunity for authorship than individual or small-group research. This problem cannot be solved by attempts to multiply publications unnecessarily or to blur the meaning of authorship. Only those who contribute significantly to the design and interpretation of an experiment should be designated as authors; journals should be prepared to recognize all those who meet that test. Increased opportunities for authorship can be provided if the National Institutes of Health (NIH) encourage small-scale clinical trials carried out by individual investigators. Academic recognition of the clinical investigator in increasing and would be greatly strengthened by an NIH policy of greater support for this kind of research.", "contents": "Publications and promotions for the clinical investigator. If cooperative clinical trials are to compete with other types of clinical research for the attention of physician investigators, they must offer rewards in the form of publication credits and academic recognition. Large-scale multi-institutional clinical trials provide less opportunity for authorship than individual or small-group research. This problem cannot be solved by attempts to multiply publications unnecessarily or to blur the meaning of authorship. Only those who contribute significantly to the design and interpretation of an experiment should be designated as authors; journals should be prepared to recognize all those who meet that test. Increased opportunities for authorship can be provided if the National Institutes of Health (NIH) encourage small-scale clinical trials carried out by individual investigators. Academic recognition of the clinical investigator in increasing and would be greatly strengthened by an NIH policy of greater support for this kind of research.", "PMID": 373953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2248", "title": "Recruitment in the Coronary Drug Project and the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study.", "content": "Both the Coronary Drug Project (CDP) and the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study (AMIS) were successfully able to recruit adequate members of postmyocardial infarction patients to long-term multicenter clinical trials in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Aggressive efforts to achieve the recruitment within an acceptable time limit were found to be neccessary. A direct approach to the general public via the mass media and painstaking search of hospital records proved to be the most effective methods. Referral from physicians was not an effective way to recruit participants for the most part. Both the general public and the medical profession are generally supportive of this type of research.", "contents": "Recruitment in the Coronary Drug Project and the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study. Both the Coronary Drug Project (CDP) and the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study (AMIS) were successfully able to recruit adequate members of postmyocardial infarction patients to long-term multicenter clinical trials in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Aggressive efforts to achieve the recruitment within an acceptable time limit were found to be neccessary. A direct approach to the general public via the mass media and painstaking search of hospital records proved to be the most effective methods. Referral from physicians was not an effective way to recruit participants for the most part. Both the general public and the medical profession are generally supportive of this type of research.", "PMID": 373954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2249", "title": "Recruitment for the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial.", "content": "A preliminary account of some aspects of recruitment for the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial is provided. Extension of recruitment sources to include various forms of community screening resulted in more rapid acquisition of potential participants than was possible when recruitment was restricted to the more traditional sources of physician and laboratory referral. Extended recruitment was supported by augmented data feedback and by the development of the job of recruitment coordinator at each participating clinic. The identification of delays in reaching the maximal recruitment rate from particular sources points to the need for detailed planning of a recruitment campaign before large-scale clinical trials are begun.", "contents": "Recruitment for the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. A preliminary account of some aspects of recruitment for the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial is provided. Extension of recruitment sources to include various forms of community screening resulted in more rapid acquisition of potential participants than was possible when recruitment was restricted to the more traditional sources of physician and laboratory referral. Extended recruitment was supported by augmented data feedback and by the development of the job of recruitment coordinator at each participating clinic. The identification of delays in reaching the maximal recruitment rate from particular sources points to the need for detailed planning of a recruitment campaign before large-scale clinical trials are begun.", "PMID": 373955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2250", "title": "Recruitment for the National Cooperative Gallstone Study.", "content": "The National Cooperative Gallstone Study (NCGS) recruitment experience is reported, and the factors determining recruitment performance at a center are evaluated. Recruitment performance was grouped into four major areas: coordinating center, protocol, patient population, and treatment center. At the treatment centers, no relationship was found between performance and the prior experience of the clinic staff in clinical trials or expertise in gallstone research, lack of institutional support was not initially apparent, and ancillary studies did not appear to stimulate performance. Neither the population density nor the annual rate of cholecystectomy were predictive of the monthly rate of patient randomization. After the initial biopsy study and in the major study, changes in eligibility criteria and procedural requirements were followed by an augmented randomization rate. No significant correlation was found between the rating given to a center at the time of selection and the subsequent randomization rate. In conclusion, the criteria used by the NCGS for treatment center selection were inadequate to predict subsequent performance.", "contents": "Recruitment for the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. The National Cooperative Gallstone Study (NCGS) recruitment experience is reported, and the factors determining recruitment performance at a center are evaluated. Recruitment performance was grouped into four major areas: coordinating center, protocol, patient population, and treatment center. At the treatment centers, no relationship was found between performance and the prior experience of the clinic staff in clinical trials or expertise in gallstone research, lack of institutional support was not initially apparent, and ancillary studies did not appear to stimulate performance. Neither the population density nor the annual rate of cholecystectomy were predictive of the monthly rate of patient randomization. After the initial biopsy study and in the major study, changes in eligibility criteria and procedural requirements were followed by an augmented randomization rate. No significant correlation was found between the rating given to a center at the time of selection and the subsequent randomization rate. In conclusion, the criteria used by the NCGS for treatment center selection were inadequate to predict subsequent performance.", "PMID": 373956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2251", "title": "Patient recruitment: other examples of recruitment problems and solutions.", "content": "Plans to recruit patients for a clinical trial must begin early and must utilize a variety of workable techniques if patients are to be acquired at an acceptable rate. Publicity campaigns must be directed toward winning the confidence and good will of the public and of interested physicians.", "contents": "Patient recruitment: other examples of recruitment problems and solutions. Plans to recruit patients for a clinical trial must begin early and must utilize a variety of workable techniques if patients are to be acquired at an acceptable rate. Publicity campaigns must be directed toward winning the confidence and good will of the public and of interested physicians.", "PMID": 373957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2252", "title": "Quality assurance of clinical data: diagnostic standardization.", "content": "Diagnostic standardization requires substantial effort, including detailed specification of procedures in a written protocol and training of examiners in such procedures. Success is neither automatic nor assured. It is essential to monitor performance through replicate examinations and/or computation of examiner variance. When examiner variance exceeds permissible limits, consideration should be given to discarding the data.", "contents": "Quality assurance of clinical data: diagnostic standardization. Diagnostic standardization requires substantial effort, including detailed specification of procedures in a written protocol and training of examiners in such procedures. Success is neither automatic nor assured. It is essential to monitor performance through replicate examinations and/or computation of examiner variance. When examiner variance exceeds permissible limits, consideration should be given to discarding the data.", "PMID": 373959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2253", "title": "Quality assurance of clinical data: internal monitoring: patient and study management at the clinic.", "content": "Adquate methods to assure the quality of data collected at the clinic need to be developed. A full understanding of the limitations of physicians as information processors and reasonable performance expectations for physicians during peak information periods will result in concentrated planning for patient visits and will limit the data that must be collected at the clinic. It is mandatory for each clinical research project that protocol treatment take into account the question of variable provider follow-up versus constant provider follow-up. It is also imperative that all clinical research providers receive special training, testing, and follow-up evaluation. The prime responsibility for the overall conduct of clinical research rests with the principal investigator. A monitoring tool that should be more fully used is the informed patient.", "contents": "Quality assurance of clinical data: internal monitoring: patient and study management at the clinic. Adquate methods to assure the quality of data collected at the clinic need to be developed. A full understanding of the limitations of physicians as information processors and reasonable performance expectations for physicians during peak information periods will result in concentrated planning for patient visits and will limit the data that must be collected at the clinic. It is mandatory for each clinical research project that protocol treatment take into account the question of variable provider follow-up versus constant provider follow-up. It is also imperative that all clinical research providers receive special training, testing, and follow-up evaluation. The prime responsibility for the overall conduct of clinical research rests with the principal investigator. A monitoring tool that should be more fully used is the informed patient.", "PMID": 373960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2254", "title": "Aspects of clinic monitoring in large-scale multiclinic trials.", "content": "Monitoring the implementation of large-scale and the adherence of clinical centers to a common protocol should be an integral part of the study design and a primary responsibility of the coordinating center for the study. There are four basic concepts in external clinic monitoring: (1) the maintenance of open lines of communication between all study facilities, (2) \"responsibility and accountability\" for study implementation and for the integrity of the data, (3) evaluation of clinic operations, and (4) analysis of data quality. A monitoring scheme consisting of regular telephone calls to the screening centers. periodic visits to the screening centers, and continuing review of the data collected can be effectively used by the coordinating center.", "contents": "Aspects of clinic monitoring in large-scale multiclinic trials. Monitoring the implementation of large-scale and the adherence of clinical centers to a common protocol should be an integral part of the study design and a primary responsibility of the coordinating center for the study. There are four basic concepts in external clinic monitoring: (1) the maintenance of open lines of communication between all study facilities, (2) \"responsibility and accountability\" for study implementation and for the integrity of the data, (3) evaluation of clinic operations, and (4) analysis of data quality. A monitoring scheme consisting of regular telephone calls to the screening centers. periodic visits to the screening centers, and continuing review of the data collected can be effectively used by the coordinating center.", "PMID": 373961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2255", "title": "Some ethical considerations in clinical trials.", "content": "The ethical norms established in various codes and regulations are inadequate to resolve some of the ethical problems presented by clinical trials. They are stated too vaguely to provide unequivocal answers to many specific questions. In order to remedy this situation, many commentators have proposed the development of more specific and complex regulations. We propose that a more fruitful approach would be to examine the ethical principles underlying the norms and to apply these principles to the specific problems. We apply this approach to two questions: (1) Is it ethical to select subjects for a randomized clinical trial (RCT) exclusively from Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals? (2) In the conduct of a RCT is it necessary to disclose the fact that therapy will be determined by chance? We conclude that problems of justice arise not only because of the vulnerability of patients in VA hospitals but also because of the loss of the physician-patient relationship in an RCT. However, the use of patients in a VA hospital is not always unjust; in most cases such use can be made more just through various modifications in design. We also conclude that the fact of randomization should be disclosed in any situation in which it might materially affect the prospective subject's decision, and that the values and preferences of the subjects should be taken into account in determining what information might be material. This work is only a preliminary step toward analyzing ethical issues in clinical trials. While some would challenge our conclusions, we hope that our methods will facilitate clarity about the locus of disagreement in current controversies and about the value questions that must be answered in order to set an ethical context for the conduct of clinical trials.", "contents": "Some ethical considerations in clinical trials. The ethical norms established in various codes and regulations are inadequate to resolve some of the ethical problems presented by clinical trials. They are stated too vaguely to provide unequivocal answers to many specific questions. In order to remedy this situation, many commentators have proposed the development of more specific and complex regulations. We propose that a more fruitful approach would be to examine the ethical principles underlying the norms and to apply these principles to the specific problems. We apply this approach to two questions: (1) Is it ethical to select subjects for a randomized clinical trial (RCT) exclusively from Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals? (2) In the conduct of a RCT is it necessary to disclose the fact that therapy will be determined by chance? We conclude that problems of justice arise not only because of the vulnerability of patients in VA hospitals but also because of the loss of the physician-patient relationship in an RCT. However, the use of patients in a VA hospital is not always unjust; in most cases such use can be made more just through various modifications in design. We also conclude that the fact of randomization should be disclosed in any situation in which it might materially affect the prospective subject's decision, and that the values and preferences of the subjects should be taken into account in determining what information might be material. This work is only a preliminary step toward analyzing ethical issues in clinical trials. While some would challenge our conclusions, we hope that our methods will facilitate clarity about the locus of disagreement in current controversies and about the value questions that must be answered in order to set an ethical context for the conduct of clinical trials.", "PMID": 373965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2256", "title": "Problems in publication of clinical trial methodology.", "content": "The literature on analgesic testing in man reveals a series of informational gaps. These include a failure to document the occurrence of \"trials that failed\", the problems associated with recruiting patients and in dealing with dropouts, the relative advantages and disadvantages of different methods of assessing relief from pain, the importance of baseline variables, and the utility of global and comparative judgments by patients. A trial is described in which only 100 subjects of a total of over 8,000 patients theoretically available for study proved suitable. Significant differences between consenters and nonconsenters and selection factors that are used in choosing an experimental population have implications for the generalization of a study. Such conclusions have been largely ignored both in and out of the scientific literature.", "contents": "Problems in publication of clinical trial methodology. The literature on analgesic testing in man reveals a series of informational gaps. These include a failure to document the occurrence of \"trials that failed\", the problems associated with recruiting patients and in dealing with dropouts, the relative advantages and disadvantages of different methods of assessing relief from pain, the importance of baseline variables, and the utility of global and comparative judgments by patients. A trial is described in which only 100 subjects of a total of over 8,000 patients theoretically available for study proved suitable. Significant differences between consenters and nonconsenters and selection factors that are used in choosing an experimental population have implications for the generalization of a study. Such conclusions have been largely ignored both in and out of the scientific literature.", "PMID": 373967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2257", "title": "Communications: Should mechanisms be established for sharing among clinical trial investigators experiences in handling problems in design, execution, and analysis? Methodology: the case for improved communications.", "content": "Despite their long history, the number that are in operation now, and the current level of expenditures on them, clinical trials have not been the focus of sufficient methodologic research. The paucity of metholologic explorations is further aggravated by the constraints on communications regarding methodology. Those individuals working in the area of clinical trials need to establish some professional identity with the field. Methodology in the areas of design and management of clinical trials needs to be stimulated, perhaps through special requests for applications (RFAs) and requests for proposals (RFPs). Communications could be improved by the establishments of a professional society, the development of an appropriate journal, and establishment of national training and information centers for clinical trials.", "contents": "Communications: Should mechanisms be established for sharing among clinical trial investigators experiences in handling problems in design, execution, and analysis? Methodology: the case for improved communications. Despite their long history, the number that are in operation now, and the current level of expenditures on them, clinical trials have not been the focus of sufficient methodologic research. The paucity of metholologic explorations is further aggravated by the constraints on communications regarding methodology. Those individuals working in the area of clinical trials need to establish some professional identity with the field. Methodology in the areas of design and management of clinical trials needs to be stimulated, perhaps through special requests for applications (RFAs) and requests for proposals (RFPs). Communications could be improved by the establishments of a professional society, the development of an appropriate journal, and establishment of national training and information centers for clinical trials.", "PMID": 373968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2258", "title": "Retrieving information on clinical methodology.", "content": "Evidence derived from several simple searchers of the literature suggests that one interested in identifying papers which discuss the methodologies of clinical trials will have reasonable success. However, the retrieval of a meaningful methodologic duscussion of any actual trial is unlikely because very little of this information has been published. Some suggestions to remedy this deficiency are given.", "contents": "Retrieving information on clinical methodology. Evidence derived from several simple searchers of the literature suggests that one interested in identifying papers which discuss the methodologies of clinical trials will have reasonable success. However, the retrieval of a meaningful methodologic duscussion of any actual trial is unlikely because very little of this information has been published. Some suggestions to remedy this deficiency are given.", "PMID": 373969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2259", "title": "The relative roles of surgery and radiotherapy in the management of soft tissue sarcomas of adults. A personal appraisal.", "content": "The literature of the last 25 years pertaining to the treatment of sarcomas of the soft somatic tissues by surgery and radiotherapy, both separately and in combination, has been reviewed. Surgery alone, if it is to be successful in an appreciable proportion of cases, must be radical. There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that less-than-radical surgery in combination with postoperative radiotherapy may give results equal or superior to those of radical surgery alone. There is need for a multicentre controlled clinical trial to compare the results of the two modes of treatment.", "contents": "The relative roles of surgery and radiotherapy in the management of soft tissue sarcomas of adults. A personal appraisal. The literature of the last 25 years pertaining to the treatment of sarcomas of the soft somatic tissues by surgery and radiotherapy, both separately and in combination, has been reviewed. Surgery alone, if it is to be successful in an appreciable proportion of cases, must be radical. There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that less-than-radical surgery in combination with postoperative radiotherapy may give results equal or superior to those of radical surgery alone. There is need for a multicentre controlled clinical trial to compare the results of the two modes of treatment.", "PMID": 373971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2260", "title": "Online literature retrieval in poison control.", "content": "Modern bibliographic databases include an increasing number of substantial abstracts, as well as other features which contribute to their becoming useful additional tools in poison control. This paper is a contribution to the assessment of their respective value in providing rapid and up-to-date information about toxic effects of drugs and chemicals, as well as about the therapy of poisoning. The main systems compared are Excerpta Medica, Scisearch, and Toxline.", "contents": "Online literature retrieval in poison control. Modern bibliographic databases include an increasing number of substantial abstracts, as well as other features which contribute to their becoming useful additional tools in poison control. This paper is a contribution to the assessment of their respective value in providing rapid and up-to-date information about toxic effects of drugs and chemicals, as well as about the therapy of poisoning. The main systems compared are Excerpta Medica, Scisearch, and Toxline.", "PMID": 373976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2261", "title": "Reception of acupuncture by the scientific community: from scorn to a degree of interest.", "content": "This article presents a comprehensive review of the clinical phenomenon of acupuncture. The historical development of this technique, in China, in other parts of Asia, and in the West is discussed. Contemporary advances in acupuncture applications, such as in anesthesia and in the treatment of drug addiction are reviewed. Up-to-date material regarding current physiological theories of acupuncture's mechanism is included. Acupuncture is seen as presenting of challenge to the scientific community which is moving from a posture of scorn to justifiable interest.", "contents": "Reception of acupuncture by the scientific community: from scorn to a degree of interest. This article presents a comprehensive review of the clinical phenomenon of acupuncture. The historical development of this technique, in China, in other parts of Asia, and in the West is discussed. Contemporary advances in acupuncture applications, such as in anesthesia and in the treatment of drug addiction are reviewed. Up-to-date material regarding current physiological theories of acupuncture's mechanism is included. Acupuncture is seen as presenting of challenge to the scientific community which is moving from a posture of scorn to justifiable interest.", "PMID": 373982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2262", "title": "Comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and tetracycline in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-six adult patients with acute lower respiratory infection were studied in a double-blind trial. One group was treated with co-trimoxazole (480 mg trimethoprim and 2400 mg sulphamethoxazole) per day and the other group with tetracycline 2 g per day. The results showed that co-trimoxazole was significantly more effective than tetracycline as judged by clinical improvement, and the reduction in sputum volume and purulence. No haematological abnormalities were observed, but the incidence of side-effects, though mostly mild, was higher in the group of patients on tetracycline than in the co-trimoxazole group. The results of this study strongly suggest that co-trimoxazole may be a useful and reliable drug in the treatment and control of acute lower respiratory tract infection in the developing countries.", "contents": "Comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and tetracycline in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. One hundred and twenty-six adult patients with acute lower respiratory infection were studied in a double-blind trial. One group was treated with co-trimoxazole (480 mg trimethoprim and 2400 mg sulphamethoxazole) per day and the other group with tetracycline 2 g per day. The results showed that co-trimoxazole was significantly more effective than tetracycline as judged by clinical improvement, and the reduction in sputum volume and purulence. No haematological abnormalities were observed, but the incidence of side-effects, though mostly mild, was higher in the group of patients on tetracycline than in the co-trimoxazole group. The results of this study strongly suggest that co-trimoxazole may be a useful and reliable drug in the treatment and control of acute lower respiratory tract infection in the developing countries.", "PMID": 373988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2263", "title": "A double-blind, crossover trial of mefenamic acid, sulindac and flurbiprofen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial was carried out in 24 patients to compare the effects of mefenamic acid, flurbiprofen, sulindac and placebo. Each drug was given for 2 weeks, the treatment sequence being randomized. Daily doses were 1500 mg mefenamic acid, 150 mg flurbiprofen or 150 mg sulindac. All of the active drugs were significantly superior to placebo in terms of pain score, patients' assessment, articular index of joint tenderness, and duration and severity of morning stiffness. There was improvement in grip strength compared with placebo, but the differences were not statistically significant with sulindac. There was slight reduction  in joint circumference but this was only statistically significant in the right hand with flurbiprofen and sulindac. No significant  differences were found in technetium uptake in knee joints. The three drugs appeared to be equally effective and tolerated, and no significant differences were noted.", "contents": "A double-blind, crossover trial of mefenamic acid, sulindac and flurbiprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover trial was carried out in 24 patients to compare the effects of mefenamic acid, flurbiprofen, sulindac and placebo. Each drug was given for 2 weeks, the treatment sequence being randomized. Daily doses were 1500 mg mefenamic acid, 150 mg flurbiprofen or 150 mg sulindac. All of the active drugs were significantly superior to placebo in terms of pain score, patients' assessment, articular index of joint tenderness, and duration and severity of morning stiffness. There was improvement in grip strength compared with placebo, but the differences were not statistically significant with sulindac. There was slight reduction  in joint circumference but this was only statistically significant in the right hand with flurbiprofen and sulindac. No significant  differences were found in technetium uptake in knee joints. The three drugs appeared to be equally effective and tolerated, and no significant differences were noted.", "PMID": 373989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2264", "title": "A comparative study of haloperidol and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety.", "content": "In a single-blind study in general practice, 60 patients with anxiety neuroses were randomly allocated to receive either 0.5 mg haloperidol twice daily or 2 mg diazepam 3-times daily for 6 weeks. Eighteen patients (6 on haloperidol and 12 on diazepam) were excluded from the analysis of efficacy. On the Hamilton Rating Scale both haloperidol and diazepam reduced the anxiety and depression scores. The investigator's assessment of 14 anxiety symptoms and signs indicated that haloperidol produced significantly (p=0.05) greater symptomatic improvement than diazepam after 4 and 6 weeks of treatment, and the patients' overall response was also significantly (p less than 0.005) greater with haloperidol. After 6 weeks, 93% of patients felt 'better' or 'much better' on haloperidol, compared with 83% on diazepam. A few, minor side-effects were reported, slightly fewer on haloperidol than on diazepam. In the parameters tested in this study, haloperidol has been shown to be more effective than diazepam in the treatment of anxiety neuroses and appears to provide significantly better overall symptomatic relief and to be more acceptable to patients than diazepam.", "contents": "A comparative study of haloperidol and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety. In a single-blind study in general practice, 60 patients with anxiety neuroses were randomly allocated to receive either 0.5 mg haloperidol twice daily or 2 mg diazepam 3-times daily for 6 weeks. Eighteen patients (6 on haloperidol and 12 on diazepam) were excluded from the analysis of efficacy. On the Hamilton Rating Scale both haloperidol and diazepam reduced the anxiety and depression scores. The investigator's assessment of 14 anxiety symptoms and signs indicated that haloperidol produced significantly (p=0.05) greater symptomatic improvement than diazepam after 4 and 6 weeks of treatment, and the patients' overall response was also significantly (p less than 0.005) greater with haloperidol. After 6 weeks, 93% of patients felt 'better' or 'much better' on haloperidol, compared with 83% on diazepam. A few, minor side-effects were reported, slightly fewer on haloperidol than on diazepam. In the parameters tested in this study, haloperidol has been shown to be more effective than diazepam in the treatment of anxiety neuroses and appears to provide significantly better overall symptomatic relief and to be more acceptable to patients than diazepam.", "PMID": 373990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2265", "title": "Cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection.", "content": "Cefuroxime is a new parenteral antibiotic with a wider spectrum of activity than earlier cephalosporins and is particularly active against Haemophilus influenzae, including strains resistant to ampicillin due to beta-lactamase production. From 18 centres, 274 patients suffering with 275 infections were treated with cefuroxime sodium using the standard regimen of 750 mg 8-hourly by intramuscular injection. The clinical results showed a 90% success rate in the patients with bronchopneumonia (105), 91% in patients with post-operative pneumonia (74), and 89% in the patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (96). Renal function was closely monitored during therapy, and no adverse changes attributable to cefuroxime therapy were seen in any patient, including those who also received frusemide. Two patients (0.7%) developed a rash, although 8 penicillin-allergic patients were treated without incident. From these studies, it can be concluded that 750 mg cefuroxime 8-hourly is effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that the attributes of this antibiotic may offer several advantages over existing therapies.", "contents": "Cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. Cefuroxime is a new parenteral antibiotic with a wider spectrum of activity than earlier cephalosporins and is particularly active against Haemophilus influenzae, including strains resistant to ampicillin due to beta-lactamase production. From 18 centres, 274 patients suffering with 275 infections were treated with cefuroxime sodium using the standard regimen of 750 mg 8-hourly by intramuscular injection. The clinical results showed a 90% success rate in the patients with bronchopneumonia (105), 91% in patients with post-operative pneumonia (74), and 89% in the patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (96). Renal function was closely monitored during therapy, and no adverse changes attributable to cefuroxime therapy were seen in any patient, including those who also received frusemide. Two patients (0.7%) developed a rash, although 8 penicillin-allergic patients were treated without incident. From these studies, it can be concluded that 750 mg cefuroxime 8-hourly is effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that the attributes of this antibiotic may offer several advantages over existing therapies.", "PMID": 373991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2266", "title": "Efficacy of bufexamac cream versus betamethasone valerate cream in contact dermatitis: a double-blind trial.", "content": "A double-blind controlled study was carried out in 72 patients with atopic or contact dermatitis, who were randomly allocated to receive treatment with either 5% bufexamac, 0.1% betamethasone valerate or placebo creams. Patients applied the cream twice daily for 2 weeks. Assessments of the degree of severity of inflammation, induration, lichenification, crusts, scaling, and pruritus were made before and after treatment. The results showed that both active preparations were equally effective in improving the skin condition in the majority of the patients. In younger patients, however, the improvement with betamethasone valerate appeared to be somewhat better than that with bufexamac, particularly in relation to pruritus.", "contents": "Efficacy of bufexamac cream versus betamethasone valerate cream in contact dermatitis: a double-blind trial. A double-blind controlled study was carried out in 72 patients with atopic or contact dermatitis, who were randomly allocated to receive treatment with either 5% bufexamac, 0.1% betamethasone valerate or placebo creams. Patients applied the cream twice daily for 2 weeks. Assessments of the degree of severity of inflammation, induration, lichenification, crusts, scaling, and pruritus were made before and after treatment. The results showed that both active preparations were equally effective in improving the skin condition in the majority of the patients. In younger patients, however, the improvement with betamethasone valerate appeared to be somewhat better than that with bufexamac, particularly in relation to pruritus.", "PMID": 373992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2267", "title": "A comparison of salbutamol and ritodrine when used to inhibit premature labour complicated by ante-partum haemorrhage.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out in 26 patients in premature labour complicated by antepartum haemorrhage. Patients treated with the beta-adrenergic agonists, salbutamol or ritodrine, continued the pregnancy longer, had smaller subsequent blood losses, and delivered infants in better condition than patients no so treated. There was little difference between the effectiveness of either beta-adrenergic agonist.", "contents": "A comparison of salbutamol and ritodrine when used to inhibit premature labour complicated by ante-partum haemorrhage. A retrospective study was carried out in 26 patients in premature labour complicated by antepartum haemorrhage. Patients treated with the beta-adrenergic agonists, salbutamol or ritodrine, continued the pregnancy longer, had smaller subsequent blood losses, and delivered infants in better condition than patients no so treated. There was little difference between the effectiveness of either beta-adrenergic agonist.", "PMID": 373993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2268", "title": "Mezlocillin in gonorrhoea: a pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study was carried out in 50 patients with uncomplicated, untreated gonorrhoea to asses the effectiveness of mezlocillin, a new semi-synthetic penicillin. Patients received a single intravenous injection of 2 g mezlocillin and were followed-up for periods up to 101 days. Four patients defaulted immediately. Clinical and bacteriological findings showed that only 1 of the 46 patients followed-up had failed to respond to treatment, indicating a cure rate of 97.8%. Five (10.8%) male patients had developed post-gonococcal urethritis when seen 3 weeks or later in the follow-up period.", "contents": "Mezlocillin in gonorrhoea: a pilot study. A pilot study was carried out in 50 patients with uncomplicated, untreated gonorrhoea to asses the effectiveness of mezlocillin, a new semi-synthetic penicillin. Patients received a single intravenous injection of 2 g mezlocillin and were followed-up for periods up to 101 days. Four patients defaulted immediately. Clinical and bacteriological findings showed that only 1 of the 46 patients followed-up had failed to respond to treatment, indicating a cure rate of 97.8%. Five (10.8%) male patients had developed post-gonococcal urethritis when seen 3 weeks or later in the follow-up period.", "PMID": 373994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2269", "title": "Indoprofen versus ibuprofen in osteoarthrosis: a short-term, double-blind, crossover trial.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover, short-term clinical trial was carried out in osteoarthrosis to compare the activity of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Twenty-four patients were given orally, in sequence, 600 mg indoprofen daily and 1200 mg ibuprofen daily, or vice-versa, for 1 week with no interval between treatment periods. Pain, quality of sleep, and overall effectiveness were recorded at the end of each week by inviting patients to express a score on a simple rating scale. Finally, patients were asked to express a preference for one treatment or the other. Significant improvement was observed in all parameters following treatment with both drugs. The distribution of score differences between indoprofen and ibuprofen was in favour of the former in all measurements; statistical analysis, however, demonstrated a significant superiority of indoprofen only for pain elicited by passive motion. The patients' preferences were also in favour of indoprofen, though not attaining statistical significance. Indoprofen was well tolerated, and no side-effects were observed. While on treatment with ibuprofen, 1 patient had to be withdrawn from the study because of gastric intolerance and 2 further patients had transient skin rashes.", "contents": "Indoprofen versus ibuprofen in osteoarthrosis: a short-term, double-blind, crossover trial. A double-blind, crossover, short-term clinical trial was carried out in osteoarthrosis to compare the activity of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Twenty-four patients were given orally, in sequence, 600 mg indoprofen daily and 1200 mg ibuprofen daily, or vice-versa, for 1 week with no interval between treatment periods. Pain, quality of sleep, and overall effectiveness were recorded at the end of each week by inviting patients to express a score on a simple rating scale. Finally, patients were asked to express a preference for one treatment or the other. Significant improvement was observed in all parameters following treatment with both drugs. The distribution of score differences between indoprofen and ibuprofen was in favour of the former in all measurements; statistical analysis, however, demonstrated a significant superiority of indoprofen only for pain elicited by passive motion. The patients' preferences were also in favour of indoprofen, though not attaining statistical significance. Indoprofen was well tolerated, and no side-effects were observed. While on treatment with ibuprofen, 1 patient had to be withdrawn from the study because of gastric intolerance and 2 further patients had transient skin rashes.", "PMID": 373995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2270", "title": "Pimozide in acute schizophrenia: a pilot study.", "content": "Pimozide was used in a pilot study to treat 10 patients with frank symptoms of acute schizophrenia. Eight patients appeared to respond favourably to doses ranging from 12 to 40 mg daily. Two of the patients responded within 1 week and all 8 within 5 weeks. It was possible to discharge all 8 patients from hospital within this time period. It is concluded that oral pimozide is an effective treatment for the whole range of symptoms accompanying acute schizophrenia. Brief representative case histories are presented, and dosage recommendations for the effective treatment of acute schizophrenia with pimozide are discussed.", "contents": "Pimozide in acute schizophrenia: a pilot study. Pimozide was used in a pilot study to treat 10 patients with frank symptoms of acute schizophrenia. Eight patients appeared to respond favourably to doses ranging from 12 to 40 mg daily. Two of the patients responded within 1 week and all 8 within 5 weeks. It was possible to discharge all 8 patients from hospital within this time period. It is concluded that oral pimozide is an effective treatment for the whole range of symptoms accompanying acute schizophrenia. Brief representative case histories are presented, and dosage recommendations for the effective treatment of acute schizophrenia with pimozide are discussed.", "PMID": 373996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2271", "title": "Vascular and lymphatic tumors in infancy, childhood and adulthood: challenge of diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The essential features of the major benign and malignant vascular tumors affecting infants, children and adults have been presented. Major emphasis has been placed upon the classification and treatment of hemangiomas, although malignant vascular tumors are discussed, and extensive and selected references are cited. The classification system of hemangiomas presented in this monograph is based upon the clinical prognosis of the angioma. The principles of treatment for hemangiomas based upon our clinical classification are discussed and may be summarized as follows: 1. The diagnostic features and prognosis vary with the variety of the angioma. 2. Spontaneous regression occurs only with juvenile hemangiomas, and the major involution occurs before age 5. 3. Patients with rapidly growing capillary cavernous hemangiomas should be treated with steroids. 4. Treatment modalities that increase scarring of the surface epithelium are contraindicated. 5. Intradermal and cirsoid angiomas do not spontaneously regress. 6. Congenital A-V fistulas require aggressive surgery. 7. The ultimate deformity resulting from angiomas may be greatly reduced by plastic surgical techniques. 8. Radiation therapy is never indicated for the treatment of hemangiomas. 9. The psychologic impact of the congenital deformity on patients is generally more detrimental than comparable postsurgical or traumatic deformities.", "contents": "Vascular and lymphatic tumors in infancy, childhood and adulthood: challenge of diagnosis and treatment. The essential features of the major benign and malignant vascular tumors affecting infants, children and adults have been presented. Major emphasis has been placed upon the classification and treatment of hemangiomas, although malignant vascular tumors are discussed, and extensive and selected references are cited. The classification system of hemangiomas presented in this monograph is based upon the clinical prognosis of the angioma. The principles of treatment for hemangiomas based upon our clinical classification are discussed and may be summarized as follows: 1. The diagnostic features and prognosis vary with the variety of the angioma. 2. Spontaneous regression occurs only with juvenile hemangiomas, and the major involution occurs before age 5. 3. Patients with rapidly growing capillary cavernous hemangiomas should be treated with steroids. 4. Treatment modalities that increase scarring of the surface epithelium are contraindicated. 5. Intradermal and cirsoid angiomas do not spontaneously regress. 6. Congenital A-V fistulas require aggressive surgery. 7. The ultimate deformity resulting from angiomas may be greatly reduced by plastic surgical techniques. 8. Radiation therapy is never indicated for the treatment of hemangiomas. 9. The psychologic impact of the congenital deformity on patients is generally more detrimental than comparable postsurgical or traumatic deformities.", "PMID": 373997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2272", "title": "Sex steroid control of intermale fighting in mice.", "content": "The data presented here are based on over 700 mice and employed over 13,000 injections. The results obtained provide good evidence that the influences of sex steroids on fighting motivation in aggressive mice are discrete from the somatic influences of these hormones. Further, it seems possible that some of the effects of naturally occurring endogenous androgens in the mouse are consequent upon local neural aromatization of these compounds to estrogenic metabolites, before they exert an influence on aggressive motivation. It seems possible that this is a physiological effect as well as a consequence of pharmacological influence, as the doses of steroid employed in this present study are quite low. However, this model of hormone action cannot be the entire story, as 5 alpha DHT is behaviorally effective even though its A ring cannot be aromatized. Aggressive mice seem useful behavioral models for these effects. These studies indicate some of the likely sources of variability in the literature, as well as providing a number of considerations for clinical behavior therapy. They also indicate some of the features of steroid hormones (such as an aromatized A ring; the presence of a hydroxyl group at position 19; the influence of alpha hydroxyl groups, etc.) which may change the behavioral and somatic influences of these compounds.", "contents": "Sex steroid control of intermale fighting in mice. The data presented here are based on over 700 mice and employed over 13,000 injections. The results obtained provide good evidence that the influences of sex steroids on fighting motivation in aggressive mice are discrete from the somatic influences of these hormones. Further, it seems possible that some of the effects of naturally occurring endogenous androgens in the mouse are consequent upon local neural aromatization of these compounds to estrogenic metabolites, before they exert an influence on aggressive motivation. It seems possible that this is a physiological effect as well as a consequence of pharmacological influence, as the doses of steroid employed in this present study are quite low. However, this model of hormone action cannot be the entire story, as 5 alpha DHT is behaviorally effective even though its A ring cannot be aromatized. Aggressive mice seem useful behavioral models for these effects. These studies indicate some of the likely sources of variability in the literature, as well as providing a number of considerations for clinical behavior therapy. They also indicate some of the features of steroid hormones (such as an aromatized A ring; the presence of a hydroxyl group at position 19; the influence of alpha hydroxyl groups, etc.) which may change the behavioral and somatic influences of these compounds.", "PMID": 374002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2273", "title": "Micromethod for chromosome preparations from Chinese hamster lymphocytes.", "content": "Chromosome preparations from Chinese hamster lymphocytes were made by culturing for 2 to 6 days 50,000 to 800,000 lymphocytes in flat-bottomed Cooke microtiter plates in 0.1 or 0.2 ml Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 5--40 microliters PHA/ml, 20% fetal calf serum (FCS), and 40 microns 2-mercaptoethanol. Depending on blood volume and cell concentrations used, it was possible to obtain up to 1400 well-spread metaphases from one venepuncture.", "contents": "Micromethod for chromosome preparations from Chinese hamster lymphocytes. Chromosome preparations from Chinese hamster lymphocytes were made by culturing for 2 to 6 days 50,000 to 800,000 lymphocytes in flat-bottomed Cooke microtiter plates in 0.1 or 0.2 ml Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 5--40 microliters PHA/ml, 20% fetal calf serum (FCS), and 40 microns 2-mercaptoethanol. Depending on blood volume and cell concentrations used, it was possible to obtain up to 1400 well-spread metaphases from one venepuncture.", "PMID": 374003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2274", "title": "Endotracheally administered antibiotics for gram-negative bronchopneumonia.", "content": "Sisomicin or a placebo was administered endotracheally to two groups of 18 and 20 unconscious patients, respectively, who had tracheostomies or endotracheal tubes in place and developed a severe gram-negative broncho-pneumonia. In addition, the patients received systemically a combination of sisomicin and carbenicillin. A favorable clinical response was obtained in 14 (77 percent) of the 18 patients who were treated with sisomicin and in nine (45 percent) of the 20 patients who received the placebo (P less than 0.05). Endotracheal therapy with sisomicin was well tolerated and resulted in high levels of sisomicin and in elevated bactericidal activity within the bronchial secretions. Endotracheally administered amino-glycosides might be an important adjunct to systemically administered antibiotics in the management of severe gram-negative bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Endotracheally administered antibiotics for gram-negative bronchopneumonia. Sisomicin or a placebo was administered endotracheally to two groups of 18 and 20 unconscious patients, respectively, who had tracheostomies or endotracheal tubes in place and developed a severe gram-negative broncho-pneumonia. In addition, the patients received systemically a combination of sisomicin and carbenicillin. A favorable clinical response was obtained in 14 (77 percent) of the 18 patients who were treated with sisomicin and in nine (45 percent) of the 20 patients who received the placebo (P less than 0.05). Endotracheal therapy with sisomicin was well tolerated and resulted in high levels of sisomicin and in elevated bactericidal activity within the bronchial secretions. Endotracheally administered amino-glycosides might be an important adjunct to systemically administered antibiotics in the management of severe gram-negative bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 374017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2275", "title": "The concentration of tobramycin in bronchial secretions.", "content": "Fifteen noninfected patients received three consecutive doses of tobramycin (1.7 mg/kg intramuscularly). Serum and bronchial secretions were obtained during bronchoscopy. Microbiologic assay demonstrated that bronchial secretions containing tobramycin produced inappropriately small zone sizes when compared with serum. Also, it was shown that bronchial secretions frequently do achieve therapeutic concentrations of tobramycin at this dosage level and route of administration.", "contents": "The concentration of tobramycin in bronchial secretions. Fifteen noninfected patients received three consecutive doses of tobramycin (1.7 mg/kg intramuscularly). Serum and bronchial secretions were obtained during bronchoscopy. Microbiologic assay demonstrated that bronchial secretions containing tobramycin produced inappropriately small zone sizes when compared with serum. Also, it was shown that bronchial secretions frequently do achieve therapeutic concentrations of tobramycin at this dosage level and route of administration.", "PMID": 374019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2276", "title": "[Catheter dilatation of arterial stenosis after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-anastomotic arterial stenosis after renal transplantation requires active intervention in order to save the transplant. As an alternative to a taxing surgical reoperation selective transluminal catheter dilatation was performed in one case and severe stenosis was removed. Rapid normalisation of blood pressure and recovery of excretory function should encourage further such therapeutic attempts in stenoses in these high-risk patients.", "contents": "[Catheter dilatation of arterial stenosis after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Post-anastomotic arterial stenosis after renal transplantation requires active intervention in order to save the transplant. As an alternative to a taxing surgical reoperation selective transluminal catheter dilatation was performed in one case and severe stenosis was removed. Rapid normalisation of blood pressure and recovery of excretory function should encourage further such therapeutic attempts in stenoses in these high-risk patients.", "PMID": 374023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2277", "title": "[Kinetics and load distribution of supported free-end prostheses. IV. Effect of the saddle curvature on the saddle resp. abutment kinetics and the load distribution in prosthesis beds without abutments].", "content": "The influence of the saddle curvature on abutment tooth kinetics and abutment tooth stress was studied with unilateral rigid and movable free-end saddle dentures. The results showed that, independent of the length of the saddle and/or of the saddle curvature, considerable horizontal and vertical extrusive abutment tooth stress is present in addition to vertical intrusive abutment tooth stress. The saddle kinetics are basically influenced by the form of the saddle. The kinetics cannot be altered appreciably because of the mechanical characteristics of the connecting elements; it can only be surpressed at the cost of increased pier stress.", "contents": "[Kinetics and load distribution of supported free-end prostheses. IV. Effect of the saddle curvature on the saddle resp. abutment kinetics and the load distribution in prosthesis beds without abutments]. The influence of the saddle curvature on abutment tooth kinetics and abutment tooth stress was studied with unilateral rigid and movable free-end saddle dentures. The results showed that, independent of the length of the saddle and/or of the saddle curvature, considerable horizontal and vertical extrusive abutment tooth stress is present in addition to vertical intrusive abutment tooth stress. The saddle kinetics are basically influenced by the form of the saddle. The kinetics cannot be altered appreciably because of the mechanical characteristics of the connecting elements; it can only be surpressed at the cost of increased pier stress.", "PMID": 374045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2278", "title": "Treatment of intrabony defects.", "content": "New attachment of periodontal tissues can be obtained following surgical treatment of intrabony pockets. To day flap procedures with complete surgical opening to the defect and removal of all soft material from the intrabony lesion often followed by bone transplantation constitute the accepted approach to obtain a new connective tissue attachment. However, since the epithelium of elevated full thickness flaps are well preserved, the placement of these flaps adjacent to the treated areas facilitate the migration of epithelium into the defects. In a search for means to retard epithelial proliferation into the defects, disintegration of epithelium of free gingival grafts within the first days following transplantation might possibly be utilized in new attachment attempts. It has been demonstrated in three-wall intrabony defects in monkeys and in humans, that if the intrabony defect is covered with a free transplantat following a split flap procedure the epithelial migration into the defect will be delayed. This procedure resulted in a greater amount of new attachment when compared with traditional flap surgery and less residual pockets. The succes of new attachment procedures is directly related to the abscense of plaque in the area where regeneration takes place. Without absolute plaque control a further loss of attachment can be seen.", "contents": "Treatment of intrabony defects. New attachment of periodontal tissues can be obtained following surgical treatment of intrabony pockets. To day flap procedures with complete surgical opening to the defect and removal of all soft material from the intrabony lesion often followed by bone transplantation constitute the accepted approach to obtain a new connective tissue attachment. However, since the epithelium of elevated full thickness flaps are well preserved, the placement of these flaps adjacent to the treated areas facilitate the migration of epithelium into the defects. In a search for means to retard epithelial proliferation into the defects, disintegration of epithelium of free gingival grafts within the first days following transplantation might possibly be utilized in new attachment attempts. It has been demonstrated in three-wall intrabony defects in monkeys and in humans, that if the intrabony defect is covered with a free transplantat following a split flap procedure the epithelial migration into the defect will be delayed. This procedure resulted in a greater amount of new attachment when compared with traditional flap surgery and less residual pockets. The succes of new attachment procedures is directly related to the abscense of plaque in the area where regeneration takes place. Without absolute plaque control a further loss of attachment can be seen.", "PMID": 374048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2279", "title": "[Healing of a spongiosa graft in the periodontal pocket (animal experimental study)].", "content": "Healing of cancellous bone grafts taken from the iliac crest which were implanted in alveolar bone pockets were followed with polychromatic sequence marking in animal experiments using beagle dogs. Healing of the cancellous bone graft is unproblematic only in the case of one- and two-walled defects. A periodontal fissure of normal width, but perforated by ankyloses, formed within seven weeks. The fissures are considerably more pronounced when the dentin is denuded than when the cement layer has been preserved.", "contents": "[Healing of a spongiosa graft in the periodontal pocket (animal experimental study)]. Healing of cancellous bone grafts taken from the iliac crest which were implanted in alveolar bone pockets were followed with polychromatic sequence marking in animal experiments using beagle dogs. Healing of the cancellous bone graft is unproblematic only in the case of one- and two-walled defects. A periodontal fissure of normal width, but perforated by ankyloses, formed within seven weeks. The fissures are considerably more pronounced when the dentin is denuded than when the cement layer has been preserved.", "PMID": 374049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2280", "title": "[Experimental studies on a periodically reproducible radiologic interpretation in bone transplantations].", "content": "A method of radiologic evaluation using a semiautomatic image analysis device was developed which permits a two-dimensional analysis of bony changes in time intervals. The objective reproducibility of the evaluation was determined in a control group of four patients without signs of periodontal changes. The standard deviation was 7%. The statistical analysis of the subjective range of radiologic interpretation showed a standard deviation of 9.1%. This method of radiologic evaluation was applied to control examinations of 20 patients with bone grafts. It was possible to carry out a percent and an absolute evaluation of the bony changes in time intervals.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on a periodically reproducible radiologic interpretation in bone transplantations]. A method of radiologic evaluation using a semiautomatic image analysis device was developed which permits a two-dimensional analysis of bony changes in time intervals. The objective reproducibility of the evaluation was determined in a control group of four patients without signs of periodontal changes. The standard deviation was 7%. The statistical analysis of the subjective range of radiologic interpretation showed a standard deviation of 9.1%. This method of radiologic evaluation was applied to control examinations of 20 patients with bone grafts. It was possible to carry out a percent and an absolute evaluation of the bony changes in time intervals.", "PMID": 374051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2281", "title": "[Intensive drug therapy of the marginal periodontium].", "content": "Two composite pastes composed of iodoformglycerin-tween 80 and tribromphenol-bismuth-glycerin were examined using the results of microbiologic studies. Because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum and their easy application, both pastes are suitable for primary control of bacteria in periodontal pockets, particularly when the complete picture of an inflammation is present. The application period for the therapeutic use of corticosteroids should be limited. In addition to freedom from pain, initially slight tissue damage may worsen considerably with prolonged use of these pastes.", "contents": "[Intensive drug therapy of the marginal periodontium]. Two composite pastes composed of iodoformglycerin-tween 80 and tribromphenol-bismuth-glycerin were examined using the results of microbiologic studies. Because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum and their easy application, both pastes are suitable for primary control of bacteria in periodontal pockets, particularly when the complete picture of an inflammation is present. The application period for the therapeutic use of corticosteroids should be limited. In addition to freedom from pain, initially slight tissue damage may worsen considerably with prolonged use of these pastes.", "PMID": 374052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2282", "title": "[Persistency and resistance of streptococci isolated from periodontal pockets].", "content": "Intradermal injection of cell walls or cell wall constituents (Peptidoglycane) of Streptococcus sanguis II in experimental animals caused a similarly severe inflammatory reaction as with Streptococcus A. The three \"viridans\" species of streptococci proved to be resistant to complement (active serum) as well as to lysozyme and were superior to Streptococcus A in their capacity for resistance to another type of muralytic enzyme isolated from Streptomyces albus. The new acylureido penicillins (Mezlocillin, Azlocillin) had an almost equally inhibitory effect on the growth of the various species of bacteria. The \"viridans\" and beta-haemolytic types of streptococci which induce a chemotactic reaction in vitro were about equally rapidly and effectively killed in the phagocytes (granulocytes, monocytes) isolated from a patient.", "contents": "[Persistency and resistance of streptococci isolated from periodontal pockets]. Intradermal injection of cell walls or cell wall constituents (Peptidoglycane) of Streptococcus sanguis II in experimental animals caused a similarly severe inflammatory reaction as with Streptococcus A. The three \"viridans\" species of streptococci proved to be resistant to complement (active serum) as well as to lysozyme and were superior to Streptococcus A in their capacity for resistance to another type of muralytic enzyme isolated from Streptomyces albus. The new acylureido penicillins (Mezlocillin, Azlocillin) had an almost equally inhibitory effect on the growth of the various species of bacteria. The \"viridans\" and beta-haemolytic types of streptococci which induce a chemotactic reaction in vitro were about equally rapidly and effectively killed in the phagocytes (granulocytes, monocytes) isolated from a patient.", "PMID": 374053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2283", "title": "Therapeutic electrical stimulation. The transistorized placebo?", "content": "(1) Electrical stimulation therapy for patients suffering with labile signs and symptoms, and these include all varieties of acute and chronic pains, seizures and spasticity, has come into fashion and gone, and come again with each new technological advance for the past two hundred years. (2) A proportion of patients with chronic disease have their suffering made worse if they feel deprived of the latest therapy and may be relieved if they are given it in the right circumstances. In this group the relief will usually be temporary and the limited supply of such reactors will promote the cycle of fashion. In a group of 126 patients with chronic pain associated with organic disease who were offered transcutaneous stimulation, only 23 (18%) continued to use it one year after they started. (3) The cycling of therapeutic fashion is assisted not only because relief is often temporary, but also by the difficulty in establishing the normal range of variability from which significant change can be assessed and by the uncertain relationship between signs and symptoms and for the functions of daily living. For these reasons there is an inevitable tendency to temporary over-optimism and it seems impossible to counter this by the execution of a satisfactory clinical trial, since the patient cannot be \"blind\" and a significant variable is the enthusiasm with which a therapy is surrounded. (4) Electrical stimulation by cutaneous devices or implants can give much benefit to some patients in whom other methods have failed and there are indications, not only from anecdote and clinical impression but also now from experimental physiology, that it may benefit by mechanisms of interaction at the first sensory synapse. It is, however, an over-simplification to regard any therapy as either strictly physiological or simply fraudulent. Like other so-called placebos, physical methods of therapy can presumably act on hormonal systems associated with stress and the experience of pain.", "contents": "Therapeutic electrical stimulation. The transistorized placebo? (1) Electrical stimulation therapy for patients suffering with labile signs and symptoms, and these include all varieties of acute and chronic pains, seizures and spasticity, has come into fashion and gone, and come again with each new technological advance for the past two hundred years. (2) A proportion of patients with chronic disease have their suffering made worse if they feel deprived of the latest therapy and may be relieved if they are given it in the right circumstances. In this group the relief will usually be temporary and the limited supply of such reactors will promote the cycle of fashion. In a group of 126 patients with chronic pain associated with organic disease who were offered transcutaneous stimulation, only 23 (18%) continued to use it one year after they started. (3) The cycling of therapeutic fashion is assisted not only because relief is often temporary, but also by the difficulty in establishing the normal range of variability from which significant change can be assessed and by the uncertain relationship between signs and symptoms and for the functions of daily living. For these reasons there is an inevitable tendency to temporary over-optimism and it seems impossible to counter this by the execution of a satisfactory clinical trial, since the patient cannot be \"blind\" and a significant variable is the enthusiasm with which a therapy is surrounded. (4) Electrical stimulation by cutaneous devices or implants can give much benefit to some patients in whom other methods have failed and there are indications, not only from anecdote and clinical impression but also now from experimental physiology, that it may benefit by mechanisms of interaction at the first sensory synapse. It is, however, an over-simplification to regard any therapy as either strictly physiological or simply fraudulent. Like other so-called placebos, physical methods of therapy can presumably act on hormonal systems associated with stress and the experience of pain.", "PMID": 374057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2284", "title": "Perturbation of hormone storage and release induced by cyproheptadine in rat pancreatic islets in vitro.", "content": "The effects of cyproheptadine (CPH) added in vitro were studied in rat pancreatic islets maintained in culture medium. CPH added over 6 days resulted in either an increase (5 X 10(-7) M CPH) or a marked, but reversible decrease (5 X 10(-5 M) in insulin content of islets when related to that of controls. At both concentrations, however, total recoverable insulin from islets, cells detached from islets, and medium was decreased relative to control cultures. The increased insulin content observed after 6 days with 5 X 10(-7) M CPH may be explained by the partial inhibition of insulin release, preventing the normally occurring early drop in insulin content of control islets. The decreased total recoverable insulin in the culture system with 5 X 10(-5) M CPH (17% of the initial insulin content of the islets placed into the CPH-containing culture medium) was not acounted for by the combined effects of insulin degradation in the culture medium and inhibition of insulin biosynthesis. Together and by exclusion these data suggest increased insulin degradation within beta-cells as a result of exposure to 5 X 10(-5) M CPH. Since increased intracellular insulin degradation was not found at 5 X 10(-7) M CPH, the data suggest that only severe inhibition of insulin release (5 X 10(-5) M CPH) increases intracellular insulin degradation. CPH added in vitro irreversibly decreased islet glucagon content; the data suggest that these effects are due to alterations in the physical properties of the peripheral cell layers of isolated islets. Studies with 5 X 10(-5) M CPH on the biosynthesis of insulin immunoreactive material failed to link the appearance of flocculent material in dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (observed by electron microscopy) with accumulation of an immunoreactive biosynthetic precursor for insulin.", "contents": "Perturbation of hormone storage and release induced by cyproheptadine in rat pancreatic islets in vitro. The effects of cyproheptadine (CPH) added in vitro were studied in rat pancreatic islets maintained in culture medium. CPH added over 6 days resulted in either an increase (5 X 10(-7) M CPH) or a marked, but reversible decrease (5 X 10(-5 M) in insulin content of islets when related to that of controls. At both concentrations, however, total recoverable insulin from islets, cells detached from islets, and medium was decreased relative to control cultures. The increased insulin content observed after 6 days with 5 X 10(-7) M CPH may be explained by the partial inhibition of insulin release, preventing the normally occurring early drop in insulin content of control islets. The decreased total recoverable insulin in the culture system with 5 X 10(-5) M CPH (17% of the initial insulin content of the islets placed into the CPH-containing culture medium) was not acounted for by the combined effects of insulin degradation in the culture medium and inhibition of insulin biosynthesis. Together and by exclusion these data suggest increased insulin degradation within beta-cells as a result of exposure to 5 X 10(-5) M CPH. Since increased intracellular insulin degradation was not found at 5 X 10(-7) M CPH, the data suggest that only severe inhibition of insulin release (5 X 10(-5) M CPH) increases intracellular insulin degradation. CPH added in vitro irreversibly decreased islet glucagon content; the data suggest that these effects are due to alterations in the physical properties of the peripheral cell layers of isolated islets. Studies with 5 X 10(-5) M CPH on the biosynthesis of insulin immunoreactive material failed to link the appearance of flocculent material in dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (observed by electron microscopy) with accumulation of an immunoreactive biosynthetic precursor for insulin.", "PMID": 374062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2285", "title": "Endogenous opioids participate in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-luteinizing hormone axis and testosterone's negative feedback control of luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Two narcotic antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, significantly elevated serum LH levels in male rats within minutes after their sc injection. The peak increase in serum LH occurred 20 min after the injection. Naloxone increased LH levels up to a dose of 1 mg/kg, after which no further increases were found. A dose of 0.35 mg/kg produced a half-maximal response. The exogenous opioid morphine blocked the increase in LH produced by naloxone in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that the specific receptor-blocking effects of the antagonist could account for its enhancement of serum LH levels. The locus of action of naloxone within the hypothalamic-pituitary-LH axis appeared to be at the level of the hypothalamus since the drug had no effect on LHRH-stimulated release of LH by the anterior pituitary and did not block dihydrotestosterone's suppression of pituitary LH release in vitro. Naloxone also prevented testosterone's negative feedback inhibition of serum LH in the castrated male rat. The results of these studies suggest that endogenous opioids exist in brain tissue which normally inhibit activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-LH axis and participate in the androgen-dependent feedback control of LH elaboration by this axis.", "contents": "Endogenous opioids participate in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-luteinizing hormone axis and testosterone's negative feedback control of luteinizing hormone. Two narcotic antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, significantly elevated serum LH levels in male rats within minutes after their sc injection. The peak increase in serum LH occurred 20 min after the injection. Naloxone increased LH levels up to a dose of 1 mg/kg, after which no further increases were found. A dose of 0.35 mg/kg produced a half-maximal response. The exogenous opioid morphine blocked the increase in LH produced by naloxone in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that the specific receptor-blocking effects of the antagonist could account for its enhancement of serum LH levels. The locus of action of naloxone within the hypothalamic-pituitary-LH axis appeared to be at the level of the hypothalamus since the drug had no effect on LHRH-stimulated release of LH by the anterior pituitary and did not block dihydrotestosterone's suppression of pituitary LH release in vitro. Naloxone also prevented testosterone's negative feedback inhibition of serum LH in the castrated male rat. The results of these studies suggest that endogenous opioids exist in brain tissue which normally inhibit activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-LH axis and participate in the androgen-dependent feedback control of LH elaboration by this axis.", "PMID": 374068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2286", "title": "Starvation diabetes in the rat: onset, recovery, and specificity of reduced responsiveness of pancreatic beta-cells.", "content": "A 24-h starvation markedly diminished the stimulant action of 8 mM glucose on insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets of Langerhans. The response to a supramaximal glucose stimulus (27.5 mM) remained normal, but prolonged fasting (48 or more) also reduced its efficacy. Refeeding of 24-h fasted animals resulted in complete restoration of glucose sensitivity within 24 h. The responses to glyceraldehyde (2 mM) and alpha-ketoisocaproate (8 mM) at concentrations which elicit approximately half-maximal stimulation were unaltered by a 24-h fast, while that to a half-maximally effective dose of mannose (15 mM) was decreased. Theophylline (5 mM) could not normalize the reduced secretory response to glucose seen in this state. The islets' ability to metabolize glucose, using various in vitro pretreatment protocols and different incubation times, was not affected by a 24-h fast. Mannose and glyceraldehyde metabolism were also unaltered. Prolonged fasting (48 h) reduced glucose metabolism by 25% at both 8 and 27.5 mM. The acute adaptive changes in islet sensitivity to moderate glucose and mannose concentrations during short term fasting (24 h) cannot be explained by an altered usage of the added hexoses.", "contents": "Starvation diabetes in the rat: onset, recovery, and specificity of reduced responsiveness of pancreatic beta-cells. A 24-h starvation markedly diminished the stimulant action of 8 mM glucose on insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets of Langerhans. The response to a supramaximal glucose stimulus (27.5 mM) remained normal, but prolonged fasting (48 or more) also reduced its efficacy. Refeeding of 24-h fasted animals resulted in complete restoration of glucose sensitivity within 24 h. The responses to glyceraldehyde (2 mM) and alpha-ketoisocaproate (8 mM) at concentrations which elicit approximately half-maximal stimulation were unaltered by a 24-h fast, while that to a half-maximally effective dose of mannose (15 mM) was decreased. Theophylline (5 mM) could not normalize the reduced secretory response to glucose seen in this state. The islets' ability to metabolize glucose, using various in vitro pretreatment protocols and different incubation times, was not affected by a 24-h fast. Mannose and glyceraldehyde metabolism were also unaltered. Prolonged fasting (48 h) reduced glucose metabolism by 25% at both 8 and 27.5 mM. The acute adaptive changes in islet sensitivity to moderate glucose and mannose concentrations during short term fasting (24 h) cannot be explained by an altered usage of the added hexoses.", "PMID": 374069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2287", "title": "An investigation of the conformational properties of ribosomes using N-ethylmaleimide as a probe.", "content": "The reactivity of ribosomal proteins towards N-ethylmaleimide has been examined in a variety of ribosome and ribosomal subunit preparations from Escherichia coli. The data show that samples which would be regarded as equivalent operationally can differ significantly in conformation, as judged by reactivity, depending on the method of preparation. The washing of ribosomes with high concentrations of salt has a particularly dramatic effect on protein reactivity. The implications of these results for our understanding of ribosome conformation and for the further study of conformation by chemical reactivity are discussed.", "contents": "An investigation of the conformational properties of ribosomes using N-ethylmaleimide as a probe. The reactivity of ribosomal proteins towards N-ethylmaleimide has been examined in a variety of ribosome and ribosomal subunit preparations from Escherichia coli. The data show that samples which would be regarded as equivalent operationally can differ significantly in conformation, as judged by reactivity, depending on the method of preparation. The washing of ribosomes with high concentrations of salt has a particularly dramatic effect on protein reactivity. The implications of these results for our understanding of ribosome conformation and for the further study of conformation by chemical reactivity are discussed.", "PMID": 374072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2288", "title": "Messenger RNA of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Isolation and properties.", "content": "Polysomes specifically synthesizing the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase were isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardi cells by the indirect immunoprecipitation method. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the immunoprecipitated polysomes were of chloroplast origin. The mRNA coding for the large subunit which was purified from immunoprecipitated polysomes migrated at the 19-S position on sucrose density gradients, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 7.3 x 10(5) by acid-urea/agarose gel electrophoresis. The mRNA was translated in vivo with a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from Escherichia coli to give full-length large-subunit polypeptides.", "contents": "Messenger RNA of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Isolation and properties. Polysomes specifically synthesizing the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase were isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardi cells by the indirect immunoprecipitation method. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the immunoprecipitated polysomes were of chloroplast origin. The mRNA coding for the large subunit which was purified from immunoprecipitated polysomes migrated at the 19-S position on sucrose density gradients, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 7.3 x 10(5) by acid-urea/agarose gel electrophoresis. The mRNA was translated in vivo with a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from Escherichia coli to give full-length large-subunit polypeptides.", "PMID": 374073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2289", "title": "Yeast tRNA Leu UAG. Purification, properties and determination of the nucleotide sequence by radioactive derivative methods.", "content": "A second major species of leucine tRNA, tRNA Leu UAG (formerly designated tRNA Leu CUA) was purified from baker's yeast in a three-step procedure entailing BD-cellulose chromatography in the presence and absence of Mg2+ and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Results of aminoacylation and partial RNase T1 digestion experiments showed that this tRNA retains a native conformation under conditions that denature yeast tRNA Leu m5CAA (tRNA3 Leu). The primary structure of baker's yeast tRNA Leu UAG was elucidated by application of sensitive radioactive isotope derivative (\"postlabeling\") methods. Complete RNase T1 and A and partial RNase U2 fragments, prepared from non-radioactive tRNA and 5'-half and 3'-half molecules, were separated by two-dimensional polyethyleneimine-cellulose anion-exchange thin-layer chromatography and isolated by a novel micropreparative procedure affording high yields of these compounds in sufficient purity for subsequent tritium derivative analysis. Base composition and sequence of oligonucleotides were analyzed by tritium derivative methods. Molar ratios of the fragments were determined from the radioactivity of 3H-labeled nucleoside trialcohols in combination with base analysis. 2'-O-Methylated guanosine was characterized using the [gamma-32P]ATP/polynucleotide kinase reaction. The analysis of classical complete and partial RNase digests by the tritium derivative methods yielded the complete nucleotide sequence of the tRNA. A total of about 20 A260 units of the RNA was used for analysis, i.e. considerably less material than required for conventional spectrophotometric analysis. A different sequencing approach, consisting of a combination of \"readout sequencing\" with tritium sequencing of complete RNase T1 and A fragments, was applied to the 3'-half molecule. The 3'-half molecule was labeled with 32P at its 5' terminus, partially degraded with RNase T1, U2, and Phy1 and with alkali, and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sequence was read off the gel on the basis of cleavage patterns and size of the fragments. While the readout procedure provided only the positions of A, U, C, and G residues in the chain, additional information from tritium derivative analysis was utilized to define the positions of the modified nucleosides. The readout sequencing procedure was found to require less than 0.01 A260 unit of RNA and the analysis of the complete fragments about 6 A260 units. Interesting structural features of tRNA Leu UAG are (a) the location of unique, leucine tRNA iso-acceptor-specific sequences next to U-8, a constant nucleotide participating in synthetase recognition, (b) the occurrence of 1-methyladenosine in the T loop, a modification not present in the structurally related tRNA Leu m5CAA, and (c) the unusual presence of an unmodified uridine in the first position of the anticodon, which may be related to the unusual coding properties reported for this tRNA.", "contents": "Yeast tRNA Leu UAG. Purification, properties and determination of the nucleotide sequence by radioactive derivative methods. A second major species of leucine tRNA, tRNA Leu UAG (formerly designated tRNA Leu CUA) was purified from baker's yeast in a three-step procedure entailing BD-cellulose chromatography in the presence and absence of Mg2+ and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Results of aminoacylation and partial RNase T1 digestion experiments showed that this tRNA retains a native conformation under conditions that denature yeast tRNA Leu m5CAA (tRNA3 Leu). The primary structure of baker's yeast tRNA Leu UAG was elucidated by application of sensitive radioactive isotope derivative (\"postlabeling\") methods. Complete RNase T1 and A and partial RNase U2 fragments, prepared from non-radioactive tRNA and 5'-half and 3'-half molecules, were separated by two-dimensional polyethyleneimine-cellulose anion-exchange thin-layer chromatography and isolated by a novel micropreparative procedure affording high yields of these compounds in sufficient purity for subsequent tritium derivative analysis. Base composition and sequence of oligonucleotides were analyzed by tritium derivative methods. Molar ratios of the fragments were determined from the radioactivity of 3H-labeled nucleoside trialcohols in combination with base analysis. 2'-O-Methylated guanosine was characterized using the [gamma-32P]ATP/polynucleotide kinase reaction. The analysis of classical complete and partial RNase digests by the tritium derivative methods yielded the complete nucleotide sequence of the tRNA. A total of about 20 A260 units of the RNA was used for analysis, i.e. considerably less material than required for conventional spectrophotometric analysis. A different sequencing approach, consisting of a combination of \"readout sequencing\" with tritium sequencing of complete RNase T1 and A fragments, was applied to the 3'-half molecule. The 3'-half molecule was labeled with 32P at its 5' terminus, partially degraded with RNase T1, U2, and Phy1 and with alkali, and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sequence was read off the gel on the basis of cleavage patterns and size of the fragments. While the readout procedure provided only the positions of A, U, C, and G residues in the chain, additional information from tritium derivative analysis was utilized to define the positions of the modified nucleosides. The readout sequencing procedure was found to require less than 0.01 A260 unit of RNA and the analysis of the complete fragments about 6 A260 units. Interesting structural features of tRNA Leu UAG are (a) the location of unique, leucine tRNA iso-acceptor-specific sequences next to U-8, a constant nucleotide participating in synthetase recognition, (b) the occurrence of 1-methyladenosine in the T loop, a modification not present in the structurally related tRNA Leu m5CAA, and (c) the unusual presence of an unmodified uridine in the first position of the anticodon, which may be related to the unusual coding properties reported for this tRNA.", "PMID": 374075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2290", "title": "Studies on the multi-enzyme complex of yeast fatty-acid synthetase. Reversible dissociation and isolation of two polypeptide chains.", "content": "1. The multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid synthetase, Mr 2300,000, was dissociated by acylation with dimethyl maleic anhydride under conditions which lead to an acylation of about 30% of the epsilon amino groups of lysine. The complete dissociation into the subunits alpha and beta is demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation as well as disc gel electrophoresis. 2. This dissociation is reversible. Hydrolysis of the resulting protein dicarboxylic acid monoamides under mildly acidic conditions leads to the unmodified subunits, which can be reconstituted to form a complex displaying about 60% of the original activity. 3. The subunits were isolated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and studied for the different partial enzyme activities involved in long-chain fatty acid synthesis: malonyl, palmitoyl and acetyl transferase, enoyl reductase and dehydratase were shown to be exclusive functions of the beta chains of the complex, confirming a pentafunctional role of this subunit.", "contents": "Studies on the multi-enzyme complex of yeast fatty-acid synthetase. Reversible dissociation and isolation of two polypeptide chains. 1. The multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid synthetase, Mr 2300,000, was dissociated by acylation with dimethyl maleic anhydride under conditions which lead to an acylation of about 30% of the epsilon amino groups of lysine. The complete dissociation into the subunits alpha and beta is demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation as well as disc gel electrophoresis. 2. This dissociation is reversible. Hydrolysis of the resulting protein dicarboxylic acid monoamides under mildly acidic conditions leads to the unmodified subunits, which can be reconstituted to form a complex displaying about 60% of the original activity. 3. The subunits were isolated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and studied for the different partial enzyme activities involved in long-chain fatty acid synthesis: malonyl, palmitoyl and acetyl transferase, enoyl reductase and dehydratase were shown to be exclusive functions of the beta chains of the complex, confirming a pentafunctional role of this subunit.", "PMID": 374077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2291", "title": "The kinetics of Schiff-base formation during reconstitution of D-serine apodehydratase from Escherichia coli with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "content": "Schiff base formation during reconstitution of D-serine dehydratase (Escherichia coli) from its apoenzyme and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) has been studied by rapid kinetic techniques using absorbance changes at 436 nm. Three distinct reaction phases have been observed. The first is a very rapid change during which pyridoxal-P is initially bound to the apoenzyme. This step has an equilibrium constant of 1500 M-1 and a forward reaction rate of the order of 2.6 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. The second phase shows a first-order rate constant with a value dependent on pyridoxal-P and corresponds to a first-order step with a forward rate constant of 3.04 s-1 interacting with the initial equilibrium. The final phase is a slow first-order reaction, the rate constant of which is approximately 0.01 s-1 and is independent of pyridoxal-P concentration. The active pyridoxal species has been shown to be the free pyridoxal-P as opposed to hemiacetal or hemimercaptal forms.", "contents": "The kinetics of Schiff-base formation during reconstitution of D-serine apodehydratase from Escherichia coli with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Schiff base formation during reconstitution of D-serine dehydratase (Escherichia coli) from its apoenzyme and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) has been studied by rapid kinetic techniques using absorbance changes at 436 nm. Three distinct reaction phases have been observed. The first is a very rapid change during which pyridoxal-P is initially bound to the apoenzyme. This step has an equilibrium constant of 1500 M-1 and a forward reaction rate of the order of 2.6 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. The second phase shows a first-order rate constant with a value dependent on pyridoxal-P and corresponds to a first-order step with a forward rate constant of 3.04 s-1 interacting with the initial equilibrium. The final phase is a slow first-order reaction, the rate constant of which is approximately 0.01 s-1 and is independent of pyridoxal-P concentration. The active pyridoxal species has been shown to be the free pyridoxal-P as opposed to hemiacetal or hemimercaptal forms.", "PMID": 374078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2292", "title": "Ribosomal translocation assayed by the matrix-bound poly(uridylic acid) column technique.", "content": "The system of translation of cellulose-bound poly(uridylic acid) by Escherichia coli ribosomes has been used for preparation of pre-translocation state ribosomes in columns. Translocation has been induced by passing the elongation factor G (EF-G) with GTP or its non-cleavable analog (guanosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate) through the column. A method for quantitative comparison of translocation rates, and thus of effectiveness of translocation-inducing factors, has been proposed. The method is based on an analysis of the profile of deacylated tRNA elution resulting from translocation in the column. The determination of the rate and amount of translocation has been done under different ionic conditions. It has been found that the Mg2+ concentration is a decisive factor of translocation in vitro: at high Mg2+ (30 mM) EF-G cannot induce translocation, and lowering the Mg2+ concentration (to 10 mM) is required for EF-G to become effective. Sufficiently low Mg2+ (3 mM) itself has proved to induce fast and complete translocation, without EF-G.", "contents": "Ribosomal translocation assayed by the matrix-bound poly(uridylic acid) column technique. The system of translation of cellulose-bound poly(uridylic acid) by Escherichia coli ribosomes has been used for preparation of pre-translocation state ribosomes in columns. Translocation has been induced by passing the elongation factor G (EF-G) with GTP or its non-cleavable analog (guanosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate) through the column. A method for quantitative comparison of translocation rates, and thus of effectiveness of translocation-inducing factors, has been proposed. The method is based on an analysis of the profile of deacylated tRNA elution resulting from translocation in the column. The determination of the rate and amount of translocation has been done under different ionic conditions. It has been found that the Mg2+ concentration is a decisive factor of translocation in vitro: at high Mg2+ (30 mM) EF-G cannot induce translocation, and lowering the Mg2+ concentration (to 10 mM) is required for EF-G to become effective. Sufficiently low Mg2+ (3 mM) itself has proved to induce fast and complete translocation, without EF-G.", "PMID": 374079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2293", "title": "The 'DNA-membrane complex' of Escherichia coli B/r. Its composition and properties and the fate of nascent and genome DNA during DNA synthesis.", "content": "The composition and properties of 'DNA-membrane complex' of Escherichia coli B/r have been investigated. The 'complexes' contain most of the DNA and membrane of the cells, and about 50% and 25% of the RNA and protein respectively. The properties of DNA synthesized by the 'complexes' are described and the process is concluded to be largely mediated through polymerase I. Nascent DNA synthesized by the 'DNA-membrane complexes' was of two main classes, one of molecular weight around 600,000--800,000 and the other of higher molecular weight. Polynucleotide ligase activity was not detectable. The onset of synthesis coincided with the dissociation of at least 70% of the genome DNA and all of the nascent DNA from the 'complexes' and was concomitant with the action of a nuclease on parental DNA. This nuclease activity was not ATP-dependent.", "contents": "The 'DNA-membrane complex' of Escherichia coli B/r. Its composition and properties and the fate of nascent and genome DNA during DNA synthesis. The composition and properties of 'DNA-membrane complex' of Escherichia coli B/r have been investigated. The 'complexes' contain most of the DNA and membrane of the cells, and about 50% and 25% of the RNA and protein respectively. The properties of DNA synthesized by the 'complexes' are described and the process is concluded to be largely mediated through polymerase I. Nascent DNA synthesized by the 'DNA-membrane complexes' was of two main classes, one of molecular weight around 600,000--800,000 and the other of higher molecular weight. Polynucleotide ligase activity was not detectable. The onset of synthesis coincided with the dissociation of at least 70% of the genome DNA and all of the nascent DNA from the 'complexes' and was concomitant with the action of a nuclease on parental DNA. This nuclease activity was not ATP-dependent.", "PMID": 374080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2294", "title": "Consecutive study of early CPAP-application in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) has been applied with a face-chamber in 74 infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) before 10 h of age. The total survival rate was 91% and the complication rate of pneumothorax was low (5%). The incidence of long term developmental and neurological sequelae was also low (4%). Among the 19 surviving very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants below 1501 g, only one has shown neurological sequelae at follow-up examinations after 18 months to 3 years of age. The incidence of cerebellar hemorrhage was not higher in infants treated with the CPAP face chamber than in infants not receiving assisted ventilation. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia did not occur in any infant treated with CPAP face chamber only. The main advantages with the face chamber technique are: no disturbance of glottis function, no mucosal damage and tube obstruction, or sudden pressure drops, as seen with other modes of CPAP application. The face chamber technique is suitable for early application of CPAP in infants with HMD as it is efficient, without hazards, and easily applied.", "contents": "Consecutive study of early CPAP-application in hyaline membrane disease. Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) has been applied with a face-chamber in 74 infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) before 10 h of age. The total survival rate was 91% and the complication rate of pneumothorax was low (5%). The incidence of long term developmental and neurological sequelae was also low (4%). Among the 19 surviving very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants below 1501 g, only one has shown neurological sequelae at follow-up examinations after 18 months to 3 years of age. The incidence of cerebellar hemorrhage was not higher in infants treated with the CPAP face chamber than in infants not receiving assisted ventilation. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia did not occur in any infant treated with CPAP face chamber only. The main advantages with the face chamber technique are: no disturbance of glottis function, no mucosal damage and tube obstruction, or sudden pressure drops, as seen with other modes of CPAP application. The face chamber technique is suitable for early application of CPAP in infants with HMD as it is efficient, without hazards, and easily applied.", "PMID": 374081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2295", "title": "Absorption of digoxin in severe right heart failure.", "content": "The absorption of digoxin has been investigated in 8 patients before and after successful treatment of severe right heart failure. 3H-digoxin 0.1 mg as a solution, and un-labelled digoxin 0.25 mg as a tablet, were given to fasted patients. Blood samples were taken at various time intervals up to 120 hours and urine was collected over the same period. The concentrations of labelled digoxin in plasma and urine were measured in a liquid scintillation counter, unlabelled digoxin was estimated by radioimmunoassay, and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentration curves in severe right heart failure and after its successful treatment, nor did any of the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters change significantly. Therefore, inhibition of the absorption of digoxin appears unlikely. In an additional study to estimate absolute bioavailability two different groups of patients in severe right heart failure were given 3H-digoxin 0.1 mg or unlabelled digoxin 0.25 mg i.v. and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those from the previous study. The bioavailability of the 3H-digoxin solution and of the digoxin tablet were in the same range as values previously published for healthy volunteers, and patients both with and without cardiac failure.", "contents": "Absorption of digoxin in severe right heart failure. The absorption of digoxin has been investigated in 8 patients before and after successful treatment of severe right heart failure. 3H-digoxin 0.1 mg as a solution, and un-labelled digoxin 0.25 mg as a tablet, were given to fasted patients. Blood samples were taken at various time intervals up to 120 hours and urine was collected over the same period. The concentrations of labelled digoxin in plasma and urine were measured in a liquid scintillation counter, unlabelled digoxin was estimated by radioimmunoassay, and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentration curves in severe right heart failure and after its successful treatment, nor did any of the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters change significantly. Therefore, inhibition of the absorption of digoxin appears unlikely. In an additional study to estimate absolute bioavailability two different groups of patients in severe right heart failure were given 3H-digoxin 0.1 mg or unlabelled digoxin 0.25 mg i.v. and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those from the previous study. The bioavailability of the 3H-digoxin solution and of the digoxin tablet were in the same range as values previously published for healthy volunteers, and patients both with and without cardiac failure.", "PMID": 374088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2296", "title": "Disposition of guanethidine during chronic oral therapy.", "content": "The plasma level and urinary excretion rate of guanethidine have been measured in 30 patients during oral maintenance therapy, and in 5 patients following discontinuous of therapy. A significant correlation was found between the daily average urinary excretion and the maintenance dose, although wide interindividual variation was noted among patients maintained on the same dose. A statistically significant correlation was also observed between the area under the plasma level curve during the dose interval and the oral maintenance dose. After discontinuation of chronic therapy, the half-life of 1.5 days of the initial phase of elimination was essentially in agreement with the half-life of almost 2 days determined in acute studies. In addition, a second phase of elimination with a half-life of 4 to 8 days was observed.", "contents": "Disposition of guanethidine during chronic oral therapy. The plasma level and urinary excretion rate of guanethidine have been measured in 30 patients during oral maintenance therapy, and in 5 patients following discontinuous of therapy. A significant correlation was found between the daily average urinary excretion and the maintenance dose, although wide interindividual variation was noted among patients maintained on the same dose. A statistically significant correlation was also observed between the area under the plasma level curve during the dose interval and the oral maintenance dose. After discontinuation of chronic therapy, the half-life of 1.5 days of the initial phase of elimination was essentially in agreement with the half-life of almost 2 days determined in acute studies. In addition, a second phase of elimination with a half-life of 4 to 8 days was observed.", "PMID": 374089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2297", "title": "Anti-peroxidase antibody-secreting hybrid lines. I. Identification, cloning and cell characterization.", "content": "Anti-peroxidase antibody (Ab)-secreting hybrids have been produced by fusion of peroxidase (PO)-immunized mouse lymph node cells and immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting P3-X63-Ag8 (X63) myeloma cells. Identification of Ab-secreting hybrids can be performed as early as day 5 after cell fusion by the hemolytic plaque assay. Immediately after identification, hybrids were directly isolated, by means of a micropipette, into Terasaki microchambers containing nutrient medium and a thymocyte filler layer. The yield of secreting hybrids is improved by using this procedure. All the cells of the PO 772 C2 clone show the same ultrastructural pattern and immunocytological properties; they are proplasmocytes, as are the parental X63 cells; they present intracisternae Ab and show no Ig or Fc receptors at the cell surface. Over 90% of viable PO 772 C2 cells form specific plaques. Isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that the cells of this clone secrete Ab; the secreted Ig are formed with chi and gamma 1 chains from the parental X63 cells and specific L and H chains from the lymphoid parent. These biological investigations demonstrate the relative stability of the PO 772 C2 clone secreting anti-peroxidase antibody.", "contents": "Anti-peroxidase antibody-secreting hybrid lines. I. Identification, cloning and cell characterization. Anti-peroxidase antibody (Ab)-secreting hybrids have been produced by fusion of peroxidase (PO)-immunized mouse lymph node cells and immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting P3-X63-Ag8 (X63) myeloma cells. Identification of Ab-secreting hybrids can be performed as early as day 5 after cell fusion by the hemolytic plaque assay. Immediately after identification, hybrids were directly isolated, by means of a micropipette, into Terasaki microchambers containing nutrient medium and a thymocyte filler layer. The yield of secreting hybrids is improved by using this procedure. All the cells of the PO 772 C2 clone show the same ultrastructural pattern and immunocytological properties; they are proplasmocytes, as are the parental X63 cells; they present intracisternae Ab and show no Ig or Fc receptors at the cell surface. Over 90% of viable PO 772 C2 cells form specific plaques. Isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that the cells of this clone secrete Ab; the secreted Ig are formed with chi and gamma 1 chains from the parental X63 cells and specific L and H chains from the lymphoid parent. These biological investigations demonstrate the relative stability of the PO 772 C2 clone secreting anti-peroxidase antibody.", "PMID": 374090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2298", "title": "Maturation of B lymphocytes. II. Sequential appearance of increasing IgM and IgD in the adult bone marrow.", "content": "The relationship between surface IgM (sIgM) and surface IgD (sIgD) was examined on small lymphocytes in the adult murine bone marrow or prepubertal spleen. Cells were sorted on the basis of different sIgM levels by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and relabeled for sIgD or total sIg by a sandwich technique using 125I-labeled protein A and radioautography. For detecting sIgD, an anti-delta allotype reagent was used in congenic mice. Cells lacking sIgM in the bone marrow or spleen were also found to be sIgD-; thus, sIgD appeared only in the presence of sIgM. Weak sIgM-bearing cells in the bone marrow also had no sIgD indicating that sIgD appeared only after the acquisition of a significant level of sIgM. Subsequently, the incidence of sIgD+ cells increased in fractions showing increasing sIgM levels indicating the acquisition of new sIgD by \"sIgM only\" cells with increasing maturation levels in the bone marrow. In marrow lymphoid cells expressing both Ig isotypes, sIgM and sIgD levels increased in parallel, possibly with increasing maturation level. In the spleen, the incidence of sIgD+ cells among various cell fractions showing different sIgM levels was found constant. However, spleen cells bearing both receptors, showed a small increase in the sIgD level with increasing sIgM level.", "contents": "Maturation of B lymphocytes. II. Sequential appearance of increasing IgM and IgD in the adult bone marrow. The relationship between surface IgM (sIgM) and surface IgD (sIgD) was examined on small lymphocytes in the adult murine bone marrow or prepubertal spleen. Cells were sorted on the basis of different sIgM levels by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and relabeled for sIgD or total sIg by a sandwich technique using 125I-labeled protein A and radioautography. For detecting sIgD, an anti-delta allotype reagent was used in congenic mice. Cells lacking sIgM in the bone marrow or spleen were also found to be sIgD-; thus, sIgD appeared only in the presence of sIgM. Weak sIgM-bearing cells in the bone marrow also had no sIgD indicating that sIgD appeared only after the acquisition of a significant level of sIgM. Subsequently, the incidence of sIgD+ cells increased in fractions showing increasing sIgM levels indicating the acquisition of new sIgD by \"sIgM only\" cells with increasing maturation levels in the bone marrow. In marrow lymphoid cells expressing both Ig isotypes, sIgM and sIgD levels increased in parallel, possibly with increasing maturation level. In the spleen, the incidence of sIgD+ cells among various cell fractions showing different sIgM levels was found constant. However, spleen cells bearing both receptors, showed a small increase in the sIgD level with increasing sIgM level.", "PMID": 374092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2299", "title": "The immune response of CBA/N mice and their F1 hybrids to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated (TNP) antigens. I. Analysis of the response to TNP-coupled lipopolysaccharide in vivo and at the clonal level.", "content": "Plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) were studied in normal and immunodeficient mice. In vivo immunizations with TNP-LPS showed a 25--50% reduction in PFC responses in CBA/N mice and their (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1(NBF1) male hybrids with an X-linked immune defect of B lymphocyte differentiation. A detailed clonal analysis of the reduced responses to TNP-LPS revealed that CBA/N and NBF1 male mice with the X-linked genetic defect have fewer precursor B cells engaged in the response to TNP-LPS than the control mice. The reduction in precursor cell numbers affects selectively B cells secreting high avidity anti-TNP antibodies as determined by PFC inhibition studies.", "contents": "The immune response of CBA/N mice and their F1 hybrids to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated (TNP) antigens. I. Analysis of the response to TNP-coupled lipopolysaccharide in vivo and at the clonal level. Plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) were studied in normal and immunodeficient mice. In vivo immunizations with TNP-LPS showed a 25--50% reduction in PFC responses in CBA/N mice and their (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1(NBF1) male hybrids with an X-linked immune defect of B lymphocyte differentiation. A detailed clonal analysis of the reduced responses to TNP-LPS revealed that CBA/N and NBF1 male mice with the X-linked genetic defect have fewer precursor B cells engaged in the response to TNP-LPS than the control mice. The reduction in precursor cell numbers affects selectively B cells secreting high avidity anti-TNP antibodies as determined by PFC inhibition studies.", "PMID": 374093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2300", "title": "Reactivity of monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies with melanoma cells freshly isolated from primary and metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Human melanoma cells, freshly obtained from nine primary and metastatic melanoma cases, were tested for binding of monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies produced in vitro by hybridoma clones. Monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies bind to melanoma cells but do not react with nonmalignant cells obtained from the same patients or with cells obtained from giant hairy nevus. These results confirm the existence of tumor-specific antigens. Binding of monoclonal antibodies to melanoma cells of several origins, primary or metastatic, from different patients suggests the existence of tumor antigens shared by human melanoma cells. The binding pattern of different antibodies to various cells also predicts the existence of more than one tumor-specific antigenic determinant on melanoma cells.", "contents": "Reactivity of monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies with melanoma cells freshly isolated from primary and metastatic melanoma. Human melanoma cells, freshly obtained from nine primary and metastatic melanoma cases, were tested for binding of monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies produced in vitro by hybridoma clones. Monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies bind to melanoma cells but do not react with nonmalignant cells obtained from the same patients or with cells obtained from giant hairy nevus. These results confirm the existence of tumor-specific antigens. Binding of monoclonal antibodies to melanoma cells of several origins, primary or metastatic, from different patients suggests the existence of tumor antigens shared by human melanoma cells. The binding pattern of different antibodies to various cells also predicts the existence of more than one tumor-specific antigenic determinant on melanoma cells.", "PMID": 374094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2301", "title": "Purification with monoclonal antibody of a predominant leukocyte-common antigen and glycoprotein from rat thymocytes.", "content": "A leukocyte-common (L-C) antigen which can be dominant as an immunogen in rabbit anti-rat thoracic duct lymphocyte serum has been purified from rat thymocytes. Initially, an antigenic fragment of 100,000 apparent mol. wt. was prepared at 400 to 900-fold purification by lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration in deoxycholate. Mice were then immunized with this fraction, and a hybrid myeloma cell line secreting antibody to the L-C antigen was prepared by cell fusion. This antibody was used for affinity chromatography and gave pure L-C antigen at 1400-fold purification compared with thymocytes. The L-C antigen is a major membrane glyco-protein of rat thymocytes and has an apparent mol. wt. of 150,000 as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The antigen constitutes one of the three thymocyte glycoproteins which stain intensely for carbohydrate with periodic acid Schiff stain. It is present on greater than 95% of thymocytes, bone marrow cells and thoracic duct lymphocytes.", "contents": "Purification with monoclonal antibody of a predominant leukocyte-common antigen and glycoprotein from rat thymocytes. A leukocyte-common (L-C) antigen which can be dominant as an immunogen in rabbit anti-rat thoracic duct lymphocyte serum has been purified from rat thymocytes. Initially, an antigenic fragment of 100,000 apparent mol. wt. was prepared at 400 to 900-fold purification by lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration in deoxycholate. Mice were then immunized with this fraction, and a hybrid myeloma cell line secreting antibody to the L-C antigen was prepared by cell fusion. This antibody was used for affinity chromatography and gave pure L-C antigen at 1400-fold purification compared with thymocytes. The L-C antigen is a major membrane glyco-protein of rat thymocytes and has an apparent mol. wt. of 150,000 as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The antigen constitutes one of the three thymocyte glycoproteins which stain intensely for carbohydrate with periodic acid Schiff stain. It is present on greater than 95% of thymocytes, bone marrow cells and thoracic duct lymphocytes.", "PMID": 374095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2302", "title": "Comparison of effects of prostaglandins E2 and I2 on rat renal vascular resistance.", "content": "Effects of PGE2 and PGI2 on renal vascular resistance (RVR) were compared in anesthetized rats. Renal blood flow and systemic blood pressure were measured before and during infusion of PGE2 (2--2 microgram/min) or PGI2 (1--5 microgram/min) into the aorta just proximal to the renal arteries. Both prostaglandins significantly decreased blood pressure and renal blood flow, but effects on RVR were dissimilar. At low doses, PGI2 reduced RVR in 8 of 10 rats; PGE2 increased it in 5 of 7. At higher doses, PGE2 increased RVR in all rats; during PGI2 infusion RVR did not significantly exceed control at any dose. We conclude that, in the intact rat, PGE2 increases RVR either directly or through potentiation of other constrictor stimuli, while PGI2 tends to reduce RVR and diminish the renal response to other constrictor stimuli. PGI2 is the only prostaglandin found to decrease RVR in the rat.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of prostaglandins E2 and I2 on rat renal vascular resistance. Effects of PGE2 and PGI2 on renal vascular resistance (RVR) were compared in anesthetized rats. Renal blood flow and systemic blood pressure were measured before and during infusion of PGE2 (2--2 microgram/min) or PGI2 (1--5 microgram/min) into the aorta just proximal to the renal arteries. Both prostaglandins significantly decreased blood pressure and renal blood flow, but effects on RVR were dissimilar. At low doses, PGI2 reduced RVR in 8 of 10 rats; PGE2 increased it in 5 of 7. At higher doses, PGE2 increased RVR in all rats; during PGI2 infusion RVR did not significantly exceed control at any dose. We conclude that, in the intact rat, PGE2 increases RVR either directly or through potentiation of other constrictor stimuli, while PGI2 tends to reduce RVR and diminish the renal response to other constrictor stimuli. PGI2 is the only prostaglandin found to decrease RVR in the rat.", "PMID": 374096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2303", "title": "Effect of catecholamine-receptor stimulating agents on blood pressure after local application in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the medulla oblongata.", "content": "The effect of various catecholamines and alpha-mimetics, given by microinjection in the A2-region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), on blood pressure was investigated in anesthetized male rats. A dose-dependent decrease of blood pressure and heart rate was induced by adrenaline as the most effective drug, followed by noradrenaline, dopamine, alpha-methylnoradrenaline and octopamine. Ablation of the rostral or caudal part of the NTS, or removal of the area postrema did not diminish the effect of alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Higher doses of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline caused an initial rise of blood pressure, while the blood pressure lowering effect of noradrenaline was diminished, and that of alpha-methylnoradrenaline and dopamine delayed. Isoprenaline and the (+)-stereoisomers of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline were ineffective. The hypotensive effect of dopamine was not prevented by systemic injection of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63. Prior application of haloperidol, yohimbine and phentolamine antagonized the hypotensive response to dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Application of peripherally effective alpha-mimetics into the A2-region had no or little effect, while high doses increased blood pressure. Tyramine and clonidine caused some decrease of blood pressure. Clonidine also decreased blood pressure when it was applied in the area of the locus coeruleus. Application of isoprenaline in the locus coeruleus also decreased blood pressure while in contrast adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline increased blood pressure. The present data suggest that the catecholaminergic receptors in the A2-region of the NTS differ from the classic vascular alpha-receptor and that the NTS also may contain structures which can antagonize the decrease in blood pressure.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamine-receptor stimulating agents on blood pressure after local application in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the medulla oblongata. The effect of various catecholamines and alpha-mimetics, given by microinjection in the A2-region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), on blood pressure was investigated in anesthetized male rats. A dose-dependent decrease of blood pressure and heart rate was induced by adrenaline as the most effective drug, followed by noradrenaline, dopamine, alpha-methylnoradrenaline and octopamine. Ablation of the rostral or caudal part of the NTS, or removal of the area postrema did not diminish the effect of alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Higher doses of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline caused an initial rise of blood pressure, while the blood pressure lowering effect of noradrenaline was diminished, and that of alpha-methylnoradrenaline and dopamine delayed. Isoprenaline and the (+)-stereoisomers of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline were ineffective. The hypotensive effect of dopamine was not prevented by systemic injection of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63. Prior application of haloperidol, yohimbine and phentolamine antagonized the hypotensive response to dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline. Application of peripherally effective alpha-mimetics into the A2-region had no or little effect, while high doses increased blood pressure. Tyramine and clonidine caused some decrease of blood pressure. Clonidine also decreased blood pressure when it was applied in the area of the locus coeruleus. Application of isoprenaline in the locus coeruleus also decreased blood pressure while in contrast adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline increased blood pressure. The present data suggest that the catecholaminergic receptors in the A2-region of the NTS differ from the classic vascular alpha-receptor and that the NTS also may contain structures which can antagonize the decrease in blood pressure.", "PMID": 374097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2304", "title": "Experimental studies of schistosomal pigment from Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "The schistosomal and malarial pigments were distinguishable before and after extraction from the host liver. Presence of iron in both pigments was ascertained by the elemental X-ray analysis. Histochemically, however, schistosomal pigment was similar to that of malarial pigment.", "contents": "Experimental studies of schistosomal pigment from Schistosoma japonicum. The schistosomal and malarial pigments were distinguishable before and after extraction from the host liver. Presence of iron in both pigments was ascertained by the elemental X-ray analysis. Histochemically, however, schistosomal pigment was similar to that of malarial pigment.", "PMID": 374107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2305", "title": "An adrenergic participation subserving a positive inotropism and chonotropism of prostacyclin on isolated rat atria.", "content": "The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the contractile frequency and on the isometric developed tension of spontaneously beating or paced isolated rat atria were explored. PGI2 enhanced frequency and contractile tension, both effects being blocked by the presence of propranolol, or following a pretreatment with 6-OHDopamine.", "contents": "An adrenergic participation subserving a positive inotropism and chonotropism of prostacyclin on isolated rat atria. The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the contractile frequency and on the isometric developed tension of spontaneously beating or paced isolated rat atria were explored. PGI2 enhanced frequency and contractile tension, both effects being blocked by the presence of propranolol, or following a pretreatment with 6-OHDopamine.", "PMID": 374108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2306", "title": "Different marrow cell number requirements for the haemopoietic colony formation and the curve of the W/Wv anemia.", "content": "The lowest cell number in the normal marrow transplant, which allows the cure of W/Wv anemia was found to be between 10(4) and 10(5). This exceeds by several times the lowest cell number necessary for the haemopoietic colony formation. Therefore, either the colony forming cell is not the haemopoietic stem cell but rather its progeny, or this cell requires an aid from some other cells to exert is activity.", "contents": "Different marrow cell number requirements for the haemopoietic colony formation and the curve of the W/Wv anemia. The lowest cell number in the normal marrow transplant, which allows the cure of W/Wv anemia was found to be between 10(4) and 10(5). This exceeds by several times the lowest cell number necessary for the haemopoietic colony formation. Therefore, either the colony forming cell is not the haemopoietic stem cell but rather its progeny, or this cell requires an aid from some other cells to exert is activity.", "PMID": 374109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2307", "title": "Precoital single doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol block ovulation in the rabbit.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) inhibits pituitary gonadotropin secretion in castrated rhesus monkeys. Also, delta9-THC blocks the ovulatory reflux in rabbits. We report now the dose-response relationship of precoital single doses of delta9-THC on luteinizing hormone (LH) release and ovulation in the rabbit. Forty-five female rabbits in estrous were divided into nine groups of five animals. Groups 1 to 5 received a single intramuscular dose of delta9-THC (5,2.5, 1.25, 0.612, and 0.306 mg/kg, respectively) 2 hours before mating; animals of group 6 received vehicle only. In animals of groups 7 and 8 ovulation was induced with 100 IU of human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG), given intravenously 2 hours after the administration of delta9-THC (5 mg/kg) or vehicle. Rabbit luteinizing hormone (rLH) was measured in plasma 90 to 120 minutes after coitus or hCG administration. After the injection of 5 mg of delta9-THC, luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LH-RF) (20 microgram intravenously) was administered to the animals of group 9. All animals of groups 6, 7, and 8 ovulated. A dose-response curve was observed in the animals treated with delta9-THC and natural mating. Whereas none of the animals treated with 5 or 2.5 mg/kg ovulated, one of the group treated with 1.25 mg/kg, two of the group treated with 0.612 mg/kg, and all treated with 0.312 mg/kg ovulated. Ovulations correlated with postcoital levels of rLH. All animals of group 9 ovulated, indicating that the site of action of delta9-THC is suprapituitary, probably hypothalamic.", "contents": "Precoital single doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol block ovulation in the rabbit. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) inhibits pituitary gonadotropin secretion in castrated rhesus monkeys. Also, delta9-THC blocks the ovulatory reflux in rabbits. We report now the dose-response relationship of precoital single doses of delta9-THC on luteinizing hormone (LH) release and ovulation in the rabbit. Forty-five female rabbits in estrous were divided into nine groups of five animals. Groups 1 to 5 received a single intramuscular dose of delta9-THC (5,2.5, 1.25, 0.612, and 0.306 mg/kg, respectively) 2 hours before mating; animals of group 6 received vehicle only. In animals of groups 7 and 8 ovulation was induced with 100 IU of human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG), given intravenously 2 hours after the administration of delta9-THC (5 mg/kg) or vehicle. Rabbit luteinizing hormone (rLH) was measured in plasma 90 to 120 minutes after coitus or hCG administration. After the injection of 5 mg of delta9-THC, luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LH-RF) (20 microgram intravenously) was administered to the animals of group 9. All animals of groups 6, 7, and 8 ovulated. A dose-response curve was observed in the animals treated with delta9-THC and natural mating. Whereas none of the animals treated with 5 or 2.5 mg/kg ovulated, one of the group treated with 1.25 mg/kg, two of the group treated with 0.612 mg/kg, and all treated with 0.312 mg/kg ovulated. Ovulations correlated with postcoital levels of rLH. All animals of group 9 ovulated, indicating that the site of action of delta9-THC is suprapituitary, probably hypothalamic.", "PMID": 374129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2308", "title": "[Gonadotropin releasing activity of different regions of rat brain and the probability of presence of a factor which inhibits it in the suprachiasmatic region].", "content": "The amount of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn--RH) was measured in the preoptic area and in some parts of hypothalamus by radioimmunoassay. Maximal level was found in the median eminence next followed by that in the portions containing n. arquatus or retrochiasmatic area. The preoptic area contained less Gn--RH. The quantity of Gn--RH was negligible in the suprachiasmatic area. If tested in both supra- and retrochiasmatic areas simultaneously the amount of Gn--RH was much lower than in the retrochiasmatic area alone. Existence of inhibiting or inactivating factor in the suprachiasmatic fragment is suggested. The amount of Gn--RH was small in hypothalamic areas including n. paraventricularis, n. supraopticus, mamillary bodies. From among all the fragments tested the pineal body showed the lowest Gn--RH. There was no correlation between the serum LH concentration and the amount of Gn--RH in any investigated area except the preoptic one.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin releasing activity of different regions of rat brain and the probability of presence of a factor which inhibits it in the suprachiasmatic region]. The amount of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn--RH) was measured in the preoptic area and in some parts of hypothalamus by radioimmunoassay. Maximal level was found in the median eminence next followed by that in the portions containing n. arquatus or retrochiasmatic area. The preoptic area contained less Gn--RH. The quantity of Gn--RH was negligible in the suprachiasmatic area. If tested in both supra- and retrochiasmatic areas simultaneously the amount of Gn--RH was much lower than in the retrochiasmatic area alone. Existence of inhibiting or inactivating factor in the suprachiasmatic fragment is suggested. The amount of Gn--RH was small in hypothalamic areas including n. paraventricularis, n. supraopticus, mamillary bodies. From among all the fragments tested the pineal body showed the lowest Gn--RH. There was no correlation between the serum LH concentration and the amount of Gn--RH in any investigated area except the preoptic one.", "PMID": 374130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2309", "title": "[Effect of hypothalamic lHRH (luliberin) on the electrical activity of isolated rat heart].", "content": "Decelerating effect of LH--RH upon the frequency of contraction of the rat isolated perfused heart was revealed. The neurohormone was also shown to change the heart electrical activity causing elongation of the systole due to an increase in repolarization period. Simultaneous application of LH--RH and norepinephrine to the rat isolated perfused heart did not alter the frequency of contractions. The LH--RH seems to take part in the regulation of the myocardium excitability by means of its effect on the membrane permeability for monovalent cations.", "contents": "[Effect of hypothalamic lHRH (luliberin) on the electrical activity of isolated rat heart]. Decelerating effect of LH--RH upon the frequency of contraction of the rat isolated perfused heart was revealed. The neurohormone was also shown to change the heart electrical activity causing elongation of the systole due to an increase in repolarization period. Simultaneous application of LH--RH and norepinephrine to the rat isolated perfused heart did not alter the frequency of contractions. The LH--RH seems to take part in the regulation of the myocardium excitability by means of its effect on the membrane permeability for monovalent cations.", "PMID": 374131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2310", "title": "The Teledyne Articulator System 154 as applied to complete denture construction.", "content": "A practical articulator, the Teledyne System 154, has been described. It acceptably simulates mandibular movement. Also, it can be used within the economic limitations of an average dental practice. Mechanical limitations of this articulator do exist and must be kept in mind when using this articulator. A fully adjustable articulator satisfies all components of occlusion. However, the registration of the condylar path and the adjustment of such an articulator are complicated, and most dentists do not believe that such complicated articulators are necessary. The choice of articulators depends upon the precision with which the dentist wishes to work and his preference in the handling quality of the instrument.", "contents": "The Teledyne Articulator System 154 as applied to complete denture construction. A practical articulator, the Teledyne System 154, has been described. It acceptably simulates mandibular movement. Also, it can be used within the economic limitations of an average dental practice. Mechanical limitations of this articulator do exist and must be kept in mind when using this articulator. A fully adjustable articulator satisfies all components of occlusion. However, the registration of the condylar path and the adjustment of such an articulator are complicated, and most dentists do not believe that such complicated articulators are necessary. The choice of articulators depends upon the precision with which the dentist wishes to work and his preference in the handling quality of the instrument.", "PMID": 374136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2311", "title": "[Paraproteins in dermatological patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on paraprotein-cases in a dermatological totality of patients during a six years period. Among 860 seras we found 22 cases with paraproteins. Except IgE-paraprotein all other paraproteinclasses were found in their natural multidy. In 2 cases we saw Bence-Jones-protein, in an other case a very rare combination of IgD-paraprotein with Amyloidosis cutis nodularis atrophicans Gottron. Diseases with sure or probable autoimmune background, i.e. diseases of the vessels with a possible dependence from cold and malignant tumours were on the top of paraproteinemia. 4 of 22 patients died during a 3 years' period after detection of paraprotein. Common clinical and paraclinical signs and symptoms of paraproteinoses are collected in a special table.", "contents": "[Paraproteins in dermatological patients (author's transl)]. Report on paraprotein-cases in a dermatological totality of patients during a six years period. Among 860 seras we found 22 cases with paraproteins. Except IgE-paraprotein all other paraproteinclasses were found in their natural multidy. In 2 cases we saw Bence-Jones-protein, in an other case a very rare combination of IgD-paraprotein with Amyloidosis cutis nodularis atrophicans Gottron. Diseases with sure or probable autoimmune background, i.e. diseases of the vessels with a possible dependence from cold and malignant tumours were on the top of paraproteinemia. 4 of 22 patients died during a 3 years' period after detection of paraprotein. Common clinical and paraclinical signs and symptoms of paraproteinoses are collected in a special table.", "PMID": 374137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2312", "title": "Pemphigus foliaceus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A 74-year-old male patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome developed pemphigus foliaceus. Clinically healthy skin tissue revealed a fluorescent band of IgM along the basal membrane and an intercellular deposit of C3 and IgG in the deepest areas of the epidermis. Similar investigations of diseased skin revealed no deposits of IgM, and C3 and IgG were spread over a large area of the epidermis, though following the same pattern. In sero-positive rheumatoid patients with and without vasculitis, C3 and IgM are frequently found in small dermal vessels immediately below the epidermis in apparently normal skin. The fluorescent band of IgM along the basal membrane is thought to be an expression of the patient's rheumatoid arthritis, in spite of the fact that this IgM site is not typically associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The change in the pattern of deposition is thought to be due to pemphigus foliaceus.", "contents": "Pemphigus foliaceus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A case report. A 74-year-old male patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome developed pemphigus foliaceus. Clinically healthy skin tissue revealed a fluorescent band of IgM along the basal membrane and an intercellular deposit of C3 and IgG in the deepest areas of the epidermis. Similar investigations of diseased skin revealed no deposits of IgM, and C3 and IgG were spread over a large area of the epidermis, though following the same pattern. In sero-positive rheumatoid patients with and without vasculitis, C3 and IgM are frequently found in small dermal vessels immediately below the epidermis in apparently normal skin. The fluorescent band of IgM along the basal membrane is thought to be an expression of the patient's rheumatoid arthritis, in spite of the fact that this IgM site is not typically associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The change in the pattern of deposition is thought to be due to pemphigus foliaceus.", "PMID": 374144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2313", "title": "Low allergenicity of triclosan. Predictive testing in guinea pigs and in humans.", "content": "Allergic predictive testing with triclosan (Irgasan DP 300) has been carried out in guinea pigs and in humans in order to evaluate its potential allergenic properties. Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent increasingly used in the cosmetic industry (concentration 0.5%) has recently appeared on the market at a higher concentration (3%) in association with flumethasone pivalate as an antimicrobial and antimycotic cream (Logamel). The results of predictive tests for allergy in guinea pigs (1 of 20 positive) and in humans (none of 20 positive) indicate that the sensitization index of triclosan is very low, which is in good accord with some reports from the literature. These underline the rarity of cases of allergic contact dermatitis to triclosan considering its widespread use in the cosmetic industry.", "contents": "Low allergenicity of triclosan. Predictive testing in guinea pigs and in humans. Allergic predictive testing with triclosan (Irgasan DP 300) has been carried out in guinea pigs and in humans in order to evaluate its potential allergenic properties. Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent increasingly used in the cosmetic industry (concentration 0.5%) has recently appeared on the market at a higher concentration (3%) in association with flumethasone pivalate as an antimicrobial and antimycotic cream (Logamel). The results of predictive tests for allergy in guinea pigs (1 of 20 positive) and in humans (none of 20 positive) indicate that the sensitization index of triclosan is very low, which is in good accord with some reports from the literature. These underline the rarity of cases of allergic contact dermatitis to triclosan considering its widespread use in the cosmetic industry.", "PMID": 374145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2314", "title": "Changes in obstetric anaesthesia in the last twenty-five years.", "content": "The last twenty-five years have provided a continuing success story in the achievement of satisfactory obstetric analgesia. Maternal mortality and morbidity from general anaesthesia has not decreased substantially. Mothers still run the same risk of inhalational pneumonitis and are even more likely to suffer the distressing experience of awareness. It must, however, be admitted that general anaesthesia for child-birth has brought increasing benefits to the new born during the last twenty-five years.", "contents": "Changes in obstetric anaesthesia in the last twenty-five years. The last twenty-five years have provided a continuing success story in the achievement of satisfactory obstetric analgesia. Maternal mortality and morbidity from general anaesthesia has not decreased substantially. Mothers still run the same risk of inhalational pneumonitis and are even more likely to suffer the distressing experience of awareness. It must, however, be admitted that general anaesthesia for child-birth has brought increasing benefits to the new born during the last twenty-five years.", "PMID": 374157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2315", "title": "The clinical management of the aspiration of gastric contents.", "content": "The management of the aspiration of gastric contents is considered under five different headings - clearance of the airway, the problem of oxygenation, the use of steroids, the possible use of prophylactic antibiotics and the general measures applicable to the care of any seriously ill patient. An illustrative case report is presented.", "contents": "The clinical management of the aspiration of gastric contents. The management of the aspiration of gastric contents is considered under five different headings - clearance of the airway, the problem of oxygenation, the use of steroids, the possible use of prophylactic antibiotics and the general measures applicable to the care of any seriously ill patient. An illustrative case report is presented.", "PMID": 374158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2316", "title": "Can aminophylline reduce the need for oral corticosteroids?", "content": "Fifteen patients with long-standing chronic obstructive airways disease, who had received oral prednisolone for at least one year with objective and subjective response were included in the study. Attempts to reduce or withdraw steroids had been made unsuccessfully on at least two occasions in all cases. Phyllocontin Continus tablets were given at a dose of 225 mg in the morning and 450 mg at night for a 33-week period. One patient was withdrawn after 8 weeks due to side-effects. Four patients had their oral prednisolone withdrawn entirely and a further seven had a beneficial reduction without adverse effect on FEV1 or VC. The average reduction in daily dosage of steroids was from 10 mg to 4.97 mg (p less than 0.001) with an associated rise in mean FEV1 of 1.69 to 1.92 litres.", "contents": "Can aminophylline reduce the need for oral corticosteroids? Fifteen patients with long-standing chronic obstructive airways disease, who had received oral prednisolone for at least one year with objective and subjective response were included in the study. Attempts to reduce or withdraw steroids had been made unsuccessfully on at least two occasions in all cases. Phyllocontin Continus tablets were given at a dose of 225 mg in the morning and 450 mg at night for a 33-week period. One patient was withdrawn after 8 weeks due to side-effects. Four patients had their oral prednisolone withdrawn entirely and a further seven had a beneficial reduction without adverse effect on FEV1 or VC. The average reduction in daily dosage of steroids was from 10 mg to 4.97 mg (p less than 0.001) with an associated rise in mean FEV1 of 1.69 to 1.92 litres.", "PMID": 374159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2317", "title": "Subjective and objective changes noted by patients with bronchial asthma taking slow-release aminophylline.", "content": "The authors describe a placebo controlled trial of a slow-release form of aminophylline in a total of twenty asthmatic patients. The data resulting from this work confirmed the fact that the aminophylline is a bronchodilator which improves mean peak flow rate and reduces the intake of beta-agonist drugs in the majority of asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Subjective and objective changes noted by patients with bronchial asthma taking slow-release aminophylline. The authors describe a placebo controlled trial of a slow-release form of aminophylline in a total of twenty asthmatic patients. The data resulting from this work confirmed the fact that the aminophylline is a bronchodilator which improves mean peak flow rate and reduces the intake of beta-agonist drugs in the majority of asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 374161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2318", "title": "An evaluation of a controlled-release aminophylline tablet (Phyllocontin Continus) as a concomitant therapy in patients receiving salbutamol.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial on forty chronic bronchitics Phyllocontin Continus tablets were shown to produce a greater improvement in objective lung function tests than Ventolin tablets. A combination of Ventolin tablets and Phyllocontin tablets were found to produce a greater effect than either drug alone. Changes in objective measurements were not paralleled by the patients' subjective opinions.", "contents": "An evaluation of a controlled-release aminophylline tablet (Phyllocontin Continus) as a concomitant therapy in patients receiving salbutamol. In a double-blind crossover trial on forty chronic bronchitics Phyllocontin Continus tablets were shown to produce a greater improvement in objective lung function tests than Ventolin tablets. A combination of Ventolin tablets and Phyllocontin tablets were found to produce a greater effect than either drug alone. Changes in objective measurements were not paralleled by the patients' subjective opinions.", "PMID": 374162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2319", "title": "Effect of slow-release oral aminophylline on circadian variation in airflow obstruction in asthmatics.", "content": "The effect of an oral slow-release aminophylline preparation (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in preventing early morning reduction in airway calibre was measured in two groups of asthmatic patients; Group I consisted of eight stable asthmatics whose main complaint was nocturnal wheeziness, and Group II comprised four severe asthmatics studied during the period of recovery from an acute exacerbation of asthma. In both groups the effect on one second forced expired volume (FEV1) of two 225 mg tablets of Phyllocontin was compared with that of two placebo tablets on two successive nights in a double-blind trial. On the nights when the placebo preparation was administered both groups of patients showed a marked fall in FEV1. Administration of the active aminophylline preparation prevented this reduction in airway calibre in the Group I patients but had no effect on the fall in FEV1 in the Group II patients. A possible explanation for the observed difference in response between the two groups may have been variation in bioavailability of aminophylline in the two clinical situations.", "contents": "Effect of slow-release oral aminophylline on circadian variation in airflow obstruction in asthmatics. The effect of an oral slow-release aminophylline preparation (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in preventing early morning reduction in airway calibre was measured in two groups of asthmatic patients; Group I consisted of eight stable asthmatics whose main complaint was nocturnal wheeziness, and Group II comprised four severe asthmatics studied during the period of recovery from an acute exacerbation of asthma. In both groups the effect on one second forced expired volume (FEV1) of two 225 mg tablets of Phyllocontin was compared with that of two placebo tablets on two successive nights in a double-blind trial. On the nights when the placebo preparation was administered both groups of patients showed a marked fall in FEV1. Administration of the active aminophylline preparation prevented this reduction in airway calibre in the Group I patients but had no effect on the fall in FEV1 in the Group II patients. A possible explanation for the observed difference in response between the two groups may have been variation in bioavailability of aminophylline in the two clinical situations.", "PMID": 374163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2320", "title": "A double-blind trial of oral aminophylline (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in airflow obstruction: preliminary communication.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with reversible airflow obstruction were entered into a double-blind crossover trial of Phyllocontin Continus tablets and placebo to assess the additional benefit of the controlled-release aminophylline preparation when added to the patients' medication. Most patients were taking inhaled or oral steroids in addition to inhaled beta-sympathomimetics throughout the trial. The dosage of Phyllocontin tablets was adjusted in a pre-trial study to provide serum theophylline levels in the accepted therapeutic range of 10--20 mg/l. In the seventeen patients who completed the 8-week study a small, but significant, increase in both the patients' own recordings of PEFR and weekly clinic measurements of FEV1 was seen whilst on the active drug. Ten patients had improvement in FEV1 greater than 200 ml. Eleven patients recorded subjective improvement on the active drug and five out of ten patients who used inhaled beta-sympathomimetics p.r.n. showed a reduction in their usage of greater than 10%. Side-effects were reported by twelve patients.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of oral aminophylline (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in airflow obstruction: preliminary communication. Twenty-two patients with reversible airflow obstruction were entered into a double-blind crossover trial of Phyllocontin Continus tablets and placebo to assess the additional benefit of the controlled-release aminophylline preparation when added to the patients' medication. Most patients were taking inhaled or oral steroids in addition to inhaled beta-sympathomimetics throughout the trial. The dosage of Phyllocontin tablets was adjusted in a pre-trial study to provide serum theophylline levels in the accepted therapeutic range of 10--20 mg/l. In the seventeen patients who completed the 8-week study a small, but significant, increase in both the patients' own recordings of PEFR and weekly clinic measurements of FEV1 was seen whilst on the active drug. Ten patients had improvement in FEV1 greater than 200 ml. Eleven patients recorded subjective improvement on the active drug and five out of ten patients who used inhaled beta-sympathomimetics p.r.n. showed a reduction in their usage of greater than 10%. Side-effects were reported by twelve patients.", "PMID": 374164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2321", "title": "Additive interaction of aminophylline and salbutamol in asthma: an in vivo study using dose-response curves.", "content": "Dose-response curves to intravenous salbutamol were constructed after injection of saline or aminophylline in a group of ten asthmatic patients. The shape of the salbutamol dose-response curve was not altered by aminophylline pre-treatment--it is therefore argued that the drugs are additive but not synergistic on the basis of this preliminary study.", "contents": "Additive interaction of aminophylline and salbutamol in asthma: an in vivo study using dose-response curves. Dose-response curves to intravenous salbutamol were constructed after injection of saline or aminophylline in a group of ten asthmatic patients. The shape of the salbutamol dose-response curve was not altered by aminophylline pre-treatment--it is therefore argued that the drugs are additive but not synergistic on the basis of this preliminary study.", "PMID": 374165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2322", "title": "Preliminary experience with controlled-release aminophylline in asthmatic children: salivary levels and peak flow following a single dose.", "content": "Preliminary experience of a controlled-release aminophylline tablet in twenty-five asthmatic children has been gained by measuring salivary theophylline levels and peak flow after a single dose (11 mg/kg). The results were compared with an oral theophylline preparation. Mean salivary levels remained elevated at eight hours following ingestion of controlled-release aminophylline, at which time 58% of the children continued to show an improvement in peak flow. Individual children showed a wide variation in salivary levels and respiratory response. It is recommended that theophylline levels should be monitored in the saliva to ensure maximum benefit from the drug.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with controlled-release aminophylline in asthmatic children: salivary levels and peak flow following a single dose. Preliminary experience of a controlled-release aminophylline tablet in twenty-five asthmatic children has been gained by measuring salivary theophylline levels and peak flow after a single dose (11 mg/kg). The results were compared with an oral theophylline preparation. Mean salivary levels remained elevated at eight hours following ingestion of controlled-release aminophylline, at which time 58% of the children continued to show an improvement in peak flow. Individual children showed a wide variation in salivary levels and respiratory response. It is recommended that theophylline levels should be monitored in the saliva to ensure maximum benefit from the drug.", "PMID": 374166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2323", "title": "Normalization of the paradoxic secretion of glucagon in diabetics who were controlled by the artificial beta cell.", "content": "Since it is important to elucidate the precise significance of pancreatic A-cell hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, the change in the immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) response to 100 g oral glucose challenges was studied in diabetics whose blood glucose responses and plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations (IRI) simulated those in normal subjects with the aid of the artificial beta cell system that we developed originally. In six nonobese adult-onset and four insulin-dependent diabetics whose blood glucose responses and plasma insulin concentrations after 100 g oral glucose load were made equivalent to those seen in normal subjects by the artificial beta cell, the glucagon release was similar to the response in normal subjects. In one insulin-dependent diabetic with high anti-insulin-binding capacity, the blood glucose response after an oral glucose challenge was not normalized by the artificial beta cell and the glucagon secretion was paradoxically increased. This fact suggested that the paradoxic rise in glucagon, seen in response to an oral glucose load in some diabetics, is secondary to insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Normalization of the paradoxic secretion of glucagon in diabetics who were controlled by the artificial beta cell. Since it is important to elucidate the precise significance of pancreatic A-cell hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, the change in the immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) response to 100 g oral glucose challenges was studied in diabetics whose blood glucose responses and plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations (IRI) simulated those in normal subjects with the aid of the artificial beta cell system that we developed originally. In six nonobese adult-onset and four insulin-dependent diabetics whose blood glucose responses and plasma insulin concentrations after 100 g oral glucose load were made equivalent to those seen in normal subjects by the artificial beta cell, the glucagon release was similar to the response in normal subjects. In one insulin-dependent diabetic with high anti-insulin-binding capacity, the blood glucose response after an oral glucose challenge was not normalized by the artificial beta cell and the glucagon secretion was paradoxically increased. This fact suggested that the paradoxic rise in glucagon, seen in response to an oral glucose load in some diabetics, is secondary to insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 374171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2324", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion from rat islets maintained in a tissue culture-perifusion system.", "content": "A tissue culture-perifusion system is described that allows for long-term culture of pancreatic islets and study of the dynamics of islet hormone secretion. Islets cultured in this system demonstrate brisk, reproducible biphasic insulin and glucagon release. Glucose-stimulated insulin release is similar after 1 or 14 days in culture. Freshly isolated islets are relatively insensitive to somatostatin, requiring 100 ng/ml to suppress partially the glucose-induced insulin secretion. After 24 h of culture, the same islets demonstrate a marked increase in sensitivity to this hormone. Glucagon secretion from islets maintained in this system occurred in a predictable fashion to arginine stimulation and glucose inhibition.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion from rat islets maintained in a tissue culture-perifusion system. A tissue culture-perifusion system is described that allows for long-term culture of pancreatic islets and study of the dynamics of islet hormone secretion. Islets cultured in this system demonstrate brisk, reproducible biphasic insulin and glucagon release. Glucose-stimulated insulin release is similar after 1 or 14 days in culture. Freshly isolated islets are relatively insensitive to somatostatin, requiring 100 ng/ml to suppress partially the glucose-induced insulin secretion. After 24 h of culture, the same islets demonstrate a marked increase in sensitivity to this hormone. Glucagon secretion from islets maintained in this system occurred in a predictable fashion to arginine stimulation and glucose inhibition.", "PMID": 374172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2325", "title": "Antitumor activity of peritoneal exudate cells induced by cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) induced by oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) in ACI/N rats were tested for their effect on both in vivo and in vitro growth of syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells (AMC-60). Treatment of rats with intraperitoneal injections of BCG-CWS induced regression of syngeneic ascites tumor and increased the number of survivals. Whole PEC and adherent PEC from rats injected intraperitoneally with BCG-CWS inhibited the uptake of tritiated thymidine into the fibrosarcoma cells in an in vitro cytostasis test. This in vitro cytostatic effect was more marked as the ratio of effector to target cells increased. In addition, when tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously with BCG-CWS activated PEC, tumor takes decreased markedly. Oil-stimulated PEC and normal peritoneal resident cells were inactive in inhibition of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of peritoneal exudate cells induced by cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) induced by oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) in ACI/N rats were tested for their effect on both in vivo and in vitro growth of syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells (AMC-60). Treatment of rats with intraperitoneal injections of BCG-CWS induced regression of syngeneic ascites tumor and increased the number of survivals. Whole PEC and adherent PEC from rats injected intraperitoneally with BCG-CWS inhibited the uptake of tritiated thymidine into the fibrosarcoma cells in an in vitro cytostasis test. This in vitro cytostatic effect was more marked as the ratio of effector to target cells increased. In addition, when tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously with BCG-CWS activated PEC, tumor takes decreased markedly. Oil-stimulated PEC and normal peritoneal resident cells were inactive in inhibition of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 374173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2326", "title": "Effect of motilin on the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast.", "content": "The effect of an infusion of natural motilin on the rate of gastric emptying of a standard breakfast was studied in 5 subjects using Caesium 129-tagged resin particles. Emptying rates were measured on 4 separate days.  On 2 days, the subjects receive only saline (controls), while on the other 2 days a motilin infusion of 0.34 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, followed by 0.68 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, was given. All infusions were blind and given in random order. At the end of the low-dose motilin infusion 31 +/- 4% of the meal had emptied, compared with 17 +/- 2% with saline infusion (P less than 0.01). A similar effect was also seen with the high-dose infusion. Plasma motilin concentrations rose from a basal of 68 +/- 13 pmol/liter to 126 +/- 10 pmol/liter during low-dose motilin infusion and to 170 +/- 11 pmol/liter during the high dose. No significant change in basal or postprandial levels of glucose, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide was noted, but postprandial insulin release was greater during motilin infusion.", "contents": "Effect of motilin on the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. The effect of an infusion of natural motilin on the rate of gastric emptying of a standard breakfast was studied in 5 subjects using Caesium 129-tagged resin particles. Emptying rates were measured on 4 separate days.  On 2 days, the subjects receive only saline (controls), while on the other 2 days a motilin infusion of 0.34 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, followed by 0.68 pmol/kg/min for 60 min, was given. All infusions were blind and given in random order. At the end of the low-dose motilin infusion 31 +/- 4% of the meal had emptied, compared with 17 +/- 2% with saline infusion (P less than 0.01). A similar effect was also seen with the high-dose infusion. Plasma motilin concentrations rose from a basal of 68 +/- 13 pmol/liter to 126 +/- 10 pmol/liter during low-dose motilin infusion and to 170 +/- 11 pmol/liter during the high dose. No significant change in basal or postprandial levels of glucose, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide was noted, but postprandial insulin release was greater during motilin infusion.", "PMID": 374176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2327", "title": "Treatment of chronic portal systemic encephalopathy with bromocriptine: a double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "A randomized double-blind clinical comparison of bromocriptine, a new dopamine agonist, and placebo was performed on 7 cirrhotic patients with chronic portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Before given either medication, patients were stabilized with a standard treatment (neomycin and cathartics). Serial semiquantitative assessments were done, including mental state, asterixis, number connection test, electroencephalogram, and ammonia blood levels. Three patients developed signs of precoma while ingesting both placebo and bromocriptine. Two patients experienced precoma only with placebo, and another patient only while taking bromocriptine. One patient remained awake throughout the study. All patients responded initially to neomycin and cathartics. Bromocriptine proved not to be significantly superior to placebo and was always inferior to standard treatment. During treatment with bromocriptine, 3 patients experienced constipation. This may be partially responsible for the ineffectiveness in the treatment of PSE.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic portal systemic encephalopathy with bromocriptine: a double-blind controlled trial. A randomized double-blind clinical comparison of bromocriptine, a new dopamine agonist, and placebo was performed on 7 cirrhotic patients with chronic portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Before given either medication, patients were stabilized with a standard treatment (neomycin and cathartics). Serial semiquantitative assessments were done, including mental state, asterixis, number connection test, electroencephalogram, and ammonia blood levels. Three patients developed signs of precoma while ingesting both placebo and bromocriptine. Two patients experienced precoma only with placebo, and another patient only while taking bromocriptine. One patient remained awake throughout the study. All patients responded initially to neomycin and cathartics. Bromocriptine proved not to be significantly superior to placebo and was always inferior to standard treatment. During treatment with bromocriptine, 3 patients experienced constipation. This may be partially responsible for the ineffectiveness in the treatment of PSE.", "PMID": 374177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2328", "title": "Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea: results of a prospective double-blind study of Peace Corps volunteers in Morocco.", "content": "A second randomized double-blind study to determine the efficacy of doxycycline, 100 mg daily, for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea was carried out among 50 Peace Corps Volunteers during their first 10 wk in Morocco. The volunteers took either doxycycline or placebo for 3 wk, and were observed for an additional 7 wk. Eleven of 24 taking the placebo and 2 of 26 taking doxycycline had travelers' diarrhea during the treatment period (P less than 0.01). One week after cessation of the doxycycline, however, persons in that group developed an increase in frequency of travelers' diarrhea (P less than 0.05) so that by 3 wk after the drug was stopped, there were no differences between groups. Enterotoxigenic E. coli, most of which were sensitive to doxycycline, were the most frequently isolated pathogens during the entire study. This study corroborates the effectiveness of doxycycline prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea.", "contents": "Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea: results of a prospective double-blind study of Peace Corps volunteers in Morocco. A second randomized double-blind study to determine the efficacy of doxycycline, 100 mg daily, for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea was carried out among 50 Peace Corps Volunteers during their first 10 wk in Morocco. The volunteers took either doxycycline or placebo for 3 wk, and were observed for an additional 7 wk. Eleven of 24 taking the placebo and 2 of 26 taking doxycycline had travelers' diarrhea during the treatment period (P less than 0.01). One week after cessation of the doxycycline, however, persons in that group developed an increase in frequency of travelers' diarrhea (P less than 0.05) so that by 3 wk after the drug was stopped, there were no differences between groups. Enterotoxigenic E. coli, most of which were sensitive to doxycycline, were the most frequently isolated pathogens during the entire study. This study corroborates the effectiveness of doxycycline prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea.", "PMID": 374178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2329", "title": "An evaluation of some theories of the mechanism of aging.", "content": "Two theories of aging are considered in this review. Although there exists substantial experimental evidence in support of the somatic mutation and error catastrophe hypotheses, several experiments have been published which are extremely difficult to reconcile with these models, at least in their simplest forms. These include the observation that biochemical and morphological degenerative changes observed in fibroblasts aged in vitro do not resemble alterations observed in cells obtained from aged donors, and the fact that tissues transplanted serially through different hosts do not decline in vigor in the manner predicted by the somatic mutation theory. Although biochemical and mutational alterations appear to accumulate in fibroblasts aged in vitro (in support of the error catastrophe model), there are substantial problems with the interpretation of such experiments, and some observations (such as the lack of increase in translational error in hemoglboin synthesis as a function of age) seem to argue directly against the error catastrophe theory. Some alternative theoretical and experimental possibilities are discussed, including the concept of programmed aging as the cause of senescence.", "contents": "An evaluation of some theories of the mechanism of aging. Two theories of aging are considered in this review. Although there exists substantial experimental evidence in support of the somatic mutation and error catastrophe hypotheses, several experiments have been published which are extremely difficult to reconcile with these models, at least in their simplest forms. These include the observation that biochemical and morphological degenerative changes observed in fibroblasts aged in vitro do not resemble alterations observed in cells obtained from aged donors, and the fact that tissues transplanted serially through different hosts do not decline in vigor in the manner predicted by the somatic mutation theory. Although biochemical and mutational alterations appear to accumulate in fibroblasts aged in vitro (in support of the error catastrophe model), there are substantial problems with the interpretation of such experiments, and some observations (such as the lack of increase in translational error in hemoglboin synthesis as a function of age) seem to argue directly against the error catastrophe theory. Some alternative theoretical and experimental possibilities are discussed, including the concept of programmed aging as the cause of senescence.", "PMID": 374185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2330", "title": "Effect of age on the retraction of skin.", "content": "The retraction of skin flaps was measured. A constant decrease in retraction of 0.33% per year was found throughout life between the ages of 20 and 70.", "contents": "Effect of age on the retraction of skin. The retraction of skin flaps was measured. A constant decrease in retraction of 0.33% per year was found throughout life between the ages of 20 and 70.", "PMID": 374186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2331", "title": "Non-invasive techniques in the diagnosis of jaundice--ultrasound and computer.", "content": "This study describes the use of ultrasound in 84 consecutive patients to distinguish between medical (intrahepatic) and surgical (extrahepatic) types of jaundice. Accuracy rates in the 84 patients investigated were compared with those found in 169 patients using the computer-aided diagnostic model for jaundice. In 50 patients in whom both techniques were carried out direct comparison was possible. Ultrasound failed to give adequate visualisation for technical reasons in two patients, but 75 of the remaining 82 (91.5%) were correctly separated into medical and surgical categories. A similar percentage (90%, 152 of 169 patients) were correctly classified by the computer-assisted model, and in the 50 patients assessed by both techniques correct diagnostic separation was achieved in 43 (86%) by ultrasound and in 42 (84%) by computer. However, in this latter group two of the errors with computer diagnosis were falsely positive for a surgical jaundice (extrahepatic obstruction), and a surgical exploration performed on the basis of this test could have been unnecessary. This was not found with ultrasound in these same patients, all the errors being false negative. A high degree of confidence can therefore be attached to the demonstration by ultrasound of a dilated biliary tree.", "contents": "Non-invasive techniques in the diagnosis of jaundice--ultrasound and computer. This study describes the use of ultrasound in 84 consecutive patients to distinguish between medical (intrahepatic) and surgical (extrahepatic) types of jaundice. Accuracy rates in the 84 patients investigated were compared with those found in 169 patients using the computer-aided diagnostic model for jaundice. In 50 patients in whom both techniques were carried out direct comparison was possible. Ultrasound failed to give adequate visualisation for technical reasons in two patients, but 75 of the remaining 82 (91.5%) were correctly separated into medical and surgical categories. A similar percentage (90%, 152 of 169 patients) were correctly classified by the computer-assisted model, and in the 50 patients assessed by both techniques correct diagnostic separation was achieved in 43 (86%) by ultrasound and in 42 (84%) by computer. However, in this latter group two of the errors with computer diagnosis were falsely positive for a surgical jaundice (extrahepatic obstruction), and a surgical exploration performed on the basis of this test could have been unnecessary. This was not found with ultrasound in these same patients, all the errors being false negative. A high degree of confidence can therefore be attached to the demonstration by ultrasound of a dilated biliary tree.", "PMID": 374193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2332", "title": "Oral BCG vaccine in Crohn's disease.", "content": "In a randomised double-blind trial over one year oral BCG has been compared with a control preparation in the treatment of chronic Crohn's disease. Overall assessment scores deteriorated in nine of 22 patients taking BCG, and 11 of 26 in the control group (P = 0.25);  this deterioration was great enough to be regarded as a clinical relapse in three patients taking BCG and in seven taking the control preparation (P greater than 0.1). No significant benefit from oral BCG treatment has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Oral BCG vaccine in Crohn's disease. In a randomised double-blind trial over one year oral BCG has been compared with a control preparation in the treatment of chronic Crohn's disease. Overall assessment scores deteriorated in nine of 22 patients taking BCG, and 11 of 26 in the control group (P = 0.25);  this deterioration was great enough to be regarded as a clinical relapse in three patients taking BCG and in seven taking the control preparation (P greater than 0.1). No significant benefit from oral BCG treatment has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 374194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2333", "title": "Effectiveness of etamsylate in intrauterine-device menorrhagia.", "content": "107 parous women wearing Szont\u00e1gh-type IUDs were treated with either etamsylate or placebo tablets by a double-blind technique with random allocation. The length of the cycles, the duration of menstrual bleeding and the amount of bleeding were analyzed. Etamsylate treatment favourably influenced menstrual bleeding in IUD users. In the etamsylate group, the number of \"bleeding days' and the amount of menstrual flow were significantly less than in the placebo group.", "contents": "Effectiveness of etamsylate in intrauterine-device menorrhagia. 107 parous women wearing Szont\u00e1gh-type IUDs were treated with either etamsylate or placebo tablets by a double-blind technique with random allocation. The length of the cycles, the duration of menstrual bleeding and the amount of bleeding were analyzed. Etamsylate treatment favourably influenced menstrual bleeding in IUD users. In the etamsylate group, the number of \"bleeding days' and the amount of menstrual flow were significantly less than in the placebo group.", "PMID": 374202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2334", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of LH-RH. Standard curves and specificity.", "content": "As important discrepancies in blood concentrations of LH-RH remain, the basic problem of the specificity of the radioimmunoassay was reinvestigated using an antiserum raised against a new conjugate (33). Cross-reactions with related and unrelated peptides were studied in both charcoal-dextran and second antibody methods of separation. The possible relation between the nature of the conjugate and the specificity is discussed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of LH-RH. Standard curves and specificity. As important discrepancies in blood concentrations of LH-RH remain, the basic problem of the specificity of the radioimmunoassay was reinvestigated using an antiserum raised against a new conjugate (33). Cross-reactions with related and unrelated peptides were studied in both charcoal-dextran and second antibody methods of separation. The possible relation between the nature of the conjugate and the specificity is discussed.", "PMID": 374203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2335", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of LH-RH. Application to human plasma.", "content": "Comparison of standard curves with different concentrations of human plasma in the medium of incubation is presented. It appears that Bo varies with the dilution although the ratio B/Bo is independent of the dilution. This last observation was used to research 'endogenous' LH-RH in four menstrual cycles, in postmenopausal women and in men. The validity of the dosage is discussed in a more general way in the light of the results published in the literature.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of LH-RH. Application to human plasma. Comparison of standard curves with different concentrations of human plasma in the medium of incubation is presented. It appears that Bo varies with the dilution although the ratio B/Bo is independent of the dilution. This last observation was used to research 'endogenous' LH-RH in four menstrual cycles, in postmenopausal women and in men. The validity of the dosage is discussed in a more general way in the light of the results published in the literature.", "PMID": 374204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2336", "title": "[Radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines (author's transl)].", "content": "Catecholamines are neurotransmitters produced and secreted by the central and autonomic nervous systems. In addition to being neurotransmitters, amines produced mainly by the adrenal medulla also act as hormones. Fluorometric measurements of amines yield variable results because of the poor sensitivity of the techniques, and the low concentration of these amines in tissues and biological fluids. The lack of specific and sensitive analytical methods has been an obstacle to resolving the mechanism of action of these neurotransmitters and hormones. The possibility of achieving qualitative and quantitative determination of picomole or femtomole amounts of these amines is a major need. Recently, radioenzymatic procedures for catecholamine assay have been developed and there has been a significant improvement in both sensitivity and accuracy of catecholamine assays. In this article, details of these radioenzymatic assay methods are reviewed.", "contents": "[Radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines (author's transl)]. Catecholamines are neurotransmitters produced and secreted by the central and autonomic nervous systems. In addition to being neurotransmitters, amines produced mainly by the adrenal medulla also act as hormones. Fluorometric measurements of amines yield variable results because of the poor sensitivity of the techniques, and the low concentration of these amines in tissues and biological fluids. The lack of specific and sensitive analytical methods has been an obstacle to resolving the mechanism of action of these neurotransmitters and hormones. The possibility of achieving qualitative and quantitative determination of picomole or femtomole amounts of these amines is a major need. Recently, radioenzymatic procedures for catecholamine assay have been developed and there has been a significant improvement in both sensitivity and accuracy of catecholamine assays. In this article, details of these radioenzymatic assay methods are reviewed.", "PMID": 374205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2337", "title": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (IV). Tumor immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "E.L.4 lymphosarcoma (E.L.4) s.c. as a syngeneic tumor was transplanted into C57BL/6 mice, 4 weeks old. The tumor growth was more rapid in male mice. An i.p. injection of alpha-MPG or DPA caused a decrease of the tumor growth and prolongation of the survival time in male mice. In contrast, an acceleration of the growth and a reduction of the survival time were observed in females dosed with alpha-MPG or DPA. Such a sexual difference and the activity of drugs decreased with the progress of age. alpha-MPG and DPA had little effect on the number of recovered and living E.L.4 cells in vitro. However, with the inoculation of alpha-MPG-treated E.L.4 into mice, the tumor rapidly grew in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, there was a tendency toward suppression of the tumor growth when DPA was given. Development and growth of tumor in mice induced by 20-methylcholanthrene showed a tendency toward suppression in male mice when alpha-MPG in a dose of 5 mg/kg was given every other day, and in both sexes with the same dose of DPA. Responses of spleen and lymph node cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced by the transplantation of E.L.4 in 4 week old mice. With alpha-MPG and DPA a reduction in PHA response of both the cells tended to recover, and that in LPS response of lymph node cells was recovered. In these mice, the decrease in cytotoxicity of spleen and lymph node cells against E.L.4 was recovered by treatment with both drugs. There was also a complement-dependent cytotoxicity against E.L.4 in their sera, and the activity was further increased by the administration of alpha-MPG. These findings suggest that alpha-MPG and DPA are anti-tumor agents which act through immune mechanisms.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (IV). Tumor immunity (author's transl)]. E.L.4 lymphosarcoma (E.L.4) s.c. as a syngeneic tumor was transplanted into C57BL/6 mice, 4 weeks old. The tumor growth was more rapid in male mice. An i.p. injection of alpha-MPG or DPA caused a decrease of the tumor growth and prolongation of the survival time in male mice. In contrast, an acceleration of the growth and a reduction of the survival time were observed in females dosed with alpha-MPG or DPA. Such a sexual difference and the activity of drugs decreased with the progress of age. alpha-MPG and DPA had little effect on the number of recovered and living E.L.4 cells in vitro. However, with the inoculation of alpha-MPG-treated E.L.4 into mice, the tumor rapidly grew in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, there was a tendency toward suppression of the tumor growth when DPA was given. Development and growth of tumor in mice induced by 20-methylcholanthrene showed a tendency toward suppression in male mice when alpha-MPG in a dose of 5 mg/kg was given every other day, and in both sexes with the same dose of DPA. Responses of spleen and lymph node cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced by the transplantation of E.L.4 in 4 week old mice. With alpha-MPG and DPA a reduction in PHA response of both the cells tended to recover, and that in LPS response of lymph node cells was recovered. In these mice, the decrease in cytotoxicity of spleen and lymph node cells against E.L.4 was recovered by treatment with both drugs. There was also a complement-dependent cytotoxicity against E.L.4 in their sera, and the activity was further increased by the administration of alpha-MPG. These findings suggest that alpha-MPG and DPA are anti-tumor agents which act through immune mechanisms.", "PMID": 374206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2338", "title": "Gnotobiotic techniques.", "content": "A brief review is given of the development of equipment used for rearing germfree animals in various laboratories and of our experience with designing germfree isolators and with the technology of rearing germfree piglets is presented. The philosophy of isolation as applied to the animal as a biological unit, the elimination of contamination and the theoretical prerequisites of isolation were considered by Reyniers (1943, 1959) and Trexler (1960).", "contents": "Gnotobiotic techniques. A brief review is given of the development of equipment used for rearing germfree animals in various laboratories and of our experience with designing germfree isolators and with the technology of rearing germfree piglets is presented. The philosophy of isolation as applied to the animal as a biological unit, the elimination of contamination and the theoretical prerequisites of isolation were considered by Reyniers (1943, 1959) and Trexler (1960).", "PMID": 374207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2339", "title": "[Experiences with research on pharmacopsychological effects on older people].", "content": "During the last years we tested a number of cerebral vasoactive and cerebral metabolic active substances on aged people with the help of the double blind method against with placebo in order to measure the change of the \"nutritive insufficiency\" with its neurophysiological and vascular-psychological syndromes under pharmacological influence. We used psychological test instruments (groups of 60-80 patients between 50 and 70 years). Duration of the treatment was 3-4 months. Analysis of the dates by way of variance and covariance analysis. Significant results of successive treatments were achieved: improvements of the mental ability as far as the functions of the memory are concerned, higher capacity of attention and concentration (vigilance), fluency and adaptability of cognitive functions, increasing openess of mind and the ability of experiencing, improvement of the general mood and good health. Longer lasting effects in comparison of the drugs were noticed only after treatment with metabolic agents. Publication is planned.", "contents": "[Experiences with research on pharmacopsychological effects on older people]. During the last years we tested a number of cerebral vasoactive and cerebral metabolic active substances on aged people with the help of the double blind method against with placebo in order to measure the change of the \"nutritive insufficiency\" with its neurophysiological and vascular-psychological syndromes under pharmacological influence. We used psychological test instruments (groups of 60-80 patients between 50 and 70 years). Duration of the treatment was 3-4 months. Analysis of the dates by way of variance and covariance analysis. Significant results of successive treatments were achieved: improvements of the mental ability as far as the functions of the memory are concerned, higher capacity of attention and concentration (vigilance), fluency and adaptability of cognitive functions, increasing openess of mind and the ability of experiencing, improvement of the general mood and good health. Longer lasting effects in comparison of the drugs were noticed only after treatment with metabolic agents. Publication is planned.", "PMID": 374208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2340", "title": "[Urinary bladder plastic enlargement with the use of autologous, homologous and heterologous skin transplants].", "content": "1. Expanded urinary bladder resection and the following replacement of the defect with various skin grafts were well tolerated by 161 cats. 2. Grafts of various species were shown to be of significantly different biomechanical properties. This depended on basic substance, compound and texture of collagenous and elastic fibres and the methods of conservation. Preoperatively the transplants were sufficiently resistent against urine and bladder pressure. 3. Within of few weeks postoperatively there was an increase in bladder capacity. This was more evident and arose in an earlier period than in cases without bladder wall replacement (x-ray-control). 4. Autologous grafts were infiltrated by young new tissue. Homologous and heterologous patches served as \"guide\" of regeneration. Complete transitional cell epithelium was proven to be present after four weeks in the predominantly connective tissue regenerates. The development of smooth muscle fibres in the regenerates is discussed. 5. The microcytotoxicity test showed a host response, but without clinically manifest rejection of the foreign transplants. 6. Apart from clinical urological application the results of this experimental investigation could be useful in general plastic surgery.", "contents": "[Urinary bladder plastic enlargement with the use of autologous, homologous and heterologous skin transplants]. 1. Expanded urinary bladder resection and the following replacement of the defect with various skin grafts were well tolerated by 161 cats. 2. Grafts of various species were shown to be of significantly different biomechanical properties. This depended on basic substance, compound and texture of collagenous and elastic fibres and the methods of conservation. Preoperatively the transplants were sufficiently resistent against urine and bladder pressure. 3. Within of few weeks postoperatively there was an increase in bladder capacity. This was more evident and arose in an earlier period than in cases without bladder wall replacement (x-ray-control). 4. Autologous grafts were infiltrated by young new tissue. Homologous and heterologous patches served as \"guide\" of regeneration. Complete transitional cell epithelium was proven to be present after four weeks in the predominantly connective tissue regenerates. The development of smooth muscle fibres in the regenerates is discussed. 5. The microcytotoxicity test showed a host response, but without clinically manifest rejection of the foreign transplants. 6. Apart from clinical urological application the results of this experimental investigation could be useful in general plastic surgery.", "PMID": 374210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2341", "title": "[Seasonal variations of testicular and pituitary function in men].", "content": "In 21 young, healthy men typical parameters of pituitary and testicular function were recorded over a period of one year in intervals of two months. The mean sperm count in semen had a minimum in december, a maximum in june. Serum-FSH showed low levels in june, october and december, a peak in august. Levels of FSH following stimulation by LH-RH varied in the same manner, but the response to LH-RH was lower in april. A peak of serum-LH appeared in april, other values being rather constant. The response to LH-RH showed parallel variations. Testosterone levels exhibited a significant peak in june. The mean increase of testosterone following hCG depended on basal levels, but showed a distinct peak in december.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations of testicular and pituitary function in men]. In 21 young, healthy men typical parameters of pituitary and testicular function were recorded over a period of one year in intervals of two months. The mean sperm count in semen had a minimum in december, a maximum in june. Serum-FSH showed low levels in june, october and december, a peak in august. Levels of FSH following stimulation by LH-RH varied in the same manner, but the response to LH-RH was lower in april. A peak of serum-LH appeared in april, other values being rather constant. The response to LH-RH showed parallel variations. Testosterone levels exhibited a significant peak in june. The mean increase of testosterone following hCG depended on basal levels, but showed a distinct peak in december.", "PMID": 374212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2342", "title": "[The amnion epithelium in hydramnion. Light- and electron-microsocpy studies].", "content": "Human amniotic epithelium was examined in cases of pregnancy complicated with hydramnios; the light- and electronmicroscopical results were compared with those of epithelium in normal pregnancy. The cells of the hydramniotic epithelium show an increased number of microvilli in apical and lateral cell surfaces. There are also a greater number of desmosomes and enlarged intercellular spaces. In a single case where hydramnios was correlated with maternal diabetes mellitus the amniotic epithelium is characterized by local foci showing cellular dystrophy.", "contents": "[The amnion epithelium in hydramnion. Light- and electron-microsocpy studies]. Human amniotic epithelium was examined in cases of pregnancy complicated with hydramnios; the light- and electronmicroscopical results were compared with those of epithelium in normal pregnancy. The cells of the hydramniotic epithelium show an increased number of microvilli in apical and lateral cell surfaces. There are also a greater number of desmosomes and enlarged intercellular spaces. In a single case where hydramnios was correlated with maternal diabetes mellitus the amniotic epithelium is characterized by local foci showing cellular dystrophy.", "PMID": 374214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2343", "title": "Effects of histamine, of histidine and of anti-histaminic agents on the release of glucagon and insulin from the rat pancreas.", "content": "We have studied the effect of histamine (HA) and histidine (HIS) on the release of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) by isolated rat islets and pieces of pancreas. In isolated islets, HA and HIS stimulated IRG release at a glucose concentration of 3.0 mg/ml and IRI release at a glucose concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In pieces of pancreas incubated in the presence of glucose (3.0 mg/ml), HA at a 2mM concentration stimulated IRG release and had no effect on the release of IRI; however, when the concentration of HA was doubled (4 mM), an inhibition of IRI release could also be demonstrated. HIS was ineffective. Perphenazine and dexchlorpheniramine, two anti-histaminic agents, inhibited IRG and stimulated IRI release. These results indicate that histamine, whether endogenous or exogenous, directly stimulated IRG and inhibits IRI release and suggest that some of the in vivo effects of histamine, such as hyperglycemia and lipid mobilization, may be mediated, at least in part, by these endocrinologic effects.", "contents": "Effects of histamine, of histidine and of anti-histaminic agents on the release of glucagon and insulin from the rat pancreas. We have studied the effect of histamine (HA) and histidine (HIS) on the release of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) by isolated rat islets and pieces of pancreas. In isolated islets, HA and HIS stimulated IRG release at a glucose concentration of 3.0 mg/ml and IRI release at a glucose concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In pieces of pancreas incubated in the presence of glucose (3.0 mg/ml), HA at a 2mM concentration stimulated IRG release and had no effect on the release of IRI; however, when the concentration of HA was doubled (4 mM), an inhibition of IRI release could also be demonstrated. HIS was ineffective. Perphenazine and dexchlorpheniramine, two anti-histaminic agents, inhibited IRG and stimulated IRI release. These results indicate that histamine, whether endogenous or exogenous, directly stimulated IRG and inhibits IRI release and suggest that some of the in vivo effects of histamine, such as hyperglycemia and lipid mobilization, may be mediated, at least in part, by these endocrinologic effects.", "PMID": 374215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2344", "title": "Prolactin. I. Mechanisms of control, peripheral actions and modification by drugs.", "content": "The role of neurotransmitters in the release of prolactin (PRL) is reviewed. Special attention is paid to dopamine (DA) as the possible prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF). Among other agents, estrogens alone can act directly on the pituitary galactotropes without involving hypothalamic factors. Peripherally, in addition to its stimulatory action on mammary tissue, PRL exerts a permissive role on ovarian steroidogenesis. A possible physiological action of this hormone on the regulation of adrenal function remains uncertain. The secretory rhythms of PRL are described and the mechanisms involved are discussed. A number of drugs can modify the secreting pattern of PRL mainly by acting on the dopaminergic control mechanisms. The usefulness of such agents in the clinical evaluation of galactotrope cell function is reviewed.", "contents": "Prolactin. I. Mechanisms of control, peripheral actions and modification by drugs. The role of neurotransmitters in the release of prolactin (PRL) is reviewed. Special attention is paid to dopamine (DA) as the possible prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF). Among other agents, estrogens alone can act directly on the pituitary galactotropes without involving hypothalamic factors. Peripherally, in addition to its stimulatory action on mammary tissue, PRL exerts a permissive role on ovarian steroidogenesis. A possible physiological action of this hormone on the regulation of adrenal function remains uncertain. The secretory rhythms of PRL are described and the mechanisms involved are discussed. A number of drugs can modify the secreting pattern of PRL mainly by acting on the dopaminergic control mechanisms. The usefulness of such agents in the clinical evaluation of galactotrope cell function is reviewed.", "PMID": 374216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2345", "title": "Enkephalins and pituitary hormone release: modification of responsiveness to LHRH.", "content": "An intraperitoneal injection of leucine-enkephalin into rats stimulates gonadotropin and prolactin release. To elucidate the mechanism of this releasing property of leucine-enkephalin, rat hemipituitaries were incubated with either enkephalin alone or enkephalin in combination with OHRH. Enkephalin alone had no effect on LH or prolactin release in vitro but potentiated the LH response to LHRH. Neither leucine-enkephalin nor LHRH alone had an effect on GH release; however, when combined, a GH response to LHRH occurred. These results suggest that leucine-enkephalin can modify the pituitary responsiveness to certain hypothalamic releasing hormones by a direct pituitary action.", "contents": "Enkephalins and pituitary hormone release: modification of responsiveness to LHRH. An intraperitoneal injection of leucine-enkephalin into rats stimulates gonadotropin and prolactin release. To elucidate the mechanism of this releasing property of leucine-enkephalin, rat hemipituitaries were incubated with either enkephalin alone or enkephalin in combination with OHRH. Enkephalin alone had no effect on LH or prolactin release in vitro but potentiated the LH response to LHRH. Neither leucine-enkephalin nor LHRH alone had an effect on GH release; however, when combined, a GH response to LHRH occurred. These results suggest that leucine-enkephalin can modify the pituitary responsiveness to certain hypothalamic releasing hormones by a direct pituitary action.", "PMID": 374217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2346", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies indicate that the basic trypsin-kallikrein-inhibitor of bovine organs (Trasylol) originates from mast cells.", "content": "Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the basic kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor of bovine organs, Trasylol, could be localized in tissue mast cells of bovine lung, liver, pancreas and parotid gland. Identification of cells exhibiting specific fluorescence as tissue mast cells was achieved by combined light and electron microscopic diagnosis of bovine liver tissue sections. The presence of Trasylol in mast cells explains the widespread distribution of this inhibitor in functionally totally different organs or tissues of the bovine organism, as determined earlier by biochemical means. Identification of Trasylol as a mast cell constituent will facilitate the search for the biological function of this inhibitory protein in connection with a unique and highly specialized cell population.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies indicate that the basic trypsin-kallikrein-inhibitor of bovine organs (Trasylol) originates from mast cells. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the basic kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor of bovine organs, Trasylol, could be localized in tissue mast cells of bovine lung, liver, pancreas and parotid gland. Identification of cells exhibiting specific fluorescence as tissue mast cells was achieved by combined light and electron microscopic diagnosis of bovine liver tissue sections. The presence of Trasylol in mast cells explains the widespread distribution of this inhibitor in functionally totally different organs or tissues of the bovine organism, as determined earlier by biochemical means. Identification of Trasylol as a mast cell constituent will facilitate the search for the biological function of this inhibitory protein in connection with a unique and highly specialized cell population.", "PMID": 374218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2347", "title": "Physical map of PM2 DNA.", "content": "The cleavage sites of the restriction nucleases HpaI, HpaII, HindII, HindIII, and PstI have been mapped on the DNA of the bacteriophage PM2. This map has been used for the localization of two strong binding sites of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase on PM2 DNA.", "contents": "Physical map of PM2 DNA. The cleavage sites of the restriction nucleases HpaI, HpaII, HindII, HindIII, and PstI have been mapped on the DNA of the bacteriophage PM2. This map has been used for the localization of two strong binding sites of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase on PM2 DNA.", "PMID": 374220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2348", "title": "Health care delivery in Belgium.", "content": "Formerly Belgium's Catholic hospitals prospered within a system based on collectivized financing and individualistic service delivery patterns. Now faced with decreasing vocations, the religious congregations and the national Catholic hospital association are working toward a comprehensive health care delivery system in which laypersons' role is expanded and regional activities are coordinated.", "contents": "Health care delivery in Belgium. Formerly Belgium's Catholic hospitals prospered within a system based on collectivized financing and individualistic service delivery patterns. Now faced with decreasing vocations, the religious congregations and the national Catholic hospital association are working toward a comprehensive health care delivery system in which laypersons' role is expanded and regional activities are coordinated.", "PMID": 374222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2349", "title": "Satellite DNA and heterochromatin variants: the case for unequal mitotic crossing over.", "content": "Variations of constitutive heterochromatin (heteromorphisms) appear to be a general feature of eucaryotes. A variety of molecular and cytogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis that heteromorphisms result from unequal double-strand exchanges during mitotic DNA replication. Constitutive heterochromatin consists of highly repeated DNA sequences that are not transcribed. Thus, heteromorphisms are tolerated without overt phenotypic effect. Several of the highly repeated DNAs that comprise constitutive heterochromatin have been shown to contain site-specific endonuclease recognition sequences interspersed at regular intervals dependent upon nucleosome structure. These interspersed short repeated sequences could mediate unequal crossovers, resulting in quantitative variability of constitutive heterochromatin and satellite DNA. De novo variations of constitutive heterochromatin may be useful as markers of exposure to mutagens and/or carcinogens.", "contents": "Satellite DNA and heterochromatin variants: the case for unequal mitotic crossing over. Variations of constitutive heterochromatin (heteromorphisms) appear to be a general feature of eucaryotes. A variety of molecular and cytogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis that heteromorphisms result from unequal double-strand exchanges during mitotic DNA replication. Constitutive heterochromatin consists of highly repeated DNA sequences that are not transcribed. Thus, heteromorphisms are tolerated without overt phenotypic effect. Several of the highly repeated DNAs that comprise constitutive heterochromatin have been shown to contain site-specific endonuclease recognition sequences interspersed at regular intervals dependent upon nucleosome structure. These interspersed short repeated sequences could mediate unequal crossovers, resulting in quantitative variability of constitutive heterochromatin and satellite DNA. De novo variations of constitutive heterochromatin may be useful as markers of exposure to mutagens and/or carcinogens.", "PMID": 374224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2350", "title": "In vitro studies of gonadal organogenesis in the presence and absence of H-Y antigen.", "content": "In a very strict sense, the primary (gonadal) sex of mammals is determined not so much by the presence or absence of the Y but the expression or nonexpression of the evolutionary extremely conserved plasma membrane H-Y antigen. The central somatic blastema of embryonic indifferent gonads contains one cell lineage characterized by the possession of S-F differentiation antigen that differentiates into testicular Sertoli cells in the presence of H-Y and into ovarian follicular (granulosa) cells in its absence. This cell lineage appears to play the most critical role in gonadal differentiation. Whether or not testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca cells are similarly derived from the common cell lineage has not been determined. Nevertheless, if given H-Y antigen, presumptive theca-cell precursors of the fetal ovary acquire hCG (LH?)-receptors-the characteristic of fetal Leydig cells.", "contents": "In vitro studies of gonadal organogenesis in the presence and absence of H-Y antigen. In a very strict sense, the primary (gonadal) sex of mammals is determined not so much by the presence or absence of the Y but the expression or nonexpression of the evolutionary extremely conserved plasma membrane H-Y antigen. The central somatic blastema of embryonic indifferent gonads contains one cell lineage characterized by the possession of S-F differentiation antigen that differentiates into testicular Sertoli cells in the presence of H-Y and into ovarian follicular (granulosa) cells in its absence. This cell lineage appears to play the most critical role in gonadal differentiation. Whether or not testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca cells are similarly derived from the common cell lineage has not been determined. Nevertheless, if given H-Y antigen, presumptive theca-cell precursors of the fetal ovary acquire hCG (LH?)-receptors-the characteristic of fetal Leydig cells.", "PMID": 374238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2351", "title": "[In vitro investigations of microphages function in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In five patients with either familial or non-familial type of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis some properties of phagocytic function of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) have been studied in vitro. In each of the patients there were found: a) a decreased chemotactic activity of PMNL, b) a weakness of intake and of intracellular destruction of Candida albicans cells by PMNL, c) an impairment of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans as well of Staphylococcus aureus by PMNL. The rate of phagocytosis of heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells by PMNL was normal in each case. In the serum of two patients a phagocytosis inhibiting factor is supposed to exist. In PMNL of 3 patients a defective activity of NADH-dependent oxidase was found. The occurrence of hereditary CMCC in a father and his two daughters points to an autosomal dominant trait, whereas in most cases of familiar CMCC hitherto described an autosomal recessive mode of transmission was found.", "contents": "[In vitro investigations of microphages function in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (author's transl)]. In five patients with either familial or non-familial type of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis some properties of phagocytic function of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) have been studied in vitro. In each of the patients there were found: a) a decreased chemotactic activity of PMNL, b) a weakness of intake and of intracellular destruction of Candida albicans cells by PMNL, c) an impairment of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans as well of Staphylococcus aureus by PMNL. The rate of phagocytosis of heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells by PMNL was normal in each case. In the serum of two patients a phagocytosis inhibiting factor is supposed to exist. In PMNL of 3 patients a defective activity of NADH-dependent oxidase was found. The occurrence of hereditary CMCC in a father and his two daughters points to an autosomal dominant trait, whereas in most cases of familiar CMCC hitherto described an autosomal recessive mode of transmission was found.", "PMID": 374241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2352", "title": "Suppression of the humoral immune response by particulate material extracted from spleen cell subpoulations of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Particulate extracts were prepared from MOPC-315 plasmacytoma cells, from whole spleen cells or from splenic macrophages of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice. These preparations, when injected into normal mice, inhibited their primary humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). At the same time, particulate extracts from whole spleens or splenic macrophages of normal mice and T cell extracts from spleens of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice had no effect on the primary immune response to SRBC. The results suggest that phagocytic spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice contain immunosuppressive particles which originate from the tumor cells.", "contents": "Suppression of the humoral immune response by particulate material extracted from spleen cell subpoulations of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice. Particulate extracts were prepared from MOPC-315 plasmacytoma cells, from whole spleen cells or from splenic macrophages of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice. These preparations, when injected into normal mice, inhibited their primary humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). At the same time, particulate extracts from whole spleens or splenic macrophages of normal mice and T cell extracts from spleens of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice had no effect on the primary immune response to SRBC. The results suggest that phagocytic spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice contain immunosuppressive particles which originate from the tumor cells.", "PMID": 374242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2353", "title": "Modification of kidney immunogenicity with standard Concanavalin A and its subfractions.", "content": "Pretreatment of kidneys with purified Concanavalin A (25 mg/L) allowed for a significant prolongation of survival after allotransplantation in minimally immunosuppressed mongrel dogs. Kidneys pretreated with standard Concanavalin A, impure fraction or the lipopolysaccharide had no prolongation of survival. In fact, the impure fraction and the lipopolysaccharide showed a diminished transplant kidney survival. These studied confirm the beneficial effect of Concanavalin A when the purified form is utilized in modifying kidney allograft survival.", "contents": "Modification of kidney immunogenicity with standard Concanavalin A and its subfractions. Pretreatment of kidneys with purified Concanavalin A (25 mg/L) allowed for a significant prolongation of survival after allotransplantation in minimally immunosuppressed mongrel dogs. Kidneys pretreated with standard Concanavalin A, impure fraction or the lipopolysaccharide had no prolongation of survival. In fact, the impure fraction and the lipopolysaccharide showed a diminished transplant kidney survival. These studied confirm the beneficial effect of Concanavalin A when the purified form is utilized in modifying kidney allograft survival.", "PMID": 374243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2354", "title": "The effect of dietary amino acids on immune reactivity.", "content": "The plaque-forming cell response and serum antibody titres to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were enhanced in mice fed diets moderately deficient in the amino acids phenylalanine-tyrosine. These diets sustained normal growth during a 4 week study period. More severe limitation of phenylalanine-tyrosine or multiple essential amino acid restriction gave rise to a slight increas in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to SRBC. These latter diets usually limit growth; nevertheless the humoral immune response to SRBC was not significantly depressed except in the mice fed a diet (diet 7) with severe restriction of seven essential amino acids. These results suggest that dietary restriction may suppress the production or function of an inhibitory cell, such as a suppressor T cell, whilst not affecting the effector cell to the same degree.", "contents": "The effect of dietary amino acids on immune reactivity. The plaque-forming cell response and serum antibody titres to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were enhanced in mice fed diets moderately deficient in the amino acids phenylalanine-tyrosine. These diets sustained normal growth during a 4 week study period. More severe limitation of phenylalanine-tyrosine or multiple essential amino acid restriction gave rise to a slight increas in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to SRBC. These latter diets usually limit growth; nevertheless the humoral immune response to SRBC was not significantly depressed except in the mice fed a diet (diet 7) with severe restriction of seven essential amino acids. These results suggest that dietary restriction may suppress the production or function of an inhibitory cell, such as a suppressor T cell, whilst not affecting the effector cell to the same degree.", "PMID": 374245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2355", "title": "The differentiation of murine thymocytes in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The differentiation of lymphoid cells in the early foetal mouse thymus was studied in vivo and in organ culture. The lymphoid precursors found in the 13 and 14 day foetal thymus constituted about 50% of the total thymus cell population. These T precursors were large blast-like cells which already expressed the Thy-1 antigen but were mostly TL negative. Both in vivo and in vitro the blasts were rapidly replaced by a population of typical small lymphocytes which were strongly Thy-1 and TL positive but Ig negative. In organ cultures grown under optimal conditions, large bimodal increases in cell numbers occurred. An initial population of about 2 x 10(4) T precursors per thymus lobe gave rise to nearly 10(6) predominantly Thy-1 and TL positive small lymphocytes by the 6--8th day in vitro. After this time lymphocyte numbers decreased until about the 10th day when they again increased to form a second peak of small lymphocytes on the 12--13th day. These cells were also predominantly Thy-1 positive but the majority were now TL negative. No Ig positive B lymphocytes were detected either by immunofluorescence or by autoradiography using polyvalent anti-MIg sera and no plasma cells were detected by electronmicroscopy. At all times however, minor subpopulations of Thy-1 negative small cells were present. The production of small lymphocytes during the 1st week of culture was critically dependent on culture conditions and particularly on the batch of FCS used. The population developing during the 2nd week required less stringent conditions and was less dependent on FCS. The culture systems described should prove useful in the study of T-lymphocyte differentiation.", "contents": "The differentiation of murine thymocytes in vivo and in vitro. The differentiation of lymphoid cells in the early foetal mouse thymus was studied in vivo and in organ culture. The lymphoid precursors found in the 13 and 14 day foetal thymus constituted about 50% of the total thymus cell population. These T precursors were large blast-like cells which already expressed the Thy-1 antigen but were mostly TL negative. Both in vivo and in vitro the blasts were rapidly replaced by a population of typical small lymphocytes which were strongly Thy-1 and TL positive but Ig negative. In organ cultures grown under optimal conditions, large bimodal increases in cell numbers occurred. An initial population of about 2 x 10(4) T precursors per thymus lobe gave rise to nearly 10(6) predominantly Thy-1 and TL positive small lymphocytes by the 6--8th day in vitro. After this time lymphocyte numbers decreased until about the 10th day when they again increased to form a second peak of small lymphocytes on the 12--13th day. These cells were also predominantly Thy-1 positive but the majority were now TL negative. No Ig positive B lymphocytes were detected either by immunofluorescence or by autoradiography using polyvalent anti-MIg sera and no plasma cells were detected by electronmicroscopy. At all times however, minor subpopulations of Thy-1 negative small cells were present. The production of small lymphocytes during the 1st week of culture was critically dependent on culture conditions and particularly on the batch of FCS used. The population developing during the 2nd week required less stringent conditions and was less dependent on FCS. The culture systems described should prove useful in the study of T-lymphocyte differentiation.", "PMID": 374246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2356", "title": "Specific antibody-forming B-lymphocyte colonies. I. Distribution and nature of SRBC antibody-forming B-lymphocyte colonies in mouse lyphomyeloid organs.", "content": "Wehn normal mouse spleen or lymph node cells are cultured for 7 days in agar-medium containing 2-mercaptoethanol and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), approximately one B lymphocyte colony (BLC) develops per 50-100 cells seeded. Incubation of cultures for 3 h with guinea-pig complement at day 7, demonstrated that 0.05-0.25% of all BLC form specific antibody against SRBC (SRBC-AF-BLC). The SRBC specific colonies appear centrally in lytic plaques of 2-5 mm in diameter and cells recovered from individual SRBC-AF-BLC were shown to produce antibodies of the IgM class against SRBC. Cells forming SRBC-AF-BLC are absent in the new-born and infantile spleen but appear in adult mice with a frequency of 5, 10-25 and 25-70 per 10(6) bone marrow, spleen and lymph node cells respectively. specific immunization in vivo or in vitro does not greatly affect the number of SRBC-AF-BLC-forming cells. Cytolysis of spleen cells with anti-Ig serum plus complement prior to culture reduced the number of total BLC and that of specific SRBC-AF-BLC by 93% and 94% respectively. The peak sedimentation velocity of both SRBC-AF-BLC-forming cells and total BLC-forming cells was 3.5 mm/h. Spleen cells enriched 200-300 times for cells that bind specifically to the hapten NIP were not enriched for cells forming colonies with specific antibody production against NIP. The data indicate that the cells that give rise to specific antibody-forming colonies belong to a mature virgin B cell group of small Ig-positive B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Specific antibody-forming B-lymphocyte colonies. I. Distribution and nature of SRBC antibody-forming B-lymphocyte colonies in mouse lyphomyeloid organs. Wehn normal mouse spleen or lymph node cells are cultured for 7 days in agar-medium containing 2-mercaptoethanol and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), approximately one B lymphocyte colony (BLC) develops per 50-100 cells seeded. Incubation of cultures for 3 h with guinea-pig complement at day 7, demonstrated that 0.05-0.25% of all BLC form specific antibody against SRBC (SRBC-AF-BLC). The SRBC specific colonies appear centrally in lytic plaques of 2-5 mm in diameter and cells recovered from individual SRBC-AF-BLC were shown to produce antibodies of the IgM class against SRBC. Cells forming SRBC-AF-BLC are absent in the new-born and infantile spleen but appear in adult mice with a frequency of 5, 10-25 and 25-70 per 10(6) bone marrow, spleen and lymph node cells respectively. specific immunization in vivo or in vitro does not greatly affect the number of SRBC-AF-BLC-forming cells. Cytolysis of spleen cells with anti-Ig serum plus complement prior to culture reduced the number of total BLC and that of specific SRBC-AF-BLC by 93% and 94% respectively. The peak sedimentation velocity of both SRBC-AF-BLC-forming cells and total BLC-forming cells was 3.5 mm/h. Spleen cells enriched 200-300 times for cells that bind specifically to the hapten NIP were not enriched for cells forming colonies with specific antibody production against NIP. The data indicate that the cells that give rise to specific antibody-forming colonies belong to a mature virgin B cell group of small Ig-positive B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 374247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2357", "title": "Macrophage fatty acid composition and phagocytosis: effect of unsaturation on cellular phagocytic activity.", "content": "In order to manipulate the physical properties of the macrophages membrane, methods were developed which potentiated the incorporation of exogenously supplied fatty acids into membrane lipids. Chromatograms of macrophages which were grown in the presence of a variety of fatty acids demonstrated that exogenously supplied unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids) were readily incorporated into the cells and selectively altered the fatty acyl composition of macrophage phospholipids. Up to 38% of the total cellular phospholipids were found to be derived from the exogenously added fatty acid supplements. The incorporation of the different fatty acids into cellular phospholipids had striking effects on cellular phagocytic activity. These effects were found to correlate with the degree of unsaturation, and the cis- or trans-double bond configuration. Thus, macrophage phagocytic ingestion rates of 125I-labelled Shigella flexneri were found to alter by more than 2-fold after the cells were cultivated in the presence of cis unsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Macrophage fatty acid composition and phagocytosis: effect of unsaturation on cellular phagocytic activity. In order to manipulate the physical properties of the macrophages membrane, methods were developed which potentiated the incorporation of exogenously supplied fatty acids into membrane lipids. Chromatograms of macrophages which were grown in the presence of a variety of fatty acids demonstrated that exogenously supplied unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids) were readily incorporated into the cells and selectively altered the fatty acyl composition of macrophage phospholipids. Up to 38% of the total cellular phospholipids were found to be derived from the exogenously added fatty acid supplements. The incorporation of the different fatty acids into cellular phospholipids had striking effects on cellular phagocytic activity. These effects were found to correlate with the degree of unsaturation, and the cis- or trans-double bond configuration. Thus, macrophage phagocytic ingestion rates of 125I-labelled Shigella flexneri were found to alter by more than 2-fold after the cells were cultivated in the presence of cis unsaturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 374248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2358", "title": "Time-dependence and selectivity of immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "The effects of a variety of agents on the mouse antibody response to sheep red cells (SRC) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. Agents formed two broad groups according to the time-dependence of their effects. Class I agents inhibited responses if given at any time over a broad period from before administration of antigen to 1-2 days afterwards. They included ionizing radiation, cortisone acetate, cholera toxin and several alkylating agents. Class II agents inhibited responses substantially only if given 1-2 days after the antigen. These agents were all either antimetabolites or vinca alkaloids. Class II agents had only moderate selectivity. When given at the time of maximal effectiveness they usually suppressed the response to SRC more than that to LPS. Some class I agents had striking selectivity. Radiation, cortisone acetate, and cholera toxin markedly suppressed the SRC response but had much less effect on the LPS response. In contrast, mitoclomine and its analogues, which are lipid-soluble alkylating agents, suppressed the response to LPS far more than that to SRC. Possible reasons for these differences in time-dependence and selectivity are discussed.", "contents": "Time-dependence and selectivity of immunosuppressive agents. The effects of a variety of agents on the mouse antibody response to sheep red cells (SRC) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. Agents formed two broad groups according to the time-dependence of their effects. Class I agents inhibited responses if given at any time over a broad period from before administration of antigen to 1-2 days afterwards. They included ionizing radiation, cortisone acetate, cholera toxin and several alkylating agents. Class II agents inhibited responses substantially only if given 1-2 days after the antigen. These agents were all either antimetabolites or vinca alkaloids. Class II agents had only moderate selectivity. When given at the time of maximal effectiveness they usually suppressed the response to SRC more than that to LPS. Some class I agents had striking selectivity. Radiation, cortisone acetate, and cholera toxin markedly suppressed the SRC response but had much less effect on the LPS response. In contrast, mitoclomine and its analogues, which are lipid-soluble alkylating agents, suppressed the response to LPS far more than that to SRC. Possible reasons for these differences in time-dependence and selectivity are discussed.", "PMID": 374250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2359", "title": "Mitogenic activity of Mycoplasma pulmonis. I. Stimulation of rat B and T lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenic activity of Mycoplasma pulmonis towards both rat B and T lymphocytes has been demonstrated. The data summarized in this report show that spleen cells obtained from T X BM rats were extensively activated by M. pulmonis. Furthermore, M. pulmonis has been demonstrated to induce the development of antibody producing cells, as attested by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells against SRBC and TNP-SRBC in spleen cultures exposed to this mitogen. It was also demonstrated that rat thymus cells and a part of the lymph node T-cell population responding to either Con A or PWM, were stimulated by M. pulmonis, the response being weaker than that of rat B-cell populations. It was thus concluded that M. pulmonis activates both rat B and T lymphocytes. This mitogenic stimulation, however, is not equally exerted on both these populations, being strongly effective upon B cells and less so on T cells.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of Mycoplasma pulmonis. I. Stimulation of rat B and T lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity of Mycoplasma pulmonis towards both rat B and T lymphocytes has been demonstrated. The data summarized in this report show that spleen cells obtained from T X BM rats were extensively activated by M. pulmonis. Furthermore, M. pulmonis has been demonstrated to induce the development of antibody producing cells, as attested by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells against SRBC and TNP-SRBC in spleen cultures exposed to this mitogen. It was also demonstrated that rat thymus cells and a part of the lymph node T-cell population responding to either Con A or PWM, were stimulated by M. pulmonis, the response being weaker than that of rat B-cell populations. It was thus concluded that M. pulmonis activates both rat B and T lymphocytes. This mitogenic stimulation, however, is not equally exerted on both these populations, being strongly effective upon B cells and less so on T cells.", "PMID": 374251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2360", "title": "Reduction of phagocytosis, surface hydrophobicity and charge of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 by reaction with secretory IgA (SIgA).", "content": "Binding of human colostral secretory IgA (SIgA) to Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 decreased the liability to hydrophobic interaction of the bacteria, as analysed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and partition in an aqueous polymer two-phase system consisting of dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) and poly-(ethyleneglycol)-palmitate (P--PEG). SIgA also reduced the negative charge of the bacteria. Treatment of the bacteria with centrifuged but not further fractionated colostrum added positive charge to the bacteria which was removed by treatment with pepsin. Colostral SIgA reduced the in vitro phagocytosis of S. typhimurium MR10 by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The adhesion of the bacteria to cellulose membrane filters in the absence of phagocytes was also reduced after the interaction with SIgA. It is proposed that the binding of SIgA to bacterial surfaces has hydrophilic and anti-adhesive effects, which may serve to exclude antigen from mucosal surfaces.", "contents": "Reduction of phagocytosis, surface hydrophobicity and charge of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 by reaction with secretory IgA (SIgA). Binding of human colostral secretory IgA (SIgA) to Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 decreased the liability to hydrophobic interaction of the bacteria, as analysed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and partition in an aqueous polymer two-phase system consisting of dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) and poly-(ethyleneglycol)-palmitate (P--PEG). SIgA also reduced the negative charge of the bacteria. Treatment of the bacteria with centrifuged but not further fractionated colostrum added positive charge to the bacteria which was removed by treatment with pepsin. Colostral SIgA reduced the in vitro phagocytosis of S. typhimurium MR10 by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The adhesion of the bacteria to cellulose membrane filters in the absence of phagocytes was also reduced after the interaction with SIgA. It is proposed that the binding of SIgA to bacterial surfaces has hydrophilic and anti-adhesive effects, which may serve to exclude antigen from mucosal surfaces.", "PMID": 374252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2361", "title": "Lymphocyte binding of fluid phase mouse C3b.", "content": "Isolated fluid phase mouse C3b adhered to human and to mouse lymphocytes. On human, but not on mouse cells it could be stained by fluoresceinated F(ab')2 anti-mouse C3. Binding to mouse cells was, however, shown by inhibition of C3-dependent rosette formation and by direct staining with fluorescein-conjugated C3b (FITC-mouse C3b). Optimal staining of lymphocytes by FITC-mouse C3b depended on a sufficient intensity of fluorochrome conjugation and on a degree of aggregation of the C3b. FITC-mouse C3b preparations which initially stained weakly, stained strongly after being aggregated with glutaraldehyde. The failure of immunofluorescent techniques to demonstrate binding by mouse lymphocytes of mouse C3b which had not been so aggregated was apparently due to inaccessibility to anti-C3 of the receptor-bound C3b. Aggregated mouse C3b-FITC induced sequential patching and capping of lymphocyte complement receptors followed by endocytosis, all of which was inhibited completely by cold (4 degrees), sodium azide (2 x 10(-3) m), cytochalasin B (28 microgram/ml) and chlorpromazine (10(-4) m), and partially by lignocaine (2 x 10(-3) m), and colchicine (10(-4) m). That mouse C3 which has interacted with mouse complement receptors may not be demonstrable by anti-C3 antibody may have important implications for immunohistochemical localization of C3 bound in vivo to lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Lymphocyte binding of fluid phase mouse C3b. Isolated fluid phase mouse C3b adhered to human and to mouse lymphocytes. On human, but not on mouse cells it could be stained by fluoresceinated F(ab')2 anti-mouse C3. Binding to mouse cells was, however, shown by inhibition of C3-dependent rosette formation and by direct staining with fluorescein-conjugated C3b (FITC-mouse C3b). Optimal staining of lymphocytes by FITC-mouse C3b depended on a sufficient intensity of fluorochrome conjugation and on a degree of aggregation of the C3b. FITC-mouse C3b preparations which initially stained weakly, stained strongly after being aggregated with glutaraldehyde. The failure of immunofluorescent techniques to demonstrate binding by mouse lymphocytes of mouse C3b which had not been so aggregated was apparently due to inaccessibility to anti-C3 of the receptor-bound C3b. Aggregated mouse C3b-FITC induced sequential patching and capping of lymphocyte complement receptors followed by endocytosis, all of which was inhibited completely by cold (4 degrees), sodium azide (2 x 10(-3) m), cytochalasin B (28 microgram/ml) and chlorpromazine (10(-4) m), and partially by lignocaine (2 x 10(-3) m), and colchicine (10(-4) m). That mouse C3 which has interacted with mouse complement receptors may not be demonstrable by anti-C3 antibody may have important implications for immunohistochemical localization of C3 bound in vivo to lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 374253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2362", "title": "Comparison of the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for demonstration of sIg-bearing lymphocytes in pigs, sheep and cattle.", "content": "Tests with untreated and trypsin-treated red cells (rbc) from a variety of species showed that anti-Ig-coupled pig RBC are good indicator cells for the study of ruminant blood sIg + lymphocytes by the DARR test; coupled donkey and rabbit RBC are suitable for investigating pig lymphocytes. The different species showed the following percentages of sIg + lymphocytes (M +/- SE) by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) respectively:pigs 9.2 +/- 0.7% and 16.3 +/- 1.2%; sheep 20.2 +/- 1.2% and 33.1 +/- 1.6%; Cattle 13.5 +/- 1.4% and 28.9 +/- 3.5%. The mean ratio of sIg + lymphocytes shown by the two tests (DARR/DIF) for each species was 1.80 +/- 0.08 for pigs, 1.73 +/- 0.7 for sheep and 2.15 +/- 0.18 for cattle. Preincubation of pig and sheep lymphocytes at 37 degrees for 1 h did not alter the proportion of sIg + lymphocytes detected by either test. Thus the DARR test reveals a further population of sIg + lymphocytes in addition to that detected by immunofluorescence, whose number is proportional to the B population as measured by DIF and whose sIg is intimately associated with the membrane.", "contents": "Comparison of the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for demonstration of sIg-bearing lymphocytes in pigs, sheep and cattle. Tests with untreated and trypsin-treated red cells (rbc) from a variety of species showed that anti-Ig-coupled pig RBC are good indicator cells for the study of ruminant blood sIg + lymphocytes by the DARR test; coupled donkey and rabbit RBC are suitable for investigating pig lymphocytes. The different species showed the following percentages of sIg + lymphocytes (M +/- SE) by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) respectively:pigs 9.2 +/- 0.7% and 16.3 +/- 1.2%; sheep 20.2 +/- 1.2% and 33.1 +/- 1.6%; Cattle 13.5 +/- 1.4% and 28.9 +/- 3.5%. The mean ratio of sIg + lymphocytes shown by the two tests (DARR/DIF) for each species was 1.80 +/- 0.08 for pigs, 1.73 +/- 0.7 for sheep and 2.15 +/- 0.18 for cattle. Preincubation of pig and sheep lymphocytes at 37 degrees for 1 h did not alter the proportion of sIg + lymphocytes detected by either test. Thus the DARR test reveals a further population of sIg + lymphocytes in addition to that detected by immunofluorescence, whose number is proportional to the B population as measured by DIF and whose sIg is intimately associated with the membrane.", "PMID": 374254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2363", "title": "Development of delayed hypersensitivity responses in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in resistant and susceptible strains of mice.", "content": "C57Bl mice are relatively resistant to a moderate subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium while BALB/c mice are much more susceptible. Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions which develop in the first 3 weeks of infection were compared in these two strains of mice. Both strains gave a peak of delayed hypersensitivity between 6 and 10 days after infection which was followed by a period of low reactivity before the development, in the third week, of a stable persistent delayed hypersensitivity reaction. There was no difference between the strains in the size at 24 h of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction but the reactions differed in their kinetics. The low resistance strain, BALB/c, gave a Jones-Mote-type of response while the high resistance strain gave a response which could be described as a tuberculin-type reaction.", "contents": "Development of delayed hypersensitivity responses in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in resistant and susceptible strains of mice. C57Bl mice are relatively resistant to a moderate subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium while BALB/c mice are much more susceptible. Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions which develop in the first 3 weeks of infection were compared in these two strains of mice. Both strains gave a peak of delayed hypersensitivity between 6 and 10 days after infection which was followed by a period of low reactivity before the development, in the third week, of a stable persistent delayed hypersensitivity reaction. There was no difference between the strains in the size at 24 h of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction but the reactions differed in their kinetics. The low resistance strain, BALB/c, gave a Jones-Mote-type of response while the high resistance strain gave a response which could be described as a tuberculin-type reaction.", "PMID": 374255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2364", "title": "A sensitive technique for measuring specific macrophage aggregation: a comparison with macrophage migration inhibition, for the detection of lymphokine activity.", "content": "A new quantitative method for the measurement of macrophage aggregation, induced by lymphokine preparations, is described. This involves the continuous measurement of the light absorbance of stirred macrophage suspensions. The results have been compared with those obtained by measuring macrophage migration inhibition activity for the detection of lymphokine activity. Separation of crude lymphocyte culture supernatants by Sephadex G-200 shows that the material with aggregating activity is heterogeneous. The greater amount of this activity is not separated from macrophage migration inhibition activity, and has a molecular weight of 35,000--70,000. A comparison has been made with other published methods for measuring macrophage aggregation.", "contents": "A sensitive technique for measuring specific macrophage aggregation: a comparison with macrophage migration inhibition, for the detection of lymphokine activity. A new quantitative method for the measurement of macrophage aggregation, induced by lymphokine preparations, is described. This involves the continuous measurement of the light absorbance of stirred macrophage suspensions. The results have been compared with those obtained by measuring macrophage migration inhibition activity for the detection of lymphokine activity. Separation of crude lymphocyte culture supernatants by Sephadex G-200 shows that the material with aggregating activity is heterogeneous. The greater amount of this activity is not separated from macrophage migration inhibition activity, and has a molecular weight of 35,000--70,000. A comparison has been made with other published methods for measuring macrophage aggregation.", "PMID": 374256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2365", "title": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. III. Induction of tolerance and of immunological memory by soluble bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The primary antibody response to alumadsorbed BSA was depressed when initiated during low-grade chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice, as previously reported during acute P.y. yoelii infection. Induction of immunological memory by soluble polymerized BSA was abolished in both infections; in infected hosts this normally immunogenic stimulus resulted in partial tolerance. In contrast to the depression of immune response, neither infection interfered with the induction of low-zone tolerance by monomeric BSA. The rate of non-immune elimination of BSA was found to be normal during acute malaria, and only slightly reduced in chronic infection. These results may be explained in terms of abnormal antigen handling in infected mice, due to some functional defect in macrophages, although this does not seem to be a sufficient explanation for all the phenomena of malaria-associated immunosuppression.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. III. Induction of tolerance and of immunological memory by soluble bovine serum albumin. The primary antibody response to alumadsorbed BSA was depressed when initiated during low-grade chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice, as previously reported during acute P.y. yoelii infection. Induction of immunological memory by soluble polymerized BSA was abolished in both infections; in infected hosts this normally immunogenic stimulus resulted in partial tolerance. In contrast to the depression of immune response, neither infection interfered with the induction of low-zone tolerance by monomeric BSA. The rate of non-immune elimination of BSA was found to be normal during acute malaria, and only slightly reduced in chronic infection. These results may be explained in terms of abnormal antigen handling in infected mice, due to some functional defect in macrophages, although this does not seem to be a sufficient explanation for all the phenomena of malaria-associated immunosuppression.", "PMID": 374257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2366", "title": "Peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes with specificity to sheep red blood cells. I. Production and characterization as to function and phenotype.", "content": "T lymphocytes which mediate DTH reactions to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice enter casein-induced peritoneal exudates from which they can be recovered and assayed in a passive transfer system. Peritoneal exudates need not contain specific antigen for inducement of T-cell immigration. The amount (or biological activity) of DTH-transferring peritoneal exudate lymphocytes is enhanced by the previous use of immune modulating agents, such as cyclophosphamide (Cy) (200 mg/kg 2 days prior to sensitization), or BCG (10(7) live organisms i.v. 14 days prior to sensitization). SRBC-specific peritoneal exudate lymphocytes phenotypically are Thy 1+ and Ly 1+, 2-. In vivo, peritoneal exudate T cells from Cymodulated donors persist in circulation for a short period only and are subject to the suppressive mechanisms acting in anergic mice. Cells from BCG-plus-Cy-modulated donors, on the other hand, persist in circulation for a longer period and appear to be less susceptible to immune suppression.", "contents": "Peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes with specificity to sheep red blood cells. I. Production and characterization as to function and phenotype. T lymphocytes which mediate DTH reactions to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice enter casein-induced peritoneal exudates from which they can be recovered and assayed in a passive transfer system. Peritoneal exudates need not contain specific antigen for inducement of T-cell immigration. The amount (or biological activity) of DTH-transferring peritoneal exudate lymphocytes is enhanced by the previous use of immune modulating agents, such as cyclophosphamide (Cy) (200 mg/kg 2 days prior to sensitization), or BCG (10(7) live organisms i.v. 14 days prior to sensitization). SRBC-specific peritoneal exudate lymphocytes phenotypically are Thy 1+ and Ly 1+, 2-. In vivo, peritoneal exudate T cells from Cymodulated donors persist in circulation for a short period only and are subject to the suppressive mechanisms acting in anergic mice. Cells from BCG-plus-Cy-modulated donors, on the other hand, persist in circulation for a longer period and appear to be less susceptible to immune suppression.", "PMID": 374258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2367", "title": "Subpopulations of Ig-secreting cells induced by peroxidase immunization: discrimination according to antibody storage and secretion.", "content": "Mice were injected in their hind footpads with peroxidase (PO) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The development of cells secreting anti-peroxidase antibody (Ab) and cells secreting immunoglobulins (Ig) were detected in the draining popliteal lymph nodes in the subsequent 35 days, using local haemolysis plaque assay with sheep red cell blood cells coated with either PO or anti-mouse Ig antibody. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) were isolated from the centre of plaques by micromanipulation and after appropriate treatment, were examined by electron microscopy for their intracellular Ab content and in corporation of [3H]-thymidine. Four subpopulations of Ig secreting cells were distinguished: (1) cells secreting Ig without Ab function and not containing intracellular Ab detectable between days 5 and 20; (2) cells secreting Ig without Ab function but containing Ab appearing on day 6 and present throughout the immune response; (3) cells secreting Ab and containing Ab; (4) cells secreting Ab, but without detectable intracellular Ab. These last subpopulations appeared on day 7 and were found in all subsequent assays. The analysis of the kinetics of these subpopulations suggest that cells secreting Ig without Ab function might be precursors of Ab secreting cells.", "contents": "Subpopulations of Ig-secreting cells induced by peroxidase immunization: discrimination according to antibody storage and secretion. Mice were injected in their hind footpads with peroxidase (PO) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The development of cells secreting anti-peroxidase antibody (Ab) and cells secreting immunoglobulins (Ig) were detected in the draining popliteal lymph nodes in the subsequent 35 days, using local haemolysis plaque assay with sheep red cell blood cells coated with either PO or anti-mouse Ig antibody. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) were isolated from the centre of plaques by micromanipulation and after appropriate treatment, were examined by electron microscopy for their intracellular Ab content and in corporation of [3H]-thymidine. Four subpopulations of Ig secreting cells were distinguished: (1) cells secreting Ig without Ab function and not containing intracellular Ab detectable between days 5 and 20; (2) cells secreting Ig without Ab function but containing Ab appearing on day 6 and present throughout the immune response; (3) cells secreting Ab and containing Ab; (4) cells secreting Ab, but without detectable intracellular Ab. These last subpopulations appeared on day 7 and were found in all subsequent assays. The analysis of the kinetics of these subpopulations suggest that cells secreting Ig without Ab function might be precursors of Ab secreting cells.", "PMID": 374259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2368", "title": "Induction of autoimmunity to antigens of the glomerular basement membrane in inbred Brown-Norway rats.", "content": "Induction of autoimmune antibodies against antigens of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied in nine inbred strains of rats each with a different major histocompatibility complex H-1. Brown-Norway (BN) (H-1n), Lewis (H-1(1)), PVG/c (H-1c), AS2 (H-1f), AVN (H-1a), BD V (H-1d), DA (H-1a) and F344 (H-1(1)) rats were immunized with bovine GBM and Freund's complete adjuvent (CFA). A pronounced linear deposition of host IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) along the GBM was found in BN rats. No deposition of C3 could be detected in the glomeruli nor did the animals develop proteinuria. The quantity of autoimmune antibodies fixed to the GBM was low (48 microgram +/- 14) which could explain the absence of C3 deposition and proteinuria. The antigenic specificity of the antibodies deposited along the GBM in BN rats was shown by the fixation in vitro of the eluted antibodies to the GBM and tubular basement membrane (TBM) of normal kidneys. A much weaker and irregular deposition of host IgG along the GBM was observed in PVG/c, AS2. AVN, BD V, DA and F344 rats. Of these strains, eluates from the glomeruli of PVG/c, AVN, BD V and DA rats fixed very weakly to the GBM of normal kidneys whereas eluates from AS2 and F344 rats did not fix to GBM or TBM. No deposition of host IgG was found in Lewis rats, and the eluates did not fix to normal kidneys. Congenic L.BN rats with the BN H-1n haplotype and a Lewis background did not respond. This study shows a genetic predisposition in rats to an autoimmune anti-GBM response which is not, or not exclusively, controlled by genes linked to the H-1 histo-compatibility complex.", "contents": "Induction of autoimmunity to antigens of the glomerular basement membrane in inbred Brown-Norway rats. Induction of autoimmune antibodies against antigens of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied in nine inbred strains of rats each with a different major histocompatibility complex H-1. Brown-Norway (BN) (H-1n), Lewis (H-1(1)), PVG/c (H-1c), AS2 (H-1f), AVN (H-1a), BD V (H-1d), DA (H-1a) and F344 (H-1(1)) rats were immunized with bovine GBM and Freund's complete adjuvent (CFA). A pronounced linear deposition of host IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) along the GBM was found in BN rats. No deposition of C3 could be detected in the glomeruli nor did the animals develop proteinuria. The quantity of autoimmune antibodies fixed to the GBM was low (48 microgram +/- 14) which could explain the absence of C3 deposition and proteinuria. The antigenic specificity of the antibodies deposited along the GBM in BN rats was shown by the fixation in vitro of the eluted antibodies to the GBM and tubular basement membrane (TBM) of normal kidneys. A much weaker and irregular deposition of host IgG along the GBM was observed in PVG/c, AS2. AVN, BD V, DA and F344 rats. Of these strains, eluates from the glomeruli of PVG/c, AVN, BD V and DA rats fixed very weakly to the GBM of normal kidneys whereas eluates from AS2 and F344 rats did not fix to GBM or TBM. No deposition of host IgG was found in Lewis rats, and the eluates did not fix to normal kidneys. Congenic L.BN rats with the BN H-1n haplotype and a Lewis background did not respond. This study shows a genetic predisposition in rats to an autoimmune anti-GBM response which is not, or not exclusively, controlled by genes linked to the H-1 histo-compatibility complex.", "PMID": 374260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2369", "title": "Development of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells. I. Identification of differences in the in vitro proliferative responses during a first and a second period of responsiveness.", "content": "The development and course of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells (LNC) was observed for 16 weeks post-immunization. The initial phase of responsiveness was characterized by antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness in vitro which reached a maximum 3-5 weeks post-immunization and then declined to low levels by 6-8 weeks. Without injection of additional antigen, the initial phase of responsiveness was followed by the development of a second phase of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness 10-12 weeks post-immunization. These findings suggest that the in vivo development of lymph node lymphocytes capable of a proliferative response to antigen is under some type of modulation which is maximal 6-8 weeks post-immunization. Early in the first phase the proliferative responses to higher concentrations of antigen peaked early in the culture period (days 3-4), whereas responses to the lower concentrations of antigen were optimal after 5-6 days of culture. During the latter half of the first phase, however, peak proliferative responses were made to all the concentrations of antigen on the same day of culture (day 6). In contrast, the responses detected at the beginning and throughout the second phase of responsiveness were characterized by maximum proliferation to all the concentrations of antigen late in the culture period (day 7). These results delineate the temporal requirements for maturation of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness of murine LNC post-immunization and indicate the time interval when optimal responses may be detected.", "contents": "Development of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells. I. Identification of differences in the in vitro proliferative responses during a first and a second period of responsiveness. The development and course of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells (LNC) was observed for 16 weeks post-immunization. The initial phase of responsiveness was characterized by antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness in vitro which reached a maximum 3-5 weeks post-immunization and then declined to low levels by 6-8 weeks. Without injection of additional antigen, the initial phase of responsiveness was followed by the development of a second phase of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness 10-12 weeks post-immunization. These findings suggest that the in vivo development of lymph node lymphocytes capable of a proliferative response to antigen is under some type of modulation which is maximal 6-8 weeks post-immunization. Early in the first phase the proliferative responses to higher concentrations of antigen peaked early in the culture period (days 3-4), whereas responses to the lower concentrations of antigen were optimal after 5-6 days of culture. During the latter half of the first phase, however, peak proliferative responses were made to all the concentrations of antigen on the same day of culture (day 6). In contrast, the responses detected at the beginning and throughout the second phase of responsiveness were characterized by maximum proliferation to all the concentrations of antigen late in the culture period (day 7). These results delineate the temporal requirements for maturation of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness of murine LNC post-immunization and indicate the time interval when optimal responses may be detected.", "PMID": 374261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2370", "title": "The distribution of 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups in lymphoid tissue of guinea-pigs following skin painting with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Cellular localization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups in the peripheral lymphoid system of guinea-pigs was studied at various times after painting the skin with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the immunofluorescent method using anti-DNP antibody. The cells taking up the stain (DNP cells) were shown to be mainly lymphocytes. At 1-6 h after painting the majority of DNP cells were found in the peripheral blood and the spleen but the maximum number was reached in the lymph node draining the site of DNCB application 12 h after painting. Injecting cyclophosphamide (CY) 3 days before painting with DNCB, heightened the number of DNP cells residing in the draining node. The animals treated with the tolerogen, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DNBSO3Na), and then painted with DNCB, had fewer DNP cells than those animals which had simply been painted once with DNCB. The culture supernatants prepared from the draining nodes of both normal and tolerant animals partially blocked the anti-DNP antibody binding with DNP cells. It is suggested that the cells associated with DNP groups residing in the draining lymph node act as immunogens in the immunizing process of contact sensitivity.", "contents": "The distribution of 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups in lymphoid tissue of guinea-pigs following skin painting with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Cellular localization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups in the peripheral lymphoid system of guinea-pigs was studied at various times after painting the skin with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the immunofluorescent method using anti-DNP antibody. The cells taking up the stain (DNP cells) were shown to be mainly lymphocytes. At 1-6 h after painting the majority of DNP cells were found in the peripheral blood and the spleen but the maximum number was reached in the lymph node draining the site of DNCB application 12 h after painting. Injecting cyclophosphamide (CY) 3 days before painting with DNCB, heightened the number of DNP cells residing in the draining node. The animals treated with the tolerogen, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DNBSO3Na), and then painted with DNCB, had fewer DNP cells than those animals which had simply been painted once with DNCB. The culture supernatants prepared from the draining nodes of both normal and tolerant animals partially blocked the anti-DNP antibody binding with DNP cells. It is suggested that the cells associated with DNP groups residing in the draining lymph node act as immunogens in the immunizing process of contact sensitivity.", "PMID": 374262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2371", "title": "In vitro production and cellular origin of murine type II interferon.", "content": "Antigen-specific type II interferon was produced in vitro by harvesting supernatants of spleen cell cultures from Swiss-Webster mice sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG and challenged with old tuberculin. Treatment of C3H mouse spleen cell cultures with appropriate anti-Ia, anti-IgG, anti-Thy-1 or anti-Ly-2,3 sera resulted in a significant decrease in production of type II interferon. Removal of nylon wool adherent cells or cells with histamine receptors by column chromatography similarly caused reduced production of type II interferon. Recombination of spleen cell cultures treated with anti-Ia and anti-Thy-1 sera or of cells treated with anti-IgG and anti-Thy-1 resulted in restored production of type II interferon. Interferon production was also restored by combination of cells passed through histamine columns with anti-Ia treated cells, or those passed through nylon wool columns with anti-Thy-1 treated cells. Anti-Ly-1 serum treatment had no effect on interferon production. Removal of plastic-adherent cells or cells that had phagocytosed carbonyl iron also decreased interferon production, suggesting that macrophages were also involved in type II interferon production. Recombination of non-adherent spleen cells with anti-Ia and anti-Thy-1 sera treated spleen cells, however, did not restore interferon production, suggesting that other cells in addition to macrophages are depleted by the adherence procedure. These findings indicate that type II interferon is produced by suppressor or cytotoxic (Ly-2,3+) T lymphocytes in co-operation with one or two additional cell types: (i) B lymphocytes, and (ii) macrophages.", "contents": "In vitro production and cellular origin of murine type II interferon. Antigen-specific type II interferon was produced in vitro by harvesting supernatants of spleen cell cultures from Swiss-Webster mice sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG and challenged with old tuberculin. Treatment of C3H mouse spleen cell cultures with appropriate anti-Ia, anti-IgG, anti-Thy-1 or anti-Ly-2,3 sera resulted in a significant decrease in production of type II interferon. Removal of nylon wool adherent cells or cells with histamine receptors by column chromatography similarly caused reduced production of type II interferon. Recombination of spleen cell cultures treated with anti-Ia and anti-Thy-1 sera or of cells treated with anti-IgG and anti-Thy-1 resulted in restored production of type II interferon. Interferon production was also restored by combination of cells passed through histamine columns with anti-Ia treated cells, or those passed through nylon wool columns with anti-Thy-1 treated cells. Anti-Ly-1 serum treatment had no effect on interferon production. Removal of plastic-adherent cells or cells that had phagocytosed carbonyl iron also decreased interferon production, suggesting that macrophages were also involved in type II interferon production. Recombination of non-adherent spleen cells with anti-Ia and anti-Thy-1 sera treated spleen cells, however, did not restore interferon production, suggesting that other cells in addition to macrophages are depleted by the adherence procedure. These findings indicate that type II interferon is produced by suppressor or cytotoxic (Ly-2,3+) T lymphocytes in co-operation with one or two additional cell types: (i) B lymphocytes, and (ii) macrophages.", "PMID": 374263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2372", "title": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. IX. Difference in the time of maturation of the capacity of B lymphocytes from foetal and neonatal mice to produce a heterogeneous antibody response to thymic-dependent and thymic-independent antigens.", "content": "The ontogeny of the capacity of the B-lymphocyte population to produce a response which is heterogeneous with respect to antibody affinity was studied in a cell transfer system. Lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with B cells from donors of various ages, together with adult thymus cells when the response to T-dependent antigens was studied. The animals were immunized with one of a variety of antigens one day after cell transfer and the distribution of their splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) with respect to affinity was assayed, by hapten inhibition of plaque formation, 2 to 3 weeks after immunization. Mice reconstituted with B cells from neonatal donors produced a response of low affinity and restricted heterogeneity. With four different thymic-dependent antigens (DNP-BGG, F-BGG, DNP-KLH and Dan-KLH) the splenic B-cell population acquired the capacity to reconstitute irradiated mice to produce a normal adult-like, highly heterogeneous, high affinity PFC response between 7 and 10 days after birth. The capacity to produce a heterogeneous response to the thymic-dependent protein antigen BGG matured just slightly later between 10 and 14 days of age. The bone marrow matures with regard to the capacity to reconstitute irradiated mice to give a heterogeneous response several days after the spleen, possibly as a consequence of the redistribution of peripheral B cells to the bone marrow. In contrast, maturation of the capacity of the splenic B-cell population to reconstitute irradiated recipients to give a heterogeneous, adult-like PFC response to three 'thymic-independent' antigens (TNP-PA, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-BA) takes place considerably later (between 3 and 4 weeks of age). These results suggest that the population of B-cell precursors which responds to thymic-dependent antigens may represent a different subpopulation of B cells from the population that responds to thymic independent antigens. Furthermore, the results suggest that these B-cell subsets mature at different times, presumably under independent controls.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. IX. Difference in the time of maturation of the capacity of B lymphocytes from foetal and neonatal mice to produce a heterogeneous antibody response to thymic-dependent and thymic-independent antigens. The ontogeny of the capacity of the B-lymphocyte population to produce a response which is heterogeneous with respect to antibody affinity was studied in a cell transfer system. Lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with B cells from donors of various ages, together with adult thymus cells when the response to T-dependent antigens was studied. The animals were immunized with one of a variety of antigens one day after cell transfer and the distribution of their splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) with respect to affinity was assayed, by hapten inhibition of plaque formation, 2 to 3 weeks after immunization. Mice reconstituted with B cells from neonatal donors produced a response of low affinity and restricted heterogeneity. With four different thymic-dependent antigens (DNP-BGG, F-BGG, DNP-KLH and Dan-KLH) the splenic B-cell population acquired the capacity to reconstitute irradiated mice to produce a normal adult-like, highly heterogeneous, high affinity PFC response between 7 and 10 days after birth. The capacity to produce a heterogeneous response to the thymic-dependent protein antigen BGG matured just slightly later between 10 and 14 days of age. The bone marrow matures with regard to the capacity to reconstitute irradiated mice to give a heterogeneous response several days after the spleen, possibly as a consequence of the redistribution of peripheral B cells to the bone marrow. In contrast, maturation of the capacity of the splenic B-cell population to reconstitute irradiated recipients to give a heterogeneous, adult-like PFC response to three 'thymic-independent' antigens (TNP-PA, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-BA) takes place considerably later (between 3 and 4 weeks of age). These results suggest that the population of B-cell precursors which responds to thymic-dependent antigens may represent a different subpopulation of B cells from the population that responds to thymic independent antigens. Furthermore, the results suggest that these B-cell subsets mature at different times, presumably under independent controls.", "PMID": 374264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2373", "title": "Effect of in vitro treatment with reducing drugs on structure and function of human secretory immunoglobulin A.", "content": "Samples of unstimulated whole saliva from 15 healthy children with 0.5--6 mg/100 ml of secretory IgA and from 10 healthy adults with 4--18 mg/100 ml of secretory IgA were pooled and treated in vitro with dithiothreitol and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine. The effect of these reducing drugs on the immunochemical properties of secretory IgA was evaluated. Dithiothreitol induced depolymerization of secretory IgA and splitting of the secretory piece from the IgA molecule; furthermore it strongly reduced the titer of secretory antibodies to Escherichia coli antigens. The drug alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine apparently did not affect either the polymeric structure of secretory IgA or the titer of secretory anti-E. coli antibodies; however it induced splitting of the secretory piece. On the whole it appers that drugs with reducing properties, currently employed for liquifying mucous secretions in clinical practice, should be carefully evaluated for possible depressive side-effects on local immunity.", "contents": "Effect of in vitro treatment with reducing drugs on structure and function of human secretory immunoglobulin A. Samples of unstimulated whole saliva from 15 healthy children with 0.5--6 mg/100 ml of secretory IgA and from 10 healthy adults with 4--18 mg/100 ml of secretory IgA were pooled and treated in vitro with dithiothreitol and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine. The effect of these reducing drugs on the immunochemical properties of secretory IgA was evaluated. Dithiothreitol induced depolymerization of secretory IgA and splitting of the secretory piece from the IgA molecule; furthermore it strongly reduced the titer of secretory antibodies to Escherichia coli antigens. The drug alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine apparently did not affect either the polymeric structure of secretory IgA or the titer of secretory anti-E. coli antibodies; however it induced splitting of the secretory piece. On the whole it appers that drugs with reducing properties, currently employed for liquifying mucous secretions in clinical practice, should be carefully evaluated for possible depressive side-effects on local immunity.", "PMID": 374275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2374", "title": "Antibacterial activity of co-trimazine in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Co-trimazine is a new drug combination especially designed for the treatment of urinary tract infections. It consists of trimethoprim (90 mg) and sulphadiazine (410 mg). When combined in vitro, the components show high activity and a high frequency of synergy against urinary tract pathogens. After oral absorption sulphadiazine has a serum half-life similar to that of trimethoprim and is excreted in active form into the urine to a much higher degree than sulphamethoxazole. The ratio of the concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine in the urine following co-trimazine is favourable for a strong synergistic action between the compounds. In cross-over studies in volunteers receiving repeated daily doses of co-trimazine, either 500 mg twice daily or 1000 mg once daily, it was found that antibacterial activity in the urine was at least as high as that provided by co-trimoxazole (2 x 960 mg) and considerably higher and more uniform than that given by nitrofurantion (3 x 50 mg).", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of co-trimazine in vitro and in vivo. Co-trimazine is a new drug combination especially designed for the treatment of urinary tract infections. It consists of trimethoprim (90 mg) and sulphadiazine (410 mg). When combined in vitro, the components show high activity and a high frequency of synergy against urinary tract pathogens. After oral absorption sulphadiazine has a serum half-life similar to that of trimethoprim and is excreted in active form into the urine to a much higher degree than sulphamethoxazole. The ratio of the concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine in the urine following co-trimazine is favourable for a strong synergistic action between the compounds. In cross-over studies in volunteers receiving repeated daily doses of co-trimazine, either 500 mg twice daily or 1000 mg once daily, it was found that antibacterial activity in the urine was at least as high as that provided by co-trimoxazole (2 x 960 mg) and considerably higher and more uniform than that given by nitrofurantion (3 x 50 mg).", "PMID": 374276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2375", "title": "[Clinical efficacy, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of amikacin].", "content": "The clinical efficacy and toleration of amikacin was investigated in 22 patients most of whom had chronic urinary tract infections that had already been treated unsuccessfully on several occasions with other antibiotics. Amikacin was administered i.m. in a dosage of 7.5 mg per kg twice daily for an average of 11.4 days. This new aminoglycoside antibiotic proved highly effective in the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis and cystitis, as well as in septicaemia caused by gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas. The pharmacokinetic studies did not show any retention after a ten day treatment with amikacin. Thorough nephrologic and otologic investigations for side-effects did not show any permanent nephrotoxic or ototoxic damage or delayed damage. The results were compared with the clinical and experimental data in the literature and with the results of experimental studies which have not yet been published.", "contents": "[Clinical efficacy, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of amikacin]. The clinical efficacy and toleration of amikacin was investigated in 22 patients most of whom had chronic urinary tract infections that had already been treated unsuccessfully on several occasions with other antibiotics. Amikacin was administered i.m. in a dosage of 7.5 mg per kg twice daily for an average of 11.4 days. This new aminoglycoside antibiotic proved highly effective in the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis and cystitis, as well as in septicaemia caused by gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas. The pharmacokinetic studies did not show any retention after a ten day treatment with amikacin. Thorough nephrologic and otologic investigations for side-effects did not show any permanent nephrotoxic or ototoxic damage or delayed damage. The results were compared with the clinical and experimental data in the literature and with the results of experimental studies which have not yet been published.", "PMID": 374277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2376", "title": "[Typing of Escherichia coli O and K antigens in patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In a long-term investigation in children and adult patients with urinary tract infection, 1403 Escherichia coli strains were serotyped and 266 strains were subjected to serological investigation. The most frequently occurring O groups were O6, O8, O2, O18, O4, O75, O1, O22, O7 and O9. L type antigens were predominant among the K antigens. Infants in whom pyelonephritis manifested itself for the first time exhibited an above average rate of infection with O2, O4 and O75. A reinfection rate of 84 to 91% was observed in children in follow-up investigations.", "contents": "[Typing of Escherichia coli O and K antigens in patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. In a long-term investigation in children and adult patients with urinary tract infection, 1403 Escherichia coli strains were serotyped and 266 strains were subjected to serological investigation. The most frequently occurring O groups were O6, O8, O2, O18, O4, O75, O1, O22, O7 and O9. L type antigens were predominant among the K antigens. Infants in whom pyelonephritis manifested itself for the first time exhibited an above average rate of infection with O2, O4 and O75. A reinfection rate of 84 to 91% was observed in children in follow-up investigations.", "PMID": 374279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2377", "title": "[Erythromycin determination in organ tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "The recovery rates of erythromycin after in vitro and in vivo administration were studied comparatively in liver, lung, and kidney. Using buffer standards the recovery rate in homogenates of in vitro administered erythromycin decreased with increasing protein concentration. At constant protein concentration the erythromycin administered recovered correlated linearly. Mincing the tissues with scissors was not found to be adequate, even when followed by a diffusion period of up to 24 hours. Similarly, shock freezing resulted in lower values. Even and optimal breaking down of tissues was found after homogenisation or ultrasonics. The recovery rates were not raised by treating the tissue with trypsin. There was no evidence of enzymatical erythromycin degradation in liver homogenates under the assay conditions.", "contents": "[Erythromycin determination in organ tissues (author's transl)]. The recovery rates of erythromycin after in vitro and in vivo administration were studied comparatively in liver, lung, and kidney. Using buffer standards the recovery rate in homogenates of in vitro administered erythromycin decreased with increasing protein concentration. At constant protein concentration the erythromycin administered recovered correlated linearly. Mincing the tissues with scissors was not found to be adequate, even when followed by a diffusion period of up to 24 hours. Similarly, shock freezing resulted in lower values. Even and optimal breaking down of tissues was found after homogenisation or ultrasonics. The recovery rates were not raised by treating the tissue with trypsin. There was no evidence of enzymatical erythromycin degradation in liver homogenates under the assay conditions.", "PMID": 374280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2378", "title": "Decomposition of a mixture into normal components: a review.", "content": "The problem of estimating the parameters of a finite mixture of normal distributions has been considered by several researchers in different fields of application. This paper consists of a brief historical background and a comprehensive account of the theoretical aspects behind the principal lines of approach of different techniques of estimation. These include moment- and maximum likelihood estimation, estimation by minimum variance decomposition and graphical techniques. Further, three different methods of estimation are compared on medical data.", "contents": "Decomposition of a mixture into normal components: a review. The problem of estimating the parameters of a finite mixture of normal distributions has been considered by several researchers in different fields of application. This paper consists of a brief historical background and a comprehensive account of the theoretical aspects behind the principal lines of approach of different techniques of estimation. These include moment- and maximum likelihood estimation, estimation by minimum variance decomposition and graphical techniques. Further, three different methods of estimation are compared on medical data.", "PMID": 374282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2379", "title": "The metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene by liver microsomal fractions.", "content": "A rat liver microsome-mediated bacterial mutagenicity test showed 9-hyroxybenzo(a)pyrene to be significantly more effective as a pre-mutagen than benzo(a)pyrene. Experiments measuring the ability of these compounds to be metabolically activated to moieties that alkylate exogenous DNA demonstrated that 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was almost six times more effective than benzo(a)pyrene itself. Addition of trichloropropene-2,3-oxide to the reaction mixture enhanced the mutagenicity and DNA alkylation by benzo(a)pyrene but had little or no effect on the 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene-mediated mutagenicity and alkylation. On the other hand, 7,8-benzoflavone inhibited the microsome-mediated mutagenicity and DNA alkylating activity of both hydrocarbons.", "contents": "The metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene by liver microsomal fractions. A rat liver microsome-mediated bacterial mutagenicity test showed 9-hyroxybenzo(a)pyrene to be significantly more effective as a pre-mutagen than benzo(a)pyrene. Experiments measuring the ability of these compounds to be metabolically activated to moieties that alkylate exogenous DNA demonstrated that 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was almost six times more effective than benzo(a)pyrene itself. Addition of trichloropropene-2,3-oxide to the reaction mixture enhanced the mutagenicity and DNA alkylation by benzo(a)pyrene but had little or no effect on the 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene-mediated mutagenicity and alkylation. On the other hand, 7,8-benzoflavone inhibited the microsome-mediated mutagenicity and DNA alkylating activity of both hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 374283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2380", "title": "An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing animals. III. Characterization of the factor's target cells.", "content": "An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice was found to potentiate the generation of antibody-producing cells (APC). In an attempt to characterize the target cell of this enhancing factor (EF), its activity in mice devoid of mature T lymphocytes was tested. Levels of anti-SRBC APC were augmented when EF was injected together with SRBC to nude mice and \"B\" mice. In addition, EF potentiated the antibody response against the IgM-inducing T-independent pneumococcal plysacchardide SIII antigen. These results suggest that EF most probably exerts its enhancing influence directly on B lymphocytes. In a different line of experiments adoptive secondary responses were performed. Mice were immunized with SRBC as carrier or with the NIP-chicken erythrocytes (as a source of NIP-specific primed B cells) in the presence or absence of EF. Various combinations of spleen cells from the donor immunized mice were transferred in a mixture with NIP-SRBC to lethally irradiated recipient mice, EF did not exert any potentiation effect on helper function, except when primed B cells were used. In contrast, a clear activation or clone expansion of hapten-specific B cells was observed. These findings indicate that the enhancing factor from tumor-bearing animals directly affected the antigenic triggering of B lymphocytes and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation to antibody-producing cells.", "contents": "An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing animals. III. Characterization of the factor's target cells. An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice was found to potentiate the generation of antibody-producing cells (APC). In an attempt to characterize the target cell of this enhancing factor (EF), its activity in mice devoid of mature T lymphocytes was tested. Levels of anti-SRBC APC were augmented when EF was injected together with SRBC to nude mice and \"B\" mice. In addition, EF potentiated the antibody response against the IgM-inducing T-independent pneumococcal plysacchardide SIII antigen. These results suggest that EF most probably exerts its enhancing influence directly on B lymphocytes. In a different line of experiments adoptive secondary responses were performed. Mice were immunized with SRBC as carrier or with the NIP-chicken erythrocytes (as a source of NIP-specific primed B cells) in the presence or absence of EF. Various combinations of spleen cells from the donor immunized mice were transferred in a mixture with NIP-SRBC to lethally irradiated recipient mice, EF did not exert any potentiation effect on helper function, except when primed B cells were used. In contrast, a clear activation or clone expansion of hapten-specific B cells was observed. These findings indicate that the enhancing factor from tumor-bearing animals directly affected the antigenic triggering of B lymphocytes and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation to antibody-producing cells.", "PMID": 374284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2381", "title": "Expression of Fv-4r allele in hematopoietic cells from G mice resistant to Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "G mice carrying the Fv-4r resistant allele supported virus growth neither at an early nor a later (Kai et al., 1976) stage of infection with NB-tropic FLV. This resistance could not be abolished by treatment of G mice with cyclophosphamide or cortisone acetate. By bone-marrow or spleen-cell transplantation into irradiated mice, the resistan-e of G mice could be transferred to Fv-4-susceptible mice. Conversely, transfer of bone-marrow or spleen cells of Fv-4-susceptible mice rendered G mice susceptible. It could be concluded that, as assessed by the virus content in the spleen, helper LLV grows mainly in radiosensitive, bone-marrow-derived cells, and the Fv-4 gene is expressed in these cells.", "contents": "Expression of Fv-4r allele in hematopoietic cells from G mice resistant to Friend leukemia virus. G mice carrying the Fv-4r resistant allele supported virus growth neither at an early nor a later (Kai et al., 1976) stage of infection with NB-tropic FLV. This resistance could not be abolished by treatment of G mice with cyclophosphamide or cortisone acetate. By bone-marrow or spleen-cell transplantation into irradiated mice, the resistan-e of G mice could be transferred to Fv-4-susceptible mice. Conversely, transfer of bone-marrow or spleen cells of Fv-4-susceptible mice rendered G mice susceptible. It could be concluded that, as assessed by the virus content in the spleen, helper LLV grows mainly in radiosensitive, bone-marrow-derived cells, and the Fv-4 gene is expressed in these cells.", "PMID": 374285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2382", "title": "Preserved foods as possible cancer hazards: WA rats fed salted fish have mutagenic urine.", "content": "Six batches of food traditionally and commonly consumed by southern Chinese, including two samples of dried shrimps and four samples of different species of salted fish, were tested for mutagenic properties using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA1000. Mutagenic activities toward both tester strains were found in all preparations. In most cases, these activities were enhanced by liver microsomal activation. Urine collected from experimental rats regularly fed salted fish also showed mutagenic activity. The level of this activity decreased markedly when the experimental rats were transferred from a salted fish diet to Purina rat chow. Our data suggested the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic substances in some local preserved foods and at least one of them, salted fish, has been suspected on epidemiological and experimental evidence to be a possible co-carcinogenic factor in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in southern Chinese. Our finding is compatible with this hypothesis.", "contents": "Preserved foods as possible cancer hazards: WA rats fed salted fish have mutagenic urine. Six batches of food traditionally and commonly consumed by southern Chinese, including two samples of dried shrimps and four samples of different species of salted fish, were tested for mutagenic properties using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA1000. Mutagenic activities toward both tester strains were found in all preparations. In most cases, these activities were enhanced by liver microsomal activation. Urine collected from experimental rats regularly fed salted fish also showed mutagenic activity. The level of this activity decreased markedly when the experimental rats were transferred from a salted fish diet to Purina rat chow. Our data suggested the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic substances in some local preserved foods and at least one of them, salted fish, has been suspected on epidemiological and experimental evidence to be a possible co-carcinogenic factor in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in southern Chinese. Our finding is compatible with this hypothesis.", "PMID": 374286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2383", "title": "Untangling the logics of urban service bureaucracies: the strange case of the San Francisco Municipal Railway.", "content": "Marxist analysts have developed theoretical propositions concerning the conflicting functions of government in advanced capitalist countries, while public policy analysts have examined the logic of public resource allocation. Through an historical analysis of a typical urban bureaucracy, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, this paper describes how bureaucratic structure and functioning relate to broader conflicts over whom government actions should benefit. It concludes that the apparent shortcomings of the organization can be traced to, and were caused by, this conflict. The argument thus draws from each of these two quite different approaches to the question of what logic motivates the public sector.", "contents": "Untangling the logics of urban service bureaucracies: the strange case of the San Francisco Municipal Railway. Marxist analysts have developed theoretical propositions concerning the conflicting functions of government in advanced capitalist countries, while public policy analysts have examined the logic of public resource allocation. Through an historical analysis of a typical urban bureaucracy, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, this paper describes how bureaucratic structure and functioning relate to broader conflicts over whom government actions should benefit. It concludes that the apparent shortcomings of the organization can be traced to, and were caused by, this conflict. The argument thus draws from each of these two quite different approaches to the question of what logic motivates the public sector.", "PMID": 374287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2384", "title": "What's inside the black box: a case study of allocative politics in the Hill-Burton program.", "content": "This paper explores the political and bureaucratic determinants of grant allocations within the Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (the Hill-Burton Act), which established the major hospital construction subsidy program in the United States. Resource allocation within the Hill-Burton Program was neither purely a function of external political forces impinging on the state nor purely a result of internal organizational factors. Instead, as shown in the analysis which follows, external political forces shaped program structure, operating routines, and rules and regulations at the time of the Program's formation. Rules and regulations depoliticized the grant allocation process while institutionalizing the interests of hospitals and other producers into the program structure. Consumer interests and influence are excluded from program decision making. Once established, the rules and regulations and a set of bureaucratic behaviors play a critical role in determining resource allocation. Rules and regulations facilitate distributing divisible benefits to producer interests in a politically predi-table way. Yet rules and regulations must also regulate the supply of hospital beds in accordance with local and national market conditions. The mode of operations required for distributing benefits in a politically predictable way limited the Program's ability to regulate hospital bed supply. This was a critical factor which led the Hill-Burton Program to subsidize excess capacity in the U.S. hospital system and is a useful way of explaning many similar dysfunctions within allocative programs such as Hill-Burton.", "contents": "What's inside the black box: a case study of allocative politics in the Hill-Burton program. This paper explores the political and bureaucratic determinants of grant allocations within the Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (the Hill-Burton Act), which established the major hospital construction subsidy program in the United States. Resource allocation within the Hill-Burton Program was neither purely a function of external political forces impinging on the state nor purely a result of internal organizational factors. Instead, as shown in the analysis which follows, external political forces shaped program structure, operating routines, and rules and regulations at the time of the Program's formation. Rules and regulations depoliticized the grant allocation process while institutionalizing the interests of hospitals and other producers into the program structure. Consumer interests and influence are excluded from program decision making. Once established, the rules and regulations and a set of bureaucratic behaviors play a critical role in determining resource allocation. Rules and regulations facilitate distributing divisible benefits to producer interests in a politically predi-table way. Yet rules and regulations must also regulate the supply of hospital beds in accordance with local and national market conditions. The mode of operations required for distributing benefits in a politically predictable way limited the Program's ability to regulate hospital bed supply. This was a critical factor which led the Hill-Burton Program to subsidize excess capacity in the U.S. hospital system and is a useful way of explaning many similar dysfunctions within allocative programs such as Hill-Burton.", "PMID": 374288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2385", "title": "Peyronie's disease revisited.", "content": "Various treatment modalities have been suggested for Peyronie's disease. Varying degrees of success have been reported. Certain numbers of cases will have spontaneous remission of the disease process. The treatment, however, should begin as early as possible and recognition should be achieved earlier. The injection technique utilizing a high-pressure metal syringe or syringe jacket with screw-type barrell is still the most successful for the \"soft fibrosis\" lesions. This was reported about twenty-five years ago. A small number of patients treated by plaque excision and full thickness skin graft replacement have also shown good results. The type of lesion present best dictates the proper treatment.", "contents": "Peyronie's disease revisited. Various treatment modalities have been suggested for Peyronie's disease. Varying degrees of success have been reported. Certain numbers of cases will have spontaneous remission of the disease process. The treatment, however, should begin as early as possible and recognition should be achieved earlier. The injection technique utilizing a high-pressure metal syringe or syringe jacket with screw-type barrell is still the most successful for the \"soft fibrosis\" lesions. This was reported about twenty-five years ago. A small number of patients treated by plaque excision and full thickness skin graft replacement have also shown good results. The type of lesion present best dictates the proper treatment.", "PMID": 374293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2386", "title": "A new technique for isolation of Descemet's membrane: preliminary studies.", "content": "The structure and function of basement membranes have been the subject of extensive investigation. The present study takes advantages of a new experimental procedure to yield ultrastructurally pure basement membranes and applies this methodology to Descemet's membrane, a highly specialized ocular basement membrane. Rabbit Descemet's membranes and associated endothelial cells were mechanically isolated without contaminating stromal elements. The endothelial cells were then solubilized and removed by treatment with detergents as verified by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The Descemet's membrane remained intact and retained its fibrillar fine structure. Therefore purity of starting material for ongoing morphological and biochemical studies of isolated Descemet's membranes is demonstrated. These investigations will provide a valuable data base for comparison with disease-altered Descemet's membranes.", "contents": "A new technique for isolation of Descemet's membrane: preliminary studies. The structure and function of basement membranes have been the subject of extensive investigation. The present study takes advantages of a new experimental procedure to yield ultrastructurally pure basement membranes and applies this methodology to Descemet's membrane, a highly specialized ocular basement membrane. Rabbit Descemet's membranes and associated endothelial cells were mechanically isolated without contaminating stromal elements. The endothelial cells were then solubilized and removed by treatment with detergents as verified by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The Descemet's membrane remained intact and retained its fibrillar fine structure. Therefore purity of starting material for ongoing morphological and biochemical studies of isolated Descemet's membranes is demonstrated. These investigations will provide a valuable data base for comparison with disease-altered Descemet's membranes.", "PMID": 374307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2387", "title": "[Treatment of psoriasis using vitamin A, vitamin A acid and oral retinoids].", "content": "Vitamin A, Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) and their synthetic derivatives were variously applied in the management of psoriasis with different therapeutic results. Obviously, they influence the proliferation rate and the differentiation of human keratinizing epithelia and have beneficial effects on skin diseases with disturbances of keratinization, including psoriasis. Systemic application of Vitamin A has been yet largely abandonned since high dosages leading to clearing develop evident systemic toxicity. The anti-psoriatic effect of Vitamin A acid is either moderate or restricted, because of side effects. Only its combined local application with topical corticosteroids may be considered. Oral application of newly synthesized retinoids, however, was beneficial in psoriasis, particularly in erythrodermic or pustular types. With this group of retinoids new pathways were opened in dermatotherapy which may help to replace cytostatic drugs in these cases. Additionally, oral retinoid treatment may be introduced as an adjuvans in the management of widespread psoriasis, in order to enhance the effect of anthralin, PUVA or UVB treatments.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriasis using vitamin A, vitamin A acid and oral retinoids]. Vitamin A, Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) and their synthetic derivatives were variously applied in the management of psoriasis with different therapeutic results. Obviously, they influence the proliferation rate and the differentiation of human keratinizing epithelia and have beneficial effects on skin diseases with disturbances of keratinization, including psoriasis. Systemic application of Vitamin A has been yet largely abandonned since high dosages leading to clearing develop evident systemic toxicity. The anti-psoriatic effect of Vitamin A acid is either moderate or restricted, because of side effects. Only its combined local application with topical corticosteroids may be considered. Oral application of newly synthesized retinoids, however, was beneficial in psoriasis, particularly in erythrodermic or pustular types. With this group of retinoids new pathways were opened in dermatotherapy which may help to replace cytostatic drugs in these cases. Additionally, oral retinoid treatment may be introduced as an adjuvans in the management of widespread psoriasis, in order to enhance the effect of anthralin, PUVA or UVB treatments.", "PMID": 374312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2388", "title": "[Swellings of the cheek from sialosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The term sialosis was introduced by Rauch (1956) and was associated with a symmetrical, painless, recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands. Included among the sialoses were non-inflammatory and inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands. A more recent definition still in use today was made by Seifert (1960) and includes disturbances in metabolism and secretion of the parotid gland. The term sialosis was also recommended by the World Health Organization (Thackray and Sobin, 1972) to replace the descriptive term \"asymptomatic salivary enlargement.\" In addition to inflammatory diseases and tumors of the salivary glands, sialosis is the most common disease of salivary tissue recorded at the Institute for Pathology, University of Hamburg. In 50% of patients with sialosis, a syntropic occurrence of other diseases can be found which can be further classified as endocrine, dystrophic-metabolic, and neurogenic sialoses. All clinical types of sialosis are represented by only one morphological pattern: enlarged acinar cells with either a granular pattern, a numerical increase in secretory granules or a vacuolar transformation of the cytoplasm; degenerative changes are seen in myoepithelial cells and the autonomic nervous system. Three types of sialosis can be further distinguished by the electron density of the acinar granules. These are granular, vesicular or mixed. However, there is no correlation between the clinical and morphological forms of sialosis. Experimental destruction of the sympathetic nervous system results in tissue changes which are similar to sialosis. These ultrastructural alterations are interpreted as a disturbance of secretion, and suggest that degeneration of the autonomic nervous system is the common pathogenic principle in all types of sialosis.", "contents": "[Swellings of the cheek from sialosis (author's transl)]. The term sialosis was introduced by Rauch (1956) and was associated with a symmetrical, painless, recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands. Included among the sialoses were non-inflammatory and inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands. A more recent definition still in use today was made by Seifert (1960) and includes disturbances in metabolism and secretion of the parotid gland. The term sialosis was also recommended by the World Health Organization (Thackray and Sobin, 1972) to replace the descriptive term \"asymptomatic salivary enlargement.\" In addition to inflammatory diseases and tumors of the salivary glands, sialosis is the most common disease of salivary tissue recorded at the Institute for Pathology, University of Hamburg. In 50% of patients with sialosis, a syntropic occurrence of other diseases can be found which can be further classified as endocrine, dystrophic-metabolic, and neurogenic sialoses. All clinical types of sialosis are represented by only one morphological pattern: enlarged acinar cells with either a granular pattern, a numerical increase in secretory granules or a vacuolar transformation of the cytoplasm; degenerative changes are seen in myoepithelial cells and the autonomic nervous system. Three types of sialosis can be further distinguished by the electron density of the acinar granules. These are granular, vesicular or mixed. However, there is no correlation between the clinical and morphological forms of sialosis. Experimental destruction of the sympathetic nervous system results in tissue changes which are similar to sialosis. These ultrastructural alterations are interpreted as a disturbance of secretion, and suggest that degeneration of the autonomic nervous system is the common pathogenic principle in all types of sialosis.", "PMID": 374314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2389", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of facial skin swellings (author's transl)].", "content": "Enlargement of the cheeks may be due to a multitude of disorders, congenital, neoplastic, and in particular inflammatory. Congenital facial anomalies include cutaneous (and osseous) hemihypertrophy of the face and unilateral angiomatous malformations (e.g. Sturge-Weber-Krabbe Syndrome). Buccal enlargement due to dermal tumours include localized haemangiomas and lymphangiomas, lipomas and other benign connective tissue neoplasms, generalized disorders of the lymphatic or reticuloendothelial system including mycosis fungoides, reticulum cell sarcoma and other soft tissue malignancies, and cutaneous manifestations of malignant haemoblastoses, in particular chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Within the very large group of inflammatory skin swellings of the face a review is made of some bacterial pyodermias, severe forms of acne vulgaris, herpes zoster, lupus vulgaris, erysipelas, rosacea, steroid dermatitis, lupus erythematosus (discoid and systemic), toxic dermatitis, allergic eczema, urticaria, Quincke's oedema, and the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The importance of prevention and early detection of steroid-induced dermatitis is emphasized. This disorder, which is a pseudo-inflammatory disfiguring complication of prolonged topical steroid abuse, ranks in frequency with the skin problems most often seen in dermatological practice.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of facial skin swellings (author's transl)]. Enlargement of the cheeks may be due to a multitude of disorders, congenital, neoplastic, and in particular inflammatory. Congenital facial anomalies include cutaneous (and osseous) hemihypertrophy of the face and unilateral angiomatous malformations (e.g. Sturge-Weber-Krabbe Syndrome). Buccal enlargement due to dermal tumours include localized haemangiomas and lymphangiomas, lipomas and other benign connective tissue neoplasms, generalized disorders of the lymphatic or reticuloendothelial system including mycosis fungoides, reticulum cell sarcoma and other soft tissue malignancies, and cutaneous manifestations of malignant haemoblastoses, in particular chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Within the very large group of inflammatory skin swellings of the face a review is made of some bacterial pyodermias, severe forms of acne vulgaris, herpes zoster, lupus vulgaris, erysipelas, rosacea, steroid dermatitis, lupus erythematosus (discoid and systemic), toxic dermatitis, allergic eczema, urticaria, Quincke's oedema, and the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The importance of prevention and early detection of steroid-induced dermatitis is emphasized. This disorder, which is a pseudo-inflammatory disfiguring complication of prolonged topical steroid abuse, ranks in frequency with the skin problems most often seen in dermatological practice.", "PMID": 374316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2390", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of salivary gland swellings (excluding neoplasms)--the ORL view (author's transl)].", "content": "Important investigatory methods for the diagnosis of non-neoplastic salivary gland disease are discussed. The difficulties found with these different methods are emphasized, and biopsy is recommended as the most reliable means for diagnosis. Some salivary gland disorders are caused by hypotensive drugs. Chronic recurrent parotitis is presented as an example of the difficulties in differential diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of salivary gland swellings (excluding neoplasms)--the ORL view (author's transl)]. Important investigatory methods for the diagnosis of non-neoplastic salivary gland disease are discussed. The difficulties found with these different methods are emphasized, and biopsy is recommended as the most reliable means for diagnosis. Some salivary gland disorders are caused by hypotensive drugs. Chronic recurrent parotitis is presented as an example of the difficulties in differential diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 374317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2391", "title": "Clinical response of dairy cattle with ovarian cysts to single or repeated treatments of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Two hundred twenty-five dairy cows with ovarian cysts were treated with 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Cows failing to recover were retreated with a second or third dose of GnRH. Clinical recovery following 1st, 2nd, and 3rd treatments was 76% (170/225), 78% (43/55), and 66% (8/12), respectively. Of the 221 cows that recovered, 184 eventually became pregnant. The remaining 41 cows were culled primarily as problem breeders. First-service conception rate was 49%. More ovarian cysts were detected in herds examined at 2-week intervals than in herds examined at 4-week intervals. The increased diagnosis of ovarian cysts may have been related to detection of cysts prior to spontaneous recovery that occurs in some cases. Clinical recovery from ovarian cysts was lower in herds examined at 2-week intervals following treatment, compared with those examined at 4-week intervals. The GnRH-induced luteinization of ovarian cysts and response to treatment was more difficult to judge at 2 weeks than at 4 weeks.", "contents": "Clinical response of dairy cattle with ovarian cysts to single or repeated treatments of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Two hundred twenty-five dairy cows with ovarian cysts were treated with 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Cows failing to recover were retreated with a second or third dose of GnRH. Clinical recovery following 1st, 2nd, and 3rd treatments was 76% (170/225), 78% (43/55), and 66% (8/12), respectively. Of the 221 cows that recovered, 184 eventually became pregnant. The remaining 41 cows were culled primarily as problem breeders. First-service conception rate was 49%. More ovarian cysts were detected in herds examined at 2-week intervals than in herds examined at 4-week intervals. The increased diagnosis of ovarian cysts may have been related to detection of cysts prior to spontaneous recovery that occurs in some cases. Clinical recovery from ovarian cysts was lower in herds examined at 2-week intervals following treatment, compared with those examined at 4-week intervals. The GnRH-induced luteinization of ovarian cysts and response to treatment was more difficult to judge at 2 weeks than at 4 weeks.", "PMID": 374318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2392", "title": "Tadini, the man who invented the artificial lens.", "content": "Tadini, an Italian by birth, was an itinerant ophthalmologist living in the second half of the eighteenth century. The eye operations which he performed at many places throughout Europe are documented by his advertisements in newspapers of the day. It is likely that Tadini was the first to conceive the possibility for intraocular correction of aphakia. At any rate, Casanova's memoirs record a meeting with Tadini and make mention of the oculist's box of artificial glass lenses for placement in the eye. Presumably, Casanova conveyed Tadini's idea to Casaamata, an ophthalmic surgeon in Dresden who was the first to actually attempt correction of aphakia with artificial lens implantation.", "contents": "Tadini, the man who invented the artificial lens. Tadini, an Italian by birth, was an itinerant ophthalmologist living in the second half of the eighteenth century. The eye operations which he performed at many places throughout Europe are documented by his advertisements in newspapers of the day. It is likely that Tadini was the first to conceive the possibility for intraocular correction of aphakia. At any rate, Casanova's memoirs record a meeting with Tadini and make mention of the oculist's box of artificial glass lenses for placement in the eye. Presumably, Casanova conveyed Tadini's idea to Casaamata, an ophthalmic surgeon in Dresden who was the first to actually attempt correction of aphakia with artificial lens implantation.", "PMID": 374319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2393", "title": "Complications of implant surgery in children.", "content": "Rapid recognition and appropriate therapy will prevent or remediate most of the complications occurring in children after cataract aspiration and IOL implantation. Some of the complications of pediatric IOL implantations are related to the increased scleral pliability and decreased rigidity which predispose scleral collapse, vitreous loss, flat anterior chamber and corneal endothelial damage. A second group of complications is associated with the enhanced inflammatory and fibrotic responses peculiar to a child's eye. This group includes operative striate keratitis and iridocyclitis, late IOL precipitates, secondary and postpseudophakos membranes, iris erosion and synechiae formation, and IOL tilt and displacement. Although the intraocular lens is a possible means of visual rehabilitation for children with traumatic cataracts or unilateral infantile cataracts, its long-term risk/benefit ratio must still stand the test of time.", "contents": "Complications of implant surgery in children. Rapid recognition and appropriate therapy will prevent or remediate most of the complications occurring in children after cataract aspiration and IOL implantation. Some of the complications of pediatric IOL implantations are related to the increased scleral pliability and decreased rigidity which predispose scleral collapse, vitreous loss, flat anterior chamber and corneal endothelial damage. A second group of complications is associated with the enhanced inflammatory and fibrotic responses peculiar to a child's eye. This group includes operative striate keratitis and iridocyclitis, late IOL precipitates, secondary and postpseudophakos membranes, iris erosion and synechiae formation, and IOL tilt and displacement. Although the intraocular lens is a possible means of visual rehabilitation for children with traumatic cataracts or unilateral infantile cataracts, its long-term risk/benefit ratio must still stand the test of time.", "PMID": 374320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2394", "title": "Isolation and characterization of antibiotic X-14547A, a novel monocarboxylic acid ionophore produced by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL 8167.", "content": "A novel carboxylic acid ionophore, antibiotic X-14547A, closely related to the polyether antibiotics has been isolated along with four other metabolites from fermented cultures of a new strain of Streptomyces antibioticus. The structure, determined by X-ray analysis of the R(+)-1-amino-1-(4-bromophenyl)-ethane salt contained pyrrole carbonyl and trans-butadienyl chromophores in addition to the unusual tetrahydroindane bicyclic ring system. A second novel metabolite was identified as 3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-3-methoxy-2H-indol-2-one.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of antibiotic X-14547A, a novel monocarboxylic acid ionophore produced by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL 8167. A novel carboxylic acid ionophore, antibiotic X-14547A, closely related to the polyether antibiotics has been isolated along with four other metabolites from fermented cultures of a new strain of Streptomyces antibioticus. The structure, determined by X-ray analysis of the R(+)-1-amino-1-(4-bromophenyl)-ethane salt contained pyrrole carbonyl and trans-butadienyl chromophores in addition to the unusual tetrahydroindane bicyclic ring system. A second novel metabolite was identified as 3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-3-methoxy-2H-indol-2-one.", "PMID": 374323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2395", "title": "X-14547A, a new ionophorous antibiotic produced by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL 8167. Discovery, fermentation, biological properties and taxonomy of the producing culture.", "content": "X-14547A is a novel antibiotic produced by a new strain of Streptomyces antibioticus (NRRL 8167). The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria and is capable of complexing and transporting divalent as well as monovalent metal cations.", "contents": "X-14547A, a new ionophorous antibiotic produced by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL 8167. Discovery, fermentation, biological properties and taxonomy of the producing culture. X-14547A is a novel antibiotic produced by a new strain of Streptomyces antibioticus (NRRL 8167). The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria and is capable of complexing and transporting divalent as well as monovalent metal cations.", "PMID": 374324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2396", "title": "Occurrence of 1-methyladenosine and absence of ribothymidine in transfer ribonucleic acid of Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "The minor base composition of Mycobacterium smegmatis tRNA has been studied. Thin-layer chromatographic patterns of a ribonuclease T2 digest of mycobacterial tRNA indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of 1-methyladenosine (which is commonly present only in eucaryotic tRNA), dihydrouridine, and 7-methylguanosine. Ribothymidine was absent. The S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA methylases of M. smegmatis catalyzed the formation of 1-methyladenosine when Escherichia coli tRNA was used as acceptor. Similarly, E. coli extracts methylated the tRNA of M. smegmatis, forming ribothymidine.", "contents": "Occurrence of 1-methyladenosine and absence of ribothymidine in transfer ribonucleic acid of Mycobacterium smegmatis. The minor base composition of Mycobacterium smegmatis tRNA has been studied. Thin-layer chromatographic patterns of a ribonuclease T2 digest of mycobacterial tRNA indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of 1-methyladenosine (which is commonly present only in eucaryotic tRNA), dihydrouridine, and 7-methylguanosine. Ribothymidine was absent. The S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA methylases of M. smegmatis catalyzed the formation of 1-methyladenosine when Escherichia coli tRNA was used as acceptor. Similarly, E. coli extracts methylated the tRNA of M. smegmatis, forming ribothymidine.", "PMID": 374335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2397", "title": "Identification of the ftsA gene product.", "content": "A nonsense mutation was identified in the essential cell division gene ftsA of Escherichia coli. A gamma-transducing phage was isolated which complemented this mutation. This phage programmed the synthesis of four bacterial proteins in UV-irradiated cells. By substituting the nonsense mutation for the ftsA+ allele in this transducing phage and comparing the proteins programmed by it in UV-treated Su+ and Su- cells, the product of the ftsA gene was identified as a protein with a molecular weight of 50,000.", "contents": "Identification of the ftsA gene product. A nonsense mutation was identified in the essential cell division gene ftsA of Escherichia coli. A gamma-transducing phage was isolated which complemented this mutation. This phage programmed the synthesis of four bacterial proteins in UV-irradiated cells. By substituting the nonsense mutation for the ftsA+ allele in this transducing phage and comparing the proteins programmed by it in UV-treated Su+ and Su- cells, the product of the ftsA gene was identified as a protein with a molecular weight of 50,000.", "PMID": 374336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2398", "title": "Effect of dna mutations on the replication of plasmid pSC101 in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains with mutations in genes dnaB, dnaC, and dnaG were tested for their capacity to replicate pSC101 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at a nonpermissive temperature. Only a small amount of radioactive thymine was incorporated into pSC101 DNA in the dna mutants at 42 degrees C, whereas active incorporation into plasmid DNA took place in wild-type strains under the same conditions. The effects of the dnaB and dnaC mutations were greater on plasmid DNA synthesis than on host chromosomal DNA synthesis, suggesting that these gene products are directly involved in the process of pSC101 DNA replication. In dnaG mutants, both plasmid and chromosomal DNA synthesis were blocked soon after the shift to high temperature; although the extent of inhibition of the plasmid DNA synthesis was greater during the early period of temperature shift to 42 degrees C as compared with that of the host DNA synthesis, during the later period it was less. It was found that the number of copies of pSC101 per chromosome in dnaA and dnaC strains, grown at 30 degrees C, was considerably lower than that in wildtype strains, suggesting that the replication of pSC101 in these mutant strains was partially suppressed even under the permissive conditions. No correlation was found between the number of plasmid copies and the tetracycline resistance level of the host bacterium.", "contents": "Effect of dna mutations on the replication of plasmid pSC101 in Escherichia coli K-12. Escherichia coli strains with mutations in genes dnaB, dnaC, and dnaG were tested for their capacity to replicate pSC101 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at a nonpermissive temperature. Only a small amount of radioactive thymine was incorporated into pSC101 DNA in the dna mutants at 42 degrees C, whereas active incorporation into plasmid DNA took place in wild-type strains under the same conditions. The effects of the dnaB and dnaC mutations were greater on plasmid DNA synthesis than on host chromosomal DNA synthesis, suggesting that these gene products are directly involved in the process of pSC101 DNA replication. In dnaG mutants, both plasmid and chromosomal DNA synthesis were blocked soon after the shift to high temperature; although the extent of inhibition of the plasmid DNA synthesis was greater during the early period of temperature shift to 42 degrees C as compared with that of the host DNA synthesis, during the later period it was less. It was found that the number of copies of pSC101 per chromosome in dnaA and dnaC strains, grown at 30 degrees C, was considerably lower than that in wildtype strains, suggesting that the replication of pSC101 in these mutant strains was partially suppressed even under the permissive conditions. No correlation was found between the number of plasmid copies and the tetracycline resistance level of the host bacterium.", "PMID": 374337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2399", "title": "Cloning the spoT gene of Escherichia coli: identification of the spoT gene product.", "content": "We have isolated five specialized transducing lambda bacteriophages (lambda dpyrE spoT) carrying the pyrE and spoT genes of Escherichia coli. A fragment from one of these phages was used as the source of DNA to clone the spoT and pyrE genes on a multicopy plasmid, pBR322. Insertions and deletions in this plasmid were obtained. These plasmids were used to transform a minicell-producing strain, and the gene products synthesized were determined. Our experiments demonstrate that the spoT and pyrE genes are separated by about 4 magadaltons and suggest that the spoT gene product is a protein whose molecular weight is 80,000. The strain in which the spoT+ allele is carried on a plasmid produced nine times more spoT gene activity than a normal spoT+ strain when assayed in crude extracts. This strain was used to prepare partially purified gene product, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate pyrophosphatase. The enzyme has the following characteristics. (i) It hydrolyzes pyrophosphate from the 5'-pyrophosphate of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate, yielding GDP and pyrophosphate. (ii) Its activity is strongly stimulated by Mn2+ and slightly stimulated by salt. (iii) Its activity is inhibited by uncharged tRNA. There are also two additional activities in the cell extract which degrade guanosine in 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate in vitro but which are not specified by the spoT gene.", "contents": "Cloning the spoT gene of Escherichia coli: identification of the spoT gene product. We have isolated five specialized transducing lambda bacteriophages (lambda dpyrE spoT) carrying the pyrE and spoT genes of Escherichia coli. A fragment from one of these phages was used as the source of DNA to clone the spoT and pyrE genes on a multicopy plasmid, pBR322. Insertions and deletions in this plasmid were obtained. These plasmids were used to transform a minicell-producing strain, and the gene products synthesized were determined. Our experiments demonstrate that the spoT and pyrE genes are separated by about 4 magadaltons and suggest that the spoT gene product is a protein whose molecular weight is 80,000. The strain in which the spoT+ allele is carried on a plasmid produced nine times more spoT gene activity than a normal spoT+ strain when assayed in crude extracts. This strain was used to prepare partially purified gene product, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate pyrophosphatase. The enzyme has the following characteristics. (i) It hydrolyzes pyrophosphate from the 5'-pyrophosphate of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate, yielding GDP and pyrophosphate. (ii) Its activity is strongly stimulated by Mn2+ and slightly stimulated by salt. (iii) Its activity is inhibited by uncharged tRNA. There are also two additional activities in the cell extract which degrade guanosine in 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate in vitro but which are not specified by the spoT gene.", "PMID": 374338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2400", "title": "Isolation and properties of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants impaired in the utilization of gamma-aminobutyrate.", "content": "We have isolated mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 CS101B that have lost the ability to utilize gamma-aminobutyrate as a source of nitrogen. One class of mutants, which were not affected in the utilization of other nitrogen sources (proline, arginine, glycine), included many isolates with lesions in gamma-aminobutyrate transport or in its transamination and one mutant completely devoid of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity and exhibiting low gamma-aminobutyrate transport and transamination. gamma-Aminobutyrate-utilizing revertants of the latter recovered full transport and transamination capacities but remained dehydrogenaseless. Another class of mutants showed pleiotropic defects in nitrogen metabolism. One such mutant was lacking glutamate synthase activity. The genes specifying the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyrate permease, gabP, gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase, gabT, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, gabD, and the control gene, gabC, that coordinately regulates their expression all form a cluster on the E. coli chromosome, linked to the srl and recA loci (at 57.5 min). The mutations with pleiotropic effects on the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds are not linked to the gab cluster.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants impaired in the utilization of gamma-aminobutyrate. We have isolated mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 CS101B that have lost the ability to utilize gamma-aminobutyrate as a source of nitrogen. One class of mutants, which were not affected in the utilization of other nitrogen sources (proline, arginine, glycine), included many isolates with lesions in gamma-aminobutyrate transport or in its transamination and one mutant completely devoid of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity and exhibiting low gamma-aminobutyrate transport and transamination. gamma-Aminobutyrate-utilizing revertants of the latter recovered full transport and transamination capacities but remained dehydrogenaseless. Another class of mutants showed pleiotropic defects in nitrogen metabolism. One such mutant was lacking glutamate synthase activity. The genes specifying the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyrate permease, gabP, gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase, gabT, and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, gabD, and the control gene, gabC, that coordinately regulates their expression all form a cluster on the E. coli chromosome, linked to the srl and recA loci (at 57.5 min). The mutations with pleiotropic effects on the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds are not linked to the gab cluster.", "PMID": 374339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2401", "title": "Chromosome replication and cell division in plasmid-containing Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The kinetics of chromosome replication and cell division have been examined in recA mutants of Escherichia coli B/r containing F' plasmids of various sizes. Plasmid-mediated alterations in growth properties were detected only with the presence of the larger F' plasmids, and were reflected in decreased mean cell sizes and growth rates. The lengths of C and D in all plasmid-containing strains were in accord with the values for plasmid-free parental strains growing with similar generations times. The findings were consistent with an absence of competition between the chromosomal and extrachromosomal replicons for rate-limiting components involved in the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis or in the elongation of deoxyribonucleic acid chains.", "contents": "Chromosome replication and cell division in plasmid-containing Escherichia coli B/r. The kinetics of chromosome replication and cell division have been examined in recA mutants of Escherichia coli B/r containing F' plasmids of various sizes. Plasmid-mediated alterations in growth properties were detected only with the presence of the larger F' plasmids, and were reflected in decreased mean cell sizes and growth rates. The lengths of C and D in all plasmid-containing strains were in accord with the values for plasmid-free parental strains growing with similar generations times. The findings were consistent with an absence of competition between the chromosomal and extrachromosomal replicons for rate-limiting components involved in the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis or in the elongation of deoxyribonucleic acid chains.", "PMID": 374340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2402", "title": "Synthesis and modification of proteins during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have used a novel technique to study the synthesis, modification and degradation of proteins during the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Logarithmically growing cells were pulse-labeled twice, with the pulses separated in time by more than one generation. Subsequently, the cells were fractionated as to their position in the cell cycle by centrifugal elutriation, and for different proteins the ratio of radioactive material from the two pulses was then determined. Periodic degradation, synthesis, or modification would produce periodic variations in the ratio of counts. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to examine 110 different proteins at different times of the cell cycle. All but two proteins had a constant ratio of counts through the cell cycle. This indicates that the rate of synthesis of individual proteins increases exponentially during the cell cycle and that periodic degradation or modification of proteins is not a general feature of the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Synthesis and modification of proteins during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have used a novel technique to study the synthesis, modification and degradation of proteins during the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Logarithmically growing cells were pulse-labeled twice, with the pulses separated in time by more than one generation. Subsequently, the cells were fractionated as to their position in the cell cycle by centrifugal elutriation, and for different proteins the ratio of radioactive material from the two pulses was then determined. Periodic degradation, synthesis, or modification would produce periodic variations in the ratio of counts. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to examine 110 different proteins at different times of the cell cycle. All but two proteins had a constant ratio of counts through the cell cycle. This indicates that the rate of synthesis of individual proteins increases exponentially during the cell cycle and that periodic degradation or modification of proteins is not a general feature of the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 374341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2403", "title": "Gene dosage effects on the synthesis of maltase in yeast.", "content": "Inbred strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying MAL1, MAL2, or MAL6 in a common background were used to construct (i) homo- or heterozygous diploids carrying one or two active alleles of a single MAL locus (MAL1, MAL2, or MAL6) and (ii) triploids carrying one, two, or three active alleles of MAL2. The diploid and triploid strains were used to investigate gene dosage effects of the differential rate of maltase synthesis (delta enzyme activity/delta growth) and the kinetics of induction (for MAL2). All three MAL loci exhibited a gene dosage effect on the differential rate of maltase synthesis; MAL2 also exhibited a gene dosage effect on the kinetics of induction. The dosage effects of the MAL1 and MAL6 loci were additive, but the effects of the MAL2 locus were not; the magnitude of the MAL2 gene dosage effect decreased with increasing dosage. These results are compatible with the current genetic evidence that the MAL genes are regulatory loci if the product(s) of the MAL1 and MAL6 locus is produced in limiting amounts but the product(s) of the MAL2 locus is produced in excess, except at very low genes dosages.", "contents": "Gene dosage effects on the synthesis of maltase in yeast. Inbred strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying MAL1, MAL2, or MAL6 in a common background were used to construct (i) homo- or heterozygous diploids carrying one or two active alleles of a single MAL locus (MAL1, MAL2, or MAL6) and (ii) triploids carrying one, two, or three active alleles of MAL2. The diploid and triploid strains were used to investigate gene dosage effects of the differential rate of maltase synthesis (delta enzyme activity/delta growth) and the kinetics of induction (for MAL2). All three MAL loci exhibited a gene dosage effect on the differential rate of maltase synthesis; MAL2 also exhibited a gene dosage effect on the kinetics of induction. The dosage effects of the MAL1 and MAL6 loci were additive, but the effects of the MAL2 locus were not; the magnitude of the MAL2 gene dosage effect decreased with increasing dosage. These results are compatible with the current genetic evidence that the MAL genes are regulatory loci if the product(s) of the MAL1 and MAL6 locus is produced in limiting amounts but the product(s) of the MAL2 locus is produced in excess, except at very low genes dosages.", "PMID": 374342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2404", "title": "Substrate binding site for nitrate reductase of Escherichia coli is on the inner aspect of the membrane.", "content": "Escherichia coli grown anaerobically on nitrate exhibited the same transport barrier to reduction of chlorate, relative to nitrate, as that exhibited by Paracoccus denitrificans. This establishes that the nitrate binding site of nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.99.4) in E. coli must also lie on the cell side of the nitrate transporter which is associated with the plasma membrane. Because nitrate reductase is membrane bound, the nitrate binding site is thus located on the inner aspect of the membrane. Nitrate pulse studies on E. coli in the absence of valinomycin showed a small transient alkalinization (leads to H+/NO3- congruent to --0.07) which did not occur with oxygen pulses. By analogy with P. denitrificans, the alkaline transient is interpreted to arise from proton-linked nitrate uptake which is closely followed by nitrite efflux. The result is consistent with internal reduction of nitrate, whereas external reduction would be expected to give leads to H+/NO3-ratios approaching --2.", "contents": "Substrate binding site for nitrate reductase of Escherichia coli is on the inner aspect of the membrane. Escherichia coli grown anaerobically on nitrate exhibited the same transport barrier to reduction of chlorate, relative to nitrate, as that exhibited by Paracoccus denitrificans. This establishes that the nitrate binding site of nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.99.4) in E. coli must also lie on the cell side of the nitrate transporter which is associated with the plasma membrane. Because nitrate reductase is membrane bound, the nitrate binding site is thus located on the inner aspect of the membrane. Nitrate pulse studies on E. coli in the absence of valinomycin showed a small transient alkalinization (leads to H+/NO3- congruent to --0.07) which did not occur with oxygen pulses. By analogy with P. denitrificans, the alkaline transient is interpreted to arise from proton-linked nitrate uptake which is closely followed by nitrite efflux. The result is consistent with internal reduction of nitrate, whereas external reduction would be expected to give leads to H+/NO3-ratios approaching --2.", "PMID": 374343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2405", "title": "Mapping of ilvO loci of Escherichia coli K-12 with bacteriophage lambda dilv.", "content": "A set of lambda dilv phage have been used in a deletion mapping procedure to determine the location of two previously characterized ilvO alleles. In contrast to earlier conclusions derived from three-factor crosses and episome-shortening techniques with phage P1, the order found is ilvG-ilvO-ilvEDA. A three-factor cross with phage P1 is described that is not consistent with this location for an ilvO allele. Further analysis of this particular three-factor cross revealed than an artifact attributable to a mutual syntrophism had skewed the apparent frequency of inheritance of the ilvO locus. The role of mutual syntrophism is discussed as a source of mapping errors for the ilvO locus. The value of this set of lambda dilv phage and this mapping procedure for obtaining comparatively unambiguous data on the locations of the ilv structural and regulatory genes is demonstrated.", "contents": "Mapping of ilvO loci of Escherichia coli K-12 with bacteriophage lambda dilv. A set of lambda dilv phage have been used in a deletion mapping procedure to determine the location of two previously characterized ilvO alleles. In contrast to earlier conclusions derived from three-factor crosses and episome-shortening techniques with phage P1, the order found is ilvG-ilvO-ilvEDA. A three-factor cross with phage P1 is described that is not consistent with this location for an ilvO allele. Further analysis of this particular three-factor cross revealed than an artifact attributable to a mutual syntrophism had skewed the apparent frequency of inheritance of the ilvO locus. The role of mutual syntrophism is discussed as a source of mapping errors for the ilvO locus. The value of this set of lambda dilv phage and this mapping procedure for obtaining comparatively unambiguous data on the locations of the ilv structural and regulatory genes is demonstrated.", "PMID": 374344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2406", "title": "Enzymatic degradation of uracil-containing deoxyribonucleic acid. V. Survival of Escherichia coli and coliphages treated with sodium bisulfite.", "content": "A number of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the ung gene (structural gene for uracil-deoxyribonucleic acid [ura-DNA] glycosylase) are shown to be abnormally sensitive to treatment with sodium bisulfite when compared with congenic ung+ strains. These results provide further evidence that sodium bisulfite causes the deamination of cytosine to uracil in DNA and that ura-DNA glycosylase is required for the repair of U-G mispairs. The effect of the chemical is apparently selective with respect to base damage; coliphages containing cytosine in their DNA are inactivated by treatment with sodium bisulfite, whereas those containing hydroxymethylcytosine are not. ura-DNA glycosylase and the major apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease of E. coli may function in the same repair pathway, since the extent of inactivation of a congenic set of strains which are ung xth (structural gene for the major apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease of E. coli) or ung xth+ is the same.", "contents": "Enzymatic degradation of uracil-containing deoxyribonucleic acid. V. Survival of Escherichia coli and coliphages treated with sodium bisulfite. A number of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the ung gene (structural gene for uracil-deoxyribonucleic acid [ura-DNA] glycosylase) are shown to be abnormally sensitive to treatment with sodium bisulfite when compared with congenic ung+ strains. These results provide further evidence that sodium bisulfite causes the deamination of cytosine to uracil in DNA and that ura-DNA glycosylase is required for the repair of U-G mispairs. The effect of the chemical is apparently selective with respect to base damage; coliphages containing cytosine in their DNA are inactivated by treatment with sodium bisulfite, whereas those containing hydroxymethylcytosine are not. ura-DNA glycosylase and the major apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease of E. coli may function in the same repair pathway, since the extent of inactivation of a congenic set of strains which are ung xth (structural gene for the major apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease of E. coli) or ung xth+ is the same.", "PMID": 374345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2407", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium newD and Escherichia coli leuC genes code for a functional isopropylmalate isomerase in Salmonella typhimurium-Escherichia coli hybrids.", "content": "The supQ newD gene substitution system in Salmonella typhimurium restores leucine prototrophy to leuD mutants by providing the newD gene product which is capable of replacing the missing leuD polypeptide in the isopropylmalate isomerase, a complex of the leuC and leuD gene product. Mutations in the supQ gene are required to make the newD protein available. An Escherichia coli F' factor was constructed which carried supQ- newD+ from S. typhimurium on a P22-specialized transducing genome. This F' pro lac (P22dsupQ394newD) episome was transferred into S. typhimurium strains containing th leuD798-ara deletion; the resulting merodiploid strains had a Leu+ phenotype, indicating that supQ- newD+ is dominant over supQ+ newD+, and eliminating the possibility that the supQ gene codes for a repressor of the newD gene. Furthermore, transfer of the F' pro lac (P22dsupQ39newD) into E. coli leuD deletion strains restored leucine prototrophy, showing that the S. typhimurium newD gene can complment the E. coli leuC gene. Growth rates of the S. typhimurium-E coli hybrid strains indicated that the mutant isopropylmalate isomerase in these strains does not induce a leucine limitation, as it does in S. typhimurium leuD supQ mutants. In vitro activity of the mutant isopropylmalate isomerase was demonstrated; the Km values for alpha-isopropylmalate of both the S. typhimurium leuC-newD isomerase and the S. typhimurium-E. coli hybrid isomerase were as much as 100 times higher than the Km values for alpha-isopropylmalate of the wild-type enzyme, which was 3 x 10(-4) M. Mutagenesis of E. coli leuD deletion strains failed to restore leucine prototrophy, indicating that E. coli does not have genes analogous to the S. typhimurium supQ newD genes, of that, if present, activation of a newD is a rare event or is lethal to the cell.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium newD and Escherichia coli leuC genes code for a functional isopropylmalate isomerase in Salmonella typhimurium-Escherichia coli hybrids. The supQ newD gene substitution system in Salmonella typhimurium restores leucine prototrophy to leuD mutants by providing the newD gene product which is capable of replacing the missing leuD polypeptide in the isopropylmalate isomerase, a complex of the leuC and leuD gene product. Mutations in the supQ gene are required to make the newD protein available. An Escherichia coli F' factor was constructed which carried supQ- newD+ from S. typhimurium on a P22-specialized transducing genome. This F' pro lac (P22dsupQ394newD) episome was transferred into S. typhimurium strains containing th leuD798-ara deletion; the resulting merodiploid strains had a Leu+ phenotype, indicating that supQ- newD+ is dominant over supQ+ newD+, and eliminating the possibility that the supQ gene codes for a repressor of the newD gene. Furthermore, transfer of the F' pro lac (P22dsupQ39newD) into E. coli leuD deletion strains restored leucine prototrophy, showing that the S. typhimurium newD gene can complment the E. coli leuC gene. Growth rates of the S. typhimurium-E coli hybrid strains indicated that the mutant isopropylmalate isomerase in these strains does not induce a leucine limitation, as it does in S. typhimurium leuD supQ mutants. In vitro activity of the mutant isopropylmalate isomerase was demonstrated; the Km values for alpha-isopropylmalate of both the S. typhimurium leuC-newD isomerase and the S. typhimurium-E. coli hybrid isomerase were as much as 100 times higher than the Km values for alpha-isopropylmalate of the wild-type enzyme, which was 3 x 10(-4) M. Mutagenesis of E. coli leuD deletion strains failed to restore leucine prototrophy, indicating that E. coli does not have genes analogous to the S. typhimurium supQ newD genes, of that, if present, activation of a newD is a rare event or is lethal to the cell.", "PMID": 374346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2408", "title": "Positive selection of mutants with cell envelope defects of a Salmonells typhimurium strain hypersensitive to the products of genes hisF and hisH.", "content": "Strain SB564 and its derivative DA78 are hypersensitive to the inhibitory action of the proteins coded for by genes hisF and hisH on cell division. Transduction of hisO1243, a regulatory mutation that elicits a very high level of expression of the histidine operon, into these strains resulted in the production of long filamentous cells carrying large \"balloons\" and in growth failure. Forty-one hisO1242 derivatives that escaped inhibition were isolated. These strains showed a large variety of alterations, many of which were related to the cell envelope. The more-frequent alterations included: changes in cell shape, increased sensitivity to one or more of several drugs (deoxycholate, cycloserine, penicillin, novobiocin, acridine orange), increased autolytic activity in alkaline buffer, anomalous fermentation of maltose on eosin--methylene blue plates, and temperature-conditional cell division. The alterations are produced, in some of the strains, by pleiotropic mutations in gene envB (Ant\u00f3n, Mol, Gen. Genet. 160:277--286, 1978) or envD (Ant\u00f3n and Orce, Mol. Gen. Genet. 144:97--105, 1976). Strains affected in divC, divD, and rodA loci have also been identified. Genetic analysis has shown that several strains carry more than one envelope mutation. It is assumed that envelope mutations are positively selected because they somehow alleviate the particularly severe inhibition of cell division caused, in strains SB564 and DA78, by the excessive synthesis of hisF and hisH gene products.", "contents": "Positive selection of mutants with cell envelope defects of a Salmonells typhimurium strain hypersensitive to the products of genes hisF and hisH. Strain SB564 and its derivative DA78 are hypersensitive to the inhibitory action of the proteins coded for by genes hisF and hisH on cell division. Transduction of hisO1243, a regulatory mutation that elicits a very high level of expression of the histidine operon, into these strains resulted in the production of long filamentous cells carrying large \"balloons\" and in growth failure. Forty-one hisO1242 derivatives that escaped inhibition were isolated. These strains showed a large variety of alterations, many of which were related to the cell envelope. The more-frequent alterations included: changes in cell shape, increased sensitivity to one or more of several drugs (deoxycholate, cycloserine, penicillin, novobiocin, acridine orange), increased autolytic activity in alkaline buffer, anomalous fermentation of maltose on eosin--methylene blue plates, and temperature-conditional cell division. The alterations are produced, in some of the strains, by pleiotropic mutations in gene envB (Ant\u00f3n, Mol, Gen. Genet. 160:277--286, 1978) or envD (Ant\u00f3n and Orce, Mol. Gen. Genet. 144:97--105, 1976). Strains affected in divC, divD, and rodA loci have also been identified. Genetic analysis has shown that several strains carry more than one envelope mutation. It is assumed that envelope mutations are positively selected because they somehow alleviate the particularly severe inhibition of cell division caused, in strains SB564 and DA78, by the excessive synthesis of hisF and hisH gene products.", "PMID": 374347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2409", "title": "Chloramphenicol resistance mutation in Escherichia coli which maps in the major ribosomal protein gene cluster.", "content": "Localized mutagenesis and selection for streptomycin resistance were utilized to isolate a chloramphenicol resistance mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 linked to the strA (rpsL) locus. Bacteriophage P1 transduction verified the map position of the new resistance mutation at 72 min, placing it within a dense cluster of ribosomal protein genes. The map position differs from that of known cmlA and cmlB mutations, which map at 18 and 21 min, respectively. Ribosomes prepared from chloramphenicol-resistant and -sensitive isogenic transductants were analyzed in vitro for activity in formation of N-formylmethionyl-puromycin, polyphenylalanine, and polylysine in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. Comparisons were also made of 14C-chloramphenicol binding to 70S ribosomes and of the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of ribosomal proteins from each strain. There was no detectable difference between ribosomes from sensitive and resistant strains as measured by these assays. Enzymatic modification by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is not responsible for the observed phenotype.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol resistance mutation in Escherichia coli which maps in the major ribosomal protein gene cluster. Localized mutagenesis and selection for streptomycin resistance were utilized to isolate a chloramphenicol resistance mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 linked to the strA (rpsL) locus. Bacteriophage P1 transduction verified the map position of the new resistance mutation at 72 min, placing it within a dense cluster of ribosomal protein genes. The map position differs from that of known cmlA and cmlB mutations, which map at 18 and 21 min, respectively. Ribosomes prepared from chloramphenicol-resistant and -sensitive isogenic transductants were analyzed in vitro for activity in formation of N-formylmethionyl-puromycin, polyphenylalanine, and polylysine in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. Comparisons were also made of 14C-chloramphenicol binding to 70S ribosomes and of the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of ribosomal proteins from each strain. There was no detectable difference between ribosomes from sensitive and resistant strains as measured by these assays. Enzymatic modification by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is not responsible for the observed phenotype.", "PMID": 374348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2410", "title": "Enumeration and identification of IS3 elements in Escherichia coli strains.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 strains ordinarily contain five IS3 elements. Three of these correspond to previously mapped IS3 elements (R. C. Deonier, G. R. Oh, and M. Hu, J. Bacteriol. 129:1129--1140, 1977; S. Hu, E. Ohtsubo, and N. Davidson, J. Bacteriol. 122:749--763, 1975), and two additional IS3 elements are identified. The distribution of IS3 elements among deoxyribonucleic acid fragments generated by digestion with EcoRI indicates a basic pattern from which deviation is detected.", "contents": "Enumeration and identification of IS3 elements in Escherichia coli strains. Escherichia coli K-12 strains ordinarily contain five IS3 elements. Three of these correspond to previously mapped IS3 elements (R. C. Deonier, G. R. Oh, and M. Hu, J. Bacteriol. 129:1129--1140, 1977; S. Hu, E. Ohtsubo, and N. Davidson, J. Bacteriol. 122:749--763, 1975), and two additional IS3 elements are identified. The distribution of IS3 elements among deoxyribonucleic acid fragments generated by digestion with EcoRI indicates a basic pattern from which deviation is detected.", "PMID": 374349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2411", "title": "Nucleoside diphosphate sugar hydrolase gene of Salmonella typhimurium: chromosomal location determined by intergeneric crosses.", "content": "The gene specifying a membrane-bound nucleoside diphosphate sugar hydrolase of Salmonella typhimurium was mapped near the metA locus by using intergeneric crosses between this bacterium and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Nucleoside diphosphate sugar hydrolase gene of Salmonella typhimurium: chromosomal location determined by intergeneric crosses. The gene specifying a membrane-bound nucleoside diphosphate sugar hydrolase of Salmonella typhimurium was mapped near the metA locus by using intergeneric crosses between this bacterium and Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 374350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2412", "title": "Association of tellurium resistance and bacteriophage inhibition conferred by R plasmids.", "content": "Concomitant resistance to tellurium compounds (Ter) and inhibition of coli-phage development (Phi) are properties mediated by many H2 incompatibility group R plasmids which have been isolated from diverse bacterial and geographic sources. Ter plasmids from tellurium-resistant bacteria that were isolated from sewage and industrial wastes also mediated phage inhibition. Of these Ter plasmids, three from Citrobacter freundii belonged to the H incompatibility group, whereas three from Klebsiella pneumoniae did not.", "contents": "Association of tellurium resistance and bacteriophage inhibition conferred by R plasmids. Concomitant resistance to tellurium compounds (Ter) and inhibition of coli-phage development (Phi) are properties mediated by many H2 incompatibility group R plasmids which have been isolated from diverse bacterial and geographic sources. Ter plasmids from tellurium-resistant bacteria that were isolated from sewage and industrial wastes also mediated phage inhibition. Of these Ter plasmids, three from Citrobacter freundii belonged to the H incompatibility group, whereas three from Klebsiella pneumoniae did not.", "PMID": 374351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2413", "title": "Screening for amino acid pool mutants of Neurospora and yeasts: replica-printing technique.", "content": "A replica-printing technique has been developed for permeabilized colonies of Neurospora and yeast by which endogenous amino acid pools are visualized. By the use of cation-exchange paper, the method has detected Neurospora mutants unable to store the large pools of basic amino acids characteristic of wild type. Mutants of this sort were sought to study the function of the fungal vacuole.", "contents": "Screening for amino acid pool mutants of Neurospora and yeasts: replica-printing technique. A replica-printing technique has been developed for permeabilized colonies of Neurospora and yeast by which endogenous amino acid pools are visualized. By the use of cation-exchange paper, the method has detected Neurospora mutants unable to store the large pools of basic amino acids characteristic of wild type. Mutants of this sort were sought to study the function of the fungal vacuole.", "PMID": 374352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2414", "title": "Enhancement of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli after growth in the presence of low levels of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis can be selectively measured in toluene-treated Escherichia coli cells exposed to alkylating chemicals such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Prior growth of the cells in the presence of a low dose of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine results in an enhanced deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis and an increase in single-strand breaks.", "contents": "Enhancement of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli after growth in the presence of low levels of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis can be selectively measured in toluene-treated Escherichia coli cells exposed to alkylating chemicals such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Prior growth of the cells in the presence of a low dose of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine results in an enhanced deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-directed repair synthesis and an increase in single-strand breaks.", "PMID": 374353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2415", "title": "Incorporation of synthetic fatty acid analogs into phospholipids of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli K1060-B5 (fadE fabB thi) incorporates into phospholipids several new synthetic fatty acid analogs including those containing phenyl, phenoxy, and azidophenoxy groups at the omega position.", "contents": "Incorporation of synthetic fatty acid analogs into phospholipids of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli K1060-B5 (fadE fabB thi) incorporates into phospholipids several new synthetic fatty acid analogs including those containing phenyl, phenoxy, and azidophenoxy groups at the omega position.", "PMID": 374354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2416", "title": "Addition of basic amino acids prevents G-1 arrest of nitrogen-starved cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Arginase-minus mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were arrested in growth and accumulated at the unbudded G-1 stage of the cell cycle when starved for nitrogen. If, however, arginine was added to the culture medium at the time of starvation, growth ceased but the cells did not collect at the unbudded G-1 stage. We suggest that arginine addition prevented the cells from collecting at the G-1 stage by starving them for histidine and lysine, thereby inhibiting synthesis of proteins needed to complete the cell cycle.", "contents": "Addition of basic amino acids prevents G-1 arrest of nitrogen-starved cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arginase-minus mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were arrested in growth and accumulated at the unbudded G-1 stage of the cell cycle when starved for nitrogen. If, however, arginine was added to the culture medium at the time of starvation, growth ceased but the cells did not collect at the unbudded G-1 stage. We suggest that arginine addition prevented the cells from collecting at the G-1 stage by starving them for histidine and lysine, thereby inhibiting synthesis of proteins needed to complete the cell cycle.", "PMID": 374355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2417", "title": "Thermoresistant revertants of an Escherichia coli strain carrying tif-1 and ruv mutations: non-suppressibility of ruv by sfi.", "content": "Spontaneous thermoresistant revertants were isolated from Tif1 Ruv- and Tif1 Ruv+ strains of Escherichia coli K-12. They were divided into five groups; backmutants to tif+ and recA structural gene mutants accounted for at least two of these groups. Mutations with an unconditional RecA- phenyotype were detected at a higher frequency in the Tif1 Ruv- strains (65%) than in the Tif1 Ruv+ strains (25%). A third group consisted of revertants exhibiting a RecA- phenotype at low temperature. Revertants with normal recombination ability and UV resistance, but with a thermosensitive defect in propagating lambda bio11 phage, were also isolated (group 4). The alleles responsible for this property were cotransducible with the srl gene, suggesting that they are located at the recA locus. Other revertants, which might carry lex, LEXB, or zab mutations, were UV sensitive and were able to propagate lambda bio11 phage (group 5). The sfi mutation, which suppresses filamentation in the Tif1 and UV-sensitive Lon- strains, does not restore UV resistance of the Ruv- mutant.", "contents": "Thermoresistant revertants of an Escherichia coli strain carrying tif-1 and ruv mutations: non-suppressibility of ruv by sfi. Spontaneous thermoresistant revertants were isolated from Tif1 Ruv- and Tif1 Ruv+ strains of Escherichia coli K-12. They were divided into five groups; backmutants to tif+ and recA structural gene mutants accounted for at least two of these groups. Mutations with an unconditional RecA- phenyotype were detected at a higher frequency in the Tif1 Ruv- strains (65%) than in the Tif1 Ruv+ strains (25%). A third group consisted of revertants exhibiting a RecA- phenotype at low temperature. Revertants with normal recombination ability and UV resistance, but with a thermosensitive defect in propagating lambda bio11 phage, were also isolated (group 4). The alleles responsible for this property were cotransducible with the srl gene, suggesting that they are located at the recA locus. Other revertants, which might carry lex, LEXB, or zab mutations, were UV sensitive and were able to propagate lambda bio11 phage (group 5). The sfi mutation, which suppresses filamentation in the Tif1 and UV-sensitive Lon- strains, does not restore UV resistance of the Ruv- mutant.", "PMID": 374356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2418", "title": "Repair of ultraviolet light-damaged deoxyribonucleic acid in sbc-A strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "An Escherichia coli strain carrying both rec+ and sbcA has been constructed. Repair of ultraviolet light-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage was examined by measuring survival and thymine-dimer excision in the rec+ sbcA strain as well as rec+ sbcA+ and recB recC sbcA strains. The sbcA mutation restores normal survival in both recB recC uvrB and recB recC uvr+ strains. Excision of thymine-containing dimers does not occur in uvrB mutants, regardless of the rec or sbcA genotype. Survival, after ultraviolet-light damage, of a rec+ sbcA strain is quantitatively similar to rec+ sbcA+ and recB recC sbcA strains.", "contents": "Repair of ultraviolet light-damaged deoxyribonucleic acid in sbc-A strains of Escherichia coli K-12. An Escherichia coli strain carrying both rec+ and sbcA has been constructed. Repair of ultraviolet light-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage was examined by measuring survival and thymine-dimer excision in the rec+ sbcA strain as well as rec+ sbcA+ and recB recC sbcA strains. The sbcA mutation restores normal survival in both recB recC uvrB and recB recC uvr+ strains. Excision of thymine-containing dimers does not occur in uvrB mutants, regardless of the rec or sbcA genotype. Survival, after ultraviolet-light damage, of a rec+ sbcA strain is quantitatively similar to rec+ sbcA+ and recB recC sbcA strains.", "PMID": 374357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2419", "title": "Properties and biosynthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lipid phase transition of Escherichia coli phospholipids containing cyclopropane fatty acids was compared with the otherwise homologous phospholipids lacking cyclopropane fatty acids. The phase transitions (determined by scanning calorimetry) of the two preparations were essentially identical. Infection of E. coli with phage T3 inhibited cyclopropane fatty acid formation over 98%, whereas infection with mutants which lack the phage coded S-adenosylmethionine cleavage enzyme had no effect on cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis. These data indicate that S-adenosylmethionine is the methylene in cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis.", "contents": "Properties and biosynthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Escherichia coli. The lipid phase transition of Escherichia coli phospholipids containing cyclopropane fatty acids was compared with the otherwise homologous phospholipids lacking cyclopropane fatty acids. The phase transitions (determined by scanning calorimetry) of the two preparations were essentially identical. Infection of E. coli with phage T3 inhibited cyclopropane fatty acid formation over 98%, whereas infection with mutants which lack the phage coded S-adenosylmethionine cleavage enzyme had no effect on cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis. These data indicate that S-adenosylmethionine is the methylene in cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis.", "PMID": 374358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2420", "title": "Alteration of the fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli by growth in the presence of normal alcohols.", "content": "The addition of normal alcohols in the series n-butanol to n-octanol to cultures of Escherichia coli ML308 grown on defined or lipid-free medium (at 17, 27, and 37 degrees C) caused an alteration in the fatty acid composition of this organism: the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased. Changes in the relative quantities of individual fatty acid species elicited by increasing concentrations of these alcohols were as follows: (i) myristic acid remained constant: (ii) palmitic acid increased; and (iii) the combined amount of palmitoleic plus cis-methylene hexadecanoic acids changed in a way which was reflected inversely by changes in the amount of cis-vaccenic acid. Comparable changes were not observed when cells were grown in the presence of n-nonanol and n-decanol in the concentration range tested. The changes observed upon addition of normal alcohols (n-butanol to n-octanol) paralleled, in part, the alterations in fatty acid composition observed when growth temperature was increased.", "contents": "Alteration of the fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli by growth in the presence of normal alcohols. The addition of normal alcohols in the series n-butanol to n-octanol to cultures of Escherichia coli ML308 grown on defined or lipid-free medium (at 17, 27, and 37 degrees C) caused an alteration in the fatty acid composition of this organism: the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased. Changes in the relative quantities of individual fatty acid species elicited by increasing concentrations of these alcohols were as follows: (i) myristic acid remained constant: (ii) palmitic acid increased; and (iii) the combined amount of palmitoleic plus cis-methylene hexadecanoic acids changed in a way which was reflected inversely by changes in the amount of cis-vaccenic acid. Comparable changes were not observed when cells were grown in the presence of n-nonanol and n-decanol in the concentration range tested. The changes observed upon addition of normal alcohols (n-butanol to n-octanol) paralleled, in part, the alterations in fatty acid composition observed when growth temperature was increased.", "PMID": 374359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2421", "title": "Mating pheromones of Saccharomyces kluyveri: pheromone interactions between Saccharomyces kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces kluyveri is a heterothallic yeast with two allelic mating types denoted as a-k and alpha-k by analogy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from the work described here. S. kluyveri produces mating pheromones analogous to those of S. cerevisiae, but which appear to have different specificity. S. kluyveri thus differs from S. cerevisiae, Hansenula wingei, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in that it exhibits both strong constitutive agglutination and mating pheromones. alpha-k cells produce a pheromone (\"alpha-k-factor\") which causes a-k cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and to undergo a morphological change. After a period of time dependent on the concentration of alpha-k-factor, cells exposed to the factor resume cell division. alpha-k-factor has no effect on a-k/alpha-k diploids or on alpha-k cells, but at high concentration does induce G1 arrest of S. cerevisiaea cells (a-c). a-k cells produce a pheromone (\"a-k-factor\") which causes alpha-k cells to exhibit a morphological change. In addition, a-k cells exhibit the Bar phenotype with respect to alpha-k-factor. Partially purified preparations of S. cerevisiae alpha-factor are more active in inducing G1 arrest of a-k cells than of a-c cells. A more purified preparation of alpha-c-factor is less active against a-k cells than a-c cells, suggesting that an additional factor (KRE, kluyveri response enhancer) may be lost during purification. Attempts to mate S. kluyveri and S. cerevisiae cells by prototroph selection and by cell-to-cell mating have been unsuccessful with all combinations of mating types. Thus, S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri are incompatible for mating even though their pheromones exhibit some physiological cross-reaction.", "contents": "Mating pheromones of Saccharomyces kluyveri: pheromone interactions between Saccharomyces kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces kluyveri is a heterothallic yeast with two allelic mating types denoted as a-k and alpha-k by analogy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from the work described here. S. kluyveri produces mating pheromones analogous to those of S. cerevisiae, but which appear to have different specificity. S. kluyveri thus differs from S. cerevisiae, Hansenula wingei, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in that it exhibits both strong constitutive agglutination and mating pheromones. alpha-k cells produce a pheromone (\"alpha-k-factor\") which causes a-k cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and to undergo a morphological change. After a period of time dependent on the concentration of alpha-k-factor, cells exposed to the factor resume cell division. alpha-k-factor has no effect on a-k/alpha-k diploids or on alpha-k cells, but at high concentration does induce G1 arrest of S. cerevisiaea cells (a-c). a-k cells produce a pheromone (\"a-k-factor\") which causes alpha-k cells to exhibit a morphological change. In addition, a-k cells exhibit the Bar phenotype with respect to alpha-k-factor. Partially purified preparations of S. cerevisiae alpha-factor are more active in inducing G1 arrest of a-k cells than of a-c cells. A more purified preparation of alpha-c-factor is less active against a-k cells than a-c cells, suggesting that an additional factor (KRE, kluyveri response enhancer) may be lost during purification. Attempts to mate S. kluyveri and S. cerevisiae cells by prototroph selection and by cell-to-cell mating have been unsuccessful with all combinations of mating types. Thus, S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri are incompatible for mating even though their pheromones exhibit some physiological cross-reaction.", "PMID": 374360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2422", "title": "Regulation of nonspecific acid phosphatase in Salmonella: phoN and phoP genes.", "content": "Mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains lacking nonspecific acid phosphatase mapped in two unlinked loci. One of these, phoP, was cotransducible by phage P22 with purB, whereas the second, phoN, was cotransducible by phage P1 with purA. Mutants with temperature-sensitive nonspecific acid phosphatase activity (measured in whole cells) were also isolated. A phoN mutant with thermolabile whole-cell activity was isolated directly from wild-type LT-2. Several other mutants with temperature-sensitive enzyme activity were also isolated as revertants of phoN mutants. These data suggest that phoN might be a structural locus for nonspecific acid phosphatase. The observation that a mutation resulting in high level of nonspecific acid phosphatase mapped in phoP suggests a possible regulatory role for this locus.", "contents": "Regulation of nonspecific acid phosphatase in Salmonella: phoN and phoP genes. Mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains lacking nonspecific acid phosphatase mapped in two unlinked loci. One of these, phoP, was cotransducible by phage P22 with purB, whereas the second, phoN, was cotransducible by phage P1 with purA. Mutants with temperature-sensitive nonspecific acid phosphatase activity (measured in whole cells) were also isolated. A phoN mutant with thermolabile whole-cell activity was isolated directly from wild-type LT-2. Several other mutants with temperature-sensitive enzyme activity were also isolated as revertants of phoN mutants. These data suggest that phoN might be a structural locus for nonspecific acid phosphatase. The observation that a mutation resulting in high level of nonspecific acid phosphatase mapped in phoP suggests a possible regulatory role for this locus.", "PMID": 374361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2423", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis during early limitation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Arsenate, a competitive inhibitor with phosphate in phosphorylation reactions, has been used to lower adenine and guanine nucleotide levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study nucleotide effects on protein synthesis. By measuring polysome levels, we have shown that initiation of protein synthesis is much more sensitive than elongation or termination to inhibition when the ATP/ADP, GTP/GDP ratios are low. When the arsenate-phosphate molar ratio was 0.27, protein synthesis was inhibited by about 85% and the kinetics of polysome decay was similar to that observed with the initiation inhibitor, verrucarin-76, or with the protein synthesis initiation mutant, ts187, at the restrictive temperature. With this level of arsenate, the adenylate energy charge dropped from 0.9 to 0.7 and the ATP/ADP and GTP/GDP ratios dropped from 6 to 2. The observed correlations between nucleotide ratio changes and inhibition of protein synthesis suggest that the former may be a control signal for the latter. The significance of these in vivo correlations will have to be tested with an in vitro protein synthesizing system. Higher arsenate levels resulted in even lower ATP/ADP, GTP/GDP ratios and in a slower decay of polysomes, implying that, eventually, elongation (in addition to initiation) was being inhibited.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis during early limitation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arsenate, a competitive inhibitor with phosphate in phosphorylation reactions, has been used to lower adenine and guanine nucleotide levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study nucleotide effects on protein synthesis. By measuring polysome levels, we have shown that initiation of protein synthesis is much more sensitive than elongation or termination to inhibition when the ATP/ADP, GTP/GDP ratios are low. When the arsenate-phosphate molar ratio was 0.27, protein synthesis was inhibited by about 85% and the kinetics of polysome decay was similar to that observed with the initiation inhibitor, verrucarin-76, or with the protein synthesis initiation mutant, ts187, at the restrictive temperature. With this level of arsenate, the adenylate energy charge dropped from 0.9 to 0.7 and the ATP/ADP and GTP/GDP ratios dropped from 6 to 2. The observed correlations between nucleotide ratio changes and inhibition of protein synthesis suggest that the former may be a control signal for the latter. The significance of these in vivo correlations will have to be tested with an in vitro protein synthesizing system. Higher arsenate levels resulted in even lower ATP/ADP, GTP/GDP ratios and in a slower decay of polysomes, implying that, eventually, elongation (in addition to initiation) was being inhibited.", "PMID": 374362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2424", "title": "Length growth of two Escherichia coli B/r substrains.", "content": "Length growth of synchronized Escherichia coli B/r substrain A (ATCC 12407) and B/r substrain F26 (Thy his) was followed with an electron microscope. Cells were grown with doubling times (tau) of 60 min (B/rA) and of 82 and 165 min (B/rF26). Different length growth patterns were found for the two substrains. In B/rF, the length growth rate increased about midway in the cell cycle. For tau = 165 min, the rate increase was preceded by a short period of slow growth. For B/r A (r = 60 min), this period seemed to occur at the beginning of the cell cycle. The possibility is raised that the different length growth patterns are related to different deoxyribonucleic acid replication patterns of the respective strains.", "contents": "Length growth of two Escherichia coli B/r substrains. Length growth of synchronized Escherichia coli B/r substrain A (ATCC 12407) and B/r substrain F26 (Thy his) was followed with an electron microscope. Cells were grown with doubling times (tau) of 60 min (B/rA) and of 82 and 165 min (B/rF26). Different length growth patterns were found for the two substrains. In B/rF, the length growth rate increased about midway in the cell cycle. For tau = 165 min, the rate increase was preceded by a short period of slow growth. For B/r A (r = 60 min), this period seemed to occur at the beginning of the cell cycle. The possibility is raised that the different length growth patterns are related to different deoxyribonucleic acid replication patterns of the respective strains.", "PMID": 374363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2425", "title": "Meiotic mapping of yeast ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid on chromosome XII.", "content": "We have used meiotic mapping techniques to locate the position of the repeating ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that the rDNA genes are located on the right arm of chromosome XII, approximately 45 map units centromere distal to the gene gal2. Together with mapping data from previous studies, this result suggests that the tandem array of rDNA genes contains at least two junctions with the non-rDNA of the yeast chromosome. In addition, we observed segregation patterns of the rDNA genes consistent with meiotic recombination within the rDNA gene tandem array in 3 of the 59 tetrads examined.", "contents": "Meiotic mapping of yeast ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid on chromosome XII. We have used meiotic mapping techniques to locate the position of the repeating ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that the rDNA genes are located on the right arm of chromosome XII, approximately 45 map units centromere distal to the gene gal2. Together with mapping data from previous studies, this result suggests that the tandem array of rDNA genes contains at least two junctions with the non-rDNA of the yeast chromosome. In addition, we observed segregation patterns of the rDNA genes consistent with meiotic recombination within the rDNA gene tandem array in 3 of the 59 tetrads examined.", "PMID": 374364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2426", "title": "Characterization of arithmetic deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at restrictive temperature in a dnaE mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The dna-293  mutation is shown to be a dnaE allele. The linear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis previously observed in this mutant has been further characterized. The production of small deoxyribonucleic acid intermediates and their subsequent joining were identical in the mutant and its dnaE+ parent at 42.5 degrees C. Though the mutant cells continued to divide at the nonpermissive temperature, the rate of division was reduced. The data are consistent with a lack of production of replicationally active deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III at the restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Characterization of arithmetic deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at restrictive temperature in a dnaE mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. The dna-293  mutation is shown to be a dnaE allele. The linear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis previously observed in this mutant has been further characterized. The production of small deoxyribonucleic acid intermediates and their subsequent joining were identical in the mutant and its dnaE+ parent at 42.5 degrees C. Though the mutant cells continued to divide at the nonpermissive temperature, the rate of division was reduced. The data are consistent with a lack of production of replicationally active deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III at the restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 374365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2427", "title": "Genetic and biochemical studies of transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring high concentrations of branched-chain amino acids for growth were isolated. One of the mutants was shown to be defective in transport activity for branched-chain amino acids. The locus of the mutation (hrbA) was mapped at 8.9 min on the E. coli genetic map by conjugational and transductional crosses. The gene order of this region is proC-hrbA-tsx. The hrbA system was responsible for the uptake activity of cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. It was not repressed by leucine. The substrate specificities and kinetics of the uptake activities were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles and intact cells of the mutants grown in the presence or absence of leucine. Results showed that there are three transport systems for branched-chain amino acids, LIV-1, -2, and -3. The LIV-2 and -3 transport systems are low-affinity systems, the activities of which are detectable in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. The systems are inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine. The LIV-2 system is also repressed by leucine. The LIV-1 transport system is a high-affinity system that is sensitive to osmotic shock. When the leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein is derepressed, the high-affinity system can be inhibited by threonine.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical studies of transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Escherichia coli. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring high concentrations of branched-chain amino acids for growth were isolated. One of the mutants was shown to be defective in transport activity for branched-chain amino acids. The locus of the mutation (hrbA) was mapped at 8.9 min on the E. coli genetic map by conjugational and transductional crosses. The gene order of this region is proC-hrbA-tsx. The hrbA system was responsible for the uptake activity of cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. It was not repressed by leucine. The substrate specificities and kinetics of the uptake activities were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles and intact cells of the mutants grown in the presence or absence of leucine. Results showed that there are three transport systems for branched-chain amino acids, LIV-1, -2, and -3. The LIV-2 and -3 transport systems are low-affinity systems, the activities of which are detectable in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. The systems are inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine. The LIV-2 system is also repressed by leucine. The LIV-1 transport system is a high-affinity system that is sensitive to osmotic shock. When the leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein is derepressed, the high-affinity system can be inhibited by threonine.", "PMID": 374366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2428", "title": "Relationship between deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in an nrdA mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A shift to 42 degrees C in an nrdA mutant causes a decrease in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis without a concomitant decrease in deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools.", "contents": "Relationship between deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in an nrdA mutant of Escherichia coli. A shift to 42 degrees C in an nrdA mutant causes a decrease in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis without a concomitant decrease in deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools.", "PMID": 374367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2429", "title": "Cross-linking analysis of the two forms of protein I, a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The two forms of protein I were cross-linked to molecules of the same species, even when both were present simultaneously. This suggests that they form separate multimers in the outer membrane.", "contents": "Cross-linking analysis of the two forms of protein I, a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli. The two forms of protein I were cross-linked to molecules of the same species, even when both were present simultaneously. This suggests that they form separate multimers in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 374368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2430", "title": "Rapid methods for generalized transduction of Salmonella typhimurium mutants.", "content": "A procedure has been developed that allows the propagation of generalized transducing phage directly on cells growing on solid media. After the donor cells are killed with chloroform, the phage can be transferred directly to recipient cells and transductants can be selected.", "contents": "Rapid methods for generalized transduction of Salmonella typhimurium mutants. A procedure has been developed that allows the propagation of generalized transducing phage directly on cells growing on solid media. After the donor cells are killed with chloroform, the phage can be transferred directly to recipient cells and transductants can be selected.", "PMID": 374369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2431", "title": "Mapping hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The structural gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase was localized to 53.8 min on the Escherichia coli genome. The gene order in this region was determined to be dapE-purC-upp-purG-(guaA, guaB)-hisS-glyA.", "contents": "Mapping hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, in Escherichia coli. The structural gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase was localized to 53.8 min on the Escherichia coli genome. The gene order in this region was determined to be dapE-purC-upp-purG-(guaA, guaB)-hisS-glyA.", "PMID": 374370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2432", "title": "Resolution of glpA and glpT loci into separate operons in Escherichia coli K-12 strains.", "content": "The independent insertion of bacteriophage Mu into the gene coding for anaerobic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpA) or into the genes coding for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport (glpT) suggested that these two closely linked loci are in separate operons.", "contents": "Resolution of glpA and glpT loci into separate operons in Escherichia coli K-12 strains. The independent insertion of bacteriophage Mu into the gene coding for anaerobic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpA) or into the genes coding for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport (glpT) suggested that these two closely linked loci are in separate operons.", "PMID": 374371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2433", "title": "Increased amplification of pBR322 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli K-12 strains RR1 and chi1776 grown in the presence of high concentrations of nucleoside.", "content": "When pBR322 plasmid-harboring Escherichia coli strains RR1 or chi1776 were grown in the presence of 1 mg of uridine or cytidine per ml and later treated with chloramphenicol, as much as three times more plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered than would normally be obtained by routine plasmid amplification procedures.", "contents": "Increased amplification of pBR322 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli K-12 strains RR1 and chi1776 grown in the presence of high concentrations of nucleoside. When pBR322 plasmid-harboring Escherichia coli strains RR1 or chi1776 were grown in the presence of 1 mg of uridine or cytidine per ml and later treated with chloramphenicol, as much as three times more plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered than would normally be obtained by routine plasmid amplification procedures.", "PMID": 374372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2434", "title": "Distribution of cell lengths in cultures of a lexA mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Distributions of cell lengths in lexA+ and lexA mutant cultures during normal growth and under thymidine starvation conditions are presented. During normal growth lexA mutant cells were slightly shorter, on the average, than were lexA+ cells. lexA mutant cells were also shorter in comparison with lexA+ cells after a period of thymidine starvation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lexA gene is involved in the coordination of cell division with DNA repair.", "contents": "Distribution of cell lengths in cultures of a lexA mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. Distributions of cell lengths in lexA+ and lexA mutant cultures during normal growth and under thymidine starvation conditions are presented. During normal growth lexA mutant cells were slightly shorter, on the average, than were lexA+ cells. lexA mutant cells were also shorter in comparison with lexA+ cells after a period of thymidine starvation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lexA gene is involved in the coordination of cell division with DNA repair.", "PMID": 374373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2435", "title": "Gene copy number effects in the mer operon of plasmid NR1.", "content": "The level of resistance to Hg2+ determined by the inducible mer operon of plasmid NR1 was essentially the same for three gene copy number variants in Escherichia coli, less in Proteus mirabilis, and intermediate in P. mirabilis \"transitioned\" to a high r-determinant gene copy number. Cell-free volatilization rates of radioactive mercury indicated increasing levels of intracellular mercuric reductase enzyme from low- to high-gene copy number forms in P. mirabilis and from low- to high-copy number forms in E. coli, but the additional enzyme in E. coli was effectively cryptic.", "contents": "Gene copy number effects in the mer operon of plasmid NR1. The level of resistance to Hg2+ determined by the inducible mer operon of plasmid NR1 was essentially the same for three gene copy number variants in Escherichia coli, less in Proteus mirabilis, and intermediate in P. mirabilis \"transitioned\" to a high r-determinant gene copy number. Cell-free volatilization rates of radioactive mercury indicated increasing levels of intracellular mercuric reductase enzyme from low- to high-gene copy number forms in P. mirabilis and from low- to high-copy number forms in E. coli, but the additional enzyme in E. coli was effectively cryptic.", "PMID": 374374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2436", "title": "Receptor for bacteriophage lambda of Escherichia coli forms larger pores in black lipid membranes than the matrix protein (porin).", "content": "The receptor for phage lambda in Escherichia coli was isolated by cholate extraction and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein bands corresponding to the monomer and the dimer were eluted from the gel and tested for their activity to inactivate phage lambda and to form pores in black lipid membranes. It was found that only the dimer inactivated phage lambda, whereas both the monomer and the dimer were active in forming pores. The pore characteristics were similar to those exhibited by the matrix protein (porin) (R. Benz, K. Janko, W. Boos, and P. L\u00e4uger, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 511:305--319, 1978). In comparison, the lambda receptor showed a somewhat higher degree of cation specificity, and its pore size was larger. Assuming that the thickness of the outer membrane is 7.5 nm and that the pore is an ideal hydrophilic channel, the pore diameter in vivo was estimated to be 1.6 nm for the lambda receptor and 1.2 nm for the matrix protein.", "contents": "Receptor for bacteriophage lambda of Escherichia coli forms larger pores in black lipid membranes than the matrix protein (porin). The receptor for phage lambda in Escherichia coli was isolated by cholate extraction and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein bands corresponding to the monomer and the dimer were eluted from the gel and tested for their activity to inactivate phage lambda and to form pores in black lipid membranes. It was found that only the dimer inactivated phage lambda, whereas both the monomer and the dimer were active in forming pores. The pore characteristics were similar to those exhibited by the matrix protein (porin) (R. Benz, K. Janko, W. Boos, and P. L\u00e4uger, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 511:305--319, 1978). In comparison, the lambda receptor showed a somewhat higher degree of cation specificity, and its pore size was larger. Assuming that the thickness of the outer membrane is 7.5 nm and that the pore is an ideal hydrophilic channel, the pore diameter in vivo was estimated to be 1.6 nm for the lambda receptor and 1.2 nm for the matrix protein.", "PMID": 374375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2437", "title": "Polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli K-12 minicells by transposition elements Tn1 and Tn3.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 minicells were employed to examine polypeptides encoded by plasmids carrying wild-type and mutant Tn1 or Tn3 transposition elements. Tn1- and Tn3-containing minicells express high levels of four transposon-specified polypeptides. Three, of molecular weights 30,000, 28,000, and 25,000, are related immunologically to beta-lactamase, the enzyme responsible for ampicillin hydrolysis. A fourth polypeptide of molecular weight 19,000 is encoded by the Tn1 or Tn3 region which spans the BamHI cleavage site. Mutant transposons which no longer produce this polypeptide transpose at higher than wild-type frequencies to give aberrant transposition products (Gill et al., J. Bacteriol. 136: 742--756, 1978; Heffron et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 72:3632--3627, 1975). No expression could be detected from a region of the transposons extending from the inverted repeat sequence distal to the beta-lactamase gene to more than half the distance into the Tn1 or Tn3 sequence.", "contents": "Polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli K-12 minicells by transposition elements Tn1 and Tn3. Escherichia coli K-12 minicells were employed to examine polypeptides encoded by plasmids carrying wild-type and mutant Tn1 or Tn3 transposition elements. Tn1- and Tn3-containing minicells express high levels of four transposon-specified polypeptides. Three, of molecular weights 30,000, 28,000, and 25,000, are related immunologically to beta-lactamase, the enzyme responsible for ampicillin hydrolysis. A fourth polypeptide of molecular weight 19,000 is encoded by the Tn1 or Tn3 region which spans the BamHI cleavage site. Mutant transposons which no longer produce this polypeptide transpose at higher than wild-type frequencies to give aberrant transposition products (Gill et al., J. Bacteriol. 136: 742--756, 1978; Heffron et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 72:3632--3627, 1975). No expression could be detected from a region of the transposons extending from the inverted repeat sequence distal to the beta-lactamase gene to more than half the distance into the Tn1 or Tn3 sequence.", "PMID": 374376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2438", "title": "Two-dimensional protein patterns during growth and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Proteins synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in presporulation and sporulation media were compared by using sporulating (a/alpha) and nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) yeast strains. Total cellular proteins were labeled with [35S]methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiograms and/or fluorograms showed some 700 spots per gel. Nine proteins were synthesized by a/alpha cells which were specific to vegetative, log-phase conditions. During incubation in sporulation medium, sporulating (a/alpha) cells synthesized 11 proteins not present in vegetatively growing cell. These same 11 proteins, however, were synthesized by nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) cells on sporulation medium as well. Nonsporulating diploids (a/a and alpha/alpha) were also examined with the electron microscope at various times during their incubation in sporulation medium. Certain cellular responses found to be unique to meiotic yeast cells in previous studies were exhibited by the nonsporulating controls. The degree to which all cell types (a/alpha, a/a, and alpha/alpha) were committed to sporulation was also determined by shifting cells from sporulation medium to vegetative medium. Some commitment to the meiotic pathway was observed in both the a/alpha and the a/a, alpha/alpha cells.", "contents": "Two-dimensional protein patterns during growth and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in presporulation and sporulation media were compared by using sporulating (a/alpha) and nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) yeast strains. Total cellular proteins were labeled with [35S]methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiograms and/or fluorograms showed some 700 spots per gel. Nine proteins were synthesized by a/alpha cells which were specific to vegetative, log-phase conditions. During incubation in sporulation medium, sporulating (a/alpha) cells synthesized 11 proteins not present in vegetatively growing cell. These same 11 proteins, however, were synthesized by nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) cells on sporulation medium as well. Nonsporulating diploids (a/a and alpha/alpha) were also examined with the electron microscope at various times during their incubation in sporulation medium. Certain cellular responses found to be unique to meiotic yeast cells in previous studies were exhibited by the nonsporulating controls. The degree to which all cell types (a/alpha, a/a, and alpha/alpha) were committed to sporulation was also determined by shifting cells from sporulation medium to vegetative medium. Some commitment to the meiotic pathway was observed in both the a/alpha and the a/a, alpha/alpha cells.", "PMID": 374377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2439", "title": "Clustering of genes involved in replication, copy number control, incompatibility, and stable maintenance of the resistance plasmid R1drd-19.", "content": "Plasmid R1drd-19 is present in a small number of copies per cell of Escherichia coli. The plasmid was reduced in size by in vivo as well as in vitro (cloning) techniques, resulting in a series of plasmid derivatives of different molecular weight. All plasmids isolated contain a small region (about 2 x 10(6) daltons of deoxyribonucleic acid) of the resistance transfer factor part of the plasmid located close to one of the IS1 sequences that separates the resistance transfer factor part from the resistance determinant. All these derivatives were present at the same copy number, retained the incompatibility properties of plasmid R1drd-19, and were stably maintained during cell division. Genes mutated to yield copy mutations also were found to be located in the same region.", "contents": "Clustering of genes involved in replication, copy number control, incompatibility, and stable maintenance of the resistance plasmid R1drd-19. Plasmid R1drd-19 is present in a small number of copies per cell of Escherichia coli. The plasmid was reduced in size by in vivo as well as in vitro (cloning) techniques, resulting in a series of plasmid derivatives of different molecular weight. All plasmids isolated contain a small region (about 2 x 10(6) daltons of deoxyribonucleic acid) of the resistance transfer factor part of the plasmid located close to one of the IS1 sequences that separates the resistance transfer factor part from the resistance determinant. All these derivatives were present at the same copy number, retained the incompatibility properties of plasmid R1drd-19, and were stably maintained during cell division. Genes mutated to yield copy mutations also were found to be located in the same region.", "PMID": 374378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2440", "title": "Dependency of size of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells on growth rate.", "content": "The mean size and percentage of budded cells of a wild-type haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in batch culture over a wide range of doubling times (tau) have been measured using microscopic measurements and a particle size analyzer. Mean size increased over a 2.5-fold range with increasing growth rate (from tau = 450 min to tau = 75 min). Mean size is principally a function of growth rate and not of a particular carbon source. The duration of the budded phase increased at slow growth rates according to the empirical equation, budded phase = 0.5 tau + 27 (all in minutes). Using a recent model of the cell cycle in which division is thought to be asymmetric, equations have been derived for mean cell age and mean cell volume. The data are consistent with the notion that initiation of the cell cycle occurs at \"start\" after attainment of a critical cell size, and this size is dependent on growth rate, being, at slow growth rates, 63% of the volume of fast growth rates. Previous reports are reanalyzed in the light of the unequal division model and associated population equations.", "contents": "Dependency of size of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells on growth rate. The mean size and percentage of budded cells of a wild-type haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in batch culture over a wide range of doubling times (tau) have been measured using microscopic measurements and a particle size analyzer. Mean size increased over a 2.5-fold range with increasing growth rate (from tau = 450 min to tau = 75 min). Mean size is principally a function of growth rate and not of a particular carbon source. The duration of the budded phase increased at slow growth rates according to the empirical equation, budded phase = 0.5 tau + 27 (all in minutes). Using a recent model of the cell cycle in which division is thought to be asymmetric, equations have been derived for mean cell age and mean cell volume. The data are consistent with the notion that initiation of the cell cycle occurs at \"start\" after attainment of a critical cell size, and this size is dependent on growth rate, being, at slow growth rates, 63% of the volume of fast growth rates. Previous reports are reanalyzed in the light of the unequal division model and associated population equations.", "PMID": 374379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2441", "title": "Genetic mapping of the chromosomal replication origin of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Two hundred strains of Escherichia coli harboring Filv+ plasmids which carry a segment of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome were isolated independently. Among them, two strains were found to harbor F' plasmids that are able to replicate in Hfr cells of E. coli; i.e., they carry a site designated poh (permissive on Hfr) of the S. typhimurium chromosome. The poh site is presumably identical with the replication origin (oriC) of the bacterial chromosome. These two plasmids carry the dnaA-uncA-rbs-ilv-cya-metE region of the chromosome of S. typhimurium. Other F' plasmids which only carried the ilv-cya-metE region were unable to be maintained in Hfr cells. The poh site (= oriC) of S. typhimurium thus is located in the uhp-ilv region of the chromosome. The two plasmids carrying the poh site of S. typhimurium can suppress the temperature-sensitive character of an E. coli mutant that carries the temperature-sensitive dnaA46 allele, when the plasmids exist in the mutant cells. This suggests that the dnaA chromosome in place of the dnaA gene product of E. coli itself. The ability of the plasmids carrying the poh site of S. typhimurium to replicate in Hfr cells of E. coli suggests that the replication system of E. coli can recognize the Salmonella replication origin.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the chromosomal replication origin of Salmonella typhimurium. Two hundred strains of Escherichia coli harboring Filv+ plasmids which carry a segment of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome were isolated independently. Among them, two strains were found to harbor F' plasmids that are able to replicate in Hfr cells of E. coli; i.e., they carry a site designated poh (permissive on Hfr) of the S. typhimurium chromosome. The poh site is presumably identical with the replication origin (oriC) of the bacterial chromosome. These two plasmids carry the dnaA-uncA-rbs-ilv-cya-metE region of the chromosome of S. typhimurium. Other F' plasmids which only carried the ilv-cya-metE region were unable to be maintained in Hfr cells. The poh site (= oriC) of S. typhimurium thus is located in the uhp-ilv region of the chromosome. The two plasmids carrying the poh site of S. typhimurium can suppress the temperature-sensitive character of an E. coli mutant that carries the temperature-sensitive dnaA46 allele, when the plasmids exist in the mutant cells. This suggests that the dnaA chromosome in place of the dnaA gene product of E. coli itself. The ability of the plasmids carrying the poh site of S. typhimurium to replicate in Hfr cells of E. coli suggests that the replication system of E. coli can recognize the Salmonella replication origin.", "PMID": 374380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2442", "title": "Genetic studies of an Escherichia coli K-12 temperature-sensitive mutant defective in membrane protein synthesis.", "content": "The mutant divE42(Ts) of Escherichia coli K-12, defective in the synthesis of membrane proteins and in the transcription of the lac operon at high temperature, has been further characterized. It was found that a mutation (divE42) located at about min 22 on the E. coli chromosome map is responsible for the Lac- phenotype and temperature-sensitive growth. The mutation could be contransduced with serC, pyrD, or pyrC by phage P1 at a frequency of 4, 16, or 0.5%, respectively, the gene order being serC-pyrD-ompA-sulA-divE-pyrC. Examination of temperature-independent revertants and Pyr+ transductants revealed that all the mutant phenotypes examined (deficiencies in the increase of activities of some membrane enzymes, expression of the lac operon, and synthesis of several other proteins) are due to a single mutation (divE42) which is recessive to the wild-type (divE+) allele. Protein synthesis in the mutant was also analyzed by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of a number of proteins, including membrane proteins, was found to decrease significantly, whereas that of an elongation factor, EF-Tu, increased upon transfer of a log-phase culture to high temperature (42 degrees C). These effects of temperature shift-up on protein synthesis were evident within 5 min under the conditions used.", "contents": "Genetic studies of an Escherichia coli K-12 temperature-sensitive mutant defective in membrane protein synthesis. The mutant divE42(Ts) of Escherichia coli K-12, defective in the synthesis of membrane proteins and in the transcription of the lac operon at high temperature, has been further characterized. It was found that a mutation (divE42) located at about min 22 on the E. coli chromosome map is responsible for the Lac- phenotype and temperature-sensitive growth. The mutation could be contransduced with serC, pyrD, or pyrC by phage P1 at a frequency of 4, 16, or 0.5%, respectively, the gene order being serC-pyrD-ompA-sulA-divE-pyrC. Examination of temperature-independent revertants and Pyr+ transductants revealed that all the mutant phenotypes examined (deficiencies in the increase of activities of some membrane enzymes, expression of the lac operon, and synthesis of several other proteins) are due to a single mutation (divE42) which is recessive to the wild-type (divE+) allele. Protein synthesis in the mutant was also analyzed by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of a number of proteins, including membrane proteins, was found to decrease significantly, whereas that of an elongation factor, EF-Tu, increased upon transfer of a log-phase culture to high temperature (42 degrees C). These effects of temperature shift-up on protein synthesis were evident within 5 min under the conditions used.", "PMID": 374381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2443", "title": "Rifampin disrupts conjugal and chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12 carrying some IncIalpha plasmids.", "content": "The effects of rifampin and chloramphenicol on the transfer of ColIdrd-1 have been examined to determined whether transfer requires the synthesis of an untranslated species of ribonucleic acid (RNA), as proposed in models for the transfer of another IncIalpha plasmid, R64drd-11. When RNA synthesis was inhibited throughout mating by rifampin, ColI transfer between dna+ bacteria occurred at the normal rate for about 10 min and then stopped abruptly. Conjugational deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in dnaB mutants indicates that plasmid DNA was made in the rifampin-treated donors to replace the transferred material but the DNA tended to be unstable. In the presence of chloramphenicol, transfer of ColI gradually diminished over a longer period. Rifampin, but not chloramphenicol, was found to have unpredicted effects on chromosomal DNA metabolism in unmated dna+ and dnaB bacteria when they harbor any of three IncIalpha plasmids (ColIdrd-1, R144drd-3, and R64drd-11). Replication of the bacterial chromosome in such cells stopped abruptly about 15 min after the addition of rifampin, and at 41 degrees C, but not 37 degrees C, this was followed by extensive DNA breakdown. These findings suggest that curtailment of IncIalpha plasmid transfer by the drug results from a general disruption of DNA metabolism rather than from inhibition of a species of RNA essential for transfer.", "contents": "Rifampin disrupts conjugal and chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12 carrying some IncIalpha plasmids. The effects of rifampin and chloramphenicol on the transfer of ColIdrd-1 have been examined to determined whether transfer requires the synthesis of an untranslated species of ribonucleic acid (RNA), as proposed in models for the transfer of another IncIalpha plasmid, R64drd-11. When RNA synthesis was inhibited throughout mating by rifampin, ColI transfer between dna+ bacteria occurred at the normal rate for about 10 min and then stopped abruptly. Conjugational deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in dnaB mutants indicates that plasmid DNA was made in the rifampin-treated donors to replace the transferred material but the DNA tended to be unstable. In the presence of chloramphenicol, transfer of ColI gradually diminished over a longer period. Rifampin, but not chloramphenicol, was found to have unpredicted effects on chromosomal DNA metabolism in unmated dna+ and dnaB bacteria when they harbor any of three IncIalpha plasmids (ColIdrd-1, R144drd-3, and R64drd-11). Replication of the bacterial chromosome in such cells stopped abruptly about 15 min after the addition of rifampin, and at 41 degrees C, but not 37 degrees C, this was followed by extensive DNA breakdown. These findings suggest that curtailment of IncIalpha plasmid transfer by the drug results from a general disruption of DNA metabolism rather than from inhibition of a species of RNA essential for transfer.", "PMID": 374382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2444", "title": "Multiple loci affecting photoreactivation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sutherland et al. mapped a phr gene in Escherichia coli at 17 min and found that induction of an E. coli strain lysogenic for a lambda phage carrying this gene increased photoreactivating enzyme levels 2,000-fold. Recently, Smith and Youngs and Sancar and Rupert located a phr gene at 15.9 min. We have therefore investigated the properties of photoreactivating enzyme and cellular photoreactivation in cells containing deletions of the gene at 17 min. Cells with this deletion photoreactivated ultraviolet-induced killing at a rate 20% of normal; they also contained approximately 20% of the normal photoreactivating enzyme level. The residual enzyme in these cells was characterized to determine whether the reduced cellular photoreactivation rate and photoreactivating enzyme levels resulted from reduced numbers of normal enzymes or from an altered enzyme. Photoreactivating enzymes from strains carrying a deletion of the region at 17 min had an apparent Km about two- to threefold higher than normal enzyme and showed markedly increased heat lability. The gene at 17 min thus contains information determining the function of the E. coli photoreactivating enzyme rather than the quantity of the enzyme. It is proposed that the gene at 17 min be termed phrA and that located at 15.9 min be termed phrB.", "contents": "Multiple loci affecting photoreactivation in Escherichia coli. Sutherland et al. mapped a phr gene in Escherichia coli at 17 min and found that induction of an E. coli strain lysogenic for a lambda phage carrying this gene increased photoreactivating enzyme levels 2,000-fold. Recently, Smith and Youngs and Sancar and Rupert located a phr gene at 15.9 min. We have therefore investigated the properties of photoreactivating enzyme and cellular photoreactivation in cells containing deletions of the gene at 17 min. Cells with this deletion photoreactivated ultraviolet-induced killing at a rate 20% of normal; they also contained approximately 20% of the normal photoreactivating enzyme level. The residual enzyme in these cells was characterized to determine whether the reduced cellular photoreactivation rate and photoreactivating enzyme levels resulted from reduced numbers of normal enzymes or from an altered enzyme. Photoreactivating enzymes from strains carrying a deletion of the region at 17 min had an apparent Km about two- to threefold higher than normal enzyme and showed markedly increased heat lability. The gene at 17 min thus contains information determining the function of the E. coli photoreactivating enzyme rather than the quantity of the enzyme. It is proposed that the gene at 17 min be termed phrA and that located at 15.9 min be termed phrB.", "PMID": 374383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2445", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a temperature-sensitive dnaK mutant of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive dnaK mutant (strain MT112) was isolated from Escherichia coli B strain H/r30RT by thymineless death selection at 43 degrees C. By genetic mapping, the mutation [dnaK7(Ts)] was located near the thr gene (approximately 0.2 min on the may). E. coli K-12 transductants of the mutation to temperature sensitivity were assayed for their susceptibility to transducing phage lambda carrying the dnaK and/or the dnaJ gene. All of the transductants were able to propagate phage lambda carrying the dnaK gene. When macromolecular synthesis of the mutant was assayed at 43 degrees C, it was observed that both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid syntheses were severely inhibited. Thus, it was suggested that the conditionally defective dnaK mutation affects both cellular deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid syntheses at the nonpermissive temperature in addition to inability to propagate phage lambda at permissive temperature.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a temperature-sensitive dnaK mutant of Escherichia coli B. A temperature-sensitive dnaK mutant (strain MT112) was isolated from Escherichia coli B strain H/r30RT by thymineless death selection at 43 degrees C. By genetic mapping, the mutation [dnaK7(Ts)] was located near the thr gene (approximately 0.2 min on the may). E. coli K-12 transductants of the mutation to temperature sensitivity were assayed for their susceptibility to transducing phage lambda carrying the dnaK and/or the dnaJ gene. All of the transductants were able to propagate phage lambda carrying the dnaK gene. When macromolecular synthesis of the mutant was assayed at 43 degrees C, it was observed that both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid syntheses were severely inhibited. Thus, it was suggested that the conditionally defective dnaK mutation affects both cellular deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid syntheses at the nonpermissive temperature in addition to inability to propagate phage lambda at permissive temperature.", "PMID": 374384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2446", "title": "Individual proteins are synthesized continuously throughout the Escherichia coli cell cycle.", "content": "The pattern of synthesis of about 750 individual polypeptides was followed throughout the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r. Samples taken at different times in the cell cycle exhibited the same pattern of protein synthesis. No protein could be identified that was synthesized at different rates during different parts of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Individual proteins are synthesized continuously throughout the Escherichia coli cell cycle. The pattern of synthesis of about 750 individual polypeptides was followed throughout the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r. Samples taken at different times in the cell cycle exhibited the same pattern of protein synthesis. No protein could be identified that was synthesized at different rates during different parts of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 374385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2447", "title": "Expression of ribosomal protein genes cloned in a hybrid plasmid in Escherichia coli: gene dosage effects on synthesis of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal protein messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Using ColE1-TnA hybrid plasmid RSF2124 as the cloning vector, we constructed a hybrid plasmid, pNO1001, which carried seven ribosomal protein (r-protein) genes in the spc operon together with their promoter. The plasmid also carried three r-protein genes which precede the spc operon, but did not carry the bacterial promoter for these genes. Expression of r-protein genes carried by pNO1001 was studied by measuring messenger ribonucleic acid and r-protein synthesis in cells carrying the plasmid. It was found that the messenger ribonucleic acid for all the promoter-distal r-protein genes was synthesized in large excess relative to messenger ribonucleic acid from other chromosomal r-protein genes which are not carried by the plasmid. However, only the two promoter-proximal r-proteins, L14 and L24, were markedly overproduced. The absence of large gene dosage effects on the synthesis of other distal proteins appeared to be due, at least in part, to preferential inactivation and/or degradation of the distal message which codes for these proteins; in addition, some preferential inhibition of translation of the distal message might also have been involved. Overproduced L14 and L24 were found to be degraded in recA+ strains at both 30 and 42 degrees C; in recA strains, the degradation took place at 42 degrees C but was very slow or absent at 30 degrees C. The recA strains carrying pNO1001 failed to form colonies at 30 degrees C, presumably because of overaccumulation of r-proteins. The results suggest that degradation of excess r-proteins is an important physiological process.", "contents": "Expression of ribosomal protein genes cloned in a hybrid plasmid in Escherichia coli: gene dosage effects on synthesis of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal protein messenger ribonucleic acid. Using ColE1-TnA hybrid plasmid RSF2124 as the cloning vector, we constructed a hybrid plasmid, pNO1001, which carried seven ribosomal protein (r-protein) genes in the spc operon together with their promoter. The plasmid also carried three r-protein genes which precede the spc operon, but did not carry the bacterial promoter for these genes. Expression of r-protein genes carried by pNO1001 was studied by measuring messenger ribonucleic acid and r-protein synthesis in cells carrying the plasmid. It was found that the messenger ribonucleic acid for all the promoter-distal r-protein genes was synthesized in large excess relative to messenger ribonucleic acid from other chromosomal r-protein genes which are not carried by the plasmid. However, only the two promoter-proximal r-proteins, L14 and L24, were markedly overproduced. The absence of large gene dosage effects on the synthesis of other distal proteins appeared to be due, at least in part, to preferential inactivation and/or degradation of the distal message which codes for these proteins; in addition, some preferential inhibition of translation of the distal message might also have been involved. Overproduced L14 and L24 were found to be degraded in recA+ strains at both 30 and 42 degrees C; in recA strains, the degradation took place at 42 degrees C but was very slow or absent at 30 degrees C. The recA strains carrying pNO1001 failed to form colonies at 30 degrees C, presumably because of overaccumulation of r-proteins. The results suggest that degradation of excess r-proteins is an important physiological process.", "PMID": 374386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2448", "title": "Phospholipid synthesis during the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Stepwise changes in the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipid synthesis during the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli B/r were observed. The cell ages at the increases were found to be a function of the growth rate. At each growth rate, the increase occurred around the time new rounds of chromosome replication were inaugurated in the cycle.", "contents": "Phospholipid synthesis during the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli. Stepwise changes in the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipid synthesis during the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli B/r were observed. The cell ages at the increases were found to be a function of the growth rate. At each growth rate, the increase occurred around the time new rounds of chromosome replication were inaugurated in the cycle.", "PMID": 374387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2449", "title": "Ionizing radiation damage to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12: sedimentation properties of irradiated nucleoids and chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The structures of the membrane-free nucleoid of Escherichia coli K-12 and of unfolded chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were investigated by low-speed sedimentation on neutral sucrose gradients after irradiation with 60Co gamma rays. Irradiation both in vivo and in vitro was used as a molecular probe of the constraints on DNA packaging in the bacterial chromosome. The number of domains of supercoiling was estimated to be approximately 180 per genome equivalent of DNA, based on measurements of relaxation caused by single-strand break formation in folded chromosomes gamma irradiated in vivo and in vitro. Similar estimates based on the target size of ribonucleic acid molecules responsible for maintaining the compact packaging of the nucleoid predicted negligible unfolding due to the formation of ribonucleic acid single-strand breaks at doses of up to 10 krad; this was born out by experimental measurements. Unfolding of the nucleoid in vitro by limit digestion with ribonuclease or by heating at 70 degrees C resulted in DNA complexes with sedimentation coefficients of 1,030 +/- 59S and 625 +/- 15S, respectively. The difference in these rates was apparently due to more complete deproteinization and thus less mass in the heated material. These structures are believed to represent intact, replicating genomes in the form of complex-theta structures containing two to three genome equivalents of DNA. The rate of formation of double-strand breaks was determined from molecular weight measurements of thermally unfolded chromosomal DNA gamma irradiated in vitro. Break formation was linear with doses up to 10 krad and occurred at a rate of 0.27 double-strand break per krad per genome equivalent of DNA (1,080 eV/double-strand break). The influence of possible nonlinear DNA conformations on these values is discussed.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation damage to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12: sedimentation properties of irradiated nucleoids and chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. The structures of the membrane-free nucleoid of Escherichia coli K-12 and of unfolded chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were investigated by low-speed sedimentation on neutral sucrose gradients after irradiation with 60Co gamma rays. Irradiation both in vivo and in vitro was used as a molecular probe of the constraints on DNA packaging in the bacterial chromosome. The number of domains of supercoiling was estimated to be approximately 180 per genome equivalent of DNA, based on measurements of relaxation caused by single-strand break formation in folded chromosomes gamma irradiated in vivo and in vitro. Similar estimates based on the target size of ribonucleic acid molecules responsible for maintaining the compact packaging of the nucleoid predicted negligible unfolding due to the formation of ribonucleic acid single-strand breaks at doses of up to 10 krad; this was born out by experimental measurements. Unfolding of the nucleoid in vitro by limit digestion with ribonuclease or by heating at 70 degrees C resulted in DNA complexes with sedimentation coefficients of 1,030 +/- 59S and 625 +/- 15S, respectively. The difference in these rates was apparently due to more complete deproteinization and thus less mass in the heated material. These structures are believed to represent intact, replicating genomes in the form of complex-theta structures containing two to three genome equivalents of DNA. The rate of formation of double-strand breaks was determined from molecular weight measurements of thermally unfolded chromosomal DNA gamma irradiated in vitro. Break formation was linear with doses up to 10 krad and occurred at a rate of 0.27 double-strand break per krad per genome equivalent of DNA (1,080 eV/double-strand break). The influence of possible nonlinear DNA conformations on these values is discussed.", "PMID": 374388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2450", "title": "Ionizing radiation damage to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12: repair of double-strand breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The extremely gentle lysis and unfolding procedures that have been developed for the isolation of nucleoid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; K. M. Ulmer et al., J. Bacteriol. 138:475-485, 1979) yield undamaged, replicating genomes, thus permitting direct measurement of the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks at biologically significant doses of ionizing radiation. Repair of ionizing radiation damage to folded chromosomes of Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB2497 was observed within 2 to 3 h of post-irradiation incubation in growth medium. Such behavior was not observed after post-irradiation incubation in growth medium of a recA13 strain (strain AB2487). A model based on recombinational repair is proposed to explain the formation of 2,200 to 2,300S material during early stages of incubation and to explain subsequent changes in the gradient profiles. Association of unrepaired DNA with the plasma membrane is proposed to explain the formation of a peak of rapidly sedimenting material (greater than 3,100S) during the later stages of repair. Direct evidence of repair of double-strand breaks during post-irradiation incubation in growth medium was obtained from gradient profiles of DNA from ribonuclease-digested chromosomes. The sedimentation coefficient of broken molecules was restored to the value of unirradiated DNA after 2 to 3 h of incubation, and the fraction of the DNA repaired in this fashion was equal to the fraction of cells that survived at the same dose. An average of 2.7 double-strand breaks per genome per lethal event was observed, suggesting that one to two double-strand breaks per genome are repairable in E. coli K-12 strain AB2497.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation damage to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12: repair of double-strand breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid. The extremely gentle lysis and unfolding procedures that have been developed for the isolation of nucleoid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; K. M. Ulmer et al., J. Bacteriol. 138:475-485, 1979) yield undamaged, replicating genomes, thus permitting direct measurement of the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks at biologically significant doses of ionizing radiation. Repair of ionizing radiation damage to folded chromosomes of Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB2497 was observed within 2 to 3 h of post-irradiation incubation in growth medium. Such behavior was not observed after post-irradiation incubation in growth medium of a recA13 strain (strain AB2487). A model based on recombinational repair is proposed to explain the formation of 2,200 to 2,300S material during early stages of incubation and to explain subsequent changes in the gradient profiles. Association of unrepaired DNA with the plasma membrane is proposed to explain the formation of a peak of rapidly sedimenting material (greater than 3,100S) during the later stages of repair. Direct evidence of repair of double-strand breaks during post-irradiation incubation in growth medium was obtained from gradient profiles of DNA from ribonuclease-digested chromosomes. The sedimentation coefficient of broken molecules was restored to the value of unirradiated DNA after 2 to 3 h of incubation, and the fraction of the DNA repaired in this fashion was equal to the fraction of cells that survived at the same dose. An average of 2.7 double-strand breaks per genome per lethal event was observed, suggesting that one to two double-strand breaks per genome are repairable in E. coli K-12 strain AB2497.", "PMID": 374389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2451", "title": "Protein and ribonucleic acid syntheses in heat-damaged and heat-killed Escherichia coli.", "content": "Protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) syntheses were measured in both lethally injured and thermally damaged viable cells after heating at lethal temperatures. Immediately after heating, cells were incubated in growth media containing either [14C]leucine or [3H]uracil. The labeled cells were subsequently treated with penicillin. Viable cells were shown to lyse, and the intact nonviable cells were collected by centrifugation. The results showed that after heating, protein and RNA synthesis were reinitiated in the penicillin-sensitive cell population, but there was no detectable protein or RNA synthesis in the heat-killed cells which were resistant to penicillin. The lack of protein or RNA synthesis in lethally damaged cells during the entire recovery period may be interpreted to reflect the lethal thermal damage.", "contents": "Protein and ribonucleic acid syntheses in heat-damaged and heat-killed Escherichia coli. Protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) syntheses were measured in both lethally injured and thermally damaged viable cells after heating at lethal temperatures. Immediately after heating, cells were incubated in growth media containing either [14C]leucine or [3H]uracil. The labeled cells were subsequently treated with penicillin. Viable cells were shown to lyse, and the intact nonviable cells were collected by centrifugation. The results showed that after heating, protein and RNA synthesis were reinitiated in the penicillin-sensitive cell population, but there was no detectable protein or RNA synthesis in the heat-killed cells which were resistant to penicillin. The lack of protein or RNA synthesis in lethally damaged cells during the entire recovery period may be interpreted to reflect the lethal thermal damage.", "PMID": 374390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2452", "title": "Inhibition by itaconate of growth of methylotrophic bacteria.", "content": "The effects of the isocitrate lyase-directed growth inhibitor itaconate on the growth of certain methylotrophic organisms was investigated. It was found that growth of those organisms possessing the Icl(+)-serine pathway of one-carbon metabolism was inhibited during growth on methylamine and on acetate, but not on glucose. Organisms possessing the Icl(-)-serine pathway pathway were unaffected. Organism PAR, an Icl(-)-serine pathway type, was not specifically inhibited during growth on acetate. This finding further substantiates previous reports of the lack of isocitrate lyase in this organism, indicating a totally new pathway for acetate assimilation.", "contents": "Inhibition by itaconate of growth of methylotrophic bacteria. The effects of the isocitrate lyase-directed growth inhibitor itaconate on the growth of certain methylotrophic organisms was investigated. It was found that growth of those organisms possessing the Icl(+)-serine pathway of one-carbon metabolism was inhibited during growth on methylamine and on acetate, but not on glucose. Organisms possessing the Icl(-)-serine pathway pathway were unaffected. Organism PAR, an Icl(-)-serine pathway type, was not specifically inhibited during growth on acetate. This finding further substantiates previous reports of the lack of isocitrate lyase in this organism, indicating a totally new pathway for acetate assimilation.", "PMID": 374391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2453", "title": "Light effects in yeast: evidence for participation of cytochromes in photoinhibition of growth and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured at low temperatures.", "content": "Visible light of moderate intensity inhibits growth, respiration, protein synthesis, and membrane transport in bakers' yeast and has a deleterious effect on membrane integrity. The results of this study indicate that these effects require the presence of cytochromes b and a/a(3). The light sensitivities of growth rate and [(14)C]histidine uptake in wild-type rho(+) Y185 and D225-5A strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared with those in a variety of mutants lacking cytochrome b or a/a(3) or both; a close correlation was found between the presence of these respiratory pigments and photosensitivity. Thus, strain TL5-3C, a nuclear petite lacking cytochromes b, a, and a(3), was resistant to light; strain GL5-6A, another nuclear petite having reduced amounts of cytochromes a and a(3), was partially resistant; strains MB127-20C and MB1-6C, nuclear petites lacking only cytochrome b, were also only partially resistant to light; whereas mutants containing all three cytochromes but having their respiratory chain either nonfunctional (strain ZK3-6B) or uncoupled (strain 18-27/t12) were fully sensitive to light. Finally, an equal-energy, broad-band action spectrum for the light inhibition of growth and transport indicated that blue light (408 nm) was most effective; these wavelengths correspond to the Soret region of the cytochrome absorption spectrum. The results suggest, therefore, that the yeast cytochromes b, a, and a(3) are the primary photoreceptors for the inhibitory effects of light and, perhaps, for other processes, such as the entrainment of biological rhythms in this species.", "contents": "Light effects in yeast: evidence for participation of cytochromes in photoinhibition of growth and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured at low temperatures. Visible light of moderate intensity inhibits growth, respiration, protein synthesis, and membrane transport in bakers' yeast and has a deleterious effect on membrane integrity. The results of this study indicate that these effects require the presence of cytochromes b and a/a(3). The light sensitivities of growth rate and [(14)C]histidine uptake in wild-type rho(+) Y185 and D225-5A strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared with those in a variety of mutants lacking cytochrome b or a/a(3) or both; a close correlation was found between the presence of these respiratory pigments and photosensitivity. Thus, strain TL5-3C, a nuclear petite lacking cytochromes b, a, and a(3), was resistant to light; strain GL5-6A, another nuclear petite having reduced amounts of cytochromes a and a(3), was partially resistant; strains MB127-20C and MB1-6C, nuclear petites lacking only cytochrome b, were also only partially resistant to light; whereas mutants containing all three cytochromes but having their respiratory chain either nonfunctional (strain ZK3-6B) or uncoupled (strain 18-27/t12) were fully sensitive to light. Finally, an equal-energy, broad-band action spectrum for the light inhibition of growth and transport indicated that blue light (408 nm) was most effective; these wavelengths correspond to the Soret region of the cytochrome absorption spectrum. The results suggest, therefore, that the yeast cytochromes b, a, and a(3) are the primary photoreceptors for the inhibitory effects of light and, perhaps, for other processes, such as the entrainment of biological rhythms in this species.", "PMID": 374392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2454", "title": "Escherichia coli mutant containing a large deletion from relA to argA.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated that contains a large deletion (about 3 X 10(7) daltons of deoxyribonucleic acid) encompassing argA, fuc, and relA. This mutant strain (AA-787) is also cold sensitive for growth at 18 degrees C. Strain AA-787 was obtained fortuitously as a cold-sensitive pseudorevertant of a strain having a heat-sensitive peptidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid hydrolase. Genetic analysis, using transduction and interrupted mating, showed the cold sensitivity mutation to be located adjacent to relA. Further analysis demonstrated loss of relA, fuc, and argA gene functions but retention of eno and recB, closely linked genes adjacent to relA and argA, respectively. Unusually high cotransduction of flanking markers (cysC and thyA) indicated loss of approximately 1 min of the E. coli genetic map in strain AA-787. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) was synthetized in mutant strain AA-787 at basal levels, and ppGpp synthesis was stimulated by carbon-source downshift. No ppGpp synthesis could be obtained using ribosomes isolated from strain AA-787. These findings, taken together, show that deletion of relA in E. coli does not completely abolish ppGpp synthesis and suggests that another enzyme system must also be responsible for ppGpp synthesis.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutant containing a large deletion from relA to argA. A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated that contains a large deletion (about 3 X 10(7) daltons of deoxyribonucleic acid) encompassing argA, fuc, and relA. This mutant strain (AA-787) is also cold sensitive for growth at 18 degrees C. Strain AA-787 was obtained fortuitously as a cold-sensitive pseudorevertant of a strain having a heat-sensitive peptidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid hydrolase. Genetic analysis, using transduction and interrupted mating, showed the cold sensitivity mutation to be located adjacent to relA. Further analysis demonstrated loss of relA, fuc, and argA gene functions but retention of eno and recB, closely linked genes adjacent to relA and argA, respectively. Unusually high cotransduction of flanking markers (cysC and thyA) indicated loss of approximately 1 min of the E. coli genetic map in strain AA-787. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) was synthetized in mutant strain AA-787 at basal levels, and ppGpp synthesis was stimulated by carbon-source downshift. No ppGpp synthesis could be obtained using ribosomes isolated from strain AA-787. These findings, taken together, show that deletion of relA in E. coli does not completely abolish ppGpp synthesis and suggests that another enzyme system must also be responsible for ppGpp synthesis.", "PMID": 374393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2455", "title": "Structure of polyadenylic acid in the ribonucleic acid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Investigations of the structure of polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] in yeast have shown that there are two classes of poly(A) distinguished by size and kinetics of synthesis. Each class is found directly on the 3' end of messenger RNA. One class contains poly(A) molecules ranging from 60 to less than 20 nucleotides long. The longest molecules in this poly(A) class are the first to become labeled when cells are exposed to [3H]adenine. Label then appears in progressively smaller molecules. The second class of poly(A) is about 20 nucleotides long. The length homogeneity of this class and the presence in nuclear DNA of many copies of a polythymidylate sequence which is the same length suggests that this poly(A) is synthesized by transcription from DNA.", "contents": "Structure of polyadenylic acid in the ribonucleic acid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Investigations of the structure of polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] in yeast have shown that there are two classes of poly(A) distinguished by size and kinetics of synthesis. Each class is found directly on the 3' end of messenger RNA. One class contains poly(A) molecules ranging from 60 to less than 20 nucleotides long. The longest molecules in this poly(A) class are the first to become labeled when cells are exposed to [3H]adenine. Label then appears in progressively smaller molecules. The second class of poly(A) is about 20 nucleotides long. The length homogeneity of this class and the presence in nuclear DNA of many copies of a polythymidylate sequence which is the same length suggests that this poly(A) is synthesized by transcription from DNA.", "PMID": 374394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2456", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium cell envelopes.", "content": "The structural properties of the cell envelopes of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium were investigated by freeze-fracture, freeze-etching, and negative-staining techniques. Freeze-fracture split the cell wall and exposed the internal features of the peptidoglycolipid mycosidic filamentous network. The cell membrane was also split into two asymmetric faces. The external fracture face was characterized by linear arrays of intramembranous particles, whereas the protoplasmic fracture face showed randomly distributed clusters of particulate entities. Comparative analysis of the ultrastructural features observed in M. leprae and M. lepraemurium indicated that the organization of the cell envelope in these two species differed particularly with respect to the amount and complexity of the superficial peptidoglycolipid and mycosidic integument, which is poorly developed in the mycobacterium responsible for human disease.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium cell envelopes. The structural properties of the cell envelopes of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium were investigated by freeze-fracture, freeze-etching, and negative-staining techniques. Freeze-fracture split the cell wall and exposed the internal features of the peptidoglycolipid mycosidic filamentous network. The cell membrane was also split into two asymmetric faces. The external fracture face was characterized by linear arrays of intramembranous particles, whereas the protoplasmic fracture face showed randomly distributed clusters of particulate entities. Comparative analysis of the ultrastructural features observed in M. leprae and M. lepraemurium indicated that the organization of the cell envelope in these two species differed particularly with respect to the amount and complexity of the superficial peptidoglycolipid and mycosidic integument, which is poorly developed in the mycobacterium responsible for human disease.", "PMID": 374395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2457", "title": "Mutants of the mini-F plasmid pML31 thermosensitive in replication.", "content": "Hydroxylamine mutagenesis was used for the induction of thermosensitive replication mutants of the mini-F plasmid pML31. Replication mutants were characterized by studying the segregation kinetics and the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid at the nonpermissive temperature. Based on these experiments two types of mutants could be distinguished. Mutants of type I are fast segregating with the kinetics expected if plasmid replication was blocked immediately. Double-label experiments showed a rapid shut-off of replication in these mutants at 42 degrees C. Mutants of type II segregate slower, showing only a partial inhibition of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature. The label incorporated at 42 degrees C was predominantly found in open circular plasmid molecules.", "contents": "Mutants of the mini-F plasmid pML31 thermosensitive in replication. Hydroxylamine mutagenesis was used for the induction of thermosensitive replication mutants of the mini-F plasmid pML31. Replication mutants were characterized by studying the segregation kinetics and the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid at the nonpermissive temperature. Based on these experiments two types of mutants could be distinguished. Mutants of type I are fast segregating with the kinetics expected if plasmid replication was blocked immediately. Double-label experiments showed a rapid shut-off of replication in these mutants at 42 degrees C. Mutants of type II segregate slower, showing only a partial inhibition of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature. The label incorporated at 42 degrees C was predominantly found in open circular plasmid molecules.", "PMID": 374396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2458", "title": "Biochemical and topographical studies on Escherichia coli cell surface. IV. Giant spheroplast formation from a filamentous cell.", "content": "Long, nonseptate filamentous cells consisting of 5 to 40 single-cell unit lengths were formed from Escherichia coli surface mutant ONT-3 by treatment with a sublethal concentration of sodium dodecyl sylfate. As distinct from several other elongated cells (e.g., thymine-starved filaments), it was found here that stable giant spheroplasts, 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter, were produced by the action of lysozyme in the presence of bovine serum albumin via the gradual fusion of distinct spheroplasting bulbs.", "contents": "Biochemical and topographical studies on Escherichia coli cell surface. IV. Giant spheroplast formation from a filamentous cell. Long, nonseptate filamentous cells consisting of 5 to 40 single-cell unit lengths were formed from Escherichia coli surface mutant ONT-3 by treatment with a sublethal concentration of sodium dodecyl sylfate. As distinct from several other elongated cells (e.g., thymine-starved filaments), it was found here that stable giant spheroplasts, 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter, were produced by the action of lysozyme in the presence of bovine serum albumin via the gradual fusion of distinct spheroplasting bulbs.", "PMID": 374397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2459", "title": "Molecular nature of two Haemophilus influenzae R factors containing resistances and the multiple integration of drug resistance transposons.", "content": "The 36-megadalton Haemophilus influenzae R plasmid pHK539 was found to specify resistance to tetracycline (Tc) and ampicillin (Ap). It was shown by molecular hybridization studies and by electron microscopy that the plasmid pHK539 contained the tetracycline translocation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)segment (TnTc) as well as the ampicillin translocation segment (TnAp). The TnAp was integrated in the stem of TnTc. The 34-megadalton H. influenzae R plasmid pRI234 carried a translocatable DNA segment which specified both tetracycline and chloramphenicol (Cm) resistance. Self-annealing and DNA-DNA heteroduplex experiments indicated that this transposon is probably composed of TnTc containing an insertion of a chloramphenicol resistance transposon (TnCm). TnCm is inserted into one of the components of the TnTc inverted repetitions and is itself flanked on both sides by long inverted repetitions. The H. influenzae plasmids pHK539 and pRI234 had more than 60% of their polynucleotide sequences in common with all the other 30- to 40-megadalton R factors recently found in H. influenzae isolates from different countries. The tetracycline-chloramphenicol resistance transposon of pRI234 was integrated twice at different sites in the plasmid after its growth in medium containing tetracycline. The presence of the two copies of the transposon was correlated with higher minimum inhibitory concentrations against tetracycline as well as against chloramphenicol. After its growth in medium containing tetracycline, the H. influenzae R plasmid pFR16017 specifying Tc resistance contained one, two, three, or even four copies of TnTc integrated at different sites in the plasmid, or the loop of TnTc was amplified. The heterogeneity of the pFR16017 plasmid was seen in all single-colony isolates and correlated with a higher minimum inhibitory concentration against tetracycline.", "contents": "Molecular nature of two Haemophilus influenzae R factors containing resistances and the multiple integration of drug resistance transposons. The 36-megadalton Haemophilus influenzae R plasmid pHK539 was found to specify resistance to tetracycline (Tc) and ampicillin (Ap). It was shown by molecular hybridization studies and by electron microscopy that the plasmid pHK539 contained the tetracycline translocation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)segment (TnTc) as well as the ampicillin translocation segment (TnAp). The TnAp was integrated in the stem of TnTc. The 34-megadalton H. influenzae R plasmid pRI234 carried a translocatable DNA segment which specified both tetracycline and chloramphenicol (Cm) resistance. Self-annealing and DNA-DNA heteroduplex experiments indicated that this transposon is probably composed of TnTc containing an insertion of a chloramphenicol resistance transposon (TnCm). TnCm is inserted into one of the components of the TnTc inverted repetitions and is itself flanked on both sides by long inverted repetitions. The H. influenzae plasmids pHK539 and pRI234 had more than 60% of their polynucleotide sequences in common with all the other 30- to 40-megadalton R factors recently found in H. influenzae isolates from different countries. The tetracycline-chloramphenicol resistance transposon of pRI234 was integrated twice at different sites in the plasmid after its growth in medium containing tetracycline. The presence of the two copies of the transposon was correlated with higher minimum inhibitory concentrations against tetracycline as well as against chloramphenicol. After its growth in medium containing tetracycline, the H. influenzae R plasmid pFR16017 specifying Tc resistance contained one, two, three, or even four copies of TnTc integrated at different sites in the plasmid, or the loop of TnTc was amplified. The heterogeneity of the pFR16017 plasmid was seen in all single-colony isolates and correlated with a higher minimum inhibitory concentration against tetracycline.", "PMID": 374398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2460", "title": "Morphological stabilization of capsules of group B streptococci, types Ia, Ib, II, and III, with specific antibody.", "content": "Antibody prepared to the type-specific capsular polysaccharides of group B streptococci was used to demonstrate a stabilizing effect on the capsular glycocalyx. This permitted visualization by electron microscopy of the size of the capsule relative to the rest of the bacterial cell, and clear differences in the dimensions of untreated and antibody-treated capsular material were noted. Antibodies produced against group B streptococci types Ia, Ib, II, and III were used to demonstrate morphologically that the organization and extent of the capsular glycocalyx more closely resembles its natural state on stabilization by reaction with specific antibody.", "contents": "Morphological stabilization of capsules of group B streptococci, types Ia, Ib, II, and III, with specific antibody. Antibody prepared to the type-specific capsular polysaccharides of group B streptococci was used to demonstrate a stabilizing effect on the capsular glycocalyx. This permitted visualization by electron microscopy of the size of the capsule relative to the rest of the bacterial cell, and clear differences in the dimensions of untreated and antibody-treated capsular material were noted. Antibodies produced against group B streptococci types Ia, Ib, II, and III were used to demonstrate morphologically that the organization and extent of the capsular glycocalyx more closely resembles its natural state on stabilization by reaction with specific antibody.", "PMID": 374399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2461", "title": "Suppressor of deoxythmidine monophosphate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Although yeast cannot normally incorporate exogenous deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP) into deoxyribonucleic acid, mutants able to do so have been isolated. We have characterized a recessive suppressor of dTMP uptake (sot1) that prevents strains carrying either tup1, tup2, or tup4 from growing on selective medium. The sot1 mutation maps between rad1 and the centromere of chromosome XVI, and is unlinked to any of the tup mutations. The sot1 mutation does not suppress the other pleiotropic effects of the tup1 mutant, notably the lack of mating of tup1 MATalpha strains. The sot1 mutation specifically blocks the uptake of dTMP into tup strains. After growing a sot1 strain in medium containing [3H]dTMP, we showed that the medium still contained more than 90% of the original [3H]dTMP and that this medium could support the incorporation of [3H]dTMP by a tup2 strain. Therefore, sot1 strains do not degrade dTMP in the medium. The sot1 mutation had no effect on the uptake of other nutrients essential for growth, including several amino acids, adenine, and uracil.", "contents": "Suppressor of deoxythmidine monophosphate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although yeast cannot normally incorporate exogenous deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP) into deoxyribonucleic acid, mutants able to do so have been isolated. We have characterized a recessive suppressor of dTMP uptake (sot1) that prevents strains carrying either tup1, tup2, or tup4 from growing on selective medium. The sot1 mutation maps between rad1 and the centromere of chromosome XVI, and is unlinked to any of the tup mutations. The sot1 mutation does not suppress the other pleiotropic effects of the tup1 mutant, notably the lack of mating of tup1 MATalpha strains. The sot1 mutation specifically blocks the uptake of dTMP into tup strains. After growing a sot1 strain in medium containing [3H]dTMP, we showed that the medium still contained more than 90% of the original [3H]dTMP and that this medium could support the incorporation of [3H]dTMP by a tup2 strain. Therefore, sot1 strains do not degrade dTMP in the medium. The sot1 mutation had no effect on the uptake of other nutrients essential for growth, including several amino acids, adenine, and uracil.", "PMID": 374400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2462", "title": "Clozapine versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: preliminary results from a double-blind study.", "content": "Fifteen schizophrenic inpatients were treated in a double-blind comparison study of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. Clozapine appeared to be at least as effective as chlorpromazine without producing any extrapyramidal reactions. Although bone marrow toxicity associated with clozapine has led to the drug's withdrawal from clinical use, data from studies of clozapine demonstrate that a drug can be effective antipsychotic without producing neurologic reactions.", "contents": "Clozapine versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: preliminary results from a double-blind study. Fifteen schizophrenic inpatients were treated in a double-blind comparison study of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. Clozapine appeared to be at least as effective as chlorpromazine without producing any extrapyramidal reactions. Although bone marrow toxicity associated with clozapine has led to the drug's withdrawal from clinical use, data from studies of clozapine demonstrate that a drug can be effective antipsychotic without producing neurologic reactions.", "PMID": 374401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2463", "title": "Effect of deglycosylation of yeast invertase on its uptake and digestion in rat yolk sacs.", "content": "The uptake by rat yolk sacs of native invertase and invertase which was deglycosylated by treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was compared. The initial rate of uptake of the deglycosylated enzyme was severalfold greater and its accumulation leveled off much earlier than that of the native enzyme. Uptake rates of the deglycosylated and native forms of the enzyme were proportional to their concentration in the medium in the range employed and were inhibited about 85% by 10(-6) M glucagon in both cases. After preloading of yolk sacs with native invertase, the tissue level of activity remained relatively constant over a subsequent 6-h time period, while with the deglycosylated form, activity declined substantially. Since this difference appears not to be attributable to differences in thermal stability, it is suggested that the deglycosylated form of the protein is more susceptible to intracellular proteolytic digestion. In vitro studies on the digestion of these two forms of invertase by trypsin are consistent with this suggestion.", "contents": "Effect of deglycosylation of yeast invertase on its uptake and digestion in rat yolk sacs. The uptake by rat yolk sacs of native invertase and invertase which was deglycosylated by treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was compared. The initial rate of uptake of the deglycosylated enzyme was severalfold greater and its accumulation leveled off much earlier than that of the native enzyme. Uptake rates of the deglycosylated and native forms of the enzyme were proportional to their concentration in the medium in the range employed and were inhibited about 85% by 10(-6) M glucagon in both cases. After preloading of yolk sacs with native invertase, the tissue level of activity remained relatively constant over a subsequent 6-h time period, while with the deglycosylated form, activity declined substantially. Since this difference appears not to be attributable to differences in thermal stability, it is suggested that the deglycosylated form of the protein is more susceptible to intracellular proteolytic digestion. In vitro studies on the digestion of these two forms of invertase by trypsin are consistent with this suggestion.", "PMID": 374402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2464", "title": "Nucleoside transport in cells and membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Osmotic shock treatment of cells of Escherichia coli K12 caused a reduction in the transport of nucleosides into the cells. The strains used carried mutations in the nucleoside catabolizing enzymes. This indicated that the decrease in transport capacity was not due to loss of these enzymes during the shock treatment. Membrane vesicles, prepared from the same strains, showed a limited transport of cytidine, deoxycytidine, and uridine. Transport of purine nucleosides and of thymidine was very low in vesicles lacking the appropriate nucleoside phosphorylases and no significant stimulation was observed if the nucleoside phosphorylases were present in the membrane vesicles. These results all indicate that components outside the cytoplasmic membrane are important for nucleoside transport. Selection for resistance to fluorodeoxycytidine yielded mutants which were unable to transport any nucleoside, even when the nucleoside phosphorylases were present in high amounts. This finding is consistent with a requirement for a specific transport process prior to the initial enzymatic attack on the incoming nucleoside.", "contents": "Nucleoside transport in cells and membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli K12. Osmotic shock treatment of cells of Escherichia coli K12 caused a reduction in the transport of nucleosides into the cells. The strains used carried mutations in the nucleoside catabolizing enzymes. This indicated that the decrease in transport capacity was not due to loss of these enzymes during the shock treatment. Membrane vesicles, prepared from the same strains, showed a limited transport of cytidine, deoxycytidine, and uridine. Transport of purine nucleosides and of thymidine was very low in vesicles lacking the appropriate nucleoside phosphorylases and no significant stimulation was observed if the nucleoside phosphorylases were present in the membrane vesicles. These results all indicate that components outside the cytoplasmic membrane are important for nucleoside transport. Selection for resistance to fluorodeoxycytidine yielded mutants which were unable to transport any nucleoside, even when the nucleoside phosphorylases were present in high amounts. This finding is consistent with a requirement for a specific transport process prior to the initial enzymatic attack on the incoming nucleoside.", "PMID": 374403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2465", "title": "The preparation and characterization of a cell-free system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that translates natural messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "A cell-free protein-synthesizing system has been prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential centrifugation of lysed spheroplasts. The preparation, a modified 100,000 x g supernatant fraction, contains ribosomes and monosomes, ribosomal subunits, translation factors, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, but no polysomes. After removal of small amounts of remaining mRNA with micrococcal nuclease, protein synthesis is stringently dependent on the addition of mRNA, as well as amino acids and an energy-generating system. The 5'-cap analogue, 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate, inhibits translation of several natural mRNAs, but has no effect on chain elongation. Incubation of the polysome-free extract with natural mRNA leads to the formation of protein-synthesizing polysomes and eventually, to the release of protein; the molecular weight of the protein synthesized in the presence of BMV (brome mosaic virus) RNA is consistent with that of BMV coat protein.", "contents": "The preparation and characterization of a cell-free system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that translates natural messenger ribonucleic acid. A cell-free protein-synthesizing system has been prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential centrifugation of lysed spheroplasts. The preparation, a modified 100,000 x g supernatant fraction, contains ribosomes and monosomes, ribosomal subunits, translation factors, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, but no polysomes. After removal of small amounts of remaining mRNA with micrococcal nuclease, protein synthesis is stringently dependent on the addition of mRNA, as well as amino acids and an energy-generating system. The 5'-cap analogue, 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate, inhibits translation of several natural mRNAs, but has no effect on chain elongation. Incubation of the polysome-free extract with natural mRNA leads to the formation of protein-synthesizing polysomes and eventually, to the release of protein; the molecular weight of the protein synthesized in the presence of BMV (brome mosaic virus) RNA is consistent with that of BMV coat protein.", "PMID": 374404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2466", "title": "Oxygen-sensitive and -insensitive nitroreduction by Escherichia coli and rat hepatic microsomes.", "content": "Nitrofurazone is shown to undergo an initial 1-electron (oxygen-sensitive) or 2- or more electron (oxygen-insensitive) reduction by partially purified nitroreductases from Escherichia coli. Nitrofurazone (50 micronM) is reduced by the oxygen-sensitive reductase to a nitro anion free radical as indicated by ESR and visible spectroscopy. The visible spectrum of the nitro anion free radical is characterized by an increase in absorption at 406 nm. In the presence of the oxygen-sensitive reductase, nitrofurazone stimulates superoxide formation and oxygen consumption. This enzyme gives a steady state radical concentration which is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration, suggesting that the nitrofurazone anion radical is an obligate intermediate in the reduction and that the radical decays by a nonenzymatic second order process. The oxygen-insensitive reductase does not form the nitro anion free radical nor in the presence of nitrofurazone does it stimulate oxygen consumption. Visible spectroscopy shows that nitrofurazone is reduced by the oxygen-sensitive reductase to a species with an absorption maximum at 335 nm, which has been previously identified as the amine. The oxygen-insensitive reductase reduces nitrofurazone to a previously identified cyano derivative with an absorption maximum at 280 nm. Rat hepatic microsomes appear to metabolize nitrofurazone in a manner similar to the oxygen-sensitive E. coli reductase.", "contents": "Oxygen-sensitive and -insensitive nitroreduction by Escherichia coli and rat hepatic microsomes. Nitrofurazone is shown to undergo an initial 1-electron (oxygen-sensitive) or 2- or more electron (oxygen-insensitive) reduction by partially purified nitroreductases from Escherichia coli. Nitrofurazone (50 micronM) is reduced by the oxygen-sensitive reductase to a nitro anion free radical as indicated by ESR and visible spectroscopy. The visible spectrum of the nitro anion free radical is characterized by an increase in absorption at 406 nm. In the presence of the oxygen-sensitive reductase, nitrofurazone stimulates superoxide formation and oxygen consumption. This enzyme gives a steady state radical concentration which is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration, suggesting that the nitrofurazone anion radical is an obligate intermediate in the reduction and that the radical decays by a nonenzymatic second order process. The oxygen-insensitive reductase does not form the nitro anion free radical nor in the presence of nitrofurazone does it stimulate oxygen consumption. Visible spectroscopy shows that nitrofurazone is reduced by the oxygen-sensitive reductase to a species with an absorption maximum at 335 nm, which has been previously identified as the amine. The oxygen-insensitive reductase reduces nitrofurazone to a previously identified cyano derivative with an absorption maximum at 280 nm. Rat hepatic microsomes appear to metabolize nitrofurazone in a manner similar to the oxygen-sensitive E. coli reductase.", "PMID": 374406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2467", "title": "The purification of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from yeast by affinity chromatography.", "content": "We have prepared an affinity column for the purification of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from yeast. The column effects a 3200-fold purification from yeast homogenate in one pass; simple additional steps produce enzyme that has been purified 6700-fold and is not contaminated by any other protein that can be detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Overall, 35% of the activity present in the yeast is recovered as pure enzyme. The resin for the column is synthesized by attaching the ethylenediamine amide of 5-(2-carboxyethyl)-6-azauridine 5'-phosphate to carboxymethyl-agarose.", "contents": "The purification of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from yeast by affinity chromatography. We have prepared an affinity column for the purification of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from yeast. The column effects a 3200-fold purification from yeast homogenate in one pass; simple additional steps produce enzyme that has been purified 6700-fold and is not contaminated by any other protein that can be detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Overall, 35% of the activity present in the yeast is recovered as pure enzyme. The resin for the column is synthesized by attaching the ethylenediamine amide of 5-(2-carboxyethyl)-6-azauridine 5'-phosphate to carboxymethyl-agarose.", "PMID": 374408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2468", "title": "Purification of the o-dianisidine peroxidase from Escherichia coli B. Physicochemical characterization and analysis of its dual catalatic and peroxidatic activities.", "content": "Extracts of aerobically grown Escherichia coli B exhibit both catalase and dianisidine peroxidase activities. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates two distinct catalases which have been designated hydroperoxidases I and II (HP-I and HP-II) in order of increasing anodic mobility. HP-I has been purified to essential homogeneity and found to be composed of four subunits of equal size. Its molecular weight is 337,000, and it contains two molecules of protoheme IX per tetramer. Its amino acid composition is unusual, for so large a protein, in lacking half-cystine. HP-I is a very efficient catalase with an activity optimum at pH 7.5, a Km for H2O2 of 3.9 mM, and a turnover number of 9.8 x 10(5) per min. It is also a broad specificity peroxidase capable of acting upon dianisidine, guaiacol, p-phenylenediamine, and pyrogallol. Dianisidine acted as a powerful reversible inhibitor of the catalatic activity of HP-I and as a suicide substrate when HP-I functioned in its peroxidatic mode.", "contents": "Purification of the o-dianisidine peroxidase from Escherichia coli B. Physicochemical characterization and analysis of its dual catalatic and peroxidatic activities. Extracts of aerobically grown Escherichia coli B exhibit both catalase and dianisidine peroxidase activities. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates two distinct catalases which have been designated hydroperoxidases I and II (HP-I and HP-II) in order of increasing anodic mobility. HP-I has been purified to essential homogeneity and found to be composed of four subunits of equal size. Its molecular weight is 337,000, and it contains two molecules of protoheme IX per tetramer. Its amino acid composition is unusual, for so large a protein, in lacking half-cystine. HP-I is a very efficient catalase with an activity optimum at pH 7.5, a Km for H2O2 of 3.9 mM, and a turnover number of 9.8 x 10(5) per min. It is also a broad specificity peroxidase capable of acting upon dianisidine, guaiacol, p-phenylenediamine, and pyrogallol. Dianisidine acted as a powerful reversible inhibitor of the catalatic activity of HP-I and as a suicide substrate when HP-I functioned in its peroxidatic mode.", "PMID": 374409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2469", "title": "Purification and characterization of protease III from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An endoproteolytic enzyme of Escherichia coli, designated protease III, has been purified about 9,600-fold to homogeneity with a 6% yield. The purified enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of Mr 110,000 and is most active at pH 7.4. Protease III is very sensitive to metal-chelating agents and reducing agents. The EDTA-inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by Zn2+, Co2+ or Mn2+. Protease III is devoid of activity toward aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, or esterase substrates but rapidly degrades small proteins. When fragments of beta-galactosidase are used as substrates for protease III, the enzyme preferentially degrades proteins with molecular weights of less than 7,000. Protease III cleaves the oxidized insulin B chain at two sites with an initial rapid cleavage at Tyr-Leu (16-17) and a second slower cut at Phe-Tyr (25-26).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of protease III from Escherichia coli. An endoproteolytic enzyme of Escherichia coli, designated protease III, has been purified about 9,600-fold to homogeneity with a 6% yield. The purified enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of Mr 110,000 and is most active at pH 7.4. Protease III is very sensitive to metal-chelating agents and reducing agents. The EDTA-inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by Zn2+, Co2+ or Mn2+. Protease III is devoid of activity toward aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, or esterase substrates but rapidly degrades small proteins. When fragments of beta-galactosidase are used as substrates for protease III, the enzyme preferentially degrades proteins with molecular weights of less than 7,000. Protease III cleaves the oxidized insulin B chain at two sites with an initial rapid cleavage at Tyr-Leu (16-17) and a second slower cut at Phe-Tyr (25-26).", "PMID": 374413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2470", "title": "Annular constricting bands.", "content": "We reviewed forty-five patients with congenital constriction bands with an average follow-up of 15.8 years. The family history and associated anomalies were recorded and particular attention was paid to temperature gradients and neurocirculatory deficits with respect to band location. No family history of band constrictions was elicited. Most of our patients were products of first pregnancies and of young mothers. Deformity of the nails was a constant finding in patients with distally located bands. All patients demonstrated at least one other anomaly, most commonly a malformation of the hand. Neural deficits were noted in 23 per cent of the patients, while circulatory findings appeared in 16 per cent. A significant temperature gradient averaging 2.38 degrees Celsius was noted in twenty patients in whom the bands were located proximally. All patients with neural deficits demonstrated a significant temperature gradient. Staged z-plasty was the procedure of choice in surgical release of constriction bands.", "contents": "Annular constricting bands. We reviewed forty-five patients with congenital constriction bands with an average follow-up of 15.8 years. The family history and associated anomalies were recorded and particular attention was paid to temperature gradients and neurocirculatory deficits with respect to band location. No family history of band constrictions was elicited. Most of our patients were products of first pregnancies and of young mothers. Deformity of the nails was a constant finding in patients with distally located bands. All patients demonstrated at least one other anomaly, most commonly a malformation of the hand. Neural deficits were noted in 23 per cent of the patients, while circulatory findings appeared in 16 per cent. A significant temperature gradient averaging 2.38 degrees Celsius was noted in twenty patients in whom the bands were located proximally. All patients with neural deficits demonstrated a significant temperature gradient. Staged z-plasty was the procedure of choice in surgical release of constriction bands.", "PMID": 374416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2471", "title": "The presence and significance of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in breast cancer. I. Serological studies.", "content": "Serum levels of antibodies against the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen were determined for a group of patients with malignancies of the breast, as well as a control group of healthy persons and patients with no breast disease. Despite recent claims of anti-TF levels being severely depressed in patients with breast cancer, we were unable to show any significant differences between the two groups. Standardised anti-TF containing sera or solutions of the TF specific agglutinin from peanuts (PNA) were absorbed with membrane preparations from normal and cancerous breast tissue, but again no differences in absorption were noted. Histological examination, by contrast, showed both free and sialic acid-covered receptors to be present on both normal and malignant breast epithelium. Based on these findings it was concluded that determination of serum anti-TF is an unsatisfactory method of diagnosing breast cancer and that the TF antigen cannot be considered to be carcinoma associated.", "contents": "The presence and significance of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in breast cancer. I. Serological studies. Serum levels of antibodies against the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen were determined for a group of patients with malignancies of the breast, as well as a control group of healthy persons and patients with no breast disease. Despite recent claims of anti-TF levels being severely depressed in patients with breast cancer, we were unable to show any significant differences between the two groups. Standardised anti-TF containing sera or solutions of the TF specific agglutinin from peanuts (PNA) were absorbed with membrane preparations from normal and cancerous breast tissue, but again no differences in absorption were noted. Histological examination, by contrast, showed both free and sialic acid-covered receptors to be present on both normal and malignant breast epithelium. Based on these findings it was concluded that determination of serum anti-TF is an unsatisfactory method of diagnosing breast cancer and that the TF antigen cannot be considered to be carcinoma associated.", "PMID": 374421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2472", "title": "Human islet cell tumor storing pancreatic polypeptide: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A 45-year-old man was operated for surgical treatment of a long-standing peptic ulcer disease and upon inspection of the pancreas for suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, tumor nodules were found in this organ. The tumor tissue examined by immunofluorescence showed specific staining only after incubation with anti-pancreatic polypeptide. Negative results were obtained with antisera directed against insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, GLI, VIP, secretin, and gastrin. Examination of the tissue by electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous population of small granule-containing cells. This case, therefore, illustrates a tumor composed of one single hormone-producing cell type and allows definition of the ultrastructural features of human pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells.", "contents": "Human islet cell tumor storing pancreatic polypeptide: a light and electron microscopic study. A 45-year-old man was operated for surgical treatment of a long-standing peptic ulcer disease and upon inspection of the pancreas for suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, tumor nodules were found in this organ. The tumor tissue examined by immunofluorescence showed specific staining only after incubation with anti-pancreatic polypeptide. Negative results were obtained with antisera directed against insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, GLI, VIP, secretin, and gastrin. Examination of the tissue by electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous population of small granule-containing cells. This case, therefore, illustrates a tumor composed of one single hormone-producing cell type and allows definition of the ultrastructural features of human pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells.", "PMID": 374422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2473", "title": "Requirement of extracellular complement and immunoglobulin for intracellular killing of micro-organisms by human monocytes.", "content": "The role of serum factors in the intracellular killing of bacteria by monocytes was studied on the basis of an assay independent of phagocytosis. After 3 min of phagocytosis of preopsonized bacteria and removal of noningested bacteria, the monocytes containing bacteria are reincubated for various periods and the number of unkilled bacteria is determined by a microbiological method after lysis of the cells. Evidence that this assay measures the killing of ingested bacteria was provided by scanning electron microscopy, lysostaphin treatment, and the effect on the rate of intracellular killing of inactivated serum lacking specific opsonic activity. Intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureaus, S. epidermidis, and Escherichia coli by human monocytes does not occur or is low in the absence of serum, and maximal killing is only reached when fresh serum is present; intermediate values are obtained in the presence of heat-inactivated serum. These findings indicate that complement stimulates intracellular killing. Isolated heterogeneous immunoglobulin (Ig)G, pFc fragments of heterogeneous IgG, and both IgG1 and IgG3 stimulate intracellular killing of S. aureaus by monocytes to the same degree as heat-inactivated serum. Sphingomyelinase, which decreases the number of Fc receptors, and neuraminidase, which increases these receptors, respectively, decreased and increased the intracellular killing, whereas anti-monocyte serum completely abolished the stimulation of intracellular killing by inactivated serum. These results prove that interaction of the Fc receptor with the Fc part of IgG is required for the intracellular killing. Inhibition of the activation of complement components via the alternative pathway gave a considerable reduction in the intracellular killing of S. aureaus; impairment of the activation via the classical pathway had no effect. The addition of complement components to heat-inactivated serum showed that intracellular killing is maximal only when C3b is generated. Reduction of the number of C3b receptors in the membrane by trypsin or pronase decreased intracellular killing in the presence of fresh serum; anti-monocyte serum completely abolished the stimulation of intracellular killing by fresh serum. These results lead to the conclusion that intracellular killing is also dependent on the interaction between C3b and its receptor in the membrane.", "contents": "Requirement of extracellular complement and immunoglobulin for intracellular killing of micro-organisms by human monocytes. The role of serum factors in the intracellular killing of bacteria by monocytes was studied on the basis of an assay independent of phagocytosis. After 3 min of phagocytosis of preopsonized bacteria and removal of noningested bacteria, the monocytes containing bacteria are reincubated for various periods and the number of unkilled bacteria is determined by a microbiological method after lysis of the cells. Evidence that this assay measures the killing of ingested bacteria was provided by scanning electron microscopy, lysostaphin treatment, and the effect on the rate of intracellular killing of inactivated serum lacking specific opsonic activity. Intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureaus, S. epidermidis, and Escherichia coli by human monocytes does not occur or is low in the absence of serum, and maximal killing is only reached when fresh serum is present; intermediate values are obtained in the presence of heat-inactivated serum. These findings indicate that complement stimulates intracellular killing. Isolated heterogeneous immunoglobulin (Ig)G, pFc fragments of heterogeneous IgG, and both IgG1 and IgG3 stimulate intracellular killing of S. aureaus by monocytes to the same degree as heat-inactivated serum. Sphingomyelinase, which decreases the number of Fc receptors, and neuraminidase, which increases these receptors, respectively, decreased and increased the intracellular killing, whereas anti-monocyte serum completely abolished the stimulation of intracellular killing by inactivated serum. These results prove that interaction of the Fc receptor with the Fc part of IgG is required for the intracellular killing. Inhibition of the activation of complement components via the alternative pathway gave a considerable reduction in the intracellular killing of S. aureaus; impairment of the activation via the classical pathway had no effect. The addition of complement components to heat-inactivated serum showed that intracellular killing is maximal only when C3b is generated. Reduction of the number of C3b receptors in the membrane by trypsin or pronase decreased intracellular killing in the presence of fresh serum; anti-monocyte serum completely abolished the stimulation of intracellular killing by fresh serum. These results lead to the conclusion that intracellular killing is also dependent on the interaction between C3b and its receptor in the membrane.", "PMID": 374424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2474", "title": "A rapid method for electron microscopic examination of blood cells.", "content": "A method is described whereby the time required for the processing of white blood cells for electron microscopy can be shortened from 36 to 3 1/2 hours. Because cells of the peripheral blood are not attached to each other, fixation, dehydration, and infiltration of the embedding medium is more rapid. This makes it possible for clinicians to use fine structural data for diagnosis as illustrated in three cases.", "contents": "A rapid method for electron microscopic examination of blood cells. A method is described whereby the time required for the processing of white blood cells for electron microscopy can be shortened from 36 to 3 1/2 hours. Because cells of the peripheral blood are not attached to each other, fixation, dehydration, and infiltration of the embedding medium is more rapid. This makes it possible for clinicians to use fine structural data for diagnosis as illustrated in three cases.", "PMID": 374425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2475", "title": "A comparison of thiomersal and 50% alcohol as preservatives in urinary cytology.", "content": "The efficacy of 50% ethyl alcohol and of thiomersal as preservatives in urinary cytology were compared. In both methods over 80% of the cells were sufficiently well preserved after three days to allow cytomorphological evaluation, and over 50% on the seventh day. In the specimens without preservative, only 54% and 28% were intact after the same time intervals. In contrast with 50% ethyl alchohol, thiomersal is a more effective bactericide, it does not increase the volume of the sample, it is cheaper, and it does not affect the cytomorphology.", "contents": "A comparison of thiomersal and 50% alcohol as preservatives in urinary cytology. The efficacy of 50% ethyl alcohol and of thiomersal as preservatives in urinary cytology were compared. In both methods over 80% of the cells were sufficiently well preserved after three days to allow cytomorphological evaluation, and over 50% on the seventh day. In the specimens without preservative, only 54% and 28% were intact after the same time intervals. In contrast with 50% ethyl alchohol, thiomersal is a more effective bactericide, it does not increase the volume of the sample, it is cheaper, and it does not affect the cytomorphology.", "PMID": 374426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2476", "title": "Evaluation of acetaminophen, propoxyphene, and their combination in office practice.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with chronic painful disease treated in office practice willingly participated in a double-blind, crossover analgesic study. They were informed about (1) the medications--placebo, 650 mg acetaminophen, 100 mg propoxyphene napsylate, and the combination of the two active drugs; (2) the regimen--four to six single-tablet doses per day for two days, crossover; (3) the reporting system--estimates of pain intensity and scores for other symptoms to be reported daily by telephone; and (4) return of the unused medication on the next office visit. In comparison to placebo, propoxyphene provided statistically significant analgesia, but acetaminophen did not. Significant adverse effects were not present with any test drug when compared to test placebo.", "contents": "Evaluation of acetaminophen, propoxyphene, and their combination in office practice. Thirty-two patients with chronic painful disease treated in office practice willingly participated in a double-blind, crossover analgesic study. They were informed about (1) the medications--placebo, 650 mg acetaminophen, 100 mg propoxyphene napsylate, and the combination of the two active drugs; (2) the regimen--four to six single-tablet doses per day for two days, crossover; (3) the reporting system--estimates of pain intensity and scores for other symptoms to be reported daily by telephone; and (4) return of the unused medication on the next office visit. In comparison to placebo, propoxyphene provided statistically significant analgesia, but acetaminophen did not. Significant adverse effects were not present with any test drug when compared to test placebo.", "PMID": 374428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2477", "title": "Treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil: advantages and limitations.", "content": "Minoxidil, a new peripheral vasodilator, was used in the therapy of 26 hypertensives who were previously uncontrolled on conventional medications or who had dose-limiting side effects. Minoxidil provided (1) therapeutic advantages in all patients, regardless of the etiology of their hypertension, (2) no symptoms of orthostatic hypotension or sympathetic nervous system depression, (3) a simplification of medical regimens and perhaps costs, and (4) regression of impotence in four out of seven patients. The major limiting factors encountered were (1) fluid retention with the development of congestive heart failure in three patients, (2) pericardial effusion in three patients, and (3) hypertrichosis, which reduced its acceptability in female patients.", "contents": "Treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil: advantages and limitations. Minoxidil, a new peripheral vasodilator, was used in the therapy of 26 hypertensives who were previously uncontrolled on conventional medications or who had dose-limiting side effects. Minoxidil provided (1) therapeutic advantages in all patients, regardless of the etiology of their hypertension, (2) no symptoms of orthostatic hypotension or sympathetic nervous system depression, (3) a simplification of medical regimens and perhaps costs, and (4) regression of impotence in four out of seven patients. The major limiting factors encountered were (1) fluid retention with the development of congestive heart failure in three patients, (2) pericardial effusion in three patients, and (3) hypertrichosis, which reduced its acceptability in female patients.", "PMID": 374429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2478", "title": "Medieval arabic views on speech disorders: al-Razi (c. 865--925).", "content": "This paper discusses al-Razi's views on speech defects of lingual origin. It begins with a background sketch of the man, his times, and his major work, with its various translations. There follows translated extracts and analysis from his section on the causes and treatment of speech defects, seen in the light of the humoral theory of disease. Information is derived from the recently published Arabic version of Rzi's al-Hawi, which reveals that diagnosis was more advanced than is indicated in the Latin translations, which have been the principal source of reference in the West to date.", "contents": "Medieval arabic views on speech disorders: al-Razi (c. 865--925). This paper discusses al-Razi's views on speech defects of lingual origin. It begins with a background sketch of the man, his times, and his major work, with its various translations. There follows translated extracts and analysis from his section on the causes and treatment of speech defects, seen in the light of the humoral theory of disease. Information is derived from the recently published Arabic version of Rzi's al-Hawi, which reveals that diagnosis was more advanced than is indicated in the Latin translations, which have been the principal source of reference in the West to date.", "PMID": 374430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2479", "title": "Preprocessing in computed tomography picture analysis: a \"bone-deleting\" algorithm.", "content": "A procedure for automatic deletion of extracranial parts and bone in computed tomography (CT) pictures is presented. Such a procedure is a prerequisite for many types of quantitative image analysis. The algorithm can delineate complex bone contours and is completely independent of information outside the skull. Special options allow, in addition, the deletion of calcified parts of the brain and of some artifacts. The program is implemented in a general program system (PICPRO) developed for CT image analysis and picture manipulation.", "contents": "Preprocessing in computed tomography picture analysis: a \"bone-deleting\" algorithm. A procedure for automatic deletion of extracranial parts and bone in computed tomography (CT) pictures is presented. Such a procedure is a prerequisite for many types of quantitative image analysis. The algorithm can delineate complex bone contours and is completely independent of information outside the skull. Special options allow, in addition, the deletion of calcified parts of the brain and of some artifacts. The program is implemented in a general program system (PICPRO) developed for CT image analysis and picture manipulation.", "PMID": 374431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2480", "title": "Factors affecting tissue aluminum concentration.", "content": "Elevated concentration of aluminum has been reported in serum, whole blood and tissue samples of patients with renal insufficiency. Evidence incriminating aluminum as a neurotoxin among the dialysis population is strong. The source of this aluminum has not been clearly defined, although both gastrointestinal and parenteral routes may be involved. Data from this laboratory suggest that an effect of parathyroid hormone on tissue aluminum burdens may, in part, explain why only certain patients exposed to high dialysate aluminum develop the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome and the occasional occurrence of this syndrome in the absence of dialysis or increased dialysate aluminum.", "contents": "Factors affecting tissue aluminum concentration. Elevated concentration of aluminum has been reported in serum, whole blood and tissue samples of patients with renal insufficiency. Evidence incriminating aluminum as a neurotoxin among the dialysis population is strong. The source of this aluminum has not been clearly defined, although both gastrointestinal and parenteral routes may be involved. Data from this laboratory suggest that an effect of parathyroid hormone on tissue aluminum burdens may, in part, explain why only certain patients exposed to high dialysate aluminum develop the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome and the occasional occurrence of this syndrome in the absence of dialysis or increased dialysate aluminum.", "PMID": 374433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2481", "title": "Effect of two antibacterial mouth sprays and dentifrices on dental plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs.", "content": "Plaque inhibition by dilute mouth sprays and dentrifrices containing benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate was compared in beagle dogs. Agents with chlorhexidine gluconate produced less plaque than their benzethonium chloride or placebo counterparts, but the differences were not significant when compared to mean control scores registered during interexperimental recovery periods.", "contents": "Effect of two antibacterial mouth sprays and dentifrices on dental plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs. Plaque inhibition by dilute mouth sprays and dentrifrices containing benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate was compared in beagle dogs. Agents with chlorhexidine gluconate produced less plaque than their benzethonium chloride or placebo counterparts, but the differences were not significant when compared to mean control scores registered during interexperimental recovery periods.", "PMID": 374435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2482", "title": "Effect of autogenous marrow and calcitonin on reactions to a ceramic.", "content": "The effect of autogenous marrow and calcitonin on reactions to a tricalcium phosphate ceramic was studied by subcutaneous implantation in rats. No bone formation was evident in association with uncoated and calcitonin-coated ceramic. At four weeks and thereafter bone formation was evident in association with all marrow-coated implants.", "contents": "Effect of autogenous marrow and calcitonin on reactions to a ceramic. The effect of autogenous marrow and calcitonin on reactions to a tricalcium phosphate ceramic was studied by subcutaneous implantation in rats. No bone formation was evident in association with uncoated and calcitonin-coated ceramic. At four weeks and thereafter bone formation was evident in association with all marrow-coated implants.", "PMID": 374436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2483", "title": "Dental resins with reduced shrinkage during hardening.", "content": "Unsaturated spiro-orthocarbonates are monomers that expand on polymerization and will co-polymerize with conventional BIS-GMA based resins. This combination has good physical properties and bonding to enamel with some polymerization expansion evident at 50 C. Dispersion of the carbonate in microcrystalline form in liquid monomer appears to be a method to allow its reaction in the initial polymerization.", "contents": "Dental resins with reduced shrinkage during hardening. Unsaturated spiro-orthocarbonates are monomers that expand on polymerization and will co-polymerize with conventional BIS-GMA based resins. This combination has good physical properties and bonding to enamel with some polymerization expansion evident at 50 C. Dispersion of the carbonate in microcrystalline form in liquid monomer appears to be a method to allow its reaction in the initial polymerization.", "PMID": 374438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2484", "title": "Clinical placement and performance of composite resin restorations.", "content": "The most frequent complaints registered against composite restorations are stained margins and a rough surface. The stained margins have many causes such as (1) fracturing or crazing of enamel during preparation of the cavity, (2) using a composite having an excessive curing shrinkage, (3) manipulating too slowly, which permits a loss of plasticity during placement, (4) maintaining inadequate pressure during setting or curing of the composite, and (5) using finishing instruments which cause defects in the margin area of the tooth and/or composite. All of these the operator can control, and if not, the defect will be built into the restoration. The roughness of composites can be reduced by polishing with the finest grit available in disks and by coating with a glaze. Today's composite restorations placed with care will provide long lasting esthetic restorations providing they are not placed in areas subjected to load bearing abrasion.", "contents": "Clinical placement and performance of composite resin restorations. The most frequent complaints registered against composite restorations are stained margins and a rough surface. The stained margins have many causes such as (1) fracturing or crazing of enamel during preparation of the cavity, (2) using a composite having an excessive curing shrinkage, (3) manipulating too slowly, which permits a loss of plasticity during placement, (4) maintaining inadequate pressure during setting or curing of the composite, and (5) using finishing instruments which cause defects in the margin area of the tooth and/or composite. All of these the operator can control, and if not, the defect will be built into the restoration. The roughness of composites can be reduced by polishing with the finest grit available in disks and by coating with a glaze. Today's composite restorations placed with care will provide long lasting esthetic restorations providing they are not placed in areas subjected to load bearing abrasion.", "PMID": 374440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2485", "title": "The supply of dental manpower in the United States.", "content": "This description of the supply of dental services in the United States addresses the number, kind, distribution, and training of dentists and dental auxiliaries, and the organizational factors that affect the production of dental services. Beginning with a brief historical review, the paper gives a general overview of the different types of dental personnel including the dentist, dental hygienist, dental assistant, and laboratory technician. The discussion of these categories of providers includes consideration of manpower planning as it has evolved over the past two decades, National manpower legislation is mentioned first as a reaction to the projected dentist shortage and then in response to the issues of geographic maldistribution and the effects of specialization. The second section of the paper discusses the dynamics of the dental care market. The distribution of the supply of services is identified and related to patterns of utilization and productivity. These factors are considered to be part of the set of dynamic relationships that help explain the current manpower problems of geographic and specialty maldistribution. A concluding section superficially discusses policy implications regarding the potential for increasing supply by: (1) increasing the number of dentists, (2) increasing the numbers and functions of auxiliaries, (3) increasing practice efficiency through group practice, and (4) reducing the restrictions that result from current state dental practice acts.", "contents": "The supply of dental manpower in the United States. This description of the supply of dental services in the United States addresses the number, kind, distribution, and training of dentists and dental auxiliaries, and the organizational factors that affect the production of dental services. Beginning with a brief historical review, the paper gives a general overview of the different types of dental personnel including the dentist, dental hygienist, dental assistant, and laboratory technician. The discussion of these categories of providers includes consideration of manpower planning as it has evolved over the past two decades, National manpower legislation is mentioned first as a reaction to the projected dentist shortage and then in response to the issues of geographic maldistribution and the effects of specialization. The second section of the paper discusses the dynamics of the dental care market. The distribution of the supply of services is identified and related to patterns of utilization and productivity. These factors are considered to be part of the set of dynamic relationships that help explain the current manpower problems of geographic and specialty maldistribution. A concluding section superficially discusses policy implications regarding the potential for increasing supply by: (1) increasing the number of dentists, (2) increasing the numbers and functions of auxiliaries, (3) increasing practice efficiency through group practice, and (4) reducing the restrictions that result from current state dental practice acts.", "PMID": 374441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2486", "title": "Immediate repair of wounds following operations by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique.", "content": "With the introduction of the Mohs fresh-tissue technique, immediate repair of surgical wounds has become feasible in selected cases. In this article several case reports are presented to illustrate the use of primary closures, skin grafts, and flaps in an office facility.", "contents": "Immediate repair of wounds following operations by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique. With the introduction of the Mohs fresh-tissue technique, immediate repair of surgical wounds has become feasible in selected cases. In this article several case reports are presented to illustrate the use of primary closures, skin grafts, and flaps in an office facility.", "PMID": 374442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2487", "title": "Acute gastro-intestinal bleeding in the critically ill patient.", "content": "Endoscopic studies have shown that all critically ill patients are liable to a degree of stress ulceration. Diffuse erosions appear first in the fundus and then spread to the corpus and antrum within 48 h. Duodenal disease is particularly common in burns patients. Discrete ulceration occurs in most severely injured patients. Mucosal damage is probably initiated by ischaemia but only develops in the presence of acid. Although related to the severity of underlying illness, haemorrhage is unpredictable. Mortality is high and largely unaffected by treatment. Emphasis should therefore be made on prophylaxis. Improved intensive reducing intra-luminal acid by antacid or H2 receptor antagonists appears to be the most effective measure, but controlled studies are required.", "contents": "Acute gastro-intestinal bleeding in the critically ill patient. Endoscopic studies have shown that all critically ill patients are liable to a degree of stress ulceration. Diffuse erosions appear first in the fundus and then spread to the corpus and antrum within 48 h. Duodenal disease is particularly common in burns patients. Discrete ulceration occurs in most severely injured patients. Mucosal damage is probably initiated by ischaemia but only develops in the presence of acid. Although related to the severity of underlying illness, haemorrhage is unpredictable. Mortality is high and largely unaffected by treatment. Emphasis should therefore be made on prophylaxis. Improved intensive reducing intra-luminal acid by antacid or H2 receptor antagonists appears to be the most effective measure, but controlled studies are required.", "PMID": 374443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2488", "title": "Double-blind and triple-blind assessments of medication and placebo responses in hyperactive children.", "content": "Hyperactive boys taking psychostimulant medication were studied using a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Behavior ratings and medication guesstimates were obtained for the boys when they were given methylphenidate (Ritalin) and when they were given a placebo. The ratings showed positive medication-related changes, and the guesses, done by independent judges, were significantly better than chance. The pattern of ratings for double-blind and triple-blind raters was identical. These results imply that positive psychostimulant effects are not attributable to rater sensitization or expectancy. The medication-placebo differences were highly reliable for the group comparisons and were in the predicted direction for 21 of 22 individuals, but the magnitude of the change for many individuals was not dramatic. Implications for child psychopharmacology research and differences between clinical and experimental significance are discussed.", "contents": "Double-blind and triple-blind assessments of medication and placebo responses in hyperactive children. Hyperactive boys taking psychostimulant medication were studied using a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Behavior ratings and medication guesstimates were obtained for the boys when they were given methylphenidate (Ritalin) and when they were given a placebo. The ratings showed positive medication-related changes, and the guesses, done by independent judges, were significantly better than chance. The pattern of ratings for double-blind and triple-blind raters was identical. These results imply that positive psychostimulant effects are not attributable to rater sensitization or expectancy. The medication-placebo differences were highly reliable for the group comparisons and were in the predicted direction for 21 of 22 individuals, but the magnitude of the change for many individuals was not dramatic. Implications for child psychopharmacology research and differences between clinical and experimental significance are discussed.", "PMID": 374446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2489", "title": "A comparative study of two pit and fissure sealants: two-year results in Augusta, Ga.", "content": "Two pit and fissure sealants, an autopolymerized unfilled resin, and an ultraviolet-light-curing unfilled resin, applied to the permanent first molars of children are compared in terms of retention and efficacy.", "contents": "A comparative study of two pit and fissure sealants: two-year results in Augusta, Ga. Two pit and fissure sealants, an autopolymerized unfilled resin, and an ultraviolet-light-curing unfilled resin, applied to the permanent first molars of children are compared in terms of retention and efficacy.", "PMID": 374449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2490", "title": "United States Air Force survey of dental needs, 1977: methodology and summary of findings.", "content": "This study represents the first, comprehensive baseline survey of dental needs conducted in the US Air Force. The air force population was stratified by command, base, and grade, and 5,805 active duty air force members, aged 17 to 57 years (mean, 27.83), were examined at random to determine their overall oral health status. Data were collected from 42 air force bases, representing 11 worldwide commands, which comprised 90% of all active duty members. This article presents the methodology for the study, a summary of the findings, and a comparison of dental needs among recruits and all other grades of active duty air force personnel. Results indicate a significant level of unmet dental needs in the US Air Force. For example, the average active duty individual presently serving in the air force would require eight hours and 48 minutes of chairside care to provide comprehensive treatment. Each entry level recruit would need an average of ten hours and 23 minutes of dental treatment.", "contents": "United States Air Force survey of dental needs, 1977: methodology and summary of findings. This study represents the first, comprehensive baseline survey of dental needs conducted in the US Air Force. The air force population was stratified by command, base, and grade, and 5,805 active duty air force members, aged 17 to 57 years (mean, 27.83), were examined at random to determine their overall oral health status. Data were collected from 42 air force bases, representing 11 worldwide commands, which comprised 90% of all active duty members. This article presents the methodology for the study, a summary of the findings, and a comparison of dental needs among recruits and all other grades of active duty air force personnel. Results indicate a significant level of unmet dental needs in the US Air Force. For example, the average active duty individual presently serving in the air force would require eight hours and 48 minutes of chairside care to provide comprehensive treatment. Each entry level recruit would need an average of ten hours and 23 minutes of dental treatment.", "PMID": 374450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2491", "title": "Is atherosclerosis reversible?", "content": "In this review, the author recapitulates the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The relationship of high plasma cholesterol and the per cent of caloric intake from saturated fat is noted. Can intervention on risk factors prevent or reverse atherosclerosis? In animal studies, regression of atherosclerotic lesions has been achieved when dietary factors were manipulated. Recent studies in man have also pointed to the effectiveness of reducing cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in atherosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "Is atherosclerosis reversible? In this review, the author recapitulates the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The relationship of high plasma cholesterol and the per cent of caloric intake from saturated fat is noted. Can intervention on risk factors prevent or reverse atherosclerosis? In animal studies, regression of atherosclerotic lesions has been achieved when dietary factors were manipulated. Recent studies in man have also pointed to the effectiveness of reducing cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in atherosclerotic plaques.", "PMID": 374453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2492", "title": "Comparative tolerance of elderly from differing ethnic backgrounds to lactose-containing and lactose-free dairy drinks: a double-blind study.", "content": "Milk intolerance was investigated in 87 healthy elderly individuals with a mean age of 77 years who were given 240 ml of a chocolate dairy drink twice in one week with a light lunch. No significant differences in symptomatic responses distinguished the subjects consuming a lactose-free (LF) drink from those consuming a drink containing 4.5% lactose (LC) under double-blind study conditions. Breath hydrogen analysis during lactose tolerance testing identified 23 malabsorbers, none of whom responded exclusively to the LC drink, although five were symptomatic on both days, and two had symptoms only on the day the LF drink was served. A similar percentage of absorbers (72%) and malabsorbers (70%) were asymptomatic on both days. Factors other than lactose malabsorption appeared to be responsible for the symptoms of intolerance reported, and most may have been psychosomatic in origin.", "contents": "Comparative tolerance of elderly from differing ethnic backgrounds to lactose-containing and lactose-free dairy drinks: a double-blind study. Milk intolerance was investigated in 87 healthy elderly individuals with a mean age of 77 years who were given 240 ml of a chocolate dairy drink twice in one week with a light lunch. No significant differences in symptomatic responses distinguished the subjects consuming a lactose-free (LF) drink from those consuming a drink containing 4.5% lactose (LC) under double-blind study conditions. Breath hydrogen analysis during lactose tolerance testing identified 23 malabsorbers, none of whom responded exclusively to the LC drink, although five were symptomatic on both days, and two had symptoms only on the day the LF drink was served. A similar percentage of absorbers (72%) and malabsorbers (70%) were asymptomatic on both days. Factors other than lactose malabsorption appeared to be responsible for the symptoms of intolerance reported, and most may have been psychosomatic in origin.", "PMID": 374454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2493", "title": "An automated microscope for quantitative cytology combining television image analysis and stage scanning microphotometry.", "content": "This paper describes an automated microscope developed for operation in conjunction with the Leyden Television Analysis System. It features automated control of magnification, illumination, movement of scanning stages, and fine focus. These functions are controlled by means of a microcomputer. This enables a flexible design and relieves the supervising computer of simple but time consuming tasks. The combination of an automated microscope and Leyden Television Analysis System provides a powerful tool in quantitative cytological research. The flexible design permits other microscopic functions to be added with relatively little effort.", "contents": "An automated microscope for quantitative cytology combining television image analysis and stage scanning microphotometry. This paper describes an automated microscope developed for operation in conjunction with the Leyden Television Analysis System. It features automated control of magnification, illumination, movement of scanning stages, and fine focus. These functions are controlled by means of a microcomputer. This enables a flexible design and relieves the supervising computer of simple but time consuming tasks. The combination of an automated microscope and Leyden Television Analysis System provides a powerful tool in quantitative cytological research. The flexible design permits other microscopic functions to be added with relatively little effort.", "PMID": 374568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2494", "title": "A double scanning microphotometer for image analysis: hardware, software and biomedical applications.", "content": "A new image processing system designed for densitometry and pattern analysis of microscopic specimens is described with special regard to the hardware, the software and the biologic applications. The data acquisition procedure involves the combination between the scanning of the preparation by means of a motorized stage and the scanning of successive fields by a mechanical device. The signal provided by the photomultiplier is converted into digital values which are directed to an on-line computer. The data processing is based on a one-pass computation involving automata theory and therefore it avoids the storage of the image in the computer memory. In so doing, an entire and continuous image of the whole preparation can be processed at the highest magnification of the microscope whatever the size of the analyzed specimen may be. A biologic application of the system is reported and concerns the automatic identification and counting of cells in the various phases of the mitotic cycle.", "contents": "A double scanning microphotometer for image analysis: hardware, software and biomedical applications. A new image processing system designed for densitometry and pattern analysis of microscopic specimens is described with special regard to the hardware, the software and the biologic applications. The data acquisition procedure involves the combination between the scanning of the preparation by means of a motorized stage and the scanning of successive fields by a mechanical device. The signal provided by the photomultiplier is converted into digital values which are directed to an on-line computer. The data processing is based on a one-pass computation involving automata theory and therefore it avoids the storage of the image in the computer memory. In so doing, an entire and continuous image of the whole preparation can be processed at the highest magnification of the microscope whatever the size of the analyzed specimen may be. A biologic application of the system is reported and concerns the automatic identification and counting of cells in the various phases of the mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 374569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2495", "title": "Ultrafast laser scanner microscope.", "content": "Advances in monolayer deposition of cervical cells have removed one of the last serious obstacles to the design of high-resolution automated diagnostic assessment systems. In this article, we describe the design considerations for a system that is capable of acquiring, within 60 sec, a 0.5 micron digitized image of a 4 cm2 area on a standard glass slide. The most feasible approach is found to be a system using a rotating polygon to sweep the focused spot from a laser across a 2-mm scan line while the slide is uniformly translated perpendicular to the scan direction the use of laser sources (a helium-neon laser at 632 nm and a krypton ion laser at 568 and/or 476 nm) as compared to the incoherent light sources used in conventional microscope systems alleviates many of the optical design problems and provides the proper wavelengths needed for recognition of Papanicolaou stained cells. We also find that focus control of the scanning spot should be achievable using a technique involving a holographic grating. Other relevant considerations such as sample heating problems, multiphoton absorption by the sample, detector signal-to-noise ratios, laser amplitude noise control, and the digitization and buffering of the data stream are also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrafast laser scanner microscope. Advances in monolayer deposition of cervical cells have removed one of the last serious obstacles to the design of high-resolution automated diagnostic assessment systems. In this article, we describe the design considerations for a system that is capable of acquiring, within 60 sec, a 0.5 micron digitized image of a 4 cm2 area on a standard glass slide. The most feasible approach is found to be a system using a rotating polygon to sweep the focused spot from a laser across a 2-mm scan line while the slide is uniformly translated perpendicular to the scan direction the use of laser sources (a helium-neon laser at 632 nm and a krypton ion laser at 568 and/or 476 nm) as compared to the incoherent light sources used in conventional microscope systems alleviates many of the optical design problems and provides the proper wavelengths needed for recognition of Papanicolaou stained cells. We also find that focus control of the scanning spot should be achievable using a technique involving a holographic grating. Other relevant considerations such as sample heating problems, multiphoton absorption by the sample, detector signal-to-noise ratios, laser amplitude noise control, and the digitization and buffering of the data stream are also discussed.", "PMID": 374570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2496", "title": "A practical application of computer pattern recognition research: the Abbott ADC-500 differential classifier.", "content": "The ADC-500 is a new blood cell differential classifier manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. It performs 500-cell leukocyte differentials on both normal and abnormal cells, evaluates red cell morphology and estimates platelet sufficiency at a rate of 40 to 50 samples per hour in stand-alone operation. The ADC-500 system consists of a spinner which prepares a uniform blood monolayer on a slide, a stainer which reproducibly stains the slide with Wright's stain, an encoder which attaches an instrument and human readable identification to the slide and an analyzer which accepts a stack of up to 50 slides, evaluates these slides and prints the results and the slide identification on report forms. The system's analysis rate, which represents a 5- to 10-fold increase over other commercially available differential counters, requires a number of specialized techniques for its realization. One key to this performance is the development of a high speed X-Y slide positioning stage which can move to a new cell and settle in 50 msec. Another is the high degree of parallelism used in the system structure and the pipelining of the data processing. A third is the development of uniform and repeatable sample preparation modules. Within the analyzer module, the autofocus, white cell acquisition and high resolution cell analysis systems are independent and operate in parallel. At the same time within the high resolution cell analysis system, one cell is acquired; the digitized image of a second processed; and a third is classified using pattern recognition techniques. All of these tasks, except focus, are under the control of a minicomputer system. Tests of the system reveal good accuracy and an improvement in precision due to the increase in the number of counted cells.", "contents": "A practical application of computer pattern recognition research: the Abbott ADC-500 differential classifier. The ADC-500 is a new blood cell differential classifier manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. It performs 500-cell leukocyte differentials on both normal and abnormal cells, evaluates red cell morphology and estimates platelet sufficiency at a rate of 40 to 50 samples per hour in stand-alone operation. The ADC-500 system consists of a spinner which prepares a uniform blood monolayer on a slide, a stainer which reproducibly stains the slide with Wright's stain, an encoder which attaches an instrument and human readable identification to the slide and an analyzer which accepts a stack of up to 50 slides, evaluates these slides and prints the results and the slide identification on report forms. The system's analysis rate, which represents a 5- to 10-fold increase over other commercially available differential counters, requires a number of specialized techniques for its realization. One key to this performance is the development of a high speed X-Y slide positioning stage which can move to a new cell and settle in 50 msec. Another is the high degree of parallelism used in the system structure and the pipelining of the data processing. A third is the development of uniform and repeatable sample preparation modules. Within the analyzer module, the autofocus, white cell acquisition and high resolution cell analysis systems are independent and operate in parallel. At the same time within the high resolution cell analysis system, one cell is acquired; the digitized image of a second processed; and a third is classified using pattern recognition techniques. All of these tasks, except focus, are under the control of a minicomputer system. Tests of the system reveal good accuracy and an improvement in precision due to the increase in the number of counted cells.", "PMID": 374571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2497", "title": "Rapid analysis of hematology image data: the ADC-500 preprocessor.", "content": "A sequential, pipeline processor (that we have named the ADC-500 preprocessor) has been developed which scene segments the three color image data from the ADC-500 optics one image element at a time, groups together image elements from each object in the scene and extracts features from each object. The processing occurs at television frame rates, requiring 16.7 msec to process the entire image. This speed was instrumental in allowing the ADC-500 automated differential analyzer to perform routine 500-cell differentials. The preprocessor also contains hardware which simplifies compilation of the three color histograms. The segmentation algorithms implemented in the preprocessor are multicolor extensions of the classical monochrome density histogram threshold method. For most cell image analysis tasks, a sequential pipeline processor of this type should be more economical and as fast or faster than a parallel processor.", "contents": "Rapid analysis of hematology image data: the ADC-500 preprocessor. A sequential, pipeline processor (that we have named the ADC-500 preprocessor) has been developed which scene segments the three color image data from the ADC-500 optics one image element at a time, groups together image elements from each object in the scene and extracts features from each object. The processing occurs at television frame rates, requiring 16.7 msec to process the entire image. This speed was instrumental in allowing the ADC-500 automated differential analyzer to perform routine 500-cell differentials. The preprocessor also contains hardware which simplifies compilation of the three color histograms. The segmentation algorithms implemented in the preprocessor are multicolor extensions of the classical monochrome density histogram threshold method. For most cell image analysis tasks, a sequential pipeline processor of this type should be more economical and as fast or faster than a parallel processor.", "PMID": 374572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2498", "title": "A thresholding method for automatic cell image segmentation.", "content": "An algorithm for automatic segmentation of PAP-stained cell images and its digital implementation is described. First, the image is filtered in order to eliminate the granularily and small objects in the image which may upset the segmentation procedure. In a second step, information on gradient and compactness is extracted from the filtered image and stored in three histograms as functions of the extinction. From these histograms, two extinction thresholds are computed. These thresholds are suitable to separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm, and the cytoplasm from the background in the filtered image. Masks are determined in this way, and finally used to analyse the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the original image.", "contents": "A thresholding method for automatic cell image segmentation. An algorithm for automatic segmentation of PAP-stained cell images and its digital implementation is described. First, the image is filtered in order to eliminate the granularily and small objects in the image which may upset the segmentation procedure. In a second step, information on gradient and compactness is extracted from the filtered image and stored in three histograms as functions of the extinction. From these histograms, two extinction thresholds are computed. These thresholds are suitable to separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm, and the cytoplasm from the background in the filtered image. Masks are determined in this way, and finally used to analyse the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the original image.", "PMID": 374573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2499", "title": "Correlation between nuclear morphology and rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a normal cell line.", "content": "Chinese hamster fibroblasts were investigated for the existence of correlations between proliferative activity and nuclear morphology. As a proliferative parameter, the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells was determined by quantitative 14C-autoradiography. In a second step the images of the Feulgen-stained nuclei were digitized for extraction of features of morphology and texture. These features were correlated with the corresponding DNA synthesis rate values. The following relationships were found: Round nuclei have higher rates of DNA synthesis than flat ones. The more chromatin is packed at the nuclear rim, possibly representing heterochromatin, the lower the rate of DNA synthesis. The DNA synthesis rate also correlates with the graininess of chromatin. Larger areas of condensed chromatin are associated with lower rate values. A fine and irregular network of chromatin, as is typical of immature cell types, is associated with a high rate of DNA synthesis. Although these results are presently confined to the cell line investigated, parallels seem to exist to other cell types, such as erythropoietic cells, which await further investigation.", "contents": "Correlation between nuclear morphology and rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a normal cell line. Chinese hamster fibroblasts were investigated for the existence of correlations between proliferative activity and nuclear morphology. As a proliferative parameter, the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells was determined by quantitative 14C-autoradiography. In a second step the images of the Feulgen-stained nuclei were digitized for extraction of features of morphology and texture. These features were correlated with the corresponding DNA synthesis rate values. The following relationships were found: Round nuclei have higher rates of DNA synthesis than flat ones. The more chromatin is packed at the nuclear rim, possibly representing heterochromatin, the lower the rate of DNA synthesis. The DNA synthesis rate also correlates with the graininess of chromatin. Larger areas of condensed chromatin are associated with lower rate values. A fine and irregular network of chromatin, as is typical of immature cell types, is associated with a high rate of DNA synthesis. Although these results are presently confined to the cell line investigated, parallels seem to exist to other cell types, such as erythropoietic cells, which await further investigation.", "PMID": 374574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2500", "title": "Texture analysis of cervical cell nuclei by segmentation of chromatin patterns.", "content": "Texture parameters of the nuclear chromatin pattern can contribute to the automated classification of specimens on the basis of single cell analysis in cervical cytology. Current texture parameters are abstract and therefore hamper understanding. In this paper texture parameters are described that can be derived from the chromatin pattern after segmentation of the nuclear image. These texture parameters are more directly related to the visual properties of the chromatin pattern. The image segmentation procedure is based on a region grow algorithm which specifically isolates high chromatin density. The texture analysis method has been tested on a data set of images of 112 cervical nuclei on photographic negatives digitized with a step size of 0.125 micron. The preliminary results of a classification trial indicate that these visually interpretable parameters have promising discriminatory power for the distinction between negative and positive specimens.", "contents": "Texture analysis of cervical cell nuclei by segmentation of chromatin patterns. Texture parameters of the nuclear chromatin pattern can contribute to the automated classification of specimens on the basis of single cell analysis in cervical cytology. Current texture parameters are abstract and therefore hamper understanding. In this paper texture parameters are described that can be derived from the chromatin pattern after segmentation of the nuclear image. These texture parameters are more directly related to the visual properties of the chromatin pattern. The image segmentation procedure is based on a region grow algorithm which specifically isolates high chromatin density. The texture analysis method has been tested on a data set of images of 112 cervical nuclei on photographic negatives digitized with a step size of 0.125 micron. The preliminary results of a classification trial indicate that these visually interpretable parameters have promising discriminatory power for the distinction between negative and positive specimens.", "PMID": 374575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2501", "title": "Computer aided analysis of chromatin network and basophil color for differentiation of mononuclear peripheral blood cells.", "content": "Computer aided differentiation of plasmoblasts, Pfeiffer cells, immunoblasts, lymphocytes and centrocytes is achieved with the parameters of chromatin network arrangement and structure, and multispectral cytoplasm color. The digital methods involve: (a) segmenting the nuclear image into topographic sections and analyzing the optical density distribution from the chromatin in these sections; (b) determining the nuclear structure with a 7 x 7 median filter, gradient filter and contour following algorithms; and (c) clustering two-dimensional chromatic data from panoptically stained cellular components. The parameters reported here are a subset of those needed for the automated diagnosis of many hematologic diseases especially the leukemias.", "contents": "Computer aided analysis of chromatin network and basophil color for differentiation of mononuclear peripheral blood cells. Computer aided differentiation of plasmoblasts, Pfeiffer cells, immunoblasts, lymphocytes and centrocytes is achieved with the parameters of chromatin network arrangement and structure, and multispectral cytoplasm color. The digital methods involve: (a) segmenting the nuclear image into topographic sections and analyzing the optical density distribution from the chromatin in these sections; (b) determining the nuclear structure with a 7 x 7 median filter, gradient filter and contour following algorithms; and (c) clustering two-dimensional chromatic data from panoptically stained cellular components. The parameters reported here are a subset of those needed for the automated diagnosis of many hematologic diseases especially the leukemias.", "PMID": 374576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2502", "title": "Effectiveness of feature groups for automated pairwise leukocyte class discrimination.", "content": "Automated blood cell differentials using statistical classification techniques have been implemented in several commercial machines. The machine-derived features used to classify leukocytes resemble the descriptors used by humans performing visual classification, e.g. size, content, shape, color, and texture. However, because of our crude modeling of vision there is no universally accepted measure of characteristics such as shape, color, or texture. One expects, therefore, that features which are powerful discriminators for humans may perform poorly when quantified by machine, while other parameters may be more precisely measured automatically and so prove more useful in cell classification. This paper reports the results of a feature evaluation study for automated discrimination between all pairs of a large set of leukocyte classes consisting of both normal and abnormal types. To provide a framework for comparing automated feature ordering with the ranking attached by medical technologists, the machine-derived features were divided into six groups: size and content, mean and mode, cytoplasm/nucleus comparison, contrast and texture, color, and nuclear shape. A sequential procedure was used to select the best five-feature set from each group and the globally best five-feature set for each pairwise classification. The results illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of machine-derived descriptors for each type of decision.", "contents": "Effectiveness of feature groups for automated pairwise leukocyte class discrimination. Automated blood cell differentials using statistical classification techniques have been implemented in several commercial machines. The machine-derived features used to classify leukocytes resemble the descriptors used by humans performing visual classification, e.g. size, content, shape, color, and texture. However, because of our crude modeling of vision there is no universally accepted measure of characteristics such as shape, color, or texture. One expects, therefore, that features which are powerful discriminators for humans may perform poorly when quantified by machine, while other parameters may be more precisely measured automatically and so prove more useful in cell classification. This paper reports the results of a feature evaluation study for automated discrimination between all pairs of a large set of leukocyte classes consisting of both normal and abnormal types. To provide a framework for comparing automated feature ordering with the ranking attached by medical technologists, the machine-derived features were divided into six groups: size and content, mean and mode, cytoplasm/nucleus comparison, contrast and texture, color, and nuclear shape. A sequential procedure was used to select the best five-feature set from each group and the globally best five-feature set for each pairwise classification. The results illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of machine-derived descriptors for each type of decision.", "PMID": 374577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2503", "title": "Automated quantitative analysis of single and double label autoradiographs.", "content": "A method for the analysis of silver grain content in both single and double label autoradiographs is presented. The total grain area is calculated by counting the number of pixels at which the recorded light intensity in transmission dark field illumination exceeds a selected threshold. The calibration tests included autoradiographs with low (3H-thymidin) and high (3H-desoxyuridin) silver grain density. The results are proportional to the customary visual grain count. For the range of visibly countable grain densities in single labeled specimens, the correlation coefficient between the computed values and the visual grain counts is better than 0.96. In the first emulsion of the two emulsion layer autoradiographs of double labeled specimens (3H-14C-thymidin) the correlation coefficient is 0.919 and 0.906. The method provides a statistical correction for the background grains not due to the isotope. The possibility to record 14C tracks by shifting the focus through the second emulsion of the double labeled specimens is also demonstrated. The reported technique is essentially independent of size, shape and density of the grains.", "contents": "Automated quantitative analysis of single and double label autoradiographs. A method for the analysis of silver grain content in both single and double label autoradiographs is presented. The total grain area is calculated by counting the number of pixels at which the recorded light intensity in transmission dark field illumination exceeds a selected threshold. The calibration tests included autoradiographs with low (3H-thymidin) and high (3H-desoxyuridin) silver grain density. The results are proportional to the customary visual grain count. For the range of visibly countable grain densities in single labeled specimens, the correlation coefficient between the computed values and the visual grain counts is better than 0.96. In the first emulsion of the two emulsion layer autoradiographs of double labeled specimens (3H-14C-thymidin) the correlation coefficient is 0.919 and 0.906. The method provides a statistical correction for the background grains not due to the isotope. The possibility to record 14C tracks by shifting the focus through the second emulsion of the double labeled specimens is also demonstrated. The reported technique is essentially independent of size, shape and density of the grains.", "PMID": 374578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2504", "title": "The automated multiparameter analyzer for cells (AMAC) IIA, a true bridge circuit Coulter-type electronic cell volume transducer.", "content": "A true bridge Coulter effect (electronic cell volume) transducer has been developed. All resistances of this bridge are now the result of current flow through saline channels. Contamination by electrode products including gas bubbles has been completely eliminated since both power electrodes are now remote from the flow chamber. Since the orifice is in series with an approximately 10 K ohm resistance generated by a gel-filled capillary and a displacement rheostat, it floats electrically, at virtual ground. The other side of the bridge consists of a fluid side-wire. Removing the power electrode from the orifice outlet makes possible downward flow and the use of a single outer sheath, and eliminates noise generated by gas bubbles which could possibly be trapped. It should now be possible to combine this design with that of the AMAC III square orifice, to produce an electro-optical sorter where all parameters are measured simultaneously. This true bridge circuit possesses the further advantage that noise due both to the power supply and to overvoltage at the power electrodes is common-mode rejected, and any drift due to changes in electrode polarization is eliminated. Preliminary experiments confirm results with the AMAC II that hemoglobinopathies can be recognized by the increased coefficient of variation (CV) of the erythrocyte spectra.", "contents": "The automated multiparameter analyzer for cells (AMAC) IIA, a true bridge circuit Coulter-type electronic cell volume transducer. A true bridge Coulter effect (electronic cell volume) transducer has been developed. All resistances of this bridge are now the result of current flow through saline channels. Contamination by electrode products including gas bubbles has been completely eliminated since both power electrodes are now remote from the flow chamber. Since the orifice is in series with an approximately 10 K ohm resistance generated by a gel-filled capillary and a displacement rheostat, it floats electrically, at virtual ground. The other side of the bridge consists of a fluid side-wire. Removing the power electrode from the orifice outlet makes possible downward flow and the use of a single outer sheath, and eliminates noise generated by gas bubbles which could possibly be trapped. It should now be possible to combine this design with that of the AMAC III square orifice, to produce an electro-optical sorter where all parameters are measured simultaneously. This true bridge circuit possesses the further advantage that noise due both to the power supply and to overvoltage at the power electrodes is common-mode rejected, and any drift due to changes in electrode polarization is eliminated. Preliminary experiments confirm results with the AMAC II that hemoglobinopathies can be recognized by the increased coefficient of variation (CV) of the erythrocyte spectra.", "PMID": 374579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2505", "title": "Flow-system measurement of cell impedance properties.", "content": "A flow-system technique has been developed that detects the high-frequency resistance and capacitance changes in a sensing orifice due to the passage of cells through the orifice. The resistance and capacitance changes are related to cell properties such as size, plasma membrane capacitance, and electrical resistivity of the cell interior. The relationship between measured impedances and cellular properties is discussed, and the prototype instrument for making such measurements is described. The instrument can simultaneously detect the dc Coulter volume and two ac parameters related to the complex ac impedance change. Some initial tests of the instrument using plastic microspheres and Chinese hamster ovary cells are described.", "contents": "Flow-system measurement of cell impedance properties. A flow-system technique has been developed that detects the high-frequency resistance and capacitance changes in a sensing orifice due to the passage of cells through the orifice. The resistance and capacitance changes are related to cell properties such as size, plasma membrane capacitance, and electrical resistivity of the cell interior. The relationship between measured impedances and cellular properties is discussed, and the prototype instrument for making such measurements is described. The instrument can simultaneously detect the dc Coulter volume and two ac parameters related to the complex ac impedance change. Some initial tests of the instrument using plastic microspheres and Chinese hamster ovary cells are described.", "PMID": 374580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2506", "title": "A comparison of mercury arc lamp and laser illumination for flow cytometers.", "content": "Optical differences between a mercury arc lamp and a laser-illuminated flow cytometer are compared. The distributions of spectral intensities of the two light sources are shown in relation to the excitation characteristics of the fluorescent dyes acriflavine, chromomycin A3, mithramycin, ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33258, and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Fluorescence intensities of microspheres and Hoechst 33258-stained mouse sperm are compared in the two cytometers. The optical efficiencies are similar and depend on the match of the excitation characteristics of the stain with the emission spectra of the light source.", "contents": "A comparison of mercury arc lamp and laser illumination for flow cytometers. Optical differences between a mercury arc lamp and a laser-illuminated flow cytometer are compared. The distributions of spectral intensities of the two light sources are shown in relation to the excitation characteristics of the fluorescent dyes acriflavine, chromomycin A3, mithramycin, ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33258, and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Fluorescence intensities of microspheres and Hoechst 33258-stained mouse sperm are compared in the two cytometers. The optical efficiencies are similar and depend on the match of the excitation characteristics of the stain with the emission spectra of the light source.", "PMID": 374581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2507", "title": "Fluorescence intensity resolution in flow systems.", "content": "The factor which can limit fluorescence intensity resolution in a flow cytometer of the type in which cells pass perpendicularly through a focussed laser beam depends on signal intensity. For the brightest sources (e.g. fluorescent DNA stains), the coefficient of variation (CV) is limited in our system to around 3% by stream hydrodynamics, unstable illumination intensity, nonstoichiometric staining, etc. The weakest detectable sources (e.g. fluorescent cell-surface labels) are limited in coefficient of variation by shot noise in the photomultiplier due to constant background light levels. Finally, over a fairly wide brightness range between these extremes, resolution is determined primarily by photoelectron statistical variation on the signal itself (i.e. \"photon statistics\"). Thus photon collection and detection efficiency (solid angle, barrier filter passband, detector quantum efficiency) become of primary importance.", "contents": "Fluorescence intensity resolution in flow systems. The factor which can limit fluorescence intensity resolution in a flow cytometer of the type in which cells pass perpendicularly through a focussed laser beam depends on signal intensity. For the brightest sources (e.g. fluorescent DNA stains), the coefficient of variation (CV) is limited in our system to around 3% by stream hydrodynamics, unstable illumination intensity, nonstoichiometric staining, etc. The weakest detectable sources (e.g. fluorescent cell-surface labels) are limited in coefficient of variation by shot noise in the photomultiplier due to constant background light levels. Finally, over a fairly wide brightness range between these extremes, resolution is determined primarily by photoelectron statistical variation on the signal itself (i.e. \"photon statistics\"). Thus photon collection and detection efficiency (solid angle, barrier filter passband, detector quantum efficiency) become of primary importance.", "PMID": 374582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2508", "title": "Light scattering with stream-in-air flow systems.", "content": "Both forward angle and 90 degrees light-scattering measurements have been used for cell sizing with stream-in-air flow systems with very little theoretical base for the measurements. Mie theory calculations are compared with measurements on plastic microspheres. Detector response for homogeneous spheres is shown to be sensitive to refractive index.", "contents": "Light scattering with stream-in-air flow systems. Both forward angle and 90 degrees light-scattering measurements have been used for cell sizing with stream-in-air flow systems with very little theoretical base for the measurements. Mie theory calculations are compared with measurements on plastic microspheres. Detector response for homogeneous spheres is shown to be sensitive to refractive index.", "PMID": 374583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2509", "title": "A statistical approach to the classification of biological cells from their diffraction patterns.", "content": "An effective method of graphically representing complex biological data is presented, and a statistical classification technique is outlined including an example involving exfoliated cervical cells.", "contents": "A statistical approach to the classification of biological cells from their diffraction patterns. An effective method of graphically representing complex biological data is presented, and a statistical classification technique is outlined including an example involving exfoliated cervical cells.", "PMID": 374584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2510", "title": "Dual-laser flow cytometry of single mammalian cells.", "content": "An improved dual-laser flow cytometric system for quantitative analysis and sorting of mammalian cells has been developed using a low-power argon and high-power krypton laser as illumination sources, thus permitting the excitation of fluorescent dyes having absorption regions ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared. Cells stained in liquid suspension with fluorescent dyes enter a flow chamber where they intersect two spatially separated laser beams. Separate pairs of quartz beam-shaping optics focus each beam onto the cell stream. Electro-optical sensors measure fluorescence and light scatter signals from cells that are processed electronically and displayed as frequency distribution histograms. Cells also can be electronically separated and microscopically identified. The ease and versatility of operation designed into this system represent a marked technological improvement for dual-laser excited flow systems. Details of this instrument are described along with illustrative examples of cells stained with mithramycin and rhodamine and analyzed for DNA content, total protein, and nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter.", "contents": "Dual-laser flow cytometry of single mammalian cells. An improved dual-laser flow cytometric system for quantitative analysis and sorting of mammalian cells has been developed using a low-power argon and high-power krypton laser as illumination sources, thus permitting the excitation of fluorescent dyes having absorption regions ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared. Cells stained in liquid suspension with fluorescent dyes enter a flow chamber where they intersect two spatially separated laser beams. Separate pairs of quartz beam-shaping optics focus each beam onto the cell stream. Electro-optical sensors measure fluorescence and light scatter signals from cells that are processed electronically and displayed as frequency distribution histograms. Cells also can be electronically separated and microscopically identified. The ease and versatility of operation designed into this system represent a marked technological improvement for dual-laser excited flow systems. Details of this instrument are described along with illustrative examples of cells stained with mithramycin and rhodamine and analyzed for DNA content, total protein, and nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter.", "PMID": 374585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2511", "title": "A real-time delay monitor for flow-system cell sorters.", "content": "For optimum performance in cell sorting, it is critical to assure proper timing in the charging of droplets to be deflected. A method for determining the transiet delay time in cell sorters has been devised and applied to daily operation in the Los Alamos sorter systems. This delay monitor relies on detection of either scattered or absorbed light from cells in the fluid stream near the point of droplet breakoff.", "contents": "A real-time delay monitor for flow-system cell sorters. For optimum performance in cell sorting, it is critical to assure proper timing in the charging of droplets to be deflected. A method for determining the transiet delay time in cell sorters has been devised and applied to daily operation in the Los Alamos sorter systems. This delay monitor relies on detection of either scattered or absorbed light from cells in the fluid stream near the point of droplet breakoff.", "PMID": 374586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2512", "title": "Investigations in high-precision sorting.", "content": "We have investigated the accuracy with which droplets containing cells can be sorted individually onto known and thus relocatable positions. The presence and random arrival of cells and particles in the sorter jet disturbs the orderly production and deflection of droplets, causing a dispersion of sorted droplet trajectories. The magnitude of this dispersion is a function of the phase relationship between the arrival of a cell at the end of the jet and the droplet formation. Using a modified Becton Dickinson Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter, we selected for sorting only those droplets that formed with a cell near the center of the droplet. We used this technique to sort Lewis lung tumor cells. The dispersion of droplet positions was reduced from over 3% to about 1% of an average deflection of typically 15 mm for a nozzle with a 50-micron diameter orifice. Sorting onto a surface such as magnetic tape or a microscope slide introduces another uncertainty in position because the cell may be located anywhere within the wetted radius of the droplet on the slide. Sorting onto less-wettable surfaces reduces the wetted radius and thus the variation in cell position.", "contents": "Investigations in high-precision sorting. We have investigated the accuracy with which droplets containing cells can be sorted individually onto known and thus relocatable positions. The presence and random arrival of cells and particles in the sorter jet disturbs the orderly production and deflection of droplets, causing a dispersion of sorted droplet trajectories. The magnitude of this dispersion is a function of the phase relationship between the arrival of a cell at the end of the jet and the droplet formation. Using a modified Becton Dickinson Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter, we selected for sorting only those droplets that formed with a cell near the center of the droplet. We used this technique to sort Lewis lung tumor cells. The dispersion of droplet positions was reduced from over 3% to about 1% of an average deflection of typically 15 mm for a nozzle with a 50-micron diameter orifice. Sorting onto a surface such as magnetic tape or a microscope slide introduces another uncertainty in position because the cell may be located anywhere within the wetted radius of the droplet on the slide. Sorting onto less-wettable surfaces reduces the wetted radius and thus the variation in cell position.", "PMID": 374587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2513", "title": "Individual cell sorting.", "content": "Current cell sorting machines do not preserve the individual identity of processed cells; after analysis, the cells are assigned to a subpopulation where they are pooled with other similar cells. This paper reports progress on a system that sorts cells individually to precise locations on a microscope slide and preserves them for further observation with a light microscope while recording flow measurement data for each cell. Various electronic and mechanical modifications to an existing sorting machine are described that increase drop placement accuracy and permit individual cell sorting.", "contents": "Individual cell sorting. Current cell sorting machines do not preserve the individual identity of processed cells; after analysis, the cells are assigned to a subpopulation where they are pooled with other similar cells. This paper reports progress on a system that sorts cells individually to precise locations on a microscope slide and preserves them for further observation with a light microscope while recording flow measurement data for each cell. Various electronic and mechanical modifications to an existing sorting machine are described that increase drop placement accuracy and permit individual cell sorting.", "PMID": 374588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2514", "title": "Nonparametric flow cytometry analysis.", "content": "A nonparametric statistical test for the analysis of flow cytometry derived histograms is presented. The method involves smoothing and translocation of data, area normalization, channel by channel determination of the mean and S.D., and use of Bayes' theorem for unknown histogram classification. With this statistical method, different sets of histograms from numerous biological systems can be compared.", "contents": "Nonparametric flow cytometry analysis. A nonparametric statistical test for the analysis of flow cytometry derived histograms is presented. The method involves smoothing and translocation of data, area normalization, channel by channel determination of the mean and S.D., and use of Bayes' theorem for unknown histogram classification. With this statistical method, different sets of histograms from numerous biological systems can be compared.", "PMID": 374589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2515", "title": "Selection of optimal model for the DNA histogram by analysis of error of estimated parameters.", "content": "The ability of four different mathematical models of the DNA histogram to give accurate estimates for the fractions of cells in G1, S, and G2 + M has been investigated. The models studied differ in the form and number of parameters of the function used to represent cells in S-phase. Results obtained from simulated DNA histograms suggest that the standard deviations of the model parameters increase exponentially with the width of the G1 and G2 + M peaks of the histogram. Error analysis is presented as a method to select a model of optimal complexity in relation to the resolution provided by the data in a given set of DNA histograms. Introduction of additional parameters improves the agreement between model and data but may result in a less well-posed model. A model with an optimal number of parameters can therefore be found that will yield parameter estimates with the smallest possible standard deviations.", "contents": "Selection of optimal model for the DNA histogram by analysis of error of estimated parameters. The ability of four different mathematical models of the DNA histogram to give accurate estimates for the fractions of cells in G1, S, and G2 + M has been investigated. The models studied differ in the form and number of parameters of the function used to represent cells in S-phase. Results obtained from simulated DNA histograms suggest that the standard deviations of the model parameters increase exponentially with the width of the G1 and G2 + M peaks of the histogram. Error analysis is presented as a method to select a model of optimal complexity in relation to the resolution provided by the data in a given set of DNA histograms. Introduction of additional parameters improves the agreement between model and data but may result in a less well-posed model. A model with an optimal number of parameters can therefore be found that will yield parameter estimates with the smallest possible standard deviations.", "PMID": 374590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2516", "title": "The development of a new technology for controlled cell fixation. A methodological pilot study.", "content": "Fixation in a traditional sense means the immersion of biological material into a chemical fluid. For permanent preservation (1) the fixative is always supplied in excess of the cell sample, and (2) the process of fixation is influenced by chemical impurities of the fixative fluid. Both factors influence the subsequent staining of cells. In order to avoid these uncontrolled influences, a new technology for controlled cell fixation has to be developed, whereby freshly prepared formaldehyde gas in an \"inert\" gas-flow of helium was applied to thin membranes by use of a capillary flow-in technique. The amount of fixative gas supplied, adsorbed, absorbed, diffused, and desorbed after saturation of the membranes could be reliably measured with an on-line operating \"inert\" mass spectrometer of the Omegatron type.", "contents": "The development of a new technology for controlled cell fixation. A methodological pilot study. Fixation in a traditional sense means the immersion of biological material into a chemical fluid. For permanent preservation (1) the fixative is always supplied in excess of the cell sample, and (2) the process of fixation is influenced by chemical impurities of the fixative fluid. Both factors influence the subsequent staining of cells. In order to avoid these uncontrolled influences, a new technology for controlled cell fixation has to be developed, whereby freshly prepared formaldehyde gas in an \"inert\" gas-flow of helium was applied to thin membranes by use of a capillary flow-in technique. The amount of fixative gas supplied, adsorbed, absorbed, diffused, and desorbed after saturation of the membranes could be reliably measured with an on-line operating \"inert\" mass spectrometer of the Omegatron type.", "PMID": 374591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2517", "title": "A template method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of human chromosomes.", "content": "A new method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of isolated human metaphase chromosomes is described and tested. The method is based on fitting a template, composed of the means of all chromosomes of a normal karyotype to the flow histogram. The utility of the method is demonstrated by application to flow measurements of chromosomes from a normal person and comparing the results with those obtained by conventional cytophotometry. The power of the method for detecting gross chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21, as well as more subtle variations such as a single translocation, is determined for simulated data.", "contents": "A template method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of human chromosomes. A new method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of isolated human metaphase chromosomes is described and tested. The method is based on fitting a template, composed of the means of all chromosomes of a normal karyotype to the flow histogram. The utility of the method is demonstrated by application to flow measurements of chromosomes from a normal person and comparing the results with those obtained by conventional cytophotometry. The power of the method for detecting gross chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21, as well as more subtle variations such as a single translocation, is determined for simulated data.", "PMID": 374592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2518", "title": "Signal analysis of slit-scan contour data.", "content": "As a method for the preselection of alarms in gynecological cell samples, the Battelle Cytophotometry Research Group uses the slit-scan technique to obtain various cell parameters, such as the N/C ratio and the relative DNA content, from fluorescently stained cells, which are aligned one-dimensionally in the tape system designed at Battelle. The system developed at Battelle Institute analyzes all signals that exceed the background noise. As the first step in processing the slit-scan data, several threshold levels permit the separation of various artifacts. In subsequent steps, the nuclear peak is recognized, the nuclear boundaries are calculated, and seven cell parameters are determined. For the alarm detection at present only one parameter, DNA fluorescence, is used for these determinations. Visual assignment of these data to definite objects on the tape makes it possible to obtain frequency distributions of: (a) all recorded objects within the sample on the tape; (b) all signals that are classified as cells; and (c) all types of objects that preferentially cause alarms.", "contents": "Signal analysis of slit-scan contour data. As a method for the preselection of alarms in gynecological cell samples, the Battelle Cytophotometry Research Group uses the slit-scan technique to obtain various cell parameters, such as the N/C ratio and the relative DNA content, from fluorescently stained cells, which are aligned one-dimensionally in the tape system designed at Battelle. The system developed at Battelle Institute analyzes all signals that exceed the background noise. As the first step in processing the slit-scan data, several threshold levels permit the separation of various artifacts. In subsequent steps, the nuclear peak is recognized, the nuclear boundaries are calculated, and seven cell parameters are determined. For the alarm detection at present only one parameter, DNA fluorescence, is used for these determinations. Visual assignment of these data to definite objects on the tape makes it possible to obtain frequency distributions of: (a) all recorded objects within the sample on the tape; (b) all signals that are classified as cells; and (c) all types of objects that preferentially cause alarms.", "PMID": 374593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2519", "title": "Laser flow cytometric light scatter and fluorescence pulse width and pulse rise-time sizing of mammalian cells.", "content": "In laser flow cytometry, an increasingly popular technique of analytical cytology, quantitative measurements of interest include cell and nuclear diameters. Electronic circuitry for a new cell sizing technique has been developed which measured the time that signal pulses from either fluorescence or light scatter sensors exceed a preset constant fraction of the peak signal amplitude (pulse width) or the time that it takes a signal to rise between constant fractions of the peak signal amplitude on the rising side of the pulse (pulse rise-time). These pulse width or pulse rise-time measurements were related to cell or nuclear diameters and were used in combination to determine nuclear size to cell size ratios. This method of sizing was found to be independent of fluorescent or light-absorbing stain intensity, linearly related to cell or nuclear diameter, and capable of resolving small diameter differences.", "contents": "Laser flow cytometric light scatter and fluorescence pulse width and pulse rise-time sizing of mammalian cells. In laser flow cytometry, an increasingly popular technique of analytical cytology, quantitative measurements of interest include cell and nuclear diameters. Electronic circuitry for a new cell sizing technique has been developed which measured the time that signal pulses from either fluorescence or light scatter sensors exceed a preset constant fraction of the peak signal amplitude (pulse width) or the time that it takes a signal to rise between constant fractions of the peak signal amplitude on the rising side of the pulse (pulse rise-time). These pulse width or pulse rise-time measurements were related to cell or nuclear diameters and were used in combination to determine nuclear size to cell size ratios. This method of sizing was found to be independent of fluorescent or light-absorbing stain intensity, linearly related to cell or nuclear diameter, and capable of resolving small diameter differences.", "PMID": 374594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2520", "title": "A multidimensional slit-scan flow system.", "content": "A new slit-scan type flow system is described which provides three (X, Y, and Z) orthogonal one-dimensional projections of cell fluorescence. A photomultiplier tube and two semiconductor array detectors are used to obtain the three slit-scan contours from cells traversing a single fluorescence excitation beam. A high speed, dedicated preprocessor analyzes the three contours in parallel, extracting certain features useful for rejecting cells from which an accurate measurement of nuclear fluorescence cannot be obtain. Contour data is buffered and transferred to a PDP-11/40 computer where nuclear fluorescence is measured and cells are classified. It is anticipated that this new instrument will provide a significant reduction in false alarm rate when applied to prescreening of gynecologic cytology specimens.", "contents": "A multidimensional slit-scan flow system. A new slit-scan type flow system is described which provides three (X, Y, and Z) orthogonal one-dimensional projections of cell fluorescence. A photomultiplier tube and two semiconductor array detectors are used to obtain the three slit-scan contours from cells traversing a single fluorescence excitation beam. A high speed, dedicated preprocessor analyzes the three contours in parallel, extracting certain features useful for rejecting cells from which an accurate measurement of nuclear fluorescence cannot be obtain. Contour data is buffered and transferred to a PDP-11/40 computer where nuclear fluorescence is measured and cells are classified. It is anticipated that this new instrument will provide a significant reduction in false alarm rate when applied to prescreening of gynecologic cytology specimens.", "PMID": 374595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2521", "title": "Predicted performance of single- versus multiple-slit flow systems.", "content": "Flow systems utilizing multiple orthogonal excitation slits have been proposed as a means of reducing some types of false alarms in prescreening systems for gynecologic cytology. Such false alarms include those caused by orientation-dependent events, such as passage of binucleate or overlapping cells through the measurement region with both nuclei entering the excitation slit simultaneously. This paper presents distributions of optimal projection angles for randomly oriented nuclei passing through one, two, and three slit excitation regions. The results are used to compute observed nuclear spacing of binucleate cells and to compare performance of one, two, and three slit systems in recognition of binucleate and overlapping cells.", "contents": "Predicted performance of single- versus multiple-slit flow systems. Flow systems utilizing multiple orthogonal excitation slits have been proposed as a means of reducing some types of false alarms in prescreening systems for gynecologic cytology. Such false alarms include those caused by orientation-dependent events, such as passage of binucleate or overlapping cells through the measurement region with both nuclei entering the excitation slit simultaneously. This paper presents distributions of optimal projection angles for randomly oriented nuclei passing through one, two, and three slit excitation regions. The results are used to compute observed nuclear spacing of binucleate cells and to compare performance of one, two, and three slit systems in recognition of binucleate and overlapping cells.", "PMID": 374596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2522", "title": "Imaging in flow.", "content": "Imaging in flow has been valuable in investigating discrepancies in flow cell measurements due to cell orientation and flow dynamics. This paper discusses optical consideration in flow imaging, slit and full field imaging systems and various cell motion arresting techniques from the standpoint of image plane exposure and suitable detector choices. It concludes with an explanation of the slit-imaging techniques employed in a multidimensional slit-scan flow system and slit-scan correlation system.", "contents": "Imaging in flow. Imaging in flow has been valuable in investigating discrepancies in flow cell measurements due to cell orientation and flow dynamics. This paper discusses optical consideration in flow imaging, slit and full field imaging systems and various cell motion arresting techniques from the standpoint of image plane exposure and suitable detector choices. It concludes with an explanation of the slit-imaging techniques employed in a multidimensional slit-scan flow system and slit-scan correlation system.", "PMID": 374597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2523", "title": "Fast imaging in flow: a means of combining flow-cytometry and image analysis.", "content": "The morphological identification of cells by flow cytometry is difficult. Usually cell sorting and microscopical analysis have to be used in addition. Morphological analysis is simplified by taking cell pictures from a range of particular interest immediately during flow cytometric analysis. Instruments using the video scanning technique for fluorescence imaging are slow and expensive (8, 10). Morphological information can also be obtained by transmission imaging of cells in flow, which requires shorter exposure times. Therefore a cell volume activated flow imaging device has been developed which operates at flow speeds up to 5 m/sec and which depicts transmission images of selected cells on a 16-mm film by a nsec flashlamp illumination. An electronic unit detects the particles in the optically accessible orifice, performs the pulse height analysis, triggers the flashlamp if particles are in the preselcted range of interest and feeds the film. The instrument is capable of delivering up to 150 pictures per second and works either as a flow microscope in which the cells in the preselected volume range are directly observed, or as a picture system in which the cell pictures are stored on the 16-mm film for documentation or for image analysis.", "contents": "Fast imaging in flow: a means of combining flow-cytometry and image analysis. The morphological identification of cells by flow cytometry is difficult. Usually cell sorting and microscopical analysis have to be used in addition. Morphological analysis is simplified by taking cell pictures from a range of particular interest immediately during flow cytometric analysis. Instruments using the video scanning technique for fluorescence imaging are slow and expensive (8, 10). Morphological information can also be obtained by transmission imaging of cells in flow, which requires shorter exposure times. Therefore a cell volume activated flow imaging device has been developed which operates at flow speeds up to 5 m/sec and which depicts transmission images of selected cells on a 16-mm film by a nsec flashlamp illumination. An electronic unit detects the particles in the optically accessible orifice, performs the pulse height analysis, triggers the flashlamp if particles are in the preselcted range of interest and feeds the film. The instrument is capable of delivering up to 150 pictures per second and works either as a flow microscope in which the cells in the preselected volume range are directly observed, or as a picture system in which the cell pictures are stored on the 16-mm film for documentation or for image analysis.", "PMID": 374598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2524", "title": "Detection and discrimination of individual viruses by flow cytometry.", "content": "A new flow cytometer with a very small observation volume has been developed to detect individual viruses with good resolution, and has been used to discriminate between two types of viral particles based on differences in their light scattering. Measurements of light scattering and fluorescence made with such an instrument can provide a basis for quantitative analysis and sorting of viruses and other particles in the micron and submicron size range.", "contents": "Detection and discrimination of individual viruses by flow cytometry. A new flow cytometer with a very small observation volume has been developed to detect individual viruses with good resolution, and has been used to discriminate between two types of viral particles based on differences in their light scattering. Measurements of light scattering and fluorescence made with such an instrument can provide a basis for quantitative analysis and sorting of viruses and other particles in the micron and submicron size range.", "PMID": 374599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2525", "title": "Multiangle light-scattering analysis of murine teratocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Stem cells of the mouse testicular teratocarcinoma are capable of giving rise in vivo and in vitro to a wide variety of cell and tissue types representative of each embryonic germ layer. Multiangle light-scattering measurements in a flow system have been made on these stem cells and on a variety of their differentiated derivatives. This technique is capable of distinguishing the stem cells from parietal yolk sac cells, visceral yolk sac cells, neuronal cells and squamous cells. However, multipotential stem cells cannot be distinguished from stem cells that are restricted in their development to a single pathway.", "contents": "Multiangle light-scattering analysis of murine teratocarcinoma cells. Stem cells of the mouse testicular teratocarcinoma are capable of giving rise in vivo and in vitro to a wide variety of cell and tissue types representative of each embryonic germ layer. Multiangle light-scattering measurements in a flow system have been made on these stem cells and on a variety of their differentiated derivatives. This technique is capable of distinguishing the stem cells from parietal yolk sac cells, visceral yolk sac cells, neuronal cells and squamous cells. However, multipotential stem cells cannot be distinguished from stem cells that are restricted in their development to a single pathway.", "PMID": 374600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2526", "title": "Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA and volume measurements of bone marrow cells as sensitive indicator of abnormal proliferation patterns in rat leukemias.", "content": "Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA and volume analysis of normal rat bone marrow cells shows three populations of nucleated cells with different mean volume. Each of these populations proliferates in a distinct cell cycle (alpha, beta, gamma). Normally the alpha-cell cycle has the highest amplitude, the beta-cell cycle is intermediate, and the gamma-cell cycle is low. The alpha-cell cycle was very significantly depressed and the beta + gamma-cell cycle was increased in three different rat leukemias (L5222, Shay, BNML), growing on three different rat strains (BDIX, Holtzmann, Brown Norway). The two parameter analysis further revealed that cells of the beta + gamma-cell cycle were slightly hyperdiploid and hypertetraploid in leukemic animals. The decrease of the alpha-cell cycle and the hyperploidies were more sensitive indicators for the abnormal proliferation pattern than the analysis of one parameter DNA distributions which remained within normal limits in all three leukemias.", "contents": "Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA and volume measurements of bone marrow cells as sensitive indicator of abnormal proliferation patterns in rat leukemias. Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA and volume analysis of normal rat bone marrow cells shows three populations of nucleated cells with different mean volume. Each of these populations proliferates in a distinct cell cycle (alpha, beta, gamma). Normally the alpha-cell cycle has the highest amplitude, the beta-cell cycle is intermediate, and the gamma-cell cycle is low. The alpha-cell cycle was very significantly depressed and the beta + gamma-cell cycle was increased in three different rat leukemias (L5222, Shay, BNML), growing on three different rat strains (BDIX, Holtzmann, Brown Norway). The two parameter analysis further revealed that cells of the beta + gamma-cell cycle were slightly hyperdiploid and hypertetraploid in leukemic animals. The decrease of the alpha-cell cycle and the hyperploidies were more sensitive indicators for the abnormal proliferation pattern than the analysis of one parameter DNA distributions which remained within normal limits in all three leukemias.", "PMID": 374601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2527", "title": "Cell differentiation based on absorption and scattering.", "content": "Improvements of the flow system allow calibrated cell length measurements down to less than 2 micron at a very high rate. An optical index match to plane viewing windows perpendicular to the optical axis in the flow system keeps the axial symmetry for forward scattered light. Cell size, axial light loss and scattering intensity within different angles were found to be powerful tools to differentiate cell populations. Red cells were analyzed according to various cell surface structures. Lymphocyte populations isolated from different parts of the lymphatic system in rats have been distinguished. Experimental tumor cells showed typical data pattern after different chemical treatments.", "contents": "Cell differentiation based on absorption and scattering. Improvements of the flow system allow calibrated cell length measurements down to less than 2 micron at a very high rate. An optical index match to plane viewing windows perpendicular to the optical axis in the flow system keeps the axial symmetry for forward scattered light. Cell size, axial light loss and scattering intensity within different angles were found to be powerful tools to differentiate cell populations. Red cells were analyzed according to various cell surface structures. Lymphocyte populations isolated from different parts of the lymphatic system in rats have been distinguished. Experimental tumor cells showed typical data pattern after different chemical treatments.", "PMID": 374602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2528", "title": "Flowcytometric evaluation of the DNA distribution in isolated pancreatic islets from normal and diabetic mice.", "content": "Pancreatic islets from C57BL/KsJ-db/db, and +/+ mice were isolated by collagenase. After isolation the islets were transferred to a hypotonic ethidiumbromide solution with 0.3% of the detergent Nonidet P40. After vortexing, the samples were analyzed in a BioPhysics Cytofluorograf 4802A. The DNA histograms were divided into 2c, 2-4c, 4c and 8c fractions under the assumption of a constant rate of DNA synthesis during the 2-4c phase. In comparison with normal mice, we found that diabetic mice had a lower fraction of 2c nuclei and a higher fraction of 2-4c, 4c, and 8c nuclei. These results obtained by flow cytometry are in agreement with results obtained by 3HTdR incorporation and by cytophotometry on histological sections.", "contents": "Flowcytometric evaluation of the DNA distribution in isolated pancreatic islets from normal and diabetic mice. Pancreatic islets from C57BL/KsJ-db/db, and +/+ mice were isolated by collagenase. After isolation the islets were transferred to a hypotonic ethidiumbromide solution with 0.3% of the detergent Nonidet P40. After vortexing, the samples were analyzed in a BioPhysics Cytofluorograf 4802A. The DNA histograms were divided into 2c, 2-4c, 4c and 8c fractions under the assumption of a constant rate of DNA synthesis during the 2-4c phase. In comparison with normal mice, we found that diabetic mice had a lower fraction of 2c nuclei and a higher fraction of 2-4c, 4c, and 8c nuclei. These results obtained by flow cytometry are in agreement with results obtained by 3HTdR incorporation and by cytophotometry on histological sections.", "PMID": 374603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2529", "title": "Immunofluorescence of histone H1 in stimulated lymphocytes measured by flow cytophotometry.", "content": "The modification of histones or their redistribution during the transition from actively transcribing chromatin to the heterochromatic chromosomes seems to play a major in regulation of gene expression. The purpose of this study was to monitor the change in immunofluorescence of histone HI during phytohemagglutinin stimulation in peripheral lymphocytes. The histone antigens were prepared from pig thymus, proven to be pure by gel electrophoresis and repeatedly injected as RNA-complexes into rabbits. The antihistone HI antiserum titer was 1:4000, and there was no cross-reactivity with other histone fractions as shown by microcomplement fixation tests. Affinity chromatography purified antibody after being labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was able to differentially stain HeLa cells as controls and those, where histone HI had been extracted by perchloric acid treatment. The measurements were done on a Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories-flow cytophotometer cell sorter. Staining peripheral lymphocytes resulted in a bimodal distribution. The increase in number of cells with high fluorescence intensity had its maximum about 20 hr before the maximum proliferative activity of the lymphocytes as measured by number of cells in S phase with the DNA-stain mithramycin.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of histone H1 in stimulated lymphocytes measured by flow cytophotometry. The modification of histones or their redistribution during the transition from actively transcribing chromatin to the heterochromatic chromosomes seems to play a major in regulation of gene expression. The purpose of this study was to monitor the change in immunofluorescence of histone HI during phytohemagglutinin stimulation in peripheral lymphocytes. The histone antigens were prepared from pig thymus, proven to be pure by gel electrophoresis and repeatedly injected as RNA-complexes into rabbits. The antihistone HI antiserum titer was 1:4000, and there was no cross-reactivity with other histone fractions as shown by microcomplement fixation tests. Affinity chromatography purified antibody after being labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was able to differentially stain HeLa cells as controls and those, where histone HI had been extracted by perchloric acid treatment. The measurements were done on a Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories-flow cytophotometer cell sorter. Staining peripheral lymphocytes resulted in a bimodal distribution. The increase in number of cells with high fluorescence intensity had its maximum about 20 hr before the maximum proliferative activity of the lymphocytes as measured by number of cells in S phase with the DNA-stain mithramycin.", "PMID": 374604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2530", "title": "Cytofluorometric analysis of R-Thy-1. antigens in various rat lymphocytes with different electrophoretic mobility and organ distribution.", "content": "Small bone marrow lymphocytes, which had been previously enriched by velocity sedimentation, thymocytes, lymph node cells and spleen cells were electrophoretically separated, stained with fluorescein conjugated rabbit a-rat-Thy-1. globulin and their fluorescence intensities analyzed with a flow cytophotometer. Thy-1. antigens were found in 80% of the bone marrow small lymphocytes showing low electrophoretic mobility (EPM), in all thymocytes, about 80% of which show low and the rest medium to high EPM, and in a few lymph node cells of high EPM. Thy-1. positive cells were not observed in the spleen. All fluorescence intensity histograms obtained were modal and could be properly fitted with normal curves showing coefficients of variation (C.V.) in the range of 20% to 30%. It was observed that the thymocytes of low EPM had an antibody binding affinity significantly different from that of the other stained lymphocytes. Moreover the surface antigen density decreased in the sequence: thymocytes of low EPM, bone marrow lymphocytes of low EPM and thymocytes of high EPM. The fluorescence intensity of stained lymph node cells of high EPM appeared similar to that of thymocytes of high EPM but was not evaluated precisely. Thus the two dimensional cell analysis provided by a combination of EPM and surface fluorescence of Thy-1.+ cells, allows the characterization of different lymphocyte populations which cannot be clearly identified with normal one dimensional techniques. The biological significance of the results is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric analysis of R-Thy-1. antigens in various rat lymphocytes with different electrophoretic mobility and organ distribution. Small bone marrow lymphocytes, which had been previously enriched by velocity sedimentation, thymocytes, lymph node cells and spleen cells were electrophoretically separated, stained with fluorescein conjugated rabbit a-rat-Thy-1. globulin and their fluorescence intensities analyzed with a flow cytophotometer. Thy-1. antigens were found in 80% of the bone marrow small lymphocytes showing low electrophoretic mobility (EPM), in all thymocytes, about 80% of which show low and the rest medium to high EPM, and in a few lymph node cells of high EPM. Thy-1. positive cells were not observed in the spleen. All fluorescence intensity histograms obtained were modal and could be properly fitted with normal curves showing coefficients of variation (C.V.) in the range of 20% to 30%. It was observed that the thymocytes of low EPM had an antibody binding affinity significantly different from that of the other stained lymphocytes. Moreover the surface antigen density decreased in the sequence: thymocytes of low EPM, bone marrow lymphocytes of low EPM and thymocytes of high EPM. The fluorescence intensity of stained lymph node cells of high EPM appeared similar to that of thymocytes of high EPM but was not evaluated precisely. Thus the two dimensional cell analysis provided by a combination of EPM and surface fluorescence of Thy-1.+ cells, allows the characterization of different lymphocyte populations which cannot be clearly identified with normal one dimensional techniques. The biological significance of the results is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 374605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2531", "title": "Efficient interaction for automated chromosome analysis using asynchronous parallel processes.", "content": "It is likely that any practical automated chromosome analysis system will be interactive. To prevent long pauses in the stream of operator interactions, it is necessary, if using standard computer hardware, to configure for asynchronous and parallel operation. A system is presented which uses several computer processors, which can support one or more operators, and which divides processing into interactive and noninteractive sections, smoothes the rate of presentation of interactions, and keeps both the operator and the computer fully employed.", "contents": "Efficient interaction for automated chromosome analysis using asynchronous parallel processes. It is likely that any practical automated chromosome analysis system will be interactive. To prevent long pauses in the stream of operator interactions, it is necessary, if using standard computer hardware, to configure for asynchronous and parallel operation. A system is presented which uses several computer processors, which can support one or more operators, and which divides processing into interactive and noninteractive sections, smoothes the rate of presentation of interactions, and keeps both the operator and the computer fully employed.", "PMID": 374606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2532", "title": "DNA cytophotometry of human chromosomes.", "content": "The applicability of Feulgen-based parameters to detect variant metaphase chromosomes involved in deletions or translocations, was investigated and algorithms developed to compute such parameters. This report is focused primarily on the magnitude of the errors involved during the prerequisite procedures of photography, measurement and computation. Measurements were performed by stage-scanning of photographic negatives of Feulgen-stained metaphases. In the scanned images the initial chromosome boundaries were obtained by thresholding, while definite chromosomal areas and local background values were obtained by expansion of the initial boundaries. The integrated density profiles and the relative DNA content were computed for the individual chromosomes (straight as well as bent). Total DNA content, DNA arm ratio, as well as length and centromere index can be obtained from the profile. It was shown that under such conditions the experimental errors associated with the measurements are small compared to biologic variations (e.g., differences between homologues) and that the procedures applied allow to detect polymorphisms. In addition to this, mean and standard deviations of both DNA and length parameters are given for metaphases of five subjects. Comparison of the applicability of DNA and length parameters is realized by a classification experiment.", "contents": "DNA cytophotometry of human chromosomes. The applicability of Feulgen-based parameters to detect variant metaphase chromosomes involved in deletions or translocations, was investigated and algorithms developed to compute such parameters. This report is focused primarily on the magnitude of the errors involved during the prerequisite procedures of photography, measurement and computation. Measurements were performed by stage-scanning of photographic negatives of Feulgen-stained metaphases. In the scanned images the initial chromosome boundaries were obtained by thresholding, while definite chromosomal areas and local background values were obtained by expansion of the initial boundaries. The integrated density profiles and the relative DNA content were computed for the individual chromosomes (straight as well as bent). Total DNA content, DNA arm ratio, as well as length and centromere index can be obtained from the profile. It was shown that under such conditions the experimental errors associated with the measurements are small compared to biologic variations (e.g., differences between homologues) and that the procedures applied allow to detect polymorphisms. In addition to this, mean and standard deviations of both DNA and length parameters are given for metaphases of five subjects. Comparison of the applicability of DNA and length parameters is realized by a classification experiment.", "PMID": 374607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2533", "title": "Slit-scan flow cytometry of mammalian chromosomes.", "content": "A flow cytometer has been constructed which measures total fluorescence and the distribution of fluorescence along isolated, stained mammalian chromosomes. In this device, chromosomes flow lengthwise at 4 m/sec through a 1-micrometer thick laser beam. The fluorescence from each chromosome is recorded at 10 nsec intervals; the sequence of recorded values represents the distribution of fluorescence along the chromosome and is stored in the memory of a waveform recorder. The total fluorescence of each chromosome is also measured and recorded. Preliminary studies show that doublets of 1.83 micrometers diameter microspheres flow with their long axes parallel to the direction of flow and that the two microspheres are resolved in the slit-scan profile. Ethidium bromide stained Muntjac and Chinese hamster chromosomes have also been slit-scanned. Centromeres were resolved in many of the Nos. 1 and 2 Chinese hamster chromosomes and the Nos. 1 and X + 3 Muntjac chromosomes.", "contents": "Slit-scan flow cytometry of mammalian chromosomes. A flow cytometer has been constructed which measures total fluorescence and the distribution of fluorescence along isolated, stained mammalian chromosomes. In this device, chromosomes flow lengthwise at 4 m/sec through a 1-micrometer thick laser beam. The fluorescence from each chromosome is recorded at 10 nsec intervals; the sequence of recorded values represents the distribution of fluorescence along the chromosome and is stored in the memory of a waveform recorder. The total fluorescence of each chromosome is also measured and recorded. Preliminary studies show that doublets of 1.83 micrometers diameter microspheres flow with their long axes parallel to the direction of flow and that the two microspheres are resolved in the slit-scan profile. Ethidium bromide stained Muntjac and Chinese hamster chromosomes have also been slit-scanned. Centromeres were resolved in many of the Nos. 1 and 2 Chinese hamster chromosomes and the Nos. 1 and X + 3 Muntjac chromosomes.", "PMID": 374608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2534", "title": "Isolated metaphase chromosomes. II. Proteins of Chinese hamster chromosomes.", "content": "The proteins on metaphase chromosomes theoretically may be distributed ubiquitously throughout the karyotype, may be present uniquely on individual chromosomes or classes of chromosomes, or may exist in any combination of the above. Separation of chromosomes according to size using sucrose velocity gradients in high capacity zonal centrifuge rotors allows sufficient fractionation of the genome to indicate the distribution of proteins within the karyotype. Flow cytometric analysis and direct microscopic analysis were used to evaluate qualitatively the types of chromosomes present in the fractions obtained. This report is the first quantitative evidence that some of the chromosomal proteins are not distributed ubiquitously on all of the chromosomes of the karyotype.", "contents": "Isolated metaphase chromosomes. II. Proteins of Chinese hamster chromosomes. The proteins on metaphase chromosomes theoretically may be distributed ubiquitously throughout the karyotype, may be present uniquely on individual chromosomes or classes of chromosomes, or may exist in any combination of the above. Separation of chromosomes according to size using sucrose velocity gradients in high capacity zonal centrifuge rotors allows sufficient fractionation of the genome to indicate the distribution of proteins within the karyotype. Flow cytometric analysis and direct microscopic analysis were used to evaluate qualitatively the types of chromosomes present in the fractions obtained. This report is the first quantitative evidence that some of the chromosomal proteins are not distributed ubiquitously on all of the chromosomes of the karyotype.", "PMID": 374609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2535", "title": "An interactive computer system for the analysis of cell lineages.", "content": "We have developed an interactive computer system for analysing cell lineage data. It can be utilized in studies of cell motility, cell division, cell differentiation, and cell aging. It has enabled us to document the heterogeneity of human foreskin fibroblasts in culture and to propose that loss of proliferative potential may mean that cells enter a state of differentiation which makes them unable to respond to mitotic stimulation. Our method, which enables us to apply immunological and cytochemical probes after recording the history of a cell lineage, should allow us to define precisely features which uniquely distinguish cycling from noncycling cells on an individual cell basis.", "contents": "An interactive computer system for the analysis of cell lineages. We have developed an interactive computer system for analysing cell lineage data. It can be utilized in studies of cell motility, cell division, cell differentiation, and cell aging. It has enabled us to document the heterogeneity of human foreskin fibroblasts in culture and to propose that loss of proliferative potential may mean that cells enter a state of differentiation which makes them unable to respond to mitotic stimulation. Our method, which enables us to apply immunological and cytochemical probes after recording the history of a cell lineage, should allow us to define precisely features which uniquely distinguish cycling from noncycling cells on an individual cell basis.", "PMID": 374610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2536", "title": "Flow cytometric analysis of adriamycin-perturbed mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin (10 mg/kg) on a fast-growing C3H mouse mammary tumor (S102F) have been analyzed volumetrically, biochemically, autoradiographically and flow cytometrically. Mathematical simulation of the data was also used to aid in the interpretation of the recovery kinetics. This dose of adriamycin did not induce regression in tumor volume but did inhibit the growth rate for 4-5 days. 3H-TdR incorporation was gradually inhibited to reach a low of 20% of control at 24 and 36 hr and then recovered back to control by 96 hr after adriamycin treatment. The flow cytometric analysis also showed a marked reduction in the relative fraction of cells in the S-phase with a minimum of 23% of control at 72 hr; however, in contrast to the 3H-TdR incorporation data, the fraction of cells in the S-phase was only at 39% of control at 96 hr after the adriamycin injection. Since the 3H-TdR incorporation data disagreed with the flow cytometry data, autoradiographic analysis was also done at selected times after the adriamycin injections, and qualitatively, this analysis confirms the flow cytometry data in that the labeling index was 29% of control at 96 hr after adriamycin. The mitotic index also dropped from 8 to 1%, respectively, for controls and at 96 hr posttreatment. The degenerate index was about 1% in control tumors and no increase was observed in treated tumors. Adriamycin-induced cell-cycle delay occurs predominately in G1 and G2 but there is also an apparent minor delay in the transit across the S-phase and some apparent cytotoxicity in G2 and/or M. The long delay in volumetric growth appears to be due to the extended cell-cycle delay rather than extensive cell killing.", "contents": "Flow cytometric analysis of adriamycin-perturbed mouse mammary tumors. The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin (10 mg/kg) on a fast-growing C3H mouse mammary tumor (S102F) have been analyzed volumetrically, biochemically, autoradiographically and flow cytometrically. Mathematical simulation of the data was also used to aid in the interpretation of the recovery kinetics. This dose of adriamycin did not induce regression in tumor volume but did inhibit the growth rate for 4-5 days. 3H-TdR incorporation was gradually inhibited to reach a low of 20% of control at 24 and 36 hr and then recovered back to control by 96 hr after adriamycin treatment. The flow cytometric analysis also showed a marked reduction in the relative fraction of cells in the S-phase with a minimum of 23% of control at 72 hr; however, in contrast to the 3H-TdR incorporation data, the fraction of cells in the S-phase was only at 39% of control at 96 hr after the adriamycin injection. Since the 3H-TdR incorporation data disagreed with the flow cytometry data, autoradiographic analysis was also done at selected times after the adriamycin injections, and qualitatively, this analysis confirms the flow cytometry data in that the labeling index was 29% of control at 96 hr after adriamycin. The mitotic index also dropped from 8 to 1%, respectively, for controls and at 96 hr posttreatment. The degenerate index was about 1% in control tumors and no increase was observed in treated tumors. Adriamycin-induced cell-cycle delay occurs predominately in G1 and G2 but there is also an apparent minor delay in the transit across the S-phase and some apparent cytotoxicity in G2 and/or M. The long delay in volumetric growth appears to be due to the extended cell-cycle delay rather than extensive cell killing.", "PMID": 374611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2537", "title": "Cell-cycle phase-dependence of drug-induced cycle progression delay.", "content": "The effect of adriamycin on cell cycle phase progression of CHO cells synchronized into the various phases of the cell cycle by elutriation was investigated by high resolution pulse cytophotometry. Cells treated in all phases of the cell cycle showed delay in their subsequent progression. In addition to the wellknown block of cells in the G2-phase, a delay in passage of cells from G1 to S and a decreased rate of transit through the S-phase were observed. A broadening of the DNA distributions of the treated cells was observed after cell division indicating induction of chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "Cell-cycle phase-dependence of drug-induced cycle progression delay. The effect of adriamycin on cell cycle phase progression of CHO cells synchronized into the various phases of the cell cycle by elutriation was investigated by high resolution pulse cytophotometry. Cells treated in all phases of the cell cycle showed delay in their subsequent progression. In addition to the wellknown block of cells in the G2-phase, a delay in passage of cells from G1 to S and a decreased rate of transit through the S-phase were observed. A broadening of the DNA distributions of the treated cells was observed after cell division indicating induction of chromosomal abnormalities.", "PMID": 374612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2538", "title": "Multiparameter kinetic analysis of killer cell initiation by using immune RNA.", "content": "By treating nonsensitized C57BL/6J spleen derived lymphocytes with EL-4 tumor cell directed xenogeneic extracted RNA we were able to monitor early changes in cellular DNA content by flow cytometric (FCM) analysis and 3H-thymidine uptake. These kinetic parameters were correlated with cell mediated cytotoxicity which appeared as early as 8 hr after activation as measured by release of chromium-51 from labeled EL-4 target cells. Flow cytometric analysis and 3H-thymidine uptake data shown peak S phase activity at 72 hr. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed at 48 hr. Cell cycle kinetic parameters were correlated with the appearance of cell mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Multiparameter kinetic analysis of killer cell initiation by using immune RNA. By treating nonsensitized C57BL/6J spleen derived lymphocytes with EL-4 tumor cell directed xenogeneic extracted RNA we were able to monitor early changes in cellular DNA content by flow cytometric (FCM) analysis and 3H-thymidine uptake. These kinetic parameters were correlated with cell mediated cytotoxicity which appeared as early as 8 hr after activation as measured by release of chromium-51 from labeled EL-4 target cells. Flow cytometric analysis and 3H-thymidine uptake data shown peak S phase activity at 72 hr. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed at 48 hr. Cell cycle kinetic parameters were correlated with the appearance of cell mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 374613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2539", "title": "An immunocytochemical approach to cell kinetics automation.", "content": "Antibodies specific for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) can be used to measure labeling indices in an automated system by image analysis. The antibody, used with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, will detect de novo DNA synthesis subsequent to growing the cells for various time intervals in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-containing medium. Asynchronously growing CHO cells were pulsed with 3H-5-bromodeoxyuridine, fixed, denatured and then stained with anti-bromouridine antiserum. Peroxidase-coupled goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody, and slides were stained with diaminobenzidine. Cells which are positive display a reticular pattern indicative of replicating chromatin. \"Labeling indices\" were generated by scanning the nuclei by TV image analysis. The percentage of labeled cells by the immunocytochemical technique correlates well with that found by autoradiography. Some of the applications of this automated method include cell kinetics and analysis of S-phase by pattern recognition technique.", "contents": "An immunocytochemical approach to cell kinetics automation. Antibodies specific for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) can be used to measure labeling indices in an automated system by image analysis. The antibody, used with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, will detect de novo DNA synthesis subsequent to growing the cells for various time intervals in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-containing medium. Asynchronously growing CHO cells were pulsed with 3H-5-bromodeoxyuridine, fixed, denatured and then stained with anti-bromouridine antiserum. Peroxidase-coupled goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody, and slides were stained with diaminobenzidine. Cells which are positive display a reticular pattern indicative of replicating chromatin. \"Labeling indices\" were generated by scanning the nuclei by TV image analysis. The percentage of labeled cells by the immunocytochemical technique correlates well with that found by autoradiography. Some of the applications of this automated method include cell kinetics and analysis of S-phase by pattern recognition technique.", "PMID": 374614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2540", "title": "Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content for ploidy determination in human solid tumors.", "content": "Flow cytometric studies of cellular DNA content were conducted in 26 patients with a variety of neoplasms. Cell dispersal was achieved with pepsin treatment, and a combination of ethidium bromide and mithramycin was used as DNA specific staining procedure. All measurements were conducted with a new sheath flow chamber in a PHYWE ICP 11 pulse cytophotometer. All but one patient with multiple myeloma had unimodal tumor cell DNA distributions. With human granulocytes as reference standard, 24 of 26 tumors were aneuploid; and of these, 23 showed varying degrees of hyperdiploidy. Except for one patient, ploidy abnormalities were stable on repeat examination.", "contents": "Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content for ploidy determination in human solid tumors. Flow cytometric studies of cellular DNA content were conducted in 26 patients with a variety of neoplasms. Cell dispersal was achieved with pepsin treatment, and a combination of ethidium bromide and mithramycin was used as DNA specific staining procedure. All measurements were conducted with a new sheath flow chamber in a PHYWE ICP 11 pulse cytophotometer. All but one patient with multiple myeloma had unimodal tumor cell DNA distributions. With human granulocytes as reference standard, 24 of 26 tumors were aneuploid; and of these, 23 showed varying degrees of hyperdiploidy. Except for one patient, ploidy abnormalities were stable on repeat examination.", "PMID": 374615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2541", "title": "Cell sorter analysis of carcinogen metabolites in human tissues.", "content": "A fluorescence -activated cell sorter (FACS-II) was used to examine biochemical parameters in a heterogeneous population of cultured human lymphocytes. Incubation of cells in the presence of benz(a)anthracene (BA) during culture was employed to induce the enzyme system which metabolizes carcinogens. Carcinogen metabolism was assayed directly by measuring the phenolic metabolites of cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BP). Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was measured in single cells and was determined to be greater in the larger cells than in the smaller cells of the cultures. For a given size of cells, the enzyme activity was greater in those exposed to benz(a)anthracene during culture. In some studies, viable cells were first sorted by size and subpopulations assayed for the o-deethylation of the compound, ethoxyresorufin, which measures more specifically the activity of cytochrome P-448. Larger cells had higher levels of enzyme activity than smaller cells in agreement with the direct determinations above. It is possible to measure carcinogen metabolism in other tissues by using the techniques described here.", "contents": "Cell sorter analysis of carcinogen metabolites in human tissues. A fluorescence -activated cell sorter (FACS-II) was used to examine biochemical parameters in a heterogeneous population of cultured human lymphocytes. Incubation of cells in the presence of benz(a)anthracene (BA) during culture was employed to induce the enzyme system which metabolizes carcinogens. Carcinogen metabolism was assayed directly by measuring the phenolic metabolites of cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BP). Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was measured in single cells and was determined to be greater in the larger cells than in the smaller cells of the cultures. For a given size of cells, the enzyme activity was greater in those exposed to benz(a)anthracene during culture. In some studies, viable cells were first sorted by size and subpopulations assayed for the o-deethylation of the compound, ethoxyresorufin, which measures more specifically the activity of cytochrome P-448. Larger cells had higher levels of enzyme activity than smaller cells in agreement with the direct determinations above. It is possible to measure carcinogen metabolism in other tissues by using the techniques described here.", "PMID": 374616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2542", "title": "Automated cervical cytology screening: performance requirements and instrument evaluation.", "content": "Continuing progress towards automation of cervical cancer screening requires that criteria for clinical acceptability of automated systems be defined, and that methods be devised for effectively evaluating new technology. The potential roles of automation in cervical cancer detection, performance requirements, instrument evaluation and useful contributions from tuberculosis screening, automated white blood cell differential counting, signal detection theory and decision theory are discussed.", "contents": "Automated cervical cytology screening: performance requirements and instrument evaluation. Continuing progress towards automation of cervical cancer screening requires that criteria for clinical acceptability of automated systems be defined, and that methods be devised for effectively evaluating new technology. The potential roles of automation in cervical cancer detection, performance requirements, instrument evaluation and useful contributions from tuberculosis screening, automated white blood cell differential counting, signal detection theory and decision theory are discussed.", "PMID": 374617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2543", "title": "The diagnostic significance of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid measurement in automated cytology.", "content": "Flow cytometric analysis of cytologic samples from four different organs shows that nuclear DNA content of malignant cell populations depends to a large extent on organ of origin of the tumor. This fact must be considered in planning screening systems.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid measurement in automated cytology. Flow cytometric analysis of cytologic samples from four different organs shows that nuclear DNA content of malignant cell populations depends to a large extent on organ of origin of the tumor. This fact must be considered in planning screening systems.", "PMID": 374618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2544", "title": "A screening system for cervical cancer cytology.", "content": "A system for screening cervical cytological preparations is described which employs the Leitz Texture Analyzer System (E. Leitz, Rockleigh, N. J.) quantitative staining with acridine orange, and a fluorescence standard. The instrumentation scans cells on microscope slides and detects objects which it interprets to be nuclei with excess total nuclear green fluorescence intensity (Previous results employing manual measurements have indicated that normal nuclei do not produce total nuclear green fluorescence greater than a specific absolute intensity level). Detected objects are identified by visual observation. Cells (102,000) from 65 patients (29 normal, 36 abnormal) have been examined. In each abnormal sample, at least one abnormal cell was detected. In over half of the samples, three or fewer other objects (e.g. clumps of polymorphonuclear leukocytes) were detected. These are easily distinguishable from single nuclei, and could be discarded by someone with minimal cytological training.", "contents": "A screening system for cervical cancer cytology. A system for screening cervical cytological preparations is described which employs the Leitz Texture Analyzer System (E. Leitz, Rockleigh, N. J.) quantitative staining with acridine orange, and a fluorescence standard. The instrumentation scans cells on microscope slides and detects objects which it interprets to be nuclei with excess total nuclear green fluorescence intensity (Previous results employing manual measurements have indicated that normal nuclei do not produce total nuclear green fluorescence greater than a specific absolute intensity level). Detected objects are identified by visual observation. Cells (102,000) from 65 patients (29 normal, 36 abnormal) have been examined. In each abnormal sample, at least one abnormal cell was detected. In over half of the samples, three or fewer other objects (e.g. clumps of polymorphonuclear leukocytes) were detected. These are easily distinguishable from single nuclei, and could be discarded by someone with minimal cytological training.", "PMID": 374619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2545", "title": "Proximity of lectin receptors on the cell surface measured by fluorescence energy transfer in a flow system.", "content": "Molecules of the lectin concanavalin A have been labeled separately with the fluorescein and rhodamine chromophores and jointly bound to the surface of transformed Friend erythroleukemia cells. The two dyes constitute an ideal donor-acceptor pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer thereby permitting the determination of the proximity relationships between bound ligand molecules and the corresponding surface receptors. The transfer efficiency at saturation (about 57%) was measured in a multiparameter flow system using laser excitation at 488 nm and detection of fluorescein and rhodamine emission intensities as well as the emission anisotropy of the rhodamine fluorescence for each cell. The degree of energy transfer was estimated from the quenching of donor emission, the sensitization of acceptor emission, and the depolarization of acceptor fluorescence. The system has been modeled according to a formalism developed by Gennis and Cantor (Biochemistry 11: 2509, 1972). We estimate the separation between the surfaces of bound lectin molecules at saturation to be 0-40 A, a range possibly characteristic for micropatches induced by ligand binding.", "contents": "Proximity of lectin receptors on the cell surface measured by fluorescence energy transfer in a flow system. Molecules of the lectin concanavalin A have been labeled separately with the fluorescein and rhodamine chromophores and jointly bound to the surface of transformed Friend erythroleukemia cells. The two dyes constitute an ideal donor-acceptor pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer thereby permitting the determination of the proximity relationships between bound ligand molecules and the corresponding surface receptors. The transfer efficiency at saturation (about 57%) was measured in a multiparameter flow system using laser excitation at 488 nm and detection of fluorescein and rhodamine emission intensities as well as the emission anisotropy of the rhodamine fluorescence for each cell. The degree of energy transfer was estimated from the quenching of donor emission, the sensitization of acceptor emission, and the depolarization of acceptor fluorescence. The system has been modeled according to a formalism developed by Gennis and Cantor (Biochemistry 11: 2509, 1972). We estimate the separation between the surfaces of bound lectin molecules at saturation to be 0-40 A, a range possibly characteristic for micropatches induced by ligand binding.", "PMID": 374620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2546", "title": "Visualization of multidimensional spectra in flow cytometry.", "content": "Flow data from a cell sorter have been processed by hardwired circuits which include amplification, discrimination, coincidence requirements, peak sensing and holding, A-D conversion, and a computerized pulse height analysis with storage of the spectra obtained. Two dimensional spectra can be stored directly in memory, on tape and disk. Three and four parametric cellular events can be recorded on line during the flow measurement in a sequential mode on tape for subsequent recall. Simple processing of these data can be performed for displaying of two dimensional projections from these multidimensional spaces based on threshold conditions for the remaining parameters. Interfaced transmission of the stored data to a large scale computer enables more sophisticated data analysis. Data reduction by means of a multidimensional probability analysis has been carried out in order to transfer the spectra to a computerized picture system for display. This system creates perspective two-dimensional images from a three-dimensional data space. Frequency can be converted into grey levels. Hard copy in color (color as the third dimension and color intensity as frequency) simplifies the visualization of multiparametric flow data sets.", "contents": "Visualization of multidimensional spectra in flow cytometry. Flow data from a cell sorter have been processed by hardwired circuits which include amplification, discrimination, coincidence requirements, peak sensing and holding, A-D conversion, and a computerized pulse height analysis with storage of the spectra obtained. Two dimensional spectra can be stored directly in memory, on tape and disk. Three and four parametric cellular events can be recorded on line during the flow measurement in a sequential mode on tape for subsequent recall. Simple processing of these data can be performed for displaying of two dimensional projections from these multidimensional spaces based on threshold conditions for the remaining parameters. Interfaced transmission of the stored data to a large scale computer enables more sophisticated data analysis. Data reduction by means of a multidimensional probability analysis has been carried out in order to transfer the spectra to a computerized picture system for display. This system creates perspective two-dimensional images from a three-dimensional data space. Frequency can be converted into grey levels. Hard copy in color (color as the third dimension and color intensity as frequency) simplifies the visualization of multiparametric flow data sets.", "PMID": 374621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2547", "title": "Quantitative cytology of the positive region in flow sorted vaginal smears.", "content": "Fifty-one gynecologic specimens were collected from three women's hospitals and mailed in a prefixed status to our laboratory. The specimens were classified into a negative, a suspicious, a postradiation, and a positive group. After single cell dispersion the samples were stained for DNA and protein, analyzed, and sorted in the dual laser equipped Heidelberg flow analyzer sorter (HEIFAS). Particles with elevated DNA values (beyond 3.5 ploidy) and with intermediate protein values were sorted as the positive fraction directly on microscopic slides. After restaining according to Papanicolaou, they were re-evaluated cytologically and identified as tumor cells, dysplastic cells and false alarms. The latter consist of doublets and aggregates of more than two cells, binucleated cells, sperm aggregates and epithelial cells contaminated with bacteria. The different groups showed significant differences regarding the total rate of aggregates to single cells. In general, false alarms were very frequent in the positive region and impeded the statistical classification of the sample. The reduction of false alarms is a prerequisite for prescreening with flow instrumentation.", "contents": "Quantitative cytology of the positive region in flow sorted vaginal smears. Fifty-one gynecologic specimens were collected from three women's hospitals and mailed in a prefixed status to our laboratory. The specimens were classified into a negative, a suspicious, a postradiation, and a positive group. After single cell dispersion the samples were stained for DNA and protein, analyzed, and sorted in the dual laser equipped Heidelberg flow analyzer sorter (HEIFAS). Particles with elevated DNA values (beyond 3.5 ploidy) and with intermediate protein values were sorted as the positive fraction directly on microscopic slides. After restaining according to Papanicolaou, they were re-evaluated cytologically and identified as tumor cells, dysplastic cells and false alarms. The latter consist of doublets and aggregates of more than two cells, binucleated cells, sperm aggregates and epithelial cells contaminated with bacteria. The different groups showed significant differences regarding the total rate of aggregates to single cells. In general, false alarms were very frequent in the positive region and impeded the statistical classification of the sample. The reduction of false alarms is a prerequisite for prescreening with flow instrumentation.", "PMID": 374622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2548", "title": "Flow cytometry of human gynecologic specimens using log chromomycin A3 fluorescence and log 90 degrees light scatter.", "content": "Flow cytometry and electronic cell sorting are being investigated to screen gynecologic specimens for cervical neoplasia. Cellular DNA content is quantitated by Chromomycin A3 fluorescence and cell size is quantitated by 90 degrees light scatter; the logarithms of the measured intensities are used to produce a two parameter histogram. To determine the cell types responsible for signals in various histogram regions, systematic electronic cell sorting is performed. The sorted fractions are sedimented into microscope slides and stained by the Papanicolaou technique. The cells in each fraction are identified by conventional cytomorphologic criteria. Morphologic analysis of sorted cells reveals histogram regions corresponding to specific cell types. One very important region contains the highest concentration of signals from abnormal cells and is therefore the best region to analyze for specimen abnormality. However, because a significant number of signals in this region are from normal cells, specimens cannot be diagnosed by their analysis. Another important histogram region is composed primarily of signals from endocervical columnar and metaplastic cells. The presence of such cells is a good criterion for specimen adequacy, therefore analysis of signals in this region is essential to assess specimen adequacy for automatic screening.", "contents": "Flow cytometry of human gynecologic specimens using log chromomycin A3 fluorescence and log 90 degrees light scatter. Flow cytometry and electronic cell sorting are being investigated to screen gynecologic specimens for cervical neoplasia. Cellular DNA content is quantitated by Chromomycin A3 fluorescence and cell size is quantitated by 90 degrees light scatter; the logarithms of the measured intensities are used to produce a two parameter histogram. To determine the cell types responsible for signals in various histogram regions, systematic electronic cell sorting is performed. The sorted fractions are sedimented into microscope slides and stained by the Papanicolaou technique. The cells in each fraction are identified by conventional cytomorphologic criteria. Morphologic analysis of sorted cells reveals histogram regions corresponding to specific cell types. One very important region contains the highest concentration of signals from abnormal cells and is therefore the best region to analyze for specimen abnormality. However, because a significant number of signals in this region are from normal cells, specimens cannot be diagnosed by their analysis. Another important histogram region is composed primarily of signals from endocervical columnar and metaplastic cells. The presence of such cells is a good criterion for specimen adequacy, therefore analysis of signals in this region is essential to assess specimen adequacy for automatic screening.", "PMID": 374623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2549", "title": "Interactive display and analysis of data from bivariate flow cytometers.", "content": "An interactive computer program, SWELL, displayss and analyzes bivariate distributions generated by flow cytometers. SWELL is modular with options available via a menu, is written in Fortran, and utilizes a video color display system. Data are accumulated as a bivariate distribution that is transferred to the computer as a 64 x 64 matrix. For ease of visualization, matrices are displayed in pseudocolor. The distribution values are broken into eight ranges and each range is represented by a color. Each element of the matrix is then displayed in its assigned color. To allow pooling and comparison, distributions are aligned, edited, and standardized. Unknown samples are pooled or analyzed singly and compared to the normal pool by subtraction. Differences are displayed as pseudocolor matrices of sign, magnitude, or statistical magnitude in units of standard deviation. This latter display, scaled to tolerance limits, readily reveals regions of significant difference between normal and abnormal samples. Counts within such regions can be compared to diagnose samples automatically.", "contents": "Interactive display and analysis of data from bivariate flow cytometers. An interactive computer program, SWELL, displayss and analyzes bivariate distributions generated by flow cytometers. SWELL is modular with options available via a menu, is written in Fortran, and utilizes a video color display system. Data are accumulated as a bivariate distribution that is transferred to the computer as a 64 x 64 matrix. For ease of visualization, matrices are displayed in pseudocolor. The distribution values are broken into eight ranges and each range is represented by a color. Each element of the matrix is then displayed in its assigned color. To allow pooling and comparison, distributions are aligned, edited, and standardized. Unknown samples are pooled or analyzed singly and compared to the normal pool by subtraction. Differences are displayed as pseudocolor matrices of sign, magnitude, or statistical magnitude in units of standard deviation. This latter display, scaled to tolerance limits, readily reveals regions of significant difference between normal and abnormal samples. Counts within such regions can be compared to diagnose samples automatically.", "PMID": 374624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2550", "title": "False alarms in a slit-scan flow system: causes and occurrence rates. Implications and potential solutions.", "content": "A slit-scan technique was developed as a basis for an automated prescreening system for gynecologic cytology. A flow system based on this technique was fabricated and tested and results indicated that false alarms (misclassification of objects or events from normal specimens as abnormal) are the greatest remaining obstacle to development of an automated prescreening instrument. A dual view correlation system was fabricated to provide exact image-contour correlation in flow and permit precise determination of causes and occurrence rates of false alarms. This paper presents data from correlation analyses of 23 normal cytologic specimens. Major causes of false alarms and their implications to automated prescreening are discussed. A technique that would eliminate the majority of false alarms in flow is presented.", "contents": "False alarms in a slit-scan flow system: causes and occurrence rates. Implications and potential solutions. A slit-scan technique was developed as a basis for an automated prescreening system for gynecologic cytology. A flow system based on this technique was fabricated and tested and results indicated that false alarms (misclassification of objects or events from normal specimens as abnormal) are the greatest remaining obstacle to development of an automated prescreening instrument. A dual view correlation system was fabricated to provide exact image-contour correlation in flow and permit precise determination of causes and occurrence rates of false alarms. This paper presents data from correlation analyses of 23 normal cytologic specimens. Major causes of false alarms and their implications to automated prescreening are discussed. A technique that would eliminate the majority of false alarms in flow is presented.", "PMID": 374626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2551", "title": "Preselection of alarms in a hybrid system for screening of cervical cancer.", "content": "In this report, a preselection of alarms in a system for automated screening of cervical cancer based on depositing the cell sample linearly as a \"cell trace\" on a tape and analyzing it at different decision levels with increasing complexity, and preliminary results on analyzing cervical material with this system are discussed. The \"cell trace\" is analyzed with the slit-scan technique. Six parameters are computed: 1) cellular diameter; 2) nuclear diameter; 3) nuclear fluorescence (acriflavin-Feulgen) as nuclear DNA; 4) cellular fluorescence; 5) nuclear to cytoplasm ratio (N/C ratio); and 6) nuclear density. At present, only nuclear fluorescence is used to define a decision boundary between normal and potentially atypical cells. Under this criteria the slit-scan analysis leaves 5% of the events in a sample that must be rechecked at a second decision level in normal cell samples. A further reduction is expected when several slit-scan parameters are used at the first decision step. All events declared suspicious will be investigated in more detail by a two dimensional image analyzing system where the fluorescence image is generated by a laser scanning system. Results obtained in preliminary experiments are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Preselection of alarms in a hybrid system for screening of cervical cancer. In this report, a preselection of alarms in a system for automated screening of cervical cancer based on depositing the cell sample linearly as a \"cell trace\" on a tape and analyzing it at different decision levels with increasing complexity, and preliminary results on analyzing cervical material with this system are discussed. The \"cell trace\" is analyzed with the slit-scan technique. Six parameters are computed: 1) cellular diameter; 2) nuclear diameter; 3) nuclear fluorescence (acriflavin-Feulgen) as nuclear DNA; 4) cellular fluorescence; 5) nuclear to cytoplasm ratio (N/C ratio); and 6) nuclear density. At present, only nuclear fluorescence is used to define a decision boundary between normal and potentially atypical cells. Under this criteria the slit-scan analysis leaves 5% of the events in a sample that must be rechecked at a second decision level in normal cell samples. A further reduction is expected when several slit-scan parameters are used at the first decision step. All events declared suspicious will be investigated in more detail by a two dimensional image analyzing system where the fluorescence image is generated by a laser scanning system. Results obtained in preliminary experiments are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 374627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2552", "title": "Progress report of the TUDAB project for automated cancer cell detection.", "content": "Two methods for high resolution cell image data acquisition are applied routinely. Cells are either scanned by a computer controlled fast scanning microscope photometer (SMP) or a TV-camera. The software system for digital image analysis was completely revised and implemented on the PR 330 minicomputer. The system contains codes for primary cell data acquisition, segmentation of cells, cell feature extraction and statistical cell analysis. With this system, SMP and TV scanned cell data bases of PAP stained cells in vaginal smears, grouped into several classes, have been built up. Each data base contains 34 primary features and 20 feature combinations for each cell. A linear discriminant analysis is applied routinely for cell classification. The present state of the system and its operation are described, cell features and classification results are shown, and future steps for a prescreening strategy are discussed.", "contents": "Progress report of the TUDAB project for automated cancer cell detection. Two methods for high resolution cell image data acquisition are applied routinely. Cells are either scanned by a computer controlled fast scanning microscope photometer (SMP) or a TV-camera. The software system for digital image analysis was completely revised and implemented on the PR 330 minicomputer. The system contains codes for primary cell data acquisition, segmentation of cells, cell feature extraction and statistical cell analysis. With this system, SMP and TV scanned cell data bases of PAP stained cells in vaginal smears, grouped into several classes, have been built up. Each data base contains 34 primary features and 20 feature combinations for each cell. A linear discriminant analysis is applied routinely for cell classification. The present state of the system and its operation are described, cell features and classification results are shown, and future steps for a prescreening strategy are discussed.", "PMID": 374628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2553", "title": "An image analysis system for cervical cytology automation using nuclear DNA content.", "content": "An experimental computer/image analysis system has been used to investigate cytology automation techniques based on nuclear DNA measurement and morphological artefact rejector tests. The system automatically measures and normalizes the integrated optical density of cell nuclei in specially prepared cervical cytology specimens, and selects any objects with abnormally high values for further analysis. These are then analyzed by morphological and densitometric tests designed to eliminate false positive signals caused by non-nuclear artefacts. The coordinates of the remaining abnormal nuclei are recorded so that they can subsequently be relocated and examined by a cytotechnician. Preliminary results are given showing the measurement accuracy of the system and the performance of the artefact rejection tests.", "contents": "An image analysis system for cervical cytology automation using nuclear DNA content. An experimental computer/image analysis system has been used to investigate cytology automation techniques based on nuclear DNA measurement and morphological artefact rejector tests. The system automatically measures and normalizes the integrated optical density of cell nuclei in specially prepared cervical cytology specimens, and selects any objects with abnormally high values for further analysis. These are then analyzed by morphological and densitometric tests designed to eliminate false positive signals caused by non-nuclear artefacts. The coordinates of the remaining abnormal nuclei are recorded so that they can subsequently be relocated and examined by a cytotechnician. Preliminary results are given showing the measurement accuracy of the system and the performance of the artefact rejection tests.", "PMID": 374629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2554", "title": "High resolution segmentation of cervical cells.", "content": "A major problem in the automation of cervical cytology screening is the segmentation of cell images. This paper presents the present status of the work on that problem at the University of Uppsala. A dual resolution system is used. Suspect malignant cells are located at 4 mu resolution. Each such cell is rescanned at 0.5 mu resolution at two different wavelengths, 530 and 570 nm. The nucleus and the cytoplasm are isolated each by two independent methods. For the nucleus adaptive thresholding in the histogram of the 570 nm image and a contouring in a radially transformed version of that image is used. For the cytoplasm a two dimensional thresholding in the 2D histogram and a contouring in a radially transformed version of the 530 nm image is used. If the two nuclear masks agree the surrounding area is checked for disturbing objects. If also the cytoplasm masks agree and are without disturbing objects the whole cell is accepted. The result of the cytoplasm masks agree and are without disturbing objects the whole cell is accepted. The result of the segmentation is thus three categories; free cells, free nuclei and rejected objects. The shape of the objects belonging to the former two categories is checked and irregularly shaped ones are rejected as probably consisting of several overlapping nuclei. Cells passing also this test are classified as normal or malignant. The experience from using this algorithm is discussed and areas for further research are pointed out.", "contents": "High resolution segmentation of cervical cells. A major problem in the automation of cervical cytology screening is the segmentation of cell images. This paper presents the present status of the work on that problem at the University of Uppsala. A dual resolution system is used. Suspect malignant cells are located at 4 mu resolution. Each such cell is rescanned at 0.5 mu resolution at two different wavelengths, 530 and 570 nm. The nucleus and the cytoplasm are isolated each by two independent methods. For the nucleus adaptive thresholding in the histogram of the 570 nm image and a contouring in a radially transformed version of that image is used. For the cytoplasm a two dimensional thresholding in the 2D histogram and a contouring in a radially transformed version of the 530 nm image is used. If the two nuclear masks agree the surrounding area is checked for disturbing objects. If also the cytoplasm masks agree and are without disturbing objects the whole cell is accepted. The result of the cytoplasm masks agree and are without disturbing objects the whole cell is accepted. The result of the segmentation is thus three categories; free cells, free nuclei and rejected objects. The shape of the objects belonging to the former two categories is checked and irregularly shaped ones are rejected as probably consisting of several overlapping nuclei. Cells passing also this test are classified as normal or malignant. The experience from using this algorithm is discussed and areas for further research are pointed out.", "PMID": 374630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2555", "title": "A new method for fluorescence immunoassay using plane surface solid phases (FIAPS).", "content": "A method distinguished by high sensitivity, low non-specific binding, easy handling, and broad applicability with respect to various antigens is described. Films of polymethyl-methacrylate with plane surfaces were selected as solid phase for adhesive or covalent binding of different antigens (DNA, histone, human, rabbit or goat immunoglobulins). Proteins were covalently bound to the films by the azide method (Orth and Brummer, 1972). Polymethylmethacrylate films thus coated had a negligible autofluorescence and gave minimal non-specific binding of protein. Coated films were used for specificity control of FITC-labeled antibody preparations and in the double antibody and sandwich techniques for detection of antibodies or antigens in sera from man, rabbit and goat. FITC-conjugated hyperimmune antibody, in some cases purified by immunoadsorption was used as second antibody in indirect techniques. The amount of fluorescent-labeled antibody bound per unit of surface area of film was measured by incident light with a Zeiss-Axiomat fluorescence microscope equipped for fluorescence photometry and an uranyl acetate glass plate was used as a standard. The technique appears superior to present methods of quantitative immunofluorescence analysis.", "contents": "A new method for fluorescence immunoassay using plane surface solid phases (FIAPS). A method distinguished by high sensitivity, low non-specific binding, easy handling, and broad applicability with respect to various antigens is described. Films of polymethyl-methacrylate with plane surfaces were selected as solid phase for adhesive or covalent binding of different antigens (DNA, histone, human, rabbit or goat immunoglobulins). Proteins were covalently bound to the films by the azide method (Orth and Brummer, 1972). Polymethylmethacrylate films thus coated had a negligible autofluorescence and gave minimal non-specific binding of protein. Coated films were used for specificity control of FITC-labeled antibody preparations and in the double antibody and sandwich techniques for detection of antibodies or antigens in sera from man, rabbit and goat. FITC-conjugated hyperimmune antibody, in some cases purified by immunoadsorption was used as second antibody in indirect techniques. The amount of fluorescent-labeled antibody bound per unit of surface area of film was measured by incident light with a Zeiss-Axiomat fluorescence microscope equipped for fluorescence photometry and an uranyl acetate glass plate was used as a standard. The technique appears superior to present methods of quantitative immunofluorescence analysis.", "PMID": 374631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2556", "title": "Preparation of functionalized derivatives of inulin: conjugation of erythrocytes for hemagglutination and plaque-forming cell assays.", "content": "A method is described for preparing derivatives of alkali-stable polysaccharides for coupling to immunogen carriers or to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for use in hemagglutination (HA) and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. Inulin, a beta (2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructosan was partially derivatized with carboxyl, aminoethyl or (p-aminophenyl)butyryl groups; the latter derivative was coupled to SRBC following diazotization. Optimal conditions for the sensitization of SRBC with inulin were given. The immunological reactivity of the inulin molecule was unaffected by the derivatization reactions, and high, reproducible anti-inulin HA titers for inulin-binding myeloma proteins were found using these specifically sensitized SRBC. The sensitized SRBC were stable for assays for over 2 weeks. Problems with spontaneous agglutination or distortion of sensitized SRBC, normally seen in other procedures, e.g., methods using stearoyl-inulin, were not encountered.", "contents": "Preparation of functionalized derivatives of inulin: conjugation of erythrocytes for hemagglutination and plaque-forming cell assays. A method is described for preparing derivatives of alkali-stable polysaccharides for coupling to immunogen carriers or to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for use in hemagglutination (HA) and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. Inulin, a beta (2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructosan was partially derivatized with carboxyl, aminoethyl or (p-aminophenyl)butyryl groups; the latter derivative was coupled to SRBC following diazotization. Optimal conditions for the sensitization of SRBC with inulin were given. The immunological reactivity of the inulin molecule was unaffected by the derivatization reactions, and high, reproducible anti-inulin HA titers for inulin-binding myeloma proteins were found using these specifically sensitized SRBC. The sensitized SRBC were stable for assays for over 2 weeks. Problems with spontaneous agglutination or distortion of sensitized SRBC, normally seen in other procedures, e.g., methods using stearoyl-inulin, were not encountered.", "PMID": 374632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2557", "title": "A simple micro-assay for neutrophil bactericidal activity.", "content": "A micro-titre assay of neutrophil intracellular bactericidal activity is presented which requires only a relatively small number of cells and which is simple to perform, making it suitable for use in a clinical situation.", "contents": "A simple micro-assay for neutrophil bactericidal activity. A micro-titre assay of neutrophil intracellular bactericidal activity is presented which requires only a relatively small number of cells and which is simple to perform, making it suitable for use in a clinical situation.", "PMID": 374633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2558", "title": "Virulence of Escherichia coli K1 in adults.", "content": "Of 137 cases of Escherichia coli bacteremia in adults at a general hospital, 16 (12%) were caused by E. coli K1. The case records of 15 patients with E. coli K1 and 48 patients with other E. coli revealed that the patients with E. coli K1 had an average age of 54, while those with other E. coli had an average age of 61 (P greater than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the profiles of underlying disease in the two groups. No patients with E. coli K1 bacteremia died, while 16 of 48 patients with non-K1 bacteremia died (P =0.006). This difference was statistically significant in those patients with ultimately fatal disease (P = 0.038) but not in those with non-fatal disease (P = 0.16). These findings suggest that E. coli K1 is cleared more easily by adults than are other E. coli.", "contents": "Virulence of Escherichia coli K1 in adults. Of 137 cases of Escherichia coli bacteremia in adults at a general hospital, 16 (12%) were caused by E. coli K1. The case records of 15 patients with E. coli K1 and 48 patients with other E. coli revealed that the patients with E. coli K1 had an average age of 54, while those with other E. coli had an average age of 61 (P greater than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the profiles of underlying disease in the two groups. No patients with E. coli K1 bacteremia died, while 16 of 48 patients with non-K1 bacteremia died (P =0.006). This difference was statistically significant in those patients with ultimately fatal disease (P = 0.038) but not in those with non-fatal disease (P = 0.16). These findings suggest that E. coli K1 is cleared more easily by adults than are other E. coli.", "PMID": 374636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2559", "title": "Target tissues associated with genital infection of female guinea pigs by the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.", "content": "Female guinea pigs were experimentally infected in the genital tract with the strain of Chlamydia psittaci that causes guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Chlamydiae were found frequently in superficial squamous epithelial cells of the exocervix, along with heavy involvement at the squamocolumnar junction. In this zone chlamydiae were observed in columnar cells, but inflammation and chlamydial inclusions were not observed in true endocervical epithelium. These observations were supported by results of immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed typical chlamydiae within surface epithelial cells at the squamocolumnar junction; various stages of the growth cycle (elementary, reticulate, and intermediate bodies) were also present. Cytopathologic features were not remarkable, but peripheral distribution of organelles, rarefaction of the cytoplasm, and loss of microvilli were observed.", "contents": "Target tissues associated with genital infection of female guinea pigs by the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Female guinea pigs were experimentally infected in the genital tract with the strain of Chlamydia psittaci that causes guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Chlamydiae were found frequently in superficial squamous epithelial cells of the exocervix, along with heavy involvement at the squamocolumnar junction. In this zone chlamydiae were observed in columnar cells, but inflammation and chlamydial inclusions were not observed in true endocervical epithelium. These observations were supported by results of immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed typical chlamydiae within surface epithelial cells at the squamocolumnar junction; various stages of the growth cycle (elementary, reticulate, and intermediate bodies) were also present. Cytopathologic features were not remarkable, but peripheral distribution of organelles, rarefaction of the cytoplasm, and loss of microvilli were observed.", "PMID": 374637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2560", "title": "Adherence, augmented adherence, and aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to nylon fiber was found to be plasma-independent and distinct from the processes of augmented adherence, leukocyte aggregation, and inhibition of random leukocyte migration, all of which are dependent on \"activated\" plasma. Nylon fibers were unable to \"activate\" plasma, in contrast to the complement-activating agent zymosan. Prior incubation of plasma with antiserum to the third component of complement (C3) inhibited aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by plasma incubated with zymosan, and heat-inactivation blocked augmentation of adherence by treatment of plasma with zymosan.", "contents": "Adherence, augmented adherence, and aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to nylon fiber was found to be plasma-independent and distinct from the processes of augmented adherence, leukocyte aggregation, and inhibition of random leukocyte migration, all of which are dependent on \"activated\" plasma. Nylon fibers were unable to \"activate\" plasma, in contrast to the complement-activating agent zymosan. Prior incubation of plasma with antiserum to the third component of complement (C3) inhibited aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by plasma incubated with zymosan, and heat-inactivation blocked augmentation of adherence by treatment of plasma with zymosan.", "PMID": 374638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2561", "title": "Interaction of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid with bovine myelin basic protein.", "content": "Group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a polyglycerol phosphate ester linked with fatty acids, formed precipitin lines in agar gels with the positively charged myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from bovine brain. The LTA-MBP complexes were formed with deacylated teichoic acid and were not inhibited by monomeric glycerol phosphate, a finding indicating the participation of the polyglycerol phosphate (PGP) backbone of LTA in the reaction. Following interaction with PGP, MBP inhibited the agglutination of LTA-sensitized erythrocytes by induction of antibodies to LTA, directed against the PGP antigenic determinant. The amplification of the humoral immune response to the insoluble complex of LTA and MBP was of particular interest in view of the lack of immunogenicity of either LTA or MBP alone.", "contents": "Interaction of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid with bovine myelin basic protein. Group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a polyglycerol phosphate ester linked with fatty acids, formed precipitin lines in agar gels with the positively charged myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from bovine brain. The LTA-MBP complexes were formed with deacylated teichoic acid and were not inhibited by monomeric glycerol phosphate, a finding indicating the participation of the polyglycerol phosphate (PGP) backbone of LTA in the reaction. Following interaction with PGP, MBP inhibited the agglutination of LTA-sensitized erythrocytes by induction of antibodies to LTA, directed against the PGP antigenic determinant. The amplification of the humoral immune response to the insoluble complex of LTA and MBP was of particular interest in view of the lack of immunogenicity of either LTA or MBP alone.", "PMID": 374639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2562", "title": "Synergism of ampicillin and gentamicin against obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rats.", "content": "Rats with obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli were treated for different intervals with ampicillin and gentamicin either alone or in combination. The combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was synergistic in vitro and significantly more effective in vivo than was either drug alone. After treatment for 10 days, the combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was the only regimen that sterilized all of the pyelonephritic kidneys. The importance of achieving sterility was illustrated by the observation that severe infection and acute pyelonephritis recurred after religation of the ureter in 12 (71%) of 17 ampicillin-treated animals that had harbored as few as 46 organisms per kidney before ligation. A synergistic combination of antibiotics rapidly sterilizes obstructed pyelonephritic kidneys. In view of the particular risk of renal infection in the presence of urinary obstruction in humans, synergistic antibiotic combinations may be useful in the treatment of obstructive pyelonephritis in humans.", "contents": "Synergism of ampicillin and gentamicin against obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rats. Rats with obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli were treated for different intervals with ampicillin and gentamicin either alone or in combination. The combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was synergistic in vitro and significantly more effective in vivo than was either drug alone. After treatment for 10 days, the combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was the only regimen that sterilized all of the pyelonephritic kidneys. The importance of achieving sterility was illustrated by the observation that severe infection and acute pyelonephritis recurred after religation of the ureter in 12 (71%) of 17 ampicillin-treated animals that had harbored as few as 46 organisms per kidney before ligation. A synergistic combination of antibiotics rapidly sterilizes obstructed pyelonephritic kidneys. In view of the particular risk of renal infection in the presence of urinary obstruction in humans, synergistic antibiotic combinations may be useful in the treatment of obstructive pyelonephritis in humans.", "PMID": 374640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2563", "title": "Electron microscopic definition of surface antigens of group B Streptococcus.", "content": "Strains representing each of the five serologically distinct types of group B Streptococcus and variant strain 090R, which is devoid of type-specific polysaccharide, were studied by electron microscopy after incubation with various ferritin-conjugated antibodies. Ferritin-conjugated types Ia, II and III antibodies localized on homologous cells in a pattern that defines the capsular location of the type Ia, II, and III polysaccharide antigen. Type Ib and Ic cells have surface antigens to which ferritin-labeled antibodies to both capsular polysaccharide and a common surface protein attach.", "contents": "Electron microscopic definition of surface antigens of group B Streptococcus. Strains representing each of the five serologically distinct types of group B Streptococcus and variant strain 090R, which is devoid of type-specific polysaccharide, were studied by electron microscopy after incubation with various ferritin-conjugated antibodies. Ferritin-conjugated types Ia, II and III antibodies localized on homologous cells in a pattern that defines the capsular location of the type Ia, II, and III polysaccharide antigen. Type Ib and Ic cells have surface antigens to which ferritin-labeled antibodies to both capsular polysaccharide and a common surface protein attach.", "PMID": 374641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2564", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in sporotrichosis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated in five patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis and six patients with systemic sporotrichosis. Whereas patients with cutaneous disease showed normal CMI, the patients with systemic disease had significant abnormalities in CMI. Most patients exhibited responses to a sporothrix antigen, measured either in conventional assays of lymphocyte transformation or in preincubation assays. Two patients with protracted illnesses and continued abnormalities in CMI were treated with transfer factor and showed improvement in parameters of CMI and control of their disease.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in sporotrichosis. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated in five patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis and six patients with systemic sporotrichosis. Whereas patients with cutaneous disease showed normal CMI, the patients with systemic disease had significant abnormalities in CMI. Most patients exhibited responses to a sporothrix antigen, measured either in conventional assays of lymphocyte transformation or in preincubation assays. Two patients with protracted illnesses and continued abnormalities in CMI were treated with transfer factor and showed improvement in parameters of CMI and control of their disease.", "PMID": 374642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2565", "title": "Prevention of pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rats with gentamicin stored in kidney tissue.", "content": "Although gentamicin is known to accumulate and persist in the kidneys after systemic administration, its antibacterial activity at this site has not been determined. In the present study the accumulation of gentamicin in rat kidneys before infection prevented obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli despite heavy urinary tract infection on the obstructed pelvis; thus the kidneys were protected against infection in the absence of effective levels of gentamicin in the urine. Stored gentamicin also protected pyelonephritic rats from relapse after complete obstruction of the kidneys. The level of antimicrobial activity of gentamicin in whole kidney tissue was 95% less than that anticipated on the basis of levels measured after dilution of kidney tissue homogenates; this low level of activity apparently was due in part to high concentrations of solutes. In view of these results in rats, the possibility must be considered that despite reduced activity, gentamicin storage might be useful in the prophylaxis of kidney infection in patients with abnormalities of the urinary tract. In the treatment of established kidney infection, the dose of gentamicin could be reduced and the interval of its administration increased for minimal toxicity.", "contents": "Prevention of pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rats with gentamicin stored in kidney tissue. Although gentamicin is known to accumulate and persist in the kidneys after systemic administration, its antibacterial activity at this site has not been determined. In the present study the accumulation of gentamicin in rat kidneys before infection prevented obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli despite heavy urinary tract infection on the obstructed pelvis; thus the kidneys were protected against infection in the absence of effective levels of gentamicin in the urine. Stored gentamicin also protected pyelonephritic rats from relapse after complete obstruction of the kidneys. The level of antimicrobial activity of gentamicin in whole kidney tissue was 95% less than that anticipated on the basis of levels measured after dilution of kidney tissue homogenates; this low level of activity apparently was due in part to high concentrations of solutes. In view of these results in rats, the possibility must be considered that despite reduced activity, gentamicin storage might be useful in the prophylaxis of kidney infection in patients with abnormalities of the urinary tract. In the treatment of established kidney infection, the dose of gentamicin could be reduced and the interval of its administration increased for minimal toxicity.", "PMID": 374643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2566", "title": "Different protection rates in various groups of volunteers given subunit influenza virus vaccine in 1976.", "content": "Different rates of protection were observed in various groups of volunteers given trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine during an epidemic caused by A/Victoria/3/75 strains of influenza virus in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1976. The degree of protection varied from 80% protection from infection in one group to a moderation in the severity of clinical illness in a geriatric group. The response to immunization may depend on the previous experience of the vaccinees, and it may be necessary to use different dose schedules in different groups for optimal protection.", "contents": "Different protection rates in various groups of volunteers given subunit influenza virus vaccine in 1976. Different rates of protection were observed in various groups of volunteers given trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine during an epidemic caused by A/Victoria/3/75 strains of influenza virus in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1976. The degree of protection varied from 80% protection from infection in one group to a moderation in the severity of clinical illness in a geriatric group. The response to immunization may depend on the previous experience of the vaccinees, and it may be necessary to use different dose schedules in different groups for optimal protection.", "PMID": 374644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2567", "title": "Antimicrobial therapy of septicemia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in neutropenic rats.", "content": "Three different isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, highly sensitive to amikacin but varying  in susceptibility to cefazolin, were injected intraperitoneally into neutropenic rats. Animals were treated every 8 hr for 72 hr with saline (controls), cefzolin (full dose, 40 mg/kg; one-fourth dose, 10 mg/kg), amikacin (full dose, 8 mg/kg; one-fourth dose, 2 mg/kg), or a combination of both drugs at either full dose or one-fourth dose. All drugs were given intramuscularly. Combination therapy with full doses produced higher mean bactericidal titers in serum and more rapid clearance of bacteria from blood and peritoneal washings. However, cumulative mortality at 72 hr in rats treated with amikacin plus cefazolin in full doses (24%, 23%, and 44%) was not significantly different from mortality in rats treated with amikacin alone (34%, 17%, and 62%). Results with cefazolin alone were not significantly different from the mortality in control animals for two of the three challenge organisms. When the minimal inhibitory concentration of cefazolin was less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml, in vivo synergy was suggested by the similar survival rate obtained with a combination of a one-fourth dose of each agent and with amikacin alone in a full dose. These results demonstrate the relative ineffectiveness of cefazolin for therapy of klebsiella septicemia and suggest that in vivo antimicrobial synergy occurs in combination therapy against strains of bacteria relatively sensitive to cephalosporins.", "contents": "Antimicrobial therapy of septicemia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in neutropenic rats. Three different isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, highly sensitive to amikacin but varying  in susceptibility to cefazolin, were injected intraperitoneally into neutropenic rats. Animals were treated every 8 hr for 72 hr with saline (controls), cefzolin (full dose, 40 mg/kg; one-fourth dose, 10 mg/kg), amikacin (full dose, 8 mg/kg; one-fourth dose, 2 mg/kg), or a combination of both drugs at either full dose or one-fourth dose. All drugs were given intramuscularly. Combination therapy with full doses produced higher mean bactericidal titers in serum and more rapid clearance of bacteria from blood and peritoneal washings. However, cumulative mortality at 72 hr in rats treated with amikacin plus cefazolin in full doses (24%, 23%, and 44%) was not significantly different from mortality in rats treated with amikacin alone (34%, 17%, and 62%). Results with cefazolin alone were not significantly different from the mortality in control animals for two of the three challenge organisms. When the minimal inhibitory concentration of cefazolin was less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml, in vivo synergy was suggested by the similar survival rate obtained with a combination of a one-fourth dose of each agent and with amikacin alone in a full dose. These results demonstrate the relative ineffectiveness of cefazolin for therapy of klebsiella septicemia and suggest that in vivo antimicrobial synergy occurs in combination therapy against strains of bacteria relatively sensitive to cephalosporins.", "PMID": 374646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2568", "title": "Investigations in mice on the potentiation of resistance to infections by a new immunostimulant compound.", "content": "BM 12.531, 2-[2-cyranaziridinyl-(1)]-2-[2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane, a new immunostimulant compound, increased the resistance of mice to infection with Candida albicans. Because BM 12.531 had no fungistatic activity in vitro, it is proposed that the therapeutic effect of BM 12.531 is caused by the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity. Administration of cyclophosphamide alone increased the mortality among mice infected with C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but when BM 12.531 was then administered to these animals, the mortality was reduced. Among mice with acute Escherichia coli infection, a synergistic effect of chloramphenicol and BM 12.531 was demonstrated.", "contents": "Investigations in mice on the potentiation of resistance to infections by a new immunostimulant compound. BM 12.531, 2-[2-cyranaziridinyl-(1)]-2-[2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane, a new immunostimulant compound, increased the resistance of mice to infection with Candida albicans. Because BM 12.531 had no fungistatic activity in vitro, it is proposed that the therapeutic effect of BM 12.531 is caused by the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity. Administration of cyclophosphamide alone increased the mortality among mice infected with C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but when BM 12.531 was then administered to these animals, the mortality was reduced. Among mice with acute Escherichia coli infection, a synergistic effect of chloramphenicol and BM 12.531 was demonstrated.", "PMID": 374647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2569", "title": "Immunofluorescence determination of the pathogenesis of infection with influenza virus in mice following exposure to aerosolized virus.", "content": "The pathogenesis of infection with influenza A virus in mice was studied by exposure of specific pathogen-free mice to aerosols of influenza virus and by monitoring of mortality, viral titers in lung homogenates, and presence of viral antigens in respiratory cells as determined by immunofluorescence. In two experiments with different death rates (100% and 43%), viral antigen accumulated in the epithelial cells lining the airways, in alveolar macrophages, in alveolar cells, and in visceral pleura. By enumeration of the number of airways, alveolar macrophages, and alveolar cells containing influenza viral antigens at different intervals after exposure to the viral aerosol, it was determined that viral replication occurred initially in the epithelial cells lining the airways and later extended to the alveolar macrophages and alveolar cells. This semiquantitative survey of the dynamics of influenza viral infection by aerosol indicated that the viral infection in mice was a descending process.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence determination of the pathogenesis of infection with influenza virus in mice following exposure to aerosolized virus. The pathogenesis of infection with influenza A virus in mice was studied by exposure of specific pathogen-free mice to aerosols of influenza virus and by monitoring of mortality, viral titers in lung homogenates, and presence of viral antigens in respiratory cells as determined by immunofluorescence. In two experiments with different death rates (100% and 43%), viral antigen accumulated in the epithelial cells lining the airways, in alveolar macrophages, in alveolar cells, and in visceral pleura. By enumeration of the number of airways, alveolar macrophages, and alveolar cells containing influenza viral antigens at different intervals after exposure to the viral aerosol, it was determined that viral replication occurred initially in the epithelial cells lining the airways and later extended to the alveolar macrophages and alveolar cells. This semiquantitative survey of the dynamics of influenza viral infection by aerosol indicated that the viral infection in mice was a descending process.", "PMID": 374648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2570", "title": "Enhanced isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from throat washings with a newly-modified culture medium.", "content": "Two hundred throat washings, previously screened and presumed negative for Mycoplasma pneumoniae in conventional mycoplasma culture media, were retested for the organism in a modified medium (PS-4) initially developed for cultivation of a tick-derived Mycoplasma (spiroplasma). The organism was rapidly identified with an agar plate immunofluorescence procedure. M. pneumoniae was isolated from 69 (34.5%) of the 200 \"negative\" specimens cultured on a diphasic SP-4 medium, in contrast to 10 isolations (5%) made on conventional diphasic mycoplasma medium. This enhanced recovery of M. pneumoniae represented a combination of a superior culture medium and a more efficient identification technique. The findings suggest that these procedures might be effectively applied to the recovery of M. pneumoniae from all likely host and that improved recovery of the organism may aid in the interpretation of a number of puzzling questions about the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infections.", "contents": "Enhanced isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from throat washings with a newly-modified culture medium. Two hundred throat washings, previously screened and presumed negative for Mycoplasma pneumoniae in conventional mycoplasma culture media, were retested for the organism in a modified medium (PS-4) initially developed for cultivation of a tick-derived Mycoplasma (spiroplasma). The organism was rapidly identified with an agar plate immunofluorescence procedure. M. pneumoniae was isolated from 69 (34.5%) of the 200 \"negative\" specimens cultured on a diphasic SP-4 medium, in contrast to 10 isolations (5%) made on conventional diphasic mycoplasma medium. This enhanced recovery of M. pneumoniae represented a combination of a superior culture medium and a more efficient identification technique. The findings suggest that these procedures might be effectively applied to the recovery of M. pneumoniae from all likely host and that improved recovery of the organism may aid in the interpretation of a number of puzzling questions about the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infections.", "PMID": 374649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2571", "title": "Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions from infants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory disease. RSV was detected in 23 of 29 secretions positive for RSV by tissue culture and in one of 36 samples negative for RSV by tissue culture. The ELISA was a simple rapid, and surprisingly sensitive test for identification of RSV infection in infants.", "contents": "Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions from infants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory disease. RSV was detected in 23 of 29 secretions positive for RSV by tissue culture and in one of 36 samples negative for RSV by tissue culture. The ELISA was a simple rapid, and surprisingly sensitive test for identification of RSV infection in infants.", "PMID": 374650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2572", "title": "Mucosal defenses against Salmonella infection in the mouse.", "content": "Specific pathogen-free ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were challenged with Salmonella orally, aerogenically, or parentally 24 hr after they received sublethal whole-body irradiation. The early growth for the sublethal inoculum was identical in irradiated and control mice. In the irradiated group, Salmonella multiplied in the liver and spleen until death of the host. Increasing the dose of irradiation reduced the size of the mean lethal dose for the intravenous, intraperitoneal, and aerogenic challenges. However, in the orally challenged mice, the 50% lethal dose dropped only 100-fold when the radiation was increased from 0 to 400 rad, with little further decrease even when the dose was increased to 800 rad. Presumably, the local gut defenses were responsible for this considerable disparity in the lethal effects of an oral vs. parenteral challenge. No evidence was found for enhanced local infection of the gut or increased involvement of the gut-associated lymphoid organs in the irradiated host. The increased mortality seen in the irradiated group seemed to be associated with a continued unrestricted growth of Salmonella in the liver and spleen when the number of peripheral blood leukocytes was at a minimum. Resistance to the sublethal salmonella challenge was eventually restored as the total counts of white blood cells returned to normal.", "contents": "Mucosal defenses against Salmonella infection in the mouse. Specific pathogen-free ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were challenged with Salmonella orally, aerogenically, or parentally 24 hr after they received sublethal whole-body irradiation. The early growth for the sublethal inoculum was identical in irradiated and control mice. In the irradiated group, Salmonella multiplied in the liver and spleen until death of the host. Increasing the dose of irradiation reduced the size of the mean lethal dose for the intravenous, intraperitoneal, and aerogenic challenges. However, in the orally challenged mice, the 50% lethal dose dropped only 100-fold when the radiation was increased from 0 to 400 rad, with little further decrease even when the dose was increased to 800 rad. Presumably, the local gut defenses were responsible for this considerable disparity in the lethal effects of an oral vs. parenteral challenge. No evidence was found for enhanced local infection of the gut or increased involvement of the gut-associated lymphoid organs in the irradiated host. The increased mortality seen in the irradiated group seemed to be associated with a continued unrestricted growth of Salmonella in the liver and spleen when the number of peripheral blood leukocytes was at a minimum. Resistance to the sublethal salmonella challenge was eventually restored as the total counts of white blood cells returned to normal.", "PMID": 374651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2573", "title": "Inhibition of alternative complement pathway opsonization by group A streptococcal M protein.", "content": "Group A streptococcal M protein is known to be antiphagocytic; however, the exact basis for this property has not been established. In this study the hypothesis was tested that cell wall--associated M protein inhibits phagocytosis by interfering with bacterial opsonization. Two strains of group A Streptococcus pyogenes, CS44 (M+) and CS64 (an M- variant of CS44), were radiolabeled, and after incubation in serum these organisms were exposed to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytosis was quantitated by measurement of leukocyte-associated radioactivity. The contributions of complement and of immunoglobulin to streptococcal opsonization were evaluated by use of serum from a variety of sources. The results revealed that the M- strain was efficiently opsonized via the alternative complement pathway in a relative absence of immunoglobulins. In contrast, the M+ strain was poorly opsonized by all sera tested. These findings suggest that streptococcal M protein in some way prevents bacterial opsonization via the alternative complement pathway and that this property of M protein may partly explain its antiphagocytic characteristic.", "contents": "Inhibition of alternative complement pathway opsonization by group A streptococcal M protein. Group A streptococcal M protein is known to be antiphagocytic; however, the exact basis for this property has not been established. In this study the hypothesis was tested that cell wall--associated M protein inhibits phagocytosis by interfering with bacterial opsonization. Two strains of group A Streptococcus pyogenes, CS44 (M+) and CS64 (an M- variant of CS44), were radiolabeled, and after incubation in serum these organisms were exposed to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytosis was quantitated by measurement of leukocyte-associated radioactivity. The contributions of complement and of immunoglobulin to streptococcal opsonization were evaluated by use of serum from a variety of sources. The results revealed that the M- strain was efficiently opsonized via the alternative complement pathway in a relative absence of immunoglobulins. In contrast, the M+ strain was poorly opsonized by all sera tested. These findings suggest that streptococcal M protein in some way prevents bacterial opsonization via the alternative complement pathway and that this property of M protein may partly explain its antiphagocytic characteristic.", "PMID": 374652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2574", "title": "A study of 666 strains of Candida albicans: correlation between serotype and susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the serotypes were determined for 666 strains of Candida albicans isolated from white patients in Canada. Of these strains, 495 (74.3%) were serotype A and 71 (25.7%) were serotype B. Resistance to 5-FC (MIC, greater than or equal to 25 microgram/ml) was observed in 11.3% of the serotype A strains and in 49.7% of the strains of serotype B. Most specimens were from the urogenital and respiratory tracts. The results showed the difference between the distribution of the two serotypes of C. albicans in North America and that in Europe. Serotyping of C. albicans strains by indirect immunofluorescence is a rapid means of predicting the de novo sensitivity of this year to 5-FC. The specificity of this technique for the isolated strains was approximately 79%.", "contents": "A study of 666 strains of Candida albicans: correlation between serotype and susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the serotypes were determined for 666 strains of Candida albicans isolated from white patients in Canada. Of these strains, 495 (74.3%) were serotype A and 71 (25.7%) were serotype B. Resistance to 5-FC (MIC, greater than or equal to 25 microgram/ml) was observed in 11.3% of the serotype A strains and in 49.7% of the strains of serotype B. Most specimens were from the urogenital and respiratory tracts. The results showed the difference between the distribution of the two serotypes of C. albicans in North America and that in Europe. Serotyping of C. albicans strains by indirect immunofluorescence is a rapid means of predicting the de novo sensitivity of this year to 5-FC. The specificity of this technique for the isolated strains was approximately 79%.", "PMID": 374653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2575", "title": "Hepatic cholesterol metabolism in normo- and hyperlipidemic patients with cholesterol gallstones.", "content": "In vivo studies have shown abnormalities in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP). The aim of the present investigation was to determine if the increased production of cholesterol in HLP type IV can be attributed to a correspondingly high level of the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase activity and if the low cholic acid: chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis ratio in HLP type II is due to some hydroxylase deficiency. Liver biopsies from 26 normolipidemic and 25 hyperlipidemic (10 type IIa, 6 type IIb, and 9 type IV) patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were assayed for HMG CoA reductase activity, 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity, and 25-hydroxylase activity. The HMG CoA reductase activity was normal in HLP type IIa and type IIb and was increased about twice HLP type IV (P less than 0.001). The 12 alpha- and 25-hydroxylase activities were normal in all groups of patients. The results are compatible with a normal cholesterol synthesis in the liver in HLP type II. A reduced 12 alpha- or 25-hydroxylase activity cannot explain the low production of cholic acid relative to chenodeoxycholic acid in this type of HLP. The elevated HMG CoA reductase activity found in the liver of type IV patients may, however, be part of the explanation for the elevated synthesis of cholesterol often seen in these patients.", "contents": "Hepatic cholesterol metabolism in normo- and hyperlipidemic patients with cholesterol gallstones. In vivo studies have shown abnormalities in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP). The aim of the present investigation was to determine if the increased production of cholesterol in HLP type IV can be attributed to a correspondingly high level of the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase activity and if the low cholic acid: chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis ratio in HLP type II is due to some hydroxylase deficiency. Liver biopsies from 26 normolipidemic and 25 hyperlipidemic (10 type IIa, 6 type IIb, and 9 type IV) patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were assayed for HMG CoA reductase activity, 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity, and 25-hydroxylase activity. The HMG CoA reductase activity was normal in HLP type IIa and type IIb and was increased about twice HLP type IV (P less than 0.001). The 12 alpha- and 25-hydroxylase activities were normal in all groups of patients. The results are compatible with a normal cholesterol synthesis in the liver in HLP type II. A reduced 12 alpha- or 25-hydroxylase activity cannot explain the low production of cholic acid relative to chenodeoxycholic acid in this type of HLP. The elevated HMG CoA reductase activity found in the liver of type IV patients may, however, be part of the explanation for the elevated synthesis of cholesterol often seen in these patients.", "PMID": 374662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2576", "title": "A singular perturbation approach to diffusion reaction equations containing a point source, with application to the hemolytic plaque assay.", "content": "Many cells secrete factors which diffuse and bind to receptors on neighboring cells. These processes can be described by a nonlinear diffusion equation with a point source and spatially distributed binding reaction. We show via perturbation analysis how approximate solutions can be obtained for such equations when the binding reaction is fast compared to diffusive transport. We base our analysis on an example which is of great practical importance in immunology, the hemolytic plaque technique.", "contents": "A singular perturbation approach to diffusion reaction equations containing a point source, with application to the hemolytic plaque assay. Many cells secrete factors which diffuse and bind to receptors on neighboring cells. These processes can be described by a nonlinear diffusion equation with a point source and spatially distributed binding reaction. We show via perturbation analysis how approximate solutions can be obtained for such equations when the binding reaction is fast compared to diffusive transport. We base our analysis on an example which is of great practical importance in immunology, the hemolytic plaque technique.", "PMID": 374663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2577", "title": "Morphological changes in the endocrine pancreas in pregnant rats with experimental diabetes.", "content": "This present study has demonstrated that during normal pregnancy in the rat the number of beta-cells is increased (hyperplasia) and the volume of the individual beta-cells is increased (hypertrophy). During experimental diabetes, however, the endocrine pancreas has an impaired capacity to compensate during pregnancy. In the experimental diabetic pregnant rat the beta-cells cannot replicate due to the unfavourable metabolic environment. This could reflect the complications caused by diabetes during human pregnancy.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the endocrine pancreas in pregnant rats with experimental diabetes. This present study has demonstrated that during normal pregnancy in the rat the number of beta-cells is increased (hyperplasia) and the volume of the individual beta-cells is increased (hypertrophy). During experimental diabetes, however, the endocrine pancreas has an impaired capacity to compensate during pregnancy. In the experimental diabetic pregnant rat the beta-cells cannot replicate due to the unfavourable metabolic environment. This could reflect the complications caused by diabetes during human pregnancy.", "PMID": 374672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2578", "title": "Effect of treatment with an agonist of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on early maturational changes in pituitary and testicular function in the rat.", "content": "Male rats aged 30 days were injected once daily for between 1 and 7 days with 50 ng (D-serine t-butyl6, des-glycine-NH210) luteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LH-RH agonist), and pituitary and testicular function were assessed. Treatment for 7 days significantly (P less than 0.02) inhibited maturational increases in the pituitary content and serum concentration of gonadotrophins, testicular luteinizing hormone (LH)-receptor concentration and the testicular capacity to secrete testosterone; the pituitary content and serum concentration of prolactin, the hypothalamic content of LH-RH and testicular weight were unaffected. In rats treated with LH-RH agonist, the initial (2 to 3 days) reduction in testicular LH-receptors and the capacity to secrete testosterone probably resulted from acutely raised levels of LH in the blood, whilst later effects may have resulted from the apparently chronic reduction in serum gonadotrophin levels. The latter may reflect a decrease in pituitary responsiveness to repeated stimulation with LH-RH agonist. Despite the extensive loss of testicular LH-receptors and diminished responsiveness, the concentration of HCG which significantly (P less than 0.05) increased testosterone secretion by the testis in vitro was the same (2 pmol/l) as that for testes from control rats.", "contents": "Effect of treatment with an agonist of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on early maturational changes in pituitary and testicular function in the rat. Male rats aged 30 days were injected once daily for between 1 and 7 days with 50 ng (D-serine t-butyl6, des-glycine-NH210) luteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LH-RH agonist), and pituitary and testicular function were assessed. Treatment for 7 days significantly (P less than 0.02) inhibited maturational increases in the pituitary content and serum concentration of gonadotrophins, testicular luteinizing hormone (LH)-receptor concentration and the testicular capacity to secrete testosterone; the pituitary content and serum concentration of prolactin, the hypothalamic content of LH-RH and testicular weight were unaffected. In rats treated with LH-RH agonist, the initial (2 to 3 days) reduction in testicular LH-receptors and the capacity to secrete testosterone probably resulted from acutely raised levels of LH in the blood, whilst later effects may have resulted from the apparently chronic reduction in serum gonadotrophin levels. The latter may reflect a decrease in pituitary responsiveness to repeated stimulation with LH-RH agonist. Despite the extensive loss of testicular LH-receptors and diminished responsiveness, the concentration of HCG which significantly (P less than 0.05) increased testosterone secretion by the testis in vitro was the same (2 pmol/l) as that for testes from control rats.", "PMID": 374673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2579", "title": "Appendicitis associated with recent barium study.", "content": "There have been several reports of \"barium-induced\" appendicitis in the literature. When confronted with a possible case of this phenomenon, a review of the literature on the subject was carried out. The suggestion is made that there is no evidence to support a cause-effect relationship between barium retained in the appendix and appendicitis. Diseased appendices can be marked by retained barium and a higher likelihood may then exist for the subsequent development of appendicitis. Following the finding of prolonged retention of barium after contrast study, it is recommended that the patient be instructed as to the possibility of developing symptoms of acute appendicitis. Patients who present with symptoms of appendicitis should be questioned as to history of recent barium study, and x-rays should be reviewed with the possibility of finding appendoliths.", "contents": "Appendicitis associated with recent barium study. There have been several reports of \"barium-induced\" appendicitis in the literature. When confronted with a possible case of this phenomenon, a review of the literature on the subject was carried out. The suggestion is made that there is no evidence to support a cause-effect relationship between barium retained in the appendix and appendicitis. Diseased appendices can be marked by retained barium and a higher likelihood may then exist for the subsequent development of appendicitis. Following the finding of prolonged retention of barium after contrast study, it is recommended that the patient be instructed as to the possibility of developing symptoms of acute appendicitis. Patients who present with symptoms of appendicitis should be questioned as to history of recent barium study, and x-rays should be reviewed with the possibility of finding appendoliths.", "PMID": 374675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2580", "title": "Tick toxicosis in North America.", "content": "This is a case presentation and review of an uncommon disorder, tick toxicosis. The history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment are discussed. This disorder was mentioned in diaries from the early 1800s and has been reported in 18 states and the District of Columbia. A review of 70 cases reveals that the typical patient is a female child who develops leg weakness, irritability, or clumsiness. The exact site at which the toxin induces the paralysis is unknown. Removal of the tick usually reverses the paralysis within hours. Confusing tick toxicosis with other disorders may occur, and death has resulted. This article will remind physicians to consider tick toxicosis when seeing patients with acute ataxia or ascending paralysis and to, perhaps, prevent death from an easily treatable disorder.", "contents": "Tick toxicosis in North America. This is a case presentation and review of an uncommon disorder, tick toxicosis. The history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment are discussed. This disorder was mentioned in diaries from the early 1800s and has been reported in 18 states and the District of Columbia. A review of 70 cases reveals that the typical patient is a female child who develops leg weakness, irritability, or clumsiness. The exact site at which the toxin induces the paralysis is unknown. Removal of the tick usually reverses the paralysis within hours. Confusing tick toxicosis with other disorders may occur, and death has resulted. This article will remind physicians to consider tick toxicosis when seeing patients with acute ataxia or ascending paralysis and to, perhaps, prevent death from an easily treatable disorder.", "PMID": 374676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2581", "title": "Properties of R plasmid R772 and the corresponding pilus-specific phage PR772.", "content": "R plasmid R772 was isolated from a strain of Proteus mirabilis and is a self-transmissible P-1 incompatibility group plasmid having a molecular weight of about 27 x 10(6). It renders bacterial hosts resistant to kanamycin. Phage PR772 was isolated as a phage dependent on the presence of R772 in bacterial hosts. It is hexagonal-shaped with a diameter of 53 nm, has a thick inner membrane and no tail. Vaguely defined appendages are sometimes apparent at some vertices and the phage possesses double-stranded DNA. The DNA has a guanine plus cytosine molar content of 48%. The phage is sensitive to chloroform and has a buoyant density of 1.26 g cm(-3). These observations suggested that the inner membrane of the phage could contain lipid. Phage PR772 differs in morphology from the double-stranded DNA plasmid-specific phages PR4 and PRR1 which adsorb to tips and sides, respectively, of sex pili coded for by P-1 incompatibility group plasmids. Phage PR772 formed clear plaques which varied in diameter. Serologically, phages PR772 and PR4 are possibly related though very distantly, but the two phages have identical host ranges. Phage PR772 adsorbed by one of its apices to tips of sex pili coded for by plasmid R772 in Escherichia coli. It also formed plaques on Salmonella typhimurium Proteus morganii and Providence strains harbouring this plasmid as well as strains of E. coli carrying plasmids of incompatibility groups N or W. The phage produced areas of partial clearing on lawns of P. mirabilis PM5006 harbouring plasmid R772, the P-1 incompatibility group plasmid RP4, the W group plasmid RSa or the N group plasmid N3, and on lawns of Providence strain P29 carrying plasmid RP4.", "contents": "Properties of R plasmid R772 and the corresponding pilus-specific phage PR772. R plasmid R772 was isolated from a strain of Proteus mirabilis and is a self-transmissible P-1 incompatibility group plasmid having a molecular weight of about 27 x 10(6). It renders bacterial hosts resistant to kanamycin. Phage PR772 was isolated as a phage dependent on the presence of R772 in bacterial hosts. It is hexagonal-shaped with a diameter of 53 nm, has a thick inner membrane and no tail. Vaguely defined appendages are sometimes apparent at some vertices and the phage possesses double-stranded DNA. The DNA has a guanine plus cytosine molar content of 48%. The phage is sensitive to chloroform and has a buoyant density of 1.26 g cm(-3). These observations suggested that the inner membrane of the phage could contain lipid. Phage PR772 differs in morphology from the double-stranded DNA plasmid-specific phages PR4 and PRR1 which adsorb to tips and sides, respectively, of sex pili coded for by P-1 incompatibility group plasmids. Phage PR772 formed clear plaques which varied in diameter. Serologically, phages PR772 and PR4 are possibly related though very distantly, but the two phages have identical host ranges. Phage PR772 adsorbed by one of its apices to tips of sex pili coded for by plasmid R772 in Escherichia coli. It also formed plaques on Salmonella typhimurium Proteus morganii and Providence strains harbouring this plasmid as well as strains of E. coli carrying plasmids of incompatibility groups N or W. The phage produced areas of partial clearing on lawns of P. mirabilis PM5006 harbouring plasmid R772, the P-1 incompatibility group plasmid RP4, the W group plasmid RSa or the N group plasmid N3, and on lawns of Providence strain P29 carrying plasmid RP4.", "PMID": 374677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2582", "title": "The isolation and characterization of three types of vitamin B6 auxotrophs of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Approximately 500 vitamin B6 auxotrophs were isolated from 18 independent cultures of Escherichia coli strain CR63. None grew in minimal medium supplemented with 2'-hydroxypyridoxine. Eighteen auxotrophs which had arisen independently were further characterized. All of them were defective in vitamin B6 synthesis rather than in an aminotransferase involved in vitamin B6 utilization. Two different phenotypes were recognized: 'Oxidase' mutants which grew only when supplied with pyridoxal or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 'Pre Pn' mutants which would also grow with pyridoxine or pyridoxine phosphate. \"Oxidase' mutants were confined to a single linkage group, but data from interrupted mating experiments established that 'Pre Pn' mutants fall into two linkage groups which are possibly identical to pdxA and pdxB. All mutations in the in the pdxA region were allelic rather than located in two closely linked genes.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of three types of vitamin B6 auxotrophs of Escherichia coli K12. Approximately 500 vitamin B6 auxotrophs were isolated from 18 independent cultures of Escherichia coli strain CR63. None grew in minimal medium supplemented with 2'-hydroxypyridoxine. Eighteen auxotrophs which had arisen independently were further characterized. All of them were defective in vitamin B6 synthesis rather than in an aminotransferase involved in vitamin B6 utilization. Two different phenotypes were recognized: 'Oxidase' mutants which grew only when supplied with pyridoxal or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 'Pre Pn' mutants which would also grow with pyridoxine or pyridoxine phosphate. \"Oxidase' mutants were confined to a single linkage group, but data from interrupted mating experiments established that 'Pre Pn' mutants fall into two linkage groups which are possibly identical to pdxA and pdxB. All mutations in the in the pdxA region were allelic rather than located in two closely linked genes.", "PMID": 374678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2583", "title": "Synthesis of vitamin B6 by a mutant of Escherichia coli K12 and the action of 4'-deoxypyridoxine.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 blocked in the oxidation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate ('Oxidase' mutants) excreted pyridoxine at an initial rate of 19 pmol h-1 (10(8) bacteria)-1, i.e.0.6 nmol h-1 (mg dry wt)-1, when starved for pyridoxal. Glycolaldehyde, L-phosphoserine, DL-serine and, to a lesser extent, L-leucine stimulated the rate of pyridoxine excretion, but there was no significant stimulation by 2'-hydroxypyridoxine. 4'-Deoxypyridoxine inhibited or stimulated growth of the \"Oxidase' mutant, depending on the relative concentrations of added pyridoxal and 4'-deoxypyridoxine. It was concluded that stimulation of growth by 4'-deoxypyridoxine was due to its conversion to pyridoxal.", "contents": "Synthesis of vitamin B6 by a mutant of Escherichia coli K12 and the action of 4'-deoxypyridoxine. Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 blocked in the oxidation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate ('Oxidase' mutants) excreted pyridoxine at an initial rate of 19 pmol h-1 (10(8) bacteria)-1, i.e.0.6 nmol h-1 (mg dry wt)-1, when starved for pyridoxal. Glycolaldehyde, L-phosphoserine, DL-serine and, to a lesser extent, L-leucine stimulated the rate of pyridoxine excretion, but there was no significant stimulation by 2'-hydroxypyridoxine. 4'-Deoxypyridoxine inhibited or stimulated growth of the \"Oxidase' mutant, depending on the relative concentrations of added pyridoxal and 4'-deoxypyridoxine. It was concluded that stimulation of growth by 4'-deoxypyridoxine was due to its conversion to pyridoxal.", "PMID": 374679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2584", "title": "Uptake of trehalose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Trehalose, a storage sugar of baker's yeast, is known not to be metabolized when added to a cell suspension in water or a growth medium and to support growth only after a lag of about 10 h. However, it was transported into cells by at least two transport systems, the uptake being active, with a pH optimum at 5.5. There was no stoicheiometry with the shift of protons into cells observed at high trehalose concentrations. Trehalose remained intact in cells and was not appreciably lost to a trehalose-free medium. The uptake systems were present directly after growth on glucose, then decayed with a half-life of about 25 min but could be reactivated by aerobic incubation with trehalose, maltose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, glucose or ethanol. The uptake systems thus induced were different as revealed by competition experiments. At least one of the systems for trehalose uptake showed cooperative kinetics. Comparative anaysis with other disaccharides indicated the existence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, after induction with trehalose, of at least four systems for the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, four systems for maltose, together with the two for trehalose, variously shared by the sugars, the total of alpha-glucoside-transporting systems being five.", "contents": "Uptake of trehalose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Trehalose, a storage sugar of baker's yeast, is known not to be metabolized when added to a cell suspension in water or a growth medium and to support growth only after a lag of about 10 h. However, it was transported into cells by at least two transport systems, the uptake being active, with a pH optimum at 5.5. There was no stoicheiometry with the shift of protons into cells observed at high trehalose concentrations. Trehalose remained intact in cells and was not appreciably lost to a trehalose-free medium. The uptake systems were present directly after growth on glucose, then decayed with a half-life of about 25 min but could be reactivated by aerobic incubation with trehalose, maltose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, glucose or ethanol. The uptake systems thus induced were different as revealed by competition experiments. At least one of the systems for trehalose uptake showed cooperative kinetics. Comparative anaysis with other disaccharides indicated the existence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, after induction with trehalose, of at least four systems for the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, four systems for maltose, together with the two for trehalose, variously shared by the sugars, the total of alpha-glucoside-transporting systems being five.", "PMID": 374680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2585", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the cell wall of Candida albicans following cessation of growth and their possible relationship to the development of polyene resistance.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the wall of Candida albicans strain 6406 was examined in polyeneresistant organisms obtained by continued incubation after the cessation of growth. The walls of organisms harvested either during the exponential phase of growth or after 24 h starvation, when examined in situ, showed the typical layered appearance. After 72 h starvation, when the resistance to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) was 60 times greater than that of exponentially growing organisms, both the periplasmic material and the distinct electron-dense layers were absent from the wall. At this stage there was no increase in the thickness of the wall. After 144 h starvation the thickness of the wall had increased from 143 +/-22 nm (exponential phase organisms) to 211+/-58 nm. If after 144 h starvation the organisms were incubated for 1 h in fresh nutrient medium they regained their sensitivity to AME and the wall regained the periplasmic material and its characteristic multilayered appearance. During the first 24 h starvation there was a considerable fall in the soluble glucan fraction, but on continued incubation there was little change in the relative proportions of the major carbohydrate constituents of the cell. Thin sections of purified walls isolated from organisms harvested either during exponential growth or after 144 h starvation were identical in appearance and characterized by the absence of the electrondense layers observed in sections of intact cells and by a reduction in thickness to 100+/-20nm.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the cell wall of Candida albicans following cessation of growth and their possible relationship to the development of polyene resistance. The ultrastructure of the wall of Candida albicans strain 6406 was examined in polyeneresistant organisms obtained by continued incubation after the cessation of growth. The walls of organisms harvested either during the exponential phase of growth or after 24 h starvation, when examined in situ, showed the typical layered appearance. After 72 h starvation, when the resistance to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) was 60 times greater than that of exponentially growing organisms, both the periplasmic material and the distinct electron-dense layers were absent from the wall. At this stage there was no increase in the thickness of the wall. After 144 h starvation the thickness of the wall had increased from 143 +/-22 nm (exponential phase organisms) to 211+/-58 nm. If after 144 h starvation the organisms were incubated for 1 h in fresh nutrient medium they regained their sensitivity to AME and the wall regained the periplasmic material and its characteristic multilayered appearance. During the first 24 h starvation there was a considerable fall in the soluble glucan fraction, but on continued incubation there was little change in the relative proportions of the major carbohydrate constituents of the cell. Thin sections of purified walls isolated from organisms harvested either during exponential growth or after 144 h starvation were identical in appearance and characterized by the absence of the electrondense layers observed in sections of intact cells and by a reduction in thickness to 100+/-20nm.", "PMID": 374681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2586", "title": "Division and death rates of Salmonella typhimurium inside macrophages: use of penicillin as a probe.", "content": "In mouse peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with Salmonella typhimurium the number of viable bacteria and the number of stainable bacteria detected by light microscopy both increased at similar rates with a doubling time of more than 1 h. Antibiotics were not present; instead extracellular bacteria were removed by frequently rinsing the cells. The bacterial doubling time in the same medium in the absence of macrophages was about 20 min. Penicillin added to macrophage monolayers rapidly entered the macrophages, reaching a diffusion equilibrium. The penicillin-induced bacterial death rate appeared to depend on the bacterial division rate as well as on the penicillin concentration. These properties of penicillin were used to monitor intracellular bacterial division and death rates. The results indicated that intracellular killing, with the disappearance of stainable bacteria, did not contribute to the extended doubling time in macrophages. It was concluded that the intracellular environment of the bacteria was probably growth inhibitory but not bactericidal.", "contents": "Division and death rates of Salmonella typhimurium inside macrophages: use of penicillin as a probe. In mouse peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with Salmonella typhimurium the number of viable bacteria and the number of stainable bacteria detected by light microscopy both increased at similar rates with a doubling time of more than 1 h. Antibiotics were not present; instead extracellular bacteria were removed by frequently rinsing the cells. The bacterial doubling time in the same medium in the absence of macrophages was about 20 min. Penicillin added to macrophage monolayers rapidly entered the macrophages, reaching a diffusion equilibrium. The penicillin-induced bacterial death rate appeared to depend on the bacterial division rate as well as on the penicillin concentration. These properties of penicillin were used to monitor intracellular bacterial division and death rates. The results indicated that intracellular killing, with the disappearance of stainable bacteria, did not contribute to the extended doubling time in macrophages. It was concluded that the intracellular environment of the bacteria was probably growth inhibitory but not bactericidal.", "PMID": 374682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2587", "title": "The study of Escherichia coli proteases. Intracellular serine protease of E. coli-an analogue of bacillus proteases.", "content": "Two serine proteases in extracts of Escherichia coli grown to stationary phase were purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography on gramicidin S-Sepharose 4B. One enzyme was closely related to, if not identical with, the 'trypsin-like' protease II of E. coli. The other was capable of cleaving the subtilisin chromogenic substrate N-carbobenzoxy-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucine-p-nitroanilide and resembled the intracellular serine proteases of Bacillus spp. The amino acid composition of this E. coli protease was similar to that of the Bacillus licheniformis enzyme. These data indicate a relationship between proteolytic enzymes of evolutionary distant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-positive spore-forming Bacillus.", "contents": "The study of Escherichia coli proteases. Intracellular serine protease of E. coli-an analogue of bacillus proteases. Two serine proteases in extracts of Escherichia coli grown to stationary phase were purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography on gramicidin S-Sepharose 4B. One enzyme was closely related to, if not identical with, the 'trypsin-like' protease II of E. coli. The other was capable of cleaving the subtilisin chromogenic substrate N-carbobenzoxy-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucine-p-nitroanilide and resembled the intracellular serine proteases of Bacillus spp. The amino acid composition of this E. coli protease was similar to that of the Bacillus licheniformis enzyme. These data indicate a relationship between proteolytic enzymes of evolutionary distant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-positive spore-forming Bacillus.", "PMID": 374683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2588", "title": "Sympathetic activity and transcendental meditation.", "content": "Ten male advanced meditators and ten male long-term meditators subjected themselves four times to slight physical exercise following a period of rest, meditation or reading. Daily urine excretions of catecholamines and VMA were determined in both groups. On the experimental days 4-hour urine specimens, one before and one after the experiments, were again collected for analysis. During the experiments blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously and blood samples were taken for plasma catecholamine levels immediately before and after the physical exercise. Daily catecholamine and VMA excretions showed to be higher in advanced meditators. During the experiments the pattern of noradrenaline, adrenaline and VMA excretions were different in both groups, long-term meditators showing a higher adrenaline excretion after exercise. After the resting period there was in both groups a similar increase of plasma catecholamine levels during exercise. However, after meditation the advanced meditators showed a significant increase in plasma noradrenaline and no further increase in plasma noradrenaline level during the following physical exercise. Also after the reading period differences between both groups in plasma catecholamine levels during exercise could be observed. In advanced meditators heart rate reduction after meditation was about 9% and diastolic blood pressure was slightly raised. The preceding conditions of rest, meditation or reading had a significant different influence on the behaviour of heart rate and blood pressure during the following physical exercise and this pattern was different for both groups.", "contents": "Sympathetic activity and transcendental meditation. Ten male advanced meditators and ten male long-term meditators subjected themselves four times to slight physical exercise following a period of rest, meditation or reading. Daily urine excretions of catecholamines and VMA were determined in both groups. On the experimental days 4-hour urine specimens, one before and one after the experiments, were again collected for analysis. During the experiments blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously and blood samples were taken for plasma catecholamine levels immediately before and after the physical exercise. Daily catecholamine and VMA excretions showed to be higher in advanced meditators. During the experiments the pattern of noradrenaline, adrenaline and VMA excretions were different in both groups, long-term meditators showing a higher adrenaline excretion after exercise. After the resting period there was in both groups a similar increase of plasma catecholamine levels during exercise. However, after meditation the advanced meditators showed a significant increase in plasma noradrenaline and no further increase in plasma noradrenaline level during the following physical exercise. Also after the reading period differences between both groups in plasma catecholamine levels during exercise could be observed. In advanced meditators heart rate reduction after meditation was about 9% and diastolic blood pressure was slightly raised. The preceding conditions of rest, meditation or reading had a significant different influence on the behaviour of heart rate and blood pressure during the following physical exercise and this pattern was different for both groups.", "PMID": 374684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2589", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity to brain antigen in children of a family with hereditary ataxia.", "content": "Sensitisation to brain antigen was demonstrated in eight of 24 clinically normal first generation children in a family with hereditary ataxia. This ratio is consistent with that expected in a dominantly inherited condition. It suggests that immunological reactivity may precede the clinical expression of disease, with important implications for presymptomatic diagnosis and for pathogenesis of degenerative disease.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity to brain antigen in children of a family with hereditary ataxia. Sensitisation to brain antigen was demonstrated in eight of 24 clinically normal first generation children in a family with hereditary ataxia. This ratio is consistent with that expected in a dominantly inherited condition. It suggests that immunological reactivity may precede the clinical expression of disease, with important implications for presymptomatic diagnosis and for pathogenesis of degenerative disease.", "PMID": 374687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2590", "title": "A computerized tomography-computer graphics approach to stereotaxic localization.", "content": "This paper describes the use of three-dimensional computer graphics to display structures visible in computerized tomography (CT) scans and to accurately determine optimum stereotaxic probe placement relative to those structures. A prototype Lucite stereotaxic frame designed for use in CT body scanners was fitted with a phantom consisting of small Lucite spheres representing intracranial tumors with diameters of 6 to 19 mm. A series of CT scans was obtained of the frame and phantom together. Edge outlines of the spheres were extracted from each scan in the series. A three-dimensional visual representation of the spheres was obtained by displaying their outlines from all CT scans. A superimposed visual simulation of the stereotaxic frame was adjusted interactively using several analog dials in order to simulate trajectory choice and probe depth before actual surgery. The frame settings and probe depth calculated by the graphical computer were then applied to the actual prototype frame in order to assess the accuracy of this combined CT-computer graphics approach to stereotaxic localization. The results of 22 such experiments and the implications for future clinical use of this new and precise localization technique are discussed.", "contents": "A computerized tomography-computer graphics approach to stereotaxic localization. This paper describes the use of three-dimensional computer graphics to display structures visible in computerized tomography (CT) scans and to accurately determine optimum stereotaxic probe placement relative to those structures. A prototype Lucite stereotaxic frame designed for use in CT body scanners was fitted with a phantom consisting of small Lucite spheres representing intracranial tumors with diameters of 6 to 19 mm. A series of CT scans was obtained of the frame and phantom together. Edge outlines of the spheres were extracted from each scan in the series. A three-dimensional visual representation of the spheres was obtained by displaying their outlines from all CT scans. A superimposed visual simulation of the stereotaxic frame was adjusted interactively using several analog dials in order to simulate trajectory choice and probe depth before actual surgery. The frame settings and probe depth calculated by the graphical computer were then applied to the actual prototype frame in order to assess the accuracy of this combined CT-computer graphics approach to stereotaxic localization. The results of 22 such experiments and the implications for future clinical use of this new and precise localization technique are discussed.", "PMID": 374688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2591", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis patients: an exploratory definition of clinical problems.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral oxygen utilization (rCMRO2) were measured before and after surgery in nine patients undergoing a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis to bypass cerebrovascular lesions not amenable to extracranial operative procedures. The objective of these studies was to determine whether measurements of this type could provide objective criteria for surgery as well as assess the effect of surgery. The preliminary data, although limited, suggest that measurements of regional cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in these patients before and after surgery provide valuable data upon which to develop criteria and assess results. For example, 1) a significant depression of rCBF and rCMRO2 in patients in whom a major cerebral infarction has not occurred, or 2) relative preservation of rCMRO2 despite depressed rCBF seem to be favorable indications for establishing a functioning STA-MCA anastomosis. In such patients, STA-MCA anastomosis can be followed by a return of rCBJ and rCMRO2 to virtually normal levels. Relatively normal rCBF and rCMRO2 in the presence of an occluded internal carotid artery in asymptomatic patients indicates satisfactory collateral circulation and is probably a contraindication to surgery.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis patients: an exploratory definition of clinical problems. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral oxygen utilization (rCMRO2) were measured before and after surgery in nine patients undergoing a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis to bypass cerebrovascular lesions not amenable to extracranial operative procedures. The objective of these studies was to determine whether measurements of this type could provide objective criteria for surgery as well as assess the effect of surgery. The preliminary data, although limited, suggest that measurements of regional cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in these patients before and after surgery provide valuable data upon which to develop criteria and assess results. For example, 1) a significant depression of rCBF and rCMRO2 in patients in whom a major cerebral infarction has not occurred, or 2) relative preservation of rCMRO2 despite depressed rCBF seem to be favorable indications for establishing a functioning STA-MCA anastomosis. In such patients, STA-MCA anastomosis can be followed by a return of rCBJ and rCMRO2 to virtually normal levels. Relatively normal rCBF and rCMRO2 in the presence of an occluded internal carotid artery in asymptomatic patients indicates satisfactory collateral circulation and is probably a contraindication to surgery.", "PMID": 374689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2592", "title": "Megavitamins and learning disorders: a controlled double-blind experiment.", "content": "The study investigated the effectiveness of large amounts of ascorbic acid, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, and pyridoxine when added to a low carbohydrate-high protein diet with 20 learning disabled children. After a double-blind, 6-month period of treatment, the addition of vitamins to the diet failed to produce significant improvements when compared to the diet alone on a variety of intellectual, school achievement, perceptual, and behavioral, measures. Regardless of their group assignment, 18 children showed improvements on a parent-administered behavior checklist. However, without a diet-placebo control group, these gains may have been produced by parental enthusiasm or the children's maturation rather than dietary control. The children's urinary excretion of kryptopyrrole was unrelated to whether or not they showed pre-, post-test gains and, therefore, proved to be invalid as a screening test for \"vitamin dependent (on pharmacologic doses) learning disorders.\"", "contents": "Megavitamins and learning disorders: a controlled double-blind experiment. The study investigated the effectiveness of large amounts of ascorbic acid, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, and pyridoxine when added to a low carbohydrate-high protein diet with 20 learning disabled children. After a double-blind, 6-month period of treatment, the addition of vitamins to the diet failed to produce significant improvements when compared to the diet alone on a variety of intellectual, school achievement, perceptual, and behavioral, measures. Regardless of their group assignment, 18 children showed improvements on a parent-administered behavior checklist. However, without a diet-placebo control group, these gains may have been produced by parental enthusiasm or the children's maturation rather than dietary control. The children's urinary excretion of kryptopyrrole was unrelated to whether or not they showed pre-, post-test gains and, therefore, proved to be invalid as a screening test for \"vitamin dependent (on pharmacologic doses) learning disorders.\"", "PMID": 374692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2593", "title": "Essential hormones as carcinogenic hazards.", "content": "Recently, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed regulations regarding lists of environmental substances that allegedly pose potential occupational carcinogenic risk. Known carcinogens such as bis(chloromethyl) ether, along with natural substances such as estradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, tannic acid, maltose, and lactose, were included in the general OSHA list. Clear distinction between true hazards and essential endogenously formed biochemicals was not made. A major reappraisal of the OSHA list is essential. The revised document should indicate the conditions under which various classes of substances constitute human health hazards -- including dosage levels and routes of entry.", "contents": "Essential hormones as carcinogenic hazards. Recently, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed regulations regarding lists of environmental substances that allegedly pose potential occupational carcinogenic risk. Known carcinogens such as bis(chloromethyl) ether, along with natural substances such as estradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, tannic acid, maltose, and lactose, were included in the general OSHA list. Clear distinction between true hazards and essential endogenously formed biochemicals was not made. A major reappraisal of the OSHA list is essential. The revised document should indicate the conditions under which various classes of substances constitute human health hazards -- including dosage levels and routes of entry.", "PMID": 374693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2594", "title": "Toxicology of the sulfur oxides.", "content": "Continuing interest by OSHA-NIOSH and by EPA regarding the adequacy of current sulfur oxides standards has prompted a reappraisal of the available human and animal data. Results of animals studies were not considered to be useful in establishing the original air quality standards in 1970, even though there was good reason to consider them as a prime source of information. Considering the multitude of species tested, using every conceivable method of administration and range of doses, a fairly consistent pattern of effect has emerged. Further, the majority of the human clinical data and even the industrial data parallel and support the results found in the animal studies. However, neither the animal studies, the clinical investigations nor the industrial experiences agree with the recently reported community epidemiological studies that are currently receiving attention. It may well be that the toxicological data are correct in that there are no important long-term effects from exposure to the sulfur oxides. Certainly the laboratory studies, animal or human, do not support more stringent standards for either the occupational or the community environment.", "contents": "Toxicology of the sulfur oxides. Continuing interest by OSHA-NIOSH and by EPA regarding the adequacy of current sulfur oxides standards has prompted a reappraisal of the available human and animal data. Results of animals studies were not considered to be useful in establishing the original air quality standards in 1970, even though there was good reason to consider them as a prime source of information. Considering the multitude of species tested, using every conceivable method of administration and range of doses, a fairly consistent pattern of effect has emerged. Further, the majority of the human clinical data and even the industrial data parallel and support the results found in the animal studies. However, neither the animal studies, the clinical investigations nor the industrial experiences agree with the recently reported community epidemiological studies that are currently receiving attention. It may well be that the toxicological data are correct in that there are no important long-term effects from exposure to the sulfur oxides. Certainly the laboratory studies, animal or human, do not support more stringent standards for either the occupational or the community environment.", "PMID": 374694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2595", "title": "Roentgenological detection of casting defects in cobalt-chromium alloy frameworks.", "content": "A method for non-destructive X-ray investigation of casting defects in cobalt-chromium prosthetic frameworks has been developed and tested. The attenuation properties of a cobalt-chromium alloy were studied. A dental X-ray machine with a tube voltage working at 70 kVp and a focus-film distance of 45-50 cm on dental ultraspeed film made it possible to detect defects representing 10% or less of the thickness of cobalt-chromium details with dimensions between 0.6 and 3.0 mm. The frequency and site of internal defects in sixty-six frameworks were investigated. Of the sixty-six frameworks only two were without roentgenologically visible defects. In the other sixty-four frameworks 294 pores or cracks were recorded. The defects were mostly situated in the saddles. Porosities occurred in 53% of the saddlebar regions. The results confirmed the need for a non-destructive routine test of prosthetic frameworks.", "contents": "Roentgenological detection of casting defects in cobalt-chromium alloy frameworks. A method for non-destructive X-ray investigation of casting defects in cobalt-chromium prosthetic frameworks has been developed and tested. The attenuation properties of a cobalt-chromium alloy were studied. A dental X-ray machine with a tube voltage working at 70 kVp and a focus-film distance of 45-50 cm on dental ultraspeed film made it possible to detect defects representing 10% or less of the thickness of cobalt-chromium details with dimensions between 0.6 and 3.0 mm. The frequency and site of internal defects in sixty-six frameworks were investigated. Of the sixty-six frameworks only two were without roentgenologically visible defects. In the other sixty-four frameworks 294 pores or cracks were recorded. The defects were mostly situated in the saddles. Porosities occurred in 53% of the saddlebar regions. The results confirmed the need for a non-destructive routine test of prosthetic frameworks.", "PMID": 374696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2596", "title": "The prosthodontic rehabilitation of selected adults class III malocclusions.", "content": "In a previous paper (Murray 1978) some of the problems associated with currently employed preoperative assessment aids were discussed. Techniques were described for establishing the occlusal vertical dimension of occlusion, and support for the upper lip. The incorporation of these treatment planning aids in the prosthodontic rehabilitation of two adult cases, with class III malocclusions, is reported.", "contents": "The prosthodontic rehabilitation of selected adults class III malocclusions. In a previous paper (Murray 1978) some of the problems associated with currently employed preoperative assessment aids were discussed. Techniques were described for establishing the occlusal vertical dimension of occlusion, and support for the upper lip. The incorporation of these treatment planning aids in the prosthodontic rehabilitation of two adult cases, with class III malocclusions, is reported.", "PMID": 374697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2597", "title": "Clinical study of a heat-cured silicone soft lining material.", "content": "Thirty-seven mandibular dentures lined with Molloplast B silicone material were examined after they had been worn for 2-8 weeks and 6, 18 and 30 months. The denture wearers were also examined and interviewed. The colour was found to have become lighter in 46% and turned yellow or brown in 51%; the denture base had worn through in 24% and there was a failure on bond in 22%; no hardening of the material was noted; 24% of the dentures had broken. An unusual taste was reported by 22% and smell by 14% of the denture wearers; mucosal soreness was noted in 14%; denture stomatitis developed in 48%; hygiene was poor in 61% and fungal growth was traced in 81% of the dentures; 73% of the patients were satisfied with the soft lining.", "contents": "Clinical study of a heat-cured silicone soft lining material. Thirty-seven mandibular dentures lined with Molloplast B silicone material were examined after they had been worn for 2-8 weeks and 6, 18 and 30 months. The denture wearers were also examined and interviewed. The colour was found to have become lighter in 46% and turned yellow or brown in 51%; the denture base had worn through in 24% and there was a failure on bond in 22%; no hardening of the material was noted; 24% of the dentures had broken. An unusual taste was reported by 22% and smell by 14% of the denture wearers; mucosal soreness was noted in 14%; denture stomatitis developed in 48%; hygiene was poor in 61% and fungal growth was traced in 81% of the dentures; 73% of the patients were satisfied with the soft lining.", "PMID": 374698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2598", "title": "Mucosal graft vestibuloplasty over a xenograft: report of case.", "content": "A case is described that demonstrates the use of DDBB to eliminate an anterior undercut in the augmentation in the edentulous mandible. Subsequent vestibular extension using a free mucosal graft was performed superficially to the xenograft bed. This material is extremely useful because it is biologically bonded to underlying bone and is not jeopardized by a second surgical procedure in the graft region.", "contents": "Mucosal graft vestibuloplasty over a xenograft: report of case. A case is described that demonstrates the use of DDBB to eliminate an anterior undercut in the augmentation in the edentulous mandible. Subsequent vestibular extension using a free mucosal graft was performed superficially to the xenograft bed. This material is extremely useful because it is biologically bonded to underlying bone and is not jeopardized by a second surgical procedure in the graft region.", "PMID": 374699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2599", "title": "Periodontal status of patients with reduced immunocapacity.", "content": "The periodontal status of patients with reduced immunocapacity was assessed. Gingival inflammation, periodontal destruction, and plaque accumulation were compared in three groups--renal transplant patients, dialysis patients, and normal individuals. The levels of all parameters were similar in the three groups indicating that immunosuppression does not affect the clinical appearance of periodontal disease when measurements are made in a single examination. In the transplant group, however, there is a lack of correlation between P.I. and G.I. and between P.I. and P.D.I., indicating a dissociation between plaque accumulation and the tissue response. Long-term longitudinal studies of periodontal disease in such patients are needed in order to obtain more meaningful information on the role of the immune system in affecting the rate of periodontal destruction. This study suggests that nonimmune mechanisms such as the direct effect of bacterial products on supporting tissues can account for at least some of the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease.", "contents": "Periodontal status of patients with reduced immunocapacity. The periodontal status of patients with reduced immunocapacity was assessed. Gingival inflammation, periodontal destruction, and plaque accumulation were compared in three groups--renal transplant patients, dialysis patients, and normal individuals. The levels of all parameters were similar in the three groups indicating that immunosuppression does not affect the clinical appearance of periodontal disease when measurements are made in a single examination. In the transplant group, however, there is a lack of correlation between P.I. and G.I. and between P.I. and P.D.I., indicating a dissociation between plaque accumulation and the tissue response. Long-term longitudinal studies of periodontal disease in such patients are needed in order to obtain more meaningful information on the role of the immune system in affecting the rate of periodontal destruction. This study suggests that nonimmune mechanisms such as the direct effect of bacterial products on supporting tissues can account for at least some of the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease.", "PMID": 374705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2600", "title": "Damaging effects of toothbrush bristle end form on gingiva.", "content": "The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study of 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass Technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardization of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The \"cut bristles\" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the \"cut bristles\". The size of the lesions was not sex dependent. To prevent gingival damage it is desirable to either round the bristles in production or to rid the bristle ends at least of sharp edges.", "contents": "Damaging effects of toothbrush bristle end form on gingiva. The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study of 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass Technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardization of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The \"cut bristles\" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the \"cut bristles\". The size of the lesions was not sex dependent. To prevent gingival damage it is desirable to either round the bristles in production or to rid the bristle ends at least of sharp edges.", "PMID": 374707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2601", "title": "Tooth staining effects of an alexidine mouthwash.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to determine the amount of tooth staining produced by an alexidine mouthrinse. One hundred and eighty subjects rinsed twice daily for 1 month with either 15 ml of alexidine (0.035%) or a placebo solution. Prior to the study, the subjects were classified according to their smoking, coffee and tea drinking habits and these factors were subsequently considered in the analysis of the stain scores. Additionally, the effects on staining of a prior prophylaxis and the use of a fluoridated toothpaste during the study were determined. Upon termination of the study, subjects utilizing the active mouthrinse manifested a greater degree of staining than placebo users. The amount and intensity of the stain due to alexidine were not influenced (increased) by smoking, tea or coffee drinking habits. A prior prophylaxis did not reduce the staining propensity of alexidine users. The method of scoring developed can be used to assess the degree of tooth staining induced by antiplaque agents.", "contents": "Tooth staining effects of an alexidine mouthwash. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the amount of tooth staining produced by an alexidine mouthrinse. One hundred and eighty subjects rinsed twice daily for 1 month with either 15 ml of alexidine (0.035%) or a placebo solution. Prior to the study, the subjects were classified according to their smoking, coffee and tea drinking habits and these factors were subsequently considered in the analysis of the stain scores. Additionally, the effects on staining of a prior prophylaxis and the use of a fluoridated toothpaste during the study were determined. Upon termination of the study, subjects utilizing the active mouthrinse manifested a greater degree of staining than placebo users. The amount and intensity of the stain due to alexidine were not influenced (increased) by smoking, tea or coffee drinking habits. A prior prophylaxis did not reduce the staining propensity of alexidine users. The method of scoring developed can be used to assess the degree of tooth staining induced by antiplaque agents.", "PMID": 374706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2602", "title": "Long-term ocular changes in cystinosis: observations in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Following renal transplantation in nephropathic cystinosis, an extension of retinopathy associated with a variety of subtle functional ocular abnormalities may occur. However, these abnormalities have not (except for photophobia) been of subjective significance to cystinotic patients. Our data, gathered from patients transplanted as long as nine years ago, indicate that cystinotic patients should not have renal transplant withheld because of the fear of subsequent progressive ocular deterioration.", "contents": "Long-term ocular changes in cystinosis: observations in renal transplant recipients. Following renal transplantation in nephropathic cystinosis, an extension of retinopathy associated with a variety of subtle functional ocular abnormalities may occur. However, these abnormalities have not (except for photophobia) been of subjective significance to cystinotic patients. Our data, gathered from patients transplanted as long as nine years ago, indicate that cystinotic patients should not have renal transplant withheld because of the fear of subsequent progressive ocular deterioration.", "PMID": 374702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2603", "title": "Phenazines with two cationic side chains as potential antimalarials.", "content": "1,9-Phenazine-bis(dialkylaminocarboxamides) were prepared for screening as potential antimalarials. No significant activity against Plasmodium berghei was observed. The phenazine targets were prepared from 1,9-phenazinedicarboxylic acid by standard methods. The reaction between 1,9-phenazinedicarboxylic acid and thionyl chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide unexpectedly gave 4-chloro-1,9-phenazinedicarbonyl chloride.", "contents": "Phenazines with two cationic side chains as potential antimalarials. 1,9-Phenazine-bis(dialkylaminocarboxamides) were prepared for screening as potential antimalarials. No significant activity against Plasmodium berghei was observed. The phenazine targets were prepared from 1,9-phenazinedicarboxylic acid by standard methods. The reaction between 1,9-phenazinedicarboxylic acid and thionyl chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide unexpectedly gave 4-chloro-1,9-phenazinedicarbonyl chloride.", "PMID": 374708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2604", "title": "The anterior point of reference.", "content": "Three points in space determine the position of the maxillary cast in an articulator. The dentist is most frequently concerned with selecting the posterior two of the three reference points. In addition, the dentist will, either consciously or unknowingly, select the anterior of these points of reference. This decision will affect the development of occlusion and esthetics. The dentist and the auxiliaries must share a common objective in using an anterior point of reference. Five commonly used anterior points of reference and the reasons for the use of each have been discussed.", "contents": "The anterior point of reference. Three points in space determine the position of the maxillary cast in an articulator. The dentist is most frequently concerned with selecting the posterior two of the three reference points. In addition, the dentist will, either consciously or unknowingly, select the anterior of these points of reference. This decision will affect the development of occlusion and esthetics. The dentist and the auxiliaries must share a common objective in using an anterior point of reference. Five commonly used anterior points of reference and the reasons for the use of each have been discussed.", "PMID": 374709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2605", "title": "Complete dentures using the TMJ articulator.", "content": "A method of recording mandibular movements in a stereographic recording and a method of registering these movements by molding the controls in an articulator are described. Mandibular registrations are made using impressions rather than stabilized trial denture bases. The TMJ articulator used in the technique complies with all of the requirements of an articulator for prosthodontic treatment as outlined by the Academy of Denture Prosthetics.", "contents": "Complete dentures using the TMJ articulator. A method of recording mandibular movements in a stereographic recording and a method of registering these movements by molding the controls in an articulator are described. Mandibular registrations are made using impressions rather than stabilized trial denture bases. The TMJ articulator used in the technique complies with all of the requirements of an articulator for prosthodontic treatment as outlined by the Academy of Denture Prosthetics.", "PMID": 374710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2606", "title": "Structural changes for speech improvement in complete upper denture fabrication.", "content": "In the absence of any clearly identifiable pathologic condition, the prosthodontic patient demonstrating speech problems after insertion of complete dentures is having difficulty with loss of turbulence, because of the diminution of tactile location skills in speaking, or both. Potential aids to speech improvement are a nonanatomic papilla placed on the oral surface of the denture just posterior to the location of the incisive papilla, a transversely elongated rugae-like papilla at about the same location, a roughened region at that spot, or an identation sufficient for the patient's tongue to identify. The location and effectiveness of such structural changes can be planned and judged with the cooperation of a qualified speech pathologist.", "contents": "Structural changes for speech improvement in complete upper denture fabrication. In the absence of any clearly identifiable pathologic condition, the prosthodontic patient demonstrating speech problems after insertion of complete dentures is having difficulty with loss of turbulence, because of the diminution of tactile location skills in speaking, or both. Potential aids to speech improvement are a nonanatomic papilla placed on the oral surface of the denture just posterior to the location of the incisive papilla, a transversely elongated rugae-like papilla at about the same location, a roughened region at that spot, or an identation sufficient for the patient's tongue to identify. The location and effectiveness of such structural changes can be planned and judged with the cooperation of a qualified speech pathologist.", "PMID": 374711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2607", "title": "The effect of various clasping systems on the mobility of abutment teeth for distal-extension removable partial dentures.", "content": "Three clasping systems were placed in five patients, and measurements of abutment tooth mobility were made. These data were compared to previously established baselines and statistically analyzed. The findings of the study are: 1. There was no difference in abutment tooth mobility during the 4-week test period with each of the three clasping systems. The important factor may have been the fit of the distal-extension denture base over the residual ridge, which provides the stability to prevent increases in abutment mobility. 2. Any mobility increases were in a buccal direction only, or toward the flexible retentive clasp arm. There was never any change in lingual mobility. 3. All five patients chose the I-bar retainer as the design of choice due to its increased resistance to dislodgment.  Periodic recall of distal-extension removable partial denture patients is mandatory to ensure proper stress distribution and prevent increases in abutment tooth mobility.", "contents": "The effect of various clasping systems on the mobility of abutment teeth for distal-extension removable partial dentures. Three clasping systems were placed in five patients, and measurements of abutment tooth mobility were made. These data were compared to previously established baselines and statistically analyzed. The findings of the study are: 1. There was no difference in abutment tooth mobility during the 4-week test period with each of the three clasping systems. The important factor may have been the fit of the distal-extension denture base over the residual ridge, which provides the stability to prevent increases in abutment mobility. 2. Any mobility increases were in a buccal direction only, or toward the flexible retentive clasp arm. There was never any change in lingual mobility. 3. All five patients chose the I-bar retainer as the design of choice due to its increased resistance to dislodgment.  Periodic recall of distal-extension removable partial denture patients is mandatory to ensure proper stress distribution and prevent increases in abutment tooth mobility.", "PMID": 374712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2608", "title": "The relationship of pattern position to the flow of gold and casting completeness.", "content": "To minimize the possibility of incomplete casting due to improper pattern orientation relative to the sprue and direction of the casting arm motion, the following precautions should be taken. 1. Locate the pattern in the trailing half of the casting ring 90 to 135 degrees away from the sprue position. 2. Once the pattern is in the position described, locate it downward in the lower outer quarter of the trailing half of the casting ring and secure it in that position. 3. Mark the ring or sprue former so that the invested pattern can be oriented properly in the casting arm. 4. When using an electric casting machine, be certain that the pyrometer is correct. If in doubt, it is advisable to check the melt state of the gold before casting.", "contents": "The relationship of pattern position to the flow of gold and casting completeness. To minimize the possibility of incomplete casting due to improper pattern orientation relative to the sprue and direction of the casting arm motion, the following precautions should be taken. 1. Locate the pattern in the trailing half of the casting ring 90 to 135 degrees away from the sprue position. 2. Once the pattern is in the position described, locate it downward in the lower outer quarter of the trailing half of the casting ring and secure it in that position. 3. Mark the ring or sprue former so that the invested pattern can be oriented properly in the casting arm. 4. When using an electric casting machine, be certain that the pyrometer is correct. If in doubt, it is advisable to check the melt state of the gold before casting.", "PMID": 374713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2609", "title": "Fabrication of removable stone dies using cemented dowel pins.", "content": "Proper dowel pin placement in the working cast is important in the fabrication of a cast restoration. A technique is suggested whereby the dowel pin is orientated and cemented after the working cast has been separated from the impression. This procedure produces a working die that has a correctly positioned dowel pin, is stable, and can be repeatedly returned to its original relationship. A technique is suggested whereby the dowel pin is orientated and cemented after the working cast has been separated from the impression. This procedure produces a working die that has a correctly positioned dowel pin, is stable, and can be repeatedly returned to its original relationship.", "contents": "Fabrication of removable stone dies using cemented dowel pins. Proper dowel pin placement in the working cast is important in the fabrication of a cast restoration. A technique is suggested whereby the dowel pin is orientated and cemented after the working cast has been separated from the impression. This procedure produces a working die that has a correctly positioned dowel pin, is stable, and can be repeatedly returned to its original relationship. A technique is suggested whereby the dowel pin is orientated and cemented after the working cast has been separated from the impression. This procedure produces a working die that has a correctly positioned dowel pin, is stable, and can be repeatedly returned to its original relationship.", "PMID": 374715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2610", "title": "A reassessment of the mandibular transverse horizontal axis therory.", "content": "1. Within the limits of accuracy imposed by individual operators, equipment, and patient variations, a single transverse horizontal axis can usually appear to be located. 2. Location of a kinematic axis is worthwhile clinical procedure to transfer an arc of rotation in the sagittal plane from the patient to an articulator. 3. Past experiments have been useful, but none have proved or disproved the presence of colinear or noncolinear condyle arcs. Only the arc of the rigid clutch and its associated mechanism is located. Such an apparent arc may result from the resolution of compound condylar movements. 4. The right angle-nonright angle concept is misleading and generally is not applicable to clinical procedures. 5. The anatomic asymmetries of the axis transfer procedure may result in cast dislocations that may produce undesirable alterations in esthetic tooth positions. 6. The single transverse horizontal axis as a fact in articulating instruments and as a theory in the human craniomandibular complex. 7. The terms \"transverse horizontal mandibular axis\" and \"intercondylar axis\" should not be confused or used as synonyms. The term \"transverse horizontal mandibular axis\" (\"hinge axis\") should be used instead of \"condylar\" or \"intercondylar\" axis.", "contents": "A reassessment of the mandibular transverse horizontal axis therory. 1. Within the limits of accuracy imposed by individual operators, equipment, and patient variations, a single transverse horizontal axis can usually appear to be located. 2. Location of a kinematic axis is worthwhile clinical procedure to transfer an arc of rotation in the sagittal plane from the patient to an articulator. 3. Past experiments have been useful, but none have proved or disproved the presence of colinear or noncolinear condyle arcs. Only the arc of the rigid clutch and its associated mechanism is located. Such an apparent arc may result from the resolution of compound condylar movements. 4. The right angle-nonright angle concept is misleading and generally is not applicable to clinical procedures. 5. The anatomic asymmetries of the axis transfer procedure may result in cast dislocations that may produce undesirable alterations in esthetic tooth positions. 6. The single transverse horizontal axis as a fact in articulating instruments and as a theory in the human craniomandibular complex. 7. The terms \"transverse horizontal mandibular axis\" and \"intercondylar axis\" should not be confused or used as synonyms. The term \"transverse horizontal mandibular axis\" (\"hinge axis\") should be used instead of \"condylar\" or \"intercondylar\" axis.", "PMID": 374717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2611", "title": "Geometric analysis of tooth arrangement.", "content": "Based on the principles of solid geometry and projection geometry, a mathematical system can be used to indicate any positional change of tooth arrangement on a trial denture. To summarize: 1. When you move a tooth, you have to know whether you move the tooth toward the patient's left side or right side (x), upward or downward (y), anteriorly or posteriorly (z), and how many millimeters in each component dimension. If rotatory movements are involved, you must know whether the tooth rotates around the mesiodistal axis (+/-M), around the faciolingual axis (+/-F), or around the gingivo-occlusal axis (+/-G). You must know the degrees of rotation around each of the component axes and whether the movement is clockwise or counterclockwise. Most students will easily follow this systemic approach and readily understand the complexity of the problem.", "contents": "Geometric analysis of tooth arrangement. Based on the principles of solid geometry and projection geometry, a mathematical system can be used to indicate any positional change of tooth arrangement on a trial denture. To summarize: 1. When you move a tooth, you have to know whether you move the tooth toward the patient's left side or right side (x), upward or downward (y), anteriorly or posteriorly (z), and how many millimeters in each component dimension. If rotatory movements are involved, you must know whether the tooth rotates around the mesiodistal axis (+/-M), around the faciolingual axis (+/-F), or around the gingivo-occlusal axis (+/-G). You must know the degrees of rotation around each of the component axes and whether the movement is clockwise or counterclockwise. Most students will easily follow this systemic approach and readily understand the complexity of the problem.", "PMID": 374718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2612", "title": "Reinforced matrices for pin-amalgam restorations reduce microleakage.", "content": "The considerable decrease in microkeakage in the compound-reinforced restorations may be due to the tighter fit of the matrix band at the gingival wall of the preparation, which allows better condensation and marginal sealing of the restoration. The compound prevents lateral migration of the band during condensation pressures.", "contents": "Reinforced matrices for pin-amalgam restorations reduce microleakage. The considerable decrease in microkeakage in the compound-reinforced restorations may be due to the tighter fit of the matrix band at the gingival wall of the preparation, which allows better condensation and marginal sealing of the restoration. The compound prevents lateral migration of the band during condensation pressures.", "PMID": 374719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2613", "title": "Temperature change caused by reducing pins in dentin.", "content": "Pin temperature increases (heat generation) was prevented by an air-water coolant. Pin height adjustment with an ultraspeed instrument using air-water coolant produces no potentially injurious heat generation.", "contents": "Temperature change caused by reducing pins in dentin. Pin temperature increases (heat generation) was prevented by an air-water coolant. Pin height adjustment with an ultraspeed instrument using air-water coolant produces no potentially injurious heat generation.", "PMID": 374720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2614", "title": "A study of the relationship of the dental midline to the facial median line.", "content": "This report presents the results of an original investigation designed to determine (1) the prevalence in the natural dentition of a maxillary midline located in the exact middle of the mouth using the philtrum as the most reliable guide and (2) the percentage of people in whom the maxillary and mandibular midlines precisely coincide with each other. Results indicate that the midline is situated in the exact middle of the mouth in approximately 70% of people and that the maxillary and mandibular midlines fail to coincide in almost three fourths of the population.", "contents": "A study of the relationship of the dental midline to the facial median line. This report presents the results of an original investigation designed to determine (1) the prevalence in the natural dentition of a maxillary midline located in the exact middle of the mouth using the philtrum as the most reliable guide and (2) the percentage of people in whom the maxillary and mandibular midlines precisely coincide with each other. Results indicate that the midline is situated in the exact middle of the mouth in approximately 70% of people and that the maxillary and mandibular midlines fail to coincide in almost three fourths of the population.", "PMID": 374721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2615", "title": "Repair of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations.", "content": "Three techniques have been described which may be used to repair many porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. These techniques provide an avenue of repair for extensive porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations without remaking the entire prosthesis. The success of the overlay and pin-retained ceramo-metal repairs should be comparable to that of a newly constructed porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration. The composite resin bonded to porcelain repair technique will not have as favorable a prognosis, as composite resins are more subject to wear and are not color stable, and the chemical bond created with silance bonding agents is much weaker than the bond created when porcelain is fused to metal. Success of silance-bonded repairs should not be expected for periods longer than 2 to 3 years.", "contents": "Repair of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. Three techniques have been described which may be used to repair many porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. These techniques provide an avenue of repair for extensive porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations without remaking the entire prosthesis. The success of the overlay and pin-retained ceramo-metal repairs should be comparable to that of a newly constructed porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration. The composite resin bonded to porcelain repair technique will not have as favorable a prognosis, as composite resins are more subject to wear and are not color stable, and the chemical bond created with silance bonding agents is much weaker than the bond created when porcelain is fused to metal. Success of silance-bonded repairs should not be expected for periods longer than 2 to 3 years.", "PMID": 374722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2616", "title": "Examination of living Sertoli cells in normal and hypospermatogenic men.", "content": "The functional state of living Sertoli cells can be assessed by using transillumination and phase-contrast microscopy. In tissue from hypospermatogenic men the Sertoli cells contained more lipid droplets than in normal cases and sometimes whole degenerative cells.", "contents": "Examination of living Sertoli cells in normal and hypospermatogenic men. The functional state of living Sertoli cells can be assessed by using transillumination and phase-contrast microscopy. In tissue from hypospermatogenic men the Sertoli cells contained more lipid droplets than in normal cases and sometimes whole degenerative cells.", "PMID": 374728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2617", "title": "Testis development in the vole, Microtus agrestis, subjected to long or short photoperiods from birth.", "content": "Voles exposed to long photoperiods (16L:8D) from birth became sexually mature at 40-45 days and remained so up to the end of the experiment at 6 months of age. In short photoperiods development was inhibited up to 60 days but the majority of males became sexually mature between 4 and 6 months of age.", "contents": "Testis development in the vole, Microtus agrestis, subjected to long or short photoperiods from birth. Voles exposed to long photoperiods (16L:8D) from birth became sexually mature at 40-45 days and remained so up to the end of the experiment at 6 months of age. In short photoperiods development was inhibited up to 60 days but the majority of males became sexually mature between 4 and 6 months of age.", "PMID": 374729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2618", "title": "Hysteroscopic removal of a Heyman radium capsule.", "content": "This case report demonstrates the use of the hysteroscope for the localization and removal of a missing Heyman radium capsule in a patient with endometrial carcinoma. There has been much recent interest in the use of the hysteroscope for therapeutic purposes in clinical gynecology. This case report emphasizes the value of this instrument in patient care.", "contents": "Hysteroscopic removal of a Heyman radium capsule. This case report demonstrates the use of the hysteroscope for the localization and removal of a missing Heyman radium capsule in a patient with endometrial carcinoma. There has been much recent interest in the use of the hysteroscope for therapeutic purposes in clinical gynecology. This case report emphasizes the value of this instrument in patient care.", "PMID": 374731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2619", "title": "Measuring the attainment of primary care.", "content": "Specification of the characteristics unique to primary care, as distinguished from secondary and tertiary care, has been difficult. Descriptions based upon the nature of problems actually seen by practitioners or those based upon the way in which patients come for care do not adequately distinguish primary care from nonprimary care. Definitions of primary care have stressed its first-contact aspects, coordinating features, comprehensiveness, and longitudinality. While these phenomena are adequate as gross descriptors, the inability to quantify them reduces their usefulness to planners and evaluators. Offered as a solution to this problem is a model which permits these descriptors to be defined as specific interrelationships among separate aspects of the structure (accessibility, range of services, identification of the eligible population, and continuity), process (utilization and problem recognition), and outcome of care.", "contents": "Measuring the attainment of primary care. Specification of the characteristics unique to primary care, as distinguished from secondary and tertiary care, has been difficult. Descriptions based upon the nature of problems actually seen by practitioners or those based upon the way in which patients come for care do not adequately distinguish primary care from nonprimary care. Definitions of primary care have stressed its first-contact aspects, coordinating features, comprehensiveness, and longitudinality. While these phenomena are adequate as gross descriptors, the inability to quantify them reduces their usefulness to planners and evaluators. Offered as a solution to this problem is a model which permits these descriptors to be defined as specific interrelationships among separate aspects of the structure (accessibility, range of services, identification of the eligible population, and continuity), process (utilization and problem recognition), and outcome of care.", "PMID": 374735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2620", "title": "The role of psychiatry in Western European medical education.", "content": "During 1976-77 the authors studied psychiatric education in Western Europe, visiting university centers in 10 countries. Medical education in various European countries has developed out of different traditions. The significance of these for the present educational systems are discussed and the differences from the U.S. curriculum clarified. Psychiatry until recently in Europe has been dominated by a phenomenological approach. It has not assumed the same importance in the curriculum as in the United States. However, since the student revolts of 1968, there have been major reforms in teaching, including changes in the role of psychiatry in medical education and increased attention to social and psychological factors in health and disease.", "contents": "The role of psychiatry in Western European medical education. During 1976-77 the authors studied psychiatric education in Western Europe, visiting university centers in 10 countries. Medical education in various European countries has developed out of different traditions. The significance of these for the present educational systems are discussed and the differences from the U.S. curriculum clarified. Psychiatry until recently in Europe has been dominated by a phenomenological approach. It has not assumed the same importance in the curriculum as in the United States. However, since the student revolts of 1968, there have been major reforms in teaching, including changes in the role of psychiatry in medical education and increased attention to social and psychological factors in health and disease.", "PMID": 374736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2621", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocyte reactivity by a low molecular weight cutaneous antigen in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "A low molecular weight cutaneous antigen was found to stimulate the release of macrophage migration inhibition factor from circulating lymphocytes of patients with diffuse scleroderma. The antigen had a molecular weight of approximately 3,500 and contained RNA and polypeptides, but no hydroxyproline. Lymphocytes from patients with the CREST syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and from normal controls did not respond to the antigen. An immune response to this antigen may be a factor in the pathogenesis of diffuse scleroderma.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocyte reactivity by a low molecular weight cutaneous antigen in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A low molecular weight cutaneous antigen was found to stimulate the release of macrophage migration inhibition factor from circulating lymphocytes of patients with diffuse scleroderma. The antigen had a molecular weight of approximately 3,500 and contained RNA and polypeptides, but no hydroxyproline. Lymphocytes from patients with the CREST syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and from normal controls did not respond to the antigen. An immune response to this antigen may be a factor in the pathogenesis of diffuse scleroderma.", "PMID": 374734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2622", "title": "A unique pattern of toxic synthesis in pentitol catabolism: implications for evolution.", "content": "All of our Escherichia coli C mutants blocked in the first step of D-arabitol catabolism (D-arabitol dehydrogenase) became unable to grow in the presence of D-arabitol. We have shown that this sensitivity is eliminated by a defect in the second enzyme of the pathway (D-xylulokinase), leading to a pattern of toxicity and its relief which has not been previously reported. We have found a similar pattern of toxicity and its relief in the closely related ribitol pathway. The evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "A unique pattern of toxic synthesis in pentitol catabolism: implications for evolution. All of our Escherichia coli C mutants blocked in the first step of D-arabitol catabolism (D-arabitol dehydrogenase) became unable to grow in the presence of D-arabitol. We have shown that this sensitivity is eliminated by a defect in the second enzyme of the pathway (D-xylulokinase), leading to a pattern of toxicity and its relief which has not been previously reported. We have found a similar pattern of toxicity and its relief in the closely related ribitol pathway. The evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 374747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2623", "title": "Renal transplantation in Reye's syndrome: fate of the recipient--a case report.", "content": "A case is reported of a successful transplant of kidneys from a 15-month-old girl who died of complications of Reye's syndrome. The patient is well 28 months after the transplant and, despite treatment for 2 rejection episodes, there had been no increase in viral serologic titers nor evidence of the clinical viral syndrome. The literature on renal transplantation in Reye's syndrome as well as Reye's syndrome itself is reviewed. The world literature on this subject is sparse and this case is presented to give support and justification for the use of Reye's syndrome cadaver donors.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in Reye's syndrome: fate of the recipient--a case report. A case is reported of a successful transplant of kidneys from a 15-month-old girl who died of complications of Reye's syndrome. The patient is well 28 months after the transplant and, despite treatment for 2 rejection episodes, there had been no increase in viral serologic titers nor evidence of the clinical viral syndrome. The literature on renal transplantation in Reye's syndrome as well as Reye's syndrome itself is reviewed. The world literature on this subject is sparse and this case is presented to give support and justification for the use of Reye's syndrome cadaver donors.", "PMID": 374752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2624", "title": "Treatment of solitary and bilateral renal carcinomas.", "content": "Recent experience with 7 patients, as well as a review of the literature, indicates that partial nephrectomy provides satisfactory treatment of solitary and bilateral renal adenocarcinomas. Patient survival seems to be dependent on the adequacy of tumor resection and not on the fate of the contralateral kidney. Total nephrectomy, dialysis and subsequent transplantation are viable alternatives when it is technically not possible to preserve adequate renal parenchyma.", "contents": "Treatment of solitary and bilateral renal carcinomas. Recent experience with 7 patients, as well as a review of the literature, indicates that partial nephrectomy provides satisfactory treatment of solitary and bilateral renal adenocarcinomas. Patient survival seems to be dependent on the adequacy of tumor resection and not on the fate of the contralateral kidney. Total nephrectomy, dialysis and subsequent transplantation are viable alternatives when it is technically not possible to preserve adequate renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 374754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2625", "title": "Malignancy in uremia: dialysis versus transplantation.", "content": "The incidence of cancer was compared in 499 dialysis patients and 121 renal transplant recipients. De novo malignancy developed in 15 patients on chronic dialysis (3 per cent) and in 6 transplant recipients (4.9 per cent), a significant increase over the expected number in the age-matched general population. There was no difference in the incidence of cancer in uremic patients on dialysis or after transplantation. A total of 10 dialysis patients (67 per cent) and 1 transplant patient (16 per cent) died of cancer. Neoplasms in the dialysis patients were the common types of mesenchymal tumors, while superficial skin cancers were seen more frequently in the transplant recipients. The differences in tumor types accounted for the higher mortality rate from cancer in the dialysis patients and may reflect different patterns of immunosuppression in these 2 patient populations.", "contents": "Malignancy in uremia: dialysis versus transplantation. The incidence of cancer was compared in 499 dialysis patients and 121 renal transplant recipients. De novo malignancy developed in 15 patients on chronic dialysis (3 per cent) and in 6 transplant recipients (4.9 per cent), a significant increase over the expected number in the age-matched general population. There was no difference in the incidence of cancer in uremic patients on dialysis or after transplantation. A total of 10 dialysis patients (67 per cent) and 1 transplant patient (16 per cent) died of cancer. Neoplasms in the dialysis patients were the common types of mesenchymal tumors, while superficial skin cancers were seen more frequently in the transplant recipients. The differences in tumor types accounted for the higher mortality rate from cancer in the dialysis patients and may reflect different patterns of immunosuppression in these 2 patient populations.", "PMID": 374755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2626", "title": "[Urological treatments before and after kidney transplantations].", "content": "The repair of pre-existing bladder sphincter lesions in patients excluded from kidney transplant programs, and the recovery of grafts threatened by ureteral complications, are favourable influences in establishing equilibrium between dialysis and transplantation. In a series of 74 kidney transplants, two patients were able to receive grafts: one after the reconstruction of an ileal tube and the other after bladder diverticulectomy and resection of the bladder neck. Two other grafts, complicated by ureteral necrosis, were able to be conserved following a uretero-ureterostomy in the first case, and a psoic bladder in the second. These repair operations are discussed from three points of view: incidence, procedures, and complications. Advances made in transplanting kidneys encourage its use in patients who were previously excluded from receiving transplants because of bladder sphincter lesions. These lesions can be the cause of a renal insufficiency, or those associated with the original kidney disease. This group of patients represents 3 to 5% of the population of patients on permanent dialysis who respond to the other criteria for inclusion in the lists of potential receivers of kidney transplants: some of them could benefit from the graft if their lesions were treated by the standard urological methods. Furthermore, 5 to 8% of those with kidney transplants could lose the grafted kidney, which is immunologically tolerated, because of urological complications. As with patients in the first category, they also could obtain benefit from repair procedures on the urinary tract. A total of 74 kidney grafts were performed in the Sheba medical Center between March 1971 and July 1977: two patients were able to benefit from preventive urological procedures before transplantation: two others with grafts developed ureteral complications and were benefited by therapeutic procedures rarely used in kidney transplantation cases.", "contents": "[Urological treatments before and after kidney transplantations]. The repair of pre-existing bladder sphincter lesions in patients excluded from kidney transplant programs, and the recovery of grafts threatened by ureteral complications, are favourable influences in establishing equilibrium between dialysis and transplantation. In a series of 74 kidney transplants, two patients were able to receive grafts: one after the reconstruction of an ileal tube and the other after bladder diverticulectomy and resection of the bladder neck. Two other grafts, complicated by ureteral necrosis, were able to be conserved following a uretero-ureterostomy in the first case, and a psoic bladder in the second. These repair operations are discussed from three points of view: incidence, procedures, and complications. Advances made in transplanting kidneys encourage its use in patients who were previously excluded from receiving transplants because of bladder sphincter lesions. These lesions can be the cause of a renal insufficiency, or those associated with the original kidney disease. This group of patients represents 3 to 5% of the population of patients on permanent dialysis who respond to the other criteria for inclusion in the lists of potential receivers of kidney transplants: some of them could benefit from the graft if their lesions were treated by the standard urological methods. Furthermore, 5 to 8% of those with kidney transplants could lose the grafted kidney, which is immunologically tolerated, because of urological complications. As with patients in the first category, they also could obtain benefit from repair procedures on the urinary tract. A total of 74 kidney grafts were performed in the Sheba medical Center between March 1971 and July 1977: two patients were able to benefit from preventive urological procedures before transplantation: two others with grafts developed ureteral complications and were benefited by therapeutic procedures rarely used in kidney transplantation cases.", "PMID": 374750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2627", "title": "Tick-borne relapsing fever in Colorado. Historical review and report of cases.", "content": "Since 1915 the front range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains has been postulated as a focus of endemic tick-borne relapsing fever. However, the disease has rarely been identified: only two cases have been reported in Colorado since 1944. Three sporadic cases in 1977--tightly grouped geographically and temporally--prompted an epidemiologic review. Tick-borne relapsing fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent paroxysmal fever--with or without known presence of ticks--whenever exposure in an endemic area is part of a patient's history.", "contents": "Tick-borne relapsing fever in Colorado. Historical review and report of cases. Since 1915 the front range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains has been postulated as a focus of endemic tick-borne relapsing fever. However, the disease has rarely been identified: only two cases have been reported in Colorado since 1944. Three sporadic cases in 1977--tightly grouped geographically and temporally--prompted an epidemiologic review. Tick-borne relapsing fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent paroxysmal fever--with or without known presence of ticks--whenever exposure in an endemic area is part of a patient's history.", "PMID": 374757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2628", "title": "A natural resource. Prevalence of cadaver organs for transplantation and research.", "content": "To determine the prevalence of potential cadaver kidney, eye, and research-tissue donors in a tertiary referral hospital, the charts of 718 patients who died were studied. We found a potential kidney-donor rate of 2.4 per 100 hospital deaths, a potential eye-donor rate of 45.4 per 100 deaths, and a potential pancreas-donor rate of 26.5 per 100 deaths. In the study year, 20 potential cadaver kidney donors were projected, theoretically meeting the needs of the transplantation center. Recognized potential eye and pancreas donors were remarkably numerous. Effective education, surveillance, and procurement programs are necessary to salvage these potential donor tissues.", "contents": "A natural resource. Prevalence of cadaver organs for transplantation and research. To determine the prevalence of potential cadaver kidney, eye, and research-tissue donors in a tertiary referral hospital, the charts of 718 patients who died were studied. We found a potential kidney-donor rate of 2.4 per 100 hospital deaths, a potential eye-donor rate of 45.4 per 100 deaths, and a potential pancreas-donor rate of 26.5 per 100 deaths. In the study year, 20 potential cadaver kidney donors were projected, theoretically meeting the needs of the transplantation center. Recognized potential eye and pancreas donors were remarkably numerous. Effective education, surveillance, and procurement programs are necessary to salvage these potential donor tissues.", "PMID": 374758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2629", "title": "Combined amphotericin B-flucytosine therapy in Aspergillus pneumonia.", "content": "The incidence of aspergillosis is increasing while the prognosis remains dismal. Standard single-drug therapy with amphotericin B offers unacceptably low cure rates. A patient with Aspergillus pneumonia was treated with a synergistic combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine. A prompt clinical response and progressive resolution of the infection were observed. Combination therapy appeared to decrease the dose of amphotericin B needed for effective therapy. It may provide improved results with decreased toxic effects.", "contents": "Combined amphotericin B-flucytosine therapy in Aspergillus pneumonia. The incidence of aspergillosis is increasing while the prognosis remains dismal. Standard single-drug therapy with amphotericin B offers unacceptably low cure rates. A patient with Aspergillus pneumonia was treated with a synergistic combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine. A prompt clinical response and progressive resolution of the infection were observed. Combination therapy appeared to decrease the dose of amphotericin B needed for effective therapy. It may provide improved results with decreased toxic effects.", "PMID": 374761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2630", "title": "Penicillin levels in blood and CSF achieved by treatment of syphilis.", "content": "Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were not obtained following intramuscular (IM) injections of 600,000 IU of penicillin G procaine along with 2% aluminum monostearate (PAM). Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were achieved in 31 patients by probenecid, 500 mg/6 hr by mouth, with penicillin G, 500,000 IU by IM injection, and by probenecid every six hours by mouth and IM injections of penicillin G procaine once a day in two of three patients following injections of 600,000 IU, in four of five following 1.2 million IU, and in three (now all nine) following 2.4 million IU.", "contents": "Penicillin levels in blood and CSF achieved by treatment of syphilis. Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were not obtained following intramuscular (IM) injections of 600,000 IU of penicillin G procaine along with 2% aluminum monostearate (PAM). Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were achieved in 31 patients by probenecid, 500 mg/6 hr by mouth, with penicillin G, 500,000 IU by IM injection, and by probenecid every six hours by mouth and IM injections of penicillin G procaine once a day in two of three patients following injections of 600,000 IU, in four of five following 1.2 million IU, and in three (now all nine) following 2.4 million IU.", "PMID": 374763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2631", "title": "Risk of pneumococcal infections in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Because of the recent licensing of pneumococcal vaccine, the risk of pneumococcal infections on a renal transplant service was determined. The overall risk of infection was 7% (14 of 197 patients) over a six-year period, or 1% per year. In patients with functioning allografts, this represented a risk of 28 infections per 1,000 patient-years of follow-up. Clinically, the major presentations of pneumococcal infection were pneumonia in the patient who was rejecting his kidney and pneumococcemia of sudden onset that was often fatal. Five of the pneumococci isolated from bacteremic patients were typed; three of the isolates were types that are in the vaccine. The frequency and seriousness of pneumococcal infections in renal transplant patients suggest that pneumococcal vaccine should be given to these patients, probably before transplantation.", "contents": "Risk of pneumococcal infections in renal transplant patients. Because of the recent licensing of pneumococcal vaccine, the risk of pneumococcal infections on a renal transplant service was determined. The overall risk of infection was 7% (14 of 197 patients) over a six-year period, or 1% per year. In patients with functioning allografts, this represented a risk of 28 infections per 1,000 patient-years of follow-up. Clinically, the major presentations of pneumococcal infection were pneumonia in the patient who was rejecting his kidney and pneumococcemia of sudden onset that was often fatal. Five of the pneumococci isolated from bacteremic patients were typed; three of the isolates were types that are in the vaccine. The frequency and seriousness of pneumococcal infections in renal transplant patients suggest that pneumococcal vaccine should be given to these patients, probably before transplantation.", "PMID": 374767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2632", "title": "Influence on blood pressure of renal isografts between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats, utilizing the F1 hybrids.", "content": "The F1 hybrids (F1) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats (W), whose kidneys were transplanted from SHR at the age of 10 weeks and 20 weeks, showed significant elevation of blood pressure (BP) for 11 weeks after the transplantation. In F1 with W or F1 kidneys BP was decreased near to the normal level. F1 whose kidneys were transplanted from SHR or W showed low renin activity both in plasma and the kidney. It is suggested that BP of SHR is probably determined by the renal pro-hypertensive factor(s) other than renin influencing on sympathetic nerves through central nervous systems.", "contents": "Influence on blood pressure of renal isografts between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats, utilizing the F1 hybrids. The F1 hybrids (F1) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats (W), whose kidneys were transplanted from SHR at the age of 10 weeks and 20 weeks, showed significant elevation of blood pressure (BP) for 11 weeks after the transplantation. In F1 with W or F1 kidneys BP was decreased near to the normal level. F1 whose kidneys were transplanted from SHR or W showed low renin activity both in plasma and the kidney. It is suggested that BP of SHR is probably determined by the renal pro-hypertensive factor(s) other than renin influencing on sympathetic nerves through central nervous systems.", "PMID": 374777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2633", "title": "Change of P-Q intervals of the electrocardiogram in the rat hearts sensitized with the killed group A streptococci.", "content": "Prolongation of P-Q interval in the anesthetized rat was observed by repeated injection of killed group A streptococci. The prolongation was clearly recognized at about the 11th week after the first injection, but afterwards P-Q interval recovered to the normal level in spite of continuous injection of killed streptococci. His bundle electrogram recorded from isolated heart revealed the prolongation of A-H interval in the treated rat. Moreover, the transmembrane action potential in the atrioventricular nodal region of treated rat was slightly deteriorated, but the action potentials in the other cardiac muscles were not changed. It was deduced from the above results that P-Q prolongation was transiently brought about by the injection of killed group A streptocci and that deterioration of muscle in the atrioventricular nodal region might take a main part in the P-Q prolongation.", "contents": "Change of P-Q intervals of the electrocardiogram in the rat hearts sensitized with the killed group A streptococci. Prolongation of P-Q interval in the anesthetized rat was observed by repeated injection of killed group A streptococci. The prolongation was clearly recognized at about the 11th week after the first injection, but afterwards P-Q interval recovered to the normal level in spite of continuous injection of killed streptococci. His bundle electrogram recorded from isolated heart revealed the prolongation of A-H interval in the treated rat. Moreover, the transmembrane action potential in the atrioventricular nodal region of treated rat was slightly deteriorated, but the action potentials in the other cardiac muscles were not changed. It was deduced from the above results that P-Q prolongation was transiently brought about by the injection of killed group A streptocci and that deterioration of muscle in the atrioventricular nodal region might take a main part in the P-Q prolongation.", "PMID": 374778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2634", "title": "Membrane receptors of human erythrocytes for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "content": "The binding specificity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated by inhibition experiments of the binding of 3H-labelled Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) AND 3H-labelled Salmonella minnesota R595 glycolipid and lipid A to human erythrocytes using various glycoproteins as inhibitors. PAS-1 glycoprotein and band-3 glycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes exerted strong inhibitory activity. To characterize membrane receptors for LPS, solubilized membranes of human erythrocytes were subjected to affinity chromatography with an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling S. minnesota R595 glycolipid to activated Sepharose 4B. Band-3 and PAS-1 glycoproteins were identified as major receptor sites.", "contents": "Membrane receptors of human erythrocytes for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The binding specificity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated by inhibition experiments of the binding of 3H-labelled Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) AND 3H-labelled Salmonella minnesota R595 glycolipid and lipid A to human erythrocytes using various glycoproteins as inhibitors. PAS-1 glycoprotein and band-3 glycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes exerted strong inhibitory activity. To characterize membrane receptors for LPS, solubilized membranes of human erythrocytes were subjected to affinity chromatography with an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling S. minnesota R595 glycolipid to activated Sepharose 4B. Band-3 and PAS-1 glycoproteins were identified as major receptor sites.", "PMID": 374801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2635", "title": "Heterophile antibodies in the sera from renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Microcytotoxicity tests with the sera from renal transplant recipients against cultured B-cell lines were performed by using guinea pig complement. Out of 106 sera, 18 sera showed strong cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines. The same results were obtained by using normal human serum as a complement source. These sera did not show any cytotoxicity against normal peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes. On the other hand, the sera containing the cytotoxicity against cultured B-cell lines were found to have high-titered heterophile antibodies against bovine red blood cells (BRBC) when hemolysis in agar gel with guinea pig complement was used. The sera without cytotoxicity did not have high-titered heterophile antibodies. The sera with cytotoxicity against cultured B-cell lines reacted in the same way against both human tonsilar lymphocytes cultured with the medium containing fetal calf serum and human serum. Therefore, the antigenicity of cultured cells was not affected by the fetal calf serum in the culture medium. After absorption with BRBC, the sera lost their cytotoxicity against cultured cells. Hemolysins in the sera were almost completely removed after absorption of the sera with cultured cells. From these results, it seemed apparent that the sera from renal transplant recipients contained heterophile antibodies which reacted with the cells of some cultured B-cell lines and tonsilar lymphocytes.", "contents": "Heterophile antibodies in the sera from renal transplant recipients. Microcytotoxicity tests with the sera from renal transplant recipients against cultured B-cell lines were performed by using guinea pig complement. Out of 106 sera, 18 sera showed strong cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines. The same results were obtained by using normal human serum as a complement source. These sera did not show any cytotoxicity against normal peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes. On the other hand, the sera containing the cytotoxicity against cultured B-cell lines were found to have high-titered heterophile antibodies against bovine red blood cells (BRBC) when hemolysis in agar gel with guinea pig complement was used. The sera without cytotoxicity did not have high-titered heterophile antibodies. The sera with cytotoxicity against cultured B-cell lines reacted in the same way against both human tonsilar lymphocytes cultured with the medium containing fetal calf serum and human serum. Therefore, the antigenicity of cultured cells was not affected by the fetal calf serum in the culture medium. After absorption with BRBC, the sera lost their cytotoxicity against cultured cells. Hemolysins in the sera were almost completely removed after absorption of the sera with cultured cells. From these results, it seemed apparent that the sera from renal transplant recipients contained heterophile antibodies which reacted with the cells of some cultured B-cell lines and tonsilar lymphocytes.", "PMID": 374802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2636", "title": "Progressive and fatal infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in nude mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Japanese strain under specified pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) conditions. SPF euthymic litter mates (nu/+) serving as controls were found to tolerate the infection well, while SPF nu/nu mice following infection of 3 X 10(7) organisms died by week-36. Animals having received a very small dose (3 X 10(0) of organisms and their non-infected cage mates showed no evidence of infection at week 37 post-infection. Time-course observations carried out on SPF and GF nu/nu mice following infection with 10(5) or 10(6) organisms revealed that the number of organisms in the liver and spleen reached 10(6) to 10(7) viable units per organ at week 12 and this level was maintained for 50 weeks post-infection. Bacillary counts in the kidney and lung increased progressively and reached a level of 10(7) to 10(8) at the terminal stage of infection. In the liver, spleen and lymph nodes of nu/nu mice, granulomas were noted 12 weeks postinfection. The granulomas were composed of macrophages and accompanied by slight infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and a small number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In later infection stages, small aggregations of pigmented macrophages packed with acid-fast bacilli were present in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Lesions with large foci of bacilli-laden macrophages developed progressively in the kidney, lung and subcutaneous and periosteal connective tissues. Periosteal granulomatous lesions, sometimes accompanied by exudation, intruded occasionally into the bone marrow, resulting in extensive granulomatous osteomyelities.", "contents": "Progressive and fatal infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in nude mice. Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Japanese strain under specified pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) conditions. SPF euthymic litter mates (nu/+) serving as controls were found to tolerate the infection well, while SPF nu/nu mice following infection of 3 X 10(7) organisms died by week-36. Animals having received a very small dose (3 X 10(0) of organisms and their non-infected cage mates showed no evidence of infection at week 37 post-infection. Time-course observations carried out on SPF and GF nu/nu mice following infection with 10(5) or 10(6) organisms revealed that the number of organisms in the liver and spleen reached 10(6) to 10(7) viable units per organ at week 12 and this level was maintained for 50 weeks post-infection. Bacillary counts in the kidney and lung increased progressively and reached a level of 10(7) to 10(8) at the terminal stage of infection. In the liver, spleen and lymph nodes of nu/nu mice, granulomas were noted 12 weeks postinfection. The granulomas were composed of macrophages and accompanied by slight infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and a small number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In later infection stages, small aggregations of pigmented macrophages packed with acid-fast bacilli were present in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Lesions with large foci of bacilli-laden macrophages developed progressively in the kidney, lung and subcutaneous and periosteal connective tissues. Periosteal granulomatous lesions, sometimes accompanied by exudation, intruded occasionally into the bone marrow, resulting in extensive granulomatous osteomyelities.", "PMID": 374803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2637", "title": "The pathogenesis of ovarian neoplasia.", "content": "Currently in the United States intra-abdominal neoplasia involving or originating in the ovary is responsible for the death of 11,000 women per year, or one every 50 minutes. Historically, as well as can be documented, although benign ovarian cysts were common, malignant neoplasia was rare. Furthermore, similar lesions arising in or adjacent to the testes are essentially unknown. The uniqueness of the tumors is appreciated by the recognition of the common cell of origin, but there are many different histologic varieties of neoplasia that may arise therefrom. The differences in incidence between the sexes and the apparent significance of irritants to which the female pelvic cavity may be exposed suggest that such proliferating agents may ascend from the vagina through the patent fallopian tube and into the pelvic and/or the general abdominal cavities. Since little improvement has been made in the overall five-year survival rate during the past 25 years (in spite of the widespread use of chemotherapeutic and other treatment modalities), possibly our basic thrusts should be directed at defining carcinogenic processes and thus preventing the development of such lethal disease.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of ovarian neoplasia. Currently in the United States intra-abdominal neoplasia involving or originating in the ovary is responsible for the death of 11,000 women per year, or one every 50 minutes. Historically, as well as can be documented, although benign ovarian cysts were common, malignant neoplasia was rare. Furthermore, similar lesions arising in or adjacent to the testes are essentially unknown. The uniqueness of the tumors is appreciated by the recognition of the common cell of origin, but there are many different histologic varieties of neoplasia that may arise therefrom. The differences in incidence between the sexes and the apparent significance of irritants to which the female pelvic cavity may be exposed suggest that such proliferating agents may ascend from the vagina through the patent fallopian tube and into the pelvic and/or the general abdominal cavities. Since little improvement has been made in the overall five-year survival rate during the past 25 years (in spite of the widespread use of chemotherapeutic and other treatment modalities), possibly our basic thrusts should be directed at defining carcinogenic processes and thus preventing the development of such lethal disease.", "PMID": 374819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2638", "title": "The behavior of bacteria: on the mechanism of sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "The mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis is beginning to be understood. At the receptor end, we have considerable knowledge about the molecular properies of chemoreceptors. At the effector end, we know that flagella rotate and that the direction of rotation is determined by attractants and repellents, although we do not yet know the molecular features of the motor and the gear shift. Between the receptors and the effectors is a system for integrating the sensory information and transmitting a message to the flagella. This system, sensory transduction, somehow involves methylation of membrane proteins and probably a change in membrane potential, but further details of how the mechanism works remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "The behavior of bacteria: on the mechanism of sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis. The mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis is beginning to be understood. At the receptor end, we have considerable knowledge about the molecular properies of chemoreceptors. At the effector end, we know that flagella rotate and that the direction of rotation is determined by attractants and repellents, although we do not yet know the molecular features of the motor and the gear shift. Between the receptors and the effectors is a system for integrating the sensory information and transmitting a message to the flagella. This system, sensory transduction, somehow involves methylation of membrane proteins and probably a change in membrane potential, but further details of how the mechanism works remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 374820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2639", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of cardiac output in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarct according to the methods of dye dilution technic and echocardiography].", "content": "Seventy-eight simultaneous studies of the stroke volume value by the method of dye dilution and by echography were conducted in 28 males on the first to tenth day of macrofocal myocardial infarction. Despite the satisfactory correlation of the stroke volume values obtained by both methods in the whole group (r=0.71), the authors note a difference in the correlation depending on the localization of infarction and the kinetic condition of the diseased and the intact zones. The authors believe that the echocardiogrphic method is not reliable in determining the volumetric values in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction since it misrepresents the true value of the stroke volume though it reflects the general trend of changes in the hemodynamic indices. Echocardiography yields essential supplementary information on the state of the left ventricular pumping function and the mechanisms of its compensation in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of cardiac output in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarct according to the methods of dye dilution technic and echocardiography]. Seventy-eight simultaneous studies of the stroke volume value by the method of dye dilution and by echography were conducted in 28 males on the first to tenth day of macrofocal myocardial infarction. Despite the satisfactory correlation of the stroke volume values obtained by both methods in the whole group (r=0.71), the authors note a difference in the correlation depending on the localization of infarction and the kinetic condition of the diseased and the intact zones. The authors believe that the echocardiogrphic method is not reliable in determining the volumetric values in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction since it misrepresents the true value of the stroke volume though it reflects the general trend of changes in the hemodynamic indices. Echocardiography yields essential supplementary information on the state of the left ventricular pumping function and the mechanisms of its compensation in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 374823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2640", "title": "[Hemodynamic disorders in the acute period of myocardial infarct according to the radiocardiographic data].", "content": "Changes in central hemodynamics in patients suffering from acute macrofocal and transmural myocardial infarction with or without circulatory insufficiency were studied by radiocardiography. Cardiac output was found to be increased in the first 24 hours of the disease in persons without circulatory insufficiency as compared to the control group, which may be linked with marked activation of the sympatheticoadrenal system. In the groups of patients with circulatory insufficiency the cardiac output during this period was diminished. In most patients myocardial infarction was preceded by marked changes in teh myocardium. Diminution of hemodynamic values was recorded in all groups of patients on the third day, which was most conspicuous in cases with circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic disorders in the acute period of myocardial infarct according to the radiocardiographic data]. Changes in central hemodynamics in patients suffering from acute macrofocal and transmural myocardial infarction with or without circulatory insufficiency were studied by radiocardiography. Cardiac output was found to be increased in the first 24 hours of the disease in persons without circulatory insufficiency as compared to the control group, which may be linked with marked activation of the sympatheticoadrenal system. In the groups of patients with circulatory insufficiency the cardiac output during this period was diminished. In most patients myocardial infarction was preceded by marked changes in teh myocardium. Diminution of hemodynamic values was recorded in all groups of patients on the third day, which was most conspicuous in cases with circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 374824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2641", "title": "[Language of physicians' ECG conclusions].", "content": "The elaboration of a standardized language for expressing the ECG diagnosis is of great practical importance and is necessary for the creation of a system of automatic treatment of the electrocardiosignal. A language is suggested for the ECG findings according to the changes in the ECG contour and disorders of the cardiac rhythm and conduction. It is based on the syndromal approach which makes it possible in analysis of the ECG to only distinguish definite syndromes without dictating a narrow diagnostic interpretation on the doctor. A list of 56 ECG diagnoses according to the character of the ECG contour and 60 elementary diagnoses relating to disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction is given. The suggested language embraces all clinically important ECG syndromes and may be used in the elaboration of a system of automatic analysis and accepted as the foundation of a standardized language for expressing the ECG findings in practical electrocardiology.", "contents": "[Language of physicians' ECG conclusions]. The elaboration of a standardized language for expressing the ECG diagnosis is of great practical importance and is necessary for the creation of a system of automatic treatment of the electrocardiosignal. A language is suggested for the ECG findings according to the changes in the ECG contour and disorders of the cardiac rhythm and conduction. It is based on the syndromal approach which makes it possible in analysis of the ECG to only distinguish definite syndromes without dictating a narrow diagnostic interpretation on the doctor. A list of 56 ECG diagnoses according to the character of the ECG contour and 60 elementary diagnoses relating to disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction is given. The suggested language embraces all clinically important ECG syndromes and may be used in the elaboration of a system of automatic analysis and accepted as the foundation of a standardized language for expressing the ECG findings in practical electrocardiology.", "PMID": 374825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2642", "title": "Estimation of relative glomerular capillary surface area in normal and hypertrophic rat kidneys.", "content": "The quantity of antiglomerular baSEMent membrane antibodies (antiGBM) binding to the glomeruli of rats 4 hr after i.v. injection of 660 microgram of antiGBM was used as a measure of relative glomerular capillary surface area (Sr). Intact immature and adult rats (N = 27) weighing 46 to 440 g were studied to assess the effect of normal growth on Sr. Young adult rats (N = 36) were studied at 0, 8, 15, and 22 days following uninephrectomy or sham operation to assess the effect of hypertrophic kidney growth on Sr. Bound antiGBM increased from 95 microgram to approximately 350 microgram as rats grew from 46 to 200 g; further growth was associated with no further growth was associated with no further increases in bound antiGBM. In contrast, there was no progressive increase in Sr following uninephrectomy or sham operation despite as 45% increase in kidney weight at 22 days over the comparable kidney in the sham-operated rats (1.32 +/- SEM 0.06 g vs. 0.91 +/- SEM 0.01 g, P less than 0.0001). Thus, increases in GFR during early normal kidney growth parallel anatomic increases in Sr, but increases in GFR with later growth or with compensatory hypertrophy in young adult rats are not accompanied by changes in Sr.", "contents": "Estimation of relative glomerular capillary surface area in normal and hypertrophic rat kidneys. The quantity of antiglomerular baSEMent membrane antibodies (antiGBM) binding to the glomeruli of rats 4 hr after i.v. injection of 660 microgram of antiGBM was used as a measure of relative glomerular capillary surface area (Sr). Intact immature and adult rats (N = 27) weighing 46 to 440 g were studied to assess the effect of normal growth on Sr. Young adult rats (N = 36) were studied at 0, 8, 15, and 22 days following uninephrectomy or sham operation to assess the effect of hypertrophic kidney growth on Sr. Bound antiGBM increased from 95 microgram to approximately 350 microgram as rats grew from 46 to 200 g; further growth was associated with no further growth was associated with no further increases in bound antiGBM. In contrast, there was no progressive increase in Sr following uninephrectomy or sham operation despite as 45% increase in kidney weight at 22 days over the comparable kidney in the sham-operated rats (1.32 +/- SEM 0.06 g vs. 0.91 +/- SEM 0.01 g, P less than 0.0001). Thus, increases in GFR during early normal kidney growth parallel anatomic increases in Sr, but increases in GFR with later growth or with compensatory hypertrophy in young adult rats are not accompanied by changes in Sr.", "PMID": 374826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2643", "title": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency in childhood].", "content": "The author deals with the clinical importance of the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in form of a survey with tabular representation of own cases. Alpha-1-antitrypsin as an inactivator of proteolytically effective enzymes essentially participates in the localised effect of proteinases. A genetically determined decreased alpha-1-antitrypsin serum level (= alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency) by this causally participates in the pathogenesis of certain hepatopathies and in the pulmonary emphysema appearing already at the carly adult age. Within differential-diagnostic considerations an alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency should be excluded in: 1. etiologically unclear cholestasis in infancy, 2. etiologically unclear hepatopathy in childhood, and in 3. early emphysema.", "contents": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency in childhood]. The author deals with the clinical importance of the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in form of a survey with tabular representation of own cases. Alpha-1-antitrypsin as an inactivator of proteolytically effective enzymes essentially participates in the localised effect of proteinases. A genetically determined decreased alpha-1-antitrypsin serum level (= alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency) by this causally participates in the pathogenesis of certain hepatopathies and in the pulmonary emphysema appearing already at the carly adult age. Within differential-diagnostic considerations an alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency should be excluded in: 1. etiologically unclear cholestasis in infancy, 2. etiologically unclear hepatopathy in childhood, and in 3. early emphysema.", "PMID": 374827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2644", "title": "[Delayed wound dehiscence with traumatic aphakia after keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of two patients who had a severe wound dehiscence with traumatic aphakia after perforating kertoplasty. In both cases, after vitrectomy and resuturing the transplant remained clear in its central part (visuel accuity 0.7 p). Details of the operative technic are discussed.", "contents": "[Delayed wound dehiscence with traumatic aphakia after keratoplasty (author's transl)]. A description is given of two patients who had a severe wound dehiscence with traumatic aphakia after perforating kertoplasty. In both cases, after vitrectomy and resuturing the transplant remained clear in its central part (visuel accuity 0.7 p). Details of the operative technic are discussed.", "PMID": 374841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2645", "title": "[Erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 patients the diagnosis of an erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids was made. It is characterized by erosions of the intermarginal portion of the lid or by erosions or ulcers of the skin, especially close to the lid margin. A combination of both clinical forms is possible. Characteristic herpetic vesicles have been observed only in one case, being situated in close proximity to the erosive lesion of the lid margin. The visualisation of erosions located at the intermarginal portion of the lid can be facilitated by staining with fluorescein. The lack of vesicular eruptions impedes a proper diagnosis; hence one should search for the history of recurrent herpetic infections. A presumptive diagnosis can be confirmed by the immunofluorescence technique. For treatment, topical application of virustatic and antibiotic ointment is recommended.", "contents": "[Erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids (author's transl)]. In 14 patients the diagnosis of an erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids was made. It is characterized by erosions of the intermarginal portion of the lid or by erosions or ulcers of the skin, especially close to the lid margin. A combination of both clinical forms is possible. Characteristic herpetic vesicles have been observed only in one case, being situated in close proximity to the erosive lesion of the lid margin. The visualisation of erosions located at the intermarginal portion of the lid can be facilitated by staining with fluorescein. The lack of vesicular eruptions impedes a proper diagnosis; hence one should search for the history of recurrent herpetic infections. A presumptive diagnosis can be confirmed by the immunofluorescence technique. For treatment, topical application of virustatic and antibiotic ointment is recommended.", "PMID": 374842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2646", "title": "[Cytomorphologic findings in the diagnosis of intraocular lymphocytic tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen cases with haemolytic changes in the region of the eye, i.e. ten cases of lymphocytic sarcoma, two cases of M. Hodgkin, two cases with reticulosarcoma and one of acute lymphatic leukosis are presented. With cytologic punctions of the eyelids and of the retrobulbar tissue, typical cytomorphologic findings for above mentioned haemoblastoses were obtained.", "contents": "[Cytomorphologic findings in the diagnosis of intraocular lymphocytic tumors (author's transl)]. Fifteen cases with haemolytic changes in the region of the eye, i.e. ten cases of lymphocytic sarcoma, two cases of M. Hodgkin, two cases with reticulosarcoma and one of acute lymphatic leukosis are presented. With cytologic punctions of the eyelids and of the retrobulbar tissue, typical cytomorphologic findings for above mentioned haemoblastoses were obtained.", "PMID": 374843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2647", "title": "[Ophthalmological themes in baroqueiconography in north-west Croatia (author's transl)].", "content": "The northwest Croatia is distinguished through valuable master-pieces of exuberant baroque art. Cultural comprehensions and spirit of time are registered in numerous sacred and profane monuments of art. It is also understandable, that actualities of medicine are reflected in art, too. Small and big plastic-arts, pictures and frescoes are iconographic material of what ophthalmological themes we try to analyse to conceive knowledges about health and sick eyes in that time, about regional pathology and social aspects of eye diseases, also thus to get to learn ophthalmological problems of that time.", "contents": "[Ophthalmological themes in baroqueiconography in north-west Croatia (author's transl)]. The northwest Croatia is distinguished through valuable master-pieces of exuberant baroque art. Cultural comprehensions and spirit of time are registered in numerous sacred and profane monuments of art. It is also understandable, that actualities of medicine are reflected in art, too. Small and big plastic-arts, pictures and frescoes are iconographic material of what ophthalmological themes we try to analyse to conceive knowledges about health and sick eyes in that time, about regional pathology and social aspects of eye diseases, also thus to get to learn ophthalmological problems of that time.", "PMID": 374844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2648", "title": "[Report on renal transplant patients. Ocular changes due to renal disease and immunosuppressive therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "51 patients with renal transplants were examined ophthalmologically 31,1 (1--77) months after the transplantation. 80,4 p. c. showed ocular complications: cataract formation in 43,1 p. c. of the patients examined and increased intraocular pressure values between 22 and 30 mm Hg in 3 patients are to be attributed to the systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Further ocular changes were recurrent subconjunctival haemorrhages due to increased vascular rigidity, calcium phosphate deposits in the conjunctiva due to persistant secondary hyperparathyroidism and fundus changes (pigmentary irregularities in the foveal regions, narrow arterial vessels). Although marked arterial hypertension was observed in 21 patients after the transplantation, no signs of hypertensive retinopathy could be found. Despite the high incidence of ocular complications after renal transplantation the risks of immunosuppressive therapy must be considered as tolerable: cataract formation and increased intraocular pressure do not impair the positive effect of renal transplantation on ocular functions. Regular ophthalmological control examinations of renal transplant patients are advisable.", "contents": "[Report on renal transplant patients. Ocular changes due to renal disease and immunosuppressive therapy (author's transl)]. 51 patients with renal transplants were examined ophthalmologically 31,1 (1--77) months after the transplantation. 80,4 p. c. showed ocular complications: cataract formation in 43,1 p. c. of the patients examined and increased intraocular pressure values between 22 and 30 mm Hg in 3 patients are to be attributed to the systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Further ocular changes were recurrent subconjunctival haemorrhages due to increased vascular rigidity, calcium phosphate deposits in the conjunctiva due to persistant secondary hyperparathyroidism and fundus changes (pigmentary irregularities in the foveal regions, narrow arterial vessels). Although marked arterial hypertension was observed in 21 patients after the transplantation, no signs of hypertensive retinopathy could be found. Despite the high incidence of ocular complications after renal transplantation the risks of immunosuppressive therapy must be considered as tolerable: cataract formation and increased intraocular pressure do not impair the positive effect of renal transplantation on ocular functions. Regular ophthalmological control examinations of renal transplant patients are advisable.", "PMID": 374846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2649", "title": "[Pilocarpin eye drops with a novel Pilocarpin polymeric salt (author's transl)].", "content": "A new pilocarpin salt was obtained by chemically linking pilocarpin to a polymere substance. By galenic processing to the respective emulsion, eye drops containing this pilocarpin salt were produced, which enable a retarded pilocarpin delivery in vitro. With respect to glaucoma therapy, clinical tests showed that frequency of application can considerably be reduced. In the present investigations on a collective of 30 normal volunteers the effect of a commercial aqueous pilocarpin solution on the IOP, pupillary diameter and accommodation was compared with that of the novel pilocarpin drops.", "contents": "[Pilocarpin eye drops with a novel Pilocarpin polymeric salt (author's transl)]. A new pilocarpin salt was obtained by chemically linking pilocarpin to a polymere substance. By galenic processing to the respective emulsion, eye drops containing this pilocarpin salt were produced, which enable a retarded pilocarpin delivery in vitro. With respect to glaucoma therapy, clinical tests showed that frequency of application can considerably be reduced. In the present investigations on a collective of 30 normal volunteers the effect of a commercial aqueous pilocarpin solution on the IOP, pupillary diameter and accommodation was compared with that of the novel pilocarpin drops.", "PMID": 374847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2650", "title": "[Prospective controlled clinical trials in surgery. controversial issues in motivation and performance (author's transl)].", "content": "Controversial aspects in prospective controlled trials in surgery can be detected at various stages in the course of this research work, such as in motivation, planning and performance as well as in assessment and evaluation of the results. Especially the introduction of control groups, randomization and \"blindness\" of patients, operators and doctors running the follow-up are subjects of a controversial discussion. Subthreshold arguments for defenders and eniers of the trial are taken from different theories of science, such as empirism and rationalism which are more effective in the daily routine work than expected. Provided that convincingly only therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are compared which were considered as equi-effective and reliable to the same extent according to the best and most complete knowledge available it is ethically justified to perform controlled randomized trials. It should, however, not be expected that they (always) produce differences between treatment of high degree of difference. The aim of the controlled trials is not the introduction of sensational novelties into medicine, but the abolition and prevention of unnecessary and unworthy modes.", "contents": "[Prospective controlled clinical trials in surgery. controversial issues in motivation and performance (author's transl)]. Controversial aspects in prospective controlled trials in surgery can be detected at various stages in the course of this research work, such as in motivation, planning and performance as well as in assessment and evaluation of the results. Especially the introduction of control groups, randomization and \"blindness\" of patients, operators and doctors running the follow-up are subjects of a controversial discussion. Subthreshold arguments for defenders and eniers of the trial are taken from different theories of science, such as empirism and rationalism which are more effective in the daily routine work than expected. Provided that convincingly only therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are compared which were considered as equi-effective and reliable to the same extent according to the best and most complete knowledge available it is ethically justified to perform controlled randomized trials. It should, however, not be expected that they (always) produce differences between treatment of high degree of difference. The aim of the controlled trials is not the introduction of sensational novelties into medicine, but the abolition and prevention of unnecessary and unworthy modes.", "PMID": 374855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2651", "title": "Studies on salmonellosis in the house mouse, Mus musculus.", "content": "Salmonellae were isolated from the faeces from 17 of 170 (10%) wild house mice. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 10, S. typhimurium, var. Copenhagen from 2, S. thompson from 1, and S. muenchen from 4. It was concluded that house mice could be a reservoir of infection and play an important role in human and animal salmonellosis.", "contents": "Studies on salmonellosis in the house mouse, Mus musculus. Salmonellae were isolated from the faeces from 17 of 170 (10%) wild house mice. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 10, S. typhimurium, var. Copenhagen from 2, S. thompson from 1, and S. muenchen from 4. It was concluded that house mice could be a reservoir of infection and play an important role in human and animal salmonellosis.", "PMID": 374859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2652", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: a long-term study of the humoral antibody response in mice, rats and rabbits.", "content": "Mice treated with an antigen prepared from livers infected with Bacillus piliformis developed antibodies to the microorganism which reached a peak on the 7th day and disappeared within 40 days: antibody titres in experimentally-infected mice remained at a high level throughout life. The antibody titres in naturally-infected mice, rats and rabbits ramined positive throughout life and followed the same pattern as that of the experimentally-infected mice.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: a long-term study of the humoral antibody response in mice, rats and rabbits. Mice treated with an antigen prepared from livers infected with Bacillus piliformis developed antibodies to the microorganism which reached a peak on the 7th day and disappeared within 40 days: antibody titres in experimentally-infected mice remained at a high level throughout life. The antibody titres in naturally-infected mice, rats and rabbits ramined positive throughout life and followed the same pattern as that of the experimentally-infected mice.", "PMID": 374860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2653", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: transplacental transmission of Bacillus piliformis in rats.", "content": "Clinically healthy rats with antibodies to Bacillus piliformis were given prednisolone in the last week of pregnancy. B. piliformis was demonstrated in the livers of their offspring. None of the dams or the young rats showed clinical signs of disease. Antibodies to B. piliformis were found in the young rats at birth, and presisted for several months. The importance of potential transplacental infections when attempting to establish colonies free from B. piliformis in discussed.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: transplacental transmission of Bacillus piliformis in rats. Clinically healthy rats with antibodies to Bacillus piliformis were given prednisolone in the last week of pregnancy. B. piliformis was demonstrated in the livers of their offspring. None of the dams or the young rats showed clinical signs of disease. Antibodies to B. piliformis were found in the young rats at birth, and presisted for several months. The importance of potential transplacental infections when attempting to establish colonies free from B. piliformis in discussed.", "PMID": 374861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2654", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to pneumonia virus of mice in rat sera.", "content": "An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established to detect rat serum antibodies to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Vero cells infected with the virus were absorbed to the surface of microplates, and the presence of antibodies in the sample evaluated were demonstrated by the subsequent use of goat anti-rat immune globulin G conjugated to peroxidase and by specific substrate. The results indicated that antibodies against pneumonia virus of mice could be detected in rat serum with the ELISA procedure. The results were reproducible, and the method was approximately eight times more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition procedure.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to pneumonia virus of mice in rat sera. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established to detect rat serum antibodies to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Vero cells infected with the virus were absorbed to the surface of microplates, and the presence of antibodies in the sample evaluated were demonstrated by the subsequent use of goat anti-rat immune globulin G conjugated to peroxidase and by specific substrate. The results indicated that antibodies against pneumonia virus of mice could be detected in rat serum with the ELISA procedure. The results were reproducible, and the method was approximately eight times more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition procedure.", "PMID": 374862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2655", "title": "The effects of selected antimicrobials on glucose transport in the rat intestine.", "content": "To determine whether oxytetracycline hydrochloride and the sodium salt of ampicillin have any adverse effects on the rat intestine, enteric enzyme levels and glucose transport rates were measured in vitro in rats. The intestinal transport of glucose did not differ significantly between control animals and those pretreated with ampicillin. For animals pretreated with oxytetracycline, the transport rates were significantly lower than those for the control group. The difference between the ampicillin and oxytetracycline groups, however, was not statistically significant. No significant differences in enteric levels of sucrase and maltase activity were found between any of the groups. The possibility that some antimicrobial agents may interfere with the absorption of nutrients suggested the need for caution in using these drugs in experimental animals.", "contents": "The effects of selected antimicrobials on glucose transport in the rat intestine. To determine whether oxytetracycline hydrochloride and the sodium salt of ampicillin have any adverse effects on the rat intestine, enteric enzyme levels and glucose transport rates were measured in vitro in rats. The intestinal transport of glucose did not differ significantly between control animals and those pretreated with ampicillin. For animals pretreated with oxytetracycline, the transport rates were significantly lower than those for the control group. The difference between the ampicillin and oxytetracycline groups, however, was not statistically significant. No significant differences in enteric levels of sucrase and maltase activity were found between any of the groups. The possibility that some antimicrobial agents may interfere with the absorption of nutrients suggested the need for caution in using these drugs in experimental animals.", "PMID": 374863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2656", "title": "Induction of extraglomerular renal damage in experimental chronic serum sickness. I. Histologic and immunofluorescence findings.", "content": "Histologic and immunofluorescence studies were performed in nine rabbits after daily administration of human serum albumin at a fixed dosage for periods up to 26 weeks. All but one of the rabbits studied by immunofluorescence showed IgG, C3, and fibrinogen deposits in the renal glomeruli and in the tubules or peritubular tissues. In most cases, human serum albumin could also be identified in the deposits. In two rabbits killed at week 10, kidney pathology was minimal; in one of the rabbits killed in the early phases of the disease and in all rabbits killed after week 20, there were obvious pathologic changes affecting glomeruli, tubules, and/or interstitium. Tubulointerstitial changes were absent in only one of the rabbits killed at late stages of human serum albumin administration, in spite of evidence of tubular deposition of immune complexes. These observations suggest that tubulointerstitial damage is at least as frequent as glomerular damage during the induction of chronic serum sickness.", "contents": "Induction of extraglomerular renal damage in experimental chronic serum sickness. I. Histologic and immunofluorescence findings. Histologic and immunofluorescence studies were performed in nine rabbits after daily administration of human serum albumin at a fixed dosage for periods up to 26 weeks. All but one of the rabbits studied by immunofluorescence showed IgG, C3, and fibrinogen deposits in the renal glomeruli and in the tubules or peritubular tissues. In most cases, human serum albumin could also be identified in the deposits. In two rabbits killed at week 10, kidney pathology was minimal; in one of the rabbits killed in the early phases of the disease and in all rabbits killed after week 20, there were obvious pathologic changes affecting glomeruli, tubules, and/or interstitium. Tubulointerstitial changes were absent in only one of the rabbits killed at late stages of human serum albumin administration, in spite of evidence of tubular deposition of immune complexes. These observations suggest that tubulointerstitial damage is at least as frequent as glomerular damage during the induction of chronic serum sickness.", "PMID": 374866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2657", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the pilonidal sinus: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Squamous-cell cancer developing in chronic pilonidal sinuses is extremely rare. Thousands of pilonidal cysts and sinuses are operated upon each year, and malignancy is almost never encountered. Only 26 cases of malignancy arising in pilonidal sinuses are reported in the world literature. We report and document a squamous-cell cancer arising in a chronic pilonidal sinus and also review the world literature.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the pilonidal sinus: report of a case and review of the literature. Squamous-cell cancer developing in chronic pilonidal sinuses is extremely rare. Thousands of pilonidal cysts and sinuses are operated upon each year, and malignancy is almost never encountered. Only 26 cases of malignancy arising in pilonidal sinuses are reported in the world literature. We report and document a squamous-cell cancer arising in a chronic pilonidal sinus and also review the world literature.", "PMID": 374882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2658", "title": "Surgical repair of criss-cross heart with straddling atrioventricular valve.", "content": "The criss-cross heart is a rare anomaly in which systemic and pulmonary bloodstreams cross at the atrioventricular (AV) level. Although diagnosed now with increasing frequency, successful surgical repair of associated anomalies has been reported only once. Straddling AV valve is another rare cardiac anomaly which only recently is being diagnosed consistently preoperatively and corrected surgically. This is the first report of successful repair of cardiac anomalies in a patient with the combination of straddling AV valve and criss-cross AV relationships. The uneventful postoperative course and good result on follow-up in this patient are gratifying and suggest that this combination of anomalies now can be repaired with results as good as those for less complex forms of congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Surgical repair of criss-cross heart with straddling atrioventricular valve. The criss-cross heart is a rare anomaly in which systemic and pulmonary bloodstreams cross at the atrioventricular (AV) level. Although diagnosed now with increasing frequency, successful surgical repair of associated anomalies has been reported only once. Straddling AV valve is another rare cardiac anomaly which only recently is being diagnosed consistently preoperatively and corrected surgically. This is the first report of successful repair of cardiac anomalies in a patient with the combination of straddling AV valve and criss-cross AV relationships. The uneventful postoperative course and good result on follow-up in this patient are gratifying and suggest that this combination of anomalies now can be repaired with results as good as those for less complex forms of congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 374883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2659", "title": "Intercostal pleuroperitoneal hernia.", "content": "The patient described in this report had the initial symptoms and signs of a fractured right ninth rib followed soon by severe signs of trauma to the local chest wall. In the ensuing 5 months sequella suggesting an intercostal hernia gradually developed. Further studies indicated that this hernia consisted of a posterior pleural and anterior peritoneal component. At operation the diaphragm was found to have torn away from its costal attachments. In addition to repairing the intercostal pleural hernia, we recommend that a strip of Marlex mesh be fixed to the inner costal surfaces to form a continuous and durable new attachment for the diaphragmatic margin prior to the repair of the peritoneal component. Determining a probable explanation for the mechanism of the injury was helpful in understanding the reconstruction procedure.", "contents": "Intercostal pleuroperitoneal hernia. The patient described in this report had the initial symptoms and signs of a fractured right ninth rib followed soon by severe signs of trauma to the local chest wall. In the ensuing 5 months sequella suggesting an intercostal hernia gradually developed. Further studies indicated that this hernia consisted of a posterior pleural and anterior peritoneal component. At operation the diaphragm was found to have torn away from its costal attachments. In addition to repairing the intercostal pleural hernia, we recommend that a strip of Marlex mesh be fixed to the inner costal surfaces to form a continuous and durable new attachment for the diaphragmatic margin prior to the repair of the peritoneal component. Determining a probable explanation for the mechanism of the injury was helpful in understanding the reconstruction procedure.", "PMID": 374885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2660", "title": "Control of immunologic abnormalities associated with aging.", "content": "In an attempt to encourage more intensive studies on the control of immunologic abnormalities associated with aging, the six different approaches which have been attempted are reviewed briefly. They are as follows: (a) internal body temperature control, (b) tissue ablation, (c) dietary manipulation, (d) genetic manipulation, (d) genetic manipulation (e) cell therapy and (f) chemical therapy. The first four are preventive and the latter two are restorative in approach. Many of these studies are very preliminary, but overall, the findings are most encouraging. These studies should resolve the extent to which decline in immunologic vigor with age influences the disease pattern of aging individuals and on their life expectancy.", "contents": "Control of immunologic abnormalities associated with aging. In an attempt to encourage more intensive studies on the control of immunologic abnormalities associated with aging, the six different approaches which have been attempted are reviewed briefly. They are as follows: (a) internal body temperature control, (b) tissue ablation, (c) dietary manipulation, (d) genetic manipulation, (d) genetic manipulation (e) cell therapy and (f) chemical therapy. The first four are preventive and the latter two are restorative in approach. Many of these studies are very preliminary, but overall, the findings are most encouraging. These studies should resolve the extent to which decline in immunologic vigor with age influences the disease pattern of aging individuals and on their life expectancy.", "PMID": 374888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2661", "title": "Development of immune competence.", "content": "Present evidence indicates that the precursors of B- and T-cells can be found in the extra-embryonic tissues four days after implantation (day 5) and that by the following day (day 10) certain of the B-cell precursors have differentiated to the stage of the antigen-binding cell. Cells able to secrete antibody are not detected, however, until the later stages of pregnancy. B-cell differentiation has been shown to advance in a stepwise manner through several compartments, and the early stages of maturation are independent of thymic or T-cell regulation. The thymic rudiment appears by the 12th day of pregnancy and the reticuloepithelial tissue is quickly colonized by T-stem cells which migrate from the fetal liver. Within 4 days these cells respond to PHA, recognize and respond to allogeneic antigens, and begin to seed to the peripheral lymphoid tissues. During the latter stages of pregnancy and until about the sixth week after birth T-cell mediated suppressor activity predominates. T-cell killer function can be detected in the neonatal thymus shortly after birth, but this activity increases slowly in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. T-cell helper activity increases slowly after birth as suppressor activity declines. The adult levels of helper-suppressor function are approached about six to eight weeks after birth.", "contents": "Development of immune competence. Present evidence indicates that the precursors of B- and T-cells can be found in the extra-embryonic tissues four days after implantation (day 5) and that by the following day (day 10) certain of the B-cell precursors have differentiated to the stage of the antigen-binding cell. Cells able to secrete antibody are not detected, however, until the later stages of pregnancy. B-cell differentiation has been shown to advance in a stepwise manner through several compartments, and the early stages of maturation are independent of thymic or T-cell regulation. The thymic rudiment appears by the 12th day of pregnancy and the reticuloepithelial tissue is quickly colonized by T-stem cells which migrate from the fetal liver. Within 4 days these cells respond to PHA, recognize and respond to allogeneic antigens, and begin to seed to the peripheral lymphoid tissues. During the latter stages of pregnancy and until about the sixth week after birth T-cell mediated suppressor activity predominates. T-cell killer function can be detected in the neonatal thymus shortly after birth, but this activity increases slowly in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. T-cell helper activity increases slowly after birth as suppressor activity declines. The adult levels of helper-suppressor function are approached about six to eight weeks after birth.", "PMID": 374889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2662", "title": "Current status of age altered enzymes: alternative mechanisms.", "content": "The occurrence of inactive enzyme molecules in a variety of tissues and animal species has been shown to be of a general nature. The levels of inactive enzyme molecules found in old animals were produced by amino acid analogs in young animals. These levels have been shown to be initially detrimental but subsequently the young system shows recovery by efficiently disposing of the analog-modified proteins. In old animals this disposal is considerably less efficient. Evidence is presented which suggests that post-translational modifications of proteins are the main cause of enzyme inactivation in old animals. Amino acid substitutions and modifications involving charge differences apparently do not contribute significantly to this phenomenon.", "contents": "Current status of age altered enzymes: alternative mechanisms. The occurrence of inactive enzyme molecules in a variety of tissues and animal species has been shown to be of a general nature. The levels of inactive enzyme molecules found in old animals were produced by amino acid analogs in young animals. These levels have been shown to be initially detrimental but subsequently the young system shows recovery by efficiently disposing of the analog-modified proteins. In old animals this disposal is considerably less efficient. Evidence is presented which suggests that post-translational modifications of proteins are the main cause of enzyme inactivation in old animals. Amino acid substitutions and modifications involving charge differences apparently do not contribute significantly to this phenomenon.", "PMID": 374890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2663", "title": "The formation of altered enzymes in aging animals.", "content": "Evidence is accumulating which supports the idea that the alteration of enzymes is due to post-synthetic modifications rather than to sequence changes. Although unequivocal proof is still lacking, the idea that the changes in old enzymes are due to a subtle denaturation rather than to covalent changes is strengthened by recent work. That altered enzymes may result from a slowed protein turnover in old organisms appears to be a viable hypothesis.", "contents": "The formation of altered enzymes in aging animals. Evidence is accumulating which supports the idea that the alteration of enzymes is due to post-synthetic modifications rather than to sequence changes. Although unequivocal proof is still lacking, the idea that the changes in old enzymes are due to a subtle denaturation rather than to covalent changes is strengthened by recent work. That altered enzymes may result from a slowed protein turnover in old organisms appears to be a viable hypothesis.", "PMID": 374891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2664", "title": "Longevity, stability and DNA repair.", "content": "The functional capacity of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism is dependent upon its ability to maintain the stability of its unit components. The higher the differentiated state of the system, the greater the amount of stability required to maintain that state as a function of time. Stability can be achieved via either redundancy or repair. Redundancy while easily achievable in biological systems is both costly and limited by thermodynamic considerations. Repair, in its general sense, has no such limitations. Repair at the cellular and macromolecular level is multiple in its forms and varies as a function of species, tissue, and stage of the cell cycle. The repair of DNA damage is a dynamic process with many components and subcomponents, each interacting with one another in order to achieve a balance between individual stability and evolutionary diversity. Thus, between internal and external factors which damage DNA and the subsequent expression of alterations in the functional stability of DNA lie the multi-functional pathways which attempt to maintain DNA fidelity. A strong correlation between ulta-violet light induced excision or pre-replication repair, as measured by autoradiogrphy and maximum species lifespan has been reported within different strains of the same species, between related species (e.g. Mus musculus and Peromyscus leucopus), between five orders of mammals, and most recently within members of the primate family. As has been demonstrated by the authors and others, differences in excision repair between species and tissues may relate to the turning off of portions of the repair processes during embryogenesis. Regardless of why such correlations exist or the nature of their mechanisms, it is naive to either assert or deny a causal role for DNA repair in longevity assurance systems. For example, while species-related differences in DNA repair may reflect the turning off of such repair processes during fetal development this does not mean that rates of accumulation of DNA damage are not altered by such changes. Indeed, such a phenomena might well explain the rapid evolution of lifespan within the primates without a concurrent input of new genes.", "contents": "Longevity, stability and DNA repair. The functional capacity of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism is dependent upon its ability to maintain the stability of its unit components. The higher the differentiated state of the system, the greater the amount of stability required to maintain that state as a function of time. Stability can be achieved via either redundancy or repair. Redundancy while easily achievable in biological systems is both costly and limited by thermodynamic considerations. Repair, in its general sense, has no such limitations. Repair at the cellular and macromolecular level is multiple in its forms and varies as a function of species, tissue, and stage of the cell cycle. The repair of DNA damage is a dynamic process with many components and subcomponents, each interacting with one another in order to achieve a balance between individual stability and evolutionary diversity. Thus, between internal and external factors which damage DNA and the subsequent expression of alterations in the functional stability of DNA lie the multi-functional pathways which attempt to maintain DNA fidelity. A strong correlation between ulta-violet light induced excision or pre-replication repair, as measured by autoradiogrphy and maximum species lifespan has been reported within different strains of the same species, between related species (e.g. Mus musculus and Peromyscus leucopus), between five orders of mammals, and most recently within members of the primate family. As has been demonstrated by the authors and others, differences in excision repair between species and tissues may relate to the turning off of portions of the repair processes during embryogenesis. Regardless of why such correlations exist or the nature of their mechanisms, it is naive to either assert or deny a causal role for DNA repair in longevity assurance systems. For example, while species-related differences in DNA repair may reflect the turning off of such repair processes during fetal development this does not mean that rates of accumulation of DNA damage are not altered by such changes. Indeed, such a phenomena might well explain the rapid evolution of lifespan within the primates without a concurrent input of new genes.", "PMID": 374892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2665", "title": "Molecular clocks, molecular profiles, and optimum diets: three approaches to the problem of aging.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that the deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues serves as a molecular clock for many biological processes including protein turnover, development, and aging. At present, this hypothesis has passed some experimental tests which are necessary but not sufficient for its acceptance. The current state of evidence about deamidation as a molecular clock is discussed. In addition, since the molecular biology of aging, especially in humans, is only partly understood, it is of value to develop quantitative, empirical measures of physiological human age and to use these measures to evaluate alternative human living conditions, especially easily adopted alternatives like variations in diet. This may allow some decrease in the suffering and loss from human aging until such time as molecular biology provides superior and more intellectually satisfying answers. An empirical system which consists of quantitative measurement of several hundred human chemical constituents followed by computerized pattern recognition is described. It is hoped that this system will eventually become an aid in the minimization of the rate of human aging through changes in diet and other factors.", "contents": "Molecular clocks, molecular profiles, and optimum diets: three approaches to the problem of aging. It has been hypothesized that the deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues serves as a molecular clock for many biological processes including protein turnover, development, and aging. At present, this hypothesis has passed some experimental tests which are necessary but not sufficient for its acceptance. The current state of evidence about deamidation as a molecular clock is discussed. In addition, since the molecular biology of aging, especially in humans, is only partly understood, it is of value to develop quantitative, empirical measures of physiological human age and to use these measures to evaluate alternative human living conditions, especially easily adopted alternatives like variations in diet. This may allow some decrease in the suffering and loss from human aging until such time as molecular biology provides superior and more intellectually satisfying answers. An empirical system which consists of quantitative measurement of several hundred human chemical constituents followed by computerized pattern recognition is described. It is hoped that this system will eventually become an aid in the minimization of the rate of human aging through changes in diet and other factors.", "PMID": 374893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2666", "title": "The role of membrane structure and function in cellular aging: a review.", "content": "A survey of the available theoretical and experimental evidence is given regarding the cell membrane properties, such as the membrane fluidity, potassium permeability, etc., which are involved in the regulation of intracellular ion contents. These properties of the membrane undergo some age-dependent alterations in numerous cells studied so far, resulting in an increase of the intracellular potassium content. This phenomenon has a serious inhibitory effect on the rates of enzymatic catalyses involved in the protein synthesis, and may explain the decreased protein synthetic capacity of the old cells. Data are presented indicating that some changes in the membrane permeability are also involved in the malignant transformation of the cells; however, these are of opposite direction as compared to aging of cells. The \"membrane hypothesis\" of aging based on these facts seems to be a useful experimental approach to the problem of cellular aging.", "contents": "The role of membrane structure and function in cellular aging: a review. A survey of the available theoretical and experimental evidence is given regarding the cell membrane properties, such as the membrane fluidity, potassium permeability, etc., which are involved in the regulation of intracellular ion contents. These properties of the membrane undergo some age-dependent alterations in numerous cells studied so far, resulting in an increase of the intracellular potassium content. This phenomenon has a serious inhibitory effect on the rates of enzymatic catalyses involved in the protein synthesis, and may explain the decreased protein synthetic capacity of the old cells. Data are presented indicating that some changes in the membrane permeability are also involved in the malignant transformation of the cells; however, these are of opposite direction as compared to aging of cells. The \"membrane hypothesis\" of aging based on these facts seems to be a useful experimental approach to the problem of cellular aging.", "PMID": 374894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2667", "title": "Connective tissues--possible implications of the temporal changes for the aging process.", "content": "Two of the \"old\" mono-cause theories of aging have temporal changes in the connective tissues, especially those in collagen, as main events. The crosslinking of collagen is stable under physiological conditions shortly after the formation of fibrils and the additional physico-chemical stability attained later on probably does not influence the physiological functions of the tissues significantly. The temporal changes in collagen seen as increased thermal stability, decreased solubility and increased mechanical stiffness are discussed in relation to the underlying structural changes. It is concluded that the increased stability of the collagen (mainly type I) in the locomotive system and skin are not \"true\" aging phenomena. It is possible that the changes in the connective tissues of the lungs and kidneys contribute to the decrease of function with age. The \"normal\" increase of stiffness of type I collagen may contibute to the increased compliance and residual volume of the aging lung. Our present knowledge of the structure and function of collagens and ground substances in various basement membranes does not permit an evaluation of the role of connective tissues in the age changes in the alveolo--capillary complex, the glomeruli and the exchange between tissues and capillaries in general.", "contents": "Connective tissues--possible implications of the temporal changes for the aging process. Two of the \"old\" mono-cause theories of aging have temporal changes in the connective tissues, especially those in collagen, as main events. The crosslinking of collagen is stable under physiological conditions shortly after the formation of fibrils and the additional physico-chemical stability attained later on probably does not influence the physiological functions of the tissues significantly. The temporal changes in collagen seen as increased thermal stability, decreased solubility and increased mechanical stiffness are discussed in relation to the underlying structural changes. It is concluded that the increased stability of the collagen (mainly type I) in the locomotive system and skin are not \"true\" aging phenomena. It is possible that the changes in the connective tissues of the lungs and kidneys contribute to the decrease of function with age. The \"normal\" increase of stiffness of type I collagen may contibute to the increased compliance and residual volume of the aging lung. Our present knowledge of the structure and function of collagens and ground substances in various basement membranes does not permit an evaluation of the role of connective tissues in the age changes in the alveolo--capillary complex, the glomeruli and the exchange between tissues and capillaries in general.", "PMID": 374896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2668", "title": "Aging, genetics, and the environment: potential of errors introduced into genetic information transfer by metal ions.", "content": "Metal ions, which are introduced into living organisms from the environment, are required in every aspect of genetic information transfer. However, the \"wrong\" metal ion, or even the \"right\" metal ion in the wrong concentration, can produce deleterious information transfer effects. Metal ions react with nucleic acids in many different ways, and virtually all of these reactions effect major changes in the structure of the nucleic acids. Cellular metal ion concentrations change with age. The effects of such concentration changes on genetic information transfer suggest the possibility that metal ions can influence the aging process. A specific example of such influence is the accumulation in brain cells of aluminum ions, which may have a relationship to Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "Aging, genetics, and the environment: potential of errors introduced into genetic information transfer by metal ions. Metal ions, which are introduced into living organisms from the environment, are required in every aspect of genetic information transfer. However, the \"wrong\" metal ion, or even the \"right\" metal ion in the wrong concentration, can produce deleterious information transfer effects. Metal ions react with nucleic acids in many different ways, and virtually all of these reactions effect major changes in the structure of the nucleic acids. Cellular metal ion concentrations change with age. The effects of such concentration changes on genetic information transfer suggest the possibility that metal ions can influence the aging process. A specific example of such influence is the accumulation in brain cells of aluminum ions, which may have a relationship to Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 374897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2669", "title": "The effect of aging on sister chromatid exchange.", "content": "The advent of the bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)-differential staining techniques has greatly facilitated the detection of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). These SCE have been demonstrated to be an accurate reflection of DNA damage both in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in mouse and rate bone marrow and spleen cells. In this review, we examine the effect of cellular aging on both baseline and mutagen-induced SCE levels. In all systems examined, aging did not appear to significantly affect the baseline levels of SCE. However, in human fibroblast cultures we have found a significant decrease in the levels of mutagen-induced SCE as a function of both in vitro passage level (in vitro aging) and the age of the cell culture donor (in vivo aging). In addition we have found a similar decrease in mutagen-induced SCE levels in both mouse and rat bone marrow cells and mouse spleen cells where examinations were performed entirely in vivo. Diminished mutagen-induced SCE levels were obtained with a wide variety of agents including mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, ethyl methanesulfonate and N-acetyl-2-acetoxyamino-fluorene. These decreased SCE levels were accompanied by increased frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in the older cell populations. If SCE represents a form of DNA repair as has been suggested by several investigators, our finding would indicate impaired DNA repair occurring in old cells.", "contents": "The effect of aging on sister chromatid exchange. The advent of the bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)-differential staining techniques has greatly facilitated the detection of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). These SCE have been demonstrated to be an accurate reflection of DNA damage both in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in mouse and rate bone marrow and spleen cells. In this review, we examine the effect of cellular aging on both baseline and mutagen-induced SCE levels. In all systems examined, aging did not appear to significantly affect the baseline levels of SCE. However, in human fibroblast cultures we have found a significant decrease in the levels of mutagen-induced SCE as a function of both in vitro passage level (in vitro aging) and the age of the cell culture donor (in vivo aging). In addition we have found a similar decrease in mutagen-induced SCE levels in both mouse and rat bone marrow cells and mouse spleen cells where examinations were performed entirely in vivo. Diminished mutagen-induced SCE levels were obtained with a wide variety of agents including mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, ethyl methanesulfonate and N-acetyl-2-acetoxyamino-fluorene. These decreased SCE levels were accompanied by increased frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in the older cell populations. If SCE represents a form of DNA repair as has been suggested by several investigators, our finding would indicate impaired DNA repair occurring in old cells.", "PMID": 374898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2670", "title": "Cellular replication and aging.", "content": "Controversy exists concerning the effect of aging on replicating cell systems. This review summarizes a number of studies which indicate that both in vivo and in vitro, cell replication is significantly altered during aging. In vitro, studies of both human lymphocytes and fibroblasts indicated that a number of replication kinetic parameters are influenced by the age of the cell donor. In vivo, the application of the bromodeoxyuridine-(BrdU)-differential chromatid staining techniques to the analysis of cellular replication kinetics has permitted us to demonstrate that cellular replication is also significantly diminished with aging in mouse and rat cell populations. Therefore, both in vivo and in vitro in human as well as rodent cell populations, the rates of cellular replication are significantly decreased with cellular aging.", "contents": "Cellular replication and aging. Controversy exists concerning the effect of aging on replicating cell systems. This review summarizes a number of studies which indicate that both in vivo and in vitro, cell replication is significantly altered during aging. In vitro, studies of both human lymphocytes and fibroblasts indicated that a number of replication kinetic parameters are influenced by the age of the cell donor. In vivo, the application of the bromodeoxyuridine-(BrdU)-differential chromatid staining techniques to the analysis of cellular replication kinetics has permitted us to demonstrate that cellular replication is also significantly diminished with aging in mouse and rat cell populations. Therefore, both in vivo and in vitro in human as well as rodent cell populations, the rates of cellular replication are significantly decreased with cellular aging.", "PMID": 374899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2671", "title": "Evolution of human longevity: a critical overview.", "content": "Evolution of longevity of the ungulates, carnivores and primates is reviewed. Special emphasis is focused on recent evolutionary history of longevity along the hominid ancestral-descendant sequence leading to modern man. Maximum life span potential (MLP) or the change in MLP is predicted in extinct species by (1) a phylogenetic analysis of the MLP of present living species and (2) an empirical equation using brain and body weight estimates from fossils. Both of these methods indicate MLP generally increased during mammalian evolution and at an extremely fast rate during the appearance of the hominid species. These results suggest that relatively few genetic alterations were necessary during the recent evolutionary history of man to significantly extend his innate ability to maintain mental and physical health. Much evidence indicates these genetic alterations principally involve regulatory genes, which control a conserved set of structural genes. Evolution of longevity in man could therefore be a result of simple changes in temporal and quantitative expression. Whether these genetic alterations result from mutational changes and/or chromosomal rearrangement cannot yet be evaluated.", "contents": "Evolution of human longevity: a critical overview. Evolution of longevity of the ungulates, carnivores and primates is reviewed. Special emphasis is focused on recent evolutionary history of longevity along the hominid ancestral-descendant sequence leading to modern man. Maximum life span potential (MLP) or the change in MLP is predicted in extinct species by (1) a phylogenetic analysis of the MLP of present living species and (2) an empirical equation using brain and body weight estimates from fossils. Both of these methods indicate MLP generally increased during mammalian evolution and at an extremely fast rate during the appearance of the hominid species. These results suggest that relatively few genetic alterations were necessary during the recent evolutionary history of man to significantly extend his innate ability to maintain mental and physical health. Much evidence indicates these genetic alterations principally involve regulatory genes, which control a conserved set of structural genes. Evolution of longevity in man could therefore be a result of simple changes in temporal and quantitative expression. Whether these genetic alterations result from mutational changes and/or chromosomal rearrangement cannot yet be evaluated.", "PMID": 374900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2672", "title": "Activities of salivary myoepithelial cells: a review.", "content": "Historical developments concerning salivary myoepithelial cells have been outlined and structural features of the cells have been described. Evidence from structural and functional studies supports the belief that myoepithelial cells usually have a dual innervation by parasympathetic as well as sympathetic nerves, and impulses from both types of nerve cause the cells to contract. Functional assessment using salivary flow phenomena and intraluminal pressure changes have been used to determine, so far as is possible, the effects of myoepithelial contractions. In some instances tissues have been examined structurally after such experimental procedures. These investigations indicate that salivary myoepithelial activity 1. Speeds up the outflow of saliva 2. Reduces luminal volume 3. Contributes to the secretory pressure 4. Supports the underlying parenchyma 5. Helps salivary flow to overcome increases in peripheral resistance. However, beyond a certain point, this may lead to sialectatic damage of striated ducts with increase in glandular permeability. Myoepithelial activity may also help to expel parenchymal cell contents in certain instances.", "contents": "Activities of salivary myoepithelial cells: a review. Historical developments concerning salivary myoepithelial cells have been outlined and structural features of the cells have been described. Evidence from structural and functional studies supports the belief that myoepithelial cells usually have a dual innervation by parasympathetic as well as sympathetic nerves, and impulses from both types of nerve cause the cells to contract. Functional assessment using salivary flow phenomena and intraluminal pressure changes have been used to determine, so far as is possible, the effects of myoepithelial contractions. In some instances tissues have been examined structurally after such experimental procedures. These investigations indicate that salivary myoepithelial activity 1. Speeds up the outflow of saliva 2. Reduces luminal volume 3. Contributes to the secretory pressure 4. Supports the underlying parenchyma 5. Helps salivary flow to overcome increases in peripheral resistance. However, beyond a certain point, this may lead to sialectatic damage of striated ducts with increase in glandular permeability. Myoepithelial activity may also help to expel parenchymal cell contents in certain instances.", "PMID": 374901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2673", "title": "[Ionising rays and laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Review of the literature and report of a new care of laryngeal cancer after irradiation of a benign lesion of the neck. These cases obviously become rare since benign lesions are no longer irradiated. Today the risk of inducing a second carcinoma by a successful irradiation of the first tumor becomes more important. A study of 109 patients, irradiated for laryngeal carcinoma and surviving with no evidence of disease for a period of at least 5 years has been performed. 8 of these patients developed a second primary in the previously irradiated area after 7-15 years. These second carcinomas are not rare if one considers that most patients with laryngeal carcinoma are 60-70 years old and therefore the life expectance on an average is low. These facts should be taken into consideration when deciding between surgical or radiation therapy in younger patients with high life expectance.", "contents": "[Ionising rays and laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)]. Review of the literature and report of a new care of laryngeal cancer after irradiation of a benign lesion of the neck. These cases obviously become rare since benign lesions are no longer irradiated. Today the risk of inducing a second carcinoma by a successful irradiation of the first tumor becomes more important. A study of 109 patients, irradiated for laryngeal carcinoma and surviving with no evidence of disease for a period of at least 5 years has been performed. 8 of these patients developed a second primary in the previously irradiated area after 7-15 years. These second carcinomas are not rare if one considers that most patients with laryngeal carcinoma are 60-70 years old and therefore the life expectance on an average is low. These facts should be taken into consideration when deciding between surgical or radiation therapy in younger patients with high life expectance.", "PMID": 374908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2674", "title": "[Remarks about otoplasty and avulsion of the auricle (author's transl)].", "content": "I. Correction of the prominent ear. A modification of the Mustarde-technique is reported. We mill with a diamonddrill two rims, one above and a second beneath the new anthelix. So we are able to form anthelix and helix to get a smooth contour. II. Restoration of superior helix. 1. Using the method reported by Cronin (1953) it is necessary to plan the reconstructed part a little bit larger than the normal contour. By shrinking of the skin and resorption of the incorporated cartilage we get normal proportions half a year later. 2. Using the method by Crikelair (1956) we took the auriculo-cephalic flap as a composite graft from the concha. The defects could be closed primarily without using a free graft. III. Replantation of the amputated auricle. We used the method, reported by Arfai (1963). Four operations were necessary to get a satisfying result.", "contents": "[Remarks about otoplasty and avulsion of the auricle (author's transl)]. I. Correction of the prominent ear. A modification of the Mustarde-technique is reported. We mill with a diamonddrill two rims, one above and a second beneath the new anthelix. So we are able to form anthelix and helix to get a smooth contour. II. Restoration of superior helix. 1. Using the method reported by Cronin (1953) it is necessary to plan the reconstructed part a little bit larger than the normal contour. By shrinking of the skin and resorption of the incorporated cartilage we get normal proportions half a year later. 2. Using the method by Crikelair (1956) we took the auriculo-cephalic flap as a composite graft from the concha. The defects could be closed primarily without using a free graft. III. Replantation of the amputated auricle. We used the method, reported by Arfai (1963). Four operations were necessary to get a satisfying result.", "PMID": 374909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2675", "title": "[Foley catheter technique as an alternative to Bellocq pack (author's transl)].", "content": "233 cases with posterior nasal pack are compared, two third being treated with Foley catheter technique. Using the Bellocq technique there are 47% of bleeding at intervals and 9% of bleeding while using the Foley catheter. Local and general complications are 3.5 times higher in Bellocq technique than in Foley catheter use.", "contents": "[Foley catheter technique as an alternative to Bellocq pack (author's transl)]. 233 cases with posterior nasal pack are compared, two third being treated with Foley catheter technique. Using the Bellocq technique there are 47% of bleeding at intervals and 9% of bleeding while using the Foley catheter. Local and general complications are 3.5 times higher in Bellocq technique than in Foley catheter use.", "PMID": 374910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2676", "title": "[The reconstructive use of bipedicled chest flap in cancer surgery of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The reconstructive use of bipedicled chest flap in cancer surgery of the neck is described. This flaps have been found extremely useful in cases of surgical treatment of postlaryngectomy tracheal stomal recurrences.", "contents": "[The reconstructive use of bipedicled chest flap in cancer surgery of the neck (author's transl)]. The reconstructive use of bipedicled chest flap in cancer surgery of the neck is described. This flaps have been found extremely useful in cases of surgical treatment of postlaryngectomy tracheal stomal recurrences.", "PMID": 374911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2677", "title": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondria DNA. I. Construction of the physical map and localization of the cistron for the 21S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA.", "content": "1. We have used restriction enzyme analysis of petite mtDNAs to construct a detailed physical map of the 21S region on the mtDNA of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JS1-3D. The map covers a segment of about 20,000 bp, on which the recognition sites of the enzymes HapII, HindII, HindIII, Sa1I, XhoI and HhaI have been localized (22 sites in total). This map has been checked in various ways against the independently constructed overall physical map of the mtDNA of strain JS1-3D. In addition, we have constructed a physical map with a resolution of about 200 bp of a HapII fragment of 1850 bp long, which carries the loci omega, RIB-1 and probably RIB-2. 2. The 21S rRNA hybridizes with the five adjacent HindII + III fragments TD9, DT19, TD15, DT14 and TT1, which lie in that order on the physical map of the 21S region. Of these, the two non-adjacent fragments TD9 and DT14 show a much stronger hybridization with 21S rRNA than DT19, TD15, and TT1. 3. The fragment DD5 (= DT19 + TD15) and part of DT14 belong to a sequence of about 1000 bp, which is absent from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis mtDNA. Although DD5 and DT14 show (very weak, respectively stronger) hybridization with 21S rRNA, the 1000 bp insert probably does not code for the 21S rRNA: the 21S rRNA of S. carlsbergensis comigrates with the 21S rRNA of JS1-3D on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. 4. Fragment DT14 hybridizes with the HindII + III fragment TD9, which shows the strongest hybridization with 21S rRNA. The presence of these sequence homologies has hampered the precise mapping of the 21S rRNA cistron. Our results are compatible, however, with the hypothesis that the sequences, coding for 21S rRNA, are located on HindII + III fragments that are not adjacent on JS1-3D mtDNA, namely TD9, DT14 and TT1.", "contents": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondria DNA. I. Construction of the physical map and localization of the cistron for the 21S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA. 1. We have used restriction enzyme analysis of petite mtDNAs to construct a detailed physical map of the 21S region on the mtDNA of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JS1-3D. The map covers a segment of about 20,000 bp, on which the recognition sites of the enzymes HapII, HindII, HindIII, Sa1I, XhoI and HhaI have been localized (22 sites in total). This map has been checked in various ways against the independently constructed overall physical map of the mtDNA of strain JS1-3D. In addition, we have constructed a physical map with a resolution of about 200 bp of a HapII fragment of 1850 bp long, which carries the loci omega, RIB-1 and probably RIB-2. 2. The 21S rRNA hybridizes with the five adjacent HindII + III fragments TD9, DT19, TD15, DT14 and TT1, which lie in that order on the physical map of the 21S region. Of these, the two non-adjacent fragments TD9 and DT14 show a much stronger hybridization with 21S rRNA than DT19, TD15, and TT1. 3. The fragment DD5 (= DT19 + TD15) and part of DT14 belong to a sequence of about 1000 bp, which is absent from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis mtDNA. Although DD5 and DT14 show (very weak, respectively stronger) hybridization with 21S rRNA, the 1000 bp insert probably does not code for the 21S rRNA: the 21S rRNA of S. carlsbergensis comigrates with the 21S rRNA of JS1-3D on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. 4. Fragment DT14 hybridizes with the HindII + III fragment TD9, which shows the strongest hybridization with 21S rRNA. The presence of these sequence homologies has hampered the precise mapping of the 21S rRNA cistron. Our results are compatible, however, with the hypothesis that the sequences, coding for 21S rRNA, are located on HindII + III fragments that are not adjacent on JS1-3D mtDNA, namely TD9, DT14 and TT1.", "PMID": 374986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2678", "title": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondrial DNA. II. The organization of sequences in petite mitochondrial DNAs carrying genetic markers from the 21S region.", "content": "We have investigated the organization of sequences in ten rho- petite mtDNAs by restriction enzyme analysis and electron microscopy. From the comparison of the physical maps of the petite mtDNAs with the physical map of the mtDNA of the parental rho+ strain we conclude that there are at least three different classes of petite mtDNAs: I. Head-to-tail repeats of an (almost) continuous segment of the rho+ mtDNA. II. Head-to-tail repeats of an (almost) continuous segment of the rho+ mtDNA with a terminal inverted duplication. III. Mixed repeats of an (almost) continuous rho+ mtDNA segment. In out petite mtDNAs of the second type, the inverted duplications do not cover the entire conserved rho+ mtDNA segment. We have found that the petite mtDNAs of the third type contain a local inverted duplication at the site where repeating units can insert in two orientations. At least in one case this local inverted duplication must have arisen by mutation. The rearrangements that we have found in the petite mtDNAs do not cluster at specific sites on the rho+ mtDNA map. Large rearrangements or deletions within the conserved rho+ mtDNA segment seem to contribute to the suppressiveness of a petite strain. There is also a positive correlation between the retention of certain segments of the rho+ mtDNA and the suppressiveness of a petite strain. We found no correlation between the suppressiveness of a petite strain and its genetic complexity. The relevance of these findings for the mechanism of petite induction and the usefulness of petite strains for the physical mapping of mitochondrial genetic markers and for DNA sequence analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondrial DNA. II. The organization of sequences in petite mitochondrial DNAs carrying genetic markers from the 21S region. We have investigated the organization of sequences in ten rho- petite mtDNAs by restriction enzyme analysis and electron microscopy. From the comparison of the physical maps of the petite mtDNAs with the physical map of the mtDNA of the parental rho+ strain we conclude that there are at least three different classes of petite mtDNAs: I. Head-to-tail repeats of an (almost) continuous segment of the rho+ mtDNA. II. Head-to-tail repeats of an (almost) continuous segment of the rho+ mtDNA with a terminal inverted duplication. III. Mixed repeats of an (almost) continuous rho+ mtDNA segment. In out petite mtDNAs of the second type, the inverted duplications do not cover the entire conserved rho+ mtDNA segment. We have found that the petite mtDNAs of the third type contain a local inverted duplication at the site where repeating units can insert in two orientations. At least in one case this local inverted duplication must have arisen by mutation. The rearrangements that we have found in the petite mtDNAs do not cluster at specific sites on the rho+ mtDNA map. Large rearrangements or deletions within the conserved rho+ mtDNA segment seem to contribute to the suppressiveness of a petite strain. There is also a positive correlation between the retention of certain segments of the rho+ mtDNA and the suppressiveness of a petite strain. We found no correlation between the suppressiveness of a petite strain and its genetic complexity. The relevance of these findings for the mechanism of petite induction and the usefulness of petite strains for the physical mapping of mitochondrial genetic markers and for DNA sequence analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 374988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2679", "title": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondrial DNA. III. Physical location of mitochondrial genetic markers and the molecular nature of omega.", "content": "1. We have determined the physical location of mitochondrial genetic markers in the 21S region of yeast mtDNA by genetic analysis of petite mutants whose mtDNA has been physically mapped on the wild-type mtDNA. 2. The order of loci, determined in this study, is in agreement with the order deduced from recombination analysis and coretention analysis except for the position of omega+: we conclude that omega+ is located between C321 (RIB-1) and E514 (RIB-3). 3. The marker E514 (RIB-3) has been localized on a DNA segment of 3800 bp, and the markers E354, E553 and cs23 (RIB-2) on a DNA segment of 1100 base pairs; both these segments overlap the 21S rRNA cistron. The marker C321 (RIB-1) has been localized within a segment of 240 bp which also overlaps the 21S rRNA cistron, and we infer on the basis of indirect evidence that this marker lies within this cistron. 4. In all our rho+ as well as rho- strains there is a one-to-one correlation between the omega+ phenotype, the ability to transmit the omega+ allele and the presence of a mtDNA segment of about 1000 bp long, located between sequences specifying RIB-3 and sequences corresponding to the loci RIB-1 and RIB-2. This segment may be inserted at this same position into omega- mtDNA by recombination. 5. The role which the different allelic forms of omega may play in the polarity of recombination is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondrial DNA. III. Physical location of mitochondrial genetic markers and the molecular nature of omega. 1. We have determined the physical location of mitochondrial genetic markers in the 21S region of yeast mtDNA by genetic analysis of petite mutants whose mtDNA has been physically mapped on the wild-type mtDNA. 2. The order of loci, determined in this study, is in agreement with the order deduced from recombination analysis and coretention analysis except for the position of omega+: we conclude that omega+ is located between C321 (RIB-1) and E514 (RIB-3). 3. The marker E514 (RIB-3) has been localized on a DNA segment of 3800 bp, and the markers E354, E553 and cs23 (RIB-2) on a DNA segment of 1100 base pairs; both these segments overlap the 21S rRNA cistron. The marker C321 (RIB-1) has been localized within a segment of 240 bp which also overlaps the 21S rRNA cistron, and we infer on the basis of indirect evidence that this marker lies within this cistron. 4. In all our rho+ as well as rho- strains there is a one-to-one correlation between the omega+ phenotype, the ability to transmit the omega+ allele and the presence of a mtDNA segment of about 1000 bp long, located between sequences specifying RIB-3 and sequences corresponding to the loci RIB-1 and RIB-2. This segment may be inserted at this same position into omega- mtDNA by recombination. 5. The role which the different allelic forms of omega may play in the polarity of recombination is discussed.", "PMID": 374989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2680", "title": "Repair of ultraviolet-light damaged ColE1 factor carrying Escherichia coli genes for guanine synthesis.", "content": "Hybrid ColE1 plasmids called ColE1-coslambda-qua A or ColE1-coslambda-gal can be efficiently tranduced into various E. coli K-12 cells through packaging into lambda phage particles. Using these plasmids, repair of ultraviolet-light (UV) damaged ColE1 DNAs was studied in various UV sensitive E. coli K-12 mutants. (1) The host mutations uvrA and uvrB markedly reduced host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated ColE1-coslambda-guaA. (2) Pre-existing hybrid ColE1 plasmids had no effect on the frequency of lambda phage-mediated transduction of another differentially marked hybrid ColE1 DNAs. (3) ColE1-coslambda-guaA and ColE1-coslambda-gal DNAs could temporarily but not stably co-exist in E. coli K-12 recA cells. (4) The presence of ColE1-coslambda-gal in uvrB cells promoted the repair of super-infected UV-irradiated ColE1-coslambda-guaA about 7-fold. (5) The same ColE1-coslambda-gal plasmid in a uvrB recA double mutant did not have this promoting effect. These results indicate that the effect of resident hybrid ColE1 plasmids is manifested by the host recA+ gene function(s) and suggest that ColE1 plasmid itself provides norecA+-like functions.", "contents": "Repair of ultraviolet-light damaged ColE1 factor carrying Escherichia coli genes for guanine synthesis. Hybrid ColE1 plasmids called ColE1-coslambda-qua A or ColE1-coslambda-gal can be efficiently tranduced into various E. coli K-12 cells through packaging into lambda phage particles. Using these plasmids, repair of ultraviolet-light (UV) damaged ColE1 DNAs was studied in various UV sensitive E. coli K-12 mutants. (1) The host mutations uvrA and uvrB markedly reduced host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated ColE1-coslambda-guaA. (2) Pre-existing hybrid ColE1 plasmids had no effect on the frequency of lambda phage-mediated transduction of another differentially marked hybrid ColE1 DNAs. (3) ColE1-coslambda-guaA and ColE1-coslambda-gal DNAs could temporarily but not stably co-exist in E. coli K-12 recA cells. (4) The presence of ColE1-coslambda-gal in uvrB cells promoted the repair of super-infected UV-irradiated ColE1-coslambda-guaA about 7-fold. (5) The same ColE1-coslambda-gal plasmid in a uvrB recA double mutant did not have this promoting effect. These results indicate that the effect of resident hybrid ColE1 plasmids is manifested by the host recA+ gene function(s) and suggest that ColE1 plasmid itself provides norecA+-like functions.", "PMID": 374990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2681", "title": "Cis- and trans-activity of P22 antirepressor protein against c-repression specified by the closely related Salmonella phages L and Px1.", "content": "The ant products of Salmonella phage P22, synthesized by its immI region, releases when acting in cis replication inhibition for phages P22 and L. When ant product acts trans on a coinfecting immunity sensitive phage (Thomas-Bertani-experiment as test for release of replication inhibition) full replication ensues only if both superinfecting phages are homologous in the specificities of their immC and immI regions. If these regions are heterologous, differing in immC, immI or in both, the replication of the phage expected to be complemented by ant is inhibited. This inhibition is observed in both L- and Px-lysogenic bacteria and can be released in case of ant- amber phage by action of ant in cis in su+ lysogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Cis- and trans-activity of P22 antirepressor protein against c-repression specified by the closely related Salmonella phages L and Px1. The ant products of Salmonella phage P22, synthesized by its immI region, releases when acting in cis replication inhibition for phages P22 and L. When ant product acts trans on a coinfecting immunity sensitive phage (Thomas-Bertani-experiment as test for release of replication inhibition) full replication ensues only if both superinfecting phages are homologous in the specificities of their immC and immI regions. If these regions are heterologous, differing in immC, immI or in both, the replication of the phage expected to be complemented by ant is inhibited. This inhibition is observed in both L- and Px-lysogenic bacteria and can be released in case of ant- amber phage by action of ant in cis in su+ lysogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 374992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2682", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the recognition site of the B-specific restriction modification system in E. coli.", "content": "Two sB mutations in the genome of bacteriophage fd were located by sequence analysis in the fd sequence at positions 971 and 6341. Base changes at or close to these positions in phage M13 and in phage fl am 124 also correlate with a loss of sensitivity to B restriction. From the sequence homology between the sequences at the two sB sites the recognition signal for the E. coli B restriction/modification enzzyme is predicted to be: 5' TGA---8N---TGCT 3'  3' ACT---8N---ACGA 5'.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the recognition site of the B-specific restriction modification system in E. coli. Two sB mutations in the genome of bacteriophage fd were located by sequence analysis in the fd sequence at positions 971 and 6341. Base changes at or close to these positions in phage M13 and in phage fl am 124 also correlate with a loss of sensitivity to B restriction. From the sequence homology between the sequences at the two sB sites the recognition signal for the E. coli B restriction/modification enzzyme is predicted to be: 5' TGA---8N---TGCT 3'  3' ACT---8N---ACGA 5'.", "PMID": 374993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2683", "title": "The contruction and replication properties of hybrid plasmids composed of the r-determinant of R100.1 and the plasmids pCRI and pSC201.", "content": "We have cloned the entire r-determinant of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R100.1 on the plasmic vectors pCR1 and pSC201. We find that the hybrid plasmids segregate from cultures in which replication of the vector is blocked. This suggests that the r-det is not capable of autonomous replication.", "contents": "The contruction and replication properties of hybrid plasmids composed of the r-determinant of R100.1 and the plasmids pCRI and pSC201. We have cloned the entire r-determinant of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R100.1 on the plasmic vectors pCR1 and pSC201. We find that the hybrid plasmids segregate from cultures in which replication of the vector is blocked. This suggests that the r-det is not capable of autonomous replication.", "PMID": 374994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2684", "title": "The isolation and genetic characteristics of lambda transducing phages of the uvrA+ and uvrC+ genes of E. coli K12.", "content": "Lambda transducing phages carrying the excision repair genes uvrA+ and uvrC+ were selected from a pool of lambda phages carrying EcoR1 fragments of E. coli DNA. These phages and also lambdauvrB+ (obtained from Gottesman) were used to make lysogens of excision-defective strains carrying uvrA-, uvrB- or uvrC-. Lambda uvrA+ was found to transduce strains carrying uvrA- but not those carrying uvrB- or uvrC-, to normal ultraviolet resistance. Similarly, lambdauvrB+ and lambdauvrC+ were found to complement only the corresponding uvr- allele. The lambda transducing phages were co-transduced with gal+ by P1 phage into lysogenic gal- recipients, and presumably were integrated at the normal prophage site.", "contents": "The isolation and genetic characteristics of lambda transducing phages of the uvrA+ and uvrC+ genes of E. coli K12. Lambda transducing phages carrying the excision repair genes uvrA+ and uvrC+ were selected from a pool of lambda phages carrying EcoR1 fragments of E. coli DNA. These phages and also lambdauvrB+ (obtained from Gottesman) were used to make lysogens of excision-defective strains carrying uvrA-, uvrB- or uvrC-. Lambda uvrA+ was found to transduce strains carrying uvrA- but not those carrying uvrB- or uvrC-, to normal ultraviolet resistance. Similarly, lambdauvrB+ and lambdauvrC+ were found to complement only the corresponding uvr- allele. The lambda transducing phages were co-transduced with gal+ by P1 phage into lysogenic gal- recipients, and presumably were integrated at the normal prophage site.", "PMID": 374995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2685", "title": "Rifampicin supersensitivity of rho strains of E. coli, and suppression by sur mutation.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains with mutations rho-115, rho-ts15, rho-101 (psu-1) or rho-102 (psu-2) are more sensitive (\"supersensitive\") to rifampicin than isogenic parent strains, as measured by growth rate in broth and colony forming efficiency on solid media with 5, 10, or 20 microgram of rifampicin per ml. There is no change in sensitivity of rho mutants to the antibiotics penicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or the detergent desoxycholate. The rho-101 or rho-102 mutations confer rifampicin supersensitivity at 32 degrees C but not 42 degrees C. Mutants of a rho-115 strain that have lost polarity suppression can be isolated by selection for rifampicin resistance. This phenotype, Sur, is not due to reversion of the original rho gene mutation but to a second mutation perhaps in the gene for rho protein or the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase. One class of Sur mutation, occurring in rho-115 cells isolated as resistant to 20 microgram of rifampicin per ml, is co-transducible with the marker ilv, and the gene order is rbs-ilv-sur-38. A model suggested by this map position is that the mutations rho-115 and sur-38 define the domain of rho protein which interacts with the beta subunit of RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Rifampicin supersensitivity of rho strains of E. coli, and suppression by sur mutation. Escherichia coli strains with mutations rho-115, rho-ts15, rho-101 (psu-1) or rho-102 (psu-2) are more sensitive (\"supersensitive\") to rifampicin than isogenic parent strains, as measured by growth rate in broth and colony forming efficiency on solid media with 5, 10, or 20 microgram of rifampicin per ml. There is no change in sensitivity of rho mutants to the antibiotics penicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or the detergent desoxycholate. The rho-101 or rho-102 mutations confer rifampicin supersensitivity at 32 degrees C but not 42 degrees C. Mutants of a rho-115 strain that have lost polarity suppression can be isolated by selection for rifampicin resistance. This phenotype, Sur, is not due to reversion of the original rho gene mutation but to a second mutation perhaps in the gene for rho protein or the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase. One class of Sur mutation, occurring in rho-115 cells isolated as resistant to 20 microgram of rifampicin per ml, is co-transducible with the marker ilv, and the gene order is rbs-ilv-sur-38. A model suggested by this map position is that the mutations rho-115 and sur-38 define the domain of rho protein which interacts with the beta subunit of RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 374996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2686", "title": "In vitro replication of a DNA fragment containing the vicinity of the origin of E. coli DNA replication.", "content": "The restriction nuclease cleavage pattern of E. coli DNA synthesized in vitro in the cellophane membrane system (Schaller et al., 1972) is similar to the one obtained after labelling E. coli in vivo. This is shown for exponentially growing cells and for cells synchronized by amino acid starvation followed by thymine starvation. In synchronized cells a piece of some 180 kilobase pairs is labelled containing oriC and neighbouring regions at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli. A pulse label in vitro is incorporated into the same piece of DNA, but the center of this region, i.e. the EcoR1 fragment of 8.6 kbp length which contains the oriC region (Marsh and Worcel, 1977; v. Meyenburg et al., 1977; Yasuda and Hirota, 1977) is missing.", "contents": "In vitro replication of a DNA fragment containing the vicinity of the origin of E. coli DNA replication. The restriction nuclease cleavage pattern of E. coli DNA synthesized in vitro in the cellophane membrane system (Schaller et al., 1972) is similar to the one obtained after labelling E. coli in vivo. This is shown for exponentially growing cells and for cells synchronized by amino acid starvation followed by thymine starvation. In synchronized cells a piece of some 180 kilobase pairs is labelled containing oriC and neighbouring regions at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli. A pulse label in vitro is incorporated into the same piece of DNA, but the center of this region, i.e. the EcoR1 fragment of 8.6 kbp length which contains the oriC region (Marsh and Worcel, 1977; v. Meyenburg et al., 1977; Yasuda and Hirota, 1977) is missing.", "PMID": 374997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2687", "title": "The control region of the F sex factor DNA transfer cistrons: physical mapping by deletion analysis.", "content": "A technique has been developed which allows the isolation of random deletions extending from unique restriction enzyme sites in plasmid DNA molecules. The method involves transformation of E. coli cells with linear plasmid DNAs generated by restriction enzyme cleavage. We have used this technique to map DNA transfer genes in the tra control region of F sex factor DNA. Deletions within EcoRI fragment f6 of F DNA have been isolated and used to assign physical locations to tra genes by a combination of genetic complementation tests, restriction enzyme analysis, DNA heteroduplexing and the analysis of the proteins synthesised in minicells and in vitro. Deletion analysis has also allowed the identification of the traK gene product.", "contents": "The control region of the F sex factor DNA transfer cistrons: physical mapping by deletion analysis. A technique has been developed which allows the isolation of random deletions extending from unique restriction enzyme sites in plasmid DNA molecules. The method involves transformation of E. coli cells with linear plasmid DNAs generated by restriction enzyme cleavage. We have used this technique to map DNA transfer genes in the tra control region of F sex factor DNA. Deletions within EcoRI fragment f6 of F DNA have been isolated and used to assign physical locations to tra genes by a combination of genetic complementation tests, restriction enzyme analysis, DNA heteroduplexing and the analysis of the proteins synthesised in minicells and in vitro. Deletion analysis has also allowed the identification of the traK gene product.", "PMID": 374998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2688", "title": "Reversal of protection by light of the ethidium bromide induced petite mutation in yeast.", "content": "An intermediate in the ethidium bromide (EB) induced petite mutation pathway may be destabilized by daylight light to cause a reversion to the normal grande phenotype. Starved cells preincubated in the dark for up to 6 h with 100 microgram/ml EB could be reverted to grandes after one hour of light exposure, whereas similarly treated cells maintained in the dark expressed the petite mutation in more than 80 percent of the population. In addition, the production of petite mutants by EB in buffer could be prevented if cell suspensions were exposed to light immediately upon the addition of EB. Photoreversal of the EB-derived petite mutation in growing cells was less efficient presumably because the availability of an energy source caused a continuation of mutation events beyond the light revertible step to a non-reversible fixation of the mutation. Cells treated with EB in growth media at 4 degrees C were more responsive to light protection and reversal of the mutation. This may be due to the cold inhibition of an enzyme which comes into play beyond the light sensitive step in the mutation pathway.", "contents": "Reversal of protection by light of the ethidium bromide induced petite mutation in yeast. An intermediate in the ethidium bromide (EB) induced petite mutation pathway may be destabilized by daylight light to cause a reversion to the normal grande phenotype. Starved cells preincubated in the dark for up to 6 h with 100 microgram/ml EB could be reverted to grandes after one hour of light exposure, whereas similarly treated cells maintained in the dark expressed the petite mutation in more than 80 percent of the population. In addition, the production of petite mutants by EB in buffer could be prevented if cell suspensions were exposed to light immediately upon the addition of EB. Photoreversal of the EB-derived petite mutation in growing cells was less efficient presumably because the availability of an energy source caused a continuation of mutation events beyond the light revertible step to a non-reversible fixation of the mutation. Cells treated with EB in growth media at 4 degrees C were more responsive to light protection and reversal of the mutation. This may be due to the cold inhibition of an enzyme which comes into play beyond the light sensitive step in the mutation pathway.", "PMID": 374999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2689", "title": "Mechanisms of recombination by the RecBC and the RecF pathways following conjugation in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The recombinational processes directed by the RecBC and the RecF pathways following conjugation in E. coli have been compared. The viable recombinant products of the RecF pathway show a higher incidence of mismatch correction, higher percentage of heterogeneous clones produced by single ex-conjugants and a much slower rate of integration and segregation compared to the RecBC pathway. There are reasons to suspect that the product of recB and recC genes may be necessary for conversion of the single stranded donor DNA in the zygote to double stranded DNA. Theoretical considerations suggest that an exchange involving only one strand of DNA may be a much slower process, with more stringent homology requirement for the entire exchanged segment, than a double strand exchange of a comparable length; the latter should be much faster, with stringent homology requirements for only the terminal regions of the exchanged segments. It is suggested that the RecF pathway mainly mediates replacement of relatively long stretches of single strands of recipient DNA by the corresponding strands of donor DNA while the RecBC pathway mediates exchange of mostly double stranded DNA between the donor and the recipient; in addition, the RecBC pathway may also catalyze the integration of very small segments of single strands of the donor DNA. A model based on the above basic hypothesis is described. It is further suggested that the enzymes exonucleaseV and exonucleaseI Control the relative yields of the recombinants produced by the two pathways by regulating the supply of the donor substrates required by these pathways; the former diverts the potential substrate of the RecF pathway (single stranded DNA) to the duplex substrates of the RecBC pathway while the latter destroys the substrates of the RecF pathway, especially in absence of exonucleaseV.", "contents": "Mechanisms of recombination by the RecBC and the RecF pathways following conjugation in Escherichia coli K12. The recombinational processes directed by the RecBC and the RecF pathways following conjugation in E. coli have been compared. The viable recombinant products of the RecF pathway show a higher incidence of mismatch correction, higher percentage of heterogeneous clones produced by single ex-conjugants and a much slower rate of integration and segregation compared to the RecBC pathway. There are reasons to suspect that the product of recB and recC genes may be necessary for conversion of the single stranded donor DNA in the zygote to double stranded DNA. Theoretical considerations suggest that an exchange involving only one strand of DNA may be a much slower process, with more stringent homology requirement for the entire exchanged segment, than a double strand exchange of a comparable length; the latter should be much faster, with stringent homology requirements for only the terminal regions of the exchanged segments. It is suggested that the RecF pathway mainly mediates replacement of relatively long stretches of single strands of recipient DNA by the corresponding strands of donor DNA while the RecBC pathway mediates exchange of mostly double stranded DNA between the donor and the recipient; in addition, the RecBC pathway may also catalyze the integration of very small segments of single strands of the donor DNA. A model based on the above basic hypothesis is described. It is further suggested that the enzymes exonucleaseV and exonucleaseI Control the relative yields of the recombinants produced by the two pathways by regulating the supply of the donor substrates required by these pathways; the former diverts the potential substrate of the RecF pathway (single stranded DNA) to the duplex substrates of the RecBC pathway while the latter destroys the substrates of the RecF pathway, especially in absence of exonucleaseV.", "PMID": 375000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2690", "title": "Cis-dominant regulatory mutations affecting the expression of GABA permease in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "In Aspergillus nidulans expression of the gabA gene, the probable structural gene for the gamma-amino-n-butyrate (GABA) permease, is controlled by induction, via the intA gene, ammonium repression, mediated by the areA gene, and probably carbon catabolite repression. Regulatory mutations, tightly linked to gabA, were selected by reverting an areAr-2 strain on GABA as nitrogen source. These mutations, gabI-1, gabI-2, and gabI-3 result in increased gabA expression and are cis-dominant in their effects on the gabA gene. Mapping data show that the regulatory mutations map on one side of all gabA- alleles tested.", "contents": "Cis-dominant regulatory mutations affecting the expression of GABA permease in Aspergillus nidulans. In Aspergillus nidulans expression of the gabA gene, the probable structural gene for the gamma-amino-n-butyrate (GABA) permease, is controlled by induction, via the intA gene, ammonium repression, mediated by the areA gene, and probably carbon catabolite repression. Regulatory mutations, tightly linked to gabA, were selected by reverting an areAr-2 strain on GABA as nitrogen source. These mutations, gabI-1, gabI-2, and gabI-3 result in increased gabA expression and are cis-dominant in their effects on the gabA gene. Mapping data show that the regulatory mutations map on one side of all gabA- alleles tested.", "PMID": 375001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2691", "title": "Concerted repression of the synthesis of the arginine biosynthetic enzymes by aminoacids: a comparison between the regulatory mechanisms controlling aminoacid biosyntheses in bacteria and in yeast.", "content": "It has been shown that in bacteria, besides specific regulatory mechanisms, the synthesis of aminoacid biosynthetic enzymes is also controlled by the endogenous aminoacid pool. The latter regulates the intracellular level of ppGpp, a positive effector of RNA messenger transcription. A similar regulatory control exists in yeast but does not appear to involve the same general effector. This was established by the observation that derepression of the enzymes belonging to several aminoacid biosynthetic pathways follows aminoacid starvation or tRNA discharging. We now report the repression of the arginine pathway by the total aminoacid pool. New mutations affecting the repressibility of the arginine enzymes as well as enzymes belonging to other aminoacid biosyntheses, when cells are grown in the presence of an excess of aminoacids, were identified.", "contents": "Concerted repression of the synthesis of the arginine biosynthetic enzymes by aminoacids: a comparison between the regulatory mechanisms controlling aminoacid biosyntheses in bacteria and in yeast. It has been shown that in bacteria, besides specific regulatory mechanisms, the synthesis of aminoacid biosynthetic enzymes is also controlled by the endogenous aminoacid pool. The latter regulates the intracellular level of ppGpp, a positive effector of RNA messenger transcription. A similar regulatory control exists in yeast but does not appear to involve the same general effector. This was established by the observation that derepression of the enzymes belonging to several aminoacid biosynthetic pathways follows aminoacid starvation or tRNA discharging. We now report the repression of the arginine pathway by the total aminoacid pool. New mutations affecting the repressibility of the arginine enzymes as well as enzymes belonging to other aminoacid biosyntheses, when cells are grown in the presence of an excess of aminoacids, were identified.", "PMID": 375002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2692", "title": "Genetics and biochemistry of the peptidoglycan-associated proteins b and c of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "To collect information on synthesis and regulation of the peptidoglycan-associated pore-forming outer membrane proteins b and c, mutants resistant to phages Me1 and TuIa were analyzed. Genetic analysis showed three linkage groups, corresponding with the genes tolF (phenotype b-c+), meoA (phenotype b+c-) and ompB (phenotypes b-c-, b-c+, b++c- and b++c+/-). It has recently been described that also a b+c- phenotype can occur in the latter linkage group [Chai, T., Foulds, J., J. Bacteriol. 130, 781-786 (1977)]. Among ompB (b-c+)/meoA (b+c-) double mutants strains were found with the b+c- phenotype, showing that ompB is not the structural gene for protein b. Studies on purified proteins b and c showed profound differences between the two proteins with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of fragments obtained by treatment with cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The amino acid in position three of the amino-termini of proteins b and c, isolated from isogenic strains, were identified as isoleucine and valine respectively. Both the genetic and biochemical results are consistent with a model recently published [Ichihara, S., Mizushima, S., J. Biochem. (Japan) 83, 1095-1100 (1978)] which predicts that tolF and meoA are the structural genes for the proteins b and c respectively and that ompB is a regulatory gene whose product regulates the levels of both proteins.", "contents": "Genetics and biochemistry of the peptidoglycan-associated proteins b and c of Escherichia coli K12. To collect information on synthesis and regulation of the peptidoglycan-associated pore-forming outer membrane proteins b and c, mutants resistant to phages Me1 and TuIa were analyzed. Genetic analysis showed three linkage groups, corresponding with the genes tolF (phenotype b-c+), meoA (phenotype b+c-) and ompB (phenotypes b-c-, b-c+, b++c- and b++c+/-). It has recently been described that also a b+c- phenotype can occur in the latter linkage group [Chai, T., Foulds, J., J. Bacteriol. 130, 781-786 (1977)]. Among ompB (b-c+)/meoA (b+c-) double mutants strains were found with the b+c- phenotype, showing that ompB is not the structural gene for protein b. Studies on purified proteins b and c showed profound differences between the two proteins with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of fragments obtained by treatment with cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The amino acid in position three of the amino-termini of proteins b and c, isolated from isogenic strains, were identified as isoleucine and valine respectively. Both the genetic and biochemical results are consistent with a model recently published [Ichihara, S., Mizushima, S., J. Biochem. (Japan) 83, 1095-1100 (1978)] which predicts that tolF and meoA are the structural genes for the proteins b and c respectively and that ompB is a regulatory gene whose product regulates the levels of both proteins.", "PMID": 375003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2693", "title": "meoA is the structural gene for outer membrane protein c of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of two mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with an altered outer membrane protein c is described. The first mutant, strain CE1151, was isolated as a bacteriophage Me1 resistant strain which contains normal levels of protein c. Mutant cells adsorbed the phage with a strongly decreased rate. Complexes of purified nonheat modified wild type protein c and wild type lipopolysaccharide inactivated phage Me1, indicating that these components are required for receptor activity for phage Me1. When wild type protein c was replaced by protein c of strain CE1151, the receptor-complex was far less active, showing that protein c of strain CE1151 is altered. The second mutant produces a protein c with a decreased electrophoretic mobility, designated as protein c. An altered apparent molecular weight was also observed for one or more fragments obtained after fragmentation of the mutant protein with cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Alteration of protein c was not accompanied by a detectable alteration in protein b or its fragments. Both mutations are located at minute 48 of the Escherichia coli K12 linkage map. The results strongly suggest that meoA is the structural gene for protein c.", "contents": "meoA is the structural gene for outer membrane protein c of Escherichia coli K12. The isolation and characterization of two mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with an altered outer membrane protein c is described. The first mutant, strain CE1151, was isolated as a bacteriophage Me1 resistant strain which contains normal levels of protein c. Mutant cells adsorbed the phage with a strongly decreased rate. Complexes of purified nonheat modified wild type protein c and wild type lipopolysaccharide inactivated phage Me1, indicating that these components are required for receptor activity for phage Me1. When wild type protein c was replaced by protein c of strain CE1151, the receptor-complex was far less active, showing that protein c of strain CE1151 is altered. The second mutant produces a protein c with a decreased electrophoretic mobility, designated as protein c. An altered apparent molecular weight was also observed for one or more fragments obtained after fragmentation of the mutant protein with cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Alteration of protein c was not accompanied by a detectable alteration in protein b or its fragments. Both mutations are located at minute 48 of the Escherichia coli K12 linkage map. The results strongly suggest that meoA is the structural gene for protein c.", "PMID": 375004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2694", "title": "Template specificity of Qbeta and SP phage RNA replicases as studied by replication of small variant RNAs.", "content": "Template specificity of two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Qbeta and SP RNA replicases) was examined using \"variant RNAs\" as template. Three variant RNAs, one (8S) generated by Qbeta replicase and two (6S and 5.2S) generated by SP replicase, were isolated from the reaction mixtures incubated in the absence of exogenous template RNA. All these RNAs were found to be active as template for both Qbeta and SP replicases, though homologous RNA exhibited activities about three times higher than heterologous RNA with either enzyme, in agreement with the results obtained in phage RNA-dependent reactions. In these reactions, faithful replication of variant RNA was observed, and the amount of RNA synthesized was in a many-fold excess over the template RNA added. We also found that the heterologous RNA-dependent reactions were suppressed by increasing the concentration of salts or decreasing the concentration of substrates. Under such conditions, replication of heterologous variant RNA was almost completely suppressed, while the amount of homologous variant RNA synthesized was only reduced to 50% of that synthesized under the standard conditions. Thus the template specificity of the two RNA replicases seems to be expressed more strictly in these replication systems.", "contents": "Template specificity of Qbeta and SP phage RNA replicases as studied by replication of small variant RNAs. Template specificity of two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Qbeta and SP RNA replicases) was examined using \"variant RNAs\" as template. Three variant RNAs, one (8S) generated by Qbeta replicase and two (6S and 5.2S) generated by SP replicase, were isolated from the reaction mixtures incubated in the absence of exogenous template RNA. All these RNAs were found to be active as template for both Qbeta and SP replicases, though homologous RNA exhibited activities about three times higher than heterologous RNA with either enzyme, in agreement with the results obtained in phage RNA-dependent reactions. In these reactions, faithful replication of variant RNA was observed, and the amount of RNA synthesized was in a many-fold excess over the template RNA added. We also found that the heterologous RNA-dependent reactions were suppressed by increasing the concentration of salts or decreasing the concentration of substrates. Under such conditions, replication of heterologous variant RNA was almost completely suppressed, while the amount of homologous variant RNA synthesized was only reduced to 50% of that synthesized under the standard conditions. Thus the template specificity of the two RNA replicases seems to be expressed more strictly in these replication systems.", "PMID": 375005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2695", "title": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: two separate genes coding for threonyl-tRNA in the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. Mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain two tRNA's that are acylated with threonine. The two isoaccepting species (tRNA1Thr and tRNA2Thr) can be separated by reversed-phase chromatography on RPC-5. 2. A cytoplasmic mutant has been isolated which lacks tRNA1Thr but has normal levels of tRNA2Thr. This mutation was previously shown to map between the oxi 1 and oxi 2 loci on mitochondrial DNA. 3. tRNA1Thr and tRNA2Thr hybridize to wild type mitochondrial but not nuclear DNA and are capable of partially competing with each other. Hybridization of each species to different segments of mitochondrial DNA isolated from p- clones indicate that there are two threonyl tRNA genes. One gene is located between oxi 1 and oxi 2 and codes for tRNA1Thr. The second gene codes for tRNA2Thr and is near the cap locus. 4. Binding assays to E. coli ribosomes indicate that tRNA2Thr recognizes the threonine triplet ACA and may also recognize the other three triplets but with a much lower efficiency. None of the four codons for threonine stimulate the binding of tRNA1Thr to the ribosomes.", "contents": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: two separate genes coding for threonyl-tRNA in the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. Mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain two tRNA's that are acylated with threonine. The two isoaccepting species (tRNA1Thr and tRNA2Thr) can be separated by reversed-phase chromatography on RPC-5. 2. A cytoplasmic mutant has been isolated which lacks tRNA1Thr but has normal levels of tRNA2Thr. This mutation was previously shown to map between the oxi 1 and oxi 2 loci on mitochondrial DNA. 3. tRNA1Thr and tRNA2Thr hybridize to wild type mitochondrial but not nuclear DNA and are capable of partially competing with each other. Hybridization of each species to different segments of mitochondrial DNA isolated from p- clones indicate that there are two threonyl tRNA genes. One gene is located between oxi 1 and oxi 2 and codes for tRNA1Thr. The second gene codes for tRNA2Thr and is near the cap locus. 4. Binding assays to E. coli ribosomes indicate that tRNA2Thr recognizes the threonine triplet ACA and may also recognize the other three triplets but with a much lower efficiency. None of the four codons for threonine stimulate the binding of tRNA1Thr to the ribosomes.", "PMID": 375006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2696", "title": "Production of petites by cell cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in DNA synthesis.", "content": "Mutations in two genes (cdc8 and cdc21) required for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae result in a 6- to 11-fold increase in the rate of mitotic segregation of petites at the permissive temperature. The defect in DNA replication and the increased rate of petite production result from the same mutation since the two phenotypes cosegregate and corevert. Most of the petites isolated from strains carrying mutations in cdc8 and cdc21 contain mtDNA. Therefore, the petites do not result simply from an underreplication of mitochondrial DNA. The mutation rates for nuclear and mitochondrial genes are the same in cdc8, cdc21 and their wild-type parent. Therefore the petites are unlikely to result from an increase in the rate of base pair substitution.", "contents": "Production of petites by cell cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in DNA synthesis. Mutations in two genes (cdc8 and cdc21) required for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae result in a 6- to 11-fold increase in the rate of mitotic segregation of petites at the permissive temperature. The defect in DNA replication and the increased rate of petite production result from the same mutation since the two phenotypes cosegregate and corevert. Most of the petites isolated from strains carrying mutations in cdc8 and cdc21 contain mtDNA. Therefore, the petites do not result simply from an underreplication of mitochondrial DNA. The mutation rates for nuclear and mitochondrial genes are the same in cdc8, cdc21 and their wild-type parent. Therefore the petites are unlikely to result from an increase in the rate of base pair substitution.", "PMID": 375007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2697", "title": "Evidence for co-transcription of the RNA polymerase genes rpoBC with a ribosomal protein gene of escherichia coli.", "content": "The adjacent genes rpoB and rpoC code for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli, and are cotranscribed in the order given. The nearest known genes to rpoB are rplL and rplA,J,K, which code for ribosomal proteins, and which are transcribed in the same direction as the polymerase genes. It has been suggested that rpoBC may be distal elements of a larger operon including these ribosomal genes. To test this possibility we have cloned a segment of DNA, derived by endoR. HindIII digestion from the rpoBC-transducing bacteriophage lambdarifd18, in the replacement vector NMlambda761. The structure of the lambdarpoBC bacteriophages so produced is such that the inserted DNA can be transcribed from lambda promoters, allowing us to confirm that it carries intact rplL, rpoB, and rpoC genes. We have studied these bacteriophages as lysogens in rec+ and rec bacteria, and by infection of UV-irradiated bacterial strains in which lambda promoters are either repressed or active. The results indicate that the cloned DNA contains at most a very weak promoter for the above genes, in contrast to that present in the larger segment of bacterial DNA carried by lambdarifd18. We have in the same way cloned the adjacent bacterial HindIII-fragment of lambdarifd18 DNA, and have found that it displays vigorous autonomous expression of the tufB, rplA, and rplK genes. We conclude that rpoB and C are obligatorily co-transcribed with rplL, from a promoter located outside the DNA segment cloned in lambdarpoBC. We discuss the evidence for the existence of a regulatory site, rpoU, located between rplL and rpoB.", "contents": "Evidence for co-transcription of the RNA polymerase genes rpoBC with a ribosomal protein gene of escherichia coli. The adjacent genes rpoB and rpoC code for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli, and are cotranscribed in the order given. The nearest known genes to rpoB are rplL and rplA,J,K, which code for ribosomal proteins, and which are transcribed in the same direction as the polymerase genes. It has been suggested that rpoBC may be distal elements of a larger operon including these ribosomal genes. To test this possibility we have cloned a segment of DNA, derived by endoR. HindIII digestion from the rpoBC-transducing bacteriophage lambdarifd18, in the replacement vector NMlambda761. The structure of the lambdarpoBC bacteriophages so produced is such that the inserted DNA can be transcribed from lambda promoters, allowing us to confirm that it carries intact rplL, rpoB, and rpoC genes. We have studied these bacteriophages as lysogens in rec+ and rec bacteria, and by infection of UV-irradiated bacterial strains in which lambda promoters are either repressed or active. The results indicate that the cloned DNA contains at most a very weak promoter for the above genes, in contrast to that present in the larger segment of bacterial DNA carried by lambdarifd18. We have in the same way cloned the adjacent bacterial HindIII-fragment of lambdarifd18 DNA, and have found that it displays vigorous autonomous expression of the tufB, rplA, and rplK genes. We conclude that rpoB and C are obligatorily co-transcribed with rplL, from a promoter located outside the DNA segment cloned in lambdarpoBC. We discuss the evidence for the existence of a regulatory site, rpoU, located between rplL and rpoB.", "PMID": 375008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2698", "title": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and of tRNA in Escherichia coli. IV. Mutants with increased levels of leucyl- or seryl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain harboring a thermolabile leucyl-tRNA synthetase and seryl-tRNA synthetase were selected for growth at 40 degrees C. Among these, strains were found with increased levels of both thermolabile synthetases. Two distinct genetic loci were found responsible for enzyme overproduction. leuR, located near xyl, causes elevated levels of leucyl-tRNA synthetase; while serR, located near leu, causes elevated levels of seryl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and of tRNA in Escherichia coli. IV. Mutants with increased levels of leucyl- or seryl-tRNA synthetase. Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain harboring a thermolabile leucyl-tRNA synthetase and seryl-tRNA synthetase were selected for growth at 40 degrees C. Among these, strains were found with increased levels of both thermolabile synthetases. Two distinct genetic loci were found responsible for enzyme overproduction. leuR, located near xyl, causes elevated levels of leucyl-tRNA synthetase; while serR, located near leu, causes elevated levels of seryl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 375009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2699", "title": "DNA sequence of the transposable element IS1.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of an IS1 element recently transposed into the lacI gene is reported. This sequence is nearly identical to one previously reported for another IS1 element (Ohtsubo and Ohtsubo, 1978). The implications of this similarity are discussed. The sizes of potential polypeptides encoded in the IS1 DNA have been determined and possible roles for these peptides in the illegitimate recombination events mediated by the element are considered.", "contents": "DNA sequence of the transposable element IS1. The nucleotide sequence of an IS1 element recently transposed into the lacI gene is reported. This sequence is nearly identical to one previously reported for another IS1 element (Ohtsubo and Ohtsubo, 1978). The implications of this similarity are discussed. The sizes of potential polypeptides encoded in the IS1 DNA have been determined and possible roles for these peptides in the illegitimate recombination events mediated by the element are considered.", "PMID": 375010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2700", "title": "ColE1 plasmid mobility: essential and conditional functions.", "content": "Sequences essential for the conjugal transfer of ColE1 can be divided into a cis-acting site and a region encoding trans-acting products. Each of these was successively cloned into a non-transmissible plasmid vector. The resulting chimera was transmissible by the conjugative plasmids F'lac,pro (incFI) and R64drd11 (incIalpha). The sequences encoding colicin E1, immunity, and incompatibility were absent from this chimera: therefore they are not essential for the conjugal transmission of the ColE1 plasmid. In contrast to ColE1, however, the same chimera was deficient in conjugal transfer initiated by R751 (incP) and R388 (incW). This suggests that ColE1 sequences other than those cloned in the chimeric plasmid are necessary for its mobilization by R751 and R388. Three such regions were revealed by screening a series of ColE1 insertion mutants for transfer by R751 and R388. Two of these regions encode no other known function while the third is encoded by a region which overlaps the gene for colicin E1 itself.", "contents": "ColE1 plasmid mobility: essential and conditional functions. Sequences essential for the conjugal transfer of ColE1 can be divided into a cis-acting site and a region encoding trans-acting products. Each of these was successively cloned into a non-transmissible plasmid vector. The resulting chimera was transmissible by the conjugative plasmids F'lac,pro (incFI) and R64drd11 (incIalpha). The sequences encoding colicin E1, immunity, and incompatibility were absent from this chimera: therefore they are not essential for the conjugal transmission of the ColE1 plasmid. In contrast to ColE1, however, the same chimera was deficient in conjugal transfer initiated by R751 (incP) and R388 (incW). This suggests that ColE1 sequences other than those cloned in the chimeric plasmid are necessary for its mobilization by R751 and R388. Three such regions were revealed by screening a series of ColE1 insertion mutants for transfer by R751 and R388. Two of these regions encode no other known function while the third is encoded by a region which overlaps the gene for colicin E1 itself.", "PMID": 375012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2701", "title": "Physical mapping of the Xba I, Hinc II, Bgl II, Xho I, Sst I, and Pvu II restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of mitochondrial DNA of S. cerevisiae.", "content": "A detailed molecular dissection of the yeast mitochondrial genome can be made with restriction endonucleases that generate site-specific cuts in DNA. The ordering of restriction fragments provides the basis of the physical mapping of mitochondrial transcripts and antibiotic resistance (antR) loci, and is a means of analyzing the molecular organization of mtDNA of petite and mit- deletion mutants. We have previously mapped the sites in the mtDNA of yeast strain MH41-7B recognized by the endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, Hind III, Bam HI, Sal I, Pst I, and Hha I, providing a total of 41 cleavage sites. We have now mapped the sites recognized by the endonucleases Xba I, Hinc II, Bgl II, Pvu II, Xho I, and Sst I, which make 6, 13, 5, 6, 2, and 2 cuts, respectively. Fragment maps for each of these endonuclease sites were derived by analysis of the products of double-enzyme digests and by hybridization of 3H-cRNA probes transcribed from low-kinetic-complexity petite mtDNAs to restriction fragments generated by various combinations of enzymes.", "contents": "Physical mapping of the Xba I, Hinc II, Bgl II, Xho I, Sst I, and Pvu II restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of mitochondrial DNA of S. cerevisiae. A detailed molecular dissection of the yeast mitochondrial genome can be made with restriction endonucleases that generate site-specific cuts in DNA. The ordering of restriction fragments provides the basis of the physical mapping of mitochondrial transcripts and antibiotic resistance (antR) loci, and is a means of analyzing the molecular organization of mtDNA of petite and mit- deletion mutants. We have previously mapped the sites in the mtDNA of yeast strain MH41-7B recognized by the endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, Hind III, Bam HI, Sal I, Pst I, and Hha I, providing a total of 41 cleavage sites. We have now mapped the sites recognized by the endonucleases Xba I, Hinc II, Bgl II, Pvu II, Xho I, and Sst I, which make 6, 13, 5, 6, 2, and 2 cuts, respectively. Fragment maps for each of these endonuclease sites were derived by analysis of the products of double-enzyme digests and by hybridization of 3H-cRNA probes transcribed from low-kinetic-complexity petite mtDNAs to restriction fragments generated by various combinations of enzymes.", "PMID": 375013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2702", "title": "Genetic control of formation of very fast sedimenting DNA of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Formation of very fast sedimenting DNA (VFS-DNA) in cells of Escherichia coli infected with phage T4 carrying a defect in gene 49 was differentially affected by a secondary mutation in gene 30 or 46; a mutation of gene 46 markedly reduced formation of VFS-DNA, whereas that of gene 30 did not.", "contents": "Genetic control of formation of very fast sedimenting DNA of bacteriophage T4. Formation of very fast sedimenting DNA (VFS-DNA) in cells of Escherichia coli infected with phage T4 carrying a defect in gene 49 was differentially affected by a secondary mutation in gene 30 or 46; a mutation of gene 46 markedly reduced formation of VFS-DNA, whereas that of gene 30 did not.", "PMID": 375014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2703", "title": "Physical mapping of the yeast mitochondrial genome: derivation of the fine structure and gene map of strain D273-10B and comparison with a strain (MH41-7B) differing in genome size.", "content": "(1) We have derived a fine-structure map of the 70 kb mitochondrial genome of the yeast S. cerevisiae, strain D273-10B, and compared it with our previous maps for strain MH41-7B. Restriction fragment maps for 56 enzyme recognition sites for 13 endonucleases, Eco RI, Hpa I, Bam HI, Hha I, Hinc II, Xba I, Hind III, Bgl II, Pvu II, Sal I, Pst I, Sst I, and Xho I, have been derived. We have used several methods to obtain these maps: (a) Four enzymes (Sal I, Sst I, Xho I, Pst I), each of which cuts D273-10B mtDNA at a single site, were employed to localize and orient fragments from multi-site enzyme digests that are cleaved by the single-site enzyme. (b) Radioactively labeled probes (rRNA or copy RNA [cRNA] transcribed from simple-sequence petite mtDNA) were hybridized to restriction fragments from different digests for identification of fragments which share common sequences. (c) The products of double or triple enzyme digests were identified for mapping and confirmation of the localization of restriction sites. (2) The antibiotic-resistant (antR) loci for erythromycin (E), chloramphenicol (C), paromomycin (P), and oligomycin (OI, OII) were positioned on the physical restriction map by hybridization of 3H-labeled cRNA transcribed from simple-sequence petite mtDNAs that retain a single genetic antR marker to appropriate restriction fragments bound to nitrocellulose filters. (3) Mitochondrial transcripts (21s rRNA, 14s rRNA, and tRNAs) labeled with 125I were hybridized to restriction fragments for identification of the corresponding coding sequence. (4) The gene order and localization of the antR loci and mitochondrial transcripts are as follows: C(0-1.5u)-tRNA I(0-21.5u)-P(29-36.6u)-tRNA II(29-46.4u)-14s rRNA(36-38.3u)-OII(60.3-62.5u) - tRNA III(73-76u) - OI(78.6-83.0u) - tRNA IV(82.5-83.0u) - E(94.2-98.6u) - 21s rRNA (94.2-99.4u). (5) The DNA fine structure and gene map of the 70 kb D273-10B mtDNA were compared to the map of the larger MH41-7B (76 kb) mtDNA. There are 56 restriction sites on D273-10B and 67 sites on MH41-7B for the 13 enzymes studied. The additional restriction sites are largely accounted for by the presence, in MH41-7B, of two sets of sequences, \"A\" (2.7 kb) and \"B\" (3.0 kb), located on either side of the OII marker. The remainder of the fragments map is remarkably similar for the two strains. The distances separating the antR loci and the mitochondrial transcripts are very similar except in the two regions surrounding OII.", "contents": "Physical mapping of the yeast mitochondrial genome: derivation of the fine structure and gene map of strain D273-10B and comparison with a strain (MH41-7B) differing in genome size. (1) We have derived a fine-structure map of the 70 kb mitochondrial genome of the yeast S. cerevisiae, strain D273-10B, and compared it with our previous maps for strain MH41-7B. Restriction fragment maps for 56 enzyme recognition sites for 13 endonucleases, Eco RI, Hpa I, Bam HI, Hha I, Hinc II, Xba I, Hind III, Bgl II, Pvu II, Sal I, Pst I, Sst I, and Xho I, have been derived. We have used several methods to obtain these maps: (a) Four enzymes (Sal I, Sst I, Xho I, Pst I), each of which cuts D273-10B mtDNA at a single site, were employed to localize and orient fragments from multi-site enzyme digests that are cleaved by the single-site enzyme. (b) Radioactively labeled probes (rRNA or copy RNA [cRNA] transcribed from simple-sequence petite mtDNA) were hybridized to restriction fragments from different digests for identification of fragments which share common sequences. (c) The products of double or triple enzyme digests were identified for mapping and confirmation of the localization of restriction sites. (2) The antibiotic-resistant (antR) loci for erythromycin (E), chloramphenicol (C), paromomycin (P), and oligomycin (OI, OII) were positioned on the physical restriction map by hybridization of 3H-labeled cRNA transcribed from simple-sequence petite mtDNAs that retain a single genetic antR marker to appropriate restriction fragments bound to nitrocellulose filters. (3) Mitochondrial transcripts (21s rRNA, 14s rRNA, and tRNAs) labeled with 125I were hybridized to restriction fragments for identification of the corresponding coding sequence. (4) The gene order and localization of the antR loci and mitochondrial transcripts are as follows: C(0-1.5u)-tRNA I(0-21.5u)-P(29-36.6u)-tRNA II(29-46.4u)-14s rRNA(36-38.3u)-OII(60.3-62.5u) - tRNA III(73-76u) - OI(78.6-83.0u) - tRNA IV(82.5-83.0u) - E(94.2-98.6u) - 21s rRNA (94.2-99.4u). (5) The DNA fine structure and gene map of the 70 kb D273-10B mtDNA were compared to the map of the larger MH41-7B (76 kb) mtDNA. There are 56 restriction sites on D273-10B and 67 sites on MH41-7B for the 13 enzymes studied. The additional restriction sites are largely accounted for by the presence, in MH41-7B, of two sets of sequences, \"A\" (2.7 kb) and \"B\" (3.0 kb), located on either side of the OII marker. The remainder of the fragments map is remarkably similar for the two strains. The distances separating the antR loci and the mitochondrial transcripts are very similar except in the two regions surrounding OII.", "PMID": 375015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2704", "title": "In vitro system for the replication of the mini R1 factor Rsc11.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of the mini R1-factor, Rsc11, was achieved using a soluble Escherichia coli cell-extract system. Triton X-100 lysates of the K12 strain 1101 (Rsc11) fractionated by Sephadex G25 chromatography supported the incorporation of labeled deoxyribonucleotides into covalently-closed circular (30S) and open-circular (25S) plasmid DNA as well as other molecules of various sizes. DNA synthesis required the presence of all four ribonucleotides and was rifampicin sensitive. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that this reaction is discontinuous. A dependence on ATP and sensitivity to nalidixic acid suggested this system capable of the replicative synthesis of Rsc11 DNA. Density-shift analysis confirmed this. In addition to hybrid, fully-heavy plasmid supercoils were synthesized indicating that more than one round of replication was completed. Approximately one-third of the molecules available to the system participate in this reaction.", "contents": "In vitro system for the replication of the mini R1 factor Rsc11. The in vitro synthesis of the mini R1-factor, Rsc11, was achieved using a soluble Escherichia coli cell-extract system. Triton X-100 lysates of the K12 strain 1101 (Rsc11) fractionated by Sephadex G25 chromatography supported the incorporation of labeled deoxyribonucleotides into covalently-closed circular (30S) and open-circular (25S) plasmid DNA as well as other molecules of various sizes. DNA synthesis required the presence of all four ribonucleotides and was rifampicin sensitive. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that this reaction is discontinuous. A dependence on ATP and sensitivity to nalidixic acid suggested this system capable of the replicative synthesis of Rsc11 DNA. Density-shift analysis confirmed this. In addition to hybrid, fully-heavy plasmid supercoils were synthesized indicating that more than one round of replication was completed. Approximately one-third of the molecules available to the system participate in this reaction.", "PMID": 375016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2705", "title": "Control of bacteriophage lambda repressor establishment transcription: kinetics of l-strand transcription from the y-cII-oop-O-P region.", "content": "The kinetics of lambda l-strand repressor establishment RNA synthesis were measured from the y-cII region of induced tof- prophage. The activity of the repressor is epistatic to the expression of gene tof coding for the antirepressor (Tof). The activity of Tof, is epistatic to the expression of repressor gene cI transcription from Prm and the expression of repressor establishment transcription from a site 600 to 800 nucleotides upstream from Prm. Three modes of l-strand rex-cI-tof-y-cII-oop transcription occur: (a) Prm promoted cI-rex mRNA synthesis from noninduced prophage, (b) coordinate lit and oop synthesis from induced tof+ prophage and (c) establishment transcription from induced tof- prophage. The synthesis or stability of oop RNA is much reduced from induced tof-, compared with tof+ prophage. The oop transcription from tof- prophage is not coordinate with RNA synthesis from the y-cII interval. The y-cII-(oop) portion of the establishment transcript appears more unstable than the translated downstream copy of genes rex-cI. The initiation of any repressor establishment transcription requires the products of lambda genes cIII, cII, P and Escherichia coli genes dnaB, dnaG, but not actual lambda DNA synthesis. This result demonstrates that common factors, i.e. replication gene products, are required for the initiation of establishment transcription, lambda replication and lit, oop RNA synthesis; and explains why cIII+ cI+ cII+ replication defective phage lysogenize poorly at low multiplicities of infection. The cIII and cII products were shown to act after an earlier replication initiation or activation event. Repressor establishment transcription and repressor mRNA synthesis from Prm (from induced cI- tof-, cIII- cI- tof- or cI- tof- cii- prophage) are amplified by gene dosage. The extent of lysogenization of E. coli by lambda cIII-, cII- or replication minus mutants, defective for initiation of establishment synthesis, is attributed to gene dosage dependent transcription from Prm. The mechanism by which Tof inhibits the initiation of establishment transcription does not appear to require repression of RNA synthesis from PL and PR. RNA synthesis from these promoters is blocked by renaturation of the repressor 5 min after induction, before establishment transcription is detected; however, establishment RNA synthesis measured between 12-13 min after induction, i.e. 7 min after renaturation of the repressor, is only partially reduced.", "contents": "Control of bacteriophage lambda repressor establishment transcription: kinetics of l-strand transcription from the y-cII-oop-O-P region. The kinetics of lambda l-strand repressor establishment RNA synthesis were measured from the y-cII region of induced tof- prophage. The activity of the repressor is epistatic to the expression of gene tof coding for the antirepressor (Tof). The activity of Tof, is epistatic to the expression of repressor gene cI transcription from Prm and the expression of repressor establishment transcription from a site 600 to 800 nucleotides upstream from Prm. Three modes of l-strand rex-cI-tof-y-cII-oop transcription occur: (a) Prm promoted cI-rex mRNA synthesis from noninduced prophage, (b) coordinate lit and oop synthesis from induced tof+ prophage and (c) establishment transcription from induced tof- prophage. The synthesis or stability of oop RNA is much reduced from induced tof-, compared with tof+ prophage. The oop transcription from tof- prophage is not coordinate with RNA synthesis from the y-cII interval. The y-cII-(oop) portion of the establishment transcript appears more unstable than the translated downstream copy of genes rex-cI. The initiation of any repressor establishment transcription requires the products of lambda genes cIII, cII, P and Escherichia coli genes dnaB, dnaG, but not actual lambda DNA synthesis. This result demonstrates that common factors, i.e. replication gene products, are required for the initiation of establishment transcription, lambda replication and lit, oop RNA synthesis; and explains why cIII+ cI+ cII+ replication defective phage lysogenize poorly at low multiplicities of infection. The cIII and cII products were shown to act after an earlier replication initiation or activation event. Repressor establishment transcription and repressor mRNA synthesis from Prm (from induced cI- tof-, cIII- cI- tof- or cI- tof- cii- prophage) are amplified by gene dosage. The extent of lysogenization of E. coli by lambda cIII-, cII- or replication minus mutants, defective for initiation of establishment synthesis, is attributed to gene dosage dependent transcription from Prm. The mechanism by which Tof inhibits the initiation of establishment transcription does not appear to require repression of RNA synthesis from PL and PR. RNA synthesis from these promoters is blocked by renaturation of the repressor 5 min after induction, before establishment transcription is detected; however, establishment RNA synthesis measured between 12-13 min after induction, i.e. 7 min after renaturation of the repressor, is only partially reduced.", "PMID": 375018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2706", "title": "The DNA repair capability of cdc9, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective in DNA ligase.", "content": "The cell cycle mutant, cdc9, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is defective in DNA ligase be deficient in the repair of DNA damaged by methyl methane sulphonate. On the other hand survival of cdc9 after irradiation by gamma-rays is little different from that of the wild-type, even after a period of stress at the restrictive temperature. The mutant cdc9 is not allelic with any known rad or mms mutants.", "contents": "The DNA repair capability of cdc9, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective in DNA ligase. The cell cycle mutant, cdc9, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is defective in DNA ligase be deficient in the repair of DNA damaged by methyl methane sulphonate. On the other hand survival of cdc9 after irradiation by gamma-rays is little different from that of the wild-type, even after a period of stress at the restrictive temperature. The mutant cdc9 is not allelic with any known rad or mms mutants.", "PMID": 375019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2707", "title": "Spontaneous degradation of pRD1 DNA into unique size classes is recA dependent.", "content": "The his and nif genes of the P1 type plasmid pRD1 were lost at a high frequency in a recA+ but not in a recA- Escherichia coli host during growth in a non-selective medium. 92% of the His- Nif- segregants after 6 subcultures retained the genetic markers of the precursor plasmid RP4, while the remainder lost all of the pRD1 markers with the concomitant loss of ccc-DNA. Plasmids purified from the His- Nif- segregants resembled RP4 in the physical and genetic properties examined. The contour length of pRD1 DNA molecules from a recA- strain was 49 micrometer corresponding to a molecular weight of 101 Mdals and the buoyant density was 1.715 g/cm3. In contrast, the contour lengths of plasmid molecules isolated from a recA+ host carrying pRD1 fell into 3 size classes of 49, 19 and 2 micrometer corresponding to molecular weights of 101, 39 and 4 Mdals respectively and two DNA species of buoyant density 1.715 and 1.719 g/cm3 were observed.", "contents": "Spontaneous degradation of pRD1 DNA into unique size classes is recA dependent. The his and nif genes of the P1 type plasmid pRD1 were lost at a high frequency in a recA+ but not in a recA- Escherichia coli host during growth in a non-selective medium. 92% of the His- Nif- segregants after 6 subcultures retained the genetic markers of the precursor plasmid RP4, while the remainder lost all of the pRD1 markers with the concomitant loss of ccc-DNA. Plasmids purified from the His- Nif- segregants resembled RP4 in the physical and genetic properties examined. The contour length of pRD1 DNA molecules from a recA- strain was 49 micrometer corresponding to a molecular weight of 101 Mdals and the buoyant density was 1.715 g/cm3. In contrast, the contour lengths of plasmid molecules isolated from a recA+ host carrying pRD1 fell into 3 size classes of 49, 19 and 2 micrometer corresponding to molecular weights of 101, 39 and 4 Mdals respectively and two DNA species of buoyant density 1.715 and 1.719 g/cm3 were observed.", "PMID": 375020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2708", "title": "DNA synthesis in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying dnaA mutations.", "content": "It has been found that UV irradiation of dnaA mutants of E. coli K-12 enables the initiation of DNA synthesis at a temperature restrictive to these mutants. The UV-induced DNA synthesis is dependent on protein synthesis and on a transcriptional event at a time when protein synthesis is no longer required. In contrast to dnaA mutants UV irradiation fails to induce DNA synthesis in the two other initiation mutants dnaC2 and dnaB252. DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature is initiated also when the tif-1 phenotype is expressed in the dnaA46 tif-1 double mutant. Possible mechanisms of the observed capability of dnaA mutants to synthesize DNA at the restrictive temperature after UV irradiation or under conditions of tif-1 expression are discussed.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying dnaA mutations. It has been found that UV irradiation of dnaA mutants of E. coli K-12 enables the initiation of DNA synthesis at a temperature restrictive to these mutants. The UV-induced DNA synthesis is dependent on protein synthesis and on a transcriptional event at a time when protein synthesis is no longer required. In contrast to dnaA mutants UV irradiation fails to induce DNA synthesis in the two other initiation mutants dnaC2 and dnaB252. DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature is initiated also when the tif-1 phenotype is expressed in the dnaA46 tif-1 double mutant. Possible mechanisms of the observed capability of dnaA mutants to synthesize DNA at the restrictive temperature after UV irradiation or under conditions of tif-1 expression are discussed.", "PMID": 375021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2709", "title": "The regulation of hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase activity in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The levels of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in wildtype cells of Aspergillus nidulans varied with the carbon and nitrogen source. In general, hexokinase activity did not vary with carbon or nitrogen source. The ammonium derepressed mutant amrA1 had only 50% of the wildtype level of hexokinase. Phosphoglucomutase activity was low in wildtype cells grown with nitrate, but high in cells grown with ammonium when glucose was the carbon source. A non-inducible mutant, nirA-1, in the regulatory gene for nitrate reductase, had high phosphoglucomutase activity when grown with nitrate or ammonium. A constitutive mutant nirAc1, in the regulatory gene for nitrate reductase had low phosphoglucomutase activity when grown with nitrate or ammonium. The mutants nir-1 and nirAc1 are recessive and semi-dominant respectively for abnormal phosphoglucomutase activity.", "contents": "The regulation of hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase activity in Aspergillus nidulans. The levels of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in wildtype cells of Aspergillus nidulans varied with the carbon and nitrogen source. In general, hexokinase activity did not vary with carbon or nitrogen source. The ammonium derepressed mutant amrA1 had only 50% of the wildtype level of hexokinase. Phosphoglucomutase activity was low in wildtype cells grown with nitrate, but high in cells grown with ammonium when glucose was the carbon source. A non-inducible mutant, nirA-1, in the regulatory gene for nitrate reductase, had high phosphoglucomutase activity when grown with nitrate or ammonium. A constitutive mutant nirAc1, in the regulatory gene for nitrate reductase had low phosphoglucomutase activity when grown with nitrate or ammonium. The mutants nir-1 and nirAc1 are recessive and semi-dominant respectively for abnormal phosphoglucomutase activity.", "PMID": 375022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2710", "title": "Transposition of DNA inserted into deletions of the Tn5 kanamycin resistance element.", "content": "Tn5-trp hybrid transposons have been constructed by insertion of a trpPOED Hind III fragment into an in vivo Tn5 internal deletion mutant or by substitution of trp for the internal Tn5 Hind III fragment. These hybrids are called, respectively, Tn409 and Tn410. Both Tn409 and Tn410 will transpose into lambda in the presence of a complementing Tn5 element. In the absence of a wild Tn5, lysogens carrying R1162::Tn409 and R1162::Tn410 plasmids will yield lambdatrp phages at less than six per cent of the complemented frequency. This reduction indicates that Tn409 and Tn410 lack a diffusible transposition function provided by wild Tn5 elements. However, the formation of lambdatrp phages without complementation is real. Most of these transducing particles contain Tn409 and Tn410 still linked to the carrier R1162 plasmid. This observation suggests that uncomplemented Tn409 and Tn410 elements mediate the formation of lambda-transposon-plasmid cointegrate structures. Thus, the missing transposition function may be involved in resolving these cointegrate structures to the final lambda::Tn409 or lambda::Tn410 product.", "contents": "Transposition of DNA inserted into deletions of the Tn5 kanamycin resistance element. Tn5-trp hybrid transposons have been constructed by insertion of a trpPOED Hind III fragment into an in vivo Tn5 internal deletion mutant or by substitution of trp for the internal Tn5 Hind III fragment. These hybrids are called, respectively, Tn409 and Tn410. Both Tn409 and Tn410 will transpose into lambda in the presence of a complementing Tn5 element. In the absence of a wild Tn5, lysogens carrying R1162::Tn409 and R1162::Tn410 plasmids will yield lambdatrp phages at less than six per cent of the complemented frequency. This reduction indicates that Tn409 and Tn410 lack a diffusible transposition function provided by wild Tn5 elements. However, the formation of lambdatrp phages without complementation is real. Most of these transducing particles contain Tn409 and Tn410 still linked to the carrier R1162 plasmid. This observation suggests that uncomplemented Tn409 and Tn410 elements mediate the formation of lambda-transposon-plasmid cointegrate structures. Thus, the missing transposition function may be involved in resolving these cointegrate structures to the final lambda::Tn409 or lambda::Tn410 product.", "PMID": 375023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2711", "title": "Molecular cloning of the 4.2 Md EcoRI fragment of Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "The 4.2 Md EcoRI fragment of Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial DNA was cloned using the plasmid pBR 332 as vector and E. coli as host. Hitherto unknown sequence of HindIII sites within this region of mitochondrial genome was established.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of the 4.2 Md EcoRI fragment of Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial DNA. The 4.2 Md EcoRI fragment of Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial DNA was cloned using the plasmid pBR 332 as vector and E. coli as host. Hitherto unknown sequence of HindIII sites within this region of mitochondrial genome was established.", "PMID": 375024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2712", "title": "Expression of Escherichia coli tryptophan operon in Rhizobium leguminosarum.", "content": "RP4-trp hybrid plasmid containing Escherichia coli whole tryptophan operon was conjugatively transferred from E. coli to Rhizobium leguminosarum strains carrying mutations in different trp genes, converting their Trp- phenotype to Trp+. That the phenotype change of the R. leguminosarum cells was due to the presence of the E. coli tryptophan operon was verified by the isolation of RP4-trp hybrid plasmid from the R. leguminosarum conjugant cells, and by re-transfer of RP4-trp plasmid by conjugation back to E. coli trp and Pseudomonas putida trp strains. Enzymatic activities of anthranilate synthetase and beta subunit of tryptophan synthetase in crude extracts of R. leguminosarum cells containing RP4-trp plasmid were much higher than that of the wild-type cells and were not repressed by the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium.", "contents": "Expression of Escherichia coli tryptophan operon in Rhizobium leguminosarum. RP4-trp hybrid plasmid containing Escherichia coli whole tryptophan operon was conjugatively transferred from E. coli to Rhizobium leguminosarum strains carrying mutations in different trp genes, converting their Trp- phenotype to Trp+. That the phenotype change of the R. leguminosarum cells was due to the presence of the E. coli tryptophan operon was verified by the isolation of RP4-trp hybrid plasmid from the R. leguminosarum conjugant cells, and by re-transfer of RP4-trp plasmid by conjugation back to E. coli trp and Pseudomonas putida trp strains. Enzymatic activities of anthranilate synthetase and beta subunit of tryptophan synthetase in crude extracts of R. leguminosarum cells containing RP4-trp plasmid were much higher than that of the wild-type cells and were not repressed by the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium.", "PMID": 375025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2713", "title": "Genetic evidence for the nature, and excision repair, of DNA lesions resulting from incorporation of 5-bromouracil.", "content": "Escherichia coli mutants defective in DNA uracil N-glycosidase (ung-) or endonuclease VI active against apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA (xthA-) exhibit enhanced sensitivity towards 5-bromodeoxyuridine relative to the wild type strain, pointing to involvement of these enzymes in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions in DNA. Mutants defective in DNA polymerase I, either in polymerizing activity (polAl-) or (5' leads to 3')-exonuclease activity (polA107-) exhibit unusually high sensitivity (including marked lethality) in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The results indicate that DNA polymerase I, and its associated (5'--3')-exonuclease activity, are involved in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions and are not readily replaced, if at all, by DNA polymerases II and III. Thermosensitive mutant in DNA ligase gene (lig ts7) shows high sensitivity towards 5-bromodeoxyuridine at 42 degrees C indicating the role of the enzyme in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions in DNA. Involvement of DNA uracil N-glycosidase, and endonuclease active against apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in recognition and repair of 5-bromouracil-induced damage permits of some inferences regarding the nature of this damage (lesions), in particular dehalogenation of incorporated bromouracil to uracil residues.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for the nature, and excision repair, of DNA lesions resulting from incorporation of 5-bromouracil. Escherichia coli mutants defective in DNA uracil N-glycosidase (ung-) or endonuclease VI active against apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA (xthA-) exhibit enhanced sensitivity towards 5-bromodeoxyuridine relative to the wild type strain, pointing to involvement of these enzymes in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions in DNA. Mutants defective in DNA polymerase I, either in polymerizing activity (polAl-) or (5' leads to 3')-exonuclease activity (polA107-) exhibit unusually high sensitivity (including marked lethality) in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The results indicate that DNA polymerase I, and its associated (5'--3')-exonuclease activity, are involved in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions and are not readily replaced, if at all, by DNA polymerases II and III. Thermosensitive mutant in DNA ligase gene (lig ts7) shows high sensitivity towards 5-bromodeoxyuridine at 42 degrees C indicating the role of the enzyme in repair of bromouracil-induced lesions in DNA. Involvement of DNA uracil N-glycosidase, and endonuclease active against apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in recognition and repair of 5-bromouracil-induced damage permits of some inferences regarding the nature of this damage (lesions), in particular dehalogenation of incorporated bromouracil to uracil residues.", "PMID": 375026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2714", "title": "Non-random distribution of transduction termini in transductants from the integrated R plasmid, R100-1.", "content": "Tra+ and tra- derivatives of drug resistance plasmid, R100-1, were isolated by phage P1 from an Hfr donor with integrated R100-1 and then analyzed by complementation tests with tra- point mutants of Flac. Tra+ derivatives of R100-1 carrying tetracycline resistance alone and those carrying all six drug-resistrance genes could support transfer of tra- point mutants of Flac except Flac traJ, whereas all of tra- derivatives of R100-1 failed to complement any one of tra- point mutants of Flac. This suggests that these tra- derivatives of R100-1 carrying tetracycline resistance gene are deleted for all the transfer genes impaired in the Flac point mutants tested. We assume a \"hot point\", probably a specific base sequence similar to an IS element, at the left of the tetracycline gene (Fig. 1) becomes a transduction terminus in transduction of the integrated R100-1 by phage P1. Complementation analysis of tra- derivatives carrying five resistance genes except the tetracycline gene led us to a supposition that a gene(s), probably analogous to traJ of the F plasmid, is located on R100-1 near the tetracycline gene which plays an important regulatory role for self-transfer as well as for the complementation of tra- Flac mutants.", "contents": "Non-random distribution of transduction termini in transductants from the integrated R plasmid, R100-1. Tra+ and tra- derivatives of drug resistance plasmid, R100-1, were isolated by phage P1 from an Hfr donor with integrated R100-1 and then analyzed by complementation tests with tra- point mutants of Flac. Tra+ derivatives of R100-1 carrying tetracycline resistance alone and those carrying all six drug-resistrance genes could support transfer of tra- point mutants of Flac except Flac traJ, whereas all of tra- derivatives of R100-1 failed to complement any one of tra- point mutants of Flac. This suggests that these tra- derivatives of R100-1 carrying tetracycline resistance gene are deleted for all the transfer genes impaired in the Flac point mutants tested. We assume a \"hot point\", probably a specific base sequence similar to an IS element, at the left of the tetracycline gene (Fig. 1) becomes a transduction terminus in transduction of the integrated R100-1 by phage P1. Complementation analysis of tra- derivatives carrying five resistance genes except the tetracycline gene led us to a supposition that a gene(s), probably analogous to traJ of the F plasmid, is located on R100-1 near the tetracycline gene which plays an important regulatory role for self-transfer as well as for the complementation of tra- Flac mutants.", "PMID": 375027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2715", "title": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast IV. Synthesis of double-stranded RNA.", "content": "A study has been made of the regulation of the synthesis of Pl double-stranded (ds) RNA, the genome of the yeast virus-like particle. When yeast protein synthesis is prevented by starvation for a required amino acid or by addition of cycloheximide, the rate of Pl dsRNA synthesis is reduced markedly. During nitrogen starvation the synthesis of Pl dsRNA persists but is accompanied by the degradation of pre-existing molecules. This degradation appears to require the induction of new enzymes and it is likely that the breakdown products are used to enable the cell to complete its division cycle. However, all of the copies of the VLP genome are not degraded in this process, some are conserved and can replenish the amount of Pl dsRNA on return to growth conditions. The controls which must operate on Pl dsRNA synthesis are discussed and compared with those exerted on nuclear RNA synthesis in yeast.", "contents": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast IV. Synthesis of double-stranded RNA. A study has been made of the regulation of the synthesis of Pl double-stranded (ds) RNA, the genome of the yeast virus-like particle. When yeast protein synthesis is prevented by starvation for a required amino acid or by addition of cycloheximide, the rate of Pl dsRNA synthesis is reduced markedly. During nitrogen starvation the synthesis of Pl dsRNA persists but is accompanied by the degradation of pre-existing molecules. This degradation appears to require the induction of new enzymes and it is likely that the breakdown products are used to enable the cell to complete its division cycle. However, all of the copies of the VLP genome are not degraded in this process, some are conserved and can replenish the amount of Pl dsRNA on return to growth conditions. The controls which must operate on Pl dsRNA synthesis are discussed and compared with those exerted on nuclear RNA synthesis in yeast.", "PMID": 375028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2716", "title": "Transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in a component common to galactose and ribose chemotaxis.", "content": "From a collection of 8,000 transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 we identified two mutations, trg-1::Tn5 and trg-2::Tn10, that simultaneously eliminate chemotactic response to ribose and galactose, two attractants recognized by independent receptors. We show that these transposon-insertions confer a Trg phenotype, indicating that this specific pattern of tactic defects is a null phenotype. The two mutation sites are cotransductionally linked to an extend consistent with placement in the same gene. The Trg phenotype of a family of deletion mutants produced by curing trg-2::Tn10 implies that trg is a single gene. Experiments with appropriate F-primes and Hfr's locate the trg locus at approximately 31 min on the linkage map, with a marker order: pyrF-rac-(P.O. 43)-trg-man. We also found one trg mutant whose Trg phenotype was not linked to a transposon-insertion but is probably the result of a mutator activity in the parent strain. Selection of transposon-insertions near, but not in trg allowed demonstration of a very close linkage between the spontaneous trg-3 and the transposon-generated trg's, indicating all three mutations are probably in the same gene. In our manipulations of transposon-insertions we found that Tn5 had a tendency to translocate from its initial site of insertion while Tn10 was relatively stable. The trg-product is probably a chemotactic signal transducer, which interacts directly with two independent receptor proteins and transmits information to the central chemotactic machinery.", "contents": "Transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in a component common to galactose and ribose chemotaxis. From a collection of 8,000 transposon-insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K12 we identified two mutations, trg-1::Tn5 and trg-2::Tn10, that simultaneously eliminate chemotactic response to ribose and galactose, two attractants recognized by independent receptors. We show that these transposon-insertions confer a Trg phenotype, indicating that this specific pattern of tactic defects is a null phenotype. The two mutation sites are cotransductionally linked to an extend consistent with placement in the same gene. The Trg phenotype of a family of deletion mutants produced by curing trg-2::Tn10 implies that trg is a single gene. Experiments with appropriate F-primes and Hfr's locate the trg locus at approximately 31 min on the linkage map, with a marker order: pyrF-rac-(P.O. 43)-trg-man. We also found one trg mutant whose Trg phenotype was not linked to a transposon-insertion but is probably the result of a mutator activity in the parent strain. Selection of transposon-insertions near, but not in trg allowed demonstration of a very close linkage between the spontaneous trg-3 and the transposon-generated trg's, indicating all three mutations are probably in the same gene. In our manipulations of transposon-insertions we found that Tn5 had a tendency to translocate from its initial site of insertion while Tn10 was relatively stable. The trg-product is probably a chemotactic signal transducer, which interacts directly with two independent receptor proteins and transmits information to the central chemotactic machinery.", "PMID": 375029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2717", "title": "Mutants in yeast affecting ethidium bromide induced rho- formation and their effects on transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes.", "content": "A series of mutants called ebi, less inducible by ethidium bromide than the parental strain for the rho+ leads to rho- mutation have been isolated after E.M.S. mutagenesis. Some of the ebi mutants also show an important accumulation of rho- cells, in the absence of ethidium bromide. Ebi mutations are nuclearly inherited as shown by meiotic segregation. The effects of these mutants on the transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes among the diploid progeny of crosses have been studied. Some of the ebi mutants show a non coordinated transmission of the oli1 mitochondrial marker with respect to other mitochondrial markers unexpected for homosexual crosses. This bias which is independent from omega will be discussed in relation to the segregation and recombination. No significant decrease of the frequency of recombinants has been detected.", "contents": "Mutants in yeast affecting ethidium bromide induced rho- formation and their effects on transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes. A series of mutants called ebi, less inducible by ethidium bromide than the parental strain for the rho+ leads to rho- mutation have been isolated after E.M.S. mutagenesis. Some of the ebi mutants also show an important accumulation of rho- cells, in the absence of ethidium bromide. Ebi mutations are nuclearly inherited as shown by meiotic segregation. The effects of these mutants on the transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes among the diploid progeny of crosses have been studied. Some of the ebi mutants show a non coordinated transmission of the oli1 mitochondrial marker with respect to other mitochondrial markers unexpected for homosexual crosses. This bias which is independent from omega will be discussed in relation to the segregation and recombination. No significant decrease of the frequency of recombinants has been detected.", "PMID": 375030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2718", "title": "Study of a suppressor of mutT in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A suppressor mutation of E. coli mut T has been isolated and mapped in the lue--ace(E/F) region.", "contents": "Study of a suppressor of mutT in Escherichia coli. A suppressor mutation of E. coli mut T has been isolated and mapped in the lue--ace(E/F) region.", "PMID": 375031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2719", "title": "Cloning of the replication gene P of bacteriophage lambda: effects of increased P-protein synthesis on cellular and phage DNA replication.", "content": "A restriction fragment of lambdaDNA carrying the P gene was cloned in the high copy number plasmid RSF2124. Cells harbouring this new plasmid RSF2124/lambdaE complement lambdaPam80 phage. A lac promoter-operator region (lacP), produced by EcoRI digestion of plasmid pKB252, was inserted into RSF2124/lambdaE such that induction of the lac promoter by IPTG or lactose leads to increased production of the P gene product. A high amount of P protein in E. coli cells results in a slow inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis, suggesting that the initiation reaction is blocked by P protein. Synthesis of lambdaDNA proceeds normally under these conditions. Nonsuppressing groPA15 mutant bacteria which are unable to support the replication of wild-type lambda (lambdawt), acquire the ability to replicate lambdaPam80 phage but not lambdawt when they are transformed with a plasmid carrying the lambdaP gene. When harbouring a plasmid containing the mutant Pamber 80 gene, groPA15 mutants are able to support the replication of lambdawt phage when infected at a high multiplicity. lambdaPam80 phage does not multiply in these cells.", "contents": "Cloning of the replication gene P of bacteriophage lambda: effects of increased P-protein synthesis on cellular and phage DNA replication. A restriction fragment of lambdaDNA carrying the P gene was cloned in the high copy number plasmid RSF2124. Cells harbouring this new plasmid RSF2124/lambdaE complement lambdaPam80 phage. A lac promoter-operator region (lacP), produced by EcoRI digestion of plasmid pKB252, was inserted into RSF2124/lambdaE such that induction of the lac promoter by IPTG or lactose leads to increased production of the P gene product. A high amount of P protein in E. coli cells results in a slow inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis, suggesting that the initiation reaction is blocked by P protein. Synthesis of lambdaDNA proceeds normally under these conditions. Nonsuppressing groPA15 mutant bacteria which are unable to support the replication of wild-type lambda (lambdawt), acquire the ability to replicate lambdaPam80 phage but not lambdawt when they are transformed with a plasmid carrying the lambdaP gene. When harbouring a plasmid containing the mutant Pamber 80 gene, groPA15 mutants are able to support the replication of lambdawt phage when infected at a high multiplicity. lambdaPam80 phage does not multiply in these cells.", "PMID": 375032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2720", "title": "The influence of certain growth conditions on the phosphatase activity of Streptococcus mutans grown in batch and continuous culture.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity was detected in Streptococcus mutans strain NCTC 10832, and both acid and alkaline phosphatase in strains 2M2 and K1R. In batch culture, activity was maximal by mid exponential phase for 2M2 and at the end of this phase for NCTC 10832. Alkaline, but not acid, phosphatase activity of 2M2 and K1R increased when the inorganic phosphate in the medium was low; this was considered due, at least partly, to inducible or derepressible enzymes. In continuous culture, acid phosphatase activity of NCTC 10832 varied with the sugar substrate. The activity was increased by cell disruption and the degree of this increase for cells grown on different sugars parallelled the amounts of extracellular, insoluble polysaccharide produced on those sugars. Activity was highest for glucose-grown whole cells and for sucrose-grown disrupted cells.", "contents": "The influence of certain growth conditions on the phosphatase activity of Streptococcus mutans grown in batch and continuous culture. Acid phosphatase activity was detected in Streptococcus mutans strain NCTC 10832, and both acid and alkaline phosphatase in strains 2M2 and K1R. In batch culture, activity was maximal by mid exponential phase for 2M2 and at the end of this phase for NCTC 10832. Alkaline, but not acid, phosphatase activity of 2M2 and K1R increased when the inorganic phosphate in the medium was low; this was considered due, at least partly, to inducible or derepressible enzymes. In continuous culture, acid phosphatase activity of NCTC 10832 varied with the sugar substrate. The activity was increased by cell disruption and the degree of this increase for cells grown on different sugars parallelled the amounts of extracellular, insoluble polysaccharide produced on those sugars. Activity was highest for glucose-grown whole cells and for sucrose-grown disrupted cells.", "PMID": 375033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2721", "title": "Stability and maturation of E. coli ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The kinetics of rRNA maturation were investigated in a rifampicin permeable strain of E. coli during exponential growth in glucose minimal medium. The method used involves isotopic labelling of rRNA, and separation of precursor and mature forms by gel electrophoresis. The maturation of both 16s and 23s rRNA was found to follow first order kinetics. The mean life time of the precursors was found to be about 1.5 min. In glucose minimal medium all pulse label in precursors was recovered in mature rRNA, i.e. nascent rRNA is stable.", "contents": "Stability and maturation of E. coli ribosomal RNA. The kinetics of rRNA maturation were investigated in a rifampicin permeable strain of E. coli during exponential growth in glucose minimal medium. The method used involves isotopic labelling of rRNA, and separation of precursor and mature forms by gel electrophoresis. The maturation of both 16s and 23s rRNA was found to follow first order kinetics. The mean life time of the precursors was found to be about 1.5 min. In glucose minimal medium all pulse label in precursors was recovered in mature rRNA, i.e. nascent rRNA is stable.", "PMID": 375034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2722", "title": "Transport of tetracyclines through the bacterial cell membrane assayed by fluorescence: a study with susceptible and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.", "content": "The fluorescence of 12 tetracyclines in buffered solutions was measured by excitation at 400 nm and emission at 520 nm. The fluorescence varied markedly for different tetracyclines at equivalent concentrations. Demethylchlortetracycline exhibited more fluorescence than both chlortetracycline and demthyltetracycline; minocycline was virtually non-fluorescent at the conditions of the study. Fluorescence was highly dependent on the polarity of the solvent; when the buffer solution in water was replaced by a solvent containing 50% methanol, fluorescence increased significantly, but to various degrees for different tetracyclines. The most striking influence of the addition of methanol was observed for doxycycline (5-oxy 6-deoxy-tetracycline), whereas the influence on anhydrotetracycline was negligible. When suspensions of a susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus were added to solutions of tetracyclines, membrane permeation of the drugs could be monitored by an increase in fluorescence. This increase varied strikingly with the different drugs and could not be correlated with the concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (Ki). This might be due to the quantitative variations in the intracellular level corresponding to a certain external concentration of the respective drug. When tetracycline-resistant strains of S. aureus and Escherichia coli were exposed to tetracycline, the intensity of fluorescence observed was less than for the corresponding susceptible strains; in spite of this, the quantitative differences of fluorescence exhibited by the susceptible and resistant strains seemed slight in relation to the differences in susceptibility. It was demonstrated that minocycline inhibits the membrane transport of tetracycline in S. aureus and E. coli. This inhibition seems to be competitive for S. aureus, but not for E. coli.", "contents": "Transport of tetracyclines through the bacterial cell membrane assayed by fluorescence: a study with susceptible and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The fluorescence of 12 tetracyclines in buffered solutions was measured by excitation at 400 nm and emission at 520 nm. The fluorescence varied markedly for different tetracyclines at equivalent concentrations. Demethylchlortetracycline exhibited more fluorescence than both chlortetracycline and demthyltetracycline; minocycline was virtually non-fluorescent at the conditions of the study. Fluorescence was highly dependent on the polarity of the solvent; when the buffer solution in water was replaced by a solvent containing 50% methanol, fluorescence increased significantly, but to various degrees for different tetracyclines. The most striking influence of the addition of methanol was observed for doxycycline (5-oxy 6-deoxy-tetracycline), whereas the influence on anhydrotetracycline was negligible. When suspensions of a susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus were added to solutions of tetracyclines, membrane permeation of the drugs could be monitored by an increase in fluorescence. This increase varied strikingly with the different drugs and could not be correlated with the concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (Ki). This might be due to the quantitative variations in the intracellular level corresponding to a certain external concentration of the respective drug. When tetracycline-resistant strains of S. aureus and Escherichia coli were exposed to tetracycline, the intensity of fluorescence observed was less than for the corresponding susceptible strains; in spite of this, the quantitative differences of fluorescence exhibited by the susceptible and resistant strains seemed slight in relation to the differences in susceptibility. It was demonstrated that minocycline inhibits the membrane transport of tetracycline in S. aureus and E. coli. This inhibition seems to be competitive for S. aureus, but not for E. coli.", "PMID": 375035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2723", "title": "[tRNA-methylase study of the extreme thermophile, Thermus flavus].", "content": "tRNA methylases were studied in the extreme thermophilic culture of Thermus flavus, strain 71. Like E. coli, the culture contained only those tRNA methylases which catalysed the formation of m1A and m7G. Mg2+, Ca2+ and Na+ ions activated tRNA methylases of Thermus flavus in the series Mg greater than Ca greater than Na while Mn2+ ions inhibited the enzyme. The activity of tRNA methylases was higher in T. flavus than in E. coli, and required less protein and time for exhaustive methylation of tRNA preparations. The overall activity of methylases in T. flavus at 70 degrees C was 5-6 times higher than at 40 degrees C; the elevation of temperature had different effect on various methylases: the activity of m1A methylase increased 13-fold whereas that of m7G methylase only twofold.", "contents": "[tRNA-methylase study of the extreme thermophile, Thermus flavus]. tRNA methylases were studied in the extreme thermophilic culture of Thermus flavus, strain 71. Like E. coli, the culture contained only those tRNA methylases which catalysed the formation of m1A and m7G. Mg2+, Ca2+ and Na+ ions activated tRNA methylases of Thermus flavus in the series Mg greater than Ca greater than Na while Mn2+ ions inhibited the enzyme. The activity of tRNA methylases was higher in T. flavus than in E. coli, and required less protein and time for exhaustive methylation of tRNA preparations. The overall activity of methylases in T. flavus at 70 degrees C was 5-6 times higher than at 40 degrees C; the elevation of temperature had different effect on various methylases: the activity of m1A methylase increased 13-fold whereas that of m7G methylase only twofold.", "PMID": 375041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2724", "title": "[Capsule formation in saprophytic yeasts].", "content": "Among ten carbon sources and five nitrogen sources tested, D-mannose (3%) and peptone (0.2%) were found to be the best ones for stimulating capsule formation by the yeast Cryptococcus magnus. Addition of yeast extract (0.1%) to the medium favoured formation of larger capsules. Elevated concentrations of mannose and peptone inhibited capsule formation. Comparison of the results obtained with the data about the effect of cultivation conditions on capsule formation by the pathogenic yeast revealed no considerable differences between the latter and the saprophytic yeast.", "contents": "[Capsule formation in saprophytic yeasts]. Among ten carbon sources and five nitrogen sources tested, D-mannose (3%) and peptone (0.2%) were found to be the best ones for stimulating capsule formation by the yeast Cryptococcus magnus. Addition of yeast extract (0.1%) to the medium favoured formation of larger capsules. Elevated concentrations of mannose and peptone inhibited capsule formation. Comparison of the results obtained with the data about the effect of cultivation conditions on capsule formation by the pathogenic yeast revealed no considerable differences between the latter and the saprophytic yeast.", "PMID": 375043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2725", "title": "A clinical trial with Alice/R-75 strain, live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant intranasal bivalent influenza A/B vaccine.", "content": "A clinical trial was conducted with Alice/R-75 strain live attenuated intranasal influenza A/B vaccine. With double blind control 88 adult volunteers were administered 2 doses of Alice/R-75 vaccine, 93 volunteers received one dose of Alice/R-75 vaccine and one dose placebo solution and 94 subjects were administered 2 doses of placebo solution. Twenty-three other subjects received Alice strain monovalent influenza A vaccine. For comparison, data from 21 subjects who received monovalent intranasal R-75 strain influenza B in two doses is included. The vaccine was generally well tolerated. Four-fold serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody titer rises to A/England/42/72 occurred in 39% of the monovalent Alice strain vaccines; in contrast 18% of those given 2 doses of bivalent Alice/R-75 vaccine and 11% of those given 1 dose of bivalent vaccine had similar four-fold HAI antibody titer rises. HAI antibody titer rises to influenza B/Hong Kong/72 occurred in 38% of R-75 strain monovalent vaccinees, 14% of Alice/R-75 2-dose vaccinees and 11% of Alice/R-75 one dose vaccinees. An epidemic of influenza at onset of the study made evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccine impossible.", "contents": "A clinical trial with Alice/R-75 strain, live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant intranasal bivalent influenza A/B vaccine. A clinical trial was conducted with Alice/R-75 strain live attenuated intranasal influenza A/B vaccine. With double blind control 88 adult volunteers were administered 2 doses of Alice/R-75 vaccine, 93 volunteers received one dose of Alice/R-75 vaccine and one dose placebo solution and 94 subjects were administered 2 doses of placebo solution. Twenty-three other subjects received Alice strain monovalent influenza A vaccine. For comparison, data from 21 subjects who received monovalent intranasal R-75 strain influenza B in two doses is included. The vaccine was generally well tolerated. Four-fold serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody titer rises to A/England/42/72 occurred in 39% of the monovalent Alice strain vaccines; in contrast 18% of those given 2 doses of bivalent Alice/R-75 vaccine and 11% of those given 1 dose of bivalent vaccine had similar four-fold HAI antibody titer rises. HAI antibody titer rises to influenza B/Hong Kong/72 occurred in 38% of R-75 strain monovalent vaccinees, 14% of Alice/R-75 2-dose vaccinees and 11% of Alice/R-75 one dose vaccinees. An epidemic of influenza at onset of the study made evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccine impossible.", "PMID": 375050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2726", "title": "Evaluation of a modified dye pour-plate auxanographic method for the rapid identification of clinically significant yeasts. Comparison with two commercial systems.", "content": "A modified dye pour-plate auxanographic (DPPA) method for the presumptive identification of medically important yeasts was evaluated, in a comparative study with a conventional procedure, the API 20C clinical yeast system (Analytab Products Inc.), and the Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) system. The 174 coded clinical isolates were members of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Trichosporon. The identification accuracies with DPPA, API, and UYT were 95%, 93%, and 99% respectively. DPPA and API required more time to inoculate but gave rapid identification profiles. UYT was simple to inoculate and both UYT and DPPA were easy to read. Cost analysis of the three rapid methods demonstrated DPPA to be the most economical making it a feasible alternative for small clinical laboratories as well as large laboratories possessing the facilities to make their own media.", "contents": "Evaluation of a modified dye pour-plate auxanographic method for the rapid identification of clinically significant yeasts. Comparison with two commercial systems. A modified dye pour-plate auxanographic (DPPA) method for the presumptive identification of medically important yeasts was evaluated, in a comparative study with a conventional procedure, the API 20C clinical yeast system (Analytab Products Inc.), and the Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) system. The 174 coded clinical isolates were members of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Trichosporon. The identification accuracies with DPPA, API, and UYT were 95%, 93%, and 99% respectively. DPPA and API required more time to inoculate but gave rapid identification profiles. UYT was simple to inoculate and both UYT and DPPA were easy to read. Cost analysis of the three rapid methods demonstrated DPPA to be the most economical making it a feasible alternative for small clinical laboratories as well as large laboratories possessing the facilities to make their own media.", "PMID": 375051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2727", "title": "[Modified method for determining water pollution by using a Serratia marcescens culture].", "content": "The method for determining the degree of water pollution with the aid of a bacterial tracer has been improved by using: (1) a technique for maintaining the culture of Serratia marcescens; (2) a medium whose composition provided for a high level of prodigiosin in the bacterial culture; and (3) an express method for assaying the degree of pigmentation during growth of Ser. marcescens on solid media.", "contents": "[Modified method for determining water pollution by using a Serratia marcescens culture]. The method for determining the degree of water pollution with the aid of a bacterial tracer has been improved by using: (1) a technique for maintaining the culture of Serratia marcescens; (2) a medium whose composition provided for a high level of prodigiosin in the bacterial culture; and (3) an express method for assaying the degree of pigmentation during growth of Ser. marcescens on solid media.", "PMID": 375044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2728", "title": "[Morphological changes in the cells of Escherichia coli damaged by nitrous yperite].", "content": "Nitrous yperite supressed division of E. coli cells; as a result, filaments and giant abnormal cells appeared. Apparently, giant forms were caused by defects in the cell wall induced by nitrous ypertie due to a mutation in the mon gene of the strain. These cells gave rise to normal cells as well as to small bacteria resembling mini-cell.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the cells of Escherichia coli damaged by nitrous yperite]. Nitrous yperite supressed division of E. coli cells; as a result, filaments and giant abnormal cells appeared. Apparently, giant forms were caused by defects in the cell wall induced by nitrous ypertie due to a mutation in the mon gene of the strain. These cells gave rise to normal cells as well as to small bacteria resembling mini-cell.", "PMID": 375042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2729", "title": "[Role of metabolic energy in the regulation of chlortetracycline transport in Escherichia coli].", "content": "The uptake of chlorotetracycline by the E. coli K-12 strain sensitive to this antibiotic and by its resistant mutant E. coli E-6-X is regulated by the antibiotic transport being coupled and uncoupled with the metabolic energy, this being determined by the concentration of chlorotetracycline in the medium. If the level of the antibiotic is lower than the subbacteriostatic concentration, its accumulation by both strains requires the metabolic energy and can be suppressed by formaldehyde or 2,4-dinitrophenol. As the concentration of chlorotetracycline increases, it is no more absorbed by the cells of the sensitive strain, via the active transport and its accumulation does not change in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol or glucose. In the resistant strain, the mechanism of the energy-dependent transport of chlorotetracycline from the cells starts to function: the accumulation of the antibiotic decreases in the presence of glucose and increases in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "contents": "[Role of metabolic energy in the regulation of chlortetracycline transport in Escherichia coli]. The uptake of chlorotetracycline by the E. coli K-12 strain sensitive to this antibiotic and by its resistant mutant E. coli E-6-X is regulated by the antibiotic transport being coupled and uncoupled with the metabolic energy, this being determined by the concentration of chlorotetracycline in the medium. If the level of the antibiotic is lower than the subbacteriostatic concentration, its accumulation by both strains requires the metabolic energy and can be suppressed by formaldehyde or 2,4-dinitrophenol. As the concentration of chlorotetracycline increases, it is no more absorbed by the cells of the sensitive strain, via the active transport and its accumulation does not change in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol or glucose. In the resistant strain, the mechanism of the energy-dependent transport of chlorotetracycline from the cells starts to function: the accumulation of the antibiotic decreases in the presence of glucose and increases in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "PMID": 375040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2730", "title": "Fungal peritonitis and malignancy: report of two patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients developed isolated Candida albicans peritonitis in association with intraabdominal malignancy. Although additional factors predisposing to the development of fungal peritonitis were present, we postulate that tumor-related local factors permitted fungi to cross the gut wall and to enter the peritoneum, where the host immune status determined whether the infection spread. These two cases are the sixth and seventh reported cancer patients who developed fungal peritonitis, but the first two who had the fungal infection localized to the peritoneum; and this is the first report known to us specifically associating intraabdominal malignancy and fungal peritonitis. Patients who develop fungal peritonitis may have a primary or metastatic intraabdominal malignancy, and fungi should be considered as a cause of peritonitis in cancer patients.", "contents": "Fungal peritonitis and malignancy: report of two patients and review of the literature. Two patients developed isolated Candida albicans peritonitis in association with intraabdominal malignancy. Although additional factors predisposing to the development of fungal peritonitis were present, we postulate that tumor-related local factors permitted fungi to cross the gut wall and to enter the peritoneum, where the host immune status determined whether the infection spread. These two cases are the sixth and seventh reported cancer patients who developed fungal peritonitis, but the first two who had the fungal infection localized to the peritoneum; and this is the first report known to us specifically associating intraabdominal malignancy and fungal peritonitis. Patients who develop fungal peritonitis may have a primary or metastatic intraabdominal malignancy, and fungi should be considered as a cause of peritonitis in cancer patients.", "PMID": 375052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2731", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a ten year follow-up study.", "content": "In 1968 the Cancer and Acute Leukemia Group B (CALGB) demonstrated optimal control of disseminated non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) with vincristine-prednisone induction followed by cyclophosphamide maintenance. A study was then begun to determine whether four drugs in combination or sequence could achieve greater control. NHL patients at each participating CALGB institution were randomly assigned to one of three regimens:I) Cyclic vincristine-streptonigrin alternating every 2 weeks with cyclophosphamide-prednisone up to 155 days; II) Sequential treatment with the same 4 drugs taken singly up to 182 days; and III) Vincristine-prednisone induction for 6 weeks followed by cyclophosphamide maintenance. Results are now reported after a 10 year follow-up period. The 203 evaluable patients are those on whom Rappaport histopathologic classification was available. Frequency of complete-response did not differ significantly among the three regimens: I) 38%; II) 30%; and III) 45%. Remission durations were significantly longer among patients receiving maintenance therapy. After ten years, two patients from Regimen I, one from Regimen II, and five from Regimen III remain alive and well. It was concluded that neither of the four-drug regimens conferred a significant advantage in terms of response rate or survival time over the standard treatment.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a ten year follow-up study. In 1968 the Cancer and Acute Leukemia Group B (CALGB) demonstrated optimal control of disseminated non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) with vincristine-prednisone induction followed by cyclophosphamide maintenance. A study was then begun to determine whether four drugs in combination or sequence could achieve greater control. NHL patients at each participating CALGB institution were randomly assigned to one of three regimens:I) Cyclic vincristine-streptonigrin alternating every 2 weeks with cyclophosphamide-prednisone up to 155 days; II) Sequential treatment with the same 4 drugs taken singly up to 182 days; and III) Vincristine-prednisone induction for 6 weeks followed by cyclophosphamide maintenance. Results are now reported after a 10 year follow-up period. The 203 evaluable patients are those on whom Rappaport histopathologic classification was available. Frequency of complete-response did not differ significantly among the three regimens: I) 38%; II) 30%; and III) 45%. Remission durations were significantly longer among patients receiving maintenance therapy. After ten years, two patients from Regimen I, one from Regimen II, and five from Regimen III remain alive and well. It was concluded that neither of the four-drug regimens conferred a significant advantage in terms of response rate or survival time over the standard treatment.", "PMID": 375053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2732", "title": "A minimum-interrupt digital interface for the Coulter S blood analyzer and IBM 1800 computer.", "content": "A computer interface for the fully automatic transfer of data from a Coulter model S blood analyzer to an IBM 1800 data acquisition and control system is described. The design objective was to eliminate manual handling of hematology data in order to enhance the reporting effectiveness of a computer-supported clinical pathology laboratory. Using integrated circuits and optical isolation techniques, the interface requires no modification of either the Coulter analyzer or the IBM computer. Successful operation of the interface has been demonstrated for over 4 years in two different hospitals.", "contents": "A minimum-interrupt digital interface for the Coulter S blood analyzer and IBM 1800 computer. A computer interface for the fully automatic transfer of data from a Coulter model S blood analyzer to an IBM 1800 data acquisition and control system is described. The design objective was to eliminate manual handling of hematology data in order to enhance the reporting effectiveness of a computer-supported clinical pathology laboratory. Using integrated circuits and optical isolation techniques, the interface requires no modification of either the Coulter analyzer or the IBM computer. Successful operation of the interface has been demonstrated for over 4 years in two different hospitals.", "PMID": 375046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2733", "title": "Organization, replication and modification of the human genome: temporal order of synthesis and methylation of two classes of HeLa nDNA separated in Ag+--Cs2-SO4 gradients.", "content": "During the HeLa S-phase, DNA was methylated, at 1-hr intervals in isolated nuclei and fractionated in Ag+-Cs2SO4 gradients providing a heavy GC-rich peak and a main light AT-rich peak. Both size and specific methylation of these peaks changed during the nDNA duplicative phase. Replication of the heavy GC-rich nDNA fraction, which contains genes for ribosomal RNA, occurred in early S; in contrast, replication of the main AT-rich nDNA fraction was maximal in late S. Concomitantly, specific methylation of the GC-rich nDNA was maximal in the first part of S, while that of the AT-rich nDNA was maximal in the second part of S. This suggested that genes are replicated and methylated with order during the S-phase.", "contents": "Organization, replication and modification of the human genome: temporal order of synthesis and methylation of two classes of HeLa nDNA separated in Ag+--Cs2-SO4 gradients. During the HeLa S-phase, DNA was methylated, at 1-hr intervals in isolated nuclei and fractionated in Ag+-Cs2SO4 gradients providing a heavy GC-rich peak and a main light AT-rich peak. Both size and specific methylation of these peaks changed during the nDNA duplicative phase. Replication of the heavy GC-rich nDNA fraction, which contains genes for ribosomal RNA, occurred in early S; in contrast, replication of the main AT-rich nDNA fraction was maximal in late S. Concomitantly, specific methylation of the GC-rich nDNA was maximal in the first part of S, while that of the AT-rich nDNA was maximal in the second part of S. This suggested that genes are replicated and methylated with order during the S-phase.", "PMID": 375061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2734", "title": "Origins and control of stereotyped movements.", "content": "A large number of retarded individuals exhibit repetitive and rhythmical movements of a highly stereotyped character. Common forms of these behaviors include body rocking, head nodding, hand waving, head banging and so on. Such behaviors are distinguished by their apparently maladaptive and excessive nature. The frequency of these bizarre responses in negatively correlated with measured intelligence. Stereotyped movements usually have their onsets early in the life of the individual and, in many cases, appear to have become functionally autonous. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain the onset and maintenance of stereotyped movements. None can be accepted to the exclusion of others and all have some empirical support. Problems of measurement are particularly difficult ones in this area. Of the various methods devised to suppress stereotyped movements, those based on principles of learning seem to be the most popular. However, generalization and durability of suppression effects generally have not been dealt with adequately. Much less attention has been paid to ecological analyses of the natural environments in which individuals exhibits stereotypies. A case can be made that our knowledge about the initiating conditions for these behaviors and subsequent effects on the natural environment is far less than perfect. A number of research directions are suggested.", "contents": "Origins and control of stereotyped movements. A large number of retarded individuals exhibit repetitive and rhythmical movements of a highly stereotyped character. Common forms of these behaviors include body rocking, head nodding, hand waving, head banging and so on. Such behaviors are distinguished by their apparently maladaptive and excessive nature. The frequency of these bizarre responses in negatively correlated with measured intelligence. Stereotyped movements usually have their onsets early in the life of the individual and, in many cases, appear to have become functionally autonous. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain the onset and maintenance of stereotyped movements. None can be accepted to the exclusion of others and all have some empirical support. Problems of measurement are particularly difficult ones in this area. Of the various methods devised to suppress stereotyped movements, those based on principles of learning seem to be the most popular. However, generalization and durability of suppression effects generally have not been dealt with adequately. Much less attention has been paid to ecological analyses of the natural environments in which individuals exhibits stereotypies. A case can be made that our knowledge about the initiating conditions for these behaviors and subsequent effects on the natural environment is far less than perfect. A number of research directions are suggested.", "PMID": 375065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2735", "title": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine methyltransferase from Escherichia coli C].", "content": "The method of isolation and partial purification of DNA-cytosine-methyltransferase (DC-methylase) from E. coli C is described. The enzyme underwent approximately 100-fold purification. The obtained preparation of DC-methylase can be additionally considerably purified by sedimentation in sucrose gradient. Native molecular weight of DC-methylase from E. coli C. is 70,000. The activity of enzyme does not depend on the Mg2+ ions. DC-methylase E. coli C provides DNA of lambda phage in vitro with full resistance against restriction endonuclease EcoRII. In DNA methylated by DC-methylase the modified cytosine, mainly in C-MC and C-MC-T sequences, corresponds to the pyrimidine sequences of specific site EcoRII. DNA of lambda.B phage contains approximately 80 sites for modification by DC-methylase E. coli C. The results obtained point to the same specificity in vitro of DNA-cytosine-methylase E. coli C and DNA-methylase EcoRII.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine methyltransferase from Escherichia coli C]. The method of isolation and partial purification of DNA-cytosine-methyltransferase (DC-methylase) from E. coli C is described. The enzyme underwent approximately 100-fold purification. The obtained preparation of DC-methylase can be additionally considerably purified by sedimentation in sucrose gradient. Native molecular weight of DC-methylase from E. coli C. is 70,000. The activity of enzyme does not depend on the Mg2+ ions. DC-methylase E. coli C provides DNA of lambda phage in vitro with full resistance against restriction endonuclease EcoRII. In DNA methylated by DC-methylase the modified cytosine, mainly in C-MC and C-MC-T sequences, corresponds to the pyrimidine sequences of specific site EcoRII. DNA of lambda.B phage contains approximately 80 sites for modification by DC-methylase E. coli C. The results obtained point to the same specificity in vitro of DNA-cytosine-methylase E. coli C and DNA-methylase EcoRII.", "PMID": 375062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2736", "title": "[Modification of the RNA-polymerase of Escherichia coli by diethylpyrocarbonate].", "content": "E. coli DNA dependent RNA polymerase was modified by diethylpyrocarbonate. Optical and kinetic properties of the reaction were studied. More than 90% of RNA polymerase activity is inhibited by introduction of 9--11 ethoxyformyl groups per enzyme molecule without loss of its ability to bind DNA template. Furthermore the modified enzyme is able to form tight complexes with DNA and to compete with native enzyme for the formation of rifampicin-resistant complex. The ratio of the complex formation constants for the native and modified enzyme was determined to be equal to 10. The enzyme modified to such extent loses the activity in DNA dependent RNA as well as pppApU synthesis. Vmax value rather than Km value for both ATP and UTP decreases following the modification reaction. Incubation of the enzyme modified to the 10% of residual activity with 0.2 M hydroxylamine for 2 hours results in restoration of RNA polymerase activity. Most but not all of the modified histidyl residues restore their native structure. Two of 13 histidyl residues were modified irreversibly due to Bamberger's cleavage reaction, but these two residues were found to be unessential for RNA polymerase activity. Reaction with higher concentration of the diethylpyrocarbonate induces modification of more than 15--20 histidyl residues and leads to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Nevertheless the modification of the additional histidyl redidues was reversible as well as the modification of the first 11 residues. RNA polymerase modified to such extent loses the ability to bind DNA. Preformation of the initiated ternary complex of RNA polymerase with template and product fails to protect the enzyme from reversible inactivation at a low reagent concentration, but markedly decreases the rate of the irreversible and unspecific modification of sulfhydryl or amino groups of the enzyme. Reaction with the ternary complex results in reversible inactivation of the enzyme with respect to elongation of RNA chains as well as the pyrophosphate exchange reaction. The complex itself was, however, completely stable under the reaction conditions and the enzyme subunit structure was also conserved after the reaction. Evidently, the mild modification of the histidyl residues with diethylpyrocarbonate selectively inhibits RNA chain elongation.", "contents": "[Modification of the RNA-polymerase of Escherichia coli by diethylpyrocarbonate]. E. coli DNA dependent RNA polymerase was modified by diethylpyrocarbonate. Optical and kinetic properties of the reaction were studied. More than 90% of RNA polymerase activity is inhibited by introduction of 9--11 ethoxyformyl groups per enzyme molecule without loss of its ability to bind DNA template. Furthermore the modified enzyme is able to form tight complexes with DNA and to compete with native enzyme for the formation of rifampicin-resistant complex. The ratio of the complex formation constants for the native and modified enzyme was determined to be equal to 10. The enzyme modified to such extent loses the activity in DNA dependent RNA as well as pppApU synthesis. Vmax value rather than Km value for both ATP and UTP decreases following the modification reaction. Incubation of the enzyme modified to the 10% of residual activity with 0.2 M hydroxylamine for 2 hours results in restoration of RNA polymerase activity. Most but not all of the modified histidyl residues restore their native structure. Two of 13 histidyl residues were modified irreversibly due to Bamberger's cleavage reaction, but these two residues were found to be unessential for RNA polymerase activity. Reaction with higher concentration of the diethylpyrocarbonate induces modification of more than 15--20 histidyl residues and leads to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Nevertheless the modification of the additional histidyl redidues was reversible as well as the modification of the first 11 residues. RNA polymerase modified to such extent loses the ability to bind DNA. Preformation of the initiated ternary complex of RNA polymerase with template and product fails to protect the enzyme from reversible inactivation at a low reagent concentration, but markedly decreases the rate of the irreversible and unspecific modification of sulfhydryl or amino groups of the enzyme. Reaction with the ternary complex results in reversible inactivation of the enzyme with respect to elongation of RNA chains as well as the pyrophosphate exchange reaction. The complex itself was, however, completely stable under the reaction conditions and the enzyme subunit structure was also conserved after the reaction. Evidently, the mild modification of the histidyl residues with diethylpyrocarbonate selectively inhibits RNA chain elongation.", "PMID": 375063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2737", "title": "[Hydration of a preparation of total yeast tRNA].", "content": "The interaction of water molecules from the vapour phase with the total backer's yeast tRNA preparation was studied by the dynamic aquametric method. The primary hydration sites for processes of sorption and desorption of water molecules was evaluated by means of multilayer adsorption BET-equation. It was shown that the primary hydration sites are the oxygen atoms in the ribose-phosphate backbone of the tRNA molecule. The structure of surfaces of globular proteins and tRNA molecules were compared from the point of view of their ability to interact with water molecules. The higher degree of maximal hydration (under saturated water vapour or in aqueous solution) was considered as a result of regular arrangement of the most part of tRNA primary hydration sites.", "contents": "[Hydration of a preparation of total yeast tRNA]. The interaction of water molecules from the vapour phase with the total backer's yeast tRNA preparation was studied by the dynamic aquametric method. The primary hydration sites for processes of sorption and desorption of water molecules was evaluated by means of multilayer adsorption BET-equation. It was shown that the primary hydration sites are the oxygen atoms in the ribose-phosphate backbone of the tRNA molecule. The structure of surfaces of globular proteins and tRNA molecules were compared from the point of view of their ability to interact with water molecules. The higher degree of maximal hydration (under saturated water vapour or in aqueous solution) was considered as a result of regular arrangement of the most part of tRNA primary hydration sites.", "PMID": 375064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2738", "title": "Characterization of DNA adenine methylation mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The phenotypic traits of 7 independently isolated dam mutants of Escherichia coli have been examined. The mutant strains differ from the wildtype in the following respects: (1) decreased DNA adenine methylase activity in vivo and in vitro; (2) a 14--85-fold increase in spontaneous mutability; (3) decreased survival after ultraviolet irradiation; (4) a 10--21-fold increase in spontaneous induction of lambda phage from lysogens; (5) a 3--17-fold increase in the level of recombination; and (6) inviability of double mutants containing dam- and recB- or recC-. Unmethylated fd phage chromosomes are able to replicate normally in dam- mutants. A mutant strain in which the dcm gene is deleted is viable, showing that the dcm gene product is dispensible for growth.", "contents": "Characterization of DNA adenine methylation mutants of Escherichia coli K12. The phenotypic traits of 7 independently isolated dam mutants of Escherichia coli have been examined. The mutant strains differ from the wildtype in the following respects: (1) decreased DNA adenine methylase activity in vivo and in vitro; (2) a 14--85-fold increase in spontaneous mutability; (3) decreased survival after ultraviolet irradiation; (4) a 10--21-fold increase in spontaneous induction of lambda phage from lysogens; (5) a 3--17-fold increase in the level of recombination; and (6) inviability of double mutants containing dam- and recB- or recC-. Unmethylated fd phage chromosomes are able to replicate normally in dam- mutants. A mutant strain in which the dcm gene is deleted is viable, showing that the dcm gene product is dispensible for growth.", "PMID": 375073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2739", "title": "The ability of ionizing radiations of different LET to induce chromosomal deletions in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Conidia, derived from a strain of Aspergillus nidulans known to carry a specific chromosomal duplication, were irradiated. The duplicated segment had genetic markers, which, when eliminated from the genome, allowed the easy detection of deletion mutants. Survival curves derived following 15 MeV electron and gamma-ray irradiation were characterised by the presence of an appreciable shoulder, whilst 50 kvp X-rays gave a much smaller shoulder. Irradiation with beta-particles and alpha-particles gave rise to exponential survival curves. The RBE values for these radiations, based on the D37 value were for gamma-rays, 1.0, 15 MeV electrons 1.0, 50 kvp X-rays 1.9, beta-particles 2.1 and alpha-particles 3.4. With the exception of gamma-rays the radiations described were compared with respect to their ability to induce chromosomal deletions. When the number of deletants amongst survivors was plotted against dose, a linear relationship was found for electrons, X-rays and beta-particles. The response recorded for alpha-particles was essentially linear but with a biphasic component. The RBE values for the radiations, based on a value of unity for 15 MeV electrons were as follows: X-rays 1.3, beta-particles 0.8, alpha-particles above 7.5 krad 2.3 and below 7.5 krad 3.5. When these same data were re-plotted with number of deletants amongst survivors against log survival, electrons appeared the most efficient radiation at producing deletants amongst survivors, with an \"m value\" of 283 X 10(-5). Tritiated water was least efficient, the corresponding value being 182 X 10(-5). The number of deletants per 10(4) conidia plated, when plotted against dose yielded a curve which increased to a peak and then decreased linearly for all radiations. The peaks for electrons, X-rays and alpha-particles each had a value of about 14 deletants per 10(4) conidia plated and the peaks roughly corresponded with the point at which the survival curve became exponential and was clearly indicative of the accumulation of sub-lethal damage. However, for beta-particles the peak had a value of 7 deletants per 10(4) conidia plated. A non-DNA target has been implicated for cellular death following beta-particle irradiation.", "contents": "The ability of ionizing radiations of different LET to induce chromosomal deletions in Aspergillus nidulans. Conidia, derived from a strain of Aspergillus nidulans known to carry a specific chromosomal duplication, were irradiated. The duplicated segment had genetic markers, which, when eliminated from the genome, allowed the easy detection of deletion mutants. Survival curves derived following 15 MeV electron and gamma-ray irradiation were characterised by the presence of an appreciable shoulder, whilst 50 kvp X-rays gave a much smaller shoulder. Irradiation with beta-particles and alpha-particles gave rise to exponential survival curves. The RBE values for these radiations, based on the D37 value were for gamma-rays, 1.0, 15 MeV electrons 1.0, 50 kvp X-rays 1.9, beta-particles 2.1 and alpha-particles 3.4. With the exception of gamma-rays the radiations described were compared with respect to their ability to induce chromosomal deletions. When the number of deletants amongst survivors was plotted against dose, a linear relationship was found for electrons, X-rays and beta-particles. The response recorded for alpha-particles was essentially linear but with a biphasic component. The RBE values for the radiations, based on a value of unity for 15 MeV electrons were as follows: X-rays 1.3, beta-particles 0.8, alpha-particles above 7.5 krad 2.3 and below 7.5 krad 3.5. When these same data were re-plotted with number of deletants amongst survivors against log survival, electrons appeared the most efficient radiation at producing deletants amongst survivors, with an \"m value\" of 283 X 10(-5). Tritiated water was least efficient, the corresponding value being 182 X 10(-5). The number of deletants per 10(4) conidia plated, when plotted against dose yielded a curve which increased to a peak and then decreased linearly for all radiations. The peaks for electrons, X-rays and alpha-particles each had a value of about 14 deletants per 10(4) conidia plated and the peaks roughly corresponded with the point at which the survival curve became exponential and was clearly indicative of the accumulation of sub-lethal damage. However, for beta-particles the peak had a value of 7 deletants per 10(4) conidia plated. A non-DNA target has been implicated for cellular death following beta-particle irradiation.", "PMID": 375074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2740", "title": "Development of a liquid-holding technique for the study of DNA-repair in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Liquid-holding conditions can be obtained for human diploid skin fibroblasts by keeping confluent cultures stationary over periods of 7 days or longer by means of conditioned medium. Under this condition recovery of radiation damage induced by ultraviolet light or X-rays is observed as an increase in cloning efficiency. The amount of recovery when expressed in a dose-modifying-factor appears higher than in bacteria and yeast. The repair-deficient human cell strains XP25Ro and XP7Be (xeroderma pigmentosum from complementation groups A and D respectively) exhibit less but still discernible recovery after UV-irradiation and the same was observed for AT5Bi (ataxia telangiectasia) after X-irradiation. Experiments on mutation induction indicated that the repair which takes place during liquid holding of UV-irradiated XP7Be cells reduces the mutant frequency considerably while after liquid holding of UV-irradiated wild-type cells the same or lower mutant frequencies were found for the lower exposures and the same or higher mutant frequencies for the higher exposures.", "contents": "Development of a liquid-holding technique for the study of DNA-repair in human diploid fibroblasts. Liquid-holding conditions can be obtained for human diploid skin fibroblasts by keeping confluent cultures stationary over periods of 7 days or longer by means of conditioned medium. Under this condition recovery of radiation damage induced by ultraviolet light or X-rays is observed as an increase in cloning efficiency. The amount of recovery when expressed in a dose-modifying-factor appears higher than in bacteria and yeast. The repair-deficient human cell strains XP25Ro and XP7Be (xeroderma pigmentosum from complementation groups A and D respectively) exhibit less but still discernible recovery after UV-irradiation and the same was observed for AT5Bi (ataxia telangiectasia) after X-irradiation. Experiments on mutation induction indicated that the repair which takes place during liquid holding of UV-irradiated XP7Be cells reduces the mutant frequency considerably while after liquid holding of UV-irradiated wild-type cells the same or lower mutant frequencies were found for the lower exposures and the same or higher mutant frequencies for the higher exposures.", "PMID": 375075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2741", "title": "Induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast by chemicals: correlation with mutagenic action and its relevance in genotoxicity screening.", "content": "More than 200 chemicals, comprising drugs, pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals, food additives, etc. tested by various workers for their ability to induce gene conversion in diploid yeast, have been reviewed. This review shows that  a strong correlation exists between the convertogenic and mutagenic abilities of these chemicals. This conclusion confirms the earlier one by Zimmermann which was based on fewer mutagenic chemicals. Published data have further been analysed to confirm quantitatively Zimmermann's other important conclusion that gene conversion is not mutagen-specific. This is a positive advantage in using gene conversion in preliminary screening of chemicals because it reduces the chances of false negatives.", "contents": "Induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast by chemicals: correlation with mutagenic action and its relevance in genotoxicity screening. More than 200 chemicals, comprising drugs, pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals, food additives, etc. tested by various workers for their ability to induce gene conversion in diploid yeast, have been reviewed. This review shows that  a strong correlation exists between the convertogenic and mutagenic abilities of these chemicals. This conclusion confirms the earlier one by Zimmermann which was based on fewer mutagenic chemicals. Published data have further been analysed to confirm quantitatively Zimmermann's other important conclusion that gene conversion is not mutagen-specific. This is a positive advantage in using gene conversion in preliminary screening of chemicals because it reduces the chances of false negatives.", "PMID": 375078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2742", "title": "A combined testing protocol approach for mutagenicity testing.", "content": "The antischistosomal agent, hycanthone methanesulfonate (HMS), was employed to illustrate the utility of carrying out several mutagenicity tests in a single concurrent animal experiment. Several commonly used procedures that were successfully integrated into a multiple testing protocol included (1) metaphase analysis in bone marrow, (2) micronucleus test in bone marrow, (3) analysis of the urine for mutagenic constituents, and (4) the host-mediated assay using Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to these animal studies, in vitro mutagenicity testing with and without activation was carried out using S. typhimurium. HMS produced positive, dose--response effects in in vitro tests, metaphase analysis, micronucleus test, and urine analysis, but not in the host-mediated assay. The results of these integrated techniques suggest that such a protocol may be a benefit to those concerned with mutagenicity testing of chemicals.", "contents": "A combined testing protocol approach for mutagenicity testing. The antischistosomal agent, hycanthone methanesulfonate (HMS), was employed to illustrate the utility of carrying out several mutagenicity tests in a single concurrent animal experiment. Several commonly used procedures that were successfully integrated into a multiple testing protocol included (1) metaphase analysis in bone marrow, (2) micronucleus test in bone marrow, (3) analysis of the urine for mutagenic constituents, and (4) the host-mediated assay using Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to these animal studies, in vitro mutagenicity testing with and without activation was carried out using S. typhimurium. HMS produced positive, dose--response effects in in vitro tests, metaphase analysis, micronucleus test, and urine analysis, but not in the host-mediated assay. The results of these integrated techniques suggest that such a protocol may be a benefit to those concerned with mutagenicity testing of chemicals.", "PMID": 375079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2743", "title": "The mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles. IV. A comparison of the mutagenic action of several nitroimidazoles and some imidazoles.", "content": "The mutagenic action of 51 imidazoles was investigated. The fluctuation test of Luria and Delbr\u00fcck was used, with Klebsiella pneumoniae as test organism. 8 compounds, including 5 with a weak mutagenic action in the fluctuation test, were also investigated by the Ames test in which Salmonella typhimurium TA100 was used. Of the 51 imidazoles examined, 33 were nitroimidazoles. 31 of the latter appeared to be mutagenic, whereas out of the 18 other imidazoles without a nitro group only 2 were mutagenic. Several of the substances tested for mutagenicity showed an antimicrobial activity. No direct relationship between antimicrobial action, growth inhibition and mutagenicity was established. With methyl-nitroimidazoles a relationship was found between the chemical structure and mutagenic action. However, when the nitroimidazoles had a more complex chemical structure, a relationship between this structure and mutagenicity could not be established.", "contents": "The mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles. IV. A comparison of the mutagenic action of several nitroimidazoles and some imidazoles. The mutagenic action of 51 imidazoles was investigated. The fluctuation test of Luria and Delbr\u00fcck was used, with Klebsiella pneumoniae as test organism. 8 compounds, including 5 with a weak mutagenic action in the fluctuation test, were also investigated by the Ames test in which Salmonella typhimurium TA100 was used. Of the 51 imidazoles examined, 33 were nitroimidazoles. 31 of the latter appeared to be mutagenic, whereas out of the 18 other imidazoles without a nitro group only 2 were mutagenic. Several of the substances tested for mutagenicity showed an antimicrobial activity. No direct relationship between antimicrobial action, growth inhibition and mutagenicity was established. With methyl-nitroimidazoles a relationship was found between the chemical structure and mutagenic action. However, when the nitroimidazoles had a more complex chemical structure, a relationship between this structure and mutagenicity could not be established.", "PMID": 375080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2744", "title": "Mutagenicity of plant flavonols in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test: activation of flavonol glycosides by mixed glycosidases from rat cecal bacteria and other sources.", "content": "Over 70 naturally occurring and synthetic flavonoids were screened for mutagenicity with 5 tester strains in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay: TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98. Frameshift mutagenicity was confined to the flavonols (flavon-3-ols) in strain TA98, TA1537 and TA100. The two most mutagenic falvonols, namely, quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) and kaempferol (3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), exhibiting 12 and 7 revertants/nmol in TA98 respectively, are also the most common flavonols occurring in plants. Other flavonols exhibited less activity (revertants/nmol): galangin (2.0), rhamnetin (0.45), kaempferide (0.24), fisetin (0.14), myricetin (0.12), robinetin (0.06) and morin (0.05). All of these flavonols apparently exhibited significant activation by Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsome preparations (S9). However, subsequent study revealed that only those flavonols either lacking or possessing one B ring hydroxyl group had an absolute requirement for microsomal activation. Alternatively, quercetin with two B-ring OH groups is not activated by microsomal enzymes, but by soluble (S100) enzymes from liver which are apparently constitutive and not subject to the usual chemical induction. 3 flavonol glycosides, namely, quercetrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and robinin (kaempferol-3-O-galactosido-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside), were found to be nonmutagenic. They could, however, be activated by a variety of mixed glycosidases incorporated in the usual pour plate procedure. The most effective enzyme mixtures were obtained from rat cecal bacteria and from the snail Helix pomatia.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of plant flavonols in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test: activation of flavonol glycosides by mixed glycosidases from rat cecal bacteria and other sources. Over 70 naturally occurring and synthetic flavonoids were screened for mutagenicity with 5 tester strains in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay: TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98. Frameshift mutagenicity was confined to the flavonols (flavon-3-ols) in strain TA98, TA1537 and TA100. The two most mutagenic falvonols, namely, quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) and kaempferol (3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), exhibiting 12 and 7 revertants/nmol in TA98 respectively, are also the most common flavonols occurring in plants. Other flavonols exhibited less activity (revertants/nmol): galangin (2.0), rhamnetin (0.45), kaempferide (0.24), fisetin (0.14), myricetin (0.12), robinetin (0.06) and morin (0.05). All of these flavonols apparently exhibited significant activation by Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsome preparations (S9). However, subsequent study revealed that only those flavonols either lacking or possessing one B ring hydroxyl group had an absolute requirement for microsomal activation. Alternatively, quercetin with two B-ring OH groups is not activated by microsomal enzymes, but by soluble (S100) enzymes from liver which are apparently constitutive and not subject to the usual chemical induction. 3 flavonol glycosides, namely, quercetrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and robinin (kaempferol-3-O-galactosido-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside), were found to be nonmutagenic. They could, however, be activated by a variety of mixed glycosidases incorporated in the usual pour plate procedure. The most effective enzyme mixtures were obtained from rat cecal bacteria and from the snail Helix pomatia.", "PMID": 375081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2745", "title": "Detection of mutagens in the urine of rats following topical application of hair dyes.", "content": "Mutagens were detected in the urine of rats following topical application of two commercial oxidative-type hair dye preparations. The test system used was induction of back mutation with the bacterial tester strain TA1538, a histidine-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Various quantities of dye were applied to the shortened hair on the backs of the test animals. The dye was allowed to remain on the hair for 20 min after application and was then removed by shampooing and thorough rinsing. Maximal levels of mutagenic activity occurred with urine collected during first 24 h following dye application, and a dose--response was observed when increasing volumes of mutagenic urine were tested. Mutagens were detected in rat urine after intraperitoneal injection, and also after topical application of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, one of the constituents of the hair-dye preparations.", "contents": "Detection of mutagens in the urine of rats following topical application of hair dyes. Mutagens were detected in the urine of rats following topical application of two commercial oxidative-type hair dye preparations. The test system used was induction of back mutation with the bacterial tester strain TA1538, a histidine-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Various quantities of dye were applied to the shortened hair on the backs of the test animals. The dye was allowed to remain on the hair for 20 min after application and was then removed by shampooing and thorough rinsing. Maximal levels of mutagenic activity occurred with urine collected during first 24 h following dye application, and a dose--response was observed when increasing volumes of mutagenic urine were tested. Mutagens were detected in rat urine after intraperitoneal injection, and also after topical application of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, one of the constituents of the hair-dye preparations.", "PMID": 375082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2746", "title": "Hydrazines as mutagens in a histidine-requiring auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Hydrazines have been found naturally in tobacco and mushrooms. Other hydrazines are used in industry, medicine, and agriculture. Although about 38 hydrazines are carcinogenic, few, if any, have been tested successfully in rapid bacterial mutagenesis assays. We have utilized a tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1530) in order to determine the mutagenic activity of a number of hydrazines and related compounds. This strain is thus shown to be effective as a tester organism for the facile detection of hydrazines as mutagens.", "contents": "Hydrazines as mutagens in a histidine-requiring auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. Hydrazines have been found naturally in tobacco and mushrooms. Other hydrazines are used in industry, medicine, and agriculture. Although about 38 hydrazines are carcinogenic, few, if any, have been tested successfully in rapid bacterial mutagenesis assays. We have utilized a tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1530) in order to determine the mutagenic activity of a number of hydrazines and related compounds. This strain is thus shown to be effective as a tester organism for the facile detection of hydrazines as mutagens.", "PMID": 375083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2747", "title": "Comparison of the induction by cigarette smoke condensates of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells and of mutations in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Three cigarette smoke condensates were tested for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in ovary cells of the Chinese hamster and for mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. In the sister-chromatid exchange test an effect was obtained that was not enhanced by the inclusion of a system for metabolic activation. In the Salmonella test, an effect was only obtained by including rat-liver homogenates derived from rats treated with inducers of the enzyme systems necessary for metabolic activation. It appears that the SCE test and the Salmonella test are sensitive to different components of cigarette smoke condensates.", "contents": "Comparison of the induction by cigarette smoke condensates of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells and of mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Three cigarette smoke condensates were tested for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in ovary cells of the Chinese hamster and for mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. In the sister-chromatid exchange test an effect was obtained that was not enhanced by the inclusion of a system for metabolic activation. In the Salmonella test, an effect was only obtained by including rat-liver homogenates derived from rats treated with inducers of the enzyme systems necessary for metabolic activation. It appears that the SCE test and the Salmonella test are sensitive to different components of cigarette smoke condensates.", "PMID": 375084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2748", "title": "Chromosomal aberration tests on 29 chemicals combined with S9 mix in vitro.", "content": "A metabolic activation system with rat-liver microsome fraction plus cofactors (S9 mix) was applied to chromosomal aberration tests in vitro for the screening of chemical mutagens or carcinogens in the environment. Dialkylnitrosamines only induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells (CHL) when treated with S9 mix. The incidence of chromosomal aberrations in CHL varied with experimental conditions, e.g. incubation time, recovery time, components of S9 mic and inducers used for preparation of S9. For dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), the maximal incidence was obtained when the cells were incubated with S9 mix for 3 h and harvested 24 h after treatment. Therefore, this system (3 h incubation and 24 h recovery) was routinely applied to further screening of other chemicals with S9 prepared from PCB-pretreated rats. 10 carcinogens (e.g. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, quinoline, etc.) out of 16 induced aberrations when they were treated with S9 mix, whereas the remaining 6 carcinogens (e.g., 3-methyl-cholanthrene, 4-o-tolylazo-o-toluidine, etc.) induced few or no aberrations even after activation. Two insecticides, allethrin and diazinon, were strongly positive at relatively low doses only when they were activated with the S9 mix. Medical drugs, such as ethenzamide, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate and nitrofurazone, and a food additive, sodium hypochlorite, were positive on activation. Chemicals used for industry, such as styrene monomer and tris-dichloropropylphosphate, were also positive in our activation system.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberration tests on 29 chemicals combined with S9 mix in vitro. A metabolic activation system with rat-liver microsome fraction plus cofactors (S9 mix) was applied to chromosomal aberration tests in vitro for the screening of chemical mutagens or carcinogens in the environment. Dialkylnitrosamines only induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells (CHL) when treated with S9 mix. The incidence of chromosomal aberrations in CHL varied with experimental conditions, e.g. incubation time, recovery time, components of S9 mic and inducers used for preparation of S9. For dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), the maximal incidence was obtained when the cells were incubated with S9 mix for 3 h and harvested 24 h after treatment. Therefore, this system (3 h incubation and 24 h recovery) was routinely applied to further screening of other chemicals with S9 prepared from PCB-pretreated rats. 10 carcinogens (e.g. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, quinoline, etc.) out of 16 induced aberrations when they were treated with S9 mix, whereas the remaining 6 carcinogens (e.g., 3-methyl-cholanthrene, 4-o-tolylazo-o-toluidine, etc.) induced few or no aberrations even after activation. Two insecticides, allethrin and diazinon, were strongly positive at relatively low doses only when they were activated with the S9 mix. Medical drugs, such as ethenzamide, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate and nitrofurazone, and a food additive, sodium hypochlorite, were positive on activation. Chemicals used for industry, such as styrene monomer and tris-dichloropropylphosphate, were also positive in our activation system.", "PMID": 375085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2749", "title": "Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Two double-blind, crossover trials comparing the antiemetic effectiveness of nabilone, a new synthetic cannabinoid, with that of prochlorperazine were conducted in patients with severe nausea and vomiting associated with anticancer chemotherapy. Of 113 patients evaluated, 90 (80 per cent) responded to nabilone therapy, whereas only 36 (32 per cent) responded to prochlorperazine (P less than 0.001). Complete relief of symptoms was infrequent, occurring only in nine patients (8 per cent) given nabilone. When both drugs were compared, both nausea (P less than 0.01) and vomiting episodes (P less than 0.001) were significantly lower in patients given nabilone. Moreover, patients clearly favored nabilone for continued use (P less than 0.001). Predominant side effects noted by patients were similar for both agents and included somnolence, dry mouth and dizziness but were about twice as frequent and more often severe in patients receiving nabilone. In addition, four patients (3 per cent) taking nabilone had side effects (hallucinations in three, hypotension in one) that required medical attention. Euphoria associated with nabilone was infrequent (16 per cent) and mild.", "contents": "Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Two double-blind, crossover trials comparing the antiemetic effectiveness of nabilone, a new synthetic cannabinoid, with that of prochlorperazine were conducted in patients with severe nausea and vomiting associated with anticancer chemotherapy. Of 113 patients evaluated, 90 (80 per cent) responded to nabilone therapy, whereas only 36 (32 per cent) responded to prochlorperazine (P less than 0.001). Complete relief of symptoms was infrequent, occurring only in nine patients (8 per cent) given nabilone. When both drugs were compared, both nausea (P less than 0.01) and vomiting episodes (P less than 0.001) were significantly lower in patients given nabilone. Moreover, patients clearly favored nabilone for continued use (P less than 0.001). Predominant side effects noted by patients were similar for both agents and included somnolence, dry mouth and dizziness but were about twice as frequent and more often severe in patients receiving nabilone. In addition, four patients (3 per cent) taking nabilone had side effects (hallucinations in three, hypotension in one) that required medical attention. Euphoria associated with nabilone was infrequent (16 per cent) and mild.", "PMID": 375088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2750", "title": "Autoantibodies to gastrin-producing cells in antral (type B) chronic gastritis.", "content": "Autoantibodies that react exclusively with the gastrin-secreting cell of human antrum have been detected by immunofluorescence in eight of 106 patients with histologic evidence of chronic atrophic gastritis, Type B, involving mainly the antrum. These antibodies were of the IgG class and of low titer. However, follow-up studies one to two years later showed persistently positive reactions, despite symptomatic treatment. These data support the concept of an autoimmune variant of chronic \"antral\" gastritis, Type B.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to gastrin-producing cells in antral (type B) chronic gastritis. Autoantibodies that react exclusively with the gastrin-secreting cell of human antrum have been detected by immunofluorescence in eight of 106 patients with histologic evidence of chronic atrophic gastritis, Type B, involving mainly the antrum. These antibodies were of the IgG class and of low titer. However, follow-up studies one to two years later showed persistently positive reactions, despite symptomatic treatment. These data support the concept of an autoimmune variant of chronic \"antral\" gastritis, Type B.", "PMID": 375090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2751", "title": "[In vitro toxigenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus strain. Production of fumitoxins].", "content": "A new class of mycotoxins has been characterized from a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus: the fumitoxins A, B, C and D. The in vitro production of these metabolites is studied. Fumitoxins are common in cultures extracts of most strains of A. fumigatus. They are not detected from A. fischeri. Variations of the levels of these products during the incubation of cultures, and also by using different media, are noted. At all events, the toxicity of crude extracts of the mould, for the chick embryo, is equal to the one of the fumitoxins.", "contents": "[In vitro toxigenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus strain. Production of fumitoxins]. A new class of mycotoxins has been characterized from a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus: the fumitoxins A, B, C and D. The in vitro production of these metabolites is studied. Fumitoxins are common in cultures extracts of most strains of A. fumigatus. They are not detected from A. fischeri. Variations of the levels of these products during the incubation of cultures, and also by using different media, are noted. At all events, the toxicity of crude extracts of the mould, for the chick embryo, is equal to the one of the fumitoxins.", "PMID": 375091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2752", "title": "Pulmonary nocardiosis report of the first two Brazilian cases.", "content": "The first two Brazilian cases of human pulmonary nocardiosis are reported. Diagnosis was established on material obtained by direct lung puncture. A review of selected aspects on pulmonary nocardiosis in Latin American countries is presented.", "contents": "Pulmonary nocardiosis report of the first two Brazilian cases. The first two Brazilian cases of human pulmonary nocardiosis are reported. Diagnosis was established on material obtained by direct lung puncture. A review of selected aspects on pulmonary nocardiosis in Latin American countries is presented.", "PMID": 375092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2753", "title": "Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in two potted ornamental plants, cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum) and clivia (Clivia miniata). Biological and epidemiological aspects.", "content": "The presence and growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in the soil of ornamental plants have been demonstrated. The ecological conditions in the soil of such plants as influenced by temperature, humidity, desiccation, fertilization and ventilation obviously influence such fungal growth. The epidemiological significance of these findings is of interest with a view to the present efforts to control aspergillosis in the environment of susceptible persons. Observations of a preferential growth of certain Aspergillus species in the soil of defined plants under defined conditions raise problems of soil microbiology.", "contents": "Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in two potted ornamental plants, cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum) and clivia (Clivia miniata). Biological and epidemiological aspects. The presence and growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in the soil of ornamental plants have been demonstrated. The ecological conditions in the soil of such plants as influenced by temperature, humidity, desiccation, fertilization and ventilation obviously influence such fungal growth. The epidemiological significance of these findings is of interest with a view to the present efforts to control aspergillosis in the environment of susceptible persons. Observations of a preferential growth of certain Aspergillus species in the soil of defined plants under defined conditions raise problems of soil microbiology.", "PMID": 375093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2754", "title": "Actin-containing microprocesses in the fusion of cultured chick myoblasts.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of myoblasts from 11- to 13-day-old chick embroyonic breast muscle cultured on collagen-coated glass coverslips showed six stages of development into multinucleated myotubes: (1) growth of flattened, spread-out cells for 20-30 hr following initiation of monolayer cultures; (2) extension of microprocesses (1-150 microM) from cells that have become spindle shaped; (3) contact and adherence of microprocesses from adjacent cells; (4) thickening of fused processes; (5) approximation of the cells; and (6) coalescence of the cells to form a spindle-shaped myotube. When the calcium-ion concentration in the growth medium was lowered--either by increasing the concentration of ethylene-glycol-bis(aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetate (EGTA)or by decreasing the cconcentration of free calciumion used--the number of microprocesses present on the cells was reduced. Presumably, however, these microprocesses could still fuse together, provided that the calciumion concentration was greater than 160 microM. Indirect immunofluorescence assay with actin-specific antibody indicated that actin is a major component of the myoblasts' microprocesses. Cytochalasin B (5 microgram/ml) caused the microprocesses to retract within 15 min and the myoblasts to round up and detach from the glass substrate. This was presumably caused by the action of the drug on actin filaments.", "contents": "Actin-containing microprocesses in the fusion of cultured chick myoblasts. Scanning electron microscopic studies of myoblasts from 11- to 13-day-old chick embroyonic breast muscle cultured on collagen-coated glass coverslips showed six stages of development into multinucleated myotubes: (1) growth of flattened, spread-out cells for 20-30 hr following initiation of monolayer cultures; (2) extension of microprocesses (1-150 microM) from cells that have become spindle shaped; (3) contact and adherence of microprocesses from adjacent cells; (4) thickening of fused processes; (5) approximation of the cells; and (6) coalescence of the cells to form a spindle-shaped myotube. When the calcium-ion concentration in the growth medium was lowered--either by increasing the concentration of ethylene-glycol-bis(aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetate (EGTA)or by decreasing the cconcentration of free calciumion used--the number of microprocesses present on the cells was reduced. Presumably, however, these microprocesses could still fuse together, provided that the calciumion concentration was greater than 160 microM. Indirect immunofluorescence assay with actin-specific antibody indicated that actin is a major component of the myoblasts' microprocesses. Cytochalasin B (5 microgram/ml) caused the microprocesses to retract within 15 min and the myoblasts to round up and detach from the glass substrate. This was presumably caused by the action of the drug on actin filaments.", "PMID": 375087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2755", "title": "A seven-day volumetric spore trap for use within buildings.", "content": "The Burkard Volumetric spore trap, designed to operate for seven days continuously in the field, was modified to sample still air within buildings. The efficiency with which spores of Lycopodium clavatum and Agaricus bisporus were trapped at two rates of suction was determined. Spore distribution within traces and deposition on surfaces not beneath the orifice were assessed. In an appendix catches of four spore types by the Hirst and Burkard (field model) spore traps operating over mown grass were compared.", "contents": "A seven-day volumetric spore trap for use within buildings. The Burkard Volumetric spore trap, designed to operate for seven days continuously in the field, was modified to sample still air within buildings. The efficiency with which spores of Lycopodium clavatum and Agaricus bisporus were trapped at two rates of suction was determined. Spore distribution within traces and deposition on surfaces not beneath the orifice were assessed. In an appendix catches of four spore types by the Hirst and Burkard (field model) spore traps operating over mown grass were compared.", "PMID": 375094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2756", "title": "Systemic candidiasis in mice treated with prednisolone and amphotericin B. 1. Morbidity, mortality and inflammatory reaction.", "content": "Prednisolone potentiated candidiasis in mice when given as dosages of 1 mg, s.c. at-1 and + 24 h in relation to the time of inoculation, i.p. with any of 4 isolates of C. albicans which differed in degree of pathogenicity. Enhancement was shown by increased intra-abdominal colonisation, haematogenous dissemination and percentage mortality. There was at least a seven-fold increase in the mean area occupied by fungal colonies in median, longitudinal sections of kidneys after prednisolone treatment. Compared with those of fungal controls, renal lesions were deficient in inflammatory cells, only a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurring peripherally. Amphotericin B (AmB) at a non-toxic, total dosage of 0.5 mg given in two injections of 0.25 mg, i.p. at intervals of 24 h rendered infections non-lethal, or significantly reduced their severity, when started 24 or 48 h after inoculation. When antifungal treatment was delayed until 72 h, however, early deaths occurred despite the fact that the mean renal section area occupied by pseudomycelium was little more than that of controls and fibrosis of lesions was characteristic. Early mortalities increased even further when AmB, commencing at 72 h, was combined with prednisolone. This effect was thought to be due to the release of some toxic factor(s) following the leaching of cells by AmB combined with depleted antibody levels. Ascitic fluids from infected mice given Ehrlich ascites tumour cells showed marked increases in the concentrations of alpha2 and gamma globulins. Concentrations were almost reduced to normal levels in animals treated with prednisolone and/or AmB.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis in mice treated with prednisolone and amphotericin B. 1. Morbidity, mortality and inflammatory reaction. Prednisolone potentiated candidiasis in mice when given as dosages of 1 mg, s.c. at-1 and + 24 h in relation to the time of inoculation, i.p. with any of 4 isolates of C. albicans which differed in degree of pathogenicity. Enhancement was shown by increased intra-abdominal colonisation, haematogenous dissemination and percentage mortality. There was at least a seven-fold increase in the mean area occupied by fungal colonies in median, longitudinal sections of kidneys after prednisolone treatment. Compared with those of fungal controls, renal lesions were deficient in inflammatory cells, only a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurring peripherally. Amphotericin B (AmB) at a non-toxic, total dosage of 0.5 mg given in two injections of 0.25 mg, i.p. at intervals of 24 h rendered infections non-lethal, or significantly reduced their severity, when started 24 or 48 h after inoculation. When antifungal treatment was delayed until 72 h, however, early deaths occurred despite the fact that the mean renal section area occupied by pseudomycelium was little more than that of controls and fibrosis of lesions was characteristic. Early mortalities increased even further when AmB, commencing at 72 h, was combined with prednisolone. This effect was thought to be due to the release of some toxic factor(s) following the leaching of cells by AmB combined with depleted antibody levels. Ascitic fluids from infected mice given Ehrlich ascites tumour cells showed marked increases in the concentrations of alpha2 and gamma globulins. Concentrations were almost reduced to normal levels in animals treated with prednisolone and/or AmB.", "PMID": 375095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2757", "title": "Systemic candidiasis in mice treated with prednisolone and amphotericin B. 2. Ultrastructure and evidence for fungal toxin.", "content": "The principal ultrastructural changes in cells of Candida albicans treated with amphotericin B (AmB), either in vitro or in vivo, and in the presence or absence of prednisolone included plasmolysis, vacuolation and destruction of organelles. Lamination of the cell wall, although discernible after 4 h antibiotic treatment in vitro, was conspicuous in vivo, especially in prednisolone-treated mice given AmB 72 h after inoculation and was seen in both phagocytosed cells and those free in inflammatory exudates. Somatic extracts from control cells and somatic extracts and leachates from  AmB-treated cells showed the presence of low-grade toxic components when given i.p. to mice receiving antinomycin D(AMD) s.c. Culture filtrates were negative. Eighteen hour cultures were more toxic than those grown for 3 days and no toxicity was shown for cultures after 8 or 14 days. The behaviour of toxic materials during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels suggested that they were proteins of relatively high molecular weight.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis in mice treated with prednisolone and amphotericin B. 2. Ultrastructure and evidence for fungal toxin. The principal ultrastructural changes in cells of Candida albicans treated with amphotericin B (AmB), either in vitro or in vivo, and in the presence or absence of prednisolone included plasmolysis, vacuolation and destruction of organelles. Lamination of the cell wall, although discernible after 4 h antibiotic treatment in vitro, was conspicuous in vivo, especially in prednisolone-treated mice given AmB 72 h after inoculation and was seen in both phagocytosed cells and those free in inflammatory exudates. Somatic extracts from control cells and somatic extracts and leachates from  AmB-treated cells showed the presence of low-grade toxic components when given i.p. to mice receiving antinomycin D(AMD) s.c. Culture filtrates were negative. Eighteen hour cultures were more toxic than those grown for 3 days and no toxicity was shown for cultures after 8 or 14 days. The behaviour of toxic materials during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels suggested that they were proteins of relatively high molecular weight.", "PMID": 375096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2758", "title": "Dermatophytes in a population of bank voles and woodmice.", "content": "A population of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) inhabiting an oak wood in Somerset was examined for dermatophytes at monthly intervals for 2 years. The marked animals were frequently retrapped, allowing a study of host fungus relationship over a period of time. Microsporum persicolor (Sabouraud) Guiart er Grigorakis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard were isolated from both animal species, but M. persicolor predominated in bank voles and T. mentagrophytes in wood mice. In their most favoured host, both dermatophyte species often persisted for several months, but in the less favoured host they were never isolated at more than one sampling. Males of both animal species were infected more often than females. The existing evidence for the geophilic nature of both fungi is reviewed and shown to be very weak, especially for M. persicolor. This is the first report from Great Britain of T. mentagrophytes infection of wood mice not in contact with human habitation.", "contents": "Dermatophytes in a population of bank voles and woodmice. A population of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) inhabiting an oak wood in Somerset was examined for dermatophytes at monthly intervals for 2 years. The marked animals were frequently retrapped, allowing a study of host fungus relationship over a period of time. Microsporum persicolor (Sabouraud) Guiart er Grigorakis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard were isolated from both animal species, but M. persicolor predominated in bank voles and T. mentagrophytes in wood mice. In their most favoured host, both dermatophyte species often persisted for several months, but in the less favoured host they were never isolated at more than one sampling. Males of both animal species were infected more often than females. The existing evidence for the geophilic nature of both fungi is reviewed and shown to be very weak, especially for M. persicolor. This is the first report from Great Britain of T. mentagrophytes infection of wood mice not in contact with human habitation.", "PMID": 375097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2759", "title": "A new fluorescent viability test for fungi cells.", "content": "The fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide (FDA-EB) fluorescence method, primarily used to determine viability of mammalian cells, was applied to several fungi species. Living fungi cells produced fluorochromasia, i.e., an intracellular accumulation of fluorescein which could be easily visualized as a green color under the U.V. microscope. Dead cells showed a red bright color due to ethidium bromide penetration. The FDA-EB test can be successfully employed to assay yeast and yeast like cells viability since a good correlation was observed between this assay and the colony count technique. The main advantages of FDA-EB test are its speed, high sensitivity and simplicity.", "contents": "A new fluorescent viability test for fungi cells. The fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide (FDA-EB) fluorescence method, primarily used to determine viability of mammalian cells, was applied to several fungi species. Living fungi cells produced fluorochromasia, i.e., an intracellular accumulation of fluorescein which could be easily visualized as a green color under the U.V. microscope. Dead cells showed a red bright color due to ethidium bromide penetration. The FDA-EB test can be successfully employed to assay yeast and yeast like cells viability since a good correlation was observed between this assay and the colony count technique. The main advantages of FDA-EB test are its speed, high sensitivity and simplicity.", "PMID": 375098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2760", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antigens from Candida albicans circulating in infected mice and rabbits: the role of mannan.", "content": "Various antisera raised either to antigens of Candida albicans or to sub-lethal infections of blastospores (convalescent sera) were tested for their efficacy in diagnosing systemic disease in artifically infected animals. Globulin from convalescent serum, when conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), was the only antiserum type which detected circulating Candida-related antigen in the serum of infected animals. Conjugates made from anti-mannan, anti-blastospore or antimycelial globulin did not detect antigen. Mannan did not appear to be related to an antigen produced in sera of experimentally infected mice. The significance of these results in the diagnosis of systemic candidosis is discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antigens from Candida albicans circulating in infected mice and rabbits: the role of mannan. Various antisera raised either to antigens of Candida albicans or to sub-lethal infections of blastospores (convalescent sera) were tested for their efficacy in diagnosing systemic disease in artifically infected animals. Globulin from convalescent serum, when conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), was the only antiserum type which detected circulating Candida-related antigen in the serum of infected animals. Conjugates made from anti-mannan, anti-blastospore or antimycelial globulin did not detect antigen. Mannan did not appear to be related to an antigen produced in sera of experimentally infected mice. The significance of these results in the diagnosis of systemic candidosis is discussed.", "PMID": 375099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2761", "title": "Kallikrein, kininogen and kinins in control of blood pressure.", "content": "Plasma kallikrein releases bradykinin when activated by gram-negative septicemia or irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Pancreatitis releases glandular kallikrein causing hypotension and increased vascular permeability. Bradykinin in the brain produces hypertension. Renal kallikrein is released by high arterial pressure, vasodilators, low doses of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, mineralocorticoids and rapid volume expansion. It has a biphasic relation to sodium excretion. In essential hypertension, kallikrein release into the blood and urine is low and facilitates hypertension. High renin in Bartter's syndrome is balanced by high PGE and kallikrein without hypertension.", "contents": "Kallikrein, kininogen and kinins in control of blood pressure. Plasma kallikrein releases bradykinin when activated by gram-negative septicemia or irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Pancreatitis releases glandular kallikrein causing hypotension and increased vascular permeability. Bradykinin in the brain produces hypertension. Renal kallikrein is released by high arterial pressure, vasodilators, low doses of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, mineralocorticoids and rapid volume expansion. It has a biphasic relation to sodium excretion. In essential hypertension, kallikrein release into the blood and urine is low and facilitates hypertension. High renin in Bartter's syndrome is balanced by high PGE and kallikrein without hypertension.", "PMID": 375113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2762", "title": "On the control of renin release.", "content": "The role of carotid, aortic and cardiopulmonary receptors and of prostaglandins in the control of renin release was reviewed. It is suggested that the receptors in the low- and high-pressure circuits of the cardiovascular system control renin release through the renal sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla. It is suggested that prostaglandins play a role in the control of renin release under certain pathophysiological conditions.", "contents": "On the control of renin release. The role of carotid, aortic and cardiopulmonary receptors and of prostaglandins in the control of renin release was reviewed. It is suggested that the receptors in the low- and high-pressure circuits of the cardiovascular system control renin release through the renal sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla. It is suggested that prostaglandins play a role in the control of renin release under certain pathophysiological conditions.", "PMID": 375114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2763", "title": "Isolation of granules and vesicles rich in LHRH and catecholamines from the hypothalamus of the female rabbit.", "content": "In the female rabbit hypothalamus (HYP) the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and catecholamines (CAT) are mostly present in the granules and vesicles. A fraction of granules containing LHRH and vesicles containing CAT was obtained with 70% purity by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradient. This fraction was devoid of synaptosomes.", "contents": "Isolation of granules and vesicles rich in LHRH and catecholamines from the hypothalamus of the female rabbit. In the female rabbit hypothalamus (HYP) the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and catecholamines (CAT) are mostly present in the granules and vesicles. A fraction of granules containing LHRH and vesicles containing CAT was obtained with 70% purity by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradient. This fraction was devoid of synaptosomes.", "PMID": 375115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2764", "title": "Local changes in immunoreactive gonadotropin releasing hormone in the rat median eminence during the estrous cycle. Correlation with the pituitary luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The immunocytochemical approach was used to explore the possibility of local changes in immunoreactive gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) of the median eminence (ME) during the estrous cycle in rats, and an attempt was made to correlate these changes with immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) content in gonadotropic cells. On the day of proestrus, between 9:00 and 18:00 h, a severe depletion of GnRH from the medial palisade zone (MPZ) of the rostral part of the ME was observed whenever any marked changes in the density of GnRH present in the lateral palisade zone and in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) were visible. The depletion of GnRH from the MPZ was accompanied by a degranulation of LH-cells (stained with anti-pLH-beta) in the pituitary which occurred over the same period. It is postulated that the MPZ of the rostral part of the ME contains the majority of nerve endings originating from the perikaya responsible for the cyclic surge of LH.", "contents": "Local changes in immunoreactive gonadotropin releasing hormone in the rat median eminence during the estrous cycle. Correlation with the pituitary luteinizing hormone. The immunocytochemical approach was used to explore the possibility of local changes in immunoreactive gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) of the median eminence (ME) during the estrous cycle in rats, and an attempt was made to correlate these changes with immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) content in gonadotropic cells. On the day of proestrus, between 9:00 and 18:00 h, a severe depletion of GnRH from the medial palisade zone (MPZ) of the rostral part of the ME was observed whenever any marked changes in the density of GnRH present in the lateral palisade zone and in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) were visible. The depletion of GnRH from the MPZ was accompanied by a degranulation of LH-cells (stained with anti-pLH-beta) in the pituitary which occurred over the same period. It is postulated that the MPZ of the rostral part of the ME contains the majority of nerve endings originating from the perikaya responsible for the cyclic surge of LH.", "PMID": 375116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2765", "title": "Enzyme kinetic studies and inhibition by oligopeptides of LH-RH degradation in rat hypothalamus and pituitary.", "content": "The enzyme kinetic parameters of the degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and L-cystine-bis-(4-nitroanilide) (Cys-NA) by rat hypothalamic (HYP) and pituitary (PIT) extracts and the effect of various oligopeptides on the rate of LH-RH inactivation were investigated in vitro. The 105,000 x g supernatant of 1 rat HYP inactivated 57 microgram LH-RH during a 30 min incubation (Km = 12.4 microM, V max = 2.33 microgram LH-RH/mg protein/min), and of one rat anterior PIT, 48 microgram LH-RH during 30 min of incubation (Km = 12.2 microM, V max = 8.0 microgram LH-RH/mg protein/min). The synthetic substrate Cys-NA competitively inhibited LH-RH degradation with a Ki of 8.5 microM in the HYP and 6 microM in the PIT enzyme preparation. Vice versa, LH-RH also competitively inhibited the cleavage of Cys-NA with inhibition constants of 14 microM (HYP) and 15 microM (PIT) indicating that the 2 substrates are probably cleaved by the same enzyme. The most effective inhibitors of LH-RH degradation were found to be angiotensin-related peptides, neurotensin, bradykinin, and bacitracin. A relatively weak effect was obtained with oxytocin, enkephalin and puromycin. It is concluded that endogenous oligopeptides such as angiotensins, neurotensin, bradykinin, etc., may possibly influence H-RH degradation in the PIT and the HYP. The synthetic substrate Cys-NA may be an appropriate substrate for measuring the activity of an LH-RH-degrading peptidase, which therefore could be classified as arylamidase.", "contents": "Enzyme kinetic studies and inhibition by oligopeptides of LH-RH degradation in rat hypothalamus and pituitary. The enzyme kinetic parameters of the degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and L-cystine-bis-(4-nitroanilide) (Cys-NA) by rat hypothalamic (HYP) and pituitary (PIT) extracts and the effect of various oligopeptides on the rate of LH-RH inactivation were investigated in vitro. The 105,000 x g supernatant of 1 rat HYP inactivated 57 microgram LH-RH during a 30 min incubation (Km = 12.4 microM, V max = 2.33 microgram LH-RH/mg protein/min), and of one rat anterior PIT, 48 microgram LH-RH during 30 min of incubation (Km = 12.2 microM, V max = 8.0 microgram LH-RH/mg protein/min). The synthetic substrate Cys-NA competitively inhibited LH-RH degradation with a Ki of 8.5 microM in the HYP and 6 microM in the PIT enzyme preparation. Vice versa, LH-RH also competitively inhibited the cleavage of Cys-NA with inhibition constants of 14 microM (HYP) and 15 microM (PIT) indicating that the 2 substrates are probably cleaved by the same enzyme. The most effective inhibitors of LH-RH degradation were found to be angiotensin-related peptides, neurotensin, bradykinin, and bacitracin. A relatively weak effect was obtained with oxytocin, enkephalin and puromycin. It is concluded that endogenous oligopeptides such as angiotensins, neurotensin, bradykinin, etc., may possibly influence H-RH degradation in the PIT and the HYP. The synthetic substrate Cys-NA may be an appropriate substrate for measuring the activity of an LH-RH-degrading peptidase, which therefore could be classified as arylamidase.", "PMID": 375117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2766", "title": "Catecholaminergic drugs in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "The effect of dopaminergic-related and stimulatory drugs have been studied in chronic hebephrenic schizophrenics untreated with neuroleptic drugs. 6 patients received therapy of 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa per day orally for 30 days, then placebo for 30 days. Following that 3 of the same patients received therapy of 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa + 300 mg imipramine orally for 30 days, then placebo for 30 days. Following that the same 3 patients received 1 mg apomorphine s.c. for 15 days, then placebo for 15 days, then 1 mg apomorphine s.c. + 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa per os daily for 15 days, then placebo for 15 days. The patients were examined psychologically by the Wittenborn Rating Scale, the Weigl Object-Sorting Test, and tests for verbal learning and verbal association, before and after each therapeutic trial. Levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and GH were assayed radioimmunologically before, in the middle of and after each course of therapy. 2 patients showed improvement in the affective-behavioural symptomatology during therapy, while the other 4, who had a more severe degree of mental deterioration and destruction, were unchanged. FSH and LH levels, very low under basal conditions, did not change under therapy. Testosterone was very low before therapy and increased in only 1 subject. Normal basal GH levels increased during therapy in some of the patients, but not constantly. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the catecholamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic drugs in chronic schizophrenia. The effect of dopaminergic-related and stimulatory drugs have been studied in chronic hebephrenic schizophrenics untreated with neuroleptic drugs. 6 patients received therapy of 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa per day orally for 30 days, then placebo for 30 days. Following that 3 of the same patients received therapy of 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa + 300 mg imipramine orally for 30 days, then placebo for 30 days. Following that the same 3 patients received 1 mg apomorphine s.c. for 15 days, then placebo for 15 days, then 1 mg apomorphine s.c. + 2 g L-dopa + 200 mg carbodopa per os daily for 15 days, then placebo for 15 days. The patients were examined psychologically by the Wittenborn Rating Scale, the Weigl Object-Sorting Test, and tests for verbal learning and verbal association, before and after each therapeutic trial. Levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and GH were assayed radioimmunologically before, in the middle of and after each course of therapy. 2 patients showed improvement in the affective-behavioural symptomatology during therapy, while the other 4, who had a more severe degree of mental deterioration and destruction, were unchanged. FSH and LH levels, very low under basal conditions, did not change under therapy. Testosterone was very low before therapy and increased in only 1 subject. Normal basal GH levels increased during therapy in some of the patients, but not constantly. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the catecholamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 375121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2767", "title": "Guidelines for supervised wound care by emergency nurse practitioners.", "content": "Nearly 10 million patients with traumatic lacerations are treated annually in Emergency Departments in the United States. Since these wounds do not usually pose a threat to the patient's life, they assume a lower level of priority than emergent conditions. Consequently, treatment of patients with lacerations is often delayed until the emergent patient is resuscitated. In the event that wound care is inadvertently delayed, bacteria may proliferate to levels that result in infection. In selected patients, supervised wound care by an emergency nurse practitioner (ENP) can safely eliminate this delay in treatment. During their graduate training in the University of Virginia Nursing School, the ENPs are instructed to treat traumatic wounds with physician supervision. The criteria for patient selection and care are outlined in comprehensive guidelines reported herein. The bases for these treatment guidelines were clinical and experimental studies conducted at our medical center which examined the influence of various therapeutic decisions on the ultimate fate of the wound.", "contents": "Guidelines for supervised wound care by emergency nurse practitioners. Nearly 10 million patients with traumatic lacerations are treated annually in Emergency Departments in the United States. Since these wounds do not usually pose a threat to the patient's life, they assume a lower level of priority than emergent conditions. Consequently, treatment of patients with lacerations is often delayed until the emergent patient is resuscitated. In the event that wound care is inadvertently delayed, bacteria may proliferate to levels that result in infection. In selected patients, supervised wound care by an emergency nurse practitioner (ENP) can safely eliminate this delay in treatment. During their graduate training in the University of Virginia Nursing School, the ENPs are instructed to treat traumatic wounds with physician supervision. The criteria for patient selection and care are outlined in comprehensive guidelines reported herein. The bases for these treatment guidelines were clinical and experimental studies conducted at our medical center which examined the influence of various therapeutic decisions on the ultimate fate of the wound.", "PMID": 375130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2768", "title": "Familial malignant melanoma of the female genitalia: a case report and review.", "content": "An additional case of familial occurrence of malignant melanoma is presented, involving mother and son. This is the fourth case of familial occurrence of malignant melanoma in the female genitalia and the first occurring in the vagina reported in the literature. We present a review of the literature concerning the hereditary property of malignant melanoma, including a list of all 92 families and 240 patients reported. The importance of a family history of malignant melanoma for the early diagnosis of this disease in relatives at risk is stressed.", "contents": "Familial malignant melanoma of the female genitalia: a case report and review. An additional case of familial occurrence of malignant melanoma is presented, involving mother and son. This is the fourth case of familial occurrence of malignant melanoma in the female genitalia and the first occurring in the vagina reported in the literature. We present a review of the literature concerning the hereditary property of malignant melanoma, including a list of all 92 families and 240 patients reported. The importance of a family history of malignant melanoma for the early diagnosis of this disease in relatives at risk is stressed.", "PMID": 375144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2769", "title": "Ascending infection following cervicovaginal exposure to herpesvirus hominis type II.", "content": "An animal model is presented that demonstrates that following cervicovaginal inoculation, infective doses of herpesvirus hominis type II induce a form of herpetic encephalitis. Immunofluorescent results indicate that there is both neural and hematogenous spread of the herpes infection. The possible role of a latent viral infection in the genesis of an acute disease of the central nervous system is investigated in this experimental system.", "contents": "Ascending infection following cervicovaginal exposure to herpesvirus hominis type II. An animal model is presented that demonstrates that following cervicovaginal inoculation, infective doses of herpesvirus hominis type II induce a form of herpetic encephalitis. Immunofluorescent results indicate that there is both neural and hematogenous spread of the herpes infection. The possible role of a latent viral infection in the genesis of an acute disease of the central nervous system is investigated in this experimental system.", "PMID": 375146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2770", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic surgery.", "content": "A 2-year prospective double-blind study of prophylactic antibiotics in 317 patients undergoing elective total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy was conducted. Patients randomly received placebo, penicillin, or cefazolin 30 minutes prior to surgery and at 6-hour intervals thereafter for 48 hours. Rigid criteria for postoperative morbidity were established. Vaginal hysterectomy patients given either penicillin or cefazolin prophylaxis had fewer postoperative infections (P less than 0.01) compared to those given placebo. A similar trend was noted among women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy; however, this trend was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Despite continuous surveillance, no change in nosocomial flora or antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates was noted. Adverse drug effects and antibiotic-resistant secondary infections were encountered with similar frequency in all treatment groups.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic surgery. A 2-year prospective double-blind study of prophylactic antibiotics in 317 patients undergoing elective total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy was conducted. Patients randomly received placebo, penicillin, or cefazolin 30 minutes prior to surgery and at 6-hour intervals thereafter for 48 hours. Rigid criteria for postoperative morbidity were established. Vaginal hysterectomy patients given either penicillin or cefazolin prophylaxis had fewer postoperative infections (P less than 0.01) compared to those given placebo. A similar trend was noted among women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy; however, this trend was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Despite continuous surveillance, no change in nosocomial flora or antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates was noted. Adverse drug effects and antibiotic-resistant secondary infections were encountered with similar frequency in all treatment groups.", "PMID": 375147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2771", "title": "Therapeutic trial of the combination in an eye lotion of adrenaline (0.5 or 1%) and guanethidine (3 or 5%) in cases of open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Treatment of open-angle glaucoma has always been problematical, either because of the lack of efficacy, the inconvenience of multiple medication (handled by the patient with difficulty), or due to the high incidence of side effects. This study showed that an association of adrenaline and guanethidine in drop form, used in cases of open-angle glaucoma, achieved a rapid and lasting stabilisation of intraocular pressure. The main advantage of this form is the combination of two active ingredients for instillation twice daily. In addition, the pH and the nature and concentration of the ingredients are such that side effects, if they occur, do so at the beginning of treatment and are of short duration.", "contents": "Therapeutic trial of the combination in an eye lotion of adrenaline (0.5 or 1%) and guanethidine (3 or 5%) in cases of open-angle glaucoma. Treatment of open-angle glaucoma has always been problematical, either because of the lack of efficacy, the inconvenience of multiple medication (handled by the patient with difficulty), or due to the high incidence of side effects. This study showed that an association of adrenaline and guanethidine in drop form, used in cases of open-angle glaucoma, achieved a rapid and lasting stabilisation of intraocular pressure. The main advantage of this form is the combination of two active ingredients for instillation twice daily. In addition, the pH and the nature and concentration of the ingredients are such that side effects, if they occur, do so at the beginning of treatment and are of short duration.", "PMID": 375150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2772", "title": "Method of production of and antibody response to an oil adjuvant Bacteroides nodosus bacterin.", "content": "A procedure is described for the production of a highly concentrated Bacteroides nodosus bacterin. An oil adjuvant bacterin which elicited the best antibody response in rabbits produced a response in sheep which lasted for at least 6 months.", "contents": "Method of production of and antibody response to an oil adjuvant Bacteroides nodosus bacterin. A procedure is described for the production of a highly concentrated Bacteroides nodosus bacterin. An oil adjuvant bacterin which elicited the best antibody response in rabbits produced a response in sheep which lasted for at least 6 months.", "PMID": 375151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2773", "title": "Eikenella corrodens: a new pathogen.", "content": "Oral infections that result from trauma or dental manipulation are often thought to be of minor importance to the practicing clinician. The majority of oral infections respond well to treathis form of simple therapy is no longer as efficacious as it has been though to be. Soment with the common antibiotics without the need for laboratory culture and sensitivity. There are instances, becoming increasingly frequent, when this form of simple therapy is no longer as efficacious as it has been thought to be. Some exotic infections are frequently recalcitrant to treatment. These infections are usually caused by ubiquitious organisms, such as Eikenella corrodens. We are presenting several of our cases that were caused by this organism, as well as a review of some aspects of its microbiology, in order to attract the attention and interest of our colleagues in dental practice to this increasingly frequent problem.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodens: a new pathogen. Oral infections that result from trauma or dental manipulation are often thought to be of minor importance to the practicing clinician. The majority of oral infections respond well to treathis form of simple therapy is no longer as efficacious as it has been though to be. Soment with the common antibiotics without the need for laboratory culture and sensitivity. There are instances, becoming increasingly frequent, when this form of simple therapy is no longer as efficacious as it has been thought to be. Some exotic infections are frequently recalcitrant to treatment. These infections are usually caused by ubiquitious organisms, such as Eikenella corrodens. We are presenting several of our cases that were caused by this organism, as well as a review of some aspects of its microbiology, in order to attract the attention and interest of our colleagues in dental practice to this increasingly frequent problem.", "PMID": 375152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2774", "title": "Evaluation of sedative/analgesic combination for postoperative pain.", "content": "Current pain concepts suggest a dual role in pain perception. Both motivational, effective, and somatosensory components are noted. Pain affects the patient's psyche and, conversely, the patient's state of mind modifies pain perception. Consequently, it might be expected that a sedative/analgesic combination might be more effective than either the sedative or the analgesic alone in controlling pain. A clinical study was carried out to compare a promethazine-A.P.C. combination with promethazine and A.P.C. alone. One hundred forty-nine patients undergoing third molar removal were studied, with each patient serving as his own control. The results indicated a significant difference between the promethazine-A.P.C. combination and prometazine alone or Phenergan alone. No significant difference was noted between the promethazine-A.P.C. combination and A.P.C. alone.", "contents": "Evaluation of sedative/analgesic combination for postoperative pain. Current pain concepts suggest a dual role in pain perception. Both motivational, effective, and somatosensory components are noted. Pain affects the patient's psyche and, conversely, the patient's state of mind modifies pain perception. Consequently, it might be expected that a sedative/analgesic combination might be more effective than either the sedative or the analgesic alone in controlling pain. A clinical study was carried out to compare a promethazine-A.P.C. combination with promethazine and A.P.C. alone. One hundred forty-nine patients undergoing third molar removal were studied, with each patient serving as his own control. The results indicated a significant difference between the promethazine-A.P.C. combination and prometazine alone or Phenergan alone. No significant difference was noted between the promethazine-A.P.C. combination and A.P.C. alone.", "PMID": 375153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2775", "title": "Muscular form of glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease).", "content": "An 11-year-old boy who was previously thought to have progressive muscular dystrophy was studied clinically, biochemically, and histologically. He was seen initially with an amyotonic syndrome with no clinical evidence of heart disease. Light and histochemical examination showed vacuolar degeneration and abnormal accumulation of glycogen in the muscular fibers. Electron microscopy showed aggregates of glycogen granules surrounded by a well-defined membrane, as in previously reported cases of type II glycogenosis. Enzymatic study disclosed that acid alpha-glucosidase was deficient in muscle, liver, and heart tissue, although neutral alpha-glucosidase was present within normal ranges. Measurement of acid and neutral alpha-glucosidase activity in muscle from the patient and his sisters and in urine from them and their parents indicated that his sisters are heterozygotes and his parents probably are heterozygotes. The disease was transmitted as an autosomal-recessive trait.", "contents": "Muscular form of glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease). An 11-year-old boy who was previously thought to have progressive muscular dystrophy was studied clinically, biochemically, and histologically. He was seen initially with an amyotonic syndrome with no clinical evidence of heart disease. Light and histochemical examination showed vacuolar degeneration and abnormal accumulation of glycogen in the muscular fibers. Electron microscopy showed aggregates of glycogen granules surrounded by a well-defined membrane, as in previously reported cases of type II glycogenosis. Enzymatic study disclosed that acid alpha-glucosidase was deficient in muscle, liver, and heart tissue, although neutral alpha-glucosidase was present within normal ranges. Measurement of acid and neutral alpha-glucosidase activity in muscle from the patient and his sisters and in urine from them and their parents indicated that his sisters are heterozygotes and his parents probably are heterozygotes. The disease was transmitted as an autosomal-recessive trait.", "PMID": 375166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2776", "title": "Preferential distribution of lobar emphysema and atelectasis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "The chest roentgenograms of 142 neonates who survived mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (N = 99) and prolonged apnea (N = 43) were reviewed. Thirty-seven infants had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 17 of these developed lobar hyperinflation of the right lower lobe and collapse of the right upper lobe. Regional lung function was measured with a xenon 133 technique in three of these infants and in five other patients who either died or were lost to follow-up. All had BPD with right lower lobe overinflation. Ventilation was less in the lower regions than the upper regions bilaterally (P less than .001), indicating that the hyperinflation of the lower lobes was not compensatory for upper lobe collapse but was due to emphysema. Mean regional perfusion was equal in the upper and lower regions of the chest. This preferential distribution of lobaremphysema and ipsilateral atelectasis in BPD tended to present and regress simultaneously, but in many infants it lasted as long as eight weeks. Only one infant with persistent atelectasis developed pneumonia. The best mode of therapy appears to be supportive.", "contents": "Preferential distribution of lobar emphysema and atelectasis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The chest roentgenograms of 142 neonates who survived mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (N = 99) and prolonged apnea (N = 43) were reviewed. Thirty-seven infants had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 17 of these developed lobar hyperinflation of the right lower lobe and collapse of the right upper lobe. Regional lung function was measured with a xenon 133 technique in three of these infants and in five other patients who either died or were lost to follow-up. All had BPD with right lower lobe overinflation. Ventilation was less in the lower regions than the upper regions bilaterally (P less than .001), indicating that the hyperinflation of the lower lobes was not compensatory for upper lobe collapse but was due to emphysema. Mean regional perfusion was equal in the upper and lower regions of the chest. This preferential distribution of lobaremphysema and ipsilateral atelectasis in BPD tended to present and regress simultaneously, but in many infants it lasted as long as eight weeks. Only one infant with persistent atelectasis developed pneumonia. The best mode of therapy appears to be supportive.", "PMID": 375167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2777", "title": "Successful treatment of juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia with marrow transplantation.", "content": "A 46-month-old boy with juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia was treated intensively with hydroxyurea, dimethyl myleran, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation. He then received a marrow transplant from an HL-A matched brother. Thirty-two months after the transplantation, he is hematologically normal and remains disease free on no-maintenance therapy. The successful outcome of this case suggests that a bone marrow transplant for any patient with a suitable histocompatible donor should be considered in the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Successful treatment of juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia with marrow transplantation. A 46-month-old boy with juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia was treated intensively with hydroxyurea, dimethyl myleran, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation. He then received a marrow transplant from an HL-A matched brother. Thirty-two months after the transplantation, he is hematologically normal and remains disease free on no-maintenance therapy. The successful outcome of this case suggests that a bone marrow transplant for any patient with a suitable histocompatible donor should be considered in the treatment of this disease.", "PMID": 375170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2778", "title": "Risk of respiratory distress syndrome after prenatal dexamethasone treatment.", "content": "A prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out to determine whether glucocorticoid treatment reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in prematurely born infants. There were 127 infants born to 122 mothers who received either steroid (dexamethasone phosphate) or placebo. No differences between groups occurred in risk factors for RDS (eg, prepartum asphyxia, male sex, cesarean section). When those who received a full course of dexamethasone therapy were compared with those who received placebo, a significant reduction was found in risk, severity, and deaths due to RDS. An increased incidence of infection in mothers treated with steroid was evident, particularly after premature rupture of membranes. We conclude that steroids are effective in reducing risk of RDS, but safer and more efficacious approaches for the prevention of RDS should be sought.", "contents": "Risk of respiratory distress syndrome after prenatal dexamethasone treatment. A prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out to determine whether glucocorticoid treatment reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in prematurely born infants. There were 127 infants born to 122 mothers who received either steroid (dexamethasone phosphate) or placebo. No differences between groups occurred in risk factors for RDS (eg, prepartum asphyxia, male sex, cesarean section). When those who received a full course of dexamethasone therapy were compared with those who received placebo, a significant reduction was found in risk, severity, and deaths due to RDS. An increased incidence of infection in mothers treated with steroid was evident, particularly after premature rupture of membranes. We conclude that steroids are effective in reducing risk of RDS, but safer and more efficacious approaches for the prevention of RDS should be sought.", "PMID": 375171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2779", "title": "The antenatal use of betamethasone in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled double-blind study.", "content": "One hundred forty-six pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective double-blind study to assess the effectiveness and side-effects of antenatal administration of betamethasone in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in potentially premature infants. On admission to the study, the women were given, at random, either 12 mg of betamethasone or placebo. The same dose was repeated 24 hours later and then weekly up to 34 weeks of gestation. Gestational age of the infants ranged from 25 to 34 weeks, and birth weights ranged between 730 and 2,650 gm. Statistically significant differences in favor of the infants in the betamethasone group were found in the incidence of RDS, 20.7% in the betamethasone group compared with 59.5% in the control group (P less than .005); in the severity of RDS (P less than .05); and in the death rate (P less than .05). A higher incidence of hypoglycemia was found among infants in the betamethasone group (P less than .05). Prolonged rupture of the membranes played no protective role against RDS, and the incidence of infection was similar in both groups.", "contents": "The antenatal use of betamethasone in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled double-blind study. One hundred forty-six pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective double-blind study to assess the effectiveness and side-effects of antenatal administration of betamethasone in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in potentially premature infants. On admission to the study, the women were given, at random, either 12 mg of betamethasone or placebo. The same dose was repeated 24 hours later and then weekly up to 34 weeks of gestation. Gestational age of the infants ranged from 25 to 34 weeks, and birth weights ranged between 730 and 2,650 gm. Statistically significant differences in favor of the infants in the betamethasone group were found in the incidence of RDS, 20.7% in the betamethasone group compared with 59.5% in the control group (P less than .005); in the severity of RDS (P less than .05); and in the death rate (P less than .05). A higher incidence of hypoglycemia was found among infants in the betamethasone group (P less than .05). Prolonged rupture of the membranes played no protective role against RDS, and the incidence of infection was similar in both groups.", "PMID": 375172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2780", "title": "The chemiluminescence response and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from newborns and their mothers.", "content": "Chemiluminescence (CL) was measured in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) of 18 normal term infants, their mothers, and controls during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles. Chemiluminescence was significantly lower in the PMN of newborns in comparison with the PMN of their mothers and of the controls. Depressed bactericidal activity was demonstrated in newborn PMN, in comparison with the activity of the PMN of their mothers and controls, when challenged with Escherichia coli at large bacteria-PMN ratios. Uptake of radio-labeled bacteria by PMN was identical in newborns, mothers, and controls, which indicates that reduced CL was not a result of impaired ingestion. Therefore, PMN of normal term infants have both depressed oxidative metabolic responsiveness as measured by CL and depressed bactericidal capacity.", "contents": "The chemiluminescence response and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from newborns and their mothers. Chemiluminescence (CL) was measured in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) of 18 normal term infants, their mothers, and controls during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles. Chemiluminescence was significantly lower in the PMN of newborns in comparison with the PMN of their mothers and of the controls. Depressed bactericidal activity was demonstrated in newborn PMN, in comparison with the activity of the PMN of their mothers and controls, when challenged with Escherichia coli at large bacteria-PMN ratios. Uptake of radio-labeled bacteria by PMN was identical in newborns, mothers, and controls, which indicates that reduced CL was not a result of impaired ingestion. Therefore, PMN of normal term infants have both depressed oxidative metabolic responsiveness as measured by CL and depressed bactericidal capacity.", "PMID": 375175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2781", "title": "Localization and therapy of urinary tract infections of childhood.", "content": "One hundred four patients with 124 episodes of urinary tract infection were studied. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined on diagnosis of each patient. Children with a CRP equal to or greater than 30 micrograms/ml (CRP-pos) differed significantly from those with values less than 30 micrograms/ml (CRP-neg) in age, clinical presentation, K type of Escherichia coli causing disease, frequency or radiographic abnormalities, and presence of antibody coating of bacteria in the urinary sediment. E. coli K1 strains caused disease significantly more often in CRP-pos than in CRP-neg patients, and children with K1 infections were younger than those with non-K1 infections. The antibody-coated bacteria test was neither sensitive nor specific for localization of infection in pediatric patients. Determination of K1 antibody concentrations in serum and urine of E. coli K1-infected children provided data supporting the measurement of CRP as one means of localizing urinary tract infections. Patients with CRP-neg infections were treated as successfully with four days of antimicrobial therapy as with ten days.", "contents": "Localization and therapy of urinary tract infections of childhood. One hundred four patients with 124 episodes of urinary tract infection were studied. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined on diagnosis of each patient. Children with a CRP equal to or greater than 30 micrograms/ml (CRP-pos) differed significantly from those with values less than 30 micrograms/ml (CRP-neg) in age, clinical presentation, K type of Escherichia coli causing disease, frequency or radiographic abnormalities, and presence of antibody coating of bacteria in the urinary sediment. E. coli K1 strains caused disease significantly more often in CRP-pos than in CRP-neg patients, and children with K1 infections were younger than those with non-K1 infections. The antibody-coated bacteria test was neither sensitive nor specific for localization of infection in pediatric patients. Determination of K1 antibody concentrations in serum and urine of E. coli K1-infected children provided data supporting the measurement of CRP as one means of localizing urinary tract infections. Patients with CRP-neg infections were treated as successfully with four days of antimicrobial therapy as with ten days.", "PMID": 375176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2782", "title": "Shigella vaginitis: report of 38 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Thirty-eight cases of Shigella vaginitis were identified in a retrospective review of records kept over the past 14 years. The cases of vaginitis were due to three subgroups of Shigella. Vaginitis varied in severity and duration, persisting for several months in some instances. In 47% of the cases, there was associated bloody vaginal discharge. Only two children had diarrhea temporally associated with vaginitis, but six others had had diarrhea. Many treatment modalities were used. Systemic antibiotic therapy appeared more effective than topical antimicrobials in the few patients who could be evaluated. Review of the literature revealed 32 additional cases, including four in adult women.", "contents": "Shigella vaginitis: report of 38 patients and review of the literature. Thirty-eight cases of Shigella vaginitis were identified in a retrospective review of records kept over the past 14 years. The cases of vaginitis were due to three subgroups of Shigella. Vaginitis varied in severity and duration, persisting for several months in some instances. In 47% of the cases, there was associated bloody vaginal discharge. Only two children had diarrhea temporally associated with vaginitis, but six others had had diarrhea. Many treatment modalities were used. Systemic antibiotic therapy appeared more effective than topical antimicrobials in the few patients who could be evaluated. Review of the literature revealed 32 additional cases, including four in adult women.", "PMID": 375177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2783", "title": "Effect of heparinization of fluids infused through an umbilical artery catheter on catheter patency and frequency of complications.", "content": "Heparinization of fluids (1 unit/ml) infused through an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) was efficacious in prolonging catheter patency in a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study. On the basis of life-table analysis, the half-life of catheter function was seven days in the heparinized group as compared with just over two days in the nonheparinized group (P less than .01). UAC occlusion occurred in 4 of 32 patients in the heparinized and 19 of 30 in the nonheparinized group (chi 2 = 17.6, P less than .01). Blood transfusions, number of arterial blood gases drawn through the UACs, and fluid infusion rates were not related to catheter occlusion. Heparinization of the UAC infusion did not alter the partial thromboplastin time or the incidence of catheter-related thromboembolic phenomena in the extremities. Heparinization of fluids infused through a UAC appears to be useful in the care of critically ill neonates.", "contents": "Effect of heparinization of fluids infused through an umbilical artery catheter on catheter patency and frequency of complications. Heparinization of fluids (1 unit/ml) infused through an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) was efficacious in prolonging catheter patency in a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study. On the basis of life-table analysis, the half-life of catheter function was seven days in the heparinized group as compared with just over two days in the nonheparinized group (P less than .01). UAC occlusion occurred in 4 of 32 patients in the heparinized and 19 of 30 in the nonheparinized group (chi 2 = 17.6, P less than .01). Blood transfusions, number of arterial blood gases drawn through the UACs, and fluid infusion rates were not related to catheter occlusion. Heparinization of the UAC infusion did not alter the partial thromboplastin time or the incidence of catheter-related thromboembolic phenomena in the extremities. Heparinization of fluids infused through a UAC appears to be useful in the care of critically ill neonates.", "PMID": 375178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2784", "title": "Immunofluorescence in group B streptococcal infection and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Immunofluorescence was performed on lung tissue obtained at necropsy from 18 newborn infants, including five with group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis, seven with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and six control infants who died from other causes. Deposits of C3, IgG, and fibrin were found within hyaline membranes of infants who died with GBS sepsis or IRDS within 48 hours after birth. In some cases C4, factor B, and IgM were also observed. In five infants with IRDS who died more than five days after birth, immunofluorescent lung findings were less common and less intense. Hyaline membranes, attributed to mechanical ventilators and oxygen therapy in two infants who did not have GBS infection or IRDS, were negative for complement and immunoglobulins although fibrin was detected in one specimen. These data suggest that immunologic processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain types of acute lung injury, particularly in infants who die from GBS infection or IRDS during the early neonatal period.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence in group B streptococcal infection and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Immunofluorescence was performed on lung tissue obtained at necropsy from 18 newborn infants, including five with group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis, seven with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and six control infants who died from other causes. Deposits of C3, IgG, and fibrin were found within hyaline membranes of infants who died with GBS sepsis or IRDS within 48 hours after birth. In some cases C4, factor B, and IgM were also observed. In five infants with IRDS who died more than five days after birth, immunofluorescent lung findings were less common and less intense. Hyaline membranes, attributed to mechanical ventilators and oxygen therapy in two infants who did not have GBS infection or IRDS, were negative for complement and immunoglobulins although fibrin was detected in one specimen. These data suggest that immunologic processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain types of acute lung injury, particularly in infants who die from GBS infection or IRDS during the early neonatal period.", "PMID": 375179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2785", "title": "Effect of storage processes on the bacterial growth-inhibiting activity of human breast milk.", "content": "Human breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers, and aliquots were maintained at room temperature, frozen, and pasteurized. Samples were inoculated with 10 to 50 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) of Escherichia coli or group B streptococcus, and incubated at 37 C. Quantitative growth was measured at eight and 24 hours. No inhibitory activity was demonstrated by control broth, commercial formula, and pasteurized breast milk, which had a rapid logarithmic growth to a maximum of 10(8) to 10(9) cfu/ml at 24 hours. Compared with these controls, fresh breast milk, fresh frozen breast milk, and breast milk frozen for 21 days demonstrated a significant inhibition of bacteria growth. A trend toward gradual loss of inhibiting activity was noted with prolonged freezing of breast milk. Although freezing may quantitativly decrease the amount of some breast milk host-defense factors, it cannot be assumed that comparable functional reductions will necessarily result.", "contents": "Effect of storage processes on the bacterial growth-inhibiting activity of human breast milk. Human breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers, and aliquots were maintained at room temperature, frozen, and pasteurized. Samples were inoculated with 10 to 50 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) of Escherichia coli or group B streptococcus, and incubated at 37 C. Quantitative growth was measured at eight and 24 hours. No inhibitory activity was demonstrated by control broth, commercial formula, and pasteurized breast milk, which had a rapid logarithmic growth to a maximum of 10(8) to 10(9) cfu/ml at 24 hours. Compared with these controls, fresh breast milk, fresh frozen breast milk, and breast milk frozen for 21 days demonstrated a significant inhibition of bacteria growth. A trend toward gradual loss of inhibiting activity was noted with prolonged freezing of breast milk. Although freezing may quantitativly decrease the amount of some breast milk host-defense factors, it cannot be assumed that comparable functional reductions will necessarily result.", "PMID": 375180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2786", "title": "[Cis-diammino-dichloro-platinum therapy of cancers; phase II therapeutic trial].", "content": "We have conducted a phase II trial of cisdiammino-dichloro platinum (CDDP) which demonstrates its remarkable activity in testis embryonic carcinoma, in ovary carcinoma and in epidermoid cancers, especially head and neck and uterus cervix carcinoma. Its toxicity in mainly digestive and renal. This compound is now indicated in combinations in the case of the above mentioned tumors.", "contents": "[Cis-diammino-dichloro-platinum therapy of cancers; phase II therapeutic trial]. We have conducted a phase II trial of cisdiammino-dichloro platinum (CDDP) which demonstrates its remarkable activity in testis embryonic carcinoma, in ovary carcinoma and in epidermoid cancers, especially head and neck and uterus cervix carcinoma. Its toxicity in mainly digestive and renal. This compound is now indicated in combinations in the case of the above mentioned tumors.", "PMID": 375187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2787", "title": "[Production of O antigens and antibodies during urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "In 138 adults with monomicrobial E. coli urinary tract infections, IgG coated bacteriuria (ACB) are found in 9/10 acute pyelonephritis, 21/24 chronic pyelonephritis, 2/5 acute prostatitis, and in only 6/99 lower UTI. These urinary antibodies are synthetised localy because IgA-S are found in 75%, in the kidney because humoral IgG antibodies are detected in only 40% of the ACB + patients. O6, O18, O22, O75, are the four most frequent O antigens (47,5%) and no difference were found in the distribution of O serotypes according to ACB production or clinical signs. But rough strains are significantly more frequent in pyelonephritis, suggesting a modification of the bacterial wall. The use of ACB test and O serotyping allows a better follow-up of patients, but relapses with ACB- and reinfection with ACB+ show the complexity of the relation host-E. coli.", "contents": "[Production of O antigens and antibodies during urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli (author's transl)]. In 138 adults with monomicrobial E. coli urinary tract infections, IgG coated bacteriuria (ACB) are found in 9/10 acute pyelonephritis, 21/24 chronic pyelonephritis, 2/5 acute prostatitis, and in only 6/99 lower UTI. These urinary antibodies are synthetised localy because IgA-S are found in 75%, in the kidney because humoral IgG antibodies are detected in only 40% of the ACB + patients. O6, O18, O22, O75, are the four most frequent O antigens (47,5%) and no difference were found in the distribution of O serotypes according to ACB production or clinical signs. But rough strains are significantly more frequent in pyelonephritis, suggesting a modification of the bacterial wall. The use of ACB test and O serotyping allows a better follow-up of patients, but relapses with ACB- and reinfection with ACB+ show the complexity of the relation host-E. coli.", "PMID": 375188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2788", "title": "[Physiopathological and anatomical classification of small bowel diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The first small bowel diseases have been known for three centuries, but essential breakthroughs have occured in the last twenty years. A new classification may be proposed according to, the physiopathology, the anatomo-pathology, the etiology. From the physiopathological point of view one may separate enterocytic, pre-enterocytic or post-enterocytic malabsorptions. Small bowel injuries described by the pathologist include small bowel resections, villous atrophy, lesion of the lamina propria, or transmural lesions, the vascular pathology and the ulceration of the small bowel. A new syndrome is proposed: the rupture of the cellular continuity or intercellular syndrome.", "contents": "[Physiopathological and anatomical classification of small bowel diseases (author's transl)]. The first small bowel diseases have been known for three centuries, but essential breakthroughs have occured in the last twenty years. A new classification may be proposed according to, the physiopathology, the anatomo-pathology, the etiology. From the physiopathological point of view one may separate enterocytic, pre-enterocytic or post-enterocytic malabsorptions. Small bowel injuries described by the pathologist include small bowel resections, villous atrophy, lesion of the lamina propria, or transmural lesions, the vascular pathology and the ulceration of the small bowel. A new syndrome is proposed: the rupture of the cellular continuity or intercellular syndrome.", "PMID": 375189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2789", "title": "[Morphology and deformability of erythrocytes in muscular dystrophy].", "content": "In recent years, the presence of red cell morphological abnormalities in patients with Muscular Dystrophy has made the object of numerous, often contradictory reports. A possible source of such confusion may lie in the fact that human erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to morphologic transformations resulting from various manipulations or environmental conditions in vitro. We have examined the morphology and deformability of erythrocytes from 7 patients with Duchenne and 9 patients with Steinert (myotonic) Muscular Dystrophy. To avoid preparation artifacts, fresh, unwashed red cells suspended in their own plasma were examined under phase contrast microscopy for the presence of either echinocytes and stomatocytes. Deformability was measured by filtration of dilute cell suspensions at constant flow rate through nucleopore membranes (nominal pore diameter = 3 micrometer). No significant difference was found between the patients' cells and those of 22 healthy volunteer controls. We conclude that previously reported abnormalities may have been the result of preparation artifacts. It appears possible, however, that erythrocytes from Muscular Dystrophy patients may be more sensitive than normal ones to certain stimuli originating from red cell manipulations in vitro.", "contents": "[Morphology and deformability of erythrocytes in muscular dystrophy]. In recent years, the presence of red cell morphological abnormalities in patients with Muscular Dystrophy has made the object of numerous, often contradictory reports. A possible source of such confusion may lie in the fact that human erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to morphologic transformations resulting from various manipulations or environmental conditions in vitro. We have examined the morphology and deformability of erythrocytes from 7 patients with Duchenne and 9 patients with Steinert (myotonic) Muscular Dystrophy. To avoid preparation artifacts, fresh, unwashed red cells suspended in their own plasma were examined under phase contrast microscopy for the presence of either echinocytes and stomatocytes. Deformability was measured by filtration of dilute cell suspensions at constant flow rate through nucleopore membranes (nominal pore diameter = 3 micrometer). No significant difference was found between the patients' cells and those of 22 healthy volunteer controls. We conclude that previously reported abnormalities may have been the result of preparation artifacts. It appears possible, however, that erythrocytes from Muscular Dystrophy patients may be more sensitive than normal ones to certain stimuli originating from red cell manipulations in vitro.", "PMID": 375191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2790", "title": "Addition of oligonucleotides to the 5'-terminus of DNA by T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "Bacteriophage T4-induced RNA ligase catalyzes the controlled template-independent addition of RNA to the 5'-phosphoryl end of large DNA molecules. Restriction enzyme-generated fragments of Co1E1 DNA with completely basepaired or cohesive ends and linear single-stranded \u00f8X174 viral DNA were all good substrates. DNA molecules from 10 to 6000 nucleotides long were quantitatively joined in an hour to a number of different RNA homopolymers. The most efficient of these was A(pA)5; I(pI)5 and C(pC)5 were also utilized while U(pU)5 was not. The optimum ribohomopolymer length was six nucleotides. Joining of ribohomopolymers between 10 and 20 nucleotides long occurred at approximately 1/2 the maximal rate and a trimer was the shortest substrate. Thus RNA ligase provides a method for generating extensions of predetermined length and base composition at the 5'-end of large DNA molecules that complements the available procedures for extending the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of DNA.", "contents": "Addition of oligonucleotides to the 5'-terminus of DNA by T4 RNA ligase. Bacteriophage T4-induced RNA ligase catalyzes the controlled template-independent addition of RNA to the 5'-phosphoryl end of large DNA molecules. Restriction enzyme-generated fragments of Co1E1 DNA with completely basepaired or cohesive ends and linear single-stranded \u00f8X174 viral DNA were all good substrates. DNA molecules from 10 to 6000 nucleotides long were quantitatively joined in an hour to a number of different RNA homopolymers. The most efficient of these was A(pA)5; I(pI)5 and C(pC)5 were also utilized while U(pU)5 was not. The optimum ribohomopolymer length was six nucleotides. Joining of ribohomopolymers between 10 and 20 nucleotides long occurred at approximately 1/2 the maximal rate and a trimer was the shortest substrate. Thus RNA ligase provides a method for generating extensions of predetermined length and base composition at the 5'-end of large DNA molecules that complements the available procedures for extending the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of DNA.", "PMID": 375192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2791", "title": "2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphates: a possible substrate for E. coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "dUflTP was tested as substrate in the E. coli RNA polymerase system using poly(dAT) as template. dUflTP could replace UTP when Mn++ was utilized as divalent cation instead of Mg++. The level of transcription with the fluoro analog was then 55% of that with UTP.", "contents": "2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphates: a possible substrate for E. coli RNA polymerase. dUflTP was tested as substrate in the E. coli RNA polymerase system using poly(dAT) as template. dUflTP could replace UTP when Mn++ was utilized as divalent cation instead of Mg++. The level of transcription with the fluoro analog was then 55% of that with UTP.", "PMID": 375193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2792", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the transposable DNA-element IS2.", "content": "The complete sequence of the transposable DNA element IS2 in gal OP-308:: IS2 (I) has been determined. This element is 1.327 bp long. The integrated element is flanked by a five base pair long sequence duplication. The termini of IS2 are not perfect inverted repeats, but a close approximation.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the transposable DNA-element IS2. The complete sequence of the transposable DNA element IS2 in gal OP-308:: IS2 (I) has been determined. This element is 1.327 bp long. The integrated element is flanked by a five base pair long sequence duplication. The termini of IS2 are not perfect inverted repeats, but a close approximation.", "PMID": 375194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2793", "title": "In vitro methylation of yeast tRNAAsp by rat brain cortical tRNA-(adenine-1) methyltransferase.", "content": "Rat brain cortices from young animals contain large amounts of tRNA (adenine-1)methyltransferase(s). The enzyme(s) can methylate E. coli tRNA and to a lower degree yeast tRNA. Among yeast tRNA species which can be methylated we have selected tRNAAsp as a substrate for the brain enzyme. The digestions of in vitro methylated [Me-3H]-tRNAAsp with pancreatic and/or T1 ribonucleases followed by chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, 7 M urea, suggested that the methylation of tRNAAsp occurred at a single position within the D-loop. Further digestion of the radioactive oligonucleotide recovered after DEAE-cellulose chromatography by phosphomonoesterase and snake venom phosphodiesterase enzymes followed by bidimensional thin layer chromatography enabled us to determine the location of the adenine residue which becomes methylated by the brain enzyme. This one resulted to be the adenine 14 in the D-loop of yeast tRNAAsp.", "contents": "In vitro methylation of yeast tRNAAsp by rat brain cortical tRNA-(adenine-1) methyltransferase. Rat brain cortices from young animals contain large amounts of tRNA (adenine-1)methyltransferase(s). The enzyme(s) can methylate E. coli tRNA and to a lower degree yeast tRNA. Among yeast tRNA species which can be methylated we have selected tRNAAsp as a substrate for the brain enzyme. The digestions of in vitro methylated [Me-3H]-tRNAAsp with pancreatic and/or T1 ribonucleases followed by chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, 7 M urea, suggested that the methylation of tRNAAsp occurred at a single position within the D-loop. Further digestion of the radioactive oligonucleotide recovered after DEAE-cellulose chromatography by phosphomonoesterase and snake venom phosphodiesterase enzymes followed by bidimensional thin layer chromatography enabled us to determine the location of the adenine residue which becomes methylated by the brain enzyme. This one resulted to be the adenine 14 in the D-loop of yeast tRNAAsp.", "PMID": 375195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2794", "title": "Photosensitized formation of thymine dimers in DNA by tyramine, tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides.", "content": "The formation of Thy-Thy in DNA in the presence of tyramine, tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides such as Lys-Tyr and Lys-Tyr-Lys was studied with monochromatic UV irradiation. The formation of Thy-Thy by UV irradiation was enhanced in the presence of these compounds. The action spectrum of the photosensitization has a peak near 280 nm corresponding to the absorption spectrum of tyrosine. The triplet quencher reduced the sensitization substantially. The sensitization in native DNA was more than six times larger than that in denatured DNA. increasing the concentration of salts suppressed the sensitization. The nature of the interaction between DNA and the sensitizer is discussed.", "contents": "Photosensitized formation of thymine dimers in DNA by tyramine, tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides. The formation of Thy-Thy in DNA in the presence of tyramine, tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides such as Lys-Tyr and Lys-Tyr-Lys was studied with monochromatic UV irradiation. The formation of Thy-Thy by UV irradiation was enhanced in the presence of these compounds. The action spectrum of the photosensitization has a peak near 280 nm corresponding to the absorption spectrum of tyrosine. The triplet quencher reduced the sensitization substantially. The sensitization in native DNA was more than six times larger than that in denatured DNA. increasing the concentration of salts suppressed the sensitization. The nature of the interaction between DNA and the sensitizer is discussed.", "PMID": 375196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2795", "title": "Cloning, mapping and expression of the genetic determinant that encodes for the K88ab antigen.", "content": "The K88 antigen, a plasmid-specified virulence factor of E. coli involved in porcine neonatal diarrhoea, is often found to be associated with the ability to metabolize raffinose (Raf). Plasmid pRI8801 (51 megadalton) was used to clone the determinants of K88 and Raf with the vector pBR322. K88 was found to be encoded by a 7.7 megadalton HindIII fragment. The expression was highly dependent on the orientation of the HindIII fragment within pBR322. By in vitro generation of deletions, the HindIII fragment was reduced in size to 4.3 megadalton. The expression of K88 by pRI8801 and the recombinant plasmids was studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Raf was found to be located on a 4.0 megadalton SalI fragment. A physical map of pRI8801 was constructed. The K88 antigen and Raf genes are not closely linked but separated by a stretch of DNA of about 20 megadalton.", "contents": "Cloning, mapping and expression of the genetic determinant that encodes for the K88ab antigen. The K88 antigen, a plasmid-specified virulence factor of E. coli involved in porcine neonatal diarrhoea, is often found to be associated with the ability to metabolize raffinose (Raf). Plasmid pRI8801 (51 megadalton) was used to clone the determinants of K88 and Raf with the vector pBR322. K88 was found to be encoded by a 7.7 megadalton HindIII fragment. The expression was highly dependent on the orientation of the HindIII fragment within pBR322. By in vitro generation of deletions, the HindIII fragment was reduced in size to 4.3 megadalton. The expression of K88 by pRI8801 and the recombinant plasmids was studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Raf was found to be located on a 4.0 megadalton SalI fragment. A physical map of pRI8801 was constructed. The K88 antigen and Raf genes are not closely linked but separated by a stretch of DNA of about 20 megadalton.", "PMID": 375197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2796", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the cro-cII-oop region of bacteriophage 434 DNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a 869 bp segment of phage 434 DNA including the regulatory genes cro and cII is presented and compared with the corresponding part of the phage lambda DNA sequence. The 434 cro protein as deduced from the DNA sequence is a highly basic protein of 71 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 8089. While the cro gene sequences of phage 434 and lambda DNA are very different, the nuleotide sequences to the right of the lambda imm434 boundary show differences only at 11 out of 512 positions. Nucleotide substitutions in the cII gene occur with one exception in the third positions of the respective codons and only one out of several DNA regulatory signals located in this region of the phage genomes is affected by these nucleotide substitutions.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the cro-cII-oop region of bacteriophage 434 DNA. The nucleotide sequence of a 869 bp segment of phage 434 DNA including the regulatory genes cro and cII is presented and compared with the corresponding part of the phage lambda DNA sequence. The 434 cro protein as deduced from the DNA sequence is a highly basic protein of 71 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 8089. While the cro gene sequences of phage 434 and lambda DNA are very different, the nuleotide sequences to the right of the lambda imm434 boundary show differences only at 11 out of 512 positions. Nucleotide substitutions in the cII gene occur with one exception in the third positions of the respective codons and only one out of several DNA regulatory signals located in this region of the phage genomes is affected by these nucleotide substitutions.", "PMID": 375198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2797", "title": "Chemical modification study of aminoacyl-tRNA conformation.", "content": "Chemical reactivity of cytosines in 32P-labeled E. coli tRNA1Leu, E. coli tRNAPhe and yeast tRNAPhe before and after aminoacylation was examined by use of a cytosine-specific reagent, semicarbazide-bisulfite mixture. In all the three tRNA species examined, the cytosine residues that were susceptible to the modification were the same in the aminoacylated tRNA and the unacylated tRNA. Only a limited number of the cytosine residues were modifiable: those that occur in the anticodon, the 3'-CCA terminus, the D-loop, and the extra loop. The sites accessible by the reagent are in good agreement with the general three-dimensional structure of tRNA proposed in literature. These results indicate that the gross conformation of these tRNAs does not change on aminoacylation, and consequently favor the view that the T psi C(G) sequence could become exposed in later steps of protein synthesis in order to achieve the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomes.", "contents": "Chemical modification study of aminoacyl-tRNA conformation. Chemical reactivity of cytosines in 32P-labeled E. coli tRNA1Leu, E. coli tRNAPhe and yeast tRNAPhe before and after aminoacylation was examined by use of a cytosine-specific reagent, semicarbazide-bisulfite mixture. In all the three tRNA species examined, the cytosine residues that were susceptible to the modification were the same in the aminoacylated tRNA and the unacylated tRNA. Only a limited number of the cytosine residues were modifiable: those that occur in the anticodon, the 3'-CCA terminus, the D-loop, and the extra loop. The sites accessible by the reagent are in good agreement with the general three-dimensional structure of tRNA proposed in literature. These results indicate that the gross conformation of these tRNAs does not change on aminoacylation, and consequently favor the view that the T psi C(G) sequence could become exposed in later steps of protein synthesis in order to achieve the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomes.", "PMID": 375199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2798", "title": "Construction and analysis of recombinant DNAs containing a structural gene for rat prolactin.", "content": "Poly A-containing RNA enriched in prolactin-coding sequences was isolated from female rate pituitaries after induction with diethylstilbesterol. Double stranded cDNA was synthesized from this RNA and inserted into plasmid pBR322 at the Pst I site via the poly(dG):polyy(dC) tailing method. E. coli was transformed with this DNA and the recombinant plasmid in one of the transformants characterized in detail. About half of its 900 base pair cDNA insert was sequenced. The DNA sequence is consistent with most of the reported amino acid sequence of rat preprolactin. In addition, the recombinant plasmids in two of the other transformants appear to contain growth hormone coding sequences.", "contents": "Construction and analysis of recombinant DNAs containing a structural gene for rat prolactin. Poly A-containing RNA enriched in prolactin-coding sequences was isolated from female rate pituitaries after induction with diethylstilbesterol. Double stranded cDNA was synthesized from this RNA and inserted into plasmid pBR322 at the Pst I site via the poly(dG):polyy(dC) tailing method. E. coli was transformed with this DNA and the recombinant plasmid in one of the transformants characterized in detail. About half of its 900 base pair cDNA insert was sequenced. The DNA sequence is consistent with most of the reported amino acid sequence of rat preprolactin. In addition, the recombinant plasmids in two of the other transformants appear to contain growth hormone coding sequences.", "PMID": 375200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2799", "title": "Antibacterial properties of sodium nalidixate against avian Salmonellae in liquid and on solid media.", "content": "The in vitro inhibitory effect of sodium nalidixate (NaNA) for 206 avian salmonella cultures of varying serotypes was established in both liquid and on solid media. Salmonella cultures were much more resistant to the lethal effects of NaNA in veal infusion broth than on a solid medium such as MacConkey agar. The inhibitory effects of NaNA varied in liquid media, depending on the nutritive support afforded by the medium. Growth-suppressive effects were enhanced by less nutritive media. Reasons are suggested as to the possible differences in the inhibitory effect of NaNA on avian salmonella cultures grown in liquid and on solid media.", "contents": "Antibacterial properties of sodium nalidixate against avian Salmonellae in liquid and on solid media. The in vitro inhibitory effect of sodium nalidixate (NaNA) for 206 avian salmonella cultures of varying serotypes was established in both liquid and on solid media. Salmonella cultures were much more resistant to the lethal effects of NaNA in veal infusion broth than on a solid medium such as MacConkey agar. The inhibitory effects of NaNA varied in liquid media, depending on the nutritive support afforded by the medium. Growth-suppressive effects were enhanced by less nutritive media. Reasons are suggested as to the possible differences in the inhibitory effect of NaNA on avian salmonella cultures grown in liquid and on solid media.", "PMID": 375215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2800", "title": "Preparation and study of a fluorescent sugar analog competitive inhibitor of yeast hexokinase.", "content": "The preparation of 2-deoxy-2-amino-N-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonyl)-glucose (III) designed as a fluorescent competitive inhibitor of hexokinase was achieved after reacting 2-deoxy-2-aminoglucose and 1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalene sulfonyl chloride. (III) showed fluorescence excitation and emission maxima in water at 330 and 507 nm, respectively. (III) was found to competitively inhibit hexokinase and a value of Ki = 3.0 x 10(-3)M was obtained for the system hexokinase B + Mg.ATP + glucose at pH 8.4.", "contents": "Preparation and study of a fluorescent sugar analog competitive inhibitor of yeast hexokinase. The preparation of 2-deoxy-2-amino-N-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonyl)-glucose (III) designed as a fluorescent competitive inhibitor of hexokinase was achieved after reacting 2-deoxy-2-aminoglucose and 1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalene sulfonyl chloride. (III) showed fluorescence excitation and emission maxima in water at 330 and 507 nm, respectively. (III) was found to competitively inhibit hexokinase and a value of Ki = 3.0 x 10(-3)M was obtained for the system hexokinase B + Mg.ATP + glucose at pH 8.4.", "PMID": 375217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2801", "title": "Isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi from the blood of infected mice by column chromatography.", "content": "Trypomastogotes of three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated from the blood of infected mice employing lymphoprep for separation of the red blood cells and a column of DEAE cellulose for removal of white cells and platelets. An average recovery of 45 to 58 percent of actively motile, infective organisms, free of contaminating blood cells was obtained. Protein and carbohydrate assays of the separated organisms revealed significant differences between the Tulahuen, a reticulotropic strain, and the House 510 and House 11, two myotropic strains of this parasitic species. The present procedure should provide sufficient parasites for physiological and biochemical studies; it has also served to indicate particular strain characteristics which may aid in a taxonomic classification of these organisms.", "contents": "Isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi from the blood of infected mice by column chromatography. Trypomastogotes of three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated from the blood of infected mice employing lymphoprep for separation of the red blood cells and a column of DEAE cellulose for removal of white cells and platelets. An average recovery of 45 to 58 percent of actively motile, infective organisms, free of contaminating blood cells was obtained. Protein and carbohydrate assays of the separated organisms revealed significant differences between the Tulahuen, a reticulotropic strain, and the House 510 and House 11, two myotropic strains of this parasitic species. The present procedure should provide sufficient parasites for physiological and biochemical studies; it has also served to indicate particular strain characteristics which may aid in a taxonomic classification of these organisms.", "PMID": 375218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2802", "title": "High-frequency transformation of yeast: autonomous replication of hybrid DNA molecules.", "content": "A set of vector DNAs (Y vectors) useful for the cloning of DNA fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and in Escherichia coli are characterized. With these vectors, three modes of yeast transformation are defined. (i) Vectors containing yeast chromosomal DNA sequences (YIp1, YIp5) transform yeast cells at low frequency (1--10 colonies per microgram) and integrate into the genome by homologous recombination; this recombination is reversible. (ii) Hybrids containing endogenous yeast plasmid DNA sequences (YEp2, YEp6) transform yeast cells at much higher frequency (5000--20,000 colonies per microgram). Such molecules replicate autonomously with an average copy number of 5--10 covalently closed circles per yeast cell and also replicate as a chromosomally integrated structure. This DNA may be physically isolated in intact form from either yeast or E. coli and used to transform either organism at high frequency. (iii) Vectors containing a 1.4-kilobase yeast DNA fragment that includes the centromere linked trp1 gene (YRp7) transform yeast with an efficiency of 500--5000 colonies per microgram; such molecules behave as minichromosomes because they replicate autonomously but do not integrate into the genome. The uses of Y vectors for the following genetic manipulations in yeast are discussed: isolation of genes; construction of haploid strains that are merodiploid for a particular DNA sequence; and directed alterations of the yeast genome. General methods for the selection and the analysis of these events are presented.", "contents": "High-frequency transformation of yeast: autonomous replication of hybrid DNA molecules. A set of vector DNAs (Y vectors) useful for the cloning of DNA fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and in Escherichia coli are characterized. With these vectors, three modes of yeast transformation are defined. (i) Vectors containing yeast chromosomal DNA sequences (YIp1, YIp5) transform yeast cells at low frequency (1--10 colonies per microgram) and integrate into the genome by homologous recombination; this recombination is reversible. (ii) Hybrids containing endogenous yeast plasmid DNA sequences (YEp2, YEp6) transform yeast cells at much higher frequency (5000--20,000 colonies per microgram). Such molecules replicate autonomously with an average copy number of 5--10 covalently closed circles per yeast cell and also replicate as a chromosomally integrated structure. This DNA may be physically isolated in intact form from either yeast or E. coli and used to transform either organism at high frequency. (iii) Vectors containing a 1.4-kilobase yeast DNA fragment that includes the centromere linked trp1 gene (YRp7) transform yeast with an efficiency of 500--5000 colonies per microgram; such molecules behave as minichromosomes because they replicate autonomously but do not integrate into the genome. The uses of Y vectors for the following genetic manipulations in yeast are discussed: isolation of genes; construction of haploid strains that are merodiploid for a particular DNA sequence; and directed alterations of the yeast genome. General methods for the selection and the analysis of these events are presented.", "PMID": 375221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2803", "title": "Interaction of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 with ribosomes.", "content": "The binding affinity of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 for 30S ribosomal particles has been determined by a sucrose gradient band sedimentation technique; the association constant (K) for the binding of one S1 protein per active 30S ribosomal subunit is approximately 2 X 10(8) M-1. The involvement of the two polynucleotide binding sites of S1 protein (site I binding single-stranded DNA or RNA, and site II binding single-stranded RNA only) in the S1--ribosomal interaction have been examined by competition experiments with polynucleotides of known affinity for the two sites. We find that site I does not contribute to the interaction; site II binding appears to provide a major part of the binding free energy, presumably by interaction of S1 with the 16S rRNA of the 30S particle. The remaining binding free energy is probably derived from the interaction of S1 protein with other proteins of the 30S subunit. The affinity of S1 for 70S ribosomes is about the same as that for the 30S subunit; the affinity of S1 for 50S subunits is much less. Binding affinities and stoichiometries of S1 protein with \"inactive\" 30S ribosomal subunits have also been examined.", "contents": "Interaction of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 with ribosomes. The binding affinity of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 for 30S ribosomal particles has been determined by a sucrose gradient band sedimentation technique; the association constant (K) for the binding of one S1 protein per active 30S ribosomal subunit is approximately 2 X 10(8) M-1. The involvement of the two polynucleotide binding sites of S1 protein (site I binding single-stranded DNA or RNA, and site II binding single-stranded RNA only) in the S1--ribosomal interaction have been examined by competition experiments with polynucleotides of known affinity for the two sites. We find that site I does not contribute to the interaction; site II binding appears to provide a major part of the binding free energy, presumably by interaction of S1 with the 16S rRNA of the 30S particle. The remaining binding free energy is probably derived from the interaction of S1 protein with other proteins of the 30S subunit. The affinity of S1 for 70S ribosomes is about the same as that for the 30S subunit; the affinity of S1 for 50S subunits is much less. Binding affinities and stoichiometries of S1 protein with \"inactive\" 30S ribosomal subunits have also been examined.", "PMID": 375222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2804", "title": "Localization of the decoding region on the 30S Escherichia coli ribosomal subunit by affinity immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The decoding region of the Escherichia coli ribosome has been localized by affinity immunoelectron microscopy. Valyl-tRNA1Val, derivatized at the alpha-amino end with the dinitrophenyl group, was bound to the ribosomal P site of 70S ribosomes and crosslinked specifically to 16S RNA by 310- to 325-nm irradiation. Previous work has shown that crosslink occurs between the 5' anticodon base of the tRNA and a pyrimidine in the 3' one-third of the 16S RNA. By reaction of the dinitrophenyl group with antibody, dimers of the 30S tRNA covalent complexes were prepared containing one covalently attached tRNA per 30S subunit. Electron microscopic visualization of the antibody attached to the dinitrophenyl group located the position of the 3' end of the tRNA. Several sites, with a strong preference for the large protrusion or cleft region in the upper one-third of the subunit, were found. The multiplicity of sites is likely due to the freedom of orientation of the 3' end of the tRNA which is approximately 80 A from the site of crosslinking. By extrapolating this distance from each of the antigenic sites, we concluded that the anticodon of tRNA when in the P site is probably located in the cleft region of the 30S subunit.", "contents": "Localization of the decoding region on the 30S Escherichia coli ribosomal subunit by affinity immunoelectron microscopy. The decoding region of the Escherichia coli ribosome has been localized by affinity immunoelectron microscopy. Valyl-tRNA1Val, derivatized at the alpha-amino end with the dinitrophenyl group, was bound to the ribosomal P site of 70S ribosomes and crosslinked specifically to 16S RNA by 310- to 325-nm irradiation. Previous work has shown that crosslink occurs between the 5' anticodon base of the tRNA and a pyrimidine in the 3' one-third of the 16S RNA. By reaction of the dinitrophenyl group with antibody, dimers of the 30S tRNA covalent complexes were prepared containing one covalently attached tRNA per 30S subunit. Electron microscopic visualization of the antibody attached to the dinitrophenyl group located the position of the 3' end of the tRNA. Several sites, with a strong preference for the large protrusion or cleft region in the upper one-third of the subunit, were found. The multiplicity of sites is likely due to the freedom of orientation of the 3' end of the tRNA which is approximately 80 A from the site of crosslinking. By extrapolating this distance from each of the antigenic sites, we concluded that the anticodon of tRNA when in the P site is probably located in the cleft region of the 30S subunit.", "PMID": 375223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2805", "title": "Biochemical assay designed to detect formation of recombination intermediates in vitro.", "content": "A biochemical assay that is designed to detect recombination intermediates formed in vitro is described. The assay measures the fusion of two essentially homologous plasmids, one of which is radioactively labeled and the other of which carries several copies of the lac operator. The fusion product is radioactive and can be bound to a nitrocellulose filter by lac repressor. This assay for genome fusion is rapid and readily applicable to the many fractions that result during enzyme purification. The fused product is not destroyed in the assay and may be recovered from the filter for further analysis by electron microscopy. The product is then seen to consist of figure 8 structures that can be cleaved by the restriction enzyme EcoRI to give chi forms, structures similar to those recovered from recombination-proficient cells. It is expected that this assay will be useful in the purification of the \"recombinase-type\" activity detected in crude cell lysates. To demonstrate this point, the assay was applied to the protein fractions recovered from a molecular sieve column. The results indicate that the fusion activity has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000--100,000.", "contents": "Biochemical assay designed to detect formation of recombination intermediates in vitro. A biochemical assay that is designed to detect recombination intermediates formed in vitro is described. The assay measures the fusion of two essentially homologous plasmids, one of which is radioactively labeled and the other of which carries several copies of the lac operator. The fusion product is radioactive and can be bound to a nitrocellulose filter by lac repressor. This assay for genome fusion is rapid and readily applicable to the many fractions that result during enzyme purification. The fused product is not destroyed in the assay and may be recovered from the filter for further analysis by electron microscopy. The product is then seen to consist of figure 8 structures that can be cleaved by the restriction enzyme EcoRI to give chi forms, structures similar to those recovered from recombination-proficient cells. It is expected that this assay will be useful in the purification of the \"recombinase-type\" activity detected in crude cell lysates. To demonstrate this point, the assay was applied to the protein fractions recovered from a molecular sieve column. The results indicate that the fusion activity has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000--100,000.", "PMID": 375224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2806", "title": "Enzymatic insertion of purine bases into depurinated DNA in vitro.", "content": "An enzymatic activity that inserts purines into depurinated DNA was found in a soluble enzyme extract of Escherichia coli. This activity brings about the insertion of adenine and guanine into the appropriate apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA by using the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as the purine donors. Magnesium ions are required for this activity, it is inhibited by caffeine, and it does not act on depurinated single-stranded DNA. The insertion activity described here may represent a step in a repair mechanism, \"base-insertion repair,\" whereby apurinic sites (which may occur in double-stranded DNA either due to the removal of damaged purines with specific glycosylases or by spontaneous depurination) are directly filled with the correct missing purine base.", "contents": "Enzymatic insertion of purine bases into depurinated DNA in vitro. An enzymatic activity that inserts purines into depurinated DNA was found in a soluble enzyme extract of Escherichia coli. This activity brings about the insertion of adenine and guanine into the appropriate apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA by using the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as the purine donors. Magnesium ions are required for this activity, it is inhibited by caffeine, and it does not act on depurinated single-stranded DNA. The insertion activity described here may represent a step in a repair mechanism, \"base-insertion repair,\" whereby apurinic sites (which may occur in double-stranded DNA either due to the removal of damaged purines with specific glycosylases or by spontaneous depurination) are directly filled with the correct missing purine base.", "PMID": 375225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2807", "title": "Mutations reducing the activity of c17, a promoter of phage lambda formed by a tandem duplication.", "content": "We report the isolation of four independently selected mutations (scs) in the c17 promoter of phage lambda that reduce or eliminate the promoter activity. The c17 promoter is not normally present in lambda, and has been shown to be generated by a tandem duplication which creates a \"Pribnow Box,\" a heptamer sequence implicated in promoter activity. This sequence is located upstream from the site of transcription initiation and is present, with some variation, in all promoters whose sequences have been determined. Analysis of the c17 duplications carrying the scs mutations reveals that three of these mutants carry single base-pair changes in the most highly conserved base pairs of the Pribnow Box and that the other mutation is a reversion to the wild type sequence in this region (i.e., a loss of the duplicated base pairs).", "contents": "Mutations reducing the activity of c17, a promoter of phage lambda formed by a tandem duplication. We report the isolation of four independently selected mutations (scs) in the c17 promoter of phage lambda that reduce or eliminate the promoter activity. The c17 promoter is not normally present in lambda, and has been shown to be generated by a tandem duplication which creates a \"Pribnow Box,\" a heptamer sequence implicated in promoter activity. This sequence is located upstream from the site of transcription initiation and is present, with some variation, in all promoters whose sequences have been determined. Analysis of the c17 duplications carrying the scs mutations reveals that three of these mutants carry single base-pair changes in the most highly conserved base pairs of the Pribnow Box and that the other mutation is a reversion to the wild type sequence in this region (i.e., a loss of the duplicated base pairs).", "PMID": 375226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2808", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the region of an origin of replication of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K.", "content": "A 2.1-kilobase segment of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K carries sufficient information to replicate as a plasmid in Escherichia coli. This segment contains a functional origin of replication and a structural gene for a protein, designated pi, that is required for the initiation of R6K replication. The nucleotide sequence of a 520-base-pair portion of this 2.1-kilobase segment that includes the functional origin of replication and the region adjacent to the start of the pi structural gene was determined. A striking feature of the sequence is the presence of seven 22-base-pair direct repeats joined in tandem in the region adjacent to the start of the pi gene. A possible role of the tandem repeats in the regulation of expression of the pi protein and the control of initiation of replication of the plasmid R6K is discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the region of an origin of replication of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K. A 2.1-kilobase segment of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K carries sufficient information to replicate as a plasmid in Escherichia coli. This segment contains a functional origin of replication and a structural gene for a protein, designated pi, that is required for the initiation of R6K replication. The nucleotide sequence of a 520-base-pair portion of this 2.1-kilobase segment that includes the functional origin of replication and the region adjacent to the start of the pi structural gene was determined. A striking feature of the sequence is the presence of seven 22-base-pair direct repeats joined in tandem in the region adjacent to the start of the pi gene. A possible role of the tandem repeats in the regulation of expression of the pi protein and the control of initiation of replication of the plasmid R6K is discussed.", "PMID": 375227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2809", "title": "Bacteriophage f1 infection of Escherichia coli: identification and possible processing of f1-specific mRNAs in vivo.", "content": "[3H]Uracil-pulse-labeled RNA from Escherichia coli infected with f1 bacteriophage was fractionated on polyacrylamide gels containing urea. Eight phage-specific RNA species were present with approximate lengths ranging from 2100 to 400 nucleotides. The amount of the seven largest species was increased when the infected bacteria were incubated at 41 degrees C. When the RNA was isolated and used as message in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system, most of the RNA species appeared to direct the synthesis of the phage gene VIII protein. The six largest species also directed the synthesis of the phage gene V protein. Some of the labeled smaller RNA species increased in amount after addition to rifampicin, suggesting that they may have resulted from cleavage of larger RNA species. These particular smaller RNA species also were present in infected bacteria containing a mutant RNase III. The data are discussed in terms of the regulation of synthesis of the phage-specific proteins.", "contents": "Bacteriophage f1 infection of Escherichia coli: identification and possible processing of f1-specific mRNAs in vivo. [3H]Uracil-pulse-labeled RNA from Escherichia coli infected with f1 bacteriophage was fractionated on polyacrylamide gels containing urea. Eight phage-specific RNA species were present with approximate lengths ranging from 2100 to 400 nucleotides. The amount of the seven largest species was increased when the infected bacteria were incubated at 41 degrees C. When the RNA was isolated and used as message in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system, most of the RNA species appeared to direct the synthesis of the phage gene VIII protein. The six largest species also directed the synthesis of the phage gene V protein. Some of the labeled smaller RNA species increased in amount after addition to rifampicin, suggesting that they may have resulted from cleavage of larger RNA species. These particular smaller RNA species also were present in infected bacteria containing a mutant RNase III. The data are discussed in terms of the regulation of synthesis of the phage-specific proteins.", "PMID": 375228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2810", "title": "Soluble precursor of an integral membrane protein: synthesis of procoat protein in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage M13.", "content": "Prior to virus assembly, the major coat protein of coliphage M13 is an integral protein of the host cytoplasmic membrane. Coat protein synthesized in vitro is initially made with an NH2-terminal \"leader peptide\" of 23 amino acids and is termed \"procoat.\" We now report that procoat is a biosynthetic precursor of coat protein in vivo. Conversion of procoat to coat occurs within 30 sec in cells infected with wild-type virus. This proteolytic processing is delayed in cells infected by M13 mutants (in genes 1, 5, or 7) that are defective in virus assembly. Pulse--chase experiments in combination with subcellular fractionation show that procoat is synthesized in a soluble form in the cytoplasm and is then incorporated into the cytoplasmic membrane, where it is converted to coat protein. This finding is supported by the observation that procoat is synthesized exclusively by polysomes that are not membrane bound. These results are interpreted in terms of the \"membrane-triggered folding\" hypothesis of membrane protein assembly.", "contents": "Soluble precursor of an integral membrane protein: synthesis of procoat protein in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage M13. Prior to virus assembly, the major coat protein of coliphage M13 is an integral protein of the host cytoplasmic membrane. Coat protein synthesized in vitro is initially made with an NH2-terminal \"leader peptide\" of 23 amino acids and is termed \"procoat.\" We now report that procoat is a biosynthetic precursor of coat protein in vivo. Conversion of procoat to coat occurs within 30 sec in cells infected with wild-type virus. This proteolytic processing is delayed in cells infected by M13 mutants (in genes 1, 5, or 7) that are defective in virus assembly. Pulse--chase experiments in combination with subcellular fractionation show that procoat is synthesized in a soluble form in the cytoplasm and is then incorporated into the cytoplasmic membrane, where it is converted to coat protein. This finding is supported by the observation that procoat is synthesized exclusively by polysomes that are not membrane bound. These results are interpreted in terms of the \"membrane-triggered folding\" hypothesis of membrane protein assembly.", "PMID": 375229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2811", "title": "Requirements of acetyl phosphate for the binding protein-dependent transport systems in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In Escherichia coli, acetyl phosphate can be formed from acetyl-CoA via the phosphotransacetylase (phosphate acetyltransferase; acetyl-CoA:orthophosphate acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.8) reaction and from acetate (plus ATP) via the acetate kinase (ATP:acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) reaction. By restricting acetyl phosphate formation to the phosphotransacetylase reaction alone, through the use of metabolic inhibitors, we were able to show that, with pyruvate as a source of energy, mutants defective in phosphotransacetylase are unable to transport glutamine, histidine, and methionine. However, with the same energy source, mutants defective in acetate kinase are normal in the transport of these amino acids. The inability of the phosphotransacetylase mutants to transport is due to their presumed inability to form acetyl phosphate, because pyruvate is found to be metabolized to acetyl-CoA in these mutants. Thus acetyl phosphate has been implicated in active transport. Evidence is also presented that neither the protonmotive force nor the ecf gene product is required for the shock-sensitive transport systems.", "contents": "Requirements of acetyl phosphate for the binding protein-dependent transport systems in Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli, acetyl phosphate can be formed from acetyl-CoA via the phosphotransacetylase (phosphate acetyltransferase; acetyl-CoA:orthophosphate acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.8) reaction and from acetate (plus ATP) via the acetate kinase (ATP:acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) reaction. By restricting acetyl phosphate formation to the phosphotransacetylase reaction alone, through the use of metabolic inhibitors, we were able to show that, with pyruvate as a source of energy, mutants defective in phosphotransacetylase are unable to transport glutamine, histidine, and methionine. However, with the same energy source, mutants defective in acetate kinase are normal in the transport of these amino acids. The inability of the phosphotransacetylase mutants to transport is due to their presumed inability to form acetyl phosphate, because pyruvate is found to be metabolized to acetyl-CoA in these mutants. Thus acetyl phosphate has been implicated in active transport. Evidence is also presented that neither the protonmotive force nor the ecf gene product is required for the shock-sensitive transport systems.", "PMID": 375230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2812", "title": "Replication in vitro of the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid of yeast.", "content": "Cell-free extracts prepared from growing cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces stimulated DNA synthesis directed by the supercoiled 2-micrometer yeast DNA plasmid. The major products of the reaction were open-circular daughter molecules possessing newly synthesized full-length linear DNA strands. Some of these were ligated and supertwisted by the extracts to yield a supercoiled DNA product. Both of the complementary DNA strands of the template were replicated. In addition, the extracts induced the appearance of theta-forms of the plasmid DNA, which are presumed to be replicative intermediates. The results of experiments utilizing BrdUTP incorporation indicated that DNA repair did not contribute significantly to the overall reaction. Extracts prepared from the cell division cycle mutants cdc7 and cdc8, held in culture at the nonpermissive temperature, possessed diminished activity. Because these mutants define a dependent sequence of events leading from the start of the cell cycle through G1 to S phase, this result suggests that the activity that stimulates 2-micrometer DNA replication in vitro is subject to control in the yeast cell cycle.", "contents": "Replication in vitro of the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid of yeast. Cell-free extracts prepared from growing cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces stimulated DNA synthesis directed by the supercoiled 2-micrometer yeast DNA plasmid. The major products of the reaction were open-circular daughter molecules possessing newly synthesized full-length linear DNA strands. Some of these were ligated and supertwisted by the extracts to yield a supercoiled DNA product. Both of the complementary DNA strands of the template were replicated. In addition, the extracts induced the appearance of theta-forms of the plasmid DNA, which are presumed to be replicative intermediates. The results of experiments utilizing BrdUTP incorporation indicated that DNA repair did not contribute significantly to the overall reaction. Extracts prepared from the cell division cycle mutants cdc7 and cdc8, held in culture at the nonpermissive temperature, possessed diminished activity. Because these mutants define a dependent sequence of events leading from the start of the cell cycle through G1 to S phase, this result suggests that the activity that stimulates 2-micrometer DNA replication in vitro is subject to control in the yeast cell cycle.", "PMID": 375231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2813", "title": "Membrane biogenesis: cotranslational integration of the bacteriophage f1 coat protein into an Escherichia coli membrane fraction.", "content": "The coat protein (CP) of bacteriophage f1 is integrated into an Escherichia coli plasma membrane fraction consisting of inverted vesicles when it is synthesized in a cell-free, coupled transcription--translation system supplemented with the inverted vesicles. By using proteolytic enzymes as probes, we found by subsequent peptide mapping and determination of the sequence of the proteolytic products that CP was inserted into the inverted vesicles in an orientation indistinguishable from that in inverted vesicles prepared from infected E. coli: only a COOH-terminal portion of approximately 10 residues was accessible to proteolysis, whereas the remainder of CP (CP') was entirely protected. Protection of CP' was dependent on the integrity of the vesicle membrane, because it was abolished when proteolysis was done in the presence of nonionic detergents. Insertion was observed when the inverted vesicles were present during translation in the cell-free system, not when they were added after translation. Thus, the asymmetric insertion of this type of integral membrane protein is strictly coupled to translation. These findings are discussed with respect to prokaryotic membrane biogenesis and are related to bacteriophage f1 assembly and infection.", "contents": "Membrane biogenesis: cotranslational integration of the bacteriophage f1 coat protein into an Escherichia coli membrane fraction. The coat protein (CP) of bacteriophage f1 is integrated into an Escherichia coli plasma membrane fraction consisting of inverted vesicles when it is synthesized in a cell-free, coupled transcription--translation system supplemented with the inverted vesicles. By using proteolytic enzymes as probes, we found by subsequent peptide mapping and determination of the sequence of the proteolytic products that CP was inserted into the inverted vesicles in an orientation indistinguishable from that in inverted vesicles prepared from infected E. coli: only a COOH-terminal portion of approximately 10 residues was accessible to proteolysis, whereas the remainder of CP (CP') was entirely protected. Protection of CP' was dependent on the integrity of the vesicle membrane, because it was abolished when proteolysis was done in the presence of nonionic detergents. Insertion was observed when the inverted vesicles were present during translation in the cell-free system, not when they were added after translation. Thus, the asymmetric insertion of this type of integral membrane protein is strictly coupled to translation. These findings are discussed with respect to prokaryotic membrane biogenesis and are related to bacteriophage f1 assembly and infection.", "PMID": 375232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2814", "title": "Differentiation of a rat mammary cell line in vitro.", "content": "We have studied the development of fusiform (probably related to myoepithelial) cells in Rama 25 cultures [Bennett, D. C. Peachey, L. A., Durbin, H. & Rudland, P. S. (1978) Cell 15, 283--298]; we show that they are generated from special differentiated structures (projections) that contain a rapidly differentiating cell type (F-precursor cells). Clonal sublines isolated from projections develop in several directions under both environmental and genetic control. Some types of differentiation are reversible; others are irreversible. The various cell occurring in vitro may correspond to specific cell types in vivo.", "contents": "Differentiation of a rat mammary cell line in vitro. We have studied the development of fusiform (probably related to myoepithelial) cells in Rama 25 cultures [Bennett, D. C. Peachey, L. A., Durbin, H. & Rudland, P. S. (1978) Cell 15, 283--298]; we show that they are generated from special differentiated structures (projections) that contain a rapidly differentiating cell type (F-precursor cells). Clonal sublines isolated from projections develop in several directions under both environmental and genetic control. Some types of differentiation are reversible; others are irreversible. The various cell occurring in vitro may correspond to specific cell types in vivo.", "PMID": 375233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2815", "title": "Simultaneous localization of type II collagen and core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in individual chondrocytes.", "content": "In order to investigate the coordinated synthesis of matrix components by individual chondrocytes, specific antibodies to type I collagen, type II collagen, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein were used in simultaneous double immunofluorescence reactions. Extensive accumulation of core protein surrounding chondrocytes and the intracellular accumulation of type II collagen were observed. Extracellular core protein immunofluorescence obscured the intracellular reaction product, but the extracellular immunoreactive material could be removed by digestion with purified testicular hyaluronidase prior to fixation. Subsequent to digestion, core protein and type II collagen were observed in the same chondrocytes within discrete, sometimes identical, cytoplasmic regions, thus demonstrating the simultaneous localization of these two products characteristic of differentiating cartilage.", "contents": "Simultaneous localization of type II collagen and core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in individual chondrocytes. In order to investigate the coordinated synthesis of matrix components by individual chondrocytes, specific antibodies to type I collagen, type II collagen, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein were used in simultaneous double immunofluorescence reactions. Extensive accumulation of core protein surrounding chondrocytes and the intracellular accumulation of type II collagen were observed. Extracellular core protein immunofluorescence obscured the intracellular reaction product, but the extracellular immunoreactive material could be removed by digestion with purified testicular hyaluronidase prior to fixation. Subsequent to digestion, core protein and type II collagen were observed in the same chondrocytes within discrete, sometimes identical, cytoplasmic regions, thus demonstrating the simultaneous localization of these two products characteristic of differentiating cartilage.", "PMID": 375234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2816", "title": "Human melanoma cells have both nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor-specific receptors on their cell surfaces.", "content": "Human melanoma cells were examined in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence assay for surface nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors. This assay revealed that human melanoma cells have various levels of NGF and NGF receptors on the plasma membrane, whereas a variety of human sarcoma and carcinoma tumor cells and normal human fibroblasts are negative. Surface NGF could be detected on melanoma cells with a rabbit antiserum directed to NGF at titers as high as 1:64; prior adsorption of this antibody with mouse 2.5S NGF resulted in a loss of fluorescence. The melanoma cells were positive whether or not they were grown in the presence of fetal calf serum. NGF production by human melanomas is a previously unrecognized property of this differentiated cell type. Although other cells in culture have been shown to produce NGF, the association of NGF production with the presence of NGF receptors on the cell surface is rare among tumor cells, and may represent an opportunity for \"autostimulation\" of melanoma cells by this growth factor.", "contents": "Human melanoma cells have both nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor-specific receptors on their cell surfaces. Human melanoma cells were examined in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence assay for surface nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors. This assay revealed that human melanoma cells have various levels of NGF and NGF receptors on the plasma membrane, whereas a variety of human sarcoma and carcinoma tumor cells and normal human fibroblasts are negative. Surface NGF could be detected on melanoma cells with a rabbit antiserum directed to NGF at titers as high as 1:64; prior adsorption of this antibody with mouse 2.5S NGF resulted in a loss of fluorescence. The melanoma cells were positive whether or not they were grown in the presence of fetal calf serum. NGF production by human melanomas is a previously unrecognized property of this differentiated cell type. Although other cells in culture have been shown to produce NGF, the association of NGF production with the presence of NGF receptors on the cell surface is rare among tumor cells, and may represent an opportunity for \"autostimulation\" of melanoma cells by this growth factor.", "PMID": 375235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2817", "title": "Aflatoxin B1 mutagenesis, DNA binding, and adduct formation in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 was mutagenized with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in liquid suspension culture in the presence of a rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant. Forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance was measured in the treated cultures and was found to increase linearly with AFB1 concentration. DNA purified from mutagenized cells was analyzed for AFB1 adduct formation by high-pressure liquid chromatography after adduct liberation. AFB1 exposures at 0.16 and 0.32 micrometer for 35 min produced 15 and 22 AFB1--DNA adducts per genome, respectively, and induced 8-azaguanine-resistant fractions of 4.9 X 10(-4) and 9.6 X 10(-4). Approximately 70% of the AFB1 bound to DNA was chromatographically identical to 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 at the two AFB1 levels used.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1 mutagenesis, DNA binding, and adduct formation in Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 was mutagenized with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in liquid suspension culture in the presence of a rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant. Forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance was measured in the treated cultures and was found to increase linearly with AFB1 concentration. DNA purified from mutagenized cells was analyzed for AFB1 adduct formation by high-pressure liquid chromatography after adduct liberation. AFB1 exposures at 0.16 and 0.32 micrometer for 35 min produced 15 and 22 AFB1--DNA adducts per genome, respectively, and induced 8-azaguanine-resistant fractions of 4.9 X 10(-4) and 9.6 X 10(-4). Approximately 70% of the AFB1 bound to DNA was chromatographically identical to 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 at the two AFB1 levels used.", "PMID": 375236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2818", "title": "Strand exchange in site-specific recombination.", "content": "The site-specific recombination system of phage lambda promotes crossovers at its attachment site (att). In this report we show that when phage are crossed in conditions where only the site-specific recombination system is active, a low frequency of crossovers can also be detected in a region that is close to but does not contain att. These crossovers require the phage int gene, the host hip gene, and the integrity of att. They are not detected if one of the parents carries a substitution of a heterologous attachment site (attB instead of attP). To explain these findings we suggest that site-specific recombination can proceed by exchange of single strands between the participating chromosomes at att and migration of the resulting junction outside of att.", "contents": "Strand exchange in site-specific recombination. The site-specific recombination system of phage lambda promotes crossovers at its attachment site (att). In this report we show that when phage are crossed in conditions where only the site-specific recombination system is active, a low frequency of crossovers can also be detected in a region that is close to but does not contain att. These crossovers require the phage int gene, the host hip gene, and the integrity of att. They are not detected if one of the parents carries a substitution of a heterologous attachment site (attB instead of attP). To explain these findings we suggest that site-specific recombination can proceed by exchange of single strands between the participating chromosomes at att and migration of the resulting junction outside of att.", "PMID": 375237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2819", "title": "Bradykinin-like immunoreactive neuronal systems localized histochemically in rat brain.", "content": "Bradykinin-like immunoreactive structures were localized in rat brain by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Specificity of staining was demonstrated by: (i) the absence of fluorescence when preimmune serum was used, (ii) the disappearance of fluorescence when sera were preadsorbed with bradykinin, and (iii) the presence of identical staining with two different antisera. Immunoreactive neuronal cells are observed only in the hypothalamus, with especially dense clusters overlying the periventricular and dorsomedial nuclei. Fibers and varicose processes are observed in the periaqueductal gray matter, hypothalamus, perirhinal and cingulate cortices, the ventral portion of caudate-putamen, and the lateral septal area.", "contents": "Bradykinin-like immunoreactive neuronal systems localized histochemically in rat brain. Bradykinin-like immunoreactive structures were localized in rat brain by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Specificity of staining was demonstrated by: (i) the absence of fluorescence when preimmune serum was used, (ii) the disappearance of fluorescence when sera were preadsorbed with bradykinin, and (iii) the presence of identical staining with two different antisera. Immunoreactive neuronal cells are observed only in the hypothalamus, with especially dense clusters overlying the periventricular and dorsomedial nuclei. Fibers and varicose processes are observed in the periaqueductal gray matter, hypothalamus, perirhinal and cingulate cortices, the ventral portion of caudate-putamen, and the lateral septal area.", "PMID": 375238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2820", "title": "Myelin-associated glycoprotein demonstrated immunocytochemically in myelin and myelin-forming cells of developing rat.", "content": "The unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method has been used with antiserum against \"myelin-associated glycoprotein\" to establish the presence of the glycoprotein in myelin and myelin-forming cells of the developing rat nervous system. Myelin-associated glycoprotein is found in oligodendroglial cytoplasm before the beginning of myelination. Staining intensity of oligodendroglia increases during early development and slowly declines during the period of rapid myelination. Myelin staining is confined to the periaxonal region of the myelin sheath and does not increase as large, compact sheaths are formed. Antiserum to central nervous system myelin-associated glycoprotein also stains Schwann cells in developing trigeminal ganglia and the periaxonal region of peripheral myelin sheaths.", "contents": "Myelin-associated glycoprotein demonstrated immunocytochemically in myelin and myelin-forming cells of developing rat. The unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method has been used with antiserum against \"myelin-associated glycoprotein\" to establish the presence of the glycoprotein in myelin and myelin-forming cells of the developing rat nervous system. Myelin-associated glycoprotein is found in oligodendroglial cytoplasm before the beginning of myelination. Staining intensity of oligodendroglia increases during early development and slowly declines during the period of rapid myelination. Myelin staining is confined to the periaxonal region of the myelin sheath and does not increase as large, compact sheaths are formed. Antiserum to central nervous system myelin-associated glycoprotein also stains Schwann cells in developing trigeminal ganglia and the periaxonal region of peripheral myelin sheaths.", "PMID": 375239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2821", "title": "Effects of goldthioglucose lesions on central catecholamine levels in the mouse.", "content": "Male and female C57 B1/6J mice were injected with goldthioglucose (GTG) to induce an obesity syndrome. Significant increases in body weight were inversely correlated with pituitary dopamine (DA) levels. Significant reductions in hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and DA were also noted; however, these reductions did not appear to be related to body weight gain. The GTG injections did not produce any significant alterations in telencephalic NE or DA. The damage to catecholamine neurons is discussed in relation to the endocrine abnormalities of the GTG mouse and some current hypotheses on the control of food intake.", "contents": "Effects of goldthioglucose lesions on central catecholamine levels in the mouse. Male and female C57 B1/6J mice were injected with goldthioglucose (GTG) to induce an obesity syndrome. Significant increases in body weight were inversely correlated with pituitary dopamine (DA) levels. Significant reductions in hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and DA were also noted; however, these reductions did not appear to be related to body weight gain. The GTG injections did not produce any significant alterations in telencephalic NE or DA. The damage to catecholamine neurons is discussed in relation to the endocrine abnormalities of the GTG mouse and some current hypotheses on the control of food intake.", "PMID": 375245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2822", "title": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine antibacterial agents. Part 2: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some new fluorine-containing 3.5-disubstituted isoxazoles.", "content": "A series of new fluorine-containing 3,5-disubstituted aryl/alkylisoxazoles has been synthesized by the condensation of hydroxylamine with appropriate beta-diketones in the presence of pyridine and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. These isoxazoles have been screened for their antibacterial activity against the gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus nonhemolyticus and the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine antibacterial agents. Part 2: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some new fluorine-containing 3.5-disubstituted isoxazoles. A series of new fluorine-containing 3,5-disubstituted aryl/alkylisoxazoles has been synthesized by the condensation of hydroxylamine with appropriate beta-diketones in the presence of pyridine and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. These isoxazoles have been screened for their antibacterial activity against the gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus nonhemolyticus and the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 375248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2823", "title": "Control of acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle.", "content": "An ACh receptor is the molecular entity that, in its native habitat, possesses the binding sites for ACh and all the other components required to generate the ion channels mediating the ACh response. Narrower definitions of an ACh receptor (as the binding site for ACh or the polypeptide chain that is folded to form the binding site) could lead to semantic arguments about receptor structure. Experimentally, ACh receptors are defined by their total function (when electrophysiological tests are used) or by ligand binding. There is no evidence that the ligand-binding portions of ACh receptors ever exist in vivo without the associated channel-forming mechanism and vice versa. Most data are consistent with the idea that detergent-solubilized glycoproteins retaining the ACh binding sites of the receptor also include the channel-forming components, although it appears that the mechanism is prone to denaturation or proteolytic damage. Studies of receptor-rich membranes and of solubilized receptor glycoprotein have not yet yielded a totally satisfactory image of receptor structure. Most evidence favors an ACh receptor composed of three or four different types of glycosylated polypeptide chains organized into a unit of aggregate molecular weight about 300,000--400,000 daltons. Plasma membranes are dynamic structures in two different ways. First, their constituent molecules are in rapid thermal motion and, when these molecules are not tethered to extramembranous structures or mired in large aggregates, they fairly rapidly change their position in the plane of the lipid bilayer. Second, all membrane components are continually being synthesized and degraded. Acetylcholine receptors participate in both aspects of this dynamism. In this review it is proposed that the number and the distribution of ACh receptors in skeletal muscle are controlled by modulation of receptor metabolism and modulation of associations between receptor molecules or between receptors and other, as yet unidentified, elements in neuromuscular junctions and at extrajunctional sites where receptors are clustered. The arrangements of receptors in skeletal muscle and the total number of receptors in skeletal muscle may be regulated by separate mechanisms. Clusters of ACh receptors apparently can form spontaneously in extrajunctional areas of denervated muscles and in tissue-cultured embryonic muscle. Such clusters may be positionally stable and the receptor molecules in them may be highly restricted in mobility. Nevertheless, these receptors have average lifetimes on the order of 20 h, just like the nonclustered, mobile extrajunctional receptors. Receptor clusters also form at sites of innervation. In the chick embryo the junctional receptor molecules remain short-lived. The metabolism of ACh receptors is highly regulated. The biosynthesis of receptors commences during myogenesis at about the time myogenic cells become competent to fuse. Later, biosynthesis is dramatically repressed by muscle activity and possibly by other factors...", "contents": "Control of acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle. An ACh receptor is the molecular entity that, in its native habitat, possesses the binding sites for ACh and all the other components required to generate the ion channels mediating the ACh response. Narrower definitions of an ACh receptor (as the binding site for ACh or the polypeptide chain that is folded to form the binding site) could lead to semantic arguments about receptor structure. Experimentally, ACh receptors are defined by their total function (when electrophysiological tests are used) or by ligand binding. There is no evidence that the ligand-binding portions of ACh receptors ever exist in vivo without the associated channel-forming mechanism and vice versa. Most data are consistent with the idea that detergent-solubilized glycoproteins retaining the ACh binding sites of the receptor also include the channel-forming components, although it appears that the mechanism is prone to denaturation or proteolytic damage. Studies of receptor-rich membranes and of solubilized receptor glycoprotein have not yet yielded a totally satisfactory image of receptor structure. Most evidence favors an ACh receptor composed of three or four different types of glycosylated polypeptide chains organized into a unit of aggregate molecular weight about 300,000--400,000 daltons. Plasma membranes are dynamic structures in two different ways. First, their constituent molecules are in rapid thermal motion and, when these molecules are not tethered to extramembranous structures or mired in large aggregates, they fairly rapidly change their position in the plane of the lipid bilayer. Second, all membrane components are continually being synthesized and degraded. Acetylcholine receptors participate in both aspects of this dynamism. In this review it is proposed that the number and the distribution of ACh receptors in skeletal muscle are controlled by modulation of receptor metabolism and modulation of associations between receptor molecules or between receptors and other, as yet unidentified, elements in neuromuscular junctions and at extrajunctional sites where receptors are clustered. The arrangements of receptors in skeletal muscle and the total number of receptors in skeletal muscle may be regulated by separate mechanisms. Clusters of ACh receptors apparently can form spontaneously in extrajunctional areas of denervated muscles and in tissue-cultured embryonic muscle. Such clusters may be positionally stable and the receptor molecules in them may be highly restricted in mobility. Nevertheless, these receptors have average lifetimes on the order of 20 h, just like the nonclustered, mobile extrajunctional receptors. Receptor clusters also form at sites of innervation. In the chick embryo the junctional receptor molecules remain short-lived. The metabolism of ACh receptors is highly regulated. The biosynthesis of receptors commences during myogenesis at about the time myogenic cells become competent to fuse. Later, biosynthesis is dramatically repressed by muscle activity and possibly by other factors...", "PMID": 375254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2824", "title": "Complicated neck contracture treated with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap.", "content": "A case is presented which demonstrates the use of a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for repair in a heavily radiated neck and chest, with neck contracture and a tracheocutaneous fistula.", "contents": "Complicated neck contracture treated with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. A case is presented which demonstrates the use of a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for repair in a heavily radiated neck and chest, with neck contracture and a tracheocutaneous fistula.", "PMID": 375273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2825", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of neurotic depressions].", "content": "The causes of depressive syndroms differ from case to case. Frequently, the cause of disease cannot be reliably determined from the cross-sectional picture alone. Rather, it is necessary to give careful consideration to heredity, longitudinal analyses, and psychodynamics. The etiopathogenesis of neurotic depressions is discussed for the four different forms of neurosis by reference to the classification of neuroses recommended in Bad Elster in 1969. To make the psychodynamics of neurotic depressions understandable, loss of object, oral regression, pathological narcissism, and defense against aggressions are used in the sense of metaphoric model concepts and discussed in detail. Psychotherapy and its principal objectives are not only discussed in respect to genuine neurotic depressions, but it is also shown how it can be made an integral part of a differently accentuated, predominantly somatic therapy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of neurotic depressions]. The causes of depressive syndroms differ from case to case. Frequently, the cause of disease cannot be reliably determined from the cross-sectional picture alone. Rather, it is necessary to give careful consideration to heredity, longitudinal analyses, and psychodynamics. The etiopathogenesis of neurotic depressions is discussed for the four different forms of neurosis by reference to the classification of neuroses recommended in Bad Elster in 1969. To make the psychodynamics of neurotic depressions understandable, loss of object, oral regression, pathological narcissism, and defense against aggressions are used in the sense of metaphoric model concepts and discussed in detail. Psychotherapy and its principal objectives are not only discussed in respect to genuine neurotic depressions, but it is also shown how it can be made an integral part of a differently accentuated, predominantly somatic therapy.", "PMID": 375275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2826", "title": "[Meningoencephalitis in Beh\u00e7et's disease--review and clinical-morphological case report].", "content": "The paper describes the neuropathological findings in the seven-year case history of a male patient who died at the age of 29 of Beh\u00e7et's disease with initial iridocyclitis and neurological complications. In the author's opinion, the presence of any one of the three cardinal symptoms of the muco-cutaneo-ocular syndrome and its manifestation on the CNS is sufficient to suppose Beh\u00e7et's disease. Affectation of the eye is a significant and usually the first symptom. The case history and the typical morphological findings give rise to the assumption of a special ophthalmomeningoencephalic variety of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "[Meningoencephalitis in Beh\u00e7et's disease--review and clinical-morphological case report]. The paper describes the neuropathological findings in the seven-year case history of a male patient who died at the age of 29 of Beh\u00e7et's disease with initial iridocyclitis and neurological complications. In the author's opinion, the presence of any one of the three cardinal symptoms of the muco-cutaneo-ocular syndrome and its manifestation on the CNS is sufficient to suppose Beh\u00e7et's disease. Affectation of the eye is a significant and usually the first symptom. The case history and the typical morphological findings give rise to the assumption of a special ophthalmomeningoencephalic variety of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "PMID": 375276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2827", "title": "The influence of the psyche and the brain on immunity and disease susceptibility: a critical review.", "content": "In critically reviewing the sources of evidence connecting psyche and brain with the immune system, the authors include a brief review of current knowledge of the immune system, its interactions with the neuroendocrine system, and other factors influencing its regulation. These include developmental stages, aging, rhythmicity, and a variety of exogenous influences. The need for developing further information about normal base lines is emphasized. Against that background, many sources of data demonstrating connections between the central nervous system and the immune system are presented: indirect evidence from clinical and experimental illnesses involving the immune system, and direct changes in either humoral or cellular immunity after natural or experimental stress, conditioning, hypnosis, and direct brain stimulation. Possible mechanisms are discussed, as well as some important methodological issues for further research.", "contents": "The influence of the psyche and the brain on immunity and disease susceptibility: a critical review. In critically reviewing the sources of evidence connecting psyche and brain with the immune system, the authors include a brief review of current knowledge of the immune system, its interactions with the neuroendocrine system, and other factors influencing its regulation. These include developmental stages, aging, rhythmicity, and a variety of exogenous influences. The need for developing further information about normal base lines is emphasized. Against that background, many sources of data demonstrating connections between the central nervous system and the immune system are presented: indirect evidence from clinical and experimental illnesses involving the immune system, and direct changes in either humoral or cellular immunity after natural or experimental stress, conditioning, hypnosis, and direct brain stimulation. Possible mechanisms are discussed, as well as some important methodological issues for further research.", "PMID": 375277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2828", "title": "Primary IgA glomerulonephritis and Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura nephritis: Clinicopathological and immunohistological characteristics.", "content": "A comparative analysis on clinicopathological and immunohistological characteristics was performed of 205 cases with primary IgA nephritis and 35 with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura nephritis (purpura nephritis). Diagnostic criteria for primary IgA nephritis were set out so that IgA was either the most prominent immunoglobulin or, at least, equal to IgG and/or IgM, if present, irrespective of mesangial or peripheral localization. In primary IgA nephritis, one half of the cases were discovered by asymptomatic proteinuria, and one-third presented recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and gross hematuria, one-fourth abdominal pain and a few cases joint pain, while purpura nephritis was associated with a significantly higher incidence of such systemic symptoms as abdominal and joint pains, in addition to purpura. Both diseases shared a tendency toward conspicuous hematuria in contrast to the modest proteinuria, with normal renal function in three-fourths to two-thirds. Moreover, four of 35 with purpura nephritis showed preceding proteinuria and had been regarded as primary IgA nephritis until purpura appeared. The glomerular pathology had a common feature in that there was frequent occurrence of mesangial proliferative and focal and segmental lesions. The immunohistology in the two diseases was indistinguishable with regard to the glomerular immunoglobulins and mediators, whether purpura was present or absent. Thus, we propose a unifying concept that, by analogy with SLE, primary IgA nephritis may be regarded as 'sine lupo,' lying on one side of the nosological spectrum with less systemic symptoms, whereas purpura nephritis may occupy the other side with more systemic aspects. Furthermore, we confirmed the epimembranous granular deposition of IgA in both diseases as the most characteristic morphological expression of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Primary IgA glomerulonephritis and Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura nephritis: Clinicopathological and immunohistological characteristics. A comparative analysis on clinicopathological and immunohistological characteristics was performed of 205 cases with primary IgA nephritis and 35 with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura nephritis (purpura nephritis). Diagnostic criteria for primary IgA nephritis were set out so that IgA was either the most prominent immunoglobulin or, at least, equal to IgG and/or IgM, if present, irrespective of mesangial or peripheral localization. In primary IgA nephritis, one half of the cases were discovered by asymptomatic proteinuria, and one-third presented recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and gross hematuria, one-fourth abdominal pain and a few cases joint pain, while purpura nephritis was associated with a significantly higher incidence of such systemic symptoms as abdominal and joint pains, in addition to purpura. Both diseases shared a tendency toward conspicuous hematuria in contrast to the modest proteinuria, with normal renal function in three-fourths to two-thirds. Moreover, four of 35 with purpura nephritis showed preceding proteinuria and had been regarded as primary IgA nephritis until purpura appeared. The glomerular pathology had a common feature in that there was frequent occurrence of mesangial proliferative and focal and segmental lesions. The immunohistology in the two diseases was indistinguishable with regard to the glomerular immunoglobulins and mediators, whether purpura was present or absent. Thus, we propose a unifying concept that, by analogy with SLE, primary IgA nephritis may be regarded as 'sine lupo,' lying on one side of the nosological spectrum with less systemic symptoms, whereas purpura nephritis may occupy the other side with more systemic aspects. Furthermore, we confirmed the epimembranous granular deposition of IgA in both diseases as the most characteristic morphological expression of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 375278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2829", "title": "[Early diagnostic imaging of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (author's transl)].", "content": "The respective diagnostic value each of diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine in the detection of early rheumatoid arthritis is being demonstrated--with close correlation to its clinical presentation and course. Diagnostic radiology is found to be specific and nuclear medicine to be highly sensitive, with the latter giving better diagnostic information at an earlier time about the activity of the disease than the former--including soft tissue technique. Nuclear medicine further--more will be helpful for appropriate timing of diagnostic radiology evaluations of this disease.", "contents": "[Early diagnostic imaging of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (author's transl)]. The respective diagnostic value each of diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine in the detection of early rheumatoid arthritis is being demonstrated--with close correlation to its clinical presentation and course. Diagnostic radiology is found to be specific and nuclear medicine to be highly sensitive, with the latter giving better diagnostic information at an earlier time about the activity of the disease than the former--including soft tissue technique. Nuclear medicine further--more will be helpful for appropriate timing of diagnostic radiology evaluations of this disease.", "PMID": 375283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2830", "title": "Increased perinephric activity in 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal transplants.", "content": "All 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal transplant patients whose grafts infarcted during a three-and-one-half-year period were reviewed. Four patients demonstrated absent renal perfusion and clearance and absent bladder activity. Three of these exhibited increased perinephric 99mTc-DTPA activity and never regained renal function. The fourth patient did not demonstrate increased perinephric activity, and some return of graft function appeared in a subsequent 99mTc-DTPA study. The pathogenesis of increased perinephric activity is unknown, but may signify renal infarction, and its absence may indicate potential renal viability.", "contents": "Increased perinephric activity in 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal transplants. All 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal transplant patients whose grafts infarcted during a three-and-one-half-year period were reviewed. Four patients demonstrated absent renal perfusion and clearance and absent bladder activity. Three of these exhibited increased perinephric 99mTc-DTPA activity and never regained renal function. The fourth patient did not demonstrate increased perinephric activity, and some return of graft function appeared in a subsequent 99mTc-DTPA study. The pathogenesis of increased perinephric activity is unknown, but may signify renal infarction, and its absence may indicate potential renal viability.", "PMID": 375285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2831", "title": "Transdiaphragmatic jejunal duplication: a report of five cases.", "content": "Five infants with intrathoracic transdiaphragmatic duplication cysts are presented. Diagnosis was possible from the combination of several features on plain chest radiographs: (a) right-sided cystic areas lying posteriorly in the chest, (b) lower cervical or upper dorsal spinal dysraphism, and (c) unusual gas collection beneath the right hemidiaphragm. Barium studies, positive-contrast myelography, and computed tomography were helpful in preoperative assessment.", "contents": "Transdiaphragmatic jejunal duplication: a report of five cases. Five infants with intrathoracic transdiaphragmatic duplication cysts are presented. Diagnosis was possible from the combination of several features on plain chest radiographs: (a) right-sided cystic areas lying posteriorly in the chest, (b) lower cervical or upper dorsal spinal dysraphism, and (c) unusual gas collection beneath the right hemidiaphragm. Barium studies, positive-contrast myelography, and computed tomography were helpful in preoperative assessment.", "PMID": 375290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2832", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonic appearances of renal transplant rejection.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination of renal transplants with special attention to the parenchymal echo pattern has been undertaken in 43 patients. In the normal renal transplant, the pyramids, cortex and renal sinus can be distinguished. Renal transplant rejection is manifested by swelling and decreased echogenicity of the pyramids and hyperechogenic cortex. In addition, large anechoic areas due to hemorrhagic infarcts and necrosis are seen. In long-standing rejection, a normal or small-sized kidney with an irregular intrarenal echo pattern is observed. In 13 cases of acute tubular necrosis, none of the above appearances could be demonstrated. Serial ultrasonic scans are essential to reveal evolutionary changes of the rejection process.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonic appearances of renal transplant rejection. Ultrasonic examination of renal transplants with special attention to the parenchymal echo pattern has been undertaken in 43 patients. In the normal renal transplant, the pyramids, cortex and renal sinus can be distinguished. Renal transplant rejection is manifested by swelling and decreased echogenicity of the pyramids and hyperechogenic cortex. In addition, large anechoic areas due to hemorrhagic infarcts and necrosis are seen. In long-standing rejection, a normal or small-sized kidney with an irregular intrarenal echo pattern is observed. In 13 cases of acute tubular necrosis, none of the above appearances could be demonstrated. Serial ultrasonic scans are essential to reveal evolutionary changes of the rejection process.", "PMID": 375291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2833", "title": "Prostaglandins, their intermediates and precursors: cardiovascular actions and regulatory roles in normal and abnormal circulatory systems.", "content": "The characterization of newly found unstable metabolites of arachidonic acid has provided new perspectives for cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and new insights into disorders of the circulatory system. Since these intermediates are often more potent on and more specific for cardiovascular structures than the classical prostaglandins, they are more likely candidates as physiologic mediators of circulatory events. Their instability in vitro need not preclude these roles; on the contrary, the limited pharmacology described to date suggests that they function purely as local hormones. As such, changes in the rate of generation of these unstable but potent compounds would provide an excellent control system. The stable prostaglandins may represent only overflow of degradation products of the active mediators associated with pathologic events. For example, the dicovery of prostacyclin and the realization that this prostaglandin and not PGE2 is the primary metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood vessels emphasizes the need to reinterpret many of the previously held hypotheses that proposed that prostaglandins of the E series contributed to the regulation of vessel tone and blood pressure, Moreover, the contribution made by abnormal prostaglandin mechanisms to hypertensive disease should now take into account that a deficiency of prostacyclin and not PGE2 could be a major factor causing the elevated tension developed in vascular smooth muscle and the augmented vessel responsiveness to stimuli associated with hypertension.", "contents": "Prostaglandins, their intermediates and precursors: cardiovascular actions and regulatory roles in normal and abnormal circulatory systems. The characterization of newly found unstable metabolites of arachidonic acid has provided new perspectives for cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and new insights into disorders of the circulatory system. Since these intermediates are often more potent on and more specific for cardiovascular structures than the classical prostaglandins, they are more likely candidates as physiologic mediators of circulatory events. Their instability in vitro need not preclude these roles; on the contrary, the limited pharmacology described to date suggests that they function purely as local hormones. As such, changes in the rate of generation of these unstable but potent compounds would provide an excellent control system. The stable prostaglandins may represent only overflow of degradation products of the active mediators associated with pathologic events. For example, the dicovery of prostacyclin and the realization that this prostaglandin and not PGE2 is the primary metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood vessels emphasizes the need to reinterpret many of the previously held hypotheses that proposed that prostaglandins of the E series contributed to the regulation of vessel tone and blood pressure, Moreover, the contribution made by abnormal prostaglandin mechanisms to hypertensive disease should now take into account that a deficiency of prostacyclin and not PGE2 could be a major factor causing the elevated tension developed in vascular smooth muscle and the augmented vessel responsiveness to stimuli associated with hypertension.", "PMID": 375296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2834", "title": "Aureobasidium pullulans metabolism of prostaglandins of the A-type.", "content": "Aureobasidium pullulans, originally introduced as an inadvertent contaminant in solutions used for evaluating the stability of prostaglandins, proved to lead to the rapid disappearance of the cyclopentenone unit of PGA2 (as monitored by circular dichroic spectroscopy). The cyclopentenone unit is converted, in various metabolites, to a 9-keto, 9 alpha or 9 beta-hydroxy group lacking the ring unsaturation. The major EtoAc-soluble 9-hydroxy metabolite (Compound-I) was shown to be 9 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. Similar tetranor 9-hydroxy metabolites with one additional degree of unsaturation, and with a 9 beta-hydroxy group, also occur but these have not been fully characterized. Only two of the wide range of 9-keto metabolites are fully characterized by mass spectral (MS) data: 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranorprostanoic acid and 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. The water soluble metabolites have not been characterized further. The fully characterized metabolites together with MS data from mixtures of minor metabolites indicate that A. pullulans can perform the following transformation: beta-oxidation, dehydrogenation at C-15, reduction of the enone carbon-carbon double bonds (both delta 10,11 and delta 13,14), reduction of the 9-ketone, and possibly migration of the cyclopentyl double bond (delta 10, 11 leads to delta 11, 12). A. pullulans metabolizes 15-epimeric PGA2 equally readily with the production of similar products. PGA1 affords less 9-keto metabolites with compound I constituting 33% of the product by HPLC analysis. A. pullulans displays some enantioselectivity, PGA2 and 15-epi-PGA2 are each metabolized more rapidly than their enantiomers. Other prostaglandins appear to be less readily metabolized.", "contents": "Aureobasidium pullulans metabolism of prostaglandins of the A-type. Aureobasidium pullulans, originally introduced as an inadvertent contaminant in solutions used for evaluating the stability of prostaglandins, proved to lead to the rapid disappearance of the cyclopentenone unit of PGA2 (as monitored by circular dichroic spectroscopy). The cyclopentenone unit is converted, in various metabolites, to a 9-keto, 9 alpha or 9 beta-hydroxy group lacking the ring unsaturation. The major EtoAc-soluble 9-hydroxy metabolite (Compound-I) was shown to be 9 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. Similar tetranor 9-hydroxy metabolites with one additional degree of unsaturation, and with a 9 beta-hydroxy group, also occur but these have not been fully characterized. Only two of the wide range of 9-keto metabolites are fully characterized by mass spectral (MS) data: 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranorprostanoic acid and 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. The water soluble metabolites have not been characterized further. The fully characterized metabolites together with MS data from mixtures of minor metabolites indicate that A. pullulans can perform the following transformation: beta-oxidation, dehydrogenation at C-15, reduction of the enone carbon-carbon double bonds (both delta 10,11 and delta 13,14), reduction of the 9-ketone, and possibly migration of the cyclopentyl double bond (delta 10, 11 leads to delta 11, 12). A. pullulans metabolizes 15-epimeric PGA2 equally readily with the production of similar products. PGA1 affords less 9-keto metabolites with compound I constituting 33% of the product by HPLC analysis. A. pullulans displays some enantioselectivity, PGA2 and 15-epi-PGA2 are each metabolized more rapidly than their enantiomers. Other prostaglandins appear to be less readily metabolized.", "PMID": 375316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2835", "title": "The renal haemodynamic and excretory actions of prostacyclin and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Intrarenal arterial (i.a.) infusions of prostacyclin (PGI2) at 30-300 ng/min to anaesthetized dogs reduced renal vascular resistance (RVR) and filtration fraction (FF), increased mean renal blood flow (MRBF) but did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP)or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV), potassium (UKV) and chloride ions (UC1V) were increased through inhibition of net tubular ion reabsorption. PGI2 (3000 ng/min, i.a.) reduced MAP and increased heart rate. Intravenous (i.v.) infusions of PGI2 (3000 gn/min) reduced MAP, GFR, FF, urine volume and ion excretion, with elevation of heart rate. The measured variables were unaltered by 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha (10,000 ng/min i.a.). Treatment of the dogs with the PG synthetase inhibitor meclofenamic acid (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) did not antagonise the elevation of MRBF to PGI2 (300 ng/min i.a.). Thus the renal effects of PGI2 were due to a direct action rather than through conversion to 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha or through stimulation of endogenous renal PG biosynthesis and release.", "contents": "The renal haemodynamic and excretory actions of prostacyclin and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in anaesthetized dogs. Intrarenal arterial (i.a.) infusions of prostacyclin (PGI2) at 30-300 ng/min to anaesthetized dogs reduced renal vascular resistance (RVR) and filtration fraction (FF), increased mean renal blood flow (MRBF) but did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP)or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV), potassium (UKV) and chloride ions (UC1V) were increased through inhibition of net tubular ion reabsorption. PGI2 (3000 ng/min, i.a.) reduced MAP and increased heart rate. Intravenous (i.v.) infusions of PGI2 (3000 gn/min) reduced MAP, GFR, FF, urine volume and ion excretion, with elevation of heart rate. The measured variables were unaltered by 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha (10,000 ng/min i.a.). Treatment of the dogs with the PG synthetase inhibitor meclofenamic acid (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) did not antagonise the elevation of MRBF to PGI2 (300 ng/min i.a.). Thus the renal effects of PGI2 were due to a direct action rather than through conversion to 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha or through stimulation of endogenous renal PG biosynthesis and release.", "PMID": 375317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2836", "title": "The action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the contractility of the isolated circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the human oviduct.", "content": "Small strips from the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the ampullary-isthmic portion of the human oviduct were mounted in organ chambers for recording of their spontaneous contractility. Concentrations in the order of 1-300 ng/ml of PGI2 were tested and compared with similar concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. It was found that PGI2 contracted the longitudinal muscle layer in the same manner as did PGE2. The spontaneous activity of the circular layer was markedly suppressed by PGE2 but only moderately inhibited by PGI2 even at high concentrations.", "contents": "The action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the contractility of the isolated circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the human oviduct. Small strips from the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the ampullary-isthmic portion of the human oviduct were mounted in organ chambers for recording of their spontaneous contractility. Concentrations in the order of 1-300 ng/ml of PGI2 were tested and compared with similar concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. It was found that PGI2 contracted the longitudinal muscle layer in the same manner as did PGE2. The spontaneous activity of the circular layer was markedly suppressed by PGE2 but only moderately inhibited by PGI2 even at high concentrations.", "PMID": 375318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2837", "title": "[Microbiologic quality of fish on sale in the City of Guatermala].", "content": "A sanitary microbiological survey of fresh and processed fish on sale in Guatemalan markets and supermarkets was carried out. Samples of tables, floor and freezer surfaces, and of the water, ice and liquid drippings of the different stands were also taken and analyzed. Aerobic counts exceeded 10(6)/g in 72% of the samples, and 16% had more than 40 fecal coliforms/g. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus were never higher than 100/g in fish. The bacterial counts were higher in the ice and liquid drippings.", "contents": "[Microbiologic quality of fish on sale in the City of Guatermala]. A sanitary microbiological survey of fresh and processed fish on sale in Guatemalan markets and supermarkets was carried out. Samples of tables, floor and freezer surfaces, and of the water, ice and liquid drippings of the different stands were also taken and analyzed. Aerobic counts exceeded 10(6)/g in 72% of the samples, and 16% had more than 40 fecal coliforms/g. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus were never higher than 100/g in fish. The bacterial counts were higher in the ice and liquid drippings.", "PMID": 375326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2838", "title": "Bacteriophage specificity in the identification of Yersinia pestis as compared with other enterobacteria.", "content": "Bacteriophage typing of Yersinia pestis and the specificity of the phage among Enterobacteriaceae were investigated. The bacteriophage used for rapid identification of Y. pestis reacted with representative strains of all recognized species of Shigella as well as with Salmonella cholerae-suis. Reactive Shigella serotypes were Sh. dysenteriae 1 and 9, Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. boydii 1 and 6, and Sh. sonnei. Patterns consisting of isolated plaques (two cases) or absence of plaques were observed when the routine test dilution (RTD) of the phage was used. Results were independent of the incubation temperature (20, 28 or 37 degrees C). Representative strains of Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia and Klebsiella were resistant to the bacteriophage even at 1000 X the RTD established for Y. pestis.", "contents": "Bacteriophage specificity in the identification of Yersinia pestis as compared with other enterobacteria. Bacteriophage typing of Yersinia pestis and the specificity of the phage among Enterobacteriaceae were investigated. The bacteriophage used for rapid identification of Y. pestis reacted with representative strains of all recognized species of Shigella as well as with Salmonella cholerae-suis. Reactive Shigella serotypes were Sh. dysenteriae 1 and 9, Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. boydii 1 and 6, and Sh. sonnei. Patterns consisting of isolated plaques (two cases) or absence of plaques were observed when the routine test dilution (RTD) of the phage was used. Results were independent of the incubation temperature (20, 28 or 37 degrees C). Representative strains of Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia and Klebsiella were resistant to the bacteriophage even at 1000 X the RTD established for Y. pestis.", "PMID": 375327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2839", "title": "[Correlations between variations in vigilance, E.E.G. activity, respiration, and clonicity in a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Diurnal polygraphic recordings in a 72 year old women with Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (confirmed by anatomical and pathological examinations), showed correlations between modifications in respiration and myoclonic activity, and somnolent episodes. Falling asleep was marked by the replacement of periodic paroxystic activity by diffuse and irregular theta activity; the brusts of clonicity were interrupted at the same time as the paroxystic complexes; a more or less marked hypopnea accompanied most of these episodes, but the bradycardia was inconstant. The close temporal correlations between the variations in vigilance, respiration, periodic E.E.G. activity, and clonicity suggested the existence of a common triggering mechanism, the nature of which has still to be elucidated.", "contents": "[Correlations between variations in vigilance, E.E.G. activity, respiration, and clonicity in a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (author's transl)]. Diurnal polygraphic recordings in a 72 year old women with Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (confirmed by anatomical and pathological examinations), showed correlations between modifications in respiration and myoclonic activity, and somnolent episodes. Falling asleep was marked by the replacement of periodic paroxystic activity by diffuse and irregular theta activity; the brusts of clonicity were interrupted at the same time as the paroxystic complexes; a more or less marked hypopnea accompanied most of these episodes, but the bradycardia was inconstant. The close temporal correlations between the variations in vigilance, respiration, periodic E.E.G. activity, and clonicity suggested the existence of a common triggering mechanism, the nature of which has still to be elucidated.", "PMID": 375331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2840", "title": "Influence of the adrenal cortex on allograft rejections in rats.", "content": "I. The bibliography about corticosteroid influence on immune response is briefly reviewed. Generally, it is admitted that corticosteroids are immunosuppressive when administered in large amounts. Divergent opinions are recalled. II. The aims of the experiments are summarized: A) Investigate on the influence of corticoids (given in just substitutive amounts) on skin allograft rejection. B) Investigate on possible interactions between adrenal cortex and thymus with this test. III. It was observed, that A) Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant delay of allograft rejection. B) This could be suppressed partially by administering aldosterone, corticosterone, and desoxycorticosterone and completely by administering at least two of these hormones. C) Cortisol had shown a minor inhibitory influence. D) There was no obvious difference between adrenalectomized and thymectomized rats and those adrenalectomized only. IV. These observations are replaced in the context of bibliography and their significance is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the adrenal cortex on allograft rejections in rats. I. The bibliography about corticosteroid influence on immune response is briefly reviewed. Generally, it is admitted that corticosteroids are immunosuppressive when administered in large amounts. Divergent opinions are recalled. II. The aims of the experiments are summarized: A) Investigate on the influence of corticoids (given in just substitutive amounts) on skin allograft rejection. B) Investigate on possible interactions between adrenal cortex and thymus with this test. III. It was observed, that A) Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant delay of allograft rejection. B) This could be suppressed partially by administering aldosterone, corticosterone, and desoxycorticosterone and completely by administering at least two of these hormones. C) Cortisol had shown a minor inhibitory influence. D) There was no obvious difference between adrenalectomized and thymectomized rats and those adrenalectomized only. IV. These observations are replaced in the context of bibliography and their significance is discussed.", "PMID": 375340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2841", "title": "[Experimental study on tissue and cell reactions after implantation of xenogeneic collagen sponges (author's transl)].", "content": "164 inbred Wistar rats received subcutaneous and intraperitoneal implants of xenogeneic collagen sponges and were examined by light- and electron microscopy as well as immunohistologically, to establish tissue and cell reactions and the time of collagen reabsorption. 4 to 5 weeks after implantation the xenogeneic collagen sponge was completely absorbed. All the inflammatory and reparative reactions were non-specific. Granulation tissue appeared soon (3 days after implantation) with new synthesis of fine collagen fibrils, mainly of type III, followed by type I collagen fibers. Myofibroblasts, with intracellular evidence of myosin and collagen (Type I and III) were sporadically present in the granulation tissue after day 5 and regularly after day 10. Small scar granulomas without xenogenic collagen were detectable even 4 to 6 months after collagen implantation. Reabsorption and regression of collagen granulomas occurred faster after xenogeneic collagen implantation than after using surgical cat sutures. From the morphological point of view, there is no indication of specific sensitization against xenogeneic collagen or of a specific immunologic process.", "contents": "[Experimental study on tissue and cell reactions after implantation of xenogeneic collagen sponges (author's transl)]. 164 inbred Wistar rats received subcutaneous and intraperitoneal implants of xenogeneic collagen sponges and were examined by light- and electron microscopy as well as immunohistologically, to establish tissue and cell reactions and the time of collagen reabsorption. 4 to 5 weeks after implantation the xenogeneic collagen sponge was completely absorbed. All the inflammatory and reparative reactions were non-specific. Granulation tissue appeared soon (3 days after implantation) with new synthesis of fine collagen fibrils, mainly of type III, followed by type I collagen fibers. Myofibroblasts, with intracellular evidence of myosin and collagen (Type I and III) were sporadically present in the granulation tissue after day 5 and regularly after day 10. Small scar granulomas without xenogenic collagen were detectable even 4 to 6 months after collagen implantation. Reabsorption and regression of collagen granulomas occurred faster after xenogeneic collagen implantation than after using surgical cat sutures. From the morphological point of view, there is no indication of specific sensitization against xenogeneic collagen or of a specific immunologic process.", "PMID": 375341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2842", "title": "The effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY g 5421 (Acarbose) on meal-stimulated elevations of circulating glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels in man.", "content": "In blind studies the effects of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (BAY g 5421) were tested in normal weight and overweight male volunteers after oral application of 75, 150, or 300 mg of BAY g 5421 or placebo per os before three standardized main meals of one day. Before and three hours after each meal blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum triglyceride levels were determined. In addition, safety studies were performed. BAY g 5421 induced a statistically significant, in part dose-dependent inhibition of the postprandial increase of blood glucose- and serum insulin levels. The reduction of the postprandial increase of serum triglyceride levels was variable. Routine blood chemistry and hematology tests have revealed no adverse side effects; but the application of the drug was frequently associated with intestinal effects, such as flatulence and diarrhea, which were substrate (carbohydrate) and, in part, dose-dependent.", "contents": "The effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY g 5421 (Acarbose) on meal-stimulated elevations of circulating glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels in man. In blind studies the effects of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (BAY g 5421) were tested in normal weight and overweight male volunteers after oral application of 75, 150, or 300 mg of BAY g 5421 or placebo per os before three standardized main meals of one day. Before and three hours after each meal blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum triglyceride levels were determined. In addition, safety studies were performed. BAY g 5421 induced a statistically significant, in part dose-dependent inhibition of the postprandial increase of blood glucose- and serum insulin levels. The reduction of the postprandial increase of serum triglyceride levels was variable. Routine blood chemistry and hematology tests have revealed no adverse side effects; but the application of the drug was frequently associated with intestinal effects, such as flatulence and diarrhea, which were substrate (carbohydrate) and, in part, dose-dependent.", "PMID": 375342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2843", "title": "The effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY g 5421 (Acarbose) on postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin, and triglyceride levels: dose-time-response relationships in man.", "content": "In a double-blind quadruple cross-over study the effect of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (BAY g 5421) on postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum triglyceride increases was tested in 24 male healthy volunteers. They received before a standardized breakfast 50, 100, or 200 mg of BAY g 5421 or a placebo per os. The dose-time-response relationships were calculated and the drug tolerance was assessed. There was a statistically significant inhibition of the postprandial increases of the blood glucose, serum insulin, and triglyceride values. Further analysis showed no dose-dependent effect of the drug on the blood glucose values, whereas the serum insulin and triglyceride values were affected in a dose-dependent fashion. The maximal inhibitory effect on the serum insulin levels occurred 69 min after breakfast and on the serum triglyceride levels 104 min after breakfast. One hundred and 200 mg of BAY g 5421 were equally inhibitory-effective on the serum insulin levels, whereas the highest dose used was markedly more effective on serum triglyceride values than lower doses. Based on these results, a dosage of 100--200 mg of BAY g 5421/meal is recommended for clinical trials in metabolic diseases.", "contents": "The effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY g 5421 (Acarbose) on postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin, and triglyceride levels: dose-time-response relationships in man. In a double-blind quadruple cross-over study the effect of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (BAY g 5421) on postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum triglyceride increases was tested in 24 male healthy volunteers. They received before a standardized breakfast 50, 100, or 200 mg of BAY g 5421 or a placebo per os. The dose-time-response relationships were calculated and the drug tolerance was assessed. There was a statistically significant inhibition of the postprandial increases of the blood glucose, serum insulin, and triglyceride values. Further analysis showed no dose-dependent effect of the drug on the blood glucose values, whereas the serum insulin and triglyceride values were affected in a dose-dependent fashion. The maximal inhibitory effect on the serum insulin levels occurred 69 min after breakfast and on the serum triglyceride levels 104 min after breakfast. One hundred and 200 mg of BAY g 5421 were equally inhibitory-effective on the serum insulin levels, whereas the highest dose used was markedly more effective on serum triglyceride values than lower doses. Based on these results, a dosage of 100--200 mg of BAY g 5421/meal is recommended for clinical trials in metabolic diseases.", "PMID": 375343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2844", "title": "Farmer's lung disease in Vermont.", "content": "Several Vermont population groups were surveyed for the occurrence of antibodies to thermophilic actinomycetes. Antibodies to M. faeni and T. vulgaris were measured by the precipitin method in all subjects and, in 124 subjects, M. faeni antibodies were also measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. There was relatively good correlation between the two techniques (r 0.48, p less than 0.01). Hospital employees, blood donors and patients with chronic bronchitis were generally negative for precipitins to thermophilic actinomycetes. Of the 258 Vermont dairy farmers surveyed, 14 (5.4%) had precipitins to M. faeni, 3 (1.2%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris but only 1 farmer with antibodies to M. faeni had symptoms of possible farmer's lung disease (FLD). On the other hand, 10 (4.1%) precipitin-negative farmers had symptoms possibly consistent with FLD. The IFA test did not correlate any better with symptoms. 7 (5.6%) patients with pulmonary fibrosis had precipitins to M. faeni 5 of these were diagnosed as having FLD. 18 (14.4%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris and only 3 of these patients were felt to have hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis and FLD hat IFA titers of greater than or equal to 1/128, but so did asymptomatic farmers.", "contents": "Farmer's lung disease in Vermont. Several Vermont population groups were surveyed for the occurrence of antibodies to thermophilic actinomycetes. Antibodies to M. faeni and T. vulgaris were measured by the precipitin method in all subjects and, in 124 subjects, M. faeni antibodies were also measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. There was relatively good correlation between the two techniques (r 0.48, p less than 0.01). Hospital employees, blood donors and patients with chronic bronchitis were generally negative for precipitins to thermophilic actinomycetes. Of the 258 Vermont dairy farmers surveyed, 14 (5.4%) had precipitins to M. faeni, 3 (1.2%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris but only 1 farmer with antibodies to M. faeni had symptoms of possible farmer's lung disease (FLD). On the other hand, 10 (4.1%) precipitin-negative farmers had symptoms possibly consistent with FLD. The IFA test did not correlate any better with symptoms. 7 (5.6%) patients with pulmonary fibrosis had precipitins to M. faeni 5 of these were diagnosed as having FLD. 18 (14.4%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris and only 3 of these patients were felt to have hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis and FLD hat IFA titers of greater than or equal to 1/128, but so did asymptomatic farmers.", "PMID": 375344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2845", "title": "Radioisotope synoviorthesis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synoviorthesis with radioisotopes is indicated when joint inflammation is not totally controlled by drug prescription. Synoviorthesis should prevent osteoarticular destruction, especially in those cases where the patient does not feel any pain while taking analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Several publications have shown the value of 90Y for treatment of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis. A dose of 4 mCi seems to be sufficient. For digital joints 169Er, a much weaker isotope, is used. Excellent and good results are obtained in 54.6% of cases. A recent double-blind study demonstrated a highly significant difference with saline (+ prednisolone acetate). Other joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle or hip, can be treated with 198Au or, better, with 186Rh, which is an almost pure beta-emitter. Excellent and good results are seen in 50--60% of cases, depending on the joint. Treatment is well tolerated but patients younger than 40 years should not receive isotopes and the total dose administered should be less than 15 mCi.", "contents": "Radioisotope synoviorthesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Synoviorthesis with radioisotopes is indicated when joint inflammation is not totally controlled by drug prescription. Synoviorthesis should prevent osteoarticular destruction, especially in those cases where the patient does not feel any pain while taking analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Several publications have shown the value of 90Y for treatment of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis. A dose of 4 mCi seems to be sufficient. For digital joints 169Er, a much weaker isotope, is used. Excellent and good results are obtained in 54.6% of cases. A recent double-blind study demonstrated a highly significant difference with saline (+ prednisolone acetate). Other joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle or hip, can be treated with 198Au or, better, with 186Rh, which is an almost pure beta-emitter. Excellent and good results are seen in 50--60% of cases, depending on the joint. Treatment is well tolerated but patients younger than 40 years should not receive isotopes and the total dose administered should be less than 15 mCi.", "PMID": 375369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2846", "title": "[Use of the computer in teaching rheumatology. Trial application in the diagnosis of an adult polyarthritis].", "content": "The immense possibilities offered by the computer can be utilized in medical education, through a free dialogue between the student and the machine thanks to a terminal. A diagnostic simulation program has been carried out in diagnosing adult polyarthritis. This program neccesitates an analysis of diagnostic behavior and, on this basis, the preparing of a diagnostic tree or graph. The reasons leading to the plan adopted in constructing the graph, are discussed. Cases of increasing difficulty are proposed to the student, who must follow the course plan in order to arrive at a diagnosis. This teaching method, applied for thing pedagogical advantages both for the teacher and the student. The operating cost seems reasonable.", "contents": "[Use of the computer in teaching rheumatology. Trial application in the diagnosis of an adult polyarthritis]. The immense possibilities offered by the computer can be utilized in medical education, through a free dialogue between the student and the machine thanks to a terminal. A diagnostic simulation program has been carried out in diagnosing adult polyarthritis. This program neccesitates an analysis of diagnostic behavior and, on this basis, the preparing of a diagnostic tree or graph. The reasons leading to the plan adopted in constructing the graph, are discussed. Cases of increasing difficulty are proposed to the student, who must follow the course plan in order to arrive at a diagnosis. This teaching method, applied for thing pedagogical advantages both for the teacher and the student. The operating cost seems reasonable.", "PMID": 375372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2847", "title": "Morphometric electron and light microscope analysis of lymphoid cells in coeliac disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes in jejunal biopsies from normal subjects and from untreated, treated, and gluten-challenged coeliac patients were examined by accurate morphometric methods. There was no significant difference between lymphocytes from different sources and those in the jejunum. Transforming lymphocytes were ultrastructurally quite different from non-transforming lymphocytes. The appearance of transforming lymphocytes in the lamina propria in different groups of coeliac patients is in accordance with the increase in the number of plasma cells. In treated patients the results indicate a rapid humoral response to gluten challenge.", "contents": "Morphometric electron and light microscope analysis of lymphoid cells in coeliac disease. Lymphocytes in jejunal biopsies from normal subjects and from untreated, treated, and gluten-challenged coeliac patients were examined by accurate morphometric methods. There was no significant difference between lymphocytes from different sources and those in the jejunum. Transforming lymphocytes were ultrastructurally quite different from non-transforming lymphocytes. The appearance of transforming lymphocytes in the lamina propria in different groups of coeliac patients is in accordance with the increase in the number of plasma cells. In treated patients the results indicate a rapid humoral response to gluten challenge.", "PMID": 375374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2848", "title": "Antral G- and D-cell counts in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Antral somatostatin- and gastrin-producing cells (D and G cells) were studied in a group of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in comparison with a control group. Gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin, phosphate, and parathormone (PTH) levels were also evaluated in every patient. The group with CRF showed a mild increase both in G- and in D-cell denisty. In this group serum phosphate and PTH levels were higher than normal, showing hyperparathyroidism in every patient. A direct correlation was found between G-cell density and parathyroid function in patients with CRF. Hyperparathyroidism, therefore, seems to play a role in the mechanism of increased serum gastrin levels in CRF.", "contents": "Antral G- and D-cell counts in chronic renal failure. Antral somatostatin- and gastrin-producing cells (D and G cells) were studied in a group of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in comparison with a control group. Gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin, phosphate, and parathormone (PTH) levels were also evaluated in every patient. The group with CRF showed a mild increase both in G- and in D-cell denisty. In this group serum phosphate and PTH levels were higher than normal, showing hyperparathyroidism in every patient. A direct correlation was found between G-cell density and parathyroid function in patients with CRF. Hyperparathyroidism, therefore, seems to play a role in the mechanism of increased serum gastrin levels in CRF.", "PMID": 375375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2849", "title": "The inhibitory effect of 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 and the interaction with atropine on stimulated gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 (Me PGE2) on the gastric acid response to pentagastrin stimulation, 0.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1, was examined in healthy male volunteers. Each subject underwent a control test and tests with intragastrically administered graded doses of 15(R)15 Me PGE2 as free acid (80, 140, 200, and 400 micrograms, n = 5) and as methylester (80, 140, and 200 micrograms, n = 6). The percentage inhibition of the acid output during 2 h after increasing doses of the free acid was 24 +/- 11, 49 +/- 7, 44+/-9, and 76 +/- 12%. Corresponding figures for the methylester were 35 +/- 2, 54 +/- 5, and 64 +/- 8%. Both volume and acidity were reduced. Side effects did not occur, except for moderate diarrhoea in one subject after 400 micrograms of the free acid. In a third series (n = 6) the combined effect of 80 micrograms methyl ester (44 +/- 5% inhibition) and 1.5 mg atropine sulphate was studied. Atropine alone gave a 43 +/- 6% inhibition by lowering the secreted volumes. For the combination the inhibition was 82 +/- 3%. Intragastric 15(R)15 Me PGE2 inhibited dose-dependently the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid response. Differences between the free acid and methyl ester of the analogue were not significant. Compared with other Me PGE2 compounds, 15(R)15 Me PGE2 was less effective per dose, but the dose range was broader and side effects were slight. Concomitantly given atropine had a significant additive inhibitory effect.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 and the interaction with atropine on stimulated gastric acid secretion in man. The inhibitory effect of 15(R)15 methyl prostaglandin E2 (Me PGE2) on the gastric acid response to pentagastrin stimulation, 0.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1, was examined in healthy male volunteers. Each subject underwent a control test and tests with intragastrically administered graded doses of 15(R)15 Me PGE2 as free acid (80, 140, 200, and 400 micrograms, n = 5) and as methylester (80, 140, and 200 micrograms, n = 6). The percentage inhibition of the acid output during 2 h after increasing doses of the free acid was 24 +/- 11, 49 +/- 7, 44+/-9, and 76 +/- 12%. Corresponding figures for the methylester were 35 +/- 2, 54 +/- 5, and 64 +/- 8%. Both volume and acidity were reduced. Side effects did not occur, except for moderate diarrhoea in one subject after 400 micrograms of the free acid. In a third series (n = 6) the combined effect of 80 micrograms methyl ester (44 +/- 5% inhibition) and 1.5 mg atropine sulphate was studied. Atropine alone gave a 43 +/- 6% inhibition by lowering the secreted volumes. For the combination the inhibition was 82 +/- 3%. Intragastric 15(R)15 Me PGE2 inhibited dose-dependently the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid response. Differences between the free acid and methyl ester of the analogue were not significant. Compared with other Me PGE2 compounds, 15(R)15 Me PGE2 was less effective per dose, but the dose range was broader and side effects were slight. Concomitantly given atropine had a significant additive inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 375376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2850", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in healthy subjects.", "content": "Cimetidine-induced inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in response to histamine and pentagastrin simulation was studied in four healthy young subjects. Different doses of histamine and pentagastrin were administered alone and in combination with cimetidine on separate days; the order of administration was randomized. As the dose of histamine increased, the inhibitory effect of 0.6mg.kg-1h-1 of cimetidine on acid output decreased. With supramaximal histamine stimulation the inhibition was completely overcome. These results are consistent with competitive inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid output by cimetidine in man. After pentagastrin stimulation inhibition of acid output by cimetidine could not be overcome by increasing the dose of the stimulant, suggesting a noncompetitive inhibition of pentagastrin-evoked acid output. It is concluded that the kinetics of cimetidine-induced inhibition of histamine- and pentastrin-stimulated gastric acid output are different. At approximately half maximal stimulation of acid secretion, cimetidine was a more potent inhibitor of histamine than of pentagastrin. Pepsin output in response to both histamine and pentagastrin stimulation was also inhibited by cimetidine.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in healthy subjects. Cimetidine-induced inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in response to histamine and pentagastrin simulation was studied in four healthy young subjects. Different doses of histamine and pentagastrin were administered alone and in combination with cimetidine on separate days; the order of administration was randomized. As the dose of histamine increased, the inhibitory effect of 0.6mg.kg-1h-1 of cimetidine on acid output decreased. With supramaximal histamine stimulation the inhibition was completely overcome. These results are consistent with competitive inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid output by cimetidine in man. After pentagastrin stimulation inhibition of acid output by cimetidine could not be overcome by increasing the dose of the stimulant, suggesting a noncompetitive inhibition of pentagastrin-evoked acid output. It is concluded that the kinetics of cimetidine-induced inhibition of histamine- and pentastrin-stimulated gastric acid output are different. At approximately half maximal stimulation of acid secretion, cimetidine was a more potent inhibitor of histamine than of pentagastrin. Pepsin output in response to both histamine and pentagastrin stimulation was also inhibited by cimetidine.", "PMID": 375377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2851", "title": "Hepatitis B virus markers among family contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers.", "content": "A study was undertaken to establish the risk of family contacts of HBsAg carriers acquiring a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. About one-third of all household contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers had signs of past or ongoing HBV infection. Family contacts of HBsAg carriers with high numbers of circulating Dane particles were shown to have a higher risk of developing HBV infection than family contacts of HBsAg carriers without serological evidence of HBV synthesis. The probability of acquiring HBV infection was not different between spouses, parents, children, and brothers and sisters, respectively of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus markers among family contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. A study was undertaken to establish the risk of family contacts of HBsAg carriers acquiring a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. About one-third of all household contacts of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers had signs of past or ongoing HBV infection. Family contacts of HBsAg carriers with high numbers of circulating Dane particles were shown to have a higher risk of developing HBV infection than family contacts of HBsAg carriers without serological evidence of HBV synthesis. The probability of acquiring HBV infection was not different between spouses, parents, children, and brothers and sisters, respectively of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 375378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2852", "title": "Properties of antinuclear antibodies that cross-react with plasma membranes.", "content": "Certain human antinuclear antibodies (ANA) cross-react specifically with the surface membrane of human leucocytes. In the present work these cross-reacting (X) ANA could be eluted directly from viable leucocytes isolated from three patients. The plasma membrane antigen recognized by X-ANA appeared phylogenetically highly conserved since it was present on viable HeLa cells and cells from mouse and rabbit spleen, rat liver, and the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. X-ANA did not react with the plasma membrane of nucleated bird erythrocytes or human erythrocytes or thrombocytes. The same X-ANA subset reacted with the various cells. The presence of X-ANA correlated strongly (P less than 0.01) with antibodies against a HeLa cell surface antigen. The nuclear antigen recognized by X-ANA was present in all species examined, including bird erythrocyte nuclei and nuclei of Physarum polycephalum. Native or denatured DNA, RNA or a saline extract of nuclei did not inhibit the binding of X-ANA to cell nuclei.", "contents": "Properties of antinuclear antibodies that cross-react with plasma membranes. Certain human antinuclear antibodies (ANA) cross-react specifically with the surface membrane of human leucocytes. In the present work these cross-reacting (X) ANA could be eluted directly from viable leucocytes isolated from three patients. The plasma membrane antigen recognized by X-ANA appeared phylogenetically highly conserved since it was present on viable HeLa cells and cells from mouse and rabbit spleen, rat liver, and the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. X-ANA did not react with the plasma membrane of nucleated bird erythrocytes or human erythrocytes or thrombocytes. The same X-ANA subset reacted with the various cells. The presence of X-ANA correlated strongly (P less than 0.01) with antibodies against a HeLa cell surface antigen. The nuclear antigen recognized by X-ANA was present in all species examined, including bird erythrocyte nuclei and nuclei of Physarum polycephalum. Native or denatured DNA, RNA or a saline extract of nuclei did not inhibit the binding of X-ANA to cell nuclei.", "PMID": 375379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2853", "title": "Methodological issues in tardive dyskinesia research.", "content": "Research into tardive dyskinesia, an involuntary movement disorder secondary to chronic neuroleptic treatment, has so far produced conflicting results with no clear clinical applications. Heterogeneous diagnostic criteria, research designs, and rating scales, plus an emphasis on single-drug trials, are probably responsible. A strategy of developing pharmacological response profiles for patients participating in tardive dyskinesia research is suggested as one way to produce meaningful data, which may delineate pharmacological and clinical subtypes that would respond to different treatment approaches. Further suggestions are made about future trends in this area of research.", "contents": "Methodological issues in tardive dyskinesia research. Research into tardive dyskinesia, an involuntary movement disorder secondary to chronic neuroleptic treatment, has so far produced conflicting results with no clear clinical applications. Heterogeneous diagnostic criteria, research designs, and rating scales, plus an emphasis on single-drug trials, are probably responsible. A strategy of developing pharmacological response profiles for patients participating in tardive dyskinesia research is suggested as one way to produce meaningful data, which may delineate pharmacological and clinical subtypes that would respond to different treatment approaches. Further suggestions are made about future trends in this area of research.", "PMID": 375380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2854", "title": "Is borderline a distinct entity?", "content": "There is no agreement in American psychiatry as to whether borderline should be regarded as a distinct entity. A review of the major viewpoints in the field reveals that borderline is variously used to designate: (1) a clinical disorder distinguishable by behavioral criteria; (2) a milder form of schizophrenia; (3) a nonspecific term encompassing several atypical affective disorders; (4) a psychostructural distinction. When the St. Louis approach to diagnostic validity is used as a guideline, the conclusion reached is that available data do not weigh conclusively for or against borderline's status as an independent entity. In particular, borderline, as defined by several investigators, appears distinct from schizophrenia, but requires further delimitation from the affective disorders.", "contents": "Is borderline a distinct entity? There is no agreement in American psychiatry as to whether borderline should be regarded as a distinct entity. A review of the major viewpoints in the field reveals that borderline is variously used to designate: (1) a clinical disorder distinguishable by behavioral criteria; (2) a milder form of schizophrenia; (3) a nonspecific term encompassing several atypical affective disorders; (4) a psychostructural distinction. When the St. Louis approach to diagnostic validity is used as a guideline, the conclusion reached is that available data do not weigh conclusively for or against borderline's status as an independent entity. In particular, borderline, as defined by several investigators, appears distinct from schizophrenia, but requires further delimitation from the affective disorders.", "PMID": 375381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2855", "title": "Borderline schizophrenia: evidence of its validity.", "content": "Borderline schizophrenia is held to be a valid entity that should be included in the DSM-III. It is a chronic illness that may be associated with many other symptoms but is best characterized by perceptual-cognitive abnormalities. It has a familial distribution and a genetic relationship with schizophrenia. The term schizotypal personality is an acceptable alternative to borderline schizophrenia, but given the apparent genetic relationship with schizophrenia, and given that we are dealing with a vulnerability to episodic symptoms more than personality traits, we prefer the older term.", "contents": "Borderline schizophrenia: evidence of its validity. Borderline schizophrenia is held to be a valid entity that should be included in the DSM-III. It is a chronic illness that may be associated with many other symptoms but is best characterized by perceptual-cognitive abnormalities. It has a familial distribution and a genetic relationship with schizophrenia. The term schizotypal personality is an acceptable alternative to borderline schizophrenia, but given the apparent genetic relationship with schizophrenia, and given that we are dealing with a vulnerability to episodic symptoms more than personality traits, we prefer the older term.", "PMID": 375382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2856", "title": "Genetic determinants of borderline conditions.", "content": "Evidence about the genetic determinants for borderline conditions is reviewed. The research data are too limited and the diagnostic practices followed in existing studies are too varied to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Thus, the need for new studies starting with well-defined samples of borderline patients is clear. Previous work implicates genetic factors in the etiology of at least some borderlines, but it is unclear that borderlines by any definition will, as a group, have uniformly strong and specific genetic determinants. With further research, partially overlapping subgroups might be defined on the basis of careful examination of borderline patients' clinical characteristics and family histories. Such characterization could have potential clinical value since there may be subgroups of borderlines who respond differently to various psychopharmacologic treatments (Klein 1975) or to exploratory versus ego supportive psychotherapy (Stone 1977). Characterizations based on genetic considerations may have their limitations, since the genetics of these disorders probably involve complex interactions of a variety of factors that may be more or less specifically related to other major diagnostic groups.", "contents": "Genetic determinants of borderline conditions. Evidence about the genetic determinants for borderline conditions is reviewed. The research data are too limited and the diagnostic practices followed in existing studies are too varied to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Thus, the need for new studies starting with well-defined samples of borderline patients is clear. Previous work implicates genetic factors in the etiology of at least some borderlines, but it is unclear that borderlines by any definition will, as a group, have uniformly strong and specific genetic determinants. With further research, partially overlapping subgroups might be defined on the basis of careful examination of borderline patients' clinical characteristics and family histories. Such characterization could have potential clinical value since there may be subgroups of borderlines who respond differently to various psychopharmacologic treatments (Klein 1975) or to exploratory versus ego supportive psychotherapy (Stone 1977). Characterizations based on genetic considerations may have their limitations, since the genetics of these disorders probably involve complex interactions of a variety of factors that may be more or less specifically related to other major diagnostic groups.", "PMID": 375383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2857", "title": "Was Thomas Wolfe a borderline?", "content": "The distinction between the two types of borderline proposed by Spitzer, Endicott, and Gibbon--the Schizotypal Personality type of borderline and the Borderline Personality type of borderline--suggests an advance in our thinking about the borderline concept. However, it can be shown, at least in the case of Thomas Wolfe, that an appreciable amount of overlap exists between the two borderline types, in the sense that the same person can load substantially on items from both types. Such findings may tend to blur the distinction between the two types. Also, Wolfe, hailed as a genius, manifested unusual behaviors which are rarely observed and may constitute a form of borderline condition that challenges current diagnosis.", "contents": "Was Thomas Wolfe a borderline? The distinction between the two types of borderline proposed by Spitzer, Endicott, and Gibbon--the Schizotypal Personality type of borderline and the Borderline Personality type of borderline--suggests an advance in our thinking about the borderline concept. However, it can be shown, at least in the case of Thomas Wolfe, that an appreciable amount of overlap exists between the two borderline types, in the sense that the same person can load substantially on items from both types. Such findings may tend to blur the distinction between the two types. Also, Wolfe, hailed as a genius, manifested unusual behaviors which are rarely observed and may constitute a form of borderline condition that challenges current diagnosis.", "PMID": 375384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2858", "title": "Post-mortem inflation, radiography, and fixation of human lungs. A method for radiological and pathological correlations and morphometric studies.", "content": "A method is described for correlative radiological and pathological studies of the lung post mortem, including radiography after air inflation, fixation with formalin-polyethylene glycol-alcohol solution, air drying and systematic histological sampling of lung tissue. For morphometric studies the total lung capacity during life is determined from radiograms and compared with the volume of the excised lung after fixation. The method is simple, relatively inexpensive, and with some experience gives good results both in radiography and histology. With this method the test lungs seemed to assume during fixation a fairly constant volume, a little higher than functional residual capacity.", "contents": "Post-mortem inflation, radiography, and fixation of human lungs. A method for radiological and pathological correlations and morphometric studies. A method is described for correlative radiological and pathological studies of the lung post mortem, including radiography after air inflation, fixation with formalin-polyethylene glycol-alcohol solution, air drying and systematic histological sampling of lung tissue. For morphometric studies the total lung capacity during life is determined from radiograms and compared with the volume of the excised lung after fixation. The method is simple, relatively inexpensive, and with some experience gives good results both in radiography and histology. With this method the test lungs seemed to assume during fixation a fairly constant volume, a little higher than functional residual capacity.", "PMID": 375385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2859", "title": "Humidifier-associated extrinsic allergic alveolitis.", "content": "Three cases of allergic alveolitis due to indoor humdification systems are described. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris precipitins were detected in the serum of a 37-year-old female patient who had typical febrile attacks during exposure to cool-mist from a home humidifier. When the cause was detected and eliminated, the symptoms and signs disappeared and the woman's gas transfer factor improved from 56% to normal within six months. In a printing office a 60-year-old woman had had febrile attacks with cough for more than a year. The patient herself associated the respiratory disease with a cool-mist humidifier sometimes used at work. The water reservoir was heavily contaminated with amoebas (Amoeba proteus), which might have been the causative organisms in this case. Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins were found in the serum of a 53-year-old female printer with the clinical picture of occupational allergic alveolitis. The same organism was detected in the ambient air of the printing office.", "contents": "Humidifier-associated extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Three cases of allergic alveolitis due to indoor humdification systems are described. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris precipitins were detected in the serum of a 37-year-old female patient who had typical febrile attacks during exposure to cool-mist from a home humidifier. When the cause was detected and eliminated, the symptoms and signs disappeared and the woman's gas transfer factor improved from 56% to normal within six months. In a printing office a 60-year-old woman had had febrile attacks with cough for more than a year. The patient herself associated the respiratory disease with a cool-mist humidifier sometimes used at work. The water reservoir was heavily contaminated with amoebas (Amoeba proteus), which might have been the causative organisms in this case. Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins were found in the serum of a 53-year-old female printer with the clinical picture of occupational allergic alveolitis. The same organism was detected in the ambient air of the printing office.", "PMID": 375386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2860", "title": "[Thrombangiitis obliterans: diagnosis and therapy in light of new immunological findings].", "content": "Thrombangiitis obliterans, a segmental, multilocal, inflammatory disease of the small and medium-sized arteries and veins, is characterized by the relatively juvenile onset of the disease, the peripheral localization of the arterial occlusions and by phlebitis saltans. Other diagnostic criteria are the absence of risk factors typical of atherosclerosis (except smoking), strictly localized occlusion on angiography, phasic clinical course, and exclusion of either collagen disease or essential thrombocytosis. A possible immunopathogenesis for the disease is increasingly favored. In our own study of 33 patients the complement factor C4 was increased in 54.6%, the antielastin antibodies were found at a titre of 1:8 in 57.1% and the immuncomplexes in 23.3%. In only 1 case was the histocompatibility antigen HLA B 12 absent. In view of these immunologic findings and also the fact that phlebitis saltans as a symptom of the disease can be suppressed by salicylates and corticosteroids, but not by anticoagulants, the following therapy is proposed: high doses of acetylsalicylic acid during the acute stage of the illness, or, if this regimen fails, a trial with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.", "contents": "[Thrombangiitis obliterans: diagnosis and therapy in light of new immunological findings]. Thrombangiitis obliterans, a segmental, multilocal, inflammatory disease of the small and medium-sized arteries and veins, is characterized by the relatively juvenile onset of the disease, the peripheral localization of the arterial occlusions and by phlebitis saltans. Other diagnostic criteria are the absence of risk factors typical of atherosclerosis (except smoking), strictly localized occlusion on angiography, phasic clinical course, and exclusion of either collagen disease or essential thrombocytosis. A possible immunopathogenesis for the disease is increasingly favored. In our own study of 33 patients the complement factor C4 was increased in 54.6%, the antielastin antibodies were found at a titre of 1:8 in 57.1% and the immuncomplexes in 23.3%. In only 1 case was the histocompatibility antigen HLA B 12 absent. In view of these immunologic findings and also the fact that phlebitis saltans as a symptom of the disease can be suppressed by salicylates and corticosteroids, but not by anticoagulants, the following therapy is proposed: high doses of acetylsalicylic acid during the acute stage of the illness, or, if this regimen fails, a trial with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.", "PMID": 375387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2861", "title": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. IV. Halogenated aryl derivatives.", "content": "A variety of halogenated aryl derivatives possess significant activity as solvents for pesticides, heat transfer agents, pesticide intermediates, additives for rubber products, intermediates in organic synthesis and as insect repellants and deodorants. Ortho- and para-dichlorobenzenes; 1,2,4-trichloro- and hexachlorobenzene, as well as bromobenzenes and benzylchloride were reviewed principally in terms of their synthesis, areas of utility, stability, distribution, reactivity, levels of exposure, populations at risk, metabolism, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.", "contents": "Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. IV. Halogenated aryl derivatives. A variety of halogenated aryl derivatives possess significant activity as solvents for pesticides, heat transfer agents, pesticide intermediates, additives for rubber products, intermediates in organic synthesis and as insect repellants and deodorants. Ortho- and para-dichlorobenzenes; 1,2,4-trichloro- and hexachlorobenzene, as well as bromobenzenes and benzylchloride were reviewed principally in terms of their synthesis, areas of utility, stability, distribution, reactivity, levels of exposure, populations at risk, metabolism, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.", "PMID": 375389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2862", "title": "Extrapituitary action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: direct inhibition ovarian steroidogenesis.", "content": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonistic analogs inhibited the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced increase of estrogen and progesterone production in vitro by rat ovarian granulosa cells. Likewise, GnRH analogs inhibited FSH-induced changes in ovarian function in hypophysectomized rats in vivo. These results indicate that GnRH, in addition to its well-known gonadotropin-releasing action in the pituitary, exerts a direct inhibition of ovarian steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Extrapituitary action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: direct inhibition ovarian steroidogenesis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonistic analogs inhibited the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced increase of estrogen and progesterone production in vitro by rat ovarian granulosa cells. Likewise, GnRH analogs inhibited FSH-induced changes in ovarian function in hypophysectomized rats in vivo. These results indicate that GnRH, in addition to its well-known gonadotropin-releasing action in the pituitary, exerts a direct inhibition of ovarian steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 375393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2863", "title": "Physical factors affecting the mutagenicity of fly ash from a coal-fired power plant.", "content": "The two finest, most respirable coal fly ash fractions collected from the smokestack of a power plant were more mutagenic than two coarser fractions. Mutagenicity was evaluated in the histidine-requiring bacterial strains TA 1538, TA 98, and TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Ash samples collected from the hoppers of an electrostatic precipitator in the plant were not mutagenic. The mutagens in coal fly ash were resistant to x-ray or ultraviolet irradiation, possibly as a result of stabilization by fly ash surfaces. All mutagenic activity is lost with heating to 350 degrees C.", "contents": "Physical factors affecting the mutagenicity of fly ash from a coal-fired power plant. The two finest, most respirable coal fly ash fractions collected from the smokestack of a power plant were more mutagenic than two coarser fractions. Mutagenicity was evaluated in the histidine-requiring bacterial strains TA 1538, TA 98, and TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Ash samples collected from the hoppers of an electrostatic precipitator in the plant were not mutagenic. The mutagens in coal fly ash were resistant to x-ray or ultraviolet irradiation, possibly as a result of stabilization by fly ash surfaces. All mutagenic activity is lost with heating to 350 degrees C.", "PMID": 375394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2864", "title": "[Family tree of the historically oldest Premysl dynasty in the light of serological group properties as determined from their skeletal remains].", "content": "The determination of group family properties assayed in individuals of five of the historically eldest generations of the Premysl dynasty, who reigned in the 9th and 10th centuries, contributed to: 1. the corroboration or refutation of possible kinship among the individuals under investigation, 2. supporting the identification of some of the individuals as established by other methods, using the above independent methodology, 3. the purification of fragments of anatomically unconnectable parts of the postcranial bones by eliminating fragments of other group properties. In conclusion, the joint anthropological and forensic effort can be said to have contributed to a large extent to obtaining more historical knowledge of personalities associated with the very beginnings of the history of the Czech nation and statehood.", "contents": "[Family tree of the historically oldest Premysl dynasty in the light of serological group properties as determined from their skeletal remains]. The determination of group family properties assayed in individuals of five of the historically eldest generations of the Premysl dynasty, who reigned in the 9th and 10th centuries, contributed to: 1. the corroboration or refutation of possible kinship among the individuals under investigation, 2. supporting the identification of some of the individuals as established by other methods, using the above independent methodology, 3. the purification of fragments of anatomically unconnectable parts of the postcranial bones by eliminating fragments of other group properties. In conclusion, the joint anthropological and forensic effort can be said to have contributed to a large extent to obtaining more historical knowledge of personalities associated with the very beginnings of the history of the Czech nation and statehood.", "PMID": 375396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2865", "title": "Renal tubular dysfunction in transplanted kidneys.", "content": "We studied 15 renal transplant recipients for evidence of tubular dysfunction. Eight patients were hypophosphatemic, and two had systemic acidosis with a urinary acidification defect. Mild aminoaciduria and bicarbonaturia were present in four and 14 patients, respectively. Elevated parathyroid hormone level was found in only one patient. Tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was depressed in all eight hypophosphatemic patients, while no such abnormalities were observed in 14 control subjects. Defective tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was the most striking abnormality. None of the parameters studied, including immunosuppressant therapy, parathyroid hormone levels, creatinine clearance, or acid-base balance, clearly account for the pathogenesis of this abnormality.", "contents": "Renal tubular dysfunction in transplanted kidneys. We studied 15 renal transplant recipients for evidence of tubular dysfunction. Eight patients were hypophosphatemic, and two had systemic acidosis with a urinary acidification defect. Mild aminoaciduria and bicarbonaturia were present in four and 14 patients, respectively. Elevated parathyroid hormone level was found in only one patient. Tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was depressed in all eight hypophosphatemic patients, while no such abnormalities were observed in 14 control subjects. Defective tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was the most striking abnormality. None of the parameters studied, including immunosuppressant therapy, parathyroid hormone levels, creatinine clearance, or acid-base balance, clearly account for the pathogenesis of this abnormality.", "PMID": 375398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2866", "title": "Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception.", "content": "Jejunogastric intussusception is an infrequently reported complication of gastroenterostomy. Prognosis and treatment are functions of the anatomic type (Shackman's classification). Gastroscopy and sometimes roentgenograms are the major diagnostic tools. Surgical treatment is required in the acute types where incarceration or strangulation occurs, and in the chronic types when function or quality of life is impaired.", "contents": "Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception. Jejunogastric intussusception is an infrequently reported complication of gastroenterostomy. Prognosis and treatment are functions of the anatomic type (Shackman's classification). Gastroscopy and sometimes roentgenograms are the major diagnostic tools. Surgical treatment is required in the acute types where incarceration or strangulation occurs, and in the chronic types when function or quality of life is impaired.", "PMID": 375399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2867", "title": "Preventing disruption of abdominal wounds.", "content": "The use of silver wire retention sutures requires added operating room time and expense, and it incurs the potential hazards of caught viscera, the possibility of more adhesions, leakage of intraperitoneal fluid through the exit wound, mild infection of exit wounds, and, on removal of the sutures, pain despite sedation, cutting of viscera, and a residual cross-hatched scar. Nevertheless, we believe that use of the technic is amply justified by the prevention of abdominal wound disruption, ease in visualization of the wound, ease in providing equal distribution of wound tension and periodic adjustment of it, and in reapproximation of superficial tissues in the event of wound breakdown, as well as in the elimination of need for any external supportive device. The existence of a voluminous literature on the placing, making, and closing of abdominal incisions suggests that no single ideal method exists. Major disruption of abdominal wounds continues to be a serious problem, despite the infrequency of its occurrence. The use of through-and-through semirigid silver wire retention sutures with adjustable tension as a complement to the routine layered closure can prevent disruption of abdominal wounds while causing only minor complications.", "contents": "Preventing disruption of abdominal wounds. The use of silver wire retention sutures requires added operating room time and expense, and it incurs the potential hazards of caught viscera, the possibility of more adhesions, leakage of intraperitoneal fluid through the exit wound, mild infection of exit wounds, and, on removal of the sutures, pain despite sedation, cutting of viscera, and a residual cross-hatched scar. Nevertheless, we believe that use of the technic is amply justified by the prevention of abdominal wound disruption, ease in visualization of the wound, ease in providing equal distribution of wound tension and periodic adjustment of it, and in reapproximation of superficial tissues in the event of wound breakdown, as well as in the elimination of need for any external supportive device. The existence of a voluminous literature on the placing, making, and closing of abdominal incisions suggests that no single ideal method exists. Major disruption of abdominal wounds continues to be a serious problem, despite the infrequency of its occurrence. The use of through-and-through semirigid silver wire retention sutures with adjustable tension as a complement to the routine layered closure can prevent disruption of abdominal wounds while causing only minor complications.", "PMID": 375400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2868", "title": "Comparison of butorphanol and pentazocine as postoperative analgesics.", "content": "Sixty patients with moderate or severe postsurgical pain were randomly divided into three equal groups for a double-blind comparison of the analgesic effectiveness of intramuscular butorphanol (2 and 4 mg) and pentazocine (60 mg). The groups were demographically similar. Pain intensity and pain relief were scored at 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after administration of the drug. All treatments provided significant analgesic activity (P less than .05) within ten minutes. However, both doses of butorphanol reached their peak effect at 30 minutes, in contrast to 60 minutes for pentazocine. The duration of effect appeared somewhat longer for butorphanol, though this did not achieve statistical significance. Butorphanol (4 mg) had a significantly greater (P less than .05) analgesic effect at ten minutes than pentazocine (60 mg), and both butorphanol treatments (2 and 4 mg) were significantly better than pentazocine, according to many parameters at 20 and 30 minutes. Side effects, chiefly sleepiness and dizziness, were seen in 15% of the patients, with no significant difference between the treatment groups.", "contents": "Comparison of butorphanol and pentazocine as postoperative analgesics. Sixty patients with moderate or severe postsurgical pain were randomly divided into three equal groups for a double-blind comparison of the analgesic effectiveness of intramuscular butorphanol (2 and 4 mg) and pentazocine (60 mg). The groups were demographically similar. Pain intensity and pain relief were scored at 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after administration of the drug. All treatments provided significant analgesic activity (P less than .05) within ten minutes. However, both doses of butorphanol reached their peak effect at 30 minutes, in contrast to 60 minutes for pentazocine. The duration of effect appeared somewhat longer for butorphanol, though this did not achieve statistical significance. Butorphanol (4 mg) had a significantly greater (P less than .05) analgesic effect at ten minutes than pentazocine (60 mg), and both butorphanol treatments (2 and 4 mg) were significantly better than pentazocine, according to many parameters at 20 and 30 minutes. Side effects, chiefly sleepiness and dizziness, were seen in 15% of the patients, with no significant difference between the treatment groups.", "PMID": 375401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2869", "title": "Notes on the history of leprosy in Louisiana.", "content": "In the late 1880s it became apparent in Louisiana that leprosy was endemic in the southern part of the state. Initially, the intention was to establish a leprosy hospital in the city of New Orleans, close to medical facilities, and where the bulk of the patients were to be found. The establishment, instead, of an isolated leper colony at the run-down plantation at Carville, 85 miles up-river, was the result of community indifference, misunderstanding of the nature of the disease, and expected depreciation of property values. Fear of the disease was a secondary matter. The practice of locating residential facilities for the chronically ill at long distances from the centers of physician practice and medical research continues to this day. Interestingly, the arguments that permit this to happen have not changed appreciably from those of a century ago.", "contents": "Notes on the history of leprosy in Louisiana. In the late 1880s it became apparent in Louisiana that leprosy was endemic in the southern part of the state. Initially, the intention was to establish a leprosy hospital in the city of New Orleans, close to medical facilities, and where the bulk of the patients were to be found. The establishment, instead, of an isolated leper colony at the run-down plantation at Carville, 85 miles up-river, was the result of community indifference, misunderstanding of the nature of the disease, and expected depreciation of property values. Fear of the disease was a secondary matter. The practice of locating residential facilities for the chronically ill at long distances from the centers of physician practice and medical research continues to this day. Interestingly, the arguments that permit this to happen have not changed appreciably from those of a century ago.", "PMID": 375403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2870", "title": "Distribution and prevalence of cases of microfilaraemia in Indonesia.", "content": "Blood smear surveys were conducted in principal villages on the major islands of Indonesia to determine the microfilarial rates presently existing in the populations. A total of 163,454 persons were examined and 10.8 percent found positive for microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi or Brugia timori. The highest prevalence rates were found in Nusatenggara-Maluku-Irian Jaya (15.5%) followed by Sulawesi (13.7%) Kalimantan (10.8%) Sumatera (8.9%) and Jawa and Bali (1.7%). Many areas endemic for filariasis are used for the settlement of transmigrants from non-filarial endemic areas. Control program must therefore be implemented to prevent filarial infections in these new susceptible population groups.", "contents": "Distribution and prevalence of cases of microfilaraemia in Indonesia. Blood smear surveys were conducted in principal villages on the major islands of Indonesia to determine the microfilarial rates presently existing in the populations. A total of 163,454 persons were examined and 10.8 percent found positive for microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi or Brugia timori. The highest prevalence rates were found in Nusatenggara-Maluku-Irian Jaya (15.5%) followed by Sulawesi (13.7%) Kalimantan (10.8%) Sumatera (8.9%) and Jawa and Bali (1.7%). Many areas endemic for filariasis are used for the settlement of transmigrants from non-filarial endemic areas. Control program must therefore be implemented to prevent filarial infections in these new susceptible population groups.", "PMID": 375405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2871", "title": "Occurrence of coliform bacteria other than Escherichia coli in foods.", "content": "An evaluation of the BGLB (44 degrees C) confirmation test for the enumeration of E. coli as an index of sanitary quality of some foods was made. Out of 70 samples tested, 43 (61.4%) samples contained E. coli. A total of 347 BGLB gas positive cultures obtained were subjected to the IMViC procedure. It was found that 42.7% of these BGLB gas positives were E. coli and 57.3% were ten other coliform bacteria giving the following IMViC patterns: 31.4% --++, 6.3% -+-+, 4.3% each of +-++ and -+++, 3.2% ++-+, 2.9% ++++, 2% ---+, 1.4% +++-, 1.2% --+- and 0.3% -++-. Some of the possible reasons for obtaining low recovery of E. coli in foods by the BGLB test have been discussed. The various fields to be investigated for the improvement of the test procedure and thus the elimination of false positives have been suggested.", "contents": "Occurrence of coliform bacteria other than Escherichia coli in foods. An evaluation of the BGLB (44 degrees C) confirmation test for the enumeration of E. coli as an index of sanitary quality of some foods was made. Out of 70 samples tested, 43 (61.4%) samples contained E. coli. A total of 347 BGLB gas positive cultures obtained were subjected to the IMViC procedure. It was found that 42.7% of these BGLB gas positives were E. coli and 57.3% were ten other coliform bacteria giving the following IMViC patterns: 31.4% --++, 6.3% -+-+, 4.3% each of +-++ and -+++, 3.2% ++-+, 2.9% ++++, 2% ---+, 1.4% +++-, 1.2% --+- and 0.3% -++-. Some of the possible reasons for obtaining low recovery of E. coli in foods by the BGLB test have been discussed. The various fields to be investigated for the improvement of the test procedure and thus the elimination of false positives have been suggested.", "PMID": 375406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2872", "title": "Aetiologic agents of septic sore throat in Thai children.", "content": "A bacteriological study of children with respiratory infections in Bangkok during January to November 1976 revealed that 37% of the patients had symptoms and sign of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. Twenty-six per cent of these children harboured Streptococcus pyogenes in their throats. The numbers of streptococci other than group A and Staphylococcus aureus were increased in the children with respiratory infections. However, Staph. aureus was found as the sole organism in children with exudate more often than in the children with only URI. The possible role of Staph. aureus in bacterial pharyngitis should not be ignored. Penicillin remains a drug of choice for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. If penicillin is contraindicated, erythromycin should be preferred over lincomycin as a second choice of drug in order to avoid treatment failure if lincomycin resistant streptococci are present.", "contents": "Aetiologic agents of septic sore throat in Thai children. A bacteriological study of children with respiratory infections in Bangkok during January to November 1976 revealed that 37% of the patients had symptoms and sign of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. Twenty-six per cent of these children harboured Streptococcus pyogenes in their throats. The numbers of streptococci other than group A and Staphylococcus aureus were increased in the children with respiratory infections. However, Staph. aureus was found as the sole organism in children with exudate more often than in the children with only URI. The possible role of Staph. aureus in bacterial pharyngitis should not be ignored. Penicillin remains a drug of choice for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. If penicillin is contraindicated, erythromycin should be preferred over lincomycin as a second choice of drug in order to avoid treatment failure if lincomycin resistant streptococci are present.", "PMID": 375407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2873", "title": "Levamisole and mebendazole in the treatment of bancroftian infection.", "content": "Levamisole and mebendazole, broad spectrum anthelminthic compounds were tested against microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti, and the results were compared with similarly treated diethylcarbamazine and untreated group. Levamisole at a dosage of 3 mg/kg daily for 8 days showed marked reduction in both microfilaria rate and microfilaria density and immediately thereafter mf-rate steadily increased almost up to pre-treatment level, the mf-density however showed only marginal increase. Mebendazole at dosage of 6 mg/kg daily for 10 days following 8 days treatment of levamisole also showed marginal increase of mf-rate but no increase of mf-density. Treatment with DEC at a dosage of 6 mg/kg daily for 12 days showed comparatively better results both in respect of reduction in mf-rate and mf-density. The reactions - severity and duration were more among levamisole treated groups as compared to DEC treated group. Thus with the dosages tried, DEC could be considered as a better drug than levamisole and mebendazole. Both the latter compounds had no or very limited effect on the adult worms of W. bancrofti.", "contents": "Levamisole and mebendazole in the treatment of bancroftian infection. Levamisole and mebendazole, broad spectrum anthelminthic compounds were tested against microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti, and the results were compared with similarly treated diethylcarbamazine and untreated group. Levamisole at a dosage of 3 mg/kg daily for 8 days showed marked reduction in both microfilaria rate and microfilaria density and immediately thereafter mf-rate steadily increased almost up to pre-treatment level, the mf-density however showed only marginal increase. Mebendazole at dosage of 6 mg/kg daily for 10 days following 8 days treatment of levamisole also showed marginal increase of mf-rate but no increase of mf-density. Treatment with DEC at a dosage of 6 mg/kg daily for 12 days showed comparatively better results both in respect of reduction in mf-rate and mf-density. The reactions - severity and duration were more among levamisole treated groups as compared to DEC treated group. Thus with the dosages tried, DEC could be considered as a better drug than levamisole and mebendazole. Both the latter compounds had no or very limited effect on the adult worms of W. bancrofti.", "PMID": 375408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2874", "title": "Gentamicin and penicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infections.", "content": "A combination of penicillin and gentamicin has been used for severely ill patients in a respiratory intensive care ward. It has been shown that predictable mean blood levels of gentamicin can be obtained in these patients by relating the dose to surface area (60 mg/m2/8 h). When renal function was initially normal it did not deteriorate during the course of therapy (10 days); gentamicin assays are not essential for safe treatment. In patients with renal failure, increasing the interval between doses also resulted in satisfactory levels, but close monitoring of the serum creatinine level is considered necessary. No clinical difference could be detected when gentamicin was given by constant or intermittent infusion.", "contents": "Gentamicin and penicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infections. A combination of penicillin and gentamicin has been used for severely ill patients in a respiratory intensive care ward. It has been shown that predictable mean blood levels of gentamicin can be obtained in these patients by relating the dose to surface area (60 mg/m2/8 h). When renal function was initially normal it did not deteriorate during the course of therapy (10 days); gentamicin assays are not essential for safe treatment. In patients with renal failure, increasing the interval between doses also resulted in satisfactory levels, but close monitoring of the serum creatinine level is considered necessary. No clinical difference could be detected when gentamicin was given by constant or intermittent infusion.", "PMID": 375433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2875", "title": "Desensitization of patients with bee sting allergy using pure bee venom.", "content": "Forty patients who had previously experienced severe systemic reactions after a bee sting were desensitized using pure bee venom. A modified 'Rush' regimen was employed whereby patients received two injections a week and reached maximal desensitization in 5 weeks. Eleven patients have subsequently been stung again and have developed no generalized reaction. Although this form of desensitization is considered to be highly effective in protecting sensitive patients, both generalized and local side-effects were frequent. Maintenance desensitizing injections are required every month for an indefinite period. It is concluded that desensitization with pure been venom should be undertaken only in highly selected sensitive patients, and should be performed under strict control.", "contents": "Desensitization of patients with bee sting allergy using pure bee venom. Forty patients who had previously experienced severe systemic reactions after a bee sting were desensitized using pure bee venom. A modified 'Rush' regimen was employed whereby patients received two injections a week and reached maximal desensitization in 5 weeks. Eleven patients have subsequently been stung again and have developed no generalized reaction. Although this form of desensitization is considered to be highly effective in protecting sensitive patients, both generalized and local side-effects were frequent. Maintenance desensitizing injections are required every month for an indefinite period. It is concluded that desensitization with pure been venom should be undertaken only in highly selected sensitive patients, and should be performed under strict control.", "PMID": 375434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2876", "title": "Atenolol as primary therapy in previously untreated hypertensives and as an adjuvant to other therapy. A South African Multicentre Study.", "content": "A series of 50 previously untreated hypertensives (group A) were treated with atenolol 100 mg daily and matching placebo in a double-blind cross-over study. A series of 60 hypertensives who were poorly controlled on non-beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs, as evidenced by a diastolic blood pressure of between 100 and 120 mmHg inclusive (group B), were treated in the same manner as group A except that they continued to take their previous non-beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs throughout the trial. The large majority of patients in both groups (95% and 72%) experienced a fall in blood pressure to satisfactory levels with no significant additional side-effects when compared with placebo treatment.", "contents": "Atenolol as primary therapy in previously untreated hypertensives and as an adjuvant to other therapy. A South African Multicentre Study. A series of 50 previously untreated hypertensives (group A) were treated with atenolol 100 mg daily and matching placebo in a double-blind cross-over study. A series of 60 hypertensives who were poorly controlled on non-beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs, as evidenced by a diastolic blood pressure of between 100 and 120 mmHg inclusive (group B), were treated in the same manner as group A except that they continued to take their previous non-beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs throughout the trial. The large majority of patients in both groups (95% and 72%) experienced a fall in blood pressure to satisfactory levels with no significant additional side-effects when compared with placebo treatment.", "PMID": 375435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2877", "title": "Healing of peptic ulcers on conventional antacid therapy with or without butriptyline.", "content": "A group of ulcer patients taking conventional doses of antacids were subjected to a double-blind randomized trial to examine the possible effect of butriptyline on ulcer healing. The study failed to show any advantage of butriptyline over placebo, but this may well have been due to the very success of antacid therapy. The healing rates of gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients on conventional antacid therapy were found to be comparable to those reported with many of the newer ulcer preparations. This study also showed that larger ulcers tend to take longer to heal than small ones.", "contents": "Healing of peptic ulcers on conventional antacid therapy with or without butriptyline. A group of ulcer patients taking conventional doses of antacids were subjected to a double-blind randomized trial to examine the possible effect of butriptyline on ulcer healing. The study failed to show any advantage of butriptyline over placebo, but this may well have been due to the very success of antacid therapy. The healing rates of gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients on conventional antacid therapy were found to be comparable to those reported with many of the newer ulcer preparations. This study also showed that larger ulcers tend to take longer to heal than small ones.", "PMID": 375436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2878", "title": "In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in seawater.", "content": "The survival of propagules from 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, and Microsporum gypseum was studied in seawater subjected to different temperature (20--35 degrees C) and salinity (6--50%) levels in diurnal rhythm of 12 h cycles. Survival was measured by viability of propagules over a period of 52 weeks. All fungi, except T. cutaneum at 35 degrees C survived the experimental conditions for 52 weeks. Temperature was the most influential factor. When temperature increased, M. gypseum responded with enhanced viability whereas survival for C. albicans and T. cutaneum was inhibited. At 35 degrees C, T. cutaneum was not viable after 6--7 weeks even though it survived the initial 5 weeks with less loss of viability than the other test organisms. No correlation was seen between salinity level and loss of viability. Diurnal light had an inhibitory effect on T. cutaneum and C. albicans survival under in vitro conditions approximating those of seawater in Hawaii. M. gypseum had the highest level of survival over 52 weeks under usual in situ conditions simulated in vitro, followed by T. mentagrophytes, T. cutaneum, and C. albicans. Survival for 52 weeks even when salinity and temperature levels exceed those of the natural habitat indicates that seawater which washes sand beaches can be an environmental niche for potentially pathogenic fungi.", "contents": "In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in seawater. The survival of propagules from 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, and Microsporum gypseum was studied in seawater subjected to different temperature (20--35 degrees C) and salinity (6--50%) levels in diurnal rhythm of 12 h cycles. Survival was measured by viability of propagules over a period of 52 weeks. All fungi, except T. cutaneum at 35 degrees C survived the experimental conditions for 52 weeks. Temperature was the most influential factor. When temperature increased, M. gypseum responded with enhanced viability whereas survival for C. albicans and T. cutaneum was inhibited. At 35 degrees C, T. cutaneum was not viable after 6--7 weeks even though it survived the initial 5 weeks with less loss of viability than the other test organisms. No correlation was seen between salinity level and loss of viability. Diurnal light had an inhibitory effect on T. cutaneum and C. albicans survival under in vitro conditions approximating those of seawater in Hawaii. M. gypseum had the highest level of survival over 52 weeks under usual in situ conditions simulated in vitro, followed by T. mentagrophytes, T. cutaneum, and C. albicans. Survival for 52 weeks even when salinity and temperature levels exceed those of the natural habitat indicates that seawater which washes sand beaches can be an environmental niche for potentially pathogenic fungi.", "PMID": 375437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2879", "title": "In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in Hawaiian beach sand.", "content": "In vitro studies utilizing 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, all known from Hawaiian beaches, indicate that they survive in the fluctuating beach habitat where they can serve as potential sources of infection for significant periods of time. Survival was measured by testing the viability of propagules at intervals for 6 months. All species survived 6 months under 1 or more experimental conditions. Survival patterns showed both increases and decreases depending upon the given parameters designed to simulate various beach conditions. Propagules inoculated on hair and horn (keratinized inoculum) did not remain viable longer than propagules from pure culture suspensions (non-keratinized). Microbial antagonism was not a major factor in survival. All species survived at least 1 month in non-sterile sand inoculated with keratinized propagules. This condition approximated the natural sand habitat. Alternate wetting and drying of sand caused an overall decrease in survival time except for M. gypseum (non-keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in sterile sand and T. mentagrophytes (keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in non-sterile sand. Temperature was important: increasing temperature resulted in a general decrease in survival time; 45 degrees C was definitely inhibitory, with the exception of T. cutaneum which survived that level for 6 months (keratinized inoculum). Salinity did not influence survival.", "contents": "In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in Hawaiian beach sand. In vitro studies utilizing 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, all known from Hawaiian beaches, indicate that they survive in the fluctuating beach habitat where they can serve as potential sources of infection for significant periods of time. Survival was measured by testing the viability of propagules at intervals for 6 months. All species survived 6 months under 1 or more experimental conditions. Survival patterns showed both increases and decreases depending upon the given parameters designed to simulate various beach conditions. Propagules inoculated on hair and horn (keratinized inoculum) did not remain viable longer than propagules from pure culture suspensions (non-keratinized). Microbial antagonism was not a major factor in survival. All species survived at least 1 month in non-sterile sand inoculated with keratinized propagules. This condition approximated the natural sand habitat. Alternate wetting and drying of sand caused an overall decrease in survival time except for M. gypseum (non-keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in sterile sand and T. mentagrophytes (keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in non-sterile sand. Temperature was important: increasing temperature resulted in a general decrease in survival time; 45 degrees C was definitely inhibitory, with the exception of T. cutaneum which survived that level for 6 months (keratinized inoculum). Salinity did not influence survival.", "PMID": 375438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2880", "title": "A comparison of hyphal growth of Candida albicans in six liquid media.", "content": "Six liquid media were compared for their ability to promote hyphal growth of Candida albicans. The two clinical isolates used in this study reacted similarly. The proportion of hyphal growth and the time at which hyphal development reached a peak varied in the media tested. All media produced secondary growth characteristics of lateral budding after peak hyphal development. The Lee-Buckley-Campbell (LBC) synthetic medium induced the highest proportion of filaments; which were also longer than in the other media tested.", "contents": "A comparison of hyphal growth of Candida albicans in six liquid media. Six liquid media were compared for their ability to promote hyphal growth of Candida albicans. The two clinical isolates used in this study reacted similarly. The proportion of hyphal growth and the time at which hyphal development reached a peak varied in the media tested. All media produced secondary growth characteristics of lateral budding after peak hyphal development. The Lee-Buckley-Campbell (LBC) synthetic medium induced the highest proportion of filaments; which were also longer than in the other media tested.", "PMID": 375439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2881", "title": "Antifungal activity of transferrin.", "content": "Inhibitory effects of transferrin on fungal growth were successfully estimated by measuring fungal ATP content. By this method, it was demonstrated that both human and rabbit transferrin possessed the inhibitory effect in the absence of any other factor on yeast-like and filamentous fungi. However, rabbit stimulation factor enhanced the inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of transferrin was nonspecific and correlated with unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) of transferrin. Human transferrin was more inhibitory than rabbit transferrin.", "contents": "Antifungal activity of transferrin. Inhibitory effects of transferrin on fungal growth were successfully estimated by measuring fungal ATP content. By this method, it was demonstrated that both human and rabbit transferrin possessed the inhibitory effect in the absence of any other factor on yeast-like and filamentous fungi. However, rabbit stimulation factor enhanced the inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of transferrin was nonspecific and correlated with unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) of transferrin. Human transferrin was more inhibitory than rabbit transferrin.", "PMID": 375440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2882", "title": "Predicting infection in surgical patients.", "content": "To date, simple skin testing using recall antigens has proved to be the most accurate method of assessing preoperative risk for serious infectious complications. When used in conjunction with measures to control the microorganisms and the environment, evaluation of host defense mechanisms with skin testing can aid in reducing postoperative infectious morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Predicting infection in surgical patients. To date, simple skin testing using recall antigens has proved to be the most accurate method of assessing preoperative risk for serious infectious complications. When used in conjunction with measures to control the microorganisms and the environment, evaluation of host defense mechanisms with skin testing can aid in reducing postoperative infectious morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 375442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2883", "title": "Recent advances in human cellular immunobiology.", "content": "Several recent advances in human cellular immunology will have increasing impact on surgical science. First, lymphocytes are composed of diverse subpopulations with different biological properties. Second, lymphocytes and phagocytes expressed distinctive cell surface markers that reflect the specialized function of each cell. Third, different subpopulations of lymphocytes probably have one or only a few specific functions rather than being multipotential. Despite the seemingly complex heterogeneity of the immune system, the component parts collaborate in a highly integrated fashion. The recent elucidation of suppressor cells and their interaction with effector cells, for example, is a major conceptual advance. Fourth, the technology of immunologic science has advanced significantly. More discriminating methods for detecting lymphocyte markers and the ability to physically separate and analyze lymphocyte subpopulations will permit increasingly more refined insights into normal and abnormal immune responses. A number of important advances at the molecular level involving the disciplines of immunogenetics and immunochemistry have also been described but are beyond the scope of this review. Much work remains, however, in correlating these in vitro observations in the laboratory with in viro activity in the patient. It is now evident that the outcome of an immune response (or lack of it) represents a net balance of different components in the immunologic network that determine the time course, intensity of response, and the actual mechanisms of antigen elimination. A better understanding of these component parts of a normal immune response, and their deviations in disease states, is essential for designing more sophisticated therapeutic manipulations of the immune system. Attempts at \"immune manipulation\" aimed at stimulating or depleting the entire system are no more likely to be successful or reproducible than are attempts to \"manipulate\" the entire endocrine system. More meaningful results will occur when one can deal with individual components of an immune response (such as suppression or killing) and can precisely monitor the consequences of altering them.", "contents": "Recent advances in human cellular immunobiology. Several recent advances in human cellular immunology will have increasing impact on surgical science. First, lymphocytes are composed of diverse subpopulations with different biological properties. Second, lymphocytes and phagocytes expressed distinctive cell surface markers that reflect the specialized function of each cell. Third, different subpopulations of lymphocytes probably have one or only a few specific functions rather than being multipotential. Despite the seemingly complex heterogeneity of the immune system, the component parts collaborate in a highly integrated fashion. The recent elucidation of suppressor cells and their interaction with effector cells, for example, is a major conceptual advance. Fourth, the technology of immunologic science has advanced significantly. More discriminating methods for detecting lymphocyte markers and the ability to physically separate and analyze lymphocyte subpopulations will permit increasingly more refined insights into normal and abnormal immune responses. A number of important advances at the molecular level involving the disciplines of immunogenetics and immunochemistry have also been described but are beyond the scope of this review. Much work remains, however, in correlating these in vitro observations in the laboratory with in viro activity in the patient. It is now evident that the outcome of an immune response (or lack of it) represents a net balance of different components in the immunologic network that determine the time course, intensity of response, and the actual mechanisms of antigen elimination. A better understanding of these component parts of a normal immune response, and their deviations in disease states, is essential for designing more sophisticated therapeutic manipulations of the immune system. Attempts at \"immune manipulation\" aimed at stimulating or depleting the entire system are no more likely to be successful or reproducible than are attempts to \"manipulate\" the entire endocrine system. More meaningful results will occur when one can deal with individual components of an immune response (such as suppression or killing) and can precisely monitor the consequences of altering them.", "PMID": 375444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2884", "title": "Reduced incidence of cerebral ischemia following rupture of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "A randomized study was carried out to determine if the administration of reserpine and kanamycin to lower the concentration of vasoactive biogenic monoamines would reduce the incidence of cerebral vascular ischemic complications and death following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Twenty-six treated and twenty-eight control (untreated) patients were studied. In the preoperative period, eight control (untreated) patients developed symptomatic cerebral ischemia as opposed to one treated patient. There was no correlation between the preoperative clinical findings of ischemia and angiographic evidence of vasospasm. In the post-operative period four control and one treated patient developed symptomatic cerebral ischemia; vasospasm, as demonstrated by cerebral angiography, paralleled these findings.", "contents": "Reduced incidence of cerebral ischemia following rupture of intracranial aneurysms. A randomized study was carried out to determine if the administration of reserpine and kanamycin to lower the concentration of vasoactive biogenic monoamines would reduce the incidence of cerebral vascular ischemic complications and death following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Twenty-six treated and twenty-eight control (untreated) patients were studied. In the preoperative period, eight control (untreated) patients developed symptomatic cerebral ischemia as opposed to one treated patient. There was no correlation between the preoperative clinical findings of ischemia and angiographic evidence of vasospasm. In the post-operative period four control and one treated patient developed symptomatic cerebral ischemia; vasospasm, as demonstrated by cerebral angiography, paralleled these findings.", "PMID": 375449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2885", "title": "Migration of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into lateral ventricle of an adult.", "content": "Migration of an entire ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the lateral ventricle of an adult patient with chronic hydrocephalus is presented. The possible causes are reviewed.", "contents": "Migration of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into lateral ventricle of an adult. Migration of an entire ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the lateral ventricle of an adult patient with chronic hydrocephalus is presented. The possible causes are reviewed.", "PMID": 375451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2886", "title": "Anticoagulants in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the bronchus.", "content": "The object of this study was to see if the addition of anticoagulants to a regimen of cytotoxic drugs would improve the prognosis in patients with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Twenty-four patients were randomly allocated to receive chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus anticoagulants. The median survival in the group receiving the anticoagulants was not improved.", "contents": "Anticoagulants in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. The object of this study was to see if the addition of anticoagulants to a regimen of cytotoxic drugs would improve the prognosis in patients with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Twenty-four patients were randomly allocated to receive chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus anticoagulants. The median survival in the group receiving the anticoagulants was not improved.", "PMID": 375459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2887", "title": "Levamisole and surgery in bronchial carcinoma patients: increase in deaths from cardiorespiratory failure.", "content": "Life table analysis of early entry to this randomised blind trial of 318 patients has shown a significantly poorer survival for resected lung cancer patients treated with levamisole for three days before operation and three days a fortnight thereafter than for placebo-treated controls. This excess was largely due to deaths that had been attributed to operation or other causes (non-cancer deaths), most occurring in the six weeks after operation. In the 99 resected patients treated with levamisole there was a 15% excess of deaths in this category, compared with the placebo-treated controls. Extensive analysis excluded maldistribution of patients between the groups as a cause of this difference. Many more died in respiratory distress, mostly without clear cause, in the levamisole group. Antibody (lgG) reacting with myocardial sarcolemma or sarcoplasm was found in the only serum samples available for testing which were drawn from patients during the syndrome. The findings are in keeping with a primary effect on the heart, possibly involving an autoimmune mechanism. The effect has not been noted in other trials.", "contents": "Levamisole and surgery in bronchial carcinoma patients: increase in deaths from cardiorespiratory failure. Life table analysis of early entry to this randomised blind trial of 318 patients has shown a significantly poorer survival for resected lung cancer patients treated with levamisole for three days before operation and three days a fortnight thereafter than for placebo-treated controls. This excess was largely due to deaths that had been attributed to operation or other causes (non-cancer deaths), most occurring in the six weeks after operation. In the 99 resected patients treated with levamisole there was a 15% excess of deaths in this category, compared with the placebo-treated controls. Extensive analysis excluded maldistribution of patients between the groups as a cause of this difference. Many more died in respiratory distress, mostly without clear cause, in the levamisole group. Antibody (lgG) reacting with myocardial sarcolemma or sarcoplasm was found in the only serum samples available for testing which were drawn from patients during the syndrome. The findings are in keeping with a primary effect on the heart, possibly involving an autoimmune mechanism. The effect has not been noted in other trials.", "PMID": 375460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2888", "title": "A comparative study of atropine methonitrate, salbutamol, and their combination in airways obstruction.", "content": "Dose-response relationships of the cholinergic antagonist, atropine methonitrate, and the beta-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, were examined by cumulative dose techniques. A wet aerosol, 1.5 mg atropine methonitrate produced a maximum response. The response to 200 microgram of salbutamol from a pressurised aerosol was close to maximum. Secondly, the bronchodilator response of salbutamol microgram was compared with atropine methonitrate 2 mg and placebo in 18 asthmatic patients in a randomised crossover study. In 11 of them the bronchodilator response of the combination of salbutamol and atropine methonitrate was evaluated. Atropine methonitrate produced a similar peak bronchodilator effect to salbutamol, but its effect was more prolonged, the response being significantly greater at four and six hours than with salbutamol. The combination of drugs produced a significantly greater and more lasting bronchodilatation than either of the drugs alone. Despite mild side effects, atropine methonitrate, either alone or in combination with an adrenergic drug, appears to have a place in the treatment of sever reversible airway obstruction not adequately controlled by conventional treatment.", "contents": "A comparative study of atropine methonitrate, salbutamol, and their combination in airways obstruction. Dose-response relationships of the cholinergic antagonist, atropine methonitrate, and the beta-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, were examined by cumulative dose techniques. A wet aerosol, 1.5 mg atropine methonitrate produced a maximum response. The response to 200 microgram of salbutamol from a pressurised aerosol was close to maximum. Secondly, the bronchodilator response of salbutamol microgram was compared with atropine methonitrate 2 mg and placebo in 18 asthmatic patients in a randomised crossover study. In 11 of them the bronchodilator response of the combination of salbutamol and atropine methonitrate was evaluated. Atropine methonitrate produced a similar peak bronchodilator effect to salbutamol, but its effect was more prolonged, the response being significantly greater at four and six hours than with salbutamol. The combination of drugs produced a significantly greater and more lasting bronchodilatation than either of the drugs alone. Despite mild side effects, atropine methonitrate, either alone or in combination with an adrenergic drug, appears to have a place in the treatment of sever reversible airway obstruction not adequately controlled by conventional treatment.", "PMID": 375461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2889", "title": "Separation of human cells bearing HLA-DR antigens using a monoclonal antibody rosetting method.", "content": "A technique is described for enriching, from human blood, cells bearing HLA-DR antigens. The method depends on the use of monoclonal mouse antibody which reacts with HLA-DR structures. Cells to which this antibody has bound can be separated after rosetting with bovine erythrocytes coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The cells thus enriched may be used for HLA-DR typing by standard cytotoxicity methods with allogeneic sera.", "contents": "Separation of human cells bearing HLA-DR antigens using a monoclonal antibody rosetting method. A technique is described for enriching, from human blood, cells bearing HLA-DR antigens. The method depends on the use of monoclonal mouse antibody which reacts with HLA-DR structures. Cells to which this antibody has bound can be separated after rosetting with bovine erythrocytes coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The cells thus enriched may be used for HLA-DR typing by standard cytotoxicity methods with allogeneic sera.", "PMID": 375463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2890", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in human esophagus tissue.", "content": "The constitution of acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the normal human esophagi which were obtained at autopsy from 13 female subjects, from 30 to 59 years old, was biochemically analyzed by the procedures such as resin chromatographic separation, electrophoretic characterization in 3 buffer systems and enzymic assay with chondroitinases and hyaluronidase. The main AGAG was hyaluronic acid which amounts to a half of total AGAG, followed by heparan sulfates and dermatan sulfate one fifth of total AGAG each, and small amounts of chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfates and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate. Heparin was not detected. A possible role of the esophageal AGAG was discussed.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in human esophagus tissue. The constitution of acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the normal human esophagi which were obtained at autopsy from 13 female subjects, from 30 to 59 years old, was biochemically analyzed by the procedures such as resin chromatographic separation, electrophoretic characterization in 3 buffer systems and enzymic assay with chondroitinases and hyaluronidase. The main AGAG was hyaluronic acid which amounts to a half of total AGAG, followed by heparan sulfates and dermatan sulfate one fifth of total AGAG each, and small amounts of chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfates and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate. Heparin was not detected. A possible role of the esophageal AGAG was discussed.", "PMID": 375464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2891", "title": "Vibratome sections of difficult tissues.", "content": "After 1 hours of aldehyde fixation, 4 to 20 hours of soaking in 2% BSA (bovine serum albumin) solution and another 17 hours in the same fixative, the vibratome will produce smooth, even sections from agar embedded guinea pig thyroid, skeletal muscle or larynx with the same ease as it will from soft, homogeneous tissues such as liver or spleen.", "contents": "Vibratome sections of difficult tissues. After 1 hours of aldehyde fixation, 4 to 20 hours of soaking in 2% BSA (bovine serum albumin) solution and another 17 hours in the same fixative, the vibratome will produce smooth, even sections from agar embedded guinea pig thyroid, skeletal muscle or larynx with the same ease as it will from soft, homogeneous tissues such as liver or spleen.", "PMID": 375467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2892", "title": "A method for orienting cryostat sections for three-dimensional reconstructions.", "content": "Tissue for cryostat sectioning is embedded together with reference tissue impaled on the needles of a specially constructed trident. To maintain spatial orientation, reference and experimental tissue are frozen in Tissue-Tek O. C. T. compound in the manner usual for enzyme histochemistry using a simply constructed carrier. The trident is removed by heating its handle, thus leaving holes in the reference tissue which in turn are used as reference points to orient successive sections with respect to each other.", "contents": "A method for orienting cryostat sections for three-dimensional reconstructions. Tissue for cryostat sectioning is embedded together with reference tissue impaled on the needles of a specially constructed trident. To maintain spatial orientation, reference and experimental tissue are frozen in Tissue-Tek O. C. T. compound in the manner usual for enzyme histochemistry using a simply constructed carrier. The trident is removed by heating its handle, thus leaving holes in the reference tissue which in turn are used as reference points to orient successive sections with respect to each other.", "PMID": 375468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2893", "title": "Postembedding adjuvants in routine microtomy of paraffin-processed tissues.", "content": "Soaking the exposed face of routine paraffin-processed tissue blocks from human autopsies in solutions containing either 60% ethyl alcohol-glycerol 9:1; glycerol-aniline 9:1; 5% aqueous phenol; 5% aqueous Photo-flo, or 10% aqueous ammonium hydroxide for 2--4 hours at 0--4 C resulted in greater ease of ribboning and overall improvement of slide quality in the majority of sections compared to the results with the same blocks soaked only in water at 0--4 C. The use of postembedding adjuvants, especially 10% aqueous ammonium hydroxide, presents a simple, convenient, inexpensive means of increasing section quality with routine as well as refractory paraffin-embedded tissue without sacrificing tissue adhesion, staining qualities or cellular detail.", "contents": "Postembedding adjuvants in routine microtomy of paraffin-processed tissues. Soaking the exposed face of routine paraffin-processed tissue blocks from human autopsies in solutions containing either 60% ethyl alcohol-glycerol 9:1; glycerol-aniline 9:1; 5% aqueous phenol; 5% aqueous Photo-flo, or 10% aqueous ammonium hydroxide for 2--4 hours at 0--4 C resulted in greater ease of ribboning and overall improvement of slide quality in the majority of sections compared to the results with the same blocks soaked only in water at 0--4 C. The use of postembedding adjuvants, especially 10% aqueous ammonium hydroxide, presents a simple, convenient, inexpensive means of increasing section quality with routine as well as refractory paraffin-embedded tissue without sacrificing tissue adhesion, staining qualities or cellular detail.", "PMID": 375469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2894", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscope preparations of the same cell culture.", "content": "A technique has been developed which allows transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to be performed on the same cell culture sample. The technique uses the Costar 3,393 Leighton Tube containing a plastic insert, which does not stick to epoxy, for transmission electron microscopy. A cut piece of the plastic insert can be critical point dried, sputter coated and viewed under high vacuum with the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscope preparations of the same cell culture. A technique has been developed which allows transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to be performed on the same cell culture sample. The technique uses the Costar 3,393 Leighton Tube containing a plastic insert, which does not stick to epoxy, for transmission electron microscopy. A cut piece of the plastic insert can be critical point dried, sputter coated and viewed under high vacuum with the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 375470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2895", "title": "A sensitive solid phase enzymeimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma and saliva.", "content": "A sensitive, solid phase enzymeimmunoassay suitable for determining testosterone concentrations in samll aliquots of plasma (20 microliter) and saliva (200 microliter) has been developed. A solid phase antiserum raised against a testosterone-11 alpha-hemisuccinate/bovine serum albumin conjugate was prepared by coupling to cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The \"enzyme label\" was a covalently linked testosterone/horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 4pg/assay tube and satisfied accepted criteria of specificity and precision. Testosterone concentrations determined by enzyme-immunoassay were in excellent agreement not only with a gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure (r=0.96, n=12) but also with the radioimmunoassay in routine use (r=0.95, n=12). The EIA can therefore replace RIA in both the small clinical laboratory and high throughput service centres for determining plasma and salivary testosterone concentrations. In normal males salivary testosterone concentrations reflected circulating steroid levels and indicated the possibility of assaying saliva rather than plasma in clinical studies.", "contents": "A sensitive solid phase enzymeimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma and saliva. A sensitive, solid phase enzymeimmunoassay suitable for determining testosterone concentrations in samll aliquots of plasma (20 microliter) and saliva (200 microliter) has been developed. A solid phase antiserum raised against a testosterone-11 alpha-hemisuccinate/bovine serum albumin conjugate was prepared by coupling to cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The \"enzyme label\" was a covalently linked testosterone/horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 4pg/assay tube and satisfied accepted criteria of specificity and precision. Testosterone concentrations determined by enzyme-immunoassay were in excellent agreement not only with a gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure (r=0.96, n=12) but also with the radioimmunoassay in routine use (r=0.95, n=12). The EIA can therefore replace RIA in both the small clinical laboratory and high throughput service centres for determining plasma and salivary testosterone concentrations. In normal males salivary testosterone concentrations reflected circulating steroid levels and indicated the possibility of assaying saliva rather than plasma in clinical studies.", "PMID": 375481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2896", "title": "Treatment of vivax malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and with pyrimethamine alone.", "content": "The effect of pyrimethamine and the combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) upon the termination of the acute attack of vivax malaria was studied in Thailand. Pyrimethamine was found to be ineffective, providing clearance of parasitaemia in only two of six patients by the end of seven days following treatment. The combination, administered in a two-tablet single dose (sulfadoxine 1 gm, pyrimethamine 50 mg) eliminated parasitaemia in only six of ten patients within seven days. Three tablets (sulfadoxine 1 . 5 gm, pyrimethamine 75 mg) given to 11 patients, provided clearance of parasitaemia in all within seven days; however, mean parasite and fever clearance times in this group were prolonged at 90 and 50 hours respectively. Chloroquine remains the drug of choice for the termination of the acute attack of vivax malaria. Subsequent primaquine is necessary for the prevention of relapse.", "contents": "Treatment of vivax malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and with pyrimethamine alone. The effect of pyrimethamine and the combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) upon the termination of the acute attack of vivax malaria was studied in Thailand. Pyrimethamine was found to be ineffective, providing clearance of parasitaemia in only two of six patients by the end of seven days following treatment. The combination, administered in a two-tablet single dose (sulfadoxine 1 gm, pyrimethamine 50 mg) eliminated parasitaemia in only six of ten patients within seven days. Three tablets (sulfadoxine 1 . 5 gm, pyrimethamine 75 mg) given to 11 patients, provided clearance of parasitaemia in all within seven days; however, mean parasite and fever clearance times in this group were prolonged at 90 and 50 hours respectively. Chloroquine remains the drug of choice for the termination of the acute attack of vivax malaria. Subsequent primaquine is necessary for the prevention of relapse.", "PMID": 375485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2897", "title": "Immunosuppression in bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "Immunological function in Filipino patients with bancroftian filariasis, manifested as either asymptomatic microfilaraemia or chronic obstructive disease, was compared with that found in healthy control subjects living in the same area. As a group, patients with filariasis had raised serum IgG levels, impairment of antibody responses to tetanus and typhoid vaccines, and suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to heterologous antigens. This immunosuppression in filariasis may result from antigenic competition and may contribute to the development of secondary infections.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in bancroftian filariasis. Immunological function in Filipino patients with bancroftian filariasis, manifested as either asymptomatic microfilaraemia or chronic obstructive disease, was compared with that found in healthy control subjects living in the same area. As a group, patients with filariasis had raised serum IgG levels, impairment of antibody responses to tetanus and typhoid vaccines, and suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to heterologous antigens. This immunosuppression in filariasis may result from antigenic competition and may contribute to the development of secondary infections.", "PMID": 375486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2898", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and malaria antibodies in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Data are presented to support a relationship between malaria infection and Burkitt's lymphoma in African children. IgG, IgM and IgA levels were measured in sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients and from sex- and age-matched, nearest-neighbour controls. All three classes of immunoglobulins were present in significantly lower amounts in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients than in the sera from controls. The mechanism of this apparent B-cell suppression is not yet clear. Malaria-specific IgG and IgM antibody titres were determined in the indirect immunofluorescence test. No significant difference in the IgG malaria-specific antibodies was detected between the two groups of sera. Malaria antibody levels measured using IgM specific conjugates were significantly lower in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients in reactions with Plasmodium falciparum antigen. No significant difference was observed when P. malariae was used. Confirmation of this finding would serve as a positive link between Burkitt's lymphoma and P. falciparum infection.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and malaria antibodies in Burkitt's lymphoma. Data are presented to support a relationship between malaria infection and Burkitt's lymphoma in African children. IgG, IgM and IgA levels were measured in sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients and from sex- and age-matched, nearest-neighbour controls. All three classes of immunoglobulins were present in significantly lower amounts in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients than in the sera from controls. The mechanism of this apparent B-cell suppression is not yet clear. Malaria-specific IgG and IgM antibody titres were determined in the indirect immunofluorescence test. No significant difference in the IgG malaria-specific antibodies was detected between the two groups of sera. Malaria antibody levels measured using IgM specific conjugates were significantly lower in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients in reactions with Plasmodium falciparum antigen. No significant difference was observed when P. malariae was used. Confirmation of this finding would serve as a positive link between Burkitt's lymphoma and P. falciparum infection.", "PMID": 375487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2899", "title": "Lethal post-transplantation calcinosis.", "content": "The case studies of four patients with post-transplantation calcinosis are presented. Three of the four patients died of inanition and sepsis secondary to infection of extensive soft tissue ulcers and diffuse cutaneous vascular calcification with gangrene. The fourth patient survived following removal of all four parathyroid glands and autografting of approximately one-half of one gland. Common to the patients was secondary hyperparathyroidism, elevated mean serum calcium levels after transplantation, and radiographic evidence of small and medium vessel calcification. No other differences could be found between these patients and other patients with post-transplantation hyperparathyroidism without calcinosis. In the face of apparently minor complaints of lower extremity discomfort, elevated parathyroid hormone levels (PTH) and positive xerography may indicate subtotal parathyroidectomy regardless of the serum calcium level.", "contents": "Lethal post-transplantation calcinosis. The case studies of four patients with post-transplantation calcinosis are presented. Three of the four patients died of inanition and sepsis secondary to infection of extensive soft tissue ulcers and diffuse cutaneous vascular calcification with gangrene. The fourth patient survived following removal of all four parathyroid glands and autografting of approximately one-half of one gland. Common to the patients was secondary hyperparathyroidism, elevated mean serum calcium levels after transplantation, and radiographic evidence of small and medium vessel calcification. No other differences could be found between these patients and other patients with post-transplantation hyperparathyroidism without calcinosis. In the face of apparently minor complaints of lower extremity discomfort, elevated parathyroid hormone levels (PTH) and positive xerography may indicate subtotal parathyroidectomy regardless of the serum calcium level.", "PMID": 375490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2900", "title": "Pregnancy in renal transplant patients: a review.", "content": "A questionnaire survey and review of the literature show that pregnancy can be well tolerated in most women with renal transplants. Fifty-two per cent of the renal transplant recipients who became pregnant had full-term infants with no serious complications. With therapeutic abortions, excluded, 71% of the 308 pregnancies permitted to continue resulted in full-term infants. Rejection episodes were occasionally a serious problem, occurring in 9% of the pregnancies. Mechanical interference with renal excretion or preventing vaginal delivery occurred in 5.6% of the cases. Hypertension and proteinuria, often existing prior to pregnancy, became frequently increased during pregnancy. Infections not associated with rejection were common but easily controlled in most cases. Prematurity was frequent but related to renal function and the time interval from transplant to conception. The most serious infant complications were related to prematurity. Unknown is the future of these infants and their progeny because of their intrauterine exposure to immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Pregnancy in renal transplant patients: a review. A questionnaire survey and review of the literature show that pregnancy can be well tolerated in most women with renal transplants. Fifty-two per cent of the renal transplant recipients who became pregnant had full-term infants with no serious complications. With therapeutic abortions, excluded, 71% of the 308 pregnancies permitted to continue resulted in full-term infants. Rejection episodes were occasionally a serious problem, occurring in 9% of the pregnancies. Mechanical interference with renal excretion or preventing vaginal delivery occurred in 5.6% of the cases. Hypertension and proteinuria, often existing prior to pregnancy, became frequently increased during pregnancy. Infections not associated with rejection were common but easily controlled in most cases. Prematurity was frequent but related to renal function and the time interval from transplant to conception. The most serious infant complications were related to prematurity. Unknown is the future of these infants and their progeny because of their intrauterine exposure to immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 375491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2901", "title": "100 second renal allografts from a single transplantation institution.", "content": "Between January 1, 1968 and March 1977, 100 of 131 patients who lost their first transplant at the University of Minnesota received a second renal allograft. Overall patient survival in the retransplanted group was 10% less than that in the dialysis group. The best results (graft function and patient survival were seen in young patients, nondiabetics, patients who received two sequential living related groups, and in those whose first graft was lost secondary to chronic rejection. The poorest results were seen in older patients (greater than 40 years), diabetics, and patients with acute rejection during the initial graft. Shared donor antigens do not affect graft outcome. These findings, although not the product of a randomized prospective study, may be useful in advising patients of the relative risks of retransplantation or hemodialysis.", "contents": "100 second renal allografts from a single transplantation institution. Between January 1, 1968 and March 1977, 100 of 131 patients who lost their first transplant at the University of Minnesota received a second renal allograft. Overall patient survival in the retransplanted group was 10% less than that in the dialysis group. The best results (graft function and patient survival were seen in young patients, nondiabetics, patients who received two sequential living related groups, and in those whose first graft was lost secondary to chronic rejection. The poorest results were seen in older patients (greater than 40 years), diabetics, and patients with acute rejection during the initial graft. Shared donor antigens do not affect graft outcome. These findings, although not the product of a randomized prospective study, may be useful in advising patients of the relative risks of retransplantation or hemodialysis.", "PMID": 375492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2902", "title": "Do blood transfusions enhance the possibility of a compatible transplant?", "content": "Blood transfusions prior to first cadaver kidney transplants have a significant beneficial effect on graft survival and, in this sense, appear to enhance the possibility of a compatible transplant. This desirable effect, however, occurs concomitantly with an increased degree of sensitization, which in turn reduces the likelihood of identifying a compatible kidney by direct crossmatch testing. This report illustrates that the beneficial effect is achieved with one to five transfusions prior to transplantation, but that more transfusions afford no additional benefits. In addition, the presence of cytotoxic antibodies per se does not have an adverse influence on graft survival. Liberal transfusion policies are therefore indicated in cadaver transplant candidates, but more than five transfusions prior to transplantation should probably be avoided unless clinically necessary.", "contents": "Do blood transfusions enhance the possibility of a compatible transplant? Blood transfusions prior to first cadaver kidney transplants have a significant beneficial effect on graft survival and, in this sense, appear to enhance the possibility of a compatible transplant. This desirable effect, however, occurs concomitantly with an increased degree of sensitization, which in turn reduces the likelihood of identifying a compatible kidney by direct crossmatch testing. This report illustrates that the beneficial effect is achieved with one to five transfusions prior to transplantation, but that more transfusions afford no additional benefits. In addition, the presence of cytotoxic antibodies per se does not have an adverse influence on graft survival. Liberal transfusion policies are therefore indicated in cadaver transplant candidates, but more than five transfusions prior to transplantation should probably be avoided unless clinically necessary.", "PMID": 375493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2903", "title": "Prognosis after renal transplantation: cumulative influence of combined risk factors.", "content": "Seven hundred sixty-seven primary renal allografts from a single center were divided into subgroups according to combinations of several major risk factors: donor source and histocompatibility match, age, and presence or absence of diabetes. The relative effect of diabetes on patient and graft survival decreased as histocompatibility differences increased. The influence of recipient age, however, dramatically decreased as histocompatibility differences decreased. In all groups donor source and histocompatibility match had the strongest relative effect in determining subsequent 2-year patient and graft survival.", "contents": "Prognosis after renal transplantation: cumulative influence of combined risk factors. Seven hundred sixty-seven primary renal allografts from a single center were divided into subgroups according to combinations of several major risk factors: donor source and histocompatibility match, age, and presence or absence of diabetes. The relative effect of diabetes on patient and graft survival decreased as histocompatibility differences increased. The influence of recipient age, however, dramatically decreased as histocompatibility differences decreased. In all groups donor source and histocompatibility match had the strongest relative effect in determining subsequent 2-year patient and graft survival.", "PMID": 375494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2904", "title": "Rejection of C57BL/6 skin grafts by (C57BL/6 X Mus musculus castaneus)F1 hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid offspring from C57BL/6(B6) females mated to males of the subspecies Mus musculus castaneus received B6 skin grafts. No strong Y chromosome-linked histocompatibility genes were detected, although occasional rejection of parental grafts by both male and female hybrids was observed after long periods. Rejection was attributed to interaction of B6 and Castaneus-derived genes in the hybrids.", "contents": "Rejection of C57BL/6 skin grafts by (C57BL/6 X Mus musculus castaneus)F1 hybrids. Hybrid offspring from C57BL/6(B6) females mated to males of the subspecies Mus musculus castaneus received B6 skin grafts. No strong Y chromosome-linked histocompatibility genes were detected, although occasional rejection of parental grafts by both male and female hybrids was observed after long periods. Rejection was attributed to interaction of B6 and Castaneus-derived genes in the hybrids.", "PMID": 375495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2905", "title": "Diversity of expression of H-2 antigens on mouse liver cells demonstrated by immunoferritin labeling.", "content": "Antigens of the mouse H-2 locus were studied on isolated liver cells by immunoferritin labeling. Cell suspensions were obtained by gentle homogenization of mouse livers that had been perfused with hypertonic sucrose to loosen cell junctions. Hepatocytes showed sparse labeling of H-2 antigens on the order of 1% of that present on peritoneal monocytes. The slight hepatocyte labeling appeared to be specific for the H-2 locus, since there was essentially no label on congenic control hepatocytes. Other cells in the liver cell preparations were more heavily labeled. Bile duct epithelial cells showed heavy labeling on their lateral surface membranes, but none on their apical brush borders. The preparations contained another nonparenchymal cell type that was densely labeled, but it was not positively identified. Spleen lymphocytes added to liver homogenates and carried through the cell isolation procedure with liver cells showed typically heavy ferritin labeling. These observations suggest that the expression of histocompatibility antigens by tissue cells is likely to be quite variable.", "contents": "Diversity of expression of H-2 antigens on mouse liver cells demonstrated by immunoferritin labeling. Antigens of the mouse H-2 locus were studied on isolated liver cells by immunoferritin labeling. Cell suspensions were obtained by gentle homogenization of mouse livers that had been perfused with hypertonic sucrose to loosen cell junctions. Hepatocytes showed sparse labeling of H-2 antigens on the order of 1% of that present on peritoneal monocytes. The slight hepatocyte labeling appeared to be specific for the H-2 locus, since there was essentially no label on congenic control hepatocytes. Other cells in the liver cell preparations were more heavily labeled. Bile duct epithelial cells showed heavy labeling on their lateral surface membranes, but none on their apical brush borders. The preparations contained another nonparenchymal cell type that was densely labeled, but it was not positively identified. Spleen lymphocytes added to liver homogenates and carried through the cell isolation procedure with liver cells showed typically heavy ferritin labeling. These observations suggest that the expression of histocompatibility antigens by tissue cells is likely to be quite variable.", "PMID": 375496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2906", "title": "Possible involvement of the central nervous system in graft rejection.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions were produced in the tuberal hypothalamus and amygdala of male Fischer and female BNLF1 rats, and in male Fischer and female BNLF1 rats that had received antecedent hypophysectomies. Skin grafts from Lewis rats survived less well on tuberal-lesioned male Fischer rats than similar grafts on sham-operated and amygdala-lesioned male Fischer rats. Lewis skin graft survival was also curtailed in male Fischer rats that had received hypophysectomies followed by tuberal lesions. These differences were not apparent across the male to female (H-Y) BNLF1 histocompatibility barrier. We conclude: (1) that tuberal hypothalamic lesions stimulate allograft reactivity in rats, (2)that this response is greater when the immunogenetic disparity between donor and host is greater, and (3) that the mechanism governing this response involves a direct neural pathway which bypasses the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis.", "contents": "Possible involvement of the central nervous system in graft rejection. Electrolytic lesions were produced in the tuberal hypothalamus and amygdala of male Fischer and female BNLF1 rats, and in male Fischer and female BNLF1 rats that had received antecedent hypophysectomies. Skin grafts from Lewis rats survived less well on tuberal-lesioned male Fischer rats than similar grafts on sham-operated and amygdala-lesioned male Fischer rats. Lewis skin graft survival was also curtailed in male Fischer rats that had received hypophysectomies followed by tuberal lesions. These differences were not apparent across the male to female (H-Y) BNLF1 histocompatibility barrier. We conclude: (1) that tuberal hypothalamic lesions stimulate allograft reactivity in rats, (2)that this response is greater when the immunogenetic disparity between donor and host is greater, and (3) that the mechanism governing this response involves a direct neural pathway which bypasses the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis.", "PMID": 375500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2907", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity tests for immunosuppression monitoring of transplant patients.", "content": "The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) effector activity and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response of kidney transplant patients were monitored by a new whole blood microassay that permitted performance of 20 tests using only 1 ml of blood. Eleven patients were followed on as many as 55 different occasions with these tests. The ADCC activity of dialysis patients was essentially the same (78% chromium release as compared with 83% in normal controls). However, patients with kidney transplants undergoing immunosuppression had approximately one-half the chromium release (40%). Daily fluctuation in the chromium release could not be used as a predictor of subsequent rejection. The PHA response was as much as 50-fold less in the immunosuppressed patients. Both values also tended to be slightly higher among patients who were doing well than those who were doing poorly. This may reflect the need for greater immunosuppression in the rejecting patients.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity tests for immunosuppression monitoring of transplant patients. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) effector activity and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response of kidney transplant patients were monitored by a new whole blood microassay that permitted performance of 20 tests using only 1 ml of blood. Eleven patients were followed on as many as 55 different occasions with these tests. The ADCC activity of dialysis patients was essentially the same (78% chromium release as compared with 83% in normal controls). However, patients with kidney transplants undergoing immunosuppression had approximately one-half the chromium release (40%). Daily fluctuation in the chromium release could not be used as a predictor of subsequent rejection. The PHA response was as much as 50-fold less in the immunosuppressed patients. Both values also tended to be slightly higher among patients who were doing well than those who were doing poorly. This may reflect the need for greater immunosuppression in the rejecting patients.", "PMID": 375501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2908", "title": "Influence of previous immunization on skin graft survival.", "content": "The results of skin grafts transplanted in immunized and nonimmunized recipients was analysed. Specific sensitization for HLA-A or B determinants shortens graft survival if the recipients were immunized by s.c. injections of leukocytes. When the recipients had been pregnant, no such influence of specific HLA-A or B sensitization could be demonstrated. The variance in mean survival times of grafts exchanged between mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)-positive donor-recipient combinations was significantly smaller than the variance in mean survival time (MST) of grafts exchanged between MLC-negative combinations. This difference could be the result of the influence of allograft immune-activating determinants of different strength in the MLC-negative donor-recipient combinations. Also the variance in MST of grafts in immunized recipients was significantly larger than the variance in MST of grafts in nonimmunized recipients. Apart from the obvious effect of HLA-A and B sensitization, other less well documented factors must have influenced graft survival. We did not find evidence for a graft enhancing effect of B cell-specific antibodies.", "contents": "Influence of previous immunization on skin graft survival. The results of skin grafts transplanted in immunized and nonimmunized recipients was analysed. Specific sensitization for HLA-A or B determinants shortens graft survival if the recipients were immunized by s.c. injections of leukocytes. When the recipients had been pregnant, no such influence of specific HLA-A or B sensitization could be demonstrated. The variance in mean survival times of grafts exchanged between mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)-positive donor-recipient combinations was significantly smaller than the variance in mean survival time (MST) of grafts exchanged between MLC-negative combinations. This difference could be the result of the influence of allograft immune-activating determinants of different strength in the MLC-negative donor-recipient combinations. Also the variance in MST of grafts in immunized recipients was significantly larger than the variance in MST of grafts in nonimmunized recipients. Apart from the obvious effect of HLA-A and B sensitization, other less well documented factors must have influenced graft survival. We did not find evidence for a graft enhancing effect of B cell-specific antibodies.", "PMID": 375502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2909", "title": "Relationship of B cell alloantibodies to renal allograft survival.", "content": "To define the relationship of donor-specific B lymphocyte alloantibodies to renal allograft survival, longitudinal serum samples obtained pre- and post-transplantation were examined for antibodies cytotoxic to donor B lymphocytes. Ten of 17 renal allograft recipients had antibodies to donor B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes either pre- and/or post-transplantation. Three patients underwent successful transplants despite preformed B cell antibodies; however, seven who developed B cell antibodies only after transplantation are either undergoing chronic rejection (4) or have had severe rejection crisis (3). Seven patients with no B cell antibodies have functioning grafts. In all cases, B cell antibodies were detected before biochemical and clinical evidence of rejection. Similar findings were noted when sera of 38 renal transplant recipients were examined for B cell antibodies cytotoxic to an unrelated panel of B lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that the development of B cell alloantibodies after transplantation is often associated with rejection and that successful renal transplantation can be performed across a positive B cell crossmatch.", "contents": "Relationship of B cell alloantibodies to renal allograft survival. To define the relationship of donor-specific B lymphocyte alloantibodies to renal allograft survival, longitudinal serum samples obtained pre- and post-transplantation were examined for antibodies cytotoxic to donor B lymphocytes. Ten of 17 renal allograft recipients had antibodies to donor B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes either pre- and/or post-transplantation. Three patients underwent successful transplants despite preformed B cell antibodies; however, seven who developed B cell antibodies only after transplantation are either undergoing chronic rejection (4) or have had severe rejection crisis (3). Seven patients with no B cell antibodies have functioning grafts. In all cases, B cell antibodies were detected before biochemical and clinical evidence of rejection. Similar findings were noted when sera of 38 renal transplant recipients were examined for B cell antibodies cytotoxic to an unrelated panel of B lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that the development of B cell alloantibodies after transplantation is often associated with rejection and that successful renal transplantation can be performed across a positive B cell crossmatch.", "PMID": 375503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2910", "title": "Significance of migration stimulatory factor in human renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Seventy-four recipients of related donor renal allografts were tested for the presence of cellular immunity to specific donor lymphocyte antigens using the direct migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay. Responses on the assay fell into one of the following three statistically distinct groups: (1) greater than 20% inhibition of macrophage migration, (2) nonresponsiveness,  +/- 10% of control migration, and (3) greater than 12% stimulation of macrophage migration. Migration stimulation was shown to be reproducible and to correlate well with a very benign post-transplant clinical course. The production of migration stimulatory factor appears to be an immunological response analagous to the production of migration inhibition factor.", "contents": "Significance of migration stimulatory factor in human renal allotransplantation. Seventy-four recipients of related donor renal allografts were tested for the presence of cellular immunity to specific donor lymphocyte antigens using the direct migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay. Responses on the assay fell into one of the following three statistically distinct groups: (1) greater than 20% inhibition of macrophage migration, (2) nonresponsiveness,  +/- 10% of control migration, and (3) greater than 12% stimulation of macrophage migration. Migration stimulation was shown to be reproducible and to correlate well with a very benign post-transplant clinical course. The production of migration stimulatory factor appears to be an immunological response analagous to the production of migration inhibition factor.", "PMID": 375504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2911", "title": "[Further observations of the course of Plasmodium berghei infection in the mouse].", "content": "Invasion of immature and mature erythrocytes by merozoites of Plasmodium berghei seems to obey the following rules: Merozoites prefer unparasitized immature erythrocytes. Multiple infections of immature erythrocytes occur in conditions of high merozoite production and low concentration of unparasitized immature erythrocytes, when frequently repeated contacts between merozoites and unparasitized or freshly parasitized immature erythrocytes become increasingly probable. Mature erythrocytes are invaded when the relative density of unparasitized immature erythrocytes drops below 0.2--0.5%, in other words, when merozoites do not meet unparasitized immature erythrocytes in 200--500 erythrocytes. Failure to invade mature erythrocytes is obviously not due to inability of the merozoites to penetrate the erythrocyte membranes.--Merozoites of Plasmodium vinckei, on the other hand, show random invasion of parasitized and unparasitized mature erythrocytes, leading to frequencies of unparasitized and singly or multiply parasitized erythrocytes approaching a Poisson distribution.--The Plasmodium berghei infection regularly leads to a lowered density of polychromatophilic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. This depression of polychromatophilic erythrocytes uses to be of very different duration, form and intensity. The relative density of immature erythrocytes may show pronounced fluctuations in this phase. As has been seen in one animal, even monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes may, alongside with the immature erythrocytes, for some time totally disappear from the peripheral blood. The depression of polychromatophilic erythrocytes evidently goes along with pronounced alterations of the erythropoesis in spleen and bone marrow. Leucocytes in the peripheral blood generally show rather uncharacteristic alterations of their concentration, they may form very high concentration peaks.", "contents": "[Further observations of the course of Plasmodium berghei infection in the mouse]. Invasion of immature and mature erythrocytes by merozoites of Plasmodium berghei seems to obey the following rules: Merozoites prefer unparasitized immature erythrocytes. Multiple infections of immature erythrocytes occur in conditions of high merozoite production and low concentration of unparasitized immature erythrocytes, when frequently repeated contacts between merozoites and unparasitized or freshly parasitized immature erythrocytes become increasingly probable. Mature erythrocytes are invaded when the relative density of unparasitized immature erythrocytes drops below 0.2--0.5%, in other words, when merozoites do not meet unparasitized immature erythrocytes in 200--500 erythrocytes. Failure to invade mature erythrocytes is obviously not due to inability of the merozoites to penetrate the erythrocyte membranes.--Merozoites of Plasmodium vinckei, on the other hand, show random invasion of parasitized and unparasitized mature erythrocytes, leading to frequencies of unparasitized and singly or multiply parasitized erythrocytes approaching a Poisson distribution.--The Plasmodium berghei infection regularly leads to a lowered density of polychromatophilic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. This depression of polychromatophilic erythrocytes uses to be of very different duration, form and intensity. The relative density of immature erythrocytes may show pronounced fluctuations in this phase. As has been seen in one animal, even monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes may, alongside with the immature erythrocytes, for some time totally disappear from the peripheral blood. The depression of polychromatophilic erythrocytes evidently goes along with pronounced alterations of the erythropoesis in spleen and bone marrow. Leucocytes in the peripheral blood generally show rather uncharacteristic alterations of their concentration, they may form very high concentration peaks.", "PMID": 375509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2912", "title": "Chemotherapy of echinococcosis with mebendazole: clinical observations of 7 patients.", "content": "The effect of high dosage therapy with Mebendazole was studied in 5 patients with cystic echinococcosis and 2 patients with alveolar echinococcosis involving several organs. Follow-up studies at regular intervals from 7 to 20 months indicated an improvement of the pathological findings initially observed. This could clearly be demonstrated by the radiographic findings in cases with pulmonary involvement. The desintegration or dissolution of pulmonary cysts was observed within a few months after treatment with Mebendazole had begun. However, consolidation of previously emptied cysts occurred during the follow-up later. Allergic reactions were observed after commencement of drug therapy in two cases. These were probably due to spillage of antigenic material. The following treatment periods were tolerated well. No serious toxic side effects were observed in the other cases described here.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of echinococcosis with mebendazole: clinical observations of 7 patients. The effect of high dosage therapy with Mebendazole was studied in 5 patients with cystic echinococcosis and 2 patients with alveolar echinococcosis involving several organs. Follow-up studies at regular intervals from 7 to 20 months indicated an improvement of the pathological findings initially observed. This could clearly be demonstrated by the radiographic findings in cases with pulmonary involvement. The desintegration or dissolution of pulmonary cysts was observed within a few months after treatment with Mebendazole had begun. However, consolidation of previously emptied cysts occurred during the follow-up later. Allergic reactions were observed after commencement of drug therapy in two cases. These were probably due to spillage of antigenic material. The following treatment periods were tolerated well. No serious toxic side effects were observed in the other cases described here.", "PMID": 375511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2913", "title": "Studies on Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea) 3. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated destruction of microfilariae in vivo.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated destruction of Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae could be demonstrated in the golden hamster using a micropore chamber technique. Microfilariae were eliminated within 24 hours in chambers of 3.0 and 5.0 microm pore size when implanted into amicrofilaremic hamsters (week 30 post infection). At peak microfilaremia (week 12 post infection), only some hamsters could efficiently destroy microfilariae. In chambers with 0.3 microm pore size, microfilariae survived for more than 3 weeks in all hamsters. In uninfected hamsters, microfilariae could only be eliminated if they had been preincubated with serum or its 19S fraction containing antibodies to the cuticle of microfilariae. The opsonizing activity of the serum was abolished by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. The composition of cells adhering to microfilariae was always significantly different from the composition of cells which migrated into a chamber. The adhesion patterns on individual microfilariae indicated that no single effector cell type was responsible for the destruction of microfilariae. The eosinophil was the predominant cell type but neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes also adhered to the microfilariae. Cellular adhesion led to the immobilization of microfilariae and subsequently to their disintegration within large cell clusters. During the final stages of destruction the contribution of the monocyte became more pronounced.", "contents": "Studies on Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea) 3. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated destruction of microfilariae in vivo. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated destruction of Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae could be demonstrated in the golden hamster using a micropore chamber technique. Microfilariae were eliminated within 24 hours in chambers of 3.0 and 5.0 microm pore size when implanted into amicrofilaremic hamsters (week 30 post infection). At peak microfilaremia (week 12 post infection), only some hamsters could efficiently destroy microfilariae. In chambers with 0.3 microm pore size, microfilariae survived for more than 3 weeks in all hamsters. In uninfected hamsters, microfilariae could only be eliminated if they had been preincubated with serum or its 19S fraction containing antibodies to the cuticle of microfilariae. The opsonizing activity of the serum was abolished by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. The composition of cells adhering to microfilariae was always significantly different from the composition of cells which migrated into a chamber. The adhesion patterns on individual microfilariae indicated that no single effector cell type was responsible for the destruction of microfilariae. The eosinophil was the predominant cell type but neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes also adhered to the microfilariae. Cellular adhesion led to the immobilization of microfilariae and subsequently to their disintegration within large cell clusters. During the final stages of destruction the contribution of the monocyte became more pronounced.", "PMID": 375512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2914", "title": "Notes on nematode larvae others than microfilariae found on filter membranes in blood surveys for bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "Among 741 people examined in a rural area in Liberia for microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti 39 (5,3%) were found to be infected with nematode larvae others than microfilariae. These larvae had more developed inner structures than microfilariae and could be classified into two different types, differing in length and shape. The larvae have not been identified yet, but it is believed that they have to be associated to parasitic nematodes of the intestine.", "contents": "Notes on nematode larvae others than microfilariae found on filter membranes in blood surveys for bancroftian filariasis. Among 741 people examined in a rural area in Liberia for microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti 39 (5,3%) were found to be infected with nematode larvae others than microfilariae. These larvae had more developed inner structures than microfilariae and could be classified into two different types, differing in length and shape. The larvae have not been identified yet, but it is believed that they have to be associated to parasitic nematodes of the intestine.", "PMID": 375513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2915", "title": "Effect of polyamines on protein kinases activities from Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "An interaction of polyamines with protein kinases activities from T. cruzi epimastigotes is demonstrated. Spermine and spermidine and less pronounced putrescine are found to inhibit protein kinases activities. In the extract of T. cruzi three protein kinases are distinguished on account of molecular weight (greater than 200 000, 95 000 and 40 000) and preference for acceptor proteins (phosvitin and histones). Especially the activity of the high molecular weight protein kinase which phosphorylates phosvitin is strongly inhibited by spermine and spermidine. The type of inhibition by both polyamines is found to be non-competitive with respect to ATP as well as phosvitin. The inhibition constants for spermine and spermidine are determined to be 1.4 mM and 2.0 nM, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of polyamines on protein kinases activities from Trypanosoma cruzi. An interaction of polyamines with protein kinases activities from T. cruzi epimastigotes is demonstrated. Spermine and spermidine and less pronounced putrescine are found to inhibit protein kinases activities. In the extract of T. cruzi three protein kinases are distinguished on account of molecular weight (greater than 200 000, 95 000 and 40 000) and preference for acceptor proteins (phosvitin and histones). Especially the activity of the high molecular weight protein kinase which phosphorylates phosvitin is strongly inhibited by spermine and spermidine. The type of inhibition by both polyamines is found to be non-competitive with respect to ATP as well as phosvitin. The inhibition constants for spermine and spermidine are determined to be 1.4 mM and 2.0 nM, respectively.", "PMID": 375514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2916", "title": "Studies on Bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. I. Distribution and prevalence in the north-western savanna area.", "content": "A nightblood survey was carried out in 17 villages in the savanna area in Upper Lofa in Liberia. A total of 1968 people was examined for the prevalence of microfilariae of Wuchereia bancrofti and for clinical symptoms of filariasis. 279 (14,2%) persons proved to be microfilaria carriers. Men were almost twice (19,0%) as much infected than women (10,4%). Only two cases of leg elephantiasis and one breast elephantiasis were found. Enlargements of scrotum were seen in 60 men (6,9%). The scrotal enlargement rate increased steadily with age.", "contents": "Studies on Bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. I. Distribution and prevalence in the north-western savanna area. A nightblood survey was carried out in 17 villages in the savanna area in Upper Lofa in Liberia. A total of 1968 people was examined for the prevalence of microfilariae of Wuchereia bancrofti and for clinical symptoms of filariasis. 279 (14,2%) persons proved to be microfilaria carriers. Men were almost twice (19,0%) as much infected than women (10,4%). Only two cases of leg elephantiasis and one breast elephantiasis were found. Enlargements of scrotum were seen in 60 men (6,9%). The scrotal enlargement rate increased steadily with age.", "PMID": 375515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2917", "title": "Electron microscopical studies on onchocerciasis. II. Skin and microfilariae after treatment with metrifonate.", "content": "Skin snips of six patients with manifest onchocerciasis treated with a single dose of metrifonate (10 mg/kg) were examined by electron microscopy one, three, five and ten days after application of the drug. Compared to untreated cases 24 hours after treatment there is a marked increase in the extend of perivascular infiltrates which are composed not only of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells, but also of eosinophils. Infiltrates directly around dead microfilariae are seen infrequently. This pattern of cellular reaction remains constant for the first ten days after treatment. Metrifonate obviously kills the microfilariae rapidly, already 24 hours after its application totally disintegrated parasites are to be found. On the other hand always a few intact microfilariae are seen, possibly they just hatched after treatment.", "contents": "Electron microscopical studies on onchocerciasis. II. Skin and microfilariae after treatment with metrifonate. Skin snips of six patients with manifest onchocerciasis treated with a single dose of metrifonate (10 mg/kg) were examined by electron microscopy one, three, five and ten days after application of the drug. Compared to untreated cases 24 hours after treatment there is a marked increase in the extend of perivascular infiltrates which are composed not only of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells, but also of eosinophils. Infiltrates directly around dead microfilariae are seen infrequently. This pattern of cellular reaction remains constant for the first ten days after treatment. Metrifonate obviously kills the microfilariae rapidly, already 24 hours after its application totally disintegrated parasites are to be found. On the other hand always a few intact microfilariae are seen, possibly they just hatched after treatment.", "PMID": 375516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2918", "title": "Serodiagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma evansi in camels in the Sudan.", "content": "Five diagnostic tests for infection with Trypanosoma evansi have been compared in groups of camels experimentally infected or exposed to natural infection in the Sudan. The correlation of positive results obtained by assays of IgM levels, the mercuric chloride test and the formol gel test with the presence of active infection was unsatisfactory, but there was a good correlation between results obtained using IFAT and ELISA and proven infection. Sera from a high proportion of apparently uninfected camels from endemic areas gave positive reactions with all 5 tests, possibly indicating inadequate parasitological diagnosis or persistence of antibody after unsatisfactory chemotherapy. It was concluded that serological tests using trypanosomal antigens to detect antibodies were more sensitive for diagnosis than indirect tests based on raised euglobulin levels. Serodiagnostic tests may therefore have a place in future programmes for surveillance and control of T. evansi infections in camels.", "contents": "Serodiagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma evansi in camels in the Sudan. Five diagnostic tests for infection with Trypanosoma evansi have been compared in groups of camels experimentally infected or exposed to natural infection in the Sudan. The correlation of positive results obtained by assays of IgM levels, the mercuric chloride test and the formol gel test with the presence of active infection was unsatisfactory, but there was a good correlation between results obtained using IFAT and ELISA and proven infection. Sera from a high proportion of apparently uninfected camels from endemic areas gave positive reactions with all 5 tests, possibly indicating inadequate parasitological diagnosis or persistence of antibody after unsatisfactory chemotherapy. It was concluded that serological tests using trypanosomal antigens to detect antibodies were more sensitive for diagnosis than indirect tests based on raised euglobulin levels. Serodiagnostic tests may therefore have a place in future programmes for surveillance and control of T. evansi infections in camels.", "PMID": 375518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2919", "title": "Effects of prolonged luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy on follicular maturation, ovulation and corpus luteum function in amenorrhoeic women with anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Nine amenorrhoeic women with anorexia nervosa (AN) were given long-term treatment with 500 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) every 8 h. All the women had impaired luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and no evidence of endogenous oestrogen production. Three of them also had deficient follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. The pituitary reserve capacity for gonadotrophin secretion was normal but the response pattern to LRH was similar to that described in prepubertal girls. The constant administration of LRH normalized basal LH and FSH secretion and induced a cyclical gonadotrophin secretory pattern with differential changes of the LH and FSH responses to LRH during the treatment. LRH-induced gonadotrophin secretion produced follicular growth and maturation in all the women. Presumptive ovulation also occurred during the 8 treatment courses in which only LRH was administered. However, inadequate luteal phases were observed during 6 of these 8 cycles. Combined therapy with LRH and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during 5 treatment courses resulted in normal ovulatory cycles with adequate corpus luteum function.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy on follicular maturation, ovulation and corpus luteum function in amenorrhoeic women with anorexia nervosa. Nine amenorrhoeic women with anorexia nervosa (AN) were given long-term treatment with 500 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) every 8 h. All the women had impaired luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and no evidence of endogenous oestrogen production. Three of them also had deficient follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. The pituitary reserve capacity for gonadotrophin secretion was normal but the response pattern to LRH was similar to that described in prepubertal girls. The constant administration of LRH normalized basal LH and FSH secretion and induced a cyclical gonadotrophin secretory pattern with differential changes of the LH and FSH responses to LRH during the treatment. LRH-induced gonadotrophin secretion produced follicular growth and maturation in all the women. Presumptive ovulation also occurred during the 8 treatment courses in which only LRH was administered. However, inadequate luteal phases were observed during 6 of these 8 cycles. Combined therapy with LRH and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during 5 treatment courses resulted in normal ovulatory cycles with adequate corpus luteum function.", "PMID": 375526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2920", "title": "Differential effect of cupric ions on the in vitro utilization of glucose by blastocysts and pancreatic islets.", "content": "To evaluate a possible interference of cupric ions on the trophoblast cell metabolism, glucose utilization was studied in mouse blastocysts delayed in utero and later activated by oestradiol for 18 h. Isolated pancreatic islets from guinea pigs were used for comparative purposes. The pancreatic islets were not affected when the copper concentration was 0.1 mmol/l whereas for the blastocysts a marked effect was found already at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/l. This indicates that copper concentrations even lower than that of the uterine secretion in presence of a Cu-IUD might affect different enzymes linked with the glucose metabolism of the trophoblast cells.", "contents": "Differential effect of cupric ions on the in vitro utilization of glucose by blastocysts and pancreatic islets. To evaluate a possible interference of cupric ions on the trophoblast cell metabolism, glucose utilization was studied in mouse blastocysts delayed in utero and later activated by oestradiol for 18 h. Isolated pancreatic islets from guinea pigs were used for comparative purposes. The pancreatic islets were not affected when the copper concentration was 0.1 mmol/l whereas for the blastocysts a marked effect was found already at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/l. This indicates that copper concentrations even lower than that of the uterine secretion in presence of a Cu-IUD might affect different enzymes linked with the glucose metabolism of the trophoblast cells.", "PMID": 375527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2921", "title": "Lymphangiography and ultrasound in management of lymphoceles.", "content": "Recent reports describe the efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of lymphoceles. To assess the appropriate role of ultrasound and lymphangiography in the management of this entity, we reviewed our experience with 14 cases diagnosed as lymphoceles. Three patients had lymphangiography alone, 5 had lymphangiography and ultrasound, and 6 had ultrasound alone. Our analysis concludes that both diagnostic modalities have a role in management depending on the size of the lymphocele and the associated clinical setting.", "contents": "Lymphangiography and ultrasound in management of lymphoceles. Recent reports describe the efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of lymphoceles. To assess the appropriate role of ultrasound and lymphangiography in the management of this entity, we reviewed our experience with 14 cases diagnosed as lymphoceles. Three patients had lymphangiography alone, 5 had lymphangiography and ultrasound, and 6 had ultrasound alone. Our analysis concludes that both diagnostic modalities have a role in management depending on the size of the lymphocele and the associated clinical setting.", "PMID": 375531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2922", "title": "Correction of renal transplant artery stenosis by transposing iliac arteries.", "content": "Transposition of the iliac arteries is a simple procedure which permits correction of renal transplant artery stenosis without use of a graft and with minimal ischemic risk for the transplant.", "contents": "Correction of renal transplant artery stenosis by transposing iliac arteries. Transposition of the iliac arteries is a simple procedure which permits correction of renal transplant artery stenosis without use of a graft and with minimal ischemic risk for the transplant.", "PMID": 375533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2923", "title": "Infection and papillary necrosis. Scanning electron microscopic comparison with bladder infection.", "content": "A case of papillary necrosis in a diabetic patient with Escherichia coli urinary tract infection is reported. Infectious contribution to the disease is presented, and the electron microscopic similarities of bladder response to infection are discussed.", "contents": "Infection and papillary necrosis. Scanning electron microscopic comparison with bladder infection. A case of papillary necrosis in a diabetic patient with Escherichia coli urinary tract infection is reported. Infectious contribution to the disease is presented, and the electron microscopic similarities of bladder response to infection are discussed.", "PMID": 375534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2924", "title": "Full thickness skin graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures.", "content": "Thirty-two free full thickness skin graft urethroplasties were performed over a thirty-nine-month period. Follow-up of more than six months was available in 27 patients. Results were good or fair in 26 patients (96 per cent). Only 1 patient has been classified as a failure and required reoperation.", "contents": "Full thickness skin graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures. Thirty-two free full thickness skin graft urethroplasties were performed over a thirty-nine-month period. Follow-up of more than six months was available in 27 patients. Results were good or fair in 26 patients (96 per cent). Only 1 patient has been classified as a failure and required reoperation.", "PMID": 375535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2925", "title": "Treatment of malakoplakia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "A case is described of malakoplakia involving the urinary tract and retroperitoneum with recalcitrant infection due to Escherichia coli which was not responsive to seemingly appropriate antibiotics and surgery for drainage, but which subsequently responded to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It is speculated that this drug combination may be helpful because of the ability of trimethoprim to enhance the killing of viable undigested microorganisms inside malakoplakic macrophages.", "contents": "Treatment of malakoplakia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A case is described of malakoplakia involving the urinary tract and retroperitoneum with recalcitrant infection due to Escherichia coli which was not responsive to seemingly appropriate antibiotics and surgery for drainage, but which subsequently responded to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It is speculated that this drug combination may be helpful because of the ability of trimethoprim to enhance the killing of viable undigested microorganisms inside malakoplakic macrophages.", "PMID": 375536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2926", "title": "Penile carcinoma in renal transplant recipient.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurring in a renal transplant recipient is presented. Despite a markedly increased incidence of epidermoid carcinoma in the transplant population, this is the first reported case of penile carcinoma occurring in a renal transplant recipient. As with other superficial epithelial tumors in this population, conventional therapeutic techniques are recommended. However, excisional biopsy is recommended for penile lesions at the time of initial presentation or if any clinical suspicion exists.", "contents": "Penile carcinoma in renal transplant recipient. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurring in a renal transplant recipient is presented. Despite a markedly increased incidence of epidermoid carcinoma in the transplant population, this is the first reported case of penile carcinoma occurring in a renal transplant recipient. As with other superficial epithelial tumors in this population, conventional therapeutic techniques are recommended. However, excisional biopsy is recommended for penile lesions at the time of initial presentation or if any clinical suspicion exists.", "PMID": 375540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2927", "title": "Bilateral renal malakoplakia.", "content": "A case of malakoplakia is presented which was confined to the renal parenchyma of both kidneys in a thirty-five-year-old woman in whom fatal renal failure developed in three weeks. Bilateral renal malakoplakia is rare, and unlike malakoplakia of the bladder, it behaves as a progressive, destructive, and fatal disease.", "contents": "Bilateral renal malakoplakia. A case of malakoplakia is presented which was confined to the renal parenchyma of both kidneys in a thirty-five-year-old woman in whom fatal renal failure developed in three weeks. Bilateral renal malakoplakia is rare, and unlike malakoplakia of the bladder, it behaves as a progressive, destructive, and fatal disease.", "PMID": 375541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2928", "title": "Reversible renal artery stenosis in renal transplantation.", "content": "Spontaneous regression of an arterial stenosis in a renal transplant recipient is documented. Implications of this observation and possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Reversible renal artery stenosis in renal transplantation. Spontaneous regression of an arterial stenosis in a renal transplant recipient is documented. Implications of this observation and possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 375545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2929", "title": "[Peridural anesthesia during mitral commissurotomy on patients in the late stages of the disease].", "content": "Peridural anesthesia in T1--T6 regions was used together with general anesthesia in closed mitral commisurotomy in 40 patients with the disease in stages 4 and 5. The study was aimed at the evaluation of the effect of peridural anesthesia upon hemodynamics, gas exchange, adrenal cortex function, energy exchange in the myocardium and the evaluation of its expediency for these patients. The authors studied hemodynamic alterations (HR, AP, CVP, MV, CBV etc.), changes of acid-base equilibrium and in the blood gases, concentration of summary 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma and of creatinophosphate in the myocardium left auricle. On the grounds of these studies the authors have come to some practically important conlusions.", "contents": "[Peridural anesthesia during mitral commissurotomy on patients in the late stages of the disease]. Peridural anesthesia in T1--T6 regions was used together with general anesthesia in closed mitral commisurotomy in 40 patients with the disease in stages 4 and 5. The study was aimed at the evaluation of the effect of peridural anesthesia upon hemodynamics, gas exchange, adrenal cortex function, energy exchange in the myocardium and the evaluation of its expediency for these patients. The authors studied hemodynamic alterations (HR, AP, CVP, MV, CBV etc.), changes of acid-base equilibrium and in the blood gases, concentration of summary 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma and of creatinophosphate in the myocardium left auricle. On the grounds of these studies the authors have come to some practically important conlusions.", "PMID": 375546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2930", "title": "[Autoalloplasty method in deep defects in the femoral head].", "content": "A method of the replacement of the femoral head deep defects, resulting from the removal of pathologic foci, by means of combined auto-allografts, devised by the author, is described in the paper. This method allows for the transplantation of a bone autograft, filling up a greater portion of the defect, together with an osteocartillaginous allograft with a thin (up to 1 cm) spongy base.", "contents": "[Autoalloplasty method in deep defects in the femoral head]. A method of the replacement of the femoral head deep defects, resulting from the removal of pathologic foci, by means of combined auto-allografts, devised by the author, is described in the paper. This method allows for the transplantation of a bone autograft, filling up a greater portion of the defect, together with an osteocartillaginous allograft with a thin (up to 1 cm) spongy base.", "PMID": 375550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2931", "title": "[Theoretical basis for and the results of using bone marrow-devoid spongy allografts in the surgery of tuberculous spondylitis in adults].", "content": "Experimental studies over 189 animals have proved that spongy allografts, devoid of the bone marrow, possess high plastic properties, get very soon replaced with a newly formed bone tissue and reconstruct. Experimental and clinical findings advocate, the rationality of their use of antero-lateral spondylodesis in tuberculous spondylitis.", "contents": "[Theoretical basis for and the results of using bone marrow-devoid spongy allografts in the surgery of tuberculous spondylitis in adults]. Experimental studies over 189 animals have proved that spongy allografts, devoid of the bone marrow, possess high plastic properties, get very soon replaced with a newly formed bone tissue and reconstruct. Experimental and clinical findings advocate, the rationality of their use of antero-lateral spondylodesis in tuberculous spondylitis.", "PMID": 375551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2932", "title": "[Perforations of the gastrointestinal tract by a fish bone].", "content": "A brief of the literature dealing with perforations of the gastrointestinal tract at its different levels with fish bones is set forth. In recent 20 years the author has managed to collect 68 observations published in the home literature. 6 cases of the perforation of the duodenum, the small intestine, the ileum with injuries to the mesenteric vessels, resulting in massive bleeding, the caecum and the colon in the hepatic angle are presented. All the patients were operated upon. 2 patients died.", "contents": "[Perforations of the gastrointestinal tract by a fish bone]. A brief of the literature dealing with perforations of the gastrointestinal tract at its different levels with fish bones is set forth. In recent 20 years the author has managed to collect 68 observations published in the home literature. 6 cases of the perforation of the duodenum, the small intestine, the ileum with injuries to the mesenteric vessels, resulting in massive bleeding, the caecum and the colon in the hepatic angle are presented. All the patients were operated upon. 2 patients died.", "PMID": 375552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2933", "title": "[Organ-preserving procedure and blood retransfusion in children with splenic ruptures].", "content": "An analysis of anesthesiologic and surgical tactics in the treatment of children with spleen traumas proves the reliability and effectiveness of the blood retransfusion and of the principle of the organ-preserving interventions, according to the amount of the blood loss and the character of the spleen ruptures. In authors' opinion splenectomy is indicated in total crush of the spleen and the detachment of its vascular pedicle. There were no fatal outcomes.", "contents": "[Organ-preserving procedure and blood retransfusion in children with splenic ruptures]. An analysis of anesthesiologic and surgical tactics in the treatment of children with spleen traumas proves the reliability and effectiveness of the blood retransfusion and of the principle of the organ-preserving interventions, according to the amount of the blood loss and the character of the spleen ruptures. In authors' opinion splenectomy is indicated in total crush of the spleen and the detachment of its vascular pedicle. There were no fatal outcomes.", "PMID": 375553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2934", "title": "[Role of forced detoxication for correcting microcirculatory disorders in suppurative, septic diseases in children].", "content": "The author has studied microcirculatory changes in pyo-septic diseases in 112 children, 10 of them--healthy ones (control group). The use of an intense diuresis in complex treatment of severe forms of pyo-septic diseases in children results in a considerable decrease of the blood protheolytic activity and toxicity and allows to interrupt microcirculatory disorders 3 or 4 days earlier than the routine method of detoxication therapy.", "contents": "[Role of forced detoxication for correcting microcirculatory disorders in suppurative, septic diseases in children]. The author has studied microcirculatory changes in pyo-septic diseases in 112 children, 10 of them--healthy ones (control group). The use of an intense diuresis in complex treatment of severe forms of pyo-septic diseases in children results in a considerable decrease of the blood protheolytic activity and toxicity and allows to interrupt microcirculatory disorders 3 or 4 days earlier than the routine method of detoxication therapy.", "PMID": 375554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2935", "title": "[Surgical treatment of fractures of the olecranon].", "content": "56 patients with olecranon displaced fractures have been studied. The diastasis exceeding 1 cm and the failure of the closed reposition served as indications for surgical interventions. The olecranon fixation was performed by means of silk and wire sutures (11 cases), with a screw (8), with a rod (4), with a compression fixative, devised by the author (33). The check of the late results in 54 patients has shown the union of the fracture and good results in all the cases, but as to the terms of the functional and working capacity restoration--it was 2 to 3 times shorter with the osteosynthesis with the compression fixative than with the suture or rod osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of fractures of the olecranon]. 56 patients with olecranon displaced fractures have been studied. The diastasis exceeding 1 cm and the failure of the closed reposition served as indications for surgical interventions. The olecranon fixation was performed by means of silk and wire sutures (11 cases), with a screw (8), with a rod (4), with a compression fixative, devised by the author (33). The check of the late results in 54 patients has shown the union of the fracture and good results in all the cases, but as to the terms of the functional and working capacity restoration--it was 2 to 3 times shorter with the osteosynthesis with the compression fixative than with the suture or rod osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 375555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2936", "title": "Absence of bacterial adherence in the establishment of experimental mastitis in mice.", "content": "The possibility of adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae to the epithelium of the mammary gland was investigated by inoculating them into this gland of mice. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli did not adhere to alveolar epithelium in suckling or non-suckling mice. S. agalactiae adhered to alveolar epithelium in non-suckling mice but adhesion was not sufficiently strong to withstand suckling. Bacterial adherence probably does not play a significant role in the establishment of mastitis by these organisms.", "contents": "Absence of bacterial adherence in the establishment of experimental mastitis in mice. The possibility of adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae to the epithelium of the mammary gland was investigated by inoculating them into this gland of mice. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli did not adhere to alveolar epithelium in suckling or non-suckling mice. S. agalactiae adhered to alveolar epithelium in non-suckling mice but adhesion was not sufficiently strong to withstand suckling. Bacterial adherence probably does not play a significant role in the establishment of mastitis by these organisms.", "PMID": 375558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2937", "title": "Spina bifida in the dog.", "content": "Spina bifida was diagnosed in four English Bulldogs and one Collie dog. These cases and the examination of records from the Veterinary Medical Data Program suggested a high incidence of spina bifida in the English Bulldog. Urinary and fecal incontinence was the most common reason for initial examination for the five dogs. Radiographs and myelography confirmed the diagnosis of spina bifida. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine analyses did not aid diagnosis but urocystitis was identified. In addition to spina bifida, clinical signs and morphologic changes in the spinal cords of all five dogs fulfilled the criteria for an additional diagnosis of spinal dysraphism. A common pathogenesis for the two conditions is suggested.", "contents": "Spina bifida in the dog. Spina bifida was diagnosed in four English Bulldogs and one Collie dog. These cases and the examination of records from the Veterinary Medical Data Program suggested a high incidence of spina bifida in the English Bulldog. Urinary and fecal incontinence was the most common reason for initial examination for the five dogs. Radiographs and myelography confirmed the diagnosis of spina bifida. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine analyses did not aid diagnosis but urocystitis was identified. In addition to spina bifida, clinical signs and morphologic changes in the spinal cords of all five dogs fulfilled the criteria for an additional diagnosis of spinal dysraphism. A common pathogenesis for the two conditions is suggested.", "PMID": 375559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2938", "title": "[Cytopathic effect of the Newcastle disease virus on the BHK-21 cell line].", "content": "The cytopathic effect (CPE) of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the BNK-21 permenant cell line is studied in a series of experiments. The CPE is assessed as a percentage of hemadsorption and polykaryocytosis, and the dynamics of the viral replication is followed up with the aid of the immunofluorescent method. The effect of the cyclohexamide protein inhibitor of the replication of various NDV strains, on the CPE, respectively, is likewise studied. Five vellogenic, one mesogenic and one lentogenic strains are used in the experiments. It is found that through the immunofluorescent method the viral replication is delayed some three hrs in the case of the La Sota lentogenic strain in comparison with the other strains used. The direct relationship, already established, between the virulence of the NDV and the percentage of haemadsorption and polykaryocytosis is confirmed also in the BNC-21 heterologous cellular tissue. On the basis of this relationship, a rapid typing method of virulent from avirulent field NDV strains is suggested. The blocking effect of the cyclohexamide protein inhibitor on the CPE in NDV is demonstrated in the BNK-21 line, as a result of the blocking of the viral specific protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Cytopathic effect of the Newcastle disease virus on the BHK-21 cell line]. The cytopathic effect (CPE) of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the BNK-21 permenant cell line is studied in a series of experiments. The CPE is assessed as a percentage of hemadsorption and polykaryocytosis, and the dynamics of the viral replication is followed up with the aid of the immunofluorescent method. The effect of the cyclohexamide protein inhibitor of the replication of various NDV strains, on the CPE, respectively, is likewise studied. Five vellogenic, one mesogenic and one lentogenic strains are used in the experiments. It is found that through the immunofluorescent method the viral replication is delayed some three hrs in the case of the La Sota lentogenic strain in comparison with the other strains used. The direct relationship, already established, between the virulence of the NDV and the percentage of haemadsorption and polykaryocytosis is confirmed also in the BNC-21 heterologous cellular tissue. On the basis of this relationship, a rapid typing method of virulent from avirulent field NDV strains is suggested. The blocking effect of the cyclohexamide protein inhibitor on the CPE in NDV is demonstrated in the BNK-21 line, as a result of the blocking of the viral specific protein synthesis.", "PMID": 375573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2939", "title": "[Histopathological studies of silworms (Bombyx mori Linn.) spontaneously infected with nuclear polyhedrosis].", "content": "Pathohistological changes in silkworms, spontaneously affected by nuclear polyhedry are investigated. The J-124 X C-122 hybrid after the fourth moulting is tested. After being subjected to a low temperature stress the silkworms were killed and material for pathohistological studies were taken from them. It is established that the most suitable tissues for the replication of the polyhedry virus of the silkworm were the cells of the fat bodies, the tracheal matrix and the hypoderm. Not all polyhedra form simultaneously. The virus as polyhedral bodies is detected in the infected tissues, cells respectively, on the 55th day (at the earliest) by the action of the low temperature stress. The histopathological investigation is recommended as a method for reliable and relatively early diagnoses.", "contents": "[Histopathological studies of silworms (Bombyx mori Linn.) spontaneously infected with nuclear polyhedrosis]. Pathohistological changes in silkworms, spontaneously affected by nuclear polyhedry are investigated. The J-124 X C-122 hybrid after the fourth moulting is tested. After being subjected to a low temperature stress the silkworms were killed and material for pathohistological studies were taken from them. It is established that the most suitable tissues for the replication of the polyhedry virus of the silkworm were the cells of the fat bodies, the tracheal matrix and the hypoderm. Not all polyhedra form simultaneously. The virus as polyhedral bodies is detected in the infected tissues, cells respectively, on the 55th day (at the earliest) by the action of the low temperature stress. The histopathological investigation is recommended as a method for reliable and relatively early diagnoses.", "PMID": 375574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2940", "title": "[Presence of E. coli bacteria in raw and pasteurized cow's milk].", "content": "Investigated for the presence of E. coli-bacteria belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are 85 samples of raw and 212 pasteurized milk, taken from subsequent departments of the milk-producing industry. Dispeptic E. coli are detected in 11.76 per cent of the samples of raw milk studied, and in 5.18 per cent in those of the pasteurized milk. No coli forms are established in samples, taken directly from the pasteurizing equipment. The secondary infection with E. coli results from the use of vessels and equipment in the course of the technological process. E. coli-bacteria, belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are demonstrated in samples both with the aid of a coli-titre, in conformity with standard requirements, and in samples that are not standard, according to this indice. The 21 strains of E. coli-bacteria isolated are referred to the following O-groups: 06, 025, 026, 055, 078, 086, 0111, 0119, 0124, 0125 and 0127. Some of the strains isolated manifest an atypical behaviour to lactose and sucrose in comparison with the properties, indicated in the scheme by Kauffmann.", "contents": "[Presence of E. coli bacteria in raw and pasteurized cow's milk]. Investigated for the presence of E. coli-bacteria belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are 85 samples of raw and 212 pasteurized milk, taken from subsequent departments of the milk-producing industry. Dispeptic E. coli are detected in 11.76 per cent of the samples of raw milk studied, and in 5.18 per cent in those of the pasteurized milk. No coli forms are established in samples, taken directly from the pasteurizing equipment. The secondary infection with E. coli results from the use of vessels and equipment in the course of the technological process. E. coli-bacteria, belonging to the O-groups of dispeptic strains, are demonstrated in samples both with the aid of a coli-titre, in conformity with standard requirements, and in samples that are not standard, according to this indice. The 21 strains of E. coli-bacteria isolated are referred to the following O-groups: 06, 025, 026, 055, 078, 086, 0111, 0119, 0124, 0125 and 0127. Some of the strains isolated manifest an atypical behaviour to lactose and sucrose in comparison with the properties, indicated in the scheme by Kauffmann.", "PMID": 375575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2941", "title": "[Antineoplastic action of retinol and its derivatives (retinoids)].", "content": "Morphologic alterations in epithelium, caused by imcompetency of retinoids in a diet, were similar to those, obtained after treatment with chemical carcinogens. This suggests to use various derivatives of nature retinoids for treatment of epithelial tumors in skin and other tissues. Cultures of mouse prostatic gland and skin epithelium from metatarsus of chicken embryo were used for study of antitumoral activity of various synthetic retinoids. The most active preparations proved to be cyclopentenyl- and trimethyl methoxyphenyl ethyl ester derivatives of retinolic acid. The antitumoral effect of retinolic acid and its derivatives appears to involve a tight binding of the preparations with specific protein and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in tumor. The enzyme is well known to be related to synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein.", "contents": "[Antineoplastic action of retinol and its derivatives (retinoids)]. Morphologic alterations in epithelium, caused by imcompetency of retinoids in a diet, were similar to those, obtained after treatment with chemical carcinogens. This suggests to use various derivatives of nature retinoids for treatment of epithelial tumors in skin and other tissues. Cultures of mouse prostatic gland and skin epithelium from metatarsus of chicken embryo were used for study of antitumoral activity of various synthetic retinoids. The most active preparations proved to be cyclopentenyl- and trimethyl methoxyphenyl ethyl ester derivatives of retinolic acid. The antitumoral effect of retinolic acid and its derivatives appears to involve a tight binding of the preparations with specific protein and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in tumor. The enzyme is well known to be related to synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein.", "PMID": 375586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2942", "title": "[Assessment of the cardiac output by impedance cardiography (differential rheography) to give optimum continuous positive pressure ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is very important to know the cardiac output in artificial positive pressure ventilation for the determination of the exact dosage of dopamine and the endexpiratory pressure. Invasive monitoring of the cardiac output is not suitable for routine bedside use. In our study we looked into the question of whether the dosage of dopamine in continuous positive pressure ventilation could be controlled by impedance determination. Differential rheography, as described by Kaindl, Polzer, and Schuhfried, was used in the study. Relative changes in cardiac output after dopamine administration are shown with sufficient accuracy using the above-mentioned method.", "contents": "[Assessment of the cardiac output by impedance cardiography (differential rheography) to give optimum continuous positive pressure ventilation (author's transl)]. It is very important to know the cardiac output in artificial positive pressure ventilation for the determination of the exact dosage of dopamine and the endexpiratory pressure. Invasive monitoring of the cardiac output is not suitable for routine bedside use. In our study we looked into the question of whether the dosage of dopamine in continuous positive pressure ventilation could be controlled by impedance determination. Differential rheography, as described by Kaindl, Polzer, and Schuhfried, was used in the study. Relative changes in cardiac output after dopamine administration are shown with sufficient accuracy using the above-mentioned method.", "PMID": 375594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2943", "title": "[F' transfer from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis].", "content": "The task of this work was the establishment of an effective transfer system for F'-plasmids from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis. It is shown that cells of PG VI act as recipients in crosses with E. coli F' strains but with a low transfer rate of the plasmid. The presumption that a restriction -- modification system in P. mirabilis was the only reason for the low transfer could not be confirmed. An indirect selection method was developed to isolate P. mirabilis cells which are better recipients. Conjugation experiments showed that the isolated mutants had a better recipient capacity (increase of about 100). This is true not only for the transfer of a F'-plasmid but also for a R-plasmid. The stability of these plasmids in the mutant cells, however, was much lower than in the wild type.", "contents": "[F' transfer from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis]. The task of this work was the establishment of an effective transfer system for F'-plasmids from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis. It is shown that cells of PG VI act as recipients in crosses with E. coli F' strains but with a low transfer rate of the plasmid. The presumption that a restriction -- modification system in P. mirabilis was the only reason for the low transfer could not be confirmed. An indirect selection method was developed to isolate P. mirabilis cells which are better recipients. Conjugation experiments showed that the isolated mutants had a better recipient capacity (increase of about 100). This is true not only for the transfer of a F'-plasmid but also for a R-plasmid. The stability of these plasmids in the mutant cells, however, was much lower than in the wild type.", "PMID": 375599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2944", "title": "[Comments on cerclage (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerclage was performed by us during the past 5 1/2 years in 71 women (0.68% of all births). In 23 women, cerclage was performed prophylactically and in 48 women as therapy of early maturing of the cervix. Cerclage was applied, mainly according to McDonald, between the 13th and 33rd weeks of pregnancy, maximum incidence of surgery occurring between the 17th and 27th week (63%). Cervical insufficiency is only temporarily removed by cerclage. After the suture has been removed, cervical dilatation should be variable. If this is not the case, the diagnosis of \"cervical insufficiency\" must be considered doubtful. This criterion was fulfilled in 83% of the therapeutic cases of cerclage compared with 43% in the prophylactic cases. Within 24 hours after removal of this suture, 39 patients (59%) had given birth. The prophylactically indicated cerclages often did not meet the criterion cervical dilatation uteri after removal of suture and rapid birth\", whereas the majority of the therapeutic cerclages complied with the criterion. Our results are compared with those published in the literature. Despite the trend noticeable in literature towards a more liberal indication of cerclage, we will continue to perform this operation with discretion.", "contents": "[Comments on cerclage (author's transl)]. Cerclage was performed by us during the past 5 1/2 years in 71 women (0.68% of all births). In 23 women, cerclage was performed prophylactically and in 48 women as therapy of early maturing of the cervix. Cerclage was applied, mainly according to McDonald, between the 13th and 33rd weeks of pregnancy, maximum incidence of surgery occurring between the 17th and 27th week (63%). Cervical insufficiency is only temporarily removed by cerclage. After the suture has been removed, cervical dilatation should be variable. If this is not the case, the diagnosis of \"cervical insufficiency\" must be considered doubtful. This criterion was fulfilled in 83% of the therapeutic cases of cerclage compared with 43% in the prophylactic cases. Within 24 hours after removal of this suture, 39 patients (59%) had given birth. The prophylactically indicated cerclages often did not meet the criterion cervical dilatation uteri after removal of suture and rapid birth\", whereas the majority of the therapeutic cerclages complied with the criterion. Our results are compared with those published in the literature. Despite the trend noticeable in literature towards a more liberal indication of cerclage, we will continue to perform this operation with discretion.", "PMID": 375601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2945", "title": "[The Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome. A contribution to congenital poikilodermias as well as a contribution to familial pancytopenias].", "content": "The Zinser-Cole-Engman-syndrome (Dyskeratosis congenita), which is characterized by the cardinal symptoms pigmentatio reticularis, onychodystrophia and leukoplakia oris, is discussed as a clinical entity, which is different from Fanconi's anemia and Braun-Falco-Marghescu-syndrome. A review of the literature is given.", "contents": "[The Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome. A contribution to congenital poikilodermias as well as a contribution to familial pancytopenias]. The Zinser-Cole-Engman-syndrome (Dyskeratosis congenita), which is characterized by the cardinal symptoms pigmentatio reticularis, onychodystrophia and leukoplakia oris, is discussed as a clinical entity, which is different from Fanconi's anemia and Braun-Falco-Marghescu-syndrome. A review of the literature is given.", "PMID": 375602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2946", "title": "[Results of modern syphilis serology in blood donors, at the same time a contribution to spontaneous healing of syphilis].", "content": "261 out of 336 845 blood donors have been shown to had undergone a syphilitic infection. About 52 per cent of these donors have had knowledge of their infection and of specific treatment of the disease. In about 43 per cent of the investigated cases the T. pallidum infection has had probably an inapparent course and healed without treatment, that means spontaneously. In times with an increasing number of infections by T. pallidum blood banks have to look intensively for donors which are in the first stage of primary syphilis. For identification of these people and for the differentiation between antibodies against T. pallidum and apathogenic treponemes the use of a TPHA-ABS test is discussed.", "contents": "[Results of modern syphilis serology in blood donors, at the same time a contribution to spontaneous healing of syphilis]. 261 out of 336 845 blood donors have been shown to had undergone a syphilitic infection. About 52 per cent of these donors have had knowledge of their infection and of specific treatment of the disease. In about 43 per cent of the investigated cases the T. pallidum infection has had probably an inapparent course and healed without treatment, that means spontaneously. In times with an increasing number of infections by T. pallidum blood banks have to look intensively for donors which are in the first stage of primary syphilis. For identification of these people and for the differentiation between antibodies against T. pallidum and apathogenic treponemes the use of a TPHA-ABS test is discussed.", "PMID": 375603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2947", "title": "[Immunopharmacology of levamisole].", "content": "Levamisole, a simple chemical, first introduced as a broad spectrum anthelmintic, is an immunotherapeutic agent with anti-anergic properties. It is the first member of a potential new class of immunologically active, probably thymomimetic compounds. The present knowledge from studies on isolated cells, experimental animals, healthy volunteers and patients with various diseases shows that levamisole behaves physiologically as a thymus hormone and restores to normal the functions of phagocytes and T-lymphocytes in compromised hosts and induces T-cell differentiation. The biochemical mechanism of action remains still unclear. The various mechanisms by which levamisole might act are not mutually exclusive. Levamisole is well tolerated in doses of 2,5 mg/kg. Side-effects are markedly more frequent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than with other diseases. The only potentially fatal adverse reaction is agranulocytosis.", "contents": "[Immunopharmacology of levamisole]. Levamisole, a simple chemical, first introduced as a broad spectrum anthelmintic, is an immunotherapeutic agent with anti-anergic properties. It is the first member of a potential new class of immunologically active, probably thymomimetic compounds. The present knowledge from studies on isolated cells, experimental animals, healthy volunteers and patients with various diseases shows that levamisole behaves physiologically as a thymus hormone and restores to normal the functions of phagocytes and T-lymphocytes in compromised hosts and induces T-cell differentiation. The biochemical mechanism of action remains still unclear. The various mechanisms by which levamisole might act are not mutually exclusive. Levamisole is well tolerated in doses of 2,5 mg/kg. Side-effects are markedly more frequent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than with other diseases. The only potentially fatal adverse reaction is agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 375604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2948", "title": "[Effect on lymphocyte and granulocyte function of levamisole in chronic mucocutaneous candidamycosis].", "content": "In 5 patients (3 children, 2 adults) suffering from familial or non-familial chronic muco-cutaneous Candidosis (CMCC) combined with cellular immune deficiencies of different extent, an immunostimulating therapy regimen with levamisole was performed over 6 months. Post-treatment clinical and immunological re-examinations offered a favourable effect on the cellular immune system in all patients. As to the general health condition, in the children all clinical symptoms of CMCC clearly improved or disappeared completely, whereas in both adult patients no satisfactory clinical effect of levamisole therapy could be observed so far.", "contents": "[Effect on lymphocyte and granulocyte function of levamisole in chronic mucocutaneous candidamycosis]. In 5 patients (3 children, 2 adults) suffering from familial or non-familial chronic muco-cutaneous Candidosis (CMCC) combined with cellular immune deficiencies of different extent, an immunostimulating therapy regimen with levamisole was performed over 6 months. Post-treatment clinical and immunological re-examinations offered a favourable effect on the cellular immune system in all patients. As to the general health condition, in the children all clinical symptoms of CMCC clearly improved or disappeared completely, whereas in both adult patients no satisfactory clinical effect of levamisole therapy could be observed so far.", "PMID": 375605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2949", "title": "[Levamisole therapy under different dermatological indications].", "content": "More than 180 patients were treated for immunostimulation with levamisole within three and a half years. The results were statistically evaluated in 128 subjects. A highly significant improvement was noted in 44 patients suffering from recurrent herpes simplex labialis, facialis and oralis. 14 patients with recurrent herpes genitalis, lumbalis and glutaealis only experienced a reduction of the recurrence frequency. Aphthae in 16 subjects became less frequent and pain was reduced. Levamisole should be tried in recalcitrant chronic candidoses and bacterial infections not responding to specific antibiotic treatment. Slight side effects are relatively frequent, but severe ones are only rarely observed.", "contents": "[Levamisole therapy under different dermatological indications]. More than 180 patients were treated for immunostimulation with levamisole within three and a half years. The results were statistically evaluated in 128 subjects. A highly significant improvement was noted in 44 patients suffering from recurrent herpes simplex labialis, facialis and oralis. 14 patients with recurrent herpes genitalis, lumbalis and glutaealis only experienced a reduction of the recurrence frequency. Aphthae in 16 subjects became less frequent and pain was reduced. Levamisole should be tried in recalcitrant chronic candidoses and bacterial infections not responding to specific antibiotic treatment. Slight side effects are relatively frequent, but severe ones are only rarely observed.", "PMID": 375606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2950", "title": "[Traumatic injury to the heart. A clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Nonpenetrating chest injuries often lead to cardiac traumas. Posttraumatic coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction is shown in two cases. Large anterior aneurysm occured after total occlusion of the descending anterior in both cases. There was no correlation between the severity of the chest injury and the ensuing cardiac damage. An intramural anterior infarction was seen in a third case; because of a normal coronary angiogram an intramyocardial bleeding without coronary thrombosis can be suspected. A direct connection between chest injury and myocardial infarction can only be assumed if there is an onset of symptoms within 24--48 hours after thoracic trauma. A coronary angiogram should be performed in any case of myocardial infarction following chest injury especially in medico-legal cases.", "contents": "[Traumatic injury to the heart. A clinical study (author's transl)]. Nonpenetrating chest injuries often lead to cardiac traumas. Posttraumatic coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction is shown in two cases. Large anterior aneurysm occured after total occlusion of the descending anterior in both cases. There was no correlation between the severity of the chest injury and the ensuing cardiac damage. An intramural anterior infarction was seen in a third case; because of a normal coronary angiogram an intramyocardial bleeding without coronary thrombosis can be suspected. A direct connection between chest injury and myocardial infarction can only be assumed if there is an onset of symptoms within 24--48 hours after thoracic trauma. A coronary angiogram should be performed in any case of myocardial infarction following chest injury especially in medico-legal cases.", "PMID": 375607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2951", "title": "[Effect of indications and pre-existing conditions on the result of McDonald's cervix-closure surgery].", "content": "Authors have performed the McDonald cerclage operation on 172 gravidae because of cervical incompetence. From these pregnancies 80.2 per cent of the infants have survived over the sixth day. While with operations performed on the basis of extended indications for surgery an effect of 56.5 per cent was achieved, it was in cases of classical ones 92.8 per cent. Two complicated cases are reported caused by blastospores or bacteria respectively, isolated also in the vaginal secretion which have ascended into the uterine cavity. Both cases resulted in fetal death and in a septic condition of the mother. It is emphasized that the normal vaginal bioflora is essential condition for the cervical suture.", "contents": "[Effect of indications and pre-existing conditions on the result of McDonald's cervix-closure surgery]. Authors have performed the McDonald cerclage operation on 172 gravidae because of cervical incompetence. From these pregnancies 80.2 per cent of the infants have survived over the sixth day. While with operations performed on the basis of extended indications for surgery an effect of 56.5 per cent was achieved, it was in cases of classical ones 92.8 per cent. Two complicated cases are reported caused by blastospores or bacteria respectively, isolated also in the vaginal secretion which have ascended into the uterine cavity. Both cases resulted in fetal death and in a septic condition of the mother. It is emphasized that the normal vaginal bioflora is essential condition for the cervical suture.", "PMID": 375620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2952", "title": "[Surgical obstetrics in past and presence (author's transl)].", "content": "The history of surgical obstetrics is highlighted by discussing the historical development of forceps delivery, vacuum extraction, forceps vectis (application of a single blade only), embryotomy, and caesarean section operations. Finally present status of operative obstetrics is outlined from a modern point of view.", "contents": "[Surgical obstetrics in past and presence (author's transl)]. The history of surgical obstetrics is highlighted by discussing the historical development of forceps delivery, vacuum extraction, forceps vectis (application of a single blade only), embryotomy, and caesarean section operations. Finally present status of operative obstetrics is outlined from a modern point of view.", "PMID": 375621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2953", "title": "Fosfomycin therapy of experimental infections in mice.", "content": "Fosfomycin inhibits the development of severe pyogenic infection by Staphylococcus aureus in kidneys if administered during establishment of infection. It inhibits the development of lethal infection by Escherichia coli. It has a positive therapeutic effect on listeria infection in mice even with a fosfomycin resistant mutant.", "contents": "Fosfomycin therapy of experimental infections in mice. Fosfomycin inhibits the development of severe pyogenic infection by Staphylococcus aureus in kidneys if administered during establishment of infection. It inhibits the development of lethal infection by Escherichia coli. It has a positive therapeutic effect on listeria infection in mice even with a fosfomycin resistant mutant.", "PMID": 375622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2954", "title": "The lethal effect and the inhibition of colicin production by leucine on a phenylalanine requiring E. coli strain as a function of age and dilution of culture.", "content": "The lethal effect caused by leucine on a phenylalanine requiring strain of Escherichia coli K-12 (7), was found to be strongly affected by the age of the culture. Early log cells were the least sensitive, while older cells became more sensitive to leucine. Another important factor affecting the sensitivity of this strain to leucine in liquid medium was the range of dilution of the culture. The age sensitive culture reacted to leucine only when its dilution was at a certain specific range. The sensitivity to leucine of a culture treated at the \"right\" age and at the proper dilution was proportional to the concentration of leucine. Colicine production was studied with cultures treated in various ways using a colicinogenic derivative of the leucine sensitive strain. It was found that leucine in a rather high concentration (2 mg/ml) prevented colicine production when given in the absence of phenylalanine, while phenylalanine at a very low dose (0.2 microgram/ml) could reverse this inhibition. The effect of leucine on colicine production, like lethality, operated only under certain conditions of culture dilution, but unlike lethality, was not very sensitive to the age of the culture. Tryptophane was found to resemble leucine in its effects on viability and on colicine production in liquid medium. Its effect was likewise reversed by a small amount of phenylalanine, and like leucine, tryptophane acted best only under very specific conditions of culture dilution.", "contents": "The lethal effect and the inhibition of colicin production by leucine on a phenylalanine requiring E. coli strain as a function of age and dilution of culture. The lethal effect caused by leucine on a phenylalanine requiring strain of Escherichia coli K-12 (7), was found to be strongly affected by the age of the culture. Early log cells were the least sensitive, while older cells became more sensitive to leucine. Another important factor affecting the sensitivity of this strain to leucine in liquid medium was the range of dilution of the culture. The age sensitive culture reacted to leucine only when its dilution was at a certain specific range. The sensitivity to leucine of a culture treated at the \"right\" age and at the proper dilution was proportional to the concentration of leucine. Colicine production was studied with cultures treated in various ways using a colicinogenic derivative of the leucine sensitive strain. It was found that leucine in a rather high concentration (2 mg/ml) prevented colicine production when given in the absence of phenylalanine, while phenylalanine at a very low dose (0.2 microgram/ml) could reverse this inhibition. The effect of leucine on colicine production, like lethality, operated only under certain conditions of culture dilution, but unlike lethality, was not very sensitive to the age of the culture. Tryptophane was found to resemble leucine in its effects on viability and on colicine production in liquid medium. Its effect was likewise reversed by a small amount of phenylalanine, and like leucine, tryptophane acted best only under very specific conditions of culture dilution.", "PMID": 375623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2955", "title": "[Effect of immunization on the radioresistance of mice to the action of 90Sr].", "content": "The preliminary immunization with heated Proteus vulgaris culture introduced in a single injection was found to have a positive influence on the resistance of white mice to radiation emitted by incorporated 90Sr. This effect was manifested by an increase in the survival rate and the mean survival time of the animals, as well as by their increased physical endurance, and the stimulation of recovery process in the spleen.", "contents": "[Effect of immunization on the radioresistance of mice to the action of 90Sr]. The preliminary immunization with heated Proteus vulgaris culture introduced in a single injection was found to have a positive influence on the resistance of white mice to radiation emitted by incorporated 90Sr. This effect was manifested by an increase in the survival rate and the mean survival time of the animals, as well as by their increased physical endurance, and the stimulation of recovery process in the spleen.", "PMID": 375634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2956", "title": "[Biological preparations in the overall therapy of children convalescing after dysentery].", "content": "In studying the state of microbial population in the intestine of children after dysentery dysbacteriosis was revealed in 72.7% of cases. Use of biological preparations normalizing microbial population in the intestine (colibacterin) in 859 children reduced the incidence of protracted forms of the disease and of repeated excretion of the causative agent in comparison with the control group (785 children).", "contents": "[Biological preparations in the overall therapy of children convalescing after dysentery]. In studying the state of microbial population in the intestine of children after dysentery dysbacteriosis was revealed in 72.7% of cases. Use of biological preparations normalizing microbial population in the intestine (colibacterin) in 859 children reduced the incidence of protracted forms of the disease and of repeated excretion of the causative agent in comparison with the control group (785 children).", "PMID": 375635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2957", "title": "[Use of the passive hemagglutination inhibition reaction for the purpose of determining the antigenic activity of anatoxins in vitro].", "content": "The work deals with the study of the possibility of using the passive hemagglutination inhibition test (antibody neutralization) for the determination of the antigenic activity of botulinum toxoids, types A, B and E. Erythrocytic diagnostic preparations were shown to allow the determination of up to 0.1 g of antigen. At the same time in vitro determinations were found to satisfactorily correlate with the results of in vivo determinations of the antigenic activity of these toxoids in the antitoxin-fixation test.", "contents": "[Use of the passive hemagglutination inhibition reaction for the purpose of determining the antigenic activity of anatoxins in vitro]. The work deals with the study of the possibility of using the passive hemagglutination inhibition test (antibody neutralization) for the determination of the antigenic activity of botulinum toxoids, types A, B and E. Erythrocytic diagnostic preparations were shown to allow the determination of up to 0.1 g of antigen. At the same time in vitro determinations were found to satisfactorily correlate with the results of in vivo determinations of the antigenic activity of these toxoids in the antitoxin-fixation test.", "PMID": 375637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2958", "title": "[Method of determining the microbial flora of the small intestinal cavity and mucosa in different gastrointestinal tract diseases].", "content": "Intestinal microflora in patients with chronic enterocolitis and duodenal ulcer was studied. Both the cavity of the small intestine and the structures of its mucosa were investigated. The method of aspiration biopsy was used, the samples of multiple washings of the intestinal mucosa and its homogenate were used for seeding. The results thus obtained in indicated that the structures of the mucosa contained microorganisms similar to those isolated from the intestinal cavity, but in lesser amounts and with different characteristics. The proposed method of detecting the microflora in the intestinal cavity and mucosa is simple and can be used in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Method of determining the microbial flora of the small intestinal cavity and mucosa in different gastrointestinal tract diseases]. Intestinal microflora in patients with chronic enterocolitis and duodenal ulcer was studied. Both the cavity of the small intestine and the structures of its mucosa were investigated. The method of aspiration biopsy was used, the samples of multiple washings of the intestinal mucosa and its homogenate were used for seeding. The results thus obtained in indicated that the structures of the mucosa contained microorganisms similar to those isolated from the intestinal cavity, but in lesser amounts and with different characteristics. The proposed method of detecting the microflora in the intestinal cavity and mucosa is simple and can be used in clinical practice.", "PMID": 375638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2959", "title": "[Use of a computer to predict the development of vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis].", "content": "On the basis of a linear discriminant analysis, a special system of automatized prognosis and early diagnosis of vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis was elaborated with the aid of a computer. The system permits to elucidate among the population examined a group of individuals with high risk of the disease. The information file for computer processing included data of the studies on 24 risk factors in 350 patients and 450 individuals in the control group. The prognostical value of different risk-factors is discussed. The results of the system trial in industrial conditions are given.", "contents": "[Use of a computer to predict the development of vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis]. On the basis of a linear discriminant analysis, a special system of automatized prognosis and early diagnosis of vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis was elaborated with the aid of a computer. The system permits to elucidate among the population examined a group of individuals with high risk of the disease. The information file for computer processing included data of the studies on 24 risk factors in 350 patients and 450 individuals in the control group. The prognostical value of different risk-factors is discussed. The results of the system trial in industrial conditions are given.", "PMID": 375643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2960", "title": "Aging and the cardiovascular system.", "content": "With advancing age blood pressure rises in most populations with the exception of some isolated tribes. In western countries 30 to 40% of the people above the age of 60 years have casual blood pressure levels greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg. Advancing age per se produces a number of physiological changes related to blood pressure, such as a decrease in cardiac output, an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and a decrease in plasma renin-angiotensin-aldosterone levels. The mechanism causing the elevation in pressure with age are unknown though increased rigidity of the great vessels contributes to the rise in systolic pressure. There is a decline in the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex, but the contribution of this to the elevation of pressure has not be elucidated. Elderly patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension have a low cardiac output and high peripheral vascular resistance. The rise in blood pressure is associated with an increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even in the elderly hypertensives. The available data on the efficacy of hypotensive treatment in the elderly is scanty. There are no data proving that hypotensive therapy prolongs life. Controlled studies on the prevention of organ damage especially cerebrovascular accidents are inconclusive, showing either a significant decrease or no effect. Isolated reports illustrate, however, that drastic blood pressure reduction can provoke serious side effects, thus decreasing the quality of life. Hypotensive treatment is indicated in elderly hypertensive patients with hypertensive retinopathy grade III or IV, congestive heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage, in elderly patients with a markedly elevated diastolic blood pressure (greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg) and a trial of hypotensive therapy should be offered in milder forms of hypertension when it is accompanied by certain specific symptoms such as angina, headache and dyspnoe. The management of elderly hypertensive patients is more difficult than in the young. General measures are often not well accepted. The dose adjustment of the hypotensive agent is more critical and volume depletion or orthostatic hypotension are more likely to occur.", "contents": "Aging and the cardiovascular system. With advancing age blood pressure rises in most populations with the exception of some isolated tribes. In western countries 30 to 40% of the people above the age of 60 years have casual blood pressure levels greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg. Advancing age per se produces a number of physiological changes related to blood pressure, such as a decrease in cardiac output, an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and a decrease in plasma renin-angiotensin-aldosterone levels. The mechanism causing the elevation in pressure with age are unknown though increased rigidity of the great vessels contributes to the rise in systolic pressure. There is a decline in the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex, but the contribution of this to the elevation of pressure has not be elucidated. Elderly patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension have a low cardiac output and high peripheral vascular resistance. The rise in blood pressure is associated with an increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even in the elderly hypertensives. The available data on the efficacy of hypotensive treatment in the elderly is scanty. There are no data proving that hypotensive therapy prolongs life. Controlled studies on the prevention of organ damage especially cerebrovascular accidents are inconclusive, showing either a significant decrease or no effect. Isolated reports illustrate, however, that drastic blood pressure reduction can provoke serious side effects, thus decreasing the quality of life. Hypotensive treatment is indicated in elderly hypertensive patients with hypertensive retinopathy grade III or IV, congestive heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage, in elderly patients with a markedly elevated diastolic blood pressure (greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg) and a trial of hypotensive therapy should be offered in milder forms of hypertension when it is accompanied by certain specific symptoms such as angina, headache and dyspnoe. The management of elderly hypertensive patients is more difficult than in the young. General measures are often not well accepted. The dose adjustment of the hypotensive agent is more critical and volume depletion or orthostatic hypotension are more likely to occur.", "PMID": 375649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2961", "title": "Heritability estimates from twin studies. I. Formulae of heritability estimates.", "content": "Over the past 50 years a large number of methods have been proposed for estimating heritability from twin studies. The present paper describes the most commonly cited of these estimates as a first step in evaluating their usefulness. A critical review will then follow.", "contents": "Heritability estimates from twin studies. I. Formulae of heritability estimates. Over the past 50 years a large number of methods have been proposed for estimating heritability from twin studies. The present paper describes the most commonly cited of these estimates as a first step in evaluating their usefulness. A critical review will then follow.", "PMID": 375651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2962", "title": "[Neurosurgical anatomy of Forel's field H as applied to campotomy].", "content": "Based on a study of 100 specimens of the brain of adult humans, data are presented on the variability of the shape and size of Forel's H field and its position in relation to intercerebral orienting points depending on the length of the intercommissural line and the breadth of the cerebral hemisphere and third ventricle. The stereotaxic coordinates, the shape and size of the foci of destruction for campotomy are given with due consideration for the individual anatomical features of the H field.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical anatomy of Forel's field H as applied to campotomy]. Based on a study of 100 specimens of the brain of adult humans, data are presented on the variability of the shape and size of Forel's H field and its position in relation to intercerebral orienting points depending on the length of the intercommissural line and the breadth of the cerebral hemisphere and third ventricle. The stereotaxic coordinates, the shape and size of the foci of destruction for campotomy are given with due consideration for the individual anatomical features of the H field.", "PMID": 375647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2963", "title": "The effect of positive end expiratory pressure after three types of open heart surgery.", "content": "It has previously been shown that patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) tolerate a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 1.0 kPa better than patients who have had aortic valve replacement (AVR). the difference was explained by the fact that the mitral patients had pre-existing pulmonary vascular disease. In the present study the effect of PEEP up to 2.0 kPa is investigated in three types of operations: aortocoronary bypass graft (ACBG), mitral valve replacement, and aortic valve replacement; there were five patients in each group. We found that our mitral patients tolerated PEEP better than the two other groups, and that tolerance was not correlated to a higher pulmonary vascular resistance, but rather to a higher level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The influence of PEEP varies in different types of patients and the effect is still difficult to predict.", "contents": "The effect of positive end expiratory pressure after three types of open heart surgery. It has previously been shown that patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) tolerate a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 1.0 kPa better than patients who have had aortic valve replacement (AVR). the difference was explained by the fact that the mitral patients had pre-existing pulmonary vascular disease. In the present study the effect of PEEP up to 2.0 kPa is investigated in three types of operations: aortocoronary bypass graft (ACBG), mitral valve replacement, and aortic valve replacement; there were five patients in each group. We found that our mitral patients tolerated PEEP better than the two other groups, and that tolerance was not correlated to a higher pulmonary vascular resistance, but rather to a higher level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The influence of PEEP varies in different types of patients and the effect is still difficult to predict.", "PMID": 375656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2964", "title": "Spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure in adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The authors describe three systems of spontaneous respiration with positive end expiratory pressure (P.E.E.P.) : the system of continuous positive airway pressure (C.P.A.P.), the bubble and the intermittent mandatory ventilation with C.P.A.P. (I.M.V.-C.P.A.P.) by Servo-Ventilator 900 B. The results are conclusive with the C.P.A.P. unit used for post-traumatic adult patients in acute respiratory distress and for patients who have been anesthetized for more than three hours. The PaO2 significantly increase in subjects whose PaO2 in the ambient air without P.E.E.P. is lower than 70 mm Hg. The bubble is less used due to its drawbacks. The Servo 900 B offers many possibilities, one of which is reported in this paper.", "contents": "Spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure in adult respiratory distress syndrome. The authors describe three systems of spontaneous respiration with positive end expiratory pressure (P.E.E.P.) : the system of continuous positive airway pressure (C.P.A.P.), the bubble and the intermittent mandatory ventilation with C.P.A.P. (I.M.V.-C.P.A.P.) by Servo-Ventilator 900 B. The results are conclusive with the C.P.A.P. unit used for post-traumatic adult patients in acute respiratory distress and for patients who have been anesthetized for more than three hours. The PaO2 significantly increase in subjects whose PaO2 in the ambient air without P.E.E.P. is lower than 70 mm Hg. The bubble is less used due to its drawbacks. The Servo 900 B offers many possibilities, one of which is reported in this paper.", "PMID": 375657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2965", "title": "[A stereological study of the angioarchitecture of the cerebral cortex in rabbits].", "content": "An attempt is made to describe the vascular architecture of the cortex employing a stereological method. Brains perfused with india ink were sectioned in frontal, sagittal and tangential levels. The course of the vessels was described as a spatial vector from the center to the penetration point of the globe or radius 1. In order to present a two-dimensional image, we projected the penetration point together with the longitudinal and horizontal meridians of the globe in an orthograde fashion into the level of the image. The frontal and sagittal sections were projected in an equatorial image, the tangential level was projected to an axis. Direct observations and stereological imaging demonstrated that, in lamina 4, there is a relatively constant hexagonal vascular net with branching angles of 60 degrees at an edge length of 50--60 microns.", "contents": "[A stereological study of the angioarchitecture of the cerebral cortex in rabbits]. An attempt is made to describe the vascular architecture of the cortex employing a stereological method. Brains perfused with india ink were sectioned in frontal, sagittal and tangential levels. The course of the vessels was described as a spatial vector from the center to the penetration point of the globe or radius 1. In order to present a two-dimensional image, we projected the penetration point together with the longitudinal and horizontal meridians of the globe in an orthograde fashion into the level of the image. The frontal and sagittal sections were projected in an equatorial image, the tangential level was projected to an axis. Direct observations and stereological imaging demonstrated that, in lamina 4, there is a relatively constant hexagonal vascular net with branching angles of 60 degrees at an edge length of 50--60 microns.", "PMID": 375658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2966", "title": "The cell masses in the diencephalon of Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata Burmeister (Amphisbaenia, Squamata, Reptilia).", "content": "The cell masses of the diencephalon of Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata are studied and confronted with those of other reptiles, specially with the burrowing ophidian Typhlopidae. The main differences are in the thalamus dorsalis. The amphisbaenids share with the Typhlopidae the absence of the lateral and pretectal geniculate bodies, and share with the squamate reptiles, differing from the typhlopids, the remaining structures of the dorsal thalamus, characterized by the well-developed nucleus rotundus. These features support the idea that the amphisbaenids could be situated within the Squamata at the same level as in Ophidia and Lacertilia. The adaptive processes toward a burrowing behavior have not been the same in amphisbaenids and in the typhlopids. The causes of the dissimilarities of the dorsal thalamus could be related to other sense and non-sense systems apart from the optic. The morphology of the elements of the cell masses has been studied by the Golgi method.", "contents": "The cell masses in the diencephalon of Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata Burmeister (Amphisbaenia, Squamata, Reptilia). The cell masses of the diencephalon of Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata are studied and confronted with those of other reptiles, specially with the burrowing ophidian Typhlopidae. The main differences are in the thalamus dorsalis. The amphisbaenids share with the Typhlopidae the absence of the lateral and pretectal geniculate bodies, and share with the squamate reptiles, differing from the typhlopids, the remaining structures of the dorsal thalamus, characterized by the well-developed nucleus rotundus. These features support the idea that the amphisbaenids could be situated within the Squamata at the same level as in Ophidia and Lacertilia. The adaptive processes toward a burrowing behavior have not been the same in amphisbaenids and in the typhlopids. The causes of the dissimilarities of the dorsal thalamus could be related to other sense and non-sense systems apart from the optic. The morphology of the elements of the cell masses has been studied by the Golgi method.", "PMID": 375659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2967", "title": "Replica study of plaque formation on human tooth surfaces.", "content": "Plaque formation on buccal tooth surfaces was studied by replica technique, consisting of impressions using low viscosity silicone impression materials and positive models produced in epoxy resins. Bacterial accumulation occurred near the cemento-enamel junction in 6-hr specimens, and subsequently expanded in a coronal direction. This development took place partly by extensions of single layers of bacteria, and partly by a pattern where the colonization was mostly restricted to vertical enamel cracks. Plaque accumulations were also frequently located in abrasion grooves and surface pits in the enamel, and prolific plaque areas were consistently surrounded by a monolayer of bacterial cells. Globular and hemispheric structures which occurred, especially on root surfaces immediately after cleaning, were probably artefacts caused by air bubbles or remaining moisture. In separate series of experiments it was demonstrated that improved reproduction of details from the plaque could be achieved by repeating the replicating procedure. The findings indicate that plaque formation starts by adsorption and proliferation of individual bacteria on tooth surfaces, and not by adsorption of aggregates of cells. Special attention should be directed against the problem of artefacts and moisture in replica studies of dental plaque.", "contents": "Replica study of plaque formation on human tooth surfaces. Plaque formation on buccal tooth surfaces was studied by replica technique, consisting of impressions using low viscosity silicone impression materials and positive models produced in epoxy resins. Bacterial accumulation occurred near the cemento-enamel junction in 6-hr specimens, and subsequently expanded in a coronal direction. This development took place partly by extensions of single layers of bacteria, and partly by a pattern where the colonization was mostly restricted to vertical enamel cracks. Plaque accumulations were also frequently located in abrasion grooves and surface pits in the enamel, and prolific plaque areas were consistently surrounded by a monolayer of bacterial cells. Globular and hemispheric structures which occurred, especially on root surfaces immediately after cleaning, were probably artefacts caused by air bubbles or remaining moisture. In separate series of experiments it was demonstrated that improved reproduction of details from the plaque could be achieved by repeating the replicating procedure. The findings indicate that plaque formation starts by adsorption and proliferation of individual bacteria on tooth surfaces, and not by adsorption of aggregates of cells. Special attention should be directed against the problem of artefacts and moisture in replica studies of dental plaque.", "PMID": 375661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2968", "title": "Morphologic studies on dental plaque formation.", "content": "The present summary and the following papers (I--VII) are submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Odontologiae at the University of Bergen. 1: Growth of dental plaque on hydroxyapatite splints. A method of studying early plaque morphology. J. Periodontal Res. 1974, 9, 135--146. II: Pellicle formation on hydroxyapatite splints attached to the human dentition: Morphologic confirmation of the concept of adsorption. Arch. Oral Biol. 1975, 20, 739-742. III: Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of pellicle morphogenesis. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 1977, 85, 217-231. IV: Early dental plaque morphogenesis. A scanning electron microscope study using the hydorxyapatite splint model and a low-sucrose diet. J. Periodontal Res. 1977, 12, 73-89. V:  Ultrastructural study of early dental plaque formation. J. Periodontal Res. 1978, 13, 391-409. VI: Dental plaque morphology as revealed by direct observation and by replicating techniques. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1978, 36, 279-288 Co-author: F. Gusberti. VII: Replica study of plaque formation on human tooth surfaces. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1979, 37, 65-72. Co-author: F. Gusberti. These papers are referred to as I-VII in the present summary. Other papers are referred to in conventional manner.", "contents": "Morphologic studies on dental plaque formation. The present summary and the following papers (I--VII) are submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Odontologiae at the University of Bergen. 1: Growth of dental plaque on hydroxyapatite splints. A method of studying early plaque morphology. J. Periodontal Res. 1974, 9, 135--146. II: Pellicle formation on hydroxyapatite splints attached to the human dentition: Morphologic confirmation of the concept of adsorption. Arch. Oral Biol. 1975, 20, 739-742. III: Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of pellicle morphogenesis. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 1977, 85, 217-231. IV: Early dental plaque morphogenesis. A scanning electron microscope study using the hydorxyapatite splint model and a low-sucrose diet. J. Periodontal Res. 1977, 12, 73-89. V:  Ultrastructural study of early dental plaque formation. J. Periodontal Res. 1978, 13, 391-409. VI: Dental plaque morphology as revealed by direct observation and by replicating techniques. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1978, 36, 279-288 Co-author: F. Gusberti. VII: Replica study of plaque formation on human tooth surfaces. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1979, 37, 65-72. Co-author: F. Gusberti. These papers are referred to as I-VII in the present summary. Other papers are referred to in conventional manner.", "PMID": 375662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2969", "title": "Oral mycoses and their treatment.", "content": "Mycoses of the mouth and nearby areas can be caused by both yeasts and filamentous fungi. They may appear either independently or as part of a systemic infection. It is typical of many mycoses that they occur as a consequence of local factors operating in the mouth, or in patients debilitated by severe diseases. Yeasts that are part of the normal microbial flora of man, among them especially Candida species, are the most frequent causative agents. Some tropical or semitropical infections may occur in Scandinavia and Finland, but they are rare. Local therapy with antimycotics is often effective in acute infections, whereas some chronic ones may make systemic administration necessary. Some of these infections are treated surgically.", "contents": "Oral mycoses and their treatment. Mycoses of the mouth and nearby areas can be caused by both yeasts and filamentous fungi. They may appear either independently or as part of a systemic infection. It is typical of many mycoses that they occur as a consequence of local factors operating in the mouth, or in patients debilitated by severe diseases. Yeasts that are part of the normal microbial flora of man, among them especially Candida species, are the most frequent causative agents. Some tropical or semitropical infections may occur in Scandinavia and Finland, but they are rare. Local therapy with antimycotics is often effective in acute infections, whereas some chronic ones may make systemic administration necessary. Some of these infections are treated surgically.", "PMID": 375663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2970", "title": "Neonatal septicemia and perinatal risk factors.", "content": "Many methods for screening and prediction of neonatal septicemia have been tried. In this study a score, related to both perinatal risk factors and neonatal diseases, was tested upon healthy newborn infants, infants with septicemia and infants with other diseases. Statistical differences were found between infants with neonatal septicemia and infants with other neonatal diseases as well as normal newborns. It was also possible to find a relationship between certain predisposing factors and predominance of certain pathogens. Complications during pregnancy and delivery were most often found in the group B streptococcal, combinations of invasive procedures and neonatal diseases in the staphylococcal group and surgical procedures in the gram-negative group.", "contents": "Neonatal septicemia and perinatal risk factors. Many methods for screening and prediction of neonatal septicemia have been tried. In this study a score, related to both perinatal risk factors and neonatal diseases, was tested upon healthy newborn infants, infants with septicemia and infants with other diseases. Statistical differences were found between infants with neonatal septicemia and infants with other neonatal diseases as well as normal newborns. It was also possible to find a relationship between certain predisposing factors and predominance of certain pathogens. Complications during pregnancy and delivery were most often found in the group B streptococcal, combinations of invasive procedures and neonatal diseases in the staphylococcal group and surgical procedures in the gram-negative group.", "PMID": 375667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2971", "title": "Dosage of salicylates for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective clinical trial with three different preparations of acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "41 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and 6 with postinfectious arthropathies, aged 3--15 years, were treated with acetylsalicylic acid for 14 days during which time the patients were hospitalized. Three different acetylsalicylic acid preparations were used: a microencapsulated form, an enteric-coated form and standard acetylsalicylic acid tablets. Serum salicylate concentrations were measured by Trinder's photometric method. With doses of 90--120 mg/kg/day symptoms of salicylism appeared in about 50% of the cases. Daily doses of 2 g/m2 (not exceeding 70 mg/kg) proved relatively safe in this study, whereas symptoms and signs of intoxication appeared at doses exceeding 3 g/m2/day. In this respect there were no significant differences between the three acetylsalicylic acid preparations used. The results of this study also suggest that the serum salicylate concentrations should not exceed 2000 mumol/l (about 27 mg/100 ml). The symptoms of salicylism correlated closely with serum salicylate levels, which, in turn, correlated well with the dosage in g/m2. Elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase was noted in 1/3 of the cases. All of these had a dose exceeding 2 g/m2, and the frequency of elevated enzyme activities increased with increasing dosage. In the group receiving enteric coated form of acetylsalicylic acid, there were fewer positive benzidine tests (12%) than in the two other groups (22--28%).", "contents": "Dosage of salicylates for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective clinical trial with three different preparations of acetylsalicylic acid. 41 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and 6 with postinfectious arthropathies, aged 3--15 years, were treated with acetylsalicylic acid for 14 days during which time the patients were hospitalized. Three different acetylsalicylic acid preparations were used: a microencapsulated form, an enteric-coated form and standard acetylsalicylic acid tablets. Serum salicylate concentrations were measured by Trinder's photometric method. With doses of 90--120 mg/kg/day symptoms of salicylism appeared in about 50% of the cases. Daily doses of 2 g/m2 (not exceeding 70 mg/kg) proved relatively safe in this study, whereas symptoms and signs of intoxication appeared at doses exceeding 3 g/m2/day. In this respect there were no significant differences between the three acetylsalicylic acid preparations used. The results of this study also suggest that the serum salicylate concentrations should not exceed 2000 mumol/l (about 27 mg/100 ml). The symptoms of salicylism correlated closely with serum salicylate levels, which, in turn, correlated well with the dosage in g/m2. Elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase was noted in 1/3 of the cases. All of these had a dose exceeding 2 g/m2, and the frequency of elevated enzyme activities increased with increasing dosage. In the group receiving enteric coated form of acetylsalicylic acid, there were fewer positive benzidine tests (12%) than in the two other groups (22--28%).", "PMID": 375668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2972", "title": "Genetic transformation in Streptococcus sanguis. Spontaneous and induced competence of selected strains.", "content": "Nine strains of Streptococcus sanguis were examined for competence in genetic transformation with streptomycin resistance (str-r) as marker. Eight strains belonged to serogroup H and one to the newly-described serogroup W. Seven of the strains, one of which was the reference strain NCTC 7868 (strain Challis), were competent with str-r DNA from strain Challis. Strains NCTC 9124 (strain Wicky) and 480 were incompetent. The efficiency of transformation was examined in four different media. Use of Todd Hewitt broth gave frequencies of transformants as high as the more complex media. Addition of serum to the transformation media was not essential for the development of competence. The presence of a competence factor (CF) in the culture filtrate of strain Challis was confirmed. The factor transferred strain Wicky to competence with a great variation in the number of transformants and had no influence on strain 480. On the other hand, this spontaneously incompetent strain became competent after addition of culture filtrate from the competent strain 13b, in contrast to Wicky which now remained incompetent. Thus, it is suggested that several factors are involved in the induction of competence of S. sanguis.", "contents": "Genetic transformation in Streptococcus sanguis. Spontaneous and induced competence of selected strains. Nine strains of Streptococcus sanguis were examined for competence in genetic transformation with streptomycin resistance (str-r) as marker. Eight strains belonged to serogroup H and one to the newly-described serogroup W. Seven of the strains, one of which was the reference strain NCTC 7868 (strain Challis), were competent with str-r DNA from strain Challis. Strains NCTC 9124 (strain Wicky) and 480 were incompetent. The efficiency of transformation was examined in four different media. Use of Todd Hewitt broth gave frequencies of transformants as high as the more complex media. Addition of serum to the transformation media was not essential for the development of competence. The presence of a competence factor (CF) in the culture filtrate of strain Challis was confirmed. The factor transferred strain Wicky to competence with a great variation in the number of transformants and had no influence on strain 480. On the other hand, this spontaneously incompetent strain became competent after addition of culture filtrate from the competent strain 13b, in contrast to Wicky which now remained incompetent. Thus, it is suggested that several factors are involved in the induction of competence of S. sanguis.", "PMID": 375670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2973", "title": "The laminar organization of the prospective auditory cortex in the human fetus (11--13.5 weeks of gestation).", "content": "The prospective auditory cortex was analysed in human fetuses at 11--13,5 post-ovulatory weeks with Nissl, Golgi and E.M. techniques. At 11--12 weeks, marginal, cortical plate, intermediate, subventricular and ventricular layers were recognized. Post-migratory neurons with developing dendrites were seen in marginal layer, cortical plate and superficial part of the intermediate zone only. At 12--13,5 weeks the superficial part of the intermediate zone is transformed into the true cortical layer--\"subplate layer\"--characterized by maturing neurons with growing dendrites, fine axonal arborization and low cell density. The neuronal circuitry elements are thus present very early in the prospective auditory cortex and distributed throughout the deep cortical plate of the \"subplate layer\" corresponding to the synaptic territory of other areas of the human fetal cortex.", "contents": "The laminar organization of the prospective auditory cortex in the human fetus (11--13.5 weeks of gestation). The prospective auditory cortex was analysed in human fetuses at 11--13,5 post-ovulatory weeks with Nissl, Golgi and E.M. techniques. At 11--12 weeks, marginal, cortical plate, intermediate, subventricular and ventricular layers were recognized. Post-migratory neurons with developing dendrites were seen in marginal layer, cortical plate and superficial part of the intermediate zone only. At 12--13,5 weeks the superficial part of the intermediate zone is transformed into the true cortical layer--\"subplate layer\"--characterized by maturing neurons with growing dendrites, fine axonal arborization and low cell density. The neuronal circuitry elements are thus present very early in the prospective auditory cortex and distributed throughout the deep cortical plate of the \"subplate layer\" corresponding to the synaptic territory of other areas of the human fetal cortex.", "PMID": 375665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2974", "title": "Genetic transformation in Streptococcus sanguis. Distribution of competence and competence factors in a collection of strains.", "content": "Forty-one strains of Streptococcus sanguis (37 of serogroup H and four of the newly-described serogroup W) were examined semiquantitatively for genetic transformation with streptomycin as marker. The material comprised eight reference laboratory strains and 33 recent isolates. Eighteen strains (16 of serogroup H and two of W) showed spontaneous competence in genetic transformation (without added competence factor, i.e. culture filtrate.). Individual culture filtrates from 19 spontaneously competent and ten incompetent strains were tested for competence-inducing effect on 23 spontaneously incompetent strains. Competence was induced in 16 of the strains, and 20 of the culture filtrates were active. There was considerable variation with respect to the number of recipient strains which were induced to competence by individual filtrates. Furthermore the recipients varied as regards the number of filtrates that were able to induce that particular strain. There was some relationship, but no complete association, between competence, competence-inducing ability and the occurrence of spreading zones around the colonies assumed to correspond generally to fimbriation. Thus, three incompetent strains had an active culture filtrate and one spontaneously competent strain had an inactive filtrate. Most, but not all, strains with spontaneous or inducible competence showed spreading, as did most of the strains from which broadly inducing filtrates could be produced.", "contents": "Genetic transformation in Streptococcus sanguis. Distribution of competence and competence factors in a collection of strains. Forty-one strains of Streptococcus sanguis (37 of serogroup H and four of the newly-described serogroup W) were examined semiquantitatively for genetic transformation with streptomycin as marker. The material comprised eight reference laboratory strains and 33 recent isolates. Eighteen strains (16 of serogroup H and two of W) showed spontaneous competence in genetic transformation (without added competence factor, i.e. culture filtrate.). Individual culture filtrates from 19 spontaneously competent and ten incompetent strains were tested for competence-inducing effect on 23 spontaneously incompetent strains. Competence was induced in 16 of the strains, and 20 of the culture filtrates were active. There was considerable variation with respect to the number of recipient strains which were induced to competence by individual filtrates. Furthermore the recipients varied as regards the number of filtrates that were able to induce that particular strain. There was some relationship, but no complete association, between competence, competence-inducing ability and the occurrence of spreading zones around the colonies assumed to correspond generally to fimbriation. Thus, three incompetent strains had an active culture filtrate and one spontaneously competent strain had an inactive filtrate. Most, but not all, strains with spontaneous or inducible competence showed spreading, as did most of the strains from which broadly inducing filtrates could be produced.", "PMID": 375671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2975", "title": "Cochlear hearing loss and viral infection.", "content": "A group of about 100 consecutive patients admitted to an otorhinolaryngological outpatient department for treatment of cranial nerve affections underwent detailed neurological, audiological and laboratory examinations. Of 34 patients with hearing loss, objective signs of viral infection were found in 12. The hearing loss was sensorineural of the cochlear type, in 7 cases of the high-frequency type, in 5 cases of the low-frequency (Meni\u00e8re) type. Within one year after the onset of the disease the hearing loss had disappeared in all but 2 cases. Reversible dysfunction of two or more cranial nerves was found in 7 of 8 cases examined. In the cerebrospinal fluid the cell count and the total protein and gamma-globulin values were increased in most patients. Our findings indicate a reversible sensorineural hearing loss to be part of a viral-induced meningoencephalitis and cranial polyneuropathy. The mechanism of the reversible low- and high-frequency hearing loss is discussed.", "contents": "Cochlear hearing loss and viral infection. A group of about 100 consecutive patients admitted to an otorhinolaryngological outpatient department for treatment of cranial nerve affections underwent detailed neurological, audiological and laboratory examinations. Of 34 patients with hearing loss, objective signs of viral infection were found in 12. The hearing loss was sensorineural of the cochlear type, in 7 cases of the high-frequency type, in 5 cases of the low-frequency (Meni\u00e8re) type. Within one year after the onset of the disease the hearing loss had disappeared in all but 2 cases. Reversible dysfunction of two or more cranial nerves was found in 7 of 8 cases examined. In the cerebrospinal fluid the cell count and the total protein and gamma-globulin values were increased in most patients. Our findings indicate a reversible sensorineural hearing loss to be part of a viral-induced meningoencephalitis and cranial polyneuropathy. The mechanism of the reversible low- and high-frequency hearing loss is discussed.", "PMID": 375666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2976", "title": "Studies on Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from swine and dogs.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 03 was isolated from the colon contents of 27 (4.5%) of 599 bacon pigs on slaughter. Two (1.7%) out of 115 dogs were positive by culture for this human-athogenic serotype of Y. enterocolitica. A number of other serotypes of Y. enterocolitica were also obtained both from porcine and canine enteric contents (4b, 5a, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 26b, and non-typeable strains). All these serotypes are supposedly non-pathogenic for man and may possibly originate from the microflora of the environment. Haemolysis on bovine blood agar was observed for strains belonging to O-serotype 3.", "contents": "Studies on Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from swine and dogs. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 03 was isolated from the colon contents of 27 (4.5%) of 599 bacon pigs on slaughter. Two (1.7%) out of 115 dogs were positive by culture for this human-athogenic serotype of Y. enterocolitica. A number of other serotypes of Y. enterocolitica were also obtained both from porcine and canine enteric contents (4b, 5a, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 26b, and non-typeable strains). All these serotypes are supposedly non-pathogenic for man and may possibly originate from the microflora of the environment. Haemolysis on bovine blood agar was observed for strains belonging to O-serotype 3.", "PMID": 375672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2977", "title": "Studies on the interaction between different O-serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and HeLa cells.", "content": "Eighty strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were examined for their ability to invade HeLa cells. The following O-serotypes were found to be invasive: 1, 3, 4a, 4c, 5b, 8, 9, 15a, 18, 20, 21 and 22. Biochemically, these types are either indole-, aesculin-, and salicin-negative, or indole-positive but aesculin- and salicin-negative. Other serotypes of Y. enterocolitica did not invade HeLa cells. Biochemically, these non-invasive strains are indole-, aesculin- and salicin-positive. Also the non-sucrose-fermenting strains of O-serotypes 11 and 12 were non-invasive. The interaction with HeLa cells was not restricted to viable bacteria, since also bacterial cells inactivated by formalin or ultraviolet light could gain entrance to the HeLa cells. Heating of the bacteria to 100 degrees C for 30 min. completely inhibited their invasiveness. Monolayer cultures of porcine kidney cells were also invaded by strains which invaded HeLa cells.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction between different O-serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and HeLa cells. Eighty strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were examined for their ability to invade HeLa cells. The following O-serotypes were found to be invasive: 1, 3, 4a, 4c, 5b, 8, 9, 15a, 18, 20, 21 and 22. Biochemically, these types are either indole-, aesculin-, and salicin-negative, or indole-positive but aesculin- and salicin-negative. Other serotypes of Y. enterocolitica did not invade HeLa cells. Biochemically, these non-invasive strains are indole-, aesculin- and salicin-positive. Also the non-sucrose-fermenting strains of O-serotypes 11 and 12 were non-invasive. The interaction with HeLa cells was not restricted to viable bacteria, since also bacterial cells inactivated by formalin or ultraviolet light could gain entrance to the HeLa cells. Heating of the bacteria to 100 degrees C for 30 min. completely inhibited their invasiveness. Monolayer cultures of porcine kidney cells were also invaded by strains which invaded HeLa cells.", "PMID": 375673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2978", "title": "Influence of O and K antigens on the surface properties of Escherichia coli in relation to phagocytosis.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli with different O and K antigens were investigated with respect to physicochemical surface characteristics and liability to phagocytosis. Using two-phase partitioning analysis for the surface characterization, three main groups of strains emerged: Group I (O1:K1, O2:K1, O3:K2ab) showing both smooth hydrophilic O antigens and negatively-charged K antigen which rendered the strains maximally resistant to phagocytosis. Group II (O55:K59, O111:K58) showed no acidic K antigen but only smooth hydrophilic O antigen properties. However, these strains were as resistant to phagocytosis as the strains in group I. A third group (O14:K7, O24:K +) contained strains with rough, hydrophobic O antigen and negatively-charged K antigen. When the K antigen was removed by heat treatment these strains became more sensitive to phagocytosis. Certain other strains (O28:K-, O56:K + and O118:K-) did not fit into the three groups. These experiments show that the physicochemical surface effects and biological significance of the K antigen must be evaluated in relation to the properties conveyed by the corresponding O antigens.", "contents": "Influence of O and K antigens on the surface properties of Escherichia coli in relation to phagocytosis. Strains of Escherichia coli with different O and K antigens were investigated with respect to physicochemical surface characteristics and liability to phagocytosis. Using two-phase partitioning analysis for the surface characterization, three main groups of strains emerged: Group I (O1:K1, O2:K1, O3:K2ab) showing both smooth hydrophilic O antigens and negatively-charged K antigen which rendered the strains maximally resistant to phagocytosis. Group II (O55:K59, O111:K58) showed no acidic K antigen but only smooth hydrophilic O antigen properties. However, these strains were as resistant to phagocytosis as the strains in group I. A third group (O14:K7, O24:K +) contained strains with rough, hydrophobic O antigen and negatively-charged K antigen. When the K antigen was removed by heat treatment these strains became more sensitive to phagocytosis. Certain other strains (O28:K-, O56:K + and O118:K-) did not fit into the three groups. These experiments show that the physicochemical surface effects and biological significance of the K antigen must be evaluated in relation to the properties conveyed by the corresponding O antigens.", "PMID": 375674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2979", "title": "Surface characteristics of Escherichia coli strains in relation to development of bacteraemia.", "content": "Three groups of E. coli bacteria isolated from blood, urine and faeces were analysed with respect to physicochemical surface properties in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. Eighty-eight per cent of the bacteria isolated from blood cultures showed affinity for the dextran-rich bottom phase, whereas 60% and 30% of the bacteria isolated from urine and faeces, respectively, collected to the same phase. Further two-phase analysis indicated that the bacteraemia strains exposed more negative surface than the other groups of bacteria, and that this charge was reduced after heat treatment (70 degrees C, 40 min). These results thus indicate that the strains causing bacteraemia possess similar surface properties, and may have been selected from the more heterogeneous group of bacteria found in urine and faeces. It is further conceivable to propose that bacteria found in the blood expose more heatsensitive, negatively-charged K antigen than the other groups of bacteria.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of Escherichia coli strains in relation to development of bacteraemia. Three groups of E. coli bacteria isolated from blood, urine and faeces were analysed with respect to physicochemical surface properties in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. Eighty-eight per cent of the bacteria isolated from blood cultures showed affinity for the dextran-rich bottom phase, whereas 60% and 30% of the bacteria isolated from urine and faeces, respectively, collected to the same phase. Further two-phase analysis indicated that the bacteraemia strains exposed more negative surface than the other groups of bacteria, and that this charge was reduced after heat treatment (70 degrees C, 40 min). These results thus indicate that the strains causing bacteraemia possess similar surface properties, and may have been selected from the more heterogeneous group of bacteria found in urine and faeces. It is further conceivable to propose that bacteria found in the blood expose more heatsensitive, negatively-charged K antigen than the other groups of bacteria.", "PMID": 375675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2980", "title": "Human macrophage differentiation in vivo and in vitro. A comparison of human peritoneal macrophages and monocytes.", "content": "Human mononuclear phagocytes isolated from venous blood or sterile peritoneal exudate were cultured in an in vitro system known to induce differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. Morphological and functional studies were performed at different stages of in vitro differentiation, in order to compare the two macrophage populations. Freshly-isolated human peritoneal macrophages (PEC), which are presumed to represent monocytes which have differentiated in vivo in the peritoneal exudate for 1--2 days, showed several signs of increased effector cell function, as compared to the relatively immature blood monocytes. Cell adherence after phagocytosis, ability to degrade ingested 125I-labelled Candida albicans, and ability to suppress DNA-synthesis in a target cell line of human origin, were all found to be greater in the peritoneal cells in early culture. During in vitro differentiation in this system, both PEC and monocytes developed remarkable morphological and functional changes. Cell size and granule content increased considerably. Cell function, measured as phagocytic, digestive and cytostatic ability, increased for both macrophage populations. The differences between the two cell populations in early culture suggest that the functional and morphological changes induced by in vivo differentiation in peritoneal exudate involve changes of the same kind as those induced by in vitro differentiation in our system. The lodging of mononuclear phagocytes in sterile peritoneal exudate does not seem to impair the capacity for further differentiation to any great extent.", "contents": "Human macrophage differentiation in vivo and in vitro. A comparison of human peritoneal macrophages and monocytes. Human mononuclear phagocytes isolated from venous blood or sterile peritoneal exudate were cultured in an in vitro system known to induce differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. Morphological and functional studies were performed at different stages of in vitro differentiation, in order to compare the two macrophage populations. Freshly-isolated human peritoneal macrophages (PEC), which are presumed to represent monocytes which have differentiated in vivo in the peritoneal exudate for 1--2 days, showed several signs of increased effector cell function, as compared to the relatively immature blood monocytes. Cell adherence after phagocytosis, ability to degrade ingested 125I-labelled Candida albicans, and ability to suppress DNA-synthesis in a target cell line of human origin, were all found to be greater in the peritoneal cells in early culture. During in vitro differentiation in this system, both PEC and monocytes developed remarkable morphological and functional changes. Cell size and granule content increased considerably. Cell function, measured as phagocytic, digestive and cytostatic ability, increased for both macrophage populations. The differences between the two cell populations in early culture suggest that the functional and morphological changes induced by in vivo differentiation in peritoneal exudate involve changes of the same kind as those induced by in vitro differentiation in our system. The lodging of mononuclear phagocytes in sterile peritoneal exudate does not seem to impair the capacity for further differentiation to any great extent.", "PMID": 375676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2981", "title": "Uptake of non-opsonized E. coli by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "A method is described for the study of phagocytosis of 32P-labelled, non-opsonized, viable E. coli by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Factors influencing the uptake, such as medium, number of bacteria and time of phagocytosis, were standardized. The kinetics of the uptake were studied by visual counting of bacteria and by measuring the distribution of radioactive labelling. The uptake of 32P by the macrophages is well correlated to the number of bacteria phagocytized. The amount of phagocytosis depends on the bacterial density of the medium and the time of phagocytosis. When the medium contains more than 10(9) bacteria per ml, the maximum phagocytic capacity is reached after 90 minutes.", "contents": "Uptake of non-opsonized E. coli by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. A method is described for the study of phagocytosis of 32P-labelled, non-opsonized, viable E. coli by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Factors influencing the uptake, such as medium, number of bacteria and time of phagocytosis, were standardized. The kinetics of the uptake were studied by visual counting of bacteria and by measuring the distribution of radioactive labelling. The uptake of 32P by the macrophages is well correlated to the number of bacteria phagocytized. The amount of phagocytosis depends on the bacterial density of the medium and the time of phagocytosis. When the medium contains more than 10(9) bacteria per ml, the maximum phagocytic capacity is reached after 90 minutes.", "PMID": 375677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2982", "title": "[Lofepramine: a comparative clinical study with amitriptyline].", "content": "Lofepramine, a new tricycle antidepressant, is compared with amitriptyline in a double-blind study. A brief pharmacological description of the drug is made emphasizing its low toxicity and anticholinergic peripheral effects, high plasmatic concentration levels and good tolerance and elimination in comparison with some other known  tricycle antidepressants. Sixty depressive outpatients of a Mental Health Service in Lima, 5 male and 55 female, aging 16 to 65, 29 endogenous and 31 neurotic were studied with both drugs in a equimolar dosage. Through the chi square test, no statistical significance was found in maximal therapeutic response, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, type of depression, and side-effects xerostomy which is lesser with lofepramine. A discussion of these results is made and it is concluded that in the present study lofepramine compared with amitriptyline has a similar therapeutic effect. Though not statistically significant, lofepramine seems to be better for neurotic depression and patients sensitive to anticholinergic side-effects.", "contents": "[Lofepramine: a comparative clinical study with amitriptyline]. Lofepramine, a new tricycle antidepressant, is compared with amitriptyline in a double-blind study. A brief pharmacological description of the drug is made emphasizing its low toxicity and anticholinergic peripheral effects, high plasmatic concentration levels and good tolerance and elimination in comparison with some other known  tricycle antidepressants. Sixty depressive outpatients of a Mental Health Service in Lima, 5 male and 55 female, aging 16 to 65, 29 endogenous and 31 neurotic were studied with both drugs in a equimolar dosage. Through the chi square test, no statistical significance was found in maximal therapeutic response, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, type of depression, and side-effects xerostomy which is lesser with lofepramine. A discussion of these results is made and it is concluded that in the present study lofepramine compared with amitriptyline has a similar therapeutic effect. Though not statistically significant, lofepramine seems to be better for neurotic depression and patients sensitive to anticholinergic side-effects.", "PMID": 375679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2983", "title": "[Indications for mianserin in relation to its absence of side-effects (author's transl)].", "content": "About twenty-five years ago thymoleptics made their first appearance which were soon followed by a great number of pharmacological agents that allied a mood elevating activity to an anxiolytic effect. Mianserin, a novel tetracyclic antidepressant, has an antidepressive effect similar to that of its predecessors but without causing the following side-effects : dry mouth, constipation, intestinal atony, tachycardia, cardiac rhythm disorders, accommodation difficulties, intra-ocular hypertension, dizziness, bladder atony and urinary retention. Consquently, its use is particularly indicated for the treatment of those patients who did not react to other antidepressants of those who stopped treatment on account of side-effects. Mianserin may also be used with those patients suffering from glaucoma, urinary or prostatic disorders and cardiac disorders even when the patient is recovering from a recent heart infarction. Furthermore it is recommended for aged people, for patients in a bad general condition and for those who were in a confusioned state during treatment with tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "[Indications for mianserin in relation to its absence of side-effects (author's transl)]. About twenty-five years ago thymoleptics made their first appearance which were soon followed by a great number of pharmacological agents that allied a mood elevating activity to an anxiolytic effect. Mianserin, a novel tetracyclic antidepressant, has an antidepressive effect similar to that of its predecessors but without causing the following side-effects : dry mouth, constipation, intestinal atony, tachycardia, cardiac rhythm disorders, accommodation difficulties, intra-ocular hypertension, dizziness, bladder atony and urinary retention. Consquently, its use is particularly indicated for the treatment of those patients who did not react to other antidepressants of those who stopped treatment on account of side-effects. Mianserin may also be used with those patients suffering from glaucoma, urinary or prostatic disorders and cardiac disorders even when the patient is recovering from a recent heart infarction. Furthermore it is recommended for aged people, for patients in a bad general condition and for those who were in a confusioned state during treatment with tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 375682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2984", "title": "Zinc supplementation in alcoholic cirrhosis. A double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial with zinc sulfate, 0.2 g three times daily, and a placebo was performed in 30 patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The disease was in a stable phase, and none of the patients showed evidence of a decompensated liver function. Parameters of liver function, taste acuity, dark adaptation and of zinc and vitamin A metabolism were followed for six weeks. In the zinc-treated group of 16 patients, serum zinc rose from a normal mean value of 13.3 to 17.4 mumol/l, whereas the mean serum vitamin A level remained practically unaltered within the normal range, 1.89 at the entry and 1.83 mumol/l at the end of the study. Plasma prothrombin and serum alkaline phosphatase levels of the zinc group increased and serum bilirubin and serum carotene decreased significantly. The dark adaptation did not change, but the taste function was significantly improved during zinc treatment. The results indicate that zinc supplementation causes alleviation of certain abnormalities of cirrhotics, which deserves further attention.", "contents": "Zinc supplementation in alcoholic cirrhosis. A double-blind clinical trial. A double-blind clinical trial with zinc sulfate, 0.2 g three times daily, and a placebo was performed in 30 patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The disease was in a stable phase, and none of the patients showed evidence of a decompensated liver function. Parameters of liver function, taste acuity, dark adaptation and of zinc and vitamin A metabolism were followed for six weeks. In the zinc-treated group of 16 patients, serum zinc rose from a normal mean value of 13.3 to 17.4 mumol/l, whereas the mean serum vitamin A level remained practically unaltered within the normal range, 1.89 at the entry and 1.83 mumol/l at the end of the study. Plasma prothrombin and serum alkaline phosphatase levels of the zinc group increased and serum bilirubin and serum carotene decreased significantly. The dark adaptation did not change, but the taste function was significantly improved during zinc treatment. The results indicate that zinc supplementation causes alleviation of certain abnormalities of cirrhotics, which deserves further attention.", "PMID": 375690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2985", "title": "Mianserin plasma levels and differential clinical response in endogenous and reactive depression.", "content": "Fifty patients with moderate to severe primary depression were treated in equal groups of inpatients and outpatients with a constant dose of 60 mg. of mianserin daily for four weeks in a double blind placebo controlled trial with either a three times daily dosage regime or a single nightly dose. There was no difference in apparent compliance, side effects or therapeutic effect in either day-time or night-time dosage regimes. Patients developing high plasma levels of mianserin (greater than 70 microgram/l) were associated with a highly significantly poorer therapeutic outcome. Patients identified as endogenous depression demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma levels of mianserin and therapeutic response measured as an amelioration of either the Hamilton Rating Scale scores (r = --0.48) or on a new depression scale by Montgomery and Asberg (r = --0.51) with high levels associated with poor response. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.66) between mianserin plasma levels and age in endogenous depression. In those patients identified as suffering from reactive depression, no significant relationship could be seen between plasma levels and therapeutic response or with age. These findings support the view that the relationship between mianserin plasma levels and clinical response is more likely to be demonstrated in endogenous depression.", "contents": "Mianserin plasma levels and differential clinical response in endogenous and reactive depression. Fifty patients with moderate to severe primary depression were treated in equal groups of inpatients and outpatients with a constant dose of 60 mg. of mianserin daily for four weeks in a double blind placebo controlled trial with either a three times daily dosage regime or a single nightly dose. There was no difference in apparent compliance, side effects or therapeutic effect in either day-time or night-time dosage regimes. Patients developing high plasma levels of mianserin (greater than 70 microgram/l) were associated with a highly significantly poorer therapeutic outcome. Patients identified as endogenous depression demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma levels of mianserin and therapeutic response measured as an amelioration of either the Hamilton Rating Scale scores (r = --0.48) or on a new depression scale by Montgomery and Asberg (r = --0.51) with high levels associated with poor response. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.66) between mianserin plasma levels and age in endogenous depression. In those patients identified as suffering from reactive depression, no significant relationship could be seen between plasma levels and therapeutic response or with age. These findings support the view that the relationship between mianserin plasma levels and clinical response is more likely to be demonstrated in endogenous depression.", "PMID": 375684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2986", "title": "The antidepressant properties of mianserin and its effect on  sleep.", "content": "Patients diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis-depressed (ICD 296.2) were retained and randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving mianserin, the other placebo. For the pre-trial period and throughout the trial, patients' sleep was estimated by themselves and by nurses. Patients rated themselves on the Beck Self-Rating Inventory (BSRI) before the trial and at weekly intervals thereafter. Nurses rated the patients twice daily on a seven-point global rating scale of depression. A blood sample for estimation of mianserin levels was taken on day 14. Eighteen patients received placebo and 21 mianserin. On the BSRI, the mianserin group improved significantly, whereas the placebo group showed no change. The mean daily nurse ratings showed some improvement in the placebo group, but a greater improvement in the mianserin group, particularly towards the end of the 14 days. Sleep (nurses' observations) improved significantly in the mianserin group from the first night of the trial and over the following 2 weeks. Sleep as assessed by the patients also improved significantly on mianserin. Blood levels of mianserin did not correlate significantly with changes in mood or sleep. This study confirms that mianserin is an antidepressant. The mianserin group showed an improvement in sleep which, since it started from the first night of the trial, was probably due to the hypnotic sedative properties of the drug.", "contents": "The antidepressant properties of mianserin and its effect on  sleep. Patients diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis-depressed (ICD 296.2) were retained and randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving mianserin, the other placebo. For the pre-trial period and throughout the trial, patients' sleep was estimated by themselves and by nurses. Patients rated themselves on the Beck Self-Rating Inventory (BSRI) before the trial and at weekly intervals thereafter. Nurses rated the patients twice daily on a seven-point global rating scale of depression. A blood sample for estimation of mianserin levels was taken on day 14. Eighteen patients received placebo and 21 mianserin. On the BSRI, the mianserin group improved significantly, whereas the placebo group showed no change. The mean daily nurse ratings showed some improvement in the placebo group, but a greater improvement in the mianserin group, particularly towards the end of the 14 days. Sleep (nurses' observations) improved significantly in the mianserin group from the first night of the trial and over the following 2 weeks. Sleep as assessed by the patients also improved significantly on mianserin. Blood levels of mianserin did not correlate significantly with changes in mood or sleep. This study confirms that mianserin is an antidepressant. The mianserin group showed an improvement in sleep which, since it started from the first night of the trial, was probably due to the hypnotic sedative properties of the drug.", "PMID": 375685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2987", "title": "Cardiovascular tolerance of mianserin and interactions of mianserin with other drugs.", "content": "The presented data clearly show that mianserin, which is therapeutically equal to other antidepressants, is a drug with a new chemical structure, with a most probably different mechanism of action and with distinct advantages above comparative drugs. Mianserin has not only pronouncedly fewer anticholinergic and central side-effects but: a) apparently has no cardiotoxic effects neither on healthy subjects nor on depressive individuals nor on cardiac patients; b) doses not cause orthostatic hypotension; c) is devoid of adverse drug-drug interactions with coumarin-like anticoagulants, with sympathomimetic amines, with antihypertensive agents and shows but little and short lasting interactions with alcohol.", "contents": "Cardiovascular tolerance of mianserin and interactions of mianserin with other drugs. The presented data clearly show that mianserin, which is therapeutically equal to other antidepressants, is a drug with a new chemical structure, with a most probably different mechanism of action and with distinct advantages above comparative drugs. Mianserin has not only pronouncedly fewer anticholinergic and central side-effects but: a) apparently has no cardiotoxic effects neither on healthy subjects nor on depressive individuals nor on cardiac patients; b) doses not cause orthostatic hypotension; c) is devoid of adverse drug-drug interactions with coumarin-like anticoagulants, with sympathomimetic amines, with antihypertensive agents and shows but little and short lasting interactions with alcohol.", "PMID": 375683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2988", "title": "[A double-blind comparison between mianserin and imipramine (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-four depressed patients aged 18 to 65 years were treated for 4 weeks with a daily dose of either 60 mg mianserin or 150 mg imipramine in a double-blind controlled trial. The results which were measured on the Hamilton rating scale, on the Beck and on the Overall rating scale, on the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) and on a global rating scale, did not show any significant difference relative to the antidepressive efficiency of both products. The frequency of side-effects however was significantly lower in the mianserin group than in the imipramine group.", "contents": "[A double-blind comparison between mianserin and imipramine (author's transl)]. Fifty-four depressed patients aged 18 to 65 years were treated for 4 weeks with a daily dose of either 60 mg mianserin or 150 mg imipramine in a double-blind controlled trial. The results which were measured on the Hamilton rating scale, on the Beck and on the Overall rating scale, on the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) and on a global rating scale, did not show any significant difference relative to the antidepressive efficiency of both products. The frequency of side-effects however was significantly lower in the mianserin group than in the imipramine group.", "PMID": 375686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2989", "title": "Influence of pharmacologic intervention and valvular heart disease on left ventricular ejection phase indices: a review.", "content": "Echocardiography represents an established noninvasive technique to evaluate left ventricular (LV) performance. The LV ejection phase indices may be divided into three categories: (1) volume-dependent, (2) circumferential, and (3) wall thickening. Since the latter two are not volume dependent, they are clinically more useful in patients with dilated left ventricles. These parameters have limited clinical value in the presence of left-sided volume overload conditions (e g, mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation) since significant LV dysfunction may exist in the presence of normal ejection phase indices by echo. The echocardiogram is also a sensitive procedure to detect subtle alterations in LV function following acute or chronic interventions with various types of vasoactive and inotropic drugs.", "contents": "Influence of pharmacologic intervention and valvular heart disease on left ventricular ejection phase indices: a review. Echocardiography represents an established noninvasive technique to evaluate left ventricular (LV) performance. The LV ejection phase indices may be divided into three categories: (1) volume-dependent, (2) circumferential, and (3) wall thickening. Since the latter two are not volume dependent, they are clinically more useful in patients with dilated left ventricles. These parameters have limited clinical value in the presence of left-sided volume overload conditions (e g, mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation) since significant LV dysfunction may exist in the presence of normal ejection phase indices by echo. The echocardiogram is also a sensitive procedure to detect subtle alterations in LV function following acute or chronic interventions with various types of vasoactive and inotropic drugs.", "PMID": 375692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2990", "title": "[Double blind clinical study of mianserin and nortriptyline (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was done in double blind during 6 weeks on 36 depressed patients having a minimal score of 15 on the Hamilton rating scale. Seventeen received mianserin and nineteen nortriptyline. A comparable therapeutic efficacy was observed for both drugs, without significant differences for the delay of action or the activity during 6 weeks. The number of side-effects was much more elevated for nortriptyline, and a significant difference was particularly observed for the frequency and severity of tachycardia, dry mouth and oedema.", "contents": "[Double blind clinical study of mianserin and nortriptyline (author's transl)]. The present study was done in double blind during 6 weeks on 36 depressed patients having a minimal score of 15 on the Hamilton rating scale. Seventeen received mianserin and nineteen nortriptyline. A comparable therapeutic efficacy was observed for both drugs, without significant differences for the delay of action or the activity during 6 weeks. The number of side-effects was much more elevated for nortriptyline, and a significant difference was particularly observed for the frequency and severity of tachycardia, dry mouth and oedema.", "PMID": 375687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2991", "title": "[The place of mianserin among the antidepressants (author's transl)].", "content": "The originality of mianserin lies mainly in its chemical formula ; it is a tetracyclic piperazino-azepine compound. Moreover its pharmacological profile differs from that of other antidepressant drugs because it is devoid of central anticholinergic effects, it inhibits 5-hydroxytryptophane (the precursor of serotonine) and contrary to the tricyclics it does not affect the re-uptake of the amine-transmitters but increases the turnover of noradrenaline. It has been shown in a clinical trial that mianserin induces a hypomania in some manic-depressed patients. Regarding the antidepressive effect, mianserin is superior to placebo and as effective as imipramine and amitriptyline. It simultaneously works on anxiety, psychomotoric retardation and suicidal tendency; sleep improves under mianserin's influence. The value of mianserin is proved by its safety in use. It has no cardiotoxic effect and does not interact with coumarin-type anticoagulants. Since there are no anticholinergic effects, mianserin can be given to patients suffering from glaucoma or prostatic hypertrophy. Finally it appears that mianserin lowers  the suicidal risk through its sedative properties.", "contents": "[The place of mianserin among the antidepressants (author's transl)]. The originality of mianserin lies mainly in its chemical formula ; it is a tetracyclic piperazino-azepine compound. Moreover its pharmacological profile differs from that of other antidepressant drugs because it is devoid of central anticholinergic effects, it inhibits 5-hydroxytryptophane (the precursor of serotonine) and contrary to the tricyclics it does not affect the re-uptake of the amine-transmitters but increases the turnover of noradrenaline. It has been shown in a clinical trial that mianserin induces a hypomania in some manic-depressed patients. Regarding the antidepressive effect, mianserin is superior to placebo and as effective as imipramine and amitriptyline. It simultaneously works on anxiety, psychomotoric retardation and suicidal tendency; sleep improves under mianserin's influence. The value of mianserin is proved by its safety in use. It has no cardiotoxic effect and does not interact with coumarin-type anticoagulants. Since there are no anticholinergic effects, mianserin can be given to patients suffering from glaucoma or prostatic hypertrophy. Finally it appears that mianserin lowers  the suicidal risk through its sedative properties.", "PMID": 375688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2992", "title": "Office analysis of bacteriuria.", "content": "Several techniques for determining significant bacteriuria are convenient, accurate, inexpensive and applicable for office use. The nitrite test, the dehydrated culture media technique, the dip-slide method and the agar tube method are all applicable for screening at-risk populations and for treatment follow-up. In addition, the accuracy, subculturing capabilities and potential for presumptive bacterial diagnosis of the dip-slide and agar tube methods qualify them as excellent office culturing systems.", "contents": "Office analysis of bacteriuria. Several techniques for determining significant bacteriuria are convenient, accurate, inexpensive and applicable for office use. The nitrite test, the dehydrated culture media technique, the dip-slide method and the agar tube method are all applicable for screening at-risk populations and for treatment follow-up. In addition, the accuracy, subculturing capabilities and potential for presumptive bacterial diagnosis of the dip-slide and agar tube methods qualify them as excellent office culturing systems.", "PMID": 375707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2993", "title": "Anticoagulation in myocardial infarction: modern approach to an old problem.", "content": "The role of routine anticogulation in acute myocardial infarction continues to be a source of controversy. There is currently strong evidence to suggest that conventional anticoagulation will prevent the formation of most deep vein thrombi and subsequent pulmonary embolization. Anticoagulant agents also appear to reduce the incidence of emboli from cardiac mural thrombi to peripheral arteries. Patients without a predisposition to bleeding are unlikely to have hemorrhagic complications in the hospital after usual doses of anticoagulant drugs. In patients with severe hypertension, prior gastrointestinal bleeding, carcinoma or advanced age, small dose heparin therapy appears to reduce the incidence of venous thrombosis and probably of pulmonary emboli as well. Its value in preventing peripheral arterial embolization has not been defined. Anticoagulation with standard \"large\" doses is an effective means of preventing the risks of pulmonary and peripheral emboli during the in-patient phase of acute myocardial infarction. Small dose heparin therapy provides an excellent alternative to conventional anticoagulation when there is more than a negligible risk of hemorrhage. There is little evidence at this time to support the use of long-term anticoagulation beyond the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Anticoagulation in myocardial infarction: modern approach to an old problem. The role of routine anticogulation in acute myocardial infarction continues to be a source of controversy. There is currently strong evidence to suggest that conventional anticoagulation will prevent the formation of most deep vein thrombi and subsequent pulmonary embolization. Anticoagulant agents also appear to reduce the incidence of emboli from cardiac mural thrombi to peripheral arteries. Patients without a predisposition to bleeding are unlikely to have hemorrhagic complications in the hospital after usual doses of anticoagulant drugs. In patients with severe hypertension, prior gastrointestinal bleeding, carcinoma or advanced age, small dose heparin therapy appears to reduce the incidence of venous thrombosis and probably of pulmonary emboli as well. Its value in preventing peripheral arterial embolization has not been defined. Anticoagulation with standard \"large\" doses is an effective means of preventing the risks of pulmonary and peripheral emboli during the in-patient phase of acute myocardial infarction. Small dose heparin therapy provides an excellent alternative to conventional anticoagulation when there is more than a negligible risk of hemorrhage. There is little evidence at this time to support the use of long-term anticoagulation beyond the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 375710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2994", "title": "Observations on the composition of milk-substitute products for treatment of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Comparisons with human milk. A proposal to rationalize nutrient content of treatment products.", "content": "We tabulated and compared the stated compositions of four milk-substitute products, now in wide use for the treatment of various inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, and the known composition of human milk. Variations between the treatment products is great not only in the content of amino acids but also in minerals and vitamins, for example. Different source materials and rationales for their manufacture appear to explain these differences. All four products deviate in many ways from the composition of human milk. Although the existing treatment products are quite effective clinically, we propose that a more rational approach to the feeding of young infants whose nutrition is compromised by inborn errors of metabolism would begin with a synthetic product based on the composition of human milk that could be modified specifically to fit the needs and tolerance of the individual patient.", "contents": "Observations on the composition of milk-substitute products for treatment of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Comparisons with human milk. A proposal to rationalize nutrient content of treatment products. We tabulated and compared the stated compositions of four milk-substitute products, now in wide use for the treatment of various inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, and the known composition of human milk. Variations between the treatment products is great not only in the content of amino acids but also in minerals and vitamins, for example. Different source materials and rationales for their manufacture appear to explain these differences. All four products deviate in many ways from the composition of human milk. Although the existing treatment products are quite effective clinically, we propose that a more rational approach to the feeding of young infants whose nutrition is compromised by inborn errors of metabolism would begin with a synthetic product based on the composition of human milk that could be modified specifically to fit the needs and tolerance of the individual patient.", "PMID": 375713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2995", "title": "Alcohol, malnutrition, and alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "The relative importance of malnutrition and alcohol toxicity in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis has been controversial. In epidemiological studies the incidence of cirrhosis can be correlated with the duration and amount of alcohol imbibed. The importance of nutrition has been discounted. In these studies few analyses of dietary intake were included. Diets of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis characteristically are poor. Furthermore, alcohol toxicity impairs nutrition by interfering with absorption, transport, and utilization of essential nutrients. Patients with cirrhosis respond favorably to nutritious diets despite the concurrent intake of alcohol, although in lesser amount than their usual intakes. In long-term studies highly nutritious diets have protected rats against cirrhosis from alcohol. However, in acute experiments with \"loading\" doses there was evidence of direct hepatotoxicity in animals and man. Recently, cirrhosis has been produced in baboons with alcohol and a diet considered adequate. The findings are important, but there is some question whether dietary factors (imbalance) may have played a role. Also of recent interest has been the occurrence of lesions simulating alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis after jejunoileal bypass surgery. The evidence suggests that malnutrition may have been a major factor in this disease. The roles of alcohol toxicity and of malnutrition in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis are not fully understood. Further studies are needed to clarify these relationships.", "contents": "Alcohol, malnutrition, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The relative importance of malnutrition and alcohol toxicity in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis has been controversial. In epidemiological studies the incidence of cirrhosis can be correlated with the duration and amount of alcohol imbibed. The importance of nutrition has been discounted. In these studies few analyses of dietary intake were included. Diets of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis characteristically are poor. Furthermore, alcohol toxicity impairs nutrition by interfering with absorption, transport, and utilization of essential nutrients. Patients with cirrhosis respond favorably to nutritious diets despite the concurrent intake of alcohol, although in lesser amount than their usual intakes. In long-term studies highly nutritious diets have protected rats against cirrhosis from alcohol. However, in acute experiments with \"loading\" doses there was evidence of direct hepatotoxicity in animals and man. Recently, cirrhosis has been produced in baboons with alcohol and a diet considered adequate. The findings are important, but there is some question whether dietary factors (imbalance) may have played a role. Also of recent interest has been the occurrence of lesions simulating alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis after jejunoileal bypass surgery. The evidence suggests that malnutrition may have been a major factor in this disease. The roles of alcohol toxicity and of malnutrition in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis are not fully understood. Further studies are needed to clarify these relationships.", "PMID": 375714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2996", "title": "Current concepts of platelet structure.", "content": "The involvement of blood platelets in hemostasis, hemorrhagic disorders, and thrombotic disease is well known. In more recent years it has been appreciated that platelets also participate in host defense against infection, transplantation rejection, would healing, and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. As a result, it became essential to develop knowledge of basic relationships between platelet structure, biochemistry, and function in order to define the mechanisms involved in normal hemostatic activity and pathologic behavior. The specialized approach to identify these associations has been termed platelet structural physiology and pathology. This H. P. Smith lecture summarizes relationships between platelet structure, biochemistry, and hemostatic activity and presents some of the new concepts which have resulted from the multidisciplinary approach.", "contents": "Current concepts of platelet structure. The involvement of blood platelets in hemostasis, hemorrhagic disorders, and thrombotic disease is well known. In more recent years it has been appreciated that platelets also participate in host defense against infection, transplantation rejection, would healing, and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. As a result, it became essential to develop knowledge of basic relationships between platelet structure, biochemistry, and function in order to define the mechanisms involved in normal hemostatic activity and pathologic behavior. The specialized approach to identify these associations has been termed platelet structural physiology and pathology. This H. P. Smith lecture summarizes relationships between platelet structure, biochemistry, and hemostatic activity and presents some of the new concepts which have resulted from the multidisciplinary approach.", "PMID": 375715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2997", "title": "Familial idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "content": "Two brothers, aged 3 and 6 years, respectively, had their pulmonary conditions diagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). Both boys had severe iron-deficiency anemia, chronic cough, hemoptysis, and exertional dyspnea, and one had recurrent epistaxis. The results of light microscopic lung histopathologic studies in both patients showed numerous hemosiderinladen macrophages and chronic interstitial pneumonitis. No specific patterns of immunofluorescence of the alveolar capillary basement membranes were found. The results of electron microscopic examinations showed intact alveolar and capillary basement membranes and no evidence of electron-dense deposits. The lack of clinical or biochemical evidence for renal disease as well as the absence of serum antinuclear and antibasement membrane antibodies excluded associated autoimmune disorders. Evaluation for milk-protein allergy was negative and neither child demonstrated a clinical response to a milk-free diet. Sequential pulmonary function studies performed over four years showed episodes of acute obstructive airway disease that correlated with pulmonary hemorrhage and mild persistent restrictive lung disease. The results of this family study suggested that some cases of IPH may have a genetic basis.", "contents": "Familial idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Two brothers, aged 3 and 6 years, respectively, had their pulmonary conditions diagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). Both boys had severe iron-deficiency anemia, chronic cough, hemoptysis, and exertional dyspnea, and one had recurrent epistaxis. The results of light microscopic lung histopathologic studies in both patients showed numerous hemosiderinladen macrophages and chronic interstitial pneumonitis. No specific patterns of immunofluorescence of the alveolar capillary basement membranes were found. The results of electron microscopic examinations showed intact alveolar and capillary basement membranes and no evidence of electron-dense deposits. The lack of clinical or biochemical evidence for renal disease as well as the absence of serum antinuclear and antibasement membrane antibodies excluded associated autoimmune disorders. Evaluation for milk-protein allergy was negative and neither child demonstrated a clinical response to a milk-free diet. Sequential pulmonary function studies performed over four years showed episodes of acute obstructive airway disease that correlated with pulmonary hemorrhage and mild persistent restrictive lung disease. The results of this family study suggested that some cases of IPH may have a genetic basis.", "PMID": 375718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2998", "title": "Sample-size estimation: a sensitivity analysis in the context of a clinical trial for treatment of mild hypertension.", "content": "The effectiveness of treatment for mild hypertension (diastolic pressures of 85 to 105 mm Hg) has not been conclusively demonstrated. Both the costs of a carefully designed clinical trial and the likelihood that it will produce definitive answers will depend importantly on the sample size. This paper presents sample-size estimates under a variety of assumptions regarding the characteristics of the population to be studied, the degree of blood pressure control to be achieved, and the health benefits to be expected. Under a central set of assumptions, the estimated sample size per group is 22,700 with death as an endpoint and 14,000 with morbid events (CHD and stroke) as endpoints. As individual assumptions are varied one at a time, required sample sizes range from 10,900 to 101,100 and from 6,800 to 63,100 for the respective endpoints. Results are most sensitive to the degree of blood pressure control actually achieved to the expected health benefits from blood pressure control. They are also highly sensitive to the sex composition of the population and to expected dropout rates. The choice of sample size will depend on the decision maker's assessment of the likelihood that each assumption will be fulfilled and on the degree of willingness to risk an inconclusive study result. By making explicit the effect of variation in each assumption, decision making is rendered more susceptible to critical examination by outside reviewers.", "contents": "Sample-size estimation: a sensitivity analysis in the context of a clinical trial for treatment of mild hypertension. The effectiveness of treatment for mild hypertension (diastolic pressures of 85 to 105 mm Hg) has not been conclusively demonstrated. Both the costs of a carefully designed clinical trial and the likelihood that it will produce definitive answers will depend importantly on the sample size. This paper presents sample-size estimates under a variety of assumptions regarding the characteristics of the population to be studied, the degree of blood pressure control to be achieved, and the health benefits to be expected. Under a central set of assumptions, the estimated sample size per group is 22,700 with death as an endpoint and 14,000 with morbid events (CHD and stroke) as endpoints. As individual assumptions are varied one at a time, required sample sizes range from 10,900 to 101,100 and from 6,800 to 63,100 for the respective endpoints. Results are most sensitive to the degree of blood pressure control actually achieved to the expected health benefits from blood pressure control. They are also highly sensitive to the sex composition of the population and to expected dropout rates. The choice of sample size will depend on the decision maker's assessment of the likelihood that each assumption will be fulfilled and on the degree of willingness to risk an inconclusive study result. By making explicit the effect of variation in each assumption, decision making is rendered more susceptible to critical examination by outside reviewers.", "PMID": 375722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_2999", "title": "Etiology of gastroenteritis among Americans living in the Philippines.", "content": "Between December 1975 and June 1976, American military personnel with diarrhea who were seen at an outpatient clinic at Clark Air Force Base Hospital were investigated to determine the etiology of their disease. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 16% (18/115), rotavirus in 4% (4/111), salmonellae in 3% (3/115), shigellae in 2% (2/115) and Giardia lamblia in 2% (3/152) of patients with diarrhea. Thus from only 27% of the subjects studied were identifiable potential pathogenic agents found. The incidence of gastroenteritis increased in May and June with the increase in rainfall; however, there was no increase in the proportion of diarrhea caused by any of these identifiable enteric pathogens. Americans experienced a seasonal increase of diarrhea similar to that affecting the Philippine population in Manila. Enterotoxigenic E. coli was the most common identifiable enteric pathogen among Americans with diarrhea at Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines during the study, though even in these cases, it may not have been the agent responsible for their illness.", "contents": "Etiology of gastroenteritis among Americans living in the Philippines. Between December 1975 and June 1976, American military personnel with diarrhea who were seen at an outpatient clinic at Clark Air Force Base Hospital were investigated to determine the etiology of their disease. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 16% (18/115), rotavirus in 4% (4/111), salmonellae in 3% (3/115), shigellae in 2% (2/115) and Giardia lamblia in 2% (3/152) of patients with diarrhea. Thus from only 27% of the subjects studied were identifiable potential pathogenic agents found. The incidence of gastroenteritis increased in May and June with the increase in rainfall; however, there was no increase in the proportion of diarrhea caused by any of these identifiable enteric pathogens. Americans experienced a seasonal increase of diarrhea similar to that affecting the Philippine population in Manila. Enterotoxigenic E. coli was the most common identifiable enteric pathogen among Americans with diarrhea at Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines during the study, though even in these cases, it may not have been the agent responsible for their illness.", "PMID": 375723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3000", "title": "Mild chronic watery diarrhea-hypokalemia syndrome associated with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia. Elevated plasma and tissue levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and successful management with nicotinic acid.", "content": "A 46 year old woman is described who had a 13 half year history of watery diarrhea associated with hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria. The diarrhea was secretory as measured by triple lumen tube perfusion and was associated with an increased concentration of fasting plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) of 750 pg/ml which was stimulated to 4,000 pg/ml after a standard meal. The diarrhea decreased after partial pancreatectomy. Diffuse pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia was present and, although GIP was unmeasureable in the pancreas of normal subjects, it was at least 83 ng/g wet weight in this patient. Postoperatively, the patient's diarrhea responded dramatically to the oral administration of nicotinic acid.", "contents": "Mild chronic watery diarrhea-hypokalemia syndrome associated with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia. Elevated plasma and tissue levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and successful management with nicotinic acid. A 46 year old woman is described who had a 13 half year history of watery diarrhea associated with hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria. The diarrhea was secretory as measured by triple lumen tube perfusion and was associated with an increased concentration of fasting plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) of 750 pg/ml which was stimulated to 4,000 pg/ml after a standard meal. The diarrhea decreased after partial pancreatectomy. Diffuse pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia was present and, although GIP was unmeasureable in the pancreas of normal subjects, it was at least 83 ng/g wet weight in this patient. Postoperatively, the patient's diarrhea responded dramatically to the oral administration of nicotinic acid.", "PMID": 375726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3001", "title": "Reproducibility of biotypes using enterotubes.", "content": "Using both stock and clinical isolates, the Enterotube system was examined for reproducibility of its biotype identification. Fifty stock strains of Enterobacteriaceae were tested on each of 22 separate days (interrun evaluation), and ten Enterotubes per strain were inoculated from one subculture (intrarun evaluation). It was found that 2 of the 50 strains (4 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the 22 interrun Enterotubes. Twenty-one of the 50 strains (42 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the ten intrarun Enterotubes. In addition, 20 replicate Enterotube biotype identifications were performed on each of 114 urine cultures which had greater than 10(5) morphologically identical colonies per milliliter of urine. Forty-two of these 114 clinical urine cultures (34 percent) demonstrated no variation in biochemical test results with the 20 replicate Enterotubes. In 47 (44 percent) of the 20 replicate urine cultures, one biochemical test result varied. Two or more biochemical test results were different in the 20 Enterotubes from 25 (22 percent) of the urine cultures.", "contents": "Reproducibility of biotypes using enterotubes. Using both stock and clinical isolates, the Enterotube system was examined for reproducibility of its biotype identification. Fifty stock strains of Enterobacteriaceae were tested on each of 22 separate days (interrun evaluation), and ten Enterotubes per strain were inoculated from one subculture (intrarun evaluation). It was found that 2 of the 50 strains (4 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the 22 interrun Enterotubes. Twenty-one of the 50 strains (42 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the ten intrarun Enterotubes. In addition, 20 replicate Enterotube biotype identifications were performed on each of 114 urine cultures which had greater than 10(5) morphologically identical colonies per milliliter of urine. Forty-two of these 114 clinical urine cultures (34 percent) demonstrated no variation in biochemical test results with the 20 replicate Enterotubes. In 47 (44 percent) of the 20 replicate urine cultures, one biochemical test result varied. Two or more biochemical test results were different in the 20 Enterotubes from 25 (22 percent) of the urine cultures.", "PMID": 375727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3002", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section: a double-blind study of cefazolin.", "content": "One hundred twenty-two patients were evaluated prospectively to determine the clinical efficacy of prophylactic cefazolin (Ancef) in cesarean section. The cefazolin was administered intravenously in a high-dose, short perioperative regimen. Postoperatively, each patient was evaluated for morbidity. Over all, the post operative morbidity rate was reduced from 30 per cent in the placebo group to 18 per cent in the cefazolin group. More important, the infection rate associated with primary cesarean section was significantly lessened from 38 per cent in the placebo group to 16 per cent in the drug group (p less than 0.025). In repeat cesarean sections, the postoperative morbidity rate was greater in the antibiotic-treated group (20 per cent) than in the placebo group (14 per cent). Of major importance, a predominant organism, Group D streptococcus, was encountered in the postoperative cultures of the cefazolin group.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section: a double-blind study of cefazolin. One hundred twenty-two patients were evaluated prospectively to determine the clinical efficacy of prophylactic cefazolin (Ancef) in cesarean section. The cefazolin was administered intravenously in a high-dose, short perioperative regimen. Postoperatively, each patient was evaluated for morbidity. Over all, the post operative morbidity rate was reduced from 30 per cent in the placebo group to 18 per cent in the cefazolin group. More important, the infection rate associated with primary cesarean section was significantly lessened from 38 per cent in the placebo group to 16 per cent in the drug group (p less than 0.025). In repeat cesarean sections, the postoperative morbidity rate was greater in the antibiotic-treated group (20 per cent) than in the placebo group (14 per cent). Of major importance, a predominant organism, Group D streptococcus, was encountered in the postoperative cultures of the cefazolin group.", "PMID": 375732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3003", "title": "Clinical course and diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection and evaluation of topical surfactant therapy.", "content": "A prospective study of 37 men and 32 women with culture-proved genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was undertaken to characterize the clinical manifestations of the disease and effects of topical therapy with Nonoxynol 9, a nonionic surfactant active in vitro against HSV. The duration of pain, lesions, and virus shedding was significantly longer in initial than in recurrent genital HSV infection. Cervical HSV shedding occurred in 11 of 13 initial infections versus two of 19 recurrences (p less than 0.001). Type 1 HSV caused seven of 29 initial and none of 40 recurrent infections (p less than 0.01). Clinical recurrences within six weeks were detected more often in men than in women and were unrelated to the menstrual cycle. The influence of coitus on recurrence is unclear. Papanicolaou smears were transiently abnormal (Class II) in four (12.5 per cent) of 32 female patients. Evidence of herpesvirus was detected cytologic smears from only 28 (41 per cent) of 69 culture-proved external lesions and three (23 per cent) of 13 culture-positive cervices. Serology was also of limited diagnostic value except in testing paired sera from initial infections. The topical therapy had no beneficial effect.", "contents": "Clinical course and diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection and evaluation of topical surfactant therapy. A prospective study of 37 men and 32 women with culture-proved genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was undertaken to characterize the clinical manifestations of the disease and effects of topical therapy with Nonoxynol 9, a nonionic surfactant active in vitro against HSV. The duration of pain, lesions, and virus shedding was significantly longer in initial than in recurrent genital HSV infection. Cervical HSV shedding occurred in 11 of 13 initial infections versus two of 19 recurrences (p less than 0.001). Type 1 HSV caused seven of 29 initial and none of 40 recurrent infections (p less than 0.01). Clinical recurrences within six weeks were detected more often in men than in women and were unrelated to the menstrual cycle. The influence of coitus on recurrence is unclear. Papanicolaou smears were transiently abnormal (Class II) in four (12.5 per cent) of 32 female patients. Evidence of herpesvirus was detected cytologic smears from only 28 (41 per cent) of 69 culture-proved external lesions and three (23 per cent) of 13 culture-positive cervices. Serology was also of limited diagnostic value except in testing paired sera from initial infections. The topical therapy had no beneficial effect.", "PMID": 375733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3004", "title": "Legal and social issues in medical genetics.", "content": "This paper was written for the purpose of providing the physician with a perspective of the conflicting scientific, individual, and societal interests which have been evoked by increasing medical and scientific innovation in the area of human genetic disease. In it the following subjects are considered: (1) obtaining genetic information by amniocentesis, by genetic counseling, and by screening; (2) disclosure of genetic data to the patient; (3) inclusion of genetic data on the medical record; (4) courses of action available to the individual after disclosure of genetic information, i.e., abortion, sterilization, etc.; (5) the state and involuntary sterilization; and (6) prohibitions on marriage.", "contents": "Legal and social issues in medical genetics. This paper was written for the purpose of providing the physician with a perspective of the conflicting scientific, individual, and societal interests which have been evoked by increasing medical and scientific innovation in the area of human genetic disease. In it the following subjects are considered: (1) obtaining genetic information by amniocentesis, by genetic counseling, and by screening; (2) disclosure of genetic data to the patient; (3) inclusion of genetic data on the medical record; (4) courses of action available to the individual after disclosure of genetic information, i.e., abortion, sterilization, etc.; (5) the state and involuntary sterilization; and (6) prohibitions on marriage.", "PMID": 375738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3005", "title": "Corneal changes in aniridia.", "content": "Nineteen patients with aniridia and one patient with bilateral iris colobomata from eight families were examined for corneal abnormalities. Thirty-six eyes revealed changes that are consistent with a progressive corneal dystrophy. These changes begin in the corneal periphery in the early years of life and progress to the corneal center with increasing age. This dystrophy has been staged into four typical clinical patterns. Central corneal scarring, and in some cases, ulceration may occur, which may be a significant threat to vision.", "contents": "Corneal changes in aniridia. Nineteen patients with aniridia and one patient with bilateral iris colobomata from eight families were examined for corneal abnormalities. Thirty-six eyes revealed changes that are consistent with a progressive corneal dystrophy. These changes begin in the corneal periphery in the early years of life and progress to the corneal center with increasing age. This dystrophy has been staged into four typical clinical patterns. Central corneal scarring, and in some cases, ulceration may occur, which may be a significant threat to vision.", "PMID": 375739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3006", "title": "Marginal corneal ulcers with acute beta streptococcal conjunctivitis and chronic dacryocystitis.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman had right dacryocystitis, intense conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, marginal corneal ulcers, and abscesses and conjunctival cultures that were positive for beta hemolytic streptococci. A distinct lucid interval separated the peripheral corneal ulcers and infiltrates from the corneoscleral limbus. Gram stain of corneal scrapings revealed polymorphonuclear leukocytes but no bacteria, and corneal cultures were negative for bacteria. The peripheral corneal ulcers and abscesses in our patient with the lacrimal conjunctivitis of Morax clinically resembled the catarrhal ulcers found with staphylococcal blepharitis. A hypersensitivity or toxic reaction to streptococci or their products may have played a role in the development of the marginal ulcers in this patient.", "contents": "Marginal corneal ulcers with acute beta streptococcal conjunctivitis and chronic dacryocystitis. A 73-year-old woman had right dacryocystitis, intense conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, marginal corneal ulcers, and abscesses and conjunctival cultures that were positive for beta hemolytic streptococci. A distinct lucid interval separated the peripheral corneal ulcers and infiltrates from the corneoscleral limbus. Gram stain of corneal scrapings revealed polymorphonuclear leukocytes but no bacteria, and corneal cultures were negative for bacteria. The peripheral corneal ulcers and abscesses in our patient with the lacrimal conjunctivitis of Morax clinically resembled the catarrhal ulcers found with staphylococcal blepharitis. A hypersensitivity or toxic reaction to streptococci or their products may have played a role in the development of the marginal ulcers in this patient.", "PMID": 375740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3007", "title": "Immunologic characterization of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms.", "content": "We correlated the light microscopic features of ten ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms with the results of selected immunologic and histochemical lymphocyte marker studies. The lesions were divided into three histomorphologic patterns: inflammatory pseudotumor, reactive follicular hyperplasia, and malignant lymphoma. The six inflammatory pseudotumors, and reactive follicular hyperplasia, despite diverse histomorphology, were immunologically polyclonal and consisted of from 45 to 73% T cells and 27 to 60% B cells, the B cells being polyclonal with respect to light chain determinants. The four malignant lymphomas were immunologically monoclonal. Each consisted of a predominant B-cell proliferation, greater than 50% of the cells, which were monoclonal with respect to surface light chain determinants. No T-cell proliferations were observed. Our preliminary data indicate that, as in systemic lymphoid neoplasms, benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasias are immunologically polyclonal whereas malignant lymphomas are immunologically monoclonal. The systematic application of immunologic and histochemical techniques to the study of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms may elucidate the natural history of these lesions.", "contents": "Immunologic characterization of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms. We correlated the light microscopic features of ten ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms with the results of selected immunologic and histochemical lymphocyte marker studies. The lesions were divided into three histomorphologic patterns: inflammatory pseudotumor, reactive follicular hyperplasia, and malignant lymphoma. The six inflammatory pseudotumors, and reactive follicular hyperplasia, despite diverse histomorphology, were immunologically polyclonal and consisted of from 45 to 73% T cells and 27 to 60% B cells, the B cells being polyclonal with respect to light chain determinants. The four malignant lymphomas were immunologically monoclonal. Each consisted of a predominant B-cell proliferation, greater than 50% of the cells, which were monoclonal with respect to surface light chain determinants. No T-cell proliferations were observed. Our preliminary data indicate that, as in systemic lymphoid neoplasms, benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasias are immunologically polyclonal whereas malignant lymphomas are immunologically monoclonal. The systematic application of immunologic and histochemical techniques to the study of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms may elucidate the natural history of these lesions.", "PMID": 375741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3008", "title": "Laboratory isolation techniques in human and experimental fungal infections.", "content": "In laboratory experience with a heterogenous group of 26 human ocular fungal isolates, brain-heart infusion broth proved to be the most useful medium for isolation. Although Candida and Fusarium species grew out within four days of inoculation, one fourth of the cultures did not become positive until 14 to 19 days had elapsed. In an animal model of endophthalmitis due to F. solani infection, brain-heart infusion broth again was the most useful. The highly nutritious media used for fungal isolation are prone to contamination by organisms that are difficult to distinguish from true pathogens. Sham culture studies demonstrated that this contamination can easily occur during the process of sampling the lesion and inoculating the media.", "contents": "Laboratory isolation techniques in human and experimental fungal infections. In laboratory experience with a heterogenous group of 26 human ocular fungal isolates, brain-heart infusion broth proved to be the most useful medium for isolation. Although Candida and Fusarium species grew out within four days of inoculation, one fourth of the cultures did not become positive until 14 to 19 days had elapsed. In an animal model of endophthalmitis due to F. solani infection, brain-heart infusion broth again was the most useful. The highly nutritious media used for fungal isolation are prone to contamination by organisms that are difficult to distinguish from true pathogens. Sham culture studies demonstrated that this contamination can easily occur during the process of sampling the lesion and inoculating the media.", "PMID": 375742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3009", "title": "Non-carious interproximal grooves in Arikara Indian dentitions.", "content": "The dentitions of adult Arikara Indians from the Larson site (39WW2) were examined to determine the frequency and etiology of noncarious interproximal grooves. The observations included groove morphology, loci and association with dental pathology. Approximately 30% of the individuals exhibit one or more pronounced grooves. The use of dental probes in conjunction with dietary grit is the likely responsible for interproximal grooves in this population sample.", "contents": "Non-carious interproximal grooves in Arikara Indian dentitions. The dentitions of adult Arikara Indians from the Larson site (39WW2) were examined to determine the frequency and etiology of noncarious interproximal grooves. The observations included groove morphology, loci and association with dental pathology. Approximately 30% of the individuals exhibit one or more pronounced grooves. The use of dental probes in conjunction with dietary grit is the likely responsible for interproximal grooves in this population sample.", "PMID": 375746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3010", "title": "Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.P.", "content": "Teeth increase in size during a 9,000-year period in an archaeologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.", "contents": "Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.P. Teeth increase in size during a 9,000-year period in an archaeologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.", "PMID": 375747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3011", "title": "Calcium mediation of cholinergic-stimulated amylase release from mouse parotid gland.", "content": "Amylase release from mouse parotid fragments was stimulated independently by cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents. The cholinergic agonist, carbachol, significantly increased release of amylase only in Ca2+ containing medium whereas isoproterenol-stimulated amylase release was unaffected by Ca2+ removal. The ionophore, A23187, mimicked the effect of cholinergic stimulation when Ca2+ was present in the medium. Uptake of 45Ca2+ into tissue fragments was enhanced by carbachol and A23187 but not by isoproterenol; atropine blocked the effect of carbachol. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and verapamil partially inhibited carbachol-stimulated amylase release and 45Ca2+ uptake, whereas diazoxide potentiated these effects; in all cases there was good parallelism between 45Ca2+ uptake and amylase release. It was concluded that the primary step in the release of amylase from mouse parotid gland in response to cholinergic agents is an increased influx of Ca2+.", "contents": "Calcium mediation of cholinergic-stimulated amylase release from mouse parotid gland. Amylase release from mouse parotid fragments was stimulated independently by cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents. The cholinergic agonist, carbachol, significantly increased release of amylase only in Ca2+ containing medium whereas isoproterenol-stimulated amylase release was unaffected by Ca2+ removal. The ionophore, A23187, mimicked the effect of cholinergic stimulation when Ca2+ was present in the medium. Uptake of 45Ca2+ into tissue fragments was enhanced by carbachol and A23187 but not by isoproterenol; atropine blocked the effect of carbachol. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and verapamil partially inhibited carbachol-stimulated amylase release and 45Ca2+ uptake, whereas diazoxide potentiated these effects; in all cases there was good parallelism between 45Ca2+ uptake and amylase release. It was concluded that the primary step in the release of amylase from mouse parotid gland in response to cholinergic agents is an increased influx of Ca2+.", "PMID": 375748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3012", "title": "Peritubular capillary control of proximal tubule reabsorption in the rat.", "content": "Changes in peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which probably affect net interstitial pressure and, thus, the force on fluid movement across the tubule basement membrane, can modulate absolute proximal reabsorption rate (APR). To examine the relationship between APR and net interstitial pressure, we measured peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, single nephron filtration rate, APR, absolute distal reabsorption (ADR), and tubular hydrostatic pressure in hydropenic, saline-loaded, and plasma-loaded rats. Net interstitial pressure in saline loading was estimated from subcapsular hydrostatic pressure and lymph protein concentration measurements. The surface area-hydraulic conductivity product of the peritubular capillary network was estimated from these measurements with a model of capillary fluid exchange in which fluid uptake was defined to be APR plus ADR. The estimated value was assumed to remain constant in all three states, and was then used to estimate net interstitial pressure in hydropenic and plasma-loaded rats. APR and net interstitial pressure correlated strongly, a finding consistent with the hypothesized role for net interstitial pressure in regulating proximal reabsorption.", "contents": "Peritubular capillary control of proximal tubule reabsorption in the rat. Changes in peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which probably affect net interstitial pressure and, thus, the force on fluid movement across the tubule basement membrane, can modulate absolute proximal reabsorption rate (APR). To examine the relationship between APR and net interstitial pressure, we measured peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, single nephron filtration rate, APR, absolute distal reabsorption (ADR), and tubular hydrostatic pressure in hydropenic, saline-loaded, and plasma-loaded rats. Net interstitial pressure in saline loading was estimated from subcapsular hydrostatic pressure and lymph protein concentration measurements. The surface area-hydraulic conductivity product of the peritubular capillary network was estimated from these measurements with a model of capillary fluid exchange in which fluid uptake was defined to be APR plus ADR. The estimated value was assumed to remain constant in all three states, and was then used to estimate net interstitial pressure in hydropenic and plasma-loaded rats. APR and net interstitial pressure correlated strongly, a finding consistent with the hypothesized role for net interstitial pressure in regulating proximal reabsorption.", "PMID": 375749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3013", "title": "Role of ligandin in transfer of bilirubin from plasma into liver.", "content": "Multiple-indicator dilution studies of labeled bilirubin uptake were carried out on isolated perfused rat livers with variable ligandin concentrations (from normal and thyroidectomized animals with and without phenobarbital pretreatment). Ligandin concentrations, measured immunologically, increased 25% after thyroidectomy and approximately doubled after phenobarbital pretreatment but decreased to normal during perfusion in the thyroidectomized nonpretreated group. A distributed two-compartment model was fitted to the dilution data and estimates of influx, efflux, and sequestration coefficients were obtained. Influx and sequestration coefficients did not vary significantly between the groups. Efflux coefficients were significantly smaller (P less than 0.001), and hepatic ligandin concentrations were significantly larger (p less than 0.001) in phenobarbital-treated rats than in other groups. The efflux coefficient varied inversely with ligandin concentration and the volume of distribution in tissue, as perceived from the plasma space, increased in proportion to the concentration of ligandin. The increased net uptake of tracer bilirubin by the liver of phenobarbital-pretreated animals is due to decreased tracer efflux secondary to the increase in intracellular binding of bilirubin by ligandin.", "contents": "Role of ligandin in transfer of bilirubin from plasma into liver. Multiple-indicator dilution studies of labeled bilirubin uptake were carried out on isolated perfused rat livers with variable ligandin concentrations (from normal and thyroidectomized animals with and without phenobarbital pretreatment). Ligandin concentrations, measured immunologically, increased 25% after thyroidectomy and approximately doubled after phenobarbital pretreatment but decreased to normal during perfusion in the thyroidectomized nonpretreated group. A distributed two-compartment model was fitted to the dilution data and estimates of influx, efflux, and sequestration coefficients were obtained. Influx and sequestration coefficients did not vary significantly between the groups. Efflux coefficients were significantly smaller (P less than 0.001), and hepatic ligandin concentrations were significantly larger (p less than 0.001) in phenobarbital-treated rats than in other groups. The efflux coefficient varied inversely with ligandin concentration and the volume of distribution in tissue, as perceived from the plasma space, increased in proportion to the concentration of ligandin. The increased net uptake of tracer bilirubin by the liver of phenobarbital-pretreated animals is due to decreased tracer efflux secondary to the increase in intracellular binding of bilirubin by ligandin.", "PMID": 375751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3014", "title": "Secretion of an insulinotropic factor from isolated, perfused rat intestine.", "content": "To examine gut-islet interrelationships, we entirely separated the gastrointestinal tract from the rat. When we arterially perfused this preparation with an erythrocyte-free solution for 1 h, it remained histologically intact and took up oxygen and glucose. Feedings were given via a duodenal tube. The gut absorbed glucose when glucose in the feeding was high (9.2 g/dl), but not when glucose in the feeding was low (58 mg/dl). With feeding, the portal venous effluent (PVE) from this preparation (stomach to ileum) enhanced late-phase, glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreas of another rat. This enhancement occurred when the gut was fed either glucose (9.2 g/dl) in electrolyte solution or electrolyte solution alone. PVE from glucose-fed upper gut (stomach, duodenum) was similarly insulinotropic. In contrast, PVE from unfed gut or from glucose-fed gut of old rats was not insulinotropic. PVE from all gut preparations except upper gut produced a glucagon \"spike\" during basal pancreatic perfusion. Effects of gastrointestinal peptides (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, secretin, gastrin) and immunoassays of PVE suggested that the insulinotropic substance is not one of these peptides. Thus, an insulinotropic substance that is not dependent on feeding nutrient material is secreted from the intestine.", "contents": "Secretion of an insulinotropic factor from isolated, perfused rat intestine. To examine gut-islet interrelationships, we entirely separated the gastrointestinal tract from the rat. When we arterially perfused this preparation with an erythrocyte-free solution for 1 h, it remained histologically intact and took up oxygen and glucose. Feedings were given via a duodenal tube. The gut absorbed glucose when glucose in the feeding was high (9.2 g/dl), but not when glucose in the feeding was low (58 mg/dl). With feeding, the portal venous effluent (PVE) from this preparation (stomach to ileum) enhanced late-phase, glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreas of another rat. This enhancement occurred when the gut was fed either glucose (9.2 g/dl) in electrolyte solution or electrolyte solution alone. PVE from glucose-fed upper gut (stomach, duodenum) was similarly insulinotropic. In contrast, PVE from unfed gut or from glucose-fed gut of old rats was not insulinotropic. PVE from all gut preparations except upper gut produced a glucagon \"spike\" during basal pancreatic perfusion. Effects of gastrointestinal peptides (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, secretin, gastrin) and immunoassays of PVE suggested that the insulinotropic substance is not one of these peptides. Thus, an insulinotropic substance that is not dependent on feeding nutrient material is secreted from the intestine.", "PMID": 375752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3015", "title": "Possible role of cytosolic calcium and Na-Ca exchange in regulation of transepithelial sodium transport.", "content": "Emerging evidence in a number of different epithelia suggests that changes in cytosolic calcium ion levels play a critical role in the regulation of transepithelial sodium transport. Maneuvers believed to raise cytosolic calcium ion activity lead to an inhibition of net sodium transport in toad urinary bladder, frog skin, and isolated perfused proximal renal tubules. Regulation of the level of ionized calcium in the cytosol of the epithelial cells appears to involve a process of coupled Na-Ca exchange across the basolateral plasma membrane, energized, at least in part, by the sodium gradient. It is suggested that changes in cytosolic calcium ion levels, secondary to changes in Na-Ca exchange, in turn dependent in part on the activity of the sodium pump, constitute a link in a negative feedback mechanism. Through such a feedback mechanism, the rate of entry of sodium into the cell across the apical surface may be kept in step with its rate of extrusion across the basolateral surface.", "contents": "Possible role of cytosolic calcium and Na-Ca exchange in regulation of transepithelial sodium transport. Emerging evidence in a number of different epithelia suggests that changes in cytosolic calcium ion levels play a critical role in the regulation of transepithelial sodium transport. Maneuvers believed to raise cytosolic calcium ion activity lead to an inhibition of net sodium transport in toad urinary bladder, frog skin, and isolated perfused proximal renal tubules. Regulation of the level of ionized calcium in the cytosol of the epithelial cells appears to involve a process of coupled Na-Ca exchange across the basolateral plasma membrane, energized, at least in part, by the sodium gradient. It is suggested that changes in cytosolic calcium ion levels, secondary to changes in Na-Ca exchange, in turn dependent in part on the activity of the sodium pump, constitute a link in a negative feedback mechanism. Through such a feedback mechanism, the rate of entry of sodium into the cell across the apical surface may be kept in step with its rate of extrusion across the basolateral surface.", "PMID": 375753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3016", "title": "Cardiac output and mean transit time using the phase plane of dye-dilution curves.", "content": "Thirty-five indicator-dilution curves were recorded in dogs following the injection of indocyanine dye into the femoral vein, right atrium, pulmonary artery, or left ventricle. Sampling was from the femoral artery through a dichromatic cuvette densitometer. The exponential decay constant of each dye-dilution curve was calculated by a new method utilizing the phase plane and compared with the value obtained by the Stewart-Hamilton procedure. A high level of correlation was found between the two methods. Mean difference between areas was only 1.04 mg.1(-1).s (r = 0.999) and between mean transit times 0.02 s (r = 0.999). The phase plane method has the additional advantage of demonstrating the portion of exponential decay, enabling the elimination of indicator-dilution curves and abnormal downslopes.", "contents": "Cardiac output and mean transit time using the phase plane of dye-dilution curves. Thirty-five indicator-dilution curves were recorded in dogs following the injection of indocyanine dye into the femoral vein, right atrium, pulmonary artery, or left ventricle. Sampling was from the femoral artery through a dichromatic cuvette densitometer. The exponential decay constant of each dye-dilution curve was calculated by a new method utilizing the phase plane and compared with the value obtained by the Stewart-Hamilton procedure. A high level of correlation was found between the two methods. Mean difference between areas was only 1.04 mg.1(-1).s (r = 0.999) and between mean transit times 0.02 s (r = 0.999). The phase plane method has the additional advantage of demonstrating the portion of exponential decay, enabling the elimination of indicator-dilution curves and abnormal downslopes.", "PMID": 375754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3017", "title": "Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study.", "content": "Tardive dyskinesia is thought to reflect increased dopaminergic activity of the central nervous system. To compensate for this by increasing CNS cholinergic tone, the authors administered oral choline and its natural dietary source, lecithin, to 5 men with mild to severe tardive dyskinesia in a nonblind trial. Both choline and lecithin increased serum choline levels and improved abnormal movements in all patients. Lecithin had fewer adverse effects.", "contents": "Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Tardive dyskinesia is thought to reflect increased dopaminergic activity of the central nervous system. To compensate for this by increasing CNS cholinergic tone, the authors administered oral choline and its natural dietary source, lecithin, to 5 men with mild to severe tardive dyskinesia in a nonblind trial. Both choline and lecithin increased serum choline levels and improved abnormal movements in all patients. Lecithin had fewer adverse effects.", "PMID": 375755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3018", "title": "Objective personality changes in residents of a therapeutic community.", "content": "The authors tested several groups of drug-abusing young adults who were residents of a drug-free therapeutic community. Three instruments were used: staff ratings, sociometric ratings by members of the community, and MMPI scores. All three measures showed objective evidence of decreasing psychopathology correlated with length of time in treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the therapeutic community in the rehabilitation of drug abusers. Individuals who left before completing treatment had MMPI scores indicating inability to develop social relationships; this elucidates a probable cause of the dropout phenomenon.", "contents": "Objective personality changes in residents of a therapeutic community. The authors tested several groups of drug-abusing young adults who were residents of a drug-free therapeutic community. Three instruments were used: staff ratings, sociometric ratings by members of the community, and MMPI scores. All three measures showed objective evidence of decreasing psychopathology correlated with length of time in treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the therapeutic community in the rehabilitation of drug abusers. Individuals who left before completing treatment had MMPI scores indicating inability to develop social relationships; this elucidates a probable cause of the dropout phenomenon.", "PMID": 375756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3019", "title": "Dantrolene and suxamethonium. The effect of pre-operative dantrolene on the action of suxamethonium.", "content": "A single oral dose of dantrolene (100--150 mg) given at least 2 hr pre-operatively has been found to reduce significantly the strength of muscular fasciculations, the hyperkalaemia and the incidence of muscle pains following suxamethonium (from 56 to 4%) in a series of forty-eight patients compared with controls. The biceps EMG of the fasciculations was unchanged by dantrolene; the incidence of troublesome side effects was low (9%) and there did not appear to be any alteration in the duration of action of suxamethonium.", "contents": "Dantrolene and suxamethonium. The effect of pre-operative dantrolene on the action of suxamethonium. A single oral dose of dantrolene (100--150 mg) given at least 2 hr pre-operatively has been found to reduce significantly the strength of muscular fasciculations, the hyperkalaemia and the incidence of muscle pains following suxamethonium (from 56 to 4%) in a series of forty-eight patients compared with controls. The biceps EMG of the fasciculations was unchanged by dantrolene; the incidence of troublesome side effects was low (9%) and there did not appear to be any alteration in the duration of action of suxamethonium.", "PMID": 375768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3020", "title": "Computer-assisted learning in the teaching of anaesthesia.", "content": "A comparison of computer-assisted learning and small tutorial group teaching was carried out in the instruction of final year medical students in anaesthesia. The scores attained by fifteen of the sixteen students were higher after computer-assisted learning than after small group teaching. Statistical analyses of the results demonstrated that in this study computer-assisted learning was significantly better than small tutorial teaching.", "contents": "Computer-assisted learning in the teaching of anaesthesia. A comparison of computer-assisted learning and small tutorial group teaching was carried out in the instruction of final year medical students in anaesthesia. The scores attained by fifteen of the sixteen students were higher after computer-assisted learning than after small group teaching. Statistical analyses of the results demonstrated that in this study computer-assisted learning was significantly better than small tutorial teaching.", "PMID": 375769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3021", "title": "From Clover to computer. Towards programmed anaesthesia?", "content": "The control of depth of anaesthesia has been viewed as a control-system problem the solution of which can involve both feedback and feedforward techniques. The nature of the problem in Clover's day and the solutions he found have been examined. A similar analysis has been made in respect of the modern anaesthetist. Finally, the way in which computers may aid the anaesthetist in his task has been illustrated by reference to various attempts reported from around the world and, in particular, by describing the development in Cardiff of a system which should produce, in the brain of the patient, any tension of an inhaled anaesthetic which the anaesthetist chooses to specify.", "contents": "From Clover to computer. Towards programmed anaesthesia? The control of depth of anaesthesia has been viewed as a control-system problem the solution of which can involve both feedback and feedforward techniques. The nature of the problem in Clover's day and the solutions he found have been examined. A similar analysis has been made in respect of the modern anaesthetist. Finally, the way in which computers may aid the anaesthetist in his task has been illustrated by reference to various attempts reported from around the world and, in particular, by describing the development in Cardiff of a system which should produce, in the brain of the patient, any tension of an inhaled anaesthetic which the anaesthetist chooses to specify.", "PMID": 375770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3022", "title": "Fine structural studies of the rat vas deferens.", "content": "A fine structural study of the normal rat vas deferens was undertaken utilizing perfusion fixation. Morphological features not previously appreciated were revealed using this technique of fixation, and included the following. The rat vas deferens exhibited a gross morphological and microscopic differentiation along its length: A proximal segment was characterized by a thin muscular wall, an epithelium of low height (comparable to that of the cauda epididymidis) and a distended lumen typically filled with an accumulation of sperm; a distal segment exhibited a thick muscular wall, a convoluted mucosa, and a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia extending into the lumen. The transition from the morphology typical of the proximal segment to that of the distal segment was gradual and progressive, marked by an increase in the mass of the muscular wall and in the height and ultrastructural complexity of the epithelium. Clear or \"foamy\" cells, characteristic of the cauda epididymidis, were observed in the initial centimeter of the vas deferens. Also, a cell type designated as \"mitochondrion-rich\" was observed in the distal vas segment. The structure of the small mitochondria in such cells, however, did not conform to the description of mitochondria in similar cells found in the human (Hoffer, '76). Intraepithelial macrophages containing residual accumulations which often resembled spermatozoan remnants in advanced stages of dissolution were present in all segments of the rat vas deferens, confirming in this species a spermiophagic role for such cells.", "contents": "Fine structural studies of the rat vas deferens. A fine structural study of the normal rat vas deferens was undertaken utilizing perfusion fixation. Morphological features not previously appreciated were revealed using this technique of fixation, and included the following. The rat vas deferens exhibited a gross morphological and microscopic differentiation along its length: A proximal segment was characterized by a thin muscular wall, an epithelium of low height (comparable to that of the cauda epididymidis) and a distended lumen typically filled with an accumulation of sperm; a distal segment exhibited a thick muscular wall, a convoluted mucosa, and a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia extending into the lumen. The transition from the morphology typical of the proximal segment to that of the distal segment was gradual and progressive, marked by an increase in the mass of the muscular wall and in the height and ultrastructural complexity of the epithelium. Clear or \"foamy\" cells, characteristic of the cauda epididymidis, were observed in the initial centimeter of the vas deferens. Also, a cell type designated as \"mitochondrion-rich\" was observed in the distal vas segment. The structure of the small mitochondria in such cells, however, did not conform to the description of mitochondria in similar cells found in the human (Hoffer, '76). Intraepithelial macrophages containing residual accumulations which often resembled spermatozoan remnants in advanced stages of dissolution were present in all segments of the rat vas deferens, confirming in this species a spermiophagic role for such cells.", "PMID": 375773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3023", "title": "[Hormones in depressive illness. The role of cortisol and sexual steroids (author's transl)].", "content": "It is actually highly probable than depression is linked to a decrease in noradrenergic activity in brain, at least in some areas including hypothalamus. The complexity of relations between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems lead to multiple possibilities in hypothetical etiologic factors and in therapeutic interventions. A plasmatic drop in testosterone in men and estradiol in women is one of the situation able to induce a decrease in noradrenergic activity. It seems to be of primordial influence on depression at least in patients with predominant clinical hypogonadic symptoms. We still don't know the frequency on hypogonadism in peoples with predominant depressive symptoms. However this incidence may be fairly high because it is now demonstrated than environmental stress could impaired testicular and ovarian function by the means of anxiety hormones, catecholamines and cortisol, and also by a direct effect on hypothalamus. In no case this hormonal reactions are adaptative by means of anti-anxiety or anti-depressive effects. In contrary, they contribute to maintain the psycho-endocrine syndrome.", "contents": "[Hormones in depressive illness. The role of cortisol and sexual steroids (author's transl)]. It is actually highly probable than depression is linked to a decrease in noradrenergic activity in brain, at least in some areas including hypothalamus. The complexity of relations between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems lead to multiple possibilities in hypothetical etiologic factors and in therapeutic interventions. A plasmatic drop in testosterone in men and estradiol in women is one of the situation able to induce a decrease in noradrenergic activity. It seems to be of primordial influence on depression at least in patients with predominant clinical hypogonadic symptoms. We still don't know the frequency on hypogonadism in peoples with predominant depressive symptoms. However this incidence may be fairly high because it is now demonstrated than environmental stress could impaired testicular and ovarian function by the means of anxiety hormones, catecholamines and cortisol, and also by a direct effect on hypothalamus. In no case this hormonal reactions are adaptative by means of anti-anxiety or anti-depressive effects. In contrary, they contribute to maintain the psycho-endocrine syndrome.", "PMID": 375781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3024", "title": "[Biochemical prospects in treatment of depressive illness (author's transl)].", "content": "Biochemistry of the brain has to avoid the dead-end where psychopharmacology is trapped at the present time. First of all it is needed to draw of the lack of efficacy of the antidepressants of today. Brain biochemical research must go beyond the moamine models and take into considerations the afferent and efferent influences. The sutdy of ECT and ions like lithium, rubidium, and cesium may open up new perspectives to the knowledge of new psychotropic drugs and to their mecanisms of action. Starting from clinical observations new indications for already known non psychotropic drugs could appear.", "contents": "[Biochemical prospects in treatment of depressive illness (author's transl)]. Biochemistry of the brain has to avoid the dead-end where psychopharmacology is trapped at the present time. First of all it is needed to draw of the lack of efficacy of the antidepressants of today. Brain biochemical research must go beyond the moamine models and take into considerations the afferent and efferent influences. The sutdy of ECT and ions like lithium, rubidium, and cesium may open up new perspectives to the knowledge of new psychotropic drugs and to their mecanisms of action. Starting from clinical observations new indications for already known non psychotropic drugs could appear.", "PMID": 375782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3025", "title": "A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture.", "content": "Seven types of brush catheter were studied in vitro to determine the optimal catheter design for obtaining specimens for bacterial culture using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The various catheters were inserted through the inner channel, which was contaminated with fresh saliva. The specimen was then obtained by inserting the brush into a broth culture of a marker organism at the distal end of the bronchoscope. Relative merits were based on quantitative bacterial counts of salivary \"contaminants\" and the marker organism. The catheter that proved superior had telescoping cannulas with a distal occlusion. Twenty-six samplings using catheters with this design uniformly showed no contaminants and high counts of the marker organism. The catheter with telescoping cannulas and a distal occlusion composed of polyethlene glycol was then tested with bronchoscopy performed on 8 healthy volunteers and 6 patients with clinical evidence of a lower airway infection. The specimens yielded likely pulmonary pathogens in high concentrations from patients with pneumonia or lung abscess. Possible contaminants were recovered in low concentrations from 2 of 14 subjects. These in vitro studies and the preliminary clinical trial support the use of this type of catheter for obtaining bronchoscopic specimens for bacterial culture.", "contents": "A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture. Seven types of brush catheter were studied in vitro to determine the optimal catheter design for obtaining specimens for bacterial culture using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The various catheters were inserted through the inner channel, which was contaminated with fresh saliva. The specimen was then obtained by inserting the brush into a broth culture of a marker organism at the distal end of the bronchoscope. Relative merits were based on quantitative bacterial counts of salivary \"contaminants\" and the marker organism. The catheter that proved superior had telescoping cannulas with a distal occlusion. Twenty-six samplings using catheters with this design uniformly showed no contaminants and high counts of the marker organism. The catheter with telescoping cannulas and a distal occlusion composed of polyethlene glycol was then tested with bronchoscopy performed on 8 healthy volunteers and 6 patients with clinical evidence of a lower airway infection. The specimens yielded likely pulmonary pathogens in high concentrations from patients with pneumonia or lung abscess. Possible contaminants were recovered in low concentrations from 2 of 14 subjects. These in vitro studies and the preliminary clinical trial support the use of this type of catheter for obtaining bronchoscopic specimens for bacterial culture.", "PMID": 375784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3026", "title": "Age-related changes in elastic fibers and elastin of lung.", "content": "The effect of age on the lung elastic tissue of inbred BALB/c mice were studied. Static compliance of excised lungs increased with age. Morphometrically determined total elastic fiber length increased with lung expansion in age- and sex-matched mice (r = 0.83, P smaller than 0.001), indicating an axial extension of elastic fibers. However, total elastic fiber length of aging lungs fixed at a distending pressure of 15 cm H2O showed no significant change despite an age-related increase in lung volume (male, r = 0.96, P smaller than 0.001; female, r = 0.95 P smaller than 0.001). The correlative finding of decreased elastin content (r = -0.87, P smaller than 0.001) indicates that there is a loss of elastic fibers in the aging lung. It is suggested that the absence of pseudoelastin fibers, as demonstrated by histochemical techniques, accounts for the observed differences in elastin content of aging human and mouse lungs.", "contents": "Age-related changes in elastic fibers and elastin of lung. The effect of age on the lung elastic tissue of inbred BALB/c mice were studied. Static compliance of excised lungs increased with age. Morphometrically determined total elastic fiber length increased with lung expansion in age- and sex-matched mice (r = 0.83, P smaller than 0.001), indicating an axial extension of elastic fibers. However, total elastic fiber length of aging lungs fixed at a distending pressure of 15 cm H2O showed no significant change despite an age-related increase in lung volume (male, r = 0.96, P smaller than 0.001; female, r = 0.95 P smaller than 0.001). The correlative finding of decreased elastin content (r = -0.87, P smaller than 0.001) indicates that there is a loss of elastic fibers in the aging lung. It is suggested that the absence of pseudoelastin fibers, as demonstrated by histochemical techniques, accounts for the observed differences in elastin content of aging human and mouse lungs.", "PMID": 375785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3027", "title": "Clinical trial of six-month and four-month regimens of chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "In a study in Singapore, Chinese, Malay, and Indian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis received 2 months of daily treatment with streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide followed either by daily treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide (SHRZ/HRZ regimen) or by daily administration of isoniazid and rifampin (SHRZ/HR regimen) allocated at random. Both regimens were given for either 6 or 4 months by random allocation. All 330 patients with drug-sensitive tubercle bacilli before treatment had a favorable bacteriologic response during chemotherapy. During the first 6 months after the end of chemotherapy, there was only a single bacteriologic relapse among 84 SHRZ/HRZ and 80 SHRZ/HR patients treated for 6 months, but 8 (10 per cent) of 80 SHRZ/HRZ and 4 (5 per cent) of 74 SHRZ/HR patients treated for 4 months relapsed. Of a total of 33 patients with bacilli resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs before treatment, only one had an unfavorable response during chemotherapy, and none of 31 patients relapsed during the first 6 months after stopping chemotherapy. The incidence of adverse reactions was low; 11 (3 per cent) of 397 patients had hepatitis, but not all episodes were attributable to drug toxicity, and one patient had thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Clinical trial of six-month and four-month regimens of chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. In a study in Singapore, Chinese, Malay, and Indian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis received 2 months of daily treatment with streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide followed either by daily treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide (SHRZ/HRZ regimen) or by daily administration of isoniazid and rifampin (SHRZ/HR regimen) allocated at random. Both regimens were given for either 6 or 4 months by random allocation. All 330 patients with drug-sensitive tubercle bacilli before treatment had a favorable bacteriologic response during chemotherapy. During the first 6 months after the end of chemotherapy, there was only a single bacteriologic relapse among 84 SHRZ/HRZ and 80 SHRZ/HR patients treated for 6 months, but 8 (10 per cent) of 80 SHRZ/HRZ and 4 (5 per cent) of 74 SHRZ/HR patients treated for 4 months relapsed. Of a total of 33 patients with bacilli resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs before treatment, only one had an unfavorable response during chemotherapy, and none of 31 patients relapsed during the first 6 months after stopping chemotherapy. The incidence of adverse reactions was low; 11 (3 per cent) of 397 patients had hepatitis, but not all episodes were attributable to drug toxicity, and one patient had thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 375787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3028", "title": "The use of antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "The use of antiepileptic drugs has become increasingly effective through several factors: new techniques that allow better diagnosis of the seizure disorder and its underlying cause; the development of new medications and increased knowledge of old ones; and the widespread use of antiepileptic drug-level determinations. The choice of a drug depends heavily on an accurate diagnosis of seizure type, which may determine the response to the medication. Because of better diagnostic criteria and intensive monitoring procedures, the correct seizure disorder can be more easily diagnosed and, therefore, the proper medication selected. Minimal efficacious and toxic blood concentrations have now been identified for most antiepileptic drugs. Several, including primidone, carbamazepine, methsuximide, and mephenytoin, have pharmacologically active metabolites that affect both the toxicity and efficacy of the prescribed drug and can now be measured in the plasma. The most effective use of the antiepileptic drugs depends on a combination of reliable blood level measurements, clinical observation, and knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and biotransformation.", "contents": "The use of antiepileptic drugs. The use of antiepileptic drugs has become increasingly effective through several factors: new techniques that allow better diagnosis of the seizure disorder and its underlying cause; the development of new medications and increased knowledge of old ones; and the widespread use of antiepileptic drug-level determinations. The choice of a drug depends heavily on an accurate diagnosis of seizure type, which may determine the response to the medication. Because of better diagnostic criteria and intensive monitoring procedures, the correct seizure disorder can be more easily diagnosed and, therefore, the proper medication selected. Minimal efficacious and toxic blood concentrations have now been identified for most antiepileptic drugs. Several, including primidone, carbamazepine, methsuximide, and mephenytoin, have pharmacologically active metabolites that affect both the toxicity and efficacy of the prescribed drug and can now be measured in the plasma. The most effective use of the antiepileptic drugs depends on a combination of reliable blood level measurements, clinical observation, and knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and biotransformation.", "PMID": 375789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3029", "title": "Physician manpower expansionism: a policy review.", "content": "A lack of national health goals has allowed physician manpower policy to be dominated by an expansionist philosophy. Scarce resources have been channeled into the production of specialist physicians trained to provide complex and expensive care for uncommon diseases, using other scare and expensive resources and adding to the steep rise in medical care costs. Society seems to want access to primary care--a lack it views with dismay--and simultaneously fears increasing costs of care. Lack of access plus high cost might lead to rash implementation of other inappropriate policies. Success of policy decisions is pure serendipity if made without reliable and relevant information or based on inappropriate data, such as opinions alone. If information is unavailable, then physician manpower decisions should be delayed or, if made, implemented cautiously.", "contents": "Physician manpower expansionism: a policy review. A lack of national health goals has allowed physician manpower policy to be dominated by an expansionist philosophy. Scarce resources have been channeled into the production of specialist physicians trained to provide complex and expensive care for uncommon diseases, using other scare and expensive resources and adding to the steep rise in medical care costs. Society seems to want access to primary care--a lack it views with dismay--and simultaneously fears increasing costs of care. Lack of access plus high cost might lead to rash implementation of other inappropriate policies. Success of policy decisions is pure serendipity if made without reliable and relevant information or based on inappropriate data, such as opinions alone. If information is unavailable, then physician manpower decisions should be delayed or, if made, implemented cautiously.", "PMID": 375790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3030", "title": "Neoantigen response in patients successfully treated for lymphoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "To ascertain the cellular immune function of patients successfully treated for lymphoma, we measured skin-test reactivity to a battery of recall antigens, phytohemmagglutinin (PHA), and the neoantigens keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Seventy-four patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied from 3 to 186 months after cessation of therapy for lymphoma. Although reactivity to recall antigens and PHA was normal, the number of patients responding to the neoantigens was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than normal (KLH, 35%; and DNCB, 34%). This impairment in reactivity to neoantigens could not be correlated with specific diagnosis, stage of disease, or type of treatment. Reactivity to DNCB was significantly (P less than 0.01) improved in those patients studied more than 3 years after treatment, but the number who reacted was still markedly abnormal (17 of 33). Thus, successfully treated patients with lymphoma seem to have difficulty in responding to new foreign antigens.", "contents": "Neoantigen response in patients successfully treated for lymphoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. To ascertain the cellular immune function of patients successfully treated for lymphoma, we measured skin-test reactivity to a battery of recall antigens, phytohemmagglutinin (PHA), and the neoantigens keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Seventy-four patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied from 3 to 186 months after cessation of therapy for lymphoma. Although reactivity to recall antigens and PHA was normal, the number of patients responding to the neoantigens was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than normal (KLH, 35%; and DNCB, 34%). This impairment in reactivity to neoantigens could not be correlated with specific diagnosis, stage of disease, or type of treatment. Reactivity to DNCB was significantly (P less than 0.01) improved in those patients studied more than 3 years after treatment, but the number who reacted was still markedly abnormal (17 of 33). Thus, successfully treated patients with lymphoma seem to have difficulty in responding to new foreign antigens.", "PMID": 375792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3031", "title": "Effect of hypertonic glucose on the muscular cramps of hemodialysis.", "content": "The effect of hypertonic (50%) glucose injected for relief of hemodialysis-induced muscular cramps was studied in 15 chronically uremic, nondiabetic patients who experienced a total of 44 cramp episodes. In a double-blind trial either 50 mL (or less) of hypertonic glucose or physiologic (0.9%) saline solution was injected, and the therapeutic response was evaluated. Of a total of 44 episodes of cramps, 26 were treated with hypertonic glucose and 18 with normal saline. Treatment with hypertonic glucose relieved 17 of 26 episodes, in contrast to only five of 18 episodes relieved with 50 mL of normal saline (P less than 0.016). No complications related to hypertonic glucose administration were observed. Hypertonic glucose seems to be safe and effective for the relief of dialysis-induced cramps. It also avoids undesirable loading with sodium and mannitol, which have been suggested for treatment of dialysis-induced cramps.", "contents": "Effect of hypertonic glucose on the muscular cramps of hemodialysis. The effect of hypertonic (50%) glucose injected for relief of hemodialysis-induced muscular cramps was studied in 15 chronically uremic, nondiabetic patients who experienced a total of 44 cramp episodes. In a double-blind trial either 50 mL (or less) of hypertonic glucose or physiologic (0.9%) saline solution was injected, and the therapeutic response was evaluated. Of a total of 44 episodes of cramps, 26 were treated with hypertonic glucose and 18 with normal saline. Treatment with hypertonic glucose relieved 17 of 26 episodes, in contrast to only five of 18 episodes relieved with 50 mL of normal saline (P less than 0.016). No complications related to hypertonic glucose administration were observed. Hypertonic glucose seems to be safe and effective for the relief of dialysis-induced cramps. It also avoids undesirable loading with sodium and mannitol, which have been suggested for treatment of dialysis-induced cramps.", "PMID": 375793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3032", "title": "Hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting in patients receiving cisplatin.", "content": "We studied renal function and serum electrolytes in 51 patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy by retrospectively reviewing the charts of 44 patients and prospectively following seven patients. Hypomagnesemia developed in 23 of 44 evaluable patients who were receiving cisplatin. We documented inappropriate renal magnesium wasting in four patients. Two patients required hospitalization for symptomatic hypomagnesemia. We conclude that cisplatin can induce a renal tubular defect in magnesium conservation and serious clinical syndromes of magnesium deficiency.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting in patients receiving cisplatin. We studied renal function and serum electrolytes in 51 patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy by retrospectively reviewing the charts of 44 patients and prospectively following seven patients. Hypomagnesemia developed in 23 of 44 evaluable patients who were receiving cisplatin. We documented inappropriate renal magnesium wasting in four patients. Two patients required hospitalization for symptomatic hypomagnesemia. We conclude that cisplatin can induce a renal tubular defect in magnesium conservation and serious clinical syndromes of magnesium deficiency.", "PMID": 375794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3033", "title": "The decreasing incidence of primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population study.", "content": "This population study describes the experience with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PIH) in residents of Rochester, MN, for the 32-year period from 1945 through 1976. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate for PIH was 12.1 per 100,000 population, and the incidence for all cases of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage was 15.2 per 100,000. The PIH rates were higher for males than for females, and they increased steadily with age. When patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy were excluded, there was a steady decrease in the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate for PIH in each succeeding 8-year interval since 1945. Prehemorrhage hypertension, present overall in 89% of patients, was much more frequent and severe in the earlier years of the study. The frequency and severity of prehemorrhage hypertension also varied inversely with age in the population with PIH. The median age at the onset of PIH increased from 65 years for the period 1945 through 1952 to 71 years for 1969 through 1976.", "contents": "The decreasing incidence of primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population study. This population study describes the experience with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PIH) in residents of Rochester, MN, for the 32-year period from 1945 through 1976. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate for PIH was 12.1 per 100,000 population, and the incidence for all cases of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage was 15.2 per 100,000. The PIH rates were higher for males than for females, and they increased steadily with age. When patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy were excluded, there was a steady decrease in the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate for PIH in each succeeding 8-year interval since 1945. Prehemorrhage hypertension, present overall in 89% of patients, was much more frequent and severe in the earlier years of the study. The frequency and severity of prehemorrhage hypertension also varied inversely with age in the population with PIH. The median age at the onset of PIH increased from 65 years for the period 1945 through 1952 to 71 years for 1969 through 1976.", "PMID": 375807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3034", "title": "Cefazolin prophylaxis in head and neck cancer surgery.", "content": "This study evaluated the prophylactic use of cefazolin in reducing the incidence of infection in patients undetgoing cancer surgery where the upper aerodigestive tract was entered from the neck. A prospective, randomized, double-blind design was conducted in a single hospital. The patient was given placebo or cefazolin, 1 gm intramuscularly with  the preoperative medications, then 0.5 gm every six hours for four doses. Of 55 determinate patients, 32 received antibiotics and 23 placebo. Infection rate was 38% (12/32) and 87% (20/23) respectively, representing a statistically significant reduction in infection (P less than 0.001/. There were 30 wound and two nonwound (sinusitis and pneumonia) infections. In conclusion, the perioperative use of cefazolin in patients undergoing cancer surgery where the oral cavity or pharynx has been entered from the neck is useful in reducing the incidence of wound infection.", "contents": "Cefazolin prophylaxis in head and neck cancer surgery. This study evaluated the prophylactic use of cefazolin in reducing the incidence of infection in patients undetgoing cancer surgery where the upper aerodigestive tract was entered from the neck. A prospective, randomized, double-blind design was conducted in a single hospital. The patient was given placebo or cefazolin, 1 gm intramuscularly with  the preoperative medications, then 0.5 gm every six hours for four doses. Of 55 determinate patients, 32 received antibiotics and 23 placebo. Infection rate was 38% (12/32) and 87% (20/23) respectively, representing a statistically significant reduction in infection (P less than 0.001/. There were 30 wound and two nonwound (sinusitis and pneumonia) infections. In conclusion, the perioperative use of cefazolin in patients undergoing cancer surgery where the oral cavity or pharynx has been entered from the neck is useful in reducing the incidence of wound infection.", "PMID": 375802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3035", "title": "Loss of secretory activity in the glands of nasal polyps.", "content": "Secretory activity in the glands of the nasal polyps from 15 patients with or without allergic histories was examined by using a direct (anti-IgA) or indirect (anti-SC) immunofluorescent technique. Glands were found in all the examined nasal polyps, but in many, only a few were present. Active secretory process of IgA was observed in the intraepithelial glands of the ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium. Most of the dilated glandular ductules, on the contrary, appeared to be lacking in secretory activity of IgA. Such were commonly filled with mucus materials and their epithelial glandular cells showed no fluorescence for anti-SC, whereas the active IgA secreting cells showed a heavy fluorescence for secretory component (SC) in indirect immunofluorescent studies. Activity of the glandular ductules, therefore, was determined by examining the SC producing activity. In some extracted polyps, SC containing dilated glands were present. These active glands, however, lost the SC producing activity followed by the stasis of mucus flow in the lumen. Thus, when the glands were occupied by mucus materials, stretched and cystic degeneration ensued.", "contents": "Loss of secretory activity in the glands of nasal polyps. Secretory activity in the glands of the nasal polyps from 15 patients with or without allergic histories was examined by using a direct (anti-IgA) or indirect (anti-SC) immunofluorescent technique. Glands were found in all the examined nasal polyps, but in many, only a few were present. Active secretory process of IgA was observed in the intraepithelial glands of the ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium. Most of the dilated glandular ductules, on the contrary, appeared to be lacking in secretory activity of IgA. Such were commonly filled with mucus materials and their epithelial glandular cells showed no fluorescence for anti-SC, whereas the active IgA secreting cells showed a heavy fluorescence for secretory component (SC) in indirect immunofluorescent studies. Activity of the glandular ductules, therefore, was determined by examining the SC producing activity. In some extracted polyps, SC containing dilated glands were present. These active glands, however, lost the SC producing activity followed by the stasis of mucus flow in the lumen. Thus, when the glands were occupied by mucus materials, stretched and cystic degeneration ensued.", "PMID": 375803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3036", "title": "Thrombocytopenia associated with sodium valproate treatment.", "content": "The administration of sodium valproate to 30 patients in daily doses of 1,200 to 3,000 mg was associated with a significant reduction of the platelet count. Thrombocytopenia without any concomitant bleeding abnormalities occurred in 10 of the patients. Platelet counts returned to baseline levels after withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia associated with sodium valproate treatment. The administration of sodium valproate to 30 patients in daily doses of 1,200 to 3,000 mg was associated with a significant reduction of the platelet count. Thrombocytopenia without any concomitant bleeding abnormalities occurred in 10 of the patients. Platelet counts returned to baseline levels after withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 375808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3037", "title": "Prostaglandin effect on lymphokine production in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Production of the lymphokine LIF (leukocyte migration inhibitory factor) by normal lymphocytes on stimulation with mitogens in inhibited by E type prostaglandins (PGE). It has been reported that the leukocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are resistant to this inhibitory effect. We have studied 10 MS patients using an indirect technique for measuring LIF activity. This allows separation of the effects of PGE on lymphocyte LIF production from the effects on the action of LIF on the target granulocytes. There was no difference between normal subjects and MS patients in the effects of prostaglandins E1 and E2 in concentrations of 2.5 and 0.25 microgram per milliliter, on LIF production, or on granulocyte response to LIF. These results do not support the hypothesis that the chronic inflammatory process in MS is the result of resistance to the normal inhibitory effects of PGE on the cellular immune response.", "contents": "Prostaglandin effect on lymphokine production in multiple sclerosis. Production of the lymphokine LIF (leukocyte migration inhibitory factor) by normal lymphocytes on stimulation with mitogens in inhibited by E type prostaglandins (PGE). It has been reported that the leukocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are resistant to this inhibitory effect. We have studied 10 MS patients using an indirect technique for measuring LIF activity. This allows separation of the effects of PGE on lymphocyte LIF production from the effects on the action of LIF on the target granulocytes. There was no difference between normal subjects and MS patients in the effects of prostaglandins E1 and E2 in concentrations of 2.5 and 0.25 microgram per milliliter, on LIF production, or on granulocyte response to LIF. These results do not support the hypothesis that the chronic inflammatory process in MS is the result of resistance to the normal inhibitory effects of PGE on the cellular immune response.", "PMID": 375809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3038", "title": "[Idiopathic hemochromatosis and gonadotropin secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "18 patients suffering from idiopathic hemochromatosis were studied. Plasma testosterone was stimulated by HCG. Basal plasma LH and FSH were significantly lower for the male group compared to healthy men. Lack of reponse of plasma LH and FSH after IV LHRH (100 microgram) was observed in 10 cases; among the patients with a normal response there were a postmenopausal woman, a 47 XXY syndrome, and the two youngest patients. Repeated infusions of LHRH (200 microgram/day x 5 d) did not increase LH in 8 out of 9 cases. Repeated plasma LH determination for 4 hours showed no pulsatile pattern in 6/7 patients. Plasma LH-RH measured in 7 cases was not elevated. The conclusion is that hypogonadism in hemochromatosis, when present, is related to a gonadotropin secretion defect, presumably of pituitary origin.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hemochromatosis and gonadotropin secretion (author's transl)]. 18 patients suffering from idiopathic hemochromatosis were studied. Plasma testosterone was stimulated by HCG. Basal plasma LH and FSH were significantly lower for the male group compared to healthy men. Lack of reponse of plasma LH and FSH after IV LHRH (100 microgram) was observed in 10 cases; among the patients with a normal response there were a postmenopausal woman, a 47 XXY syndrome, and the two youngest patients. Repeated infusions of LHRH (200 microgram/day x 5 d) did not increase LH in 8 out of 9 cases. Repeated plasma LH determination for 4 hours showed no pulsatile pattern in 6/7 patients. Plasma LH-RH measured in 7 cases was not elevated. The conclusion is that hypogonadism in hemochromatosis, when present, is related to a gonadotropin secretion defect, presumably of pituitary origin.", "PMID": 375805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3039", "title": "[Streptococcus group A resistance to tetracycline: its spread and transduction].", "content": "The study on antibiotics resistance of group A streptococci isolated in 1977 showed that the number of the antibiotic resistant strains had significantly increased as compared to the data of 1960. High percentage (53%) of the cultures with multiple resistance was noted. It was observed that the number of the streptococcal cultures resistant to erythromycin and chloramphenicol decreased while the number of the strains resistant to tetracyclines increased. The level of resistance to tetracycline increased more than 2 times from 1960 and in some cases reached 125 and 250 gamma/ml. The wide spread of tetracycline resistance was evident of the presence of the mechanism of the marker transduction. Possible transduction of this feature was studied. Microbe-free phagolysates obtained by induction with UV-light from the strains with multiple antibiotic resistance were used as the donor material in the experiment on transduction. Principal possibility of transducing resistance to tetracycline from 2 donors to 4 recipients at a frequency of 10(-6) was shown.", "contents": "[Streptococcus group A resistance to tetracycline: its spread and transduction]. The study on antibiotics resistance of group A streptococci isolated in 1977 showed that the number of the antibiotic resistant strains had significantly increased as compared to the data of 1960. High percentage (53%) of the cultures with multiple resistance was noted. It was observed that the number of the streptococcal cultures resistant to erythromycin and chloramphenicol decreased while the number of the strains resistant to tetracyclines increased. The level of resistance to tetracycline increased more than 2 times from 1960 and in some cases reached 125 and 250 gamma/ml. The wide spread of tetracycline resistance was evident of the presence of the mechanism of the marker transduction. Possible transduction of this feature was studied. Microbe-free phagolysates obtained by induction with UV-light from the strains with multiple antibiotic resistance were used as the donor material in the experiment on transduction. Principal possibility of transducing resistance to tetracycline from 2 donors to 4 recipients at a frequency of 10(-6) was shown.", "PMID": 375816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3040", "title": "[Plasmid-determined streptococcal resistance to antibiotics].", "content": "The analysis of the genetic organization of the determinant ERLI by means of obtaining and studying the antibiotic sensitive mutants from the strain resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin provided experiment data in favour of the fact that inducable resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin determined by the plasmid might be defined by the same or closely linked genes.", "contents": "[Plasmid-determined streptococcal resistance to antibiotics]. The analysis of the genetic organization of the determinant ERLI by means of obtaining and studying the antibiotic sensitive mutants from the strain resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin provided experiment data in favour of the fact that inducable resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin determined by the plasmid might be defined by the same or closely linked genes.", "PMID": 375817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3041", "title": "[Clinical study of oxacillin for intravenous administration in heart surgery after operations with artificial circulation].", "content": "Intravenous sodium oxacillin of Soviet production was subjected to clinical trials in 50 cardiosurgical patients. The patients were operated under conditions of artificial circulation. The antibiotic was used for prophylaxis and therapy of the postoperative pyo-inflammatory complications. In the group of the patients observed no lethal cases due to the post-operative infection were registered.", "contents": "[Clinical study of oxacillin for intravenous administration in heart surgery after operations with artificial circulation]. Intravenous sodium oxacillin of Soviet production was subjected to clinical trials in 50 cardiosurgical patients. The patients were operated under conditions of artificial circulation. The antibiotic was used for prophylaxis and therapy of the postoperative pyo-inflammatory complications. In the group of the patients observed no lethal cases due to the post-operative infection were registered.", "PMID": 375818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3042", "title": "[Trial study of ampiox sodium used intravenously in the clinical picture of internal diseases].", "content": "Clinical efficiency of intravenous ampiox was shown. The drug was used mainly in the treatment of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases and other infections. The results of the treatment proved to be good and satisfactory in 12 out of 15 patients. In 3 severe patients the antibiotic therapy produced a temporary effect. The side effects were of allergic genesis and rapidly disappeared after discontinuation of the treatment and administration of tavegi or dimedrol. No phlebitis cases were observed.", "contents": "[Trial study of ampiox sodium used intravenously in the clinical picture of internal diseases]. Clinical efficiency of intravenous ampiox was shown. The drug was used mainly in the treatment of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases and other infections. The results of the treatment proved to be good and satisfactory in 12 out of 15 patients. In 3 severe patients the antibiotic therapy produced a temporary effect. The side effects were of allergic genesis and rapidly disappeared after discontinuation of the treatment and administration of tavegi or dimedrol. No phlebitis cases were observed.", "PMID": 375819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3043", "title": "[Expression of the gene for tetracycline resistance of plasmids R6 and RP4 in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae].", "content": "It was found that manifestation of the tetracycline resistance gene depended on the type of the plasmid containing the gene. The tetracycline resistance gene was subject to less repression in plasmid R6 than in plasmid RP4. Sensitivity of the initial plasmid-free bacteria varied within lower dose ranges than that of the plasmid-carrying strains. Regulation of the tetracycline resistance gene manifestation in the given plasmid may change in different bacterial hosts, i.e. in different cytoplasmic environment at different gene background.", "contents": "[Expression of the gene for tetracycline resistance of plasmids R6 and RP4 in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae]. It was found that manifestation of the tetracycline resistance gene depended on the type of the plasmid containing the gene. The tetracycline resistance gene was subject to less repression in plasmid R6 than in plasmid RP4. Sensitivity of the initial plasmid-free bacteria varied within lower dose ranges than that of the plasmid-carrying strains. Regulation of the tetracycline resistance gene manifestation in the given plasmid may change in different bacterial hosts, i.e. in different cytoplasmic environment at different gene background.", "PMID": 375821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3044", "title": "[Experimental characteristics of the antileishmaniasis action of amphotericin B].", "content": "The efficacy of amphotericin B powder of the Soviet production was studied as a therapeutic agent in experimental zoonotic leishmaniosis of the skin form of mice and hamsters. Amphotericin B was administered per os and its action was compared with that of monomycin injected subcutaneously (50 mg/kg). Amphotericin B in a dose of 150 mg/kg administered for 30 days protected 96+/-0.07 and 76.4+/-0.9 per cent of the mice and hamsters respectively from development of the leishmaniosis clinical signs, 68.8+/-0.04 per cent of the animals being cured (in the treatment experiments). The effect of the antibiotic was analogous to that of monomycin administered parenterally. The study of the kinetics of amphotericin B showed that the antibiotic was well absorbed from the digestive tract of the animals into the blood which provided the chemotherapeutic effect.", "contents": "[Experimental characteristics of the antileishmaniasis action of amphotericin B]. The efficacy of amphotericin B powder of the Soviet production was studied as a therapeutic agent in experimental zoonotic leishmaniosis of the skin form of mice and hamsters. Amphotericin B was administered per os and its action was compared with that of monomycin injected subcutaneously (50 mg/kg). Amphotericin B in a dose of 150 mg/kg administered for 30 days protected 96+/-0.07 and 76.4+/-0.9 per cent of the mice and hamsters respectively from development of the leishmaniosis clinical signs, 68.8+/-0.04 per cent of the animals being cured (in the treatment experiments). The effect of the antibiotic was analogous to that of monomycin administered parenterally. The study of the kinetics of amphotericin B showed that the antibiotic was well absorbed from the digestive tract of the animals into the blood which provided the chemotherapeutic effect.", "PMID": 375822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3045", "title": "[Effect of the functional state of the internal organs on the pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin in angina].", "content": "The levels of benzylpenicillin on its intramuscular administration in doses of 100000 or 200000 units, as well as the renal and hepatic functions and the antibiotic binding by the host protein components were studied in 44 angina patients and 29 healthy persons. The benzylpenicillin levels were always markedly higher in the angina cases than those in the healthy persons. The ratio of the free and protein bound fractions of the antibiotic in the above groups was practically the same. At the same time the amount of benzylpenicillin excreted with the urine was higher in the angina patients than in the healthy persons approximately by 2 times. The study of the function of the internal organs revealed a marked decrease in the daily diuresis in all the angina patients and microhematuria in the 1/4 of the cases. The impairment of the renal function was determined by the laboratory methods practically in all the patients. On the basis of the data obtained it was concluded that the increased benzylpenicillin levels in the angina cases were connected with a decreased capacity for inactivating this substance by the liver enzymatic systems due to the changed function of this organ. The fact of the increased antibiotics levels in the host is considered as a positive phenomenon providing inhibition of the disease causative agents resistant to usual concentrations of the drug.", "contents": "[Effect of the functional state of the internal organs on the pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin in angina]. The levels of benzylpenicillin on its intramuscular administration in doses of 100000 or 200000 units, as well as the renal and hepatic functions and the antibiotic binding by the host protein components were studied in 44 angina patients and 29 healthy persons. The benzylpenicillin levels were always markedly higher in the angina cases than those in the healthy persons. The ratio of the free and protein bound fractions of the antibiotic in the above groups was practically the same. At the same time the amount of benzylpenicillin excreted with the urine was higher in the angina patients than in the healthy persons approximately by 2 times. The study of the function of the internal organs revealed a marked decrease in the daily diuresis in all the angina patients and microhematuria in the 1/4 of the cases. The impairment of the renal function was determined by the laboratory methods practically in all the patients. On the basis of the data obtained it was concluded that the increased benzylpenicillin levels in the angina cases were connected with a decreased capacity for inactivating this substance by the liver enzymatic systems due to the changed function of this organ. The fact of the increased antibiotics levels in the host is considered as a positive phenomenon providing inhibition of the disease causative agents resistant to usual concentrations of the drug.", "PMID": 375823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3046", "title": "[Structure of the microflora of suppurative wounds and its sensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "Clinico-bacteriological examination of patients with purulent infections showed that Staphylococcus was the predominating microflora in the wounds. Simultaneously an increasing role of gram-negative conditionally pathogenic bacteria was shown. Multiple drug resistance was found in the organisms tested. The highest sensitivity levels were observed to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, levomycetin. It was shown by means of special typing methods that staphylococci of phage group III and Ps. Aeruginosa of serotype II predominated in the infected wounds. When the pathological material contained the antibiotic resistant cultures of Ps. aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella and toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus, a tendency for prolongation of the suppurative process was observed.", "contents": "[Structure of the microflora of suppurative wounds and its sensitivity to antibiotics]. Clinico-bacteriological examination of patients with purulent infections showed that Staphylococcus was the predominating microflora in the wounds. Simultaneously an increasing role of gram-negative conditionally pathogenic bacteria was shown. Multiple drug resistance was found in the organisms tested. The highest sensitivity levels were observed to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, levomycetin. It was shown by means of special typing methods that staphylococci of phage group III and Ps. Aeruginosa of serotype II predominated in the infected wounds. When the pathological material contained the antibiotic resistant cultures of Ps. aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella and toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus, a tendency for prolongation of the suppurative process was observed.", "PMID": 375824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3047", "title": "[Comparative experimental study of cyclacillin and ampicillin].", "content": "Cyclacillin was compared with ampicillin by its bacteriostatic efficiency in vitro, chemotherapeutic efficiency in experimental infections of mice and rats and pharmacokinetic characteristics. It was found that cyclacillin was not superior to ampicillin by its antibacterial action. By a number of characteristics it was even significantly inferior. The pharmacokinetic advantages of cyclacillin were not considered significant.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental study of cyclacillin and ampicillin]. Cyclacillin was compared with ampicillin by its bacteriostatic efficiency in vitro, chemotherapeutic efficiency in experimental infections of mice and rats and pharmacokinetic characteristics. It was found that cyclacillin was not superior to ampicillin by its antibacterial action. By a number of characteristics it was even significantly inferior. The pharmacokinetic advantages of cyclacillin were not considered significant.", "PMID": 375825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3048", "title": "[Mechanisms of Proteus resistance to chloramphenicol].", "content": "Data on chloramphenicol sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains isolated within 1970--1975 and some mechanisms of their resistance to this antibiotic are presented. It was found that most of the Proteus strains (62.82 +/- 2.15 per cent) were resistant to chloramphenicol. 75 per cent of the isolates had resistance of transmissive character. Resistance of the Proteus cultures to chloramphenicol was not a stable feature and was lost during storage under laboratory conditions. Direct correlation between stability of the antibiotic resistance in the Proteus, the resistance level and the period of the culture storage was found. It was shown that the transmissive resistance to chloramphenicol in the Proteus cultures was due to synthesis of a highly active constituitive chloramphenicol-inactivating enzyme. Direct relation between the Proteus resistance level to chloramphenicol and the rate of the enzyme synthesis was noted. A number of the Proteus strains phenotypically sensitive to this antibiotic was capable of its inactivation. Still, the activity of the enzyme was low. The rate of the enzyme synthesis and the level of the acquired resistance in the chloramphenicol resistant mutants depended on the presence or absence of the enzyme in the cells of the initial sensitive strain. The capacity for chloramphenicol accumulation in a number of the chloramphenicol resistant mutants of the Proteus was decreased.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of Proteus resistance to chloramphenicol]. Data on chloramphenicol sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains isolated within 1970--1975 and some mechanisms of their resistance to this antibiotic are presented. It was found that most of the Proteus strains (62.82 +/- 2.15 per cent) were resistant to chloramphenicol. 75 per cent of the isolates had resistance of transmissive character. Resistance of the Proteus cultures to chloramphenicol was not a stable feature and was lost during storage under laboratory conditions. Direct correlation between stability of the antibiotic resistance in the Proteus, the resistance level and the period of the culture storage was found. It was shown that the transmissive resistance to chloramphenicol in the Proteus cultures was due to synthesis of a highly active constituitive chloramphenicol-inactivating enzyme. Direct relation between the Proteus resistance level to chloramphenicol and the rate of the enzyme synthesis was noted. A number of the Proteus strains phenotypically sensitive to this antibiotic was capable of its inactivation. Still, the activity of the enzyme was low. The rate of the enzyme synthesis and the level of the acquired resistance in the chloramphenicol resistant mutants depended on the presence or absence of the enzyme in the cells of the initial sensitive strain. The capacity for chloramphenicol accumulation in a number of the chloramphenicol resistant mutants of the Proteus was decreased.", "PMID": 375826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3049", "title": "[Interrelationship between the serum lysozyme level and the leukocyte count in Sonne and Flexner dysenteries].", "content": "Interrelation between the level of the serum lysozyme and the count of the leucocytes, as well as the severity of the disease was found in testing of the peripheral blood of 133 patients with acute Sonnei and Flexner dysentery. It is recommended to use the lysozyme index in the clinical practice as one of the additional criteria for estimation of the severity of acute dysentery.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the serum lysozyme level and the leukocyte count in Sonne and Flexner dysenteries]. Interrelation between the level of the serum lysozyme and the count of the leucocytes, as well as the severity of the disease was found in testing of the peripheral blood of 133 patients with acute Sonnei and Flexner dysentery. It is recommended to use the lysozyme index in the clinical practice as one of the additional criteria for estimation of the severity of acute dysentery.", "PMID": 375827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3050", "title": "Biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycoproteins: nature of some participating glycolipids.", "content": "A particulate membrane preparation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzed the incorporation of mannose from GDP-mannose into lipids that were extractable in chloroform-methanol. One lipid has been previously characterized as dolichyl phosphomannose. Another one was purified by chromatography on silicic acid, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20 was found to be alkali unstable. The lipid moiety was shown to be dolichol and the glycosydic part contained mannose, glucose and glucosamine. Radioactive mannose was also incorporated at a slower rate into more polar compounds. They were soluble in chloroform-methanol-water and were seen to liberate neutral oligosaccharides after alkaline hydrolysis. Radioactive mannose was also incorporated into substances which behave chemically as glycoproteins since they were insoluble in organic solvents, water and trichloroactic acid. Pronase treatment of the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material released water-soluble oligosaccharides. When the particulate preparation which had been extracted with chloroform-methanol at-20 C, was incubated with GDP-(U-14C)mannose, radioactivity was incorporated into glycolipids that were soluble in chloroform-methanol-water and into glycoproteins. This result suggests that at least part of the mannose was transferred to endogenous acceptors independent of dolichyl phosphomannose.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycoproteins: nature of some participating glycolipids. A particulate membrane preparation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzed the incorporation of mannose from GDP-mannose into lipids that were extractable in chloroform-methanol. One lipid has been previously characterized as dolichyl phosphomannose. Another one was purified by chromatography on silicic acid, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20 was found to be alkali unstable. The lipid moiety was shown to be dolichol and the glycosydic part contained mannose, glucose and glucosamine. Radioactive mannose was also incorporated at a slower rate into more polar compounds. They were soluble in chloroform-methanol-water and were seen to liberate neutral oligosaccharides after alkaline hydrolysis. Radioactive mannose was also incorporated into substances which behave chemically as glycoproteins since they were insoluble in organic solvents, water and trichloroactic acid. Pronase treatment of the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material released water-soluble oligosaccharides. When the particulate preparation which had been extracted with chloroform-methanol at-20 C, was incubated with GDP-(U-14C)mannose, radioactivity was incorporated into glycolipids that were soluble in chloroform-methanol-water and into glycoproteins. This result suggests that at least part of the mannose was transferred to endogenous acceptors independent of dolichyl phosphomannose.", "PMID": 375831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3051", "title": "L-Alanine as an end product of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under different hypoxic conditions.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under anaerobic or other hypoxic conditions releases L-alanine into the culture medium as an end product of glycolysis. Although the production of alanine is not as high as that of other fermentation products (ethanol, glycerol, succinic acid), consideration of the pathways leading to alanine in fermenting yeasts indicates that the release of alanine is advantageous to the cellular economy and may be considered as a safety device for excreting reducing equivalents derived from NADPH. No significant changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase are found in the yeast when grown under different conditions.", "contents": "L-Alanine as an end product of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under different hypoxic conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under anaerobic or other hypoxic conditions releases L-alanine into the culture medium as an end product of glycolysis. Although the production of alanine is not as high as that of other fermentation products (ethanol, glycerol, succinic acid), consideration of the pathways leading to alanine in fermenting yeasts indicates that the release of alanine is advantageous to the cellular economy and may be considered as a safety device for excreting reducing equivalents derived from NADPH. No significant changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase are found in the yeast when grown under different conditions.", "PMID": 375832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3052", "title": "Compression as a treatment of cancer, a historical survey.", "content": "Compression in medicine goes far back in history. In ancient Rome and during the Renaissance compression by means of leaden plates was a well-known treatment of cancer. Compression flourished particularly in the first half of the 19th century, in Great Britain encouraged by the publications of Young and Arnott and Walshe, in France especially by the work of R\u00e9camier. Around 1850 this treatment fell into discredit: on the one hand because of improved surgical possibilities, on the other because not all the alleged cures concerned true malignancies. The results were, on the whole, disappointing. Quite recently, compression re-appeared as a treatment of carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Compression as a treatment of cancer, a historical survey. Compression in medicine goes far back in history. In ancient Rome and during the Renaissance compression by means of leaden plates was a well-known treatment of cancer. Compression flourished particularly in the first half of the 19th century, in Great Britain encouraged by the publications of Young and Arnott and Walshe, in France especially by the work of R\u00e9camier. Around 1850 this treatment fell into discredit: on the one hand because of improved surgical possibilities, on the other because not all the alleged cures concerned true malignancies. The results were, on the whole, disappointing. Quite recently, compression re-appeared as a treatment of carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 375837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3053", "title": "Low-dose heparin prophylaxis in herniorrhaphy? A prospective trial in bleeding complications.", "content": "Low-dose heparin (L.D.H.) prophylaxis gives good protection against deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.). In the case of subjects presenting for herniorrhaphy the literature is less unanimous regarding the chance of wound hematoma. In this prospective randomised, matched trial in 86 patients, a wound hematoma incidence of 36 percent was noted in the treatment group as against 7% in the control group. This is statistically significant at the P less than 0.001 level.", "contents": "Low-dose heparin prophylaxis in herniorrhaphy? A prospective trial in bleeding complications. Low-dose heparin (L.D.H.) prophylaxis gives good protection against deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.). In the case of subjects presenting for herniorrhaphy the literature is less unanimous regarding the chance of wound hematoma. In this prospective randomised, matched trial in 86 patients, a wound hematoma incidence of 36 percent was noted in the treatment group as against 7% in the control group. This is statistically significant at the P less than 0.001 level.", "PMID": 375838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3054", "title": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis. A clinical cooperative study of PUVA-48 and PUVA-64.", "content": "A clinical cooperative study involving 14 centers evaluated photochemotherapy (psoralen and high-intensity long-wave ultraviolet light [PUVA]) for psoriasis. Results from 465 patients treated with a PUVA-48 unit (equipped with 48 high-intensity UVA bulbs) and 110 patients treated with a PUVA-64 unit (equipped with 64 high-intensity UVA bulbs) confirmed the effectiveness of photochemotherapy for psoriasis. Clearing of psoriasis occurred in 85% of patients on PUVA-48 therapy. Mean number of treatments, joules per square centimeter, to clear, and total joules at clearing were similar to other reported trials. The plateau method of clearing resulted in lower joules per square centimeter at clearing, total joules per square centimeter, and number of treatments than the nonplateau method. Maintenance therapy groups were mainly M1 (once weekly) or M4 (no treatment for more than 60 days). No meaningful laboratory abnormalities were detected and ophthalmologic examinations showed a few abnormal results following PUVA. Short-term side effects were mainly erythema, nausea, and pruritus. The effectiveness and short-term safety of PUVA for psoriasis has now been confirmed by a second large cooperative study.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis. A clinical cooperative study of PUVA-48 and PUVA-64. A clinical cooperative study involving 14 centers evaluated photochemotherapy (psoralen and high-intensity long-wave ultraviolet light [PUVA]) for psoriasis. Results from 465 patients treated with a PUVA-48 unit (equipped with 48 high-intensity UVA bulbs) and 110 patients treated with a PUVA-64 unit (equipped with 64 high-intensity UVA bulbs) confirmed the effectiveness of photochemotherapy for psoriasis. Clearing of psoriasis occurred in 85% of patients on PUVA-48 therapy. Mean number of treatments, joules per square centimeter, to clear, and total joules at clearing were similar to other reported trials. The plateau method of clearing resulted in lower joules per square centimeter at clearing, total joules per square centimeter, and number of treatments than the nonplateau method. Maintenance therapy groups were mainly M1 (once weekly) or M4 (no treatment for more than 60 days). No meaningful laboratory abnormalities were detected and ophthalmologic examinations showed a few abnormal results following PUVA. Short-term side effects were mainly erythema, nausea, and pruritus. The effectiveness and short-term safety of PUVA for psoriasis has now been confirmed by a second large cooperative study.", "PMID": 375839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3055", "title": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis occurred in a 20-month-old girl. She had granular lgA, C3, and fibrin bound to the basement membrane zone of the skin by direct immunofluorescence and negative serum antibodies against the skin on indirect immunofluorescence. The HLA typing of peripheral lymphocytes was A1, Aw30, B8, Bw51 without clinical evidence of malabsorption syndrome. A rapid improvement was observed on dapsone therapy. These findings strongly suggest that juvenile dermatitis hepetiformis is a disease entity different from chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "contents": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis. Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis occurred in a 20-month-old girl. She had granular lgA, C3, and fibrin bound to the basement membrane zone of the skin by direct immunofluorescence and negative serum antibodies against the skin on indirect immunofluorescence. The HLA typing of peripheral lymphocytes was A1, Aw30, B8, Bw51 without clinical evidence of malabsorption syndrome. A rapid improvement was observed on dapsone therapy. These findings strongly suggest that juvenile dermatitis hepetiformis is a disease entity different from chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "PMID": 375840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3056", "title": "Immunopathology of psoriasis.", "content": "Immunofluorescence (IF) studies by the direct and indirect methods demonstrate immunoglobulins and complement bound in vivo in psoriatic scales. The IF pattern is comparable to that of stratum corneum antibodies (SCAb) bound in vitro on specific substrate, as visualized by the indirect IF method. Formation of immune complexes can be responsible for the \"squirting papilla\" phenomenon, and conversion of the stratum corneum - which is normally an inaccessible antigen - into its reactive form seems to be brought about by proteases of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Stimulation of protease production by polymorphonuclears appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The stratum corneum of the epidermis is probably the target, and becomes an antigen for SCAb present in the circulation.", "contents": "Immunopathology of psoriasis. Immunofluorescence (IF) studies by the direct and indirect methods demonstrate immunoglobulins and complement bound in vivo in psoriatic scales. The IF pattern is comparable to that of stratum corneum antibodies (SCAb) bound in vitro on specific substrate, as visualized by the indirect IF method. Formation of immune complexes can be responsible for the \"squirting papilla\" phenomenon, and conversion of the stratum corneum - which is normally an inaccessible antigen - into its reactive form seems to be brought about by proteases of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Stimulation of protease production by polymorphonuclears appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The stratum corneum of the epidermis is probably the target, and becomes an antigen for SCAb present in the circulation.", "PMID": 375844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3057", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole: long-term results and immune changes.", "content": "We treated 29 rheumatoid arthritis patients with levamisole. on the basis of a 25% improvement in any 3 of 6 measurements 95% of the patients had a favourable response within 20 weeks. However, 64% of the patients discontinued levamisole by 40 to 60 weeks because of rash or secondary treatment failures. Delayed skin reactivity to streptokinase-streptodornase increased significantly in the entire treatment group, but there was in inverse correlation between skin test enhancement and clinical response. There was no overall change in lymphocytes response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) after 4 and 16 weeks of treatment, but seven patients with enhanced lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA experienced an earlier clinical response to levamisole. Treatment with levamisole frequently results in clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis, but this is not clearly related to a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity. Its long-term usefulness may be limited by a high incidence of relapse and rash.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole: long-term results and immune changes. We treated 29 rheumatoid arthritis patients with levamisole. on the basis of a 25% improvement in any 3 of 6 measurements 95% of the patients had a favourable response within 20 weeks. However, 64% of the patients discontinued levamisole by 40 to 60 weeks because of rash or secondary treatment failures. Delayed skin reactivity to streptokinase-streptodornase increased significantly in the entire treatment group, but there was in inverse correlation between skin test enhancement and clinical response. There was no overall change in lymphocytes response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) after 4 and 16 weeks of treatment, but seven patients with enhanced lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA experienced an earlier clinical response to levamisole. Treatment with levamisole frequently results in clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis, but this is not clearly related to a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity. Its long-term usefulness may be limited by a high incidence of relapse and rash.", "PMID": 375847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3058", "title": "Diflunisal in osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee.", "content": "Diflunisal (750 mg per day) has been compared with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (3000 mg per day) in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee in a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, outpatient study. Thirty-one patients entered the diflunisal group and 29 the ASA group. The response of the 2 groups was comparable, but the incidence of side effects was higher in the ASA group. At the end of the 12-week period more patients in the diflunisal group chose to remain in a further, open study.", "contents": "Diflunisal in osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee. Diflunisal (750 mg per day) has been compared with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (3000 mg per day) in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee in a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, outpatient study. Thirty-one patients entered the diflunisal group and 29 the ASA group. The response of the 2 groups was comparable, but the incidence of side effects was higher in the ASA group. At the end of the 12-week period more patients in the diflunisal group chose to remain in a further, open study.", "PMID": 375849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3059", "title": "Indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical effects, pharmacokinetics, and platelet studies in responders and nonresponders.", "content": "Twenty patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis entered and completed a sequential study of placebo for 1 week, oral indomethacin 25 mg 3 times a day for 3 weeks, and oral indomethacin 25 mg 3 times a day plus 100 mg indomethacin suppository at night for 3 weeks. Twelve of the patients had previously been classified as responders and eight as nonresponders to indomethacin by an independent assessor. At the end of each period patients were assessed by a blind observer for duration of morning stiffness, pain score, digital joint size, grip strength, articular index, analgesic tablet usage, and the patient's own overall global assessment and comparative global assessment. In 8 of the 9 tests used responders improved on indomethacin in comparison with placebo, while nonresponders did not improve. There were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the plasma half-life, plasma clearance of indomethacin, protein binding of indomethacin, or urinary excretion of free or conjugated indomethacin. There were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the urinary excretion of 7HDPA or in the platelet aggregation or platelet malonyldialdehyde production tests. In responders there was a significant positive correlation between the plasma indomethacin concentration (r=0.44, P<0.05) and the percentage inhibition of malonyldialdehyde production by the platelets. However, in nonresponders this correlation, while significant (P<0.05), was negative (r=-0.498). Both for responders and nonresponders there was a significant correlation between plasma indomethacin concentration and the percentage reduction in 7HDPA. There was no correlation between the clinical response and the plasma concentration of indomethacin. There appears to be a biochemical difference between responders and nonresponders, which, while not necessarily causally linked with the clinical response to indomethacin, is worthy of further study.", "contents": "Indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical effects, pharmacokinetics, and platelet studies in responders and nonresponders. Twenty patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis entered and completed a sequential study of placebo for 1 week, oral indomethacin 25 mg 3 times a day for 3 weeks, and oral indomethacin 25 mg 3 times a day plus 100 mg indomethacin suppository at night for 3 weeks. Twelve of the patients had previously been classified as responders and eight as nonresponders to indomethacin by an independent assessor. At the end of each period patients were assessed by a blind observer for duration of morning stiffness, pain score, digital joint size, grip strength, articular index, analgesic tablet usage, and the patient's own overall global assessment and comparative global assessment. In 8 of the 9 tests used responders improved on indomethacin in comparison with placebo, while nonresponders did not improve. There were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the plasma half-life, plasma clearance of indomethacin, protein binding of indomethacin, or urinary excretion of free or conjugated indomethacin. There were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the urinary excretion of 7HDPA or in the platelet aggregation or platelet malonyldialdehyde production tests. In responders there was a significant positive correlation between the plasma indomethacin concentration (r=0.44, P<0.05) and the percentage inhibition of malonyldialdehyde production by the platelets. However, in nonresponders this correlation, while significant (P<0.05), was negative (r=-0.498). Both for responders and nonresponders there was a significant correlation between plasma indomethacin concentration and the percentage reduction in 7HDPA. There was no correlation between the clinical response and the plasma concentration of indomethacin. There appears to be a biochemical difference between responders and nonresponders, which, while not necessarily causally linked with the clinical response to indomethacin, is worthy of further study.", "PMID": 375848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3060", "title": "Naproxen in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Naproxen at 10 mg per kg body weight was compared with aspirin at 80 mg per kg body weight in children suffering from juvenile chronic polyarthritis. It was found to be as effective as aspirin, with certainly no more and possibly fewer gastrointestinal side effects. A long-term tolerance study up to 12 months confirmed that naproxed was a satisfactory nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the management of various types of juvenile chronic arthritis.", "contents": "Naproxen in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Naproxen at 10 mg per kg body weight was compared with aspirin at 80 mg per kg body weight in children suffering from juvenile chronic polyarthritis. It was found to be as effective as aspirin, with certainly no more and possibly fewer gastrointestinal side effects. A long-term tolerance study up to 12 months confirmed that naproxed was a satisfactory nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the management of various types of juvenile chronic arthritis.", "PMID": 375850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3061", "title": "How long should long be? Long-term trials in rheumatic diseases.", "content": "In the interests of the safety of patients it is necessary to collect long-term clinical data. It is often assumed that the longer the trial the better. However, the longer the trial the more scientific compromises are necessary if it is to be carried out in a practical way. Because the therapeutic efficacy of and tolerance to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac was established after 6 months' trial the optimal duration for a comparative long-term trial of this preparation is 6 months. The small amount of information gained from trials of diclofenac longer than this did not justify the reduction in quality of trial design and performance that they required. Thus it would appear that at least for 1 antirheumatic drug the assumption that 'the longer the trial the better' is not true.", "contents": "How long should long be? Long-term trials in rheumatic diseases. In the interests of the safety of patients it is necessary to collect long-term clinical data. It is often assumed that the longer the trial the better. However, the longer the trial the more scientific compromises are necessary if it is to be carried out in a practical way. Because the therapeutic efficacy of and tolerance to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac was established after 6 months' trial the optimal duration for a comparative long-term trial of this preparation is 6 months. The small amount of information gained from trials of diclofenac longer than this did not justify the reduction in quality of trial design and performance that they required. Thus it would appear that at least for 1 antirheumatic drug the assumption that 'the longer the trial the better' is not true.", "PMID": 375851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3062", "title": "Experimental pulmonary edema. The effect of unilateral PEEP on the accumulation of lung water.", "content": "The effect of PEEP in retarding the development of pulmonary edema produced by elevation of left atrial (LA) pressure to 25cm water was studied in dogs, Using two synchronized volume respirators connected to a double lumen endotracheal tube, 10 or 25cm H2O PEEP was applied to one lung while the contralateral lung was ventilated with an equal tidal volume without PEEP. LA pressure was then elevated by inflating a Foley catheter ballon in the LA until the desired LA pressure was reached. After three hours of pulmonary edema with ventilation of one lung with PEEP lung water was quantitated by wet-to-dry weights. There were no differences in wet to dry weights of PEEP and nonPEEP lungs at either 10 or 25cm H2O level. Additional blood flow studies showed that 25cm H2O of PEEP reduced blood flow to the PEEP lung by 25% and to the nonPEEP lung by 7%. This study shows that PEEP will not mechanically retard the accumulation of lung water due to increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "Experimental pulmonary edema. The effect of unilateral PEEP on the accumulation of lung water. The effect of PEEP in retarding the development of pulmonary edema produced by elevation of left atrial (LA) pressure to 25cm water was studied in dogs, Using two synchronized volume respirators connected to a double lumen endotracheal tube, 10 or 25cm H2O PEEP was applied to one lung while the contralateral lung was ventilated with an equal tidal volume without PEEP. LA pressure was then elevated by inflating a Foley catheter ballon in the LA until the desired LA pressure was reached. After three hours of pulmonary edema with ventilation of one lung with PEEP lung water was quantitated by wet-to-dry weights. There were no differences in wet to dry weights of PEEP and nonPEEP lungs at either 10 or 25cm H2O level. Additional blood flow studies showed that 25cm H2O of PEEP reduced blood flow to the PEEP lung by 25% and to the nonPEEP lung by 7%. This study shows that PEEP will not mechanically retard the accumulation of lung water due to increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 375852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3063", "title": "Factors determining the mortality and morbidity in hepatic injuries. Analysis of 108 cases.", "content": "The experience with 108 cases of hepatic injuries was reviewed retrospectively and a classification based on the severity of the hepatic injury was used to group these patients accordingly. Using this criteria, the factors determining the observed morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Hepatic injuries amenable to relatively simple surgical treatment were found in 72 patients (67%). Nine deaths occurring in this group were attributed to the commonly encountered associated injuries inside and outside the abdomen. Moderately severe imjuries requiring suturing of the hepatic parenchyma and ligation of injured vessels and bile ducts were seen in 15 patients (14%). Two of these patients died. Severe hepatic injuries resulting in major blood loss requiring partial hepatectomy were seen in 21 patients (19%). Seven of the eight deaths (7.4%) attributable to the hepatic injury occurred in this group. As noted, ten other patients died from causes other than the hepatic injury for an overall mortality of 16.7%. A pre-established patient management program based on the classification of hepatic injuries is proposed as a method for improving the management of patients with hepatic injuries.", "contents": "Factors determining the mortality and morbidity in hepatic injuries. Analysis of 108 cases. The experience with 108 cases of hepatic injuries was reviewed retrospectively and a classification based on the severity of the hepatic injury was used to group these patients accordingly. Using this criteria, the factors determining the observed morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Hepatic injuries amenable to relatively simple surgical treatment were found in 72 patients (67%). Nine deaths occurring in this group were attributed to the commonly encountered associated injuries inside and outside the abdomen. Moderately severe imjuries requiring suturing of the hepatic parenchyma and ligation of injured vessels and bile ducts were seen in 15 patients (14%). Two of these patients died. Severe hepatic injuries resulting in major blood loss requiring partial hepatectomy were seen in 21 patients (19%). Seven of the eight deaths (7.4%) attributable to the hepatic injury occurred in this group. As noted, ten other patients died from causes other than the hepatic injury for an overall mortality of 16.7%. A pre-established patient management program based on the classification of hepatic injuries is proposed as a method for improving the management of patients with hepatic injuries.", "PMID": 375853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3064", "title": "Presidential address: the woman in the case. Jane Todd Crawford, 1763--1842.", "content": "The 1978 Presidential Address of the Southern Surgical Association is dedicated to the wives of the members, past and present, in acknowledgment and appreciation of the enduring contribution that they have made to the quality and character of this association.", "contents": "Presidential address: the woman in the case. Jane Todd Crawford, 1763--1842. The 1978 Presidential Address of the Southern Surgical Association is dedicated to the wives of the members, past and present, in acknowledgment and appreciation of the enduring contribution that they have made to the quality and character of this association.", "PMID": 375854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3065", "title": "The role of HLA tissue matching in cadaveric kidney transplantation.", "content": "The role of HLA match in donor--recipient selection has been studied in 271 patients who received cadaver transplants during a 10-year period. This series included 36 four-antigen matches, 181 three-antigen matches and 54 two-antigen matches. Our results support the concept that better results can be expected when better matched kidneys are utilized for transplantation.", "contents": "The role of HLA tissue matching in cadaveric kidney transplantation. The role of HLA match in donor--recipient selection has been studied in 271 patients who received cadaver transplants during a 10-year period. This series included 36 four-antigen matches, 181 three-antigen matches and 54 two-antigen matches. Our results support the concept that better results can be expected when better matched kidneys are utilized for transplantation.", "PMID": 375855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3066", "title": "A diagnostic approach to the adult with fever of unknown origin.", "content": "The evaluation of the condition of a patient with fever of unknown origin requires a knowledge of those disorders that produce this syndrome, an awareness of the potential significance of subtle findings in the history and physical examination, and an appreciation of the value in this clinical setting of specific diagnostic procedures. In this report, we review these aspects of fever of unknown origin and outline a diagnostic approach to the persistently febrile patient.", "contents": "A diagnostic approach to the adult with fever of unknown origin. The evaluation of the condition of a patient with fever of unknown origin requires a knowledge of those disorders that produce this syndrome, an awareness of the potential significance of subtle findings in the history and physical examination, and an appreciation of the value in this clinical setting of specific diagnostic procedures. In this report, we review these aspects of fever of unknown origin and outline a diagnostic approach to the persistently febrile patient.", "PMID": 375856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3067", "title": "Albuterol and isoproterenol in bronchial asthma. Efficacy and toxicity of drugs administered via intermittent positive pressure breathing.", "content": "This study compared the efficacy and side effects of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg of albuterol and isoproterenol hydrochloride administered by intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) to 12 patients with reversible airway obstruction. Equal doses of the two medications induced similar peak increases in pulmonary function, but the increase following albuterol persisted longer. The degree of bronchodilation was impressive; 15 mg of albuterol induced a mean increase over six hours of 82% in the forced expiratory volume in one second. Significant cardiovascular side effects were more common after isoproterenol than after albuterol. Albuterol is superior to isoproterenol as a bronchodilator when administered by IPPB because, for a given peak bronchodilation, cardiovascular side effects are fewer and bronchodilation persists longer with albuterol. The optimal dose of isoproterenol hydrochloride is 2.5 to 5.0 mg and the optimal dose of albuterol is 10 mg when these drugs are given by IPPB.", "contents": "Albuterol and isoproterenol in bronchial asthma. Efficacy and toxicity of drugs administered via intermittent positive pressure breathing. This study compared the efficacy and side effects of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg of albuterol and isoproterenol hydrochloride administered by intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) to 12 patients with reversible airway obstruction. Equal doses of the two medications induced similar peak increases in pulmonary function, but the increase following albuterol persisted longer. The degree of bronchodilation was impressive; 15 mg of albuterol induced a mean increase over six hours of 82% in the forced expiratory volume in one second. Significant cardiovascular side effects were more common after isoproterenol than after albuterol. Albuterol is superior to isoproterenol as a bronchodilator when administered by IPPB because, for a given peak bronchodilation, cardiovascular side effects are fewer and bronchodilation persists longer with albuterol. The optimal dose of isoproterenol hydrochloride is 2.5 to 5.0 mg and the optimal dose of albuterol is 10 mg when these drugs are given by IPPB.", "PMID": 375857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3068", "title": "Oropharyngeal candidiasis treated with a troche form of clotrimazole.", "content": "A randomized double-blind trial was conducted to assess the local effectiveness and safety of a troche form of clotrimazole in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients. One half of the patients received one 10-mg troche and the other half received one 50-mg troche, five times a day for two weeks. Clinical cures were observed in 50 episodes, resulting in a cure rate of 96%. The median duration of oropharyngeal candidiasis after the start of therapy was three days in those treated with the 50-mg troche and four days in those who had received the 10-mg troche. Side effects were minimal, and only one patient experienced nausea and abdominal pain. Both the 10-mg and 50-mg troches appear to be efficacious and safe, but the 50-mg dose may be preferable because it is somewhat more effective without additional toxicity.", "contents": "Oropharyngeal candidiasis treated with a troche form of clotrimazole. A randomized double-blind trial was conducted to assess the local effectiveness and safety of a troche form of clotrimazole in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients. One half of the patients received one 10-mg troche and the other half received one 50-mg troche, five times a day for two weeks. Clinical cures were observed in 50 episodes, resulting in a cure rate of 96%. The median duration of oropharyngeal candidiasis after the start of therapy was three days in those treated with the 50-mg troche and four days in those who had received the 10-mg troche. Side effects were minimal, and only one patient experienced nausea and abdominal pain. Both the 10-mg and 50-mg troches appear to be efficacious and safe, but the 50-mg dose may be preferable because it is somewhat more effective without additional toxicity.", "PMID": 375858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3069", "title": "High blood pressure. A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food.", "content": "Arterial hypertension, either transient or persistent, may be induced or aggravated by ingestion of various chemical agents, such as drugs, poisons, and food. Most of these agents either cause sodium retention and expand extracellular fluid volume or act as direct or indirect sympathomimetics. Others act directly on arteriolar smooth muscle. For a few agents, no precise mechanism has been ascertained. Hypertensive reactions may also occur as a result of drug interactions or food and drug interactions. In addition, paradoxical increases in pressure may be encountered during or after discontinuance of antihypertensive therapy. In general, these pressure increases are small and transient; however, a few have been associated with severe hypertension involving encephalopathy, strokes, and irreversible renal failure. Careful review of a patient's drug regimen, including over-the-counter preparations, may avoid chemically induced hypertension. Identification of any offending or incriminating agent will prevent the labeling of a chronic illness and obviate the need for lifelong antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "High blood pressure. A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food. Arterial hypertension, either transient or persistent, may be induced or aggravated by ingestion of various chemical agents, such as drugs, poisons, and food. Most of these agents either cause sodium retention and expand extracellular fluid volume or act as direct or indirect sympathomimetics. Others act directly on arteriolar smooth muscle. For a few agents, no precise mechanism has been ascertained. Hypertensive reactions may also occur as a result of drug interactions or food and drug interactions. In addition, paradoxical increases in pressure may be encountered during or after discontinuance of antihypertensive therapy. In general, these pressure increases are small and transient; however, a few have been associated with severe hypertension involving encephalopathy, strokes, and irreversible renal failure. Careful review of a patient's drug regimen, including over-the-counter preparations, may avoid chemically induced hypertension. Identification of any offending or incriminating agent will prevent the labeling of a chronic illness and obviate the need for lifelong antihypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 375859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3070", "title": "Pulvomycin, an inhibitor of prokaryotic protein biosynthesis.", "content": "Antibiotic 1063-Z isolated from culture fluids of Streptoverticillium mobaraense was identified as pulvomycin. Pulvomycin was observed to inhibit protein biosynthesis in growing cells of Bacillus brevis. The poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis in cell-free systems of Bacillus brevis and Escherichia coli was highly susceptible to the antibiotic. Pulvomycin did not affect the transfer of Phe to tRNA. The results suggest that the target of pulvomycin action is the polypeptide chain elongation.", "contents": "Pulvomycin, an inhibitor of prokaryotic protein biosynthesis. Antibiotic 1063-Z isolated from culture fluids of Streptoverticillium mobaraense was identified as pulvomycin. Pulvomycin was observed to inhibit protein biosynthesis in growing cells of Bacillus brevis. The poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis in cell-free systems of Bacillus brevis and Escherichia coli was highly susceptible to the antibiotic. Pulvomycin did not affect the transfer of Phe to tRNA. The results suggest that the target of pulvomycin action is the polypeptide chain elongation.", "PMID": 375861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3071", "title": "[Determination of fetal infectious risk by bacteriological examination of the amniotic fluid after premature rupture of the membranes].", "content": "Amniotic fluid was obtained per vagina from 228 mothers with premature rupture of the membranes and examined bacteriologically. The aim was to assess the importance of amniotic fluid contamination and the risk of foetal infection in the absence of systematic antibiotic therapy in the mothers. The incidence of amniotic fluid contamination was apparently greater in those mothers who had received antibiotics although the proportion of neonates with a true infection (3%) was almost identical. The absence of selection of resistant organisms is indicated by the marked preponderance of streptococci and the scarcity of Gram negative enterobacteriacae. Thus it is reasonable not to give systemic antibiotics but to culture the amniotic fluid. Infection can then be anticipated and in affected neonates the appropriate therapy started immediately.", "contents": "[Determination of fetal infectious risk by bacteriological examination of the amniotic fluid after premature rupture of the membranes]. Amniotic fluid was obtained per vagina from 228 mothers with premature rupture of the membranes and examined bacteriologically. The aim was to assess the importance of amniotic fluid contamination and the risk of foetal infection in the absence of systematic antibiotic therapy in the mothers. The incidence of amniotic fluid contamination was apparently greater in those mothers who had received antibiotics although the proportion of neonates with a true infection (3%) was almost identical. The absence of selection of resistant organisms is indicated by the marked preponderance of streptococci and the scarcity of Gram negative enterobacteriacae. Thus it is reasonable not to give systemic antibiotics but to culture the amniotic fluid. Infection can then be anticipated and in affected neonates the appropriate therapy started immediately.", "PMID": 375864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3072", "title": "Clozapine, chlorpromazine, and placebo in newly hospitalized, acutely schizophrenic patients: a controlled, double-blind comparison.", "content": "Clozapine is a unique compound belonging to a relatively new group of antipsychotic agents, the dibenzazepines. To our knowledge, the present study represents the first double-blind, controlled comparison recorded in the United States. The data suggest that clozapine in the present population of newly admitted, acutely psychotic schizophrenic individuals, and in the doses employed, was more effective in overall improvement response, discharge rate, and ameliorating discrete symptoms across the different objective rating scales used than was chlorpromazine (Thorazine) hydrochloride. Placebo was ineffective. Unlike chlorpromazine, no extrapyramidal reactions occurred in those patients ingesting clozapine. Clozapine was also beneficial in reversing abnormal involuntary motor movements. It is an excellent anxiolytic and hypnotic agent. Sedation, hypotension, and hypersalivation are among the more common side effects observed.", "contents": "Clozapine, chlorpromazine, and placebo in newly hospitalized, acutely schizophrenic patients: a controlled, double-blind comparison. Clozapine is a unique compound belonging to a relatively new group of antipsychotic agents, the dibenzazepines. To our knowledge, the present study represents the first double-blind, controlled comparison recorded in the United States. The data suggest that clozapine in the present population of newly admitted, acutely psychotic schizophrenic individuals, and in the doses employed, was more effective in overall improvement response, discharge rate, and ameliorating discrete symptoms across the different objective rating scales used than was chlorpromazine (Thorazine) hydrochloride. Placebo was ineffective. Unlike chlorpromazine, no extrapyramidal reactions occurred in those patients ingesting clozapine. Clozapine was also beneficial in reversing abnormal involuntary motor movements. It is an excellent anxiolytic and hypnotic agent. Sedation, hypotension, and hypersalivation are among the more common side effects observed.", "PMID": 375865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3073", "title": "Application of a combined rosette-fluorescent test in studies on leukemia cells.", "content": "In 13 healthy blood donors and 42 patients with leukemia and lymphosarcoma, the combined rosette-fluorescent test allowed simultaneous evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemia cells for presence of membrane immunoglobulins and sheep erythrocyte receptors. In healthy subjects, the mean value for T cells was 68 +/- 9%, for B cells 16 +/- 5%, for nonreceptor cells 15 +/- 8%, and for cells possessing both markers 0.6 +/-0.8%. In cases of acute leukemia, nonreceptor cells predominated (59 +/-24%), and values for T cells were usually low (19 +/- 13%). In chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphosarcoma, B and \"null\" cells usually predominated more or less. In all patients values for double-receptor cells were low. The combined test proved to be a convenient method for simultaneous evaluation of both markers. It is also useful for recognizing blastic leukemia cells devoid of both receptors and for determing values for T and B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Application of a combined rosette-fluorescent test in studies on leukemia cells. In 13 healthy blood donors and 42 patients with leukemia and lymphosarcoma, the combined rosette-fluorescent test allowed simultaneous evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemia cells for presence of membrane immunoglobulins and sheep erythrocyte receptors. In healthy subjects, the mean value for T cells was 68 +/- 9%, for B cells 16 +/- 5%, for nonreceptor cells 15 +/- 8%, and for cells possessing both markers 0.6 +/-0.8%. In cases of acute leukemia, nonreceptor cells predominated (59 +/-24%), and values for T cells were usually low (19 +/- 13%). In chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphosarcoma, B and \"null\" cells usually predominated more or less. In all patients values for double-receptor cells were low. The combined test proved to be a convenient method for simultaneous evaluation of both markers. It is also useful for recognizing blastic leukemia cells devoid of both receptors and for determing values for T and B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 375866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3074", "title": "A one-stage test for simultaneous study of migration inhibition factor of peripheral leukocytes (LIF) and migration inhibition factor of mouse spleen cells (MSIF).", "content": "A one-stage modification of the test of the migration inhibition is described, which permits stimultaneous study of the factor influencing in vitro migration of peripheral blood leukocytes and mouse spleen cells. The results of this correlate with the results of the two-stage test.", "contents": "A one-stage test for simultaneous study of migration inhibition factor of peripheral leukocytes (LIF) and migration inhibition factor of mouse spleen cells (MSIF). A one-stage modification of the test of the migration inhibition is described, which permits stimultaneous study of the factor influencing in vitro migration of peripheral blood leukocytes and mouse spleen cells. The results of this correlate with the results of the two-stage test.", "PMID": 375867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3075", "title": "The influence of daunomycin on development of Yoshida sarcoma after nonspecific stimulation of the immunologic system.", "content": "Injection of BCG in rats inoculated with Yoshida sarcoma had no influence on the development of the tumor or survival time of the rats in comparison with the control group. On the other hand, survival time was increased more than threefold in a group of rats injected with daunomycin in a single dose of 1 mg/kg i.p. Longest survival and lowest mortality were observed in a group of rats treated with daunomycin and BCG, in which survival time was six times longer than in the controls, and mortality after 50 days was 30% lower, and after 100 days even 50% lower than in the group of rats that were treated only with daunomycin.", "contents": "The influence of daunomycin on development of Yoshida sarcoma after nonspecific stimulation of the immunologic system. Injection of BCG in rats inoculated with Yoshida sarcoma had no influence on the development of the tumor or survival time of the rats in comparison with the control group. On the other hand, survival time was increased more than threefold in a group of rats injected with daunomycin in a single dose of 1 mg/kg i.p. Longest survival and lowest mortality were observed in a group of rats treated with daunomycin and BCG, in which survival time was six times longer than in the controls, and mortality after 50 days was 30% lower, and after 100 days even 50% lower than in the group of rats that were treated only with daunomycin.", "PMID": 375868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3076", "title": "Effect of freezing conditions in liquid nitrogen on biological properties of Treponema pallidum.", "content": "The influence of various conditions of freezing in liquid nitrogen on the motility, virulence, antigens, and immunogenicity of Treponema pallidum was studied. The suspending medium, rate of freezing, kind and concentration of cryprotector, and duration of preincubation with cryoprotector were found to be critical. On the basis of the results obtained the optimal conditions of freezing of T. pallidum in liquid nitrogen were established. These are: the Nelson-Diesendruck medium with the addition of 10% DMSO; freezing rate 1 degree per min, and thawing rate between 12.6 degrees and 120 degrees per min.", "contents": "Effect of freezing conditions in liquid nitrogen on biological properties of Treponema pallidum. The influence of various conditions of freezing in liquid nitrogen on the motility, virulence, antigens, and immunogenicity of Treponema pallidum was studied. The suspending medium, rate of freezing, kind and concentration of cryprotector, and duration of preincubation with cryoprotector were found to be critical. On the basis of the results obtained the optimal conditions of freezing of T. pallidum in liquid nitrogen were established. These are: the Nelson-Diesendruck medium with the addition of 10% DMSO; freezing rate 1 degree per min, and thawing rate between 12.6 degrees and 120 degrees per min.", "PMID": 375869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3077", "title": "Effect of immunosuppressive agents on the course of experimental syphilis in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits infected intradermally with T. pallidum at four sites on the clipped back were treated with cyclophosphamide, 1 mg/kg body weight, twice before and every two days after inoculation for five months, or 5-fluorouracil 2.5 mg/kg body weight, according to the same regimen. Humoral response, as measured repeatedly by VDRL, FTA, and hemagglutination tests, was not affected by the application of the immunosuppressors. In contrast, the cell-mediated response, as determined by the Macrophage Migration Inhibition test was completely abolished in the treated rabbits. In the group of rabbits which were given immunosuppressors, syphilitic lesions appeared not only at the challenge sites, as usual, but also multiple multiform lesions developed over the entire dorsum after healing of the primary lesions. Taking into account the fact that abolishment of the cell-mediated response led to an aggravated course of the syphilitic infection, the results of these experiments were interpreted as indicating the protective role of the cell mediated response in syphilis.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppressive agents on the course of experimental syphilis in rabbits. Rabbits infected intradermally with T. pallidum at four sites on the clipped back were treated with cyclophosphamide, 1 mg/kg body weight, twice before and every two days after inoculation for five months, or 5-fluorouracil 2.5 mg/kg body weight, according to the same regimen. Humoral response, as measured repeatedly by VDRL, FTA, and hemagglutination tests, was not affected by the application of the immunosuppressors. In contrast, the cell-mediated response, as determined by the Macrophage Migration Inhibition test was completely abolished in the treated rabbits. In the group of rabbits which were given immunosuppressors, syphilitic lesions appeared not only at the challenge sites, as usual, but also multiple multiform lesions developed over the entire dorsum after healing of the primary lesions. Taking into account the fact that abolishment of the cell-mediated response led to an aggravated course of the syphilitic infection, the results of these experiments were interpreted as indicating the protective role of the cell mediated response in syphilis.", "PMID": 375870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3078", "title": "Isolation and characterization of low molecular weight antibodies for Treponema pallidum.", "content": "A low molecular weight antibody which coated Treponema pallidum without producing any apparent reaction was isolated from human syphilitic serum. Its electrophoretic mobility was that of IgG immunoglobulins, and molecular weight was between 115,000 and 120,000.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of low molecular weight antibodies for Treponema pallidum. A low molecular weight antibody which coated Treponema pallidum without producing any apparent reaction was isolated from human syphilitic serum. Its electrophoretic mobility was that of IgG immunoglobulins, and molecular weight was between 115,000 and 120,000.", "PMID": 375871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3079", "title": "Acute rejection episodes and long-term transplant function.", "content": "From 1974 to 1976, 114 kidneys transplanted to 108 patients underwent acute rejection episodes. With repeated rejections there was an increased likelihood of recovery without subsequent rejections, eg, 59% of kidneys that had three rejections regained prolonged good function. Repetitive rejections did not increase mortality. Discriminate analysis of the best serum creatinine level or creatinine clearance within 30 days of rejection and the time interval between rejection episodes correctly predicted the outcome of second rejections in 20/25 cases and correctly predicted the outcome of third rejections in 23/29 cases. Treatment of a third rejection was successful in 70% of kidneys if the best serum creatinine level was less than 2 mg/dL after the second rejection and was successful in 77% of kidneys if the time interval between second and third rejections was longer than one month.", "contents": "Acute rejection episodes and long-term transplant function. From 1974 to 1976, 114 kidneys transplanted to 108 patients underwent acute rejection episodes. With repeated rejections there was an increased likelihood of recovery without subsequent rejections, eg, 59% of kidneys that had three rejections regained prolonged good function. Repetitive rejections did not increase mortality. Discriminate analysis of the best serum creatinine level or creatinine clearance within 30 days of rejection and the time interval between rejection episodes correctly predicted the outcome of second rejections in 20/25 cases and correctly predicted the outcome of third rejections in 23/29 cases. Treatment of a third rejection was successful in 70% of kidneys if the best serum creatinine level was less than 2 mg/dL after the second rejection and was successful in 77% of kidneys if the time interval between second and third rejections was longer than one month.", "PMID": 375875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3080", "title": "Hepatic dysfunction during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Hepatitis is a frequent complication of dialysis and renal transplantation; therefore, the occurrence of drug hepatotoxicity is an additional important consideration in renal allograft recipients. Azathioprine, needed for immunosuppression, and isoniazid, used for antituberculous chemoprophylaxis, are both potentially hepatotoxic. A retrospective study of 119 patients who received 126 renal allografts was done to estimate the probable incidence of isoniazid-related hepatic dysfunction. All patients in this series were administered isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Posttransplantation hepatitis developed in 13 patients. Circumstantial evidence supported a presumptive diagnosis of isoniazid hepatotoxicity in three recipients. We concluded that routine isoniazid chemoprophylaxis is not justified in renal allograft recipients based on the probability of hepatotoxicity as contrasted to the infrequent occurrence of tuberculosis.", "contents": "Hepatic dysfunction during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in renal allograft recipients. Hepatitis is a frequent complication of dialysis and renal transplantation; therefore, the occurrence of drug hepatotoxicity is an additional important consideration in renal allograft recipients. Azathioprine, needed for immunosuppression, and isoniazid, used for antituberculous chemoprophylaxis, are both potentially hepatotoxic. A retrospective study of 119 patients who received 126 renal allografts was done to estimate the probable incidence of isoniazid-related hepatic dysfunction. All patients in this series were administered isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Posttransplantation hepatitis developed in 13 patients. Circumstantial evidence supported a presumptive diagnosis of isoniazid hepatotoxicity in three recipients. We concluded that routine isoniazid chemoprophylaxis is not justified in renal allograft recipients based on the probability of hepatotoxicity as contrasted to the infrequent occurrence of tuberculosis.", "PMID": 375876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3081", "title": "[Morphology of the pancreas in peptic ulcer and the complications of stomach resection].", "content": "Morphological examinations of 115 biopsies of the pancreas showed the peptic ulcer and postgastroresection complications not to be the leading factors in the etiology of the pancreatic pathology. Gastric resection does not favour the affection of the pancreas but may aggravate the existing morphological lesions. Despite the lack of crude histological changes in the pancreatic gland in peptic ulcer, ultrastructural signs of a high functional intensity of acinary cells were found which may also be regarded as pathological manifestations. Most marked changes of the histostructure of the pancreatic gland were found in peptic ulcer of the gastroenteroanastomosis. A difference in the A-cell content of pancreatic insulae before and after gastric resection was found. As the pancreatic tissue is frequently intact in the afferent loop syndrome, the leading role of duodenostasis in chronic affection of the pancreatic gland may be disputed.", "contents": "[Morphology of the pancreas in peptic ulcer and the complications of stomach resection]. Morphological examinations of 115 biopsies of the pancreas showed the peptic ulcer and postgastroresection complications not to be the leading factors in the etiology of the pancreatic pathology. Gastric resection does not favour the affection of the pancreas but may aggravate the existing morphological lesions. Despite the lack of crude histological changes in the pancreatic gland in peptic ulcer, ultrastructural signs of a high functional intensity of acinary cells were found which may also be regarded as pathological manifestations. Most marked changes of the histostructure of the pancreatic gland were found in peptic ulcer of the gastroenteroanastomosis. A difference in the A-cell content of pancreatic insulae before and after gastric resection was found. As the pancreatic tissue is frequently intact in the afferent loop syndrome, the leading role of duodenostasis in chronic affection of the pancreatic gland may be disputed.", "PMID": 375879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3082", "title": "Tapia's syndrome. The erratic evolution of an eponym.", "content": "The syndrome first described in 1904 by the Spanish otolaryngologist, Antonio Garcia Tapia, has been variously interpreted by subsequent authors such that there is little current agreement as to the site of the lesion responsible for the condition or the specific symptoms included in this disorder. The confusion arose in part because Tapia's original patient had associated neurologic findings. Careful review of Tapia's reports reveals (1) that he regarded the syndrome as consisting of ipsilateral hemiplegia of the larynx and tongue with normal function of the soft palate and (2) that he believed the lesion resulting in these signs was outside the CNS.", "contents": "Tapia's syndrome. The erratic evolution of an eponym. The syndrome first described in 1904 by the Spanish otolaryngologist, Antonio Garcia Tapia, has been variously interpreted by subsequent authors such that there is little current agreement as to the site of the lesion responsible for the condition or the specific symptoms included in this disorder. The confusion arose in part because Tapia's original patient had associated neurologic findings. Careful review of Tapia's reports reveals (1) that he regarded the syndrome as consisting of ipsilateral hemiplegia of the larynx and tongue with normal function of the soft palate and (2) that he believed the lesion resulting in these signs was outside the CNS.", "PMID": 375880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3083", "title": "Treatment of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy with penicillamine. Results of a double-blind trial.", "content": "Eleven boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, randomly assigned to placebo (group A, n = 6) or penicillamine treatment (group B, n = 5), received three capsules per day containing lactose or 250 mg of penicillamine. All patients received pyridoxine, 50 mg daily. Mean age at entrance into study was similar for both groups (group A , 86.7 +/- 31.6 months; group B, 95.4 +/- 43.4 months). Clinical status was assessed with timed functional activities, manometric measurements of muscle force, and manual muscle testing. After 14 to 16 months of treatment, statistical analysis (analysis of variance) of data disclosed no significant differences in the overall performance of the two groups. A longer-duration trial, involving younger patients, is needed to determine whether there are palliative effects of penicillamine or other potentially therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Treatment of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy with penicillamine. Results of a double-blind trial. Eleven boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, randomly assigned to placebo (group A, n = 6) or penicillamine treatment (group B, n = 5), received three capsules per day containing lactose or 250 mg of penicillamine. All patients received pyridoxine, 50 mg daily. Mean age at entrance into study was similar for both groups (group A , 86.7 +/- 31.6 months; group B, 95.4 +/- 43.4 months). Clinical status was assessed with timed functional activities, manometric measurements of muscle force, and manual muscle testing. After 14 to 16 months of treatment, statistical analysis (analysis of variance) of data disclosed no significant differences in the overall performance of the two groups. A longer-duration trial, involving younger patients, is needed to determine whether there are palliative effects of penicillamine or other potentially therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 375881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3084", "title": "Effects of cerebellectomy on eye movements in man.", "content": "A patient with a right hemicerebellectomy and recurrence of a tumor on the left cerebellar hemisphere was examined regarding oculomotor and vestibuloocular functions. The findings were as follows: inability to maintain eccentric gaze; defective smooth pursuit system; failure to suppress by visual fixation the nystagmus induced by sinusoidal horizontal rotations; moderate increase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex gain when rotated in the dark; relative preservation of the slow phases of the optokinetic nystagmus, as compared to the slow phases induced by tracking a pendulum; decreased gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex when rotated with the lights on fixating the environment; square wave jerks; and no saccadic dysmetria.", "contents": "Effects of cerebellectomy on eye movements in man. A patient with a right hemicerebellectomy and recurrence of a tumor on the left cerebellar hemisphere was examined regarding oculomotor and vestibuloocular functions. The findings were as follows: inability to maintain eccentric gaze; defective smooth pursuit system; failure to suppress by visual fixation the nystagmus induced by sinusoidal horizontal rotations; moderate increase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex gain when rotated in the dark; relative preservation of the slow phases of the optokinetic nystagmus, as compared to the slow phases induced by tracking a pendulum; decreased gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex when rotated with the lights on fixating the environment; square wave jerks; and no saccadic dysmetria.", "PMID": 375882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3085", "title": "Comparative trial of valproate sodium and clonazepam in chronic epilepsy.", "content": "A crossover comparative study of valproate sodium and clonazepam in the treatment of 32 adult epileptic patients receiving multiple drug therapy is described. Serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs were unchanged by the addition of clonazepam. However, patients receiving high doses of other anticonvulsant drugs had lower serum concentrations of clonazepam (p less than .01). With valproate sodium, phenobarbital concentrations increased (P less than .05) in patients receiving phenobarbital but not significantly in patients receiving primidone. Phenytoin concentrations were reduced (P less than .05) during treatment with valproate sodium. Both drugs significantly reduced the frequency of minor seizures, with valproate sodium having the greater effect. However, it is important to monitor serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs during treatment with valproate sodium since changes in these may influence seizure control or cause side effects.", "contents": "Comparative trial of valproate sodium and clonazepam in chronic epilepsy. A crossover comparative study of valproate sodium and clonazepam in the treatment of 32 adult epileptic patients receiving multiple drug therapy is described. Serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs were unchanged by the addition of clonazepam. However, patients receiving high doses of other anticonvulsant drugs had lower serum concentrations of clonazepam (p less than .01). With valproate sodium, phenobarbital concentrations increased (P less than .05) in patients receiving phenobarbital but not significantly in patients receiving primidone. Phenytoin concentrations were reduced (P less than .05) during treatment with valproate sodium. Both drugs significantly reduced the frequency of minor seizures, with valproate sodium having the greater effect. However, it is important to monitor serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs during treatment with valproate sodium since changes in these may influence seizure control or cause side effects.", "PMID": 375883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3086", "title": "Limulus lysate assay for early detection of certain Gram-negative corneal infections.", "content": "The limulus endotoxin assay has been previously demonstrated to be the most sensitive method available for detection of bacterial endotoxin. A commercially available form of limulus amoebocyte lysate was used in this study for detection of Gram-negative corneal infections in both experimental animals and in a group of nine patients. The limulus assay enabled rapid detection of Gram-negative infections in both the experimentally induced ulcers in rabbits and in the patients studied. False-positive reactions did not occur in corneal infections due to either Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, or herpes simplex keratitis. The limulus test proved to be more sensitive than examination of Gram-stained smears of corneal scrapings and became positive earlier than bacterial cultures. The limulus test was helpful in the diagnosis of partially antibiotic-treated corneal infections but could not be used to assess the response to antimicrobial therapy, since endotoxin persisted in the corneal scrapings for some time after initiation of therapy.", "contents": "Limulus lysate assay for early detection of certain Gram-negative corneal infections. The limulus endotoxin assay has been previously demonstrated to be the most sensitive method available for detection of bacterial endotoxin. A commercially available form of limulus amoebocyte lysate was used in this study for detection of Gram-negative corneal infections in both experimental animals and in a group of nine patients. The limulus assay enabled rapid detection of Gram-negative infections in both the experimentally induced ulcers in rabbits and in the patients studied. False-positive reactions did not occur in corneal infections due to either Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, or herpes simplex keratitis. The limulus test proved to be more sensitive than examination of Gram-stained smears of corneal scrapings and became positive earlier than bacterial cultures. The limulus test was helpful in the diagnosis of partially antibiotic-treated corneal infections but could not be used to assess the response to antimicrobial therapy, since endotoxin persisted in the corneal scrapings for some time after initiation of therapy.", "PMID": 375885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3087", "title": "Corneal ulceration secondary to intestinal Shigella sonnei.", "content": "A 34-month-old boy had a corneal ulcer due to Shigella sonnei. To my knowledge, this is the first documented case reported where the same organism was recovered from the stool. One other case of S sonnei and two cases of S flexneri corneal ulcers have appeared in the literature. All cases have been in young black boys between the ages of 23 months and 6 years. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear, but direct fecalocular inoculation into a preexisting epithelial defect, a probable herpetic dendrite in this case, is most likely.", "contents": "Corneal ulceration secondary to intestinal Shigella sonnei. A 34-month-old boy had a corneal ulcer due to Shigella sonnei. To my knowledge, this is the first documented case reported where the same organism was recovered from the stool. One other case of S sonnei and two cases of S flexneri corneal ulcers have appeared in the literature. All cases have been in young black boys between the ages of 23 months and 6 years. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear, but direct fecalocular inoculation into a preexisting epithelial defect, a probable herpetic dendrite in this case, is most likely.", "PMID": 375886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3088", "title": "Bone formation in a periosteal graft.", "content": "Bone formation occurred in periosteal graft that was used to anchor a Cardona keratoprosthesis.", "contents": "Bone formation in a periosteal graft. Bone formation occurred in periosteal graft that was used to anchor a Cardona keratoprosthesis.", "PMID": 375887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3089", "title": "Vertical mattress suture for strabismus resection operation.", "content": "The suturing technique for strabismus resection has been simplified with the use of a single double-armed suture in the form of a vertical mattress. Synthetic ophthalmic suture material has made this technique still more desirable because of the tensile strength and tissue-gripping characteristics of these materials.", "contents": "Vertical mattress suture for strabismus resection operation. The suturing technique for strabismus resection has been simplified with the use of a single double-armed suture in the form of a vertical mattress. Synthetic ophthalmic suture material has made this technique still more desirable because of the tensile strength and tissue-gripping characteristics of these materials.", "PMID": 375889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3090", "title": "Slit-lamp attachment for examination of donor corneas in McCarey-Kaufman medium.", "content": "An attachment permits slit-lamp examination of excised donor cornea in McCarey-Kaufman medium. The bottle that contains the excised cornea is placed in a holder and examined with the slit lamp by means of a mirror placed at a 45 degree angle. This mirror reflects the slit beam up through the bottom of the bottle. This allows accurate examination of the donor cornea in a stable manner that was not previously possible.", "contents": "Slit-lamp attachment for examination of donor corneas in McCarey-Kaufman medium. An attachment permits slit-lamp examination of excised donor cornea in McCarey-Kaufman medium. The bottle that contains the excised cornea is placed in a holder and examined with the slit lamp by means of a mirror placed at a 45 degree angle. This mirror reflects the slit beam up through the bottom of the bottle. This allows accurate examination of the donor cornea in a stable manner that was not previously possible.", "PMID": 375890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3091", "title": "Determinants of graft clarity in penetrating kerotoplasty.", "content": "A total of 240 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties with a minimum six months' follow-up were examined to determine the influence of preoperative prognosis, donor age, death-enucleation time, death-surgery time, and surgical experience on graft clarity. Graft results, classified as clear, nebulous, or edematous, were compared within two prognostic categories in aphakic, combined, and phakic keratoplasty groups. Preoperative prognostic groups and surgical experience appeared to be most important in affecting graft clarity, whereas the donor age, death-enucleation time, and death-surgery time seemed to have little effect.", "contents": "Determinants of graft clarity in penetrating kerotoplasty. A total of 240 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties with a minimum six months' follow-up were examined to determine the influence of preoperative prognosis, donor age, death-enucleation time, death-surgery time, and surgical experience on graft clarity. Graft results, classified as clear, nebulous, or edematous, were compared within two prognostic categories in aphakic, combined, and phakic keratoplasty groups. Preoperative prognostic groups and surgical experience appeared to be most important in affecting graft clarity, whereas the donor age, death-enucleation time, and death-surgery time seemed to have little effect.", "PMID": 375892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3092", "title": "Aponeurotic ptosis surgery.", "content": "The recognition of defects in the levator aponeurosis associated with a renewed interest in eyelid anatomy has led to a revival of aponeurotic surgery. We describe our approach with emphasis on techniques that help obtain and maintain avascular planes throughout surgery. The advantages of this approach include preservation of (1) tear-producing structures, (2) M\u00fcller's muscle and Whitnall's ligament, and (3) normal anatomical planes and structures of the eyelid. Our results indicate that this technique is the procedure of choice for acquired ptosis cases. It also gives good results in congenital ptosis cases with at least 5 mm of function. Overcorrection at surgery is necessary in all cases. Tucking of the aponeurosis is to be avoided as no raw healing surfaces are obtained. Results in 60 eyelids with a minimum follow-up of one year are presented.", "contents": "Aponeurotic ptosis surgery. The recognition of defects in the levator aponeurosis associated with a renewed interest in eyelid anatomy has led to a revival of aponeurotic surgery. We describe our approach with emphasis on techniques that help obtain and maintain avascular planes throughout surgery. The advantages of this approach include preservation of (1) tear-producing structures, (2) M\u00fcller's muscle and Whitnall's ligament, and (3) normal anatomical planes and structures of the eyelid. Our results indicate that this technique is the procedure of choice for acquired ptosis cases. It also gives good results in congenital ptosis cases with at least 5 mm of function. Overcorrection at surgery is necessary in all cases. Tucking of the aponeurosis is to be avoided as no raw healing surfaces are obtained. Results in 60 eyelids with a minimum follow-up of one year are presented.", "PMID": 375893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3093", "title": "Mass culture of human corneal endothelial cells.", "content": "Human corneal endothelial cells have been grown in mass culture for the first time to our knowledge. Cultures from donors who were under 20 years of age grew well. Cells from older donors were difficult to grow or did not grow at all. Initial outgrowth usually began one week after explantation. After an initial lag phase, mass increased by 15% weekly, and confluency was approached in eight to nine weeks. The lag phase of growth correlated with the age of the donor. A basal lamina was secreted by human corneal endothelial cells in culture. Chromosomal counts demonstrated a modal number of 46. With this technique, sufficient human corneal endothelial cells may be obtained for biochemical investigation.", "contents": "Mass culture of human corneal endothelial cells. Human corneal endothelial cells have been grown in mass culture for the first time to our knowledge. Cultures from donors who were under 20 years of age grew well. Cells from older donors were difficult to grow or did not grow at all. Initial outgrowth usually began one week after explantation. After an initial lag phase, mass increased by 15% weekly, and confluency was approached in eight to nine weeks. The lag phase of growth correlated with the age of the donor. A basal lamina was secreted by human corneal endothelial cells in culture. Chromosomal counts demonstrated a modal number of 46. With this technique, sufficient human corneal endothelial cells may be obtained for biochemical investigation.", "PMID": 375894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3094", "title": "Origin of the retrocorneal membrane in the rabbit.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies have offered presumptive evidence that the origin of both cellular and extracellular components of the retrocorneal membrane (RCM) derive from corneal endothelial cells. In an attempt to demonstrate conclusively the origin of the cell in the RCM, we performed 8-mm exchange, penetrating keratoplasties between male and female rabbits. After allowing for complete healing and using only clear corneas, we produced central RCM by freezing the central cornea after inducing intraocular inflammation. Care was taken to ensure that the membrane was surrounded by normal donor endothelium and Descemet's membrane was intact. Sex chromatin counts of the cells in the RCM of a female host with a male graft showed an average of 2% Barr bodies. Cells in the membrane of a male host with a female graft showed an average of 40% Barr bodies. The experimental and control sex chromatin counts were almost identical. This study provides conclusive evidence that central retrocorneal, fibroblast-like cells and membranes in rabbits are derived from corneal endothelial cells.", "contents": "Origin of the retrocorneal membrane in the rabbit. Electron microscopic studies have offered presumptive evidence that the origin of both cellular and extracellular components of the retrocorneal membrane (RCM) derive from corneal endothelial cells. In an attempt to demonstrate conclusively the origin of the cell in the RCM, we performed 8-mm exchange, penetrating keratoplasties between male and female rabbits. After allowing for complete healing and using only clear corneas, we produced central RCM by freezing the central cornea after inducing intraocular inflammation. Care was taken to ensure that the membrane was surrounded by normal donor endothelium and Descemet's membrane was intact. Sex chromatin counts of the cells in the RCM of a female host with a male graft showed an average of 2% Barr bodies. Cells in the membrane of a male host with a female graft showed an average of 40% Barr bodies. The experimental and control sex chromatin counts were almost identical. This study provides conclusive evidence that central retrocorneal, fibroblast-like cells and membranes in rabbits are derived from corneal endothelial cells.", "PMID": 375895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3095", "title": "The maxillo-septal syndrome and temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "The results of twenty patients treated for the maxillo-septal syndrome and associated temporomandibular joint dysfunction are reported as well as the method of treatment. The treatment plan included rapid maxillary expansion with either a fixed or removable appliance, retention of the increased maxillary width with a Hawley retainer, simultaneous increase in mandibular width with a Crozat appliance. Finally the occlusion was equilibrated. Certain cases are discussed in detail and maxillary expansion was usually restricted to between 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 mm.", "contents": "The maxillo-septal syndrome and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The results of twenty patients treated for the maxillo-septal syndrome and associated temporomandibular joint dysfunction are reported as well as the method of treatment. The treatment plan included rapid maxillary expansion with either a fixed or removable appliance, retention of the increased maxillary width with a Hawley retainer, simultaneous increase in mandibular width with a Crozat appliance. Finally the occlusion was equilibrated. Certain cases are discussed in detail and maxillary expansion was usually restricted to between 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 mm.", "PMID": 375902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3096", "title": "Protection of mice against plasmodium and babesia infections: attempts to raise host-protective sera.", "content": "In an attempt to generate large numbers of mice resistant to Plasmodium berghei and Babesia rodhaini to be used as donors of antibody-secreting cells for hybridoma production, various methods of inducing resistance to repeated challenge with infected blood cells have been explored. Although results of independent experiments varied markedly, prior injection of CBA/M mice with BCG, and prior infection of BALB/c mice with Plasmodium yoelii, were found to be manipulations capable of inducing resistance to P. berghei. A single dose of serum, harvested from resistant mice challenged several times with P. berghei, could transfer resistance against P. berghei to a proportion of naive CBA/H recipients. Although resistance to multiple B. rodhaini challenge could be induced in mice, in no situation was a host protective effect of a single high dose of serum demonstrated in naive recipients.", "contents": "Protection of mice against plasmodium and babesia infections: attempts to raise host-protective sera. In an attempt to generate large numbers of mice resistant to Plasmodium berghei and Babesia rodhaini to be used as donors of antibody-secreting cells for hybridoma production, various methods of inducing resistance to repeated challenge with infected blood cells have been explored. Although results of independent experiments varied markedly, prior injection of CBA/M mice with BCG, and prior infection of BALB/c mice with Plasmodium yoelii, were found to be manipulations capable of inducing resistance to P. berghei. A single dose of serum, harvested from resistant mice challenged several times with P. berghei, could transfer resistance against P. berghei to a proportion of naive CBA/H recipients. Although resistance to multiple B. rodhaini challenge could be induced in mice, in no situation was a host protective effect of a single high dose of serum demonstrated in naive recipients.", "PMID": 375903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3097", "title": "Transfer of mouse IgG2 production by IgM-bearing spleen cells separated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine whether at least some splenic B lymphocytes can switch from the synthesis of one isotype of immunoglobulin to another during B cell differentiation. The experimental system invovled the transfer of characterized cell suspensions between allotype congenic strains of mice followed by analysis in the recipient for donor type immunoglobulin production. Donor splenic lymphocytes were incubated with specific fluorescent labelled anti-mu antiserum and passed through the Los Alamos fluorescence-activated cell sorter; mu-depleted cell suspensions were transferred into sublethally irradiated congenic recipients and the amount of donor type immunoglobulin of IgG2 type was measured at weekly intervals. The results demonstrated taht at least some cell bearing membrane bound IgM can differentiate in vivo into IgG2-secreting cells, although not all IgG2-secreting cells have been recently derived from IgM positive precursors.", "contents": "Transfer of mouse IgG2 production by IgM-bearing spleen cells separated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether at least some splenic B lymphocytes can switch from the synthesis of one isotype of immunoglobulin to another during B cell differentiation. The experimental system invovled the transfer of characterized cell suspensions between allotype congenic strains of mice followed by analysis in the recipient for donor type immunoglobulin production. Donor splenic lymphocytes were incubated with specific fluorescent labelled anti-mu antiserum and passed through the Los Alamos fluorescence-activated cell sorter; mu-depleted cell suspensions were transferred into sublethally irradiated congenic recipients and the amount of donor type immunoglobulin of IgG2 type was measured at weekly intervals. The results demonstrated taht at least some cell bearing membrane bound IgM can differentiate in vivo into IgG2-secreting cells, although not all IgG2-secreting cells have been recently derived from IgM positive precursors.", "PMID": 375904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3098", "title": "Induction of long-term tolerance in the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) by thymus and skin allografts into early pouch young.", "content": "Intact quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) were grafted with thymus and skin as neonates. Fifty seven percent of primary thymus grafts persisted when donors were less than 32 days of age, compared with only 20% when the dornors were juveniles. This suggested that neonatal tissue was more readily accepted than tissue from adult animals. When the recipients had left the pouch, induced tolerance was tested by grafting thymus and skin from the original donors. Second thymus grafts were generally unsuccessful; however, second skin grafts were accepted and remained intact over the three-year period of observation, provided that the hosts were less than about 40 days of age at the time the first graft were placed.", "contents": "Induction of long-term tolerance in the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) by thymus and skin allografts into early pouch young. Intact quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) were grafted with thymus and skin as neonates. Fifty seven percent of primary thymus grafts persisted when donors were less than 32 days of age, compared with only 20% when the dornors were juveniles. This suggested that neonatal tissue was more readily accepted than tissue from adult animals. When the recipients had left the pouch, induced tolerance was tested by grafting thymus and skin from the original donors. Second thymus grafts were generally unsuccessful; however, second skin grafts were accepted and remained intact over the three-year period of observation, provided that the hosts were less than about 40 days of age at the time the first graft were placed.", "PMID": 375905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3099", "title": "Antibacterial activity of murine spleen cell extract.", "content": "Exposure to a peptide extract from murine spleen reduced the viable count of E. coli and E. coli spheroplasts. The reduction in viable count was reflected by reduced incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and was apparently due to a loss of the ability of treated ogranisms to divide.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of murine spleen cell extract. Exposure to a peptide extract from murine spleen reduced the viable count of E. coli and E. coli spheroplasts. The reduction in viable count was reflected by reduced incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and was apparently due to a loss of the ability of treated ogranisms to divide.", "PMID": 375906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3100", "title": "Convolution analysis of transcription by yeast DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase A. A mathematical method for studying ribonucleic acid chain elongation.", "content": "The rate of initiation of RNA synthesis catalysed by yeast RNA polymerase A on native calf thymus DNA decayed exponentially with a half-life of about 4.3 min. The rate constant for initiation was unaffected by preincubating the enzyme with DNA, or by decreasing the concentration of GTP 4-fold. The rate of RNA synthesis was constant for 15--20 min and then decreased. Each enzyme molecule made no more than one RNA molecule. In this situation, initiation, elongation and total RNA synthesis are related by a convolution integral. Solution of the convolution integral revealed that the rate of elongation was apparently biphasic. Analysis of the size of the RNA product showed that this biphasic profile arose because most but not all of the enzyme stopped RNA synthesis soon after initiation.", "contents": "Convolution analysis of transcription by yeast DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase A. A mathematical method for studying ribonucleic acid chain elongation. The rate of initiation of RNA synthesis catalysed by yeast RNA polymerase A on native calf thymus DNA decayed exponentially with a half-life of about 4.3 min. The rate constant for initiation was unaffected by preincubating the enzyme with DNA, or by decreasing the concentration of GTP 4-fold. The rate of RNA synthesis was constant for 15--20 min and then decreased. Each enzyme molecule made no more than one RNA molecule. In this situation, initiation, elongation and total RNA synthesis are related by a convolution integral. Solution of the convolution integral revealed that the rate of elongation was apparently biphasic. Analysis of the size of the RNA product showed that this biphasic profile arose because most but not all of the enzyme stopped RNA synthesis soon after initiation.", "PMID": 375933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3101", "title": "Effects of collagen, ionophore A23187 and prostaglandin E1 on the phosphorylation of specific proteins in blood platelets.", "content": "Human platelets that had been preincubated with 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine and [(32)P]P(i) were stirred with various agents; the secretion of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine from platelet granules and the radioactivity of platelet [(32)P]phosphopolypeptides separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were then measured. Exposure of the platelets to collagen fibres or ionophore A23187 selectively increased the phosphorylation of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47000 (P47) and 20000 (P20) by approx. 3-fold, in association with the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine. The 47000-mol.wt. phosphopolypeptide (P47) was clearly separated from platelet actin by the electrophoresis system used. Prostaglandin E(1), which inhibits platelet function by increasing platelet cyclic AMP, decreased the phosphorylation of polypeptides caused by collagen as well as the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine. Prostaglandin E(1) also selectively increased the phosphorylation of distinct polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 24000 (P24) and 22000 (P22) by approx. 2-fold. As the phosphorylation reactions caused by collagen are probably mediated by an increase in Ca(2+) concentration in the platelet cytosol and may have a role in the release reaction [Haslam & Lynham (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.77, 714-722; (1978) Thromb. Res.12, 619-628], we suggest that a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 24000- and/or 22000-mol.wt. polypeptides caused by prostaglandin E(1) may initiate processes that decrease the Ca(2+) concentration in the cytosol, so inhibiting both the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation reactions and the release reaction. Treatment of platelets with prostaglandin E(1) did not inhibit the increased phosphorylation of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47000 and 20000 (P47 and P20) caused by ionophore A23187, which may therefore short-circuit cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms that decrease the Ca(2+) concentration in the platelet cytosol. As prostaglandin E(1) did inhibit the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine by ionophore A23187, cyclic AMP may also inhibit the release reaction by additional mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of collagen, ionophore A23187 and prostaglandin E1 on the phosphorylation of specific proteins in blood platelets. Human platelets that had been preincubated with 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine and [(32)P]P(i) were stirred with various agents; the secretion of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine from platelet granules and the radioactivity of platelet [(32)P]phosphopolypeptides separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were then measured. Exposure of the platelets to collagen fibres or ionophore A23187 selectively increased the phosphorylation of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47000 (P47) and 20000 (P20) by approx. 3-fold, in association with the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine. The 47000-mol.wt. phosphopolypeptide (P47) was clearly separated from platelet actin by the electrophoresis system used. Prostaglandin E(1), which inhibits platelet function by increasing platelet cyclic AMP, decreased the phosphorylation of polypeptides caused by collagen as well as the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine. Prostaglandin E(1) also selectively increased the phosphorylation of distinct polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 24000 (P24) and 22000 (P22) by approx. 2-fold. As the phosphorylation reactions caused by collagen are probably mediated by an increase in Ca(2+) concentration in the platelet cytosol and may have a role in the release reaction [Haslam & Lynham (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.77, 714-722; (1978) Thromb. Res.12, 619-628], we suggest that a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 24000- and/or 22000-mol.wt. polypeptides caused by prostaglandin E(1) may initiate processes that decrease the Ca(2+) concentration in the cytosol, so inhibiting both the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation reactions and the release reaction. Treatment of platelets with prostaglandin E(1) did not inhibit the increased phosphorylation of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47000 and 20000 (P47 and P20) caused by ionophore A23187, which may therefore short-circuit cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms that decrease the Ca(2+) concentration in the platelet cytosol. As prostaglandin E(1) did inhibit the release of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine by ionophore A23187, cyclic AMP may also inhibit the release reaction by additional mechanisms.", "PMID": 375934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3102", "title": "Association of IgG anti-brain antibodies with central nervous system dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Sera from 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and active central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibodies to neuronal membrane determinants. Warm-reactive IgG antibodies were demonstrable in 82% (9/11) of patients with clinical evidence for seizures or diffuse CNS disease, but these antibodies generally were absent in non-CNS SLE sera or when focal neurologic deficit or psychosis was the primary CNS manifestation. Cold-reactive antibodies of the IgM class were equally prevalent in patients with or without CNS disease and appeared to be more directly correlated with extra-CNS systemic illness. Absorption experiments with lymphocytes, brain homogenate, and various other tissues suggested a predominant brain-specificity for IgG antibodies and partial lymphocyte cross-reactivity for IgM antibodies. Interpretations of this special association between IgG anti-brain antibodies and diffuse CNS dysfunction in SLE are discussed.", "contents": "Association of IgG anti-brain antibodies with central nervous system dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera from 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and active central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibodies to neuronal membrane determinants. Warm-reactive IgG antibodies were demonstrable in 82% (9/11) of patients with clinical evidence for seizures or diffuse CNS disease, but these antibodies generally were absent in non-CNS SLE sera or when focal neurologic deficit or psychosis was the primary CNS manifestation. Cold-reactive antibodies of the IgM class were equally prevalent in patients with or without CNS disease and appeared to be more directly correlated with extra-CNS systemic illness. Absorption experiments with lymphocytes, brain homogenate, and various other tissues suggested a predominant brain-specificity for IgG antibodies and partial lymphocyte cross-reactivity for IgM antibodies. Interpretations of this special association between IgG anti-brain antibodies and diffuse CNS dysfunction in SLE are discussed.", "PMID": 375939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3103", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were measured by three assays (monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay, C1q-binding assay, Raji cell radioassay) in sera from patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Evidence for circulating immune complexes was found by at least one method in 94% of sera. The highest frequency of positive results was noted by the Raji cell radioassay (88%). However, a significant number of patients also had immune complexes measured by the C1q-binding assay (50%) and monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay (45%). Further, the levels of immune complexes are measured by the Raji cell radioassay, and to a lesser extent the C1q-binding assay, correlated with disease activity and represent a potentially useful clinical tool. The pattern of reactivity in mixed connective tissue disease sera differed from rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and polymyositis. This suggests that a spectrum of immune complexes is found in these rheumatic diseases and supports the concept that mixed connective tissue disease is distinct from these diseases.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in mixed connective tissue disease. Circulating immune complexes were measured by three assays (monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay, C1q-binding assay, Raji cell radioassay) in sera from patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Evidence for circulating immune complexes was found by at least one method in 94% of sera. The highest frequency of positive results was noted by the Raji cell radioassay (88%). However, a significant number of patients also had immune complexes measured by the C1q-binding assay (50%) and monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay (45%). Further, the levels of immune complexes are measured by the Raji cell radioassay, and to a lesser extent the C1q-binding assay, correlated with disease activity and represent a potentially useful clinical tool. The pattern of reactivity in mixed connective tissue disease sera differed from rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and polymyositis. This suggests that a spectrum of immune complexes is found in these rheumatic diseases and supports the concept that mixed connective tissue disease is distinct from these diseases.", "PMID": 375940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3104", "title": "Cardiopulmonary manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis: associations with circulating immune complexes and fluorescent antinuclear antibodies.", "content": "Sixteen patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were evaluated for cardiopulmonary manifestations of their disease and for serologic immune abnormalities. Twenty-five percent of patients had abnormal echocardiograms, and 81% had a significant reduction in pulmonary function by spirometry. Circulating immune complexes (IC) were detected in 44% of patients by using a fluorescent Raji cell assay, and these patients were more likely to have an abnormal echocardiogram (P less than 0.02). Seventy-five percent of the patients had fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (FANA) and these patients were more likely to have pulmonary disease (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis: associations with circulating immune complexes and fluorescent antinuclear antibodies. Sixteen patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were evaluated for cardiopulmonary manifestations of their disease and for serologic immune abnormalities. Twenty-five percent of patients had abnormal echocardiograms, and 81% had a significant reduction in pulmonary function by spirometry. Circulating immune complexes (IC) were detected in 44% of patients by using a fluorescent Raji cell assay, and these patients were more likely to have an abnormal echocardiogram (P less than 0.02). Seventy-five percent of the patients had fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (FANA) and these patients were more likely to have pulmonary disease (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 375941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3105", "title": "Scleroderma after cosmetic surgery: four cases of human adjuvant disease.", "content": "In 9 cases of human adjuvant disease, 4 cases of scleroderma (3 progressive systemic sclerosis and 1 localized morphea) were observed. Seven to 19 years after injection of foreign substances into the breasts or nose for cosmetic purposes, some patients developed human adjuvant disease. In one case the foreign substances were removed by bilateral mastectomy with no discernible effects on the patient's clinical course. Histopathologic findings of the removed breasts demonstrated foreign body granulomas with calcification. The injected substance was identified as a mixture of liquid and solid paraffin. Human adjuvant disease might be caused by prolonged hypersensitization activated by the injected foreign materials which act as an adjuvant.", "contents": "Scleroderma after cosmetic surgery: four cases of human adjuvant disease. In 9 cases of human adjuvant disease, 4 cases of scleroderma (3 progressive systemic sclerosis and 1 localized morphea) were observed. Seven to 19 years after injection of foreign substances into the breasts or nose for cosmetic purposes, some patients developed human adjuvant disease. In one case the foreign substances were removed by bilateral mastectomy with no discernible effects on the patient's clinical course. Histopathologic findings of the removed breasts demonstrated foreign body granulomas with calcification. The injected substance was identified as a mixture of liquid and solid paraffin. Human adjuvant disease might be caused by prolonged hypersensitization activated by the injected foreign materials which act as an adjuvant.", "PMID": 375942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3106", "title": "[Examination of leg volume of patients for determining the therapeutic effect of 1-phenylephrine hydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Distorsions and other injuries of a more or less grave kind are often found in combination with exudative processes. The anti-exudative effect of adequate drugs has so far been tested only on the rat paw oedema. As results gained from animal tests cannot immediately be applied to man, tests with human subjects were carried out. With a device by Diebschlag it has become possible to fulfil the demands of a simple but still exact measuring process for quantification of leg volumes. 12 subjects with a distorsion of the ankle joint were treated with a gel (active substance: 1-phenylephrine HCl) which reduces the volue of the leg and with a similar placebo gel, and the effects of both treatments were compared and examined. The analysis of data yielded statistically highly significant values for the effectivity of the active substance gel.", "contents": "[Examination of leg volume of patients for determining the therapeutic effect of 1-phenylephrine hydrochloride (author's transl)]. Distorsions and other injuries of a more or less grave kind are often found in combination with exudative processes. The anti-exudative effect of adequate drugs has so far been tested only on the rat paw oedema. As results gained from animal tests cannot immediately be applied to man, tests with human subjects were carried out. With a device by Diebschlag it has become possible to fulfil the demands of a simple but still exact measuring process for quantification of leg volumes. 12 subjects with a distorsion of the ankle joint were treated with a gel (active substance: 1-phenylephrine HCl) which reduces the volue of the leg and with a similar placebo gel, and the effects of both treatments were compared and examined. The analysis of data yielded statistically highly significant values for the effectivity of the active substance gel.", "PMID": 375943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3107", "title": "[Prolongation of the mitotic life span of diploid human glia cells in a quantitative cell culture system by centrophenoxine (author's transl)].", "content": "The accumulation of lipofuscin in postmitotic and reversible postmitotic cells of animals and man is an age correlated process. The mechanism of the lipofuscin accumulation and the function of lipofuscin in the aging cell is not fully understood. The accumulation of lipofuscin in vivo and in vitro can be slowed down by the action of centrophenoxine (Helfergin). Diploid cells are the only reversible postmitotic cells of man that have a genetically determined limited cell division capacity and accumulate lipofuscin in the process of the cellular aging in a quantitative cell culture system in vitro. The treatment of diploid human glia cells with centrophenoxine results in increasing the cell division capacity by 30--40% in vitro. The data demonstrate that the centrophenoxine induced inhibition of lipofuscin accumulation has a positive influence on the cell metabolism and the mitotic division capacity and causes a delay of the cellular aging of the human glia cells in vitro.", "contents": "[Prolongation of the mitotic life span of diploid human glia cells in a quantitative cell culture system by centrophenoxine (author's transl)]. The accumulation of lipofuscin in postmitotic and reversible postmitotic cells of animals and man is an age correlated process. The mechanism of the lipofuscin accumulation and the function of lipofuscin in the aging cell is not fully understood. The accumulation of lipofuscin in vivo and in vitro can be slowed down by the action of centrophenoxine (Helfergin). Diploid cells are the only reversible postmitotic cells of man that have a genetically determined limited cell division capacity and accumulate lipofuscin in the process of the cellular aging in a quantitative cell culture system in vitro. The treatment of diploid human glia cells with centrophenoxine results in increasing the cell division capacity by 30--40% in vitro. The data demonstrate that the centrophenoxine induced inhibition of lipofuscin accumulation has a positive influence on the cell metabolism and the mitotic division capacity and causes a delay of the cellular aging of the human glia cells in vitro.", "PMID": 375944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3108", "title": "Sisomicin in surgical infections. Laboratory and clinical studies.", "content": "A clinical and bacteriological study to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of sisomicin in the treatment of surgical infections is described. Fifteen patients received i.m. injections of 150 or 225 mg/day for seven days. The daily doses was divided into three applications. The mean serum levels at the first hour were 5.26 +/- 2.41 microgram/ml and at the seventh hour 1.0 +/- 1.19 microgram/ml. Similar values were determined on the seventh day of treatment with sisomicin: 6.36 +/- 2.36 microgram/ml one hour, 1.17 +/- 1.67 microgram/ml seven hours after i.m. injection. All the microorganisms isolated had MICs below the sisomicin levels measured. The clinical results were assessed as \"excellent\" in 11 patients. Therapeutic results were considered as \"fair\" in three patients. The clinical conditions of one patient affected by osteomyelitis following osteosynthesis of the femur was not improved by treatment. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "Sisomicin in surgical infections. Laboratory and clinical studies. A clinical and bacteriological study to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of sisomicin in the treatment of surgical infections is described. Fifteen patients received i.m. injections of 150 or 225 mg/day for seven days. The daily doses was divided into three applications. The mean serum levels at the first hour were 5.26 +/- 2.41 microgram/ml and at the seventh hour 1.0 +/- 1.19 microgram/ml. Similar values were determined on the seventh day of treatment with sisomicin: 6.36 +/- 2.36 microgram/ml one hour, 1.17 +/- 1.67 microgram/ml seven hours after i.m. injection. All the microorganisms isolated had MICs below the sisomicin levels measured. The clinical results were assessed as \"excellent\" in 11 patients. Therapeutic results were considered as \"fair\" in three patients. The clinical conditions of one patient affected by osteomyelitis following osteosynthesis of the femur was not improved by treatment. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 375945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3109", "title": "[Long-term study on a new beta2-sympathicomimetic agent and a combination of an oral theophylline-ethylenediamine with retard effect and hexoprenaline (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a treatment with a new beta2-adrenergic agent (hexoprenaline, Etoscol) as well as a combined therapy of theophylline (Euphylin retard) with the Etoscol on the total resistance were studied on two groups of patients. The therapy resulted in a significant decrease of the total resistance and the combined therapy showed an additional decrease of the resistance values.", "contents": "[Long-term study on a new beta2-sympathicomimetic agent and a combination of an oral theophylline-ethylenediamine with retard effect and hexoprenaline (author's transl)]. The effects of a treatment with a new beta2-adrenergic agent (hexoprenaline, Etoscol) as well as a combined therapy of theophylline (Euphylin retard) with the Etoscol on the total resistance were studied on two groups of patients. The therapy resulted in a significant decrease of the total resistance and the combined therapy showed an additional decrease of the resistance values.", "PMID": 375946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3110", "title": "The antithrombotic activity of BAY g 6575.", "content": "The activity of 1-[2-(beta-naphthyloxy)ethyl]-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (= BAY g 6575) was evaluated in models of experimental thrombosis caused by traumatically induced damage of vessel segments. After prophylactic administration of BAY g 6575 (0.3 mg/kg p.o.) to rats the thrombus formation was significantly reduced in the carotid artery as well as in the jugular vein. The thrombus formation in the femoral arteries of rabbits is inhibited at a minimal effective dose of 1 mg/kg p.o. The incidence of occlusive thrombi is not influenced. BAY g 6575 is 10 times more potent than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). In the arterial system the thrombus formation is frequently completely abolished.", "contents": "The antithrombotic activity of BAY g 6575. The activity of 1-[2-(beta-naphthyloxy)ethyl]-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (= BAY g 6575) was evaluated in models of experimental thrombosis caused by traumatically induced damage of vessel segments. After prophylactic administration of BAY g 6575 (0.3 mg/kg p.o.) to rats the thrombus formation was significantly reduced in the carotid artery as well as in the jugular vein. The thrombus formation in the femoral arteries of rabbits is inhibited at a minimal effective dose of 1 mg/kg p.o. The incidence of occlusive thrombi is not influenced. BAY g 6575 is 10 times more potent than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). In the arterial system the thrombus formation is frequently completely abolished.", "PMID": 375948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3111", "title": "Effect of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on some biological activities dependent on complement activation.", "content": "The paper presents the results of a study on the action of five non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (phenylbutazone, indometacin, acetylsalicylic acid, niflumic and flufenamic acids) on two biological activities which are dependent on complement activation: opsonization of bacteria and membrane damage, the latter evaluated both with the classic immunohemolytic system and with a bactericidal assay. The three biological assays differ for complement sequences involved. Flufenamic and niflumic acids showed high inhibitory activity in the lytic assays. Human complement was more sensitive to inhibition than guinea-pig complement. Phagocytic test confirmed the inhibitory activity of flufenamic acid on complement dependent opsonization.", "contents": "Effect of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on some biological activities dependent on complement activation. The paper presents the results of a study on the action of five non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (phenylbutazone, indometacin, acetylsalicylic acid, niflumic and flufenamic acids) on two biological activities which are dependent on complement activation: opsonization of bacteria and membrane damage, the latter evaluated both with the classic immunohemolytic system and with a bactericidal assay. The three biological assays differ for complement sequences involved. Flufenamic and niflumic acids showed high inhibitory activity in the lytic assays. Human complement was more sensitive to inhibition than guinea-pig complement. Phagocytic test confirmed the inhibitory activity of flufenamic acid on complement dependent opsonization.", "PMID": 375949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3112", "title": "Mutagenicity of inhalation anaesthetics: trichloroethylene, divinyl ether, nitrous oxide and cyclopropane.", "content": "The mutagenic potential of trichloroethylene, divinyl ether, nitrous oxide and cyclopropane was assessed in vitro by microbial assay employing two histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA1535 and TA100. Anaesthetic agents in various concentrations were incubated with bacteria in the presence or absence of an enzyme system prepared from enzyme-induced rat liver. Nitrous oxide and cyclopropane were not mutagenic, whereas divinyl ether gave a strongly positive response. Results for trichloroethylene were equivocal. These and previous studies with the salmonella system, together with mutagenicity studies using different test systems, indicate that modern inhalation anaesthetic agents are unlikely to be mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of inhalation anaesthetics: trichloroethylene, divinyl ether, nitrous oxide and cyclopropane. The mutagenic potential of trichloroethylene, divinyl ether, nitrous oxide and cyclopropane was assessed in vitro by microbial assay employing two histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA1535 and TA100. Anaesthetic agents in various concentrations were incubated with bacteria in the presence or absence of an enzyme system prepared from enzyme-induced rat liver. Nitrous oxide and cyclopropane were not mutagenic, whereas divinyl ether gave a strongly positive response. Results for trichloroethylene were equivocal. These and previous studies with the salmonella system, together with mutagenicity studies using different test systems, indicate that modern inhalation anaesthetic agents are unlikely to be mutagenic.", "PMID": 375954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3113", "title": "Systemic air embolism following induction of artificial pneumothorax under anaesthesia, with successful management.", "content": "Systemic air embolism occurred in a patient during general anaesthesia, with positive pressure ventilation, following induction of artificial pneumothorax to assist in the diagnosis of a mediastinal mass. A sudden change in vital signs together with neurological abnormalities suggested involvement of both coronary and cerebral arteries. A trace of blood was noticed in the syringe which the surgeon had used to create the artificial pneumothorax. The patient was treated with hyperbaric oxygen and recovered satisfactorily, despite a 10-h interval between the air embolus and the institution of definitive therapy.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism following induction of artificial pneumothorax under anaesthesia, with successful management. Systemic air embolism occurred in a patient during general anaesthesia, with positive pressure ventilation, following induction of artificial pneumothorax to assist in the diagnosis of a mediastinal mass. A sudden change in vital signs together with neurological abnormalities suggested involvement of both coronary and cerebral arteries. A trace of blood was noticed in the syringe which the surgeon had used to create the artificial pneumothorax. The patient was treated with hyperbaric oxygen and recovered satisfactorily, despite a 10-h interval between the air embolus and the institution of definitive therapy.", "PMID": 375955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3114", "title": "The effect of assay methods on plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of theophylline: HPLC and EIA.", "content": "1 The effects of two assay methods, HPLC and EIA, on theophylline plasma levels (n = 254) and pharmacokinetics (n = 6) were examined on blood samples obtained from asthmatic patients and normal adult male volunteers. 2 The standard curves obtained and the plasma level values during plasma level monitoring of theophylline measured with two methods are well correlated each other within concentration range of 2.5 to 20.0 microgram/ml (P less than 0.001). EIA, however in general, appears to give a lower value than HPLC. 3 The values of plasma theophylline half-life and clearance analyzed using a two-compartment open system model were found different between the two assay methods and dissimilar to those previously reported by using ultraviolet method. 4 The sampling end-point and/or assay sensitivity particularly to measure a lower level of theophylline (less than 2.5 microgram/ml) can influence the pharmacokinetics for a potent bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic margin, theophylline.", "contents": "The effect of assay methods on plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of theophylline: HPLC and EIA. 1 The effects of two assay methods, HPLC and EIA, on theophylline plasma levels (n = 254) and pharmacokinetics (n = 6) were examined on blood samples obtained from asthmatic patients and normal adult male volunteers. 2 The standard curves obtained and the plasma level values during plasma level monitoring of theophylline measured with two methods are well correlated each other within concentration range of 2.5 to 20.0 microgram/ml (P less than 0.001). EIA, however in general, appears to give a lower value than HPLC. 3 The values of plasma theophylline half-life and clearance analyzed using a two-compartment open system model were found different between the two assay methods and dissimilar to those previously reported by using ultraviolet method. 4 The sampling end-point and/or assay sensitivity particularly to measure a lower level of theophylline (less than 2.5 microgram/ml) can influence the pharmacokinetics for a potent bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic margin, theophylline.", "PMID": 375957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3115", "title": "Atenolol and chlorthalidone in combination for hypertension.", "content": "1 The hypotensive effect of single daily dosing with atenolol 100 mg and chlorthalidone 25 mg given alone or in combination has been assessed in a double-blind, crossover, placebo controlled trial in fifteen hypertensive patients. 2 Average lying blood pressures were: Placebo 155.4/103.9 mm Hg, atenolol 134.6/85.8 mm Hg, chlorthalidone 139.5/90.1 mm Hg, combination 127.7/82.5 mm Hg. 3 The effect of the combination therapy in reducing lying diastolic pressure compared with placebo (a fall of 21.4 mm Hg) was significantly less than the 31.9 mm Hg fall predicted from the sum of the individual effects (P = 0.01). 4 Observations on blood pressure at rest and under mental, isometric and bicycle ergometer stress were made pre-dose and post-dose for a 12 h period at the end of the last treatment period. 5 Lying blood pressure declined from the zero hour (pre-dose) reading on all treatments to a low at 15.00--18.00 h and then rose again. 6 The rise in systolic blood pressure after isometric exercise and mental stress was of a similar magnitude with all four treatment regimes. 7 Atenolol, alone and in combination with chlorthalidone, reduced the blood pressure and the pulse rate increase on exercise 2 h post-dose when compared with readings 24 h post-dose. 8 Once daily dosing with a combination of atenolol and chlorthalidone produced a fall in supine blood pressure over a 24 h period but the effect on exercise induced changes was not uniform over this period.", "contents": "Atenolol and chlorthalidone in combination for hypertension. 1 The hypotensive effect of single daily dosing with atenolol 100 mg and chlorthalidone 25 mg given alone or in combination has been assessed in a double-blind, crossover, placebo controlled trial in fifteen hypertensive patients. 2 Average lying blood pressures were: Placebo 155.4/103.9 mm Hg, atenolol 134.6/85.8 mm Hg, chlorthalidone 139.5/90.1 mm Hg, combination 127.7/82.5 mm Hg. 3 The effect of the combination therapy in reducing lying diastolic pressure compared with placebo (a fall of 21.4 mm Hg) was significantly less than the 31.9 mm Hg fall predicted from the sum of the individual effects (P = 0.01). 4 Observations on blood pressure at rest and under mental, isometric and bicycle ergometer stress were made pre-dose and post-dose for a 12 h period at the end of the last treatment period. 5 Lying blood pressure declined from the zero hour (pre-dose) reading on all treatments to a low at 15.00--18.00 h and then rose again. 6 The rise in systolic blood pressure after isometric exercise and mental stress was of a similar magnitude with all four treatment regimes. 7 Atenolol, alone and in combination with chlorthalidone, reduced the blood pressure and the pulse rate increase on exercise 2 h post-dose when compared with readings 24 h post-dose. 8 Once daily dosing with a combination of atenolol and chlorthalidone produced a fall in supine blood pressure over a 24 h period but the effect on exercise induced changes was not uniform over this period.", "PMID": 375958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3116", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of a non-selective (propranolol) and a cardioselective (metoprolol) beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent at rest and during exercise.", "content": "1 The antihypertensive effects at rest and during physical exercise of the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol and the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol were compared in a double-blind cross-over study. 2 Eighteen patients with mild hypertension entered the trial. One patient was withdrawn from the study due to side effects on both drugs. 3 The two beta-adrenoceptor blockers were compared using doses earlier shown to have the same beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency, as measured by their effect on exercise tachycardia in healthy men. 4 Arterial blood pressure was reduced to the same extent by propranolol and metoprolol at rest as well as during submaximal work. 5 It is concluded that the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockers is mainly mediated through blockade of the beta 1-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of a non-selective (propranolol) and a cardioselective (metoprolol) beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent at rest and during exercise. 1 The antihypertensive effects at rest and during physical exercise of the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol and the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol were compared in a double-blind cross-over study. 2 Eighteen patients with mild hypertension entered the trial. One patient was withdrawn from the study due to side effects on both drugs. 3 The two beta-adrenoceptor blockers were compared using doses earlier shown to have the same beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency, as measured by their effect on exercise tachycardia in healthy men. 4 Arterial blood pressure was reduced to the same extent by propranolol and metoprolol at rest as well as during submaximal work. 5 It is concluded that the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockers is mainly mediated through blockade of the beta 1-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 375959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3117", "title": "Modification of the immunogenicity and antigenicity of rat hepatoma cells. II. Mild heat treatment.", "content": "I.p. immunization with gamma-irradiated hepatoma cells induces resistance to s.c. tumour-cell challenge in syngeneic WAB/Not rats. Mild heat treatment of these cells (greater than 41 degrees C for 30 min) destroyed this immunoprotective effect, but did not abolish tumour-specific antibody production in treated rats. The binding of syngeneic and alloantibodies to surface antigens expressed on hepatoma cells was unaffected by heat treatment. Thus, heat-treated gamma-irradiated hepatoma cells retain a serologically defined tumour-specific antigen but are unable to elicit immunoprotection. By examining the incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA, RNA and protein in heat-treated cells, it was determined that above 41 degrees C there was a significant decrease in metabolic activity. It is postulated that for the effective induction of transplantation immunity to tumours, tumour-specific antigens should be present on the surface membranes of a metabolically active cell. This hypothesis accounts for the absence or marked reduction of immunoprotection induced by inviable or glutaraldehyde-treated cells, isolated cell membranes and soluble tumour extracts which retain serologically defined tumour-specific antigens.", "contents": "Modification of the immunogenicity and antigenicity of rat hepatoma cells. II. Mild heat treatment. I.p. immunization with gamma-irradiated hepatoma cells induces resistance to s.c. tumour-cell challenge in syngeneic WAB/Not rats. Mild heat treatment of these cells (greater than 41 degrees C for 30 min) destroyed this immunoprotective effect, but did not abolish tumour-specific antibody production in treated rats. The binding of syngeneic and alloantibodies to surface antigens expressed on hepatoma cells was unaffected by heat treatment. Thus, heat-treated gamma-irradiated hepatoma cells retain a serologically defined tumour-specific antigen but are unable to elicit immunoprotection. By examining the incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA, RNA and protein in heat-treated cells, it was determined that above 41 degrees C there was a significant decrease in metabolic activity. It is postulated that for the effective induction of transplantation immunity to tumours, tumour-specific antigens should be present on the surface membranes of a metabolically active cell. This hypothesis accounts for the absence or marked reduction of immunoprotection induced by inviable or glutaraldehyde-treated cells, isolated cell membranes and soluble tumour extracts which retain serologically defined tumour-specific antigens.", "PMID": 375964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3118", "title": "Radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by the cytotoxic agent procarbazine: a hypoxic cell sensitizer preferentially toxic to aerobic cells and easily oxidized.", "content": "Procarbazine has been shown to be a hypoxic cell sensitizer of moderate ability in E. coli B/r, with an achievable enhancement ratio of 1.4 at subtoxic concentrations. The drug appears to act in a manner similar to the expected with the electron-affinic radiosensitizers. However, procarbazine and the electron-affinic sensitizers differ in two important respects. Unlike the electron-affinic sensitizers, procarbazine is not easily reduced, but is easily oxidized. It is more toxic to aerobic than to hypoxic cells. At the drug dosages in present clinical use, procarbazine is likely to be only a weak radiosensitizer. The possible implications of the data for the further development of a new class of sensitizers and combination therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by the cytotoxic agent procarbazine: a hypoxic cell sensitizer preferentially toxic to aerobic cells and easily oxidized. Procarbazine has been shown to be a hypoxic cell sensitizer of moderate ability in E. coli B/r, with an achievable enhancement ratio of 1.4 at subtoxic concentrations. The drug appears to act in a manner similar to the expected with the electron-affinic radiosensitizers. However, procarbazine and the electron-affinic sensitizers differ in two important respects. Unlike the electron-affinic sensitizers, procarbazine is not easily reduced, but is easily oxidized. It is more toxic to aerobic than to hypoxic cells. At the drug dosages in present clinical use, procarbazine is likely to be only a weak radiosensitizer. The possible implications of the data for the further development of a new class of sensitizers and combination therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 375966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3119", "title": "Systemic and in-situ natural killer activity in tumour-bearing rats.", "content": "Single-cell suspensions prepared by enzymatic disaggregation of an immunogenic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (Mc40A) contain a significant proportion of infiltrating leucocytes (approximately 42%), comprising T lymphocytes, macrophages and non-phagocytic FcR+ lymphoid-like cells. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated and purified by successive passage over Sephadex G-10 columns and their cytotoxic activity in vitro compared with that of lymphoid cells from normal rats and from tumour-bearers at different times after implantation. For this purpose, surviving target cells were quantified by incorporation of the gamma-emitting analogue of methionine, 75Sel-methionine, in a 48-h assay which detected both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects. The reactivity of TIL, which was consistently demonstrable from 11 days after tumour transplantation, was essentially similar to that of normal splenic lymphocytes in magnitude and specificity. Reciprocal cytotoxicity tests using TIL and cultured targets from an antigenically unrelated tumour of similar aetiology (Mc57) showed that the manifestation of TIL cytotoxicity was determined, not by the tumour of origin, but by the susceptibility of the target cells. Evidence that the effector function of TIL was mediated in part by natural killer (NK) cells was derived from concurrent experiments using human myeloid cells (K562) as targets in an 18h 51Cr-release assay. In this system the level of NK activity was critically dependent on the numbers of tumour cells in the TIL population; contamination in excess of 2% gave rise to dose-dependent inhibition of NK function. The results show that within a progressively growing tumour known to possess rejection antigens, NK reactivity was detected in the absence of a demonstrable tumour-specific cytotoxic component.", "contents": "Systemic and in-situ natural killer activity in tumour-bearing rats. Single-cell suspensions prepared by enzymatic disaggregation of an immunogenic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (Mc40A) contain a significant proportion of infiltrating leucocytes (approximately 42%), comprising T lymphocytes, macrophages and non-phagocytic FcR+ lymphoid-like cells. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated and purified by successive passage over Sephadex G-10 columns and their cytotoxic activity in vitro compared with that of lymphoid cells from normal rats and from tumour-bearers at different times after implantation. For this purpose, surviving target cells were quantified by incorporation of the gamma-emitting analogue of methionine, 75Sel-methionine, in a 48-h assay which detected both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects. The reactivity of TIL, which was consistently demonstrable from 11 days after tumour transplantation, was essentially similar to that of normal splenic lymphocytes in magnitude and specificity. Reciprocal cytotoxicity tests using TIL and cultured targets from an antigenically unrelated tumour of similar aetiology (Mc57) showed that the manifestation of TIL cytotoxicity was determined, not by the tumour of origin, but by the susceptibility of the target cells. Evidence that the effector function of TIL was mediated in part by natural killer (NK) cells was derived from concurrent experiments using human myeloid cells (K562) as targets in an 18h 51Cr-release assay. In this system the level of NK activity was critically dependent on the numbers of tumour cells in the TIL population; contamination in excess of 2% gave rise to dose-dependent inhibition of NK function. The results show that within a progressively growing tumour known to possess rejection antigens, NK reactivity was detected in the absence of a demonstrable tumour-specific cytotoxic component.", "PMID": 375965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3120", "title": "Predominance of T lymphocytes in the dermal infiltrate of atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Tissue sections from diseased skin of sixteen patients with atopic dermatitis were investigated with haematoxylin-eosin and toluidine-blue staining, with direct immunofluorescence staining using FITC-conjugated antisera against IgG F(ab')2 and IgM, and with the indirect immunofluorescence method utilizing specific rabbit anti-human T lymphocyte antiserum with FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig antiserum as the second layer. Furthermore, cryostat sections were investigated in a closed chamber immune adherence method using aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) treated sheep red blood cells to detect E receptors on T lymphocytes, and with various types of coated sheep red blood cells to detect cells with IgG Fc receptors and complement factor C3b receptors. All sections presented dermal perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells as judged by haematoxylin-eosin staining. Staining with toluidine-blue demonstrated varying numbers of mast-cells, but in no case pathological increased number. The majority of the infiltrating cells presented rim-like membrane fluorescence with the anti-T antiserum, and the AET treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) adhered to the infiltrates, thus indicating a predominance of T lymphocytes in the skin infiltrates of atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Predominance of T lymphocytes in the dermal infiltrate of atopic dermatitis. Tissue sections from diseased skin of sixteen patients with atopic dermatitis were investigated with haematoxylin-eosin and toluidine-blue staining, with direct immunofluorescence staining using FITC-conjugated antisera against IgG F(ab')2 and IgM, and with the indirect immunofluorescence method utilizing specific rabbit anti-human T lymphocyte antiserum with FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig antiserum as the second layer. Furthermore, cryostat sections were investigated in a closed chamber immune adherence method using aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) treated sheep red blood cells to detect E receptors on T lymphocytes, and with various types of coated sheep red blood cells to detect cells with IgG Fc receptors and complement factor C3b receptors. All sections presented dermal perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells as judged by haematoxylin-eosin staining. Staining with toluidine-blue demonstrated varying numbers of mast-cells, but in no case pathological increased number. The majority of the infiltrating cells presented rim-like membrane fluorescence with the anti-T antiserum, and the AET treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) adhered to the infiltrates, thus indicating a predominance of T lymphocytes in the skin infiltrates of atopic dermatitis.", "PMID": 375967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3121", "title": "Evidence for a conformational change in the Escherichia coli maltose receptor by excited-state fluorescence lifetime data.", "content": "The initial signaling event during maltose chemoreception in Escherichia coli is identified with a delocalized liqand-induced conformational change in the maltose binding protein. Substantiation for the conformational change involves a new application of the \"distant reporter group technique\" [Zukin, R.S., Hartig, P.R., & Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1977a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1932-1936] utilizing excited-state fluorescence lifetime measurements. Binding of maltose to its receptor results in changes in the microenvironment of the two tryptophan residues of the receptor protein and of an experimentally attached reporter group, 5-(iodoacetamido) fluorescein. The minimum distance between the two typtophans from efficiency of fluorescence energy transfer theory is 17 A; the minimum distance from the farther tryptophan to the fluorescein is 50 A. Thus, the maltose receptor is shown to undergo molecular rearrangements at distant sites upon ligand binding. The general feature of conformational change as the initial signaling event during chemoreception in the enteric bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a conformational change in the Escherichia coli maltose receptor by excited-state fluorescence lifetime data. The initial signaling event during maltose chemoreception in Escherichia coli is identified with a delocalized liqand-induced conformational change in the maltose binding protein. Substantiation for the conformational change involves a new application of the \"distant reporter group technique\" [Zukin, R.S., Hartig, P.R., & Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1977a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1932-1936] utilizing excited-state fluorescence lifetime measurements. Binding of maltose to its receptor results in changes in the microenvironment of the two tryptophan residues of the receptor protein and of an experimentally attached reporter group, 5-(iodoacetamido) fluorescein. The minimum distance between the two typtophans from efficiency of fluorescence energy transfer theory is 17 A; the minimum distance from the farther tryptophan to the fluorescein is 50 A. Thus, the maltose receptor is shown to undergo molecular rearrangements at distant sites upon ligand binding. The general feature of conformational change as the initial signaling event during chemoreception in the enteric bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 375968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3122", "title": "Antibiotic effects on the photoinduced affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes by puromycin.", "content": "The effect of ribosomal antibiotics on the photoinduced affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes by puromycin [Cooperman, B.S., Jaynes, E.N., Brunswick, D.J., & Luddy, M.A. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1974; Jaynes, E.N. Jr., Grant, P.G., Giangrande, G., Wieder, R., & Cooperman, B.S. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 561] has been studied. Although blasticidin S, sparsomycin, lincomycin, and erythromycin are essentially without effect, major changes are seen on addition of either chloramphenicol or tetracycline. The products of photoincorporation have been characterized by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and by specific immunoprecipitation with antibodies to ribosomal proteins. In the presence of chloramphenicol, protein S14 becomes the major labeled protein. In the presence of tetracycline, L23 remains the major labeled protein, but the yield of labeled ribosomes is enormously increased, and the labeling is more specific for L23. These results are discussed in terms of the known modes of action of these antibiotics and the photoreactivity of tetracycline.", "contents": "Antibiotic effects on the photoinduced affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes by puromycin. The effect of ribosomal antibiotics on the photoinduced affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes by puromycin [Cooperman, B.S., Jaynes, E.N., Brunswick, D.J., & Luddy, M.A. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1974; Jaynes, E.N. Jr., Grant, P.G., Giangrande, G., Wieder, R., & Cooperman, B.S. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 561] has been studied. Although blasticidin S, sparsomycin, lincomycin, and erythromycin are essentially without effect, major changes are seen on addition of either chloramphenicol or tetracycline. The products of photoincorporation have been characterized by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and by specific immunoprecipitation with antibodies to ribosomal proteins. In the presence of chloramphenicol, protein S14 becomes the major labeled protein. In the presence of tetracycline, L23 remains the major labeled protein, but the yield of labeled ribosomes is enormously increased, and the labeling is more specific for L23. These results are discussed in terms of the known modes of action of these antibiotics and the photoreactivity of tetracycline.", "PMID": 375969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3123", "title": "Interaction of phosphate analogues with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. A variety of phosphonates have been shown to substitute for phosphate in this reaction [Gardner, J. H., & Byers, L. D., (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5925--5927]. The dependence of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the reaction on the pKa2 value of the phosphonate is characterized by a Br\u0142nsted coefficient, betaeq, of approximately 1. This represents the sensitivity of the transfer of the phosphoglyceroyl group between the active-site sulfhydryl residue (in the acyl-enzyme intermediate) and the acyl acceptor on the basicity of the acyl acceptor. Molybdate (MoO42-) can also serve as an acyl acceptor in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction. The second-order rate constant for the reaction with molybdate is only approximately 12 times lower than the reaction with phosphate even though the pKa2 of molybdate is 3.1 units lower than the pKa2 of phosphate. The immediate product of the molybdate reaction is the acyl molybdate, 1-molybdo-3-phosphoglycerate. The acyl molybdate, like the acyl arsenate (the immediate product of the reaction when arsenate is the acyl acceptor), is kinetically unstable. At pH 7.3 (25 degrees C), the half-life for hydrolysis of the acyl molybdate, or the acyl arsenate, is less than 2.5 s. Thus, hydrolysis of 1-molybdo- and 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is at least 2000 times faster than hydrolysis of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate under the same conditions. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has a fairly broad specificity for acyl acceptors. Most tetrahedral oxy anions tested are substrates for the enzyme (except SO4(2-) and SeO4(2-)). Tetrahedral monoanions such as ReO4- and GeO(OH)3- are not substrates but do bind to the enzyme. These results suggest the requirement of at least one anionic site on the acyl acceptor required for binding and another anionic group on the acyl receptor required for nucleophilic attack on the acyl enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of phosphate analogues with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. A variety of phosphonates have been shown to substitute for phosphate in this reaction [Gardner, J. H., & Byers, L. D., (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5925--5927]. The dependence of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the reaction on the pKa2 value of the phosphonate is characterized by a Br\u0142nsted coefficient, betaeq, of approximately 1. This represents the sensitivity of the transfer of the phosphoglyceroyl group between the active-site sulfhydryl residue (in the acyl-enzyme intermediate) and the acyl acceptor on the basicity of the acyl acceptor. Molybdate (MoO42-) can also serve as an acyl acceptor in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction. The second-order rate constant for the reaction with molybdate is only approximately 12 times lower than the reaction with phosphate even though the pKa2 of molybdate is 3.1 units lower than the pKa2 of phosphate. The immediate product of the molybdate reaction is the acyl molybdate, 1-molybdo-3-phosphoglycerate. The acyl molybdate, like the acyl arsenate (the immediate product of the reaction when arsenate is the acyl acceptor), is kinetically unstable. At pH 7.3 (25 degrees C), the half-life for hydrolysis of the acyl molybdate, or the acyl arsenate, is less than 2.5 s. Thus, hydrolysis of 1-molybdo- and 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is at least 2000 times faster than hydrolysis of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate under the same conditions. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has a fairly broad specificity for acyl acceptors. Most tetrahedral oxy anions tested are substrates for the enzyme (except SO4(2-) and SeO4(2-)). Tetrahedral monoanions such as ReO4- and GeO(OH)3- are not substrates but do bind to the enzyme. These results suggest the requirement of at least one anionic site on the acyl acceptor required for binding and another anionic group on the acyl receptor required for nucleophilic attack on the acyl enzyme.", "PMID": 375973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3124", "title": "Shapes of proteins L1, L9, L25, and L30 from the 50S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome, determined by hydrodynamic studies.", "content": "Proteins L1, L9, L25, and L30, purified by a nondenaturing method from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli A19, have been characterized. The four proteins were studied under conditions which resemble those used for reconstitution experiments. These proteins have S020,W values of 2.0 S, 1.8 S, 1.8 S, and 1.0 S and D20,W values of 8.4 X 10(-7), 9.0 X 10(-7), 14.0 X 10(-7), and 15.0 X 10(-7) cm2/S. Apparent specific volumes at 20 degrees C are 0.738, 0.733, 0.700, and 0.735 mL/g for the four proteins. The respective molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium are 25 000, 17 300, 12 000, and 6500. The intrinsic viscosity values for the four proteins are 4.0, 5.5, 3.6, and 3.2 mL/g. From these hydrodynamic parameters L1 and L9 appear to have globular or at most only slightly elongated shapes, whereas L25 and L30 appear to be definitely globular.", "contents": "Shapes of proteins L1, L9, L25, and L30 from the 50S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome, determined by hydrodynamic studies. Proteins L1, L9, L25, and L30, purified by a nondenaturing method from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli A19, have been characterized. The four proteins were studied under conditions which resemble those used for reconstitution experiments. These proteins have S020,W values of 2.0 S, 1.8 S, 1.8 S, and 1.0 S and D20,W values of 8.4 X 10(-7), 9.0 X 10(-7), 14.0 X 10(-7), and 15.0 X 10(-7) cm2/S. Apparent specific volumes at 20 degrees C are 0.738, 0.733, 0.700, and 0.735 mL/g for the four proteins. The respective molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium are 25 000, 17 300, 12 000, and 6500. The intrinsic viscosity values for the four proteins are 4.0, 5.5, 3.6, and 3.2 mL/g. From these hydrodynamic parameters L1 and L9 appear to have globular or at most only slightly elongated shapes, whereas L25 and L30 appear to be definitely globular.", "PMID": 375974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3125", "title": "Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli: incorporation of stable isotope-labeled glycines.", "content": "Methods are described for the cleavage, extraction, and subsequent gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin as 2-methyl-4-amino-5-[(ethylthio)methyl]pyrimidine. The methods are of a general nature and can be applied to any system. Using these methods to evaluate the incorporation of 13C-, 15N-, and 2H-labeled glycines into the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin by Escherichia coli, we established that the nitrogen and carbon atoms of glycine are incorporated as a unit into the pyrimidine. 13C- and 15N-labeled glycines are incorporated at greater than 60% but deuterium from [2-(2)H2]glycine was incorporated at only 18%. A detailed analysis of the mass fragmentation pattern of the pyrimidine derivative has established that the glycine nitrogen atom supplies the N-1 of the pyrimidine and that the C-1 and C-2 of the glycine supplies the C-4 and C-6 of the pyrimidine, respectively. This evidence is consistent with the substitution of a C2 unit between the C-5 and C-4 of the 4-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide precursor during the biosynthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin in E. coli.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli: incorporation of stable isotope-labeled glycines. Methods are described for the cleavage, extraction, and subsequent gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin as 2-methyl-4-amino-5-[(ethylthio)methyl]pyrimidine. The methods are of a general nature and can be applied to any system. Using these methods to evaluate the incorporation of 13C-, 15N-, and 2H-labeled glycines into the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin by Escherichia coli, we established that the nitrogen and carbon atoms of glycine are incorporated as a unit into the pyrimidine. 13C- and 15N-labeled glycines are incorporated at greater than 60% but deuterium from [2-(2)H2]glycine was incorporated at only 18%. A detailed analysis of the mass fragmentation pattern of the pyrimidine derivative has established that the glycine nitrogen atom supplies the N-1 of the pyrimidine and that the C-1 and C-2 of the glycine supplies the C-4 and C-6 of the pyrimidine, respectively. This evidence is consistent with the substitution of a C2 unit between the C-5 and C-4 of the 4-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide precursor during the biosynthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin in E. coli.", "PMID": 375977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3126", "title": "Light-induced calcium release in isolated intact cattle rod outer segments upon photoexcitation of rhodopsin.", "content": "By applying flash-spectrophotometry with the calcium-indicating dye arsenazo III rapid light-triggered calcium release in various cattle rod outer segment preparations was studied. It is shown that light-induced calcium signals can be unambiguously discriminated from underlying absorption changes due to photolysis of rhodopsin and apparent absorption changes resulting from lightscattering transients. The following results have been obtained: 1. Calcium-induced arsenazo III responses can be quantitatively and kinetically resolved within the time domain of the visual transduction process. 2. Photoexcitation of rhodopsin results in calcium release from intradiscal binding sites. 3. Calcium released does not appear in the cytoplasmic space unless the disc membrane is made permeable to calcium ions by an ionophore. 4. The shortest observed half-rise time of calcium release (300 ms) is possibly limited by the ionophore. 5. The stoichiometric ratio of calcium released/rhodopsin bleached is 0.5 at a free calcium concentration of 2 microM. The amount of calcium released is proportional to the precentage of rhodopsin bleaching (from 1--10%). 6. Upon disruption of the disc stack by lysis of intact rod outer segments the light-induced calcium release is greatly altered. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports on a light-induced calcium release from retinal discs and in terms of the proposed role of calcium as an intracellular transmitter in vertebrate photoreceptors.", "contents": "Light-induced calcium release in isolated intact cattle rod outer segments upon photoexcitation of rhodopsin. By applying flash-spectrophotometry with the calcium-indicating dye arsenazo III rapid light-triggered calcium release in various cattle rod outer segment preparations was studied. It is shown that light-induced calcium signals can be unambiguously discriminated from underlying absorption changes due to photolysis of rhodopsin and apparent absorption changes resulting from lightscattering transients. The following results have been obtained: 1. Calcium-induced arsenazo III responses can be quantitatively and kinetically resolved within the time domain of the visual transduction process. 2. Photoexcitation of rhodopsin results in calcium release from intradiscal binding sites. 3. Calcium released does not appear in the cytoplasmic space unless the disc membrane is made permeable to calcium ions by an ionophore. 4. The shortest observed half-rise time of calcium release (300 ms) is possibly limited by the ionophore. 5. The stoichiometric ratio of calcium released/rhodopsin bleached is 0.5 at a free calcium concentration of 2 microM. The amount of calcium released is proportional to the precentage of rhodopsin bleaching (from 1--10%). 6. Upon disruption of the disc stack by lysis of intact rod outer segments the light-induced calcium release is greatly altered. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports on a light-induced calcium release from retinal discs and in terms of the proposed role of calcium as an intracellular transmitter in vertebrate photoreceptors.", "PMID": 375978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3127", "title": "Yeast plasma membrane ghosts. An analysis of proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "We have examined yeast cell ghost preparations to assess their value in obtaining plasma membrane proteins. Ghosts prepared by two methods involving stabilization of spheroplast envelopes had similar protein patterns by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and approximately 200 proteins were resolved. Spheroplasts were lactoperoxidase iodinated, and recovery of label in ghost preparations was greater than 60%. Spheroplasts appeared to be impermeable to the lactoperoxidase reagents as judged by an examination of two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns of ghost proteins that had been iodinated in spheroplasts or in unsealed ghosts. Spheroplasts were also impermeable to pronase proteases. Surface iodination and surface proteolysis allowed us to identify exposed ghost proteins; the major ghost glycoprotein was exposed in spheroplasts. Two-dimensional patterns of ghost proteins were not heavily contaminated (less than or equal to 25% of all proteins) by proteins present in soluble or promitochondrial fractions, and estimates of surface label and total cell protein recovery suggested that the ghost fraction represents a cell envelope enrichment of 8--10 fold over whole cells. Resolution of ghost proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis appears to be a powerful aid toward identifying membrane proteins.", "contents": "Yeast plasma membrane ghosts. An analysis of proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We have examined yeast cell ghost preparations to assess their value in obtaining plasma membrane proteins. Ghosts prepared by two methods involving stabilization of spheroplast envelopes had similar protein patterns by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and approximately 200 proteins were resolved. Spheroplasts were lactoperoxidase iodinated, and recovery of label in ghost preparations was greater than 60%. Spheroplasts appeared to be impermeable to the lactoperoxidase reagents as judged by an examination of two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns of ghost proteins that had been iodinated in spheroplasts or in unsealed ghosts. Spheroplasts were also impermeable to pronase proteases. Surface iodination and surface proteolysis allowed us to identify exposed ghost proteins; the major ghost glycoprotein was exposed in spheroplasts. Two-dimensional patterns of ghost proteins were not heavily contaminated (less than or equal to 25% of all proteins) by proteins present in soluble or promitochondrial fractions, and estimates of surface label and total cell protein recovery suggested that the ghost fraction represents a cell envelope enrichment of 8--10 fold over whole cells. Resolution of ghost proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis appears to be a powerful aid toward identifying membrane proteins.", "PMID": 375979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3128", "title": "Nature of the regions involved in the insertion of newly synthesized protein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Outer membrane proteins are synthesized by cytoplasmic membrane-bound polysomes, and inserted at insertion sites which cover about 10% of the total outer membrane when cells grow with a generation time of 1 h. A membrane fraction enriched in outer membrane insertion regions was isolated and partly characterized. The rat at which newly inserted proteins are transferred from such insertion regions into the rest of the outer membrane was found to be very fast; the new protein content of insertion regions and that of the remaining outer membrane equilibrate completely within about 20 s at 25 degrees C. Given the rather rigid structure of the outer membrane and the multiple interactions between outer membrane components and the murein layer, lateral diffusion of newly inserted proteins from insertion sites to the remaining outer membrane is not likely to explain this rapid equilibration. Instead, the data support a model in which insertion regions move along the cell surface, leaving behind stationary, newly inserted outer membrane proteins.", "contents": "Nature of the regions involved in the insertion of newly synthesized protein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Outer membrane proteins are synthesized by cytoplasmic membrane-bound polysomes, and inserted at insertion sites which cover about 10% of the total outer membrane when cells grow with a generation time of 1 h. A membrane fraction enriched in outer membrane insertion regions was isolated and partly characterized. The rat at which newly inserted proteins are transferred from such insertion regions into the rest of the outer membrane was found to be very fast; the new protein content of insertion regions and that of the remaining outer membrane equilibrate completely within about 20 s at 25 degrees C. Given the rather rigid structure of the outer membrane and the multiple interactions between outer membrane components and the murein layer, lateral diffusion of newly inserted proteins from insertion sites to the remaining outer membrane is not likely to explain this rapid equilibration. Instead, the data support a model in which insertion regions move along the cell surface, leaving behind stationary, newly inserted outer membrane proteins.", "PMID": 375980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3129", "title": "Physical and coding properties of poly(5-methoxyuridylic) acid.", "content": "The synthesis of poly(mo5U) requires a high concentration (2.7 mg/ml) of polynucleotide phosphorylase as well as a long reaction time (48 h). The resulting polynucleotide has a chain length of approximately 100 nucleotides. It shows no indication of a stable secondary structure. When poly(mo5U) is mixed with poly(A), a triple-stranded complex poly(A) . 2poly(mo5U) is formed. This complex has a melting temperature of 68.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C at 150 mMNa+ and exhibits a hysteresis loop between melting and reformation of the complex having a delta Tm of 11.5 degrees C. Poly-5-methoxyuridylic acid stimulates the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes but is inactive in directing poly(Phe) synthesis.", "contents": "Physical and coding properties of poly(5-methoxyuridylic) acid. The synthesis of poly(mo5U) requires a high concentration (2.7 mg/ml) of polynucleotide phosphorylase as well as a long reaction time (48 h). The resulting polynucleotide has a chain length of approximately 100 nucleotides. It shows no indication of a stable secondary structure. When poly(mo5U) is mixed with poly(A), a triple-stranded complex poly(A) . 2poly(mo5U) is formed. This complex has a melting temperature of 68.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C at 150 mMNa+ and exhibits a hysteresis loop between melting and reformation of the complex having a delta Tm of 11.5 degrees C. Poly-5-methoxyuridylic acid stimulates the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes but is inactive in directing poly(Phe) synthesis.", "PMID": 375983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3130", "title": "Interaction of Cibacron Blue F3GA with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and with T4 DNA polymerase.", "content": "Individual rapid procedures for the enrichment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase free of endonuclease activity are described using Blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography. The blue dye of Blue dextran-Sepharose selectively binds to the deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrate site of the E. coli but not the T4 enzyme indicating that the catalytic sites of these two enzymes which catalyze the same polymerization reaction in vitro are quite distinct.", "contents": "Interaction of Cibacron Blue F3GA with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and with T4 DNA polymerase. Individual rapid procedures for the enrichment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase free of endonuclease activity are described using Blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography. The blue dye of Blue dextran-Sepharose selectively binds to the deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrate site of the E. coli but not the T4 enzyme indicating that the catalytic sites of these two enzymes which catalyze the same polymerization reaction in vitro are quite distinct.", "PMID": 375984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3131", "title": "Product inhibition studies of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase evaluating properties of multiple substrate binding sites.", "content": "Product inhibition studies on yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) have been performed with 1,3-P2-glycerate. The results indicate that: 1. The catalytic reaction can be affected via four substrate binding sites, two for MgATP2- and two for 3-P-glycerate. 2. There is one catalytic centre per enzyme molecule. 3. The catalytic reaction primarily occurs at the 'first' or 'high affinity' MgATP2- and 3-P-glycerate binding sites. The 'second' set of sub-sites for these substrates are located in a region for regulation of the catalytic reaction. 4. The products of the reaction, 1,3-P2-glycerate and ADP, are preferentially bound to the regulatory region. 5. MgATP2- and 1,3-P2-glycerate are able to bind simultaneously to this region. When liganded with MgATP2- the apparent Ki value for 1,3-P2-glycerate increases from 3 microM to 20 microM.", "contents": "Product inhibition studies of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase evaluating properties of multiple substrate binding sites. Product inhibition studies on yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) have been performed with 1,3-P2-glycerate. The results indicate that: 1. The catalytic reaction can be affected via four substrate binding sites, two for MgATP2- and two for 3-P-glycerate. 2. There is one catalytic centre per enzyme molecule. 3. The catalytic reaction primarily occurs at the 'first' or 'high affinity' MgATP2- and 3-P-glycerate binding sites. The 'second' set of sub-sites for these substrates are located in a region for regulation of the catalytic reaction. 4. The products of the reaction, 1,3-P2-glycerate and ADP, are preferentially bound to the regulatory region. 5. MgATP2- and 1,3-P2-glycerate are able to bind simultaneously to this region. When liganded with MgATP2- the apparent Ki value for 1,3-P2-glycerate increases from 3 microM to 20 microM.", "PMID": 375985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3132", "title": "Tritium exchange reactions catalyzed by 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Tritiated water and tritiated substrates have been used to study exchange reactions catalyzed by Escherichia coli 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.16, 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate in equilibrium pyruvate + glyoxylate). With pyruvate, the enzyme catalyzes a rapid first-order exchange of all three methyl hydrogens in the absence of added acceptor aldehyde (i.e. glyoxylate). This reaction is not rate limiting for aldol condensation or cleavage; quite different pH-activity profiles for the exchange reaction versus aldol cleavage and also comparative effects that pH changes have on Km and V values for the two processes favor this conclusion. The exchange reaction with 2-oxobutyrate, a substrate analog, is stereoselective; one methylene hydrogen is removed at a 6-fold faster rate than the other but eventually both are exchanged. No tritium exchange occurs with glyoxylate.", "contents": "Tritium exchange reactions catalyzed by 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from Escherichia coli K-12. Tritiated water and tritiated substrates have been used to study exchange reactions catalyzed by Escherichia coli 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.16, 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate in equilibrium pyruvate + glyoxylate). With pyruvate, the enzyme catalyzes a rapid first-order exchange of all three methyl hydrogens in the absence of added acceptor aldehyde (i.e. glyoxylate). This reaction is not rate limiting for aldol condensation or cleavage; quite different pH-activity profiles for the exchange reaction versus aldol cleavage and also comparative effects that pH changes have on Km and V values for the two processes favor this conclusion. The exchange reaction with 2-oxobutyrate, a substrate analog, is stereoselective; one methylene hydrogen is removed at a 6-fold faster rate than the other but eventually both are exchanged. No tritium exchange occurs with glyoxylate.", "PMID": 375986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3133", "title": "9,11-Iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid is a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor.", "content": "9,11-Iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid inhibits the thromboxane A2 synthetase in platelet and lung microsomal enzyme preparations and in intact platelets. It does not inhibit the protaglandin I2 synthetase in aorta or lung microsomes and intact Balb 3T3 fibroblasts. In lung microsomes, which contain both enzymes, 9,11-iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid inhibits only thromboxane A2 formation and augments prostaglandin I2 formation. This inhibitor is more selective than other reported prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs which inhibit the platelet thromboxane synthetase.", "contents": "9,11-Iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid is a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor. 9,11-Iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid inhibits the thromboxane A2 synthetase in platelet and lung microsomal enzyme preparations and in intact platelets. It does not inhibit the protaglandin I2 synthetase in aorta or lung microsomes and intact Balb 3T3 fibroblasts. In lung microsomes, which contain both enzymes, 9,11-iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid inhibits only thromboxane A2 formation and augments prostaglandin I2 formation. This inhibitor is more selective than other reported prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs which inhibit the platelet thromboxane synthetase.", "PMID": 375987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3134", "title": "Stimulation of phosphatidic acid production in platelets precedes the formation of arachidonate and parallels the release of serotonin.", "content": "Thrombin rapidly induces the formation of labeled phosphatidic acid from platelets prelabeled with [17C]arachidonate or 32PO34- and specifically decreases by 50--75% the content of phosphatidylinositol. Ionophore A23187 also stimulates phosphatidate labeling, but less effectively than thrombin. This effect on phosphatidic acid is blocked by increasing the levels of cyclic AMP by preincubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors or prostacyclin. Indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid do not alter the production of phosphatidate, indicating independence from cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products. Increased turnover of [14C]- or [32P]phosphatidate occurs within 2--5 s after platelet activation by thrombin and is observed before endogenous, 14C-labeled arachidonate can be detected. The rate of phosphatidate formation parallels the induced rate of serotonin release. Release of [3H]serotonin is not affected by eicosatetraynoic acid. Phosphatidate production reflects the generation of diacylglycerol by C-type phospholipase degradation of phosphatidylinositol. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid may participate in the membrane modification related to the early changes in platelet shape, release reactions or aggregation which occur on stimulation.", "contents": "Stimulation of phosphatidic acid production in platelets precedes the formation of arachidonate and parallels the release of serotonin. Thrombin rapidly induces the formation of labeled phosphatidic acid from platelets prelabeled with [17C]arachidonate or 32PO34- and specifically decreases by 50--75% the content of phosphatidylinositol. Ionophore A23187 also stimulates phosphatidate labeling, but less effectively than thrombin. This effect on phosphatidic acid is blocked by increasing the levels of cyclic AMP by preincubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors or prostacyclin. Indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid do not alter the production of phosphatidate, indicating independence from cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products. Increased turnover of [14C]- or [32P]phosphatidate occurs within 2--5 s after platelet activation by thrombin and is observed before endogenous, 14C-labeled arachidonate can be detected. The rate of phosphatidate formation parallels the induced rate of serotonin release. Release of [3H]serotonin is not affected by eicosatetraynoic acid. Phosphatidate production reflects the generation of diacylglycerol by C-type phospholipase degradation of phosphatidylinositol. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid may participate in the membrane modification related to the early changes in platelet shape, release reactions or aggregation which occur on stimulation.", "PMID": 375988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3135", "title": "Inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "content": "Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, the powerful common regulator of several key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, was found to exert a potent inhibitory effect on the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) from yeast and several rat tissues. These findings suggest that glucose 1,6-bisphosphate may have a regulatory influence on the pentose phosphate pathway.", "contents": "Inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, the powerful common regulator of several key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, was found to exert a potent inhibitory effect on the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) from yeast and several rat tissues. These findings suggest that glucose 1,6-bisphosphate may have a regulatory influence on the pentose phosphate pathway.", "PMID": 375989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3136", "title": "Alterations in pancreatic islet phosphate content during secretory stimulation with glucose.", "content": "Isolated rat pancreatic islets were perifused and analyzed for phosphate content immediately following the transient increase in the efflux of orthophosphate which occurs when insulin secretion is stimulated by glucose. In some instances, islets were perifused directly following isolation to minimize preparative delay; in others, islets were prelabeled during incubation with [32P]orthophosphate for 90 min prior to perifusion. In both experimental situations, total islet phosphate content declined 40--50% following exposure to stimulating concentrations of glucose and initiation of enhanced insulin release. In the experiments with prelabeled islets, tissue content of [32P]orthophosphate fell to a similar extent so that the specific radioactivity of islet orthophosphate was unaffected. Inhibited of heightened insulin release with Ni2+ did not modify the decrements in total or radioactive tissue orthophosphate, thus indicating that these responses to islet stimulation reflect events which are proximal to activated exocytosis. Simultaneous analyses for tissue ATP and ADP demonstrated that the efflux in orthophosphate and reduction in tissue orthophosphate content were not mediated via net changes in islet adenine nucleotides. The observations represent the first documentation that a net reduction of tissue inorganic phosphate is one of the early components of stimulus-secretion coupling in isolated pancreatic islets.", "contents": "Alterations in pancreatic islet phosphate content during secretory stimulation with glucose. Isolated rat pancreatic islets were perifused and analyzed for phosphate content immediately following the transient increase in the efflux of orthophosphate which occurs when insulin secretion is stimulated by glucose. In some instances, islets were perifused directly following isolation to minimize preparative delay; in others, islets were prelabeled during incubation with [32P]orthophosphate for 90 min prior to perifusion. In both experimental situations, total islet phosphate content declined 40--50% following exposure to stimulating concentrations of glucose and initiation of enhanced insulin release. In the experiments with prelabeled islets, tissue content of [32P]orthophosphate fell to a similar extent so that the specific radioactivity of islet orthophosphate was unaffected. Inhibited of heightened insulin release with Ni2+ did not modify the decrements in total or radioactive tissue orthophosphate, thus indicating that these responses to islet stimulation reflect events which are proximal to activated exocytosis. Simultaneous analyses for tissue ATP and ADP demonstrated that the efflux in orthophosphate and reduction in tissue orthophosphate content were not mediated via net changes in islet adenine nucleotides. The observations represent the first documentation that a net reduction of tissue inorganic phosphate is one of the early components of stimulus-secretion coupling in isolated pancreatic islets.", "PMID": 375990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3137", "title": "Some problems of the ecology and taxonomy of marine microvibrios.", "content": "The bactericidal effect of water from the Indian and Pacific oceans and Caspian and White seas on Escherichia coli was studied. It is shown that a decrease in the viability of E. coli cells is accompanied by the appearance and active multiplication of small bacteria of a vibrioid form. Two strains of such bacteria were isolated from a suspension of E. coli in seawater and purified from membranes of the substrate organism by the method of centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient. The marine bacteria of vibrioid form are very similar to the bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in fatty acid composition and characteristic cycle of development.", "contents": "Some problems of the ecology and taxonomy of marine microvibrios. The bactericidal effect of water from the Indian and Pacific oceans and Caspian and White seas on Escherichia coli was studied. It is shown that a decrease in the viability of E. coli cells is accompanied by the appearance and active multiplication of small bacteria of a vibrioid form. Two strains of such bacteria were isolated from a suspension of E. coli in seawater and purified from membranes of the substrate organism by the method of centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient. The marine bacteria of vibrioid form are very similar to the bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in fatty acid composition and characteristic cycle of development.", "PMID": 375993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3138", "title": "T-cell-subset characterization of human T-CLL.", "content": "Circulating peripheral blood tumor cells in four cases of chronic lymphoproliferative disease were immunologically characterized. By the use of T-cell-specific heteroantisera and indirect immunofluorescence, all were shown to involve proliferation of malignant T cells. Three cases demonstrated morphologic and clinical features consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and one case presented as a lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Antisera specific for normal human T-cell subsets defined the malignant T cells in each case as arising from the TH2--subset. This subset normally constitutes approximately 80% of human peripheral blood T cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was not detected in any of the T-cell CLL cases, thus supporting the notion that T-cell CLL represents a malignancy of a mature phenotype. The one patient with lymphosarcoma whose tumor cells were TdT-positive subsequently developed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moreover, la-like antigen (p23,30) was detected on two of these tumor cell populations. In addition, it was shown that not all tumor cells were E-rosette-positive, since only cells from 3 of 4 patients were capable of forming spontaneous rosettes. These findings demonstrate that heteroantisera can provide an additional important tool for dissecting the heterogeneity of T-cell leukemias and for relating them to more differentiated normal T cells.", "contents": "T-cell-subset characterization of human T-CLL. Circulating peripheral blood tumor cells in four cases of chronic lymphoproliferative disease were immunologically characterized. By the use of T-cell-specific heteroantisera and indirect immunofluorescence, all were shown to involve proliferation of malignant T cells. Three cases demonstrated morphologic and clinical features consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and one case presented as a lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Antisera specific for normal human T-cell subsets defined the malignant T cells in each case as arising from the TH2--subset. This subset normally constitutes approximately 80% of human peripheral blood T cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was not detected in any of the T-cell CLL cases, thus supporting the notion that T-cell CLL represents a malignancy of a mature phenotype. The one patient with lymphosarcoma whose tumor cells were TdT-positive subsequently developed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moreover, la-like antigen (p23,30) was detected on two of these tumor cell populations. In addition, it was shown that not all tumor cells were E-rosette-positive, since only cells from 3 of 4 patients were capable of forming spontaneous rosettes. These findings demonstrate that heteroantisera can provide an additional important tool for dissecting the heterogeneity of T-cell leukemias and for relating them to more differentiated normal T cells.", "PMID": 375999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3139", "title": "A mechanism for the hydroperoxide-mediated inactivation of prostacyclin synthetase.", "content": "Hydroxyl radical generation was demonstrated during heme-catalyzed decomposition of 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The hydroperoxide-mediated inactivation of prostacyclin synthetase seems to be related to the generation of this highly reactive species. A relationship between hydroperoxides and the hydroxyl radical may be important in the modulation of prostacyclin synthesis in diseased states.", "contents": "A mechanism for the hydroperoxide-mediated inactivation of prostacyclin synthetase. Hydroxyl radical generation was demonstrated during heme-catalyzed decomposition of 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The hydroperoxide-mediated inactivation of prostacyclin synthetase seems to be related to the generation of this highly reactive species. A relationship between hydroperoxides and the hydroxyl radical may be important in the modulation of prostacyclin synthesis in diseased states.", "PMID": 376000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3140", "title": "Comparison of techniques for detecting T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Three versions of the E-rosette test, one using untreated sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, another using such cells at 4 degrees C, and a third using sheep erythrocytes treated with S-(2-aminoethyl)isothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), were applied to each of 72 bone marrow specimens from as many unselected patients with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The same specimens were also examined for T-cell antigens, based on reactivity with an antithymocyte serum. Lymphoblasts in eight ALL specimens formed E rosettes at 37 degrees C; no other E-positive specimens were identified when the assay was done at 4 degrees C. With AET-treated erythrocytes, lymphoblasts from these eight specimens and six additional specimens readily formed rosettes. T-cell antigens were detectable in all specimens positive for rosette formation withe untreated erythrocytes, in four of the six specimens positive for rosette formation with AET-treated erythrocytes, and in four specimens that showed no rosette formation under any of the experimental conditions used. Altogether, 18 specimens contained lymphoblasts with one or more surface markers characteristic of T-cell leukemia. These findings indicate that more specimens are likely to be identified at T-cell luekemias when E-rosette tests of increasing sensitivity and assayss for T-cell antigens are used. Some leukemic blasts do not possess the full array of membrane receptors and antigens usually associated with T cells. A combination of E-rosette tests and serologic tests is necessary to determine reliably the relationship of the test specimen to either T-cell ALL or common ALL and to establish the clinical significance of blasts that express membrane properties intermediate between those of T-cell ALL and common ALL.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques for detecting T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. Three versions of the E-rosette test, one using untreated sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, another using such cells at 4 degrees C, and a third using sheep erythrocytes treated with S-(2-aminoethyl)isothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), were applied to each of 72 bone marrow specimens from as many unselected patients with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The same specimens were also examined for T-cell antigens, based on reactivity with an antithymocyte serum. Lymphoblasts in eight ALL specimens formed E rosettes at 37 degrees C; no other E-positive specimens were identified when the assay was done at 4 degrees C. With AET-treated erythrocytes, lymphoblasts from these eight specimens and six additional specimens readily formed rosettes. T-cell antigens were detectable in all specimens positive for rosette formation withe untreated erythrocytes, in four of the six specimens positive for rosette formation with AET-treated erythrocytes, and in four specimens that showed no rosette formation under any of the experimental conditions used. Altogether, 18 specimens contained lymphoblasts with one or more surface markers characteristic of T-cell leukemia. These findings indicate that more specimens are likely to be identified at T-cell luekemias when E-rosette tests of increasing sensitivity and assayss for T-cell antigens are used. Some leukemic blasts do not possess the full array of membrane receptors and antigens usually associated with T cells. A combination of E-rosette tests and serologic tests is necessary to determine reliably the relationship of the test specimen to either T-cell ALL or common ALL and to establish the clinical significance of blasts that express membrane properties intermediate between those of T-cell ALL and common ALL.", "PMID": 376002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3141", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin density on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "The densities of surface immunoglobulin (slg) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of normals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LCL), and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were analyzed using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). PBM were labeled with fluorescein conjugates of F(ab')2 fragments of affinity chromatography-purified anti-Fab or class-specific anti-mu, anti-delta, anti-gamma, or anti-alpha. Histograms of relative cell fluorescence, rems of relative cell fluorescence, reflecting slg density, were prepared with the FACS. Anti-Fab-labeled normal PBM demonstrated a homogeneous low-density peak that when separated by the FACS and analyzed cytochemically consisted predominantly of monocytes, whereas brighter-staining cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Anti-mu and anti-delta labeled 9.0% and 8.5% of normal PBM, respectively, the slg+ cells being virtually all lymphocytes. Cells labeled by anti-gamma exhibited low homogeneous slg density and consisted of more than 80% monocytes. No normal or leukemic PBM were labeled by anti-alpha. All slg-positive cells (less than 5% monocytes) from 12 of 13 patients with CLL had very low homogeneous densities of slg and bore slgM, Whereas cells from 9 of 13 and 2 of 13 patients bore slgD and slgG, respectively. Similarly, PBM from 2 patients with HCL exhibited low and homogeneous densities of algM, slgD, and slgG, whereas those from a third patient bore only slgG. By contrast, the density of slgM and PBM derived from 3 patients with LCL was very high; slgD and slgG densities varied from very high to undetectable in these patients. The different homogeneous densities of slg on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with CLL, HCL, and LCL suggest that these diseases represent malignant transformation of different B-lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin density on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The densities of surface immunoglobulin (slg) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of normals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LCL), and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were analyzed using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). PBM were labeled with fluorescein conjugates of F(ab')2 fragments of affinity chromatography-purified anti-Fab or class-specific anti-mu, anti-delta, anti-gamma, or anti-alpha. Histograms of relative cell fluorescence, rems of relative cell fluorescence, reflecting slg density, were prepared with the FACS. Anti-Fab-labeled normal PBM demonstrated a homogeneous low-density peak that when separated by the FACS and analyzed cytochemically consisted predominantly of monocytes, whereas brighter-staining cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Anti-mu and anti-delta labeled 9.0% and 8.5% of normal PBM, respectively, the slg+ cells being virtually all lymphocytes. Cells labeled by anti-gamma exhibited low homogeneous slg density and consisted of more than 80% monocytes. No normal or leukemic PBM were labeled by anti-alpha. All slg-positive cells (less than 5% monocytes) from 12 of 13 patients with CLL had very low homogeneous densities of slg and bore slgM, Whereas cells from 9 of 13 and 2 of 13 patients bore slgD and slgG, respectively. Similarly, PBM from 2 patients with HCL exhibited low and homogeneous densities of algM, slgD, and slgG, whereas those from a third patient bore only slgG. By contrast, the density of slgM and PBM derived from 3 patients with LCL was very high; slgD and slgG densities varied from very high to undetectable in these patients. The different homogeneous densities of slg on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with CLL, HCL, and LCL suggest that these diseases represent malignant transformation of different B-lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 376003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3142", "title": "The accumulation and elimination of diflubenzuron by fish.", "content": "In summary, diflubenzuron is accumulated from water into fish tissues at levels up to 80 fold within 24 hr when fish are exposed to concentrations of 10 ppb. Within the concentration range of 1-10 ppb, the amount accumulated in a 24 hr exposure is proportional to concentration. After 24 to 48 hr exposure fish degrade and eliminate diflubenzuron and the excretory products are neither the parent compound nor p-chlorophenylurea. The amount of diflubenzuron remaining in fish tissues with time is dependent on the reduction of residue concentration in water; however, the potential for degradation and elimination is very great.", "contents": "The accumulation and elimination of diflubenzuron by fish. In summary, diflubenzuron is accumulated from water into fish tissues at levels up to 80 fold within 24 hr when fish are exposed to concentrations of 10 ppb. Within the concentration range of 1-10 ppb, the amount accumulated in a 24 hr exposure is proportional to concentration. After 24 to 48 hr exposure fish degrade and eliminate diflubenzuron and the excretory products are neither the parent compound nor p-chlorophenylurea. The amount of diflubenzuron remaining in fish tissues with time is dependent on the reduction of residue concentration in water; however, the potential for degradation and elimination is very great.", "PMID": 376004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3143", "title": "Sternocleidomastoid regional flaps: a new look at an old concept.", "content": "The main blood supply of the sternocleidomastoid muscle enters it above from branches of the superior thyroid, posterior auricular and occipital arteries. The lower third is supplied by a branch from the transverse cervical artery and at this level there are few if any musculocutaneous branches. Long skin flaps with or without the underlying muscle should be checked with fluorescein before transfer.", "contents": "Sternocleidomastoid regional flaps: a new look at an old concept. The main blood supply of the sternocleidomastoid muscle enters it above from branches of the superior thyroid, posterior auricular and occipital arteries. The lower third is supplied by a branch from the transverse cervical artery and at this level there are few if any musculocutaneous branches. Long skin flaps with or without the underlying muscle should be checked with fluorescein before transfer.", "PMID": 376017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3144", "title": "Aluminium foil as a wound dressing.", "content": "Aluminium foil has been found to be an extremely useful and painless way of dressing wounds prior to delayed skin grafting. However, it is not recommended for use on skin-graft donor sites as it delays epithelial healing.", "contents": "Aluminium foil as a wound dressing. Aluminium foil has been found to be an extremely useful and painless way of dressing wounds prior to delayed skin grafting. However, it is not recommended for use on skin-graft donor sites as it delays epithelial healing.", "PMID": 376020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3145", "title": "Reconstruction of full-thickness loss skin wounds using skin collagen allografts.", "content": "Sheets of allogeneic dermal collagen measuring 20 X 15 mm and prepared by trypsin treatment of full-thickness skin were grafted under skin flaps in rats. After 2 to 5 weeks the protective recipient skin was excised and replaced by split-thickness skin isografts which remained viable on their supportive collagen beds. On average such composite grafts maintained 84 per cent of their original size over 3 to 28 weeks and in contrast with split-thickness skin grafts achieved full-thickness reconstruction of the excised skin.", "contents": "Reconstruction of full-thickness loss skin wounds using skin collagen allografts. Sheets of allogeneic dermal collagen measuring 20 X 15 mm and prepared by trypsin treatment of full-thickness skin were grafted under skin flaps in rats. After 2 to 5 weeks the protective recipient skin was excised and replaced by split-thickness skin isografts which remained viable on their supportive collagen beds. On average such composite grafts maintained 84 per cent of their original size over 3 to 28 weeks and in contrast with split-thickness skin grafts achieved full-thickness reconstruction of the excised skin.", "PMID": 376021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3146", "title": "An alternative method of bowel preparation for barium enemas.", "content": "A double blind trial is described comparing two methods of bowel preparation prior to barium enema. In 40 randomly selected patients a significant improvement was obtained by the use of an intestinal perfusion method.", "contents": "An alternative method of bowel preparation for barium enemas. A double blind trial is described comparing two methods of bowel preparation prior to barium enema. In 40 randomly selected patients a significant improvement was obtained by the use of an intestinal perfusion method.", "PMID": 376027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3147", "title": "Wound drainage following radical mastectomy: the effect of restriction of shoulder movement.", "content": "A randomized prospective clinical trial has been performed to determine the effect of temporary immobilization of the shoulder on wound drainage following radical mastectomy. In 64 patients admitted to the trial the mean volume of drainage was reduced by 40 per cent in those who had shoulder movement restricted for the first 7 days after operation when compared with the group in whom early arm exercises were encouraged. The mean drainage time was reduced by 29 per cent. Shoulder immobilization did not result in increased shoulder stiffness, although there was an increased incidence of mild lymphoedema of the arm.", "contents": "Wound drainage following radical mastectomy: the effect of restriction of shoulder movement. A randomized prospective clinical trial has been performed to determine the effect of temporary immobilization of the shoulder on wound drainage following radical mastectomy. In 64 patients admitted to the trial the mean volume of drainage was reduced by 40 per cent in those who had shoulder movement restricted for the first 7 days after operation when compared with the group in whom early arm exercises were encouraged. The mean drainage time was reduced by 29 per cent. Shoulder immobilization did not result in increased shoulder stiffness, although there was an increased incidence of mild lymphoedema of the arm.", "PMID": 376029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3148", "title": "The effect of aspirin on the fibrinolytic activity of gastric juice.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity in the gastric juice of normal subjects has been studied by a double-blind cross-over technique comparing the effect of placebo and pentagastrin against aspirin and pentagastrin. Aspirin effectively produced a gastritis and pure fibrinolytic activity was detected in the gastric juice, but the number of samples showing pure fibrinolytic activity did not differ between the two groups. In both the placebo and the aspirin groups the presence of a protease active at neutral pH and capable of dissolving fibrin is confirmed. Aspirin is unlikely to cause gastric bleeding by increasing local fibrinolytic activity within the stomach. The model, so constructed, is not sensitive enough to be of value in investigating further the role of gastric fibrinolytic activity in gastric haemorrhage.", "contents": "The effect of aspirin on the fibrinolytic activity of gastric juice. Fibrinolytic activity in the gastric juice of normal subjects has been studied by a double-blind cross-over technique comparing the effect of placebo and pentagastrin against aspirin and pentagastrin. Aspirin effectively produced a gastritis and pure fibrinolytic activity was detected in the gastric juice, but the number of samples showing pure fibrinolytic activity did not differ between the two groups. In both the placebo and the aspirin groups the presence of a protease active at neutral pH and capable of dissolving fibrin is confirmed. Aspirin is unlikely to cause gastric bleeding by increasing local fibrinolytic activity within the stomach. The model, so constructed, is not sensitive enough to be of value in investigating further the role of gastric fibrinolytic activity in gastric haemorrhage.", "PMID": 376030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3149", "title": "Prediction of gall-stone pancreatitis by computer.", "content": "The clinical features at presentation of 53 patients admitted with primary acute pancreatitis due to gall stones were compared with those of 31 patients in whom the disease was due to other causes. Between these two groups 10 significant differences existed. By listing the frequency of symptoms and signs for each group a computer data base was prepared and incorporated into a program used in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. A program written to predict the presence of gall stones in patients with acute pancreatitis was accurate in 92% of the patients studied. A predictive index devised from the presence of three of the significantly differing clinical features correctly identified 82% of patients with gall-stone pancreatitis. Predicting the presence of gall stones on admission by analysing the presenting symptoms and signs with a computer had an accuracy comparable to that of ultrasonography or radiology and may be of value in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Prediction of gall-stone pancreatitis by computer. The clinical features at presentation of 53 patients admitted with primary acute pancreatitis due to gall stones were compared with those of 31 patients in whom the disease was due to other causes. Between these two groups 10 significant differences existed. By listing the frequency of symptoms and signs for each group a computer data base was prepared and incorporated into a program used in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. A program written to predict the presence of gall stones in patients with acute pancreatitis was accurate in 92% of the patients studied. A predictive index devised from the presence of three of the significantly differing clinical features correctly identified 82% of patients with gall-stone pancreatitis. Predicting the presence of gall stones on admission by analysing the presenting symptoms and signs with a computer had an accuracy comparable to that of ultrasonography or radiology and may be of value in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 376032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3150", "title": "Value of bromocriptine in unexplained primary infertility: a double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled study, 47 women with unexplained primary infertility were allocated at random to treatment with either bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily (24 patients) or placebo (23). Both groups showed a fall in serum prolactin concentrations but the reduction was much greater in the bromocriptine-treated group. Neither group showed a change in serum oestrogen or progesterone concentrations. Bromocriptine significantly reduced the duration of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle but had no effect on the luteal phase. Five women conceived during treatment with placebo and seven during treatment with bromocriptine, but analysis of the cumulative conception rates showed no significant difference between the groups. The women who conceived were significantly younger and had a significantly shorter history of infertility than the women who did not conceive, but subtracting the number of years of infertility from age eliminated this difference. The results show that bromocriptine in the dose and duration of administration used in the trial is of no value in unexplained primary infertility.", "contents": "Value of bromocriptine in unexplained primary infertility: a double-blind controlled trial. In a double-blind controlled study, 47 women with unexplained primary infertility were allocated at random to treatment with either bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily (24 patients) or placebo (23). Both groups showed a fall in serum prolactin concentrations but the reduction was much greater in the bromocriptine-treated group. Neither group showed a change in serum oestrogen or progesterone concentrations. Bromocriptine significantly reduced the duration of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle but had no effect on the luteal phase. Five women conceived during treatment with placebo and seven during treatment with bromocriptine, but analysis of the cumulative conception rates showed no significant difference between the groups. The women who conceived were significantly younger and had a significantly shorter history of infertility than the women who did not conceive, but subtracting the number of years of infertility from age eliminated this difference. The results show that bromocriptine in the dose and duration of administration used in the trial is of no value in unexplained primary infertility.", "PMID": 376036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3151", "title": "Controlled trial of plasma exchange in treatment of Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with Raynaud's syndrome had their digital vessel patency assessed by Doppler ultrasound after different thermal stresses. Digital vessel patency rates differed significantly after stresses at 15 degrees C and 45 degrees C. In a randomised controlled trial placebo and heparin had no effect either on patients' symptoms or on the patency of their digital vessels. Plasma exchange improved both symptoms and vessel patency rates at 15 degrees C and 21 degrees C. Improvement in seven out of eight of these patients has been maintained for six months. Assessing digital vessel patency by Doppler techniques allow continuous, atraumatic, and safe evaluation of the effects of different methods of treatment on the patency of the digital vessels and has helped to indicate that plasma exchange is a useful adjunct in the management of patients with severe Raynaud's syndrome.", "contents": "Controlled trial of plasma exchange in treatment of Raynaud's syndrome. Twenty-seven patients with Raynaud's syndrome had their digital vessel patency assessed by Doppler ultrasound after different thermal stresses. Digital vessel patency rates differed significantly after stresses at 15 degrees C and 45 degrees C. In a randomised controlled trial placebo and heparin had no effect either on patients' symptoms or on the patency of their digital vessels. Plasma exchange improved both symptoms and vessel patency rates at 15 degrees C and 21 degrees C. Improvement in seven out of eight of these patients has been maintained for six months. Assessing digital vessel patency by Doppler techniques allow continuous, atraumatic, and safe evaluation of the effects of different methods of treatment on the patency of the digital vessels and has helped to indicate that plasma exchange is a useful adjunct in the management of patients with severe Raynaud's syndrome.", "PMID": 376042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3152", "title": "Mammary cancers and pregnancy.", "content": "Uncertainties persist about management and prognosis of mammary cancers that occur during and after pregnancy and during lactation. Pathological features of mammary cancers occurring during pregnancy are the same as those in non-pregnant women and survival rates are comparable. Management should be the same as in non-pregnant patients. Termination of pregnancy does not improve survival but it should be advised if the prognosis is poor. Mastectomy apparently presents little danger to the fetus, though treatment such as chemotherapy and irradiation should be avoided. Women who have received treatment for mammary cancer need not be advised against subsequent pregnancy. Routine ovarian radiation in non-pregnant premenopausal women is not generally to be recommended, since it does not prolong survival and would deprive some of the chance of further pregnancy. In lactating women who develop mammary cancers survival is apparently not adversely affected. Lactation should be suppressed initially and followed by mastectomy. Regimens of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy may then be begun. Until results of current trials of combined treatments of mammary cancers associated with pregnancy are available, management should be neither aggressive nor tentative. It should be based on a well-balanced concept of applying all available treatments, as in non-pregnant patients.", "contents": "Mammary cancers and pregnancy. Uncertainties persist about management and prognosis of mammary cancers that occur during and after pregnancy and during lactation. Pathological features of mammary cancers occurring during pregnancy are the same as those in non-pregnant women and survival rates are comparable. Management should be the same as in non-pregnant patients. Termination of pregnancy does not improve survival but it should be advised if the prognosis is poor. Mastectomy apparently presents little danger to the fetus, though treatment such as chemotherapy and irradiation should be avoided. Women who have received treatment for mammary cancer need not be advised against subsequent pregnancy. Routine ovarian radiation in non-pregnant premenopausal women is not generally to be recommended, since it does not prolong survival and would deprive some of the chance of further pregnancy. In lactating women who develop mammary cancers survival is apparently not adversely affected. Lactation should be suppressed initially and followed by mastectomy. Regimens of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy may then be begun. Until results of current trials of combined treatments of mammary cancers associated with pregnancy are available, management should be neither aggressive nor tentative. It should be based on a well-balanced concept of applying all available treatments, as in non-pregnant patients.", "PMID": 376044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3153", "title": "Controlled comparison of cimetidine and carbenoxolone sodium in gastric ulcer.", "content": "Fifty-four outpatients with endoscopically diagnosed benign gastric ulcer were allocated at random to treatment with either cimetidine 800 mg daily for six weeks or carbenoxolone sodium 300 mg daily for one week then 150 mg daily for five weeks. Ulcers were reassessed by endoscopy at the end of the trial. The endoscopist was unaware of the treatment and did not take part in the clinical care of the patients. Twenty-one of the 27 patients (78%) given cimetidine and 14 of the 27 (52%) given carbenoxolone had healed ulcers. Symptomatic response occurred earlier with cimetidine but was not significantly better. Unwanted effects were more common in the carbenoxolone group: 12 patients developed hypokalaemia, four of whom needed oral potassium supplements. The results suggest that histamine H2-receptor blockade is at least as effective as carbenoxolone sodium for benign gastric ulcer and produces fewer side effects.", "contents": "Controlled comparison of cimetidine and carbenoxolone sodium in gastric ulcer. Fifty-four outpatients with endoscopically diagnosed benign gastric ulcer were allocated at random to treatment with either cimetidine 800 mg daily for six weeks or carbenoxolone sodium 300 mg daily for one week then 150 mg daily for five weeks. Ulcers were reassessed by endoscopy at the end of the trial. The endoscopist was unaware of the treatment and did not take part in the clinical care of the patients. Twenty-one of the 27 patients (78%) given cimetidine and 14 of the 27 (52%) given carbenoxolone had healed ulcers. Symptomatic response occurred earlier with cimetidine but was not significantly better. Unwanted effects were more common in the carbenoxolone group: 12 patients developed hypokalaemia, four of whom needed oral potassium supplements. The results suggest that histamine H2-receptor blockade is at least as effective as carbenoxolone sodium for benign gastric ulcer and produces fewer side effects.", "PMID": 376054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3154", "title": "Brain-dead kidney donor: selection, care, and administration.", "content": "Over four and a half years a district general hospital provided 34 cadaveric kidneys for transplantation. All brain-dead patients were regarded as potential donors, flow charts being used to maintain circulation and urine formation and facilitate administration. With this system the time lapse between diagnosis of brain death and removal of kidneys ranged from three to six hours and ischaemia was minimised. It is concluded that adoption of the system by other hospitals of comparable size would result in enough good-quality kidneys to satisfy present needs, thus reducing the initial high failure rate and enabling more patients to be accepted for dialysis.", "contents": "Brain-dead kidney donor: selection, care, and administration. Over four and a half years a district general hospital provided 34 cadaveric kidneys for transplantation. All brain-dead patients were regarded as potential donors, flow charts being used to maintain circulation and urine formation and facilitate administration. With this system the time lapse between diagnosis of brain death and removal of kidneys ranged from three to six hours and ischaemia was minimised. It is concluded that adoption of the system by other hospitals of comparable size would result in enough good-quality kidneys to satisfy present needs, thus reducing the initial high failure rate and enabling more patients to be accepted for dialysis.", "PMID": 376055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3155", "title": "Comparison of cardiolipin and treponemal tests in the serodiagnosis of yaws.", "content": "Results of the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), T. pallidum immobilisation (TPI), and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests on sera of 661 children from a region where yaws is hypoendemic are compared. For 107 (16.2%) out of 661 sera the FTA-ABS test was the only one showing reactivity; in these instances the test was weakly reactive (intensity of fluorescence scored as +) and the children had no history and no signs or symptoms of treponemal disease. A solitary, weakly reactive FTA-ABS test result seems to have no clinical significance in these cases. The FTA-ABS test can be used as a confirmatory test for yaws instead of the TPI test, if only the results of sera showing an intensity of fluorescence scored as ++ or more are considered to be positive. There appeared to be no significant differences in the results of the VDRL, RPR, and TPHA tests as screening tests for yaws when the TPI or FTA-ABS tests were used as reference tests.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiolipin and treponemal tests in the serodiagnosis of yaws. Results of the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), T. pallidum immobilisation (TPI), and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests on sera of 661 children from a region where yaws is hypoendemic are compared. For 107 (16.2%) out of 661 sera the FTA-ABS test was the only one showing reactivity; in these instances the test was weakly reactive (intensity of fluorescence scored as +) and the children had no history and no signs or symptoms of treponemal disease. A solitary, weakly reactive FTA-ABS test result seems to have no clinical significance in these cases. The FTA-ABS test can be used as a confirmatory test for yaws instead of the TPI test, if only the results of sera showing an intensity of fluorescence scored as ++ or more are considered to be positive. There appeared to be no significant differences in the results of the VDRL, RPR, and TPHA tests as screening tests for yaws when the TPI or FTA-ABS tests were used as reference tests.", "PMID": 376061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3156", "title": "Group B streptococcal infection: a review and update.", "content": "The problems posed by the sudden increase in serious group B streptococcal disease among infants since the early 1970s are described and discussed. Virtually all offspring of colonised mothers harbour the organism and infection develops in about 1% of these infants. The mortality rate, even with immediate antibiotic treatment of early onset disease, is 30%; delay in treatment leads to much higher mortality. Late onset disease starting around the seventh to ninth day of life, but sometimes as late as the second month, is less frequently fatal. Preventive measures include active and passive immunisation or intravenous ampicillin during labour. Experimental evidence indicates that each of these methods gives protection.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infection: a review and update. The problems posed by the sudden increase in serious group B streptococcal disease among infants since the early 1970s are described and discussed. Virtually all offspring of colonised mothers harbour the organism and infection develops in about 1% of these infants. The mortality rate, even with immediate antibiotic treatment of early onset disease, is 30%; delay in treatment leads to much higher mortality. Late onset disease starting around the seventh to ninth day of life, but sometimes as late as the second month, is less frequently fatal. Preventive measures include active and passive immunisation or intravenous ampicillin during labour. Experimental evidence indicates that each of these methods gives protection.", "PMID": 376062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3157", "title": "Role of humoral versus cellular mechanisms of resistance in the pathogenesis of syphilis.", "content": "From experimental work to determine the role of humoral and cell-mediated responses in the pathogenesis of syphilis evidence has been collected to indicate that both humoral and cell-mediated immunity have a protective function in syphilis.", "contents": "Role of humoral versus cellular mechanisms of resistance in the pathogenesis of syphilis. From experimental work to determine the role of humoral and cell-mediated responses in the pathogenesis of syphilis evidence has been collected to indicate that both humoral and cell-mediated immunity have a protective function in syphilis.", "PMID": 376063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3158", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of catechol-o-methyltransferase in mammalian brain.", "content": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)(EC 2.1.1.6) was localized using fluorescence immunohistochemistry in rat liver and kidney and in rat, chinchilla, and bovine brains. In the brain, specific fluorescence was visable only in  non-neuronal cellular elements in all three species. Ventricular ependymal cells and cells of the choroid plexuses exhibited the greatest intensity of immunofluorescence. Glial immunofluorescence appeared prominently in large myelinated fiber tracts. Interfascicular and perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes as well as fibrous astrocytes were immunoreactive, though myelin itself did not exhibit a positive reaction. Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum also stained brightly for COMT. Although this study indicates that the predominant localization of COMT is non-neuronal, it is important to note that the presence of small quantities of this enzyme in neurons cannot be excluded. The patterns of localization observed in the non-neuronal elements suggest that this enzyme may function as a barrier to free diffusion of catechol compounds within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of catechol-o-methyltransferase in mammalian brain. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)(EC 2.1.1.6) was localized using fluorescence immunohistochemistry in rat liver and kidney and in rat, chinchilla, and bovine brains. In the brain, specific fluorescence was visable only in  non-neuronal cellular elements in all three species. Ventricular ependymal cells and cells of the choroid plexuses exhibited the greatest intensity of immunofluorescence. Glial immunofluorescence appeared prominently in large myelinated fiber tracts. Interfascicular and perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes as well as fibrous astrocytes were immunoreactive, though myelin itself did not exhibit a positive reaction. Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum also stained brightly for COMT. Although this study indicates that the predominant localization of COMT is non-neuronal, it is important to note that the presence of small quantities of this enzyme in neurons cannot be excluded. The patterns of localization observed in the non-neuronal elements suggest that this enzyme may function as a barrier to free diffusion of catechol compounds within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 376064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3159", "title": "Partial characterization of the mode of inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by the mixed disulfide, CoASSG.", "content": "The coenzyme A-glutathione mixed disulfide (CoASSG), when complexed with iron, is capable of inhibiting the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. A modified procedure involving a short time of exposure to high salt allowed the reliable preparation of CoASSG-Fe which was active in inhibiting RNA polymerase. The CoASSG-Fe complex acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor for the incorporation of all four nucleoside triphosphates but had a greater effect on GMP and CMP incorporation than AMP and UMP incorporation. Neither temperature nor ionic-strength changes affected CoASSG-Fe inhibition, and the use of rifampicin showed that CoASSG-Fe did not inhibit either the initiation or elongation processes of the polymerase. CoASSG-Fe was a more effective inhibitor at low DNA-template concentrations and it was more effective in inhibiting the incorporation of CMP and GMP on simple dG-dC containing templates and the asymmetric polymer poly d(T-C) . poly d(G-A). The inhibition of transcription of poly d(I-C) was less effective than the inhibition of transcription of poly d(G-C). Equilibrium dialysis in microdialysis cells showed that CoASSG-Fe could associate with DNA in the absence of RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Partial characterization of the mode of inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by the mixed disulfide, CoASSG. The coenzyme A-glutathione mixed disulfide (CoASSG), when complexed with iron, is capable of inhibiting the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. A modified procedure involving a short time of exposure to high salt allowed the reliable preparation of CoASSG-Fe which was active in inhibiting RNA polymerase. The CoASSG-Fe complex acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor for the incorporation of all four nucleoside triphosphates but had a greater effect on GMP and CMP incorporation than AMP and UMP incorporation. Neither temperature nor ionic-strength changes affected CoASSG-Fe inhibition, and the use of rifampicin showed that CoASSG-Fe did not inhibit either the initiation or elongation processes of the polymerase. CoASSG-Fe was a more effective inhibitor at low DNA-template concentrations and it was more effective in inhibiting the incorporation of CMP and GMP on simple dG-dC containing templates and the asymmetric polymer poly d(T-C) . poly d(G-A). The inhibition of transcription of poly d(I-C) was less effective than the inhibition of transcription of poly d(G-C). Equilibrium dialysis in microdialysis cells showed that CoASSG-Fe could associate with DNA in the absence of RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 376069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3160", "title": "Torsion of the greater omentum or appendices epiploicae.", "content": "The authors conducted a 20-year review of the records of patients with torsion of greater omentum or appendices epiploicae admitted to the Vancouver General Hospital. Presenting signs and symptoms, operative findings and some recent reports are examined and conclusions are given. Diagnosis of the condition is rarely made preoperatively owing to the lack of specific symptoms. When a straightforward diagnosis of appendicitis has been made, yet a normal appendix is found, torsion of omentum should be considered and excluded.", "contents": "Torsion of the greater omentum or appendices epiploicae. The authors conducted a 20-year review of the records of patients with torsion of greater omentum or appendices epiploicae admitted to the Vancouver General Hospital. Presenting signs and symptoms, operative findings and some recent reports are examined and conclusions are given. Diagnosis of the condition is rarely made preoperatively owing to the lack of specific symptoms. When a straightforward diagnosis of appendicitis has been made, yet a normal appendix is found, torsion of omentum should be considered and excluded.", "PMID": 376070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3161", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer: a clinical review.", "content": "A review was conducted of the operations of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) performed for peptic ulcer disease. Gastric acid output was reduced equally after both procedures: basal acid output was reduced by 80% and maximal acid output by 50% to 60%. Not surprisingly, therefore, the recurrence rates were similar (6.6% after HSV compared to 5.6% after TVP). However, the mortality following HSV was 0% compared with 0.7% after TVP. The incidence of all side effects was lower following HSV, so that the results in 86% of patients who underwent this operation were considered excellent or very good (Visick grades I and II). The authors conclude that HSV should be considered the primary conservative procedure in the surgical management of peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer: a clinical review. A review was conducted of the operations of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) performed for peptic ulcer disease. Gastric acid output was reduced equally after both procedures: basal acid output was reduced by 80% and maximal acid output by 50% to 60%. Not surprisingly, therefore, the recurrence rates were similar (6.6% after HSV compared to 5.6% after TVP). However, the mortality following HSV was 0% compared with 0.7% after TVP. The incidence of all side effects was lower following HSV, so that the results in 86% of patients who underwent this operation were considered excellent or very good (Visick grades I and II). The authors conclude that HSV should be considered the primary conservative procedure in the surgical management of peptic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 376072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3162", "title": "Early medicine and surgery in New Brunswick.", "content": "The author discusses some of the major events in medicine and surgery in New Brunswick prior to 1900. The influences of Indian medicine, of early French and Acadian surgeons, of the British colonial surgeons at the siege of Fort Beausejour, of the pre-Loyalist and Loyalist surgeons all led up to the building of marine hospitals and quarantine stations. The introduction of anesthesia with ether and chloroform hastened progress towards\"modern surgery\" which was carried out in the many general hospitals that were built following the opening, in 1865, of New Brunswick's first general hospital, the General Public Hospital (now the saint John General Hospital).", "contents": "Early medicine and surgery in New Brunswick. The author discusses some of the major events in medicine and surgery in New Brunswick prior to 1900. The influences of Indian medicine, of early French and Acadian surgeons, of the British colonial surgeons at the siege of Fort Beausejour, of the pre-Loyalist and Loyalist surgeons all led up to the building of marine hospitals and quarantine stations. The introduction of anesthesia with ether and chloroform hastened progress towards\"modern surgery\" which was carried out in the many general hospitals that were built following the opening, in 1865, of New Brunswick's first general hospital, the General Public Hospital (now the saint John General Hospital).", "PMID": 376073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3163", "title": "Ovarian irradiation and prednisone therapy following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Following mastectomy, patients with operable breast cancer underwent postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. They were then assigned at random to receive no further therapy, ovarian irradiation (2000 rads in 5 days) or ovarian irradiation in the same dosage plus prednisone, 7.5 mg daily. A total of 705 patients received the randomly assigned treatment and were followed for up to 10 years. In premenopausal patients who received ovarian irradiation the recurrence of breast cancer was delayed and survival prolonged, but not significantly. In premenopausal women aged 45 years or more ovarian irradiation plus prednisone therapy significantly delayed the recurrence of breast cancer (P = 0.02) and prolonged survival (P = 0.02); the survival expectancy of these patients was similar to that of the general population of the same age from the third year after the cancer operation. No value was demonstrated for ovarian irradiation with or without prednisone therapy in postmenopausal patients.", "contents": "Ovarian irradiation and prednisone therapy following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Following mastectomy, patients with operable breast cancer underwent postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. They were then assigned at random to receive no further therapy, ovarian irradiation (2000 rads in 5 days) or ovarian irradiation in the same dosage plus prednisone, 7.5 mg daily. A total of 705 patients received the randomly assigned treatment and were followed for up to 10 years. In premenopausal patients who received ovarian irradiation the recurrence of breast cancer was delayed and survival prolonged, but not significantly. In premenopausal women aged 45 years or more ovarian irradiation plus prednisone therapy significantly delayed the recurrence of breast cancer (P = 0.02) and prolonged survival (P = 0.02); the survival expectancy of these patients was similar to that of the general population of the same age from the third year after the cancer operation. No value was demonstrated for ovarian irradiation with or without prednisone therapy in postmenopausal patients.", "PMID": 376074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3164", "title": "The Brompton mixture versus morphine solution given orally: effects on pain.", "content": "The Brompton mixture is widely used as an effective method for controlling pain in cancer patients. In a double-blind crossover trial a standard Brompton mixture containing morphine, cocaine, ethyl alcohol, syrup BP and chloroform water was compared with morphine alone in a flavoured aqueous solution; both were administered orally. Pain was measured by means of the pain intensity index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Ratings of confusion, nausea and drowsiness were obtained from both the patients and their nurses and relatives. The data showed that there was no significant difference between the Brompton mixture and morphine administered orally for any of the variables. Both relieved pain effectively in about 85% of the patients.", "contents": "The Brompton mixture versus morphine solution given orally: effects on pain. The Brompton mixture is widely used as an effective method for controlling pain in cancer patients. In a double-blind crossover trial a standard Brompton mixture containing morphine, cocaine, ethyl alcohol, syrup BP and chloroform water was compared with morphine alone in a flavoured aqueous solution; both were administered orally. Pain was measured by means of the pain intensity index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Ratings of confusion, nausea and drowsiness were obtained from both the patients and their nurses and relatives. The data showed that there was no significant difference between the Brompton mixture and morphine administered orally for any of the variables. Both relieved pain effectively in about 85% of the patients.", "PMID": 376079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3165", "title": "Restrictive antibiotherapy after renal transplantation.", "content": "Forty-two patients were followed up after 44 renal transplantations in an effort to evaluate possible benefits from the following protocol: systematic microbiologic and clinical surveillance, early and aggressive research for the cause of suspected infections, refusal to use prophylactic antibiotherapy, and selection of treatment according to the established cause of the infection. During 18,030 days of follow-up 124 infections were recorded, of which 110 were bacterial, 11 viral and 3 protozoal. Eighty originated in the urinary tract, 17 in skin wounds and 10 in the lower respiratory tract. Septicemia occurred three times, and one death due to infection was recorded. In the treatment of bacterial infections patients received antibiotics for 2486 days. Ampicillin (given for 816 days) and \"minor\" drugs such as sulfonamides and urinary antiseptics (given for 1036 days) were used 74.5% of the time, whereas gentamicin was used only 2.6% of the time (64 days). Combined antibacterial therapy was needed 1.2% of the time (29 days). A restrictive policy regarding anti-biotherapy seems to be beneficial to renal transplant recipients.", "contents": "Restrictive antibiotherapy after renal transplantation. Forty-two patients were followed up after 44 renal transplantations in an effort to evaluate possible benefits from the following protocol: systematic microbiologic and clinical surveillance, early and aggressive research for the cause of suspected infections, refusal to use prophylactic antibiotherapy, and selection of treatment according to the established cause of the infection. During 18,030 days of follow-up 124 infections were recorded, of which 110 were bacterial, 11 viral and 3 protozoal. Eighty originated in the urinary tract, 17 in skin wounds and 10 in the lower respiratory tract. Septicemia occurred three times, and one death due to infection was recorded. In the treatment of bacterial infections patients received antibiotics for 2486 days. Ampicillin (given for 816 days) and \"minor\" drugs such as sulfonamides and urinary antiseptics (given for 1036 days) were used 74.5% of the time, whereas gentamicin was used only 2.6% of the time (64 days). Combined antibacterial therapy was needed 1.2% of the time (29 days). A restrictive policy regarding anti-biotherapy seems to be beneficial to renal transplant recipients.", "PMID": 376078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3166", "title": "Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Pulmonary edema is common cause of acute respiratory failure and can be seen in not only cardiac but also noncardiac diseases. The pathophysiologic mechanism for the development of acute pulmonary edema in any clinical situation can usually be explained alterations in the forces governing the transvascular flux of fluid in the pulmonary microvasculature, according to the Starling equation. \"Cardiac\" pulmonary edema is primarily due to an increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure of sufficient magnitude to overcome the forces maintaining fluid within the vessel and the ability of the lymphatics to drain the transudated fluid. On the other hand, pulmonary edema occurring in association with noncardiac disease (e.g., sepsis, aspiration or shock) is secondary to an increase in the permeability of the pulmonary microvasculature and is referred to as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or the adult respiratory distress syndrome. This article examines the mechanisms for the development of pulmonary edema and discusses the differences between the cardiac and noncardiac types.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary edema is common cause of acute respiratory failure and can be seen in not only cardiac but also noncardiac diseases. The pathophysiologic mechanism for the development of acute pulmonary edema in any clinical situation can usually be explained alterations in the forces governing the transvascular flux of fluid in the pulmonary microvasculature, according to the Starling equation. \"Cardiac\" pulmonary edema is primarily due to an increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure of sufficient magnitude to overcome the forces maintaining fluid within the vessel and the ability of the lymphatics to drain the transudated fluid. On the other hand, pulmonary edema occurring in association with noncardiac disease (e.g., sepsis, aspiration or shock) is secondary to an increase in the permeability of the pulmonary microvasculature and is referred to as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or the adult respiratory distress syndrome. This article examines the mechanisms for the development of pulmonary edema and discusses the differences between the cardiac and noncardiac types.", "PMID": 376080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3167", "title": "Differentiation between benign and malignant human lymph nodes by means of immunologic markers.", "content": "A surface-marker assay combining immunofluorescence with anti-human immunoglobulin or anti-human brain serum (AHBS) and the formation of rosettes with untreated (E), antibody-sensitized (EA) and complement-coated (EAC) sheep erythrocytes was used to study mononuclear cell suspensions of human lymph nodes. The frequency of cells expressing more than one marker was increased in lymphoma nodes as compared to normal and hyperplastic nodes. The cells which simultaneously expressed complement receptors, surface immunoglobulin and the marker identified by AHBS represented the most prominent and characteristic subpopulation identified in neoplastic nodes. Distributions of cells with double and triple markers were studied by combining immunofluorescence with rosetting on frozen tissue sections. The multiple-marker cells had distributions that were characteristic in different human lymphomas. Benign and malignant human nodes could be distinguished on the basis of frequency and distribution of mononuclear cell populations carrying distinctive combinations of T- and B-cell surface markers.", "contents": "Differentiation between benign and malignant human lymph nodes by means of immunologic markers. A surface-marker assay combining immunofluorescence with anti-human immunoglobulin or anti-human brain serum (AHBS) and the formation of rosettes with untreated (E), antibody-sensitized (EA) and complement-coated (EAC) sheep erythrocytes was used to study mononuclear cell suspensions of human lymph nodes. The frequency of cells expressing more than one marker was increased in lymphoma nodes as compared to normal and hyperplastic nodes. The cells which simultaneously expressed complement receptors, surface immunoglobulin and the marker identified by AHBS represented the most prominent and characteristic subpopulation identified in neoplastic nodes. Distributions of cells with double and triple markers were studied by combining immunofluorescence with rosetting on frozen tissue sections. The multiple-marker cells had distributions that were characteristic in different human lymphomas. Benign and malignant human nodes could be distinguished on the basis of frequency and distribution of mononuclear cell populations carrying distinctive combinations of T- and B-cell surface markers.", "PMID": 376086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3168", "title": "Predictability of immunologic phenotype of malignant lymphomas by conventional morphology: a study of 60 cases.", "content": "In order to test the immunologic validity of the Lukes-Collins (L-C) classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (ML), 60 ML in adult patients were studied and their B- or T-cell nature was predicted on a morphologic basis, without knowledge of the clinical history or the results of surface marker (SM) studies (SIg, C', Fc and E-rosettes), which were performed on cell suspensions and cryostat sections from the same specimens used for histology. There was a good correlation between morphologic types and SM (97% for the nodular ML, 81% for the diffuse). The predictions were not confirmed in 6 instances: one nodular ML typed as T; one convoluted lymphocytic ML typed as histiocytic; and four diffuse ML, predicted to be of B-type, bore no detectable SM (\"Null\" ML). It is concluded that the L-C morphologic criteria do allow in most cases the recognition of the B- or T-cell nature of ML, but cannot detect variations of the SM pattern which seem to affect the clinical behavior of these neoplasias. Thus, while the L-C classification seems immunologically sound, its clinical relevance still needs to be demonstrated.", "contents": "Predictability of immunologic phenotype of malignant lymphomas by conventional morphology: a study of 60 cases. In order to test the immunologic validity of the Lukes-Collins (L-C) classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (ML), 60 ML in adult patients were studied and their B- or T-cell nature was predicted on a morphologic basis, without knowledge of the clinical history or the results of surface marker (SM) studies (SIg, C', Fc and E-rosettes), which were performed on cell suspensions and cryostat sections from the same specimens used for histology. There was a good correlation between morphologic types and SM (97% for the nodular ML, 81% for the diffuse). The predictions were not confirmed in 6 instances: one nodular ML typed as T; one convoluted lymphocytic ML typed as histiocytic; and four diffuse ML, predicted to be of B-type, bore no detectable SM (\"Null\" ML). It is concluded that the L-C morphologic criteria do allow in most cases the recognition of the B- or T-cell nature of ML, but cannot detect variations of the SM pattern which seem to affect the clinical behavior of these neoplasias. Thus, while the L-C classification seems immunologically sound, its clinical relevance still needs to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 376087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3169", "title": "Regression of established oral tumors after intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls.", "content": "Oral tumors with associated cervical lymph node metastases developed after injection of tumor cells into buccal pads of inbred guinea pigs. Intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) caused regression of established tumors, prevented the development of cervical lymph node metastases and led to the development of host resistance to the growth of subsequent tumor transplant.", "contents": "Regression of established oral tumors after intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls. Oral tumors with associated cervical lymph node metastases developed after injection of tumor cells into buccal pads of inbred guinea pigs. Intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) caused regression of established tumors, prevented the development of cervical lymph node metastases and led to the development of host resistance to the growth of subsequent tumor transplant.", "PMID": 376088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3170", "title": "Immunological characterization of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes of breast cancer patients.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and draining lymph nodes of 40 patients with invasive locoregional breast cancer were examined for immunological cell surface markers (E, EAhuman, EAox, EAC, SIg pos.). Concomitantly, blood lymphocytes from 36 healthy women and axillary and mesenteric lymph-nodes from patients without malignant diseases were tested as controls. In peripheral blood of tumor patients E rosette-forming cells were slightly diminished as compared to the control group, whereas EAox and EAC rosette-forming cells were increased. These differences may be age-dependent rather than tumor-related. In the draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients as well as in the control lymph nodes, the percentages of EAC rosette-forming cells and SIg positive lymphocytes were significantly increased compared to peripheral blood, whereas E and EAhuman rosette values remained unchanged. Percentages of EAox rosettes on the other hand were strongly diminished in the draining lymph nodes, suggesting that the EAhuman and EAox rosetting techniques detect 2 types of Fc-receptor bearing cells. No significant differences were found between the cell surface marker analysis of tumor-free and metastatic lymph nodes of breast cancer patients and the control lymph nodes.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and draining lymph nodes of 40 patients with invasive locoregional breast cancer were examined for immunological cell surface markers (E, EAhuman, EAox, EAC, SIg pos.). Concomitantly, blood lymphocytes from 36 healthy women and axillary and mesenteric lymph-nodes from patients without malignant diseases were tested as controls. In peripheral blood of tumor patients E rosette-forming cells were slightly diminished as compared to the control group, whereas EAox and EAC rosette-forming cells were increased. These differences may be age-dependent rather than tumor-related. In the draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients as well as in the control lymph nodes, the percentages of EAC rosette-forming cells and SIg positive lymphocytes were significantly increased compared to peripheral blood, whereas E and EAhuman rosette values remained unchanged. Percentages of EAox rosettes on the other hand were strongly diminished in the draining lymph nodes, suggesting that the EAhuman and EAox rosetting techniques detect 2 types of Fc-receptor bearing cells. No significant differences were found between the cell surface marker analysis of tumor-free and metastatic lymph nodes of breast cancer patients and the control lymph nodes.", "PMID": 376089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3171", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of calcitonin-producing cells in a strumal carcinoid with amyloid stroma.", "content": "A nonfunctioning strumal carcinoid arising in a 49-year-old woman was studied by histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. All tumor cells, irrespective of their architectural arrangement, showed properties of neuroendocrine-programmed cells, without any evidence of thyroid follicular cell differentiation. Foci of calcitonin-producing C-cells were demonstrable by immunocytochemical technique and were closely associated with areas of amyloid stroma of the tumor. Efforts at localization of insulin and gastrin within the tumor cells gave negative results. While the results in the present case offer additional support for an APUD cell origin of strumal carcinoids, the presence of the calcitonin-producing C-cells within the tumor raises interesting histogenetic possibilities as to whether these lesions are derived from C-cells or represent an ovarian carcinoid with foci of C-cell differentiation.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of calcitonin-producing cells in a strumal carcinoid with amyloid stroma. A nonfunctioning strumal carcinoid arising in a 49-year-old woman was studied by histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. All tumor cells, irrespective of their architectural arrangement, showed properties of neuroendocrine-programmed cells, without any evidence of thyroid follicular cell differentiation. Foci of calcitonin-producing C-cells were demonstrable by immunocytochemical technique and were closely associated with areas of amyloid stroma of the tumor. Efforts at localization of insulin and gastrin within the tumor cells gave negative results. While the results in the present case offer additional support for an APUD cell origin of strumal carcinoids, the presence of the calcitonin-producing C-cells within the tumor raises interesting histogenetic possibilities as to whether these lesions are derived from C-cells or represent an ovarian carcinoid with foci of C-cell differentiation.", "PMID": 376090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3172", "title": "Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: an analysis of its components.", "content": "A strumal carcinoid of the ovary was studied by light and electron microscopy. Thyroglobulin was demonstrated within the strumal element by immunofluorescence, thus establishing the identity of the thyroid tissue. The carcinoid fulfilled the light and electron microscopic criteria for a mixed insular and trabecular example of this tumor. Intermediate zones between the two tissue elements showed mixed characteristics. No amyloid was found. Immunoreactive calcitonin was demonstrated in the tumor, suggesting the presence of C-cells or medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: an analysis of its components. A strumal carcinoid of the ovary was studied by light and electron microscopy. Thyroglobulin was demonstrated within the strumal element by immunofluorescence, thus establishing the identity of the thyroid tissue. The carcinoid fulfilled the light and electron microscopic criteria for a mixed insular and trabecular example of this tumor. Intermediate zones between the two tissue elements showed mixed characteristics. No amyloid was found. Immunoreactive calcitonin was demonstrated in the tumor, suggesting the presence of C-cells or medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "PMID": 376091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3173", "title": "Sedimentation versus cytocentrifugation in the cytologic study of craniospinal fluid.", "content": "A sedimentation technique for cytologic study of CSF was compared with the standard cytocentrifugation method. Seventy-five samples from 37 children with leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were processed by both methods. Total yield of cells and cytomorphology with differentials were analyzed. The techniques are comparable and both allow good cytologic study of the CSF even with very low cell counts/mm3. The sedimentation method can be used as an alternative, especially if a cytocentrifuge is not available. When both methods are used, the possibility of negative cell yield is decreased.", "contents": "Sedimentation versus cytocentrifugation in the cytologic study of craniospinal fluid. A sedimentation technique for cytologic study of CSF was compared with the standard cytocentrifugation method. Seventy-five samples from 37 children with leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were processed by both methods. Total yield of cells and cytomorphology with differentials were analyzed. The techniques are comparable and both allow good cytologic study of the CSF even with very low cell counts/mm3. The sedimentation method can be used as an alternative, especially if a cytocentrifuge is not available. When both methods are used, the possibility of negative cell yield is decreased.", "PMID": 376092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3174", "title": "Nonspecific immune determinants in the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma.", "content": "Assays of immune function (recall skin tests to microbial antigens; total circulating lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells; lymphocyte blastogenesis with PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens; and serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG) were obtained in 408 patients with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma. The overall patient population, in comparison to normal controls, was characterized by reduced response to recall skin tests, reduced total lymphocyte and T-cell counts, reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, increased B-cell counts and increased IgA and IgM. Significant immunosuppression was associated with prior radiation or chemotherapy, and with impaired patient performance status. There was no apparent correlation between extent of clinically evident malignant disease and immune function within this patient population. No assay of immune function matched the prognostic value of the more readily available and less expensive determinations of performance status, serum alkaline phosphatase, or SGOT. Only reactivity to recall skin tests had a significant correlation to patient survival independent of performance status. Among patients with little or no disability, only intensity of skin test reactivity correlated significantly with survival; and among those with greater disability, there was correlation only with proportion of skin tests positive. The combination of candida and streptokinase antigens provided the best recall skin test survival correlation. Adding a third, fourth, or fifth antigen did not add to prognostic value. From an overall standpoint, the immune determinants which we studied do not appear to provide useful additions to the evaluation of the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.", "contents": "Nonspecific immune determinants in the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma. Assays of immune function (recall skin tests to microbial antigens; total circulating lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells; lymphocyte blastogenesis with PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens; and serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG) were obtained in 408 patients with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma. The overall patient population, in comparison to normal controls, was characterized by reduced response to recall skin tests, reduced total lymphocyte and T-cell counts, reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, increased B-cell counts and increased IgA and IgM. Significant immunosuppression was associated with prior radiation or chemotherapy, and with impaired patient performance status. There was no apparent correlation between extent of clinically evident malignant disease and immune function within this patient population. No assay of immune function matched the prognostic value of the more readily available and less expensive determinations of performance status, serum alkaline phosphatase, or SGOT. Only reactivity to recall skin tests had a significant correlation to patient survival independent of performance status. Among patients with little or no disability, only intensity of skin test reactivity correlated significantly with survival; and among those with greater disability, there was correlation only with proportion of skin tests positive. The combination of candida and streptokinase antigens provided the best recall skin test survival correlation. Adding a third, fourth, or fifth antigen did not add to prognostic value. From an overall standpoint, the immune determinants which we studied do not appear to provide useful additions to the evaluation of the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.", "PMID": 376093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3175", "title": "Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease: a report of 6 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease is an unusual complication. Only 28 cases have been reported. During the past twenty-four months, we have seen six patients with intracranial involvement. Five of the six patients were male and all had mixed cellular histology. We have found the cytocentrifuge examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, brain scan, angiography, and computerized axial tomography to be the most important diagnostic examinations. We feel that intracranial disease will be seen with increasing frequency as patients are living longer.", "contents": "Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease: a report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Intracerebral involvement in Hodgkin's disease is an unusual complication. Only 28 cases have been reported. During the past twenty-four months, we have seen six patients with intracranial involvement. Five of the six patients were male and all had mixed cellular histology. We have found the cytocentrifuge examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, brain scan, angiography, and computerized axial tomography to be the most important diagnostic examinations. We feel that intracranial disease will be seen with increasing frequency as patients are living longer.", "PMID": 376094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3176", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy with tumor cells and Corynebacterium parvum: a phase I study.", "content": "Autologous, irradiated (10,000 rads) tumor cells mixed with C. parvum were given as weekly intracutaneous injections to fifteen patients with residual malignant disease. The toxicity was minimal and distinctly less than has been seen with tumor cell-BCG immunotherapy. A goal of 4 injections of 10(7) cells each was possible in only 4 patients because of limitations in methods of disaggregation and quantity of tumor available. The feasibility aspects are discussed and a case report of a prolonged regression is presented.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy with tumor cells and Corynebacterium parvum: a phase I study. Autologous, irradiated (10,000 rads) tumor cells mixed with C. parvum were given as weekly intracutaneous injections to fifteen patients with residual malignant disease. The toxicity was minimal and distinctly less than has been seen with tumor cell-BCG immunotherapy. A goal of 4 injections of 10(7) cells each was possible in only 4 patients because of limitations in methods of disaggregation and quantity of tumor available. The feasibility aspects are discussed and a case report of a prolonged regression is presented.", "PMID": 376096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3177", "title": "Rheumatoid factor in melanoma patients: alterations of humoral tumor immunity in vitro.", "content": "Rheumatoid factors (RF) were associated with alterations of antibody reactions to melanoma cells in vitro by two serologic assays. Removal of RF from melanoma patients' sera by absorption with Cohn's Fraction II coated latex particles enhanced seroreactivity in the Immune Adherence (IA) assay and diminished IgM detection by the Indirect Membrane Immunofluorescence (IMI) assay. The addition of serum with high titers of RF to these assay systems led to diminution of IA reactivity and enhancement of IgM detection by IMI. Since these factors are found in cancer patients' sera and can alter humoral immune reactions directed against antigens on the membranes of tumor cells, their presence should be recognized when performing assays with tumor target cells. RF may be of significance in the host-tumor relationship in vivo.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor in melanoma patients: alterations of humoral tumor immunity in vitro. Rheumatoid factors (RF) were associated with alterations of antibody reactions to melanoma cells in vitro by two serologic assays. Removal of RF from melanoma patients' sera by absorption with Cohn's Fraction II coated latex particles enhanced seroreactivity in the Immune Adherence (IA) assay and diminished IgM detection by the Indirect Membrane Immunofluorescence (IMI) assay. The addition of serum with high titers of RF to these assay systems led to diminution of IA reactivity and enhancement of IgM detection by IMI. Since these factors are found in cancer patients' sera and can alter humoral immune reactions directed against antigens on the membranes of tumor cells, their presence should be recognized when performing assays with tumor target cells. RF may be of significance in the host-tumor relationship in vivo.", "PMID": 376097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3178", "title": "Prospective comparison of intralesional and multipuncture BCG in recurrent intradermal melanoma.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with metastatic melanoma predominantly localized in the skin were randomly assigned to treatment with BCG given either intralesionally (IL-BCG) or by multiple puncture vaccination at a nontumor bearing site in the skin (MPV-BCG). Half the patients with IL-BCG experienced moderate fever, chills and malaise, suggesting systemic exposure to this live organism. However, only three of these patients required systemic antituberculous chemotherapy and all responded to it. MPV-BCG treated patients experienced significantly less systemic toxicity. Among fully evaluable patients 45% objective response rate was seen in the IL-BCG group and a 9% response rate in the MPV-BCG group, a significant difference. The only complete responses were seen in the IL-BCG group. Among fully evaluable patients, median survival was 21.1 months in the IL-BCG group and 13.3 months in the MPV-BCG groups (NSD). No patients with pretreatment anergy to all skin tests utilized, experienced objective response to BCG.", "contents": "Prospective comparison of intralesional and multipuncture BCG in recurrent intradermal melanoma. Fifty-nine patients with metastatic melanoma predominantly localized in the skin were randomly assigned to treatment with BCG given either intralesionally (IL-BCG) or by multiple puncture vaccination at a nontumor bearing site in the skin (MPV-BCG). Half the patients with IL-BCG experienced moderate fever, chills and malaise, suggesting systemic exposure to this live organism. However, only three of these patients required systemic antituberculous chemotherapy and all responded to it. MPV-BCG treated patients experienced significantly less systemic toxicity. Among fully evaluable patients 45% objective response rate was seen in the IL-BCG group and a 9% response rate in the MPV-BCG group, a significant difference. The only complete responses were seen in the IL-BCG group. Among fully evaluable patients, median survival was 21.1 months in the IL-BCG group and 13.3 months in the MPV-BCG groups (NSD). No patients with pretreatment anergy to all skin tests utilized, experienced objective response to BCG.", "PMID": 376098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3179", "title": "Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas: a classification of 66 cases.", "content": "Using routine histology, resin embedded sections and immunohistochemical techniques on formalin-fixed, paraffin processed tissue, 66 cases of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma have been classified. This study necessitated the development of reliable criteria to separate lymphomas of true histiocytic origin from those of lymphocytic origin. Among the morphologic properties of malignant histiocytes were complex pleomorphic nuclei, abundant well delineated cytoplasm and phagocytosis. These cells were shown to contain all major immunoglobulin chains, C3, lysozyme and in some cases alpha 1 antitrypsin. Malignant lymphomas derived from histiocytes could be divided into two groups: malignant histiocytosis of the intestine (MHI), a recently described diffuse pleomorphic lymphoma associated with villous atrophy of the small intestine, and histiocytic lymphoma (HL) which forms solid tumor masses in a similar manner to lymphocyte derived tumors. Immunohistochemical studies of lymphocyte derived tumors were negative apart from one case with plasmacytoid differentiation. Of the 66 cases, 50% were of histiocytic origin (33% MHI, 17% HL) and 41% of lymphocyte origin, there was one case of Hodgkin's disease and five cases were unclassified. The role of the histiocyte in gastrointestinal mucosa deserves further study.", "contents": "Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas: a classification of 66 cases. Using routine histology, resin embedded sections and immunohistochemical techniques on formalin-fixed, paraffin processed tissue, 66 cases of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma have been classified. This study necessitated the development of reliable criteria to separate lymphomas of true histiocytic origin from those of lymphocytic origin. Among the morphologic properties of malignant histiocytes were complex pleomorphic nuclei, abundant well delineated cytoplasm and phagocytosis. These cells were shown to contain all major immunoglobulin chains, C3, lysozyme and in some cases alpha 1 antitrypsin. Malignant lymphomas derived from histiocytes could be divided into two groups: malignant histiocytosis of the intestine (MHI), a recently described diffuse pleomorphic lymphoma associated with villous atrophy of the small intestine, and histiocytic lymphoma (HL) which forms solid tumor masses in a similar manner to lymphocyte derived tumors. Immunohistochemical studies of lymphocyte derived tumors were negative apart from one case with plasmacytoid differentiation. Of the 66 cases, 50% were of histiocytic origin (33% MHI, 17% HL) and 41% of lymphocyte origin, there was one case of Hodgkin's disease and five cases were unclassified. The role of the histiocyte in gastrointestinal mucosa deserves further study.", "PMID": 376099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3180", "title": "Coexistence of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and histiocytic lymphoma: a case report.", "content": "A 65-year-old woman had pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and an inaspirable bone marrow. Diagnostic evaluation demonstrated that she had both leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE), or hairy cell leukemia, and an additional lympho-reticular neoplasm, most likely a \"histiocytic\" lymphoma. The diagnosis of LRE was based on the histopathology of spleen tissue and of a bone marrow biopsy specimen. The diagnosis of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma was based on the histopathology of a splenic hilar and a mesenteric lymph node, tumor nodules in the kidney and spleen, and tissue from a mass obstructing a ureter. This is the first well-documented association of a second lympho-reticular neoplasm with LRE. Even relatively gently treatment of the \"histiocytic\" lymphoma resulted in fatal pancytopenia, illustrating the restricitons on therapy imposed by the marrow impairment due to the LRE.", "contents": "Coexistence of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and histiocytic lymphoma: a case report. A 65-year-old woman had pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and an inaspirable bone marrow. Diagnostic evaluation demonstrated that she had both leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE), or hairy cell leukemia, and an additional lympho-reticular neoplasm, most likely a \"histiocytic\" lymphoma. The diagnosis of LRE was based on the histopathology of spleen tissue and of a bone marrow biopsy specimen. The diagnosis of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma was based on the histopathology of a splenic hilar and a mesenteric lymph node, tumor nodules in the kidney and spleen, and tissue from a mass obstructing a ureter. This is the first well-documented association of a second lympho-reticular neoplasm with LRE. Even relatively gently treatment of the \"histiocytic\" lymphoma resulted in fatal pancytopenia, illustrating the restricitons on therapy imposed by the marrow impairment due to the LRE.", "PMID": 376100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3181", "title": "Erythroleukemia in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "A 53-year-old male developed acute erythroleukemia three years after renal transplantation. He had received three years of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine. A preleukemia phase associated with chromosome abnormalities was recognized. Azathioprine has been associated with chromosome abnormalities. The chronic stimulation of an abnormal erythroid clone by transplantation may have hastened the development of erythroleukemia.", "contents": "Erythroleukemia in a renal transplant recipient. A 53-year-old male developed acute erythroleukemia three years after renal transplantation. He had received three years of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine. A preleukemia phase associated with chromosome abnormalities was recognized. Azathioprine has been associated with chromosome abnormalities. The chronic stimulation of an abnormal erythroid clone by transplantation may have hastened the development of erythroleukemia.", "PMID": 376101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3182", "title": "Interaction of drugs, hormones, and nutrition in the causes of cancer.", "content": "Hormones may act as promoters in the carcinogenic process, and occasionally their metabolites may act as antihormones or have new physiologic effects. Drugs can interact with the endocrine system in many ways. They can promote secretion of a hormone, alter its rate of removal from plasma, change plasma protein-binding characteristics, or modify routes of metabolism. Estrogens have a preparative effect on the uterine endometrium. There are biologic, clinical and epidemiologic reasons for believing that estrogen administration to postmenopausal women increases the risk for endometrial cancer. Although there are similar biologic reasons to associate prolonged estrogenic stimulation with breast cancerr, evidence for such an association is weak. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with a variety of hepatocellular tumors. Although estrogens, per se, can effect several hepatic functions, it seems likely that the 17 alpha-alkyl and 17 alpha-ethinyl functions of the progestins and estrogens are involved in this process. The role of estrogen use during pregnancy in the causation of vaginal cancer in female offspring and the role of androgens in prostate cancer have been discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of drugs, hormones, and nutrition in the causes of cancer. Hormones may act as promoters in the carcinogenic process, and occasionally their metabolites may act as antihormones or have new physiologic effects. Drugs can interact with the endocrine system in many ways. They can promote secretion of a hormone, alter its rate of removal from plasma, change plasma protein-binding characteristics, or modify routes of metabolism. Estrogens have a preparative effect on the uterine endometrium. There are biologic, clinical and epidemiologic reasons for believing that estrogen administration to postmenopausal women increases the risk for endometrial cancer. Although there are similar biologic reasons to associate prolonged estrogenic stimulation with breast cancerr, evidence for such an association is weak. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with a variety of hepatocellular tumors. Although estrogens, per se, can effect several hepatic functions, it seems likely that the 17 alpha-alkyl and 17 alpha-ethinyl functions of the progestins and estrogens are involved in this process. The role of estrogen use during pregnancy in the causation of vaginal cancer in female offspring and the role of androgens in prostate cancer have been discussed.", "PMID": 376102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3183", "title": "Mechanism of action of diet as a carcinogen.", "content": "Stomach cancer in the United States has decreased over the last 50 years. It is still a major type of neoplasm in Japan, Eastern and Northern Europe, and parts of Latin America. Current concepts suggest that the reduction of gastric cancer in the U. S. stems from an increased consumption of foods with vitamin C on a year round basis, which is shown to antagonize the formation of putative gastric carcinogens. Risk factors for large bowel, breast, and prostate cancer are totally different from those for gastric cancer and thus are amenable to independent controls, with the goal of ultimately reducing the risk and preventing these major cancers in man. Current research aims to identify the nature of the mutagenic materials obtained during the frying of protein-containing foods. This process may be involved in the generation of carcinogens for cancer of the colon, breast, and prostate. Cancer of the colon is subject to somewhat different controlling elements than cancer of the breast because of the nature of the cell kinetics governing these tissues. Thus, the mechanism of action of diet involves lifestyle. The type, quality, and mode of cooking of food, particularly, play important roles in the etiology of the main human cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine-sensitive organs.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of diet as a carcinogen. Stomach cancer in the United States has decreased over the last 50 years. It is still a major type of neoplasm in Japan, Eastern and Northern Europe, and parts of Latin America. Current concepts suggest that the reduction of gastric cancer in the U. S. stems from an increased consumption of foods with vitamin C on a year round basis, which is shown to antagonize the formation of putative gastric carcinogens. Risk factors for large bowel, breast, and prostate cancer are totally different from those for gastric cancer and thus are amenable to independent controls, with the goal of ultimately reducing the risk and preventing these major cancers in man. Current research aims to identify the nature of the mutagenic materials obtained during the frying of protein-containing foods. This process may be involved in the generation of carcinogens for cancer of the colon, breast, and prostate. Cancer of the colon is subject to somewhat different controlling elements than cancer of the breast because of the nature of the cell kinetics governing these tissues. Thus, the mechanism of action of diet involves lifestyle. The type, quality, and mode of cooking of food, particularly, play important roles in the etiology of the main human cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine-sensitive organs.", "PMID": 376103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3184", "title": "Cancer cachexia.", "content": "Cancer cachexia is characterized clinically by anorexia, early satiety, weight loss. anemia, and marked asthenia. The syndrome is not the result of semistarvation alone but it represents a complex metabolic problem. In the host there are abnormalities in metabolism of energy, carbohydrate, lipid and protein, in water content, in acid-base balance, in electrolyte, mineral and vitamin concentrations, alterations in the activity of host tissue enzymes and changes in endocrine homeostasis and immunologic mechanisms. The cancer initiates and contributes to the genesis of the syndrome but complications of the disease and the treatment may also play a role. Only the control of the cancer can reverse completely the syndrome. It was proposed that cancer peptides throw the host metabolism into a chaotic biochemical state by activating and inactivating host enzymes. This results in increased energy expenditure; the released host metabolites and trapped by the growing cancer.", "contents": "Cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized clinically by anorexia, early satiety, weight loss. anemia, and marked asthenia. The syndrome is not the result of semistarvation alone but it represents a complex metabolic problem. In the host there are abnormalities in metabolism of energy, carbohydrate, lipid and protein, in water content, in acid-base balance, in electrolyte, mineral and vitamin concentrations, alterations in the activity of host tissue enzymes and changes in endocrine homeostasis and immunologic mechanisms. The cancer initiates and contributes to the genesis of the syndrome but complications of the disease and the treatment may also play a role. Only the control of the cancer can reverse completely the syndrome. It was proposed that cancer peptides throw the host metabolism into a chaotic biochemical state by activating and inactivating host enzymes. This results in increased energy expenditure; the released host metabolites and trapped by the growing cancer.", "PMID": 376104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3185", "title": "Effects of cancer on nutrition: impaired organ system effects.", "content": "The specific organ system effects of cancer and its treatment have been reviewed from the standpoint of nutritional impact. Nutritional impairment may occur as the result of specific organ system malfunction, and malnutrition itself may impair organ system functions in such a way as to compound these deficits. Nonmalignant, acute, and chronic illnesses resemble cancer in many ways, particularly in their ability to produce malnutrition and these organ system malfunctions. It is apparent that there is nothing particularly unique about many of these cancer states, from the standpoint of nutritional deficiency, that is not found in nonneoplastic conditions.", "contents": "Effects of cancer on nutrition: impaired organ system effects. The specific organ system effects of cancer and its treatment have been reviewed from the standpoint of nutritional impact. Nutritional impairment may occur as the result of specific organ system malfunction, and malnutrition itself may impair organ system functions in such a way as to compound these deficits. Nonmalignant, acute, and chronic illnesses resemble cancer in many ways, particularly in their ability to produce malnutrition and these organ system malfunctions. It is apparent that there is nothing particularly unique about many of these cancer states, from the standpoint of nutritional deficiency, that is not found in nonneoplastic conditions.", "PMID": 376106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3186", "title": "Metabolic response to surgery in the cancer patient: consequences of aggressive multimodality therapy.", "content": "The metabolic response to uncomplicated surgery in the patient undergoing primary therapy for malignancy is no different than the response to surgery of similar magnitude for benign disease. Hemodynamic, nutritional-endocrine, and convalescent changes are similar. However, with current aggressive approaches to the management of cancer, the patient often comes to surgery with evidence of major debilitating side effects from his progressive malignancy or from aggressive multimodality therapy. The surgeon must be aware of the consequences of the use of combination therapies on the expected metabolic response to surgery. Awareness of such problems such as the nutritional deficit will allow preventive methods to supercede metabolic salvage procedures.", "contents": "Metabolic response to surgery in the cancer patient: consequences of aggressive multimodality therapy. The metabolic response to uncomplicated surgery in the patient undergoing primary therapy for malignancy is no different than the response to surgery of similar magnitude for benign disease. Hemodynamic, nutritional-endocrine, and convalescent changes are similar. However, with current aggressive approaches to the management of cancer, the patient often comes to surgery with evidence of major debilitating side effects from his progressive malignancy or from aggressive multimodality therapy. The surgeon must be aware of the consequences of the use of combination therapies on the expected metabolic response to surgery. Awareness of such problems such as the nutritional deficit will allow preventive methods to supercede metabolic salvage procedures.", "PMID": 376107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3187", "title": "Nutrients, vitamins and minerals in cancer prevention: facts and fallacies.", "content": "In this paper, a summary is first presented of the important facts that have linked diet and dietary habits to human cancers, with the purpose of identifying the sources and extent of food fallacies that associate \"nutrients, vitamins, and minerals\" in cancer prevention. Then examples are presented of the many fallacies that persuade consumers to make dangerous, inappropriate and/or ineffective dietary choices. Minimizing food faddism and dietary quackery with its false claims about diet and cancer requires an important counterchallenge on the part of health professionals. There is a great need to determine the possible role of nutrients and dietary components in the development of neoplastic disease in human populations in order to develop rational and safe food and nutrition policies. Concurrently, nutrition education should receive increased research support in order to improve techniques and approaches for informing policy makers, the food industry and public accurately and objectively of the recent advances in the study of nutrition and cancer prevention and their practical and health significance.", "contents": "Nutrients, vitamins and minerals in cancer prevention: facts and fallacies. In this paper, a summary is first presented of the important facts that have linked diet and dietary habits to human cancers, with the purpose of identifying the sources and extent of food fallacies that associate \"nutrients, vitamins, and minerals\" in cancer prevention. Then examples are presented of the many fallacies that persuade consumers to make dangerous, inappropriate and/or ineffective dietary choices. Minimizing food faddism and dietary quackery with its false claims about diet and cancer requires an important counterchallenge on the part of health professionals. There is a great need to determine the possible role of nutrients and dietary components in the development of neoplastic disease in human populations in order to develop rational and safe food and nutrition policies. Concurrently, nutrition education should receive increased research support in order to improve techniques and approaches for informing policy makers, the food industry and public accurately and objectively of the recent advances in the study of nutrition and cancer prevention and their practical and health significance.", "PMID": 376109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3188", "title": "Nutrients, vitamins and minerals as therapy.", "content": "Nutrients as therapy for patients with cancer are important as adjunctive therapy, i.e., adequate nutrition may be important for the success of whatever form of therapy is administered. Diets deficient in certain amino acids have some selectivity when tested against experimental tumors propagated in vivo. Such diets have had limited clinical trial and have been characterized by poor patient acceptance. Enzymes that produce deficiencies of certain amino acids, e.g., asparaginase, glutaminase, methioninase appear to offer a more reasonable approach to development of selective amino acid deficiencies in man. Trace metals in excessive amounts may be toxic or carcinogenic to the host. Two heavy metal salts, Cis-diamine dichloroplatinum and gallium nitrate, have recently been shown to have anti-neoplastic effects in man. There is no conclusive evidence that vitamins, administered in large doses, have significant antineoplastic effects although large doses of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 have been used for this purpose. In contrast, certain vitamin analogs such as folate antimetabolites can cause tumor regression and are useful clinical treatment. An enzyme, carboxypeptidase G1, by splitting naturally occurring folates, may also have promise as a method of producing enzymic folate deficiency.", "contents": "Nutrients, vitamins and minerals as therapy. Nutrients as therapy for patients with cancer are important as adjunctive therapy, i.e., adequate nutrition may be important for the success of whatever form of therapy is administered. Diets deficient in certain amino acids have some selectivity when tested against experimental tumors propagated in vivo. Such diets have had limited clinical trial and have been characterized by poor patient acceptance. Enzymes that produce deficiencies of certain amino acids, e.g., asparaginase, glutaminase, methioninase appear to offer a more reasonable approach to development of selective amino acid deficiencies in man. Trace metals in excessive amounts may be toxic or carcinogenic to the host. Two heavy metal salts, Cis-diamine dichloroplatinum and gallium nitrate, have recently been shown to have anti-neoplastic effects in man. There is no conclusive evidence that vitamins, administered in large doses, have significant antineoplastic effects although large doses of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 have been used for this purpose. In contrast, certain vitamin analogs such as folate antimetabolites can cause tumor regression and are useful clinical treatment. An enzyme, carboxypeptidase G1, by splitting naturally occurring folates, may also have promise as a method of producing enzymic folate deficiency.", "PMID": 376110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3189", "title": "Dietary and nutritional implications in the multifactorial etiology of certain prevalent human cancers.", "content": "It has been estimated that 80--90% of the cancer rate in the U. S. can be attributed to environmental factors. For the last 20 years the role of smoking has been recognized by the scientific community. However it is only recently that the role of diet, i.e., food and beverages in carcinogenesis has begun to be recognized. It is likely that diet is more important than smoking in cancer causation. Both human and animal studies support this assumption. The study of special populations in the U. S. such as the Mormons and the Seventh Day Adventists also point to the potential of reducing U. S. cancer rates and individual risk factors through the modification of dietary habits. The major hypotheses of the role of dietary and nutritional factors in cancer etiology are examined in light of current scientific knowledge. General guideline for the reduction of risk from the major chronic diseases are also discussed.", "contents": "Dietary and nutritional implications in the multifactorial etiology of certain prevalent human cancers. It has been estimated that 80--90% of the cancer rate in the U. S. can be attributed to environmental factors. For the last 20 years the role of smoking has been recognized by the scientific community. However it is only recently that the role of diet, i.e., food and beverages in carcinogenesis has begun to be recognized. It is likely that diet is more important than smoking in cancer causation. Both human and animal studies support this assumption. The study of special populations in the U. S. such as the Mormons and the Seventh Day Adventists also point to the potential of reducing U. S. cancer rates and individual risk factors through the modification of dietary habits. The major hypotheses of the role of dietary and nutritional factors in cancer etiology are examined in light of current scientific knowledge. General guideline for the reduction of risk from the major chronic diseases are also discussed.", "PMID": 376111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3190", "title": "Improvement in the therapeutic, immunological, and clearance properties of Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginases by attachment of poly-DL-alanyl peptides.", "content": "The chemical modification of both Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora asparaginases by a DL-alanine-N-carboxyanhydride polymerization technique produced modified enzymes which had greater protease stability, retained most of their catalytic activity, and demonstrated a 7- to 10-fold prolongation in plasma clearance properties in normal mice and rats. Concomitantly, plasma substrate depletion was also extended 5 to 13 days longer for the modified as compared with the native enzymes. For preparations of modified enzymes with plasma half-lives longer than 24 hr, the therapeutic activity was superior to that of the native enzymes. In addition, the modified E. coli preparations were less immunogenic in mice than was the native enzyme, and they cross-reacted with antibodies developed to the native enzyme to a 300-fold lesser degree, such that the modified enzyme still showed prolonged clearance in an animal which had been immunized previously to the native enzyme. The native enzyme was immediately cleared from the plasma of such immune animals, although hyperimmune animals would rapidly clear both the native and modified enzymes. Similarly, the modified E. carotovora enzyme would cross-react to a 500-fold lesser degree with antibodies developed against the native E. carotovora enzyme.", "contents": "Improvement in the therapeutic, immunological, and clearance properties of Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginases by attachment of poly-DL-alanyl peptides. The chemical modification of both Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora asparaginases by a DL-alanine-N-carboxyanhydride polymerization technique produced modified enzymes which had greater protease stability, retained most of their catalytic activity, and demonstrated a 7- to 10-fold prolongation in plasma clearance properties in normal mice and rats. Concomitantly, plasma substrate depletion was also extended 5 to 13 days longer for the modified as compared with the native enzymes. For preparations of modified enzymes with plasma half-lives longer than 24 hr, the therapeutic activity was superior to that of the native enzymes. In addition, the modified E. coli preparations were less immunogenic in mice than was the native enzyme, and they cross-reacted with antibodies developed to the native enzyme to a 300-fold lesser degree, such that the modified enzyme still showed prolonged clearance in an animal which had been immunized previously to the native enzyme. The native enzyme was immediately cleared from the plasma of such immune animals, although hyperimmune animals would rapidly clear both the native and modified enzymes. Similarly, the modified E. carotovora enzyme would cross-react to a 500-fold lesser degree with antibodies developed against the native E. carotovora enzyme.", "PMID": 376113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3191", "title": "Antibody-induced movement of common melanoma membrane antigens on the surface of unfixed human melanoma cells.", "content": "Antisera to common human melanoma antigens were obtained from melanoma patients receiving autologous immunization with their own irradiated cultured melanoma cells and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The antibody thus derived was used to detect common antigens on the plasma membrane of three different human melanoma cell lines by membrane immunofluorescence. The antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of melanoma cells would move to a pole (capping) and would subsequently be extruded into the extracellular milieu at room temperature. Approximately 25 to 30% of viable cells were positive by immunofluorescence. However, when the cells were fixed with methanol, 60 to 70% of cells demonstrated membrane binding. Capping was inhibited at 0 degrees or when the cells were pretreated with vinblastine sulfate. It can be concluded that common tumor antigens exist on the surface of viable human melanoma cells and that the redistribution of antigen-antibody complexes is an active process. The extrusion of antigen-antibody complexes in vitro may represent a mechanism of antigenic modulation in vivo and could indicate a basic method of tumor survival since presumably the antigen-denuded cell is viable and capable of replication but not of recognition by subsequent effector immune events.", "contents": "Antibody-induced movement of common melanoma membrane antigens on the surface of unfixed human melanoma cells. Antisera to common human melanoma antigens were obtained from melanoma patients receiving autologous immunization with their own irradiated cultured melanoma cells and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The antibody thus derived was used to detect common antigens on the plasma membrane of three different human melanoma cell lines by membrane immunofluorescence. The antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of melanoma cells would move to a pole (capping) and would subsequently be extruded into the extracellular milieu at room temperature. Approximately 25 to 30% of viable cells were positive by immunofluorescence. However, when the cells were fixed with methanol, 60 to 70% of cells demonstrated membrane binding. Capping was inhibited at 0 degrees or when the cells were pretreated with vinblastine sulfate. It can be concluded that common tumor antigens exist on the surface of viable human melanoma cells and that the redistribution of antigen-antibody complexes is an active process. The extrusion of antigen-antibody complexes in vitro may represent a mechanism of antigenic modulation in vivo and could indicate a basic method of tumor survival since presumably the antigen-denuded cell is viable and capable of replication but not of recognition by subsequent effector immune events.", "PMID": 376115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3192", "title": "Kinetics of cell kill by hyperthermia.", "content": "A review of published reports showed that there was surprisingly good agreement between different authors on the heat sensitivity of a particular cell line. For several cell lines, there was a marked difference in the heat of inactivation above 43 degrees (deltaH = 148 kcal/mol) and below 43 degrees (deltaH = 365 kcal/mol). This may indicate different mechanisms of cell killing above and below this temperature. With all cell lines tested, M- and S-phase cells were much more heat sensitive than were G1 or G2 cells. The heat sensitivity of S-phase cells is in contrast to the resistance of these cells to X-rays. The effect of hyperthermia on cell progression is discussed. The possibility of greater sensitivity of neoplastic cells to hyperthermia as compared to normal cells seems very promising.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell kill by hyperthermia. A review of published reports showed that there was surprisingly good agreement between different authors on the heat sensitivity of a particular cell line. For several cell lines, there was a marked difference in the heat of inactivation above 43 degrees (deltaH = 148 kcal/mol) and below 43 degrees (deltaH = 365 kcal/mol). This may indicate different mechanisms of cell killing above and below this temperature. With all cell lines tested, M- and S-phase cells were much more heat sensitive than were G1 or G2 cells. The heat sensitivity of S-phase cells is in contrast to the resistance of these cells to X-rays. The effect of hyperthermia on cell progression is discussed. The possibility of greater sensitivity of neoplastic cells to hyperthermia as compared to normal cells seems very promising.", "PMID": 376117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3193", "title": "Possible benefits of hyperthermia to chemotherapy.", "content": "The advantages of hyperthermia for chemotherapy are discussed in detail. These advantages are (a) synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs and also with ionizing radiation, (b) low host toxicity, (c) ease of control (heating precisions in the range of +/- 0.1 degrees C and specific definable localized areas), and (d) low resistance (chemotherapeutic resistance and hyperthermic resistance). The potential for hyperthermia and chemotherapy in the treatment of specific human cancers, both disseminated and solid tumors, are discussed with respect to current therapy and the possible benefit of hyperthermia treatment.", "contents": "Possible benefits of hyperthermia to chemotherapy. The advantages of hyperthermia for chemotherapy are discussed in detail. These advantages are (a) synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs and also with ionizing radiation, (b) low host toxicity, (c) ease of control (heating precisions in the range of +/- 0.1 degrees C and specific definable localized areas), and (d) low resistance (chemotherapeutic resistance and hyperthermic resistance). The potential for hyperthermia and chemotherapy in the treatment of specific human cancers, both disseminated and solid tumors, are discussed with respect to current therapy and the possible benefit of hyperthermia treatment.", "PMID": 376118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3194", "title": "Assessment of current hyperthermia technology.", "content": "The current state of the art in techniques for the production and control of whole-body and local hyperthermia is discussed. Techniques of radio-frequency, microwave, and ultrasonic local hyperthermia are considered and compared. Problems of thermometry and control system integration are defined, and requisite biophysical data requirements are established. A bibliography is provided to serve both as an introduction to the hyperthermia literature for researchers from other fields and as a convenient compendium of original sources for scientists currently engaged in hyperthermia research.", "contents": "Assessment of current hyperthermia technology. The current state of the art in techniques for the production and control of whole-body and local hyperthermia is discussed. Techniques of radio-frequency, microwave, and ultrasonic local hyperthermia are considered and compared. Problems of thermometry and control system integration are defined, and requisite biophysical data requirements are established. A bibliography is provided to serve both as an introduction to the hyperthermia literature for researchers from other fields and as a convenient compendium of original sources for scientists currently engaged in hyperthermia research.", "PMID": 376119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3195", "title": "Quantitative tumor cytochemistry--G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Lecture.", "content": "Quantitative optical cytochemistry permits the determination of many different parameters in whole cells or parts of cells. Total amounts of DNA, RNA, and protein and/or the amounts of these substances in nucleus or nucleolus are examples. Techniques in this field have contributed considerably to the development of our present conceptions of normal cell growth and regulation. Normal cell study has, however, predominated so that tumor work has not yet been very extensive, even though quite eqrly on, in the 1940's, a conspicuous cytochemical peculiarity was found in cancers, namely, a pronounced variability between cells with regard to several measurable parameters. The result has been different kinds of technical difficulties, which are especially great in work on tumor material. However, as years passed, a fair amount of information was accumulated from studies of different parameters in tumors. Only a few years ago this experience clearly indicated that, provided very considerable improvements were made in technique, several cytochemical methods could be used as efficient supplements to morphological cytodiagnostic work, especially in such important clinical fields as preneoplasia identification, malignancy grading, and judgment of the state of growth of for instance, hormone-stimulated populations and also the distinction, so difficult in morphology, between \"atypical hyperplasia\" and \"truly malignant\" states. In an effort to eliminate the foremost of these technical difficulties, during the last few years we have developed a comprehensive system for large-scale uni- and multiparameter measurements aimed specifically at the types of specimens encountered in cytopathological work. The system is based on cytophotometry in ultraviolet and visible light, interferometry, and fluorometry and also encompasses special arrangements to simplify the identification and recovery of individual cells for different types of study. Instruments for facilitation of the comparison of cytochemical results with morphological findings are also included.", "contents": "Quantitative tumor cytochemistry--G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Quantitative optical cytochemistry permits the determination of many different parameters in whole cells or parts of cells. Total amounts of DNA, RNA, and protein and/or the amounts of these substances in nucleus or nucleolus are examples. Techniques in this field have contributed considerably to the development of our present conceptions of normal cell growth and regulation. Normal cell study has, however, predominated so that tumor work has not yet been very extensive, even though quite eqrly on, in the 1940's, a conspicuous cytochemical peculiarity was found in cancers, namely, a pronounced variability between cells with regard to several measurable parameters. The result has been different kinds of technical difficulties, which are especially great in work on tumor material. However, as years passed, a fair amount of information was accumulated from studies of different parameters in tumors. Only a few years ago this experience clearly indicated that, provided very considerable improvements were made in technique, several cytochemical methods could be used as efficient supplements to morphological cytodiagnostic work, especially in such important clinical fields as preneoplasia identification, malignancy grading, and judgment of the state of growth of for instance, hormone-stimulated populations and also the distinction, so difficult in morphology, between \"atypical hyperplasia\" and \"truly malignant\" states. In an effort to eliminate the foremost of these technical difficulties, during the last few years we have developed a comprehensive system for large-scale uni- and multiparameter measurements aimed specifically at the types of specimens encountered in cytopathological work. The system is based on cytophotometry in ultraviolet and visible light, interferometry, and fluorometry and also encompasses special arrangements to simplify the identification and recovery of individual cells for different types of study. Instruments for facilitation of the comparison of cytochemical results with morphological findings are also included.", "PMID": 376120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3196", "title": "Carcinogenicity of 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (2-HOBP), and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (6-HOBP) were tested for tumorigenicity by i.p. injection into newborn mice. The mice were treated sequentially with 200, 400, and 800 nmol of compound on the first, eighth and fifteenth day of life, and the animals were killed at 24 weeks of age. Treatment with 2-HOBP caused about 4-fold more pulmonary tumors than BP, while 6-HOBP had little or no tumorigenic activity. Newborn mice treated with 2-HOBP, BP, and 6-HOBP had a 98, 81, and 11% incidence of pulmonary adenomas with an average of 24, 6.4, and 0.11 adenomas per mouse, respectively. In the control group, 7.5% of the animals had pulmonary adenomas with an average of 0.08 adenoma per mouse. When 25, 50, or 100 nmol of BP or 2-HOBP was applied to mouse skin once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks, both compounds had about the same carcinogenic activity. These results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the carcinogenic potential of chemicals in more than one tumor system. BP and 2-HOBP were tested for mutagenicity towards two strains of Salmonella typhimurium and towards Chinese hamster V79 cells in the presence of hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254. The products formed during the metabolism of 2-HOBP or BP by liver microsomes had significant mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (2-HOBP), and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (6-HOBP) were tested for tumorigenicity by i.p. injection into newborn mice. The mice were treated sequentially with 200, 400, and 800 nmol of compound on the first, eighth and fifteenth day of life, and the animals were killed at 24 weeks of age. Treatment with 2-HOBP caused about 4-fold more pulmonary tumors than BP, while 6-HOBP had little or no tumorigenic activity. Newborn mice treated with 2-HOBP, BP, and 6-HOBP had a 98, 81, and 11% incidence of pulmonary adenomas with an average of 24, 6.4, and 0.11 adenomas per mouse, respectively. In the control group, 7.5% of the animals had pulmonary adenomas with an average of 0.08 adenoma per mouse. When 25, 50, or 100 nmol of BP or 2-HOBP was applied to mouse skin once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks, both compounds had about the same carcinogenic activity. These results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the carcinogenic potential of chemicals in more than one tumor system. BP and 2-HOBP were tested for mutagenicity towards two strains of Salmonella typhimurium and towards Chinese hamster V79 cells in the presence of hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254. The products formed during the metabolism of 2-HOBP or BP by liver microsomes had significant mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 376121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3197", "title": "Protective effect of oral Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection against colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice.", "content": "Infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX has been shown previously to cause nonspecific immune stimulation and, consequently, resistance to subsequent challenge with a variety of transplantable tumors. The present study has examined the effect of infection with this organism in a chemical carcinogenesis system. Colonic tumors were induced in LACA and BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice by weekly s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) for 28 weeks. Infection of mice p.o. with live S. enteritidis 11RX at 8-week intervals during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration protected both strains against colon tumorigenesis. Significantly fewer infected than control BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice had colonic tumors at or before termination of the experiment (34 or 40 weeks) (p less than 0.001 in all cases). Comparable results were obtained with both male and female mice. The difference in tumor incidence between control and infected LACA mice was not statistically significant, however; the number and size of the lesions was greater in control mice (p less than 0.02). Although it has not been proven that the protective effect is mediated by the immune system, the results are consistent with the operation of a macrophage-mediated surveillance system. It is suggested that enteric infections should be considered as a possible contributing factor in the epidemiology of human colonic cancer.", "contents": "Protective effect of oral Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection against colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice. Infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX has been shown previously to cause nonspecific immune stimulation and, consequently, resistance to subsequent challenge with a variety of transplantable tumors. The present study has examined the effect of infection with this organism in a chemical carcinogenesis system. Colonic tumors were induced in LACA and BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice by weekly s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) for 28 weeks. Infection of mice p.o. with live S. enteritidis 11RX at 8-week intervals during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration protected both strains against colon tumorigenesis. Significantly fewer infected than control BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice had colonic tumors at or before termination of the experiment (34 or 40 weeks) (p less than 0.001 in all cases). Comparable results were obtained with both male and female mice. The difference in tumor incidence between control and infected LACA mice was not statistically significant, however; the number and size of the lesions was greater in control mice (p less than 0.02). Although it has not been proven that the protective effect is mediated by the immune system, the results are consistent with the operation of a macrophage-mediated surveillance system. It is suggested that enteric infections should be considered as a possible contributing factor in the epidemiology of human colonic cancer.", "PMID": 376122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3198", "title": "Measurements of drinking patterns in the general population and possible applications in studies of the role of alcohol in cancer.", "content": "Quantitative information on alcohol consumption patterns derives from four possible sources: indirect measures, observational studies, aggregate consumption statistics, and sample surveys of general populations. The potentials and problems of each method are briefly discussed, with primary attention to the various traditions of survey questioning and data analysis. While medically oriented epidemiologists have often used only an overall drinking volume measure, social scientists have pointed to the importance also of variability in characterizing drinking, particularly in relation to social and casualty as opposed to chronic health problems with drinking. The dimensions of drinking patterns which might be relevant to hypothesized linkages of alcohol and cancer are discussed. It is suggested that measurement will need to extend beyond volume of drinking and may indeed involve studies of new kinds of dimensions in the patterning of drinking.", "contents": "Measurements of drinking patterns in the general population and possible applications in studies of the role of alcohol in cancer. Quantitative information on alcohol consumption patterns derives from four possible sources: indirect measures, observational studies, aggregate consumption statistics, and sample surveys of general populations. The potentials and problems of each method are briefly discussed, with primary attention to the various traditions of survey questioning and data analysis. While medically oriented epidemiologists have often used only an overall drinking volume measure, social scientists have pointed to the importance also of variability in characterizing drinking, particularly in relation to social and casualty as opposed to chronic health problems with drinking. The dimensions of drinking patterns which might be relevant to hypothesized linkages of alcohol and cancer are discussed. It is suggested that measurement will need to extend beyond volume of drinking and may indeed involve studies of new kinds of dimensions in the patterning of drinking.", "PMID": 376125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3199", "title": "Etiological and preventive implications in alcohol carcinogenesis.", "content": "The current state of knowledge of the epidemiological association of alcohol and tobacco consumption with cancers of the head and neck in humans is reviewed. The possible involvement of alcohol-associated nutritional deficiencies in the etiology of head and neck cancer is considered. Data are presented which indicate that in vitro metabolism of the hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosopyrrolidine is increased in microsomal fractions isolated from ethanol-consuming hamsters. Relevant studies in experimental animals are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms that could account for the increased risk of cancer in heavy drinkers who smoke.", "contents": "Etiological and preventive implications in alcohol carcinogenesis. The current state of knowledge of the epidemiological association of alcohol and tobacco consumption with cancers of the head and neck in humans is reviewed. The possible involvement of alcohol-associated nutritional deficiencies in the etiology of head and neck cancer is considered. Data are presented which indicate that in vitro metabolism of the hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosopyrrolidine is increased in microsomal fractions isolated from ethanol-consuming hamsters. Relevant studies in experimental animals are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms that could account for the increased risk of cancer in heavy drinkers who smoke.", "PMID": 376126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3200", "title": "Current status of experimental chemical carcinogenesis and its applications to human cancer risk.", "content": "The history of chemical carcinogenesis is a record of the observations of physicians and epidemiologists of the relation between the occurrence of uncommon cancers in humans and the exposures of those people to certain chemical agents. In parallel with some of these findings, experimental animal models were developed to imitate the findings in humans. From these experimental studies has been obtained most of the information we have about the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Many of the biochemical studies have focused on liver cancer which might be an inappropriate general model for chemically induced cancer, liver cancer being comparatively rare in humans. It is not known to what extent exposures to any particular chemical carcinogens are responsible for the major human cancers, and the agents responsible for most of them are not known. It is probable that many noncarcinogenic chemicals act as promotors of carcinogenesis, and among these alcohol can be included as in important contributor.", "contents": "Current status of experimental chemical carcinogenesis and its applications to human cancer risk. The history of chemical carcinogenesis is a record of the observations of physicians and epidemiologists of the relation between the occurrence of uncommon cancers in humans and the exposures of those people to certain chemical agents. In parallel with some of these findings, experimental animal models were developed to imitate the findings in humans. From these experimental studies has been obtained most of the information we have about the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Many of the biochemical studies have focused on liver cancer which might be an inappropriate general model for chemically induced cancer, liver cancer being comparatively rare in humans. It is not known to what extent exposures to any particular chemical carcinogens are responsible for the major human cancers, and the agents responsible for most of them are not known. It is probable that many noncarcinogenic chemicals act as promotors of carcinogenesis, and among these alcohol can be included as in important contributor.", "PMID": 376127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3201", "title": "Simulation experiments of tumor measurement in clinical trials.", "content": "A simple model of tumor growth involving stochastic growth factors as well as measurement errors in explored in the context of a simulated \"clinical trial\" comparing two treatments. The model shows how treatment effects on tumor growth translate themselves into \"improvement rates\" derived from measurement on diameters. Furthermore, it shows that treatment contrasts of considerable magnitude (such as doubling of mass or volume versus shrinkage to one half) may escape recognition in clinical trials. A number of \"power\" tables are presented that provide the probability of making correct judgments of treatment effects. The tables indicate that the actual power in trials of this nature is in satisfactory agreement with that claimed in the standard power tables which are currently used in guiding trial strategy based on improvement rates.", "contents": "Simulation experiments of tumor measurement in clinical trials. A simple model of tumor growth involving stochastic growth factors as well as measurement errors in explored in the context of a simulated \"clinical trial\" comparing two treatments. The model shows how treatment effects on tumor growth translate themselves into \"improvement rates\" derived from measurement on diameters. Furthermore, it shows that treatment contrasts of considerable magnitude (such as doubling of mass or volume versus shrinkage to one half) may escape recognition in clinical trials. A number of \"power\" tables are presented that provide the probability of making correct judgments of treatment effects. The tables indicate that the actual power in trials of this nature is in satisfactory agreement with that claimed in the standard power tables which are currently used in guiding trial strategy based on improvement rates.", "PMID": 376129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3202", "title": "Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus tamoxifen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Postmenopausal patients, those less than 68 years of age resistant to chemotherapy and those greater than 68 years of age with or without resistance to chemotherapy, entered this trial. Among 101 eligible patients, 46 were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen at a dose of 10 mg 3 times daily and 55 were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen at a dose of 10 mg 3 times daily plus medroxyprogesterone acetate at a dose of 100 mg once daily. Remission (partial plus complete) was obtained in 20 patients (45%) with tamoxifen compared to 14 patients (26%) with tamoxifen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate; however, this difference is not significantly different. The median duration of remission was also not significantly different between the two treatments: 10 months for the single drug compared with 9 months for the combined treatment. Response rates correlated with the presence of estrogen receptor, with no differences between the two treatment groups. Side effects occurred in 12 patients and in only one patient did they cause discontinuation of treatment. In conclusion, these results and theoretic considerations indicate that combined treatment with tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate is not better than treatment with tamoxifen alone.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus tamoxifen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal patients, those less than 68 years of age resistant to chemotherapy and those greater than 68 years of age with or without resistance to chemotherapy, entered this trial. Among 101 eligible patients, 46 were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen at a dose of 10 mg 3 times daily and 55 were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen at a dose of 10 mg 3 times daily plus medroxyprogesterone acetate at a dose of 100 mg once daily. Remission (partial plus complete) was obtained in 20 patients (45%) with tamoxifen compared to 14 patients (26%) with tamoxifen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate; however, this difference is not significantly different. The median duration of remission was also not significantly different between the two treatments: 10 months for the single drug compared with 9 months for the combined treatment. Response rates correlated with the presence of estrogen receptor, with no differences between the two treatment groups. Side effects occurred in 12 patients and in only one patient did they cause discontinuation of treatment. In conclusion, these results and theoretic considerations indicate that combined treatment with tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate is not better than treatment with tamoxifen alone.", "PMID": 376131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3203", "title": "Procarbazine, vinblastine, and actinomycin D in stage III and IV melanoma with or without methanol-extracted residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "Patients with stage III and IV melanoma were randomly assigned to receive procarbazine (100 mg/m2, Days 1--10), vinblastine (5 mg/m2, Days 1 and 8), and actinomycin D (0.5 mg/m2, Days 1 and 8) with or without methanol-extracted residue (MER) of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (200 micrograms in five sites). In patients with measurable disease, 20% (eight of 40 patients) responded with only the combination chemotherapy while 15% (six of 39 patients) responded with the MER added. Toxicity was tolerable except for some instances of severe, gastrointestinal toxicity associated with procarbazine. MER as given in this study, failed to either increase the response rate or prolong survival.", "contents": "Procarbazine, vinblastine, and actinomycin D in stage III and IV melanoma with or without methanol-extracted residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. Patients with stage III and IV melanoma were randomly assigned to receive procarbazine (100 mg/m2, Days 1--10), vinblastine (5 mg/m2, Days 1 and 8), and actinomycin D (0.5 mg/m2, Days 1 and 8) with or without methanol-extracted residue (MER) of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (200 micrograms in five sites). In patients with measurable disease, 20% (eight of 40 patients) responded with only the combination chemotherapy while 15% (six of 39 patients) responded with the MER added. Toxicity was tolerable except for some instances of severe, gastrointestinal toxicity associated with procarbazine. MER as given in this study, failed to either increase the response rate or prolong survival.", "PMID": 376132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3204", "title": "Treatment and immunodiagnosis of advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma: a preliminary report.", "content": "High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue plus cyclophosphamide resulted in a 66.6% objective response rate with a 50% complete response rate. These preliminary results are higher than our previous results with melphalan alone or actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide in women with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. Circulating ovarian cystadenocarcinoma-associated antigen serum levels were positive in 69.8% of patients and correlated with response to chemotherapy in 70% of patients. To date, all of the patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were found to have elevated galactosyltransferase levels. Galactosyltransferase levels correlated with response to therapy in the first five patients followed serially.", "contents": "Treatment and immunodiagnosis of advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma: a preliminary report. High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue plus cyclophosphamide resulted in a 66.6% objective response rate with a 50% complete response rate. These preliminary results are higher than our previous results with melphalan alone or actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide in women with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. Circulating ovarian cystadenocarcinoma-associated antigen serum levels were positive in 69.8% of patients and correlated with response to chemotherapy in 70% of patients. To date, all of the patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were found to have elevated galactosyltransferase levels. Galactosyltransferase levels correlated with response to therapy in the first five patients followed serially.", "PMID": 376133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3205", "title": "Status report of 376 mycosis fungoides patients at 4 years: Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group.", "content": "The frequency and prognostic importance of various characteristics of patients registered by the Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group between November 1974 and December 1977 are reported. Variables which were considered include demographic and historical factors, symptoms, extent of disease, and other physical findings. A staging system which is based on the extent of skin involvement and the number of nodal sites clinically involved is described. Finally, a description of therapeutic results to date for patients randomized into Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group protocols is presented.", "contents": "Status report of 376 mycosis fungoides patients at 4 years: Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group. The frequency and prognostic importance of various characteristics of patients registered by the Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group between November 1974 and December 1977 are reported. Variables which were considered include demographic and historical factors, symptoms, extent of disease, and other physical findings. A staging system which is based on the extent of skin involvement and the number of nodal sites clinically involved is described. Finally, a description of therapeutic results to date for patients randomized into Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group protocols is presented.", "PMID": 376140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3206", "title": "Exercise stress testing--current status.", "content": "This paper is a review of the stress testing literature applying current methods of evaluation and analysis of exercise stress testing data to modern practice. Advantages and disadvantages of various methods for stress testing are discussed. Interpretation of the exercise stress test and an extensive discussion of 'false positive tests' as well as 'false negative tests' and correlation of stress testing results with other parameters of coronary heart disease provide the reader with material which is particularly relevant to frequently encountered clinical situations. The implications of a negative and adequate stress test as well as various degrees of positivity of results are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on subgrouping patients with coronary artery disease by exercise stress testing results into reasonably homogeneous and clinically relevant subgroups. The usefulness of exercise stress testing in other conditions such as valvular heart disease, cardiac rehabilitation, postoperative coronary bypass evaluation and application of radionucleotide scanning are reviewed.", "contents": "Exercise stress testing--current status. This paper is a review of the stress testing literature applying current methods of evaluation and analysis of exercise stress testing data to modern practice. Advantages and disadvantages of various methods for stress testing are discussed. Interpretation of the exercise stress test and an extensive discussion of 'false positive tests' as well as 'false negative tests' and correlation of stress testing results with other parameters of coronary heart disease provide the reader with material which is particularly relevant to frequently encountered clinical situations. The implications of a negative and adequate stress test as well as various degrees of positivity of results are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on subgrouping patients with coronary artery disease by exercise stress testing results into reasonably homogeneous and clinically relevant subgroups. The usefulness of exercise stress testing in other conditions such as valvular heart disease, cardiac rehabilitation, postoperative coronary bypass evaluation and application of radionucleotide scanning are reviewed.", "PMID": 376142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3207", "title": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) induces coronary vasodilatation in anaesthetised dogs.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2), the predominant metabolite of arachidonic acid in isolated hearts, relaxes strips of bovine coronary artery and is a potent vasodilator in isolated perfused hearts. We have examined the actions of prostacyclin on coronary blood flow in open chest dogs anaesthetised with chloralose. An electromagnetic flow probe was fitted to the left circumflex artery and phasic coronary flow, mean coronary flow (a measure of coronary volume flow over 4 s intervals), and coronary vascular resistance were recorded together with aortic pressure and heart rate. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (0.05 to 1.0 microgram.kg.1.min.1), reduced coronary vascular resistance and aortic pressure according to dose, but had only small effects on phasic coronary flow or mean coronary flow. Both tachycardia and bradycardia occurred during infusion of prostacyclin, but 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (infused at 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), the stable degradation produce of prostacyclin, had no cardiovascular effects. The coronary vasodilator effects of prostacyclin were clear when it was injected into the left circumflex artery via a fine catheter distal to the flow probe. Prostacyclin (0.05 to 0.5 microgram) increased phasic coronary flow and mean coronary flow up to 3 fold and reduced coronary vascular resistance without affecting aortic pressure or heart rate, although higher doses had systemic effects. Prostaglandin E1 (0.1 to 0.5 microgram), which also dilated the coronary vessels, had a longer lasting effect and was 1 to 4 times more potent than prostacyclin. Prostaglandin E2, (0.5 to 4 microgram) was less potent than prostacyclin. In four dogs prostacyclin (20 to 500 micrograms) applied epicardially to the left ventricle caused marked and prolonged coronary vasodilatation. Epicardial application of prostacyclin (10 to 25 micrograms) to the right ventricle increased coronary sinus oxygen content with minimal changes in blood pressure. The endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 was a coronary vasodilator of similar potency to prostacyclin, but its analogue U46619 is a vasoconstrictor. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase with indomethacin (5 mg.kg-1 i.v.) or sodium meclofenamate (2 mg.kg-1 i.v.) potentiated the coronary dilator effects of prostacyclin given intravenously or into the coronary artery. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition did not alter the hypotensive effects and increased the coronary vasodilator potency of prostacyclin relative to prostaglandin E2. Thus the sensitivity of the coronary vascular bed to prostacyclin is enhanced when endogenous biosynthesis of prostaglandin-like substances is inhibited. Although the importance of arachidonic acid metabolites in the coronary circulation still requires validation in vivo, it is clear that prostacyclin, and not prostaglandin E2, is the prostaglandin most likely to be involved.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) induces coronary vasodilatation in anaesthetised dogs. Prostacyclin (PGI2), the predominant metabolite of arachidonic acid in isolated hearts, relaxes strips of bovine coronary artery and is a potent vasodilator in isolated perfused hearts. We have examined the actions of prostacyclin on coronary blood flow in open chest dogs anaesthetised with chloralose. An electromagnetic flow probe was fitted to the left circumflex artery and phasic coronary flow, mean coronary flow (a measure of coronary volume flow over 4 s intervals), and coronary vascular resistance were recorded together with aortic pressure and heart rate. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (0.05 to 1.0 microgram.kg.1.min.1), reduced coronary vascular resistance and aortic pressure according to dose, but had only small effects on phasic coronary flow or mean coronary flow. Both tachycardia and bradycardia occurred during infusion of prostacyclin, but 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (infused at 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), the stable degradation produce of prostacyclin, had no cardiovascular effects. The coronary vasodilator effects of prostacyclin were clear when it was injected into the left circumflex artery via a fine catheter distal to the flow probe. Prostacyclin (0.05 to 0.5 microgram) increased phasic coronary flow and mean coronary flow up to 3 fold and reduced coronary vascular resistance without affecting aortic pressure or heart rate, although higher doses had systemic effects. Prostaglandin E1 (0.1 to 0.5 microgram), which also dilated the coronary vessels, had a longer lasting effect and was 1 to 4 times more potent than prostacyclin. Prostaglandin E2, (0.5 to 4 microgram) was less potent than prostacyclin. In four dogs prostacyclin (20 to 500 micrograms) applied epicardially to the left ventricle caused marked and prolonged coronary vasodilatation. Epicardial application of prostacyclin (10 to 25 micrograms) to the right ventricle increased coronary sinus oxygen content with minimal changes in blood pressure. The endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 was a coronary vasodilator of similar potency to prostacyclin, but its analogue U46619 is a vasoconstrictor. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase with indomethacin (5 mg.kg-1 i.v.) or sodium meclofenamate (2 mg.kg-1 i.v.) potentiated the coronary dilator effects of prostacyclin given intravenously or into the coronary artery. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition did not alter the hypotensive effects and increased the coronary vasodilator potency of prostacyclin relative to prostaglandin E2. Thus the sensitivity of the coronary vascular bed to prostacyclin is enhanced when endogenous biosynthesis of prostaglandin-like substances is inhibited. Although the importance of arachidonic acid metabolites in the coronary circulation still requires validation in vivo, it is clear that prostacyclin, and not prostaglandin E2, is the prostaglandin most likely to be involved.", "PMID": 376143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3208", "title": "Control of chloroplast formation by light.", "content": "Light controls the formation of plastid ultrastructure and the synthesis of chlorophyll, plastid membrane constituents and Calvin cycle enzymes. A respective light-mediated regulation of the genetic apparatus in the nucleus and the plastid compartment has been reported. Three photoreactions are involved in the regulation: (1) the protochlorophyll (ide) leads to chlorophyll (ide) a photoconversion, (2) the formation of physiologically active phytochrome and (3) light absorption by a blue light receptor (cryptochrome). The chloroplast formation in higer plants is chiefly controlled by active phytochrome, while in lower plants cryptochrome is the prevailing regulatory factor.", "contents": "Control of chloroplast formation by light. Light controls the formation of plastid ultrastructure and the synthesis of chlorophyll, plastid membrane constituents and Calvin cycle enzymes. A respective light-mediated regulation of the genetic apparatus in the nucleus and the plastid compartment has been reported. Three photoreactions are involved in the regulation: (1) the protochlorophyll (ide) leads to chlorophyll (ide) a photoconversion, (2) the formation of physiologically active phytochrome and (3) light absorption by a blue light receptor (cryptochrome). The chloroplast formation in higer plants is chiefly controlled by active phytochrome, while in lower plants cryptochrome is the prevailing regulatory factor.", "PMID": 376154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3209", "title": "Distribution, surface density, and membrane area of diadic junctional contacts between plasma membrane and terminal cisterns in mammalian ventricle.", "content": "The surface density of diadic junctional complexes (DJC) between plasmalemma and terminal cisternal membrane, as well as the areas of plasmalemmal and cisternal membrane involved in DJC, have been determined morphometrically in external plasmalemmal envelope and T-system of rabbit, rat, and mouse ventricular heart muscle. In all three species, both the surface density and the plasmalemmal area of DJC are 4- to 6-fold greater in the T-system than in the external plasmalemmal envelope. The surface density and DJC membrane area per unit cell volume and per unit myofibrillar volume increase in the order rabbit less than rat congruent to mouse and are not related simply to basal heart rate or intraventricular pressure. The results show that if Ca2+ release is a function of terminal cisterns, then, in ventricular heart muscle, most of the Ca2+ thus released for myofibrillar activation must originate from cisterns associated with the T-system. They make it necessary to consider the possibility that the 20--50% of plasmalemma in the T-system that is involved in excitation-contraction coupling may be unavailable for other processes; and they show that interspecies differences in surface density and membrane area of DJC/unit cellular and myofibrillar volume correlate with differences in Ca2+- activated Ca2+ release in skinned fibers and with differences in rate of tension development described for intact rat and rabbit ventricular muscle.", "contents": "Distribution, surface density, and membrane area of diadic junctional contacts between plasma membrane and terminal cisterns in mammalian ventricle. The surface density of diadic junctional complexes (DJC) between plasmalemma and terminal cisternal membrane, as well as the areas of plasmalemmal and cisternal membrane involved in DJC, have been determined morphometrically in external plasmalemmal envelope and T-system of rabbit, rat, and mouse ventricular heart muscle. In all three species, both the surface density and the plasmalemmal area of DJC are 4- to 6-fold greater in the T-system than in the external plasmalemmal envelope. The surface density and DJC membrane area per unit cell volume and per unit myofibrillar volume increase in the order rabbit less than rat congruent to mouse and are not related simply to basal heart rate or intraventricular pressure. The results show that if Ca2+ release is a function of terminal cisterns, then, in ventricular heart muscle, most of the Ca2+ thus released for myofibrillar activation must originate from cisterns associated with the T-system. They make it necessary to consider the possibility that the 20--50% of plasmalemma in the T-system that is involved in excitation-contraction coupling may be unavailable for other processes; and they show that interspecies differences in surface density and membrane area of DJC/unit cellular and myofibrillar volume correlate with differences in Ca2+- activated Ca2+ release in skinned fibers and with differences in rate of tension development described for intact rat and rabbit ventricular muscle.", "PMID": 376173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3210", "title": "Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by Escherichia coli endotoxin.", "content": "We infused Escherichia coli endotoxin, 0.07-1.33 microgram/kg, intravenously into chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep and measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lung lymph flow, lymph and blood plasma protein concentrations, and arterial blood gases. Endotoxin caused a biphasic reaction: an early phase of pulmonary hypertension and a long late phase of steady state increased pulmonary vascular permeability during which pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures were not increased significantly and lung lymph flow was 5 times the baseline value. Lymph: plasma total protein concentration ratio during the late phase (0.76 +/- 0.04) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than during baseline (0.66 +/- 0.03). The lymph response was reproducible. Lung lymph clearance of endogenous proteins with molecular radii (r) 35.5 to 96 A was increased during the steady state late phase of the reaction, but, as during baseline, clearance decreased as r increased. The endotoxin reaction was similar to the reaction to infusing whole Pseudomonas bacteria, except that endotoxin had less effect on pressures during the steady state response and caused a relatively larger increase in lymph clearance of large proteins. We conclude that E. coli endotoxin in sheep causes a long period of increased lung vascular permeability and may have a greater effect on large solute pathways across microvessels than do Pseudomonas bacteria.", "contents": "Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by Escherichia coli endotoxin. We infused Escherichia coli endotoxin, 0.07-1.33 microgram/kg, intravenously into chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep and measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lung lymph flow, lymph and blood plasma protein concentrations, and arterial blood gases. Endotoxin caused a biphasic reaction: an early phase of pulmonary hypertension and a long late phase of steady state increased pulmonary vascular permeability during which pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures were not increased significantly and lung lymph flow was 5 times the baseline value. Lymph: plasma total protein concentration ratio during the late phase (0.76 +/- 0.04) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than during baseline (0.66 +/- 0.03). The lymph response was reproducible. Lung lymph clearance of endogenous proteins with molecular radii (r) 35.5 to 96 A was increased during the steady state late phase of the reaction, but, as during baseline, clearance decreased as r increased. The endotoxin reaction was similar to the reaction to infusing whole Pseudomonas bacteria, except that endotoxin had less effect on pressures during the steady state response and caused a relatively larger increase in lymph clearance of large proteins. We conclude that E. coli endotoxin in sheep causes a long period of increased lung vascular permeability and may have a greater effect on large solute pathways across microvessels than do Pseudomonas bacteria.", "PMID": 376174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3211", "title": "Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents: implication for myocardial perfusion.", "content": "Diastolic time (DT) is calculated as the cycle length (RR) minus electromechanical systole (QS2). The ratio of DT (RR-QS2) to RR interval times 100, or the percent diastole (%D), varies nonlinearly with heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly with decreasing HR. The effect of commonly used cardioactive agents on %D was studied in five groups of normal subjects. In group 1 (n = 12), propranolol (160 mg daily) increased %D from 55.9 +/- 1.7 to 64.7 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.001) by slowing HR. In group 2 (n = 12), dobutamine (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) increased %D from 56.4 +/- 1.4 to 61.8 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) by shortening the QS2. In group 3 (n = 10), Cedilanid-D (1.6 mg i.v.) increased %D from 55.5 +/- 1 to 63.2 +/- 0.7 (p less than 0.001), both by slowing the HR and shortening the QS2. In group 4 (n = 12), isoproterenol (2 micrograms/min) increased HR and shortened the QS2 significantly. The net result was a significant reduction of %D from 56.1 +/- 1.4 to 53.5 +/- 1.1, (p less than 0.05). In group 5 (n = 15), a 100-mg bolus of i.v. lidocaine did not have a significant effect on %D. This study indicates that cardiovascular drugs may have significant effects on the relative duration of diastole either by affecting HR or the duration of systole. This may have clinical implications for patients with coronary artery disease and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, since in both cases coronary flow in mostly diastolic.", "contents": "Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents: implication for myocardial perfusion. Diastolic time (DT) is calculated as the cycle length (RR) minus electromechanical systole (QS2). The ratio of DT (RR-QS2) to RR interval times 100, or the percent diastole (%D), varies nonlinearly with heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly with decreasing HR. The effect of commonly used cardioactive agents on %D was studied in five groups of normal subjects. In group 1 (n = 12), propranolol (160 mg daily) increased %D from 55.9 +/- 1.7 to 64.7 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.001) by slowing HR. In group 2 (n = 12), dobutamine (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) increased %D from 56.4 +/- 1.4 to 61.8 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) by shortening the QS2. In group 3 (n = 10), Cedilanid-D (1.6 mg i.v.) increased %D from 55.5 +/- 1 to 63.2 +/- 0.7 (p less than 0.001), both by slowing the HR and shortening the QS2. In group 4 (n = 12), isoproterenol (2 micrograms/min) increased HR and shortened the QS2 significantly. The net result was a significant reduction of %D from 56.1 +/- 1.4 to 53.5 +/- 1.1, (p less than 0.05). In group 5 (n = 15), a 100-mg bolus of i.v. lidocaine did not have a significant effect on %D. This study indicates that cardiovascular drugs may have significant effects on the relative duration of diastole either by affecting HR or the duration of systole. This may have clinical implications for patients with coronary artery disease and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, since in both cases coronary flow in mostly diastolic.", "PMID": 376175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3212", "title": "Normal left ventricular function.", "content": "The Starling relationship in the normal human ventricle may be different than usually portrayed. In normal, resting, supine man the ventricular function curve is at its peak at a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of approximately 10 mm Hg. Below this point is a strong direct relation between filling pressure and stroke work, while at higher filling pressures, a plateau occurs. Limitation of ventricular response is related to a sharply rising ventricular pressure-volume curve at a normal level of filling pressure. Thus, in the supine position, the normal heart is not on the active portion of the ventricular function curve, but is in a unique position in which cardiac output is probably controlled by factors other than ventricular filling pressure. In ventricular failure, the peak of the ventricular function curve is displaced to a higher level.", "contents": "Normal left ventricular function. The Starling relationship in the normal human ventricle may be different than usually portrayed. In normal, resting, supine man the ventricular function curve is at its peak at a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of approximately 10 mm Hg. Below this point is a strong direct relation between filling pressure and stroke work, while at higher filling pressures, a plateau occurs. Limitation of ventricular response is related to a sharply rising ventricular pressure-volume curve at a normal level of filling pressure. Thus, in the supine position, the normal heart is not on the active portion of the ventricular function curve, but is in a unique position in which cardiac output is probably controlled by factors other than ventricular filling pressure. In ventricular failure, the peak of the ventricular function curve is displaced to a higher level.", "PMID": 376177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3213", "title": "Veterans Administration cooperative study of surgery for coronary arterial occlusive disease: view from a noncooperating hospital.", "content": "Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital (VA-W) dropped out of the VA Coronary Cooperative Study (VA-Coop) in 1971 because of difficulty adhering to selection criteria, and because of the lack of standardization of surgical methods. Comparison of results from 1972-1974 showed the following differences: cardiopulmonary bypass time per graft, 61 minutes (VA-Coop) vs 33 minutes (VA-W); perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), 18% vs 6%; hospital mortality, 6% vs 1%; revascularization index (patent grafts per patient determined by postoperative angiography divided by diseased arteries per patient), 0.55 (VA-Coop) vs 0.84 (VA-W). However, the slopes of the actuarial survival curves were similar after the first year. In a group of patients operated on at UCLA and VA-W (UC-VA) during 1969-1971, the 1-year survival rate was 85%, but the annual death rate thereafter was also approximately 2% per year. The survival of VA-Coop surgical patients with three-vessel disease without left main lesions was significantly better (p less than 0.05 by Wilcoxon test) than the medical group with the 6-month (surgical) mortality adjusted to a more acceptable level (5%). These results indicate that coronary bypass surgery produces an annual mortality of approximately 2% per year after the first year. Differences in survival rates are due primarily to variations in first-year mortality, which is influenced by operative mortality as well as morbidity, incomplete revascularization, and low graft patency rate. In our view, the surgical results reported by the VA Cooperative Study are representative of an intermediary step in the development of coronary bypass surgery. The data, however, still indicate that surgical treatment results in better survival in patients with multivessel coronary disease.", "contents": "Veterans Administration cooperative study of surgery for coronary arterial occlusive disease: view from a noncooperating hospital. Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital (VA-W) dropped out of the VA Coronary Cooperative Study (VA-Coop) in 1971 because of difficulty adhering to selection criteria, and because of the lack of standardization of surgical methods. Comparison of results from 1972-1974 showed the following differences: cardiopulmonary bypass time per graft, 61 minutes (VA-Coop) vs 33 minutes (VA-W); perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), 18% vs 6%; hospital mortality, 6% vs 1%; revascularization index (patent grafts per patient determined by postoperative angiography divided by diseased arteries per patient), 0.55 (VA-Coop) vs 0.84 (VA-W). However, the slopes of the actuarial survival curves were similar after the first year. In a group of patients operated on at UCLA and VA-W (UC-VA) during 1969-1971, the 1-year survival rate was 85%, but the annual death rate thereafter was also approximately 2% per year. The survival of VA-Coop surgical patients with three-vessel disease without left main lesions was significantly better (p less than 0.05 by Wilcoxon test) than the medical group with the 6-month (surgical) mortality adjusted to a more acceptable level (5%). These results indicate that coronary bypass surgery produces an annual mortality of approximately 2% per year after the first year. Differences in survival rates are due primarily to variations in first-year mortality, which is influenced by operative mortality as well as morbidity, incomplete revascularization, and low graft patency rate. In our view, the surgical results reported by the VA Cooperative Study are representative of an intermediary step in the development of coronary bypass surgery. The data, however, still indicate that surgical treatment results in better survival in patients with multivessel coronary disease.", "PMID": 376179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3214", "title": "Effect of septal myotomy and myectomy on left ventricular systolic function at rest and during exercise in patients with IHSS.", "content": "Patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) have supernormal left ventricular systolic function at rest. Septal myotomy/myectomy reduces outflow obstruction and symptoms. However, it has been proposed that operation causes myocardial damage, with consequent reduction in left ventricular function and potentially deleterious long-term consequences, despite relief of symptoms. To evaluate the effect of myotomy and mylectomy on left ventricular function, we employed noninvasive radionuclide cineangiography at rest and during maximal exercise in21 consecutive patients with IHSS, before and 6 months after operation. In 30 normal subjects, the ejection fraction (EF) was 57 +/- 2% at rest and 71 +/- 2% during exercise. Before operation in patients with IHSS, the EF was supernormal at rest (76 +/- 2%, p less than 0.001), and normal during exercise (71 +/- 3%, NS). All patients improved from NYHA functional class III-IV preoperatively to class I-II postoperatively; the maximal provocable gradient invariably diminished (average, 100 +/- , mm Hg preop, 33 +/- 9 mm Hg postop, p less than 0.001). Postoperatively, the EF at rest was 67 +/- 2%, still supernormal, but less than that noted preoperatively (p less than 0.001). During exercise, the EF was 66 +/- 4%, only mildly diminished (p less than 0.01) from that preoperatively. We conclude that muscle resection during myotomy and myectomy usually does not cause any important impairment of global left ventricular function at rest or during exercise stress.", "contents": "Effect of septal myotomy and myectomy on left ventricular systolic function at rest and during exercise in patients with IHSS. Patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) have supernormal left ventricular systolic function at rest. Septal myotomy/myectomy reduces outflow obstruction and symptoms. However, it has been proposed that operation causes myocardial damage, with consequent reduction in left ventricular function and potentially deleterious long-term consequences, despite relief of symptoms. To evaluate the effect of myotomy and mylectomy on left ventricular function, we employed noninvasive radionuclide cineangiography at rest and during maximal exercise in21 consecutive patients with IHSS, before and 6 months after operation. In 30 normal subjects, the ejection fraction (EF) was 57 +/- 2% at rest and 71 +/- 2% during exercise. Before operation in patients with IHSS, the EF was supernormal at rest (76 +/- 2%, p less than 0.001), and normal during exercise (71 +/- 3%, NS). All patients improved from NYHA functional class III-IV preoperatively to class I-II postoperatively; the maximal provocable gradient invariably diminished (average, 100 +/- , mm Hg preop, 33 +/- 9 mm Hg postop, p less than 0.001). Postoperatively, the EF at rest was 67 +/- 2%, still supernormal, but less than that noted preoperatively (p less than 0.001). During exercise, the EF was 66 +/- 4%, only mildly diminished (p less than 0.01) from that preoperatively. We conclude that muscle resection during myotomy and myectomy usually does not cause any important impairment of global left ventricular function at rest or during exercise stress.", "PMID": 376180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3215", "title": "Long-term follow-up of the Hancock bioprosthetic heart valve: a 6-year review.", "content": "Clinical experience with the Hancock porcine bioprosthetic heart valve was reviewed in 467 patients (254 men and 213 women, 18--84 years old, average, 56 years) who received 528 valves from January, 1972, to January, 1978. Associated procedures, including coronary bypass graft, ascending aortic aneurysm, and valvuloplasty were done in 102 of the 467 patients (22%). The overall operative mortality was 25/467 (5.6%), 12/226 (5.3%) for aortic valve replacement (AVR), 11/183 (6%) for mitral valve replacement (MVR), and 2/58 (3.4%) for multiple valve replacement. The first 323 patients with a minimum follow-up of 16 months (16--75 months, average 33 months) were analyzed for survival and thromboemboli. Actuarial survival at 66--75 months was 75.7% for AVR, 79% for MVR, and 75.8% for multiple valve replacement. Emboli per 100 patient-years was 0.55 for AVR (no anticoagulants), 3.9 for MVR, and 4.8 for multiple valve replacement (anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation patients only); emboli occurred only in patients with atrial fibrillation. There were seven of 528 primary dysfunctional valves (1.3%): calcification in two, tissue failure in two, and fibrosis in three. A hemodynamic study of four patients with a 21 mm Hancock Modified Orifice aortic valve prosthesis showed improved orifice areas (greater than 1.3 cm2) over the standard aortic valve. The Hancock porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valve has been a durable heart valve in excess of 6 years and has a low associated incidence of thromboemboli in patients off anticoagulants except in those with chronic atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of the Hancock bioprosthetic heart valve: a 6-year review. Clinical experience with the Hancock porcine bioprosthetic heart valve was reviewed in 467 patients (254 men and 213 women, 18--84 years old, average, 56 years) who received 528 valves from January, 1972, to January, 1978. Associated procedures, including coronary bypass graft, ascending aortic aneurysm, and valvuloplasty were done in 102 of the 467 patients (22%). The overall operative mortality was 25/467 (5.6%), 12/226 (5.3%) for aortic valve replacement (AVR), 11/183 (6%) for mitral valve replacement (MVR), and 2/58 (3.4%) for multiple valve replacement. The first 323 patients with a minimum follow-up of 16 months (16--75 months, average 33 months) were analyzed for survival and thromboemboli. Actuarial survival at 66--75 months was 75.7% for AVR, 79% for MVR, and 75.8% for multiple valve replacement. Emboli per 100 patient-years was 0.55 for AVR (no anticoagulants), 3.9 for MVR, and 4.8 for multiple valve replacement (anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation patients only); emboli occurred only in patients with atrial fibrillation. There were seven of 528 primary dysfunctional valves (1.3%): calcification in two, tissue failure in two, and fibrosis in three. A hemodynamic study of four patients with a 21 mm Hancock Modified Orifice aortic valve prosthesis showed improved orifice areas (greater than 1.3 cm2) over the standard aortic valve. The Hancock porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valve has been a durable heart valve in excess of 6 years and has a low associated incidence of thromboemboli in patients off anticoagulants except in those with chronic atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 376181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3216", "title": "Investigations with the 'individual pollen collector' and the 'Burkard trap' with reference to hay fever patients.", "content": "Pollen collecting devices such as the 'Hirst' trap and the 'Burkard' apparatus provide information on average pollen content in the air during a certain time in a certain volume of air (e.g. 24 hr in 1 m3 air). They give no idea, however, of the allergenic particles to which individual hay fever patients are exposed to the course of a day. An 'Individual Pollen Collector', attached to the patient's clothing, showed that the counts varied considerably in different persons in the same place. They differed--quantitatively and qualitatively--from the values with the 'Burkard' pollen and spore traps at two places in Switzerland. The slides from the 'Individual Pollen Collector' frequently show 'clouds' of certain kinds of pollen grains, which could be responsible for hay fever attacks in moderately sensitized subjects.", "contents": "Investigations with the 'individual pollen collector' and the 'Burkard trap' with reference to hay fever patients. Pollen collecting devices such as the 'Hirst' trap and the 'Burkard' apparatus provide information on average pollen content in the air during a certain time in a certain volume of air (e.g. 24 hr in 1 m3 air). They give no idea, however, of the allergenic particles to which individual hay fever patients are exposed to the course of a day. An 'Individual Pollen Collector', attached to the patient's clothing, showed that the counts varied considerably in different persons in the same place. They differed--quantitatively and qualitatively--from the values with the 'Burkard' pollen and spore traps at two places in Switzerland. The slides from the 'Individual Pollen Collector' frequently show 'clouds' of certain kinds of pollen grains, which could be responsible for hay fever attacks in moderately sensitized subjects.", "PMID": 376182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3217", "title": "RAST in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to dog and cat allergens. A comparison of different extract preparations with clinical history, skin test and provocation tests.", "content": "A comparison was made of clinical signs and provocation tests with the RAST for allergy to dog in eight and cat in twenty patients. Twenty-two had high IgE levels and all gave positive reactions to provocation tests. A commercially available dog epithelium extract gave more positive RASTs than five other dog allergen preparations, and there were no positive reactions to dog serum. The RAST was negative in patients with a low degree of sensitivity. All twenty patients allergic to cat gave positive intracutaneous test reactions and in the RAST the cat epithelial allergen showed 90% agreement with the in vivo findings.", "contents": "RAST in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to dog and cat allergens. A comparison of different extract preparations with clinical history, skin test and provocation tests. A comparison was made of clinical signs and provocation tests with the RAST for allergy to dog in eight and cat in twenty patients. Twenty-two had high IgE levels and all gave positive reactions to provocation tests. A commercially available dog epithelium extract gave more positive RASTs than five other dog allergen preparations, and there were no positive reactions to dog serum. The RAST was negative in patients with a low degree of sensitivity. All twenty patients allergic to cat gave positive intracutaneous test reactions and in the RAST the cat epithelial allergen showed 90% agreement with the in vivo findings.", "PMID": 376183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3218", "title": "Determination of plasma octopamine and its level in renal disease.", "content": "A radioenzymatic assay method for the estimation of octopamine levels in plasma was developed. Preparation of the enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, dilution of the plasma sample, preparation of a suitable blank, and the assay conditions were found to have a significant effect on the sensitivity of the assay. Plasma octopamine levels were measured in a population of 33 normal individuals ranging in age from 19 to 94 years. Significantly higher plasma octopamine levels were found in the age group 70-90 years. Excluding those individuals over the age of 70 years, no significant differences in plasma octopamine levels were found for males or females, the range of values was 0 to 0.68 ng per ml, with a mean value of 0.23 ng per ml (n = 25). Examination of plasma octopamine levels in patients with severe renal disease requiring hemoperfusion dialysis, revealed a significantly higher level of plasma octopamine in renal disease (1.9 ng per ml), and an increase in plasma octopamine during dialysis; the mean level post dialysis being 2.7 ng per ml.", "contents": "Determination of plasma octopamine and its level in renal disease. A radioenzymatic assay method for the estimation of octopamine levels in plasma was developed. Preparation of the enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, dilution of the plasma sample, preparation of a suitable blank, and the assay conditions were found to have a significant effect on the sensitivity of the assay. Plasma octopamine levels were measured in a population of 33 normal individuals ranging in age from 19 to 94 years. Significantly higher plasma octopamine levels were found in the age group 70-90 years. Excluding those individuals over the age of 70 years, no significant differences in plasma octopamine levels were found for males or females, the range of values was 0 to 0.68 ng per ml, with a mean value of 0.23 ng per ml (n = 25). Examination of plasma octopamine levels in patients with severe renal disease requiring hemoperfusion dialysis, revealed a significantly higher level of plasma octopamine in renal disease (1.9 ng per ml), and an increase in plasma octopamine during dialysis; the mean level post dialysis being 2.7 ng per ml.", "PMID": 376184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3219", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of theophylline with the Abbott ABA-100.", "content": "The enzyme immunoassay of theophylline using the \"EMIT\" reagents was adapted to the Abbott ABA. The method greatly increases the maximum tests per kit. The correlation with high pressure liquid chromatography was 99%. No interference with bilirubin was found at 15 mg/dl. of total bilirubin. The method is useful for pediatric patients including newborns.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of theophylline with the Abbott ABA-100. The enzyme immunoassay of theophylline using the \"EMIT\" reagents was adapted to the Abbott ABA. The method greatly increases the maximum tests per kit. The correlation with high pressure liquid chromatography was 99%. No interference with bilirubin was found at 15 mg/dl. of total bilirubin. The method is useful for pediatric patients including newborns.", "PMID": 376185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3220", "title": "Liquid-chromatographic assay of diazepam and its major metabolites in plasma.", "content": "We describe a method for simultaneous quantitation of diazepam and its metabolites, N-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. After extraction with chloroform at pH 11.0, the organic extract is evaporated, and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of mobile-phase and chromatographed. Concentrations as low as 12 to 20 microgram/L can be detected after extraction of only 250 microL of plasma. The maximum within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for each compound at concentrations of 50, 250, and 1000 microgram/L are 8.0 and 10.3%, respectively. Of 14 commonly used anticonvulsant, sedative, and psychotherapeutic drugs, only carbamazepine and lorazepam may interfere with analysis for oxazepam or N-desmethyldiazepam, or both. Total chromatography time for a single sample is less than 10 min. Applicability of the method to diazepam disposition studies in children is illustrated.", "contents": "Liquid-chromatographic assay of diazepam and its major metabolites in plasma. We describe a method for simultaneous quantitation of diazepam and its metabolites, N-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. After extraction with chloroform at pH 11.0, the organic extract is evaporated, and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of mobile-phase and chromatographed. Concentrations as low as 12 to 20 microgram/L can be detected after extraction of only 250 microL of plasma. The maximum within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for each compound at concentrations of 50, 250, and 1000 microgram/L are 8.0 and 10.3%, respectively. Of 14 commonly used anticonvulsant, sedative, and psychotherapeutic drugs, only carbamazepine and lorazepam may interfere with analysis for oxazepam or N-desmethyldiazepam, or both. Total chromatography time for a single sample is less than 10 min. Applicability of the method to diazepam disposition studies in children is illustrated.", "PMID": 376186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3221", "title": "Carbohydrate content of acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amylase) from human liver.", "content": "The presence of carbohydrates in homogeneous preparations of human liver acid alpha-glucosidase has been established and the carbohydrate content of the enzyme determined. The enzyme was purified with the specific purpose of removing all low-molecular-weight carbohydrates. It was specifically adsorbed on Concanavalin A-Sepharose, eluted with methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and gave a positive reaction with the phenol-sulphuric acid reagent. These facts taken together provide evidence that the enzyme studied is a glycoprotein. The analysis of the carbohydrate content of human liver acid alpha-glucosidase showed that there were 8.3 glucosamine, 13.2 mannose and possibly 3--4 glucose residues per molecule of the enzyme with a molecular weight of 98,000.", "contents": "Carbohydrate content of acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amylase) from human liver. The presence of carbohydrates in homogeneous preparations of human liver acid alpha-glucosidase has been established and the carbohydrate content of the enzyme determined. The enzyme was purified with the specific purpose of removing all low-molecular-weight carbohydrates. It was specifically adsorbed on Concanavalin A-Sepharose, eluted with methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and gave a positive reaction with the phenol-sulphuric acid reagent. These facts taken together provide evidence that the enzyme studied is a glycoprotein. The analysis of the carbohydrate content of human liver acid alpha-glucosidase showed that there were 8.3 glucosamine, 13.2 mannose and possibly 3--4 glucose residues per molecule of the enzyme with a molecular weight of 98,000.", "PMID": 376187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3222", "title": "Influence of phenylethanolamine on octopamine plasma determination in hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Octopamine and phenylethanolamine levels were measured by a radioenzymatic procedure in 30 cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic coma and in 15 normal controls. Octopamine data were obtained either by direct extraction with 40% isoamyl alcohol in toluene according to Molinoff et al. (Molinoff, P.B., Landsberg, L. and Axelrod, J. (1969) J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 170, 253), or after pre-extraction of phenylethanolamine with 3% isoamyl alcohol in toluene. Phenylethanolamine was statistically correlated with the grade of hepatic encephalopathy. Octopamine levels also appeared to parallel the grade of coma, although the values obtained after pre-extraction were lower and less significant than those obtained with 40% isoamyl alcohol in toluene extraction. The higher values of directly extracted octopamine are due to contamination of other beta-hydroxylated phenylethylamines, among which is phenylethanolamine.", "contents": "Influence of phenylethanolamine on octopamine plasma determination in hepatic encephalopathy. Octopamine and phenylethanolamine levels were measured by a radioenzymatic procedure in 30 cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic coma and in 15 normal controls. Octopamine data were obtained either by direct extraction with 40% isoamyl alcohol in toluene according to Molinoff et al. (Molinoff, P.B., Landsberg, L. and Axelrod, J. (1969) J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 170, 253), or after pre-extraction of phenylethanolamine with 3% isoamyl alcohol in toluene. Phenylethanolamine was statistically correlated with the grade of hepatic encephalopathy. Octopamine levels also appeared to parallel the grade of coma, although the values obtained after pre-extraction were lower and less significant than those obtained with 40% isoamyl alcohol in toluene extraction. The higher values of directly extracted octopamine are due to contamination of other beta-hydroxylated phenylethylamines, among which is phenylethanolamine.", "PMID": 376188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3223", "title": "The technical variables associated with the frequencies of QFQ, RFA and CBG heteromorphisms of human chromosomes.", "content": "In the 1971 Paris Conference (1972) it was established that certain regions of human chromosomes show remarkable heteromorphisms. These are the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes, the secondary constriction regions of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and the distal 2/3rd of the long arm of the Y and the centromere of chromosomes 3, 4, and 5. There are several technical variables which affect the frequency of these heteromorphisms. These include quality of culture, age of slide, photography (filter, etc.), method of printing and method of scoring (criteria). Several other variables in the production of QFQ, RFA, and CBG heteromorphisms are discussed. In order to compare results from different laboratories these variables must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "The technical variables associated with the frequencies of QFQ, RFA and CBG heteromorphisms of human chromosomes. In the 1971 Paris Conference (1972) it was established that certain regions of human chromosomes show remarkable heteromorphisms. These are the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes, the secondary constriction regions of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and the distal 2/3rd of the long arm of the Y and the centromere of chromosomes 3, 4, and 5. There are several technical variables which affect the frequency of these heteromorphisms. These include quality of culture, age of slide, photography (filter, etc.), method of printing and method of scoring (criteria). Several other variables in the production of QFQ, RFA, and CBG heteromorphisms are discussed. In order to compare results from different laboratories these variables must be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 376189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3224", "title": "Malignant tumors of the pelvic girdle mimicking the herniated disk syndrome.", "content": "Sarcomas of the pelvic girdle may produce signs and symptoms indistinguishable from those of herniated lumbar disks. Five patients are described in which the diagnosis was more difficult than in patients with intraspinal or vertebral neoplasms because they demonstrated isolated nerve root abnormalities, a positive history of trauma, an absence of radiographic abnormalities, and a lack of symptoms usually associated with malignancy. Four of the 5 patients underwent laminectomy for suspected herniated disks. In such cases a correct diagnosis often can not be made at the outset but the necessity for frequently repeated clinical and radiographic examinations cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the pelvic girdle mimicking the herniated disk syndrome. Sarcomas of the pelvic girdle may produce signs and symptoms indistinguishable from those of herniated lumbar disks. Five patients are described in which the diagnosis was more difficult than in patients with intraspinal or vertebral neoplasms because they demonstrated isolated nerve root abnormalities, a positive history of trauma, an absence of radiographic abnormalities, and a lack of symptoms usually associated with malignancy. Four of the 5 patients underwent laminectomy for suspected herniated disks. In such cases a correct diagnosis often can not be made at the outset but the necessity for frequently repeated clinical and radiographic examinations cannot be overemphasized.", "PMID": 376200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3225", "title": "The operative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia.", "content": "Intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia are an interesting challenge. The best functional results in the past series were observed in patients treated according to the following 4 sequential principles: (1) reconstruction of the correct length of the fibula; (2) anatomical reconstruction of the articular surface of the tibia; (3) insertion of a cancellous autograft to fill gaps left by impaction and comminution; (4) stable internal fixation of the fragments by a plate placed on the medial aspect of the tibia. Seventy-five cases had a good or excellent late result (on average 6 years postoperatively) in 70% as compared to 43% to 55% in cases treated by closed and/or open methods.", "contents": "The operative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia. Intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia are an interesting challenge. The best functional results in the past series were observed in patients treated according to the following 4 sequential principles: (1) reconstruction of the correct length of the fibula; (2) anatomical reconstruction of the articular surface of the tibia; (3) insertion of a cancellous autograft to fill gaps left by impaction and comminution; (4) stable internal fixation of the fragments by a plate placed on the medial aspect of the tibia. Seventy-five cases had a good or excellent late result (on average 6 years postoperatively) in 70% as compared to 43% to 55% in cases treated by closed and/or open methods.", "PMID": 376196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3226", "title": "Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation.", "content": "Fracture healing is a repair process of a mechanical discontinuity loss of force transmission, and pathological mobility of bone. Through a sequence of changes of tissue development and geometry, the original structural integrity is restored. The recovery of rigidity and strength is related to tissue differentiation. In unified theory of non-operative and operative stabilized fractures, the mechanics of primary bone healing involves a complex interplay of physical and biological factors. The different patterns of bone repair respond to physical influences including strain tolerance.", "contents": "Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation. Fracture healing is a repair process of a mechanical discontinuity loss of force transmission, and pathological mobility of bone. Through a sequence of changes of tissue development and geometry, the original structural integrity is restored. The recovery of rigidity and strength is related to tissue differentiation. In unified theory of non-operative and operative stabilized fractures, the mechanics of primary bone healing involves a complex interplay of physical and biological factors. The different patterns of bone repair respond to physical influences including strain tolerance.", "PMID": 376198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3227", "title": "Internal fixation of fractures: evolution of concepts.", "content": "The recognized goal of any fracture treatment is the restoration of normal function to the injured part(s). Historically, this was first achieved with non-operative techniques and more recently with operative fixation of fractures. Newer systems utilizing the principles of rigid internal fixation and a sophisticated armamentarium have proved useful in fractures of both bones of the forearm, major intra-articular joint fractures and the multiply injured patient. With these methods \"fracture disease\" (i.e. muscle atrophy, joint stiffness and bony demineralization) is decreased by early mobilization without external support. The penalties for inadequate surgery are nonrigid fixation and/or infection, emphasizing that the operative treatment of fractures is a technique to be mastered.", "contents": "Internal fixation of fractures: evolution of concepts. The recognized goal of any fracture treatment is the restoration of normal function to the injured part(s). Historically, this was first achieved with non-operative techniques and more recently with operative fixation of fractures. Newer systems utilizing the principles of rigid internal fixation and a sophisticated armamentarium have proved useful in fractures of both bones of the forearm, major intra-articular joint fractures and the multiply injured patient. With these methods \"fracture disease\" (i.e. muscle atrophy, joint stiffness and bony demineralization) is decreased by early mobilization without external support. The penalties for inadequate surgery are nonrigid fixation and/or infection, emphasizing that the operative treatment of fractures is a technique to be mastered.", "PMID": 376202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3228", "title": "Plate osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fractures in adults. A follow-up study.", "content": "In 67 diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults treated by plating, the average follow-up time was 5 years. Sixty per cent of the patients suffered multiple injuries; 69% of the fractures were comminuted. The goal of treatment was rigid internal fixation. However, bridging of the comminuted area with a plate was sometimes necessary to maintain length as well as to encourage reconstitution and revascularization of fragments. Almost all patients had satisfactory end results. Only 2 cases were rated poor. Patients with rigid interfragmentary fixation had few complications, while patients with obvious instability (14 cases) developed 2/3 of the complications. The infection rate was 3%. Some complications might have been avoided by early cancellous bone grafting. The study confirms the need for primary or early secondary bone grafting to ensure bony union if cortical defects, potentially unstable fixation, or devascularized fragments are present.", "contents": "Plate osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fractures in adults. A follow-up study. In 67 diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults treated by plating, the average follow-up time was 5 years. Sixty per cent of the patients suffered multiple injuries; 69% of the fractures were comminuted. The goal of treatment was rigid internal fixation. However, bridging of the comminuted area with a plate was sometimes necessary to maintain length as well as to encourage reconstitution and revascularization of fragments. Almost all patients had satisfactory end results. Only 2 cases were rated poor. Patients with rigid interfragmentary fixation had few complications, while patients with obvious instability (14 cases) developed 2/3 of the complications. The infection rate was 3%. Some complications might have been avoided by early cancellous bone grafting. The study confirms the need for primary or early secondary bone grafting to ensure bony union if cortical defects, potentially unstable fixation, or devascularized fragments are present.", "PMID": 376204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3229", "title": "Drug-related transient dyskinesias.", "content": "The ability of some antimalarials, especially chloroquine and amodiaquine, to provoke alarming but transient extrapyramidal movement disorders has been reported. The basis of the reported extrapyramidal symptoms has been the cause of some speculation. This paper reviews case reports and presents some data of the regional uptake of chloroquine in mammalian brain as a factor to consider, along with other factors that could influence the action of chloroquine on the extrapyramidal system. A neuropharmacologic mechanism for the transient extrapyramidal disturbances has been formulated.", "contents": "Drug-related transient dyskinesias. The ability of some antimalarials, especially chloroquine and amodiaquine, to provoke alarming but transient extrapyramidal movement disorders has been reported. The basis of the reported extrapyramidal symptoms has been the cause of some speculation. This paper reviews case reports and presents some data of the regional uptake of chloroquine in mammalian brain as a factor to consider, along with other factors that could influence the action of chloroquine on the extrapyramidal system. A neuropharmacologic mechanism for the transient extrapyramidal disturbances has been formulated.", "PMID": 376207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3230", "title": "Aerosol fenoterol by intermittent positive pressure breathing in asthmatic patients.", "content": "Ten subjects with mild to moderately severe asthma participated in a study of the bronchodilator activity and incidence of side effects of fenoterol aerosol administered by intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). The doses of fenoterol used in the Bird micronebulizer were 0, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 2.5 mg, and these were administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The bronchodilator response, assessed by the area under the FEV1 curve, showed mean (+/- SE) values of 1.44 +/- 0.53 1 hr for 0.25 mg of fenoterol to 1.66 +/- 0.56 1 hr for 2.5 mg of fenoterol (p greater than 0.05), longer (p less than 0.01) than the mean placebo response of 0.06 +/- 0.38 1 hr. A dose-dependent increase in tremor was observed for each of the doses of fenoterol. The 0.25-mg dose of fenoterol solution is an appropriate starting dose for the treatment of moderately severe asthma.", "contents": "Aerosol fenoterol by intermittent positive pressure breathing in asthmatic patients. Ten subjects with mild to moderately severe asthma participated in a study of the bronchodilator activity and incidence of side effects of fenoterol aerosol administered by intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). The doses of fenoterol used in the Bird micronebulizer were 0, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 2.5 mg, and these were administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The bronchodilator response, assessed by the area under the FEV1 curve, showed mean (+/- SE) values of 1.44 +/- 0.53 1 hr for 0.25 mg of fenoterol to 1.66 +/- 0.56 1 hr for 2.5 mg of fenoterol (p greater than 0.05), longer (p less than 0.01) than the mean placebo response of 0.06 +/- 0.38 1 hr. A dose-dependent increase in tremor was observed for each of the doses of fenoterol. The 0.25-mg dose of fenoterol solution is an appropriate starting dose for the treatment of moderately severe asthma.", "PMID": 376208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3231", "title": "A method for the determination of amitriptyline and its metabolites nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, and 10-hydroxynortriptyline in human plasma using stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-CIMS).", "content": "A gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method has been developed to measure amitriptyline and its metabolites nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, and 10-hydroxynortriptyline in human plasma. Deuterated analogs of each compound were synthesized as internal standards. Isobutane was used as both gas chromatography (GC) carrier gas and chemical ionization (CI) reagent gas. In order to obtain compounds with satisfactory GC and mass spectrometry (MS) properties, the two alcohol metabolites were dehydrated without loss of label during sample preparation. Selective ion monitoring of the MH+ ions of the protio- and deuterio- compounds gave ion ratios which were converted to plasma concentrations using standard curves. For amitriptyline and nortriptyline, which are assayed using multiple deuterated analogs as internal standards, the curves are straight lines. For 10-hydroxyamitriptyline and 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which are assayed using monodeuterated analogs as internal standards, the curves are nonlinear and are analyzed using an iterative computer procedure. Assay sensitivity is 0.5 ng/ml for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and 10-hydroxyamitriptyline and 1 ng/ml for 10-hydroxynortriptyline. Assay precision and accuracy in terms of percent error are both less than 5%. Following oral administration of a single 75-mg dose of amitriptyline to two subjects, the mean plasma levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, conjugated 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 10-hydroxynortriptyline, and conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline were 36, 8, 10, 66, 16, and 46 ng/ml, respectively, at 2 hr after dosing and 3, 4, 0.5, 1, 6, and 17 ng/ml, respectively, at 72 hr after dosing. Analyses of plasma samples from 12 subjects who had been receiving 50 mg amitriptyline therapy three times a day for an average +/- SD of 32 +/- 5 days gave a mean concentration of 81 +/- 40 ng/ml for amitriptyline, 71 +/- 57 ng/ml for nortriptyline, 12 +/- 5 ng/ml for 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 91 +/- 30 ng/ml for conjugated 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 82 +/- 27 ng/ml for 10-hydroxynortriptyline, and 176 +/- 64 ng/ml for conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline.", "contents": "A method for the determination of amitriptyline and its metabolites nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, and 10-hydroxynortriptyline in human plasma using stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-CIMS). A gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method has been developed to measure amitriptyline and its metabolites nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, and 10-hydroxynortriptyline in human plasma. Deuterated analogs of each compound were synthesized as internal standards. Isobutane was used as both gas chromatography (GC) carrier gas and chemical ionization (CI) reagent gas. In order to obtain compounds with satisfactory GC and mass spectrometry (MS) properties, the two alcohol metabolites were dehydrated without loss of label during sample preparation. Selective ion monitoring of the MH+ ions of the protio- and deuterio- compounds gave ion ratios which were converted to plasma concentrations using standard curves. For amitriptyline and nortriptyline, which are assayed using multiple deuterated analogs as internal standards, the curves are straight lines. For 10-hydroxyamitriptyline and 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which are assayed using monodeuterated analogs as internal standards, the curves are nonlinear and are analyzed using an iterative computer procedure. Assay sensitivity is 0.5 ng/ml for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and 10-hydroxyamitriptyline and 1 ng/ml for 10-hydroxynortriptyline. Assay precision and accuracy in terms of percent error are both less than 5%. Following oral administration of a single 75-mg dose of amitriptyline to two subjects, the mean plasma levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, conjugated 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 10-hydroxynortriptyline, and conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline were 36, 8, 10, 66, 16, and 46 ng/ml, respectively, at 2 hr after dosing and 3, 4, 0.5, 1, 6, and 17 ng/ml, respectively, at 72 hr after dosing. Analyses of plasma samples from 12 subjects who had been receiving 50 mg amitriptyline therapy three times a day for an average +/- SD of 32 +/- 5 days gave a mean concentration of 81 +/- 40 ng/ml for amitriptyline, 71 +/- 57 ng/ml for nortriptyline, 12 +/- 5 ng/ml for 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 91 +/- 30 ng/ml for conjugated 10-hydroxyamitriptyline, 82 +/- 27 ng/ml for 10-hydroxynortriptyline, and 176 +/- 64 ng/ml for conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline.", "PMID": 376209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3232", "title": "Antihypertensive effects of clonidine.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of clonidine given either two or three times a day with a diuretic was compared in a double-blind crossover study in 18 hypertensive patients. In 11 patients given clonidine three times a day there was better control of blood pressure, although the differences in most instances were of the order of only a few millimeters Hg. There were no differences in the frequency or severity of side effects. Clonidine twice daily with a diuretic appears to be adequate for most patients.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effects of clonidine. The antihypertensive effect of clonidine given either two or three times a day with a diuretic was compared in a double-blind crossover study in 18 hypertensive patients. In 11 patients given clonidine three times a day there was better control of blood pressure, although the differences in most instances were of the order of only a few millimeters Hg. There were no differences in the frequency or severity of side effects. Clonidine twice daily with a diuretic appears to be adequate for most patients.", "PMID": 376210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3233", "title": "A preventive mastectomy with immediate reconstruction for the high-risk breast cancer patient.", "content": "A surgical technique for simple mastectomy with immediate reconstruction is described; it is a one-stage procedure. Criteria for performing preventive simple mastectomy are presented. The author invites a 10 year study using the criteria and his operative technique to determine the validity of preventive surgical approach.", "contents": "A preventive mastectomy with immediate reconstruction for the high-risk breast cancer patient. A surgical technique for simple mastectomy with immediate reconstruction is described; it is a one-stage procedure. Criteria for performing preventive simple mastectomy are presented. The author invites a 10 year study using the criteria and his operative technique to determine the validity of preventive surgical approach.", "PMID": 376212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3234", "title": "Reconstruction of the breast without additional skin or muscle flaps.", "content": "After mastectomy (usually simple or modified radical) many breasts may be reconstructed without additional tissue. However, in any patient in whom the skin flaps are very thin and/or tight, especially if the flaps have been irradiated, we urge use of the thoracoepigastric flap, latissimus dorsi muscle, or myocutaneous flap to achieve a pleasing result.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the breast without additional skin or muscle flaps. After mastectomy (usually simple or modified radical) many breasts may be reconstructed without additional tissue. However, in any patient in whom the skin flaps are very thin and/or tight, especially if the flaps have been irradiated, we urge use of the thoracoepigastric flap, latissimus dorsi muscle, or myocutaneous flap to achieve a pleasing result.", "PMID": 376213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3235", "title": "Nipple-areola reconstruction: a review of techniques.", "content": "Various techniques of reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex are reviewed. An analysis of the criteria for an aesthetically pleasing nipple-areola complex is made. Symmetry appears to be the single most important factor in achieving the objective. More than color, texture, or the amount of projection, symmetry appears to provide the best overall result. Those techniques that treat areolae in identical fashion are more likely to produce symmetry. Reducing the normal nipple size not only provides donor tissue but reduces the problem of projection, which otherwise interferes with achievement of symmetry.", "contents": "Nipple-areola reconstruction: a review of techniques. Various techniques of reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex are reviewed. An analysis of the criteria for an aesthetically pleasing nipple-areola complex is made. Symmetry appears to be the single most important factor in achieving the objective. More than color, texture, or the amount of projection, symmetry appears to provide the best overall result. Those techniques that treat areolae in identical fashion are more likely to produce symmetry. Reducing the normal nipple size not only provides donor tissue but reduces the problem of projection, which otherwise interferes with achievement of symmetry.", "PMID": 376215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3236", "title": "Nipple-areola reconstruction following mastectomy: an alternative to the use of labial and contralateral nipple-areolar tissues.", "content": "The techniques described herein were developed to recreate a nipple-areolar complex that avoids the inherent disadvantages of labial and \"nipple-sharing\" techniques. We have presented a practical, reliable, one-stage method that utilizes other tissues, and has evolved through experience with 14 cases.", "contents": "Nipple-areola reconstruction following mastectomy: an alternative to the use of labial and contralateral nipple-areolar tissues. The techniques described herein were developed to recreate a nipple-areolar complex that avoids the inherent disadvantages of labial and \"nipple-sharing\" techniques. We have presented a practical, reliable, one-stage method that utilizes other tissues, and has evolved through experience with 14 cases.", "PMID": 376216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3237", "title": "The successful use of \"high level\" PEEP in near fatal Endrin poisoning.", "content": "The insecticide Endrin is a highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon which can cause severe CNS and respiratory derangement. Death usually follows intoxication within 24 hours. A 19-year-old male developed convulsions and gross pulmonary edema after the ingestion of Endrin. His trachea was intubated and constant positive pressure ventilation with PEEP of up to 28 cm H2O was instituted. The patient survived and recovery appeared to be complete. Severe pulmonary edema is not a common finding in patients who have Endrin poisoning. The use of PEEP above 15 cm H2O is a controversial issue; however, we believe that it contributed significantly to the survival of our patient.", "contents": "The successful use of \"high level\" PEEP in near fatal Endrin poisoning. The insecticide Endrin is a highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon which can cause severe CNS and respiratory derangement. Death usually follows intoxication within 24 hours. A 19-year-old male developed convulsions and gross pulmonary edema after the ingestion of Endrin. His trachea was intubated and constant positive pressure ventilation with PEEP of up to 28 cm H2O was instituted. The patient survived and recovery appeared to be complete. Severe pulmonary edema is not a common finding in patients who have Endrin poisoning. The use of PEEP above 15 cm H2O is a controversial issue; however, we believe that it contributed significantly to the survival of our patient.", "PMID": 376225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3238", "title": "Comparison of serum and urine fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase in the diagnosis of renal transplant rejection.", "content": "This study compares the usefulness of serum and urine fibrin split products and the urinary enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis and management of renal transplant rejection. Fibrin split products, determined by a tanned human red cell agglutination inhibition immunoassay, were measured as a reflection of the secondary fibrinolysis from fibrin deposited in the renal microvasculature as a result of rejection. Urinary beta-glucuronidase, expressed as the ratio of enzyme activity to creatinine concentration, was determined by a colorimetric technique following dialysis of urine to remove endogenous activators and inhibitors. Activity of this lysosomal enzyme is thought to reflect tubular injury. Twenty-nine renal transplant recipients (15 from living donors and 14 from cadaver donors) were evaluated. Both serum and urinary fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were markedly elevated in the immediate postoperative period, probably reflecting ischemic trauma. Acute rejection occurring within the first three months was associated with elevations of fibrin split products (particularly urine) and beta-glucuronidase. Elevated values returned to normal following successful treatment with steroids and/or heparin, but remained high in the presence of continued rejection. After the first 48 hours post-transplant, in the absence of rejection, values for fibrin split products were within the normal range. Urinary beta-glucuronidase remained elevated if the transplanted kidney was recovering from acute tubular necrosis. Fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were usually normal in chronic rejection.", "contents": "Comparison of serum and urine fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase in the diagnosis of renal transplant rejection. This study compares the usefulness of serum and urine fibrin split products and the urinary enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis and management of renal transplant rejection. Fibrin split products, determined by a tanned human red cell agglutination inhibition immunoassay, were measured as a reflection of the secondary fibrinolysis from fibrin deposited in the renal microvasculature as a result of rejection. Urinary beta-glucuronidase, expressed as the ratio of enzyme activity to creatinine concentration, was determined by a colorimetric technique following dialysis of urine to remove endogenous activators and inhibitors. Activity of this lysosomal enzyme is thought to reflect tubular injury. Twenty-nine renal transplant recipients (15 from living donors and 14 from cadaver donors) were evaluated. Both serum and urinary fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were markedly elevated in the immediate postoperative period, probably reflecting ischemic trauma. Acute rejection occurring within the first three months was associated with elevations of fibrin split products (particularly urine) and beta-glucuronidase. Elevated values returned to normal following successful treatment with steroids and/or heparin, but remained high in the presence of continued rejection. After the first 48 hours post-transplant, in the absence of rejection, values for fibrin split products were within the normal range. Urinary beta-glucuronidase remained elevated if the transplanted kidney was recovering from acute tubular necrosis. Fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were usually normal in chronic rejection.", "PMID": 376226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3239", "title": "The burn patient: II. Later care and complications of thermal injury.", "content": "The care necessary for the extensively burned patient is of an intensity, variety and duration most effectively and economically provided by the multidisciplinary staff of a specialized treatment facility. The organization of burn care in the United States has been well regionalized in recognition of this fact. The burn care given and the research carried out at burn units and burn centers has led to the identification of the pathophysiologic changes, the development of new treatments and the improvement in functional result and survival described in this review.", "contents": "The burn patient: II. Later care and complications of thermal injury. The care necessary for the extensively burned patient is of an intensity, variety and duration most effectively and economically provided by the multidisciplinary staff of a specialized treatment facility. The organization of burn care in the United States has been well regionalized in recognition of this fact. The burn care given and the research carried out at burn units and burn centers has led to the identification of the pathophysiologic changes, the development of new treatments and the improvement in functional result and survival described in this review.", "PMID": 376227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3240", "title": "A capillary technique for cloning Amoeba from single cells.", "content": "Each amoeba is placed in a drop of approximately 40 microliter of a balanced 'medium + food' solution introduced into the central region of a 7 cm long capillary tube which has first been fused at one end. Such amoebae divide to form clones of 20-30 cells without changing capillaries, though additional food may be required after 7-10 days. Experiments on damage induced by chemicals, cell cycle sensitivities and nuclear/cytoplasmic inheritance, which may involve the cloning of some 2-3,000 or more cells can be carried out with comparative ease. Apart from research, the capillary cloning technique has proved useful in the teaching laboratory. It is adaptable, and can be used for Protozoa other than amoebae, even for requiring sterile conditions.", "contents": "A capillary technique for cloning Amoeba from single cells. Each amoeba is placed in a drop of approximately 40 microliter of a balanced 'medium + food' solution introduced into the central region of a 7 cm long capillary tube which has first been fused at one end. Such amoebae divide to form clones of 20-30 cells without changing capillaries, though additional food may be required after 7-10 days. Experiments on damage induced by chemicals, cell cycle sensitivities and nuclear/cytoplasmic inheritance, which may involve the cloning of some 2-3,000 or more cells can be carried out with comparative ease. Apart from research, the capillary cloning technique has proved useful in the teaching laboratory. It is adaptable, and can be used for Protozoa other than amoebae, even for requiring sterile conditions.", "PMID": 376228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3241", "title": "Early and late results of controlled ventilation in flail chest.", "content": "From 1967 through 1974, a consecutive series of 35 patients with flail chest were treated with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB). The controlled ventilation contributed to stabilization of the thoracic cage in a favorable position for healing of the fractures. Surgical stabilization of the chest was not attempted in any of the cases. During treatment with IPPB, one patient died from profuse bleeding due to a generalized coagulation disorder, but the remaining 34 were discharged in a satisfactory respiratory condition. A late follow-up study of the pulmonary function one to eight years after the trauma included x-ray films of the trachea and lungs, kymographic studies of the diaphragm, spirometric and radiospirometric testing, and arterial blood gas levels. Eighteen patients were examined. Spirometric testing revealed astonishingly little impairment of the total pulmonary function. The radiospirometric studies with 133xenon showed a significant reduction of the regional perfusion only in five patients (2 to 4.5 pulmonary segments). Kymographic study of the diaphragm gave no further information and was less selective compared with the other tests of pulmonary function. Owing to the encouraging early and late results in this study, early treatment with IPPB is considered to be the method of choice in flail chest with paradoxic respiratory movements.", "contents": "Early and late results of controlled ventilation in flail chest. From 1967 through 1974, a consecutive series of 35 patients with flail chest were treated with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB). The controlled ventilation contributed to stabilization of the thoracic cage in a favorable position for healing of the fractures. Surgical stabilization of the chest was not attempted in any of the cases. During treatment with IPPB, one patient died from profuse bleeding due to a generalized coagulation disorder, but the remaining 34 were discharged in a satisfactory respiratory condition. A late follow-up study of the pulmonary function one to eight years after the trauma included x-ray films of the trachea and lungs, kymographic studies of the diaphragm, spirometric and radiospirometric testing, and arterial blood gas levels. Eighteen patients were examined. Spirometric testing revealed astonishingly little impairment of the total pulmonary function. The radiospirometric studies with 133xenon showed a significant reduction of the regional perfusion only in five patients (2 to 4.5 pulmonary segments). Kymographic study of the diaphragm gave no further information and was less selective compared with the other tests of pulmonary function. Owing to the encouraging early and late results in this study, early treatment with IPPB is considered to be the method of choice in flail chest with paradoxic respiratory movements.", "PMID": 376231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3242", "title": "Right aortic arch with isolation of left innominate artery.", "content": "A new entity of right aortic arch with isolation of the left innominate artery is described in a three-day-old boy with complete endocardial cushion defect. Embryologically, this type of anomaly will result if the interruption of the embryonic left aortic arch occurs at two sites, one between the left ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta and the other between the ascending aorta and the left common carotid artery. Absence of pulse in the left arm and on the left side of the neck strongly suggests this anomaly. The aortogram and pulmonary arteriogram may confirm the diagnosis of this anomaly during life.", "contents": "Right aortic arch with isolation of left innominate artery. A new entity of right aortic arch with isolation of the left innominate artery is described in a three-day-old boy with complete endocardial cushion defect. Embryologically, this type of anomaly will result if the interruption of the embryonic left aortic arch occurs at two sites, one between the left ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta and the other between the ascending aorta and the left common carotid artery. Absence of pulse in the left arm and on the left side of the neck strongly suggests this anomaly. The aortogram and pulmonary arteriogram may confirm the diagnosis of this anomaly during life.", "PMID": 376232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3243", "title": "Rapid definitive diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "We describe a sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease in which the diagnosis was made by direct immunofluorescence of material obtained by percutaneous aspiration of the involved lung via a needle. Employment of this technique among selected patients with suspected Legionnaires' disease would provide for more rapid diagnosis and more prompt initiation of definitive therapy for some patients.", "contents": "Rapid definitive diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. We describe a sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease in which the diagnosis was made by direct immunofluorescence of material obtained by percutaneous aspiration of the involved lung via a needle. Employment of this technique among selected patients with suspected Legionnaires' disease would provide for more rapid diagnosis and more prompt initiation of definitive therapy for some patients.", "PMID": 376233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3244", "title": "In vitro sensitivity of Proteus organisms to gentamicin and sisomicin.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of gentamicin and sisomicin was studied in 148 recent clinical isolates of Proteus obtained from patients hospitalized in Athens. Both gentamicin and sisomicin were found to be active with sisomicin generally being the more active of the two; P. mirabilis strains were less susceptible than the indole-positive strains, but P. mirabilis organisms isolated from the respiratory tract were more sensitive to sisomicin than those isolated from the urine. Susceptibility testing with the two aminoglycoside antibiotics was affected by inoculum size and by the test broth used. Sisomicin sensitivity testing with the disc-agar diffusion method and broth dilution method was reliable for the indole-positive strains of Proteus but did not separate all sensitive from resistant strains of P. mirabilis. An in vitro synergism was demonstrated between sisomicin and the semisynthetic penicillin, ticarcillin.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity of Proteus organisms to gentamicin and sisomicin. The antibacterial activity of gentamicin and sisomicin was studied in 148 recent clinical isolates of Proteus obtained from patients hospitalized in Athens. Both gentamicin and sisomicin were found to be active with sisomicin generally being the more active of the two; P. mirabilis strains were less susceptible than the indole-positive strains, but P. mirabilis organisms isolated from the respiratory tract were more sensitive to sisomicin than those isolated from the urine. Susceptibility testing with the two aminoglycoside antibiotics was affected by inoculum size and by the test broth used. Sisomicin sensitivity testing with the disc-agar diffusion method and broth dilution method was reliable for the indole-positive strains of Proteus but did not separate all sensitive from resistant strains of P. mirabilis. An in vitro synergism was demonstrated between sisomicin and the semisynthetic penicillin, ticarcillin.", "PMID": 376234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3245", "title": "[A new method of anastomosing severed nerves].", "content": "Nerve anastomoses glued with \"Fribrinkleber\" can be protected from tissue plasminogen-activators both by natural and synthetic inhibitors of fibrinolysis whether administered locally or systemically. The glued nerve-anastomoses do not attain the bond strength of sutured nerves, but show less foreign body reaction. Gluing nerves with Fibrinkleber\" combined with inhibition of fibrinolysis would seem to be a good method for reuniting severed nerves. It may be especially useful in nerve transplantation if tension is avoided.", "contents": "[A new method of anastomosing severed nerves]. Nerve anastomoses glued with \"Fribrinkleber\" can be protected from tissue plasminogen-activators both by natural and synthetic inhibitors of fibrinolysis whether administered locally or systemically. The glued nerve-anastomoses do not attain the bond strength of sutured nerves, but show less foreign body reaction. Gluing nerves with Fibrinkleber\" combined with inhibition of fibrinolysis would seem to be a good method for reuniting severed nerves. It may be especially useful in nerve transplantation if tension is avoided.", "PMID": 376235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3246", "title": "[Early changes of the coagulation system in multiple injuries and their modification with heparin and Trasylol].", "content": "In a prospective, randomized study 35 patients with multiple injuries were examined for early changes of blood coagulation. Parameters suggesting a consumption coagulopathy were lower in patients who died subsequently than in survivors. No therapeutic influence of low dose Heparin therapy or of the proteinase inhibiting substance TrasylolR could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Early changes of the coagulation system in multiple injuries and their modification with heparin and Trasylol]. In a prospective, randomized study 35 patients with multiple injuries were examined for early changes of blood coagulation. Parameters suggesting a consumption coagulopathy were lower in patients who died subsequently than in survivors. No therapeutic influence of low dose Heparin therapy or of the proteinase inhibiting substance TrasylolR could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 376236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3247", "title": "[Various blood-foreign body reactions in the heart-lung machine in heart valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass operations].", "content": "Blood-foreign material interaction in the pump oxygenator was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy in 3 patients undergoing heart valve replacement (HVR) and 3 patients undergoing coronary bypass operation (CBO). While polyvinyl tubes show an average deposit of 60 thrombi/mm2 with 20--40 microns in size in CBO, bloodgas interface during HVR causes increasing thrombotic deposits (375 Mcthr/nm2, 25--50 microns in size). Distal to the pump the volume of particles may rise up 250 micrometer in HVR and up to 80 micrometer in CBO. In a 35 micrometer pore arterial-line-filter (Pall-Corporation) platelet clumps up to 1 mm in size are removed from circulating blood in HVR, and up to 300 micrometer thrombi in CBO. According to different platelet deposit proximal to the filter, more and larger thrombi can pass through the filter in HVR. Distal to the pump thromboemboli of 30--60 (maximum 90) micrometer in size can be observed in HVR. Particles of 20--35 (maximum 60) micrometer in size may pass through the filter and enter into the patient's circulation in CBO. As the results suggest, extracorporal circulation is more harmful for patients undergoing HVR than for those undergoing CBO.", "contents": "[Various blood-foreign body reactions in the heart-lung machine in heart valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass operations]. Blood-foreign material interaction in the pump oxygenator was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy in 3 patients undergoing heart valve replacement (HVR) and 3 patients undergoing coronary bypass operation (CBO). While polyvinyl tubes show an average deposit of 60 thrombi/mm2 with 20--40 microns in size in CBO, bloodgas interface during HVR causes increasing thrombotic deposits (375 Mcthr/nm2, 25--50 microns in size). Distal to the pump the volume of particles may rise up 250 micrometer in HVR and up to 80 micrometer in CBO. In a 35 micrometer pore arterial-line-filter (Pall-Corporation) platelet clumps up to 1 mm in size are removed from circulating blood in HVR, and up to 300 micrometer thrombi in CBO. According to different platelet deposit proximal to the filter, more and larger thrombi can pass through the filter in HVR. Distal to the pump thromboemboli of 30--60 (maximum 90) micrometer in size can be observed in HVR. Particles of 20--35 (maximum 60) micrometer in size may pass through the filter and enter into the patient's circulation in CBO. As the results suggest, extracorporal circulation is more harmful for patients undergoing HVR than for those undergoing CBO.", "PMID": 376237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3248", "title": "[Animal studies on the construction of continent ileostomies and colostomies with the use of BioCarbon implants].", "content": "Ring-shaped implants of BioCarbon, a recently developed vitreous carbon polymer, were used for construction of continent ileostomies and colostomies in dogs. The stoma was fashioned by suture fixation of the intestine inside the ring, which was then placed subfascially in the abdominal wall. The exterior of the implant could be hermetically sealed with a screw cap. Implantation in 19 dogs performed so far showed a high rate of incorporation of BioCarbon devices.", "contents": "[Animal studies on the construction of continent ileostomies and colostomies with the use of BioCarbon implants]. Ring-shaped implants of BioCarbon, a recently developed vitreous carbon polymer, were used for construction of continent ileostomies and colostomies in dogs. The stoma was fashioned by suture fixation of the intestine inside the ring, which was then placed subfascially in the abdominal wall. The exterior of the implant could be hermetically sealed with a screw cap. Implantation in 19 dogs performed so far showed a high rate of incorporation of BioCarbon devices.", "PMID": 376238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3249", "title": "[Evaluation of H2 receptor blockade with metiamide in stress ulcers in rats].", "content": "Restrain stress in rats inhibits gastric secretion and microcirculation. Secretion is further inhibited by metiamide, but mucosal blood flow is restored to normal. During stress the ulcer incidence is high, lower with prophylactic administration of metiamide and least with the latter and preserved gastroduodenal acid transit. No therapeutic metiamide effect can be detected.", "contents": "[Evaluation of H2 receptor blockade with metiamide in stress ulcers in rats]. Restrain stress in rats inhibits gastric secretion and microcirculation. Secretion is further inhibited by metiamide, but mucosal blood flow is restored to normal. During stress the ulcer incidence is high, lower with prophylactic administration of metiamide and least with the latter and preserved gastroduodenal acid transit. No therapeutic metiamide effect can be detected.", "PMID": 376239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3250", "title": "[Metabolic activities in isolated hepatocytes as a vitality parameter in the hypothermically preserved liver].", "content": "Vital hepatocytes have been isolated from an adult human liver for the first time. Vitality of the parenchymal cells was examined by trypanblue staining, morphological sppearance and energy-requiring metabolic functions such as gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. Following a cold ischemic time of 6 hours metabolic activity had decreased considerably.", "contents": "[Metabolic activities in isolated hepatocytes as a vitality parameter in the hypothermically preserved liver]. Vital hepatocytes have been isolated from an adult human liver for the first time. Vitality of the parenchymal cells was examined by trypanblue staining, morphological sppearance and energy-requiring metabolic functions such as gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. Following a cold ischemic time of 6 hours metabolic activity had decreased considerably.", "PMID": 376240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3251", "title": "[Effect of time of splenectomy on the increase in survival time following kidney transplantation in rats].", "content": "Survival time of Lewis-rats with transplanted DA-kidney grafts following splenectomy at different times after transplantation was evaluated. Splenectomy five days after renal transplantation produced a significant prolongation of survival time (p less than 0.05) whereas splenectomy at the day of transplantation did not extend survival time significantly (p less than 0.1).", "contents": "[Effect of time of splenectomy on the increase in survival time following kidney transplantation in rats]. Survival time of Lewis-rats with transplanted DA-kidney grafts following splenectomy at different times after transplantation was evaluated. Splenectomy five days after renal transplantation produced a significant prolongation of survival time (p less than 0.05) whereas splenectomy at the day of transplantation did not extend survival time significantly (p less than 0.1).", "PMID": 376241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3252", "title": "[Is permanent survival of kidney allograft receivers in weak histo-incompatible combinations dependent on enhancement?].", "content": "To study the immunological status of indefinitely surviving recipients of histocompatible (minor histoincompatible) allografts we transplanted Fi or (Fi x LEW)F1-kidneys to LEW-rats. At the same time bilateral nephrectomy was performed. To examine the cellular immune response we carried out local GvHR, microcytotoxicity assay and allorosette-formation test with recipient cells. We also studied lymphocytotoxins in the serum of recipients. To detect a blocking serum factor we used allorosette-formation inhibition test and microcytotoxicity assay. A blocking serum factor could not be found. In spite of stimulation with donor specific skin graft the cellular immune response of prolonged surviving recipients was inhibited. Our results suggest that prolonged survival of minor histoincompatible renal allograft recipients was caused by suppression of cellular immune response.", "contents": "[Is permanent survival of kidney allograft receivers in weak histo-incompatible combinations dependent on enhancement?]. To study the immunological status of indefinitely surviving recipients of histocompatible (minor histoincompatible) allografts we transplanted Fi or (Fi x LEW)F1-kidneys to LEW-rats. At the same time bilateral nephrectomy was performed. To examine the cellular immune response we carried out local GvHR, microcytotoxicity assay and allorosette-formation test with recipient cells. We also studied lymphocytotoxins in the serum of recipients. To detect a blocking serum factor we used allorosette-formation inhibition test and microcytotoxicity assay. A blocking serum factor could not be found. In spite of stimulation with donor specific skin graft the cellular immune response of prolonged surviving recipients was inhibited. Our results suggest that prolonged survival of minor histoincompatible renal allograft recipients was caused by suppression of cellular immune response.", "PMID": 376242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3253", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside induced hypotension and isovolemic hemodilution in dogs.", "content": "Hypotension at 70 mm Hg was induced with sodium nitroprusside in 6 hemodiluted and 6 control dogs. In contrast to the control dogs, the reduction in mean arterial pressure was not primarily due to the peripheral resistance reduction, but the result of a hazardous fall in cardiac output.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside induced hypotension and isovolemic hemodilution in dogs. Hypotension at 70 mm Hg was induced with sodium nitroprusside in 6 hemodiluted and 6 control dogs. In contrast to the control dogs, the reduction in mean arterial pressure was not primarily due to the peripheral resistance reduction, but the result of a hazardous fall in cardiac output.", "PMID": 376243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3254", "title": "[Organ tolerance and incomplete bone marrow chimera in dogs].", "content": "Cyclophosphamide-induced chimeras develop organ tolerance as do radiation chimeras, as long as hemopoietic cells of donor origin are detectable, independent of the degree of chimerism (n = 7). 4 of 7 dogs with reversion of chimerism rejected their kidney grafts within 11 to 29 days. Three of them, however, retained their kidney grafts permanently indicating that a transient chimerism of a few months duration may be sufficient for induction of tolerance to marrow donor organs in Cy-chimeras. The results suggest that the reversion of chimerism in Cy-chimeras may be due to different mechanisms either immunological rejection or a non-immunological substitution of the grafted marrow by the host's own hemopoiesis.", "contents": "[Organ tolerance and incomplete bone marrow chimera in dogs]. Cyclophosphamide-induced chimeras develop organ tolerance as do radiation chimeras, as long as hemopoietic cells of donor origin are detectable, independent of the degree of chimerism (n = 7). 4 of 7 dogs with reversion of chimerism rejected their kidney grafts within 11 to 29 days. Three of them, however, retained their kidney grafts permanently indicating that a transient chimerism of a few months duration may be sufficient for induction of tolerance to marrow donor organs in Cy-chimeras. The results suggest that the reversion of chimerism in Cy-chimeras may be due to different mechanisms either immunological rejection or a non-immunological substitution of the grafted marrow by the host's own hemopoiesis.", "PMID": 376244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3255", "title": "[Fibrinolytic activity in hyperacute rejected lung allografts].", "content": "In hyperacute rejected lung allografts a significantly elevated fibrinolytic activity can be demonstrated which could explain why blood flow is only slightly impaired during this process.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic activity in hyperacute rejected lung allografts]. In hyperacute rejected lung allografts a significantly elevated fibrinolytic activity can be demonstrated which could explain why blood flow is only slightly impaired during this process.", "PMID": 376245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3256", "title": "Inhibition of granulocyte chemotaxis by hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis.", "content": "We have shown in in vivo experiments that hemoglobin interferes with the attraction of polymorphonuclear granulocytes into the peritoneal cavity of rats in response to a bacterial inoculum and thus permits bacterial growth. These findings are proportional to the intraperitoneal concentration of hemoglobin. In in vitro experiments the chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes to zymosan activated serum as well as E. coli bacterial factor is inhibited by hemoglobin. While hemoglobin added in a concentration of 4% to the chemotactic factor causes a significant depression of granulocyte chemotaxis concentrations of only 0.01% are sufficient to cause inhibition of chemotaxis when hemoglobin is added to the cell suspension. The spontaneous migration of the cells is not influenced in either experiment.", "contents": "Inhibition of granulocyte chemotaxis by hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis. We have shown in in vivo experiments that hemoglobin interferes with the attraction of polymorphonuclear granulocytes into the peritoneal cavity of rats in response to a bacterial inoculum and thus permits bacterial growth. These findings are proportional to the intraperitoneal concentration of hemoglobin. In in vitro experiments the chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes to zymosan activated serum as well as E. coli bacterial factor is inhibited by hemoglobin. While hemoglobin added in a concentration of 4% to the chemotactic factor causes a significant depression of granulocyte chemotaxis concentrations of only 0.01% are sufficient to cause inhibition of chemotaxis when hemoglobin is added to the cell suspension. The spontaneous migration of the cells is not influenced in either experiment.", "PMID": 376246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3257", "title": "[Formation of autologous spongiosa in bone layers as a function of revascularization].", "content": "In 24 sheep standardized holes were drilled into the tibia. These defects were filled differently with autologous cancellous bone: a) The defect was filled only with cancellous bone or b) it was filled like in (a) but additionally covered by a Milliporefilter layer; c) the defect was filled like in (a) but the bottom of the defect was covered by a Milliporefilter layer or d) it was filled like in (a) but the cancellous bone was sandwiched by Milliporefilter layers. Bine remodelling was adversely influenced by the Milliporefilters, but the inhibition in (b) was two times bigger than in (c).", "contents": "[Formation of autologous spongiosa in bone layers as a function of revascularization]. In 24 sheep standardized holes were drilled into the tibia. These defects were filled differently with autologous cancellous bone: a) The defect was filled only with cancellous bone or b) it was filled like in (a) but additionally covered by a Milliporefilter layer; c) the defect was filled like in (a) but the bottom of the defect was covered by a Milliporefilter layer or d) it was filled like in (a) but the cancellous bone was sandwiched by Milliporefilter layers. Bine remodelling was adversely influenced by the Milliporefilters, but the inhibition in (b) was two times bigger than in (c).", "PMID": 376247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3258", "title": "[Biomechanical studies on the stabilization effect of cortico-spongiosa chips in imperfect osteosynthesis].", "content": "Stability and plate strain of internally fixed femoral shaft fractures at different sites were tested under bending and compression loads. Stability of osteosynthesis with compression plate was not acutely affected by stresses encountered when standing on one leg. When fractures with a bone defect were treated by plate fixation stability was improved significantly when lateral support was preserved or when a medial cortico-spongious bone chip was used.", "contents": "[Biomechanical studies on the stabilization effect of cortico-spongiosa chips in imperfect osteosynthesis]. Stability and plate strain of internally fixed femoral shaft fractures at different sites were tested under bending and compression loads. Stability of osteosynthesis with compression plate was not acutely affected by stresses encountered when standing on one leg. When fractures with a bone defect were treated by plate fixation stability was improved significantly when lateral support was preserved or when a medial cortico-spongious bone chip was used.", "PMID": 376248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3259", "title": "[Evaluation of digital nerve sensitivity following reconstruction].", "content": "1. In the reconstruction of nerves suture and autogenous grafts are employed in a complementary way. 2. The action potential of sensory nerves does not seem to be an objective parameter to evaluate the results. 3. The Moberg-test detects deficits of the pinch. 4. Two-point-discrimination seems to be the most valid quantitative measurement for sensible reconstruction. The examination is simplified by the two-point-star. 5. The Millesi-test shows good correlation to two-point-discrimination.", "contents": "[Evaluation of digital nerve sensitivity following reconstruction]. 1. In the reconstruction of nerves suture and autogenous grafts are employed in a complementary way. 2. The action potential of sensory nerves does not seem to be an objective parameter to evaluate the results. 3. The Moberg-test detects deficits of the pinch. 4. Two-point-discrimination seems to be the most valid quantitative measurement for sensible reconstruction. The examination is simplified by the two-point-star. 5. The Millesi-test shows good correlation to two-point-discrimination.", "PMID": 376249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3260", "title": "[Postoperative blood-sugar regulation in pancreatectomized patients using the artificial \"beta cell\"].", "content": "Seven patients who had undergone total duodenopancreatectomy were connected postoperatively to an artificial 'beta cell', which is a computer-regulated, glucose-controlled-insulin-infusion-system. Despite high-calorie parenteral nutrition, the apparatus enabled successful regulation of the diabetes that followed removal of the pancreas in our patients during the immediate postoperative period (7 days). The artificial beta cell is capable of exogenously regulating the carbohydrate metabolism of pancreatectomized diabetics, even in the extreme conditions immediately following operation.", "contents": "[Postoperative blood-sugar regulation in pancreatectomized patients using the artificial \"beta cell\"]. Seven patients who had undergone total duodenopancreatectomy were connected postoperatively to an artificial 'beta cell', which is a computer-regulated, glucose-controlled-insulin-infusion-system. Despite high-calorie parenteral nutrition, the apparatus enabled successful regulation of the diabetes that followed removal of the pancreas in our patients during the immediate postoperative period (7 days). The artificial beta cell is capable of exogenously regulating the carbohydrate metabolism of pancreatectomized diabetics, even in the extreme conditions immediately following operation.", "PMID": 376252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3261", "title": "The organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Chironomus tentans and some closely related species.", "content": "Southern gel analysis of total DNA from Chironomus tentans showed that the rRNA genes (rDNA) are homogeneous in structure. After cloning in Escherichia coli plasmid pBR313, the rDNA organisation was further studied by restriction fragment analysis and R-loop mapping. No heterogeneity could be detected by heteroduplex analysis of six different cloned rRNA cistrons. R-loop sizes of 1.69 and 3.63 kilobases (kb) were measured for the 18S and 28S rRNA coding sequences. The two spacers are 0.75 and 1.77 kb long. Southern gel analysis showed also a homogeneous rDNA structure for a Canadian population of C. tentans and C. pallidivittatus. The same technique indicated, however, that the rDNA of two other closely related species of C. thummi and C. melanotus is heterogeneous in structure. A possible correlation between this heterogeneity and the presence of heterochromatin in these species is discussed.", "contents": "The organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Chironomus tentans and some closely related species. Southern gel analysis of total DNA from Chironomus tentans showed that the rRNA genes (rDNA) are homogeneous in structure. After cloning in Escherichia coli plasmid pBR313, the rDNA organisation was further studied by restriction fragment analysis and R-loop mapping. No heterogeneity could be detected by heteroduplex analysis of six different cloned rRNA cistrons. R-loop sizes of 1.69 and 3.63 kilobases (kb) were measured for the 18S and 28S rRNA coding sequences. The two spacers are 0.75 and 1.77 kb long. Southern gel analysis showed also a homogeneous rDNA structure for a Canadian population of C. tentans and C. pallidivittatus. The same technique indicated, however, that the rDNA of two other closely related species of C. thummi and C. melanotus is heterogeneous in structure. A possible correlation between this heterogeneity and the presence of heterochromatin in these species is discussed.", "PMID": 376253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3262", "title": "Uptake and clearance of inhalation anesthetics in man.", "content": "The uptake, distribution, and clearance of inhaled vapors is governed by rules of partial pressure equilibration in a multicompartmental system. Since halogenated anesthetic agents are not soluble in water, biotransformation is their only clearance pathway during anesthesia. When apparent steady state is reached, the rate of overall metabolism can be determined from the pulmonary uptake rate. As a result of metabolism, pulmonary uptake increases but the concentration of inhaled vapor in blood and tissues decreases, and only a fraction of uptake is exhaled following anesthesia. Uptake and pulmonary clearance of five halogenated anesthetic agents were studied in 45 surgical patients. The susceptibility to biotransformation increases in the following order: isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, fluroxene, methoxyflurane.", "contents": "Uptake and clearance of inhalation anesthetics in man. The uptake, distribution, and clearance of inhaled vapors is governed by rules of partial pressure equilibration in a multicompartmental system. Since halogenated anesthetic agents are not soluble in water, biotransformation is their only clearance pathway during anesthesia. When apparent steady state is reached, the rate of overall metabolism can be determined from the pulmonary uptake rate. As a result of metabolism, pulmonary uptake increases but the concentration of inhaled vapor in blood and tissues decreases, and only a fraction of uptake is exhaled following anesthesia. Uptake and pulmonary clearance of five halogenated anesthetic agents were studied in 45 surgical patients. The susceptibility to biotransformation increases in the following order: isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, fluroxene, methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 376257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3263", "title": "Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nicotinic acid.", "content": "Evaluation of the biochemical fate of nicotinic acid and the pharmacologic responses it produces illustrate the following general principles. 1. Systemic bioavailability as judged by systemic blood and urine levels of a parent drug may not reflect its bioavailability at the liver, a frequent site of important drug action. 2. Since different pharmacologic effects can show different timedose and route-dose responses, and different degrees of tolerance to repeated doses of the same drug, caution is necessary in evaluating pharmaceutical preparations and making dosage recommendations solely on the basis of drug levels and drug metabolism data. 3. Pharmacologic effects requiring large doses might possibly reflect a need for prolonged exposure rather than high levels. In regard to nicotinic acid itself, the preferred hypocholisterolemic preparation for prolonged treatment may be one which yields little or no discernible blood levels of the drug, in contrast to the vascular effects which require rising nicotinic acid levels, and the fibrinolytic effect which requires parenteral dosage and to which tolerance is acutely developed.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nicotinic acid. Evaluation of the biochemical fate of nicotinic acid and the pharmacologic responses it produces illustrate the following general principles. 1. Systemic bioavailability as judged by systemic blood and urine levels of a parent drug may not reflect its bioavailability at the liver, a frequent site of important drug action. 2. Since different pharmacologic effects can show different timedose and route-dose responses, and different degrees of tolerance to repeated doses of the same drug, caution is necessary in evaluating pharmaceutical preparations and making dosage recommendations solely on the basis of drug levels and drug metabolism data. 3. Pharmacologic effects requiring large doses might possibly reflect a need for prolonged exposure rather than high levels. In regard to nicotinic acid itself, the preferred hypocholisterolemic preparation for prolonged treatment may be one which yields little or no discernible blood levels of the drug, in contrast to the vascular effects which require rising nicotinic acid levels, and the fibrinolytic effect which requires parenteral dosage and to which tolerance is acutely developed.", "PMID": 376259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3264", "title": "Changes in pancreatic somatostatin content in spontaneously diabetic mice, as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical methods.", "content": "A specific RIA for somatostatin (SRIF) was used to determine the SRIF content of the pancreas and hypothalamus in spontaneously diabetic C57BL/KsJ dbdb and C57BL/6J obob mice. In addition, SRIF- and glucagon-containing cells were examined in the pancreatic islets with an immunohistochemical technique. In dbdb mice, immunoassayable pancreatic SRIF content was increased, as was the number of SRIF- or glucagon-containing cells. In obob mice, immunoassayable pancreatic SRIF content was also increased, but no increase was noted in the number of SRIF- or glucagon-containing cells. The hypothalamic SRIF content of either strain was not different from that of controls. These results regarding pancreatic SRIF content were in accord with some but not all previous reports. These differences may be related to the age of the mice or to the conditions in which they were bred. The pancreatic SRIF increase in both dbdb and obob mice may be attributable to hyperglucagonemia, hyperglycemia, or a decrease in insulin action. Further work is necessary to clearly delineate the mechanism.", "contents": "Changes in pancreatic somatostatin content in spontaneously diabetic mice, as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical methods. A specific RIA for somatostatin (SRIF) was used to determine the SRIF content of the pancreas and hypothalamus in spontaneously diabetic C57BL/KsJ dbdb and C57BL/6J obob mice. In addition, SRIF- and glucagon-containing cells were examined in the pancreatic islets with an immunohistochemical technique. In dbdb mice, immunoassayable pancreatic SRIF content was increased, as was the number of SRIF- or glucagon-containing cells. In obob mice, immunoassayable pancreatic SRIF content was also increased, but no increase was noted in the number of SRIF- or glucagon-containing cells. The hypothalamic SRIF content of either strain was not different from that of controls. These results regarding pancreatic SRIF content were in accord with some but not all previous reports. These differences may be related to the age of the mice or to the conditions in which they were bred. The pancreatic SRIF increase in both dbdb and obob mice may be attributable to hyperglucagonemia, hyperglycemia, or a decrease in insulin action. Further work is necessary to clearly delineate the mechanism.", "PMID": 376284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3265", "title": "Motile events in pancreatic endocrine cells.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of neonatal rat endocrine pancreatic cells were examined by time lapse cinematography. Motion analysis revealed two major types of motile events. On one hand, particles (0.3 micrometers in diameter) tentatively identified as secretory granules were found to undergo back and forth saltatory movements along oriented pathways. The existence of such pathways was statistically validated by the large prevalence of angles close to either 0 degrees of 180 degrees between successive movements of the same particle. The movements occurred at a mean speed of 0.8 micrometers/sec. Glucose (16.7 mM) increased the frequency of such movements. Vincristine (10 microM) caused a progressive inhibition of saltatory movements, which may depend, therefore, on the integrity of the microtubular apparatus. On the other hand, areas of the cell boundary displayed contractile-like movements, which were stimulated by insulinotropic agents, such as glucose and the ionophore A23187. Cytochalasin B also affected this second type of motile event, which is thought to reflect the activity of actin-like microfilaments. These findings suggest that the microtubular apparatus serves as a guiding cytoskeleton for the oriented translocation of secretory granules, whereas the microfilamentous cell web may control the eventual access of the granules to exocytotic sites.", "contents": "Motile events in pancreatic endocrine cells. Monolayer cultures of neonatal rat endocrine pancreatic cells were examined by time lapse cinematography. Motion analysis revealed two major types of motile events. On one hand, particles (0.3 micrometers in diameter) tentatively identified as secretory granules were found to undergo back and forth saltatory movements along oriented pathways. The existence of such pathways was statistically validated by the large prevalence of angles close to either 0 degrees of 180 degrees between successive movements of the same particle. The movements occurred at a mean speed of 0.8 micrometers/sec. Glucose (16.7 mM) increased the frequency of such movements. Vincristine (10 microM) caused a progressive inhibition of saltatory movements, which may depend, therefore, on the integrity of the microtubular apparatus. On the other hand, areas of the cell boundary displayed contractile-like movements, which were stimulated by insulinotropic agents, such as glucose and the ionophore A23187. Cytochalasin B also affected this second type of motile event, which is thought to reflect the activity of actin-like microfilaments. These findings suggest that the microtubular apparatus serves as a guiding cytoskeleton for the oriented translocation of secretory granules, whereas the microfilamentous cell web may control the eventual access of the granules to exocytotic sites.", "PMID": 376285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3266", "title": "Secretory granules and progesterone secretion by ovine corpora lutea in vitro.", "content": "To study the relationship between formation and release of Golgi-derived secretory granules and progesterone secretion, slices of ovine luteal tissue were incubated in the presence of LH and/or calcium ionophore A23187. Increases in progesterone secretion in response to LH and/or ionophore were accompanied by a concomitant release of secretory granules. In contrast, in the presence of colchicine, LH-stimulated progesterone secretion was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), granule formation appeared to be blocked, and there was little evidence of exocytosis. In addition, unusual pleomorphic membrane-bounded saccules containing an electron-dense material were abundant throughout the centrospheric region of cells treated with colchicine. Because of the close parallelism between formation and release of Golgi-derived secretory granules and progesterone secretion, it appears that progesterone secretion may be coupled to exocytosis of secretory granules. Although the exact content and function of the secretory granules described remains to be elucidated, the data obtained are compatible with the notion that they may contain a progesterone carrier protein.", "contents": "Secretory granules and progesterone secretion by ovine corpora lutea in vitro. To study the relationship between formation and release of Golgi-derived secretory granules and progesterone secretion, slices of ovine luteal tissue were incubated in the presence of LH and/or calcium ionophore A23187. Increases in progesterone secretion in response to LH and/or ionophore were accompanied by a concomitant release of secretory granules. In contrast, in the presence of colchicine, LH-stimulated progesterone secretion was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), granule formation appeared to be blocked, and there was little evidence of exocytosis. In addition, unusual pleomorphic membrane-bounded saccules containing an electron-dense material were abundant throughout the centrospheric region of cells treated with colchicine. Because of the close parallelism between formation and release of Golgi-derived secretory granules and progesterone secretion, it appears that progesterone secretion may be coupled to exocytosis of secretory granules. Although the exact content and function of the secretory granules described remains to be elucidated, the data obtained are compatible with the notion that they may contain a progesterone carrier protein.", "PMID": 376288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3267", "title": "Effect of in vivo pretreatment of rats with a new protein purified from Bordetella pertussis on in vitro secretion of insulin: role of calcium.", "content": "Rats were injected once iv with an islet-activating protein (IAP), a new protein purified from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis. Three days later, their pancreases were studied in vitro for insulin secretory responses. As with pertussis vaccine, pretreatment of rats with IAP was effective in enhancing insulin release from pancreas during perfusion or from islets during incubation in response to secretagogues such as glucose and glibenclamide. The alpha-adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion induced by epinephrine was also reversed by the pretreatment with IAP. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine caused insulin release due to accumulation of cAMP. This 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced insulin release during perfusion was enhanced in a Ca-containing perfusate, but was conversely reduced in a Ca-free perfusate by the IAP pretreatment. Upon the addition of Ca to the Ca-free perfusate, more insulin was released from pancreases of IAP-treated rats than from those of nontreated rats.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo pretreatment of rats with a new protein purified from Bordetella pertussis on in vitro secretion of insulin: role of calcium. Rats were injected once iv with an islet-activating protein (IAP), a new protein purified from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis. Three days later, their pancreases were studied in vitro for insulin secretory responses. As with pertussis vaccine, pretreatment of rats with IAP was effective in enhancing insulin release from pancreas during perfusion or from islets during incubation in response to secretagogues such as glucose and glibenclamide. The alpha-adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion induced by epinephrine was also reversed by the pretreatment with IAP. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine caused insulin release due to accumulation of cAMP. This 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced insulin release during perfusion was enhanced in a Ca-containing perfusate, but was conversely reduced in a Ca-free perfusate by the IAP pretreatment. Upon the addition of Ca to the Ca-free perfusate, more insulin was released from pancreases of IAP-treated rats than from those of nontreated rats.", "PMID": 376293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3268", "title": "Selective suppression of the primary surge of follicle-stimulating hormone in the rat: further evidence for folliculostatin in porcine follicular fluid.", "content": "Charcoal-extracted porcine follicular fluid (PFF), when injected at 1200 h on proestrus, blocked the primary FSH surge seen at 1700 and at 1830 h without affecting the LH surge. In contrast, if the injection was withheld until 1330 h, the FSH surge occurred in the normal way at 1700 h but was suppressed at the 1830 h autopsy. The suppression of FSH by 0.5 ml PFF at 1200 h had abated by 0400 h of estrus. The blockade of the primary surge of FSH at 1700 and 1830 h did not prevent ovulation, nor did it prevent the expected rise in serum progesterone or fall of estradiol levels. There appears to be a latency of at least 3.5 h, when PFF is administered ip, before FSH can be suppressed. This latency occurs whether the injection is carried out in intact proestrous rats or in acutely or chronically ovariectomized females.", "contents": "Selective suppression of the primary surge of follicle-stimulating hormone in the rat: further evidence for folliculostatin in porcine follicular fluid. Charcoal-extracted porcine follicular fluid (PFF), when injected at 1200 h on proestrus, blocked the primary FSH surge seen at 1700 and at 1830 h without affecting the LH surge. In contrast, if the injection was withheld until 1330 h, the FSH surge occurred in the normal way at 1700 h but was suppressed at the 1830 h autopsy. The suppression of FSH by 0.5 ml PFF at 1200 h had abated by 0400 h of estrus. The blockade of the primary surge of FSH at 1700 and 1830 h did not prevent ovulation, nor did it prevent the expected rise in serum progesterone or fall of estradiol levels. There appears to be a latency of at least 3.5 h, when PFF is administered ip, before FSH can be suppressed. This latency occurs whether the injection is carried out in intact proestrous rats or in acutely or chronically ovariectomized females.", "PMID": 376296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3269", "title": "Effect of neurotensin on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release from isolated pancreatic islets.", "content": "The effects of neurotensin on the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were investigated in isolated pancreatic islets prepared from 3- to 4-day-old rats and maintained in culture for 48 h before use. Islets were incubated for 20 and 60 min in the presence of 3 or 23 mM glucose with or without neurotensin. In 20-min incubations at 3 mM glucose, neurotensin (10-100 nM) increased the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by 60%, 90%, and 110%, respectively. These increases were not detected in 60-min incubations. Neurotensin (100 nM) inhibited the release of both insulin (by 60-90%) and somatostatin (by 100%) which was induced by 23 mM glucose in 60-min incubations; this inhibitory effect could be detected with neurotensin at a concentration of 1 nM. Neurotensin also significantly inhibited the elevations in glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin release induced by 20 mM arginine. It is concluded that neurotensin exerts a dual effect on the endocrine pancreas in vitro: 1) at low glucose concentration and over short term (20 min) incubations, the peptide stimulates insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release; and 2) under stimulated conditions (high glucose or arginine), neurotensin inhibits insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release.", "contents": "Effect of neurotensin on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release from isolated pancreatic islets. The effects of neurotensin on the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were investigated in isolated pancreatic islets prepared from 3- to 4-day-old rats and maintained in culture for 48 h before use. Islets were incubated for 20 and 60 min in the presence of 3 or 23 mM glucose with or without neurotensin. In 20-min incubations at 3 mM glucose, neurotensin (10-100 nM) increased the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by 60%, 90%, and 110%, respectively. These increases were not detected in 60-min incubations. Neurotensin (100 nM) inhibited the release of both insulin (by 60-90%) and somatostatin (by 100%) which was induced by 23 mM glucose in 60-min incubations; this inhibitory effect could be detected with neurotensin at a concentration of 1 nM. Neurotensin also significantly inhibited the elevations in glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin release induced by 20 mM arginine. It is concluded that neurotensin exerts a dual effect on the endocrine pancreas in vitro: 1) at low glucose concentration and over short term (20 min) incubations, the peptide stimulates insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release; and 2) under stimulated conditions (high glucose or arginine), neurotensin inhibits insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release.", "PMID": 376297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3270", "title": "Changes in hypothalamic LH-RH content and blood levels of LH-RH, gonadotropin and estradiol during the preovulatory stage of rat estrous cycle.", "content": "In order to investigate the sequence of events concerning gonadotropin surge, serum LH, FSH and estradiol concentrations were measured during the rat estrous cycle as well as hypothalamic and blood levels of LH-RH in the preovulatory stage. Normally cyclic female Wistar rats kept on 12 hr light (from 22.00 hr to 10.00 hr) and 12 hr dark were killed at different times of day during each stage of the cycle. The hypothalamus was quickly dissected out, divided into 3 portions (the anterior, middle and posterior) and extracted in 90% methanol. Blood LH-RH was extracted by affinity chromatography prior to radioimmunoassay. The content of LH-RH in the anterior and middle hypothalamus started to decrease between 1.00 hr-3.00 hr, reached its nadir at 6.00 hr on proestrus and recovered to its previous values on estrus. Almost simultaneously blood LH-RH concentration showed an increase of 18.3 pg/ml-8.8 pg/ml between 1.00 hr-3.00 hr, and then fell to less than 1.0 pg/ml at 6.00 hr. On the other hand, serum estradiol level began to elevate on diestrus II followed by its peak at 6.00 hr on proestrus, while the peaks of serum LH and FSH were observed at 8.00 hr and 10.00 hr, respectively. These studies indicate that the elevation of serum estradiol was followed by the release of LH-RH from the hypothalamus and the LH-RH may be responsible for the preovulatory discharge of gonadotropin.", "contents": "Changes in hypothalamic LH-RH content and blood levels of LH-RH, gonadotropin and estradiol during the preovulatory stage of rat estrous cycle. In order to investigate the sequence of events concerning gonadotropin surge, serum LH, FSH and estradiol concentrations were measured during the rat estrous cycle as well as hypothalamic and blood levels of LH-RH in the preovulatory stage. Normally cyclic female Wistar rats kept on 12 hr light (from 22.00 hr to 10.00 hr) and 12 hr dark were killed at different times of day during each stage of the cycle. The hypothalamus was quickly dissected out, divided into 3 portions (the anterior, middle and posterior) and extracted in 90% methanol. Blood LH-RH was extracted by affinity chromatography prior to radioimmunoassay. The content of LH-RH in the anterior and middle hypothalamus started to decrease between 1.00 hr-3.00 hr, reached its nadir at 6.00 hr on proestrus and recovered to its previous values on estrus. Almost simultaneously blood LH-RH concentration showed an increase of 18.3 pg/ml-8.8 pg/ml between 1.00 hr-3.00 hr, and then fell to less than 1.0 pg/ml at 6.00 hr. On the other hand, serum estradiol level began to elevate on diestrus II followed by its peak at 6.00 hr on proestrus, while the peaks of serum LH and FSH were observed at 8.00 hr and 10.00 hr, respectively. These studies indicate that the elevation of serum estradiol was followed by the release of LH-RH from the hypothalamus and the LH-RH may be responsible for the preovulatory discharge of gonadotropin.", "PMID": 376305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3271", "title": "Topical anesthesia in preendoscopic medication: spray versus lozenges.", "content": "Patients' acceptance of upper fiberpanendoscopy was significantly (p less than 0.001) better when topical anesthesia with oxybuprocaine was performed with a spray than with a lozenge.", "contents": "Topical anesthesia in preendoscopic medication: spray versus lozenges. Patients' acceptance of upper fiberpanendoscopy was significantly (p less than 0.001) better when topical anesthesia with oxybuprocaine was performed with a spray than with a lozenge.", "PMID": 376306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3272", "title": "Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study.", "content": "Clinical effects at three different serum levels of sodium valproate (VPA) were compared in a triple-blind, multiple crossover trial comprising 13 epileptic inpatients. Patients were selected regardless of seizure type, and all were in concomitant antiepileptic treatment, which was kept constant throughout the study. A significant relationship between the decrease in number of seizures and increasing VPA serum level was demonstrated. The relationship between VPA dose and serum level was curvilinear. Statistical evaluation of patients by seizure type in relation to clinical effect of VPA was only possible for secondary generalized seizures. Between phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine and the different VPA serum levels no interactions could be demonstrated. Recorded side effects were always mild and transient. No obvious correlation between side effects and VPA serum level was established.", "contents": "Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study. Clinical effects at three different serum levels of sodium valproate (VPA) were compared in a triple-blind, multiple crossover trial comprising 13 epileptic inpatients. Patients were selected regardless of seizure type, and all were in concomitant antiepileptic treatment, which was kept constant throughout the study. A significant relationship between the decrease in number of seizures and increasing VPA serum level was demonstrated. The relationship between VPA dose and serum level was curvilinear. Statistical evaluation of patients by seizure type in relation to clinical effect of VPA was only possible for secondary generalized seizures. Between phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine and the different VPA serum levels no interactions could be demonstrated. Recorded side effects were always mild and transient. No obvious correlation between side effects and VPA serum level was established.", "PMID": 376307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3273", "title": "Evaluation of feasibility of mutagenic testing of shale oil products and effluents.", "content": "In an effort to gather preliminary information on the potential genetic hazards of proposed or existing oil shale technologies, we have begun a correlated analytical and genetic analysis of a number of test materials. The work is divided into two phases: one deals with known compounds expected to occur in the environment through shale oil production or use; the other deals with actual samples from existing or experimental processes. A fractionation procedure has been applied to crude product and aqueous product material from an oil shale process. Mutagenicity of the various fractions was assayed by using reversion of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA100, base-substitution mutant; TA98 and TA1537, frameshift mutants). In order to incorporate metabolic activation of these fractions and compounds, we used liver homogenates (S-9) from rats induced with Aroclor 1254 in the standard plate assay. Preliminary results implicate chemical constituents of these fractions (identified or predicted) were tested individually for their mutagenic activity and correlated with the genetic monitoring.", "contents": "Evaluation of feasibility of mutagenic testing of shale oil products and effluents. In an effort to gather preliminary information on the potential genetic hazards of proposed or existing oil shale technologies, we have begun a correlated analytical and genetic analysis of a number of test materials. The work is divided into two phases: one deals with known compounds expected to occur in the environment through shale oil production or use; the other deals with actual samples from existing or experimental processes. A fractionation procedure has been applied to crude product and aqueous product material from an oil shale process. Mutagenicity of the various fractions was assayed by using reversion of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA100, base-substitution mutant; TA98 and TA1537, frameshift mutants). In order to incorporate metabolic activation of these fractions and compounds, we used liver homogenates (S-9) from rats induced with Aroclor 1254 in the standard plate assay. Preliminary results implicate chemical constituents of these fractions (identified or predicted) were tested individually for their mutagenic activity and correlated with the genetic monitoring.", "PMID": 376308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3274", "title": "Use of Ames test in evaluation of shale oil fractions.", "content": "Conditions that affect the sensitivity of the Ames assay of complex hydrocarbon mixtures derived from shale oil were studied. Two fractions, one enriched in polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNA fraction), and a second fraction enriched in aromatic and heterocyclic amines (basic fraction), were selected for most of this work because of their comparatively high mutagenicity (i.e., compared with raw shale oil). The crude shale oil, as well as the basic, PNA, and tar fractions were mutagenic against the Salmonella typhimurium test strains, TA98 and TA100. Mutation was dependent on metabolic activation by microsomal (S9) enzymes. Both test strains responded equally well to the crude product and to the basic fraction; however, strain TA100 was more effective than TA198 in demonstrating the mutagenicity of the PNA fraction. The mutagenicity of the tar fraction could be most easily detected after metabolic activation in a liquid medium, as opposed to S9 activation in the top agar of the standard Ames assay. The mutagenicity of the basic fraction or 2-aminoanthracene was also demonstrated by metabolic activation in a liquid medium. In other set of experiments, the effect of chemical composition on the expression of mutagenicity in the standard Ames assay was estimated. Premutagens requiring metabolic activation were added to the basic and PNA fractions, and the numbers of revertants obtained in the presence of the fractions were compared with mutation induced by the compounds alone. The basic fraction did not interfere with the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene and 7,9 dimethylbenz[c]acridine. Moreover, in certain experiments, the mutagenicity of the complex fraction plus the added compound was higher than expected on the basis of assays performed on these materials separately. Conversely, the PNA fraction prevented or strongly inhibited mutation by several polynuclear aroumatic compounds, and an acridine. However, the PNA fraction did not inhibit mutation induced by 2-aminoanthracene. The effect of the basic fraction on stability of the S9 enzymes in the standard Ames test was also determined.", "contents": "Use of Ames test in evaluation of shale oil fractions. Conditions that affect the sensitivity of the Ames assay of complex hydrocarbon mixtures derived from shale oil were studied. Two fractions, one enriched in polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNA fraction), and a second fraction enriched in aromatic and heterocyclic amines (basic fraction), were selected for most of this work because of their comparatively high mutagenicity (i.e., compared with raw shale oil). The crude shale oil, as well as the basic, PNA, and tar fractions were mutagenic against the Salmonella typhimurium test strains, TA98 and TA100. Mutation was dependent on metabolic activation by microsomal (S9) enzymes. Both test strains responded equally well to the crude product and to the basic fraction; however, strain TA100 was more effective than TA198 in demonstrating the mutagenicity of the PNA fraction. The mutagenicity of the tar fraction could be most easily detected after metabolic activation in a liquid medium, as opposed to S9 activation in the top agar of the standard Ames assay. The mutagenicity of the basic fraction or 2-aminoanthracene was also demonstrated by metabolic activation in a liquid medium. In other set of experiments, the effect of chemical composition on the expression of mutagenicity in the standard Ames assay was estimated. Premutagens requiring metabolic activation were added to the basic and PNA fractions, and the numbers of revertants obtained in the presence of the fractions were compared with mutation induced by the compounds alone. The basic fraction did not interfere with the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene and 7,9 dimethylbenz[c]acridine. Moreover, in certain experiments, the mutagenicity of the complex fraction plus the added compound was higher than expected on the basis of assays performed on these materials separately. Conversely, the PNA fraction prevented or strongly inhibited mutation by several polynuclear aroumatic compounds, and an acridine. However, the PNA fraction did not inhibit mutation induced by 2-aminoanthracene. The effect of the basic fraction on stability of the S9 enzymes in the standard Ames test was also determined.", "PMID": 376309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3275", "title": "Characterization of porins from the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Chemical analysis.", "content": "The three species of channel-forming outer membrane proteins, porins, have been purified to homogeneity from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium which produce single species of porin. Purification was by stepwise solubilization with dodecylsulfate or guanidine thiocyanate, gel filtration, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the three species of porins showed close resemblance, but at the same time clear differences among them. The number of amino acid residues in the porins purified from the strains SH5551, SH6377 and SH6017 were 361, 354 and 345, and their calculated molecular weights 39800, 39300 and 38000, respectively. Amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal amino acids in all three species of porins appeared to be alanine and phenylalanine, respectively. Neither half-cystine nor hexosamine was found in these preparation of porins. The isoelectric points of porins from the strains SH5551, SH6377 and SH6017, determined by isoelectric focusing, showed slight differences from each other. These results, and the genetic experiments from another laboratory, suggest that the three species of porins in Salmonella typhimurium are distinct polypeptides, probably coded for by distinct structural genes, which might have been derived from the same ancestral gene.", "contents": "Characterization of porins from the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Chemical analysis. The three species of channel-forming outer membrane proteins, porins, have been purified to homogeneity from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium which produce single species of porin. Purification was by stepwise solubilization with dodecylsulfate or guanidine thiocyanate, gel filtration, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the three species of porins showed close resemblance, but at the same time clear differences among them. The number of amino acid residues in the porins purified from the strains SH5551, SH6377 and SH6017 were 361, 354 and 345, and their calculated molecular weights 39800, 39300 and 38000, respectively. Amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal amino acids in all three species of porins appeared to be alanine and phenylalanine, respectively. Neither half-cystine nor hexosamine was found in these preparation of porins. The isoelectric points of porins from the strains SH5551, SH6377 and SH6017, determined by isoelectric focusing, showed slight differences from each other. These results, and the genetic experiments from another laboratory, suggest that the three species of porins in Salmonella typhimurium are distinct polypeptides, probably coded for by distinct structural genes, which might have been derived from the same ancestral gene.", "PMID": 376310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3276", "title": "Characterization of porins from the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. 2. Physical properties of the functional oligomeric aggregates.", "content": "We have purified to homogeneity, from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium, the small oligomers of porin that confer permeability channels to artificial vesicle membranes reconstituted from phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weights of the porin oligomers from the strains SH5551 and SH6017 appeared to be 130000 and 125000, respectively, and those of the monomers were 41000 and 37500, respectively, when determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of dodecylsulfate. It was thus concluded that the functional porin oligomers consisted of three identical subunits. The Stokes' radius of the trimer . dodecylsulfate complex was around 5 nm. The trimer bound less dodecylsulfate than the monomer. The trimer . dodecylsulfate complex retained at room temperature the native conformation of porin, which is rich in beta-structure. When the trimers were dissociated further by various treatments, only the porin monomers were recovered in significant amounts, and the permeability-conferring activity was lost simultaneously. We propose, therefore, that the trimer is the minimal functional unit of porin that is capable of forming permeability channels in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Characterization of porins from the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. 2. Physical properties of the functional oligomeric aggregates. We have purified to homogeneity, from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium, the small oligomers of porin that confer permeability channels to artificial vesicle membranes reconstituted from phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weights of the porin oligomers from the strains SH5551 and SH6017 appeared to be 130000 and 125000, respectively, and those of the monomers were 41000 and 37500, respectively, when determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of dodecylsulfate. It was thus concluded that the functional porin oligomers consisted of three identical subunits. The Stokes' radius of the trimer . dodecylsulfate complex was around 5 nm. The trimer bound less dodecylsulfate than the monomer. The trimer . dodecylsulfate complex retained at room temperature the native conformation of porin, which is rich in beta-structure. When the trimers were dissociated further by various treatments, only the porin monomers were recovered in significant amounts, and the permeability-conferring activity was lost simultaneously. We propose, therefore, that the trimer is the minimal functional unit of porin that is capable of forming permeability channels in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 376311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3277", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of a factor, a mating hormone produced by mating-type-a cells from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibiting the a mating type secrete into the culture medium a mating-type-specific hormone activity (a factor), which specifically causes a transient arrest of DNA replication and cell division in cells of the opposite mating type, alpha. Three compounds exhibiting a factor activity have been found in culture filtrates from a cells. The most active compound has been purified more than 10(5)-fold and appears to be homogeneous on the basis of thin-layer chromatography and thin-layer electrophoresis in different systems. We propose that this compound, which exhibits in alpha cells the biological activities that have been attributed to a factor, represents pure a factor. a factor has been characterized as a very hydrophobic undecapeptide with the following amino acid composition: H2N-Tyr (Asx1, Gly1, Ala1, Val1, Ile2, Phe1, Lys1, Trp1, Pro1). Although in their respective target cells the biological effects of a factor and of alpha factor, the corresponding mating hormone of mating-type-alpha cells, are remarkably similar, the primary structures of both hormones appear to be quite different.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of a factor, a mating hormone produced by mating-type-a cells from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibiting the a mating type secrete into the culture medium a mating-type-specific hormone activity (a factor), which specifically causes a transient arrest of DNA replication and cell division in cells of the opposite mating type, alpha. Three compounds exhibiting a factor activity have been found in culture filtrates from a cells. The most active compound has been purified more than 10(5)-fold and appears to be homogeneous on the basis of thin-layer chromatography and thin-layer electrophoresis in different systems. We propose that this compound, which exhibits in alpha cells the biological activities that have been attributed to a factor, represents pure a factor. a factor has been characterized as a very hydrophobic undecapeptide with the following amino acid composition: H2N-Tyr (Asx1, Gly1, Ala1, Val1, Ile2, Phe1, Lys1, Trp1, Pro1). Although in their respective target cells the biological effects of a factor and of alpha factor, the corresponding mating hormone of mating-type-alpha cells, are remarkably similar, the primary structures of both hormones appear to be quite different.", "PMID": 376312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3278", "title": "Optical probe responses on sarcoplasmic reticulum: oxacarbocyanines as probes of membrane potential.", "content": "The relationship between Ca2+ fluxes and the ion diffusion potential was analyzed on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes using oxacarbocyanine dyes as optical probes for membrane potential. 3.3'-Diethyloxodicarbocyanine responds to ATP-induced Ca2+ uptake by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with a decrease in absorbance at 600 nm. The optical change is reversed during Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by KCl or by ADP and inorganic phosphate. The absorbance changes are largely attributable to the binding of accumulated Ca2+ to the membrane. There is no indication that sustained changes in membrane diffusion potential would accompany pump-mediated Ca2+ fluxes. A large change in the absorbance of 3,3'-diethyloxodicarbocyanine was observed on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles under the influence of membrane potential generated by valinomycin in the presence of a K+ gradient or by ionophore A23187 in the presence of a Ca2+ gradient. The maximum of the potential-dependent absorbance change is at 575--580 nm. The potentials generated by valinomycin or ionophore A23187 are short-lived due to the high permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes for cations and anions. There is no correlation between the direction and magnitude of the artifically imposed membrane potential and the rate of Ca2+ uptake or release by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "contents": "Optical probe responses on sarcoplasmic reticulum: oxacarbocyanines as probes of membrane potential. The relationship between Ca2+ fluxes and the ion diffusion potential was analyzed on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes using oxacarbocyanine dyes as optical probes for membrane potential. 3.3'-Diethyloxodicarbocyanine responds to ATP-induced Ca2+ uptake by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with a decrease in absorbance at 600 nm. The optical change is reversed during Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by KCl or by ADP and inorganic phosphate. The absorbance changes are largely attributable to the binding of accumulated Ca2+ to the membrane. There is no indication that sustained changes in membrane diffusion potential would accompany pump-mediated Ca2+ fluxes. A large change in the absorbance of 3,3'-diethyloxodicarbocyanine was observed on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles under the influence of membrane potential generated by valinomycin in the presence of a K+ gradient or by ionophore A23187 in the presence of a Ca2+ gradient. The maximum of the potential-dependent absorbance change is at 575--580 nm. The potentials generated by valinomycin or ionophore A23187 are short-lived due to the high permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes for cations and anions. There is no correlation between the direction and magnitude of the artifically imposed membrane potential and the rate of Ca2+ uptake or release by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "PMID": 376313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3279", "title": "Impotence secondary to postpuberal hypogonadism.", "content": "We studied 4 patients who were under consultation for secondary 'impotence coeundi' and who had had normal puberal development (degree V in the Tanner's scale). 2 of them had children. In the diverse diagnostic attempts, basal deficits of FSH, LH and testosterone were repeatedly confirmed. Stimulation with HCG was positive. Stimulation with Gn-RH did not modify the basal deficient values. Stimulation with clomiphene in 1 case was also negative. The determinations of ACTH, TSH, metopirone test and PBI were normal. In the spermiograms there  was oligoasthenozoospermia. We have not found antecedents that justify the hormonal insufficiency, thus we consider that it is a selective deficit of FSH and LH and of hypothalamic or pituitary postpuberal idiopathic genesis. Sexual potency was quickly regained when the patients were treated with HCG. In every case the dose was adjusted to allow therapeutics.", "contents": "Impotence secondary to postpuberal hypogonadism. We studied 4 patients who were under consultation for secondary 'impotence coeundi' and who had had normal puberal development (degree V in the Tanner's scale). 2 of them had children. In the diverse diagnostic attempts, basal deficits of FSH, LH and testosterone were repeatedly confirmed. Stimulation with HCG was positive. Stimulation with Gn-RH did not modify the basal deficient values. Stimulation with clomiphene in 1 case was also negative. The determinations of ACTH, TSH, metopirone test and PBI were normal. In the spermiograms there  was oligoasthenozoospermia. We have not found antecedents that justify the hormonal insufficiency, thus we consider that it is a selective deficit of FSH and LH and of hypothalamic or pituitary postpuberal idiopathic genesis. Sexual potency was quickly regained when the patients were treated with HCG. In every case the dose was adjusted to allow therapeutics.", "PMID": 376314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3280", "title": "Post-transplantation ureteral stricture: controlateral pyelocalicostomy.", "content": "An extensive ureteral stricture developed in a patient 10 years after a renal transplantation. A normal controlateral collecting system has been used for a pyelocalicostomy with excellent postoperative result.", "contents": "Post-transplantation ureteral stricture: controlateral pyelocalicostomy. An extensive ureteral stricture developed in a patient 10 years after a renal transplantation. A normal controlateral collecting system has been used for a pyelocalicostomy with excellent postoperative result.", "PMID": 376315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3281", "title": "Demonstration of HLA-DR-like antigens on milk fat globule membranes.", "content": "Milk fat globules (MFG), which are formed by exocytosis of lipid from epithelial cells of the mammary gland, are enveloped by plasma membrane from the epithelial cells. Highly purified, detergent-solubilized MFG membranes have been shown to contain molecules reactive with a rabbit antiserum against HLA-DR antigens. Indirect immunoprecipitation combined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated that the MFG membrane material reactive with the antiserum comprised molecules which under denaturing conditions displayed molecular weights of 28,000 and 35,000. The two types of polypeptide chains, which were both glycosylated, were held together by noncovalent forces under nondenaturing conditions. Various types of chemical and physicochemical analyses failed to reveal any significant differences between the HLA-DR-like antigens from MFG and from spleen cells. Since the HLA-DR-like antigens bound detergent in micellar form and were expressed on the outside of intact MFG, as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence, it is concluded that these antigens are embedded in the hydrocarbon matrix of the MFG and not merely passively adsorbed onto the MFG.", "contents": "Demonstration of HLA-DR-like antigens on milk fat globule membranes. Milk fat globules (MFG), which are formed by exocytosis of lipid from epithelial cells of the mammary gland, are enveloped by plasma membrane from the epithelial cells. Highly purified, detergent-solubilized MFG membranes have been shown to contain molecules reactive with a rabbit antiserum against HLA-DR antigens. Indirect immunoprecipitation combined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated that the MFG membrane material reactive with the antiserum comprised molecules which under denaturing conditions displayed molecular weights of 28,000 and 35,000. The two types of polypeptide chains, which were both glycosylated, were held together by noncovalent forces under nondenaturing conditions. Various types of chemical and physicochemical analyses failed to reveal any significant differences between the HLA-DR-like antigens from MFG and from spleen cells. Since the HLA-DR-like antigens bound detergent in micellar form and were expressed on the outside of intact MFG, as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence, it is concluded that these antigens are embedded in the hydrocarbon matrix of the MFG and not merely passively adsorbed onto the MFG.", "PMID": 376317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3282", "title": "A human thymocyte antigen defined by a hybrid myeloma monoclonal antibody.", "content": "Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3-NS 1/1 Ag 4.1. One of the resulting hybrid clones (NA 1/34) secreted an antibody that was highly specific for human thymocytes. Eighty-five % of thymocytes expressed the antigen designated HTA1. There were an estimated 15 x 10(4) molecules of HTA 1 per cell, and it is therefore a major surface molecule. The expression of this antigen on thymocytes appears to be reciprocal to HLA, as recognized by another monoclonal antibody W6/32. Immunoprecipitated material from [125I]-labeled thymocyte membranes was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which disclosed a single component of 45,000 molecular weight.", "contents": "A human thymocyte antigen defined by a hybrid myeloma monoclonal antibody. Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3-NS 1/1 Ag 4.1. One of the resulting hybrid clones (NA 1/34) secreted an antibody that was highly specific for human thymocytes. Eighty-five % of thymocytes expressed the antigen designated HTA1. There were an estimated 15 x 10(4) molecules of HTA 1 per cell, and it is therefore a major surface molecule. The expression of this antigen on thymocytes appears to be reciprocal to HLA, as recognized by another monoclonal antibody W6/32. Immunoprecipitated material from [125I]-labeled thymocyte membranes was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which disclosed a single component of 45,000 molecular weight.", "PMID": 376318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3283", "title": "Endotoxin-induced myeloid reactions in dogs.", "content": "The response to artificial endotoxinemia was studied in adult dogs. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (CSA) in lung tissue and blood was measured along with the number of circulating granulocytes and myeloid committed stem cells (colony forming units, CFUc). Acute endotoxinemia induced a measurable CSA increase in lung tissue before being detectable in blood. Granulocytes, rapidly removed from the circulation, showed no release of CSA during sequestration. These experiments demonstrate that the process of endotoxin recognition and subsequent transition into a myelopoietic stimulus is medicated by cells belonging to tissue; mature granulocytes, involved in the defence against bacterial infection, do not release activity that promotes growth of immature myeloid cells.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced myeloid reactions in dogs. The response to artificial endotoxinemia was studied in adult dogs. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (CSA) in lung tissue and blood was measured along with the number of circulating granulocytes and myeloid committed stem cells (colony forming units, CFUc). Acute endotoxinemia induced a measurable CSA increase in lung tissue before being detectable in blood. Granulocytes, rapidly removed from the circulation, showed no release of CSA during sequestration. These experiments demonstrate that the process of endotoxin recognition and subsequent transition into a myelopoietic stimulus is medicated by cells belonging to tissue; mature granulocytes, involved in the defence against bacterial infection, do not release activity that promotes growth of immature myeloid cells.", "PMID": 376328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3284", "title": "Proteolytic enzymes in the Rhodnius prolixus midgut.", "content": "Sequential chromatographic fractionation of Rhodnius prolixus midgut homogenate yielded only one endopeptidase, but revealed the presence of carboxypeptidase-A and B-like enzyme, di- and tripeptidases, as well as aminopeptidase activities.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzymes in the Rhodnius prolixus midgut. Sequential chromatographic fractionation of Rhodnius prolixus midgut homogenate yielded only one endopeptidase, but revealed the presence of carboxypeptidase-A and B-like enzyme, di- and tripeptidases, as well as aminopeptidase activities.", "PMID": 376330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3285", "title": "The effect of polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Candida albicans on regional blood flow in rats.", "content": "After i.v. administration to rats of polysaccharide-protein complex, isolated from Candida albicans, a decrease of cardiac output was observed from 20 sec to 240 min postinjection, followed by a recovery at 360 min. Concomitantly the regional blood flow was maintained in heart and lungs, moderately decreased in intestine, liver and adrenals and markedly reduced in skin, muscle, spleen and kidney.", "contents": "The effect of polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Candida albicans on regional blood flow in rats. After i.v. administration to rats of polysaccharide-protein complex, isolated from Candida albicans, a decrease of cardiac output was observed from 20 sec to 240 min postinjection, followed by a recovery at 360 min. Concomitantly the regional blood flow was maintained in heart and lungs, moderately decreased in intestine, liver and adrenals and markedly reduced in skin, muscle, spleen and kidney.", "PMID": 376331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3286", "title": "HBsAg uptake by macrophages in vitro: an immunofluorescence study.", "content": "The uptake of HBsAg by in vitro cultured macrophages was studied by immunofluorescence method. Intracytoplasmic fluorescent particles appeared 3 h after the contact with HBsAg-positive serum, while after 24-48 h only a few cells contained these particles, which are probably destroyed within the cytoplasm.", "contents": "HBsAg uptake by macrophages in vitro: an immunofluorescence study. The uptake of HBsAg by in vitro cultured macrophages was studied by immunofluorescence method. Intracytoplasmic fluorescent particles appeared 3 h after the contact with HBsAg-positive serum, while after 24-48 h only a few cells contained these particles, which are probably destroyed within the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 376332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3287", "title": "Asialoprotein uptake by liver cells: immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Uptake of asialoproteins by hepatocytes causes a change in the intracellular pattern of immunofluorescence. Control cells display a peripheral fluorescence which probably represents nascent proteins. Dark nonfluorescent areas, that presumably contain glycogen, are located around the nucleus. In contrast, liver cells from rats injected with asialoproteins display a pancytoplasmic fluorescence due to an influx of endocytotic vesicles.", "contents": "Asialoprotein uptake by liver cells: immunofluorescence microscopy. Uptake of asialoproteins by hepatocytes causes a change in the intracellular pattern of immunofluorescence. Control cells display a peripheral fluorescence which probably represents nascent proteins. Dark nonfluorescent areas, that presumably contain glycogen, are located around the nucleus. In contrast, liver cells from rats injected with asialoproteins display a pancytoplasmic fluorescence due to an influx of endocytotic vesicles.", "PMID": 376333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3288", "title": "Tick-borne encephalitis virus-specified sequences in persistently infected cell culture revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization.", "content": "Hybridization of DNA probe, obtained through DNA polymerase-mediated in vitro transcription of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA, with DNA isolated from persistently infected with TBEV cell culture revealed 5.4 copies of viral genome per haploid set.", "contents": "Tick-borne encephalitis virus-specified sequences in persistently infected cell culture revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization. Hybridization of DNA probe, obtained through DNA polymerase-mediated in vitro transcription of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA, with DNA isolated from persistently infected with TBEV cell culture revealed 5.4 copies of viral genome per haploid set.", "PMID": 376334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3289", "title": "Myosin-like protein in the human parathyroid glands: an immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The immunofluorescent staining of the human parathyroid glands shows that the principal cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. The presence of a myosin-like protein in the principal cells of the human parathyroid glands is presumably in rapport with parathormone secretion.", "contents": "Myosin-like protein in the human parathyroid glands: an immunohistochemical study. The immunofluorescent staining of the human parathyroid glands shows that the principal cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. The presence of a myosin-like protein in the principal cells of the human parathyroid glands is presumably in rapport with parathormone secretion.", "PMID": 376335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3290", "title": "Evidence for changes in cell shape from a 2-dimensional to a 3-dimensional substrate.", "content": "Chick embryo mesoderm cells were explanted to culture systems in vivo and in vitro and their subsequent movements were correlated with the external morphology as studied by SEM. In vitro cell movements are exaggerations of normal in vivo movements where a 2-dimensional substrate is encountered rather than a 3-dimensional environment.", "contents": "Evidence for changes in cell shape from a 2-dimensional to a 3-dimensional substrate. Chick embryo mesoderm cells were explanted to culture systems in vivo and in vitro and their subsequent movements were correlated with the external morphology as studied by SEM. In vitro cell movements are exaggerations of normal in vivo movements where a 2-dimensional substrate is encountered rather than a 3-dimensional environment.", "PMID": 376336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3291", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of thymosin and supernatant from epithelial thymic cells on antibody production (author's transl)].", "content": "A thymic extract (TE) was prepared from supernatant of mice thymic epithelial cultures according to the purification of thymosin. TE and thymosin stimulated, in vitro, the immune response of mouse against deep red blood cells.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of thymosin and supernatant from epithelial thymic cells on antibody production (author's transl)]. A thymic extract (TE) was prepared from supernatant of mice thymic epithelial cultures according to the purification of thymosin. TE and thymosin stimulated, in vitro, the immune response of mouse against deep red blood cells.", "PMID": 376337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3292", "title": "Immunological recovery of thymectomized and sham-thymectomized lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells.", "content": "Immunological functions of lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells recover after 5--6 weeks. In mice that had been thymectomized before irradiation and reconstitution, T-cell function is deficient but the B-cell function is preserved.", "contents": "Immunological recovery of thymectomized and sham-thymectomized lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells. Immunological functions of lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells recover after 5--6 weeks. In mice that had been thymectomized before irradiation and reconstitution, T-cell function is deficient but the B-cell function is preserved.", "PMID": 376338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3293", "title": "Protective effects of supplemental vitamin E against infection.", "content": "Vitamin E supplementation (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate except where noted) in excess of requirement significantly increased humoral immune response or disease resistance. Mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or tetanus toxoid and fed the supplemental vitamin demonstrated increased plaque-forming cells (PFC) and hemagglutinin (HA) titers. A vitamin E deficiency resulted in decreased PFC and little IgG which was partially corrected by N,N-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine but not as effectively as by vitamin E. Hens immunized with Brucella abortus and fed different levels of the vitamin produced chicks with increased passive immunity; a biphasic antibody response to the level of the vitamin fed was noted. Vitamin E fed to nonimmunized hens was found to significantly increase the primary immune response of their immunized chicks. Feeding dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to guinea pigs immunized with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus resulted in no increased immunity. Injecting this form of the vitamin resulted in severe tissue reaction. However, injecting dl-alpha-tocopheryl significantly improved hemagglutinin inhibition titers. Chicks and turkeys infected with Escherichia coli and fed supplemental vitamin E had reduced mortality and increased HA titers. Sheep fed vitamin E and challenged with Chlamydia had improved weight gains and no detectable Chlamydia.", "contents": "Protective effects of supplemental vitamin E against infection. Vitamin E supplementation (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate except where noted) in excess of requirement significantly increased humoral immune response or disease resistance. Mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or tetanus toxoid and fed the supplemental vitamin demonstrated increased plaque-forming cells (PFC) and hemagglutinin (HA) titers. A vitamin E deficiency resulted in decreased PFC and little IgG which was partially corrected by N,N-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine but not as effectively as by vitamin E. Hens immunized with Brucella abortus and fed different levels of the vitamin produced chicks with increased passive immunity; a biphasic antibody response to the level of the vitamin fed was noted. Vitamin E fed to nonimmunized hens was found to significantly increase the primary immune response of their immunized chicks. Feeding dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to guinea pigs immunized with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus resulted in no increased immunity. Injecting this form of the vitamin resulted in severe tissue reaction. However, injecting dl-alpha-tocopheryl significantly improved hemagglutinin inhibition titers. Chicks and turkeys infected with Escherichia coli and fed supplemental vitamin E had reduced mortality and increased HA titers. Sheep fed vitamin E and challenged with Chlamydia had improved weight gains and no detectable Chlamydia.", "PMID": 376353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3294", "title": "The \"treatment\" of unexplained infertility with danazol.", "content": "In order to investigate the possible stimulating effect of danazol on fertility, a randomized clinical trial was performed on 40 women with unexplained infertility. Of these 40 women, 21 received 200 mg of danazol daily for 100 days and 19 received a placebo treatment during the same period. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were followed before, during, and after treatment. Danazol administration induced anovulation in all women, with prompt resumption of normal ovulatory function after discontinuation of the drug. No influence was seen on serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, but serum estrone, estradiol, and progesterone levels decreased significantly during treatment. Serum prolactin levels also decreased, but not significantly. No pregnancies occurred in the placebo group during a 6-month follow-up period. In the danazol group, five pregnancies occurred, of which two were ectopic and three went to term. The difference in pregnancy rate between both groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "The \"treatment\" of unexplained infertility with danazol. In order to investigate the possible stimulating effect of danazol on fertility, a randomized clinical trial was performed on 40 women with unexplained infertility. Of these 40 women, 21 received 200 mg of danazol daily for 100 days and 19 received a placebo treatment during the same period. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were followed before, during, and after treatment. Danazol administration induced anovulation in all women, with prompt resumption of normal ovulatory function after discontinuation of the drug. No influence was seen on serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, but serum estrone, estradiol, and progesterone levels decreased significantly during treatment. Serum prolactin levels also decreased, but not significantly. No pregnancies occurred in the placebo group during a 6-month follow-up period. In the danazol group, five pregnancies occurred, of which two were ectopic and three went to term. The difference in pregnancy rate between both groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 376355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3295", "title": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone infusion test in the distinction of hypopituitary patients from normal subjects.", "content": "We undertook a pilot study to determine whether infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) might improve the distinction of hypogonadotropinism from the normal state and might permit gonadotropin deficiency to be diagnosed in the prepubertal child. Normal prepubertal and pubertal boys had a greater luteinizing hormone (LH) reaction (delta LH 54 +/- 15 [SD] ng/ml and 165 +/- 23 ng/ml, respectively) to a 4-hour infusion (100 microgram/hour) than to a 100-microgram bolus of GnRH (19 +/- 9 and 52 +/- 35 ng/ml). These augmented responses were observed in boys with delayed puberty, but not in apparently hypogonadotropic males greater than or equal to 12 years old. LH (delta LH 445 to 1602 ng/ml) and FSH (delta FSH 718 to 2112 ng/ml) surges were induced consistently by GnRH infusion only in normal, postmenarchial females. In all, of 13 hypopituitary cases classified as hypogonadotropic on the basis of a subnormal response to GnRH infusion, 31% had a normal response to the GnRH bolus (P = 0.05). Thus, GnRH infusion testing seems to improve the distinction of hypogonadotropic patients from normal individuals, including boys with delayed puberty.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone infusion test in the distinction of hypopituitary patients from normal subjects. We undertook a pilot study to determine whether infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) might improve the distinction of hypogonadotropinism from the normal state and might permit gonadotropin deficiency to be diagnosed in the prepubertal child. Normal prepubertal and pubertal boys had a greater luteinizing hormone (LH) reaction (delta LH 54 +/- 15 [SD] ng/ml and 165 +/- 23 ng/ml, respectively) to a 4-hour infusion (100 microgram/hour) than to a 100-microgram bolus of GnRH (19 +/- 9 and 52 +/- 35 ng/ml). These augmented responses were observed in boys with delayed puberty, but not in apparently hypogonadotropic males greater than or equal to 12 years old. LH (delta LH 445 to 1602 ng/ml) and FSH (delta FSH 718 to 2112 ng/ml) surges were induced consistently by GnRH infusion only in normal, postmenarchial females. In all, of 13 hypopituitary cases classified as hypogonadotropic on the basis of a subnormal response to GnRH infusion, 31% had a normal response to the GnRH bolus (P = 0.05). Thus, GnRH infusion testing seems to improve the distinction of hypogonadotropic patients from normal individuals, including boys with delayed puberty.", "PMID": 376356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3296", "title": "Chlamydial serology in infertile women by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The chlamydial serum immunoglobulin G antibodies of 128 infertile women were determined by a single-antigen (L2) immunofluorescence test. The antibody titers were compared with those of female contacts of men with nonspecific urethritis and with those of \"normal\" pregnant women. Among infertile women, 43% lacked chlamydial antibodies (titer less than or equal to 8). The corresponding proportion for contacts of men with nonspecific urethritis was 14% and that for pregnant women 71%. A very high titer (greater than or equal to 256) was recorded in 25 infertile women and in 7% of pregnant women. Among women with positive chlamydial isolation, 46% had titers greater than or equal to 256. Bilateral tubal obstruction was demonstrated in 23 infertile women (18%). The geometric mean titer of these patients was higher than that of patients with normal hysterosalpingograms. In nine cases with bilateral tubal obstruction and very high chlamydial antibody titers, there was no history of pelvis infections. The operative findings were typical of previous salpingo-oophoritis.", "contents": "Chlamydial serology in infertile women by immunofluorescence. The chlamydial serum immunoglobulin G antibodies of 128 infertile women were determined by a single-antigen (L2) immunofluorescence test. The antibody titers were compared with those of female contacts of men with nonspecific urethritis and with those of \"normal\" pregnant women. Among infertile women, 43% lacked chlamydial antibodies (titer less than or equal to 8). The corresponding proportion for contacts of men with nonspecific urethritis was 14% and that for pregnant women 71%. A very high titer (greater than or equal to 256) was recorded in 25 infertile women and in 7% of pregnant women. Among women with positive chlamydial isolation, 46% had titers greater than or equal to 256. Bilateral tubal obstruction was demonstrated in 23 infertile women (18%). The geometric mean titer of these patients was higher than that of patients with normal hysterosalpingograms. In nine cases with bilateral tubal obstruction and very high chlamydial antibody titers, there was no history of pelvis infections. The operative findings were typical of previous salpingo-oophoritis.", "PMID": 376359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3297", "title": "Paradoxical effects of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in immature female rats.", "content": "The effect of administration of a superactive and long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), D-Trp6-LH-RH, in doses of 0.05 or 1 microgram/day for 10 days on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was studied in immature female rats. Treatment with a 0.05-microgram dose of analog produced few changes as compared with the control group. Treatment with 1 microgram of D-Trp6-LH-RH did not affect the body weight or the pituitary weight, but increased ovarian weight and decreased uterine weight; elevated serum gonadotropin levels; and lowered the pituitary LH content. This depletion of pituitary LH content was associated with a low pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH. Serum estradiol levels were not modified, suggesting that decreased uterine weight reflects a direct and extrapituitary effect of this analog. The hypothalamic LH-RH content was higher, indicating a possible inhibition of the release of endogenous LH-RH. A delay in vaginal opening was also observed. This indicates that large doses of D-Trp6-LH-RH may interfere with the process of puberty in rats. These findings extend other reports about the paradoxical antifertility effects of large doses of stimulatory analogs of LH-RH.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in immature female rats. The effect of administration of a superactive and long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), D-Trp6-LH-RH, in doses of 0.05 or 1 microgram/day for 10 days on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was studied in immature female rats. Treatment with a 0.05-microgram dose of analog produced few changes as compared with the control group. Treatment with 1 microgram of D-Trp6-LH-RH did not affect the body weight or the pituitary weight, but increased ovarian weight and decreased uterine weight; elevated serum gonadotropin levels; and lowered the pituitary LH content. This depletion of pituitary LH content was associated with a low pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH. Serum estradiol levels were not modified, suggesting that decreased uterine weight reflects a direct and extrapituitary effect of this analog. The hypothalamic LH-RH content was higher, indicating a possible inhibition of the release of endogenous LH-RH. A delay in vaginal opening was also observed. This indicates that large doses of D-Trp6-LH-RH may interfere with the process of puberty in rats. These findings extend other reports about the paradoxical antifertility effects of large doses of stimulatory analogs of LH-RH.", "PMID": 376360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3298", "title": "Glucagon and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The present status of knowledge about glucagon pathophysiology in diabetes is reviewed. 1) A-cells behave abnormally in all varieties of diabetes mellitus, spontaneous and experimental, except perhaps in case of pancreatectomized humans. These abnormalities are : hyperreactivity of A-cells to arginine, non suppressibility by glucose, and absence of stimulation following hypoglycemia. 2) These abnormalities appear as secondary in most instances : a) A-cells behave in a normal way in most studies with prediabetics ; b) plasma glucagon concentration is normalized by excellent control of diabetes or following prolonged insulin infusion. High doses of insulin are required most of the times to obtain a normalization of A-cell function : in insulin-dependent diabetics, the physiological portoperipheral insulin gradient no longer exists, and the high doses of insulin which are necessary may be the only mean to reconstitute the high insulin concentrations supposed to be present at the A-cell level. 3) Conflicting results have been collected about the role of this glucagon excess in aggravating the diabetic metabolic syndrome. Evanescent effects follow sustained glucagon infusions: but in diabetics, glucagon bursts rather than permanent hyperglucagonemia are observed and these appear deleterious to glucose tolerance. It seems clear however that insulin deprivation is required for the full expression of the consequences of glucagon excess.", "contents": "Glucagon and diabetes mellitus. The present status of knowledge about glucagon pathophysiology in diabetes is reviewed. 1) A-cells behave abnormally in all varieties of diabetes mellitus, spontaneous and experimental, except perhaps in case of pancreatectomized humans. These abnormalities are : hyperreactivity of A-cells to arginine, non suppressibility by glucose, and absence of stimulation following hypoglycemia. 2) These abnormalities appear as secondary in most instances : a) A-cells behave in a normal way in most studies with prediabetics ; b) plasma glucagon concentration is normalized by excellent control of diabetes or following prolonged insulin infusion. High doses of insulin are required most of the times to obtain a normalization of A-cell function : in insulin-dependent diabetics, the physiological portoperipheral insulin gradient no longer exists, and the high doses of insulin which are necessary may be the only mean to reconstitute the high insulin concentrations supposed to be present at the A-cell level. 3) Conflicting results have been collected about the role of this glucagon excess in aggravating the diabetic metabolic syndrome. Evanescent effects follow sustained glucagon infusions: but in diabetics, glucagon bursts rather than permanent hyperglucagonemia are observed and these appear deleterious to glucose tolerance. It seems clear however that insulin deprivation is required for the full expression of the consequences of glucagon excess.", "PMID": 376365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3299", "title": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies induce formation of anti-H-2 sera and of idiotypes.", "content": "Alloantisera could be induced in parental strain recipients either by means of alloantigen (skin allografting) or by injecting anti-idiotypic (anti-T cell receptor) sera. The resulting sera displayed activity against H-2 antigens; they also contained soluble isiotypic structures. With these sera anti-idiotypic sera could be provoked in F1 hybrid hosts. If antibody cycles initiated with alloantigen were carried through four runs, specificity appeared to be preserved and titers obtained corresponded to those found in conventionally raised anti-idiotypic sera and in alloantisera.", "contents": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies induce formation of anti-H-2 sera and of idiotypes. Alloantisera could be induced in parental strain recipients either by means of alloantigen (skin allografting) or by injecting anti-idiotypic (anti-T cell receptor) sera. The resulting sera displayed activity against H-2 antigens; they also contained soluble isiotypic structures. With these sera anti-idiotypic sera could be provoked in F1 hybrid hosts. If antibody cycles initiated with alloantigen were carried through four runs, specificity appeared to be preserved and titers obtained corresponded to those found in conventionally raised anti-idiotypic sera and in alloantisera.", "PMID": 376368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3300", "title": "Inhibin--fact or artifact.", "content": "Peripheral concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in male as well as in female animals appear to be partly regulated by inhibin, a protein which is secreted by the gonads. The molecular structure of this substance is still unknown, and the mechanism(s) of its action on the pituitary or hypothalamic level is not clear. Much of the confusion about inhibin stems from the fact that no generally accepted definition of inhibin exists and that fundamentally different biological assay systems have been used by different groups. Therefore this short review starts with a discussion of the definition of inhibin and the assay principles. From the available information on the site of origin of the hormone it appears likely that inhibin is produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis and the granulosa cells of the ovary. The available data on the chemical nature of inhibin suggest that different principles, acting on different sites of the hypothalamic--pituitary axis, might be present in preparations with inhibin-like activity. Finally, with respect to the biological significance of inhibin, it seems that inhibin could play a more important role in the feedback regulation of FSH in the adult female than in the adult male animal.", "contents": "Inhibin--fact or artifact. Peripheral concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in male as well as in female animals appear to be partly regulated by inhibin, a protein which is secreted by the gonads. The molecular structure of this substance is still unknown, and the mechanism(s) of its action on the pituitary or hypothalamic level is not clear. Much of the confusion about inhibin stems from the fact that no generally accepted definition of inhibin exists and that fundamentally different biological assay systems have been used by different groups. Therefore this short review starts with a discussion of the definition of inhibin and the assay principles. From the available information on the site of origin of the hormone it appears likely that inhibin is produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis and the granulosa cells of the ovary. The available data on the chemical nature of inhibin suggest that different principles, acting on different sites of the hypothalamic--pituitary axis, might be present in preparations with inhibin-like activity. Finally, with respect to the biological significance of inhibin, it seems that inhibin could play a more important role in the feedback regulation of FSH in the adult female than in the adult male animal.", "PMID": 376371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3301", "title": "Effect of fasting on the release of insulin and somatostatin from perifused islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Release of somatostatin and insulin from perifused islets of fasted and control rats was compared. After a fasting period of 48 h glucose-induced insulin release but not somatostatin release was diminished. Islets from fasted rats released significantly more somatostatin in the presence of 3.3 mM glucose than islets from controls. Simultaneously, the somatostatin content of isolated islets from fasting rats was significantly decreased. The results indicate that the low secretory activity of islet B cells in the fasting state is associated with a high secretory activity of islet D cells.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on the release of insulin and somatostatin from perifused islets of Langerhans. Release of somatostatin and insulin from perifused islets of fasted and control rats was compared. After a fasting period of 48 h glucose-induced insulin release but not somatostatin release was diminished. Islets from fasted rats released significantly more somatostatin in the presence of 3.3 mM glucose than islets from controls. Simultaneously, the somatostatin content of isolated islets from fasting rats was significantly decreased. The results indicate that the low secretory activity of islet B cells in the fasting state is associated with a high secretory activity of islet D cells.", "PMID": 376377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3302", "title": "Correlation between morphology and function in isolated islets of the Zucker rat.", "content": "Obesity in the Zucker rat is accompanied by hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance, pancreatic hyperplasia, and islet hypertrophy. This study correlates the morphologic heterogeneity of isolated pancreatic islets with secretion of insulin and glucagon in the perifusion system. Islet size was arbitrarily defined as large (greater than 0.45 mm) or small (smaller than 0.12 mm). Protein content and volume (V = 4/3pir3) were calculated for groups and individual islets, respectively. Islets from obese rats secreted more insulin in response to glucose and aminophylline than islets from lean rats (peak 7.8 +/- 2.4 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.37 microU/islet/min, P less than 0.005). Insulin release was related directly to islet size and protein content. Small islets from lean and obese animals produced less insulin per islet than large islets (P less than 0.005). In terms of islet volume, however, large islets were inefficient insulin releasers as compared to small islets (P less than 0.005). Stimulation with Br-cAMP released glucagon from islets of lean but not from large islets of obese animals (peak 11 +/- 3.3 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.3 pg/microgram protein per minute, P less than 0.05). Arginine produced the same effect on glucagon release (P less than 0.05) as stimulation with Br-cAMP. The observed increased insulin release rates and the blunted glucagon response are related to islet size in the pancreas of the Zucker rat.", "contents": "Correlation between morphology and function in isolated islets of the Zucker rat. Obesity in the Zucker rat is accompanied by hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance, pancreatic hyperplasia, and islet hypertrophy. This study correlates the morphologic heterogeneity of isolated pancreatic islets with secretion of insulin and glucagon in the perifusion system. Islet size was arbitrarily defined as large (greater than 0.45 mm) or small (smaller than 0.12 mm). Protein content and volume (V = 4/3pir3) were calculated for groups and individual islets, respectively. Islets from obese rats secreted more insulin in response to glucose and aminophylline than islets from lean rats (peak 7.8 +/- 2.4 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.37 microU/islet/min, P less than 0.005). Insulin release was related directly to islet size and protein content. Small islets from lean and obese animals produced less insulin per islet than large islets (P less than 0.005). In terms of islet volume, however, large islets were inefficient insulin releasers as compared to small islets (P less than 0.005). Stimulation with Br-cAMP released glucagon from islets of lean but not from large islets of obese animals (peak 11 +/- 3.3 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.3 pg/microgram protein per minute, P less than 0.05). Arginine produced the same effect on glucagon release (P less than 0.05) as stimulation with Br-cAMP. The observed increased insulin release rates and the blunted glucagon response are related to islet size in the pancreas of the Zucker rat.", "PMID": 376379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3303", "title": "Effect of OK-432 on immunization with mitomycin-C-treated L1210 cells.", "content": "The pretreatment of B6D2F1 mice with OK-432 alone was not so effective to retard the growth of L1210 leukemia, and the leukemic cell was poorly immunogenic in the mice. However, when OK-432 was given by ip injection in combination with mitomycin-C-treated L1210 cells, the growth of L1210 leukemia was significantly retarded and some mice did not \"take\" the leukemia. Meanwhile, BCG was also effective in this respect. Differences in properties as an immunopotentiator between OK-432 and BCG were suggested by the experiments of in vitro cytotoxicity test of spleen cells.", "contents": "Effect of OK-432 on immunization with mitomycin-C-treated L1210 cells. The pretreatment of B6D2F1 mice with OK-432 alone was not so effective to retard the growth of L1210 leukemia, and the leukemic cell was poorly immunogenic in the mice. However, when OK-432 was given by ip injection in combination with mitomycin-C-treated L1210 cells, the growth of L1210 leukemia was significantly retarded and some mice did not \"take\" the leukemia. Meanwhile, BCG was also effective in this respect. Differences in properties as an immunopotentiator between OK-432 and BCG were suggested by the experiments of in vitro cytotoxicity test of spleen cells.", "PMID": 376388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3304", "title": "Cimetidine in anastomotic ulceration after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "In order to assess the efficacy of cimetidine in patients with endoscopically anastomotic ulcer after partial gastrectomy, 21 such patients entered a double-blind prospective clinical trial. At endoscopy after 4 wk of treatment, 8 of 12 patients treated with 1 g of cimetidine daily compared with 1 of 9 patients who received a placebo had healed ulcers (P less than 0.05). Evaluation of symptoms relief supported the efficacy of cimetidine compared with placebo. Healing rate after 1 mo of treatment with cimetidine was 67% and increased to 86% after 2 mo. During 1 year of maintenance therapy with 800 mg cimetidine daily, 3 of 19 patients relapsed. No serious side effects were observed. The results of this study demonstrate a beneficial effect of cimetidine on healing and symptoms of anastomotic ulcers.", "contents": "Cimetidine in anastomotic ulceration after partial gastrectomy. In order to assess the efficacy of cimetidine in patients with endoscopically anastomotic ulcer after partial gastrectomy, 21 such patients entered a double-blind prospective clinical trial. At endoscopy after 4 wk of treatment, 8 of 12 patients treated with 1 g of cimetidine daily compared with 1 of 9 patients who received a placebo had healed ulcers (P less than 0.05). Evaluation of symptoms relief supported the efficacy of cimetidine compared with placebo. Healing rate after 1 mo of treatment with cimetidine was 67% and increased to 86% after 2 mo. During 1 year of maintenance therapy with 800 mg cimetidine daily, 3 of 19 patients relapsed. No serious side effects were observed. The results of this study demonstrate a beneficial effect of cimetidine on healing and symptoms of anastomotic ulcers.", "PMID": 376390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3305", "title": "Relationship between membrane-bound immunoglobulin and viral antigens in liver cells from patients with hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "In an attempt to define further the significance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) fixed in vivo to the hepatocyte membrane in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we have studied the relationship between presence of membrane-bound IgG and that of intracellular hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) antigens in hepatocytes from 25 HBsAg chronic carriers. For this purpose, we have used a double immunofluorescence technique that is able to detect IgG and viral antigens within the same liver cell. In 15 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, we found a statistically significant association between detection of membrane-bound IgG and that of intranuclear HBcAg within the same liver cells. On the contrary HGsAg containing hepatocytes generally did not show IgG fixed on their surface. IgG was not detected on the liver cell surface in 10 other HBsAg carriers without active disease and with large amounts of HBsAg containing hepatocytes. These results suggest that in HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis membrane-bound IgG is directed against viral antigens or virus-induced neoantigens that appear on the surface of infected cells at the time of active virus replication. Modulation of virus expression by this IgG could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Relationship between membrane-bound immunoglobulin and viral antigens in liver cells from patients with hepatitis B virus infection. In an attempt to define further the significance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) fixed in vivo to the hepatocyte membrane in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we have studied the relationship between presence of membrane-bound IgG and that of intracellular hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) antigens in hepatocytes from 25 HBsAg chronic carriers. For this purpose, we have used a double immunofluorescence technique that is able to detect IgG and viral antigens within the same liver cell. In 15 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, we found a statistically significant association between detection of membrane-bound IgG and that of intranuclear HBcAg within the same liver cells. On the contrary HGsAg containing hepatocytes generally did not show IgG fixed on their surface. IgG was not detected on the liver cell surface in 10 other HBsAg carriers without active disease and with large amounts of HBsAg containing hepatocytes. These results suggest that in HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis membrane-bound IgG is directed against viral antigens or virus-induced neoantigens that appear on the surface of infected cells at the time of active virus replication. Modulation of virus expression by this IgG could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 376391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3306", "title": "Altered gastric emptying and secretion in primary anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Primary anorexia nervosa (PAN) is an important psychiatric disease with a 7--21% mortality rate. Although altered gastrointestinal function may be an important aspect of its pathophysiology, no information is available concerning gastric emptying and secretion in those patients. During fasting, fractional emptying rates and hydrogen ion (H+) output were decreased twofold in PAN, as compared with healthy controls, and fluid output was slightly but not significantly decreased. Pentagastrin-induced peak stimulation of H+ output in PAN was 64% of that found in controls (P less than 0.05). Peak gastric fluid output was also significantly less in PAN patients, but suppression of fractional emptying produced by pentagastrin was of the same magnitude in both groups. Following a 250-ml water load, the magnitude and the duration of both the emptying and secretory responses were less in PAN patients than in controls. As a result, the initial increase of intragastric volume was greater in PAN patients than in controls, and the gradual return to fasting volume was delayed in those patients. Follow weight gain, fractional emptying tended to return toward control values, but was still significantly less than in controls following the water load. Gastric H+ and fluid output were not significantly modified following weight gain.", "contents": "Altered gastric emptying and secretion in primary anorexia nervosa. Primary anorexia nervosa (PAN) is an important psychiatric disease with a 7--21% mortality rate. Although altered gastrointestinal function may be an important aspect of its pathophysiology, no information is available concerning gastric emptying and secretion in those patients. During fasting, fractional emptying rates and hydrogen ion (H+) output were decreased twofold in PAN, as compared with healthy controls, and fluid output was slightly but not significantly decreased. Pentagastrin-induced peak stimulation of H+ output in PAN was 64% of that found in controls (P less than 0.05). Peak gastric fluid output was also significantly less in PAN patients, but suppression of fractional emptying produced by pentagastrin was of the same magnitude in both groups. Following a 250-ml water load, the magnitude and the duration of both the emptying and secretory responses were less in PAN patients than in controls. As a result, the initial increase of intragastric volume was greater in PAN patients than in controls, and the gradual return to fasting volume was delayed in those patients. Follow weight gain, fractional emptying tended to return toward control values, but was still significantly less than in controls following the water load. Gastric H+ and fluid output were not significantly modified following weight gain.", "PMID": 376392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3307", "title": "Fifteen years of clinical liver transplantation.", "content": "Liver transplantation in humans was first attempted more than 15 yr ago. The 1-yr survival has slowly improved until it has now reached about 50%. In our experience, 46 patients have lived for at least 1 yr, with the longest survival being 9 yr. The high acute mortality in early trials was due in many cases to technical and management errors and to the use of damaged organs. With elimination of such factors, survival increased. Further improvements will depend upon better immunosuppression. Orthotopic liver transplantation (liver replacement) is the preferred operation in most cases, but placement of an extra liver (auxiliary transplantation) may have a role under special circumstances.", "contents": "Fifteen years of clinical liver transplantation. Liver transplantation in humans was first attempted more than 15 yr ago. The 1-yr survival has slowly improved until it has now reached about 50%. In our experience, 46 patients have lived for at least 1 yr, with the longest survival being 9 yr. The high acute mortality in early trials was due in many cases to technical and management errors and to the use of damaged organs. With elimination of such factors, survival increased. Further improvements will depend upon better immunosuppression. Orthotopic liver transplantation (liver replacement) is the preferred operation in most cases, but placement of an extra liver (auxiliary transplantation) may have a role under special circumstances.", "PMID": 376395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3308", "title": "Functional interactions beween the DNA ligase of Escherichia coli and components of the DNA metabolic apparatus of T4 bacteriophage.", "content": "T4 phage completely defective in both gene 30 (DNA ligase) and the rII gene (function unknown) require at least normal levels of host-derived DNA ligase (E. coli lig gene) for growth. Viable E. coli mutant strains that harbor less than 5% of the wild-type level of bacterial ligase do not support growth of T4 doubly defective in genes 30 and rII (T4 30- rII- mutants). We describe here two classes of secondary phage mutations that permit the growth of T4 30- rII- phage on ligase-defective hosts. One class mapped in T4 gene su30 (Krylov 1972) and improved T4 30- rII- phage growth on all E. coli strains, but to varying degrees that depended on levels of residual host ligase. Another class mapped in T4 gene 32 (helix-destabilizing protein) and improved growth specifically on a host carrying the lig2 mutation, but not on a host carrying another lig- lesion (lig4). Two conclusions are drawn from the work: (1) the role of DNA ligase in essential DNA metabolic processes in T4-infected E. coli is catalytic rather than stoichiometric, and (2) the E. coli DNA ligase is capable of specific functional interactions with components of the T4 DNA replication and/or repair apparatus.", "contents": "Functional interactions beween the DNA ligase of Escherichia coli and components of the DNA metabolic apparatus of T4 bacteriophage. T4 phage completely defective in both gene 30 (DNA ligase) and the rII gene (function unknown) require at least normal levels of host-derived DNA ligase (E. coli lig gene) for growth. Viable E. coli mutant strains that harbor less than 5% of the wild-type level of bacterial ligase do not support growth of T4 doubly defective in genes 30 and rII (T4 30- rII- mutants). We describe here two classes of secondary phage mutations that permit the growth of T4 30- rII- phage on ligase-defective hosts. One class mapped in T4 gene su30 (Krylov 1972) and improved T4 30- rII- phage growth on all E. coli strains, but to varying degrees that depended on levels of residual host ligase. Another class mapped in T4 gene 32 (helix-destabilizing protein) and improved growth specifically on a host carrying the lig2 mutation, but not on a host carrying another lig- lesion (lig4). Two conclusions are drawn from the work: (1) the role of DNA ligase in essential DNA metabolic processes in T4-infected E. coli is catalytic rather than stoichiometric, and (2) the E. coli DNA ligase is capable of specific functional interactions with components of the T4 DNA replication and/or repair apparatus.", "PMID": 376399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3309", "title": "Localized mutagenesis for the isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli affected in protein synthesis.", "content": "Two variations of the method of localized mutagenesis were used to introduce mutations into the 72 min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Twenty temperature-sensitive mutants, with linkage to markers in this region, have been examined. Each strain showed an inhibition of growth in liquid medium at 44 degrees, and 19 of the mutants lost viability upon prolonged incubation at this temperature. A reduction in the rate of in vivo RNA and protein synthesis was observed for each mutant at 44 degrees, relative to a control strain. Eleven of the mutants were altered in growth sensitivity or resistance to one or more of three ribosomal antibiotics. The incomplete assembly of ribosomal subunits was detected in nine strains grown at 44 degrees. The characteristics of these mutants suggest that many of them are altered in genes for translational or transcriptional components, consistent with the clustering of these genes at this chromosomal locus.", "contents": "Localized mutagenesis for the isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli affected in protein synthesis. Two variations of the method of localized mutagenesis were used to introduce mutations into the 72 min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Twenty temperature-sensitive mutants, with linkage to markers in this region, have been examined. Each strain showed an inhibition of growth in liquid medium at 44 degrees, and 19 of the mutants lost viability upon prolonged incubation at this temperature. A reduction in the rate of in vivo RNA and protein synthesis was observed for each mutant at 44 degrees, relative to a control strain. Eleven of the mutants were altered in growth sensitivity or resistance to one or more of three ribosomal antibiotics. The incomplete assembly of ribosomal subunits was detected in nine strains grown at 44 degrees. The characteristics of these mutants suggest that many of them are altered in genes for translational or transcriptional components, consistent with the clustering of these genes at this chromosomal locus.", "PMID": 376400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3310", "title": "Overlap hybridization screening: isolation and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments surrounding the leu2 gene on yeast chromosome III.", "content": "A set of four plasmids containing overlapping segments comprising a total of about 30 kbp of cloned DNA from chromosome III of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA:DNA hybridizations. Colony hybridization was carried out with labeled pYe(leu2)10, a plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene, to a bank of bacterial colonies containing recombinant plasmids constructed from the vector ColE1 and random fragments of yeast DNA. This resulted in the detection of two plasmids, pYe11G4 and pYe40C3, with DNA inserts which partially overlap the original cloned segment and contain additional DNA extending in opposite directions on the chromosome. By carrying out a second round of colony hybridization with pYe40C3, the cloned region was further extended in one direction. A region of DNA that is repeated at least ten times in the yeast genome was identified by hybridization of pYe11G4 to an EcoRI digest of total yeast DNA. The procedure described in this paper should allow the isolation of large sections of chromosomes, including non-transcribed regions, surrounding cloned genes.", "contents": "Overlap hybridization screening: isolation and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments surrounding the leu2 gene on yeast chromosome III. A set of four plasmids containing overlapping segments comprising a total of about 30 kbp of cloned DNA from chromosome III of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA:DNA hybridizations. Colony hybridization was carried out with labeled pYe(leu2)10, a plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene, to a bank of bacterial colonies containing recombinant plasmids constructed from the vector ColE1 and random fragments of yeast DNA. This resulted in the detection of two plasmids, pYe11G4 and pYe40C3, with DNA inserts which partially overlap the original cloned segment and contain additional DNA extending in opposite directions on the chromosome. By carrying out a second round of colony hybridization with pYe40C3, the cloned region was further extended in one direction. A region of DNA that is repeated at least ten times in the yeast genome was identified by hybridization of pYe11G4 to an EcoRI digest of total yeast DNA. The procedure described in this paper should allow the isolation of large sections of chromosomes, including non-transcribed regions, surrounding cloned genes.", "PMID": 376402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3311", "title": "Construction of an M13 histidine-transducing phage: a single-stranded cloning vehicle with one EcoRI site.", "content": "In order to create a ready source of single-stranded DNA for DNA sequence determination by the dideoxy chain-termination method, the promoter-proximal part of the histidine operon, the hisOGD region of Salmonella typhimurium, was cloned onto the single-stranded phage M13. Both orientations of the his DNA were cloned to supply DNA template for sequencing of each strand. Insertion was achieved at an HaeIII site in the intergenic region (IR) of M13, and a single EcoRI site was purposely regenerated at one boundary of the his DNA insert. Infected colonies, not plaques, were selected using the hisD gene as a selective marker. The single RI site and the hisD marker for auxotrophic selection represent improvements on the wild type M13 as a single-stranded vector for cloning other DNA.", "contents": "Construction of an M13 histidine-transducing phage: a single-stranded cloning vehicle with one EcoRI site. In order to create a ready source of single-stranded DNA for DNA sequence determination by the dideoxy chain-termination method, the promoter-proximal part of the histidine operon, the hisOGD region of Salmonella typhimurium, was cloned onto the single-stranded phage M13. Both orientations of the his DNA were cloned to supply DNA template for sequencing of each strand. Insertion was achieved at an HaeIII site in the intergenic region (IR) of M13, and a single EcoRI site was purposely regenerated at one boundary of the his DNA insert. Infected colonies, not plaques, were selected using the hisD gene as a selective marker. The single RI site and the hisD marker for auxotrophic selection represent improvements on the wild type M13 as a single-stranded vector for cloning other DNA.", "PMID": 376403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3312", "title": "Mapping of restriction sites in the argF gene of Escherichia coli by partial endonuclease digestion of end-labeled DNA.", "content": "A detailed physical map depicting the cleavage sites generated by ten different restriction endonucleases was prepared for the argF region of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome carried on a 1650 base pair fragment capable of directing the in vitro synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase; ec 2.1.3.3) under the control of arginine holorepressor. The method employed was originally developed by Smith and Birnstiel (1976), and involved the electrophoretic sizing of partial endonuclease digestion products of DNA radiolabeled at one end. This novel technique proved to be rapid, simple, amenable to the simultaneous mapping of numerous cleavage sites, and provided the essential information for determining the map order of restriction fragments. A facile method which involved magnesium phosphate as the DNA-binding agent was presented for the isolation of DNA fragments. The discovery of a 117 base pair leader sequence in the argF gene is also discussed.", "contents": "Mapping of restriction sites in the argF gene of Escherichia coli by partial endonuclease digestion of end-labeled DNA. A detailed physical map depicting the cleavage sites generated by ten different restriction endonucleases was prepared for the argF region of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome carried on a 1650 base pair fragment capable of directing the in vitro synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase; ec 2.1.3.3) under the control of arginine holorepressor. The method employed was originally developed by Smith and Birnstiel (1976), and involved the electrophoretic sizing of partial endonuclease digestion products of DNA radiolabeled at one end. This novel technique proved to be rapid, simple, amenable to the simultaneous mapping of numerous cleavage sites, and provided the essential information for determining the map order of restriction fragments. A facile method which involved magnesium phosphate as the DNA-binding agent was presented for the isolation of DNA fragments. The discovery of a 117 base pair leader sequence in the argF gene is also discussed.", "PMID": 376404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3313", "title": "How to manage adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The key clinical features of adult respiratory distress syndrome are increasing dyspnea, tachypnea, and work of breathing; diffuse pulmonary infiltrations on chest radiographs; severe hypoxemia; and absence of a classic diagnosis. Adequate tissue oxygenation is the cornerstone of therapy. Therapeutic modalities include mechanical ventilation, fluid restriction, diuretics, and cardiotonic and vasopressor agents.", "contents": "How to manage adult respiratory distress syndrome. The key clinical features of adult respiratory distress syndrome are increasing dyspnea, tachypnea, and work of breathing; diffuse pulmonary infiltrations on chest radiographs; severe hypoxemia; and absence of a classic diagnosis. Adequate tissue oxygenation is the cornerstone of therapy. Therapeutic modalities include mechanical ventilation, fluid restriction, diuretics, and cardiotonic and vasopressor agents.", "PMID": 376405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3314", "title": "Leg ulcers in the elderly.", "content": "The most common causes of leg ulcers in elderly patients are arteriosclerosis obliterans, venous insufficiency, hypertension, and prolonged pressure over relatively small body areas. The goal of treatment is to clear infection and stimulate good granulation tissue that can accept either a skin graft or epithelial regrowth from the borders of the ulcer.", "contents": "Leg ulcers in the elderly. The most common causes of leg ulcers in elderly patients are arteriosclerosis obliterans, venous insufficiency, hypertension, and prolonged pressure over relatively small body areas. The goal of treatment is to clear infection and stimulate good granulation tissue that can accept either a skin graft or epithelial regrowth from the borders of the ulcer.", "PMID": 376406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3315", "title": "Can drugs improve memory?", "content": "Drug-induced manipulation of the cholinergic system may possibly be able to reverse memory deficits due to old age.", "contents": "Can drugs improve memory? Drug-induced manipulation of the cholinergic system may possibly be able to reverse memory deficits due to old age.", "PMID": 376407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3316", "title": "Measuring intraepithelial lymphocytes, surface area, and volume of lamina propria in the jejunal mucosa of coeliac patients.", "content": "An accurate morphometric method is described for quantifying the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), the area of the epithelium, and the volume of the lamina propria in jejunal mucosa of coeliac patients. All measurements are related to a unit-length of muscularis mucosa which is unaltered by the disease process. The results show a significant decrease in the epithelial surface area and an increase in the volume of the lamina propria in coeliac jejunal mucosa compared with normal levels, even after treatment. The number of IEL is the same as normal before or after treatment. Other workers have shown an apparent increase in IEL in untreated disease which returns to normal levels after therapy. This discordance is explained and the importance of accurate quantitative methodology is stressed.", "contents": "Measuring intraepithelial lymphocytes, surface area, and volume of lamina propria in the jejunal mucosa of coeliac patients. An accurate morphometric method is described for quantifying the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), the area of the epithelium, and the volume of the lamina propria in jejunal mucosa of coeliac patients. All measurements are related to a unit-length of muscularis mucosa which is unaltered by the disease process. The results show a significant decrease in the epithelial surface area and an increase in the volume of the lamina propria in coeliac jejunal mucosa compared with normal levels, even after treatment. The number of IEL is the same as normal before or after treatment. Other workers have shown an apparent increase in IEL in untreated disease which returns to normal levels after therapy. This discordance is explained and the importance of accurate quantitative methodology is stressed.", "PMID": 376409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3317", "title": "[Treatment of infected pseudoarthroses with electrodynamic field therapy].", "content": "The electrodynamic field treatment, its method and fundamentals in the therapy of infected, atrophic pseudarthrosis are described. In addition to the common principles of treatment, particularly the transplantation of autologous spongious bone is of great importance. The bone graft reestablishes normal electrical conduction within the pseudarthrosis and as a reactive receptor for the applied a.c.-potentials consolidates the defect. Up to now in 8 years of employing this method 271 patients, suffering from pseudarthroses have been treated, 91 of them had an infected, often atrophic pseudarthrosis. In each group in 92% of the cases bony healing could be achieved. Some case reports demonstrate clinic and therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of infected pseudoarthroses with electrodynamic field therapy]. The electrodynamic field treatment, its method and fundamentals in the therapy of infected, atrophic pseudarthrosis are described. In addition to the common principles of treatment, particularly the transplantation of autologous spongious bone is of great importance. The bone graft reestablishes normal electrical conduction within the pseudarthrosis and as a reactive receptor for the applied a.c.-potentials consolidates the defect. Up to now in 8 years of employing this method 271 patients, suffering from pseudarthroses have been treated, 91 of them had an infected, often atrophic pseudarthrosis. In each group in 92% of the cases bony healing could be achieved. Some case reports demonstrate clinic and therapy.", "PMID": 376415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3318", "title": "[Utilization of a synthetic skin substitute instead of split skin in cross-leg-flap and other pedicle flap grafting].", "content": "The method using synthetic skin substitute Epigard as a long-term coverage for donor sites in cross-leg-flap- and other plastic surgery procedures is described. The double-layered polyurethane/Teflon-material can be left on the wound for several weeks to avoid bacterial contamination during holding periods and to prepare regrafting of skin flaps. Experiences based on 32 cases are described.", "contents": "[Utilization of a synthetic skin substitute instead of split skin in cross-leg-flap and other pedicle flap grafting]. The method using synthetic skin substitute Epigard as a long-term coverage for donor sites in cross-leg-flap- and other plastic surgery procedures is described. The double-layered polyurethane/Teflon-material can be left on the wound for several weeks to avoid bacterial contamination during holding periods and to prepare regrafting of skin flaps. Experiences based on 32 cases are described.", "PMID": 376416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3319", "title": "On-line searches net data for administrators.", "content": "New data base of references on health care administration and planning can be used at 900 centers, including many hospitals. Details on using the system are presented.", "contents": "On-line searches net data for administrators. New data base of references on health care administration and planning can be used at 900 centers, including many hospitals. Details on using the system are presented.", "PMID": 376420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3320", "title": "Who really likes HMOs?", "content": "The growth of HMOs has been slow, mainly because of a lack of acceptance by doctors and patients. Thus, the \"swing\" toward HMOs is likely to continue to proceed at a stately pace.", "contents": "Who really likes HMOs? The growth of HMOs has been slow, mainly because of a lack of acceptance by doctors and patients. Thus, the \"swing\" toward HMOs is likely to continue to proceed at a stately pace.", "PMID": 376423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3321", "title": "Corman loyal to universal NHI program.", "content": "Rep. James C. Corman has swung his support to the President's plan for national health insurance but still prefers universal public health care coverage.", "contents": "Corman loyal to universal NHI program. Rep. James C. Corman has swung his support to the President's plan for national health insurance but still prefers universal public health care coverage.", "PMID": 376426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3322", "title": "Babesia infections in man.", "content": "Only recently has it been recognized that hemotropic animal parasites of the genus babesia are also human pathogens. Similar to malaria in both symptoms and laboratory findings, acute babesiosis generally results in self-limited illness, but it can be fatal in the asplenic patient. The widely disseminated vector tick, Ixodes dammini, can transmit infection at each stage of its development, larva and nymph as well as adult.", "contents": "Babesia infections in man. Only recently has it been recognized that hemotropic animal parasites of the genus babesia are also human pathogens. Similar to malaria in both symptoms and laboratory findings, acute babesiosis generally results in self-limited illness, but it can be fatal in the asplenic patient. The widely disseminated vector tick, Ixodes dammini, can transmit infection at each stage of its development, larva and nymph as well as adult.", "PMID": 376427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3323", "title": "The structural proteins and glycoproteins of herpesviruses: a review.", "content": "The virions of different herpesviruses are similar with respect to the number and kinds of constituent polypeptides, in spite of variability in the structures of individual polypeptides. The total number of virion polypeptides and glycopeptides ranges from 20 to 30 for different viruses and, in general, no more than one-quarter of these polypeptides is detectable in naked nucleocapsids, implying that most of the virion polypeptides are acquired during the process of envelopment. Although the functions of most individual structural proteins have not been identified, one can predict that the nucleocapsid proteins serve primarily structural roles or may mediate packaging of the viral genome, that the non-glycosylated envelope proteins play essential roles in the process of envelopment and that the glycoproteins, which are probably all exposed to the virion surface, mediate adsorption to and penetration of the host cell. Two of the herpes simplex virus glycoproteins have been identified as targets of neutralizing antibodies and one of these proteins has been shown to mediate viral penetration, probably by promoting fusion between the virion envelope and cell surface membrane.", "contents": "The structural proteins and glycoproteins of herpesviruses: a review. The virions of different herpesviruses are similar with respect to the number and kinds of constituent polypeptides, in spite of variability in the structures of individual polypeptides. The total number of virion polypeptides and glycopeptides ranges from 20 to 30 for different viruses and, in general, no more than one-quarter of these polypeptides is detectable in naked nucleocapsids, implying that most of the virion polypeptides are acquired during the process of envelopment. Although the functions of most individual structural proteins have not been identified, one can predict that the nucleocapsid proteins serve primarily structural roles or may mediate packaging of the viral genome, that the non-glycosylated envelope proteins play essential roles in the process of envelopment and that the glycoproteins, which are probably all exposed to the virion surface, mediate adsorption to and penetration of the host cell. Two of the herpes simplex virus glycoproteins have been identified as targets of neutralizing antibodies and one of these proteins has been shown to mediate viral penetration, probably by promoting fusion between the virion envelope and cell surface membrane.", "PMID": 376432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3324", "title": "Collection of lymph from single lymph nodes and the intestines of fetal lambs in utero.", "content": "Techniques for establishing chronic lymphatic fistulae in the intestinal and prescapular lymphatic ducts of fetal lambs during the test third of gestation are described. Despite the absence of antibody, immunoglobulin and extrinsic antigen, the number of recirculating lymphocytes increases considerably through gestation. Both thymus-derived and surface Ig-bearing B lymphocytes are present in the fetal recirculating pool and they appear to increase in number at the same rate.", "contents": "Collection of lymph from single lymph nodes and the intestines of fetal lambs in utero. Techniques for establishing chronic lymphatic fistulae in the intestinal and prescapular lymphatic ducts of fetal lambs during the test third of gestation are described. Despite the absence of antibody, immunoglobulin and extrinsic antigen, the number of recirculating lymphocytes increases considerably through gestation. Both thymus-derived and surface Ig-bearing B lymphocytes are present in the fetal recirculating pool and they appear to increase in number at the same rate.", "PMID": 376446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3325", "title": "B cell activity in rat bone marrow and spleen during primary and secondary response: dependence on strength of antigen.", "content": "B cell activity was studied in the spleen and the bone marrow of inbred rats after applying xenogeneic erythrocytes of different antigenic strength (mouse or sheep). The hemolytic plaque technique of Cunningham was used. In contrast to the studies of other authors with other species, these experiments showed that in the rat the kinetics of IgM and IgG responses in bone marrow and spleen are principally similar during a primary as well as during a secondary reaction, varying only with the strength of the antigen.", "contents": "B cell activity in rat bone marrow and spleen during primary and secondary response: dependence on strength of antigen. B cell activity was studied in the spleen and the bone marrow of inbred rats after applying xenogeneic erythrocytes of different antigenic strength (mouse or sheep). The hemolytic plaque technique of Cunningham was used. In contrast to the studies of other authors with other species, these experiments showed that in the rat the kinetics of IgM and IgG responses in bone marrow and spleen are principally similar during a primary as well as during a secondary reaction, varying only with the strength of the antigen.", "PMID": 376447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3326", "title": "Cocaine: magical drug or menace?", "content": "Cocaine has attracted much attention as a recreational drug and some advocates have acclaimed it as both pleasurable and safe. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the drug's physiological and psychological safety. Few deaths are attributed to cocaine, but its use is presently restricted by very limited supplies. Use of the drug may possibly result in liver and respiratory problems and may lead to paranoid psychotic conditions. There are many deficiencies in our knowledge of the effects of this drug.", "contents": "Cocaine: magical drug or menace? Cocaine has attracted much attention as a recreational drug and some advocates have acclaimed it as both pleasurable and safe. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the drug's physiological and psychological safety. Few deaths are attributed to cocaine, but its use is presently restricted by very limited supplies. Use of the drug may possibly result in liver and respiratory problems and may lead to paranoid psychotic conditions. There are many deficiencies in our knowledge of the effects of this drug.", "PMID": 376450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3327", "title": "Fluorescence microscopy for detection of M. leprae in tissue sections.", "content": "The fluorescence method was compared with the Fite-Faraco method for detecting acid-fast microorganisms in paraffin sections of cases of leprosy. Biopsies were obtained from 50 cases of leprosy covering all varieties and at varying stages of treatment. The fluorescence method was better than the Fite-Faraco method; 22 biopsies showing acid-fast organisms in fluorescence microscopy and 20 in the Fite-Faraco method. Its superiority was evidenced in two cases in which the organisms were very scanty. Fluorescence microscopy can also be used to determine the Bacterial Index and the Morphologic Index of organisms. The Morphologic Index, however, was one and a half times higher than that obtained by the Fite-Faraco technic. The ease and speed of fluorescence microscopy appear to be a great advantage.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopy for detection of M. leprae in tissue sections. The fluorescence method was compared with the Fite-Faraco method for detecting acid-fast microorganisms in paraffin sections of cases of leprosy. Biopsies were obtained from 50 cases of leprosy covering all varieties and at varying stages of treatment. The fluorescence method was better than the Fite-Faraco method; 22 biopsies showing acid-fast organisms in fluorescence microscopy and 20 in the Fite-Faraco method. Its superiority was evidenced in two cases in which the organisms were very scanty. Fluorescence microscopy can also be used to determine the Bacterial Index and the Morphologic Index of organisms. The Morphologic Index, however, was one and a half times higher than that obtained by the Fite-Faraco technic. The ease and speed of fluorescence microscopy appear to be a great advantage.", "PMID": 376453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3328", "title": "Disposition and antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide.", "content": "The disposition and the antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide (R 15,889) were investigated in 11 patients with ventricular premature beats (VPB) after a single intravenous dose of 100 mg or 2 mg/kg and after multiple intravenous and oral dosing. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed according to the two-compartment open model. The half-life of the initial phase, t 1/2 (alpha), was calculated as 0.3 +/- 0.1 hr (mean +/- SD) and the terminal half-life, t 1/2 (beta), varied independently of the dose and route of administration between 5.8 and 12.5 hr (7.8 +/- 2.5 hr). After the single intravenous dose total plasma clearance (Cl) ranged from 570 to 1670 ml/min (988 +/- 425 ml/min) while after multiple dosing Cl decreased to 666 +/- 27 ml/min. Comparison of the area under the curves during steady state (ss) indicated a complete bioavailability of multiple oral doses. After the single intravenous dose, VPB were diminished or reduced for about 4 hr if the plasma concentrations exceeded 120 to 150 ng/ml. During ss-therapy plasma levels fluctuated between 200 and 550 ng/ml with an effective prevention of arrhythmias. Thus, the new drug demonstrates a therapeutic range of approximately 150 to 400 ng/ml and oral therapy seems to be effective with 100 mg t. i. d.", "contents": "Disposition and antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide. The disposition and the antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide (R 15,889) were investigated in 11 patients with ventricular premature beats (VPB) after a single intravenous dose of 100 mg or 2 mg/kg and after multiple intravenous and oral dosing. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed according to the two-compartment open model. The half-life of the initial phase, t 1/2 (alpha), was calculated as 0.3 +/- 0.1 hr (mean +/- SD) and the terminal half-life, t 1/2 (beta), varied independently of the dose and route of administration between 5.8 and 12.5 hr (7.8 +/- 2.5 hr). After the single intravenous dose total plasma clearance (Cl) ranged from 570 to 1670 ml/min (988 +/- 425 ml/min) while after multiple dosing Cl decreased to 666 +/- 27 ml/min. Comparison of the area under the curves during steady state (ss) indicated a complete bioavailability of multiple oral doses. After the single intravenous dose, VPB were diminished or reduced for about 4 hr if the plasma concentrations exceeded 120 to 150 ng/ml. During ss-therapy plasma levels fluctuated between 200 and 550 ng/ml with an effective prevention of arrhythmias. Thus, the new drug demonstrates a therapeutic range of approximately 150 to 400 ng/ml and oral therapy seems to be effective with 100 mg t. i. d.", "PMID": 376458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3329", "title": "NAB 365 (clenbuterol) and salbutamol in asthmatics: a double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "A double-blind comparison between orally administered NAB 365 (clenbuterol) and salbutamol was conducted in 30 impatients with either asthma or chronic bronchitis with asthma who had at least 15% reversibility in airway obstruction following inhalation of 1,500 microgram of orciprenaline. NAB 365 (clenbuterol) was administered to 15 patients at 30 microgram b.i.d. for 3 days; then the dosage was reduced to 20 microgram b.i.d. Salbutamol was administered to the other 15 patients at 4 mg t.i.d. Both drugs were administered for an average of 13 days. NAB 365 (clenbuterol) was shown to be an effective bronchodilator, with more rapid activity than that of salbutamol, on the FVC, FEV1, PEFR, the differences being significant on the third and seventh day of treatment. These findings are briefly discussed. No significant cardiovascular effects were noted for either drug, nor were differences found in need for additional treatment or in side-effects.", "contents": "NAB 365 (clenbuterol) and salbutamol in asthmatics: a double-blind clinical trial. A double-blind comparison between orally administered NAB 365 (clenbuterol) and salbutamol was conducted in 30 impatients with either asthma or chronic bronchitis with asthma who had at least 15% reversibility in airway obstruction following inhalation of 1,500 microgram of orciprenaline. NAB 365 (clenbuterol) was administered to 15 patients at 30 microgram b.i.d. for 3 days; then the dosage was reduced to 20 microgram b.i.d. Salbutamol was administered to the other 15 patients at 4 mg t.i.d. Both drugs were administered for an average of 13 days. NAB 365 (clenbuterol) was shown to be an effective bronchodilator, with more rapid activity than that of salbutamol, on the FVC, FEV1, PEFR, the differences being significant on the third and seventh day of treatment. These findings are briefly discussed. No significant cardiovascular effects were noted for either drug, nor were differences found in need for additional treatment or in side-effects.", "PMID": 376459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3330", "title": "Hyperthermic inactivation of diploid yeast and the interaction of damage caused by hyperthermia and ionizing radiation.", "content": "Inactivation of diploid yeast by hyperthermia has been studied. DO and Dq decrease with temperature for euoxic and anoxic conditions. The Arrhenius plot shows a break at 52 degrees C; the inactivation energies above and below this temperature are 153 and 94kcal/mol respectively. Hyperthermia (20 min at 51 degrees C) also potentiates the lethal action of gamma rays in diploid yeast cells under both euoxic and anoxic conditions. The interaction between hyperthermic and radiation damage appears to be largely at the sublethal level. The euoxic cells, the hyperthermic potentiation decreases with increasing time between the application of hyperthermia and radiation, being completely lost after 24 hours. However, in the anoxic cells there was no decrease in the hyperthermic potentiation with increasing time interval. These results suggest that yeast cells are capable of repairing hyperthermic sublethal damage, but require oxygen to do so. Thus there is a similarity in the process of repair of sublethal damage caused by ionizing radiation on the one hand and hyperthermia on the other.", "contents": "Hyperthermic inactivation of diploid yeast and the interaction of damage caused by hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. Inactivation of diploid yeast by hyperthermia has been studied. DO and Dq decrease with temperature for euoxic and anoxic conditions. The Arrhenius plot shows a break at 52 degrees C; the inactivation energies above and below this temperature are 153 and 94kcal/mol respectively. Hyperthermia (20 min at 51 degrees C) also potentiates the lethal action of gamma rays in diploid yeast cells under both euoxic and anoxic conditions. The interaction between hyperthermic and radiation damage appears to be largely at the sublethal level. The euoxic cells, the hyperthermic potentiation decreases with increasing time between the application of hyperthermia and radiation, being completely lost after 24 hours. However, in the anoxic cells there was no decrease in the hyperthermic potentiation with increasing time interval. These results suggest that yeast cells are capable of repairing hyperthermic sublethal damage, but require oxygen to do so. Thus there is a similarity in the process of repair of sublethal damage caused by ionizing radiation on the one hand and hyperthermia on the other.", "PMID": 376463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3331", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of the patient suspected of having glaucoma.", "content": "From the preceding it can be seen that the clinician still has little to help him decide which of his patients with elevated intraocular pressure will advance to frank glaucomatous disease. There are no objective provocative tests that will reliably predict the future. Consequently, one must obtain as much data as possible about an individual patient and, combining all these facts, have either a high or low degree of suspicion. Once a patient is noted to have elevated pressure, however, he must remain a glaucoma suspect, perhaps for the rest of his life. Only the subsequent examination will determine if glaucoma is continuing to be absent (or clinically undetectable) or whether it has actually become clinically manifest. The need for periodic reevaluation is obvious. Careful documentation of the disc, field, and applanation intraocular pressure over a period of time remains the most important aspect of the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with elevated intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of the patient suspected of having glaucoma. From the preceding it can be seen that the clinician still has little to help him decide which of his patients with elevated intraocular pressure will advance to frank glaucomatous disease. There are no objective provocative tests that will reliably predict the future. Consequently, one must obtain as much data as possible about an individual patient and, combining all these facts, have either a high or low degree of suspicion. Once a patient is noted to have elevated pressure, however, he must remain a glaucoma suspect, perhaps for the rest of his life. Only the subsequent examination will determine if glaucoma is continuing to be absent (or clinically undetectable) or whether it has actually become clinically manifest. The need for periodic reevaluation is obvious. Careful documentation of the disc, field, and applanation intraocular pressure over a period of time remains the most important aspect of the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with elevated intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 376473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3332", "title": "Immunoglobulin in urine from ileal conduit and nephrostomy patients.", "content": "Patients with ileal conduits frequently have bacteruria, and some have pyelonephritis with associated renal deterioration. We attempted to find a noninvasive technique that could be used to define the source of the bacteria in such patients. Neither the antibody-coated bacteria test nor the selective immunofluorescent antibody studies made this distinction. Quantitative immunoglobulin determinations performed on urine from ileal conduits containing either less or greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml showed IgA to be the predominant immunoglobulin. Urine from patients with permanent nephrostomy drainage who had known chronic upper urinary tract infection contained predominantly IgG. Inasmuch as several studies have shown that both normal urine and urine from patients with pyelonephritis contain more IgG than IgA, we conclude that the conduit added IgA to the urine. However, even this quantitative immunoglobulin technique is unable to identify the source of the bacteria. To do so would have required an invasive collection of upper tract urine. The occurrence of acute symptomatic pyelonephritis was rare during the 18 months of the study, but the urine of the one ileal conduit patient with acute pyelonephritis studied contained more IgG than IgA.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin in urine from ileal conduit and nephrostomy patients. Patients with ileal conduits frequently have bacteruria, and some have pyelonephritis with associated renal deterioration. We attempted to find a noninvasive technique that could be used to define the source of the bacteria in such patients. Neither the antibody-coated bacteria test nor the selective immunofluorescent antibody studies made this distinction. Quantitative immunoglobulin determinations performed on urine from ileal conduits containing either less or greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml showed IgA to be the predominant immunoglobulin. Urine from patients with permanent nephrostomy drainage who had known chronic upper urinary tract infection contained predominantly IgG. Inasmuch as several studies have shown that both normal urine and urine from patients with pyelonephritis contain more IgG than IgA, we conclude that the conduit added IgA to the urine. However, even this quantitative immunoglobulin technique is unable to identify the source of the bacteria. To do so would have required an invasive collection of upper tract urine. The occurrence of acute symptomatic pyelonephritis was rare during the 18 months of the study, but the urine of the one ileal conduit patient with acute pyelonephritis studied contained more IgG than IgA.", "PMID": 376482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3333", "title": "Modified technique for microsurgical vasovasostomy.", "content": "A modified technique of two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy is described which permits continuous inspection of the lumen. A stricture-free anastomosis was documented in experimental animals by mating and scanning electron microscopic studies. The success of this procedure is attributed to precise placement of fine mucosal sutures, minimal fibrosis, and a fluid-tight anastomosis.", "contents": "Modified technique for microsurgical vasovasostomy. A modified technique of two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy is described which permits continuous inspection of the lumen. A stricture-free anastomosis was documented in experimental animals by mating and scanning electron microscopic studies. The success of this procedure is attributed to precise placement of fine mucosal sutures, minimal fibrosis, and a fluid-tight anastomosis.", "PMID": 376484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3334", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the interaction between vesical epitherlium and E. Coli.", "content": "Interaction between rat bladder epithelium and Escherichia coli was observed using the transmission electron microscope. As a first step, the bacterial cell coat attaches to the cell coat of the luminal membrane. Then, the luminal membrane enfolds to envelope the bacterium and take it within the cytoplasm. The unit membranes covering the bacteria are destroyed and some of these bacteria are found to be deformed and probably dead in the cytoplasm. Finally, the superficial epithelial cells invaded by many bacteria are collapsed and desquamated into urine. However, these epithelia show a rather prompt recovery and form the normal three layers within 24 hr after inoculation. This experiment suggests one of the defense mechanisms of the vesical epithelium againts E. coli. It is likely that the onset of clinical cystitis may be prevented by the same mechanism during the occasional bacterial invasion of the bladder.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the interaction between vesical epitherlium and E. Coli. Interaction between rat bladder epithelium and Escherichia coli was observed using the transmission electron microscope. As a first step, the bacterial cell coat attaches to the cell coat of the luminal membrane. Then, the luminal membrane enfolds to envelope the bacterium and take it within the cytoplasm. The unit membranes covering the bacteria are destroyed and some of these bacteria are found to be deformed and probably dead in the cytoplasm. Finally, the superficial epithelial cells invaded by many bacteria are collapsed and desquamated into urine. However, these epithelia show a rather prompt recovery and form the normal three layers within 24 hr after inoculation. This experiment suggests one of the defense mechanisms of the vesical epithelium againts E. coli. It is likely that the onset of clinical cystitis may be prevented by the same mechanism during the occasional bacterial invasion of the bladder.", "PMID": 376485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3335", "title": "Orgotein in equine navicular disease: a double blind study.", "content": "Fourteen horses (7 treated with orgotein and 7 treated with a placebo) with navicular disease were studied on a double blind basis. All 14 horses had clinical and radiographic evidence of navicular disease. Orgotein and the placebo were administered by juxtabursal injection. Of the 7 orgotein-treated horses, 3 responded but none of the 7 placebo-treated horses responded. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Orgotein in equine navicular disease: a double blind study. Fourteen horses (7 treated with orgotein and 7 treated with a placebo) with navicular disease were studied on a double blind basis. All 14 horses had clinical and radiographic evidence of navicular disease. Orgotein and the placebo were administered by juxtabursal injection. Of the 7 orgotein-treated horses, 3 responded but none of the 7 placebo-treated horses responded. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 376494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3336", "title": "Quantitative study on anomeric forms of glucose produced by alpha-glucosidases.", "content": "Anomeric forms of glucose produced from phenyl alpha-maltoside, maltose, or phenyl alpha-glucoside have been determined quantitatively by simultaneous measurements of optical rotation and reducing power, for eight kinds of glucose-producing 1,4-alpha-glucosyl hydrolases, including glucose-forming amylase from human urine, and alpha-glucosidases from pig serum, honey bee, buckwheat seed, rice seed, sugar beet seed, flint corn seed, and brewer's yeast. All the eight enzymes studied were found to produce alpha-glucose exclusively.", "contents": "Quantitative study on anomeric forms of glucose produced by alpha-glucosidases. Anomeric forms of glucose produced from phenyl alpha-maltoside, maltose, or phenyl alpha-glucoside have been determined quantitatively by simultaneous measurements of optical rotation and reducing power, for eight kinds of glucose-producing 1,4-alpha-glucosyl hydrolases, including glucose-forming amylase from human urine, and alpha-glucosidases from pig serum, honey bee, buckwheat seed, rice seed, sugar beet seed, flint corn seed, and brewer's yeast. All the eight enzymes studied were found to produce alpha-glucose exclusively.", "PMID": 376499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3337", "title": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. II. Effect of cheB and cheZ mutations on the methylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Radioactive proteins from chemotactic mutants of Escherichia coli with continuous tumbling phenotype (cheB and cheZ) and their otherwise isogenic parent were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The system was capable of separating non-methylated methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) from its methylated equivalent. The analysis of proteins from the envelope fraction of the bacteria showed that the cheB mutants contained a larger portion of methylated MCP than did the parent. However, the change of MCP methylation level was small, if any, in cheZ strains. The results suggest that the product of cheB gene and the product of cheZ gene are not functional complementary. The product of cheB gene functions in controlling the level of methylation at the stationary state of the organisms. In addition to known MCP species, a new MCP of about 43,000 daltons was found. This MCP appears to be involved in transducing signals of some sugars.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. II. Effect of cheB and cheZ mutations on the methylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein of Escherichia coli. Radioactive proteins from chemotactic mutants of Escherichia coli with continuous tumbling phenotype (cheB and cheZ) and their otherwise isogenic parent were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The system was capable of separating non-methylated methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) from its methylated equivalent. The analysis of proteins from the envelope fraction of the bacteria showed that the cheB mutants contained a larger portion of methylated MCP than did the parent. However, the change of MCP methylation level was small, if any, in cheZ strains. The results suggest that the product of cheB gene and the product of cheZ gene are not functional complementary. The product of cheB gene functions in controlling the level of methylation at the stationary state of the organisms. In addition to known MCP species, a new MCP of about 43,000 daltons was found. This MCP appears to be involved in transducing signals of some sugars.", "PMID": 376501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3338", "title": "Interaction of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase with negatively charged lecithin liposomes.", "content": "Several kinds of hydrophilic proteins were examined to determine their interaction with artificial liposomes. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-GOT) [EC 2.6.1.1], as well as cytochrome c, was found to interact strongly with negatively charged liposomes. In each case, an appreciable amount of the protein bound to liposomes remained unreleased after raising the salt concentration in the medium. The m-GOT tightly bound to the liposomes was also found to become latent in its enzymatic activity, and could be reversibly activated by solubilization of the liposomes with detergent. This is also the case for cytochrome c, which ceases to be reducible by external reductant, such as dithionite. Furthermore, the tightly bound m-GOT was not susceptible to the proteolytic action of trypsin, or that of Nagarse. From these observations it can be inferred that these basic proteins interact with acidic liposomes not only electrostatically but also hydrophobically. This kind of hydrophobic interaction was not observed in the combination of positively charged liposomes and acidic proteins, including s-GOT. Mitochondrial GOT was shown to be bound to isolated intact mitochondrial, but the bound enzyme was fully active, in contrast to the case of acidic liposomes. The hydrophobic interaction of water-soluble protein with liposomes is discussed in connection with the penetration of matrix enzyme through mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Interaction of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase with negatively charged lecithin liposomes. Several kinds of hydrophilic proteins were examined to determine their interaction with artificial liposomes. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-GOT) [EC 2.6.1.1], as well as cytochrome c, was found to interact strongly with negatively charged liposomes. In each case, an appreciable amount of the protein bound to liposomes remained unreleased after raising the salt concentration in the medium. The m-GOT tightly bound to the liposomes was also found to become latent in its enzymatic activity, and could be reversibly activated by solubilization of the liposomes with detergent. This is also the case for cytochrome c, which ceases to be reducible by external reductant, such as dithionite. Furthermore, the tightly bound m-GOT was not susceptible to the proteolytic action of trypsin, or that of Nagarse. From these observations it can be inferred that these basic proteins interact with acidic liposomes not only electrostatically but also hydrophobically. This kind of hydrophobic interaction was not observed in the combination of positively charged liposomes and acidic proteins, including s-GOT. Mitochondrial GOT was shown to be bound to isolated intact mitochondrial, but the bound enzyme was fully active, in contrast to the case of acidic liposomes. The hydrophobic interaction of water-soluble protein with liposomes is discussed in connection with the penetration of matrix enzyme through mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 376500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3339", "title": "Affinity chromatography of putrescine oxidase from Micrococcus rubens and spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Putrescine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.4], putrescine : oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing), from Micrococcus rubens and spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens were adsorbed on amine-Sepharose 4B in which one of the terminal amino groups of diamine or triamine was covalently bound to Sepharose 4B leaving the other terminal amino group(s) free. The affinities of these enzymes for the amine-Sepharose 4B increased on increasing the chain length of the methylene groups in the immobilized amines and fell upon addition of the substrate. The affinity of putrescine oxidase modified with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) was reduced in comparison with that of the native enzyme so far as 1,12-diaminododecane-Sepharose 4B was concerned. From these results, it can be concluded that the interactions between the enzyme and the amine-Sepharose result from specific affinities mediated through the active sites of the enzymes. It is suggested that spermidine dehydrogenase as well as putrescine oxidase has as anionic point and a hydrophobic region in the active site. On the basis of these results, the applicability of the enzyme affinities to purification procedures was examined. When partially purified enzymes were subjected to affinity chromatography, the following results were obtained. Putrescine oxidase gave a purification factor of 40-fold with about 100% recovery on a 1,12-diaminododecane-Sepharose column. In the case of spermidine dehydrogenase, the purification factor and recovery on a 1,8-diaminooctane-Sepharose column were about 1,200-fold and 86%, respectively. By introducing affinity chromatography as a purification step, each enzyme could be purified more simply and with higher recovery.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of putrescine oxidase from Micrococcus rubens and spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens. Putrescine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.4], putrescine : oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing), from Micrococcus rubens and spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens were adsorbed on amine-Sepharose 4B in which one of the terminal amino groups of diamine or triamine was covalently bound to Sepharose 4B leaving the other terminal amino group(s) free. The affinities of these enzymes for the amine-Sepharose 4B increased on increasing the chain length of the methylene groups in the immobilized amines and fell upon addition of the substrate. The affinity of putrescine oxidase modified with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) was reduced in comparison with that of the native enzyme so far as 1,12-diaminododecane-Sepharose 4B was concerned. From these results, it can be concluded that the interactions between the enzyme and the amine-Sepharose result from specific affinities mediated through the active sites of the enzymes. It is suggested that spermidine dehydrogenase as well as putrescine oxidase has as anionic point and a hydrophobic region in the active site. On the basis of these results, the applicability of the enzyme affinities to purification procedures was examined. When partially purified enzymes were subjected to affinity chromatography, the following results were obtained. Putrescine oxidase gave a purification factor of 40-fold with about 100% recovery on a 1,12-diaminododecane-Sepharose column. In the case of spermidine dehydrogenase, the purification factor and recovery on a 1,8-diaminooctane-Sepharose column were about 1,200-fold and 86%, respectively. By introducing affinity chromatography as a purification step, each enzyme could be purified more simply and with higher recovery.", "PMID": 376502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3340", "title": "Substrate binding characteristics of the active site of spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The substrate specificity of spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens was studied using many kinds of naturally occurring and synthetic polyamines. Diamines inhibited the enzyme competitively and their inhibitor constants tended to decrease with increasing methylene chain length in the diamines. All of the triamines and tetramines examined were active as substrates, and the amines containing a 4-aminobutylimino moiety (NH2(CH2)4NH-) in their structures were more active. N-Alkylputrescine was also oxidized by the enzyme. All of the amines containing a 4-aminobutylimino group were oxidized to form 1-pyrroline stoichiometrically as one of the products. Tetramines containing a 3-aminopropylimino group (NH2(CH2)3NH-) were oxidized to form 1,3-diaminopropane. However, in the case of an amine containing both 4-aminobutylimino and 3-aminopropylimino groups, the imino moiety of the former was preferentially oxidized by the enzyme. On the basis of the substrate specificity, the binding characteristics of the enzyme are discussed and a subsite model for the binding site is proposed.", "contents": "Substrate binding characteristics of the active site of spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens. The substrate specificity of spermidine dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens was studied using many kinds of naturally occurring and synthetic polyamines. Diamines inhibited the enzyme competitively and their inhibitor constants tended to decrease with increasing methylene chain length in the diamines. All of the triamines and tetramines examined were active as substrates, and the amines containing a 4-aminobutylimino moiety (NH2(CH2)4NH-) in their structures were more active. N-Alkylputrescine was also oxidized by the enzyme. All of the amines containing a 4-aminobutylimino group were oxidized to form 1-pyrroline stoichiometrically as one of the products. Tetramines containing a 3-aminopropylimino group (NH2(CH2)3NH-) were oxidized to form 1,3-diaminopropane. However, in the case of an amine containing both 4-aminobutylimino and 3-aminopropylimino groups, the imino moiety of the former was preferentially oxidized by the enzyme. On the basis of the substrate specificity, the binding characteristics of the enzyme are discussed and a subsite model for the binding site is proposed.", "PMID": 376503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3341", "title": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. III. Effect of methyl esters on the chemotactic response of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The methylation-demethylation reaction of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) is tightly coupled to the appearance of the chemotactic response in Escherichia coli. The bacteria might therefore show a unique response upon the addition of a compound containing a methyl group. We selected methyl N-methyl anthranilate (NMMA) and its analogs for examination. When NMMA was added to a suspension of E. coli (wild type), the bacteria tumbled as it does in the presence of a repellent. NMMA caused tumbling of wild-type bacteria for at least 20 min, while a conventional repellent makes the bacteria tumble for at most one min. The effect of NMMA requires functional MCP, cheA gene product, cheB gene product, and possibly cheX gene product. A positive signal of NMMA (i.e. sudden dilution) was detected by cheZ mutants with much higher sensitivity than that of a conventional repellent, indole, while both signals were rather poorly but equally detected by cheB mutants. These results suggest that the drug is related to the function of cheB gene product, a possible demethylating enzyme of MCP.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. III. Effect of methyl esters on the chemotactic response of Escherichia coli. The methylation-demethylation reaction of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) is tightly coupled to the appearance of the chemotactic response in Escherichia coli. The bacteria might therefore show a unique response upon the addition of a compound containing a methyl group. We selected methyl N-methyl anthranilate (NMMA) and its analogs for examination. When NMMA was added to a suspension of E. coli (wild type), the bacteria tumbled as it does in the presence of a repellent. NMMA caused tumbling of wild-type bacteria for at least 20 min, while a conventional repellent makes the bacteria tumble for at most one min. The effect of NMMA requires functional MCP, cheA gene product, cheB gene product, and possibly cheX gene product. A positive signal of NMMA (i.e. sudden dilution) was detected by cheZ mutants with much higher sensitivity than that of a conventional repellent, indole, while both signals were rather poorly but equally detected by cheB mutants. These results suggest that the drug is related to the function of cheB gene product, a possible demethylating enzyme of MCP.", "PMID": 376504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3342", "title": "Chemical modification of lactose repressor protein using N-substituted maleimides.", "content": "Lactose repressor protein has been modified with N-ethylmaleimide, two N-maleimide spin labels, and an N-maleimide fluorophore. The reaction with repressor cysteine residues has been characterized. Approximately 2 of the 3 eq of cysteine/repressor monomer are reactive toward these reagents. Repressor cysteines are reactive toward these reagents in the order cysteine 140 greater than or equal to cysteine 107 greater than cysteine 281. The reaction is sulfhydryl-specific. Comparison of chemical modification data obtained in this laboratory using a variety of sulfhydryl-specific reagents has been used to assess chemical features of individual cysteine environments. Effects of the maleimide reagents on biological activity have been determined. Only the fluorophore N-(3-pyrene)maleimide has significant effect; this agent selectively perturbs repressor's ability to bind to operator DNA. This result suggests that regions of protein structure surrounding 1 or more of the cysteine residues possess determinants required for normal operator DNA binding.", "contents": "Chemical modification of lactose repressor protein using N-substituted maleimides. Lactose repressor protein has been modified with N-ethylmaleimide, two N-maleimide spin labels, and an N-maleimide fluorophore. The reaction with repressor cysteine residues has been characterized. Approximately 2 of the 3 eq of cysteine/repressor monomer are reactive toward these reagents. Repressor cysteines are reactive toward these reagents in the order cysteine 140 greater than or equal to cysteine 107 greater than cysteine 281. The reaction is sulfhydryl-specific. Comparison of chemical modification data obtained in this laboratory using a variety of sulfhydryl-specific reagents has been used to assess chemical features of individual cysteine environments. Effects of the maleimide reagents on biological activity have been determined. Only the fluorophore N-(3-pyrene)maleimide has significant effect; this agent selectively perturbs repressor's ability to bind to operator DNA. This result suggests that regions of protein structure surrounding 1 or more of the cysteine residues possess determinants required for normal operator DNA binding.", "PMID": 376506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3343", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been isolated from a collection of Escherichia coli transformants containing randomly sheared segments of yeast genomic DNA. Complementary DNA, synthesized from partially purified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA, was used as a hybridization probe for cloning this gene. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been mapped with restriction endonucleases and the location of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene within the cloned segment of yeast DNA has been established. There are approximately 4.5 kilobase pairs of DNA sequence flanking either side of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in the cloned segment of yeast DNA. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been used to selectively hybridize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA from unfractionated yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger RNA. The nucleotide sequence of a portion of the isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been determined. This nucleotide sequence encodes 29 amino acids which are at the COOH terminus of the known amino acid sequence of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been isolated from a collection of Escherichia coli transformants containing randomly sheared segments of yeast genomic DNA. Complementary DNA, synthesized from partially purified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA, was used as a hybridization probe for cloning this gene. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been mapped with restriction endonucleases and the location of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene within the cloned segment of yeast DNA has been established. There are approximately 4.5 kilobase pairs of DNA sequence flanking either side of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in the cloned segment of yeast DNA. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been used to selectively hybridize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA from unfractionated yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger RNA. The nucleotide sequence of a portion of the isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been determined. This nucleotide sequence encodes 29 amino acids which are at the COOH terminus of the known amino acid sequence of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 376508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3344", "title": "Role of the spoT gene product and manganese ion in the metabolism of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Addition of divalent ion chelating agents picolinic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, or quinoline-2-carboxylic acid to wild type, relA, or relX, but not spoT strains of Escherichia coli increases the levels of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). Poorly chelating analogs of these agents and a larger and more highly charged chelating agent, ethylene glycol bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid are ineffective. Mn2+ reverses the increase in ppGpp. The increase in ppGpp in wild type cells can be explained by an inhibition of degradation. In spoT cells the response is more complex; ppGpp does not increase although degradation is completely inhibited. The lack of increase in spoT cells suggests a role for spoT in synthesis of ppGpp in addition to its known role in degradation. Growth of both spoT+ and spoT cells is inhibited following chelator addition. This suggests that growth inhibition is through a mechanism not directly involving ppGpp. The results of this study provide evidence in intact cells for a role for Mn2+ and the spoT gene product in ppGpp degradation, and provide further evidence for an involvement of spoT and possibly divalent ions in ppGpp synthesis.", "contents": "Role of the spoT gene product and manganese ion in the metabolism of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate in Escherichia coli. Addition of divalent ion chelating agents picolinic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, or quinoline-2-carboxylic acid to wild type, relA, or relX, but not spoT strains of Escherichia coli increases the levels of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). Poorly chelating analogs of these agents and a larger and more highly charged chelating agent, ethylene glycol bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid are ineffective. Mn2+ reverses the increase in ppGpp. The increase in ppGpp in wild type cells can be explained by an inhibition of degradation. In spoT cells the response is more complex; ppGpp does not increase although degradation is completely inhibited. The lack of increase in spoT cells suggests a role for spoT in synthesis of ppGpp in addition to its known role in degradation. Growth of both spoT+ and spoT cells is inhibited following chelator addition. This suggests that growth inhibition is through a mechanism not directly involving ppGpp. The results of this study provide evidence in intact cells for a role for Mn2+ and the spoT gene product in ppGpp degradation, and provide further evidence for an involvement of spoT and possibly divalent ions in ppGpp synthesis.", "PMID": 376509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3345", "title": "Construction and mapping of recombinant plasmids used for the preparation of DNA fragments containing the Escherichia coli lactose operator and promoter.", "content": "Three DNA restriction fragments of established sequence containing the Escherichia coli lac genetic controlling regions were cloned. In each case a recombinant plasmid was constructed which was suitable for the subsequent large scale purification of the lac fragment. A 789-base pair HindII fragment, containing the lac operator, promoter, and cyclic AMP receptor protein binding site, was ligated into the single HindII site of the amplifiable plasmid minicolicin E1 DNA (pVH51). A 203-base pair Hae III fragment containing the same genetic sites was ligated into the single Eco RI site of pVH51 which had been \"filled in\" by the Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. Thus, the lac fragment was inserted between two Eco RI sites. Plasmids containing multiple copies of this Eco RI fragment were then constructed. A 95-base pair Alu I fragment containing the lac promoter and operator was cloned similarly. Also, the 203-base pair fragment was cloned into the Eco RI site of pVH51 using a 300-base pair linker fragment (isolated by RPC-5 column chromatography) which permitted retention of its Hae III ends. Mapping studies on pVH51 DNA with a number of DNA restriction endonucleases, including Alu I, Taq I, and Hpa II, are described.", "contents": "Construction and mapping of recombinant plasmids used for the preparation of DNA fragments containing the Escherichia coli lactose operator and promoter. Three DNA restriction fragments of established sequence containing the Escherichia coli lac genetic controlling regions were cloned. In each case a recombinant plasmid was constructed which was suitable for the subsequent large scale purification of the lac fragment. A 789-base pair HindII fragment, containing the lac operator, promoter, and cyclic AMP receptor protein binding site, was ligated into the single HindII site of the amplifiable plasmid minicolicin E1 DNA (pVH51). A 203-base pair Hae III fragment containing the same genetic sites was ligated into the single Eco RI site of pVH51 which had been \"filled in\" by the Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. Thus, the lac fragment was inserted between two Eco RI sites. Plasmids containing multiple copies of this Eco RI fragment were then constructed. A 95-base pair Alu I fragment containing the lac promoter and operator was cloned similarly. Also, the 203-base pair fragment was cloned into the Eco RI site of pVH51 using a 300-base pair linker fragment (isolated by RPC-5 column chromatography) which permitted retention of its Hae III ends. Mapping studies on pVH51 DNA with a number of DNA restriction endonucleases, including Alu I, Taq I, and Hpa II, are described.", "PMID": 376510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3346", "title": "Identification of regions of pRZ2 which have delayed elution behavior on RPC-5 column chromatography.", "content": "DNA restriction fragments generally elute from RPC-5 in order of their size. However, some fragments elute later than predicted. Chromatographic studies were performed on five different restriction digests (Hae III, Hha I, Alu I, Taq I, and Hae III + HindII) of pRZ2 DNA in an effort to localize the regions which have the delayed properties. Also, the magnitude of the delay was quantitated in each case. Most of the delayed fragments were localized in one major (931 bp) and one minor (approximately 210 bp) region of the genome. The fragments exhibiting a greater extent of delay were in the major region. The results described herein and in the following paper show that, in most cases, this effect can be explained by the base composition, or sequence of the fragments, or both.", "contents": "Identification of regions of pRZ2 which have delayed elution behavior on RPC-5 column chromatography. DNA restriction fragments generally elute from RPC-5 in order of their size. However, some fragments elute later than predicted. Chromatographic studies were performed on five different restriction digests (Hae III, Hha I, Alu I, Taq I, and Hae III + HindII) of pRZ2 DNA in an effort to localize the regions which have the delayed properties. Also, the magnitude of the delay was quantitated in each case. Most of the delayed fragments were localized in one major (931 bp) and one minor (approximately 210 bp) region of the genome. The fragments exhibiting a greater extent of delay were in the major region. The results described herein and in the following paper show that, in most cases, this effect can be explained by the base composition, or sequence of the fragments, or both.", "PMID": 376512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3347", "title": "Influence of A-T content on the fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by RPC-5 column chromatography.", "content": "The properties of the fractionated Hae III fragments of pRZ2 DNA (Patient, R.K., Hardies, S.C., and Wells, R.D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5542-5547) were studied in an effort to determine why several of the fragments bind more tightly to RPC-5 than expected on the basis of their length. The purified fragments were analyzed for their nucleotide composition by direct determination of their constituent mononucleotides and by analytical CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradient analyses. A-T-rich fragments elute at higher salt concentrations than fragments of equivalent size which are not A-T-rich. In addition, denaturation mapping studies by electron microscopy indicate that an A-T-rich run within an otherwise G-C-rich fragment can give rise to delayed elution. At least one other factor influences the separation of DNA restriction fragments by RPC-5 chromatography. Some of the fragments in this digest which elute later than predicted from their size either contain known genetic regulatory sites or bind regulatory proteins.", "contents": "Influence of A-T content on the fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by RPC-5 column chromatography. The properties of the fractionated Hae III fragments of pRZ2 DNA (Patient, R.K., Hardies, S.C., and Wells, R.D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5542-5547) were studied in an effort to determine why several of the fragments bind more tightly to RPC-5 than expected on the basis of their length. The purified fragments were analyzed for their nucleotide composition by direct determination of their constituent mononucleotides and by analytical CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradient analyses. A-T-rich fragments elute at higher salt concentrations than fragments of equivalent size which are not A-T-rich. In addition, denaturation mapping studies by electron microscopy indicate that an A-T-rich run within an otherwise G-C-rich fragment can give rise to delayed elution. At least one other factor influences the separation of DNA restriction fragments by RPC-5 chromatography. Some of the fragments in this digest which elute later than predicted from their size either contain known genetic regulatory sites or bind regulatory proteins.", "PMID": 376513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3348", "title": "In vivo transcription of rRNA operons in Escherichia coli initiates with purine nucleoside triphosphates at the first promoter and with CTP at the second promoter.", "content": "32P-labeled RNA was isolated from growing Escherichia coli and the 5' end nucleoside triphosphates of rRNA were analyzed after hybridization to various DNA fragments derived from one of the rRNA operons, rrnE. The results show that there are two transcription start sites for each rRNA operon in vivo, one initiating with ATP (or GTP), and the second initiating with CTP. Transcription from the first site was observed to be stronger than that from the second site. These two sites correspond to the two promoters identified in the previous in vitro studies, indicating that the two promoters are used in vivo. These results also demonstrate previously unrecognized transcription initiation with CTP in growing E. coli cells.", "contents": "In vivo transcription of rRNA operons in Escherichia coli initiates with purine nucleoside triphosphates at the first promoter and with CTP at the second promoter. 32P-labeled RNA was isolated from growing Escherichia coli and the 5' end nucleoside triphosphates of rRNA were analyzed after hybridization to various DNA fragments derived from one of the rRNA operons, rrnE. The results show that there are two transcription start sites for each rRNA operon in vivo, one initiating with ATP (or GTP), and the second initiating with CTP. Transcription from the first site was observed to be stronger than that from the second site. These two sites correspond to the two promoters identified in the previous in vitro studies, indicating that the two promoters are used in vivo. These results also demonstrate previously unrecognized transcription initiation with CTP in growing E. coli cells.", "PMID": 376515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3349", "title": "A noncycling activity assay for the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "We describe a new method for quantitatively assaying the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The assay is based on the ability of RNA polymerase holoenzyme to catalyze the continuous synthesis of the dinucleotide pApU on a poly[d(A-T)] . poly[d(A-T)] template when supplied with AMP and UTP as substrates. Core enzyme, lacking omega subunit, catalyzed this reaction at a rate less than 1% that of holoenzyme. The omega subunit was not released from the enzyme/DNA complex during dinucleotide synthesis. Using this assay, a titration of a fixed concentration of core enzyme was observed with increasing concentrations of added omega subunit. Below a 1:1 omega:core ratio the measured activity increased linearly with omega concentration, whereas above a 1:1 ratio the activity remained constant. An immediate application of the assay is in determining the concentration of active omega, or equivalently of active holoenzyme, in any RNA polymerase preparation.", "contents": "A noncycling activity assay for the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We describe a new method for quantitatively assaying the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The assay is based on the ability of RNA polymerase holoenzyme to catalyze the continuous synthesis of the dinucleotide pApU on a poly[d(A-T)] . poly[d(A-T)] template when supplied with AMP and UTP as substrates. Core enzyme, lacking omega subunit, catalyzed this reaction at a rate less than 1% that of holoenzyme. The omega subunit was not released from the enzyme/DNA complex during dinucleotide synthesis. Using this assay, a titration of a fixed concentration of core enzyme was observed with increasing concentrations of added omega subunit. Below a 1:1 omega:core ratio the measured activity increased linearly with omega concentration, whereas above a 1:1 ratio the activity remained constant. An immediate application of the assay is in determining the concentration of active omega, or equivalently of active holoenzyme, in any RNA polymerase preparation.", "PMID": 376516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3350", "title": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA gene. XIV. Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotide segments corresponding to the terminal regions.", "content": "Chemical syntheses of the two dodecanucleotides d(T-C-A-A-C-G-T-A-A-C-A-C) and d(A-C-G-T-T-G-A-G-A-A-A-G), the two undecanucleotides d(T-T-T-A-C-A-G-C-G-G-C) and d(T-G-T-A-A-A-G-T-G-T-T), the decanucleotide d(A-G-T-C-C-G-A-A-A-G), and the nonanucleotide d(A-A-T-T-C-T-T-T-C) are described. These deoxyribo-oligonucleotide segments, excluding the decanucleotide, represent the DNA duplex corresponding to the previously determined nucleotide sequence -30 to -51 of the promoter region of the gene for the tyrosine suppressor tRNA (Sekiya, T., Gait, M.J., Norris, K., Ramamoorthy, B., and Khorana, H.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4481-4489) and include the EcoRI restriction endonuclease sequence at the appropriate 5'-end. The nona- and decanucleotide along with the previously synthesized deoxyribo-oligonucleotide segments 25 to 27 (Ramamoorthy, B., Lees, R.G., Kleid, D., and Khorana, H.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 676-694) together represent the DNA duplex corresponding to the natural nucleotide sequence 121 to 142 of the region adjoining the C-C-A end of the tyrosine tRNA gene and, in addition, a run of nine nucleotides which include the EcoRI restriction enzyme sequence at the 5'-end. The syntheses used protected mono- and oligonucleotides and stepwise condensation methods. A noteworthy feature of the present syntheses was the use of reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the rapid and efficient separation of synthetic reaction mixtures.", "contents": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA gene. XIV. Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotide segments corresponding to the terminal regions. Chemical syntheses of the two dodecanucleotides d(T-C-A-A-C-G-T-A-A-C-A-C) and d(A-C-G-T-T-G-A-G-A-A-A-G), the two undecanucleotides d(T-T-T-A-C-A-G-C-G-G-C) and d(T-G-T-A-A-A-G-T-G-T-T), the decanucleotide d(A-G-T-C-C-G-A-A-A-G), and the nonanucleotide d(A-A-T-T-C-T-T-T-C) are described. These deoxyribo-oligonucleotide segments, excluding the decanucleotide, represent the DNA duplex corresponding to the previously determined nucleotide sequence -30 to -51 of the promoter region of the gene for the tyrosine suppressor tRNA (Sekiya, T., Gait, M.J., Norris, K., Ramamoorthy, B., and Khorana, H.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4481-4489) and include the EcoRI restriction endonuclease sequence at the appropriate 5'-end. The nona- and decanucleotide along with the previously synthesized deoxyribo-oligonucleotide segments 25 to 27 (Ramamoorthy, B., Lees, R.G., Kleid, D., and Khorana, H.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 676-694) together represent the DNA duplex corresponding to the natural nucleotide sequence 121 to 142 of the region adjoining the C-C-A end of the tyrosine tRNA gene and, in addition, a run of nine nucleotides which include the EcoRI restriction enzyme sequence at the 5'-end. The syntheses used protected mono- and oligonucleotides and stepwise condensation methods. A noteworthy feature of the present syntheses was the use of reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the rapid and efficient separation of synthetic reaction mixtures.", "PMID": 376518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3351", "title": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene. XV. Synthesis of the promoter region.", "content": "By use of polynucleotide kinase and polynucleotide ligase, the 10 deoxyoligonucleotide segments, whose syntheses have been described in accompanying papers, have been joined to form the 62-nucleotide-long DNA corresponding to the promoter region of an Escherichia coli suppressor tRNA gene. The following sequence in the joining reactions was used to obtain error-free and optimal yields of the products: 1) joining of Segment P-1 to P-3 in the presence of Segment P-2; 2) joining of Segments P-4 to P-7 to form Duplex [P4-7]; 3) joining of Segments P-8 to P-10 to Duplex [P4-7] to form Duplex [P4-10]; and finally, 4) joining of P-(1 + 3) and P-2 to Duplex [P4-10] to form the total promoter Duplex [P].", "contents": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene. XV. Synthesis of the promoter region. By use of polynucleotide kinase and polynucleotide ligase, the 10 deoxyoligonucleotide segments, whose syntheses have been described in accompanying papers, have been joined to form the 62-nucleotide-long DNA corresponding to the promoter region of an Escherichia coli suppressor tRNA gene. The following sequence in the joining reactions was used to obtain error-free and optimal yields of the products: 1) joining of Segment P-1 to P-3 in the presence of Segment P-2; 2) joining of Segments P-4 to P-7 to form Duplex [P4-7]; 3) joining of Segments P-8 to P-10 to Duplex [P4-7] to form Duplex [P4-10]; and finally, 4) joining of P-(1 + 3) and P-2 to Duplex [P4-10] to form the total promoter Duplex [P].", "PMID": 376519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3352", "title": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene. XVIII. Biological activity and transcription, in vitro, of the cloned gene.", "content": "The chemically synthesized gene for Escherichia coli tyrosine suppressor tRNA has been joined to both plasmid (ColE1 ampr) and bacteriophage (Charon 3A) vector chromosomes after the latter had been digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. Suppression of both bacterial (trpA, his, lacZ) and bacteriophage lambda amber mutations (Aam32, Bam1) has been demonstrated after transformation of E. coli with the recombinant DNA molecules carrying the synthetic suppressor tRNA gene. The cloned synthetic gene has been reisolated from the vector chromosomes after digestion of the latter with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and characterized in regard to its size and its ability to serve as a source of suppressor activity in further transformation experiments. This synthetic gene has also been shown to suppress bacterial amber mutations after it had been incorporated into the E. coli chromosome as part of a lambda prophage. Transcription, in vitro, of the cloned synthetic suppressor gene gave a product which, on treatment with a crude E. coli extract, afforded the tyrosine suppressor tRNA precursor. The latter was characterized by two-dimensional fingerprinting after digestion with T1-RNase. Exposure of the in vitro transcript to RNase P Selectively released the 41-nucleotide-long fragment characteristic of the 5'-end of the tRNA precursor. Thus, the nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene is accurate and its expression is controlled by its promoter.", "contents": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene. XVIII. Biological activity and transcription, in vitro, of the cloned gene. The chemically synthesized gene for Escherichia coli tyrosine suppressor tRNA has been joined to both plasmid (ColE1 ampr) and bacteriophage (Charon 3A) vector chromosomes after the latter had been digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. Suppression of both bacterial (trpA, his, lacZ) and bacteriophage lambda amber mutations (Aam32, Bam1) has been demonstrated after transformation of E. coli with the recombinant DNA molecules carrying the synthetic suppressor tRNA gene. The cloned synthetic gene has been reisolated from the vector chromosomes after digestion of the latter with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and characterized in regard to its size and its ability to serve as a source of suppressor activity in further transformation experiments. This synthetic gene has also been shown to suppress bacterial amber mutations after it had been incorporated into the E. coli chromosome as part of a lambda prophage. Transcription, in vitro, of the cloned synthetic suppressor gene gave a product which, on treatment with a crude E. coli extract, afforded the tyrosine suppressor tRNA precursor. The latter was characterized by two-dimensional fingerprinting after digestion with T1-RNase. Exposure of the in vitro transcript to RNase P Selectively released the 41-nucleotide-long fragment characteristic of the 5'-end of the tRNA precursor. Thus, the nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene is accurate and its expression is controlled by its promoter.", "PMID": 376520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3353", "title": "Purification of hog liver isomerase. Mechanism of isomerization of 3-alkenyl and 3-alkynyl thioesters.", "content": "A hog liver enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-acetylenic fatty acyl thioester to (+)-2,3-dienoyl fatty acyl thioester has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is not inhibited by the allenic product that it generates. The same homogenous enzyme catalyzes the conversions of 3-cis- or 3-trans-acyl Coenzyme A derivatives to 2-trans-acyl-CoA derivatives. Four forms of the isomerase differing in charge (pI = 6.57, 6.83, 7.01, and 7.27) have been separated by isoelectric focusing. Ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicate that each of these enzyme forms is dimeric and composed of two 45,000-dalton subunits. With 3-acetylenic substrates, all enzyme forms exhibit broad specificity for chain length (C6 to C12) and for the thioester moiety (N-acetylcysteamine (NAC), pantetheine, or CoA). The 3-cis and 3-trans olefinic substrates are active only in the form of their coenzyme A derivatives; their NAC thioesters inhibit competitively. Mechanistic studies favor an isomerization pathway by way of carbanion intermediates. The acetylene-allene isomerase described here and the reported crotonase-catalyzed hydration of allenic thioesters (Branchini, B.R., Miesowicz, F.M., and Bloch, K. (1977) Bioorg. Chem. 6, 49-52) may be responsible for the degradation of naturally occurring acetylenic and allenic acids.", "contents": "Purification of hog liver isomerase. Mechanism of isomerization of 3-alkenyl and 3-alkynyl thioesters. A hog liver enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-acetylenic fatty acyl thioester to (+)-2,3-dienoyl fatty acyl thioester has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is not inhibited by the allenic product that it generates. The same homogenous enzyme catalyzes the conversions of 3-cis- or 3-trans-acyl Coenzyme A derivatives to 2-trans-acyl-CoA derivatives. Four forms of the isomerase differing in charge (pI = 6.57, 6.83, 7.01, and 7.27) have been separated by isoelectric focusing. Ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicate that each of these enzyme forms is dimeric and composed of two 45,000-dalton subunits. With 3-acetylenic substrates, all enzyme forms exhibit broad specificity for chain length (C6 to C12) and for the thioester moiety (N-acetylcysteamine (NAC), pantetheine, or CoA). The 3-cis and 3-trans olefinic substrates are active only in the form of their coenzyme A derivatives; their NAC thioesters inhibit competitively. Mechanistic studies favor an isomerization pathway by way of carbanion intermediates. The acetylene-allene isomerase described here and the reported crotonase-catalyzed hydration of allenic thioesters (Branchini, B.R., Miesowicz, F.M., and Bloch, K. (1977) Bioorg. Chem. 6, 49-52) may be responsible for the degradation of naturally occurring acetylenic and allenic acids.", "PMID": 376522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3354", "title": "The structure of lipopolysaccharide from an Escherichia coli heptose-less mutant. III. Two fatty acyl amidases from Dictyostelium discoideum and their action on lipopolysaccharide derivatives.", "content": "Two fatty acyl amidases have been partially purified from the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Their action on lipopolysaccharide derivatives, especially Compound I, has been studied. Amidase I removes specifically the beta-hydroxymyristyl group, which is present on the amino group adjacent to the C-1 phosphate. The product, Compound V, is then a substrate for Amidase II, which removes the remaining beta-hydroxymyristyl group from the amino group in the distal glucosamine ring to give Compound VI. Compound I itself is resistant to Amidase II. Thus, the two enzymes show a high degree of structural specificity. The structure of lipopolysaccharide from the E. coli K-12 mutant is concluded in the light of studies reported in this and the accompanying papers, and this structure is discussed in relation to other bacterial lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "The structure of lipopolysaccharide from an Escherichia coli heptose-less mutant. III. Two fatty acyl amidases from Dictyostelium discoideum and their action on lipopolysaccharide derivatives. Two fatty acyl amidases have been partially purified from the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Their action on lipopolysaccharide derivatives, especially Compound I, has been studied. Amidase I removes specifically the beta-hydroxymyristyl group, which is present on the amino group adjacent to the C-1 phosphate. The product, Compound V, is then a substrate for Amidase II, which removes the remaining beta-hydroxymyristyl group from the amino group in the distal glucosamine ring to give Compound VI. Compound I itself is resistant to Amidase II. Thus, the two enzymes show a high degree of structural specificity. The structure of lipopolysaccharide from the E. coli K-12 mutant is concluded in the light of studies reported in this and the accompanying papers, and this structure is discussed in relation to other bacterial lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 376523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3355", "title": "DNA replication with bacteriophage T4 proteins. Purification of the proteins encoded by T4 genes 41, 45, 44, and 62 using a complementation assay.", "content": "The proteins encoded by bacteriophage T4 genes 41, 45, 44, and 62 are known from the genetic studies of Epstein et al. ((1963) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28, 375--394) to be required for viral DNA synthesis. A convenient assay for each of these proteins is described which is based on the specific stimulation by each protein of DNA synthesis in extracts of Escherichia coli infected with mutants of bacteriophage T4 unable to make that protein. The T4 41 protein, 45 protein, and the complex of the 44 and 62 proteins have been highly purified. For each protein there is co-chromatography during the final purification step of (i) activity in the complementation assay, (ii) activity required for DNA synthesis with other purified T4 proteins, and (iii) a subunit of the size previously identified as that of the corresponding gene product.", "contents": "DNA replication with bacteriophage T4 proteins. Purification of the proteins encoded by T4 genes 41, 45, 44, and 62 using a complementation assay. The proteins encoded by bacteriophage T4 genes 41, 45, 44, and 62 are known from the genetic studies of Epstein et al. ((1963) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28, 375--394) to be required for viral DNA synthesis. A convenient assay for each of these proteins is described which is based on the specific stimulation by each protein of DNA synthesis in extracts of Escherichia coli infected with mutants of bacteriophage T4 unable to make that protein. The T4 41 protein, 45 protein, and the complex of the 44 and 62 proteins have been highly purified. For each protein there is co-chromatography during the final purification step of (i) activity in the complementation assay, (ii) activity required for DNA synthesis with other purified T4 proteins, and (iii) a subunit of the size previously identified as that of the corresponding gene product.", "PMID": 376524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3356", "title": "DNA replication by bacteriophage T4 proteins. The T4 43, 32, 44--62, And 45 proteins are required for strand displacement synthesis at nicks in duplex DNA.", "content": "The T4 bacteriophage gene 43 (T4 DNA polymerase), 32 (DNA helix-destabilizing protein), and 45 proteins and the complex of the gene 44 and 62 proteins are all required for DNA synthesis beginning at single-stranded breaks in duplex DNA. This synthesis occurs by strand displacement and is not dependent on ribonucleotides, the T4 gene 41 protein, or the T4 initiating protein, each of which is required to begin new chains on single-stranded templates. Electron microscopic analysis shows that duplex molecules with long single-stranded branches are the predominant products of this strand displacement synthesis.", "contents": "DNA replication by bacteriophage T4 proteins. The T4 43, 32, 44--62, And 45 proteins are required for strand displacement synthesis at nicks in duplex DNA. The T4 bacteriophage gene 43 (T4 DNA polymerase), 32 (DNA helix-destabilizing protein), and 45 proteins and the complex of the gene 44 and 62 proteins are all required for DNA synthesis beginning at single-stranded breaks in duplex DNA. This synthesis occurs by strand displacement and is not dependent on ribonucleotides, the T4 gene 41 protein, or the T4 initiating protein, each of which is required to begin new chains on single-stranded templates. Electron microscopic analysis shows that duplex molecules with long single-stranded branches are the predominant products of this strand displacement synthesis.", "PMID": 376525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3357", "title": "R plasmid dihydrofolate reductase with subunit structure.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase, specified by the type II plasmid of a trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli, was purified 40-fold to homogeneity using a combination of gel filtration, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography. The final product shows a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a specific activity of 1.0 unit/mg. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 36,000 as determined both by gel filtration and Ferguson analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast, a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 8,500 was observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. These experiments suggest that, unlike any bacteria or vertebrate dihydrofolate reductase previously examined, the type II R plasmid reductase is a tetramer composed of four identical subunits. A partial amino acid sequence determination shows no heterogeneity of the subunits and also no clear homology with any reductase sequence previously reported.", "contents": "R plasmid dihydrofolate reductase with subunit structure. Dihydrofolate reductase, specified by the type II plasmid of a trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli, was purified 40-fold to homogeneity using a combination of gel filtration, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography. The final product shows a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a specific activity of 1.0 unit/mg. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 36,000 as determined both by gel filtration and Ferguson analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast, a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 8,500 was observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. These experiments suggest that, unlike any bacteria or vertebrate dihydrofolate reductase previously examined, the type II R plasmid reductase is a tetramer composed of four identical subunits. A partial amino acid sequence determination shows no heterogeneity of the subunits and also no clear homology with any reductase sequence previously reported.", "PMID": 376528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3358", "title": "Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus.", "content": "Synthesis of hyaluronic acid was investigated in a cell-free system derived from a strain of Group A streptococci. Preparative procedures were improved so that an enzyme system 70 times more active than that previously reported was obtained. The hyaluronic acid synthesized could be separated into trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions. On the basis of pulse-chase experiments, it was shown that the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction is a precursor of the soluble fraction. The release of the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble hyaluronic acid is specifically blocked with p-chloromercuribenzoate, without inhibition of chain elongation. The addition of butanol to trichloroacetic acid resulted in solubilization of all of the hyaluronic acid. No detectable difference in molecular size was observed between the two hyaluronic acid fractions, both of which were estimated to be more than one million daltons in size. Testicular hyaluronidase digestion of either one of the two types of hyaluronic acid yielded no high molecular weight fragments, indicating that hyaluronic acid is not bound covalently to protein. However, following incubation of enzyme assay mixtures with UDP-[14C]GlcUA, even in the absence of UDP-GlcNAc, radioactive high molecular weight hyaluronic acid was obtained which suggests that the enzyme system elongates rather than initiates hyaluronic acid chains. Tunicamycin did not inhibit hyaluronic acid synthesis, indicating lack of participation of an intermediate of pyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol type. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that chain elongation of hyaluronic acid proceeds by alternate addition of monosaccharides from UDP-sugars by a membrane-bound synthesizing system followed by release of completed hyaluronic acid chains.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus. Synthesis of hyaluronic acid was investigated in a cell-free system derived from a strain of Group A streptococci. Preparative procedures were improved so that an enzyme system 70 times more active than that previously reported was obtained. The hyaluronic acid synthesized could be separated into trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions. On the basis of pulse-chase experiments, it was shown that the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction is a precursor of the soluble fraction. The release of the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble hyaluronic acid is specifically blocked with p-chloromercuribenzoate, without inhibition of chain elongation. The addition of butanol to trichloroacetic acid resulted in solubilization of all of the hyaluronic acid. No detectable difference in molecular size was observed between the two hyaluronic acid fractions, both of which were estimated to be more than one million daltons in size. Testicular hyaluronidase digestion of either one of the two types of hyaluronic acid yielded no high molecular weight fragments, indicating that hyaluronic acid is not bound covalently to protein. However, following incubation of enzyme assay mixtures with UDP-[14C]GlcUA, even in the absence of UDP-GlcNAc, radioactive high molecular weight hyaluronic acid was obtained which suggests that the enzyme system elongates rather than initiates hyaluronic acid chains. Tunicamycin did not inhibit hyaluronic acid synthesis, indicating lack of participation of an intermediate of pyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol type. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that chain elongation of hyaluronic acid proceeds by alternate addition of monosaccharides from UDP-sugars by a membrane-bound synthesizing system followed by release of completed hyaluronic acid chains.", "PMID": 376529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3359", "title": "Effect of anthraquinone dyes and evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "Cibacron Blue 3G-A (CB3G-A, I) was investigated as a ternary complex analogue of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase as had been suggested earlier (Stellwagen, E. (1977) Accts. Chem. Res. 10, 92-98). CB3G-A and Procion Brilliant Blue (PBB, II), a structural isomer of the Cibacron dye without the sulfonated benzoyl moiety, were attached covalently to Sepharose CL-6B. The two enzymes were adsorbed to the columns and then eluted by substrates in various combinations. CB3G-A and PBB interact similarly with the two enzymes in spite of the structural differences between the dyes indicating that the specific structure of CB3G-A is not a ternary complex analogue. Inhibition studies of phosphoglycerate kinase by CB3G-A suggest that 2 molecules of dye bind per monomer and are consistent with multiple substrate binding sites. It is suggested that the kinetic mechanism of phosphoglycerate kinase is best described as steady state random.", "contents": "Effect of anthraquinone dyes and evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Cibacron Blue 3G-A (CB3G-A, I) was investigated as a ternary complex analogue of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase as had been suggested earlier (Stellwagen, E. (1977) Accts. Chem. Res. 10, 92-98). CB3G-A and Procion Brilliant Blue (PBB, II), a structural isomer of the Cibacron dye without the sulfonated benzoyl moiety, were attached covalently to Sepharose CL-6B. The two enzymes were adsorbed to the columns and then eluted by substrates in various combinations. CB3G-A and PBB interact similarly with the two enzymes in spite of the structural differences between the dyes indicating that the specific structure of CB3G-A is not a ternary complex analogue. Inhibition studies of phosphoglycerate kinase by CB3G-A suggest that 2 molecules of dye bind per monomer and are consistent with multiple substrate binding sites. It is suggested that the kinetic mechanism of phosphoglycerate kinase is best described as steady state random.", "PMID": 376530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3360", "title": "Synthesis of a peptide form of N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine. Its antibacterial effect through the specific inhibition of Escherichia coli L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase.", "content": "N-delta-(Phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine is a potent inhibitor of the Escherichia coli L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase (Ki = 0.77 microM, pH 8.0, 37 degrees C). Nevertheless, the analog does not cross the bacterial membrane. Therefore we have designed a tripeptide, glycylglycyl-N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine, to take advantage of the broad specificity of the oligopeptide permease system of the bacterium. A lag effect, related to the tripeptide concentration, was observed in the growth of the wild type P4X strain. At high concentration (greater than or equal to 0.75 mM) the peptide appears to be bacteriostatic and the cells which escape this action were characterized gentically as mutants devoid of the oligopeptide transport system. It was shown that the in vivo cellular target of the toxic tripeptide is solely restricted to L-ornithine carbamoyl-transferase and that the tripeptide is probably split in the cell to permit an effective inhibition by N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine. Resistance of the wild type cells to moderate levels (less than 0.75 mM) of the phosphonic analog is accompanied by a derepression of the L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. The P4XB2 strain, which is an arg R regulatory mutant, has a reduced lag effect in the presence of the tripeptide and appears to react to the intoxication by a further adjustment of the L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase cellular level.", "contents": "Synthesis of a peptide form of N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine. Its antibacterial effect through the specific inhibition of Escherichia coli L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase. N-delta-(Phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine is a potent inhibitor of the Escherichia coli L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase (Ki = 0.77 microM, pH 8.0, 37 degrees C). Nevertheless, the analog does not cross the bacterial membrane. Therefore we have designed a tripeptide, glycylglycyl-N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine, to take advantage of the broad specificity of the oligopeptide permease system of the bacterium. A lag effect, related to the tripeptide concentration, was observed in the growth of the wild type P4X strain. At high concentration (greater than or equal to 0.75 mM) the peptide appears to be bacteriostatic and the cells which escape this action were characterized gentically as mutants devoid of the oligopeptide transport system. It was shown that the in vivo cellular target of the toxic tripeptide is solely restricted to L-ornithine carbamoyl-transferase and that the tripeptide is probably split in the cell to permit an effective inhibition by N-delta-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-ornithine. Resistance of the wild type cells to moderate levels (less than 0.75 mM) of the phosphonic analog is accompanied by a derepression of the L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. The P4XB2 strain, which is an arg R regulatory mutant, has a reduced lag effect in the presence of the tripeptide and appears to react to the intoxication by a further adjustment of the L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase cellular level.", "PMID": 376531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3361", "title": "Relative efficiency of anticodons in reading the valine codons during protein synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Using a protein synthesizing in vitro system programmed with MS 2-RNA, the relative efficiency (in the presence of each other) of valine tRNAs with the anticodons U*AC (U* represents 5-oxyacetic acid uridine monophosphate), GAC, and IAC to read the valine codons was investigated. An anticodon which can read all three positions of the codon according to the rules of Watson-Crick base-pairing and the wobble hypothesis is an order of magnitude more efficient than an anticodon which misreads the codon by reading only the first two positions and presumably disregards the third nucleotide of the codon. There are two seeming exceptions to this behavior: the anticodon U*AC reads the codon GUU quite efficiently and IAC is as effective as U*AC in reading the codon GUG. The significance of these exceptions is evaluated with respect to the organization and evolution of the genetic code.", "contents": "Relative efficiency of anticodons in reading the valine codons during protein synthesis in vitro. Using a protein synthesizing in vitro system programmed with MS 2-RNA, the relative efficiency (in the presence of each other) of valine tRNAs with the anticodons U*AC (U* represents 5-oxyacetic acid uridine monophosphate), GAC, and IAC to read the valine codons was investigated. An anticodon which can read all three positions of the codon according to the rules of Watson-Crick base-pairing and the wobble hypothesis is an order of magnitude more efficient than an anticodon which misreads the codon by reading only the first two positions and presumably disregards the third nucleotide of the codon. There are two seeming exceptions to this behavior: the anticodon U*AC reads the codon GUU quite efficiently and IAC is as effective as U*AC in reading the codon GUG. The significance of these exceptions is evaluated with respect to the organization and evolution of the genetic code.", "PMID": 376532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3362", "title": "A fluorescent derivative of ribosomal protein S18 which permits direct observation of messenger RNA binding.", "content": "70 S Escherichia coli ribosomes were reacted with the fluorescent dye N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid for 10 min under mild conditions. The resulting ribosomes were fully active. 30 S subunits isolated from these particles were also fully active. They contain approximately 0.7 eq of fluorescent dye. Nearly all of it is attached to protein S18. Competitive reaction with N-ethylmaleimide implies that the fluorescent dye is located at cysteine 10 of the protein. The labeled 30 S particles will recombine with 50 S subunits to form stable 70 S particles. Thus the procedures we have developed allow the large scale preparation of an active fluorescent conjugate of the 70 S ribosome. The fluorescence of the 70 S particles is sensitive to the binding of mRNA, showing both quenching and a shift in emission spectra. Thus it affords a simple way to quantitate mRNA binding directly. In pilot studies without tRNA, the binding constant of the initiation triplet codon adenylyl-(3' leads to 5')-uridylyl-(3' leads to 5')-guanosine to 70 S ribosome was found to be an order of magnitude larger than that of polyuridylic acid.", "contents": "A fluorescent derivative of ribosomal protein S18 which permits direct observation of messenger RNA binding. 70 S Escherichia coli ribosomes were reacted with the fluorescent dye N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid for 10 min under mild conditions. The resulting ribosomes were fully active. 30 S subunits isolated from these particles were also fully active. They contain approximately 0.7 eq of fluorescent dye. Nearly all of it is attached to protein S18. Competitive reaction with N-ethylmaleimide implies that the fluorescent dye is located at cysteine 10 of the protein. The labeled 30 S particles will recombine with 50 S subunits to form stable 70 S particles. Thus the procedures we have developed allow the large scale preparation of an active fluorescent conjugate of the 70 S ribosome. The fluorescence of the 70 S particles is sensitive to the binding of mRNA, showing both quenching and a shift in emission spectra. Thus it affords a simple way to quantitate mRNA binding directly. In pilot studies without tRNA, the binding constant of the initiation triplet codon adenylyl-(3' leads to 5')-uridylyl-(3' leads to 5')-guanosine to 70 S ribosome was found to be an order of magnitude larger than that of polyuridylic acid.", "PMID": 376533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3363", "title": "Purification of the gene 43, 44, 45, and 62 proteins of the bacteriophage T4 DNA replication apparatus.", "content": "A procedure has been developed which allows the T4 bacteriophage proteins corresponding to the products of genes 43, 44, 45, and 62 to be purified to near homogeneity from a single T4-infected cell lysate (greater than 90% single species as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide elctrophoresis). In these preparations, the major problem of removing all contaminating nucleases has been overcome. Each of the above proteins is known from genetic analysis to be essential for phage DNA replication. The protein product of gene 43 is T4 DNA polymerase, and its recovery can be monitored using a standard DNA polymerase assay. The other three gene products have been designated as \"polymerase accessory proteins,\" since they directly enhance polymerase function on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates. Their activities were monitored by an \"in vitro complementation assay,\" which measures the stimulation of DNA synthesis observed in a concentrated lysate of T4 mutant-infected Escherichia coli cells when the missing T4 wild type protein is added. Starting from 300 g of infected cell paste, we obtained 9.3 mg of gene 43 protein, 21 mg of gene 45 protein, and 70 mg of a tight complex made up of 44 and 62 proteins; final yields were estimated at 30%, 14%, and 28%, respectively, of the initial activity present in the lysate. When the above purified proteins are incubated with preparations of two other T4 DNA replication proteins (gene 41 and gene 32 proteins) plus deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates, extensive DNA synthesis occurs on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates. As reported elsewhere, this synthesis mimicks that catalyzed by the T4 DNA replication apparatus in vivo.", "contents": "Purification of the gene 43, 44, 45, and 62 proteins of the bacteriophage T4 DNA replication apparatus. A procedure has been developed which allows the T4 bacteriophage proteins corresponding to the products of genes 43, 44, 45, and 62 to be purified to near homogeneity from a single T4-infected cell lysate (greater than 90% single species as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide elctrophoresis). In these preparations, the major problem of removing all contaminating nucleases has been overcome. Each of the above proteins is known from genetic analysis to be essential for phage DNA replication. The protein product of gene 43 is T4 DNA polymerase, and its recovery can be monitored using a standard DNA polymerase assay. The other three gene products have been designated as \"polymerase accessory proteins,\" since they directly enhance polymerase function on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates. Their activities were monitored by an \"in vitro complementation assay,\" which measures the stimulation of DNA synthesis observed in a concentrated lysate of T4 mutant-infected Escherichia coli cells when the missing T4 wild type protein is added. Starting from 300 g of infected cell paste, we obtained 9.3 mg of gene 43 protein, 21 mg of gene 45 protein, and 70 mg of a tight complex made up of 44 and 62 proteins; final yields were estimated at 30%, 14%, and 28%, respectively, of the initial activity present in the lysate. When the above purified proteins are incubated with preparations of two other T4 DNA replication proteins (gene 41 and gene 32 proteins) plus deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates, extensive DNA synthesis occurs on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates. As reported elsewhere, this synthesis mimicks that catalyzed by the T4 DNA replication apparatus in vivo.", "PMID": 376534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3364", "title": "Purification of gene 41 protein of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The T4 bacteriophage gene 41 protein is known from genetic analysis to be essential for phage DNA replication in vivo. It became possible to monitor the activity of this protein during purification after development of an \"in vitro complementation assay,\" which measures its stimulation of DNA synthesis in a concentrated crude lysate prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with a T4 bacteriophage mutant in gene 41 (L. Moran and B. Alberts, manuscript in preparation). In this report, a purification procedure involving three chromatographic steps is described which reproducibly yields a 90% homogeneous preparation of this rather unstable protein. The major polypeptide chain present (58,000 daltons) is shown to cosediment with a DNA-dependent GTPase (and ATPase) activity, and to induce extensive in vitro DNA synthesis on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates when incubated with our preparations of five other purified T4 DNA replication proteins (plus deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates).", "contents": "Purification of gene 41 protein of bacteriophage T4. The T4 bacteriophage gene 41 protein is known from genetic analysis to be essential for phage DNA replication in vivo. It became possible to monitor the activity of this protein during purification after development of an \"in vitro complementation assay,\" which measures its stimulation of DNA synthesis in a concentrated crude lysate prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with a T4 bacteriophage mutant in gene 41 (L. Moran and B. Alberts, manuscript in preparation). In this report, a purification procedure involving three chromatographic steps is described which reproducibly yields a 90% homogeneous preparation of this rather unstable protein. The major polypeptide chain present (58,000 daltons) is shown to cosediment with a DNA-dependent GTPase (and ATPase) activity, and to induce extensive in vitro DNA synthesis on both single- and double-stranded DNA templates when incubated with our preparations of five other purified T4 DNA replication proteins (plus deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates).", "PMID": 376535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3365", "title": "Activation of human inactive (\"pro-\") renin by cathepsin D and pepsin.", "content": "Inactive human renin is found in amniotic fluid, plasma, and kidney and may be a renin precursor (\"prorenin\"). The mechanism of activation of inactive renin in vivo is not known. The present study examined the hypothesis that cathepsin D, a lysosomal pepsin-like endopeptidase may be capable of eliciting activation. Cathepsin D was incubated with inactive renin in human amniotic fluid at pH 4.8 and 22 C for 0-5 h. Marked activation occurred and the reaction displayed first order kinetics with respect to the concentration of cathepsin D. The initial velocity of conversion of inactive renin to active renin by cathepsin D was 0.007%/min/microgram cathepsin D. Under identical conditions, the initial velocity of conversion by pepsin was 0.18%/min/microgram pepsin. The 25-fold higher potency of pepsin compared with cathepsin D is in accordance with the recognized relative substrate affinities and catalytic efficiencies of the two enzymes. Inactive renin in human amniotic fluid seems to be similar to that found in human kidney and since cathepsin D is present in juxtaglomerular cells, this activation process may have physiological importance.", "contents": "Activation of human inactive (\"pro-\") renin by cathepsin D and pepsin. Inactive human renin is found in amniotic fluid, plasma, and kidney and may be a renin precursor (\"prorenin\"). The mechanism of activation of inactive renin in vivo is not known. The present study examined the hypothesis that cathepsin D, a lysosomal pepsin-like endopeptidase may be capable of eliciting activation. Cathepsin D was incubated with inactive renin in human amniotic fluid at pH 4.8 and 22 C for 0-5 h. Marked activation occurred and the reaction displayed first order kinetics with respect to the concentration of cathepsin D. The initial velocity of conversion of inactive renin to active renin by cathepsin D was 0.007%/min/microgram cathepsin D. Under identical conditions, the initial velocity of conversion by pepsin was 0.18%/min/microgram pepsin. The 25-fold higher potency of pepsin compared with cathepsin D is in accordance with the recognized relative substrate affinities and catalytic efficiencies of the two enzymes. Inactive renin in human amniotic fluid seems to be similar to that found in human kidney and since cathepsin D is present in juxtaglomerular cells, this activation process may have physiological importance.", "PMID": 376540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3366", "title": "The prevention of myocardial ischaemia by the method of profound selective myocardial hypothermia during open heart surgery.", "content": "A new method of myocardial protection, profound selective myocardial hypothermia has been employed in order to avoid the effects of cardiac ischaemia during aortic cross clamping in the course of operations undertaken under extracorporeal circulation. It consists of the irrigation of the aortic root immediately after cross clamping with 4 liters of Ringer Lactate at 4 degrees C which perfuses the entire coronary bed and induces complete uniform profound coling of the intrapericardial mass to a temperature of approximately 10 degrees C with resultant flat electrocardiogram and cessation of all electrical activity of the myocardium. This inactivity remains complete until the aorta is unclamped permitting reoxygenation and rewarming of the heart with resumption of its function. This method has been used in the course of 250 cardiac procedures involving the use of extracorporal circulation including 177 valve replacements, either aortic or mitral and aortic, 54 saphenous vein bypass procedures, either simple or with valve replacement and 19 other assorted procedures including cardiac transplantation and complex congenital malformations. Thermal, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, histologic, histochemical and enzymatic observations have proven the minimal significance of the ischemic lesions produced in hearts protected in this manner. The total mortality was 6.4% which proves the value of this method and its superiority over the 2 techniques most often used at the present time, coronary perfusion or topical myocardial hypothermia according to Shumway's method.", "contents": "The prevention of myocardial ischaemia by the method of profound selective myocardial hypothermia during open heart surgery. A new method of myocardial protection, profound selective myocardial hypothermia has been employed in order to avoid the effects of cardiac ischaemia during aortic cross clamping in the course of operations undertaken under extracorporeal circulation. It consists of the irrigation of the aortic root immediately after cross clamping with 4 liters of Ringer Lactate at 4 degrees C which perfuses the entire coronary bed and induces complete uniform profound coling of the intrapericardial mass to a temperature of approximately 10 degrees C with resultant flat electrocardiogram and cessation of all electrical activity of the myocardium. This inactivity remains complete until the aorta is unclamped permitting reoxygenation and rewarming of the heart with resumption of its function. This method has been used in the course of 250 cardiac procedures involving the use of extracorporal circulation including 177 valve replacements, either aortic or mitral and aortic, 54 saphenous vein bypass procedures, either simple or with valve replacement and 19 other assorted procedures including cardiac transplantation and complex congenital malformations. Thermal, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, histologic, histochemical and enzymatic observations have proven the minimal significance of the ischemic lesions produced in hearts protected in this manner. The total mortality was 6.4% which proves the value of this method and its superiority over the 2 techniques most often used at the present time, coronary perfusion or topical myocardial hypothermia according to Shumway's method.", "PMID": 376537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3367", "title": "The mechanism of ovulation inhibition by triamcinolone acetonide.", "content": "A single dose of 25 mg triamcinolone acetonide, when given on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle, inhibits ovulation. To examine the mechanism of this action, daily determinations of plasm FSH, LH, estrone plus estradiol (E1 + E2), and progestins were performed. Some subjects also received a single dose of LH-RH or hCG on cycle day 15 or clomiphene citrate on days 5-9. Triamcinolone acetonide itself caused variable suppression of plasma estrogens, loss of the mid-cycle gonadotropin surge, and a deficient or absent rise in plasma progestins. Impaired secretion of estrogen did not seem to be due to low gonadotropin levels. FSH and LH responses to LH-RH were adequate in relation to prevailing estrogen levels. Four of six women treated with clomiphene responded with plasma progestin levels which exceed 8 ng/ml. Triamcinolone acetonide seems to affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis mainly by hypothalamic suppression and possibly by a direct effect on the ovary as well.", "contents": "The mechanism of ovulation inhibition by triamcinolone acetonide. A single dose of 25 mg triamcinolone acetonide, when given on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle, inhibits ovulation. To examine the mechanism of this action, daily determinations of plasm FSH, LH, estrone plus estradiol (E1 + E2), and progestins were performed. Some subjects also received a single dose of LH-RH or hCG on cycle day 15 or clomiphene citrate on days 5-9. Triamcinolone acetonide itself caused variable suppression of plasma estrogens, loss of the mid-cycle gonadotropin surge, and a deficient or absent rise in plasma progestins. Impaired secretion of estrogen did not seem to be due to low gonadotropin levels. FSH and LH responses to LH-RH were adequate in relation to prevailing estrogen levels. Four of six women treated with clomiphene responded with plasma progestin levels which exceed 8 ng/ml. Triamcinolone acetonide seems to affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis mainly by hypothalamic suppression and possibly by a direct effect on the ovary as well.", "PMID": 376542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3368", "title": "Gonadotropin insufficiency in patients with thalassemia major.", "content": "To elucidate whether the cause of sexual maturational arrest in thalassemia major is of hypothalamic or pituitary etiology, three female and two male patients were extensively studied. After the iv administration of 150 micrograms gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and 500 micrograms of TRH, all patients demonstrated a minimal LH and no FSH response, with variable PRL and TSH responses. The test was repeated after the patients received 100 micrograms GnRH im daily for 7 days. The LH, FSH, PRL, and TSH responses were similar to those obtained previously. The female patients were then retested twice, after priming with 17 beta-estradiol (2 mg daily for 7 days) and again after treatment with human menopausal gonadotropins. The male patients were treated with hCG and, after testosterone reached normal adult male values, the GnRH-TRH stimulation test was repeated. In both the female and male patients, the pituitary responses remained unchanged. These results demonstrate the presence of primary gonadotropin insufficiency as well as the lack of positive estrogen feedback mechanism in patients with thalassemia major. The site of this abnormality has been demonstrated to be the pituitary gland, since hemosiderosis of the pituitary without hypothalamic involvement has been found at autopsy in one patient.", "contents": "Gonadotropin insufficiency in patients with thalassemia major. To elucidate whether the cause of sexual maturational arrest in thalassemia major is of hypothalamic or pituitary etiology, three female and two male patients were extensively studied. After the iv administration of 150 micrograms gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and 500 micrograms of TRH, all patients demonstrated a minimal LH and no FSH response, with variable PRL and TSH responses. The test was repeated after the patients received 100 micrograms GnRH im daily for 7 days. The LH, FSH, PRL, and TSH responses were similar to those obtained previously. The female patients were then retested twice, after priming with 17 beta-estradiol (2 mg daily for 7 days) and again after treatment with human menopausal gonadotropins. The male patients were treated with hCG and, after testosterone reached normal adult male values, the GnRH-TRH stimulation test was repeated. In both the female and male patients, the pituitary responses remained unchanged. These results demonstrate the presence of primary gonadotropin insufficiency as well as the lack of positive estrogen feedback mechanism in patients with thalassemia major. The site of this abnormality has been demonstrated to be the pituitary gland, since hemosiderosis of the pituitary without hypothalamic involvement has been found at autopsy in one patient.", "PMID": 376543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3369", "title": "Unusual prolactin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in some anovulatory women.", "content": "We studied PRL, FSH, and LH response to LRH in 82 anovulatory and 4 normally ovulating women. Ten anovulatory patients who were basally hyperprolactinemic showed no significant change in PRL concentration after LRH. Of the remaining 72 anovulatory patients with basal PRL levels in the normal range, 59 showed no PRL modification after LRH (as in normals) whereas in 13 patients, a prompt and significant rise of PRL concentration above basal levels in response to LRH was observed. In these 13 patients, the basal PRL levels were significantly higher than those of the other 59 normoprolactinemic women. No significant differences in gonadotropin concentrations were detected among the three groups. The unusual rise in PRL levels after LRH in these 13 patients can be interpreted as a paradoxical response of the pituitary to a specific stimulus, as seen in other clinical conditions. It is suggested that this phasic hyperprolactinemia might represent an intermediate phase between true normoprolactinemia and chronic hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Unusual prolactin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in some anovulatory women. We studied PRL, FSH, and LH response to LRH in 82 anovulatory and 4 normally ovulating women. Ten anovulatory patients who were basally hyperprolactinemic showed no significant change in PRL concentration after LRH. Of the remaining 72 anovulatory patients with basal PRL levels in the normal range, 59 showed no PRL modification after LRH (as in normals) whereas in 13 patients, a prompt and significant rise of PRL concentration above basal levels in response to LRH was observed. In these 13 patients, the basal PRL levels were significantly higher than those of the other 59 normoprolactinemic women. No significant differences in gonadotropin concentrations were detected among the three groups. The unusual rise in PRL levels after LRH in these 13 patients can be interpreted as a paradoxical response of the pituitary to a specific stimulus, as seen in other clinical conditions. It is suggested that this phasic hyperprolactinemia might represent an intermediate phase between true normoprolactinemia and chronic hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 376544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3370", "title": "The functional relationship between priming and releasing actions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "To examine the relationship between the priming and releasing actions of LRF on LH secretion, 14 normal cycling women received 4 different rates of LRF infusion (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 microgram/m2.min for 4 h). The releasing action of the infusion was measured as the area under the curve and the priming effect was assessed by the acute LH increment in response to a test pulse of LRF (10 microgram) at the end of infusion. At the lower 2 infusion rates, there were only minor changes in releasing function, but it increased exponentially (r = 0.986) with higher rates of infusion. In contrast, the priming effect of the lower 2 doses of infusion increased markedly as a function of infusion rate, but no additional priming was found with the higher rates of infusion. Thus, over the range of infusion rates employed, the releasing and priming functions of LRF appear to be dose dependent. These results indicate that the interdependent releasing and priming actions of LRF on LH secretion are functionally dissociable and that large elevations of LRF tend to favor release, while small LRF increments seem to promote priming preferentially.", "contents": "The functional relationship between priming and releasing actions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. To examine the relationship between the priming and releasing actions of LRF on LH secretion, 14 normal cycling women received 4 different rates of LRF infusion (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 microgram/m2.min for 4 h). The releasing action of the infusion was measured as the area under the curve and the priming effect was assessed by the acute LH increment in response to a test pulse of LRF (10 microgram) at the end of infusion. At the lower 2 infusion rates, there were only minor changes in releasing function, but it increased exponentially (r = 0.986) with higher rates of infusion. In contrast, the priming effect of the lower 2 doses of infusion increased markedly as a function of infusion rate, but no additional priming was found with the higher rates of infusion. Thus, over the range of infusion rates employed, the releasing and priming functions of LRF appear to be dose dependent. These results indicate that the interdependent releasing and priming actions of LRF on LH secretion are functionally dissociable and that large elevations of LRF tend to favor release, while small LRF increments seem to promote priming preferentially.", "PMID": 376545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3371", "title": "Shortening of the bleeding time in rabbits by hydrocortisone caused by inhibition of prostacyclin generation by the vessel wall.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on thrombocytopenic bleeding has been studied in rabbits using a jugular vein bleeding-time technique and a microvascular bleeding-time technique. An inverse relationship was found between the bleeding time and platelet count with both techniques in rabbits made thrombocytopenic by either X-irradiation or injection of heterologous platelet antiserum. Hydrocortisone shortened both bleeding times in thrombocytopenic animals when given in single large doses intravenously (25-100 mg/kg), in daily doses (6 mg/kg) intramuscularly, and shortened the jugular bleeding time when applied to the outside of the jugular vein or instilled intraluminally into the vein. This effect was also noted in normal animals. The effect on thrombocytopenic bleeding was dose related. When given daily, the effect was greater when hydrocortisone was given for 10 d than for 5 d. Both indomethacin and tranylcypromine also reduced the jugular vein bleeding time when instilled intraluminally into the jugular vein, whereas exogenously provided arachidonic acid reversed the effect of hydrocortisone but did not reverse the effect of indomethacin or tranylcypromine. Exogenously provided linoleic acid did not have any effect. Perfusion of the vessel segment with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) reversed the effect of intraluminally administered hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and tranylcypromine. Similarly, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and tranylcypromine all reduced the rate of loss of fluid from a standard wound in isolated vessels emptied of blood and perfused with saline under constant pressure. PGI(2) reversed the action of these three agents, however, arachidonic acid reversed only the effect of hydrocortisone and did not reverse the effect of indomethacin and tranylcypromine. The generation of PGI(2)-like material and 6-keto-prostaglandinF(1) alpha from jugular vein strips was prevented by prior exposure of the animals or vessel wall to hydrocortisone. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the vessel wall releases smooth muscle-relaxing prostaglandins when injured and that inhibition of prostaglandin formation by hydrocortisone enhances hemostasis by allowing vasoconstriction to be maintained.", "contents": "Shortening of the bleeding time in rabbits by hydrocortisone caused by inhibition of prostacyclin generation by the vessel wall. The effect of hydrocortisone on thrombocytopenic bleeding has been studied in rabbits using a jugular vein bleeding-time technique and a microvascular bleeding-time technique. An inverse relationship was found between the bleeding time and platelet count with both techniques in rabbits made thrombocytopenic by either X-irradiation or injection of heterologous platelet antiserum. Hydrocortisone shortened both bleeding times in thrombocytopenic animals when given in single large doses intravenously (25-100 mg/kg), in daily doses (6 mg/kg) intramuscularly, and shortened the jugular bleeding time when applied to the outside of the jugular vein or instilled intraluminally into the vein. This effect was also noted in normal animals. The effect on thrombocytopenic bleeding was dose related. When given daily, the effect was greater when hydrocortisone was given for 10 d than for 5 d. Both indomethacin and tranylcypromine also reduced the jugular vein bleeding time when instilled intraluminally into the jugular vein, whereas exogenously provided arachidonic acid reversed the effect of hydrocortisone but did not reverse the effect of indomethacin or tranylcypromine. Exogenously provided linoleic acid did not have any effect. Perfusion of the vessel segment with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) reversed the effect of intraluminally administered hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and tranylcypromine. Similarly, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and tranylcypromine all reduced the rate of loss of fluid from a standard wound in isolated vessels emptied of blood and perfused with saline under constant pressure. PGI(2) reversed the action of these three agents, however, arachidonic acid reversed only the effect of hydrocortisone and did not reverse the effect of indomethacin and tranylcypromine. The generation of PGI(2)-like material and 6-keto-prostaglandinF(1) alpha from jugular vein strips was prevented by prior exposure of the animals or vessel wall to hydrocortisone. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the vessel wall releases smooth muscle-relaxing prostaglandins when injured and that inhibition of prostaglandin formation by hydrocortisone enhances hemostasis by allowing vasoconstriction to be maintained.", "PMID": 376547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3372", "title": "Inhibition of prostacyclin by treatment of endothelium with aspirin. Correlation with platelet adherence.", "content": "Aspirin treatment of cultured endothelial cells from the umbilical vein increased the adherence of 51Cr-platelets when thrombin was present. If the cyclooxygenase activity of endothelium was inhibited by aspirin, as it is in the platelet, reduction of endogenous prostacyclin (PGI2) production could have been responsible. By correlating thrombin-induced adherence of platelets to endothelial monolayers with PGI2 release (as measured by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin FI1 alpha [6-keto-PGF1 alpha]), we have demonstrated an inverse relationship between platelet adherence and PGI2 levels. Untreated endothelial monolayers exposed to thrombin and platelets resulted in 4% platelet adherence and 107 nM 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. With 0.1 mM aspirin treatment, which is known to block platelet cyclooxygenase, adherence was 5% and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha decreased to 45 nM. Increasing the aspirin concentration to 1 mM resulted in 44% adherence and less than 3 nM 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. When 25 nM exogenous PGI2 was added to 1 mM aspirin-treated endothelium, adherence returned to 5%. The increase in thrombin-induced platelet adherence to 1 mM aspirin-treated monolayers was reversed 2 h after removal of the aspirin solution. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha returned to 37% of the untreated monolayer value. Recovery from the aspirin effect did not occur when cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was present during the 2-h period.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostacyclin by treatment of endothelium with aspirin. Correlation with platelet adherence. Aspirin treatment of cultured endothelial cells from the umbilical vein increased the adherence of 51Cr-platelets when thrombin was present. If the cyclooxygenase activity of endothelium was inhibited by aspirin, as it is in the platelet, reduction of endogenous prostacyclin (PGI2) production could have been responsible. By correlating thrombin-induced adherence of platelets to endothelial monolayers with PGI2 release (as measured by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin FI1 alpha [6-keto-PGF1 alpha]), we have demonstrated an inverse relationship between platelet adherence and PGI2 levels. Untreated endothelial monolayers exposed to thrombin and platelets resulted in 4% platelet adherence and 107 nM 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. With 0.1 mM aspirin treatment, which is known to block platelet cyclooxygenase, adherence was 5% and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha decreased to 45 nM. Increasing the aspirin concentration to 1 mM resulted in 44% adherence and less than 3 nM 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. When 25 nM exogenous PGI2 was added to 1 mM aspirin-treated endothelium, adherence returned to 5%. The increase in thrombin-induced platelet adherence to 1 mM aspirin-treated monolayers was reversed 2 h after removal of the aspirin solution. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha returned to 37% of the untreated monolayer value. Recovery from the aspirin effect did not occur when cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was present during the 2-h period.", "PMID": 376548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3373", "title": "Use of a human plaque-forming cell assay to study peripheral blood bursa-equivalent cell activation and excessive suppressor cell activity in humoral immunodeficiency.", "content": "A plaque assay that detects human mononuclear blood cells producing immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody to sheep erythrocytes was investigated for its usefulness in studying B-cell activation and regulation in 24 patients with humoral immunodeficiency. Cells from 3 of 15 patients with common variable agammaglobulinemia produced some plaques (range 40--160/10(6) cells; normal range 80--1240/10(6)), but those from the other 12, from all 7 with x-linked agammaglobulinemia and from the 2 with x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM failed to produce any detectable plaques. In co-cultures of patient and normal cells a very good correlation was seen between results of the plaque assay and an IgM biosynthesis assay in detecting excessive suppressor cell activity. Cells from 7 of 15 common variable agammaglobulinemics, from 3 of 7 x-linked agammaglobulinemics, and from both patients with hyper-IgM caused significant suppression of IgM biosynthesis and(or) plaque formation by normal cells. The observations in the last two groups and discordance for excess suppressor activity in identical twins with common variable agammaglobulinemia suggest that the activity develops secondarily to whatever their primary defects may be. Culturing non-T cells from common variable agammaglobulinemics exhibiting excessive suppressor cell activity with normal T cells resulted in plaque formation in four of five patients so studied; in all five the suppressor activity was found in the T-cell population. The availability of a plaque assay for the study of blood cells from immunodeficient patients provides a new probe to examine the cellular nature of such defects.", "contents": "Use of a human plaque-forming cell assay to study peripheral blood bursa-equivalent cell activation and excessive suppressor cell activity in humoral immunodeficiency. A plaque assay that detects human mononuclear blood cells producing immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody to sheep erythrocytes was investigated for its usefulness in studying B-cell activation and regulation in 24 patients with humoral immunodeficiency. Cells from 3 of 15 patients with common variable agammaglobulinemia produced some plaques (range 40--160/10(6) cells; normal range 80--1240/10(6)), but those from the other 12, from all 7 with x-linked agammaglobulinemia and from the 2 with x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM failed to produce any detectable plaques. In co-cultures of patient and normal cells a very good correlation was seen between results of the plaque assay and an IgM biosynthesis assay in detecting excessive suppressor cell activity. Cells from 7 of 15 common variable agammaglobulinemics, from 3 of 7 x-linked agammaglobulinemics, and from both patients with hyper-IgM caused significant suppression of IgM biosynthesis and(or) plaque formation by normal cells. The observations in the last two groups and discordance for excess suppressor activity in identical twins with common variable agammaglobulinemia suggest that the activity develops secondarily to whatever their primary defects may be. Culturing non-T cells from common variable agammaglobulinemics exhibiting excessive suppressor cell activity with normal T cells resulted in plaque formation in four of five patients so studied; in all five the suppressor activity was found in the T-cell population. The availability of a plaque assay for the study of blood cells from immunodeficient patients provides a new probe to examine the cellular nature of such defects.", "PMID": 376549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3374", "title": "Role of Ia-like products of the main histocompatibility complex in conditioning skin allograft survival in man.", "content": "This report correlates the survival time of 93 intrafamilial skin allografts performed under conditions of main histocompatibility complex (HLA) haploidentity with donor-recipient compatibility for products of the HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR, as well as C3 proactivator, Glyoxalase I, and P loci located on the human 6th chromosome. Incompatibilities for HLA-A and -B (and to a lesser extent for HLA-C) and(or) for HLA-DR products exerted a strong influence upon the fate of skin allografts. When HLA-A and -B were considered alone, the most compatible group of grafts had a mean survival time of 15.8 d, as compared with 11.3 d for the most incompatible transplants. HLA-DR compatibility alone was associated with a mean survival time of 15.3 d, whereas HLA-DR-incompatible grafts had a mean survival time of 11.5 d. Incompatibilities for C3 proactivator, Glyoxalase I, and P did not have a significant effect upon graft survival. There was no evidence of an association between donor-recipient incompatibility at HLA-A, -B, or -C or at HLA-DR; such incompatibilities occurred independently of each other, in spite of the state of linkage disequilibrium known to exist between HLA-B and -DR. Incompatibilities for HLA-A, -B, and for HLA-DR exerted a potent additive effect upon graft survival. Skin grafts bearing one, two, or three incompatibilities had a mean survival time of 16.2, 13.7, and 10.7 d, respectively (P <0.0005).The results point to the important role played by the Ia-like products of the HLA complex (HLA-DR) in conditioning skin allograft survival in man. This consideration may be of direct relevance to the potential clinical usefulness of in vitro serological techniques for the detection of donor-recipient compatibility for HLA-DR.", "contents": "Role of Ia-like products of the main histocompatibility complex in conditioning skin allograft survival in man. This report correlates the survival time of 93 intrafamilial skin allografts performed under conditions of main histocompatibility complex (HLA) haploidentity with donor-recipient compatibility for products of the HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR, as well as C3 proactivator, Glyoxalase I, and P loci located on the human 6th chromosome. Incompatibilities for HLA-A and -B (and to a lesser extent for HLA-C) and(or) for HLA-DR products exerted a strong influence upon the fate of skin allografts. When HLA-A and -B were considered alone, the most compatible group of grafts had a mean survival time of 15.8 d, as compared with 11.3 d for the most incompatible transplants. HLA-DR compatibility alone was associated with a mean survival time of 15.3 d, whereas HLA-DR-incompatible grafts had a mean survival time of 11.5 d. Incompatibilities for C3 proactivator, Glyoxalase I, and P did not have a significant effect upon graft survival. There was no evidence of an association between donor-recipient incompatibility at HLA-A, -B, or -C or at HLA-DR; such incompatibilities occurred independently of each other, in spite of the state of linkage disequilibrium known to exist between HLA-B and -DR. Incompatibilities for HLA-A, -B, and for HLA-DR exerted a potent additive effect upon graft survival. Skin grafts bearing one, two, or three incompatibilities had a mean survival time of 16.2, 13.7, and 10.7 d, respectively (P <0.0005).The results point to the important role played by the Ia-like products of the HLA complex (HLA-DR) in conditioning skin allograft survival in man. This consideration may be of direct relevance to the potential clinical usefulness of in vitro serological techniques for the detection of donor-recipient compatibility for HLA-DR.", "PMID": 376550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3375", "title": "Deficient serum bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of cirrhotic patients was compared with that of normal individuals using the release of (51)Cr from radiolabeled Escherichia coli as the assay method. 80% (22/27) of patients were found to have deficient SBA against at least one of three smooth, serum-sensitive test strains of E. coli. Cirrhotic patients were found to have normal levels of serum lysozyme. Although some patients were mildly hypocomplementemic, this abnormality did not correlate with the presence of a bactericidal defect. Bactericidal antibody in normal and cirrhotics' sera was limited to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M class. Purified IgM from patients with deficient SBA against E. coli 0111 had lower concentrations of bactericidal antibody for that E. coli than did IgM from normal sera; the calculated bactericidal activity of total serum IgM was also lower. The bactericidal defect in cirrhotic serum could be completely corrected by either human antiserum to the homologous strain of E. coli or by purified, normal human IgM. However, because higher concentrations of IgM were required to restore normal SBA to a cirrhotic's serum than to agammaglobulinemic serum, there may be an inhibitor of bactericidal antibody in addition to a deficiency of bactericidal IgM antibody to E. coli in the serum of patients with cirrhosis. The bactericidal activity of the alternative complement pathway was also assessed. Sera from cirrhotic patients had no deficit in SBA attributable to the alternative complement pathway. In fact, in some, the activity of the alternative complement pathway was supernormal, compensating in part for the deficit in IgM-mediated SBA.", "contents": "Deficient serum bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of cirrhotic patients was compared with that of normal individuals using the release of (51)Cr from radiolabeled Escherichia coli as the assay method. 80% (22/27) of patients were found to have deficient SBA against at least one of three smooth, serum-sensitive test strains of E. coli. Cirrhotic patients were found to have normal levels of serum lysozyme. Although some patients were mildly hypocomplementemic, this abnormality did not correlate with the presence of a bactericidal defect. Bactericidal antibody in normal and cirrhotics' sera was limited to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M class. Purified IgM from patients with deficient SBA against E. coli 0111 had lower concentrations of bactericidal antibody for that E. coli than did IgM from normal sera; the calculated bactericidal activity of total serum IgM was also lower. The bactericidal defect in cirrhotic serum could be completely corrected by either human antiserum to the homologous strain of E. coli or by purified, normal human IgM. However, because higher concentrations of IgM were required to restore normal SBA to a cirrhotic's serum than to agammaglobulinemic serum, there may be an inhibitor of bactericidal antibody in addition to a deficiency of bactericidal IgM antibody to E. coli in the serum of patients with cirrhosis. The bactericidal activity of the alternative complement pathway was also assessed. Sera from cirrhotic patients had no deficit in SBA attributable to the alternative complement pathway. In fact, in some, the activity of the alternative complement pathway was supernormal, compensating in part for the deficit in IgM-mediated SBA.", "PMID": 376551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3376", "title": "Insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to monocytes in maturity-onset diabetes.", "content": "Tissue sensitive to insulin and insulin binding to monocytes were evaluated in 15 nonobese maturity-onset diabetics and in 16 healthy controls. Insulin sensitivity was determined by the insulin clamp technique in which the plasma insulin is acutely raised and maintained 100 muU/ml above the fasting level and plasma glucose is held constant at fasting levels by a variable glucose infusion. The amount of glucose infused is a measure of overall tissue sensitivity to insulin. In the diabetic group, the fasting plasma glucose concentration (168+/-4 mg/dl) was 85% greater than controls (P < 0.01) whereas the plasma insulin level (15+/-1 muU/ml) was similar to controls. During the insulin clamp study, comparable plasma insulin levels were achieved in the diabetics (118+/-5) and the controls (114+/-5 muU/ml). However, the glucose infusion rate in the diabetics (4.7+/-0.4 mg/kg.min) was 30% below controls (P < 0.01). Among the diabetics, the glucose infusion rate correlated directly with the fasting plasma glucose level (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). In five diabetic subjects, glucose metabolism was similar to controls, and these diabetics had the highest fasting glucose levels. When they were restudied after prior normalization (with insulin) of the fasting plasma glucose (100+/-1 mg/dl), the glucose infusion rate during the insulin clamp was 30% lower than observed in association with hyperglycemia (P < 0.01). Studies that employed tritiated glucose to measure endogenous glucose production indicated comparable 90-95% inhibition of hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinemia in the diabetic and control subjects.(125)I-insulin binding to monocytes in the diabetics (5.5+/-0.6%) was 30% below that in controls (P < 0.01). Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action as determined with the insulin clamp were highly correlated in both control (r = 0.67, P < 0.01), and diabetic subjects (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). We conclude that (a) tissue sensitivity to physiologic hyperinsulinemia is reduced in most maturity-onset diabetics; (b) this decrease in sensitivity is located, at least in part, in extrahepatic tissues; (c) the resistance to insulin may be mediated by a reduction in insulin binding; and (d) in maturity-onset diabetics with normal tissue sensitivity to insulin, hyperglycemia may be a contributing factor to the normal rates of insulin-mediated glucose uptake.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to monocytes in maturity-onset diabetes. Tissue sensitive to insulin and insulin binding to monocytes were evaluated in 15 nonobese maturity-onset diabetics and in 16 healthy controls. Insulin sensitivity was determined by the insulin clamp technique in which the plasma insulin is acutely raised and maintained 100 muU/ml above the fasting level and plasma glucose is held constant at fasting levels by a variable glucose infusion. The amount of glucose infused is a measure of overall tissue sensitivity to insulin. In the diabetic group, the fasting plasma glucose concentration (168+/-4 mg/dl) was 85% greater than controls (P < 0.01) whereas the plasma insulin level (15+/-1 muU/ml) was similar to controls. During the insulin clamp study, comparable plasma insulin levels were achieved in the diabetics (118+/-5) and the controls (114+/-5 muU/ml). However, the glucose infusion rate in the diabetics (4.7+/-0.4 mg/kg.min) was 30% below controls (P < 0.01). Among the diabetics, the glucose infusion rate correlated directly with the fasting plasma glucose level (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). In five diabetic subjects, glucose metabolism was similar to controls, and these diabetics had the highest fasting glucose levels. When they were restudied after prior normalization (with insulin) of the fasting plasma glucose (100+/-1 mg/dl), the glucose infusion rate during the insulin clamp was 30% lower than observed in association with hyperglycemia (P < 0.01). Studies that employed tritiated glucose to measure endogenous glucose production indicated comparable 90-95% inhibition of hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinemia in the diabetic and control subjects.(125)I-insulin binding to monocytes in the diabetics (5.5+/-0.6%) was 30% below that in controls (P < 0.01). Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action as determined with the insulin clamp were highly correlated in both control (r = 0.67, P < 0.01), and diabetic subjects (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). We conclude that (a) tissue sensitivity to physiologic hyperinsulinemia is reduced in most maturity-onset diabetics; (b) this decrease in sensitivity is located, at least in part, in extrahepatic tissues; (c) the resistance to insulin may be mediated by a reduction in insulin binding; and (d) in maturity-onset diabetics with normal tissue sensitivity to insulin, hyperglycemia may be a contributing factor to the normal rates of insulin-mediated glucose uptake.", "PMID": 376552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3377", "title": "Insulin secretion and metabolism during the perinatal period in the rat. Evidence for a placental role in fetal hyperinsulinemia.", "content": "To better understand why plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentration is high in the rat fetus during the last 3 d of gestation and why fetal hyperinsulinemia abruptly subsides after birth, insulin secretion and metabolic clearance rates were estimated in fetuses and nursed pups. Intravenously injected [(125)I]monoiodoinsulin was cleared from the plasma of prematurely delivered pups at least as rapidly as from that of 7- to 10-d-old pups, suggesting that fetal hyperinsulinemia is not a result of slow clearance of the hormone. The fetal liver bound 35% of the injected label within 3 min, and binding was saturable. The uptake of radioactivity by the fetal kidney was nonsaturable and much lower than that of adult rat kidney. Isolated fetal islets were already reactive to glucose on the 19th d of gestation. Pancreatic insulin secretory capacity was estimated by measuring (a) the insulin release of isolated islets incubated in the presence of 2.8 mM glucose, (b) the insulin content of the same islets, and (c) the total insulin extracted from the pancreas, using the formula (a x c)/b. 2 d before birth, the pancreatic insulin secretory capacity was high, accounting for fetal hyperinsulinemia. It was even higher after birth, not accounting for the postnatal decrease in plasma IRI concentration. Pups delivered by caesarian section 1 d before term exhibited a brisk decrease in plasma IRI concentration when the cord was cut. By contrast, if the feto-placental unit was removed from the dam, maintaining fetal blood circulation through the placenta, fetal plasma IRI concentration remained as high as in utero. These experiments suggest that a placental factor stimulates fetal insulin secretion. After birth, when the cord is cut, insulin secretion is rapidly turned off, and the pups switch from a state of unlimited fuel supply by the mother to a state of fuel saving.", "contents": "Insulin secretion and metabolism during the perinatal period in the rat. Evidence for a placental role in fetal hyperinsulinemia. To better understand why plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentration is high in the rat fetus during the last 3 d of gestation and why fetal hyperinsulinemia abruptly subsides after birth, insulin secretion and metabolic clearance rates were estimated in fetuses and nursed pups. Intravenously injected [(125)I]monoiodoinsulin was cleared from the plasma of prematurely delivered pups at least as rapidly as from that of 7- to 10-d-old pups, suggesting that fetal hyperinsulinemia is not a result of slow clearance of the hormone. The fetal liver bound 35% of the injected label within 3 min, and binding was saturable. The uptake of radioactivity by the fetal kidney was nonsaturable and much lower than that of adult rat kidney. Isolated fetal islets were already reactive to glucose on the 19th d of gestation. Pancreatic insulin secretory capacity was estimated by measuring (a) the insulin release of isolated islets incubated in the presence of 2.8 mM glucose, (b) the insulin content of the same islets, and (c) the total insulin extracted from the pancreas, using the formula (a x c)/b. 2 d before birth, the pancreatic insulin secretory capacity was high, accounting for fetal hyperinsulinemia. It was even higher after birth, not accounting for the postnatal decrease in plasma IRI concentration. Pups delivered by caesarian section 1 d before term exhibited a brisk decrease in plasma IRI concentration when the cord was cut. By contrast, if the feto-placental unit was removed from the dam, maintaining fetal blood circulation through the placenta, fetal plasma IRI concentration remained as high as in utero. These experiments suggest that a placental factor stimulates fetal insulin secretion. After birth, when the cord is cut, insulin secretion is rapidly turned off, and the pups switch from a state of unlimited fuel supply by the mother to a state of fuel saving.", "PMID": 376553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3378", "title": "Intravascular clearance of parasitized erythrocytes in rodent malaria.", "content": "Little is known about host defense mechanisms responsible for protective immunity in malaria. The intravascular location of the infection suggested that removal of parasitized erythrocytes by reticuloendothelial organs might be important. To study this possibility, we examined the clearance of (51)Crlabeled Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes in rats. Infected erythrocytes were removed more rapidly from circulation than homologous uninfected erythrocytes. The rate of clearance of infected cells during the 1st hour after inoculation was approximately three times greater in rats rendered immune by prior infection than in control rats. This accelerated clearance resulted from greater splenic uptake in immune rats and appeared to correlate with spleen size. Since the clearance pattern of infected erythrocytes more closely resembled the clearance of Heinz body-containing uninfected erythrocytes than of antibody-coated (immunoglobulin G) uninfected erythrocytes, rheologic alterations of parasitized erythrocytes might be a more important determinant of clearance than an antibody-dependent process. During the phase of malaria infection in which increasing parasitemia is observed, organ uptake of infected erythrocytes did not increase despite splenic and hepatic enlargement. However during the spontaneous onset of resolution of malaria infection characterized by decreasing parasitemia, a marked enhancement of splenic clearance was noted. These observations suggest that sudden alteration in splenic clearance of parasitized erythrocytes might be important in the resolution of acute malaria.", "contents": "Intravascular clearance of parasitized erythrocytes in rodent malaria. Little is known about host defense mechanisms responsible for protective immunity in malaria. The intravascular location of the infection suggested that removal of parasitized erythrocytes by reticuloendothelial organs might be important. To study this possibility, we examined the clearance of (51)Crlabeled Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes in rats. Infected erythrocytes were removed more rapidly from circulation than homologous uninfected erythrocytes. The rate of clearance of infected cells during the 1st hour after inoculation was approximately three times greater in rats rendered immune by prior infection than in control rats. This accelerated clearance resulted from greater splenic uptake in immune rats and appeared to correlate with spleen size. Since the clearance pattern of infected erythrocytes more closely resembled the clearance of Heinz body-containing uninfected erythrocytes than of antibody-coated (immunoglobulin G) uninfected erythrocytes, rheologic alterations of parasitized erythrocytes might be a more important determinant of clearance than an antibody-dependent process. During the phase of malaria infection in which increasing parasitemia is observed, organ uptake of infected erythrocytes did not increase despite splenic and hepatic enlargement. However during the spontaneous onset of resolution of malaria infection characterized by decreasing parasitemia, a marked enhancement of splenic clearance was noted. These observations suggest that sudden alteration in splenic clearance of parasitized erythrocytes might be important in the resolution of acute malaria.", "PMID": 376554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3379", "title": "Thrombin-induced platelet secretion. Further evidence for a specific pathway.", "content": "We have studied the interaction between thrombin and washed, human platelets using prostacyclin, a reversible inhibitor of platelet secretion. The effect of thrombin is limited to those reactions that are not inhibited by an increased concentration of platelet cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, because prostacyclin is a potent inducer of the latter. Prostacyclin-treated platelets were briefly (15-30 s) exposed to low concentrations of human thrombin (0.01-0.2 U/ml). After removal of the prostacyclin and thrombin, the platelets were incubated with fresh thrombin. Although they had not undergone the release reaction after the first thrombin incubation, these platelets had a diminished capacity to secrete [(3)H]serotonin when exposed to thrombin the second time. Refractoriness was concentration dependent: the higher the initial thrombin concentration, the greater the degree of inhibition of serotonin secretion on subsequent thrombin exposure. Inhibition was closely related to the ability of thrombin to induce platelet secretion and not to its esterase or fibrinogen clotting activity. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate-inactive thrombin did not induce refractoriness. Refractoriness to thrombin did not increase when the time of the initial incubation with thrombin was lengthened, nor was it reversible.INHIBITION WAS THROMBIN SPECIFIC: serotonin secretion induced by collagen, wheat germ agglutinin, and the ionophore A23187 was minimally affected. For an equivalent amount of thrombin bound, a decrease was observed in serotonin secretion by thrombin-pretreated platelets compared to control platelets. Thus, there is at least one step in the secretory pathway between thrombin binding and regulation of adenylate cyclase. This step appears to transmit the signal that leads to extrusion of intracellular granular contents.", "contents": "Thrombin-induced platelet secretion. Further evidence for a specific pathway. We have studied the interaction between thrombin and washed, human platelets using prostacyclin, a reversible inhibitor of platelet secretion. The effect of thrombin is limited to those reactions that are not inhibited by an increased concentration of platelet cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, because prostacyclin is a potent inducer of the latter. Prostacyclin-treated platelets were briefly (15-30 s) exposed to low concentrations of human thrombin (0.01-0.2 U/ml). After removal of the prostacyclin and thrombin, the platelets were incubated with fresh thrombin. Although they had not undergone the release reaction after the first thrombin incubation, these platelets had a diminished capacity to secrete [(3)H]serotonin when exposed to thrombin the second time. Refractoriness was concentration dependent: the higher the initial thrombin concentration, the greater the degree of inhibition of serotonin secretion on subsequent thrombin exposure. Inhibition was closely related to the ability of thrombin to induce platelet secretion and not to its esterase or fibrinogen clotting activity. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate-inactive thrombin did not induce refractoriness. Refractoriness to thrombin did not increase when the time of the initial incubation with thrombin was lengthened, nor was it reversible.INHIBITION WAS THROMBIN SPECIFIC: serotonin secretion induced by collagen, wheat germ agglutinin, and the ionophore A23187 was minimally affected. For an equivalent amount of thrombin bound, a decrease was observed in serotonin secretion by thrombin-pretreated platelets compared to control platelets. Thus, there is at least one step in the secretory pathway between thrombin binding and regulation of adenylate cyclase. This step appears to transmit the signal that leads to extrusion of intracellular granular contents.", "PMID": 376555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3380", "title": "Interference with the mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli by sublethal concentrations of streptomycin.", "content": "When Escherichia coli was grown in sublethal concentrations of streptomycin, mannose binding activity and epithelial cell adherence of the E. coli cultures at stationary phase were significantly reduced in the drug-grown organisms. In a strain whose minimal inhibitory concentrations was 30 mug/ml, the percentage of reduction in mannose binding activity was dose related over a range of concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mug/ml streptomycin. Concomitant with the drug-induced suppression of mannose binding activity, antigenic and ultrastructural alterations on the surface of the drug-grown organisms were observed by agglutination tests and electron microscopy, respectively. The streptomycin effect was reversible, required actively growing organisms, and was most apparent in the early log-phase of growth. High doses of antibiotic were ineffective when added to cultures which had acquired mannose binding activity. An isogenic derivative with high-level resistance to streptomycin was obtained as a single-step mutation from the test E. coli strain. Whereas the isogenic mutant possessed mannose binding activity and adhering ability similar to the parent strain, it was resistant to the streptomycin-induced suppression of the two activities at enormous concentrations (up to 10,000 mug/ml) of streptomycin. Taken together the results suggest that the suppression of epithelial cell adherence and mannose binding activity of E. coli grown in sublethal concentrations of streptomycin is a result of classic mechanisms of drug action upon the bacterial ribosome. The results support the possibility that antibiotics may act through mechanisms other than inhibition of growth and bacterial killing to eradicate bacteria from mucosal surfaces.", "contents": "Interference with the mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli by sublethal concentrations of streptomycin. When Escherichia coli was grown in sublethal concentrations of streptomycin, mannose binding activity and epithelial cell adherence of the E. coli cultures at stationary phase were significantly reduced in the drug-grown organisms. In a strain whose minimal inhibitory concentrations was 30 mug/ml, the percentage of reduction in mannose binding activity was dose related over a range of concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mug/ml streptomycin. Concomitant with the drug-induced suppression of mannose binding activity, antigenic and ultrastructural alterations on the surface of the drug-grown organisms were observed by agglutination tests and electron microscopy, respectively. The streptomycin effect was reversible, required actively growing organisms, and was most apparent in the early log-phase of growth. High doses of antibiotic were ineffective when added to cultures which had acquired mannose binding activity. An isogenic derivative with high-level resistance to streptomycin was obtained as a single-step mutation from the test E. coli strain. Whereas the isogenic mutant possessed mannose binding activity and adhering ability similar to the parent strain, it was resistant to the streptomycin-induced suppression of the two activities at enormous concentrations (up to 10,000 mug/ml) of streptomycin. Taken together the results suggest that the suppression of epithelial cell adherence and mannose binding activity of E. coli grown in sublethal concentrations of streptomycin is a result of classic mechanisms of drug action upon the bacterial ribosome. The results support the possibility that antibiotics may act through mechanisms other than inhibition of growth and bacterial killing to eradicate bacteria from mucosal surfaces.", "PMID": 376556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3381", "title": "Role of microtubules in the synthesis, conversion, and release of (pro)insulin. A biochemical and radioautographic study in rat islets.", "content": "In the pancreatic B cell, microtubules are thought to be involved in the process of insulin release. Their possible participation in the sequence of events leading from the biosynthesis and conversion of proinsulin to the release of newly synthesized insulin was investigated in rat isolated islets exposed to colchicine (0.1 mM). When the islets were preincubated for 30 min with colchicine and [3H]-leucine and, thereafter, incubated for two successive periods of 90 min each, still in the presence of colchicine, the release of preformed insulin was progressively inhibited and that of newly synthesized hormone delayed. When the islets were preincubated for 120 min with colchicine, subsequently pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine, and eventually examined by ultrastructural autoradiography, the export of newly synthesized proinsulin out of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, its transit through the Golgi complex, and its eventual packaging in secretory granules were all retarded. This situation was associated with a delayed conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Under the same experimental conditions, colchicine failed to affect the oxidation of glucose and adenylate charge in the islets. The effect of colchicine upon the release of preformed and newly synthesized insulin was not reproduced by lumicolchicine. It is concluded that colchicine interferes with the system controlling the intracellular transfer of secretory material from site of synthesis to site of release. This interference is likely to be linked to the effect of colchicine on microtubules.", "contents": "Role of microtubules in the synthesis, conversion, and release of (pro)insulin. A biochemical and radioautographic study in rat islets. In the pancreatic B cell, microtubules are thought to be involved in the process of insulin release. Their possible participation in the sequence of events leading from the biosynthesis and conversion of proinsulin to the release of newly synthesized insulin was investigated in rat isolated islets exposed to colchicine (0.1 mM). When the islets were preincubated for 30 min with colchicine and [3H]-leucine and, thereafter, incubated for two successive periods of 90 min each, still in the presence of colchicine, the release of preformed insulin was progressively inhibited and that of newly synthesized hormone delayed. When the islets were preincubated for 120 min with colchicine, subsequently pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine, and eventually examined by ultrastructural autoradiography, the export of newly synthesized proinsulin out of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, its transit through the Golgi complex, and its eventual packaging in secretory granules were all retarded. This situation was associated with a delayed conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Under the same experimental conditions, colchicine failed to affect the oxidation of glucose and adenylate charge in the islets. The effect of colchicine upon the release of preformed and newly synthesized insulin was not reproduced by lumicolchicine. It is concluded that colchicine interferes with the system controlling the intracellular transfer of secretory material from site of synthesis to site of release. This interference is likely to be linked to the effect of colchicine on microtubules.", "PMID": 376557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3382", "title": "Response of variant hereditary angioedema phenotypes to danazol therapy. Genetic implications.", "content": "Hereditary angioedema (HAE), an auto-somal dominant disorder characterized by attacks of episodic edema is associated with decreased functional levels of the C1 esterase inhibitor. Approximately 85% of patients have lowered antigen levels of a normal inhibitor protein. 15% of patients have normal or elevated antigenic levels of functionless protein. We have examined the response to danazol therapy of patients with the variant HAE phenotypes possessing the abnormal protein in an effort to determine if these patients possess a normal structural C1 inhibitor allele. Four patients with a variant HAE phenotype were treated successfully with danazol. In two patients, distinguished by the presence of a functionless, albumin-bound, C1 inhibitor (phenotype 2), phenotypic analysis of the danazol response by bidirectional immunoelectrophoresis revealed the appearance of the normal C1 inhibitor gene product during danazol therapy. This relatively cathodal C1 inhibitor peak appears in conjunction with the development of nearly normal functional activity. All of the functional C1 inhibitory activity which appeared in the phenotype 2 treatment serum was associated with the electrophoretically normal inhibitor. This normal protein could be separated from the functionless inhibitor protein by immunoadsorption and molecular sieve chromatography. Danazol therapy of the two patients with an electrophoretically normal, functionless C1 inhibitor (phenotype 3) also resulted in a clinical remission associated with development of a significant increment in functional serum C1 inhibitory activity and C1 inhibitor protein. These findings demonstrate that these two HAE phenotypic variants are heterozygous for the normal serum C1 inhibitor, a finding which was not apparent before phenotypic analysis of this serum during danazol therapy. These data provide strong evidence for a basic similarity between the common form of HAE and its phenotypic variants. They also suggest that a structural gene lesion may result in the abnormalities of serum C1 inhibitor function and disease expression in all three of these HAE phenotypes.", "contents": "Response of variant hereditary angioedema phenotypes to danazol therapy. Genetic implications. Hereditary angioedema (HAE), an auto-somal dominant disorder characterized by attacks of episodic edema is associated with decreased functional levels of the C1 esterase inhibitor. Approximately 85% of patients have lowered antigen levels of a normal inhibitor protein. 15% of patients have normal or elevated antigenic levels of functionless protein. We have examined the response to danazol therapy of patients with the variant HAE phenotypes possessing the abnormal protein in an effort to determine if these patients possess a normal structural C1 inhibitor allele. Four patients with a variant HAE phenotype were treated successfully with danazol. In two patients, distinguished by the presence of a functionless, albumin-bound, C1 inhibitor (phenotype 2), phenotypic analysis of the danazol response by bidirectional immunoelectrophoresis revealed the appearance of the normal C1 inhibitor gene product during danazol therapy. This relatively cathodal C1 inhibitor peak appears in conjunction with the development of nearly normal functional activity. All of the functional C1 inhibitory activity which appeared in the phenotype 2 treatment serum was associated with the electrophoretically normal inhibitor. This normal protein could be separated from the functionless inhibitor protein by immunoadsorption and molecular sieve chromatography. Danazol therapy of the two patients with an electrophoretically normal, functionless C1 inhibitor (phenotype 3) also resulted in a clinical remission associated with development of a significant increment in functional serum C1 inhibitory activity and C1 inhibitor protein. These findings demonstrate that these two HAE phenotypic variants are heterozygous for the normal serum C1 inhibitor, a finding which was not apparent before phenotypic analysis of this serum during danazol therapy. These data provide strong evidence for a basic similarity between the common form of HAE and its phenotypic variants. They also suggest that a structural gene lesion may result in the abnormalities of serum C1 inhibitor function and disease expression in all three of these HAE phenotypes.", "PMID": 376558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3383", "title": "Antigenic modulation and turnover in human neutrophils.", "content": "Turnover of membrane constituents appears important in many biologic processes. We studied this process in neutrophils by immunologic methods. The capacity of neutrophils to recognize other neutrophils coated with antibodies against membrane antigens was used to determine the changes that occur after attachment of the antibody to the neutrophil membrane. Neutrophils were sensitized for 30 min at 22 degrees C with antibodies from three patients with antineutrophil autoantibodies. The sensitized neutrophils were recognized by normal neutrophils, which responded with an increase in glucose oxidation. If, after sensitization, the sensitized neutrophils were not immediately exposed to normal neutrophils, but instead were incubated at 37 degrees C for varying times, the capacity to elicit a recognition response decayed and was gone by 30 min. Additionally, the capacity of the cells to be resensitized by reexposure to antibody also decayed during this period. However, after further incubation at 37 degrees C, the neutrophils recovered the capacity to become sensitized; and this recovery was not inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide. Control incubations with normal immunoglobulin (Ig)G did not elicit a recognition response. The decay in recognition response was temperature dependent. Direct immunofluorescent studies with fluorescein-conjugated antineutrophil IgG revealed that the antibodies were cleared by aggregation and endocytosis. We conclude that: (a) neutrophils clear antibody from the cell surface by a temperature-dependent mechanism; (b) antigenicity is cleared concomitantly; (c) the mechanism of clearance involves internalization; and (d) with time, antigenicity reappears on the cell surface.", "contents": "Antigenic modulation and turnover in human neutrophils. Turnover of membrane constituents appears important in many biologic processes. We studied this process in neutrophils by immunologic methods. The capacity of neutrophils to recognize other neutrophils coated with antibodies against membrane antigens was used to determine the changes that occur after attachment of the antibody to the neutrophil membrane. Neutrophils were sensitized for 30 min at 22 degrees C with antibodies from three patients with antineutrophil autoantibodies. The sensitized neutrophils were recognized by normal neutrophils, which responded with an increase in glucose oxidation. If, after sensitization, the sensitized neutrophils were not immediately exposed to normal neutrophils, but instead were incubated at 37 degrees C for varying times, the capacity to elicit a recognition response decayed and was gone by 30 min. Additionally, the capacity of the cells to be resensitized by reexposure to antibody also decayed during this period. However, after further incubation at 37 degrees C, the neutrophils recovered the capacity to become sensitized; and this recovery was not inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide. Control incubations with normal immunoglobulin (Ig)G did not elicit a recognition response. The decay in recognition response was temperature dependent. Direct immunofluorescent studies with fluorescein-conjugated antineutrophil IgG revealed that the antibodies were cleared by aggregation and endocytosis. We conclude that: (a) neutrophils clear antibody from the cell surface by a temperature-dependent mechanism; (b) antigenicity is cleared concomitantly; (c) the mechanism of clearance involves internalization; and (d) with time, antigenicity reappears on the cell surface.", "PMID": 376559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3384", "title": "Antipili antibody affords protection against experimental ascending pyelonephritis.", "content": "The ability of antipili antibody to prevent ascending urinary tract infection was investigated in rats. One group of rats was immunized passively with rabbit antisera to purified pili and challenged by intravesicular inoculation of 5 x 10(7) heavily piliated Escherichia coli. Only 2 of 14 immunized animals developed cortical abscesses as compared to 13 of 15 control rats given normal rabbit serum (P equals 0.0001). The mean log titer of bacteria in the kidneys of the immunized rats was 0.85 vs. 6.08 in the controls (P less than 0.005). A second group was actively immunized with pili. 3 of 16 immunized animals became infected as compared to 10 of 15 controls (P equals 0.01). The mean log titers were 2.13 and 4.54, respectively (P less than 0.01). A third group was passively immunized and challenged with a strain that had different O, K, and H antigens but shared pili antigens. Abscesses occurred in 4 of 15 immunized animals as compared to 13 of 15 controls (P equals 0.001). The mean log titers were 2.37 and 5.63, respectively (P less than 0.005). These results indicate that antipili antibody protects rats against ascending urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Antipili antibody affords protection against experimental ascending pyelonephritis. The ability of antipili antibody to prevent ascending urinary tract infection was investigated in rats. One group of rats was immunized passively with rabbit antisera to purified pili and challenged by intravesicular inoculation of 5 x 10(7) heavily piliated Escherichia coli. Only 2 of 14 immunized animals developed cortical abscesses as compared to 13 of 15 control rats given normal rabbit serum (P equals 0.0001). The mean log titer of bacteria in the kidneys of the immunized rats was 0.85 vs. 6.08 in the controls (P less than 0.005). A second group was actively immunized with pili. 3 of 16 immunized animals became infected as compared to 10 of 15 controls (P equals 0.01). The mean log titers were 2.13 and 4.54, respectively (P less than 0.01). A third group was passively immunized and challenged with a strain that had different O, K, and H antigens but shared pili antigens. Abscesses occurred in 4 of 15 immunized animals as compared to 13 of 15 controls (P equals 0.001). The mean log titers were 2.37 and 5.63, respectively (P less than 0.005). These results indicate that antipili antibody protects rats against ascending urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 376560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3385", "title": "Particle size distribution analysis for the rapid detection of microbial infection of urine.", "content": "The accuracy and practicality of particle size distribution analysis for rapid screening of urine specimens are assessed. Six hundred urines were subjected simultaneously to routine bacteriological examinations and particle size distribution analysis using a Coulter Counter (ZBI) linked to a C1000 Channelyzer. There was complete agreement in the results of 593 (98.8%) specimens. Characteristic profiles of various bacterial species in infected specimens were consistently obtained. This system can easily be linked to any existing computer reporting in a district hospital laboratory, and the results of negative specimens (70--80%) can be obtained within 5--10 minutes.", "contents": "Particle size distribution analysis for the rapid detection of microbial infection of urine. The accuracy and practicality of particle size distribution analysis for rapid screening of urine specimens are assessed. Six hundred urines were subjected simultaneously to routine bacteriological examinations and particle size distribution analysis using a Coulter Counter (ZBI) linked to a C1000 Channelyzer. There was complete agreement in the results of 593 (98.8%) specimens. Characteristic profiles of various bacterial species in infected specimens were consistently obtained. This system can easily be linked to any existing computer reporting in a district hospital laboratory, and the results of negative specimens (70--80%) can be obtained within 5--10 minutes.", "PMID": 376561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3386", "title": "The chloride corrosion behavior of silver-base casting alloys.", "content": "The chloride corrosion behavior of five silver-palladium dental casting alloys was investigated in a 1% NaCl solution through the use of electrochemical hysteresis technique. The corrosion mechanism has been interpreted in terms of the microstructure of these alloys and their possible electrochemical reactions.", "contents": "The chloride corrosion behavior of silver-base casting alloys. The chloride corrosion behavior of five silver-palladium dental casting alloys was investigated in a 1% NaCl solution through the use of electrochemical hysteresis technique. The corrosion mechanism has been interpreted in terms of the microstructure of these alloys and their possible electrochemical reactions.", "PMID": 376566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3387", "title": "A hydrophilic denture base resin.", "content": "A Denture Base Resin is marketed with hydrophilic characteristics which, it is claimed, improve retention. The claim has been questioned, but this article is concerned with the physico-chemical properties of the product.", "contents": "A hydrophilic denture base resin. A Denture Base Resin is marketed with hydrophilic characteristics which, it is claimed, improve retention. The claim has been questioned, but this article is concerned with the physico-chemical properties of the product.", "PMID": 376567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3388", "title": "Studies on the Sm-Co magnet as a dental material.", "content": "The Sm-Co magnet has superior and convenient magnetic properties as compared with conventional ones used hitherto in prosthesis, and even very small pieces can provide the force necessary in dentistry. Also, the magnet has high corrosion resistance and is innocuous to tissues. Therefore, it can be used as a dental material, overcoming the limitations in past applications.", "contents": "Studies on the Sm-Co magnet as a dental material. The Sm-Co magnet has superior and convenient magnetic properties as compared with conventional ones used hitherto in prosthesis, and even very small pieces can provide the force necessary in dentistry. Also, the magnet has high corrosion resistance and is innocuous to tissues. Therefore, it can be used as a dental material, overcoming the limitations in past applications.", "PMID": 376568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3389", "title": "A method for detection of complement cleavage in gingival fluid.", "content": "A sensitive method is described for detection of C3 cleavage in gingival fluid taken from sites of both normal and inflamed gingiva. Preliminary data suggest a direct relationship between C3 conversion and the presence of periodontal disease.", "contents": "A method for detection of complement cleavage in gingival fluid. A sensitive method is described for detection of C3 cleavage in gingival fluid taken from sites of both normal and inflamed gingiva. Preliminary data suggest a direct relationship between C3 conversion and the presence of periodontal disease.", "PMID": 376569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3390", "title": "A comparison of the effects of endotoxin upon fibroblast proliferation and macromolecular syntheses.", "content": "The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mouse L929 cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and proline incorporation were determined. It was found that a level of endotoxin which inhibited cell proliferation prompted a similar inhibition of DNA synthesis and overall cell protein synthesis. In contrast, endotoxin was shown to inhibit incorporation of proline into cell protein to a significantly greater extent.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of endotoxin upon fibroblast proliferation and macromolecular syntheses. The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mouse L929 cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and proline incorporation were determined. It was found that a level of endotoxin which inhibited cell proliferation prompted a similar inhibition of DNA synthesis and overall cell protein synthesis. In contrast, endotoxin was shown to inhibit incorporation of proline into cell protein to a significantly greater extent.", "PMID": 376570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3391", "title": "A thermographic study of heat distribution during ultra-speed cavity preparation.", "content": "Thermography was employed to determine the pattern of heat generation, distribution and dissipation during ultra-high speed cavity preparation. Results indicate an increase in intrapulpal temperature during cutting procedures. No significant differences in the cooling effectiveness between air-water spray and air alone were found. Thermography appears to be an effective research tool for determining thermal changes.", "contents": "A thermographic study of heat distribution during ultra-speed cavity preparation. Thermography was employed to determine the pattern of heat generation, distribution and dissipation during ultra-high speed cavity preparation. Results indicate an increase in intrapulpal temperature during cutting procedures. No significant differences in the cooling effectiveness between air-water spray and air alone were found. Thermography appears to be an effective research tool for determining thermal changes.", "PMID": 376571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3392", "title": "Comparison of four weeks' treatment with fenoterol and terbutaline aerosols in adult asthmatics. A double-blind crossover study.", "content": "Fenoterol and terbutaline, two long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists in aerosol form, were compared in an 8-wk randomized double-blind crossover study in 22 mild to moderately severe asthmatics. Patients completed diary cards, recorded peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) twice daily, and attended a clinic for measurement of PEFR, 1-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC) twice during each treatment period. Fifteen patients completed the study; 5 dropped out while using fenoterol, and 2 while using terbutaline. At clinic attendances, the patients had a significantly higher mean PEFR after 4 wk on terbutaline (385 L/min) than after fenoterol (316 L/min) (p less than 0.001). Similar results were found on analysis of the morning and evening PEFR recordings. On comparing each individual's PEFR recordings during the 2 treatments, it was found that there was no significant difference among the treatments in 3 patients, while 9 patients had a better response to terbutaline, and 3 patients had a better response to fenoterol. While similar number expressed a subjective preference for each treatment, the lung function data suggested that the effectiveness of fenoterol appeared to decline during the trial period.", "contents": "Comparison of four weeks' treatment with fenoterol and terbutaline aerosols in adult asthmatics. A double-blind crossover study. Fenoterol and terbutaline, two long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists in aerosol form, were compared in an 8-wk randomized double-blind crossover study in 22 mild to moderately severe asthmatics. Patients completed diary cards, recorded peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) twice daily, and attended a clinic for measurement of PEFR, 1-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC) twice during each treatment period. Fifteen patients completed the study; 5 dropped out while using fenoterol, and 2 while using terbutaline. At clinic attendances, the patients had a significantly higher mean PEFR after 4 wk on terbutaline (385 L/min) than after fenoterol (316 L/min) (p less than 0.001). Similar results were found on analysis of the morning and evening PEFR recordings. On comparing each individual's PEFR recordings during the 2 treatments, it was found that there was no significant difference among the treatments in 3 patients, while 9 patients had a better response to terbutaline, and 3 patients had a better response to fenoterol. While similar number expressed a subjective preference for each treatment, the lung function data suggested that the effectiveness of fenoterol appeared to decline during the trial period.", "PMID": 376572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3393", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity associated with a reticulum cell sarcoma of aged mice.", "content": "Aging BC3F1 hybrid mice frequently develop a reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) causing marked hypercellularity of lymphoid tissues and pronounced suppression of humoral immunity. Cells of malignant spleens gave feeble responses in vitro to thymus-dependent and -independent antigens; moreover, they suppressed normal spleen cell responses to the antigens. The RCS was passed, serially, in young mice and the spleen and ascites cells of these recipients suppressed normal cell responses in vitro. Malignancy resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion of spleen cells of relatively lower density as determined by BSA gradient centrifugation; the cells of lower density were strongly immunosuppressive. The suppressive cells appeared to be neither typical T cells nor macrophages. Humoral suppressive substances associated with the RCS were demonstrated in vivo. The suppressive influence of the RCS may account for the hostile milieu in old BC3F1 mice with respect to lymphohematopoietic cells.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity associated with a reticulum cell sarcoma of aged mice. Aging BC3F1 hybrid mice frequently develop a reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) causing marked hypercellularity of lymphoid tissues and pronounced suppression of humoral immunity. Cells of malignant spleens gave feeble responses in vitro to thymus-dependent and -independent antigens; moreover, they suppressed normal spleen cell responses to the antigens. The RCS was passed, serially, in young mice and the spleen and ascites cells of these recipients suppressed normal cell responses in vitro. Malignancy resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion of spleen cells of relatively lower density as determined by BSA gradient centrifugation; the cells of lower density were strongly immunosuppressive. The suppressive cells appeared to be neither typical T cells nor macrophages. Humoral suppressive substances associated with the RCS were demonstrated in vivo. The suppressive influence of the RCS may account for the hostile milieu in old BC3F1 mice with respect to lymphohematopoietic cells.", "PMID": 376577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3394", "title": "Gerovital-H3: a clinical trial as an antidepressant.", "content": "Twenty-five volunteers, all in their fifth decade or beyond, all with mild to moderate, nonpsychotic depression of at least several months' duration participated in a double-blind study of Gerovital vs placebo. There was no significant difference between the Gerovital and placebo groups; both groups showed significant improvement on self-rating as well as observer rating scales.", "contents": "Gerovital-H3: a clinical trial as an antidepressant. Twenty-five volunteers, all in their fifth decade or beyond, all with mild to moderate, nonpsychotic depression of at least several months' duration participated in a double-blind study of Gerovital vs placebo. There was no significant difference between the Gerovital and placebo groups; both groups showed significant improvement on self-rating as well as observer rating scales.", "PMID": 376578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3395", "title": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1975-1977.", "content": "This bibliography is the seventh supplement to the original title which covered 1934-1969. The supplements include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971, 26, 391-422. Included in this year's supplement are 15 titles identified in a search of the Datrix data base which covered the years 1856-1934. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertation, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangement of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "contents": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1975-1977. This bibliography is the seventh supplement to the original title which covered 1934-1969. The supplements include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971, 26, 391-422. Included in this year's supplement are 15 titles identified in a search of the Datrix data base which covered the years 1856-1934. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertation, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangement of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "PMID": 376579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3396", "title": "Current publications in Gerontology and Geriatrics.", "content": "The subject categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and Geriatrics by Nathan W. Shock, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those given in the bibliography. Insofar as possible, references are classified according to organ systems. Thus, most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by numbers at the end of each section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.-Biological Abstracts. P.A.-Psychological Abstracts, and P.I.-Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are those in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933, 2nd Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised to the general rules used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned with aging and the aged. Authors and publishers are requested to call attention to publications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.", "contents": "Current publications in Gerontology and Geriatrics. The subject categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and Geriatrics by Nathan W. Shock, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those given in the bibliography. Insofar as possible, references are classified according to organ systems. Thus, most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by numbers at the end of each section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.-Biological Abstracts. P.A.-Psychological Abstracts, and P.I.-Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are those in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933, 2nd Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised to the general rules used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned with aging and the aged. Authors and publishers are requested to call attention to publications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.", "PMID": 376580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3397", "title": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1976-1978.", "content": "This bibliography is the eighth supplement to the original title which covered 1934--1969. The supplements include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971,26, 391--422. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertations, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangements of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "contents": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1976-1978. This bibliography is the eighth supplement to the original title which covered 1934--1969. The supplements include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971,26, 391--422. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertations, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangements of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "PMID": 376582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3398", "title": "On death, dying, and terminality: today, yesterday, and tomorrow.", "content": "Not long ago, America viewed death and dying with a familiar fear and hostility. But today the subject has become fashionable, part of the transient pop culture, and as a consequence, trivialized and sentimentalized. When lifespans were shorter, deaths quicker, and man felt helpless before nature, death and dying were repeated intruders into the daily routine, usually occurring at home. But with the birth of the modern clinic in late eighteenth century Europe, the focus shifted from the patient to his affliction. Medicine became more scientific and effective as a result; yet the patient has suffered from this change, too, often feeling profoundly alienated from the entire medical apparatus. For terminally ill patients, the problem is especially severe; but the hospice approach (patient-centered like the old medieval hospital, and yet owing much to modern specialization and technology) promises physical and emotional amelioration of suffering in an imperfect but valuable departure from recent tradition.", "contents": "On death, dying, and terminality: today, yesterday, and tomorrow. Not long ago, America viewed death and dying with a familiar fear and hostility. But today the subject has become fashionable, part of the transient pop culture, and as a consequence, trivialized and sentimentalized. When lifespans were shorter, deaths quicker, and man felt helpless before nature, death and dying were repeated intruders into the daily routine, usually occurring at home. But with the birth of the modern clinic in late eighteenth century Europe, the focus shifted from the patient to his affliction. Medicine became more scientific and effective as a result; yet the patient has suffered from this change, too, often feeling profoundly alienated from the entire medical apparatus. For terminally ill patients, the problem is especially severe; but the hospice approach (patient-centered like the old medieval hospital, and yet owing much to modern specialization and technology) promises physical and emotional amelioration of suffering in an imperfect but valuable departure from recent tradition.", "PMID": 376583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3399", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase labeled antisera--a diagnostic method for evaluating the percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase labeled antisera supplied commercially was used to evaluate B lymphocytes in peripheral blood. This technique not only gave comparable results to the conventional fluorescein method, but also proved to be more advantageous.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase labeled antisera--a diagnostic method for evaluating the percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Horseradish peroxidase labeled antisera supplied commercially was used to evaluate B lymphocytes in peripheral blood. This technique not only gave comparable results to the conventional fluorescein method, but also proved to be more advantageous.", "PMID": 376687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3400", "title": "Catalase in skeletal muscle fibers.", "content": "Catalase has been localized immunocytochemically with anti-bovine catalase in long thin filament structures in aerobic type I fibers in the skeletal muscles of normal and genetically dystrophic hamsters. The filaments range in length from 1 to 60 micron, are orientated regularly along the long axis of the fibers, and also seem to surround and project from muscle nuclei. The enzyme thus appears to be more prominent in the sarcoplasmic reticulum than in peroxisomes, and in this situation is suitably placed for destroying toxic hydrogen peroxide which may be continously generated in aerobic fibers.", "contents": "Catalase in skeletal muscle fibers. Catalase has been localized immunocytochemically with anti-bovine catalase in long thin filament structures in aerobic type I fibers in the skeletal muscles of normal and genetically dystrophic hamsters. The filaments range in length from 1 to 60 micron, are orientated regularly along the long axis of the fibers, and also seem to surround and project from muscle nuclei. The enzyme thus appears to be more prominent in the sarcoplasmic reticulum than in peroxisomes, and in this situation is suitably placed for destroying toxic hydrogen peroxide which may be continously generated in aerobic fibers.", "PMID": 376691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3401", "title": "Alpha-bungarotoxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: preparation, properties and utilization for the histochemical detection of acetylcholine receptors.", "content": "A method is presented for the efficient conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to alpha-bungarotoxin. The 1:1 molar conjugate obtained is purified to completion by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The conjugate retains half of the activity of unmodified horseradish peroxidase and binds effectively to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of muscle. The conjugate is proven to be useful reagent for the histochemical staining of the receptor on muscle fibers for light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Alpha-bungarotoxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: preparation, properties and utilization for the histochemical detection of acetylcholine receptors. A method is presented for the efficient conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to alpha-bungarotoxin. The 1:1 molar conjugate obtained is purified to completion by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The conjugate retains half of the activity of unmodified horseradish peroxidase and binds effectively to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of muscle. The conjugate is proven to be useful reagent for the histochemical staining of the receptor on muscle fibers for light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 376692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3402", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of guinea pig spermatozoal autoantigens on germinal cells by immunoperoxidase techniques.", "content": "Three guinea pig spermatozoal autoantigens S, P and T, each one able to induce autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis and autoantibodies, were ultrastructurally localized in male germinal cells by immunoperoxidase techniques. Both living and prefixed sectioned cell preparations were treated and examined. Fab antibody fragments were used to study intracellular antigens (whole antibodies were inefficient). Water-soluble S and P autoantigens were found in acrosomal structures in the same sites: proacrosomal and acrosomal granules of the young spermatids, on the head caps of spermatids and acrosomal cap of spermatozoa, along the inner and outer acrosomal membranes and in the outer zone of the acrosomal matrix of the same cells. S was never found in the inner zone of spermatid or spermatozoa acrosomes, while P was present in this inner zone, but only of young spermatids. Water-insoluble T autoantigen was found on the plasmalemma and outer acrosomal membranes of spermatids and spermatozoa, inside the spermatid cytoplasm and, sometimes, on the inner acrosomal membrane of young spermatids. The specificity of the immunological localization for each antigen was confirmed by testing with specific antisera following absorption with homologous and heterologous antigens. No other testicular cell type (including Sertoli cells per se) was found to bear S, P or T autoantigens. When use was made of autoimmune sera obtained through autologous whole spermatozoa, the observed staining was an additive combination of what was observed when using the preceding three immune sera, anti-S, anti-P and anti-T.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of guinea pig spermatozoal autoantigens on germinal cells by immunoperoxidase techniques. Three guinea pig spermatozoal autoantigens S, P and T, each one able to induce autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis and autoantibodies, were ultrastructurally localized in male germinal cells by immunoperoxidase techniques. Both living and prefixed sectioned cell preparations were treated and examined. Fab antibody fragments were used to study intracellular antigens (whole antibodies were inefficient). Water-soluble S and P autoantigens were found in acrosomal structures in the same sites: proacrosomal and acrosomal granules of the young spermatids, on the head caps of spermatids and acrosomal cap of spermatozoa, along the inner and outer acrosomal membranes and in the outer zone of the acrosomal matrix of the same cells. S was never found in the inner zone of spermatid or spermatozoa acrosomes, while P was present in this inner zone, but only of young spermatids. Water-insoluble T autoantigen was found on the plasmalemma and outer acrosomal membranes of spermatids and spermatozoa, inside the spermatid cytoplasm and, sometimes, on the inner acrosomal membrane of young spermatids. The specificity of the immunological localization for each antigen was confirmed by testing with specific antisera following absorption with homologous and heterologous antigens. No other testicular cell type (including Sertoli cells per se) was found to bear S, P or T autoantigens. When use was made of autoimmune sera obtained through autologous whole spermatozoa, the observed staining was an additive combination of what was observed when using the preceding three immune sera, anti-S, anti-P and anti-T.", "PMID": 376693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3403", "title": "An instrument for measuring bacterial penetration through fabrics used for barrier clothing.", "content": "A new instrument has been designed to measure the penetration by rubbing of bacteria from cloth contaminated in the nursing of burn patients through fabrics designed for barrier garments. Most fabrics tested dry reduced the transfer of bacteria from the source cloth to about 10%, irrespective of the results of air filter tests, which agrees with mock nursing results. When the fabrics were tested against a wet surface, the transfer of bacteria rapidly reached 100% if the fabrics had a high wettability, but was slower for fabrics with a low wettability. Through closely woven waterproofed cotton, transfer was 5--25%, but increased three- to four-fold after ten launderings, in line with the water absorption. Transfer through plastic-laminated material was less than 1%. The results suggest that barrier garments should be made either of plastic or of recently waterproofed closely woven cotton at points of contact between nurse and patient where the clothes may be wetted by bacteria-containing wound secretions.", "contents": "An instrument for measuring bacterial penetration through fabrics used for barrier clothing. A new instrument has been designed to measure the penetration by rubbing of bacteria from cloth contaminated in the nursing of burn patients through fabrics designed for barrier garments. Most fabrics tested dry reduced the transfer of bacteria from the source cloth to about 10%, irrespective of the results of air filter tests, which agrees with mock nursing results. When the fabrics were tested against a wet surface, the transfer of bacteria rapidly reached 100% if the fabrics had a high wettability, but was slower for fabrics with a low wettability. Through closely woven waterproofed cotton, transfer was 5--25%, but increased three- to four-fold after ten launderings, in line with the water absorption. Transfer through plastic-laminated material was less than 1%. The results suggest that barrier garments should be made either of plastic or of recently waterproofed closely woven cotton at points of contact between nurse and patient where the clothes may be wetted by bacteria-containing wound secretions.", "PMID": 376694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3404", "title": "Differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from certain closely related caprine mycoplasmas by mycoplasmaemia and cross-protection tests in mice.", "content": "In recent years, mycoplasma taxonomists have found that numerous mycoplasma strains from goats are serologically indistinguishable from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), by routinely used tests, e.g. the metabolism- and growth-inhibition tests. As a result, such organisms are now openly referred to as M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Seven of these so-called M. mycoides subsp. mycoides strains from goats were compared with two strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides from CBPP, and with one strain of M. mycoides subsp. capri, by means of two in-vivo tests, namely, (1) a test of the ability of each strain, injected intraperitoneally into mice, to produce mycoplasmaemia, and (2) a cross-protection test in mice. Of the seven strains, only one ('O goat') was indistinguishable from genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides; it also had small colonies resembling those of genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. The other six were easily distinguished from genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, and they produced large colonies. These six strains and others like them should no longer be given a name that fails to distinguish them from the causative agent of CBPP. Cross-protection tests showed that the seven goat strains referred to above differed from M. mycoides subsp. capri.", "contents": "Differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from certain closely related caprine mycoplasmas by mycoplasmaemia and cross-protection tests in mice. In recent years, mycoplasma taxonomists have found that numerous mycoplasma strains from goats are serologically indistinguishable from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), by routinely used tests, e.g. the metabolism- and growth-inhibition tests. As a result, such organisms are now openly referred to as M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Seven of these so-called M. mycoides subsp. mycoides strains from goats were compared with two strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides from CBPP, and with one strain of M. mycoides subsp. capri, by means of two in-vivo tests, namely, (1) a test of the ability of each strain, injected intraperitoneally into mice, to produce mycoplasmaemia, and (2) a cross-protection test in mice. Of the seven strains, only one ('O goat') was indistinguishable from genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides; it also had small colonies resembling those of genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. The other six were easily distinguished from genuine M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, and they produced large colonies. These six strains and others like them should no longer be given a name that fails to distinguish them from the causative agent of CBPP. Cross-protection tests showed that the seven goat strains referred to above differed from M. mycoides subsp. capri.", "PMID": 376695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3405", "title": "Four bills of health issued from Malta by the Order of St John.", "content": "The specimens here described enlarge our knowledge of the bills of health of the Order of St John issued from Malta, an aspect of public health that had hitherto remained unexplored. These lone survivors from a vanished by-way of Maltese medical history formed, in their age, an integral part of the daily social, commercial and sanitary pattern of life in Malta. The earliest met so far, and described in the present series, dates from 1713; two belong to 1766 and another dates from 1794. A further bill, issued in 1782, has been published elsewhere. The chance preservation of these documents in unlikely places, as here indicated, makes it probable that additional ones may eventually come to light.", "contents": "Four bills of health issued from Malta by the Order of St John. The specimens here described enlarge our knowledge of the bills of health of the Order of St John issued from Malta, an aspect of public health that had hitherto remained unexplored. These lone survivors from a vanished by-way of Maltese medical history formed, in their age, an integral part of the daily social, commercial and sanitary pattern of life in Malta. The earliest met so far, and described in the present series, dates from 1713; two belong to 1766 and another dates from 1794. A further bill, issued in 1782, has been published elsewhere. The chance preservation of these documents in unlikely places, as here indicated, makes it probable that additional ones may eventually come to light.", "PMID": 376696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3406", "title": "Serotypes of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the sewage of Palmerston North (New Zealand).", "content": "Antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the domestic sewage of Palmerston North. The ability of these strains to transfer the drug resistance markers to two different recipient E. coli strains was assessed. The 'O' and 'H' serotypes of all strains were determined and attempts at correlation with the drug resistance studies were made. Some typically 'human' serotypes were found as well as a number of rarely described ones. No correlation between serotype and resistance pattern was observed.", "contents": "Serotypes of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the sewage of Palmerston North (New Zealand). Antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the domestic sewage of Palmerston North. The ability of these strains to transfer the drug resistance markers to two different recipient E. coli strains was assessed. The 'O' and 'H' serotypes of all strains were determined and attempts at correlation with the drug resistance studies were made. Some typically 'human' serotypes were found as well as a number of rarely described ones. No correlation between serotype and resistance pattern was observed.", "PMID": 376697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3407", "title": "An investigation into the incidence and sources of klebsiella infections in hospital patients.", "content": "Coliforms isolated from infections over a period of 22 months were examined and 16% were shown to be klebsiellas. The biochemical reactions and serotypes of these klebsiellas were determined and the relationship between species, serotype and type of infection investigated. Although no obvious outbreaks of infection occurred during this period a number of clusters of isolations of the same serotype of klebsiella were found. Using an enrichment method for the isolation of klebsiellas from faeces, sero and bacteriocin typing, and the examination of ten colonies, it was demonstrated that half of the patients carried a klebsiella of the same type in the bowel as caused the infection.", "contents": "An investigation into the incidence and sources of klebsiella infections in hospital patients. Coliforms isolated from infections over a period of 22 months were examined and 16% were shown to be klebsiellas. The biochemical reactions and serotypes of these klebsiellas were determined and the relationship between species, serotype and type of infection investigated. Although no obvious outbreaks of infection occurred during this period a number of clusters of isolations of the same serotype of klebsiella were found. Using an enrichment method for the isolation of klebsiellas from faeces, sero and bacteriocin typing, and the examination of ten colonies, it was demonstrated that half of the patients carried a klebsiella of the same type in the bowel as caused the infection.", "PMID": 376698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3408", "title": "A survey of trimethoprim resistance in the enteric bacterial flora of farm animals.", "content": "For 29 months the Veterinary Investigation Centres, covering the whole of Great Britain, forwarded trimethoprim-resistant gram negative enteric bacteria to the Wellcome Research Laboratories. These were examined for degree of resistance, presence and type of R factors. Trimethoprim resistance was found in 0.6% of the total number of strains examined by the Veterinary Investigation Centres. Trimethoprim R factors were demonstrated in one quarter of the resistant strains, and R factors were found in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium. It was concluded that while the incidence of trimethoprim resistance revealed by the survey gave no cause for alarm, the detection of resistant strains, and particularly R factors, indicated that the drug should continue to be used only for specific therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "A survey of trimethoprim resistance in the enteric bacterial flora of farm animals. For 29 months the Veterinary Investigation Centres, covering the whole of Great Britain, forwarded trimethoprim-resistant gram negative enteric bacteria to the Wellcome Research Laboratories. These were examined for degree of resistance, presence and type of R factors. Trimethoprim resistance was found in 0.6% of the total number of strains examined by the Veterinary Investigation Centres. Trimethoprim R factors were demonstrated in one quarter of the resistant strains, and R factors were found in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium. It was concluded that while the incidence of trimethoprim resistance revealed by the survey gave no cause for alarm, the detection of resistant strains, and particularly R factors, indicated that the drug should continue to be used only for specific therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 376699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3409", "title": "Immunoregulation of Heymann's nephritis. I. Induction of suppressor cells.", "content": "Pretreatment of Lewis rats with a series of injections of a renal tubular antigen (RTA) in IFA prevented induction of Heymann's nephritis (HN) when the rats were challenged with RTA in FCA. This absence of disease was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining for rat IgG and histologic examination of the kidneys as well as by lack of development of significant proteinuria. Passive transfer of spleen and lymph node cells from rats receiving such pretreatment into syngeneic recipients prevented induction of HN when these recipients were challenged with RTA in FCA. Passive transfer of serum obtained from pretreated rats was without effect. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms involved in preventing HN by this pretreatment regimen was the induction of suppressor cells. The results of spleen cell transformation indicated that the suppressor cells were specific for RTA as the immune response to a second antigen, PPD, was unaffected. When rats already had active early HN, the diseas course was unaffected by transfer of suppressor cells.", "contents": "Immunoregulation of Heymann's nephritis. I. Induction of suppressor cells. Pretreatment of Lewis rats with a series of injections of a renal tubular antigen (RTA) in IFA prevented induction of Heymann's nephritis (HN) when the rats were challenged with RTA in FCA. This absence of disease was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining for rat IgG and histologic examination of the kidneys as well as by lack of development of significant proteinuria. Passive transfer of spleen and lymph node cells from rats receiving such pretreatment into syngeneic recipients prevented induction of HN when these recipients were challenged with RTA in FCA. Passive transfer of serum obtained from pretreated rats was without effect. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms involved in preventing HN by this pretreatment regimen was the induction of suppressor cells. The results of spleen cell transformation indicated that the suppressor cells were specific for RTA as the immune response to a second antigen, PPD, was unaffected. When rats already had active early HN, the diseas course was unaffected by transfer of suppressor cells.", "PMID": 376701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3410", "title": "T cell helper defect in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes from normal donors were shown to help allogeneic tonsillar B cells to differentiate and secrete specific anti-SRBC antibody in vitro in a plaque-forming assay. Utilizing this system, a comparison was made between the allogeneic helper activity generated by the T cells of normal individuals and patients with various disease states. Allogeneic helper activity was absent when T lymphocytes from patients with CLL were used. Conversely, relatively normal allogeneic helper function was provided by T cells of patients with a variety of other disorders studied. Thus, a functional deficiency was identified in CLL patients in the subpopulation of regulatory T cells responsible for providing helper activity in allogeneic interactions.", "contents": "T cell helper defect in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes from normal donors were shown to help allogeneic tonsillar B cells to differentiate and secrete specific anti-SRBC antibody in vitro in a plaque-forming assay. Utilizing this system, a comparison was made between the allogeneic helper activity generated by the T cells of normal individuals and patients with various disease states. Allogeneic helper activity was absent when T lymphocytes from patients with CLL were used. Conversely, relatively normal allogeneic helper function was provided by T cells of patients with a variety of other disorders studied. Thus, a functional deficiency was identified in CLL patients in the subpopulation of regulatory T cells responsible for providing helper activity in allogeneic interactions.", "PMID": 376702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3411", "title": "The immunochemistry of antibodies sharing concanavalin A's anti-mannosyl binding specificity.", "content": "Procedures were developed for the synthesis of the disaccharide hapten, p-isothiocyanatophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and for its conjugation to hemocyanin. The synthetic carbohydrate: protein antigen was then emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected into the footpads of New Zealand White rabbits. A population of the resulting anti-conjugate antibodies displayed some binding properties analogous to concanavalin A, the carbohydrate-binding protein of the jack bean. The antisera weakly percipitated mannans from Saccharomyces rouxii, S. cerevisiae, and an alpha-(1 leads to 3)-mannopyranosyl transferase-deficient mutant from Kluyveromyces lactis Y58a. These polysaccharides, possessing side chains containing terminal alpha-(1 leads to 2)-mannobiosyl residues, produce strong percipitation reactions with concanavalin A. In addition, various saccharides were tested for their ability to inhibit the interaction of anti-conjugate antisera with alpha-(1 leads to 2)-mannobiosyl-containing polymers. p-Nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside showed a strong complementarity for the binding sites of both the anti-conjugate antisera and concanavalin A. However, the antibody failed to bind a concanavalin A-reactive mouse fibrosarcoma or to stimulate mitogenesis of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "contents": "The immunochemistry of antibodies sharing concanavalin A's anti-mannosyl binding specificity. Procedures were developed for the synthesis of the disaccharide hapten, p-isothiocyanatophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and for its conjugation to hemocyanin. The synthetic carbohydrate: protein antigen was then emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected into the footpads of New Zealand White rabbits. A population of the resulting anti-conjugate antibodies displayed some binding properties analogous to concanavalin A, the carbohydrate-binding protein of the jack bean. The antisera weakly percipitated mannans from Saccharomyces rouxii, S. cerevisiae, and an alpha-(1 leads to 3)-mannopyranosyl transferase-deficient mutant from Kluyveromyces lactis Y58a. These polysaccharides, possessing side chains containing terminal alpha-(1 leads to 2)-mannobiosyl residues, produce strong percipitation reactions with concanavalin A. In addition, various saccharides were tested for their ability to inhibit the interaction of anti-conjugate antisera with alpha-(1 leads to 2)-mannobiosyl-containing polymers. p-Nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside showed a strong complementarity for the binding sites of both the anti-conjugate antisera and concanavalin A. However, the antibody failed to bind a concanavalin A-reactive mouse fibrosarcoma or to stimulate mitogenesis of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "PMID": 376704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3412", "title": "Immunoadjuvant treatment of primary grafted and spontaneous AKR-leukemia. I. Treatment efficiency correlated to autoimmune reactivity.", "content": "Young AKR mice grafted i.v. with 10(1) or 10(3) cells from spontaneous AKR thymomas were treated with repeated i.v. injections of BCG or subcutaneous injections of irradiated AKR thymoma cells. BCG often cured mice from graft leukemia, whereas the effect of irradiated thymoma cells was less effective. Mice that did not develop graft-leukemia after graft of 10(1) leukemia cells and BCG treatment showed a spontaneous leukemia in 30% of the cases later. Ninety percent of nongrafted mice developed spontaneous leukemia whether BCG-treated or not. General immune reactivity as assessed in individual mice by T and B lymphocyte mitogen tests as well as the hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay had no clear correlation to the effects of immune adjuvants in respect to survival. In contrast, occurrence of self-directed immune reactions were clearly correlated to survival and cure of grafted and BCG-treated mice as revealed by assays both in vitro and in vivo. However, 13 to 25% of the mice apparently cured of leukemia developed a wasting-like syndrome that sometimes terminated in death. The immplications of self-directed immune reactions as mediators of the anti-neoplastic effects of immunoadjuvants.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant treatment of primary grafted and spontaneous AKR-leukemia. I. Treatment efficiency correlated to autoimmune reactivity. Young AKR mice grafted i.v. with 10(1) or 10(3) cells from spontaneous AKR thymomas were treated with repeated i.v. injections of BCG or subcutaneous injections of irradiated AKR thymoma cells. BCG often cured mice from graft leukemia, whereas the effect of irradiated thymoma cells was less effective. Mice that did not develop graft-leukemia after graft of 10(1) leukemia cells and BCG treatment showed a spontaneous leukemia in 30% of the cases later. Ninety percent of nongrafted mice developed spontaneous leukemia whether BCG-treated or not. General immune reactivity as assessed in individual mice by T and B lymphocyte mitogen tests as well as the hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay had no clear correlation to the effects of immune adjuvants in respect to survival. In contrast, occurrence of self-directed immune reactions were clearly correlated to survival and cure of grafted and BCG-treated mice as revealed by assays both in vitro and in vivo. However, 13 to 25% of the mice apparently cured of leukemia developed a wasting-like syndrome that sometimes terminated in death. The immplications of self-directed immune reactions as mediators of the anti-neoplastic effects of immunoadjuvants.", "PMID": 376705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3413", "title": "Secretory component: interactions with intracellular and surface immunoglobulins of human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Unstimulated and PWM-stimulated lymphocytes from normal human peripheral blood, cord blood, peripheral blood of patients with panhypogammaglobulinemia and selective IgA deficiency, as well as human lymphoblastoid cell lines were examined for their ability to bind secretory component (SC) on the surface and in the cytoplasm. SC binding was not detected on the cell surface at any stage of differentiation in these cells. However, binding of SC was detected in the cytoplasm of 2.3% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of PWM for 6 to 7 days, and in two IgA producing lymphoblastoid cell lines. The capability of lymphoid cells to bind SC was not concurrent with J chain production. Although IgA was detected in the cytoplasm of PWM-stimulated lymphocytes from IgA-deficient patients, these cells did not bind SC. The failure to detect surface receptors indicates that SC is not a probable factor determining the homing of IgA precursor cells into exocrine tissues.", "contents": "Secretory component: interactions with intracellular and surface immunoglobulins of human lymphoid cells. Unstimulated and PWM-stimulated lymphocytes from normal human peripheral blood, cord blood, peripheral blood of patients with panhypogammaglobulinemia and selective IgA deficiency, as well as human lymphoblastoid cell lines were examined for their ability to bind secretory component (SC) on the surface and in the cytoplasm. SC binding was not detected on the cell surface at any stage of differentiation in these cells. However, binding of SC was detected in the cytoplasm of 2.3% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of PWM for 6 to 7 days, and in two IgA producing lymphoblastoid cell lines. The capability of lymphoid cells to bind SC was not concurrent with J chain production. Although IgA was detected in the cytoplasm of PWM-stimulated lymphocytes from IgA-deficient patients, these cells did not bind SC. The failure to detect surface receptors indicates that SC is not a probable factor determining the homing of IgA precursor cells into exocrine tissues.", "PMID": 376708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3414", "title": "Lack of responsiveness of C3H/HeJ macrophages to lipopolysaccharide: the cellular basis of LPS-stimulated metabolism.", "content": "The rate of glucose utilization has been used as a measure of LPS-induced activation of cultures of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and purified peritoneal adherent cells. Peritoneal cells utilized 40 to 60 times more glucose than did spleen cells and purified adherent monolayers were more active than mixed peritoneal cells, suggesting that only macrophage metabolism was being measured. The cell preparations for C3H/HeJ mice were not activated by Escherichia coli K235 LPS prepared by extensive phenol extraction, whereas C3H/HeN cells were activated by the LPS. Cells from both strains were activated by a commercially obtained E. coli 0111:B4 LPS and butanol-extracted K235 LPS. The addition of 10% C3H/HeN spleen cells to C3H/HeJ peritoneal cells resulted in a marked enhancement of glucose utilization. These findings suggest that LPS-induced enhancement of macrophage metabolism occurs both by direct action of LPS on macrophages as well as indirectly through activated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lack of responsiveness of C3H/HeJ macrophages to lipopolysaccharide: the cellular basis of LPS-stimulated metabolism. The rate of glucose utilization has been used as a measure of LPS-induced activation of cultures of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and purified peritoneal adherent cells. Peritoneal cells utilized 40 to 60 times more glucose than did spleen cells and purified adherent monolayers were more active than mixed peritoneal cells, suggesting that only macrophage metabolism was being measured. The cell preparations for C3H/HeJ mice were not activated by Escherichia coli K235 LPS prepared by extensive phenol extraction, whereas C3H/HeN cells were activated by the LPS. Cells from both strains were activated by a commercially obtained E. coli 0111:B4 LPS and butanol-extracted K235 LPS. The addition of 10% C3H/HeN spleen cells to C3H/HeJ peritoneal cells resulted in a marked enhancement of glucose utilization. These findings suggest that LPS-induced enhancement of macrophage metabolism occurs both by direct action of LPS on macrophages as well as indirectly through activated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 376709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3415", "title": "Functional activation of immune lymphocytes by antigenic stimulation in cell-mediated immunity. IV. Role of macrophage and its soluble factor in antigen-induced MIF production of immune T lymphocytes.", "content": "Histocompatibility-linked restriction of macrophage-T lymphocyte interaction in antigen-induced MIF production by sensitized lymphocytes was examined, by using combinations of inbred strain 2, strain 13, and JY-1 guinea pigs. The effective interaction of the antigen-bearing macrophages with the immune T lymphocytes was observed when the donor of the antigen-bearing macrophages and that of the immune lymphocytes shared Ia antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Identities of B antigens and S antigens were not important for this cooperation. It was further demonstrated that the previously reported soluble factor derived from LPS-stimulated peritoneal adherent cells (macrophages) could help antigenic activation of the immune lymphocytes across the strain barrier provided a small number of macrophages (0.01%) from syngeneic strain were present. These results show that the presence of macrophages is absolutely required to present antigen to immune T lymphocytes in a genetically restricted manner and the soluble factor from macrophages appears to give a nonspecific effect on the lymphocyte activation in addition to or in collaboration with antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Functional activation of immune lymphocytes by antigenic stimulation in cell-mediated immunity. IV. Role of macrophage and its soluble factor in antigen-induced MIF production of immune T lymphocytes. Histocompatibility-linked restriction of macrophage-T lymphocyte interaction in antigen-induced MIF production by sensitized lymphocytes was examined, by using combinations of inbred strain 2, strain 13, and JY-1 guinea pigs. The effective interaction of the antigen-bearing macrophages with the immune T lymphocytes was observed when the donor of the antigen-bearing macrophages and that of the immune lymphocytes shared Ia antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Identities of B antigens and S antigens were not important for this cooperation. It was further demonstrated that the previously reported soluble factor derived from LPS-stimulated peritoneal adherent cells (macrophages) could help antigenic activation of the immune lymphocytes across the strain barrier provided a small number of macrophages (0.01%) from syngeneic strain were present. These results show that the presence of macrophages is absolutely required to present antigen to immune T lymphocytes in a genetically restricted manner and the soluble factor from macrophages appears to give a nonspecific effect on the lymphocyte activation in addition to or in collaboration with antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 376710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3416", "title": "Kinetic studies of cell migration in a modified Boyden chamber: dependence on cell concentration and effects of the chymotrypsin-like cationic protein of human granulocytes.", "content": "Migration of PMN cells was measure kinetically by the \"leading front\" method in a modified Boyden chamber. In some experiments, release of lactoferrin and of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein were measured simultaneously. Migration, both directed and random, was increased by increased cell concentration. Kinetically, directed migration consisted of two phases. The second phase was more influenced by the cell concentration. Preincubation of the cells with low concentrations of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein stimulated cell migration in the same way as did high cell concentrations, i.e., by primarily affecting the second phase. The effect of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein was time and dose dependent and dependent on the chymotrypsin-like activity of the protein. At high concentrations of protein, the cells were immobilized. Release of granular proteins did not take place during the first phase of migration but was parallel to the second phase. It is concluded that chymotrypsin-like cationic protein might be one of the substances responsible for the effect of cell concentration seen on migration in vitro.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of cell migration in a modified Boyden chamber: dependence on cell concentration and effects of the chymotrypsin-like cationic protein of human granulocytes. Migration of PMN cells was measure kinetically by the \"leading front\" method in a modified Boyden chamber. In some experiments, release of lactoferrin and of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein were measured simultaneously. Migration, both directed and random, was increased by increased cell concentration. Kinetically, directed migration consisted of two phases. The second phase was more influenced by the cell concentration. Preincubation of the cells with low concentrations of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein stimulated cell migration in the same way as did high cell concentrations, i.e., by primarily affecting the second phase. The effect of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein was time and dose dependent and dependent on the chymotrypsin-like activity of the protein. At high concentrations of protein, the cells were immobilized. Release of granular proteins did not take place during the first phase of migration but was parallel to the second phase. It is concluded that chymotrypsin-like cationic protein might be one of the substances responsible for the effect of cell concentration seen on migration in vitro.", "PMID": 376712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3417", "title": "Cell differentiation in the presence of cytochalasin B: studies on the \"switch\" to IgG secretion after polyclonal B cell activation.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide in conditions that activate both IgM and IgG secretion. Addition of cytochalasin B (CB), an inhibitor of cytokinesis, lead to a high degree of polynucleation, with little effect on Ig secretion. Using cytoplasmic staining with fluorochrome conjugated antisera, we determined the numbers of IgG-containing cells that also contained IgM in their cytoplasm. Such double staining cells were relatively more frequent at early times of the cultures, but at all times single producing cells were in the majority. Addition of CB over the period when the IgG producing cells first appear, lead to a marked increased frequency of double staining, polynucleated cells. This characteristic was stable over a period of at least 42 hr, suggesting that each double staining cell actively synthesized both isotypes. When CB was added after IgG production had started, little increase in the numbers of double staining cells were observed, although polynucleation remained extensive. These data confirm previous findings that the lineage of one cell can produce both IgM and IgG. Furthermore, the results suggest that cells in the process of switching from IgM to IgG go through an asymmetric division leading to one IgM-producing and one IgG-producing daughter cell.", "contents": "Cell differentiation in the presence of cytochalasin B: studies on the \"switch\" to IgG secretion after polyclonal B cell activation. Mouse spleen cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide in conditions that activate both IgM and IgG secretion. Addition of cytochalasin B (CB), an inhibitor of cytokinesis, lead to a high degree of polynucleation, with little effect on Ig secretion. Using cytoplasmic staining with fluorochrome conjugated antisera, we determined the numbers of IgG-containing cells that also contained IgM in their cytoplasm. Such double staining cells were relatively more frequent at early times of the cultures, but at all times single producing cells were in the majority. Addition of CB over the period when the IgG producing cells first appear, lead to a marked increased frequency of double staining, polynucleated cells. This characteristic was stable over a period of at least 42 hr, suggesting that each double staining cell actively synthesized both isotypes. When CB was added after IgG production had started, little increase in the numbers of double staining cells were observed, although polynucleation remained extensive. These data confirm previous findings that the lineage of one cell can produce both IgM and IgG. Furthermore, the results suggest that cells in the process of switching from IgM to IgG go through an asymmetric division leading to one IgM-producing and one IgG-producing daughter cell.", "PMID": 376713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3418", "title": "Lipid synthesis: an indicator of antigen-induced signal transduction in antigen-binding cells.", "content": "A biochemical parameter of lymphocyte activation, lipid synthesis, has been measured in a purified specific antigen-binding cell population (ABC). ABC isolated form immune and nonimmune animals by sequential centrifugation on buoyant density and sedimentation velocity gradients have a 2- to 7-fold higher rate of 14-C choline incorporation into phospholipid than either unfractionated spleen cells or cells depleted of ABC. Aslo ABC from immune animals were shown to have a 4- to 7-fold higher rate of 14C-acetate incorporation into their neutral lipids than nonbinding controls. The elevated lipid synthesis seen in both nonimmune SRBC-ABC and TNP-SRBC ABC indicates that antigenic contact via the B cell immunoglobulin receptor results in signal transduction and activation of the specific receptor-bearing lymphocyte population. Binding of the same particle (SRBC) to B cells via their Fc receptors did not regularly result in activation of lipid synthesis. The magnitude of the increased lipid synthesis in ABC populations approached that seen in LPS-stimulated spleen cells. We propose that the measurement of early activation events in purified ABC may be a more appropriate criterion for antigen-induced signals that later events such as thymidine incorporation or antibody secretion.", "contents": "Lipid synthesis: an indicator of antigen-induced signal transduction in antigen-binding cells. A biochemical parameter of lymphocyte activation, lipid synthesis, has been measured in a purified specific antigen-binding cell population (ABC). ABC isolated form immune and nonimmune animals by sequential centrifugation on buoyant density and sedimentation velocity gradients have a 2- to 7-fold higher rate of 14-C choline incorporation into phospholipid than either unfractionated spleen cells or cells depleted of ABC. Aslo ABC from immune animals were shown to have a 4- to 7-fold higher rate of 14C-acetate incorporation into their neutral lipids than nonbinding controls. The elevated lipid synthesis seen in both nonimmune SRBC-ABC and TNP-SRBC ABC indicates that antigenic contact via the B cell immunoglobulin receptor results in signal transduction and activation of the specific receptor-bearing lymphocyte population. Binding of the same particle (SRBC) to B cells via their Fc receptors did not regularly result in activation of lipid synthesis. The magnitude of the increased lipid synthesis in ABC populations approached that seen in LPS-stimulated spleen cells. We propose that the measurement of early activation events in purified ABC may be a more appropriate criterion for antigen-induced signals that later events such as thymidine incorporation or antibody secretion.", "PMID": 376714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3419", "title": "Further studies on the activation of lymphocytes by endotoxin protein.", "content": "Endotoxin protein, an outer membrane protein of Gram-negative bacteria associated with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, has been found to be a potent activator of lymphocytes. In the absence of T lymphocytes and macrophages, endotoxin protein can stimulate murine B lymphocytes to synthesize DNA and produce antibodies of diverse specificities. This stimulation is greater than that obtained with two well known murine B cell activators, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin or PPD-tuberculin. Splenic lymphocytes from other species, such as rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs also proliferate when cultured with endotoxin protein. Of particular significance is the finding that endotoxin protein is an activator of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Further studies on the activation of lymphocytes by endotoxin protein. Endotoxin protein, an outer membrane protein of Gram-negative bacteria associated with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, has been found to be a potent activator of lymphocytes. In the absence of T lymphocytes and macrophages, endotoxin protein can stimulate murine B lymphocytes to synthesize DNA and produce antibodies of diverse specificities. This stimulation is greater than that obtained with two well known murine B cell activators, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin or PPD-tuberculin. Splenic lymphocytes from other species, such as rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs also proliferate when cultured with endotoxin protein. Of particular significance is the finding that endotoxin protein is an activator of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 376715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3420", "title": "Synergy between T cell-replacing factor and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the primary antibody response in vitro: a model for lipopolysaccharide adjuvant action.", "content": "Unfractionated spleen cells, B cells from normal mice, and nu/nu spleen cells respond to the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T-cell-replacing factor (TRF) by production of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in excess of the number expected from the addition of LPS and TRF separately. This synergistic activity is dependent on the presence of the antigen, SRBC. Supernatants of both allogeneic spleen cell mixtures and spleen cells cultured with Con A are effective and synergize best at concentrations suboptimal for their ability to act as TRF alone. Culture supernatants of unstimulated normal or fractionated cell populations are ineffective. Synergy is not dependent on the presence of macrophages in the cultures. Purified LPS free from active contaminants, as well as commercially available LPS, show synergy with TRF. Synergy was seen when TRF was added at initiation of culture or 24 hr later. It is suggested that synergy is the equivalent of LPS adjuvant activity, that the role of T cells in LPS adjuvanticity is that of a conventional cooperating cell, and the LPS acts as an adjuvant by inducing B cells to become more sensitive to T cell helper factors.", "contents": "Synergy between T cell-replacing factor and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the primary antibody response in vitro: a model for lipopolysaccharide adjuvant action. Unfractionated spleen cells, B cells from normal mice, and nu/nu spleen cells respond to the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T-cell-replacing factor (TRF) by production of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in excess of the number expected from the addition of LPS and TRF separately. This synergistic activity is dependent on the presence of the antigen, SRBC. Supernatants of both allogeneic spleen cell mixtures and spleen cells cultured with Con A are effective and synergize best at concentrations suboptimal for their ability to act as TRF alone. Culture supernatants of unstimulated normal or fractionated cell populations are ineffective. Synergy is not dependent on the presence of macrophages in the cultures. Purified LPS free from active contaminants, as well as commercially available LPS, show synergy with TRF. Synergy was seen when TRF was added at initiation of culture or 24 hr later. It is suggested that synergy is the equivalent of LPS adjuvant activity, that the role of T cells in LPS adjuvanticity is that of a conventional cooperating cell, and the LPS acts as an adjuvant by inducing B cells to become more sensitive to T cell helper factors.", "PMID": 376717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3421", "title": "Many bacterial species bind human IgD.", "content": "Forty-four bacterial strains belonging to 19 species were tested for their IgD-binding capacity by incubation with radiolabeled human IgD. A high binding of IgD to Neisseria catarrhalis and Hemophilus influenzae and a moderate binding of IgD to streptococci of the groups A, C, and G were found. Two strains of N. catarrhalis were tested for their ability to bind selectively the IgD in normal pooled serum and in three serum samples with IgD M components and were found to possess this property. Binding studies with radiolabeled IgD Fab and Fc fragments indicated that the binding mainly but not exclusively involves the CH1 region of the IgD molecule.", "contents": "Many bacterial species bind human IgD. Forty-four bacterial strains belonging to 19 species were tested for their IgD-binding capacity by incubation with radiolabeled human IgD. A high binding of IgD to Neisseria catarrhalis and Hemophilus influenzae and a moderate binding of IgD to streptococci of the groups A, C, and G were found. Two strains of N. catarrhalis were tested for their ability to bind selectively the IgD in normal pooled serum and in three serum samples with IgD M components and were found to possess this property. Binding studies with radiolabeled IgD Fab and Fc fragments indicated that the binding mainly but not exclusively involves the CH1 region of the IgD molecule.", "PMID": 376718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3422", "title": "Reduced responsiveness of immature B cells to the B cell mitogen, lipoprotein.", "content": "When pre-B cells are isolated from bone marrow and incubated in vitro for several days, they spontaneously differentiate into LPS-reactive B cells. These newly produced B cells do not respond to another B cell mitogen, lipoprotein (Lp). The lack of Lp reactivity of newly produced B cells represents a qualitative difference between these cells and B cells in peripheral tissues that respond equally well to both LPS and Lp. Thus, responsiveness to different mitogens provides unique markers to identify B cells at early stages of development.", "contents": "Reduced responsiveness of immature B cells to the B cell mitogen, lipoprotein. When pre-B cells are isolated from bone marrow and incubated in vitro for several days, they spontaneously differentiate into LPS-reactive B cells. These newly produced B cells do not respond to another B cell mitogen, lipoprotein (Lp). The lack of Lp reactivity of newly produced B cells represents a qualitative difference between these cells and B cells in peripheral tissues that respond equally well to both LPS and Lp. Thus, responsiveness to different mitogens provides unique markers to identify B cells at early stages of development.", "PMID": 376719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3423", "title": "Defective tumoricidal capacity of macrophages from A/J mice. I. Characterization of the macrophage cytotoxic defect after in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli.", "content": "Macrophages from A/J mice fail to develop tumoricidal activity after any of several in vivo or in vitro treatments that activate cells from C3H/HeN mice. Peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice treated i.p. with viable Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, killed Corynebacterium parvum, or pyran copolymer fail to develop in vitro tumoricidal activity; varying the numbers of macrophages from treated mice added to target cells, or the dose and time of treatment, or the treatment schedule of these in vivo activation stimuli did not evoke cytotoxic activity. Moreover, cytotoxic activity by macrophages from A/J mice was not observed with any of four target cell lines derived from three different mouse strains.  In vitro treatment of peritoneal exudate macrophages from A/J mice with lymphokine-rich supernatants, bacterial endotoxins, or T cell mitogens was also ineffective; varying the numbers of treated macrophages added to target cells, the dose of in vitro activation stimuli, or the time of treatment did not evoke cytotoxic activity. Thus, A/J mice exhibit a profound defect in macrophage tumoricidal capacity to both in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli over a wide range of experimental conditions.", "contents": "Defective tumoricidal capacity of macrophages from A/J mice. I. Characterization of the macrophage cytotoxic defect after in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli. Macrophages from A/J mice fail to develop tumoricidal activity after any of several in vivo or in vitro treatments that activate cells from C3H/HeN mice. Peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice treated i.p. with viable Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, killed Corynebacterium parvum, or pyran copolymer fail to develop in vitro tumoricidal activity; varying the numbers of macrophages from treated mice added to target cells, or the dose and time of treatment, or the treatment schedule of these in vivo activation stimuli did not evoke cytotoxic activity. Moreover, cytotoxic activity by macrophages from A/J mice was not observed with any of four target cell lines derived from three different mouse strains.  In vitro treatment of peritoneal exudate macrophages from A/J mice with lymphokine-rich supernatants, bacterial endotoxins, or T cell mitogens was also ineffective; varying the numbers of treated macrophages added to target cells, the dose of in vitro activation stimuli, or the time of treatment did not evoke cytotoxic activity. Thus, A/J mice exhibit a profound defect in macrophage tumoricidal capacity to both in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli over a wide range of experimental conditions.", "PMID": 376720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3424", "title": "Immune response to levan. II. T independence of suppression of cross-reactive idiotypes by anti-idiotype antibodies.", "content": "Pretreatment of BALB/c mice with antisera to a cross-reactive idiotype (E109IdX) expressed on many anti-bacterial levan (BL) and anti-inulin (Inu) antibodies leads to a prolonged suppression in production of IdX-bearing molecules in response to BL immunization. There is a comparable suppression in numbers of plaque-forming cells secreting IdX-bearing anti-BL and anti-Inu molecules. Furthermore, spleen cells from anti-E109IdX pretreated mice are unable to transfer to irradiated recipients the ability to produce IdX-bearing anti-BL and anti-Inu antibodies. These results indicate that the suppressive effect is at the precursor level and not simply a clearance of antibodies bearing the IdX. Suppression of IdX production can be achieved by pretreating nu/nu BALB/c mice with anti-E109IdX antibodies. Furthermore, spleen cells from pretreated mice do not inhibit the capacity of spleen cells from normal mice transferred to irradiated recipients to produce E109IdX in response to BL. This indicates that the suppression of IdX production in the anti-BL system is T independent and probably represents direct inhibition of precursors by anti-IdX.", "contents": "Immune response to levan. II. T independence of suppression of cross-reactive idiotypes by anti-idiotype antibodies. Pretreatment of BALB/c mice with antisera to a cross-reactive idiotype (E109IdX) expressed on many anti-bacterial levan (BL) and anti-inulin (Inu) antibodies leads to a prolonged suppression in production of IdX-bearing molecules in response to BL immunization. There is a comparable suppression in numbers of plaque-forming cells secreting IdX-bearing anti-BL and anti-Inu molecules. Furthermore, spleen cells from anti-E109IdX pretreated mice are unable to transfer to irradiated recipients the ability to produce IdX-bearing anti-BL and anti-Inu antibodies. These results indicate that the suppressive effect is at the precursor level and not simply a clearance of antibodies bearing the IdX. Suppression of IdX production can be achieved by pretreating nu/nu BALB/c mice with anti-E109IdX antibodies. Furthermore, spleen cells from pretreated mice do not inhibit the capacity of spleen cells from normal mice transferred to irradiated recipients to produce E109IdX in response to BL. This indicates that the suppression of IdX production in the anti-BL system is T independent and probably represents direct inhibition of precursors by anti-IdX.", "PMID": 376722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3425", "title": "In vitro killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni by BCG and C. parvum-activated macrophages.", "content": "Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse has been induced either specifically by a primary infection with this parasite or nonspecifically by a variety of immunostimulants such as BCG. In the present study we developed an in vitro system to examine the effector mechanism of nonspecifically induced resistance. Activated macrophage monolayers obtained from BCG- or Corynebacterium parvum treated mice killed a respective mean 32 +/- 6% and 48 +/- 5% of schistosomula after 24 hr incubation. The killing of the parasites was verified by their inability to mature to adult worms upon injection into normal mice. The activated macrophage-mediated killing was related to cell:parasite ratio, and was partially lost if the macrophage monolayers were kept in cultures for 24 hr before incubation with the organism. Supernatants of macrophages cultured in the presence of schistosomula killed a mean of 51 +/- 3% of the organisms whereas those from cells cultured alone resulted in a mean killing of 25 +/- 3%. Furthermore, toxic supernatants could be generated equally well on incubation with S. mansoni schistosomula or Trichinella spiralis larvae. Our data show that activated macrophage monolayers through soluble mediators destroy a significant proportion of the multicellular parasite S. mansoni schistosomula in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni by BCG and C. parvum-activated macrophages. Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse has been induced either specifically by a primary infection with this parasite or nonspecifically by a variety of immunostimulants such as BCG. In the present study we developed an in vitro system to examine the effector mechanism of nonspecifically induced resistance. Activated macrophage monolayers obtained from BCG- or Corynebacterium parvum treated mice killed a respective mean 32 +/- 6% and 48 +/- 5% of schistosomula after 24 hr incubation. The killing of the parasites was verified by their inability to mature to adult worms upon injection into normal mice. The activated macrophage-mediated killing was related to cell:parasite ratio, and was partially lost if the macrophage monolayers were kept in cultures for 24 hr before incubation with the organism. Supernatants of macrophages cultured in the presence of schistosomula killed a mean of 51 +/- 3% of the organisms whereas those from cells cultured alone resulted in a mean killing of 25 +/- 3%. Furthermore, toxic supernatants could be generated equally well on incubation with S. mansoni schistosomula or Trichinella spiralis larvae. Our data show that activated macrophage monolayers through soluble mediators destroy a significant proportion of the multicellular parasite S. mansoni schistosomula in vitro.", "PMID": 376723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3426", "title": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T cell sets: effect of mode of immunization on determining which Lyl T cell sets will be activated.", "content": "Lyl T cells are able to induce B cells to make antibody and also to induce a resting Lyl23 T cell set to exert potent feedback suppression. Which of these two pathways Lyl T cells take can be influenced by the mode of immunization. In particular, in vitro immunized Lyl T cells are more likely to induce suppression than are Lyl T cells immunized in vivo even when both populations deliver the same amount of help to purified B cells. The feedback suppression induced by the Lyl T cells immunized in vitro can be distinguished from suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells; in the former case suppression is preceded by a precocious antibody response, whereas suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells is apparent throughout the entire period of observation.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T cell sets: effect of mode of immunization on determining which Lyl T cell sets will be activated. Lyl T cells are able to induce B cells to make antibody and also to induce a resting Lyl23 T cell set to exert potent feedback suppression. Which of these two pathways Lyl T cells take can be influenced by the mode of immunization. In particular, in vitro immunized Lyl T cells are more likely to induce suppression than are Lyl T cells immunized in vivo even when both populations deliver the same amount of help to purified B cells. The feedback suppression induced by the Lyl T cells immunized in vitro can be distinguished from suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells; in the former case suppression is preceded by a precocious antibody response, whereas suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells is apparent throughout the entire period of observation.", "PMID": 376724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3427", "title": "Carrier-specific immune memory to a thymus-independent antigen in congenitally athymic mice.", "content": "Immune memory to the DNP epitope coupled to a nonmitogenic thymus-independent carrier, Ficoll, was demonstrated in congenitally athymic outbred Swiss mice. Strong IgM and modest IgG components of this memory were detected. Moreover, this memory was carrier specific since it was elicitable only when DNP-Ficoll primed mice were challenged with DNP-Ficoll and not when similarly primed mice were challenged with DNP coupled to pneumococcal polysaccharide or to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Ficoll primed mice also demonstrated a memory response when challenged with DNP-Ficoll. These findings indicate that a non-T cell, presumably a B cell, is capable of recognizing the carrier epitopes of this thymus-independent hapten-carrier complex. Unlike their athymic counterparts, euthymic mice of the same genetic background failed to demonstrate the IgM component of this memory, but they did demonstrate modest carrier-specific IgG memory. These results strongly suggest that suppressor T cells are either directly or indirectly important in regulating the IgM memory response of these mice to DNP-Ficoll. Indirect regulation could possibly occur via an antibody-mediated specific immune suppression mechanism.", "contents": "Carrier-specific immune memory to a thymus-independent antigen in congenitally athymic mice. Immune memory to the DNP epitope coupled to a nonmitogenic thymus-independent carrier, Ficoll, was demonstrated in congenitally athymic outbred Swiss mice. Strong IgM and modest IgG components of this memory were detected. Moreover, this memory was carrier specific since it was elicitable only when DNP-Ficoll primed mice were challenged with DNP-Ficoll and not when similarly primed mice were challenged with DNP coupled to pneumococcal polysaccharide or to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Ficoll primed mice also demonstrated a memory response when challenged with DNP-Ficoll. These findings indicate that a non-T cell, presumably a B cell, is capable of recognizing the carrier epitopes of this thymus-independent hapten-carrier complex. Unlike their athymic counterparts, euthymic mice of the same genetic background failed to demonstrate the IgM component of this memory, but they did demonstrate modest carrier-specific IgG memory. These results strongly suggest that suppressor T cells are either directly or indirectly important in regulating the IgM memory response of these mice to DNP-Ficoll. Indirect regulation could possibly occur via an antibody-mediated specific immune suppression mechanism.", "PMID": 376725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3428", "title": "Antibody penetration into living cells. II. Anti-ribonucleoprotein IgG penetrates into Tgamma lymphocytes causing their deletion and the abrogation of suppressor function.", "content": "We have previously shown that an anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) IgG can penetrate into live human mononuclear cells (MNC) having receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Because T cells with such receptors (Tgamma cells) seem to behave as suppressor cells in immune regulation and because this suppressor function is diminished in diseases where antinuclear antibodies appear, we considered the possibility that antinuclear IgG antibody could penetrate Tgamma cells and affect them. Herein we show that fluorescein-labeled anti-RNP IgG can penetrate into Tgamma cells, enriched by either mitogenic stimulation or separation with a subpopulation of T cells with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes. Incubation of MNC with anti-RNP IgG before carrying out the separation procedures resulted in apparent loss of Tgamma cells at the end of separation. To confirm that deletion had actually occurred, we performed a cytotoxicity assay using 51Cr-labeled T cells. Anti-RNP IgG had a significantly higher cytotoxic effect that normal IgG on T cells, particularly on those with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes that include most Tgamma cells. Suppressor cell function studied in a system where it was expanded, by either 7-day culture or incubation with concanavalin A, and detected in a reverse plaque-forming cell assay with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin-developing antibody was found to be abrogated by the addition of anti-RNP IgG to the suppressor function-expanding cultures. Controls in Ig-free medium, or medium supplemented with normal human IgG, aggregated normal human IgG, BSA-anti-BSA immune complexes, or F(ab')2 fragments of the anti-RNP IgG, did not abrogate suppressor cell function. This indicates that the abrogation of suppressor cell function by anti-RNP IgG is due to its penetration into Tgamma cells. Suppressor cell loss and/or dysfunction caused by penetration of antinuclear antibodies into Tgamma cells may lead to the self-perpetuation of autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Antibody penetration into living cells. II. Anti-ribonucleoprotein IgG penetrates into Tgamma lymphocytes causing their deletion and the abrogation of suppressor function. We have previously shown that an anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) IgG can penetrate into live human mononuclear cells (MNC) having receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Because T cells with such receptors (Tgamma cells) seem to behave as suppressor cells in immune regulation and because this suppressor function is diminished in diseases where antinuclear antibodies appear, we considered the possibility that antinuclear IgG antibody could penetrate Tgamma cells and affect them. Herein we show that fluorescein-labeled anti-RNP IgG can penetrate into Tgamma cells, enriched by either mitogenic stimulation or separation with a subpopulation of T cells with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes. Incubation of MNC with anti-RNP IgG before carrying out the separation procedures resulted in apparent loss of Tgamma cells at the end of separation. To confirm that deletion had actually occurred, we performed a cytotoxicity assay using 51Cr-labeled T cells. Anti-RNP IgG had a significantly higher cytotoxic effect that normal IgG on T cells, particularly on those with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes that include most Tgamma cells. Suppressor cell function studied in a system where it was expanded, by either 7-day culture or incubation with concanavalin A, and detected in a reverse plaque-forming cell assay with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin-developing antibody was found to be abrogated by the addition of anti-RNP IgG to the suppressor function-expanding cultures. Controls in Ig-free medium, or medium supplemented with normal human IgG, aggregated normal human IgG, BSA-anti-BSA immune complexes, or F(ab')2 fragments of the anti-RNP IgG, did not abrogate suppressor cell function. This indicates that the abrogation of suppressor cell function by anti-RNP IgG is due to its penetration into Tgamma cells. Suppressor cell loss and/or dysfunction caused by penetration of antinuclear antibodies into Tgamma cells may lead to the self-perpetuation of autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 376727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3429", "title": "Production and characterization of DR xenoantisera: use for detection of serum DR antigens.", "content": "Immunoadsorbents consisting of rabbit anti-DR antibodies bound to Staphylococcus aureus were used to bind DR antigens from NP40 cellular extracts of cultured B lymphoid cells. When injected into rabbits, these DR antibody absorbents elicited the production of antibodies that were shown by both serologic and immunochemical techniques to react specifically with the DR antigen molecule. A rosette inhibition assay with B lymphoid cells and anti-DR xenoantisera was used to detect DR antigens in human serum. DR serum antigens could be found in an enriched preparation of serum lipoproteins obtained by centrifugation in KBr. In addition, sera from some patients with neoplastic diseases contained higher levels of DR serum antigens than those found in normal individuals.", "contents": "Production and characterization of DR xenoantisera: use for detection of serum DR antigens. Immunoadsorbents consisting of rabbit anti-DR antibodies bound to Staphylococcus aureus were used to bind DR antigens from NP40 cellular extracts of cultured B lymphoid cells. When injected into rabbits, these DR antibody absorbents elicited the production of antibodies that were shown by both serologic and immunochemical techniques to react specifically with the DR antigen molecule. A rosette inhibition assay with B lymphoid cells and anti-DR xenoantisera was used to detect DR antigens in human serum. DR serum antigens could be found in an enriched preparation of serum lipoproteins obtained by centrifugation in KBr. In addition, sera from some patients with neoplastic diseases contained higher levels of DR serum antigens than those found in normal individuals.", "PMID": 376728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3430", "title": "Slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated peritoneal mast cells of the normal rat. II. Evidence for a precursor role of arachidonic acid and further purification.", "content": "The generation of slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated rat peritoneal mast cells was enhanced by arachidonic acid (AA). This SRS generation was inhibited by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), an acetylenic analogue of AA and an inhibitor of both fatty acid cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Indomethacin, a fatty acid cyclooxgenase inhibitor, had an enhancing effect upon SRS generation. This suggests SRS generation occurred through an ETYA sensitive step--perhaps a lipoxygenase. Radiolabel from [14C]-AA was incorporated into SRS with comigration of radioactivity and bioreactivity in silicic acid and thin layer chromatographies. Upon silicic acid chromatography, the active principle was eluted in the methanol fraction. Two-dimensional thin layer chromatography revealed chromatographic separation from other known spasmogenic substances and phospholipids. Mast cell SRS was found to display physiochemical properties similar to those of rat basophilic leukemia cell SRS, namely: that mast cell SRS generation was 1) enhanced by arachidonic acid; 2) inhibited by ETYA but not by indomethacin; 3) incorporation of [14C]-AA into the active principle; and 4) similar behavior during purification in silicic acid and thin layer chromatographies.", "contents": "Slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated peritoneal mast cells of the normal rat. II. Evidence for a precursor role of arachidonic acid and further purification. The generation of slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated rat peritoneal mast cells was enhanced by arachidonic acid (AA). This SRS generation was inhibited by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), an acetylenic analogue of AA and an inhibitor of both fatty acid cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Indomethacin, a fatty acid cyclooxgenase inhibitor, had an enhancing effect upon SRS generation. This suggests SRS generation occurred through an ETYA sensitive step--perhaps a lipoxygenase. Radiolabel from [14C]-AA was incorporated into SRS with comigration of radioactivity and bioreactivity in silicic acid and thin layer chromatographies. Upon silicic acid chromatography, the active principle was eluted in the methanol fraction. Two-dimensional thin layer chromatography revealed chromatographic separation from other known spasmogenic substances and phospholipids. Mast cell SRS was found to display physiochemical properties similar to those of rat basophilic leukemia cell SRS, namely: that mast cell SRS generation was 1) enhanced by arachidonic acid; 2) inhibited by ETYA but not by indomethacin; 3) incorporation of [14C]-AA into the active principle; and 4) similar behavior during purification in silicic acid and thin layer chromatographies.", "PMID": 376731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3431", "title": "IgM rheumatoid factors in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced the formation of IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) in several strains of mice including athymic C57BL/6 nude mice, but not in the LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. The RF induced by LPS reacted not only with murine IgG but also with IgG from cows, goats, guinea pigs, and humans. The kinetics of this RF response to injection of LPS were similar to those of antibody response against DNA and a hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP), and to those of total IgM production. In addition, the RF activity of individual serum samples correlated significantly with levels of anti-DNA and anti-DNP antibodies and of IgM. Therefore, it is concluded that the induction of RF results from polyclonal antibody synthesis by B cells stimulated with LPS. This observation suggests that LPS or LPS-like substances may help to generate RF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with some infectious diseases.", "contents": "IgM rheumatoid factors in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced the formation of IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) in several strains of mice including athymic C57BL/6 nude mice, but not in the LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. The RF induced by LPS reacted not only with murine IgG but also with IgG from cows, goats, guinea pigs, and humans. The kinetics of this RF response to injection of LPS were similar to those of antibody response against DNA and a hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP), and to those of total IgM production. In addition, the RF activity of individual serum samples correlated significantly with levels of anti-DNA and anti-DNP antibodies and of IgM. Therefore, it is concluded that the induction of RF results from polyclonal antibody synthesis by B cells stimulated with LPS. This observation suggests that LPS or LPS-like substances may help to generate RF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with some infectious diseases.", "PMID": 376732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3432", "title": "Circulating and tissue-bound immune complex formation in murine malaria.", "content": "Immune complex formation during Plasmodium berghei infection of OF1 mice was investigated. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were detected by the Clg-binding assay and the conglutinin-binding solid-phase assay in lethal or drug-limited infections. CIC appeared on day 9 of infection, peaked on day 11, and disappeared only after complete cure of the infection. Analysis of the immune complexes detected by the Clq-binding assay revealed the following characteristics: sedimentation coefficients of 13S to 21S, resistance to DNAse, and selective removal by filtration through protein A bound to Sepharose. Glomerular deposits of IgM preceded the appearance of CIC, whereas deposits of IgG and C3 were concomitant with the appearance of CIC. Tissue-bound immunoglobulins were also found in the choroid plexus. The appearance of anti-malarial antibodies and malarial antigens in the serum was closely associated with a depression of C3 levels and the presence of CIC. Drug treatment was followed by normalization of C3 levels, and clearance of both CIC and malarial antigens.", "contents": "Circulating and tissue-bound immune complex formation in murine malaria. Immune complex formation during Plasmodium berghei infection of OF1 mice was investigated. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were detected by the Clg-binding assay and the conglutinin-binding solid-phase assay in lethal or drug-limited infections. CIC appeared on day 9 of infection, peaked on day 11, and disappeared only after complete cure of the infection. Analysis of the immune complexes detected by the Clq-binding assay revealed the following characteristics: sedimentation coefficients of 13S to 21S, resistance to DNAse, and selective removal by filtration through protein A bound to Sepharose. Glomerular deposits of IgM preceded the appearance of CIC, whereas deposits of IgG and C3 were concomitant with the appearance of CIC. Tissue-bound immunoglobulins were also found in the choroid plexus. The appearance of anti-malarial antibodies and malarial antigens in the serum was closely associated with a depression of C3 levels and the presence of CIC. Drug treatment was followed by normalization of C3 levels, and clearance of both CIC and malarial antigens.", "PMID": 376733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3433", "title": "Shared idiotypes of human peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes.", "content": "In a patient with an IgG lambda monoclonal serum component possessing anti-streptolysin O activity, we have demonstrated peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes with shared or similar idiotypes. The idiotypic T lymphocyte membrane structure was capable of binding the specific antigen (SLO). After radioiodination and subsequent detergent solubilization of the same T cell population, immunoprecipitation of the lysate by employing anti-idiotypic antibodies, resulted in the isolation of a polypeptide chain with a m.w. of 70,000 on SDS polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. The polypeptide expressed no isotypic immunoglobulin markers. Internal labeling experiments indicated that this membrane structure was actively synthesized by the T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Shared idiotypes of human peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes. In a patient with an IgG lambda monoclonal serum component possessing anti-streptolysin O activity, we have demonstrated peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes with shared or similar idiotypes. The idiotypic T lymphocyte membrane structure was capable of binding the specific antigen (SLO). After radioiodination and subsequent detergent solubilization of the same T cell population, immunoprecipitation of the lysate by employing anti-idiotypic antibodies, resulted in the isolation of a polypeptide chain with a m.w. of 70,000 on SDS polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. The polypeptide expressed no isotypic immunoglobulin markers. Internal labeling experiments indicated that this membrane structure was actively synthesized by the T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 376734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3434", "title": "Expression of MHC antigens by mouse thymic dendritic cells.", "content": "Thymic epithelial cells express MHC antigens in several different patterns. I-A is present throughout the thymic cortex on dendritic cells. The remainder of the I region and H-2K/D are expressed on dendritic cells apparently only variably in the cortex (at least in some haplotypes). All MHC antigens tested are present in the medulla on epithelial cells; expression on medullary lymphocytes cannot be evaluated. Monoclonal anti-MHC antibodies confirm these results. The significance of these findings to T cell maturation is discussed.", "contents": "Expression of MHC antigens by mouse thymic dendritic cells. Thymic epithelial cells express MHC antigens in several different patterns. I-A is present throughout the thymic cortex on dendritic cells. The remainder of the I region and H-2K/D are expressed on dendritic cells apparently only variably in the cortex (at least in some haplotypes). All MHC antigens tested are present in the medulla on epithelial cells; expression on medullary lymphocytes cannot be evaluated. Monoclonal anti-MHC antibodies confirm these results. The significance of these findings to T cell maturation is discussed.", "PMID": 376735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3435", "title": "Natural killer cells, bone, and the bone marrow: studies in estrogen-treated mice and in congenitally osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice.", "content": "Mice lose natural killer cells after 6 weeks of treatment with 17 beta-estradiol. We here demonstrate that the same protocol leads to loss of genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation and to significant osteoproliferation with loss of bone marrow. We also show that mice with reduced marrow because of congenital osteopetrosis are deficient in natural killing. These findings are consistent with previous evidence that natural killing and genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation are dependent upon the marrow. Temporal studies of bone histology and radiology during and after treatment with estrogen reveal that alterations in natural killing proceed more rapidly than changes in bone marrow volume. These studies also demonstrate that estrogens induce osteoproliferation only at endosteal surfaces that are adjacent to hematopoietic marrow. From these observations, we conclude that estrogens do not reduce natural killer cells simply by reducing the volume of bone marrow. Estrogens may instead have an effect on bone marrow. Estrogens may instead have an effect on bone marrow cells that leads both to osteoproliferation and to a deficiency of marrow-dependent cells.", "contents": "Natural killer cells, bone, and the bone marrow: studies in estrogen-treated mice and in congenitally osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice. Mice lose natural killer cells after 6 weeks of treatment with 17 beta-estradiol. We here demonstrate that the same protocol leads to loss of genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation and to significant osteoproliferation with loss of bone marrow. We also show that mice with reduced marrow because of congenital osteopetrosis are deficient in natural killing. These findings are consistent with previous evidence that natural killing and genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation are dependent upon the marrow. Temporal studies of bone histology and radiology during and after treatment with estrogen reveal that alterations in natural killing proceed more rapidly than changes in bone marrow volume. These studies also demonstrate that estrogens induce osteoproliferation only at endosteal surfaces that are adjacent to hematopoietic marrow. From these observations, we conclude that estrogens do not reduce natural killer cells simply by reducing the volume of bone marrow. Estrogens may instead have an effect on bone marrow. Estrogens may instead have an effect on bone marrow cells that leads both to osteoproliferation and to a deficiency of marrow-dependent cells.", "PMID": 376736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3436", "title": "T cell regulation of polyclonal B cell responsiveness. I. Helper effects of T cells.", "content": "Polyclonal activation of murine splenic B lymphocytes to secrete immunoglobulin was shown to be subject to regulation by splenic T cells. By admixture of separated B and T cell populations it was demonstrated that normal fresh splenic T cells were able to augment polyclonal B cell responsiveness to LPS up to several-fold. Optimal collaboration between these two cell types ensued when they were co-cultured in equal numbers. T cell-mediated enhancement of polyclonal B cell responses was dependent upon the ability of T cells to divide and was manifested upon T cell interaction with B cells soon after culture initiation. Originally expounded as a one-signal phenomenon, polyclonal activation of lymphocytes by LPS is, under the circumstances described, attributable instead to two distinct, nonspecific signals acting in concert. The observation that T cells from LPS-nonresponder (C3H/HeJ) mice were deficient in the capacity to enhance polyclonal B cell responsiveness of B cells derived from responder (C3H/HeN) mice implied a direct action of LPS on the involved T cells as well as an active role for the T cell signal in this immunoregulatory event. The novel observation of a functional T cell defect in LPS responsiveness in the C3H/HeJ mouse is discussed in terms of its other cellular defects.", "contents": "T cell regulation of polyclonal B cell responsiveness. I. Helper effects of T cells. Polyclonal activation of murine splenic B lymphocytes to secrete immunoglobulin was shown to be subject to regulation by splenic T cells. By admixture of separated B and T cell populations it was demonstrated that normal fresh splenic T cells were able to augment polyclonal B cell responsiveness to LPS up to several-fold. Optimal collaboration between these two cell types ensued when they were co-cultured in equal numbers. T cell-mediated enhancement of polyclonal B cell responses was dependent upon the ability of T cells to divide and was manifested upon T cell interaction with B cells soon after culture initiation. Originally expounded as a one-signal phenomenon, polyclonal activation of lymphocytes by LPS is, under the circumstances described, attributable instead to two distinct, nonspecific signals acting in concert. The observation that T cells from LPS-nonresponder (C3H/HeJ) mice were deficient in the capacity to enhance polyclonal B cell responsiveness of B cells derived from responder (C3H/HeN) mice implied a direct action of LPS on the involved T cells as well as an active role for the T cell signal in this immunoregulatory event. The novel observation of a functional T cell defect in LPS responsiveness in the C3H/HeJ mouse is discussed in terms of its other cellular defects.", "PMID": 376737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3437", "title": "Evidence that natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are mediated in humans by the same effector cell populations.", "content": "The present study strongly suggests that, in humans, natural killer (NK) activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are mediated by the same effector cell population. This is supported by two different experimental approaches. First, competition for NK effector cells was accompanied by simultaneous inhibition of ADCC activity. Target cells sensitive to NK activity were capable of inhibiting specifically an ADCC assay in cold target competition experiments. Second, specific removal of NK cells on monolayers formed by target cells sensitive to NK activity caused simultaneous depletion of ADCC effector cells. In association with the removal on the monolayers of effector cells for ADCC as well as NK activity, we also found a significant depletion of cells bearing Fc gamma receptors.", "contents": "Evidence that natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are mediated in humans by the same effector cell populations. The present study strongly suggests that, in humans, natural killer (NK) activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are mediated by the same effector cell population. This is supported by two different experimental approaches. First, competition for NK effector cells was accompanied by simultaneous inhibition of ADCC activity. Target cells sensitive to NK activity were capable of inhibiting specifically an ADCC assay in cold target competition experiments. Second, specific removal of NK cells on monolayers formed by target cells sensitive to NK activity caused simultaneous depletion of ADCC effector cells. In association with the removal on the monolayers of effector cells for ADCC as well as NK activity, we also found a significant depletion of cells bearing Fc gamma receptors.", "PMID": 376742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3438", "title": "Allogeneic marrow transplantation after total lymphoid irradiation (TLI): effect of dose/fraction, thymic irradiation, delayed marrow infusion, and presensitization.", "content": "BALB/c mice infused with 30 x 10(6) C57BL/Ka bone marrow (BM) cells 1 day after treatment with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) (17 fractions of 200 rads each) became stable mixed chimeras without clinical graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Mice given 18 fractions of 100, 50, or 25 rads each followed 1 day later by C57BL/Ka BM did not become chimeric, indicating that a critical cumulative radiation dose is required for this effect. Animals given TLI with lead shielding placed over the thymus also developed stable chimerism without GVHD. Thus susceptibility to tolerance induction and protection from GVHD after TLI and allogeneic BM transplantation is not due to alteration of the thymic microenvironment by fractionated irradiation. A delay of 7 or 21 days between completion of TLI and BM administration resulted in a high incidence of graft rejection. Sensitization to minor histocompatibility antigens of the BM donor strain by blood transfusion either before or during TLI resulted in marrow graft rejection in a high percentage of animals.", "contents": "Allogeneic marrow transplantation after total lymphoid irradiation (TLI): effect of dose/fraction, thymic irradiation, delayed marrow infusion, and presensitization. BALB/c mice infused with 30 x 10(6) C57BL/Ka bone marrow (BM) cells 1 day after treatment with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) (17 fractions of 200 rads each) became stable mixed chimeras without clinical graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Mice given 18 fractions of 100, 50, or 25 rads each followed 1 day later by C57BL/Ka BM did not become chimeric, indicating that a critical cumulative radiation dose is required for this effect. Animals given TLI with lead shielding placed over the thymus also developed stable chimerism without GVHD. Thus susceptibility to tolerance induction and protection from GVHD after TLI and allogeneic BM transplantation is not due to alteration of the thymic microenvironment by fractionated irradiation. A delay of 7 or 21 days between completion of TLI and BM administration resulted in a high incidence of graft rejection. Sensitization to minor histocompatibility antigens of the BM donor strain by blood transfusion either before or during TLI resulted in marrow graft rejection in a high percentage of animals.", "PMID": 376743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3439", "title": "Phenotypic and functional distinctions between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets in man.", "content": "Prior work has demonstrated the existence of distinct human peripheral blood T cell subsets by utilizing heterologous as well as autoimmune antisera. In the present study, the relationship between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets was examined. T cells were purified with Sephadex G-200 anti-F(ab)2' affinity chromatography and E-rosetting technique, and subsequently fractionated into TH2+ and TH2- subsets by utilizing indirect immunofluorescence on FACS. Approximately 40 to 45% of the TH2- subset was shown to be JRA+, whereas less than 5% of the TH2+ subset was JRA+. In reciprocal studies, T cells were fractionated into JRA+ and JRA- subsets and reacted with heterologous antisera with anti-TH2+ specificity and indirect immunofluorescence. FACS analysis demonstrated that the JRA+ population contained no TH2+ T cells. In contrast, the JRA- population contained TH2+ T cells and accounted for the entire TH2+ subset found in the unfractionated T cell population. Functional studies showed that the TH2+ subset, and not the JRA+ subset, contain the effector population for cell-mediated lympholysis. It is concluded that the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets define distinct and different T cell populations in man.", "contents": "Phenotypic and functional distinctions between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets in man. Prior work has demonstrated the existence of distinct human peripheral blood T cell subsets by utilizing heterologous as well as autoimmune antisera. In the present study, the relationship between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets was examined. T cells were purified with Sephadex G-200 anti-F(ab)2' affinity chromatography and E-rosetting technique, and subsequently fractionated into TH2+ and TH2- subsets by utilizing indirect immunofluorescence on FACS. Approximately 40 to 45% of the TH2- subset was shown to be JRA+, whereas less than 5% of the TH2+ subset was JRA+. In reciprocal studies, T cells were fractionated into JRA+ and JRA- subsets and reacted with heterologous antisera with anti-TH2+ specificity and indirect immunofluorescence. FACS analysis demonstrated that the JRA+ population contained no TH2+ T cells. In contrast, the JRA- population contained TH2+ T cells and accounted for the entire TH2+ subset found in the unfractionated T cell population. Functional studies showed that the TH2+ subset, and not the JRA+ subset, contain the effector population for cell-mediated lympholysis. It is concluded that the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets define distinct and different T cell populations in man.", "PMID": 376746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3440", "title": "A comparison of methods for obtaining high yields of pure immunoglobulin from severely haemolysed plasma.", "content": "Ammonium sulphate, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were compared for their ability to isolate and purify large quantities of immunoglobulins from severely haemolysed plasma. PEG, which produced the highest yield and purity, proved to be the only method which completely removed the haemoglobin.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for obtaining high yields of pure immunoglobulin from severely haemolysed plasma. Ammonium sulphate, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were compared for their ability to isolate and purify large quantities of immunoglobulins from severely haemolysed plasma. PEG, which produced the highest yield and purity, proved to be the only method which completely removed the haemoglobin.", "PMID": 376747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3441", "title": "A quantitative assay for low levels of IgM by solid-phase immunofluorescence.", "content": "A quantitative immunofluorescent assay capable of detecting between 15 and 1450 ng of IgM on a strictly linear standard curve has been developed. The assay system is unique in that in vitro biosynthesized polyclonal IgM in culture supernatants can be quantitated with a minimal quantity of supernatant. Interference created by lectins and bead-surface interactions have been analyzed. This easily operated assay has been validated and is reliable. A very important feature of the system is the considerable cost reduction in comparsion with radiometric techniques.", "contents": "A quantitative assay for low levels of IgM by solid-phase immunofluorescence. A quantitative immunofluorescent assay capable of detecting between 15 and 1450 ng of IgM on a strictly linear standard curve has been developed. The assay system is unique in that in vitro biosynthesized polyclonal IgM in culture supernatants can be quantitated with a minimal quantity of supernatant. Interference created by lectins and bead-surface interactions have been analyzed. This easily operated assay has been validated and is reliable. A very important feature of the system is the considerable cost reduction in comparsion with radiometric techniques.", "PMID": 376748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3442", "title": "A microculture system for generating haemolytic antibody responses from human tonsillar lymphocytes.", "content": "Small numbers of Ficoll-Hypaque purified human tonsillar lymphocytes were stimulated with PWM to produce SRBC-specific PFC in a microculture system. The magnitude of the response varied among different tonsils but was typically between 200 and 1000 PFC/10(6) cells cultured. Little or no response was observed in the absence of PWM. SRBC failed to stimulate a SRBC-specific response and the presence of this antigen in PWM-stimulated cultures depressed the response. The time of the maximum response was inversely related to the number of cells cultured. In addition, the duration of the response was limited by rapid depletion of critical medium requirements and/or build up of inhibitory factors especially when the cell concentration exceeded 5 x 10(5) cells/culture. This effect could be partially overcome by daily feeding of cultures with fresh medium. Fractionation studies indicated a requirement for both T and B cell populations. Constant efficiency of PFC production with respect to cell number could be achieved by the addition of inactivated autologous 'filler' cells. The significance of these results and applicability of the microculture system to a detailed analysis of human antibody responses will be discussed.", "contents": "A microculture system for generating haemolytic antibody responses from human tonsillar lymphocytes. Small numbers of Ficoll-Hypaque purified human tonsillar lymphocytes were stimulated with PWM to produce SRBC-specific PFC in a microculture system. The magnitude of the response varied among different tonsils but was typically between 200 and 1000 PFC/10(6) cells cultured. Little or no response was observed in the absence of PWM. SRBC failed to stimulate a SRBC-specific response and the presence of this antigen in PWM-stimulated cultures depressed the response. The time of the maximum response was inversely related to the number of cells cultured. In addition, the duration of the response was limited by rapid depletion of critical medium requirements and/or build up of inhibitory factors especially when the cell concentration exceeded 5 x 10(5) cells/culture. This effect could be partially overcome by daily feeding of cultures with fresh medium. Fractionation studies indicated a requirement for both T and B cell populations. Constant efficiency of PFC production with respect to cell number could be achieved by the addition of inactivated autologous 'filler' cells. The significance of these results and applicability of the microculture system to a detailed analysis of human antibody responses will be discussed.", "PMID": 376749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3443", "title": "An autoradiographic microtechnique to study lymphocyte stimulation in solid cultures.", "content": "A microtechnique to study lymphocyte stimulation in solid cultures by autoradiography is described. Using this technique at a concentration of 2 x 10(6) lymphocytes/chamber, it was found that the percentage of proliferating cells was 8.4% with anti-lymphocyte serum, 3.9% with calcium ionophore A23187, 2.5% with phytohemagglutinin P, 5.8% with phytohemagglutinin HA17 and 4.2% with tetradecanoyl-phorbolacetate. Lymphocyte responses were dependent on cell concentration. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinins P and HA17 were potentiated by incorporation into the cultures of 5% autologous erythrocytes.", "contents": "An autoradiographic microtechnique to study lymphocyte stimulation in solid cultures. A microtechnique to study lymphocyte stimulation in solid cultures by autoradiography is described. Using this technique at a concentration of 2 x 10(6) lymphocytes/chamber, it was found that the percentage of proliferating cells was 8.4% with anti-lymphocyte serum, 3.9% with calcium ionophore A23187, 2.5% with phytohemagglutinin P, 5.8% with phytohemagglutinin HA17 and 4.2% with tetradecanoyl-phorbolacetate. Lymphocyte responses were dependent on cell concentration. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinins P and HA17 were potentiated by incorporation into the cultures of 5% autologous erythrocytes.", "PMID": 376750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3444", "title": "The bovine lymphoid system: binding and stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by lectins.", "content": "We tested ability of 11 different lectins to stimulate DNA synthesis in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, using a wide range of experimental conditions. Five of the 6 lectins which induced DNA synthesis (concanavalin A, succinyl-concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin M, pokeweed mitogens and lipopolysaccharide) did so under conditions similar to those optimal for stimulation of murine lymphocytes. The other lectin (peanut agglutinin) stimulated normal bovine lymphocytes whereas it does not stimulate normal mouse, rat, guinea pig or human lymphocytes. The binding of 5 different lectins to bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Four of the lectins bound to various proportions of cells. Double labeling experiments using a rhodamine-labeled goat anti-bovine immunoglobulin reagent and fluorescein-labeled lectins showed that both peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin bound to lymphocyte populations which were negative for surface immunoglobulin. The majority of lymphocytes negative for surface immunoglobulin bound peanut agglutinin, indicating that this lectin may bind specifically to bovine 'T' lymphocytes.", "contents": "The bovine lymphoid system: binding and stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by lectins. We tested ability of 11 different lectins to stimulate DNA synthesis in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, using a wide range of experimental conditions. Five of the 6 lectins which induced DNA synthesis (concanavalin A, succinyl-concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin M, pokeweed mitogens and lipopolysaccharide) did so under conditions similar to those optimal for stimulation of murine lymphocytes. The other lectin (peanut agglutinin) stimulated normal bovine lymphocytes whereas it does not stimulate normal mouse, rat, guinea pig or human lymphocytes. The binding of 5 different lectins to bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Four of the lectins bound to various proportions of cells. Double labeling experiments using a rhodamine-labeled goat anti-bovine immunoglobulin reagent and fluorescein-labeled lectins showed that both peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin bound to lymphocyte populations which were negative for surface immunoglobulin. The majority of lymphocytes negative for surface immunoglobulin bound peanut agglutinin, indicating that this lectin may bind specifically to bovine 'T' lymphocytes.", "PMID": 376751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3445", "title": "A sensitive hemolytic assay for mouse C3.", "content": "We have developed a sensitive hemolytic assay for mouse C3, utilizing readily available guinea pig complement components and standard techniques, which allows C3 to be detected in mouse serum diluted many thousand-fold. Mouse serum also contains a potent, relatively heat-stable C3-inactivator system, which is largely blocked by Suramin.", "contents": "A sensitive hemolytic assay for mouse C3. We have developed a sensitive hemolytic assay for mouse C3, utilizing readily available guinea pig complement components and standard techniques, which allows C3 to be detected in mouse serum diluted many thousand-fold. Mouse serum also contains a potent, relatively heat-stable C3-inactivator system, which is largely blocked by Suramin.", "PMID": 376752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3446", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of IgA deposits in chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC).", "content": "A case of bullous disease in a child with linear IgA immune deposits at the basement membrane zone and with some clinical, histological, and electron microscopic characteristics both of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, is described. The bulla formed between the basal lamina and basal cell membranes as in bullous pemphigoid, but at the same time there were numerous inflammatory cells in the dermis just below the partly destroyed basal lamina and also abundant fibrin deposits in very recent bulla and in the skin, all of which is rather characteristic of dermatitis herpetiformis. Ultrastructurally, the IgA deposits were located chiefly below the lamina basalis (the dermal type) but also, though less abundantly, in the lamina lucida, very much as we have seen them to be in adult cases with linear IgA immune deposits at the basement membrane zone. The investigations have supplied further evidence showing the chronic bullous disease of childhood to be actually a counterpart of the form in adults with the same linear localization of IgA deposits.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of IgA deposits in chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC). A case of bullous disease in a child with linear IgA immune deposits at the basement membrane zone and with some clinical, histological, and electron microscopic characteristics both of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, is described. The bulla formed between the basal lamina and basal cell membranes as in bullous pemphigoid, but at the same time there were numerous inflammatory cells in the dermis just below the partly destroyed basal lamina and also abundant fibrin deposits in very recent bulla and in the skin, all of which is rather characteristic of dermatitis herpetiformis. Ultrastructurally, the IgA deposits were located chiefly below the lamina basalis (the dermal type) but also, though less abundantly, in the lamina lucida, very much as we have seen them to be in adult cases with linear IgA immune deposits at the basement membrane zone. The investigations have supplied further evidence showing the chronic bullous disease of childhood to be actually a counterpart of the form in adults with the same linear localization of IgA deposits.", "PMID": 376753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3447", "title": "Comparison of different epithelial substrates useful for indirect immunofluorescence testing of sera from patients with active pemphigus.", "content": "A positive statistical correlation between intercellular antibody titer and disease severity was found for a group of 6 patients with active pemphigus vulgaris, irrespective of whether indirect IF testing was performed on 5 different epithelial substrates which included guinea pig esophagus, human foreskin, rabbit esophagus, monkey esophagus and monkey lip. In a group of 4 patients with pemphigus foliaceus a positive correlation between disease severity and titer was found only when rabbit esophagus was used for indirect fluorescence testing. In both groups of patients there were individual patients in whom the antibody titer was positive at a time when no disease was present and conversely, there were some patients in whom the antibody titer was negative at a time when extensive disease was present. Because of this inconsistency, the use of antibody titers to monitor disease activity and therapy in individual patients may not be justifiable.", "contents": "Comparison of different epithelial substrates useful for indirect immunofluorescence testing of sera from patients with active pemphigus. A positive statistical correlation between intercellular antibody titer and disease severity was found for a group of 6 patients with active pemphigus vulgaris, irrespective of whether indirect IF testing was performed on 5 different epithelial substrates which included guinea pig esophagus, human foreskin, rabbit esophagus, monkey esophagus and monkey lip. In a group of 4 patients with pemphigus foliaceus a positive correlation between disease severity and titer was found only when rabbit esophagus was used for indirect fluorescence testing. In both groups of patients there were individual patients in whom the antibody titer was positive at a time when no disease was present and conversely, there were some patients in whom the antibody titer was negative at a time when extensive disease was present. Because of this inconsistency, the use of antibody titers to monitor disease activity and therapy in individual patients may not be justifiable.", "PMID": 376754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3448", "title": "Exfoliative cytological procedures as a nonintrusive method for dermatogerontological studies.", "content": "Exfoliative cytological procedures, based on the sticky slide and detergent scrub techniques, were used in the nonintrusive collection of horny cells from the skin surface of volunteers 20 to 30 yr of age and 65+ yr of age. These samples were analyzed with a variety of instruments, including a Magiscan image analyzer, a Vickers M-85 microspectrophotometer, and a Coulter electronic cell counter. The results indicate that age-associated changes in horny cells may be useful in monitoring objectively aging of skin and in assessing the impact of various environmental insults on aging.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytological procedures as a nonintrusive method for dermatogerontological studies. Exfoliative cytological procedures, based on the sticky slide and detergent scrub techniques, were used in the nonintrusive collection of horny cells from the skin surface of volunteers 20 to 30 yr of age and 65+ yr of age. These samples were analyzed with a variety of instruments, including a Magiscan image analyzer, a Vickers M-85 microspectrophotometer, and a Coulter electronic cell counter. The results indicate that age-associated changes in horny cells may be useful in monitoring objectively aging of skin and in assessing the impact of various environmental insults on aging.", "PMID": 376755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3449", "title": "Demonstration of antigenemia by radioimmunoassay in rabbits experimentally infected with Aspergillus.", "content": "Antigens were detected in the blood of rabbits infected with Aspergillus fumigatus by a solid-phase (tube) radioimmunoassay (RIA). The radiolabel for the assay was a polysaccharide-rich alkali extract (APAE) from the mycelia of A. fumigatus. Before this extract could be suitable labeled with 125I, it had to be conjugated with tyramine. Rabbits immunized with heat-killed mycelia had titers of antibody in serum of as high as 1:38,000 against this radiolabeled antigen. With unlabeled and unconjugated APAE as the standard antigen, the sensitivity of the RIA was 12 ng per test, or 500 ng/ml. Antigenemia was detectable by RIA three days after infection of rabbits with A. fumigatus. Blood cultures taken concomitantly were uniformly negative. These results indicate that antigenemia occurs in invasive aspergillus infection and in such cases can be detected by RIA. These observations may be important in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillus infections in humans.", "contents": "Demonstration of antigenemia by radioimmunoassay in rabbits experimentally infected with Aspergillus. Antigens were detected in the blood of rabbits infected with Aspergillus fumigatus by a solid-phase (tube) radioimmunoassay (RIA). The radiolabel for the assay was a polysaccharide-rich alkali extract (APAE) from the mycelia of A. fumigatus. Before this extract could be suitable labeled with 125I, it had to be conjugated with tyramine. Rabbits immunized with heat-killed mycelia had titers of antibody in serum of as high as 1:38,000 against this radiolabeled antigen. With unlabeled and unconjugated APAE as the standard antigen, the sensitivity of the RIA was 12 ng per test, or 500 ng/ml. Antigenemia was detectable by RIA three days after infection of rabbits with A. fumigatus. Blood cultures taken concomitantly were uniformly negative. These results indicate that antigenemia occurs in invasive aspergillus infection and in such cases can be detected by RIA. These observations may be important in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillus infections in humans.", "PMID": 376756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3450", "title": "Prevention of colonization of the urinary tract of mice with Escherichia coli by blocking of bacterial adherence with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside.", "content": "Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (alpha MM), a competitor inhibitor of the binding of mannose by Escherichia coli, was tested for its ability to prevent infection of the urinary tract of mice with infective strains of the organisms. Injection of the bacteria in the presence of the drug resulted in a considerable reduction in the number of bacteriuric mice. In this system alpha MM was inactive against Proteus mirabilis in accordance with its inability to inhibit the adherence of this organism to epithelial cells in vitro, and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside proved inactive against both E. coli and P. mirabilis.", "contents": "Prevention of colonization of the urinary tract of mice with Escherichia coli by blocking of bacterial adherence with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (alpha MM), a competitor inhibitor of the binding of mannose by Escherichia coli, was tested for its ability to prevent infection of the urinary tract of mice with infective strains of the organisms. Injection of the bacteria in the presence of the drug resulted in a considerable reduction in the number of bacteriuric mice. In this system alpha MM was inactive against Proteus mirabilis in accordance with its inability to inhibit the adherence of this organism to epithelial cells in vitro, and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside proved inactive against both E. coli and P. mirabilis.", "PMID": 376757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3451", "title": "Experimental viral infections of the temporal bone. I. Experimental otitis media due to vaccinia virus in hamsters.", "content": "Clinical and pathologic studies of patients with smallpox suggest that conductive hearing loss is a frequent complication of smallpox and that it is due to otitis media. A possible experimental model for this hearing loss has been developed by study of the pathogenesis of acute vaccinia virus infections of hamster middle ears. Infant hamsters developed severe necrotic otitis media, and vaccinia viral antigen was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining in large confluent areas of epithelial cells lining the middle ear. Juvenile hamsters developed a patchy, less severe infection of the middle ear, most of which present along the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles, Adult hamsters did not develop middle ear infection. These findings support the argument that variola (smallpox) virus can cause otitis media in humans and that viral infection of the middle ear may be the cause of hearing loss.", "contents": "Experimental viral infections of the temporal bone. I. Experimental otitis media due to vaccinia virus in hamsters. Clinical and pathologic studies of patients with smallpox suggest that conductive hearing loss is a frequent complication of smallpox and that it is due to otitis media. A possible experimental model for this hearing loss has been developed by study of the pathogenesis of acute vaccinia virus infections of hamster middle ears. Infant hamsters developed severe necrotic otitis media, and vaccinia viral antigen was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining in large confluent areas of epithelial cells lining the middle ear. Juvenile hamsters developed a patchy, less severe infection of the middle ear, most of which present along the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles, Adult hamsters did not develop middle ear infection. These findings support the argument that variola (smallpox) virus can cause otitis media in humans and that viral infection of the middle ear may be the cause of hearing loss.", "PMID": 376758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3452", "title": "The incidence of Salmonella in random-source cats purchased for use in research.", "content": "In research facilities, cats are routinely ignored as a potential source of salmonella infection. Over a period of 18 months, 142 cats received from commercial vendors for use in research were screened for enteric Salmonella. Salmonella was isolated from 15 animals, an incidence of 10.6%. Five (29%) of the 17 shipments contained animals that were positive for Salmonella. The serotypes isolated were Salmonella derby, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella bredeney.", "contents": "The incidence of Salmonella in random-source cats purchased for use in research. In research facilities, cats are routinely ignored as a potential source of salmonella infection. Over a period of 18 months, 142 cats received from commercial vendors for use in research were screened for enteric Salmonella. Salmonella was isolated from 15 animals, an incidence of 10.6%. Five (29%) of the 17 shipments contained animals that were positive for Salmonella. The serotypes isolated were Salmonella derby, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella bredeney.", "PMID": 376759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3453", "title": "A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis: role of intestinal colonization as a major reservoir.", "content": "An outbreak of nosocomial infections involving an unusual strain of multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis (phage type 8888) occurred in 15 patients, 14 of whom were in the surgical intensive care unit at that time. No common source of infection was identified, and person-to-person transmission was the most likely mode of spread. Case-control analysis indicated a significantly increased risk infection related to length of hospital stay (P less than 0.005), number of operations (P less than 0.005), proximity to another case (P less than 0.01), number of antibiotics received (P less than 0.02), and use of a respirator (P less than 0.01). Only the number of operations (P less than 0.01) and proximity to another case (P less than 0.05) remained significant risk factors when related parameters were controlled by multivariate analysis. Thirteen of 14 patients prospectively cultured were colonized by the epidemic organism in the intestinal tract, while rectal carriage preceded infection by the same strain in at least four patients. These data suggest that intestinal colonization may have been an important reservoir for this outbreak, and the findings may explain the unduly prolonged course of intrahospital spread as well as the difficulty encountered in the eradication and control of the outbreak.", "contents": "A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis: role of intestinal colonization as a major reservoir. An outbreak of nosocomial infections involving an unusual strain of multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis (phage type 8888) occurred in 15 patients, 14 of whom were in the surgical intensive care unit at that time. No common source of infection was identified, and person-to-person transmission was the most likely mode of spread. Case-control analysis indicated a significantly increased risk infection related to length of hospital stay (P less than 0.005), number of operations (P less than 0.005), proximity to another case (P less than 0.01), number of antibiotics received (P less than 0.02), and use of a respirator (P less than 0.01). Only the number of operations (P less than 0.01) and proximity to another case (P less than 0.05) remained significant risk factors when related parameters were controlled by multivariate analysis. Thirteen of 14 patients prospectively cultured were colonized by the epidemic organism in the intestinal tract, while rectal carriage preceded infection by the same strain in at least four patients. These data suggest that intestinal colonization may have been an important reservoir for this outbreak, and the findings may explain the unduly prolonged course of intrahospital spread as well as the difficulty encountered in the eradication and control of the outbreak.", "PMID": 376760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3454", "title": "[Investigation of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 3) Mechanical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "The most suitable composition of Pd-Ag alloys added In and/or Sn for porcelain fusing was determined by means of the measurement of the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation and hardness). The results were summarized as follows: (1) This highest tensile strength was obtained when 5% In and 5% Sn, or 10% Sn were added to the 60 Pd-40 Ag mother alloy, and it was about 52 kgf/mm2 (570 MPa). (2) The effect of the addition of In and Sn to the tensile strength depended on the concentration of Pd and Ag. (3) The elongation increased with increase of the amount of Pd. (4) The Vickers hardness number of the alloys was ranged between 100 and 200. It increased with increase of Ag or Sn content. (5)  The most suitable compositions of Pd-Ag alloys for porcelain fusing deduced from the properties such as the bonding strength (in part 1), the thermal expansion coefficient (in part 2) and the mechanical properties (in this paper) were 60 Pd-40 Ag or 64 Pd-36 Ag with addition of 4 Sn-6 In or 8 Sn-2 In. Some characteristic properties of these alloys were as follows; the bonding strength 220 kgf/cm2 (22 MPa), thermal expansion coefficient 14.7 +/- 1x10(-6)/degrees C, thermal expansion hysteresis. 0.00 approximately 0.02%, tensile strength 51 kgf/mm2 (500 MPa), elongation 5% and Vickers hardness number 160 approximately 190.", "contents": "[Investigation of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 3) Mechanical properties (author's transl)]. The most suitable composition of Pd-Ag alloys added In and/or Sn for porcelain fusing was determined by means of the measurement of the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation and hardness). The results were summarized as follows: (1) This highest tensile strength was obtained when 5% In and 5% Sn, or 10% Sn were added to the 60 Pd-40 Ag mother alloy, and it was about 52 kgf/mm2 (570 MPa). (2) The effect of the addition of In and Sn to the tensile strength depended on the concentration of Pd and Ag. (3) The elongation increased with increase of the amount of Pd. (4) The Vickers hardness number of the alloys was ranged between 100 and 200. It increased with increase of Ag or Sn content. (5)  The most suitable compositions of Pd-Ag alloys for porcelain fusing deduced from the properties such as the bonding strength (in part 1), the thermal expansion coefficient (in part 2) and the mechanical properties (in this paper) were 60 Pd-40 Ag or 64 Pd-36 Ag with addition of 4 Sn-6 In or 8 Sn-2 In. Some characteristic properties of these alloys were as follows; the bonding strength 220 kgf/cm2 (22 MPa), thermal expansion coefficient 14.7 +/- 1x10(-6)/degrees C, thermal expansion hysteresis. 0.00 approximately 0.02%, tensile strength 51 kgf/mm2 (500 MPa), elongation 5% and Vickers hardness number 160 approximately 190.", "PMID": 376764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3455", "title": "[Studies on Ni-Ta alloys. (Part 2) Age-hardening and metal-to-ceramic bonding (author's transl)].", "content": "Age-hardening and metal-to-ceramic bonding were studied on Ni-Ta alloy for dental application. In the first experiment, it was shown the precipitation-hardening was recognized in Ni-33 wt% Ta, Ni-34 wt% Ta except for Ni-30 wt% Ta. The precipitates were of a Widmamst\u00e4tten type structure and appeared to be a intermetallic compound, namely Ni3Ta, from the results of X-ray diffraction (debyesherrer) despite of the close proximity of the diffraction patterns of Ni and Ni2Ta. In the second experiment, it was shown that the bonding strength was 176 kg/cm2 for Ni-30 wt% Ta-ceramic system, compared with that of 222 kg/cm2 of Wiron S-ceramic system. The oxide layer was as wide as 3 approximately 5 micron at the Ni-30 wt% Ta-ceramic interface, in which high concentrations of Ni, Ta, and low concentrations of Al, Si were observed. The coefficient of thermal expansion, which was larger than that of porcelain, was 17.4 x 10(-6)/degrees C for Ni-30 wt% Ta.", "contents": "[Studies on Ni-Ta alloys. (Part 2) Age-hardening and metal-to-ceramic bonding (author's transl)]. Age-hardening and metal-to-ceramic bonding were studied on Ni-Ta alloy for dental application. In the first experiment, it was shown the precipitation-hardening was recognized in Ni-33 wt% Ta, Ni-34 wt% Ta except for Ni-30 wt% Ta. The precipitates were of a Widmamst\u00e4tten type structure and appeared to be a intermetallic compound, namely Ni3Ta, from the results of X-ray diffraction (debyesherrer) despite of the close proximity of the diffraction patterns of Ni and Ni2Ta. In the second experiment, it was shown that the bonding strength was 176 kg/cm2 for Ni-30 wt% Ta-ceramic system, compared with that of 222 kg/cm2 of Wiron S-ceramic system. The oxide layer was as wide as 3 approximately 5 micron at the Ni-30 wt% Ta-ceramic interface, in which high concentrations of Ni, Ta, and low concentrations of Al, Si were observed. The coefficient of thermal expansion, which was larger than that of porcelain, was 17.4 x 10(-6)/degrees C for Ni-30 wt% Ta.", "PMID": 376765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3456", "title": "Sorting out behaviour of disaggregated cells in the absence of morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Cells disaggregated from slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum were cultured in Bonner's salt solution in roller tubes. Cells rapidly stuck together to form an amorphous loose agglutinate which was later transformed into a spheroidal tight agglutinate surrounded by slime sheath material. Prespore cells in the loose agglutinate underwent partial dedifferentiation by starting to decompose their specific antigen until formation of the tight agglutinate, in which the antigen was resynthesized. During the process, there was some decrease in the proportion of prespore cells. Changes in the distribution of prespore and prestalk cells in the agglutinates were examined by using immunocytochemical staining. They were randomly distributed in the early agglutinates, but became well separated in 4 h agglutinates in such a way that prestalk cells were completely enveloped by prespore cells. Prestalk cells later came outside to be partially enveloped and finally occupied a hemisphere side by side with prespore cells. During the process, cells in one or two outer layers differentiated into prestalk or stalk cells. Similar changes in the distribution pattern were observed, when labelled prestalk cells were cultured with unlabelled prespore cells and their distribution in co-agglutinates was followed by autoradiography. It was concluded from these results that the majorities of prestalk and prespore cells isolated from slugs are sorted out in agglutinates without changing their original cell types, and that the sorting-out occurs in the complete absence of polar structures and movement of the cell mass. The distribution patterns in agglutinates of prestalk and prespore cells were discussed with reference to intercellular adhesion among/between them.", "contents": "Sorting out behaviour of disaggregated cells in the absence of morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells disaggregated from slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum were cultured in Bonner's salt solution in roller tubes. Cells rapidly stuck together to form an amorphous loose agglutinate which was later transformed into a spheroidal tight agglutinate surrounded by slime sheath material. Prespore cells in the loose agglutinate underwent partial dedifferentiation by starting to decompose their specific antigen until formation of the tight agglutinate, in which the antigen was resynthesized. During the process, there was some decrease in the proportion of prespore cells. Changes in the distribution of prespore and prestalk cells in the agglutinates were examined by using immunocytochemical staining. They were randomly distributed in the early agglutinates, but became well separated in 4 h agglutinates in such a way that prestalk cells were completely enveloped by prespore cells. Prestalk cells later came outside to be partially enveloped and finally occupied a hemisphere side by side with prespore cells. During the process, cells in one or two outer layers differentiated into prestalk or stalk cells. Similar changes in the distribution pattern were observed, when labelled prestalk cells were cultured with unlabelled prespore cells and their distribution in co-agglutinates was followed by autoradiography. It was concluded from these results that the majorities of prestalk and prespore cells isolated from slugs are sorted out in agglutinates without changing their original cell types, and that the sorting-out occurs in the complete absence of polar structures and movement of the cell mass. The distribution patterns in agglutinates of prestalk and prespore cells were discussed with reference to intercellular adhesion among/between them.", "PMID": 376772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3457", "title": "Transfer of specific unresponsiveness to organ allografts by thymocytes. Specific unresponsiveness by thymocyte transfer.", "content": "Prolonged survival of vascularized organ allografts has been produced in unmodified inbred rats by transfer of thymocytes from enhanced, engrafted, syngeneic animals. For these thymocytes to increase significantly the survival of test allografts they must be harvested 6-9 d after transplantation. Thymectomy of the enhanced, engrafted animals during the same critical period causes acute rejection of othewise long surviving grafts. For optimal effect, the enhanced thymocyte donor must be actively and passively immunized and receive a cardiac allograft. The necessity for erythrocytes in the initial active immunization regimen is noted. Additionally, the antigenic specificity of the suppressor effect has been established with two histoincompatible donor rat strains. Cellular and humoral host responses mounted by test graft recipients after thymocyte transfer from enhanced, engrafted donors are different from those mounted either by unmodifed animals acutely rejecting their grafts or by enhanced rats bearing well-functioning grafts. Numbers of T lymphocytes are reduced in the grafted hearts and in the spleens of test graft recipients, a finding paralleled by the complete absence of specific direct lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, cytotoxic antibody production, although delayed, is increased in magnitude, peaking around the time of graft rejection. These studies provide evidence that different biological manipulations can modify separate pathways in the complex cellular and humoral responses towards organ allografts. They demonstrate that cellular immunity is critically involved in immunological enhancement of vascularized organ allografts, a phenomenon hitherto considered primarily humoral. It seems clear that cells with suppressor activity are present within the thymus during the early phases of immunological enhancement.", "contents": "Transfer of specific unresponsiveness to organ allografts by thymocytes. Specific unresponsiveness by thymocyte transfer. Prolonged survival of vascularized organ allografts has been produced in unmodified inbred rats by transfer of thymocytes from enhanced, engrafted, syngeneic animals. For these thymocytes to increase significantly the survival of test allografts they must be harvested 6-9 d after transplantation. Thymectomy of the enhanced, engrafted animals during the same critical period causes acute rejection of othewise long surviving grafts. For optimal effect, the enhanced thymocyte donor must be actively and passively immunized and receive a cardiac allograft. The necessity for erythrocytes in the initial active immunization regimen is noted. Additionally, the antigenic specificity of the suppressor effect has been established with two histoincompatible donor rat strains. Cellular and humoral host responses mounted by test graft recipients after thymocyte transfer from enhanced, engrafted donors are different from those mounted either by unmodifed animals acutely rejecting their grafts or by enhanced rats bearing well-functioning grafts. Numbers of T lymphocytes are reduced in the grafted hearts and in the spleens of test graft recipients, a finding paralleled by the complete absence of specific direct lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, cytotoxic antibody production, although delayed, is increased in magnitude, peaking around the time of graft rejection. These studies provide evidence that different biological manipulations can modify separate pathways in the complex cellular and humoral responses towards organ allografts. They demonstrate that cellular immunity is critically involved in immunological enhancement of vascularized organ allografts, a phenomenon hitherto considered primarily humoral. It seems clear that cells with suppressor activity are present within the thymus during the early phases of immunological enhancement.", "PMID": 376773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3458", "title": "A review of the metabolism of the aspartyl moiety of aspartame in experimental animals and man.", "content": "Aspartame (3-amino-N-(alpha-carboxyphenethyl) succinamic acid, methyl ester; the methyl ester of aspartylphenylalanine, SC-18862) is hydrolyzed in the gut to yield aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol. This review of the literature describes the metabolic paths followed by aspartate in its conversion to CO2 or its incorporation into body constituents. About 70 percent of 14C from [asp-14C]-aspartame is converted in the monkey to 14CO2. Some of the aspartate is converted at the intestinal mucosal level to alanine by decarboxylation. This amino acid may be oxidized to CO2 by entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle via pyruvate and acetyl CoA. In addition, transamination of aspartate to oxaloacetate permits this product also to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Aspartate may also be incorporated into body constitutents such as other amino acids, proteins, pyrimidines, asparagine, and N-acetylaspartic acid. It is concluded that the aspartate moiety of aspartame is metabolized in a manner similar to that of dietary aspartic acid.", "contents": "A review of the metabolism of the aspartyl moiety of aspartame in experimental animals and man. Aspartame (3-amino-N-(alpha-carboxyphenethyl) succinamic acid, methyl ester; the methyl ester of aspartylphenylalanine, SC-18862) is hydrolyzed in the gut to yield aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol. This review of the literature describes the metabolic paths followed by aspartate in its conversion to CO2 or its incorporation into body constituents. About 70 percent of 14C from [asp-14C]-aspartame is converted in the monkey to 14CO2. Some of the aspartate is converted at the intestinal mucosal level to alanine by decarboxylation. This amino acid may be oxidized to CO2 by entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle via pyruvate and acetyl CoA. In addition, transamination of aspartate to oxaloacetate permits this product also to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Aspartate may also be incorporated into body constitutents such as other amino acids, proteins, pyrimidines, asparagine, and N-acetylaspartic acid. It is concluded that the aspartate moiety of aspartame is metabolized in a manner similar to that of dietary aspartic acid.", "PMID": 376770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3459", "title": "Activation of macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Correlation between hydrogen peroxide release and killing of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "As reported previously, mouse peritoneal macrophages could be activated to kill intracellular trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, in either of two ways: by immunizing and boosting the mice (3), or by culturing resident or inflammatory macrophages in spleen cell factor(s) (SCF) in vitro (2). Macrophages activated in vivo became less trypanocidal with time in culture, and cells activated in vitro lost trypanocidal capacity when CSF was removed (2). In the present study, the ability of macrophages to release H2O2 in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) could be induced in vivo and in vitro, and reversed in vitro, in a manner correlating closely with changes in trypanocidal activity. Macrophages could be activated in vitro with SCF in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion, so that they released as much H2O2 as macrophages activated in vivo. The sensitivity of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes to enzymatically generated H2O2 suggested that the generation of H2O2 by activated macrophages could be plausible explanation for their trypanocidal activity. Of the biochemical correlates of macrophage activation reported to date, increased ability to release H2O2 seems most closely allied to enhanced capacity to kill an intracellular pathogen.", "contents": "Activation of macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Correlation between hydrogen peroxide release and killing of Trypanosoma cruzi. As reported previously, mouse peritoneal macrophages could be activated to kill intracellular trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, in either of two ways: by immunizing and boosting the mice (3), or by culturing resident or inflammatory macrophages in spleen cell factor(s) (SCF) in vitro (2). Macrophages activated in vivo became less trypanocidal with time in culture, and cells activated in vitro lost trypanocidal capacity when CSF was removed (2). In the present study, the ability of macrophages to release H2O2 in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) could be induced in vivo and in vitro, and reversed in vitro, in a manner correlating closely with changes in trypanocidal activity. Macrophages could be activated in vitro with SCF in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion, so that they released as much H2O2 as macrophages activated in vivo. The sensitivity of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes to enzymatically generated H2O2 suggested that the generation of H2O2 by activated macrophages could be plausible explanation for their trypanocidal activity. Of the biochemical correlates of macrophage activation reported to date, increased ability to release H2O2 seems most closely allied to enhanced capacity to kill an intracellular pathogen.", "PMID": 376774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3460", "title": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. III. Breeding information system.", "content": "The Breeding Information System (BIS) facilitates management control of the breeding colony operation at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR). Although this automated data handling system was initially intended to support Animal Husbandry the system's basic design, flexibility or reporting, data manipulation capabilities, and integration with other NCTR data collection systems provides BIS with capabilities that have application to other groups including the Plans and Programs and most scientific areas. This description of the System is in terms of its potential value to these diverse user groups.", "contents": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. III. Breeding information system. The Breeding Information System (BIS) facilitates management control of the breeding colony operation at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR). Although this automated data handling system was initially intended to support Animal Husbandry the system's basic design, flexibility or reporting, data manipulation capabilities, and integration with other NCTR data collection systems provides BIS with capabilities that have application to other groups including the Plans and Programs and most scientific areas. This description of the System is in terms of its potential value to these diverse user groups.", "PMID": 376771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3461", "title": "Purification and properties of an extracellular blastogen produced by group A streptococci.", "content": "An extracellular product of group A streptococci which induces lymphocyte blastogenesis has been purified to homogeneity by DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose chromatography. The protein, termed streptococcal blastogen A, has a mol wt of approximately or equal to 17,500 and is inactivated by protease treatment and by heating at 100 degrees C. The purified blastogen gave rise to multiple protein bands on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, only two of which possessed blastogenic activity. Treatment of the protein with dithiothreitol before electrophoresis resulted in the apparent conversion of the multiple forms to a single active species. Blastogen A differs in electrophoretic mobility from the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and its lymphocyte stimulating activity is not inhibited by rabbit antisera to the exotoxins. An enzyme immunoassay has been developed to measure human antibodies against blastogen A. A selection of sera with varying levels of anti-DNase B contained antiblastogen A-IgG.", "contents": "Purification and properties of an extracellular blastogen produced by group A streptococci. An extracellular product of group A streptococci which induces lymphocyte blastogenesis has been purified to homogeneity by DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose chromatography. The protein, termed streptococcal blastogen A, has a mol wt of approximately or equal to 17,500 and is inactivated by protease treatment and by heating at 100 degrees C. The purified blastogen gave rise to multiple protein bands on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, only two of which possessed blastogenic activity. Treatment of the protein with dithiothreitol before electrophoresis resulted in the apparent conversion of the multiple forms to a single active species. Blastogen A differs in electrophoretic mobility from the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and its lymphocyte stimulating activity is not inhibited by rabbit antisera to the exotoxins. An enzyme immunoassay has been developed to measure human antibodies against blastogen A. A selection of sera with varying levels of anti-DNase B contained antiblastogen A-IgG.", "PMID": 376775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3462", "title": "Basal lamina heterogeneity in the glomerular capillary tufts of human kidneys.", "content": "Two classes of glomerular basal laminas are identified with a newly developed guanidine technique. The electron-opaque epithelial basal lamina is the most prominent element of the glomerular basal lamina scaffold. It is a continuous layer within each glomerulus, folding into capillary tufts and loops, but never completely encircling the entire circumference of each capillary, similar to the serosa covering the intestinal loop and mesentery. The vascular space so defined is further partitioned into individual capillary lumen by an electron-lucent mesangial basal lamina, that forms a meshwork continuous with the vascular pole of the glomerulus and extends peripherally to surround capillary lumens. The latter, designated endothelial basal lamina, is extremely attenuated and appears as a vestigial structure in glomerular capillary loops. Changes in juxtamesangial epithelial basal lamina indicate that it may be the site of the bulk removal and renewal of the epithelial basal lamina. The unique epithelial origin of glomerular capillary basal lamina and its organization provide a structural basis for understanding the glomerular physiology gained by various tracer studies. The results also suggest that the guanidine technique may be a useful new approach to the analysis of basal lamina alterations in various glomerular diseases.", "contents": "Basal lamina heterogeneity in the glomerular capillary tufts of human kidneys. Two classes of glomerular basal laminas are identified with a newly developed guanidine technique. The electron-opaque epithelial basal lamina is the most prominent element of the glomerular basal lamina scaffold. It is a continuous layer within each glomerulus, folding into capillary tufts and loops, but never completely encircling the entire circumference of each capillary, similar to the serosa covering the intestinal loop and mesentery. The vascular space so defined is further partitioned into individual capillary lumen by an electron-lucent mesangial basal lamina, that forms a meshwork continuous with the vascular pole of the glomerulus and extends peripherally to surround capillary lumens. The latter, designated endothelial basal lamina, is extremely attenuated and appears as a vestigial structure in glomerular capillary loops. Changes in juxtamesangial epithelial basal lamina indicate that it may be the site of the bulk removal and renewal of the epithelial basal lamina. The unique epithelial origin of glomerular capillary basal lamina and its organization provide a structural basis for understanding the glomerular physiology gained by various tracer studies. The results also suggest that the guanidine technique may be a useful new approach to the analysis of basal lamina alterations in various glomerular diseases.", "PMID": 376776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3463", "title": "Quantitative determination of titers of anti-zona serum.", "content": "The titers of rabbit antiserum against isolated mouse zonae pellucidae were examined by several methods in connection with inhibitory effect on fertilization. The titers determined by zona precipitate, zona dissolution, indirect immunofluorescence and in vitro fertilization tests were 2(4), 2(1) to 2(4), 2(7) and 2(4), respectively. Cytotoxic effect could not be detected from zona antibody. The indirect immunofluorescence was most sensitive for detection of zona antibody but did not represent the extent of inhibitory effect on fertilization. The titer obtained by zona precipitate test was most close to the titer obtained by inhibitory effect on in vitro fertilization. The present study also demonstrated that at least 0.0375 ml of antiserum per female mouse, equivalent to 0.15-0.25% of body weight, was necessary for inhibition of fertilization in vivo by passive immunization with anti-zona serum.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of titers of anti-zona serum. The titers of rabbit antiserum against isolated mouse zonae pellucidae were examined by several methods in connection with inhibitory effect on fertilization. The titers determined by zona precipitate, zona dissolution, indirect immunofluorescence and in vitro fertilization tests were 2(4), 2(1) to 2(4), 2(7) and 2(4), respectively. Cytotoxic effect could not be detected from zona antibody. The indirect immunofluorescence was most sensitive for detection of zona antibody but did not represent the extent of inhibitory effect on fertilization. The titer obtained by zona precipitate test was most close to the titer obtained by inhibitory effect on in vitro fertilization. The present study also demonstrated that at least 0.0375 ml of antiserum per female mouse, equivalent to 0.15-0.25% of body weight, was necessary for inhibition of fertilization in vivo by passive immunization with anti-zona serum.", "PMID": 376778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3464", "title": "The clinical phenomenology of presenile dementia. A critical review of the literature.", "content": "The more recent literature addressing the clinical phenomenology of presenile dementia is reviewed. This survey, spanning approximately the past 4 decades and comprising a large number of articles in scientific journals, reveals that reported epidemiological data, symptoms and signs, and results of ancillary tests often vary widely from study to study, especially as regards findings of history and of mental status and neurological examinations. There is considerable indication that diagnostic specificity in presenile dementia in the absence of pathological examination of the brain by tissue biopsy or at autopsy may not be as reliable as is generally thought to be the case. The observed problems with interstudy agreement are discussed and are seen to be due in large measure to methodological inconsistency and nonuniformity. Areas of difficulties in methods are identified and guidelines for subsequent, needed clinical studies are suggested.", "contents": "The clinical phenomenology of presenile dementia. A critical review of the literature. The more recent literature addressing the clinical phenomenology of presenile dementia is reviewed. This survey, spanning approximately the past 4 decades and comprising a large number of articles in scientific journals, reveals that reported epidemiological data, symptoms and signs, and results of ancillary tests often vary widely from study to study, especially as regards findings of history and of mental status and neurological examinations. There is considerable indication that diagnostic specificity in presenile dementia in the absence of pathological examination of the brain by tissue biopsy or at autopsy may not be as reliable as is generally thought to be the case. The observed problems with interstudy agreement are discussed and are seen to be due in large measure to methodological inconsistency and nonuniformity. Areas of difficulties in methods are identified and guidelines for subsequent, needed clinical studies are suggested.", "PMID": 376780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3465", "title": "Agreement measurement and the judgment process.", "content": "This paper reviews the rationale for correcting for chance agreement beween two raters. It is suggested that under certain conditions correction for chance agreement is both unnecessary and inappropriate. When a chance correction is indicated, the chosen measure should be one that can be shown to be logically in accord with the two judges' method of determining each case's disposition. Two agreement measures, kappa (K) and Maxwell's Random Error Coefficient of Agreement (RE), are described in common terms and are then compared in terms of their assumptions about the judgment process. The plausibility of K's assumptions are challenged, and K's use is discouraged on the grounds that judgment table data are not treated in a way compatible with the process by which the table was constructed during the judgment process itself. Use of Maxwell's RE is recommended under conditions of equal proportions in the disagreement cells.", "contents": "Agreement measurement and the judgment process. This paper reviews the rationale for correcting for chance agreement beween two raters. It is suggested that under certain conditions correction for chance agreement is both unnecessary and inappropriate. When a chance correction is indicated, the chosen measure should be one that can be shown to be logically in accord with the two judges' method of determining each case's disposition. Two agreement measures, kappa (K) and Maxwell's Random Error Coefficient of Agreement (RE), are described in common terms and are then compared in terms of their assumptions about the judgment process. The plausibility of K's assumptions are challenged, and K's use is discouraged on the grounds that judgment table data are not treated in a way compatible with the process by which the table was constructed during the judgment process itself. Use of Maxwell's RE is recommended under conditions of equal proportions in the disagreement cells.", "PMID": 376781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3466", "title": "Randomized clinical trials in the evaluation of surgical innovation.", "content": "Randomized clinical trials are widely accepted as the standard for evaluation of therapeutic innovation in many fields of medicine. The three basic components of such trials (concurrent comparison, random allocation, and objective observation) are designed to control four forms of bias (chronology bias, susceptibility bias, compliance bias, and observation bias) that may interfere with the interpretation of the results of a study. Only 2% of the articles evaluating therapeutic maneuvers published in the Journal of Neurosurgery have attempted to use concurrent controls. Only one of 863 such articles met the criteria for a randomized clinical trial. Reasons for underutilization of such trials in neurosurgery are discussed and suggestions for their wider use are offered.", "contents": "Randomized clinical trials in the evaluation of surgical innovation. Randomized clinical trials are widely accepted as the standard for evaluation of therapeutic innovation in many fields of medicine. The three basic components of such trials (concurrent comparison, random allocation, and objective observation) are designed to control four forms of bias (chronology bias, susceptibility bias, compliance bias, and observation bias) that may interfere with the interpretation of the results of a study. Only 2% of the articles evaluating therapeutic maneuvers published in the Journal of Neurosurgery have attempted to use concurrent controls. Only one of 863 such articles met the criteria for a randomized clinical trial. Reasons for underutilization of such trials in neurosurgery are discussed and suggestions for their wider use are offered.", "PMID": 376786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3467", "title": "Composition of isolated edema fluid in cold-induced brain edema.", "content": "Edema fluid isolated from cats with cold-induced brain edema was subjected to analysis of electrolyte content, enzyme activities, colloid osmotic pressure and the radioactivity of intravenously injected 99mTc-labeled albumin. The findings corroborate the essential features of vasogenic edema, such as its origin from the blood plasma, its rapid propagation into the white matter of the brain as contrasted with the delayed spread into gray matter, and its contribution to composition of cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, the elevated activities of cellular enzymes and K+ content of edema fluid point to the admixture with cellular contents due to the freezing damage.", "contents": "Composition of isolated edema fluid in cold-induced brain edema. Edema fluid isolated from cats with cold-induced brain edema was subjected to analysis of electrolyte content, enzyme activities, colloid osmotic pressure and the radioactivity of intravenously injected 99mTc-labeled albumin. The findings corroborate the essential features of vasogenic edema, such as its origin from the blood plasma, its rapid propagation into the white matter of the brain as contrasted with the delayed spread into gray matter, and its contribution to composition of cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, the elevated activities of cellular enzymes and K+ content of edema fluid point to the admixture with cellular contents due to the freezing damage.", "PMID": 376787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3468", "title": "Surgical hemostasis.", "content": "Every surgical procedure taxes the hemostatic defenses of the patient. If his hemostatic mechanism is sound, he is unlikely to have a bleeding problem during or after an operation, unless, of course, a suture or clip slips off. Two classes of patients do present bleeding problems to the surgeon. One group has a pre-existing bleeding tendency, the other acquires it during or after the operation. The recognition of patients with severe hemostatic disabilities, such as hemophilia, presents no problem since the patient is aware of the disease. The mild bleeder is less likely to be detected by screening tests than by adroit questioning. The major hemostatic defect that may develop during an operation, or shortly thereafter, is disseminated intravascular coagulation. This syndrome, always secondary, may accompany shock, mismatched blood transfusion, septicemia, or extensive malignancy. Its prevention or early recongnition is much easier than treatment after circulating platelets and some coagulation factors have been consumed and fibrinolysis is destroying fibrin and fibrinogen.", "contents": "Surgical hemostasis. Every surgical procedure taxes the hemostatic defenses of the patient. If his hemostatic mechanism is sound, he is unlikely to have a bleeding problem during or after an operation, unless, of course, a suture or clip slips off. Two classes of patients do present bleeding problems to the surgeon. One group has a pre-existing bleeding tendency, the other acquires it during or after the operation. The recognition of patients with severe hemostatic disabilities, such as hemophilia, presents no problem since the patient is aware of the disease. The mild bleeder is less likely to be detected by screening tests than by adroit questioning. The major hemostatic defect that may develop during an operation, or shortly thereafter, is disseminated intravascular coagulation. This syndrome, always secondary, may accompany shock, mismatched blood transfusion, septicemia, or extensive malignancy. Its prevention or early recongnition is much easier than treatment after circulating platelets and some coagulation factors have been consumed and fibrinolysis is destroying fibrin and fibrinogen.", "PMID": 376788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3469", "title": "Effects of zinc deficiency upon pituitary function in sexually mature and immature male rats.", "content": "Serum pituitary levels of growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in sexually mature (adult) and sexually immature (juvenile) male rats who had been deprived of dietary zinc for 15 and 7 weeks, respectively. When compared to pair-fed control rats receiving a zinc supplemented diet, both the adult and juvenile zinc deficient rats had significantly lower body weights, tail lengths and ventral prostate weights. The testes of the sexually immature rats were also smaller than those of the pair-fed animals. In sexually mature, zinc deficient rats serum concentrations of GH and testosterone were significantly lower and serum LH levels significantly higher than in ad libitum fed control rats. Pituitary and hypothalamic levels of other hormones did not differ from values recorded in control animals. In sexually immature zinc deficient rats serum concentrations of GH were also significantly depressed; pituitary content and concentration of LH and pituitary and serum levels of FSH were significantly increased over control values. No discernible effects of zinc deficiency upon hyplthalamic content of LH-releasing hormone or serum concentrations of PRL or TSH were recorded in juvenile rats. Zinc deficiency has minimal effects upon the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of sexually mature rats. In sexually immature males, zinc deprivation leads to impairment of gonadal growth and increased synthesis and/or secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins.", "contents": "Effects of zinc deficiency upon pituitary function in sexually mature and immature male rats. Serum pituitary levels of growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in sexually mature (adult) and sexually immature (juvenile) male rats who had been deprived of dietary zinc for 15 and 7 weeks, respectively. When compared to pair-fed control rats receiving a zinc supplemented diet, both the adult and juvenile zinc deficient rats had significantly lower body weights, tail lengths and ventral prostate weights. The testes of the sexually immature rats were also smaller than those of the pair-fed animals. In sexually mature, zinc deficient rats serum concentrations of GH and testosterone were significantly lower and serum LH levels significantly higher than in ad libitum fed control rats. Pituitary and hypothalamic levels of other hormones did not differ from values recorded in control animals. In sexually immature zinc deficient rats serum concentrations of GH were also significantly depressed; pituitary content and concentration of LH and pituitary and serum levels of FSH were significantly increased over control values. No discernible effects of zinc deficiency upon hyplthalamic content of LH-releasing hormone or serum concentrations of PRL or TSH were recorded in juvenile rats. Zinc deficiency has minimal effects upon the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of sexually mature rats. In sexually immature males, zinc deprivation leads to impairment of gonadal growth and increased synthesis and/or secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins.", "PMID": 376793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3470", "title": "Teeth transplanted across a multiple non-H-2 barrier stimulated weak cell-mediated immunity without memory.", "content": "The genetic and immunologic criteria required for successful tooth transplantation have yet to be defined. Teeth grafted across strong barriers elicit vigorous immunity. However, teeth and tooth germs transplanted to subcutaneous sites in H-2 compatible but multiple-non-H-2 disparate recipients stimulated weak in vitro cellular cytotoxicity compared with skin grafts 5 mm in diameter. Furthermore, tooth allografts did not sensitize recipients as measured by the rejection of second-set, donor skin grafts. It may be that tooth allografts provoke fewer detrimental immune mediator systems than do skin grafts across moderate to weak transplantation barriers.", "contents": "Teeth transplanted across a multiple non-H-2 barrier stimulated weak cell-mediated immunity without memory. The genetic and immunologic criteria required for successful tooth transplantation have yet to be defined. Teeth grafted across strong barriers elicit vigorous immunity. However, teeth and tooth germs transplanted to subcutaneous sites in H-2 compatible but multiple-non-H-2 disparate recipients stimulated weak in vitro cellular cytotoxicity compared with skin grafts 5 mm in diameter. Furthermore, tooth allografts did not sensitize recipients as measured by the rejection of second-set, donor skin grafts. It may be that tooth allografts provoke fewer detrimental immune mediator systems than do skin grafts across moderate to weak transplantation barriers.", "PMID": 376795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3471", "title": "Long-term results of alveolar ridge augmentation.", "content": "Autologous onlay rib grafts in 22 patients were evaluated for bone remodeling patterns. The patients had been followed up for four to ten years; the mean was 6.2 years. The unquantitated increase in bony mass of the mandible, with altered ridge form and subsequent soft tissue surgery, provided consistent, predictable results and return to excellent denture function with long-term stability.", "contents": "Long-term results of alveolar ridge augmentation. Autologous onlay rib grafts in 22 patients were evaluated for bone remodeling patterns. The patients had been followed up for four to ten years; the mean was 6.2 years. The unquantitated increase in bony mass of the mandible, with altered ridge form and subsequent soft tissue surgery, provided consistent, predictable results and return to excellent denture function with long-term stability.", "PMID": 376796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3472", "title": "Neurogenic pulmonary edema in childhood.", "content": "Three patients presenting with pulmonary edema associated with head trauma and increased intracranial pressure are described. Pulmonary edema is a clearly recognized complication of head trauma; the pathogenic mechanisms appear to be regulated by increased intracerebral pressure, sympathetically induced vascular hypertension, and increased pulmonary capillary permeability. If there is evidence that neurogenic pulmonary edema is the underlying etiology, therapeutic modalities should be directed at reducing intracranial pressure and strict attention paid to the interaction between intrathoracic and intracranial pressures in order to avoid the high mortality rate associated with this condition.", "contents": "Neurogenic pulmonary edema in childhood. Three patients presenting with pulmonary edema associated with head trauma and increased intracranial pressure are described. Pulmonary edema is a clearly recognized complication of head trauma; the pathogenic mechanisms appear to be regulated by increased intracerebral pressure, sympathetically induced vascular hypertension, and increased pulmonary capillary permeability. If there is evidence that neurogenic pulmonary edema is the underlying etiology, therapeutic modalities should be directed at reducing intracranial pressure and strict attention paid to the interaction between intrathoracic and intracranial pressures in order to avoid the high mortality rate associated with this condition.", "PMID": 376799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3473", "title": "Septicemia in association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Fifty consecutive episodes of septicemia were studied in 41 children who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Seventy-six percent of these episodes occurred when the absolute granulocyte count was 200/mm3 or less and were caused by gram-negative enteric and gram-positive mucocutaneous bacteria. In eight patients, Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated at the time when ALL was diagnosed. Multiple anaerobic and aerobic isolates from a single blood culture were associated with abdominal distress, whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae septicemia occurred in associated with respiratory illnesses. When patients with severe compromise of anatomic barriers or respiratory disease were excluded, 94% of all patients with septicemia had an AGC of less than 200/mm3. The data provide guidelines for treatment for febrile patients with ALL based upon the AGC, the phase of the disease, and on the presence of associated respiratory or abdominal findings.", "contents": "Septicemia in association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Fifty consecutive episodes of septicemia were studied in 41 children who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Seventy-six percent of these episodes occurred when the absolute granulocyte count was 200/mm3 or less and were caused by gram-negative enteric and gram-positive mucocutaneous bacteria. In eight patients, Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated at the time when ALL was diagnosed. Multiple anaerobic and aerobic isolates from a single blood culture were associated with abdominal distress, whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae septicemia occurred in associated with respiratory illnesses. When patients with severe compromise of anatomic barriers or respiratory disease were excluded, 94% of all patients with septicemia had an AGC of less than 200/mm3. The data provide guidelines for treatment for febrile patients with ALL based upon the AGC, the phase of the disease, and on the presence of associated respiratory or abdominal findings.", "PMID": 376800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3474", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of type III group B streptococcal meningitis by latex particle agglutination.", "content": "A latex particle agglutination assay was developed to detect type III group B streptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Agglutination was observed in each of 12 initial and 54% of 26 subsequent CSF specimens obtained a mean of 53 hours after the institution of antimicrobial therapy. Latex agglutination was more sensitive than countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of type III group B streptococcal antigen in CSF from neonates and young infants with meningitis.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of type III group B streptococcal meningitis by latex particle agglutination. A latex particle agglutination assay was developed to detect type III group B streptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Agglutination was observed in each of 12 initial and 54% of 26 subsequent CSF specimens obtained a mean of 53 hours after the institution of antimicrobial therapy. Latex agglutination was more sensitive than countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of type III group B streptococcal antigen in CSF from neonates and young infants with meningitis.", "PMID": 376808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3475", "title": "Renal retransplantation in children.", "content": "Evaluation of 75 cadaver donor retransplants revealed that the primary factor influencing allograft survival is patient responsiveness as reflected by sensitization with preformed cytotoxic antibodies. Actuarial allograft survival rates for nonpresensitized (less than 5%) and moderately presensitized (5 to 50%) recipients were significantly (P less than 0.01) better than those of highly presensitized (greater than 50%) recipients. Although HLA A&B antigen histocompatibility did not have a statistically significant effect on retransplant outcome, it appeared to influence allograft survival in the highly presensitized recipient. An approach to the management of children who lose an initial or subsequent allograft is indicated by these data.", "contents": "Renal retransplantation in children. Evaluation of 75 cadaver donor retransplants revealed that the primary factor influencing allograft survival is patient responsiveness as reflected by sensitization with preformed cytotoxic antibodies. Actuarial allograft survival rates for nonpresensitized (less than 5%) and moderately presensitized (5 to 50%) recipients were significantly (P less than 0.01) better than those of highly presensitized (greater than 50%) recipients. Although HLA A&B antigen histocompatibility did not have a statistically significant effect on retransplant outcome, it appeared to influence allograft survival in the highly presensitized recipient. An approach to the management of children who lose an initial or subsequent allograft is indicated by these data.", "PMID": 376809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3476", "title": "Focal glomerulosclerosis and renal transplantation.", "content": "Eighteen patients with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome developed end-stage renal disease and received one or more renal allografts. The lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and/or of focal glomerular obsolescence was demonstrable in the native kidneys of each patient. Following transplantation, nephrosis developed in three recipients. Two recipients developed nephrosis at two weeks and nine months posttransplant in association with rejection; the lesion of FGS was present in association with chronic rejection. Only one recipient developed recurrence of nephrosis and FGS unrelated to rejection. This was manifested by immediate onset of nephrosis in two successive allografts and histologic evidence of the lesion of FGS. The immediate recurrence in successive allografts suggests a circulating factor responsible for the renal lesion in this patient and indicates a separate etiology for a small number of patients with corticosteroid-resistant nephrosis and FGS.", "contents": "Focal glomerulosclerosis and renal transplantation. Eighteen patients with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome developed end-stage renal disease and received one or more renal allografts. The lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and/or of focal glomerular obsolescence was demonstrable in the native kidneys of each patient. Following transplantation, nephrosis developed in three recipients. Two recipients developed nephrosis at two weeks and nine months posttransplant in association with rejection; the lesion of FGS was present in association with chronic rejection. Only one recipient developed recurrence of nephrosis and FGS unrelated to rejection. This was manifested by immediate onset of nephrosis in two successive allografts and histologic evidence of the lesion of FGS. The immediate recurrence in successive allografts suggests a circulating factor responsible for the renal lesion in this patient and indicates a separate etiology for a small number of patients with corticosteroid-resistant nephrosis and FGS.", "PMID": 376810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3477", "title": "Hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi from uninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 2. Free amino acids.", "content": "Determinations were made of free amino acids in hemolymph collected from adult female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The hemolymph first was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative determinations of free amino acids were made by high voltage thin layer electrophoresis, and thin layer chromatography. Subsequent quantitative determinations were made with an automatic amino acid analyzer. The concentration of total free amino acids in the hemolymph rose 60--70% after the mosquito took a blood meal, and remained relatively constant thereafter. When mosquitoes took a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei, the rise in total free amino acids was only 15--25%. The chief differences that occurred with individual free amino acids was that infected mosquitoes had greater increases in arginine, greater decreases in valine and histidine, and a total loss of detectable methionine.", "contents": "Hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi from uninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 2. Free amino acids. Determinations were made of free amino acids in hemolymph collected from adult female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The hemolymph first was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative determinations of free amino acids were made by high voltage thin layer electrophoresis, and thin layer chromatography. Subsequent quantitative determinations were made with an automatic amino acid analyzer. The concentration of total free amino acids in the hemolymph rose 60--70% after the mosquito took a blood meal, and remained relatively constant thereafter. When mosquitoes took a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei, the rise in total free amino acids was only 15--25%. The chief differences that occurred with individual free amino acids was that infected mosquitoes had greater increases in arginine, greater decreases in valine and histidine, and a total loss of detectable methionine.", "PMID": 376812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3478", "title": "Association of autoantibodies with anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis in experimental African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. Serologic evaluation revealed that the syndrome was accompanied by the presence of 3 autoantibodies--cold-active hemagglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and antibody to fibrinogen/fibrin products. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antibody tests showed the presence of fixed complement and fibrinogen on both trypanosomes and erythrocytes. All infected rats died by the ninth day of the infection with 5 animals showing signs of pulmonary involvement and shock. From these observations it is suggested that autoantigens, autoantibodies, and complement may have been causal in this syndrome.", "contents": "Association of autoantibodies with anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis in experimental African trypanosomiasis. Rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. Serologic evaluation revealed that the syndrome was accompanied by the presence of 3 autoantibodies--cold-active hemagglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and antibody to fibrinogen/fibrin products. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antibody tests showed the presence of fixed complement and fibrinogen on both trypanosomes and erythrocytes. All infected rats died by the ninth day of the infection with 5 animals showing signs of pulmonary involvement and shock. From these observations it is suggested that autoantigens, autoantibodies, and complement may have been causal in this syndrome.", "PMID": 376815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3479", "title": "In vitro development of Trichostrongylus axei, from infective larvae to young adults.", "content": "Advanced stages of Trichostrongylus axei were grown from exsheathed infective larvae in roller culture systems consisting of a complex cell-free medium, API-6, when used alone or supplemented for 8- or 21-day intervals with pepsin or reducing agents, or both. Young adult males and females were the most advanced stages attained. This stage was attained by days 18--21, when medium API-6 contained pepsin for 8 or 21 days, with or without reducing agents for the first 8 days; and by days 24--26, when medium API-6 was nonsupplemented. Trichostrongylus axei did not advance beyond early fourth stage or fourth molt when API-6 contained reducing agents for 8 or 21 days or reducing agents and pepsin for 21 days. The optimal culture system for development to young adults required medium API-6 supplemented with pepsin for 21 days and reducing agents for the first 8 days. This system produced maximal yields of less than 1% young adults in populations of about 100,000 T. axei by days 21--28.", "contents": "In vitro development of Trichostrongylus axei, from infective larvae to young adults. Advanced stages of Trichostrongylus axei were grown from exsheathed infective larvae in roller culture systems consisting of a complex cell-free medium, API-6, when used alone or supplemented for 8- or 21-day intervals with pepsin or reducing agents, or both. Young adult males and females were the most advanced stages attained. This stage was attained by days 18--21, when medium API-6 contained pepsin for 8 or 21 days, with or without reducing agents for the first 8 days; and by days 24--26, when medium API-6 was nonsupplemented. Trichostrongylus axei did not advance beyond early fourth stage or fourth molt when API-6 contained reducing agents for 8 or 21 days or reducing agents and pepsin for 21 days. The optimal culture system for development to young adults required medium API-6 supplemented with pepsin for 21 days and reducing agents for the first 8 days. This system produced maximal yields of less than 1% young adults in populations of about 100,000 T. axei by days 21--28.", "PMID": 376816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3480", "title": "Hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi from noninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 3. Carbohydrates.", "content": "Determinations were made of carbohydrates in hemolymph collected from adult female mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi). First the hemolymph was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative and quantitative determinations of carbohydrates were made by thin layer chromatography. The most abundant sugars found in the hemolymph were glucose and trehalose, though maltose, glucuronic acid, and inositol could be found after the mosquitoes took blood meals. After the mosquitoes ingested a noninfected blood meal, their hemolymph sugar levels rose almost 4-fold. There was less of an increase following a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. Depletion of sugars in the hemolymph of infected mosquitoes may result from direct utilization of sugar by the malaria parasite developing within the mosquito.", "contents": "Hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi from noninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 3. Carbohydrates. Determinations were made of carbohydrates in hemolymph collected from adult female mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi). First the hemolymph was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative and quantitative determinations of carbohydrates were made by thin layer chromatography. The most abundant sugars found in the hemolymph were glucose and trehalose, though maltose, glucuronic acid, and inositol could be found after the mosquitoes took blood meals. After the mosquitoes ingested a noninfected blood meal, their hemolymph sugar levels rose almost 4-fold. There was less of an increase following a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. Depletion of sugars in the hemolymph of infected mosquitoes may result from direct utilization of sugar by the malaria parasite developing within the mosquito.", "PMID": 376818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3481", "title": "Isolation of Plasmodium berghei by hemolysin lysis of infected erythrocytes and evidence for a parasite hexokinase.", "content": "A rapid and simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of Plasmodium berghei parasites from infected-mouse erythrocytes employing the heat stable hemolysin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using parasites isolated by this method, the presence of a parasite specific hexokinase has been demonstrated, providing an explanation for the increased glucose consumption observed with infected cells. Enzyme assays and serology were employed in determining the purity and yield of purified parasites. The enzyme assays showed that about 25% of the parasites in infected RBCs were recovered in the purified state. The purified parasites were not agglutinated by rabbit-anti-mouse RBC serum which indicated the purified parasites were not contaminated by RBC components.", "contents": "Isolation of Plasmodium berghei by hemolysin lysis of infected erythrocytes and evidence for a parasite hexokinase. A rapid and simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of Plasmodium berghei parasites from infected-mouse erythrocytes employing the heat stable hemolysin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using parasites isolated by this method, the presence of a parasite specific hexokinase has been demonstrated, providing an explanation for the increased glucose consumption observed with infected cells. Enzyme assays and serology were employed in determining the purity and yield of purified parasites. The enzyme assays showed that about 25% of the parasites in infected RBCs were recovered in the purified state. The purified parasites were not agglutinated by rabbit-anti-mouse RBC serum which indicated the purified parasites were not contaminated by RBC components.", "PMID": 376819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3482", "title": "Ultrastructure of the rectum of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea).", "content": "The authors have examined the ultrastructure of the rectum of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti by transmission electron microscopy. Our observations show that the rectum is divided into anterior and posterior segments. The cells of the anterior rectum appear to be derived from the microfilarial R (rectal) cells described by other authors. In both stages, these cells show voluminous nuclei, abundant mitochondria, and small cytoplasmic processes which contain fibrillar components. Amorphous material associated with these processes appears throughout the larval rectum and may protrude from the anus as the rectal plug. In the specimens examined, a patent lumen could not be traced completely through the anterior rectum. The posterior rectum has no counterpart in published accounts of microfilarial ultrastructure and probably arises during larval morphogenesis; it is lined with invaginated body cuticle, overlaid by a single layer of epithelial cells which may be of hypodermal origin.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the rectum of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea). The authors have examined the ultrastructure of the rectum of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti by transmission electron microscopy. Our observations show that the rectum is divided into anterior and posterior segments. The cells of the anterior rectum appear to be derived from the microfilarial R (rectal) cells described by other authors. In both stages, these cells show voluminous nuclei, abundant mitochondria, and small cytoplasmic processes which contain fibrillar components. Amorphous material associated with these processes appears throughout the larval rectum and may protrude from the anus as the rectal plug. In the specimens examined, a patent lumen could not be traced completely through the anterior rectum. The posterior rectum has no counterpart in published accounts of microfilarial ultrastructure and probably arises during larval morphogenesis; it is lined with invaginated body cuticle, overlaid by a single layer of epithelial cells which may be of hypodermal origin.", "PMID": 376820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3483", "title": "Information, choice, and reactions to stress: a field experiment in a blood bank with laboratory analogue.", "content": "Two experiments examined the effects of various operations of personal control on reactions to stress. The first study incorporated two features into the blood drawing procedure at a blood bank: providing donors with accurate information and allowing donors to choose the arm to be used. Measurement of nurses' actions to prevent donors from fainting and self-reports of discomfort revealed that the combination of choice and information was somewhat effective in reducing distress. However, providing either information or choice alone was more effective. In a second laboratory study using a cold pressor stimulus as stressor, subjects given a choice (the option to terminate the aversive stimulus and choice of hand used) showed a reduction of aftereffects on a measure of attention to detail. Subjects given information but not choice also showed this reduction. Combining information and choice was no different from either treatment alone. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that moderate levels of choice and information are optimal for coping with stress. An explanation was suggested based on a contextually determined relationship amomg choice, information, and perceived control.", "contents": "Information, choice, and reactions to stress: a field experiment in a blood bank with laboratory analogue. Two experiments examined the effects of various operations of personal control on reactions to stress. The first study incorporated two features into the blood drawing procedure at a blood bank: providing donors with accurate information and allowing donors to choose the arm to be used. Measurement of nurses' actions to prevent donors from fainting and self-reports of discomfort revealed that the combination of choice and information was somewhat effective in reducing distress. However, providing either information or choice alone was more effective. In a second laboratory study using a cold pressor stimulus as stressor, subjects given a choice (the option to terminate the aversive stimulus and choice of hand used) showed a reduction of aftereffects on a measure of attention to detail. Subjects given information but not choice also showed this reduction. Combining information and choice was no different from either treatment alone. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that moderate levels of choice and information are optimal for coping with stress. An explanation was suggested based on a contextually determined relationship amomg choice, information, and perceived control.", "PMID": 376826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3484", "title": "Views on the future of veterinary education.", "content": "In briefly reviewing the history of veterinary education, particularly that in England, the enduring influence education has on the achievements and status of the profession is emphasised. The sound influence of the first teachers in South Africa, under the guidance of men like Theiler and subsequently du Toit, on veterinary education is outlined. The changes that have taken place in the face of altered demands, from that required by a predominantly State-employed profession to one consisting mainly of private practitioners but with ever-expanding fields of activity, necessitates continual attention to thorough teaching in the basic subjects, to the discipline as against the species approach--the latter being of value, however, when applying preventive medicine to herds/flocks, to a uniform undergraduate curriculum, and to foreseeing and providing adequate, specialised post-graduate education. The present under-graduate course has been extended from five to five-and-a-half years and the South African student enrollment to 90/a. Furthermore, more time will be found by already starting the teaching of Anatomy in the first year, thus providing for a final year of \"student-internship\". A completely newly planned faculty complex at a more favourable site is a necessity; clinical assistants will haevto be employed. More attention must be given to Public Health and Food Hygiene. Facilities for training Black studnets is a first priority in providing for additional student enrollment. Despite all modern teaching aids, the teacher must always play a vital key role.", "contents": "Views on the future of veterinary education. In briefly reviewing the history of veterinary education, particularly that in England, the enduring influence education has on the achievements and status of the profession is emphasised. The sound influence of the first teachers in South Africa, under the guidance of men like Theiler and subsequently du Toit, on veterinary education is outlined. The changes that have taken place in the face of altered demands, from that required by a predominantly State-employed profession to one consisting mainly of private practitioners but with ever-expanding fields of activity, necessitates continual attention to thorough teaching in the basic subjects, to the discipline as against the species approach--the latter being of value, however, when applying preventive medicine to herds/flocks, to a uniform undergraduate curriculum, and to foreseeing and providing adequate, specialised post-graduate education. The present under-graduate course has been extended from five to five-and-a-half years and the South African student enrollment to 90/a. Furthermore, more time will be found by already starting the teaching of Anatomy in the first year, thus providing for a final year of \"student-internship\". A completely newly planned faculty complex at a more favourable site is a necessity; clinical assistants will haevto be employed. More attention must be given to Public Health and Food Hygiene. Facilities for training Black studnets is a first priority in providing for additional student enrollment. Despite all modern teaching aids, the teacher must always play a vital key role.", "PMID": 376834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3485", "title": "The South African Veterinary Association: glimpses from 75 years of service to veterinary science.", "content": "The South African Veterinary Association originated with the formation of the Transvaal Veterinary Medical Association in 1903. The amalgamation of the three existing provincial associations under a joint constitution in 1920 formed a body representing the veterinary profession in the whole of South Africa. Throughout the past 75 years the SAVA has served as representative for the diversity of interests of the profession. The aims and major contributions of the Association, past and present, as well as the challenges of the future, are outlined.", "contents": "The South African Veterinary Association: glimpses from 75 years of service to veterinary science. The South African Veterinary Association originated with the formation of the Transvaal Veterinary Medical Association in 1903. The amalgamation of the three existing provincial associations under a joint constitution in 1920 formed a body representing the veterinary profession in the whole of South Africa. Throughout the past 75 years the SAVA has served as representative for the diversity of interests of the profession. The aims and major contributions of the Association, past and present, as well as the challenges of the future, are outlined.", "PMID": 376836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3486", "title": "[The South African Army Veterinary Services].", "content": "The history of the South African Military Veterinary Services is outlined from the time the first veterinarian, Thomas Burrowes, attached to the 8th Light Dragoons, set foot in the Cape in 1799, until the end of World War II. It summarises the extensive literature published mainly by Curson in previous issues of this Journal and extends it to include the period of that war.", "contents": "[The South African Army Veterinary Services]. The history of the South African Military Veterinary Services is outlined from the time the first veterinarian, Thomas Burrowes, attached to the 8th Light Dragoons, set foot in the Cape in 1799, until the end of World War II. It summarises the extensive literature published mainly by Curson in previous issues of this Journal and extends it to include the period of that war.", "PMID": 376839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3487", "title": "Factors affecting prolapse of the prepuce in bulls.", "content": "The present state of our knowledge on the symptoms, pathogenesis and breed susceptibility of preputial prolapse in bulls is reviewed together with the anatomical and physiological relationships that operate in the development of a prolapse of the inner layer of the sheath. Suggestions for the elimination of the condition through selection are made.", "contents": "Factors affecting prolapse of the prepuce in bulls. The present state of our knowledge on the symptoms, pathogenesis and breed susceptibility of preputial prolapse in bulls is reviewed together with the anatomical and physiological relationships that operate in the development of a prolapse of the inner layer of the sheath. Suggestions for the elimination of the condition through selection are made.", "PMID": 376840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3488", "title": "The comparative antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from colisepticaemic broilers.", "content": "The standardisation of a method to perform antibiograms using Meuller Hinton agar routinely is described. It was found that from 1973 to 1975 the resistance of E. coli to oxytetracycline decreased from 49% to 32.5% and to sulphonamides from 49% to 42.5%. Resistance to furazolidone increased from 12% to 22%. No dramatic changes in the resistance to neomycin and chloramphenicol were found.", "contents": "The comparative antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from colisepticaemic broilers. The standardisation of a method to perform antibiograms using Meuller Hinton agar routinely is described. It was found that from 1973 to 1975 the resistance of E. coli to oxytetracycline decreased from 49% to 32.5% and to sulphonamides from 49% to 42.5%. Resistance to furazolidone increased from 12% to 22%. No dramatic changes in the resistance to neomycin and chloramphenicol were found.", "PMID": 376841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3489", "title": "Structural requirements in positions 1, 2, 3, and 6 of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) for antiovulatory activity.", "content": "Sixteen analogues of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were synthesized by the solid-phase method. In new and surprising relationships, it was found that the substitution of D-Trp into position 3 of [D- less than Glu1,D-Phe2,amino acid3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH significantly enhanced the antiovulatory potency, but substitution by Pro, N-Me-Phe,N-Me-Leu, or L-Trp reduced antiovulatory activity. The substitution of L- less than Glu in position 1 of [D-Phe2,Pro3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH by cyclohexylcarbonyl (Chc), benzoyl (Bz), Ac, Hyp, Ac-Met, hydrogen, Pro, and D- less than Glu residues, and the substitution of D-Phe in position 2 by D-Trp, D-His, D-Phg, and L-Phe residues resulted in analogues with no antiovulatory activity at 750 microgram/rat. Structural requirements for the design of inhibitors of higher potency have been discussed.", "contents": "Structural requirements in positions 1, 2, 3, and 6 of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) for antiovulatory activity. Sixteen analogues of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were synthesized by the solid-phase method. In new and surprising relationships, it was found that the substitution of D-Trp into position 3 of [D- less than Glu1,D-Phe2,amino acid3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH significantly enhanced the antiovulatory potency, but substitution by Pro, N-Me-Phe,N-Me-Leu, or L-Trp reduced antiovulatory activity. The substitution of L- less than Glu in position 1 of [D-Phe2,Pro3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH by cyclohexylcarbonyl (Chc), benzoyl (Bz), Ac, Hyp, Ac-Met, hydrogen, Pro, and D- less than Glu residues, and the substitution of D-Phe in position 2 by D-Trp, D-His, D-Phg, and L-Phe residues resulted in analogues with no antiovulatory activity at 750 microgram/rat. Structural requirements for the design of inhibitors of higher potency have been discussed.", "PMID": 376847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3490", "title": "2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 1. A new class of potential antimalarial agents.", "content": "Based on the antimalarial properties observed for 2-acetylpyridine 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (1), an extensive series of related thiosemicarbazones was prepared and tested against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Screening results indicated that the presence of the 2-pyridylethylidene group was critical and that certain phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, or cycloalkyl groups at N4 of the thiosemicarbazone moiety also contribute to antimalarial activity.", "contents": "2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 1. A new class of potential antimalarial agents. Based on the antimalarial properties observed for 2-acetylpyridine 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (1), an extensive series of related thiosemicarbazones was prepared and tested against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Screening results indicated that the presence of the 2-pyridylethylidene group was critical and that certain phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, or cycloalkyl groups at N4 of the thiosemicarbazone moiety also contribute to antimalarial activity.", "PMID": 376848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3491", "title": "Dipeptides of O-methyl-L-threonine as potential antimalarials.", "content": "L-Leucyl-O-methyl-L-threonine, O-methyl-L-threonyl-L-leucine, and O-methyl-L-threonyl-O-methyl-L-threonine were prepared and compared with O-methyl-L-threonine and L-leucine for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice. O-Methyl-L-threonine significantly prolonged survival time at doses of 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg. O-Methyl-L-threonyl-O-methyl-L-threonine was less active, significantly prolonging survival time only at 640 mg/kg. L-Leucine, as well as the other two dipeptides, exhibited no activity in this test.", "contents": "Dipeptides of O-methyl-L-threonine as potential antimalarials. L-Leucyl-O-methyl-L-threonine, O-methyl-L-threonyl-L-leucine, and O-methyl-L-threonyl-O-methyl-L-threonine were prepared and compared with O-methyl-L-threonine and L-leucine for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice. O-Methyl-L-threonine significantly prolonged survival time at doses of 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg. O-Methyl-L-threonyl-O-methyl-L-threonine was less active, significantly prolonging survival time only at 640 mg/kg. L-Leucine, as well as the other two dipeptides, exhibited no activity in this test.", "PMID": 376849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3492", "title": "Inhibition of anion permeability by amphiphilic compounds in human red cell: evidence for an interaction of niflumic acid with the band 3 protein.", "content": "In human erythrocyte, permeability to the anion is instantaneously, reversibly, and noncompetitively inhibited by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, niflumic acid. The active form of this powerful inhibitor (I50 = 6 X 10(-7) M) is the ionic form. We demonstrated that: (i) The binding of niflumic acid to the membrane of unsealed ghosts show one saturable and one linear component over the concentration range studied. The saturable component vanishes when chloride transport is fully inhibited by covalently bound 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS). Our estimate of these SITS protectable niflumate binding sites (about 9 x 10(5) per cell) agrees with the number of protein molecules per cell in band 3. These sites are half-saturated with 10(-6) M niflumic acid, a concentration very close to I50. (ii) Niflumic acid inhibits the binding reaction of SITS with anion controlling transport sites. These results indicate that niflumic acid and SITS are mutually exclusive inhibitors, suggesting that niflumic acid interacts with the protein in band 3. Niflumic acid also decreases glucose and ouabain-insensitive sodium permeabilities. However, these effects are produced at a very high concentration of niflumic acid (in millimolar range), suggesting unspecific action, possibly through lipid phase.", "contents": "Inhibition of anion permeability by amphiphilic compounds in human red cell: evidence for an interaction of niflumic acid with the band 3 protein. In human erythrocyte, permeability to the anion is instantaneously, reversibly, and noncompetitively inhibited by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, niflumic acid. The active form of this powerful inhibitor (I50 = 6 X 10(-7) M) is the ionic form. We demonstrated that: (i) The binding of niflumic acid to the membrane of unsealed ghosts show one saturable and one linear component over the concentration range studied. The saturable component vanishes when chloride transport is fully inhibited by covalently bound 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS). Our estimate of these SITS protectable niflumate binding sites (about 9 x 10(5) per cell) agrees with the number of protein molecules per cell in band 3. These sites are half-saturated with 10(-6) M niflumic acid, a concentration very close to I50. (ii) Niflumic acid inhibits the binding reaction of SITS with anion controlling transport sites. These results indicate that niflumic acid and SITS are mutually exclusive inhibitors, suggesting that niflumic acid interacts with the protein in band 3. Niflumic acid also decreases glucose and ouabain-insensitive sodium permeabilities. However, these effects are produced at a very high concentration of niflumic acid (in millimolar range), suggesting unspecific action, possibly through lipid phase.", "PMID": 376851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3493", "title": "Water permeability of yeast cells at sub-zero temperatures.", "content": "A combined cryomicroscopic-multiple nonlinear regression analysis technique has been used to determine the water permeability of the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae during freezing. The time rate of change in volume of \"supercooled\" yeast cells was photographically monitored using a \"cryomicroscope\" which is capable of controlling in a programmable manner both the temperature and the time rate of change in temperature of the cell suspension being studied. Multiple nonlinear regression analysis together with a thermodynamic model of cell water transport during freezing was then used to statistically  deduce the subzero temperature dependence of the cell water permeability. The water permeability process for S. cerevisiae being cooled at subzero temperatures was found to be rate-limited by the passage of water through either the plasmalemma, the cell wall, or a combination of these two permeability barriers. The hydraulic water permeability coefficient for yeast at 20 degrees C is approximately 1--2 x 10(-13) cm3/dyne sec, if extrapolation from subzero temperatures to room temperature is permissible, while the apparent activation energy governing the permeability process at subzero temperatures is approximately 45--68 kJ/mol (11--16 kcal/mol).", "contents": "Water permeability of yeast cells at sub-zero temperatures. A combined cryomicroscopic-multiple nonlinear regression analysis technique has been used to determine the water permeability of the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae during freezing. The time rate of change in volume of \"supercooled\" yeast cells was photographically monitored using a \"cryomicroscope\" which is capable of controlling in a programmable manner both the temperature and the time rate of change in temperature of the cell suspension being studied. Multiple nonlinear regression analysis together with a thermodynamic model of cell water transport during freezing was then used to statistically  deduce the subzero temperature dependence of the cell water permeability. The water permeability process for S. cerevisiae being cooled at subzero temperatures was found to be rate-limited by the passage of water through either the plasmalemma, the cell wall, or a combination of these two permeability barriers. The hydraulic water permeability coefficient for yeast at 20 degrees C is approximately 1--2 x 10(-13) cm3/dyne sec, if extrapolation from subzero temperatures to room temperature is permissible, while the apparent activation energy governing the permeability process at subzero temperatures is approximately 45--68 kJ/mol (11--16 kcal/mol).", "PMID": 376852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3494", "title": "Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "Eighty-six bilharzial patients divided into 5 clinical groups were studied. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test were performed for all the patients. ELISA gave the most sensitive results (82.6% and 80.2% positivity rate in Egypt and Lille respectively), followed by IFA (79.1% positivity rate) and IHA (77.9% and 75.6% positivity rate in Egypt and Lille respectively). The humoral antibodies detected by all methods (ELISA, IFA and IHA) showed increasing values with the progress of the disease which is parallel to the antigenicity of the disease. Both the positivity rate and the mean value of antibody titres recorded by the 3 diagnostic techniques (ELISA, IFA and IHA) were significantly higher in mansoni than haematobium infection. This may be explained by species specificity of antibody response. The superiority of ELISA over IFA and IHA techniques was discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Eighty-six bilharzial patients divided into 5 clinical groups were studied. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test were performed for all the patients. ELISA gave the most sensitive results (82.6% and 80.2% positivity rate in Egypt and Lille respectively), followed by IFA (79.1% positivity rate) and IHA (77.9% and 75.6% positivity rate in Egypt and Lille respectively). The humoral antibodies detected by all methods (ELISA, IFA and IHA) showed increasing values with the progress of the disease which is parallel to the antigenicity of the disease. Both the positivity rate and the mean value of antibody titres recorded by the 3 diagnostic techniques (ELISA, IFA and IHA) were significantly higher in mansoni than haematobium infection. This may be explained by species specificity of antibody response. The superiority of ELISA over IFA and IHA techniques was discussed.", "PMID": 376867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3495", "title": "Initiation of DNA synthesis on the isolated strands of bacteriophage f1 replicative-form DNA.", "content": "Viral and complementary strand circular DNA molecules were isolated from intracellular bacteriophage f1 replicative-form DNA. Soluble protein extracts of Escherichia coli were used to examine the initiation of DNA synthesis on these DNA templates. The initiation of DNA synthesis on f1 viral strand DNA was catalyzed by E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as was initiation of f1 viral strand DNA isolated from mature phage particles. The site of initiation was the same as that used in vivo. In contrast, no de novo initiation of DNA synthesis was detected on f1 complementary strand DNA. Control experiments demonstrated that the E. coli dnaB, dnaC, and dnaG initiation proteins were active under the conditions employed. The results suggest that the viral strand of the f1 replicative-form DNA molecule carries the same DNA synthesis initiation site as the viral strand packaged in mature phage, whereas the complementary strand of the replicative-form DNA molecule carries no site for de novo primer synthesis. These in vitro observations are consistent with the simple rolling circle model for f1 DNA replication in vivo proposed by Horiuchi and Zinder.", "contents": "Initiation of DNA synthesis on the isolated strands of bacteriophage f1 replicative-form DNA. Viral and complementary strand circular DNA molecules were isolated from intracellular bacteriophage f1 replicative-form DNA. Soluble protein extracts of Escherichia coli were used to examine the initiation of DNA synthesis on these DNA templates. The initiation of DNA synthesis on f1 viral strand DNA was catalyzed by E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as was initiation of f1 viral strand DNA isolated from mature phage particles. The site of initiation was the same as that used in vivo. In contrast, no de novo initiation of DNA synthesis was detected on f1 complementary strand DNA. Control experiments demonstrated that the E. coli dnaB, dnaC, and dnaG initiation proteins were active under the conditions employed. The results suggest that the viral strand of the f1 replicative-form DNA molecule carries the same DNA synthesis initiation site as the viral strand packaged in mature phage, whereas the complementary strand of the replicative-form DNA molecule carries no site for de novo primer synthesis. These in vitro observations are consistent with the simple rolling circle model for f1 DNA replication in vivo proposed by Horiuchi and Zinder.", "PMID": 376869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3496", "title": "Q beta-defective particles produced in a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant.", "content": "This paper describes Q beta noninfectious particles produced at 41 degrees C in a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant which is temperature sensitive for suppression of a nonsense codon. The noninfectious particles resembled Q beta under the electron microscope and contained coat protein molecules in an amount similar to the amount in Q beta. However, they did not adsorb to F-piliated bacteria, and they were deficient in both minor capsid proteins of Q beta, maturation (IIa) and read-through (IIb). Proteins IIa and IIb were not produced in Qbeta-infected mutant cells at 41 degrees C. In addition, instead of the 30S RNA of Q beta, a shorter RNA, which sedimented mainly at 23 S, was found in the defective particles. The results are discussed in relation to the roles of proteins IIa and IIb of Q beta.", "contents": "Q beta-defective particles produced in a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant. This paper describes Q beta noninfectious particles produced at 41 degrees C in a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant which is temperature sensitive for suppression of a nonsense codon. The noninfectious particles resembled Q beta under the electron microscope and contained coat protein molecules in an amount similar to the amount in Q beta. However, they did not adsorb to F-piliated bacteria, and they were deficient in both minor capsid proteins of Q beta, maturation (IIa) and read-through (IIb). Proteins IIa and IIb were not produced in Qbeta-infected mutant cells at 41 degrees C. In addition, instead of the 30S RNA of Q beta, a shorter RNA, which sedimented mainly at 23 S, was found in the defective particles. The results are discussed in relation to the roles of proteins IIa and IIb of Q beta.", "PMID": 376870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3497", "title": "Development of Escherichia coli virus T1: escape from host restriction.", "content": "The bacterial virus T1 grows interchangeably on different Escherichia coli strains (C, B, and K). This implies that T1 has an efficient mechanism to overcome the host restriction barrier. The DNA of T1 was found to be methylated independently of the hosts. The percentage of N6-methyladenine varied from 1.6 to 1.8, and the 5-methylcytosine content varied from 0.1 to 0.4%. In contrast, the range in percentage of N6-methyladenine and 5-methylcytosine found in the hosts was 0.7 to 2.4 and 0.0 to 1.1, respectively.", "contents": "Development of Escherichia coli virus T1: escape from host restriction. The bacterial virus T1 grows interchangeably on different Escherichia coli strains (C, B, and K). This implies that T1 has an efficient mechanism to overcome the host restriction barrier. The DNA of T1 was found to be methylated independently of the hosts. The percentage of N6-methyladenine varied from 1.6 to 1.8, and the 5-methylcytosine content varied from 0.1 to 0.4%. In contrast, the range in percentage of N6-methyladenine and 5-methylcytosine found in the hosts was 0.7 to 2.4 and 0.0 to 1.1, respectively.", "PMID": 376871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3498", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 alt gene maps between genes 30 and 54.", "content": "Two- and three-factor crosses proved that the T4 alt gene, which codes for a virion-associated NAD+:protein ADP-ribosyltransferase, is located between genes 30 and 54.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 alt gene maps between genes 30 and 54. Two- and three-factor crosses proved that the T4 alt gene, which codes for a virion-associated NAD+:protein ADP-ribosyltransferase, is located between genes 30 and 54.", "PMID": 376872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3499", "title": "Replication of bacteriophage phiK duplex replicative-form DNA in dnaB and dnaC mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have directly tested the effects of host cell DNA synthesis mutations on bacteriophage phiK replicative-form (RF) DNA replication in vivo. We observed that phiK RF DNA replication continued at normal rates in both dnaB and dnaC mutant hosts under conditions in which the activities of the dnaB and dnaC gene products were shown to be markedly reduced. This suggests that these two host proteins are not essential for normal phiK RF DNA replication. In control experiments we observed markedly reduced rates of phiK RF DNA replication in temperature-sensitive dnaG and dnaE host mutants, indicating that the products of these genes are essential. Thus, the mechanism of DNA chain initiation in vivo on the duplex RF DNA templates of isometric phages such as phiK apparently is different from that on the similar templates of isometric phages such as phiX174. The implications of this difference are discussed in the text.", "contents": "Replication of bacteriophage phiK duplex replicative-form DNA in dnaB and dnaC mutants of Escherichia coli. We have directly tested the effects of host cell DNA synthesis mutations on bacteriophage phiK replicative-form (RF) DNA replication in vivo. We observed that phiK RF DNA replication continued at normal rates in both dnaB and dnaC mutant hosts under conditions in which the activities of the dnaB and dnaC gene products were shown to be markedly reduced. This suggests that these two host proteins are not essential for normal phiK RF DNA replication. In control experiments we observed markedly reduced rates of phiK RF DNA replication in temperature-sensitive dnaG and dnaE host mutants, indicating that the products of these genes are essential. Thus, the mechanism of DNA chain initiation in vivo on the duplex RF DNA templates of isometric phages such as phiK apparently is different from that on the similar templates of isometric phages such as phiX174. The implications of this difference are discussed in the text.", "PMID": 376873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3500", "title": "DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174 produce two types of particles. The 110S particles contain single-stranded circular DNA; the 110S particles are not infectious, although their DNA is infectious for E. coli spheroplasts. The second type of particles, 70S particles, contain a fragment of single-stranded DNA ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 genome in length. This fragment DNA anneals only to restriction enzyme fragments of replicative-form DNA from the portion of the molecule corresponding to the origin and early region of phi X174 single-stranded synthesis, although full-round single-stranded DNA synthesis is occurring in the H mutant-infected cells. Different H mutant phages produce different proportions of 70S to 110S particles; those mutants producing the most 70S also exhibit the largest amount of degradation of intracellularly labeled DNA during infection. These results suggest that in H mutant-infected cells, full-length single-stranded DNA is synthesized; varying amounts of degradation of the single-stranded material occur, and the resulting fragment DNA is subsequently incorporated into 70S particles.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174. Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174 produce two types of particles. The 110S particles contain single-stranded circular DNA; the 110S particles are not infectious, although their DNA is infectious for E. coli spheroplasts. The second type of particles, 70S particles, contain a fragment of single-stranded DNA ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 genome in length. This fragment DNA anneals only to restriction enzyme fragments of replicative-form DNA from the portion of the molecule corresponding to the origin and early region of phi X174 single-stranded synthesis, although full-round single-stranded DNA synthesis is occurring in the H mutant-infected cells. Different H mutant phages produce different proportions of 70S to 110S particles; those mutants producing the most 70S also exhibit the largest amount of degradation of intracellularly labeled DNA during infection. These results suggest that in H mutant-infected cells, full-length single-stranded DNA is synthesized; varying amounts of degradation of the single-stranded material occur, and the resulting fragment DNA is subsequently incorporated into 70S particles.", "PMID": 376874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3501", "title": "Vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus. Relation to intrauterine fetal monitoring.", "content": "A prospective study of 70 mother-infant pairs was designed to evaluate vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in relation to the use of intrauterine fetal monitors (IUFMs). Multiple-site cultures obtained from mothers during the intrapartum interval and those obtained from infants on day 1 and at discharge or day 4 were plated on a selective medium. Thirteen (27.1%) of 48 IUFM-exposed women vs seven (31.8%) of 22 non-IUFM-exposed women had GBS at one or more sites. The GBS colonization with maternally concordant serotypes occurred in eight (61.5%) of 13 infants born to GBS-colonized, IUFM-exposed women vs two (28.6%) of seven infants born to GBS-colonized, non-IUFM-exposed women. While this suggests that vertical transmission of GBS is enhanced by IUFM placement, the differences in these infant rates were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus. Relation to intrauterine fetal monitoring. A prospective study of 70 mother-infant pairs was designed to evaluate vertical transmission of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in relation to the use of intrauterine fetal monitors (IUFMs). Multiple-site cultures obtained from mothers during the intrapartum interval and those obtained from infants on day 1 and at discharge or day 4 were plated on a selective medium. Thirteen (27.1%) of 48 IUFM-exposed women vs seven (31.8%) of 22 non-IUFM-exposed women had GBS at one or more sites. The GBS colonization with maternally concordant serotypes occurred in eight (61.5%) of 13 infants born to GBS-colonized, IUFM-exposed women vs two (28.6%) of seven infants born to GBS-colonized, non-IUFM-exposed women. While this suggests that vertical transmission of GBS is enhanced by IUFM placement, the differences in these infant rates were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 376881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3502", "title": "Oral amphotericin for candidiasis in patients with hematologic neoplasms. An autopsy study.", "content": "Autopsy examinations were conducted in 72 patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibacterial therapy before their deaths. These patients were participants in a large double-blind study designed to assess the efficacy of oral amphotericin B in decreasing the incidence of candidal infection. The patients received either 50 mg of amphotericin B orally four times a day, or they received a matching placebo. Eight of 33 patients (24%) who had received placebo and two of 39 (5%) who had received amphotericin had histopathologic evidence of disseminated candidiasis. We conclude that in these patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibiotics within two weeks of death, the concomitant oral administration of amphotericin was effective in decreasing the incidence of systemic candidal infections, indicating that the gastrointestinal tract serves as a portal of entry for Candida albicans.", "contents": "Oral amphotericin for candidiasis in patients with hematologic neoplasms. An autopsy study. Autopsy examinations were conducted in 72 patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibacterial therapy before their deaths. These patients were participants in a large double-blind study designed to assess the efficacy of oral amphotericin B in decreasing the incidence of candidal infection. The patients received either 50 mg of amphotericin B orally four times a day, or they received a matching placebo. Eight of 33 patients (24%) who had received placebo and two of 39 (5%) who had received amphotericin had histopathologic evidence of disseminated candidiasis. We conclude that in these patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibiotics within two weeks of death, the concomitant oral administration of amphotericin was effective in decreasing the incidence of systemic candidal infections, indicating that the gastrointestinal tract serves as a portal of entry for Candida albicans.", "PMID": 376883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3503", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in renal transplant recipients. Increased mortality risk.", "content": "To determine effects of circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on patient survival following renal transplantation, we studied 168 recipients of cadaveric grafts in whom HBsAg status was defined at transplantation by comparison of survivorships determined by actuarial life-table methods. Survival in HBsAg-positive recipients, as compared with those who were HBsAg-negative at the time of transplantation, was markedly diminished. Although graft survival appeared to be favored in the HBsAg-positive group in the early posttransplant period, the apparent protective effect was lost at nine months after grafting and thereafter, due to increased mortality in the HBsAg-positive recipients. Deaths in the antigenemic subjects were principally due to infections other than hepatitis and to cardiovascular events. We conclude that preexisting HBs antigenemia forebodes an ominous outcome for immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients, although hepatic disorders do not account for most deaths.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in renal transplant recipients. Increased mortality risk. To determine effects of circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on patient survival following renal transplantation, we studied 168 recipients of cadaveric grafts in whom HBsAg status was defined at transplantation by comparison of survivorships determined by actuarial life-table methods. Survival in HBsAg-positive recipients, as compared with those who were HBsAg-negative at the time of transplantation, was markedly diminished. Although graft survival appeared to be favored in the HBsAg-positive group in the early posttransplant period, the apparent protective effect was lost at nine months after grafting and thereafter, due to increased mortality in the HBsAg-positive recipients. Deaths in the antigenemic subjects were principally due to infections other than hepatitis and to cardiovascular events. We conclude that preexisting HBs antigenemia forebodes an ominous outcome for immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients, although hepatic disorders do not account for most deaths.", "PMID": 376886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3504", "title": "Primary cutaneous nocardiosis.", "content": "Seven patients with primary cutaneous nocardiosis were seen during a 20-month period. Six patients had a history of local trauma to an extremity or did frequent yard work. The spectrum of clinical disease included cellulitis, pustules,pyoderma, or lymphocutaneous syndrome mimicking sporotrichosis. Evidence of Nocardia infection elsewhere was absent, and no patient had a serious underlying disease. Nocardia brasiliensis was isolated from four cases, and N asteroides was identified in the other three patients. In two patients, disease resolved without chemotherapy, while a short course of a sulfonamide with or without trimethoprim therapy was successful in the remaining cases. The relatively benign nature of this disease, the usual failure to obtain cultures of superficial skin infections, and our accumulation of seven cases in less than two years suggest this disease is more common than previously recognized.", "contents": "Primary cutaneous nocardiosis. Seven patients with primary cutaneous nocardiosis were seen during a 20-month period. Six patients had a history of local trauma to an extremity or did frequent yard work. The spectrum of clinical disease included cellulitis, pustules,pyoderma, or lymphocutaneous syndrome mimicking sporotrichosis. Evidence of Nocardia infection elsewhere was absent, and no patient had a serious underlying disease. Nocardia brasiliensis was isolated from four cases, and N asteroides was identified in the other three patients. In two patients, disease resolved without chemotherapy, while a short course of a sulfonamide with or without trimethoprim therapy was successful in the remaining cases. The relatively benign nature of this disease, the usual failure to obtain cultures of superficial skin infections, and our accumulation of seven cases in less than two years suggest this disease is more common than previously recognized.", "PMID": 376887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3505", "title": "Emergency treatment of asthma. A comparison of two treatment regimens.", "content": "The effectiveness of epinephrine was compared to that of a combination of epinephrine and aminophylline in the initial treatment of acute asthma. Forty-four patients with 51 episodes of acute asthma were evaluated. Peak flow spirometry served as an objective measure of airway resistance, and theophylline levels were determined at fixed intervals throughout the study. Epinephrine and aminophylline were not found to be superior to epinephrine alone. There was no correlation between mean serum theophylline levels and the magnitude of improvement. Rapidity of emergency department discharge and frequency of admission was independent of treatment method. The failure of epinephrine-aminophylline to effect more rapid or profound improvement in pulmonary function might suggest that epinephrine alone, or an equivalent sympathomimetic is a rational choice in the initial treatment of acute asthma.", "contents": "Emergency treatment of asthma. A comparison of two treatment regimens. The effectiveness of epinephrine was compared to that of a combination of epinephrine and aminophylline in the initial treatment of acute asthma. Forty-four patients with 51 episodes of acute asthma were evaluated. Peak flow spirometry served as an objective measure of airway resistance, and theophylline levels were determined at fixed intervals throughout the study. Epinephrine and aminophylline were not found to be superior to epinephrine alone. There was no correlation between mean serum theophylline levels and the magnitude of improvement. Rapidity of emergency department discharge and frequency of admission was independent of treatment method. The failure of epinephrine-aminophylline to effect more rapid or profound improvement in pulmonary function might suggest that epinephrine alone, or an equivalent sympathomimetic is a rational choice in the initial treatment of acute asthma.", "PMID": 376894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3506", "title": "Immunohistologic findings in the glomerular crescents in various renal diseases.", "content": "Renal tissues from 37 patients with glomerulopathies involving glomerular crescents were investigated using an immunofluorescence technique. Immunohistologic findings revealed two kinds of crescents, those with fibrinogen deposits (active), and those without (inactive). The degree of IgG deposition in glomeruli with active crescents was much higher than in glomeruli with inactive crescents in acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Active crescents were observed only in biopsy specimens taken within three months after the onset of acute glomerulonephritis or the acute exacerbation of chronic glomerulonephritis. These findings suggest that in AGN and CGN active crescents occur in an earlier stage of glomerular lesions and a more active stage in the immunological process than inactive crescents. The significance of active crescents in SLE, diabetic nephropathy and nephropathy associated with rheumatic arthritis was not evaluated due to the small number of patients.", "contents": "Immunohistologic findings in the glomerular crescents in various renal diseases. Renal tissues from 37 patients with glomerulopathies involving glomerular crescents were investigated using an immunofluorescence technique. Immunohistologic findings revealed two kinds of crescents, those with fibrinogen deposits (active), and those without (inactive). The degree of IgG deposition in glomeruli with active crescents was much higher than in glomeruli with inactive crescents in acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Active crescents were observed only in biopsy specimens taken within three months after the onset of acute glomerulonephritis or the acute exacerbation of chronic glomerulonephritis. These findings suggest that in AGN and CGN active crescents occur in an earlier stage of glomerular lesions and a more active stage in the immunological process than inactive crescents. The significance of active crescents in SLE, diabetic nephropathy and nephropathy associated with rheumatic arthritis was not evaluated due to the small number of patients.", "PMID": 376895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3507", "title": "Evaluation of 99mTc-albumin dilution curve with simultaneous injection of 99mTc- and 131I-albumins.", "content": "A critical comparison of radiocardiograms with 99mTc- and 131I-albumins was made to determine whether or not 99mTc-albumin can be used as a tracer for measuring blood volume (BV) and cardiac output (CO). Simultaneous injection of both isotopes was given to twenty-two patients to obtain radiocardiograms for each by means of a single scintillation counter with two pulse height analyzers. Such method allows for the determination of the energy levels for both 99mTc and 131I. The radiocardiographic pattern was somewhat different between 99mTc- and 131I-radiocardiograms: The ratio of left to right peak height was 16% on the average lower in the 99mTc-radiocardiogram in the 131I-one. The reason for the lower ratio is explained by greater absorption of 99mTc-radioactivity within the soft tissue interposing between the scintillation probe and heart. The values for 99mtc-derived blood volume were 7.4% on the average larger than those for 131I-derived blood volume (p less than 0.01), although the correlation was excellent (r = 0.98, p less than 0.01). There was no systemic difference between cardiac output determined by 99mTc- and 131I-albumins since the overstimation of blood volume can compensate for the understimation of CO/BV by 99mTc-study. In view of its rapid extravasation, 99mTc-albumin is not so appropriate tracer for accurate measurements of BV and CO/BV, although it may be used for measurement of cardiac output.", "contents": "Evaluation of 99mTc-albumin dilution curve with simultaneous injection of 99mTc- and 131I-albumins. A critical comparison of radiocardiograms with 99mTc- and 131I-albumins was made to determine whether or not 99mTc-albumin can be used as a tracer for measuring blood volume (BV) and cardiac output (CO). Simultaneous injection of both isotopes was given to twenty-two patients to obtain radiocardiograms for each by means of a single scintillation counter with two pulse height analyzers. Such method allows for the determination of the energy levels for both 99mTc and 131I. The radiocardiographic pattern was somewhat different between 99mTc- and 131I-radiocardiograms: The ratio of left to right peak height was 16% on the average lower in the 99mTc-radiocardiogram in the 131I-one. The reason for the lower ratio is explained by greater absorption of 99mTc-radioactivity within the soft tissue interposing between the scintillation probe and heart. The values for 99mtc-derived blood volume were 7.4% on the average larger than those for 131I-derived blood volume (p less than 0.01), although the correlation was excellent (r = 0.98, p less than 0.01). There was no systemic difference between cardiac output determined by 99mTc- and 131I-albumins since the overstimation of blood volume can compensate for the understimation of CO/BV by 99mTc-study. In view of its rapid extravasation, 99mTc-albumin is not so appropriate tracer for accurate measurements of BV and CO/BV, although it may be used for measurement of cardiac output.", "PMID": 376896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3508", "title": "Impedance cardiography for the assessment of cardiac function during exercise.", "content": "1. Impedance cardiography proved valuable to estimate the stroke volume and other cardiac parameters noninvasively, when the electrical resistivity of the blood was corrected with hematocrit. 2. Cardiac response to graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer up to the maximal load in healthy young and active middle-aged subjects was divided into four phases from the changes in cardiac parameters such as stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection index and height of the atrial wave. 3. The ischemic patients did not tolerate well the exercise after the second phase or drift phase of exercise. 4. Physical training enhanced the cardiac function in work through increase in cardiac output and work load.", "contents": "Impedance cardiography for the assessment of cardiac function during exercise. 1. Impedance cardiography proved valuable to estimate the stroke volume and other cardiac parameters noninvasively, when the electrical resistivity of the blood was corrected with hematocrit. 2. Cardiac response to graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer up to the maximal load in healthy young and active middle-aged subjects was divided into four phases from the changes in cardiac parameters such as stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection index and height of the atrial wave. 3. The ischemic patients did not tolerate well the exercise after the second phase or drift phase of exercise. 4. Physical training enhanced the cardiac function in work through increase in cardiac output and work load.", "PMID": 376897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3509", "title": "Post-operative long-term adjuvant immunochemotherapy with mitomycin-C, PSK and FT-207 in gastric cancer patients.", "content": "Long-term adjuvant immunochemotherapy carried out on the gastrectomized patients with stomach cancer was reported. The protocol comprises the administration of large-dose of Mitomycin-C (20+10) mg just after gastrectomy and the long-term administration of PSK, FT-207 or (PSK+FT-207). Almost no side effects were observed. According to the studies on the immunological parameters, the increased reactions in PPD skin test and lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by PHA and PWM were observed remarkably in group (P+F) 3 or 6 months after gastrectomy. As for the survival rate, group (P+F) showed the most preferable results at one year in stage IV, at two years in stage III and at three years in all the stages, respectively after gastrectomy.", "contents": "Post-operative long-term adjuvant immunochemotherapy with mitomycin-C, PSK and FT-207 in gastric cancer patients. Long-term adjuvant immunochemotherapy carried out on the gastrectomized patients with stomach cancer was reported. The protocol comprises the administration of large-dose of Mitomycin-C (20+10) mg just after gastrectomy and the long-term administration of PSK, FT-207 or (PSK+FT-207). Almost no side effects were observed. According to the studies on the immunological parameters, the increased reactions in PPD skin test and lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by PHA and PWM were observed remarkably in group (P+F) 3 or 6 months after gastrectomy. As for the survival rate, group (P+F) showed the most preferable results at one year in stage IV, at two years in stage III and at three years in all the stages, respectively after gastrectomy.", "PMID": 376911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3510", "title": "Organ and tumor specificity of colon mucoprotein antigen in a rat model.", "content": "We purified a high-molecular-weight colon mucoprotein antigen (CMA) from normal F344 rat colon and from a transplantable dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinoma. Chemical analysis of the mucins showed similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. This finding was in contrast to the major differences that occurred in the composition of human CMA as a consequence of neoplasia. Immunohistochemical techniques were used in an examination of organ and tumor specificities. A New Zealand White rabbit antiserum against purified normal rat CMA, appropriately absorbed, detected a normal colon-specific determinant(s). The organ-specific determinant was lost as a consequence of neoplasia. However, a new tumor-specific determinant was then detected. CMA may have a potential role as an organ-specific marker of the neoplastic process.", "contents": "Organ and tumor specificity of colon mucoprotein antigen in a rat model. We purified a high-molecular-weight colon mucoprotein antigen (CMA) from normal F344 rat colon and from a transplantable dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinoma. Chemical analysis of the mucins showed similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. This finding was in contrast to the major differences that occurred in the composition of human CMA as a consequence of neoplasia. Immunohistochemical techniques were used in an examination of organ and tumor specificities. A New Zealand White rabbit antiserum against purified normal rat CMA, appropriately absorbed, detected a normal colon-specific determinant(s). The organ-specific determinant was lost as a consequence of neoplasia. However, a new tumor-specific determinant was then detected. CMA may have a potential role as an organ-specific marker of the neoplastic process.", "PMID": 376919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3511", "title": "Growth of normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "Normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells were placed in culture. Normal cells were recovered from late-lactation milk and breast fluids, and malignant cells were isolated from primary breast tumors by collagenase digestion. The concentration of cells obtained from breast fluid samples was inversely proportional to the volume of fluid secreted. Most of these cells adhered rapidly to the substrate, did not replicate, displayed Fc receptor-dependent phagocytic activity, and were thus identified as macrophages. The remaining cells grew out into large islands comprised of one or two distinct morphologic types of mammary epithelial cells. Optimum growth of these cells was obtained in medium buffered to pH 6.8, and the epidermal growth factor markedly prolonged the exponential growth phase of the cells. Two morphologically distinct populations of epithelial cells were also observed in cultures established from individual breast tumors. Growth of the malignant cells was relatively unaffected by the pH of the culture medium, and the cells were unresponsive to exogenously added hormones. Overgrowth of malignant epithelial cells in primary cultures by stromal fibroblasts was retarded by replacement of standard growth medium with fresh medium containing a serum substitute; growth of the malignant epithelial cells was unaffected. A feeder layer of mitomycin C-treated human fibroblasts increased the plating efficiency of both normal and malignant cells in primary culture and also facilitated passage of these cells to secondary and tertiary cultures.", "contents": "Growth of normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells in culture. Normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells were placed in culture. Normal cells were recovered from late-lactation milk and breast fluids, and malignant cells were isolated from primary breast tumors by collagenase digestion. The concentration of cells obtained from breast fluid samples was inversely proportional to the volume of fluid secreted. Most of these cells adhered rapidly to the substrate, did not replicate, displayed Fc receptor-dependent phagocytic activity, and were thus identified as macrophages. The remaining cells grew out into large islands comprised of one or two distinct morphologic types of mammary epithelial cells. Optimum growth of these cells was obtained in medium buffered to pH 6.8, and the epidermal growth factor markedly prolonged the exponential growth phase of the cells. Two morphologically distinct populations of epithelial cells were also observed in cultures established from individual breast tumors. Growth of the malignant cells was relatively unaffected by the pH of the culture medium, and the cells were unresponsive to exogenously added hormones. Overgrowth of malignant epithelial cells in primary cultures by stromal fibroblasts was retarded by replacement of standard growth medium with fresh medium containing a serum substitute; growth of the malignant epithelial cells was unaffected. A feeder layer of mitomycin C-treated human fibroblasts increased the plating efficiency of both normal and malignant cells in primary culture and also facilitated passage of these cells to secondary and tertiary cultures.", "PMID": 376921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3512", "title": "Bone tissue: composition and function.", "content": "A relatively small amount of bone tissue is present in the human body in view of the tissue's structural and chemical importance. The disparity between the constant appearance of mineralized bone matrix, regardless of source, under the electron microscope and the variability of previously reported analyses of bone specimens of a much larger size was disturbing and led to studies of the content and distribution of water in bone tissue and in whole bone specimens. Water in premineralized bone matrix is largely replaced by the non-crystalline (amorphous) and crystalline mineral phase without changes in the overall volume of bone matrix or that of whole bones, nor in the volume and position of collagen fibrils. This resistance to volume and fibril position change during mineralization is probably unique to bone tissue, and permitted critical water analyses of whole bone specimens of varying porosity. When marrow and bone tissue weight and volume analyses were compared with the specific gravity of whole bone specimens, constancy of the composition of bone tissue in these specimens was demonstrated. This result led to a concentration of our studies on the cells that synthesize and control this unique tissue. Currently, the investigations of this laboratory are oriented to study of the enzyme chemistry of isolated bone cells and of whole bone specimens, as well as the localization of matrix-bound and membrane-bound enzymes in bone tissue by histochemical techniques suitable for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Bone tissue: composition and function. A relatively small amount of bone tissue is present in the human body in view of the tissue's structural and chemical importance. The disparity between the constant appearance of mineralized bone matrix, regardless of source, under the electron microscope and the variability of previously reported analyses of bone specimens of a much larger size was disturbing and led to studies of the content and distribution of water in bone tissue and in whole bone specimens. Water in premineralized bone matrix is largely replaced by the non-crystalline (amorphous) and crystalline mineral phase without changes in the overall volume of bone matrix or that of whole bones, nor in the volume and position of collagen fibrils. This resistance to volume and fibril position change during mineralization is probably unique to bone tissue, and permitted critical water analyses of whole bone specimens of varying porosity. When marrow and bone tissue weight and volume analyses were compared with the specific gravity of whole bone specimens, constancy of the composition of bone tissue in these specimens was demonstrated. This result led to a concentration of our studies on the cells that synthesize and control this unique tissue. Currently, the investigations of this laboratory are oriented to study of the enzyme chemistry of isolated bone cells and of whole bone specimens, as well as the localization of matrix-bound and membrane-bound enzymes in bone tissue by histochemical techniques suitable for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 376922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3513", "title": "[Recent aspects on the use of specific antisera in diagnosis and therapy of acute lymphatic leukaemia in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is a very heterogeneous disease from the immunological point of view. Phaenotyping of leukaemic cells in 138 patients via different immunmarkers has so far allowed subdivision into 6 subgroups. Clinical risk factors and correlations with the immunologically defined subgroups, as well as their significance for prognosis, are demonstrated with the help of 61 examined ALL patients. 90-95% of all acute lymphatic leukaemias can presently be identified via heterologous antisera. After corresponding absorption, these antisera show high cytotoxicity against ALL cells without displaying any aggressivity towards normal haemopoetic stem cells. The authors make therapeutic use of anti-T cell and anti-common ALL (cALL) globulin in autologous bone marrow transplantation. This method involves withdrawal of bone marrow from patients with ALL in complete remission, the marrow being then fractionated, treated with antiserum to destroy residual leukaemic cells, and then cryopreserved. The leukaemia-free bone marrow will thus be available for transplantation in relapse.", "contents": "[Recent aspects on the use of specific antisera in diagnosis and therapy of acute lymphatic leukaemia in infants (author's transl)]. Acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is a very heterogeneous disease from the immunological point of view. Phaenotyping of leukaemic cells in 138 patients via different immunmarkers has so far allowed subdivision into 6 subgroups. Clinical risk factors and correlations with the immunologically defined subgroups, as well as their significance for prognosis, are demonstrated with the help of 61 examined ALL patients. 90-95% of all acute lymphatic leukaemias can presently be identified via heterologous antisera. After corresponding absorption, these antisera show high cytotoxicity against ALL cells without displaying any aggressivity towards normal haemopoetic stem cells. The authors make therapeutic use of anti-T cell and anti-common ALL (cALL) globulin in autologous bone marrow transplantation. This method involves withdrawal of bone marrow from patients with ALL in complete remission, the marrow being then fractionated, treated with antiserum to destroy residual leukaemic cells, and then cryopreserved. The leukaemia-free bone marrow will thus be available for transplantation in relapse.", "PMID": 376934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3514", "title": "[Monitoring of remission quality in acute leukemia of childhood by repeated determinations of B-cell-allo-antigen on lymphoblasts (author's transl)].", "content": "B-Cell-allo-antigen was demonstrated on lymphoblasts of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and on 14 permanent growing lymphoblastoid cell-lines. Pooled sera of 4 selected multiparas and a rabbit antiserum were used as specific antisera. Antigen was more effectively detected with heterologous antibodies than with human antisera. Primary lymphoblasts were characterized by B-cell-allo-antigen and lack of membrane immunoglobulins and Fc-receptors on the same cell. The quality of remission, i.e. the early diagnosis of relapse was better surveyed by immunological characterization than by cytological assessment. The bone marrow was examined in 8 patients with initial leukemia, in 13 patients with partial remission and in 30 patients in complete hematological remission. A striking discrepancy between immunological and cytological examination was observed in the bone marrow 4 weeks after inital anti-leukemic chemotherapy. At that time an increased number of blast-typed cells could still be counted in the immunological evaluation, although the cytological evaluation revealed already a complete hematological remission.", "contents": "[Monitoring of remission quality in acute leukemia of childhood by repeated determinations of B-cell-allo-antigen on lymphoblasts (author's transl)]. B-Cell-allo-antigen was demonstrated on lymphoblasts of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and on 14 permanent growing lymphoblastoid cell-lines. Pooled sera of 4 selected multiparas and a rabbit antiserum were used as specific antisera. Antigen was more effectively detected with heterologous antibodies than with human antisera. Primary lymphoblasts were characterized by B-cell-allo-antigen and lack of membrane immunoglobulins and Fc-receptors on the same cell. The quality of remission, i.e. the early diagnosis of relapse was better surveyed by immunological characterization than by cytological assessment. The bone marrow was examined in 8 patients with initial leukemia, in 13 patients with partial remission and in 30 patients in complete hematological remission. A striking discrepancy between immunological and cytological examination was observed in the bone marrow 4 weeks after inital anti-leukemic chemotherapy. At that time an increased number of blast-typed cells could still be counted in the immunological evaluation, although the cytological evaluation revealed already a complete hematological remission.", "PMID": 376935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3515", "title": "Experimental rabies in skunks: immunofluorescence light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were inoculated into the abductor digiti quinti muscle with street rabies virus isolated from salivary glands of rabid skunks. Using the immunofluorescence technique, antigen was detected in muscle cells at the inoculation site before it was detected in the central nervous system. Neurons and their processes in nearly all regions of the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves contained antigen in terminal stages of the disease. Electron microscopically, matrix (viral nucleocapsid), virions, and anomalous viral products were mainly in neuronal perikarya and dendrites, and less often in myelinated axons. Matrices, virions, and crystalloid structures were in muscle fibers at the inoculation site. Viral budding occurred on endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and neuronal plasma membrane. In the brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord, virus budded from the postsynaptic and adjacent dendritic or perikaryal plasma membrane. There was simultaneous esotropic uptake of these particles by adjacent axon terminals. The results strongly suggest that direct transneuronal transfer of virus from perikarya and dendrites to adjacent axon terminals is a mechanism in dissemination of rabies in the central nervous system of striped skunks. Variation in the length of the incubation period may be due partly to replication or virus in myocytes at the inoculation site and subsequent transfer to peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Experimental rabies in skunks: immunofluorescence light and electron microscopic studies. Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were inoculated into the abductor digiti quinti muscle with street rabies virus isolated from salivary glands of rabid skunks. Using the immunofluorescence technique, antigen was detected in muscle cells at the inoculation site before it was detected in the central nervous system. Neurons and their processes in nearly all regions of the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves contained antigen in terminal stages of the disease. Electron microscopically, matrix (viral nucleocapsid), virions, and anomalous viral products were mainly in neuronal perikarya and dendrites, and less often in myelinated axons. Matrices, virions, and crystalloid structures were in muscle fibers at the inoculation site. Viral budding occurred on endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and neuronal plasma membrane. In the brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord, virus budded from the postsynaptic and adjacent dendritic or perikaryal plasma membrane. There was simultaneous esotropic uptake of these particles by adjacent axon terminals. The results strongly suggest that direct transneuronal transfer of virus from perikarya and dendrites to adjacent axon terminals is a mechanism in dissemination of rabies in the central nervous system of striped skunks. Variation in the length of the incubation period may be due partly to replication or virus in myocytes at the inoculation site and subsequent transfer to peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 376938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3516", "title": "Mesangial glomerulonephropathy with deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 induced by mercuric chloride: a new model.", "content": "A mesangial glomerulonephropathy, characterized by the deposition of rat IgG, IgM, and C3 in the glomerular mesangium, was produced in Wistar rats by a prolonged administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2). The HgCl2 was dissolved in sterile distilled water (0.2 mg. per ml.), and a group of 15 male Wistar rats was given injections subcutaneously three times a week on alternate days at a dosage of 0.15 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight for 27 weeks. A control group of nine rats was given injections of distilled water only. Mesangial glomerulonephropathy developed in 12 of 15 rats injected with HgCl2 and was characterized by the following: (1) coarse granular and nodular deposition of rat IgG, IgM, and C3 in the mesangium of all glomeruli, (2) absence of staining for rat albumin, IgA, and fibrin, (3) presence of electron-dense deposits in the mesangium, (4) focal and segmental proliferation of the mesangial matrix, (5) interstitial inflammation, (6) tubular atrophy, and (7) deposition of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in the medulla adjacent to the thin limbs of the loops of Henle. Glycosuria and a slight increase in proteinuria were observed transiently in some rats. The blood urea nitrogen levels were normal in all rats. Eluates from the kidneys with heavy mesangial deposits contained rat IgG. However, the eluted antibody failed to react with normal rat kidney tissue components. None of the above findings were present in the control rats. The study provides a model of a mesangial nephropathy that seems to be immunologically induced; however, the mechanism for the formation and deposition of the immune deposits containing rat IgG, IgM, and C3, and the nature of the antigen(s) have not been elucidated.", "contents": "Mesangial glomerulonephropathy with deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 induced by mercuric chloride: a new model. A mesangial glomerulonephropathy, characterized by the deposition of rat IgG, IgM, and C3 in the glomerular mesangium, was produced in Wistar rats by a prolonged administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2). The HgCl2 was dissolved in sterile distilled water (0.2 mg. per ml.), and a group of 15 male Wistar rats was given injections subcutaneously three times a week on alternate days at a dosage of 0.15 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight for 27 weeks. A control group of nine rats was given injections of distilled water only. Mesangial glomerulonephropathy developed in 12 of 15 rats injected with HgCl2 and was characterized by the following: (1) coarse granular and nodular deposition of rat IgG, IgM, and C3 in the mesangium of all glomeruli, (2) absence of staining for rat albumin, IgA, and fibrin, (3) presence of electron-dense deposits in the mesangium, (4) focal and segmental proliferation of the mesangial matrix, (5) interstitial inflammation, (6) tubular atrophy, and (7) deposition of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in the medulla adjacent to the thin limbs of the loops of Henle. Glycosuria and a slight increase in proteinuria were observed transiently in some rats. The blood urea nitrogen levels were normal in all rats. Eluates from the kidneys with heavy mesangial deposits contained rat IgG. However, the eluted antibody failed to react with normal rat kidney tissue components. None of the above findings were present in the control rats. The study provides a model of a mesangial nephropathy that seems to be immunologically induced; however, the mechanism for the formation and deposition of the immune deposits containing rat IgG, IgM, and C3, and the nature of the antigen(s) have not been elucidated.", "PMID": 376939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3517", "title": "Flow cytometry of isolated nuclei prepared from 9L rat brain tumor.", "content": "Nuclei isolated by grinding 9L rat brain tumors gave a DNA distribution consisting of a 2C DNA peak due to noncycling normal cells and a bimodal distribution beginning at about 4C DNA due to the cycling tumor cells. Autoradiographic studies of nuclei from rats that received a pulse of 3H-TdR in vivo confirmed that the majority of proliferating cells were in the bimodal part of the distribution. The fraction of cells in S-phase determined from the DNA distributions was 15.3 per cent. This is consistent with a labeling index of 18 per cent determined from autoradiographs of tumor tissue and an S-phase fraction of 17 per cent determined from a fraction of labeled mitosis analysis (assuming that all of the 53 per cent noncycling cells are in G0). We also determined, by autoradiographic analysis of cells sorted from the tumor's mid-S-phase region, that only 58 per cent of these cells were labeled. We attribute this mostly to the presence of fluorescent debris from necrotic nuclei in this part of the distribution.", "contents": "Flow cytometry of isolated nuclei prepared from 9L rat brain tumor. Nuclei isolated by grinding 9L rat brain tumors gave a DNA distribution consisting of a 2C DNA peak due to noncycling normal cells and a bimodal distribution beginning at about 4C DNA due to the cycling tumor cells. Autoradiographic studies of nuclei from rats that received a pulse of 3H-TdR in vivo confirmed that the majority of proliferating cells were in the bimodal part of the distribution. The fraction of cells in S-phase determined from the DNA distributions was 15.3 per cent. This is consistent with a labeling index of 18 per cent determined from autoradiographs of tumor tissue and an S-phase fraction of 17 per cent determined from a fraction of labeled mitosis analysis (assuming that all of the 53 per cent noncycling cells are in G0). We also determined, by autoradiographic analysis of cells sorted from the tumor's mid-S-phase region, that only 58 per cent of these cells were labeled. We attribute this mostly to the presence of fluorescent debris from necrotic nuclei in this part of the distribution.", "PMID": 376940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3518", "title": "[Characteristics of human external respiration under excess intrapulmonary pressure under sea level and \"altitude\" conditions according to pneumotachographic data].", "content": "In 54 pressure chamber experiments 12 healthy male test subjects took part. Their pneumotachograms and other physiological parameters at a positive pressure breathing of 30 mm Hg at sea level and of 125--130 mm Hg at an altitude of 25,000 m at rest and while exercising were recorded. High altitude facilities and pneumotachograph were modified to meet the experimental requirements. The changes in pneumotachographic readings depended on the excess intrapulmonary pressure, its variations with respect to the respiratory stages, efficiency of the external counterpressure on the body, as well as motor activity of the test subjects. The pneumotachographic procedure allows qualitative and quantitative evaluations of external respiration upon excess intrapulmonary pressure, and study of the mechanism of these changes supported by other physiological methods.", "contents": "[Characteristics of human external respiration under excess intrapulmonary pressure under sea level and \"altitude\" conditions according to pneumotachographic data]. In 54 pressure chamber experiments 12 healthy male test subjects took part. Their pneumotachograms and other physiological parameters at a positive pressure breathing of 30 mm Hg at sea level and of 125--130 mm Hg at an altitude of 25,000 m at rest and while exercising were recorded. High altitude facilities and pneumotachograph were modified to meet the experimental requirements. The changes in pneumotachographic readings depended on the excess intrapulmonary pressure, its variations with respect to the respiratory stages, efficiency of the external counterpressure on the body, as well as motor activity of the test subjects. The pneumotachographic procedure allows qualitative and quantitative evaluations of external respiration upon excess intrapulmonary pressure, and study of the mechanism of these changes supported by other physiological methods.", "PMID": 376936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3519", "title": "Determinants of glomerular localization of subepithelial immune deposits: effects of altered antigen to antibody ratio, steroids, vasoactive amine antagonists, and aminonucleoside of puromycin on passive Heymann nephritis in rats.", "content": "The role of circulating immune complex deposition versus in situ complex formation in membranous nephropathy is controversial. Passive Heymann nephritis in rats resembles membranous nephropathy in man and was induced by injection of sheep antibody to rat proximal tubular epithelial cell brush border antigen (anti-Fx1A). Minutes after injection of 1 ml. of anti-Fx1A, subepithelial immune deposits were seen by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, and proteinuria appeared within 5 days. The effects of alterations in the dose of administered antibody, corticosteroid therapy, and vasoactive amine blockade on the development of subepithelial deposits and consequent proteinura were studied. Variation of the dose of anti-Fx1A from 0.25 ml. to 1 ml. resulted in a progressive increase in the size and number of glomerular capillary wall deposits, but no alterations in their distribution. Only those rats which received 1 ml. became proteinuric within 5 days. Corticosteroid therapy and vasoactive amine blockade, begun 24 hours prior to the induction of passive Heymann nephritis and continued until termination of the study 5 days later, had no effect on the amount or site of immune complex formation, nor on the extent of proteinuria as compared to untreated controls. In contrast, in rats with unilateral proteinuria produced by the selective perfusion of one kidney with aminonucleoside of puromycin 7 days prior to the induction of passive Heymann nephritis, there was a marked reduction of subepithelial deposits in the perfused kidney as compared to the nonperfused contralateral kidney. In this model of membranous nephropathy, systemic factors play little role in the development of subepithelial deposits, whereas local factors are critical. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that subepithelial immune deposits form locally.", "contents": "Determinants of glomerular localization of subepithelial immune deposits: effects of altered antigen to antibody ratio, steroids, vasoactive amine antagonists, and aminonucleoside of puromycin on passive Heymann nephritis in rats. The role of circulating immune complex deposition versus in situ complex formation in membranous nephropathy is controversial. Passive Heymann nephritis in rats resembles membranous nephropathy in man and was induced by injection of sheep antibody to rat proximal tubular epithelial cell brush border antigen (anti-Fx1A). Minutes after injection of 1 ml. of anti-Fx1A, subepithelial immune deposits were seen by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, and proteinuria appeared within 5 days. The effects of alterations in the dose of administered antibody, corticosteroid therapy, and vasoactive amine blockade on the development of subepithelial deposits and consequent proteinura were studied. Variation of the dose of anti-Fx1A from 0.25 ml. to 1 ml. resulted in a progressive increase in the size and number of glomerular capillary wall deposits, but no alterations in their distribution. Only those rats which received 1 ml. became proteinuric within 5 days. Corticosteroid therapy and vasoactive amine blockade, begun 24 hours prior to the induction of passive Heymann nephritis and continued until termination of the study 5 days later, had no effect on the amount or site of immune complex formation, nor on the extent of proteinuria as compared to untreated controls. In contrast, in rats with unilateral proteinuria produced by the selective perfusion of one kidney with aminonucleoside of puromycin 7 days prior to the induction of passive Heymann nephritis, there was a marked reduction of subepithelial deposits in the perfused kidney as compared to the nonperfused contralateral kidney. In this model of membranous nephropathy, systemic factors play little role in the development of subepithelial deposits, whereas local factors are critical. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that subepithelial immune deposits form locally.", "PMID": 376941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3520", "title": "The role of macrophages in leprosy as studied by protein synthesis of macrophages from resistant and susceptible hosts--a mouse and human study.", "content": "3H-leucine uptake by macrophages from swiss white and C57BL mice before and after M. leprae infection was studied. A depression in 3H-leucine uptake after infection was observed only in swiss white mice. 3H-leucine uptake was also studied in blood derived macrophages from normals, and LL and TT patients. A depression was obtained in 3H-leucine uptake after M. leprae infection in macrophages from LL patients.", "contents": "The role of macrophages in leprosy as studied by protein synthesis of macrophages from resistant and susceptible hosts--a mouse and human study. 3H-leucine uptake by macrophages from swiss white and C57BL mice before and after M. leprae infection was studied. A depression in 3H-leucine uptake after infection was observed only in swiss white mice. 3H-leucine uptake was also studied in blood derived macrophages from normals, and LL and TT patients. A depression was obtained in 3H-leucine uptake after M. leprae infection in macrophages from LL patients.", "PMID": 376943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3521", "title": "Histopathologic study of clinically normal appearing skin in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Skin biopsies from clinically normal skin of the scalp, axillary and groin regions in 20 lepromatous leprosy patients revealed significant histopathological findings in upto 25 percent of the patients. The positive findings could, perhaps, be enhanced by studying larger skin materials from these body areas. Indeed, no skin area appears to be immune from invasion by Myco. leprae.", "contents": "Histopathologic study of clinically normal appearing skin in lepromatous leprosy. Skin biopsies from clinically normal skin of the scalp, axillary and groin regions in 20 lepromatous leprosy patients revealed significant histopathological findings in upto 25 percent of the patients. The positive findings could, perhaps, be enhanced by studying larger skin materials from these body areas. Indeed, no skin area appears to be immune from invasion by Myco. leprae.", "PMID": 376944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3522", "title": "The significance of changes in the nasal mucosa in indeterminate, tuberculoid and borderline leprosy.", "content": "A study of nasal biopsies from 137 leprosy patients classified on the basis of clinical, microbiological and skin biopsy as Indeterminate, Tuberculoid, Borderline-tuberculoid and Borderline-leproma was undertaken. Changes suggestive of leprosy viz., nerve and smooth muscle inflammation with a few acid fast bacilli in a proportion of the biopsies were seen in all groups of patients examined. This suggests, that even in Indeterminate and Tuberculoid leprosy the disease becomes generalised by the time clinical manifestations appear in skin. Tuberculoid granuloma was seen in two nasal biopsies from Borderline-tuberculoid leprosy patients, one of which was located in the wall of a vein, suggesting the possibility of intravascular dissemination of the disease even in non-lepromatous leprosy. 33 of the patients were children 15 years and below and they also showed changes such as nerve and smooth muscle inflammation but bacilli were seen only in the Borderline group. These findings suggest involvement of the nasal mucosa early in the course of the disease as 70% of the children had the skin lesion for less than one year. The nasal mucosa offers favourable conditions for the growth of the organisms and is readily accessible to infection by droplets, and therefore, it could be one of the primary sites of involvement in leprosy.", "contents": "The significance of changes in the nasal mucosa in indeterminate, tuberculoid and borderline leprosy. A study of nasal biopsies from 137 leprosy patients classified on the basis of clinical, microbiological and skin biopsy as Indeterminate, Tuberculoid, Borderline-tuberculoid and Borderline-leproma was undertaken. Changes suggestive of leprosy viz., nerve and smooth muscle inflammation with a few acid fast bacilli in a proportion of the biopsies were seen in all groups of patients examined. This suggests, that even in Indeterminate and Tuberculoid leprosy the disease becomes generalised by the time clinical manifestations appear in skin. Tuberculoid granuloma was seen in two nasal biopsies from Borderline-tuberculoid leprosy patients, one of which was located in the wall of a vein, suggesting the possibility of intravascular dissemination of the disease even in non-lepromatous leprosy. 33 of the patients were children 15 years and below and they also showed changes such as nerve and smooth muscle inflammation but bacilli were seen only in the Borderline group. These findings suggest involvement of the nasal mucosa early in the course of the disease as 70% of the children had the skin lesion for less than one year. The nasal mucosa offers favourable conditions for the growth of the organisms and is readily accessible to infection by droplets, and therefore, it could be one of the primary sites of involvement in leprosy.", "PMID": 376945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3523", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcomas: a phase III study.", "content": "A total of 144 patients with advanced sarcomas were entered into a randomized prospective protocol with four treatment arms utilizing different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents. Of these, 120 patients (83%) were judged acceptable. Treatment  1: actinomycin-D (Act-D), 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM), 4 mg PO, days 1--10 every six weeks. Treatment  2: Act-D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; L-PAM, 4 mg PO, days 1--10; vincristine, 1 mg IV, days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, repeat every six weeks. Treatment  3: Act-D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; L-PAM, 4 mg PO, DAYS 1--10; NSC-1026, 200 mg/kg IV, days 1--6. Treatment  4: Adriamycin, 0.4 mg/kg IV, days 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, then 2XWK starting day 15 (max. 1,200 mg). There was a provision that upon progression of the disease in the first three treatment regimens, patients would be crossed over to Treatment  4. Responses were as follows:  1 - Partial Response (PR) 1/25; No Change (NC) 9/25 (36%). gF2 - NC 17/26 (65%).  3 - NC 13/25 (52%).  4 - Complete Response (CR) 1/41; PR 6/41; (15%); NC 27/41 (66%). Clearly Treatment  4 was the best arm, with a 17% response rate and an initial progression rate of 17%. The only other response was a partial in  1. The difference is statistically significant (H = 17.247, P = 0.0006). If the responders to Adriamycin were analyzed without crossovers, the response rate would be 22% (6/27). (H =  14.079, P = 0.003). Median times to progression were 12.5, 8.7 weeks for  1 and  2, and 5 weeks for  3 and  4. There was no significant difference in the median survival times among the four treatment arms. It appears that Adriamycin as a single drug is superior to the drug combinations and would probably be even more effective used in combination with known active agents.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcomas: a phase III study. A total of 144 patients with advanced sarcomas were entered into a randomized prospective protocol with four treatment arms utilizing different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents. Of these, 120 patients (83%) were judged acceptable. Treatment  1: actinomycin-D (Act-D), 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM), 4 mg PO, days 1--10 every six weeks. Treatment  2: Act-D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; L-PAM, 4 mg PO, days 1--10; vincristine, 1 mg IV, days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, repeat every six weeks. Treatment  3: Act-D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1--5; L-PAM, 4 mg PO, DAYS 1--10; NSC-1026, 200 mg/kg IV, days 1--6. Treatment  4: Adriamycin, 0.4 mg/kg IV, days 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, then 2XWK starting day 15 (max. 1,200 mg). There was a provision that upon progression of the disease in the first three treatment regimens, patients would be crossed over to Treatment  4. Responses were as follows:  1 - Partial Response (PR) 1/25; No Change (NC) 9/25 (36%). gF2 - NC 17/26 (65%).  3 - NC 13/25 (52%).  4 - Complete Response (CR) 1/41; PR 6/41; (15%); NC 27/41 (66%). Clearly Treatment  4 was the best arm, with a 17% response rate and an initial progression rate of 17%. The only other response was a partial in  1. The difference is statistically significant (H = 17.247, P = 0.0006). If the responders to Adriamycin were analyzed without crossovers, the response rate would be 22% (6/27). (H =  14.079, P = 0.003). Median times to progression were 12.5, 8.7 weeks for  1 and  2, and 5 weeks for  3 and  4. There was no significant difference in the median survival times among the four treatment arms. It appears that Adriamycin as a single drug is superior to the drug combinations and would probably be even more effective used in combination with known active agents.", "PMID": 376950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3524", "title": "Differential lung blood flows in experimental unilateral emphysema: nonvalidity of perfusion scans.", "content": "As part of an evaluation of the effects of left lung transplantation in dogs with papain emphysema of the right lung, differential lung blood flows were estimated by in vivo scintiscan of 99Mc-macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) and, after sacrifice, by direct counting of isotopically labeled carbonized microspheres. In six dogs, percentage flow to the right lung was calculated at the following four times: before and after induction of papain emphysema and 2 and 6 weeks after left lung autotransplantation. After the induction of right lung emphysema, the right lung in four of six animals continued to receive more than 50 percent of the total pulmonary blood flow. No correlation could be established between right lung blood flow determined by carbonized microsphere distribution (true right lung blood flow) and the flow determined by anterior and posterior scintiscans (apparent right lung blood flow). This discrepancy was caused by gross distortion of the right, emphysematous lungs, which had herniated into the left hemithoraces. This herniation was demonstrated by coronal slices taken through the thoraces of two additional dogs with right lung emphysema that were given radiolabeled carbonized microspheres and 99Tc-MAA and frozen after sacrifice. These results indicate that external scintiscans for which the particulate distribution technique are used are invalid in circumstances of altered lung geometry.", "contents": "Differential lung blood flows in experimental unilateral emphysema: nonvalidity of perfusion scans. As part of an evaluation of the effects of left lung transplantation in dogs with papain emphysema of the right lung, differential lung blood flows were estimated by in vivo scintiscan of 99Mc-macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) and, after sacrifice, by direct counting of isotopically labeled carbonized microspheres. In six dogs, percentage flow to the right lung was calculated at the following four times: before and after induction of papain emphysema and 2 and 6 weeks after left lung autotransplantation. After the induction of right lung emphysema, the right lung in four of six animals continued to receive more than 50 percent of the total pulmonary blood flow. No correlation could be established between right lung blood flow determined by carbonized microsphere distribution (true right lung blood flow) and the flow determined by anterior and posterior scintiscans (apparent right lung blood flow). This discrepancy was caused by gross distortion of the right, emphysematous lungs, which had herniated into the left hemithoraces. This herniation was demonstrated by coronal slices taken through the thoraces of two additional dogs with right lung emphysema that were given radiolabeled carbonized microspheres and 99Tc-MAA and frozen after sacrifice. These results indicate that external scintiscans for which the particulate distribution technique are used are invalid in circumstances of altered lung geometry.", "PMID": 376952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3525", "title": "Pectus carinatum.", "content": "In the mirror of the pertinent literature, we present our experiences gained in 161 operations for pectus carinatum. The Type I (keel chest) deformity is corrected by bilateral resection of the costal cartilages, transverse osteotomy of the sternum, detachment of the xiphoid process, and resection of the lower end of the body of the sternum. The sternum is maintained in its corrected position by utilizing the pulling force of the rectus muscles through the reattached xiphoid and by tacking the pectoralis muscles together in front of the breast bone. Type II (pouter pigeon breast) is handled by double transverse osteotomy, chiseling off the protuberant portion of the strernomanuberial junction, and by supporting the lower sternal body with either the suspended xiphoid process or with Marlex mesh. Limited forms of Type III  (asymmetrical or lateral pectus carinatum) are managed with simple resection of the involved cartilages only. If the anomaly is more extensive, bilateral resection of the cartilages and correction of the sternal axis is carried out.", "contents": "Pectus carinatum. In the mirror of the pertinent literature, we present our experiences gained in 161 operations for pectus carinatum. The Type I (keel chest) deformity is corrected by bilateral resection of the costal cartilages, transverse osteotomy of the sternum, detachment of the xiphoid process, and resection of the lower end of the body of the sternum. The sternum is maintained in its corrected position by utilizing the pulling force of the rectus muscles through the reattached xiphoid and by tacking the pectoralis muscles together in front of the breast bone. Type II (pouter pigeon breast) is handled by double transverse osteotomy, chiseling off the protuberant portion of the strernomanuberial junction, and by supporting the lower sternal body with either the suspended xiphoid process or with Marlex mesh. Limited forms of Type III  (asymmetrical or lateral pectus carinatum) are managed with simple resection of the involved cartilages only. If the anomaly is more extensive, bilateral resection of the cartilages and correction of the sternal axis is carried out.", "PMID": 376953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3526", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in thoracic duct lymph during canine experimental shock.", "content": "Changes of the body fluid exchange and of the composition of metabolites in the hepatosplanchnic area in canine hemorrhagic and endotoxin or septic shock models were studied by investigating the qualitative and quantitative changes in thoracic duct lymph draining from abdominal organs. In the present study, it might be summarized that the changes in the flow rate and composition of thoracic duct lymph were put forward to much more directly and apparently indicate the degree of hepatosplanchnic cellular impairment in canine experimental shock than in the circulating blood.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in thoracic duct lymph during canine experimental shock. Changes of the body fluid exchange and of the composition of metabolites in the hepatosplanchnic area in canine hemorrhagic and endotoxin or septic shock models were studied by investigating the qualitative and quantitative changes in thoracic duct lymph draining from abdominal organs. In the present study, it might be summarized that the changes in the flow rate and composition of thoracic duct lymph were put forward to much more directly and apparently indicate the degree of hepatosplanchnic cellular impairment in canine experimental shock than in the circulating blood.", "PMID": 376961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3527", "title": "Error propagation in viable cells.", "content": "Error propagation is the process, predicted by theoretical models, whereby errors in translating the genetic code will beget fresh errors in successive generations. It has been postulated that error propagation may underly the mortality of cells which display clonal senescence. We have demonstrated the occurrence of error propagation in viable cells of E. coli during growth in a low concentration of streptomycin, a drug which promotes ribosomal ambiguity. We monitored error propagation by measuring mistranslation of a specific UAA codon, and measured viability by direct enumeration of both live and dead cells through a sensitive microscopic technique. We find that the error frequency may be artificially increased by at least an order of magnitude without generating any detectable increase in the proportion of dead cells or of cells whose descendents are doomed to clonal senescence. The error frequency increases gradually over the course of a few generations, in qualitative agreement with the notion of error propagation, and eventually stabilizes at a constant value much higher than normal. The kinetics of this increase agree quantitatively with the Hoffman-Kirkwood and Holliday formulation of error propagation, for parameter values which dictate convergence to a stable error frequency. This convergent behaviour, under conditions of enhanced mistranslation, demonstrates that the normal parameters are well removed from the region of instability in error propagation; even an order of magnitude increase in mistranslation does not tip the translation system into the unstable mode which has been postulated to underly cell senescence. Thus, the error catastrophe theory of cell senescence cannot apply to the translation system of bacteria. We have reviewed experimental data on the fidelity of translation in somatic cells of higher organisms which militate against the notion that the translation system in these cell types could be much closer to the region of instability than in bacteria. These considerations controvert the error catastrophe theory of cell senescence.", "contents": "Error propagation in viable cells. Error propagation is the process, predicted by theoretical models, whereby errors in translating the genetic code will beget fresh errors in successive generations. It has been postulated that error propagation may underly the mortality of cells which display clonal senescence. We have demonstrated the occurrence of error propagation in viable cells of E. coli during growth in a low concentration of streptomycin, a drug which promotes ribosomal ambiguity. We monitored error propagation by measuring mistranslation of a specific UAA codon, and measured viability by direct enumeration of both live and dead cells through a sensitive microscopic technique. We find that the error frequency may be artificially increased by at least an order of magnitude without generating any detectable increase in the proportion of dead cells or of cells whose descendents are doomed to clonal senescence. The error frequency increases gradually over the course of a few generations, in qualitative agreement with the notion of error propagation, and eventually stabilizes at a constant value much higher than normal. The kinetics of this increase agree quantitatively with the Hoffman-Kirkwood and Holliday formulation of error propagation, for parameter values which dictate convergence to a stable error frequency. This convergent behaviour, under conditions of enhanced mistranslation, demonstrates that the normal parameters are well removed from the region of instability in error propagation; even an order of magnitude increase in mistranslation does not tip the translation system into the unstable mode which has been postulated to underly cell senescence. Thus, the error catastrophe theory of cell senescence cannot apply to the translation system of bacteria. We have reviewed experimental data on the fidelity of translation in somatic cells of higher organisms which militate against the notion that the translation system in these cell types could be much closer to the region of instability than in bacteria. These considerations controvert the error catastrophe theory of cell senescence.", "PMID": 376963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3528", "title": "Dissociation of the effects of nicotinic acid on vasodilatation and lipolysis by a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, in man.", "content": "The effects of nicotinic acid on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and forearm blood flow were studied in seven healthy fasting volunteers with and without pretreatment by indomethacin to see if some effects of nicotinic acid are mediated by release of endogenous prostaglandin. 1 g of nicotinic acid per os decreased plasma FFA concentration to a lowest value of 1/4 of initial level and increased forearm blood flow four times. When the same dose of nicotinic acid was given after pretreatment with indomethacin, the blood flow increase was only 1/3 of that without indomethacin. Indomethacin did not alter the rapid initial decrease in plasma FFA, although the period of low FFA concentration was shortened and the rebound to supranormal concentration was abolished. Thus the vasodilatory effect of nicotinic acid seems to be mediated by release of endogenous prostaglandin while the inhibition of lipolysis by the drug is mainly produced by other mechanisms.", "contents": "Dissociation of the effects of nicotinic acid on vasodilatation and lipolysis by a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, in man. The effects of nicotinic acid on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and forearm blood flow were studied in seven healthy fasting volunteers with and without pretreatment by indomethacin to see if some effects of nicotinic acid are mediated by release of endogenous prostaglandin. 1 g of nicotinic acid per os decreased plasma FFA concentration to a lowest value of 1/4 of initial level and increased forearm blood flow four times. When the same dose of nicotinic acid was given after pretreatment with indomethacin, the blood flow increase was only 1/3 of that without indomethacin. Indomethacin did not alter the rapid initial decrease in plasma FFA, although the period of low FFA concentration was shortened and the rebound to supranormal concentration was abolished. Thus the vasodilatory effect of nicotinic acid seems to be mediated by release of endogenous prostaglandin while the inhibition of lipolysis by the drug is mainly produced by other mechanisms.", "PMID": 376964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3529", "title": "Hypothalamic hormones and behaviour.", "content": "In recent years evidence has accumulated that hypothalamic hormones may influence behaviour directly, independently of their hypophysiotropic effects. Such a dual role has also been shown for several peptide hormones of pituitary and peripheral origin. The present synopsis is concerned with the effects of neuropeptides on spontaneous behaviour, acquired responses in certain psychological test situations, and drug-induced behavioural effects. A growing body of evidence suggests, that neuropeptides are involved in different behavioural processes. Some peptides selectively influence behaviours such as feeding, drinking, sexual responses etc. Other neuropeptides seem to influence behaviour by acting on processes which are a common integral part of the production of behaviour, namely the ability to receive environmental stimuli, to consolidate, retain and retrieve information. The insight into these mechanisms is important for the understanding of mental disturbances and in order to find specific therapy.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hormones and behaviour. In recent years evidence has accumulated that hypothalamic hormones may influence behaviour directly, independently of their hypophysiotropic effects. Such a dual role has also been shown for several peptide hormones of pituitary and peripheral origin. The present synopsis is concerned with the effects of neuropeptides on spontaneous behaviour, acquired responses in certain psychological test situations, and drug-induced behavioural effects. A growing body of evidence suggests, that neuropeptides are involved in different behavioural processes. Some peptides selectively influence behaviours such as feeding, drinking, sexual responses etc. Other neuropeptides seem to influence behaviour by acting on processes which are a common integral part of the production of behaviour, namely the ability to receive environmental stimuli, to consolidate, retain and retrieve information. The insight into these mechanisms is important for the understanding of mental disturbances and in order to find specific therapy.", "PMID": 376965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3530", "title": "Reassessing the early effect of concurrent review on length of stay: Illinois, 1971--72.", "content": "The Hospital Admission and Surveillance Program (HASP) was a pre-PSRO program in Illinois. Established in February 1972, its objective was to reduce the cost of care given to Medicaid beneficiaries in that state. HASP approved length of stay (L.O.S.) on a prospective only basis, so that all Medicaid patients were reported promptly on admission. During 1972, the Illinois Medicaid program was rapidly expanding in patient volume, but not in scope of services. This study compares patients admitted to 46 hospitals in Illinois before and after the establishment of HASP. To adjust for changes in case mix between the two periods, each patient was matched for age, diagnosis and illness severity with patients in an appropriate comparison group. The complex process of matching raised the likelihood that changes in L.O.S. were caused by HASP's activities and not by other factors. L.O.S. fell significantly more for Medicaid than for non-Medicaid patients. In addition, the mix of diagnoses changed more markedly for Medicaid than non-Medicaid patients, emphasizing the need for case mix adjustments in this before-and-after study. Some findings suggest that the \"post-HASP\" admissions had the greater need for hospital care; this trend affected both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients, however, The combined evidence suggests that concurrent review, as implemented by HASP, helped shorten L.O.S. in 1972. Whether quality of care changed was not studied.", "contents": "Reassessing the early effect of concurrent review on length of stay: Illinois, 1971--72. The Hospital Admission and Surveillance Program (HASP) was a pre-PSRO program in Illinois. Established in February 1972, its objective was to reduce the cost of care given to Medicaid beneficiaries in that state. HASP approved length of stay (L.O.S.) on a prospective only basis, so that all Medicaid patients were reported promptly on admission. During 1972, the Illinois Medicaid program was rapidly expanding in patient volume, but not in scope of services. This study compares patients admitted to 46 hospitals in Illinois before and after the establishment of HASP. To adjust for changes in case mix between the two periods, each patient was matched for age, diagnosis and illness severity with patients in an appropriate comparison group. The complex process of matching raised the likelihood that changes in L.O.S. were caused by HASP's activities and not by other factors. L.O.S. fell significantly more for Medicaid than for non-Medicaid patients. In addition, the mix of diagnoses changed more markedly for Medicaid than non-Medicaid patients, emphasizing the need for case mix adjustments in this before-and-after study. Some findings suggest that the \"post-HASP\" admissions had the greater need for hospital care; this trend affected both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients, however, The combined evidence suggests that concurrent review, as implemented by HASP, helped shorten L.O.S. in 1972. Whether quality of care changed was not studied.", "PMID": 376966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3531", "title": "Carrier discretionary practices and physician payment under Medicare Part B: a preliminary report.", "content": "Although Medicare is a national program, administration of Part B payments to physicians is in the hands of insurance organizations in ten Medicare regions. The carriers follow varying practices in using actual charges within localities as the basis for determining reasonable charges for physicians' services. While some of these practices have already been shown to influence fee levels, reasonable charge determination involves many more whose influence has not been systematically studied. This paper reviews preliminary findings from a study which examines carrier differences in discretionary practices as to specialties, localities and other claims data that may be merged or compared with Medicare data in determining customary and prevailing prices used to set limits on Medicare payments, and other practices reported in an official questionnaire to carriers. The effect on fee levels and other measures of program performance is being studied after taking into account social, economic and health resource variables extracted from the Area Resource File, that are expected to influence local medical prices through the demand for and supply of physicians' services. Dependent variables representing fees are the 50th percentile of the distribution of weighted customary charges of individual physicians in an area and Supplementary Medical Insurance expenditure per enrollee. The preliminary findings in this paper concern discretionary practices, socioeconomic variables and fee distributions.", "contents": "Carrier discretionary practices and physician payment under Medicare Part B: a preliminary report. Although Medicare is a national program, administration of Part B payments to physicians is in the hands of insurance organizations in ten Medicare regions. The carriers follow varying practices in using actual charges within localities as the basis for determining reasonable charges for physicians' services. While some of these practices have already been shown to influence fee levels, reasonable charge determination involves many more whose influence has not been systematically studied. This paper reviews preliminary findings from a study which examines carrier differences in discretionary practices as to specialties, localities and other claims data that may be merged or compared with Medicare data in determining customary and prevailing prices used to set limits on Medicare payments, and other practices reported in an official questionnaire to carriers. The effect on fee levels and other measures of program performance is being studied after taking into account social, economic and health resource variables extracted from the Area Resource File, that are expected to influence local medical prices through the demand for and supply of physicians' services. Dependent variables representing fees are the 50th percentile of the distribution of weighted customary charges of individual physicians in an area and Supplementary Medical Insurance expenditure per enrollee. The preliminary findings in this paper concern discretionary practices, socioeconomic variables and fee distributions.", "PMID": 376967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3532", "title": "Injury and repair of liver cells.", "content": "Alterations in hepatocytes, progressing to necrosis, are the morphologic basis for the main clinical manifestations and aberrations in hepatic test results in acute and chronic liver disease. The light-microscopic manifestations of hepatocellular injury, the mechanisms of necrosis, the light-microscopic features of repair and regeneration, and the applications of histologic alterations to the management and prognosis of liver disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Injury and repair of liver cells. Alterations in hepatocytes, progressing to necrosis, are the morphologic basis for the main clinical manifestations and aberrations in hepatic test results in acute and chronic liver disease. The light-microscopic manifestations of hepatocellular injury, the mechanisms of necrosis, the light-microscopic features of repair and regeneration, and the applications of histologic alterations to the management and prognosis of liver disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 376968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3533", "title": "Host resistance in liver disease--its evaluation and therapeutic modification.", "content": "We have attempted to review some of the factors involved in host resistance and the variations in the individual responses to the infectious and noxious agents to which we are increasingly exposed. Few treatment modalities are available to favorably influence host resistance, but clearly, this approach to the treatment of liver disease represents an opportunity for the future.", "contents": "Host resistance in liver disease--its evaluation and therapeutic modification. We have attempted to review some of the factors involved in host resistance and the variations in the individual responses to the infectious and noxious agents to which we are increasingly exposed. Few treatment modalities are available to favorably influence host resistance, but clearly, this approach to the treatment of liver disease represents an opportunity for the future.", "PMID": 376969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3534", "title": "Liver transplantation.", "content": "This assessment of the role of liver transplantation in treating end-stage liver disease today is based on two major series, one from Denver and the other from the Cambridge/Kings College Hospital, England. The findings of these groups are highlighted, as are the changes in technique that have led to considerably improved survival in the past two years.", "contents": "Liver transplantation. This assessment of the role of liver transplantation in treating end-stage liver disease today is based on two major series, one from Denver and the other from the Cambridge/Kings College Hospital, England. The findings of these groups are highlighted, as are the changes in technique that have led to considerably improved survival in the past two years.", "PMID": 376970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3535", "title": "Studies of nucleic acid and collagen synthesis: current status in assessing liver repair.", "content": "Much progress has been made in delineating biochemical, physiologic and morpholigic events in liver regeneration and collagen synthesis. Pharmacologic agents have been purported to be helpful in facilitating repair and preventing fibrosis. Objective indices are now available to monitor their effectiveness in man.", "contents": "Studies of nucleic acid and collagen synthesis: current status in assessing liver repair. Much progress has been made in delineating biochemical, physiologic and morpholigic events in liver regeneration and collagen synthesis. Pharmacologic agents have been purported to be helpful in facilitating repair and preventing fibrosis. Objective indices are now available to monitor their effectiveness in man.", "PMID": 376971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3536", "title": "Advances in the management of bile duct obstruction: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Jaundice can be diagnosed anatomically and frequently histopathologically without laparotomy by radiologic and endoscopic techniques, combined with biopsy or cytology. Benign and malignant causes of bile duct obstruction can be managed by endoscopic and radiologic methods with reduced morbidity and mortality, displacing abdominal operation for many entities. Even unresectable or inoperable lesions can be effectively palliated by these new techniques.", "contents": "Advances in the management of bile duct obstruction: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Jaundice can be diagnosed anatomically and frequently histopathologically without laparotomy by radiologic and endoscopic techniques, combined with biopsy or cytology. Benign and malignant causes of bile duct obstruction can be managed by endoscopic and radiologic methods with reduced morbidity and mortality, displacing abdominal operation for many entities. Even unresectable or inoperable lesions can be effectively palliated by these new techniques.", "PMID": 376972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3537", "title": "Viral hepatitis: progress and problems.", "content": "The recognition of viral hepatitis has been facilitated by the use of serologic studies for types A, B, and non-A, non-B. The course is best determined by serum enzyme determinations, followed by clearance studies of bile acids or dyes once the serum enzymes return to normal. In patients with persisting clinical or biochemical abnormalities and those in which the nature of the disease is not known, liver biopsy should be done.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis: progress and problems. The recognition of viral hepatitis has been facilitated by the use of serologic studies for types A, B, and non-A, non-B. The course is best determined by serum enzyme determinations, followed by clearance studies of bile acids or dyes once the serum enzymes return to normal. In patients with persisting clinical or biochemical abnormalities and those in which the nature of the disease is not known, liver biopsy should be done.", "PMID": 376973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3538", "title": "Clearance tests of liver function.", "content": "Measurement of the clearance of substances removed from the circulation primarily by the liver, which depends on the uptake, storage, and excretory capacity of the liver, provides the most sensitive, specific, and reliable test for hepatic function. Since serum enzymes and other tests of liver function do not permit detection of early phase injury or provide information on progress, and since the use of sulfobromophthalein has been discontinued because of occasional fatal reactions, substitutes are necessary. Clearance of indocyanine green, bile acid, and exogenous metabolites such as galactose, protein, and aminopyrine are reviewed.", "contents": "Clearance tests of liver function. Measurement of the clearance of substances removed from the circulation primarily by the liver, which depends on the uptake, storage, and excretory capacity of the liver, provides the most sensitive, specific, and reliable test for hepatic function. Since serum enzymes and other tests of liver function do not permit detection of early phase injury or provide information on progress, and since the use of sulfobromophthalein has been discontinued because of occasional fatal reactions, substitutes are necessary. Clearance of indocyanine green, bile acid, and exogenous metabolites such as galactose, protein, and aminopyrine are reviewed.", "PMID": 376974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3539", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a human fibrin adhesive in head and neck surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical experiences in a timespan of two and a half years with a human fibrinogen concentrate in head and neck surgery are reported. In 49 patients with different bleeding disorders tonsillectomies, adenectomies and nasal dermoplasties (Osler's disease) were carried out. In these cases primary hemostasis due to the fibrin adhesive combined with an allogenic collagen implant could be obtained without any subsitution of the deficient blood clotting factors. In all these cases no complications could be observed. In other 193 cases which underwent a surgical treatment in the head and neck region (frontobasal and laterobasal fractures, rupture of the carotid artery, closure of perforations of the nasal septum and oroantral fistulas, different methods of skinmucosa- and nerve-grafting) the fibrin adhesive was successfully used.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a human fibrin adhesive in head and neck surgery (author's transl)]. Clinical experiences in a timespan of two and a half years with a human fibrinogen concentrate in head and neck surgery are reported. In 49 patients with different bleeding disorders tonsillectomies, adenectomies and nasal dermoplasties (Osler's disease) were carried out. In these cases primary hemostasis due to the fibrin adhesive combined with an allogenic collagen implant could be obtained without any subsitution of the deficient blood clotting factors. In all these cases no complications could be observed. In other 193 cases which underwent a surgical treatment in the head and neck region (frontobasal and laterobasal fractures, rupture of the carotid artery, closure of perforations of the nasal septum and oroantral fistulas, different methods of skinmucosa- and nerve-grafting) the fibrin adhesive was successfully used.", "PMID": 376983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3540", "title": "Assessement of surgical procedures for M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "There are numerous surgical procedures for the treatment of Meniere's disease, and the current status of their efficacy is controversial. A review of the literature is presented as a basis for the evaluation of the relative merit of these procedures. Emphasis is placed on endolymphatic sac procedures, sacculotomy, vestibular neurectomy and labyrinthectomy. Vestibular neurectomy and surgical labyrinthectomy provide high rates of improvement in vertigo. The hearing is frequently made worse by vestibular neurectomy. Endolymphatic sac procedures result in improvement in vertigo less frequently. They are most likely to improve hearing. Although sacculotomies are associated with improvement in vertigo in approximately 80% of patients, they are associated with high rates of hearing loss.", "contents": "Assessement of surgical procedures for M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. There are numerous surgical procedures for the treatment of Meniere's disease, and the current status of their efficacy is controversial. A review of the literature is presented as a basis for the evaluation of the relative merit of these procedures. Emphasis is placed on endolymphatic sac procedures, sacculotomy, vestibular neurectomy and labyrinthectomy. Vestibular neurectomy and surgical labyrinthectomy provide high rates of improvement in vertigo. The hearing is frequently made worse by vestibular neurectomy. Endolymphatic sac procedures result in improvement in vertigo less frequently. They are most likely to improve hearing. Although sacculotomies are associated with improvement in vertigo in approximately 80% of patients, they are associated with high rates of hearing loss.", "PMID": 376984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3541", "title": "The transseptal approach to lesions of the pituitary and parasellar regions.", "content": "In a series of 505 consecutive procedures, the transseptal-transsphenoidal pituitary operation has proved safe and effective. The overall mortality in this series is 1.39%. A wide variety of sphenoid and sellar lesions and nearly every pituitary adenoma have been found suitable for the exposure provided through the sublabial-transseptal approach. This statement rests on the premise that both the rhinologist's and the neurosurgeon's skills are optimally applied to each case. The role of the otorhinolaryngologist is defined in this paper, and the benefits of the team approach are explored. An interpretive history of the transsphenoidal approach is presented, and the evolution of the transseptal technique developed at the Mayo Clinic from 1972 to 1978 is reviewed. Emphasizing the rhinologic aspects, all details of the surgical technique are described and illustrated. Our experience with the special endocrine syndromes is also reviewed to spotlight clinical features that require individual consideration by the rhinologic surgeon.", "contents": "The transseptal approach to lesions of the pituitary and parasellar regions. In a series of 505 consecutive procedures, the transseptal-transsphenoidal pituitary operation has proved safe and effective. The overall mortality in this series is 1.39%. A wide variety of sphenoid and sellar lesions and nearly every pituitary adenoma have been found suitable for the exposure provided through the sublabial-transseptal approach. This statement rests on the premise that both the rhinologist's and the neurosurgeon's skills are optimally applied to each case. The role of the otorhinolaryngologist is defined in this paper, and the benefits of the team approach are explored. An interpretive history of the transsphenoidal approach is presented, and the evolution of the transseptal technique developed at the Mayo Clinic from 1972 to 1978 is reviewed. Emphasizing the rhinologic aspects, all details of the surgical technique are described and illustrated. Our experience with the special endocrine syndromes is also reviewed to spotlight clinical features that require individual consideration by the rhinologic surgeon.", "PMID": 376986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3542", "title": "The effect of aging on carbohydrate metabolism: a review of the English literature and a practical approach to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly.", "content": "There seems little doubt that the disposal of a glucose load is progressively impaired during aging. The mechanism(s) for this alteration remains unclear. Five possibilities have been raised: (1) poor diet, (2) physical inactivity, (3) decreased lean body mass in which to store the carbohydrate load, (4) decreased insulin secretion, and (5) insulin antagonism. Although poor diet and physical inactivity may contribute to some of the abnormal glucose tolerance tests of the older population, these two factors do not provide a full explanation. Diminished lean body mass may play some role but there is almost certainly an additional effect due to aging. A few papers have suggested that glucose-induced insulin secretion may be impaired as the population ages, but the bulk of studies in this area conclude that normal or increased amounts of insulin are released by the pancreatic beta-cell during aging. If abnormalities of insulin secretion exist, either in degree or timing, they are subtle and would not seem sufficient to account for the great number of older subjects who manifest impaired glucose tolerance. The evidence for insulin antagonism seems the strongest but the data are certainly not conclusive. In actuality, the aging effect on carbohydrate metabolism may be heterogeneous in nature. Either some or all of these five factors may contribute to the aging effect to varying degrees in individual subjects. Alternatively, the glucose intolerance of aging may represent a heterogeneous group of disorders. In any event, until better methods to identify possible subgroups of these subjects and/or a marker for diabetes mellitus independent of glucose concentration become available, this problem will remain difficult to resolve. Based on the currently available data, it seems prudent to diagnose diabetes mellitus only if fasting hyperglycemia is present.", "contents": "The effect of aging on carbohydrate metabolism: a review of the English literature and a practical approach to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. There seems little doubt that the disposal of a glucose load is progressively impaired during aging. The mechanism(s) for this alteration remains unclear. Five possibilities have been raised: (1) poor diet, (2) physical inactivity, (3) decreased lean body mass in which to store the carbohydrate load, (4) decreased insulin secretion, and (5) insulin antagonism. Although poor diet and physical inactivity may contribute to some of the abnormal glucose tolerance tests of the older population, these two factors do not provide a full explanation. Diminished lean body mass may play some role but there is almost certainly an additional effect due to aging. A few papers have suggested that glucose-induced insulin secretion may be impaired as the population ages, but the bulk of studies in this area conclude that normal or increased amounts of insulin are released by the pancreatic beta-cell during aging. If abnormalities of insulin secretion exist, either in degree or timing, they are subtle and would not seem sufficient to account for the great number of older subjects who manifest impaired glucose tolerance. The evidence for insulin antagonism seems the strongest but the data are certainly not conclusive. In actuality, the aging effect on carbohydrate metabolism may be heterogeneous in nature. Either some or all of these five factors may contribute to the aging effect to varying degrees in individual subjects. Alternatively, the glucose intolerance of aging may represent a heterogeneous group of disorders. In any event, until better methods to identify possible subgroups of these subjects and/or a marker for diabetes mellitus independent of glucose concentration become available, this problem will remain difficult to resolve. Based on the currently available data, it seems prudent to diagnose diabetes mellitus only if fasting hyperglycemia is present.", "PMID": 377005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3543", "title": "Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants auxotrophic for 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic for deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) were isolated and characterized. Two distinct classes of auxotrophs were obtained. One class had a simple requirement for dTMP and was analogous to thymine-requiring bacteria. The second class required dTMP, adenine, histidine and methionine and this complex nutritional phenotype was due to defects in folate metabolism. The dTMP-dependent growth of respiratory-competent grande auxotrophs was found to be markedly affected by media composition and carbon source. In the absence of dTMP thymineless death occurred in both mutant classes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants auxotrophic for 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate. Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic for deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) were isolated and characterized. Two distinct classes of auxotrophs were obtained. One class had a simple requirement for dTMP and was analogous to thymine-requiring bacteria. The second class required dTMP, adenine, histidine and methionine and this complex nutritional phenotype was due to defects in folate metabolism. The dTMP-dependent growth of respiratory-competent grande auxotrophs was found to be markedly affected by media composition and carbon source. In the absence of dTMP thymineless death occurred in both mutant classes.", "PMID": 377008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3544", "title": "Repetition of tetracycline resistance determinant genes on R plasmid pRSD1 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 30 megadalton (Mdal)-conjugative, fi- plasmid pRSD1 determines inducible tetracycline resistance (Tc) in Escherichia coli. As shown by restriction analysis, a 3.5 Mdal-EcoRI fragment of pRSD1 spliced into the small plasmid pRSD2124 comprises the entire Tc determinant (tet) region. A restriction map of pRSD1 is presented which includes the location of the tet region and of an \"underwound\" loop not related to Tc (Burkardt et al., 1978). Selective amplification of tet genes is demonstrated by three lines of evidence. (i) The resistance level of cell harbouring pRSD1 increases approximately tenfold by induction with 10 microgram/ml of tetracycline. Further growth in the presence of 100 microgram/ml of the drug (\"tetracycline stress\") selects for cells with even higher resistance levels (about 300 microgram/ml) in rec+ cells. In a recA strain, a smaller proportion of cells attains these high resistance levels suggesting the involvement of host recombination. (ii) Electron micrographs of pRSD1-DNA isolated from tetracycline-stressed cells reveal a heterogeneous population of circular DNA molecules ranging between 1.7 and 21.6 micron. The distribution of contour lengths shows a discrete pattern ascribed to the presence of autonomous single- and multiple-copy Tc determinants and to intact plasmids containing zero to six tet regions in tandem repeats. (iii) This interpretation is supported by heteroduplex and restriction analyses which demonstrate the presence of multiple copies of the 3.5 Mdal-element encompassing the tet region in pRSD1 molecules selected by tetracycline stress. It has been concluded that gene amplification leading to tandem repetition of the tet region ensues in pRSD1. Such plasmids confer increased tetracycline resistance and can, thefore, be selected by high doses of the drug.", "contents": "Repetition of tetracycline resistance determinant genes on R plasmid pRSD1 in Escherichia coli. The 30 megadalton (Mdal)-conjugative, fi- plasmid pRSD1 determines inducible tetracycline resistance (Tc) in Escherichia coli. As shown by restriction analysis, a 3.5 Mdal-EcoRI fragment of pRSD1 spliced into the small plasmid pRSD2124 comprises the entire Tc determinant (tet) region. A restriction map of pRSD1 is presented which includes the location of the tet region and of an \"underwound\" loop not related to Tc (Burkardt et al., 1978). Selective amplification of tet genes is demonstrated by three lines of evidence. (i) The resistance level of cell harbouring pRSD1 increases approximately tenfold by induction with 10 microgram/ml of tetracycline. Further growth in the presence of 100 microgram/ml of the drug (\"tetracycline stress\") selects for cells with even higher resistance levels (about 300 microgram/ml) in rec+ cells. In a recA strain, a smaller proportion of cells attains these high resistance levels suggesting the involvement of host recombination. (ii) Electron micrographs of pRSD1-DNA isolated from tetracycline-stressed cells reveal a heterogeneous population of circular DNA molecules ranging between 1.7 and 21.6 micron. The distribution of contour lengths shows a discrete pattern ascribed to the presence of autonomous single- and multiple-copy Tc determinants and to intact plasmids containing zero to six tet regions in tandem repeats. (iii) This interpretation is supported by heteroduplex and restriction analyses which demonstrate the presence of multiple copies of the 3.5 Mdal-element encompassing the tet region in pRSD1 molecules selected by tetracycline stress. It has been concluded that gene amplification leading to tandem repetition of the tet region ensues in pRSD1. Such plasmids confer increased tetracycline resistance and can, thefore, be selected by high doses of the drug.", "PMID": 377009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3545", "title": "Control of the initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. I. Negative control of initiation.", "content": "A transient stimulation of the initiation of DNA replication during inhibition of protein synthesis has been demonstrated in dnaA5 and dnaA46 mutants. This suggests the existence of a negatively acting control protein (not the dnaA product) which decays rapidly or is removed during a block in protein synthesis. The stimulation of initiation is dependent on a previous accumulation of initiation specific proteins, which suggests that in addition to the negative control other control mechanisms are effective.", "contents": "Control of the initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. I. Negative control of initiation. A transient stimulation of the initiation of DNA replication during inhibition of protein synthesis has been demonstrated in dnaA5 and dnaA46 mutants. This suggests the existence of a negatively acting control protein (not the dnaA product) which decays rapidly or is removed during a block in protein synthesis. The stimulation of initiation is dependent on a previous accumulation of initiation specific proteins, which suggests that in addition to the negative control other control mechanisms are effective.", "PMID": 377010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3546", "title": "Control of the initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. II. Function of the dnaA product.", "content": "General growth parameters and the kinetics of DNA replication have been determined in merogenotes carrying different combinations of the dnaA+ and the dnaA5 allele. The strain which is homozygous diploid for dnaA5 is different from all other combinations in cell volume, DNA per mass ratio, number of replication points per chromosome, and polymerization rate of DNA. From this we deduce that the dnaA product is a positively acting regulatory protein in initiation. In an appendix we show that in combinations between the dnaA5 and dnaA204 alleles the phenotype of dnaA5 is dominant.", "contents": "Control of the initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. II. Function of the dnaA product. General growth parameters and the kinetics of DNA replication have been determined in merogenotes carrying different combinations of the dnaA+ and the dnaA5 allele. The strain which is homozygous diploid for dnaA5 is different from all other combinations in cell volume, DNA per mass ratio, number of replication points per chromosome, and polymerization rate of DNA. From this we deduce that the dnaA product is a positively acting regulatory protein in initiation. In an appendix we show that in combinations between the dnaA5 and dnaA204 alleles the phenotype of dnaA5 is dominant.", "PMID": 377011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3547", "title": "Pathways for repair of DNA damaged by alkylating agent in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A strain with both the polA12 and the alk-1 mutation is only slightly more sensitive to methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) than isogenic strains with only one of the mutations. On the other hand, alk-1 recA1 double mutant is much more sensitive to MMS than are strains carrying either one of alk or recA mutation. It was suggested that the alk and the polA gene products are involved in the same DNA repair process whereas the recA function is independent from the process. The yield of MMS-induced mutation (Arg- (argE) to Arg+ reversion) in alk mutant is considerably higher than that in wild type strain. Thus, the repair process in which the alk gene product is involved is relatively accurate. When MMS-treated lambda phages were plated on MMS-treated bacteria, there were considerable increases in survival of treated phage even in recA alk double mutant. It seems that a new repair pathway, which is specific for alkylating agent-induced damages and is not dependent on the RecA function, may be induced on exposure of bacteria to the alkylating agent.", "contents": "Pathways for repair of DNA damaged by alkylating agent in Escherichia coli. A strain with both the polA12 and the alk-1 mutation is only slightly more sensitive to methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) than isogenic strains with only one of the mutations. On the other hand, alk-1 recA1 double mutant is much more sensitive to MMS than are strains carrying either one of alk or recA mutation. It was suggested that the alk and the polA gene products are involved in the same DNA repair process whereas the recA function is independent from the process. The yield of MMS-induced mutation (Arg- (argE) to Arg+ reversion) in alk mutant is considerably higher than that in wild type strain. Thus, the repair process in which the alk gene product is involved is relatively accurate. When MMS-treated lambda phages were plated on MMS-treated bacteria, there were considerable increases in survival of treated phage even in recA alk double mutant. It seems that a new repair pathway, which is specific for alkylating agent-induced damages and is not dependent on the RecA function, may be induced on exposure of bacteria to the alkylating agent.", "PMID": 377012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3548", "title": "Threonine deaminase: autogenous regulator of the ilv genes in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "In this paper we analyze the effect of mutations in three genes, ilvO, ilvA and rho, on the expression of the ilvEJGDA gene cluster of Escherichia coli K-12. The ilvO603 mutation causes a cis-dominant derepression of the ilvEJGDA genes. In particular, the ilvG gene, not expressed in the wild type, becomes expressed in the ilvO603 strain. We have introduced ilvA mutations (ilvA454 or ilvA628) in the ilvO603 strain and we show that ilvG expression requires the presence in cis of both an ilvO603 mutation and of an ilvA+ allele. The ilvG gene is not expressed when in trans is present an ilvO+, ilvA+ genotype. However, it is expressed when the chromosome in trans is ilvO603, ilvA+ (ilvG-). We suggest that ilvO603 is part of ilvA, the structural gene for threonine deaminase, and that threonine deaminase from the ilvO603 mutant binds the ilvO603 site and not the ilvO+ site. Therefore, the ilvA gene product would be a cis-acting protein. Mutations in the rho gene cause derepression of the ilvEJGDA gene cluster without a concomitant expression of the ilvG gene. We show that introduction of either a rho-218 or a rho-115 mutation into the ilvO603, ilvA454 double mutant causes expression of ilvG. We therefore suggest that the ilvA gene product, threonine deaminase, is involved in termination of transcription as an antagonist of the rho gene product. Introduction of ilvA454 into an ilvO603 strain causes also a decrease in expression of the ilvE, ilvJ and ilvD genes. This effect is maximum in the case of the ilvD gene and we studied it in detail in isogenic strains containing also the rho-218 mutation.", "contents": "Threonine deaminase: autogenous regulator of the ilv genes in Escherichia coli K-12. In this paper we analyze the effect of mutations in three genes, ilvO, ilvA and rho, on the expression of the ilvEJGDA gene cluster of Escherichia coli K-12. The ilvO603 mutation causes a cis-dominant derepression of the ilvEJGDA genes. In particular, the ilvG gene, not expressed in the wild type, becomes expressed in the ilvO603 strain. We have introduced ilvA mutations (ilvA454 or ilvA628) in the ilvO603 strain and we show that ilvG expression requires the presence in cis of both an ilvO603 mutation and of an ilvA+ allele. The ilvG gene is not expressed when in trans is present an ilvO+, ilvA+ genotype. However, it is expressed when the chromosome in trans is ilvO603, ilvA+ (ilvG-). We suggest that ilvO603 is part of ilvA, the structural gene for threonine deaminase, and that threonine deaminase from the ilvO603 mutant binds the ilvO603 site and not the ilvO+ site. Therefore, the ilvA gene product would be a cis-acting protein. Mutations in the rho gene cause derepression of the ilvEJGDA gene cluster without a concomitant expression of the ilvG gene. We show that introduction of either a rho-218 or a rho-115 mutation into the ilvO603, ilvA454 double mutant causes expression of ilvG. We therefore suggest that the ilvA gene product, threonine deaminase, is involved in termination of transcription as an antagonist of the rho gene product. Introduction of ilvA454 into an ilvO603 strain causes also a decrease in expression of the ilvE, ilvJ and ilvD genes. This effect is maximum in the case of the ilvD gene and we studied it in detail in isogenic strains containing also the rho-218 mutation.", "PMID": 377013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3549", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment from the replication origin of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd19.", "content": "The recombinant plasmid pRK101 contains a DNA fragment which carries the complete replication origin of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd-19 inserted into the vector plasmid pBR322. In a spontaneously arising mutant of this plasmid (pRK103) a deletion of about 215 base pairs (bp) has been detected by heteroduplex analysis and mapping with restriction endonucleases. Essential parts of the replication origin must be located in the deleted sequence. The deletion mutant pRK103, in contrast to its parent plasmid pRK101 is not replicated under the control of the R1 replicon, even when the R1 factor or copy mutants of it are present within the same cell. These latter plasmids can complement a plasmid-specific protein not coded by pRK101 but essential for R1-directed replication. The nucleotide sequence of a 252 bp HpaII fragment covering about 170--200 bp of the deletion was determined. This piece of DNA is rich in G and C and contains a series of small palindromes, symmetrically arranged repeated sequences and short selfcomplementary structures which may be of significance for the initiation of the DNA replication. The possiblity that the sequenced DNA fragment comprises a major part of the replication origin of R1drd-19 is discussed.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment from the replication origin of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd19. The recombinant plasmid pRK101 contains a DNA fragment which carries the complete replication origin of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd-19 inserted into the vector plasmid pBR322. In a spontaneously arising mutant of this plasmid (pRK103) a deletion of about 215 base pairs (bp) has been detected by heteroduplex analysis and mapping with restriction endonucleases. Essential parts of the replication origin must be located in the deleted sequence. The deletion mutant pRK103, in contrast to its parent plasmid pRK101 is not replicated under the control of the R1 replicon, even when the R1 factor or copy mutants of it are present within the same cell. These latter plasmids can complement a plasmid-specific protein not coded by pRK101 but essential for R1-directed replication. The nucleotide sequence of a 252 bp HpaII fragment covering about 170--200 bp of the deletion was determined. This piece of DNA is rich in G and C and contains a series of small palindromes, symmetrically arranged repeated sequences and short selfcomplementary structures which may be of significance for the initiation of the DNA replication. The possiblity that the sequenced DNA fragment comprises a major part of the replication origin of R1drd-19 is discussed.", "PMID": 377014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3550", "title": "Replication and maturation of phage P22 in a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium temperature sensitive in initiation of DNA replication.", "content": "TB37 is a dna A-mutant of Salmonella typhimurium in which the initiation of DNA replication at the origin is stopped at 42 degrees C. DNA synthesis in uninfected cells of this strain and in cells infected by phage P22 was followed by the pulse labelling technique. DNA replication ceases completely after about 50 minutes at the high temperature. After lytic infection with P22 (c2) at this time, DNA synthesis starts immediately and increases at a rate well comparable to the permissive control. Obviously the temperature sensitive function of the dnaA-product is dispensable for P22 DNA replication, especially for its initiation. This result is confirmed by the normal yield of phage particles under these conditions, provided that a late step in P22 maturation which naturally is temperature sensitive can proceed at low temperature. If TB37 is infected at 42 degrees C with P22 wild type, an unexpected high rate of phage controlled DNA synthesis is observed. Preliminary results seem to indicate that the process of integration is a prerequisite for part of this synthesis.", "contents": "Replication and maturation of phage P22 in a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium temperature sensitive in initiation of DNA replication. TB37 is a dna A-mutant of Salmonella typhimurium in which the initiation of DNA replication at the origin is stopped at 42 degrees C. DNA synthesis in uninfected cells of this strain and in cells infected by phage P22 was followed by the pulse labelling technique. DNA replication ceases completely after about 50 minutes at the high temperature. After lytic infection with P22 (c2) at this time, DNA synthesis starts immediately and increases at a rate well comparable to the permissive control. Obviously the temperature sensitive function of the dnaA-product is dispensable for P22 DNA replication, especially for its initiation. This result is confirmed by the normal yield of phage particles under these conditions, provided that a late step in P22 maturation which naturally is temperature sensitive can proceed at low temperature. If TB37 is infected at 42 degrees C with P22 wild type, an unexpected high rate of phage controlled DNA synthesis is observed. Preliminary results seem to indicate that the process of integration is a prerequisite for part of this synthesis.", "PMID": 377015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3551", "title": "Comparison of amino acid compositions of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The amino-acid compositions of the mitochondrial ribosomal subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined and compared to those of cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits. For the large subunits, the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes showed major differences in the proportions of arginine, alanine and methionine. For the small subunits, arginine, aspartic acid, alanine, valine and methionine showed marked differences. We have compared these amino-acid compositions with those already published of bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes by a statistical method of data analysis. It appeared clearly that the yeast mitoribosomes are more distant from bacterial ribosomes than from eukaryotic cytoribosomes.", "contents": "Comparison of amino acid compositions of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The amino-acid compositions of the mitochondrial ribosomal subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined and compared to those of cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits. For the large subunits, the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes showed major differences in the proportions of arginine, alanine and methionine. For the small subunits, arginine, aspartic acid, alanine, valine and methionine showed marked differences. We have compared these amino-acid compositions with those already published of bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes by a statistical method of data analysis. It appeared clearly that the yeast mitoribosomes are more distant from bacterial ribosomes than from eukaryotic cytoribosomes.", "PMID": 377018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3552", "title": "Mechanism of conjugation. II. Characterization of an Hfr dna ts mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A new conditional thermosensitive Hfr mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated. The ts mutation is cotransducible with purE and tsx loci on the E. coli chromosome. Upon temperature shift to 42 degrees C the DNA synthesis and transfer of chromosome is stopped immediately and RNA, protein synthesis in about ten minutes.", "contents": "Mechanism of conjugation. II. Characterization of an Hfr dna ts mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. A new conditional thermosensitive Hfr mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated. The ts mutation is cotransducible with purE and tsx loci on the E. coli chromosome. Upon temperature shift to 42 degrees C the DNA synthesis and transfer of chromosome is stopped immediately and RNA, protein synthesis in about ten minutes.", "PMID": 377019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3553", "title": "Evidence for endonucleolytic cleavage at the 5'-proximal segment of the trp messenger RNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 5'-proximal trp leader RNA segment (about 5S) decays at 2 to 3 times slower rates than the distal trp mRNA sequence. This has been demonstrated by employing the deletion mutants which lack a large portion of the structural genes but retain the promoter-proximal region of the trp operon. Relative stability of the leader RNA is not merely due to the presence of an untranslatable region in the segment; the internal untranslatable segment of trp mRNA downstream from the nonsense alteration site of a double mutant trpAD28.trpE9758 decays as fast as the normal trp mRNA sequence. These results suggest that the trp mRNA is endonucleolytically cleaved to yield the small 5'-proximal leader RNA segment before the distal mRNA decays and that the leader RNA sequence is not subject to usual mode of mRNA decay in the 5' to 3' direction.", "contents": "Evidence for endonucleolytic cleavage at the 5'-proximal segment of the trp messenger RNA in Escherichia coli. The 5'-proximal trp leader RNA segment (about 5S) decays at 2 to 3 times slower rates than the distal trp mRNA sequence. This has been demonstrated by employing the deletion mutants which lack a large portion of the structural genes but retain the promoter-proximal region of the trp operon. Relative stability of the leader RNA is not merely due to the presence of an untranslatable region in the segment; the internal untranslatable segment of trp mRNA downstream from the nonsense alteration site of a double mutant trpAD28.trpE9758 decays as fast as the normal trp mRNA sequence. These results suggest that the trp mRNA is endonucleolytically cleaved to yield the small 5'-proximal leader RNA segment before the distal mRNA decays and that the leader RNA sequence is not subject to usual mode of mRNA decay in the 5' to 3' direction.", "PMID": 377022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3554", "title": "Mutagenesis and repair deficiencies of Escherichia coli umuC mutants are suppressed by the plasmid pKM101.", "content": "The presence of the drug resistance plasmid pKM101 restored the ability of Escherichia coli umuC mutant strains to be mutated by methyl methanesulfonate. Inducible (Weigle) reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophage lambda was not observed in uvrA6 umuC mutant strains lacking pKM101 but was observed if the plasmid was present in the strains. In a uvrA+ umuC36 strain pKM101 increased the efficiency of the Weigle reactivation process. Plasmid-mediated UV-resistance and plasmid-mediated phage reactivation were observed in umuC(pKM101) strains both in uvrA+ and uvrA6 backgrounds. No restoration of methyl methanesulfonate mutability by pKM101 was observed in umuC36 recA56 strains. pKM101 mutants unable to enhance mutagenesis in umuC+ backgrounds also had no effect on methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in umuC mutant strains. Neither a umuC mutation nor the presence of pKM101 affected the UV induction of protein X, the recA protein. Hypotheses relating the mode of action of pKM101 to the process of mutagenesis and inducible phage reactivation are discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenesis and repair deficiencies of Escherichia coli umuC mutants are suppressed by the plasmid pKM101. The presence of the drug resistance plasmid pKM101 restored the ability of Escherichia coli umuC mutant strains to be mutated by methyl methanesulfonate. Inducible (Weigle) reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophage lambda was not observed in uvrA6 umuC mutant strains lacking pKM101 but was observed if the plasmid was present in the strains. In a uvrA+ umuC36 strain pKM101 increased the efficiency of the Weigle reactivation process. Plasmid-mediated UV-resistance and plasmid-mediated phage reactivation were observed in umuC(pKM101) strains both in uvrA+ and uvrA6 backgrounds. No restoration of methyl methanesulfonate mutability by pKM101 was observed in umuC36 recA56 strains. pKM101 mutants unable to enhance mutagenesis in umuC+ backgrounds also had no effect on methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in umuC mutant strains. Neither a umuC mutation nor the presence of pKM101 affected the UV induction of protein X, the recA protein. Hypotheses relating the mode of action of pKM101 to the process of mutagenesis and inducible phage reactivation are discussed.", "PMID": 377021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3555", "title": "Catalase anabolism in yeast: loss of regulation by oxygen of catalase apoprotein synthesis after mutation.", "content": "A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which displays catalase activity when grown under strictly anaerobic conditions has been selected on solid media. Although some preformed holoenzyme has accumulated in anaerobic cells, a sharp increase of activity is still measured during adaptation to oxygen in glucose-buffer; however, a striking difference with the wild-type strain is that in the mutant, catalase formation is observed in the presence of cycloheximide that totally inhibits cytoplasmic translation. It is concluded that kat 80 mutant has lost the regulatory control by oxygen of apocatalase synthesis; the later precursor, characterized as apocatalase synthesis; the latter precursor, characterized as apocatalase T, is thought to be activated in vivo, under aerobic conditions, by inclusion of prosthetic group. Regulation of enzyme synthesis by catabolite repression (glucose erfect) persists, unmodified by reference to the wild-type parental strain. Mutation kat 80 specifically hits catalase anabolism, as no significant variations were observed for the edification of the respiratory system and (apo)cytochrome c peroxidase production. Genetic analysis shows that kat 80 phenotype, recessive in heterozygotes, results from a single nuclear mutation.", "contents": "Catalase anabolism in yeast: loss of regulation by oxygen of catalase apoprotein synthesis after mutation. A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which displays catalase activity when grown under strictly anaerobic conditions has been selected on solid media. Although some preformed holoenzyme has accumulated in anaerobic cells, a sharp increase of activity is still measured during adaptation to oxygen in glucose-buffer; however, a striking difference with the wild-type strain is that in the mutant, catalase formation is observed in the presence of cycloheximide that totally inhibits cytoplasmic translation. It is concluded that kat 80 mutant has lost the regulatory control by oxygen of apocatalase synthesis; the later precursor, characterized as apocatalase synthesis; the latter precursor, characterized as apocatalase T, is thought to be activated in vivo, under aerobic conditions, by inclusion of prosthetic group. Regulation of enzyme synthesis by catabolite repression (glucose erfect) persists, unmodified by reference to the wild-type parental strain. Mutation kat 80 specifically hits catalase anabolism, as no significant variations were observed for the edification of the respiratory system and (apo)cytochrome c peroxidase production. Genetic analysis shows that kat 80 phenotype, recessive in heterozygotes, results from a single nuclear mutation.", "PMID": 377023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3556", "title": "Characterisation of Tn1721, a new transposon containing tetracycline resistance genes capable of amplification.", "content": "R plasmid pRSD1 contains tetracycline resistance (tet) genes in a 3.55 Mdal-region capable of amplification by forming tandem repeats (Mattes, Burkardt and Schmitt, Molec. gen. Genet., 1979). The repetitious tet element is itself part of a 7.2 Mdal-transposon, named Tn1721, as demonstrated by the following criteria; (i) Tn1721 has been translocated to phage lambda. The resulting hybrid phage lambda tet contains the 7.2 Mdal-insertion to the right of the attachment site, but not continguous with it indicating translocation of the element by non-homologous recombination. In addition, lambda tet has sustained a 3.4 Mdal-deletion adjacent to the insertion. (ii) Further transposition of Tn1721 to the 21.5 Mdal-plasmid R388 resulted in R388::Tn1721 derivatives, two of which were characterised. They contain Tn1721 inserted into different sites but in the same orientation as shown by restriction and heteroduplex analyses. These translocation of Tn1721 were not accompanied by deletions of DNA. (iii) The insertion plasmid pRSD102(R388::Tn1721) has conserved the capacity of the original plasmid pRSD1 to amplify the 3.55 Mdal-tet region. It has been concluded that Tn1721 constitutes a novel transposon encompassing a tet region capable of selective amplification. The model proposed for Tn1721 contains three short repeats. Two direct repeats, flanking the 3.55 Mdal tet region, provide sequence homology for amplification. The third repeat (located distally to tet) is inverted and provides the basis for transposition of the 7.2 Mdal-element.", "contents": "Characterisation of Tn1721, a new transposon containing tetracycline resistance genes capable of amplification. R plasmid pRSD1 contains tetracycline resistance (tet) genes in a 3.55 Mdal-region capable of amplification by forming tandem repeats (Mattes, Burkardt and Schmitt, Molec. gen. Genet., 1979). The repetitious tet element is itself part of a 7.2 Mdal-transposon, named Tn1721, as demonstrated by the following criteria; (i) Tn1721 has been translocated to phage lambda. The resulting hybrid phage lambda tet contains the 7.2 Mdal-insertion to the right of the attachment site, but not continguous with it indicating translocation of the element by non-homologous recombination. In addition, lambda tet has sustained a 3.4 Mdal-deletion adjacent to the insertion. (ii) Further transposition of Tn1721 to the 21.5 Mdal-plasmid R388 resulted in R388::Tn1721 derivatives, two of which were characterised. They contain Tn1721 inserted into different sites but in the same orientation as shown by restriction and heteroduplex analyses. These translocation of Tn1721 were not accompanied by deletions of DNA. (iii) The insertion plasmid pRSD102(R388::Tn1721) has conserved the capacity of the original plasmid pRSD1 to amplify the 3.55 Mdal-tet region. It has been concluded that Tn1721 constitutes a novel transposon encompassing a tet region capable of selective amplification. The model proposed for Tn1721 contains three short repeats. Two direct repeats, flanking the 3.55 Mdal tet region, provide sequence homology for amplification. The third repeat (located distally to tet) is inverted and provides the basis for transposition of the 7.2 Mdal-element.", "PMID": 377024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3557", "title": "Map position of the replication terminus on the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "The directions of replication of several prophages integrated with a known orientation in the vicinity of the terminus (tre) of chromosome replication (trp::Mu, min 27; lambda rev integrated within rac, min 31, man::Mu, min 35), have been established by determining the molecular polarity of Okazaki pieces specific to these prophages. The results obtained strongly suggest that the site tre is located between rac and man, an otherwise genetically silent region.", "contents": "Map position of the replication terminus on the Escherichia coli chromosome. The directions of replication of several prophages integrated with a known orientation in the vicinity of the terminus (tre) of chromosome replication (trp::Mu, min 27; lambda rev integrated within rac, min 31, man::Mu, min 35), have been established by determining the molecular polarity of Okazaki pieces specific to these prophages. The results obtained strongly suggest that the site tre is located between rac and man, an otherwise genetically silent region.", "PMID": 377025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3558", "title": "\"Nick translation\" in Escherichia coli rep strains deficient in DNA polymerase I activities.", "content": "Using phiX1974 replicative form (RF) DNA as an in vivo probe, we have investigated the coordinated action of the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease and polymerase activities of DNA polymerase I in order to understand better its physiological role. We constructed double mutants containing the rep mutation (the replication of phiX174 RF does not occur in rep mutants) together with a mutation affecting DNA polymerase I, either polA12 or polA546ex. Using these mutants, which are believed to be thermosensitive in the polymerase function or the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease function respectively, we studied the kinetics of nick translation at the permissive and non-permissive temperatures in vivo. The substrate was the phiX174 replicative form DNA nicked by the phiX174 gene A protein. E. coli rep polA546ex gave the lowest rate of nick translation, although the ability to perform nick translation, at least as measured by our assay, was still present. E. coli rep polA12 showed a similar low rate at the non-permissive temperature but a rate close to the wild-type level at the permissive temperature. Formation of the parental replicative form molecule in either strain was affected little, even at the restrictive temperature. Our results suggest that DNA polymerase I may not play a major role in ongoing DNA replication.", "contents": "\"Nick translation\" in Escherichia coli rep strains deficient in DNA polymerase I activities. Using phiX1974 replicative form (RF) DNA as an in vivo probe, we have investigated the coordinated action of the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease and polymerase activities of DNA polymerase I in order to understand better its physiological role. We constructed double mutants containing the rep mutation (the replication of phiX174 RF does not occur in rep mutants) together with a mutation affecting DNA polymerase I, either polA12 or polA546ex. Using these mutants, which are believed to be thermosensitive in the polymerase function or the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease function respectively, we studied the kinetics of nick translation at the permissive and non-permissive temperatures in vivo. The substrate was the phiX174 replicative form DNA nicked by the phiX174 gene A protein. E. coli rep polA546ex gave the lowest rate of nick translation, although the ability to perform nick translation, at least as measured by our assay, was still present. E. coli rep polA12 showed a similar low rate at the non-permissive temperature but a rate close to the wild-type level at the permissive temperature. Formation of the parental replicative form molecule in either strain was affected little, even at the restrictive temperature. Our results suggest that DNA polymerase I may not play a major role in ongoing DNA replication.", "PMID": 377026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3559", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of the yeast mitochondrial DNA segment conferring chloramphenicol resistance.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNAs from six p- mutants carrying the genetic locus Rib1 and deleted for the rest of the genome were analyzed. Distribution of circular molecules from one mutant followed exactly the frequency rule, l/n, for multimers with discreet classes n, 2n, 3n, etc. Another, genetically unstable mutant displayed a continuous spectrum of circular molecules of various lengths. Four other mutants contained multiple series of circular molecules. Partial denaturation maps show that the mutants analyzed show a common segment ca. 1.0 micron long and differ by characteristic deletions of extremites of this segment. Short terminal deletions of the right i.e. pointing towards the Rib3 locus, terminus of this segment are correlated with modifications of the recombination properties related to the omega locus.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of the yeast mitochondrial DNA segment conferring chloramphenicol resistance. Mitochondrial DNAs from six p- mutants carrying the genetic locus Rib1 and deleted for the rest of the genome were analyzed. Distribution of circular molecules from one mutant followed exactly the frequency rule, l/n, for multimers with discreet classes n, 2n, 3n, etc. Another, genetically unstable mutant displayed a continuous spectrum of circular molecules of various lengths. Four other mutants contained multiple series of circular molecules. Partial denaturation maps show that the mutants analyzed show a common segment ca. 1.0 micron long and differ by characteristic deletions of extremites of this segment. Short terminal deletions of the right i.e. pointing towards the Rib3 locus, terminus of this segment are correlated with modifications of the recombination properties related to the omega locus.", "PMID": 377027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3560", "title": "Virus-like particles and double stranded RNA from killer and non-killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Virus-like particles and DsRNA found in extracts of killer, non-killer and suppressive non-killer strains were co-precipitated from cell extracts using an antibody prepared against purified virus-like particles isolated from a non-killer strain having only the higher molecular weight L dsRNA. The relative amount of virus-like particles correlated roughly with the amount of dsRNA: those strains with high concentrations of dsRNA had the most particles. When a preparation of particles was subjected to sucrose gradient velocity centrifugation, particles containing the S and M dsRNA could be separated from those containing the L dsRNA. These experiments taken together suggest that the L, M and S dsRNAs are separately encapsulated by the same protein coat.", "contents": "Virus-like particles and double stranded RNA from killer and non-killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Virus-like particles and DsRNA found in extracts of killer, non-killer and suppressive non-killer strains were co-precipitated from cell extracts using an antibody prepared against purified virus-like particles isolated from a non-killer strain having only the higher molecular weight L dsRNA. The relative amount of virus-like particles correlated roughly with the amount of dsRNA: those strains with high concentrations of dsRNA had the most particles. When a preparation of particles was subjected to sucrose gradient velocity centrifugation, particles containing the S and M dsRNA could be separated from those containing the L dsRNA. These experiments taken together suggest that the L, M and S dsRNAs are separately encapsulated by the same protein coat.", "PMID": 377028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3561", "title": "Regulation of the synthesis of M protein by sugars, Todd Hewitt broth, and horse serum, in growing cells of Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "Various sugars were tested for their effect on the differential rate of synthesis of M protein during the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes strain 0055 M12T12. In a semisynthetic medium alone, a high rate of M protein synthesis occurred with glucose as a substrate; decreasing rates of synthesis occurred with sucrose and trehalose, in that order, although the rates of growth were approximately equal with all sugars. A period of derepressed synthesis of M protein occurred in the lag phase of growth and in the stationary period as the substrates were being depleted. Although glucose inhibited the utilization of other sugars, diauxie was not apparent from the growth curves. However, synthesis of M protein followed strong diauxie curves with a reduction in rate of synthesis during the utilization of the second sugar. With glucose as a substrate, 2-deoxyglucose showed a strong permanent repression of M protein synthesis, whereas both glucose and 2-deoxyglucose caused temporary repression when sucrose was the substrate. Horse serum increased the rate of synthesis of M protein in a manner very similar to that caused by adding cyclic AMP, although quantitative analyses suggested that cyclic AMP, per se, was not the effector in horse serum. Addition of Todd Hewitt broth permitted the organisms to grow on phosphorylated sugars. Although the rates of growth on phosphorylated sugars were similar to that obtained with glucose, M protein was not synthesized when a phosphorylated sugar was the sole substrate. The addition of phosphorylated sugars with glucose or sucrose as substrates strongly repressed the synthesis of M protein with glucose-1-phosphate and with fructose 1,6-diphosphate repressing M protein synthesis the most. Clearly, M protein synthesis, which was not required for growth, was preferentially induced by glucose as compared to the other sugars and was dependent upon the metabolic route by which glucose was utilized.", "contents": "Regulation of the synthesis of M protein by sugars, Todd Hewitt broth, and horse serum, in growing cells of Streptococcus pyogenes. Various sugars were tested for their effect on the differential rate of synthesis of M protein during the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes strain 0055 M12T12. In a semisynthetic medium alone, a high rate of M protein synthesis occurred with glucose as a substrate; decreasing rates of synthesis occurred with sucrose and trehalose, in that order, although the rates of growth were approximately equal with all sugars. A period of derepressed synthesis of M protein occurred in the lag phase of growth and in the stationary period as the substrates were being depleted. Although glucose inhibited the utilization of other sugars, diauxie was not apparent from the growth curves. However, synthesis of M protein followed strong diauxie curves with a reduction in rate of synthesis during the utilization of the second sugar. With glucose as a substrate, 2-deoxyglucose showed a strong permanent repression of M protein synthesis, whereas both glucose and 2-deoxyglucose caused temporary repression when sucrose was the substrate. Horse serum increased the rate of synthesis of M protein in a manner very similar to that caused by adding cyclic AMP, although quantitative analyses suggested that cyclic AMP, per se, was not the effector in horse serum. Addition of Todd Hewitt broth permitted the organisms to grow on phosphorylated sugars. Although the rates of growth on phosphorylated sugars were similar to that obtained with glucose, M protein was not synthesized when a phosphorylated sugar was the sole substrate. The addition of phosphorylated sugars with glucose or sucrose as substrates strongly repressed the synthesis of M protein with glucose-1-phosphate and with fructose 1,6-diphosphate repressing M protein synthesis the most. Clearly, M protein synthesis, which was not required for growth, was preferentially induced by glucose as compared to the other sugars and was dependent upon the metabolic route by which glucose was utilized.", "PMID": 377029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3562", "title": "R plasmids with thermosensitive transferability in Salmonella strains isolated from humans.", "content": "Temperature dependence of transfer was examined with ten R plasmids originating from clinical isolates of Salmonella. Six of the plasmids were thermosensitive upon transfer, five of which were originally harbored in S. typhimurium and the remaining one in S. derby. One of these plasmids, pNR502, which conferred resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin (Sm) and tetracycline (Tc) on its host was stably maintained both in Salmonella and Escherichia coli at either 30, 37, or 43 C. Another plasmid, pNR516, which was resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfathiazole, Sm and Tc, was slightly unstable only at 43 C. The remaining four plasmids, pNR503, pNR510, pNR512 and pNR514, conferred resistance to Sm and Tc. Of these plasmids, the former two were stably maintained at both 30 and 37 C, but were unstable at 43 C. The latter two were slightly unstable at the lower temperatures and considerably unstable at 43 C. Kinetics of the transfer of the plasmid pNR503 revealed that the efficiency of transfer of the plasmid between E. coli strains was affected not only by the temperature of the conjugation but also by the preincubation temperature of the donor culture before the conjugation.", "contents": "R plasmids with thermosensitive transferability in Salmonella strains isolated from humans. Temperature dependence of transfer was examined with ten R plasmids originating from clinical isolates of Salmonella. Six of the plasmids were thermosensitive upon transfer, five of which were originally harbored in S. typhimurium and the remaining one in S. derby. One of these plasmids, pNR502, which conferred resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin (Sm) and tetracycline (Tc) on its host was stably maintained both in Salmonella and Escherichia coli at either 30, 37, or 43 C. Another plasmid, pNR516, which was resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfathiazole, Sm and Tc, was slightly unstable only at 43 C. The remaining four plasmids, pNR503, pNR510, pNR512 and pNR514, conferred resistance to Sm and Tc. Of these plasmids, the former two were stably maintained at both 30 and 37 C, but were unstable at 43 C. The latter two were slightly unstable at the lower temperatures and considerably unstable at 43 C. Kinetics of the transfer of the plasmid pNR503 revealed that the efficiency of transfer of the plasmid between E. coli strains was affected not only by the temperature of the conjugation but also by the preincubation temperature of the donor culture before the conjugation.", "PMID": 377030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3563", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) utilizing the agarose gel technique was performed with native DNA as an antigen in ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and five normal subjects. Irrespective of disease activity, supernatants obtained at different time intervals during lymphocyte culture in eight patients with SLE showed significant alteration of migration, either enhancement or inhibition, of normal leukocytes. However, supernatants in the control experiments produced no significant alteration of migration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of supernatants obtained from the SLE group revealed that the inhibitory activity was present in the albumin region, whereas the enhancement activity was found in the beta-globulin region. These results indicate that the hitherto employed estimation of the leukocyte migration inhibition test based on the total activity of these two factors is insufficient for accurate evaluation of chemical mediators from sensitized lymphocytes and that the separation of these two factors may be important for a greater understanding of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) in systemic lupus erythematosus. A leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) utilizing the agarose gel technique was performed with native DNA as an antigen in ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and five normal subjects. Irrespective of disease activity, supernatants obtained at different time intervals during lymphocyte culture in eight patients with SLE showed significant alteration of migration, either enhancement or inhibition, of normal leukocytes. However, supernatants in the control experiments produced no significant alteration of migration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of supernatants obtained from the SLE group revealed that the inhibitory activity was present in the albumin region, whereas the enhancement activity was found in the beta-globulin region. These results indicate that the hitherto employed estimation of the leukocyte migration inhibition test based on the total activity of these two factors is insufficient for accurate evaluation of chemical mediators from sensitized lymphocytes and that the separation of these two factors may be important for a greater understanding of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 377031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3564", "title": "Coliform status of domestic swimming pools.", "content": "An investigation of maintenance, usage, and coliform status of water in 104 domestic swimming pools in 13 Brisbane suburbs was made in January, 1978. The results showed that domestic pools are often imperfectly serviced, and are potential infection sources. The need for health education of pool owners, and for more reliable methods of pool sanitization is emphasized.", "contents": "Coliform status of domestic swimming pools. An investigation of maintenance, usage, and coliform status of water in 104 domestic swimming pools in 13 Brisbane suburbs was made in January, 1978. The results showed that domestic pools are often imperfectly serviced, and are potential infection sources. The need for health education of pool owners, and for more reliable methods of pool sanitization is emphasized.", "PMID": 377033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3565", "title": "Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Sydney: laboratory diagnosis and prevalence.", "content": "The prevalence of trichomoniasis in Sydney was determined by examining 1070 sexually active females in three different practices. Infection rates ranged from 17.8% in a sympatomatic venereal-disease clinic group to 0.5% in non-promiscuous family-planning clinic patients. In each of these categories, the infestation rate, when compared with overseas reports, was lower but no explanation for this difference is apparent. Of the various laboratory methods used to detect Trichomonas vaginalis, the most sensitive was a culture method. The most convenient and reliable microscopy technique was phase-contrast microscopy which detected 80% of those with positive culture results. Stuart's Transport Medium will maintain trichomonad's viability for at least 24 hours and allow vaginal specimens to be reliably transported for examination.", "contents": "Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Sydney: laboratory diagnosis and prevalence. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in Sydney was determined by examining 1070 sexually active females in three different practices. Infection rates ranged from 17.8% in a sympatomatic venereal-disease clinic group to 0.5% in non-promiscuous family-planning clinic patients. In each of these categories, the infestation rate, when compared with overseas reports, was lower but no explanation for this difference is apparent. Of the various laboratory methods used to detect Trichomonas vaginalis, the most sensitive was a culture method. The most convenient and reliable microscopy technique was phase-contrast microscopy which detected 80% of those with positive culture results. Stuart's Transport Medium will maintain trichomonad's viability for at least 24 hours and allow vaginal specimens to be reliably transported for examination.", "PMID": 377037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3566", "title": "Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and doxycycline in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in general practice: a comparative study.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were given one week's treatment either with a combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) or with doxycycline, in a single blind trial. The study found no significant difference in response to the two treatments, and confirmed that both TMP/SMX and doxycycline are effective and well tolerated agents, which are suitable for the management of acute or chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and doxycycline in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in general practice: a comparative study. Fifty-six patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were given one week's treatment either with a combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) or with doxycycline, in a single blind trial. The study found no significant difference in response to the two treatments, and confirmed that both TMP/SMX and doxycycline are effective and well tolerated agents, which are suitable for the management of acute or chronic bronchitis.", "PMID": 377038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3567", "title": "[Induction of colicin E1 synthesis in Escherichia coli cells with different concentrations of plasmid DNA].", "content": "RRelationship between the level of induction of colicin E1 synthesis and the content of plasmid DNA in Escherichia coli K12S (E1) cells was studied. The number of Col E1 DNA copies per cell was found to decrease with growing generation time for different growth media and to increase continuously for the time of synchronous cell division cycle. No apparent relation of the level of spontaneous induction and of induction caused by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to the number of Col E1 DNA copies per cell was observed. It is inferred that the content of plasmid DNA in the cells is not among the main factors determining the level of induction of colicin synthesis.", "contents": "[Induction of colicin E1 synthesis in Escherichia coli cells with different concentrations of plasmid DNA]. RRelationship between the level of induction of colicin E1 synthesis and the content of plasmid DNA in Escherichia coli K12S (E1) cells was studied. The number of Col E1 DNA copies per cell was found to decrease with growing generation time for different growth media and to increase continuously for the time of synchronous cell division cycle. No apparent relation of the level of spontaneous induction and of induction caused by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to the number of Col E1 DNA copies per cell was observed. It is inferred that the content of plasmid DNA in the cells is not among the main factors determining the level of induction of colicin synthesis.", "PMID": 377047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3568", "title": "[Mathematical model of tryptophan synthesis and excretion into the environment by E. coli cells].", "content": "A quantitative kinetic model is suggested for the auto-regulated tryptophan synthesis by E. coli trp-operon system and for tryptophan excretion from the cell mediated by transport systems. Applications of the model for the calculation of several parameters characterizing tryptophan metabolism are considered. In order to explain experimental data it is suggested that a system of tryptophane excretion from the cell exists which is induced by high tryptophan concentrations. The rate of tryptophan excretion was studied as a function of various genetic effects (derepression or reduction of retroinhibition) as well as of changes in intracellular concentrations of substrates of tryptophan synthesis (chorismic acid and serine). Possible ways of making the cell to excrete markedly higher quantities of tryptophan without changing the genotype are discussed.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of tryptophan synthesis and excretion into the environment by E. coli cells]. A quantitative kinetic model is suggested for the auto-regulated tryptophan synthesis by E. coli trp-operon system and for tryptophan excretion from the cell mediated by transport systems. Applications of the model for the calculation of several parameters characterizing tryptophan metabolism are considered. In order to explain experimental data it is suggested that a system of tryptophane excretion from the cell exists which is induced by high tryptophan concentrations. The rate of tryptophan excretion was studied as a function of various genetic effects (derepression or reduction of retroinhibition) as well as of changes in intracellular concentrations of substrates of tryptophan synthesis (chorismic acid and serine). Possible ways of making the cell to excrete markedly higher quantities of tryptophan without changing the genotype are discussed.", "PMID": 377049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3569", "title": "[Topological model of bacteriophage-T4 DNA replication].", "content": "The structure and function of the DNA--membrane complex in E. coli cells infected with bacteriophage T4 was studied. The DNA--membrane complex was isolated from the cells pulse or uniformly labeled with 3H-thymidine, fractionated by detergent treatment and separated on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The attachment of small DNA fragments to the plasma membrane was analysed. Replicating bacteriophage T4 DNA was reversibly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane in the wall/membrane adhesion zones of the envelope. In the adhesion zone the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, DNA, different replicative proteins, probably form the initiation complex resistant to sonication, DNAase and Triton-X-100. This association is probably reversible. The topological aspects of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication are discussed.", "contents": "[Topological model of bacteriophage-T4 DNA replication]. The structure and function of the DNA--membrane complex in E. coli cells infected with bacteriophage T4 was studied. The DNA--membrane complex was isolated from the cells pulse or uniformly labeled with 3H-thymidine, fractionated by detergent treatment and separated on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The attachment of small DNA fragments to the plasma membrane was analysed. Replicating bacteriophage T4 DNA was reversibly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane in the wall/membrane adhesion zones of the envelope. In the adhesion zone the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, DNA, different replicative proteins, probably form the initiation complex resistant to sonication, DNAase and Triton-X-100. This association is probably reversible. The topological aspects of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication are discussed.", "PMID": 377048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3570", "title": "[ATP analogs in the RNA-polymerase reaction].", "content": "The influence of some ATP analogs with the modified ribose residues on the transcription in vitro was studied. It was shown that all analogs are weak inhibitors competing with in RNA synthesis. Under certain conditions (ionic strength = 0.13, 25 degrees C) the only effective inhibitor of RNA synthesis 3'-O-methyl-ATP arrests reaction irreversibly. Perhaps as a result of its incorporation into the terminal position of the growing RNA chain. The increase of the temperature and of the ionic strength results in changes of the character of inhibition: 3'-O-methyl-ATP becomes (like other analogues) a reversible competitive inhibitor with a Ki = 4 . 10(-5) M. Some speculations concerning the mechanism of inhibition are discussed.", "contents": "[ATP analogs in the RNA-polymerase reaction]. The influence of some ATP analogs with the modified ribose residues on the transcription in vitro was studied. It was shown that all analogs are weak inhibitors competing with in RNA synthesis. Under certain conditions (ionic strength = 0.13, 25 degrees C) the only effective inhibitor of RNA synthesis 3'-O-methyl-ATP arrests reaction irreversibly. Perhaps as a result of its incorporation into the terminal position of the growing RNA chain. The increase of the temperature and of the ionic strength results in changes of the character of inhibition: 3'-O-methyl-ATP becomes (like other analogues) a reversible competitive inhibitor with a Ki = 4 . 10(-5) M. Some speculations concerning the mechanism of inhibition are discussed.", "PMID": 377050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3571", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of plasmids determining multiple antibiotic resistance in strains of group A streptococci].", "content": "DNA of the streptococcal plasmid ERLI, determining resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin has been studied. The presence of satellite DNA component in streptococcal DNA has been demonstrated by dye-CsCl and CsCl density centrifugation, by chromatography of denatured-renatured DNA on the nitrocellulose and by electron microscopy. By all these methods the presence of covalently closed circular DNA molecules has been shown. Plasmid DNA has buoyant density in CsCl equal to 1.698 g/cm3 (GC content--38.8%), molecular weight (by electron microscopy) -- 19.8 Mdal; number of copies chromosomal genome equivalent is equal to about 4--4.5. Plasmid ERLI DNA was extracted from an original strain-carrier of plasmid ERLI, from a transduced strain which received plasmid ERLI as a result of transduction and lysogenization by phage \"mo\" and from the two antibiotic sensitive EMS mutants of resistant strain. Satellite DNA could not be isolated from a sensitive strain which served as a recipient in transduction experiments. The results obtained are in agreement with the literature on the molecular weight of the plasmid measured by the sedimentation analysis and with the previous genetic data on the antibiotic resistance within group A streptococci.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of plasmids determining multiple antibiotic resistance in strains of group A streptococci]. DNA of the streptococcal plasmid ERLI, determining resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin has been studied. The presence of satellite DNA component in streptococcal DNA has been demonstrated by dye-CsCl and CsCl density centrifugation, by chromatography of denatured-renatured DNA on the nitrocellulose and by electron microscopy. By all these methods the presence of covalently closed circular DNA molecules has been shown. Plasmid DNA has buoyant density in CsCl equal to 1.698 g/cm3 (GC content--38.8%), molecular weight (by electron microscopy) -- 19.8 Mdal; number of copies chromosomal genome equivalent is equal to about 4--4.5. Plasmid ERLI DNA was extracted from an original strain-carrier of plasmid ERLI, from a transduced strain which received plasmid ERLI as a result of transduction and lysogenization by phage \"mo\" and from the two antibiotic sensitive EMS mutants of resistant strain. Satellite DNA could not be isolated from a sensitive strain which served as a recipient in transduction experiments. The results obtained are in agreement with the literature on the molecular weight of the plasmid measured by the sedimentation analysis and with the previous genetic data on the antibiotic resistance within group A streptococci.", "PMID": 377051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3572", "title": "[Circular dichroism of DNA--dye complexes. II. Anisotropy of the long-wave circular dichroism effect and structure of the complex].", "content": "Anisotropy of torsional strength of the splitted electronic transition in the case of chromophore-chromophore interaction of dye molecules situated on the helical matrix was considered theoretically and as analytical expression for the value Rperpendicular/Rparallel was obtained. These theoretical results were compared with the experimental data obtained with DNA-proflavine, DNA-pyronine and DNA-acridine orange complexes oriented in multicappilar flow-cell. Studies of the optical effects (optical density and CD changes) due to orientation of these complexes showed that the acridine chromophores are not perpendicular with respect to the DNA axis (alpha D = 19--22 degrees). The DNA base pairs in complexes as assumed also are not perpendicular to the DNA axis, the inclination angle of their transition moments (for the band near 260 nm) being bigger than that of dye chromophores (24 degrees). These results indicate that under experimental conditions used by us no intercalation can be observed.", "contents": "[Circular dichroism of DNA--dye complexes. II. Anisotropy of the long-wave circular dichroism effect and structure of the complex]. Anisotropy of torsional strength of the splitted electronic transition in the case of chromophore-chromophore interaction of dye molecules situated on the helical matrix was considered theoretically and as analytical expression for the value Rperpendicular/Rparallel was obtained. These theoretical results were compared with the experimental data obtained with DNA-proflavine, DNA-pyronine and DNA-acridine orange complexes oriented in multicappilar flow-cell. Studies of the optical effects (optical density and CD changes) due to orientation of these complexes showed that the acridine chromophores are not perpendicular with respect to the DNA axis (alpha D = 19--22 degrees). The DNA base pairs in complexes as assumed also are not perpendicular to the DNA axis, the inclination angle of their transition moments (for the band near 260 nm) being bigger than that of dye chromophores (24 degrees). These results indicate that under experimental conditions used by us no intercalation can be observed.", "PMID": 377052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3573", "title": "[Distribution of DNA sequences recognized by specific endonucleases].", "content": "The molecular weight distributions of fragments obtained after endonuclease treatment of DNA were studied. DNA's from pigeon and E. coli and restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI were used. The samples of 14C- and 3H-labelled DNA were treated by endonucleases, separated electrophoretically in 1% agatose gels, and radioactivity distributions along gels were measured. From these data weight and number distributions and the average molecular weights of DNA fragments were determined. EcoRI-fragments of phage DNA were used as standards for the molecular weight calibration. The experimental results are compared with the expected data calculated from the DNA GC content. The molecular weight distribution of fragments and the average molecular weights of BamHI-fragments of pigeon DNA and EcoRI- and BamHI-fragments of E. coli DNA differed from random ones. It is suggested that certain genomes contain regions in which the probability of endonuclease cleavage strongly differs from the average probability of such a cleavage for the entire genome.", "contents": "[Distribution of DNA sequences recognized by specific endonucleases]. The molecular weight distributions of fragments obtained after endonuclease treatment of DNA were studied. DNA's from pigeon and E. coli and restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI were used. The samples of 14C- and 3H-labelled DNA were treated by endonucleases, separated electrophoretically in 1% agatose gels, and radioactivity distributions along gels were measured. From these data weight and number distributions and the average molecular weights of DNA fragments were determined. EcoRI-fragments of phage DNA were used as standards for the molecular weight calibration. The experimental results are compared with the expected data calculated from the DNA GC content. The molecular weight distribution of fragments and the average molecular weights of BamHI-fragments of pigeon DNA and EcoRI- and BamHI-fragments of E. coli DNA differed from random ones. It is suggested that certain genomes contain regions in which the probability of endonuclease cleavage strongly differs from the average probability of such a cleavage for the entire genome.", "PMID": 377053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3574", "title": "[Sex factor F of Escherichia coli K12 and its participation in mobilizing bacterial chromosomes].", "content": "The structural and functional organization of F-factor reviewed and the physical map of F DNA, supplemented with a list of genetic markers, is presented. The DNA transfer during the conjugation is considered and especial attention is given to F-gene functions involved in this process. The special sequences of F DNA, homologous to resident insertion sequences in bacterial DNA are described and its participation in plasmido-chromosomal recombinant events both dependent and independent on recA function is discussed. The mechanism for chromosome mobilization by F-Factor are reviewed. A possibility of chromosome transfer without F DNA insertion is considered. In a latter case it proposed that spontaneous single-strand breaks may serve as the origins for initiation of chromosomal transfer.", "contents": "[Sex factor F of Escherichia coli K12 and its participation in mobilizing bacterial chromosomes]. The structural and functional organization of F-factor reviewed and the physical map of F DNA, supplemented with a list of genetic markers, is presented. The DNA transfer during the conjugation is considered and especial attention is given to F-gene functions involved in this process. The special sequences of F DNA, homologous to resident insertion sequences in bacterial DNA are described and its participation in plasmido-chromosomal recombinant events both dependent and independent on recA function is discussed. The mechanism for chromosome mobilization by F-Factor are reviewed. A possibility of chromosome transfer without F DNA insertion is considered. In a latter case it proposed that spontaneous single-strand breaks may serve as the origins for initiation of chromosomal transfer.", "PMID": 377055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3575", "title": "[Role of the N-terminal sequence (1-26) in the dimerization of protein L7 in solution].", "content": "Native protein L7 from E. coli ribosomes, oxidized protein and a fragment of protein L7 containing the sequence 27--120 obtained by cleavage of the native protein by cyanogen bromide were investigated by sedimentation analysis. It was found that protein L7 exists in solution in a dimer form while the protein oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and the fragment 27--120 do not form a dimer. On the basis of these investigations a conclusion is made that the ability for dimerization is stimulated by N-terminal regions of the protein L7 molecule.", "contents": "[Role of the N-terminal sequence (1-26) in the dimerization of protein L7 in solution]. Native protein L7 from E. coli ribosomes, oxidized protein and a fragment of protein L7 containing the sequence 27--120 obtained by cleavage of the native protein by cyanogen bromide were investigated by sedimentation analysis. It was found that protein L7 exists in solution in a dimer form while the protein oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and the fragment 27--120 do not form a dimer. On the basis of these investigations a conclusion is made that the ability for dimerization is stimulated by N-terminal regions of the protein L7 molecule.", "PMID": 377054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3576", "title": "[Conformation theory of polymers and biopolymers].", "content": "A short review is given of the Soviet investigations in the field of physics of polymers and biopolymers based on the concept of conformational motility of macromolecules. It is shown that the ideas originally used for the treatment of the properties of the synthetic polymers and, in particular, of the rubber elasticity, have found broad applications in molecular biophysics.", "contents": "[Conformation theory of polymers and biopolymers]. A short review is given of the Soviet investigations in the field of physics of polymers and biopolymers based on the concept of conformational motility of macromolecules. It is shown that the ideas originally used for the treatment of the properties of the synthetic polymers and, in particular, of the rubber elasticity, have found broad applications in molecular biophysics.", "PMID": 377061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3577", "title": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency: a postmortem study.", "content": "In a postmortem study of a patient with adult-onset acid maltase deficiency (AMD), morphological abnormalities were confined to skeletal muscle and consisted of a vacuolar myopathy. Acid maltase activity, however, was approximately 6% of normal in muscle, liver, and brain, and 3% of normal in heart. Kinetic characteristics, and inhibition by antibodies and Zn++, showed that the residual activity was \"authentic\" acid maltase. Neutral maltase activity was normal in muscle and liver, but decreased in brain (55% of normal) and heart (19% of normal). Although the relative decrease of acid maltase was similar in different tissues, absolute residual activity was lowest in skeletal muscle: this may explain the selective involvement of this tissue in late-onset AMD.", "contents": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency: a postmortem study. In a postmortem study of a patient with adult-onset acid maltase deficiency (AMD), morphological abnormalities were confined to skeletal muscle and consisted of a vacuolar myopathy. Acid maltase activity, however, was approximately 6% of normal in muscle, liver, and brain, and 3% of normal in heart. Kinetic characteristics, and inhibition by antibodies and Zn++, showed that the residual activity was \"authentic\" acid maltase. Neutral maltase activity was normal in muscle and liver, but decreased in brain (55% of normal) and heart (19% of normal). Although the relative decrease of acid maltase was similar in different tissues, absolute residual activity was lowest in skeletal muscle: this may explain the selective involvement of this tissue in late-onset AMD.", "PMID": 377069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3578", "title": "[Molecular melting of DNA and the effect of the fine structure of fusion curves].", "content": "The progress in understanding the phenomenon of molecular melting (helix -- coil transition) of DNA is considered. It is shown that the theory of DNA melting has reached such a stage of development when it is capable to compute melting profiles and denaturation maps for DNA with any given nucleotide sequence, on the base of a rather simple but adequate model of DNA. The effect of fine structure of the DNA melting profiles, its origin and possible applications are considered in greater detail. It is demonstrated that a direct comparison between experimental and theoretical melting profiles for the open replicative form of the upsilon X-174 phage DNA for which the complete nucleotide sequence has been published recently, confirms the theory and opens new possibilities for further investigation of equilibrium and kinetic properties of DNA molecules.", "contents": "[Molecular melting of DNA and the effect of the fine structure of fusion curves]. The progress in understanding the phenomenon of molecular melting (helix -- coil transition) of DNA is considered. It is shown that the theory of DNA melting has reached such a stage of development when it is capable to compute melting profiles and denaturation maps for DNA with any given nucleotide sequence, on the base of a rather simple but adequate model of DNA. The effect of fine structure of the DNA melting profiles, its origin and possible applications are considered in greater detail. It is demonstrated that a direct comparison between experimental and theoretical melting profiles for the open replicative form of the upsilon X-174 phage DNA for which the complete nucleotide sequence has been published recently, confirms the theory and opens new possibilities for further investigation of equilibrium and kinetic properties of DNA molecules.", "PMID": 377064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3579", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: a personal view of pathogenesis and mechanism, part 1.", "content": "A review of our current knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is presented, with particular emphasis on the immunological aspects of the disease. Part 1, published in this issue, deals with the clinical and genetic features of myasthenia gravis which led to the autoimmune theory of the etiology of this disease. Various theories in this field are reviewed, and recent advances in our knowledge of the acetylcholine receptor protein, and its immunology, are examined. Part 2, which will appear in the March/April issue, provides a review of the dysfunction of physiology, pharmacology, and structure of the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis, and the part played by the autoimmune process.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: a personal view of pathogenesis and mechanism, part 1. A review of our current knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is presented, with particular emphasis on the immunological aspects of the disease. Part 1, published in this issue, deals with the clinical and genetic features of myasthenia gravis which led to the autoimmune theory of the etiology of this disease. Various theories in this field are reviewed, and recent advances in our knowledge of the acetylcholine receptor protein, and its immunology, are examined. Part 2, which will appear in the March/April issue, provides a review of the dysfunction of physiology, pharmacology, and structure of the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis, and the part played by the autoimmune process.", "PMID": 377070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3580", "title": "Clinical research in general medical journals: a 30-year perspective.", "content": "Little is known about the frequency with which various research designs appear in the clinical literature and how this frequency has changed in recent years. This study describes the research designs used in 612 articles randomly selected from original research published in three general medical journals from 1946 to 1976. Cross-sectional studies increased from 25 to 44 per cent, cohort studies declined from 59 to 34 per cent, and clinical trials increased from 13 to 21 per cent of articles (P less than 0.001). Randomized controlled trials comprised 5 per cent of articles published in 1976 and were not represented 30 years before. In 1976, 37 per cent of articles reported on 10 subjects or less, and this number has not changed substantially since 1946. The frequency of studies with weak research designs has increased in these general medical journals over the past 30 years. The trend deserves critical attention.", "contents": "Clinical research in general medical journals: a 30-year perspective. Little is known about the frequency with which various research designs appear in the clinical literature and how this frequency has changed in recent years. This study describes the research designs used in 612 articles randomly selected from original research published in three general medical journals from 1946 to 1976. Cross-sectional studies increased from 25 to 44 per cent, cohort studies declined from 59 to 34 per cent, and clinical trials increased from 13 to 21 per cent of articles (P less than 0.001). Randomized controlled trials comprised 5 per cent of articles published in 1976 and were not represented 30 years before. In 1976, 37 per cent of articles reported on 10 subjects or less, and this number has not changed substantially since 1946. The frequency of studies with weak research designs has increased in these general medical journals over the past 30 years. The trend deserves critical attention.", "PMID": 377076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3581", "title": "Somatostatinoma syndrome. Biochemical, morphologic and clinical features.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus, steatorrhea, cholelithiasis and a tumor distorting the duodenum prompted a work-up for somatostatinoma in a 52-year-old man. The responses of pancreatic B-cells but not of A-cells to nutrient stimuli were inhibited, and growth-hormone release was suppressed, suggesting somatostatin resistance in some target tissues. Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity ranged from 9000 to 13,000 pg per milliliter (normal: 88+/-8, mean +/- S.E.M.) and was distributed in four molecular forms, including free somatostatin. The primary tumor contained 5 microgram of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity per milligram of wet tissue, distributed in three of the molecular forms noted in plasma. Plasma calcitonin was also elevated (4650 pg per milliliter; normal: less than 120). Immunocytochemical studies showed that cells of the primary tumor contained somatostatin and calcitonin but no other peptide hormones. Only somatostatin was present in the metastases. Somatostatin was localized electron microscopically in all secretory granules, irrespective of size and shape, whereas calcitonin was present only within a single subpopulation of small granules in the same cells.", "contents": "Somatostatinoma syndrome. Biochemical, morphologic and clinical features. Diabetes mellitus, steatorrhea, cholelithiasis and a tumor distorting the duodenum prompted a work-up for somatostatinoma in a 52-year-old man. The responses of pancreatic B-cells but not of A-cells to nutrient stimuli were inhibited, and growth-hormone release was suppressed, suggesting somatostatin resistance in some target tissues. Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity ranged from 9000 to 13,000 pg per milliliter (normal: 88+/-8, mean +/- S.E.M.) and was distributed in four molecular forms, including free somatostatin. The primary tumor contained 5 microgram of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity per milligram of wet tissue, distributed in three of the molecular forms noted in plasma. Plasma calcitonin was also elevated (4650 pg per milliliter; normal: less than 120). Immunocytochemical studies showed that cells of the primary tumor contained somatostatin and calcitonin but no other peptide hormones. Only somatostatin was present in the metastases. Somatostatin was localized electron microscopically in all secretory granules, irrespective of size and shape, whereas calcitonin was present only within a single subpopulation of small granules in the same cells.", "PMID": 377080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3582", "title": "Comparative effects of ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Two dose levels of ticrynafen, a new uricosuric diuretic, and of hydrochlorothiazide were randomly assigned, double-blind to 240 men with initial diastolic blood pressures in the range of 95 to 114 mm Hg. A dose of 500 mg of ticrynafen once daily exerted an antihypertensive effect comparable to that of 50 or 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide. Whereas serum uric acid levels rose in patients treated with hydrochlorothiazide, they fell markedly in those receiving ticrynafen. Otherwise, both diuretics produced similar chemical changes in serum. Patients tolerated ticrynafen as well as they did hydrochlorothiazide over a period of six months of observation, and there was no evidence of serious toxicity or loss of therapeutic effect with ticrynafen. This antihypertensive agent, in appropriate doses, appears to be as effective and well tolerated as hydrochlorothiazide, and in addition ticrynafen prevents hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Comparative effects of ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Two dose levels of ticrynafen, a new uricosuric diuretic, and of hydrochlorothiazide were randomly assigned, double-blind to 240 men with initial diastolic blood pressures in the range of 95 to 114 mm Hg. A dose of 500 mg of ticrynafen once daily exerted an antihypertensive effect comparable to that of 50 or 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide. Whereas serum uric acid levels rose in patients treated with hydrochlorothiazide, they fell markedly in those receiving ticrynafen. Otherwise, both diuretics produced similar chemical changes in serum. Patients tolerated ticrynafen as well as they did hydrochlorothiazide over a period of six months of observation, and there was no evidence of serious toxicity or loss of therapeutic effect with ticrynafen. This antihypertensive agent, in appropriate doses, appears to be as effective and well tolerated as hydrochlorothiazide, and in addition ticrynafen prevents hyperuricemia.", "PMID": 377081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3583", "title": "Lipid synthesis during reinitiation of growth from stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans.", "content": "Lipid synthesis has been studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. 14C-acetate incorporation into lipid material was used to measure new lipid synthesis in two cultures in which either yeast or mycelial growth was initiated from stationary phase yeast cells. When resuspended in fresh medium at 37 degrees C, cells resume budding growth. When resuspended at the appropriate temperature, both yeast and germ tube cultures immediately incorporated 14C-acetate into lipid material. The labeled lipid was more or less evenly divided between neutral and phospholipid. Phosphatidyl choline was the major phospholipid fraction and along with phosphatidyl ethanolamine accounted for 60--65% of the total phospholipid. Lipid synthesis during growth initiation of either morphology showed a similar pattern, with no significant differences observed in neutral or phospholipid or phospholipid components between yeast and mycelial forms.", "contents": "Lipid synthesis during reinitiation of growth from stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans. Lipid synthesis has been studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. 14C-acetate incorporation into lipid material was used to measure new lipid synthesis in two cultures in which either yeast or mycelial growth was initiated from stationary phase yeast cells. When resuspended in fresh medium at 37 degrees C, cells resume budding growth. When resuspended at the appropriate temperature, both yeast and germ tube cultures immediately incorporated 14C-acetate into lipid material. The labeled lipid was more or less evenly divided between neutral and phospholipid. Phosphatidyl choline was the major phospholipid fraction and along with phosphatidyl ethanolamine accounted for 60--65% of the total phospholipid. Lipid synthesis during growth initiation of either morphology showed a similar pattern, with no significant differences observed in neutral or phospholipid or phospholipid components between yeast and mycelial forms.", "PMID": 377085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3584", "title": "Expression in Escherichia coli of hepatitis B virus DNA sequences cloned in plasmid pBR322.", "content": "Fragments of hepatitis B virus DNA isolated from Dane particles have been inserted into the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and cloned. Cells carrying the hybrid plasmid synthesise antigenic material that reacts specifically with antisera to hepatitis B viral antigens.", "contents": "Expression in Escherichia coli of hepatitis B virus DNA sequences cloned in plasmid pBR322. Fragments of hepatitis B virus DNA isolated from Dane particles have been inserted into the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and cloned. Cells carrying the hybrid plasmid synthesise antigenic material that reacts specifically with antisera to hepatitis B viral antigens.", "PMID": 377093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3585", "title": "Efficient cap-dependent translation of polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs is restricted to the first gene in the operon.", "content": "Certain polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs, when modified at their 5'-termini with a cap structure, are translated as efficiently as, or more efficiently than eukaryotic mRNAs in a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesising system. However, in this case efficient cap-dependent translation is apparently restricted to the 5'-proximal coding sequence. Moreover, certain translational regulatory signals potentially used by these prokaryotic mRNAs to regulate their levels of expression seem to be recognised by the eukaryotic translational components. The evolutionary significance and practical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Efficient cap-dependent translation of polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs is restricted to the first gene in the operon. Certain polycistronic prokaryotic mRNAs, when modified at their 5'-termini with a cap structure, are translated as efficiently as, or more efficiently than eukaryotic mRNAs in a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesising system. However, in this case efficient cap-dependent translation is apparently restricted to the 5'-proximal coding sequence. Moreover, certain translational regulatory signals potentially used by these prokaryotic mRNAs to regulate their levels of expression seem to be recognised by the eukaryotic translational components. The evolutionary significance and practical implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 377099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3586", "title": "Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV,I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance.", "content": "A cloned BamH1-generated fragment of ColV,I-K94 increased the virulence of Escherichia coli, causing an approximately 100-fold reduction in LD50 for chicks. A genetic determinant for resistance to the bactericidal effects of serum was mapped to a 5,300 base-pair sequence within the fragment. Neither colicin V nor immunity to colicin V affected the pathogenicity of E. coli for chicks.", "contents": "Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV,I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. A cloned BamH1-generated fragment of ColV,I-K94 increased the virulence of Escherichia coli, causing an approximately 100-fold reduction in LD50 for chicks. A genetic determinant for resistance to the bactericidal effects of serum was mapped to a 5,300 base-pair sequence within the fragment. Neither colicin V nor immunity to colicin V affected the pathogenicity of E. coli for chicks.", "PMID": 377103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3587", "title": "Effect of M.bovis BCG and M.microti on sarcoma 180 growth in mice.", "content": "The antitumorous efficacy of the Czechoslovak BCG 725, Czechoslovak BCG 901, the Danish SAS maintained, the Japanese SAS and SH maintained BCG strain and the Czechoslovak OV 247 (M.microti) strain was studied. (SAS--original Sauton's medium with asparagine, SH--Sauton's medium with the asparagine replaced by enzymatic casein hydrolysate.) Ascitic Sa 180 cells were used as the experimental tumor and 800 mice as experimental animals. All the strains employed displayed an anticarcinogenic effect in a protective assay (immunization 8 weeks before inoculation of Sa 180 cells). In a therapeutic test (vaccine administered 24 hr after inoculation of Sa 180 cells and then at weekly intervals), Czechoslovak BCG 725 and Czechoslovak OV 247 were used and proved effective.", "contents": "Effect of M.bovis BCG and M.microti on sarcoma 180 growth in mice. The antitumorous efficacy of the Czechoslovak BCG 725, Czechoslovak BCG 901, the Danish SAS maintained, the Japanese SAS and SH maintained BCG strain and the Czechoslovak OV 247 (M.microti) strain was studied. (SAS--original Sauton's medium with asparagine, SH--Sauton's medium with the asparagine replaced by enzymatic casein hydrolysate.) Ascitic Sa 180 cells were used as the experimental tumor and 800 mice as experimental animals. All the strains employed displayed an anticarcinogenic effect in a protective assay (immunization 8 weeks before inoculation of Sa 180 cells). In a therapeutic test (vaccine administered 24 hr after inoculation of Sa 180 cells and then at weekly intervals), Czechoslovak BCG 725 and Czechoslovak OV 247 were used and proved effective.", "PMID": 377109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3588", "title": "A correlative study of immunofluorescence, electron, and light microscopy in immunologically mediated renal tubular disease in man.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with various chronic nephropathies were studied by immunofluorescence (IF), electron and light microscopy. Of 49 biopsies studied by IF, 22 had granular deposits of IgG and/or C3 along the basement membranes of proximal tubules while 14 had linear and 13 both linear and granular deposits. The possible importance of immunologically mediated renal tubular lesions in chronic nephropathies is discussed.", "contents": "A correlative study of immunofluorescence, electron, and light microscopy in immunologically mediated renal tubular disease in man. Renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with various chronic nephropathies were studied by immunofluorescence (IF), electron and light microscopy. Of 49 biopsies studied by IF, 22 had granular deposits of IgG and/or C3 along the basement membranes of proximal tubules while 14 had linear and 13 both linear and granular deposits. The possible importance of immunologically mediated renal tubular lesions in chronic nephropathies is discussed.", "PMID": 377110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3589", "title": "Diabetes mellitus with immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The present study describes 3 patients with the simultaneous occurrence of diabetic nephropathy and immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis. Renal manifestation included proteinuria and hematuria which were preceded by or co-existent with an infectious process. Renal manifestation included proteinuria and hematuria which were preceded by or co-existent with an infectious process. Renal histology showed the characteristic change of diabetic nephropathy along with those of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence studies showed a linear pattern with a superimposed granular pattern of IgG and C3 deposits. Renal function and urinary findings improved in the 2 patients who were followed up.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus with immune complex glomerulonephritis. The present study describes 3 patients with the simultaneous occurrence of diabetic nephropathy and immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis. Renal manifestation included proteinuria and hematuria which were preceded by or co-existent with an infectious process. Renal manifestation included proteinuria and hematuria which were preceded by or co-existent with an infectious process. Renal histology showed the characteristic change of diabetic nephropathy along with those of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence studies showed a linear pattern with a superimposed granular pattern of IgG and C3 deposits. Renal function and urinary findings improved in the 2 patients who were followed up.", "PMID": 377111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3590", "title": "What if multiple sclerosis isn't an immunological or a viral disease? The case for a circulating toxin.", "content": "The literature contains studies on many causes of demyelination: Vascular occlusion--exogenous toxins--allergic reactions--and virus diseases. There remains, however, a small group of conditions which seems to have been ignored almost completely in discussions of cerebral demyelination. These consist of brain damage apparently resulting from some toxin liberated within the human body and not obtained from the outside.", "contents": "What if multiple sclerosis isn't an immunological or a viral disease? The case for a circulating toxin. The literature contains studies on many causes of demyelination: Vascular occlusion--exogenous toxins--allergic reactions--and virus diseases. There remains, however, a small group of conditions which seems to have been ignored almost completely in discussions of cerebral demyelination. These consist of brain damage apparently resulting from some toxin liberated within the human body and not obtained from the outside.", "PMID": 377118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3591", "title": "Probability and the brain.", "content": "Probability theory asserts the lawfulness of seemingly random events in large populations and seems to be a reasonable approach to a general understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. The brain, by virtue of the number of its components, the multiplicity of their possible interconnections, and the range and rapidity of their outputs, is almost implausably complex in its over-all design. Probability theory, therefore, is usually applied to (a) descriptions of the behavior of large neuronal populations, (b) statistical analysis of neuronal spike trains, and (c) theoretical models of neuronal interaction. A consideration of each of these subjects is presented, as is a discussion of the most fundamental level of application of the theory to the nervous system:  (d) the assertion that the neuron and/or brain is inherently nondeterministic. In practical terms this is shown to be a \"nonissue,\" the uncertainty principle that follows has rather definite philosophical implications.", "contents": "Probability and the brain. Probability theory asserts the lawfulness of seemingly random events in large populations and seems to be a reasonable approach to a general understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. The brain, by virtue of the number of its components, the multiplicity of their possible interconnections, and the range and rapidity of their outputs, is almost implausably complex in its over-all design. Probability theory, therefore, is usually applied to (a) descriptions of the behavior of large neuronal populations, (b) statistical analysis of neuronal spike trains, and (c) theoretical models of neuronal interaction. A consideration of each of these subjects is presented, as is a discussion of the most fundamental level of application of the theory to the nervous system:  (d) the assertion that the neuron and/or brain is inherently nondeterministic. In practical terms this is shown to be a \"nonissue,\" the uncertainty principle that follows has rather definite philosophical implications.", "PMID": 377127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3592", "title": "Results of a double blind study of three contrast media and technic for lumbosacral radiculography.", "content": "The rate of side effects, the results of EMG, EEG and CSF changes after radiculography, the rates of late leptomeningeal changes and the details of the hyperosmolality following the ionic contrast media are recorded and discussed. In conclusion rules are presented for the choice of contrast medium and the examination technic for radiculography.", "contents": "Results of a double blind study of three contrast media and technic for lumbosacral radiculography. The rate of side effects, the results of EMG, EEG and CSF changes after radiculography, the rates of late leptomeningeal changes and the details of the hyperosmolality following the ionic contrast media are recorded and discussed. In conclusion rules are presented for the choice of contrast medium and the examination technic for radiculography.", "PMID": 377130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3593", "title": "[Clinico-radiological correlation and treatment of patients with absence of lumbar vertebral arch fusion].", "content": "The authors observed 88 patients (18 women and 70 men) aged 16 to 61 years with lack of lumbar vertebral arch fusion (spina bifid occulta without spinal cord involvement). In 63 cases the clinical symptom complex was that of sciatic pains, in the remaining 25 cases no neurological defect was found. In 63 cases operation was done and 45 of them intervertebral disc prolapse was found. The decision to operate was based on the refractoriness and intensity of pain, presence of neurological defect and radiculography performed in 36 cases. It is stressed that such high proportion (51%) of cases with spina bifida coexistent with lumbar disc prolapse calls for a careful analysis of the cause of pain in patients with spina bifida.", "contents": "[Clinico-radiological correlation and treatment of patients with absence of lumbar vertebral arch fusion]. The authors observed 88 patients (18 women and 70 men) aged 16 to 61 years with lack of lumbar vertebral arch fusion (spina bifid occulta without spinal cord involvement). In 63 cases the clinical symptom complex was that of sciatic pains, in the remaining 25 cases no neurological defect was found. In 63 cases operation was done and 45 of them intervertebral disc prolapse was found. The decision to operate was based on the refractoriness and intensity of pain, presence of neurological defect and radiculography performed in 36 cases. It is stressed that such high proportion (51%) of cases with spina bifida coexistent with lumbar disc prolapse calls for a careful analysis of the cause of pain in patients with spina bifida.", "PMID": 377120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3594", "title": "[Anginin effect in cerebovascular disorders in the light of psychological studies].", "content": "Seventeen patients aged 40 to 69 years with cerebral atherosclerosis and peripheral atherosclerotic changes treated for 6 months with Anginin were investigated psychologically. The purpose of the investigation was assessment of the effects of Anginin on certain higher psychic functions and motor fitness, duration of drug effects, and the influence of patients' attitude on health improvement. The investigations comprised a set of 10 psychometric tests assessing objectively the state of different kinds of memory and motor fitness, that is those functions which are most frequently disturbed in cerebral atherosclerosis, and evaluation of the symptoms associated with the disease (in the light of interviews). Each patient was investigated 4 times with parallel sets of tests: before starting treatment, after 3--4 months of treatment, 6 months after the beginnning of treatment, and 6 months after completion of treatment. Seven patients received placebo during the first 2 months. Statistically analysed results showed that during the treatment immediate and delayed visual and auditory memory increased, visumotor coordination improved and disturbances of attention concentration and motor fitness were alleviated. After 3--4 months of treatment the results of the tests for these functions improved further. The effect of Anginin lasted for 6 months after comletion of treatment showing only a slight tendency for decrease. The analysis of symptoms and comparison of the placebo group with the drug group demonstrated a high influence of the attitude of the patient on health improvement, and the psychotherapeutic effect of the drug was considerable. The good effects were obtained in cases with moderately severe and slight intensity of disturbances.", "contents": "[Anginin effect in cerebovascular disorders in the light of psychological studies]. Seventeen patients aged 40 to 69 years with cerebral atherosclerosis and peripheral atherosclerotic changes treated for 6 months with Anginin were investigated psychologically. The purpose of the investigation was assessment of the effects of Anginin on certain higher psychic functions and motor fitness, duration of drug effects, and the influence of patients' attitude on health improvement. The investigations comprised a set of 10 psychometric tests assessing objectively the state of different kinds of memory and motor fitness, that is those functions which are most frequently disturbed in cerebral atherosclerosis, and evaluation of the symptoms associated with the disease (in the light of interviews). Each patient was investigated 4 times with parallel sets of tests: before starting treatment, after 3--4 months of treatment, 6 months after the beginnning of treatment, and 6 months after completion of treatment. Seven patients received placebo during the first 2 months. Statistically analysed results showed that during the treatment immediate and delayed visual and auditory memory increased, visumotor coordination improved and disturbances of attention concentration and motor fitness were alleviated. After 3--4 months of treatment the results of the tests for these functions improved further. The effect of Anginin lasted for 6 months after comletion of treatment showing only a slight tendency for decrease. The analysis of symptoms and comparison of the placebo group with the drug group demonstrated a high influence of the attitude of the patient on health improvement, and the psychotherapeutic effect of the drug was considerable. The good effects were obtained in cases with moderately severe and slight intensity of disturbances.", "PMID": 377119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3595", "title": "Infantile and adult-onset acid maltase deficiency occurring in the same family.", "content": "A 16-week-old girl died from the infantile form of acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease, acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency). Her paternal grandfather was well until the age of 53 years, when he started to suffer from the adult-onset form of the same enzyme deficiency. This observation suggests that the infantile and adult-onset forms of acid maltase deficiency are genetically related.", "contents": "Infantile and adult-onset acid maltase deficiency occurring in the same family. A 16-week-old girl died from the infantile form of acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease, acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency). Her paternal grandfather was well until the age of 53 years, when he started to suffer from the adult-onset form of the same enzyme deficiency. This observation suggests that the infantile and adult-onset forms of acid maltase deficiency are genetically related.", "PMID": 377133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3596", "title": "Valproic acid and plasma levels of phenytoin.", "content": "Eight patients were treated concurrently with a constant dose of phenytoin and valproic acid for 1 year. During initial therapy with valproic acid, total plasma phenytoin levels decreased. The interaction was transient and was not observed at the end of 1 year. Total plasma phenytoin levels returned to pre-valproic-acid levels in seven patients.", "contents": "Valproic acid and plasma levels of phenytoin. Eight patients were treated concurrently with a constant dose of phenytoin and valproic acid for 1 year. During initial therapy with valproic acid, total plasma phenytoin levels decreased. The interaction was transient and was not observed at the end of 1 year. Total plasma phenytoin levels returned to pre-valproic-acid levels in seven patients.", "PMID": 377134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3597", "title": "[Atrial arrhythmic disease. Presentation of 16 cases and diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "The auricle arhythmic illness (exhibition of 16 cases with diagnostic, prophilactic and therapeutic considerations). The Authors make a report on sixteen cases seen in the last four years, after distinguishing between the simple kind (which explicates by BS, BSA, AS) and the complex one, in which can be found bradycardy, tachiarithmy, and asystoly. They also stress its meaning compared with other heart illnesses by a statistic point of view. They stress moreover the radiotelemetric monitoring of every suspicious case and the follow-up of the sinus node work by pacing. The treatment of every case with demand pacemakers is recommended.", "contents": "[Atrial arrhythmic disease. Presentation of 16 cases and diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic considerations]. The auricle arhythmic illness (exhibition of 16 cases with diagnostic, prophilactic and therapeutic considerations). The Authors make a report on sixteen cases seen in the last four years, after distinguishing between the simple kind (which explicates by BS, BSA, AS) and the complex one, in which can be found bradycardy, tachiarithmy, and asystoly. They also stress its meaning compared with other heart illnesses by a statistic point of view. They stress moreover the radiotelemetric monitoring of every suspicious case and the follow-up of the sinus node work by pacing. The treatment of every case with demand pacemakers is recommended.", "PMID": 377137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3598", "title": "Single dose metronidazole prophylaxis in gynaecological surgery.", "content": "A double blind study of 200 patients was undertaken to evaluate the prophylactic effect of 2g metronidazole rectal suppositories given prior to major gynaecological surgery. The patients receiving metronidazole were found to have a significant reduction in the quantity of postoperative pyrexia as assessed by the fever index. Metronidazole prophylaxis was associated with a dramatic reduction from 18 percent to 1 percent of major postoperative wound and pelvic infections. Four patients in the study developed proven Bacteroides infections, all were in the placebo group.", "contents": "Single dose metronidazole prophylaxis in gynaecological surgery. A double blind study of 200 patients was undertaken to evaluate the prophylactic effect of 2g metronidazole rectal suppositories given prior to major gynaecological surgery. The patients receiving metronidazole were found to have a significant reduction in the quantity of postoperative pyrexia as assessed by the fever index. Metronidazole prophylaxis was associated with a dramatic reduction from 18 percent to 1 percent of major postoperative wound and pelvic infections. Four patients in the study developed proven Bacteroides infections, all were in the placebo group.", "PMID": 377152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3599", "title": "Metronidazole in the prophylaxis of anaerobic infections in gynaecological surgery: a trial.", "content": "Flagyl (metronidazole) was evaluated in the prophylaxis and treatment of patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. One hundred patients were studied: 50 of these patients received prophylactic metronidazole and 50 received matching placebos. Eight percent of metronidazole treated patients developed wound infections which was less than half the number of untreated patients, 18 percent of whom developed wound infection. No anaerobic infections were seen in Flagyl treated patients whereas four (8 percent) were seen in placebo patients.", "contents": "Metronidazole in the prophylaxis of anaerobic infections in gynaecological surgery: a trial. Flagyl (metronidazole) was evaluated in the prophylaxis and treatment of patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. One hundred patients were studied: 50 of these patients received prophylactic metronidazole and 50 received matching placebos. Eight percent of metronidazole treated patients developed wound infections which was less than half the number of untreated patients, 18 percent of whom developed wound infection. No anaerobic infections were seen in Flagyl treated patients whereas four (8 percent) were seen in placebo patients.", "PMID": 377153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3600", "title": "A comparison of sulindac with ibuprofen in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sulindac 200mg b.i.d. was compared with ibuprofen 400mg t.d.s. in a double-blind controlled trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both drugs produced a measurable and significant improvement from baseline levels, in both objective and subjective parameters. All parameters favoured sulindac but the differences were not statistically significant. Side effects were infrequent with both drugs and in all but three cases did not necessitate withdrawal from the trials. Sulindac appears to be an effective anti-inflammatory analgesic drug for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with a low incidence of side effects.", "contents": "A comparison of sulindac with ibuprofen in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Sulindac 200mg b.i.d. was compared with ibuprofen 400mg t.d.s. in a double-blind controlled trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both drugs produced a measurable and significant improvement from baseline levels, in both objective and subjective parameters. All parameters favoured sulindac but the differences were not statistically significant. Side effects were infrequent with both drugs and in all but three cases did not necessitate withdrawal from the trials. Sulindac appears to be an effective anti-inflammatory analgesic drug for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with a low incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 377154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3601", "title": "A double blind comparison of thiothixene and a trifluoperazine/chlorpromazine composite in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Thirty chronic schizophrenic patients participated in a double-blind crossover trial of thiothixene (Navane) and a control drug combination of trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine. No statistically significant difference was found between the two drug conditions on numerous behavioural scales. Experience with thiothixene suggested that it was comparable with control drugs in the activation of withdrawn patients but needs to be used in combination with a more sedative antipsychotic agent in the treatment of some paranoid patients.", "contents": "A double blind comparison of thiothixene and a trifluoperazine/chlorpromazine composite in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Thirty chronic schizophrenic patients participated in a double-blind crossover trial of thiothixene (Navane) and a control drug combination of trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine. No statistically significant difference was found between the two drug conditions on numerous behavioural scales. Experience with thiothixene suggested that it was comparable with control drugs in the activation of withdrawn patients but needs to be used in combination with a more sedative antipsychotic agent in the treatment of some paranoid patients.", "PMID": 377155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3602", "title": "C-peptide response to glucagon in diabetics with and without complications.", "content": "Beta cell function has been studied by measurement of C-peptide responses to intravenous glucagon in 11 diabetics with advanced complications and compared with nine long-term diabetics without complications. The majority had no C-peptide responses, but there was evidence of beta cell function in one patient from each group. These observations suggest that some factor other than continuing beta cell function is involved in the complications of insulin-requiring diabetics.", "contents": "C-peptide response to glucagon in diabetics with and without complications. Beta cell function has been studied by measurement of C-peptide responses to intravenous glucagon in 11 diabetics with advanced complications and compared with nine long-term diabetics without complications. The majority had no C-peptide responses, but there was evidence of beta cell function in one patient from each group. These observations suggest that some factor other than continuing beta cell function is involved in the complications of insulin-requiring diabetics.", "PMID": 377156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3603", "title": "Fetal cranial injuries related to delivery with the Malmstr\u00f6m vacuum extractor.", "content": "The literature regarding the propensity of the vacuum extractor to cause fetal cranial injuries is reviewed. Eighteen subaponeurotic hemorrhages occurred in 14,276 vacuum extractions (VE). Scalp abrasion or laceration occurred in 12.6%, cephalohematoma in 6%, and intracranial hemorrhage in 0.35%. Assessments of early and late manifestations of neurologic damage indicate little difference between VE deliveries and spontaneous deliveries. An uncorrected perinatal mortality rate of 25.8 per thousand is tabulated, which reduced to 15 per thousand when corrected for deaths not related to the mode of delivery. Scalp anatomy and the forces exerted on it with vacuum extraction are examined, and suggestions to minimize scalp injuries are offered.", "contents": "Fetal cranial injuries related to delivery with the Malmstr\u00f6m vacuum extractor. The literature regarding the propensity of the vacuum extractor to cause fetal cranial injuries is reviewed. Eighteen subaponeurotic hemorrhages occurred in 14,276 vacuum extractions (VE). Scalp abrasion or laceration occurred in 12.6%, cephalohematoma in 6%, and intracranial hemorrhage in 0.35%. Assessments of early and late manifestations of neurologic damage indicate little difference between VE deliveries and spontaneous deliveries. An uncorrected perinatal mortality rate of 25.8 per thousand is tabulated, which reduced to 15 per thousand when corrected for deaths not related to the mode of delivery. Scalp anatomy and the forces exerted on it with vacuum extraction are examined, and suggestions to minimize scalp injuries are offered.", "PMID": 377161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3604", "title": "Recurrent nonimmune hydrops fetalis.", "content": "A case of recurrent nonimmune hydrops fetalis is presented. In each of the 2 pregnancies involved, early neonatal death occurred. Only 1 other case could be discovered in the literature where the problem recurred. Hence, normally, a good prognosis for future pregnancies is given. In spite of extensive investigation, the etiology of nonimmune hydrops fetalis remains unknown. The condition is associated with preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, and premature labor. While the polyhydraminos renders management difficult, it makes the ultrasound diagnosis much clearer. This early diagnosis ensures the availability of optimal perinatal care for the infant on delivery.", "contents": "Recurrent nonimmune hydrops fetalis. A case of recurrent nonimmune hydrops fetalis is presented. In each of the 2 pregnancies involved, early neonatal death occurred. Only 1 other case could be discovered in the literature where the problem recurred. Hence, normally, a good prognosis for future pregnancies is given. In spite of extensive investigation, the etiology of nonimmune hydrops fetalis remains unknown. The condition is associated with preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, and premature labor. While the polyhydraminos renders management difficult, it makes the ultrasound diagnosis much clearer. This early diagnosis ensures the availability of optimal perinatal care for the infant on delivery.", "PMID": 377163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3605", "title": "Fetal swallowing and voiding in relation to hydramnios.", "content": "Fetal swallowing and voiding were measured using colloidal gold and an ultrasonic scanner, respectively. Subjects in the study were in their 38-40th week of pregnancy. Cases were divided into 3 groups: normal, hydramnios, and oligohydramnios. The normal group had a mean swallowing rate of 198 ml/day and a mean voiding rate of 23.6 ml/hr. No significant differences were found among these rates and the corresponding rates in the other 2 groups. It is concluded that mechanisms other than fetal swallowing and voiding can contribute to the control of amniotic fluid volume at term.", "contents": "Fetal swallowing and voiding in relation to hydramnios. Fetal swallowing and voiding were measured using colloidal gold and an ultrasonic scanner, respectively. Subjects in the study were in their 38-40th week of pregnancy. Cases were divided into 3 groups: normal, hydramnios, and oligohydramnios. The normal group had a mean swallowing rate of 198 ml/day and a mean voiding rate of 23.6 ml/hr. No significant differences were found among these rates and the corresponding rates in the other 2 groups. It is concluded that mechanisms other than fetal swallowing and voiding can contribute to the control of amniotic fluid volume at term.", "PMID": 377164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3606", "title": "Tamoxifen-induced regression of benign breast lesions.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with severe breast dysplasia were treated with tamoxifen, 10 mg/day from day 5 to day 25 of the menstrual cycle for 4 months. Lesions were assessed by mammography, thermography, and echography (A- and B-mode scanning). In 45 patients (71.43%) there was complete remission of symptoms and disappearance of lesions as assessed by echography and clinical examination. Some improvement was seen in 12 patients. In all but 2 of those in whom lesions disappeared completely, no recurrence was seen in 12 months after treatment was discontinued. Estrogen receptors were assayed in 10 patients, but were detected in none. A decrease of doubtful statistical significance was observed in some patients in basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated levels of prolactin during the treatment period. No other significant or unequivocal change in endocrine parameters was observed during tamoxifen treatment.", "contents": "Tamoxifen-induced regression of benign breast lesions. Sixty-three patients with severe breast dysplasia were treated with tamoxifen, 10 mg/day from day 5 to day 25 of the menstrual cycle for 4 months. Lesions were assessed by mammography, thermography, and echography (A- and B-mode scanning). In 45 patients (71.43%) there was complete remission of symptoms and disappearance of lesions as assessed by echography and clinical examination. Some improvement was seen in 12 patients. In all but 2 of those in whom lesions disappeared completely, no recurrence was seen in 12 months after treatment was discontinued. Estrogen receptors were assayed in 10 patients, but were detected in none. A decrease of doubtful statistical significance was observed in some patients in basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated levels of prolactin during the treatment period. No other significant or unequivocal change in endocrine parameters was observed during tamoxifen treatment.", "PMID": 377165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3607", "title": "Gracilis myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the vulva and female perineum.", "content": "For the past 2 decades there has been a definite trend among pelvic surgeons to immediately reconstruct the large defects created by deforming radical cancer surgery in the female pelvis and perineum. Extensive en bloc removal of more tissue has enhanced the probabilities of increased 5-year survival. At the same time, however, the quality of life following radical surgery has been of great concern to both patient and surgeon. Recent advances have been made in techniques for reconstruction. It is the purpose of this paper to present our experience using the gracilis myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of the vulva after radical excision of perineal tissue. The technique of the procedure is presented with the clinical results in 5 cases, and the complications noted therein.", "contents": "Gracilis myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the vulva and female perineum. For the past 2 decades there has been a definite trend among pelvic surgeons to immediately reconstruct the large defects created by deforming radical cancer surgery in the female pelvis and perineum. Extensive en bloc removal of more tissue has enhanced the probabilities of increased 5-year survival. At the same time, however, the quality of life following radical surgery has been of great concern to both patient and surgeon. Recent advances have been made in techniques for reconstruction. It is the purpose of this paper to present our experience using the gracilis myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of the vulva after radical excision of perineal tissue. The technique of the procedure is presented with the clinical results in 5 cases, and the complications noted therein.", "PMID": 377166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3608", "title": "Chemical profiles of disease.", "content": "Chemical profiles have been used successfully in teaching the interpretation of laboratory test values. The profiles have a visual impact that assists in making associative and correlative observations about disease processes. Profiles are most useful in attempts to integrate multiple test abnormalities in a given disease process. Representative profiles are illustrated and discussed as examples of the effectiveness of this mode of analysis of clinical laboratory data in laboratory medicine.", "contents": "Chemical profiles of disease. Chemical profiles have been used successfully in teaching the interpretation of laboratory test values. The profiles have a visual impact that assists in making associative and correlative observations about disease processes. Profiles are most useful in attempts to integrate multiple test abnormalities in a given disease process. Representative profiles are illustrated and discussed as examples of the effectiveness of this mode of analysis of clinical laboratory data in laboratory medicine.", "PMID": 377174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3609", "title": "Liver replacement for pediatric patients.", "content": "Between March 1963 and January 1978, 74 patients 18 years of age or younger have had liver replacements at the University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver. The most common cause of native liver failure was biliary atresis (48/74, 65%); the second most common cause was chronic aggressive hepatitis (12/74, 16%). Twenty-nine patients (39%) lived for at least one year, and 16 are still alive one to nine years after transplantation. Technical surgical problems, rejection, and infection were the main causes of death. Improved immunosuppression is needed; nevertheless, the quality of life in the long-term survivors has encouraged continuation of this difficult work.", "contents": "Liver replacement for pediatric patients. Between March 1963 and January 1978, 74 patients 18 years of age or younger have had liver replacements at the University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver. The most common cause of native liver failure was biliary atresis (48/74, 65%); the second most common cause was chronic aggressive hepatitis (12/74, 16%). Twenty-nine patients (39%) lived for at least one year, and 16 are still alive one to nine years after transplantation. Technical surgical problems, rejection, and infection were the main causes of death. Improved immunosuppression is needed; nevertheless, the quality of life in the long-term survivors has encouraged continuation of this difficult work.", "PMID": 377201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3610", "title": "Vitamin E absorption in small premature infants.", "content": "The absorption of vitamin E, given by orogastric tube, was studied in premature infants who weighed less than 1.5 kg at birth. After the administration of either dl-alpha tocopherol or the acetate form, plasma tocopherol levels increased. In a second blind trial, 28 infants received either 25 units of dl-alpha tocopherol or placebo during the first six weeks of life. Plasma tocopherol levels in all treated infants were sustained in the normal adult range. The vitamin E-deficient state of premature infants can be corrected by oral therapy alone.", "contents": "Vitamin E absorption in small premature infants. The absorption of vitamin E, given by orogastric tube, was studied in premature infants who weighed less than 1.5 kg at birth. After the administration of either dl-alpha tocopherol or the acetate form, plasma tocopherol levels increased. In a second blind trial, 28 infants received either 25 units of dl-alpha tocopherol or placebo during the first six weeks of life. Plasma tocopherol levels in all treated infants were sustained in the normal adult range. The vitamin E-deficient state of premature infants can be corrected by oral therapy alone.", "PMID": 377202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3611", "title": "Adolescents with myelodysplasia: impact of physical disability on emotional maturation.", "content": "Certain physical, psychological and social characteristics of 20 adolescents with myelodysplasia are compared to those of age and gender-matched controls. In addition to the obvious physical differences the areas of greatest concern are self-esteem and social-sexual adjustment. Family relations, feelings, and modes of expression were not different in the two groups. Lack of appropriate chores, decreased opportunities to interact and compete with peers, plus uncertainties to interact and compete with peers, plus uncertainties about bowel and bladder continence appear to be the greatest impediments to emotional growth in this physically handicapped group of teenagers. Early recognition of such problems and finding strategies to overcome them are important aspects of the comprehensive care of any person with a chronic disability.", "contents": "Adolescents with myelodysplasia: impact of physical disability on emotional maturation. Certain physical, psychological and social characteristics of 20 adolescents with myelodysplasia are compared to those of age and gender-matched controls. In addition to the obvious physical differences the areas of greatest concern are self-esteem and social-sexual adjustment. Family relations, feelings, and modes of expression were not different in the two groups. Lack of appropriate chores, decreased opportunities to interact and compete with peers, plus uncertainties to interact and compete with peers, plus uncertainties about bowel and bladder continence appear to be the greatest impediments to emotional growth in this physically handicapped group of teenagers. Early recognition of such problems and finding strategies to overcome them are important aspects of the comprehensive care of any person with a chronic disability.", "PMID": 377204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3612", "title": "Group B streptococcal colonization in prepubertal children.", "content": "Colonization of prepubertal boys and girls with group B streptococci was studied prosepctively for one year. Throat, anal canal, and vaginal cultures were obtained from 415 children not receiving antimicrobics. The over-all colonization rate at any site was 11.3% and did not vary with age, sex, or season. Streptococci were recovered most commonly from the anal canal. Throat colonization was comparable in boys and girls. A total of 71 sites were positive for the organism in the 47 colonized children. Serotype Ia was the most common (41% of isolates). Types II and III accounted for 24% and 20%, respectively. Colonization at more than one site occurred in 20 children and in two of these children, different serotypes were recovered from different sites.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal colonization in prepubertal children. Colonization of prepubertal boys and girls with group B streptococci was studied prosepctively for one year. Throat, anal canal, and vaginal cultures were obtained from 415 children not receiving antimicrobics. The over-all colonization rate at any site was 11.3% and did not vary with age, sex, or season. Streptococci were recovered most commonly from the anal canal. Throat colonization was comparable in boys and girls. A total of 71 sites were positive for the organism in the 47 colonized children. Serotype Ia was the most common (41% of isolates). Types II and III accounted for 24% and 20%, respectively. Colonization at more than one site occurred in 20 children and in two of these children, different serotypes were recovered from different sites.", "PMID": 377205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3613", "title": "Lateral eye-movements and indices of nonanalytic attending in right-handed females.", "content": "24 right-handed females were assessed on left-moving after participating in a study wherein they were presented on hypnotic susceptibility and absorption and then attended \"nonanalytically\" for 20 sessions. Although no significant correlations were found between left-moving and other variables, further analyses indicated a non-linear relationship between left-moving and susceptibility, absorption and self-rated \"depth\" of attending.", "contents": "Lateral eye-movements and indices of nonanalytic attending in right-handed females. 24 right-handed females were assessed on left-moving after participating in a study wherein they were presented on hypnotic susceptibility and absorption and then attended \"nonanalytically\" for 20 sessions. Although no significant correlations were found between left-moving and other variables, further analyses indicated a non-linear relationship between left-moving and susceptibility, absorption and self-rated \"depth\" of attending.", "PMID": 377210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3614", "title": "Body-cathexis and self-cathexis in an interactional, awareness training class.", "content": "This study examined the effects of a psychology of adjustment class on body-acceptance and self-acceptance. An introductory psychology class served as a control group. Subjects were pre- and posttested with the Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales. Two by two analyses of covariance indicated that the adjustment group showed a larger gain on both scales than the control. Sex interacted with group significantly on the Body-cathexis scale only. Means indicated that the main effect of groups on the Body-cathexis scale may be attributed to the larger gains by females in the adjustment class.", "contents": "Body-cathexis and self-cathexis in an interactional, awareness training class. This study examined the effects of a psychology of adjustment class on body-acceptance and self-acceptance. An introductory psychology class served as a control group. Subjects were pre- and posttested with the Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales. Two by two analyses of covariance indicated that the adjustment group showed a larger gain on both scales than the control. Sex interacted with group significantly on the Body-cathexis scale only. Means indicated that the main effect of groups on the Body-cathexis scale may be attributed to the larger gains by females in the adjustment class.", "PMID": 377211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3615", "title": "Monaural studies eliciting an hemispheric asymmetry: a bibliography.", "content": "Since 1967, 74 studies reported in the literature using monaural stimulation elicited an hemispheric asymmetry, confirming original findings from dichotic listening studies.", "contents": "Monaural studies eliciting an hemispheric asymmetry: a bibliography. Since 1967, 74 studies reported in the literature using monaural stimulation elicited an hemispheric asymmetry, confirming original findings from dichotic listening studies.", "PMID": 377212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3616", "title": "[Idiopathic haemochromatosis. I. Clinical, biological and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Over the last few years the study of idiopathic haemochromatosis has not brought to light any basic change in the overall pattern of organic and metabolic damage produced by the disease and comprising altered skin pigmentation, liver disease, diabete mellitus, heart disease, endocrine dysfunction, bone and joint disease. Nevertheless, certain facets of the clinical picture have been described and progress has been made in understanding the signs of the disease. Although the desferrioxamine test is no without merit, especially if performed after vitamin C administration, for measuring the extent of iron overload, two methods seem better equipped: serum ferritin radioimmunoassay and measurement of iron concentration in a liver biopsy specimen. The HLA antigen A3 and, more especially, haplotype A3, B14, are markers for the genetic basis of the disease. Repeated phlebotomy therapy generally brings about symptomatic improvement and a significant increase in survival.", "contents": "[Idiopathic haemochromatosis. I. Clinical, biological and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)]. Over the last few years the study of idiopathic haemochromatosis has not brought to light any basic change in the overall pattern of organic and metabolic damage produced by the disease and comprising altered skin pigmentation, liver disease, diabete mellitus, heart disease, endocrine dysfunction, bone and joint disease. Nevertheless, certain facets of the clinical picture have been described and progress has been made in understanding the signs of the disease. Although the desferrioxamine test is no without merit, especially if performed after vitamin C administration, for measuring the extent of iron overload, two methods seem better equipped: serum ferritin radioimmunoassay and measurement of iron concentration in a liver biopsy specimen. The HLA antigen A3 and, more especially, haplotype A3, B14, are markers for the genetic basis of the disease. Repeated phlebotomy therapy generally brings about symptomatic improvement and a significant increase in survival.", "PMID": 377216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3617", "title": "[Non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemia: maintenance therapy by trial of a combination of chemo- and immunotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A trial of immunotherapy in the maintenance treatment of non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemias led to a comparison of 2 groups of patients in complete remission. Group C (14 patients) received only monthly reinduction chemotherapy. Group C + I (17 patients) received identical chemotherapy together with weekly immunotherapy combining BCG and irradiated leukaemic cells. Whilst the duration of the first remission was unmodified, the overall survival and above all survival after the first recurrence were prolonged in group C + I. These results were all the more marked when a homogeneous patients having received the same induction chemotherapy is considered.", "contents": "[Non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemia: maintenance therapy by trial of a combination of chemo- and immunotherapy (author's transl)]. A trial of immunotherapy in the maintenance treatment of non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemias led to a comparison of 2 groups of patients in complete remission. Group C (14 patients) received only monthly reinduction chemotherapy. Group C + I (17 patients) received identical chemotherapy together with weekly immunotherapy combining BCG and irradiated leukaemic cells. Whilst the duration of the first remission was unmodified, the overall survival and above all survival after the first recurrence were prolonged in group C + I. These results were all the more marked when a homogeneous patients having received the same induction chemotherapy is considered.", "PMID": 377219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3618", "title": "[Myelosclerosis : pseudo-tumors forms (author's transl)].", "content": "Signs of pseudo-tumor growth may be seen in myelosclerosis. Eight personal cases and a review of the literature are discussed in this article. The observations here reported cover pseudo-tumors occurring in ganglia, liver, suprarenals (3), abdomen and pancreas. They are classified as sclerotic haemopoietic tumors. This category has particular characteristics when compared to extra-medullary haemopoiesis, extra-medullary haemopoietic growths, and a fourth category, sarcoma-type malignant tumors in myelosclerosis. The identity of these last three entities is widely discussed in the literature. The main histological and cytological characteristics for pseudo-tumor diagnosis in myelosclerosis are reported here.", "contents": "[Myelosclerosis : pseudo-tumors forms (author's transl)]. Signs of pseudo-tumor growth may be seen in myelosclerosis. Eight personal cases and a review of the literature are discussed in this article. The observations here reported cover pseudo-tumors occurring in ganglia, liver, suprarenals (3), abdomen and pancreas. They are classified as sclerotic haemopoietic tumors. This category has particular characteristics when compared to extra-medullary haemopoiesis, extra-medullary haemopoietic growths, and a fourth category, sarcoma-type malignant tumors in myelosclerosis. The identity of these last three entities is widely discussed in the literature. The main histological and cytological characteristics for pseudo-tumor diagnosis in myelosclerosis are reported here.", "PMID": 377222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3619", "title": "Regulation of hemopoiesis.", "content": "The development of in vitro cloning systems for populations of hemopoietic and lymphoid cells has enabled a family of specific regulatory macromolecules to be detected and characterized. These macromolecules control proliferation and differentiation in hemopoietic cell populations. Studies have demonstrated the complexity of the spectrum of molecules which are involved in the regulation of each group of hemopoietic cells. Heterogeneous subpopulations of molecules exist for each regulatory function and more than one molecular form exists for the various regulator molecules. While the cellular origin of many of these regulators has not been clearly demonstrated, it is apparent that hemopoietic populations themselves can be significant sources of both stimulatory and inhibitory regulators. In particular, there are now clear examples of regulatory interactions which occur in both directions between hemopoietic and lymphoid populations. While in no case a complete analysis of the control systems has been achieved, maintenance of homeostasis in hemopoietic systems is now better understood than for most other cell populations in the body. Further, with existing techniques, and in particular, the exploitation of the full potential of the semi-solid cloning systems, it is realistic to expect that a complete analysis of hemopoietic regulation can now be accomplished.", "contents": "Regulation of hemopoiesis. The development of in vitro cloning systems for populations of hemopoietic and lymphoid cells has enabled a family of specific regulatory macromolecules to be detected and characterized. These macromolecules control proliferation and differentiation in hemopoietic cell populations. Studies have demonstrated the complexity of the spectrum of molecules which are involved in the regulation of each group of hemopoietic cells. Heterogeneous subpopulations of molecules exist for each regulatory function and more than one molecular form exists for the various regulator molecules. While the cellular origin of many of these regulators has not been clearly demonstrated, it is apparent that hemopoietic populations themselves can be significant sources of both stimulatory and inhibitory regulators. In particular, there are now clear examples of regulatory interactions which occur in both directions between hemopoietic and lymphoid populations. While in no case a complete analysis of the control systems has been achieved, maintenance of homeostasis in hemopoietic systems is now better understood than for most other cell populations in the body. Further, with existing techniques, and in particular, the exploitation of the full potential of the semi-solid cloning systems, it is realistic to expect that a complete analysis of hemopoietic regulation can now be accomplished.", "PMID": 377223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3620", "title": "[Repeated sampling of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the pleural cavity. Application for the study of leucocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for allowing the sampling of a homogeneous population of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from the rat pleural cavity a well as a technique involving the use of a phase-contrast microscope and video-recording system to study the necrotaxis of rat PMN towards a single erythrocyte lysed by ruby-laser irradiation. This allows both the speed of the leucocytes and the degree of their chemotactic response to be determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental technique are discussed along with its application to the study of in vitro and in vivo actions of various drugs on rat PMN chemotaxis.", "contents": "[Repeated sampling of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the pleural cavity. Application for the study of leucocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)]. A method is described for allowing the sampling of a homogeneous population of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from the rat pleural cavity a well as a technique involving the use of a phase-contrast microscope and video-recording system to study the necrotaxis of rat PMN towards a single erythrocyte lysed by ruby-laser irradiation. This allows both the speed of the leucocytes and the degree of their chemotactic response to be determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental technique are discussed along with its application to the study of in vitro and in vivo actions of various drugs on rat PMN chemotaxis.", "PMID": 377224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3621", "title": "[Morphology and deformability of erythrocytes in muscular dystrophy].", "content": "In recent years, the presence of red cell morphological abnormalities in patients with Muscular Dystrophy has made the object of numerous, often contradictory reports. A possible source of such confusion may lie in the fact that human erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to morphologic transformations resulting from various manipulations or environmental conditions in vitro. We have examined the morphology and deformability of erythrocytes from 7 patients with Duchenne and 9 patients with Steinert (myotonic) Muscular Dystrophy. To avoid preparation artifacts, fresh, unwashed red cells suspended in their own plasma were examined under phase contrast microscopy for the presence of either echinocytes and stomatocytes. Deformability was measured by filtration of dilute cell suspensions at constant flow rate through nucleopore membranes (nominal pore diameter = 3 micron). No significant difference was found between the patients' cells and those of 22 healthy volunteer controls. We conclude that previously reported abnormalities may have been the result of preparation artifacts. It appears possible, however, that erythrocytes from Muscular Dystrophy patients may be more sensitive than normal ones to certain stimuli originating from red cell manipulations in vitro.", "contents": "[Morphology and deformability of erythrocytes in muscular dystrophy]. In recent years, the presence of red cell morphological abnormalities in patients with Muscular Dystrophy has made the object of numerous, often contradictory reports. A possible source of such confusion may lie in the fact that human erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to morphologic transformations resulting from various manipulations or environmental conditions in vitro. We have examined the morphology and deformability of erythrocytes from 7 patients with Duchenne and 9 patients with Steinert (myotonic) Muscular Dystrophy. To avoid preparation artifacts, fresh, unwashed red cells suspended in their own plasma were examined under phase contrast microscopy for the presence of either echinocytes and stomatocytes. Deformability was measured by filtration of dilute cell suspensions at constant flow rate through nucleopore membranes (nominal pore diameter = 3 micron). No significant difference was found between the patients' cells and those of 22 healthy volunteer controls. We conclude that previously reported abnormalities may have been the result of preparation artifacts. It appears possible, however, that erythrocytes from Muscular Dystrophy patients may be more sensitive than normal ones to certain stimuli originating from red cell manipulations in vitro.", "PMID": 377225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3622", "title": "[Materno-foetal transfer of anti-HLA antibodies. Study by using LDA test (author's transl)].", "content": "The LDA test was used to study the materno-foetal transfer of anti-HLA antibodies. The results were compared with those obtained earlier by the complement dependent lymphocytoxicity test (CdL). Although more sensitive than CdL, the LDA test did not demonstrate more maternal antibodies in cord blood when these antibodies corresponded to the child's paternal antigens. Nevertheless LDA demonstrated antibodies did not always behave similarly to those seen by CdL.", "contents": "[Materno-foetal transfer of anti-HLA antibodies. Study by using LDA test (author's transl)]. The LDA test was used to study the materno-foetal transfer of anti-HLA antibodies. The results were compared with those obtained earlier by the complement dependent lymphocytoxicity test (CdL). Although more sensitive than CdL, the LDA test did not demonstrate more maternal antibodies in cord blood when these antibodies corresponded to the child's paternal antigens. Nevertheless LDA demonstrated antibodies did not always behave similarly to those seen by CdL.", "PMID": 377226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3623", "title": "Characterization of a cloned ribosomal fragment from mouse which contains the 18S coding region and adjacent spacer sequences.", "content": "The large EcoRI fragment of mouse ribosomal genes containing parts of the non-transcribed spacer, the external transcribed spacer located at the 5' end of the precursor molecule and about two thirds of the 18S sequence has been cloned in bacteriophage lambda  gtWES. A physical map of the DNA was constructed by cleavage with several restriction endonucleases and hybridization of the restriction fragments of the recombinant DNA with labelled 18S and 45S rRNA. The orientation of the inserted fragment as well as the length of the 18S sequence was determined by electron microscopy of R-loop containing molecules. The absence of hybridization of the cloned fragment to other fragments in the genome shows that the non-transcribed spacer does not have a significant length of sequences in common with other sequences in the genome.", "contents": "Characterization of a cloned ribosomal fragment from mouse which contains the 18S coding region and adjacent spacer sequences. The large EcoRI fragment of mouse ribosomal genes containing parts of the non-transcribed spacer, the external transcribed spacer located at the 5' end of the precursor molecule and about two thirds of the 18S sequence has been cloned in bacteriophage lambda  gtWES. A physical map of the DNA was constructed by cleavage with several restriction endonucleases and hybridization of the restriction fragments of the recombinant DNA with labelled 18S and 45S rRNA. The orientation of the inserted fragment as well as the length of the 18S sequence was determined by electron microscopy of R-loop containing molecules. The absence of hybridization of the cloned fragment to other fragments in the genome shows that the non-transcribed spacer does not have a significant length of sequences in common with other sequences in the genome.", "PMID": 377227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3624", "title": "Role of ribothymidine in the thermal stability of transfer RNA as monitored by proton magnetic resonance.", "content": "In order to elucidate the functional role of the modified uridines at position 54 of tRNA, the 270 MHz high-field proton NMR spectra of methionine tRNAs from E. coli, from a mutant thereof, and from T. thermophilus, containing ribothymidine, uridine and 2-thioribothymidine, respectively, have been measured as a function of temperature. A comparison of the NMR melting profiles of the minor nucleosides from these tRNAs shows that the melting temperature of uridine containing tRNA is 6 degrees C lower than that of the wild type tRNA whereas that of the 2-thioribothymidine tRNA is 7 degrees C higher than that of the wild type tRNA. These results, therefore, demonstrate that these modifications serve for stabilization of the tertiary structure of tRNA.", "contents": "Role of ribothymidine in the thermal stability of transfer RNA as monitored by proton magnetic resonance. In order to elucidate the functional role of the modified uridines at position 54 of tRNA, the 270 MHz high-field proton NMR spectra of methionine tRNAs from E. coli, from a mutant thereof, and from T. thermophilus, containing ribothymidine, uridine and 2-thioribothymidine, respectively, have been measured as a function of temperature. A comparison of the NMR melting profiles of the minor nucleosides from these tRNAs shows that the melting temperature of uridine containing tRNA is 6 degrees C lower than that of the wild type tRNA whereas that of the 2-thioribothymidine tRNA is 7 degrees C higher than that of the wild type tRNA. These results, therefore, demonstrate that these modifications serve for stabilization of the tertiary structure of tRNA.", "PMID": 377228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3625", "title": "The binding of tyrosinyl-5'-AMP to tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (E.coli).", "content": "The binding between tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (E.coli) and the alkylanalogue of the aminoacyladenylate, tyrosinyl-5'-AMP, has been investigated by fluorescence titrations and rapid mixing experiments. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase has two equivalent and independent binding sites for tyrosinyl-5'-AMP. The intrinsic binding constant is 4 x 10(7)M-1. The binding sites for tRNATyr and tyrosinyl-5'-AMP are independent of each other, the anticooperative mode of tRNA binding being preserved in the presence of tyrosinyl-5-AMP.", "contents": "The binding of tyrosinyl-5'-AMP to tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (E.coli). The binding between tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (E.coli) and the alkylanalogue of the aminoacyladenylate, tyrosinyl-5'-AMP, has been investigated by fluorescence titrations and rapid mixing experiments. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase has two equivalent and independent binding sites for tyrosinyl-5'-AMP. The intrinsic binding constant is 4 x 10(7)M-1. The binding sites for tRNATyr and tyrosinyl-5'-AMP are independent of each other, the anticooperative mode of tRNA binding being preserved in the presence of tyrosinyl-5-AMP.", "PMID": 377229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3626", "title": "The regulatory region of MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. IV. Functional activity of specific MS2 RNA fragments in formation of the 70 S initiation complex of protein biosynthesis.", "content": "The initiation region of the MS2 replicase cistron can be isolated as a fragment 59 bases in length protected from RNAase by the binding of the coat protein which serves as a translational repressor. This fragment MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) starts 53 bases before the initiation codon and retains full activity in binding ribosomes. We have investigated the functional activity in initiation of a series of fragments from this region variously shortened from the 5'-end. Ribosome protected fragments starting 17 or 21 bases before the AUG are unable to rebind to ribosomes. The shortest fragment which has this activity was produced by partial S1 nuclease digestion and starts 33 to 35 bases before the AUG. The initiation signal comprises some nucleotides between 21 and 33 bases before the initiation codon and the regulatory region responsible for initiation is longer than that protected by the ribosome in the final initiation complex.", "contents": "The regulatory region of MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. IV. Functional activity of specific MS2 RNA fragments in formation of the 70 S initiation complex of protein biosynthesis. The initiation region of the MS2 replicase cistron can be isolated as a fragment 59 bases in length protected from RNAase by the binding of the coat protein which serves as a translational repressor. This fragment MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) starts 53 bases before the initiation codon and retains full activity in binding ribosomes. We have investigated the functional activity in initiation of a series of fragments from this region variously shortened from the 5'-end. Ribosome protected fragments starting 17 or 21 bases before the AUG are unable to rebind to ribosomes. The shortest fragment which has this activity was produced by partial S1 nuclease digestion and starts 33 to 35 bases before the AUG. The initiation signal comprises some nucleotides between 21 and 33 bases before the initiation codon and the regulatory region responsible for initiation is longer than that protected by the ribosome in the final initiation complex.", "PMID": 377230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3627", "title": "Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Abteilung Wittmann, Berlin-Dahlem, GFR.", "content": "It is well established that when E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits are irradiated with ultraviolet light under mild conditions a specific cross-link is formed between protein S7 and the 16S RNA. Methodology is presented for the analysis of the single nucleotide residue concerned in this cross-link. Firstly, the identity of the ribonuclease T1 octanucleotide attached to S7 is confirmed by a new method, which involves isolation and analysis of S7-polynucleotide complexes containing 30 -- 40 nucleotides. Secondly, the isolated S7-octanucleotide complex is digested successively with ribonuclease A, proteinase K and ribonuclease T2, and the nucleotides liberated are identified. The results show unambiguously that uridine residue number 1239 in the 16S RNA sequence is cross-linked to protein S7.", "contents": "Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Abteilung Wittmann, Berlin-Dahlem, GFR. It is well established that when E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits are irradiated with ultraviolet light under mild conditions a specific cross-link is formed between protein S7 and the 16S RNA. Methodology is presented for the analysis of the single nucleotide residue concerned in this cross-link. Firstly, the identity of the ribonuclease T1 octanucleotide attached to S7 is confirmed by a new method, which involves isolation and analysis of S7-polynucleotide complexes containing 30 -- 40 nucleotides. Secondly, the isolated S7-octanucleotide complex is digested successively with ribonuclease A, proteinase K and ribonuclease T2, and the nucleotides liberated are identified. The results show unambiguously that uridine residue number 1239 in the 16S RNA sequence is cross-linked to protein S7.", "PMID": 377231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3628", "title": "Physical map of the seven ribosomal RNA genes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases BamHI, PstI, EcoRI, SalI, HindIII, XhoI, BglII, SmaI, HpaI and with selected double and triple combinations of the same enzymes. The digests were electrophoresed and hybridized with 32P-labelled ribosomal RNA by using the Southern blotting technique. The resulting bands could be arranged into seven groups, and it was possible to construct a unique physical map of the seven rRNA genes (operons) of the bacterial chromosome. Mapping information obtained on several transducing phages and recombinant plasmids carrying rRNA genes, and mapping data published in the literature helped to determine the final map. The results suggest that phage lambda daroE152 carries a \"hybrid\" rRNA gene which was probably formed by recombination between two different chromosomal rRNA genes.", "contents": "Physical map of the seven ribosomal RNA genes of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases BamHI, PstI, EcoRI, SalI, HindIII, XhoI, BglII, SmaI, HpaI and with selected double and triple combinations of the same enzymes. The digests were electrophoresed and hybridized with 32P-labelled ribosomal RNA by using the Southern blotting technique. The resulting bands could be arranged into seven groups, and it was possible to construct a unique physical map of the seven rRNA genes (operons) of the bacterial chromosome. Mapping information obtained on several transducing phages and recombinant plasmids carrying rRNA genes, and mapping data published in the literature helped to determine the final map. The results suggest that phage lambda daroE152 carries a \"hybrid\" rRNA gene which was probably formed by recombination between two different chromosomal rRNA genes.", "PMID": 377232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3629", "title": "DNA sequences of the integration sites and inverted repeated structure of transposon Tn3.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the \"inverted repeat\" structure of the transposon Tn3 was determined by the DNA sequencing procedure developed by Maxam and Gilbert(1). The sequence, 38 base pairs long, is as follows: 5'-GGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAG..(Tn3) 3'-CCCCAGACTGCGAGTCACCTTGCTTTTGAGTGCAATTC.. The integration of Tn3 is associated with a directly repeated sequence of 5 nucleotides appearing at each end of Tn3. The two directly repeated sequences so far determined are not the same. Furthermore, there is no homologous structure around the integration point of Tn3.", "contents": "DNA sequences of the integration sites and inverted repeated structure of transposon Tn3. The nucleotide sequence of the \"inverted repeat\" structure of the transposon Tn3 was determined by the DNA sequencing procedure developed by Maxam and Gilbert(1). The sequence, 38 base pairs long, is as follows: 5'-GGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAG..(Tn3) 3'-CCCCAGACTGCGAGTCACCTTGCTTTTGAGTGCAATTC.. The integration of Tn3 is associated with a directly repeated sequence of 5 nucleotides appearing at each end of Tn3. The two directly repeated sequences so far determined are not the same. Furthermore, there is no homologous structure around the integration point of Tn3.", "PMID": 377233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3630", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7.", "content": "I have determined the nucleotide sequences of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7 (A1, A2, A3). The sequences confirm the two main homologies found between other known promoters for E. coli RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl transferase, E.C. 2. 7. 7. 6). In particular, all three T7 promoters show a very good match with the -35 region homology; the A2 and A3 promoters share a 17 basepair sequence in this region. On the other hand, the match with the Pribnow Box homology is much less pronounced and different for each T7 promoter.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7. I have determined the nucleotide sequences of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7 (A1, A2, A3). The sequences confirm the two main homologies found between other known promoters for E. coli RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl transferase, E.C. 2. 7. 7. 6). In particular, all three T7 promoters show a very good match with the -35 region homology; the A2 and A3 promoters share a 17 basepair sequence in this region. On the other hand, the match with the Pribnow Box homology is much less pronounced and different for each T7 promoter.", "PMID": 377234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3631", "title": "Comparison on the structure and transcriptional capability of growing phase and stationary yeast chromatin: a model for reversible gene activation.", "content": "We have compared the structure of intra-nuclear and isolated chromatin from logarithmically growing yeast cells to chromatin from cells which had entered the stationary phase and ceased growing. Both chromatins show a similar nucleosomal repeat pattern, 160 bp repeat size, with staphylococcal nuclease and similar variability in repeat sizes within the genome. DNase I produces the same ladder (less than 120 b) and a quite similar extended ladder (120-300 b) which shows that both chromatins have phased nucleosomes. However, the rate of DNase I digestion of growing phase is greater than in stationary. Functionally speaking, growing phase nuclei are 5-20 times as active in the rate of endogenous transcription (all three polymerases are involved). The transcriptional and DNase I susceptibility differences noted in nuclei are maintained in sucrose gradient isolated oligonucleosomes and mononucleosomes from the two states.", "contents": "Comparison on the structure and transcriptional capability of growing phase and stationary yeast chromatin: a model for reversible gene activation. We have compared the structure of intra-nuclear and isolated chromatin from logarithmically growing yeast cells to chromatin from cells which had entered the stationary phase and ceased growing. Both chromatins show a similar nucleosomal repeat pattern, 160 bp repeat size, with staphylococcal nuclease and similar variability in repeat sizes within the genome. DNase I produces the same ladder (less than 120 b) and a quite similar extended ladder (120-300 b) which shows that both chromatins have phased nucleosomes. However, the rate of DNase I digestion of growing phase is greater than in stationary. Functionally speaking, growing phase nuclei are 5-20 times as active in the rate of endogenous transcription (all three polymerases are involved). The transcriptional and DNase I susceptibility differences noted in nuclei are maintained in sucrose gradient isolated oligonucleosomes and mononucleosomes from the two states.", "PMID": 377235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3632", "title": "Characterization by sedimentation analysis of kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi at different stages of culture.", "content": "The kinetoplast DNA networks of Trypanosoma cruzi exist under two forms which have been studied by equilibrium density centrifugation in CsCl gradients containing ethidium bromide and by band sedimentation analysis. The relative proportion of the two forms has been measured and varies significantly between the exponential and stationary phase of growth, suggesting that one of these forms is a replicative intermediate. Both forms exhibit very high sedimentation coefficients. The sedimentation velocity ethidium titration was used to measure the superhelix density of the kinetoplast DNA after having established the validity of the method with in vitro closed DNA networks. The superhelix density of the native form of the kinetoplast DNA minicircles is very low and varies according to the physiological state of the trypanosomes. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase of the superhelix density of the kinetoplast DNA of trypanosomes grown in the presence of ethidium.", "contents": "Characterization by sedimentation analysis of kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi at different stages of culture. The kinetoplast DNA networks of Trypanosoma cruzi exist under two forms which have been studied by equilibrium density centrifugation in CsCl gradients containing ethidium bromide and by band sedimentation analysis. The relative proportion of the two forms has been measured and varies significantly between the exponential and stationary phase of growth, suggesting that one of these forms is a replicative intermediate. Both forms exhibit very high sedimentation coefficients. The sedimentation velocity ethidium titration was used to measure the superhelix density of the kinetoplast DNA after having established the validity of the method with in vitro closed DNA networks. The superhelix density of the native form of the kinetoplast DNA minicircles is very low and varies according to the physiological state of the trypanosomes. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase of the superhelix density of the kinetoplast DNA of trypanosomes grown in the presence of ethidium.", "PMID": 377236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3633", "title": "Cognitive, affective, and transfer of learning consequences of computer-assisted instruction.", "content": "The effect of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) versus lecture-discussion (LD) on cognitive learning, transfer of learning, and affective behaviors of nurse practitioner students was tested by the following hypotheses: The experimental (E) group will learn, transfer, and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than the control (C1 group. Subjects were 31 nurse practioner students at the graduate level. Content taught was the nursing and medical management of hypertensive patients. The 14 E group subjects were taught by means of CAI. The 17 C group subjects were taught by means of LD. Pre- and posttests were done to obtain meassures on cognitive learning and transfer of learning. Demographic data and affective measures were obtained only at the posttest. The hypotheses were tested by means of t test. Pearson's r and MCNemar's Test for Symmetry were done to test the relationship between the variables. Results showed no significant differences between the groups in congitive learning, transfer of learning, or affective behaviors. There were, however, significant differences between the groups in three posttest scores on cognitive learning and transfer of learning, with the E group scoring better. Both groups learned significantly, but only the E group transferred significantly. Implications were made for education of nurse practitioners and staff.", "contents": "Cognitive, affective, and transfer of learning consequences of computer-assisted instruction. The effect of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) versus lecture-discussion (LD) on cognitive learning, transfer of learning, and affective behaviors of nurse practitioner students was tested by the following hypotheses: The experimental (E) group will learn, transfer, and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than the control (C1 group. Subjects were 31 nurse practioner students at the graduate level. Content taught was the nursing and medical management of hypertensive patients. The 14 E group subjects were taught by means of CAI. The 17 C group subjects were taught by means of LD. Pre- and posttests were done to obtain meassures on cognitive learning and transfer of learning. Demographic data and affective measures were obtained only at the posttest. The hypotheses were tested by means of t test. Pearson's r and MCNemar's Test for Symmetry were done to test the relationship between the variables. Results showed no significant differences between the groups in congitive learning, transfer of learning, or affective behaviors. There were, however, significant differences between the groups in three posttest scores on cognitive learning and transfer of learning, with the E group scoring better. Both groups learned significantly, but only the E group transferred significantly. Implications were made for education of nurse practitioners and staff.", "PMID": 377237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3634", "title": "Cholelithiasis. Review of advances in research.", "content": "Cholelithiasis is now known to result from multiple causes and to have distinct clinical correlates. New knowledge about its pathophysiology and relationship to altered hepatic metabolism, the enterohepatic circulation, and gallbladder function has led to theories of prevention and to medical methods of treatment, including dissolution of stones by bile acid therapy.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis. Review of advances in research. Cholelithiasis is now known to result from multiple causes and to have distinct clinical correlates. New knowledge about its pathophysiology and relationship to altered hepatic metabolism, the enterohepatic circulation, and gallbladder function has led to theories of prevention and to medical methods of treatment, including dissolution of stones by bile acid therapy.", "PMID": 377265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3635", "title": "Chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Chronic hepatitis may be viral or \"lupoid\" or may be related to drug use, alcoholism, or Wilson's disease. This article outlines the routine and special laboratory investigations that are indicated when the presence of chronic hepatitis is suspected from symptoms referable to the liver or from biochemical or physical abnormalities in an asymptomatic patient. The importance of needle liver biopsy in diagnosis and in follow-up is emphasized. Special attention is given to the selection of patients for prednisolone therapy.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis may be viral or \"lupoid\" or may be related to drug use, alcoholism, or Wilson's disease. This article outlines the routine and special laboratory investigations that are indicated when the presence of chronic hepatitis is suspected from symptoms referable to the liver or from biochemical or physical abnormalities in an asymptomatic patient. The importance of needle liver biopsy in diagnosis and in follow-up is emphasized. Special attention is given to the selection of patients for prednisolone therapy.", "PMID": 377266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3636", "title": "Primary biliary cirrhosis as a collagen disease.", "content": "Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease of the small bile ducts with altered immunologic responsiveness often associated with various collagen diseases. All appear to be mediated by immune complex deposition. They probably are all different clinical manifestations of the same disease with different expressions determined by genetic and acquired factors. Therapy should be directed to the most immediate life-threatening problem.", "contents": "Primary biliary cirrhosis as a collagen disease. Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease of the small bile ducts with altered immunologic responsiveness often associated with various collagen diseases. All appear to be mediated by immune complex deposition. They probably are all different clinical manifestations of the same disease with different expressions determined by genetic and acquired factors. Therapy should be directed to the most immediate life-threatening problem.", "PMID": 377267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3637", "title": "Amino acid sequence of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase [1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.17] of Salmonella typhimurium has been determined. The amino acid sequence analysis was carried out with a combination of manual and automated methods. It was complemented by DNA sequence analysis (done in another laboratory) of the hisG gene, which codes for it. The subunit polypeptide chain contains 299 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 33,216. The amino-terminal segment of the protein is relatively basic in character and has limited sequence homologies with the lac repressor and histidinol dehydrogenase. In addition, the protein contains a 40-residue segment that has 13 residues identical with the sequence surrounding the active-site cysteine of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of Salmonella typhimurium. The amino acid sequence of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase [1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.17] of Salmonella typhimurium has been determined. The amino acid sequence analysis was carried out with a combination of manual and automated methods. It was complemented by DNA sequence analysis (done in another laboratory) of the hisG gene, which codes for it. The subunit polypeptide chain contains 299 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 33,216. The amino-terminal segment of the protein is relatively basic in character and has limited sequence homologies with the lac repressor and histidinol dehydrogenase. In addition, the protein contains a 40-residue segment that has 13 residues identical with the sequence surrounding the active-site cysteine of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 377278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3638", "title": "Hyperdegradation of proteins in Escherichia coli rho mutants.", "content": "An Escherichia coli mutant, HDF026, defective for growth of phage T4, has been characterized biochemically and genetically. The mutant displays an elevated level of degradation of abnormal proteins, such as puromycyl polypeptides or canavanine-containing polypeptides. Genetically, HDF026 appears to be an allele of rho, which also encodes the transcription termination factor and RNA-dependent ATPase, Rho. The mutation contransduces by phage PI with ilv, weakly suppresses polar mutations in gal, and permits some growth of lambda N- phage. Temperature sensitive lambda mutants in gene O exhibit a reduced efficiency of plating at intermediate temperature on HDF026 mutants; presumably the lambda Ots protein is rapidly degraded in these strains. The ability of wild-type lambda to grow on HDF026 is also reduced, apparently the result of the lambda N product deficiency. gal escape synthesis, which reflects the level of lambda N activity, is decreased 50-66% in the HDF026 mutant. lambda r32, which requires more N function than wild-type phage, does not grow at all in HDF026. A lon mutation, which decreases protein degradation, partially reverses some of these phenotypes, suggesting that they are related to the protein hyperlability of HDF026.", "contents": "Hyperdegradation of proteins in Escherichia coli rho mutants. An Escherichia coli mutant, HDF026, defective for growth of phage T4, has been characterized biochemically and genetically. The mutant displays an elevated level of degradation of abnormal proteins, such as puromycyl polypeptides or canavanine-containing polypeptides. Genetically, HDF026 appears to be an allele of rho, which also encodes the transcription termination factor and RNA-dependent ATPase, Rho. The mutation contransduces by phage PI with ilv, weakly suppresses polar mutations in gal, and permits some growth of lambda N- phage. Temperature sensitive lambda mutants in gene O exhibit a reduced efficiency of plating at intermediate temperature on HDF026 mutants; presumably the lambda Ots protein is rapidly degraded in these strains. The ability of wild-type lambda to grow on HDF026 is also reduced, apparently the result of the lambda N product deficiency. gal escape synthesis, which reflects the level of lambda N activity, is decreased 50-66% in the HDF026 mutant. lambda r32, which requires more N function than wild-type phage, does not grow at all in HDF026. A lon mutation, which decreases protein degradation, partially reverses some of these phenotypes, suggesting that they are related to the protein hyperlability of HDF026.", "PMID": 377279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3639", "title": "Replication of an origin-containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function provided in trans.", "content": "pRK212.2, a derivative of the broad host range plasmid RK2, contains two EcoRI cleavage fragments, A and B, neither of which can replicate by itself in Escherichia coli. Fragment A (41.7 kilobases), but not fragment B (14.4 kilobases), can be cloned by insertion into the unrelated plasmids mini-F and ColE1. Fragment B contains the origin of replication and the ampicillin-resistance determinant of RK2. Transformation of E. coli cells containing the mini-F-fragment A hybrid plasmid with fragment B DNA results in the recircularization and replication of fragment B as a nonmobilizable plasmid (pRK2067) with the copy number and incompatibility properties of RK2. Fragment B cannot be cloned in the absence of fragment A because the latter fragment suppresses a function, specified by fragment B, that results in loss of host cell viability. A small segment (2.4 kilobases) of fragment B that contains the RK2 origin of replication but no longer affects host cell growth in the absence of fragment A had been cloned previously by insertion into a ColE1 plasmid. This hybrid plasmid, designated pRK256, will replicate in E. coli polA mutants only when a fragment A-bearing helper plasmid is present. These results demonstrate that the potentially lethal function specified by fragment B of RK2 is not necessary for replication and that at least one trans-acting function is directly involved in RK2 replication.", "contents": "Replication of an origin-containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function provided in trans. pRK212.2, a derivative of the broad host range plasmid RK2, contains two EcoRI cleavage fragments, A and B, neither of which can replicate by itself in Escherichia coli. Fragment A (41.7 kilobases), but not fragment B (14.4 kilobases), can be cloned by insertion into the unrelated plasmids mini-F and ColE1. Fragment B contains the origin of replication and the ampicillin-resistance determinant of RK2. Transformation of E. coli cells containing the mini-F-fragment A hybrid plasmid with fragment B DNA results in the recircularization and replication of fragment B as a nonmobilizable plasmid (pRK2067) with the copy number and incompatibility properties of RK2. Fragment B cannot be cloned in the absence of fragment A because the latter fragment suppresses a function, specified by fragment B, that results in loss of host cell viability. A small segment (2.4 kilobases) of fragment B that contains the RK2 origin of replication but no longer affects host cell growth in the absence of fragment A had been cloned previously by insertion into a ColE1 plasmid. This hybrid plasmid, designated pRK256, will replicate in E. coli polA mutants only when a fragment A-bearing helper plasmid is present. These results demonstrate that the potentially lethal function specified by fragment B of RK2 is not necessary for replication and that at least one trans-acting function is directly involved in RK2 replication.", "PMID": 377280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3640", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal protein gene cluster adjacent to the gene for RNA polymerase subunit beta in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 3072-nucleotide-long sequence of a segment from the 88-min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been determined. The sequence covers the genes for ribosomal proteins L11 (rplK), LI (rplA), L10 (rplJ), and L7/L12 ((rplL), and the 5' end of the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB), along with the presumed regulatory regions for these genes. The probable locations of the promoter for the first two genes (the L11 operon) and the promoter for the latter three genes (the proximal part of the beta operon) have been identified. We have also found that the four ribosomal protein genes preferentially use codons that are recognized efficiently by the most abundant tRNA species. These and other features of the sequence results are discussed in relation to available information obtained from both in vitro and in vivo experiments on the expression of these ribosomal and RNA polymerase subunit genes.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal protein gene cluster adjacent to the gene for RNA polymerase subunit beta in Escherichia coli. The 3072-nucleotide-long sequence of a segment from the 88-min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been determined. The sequence covers the genes for ribosomal proteins L11 (rplK), LI (rplA), L10 (rplJ), and L7/L12 ((rplL), and the 5' end of the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB), along with the presumed regulatory regions for these genes. The probable locations of the promoter for the first two genes (the L11 operon) and the promoter for the latter three genes (the proximal part of the beta operon) have been identified. We have also found that the four ribosomal protein genes preferentially use codons that are recognized efficiently by the most abundant tRNA species. These and other features of the sequence results are discussed in relation to available information obtained from both in vitro and in vivo experiments on the expression of these ribosomal and RNA polymerase subunit genes.", "PMID": 377281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3641", "title": "Further studies on the mode of action of the heme-controlled translational inhibitor.", "content": "We have isolated [de Haro, C. & Ochoa, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2713-2716] a protein factor (eIF-2 stimulating protein, ESP) that is essential for formation of ternary and 40S initiation complexes by the eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) at the low concentrations of eIF-2 present in reticulocyte lysates. The fact that stimulation of complex formation by ESP is virtually abolished when the small (38,000 daltons) subunit of eIF-2 is phosphorylated by ATP in the presence of eIF-2 kinase (heme-controlled inhibitor, HCI) is consistent with the notion that HCI inhibits translation in lysates by blocking the interaction of eIF-2 with ESP. Our present work, with highly purified eIF-2 and ESP, has additionally established that, unlike phosphorylation of the small subunit, phosphorylation of the middle (52,000 daltons) subunit of eIF-2, which does not lead to translational inhibition in lysates, does not affect eIF-2-ESP interaction. This provides further support for our model of translational inhibition by HCI.", "contents": "Further studies on the mode of action of the heme-controlled translational inhibitor. We have isolated [de Haro, C. & Ochoa, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2713-2716] a protein factor (eIF-2 stimulating protein, ESP) that is essential for formation of ternary and 40S initiation complexes by the eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) at the low concentrations of eIF-2 present in reticulocyte lysates. The fact that stimulation of complex formation by ESP is virtually abolished when the small (38,000 daltons) subunit of eIF-2 is phosphorylated by ATP in the presence of eIF-2 kinase (heme-controlled inhibitor, HCI) is consistent with the notion that HCI inhibits translation in lysates by blocking the interaction of eIF-2 with ESP. Our present work, with highly purified eIF-2 and ESP, has additionally established that, unlike phosphorylation of the small subunit, phosphorylation of the middle (52,000 daltons) subunit of eIF-2, which does not lead to translational inhibition in lysates, does not affect eIF-2-ESP interaction. This provides further support for our model of translational inhibition by HCI.", "PMID": 377282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3642", "title": "Direct chemical method for sequencing RNA.", "content": "Four different base-specific chemical reactions generate a means of directly sequencing RNA terminally labeled with 32P. After a partial, specific modification of each kind of RNA base, an amine-catalyzed strand scission generates labeled fragments whose lengths determine the position of each nucleotide in the sequence. Dimethyl sulfate modifies guanosine. Diethyl pyrocarbonate attacks primarily adenosine. Hydrazine attacks uridine and cytidine, but salt suppresses the reaction with uridine. In all cases, aniline induces a subsequent strand scission. The electrophoretic fractionation of the labeled fragments on a polyacrylamide gel, followed by autoradiography, determines the RNA sequence. RNA labeled at the 3' end yields clean cleavage patterns for each purine and pyrimidine and allows a determination of the entire RNA sequence out to 100-200 bases from the labeled terminus.", "contents": "Direct chemical method for sequencing RNA. Four different base-specific chemical reactions generate a means of directly sequencing RNA terminally labeled with 32P. After a partial, specific modification of each kind of RNA base, an amine-catalyzed strand scission generates labeled fragments whose lengths determine the position of each nucleotide in the sequence. Dimethyl sulfate modifies guanosine. Diethyl pyrocarbonate attacks primarily adenosine. Hydrazine attacks uridine and cytidine, but salt suppresses the reaction with uridine. In all cases, aniline induces a subsequent strand scission. The electrophoretic fractionation of the labeled fragments on a polyacrylamide gel, followed by autoradiography, determines the RNA sequence. RNA labeled at the 3' end yields clean cleavage patterns for each purine and pyrimidine and allows a determination of the entire RNA sequence out to 100-200 bases from the labeled terminus.", "PMID": 377283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3643", "title": "Greatly decreased susceptibility of nonmetabolizing cells towards detergents.", "content": "The addition of different detergents to Chlorella cells that had previously accumulated 6-deoxyglucose causes a rapid release of the hexose analogue into the medium. This effect is independent of the nature of the detergent and is observed only when the cells are in an energized state. Thus, in the presence of the uncoupler p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone or of inhibitors such as N-ethylmaleimide, the cells show a greatly reduced susceptibility towards detergents. Similarly, the detergent-induced loss of accumulated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of potassium from Escherichia coli is also strongly affected by the energy state of the cells. The differential susceptibility of energized and nonenergized cells was observed at all detergent concentrations tested. Measurements of substrate efflux at different concentrations of Triton indicated that only Triton monomers are responsible for the increase in permeability. The absorption of [14C]Triton X-100 by Chlorella and the binding of detergent to the cells were measured in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. Again, nonenergized cells bound a significantly lower amount of Triton X-100. The amphiphilic antibiotic nystatin produced effects on cell permeability similar to those of detergents, whereas toluene, which is apolar, gave opposite results.", "contents": "Greatly decreased susceptibility of nonmetabolizing cells towards detergents. The addition of different detergents to Chlorella cells that had previously accumulated 6-deoxyglucose causes a rapid release of the hexose analogue into the medium. This effect is independent of the nature of the detergent and is observed only when the cells are in an energized state. Thus, in the presence of the uncoupler p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone or of inhibitors such as N-ethylmaleimide, the cells show a greatly reduced susceptibility towards detergents. Similarly, the detergent-induced loss of accumulated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of potassium from Escherichia coli is also strongly affected by the energy state of the cells. The differential susceptibility of energized and nonenergized cells was observed at all detergent concentrations tested. Measurements of substrate efflux at different concentrations of Triton indicated that only Triton monomers are responsible for the increase in permeability. The absorption of [14C]Triton X-100 by Chlorella and the binding of detergent to the cells were measured in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. Again, nonenergized cells bound a significantly lower amount of Triton X-100. The amphiphilic antibiotic nystatin produced effects on cell permeability similar to those of detergents, whereas toluene, which is apolar, gave opposite results.", "PMID": 377284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3644", "title": "Role of Thy-1 antigen in the in vitro differentiation of a rat mammary cell line.", "content": "A line of rat mammary cells, LA7, undergoes differentiation into domes or ridges or projections under partial medium control. Immunofluorescent studies show that at the time of dome formation the LA7 cultures express the Thy-1 antigen at the borders between cells. Exposure of the cultures to certain monoclonal anti-Thy-1.1 sera prevents formation of new domes and causes disappearance of preexisting ones; antisera to whole cells produce no visible effect. Cultures exposed to anti-Thy-1 sera at effective concentrations of antibody against domes show morphological changes and ridge formation. It seems that the specific interactions of these antisera with the Thy-1 antigen redirects the differentiation program of the cells.", "contents": "Role of Thy-1 antigen in the in vitro differentiation of a rat mammary cell line. A line of rat mammary cells, LA7, undergoes differentiation into domes or ridges or projections under partial medium control. Immunofluorescent studies show that at the time of dome formation the LA7 cultures express the Thy-1 antigen at the borders between cells. Exposure of the cultures to certain monoclonal anti-Thy-1.1 sera prevents formation of new domes and causes disappearance of preexisting ones; antisera to whole cells produce no visible effect. Cultures exposed to anti-Thy-1 sera at effective concentrations of antibody against domes show morphological changes and ridge formation. It seems that the specific interactions of these antisera with the Thy-1 antigen redirects the differentiation program of the cells.", "PMID": 377285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3645", "title": "Secretion and cell-surface growth are blocked in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells contain a small internal pool of the secretory enzymes invertase and acid phosphatase. This pool increases up to 8-fold at 37 degrees C in a temperature-sensitive, secretion-defective mutant strain (sec 1-1). Cell division and incorporation of a sulfate permease activity stop abruptly at the restrictive temperature, while protein synthesis continues for several hours. Electron microscopy of mutant cells incubated at 37 degrees C reveals a large increase in the number of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles, which are shown by histochemical staining to contain the accumulated acid phosphatase. The vesicles are removed and the accumulated enzymes are secreted when cells are returned to a permissive temperature in the presence or absence of cycloheximide. These results are consistent with a vesicle intermediate in the yeast secretory pathway and suggest that exocytosis may contribute to cell-surface growth.", "contents": "Secretion and cell-surface growth are blocked in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells contain a small internal pool of the secretory enzymes invertase and acid phosphatase. This pool increases up to 8-fold at 37 degrees C in a temperature-sensitive, secretion-defective mutant strain (sec 1-1). Cell division and incorporation of a sulfate permease activity stop abruptly at the restrictive temperature, while protein synthesis continues for several hours. Electron microscopy of mutant cells incubated at 37 degrees C reveals a large increase in the number of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles, which are shown by histochemical staining to contain the accumulated acid phosphatase. The vesicles are removed and the accumulated enzymes are secreted when cells are returned to a permissive temperature in the presence or absence of cycloheximide. These results are consistent with a vesicle intermediate in the yeast secretory pathway and suggest that exocytosis may contribute to cell-surface growth.", "PMID": 377286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3646", "title": "Monovalent ionophores inhibit secretion of procollagen and fibronectin from cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "Procollagen and fibronectin are major products of confluent fibroblasts in culture and both are released from the cells. Procollagen is secreted by known pathways, while the mechanism of fibronectin release is controversial. We find that the secretion of both these proteins can be reduced to 20% by low concentrations (0.1-1 muM) of ionophores that have affinity for monovalent cations. In contrast, little effect upon secretion was found for similar concentrations of an ionophore that binds divalent cations. Electron microscopy showed that the inhibition of secretion is accompanied by accumulation of membranous vacuoles. We believe that the ionophores impede secretion by acting on the secretory structures rather than on the proteins themselves. Biochemical studies supported this interpretation because no changes were detected in hydroxylation or glycosylation of procollagen or glycosylation of fibronectin, nor were significant changes in cellular amino acid incorporation observed. Pulse-chase studies indicated that the rates of secretion were impaired by the ionophore without enhancing intracellular degradation. The decreased secretory rates accounted for the lower levels of procollagen and fibronectin in the culture medium; no evidence for increased catabolism of the secreted proteins was found. Secretion could be readily restored by removing the ionophore from the culture medium. The results indicate that procollagen and fibronectin may be simultaneously secreted, possibly utilizing a common pathway for secretion; the ionophores effectively interfere with cellular secretory pathways without impairing protein synthesis or protein glycosylation or altering protein catabolism.", "contents": "Monovalent ionophores inhibit secretion of procollagen and fibronectin from cultured human fibroblasts. Procollagen and fibronectin are major products of confluent fibroblasts in culture and both are released from the cells. Procollagen is secreted by known pathways, while the mechanism of fibronectin release is controversial. We find that the secretion of both these proteins can be reduced to 20% by low concentrations (0.1-1 muM) of ionophores that have affinity for monovalent cations. In contrast, little effect upon secretion was found for similar concentrations of an ionophore that binds divalent cations. Electron microscopy showed that the inhibition of secretion is accompanied by accumulation of membranous vacuoles. We believe that the ionophores impede secretion by acting on the secretory structures rather than on the proteins themselves. Biochemical studies supported this interpretation because no changes were detected in hydroxylation or glycosylation of procollagen or glycosylation of fibronectin, nor were significant changes in cellular amino acid incorporation observed. Pulse-chase studies indicated that the rates of secretion were impaired by the ionophore without enhancing intracellular degradation. The decreased secretory rates accounted for the lower levels of procollagen and fibronectin in the culture medium; no evidence for increased catabolism of the secreted proteins was found. Secretion could be readily restored by removing the ionophore from the culture medium. The results indicate that procollagen and fibronectin may be simultaneously secreted, possibly utilizing a common pathway for secretion; the ionophores effectively interfere with cellular secretory pathways without impairing protein synthesis or protein glycosylation or altering protein catabolism.", "PMID": 377287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3647", "title": "Inhibitors of membrane transport reduce lysosomal enzyme secretion from dogfish phagocytes and their killing of sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Blood phagocytes of the dogfish Mustelus canis attack oocytes of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, first provoking a surrogate fertilization response and then killing the eggs. To test the hypothesis that secretion of lysosomal contents is critical in this model of phagocyte-mediated cell injury, we studied effects of agents that modify lysosomal enzyme secretion. Inhibitors of membrane transport (>0.1 mM) inhibited postphagocytic secretion of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase from dogfish phagocytes: phloretin > ethacrynate > furosemide > 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid >> pyridoxal phosphate > ouabain. The same order of activity was found for inhibition by these agents of killing of Arbacia eggs by phagocytes. Cell activation (fertilization response) and cytotoxicity were quantitated both morphologically and by measurements of enzyme (beta-glucuronidase, catalase) release. The agents neither inhibited fertilization responses of eggs to calcium ionophore A23187 nor impaired their viability. Vital staining demonstrated that ethacrynate prevented phagocytes from degranulating upon contact with zymosan particles. The data not only suggest that agents primarily known for their capacity to inhibit membrane transport systems can inhibit lysosomal enzyme secretion from phagocytes but also support the hypothesis that secretion of lysosomal contents mediates activation and killing of target cells in phagocyte-mediated tissue injury.", "contents": "Inhibitors of membrane transport reduce lysosomal enzyme secretion from dogfish phagocytes and their killing of sea urchin eggs. Blood phagocytes of the dogfish Mustelus canis attack oocytes of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, first provoking a surrogate fertilization response and then killing the eggs. To test the hypothesis that secretion of lysosomal contents is critical in this model of phagocyte-mediated cell injury, we studied effects of agents that modify lysosomal enzyme secretion. Inhibitors of membrane transport (>0.1 mM) inhibited postphagocytic secretion of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase from dogfish phagocytes: phloretin > ethacrynate > furosemide > 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid >> pyridoxal phosphate > ouabain. The same order of activity was found for inhibition by these agents of killing of Arbacia eggs by phagocytes. Cell activation (fertilization response) and cytotoxicity were quantitated both morphologically and by measurements of enzyme (beta-glucuronidase, catalase) release. The agents neither inhibited fertilization responses of eggs to calcium ionophore A23187 nor impaired their viability. Vital staining demonstrated that ethacrynate prevented phagocytes from degranulating upon contact with zymosan particles. The data not only suggest that agents primarily known for their capacity to inhibit membrane transport systems can inhibit lysosomal enzyme secretion from phagocytes but also support the hypothesis that secretion of lysosomal contents mediates activation and killing of target cells in phagocyte-mediated tissue injury.", "PMID": 377288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3648", "title": "Construction of an artificial blood vessel wall from cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Cloned bovine endothelial cells were grown on a preformed layer of cultured rat smooth muscle cells that contained large amounts of connective tissue proteins. The successful growth of the endothelial cells was dependent upon the addition of more than 2.5 x 10(4) cells per cm2, and the final density reached was approximately 2.5 times higher than that obtained for the same cells growing on plastic. The endothelial cells anchored more firmly to the smooth muscle cells than to plastic, and electron microscopy showed the existence of an irregular, dense, basal lamina-like structure between the two cell types. Biochemical analysis of the lamina produced by the endothelial cells in isolation demonstrated the presence of collagen and two fucosylated glycoproteins. The structure produced, which has some of the characteristics of a blood vessel wall, was stable for several months in culture and has many potential applications.", "contents": "Construction of an artificial blood vessel wall from cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Cloned bovine endothelial cells were grown on a preformed layer of cultured rat smooth muscle cells that contained large amounts of connective tissue proteins. The successful growth of the endothelial cells was dependent upon the addition of more than 2.5 x 10(4) cells per cm2, and the final density reached was approximately 2.5 times higher than that obtained for the same cells growing on plastic. The endothelial cells anchored more firmly to the smooth muscle cells than to plastic, and electron microscopy showed the existence of an irregular, dense, basal lamina-like structure between the two cell types. Biochemical analysis of the lamina produced by the endothelial cells in isolation demonstrated the presence of collagen and two fucosylated glycoproteins. The structure produced, which has some of the characteristics of a blood vessel wall, was stable for several months in culture and has many potential applications.", "PMID": 377289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3649", "title": "Tropomyosin synthesis accompanies formation of actin filaments in embryonal carcinoma cells induced to differentiate by hexamethylene bisacetamide.", "content": "Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induces in vitro the cytodifferentiation of PCC3/A/1 mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. In EC cells, actin is associated with surface structures but microfilament bundles are not seen. After 2 days of HMBA treatment, rounded EC cells are converted to flat adhesive ones with a developed cytoskeleton containing actin and tropomyosin. The ratio of actin to total proteins is constant in EC cells and their HMBA derivatives; but a striking difference is observed for one of the newly synthesized proteins (Mr 34,000) identified as tropomyosin. Synthesis of tropomyosin is followed by its association with actin microfilament bundles, as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with specific antibodies.", "contents": "Tropomyosin synthesis accompanies formation of actin filaments in embryonal carcinoma cells induced to differentiate by hexamethylene bisacetamide. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induces in vitro the cytodifferentiation of PCC3/A/1 mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. In EC cells, actin is associated with surface structures but microfilament bundles are not seen. After 2 days of HMBA treatment, rounded EC cells are converted to flat adhesive ones with a developed cytoskeleton containing actin and tropomyosin. The ratio of actin to total proteins is constant in EC cells and their HMBA derivatives; but a striking difference is observed for one of the newly synthesized proteins (Mr 34,000) identified as tropomyosin. Synthesis of tropomyosin is followed by its association with actin microfilament bundles, as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with specific antibodies.", "PMID": 377290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3650", "title": "Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: effects of ionophore A23187.", "content": "Addition of arachidonic acid and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 to a suspension of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes led to the formation of (5S)-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid, (15S)-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-icosatetraenoic acid, and (5S,12R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid. A method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography has been developed for assay of these metabolites. The addition of arachidonic acid to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes always resulted in formation of the isomeric monohydroxy acids. However, cells prepared from blood of different subjects were found to vary with respect to formation of the 5,12-dihydroxy acid. Addition of the ionophore alone strongly stimulated the formation of the 5-monohydroxy acid and more specifically the 5,12-dihydroxy acid from endogenous arachidonic acid. In all experiments performed the formation of the 5-hydroxy acid and the 5,12-dihydroxy acid was maximally stimulated when both arachidonic acid and the ionophore were added to the incubation mixture. Under these conditions, stimulation of 40-fold or more of the formation of both compounds was observed. The data demonstrate that, in addition to causing release of endogenous substrate, the ionophore also activated the enzymatic system involved in the further transformations of arachidonic acid. This finding raises the possibility that this pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is involved in the biological response (e.g., release of lysosomal enzymes, the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and chemotactic factors) of leukocytes to A23187 and other stimuli.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: effects of ionophore A23187. Addition of arachidonic acid and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 to a suspension of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes led to the formation of (5S)-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid, (15S)-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-icosatetraenoic acid, and (5S,12R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid. A method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography has been developed for assay of these metabolites. The addition of arachidonic acid to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes always resulted in formation of the isomeric monohydroxy acids. However, cells prepared from blood of different subjects were found to vary with respect to formation of the 5,12-dihydroxy acid. Addition of the ionophore alone strongly stimulated the formation of the 5-monohydroxy acid and more specifically the 5,12-dihydroxy acid from endogenous arachidonic acid. In all experiments performed the formation of the 5-hydroxy acid and the 5,12-dihydroxy acid was maximally stimulated when both arachidonic acid and the ionophore were added to the incubation mixture. Under these conditions, stimulation of 40-fold or more of the formation of both compounds was observed. The data demonstrate that, in addition to causing release of endogenous substrate, the ionophore also activated the enzymatic system involved in the further transformations of arachidonic acid. This finding raises the possibility that this pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is involved in the biological response (e.g., release of lysosomal enzymes, the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and chemotactic factors) of leukocytes to A23187 and other stimuli.", "PMID": 377292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3651", "title": "Neuroactive drugs inhibit trypsin and outer membrane protein processing in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated that a cloned 2-megadalton (MDal) fragment of Escherichia coli DNA contained the structural gene for major outer membrane protein a (also known as 3b or M2 (40 kDal). The present study demonstrates that M2 is synthesized from a 42-kDal precursor that also is present in the outer membrane. The conversion of the 42-kDal precursor to M2 is inhibited by a number of different local anesthetics (procaine, piperocaine, lidocaine, cocaine), by the neuroactive drug atropine, and by the classical trypsin inhibitors N alpha-tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and benzamidine. Our kinetic studies demonstrate that the amidase action of pure trypsin is inhibited competitively by the local anesthetics tested (excluding lidocaine) as well as by atropine and neostigmine. A mechanism of action for local anesthetics as well as atropine in E. coli may to be inhibit trypsinlike proteases, in a competitive manner, in the region of the outer membrane. The mechanism of action of these compounds in regulating nerve conduction in man have certain features in common with the mechanism proposed in E. coli.", "contents": "Neuroactive drugs inhibit trypsin and outer membrane protein processing in Escherichia coli K-12. Previous studies demonstrated that a cloned 2-megadalton (MDal) fragment of Escherichia coli DNA contained the structural gene for major outer membrane protein a (also known as 3b or M2 (40 kDal). The present study demonstrates that M2 is synthesized from a 42-kDal precursor that also is present in the outer membrane. The conversion of the 42-kDal precursor to M2 is inhibited by a number of different local anesthetics (procaine, piperocaine, lidocaine, cocaine), by the neuroactive drug atropine, and by the classical trypsin inhibitors N alpha-tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and benzamidine. Our kinetic studies demonstrate that the amidase action of pure trypsin is inhibited competitively by the local anesthetics tested (excluding lidocaine) as well as by atropine and neostigmine. A mechanism of action for local anesthetics as well as atropine in E. coli may to be inhibit trypsinlike proteases, in a competitive manner, in the region of the outer membrane. The mechanism of action of these compounds in regulating nerve conduction in man have certain features in common with the mechanism proposed in E. coli.", "PMID": 377291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3652", "title": "Glutathione-dependent hydrogen donor system for calf thymus ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase.", "content": "Purified calf thymus ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1), showed an absolute requirement for a dithiol as hydrogen donor, whereas the natural monothiol glutathione (GSH) was inactive per se. However, a protein partially purified from thymus coupled the oxidation of GSH to the formation of deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleotide reductase. In analogy with the ribonucleotide reductase system of Escherichia coli this protein was called glutaredoxin [Holmgren, A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2275-2279]. Thymus glutaredoxin had the following properties: (i) its molecular weight determined by gel chromatography was about 12,000; (ii) it was active iwth ribonucleotide reductase in the presence of GSH, NADPH, and glutathione reductase but had no activity with NADPH and thioredoxin reductase; and (iii) it was immunologically different from thioredoxin because it did not bind to antithioredoxin immunoadsorbents. Experiments on the crossreactivity of thymus and E. coli ribonucleotide reductases and the corresponding thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems showed essentially no specificity for the homologous thioredoxin but a high species specificity for the homologous glutaredoxin.", "contents": "Glutathione-dependent hydrogen donor system for calf thymus ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase. Purified calf thymus ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1), showed an absolute requirement for a dithiol as hydrogen donor, whereas the natural monothiol glutathione (GSH) was inactive per se. However, a protein partially purified from thymus coupled the oxidation of GSH to the formation of deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleotide reductase. In analogy with the ribonucleotide reductase system of Escherichia coli this protein was called glutaredoxin [Holmgren, A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2275-2279]. Thymus glutaredoxin had the following properties: (i) its molecular weight determined by gel chromatography was about 12,000; (ii) it was active iwth ribonucleotide reductase in the presence of GSH, NADPH, and glutathione reductase but had no activity with NADPH and thioredoxin reductase; and (iii) it was immunologically different from thioredoxin because it did not bind to antithioredoxin immunoadsorbents. Experiments on the crossreactivity of thymus and E. coli ribonucleotide reductases and the corresponding thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems showed essentially no specificity for the homologous thioredoxin but a high species specificity for the homologous glutaredoxin.", "PMID": 377293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3653", "title": "Cloning in Escherichia coli and physical structure of hepatitis B virion DNA.", "content": "A restriction map of hepatitis B virion DNA was established after cloning of the whole viral genome in Escherichia coli. By use of EcoRI, Xho I, Bgl II, Xba I, BamHI, HincII, and Hae III endonucleases, a total of 28 restriction sites were mapped. The single-stranded region was localized on the restriction map and 5' end of the short strand was mapped at a fixed position.", "contents": "Cloning in Escherichia coli and physical structure of hepatitis B virion DNA. A restriction map of hepatitis B virion DNA was established after cloning of the whole viral genome in Escherichia coli. By use of EcoRI, Xho I, Bgl II, Xba I, BamHI, HincII, and Hae III endonucleases, a total of 28 restriction sites were mapped. The single-stranded region was localized on the restriction map and 5' end of the short strand was mapped at a fixed position.", "PMID": 377294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3654", "title": "Interaction of the cheC and cheZ gene products is required for chemotactic behavior in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Previous work has shown that the cheC gene product of Escherichia coli plays a key role in regulating the direction of flagellar rotation during chemotactic responses. An attempt was made to identify other stimulus transduction elements that interact with the cheC component by examining cheC revertants for functional suppressors. Approximately two-thirds of the revertants studied appeared to be due to back mutation or to second-site mutations near or within the cheC structural gene. The remainder of the revertants carried suppressor mutations that mapped at the cheZ locus. Half of these suppressors impaired chemotaxis in a cheC+ background and were shown by complementation analysis to be defective in cheZ function. These suppressors corrected cheC defects in an allele-specific pattern, suggesting that the cheC and cheZ proteins are in direct contact and are mutually corrective due to protein-protein interaction. Observation of swimming patterns and flagellar rotation in cheC cheZ mutants demonstrated that the interaction of these two gene products influences both the spontaneous frequency of flagellar reversals and the ability of the rotational machinery to respond to chemotactic stimuli. A model of this interaction and its possible role in chemotaxis are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of the cheC and cheZ gene products is required for chemotactic behavior in Escherichia coli. Previous work has shown that the cheC gene product of Escherichia coli plays a key role in regulating the direction of flagellar rotation during chemotactic responses. An attempt was made to identify other stimulus transduction elements that interact with the cheC component by examining cheC revertants for functional suppressors. Approximately two-thirds of the revertants studied appeared to be due to back mutation or to second-site mutations near or within the cheC structural gene. The remainder of the revertants carried suppressor mutations that mapped at the cheZ locus. Half of these suppressors impaired chemotaxis in a cheC+ background and were shown by complementation analysis to be defective in cheZ function. These suppressors corrected cheC defects in an allele-specific pattern, suggesting that the cheC and cheZ proteins are in direct contact and are mutually corrective due to protein-protein interaction. Observation of swimming patterns and flagellar rotation in cheC cheZ mutants demonstrated that the interaction of these two gene products influences both the spontaneous frequency of flagellar reversals and the ability of the rotational machinery to respond to chemotactic stimuli. A model of this interaction and its possible role in chemotaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 377295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3655", "title": "Septum formation, cell division, and sporulation in mutants of yeast deficient in proteinase B.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that carry lesions in the structural gene for proteinase B, prb1, have been isolated. Proteinase B was thought to be involved in activation of chitin synthase zymogen to allow septum formation during budding and to be involved in sporulation. The prb1 mutants are able to grow and divide and they form apparently normal septa that contain chitin. Most diploids homozygous for prb1 mutations are unable to complete sporulation.", "contents": "Septum formation, cell division, and sporulation in mutants of yeast deficient in proteinase B. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that carry lesions in the structural gene for proteinase B, prb1, have been isolated. Proteinase B was thought to be involved in activation of chitin synthase zymogen to allow septum formation during budding and to be involved in sporulation. The prb1 mutants are able to grow and divide and they form apparently normal septa that contain chitin. Most diploids homozygous for prb1 mutations are unable to complete sporulation.", "PMID": 377296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3656", "title": "Platelet storage by temperature cycling.", "content": "The following summarizes our observations on in vitro viability and function and ultrastructure of platelets stored at 4 degrees, 22 degrees, and by temperature cycling: 1) Continuous 4 degrees storage for 24 hours resulted in irreversible loss of discoid shape and eliminated platelet capability for microtubule reassembly. 2) Abnormal in vitro platelet function (aggregation) and significant decreases in viability (recovery from hypotonic shock) occurred concomitantly with losses in microtubule reassembly capabilities. 3) Platelets demonstrating a capability for microtubule reassembly during 4 degrees storage (temperature cycled) produced normal aggregation responses and gave enhanced viability scores. 4) Platelets stored by temperature cycling for 96 hours produced viability scores equal to those produced after storage at 4 degrees for 24 hours or those kept at 22 degrees for 72 hours.", "contents": "Platelet storage by temperature cycling. The following summarizes our observations on in vitro viability and function and ultrastructure of platelets stored at 4 degrees, 22 degrees, and by temperature cycling: 1) Continuous 4 degrees storage for 24 hours resulted in irreversible loss of discoid shape and eliminated platelet capability for microtubule reassembly. 2) Abnormal in vitro platelet function (aggregation) and significant decreases in viability (recovery from hypotonic shock) occurred concomitantly with losses in microtubule reassembly capabilities. 3) Platelets demonstrating a capability for microtubule reassembly during 4 degrees storage (temperature cycled) produced normal aggregation responses and gave enhanced viability scores. 4) Platelets stored by temperature cycling for 96 hours produced viability scores equal to those produced after storage at 4 degrees for 24 hours or those kept at 22 degrees for 72 hours.", "PMID": 377302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3657", "title": "Platelet behavior and aging in the circulation.", "content": "This review of the development of knowledge concerning the fate and function of circulating platelets and our recent experiments with a radioisotope label for platelet surface glycoproteins support the hypothesis that platelets are continualy involved in reversible contact interactions for the support of endothelial integrity. These encounters result in the loss of pieces of the platelet surface membrane and could contribute to the structural and functional changes of platelet senescence. The concepts of continuous involvement of platelets in hemostatic encounters and a fixed circulating lifespan are not mutually exclusive phenomena: platelet hemostatic encounters could preferentially involve younger platelets and be mostly reversible while the metabolic machinery which determines platelet survival deteriorates in a manner unrelated to these platelet-surface interactions. Obviously the nature of platelet behavior and aging in the circulation requires much more precise definition.", "contents": "Platelet behavior and aging in the circulation. This review of the development of knowledge concerning the fate and function of circulating platelets and our recent experiments with a radioisotope label for platelet surface glycoproteins support the hypothesis that platelets are continualy involved in reversible contact interactions for the support of endothelial integrity. These encounters result in the loss of pieces of the platelet surface membrane and could contribute to the structural and functional changes of platelet senescence. The concepts of continuous involvement of platelets in hemostatic encounters and a fixed circulating lifespan are not mutually exclusive phenomena: platelet hemostatic encounters could preferentially involve younger platelets and be mostly reversible while the metabolic machinery which determines platelet survival deteriorates in a manner unrelated to these platelet-surface interactions. Obviously the nature of platelet behavior and aging in the circulation requires much more precise definition.", "PMID": 377309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3658", "title": "The free iliac flap: a lateral modification of the free groin flap.", "content": "A lateral modification of the free groin flap, called the free iliac flap, is presented. By moving the outline of the free groin flap laterally, so that the medial margin lies lateral to the underlying femoral triangle, a flap is obtained which is uniformly slender and which has a long vascular pedicle. The anatomical findings, a method for safe dissection of the superficial circumflex iliac vessels, and the results of 18 clinical cases are presented.", "contents": "The free iliac flap: a lateral modification of the free groin flap. A lateral modification of the free groin flap, called the free iliac flap, is presented. By moving the outline of the free groin flap laterally, so that the medial margin lies lateral to the underlying femoral triangle, a flap is obtained which is uniformly slender and which has a long vascular pedicle. The anatomical findings, a method for safe dissection of the superficial circumflex iliac vessels, and the results of 18 clinical cases are presented.", "PMID": 377329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3659", "title": "Patterns of vascular anastomoses vs. success of free groin flap transfers.", "content": "A series of 40 free groin flap transfers is reviewed and analyzed with regard to the factors influencing success or failure. Emphasis is placed on the patterns of venous anastomosis used, and the use of autogenous vein grafts in the arterial limb. The series was too small to establish that any one of the 4 types of venous hookups was superior to the others. However, we would suggest that the superficial venous conduit in the flap, if there is one, be connected to a vein in the recipient area and not to the deep venous system of the flap.", "contents": "Patterns of vascular anastomoses vs. success of free groin flap transfers. A series of 40 free groin flap transfers is reviewed and analyzed with regard to the factors influencing success or failure. Emphasis is placed on the patterns of venous anastomosis used, and the use of autogenous vein grafts in the arterial limb. The series was too small to establish that any one of the 4 types of venous hookups was superior to the others. However, we would suggest that the superficial venous conduit in the flap, if there is one, be connected to a vein in the recipient area and not to the deep venous system of the flap.", "PMID": 377330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3660", "title": "Healing of microvascular arterial anastomoses, as seen on corrosion casts by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "We made 44 microsurgical anastomoses in the femoral artery in rats. The healing was studied from one day to 4 months, by making an acrylic cast of the lumen of the femoral artery and the surrounding vessels, and examining the cast by scanning electron microscopy. The method proved to be easy and relatively quick, and it limited the possibility of artifacts. The high depth of focus permitted simultaneous study of the main lumen and of the perivascular structures after microvascular anastomoses.", "contents": "Healing of microvascular arterial anastomoses, as seen on corrosion casts by scanning electron microscopy. We made 44 microsurgical anastomoses in the femoral artery in rats. The healing was studied from one day to 4 months, by making an acrylic cast of the lumen of the femoral artery and the surrounding vessels, and examining the cast by scanning electron microscopy. The method proved to be easy and relatively quick, and it limited the possibility of artifacts. The high depth of focus permitted simultaneous study of the main lumen and of the perivascular structures after microvascular anastomoses.", "PMID": 377331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3661", "title": "An analysis, from photographs, of the results of four approaches to elongating the columella after repair of bilateral cleft lip.", "content": "A system for subjective and objective clinical analysis of the lower third of the nose before and after lengthening the columella was devised, and used the study of photographs of 77 patients who had had lengthening done by one of 4 approaches. It was found that each method was equally effective in lengthening the columella and in restoring a normal relationship between the structures in the tip of triangle (the basal view of the nose). However, there were certain peculiar advantages and disadvantages of each surgical technique, and these are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis, from photographs, of the results of four approaches to elongating the columella after repair of bilateral cleft lip. A system for subjective and objective clinical analysis of the lower third of the nose before and after lengthening the columella was devised, and used the study of photographs of 77 patients who had had lengthening done by one of 4 approaches. It was found that each method was equally effective in lengthening the columella and in restoring a normal relationship between the structures in the tip of triangle (the basal view of the nose). However, there were certain peculiar advantages and disadvantages of each surgical technique, and these are discussed.", "PMID": 377332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3662", "title": "Punch hair grafting under split-skin grafts on scalps.", "content": "A method is presented for punch hair grafting under split-skin grafts and under very thin, scarred, bald skin. When used, the grafts have had a 100 percent survival, and almost 100 percent of the follicles survived as well.", "contents": "Punch hair grafting under split-skin grafts on scalps. A method is presented for punch hair grafting under split-skin grafts and under very thin, scarred, bald skin. When used, the grafts have had a 100 percent survival, and almost 100 percent of the follicles survived as well.", "PMID": 377333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3663", "title": "Successful reattachment of an almost totally avulsed ear; use of the fluorescein test.", "content": "The advent of sophisticated techniques, including microvascular surgery and the \"pocket principle,\" should not always preclude a simple suturing reattachment of an almost totally avulsed ear. Confirmation of adequate perfusion of the ear by the fluorescein test may be a strong factor in the decision.", "contents": "Successful reattachment of an almost totally avulsed ear; use of the fluorescein test. The advent of sophisticated techniques, including microvascular surgery and the \"pocket principle,\" should not always preclude a simple suturing reattachment of an almost totally avulsed ear. Confirmation of adequate perfusion of the ear by the fluorescein test may be a strong factor in the decision.", "PMID": 377334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3664", "title": "The effects of gravity on delayed and transplanted delayed tubed flaps.", "content": "Altering the position (elevated or dependent) had no immediate effect on the blood supply of delayed or transplanted delayed tubed flaps. However, after 72 hours the mean survival length in the dependent tubes was less than that in the elevated tubes. (This difference was only significant in the delayed untransplanted flaps, and not so in the delayed transplanted flaps). All of the dependent tubes had a significant increase in water content (compared to the elevated tubes). This increase was greater in the transplanted delayed tubed flaps. The tissue pCO2 levels were significantly increased after 24 hours in the dependent transplanted tubes, reflecting poor circulation and ischemia in them. The rate of clearance of subcutaneously injected technetium-99m was significantly increased in the dependent transplanted tubes after 72 hours, while in the elevated tubes the clearance rate was similar to that in normal skin. The morphological appearance of the vessels in these flaps complemented the results of the functional study.", "contents": "The effects of gravity on delayed and transplanted delayed tubed flaps. Altering the position (elevated or dependent) had no immediate effect on the blood supply of delayed or transplanted delayed tubed flaps. However, after 72 hours the mean survival length in the dependent tubes was less than that in the elevated tubes. (This difference was only significant in the delayed untransplanted flaps, and not so in the delayed transplanted flaps). All of the dependent tubes had a significant increase in water content (compared to the elevated tubes). This increase was greater in the transplanted delayed tubed flaps. The tissue pCO2 levels were significantly increased after 24 hours in the dependent transplanted tubes, reflecting poor circulation and ischemia in them. The rate of clearance of subcutaneously injected technetium-99m was significantly increased in the dependent transplanted tubes after 72 hours, while in the elevated tubes the clearance rate was similar to that in normal skin. The morphological appearance of the vessels in these flaps complemented the results of the functional study.", "PMID": 377336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3665", "title": "Results of phalloplasty.", "content": "We present our experience with a method of phalloplasty which can be applied by reconstructive surgeons to cases of penile loss from diverse etiologies. The complications with this method have been frequent, but not life-threatening. Achievement of the stated objectives is obtained in a sufficiently high proportion of cases to make this a method whorthwhile to use until a clearly superior method can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Results of phalloplasty. We present our experience with a method of phalloplasty which can be applied by reconstructive surgeons to cases of penile loss from diverse etiologies. The complications with this method have been frequent, but not life-threatening. Achievement of the stated objectives is obtained in a sufficiently high proportion of cases to make this a method whorthwhile to use until a clearly superior method can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 377337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3666", "title": "Combined report of problems and complications in 793 craniofacial operations.", "content": "We report the experiences in 6 major craniofacial centers, with similar teams but in different parts of the world, in a total of 793 craniofacial operations. The mortality rate was 1.6%. Complications developed in 16.5% of the cases (including infections in 4.4%). This surgery has many potential advantages, not least of which is its psychosocial effects on previously disfigured patients. Certain problems seem inherent, however, for there are not yet any satisfactory solutions to them. Some of the factors that reduce morbidity and improve results include the use of hypotensive anesthesia, a reduction in operating time, rigid stabilization of the mobilized bones at the end of the operation, a diminution in the number of incisions, and extensive antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Combined report of problems and complications in 793 craniofacial operations. We report the experiences in 6 major craniofacial centers, with similar teams but in different parts of the world, in a total of 793 craniofacial operations. The mortality rate was 1.6%. Complications developed in 16.5% of the cases (including infections in 4.4%). This surgery has many potential advantages, not least of which is its psychosocial effects on previously disfigured patients. Certain problems seem inherent, however, for there are not yet any satisfactory solutions to them. Some of the factors that reduce morbidity and improve results include the use of hypotensive anesthesia, a reduction in operating time, rigid stabilization of the mobilized bones at the end of the operation, a diminution in the number of incisions, and extensive antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 377338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3667", "title": "Treatment of Peyronie's disease by dermal grafting.", "content": "We describe our experience with dermal grafting for the treatment of Peyronie's disease in 27 patients over a 3-year period. With the various nonsurgical treatments, a significant number of patients remain handicapped by the disease. For this unresponsive group, we recommend surgical excision of the penile plaque with dermal grafting. The proper selection of patients for this operation is of paramount importance, and this can be facilitated by a preoperative psychological evaluation in doubtful cases.", "contents": "Treatment of Peyronie's disease by dermal grafting. We describe our experience with dermal grafting for the treatment of Peyronie's disease in 27 patients over a 3-year period. With the various nonsurgical treatments, a significant number of patients remain handicapped by the disease. For this unresponsive group, we recommend surgical excision of the penile plaque with dermal grafting. The proper selection of patients for this operation is of paramount importance, and this can be facilitated by a preoperative psychological evaluation in doubtful cases.", "PMID": 377339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3668", "title": "Alternatives to subcutaneous mastectomy.", "content": "It is our belief that subcutaneous mastectomy often leads to complications, with poor results. In addition, because a considerable amount of breast tissue may be left behind, its value as a prophylactic operation must be questioned. Two alternatives are presented. In our experience, these lead to fewer complications with a more thorough removal of the mammary gland, and achieve a better appearance. The alternatives are (1) simple mastectomy with secondary reconstruction; (2) the type of mastectomy described by Spira--with primary reconstruction using a subpectoral silicone prosthesis covered by muscle and an inferiorly-based dermal flap.", "contents": "Alternatives to subcutaneous mastectomy. It is our belief that subcutaneous mastectomy often leads to complications, with poor results. In addition, because a considerable amount of breast tissue may be left behind, its value as a prophylactic operation must be questioned. Two alternatives are presented. In our experience, these lead to fewer complications with a more thorough removal of the mammary gland, and achieve a better appearance. The alternatives are (1) simple mastectomy with secondary reconstruction; (2) the type of mastectomy described by Spira--with primary reconstruction using a subpectoral silicone prosthesis covered by muscle and an inferiorly-based dermal flap.", "PMID": 377340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3669", "title": "Metabolic adaptations in delayed skin flaps. Glucose utilization and hexokinase activity.", "content": "The distribution of glucose and hexokinase activity was determined in the epithelial tissue of delayed bipedicled skin flaps in guinea pigs. The periods of \"delay\" were 1, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. The flap survival was maximal (100% of the flap) when the flap elevation was performed either 7 or 14 days following the \"delay\" procedure. When the flap elevation was performed 1, 3, or 21 days following the \"delay\" procedure, the result was partial necrosis. A differential distribution of epithelial glucose was found within the bipedicled flaps. The lowest glucose level (30% of normal) was at a distance of 2 to 3.5 cm from the end of the caudal pedicle during the first day after the \"delay\" procedure. This decreased glucose content recovered toward normal levels during the later part of the \"delay\" period. The bipedicled flaps exhibited increased hexokinase activity during the 3-week period of the \"delay,\" and the responses of hexokinase activity and tissue glucose levels to the \"delay\" procedure were reciprocal in the caudal half of the flaps.", "contents": "Metabolic adaptations in delayed skin flaps. Glucose utilization and hexokinase activity. The distribution of glucose and hexokinase activity was determined in the epithelial tissue of delayed bipedicled skin flaps in guinea pigs. The periods of \"delay\" were 1, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. The flap survival was maximal (100% of the flap) when the flap elevation was performed either 7 or 14 days following the \"delay\" procedure. When the flap elevation was performed 1, 3, or 21 days following the \"delay\" procedure, the result was partial necrosis. A differential distribution of epithelial glucose was found within the bipedicled flaps. The lowest glucose level (30% of normal) was at a distance of 2 to 3.5 cm from the end of the caudal pedicle during the first day after the \"delay\" procedure. This decreased glucose content recovered toward normal levels during the later part of the \"delay\" period. The bipedicled flaps exhibited increased hexokinase activity during the 3-week period of the \"delay,\" and the responses of hexokinase activity and tissue glucose levels to the \"delay\" procedure were reciprocal in the caudal half of the flaps.", "PMID": 377341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3670", "title": "Transfer of a free lateral thoracic flap in a child.", "content": "We believe the axillary (lateral thoracic) flap should be one of the free flaps of choice in children, because it has vessels of 1.5 mm or more in diameter--thus making it possible for the donor and recipient vessels to be approximately the same diameters. This makes the suturing easier and helps to ensure a good result. The patency rate increases as the diameter of the vessels to be anastomosed increases. We present a successful case in which this flap was used in an 8-year-old boy.", "contents": "Transfer of a free lateral thoracic flap in a child. We believe the axillary (lateral thoracic) flap should be one of the free flaps of choice in children, because it has vessels of 1.5 mm or more in diameter--thus making it possible for the donor and recipient vessels to be approximately the same diameters. This makes the suturing easier and helps to ensure a good result. The patency rate increases as the diameter of the vessels to be anastomosed increases. We present a successful case in which this flap was used in an 8-year-old boy.", "PMID": 377345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3671", "title": "[Herzberge - a chapter in the history of psychiatry in Berlin].", "content": "This paper gives an outline of the work done at the insane asylum at Herzberge, Berlin, from 1893, the year when the asylum was established, through to World War 1. The then concept of therapy includes many basic principles that are now embraced in the term sociotherapy.", "contents": "[Herzberge - a chapter in the history of psychiatry in Berlin]. This paper gives an outline of the work done at the insane asylum at Herzberge, Berlin, from 1893, the year when the asylum was established, through to World War 1. The then concept of therapy includes many basic principles that are now embraced in the term sociotherapy.", "PMID": 377347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3672", "title": "[Fundamentals of fixation of cytological preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "Short description of the technique of fixing material--obtained by percutaneous fine needle biopsy--for cytology. A well experienced cytopathologist is mandatory for interpretation of the specimen.", "contents": "[Fundamentals of fixation of cytological preparations (author's transl)]. Short description of the technique of fixing material--obtained by percutaneous fine needle biopsy--for cytology. A well experienced cytopathologist is mandatory for interpretation of the specimen.", "PMID": 377371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3673", "title": "Resolution, sensitivity, and contrast in gamma-camera design: a critical review.", "content": "The performance of present-day gamma-cameras is examined from a historical perspective and the prospects for further improvements assessed. The author attempts to show quantitatively that spatial resolution of 25-cm field-of view cameras has reached a point where further advances can bring only diminishing returns clinically, unless improvements in sensitivity, or alternatively, in photon yield of the clinical procedure, are also realized. However, better image contrast due to developments in display technology and emission computed tomography may improve lesion detectability more directly than would an increase in resolution.", "contents": "Resolution, sensitivity, and contrast in gamma-camera design: a critical review. The performance of present-day gamma-cameras is examined from a historical perspective and the prospects for further improvements assessed. The author attempts to show quantitatively that spatial resolution of 25-cm field-of view cameras has reached a point where further advances can bring only diminishing returns clinically, unless improvements in sensitivity, or alternatively, in photon yield of the clinical procedure, are also realized. However, better image contrast due to developments in display technology and emission computed tomography may improve lesion detectability more directly than would an increase in resolution.", "PMID": 377372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3674", "title": "Long-term radiographic-pathologic follow-up of patients treated with visceral transcatheter occlusion using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate).", "content": "Visceral transcatheter occlusive therapy was performed with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in 14 patients. Of 10 patients who subsequently died, postmortem examination in 6, performed 2--196 days post-embolization, showed only a mild histiocytic foreign body giant cell reaction to Bucrylate. The reaction was confined to the vessel lumina and did not involve the vessel walls or contiguous parenchymal tissues. Clinical and radiographic follow-up in the other 4 patients (range = 30--180 days) showed no evidence of untoward reaction to Bucrylate. No ischemic or inflammatory complications were observed in any of the peripheral organs.", "contents": "Long-term radiographic-pathologic follow-up of patients treated with visceral transcatheter occlusion using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate). Visceral transcatheter occlusive therapy was performed with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in 14 patients. Of 10 patients who subsequently died, postmortem examination in 6, performed 2--196 days post-embolization, showed only a mild histiocytic foreign body giant cell reaction to Bucrylate. The reaction was confined to the vessel lumina and did not involve the vessel walls or contiguous parenchymal tissues. Clinical and radiographic follow-up in the other 4 patients (range = 30--180 days) showed no evidence of untoward reaction to Bucrylate. No ischemic or inflammatory complications were observed in any of the peripheral organs.", "PMID": 377379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3675", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the modified Makari skin test in minimal residual malignant disease.", "content": "The results of a double-blind controlled study of the modified Makari skin test in urological malignancy are described. The study suggests that the test will be useful in the monitoring of primary treatment and in the detection of recurrent malignancy and thus indicates a role for the Makari skin test in minimal residual malignant disease.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the modified Makari skin test in minimal residual malignant disease. The results of a double-blind controlled study of the modified Makari skin test in urological malignancy are described. The study suggests that the test will be useful in the monitoring of primary treatment and in the detection of recurrent malignancy and thus indicates a role for the Makari skin test in minimal residual malignant disease.", "PMID": 377433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3676", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a single daily dose of benoxaprofen.", "content": "A single daily dose of 600 mg of henoxaprofen has been shown to be more effective than a previously reported dosage regime in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Increased total daily dosage was not associated with a greater incidence of side-effects. The drug worked slowly reaching a plateau after eight days of treatment. It was usually well tolerated especially by the gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a single daily dose of benoxaprofen. A single daily dose of 600 mg of henoxaprofen has been shown to be more effective than a previously reported dosage regime in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Increased total daily dosage was not associated with a greater incidence of side-effects. The drug worked slowly reaching a plateau after eight days of treatment. It was usually well tolerated especially by the gastro-intestinal tract.", "PMID": 377447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3677", "title": "A double-blind cross-over evaluation of ketoprofen (Orudis) and ibuprofen in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a multi-centre double-blind cross-over trial using the double-placebo technique, 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 10 days for each trial drug with ketoprofen (200 mg/day) and ibuprofen (1200 mg/day). Both drugs induced a clinically and statistically significant improvement of all the symptoms studied, except for pain at night during ibuprofen administration. Ketoprofen displayed a therapeutic efficacy significantly superior to ibuprofen in five of the eight symptoms studied. Side-effects were recorded in 10 patients receiving ketoprofen (one patient withdrew because of heartburn) and in nine patients receiving ibuprofen.", "contents": "A double-blind cross-over evaluation of ketoprofen (Orudis) and ibuprofen in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. In a multi-centre double-blind cross-over trial using the double-placebo technique, 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 10 days for each trial drug with ketoprofen (200 mg/day) and ibuprofen (1200 mg/day). Both drugs induced a clinically and statistically significant improvement of all the symptoms studied, except for pain at night during ibuprofen administration. Ketoprofen displayed a therapeutic efficacy significantly superior to ibuprofen in five of the eight symptoms studied. Side-effects were recorded in 10 patients receiving ketoprofen (one patient withdrew because of heartburn) and in nine patients receiving ibuprofen.", "PMID": 377448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3678", "title": "Clinical comparative evaluation of choline magnesium trisalicylate and acetylsalicylic acid in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A multicentre double-blind comparison of choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) and acetylsalicylic acid (ACSA) compared the two medications for seven weeks in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Investigators measured the number of painful and swollen joints and the duration of morning stiffness, and assessed the overall condition of each patient. Both medications were highly effective in significantly reducing the severity of symptoms flaring after interruption of prior therapy. CMT achieved a greater reduction in the number of swollen joints than did ACSA  (P less than 0.05). The incidence of adverse side-effects per patient was significantly less with CMT (P less than 0.05) (ACSA 32.1%; CMT, 16.3%. A larger percentage of ACSA patients (50.8%) reported adverse side-effects than did CMT patients 28.4%) (P less than 0.02).", "contents": "Clinical comparative evaluation of choline magnesium trisalicylate and acetylsalicylic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. A multicentre double-blind comparison of choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) and acetylsalicylic acid (ACSA) compared the two medications for seven weeks in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Investigators measured the number of painful and swollen joints and the duration of morning stiffness, and assessed the overall condition of each patient. Both medications were highly effective in significantly reducing the severity of symptoms flaring after interruption of prior therapy. CMT achieved a greater reduction in the number of swollen joints than did ACSA  (P less than 0.05). The incidence of adverse side-effects per patient was significantly less with CMT (P less than 0.05) (ACSA 32.1%; CMT, 16.3%. A larger percentage of ACSA patients (50.8%) reported adverse side-effects than did CMT patients 28.4%) (P less than 0.02).", "PMID": 377449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3679", "title": "Selective examination of the large branches of the arch of the aorta with the help of a new triiodinated angiographic contrast material (iodamide 420).", "content": "The selective angiography of the large branches of the arch of the aorta was performed on 25 patients using Iodamide 420 as contrast medium. In 24 cases the quality of the recordings was excallent, in one case it was qualified assessable. The contrast medium caused no complication. According to the experience gathered so far, the method and the contrast material can be safely applied to the mapping of congenital anomalies, post-traumatic injuries, and the degenerative processes, as well as to the detection of the relationship between large vessels and tumours.", "contents": "Selective examination of the large branches of the arch of the aorta with the help of a new triiodinated angiographic contrast material (iodamide 420). The selective angiography of the large branches of the arch of the aorta was performed on 25 patients using Iodamide 420 as contrast medium. In 24 cases the quality of the recordings was excallent, in one case it was qualified assessable. The contrast medium caused no complication. According to the experience gathered so far, the method and the contrast material can be safely applied to the mapping of congenital anomalies, post-traumatic injuries, and the degenerative processes, as well as to the detection of the relationship between large vessels and tumours.", "PMID": 377455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3680", "title": "Lessons learnt from 2,409 burn patients operated by early excision.", "content": "During the last 12 years early excision of burns followed by immediate grafting has been the standard procedure at the Burns Unit in Ljubljana. The results, although greatly superior to the classical approach, show that the early removal of burned tissue before the 5th postburn day does not solve the problem in all cases. No problems were observed in deep dermal and subdermal burns not exceeding 40% of the body surface in the average healthy young individual. These cases can be helped and fully rehabilitated in 6 weeks with less disfigurement and functional disability. In burns exceeding 40% of the body surface or in smaller burns affecting patients in unfavorable age and health groups, the above method is not so easy to apply because of problems involving a number of factors: the timing and the selection of the area to be excised, the availability of grafts, blood loss, and coagulation problems, the indications for the use of tourniquet, the problem of excision of infected areas, etc. It is important to work out a strategy for each individual case. The authors show that the improvement of diagnosis and understanding of the deep dermal burn will lead to better results.", "contents": "Lessons learnt from 2,409 burn patients operated by early excision. During the last 12 years early excision of burns followed by immediate grafting has been the standard procedure at the Burns Unit in Ljubljana. The results, although greatly superior to the classical approach, show that the early removal of burned tissue before the 5th postburn day does not solve the problem in all cases. No problems were observed in deep dermal and subdermal burns not exceeding 40% of the body surface in the average healthy young individual. These cases can be helped and fully rehabilitated in 6 weeks with less disfigurement and functional disability. In burns exceeding 40% of the body surface or in smaller burns affecting patients in unfavorable age and health groups, the above method is not so easy to apply because of problems involving a number of factors: the timing and the selection of the area to be excised, the availability of grafts, blood loss, and coagulation problems, the indications for the use of tourniquet, the problem of excision of infected areas, etc. It is important to work out a strategy for each individual case. The authors show that the improvement of diagnosis and understanding of the deep dermal burn will lead to better results.", "PMID": 377457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3681", "title": "[Lithium salts in the treatment of cluster headache].", "content": "After analysing personal results and the data in the literature concerning the therapeutic effects of Lithium salts in cluster headache, the Authors discuss some of the pathogenetic problems related to this particular form of idiopathic headache. The results obtained seem very favourable however the therapeutic efficiency of Lithium salts, also observed in neuralgic-vasomotor syndromes (Charlin, Sluder) and in some forms of chronic headache, seems to indicate a relatively unspecific mechanism of action. The Authors suggest therefore an intervention in the stabilization of the membrane at the CNS level, with increasing efficiency of \"antinociceptive\" system.", "contents": "[Lithium salts in the treatment of cluster headache]. After analysing personal results and the data in the literature concerning the therapeutic effects of Lithium salts in cluster headache, the Authors discuss some of the pathogenetic problems related to this particular form of idiopathic headache. The results obtained seem very favourable however the therapeutic efficiency of Lithium salts, also observed in neuralgic-vasomotor syndromes (Charlin, Sluder) and in some forms of chronic headache, seems to indicate a relatively unspecific mechanism of action. The Authors suggest therefore an intervention in the stabilization of the membrane at the CNS level, with increasing efficiency of \"antinociceptive\" system.", "PMID": 377452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3682", "title": "Acute excision or exposure treatment? Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.", "content": "An evaluation of a total of 2,460 patients treated with exposure during the period 1962-1971, marked that the exposure method showed satisfactory results, but also that there are clear upper limits for the possibilities of this method. The approach of treatment was reconsidered and consequently very severely burned patients were excised acutely in the years 1972-1975. It was proved plausible, permissable and practically possible. On May 1, 1976, a randomized, controlled clinical trial commenced: Patients admitted for fresh burns were divided into groups: one group was unsuited for trail (U), (e.g. small children, electric burns etc.); of the remaining patients every even was treated with acute excision (A), (i.e. operation within 24 hours post burn), every odd patient according to the classical exposure method (E), employed by our unit: exposure followed by excision and transplantation of all unhealed burned areas no later than day 14 post burn. The results concerning mortality in the first 2-year material are presented. In the first year, which began a few months after moving from a 115 year old hospital into a quite new university hospital, the mortality is found to be twice as high as that found the second year. The reasons are the difficulties caused as a result of moving to new larger buildings, needing an increase of staff with two thirds, all of which are inexperienced in the care of burned patients. The mortality is exactly the same in the group treated with acute excision (A) as the group treated with exposure (E). The trial must continue and results of studies concerning morbidity will be published later.", "contents": "Acute excision or exposure treatment? Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. An evaluation of a total of 2,460 patients treated with exposure during the period 1962-1971, marked that the exposure method showed satisfactory results, but also that there are clear upper limits for the possibilities of this method. The approach of treatment was reconsidered and consequently very severely burned patients were excised acutely in the years 1972-1975. It was proved plausible, permissable and practically possible. On May 1, 1976, a randomized, controlled clinical trial commenced: Patients admitted for fresh burns were divided into groups: one group was unsuited for trail (U), (e.g. small children, electric burns etc.); of the remaining patients every even was treated with acute excision (A), (i.e. operation within 24 hours post burn), every odd patient according to the classical exposure method (E), employed by our unit: exposure followed by excision and transplantation of all unhealed burned areas no later than day 14 post burn. The results concerning mortality in the first 2-year material are presented. In the first year, which began a few months after moving from a 115 year old hospital into a quite new university hospital, the mortality is found to be twice as high as that found the second year. The reasons are the difficulties caused as a result of moving to new larger buildings, needing an increase of staff with two thirds, all of which are inexperienced in the care of burned patients. The mortality is exactly the same in the group treated with acute excision (A) as the group treated with exposure (E). The trial must continue and results of studies concerning morbidity will be published later.", "PMID": 377458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3683", "title": "Early necrectomy in deep burns of aesthetically and functionally important areas.", "content": "Deep burns of aesthetically and functionally important body areas in children may in their later growth and development have a decisive role. Of the total number (2743) of hospitalized children at the Burns Department of the Pediatric Surgery in Zagreb in the last ten years, deep burns of some aesthetically and functionally important body areas were separated and the results of the application of the early necrectomy and immediate grafting method, as recommended by Janzekovic, are analysed. It is concluded that the results, due to the strict and minute application of the method (considered are individual technically important details and solutions) are good in aesthetic and even more so in the functional sense. Very fast recovery of the functions as well as the fact that up till now no surgical corrections for functional disorders were necessary in analyzed areas, along with already known advantages of the early surgical treatment, undoubtfully speak for its application.", "contents": "Early necrectomy in deep burns of aesthetically and functionally important areas. Deep burns of aesthetically and functionally important body areas in children may in their later growth and development have a decisive role. Of the total number (2743) of hospitalized children at the Burns Department of the Pediatric Surgery in Zagreb in the last ten years, deep burns of some aesthetically and functionally important body areas were separated and the results of the application of the early necrectomy and immediate grafting method, as recommended by Janzekovic, are analysed. It is concluded that the results, due to the strict and minute application of the method (considered are individual technically important details and solutions) are good in aesthetic and even more so in the functional sense. Very fast recovery of the functions as well as the fact that up till now no surgical corrections for functional disorders were necessary in analyzed areas, along with already known advantages of the early surgical treatment, undoubtfully speak for its application.", "PMID": 377459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3684", "title": "Severity and prognosis after early excisions from one to twenty percent of the body surface area.", "content": "The authors review 101 small and medium early excisions with immediate grafting. They study several parameters concerning the severity of the burn, the time and the duration of the surgical procedure, the blood losses, the effect on the protidemia during the shock period, the duration of the hospital care, the septicemic risk, the mortality, and the functional and cosmetic results. They come to the conclusion that, under 15% of the body surface area, early excision can be done at one single operation with hardly any risk, and that it is better to perform it as soon as possible (before 12 hours if possible). With a good splinting and a daily rehabilitation, the cosmetic and functional results are very satisfactory.", "contents": "Severity and prognosis after early excisions from one to twenty percent of the body surface area. The authors review 101 small and medium early excisions with immediate grafting. They study several parameters concerning the severity of the burn, the time and the duration of the surgical procedure, the blood losses, the effect on the protidemia during the shock period, the duration of the hospital care, the septicemic risk, the mortality, and the functional and cosmetic results. They come to the conclusion that, under 15% of the body surface area, early excision can be done at one single operation with hardly any risk, and that it is better to perform it as soon as possible (before 12 hours if possible). With a good splinting and a daily rehabilitation, the cosmetic and functional results are very satisfactory.", "PMID": 377460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3685", "title": "Rebuilding the burned face.", "content": "Many of the methods and techniques used throughout the whole field of reconstructive plastic surgery owe their origins to problems first encountered in the severely burned patient. Gillies first used the tubed pedicle flap in reconstructing the face of a naval seaman burned in World War I. Axial pattern flaps such as the deltopectoral are widely used in the treatment of head and neck cancer and the one-stage free flap obviously has an exciting future. In many burned patients such flaps cannot be utilised owing to the non-availability of suitable vessels in either donor or recipient areas. Random pattern flaps such as the tube pedicle must therefore continue to play an important role in treating these cases. The plastic surgeon who undertakes the repair of the burned face must have wide experience of all methods of tissue replacement, whether by free graft or flap transfer. In resurfacing the nose the author has used Wolfe grafts when the cartilages are not involved or a tubed flap from the arm if this is not so. A long tubed pedicle flap from the back is preferred for resurfacing the chin and upper neck providing contour as well as excellent skin cover. Some extremely deep burns such as occur in epileptics or alcoholics may need bone-grafting, and the help of a good prosthetics department will be needed when the orbit has been destroyed.", "contents": "Rebuilding the burned face. Many of the methods and techniques used throughout the whole field of reconstructive plastic surgery owe their origins to problems first encountered in the severely burned patient. Gillies first used the tubed pedicle flap in reconstructing the face of a naval seaman burned in World War I. Axial pattern flaps such as the deltopectoral are widely used in the treatment of head and neck cancer and the one-stage free flap obviously has an exciting future. In many burned patients such flaps cannot be utilised owing to the non-availability of suitable vessels in either donor or recipient areas. Random pattern flaps such as the tube pedicle must therefore continue to play an important role in treating these cases. The plastic surgeon who undertakes the repair of the burned face must have wide experience of all methods of tissue replacement, whether by free graft or flap transfer. In resurfacing the nose the author has used Wolfe grafts when the cartilages are not involved or a tubed flap from the arm if this is not so. A long tubed pedicle flap from the back is preferred for resurfacing the chin and upper neck providing contour as well as excellent skin cover. Some extremely deep burns such as occur in epileptics or alcoholics may need bone-grafting, and the help of a good prosthetics department will be needed when the orbit has been destroyed.", "PMID": 377461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3686", "title": "Prospective randomized treatments for burned hands: nonoperative vs. operative. Preliminary report.", "content": "It has been suggested that deep partial-thickness burns of the hand which remain unhealed by 14 days should be excised and totally resurfaced. Controlled data supporting this suggestion is not available. Therefore, a prospective randomized study was performed on 222 burns of the hand to evaluate if excision and skin grafting had any advantage over conservative management. Full-thickness burns were eliminated from the series by excision and grafting them as soon as possible after the diagnosis had been made. To eliminate the very superficial burns, randomization did not take place until the wound had remained unhealed for ten days and would not heal for at least another week. In the two groups, the first ten days were managed similarly with topical antibacterials, escharotomies when necessary, and splinting in the \"safe\" position. Conservatively managed hands were treated with scarlet red gauze dressing as soon as all eschar had been removed. Those cases randomized into the excision and grafting group were operated upon approximately day 14. Physical therapy was the same in both groups except for the immediate period after grafting. Results were recorded by active and passive joint measurements and photographs on predetermined days throughout the study. In this study, spontaneous healing, taking as much as five weeks, gave acceptable results, comparable to excision and grafting performed at two weeks. The use of range of motion exercises, accurate splinting and pressure allowed optimal healing and prevented stiffness and contractures in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two treatment modalities.", "contents": "Prospective randomized treatments for burned hands: nonoperative vs. operative. Preliminary report. It has been suggested that deep partial-thickness burns of the hand which remain unhealed by 14 days should be excised and totally resurfaced. Controlled data supporting this suggestion is not available. Therefore, a prospective randomized study was performed on 222 burns of the hand to evaluate if excision and skin grafting had any advantage over conservative management. Full-thickness burns were eliminated from the series by excision and grafting them as soon as possible after the diagnosis had been made. To eliminate the very superficial burns, randomization did not take place until the wound had remained unhealed for ten days and would not heal for at least another week. In the two groups, the first ten days were managed similarly with topical antibacterials, escharotomies when necessary, and splinting in the \"safe\" position. Conservatively managed hands were treated with scarlet red gauze dressing as soon as all eschar had been removed. Those cases randomized into the excision and grafting group were operated upon approximately day 14. Physical therapy was the same in both groups except for the immediate period after grafting. Results were recorded by active and passive joint measurements and photographs on predetermined days throughout the study. In this study, spontaneous healing, taking as much as five weeks, gave acceptable results, comparable to excision and grafting performed at two weeks. The use of range of motion exercises, accurate splinting and pressure allowed optimal healing and prevented stiffness and contractures in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two treatment modalities.", "PMID": 377462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3687", "title": "Late results following treatment of deep burns of the hands.", "content": "During a 10-year period, 467 patients with burns involving the hands have been treated, 290 of whom during the past 5 years. Two groups of patients were examined: the first were those who had received treatment between 1967 and 1971 using the exposure method and the reconstruction with skin grafts only after the spontaneous separation of the eschars, and the second, using the closed method and early or late excision of the necrotic tissue followed by covering with split-thickness grafts. In this second group are included also those patients whose burns can be classified as medium depth at the time of admission but in whom experience has shown that one is dealing with lesions with a tendency to become deeper during the post-burn period. For these cases a dermabrasion of the lesions was performed without covering with free grafts. In the cases subjected to surgery using the technique of tangential excision and dermabrasion in order to reach the more difficult areas such as the interdigital spaces, dermabrasion was only performed between the 2nd and the 28th day. The removal of the burned tissue was followed by covering with free grafts, except in those cases in which the depth was in doubt. The results obtained have demonstrated that in the first group the scars have led to serious invalidating consequences which have necessitated long and complex surgical reconstruction programmes. In the second group almost complete function has been restored with the aid of only minimal surgical correction, most often in the interdigital spaces. We would like to emphasize the usefulness of surgery in those cases on the borderline between medium and full thickness. The tendency of these lesions to become deeper has often led to scars which are very similar to those following the deep lesions.", "contents": "Late results following treatment of deep burns of the hands. During a 10-year period, 467 patients with burns involving the hands have been treated, 290 of whom during the past 5 years. Two groups of patients were examined: the first were those who had received treatment between 1967 and 1971 using the exposure method and the reconstruction with skin grafts only after the spontaneous separation of the eschars, and the second, using the closed method and early or late excision of the necrotic tissue followed by covering with split-thickness grafts. In this second group are included also those patients whose burns can be classified as medium depth at the time of admission but in whom experience has shown that one is dealing with lesions with a tendency to become deeper during the post-burn period. For these cases a dermabrasion of the lesions was performed without covering with free grafts. In the cases subjected to surgery using the technique of tangential excision and dermabrasion in order to reach the more difficult areas such as the interdigital spaces, dermabrasion was only performed between the 2nd and the 28th day. The removal of the burned tissue was followed by covering with free grafts, except in those cases in which the depth was in doubt. The results obtained have demonstrated that in the first group the scars have led to serious invalidating consequences which have necessitated long and complex surgical reconstruction programmes. In the second group almost complete function has been restored with the aid of only minimal surgical correction, most often in the interdigital spaces. We would like to emphasize the usefulness of surgery in those cases on the borderline between medium and full thickness. The tendency of these lesions to become deeper has often led to scars which are very similar to those following the deep lesions.", "PMID": 377463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3688", "title": "Temporary skin substitutes and evaporative water loss.", "content": "The authors worked out a simple method, which enables an orientative evaluation of different skin substitutes as to their effectiveness in preventing gross evaporative water loss from decorticated dermis. The method is based on the loss of weight of decorticated dermis samples (covered by different materials) incubated in a thermostat for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours at 37 degrees C. Following skin substitutes were tested: Lyofoam; Epigard; collagen foil; freeze dried amniotic membrane; freeze dried porcine xenografts; deep frozen porcine xenografts; and fresh porcine xenografts. Controls lost during 4 hours incubation at 37 degrees C 61.34% of the original weight (similarly as samples covered by synthetic skin substitutes or amniotic membrane). Samples covered by freeze dried xenografts lost only 33.07%, samples covered by deep frozen xenografts 13.20% and by fresh xenografts, 6.06%.", "contents": "Temporary skin substitutes and evaporative water loss. The authors worked out a simple method, which enables an orientative evaluation of different skin substitutes as to their effectiveness in preventing gross evaporative water loss from decorticated dermis. The method is based on the loss of weight of decorticated dermis samples (covered by different materials) incubated in a thermostat for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours at 37 degrees C. Following skin substitutes were tested: Lyofoam; Epigard; collagen foil; freeze dried amniotic membrane; freeze dried porcine xenografts; deep frozen porcine xenografts; and fresh porcine xenografts. Controls lost during 4 hours incubation at 37 degrees C 61.34% of the original weight (similarly as samples covered by synthetic skin substitutes or amniotic membrane). Samples covered by freeze dried xenografts lost only 33.07%, samples covered by deep frozen xenografts 13.20% and by fresh xenografts, 6.06%.", "PMID": 377464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3689", "title": "Long-term therapy of second and third degree burns in children using Jobst-compression suits.", "content": "Thirteen children, aged between 2 1/2 and 14 years, with full-thickness burns are presented. These children were treated with compression suits according to the method developed by the Jobst Institute in Toledo, Ohio. The material manufactured in Switzerland is described and the advantages and disadvantages of this material are discussed. Group I comprised 8 children who were fitted out with the suit directly after the burns had healed. These were all scalds covering 11 to 30% of the body surface and necessitating Thiersch grafts. Group 2 comprised 5 children who were only fitted with this suit 3 months to 2 years after the original accident. By that time they had all developed massive, hypertrophied scars, limiting flexion and extension of the joints. In the first group the skin colour rapidly returned to normal, the development of hypertrophic scars was not marked and these scars had a definite tendency to regress. Nine of ten affected joints either became normal or showed a considerable improvement in function. In the second group, 19 of 25 affected joints had become normal one year after the suits had been fitted and four showed definite improvement. Here the scars regressed, although admittedly slower than in the first group. The children appeared to wear the suits without discomfort or trouble.", "contents": "Long-term therapy of second and third degree burns in children using Jobst-compression suits. Thirteen children, aged between 2 1/2 and 14 years, with full-thickness burns are presented. These children were treated with compression suits according to the method developed by the Jobst Institute in Toledo, Ohio. The material manufactured in Switzerland is described and the advantages and disadvantages of this material are discussed. Group I comprised 8 children who were fitted out with the suit directly after the burns had healed. These were all scalds covering 11 to 30% of the body surface and necessitating Thiersch grafts. Group 2 comprised 5 children who were only fitted with this suit 3 months to 2 years after the original accident. By that time they had all developed massive, hypertrophied scars, limiting flexion and extension of the joints. In the first group the skin colour rapidly returned to normal, the development of hypertrophic scars was not marked and these scars had a definite tendency to regress. Nine of ten affected joints either became normal or showed a considerable improvement in function. In the second group, 19 of 25 affected joints had become normal one year after the suits had been fitted and four showed definite improvement. Here the scars regressed, although admittedly slower than in the first group. The children appeared to wear the suits without discomfort or trouble.", "PMID": 377465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3690", "title": "The influence of burn trauma on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in normal female subjects.", "content": "In 5 severely burned women (greater than 25% TBS, II degrees and III degrees burns) the following hormones were investigated by RIA. (1) LH-releasing hormone test in the initial phase of burn shock with 100 gamma 3 LH-RH. (2). Follow-up controls of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) in the catabolic and healing phase of burn disease. All women were before onset of burn trauma regularly ovulating. The following preliminary results can be presented: If the burn trauma occurs in the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, there was no ovulation during the time of observation. As a sign of the normal function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland all subjects responded with an increase of plasma LH to the stimulation with LH-releasing hormone. The burn trauma interferes with the female endocrine equilibrium by involving hypothalamic centres. Negative feedback mechanisms by the secretion of adrenal hormones and temporary hyperprolactinemic states as a further result are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of burn trauma on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in normal female subjects. In 5 severely burned women (greater than 25% TBS, II degrees and III degrees burns) the following hormones were investigated by RIA. (1) LH-releasing hormone test in the initial phase of burn shock with 100 gamma 3 LH-RH. (2). Follow-up controls of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) in the catabolic and healing phase of burn disease. All women were before onset of burn trauma regularly ovulating. The following preliminary results can be presented: If the burn trauma occurs in the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, there was no ovulation during the time of observation. As a sign of the normal function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland all subjects responded with an increase of plasma LH to the stimulation with LH-releasing hormone. The burn trauma interferes with the female endocrine equilibrium by involving hypothalamic centres. Negative feedback mechanisms by the secretion of adrenal hormones and temporary hyperprolactinemic states as a further result are discussed.", "PMID": 377466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3691", "title": "Warm dry air treatment of 345 patients with burns exceeding 20 per cent of the body surface.", "content": "Two groups of patients with burns covering more than 20% of the body surface treated in a warm dry environment in two Burn Units in Sweden have been compared. The methods of treatment of the 345 patients were almost identical, using plasma and crystalloid solutions during the period of early intense therapy, use of frequent bathing and early debridement of the necrotic burned tissue and application of homo- or heterograft skin prior to the transplantation of autograft skin. The percentage mortalities in the two groups of patients (15.7% and 20.2%) were not significantly different, neither were the causes of the burn or the cause of death. Combination of the results and probit analysis did however show that treatment in a warm dry environment was associated with a lower rate of mortality in patients with very extensive burns than found in other studies not using these environmental conditions in Sweden prior to 1968 (by the same authors) in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America.", "contents": "Warm dry air treatment of 345 patients with burns exceeding 20 per cent of the body surface. Two groups of patients with burns covering more than 20% of the body surface treated in a warm dry environment in two Burn Units in Sweden have been compared. The methods of treatment of the 345 patients were almost identical, using plasma and crystalloid solutions during the period of early intense therapy, use of frequent bathing and early debridement of the necrotic burned tissue and application of homo- or heterograft skin prior to the transplantation of autograft skin. The percentage mortalities in the two groups of patients (15.7% and 20.2%) were not significantly different, neither were the causes of the burn or the cause of death. Combination of the results and probit analysis did however show that treatment in a warm dry environment was associated with a lower rate of mortality in patients with very extensive burns than found in other studies not using these environmental conditions in Sweden prior to 1968 (by the same authors) in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America.", "PMID": 377467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3692", "title": "The prevention of wound infections in burn patients.", "content": "To investigate the necessity of \"protective isolation\" and/or gastrointestinal tract decontamination in the prevention of infections in burn patients treated under ward conditions, a bacteriological inventory of burn sites, oropharynx and faeces was made 3 times a week. The origin of bacteria isolated from the lesions was determined by typing. In addition, the effect of local protection by topical application of silver-sulphadiazine or nitrofuralum was investigated. Of potentially pathogenic bacteria known to cause infections in burn, St. aureus was found to be almost exclusively exogenous in origin. Str. pyogenes, on the other hand, appeared either to be strongly inhibited by topical treatment or else to have colonized the wounds only from endogenous sources. Endogenous (gi-tract) Enterobacteriaceae biotype-positive samples were restricted to burn sites near the mouth and the anus. Enterobacteriaceae biotypes of exogenous origin appeared to colonize wounds of about one third of the patients. It is concluded that topical protection is insufficient in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the lesions. Therefore, protective isolation (St. aureus, etc.) and selective gastrointestinal decontamination are to be considered for infection prevention.", "contents": "The prevention of wound infections in burn patients. To investigate the necessity of \"protective isolation\" and/or gastrointestinal tract decontamination in the prevention of infections in burn patients treated under ward conditions, a bacteriological inventory of burn sites, oropharynx and faeces was made 3 times a week. The origin of bacteria isolated from the lesions was determined by typing. In addition, the effect of local protection by topical application of silver-sulphadiazine or nitrofuralum was investigated. Of potentially pathogenic bacteria known to cause infections in burn, St. aureus was found to be almost exclusively exogenous in origin. Str. pyogenes, on the other hand, appeared either to be strongly inhibited by topical treatment or else to have colonized the wounds only from endogenous sources. Endogenous (gi-tract) Enterobacteriaceae biotype-positive samples were restricted to burn sites near the mouth and the anus. Enterobacteriaceae biotypes of exogenous origin appeared to colonize wounds of about one third of the patients. It is concluded that topical protection is insufficient in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the lesions. Therefore, protective isolation (St. aureus, etc.) and selective gastrointestinal decontamination are to be considered for infection prevention.", "PMID": 377468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3693", "title": "Humoral antibodies against skin allografts.", "content": "Using the collodion agglutination method the authors studied antibody formation against skin allografts in severely burned patients. They succeeded in detecting antibodies which start appearing on the third day following transplantation at the earliest. Later their titers increase reaching the maximum a few days before first signs of graft rejection. High titers persist for relatively long periods after graft rejection. Antibodies were not detected if the grafts were taken from an identical twin. In this case the grafts were not rejected. These results could be used for the determination of the optimal time for debridement of adhering allografts before the onset of rejection.", "contents": "Humoral antibodies against skin allografts. Using the collodion agglutination method the authors studied antibody formation against skin allografts in severely burned patients. They succeeded in detecting antibodies which start appearing on the third day following transplantation at the earliest. Later their titers increase reaching the maximum a few days before first signs of graft rejection. High titers persist for relatively long periods after graft rejection. Antibodies were not detected if the grafts were taken from an identical twin. In this case the grafts were not rejected. These results could be used for the determination of the optimal time for debridement of adhering allografts before the onset of rejection.", "PMID": 377469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3694", "title": "Parenteral administration of ketoprofen in osteoarthritis: a double-blind trial versus the N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of indomethacin.", "content": "In a double-blind trial 40 patients with ostheoarthritis were treated for relief of pain with ketoprofen or with the N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of indomethacin, both drugs being administered i.m. at the dosage of 100 mg/day for 12 days. Ketroprofen and the indomethacin salt significantly improved pain, functional capacity and walking distance, while only the former reduced the knee size in the patients with gonarthritis. The two drugs showed roughly the same latency period and the same duration of activity. Ketoprofen was perfectly tolerated: on the contrary, in one patient treated with the indomethacin salt, the treatment was stopped because of vascular hypotension and cutaneous rash. A significant increase of blood urea nitrogen was observed only in the group of patients treated with the indomethacin salt.", "contents": "Parenteral administration of ketoprofen in osteoarthritis: a double-blind trial versus the N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of indomethacin. In a double-blind trial 40 patients with ostheoarthritis were treated for relief of pain with ketoprofen or with the N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of indomethacin, both drugs being administered i.m. at the dosage of 100 mg/day for 12 days. Ketroprofen and the indomethacin salt significantly improved pain, functional capacity and walking distance, while only the former reduced the knee size in the patients with gonarthritis. The two drugs showed roughly the same latency period and the same duration of activity. Ketoprofen was perfectly tolerated: on the contrary, in one patient treated with the indomethacin salt, the treatment was stopped because of vascular hypotension and cutaneous rash. A significant increase of blood urea nitrogen was observed only in the group of patients treated with the indomethacin salt.", "PMID": 377470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3695", "title": "Clinical comparison of fenbufen and aspirin in osteoarthritis.", "content": "The objective of the study was to compare efficacy and safety of Fenbufen and Aspirin in osteoarthritis. The study was a double-blind, randomized trial with crossover. The test subjects were treated for 4 weeks with 600 mg Fenbufen and for 4 weeks with 3.6 g Aspirin per day. 35 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and 18 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip participated in the study. The physical measurements of osteoarthritis activity showed significant improvement with both Fenbufen and Aspirin. The drugs were comparable with respect to: 1) improvement of physical m-easurements, 2) investigator's assessments, and 3) patients' assessments. A smaller number of patients reported drug-related side effects with Fenbufen than with Aspirin. 57% of the patients reported side effects during treatment with Aspirin and 40% during treatment with Fenbufen. There were no abnormalities discovered in haematologic or biochemical tests performed during the course of the trial.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of fenbufen and aspirin in osteoarthritis. The objective of the study was to compare efficacy and safety of Fenbufen and Aspirin in osteoarthritis. The study was a double-blind, randomized trial with crossover. The test subjects were treated for 4 weeks with 600 mg Fenbufen and for 4 weeks with 3.6 g Aspirin per day. 35 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and 18 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip participated in the study. The physical measurements of osteoarthritis activity showed significant improvement with both Fenbufen and Aspirin. The drugs were comparable with respect to: 1) improvement of physical m-easurements, 2) investigator's assessments, and 3) patients' assessments. A smaller number of patients reported drug-related side effects with Fenbufen than with Aspirin. 57% of the patients reported side effects during treatment with Aspirin and 40% during treatment with Fenbufen. There were no abnormalities discovered in haematologic or biochemical tests performed during the course of the trial.", "PMID": 377471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3696", "title": "The use of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma.", "content": "The use of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and scheroderma is reviewed. Much of the worlds literature was collected including both open studies and control studies. Both types with over 1,300 patients in the open trials and as one would expect, a smaller group in the control trials, showed about 64 percent of the patients having good results. Side effects range from one quarter to one third of the treated patients. This seems to show penicillamine as an effective drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis though with a multiplicity of side effects. Its use in the treatment of scleroderma is still uncertain. Because of the rarity of the disease the number of patients treated has been small and the data is conflicting.", "contents": "The use of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. The use of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and scheroderma is reviewed. Much of the worlds literature was collected including both open studies and control studies. Both types with over 1,300 patients in the open trials and as one would expect, a smaller group in the control trials, showed about 64 percent of the patients having good results. Side effects range from one quarter to one third of the treated patients. This seems to show penicillamine as an effective drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis though with a multiplicity of side effects. Its use in the treatment of scleroderma is still uncertain. Because of the rarity of the disease the number of patients treated has been small and the data is conflicting.", "PMID": 377472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3697", "title": "Deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Influence of anti-rheumatic treatment.", "content": "Immunopathological studies on skin biopsies from 88 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that one-third of them had deposits of IgM and/or C3 in the walls of small vessels immediately underneath the dermal-epidermal junction. The deposits in the vessel walls which may reflect subclinical immune complex vasculitis could be correlated to the occurrence of IgG-rheumatoid factor in the serum, but not to IgM-rheumatoid factor, other extra-articular manifestations, or to the occurrence of circulating immune complexes demonstrated by the complement consumption test or the thrombocyte aggregation test. Two untreated patients had granular deposits in the dermal-epidermal junction. Five out of 50 patients developed deposits in the dermal-epidermal junction during treatment with levamisole, penicillamine, or azathioprine, as observed by serial skin biopsies.", "contents": "Deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Influence of anti-rheumatic treatment. Immunopathological studies on skin biopsies from 88 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that one-third of them had deposits of IgM and/or C3 in the walls of small vessels immediately underneath the dermal-epidermal junction. The deposits in the vessel walls which may reflect subclinical immune complex vasculitis could be correlated to the occurrence of IgG-rheumatoid factor in the serum, but not to IgM-rheumatoid factor, other extra-articular manifestations, or to the occurrence of circulating immune complexes demonstrated by the complement consumption test or the thrombocyte aggregation test. Two untreated patients had granular deposits in the dermal-epidermal junction. Five out of 50 patients developed deposits in the dermal-epidermal junction during treatment with levamisole, penicillamine, or azathioprine, as observed by serial skin biopsies.", "PMID": 377474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3698", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor.", "content": "A semi-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor was established. Human gammaglobulin (Cohn fraction II) was used as an antigen on a solid phase of polystyrene microtitre trays. The results were read on a spectrophotometer. ELISA and the sheep cell agglutination test were compared in a study of sera from 400 blood donors, 53 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and of 200 sera received for routine determination of rheumatoid factor. The results of the two tests correlated well. The ELISA procedure was precise, objective, inexpensive and well suited for quantitative routine determination of IgM rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor. A semi-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor was established. Human gammaglobulin (Cohn fraction II) was used as an antigen on a solid phase of polystyrene microtitre trays. The results were read on a spectrophotometer. ELISA and the sheep cell agglutination test were compared in a study of sera from 400 blood donors, 53 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and of 200 sera received for routine determination of rheumatoid factor. The results of the two tests correlated well. The ELISA procedure was precise, objective, inexpensive and well suited for quantitative routine determination of IgM rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 377475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3699", "title": "A double-blind study of erbium169 synoviorthesis in rheumatoid digital joints. Results after one year.", "content": "A double-blind study was made on the effectivenss of erbium169 synoviorthesis in the digital joints of 7 patients with erosive, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. The study involved 70 joints observed over a 12-month period: 20 pairs of metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) and 15 pairs of proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) were injected with erbium169 in one joint and saline in the other one. All joints had radiological lesions corresponding to State I and II of the Steinbroker classification. Six months after synoviorthesis, good and excellent results were observed in 71% of the articulations treated with erbium169 and in only 40% of those injected with saline (placebo) (p less than 0.01). Good and excellent results were noted in 79% of the joints treated with the isotope after one year, compared with only 50% injected with the placebo (p less than 0.05). The beneficial effect of erbium169 synoviorthesis on the pain and inflammatory phenomena of rheumatoid digital joints is therefore proven. Occasionally the isotope causes a slight decrease in the range of movement of the treated joint.", "contents": "A double-blind study of erbium169 synoviorthesis in rheumatoid digital joints. Results after one year. A double-blind study was made on the effectivenss of erbium169 synoviorthesis in the digital joints of 7 patients with erosive, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. The study involved 70 joints observed over a 12-month period: 20 pairs of metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) and 15 pairs of proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) were injected with erbium169 in one joint and saline in the other one. All joints had radiological lesions corresponding to State I and II of the Steinbroker classification. Six months after synoviorthesis, good and excellent results were observed in 71% of the articulations treated with erbium169 and in only 40% of those injected with saline (placebo) (p less than 0.01). Good and excellent results were noted in 79% of the joints treated with the isotope after one year, compared with only 50% injected with the placebo (p less than 0.05). The beneficial effect of erbium169 synoviorthesis on the pain and inflammatory phenomena of rheumatoid digital joints is therefore proven. Occasionally the isotope causes a slight decrease in the range of movement of the treated joint.", "PMID": 377476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3700", "title": "Predominance of cells with T-markers in the lymphocytic infiltrates of synovial tissue in psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Synovial tissue from 8 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PSA) were investigated by direct immunofluorescence technique with FITC-conjugated anti-F(ab')2 antiserum, and with a specific rabbit anti-human T-lymphocyte antiserum by indirect immunofluorescence method with FITC-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit Ig antiserum as the second layer. The majority of the lymphocytes in the tissue displayed membrane fluorescence with the anti-T antiserum. Staining with the conjugated anti-F(ab')2 antiserum revealed both intra- and extracellular immunoglobulins. These results indicate that the majority of the lymphocytes in the synovial tissue of PSA are T-lymphocytes, and that a minor number of the cells belong to the B-cell line.", "contents": "Predominance of cells with T-markers in the lymphocytic infiltrates of synovial tissue in psoriatic arthritis. Synovial tissue from 8 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PSA) were investigated by direct immunofluorescence technique with FITC-conjugated anti-F(ab')2 antiserum, and with a specific rabbit anti-human T-lymphocyte antiserum by indirect immunofluorescence method with FITC-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit Ig antiserum as the second layer. The majority of the lymphocytes in the tissue displayed membrane fluorescence with the anti-T antiserum. Staining with the conjugated anti-F(ab')2 antiserum revealed both intra- and extracellular immunoglobulins. These results indicate that the majority of the lymphocytes in the synovial tissue of PSA are T-lymphocytes, and that a minor number of the cells belong to the B-cell line.", "PMID": 377477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3701", "title": "The effect of penicillamine on blood pressure and vascular disease in mice with infarct-kidney hypertension.", "content": "Treatment with penicillamine was capable of bringing down the elevated systemic arterial pressure in the thymus-dependent phase of infarct-kidney hypertension in mice; a marked improvement in the clinical condition of the treated animals was observed as compared with untreated hypertensive mice. No pathological changes in either kidney or heart could be attributed to toxic side effects of penicillamine either in normotensive or in hypertensive mice treated for several months with penicillamine. It is concluded that penicillamine may have an effect on thymus-dependent reactions, such as the increased blood pressure in the chronic phase of infarct-kidney hypertension in mice. In mice, the treatment can be extended over a considerable part of the animal's life span without apparently giving rise to toxic side effects on vital organs.", "contents": "The effect of penicillamine on blood pressure and vascular disease in mice with infarct-kidney hypertension. Treatment with penicillamine was capable of bringing down the elevated systemic arterial pressure in the thymus-dependent phase of infarct-kidney hypertension in mice; a marked improvement in the clinical condition of the treated animals was observed as compared with untreated hypertensive mice. No pathological changes in either kidney or heart could be attributed to toxic side effects of penicillamine either in normotensive or in hypertensive mice treated for several months with penicillamine. It is concluded that penicillamine may have an effect on thymus-dependent reactions, such as the increased blood pressure in the chronic phase of infarct-kidney hypertension in mice. In mice, the treatment can be extended over a considerable part of the animal's life span without apparently giving rise to toxic side effects on vital organs.", "PMID": 377478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3702", "title": "[Renal artery stenosis following kidney transplantation -- an avoidable complication?].", "content": "Many etiologies have been proposed for renal artery stenosis following renal transplantation. Incorrect operative technique is the most frequent cause, but the condition is often due to vascular parietal lesions resulting from traction on the vessels during removal of kidneys, which causes dislocation of arterial parietal structures. Such traction is inevitable if kidneys are removed separately due to difficulties arising during deep mobilization of the kidneys. Furthermore, this technique involves direct flushing into the renal artery, and this may cause damage to the intima due to the canula. Canula and traction are the major causes of stenosis. The authors present their own cases and propose that kidneys be removed \"en bloc\". This is the only way to prevent traction on vessels, and it permits flushing through the aorta for cooling.", "contents": "[Renal artery stenosis following kidney transplantation -- an avoidable complication?]. Many etiologies have been proposed for renal artery stenosis following renal transplantation. Incorrect operative technique is the most frequent cause, but the condition is often due to vascular parietal lesions resulting from traction on the vessels during removal of kidneys, which causes dislocation of arterial parietal structures. Such traction is inevitable if kidneys are removed separately due to difficulties arising during deep mobilization of the kidneys. Furthermore, this technique involves direct flushing into the renal artery, and this may cause damage to the intima due to the canula. Canula and traction are the major causes of stenosis. The authors present their own cases and propose that kidneys be removed \"en bloc\". This is the only way to prevent traction on vessels, and it permits flushing through the aorta for cooling.", "PMID": 377480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3703", "title": "An extrinsic membrane polypeptide associated with high-molecular-weight protein aggregates in human cataract.", "content": "A 43,000-dalton polypeptide has been isolated from the high-molecular-weight disulfide-rich fraction of the water-insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses. On the basis of immunochemical reactivity and fluorescent antibody binding, this polypeptide is localized in the membrane region of the lens cell. This observation suggests an interaction between the soluble lens proteins and membrane-associated polypeptides in the formation of large protein aggregates which may cause cataract.", "contents": "An extrinsic membrane polypeptide associated with high-molecular-weight protein aggregates in human cataract. A 43,000-dalton polypeptide has been isolated from the high-molecular-weight disulfide-rich fraction of the water-insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses. On the basis of immunochemical reactivity and fluorescent antibody binding, this polypeptide is localized in the membrane region of the lens cell. This observation suggests an interaction between the soluble lens proteins and membrane-associated polypeptides in the formation of large protein aggregates which may cause cataract.", "PMID": 377484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3704", "title": "DNA organization of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "The organism Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, an archaebacterium, is envolutionarily very distant from both traditional prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its genome (DNA) has physical characteristics typical of most prokaryotes except that it is quite small (about 10(9) daltons, less than half the size of the genome of Escherichia coli) and contains a significant amount (6 percent) DNA which renatures extremely rapidly.", "contents": "DNA organization of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The organism Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, an archaebacterium, is envolutionarily very distant from both traditional prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its genome (DNA) has physical characteristics typical of most prokaryotes except that it is quite small (about 10(9) daltons, less than half the size of the genome of Escherichia coli) and contains a significant amount (6 percent) DNA which renatures extremely rapidly.", "PMID": 377486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3705", "title": "Human macrophage migration inhibition factor: evidence for subunit structure.", "content": "Macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) derived from human lymphoid cell lines was found to lose biologic activity on dialysis. Although activity was not recovered in the dialyzate, mixing experiments demonstrated that the components in the retentate and dialyzate could reassociate to restore activity. The fragment of larger molecular weight (less than 10,000) could inhibit the activity of intact MIF, whereas the smaller molecular weight fragment (5,000 to 10,000) could not. These findings suggest that human MIF is composed of at least two noncovalently linked subunits. In analogy to the situation for certain bacterial toxins, one of these may represent an attachment piece for a target cell membrane receptor.", "contents": "Human macrophage migration inhibition factor: evidence for subunit structure. Macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) derived from human lymphoid cell lines was found to lose biologic activity on dialysis. Although activity was not recovered in the dialyzate, mixing experiments demonstrated that the components in the retentate and dialyzate could reassociate to restore activity. The fragment of larger molecular weight (less than 10,000) could inhibit the activity of intact MIF, whereas the smaller molecular weight fragment (5,000 to 10,000) could not. These findings suggest that human MIF is composed of at least two noncovalently linked subunits. In analogy to the situation for certain bacterial toxins, one of these may represent an attachment piece for a target cell membrane receptor.", "PMID": 377487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3706", "title": "Cadmium: in vivo measurement in smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Absolute amounts of cadmium (in milligrams) in the left kidney and concentrations of cadmium (micrograms per gram) in the liver were measured in vivo in 20 healthy adult male volunteers. Organ cadmium levels of smokers were significantly elevated above those of nonsmokers. No relationship was evident between body stores of cadmium (liver and kidney) and cadmium or beta 2-microglobulin in urine or blood. The average total body burden of cadmium in man at age 50 is estimated to be 19.3 milligrams for nonsmokers and 35.5 milligrams for smokers (38.7 pack-year smoking history). Biological half-time for the whole body was, on average, 15.7 years (10- to 33-year range). Dietary absorption was 2.7 micrograms per day. Cigarette smoking resulted in the absorption of 1.9 micrograms per pack.", "contents": "Cadmium: in vivo measurement in smokers and nonsmokers. Absolute amounts of cadmium (in milligrams) in the left kidney and concentrations of cadmium (micrograms per gram) in the liver were measured in vivo in 20 healthy adult male volunteers. Organ cadmium levels of smokers were significantly elevated above those of nonsmokers. No relationship was evident between body stores of cadmium (liver and kidney) and cadmium or beta 2-microglobulin in urine or blood. The average total body burden of cadmium in man at age 50 is estimated to be 19.3 milligrams for nonsmokers and 35.5 milligrams for smokers (38.7 pack-year smoking history). Biological half-time for the whole body was, on average, 15.7 years (10- to 33-year range). Dietary absorption was 2.7 micrograms per day. Cigarette smoking resulted in the absorption of 1.9 micrograms per pack.", "PMID": 377488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3707", "title": "Permeability of the cell-to-cell membrane channels in mammalian cell juncton.", "content": "The channels in the junctions of various mammalian cell types--primary cultures and lines--were probed with a series of linear fluorescent amino acid and peptide molecules of different size and charge. Permeability is limited by probe size and electronegativity, these two factors apparently being related reciprocally. In respect to both factors, mammalian junctional channels are more restrictive than insect channels; hence the mammalian channels are narrower, more polar, or both. The channels of the various mammalian cell types differed slightly from each other; in some types the serum of the culture medium affected the channel permeability.", "contents": "Permeability of the cell-to-cell membrane channels in mammalian cell juncton. The channels in the junctions of various mammalian cell types--primary cultures and lines--were probed with a series of linear fluorescent amino acid and peptide molecules of different size and charge. Permeability is limited by probe size and electronegativity, these two factors apparently being related reciprocally. In respect to both factors, mammalian junctional channels are more restrictive than insect channels; hence the mammalian channels are narrower, more polar, or both. The channels of the various mammalian cell types differed slightly from each other; in some types the serum of the culture medium affected the channel permeability.", "PMID": 377490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3708", "title": "Induction of luteolysis in the human with a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on each of two successive days during mid-luteal phase in normally cycling women induced a short luteal phase and premature menstruation. These events were associated with luteolysis, as evidenced by the consistent and parallel premature decline of progesterone and estradiol levels compared with those in control cycles. This finding may prove to be useful in the prevention or interception of implantation.", "contents": "Induction of luteolysis in the human with a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on each of two successive days during mid-luteal phase in normally cycling women induced a short luteal phase and premature menstruation. These events were associated with luteolysis, as evidenced by the consistent and parallel premature decline of progesterone and estradiol levels compared with those in control cycles. This finding may prove to be useful in the prevention or interception of implantation.", "PMID": 377491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3709", "title": "Heparin neutralization of PGI2: effects upon platelets.", "content": "Heparin neutralizes the inhibitory effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet aggregation. The PGI2-induced enhancement of platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels is also inhibited. The mechanism appears to involve a direct interaction in which heparin neutralizes the inhibitory effects of PGI2 on platelet aggregation but, at the same time, does not lose its own anticoagulant activity. These findings may explain instances in which heparin infusions have been reported to produce hyperaggregation of platelets, thrombotic episodes, and thrombocytopenia in patients.", "contents": "Heparin neutralization of PGI2: effects upon platelets. Heparin neutralizes the inhibitory effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet aggregation. The PGI2-induced enhancement of platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels is also inhibited. The mechanism appears to involve a direct interaction in which heparin neutralizes the inhibitory effects of PGI2 on platelet aggregation but, at the same time, does not lose its own anticoagulant activity. These findings may explain instances in which heparin infusions have been reported to produce hyperaggregation of platelets, thrombotic episodes, and thrombocytopenia in patients.", "PMID": 377493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3710", "title": "A relationship between DNA helix stability and recognition sites for RNA polymerase.", "content": "The RNA polymerase binding sites on the DNA of (i) the aroE-trkA-spc segment of the Escherichia coli genome, (ii) transposon Tn3, (iii) plasmid ColE1, and (iv) coliphage lambda were mapped by electron microscopy, with the use of the BAC technique; these maps were compared with the maps of the early-melting regions for the same genomes. The results indicate that in all these cases the binding sites for the E. coli RNA polymerase lie preferentially in the early melting regions of DNA. These data indicate that helix stability may be an important feature of the multipartite nature of the promoter structure.", "contents": "A relationship between DNA helix stability and recognition sites for RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase binding sites on the DNA of (i) the aroE-trkA-spc segment of the Escherichia coli genome, (ii) transposon Tn3, (iii) plasmid ColE1, and (iv) coliphage lambda were mapped by electron microscopy, with the use of the BAC technique; these maps were compared with the maps of the early-melting regions for the same genomes. The results indicate that in all these cases the binding sites for the E. coli RNA polymerase lie preferentially in the early melting regions of DNA. These data indicate that helix stability may be an important feature of the multipartite nature of the promoter structure.", "PMID": 377494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3711", "title": "Toxaphene, a complex mixture of polychloroterpenes and a major insecticide, is mutagenic.", "content": "Toxaphene, the most widely used chlorinated insecticide, is mutagenic in the Salmonella test without requiring liver homogenate for activity. This insecticide is a complex mixture (more than 177 polychloroterpenes) with carcinogenic activity in rodents. Some but not all of the mutagenic components are easily separated from the insecticidal ingredients.", "contents": "Toxaphene, a complex mixture of polychloroterpenes and a major insecticide, is mutagenic. Toxaphene, the most widely used chlorinated insecticide, is mutagenic in the Salmonella test without requiring liver homogenate for activity. This insecticide is a complex mixture (more than 177 polychloroterpenes) with carcinogenic activity in rodents. Some but not all of the mutagenic components are easily separated from the insecticidal ingredients.", "PMID": 377495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3712", "title": "Human growth hormone: complementary DNA cloning and expression in bacteria.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a DNA complementary to human growth hormone messenger RNA was cloned; it contains 29 nucleotides in its 5' untranslated region, the 651 nucleotides coding for the prehormone, and the entire 3' untranslated region (108 nucleotides). The data reported predict the previously unknown sequence of the signal peptide of human growth hormone and, by comparison with the previously determined sequences of rat growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin, strengthens the hypothesis that these genes evolved by gene duplication from a common ancestral sequence. The human growth hormone gene sequences have been linked in phase to a fragment of the trp D gene of Escherichia coli in a plasmid vehicle, and a fusion protein is synthesized at high level (approximately 3 percent of bacterial protein) under the control of the regulatory region of the trp operon. This fusion protein (70 percent of whose amino acids are coded for by the human growth hormone gene) reacts specifically with antibodies to human growth hormone and is stable in E. coli.", "contents": "Human growth hormone: complementary DNA cloning and expression in bacteria. The nucleotide sequence of a DNA complementary to human growth hormone messenger RNA was cloned; it contains 29 nucleotides in its 5' untranslated region, the 651 nucleotides coding for the prehormone, and the entire 3' untranslated region (108 nucleotides). The data reported predict the previously unknown sequence of the signal peptide of human growth hormone and, by comparison with the previously determined sequences of rat growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin, strengthens the hypothesis that these genes evolved by gene duplication from a common ancestral sequence. The human growth hormone gene sequences have been linked in phase to a fragment of the trp D gene of Escherichia coli in a plasmid vehicle, and a fusion protein is synthesized at high level (approximately 3 percent of bacterial protein) under the control of the regulatory region of the trp operon. This fusion protein (70 percent of whose amino acids are coded for by the human growth hormone gene) reacts specifically with antibodies to human growth hormone and is stable in E. coli.", "PMID": 377496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3713", "title": "Recent therapeutic advances in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Whole plasma infusion, in our experience, has been highly effective in the management of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The effectiveness of plasma infusion in the treatment of this severe disorder implies the deficiency of a factor in the patient's plasma. Furthermore, we have observed that when platelets are suspended in plasma obtained during active, untreated thrombotic purpura, aggregation occurs. This effect is neutralized by preincubation of the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma with normal plasma. Thus, there is both a correlation with the clinical pathogenic mechanism, disseminated platelet aggregation, and with the therapeutic response to plasma infusion. Based upon our experience and the concept that thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a plasma factor deficiency state, we recommend initial infusion of a full plasma volume equivalent over the first 24 hours. This should be done under an intensive care setting. After this initial plasma infusion, we advise the infusion of 3 units of plasma daily until a full remission is obtained. When the clinical situation has stabilized, we stop the daily plasma infusions and cautiously observe for recurrence of the manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. If there is a recurrence, plasma is again infused in substantial quantity during the first 24 hours and then 3 units daily until a full remission is again evident. Whether the plasma requirement might be attenuated or the course of the disease shortened by the concomitant use of antiplatelet agents, corticosteroids or other means remains to be determined.", "contents": "Recent therapeutic advances in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Whole plasma infusion, in our experience, has been highly effective in the management of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The effectiveness of plasma infusion in the treatment of this severe disorder implies the deficiency of a factor in the patient's plasma. Furthermore, we have observed that when platelets are suspended in plasma obtained during active, untreated thrombotic purpura, aggregation occurs. This effect is neutralized by preincubation of the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma with normal plasma. Thus, there is both a correlation with the clinical pathogenic mechanism, disseminated platelet aggregation, and with the therapeutic response to plasma infusion. Based upon our experience and the concept that thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a plasma factor deficiency state, we recommend initial infusion of a full plasma volume equivalent over the first 24 hours. This should be done under an intensive care setting. After this initial plasma infusion, we advise the infusion of 3 units of plasma daily until a full remission is obtained. When the clinical situation has stabilized, we stop the daily plasma infusions and cautiously observe for recurrence of the manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. If there is a recurrence, plasma is again infused in substantial quantity during the first 24 hours and then 3 units daily until a full remission is again evident. Whether the plasma requirement might be attenuated or the course of the disease shortened by the concomitant use of antiplatelet agents, corticosteroids or other means remains to be determined.", "PMID": 377498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3714", "title": "Drowning and near-drowning: current concepts and neutrophil function studies.", "content": "A near-drowning by a young man in an indoor pool is reported, and the current concepts of therapy are discussed. Laboratory studies of the patient's neutrophil function and chemotactic response were performed on the day of admission and on hospital days 2 and 4. Neutrophil function and chemotaxis were equal to control values, indicating no effect of near-drowning on these aspects of the host immune system. Hospital admission and supportive therapy including intubation, positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and antibiotics are recommended, if necessary, in management of the nearly drowned patient.", "contents": "Drowning and near-drowning: current concepts and neutrophil function studies. A near-drowning by a young man in an indoor pool is reported, and the current concepts of therapy are discussed. Laboratory studies of the patient's neutrophil function and chemotactic response were performed on the day of admission and on hospital days 2 and 4. Neutrophil function and chemotaxis were equal to control values, indicating no effect of near-drowning on these aspects of the host immune system. Hospital admission and supportive therapy including intubation, positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and antibiotics are recommended, if necessary, in management of the nearly drowned patient.", "PMID": 377502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3715", "title": "Legal implications of patient records.", "content": "Significant changes have been made by the courts and legislatures on the rights of patients to review or acquire their own medical records. There are great dangers in writing any personal, unscientific comments into the record which could embarrass the physician in court. Attempts to prevent the patient from gaining access to his record is fraught with grave consequences.", "contents": "Legal implications of patient records. Significant changes have been made by the courts and legislatures on the rights of patients to review or acquire their own medical records. There are great dangers in writing any personal, unscientific comments into the record which could embarrass the physician in court. Attempts to prevent the patient from gaining access to his record is fraught with grave consequences.", "PMID": 377503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3716", "title": "Metabolic alkalosis complicating weaning from mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Metabolic alkalosis was identified and confirmed as a precipitator of acute hypercapnea. As a result, weaning from mechanical ventilator therapy was delayed. Correction of alkalosis followed by reduction of PCO2 confirmed the compensatory mechanism during alkalosis, and weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation then proceeded at an appropriate rate.", "contents": "Metabolic alkalosis complicating weaning from mechanical ventilation. Metabolic alkalosis was identified and confirmed as a precipitator of acute hypercapnea. As a result, weaning from mechanical ventilator therapy was delayed. Correction of alkalosis followed by reduction of PCO2 confirmed the compensatory mechanism during alkalosis, and weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation then proceeded at an appropriate rate.", "PMID": 377506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3717", "title": "Pain clinics: their value to the general practitioner.", "content": "Physicians in general practice frequently encounter patients with chronic pain; such patients pose a difficult management problem. A new approach to treatment is offered by the Pain Center at the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences. The Pain Center, with a staff drawn from a number of medical and allied health specialties, offers a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients with chronic pain. We describe the facilities and the therapeutic programs available at the UTCHS Pain Center, and the methods and goals of treatment.", "contents": "Pain clinics: their value to the general practitioner. Physicians in general practice frequently encounter patients with chronic pain; such patients pose a difficult management problem. A new approach to treatment is offered by the Pain Center at the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences. The Pain Center, with a staff drawn from a number of medical and allied health specialties, offers a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients with chronic pain. We describe the facilities and the therapeutic programs available at the UTCHS Pain Center, and the methods and goals of treatment.", "PMID": 377508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3718", "title": "Paecilomyces cellulitis in a renal transplant patient: successful treatment with intravenous miconazole.", "content": "We report an immunosuppressed host with an unusual fungal infection which resolved during intravenous therapy with a new antifungal agent. This agent, miconazole, appears to have minimal side effects and a broad antifungal spectrum, and it deserves consideration for treatment of susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Paecilomyces cellulitis in a renal transplant patient: successful treatment with intravenous miconazole. We report an immunosuppressed host with an unusual fungal infection which resolved during intravenous therapy with a new antifungal agent. This agent, miconazole, appears to have minimal side effects and a broad antifungal spectrum, and it deserves consideration for treatment of susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 377509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3719", "title": "A double-blind trial of loperamide in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea.", "content": "A new antidiarrhoeal compound, loperamide (Imodium; (Janssen) Ethnor) has been evaluated in the treatment of patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea. In a double-blind trial its effect was compared with that of a placebo. The results of this trial indicate that loperamide is an effective antidiarrhoeal compound.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of loperamide in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea. A new antidiarrhoeal compound, loperamide (Imodium; (Janssen) Ethnor) has been evaluated in the treatment of patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea. In a double-blind trial its effect was compared with that of a placebo. The results of this trial indicate that loperamide is an effective antidiarrhoeal compound.", "PMID": 377521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3720", "title": "A comparison of the antibacterial activity of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations.", "content": "Sensitivity patterns of 326 clinical isolates toward sulphonamide/trimethoprim combinations were tested in vitro. The relative merits of the different combinations are discussed in their pharmacological and bacteriological contexts. It is concluded that organisms sensitive to cotrimoxazole as judged by in vitro sensitivity tests performed at 37 degrees C are also sensitive to sulphamoxole/trimethoprim.", "contents": "A comparison of the antibacterial activity of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations. Sensitivity patterns of 326 clinical isolates toward sulphonamide/trimethoprim combinations were tested in vitro. The relative merits of the different combinations are discussed in their pharmacological and bacteriological contexts. It is concluded that organisms sensitive to cotrimoxazole as judged by in vitro sensitivity tests performed at 37 degrees C are also sensitive to sulphamoxole/trimethoprim.", "PMID": 377523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3721", "title": "The distribution in mice of intravenously administered labelled Candida albicans.", "content": "The time dependence of the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabelled Candida albicans in the body of mice was studied. The Candida cells were labelled by cultivating them 7 days at 28 degrees C in a medium containing one of the following radionuclides: 46Sc, 95Nb, 59Fe, 144ce, 89Sr, 60Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 45Ca, 51Cr and 91Y, which are listed in decreasing order in respect to amount bound. The labelled cells were killed by heating them 120 min at 60 degrees C, without loss of immunologic properties. Owing to the amount and strength of binding, 144Ce labelled Candida, together with 14C labelled cells was used in animal kinetic study. A rapid disappearance of the labelled cells from blood, interrupted by a small peak, was paralleled by a transient uptake in lungs and followed by a long lasting accumulation in the liver. The kidneys and spleen revealed only small uptakes of the labelled material.", "contents": "The distribution in mice of intravenously administered labelled Candida albicans. The time dependence of the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabelled Candida albicans in the body of mice was studied. The Candida cells were labelled by cultivating them 7 days at 28 degrees C in a medium containing one of the following radionuclides: 46Sc, 95Nb, 59Fe, 144ce, 89Sr, 60Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 45Ca, 51Cr and 91Y, which are listed in decreasing order in respect to amount bound. The labelled cells were killed by heating them 120 min at 60 degrees C, without loss of immunologic properties. Owing to the amount and strength of binding, 144Ce labelled Candida, together with 14C labelled cells was used in animal kinetic study. A rapid disappearance of the labelled cells from blood, interrupted by a small peak, was paralleled by a transient uptake in lungs and followed by a long lasting accumulation in the liver. The kidneys and spleen revealed only small uptakes of the labelled material.", "PMID": 377524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3722", "title": "The effect of nystatin on the morphology of Candida albicans.", "content": "The effect of nystatin on Candida albicans was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy; it caused abnormal growth. Some cells had deep depressions in the cell walls; budding and germ tube formation were reduced.", "contents": "The effect of nystatin on the morphology of Candida albicans. The effect of nystatin on Candida albicans was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy; it caused abnormal growth. Some cells had deep depressions in the cell walls; budding and germ tube formation were reduced.", "PMID": 377525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3723", "title": "Wood fiber contamination of reusable cotton laparotomy pads.", "content": "If the thesis that disposable fabrics are responsible for granulomatous peritonitis is correct, surgeons who operate within the abdominal cavity and use these products would be reporting instances of granulomatous peritonitis in epidemic proportions. Such is not so. Consequently, there can be valid concern expressed as to implied medicolegal problems. While the observations and conclusions were made in obvious good faith, nevertheless, there appears to be sufficient grounds for questioning this apparent cause and effect conclusion and for focusing interest on a more important consideration, the indiscriminate collection, sorting and laundering of the reusable cotton laparotomy pad. Certainly, attention should be directed to the more rigidly controlled use and disposition of these pads by the individual hospital.", "contents": "Wood fiber contamination of reusable cotton laparotomy pads. If the thesis that disposable fabrics are responsible for granulomatous peritonitis is correct, surgeons who operate within the abdominal cavity and use these products would be reporting instances of granulomatous peritonitis in epidemic proportions. Such is not so. Consequently, there can be valid concern expressed as to implied medicolegal problems. While the observations and conclusions were made in obvious good faith, nevertheless, there appears to be sufficient grounds for questioning this apparent cause and effect conclusion and for focusing interest on a more important consideration, the indiscriminate collection, sorting and laundering of the reusable cotton laparotomy pad. Certainly, attention should be directed to the more rigidly controlled use and disposition of these pads by the individual hospital.", "PMID": 377527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3724", "title": "The Kraske operation for carcinoma of the rectum.", "content": "Kraske's methodology was classic: develop the operation in the laboratory, try it initially on patients as a last resort and, if it works, expand its use to patients with less severe disease. His operation immediately gained acceptance and was popular for the next quarter of a century. It was subsequently modified by Hochenagg, Billroth and Rydygier. These men merely altered the amount or manner of sacral removal. The operation was largely abandoned after Miles (3) showed that the lymphatic spread from carcinoma of the rectum is toward the liver. Kraske's procedure, however, stands as a landmark in preantibiotic operations on the colon. Combined with abdominal exploration, this type of procedure can be used to preserve the anus in certain instances of carcinoma of the rectum today.", "contents": "The Kraske operation for carcinoma of the rectum. Kraske's methodology was classic: develop the operation in the laboratory, try it initially on patients as a last resort and, if it works, expand its use to patients with less severe disease. His operation immediately gained acceptance and was popular for the next quarter of a century. It was subsequently modified by Hochenagg, Billroth and Rydygier. These men merely altered the amount or manner of sacral removal. The operation was largely abandoned after Miles (3) showed that the lymphatic spread from carcinoma of the rectum is toward the liver. Kraske's procedure, however, stands as a landmark in preantibiotic operations on the colon. Combined with abdominal exploration, this type of procedure can be used to preserve the anus in certain instances of carcinoma of the rectum today.", "PMID": 377528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3725", "title": "Principles and practice of antibiotic therapy for post-traumatic abdominal injuries.", "content": "Improved surgical techniques, the use of modern antibiotics and better understanding of the microbiologic characteristics of abdominal sepsis have lead to a satisfying clinical outcome in instances of abdominal trauma which once meant almost certain death. Yet many questions remain unanswered. Future development of several newer antibiotics may further improve the rate of complications. A study of host defense mechanisms may provide additional clues to prevent long term morbidity. Hopefully, future studies will encourage the use of a single antibiotic in the treatment of abdominal trauma. While the newer antibiotics are being investigated, certain older antibiotics, such as penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, merit additional evaluation under controlled, prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trials.", "contents": "Principles and practice of antibiotic therapy for post-traumatic abdominal injuries. Improved surgical techniques, the use of modern antibiotics and better understanding of the microbiologic characteristics of abdominal sepsis have lead to a satisfying clinical outcome in instances of abdominal trauma which once meant almost certain death. Yet many questions remain unanswered. Future development of several newer antibiotics may further improve the rate of complications. A study of host defense mechanisms may provide additional clues to prevent long term morbidity. Hopefully, future studies will encourage the use of a single antibiotic in the treatment of abdominal trauma. While the newer antibiotics are being investigated, certain older antibiotics, such as penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, merit additional evaluation under controlled, prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trials.", "PMID": 377529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3726", "title": "Considerations in the choice of surgical needles.", "content": "Bodily tissues of varying consistency, thickness, penetrability, location and weave are encountered by the surgeon. Correspondingly, he should choose surgical needles that will introduce sutures through these tissues in the most precise and rapid manner, ideally creating a wound just large enough to draw the suture material into and through the tissue. Manipulation of the needle is aided by selecting one appropriate to the specific wound site and by the choice of a needle holder that is most ideally suited to the particular needle. Although the primary reason for appropriate choice of needle and needle holder is better patient care, an extremely important secondary reason is greater comfort and satisfaction for the surgeon in using ideal instruments.", "contents": "Considerations in the choice of surgical needles. Bodily tissues of varying consistency, thickness, penetrability, location and weave are encountered by the surgeon. Correspondingly, he should choose surgical needles that will introduce sutures through these tissues in the most precise and rapid manner, ideally creating a wound just large enough to draw the suture material into and through the tissue. Manipulation of the needle is aided by selecting one appropriate to the specific wound site and by the choice of a needle holder that is most ideally suited to the particular needle. Although the primary reason for appropriate choice of needle and needle holder is better patient care, an extremely important secondary reason is greater comfort and satisfaction for the surgeon in using ideal instruments.", "PMID": 377531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3727", "title": "The effects of transient candidemia on the brain: preliminary observations on a rodent model for experimental deep candidosis.", "content": "Deep candidosis was established in healthy uncompromised Wistar rats by injecting Candida albicans into the right internal carotid artery. Death of these animals could be produced within seven days by injecting 10(7) yeasts. The kidneys were most severely infected, and the entire brain was involved. No animal demonstrated leptomeningitis. Within one to two days microabscesses developed, subsiding into a histiocytic response in five to seven days. By seven days, chronic inflammation with noncaseating granulomas was seen. Throughout the study, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures failed to demonstrate the fungus. This rodent model is similar to human cerebral candidosis.", "contents": "The effects of transient candidemia on the brain: preliminary observations on a rodent model for experimental deep candidosis. Deep candidosis was established in healthy uncompromised Wistar rats by injecting Candida albicans into the right internal carotid artery. Death of these animals could be produced within seven days by injecting 10(7) yeasts. The kidneys were most severely infected, and the entire brain was involved. No animal demonstrated leptomeningitis. Within one to two days microabscesses developed, subsiding into a histiocytic response in five to seven days. By seven days, chronic inflammation with noncaseating granulomas was seen. Throughout the study, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures failed to demonstrate the fungus. This rodent model is similar to human cerebral candidosis.", "PMID": 377534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3728", "title": "Renovascular hypertension in childhood: successful treatment by renal autotransplantation.", "content": "Five cases of renal autotransplantation for renovascular hypertension in children are described. Hypertension in these cases was managed temporarily with medications until the patients grew to a size that made an operative procedure feasible. Following operation the blood pressure returned to normal in three patients without any antihypertensive medication during the period of follow-up (8 months to 6 years). In the other two patients, small doses of antihypertensive medications still were needed, despite correction of the stenosis. The results of this series demonstrate that autotransplantation is a safe and effective procedure in childhood renovascular hypertension in contrast to other forms of vascular reconstruction, which carry a high rate of failure in this age group.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension in childhood: successful treatment by renal autotransplantation. Five cases of renal autotransplantation for renovascular hypertension in children are described. Hypertension in these cases was managed temporarily with medications until the patients grew to a size that made an operative procedure feasible. Following operation the blood pressure returned to normal in three patients without any antihypertensive medication during the period of follow-up (8 months to 6 years). In the other two patients, small doses of antihypertensive medications still were needed, despite correction of the stenosis. The results of this series demonstrate that autotransplantation is a safe and effective procedure in childhood renovascular hypertension in contrast to other forms of vascular reconstruction, which carry a high rate of failure in this age group.", "PMID": 377536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3729", "title": "Parenteral antibiotics in elective colon surgery? A prospective, controlled clinical study.", "content": "The addition of perioperative gentamicin and clindamycin to an oral antibiotic bowel preparation was studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind series of patients undergoing elective colectomy. Fifty-nine patients completed the study, with all receiving mechanical preparation of the colon and oral neomycin and erythromycin base. Thirty-one of these patients also received a preoperative and postoperative intravenous dose of gentamicin and clindamycin, while 28 received placebos. The two groups of patients were similar in age, both habitus, pathologic diagnosis, concomitant disease, operative procedures, operative time, blood loss, and adequacy of mechanical preparation of the colon. The incidence of infectious complications related to colectomy was 1% (three of 28) in the placebo group and 7% (two of 31) in the group receiving intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin. There were no wound infections directly related to colectomy in either group. There was no statistically significant reduction of infectious complications with the addition of intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin to oral neomycin and erythromycin-base bowel preparation.", "contents": "Parenteral antibiotics in elective colon surgery? A prospective, controlled clinical study. The addition of perioperative gentamicin and clindamycin to an oral antibiotic bowel preparation was studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind series of patients undergoing elective colectomy. Fifty-nine patients completed the study, with all receiving mechanical preparation of the colon and oral neomycin and erythromycin base. Thirty-one of these patients also received a preoperative and postoperative intravenous dose of gentamicin and clindamycin, while 28 received placebos. The two groups of patients were similar in age, both habitus, pathologic diagnosis, concomitant disease, operative procedures, operative time, blood loss, and adequacy of mechanical preparation of the colon. The incidence of infectious complications related to colectomy was 1% (three of 28) in the placebo group and 7% (two of 31) in the group receiving intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin. There were no wound infections directly related to colectomy in either group. There was no statistically significant reduction of infectious complications with the addition of intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin to oral neomycin and erythromycin-base bowel preparation.", "PMID": 377539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3730", "title": "Enhancement of rat renal allografts with monoclonal antibody.", "content": "Treatment of rat allograft recipients before grafting with donor spleen cells and whole, pooled antidonor alloimmune serum results in indefinite renal allograft survival. The enhancement is immunologically specific. In these experiments a monoclonal, homogenous anti-BN antibody was produced by a hybridoma clone created by fusing the mouse-P3 myeloma with spleen cells from Lewis rats immunized with BN lymphoid cells. The hybridoma supernatent enhanced survival of LBN renal allografts in Lewis recipients as effectively as whole Lewis anti-BN antiserum. Dilution of the hybridoma supernatent by tenfold or a hundredfold abrogated the enhancement effect.", "contents": "Enhancement of rat renal allografts with monoclonal antibody. Treatment of rat allograft recipients before grafting with donor spleen cells and whole, pooled antidonor alloimmune serum results in indefinite renal allograft survival. The enhancement is immunologically specific. In these experiments a monoclonal, homogenous anti-BN antibody was produced by a hybridoma clone created by fusing the mouse-P3 myeloma with spleen cells from Lewis rats immunized with BN lymphoid cells. The hybridoma supernatent enhanced survival of LBN renal allografts in Lewis recipients as effectively as whole Lewis anti-BN antiserum. Dilution of the hybridoma supernatent by tenfold or a hundredfold abrogated the enhancement effect.", "PMID": 377540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3731", "title": "Mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis. V. The significance of the coordinated iron component.", "content": "Adjuvant effects of hemoglobin, methemoglobin, hematin, and ferric nitrilotriacetate (FENTA) on the lethality of E. coli peritonitis in rats were compared. The functional importance of coordinated iron was affirmed by the findings that: (1) hematin simulated the hemoglobin effect when administered on an iron-equivalent basis and (2) hematoporphyrin was inactive at the same levels as hematin. The effects of hemoglobin and methemoglobin were virtually identical, suggesting that the oxidation state of the metallic center is immaterial, and analyses of peritoneal contents during lethal peritonitis promoted by either adjuvant revealed insignificant interconversions of these compounds. Saturation of systemic iron-binding capacity could not be detected during lethal E. coli--hemoglobin peritonitis and deliberate saturation of systemic transferrin by infusions of intravenous FENTA did not enhance the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin. The adjuvant effect of intraperitoneally administered FENTA was effectively nullified by simultaneous intraperitoneal deferoxamine injection, but the same maneuver had no effect on hemoglobin potency. Thus the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis is functionally dependent on the iron component but cannot be explained by a non-heme iron flux. These characteristics suggest that adverse interactions of coordinated iron species with host defense chemistry will be fruitful subjects for future study.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis. V. The significance of the coordinated iron component. Adjuvant effects of hemoglobin, methemoglobin, hematin, and ferric nitrilotriacetate (FENTA) on the lethality of E. coli peritonitis in rats were compared. The functional importance of coordinated iron was affirmed by the findings that: (1) hematin simulated the hemoglobin effect when administered on an iron-equivalent basis and (2) hematoporphyrin was inactive at the same levels as hematin. The effects of hemoglobin and methemoglobin were virtually identical, suggesting that the oxidation state of the metallic center is immaterial, and analyses of peritoneal contents during lethal peritonitis promoted by either adjuvant revealed insignificant interconversions of these compounds. Saturation of systemic iron-binding capacity could not be detected during lethal E. coli--hemoglobin peritonitis and deliberate saturation of systemic transferrin by infusions of intravenous FENTA did not enhance the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin. The adjuvant effect of intraperitoneally administered FENTA was effectively nullified by simultaneous intraperitoneal deferoxamine injection, but the same maneuver had no effect on hemoglobin potency. Thus the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis is functionally dependent on the iron component but cannot be explained by a non-heme iron flux. These characteristics suggest that adverse interactions of coordinated iron species with host defense chemistry will be fruitful subjects for future study.", "PMID": 377541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3732", "title": "Distant heart procurement for transplantation.", "content": "Between January 1, 1977, and September 15, 1978, 39 cardiac transplants were performed on 38 patients. Twenty donor hearts were removed at Stanford University Hospital, and 19 donor hearts were removed at distant hospitals. The characteristics of recipients and donors in both groups were similar. The only significant difference between donor hearts was the mean ischemia time (154 +/- 30 minutes in distant hearts and 52 +/- 12 minutes in local hearts, P less than 0.001). As of February 1, 1979, the total mortality rate was 32% for the distant heart donors and 40% for the local heart donors. No difference between the two groups was present in immediate myocardial function, the need for postoperative inotropic support, the mortality rate within the first 90 days after operation, the mean maximum serum enzyme levels, the occurrence of rejection or infection, and the histological appearance of the hearts, both early and late. The results of cardiac transplantation when hearts are removed at distant hospitals are entirely comparable to the results with hearts removed on site with a minimum ishchemic time. Distant heart procurement provides an expanded donor pool for potential cardiac recipients.", "contents": "Distant heart procurement for transplantation. Between January 1, 1977, and September 15, 1978, 39 cardiac transplants were performed on 38 patients. Twenty donor hearts were removed at Stanford University Hospital, and 19 donor hearts were removed at distant hospitals. The characteristics of recipients and donors in both groups were similar. The only significant difference between donor hearts was the mean ischemia time (154 +/- 30 minutes in distant hearts and 52 +/- 12 minutes in local hearts, P less than 0.001). As of February 1, 1979, the total mortality rate was 32% for the distant heart donors and 40% for the local heart donors. No difference between the two groups was present in immediate myocardial function, the need for postoperative inotropic support, the mortality rate within the first 90 days after operation, the mean maximum serum enzyme levels, the occurrence of rejection or infection, and the histological appearance of the hearts, both early and late. The results of cardiac transplantation when hearts are removed at distant hospitals are entirely comparable to the results with hearts removed on site with a minimum ishchemic time. Distant heart procurement provides an expanded donor pool for potential cardiac recipients.", "PMID": 377542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3733", "title": "A comparison of immunologic profiles and their influence on bacteremia in surgical patients with a high risk of infection.", "content": "Prospective sequential studies of the antibacterial function of neutrophils, lymphocyte responsiveness, opsonic capacity of serum and serum levels of C3(B), properdin, factor B, IgG, and albumin were made in 32 patients with severe burn injury (greater than or equal to 45%), 21 patients with severe multisystem traumatic injury, 20 high-risk, infected patients, and 22 renal transplant patients. Fifty-five episodes of bacteremia occurred in 37 of the 95 patients. Abnormal neutrophil function was clearly associated as a predisposing factor to these episodes, whereas there was no association between bacteremia and low serum levels of C3, IgG, factor B, or properdin. C3, factor B, and IgG usually rose following bacteremia as acute phase proteins, but there was evidence of a consumptive opsoninopathy in 11% of episodes. Defective opsonization was associated with a high risk of bacteremia only when there was a coexisting abnormality of neutrophil function (88% of such patients became bacteremic). None of 27 nonburned patients tested with delayed hypersensitivity antigens responded normally, and there was regularly depression of lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-A and concanavalin-A in a whole blood assay related to serum immunosuppressive factors, but poor responsiveness was not associated with bacteremia.", "contents": "A comparison of immunologic profiles and their influence on bacteremia in surgical patients with a high risk of infection. Prospective sequential studies of the antibacterial function of neutrophils, lymphocyte responsiveness, opsonic capacity of serum and serum levels of C3(B), properdin, factor B, IgG, and albumin were made in 32 patients with severe burn injury (greater than or equal to 45%), 21 patients with severe multisystem traumatic injury, 20 high-risk, infected patients, and 22 renal transplant patients. Fifty-five episodes of bacteremia occurred in 37 of the 95 patients. Abnormal neutrophil function was clearly associated as a predisposing factor to these episodes, whereas there was no association between bacteremia and low serum levels of C3, IgG, factor B, or properdin. C3, factor B, and IgG usually rose following bacteremia as acute phase proteins, but there was evidence of a consumptive opsoninopathy in 11% of episodes. Defective opsonization was associated with a high risk of bacteremia only when there was a coexisting abnormality of neutrophil function (88% of such patients became bacteremic). None of 27 nonburned patients tested with delayed hypersensitivity antigens responded normally, and there was regularly depression of lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-A and concanavalin-A in a whole blood assay related to serum immunosuppressive factors, but poor responsiveness was not associated with bacteremia.", "PMID": 377544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3734", "title": "Atrio-ventricular canal malformations. Recent surgical techniques.", "content": "Twenty patients with atrio-ventricular canal malformations (5 complete and 15 partial forms) were operated upon during the last two years, using new surgical techniques. The repair of the complete form based on a three-leaflet three-commissure mitral valve concept, was accomplished by: a) Two separate partitioning patches (one ventricular, one atrial), b) mitral and tricuspid valve attachment in between, c) no cleft sutures, d) correction of subvalvular apparatus abnormalities, e) commissuroplasty. The repair of the partial form was obtained by: a) Valvular and subvalvular repair of the lesions when present, b) patch closure of the ostium primum defect suturing on the tricuspid side. All patients survived operation and exhibited normal sinus rhythm. Residual mitral incompetence proved to be less frequent as compared to previous techniques.", "contents": "Atrio-ventricular canal malformations. Recent surgical techniques. Twenty patients with atrio-ventricular canal malformations (5 complete and 15 partial forms) were operated upon during the last two years, using new surgical techniques. The repair of the complete form based on a three-leaflet three-commissure mitral valve concept, was accomplished by: a) Two separate partitioning patches (one ventricular, one atrial), b) mitral and tricuspid valve attachment in between, c) no cleft sutures, d) correction of subvalvular apparatus abnormalities, e) commissuroplasty. The repair of the partial form was obtained by: a) Valvular and subvalvular repair of the lesions when present, b) patch closure of the ostium primum defect suturing on the tricuspid side. All patients survived operation and exhibited normal sinus rhythm. Residual mitral incompetence proved to be less frequent as compared to previous techniques.", "PMID": 377560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3735", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries. Successful Senning's operation in 35 consecutive patients.", "content": "Mustard's operation for TGA (transposition of the great arteries) has been obstructive complications. In order to try to avoid these complications, we used Senning's operation for TGA. Our experience in 35 consecutive cases is reported. There were no operative or late deaths. Four patients had a PDA; three had a significant VSD with subpulmonary stenosis in two. Previous atrial septectomy and persistent LSVC did not represent contraindications to this procedure. The postoperative course has been smooth and uneventful in all patients. Follow-up periods of one to twenty months demonstrated sinus rhythm in all patients and there were no significant gradients between the venae cavae and the new systemic atrium in 12 reinvestigated patients. On the basis of these results, Senning's operation is recommended as a valid alternative to Mustard's operation.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries. Successful Senning's operation in 35 consecutive patients. Mustard's operation for TGA (transposition of the great arteries) has been obstructive complications. In order to try to avoid these complications, we used Senning's operation for TGA. Our experience in 35 consecutive cases is reported. There were no operative or late deaths. Four patients had a PDA; three had a significant VSD with subpulmonary stenosis in two. Previous atrial septectomy and persistent LSVC did not represent contraindications to this procedure. The postoperative course has been smooth and uneventful in all patients. Follow-up periods of one to twenty months demonstrated sinus rhythm in all patients and there were no significant gradients between the venae cavae and the new systemic atrium in 12 reinvestigated patients. On the basis of these results, Senning's operation is recommended as a valid alternative to Mustard's operation.", "PMID": 377561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3736", "title": "Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis.", "content": "During the last 3 1/2 years 8 patients underwent segmental resection of the trachea and one patient underwent resection of the carina at the Department of Surgery, University Hospital, K\u00f6ln. Follow-up investigation in 6 month intervals showed good results in 6 patients. The complicated course of 1 of our patients with tumor infiltration of the trachea is discussed. In this case a large esophagotracheal fistula was covered with a vascularized esophageal segment. Suggestions for surgical indications in segmental resection of benign esophageal stenosis are outlined.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis. During the last 3 1/2 years 8 patients underwent segmental resection of the trachea and one patient underwent resection of the carina at the Department of Surgery, University Hospital, K\u00f6ln. Follow-up investigation in 6 month intervals showed good results in 6 patients. The complicated course of 1 of our patients with tumor infiltration of the trachea is discussed. In this case a large esophagotracheal fistula was covered with a vascularized esophageal segment. Suggestions for surgical indications in segmental resection of benign esophageal stenosis are outlined.", "PMID": 377562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3737", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of female sex steroids by isolated small neurons and other cell fractions from the rat medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "Rat medial basal hypothalami (MBH) and sections of cerebral cortex (CC) were dissociated with trypsin to prepare single cells and subcellular fractions. They were then separated into four fractions on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The small neurons in Fraction D were highly purified. Fraction A had synaptosomes, myelin and other cell particulates. Fraction B had glial cells, neurons and a few synaptosomes. Fraction C had large neurons and red blood cells. All four fractions contained LHRH, but most (62.5%) of this hormone was present in Fraction A. Dissociated cell suspensions were incubated with [3H]-steroids, with and without a 100-fold excess of unlabeled steroids, then separated on sucrose gradients. In most fractions the total uptake and specific uptake of [3H]-progesterone, [3H]-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone) and [3H]-17 beta-estradiol were greater for the dissociated cells from the MBH than the CC. The dissociated cells and cell particulates in all four fractions from the MBH and CC metabolized progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 beta-estradiol. These results indicate that hypothalamic neurons contain small amounts of LHRH and retain the ability to take up and metabolize progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 beta-estradiol.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of female sex steroids by isolated small neurons and other cell fractions from the rat medial basal hypothalamus. Rat medial basal hypothalami (MBH) and sections of cerebral cortex (CC) were dissociated with trypsin to prepare single cells and subcellular fractions. They were then separated into four fractions on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The small neurons in Fraction D were highly purified. Fraction A had synaptosomes, myelin and other cell particulates. Fraction B had glial cells, neurons and a few synaptosomes. Fraction C had large neurons and red blood cells. All four fractions contained LHRH, but most (62.5%) of this hormone was present in Fraction A. Dissociated cell suspensions were incubated with [3H]-steroids, with and without a 100-fold excess of unlabeled steroids, then separated on sucrose gradients. In most fractions the total uptake and specific uptake of [3H]-progesterone, [3H]-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone) and [3H]-17 beta-estradiol were greater for the dissociated cells from the MBH than the CC. The dissociated cells and cell particulates in all four fractions from the MBH and CC metabolized progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 beta-estradiol. These results indicate that hypothalamic neurons contain small amounts of LHRH and retain the ability to take up and metabolize progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 beta-estradiol.", "PMID": 377573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3738", "title": "[Late recurrence of ameloblastoma].", "content": "Two cases of late recurrence (31 and 33 years after radical surgery) of an ameloblastoma induced us to explain our operative approach on the basis of experience with 37 patients operated on for ameloblastoma at our clinic. With special consideration of the biology, clinic and histopathology of this tumour, we have tried to establish operative guidelines with regard to radical surgery. We arrived at the conclusion that ameloblastomas regarded as malignant should be treated by radical surgery; and those considered to be benign, by conservative surgery, individual decisions being imperative. Our clinical observations and analyses are compared with the results of other authors.", "contents": "[Late recurrence of ameloblastoma]. Two cases of late recurrence (31 and 33 years after radical surgery) of an ameloblastoma induced us to explain our operative approach on the basis of experience with 37 patients operated on for ameloblastoma at our clinic. With special consideration of the biology, clinic and histopathology of this tumour, we have tried to establish operative guidelines with regard to radical surgery. We arrived at the conclusion that ameloblastomas regarded as malignant should be treated by radical surgery; and those considered to be benign, by conservative surgery, individual decisions being imperative. Our clinical observations and analyses are compared with the results of other authors.", "PMID": 377575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3739", "title": "[Use of the intra-alveolar GR (gelatin-resorcinol) dressing after tooth extraction in patients with hemorrhagic diathesis].", "content": "The suitability of an intra-alveolar gelatin-resorcinol dressing for controlling bleeding was tested in 118 tooth extractions on a total of 87 patients. Plain advantages of the dressing are: prompt haemostasis (which in most cases avoids hospitalization and substitution therapy), low cost, and easy application. The dressing is not always reliable in controlling bleeding after milk tooth extraction.", "contents": "[Use of the intra-alveolar GR (gelatin-resorcinol) dressing after tooth extraction in patients with hemorrhagic diathesis]. The suitability of an intra-alveolar gelatin-resorcinol dressing for controlling bleeding was tested in 118 tooth extractions on a total of 87 patients. Plain advantages of the dressing are: prompt haemostasis (which in most cases avoids hospitalization and substitution therapy), low cost, and easy application. The dressing is not always reliable in controlling bleeding after milk tooth extraction.", "PMID": 377577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3740", "title": "[Microwave therapy in outpatient oral surgery].", "content": "The biological action of microwave therapy is due to the conversion of high-frequency electromagnetic waves to heat that is produced directly in the tissue at the radiation area. It is a deep heating procedure of limited range with low-level exposure to the subcutaneous fatty tissue; it may be used in subacute and chronic infectious inflammatory conditions, after surgical interventions, in affections of the salivary glands and of the maxillary sinuses, and also in temporo-mandibular joint disorders and facial neuralgias. As a rule, irradiation by microwaves is only a supporting treatment. Its advantages are above all: easy application; great economy; versatility; uniform, locally limited distribution of heat with low-level exposure to the fatty tissue; virtual safety.", "contents": "[Microwave therapy in outpatient oral surgery]. The biological action of microwave therapy is due to the conversion of high-frequency electromagnetic waves to heat that is produced directly in the tissue at the radiation area. It is a deep heating procedure of limited range with low-level exposure to the subcutaneous fatty tissue; it may be used in subacute and chronic infectious inflammatory conditions, after surgical interventions, in affections of the salivary glands and of the maxillary sinuses, and also in temporo-mandibular joint disorders and facial neuralgias. As a rule, irradiation by microwaves is only a supporting treatment. Its advantages are above all: easy application; great economy; versatility; uniform, locally limited distribution of heat with low-level exposure to the fatty tissue; virtual safety.", "PMID": 377578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3741", "title": "[Antibacterial effect of Ankerplast Spray].", "content": "The diffusion test yielded no satisfactory results. In the tube test, both the spray and the solvent (in a dilution of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively) proved to be bacteriostatically active against enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These germs were killed within 30 minutes in the test for bactericidal activity, whereas the reference substance (1% phenol) required 1--2 hours, except against the last-named germ. Even the copolymer exerted a bactericidal effect, it is true, but only within 8 or 24 hours. The following results were obtained from the spray test with agar plate cultures: Streptococcus viridans species, streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escheria coli, and Proteus were killed, whereas others survived under the plastic film for up to 9 days. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had grown through the film within 7 days. In vivo experiments demonstrated a very potent antibacterial activity on the skin under the spray film.", "contents": "[Antibacterial effect of Ankerplast Spray]. The diffusion test yielded no satisfactory results. In the tube test, both the spray and the solvent (in a dilution of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively) proved to be bacteriostatically active against enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These germs were killed within 30 minutes in the test for bactericidal activity, whereas the reference substance (1% phenol) required 1--2 hours, except against the last-named germ. Even the copolymer exerted a bactericidal effect, it is true, but only within 8 or 24 hours. The following results were obtained from the spray test with agar plate cultures: Streptococcus viridans species, streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escheria coli, and Proteus were killed, whereas others survived under the plastic film for up to 9 days. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had grown through the film within 7 days. In vivo experiments demonstrated a very potent antibacterial activity on the skin under the spray film.", "PMID": 377580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3742", "title": "Development of donor-specific B lymphocyte antibodies after renal transplantation. No correlation with graft outcome.", "content": "Serum samples from 66 recipients of first cadaver donor renal transplants were screened for cytotoxic antibodies to normal T and B lymphocytes and B lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. In addition, the sera of 44 patients were tested with the B lymphocytes of their respective donors. Donor-specific antibodies were found in 10 of 16 (63%) recipients who had lost their transplant within 2 months, and in 17 of 28 (61%) patients with functioning transplants at 2 months. No correlation was found between the development of B lymphocyte antibodies (either against the panel or the donor) and the onset of an acute rejection episode. In the 17 patients with a successful transplant and donor-specific antibodies, six (35%) had not experienced a rejection episode and another seven patients developed their antibodies after the appearance of the first rejection episode. Thus, our results show that the appearance of donor-specific B lymphocyte antibodies after transplantation is not indicative of graft failure or predictive of acute rejection episodes. However, the common occurrence of such antibodies raises questions concerning the nature of the antigenic stimulus, the specificity of the antibodies, and their role (if any) in transplantation.", "contents": "Development of donor-specific B lymphocyte antibodies after renal transplantation. No correlation with graft outcome. Serum samples from 66 recipients of first cadaver donor renal transplants were screened for cytotoxic antibodies to normal T and B lymphocytes and B lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. In addition, the sera of 44 patients were tested with the B lymphocytes of their respective donors. Donor-specific antibodies were found in 10 of 16 (63%) recipients who had lost their transplant within 2 months, and in 17 of 28 (61%) patients with functioning transplants at 2 months. No correlation was found between the development of B lymphocyte antibodies (either against the panel or the donor) and the onset of an acute rejection episode. In the 17 patients with a successful transplant and donor-specific antibodies, six (35%) had not experienced a rejection episode and another seven patients developed their antibodies after the appearance of the first rejection episode. Thus, our results show that the appearance of donor-specific B lymphocyte antibodies after transplantation is not indicative of graft failure or predictive of acute rejection episodes. However, the common occurrence of such antibodies raises questions concerning the nature of the antigenic stimulus, the specificity of the antibodies, and their role (if any) in transplantation.", "PMID": 377589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3743", "title": "A quantitative comparison of whole antibody and F(ab')2 in kidney allograft enhancement.", "content": "Whole antiserum, IgG, and a greater than 99% pure F(ab')2 preparation were compared for their ability to enhance Lewis renal allografts in DA recipients. Despite having unimpaired antigen-binding capacity, the DA anti-Lewis F(ab')2 was virtually ineffective at the highest dose tested, and was calculated to be a minimum of 100 times less effective than whole antibody. The administration of a 10-fold excess of F(ab')2 before an effective dose of IgG did not block the enhancing effect of the latter.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison of whole antibody and F(ab')2 in kidney allograft enhancement. Whole antiserum, IgG, and a greater than 99% pure F(ab')2 preparation were compared for their ability to enhance Lewis renal allografts in DA recipients. Despite having unimpaired antigen-binding capacity, the DA anti-Lewis F(ab')2 was virtually ineffective at the highest dose tested, and was calculated to be a minimum of 100 times less effective than whole antibody. The administration of a 10-fold excess of F(ab')2 before an effective dose of IgG did not block the enhancing effect of the latter.", "PMID": 377591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3744", "title": "Beneficial effect of blood transfusion. Role of the time interval between the last transfusion and transplantation.", "content": "We analyzed the effect of blood transfusion (BT) on kidney allograft survival in 163 recipients. Transfused recipients (121) had better graft outcome than those never transfused (42), the difference being statistically significant at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months; however, the transfused group had a longer period of hemodialysis (P = 0.01). HLA antigen distribution does not bias the data. The group who had received the last BT within 3 months before grafting had a significantly better graft outcome than the nontransfused group (P less than 0.05 at 3, 6, and 24 months). They also did better (but not significantly) than the group who had been transfused more than 6 months before grafting. The group receiving two to five BTs had the highest rate of graft survival (P less than 0.05, 0.001, and 0.05 at 6, 12, and 24 months) as compared to the nontransfused. Practical suggestions for systematic BTs during hemodialysis are made.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of blood transfusion. Role of the time interval between the last transfusion and transplantation. We analyzed the effect of blood transfusion (BT) on kidney allograft survival in 163 recipients. Transfused recipients (121) had better graft outcome than those never transfused (42), the difference being statistically significant at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months; however, the transfused group had a longer period of hemodialysis (P = 0.01). HLA antigen distribution does not bias the data. The group who had received the last BT within 3 months before grafting had a significantly better graft outcome than the nontransfused group (P less than 0.05 at 3, 6, and 24 months). They also did better (but not significantly) than the group who had been transfused more than 6 months before grafting. The group receiving two to five BTs had the highest rate of graft survival (P less than 0.05, 0.001, and 0.05 at 6, 12, and 24 months) as compared to the nontransfused. Practical suggestions for systematic BTs during hemodialysis are made.", "PMID": 377593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3745", "title": "Technique of organ removal and fate of kidney grafts from liver donors.", "content": "The fate of 42 kidney grafts taken from heart-beating, ventilated donors at the same time as removal of the liver for allografting is reported, and is compared with 50 kidney grafts taken from heart-beating, ventilated donors whose ventilators were electively switched off either during or immediately before kidney removal. The fate of 32 kidney grafts taken from donors classified as \"dead on arrival\" at the admitting hospital is also reported. Onset of life-supporting graft function was significantly earlier among kidneys from the \"liver donor\" group. Consequently, immediate postoperative dialysis requirements were significantly less in recipients of this group of kidneys. Early graft survival, the incidence of graft primary nonfunction, failure of first and second kidney grafts, and recipient survival were not significantly different when comparing liver donor and \"ventilator switch off\" kidneys. No constant relationship was apparent in any donor group between graft fate and the anoxic and ischaemic times the graft was exposed to during organ removal and reimplantation.", "contents": "Technique of organ removal and fate of kidney grafts from liver donors. The fate of 42 kidney grafts taken from heart-beating, ventilated donors at the same time as removal of the liver for allografting is reported, and is compared with 50 kidney grafts taken from heart-beating, ventilated donors whose ventilators were electively switched off either during or immediately before kidney removal. The fate of 32 kidney grafts taken from donors classified as \"dead on arrival\" at the admitting hospital is also reported. Onset of life-supporting graft function was significantly earlier among kidneys from the \"liver donor\" group. Consequently, immediate postoperative dialysis requirements were significantly less in recipients of this group of kidneys. Early graft survival, the incidence of graft primary nonfunction, failure of first and second kidney grafts, and recipient survival were not significantly different when comparing liver donor and \"ventilator switch off\" kidneys. No constant relationship was apparent in any donor group between graft fate and the anoxic and ischaemic times the graft was exposed to during organ removal and reimplantation.", "PMID": 377594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3746", "title": "Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Technique using cuff for portal vein anastomosis and biliary drainage.", "content": "In orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat, cuff techniques have been developed for anastomoses of the portal vein and bile duct. These techniques have shortened the clamping time of the portal vein and have resulted in fewer biliary complications improving survival of the liver graft. Eighty-three per cent of the grafted animals have survived for 1 week and several animals have survived for more than 6 months. We believe that use of the cuff method technically simplifies microvascular anastomoses. It may be particularly useful for anastomosis of the portal vein after machine preservation of the donor rat liver.", "contents": "Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Technique using cuff for portal vein anastomosis and biliary drainage. In orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat, cuff techniques have been developed for anastomoses of the portal vein and bile duct. These techniques have shortened the clamping time of the portal vein and have resulted in fewer biliary complications improving survival of the liver graft. Eighty-three per cent of the grafted animals have survived for 1 week and several animals have survived for more than 6 months. We believe that use of the cuff method technically simplifies microvascular anastomoses. It may be particularly useful for anastomosis of the portal vein after machine preservation of the donor rat liver.", "PMID": 377595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3747", "title": "The behavior of H-Y-incompatible neonatal skin grafts in rats.", "content": "It has been well documented that virgin female rats previously systemically sensitized against H-Y antigen almost invariably reject male skin isografts of adult origin. However, when the donor is a neonatal animal, these H-Y-incompatible grafts are often permanently accepted. Furthermore, such neonatal male skin grafts are frequently able to induce a state of unresponsiveness to subsequent grafts of adult male skin. This ability to induce tolerance is evidently dependent upon the persistence of the neonatal skin graft as it does not occur if the neonatal graft is rejected. Thus, the behavior of H-Y-incompatible neonatal skin grafts in rats parallels their behavior in mice.", "contents": "The behavior of H-Y-incompatible neonatal skin grafts in rats. It has been well documented that virgin female rats previously systemically sensitized against H-Y antigen almost invariably reject male skin isografts of adult origin. However, when the donor is a neonatal animal, these H-Y-incompatible grafts are often permanently accepted. Furthermore, such neonatal male skin grafts are frequently able to induce a state of unresponsiveness to subsequent grafts of adult male skin. This ability to induce tolerance is evidently dependent upon the persistence of the neonatal skin graft as it does not occur if the neonatal graft is rejected. Thus, the behavior of H-Y-incompatible neonatal skin grafts in rats parallels their behavior in mice.", "PMID": 377596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3748", "title": "Past, present, and future aspects of histocompatibility.", "content": "We have stressed problems attendant on studies of the MHC, ignoring non-HLA factors and their role in allograft immunity. Many other topics could have been chosen for discussion is any such overview; our selection reflects our own interests. We felt assured, however, that excellent coverage by our many colleagues of the diverse and varied aspects of histocompatibility not approached in this summary has allowed us this freedom.", "contents": "Past, present, and future aspects of histocompatibility. We have stressed problems attendant on studies of the MHC, ignoring non-HLA factors and their role in allograft immunity. Many other topics could have been chosen for discussion is any such overview; our selection reflects our own interests. We felt assured, however, that excellent coverage by our many colleagues of the diverse and varied aspects of histocompatibility not approached in this summary has allowed us this freedom.", "PMID": 377618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3749", "title": "Pretransplant dialysis and blood transfusion--correlation with cadaveric kidney graft survival.", "content": "Renal graft survival was better for the patients receiving blood transfusions or treated with dialysis before transplantation. Graft survival was more strongly correlated with pretransplant dialysis than with blood transfusion.", "contents": "Pretransplant dialysis and blood transfusion--correlation with cadaveric kidney graft survival. Renal graft survival was better for the patients receiving blood transfusions or treated with dialysis before transplantation. Graft survival was more strongly correlated with pretransplant dialysis than with blood transfusion.", "PMID": 377622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3750", "title": "Effect of blood transfusions on renal allograft survival.", "content": "One and two-year allograft survival rates of 117 first and 20 second consecutive cadaveric renal allografts are analyzed. The following observations were made: (1) Pretransplant blood transfusions may not improve rate of allograft survival per se. (2) Pretransplant blood transfusions may, however, reduce the number and the severity of rejection episodes in the early posttransplantation period. Thus, the allograft survival, especially in the nontransfused patients, may perhaps be influenced more by the effective manipulation of immunosuppressive therapy during rejection episodes. (3) The presence of lymphocytotoxins per se may not have any deleterious effect on the survival of second allografts.", "contents": "Effect of blood transfusions on renal allograft survival. One and two-year allograft survival rates of 117 first and 20 second consecutive cadaveric renal allografts are analyzed. The following observations were made: (1) Pretransplant blood transfusions may not improve rate of allograft survival per se. (2) Pretransplant blood transfusions may, however, reduce the number and the severity of rejection episodes in the early posttransplantation period. Thus, the allograft survival, especially in the nontransfused patients, may perhaps be influenced more by the effective manipulation of immunosuppressive therapy during rejection episodes. (3) The presence of lymphocytotoxins per se may not have any deleterious effect on the survival of second allografts.", "PMID": 377627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3751", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation--present status.", "content": "In the short space of the last 10 years, marrow transplantation has become a reasonable treatment option for persons with severe aplastic anemia. It has not as yet convincingly established itself in the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies but shows promise with new approaches. Many of the immunologic problems generic to bone marrow transplantation have been identified, and solutions are actively being pursued in the clinic and at the laboratory bench. As solutions to some of the present-day obstacles to the full therapeutic potential of bone marrow transplantation are met, we should see, in the next 10 years, a wider application of this therapy to various hematologic and malignant disorders.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation--present status. In the short space of the last 10 years, marrow transplantation has become a reasonable treatment option for persons with severe aplastic anemia. It has not as yet convincingly established itself in the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies but shows promise with new approaches. Many of the immunologic problems generic to bone marrow transplantation have been identified, and solutions are actively being pursued in the clinic and at the laboratory bench. As solutions to some of the present-day obstacles to the full therapeutic potential of bone marrow transplantation are met, we should see, in the next 10 years, a wider application of this therapy to various hematologic and malignant disorders.", "PMID": 377628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3752", "title": "Successful bone marrow transplantation in sensitized recipients.", "content": "Fourteen patients with aplastic anemia and one with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome who were specifically sensitized against their donors were successfully engrafted with bone marrow from those donors. Sensitivity was detected in antibody-independent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis assays. In order to erase this immunity to non-MHR familial transplantation antigens, multiagent immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, and whole rabbit antithymocyte serum (ATS) was used. The data suggest that ATS was largely responsible for abrogation of this sensitivity and indicate that immunity does not represent a barrier to successful transplantation.", "contents": "Successful bone marrow transplantation in sensitized recipients. Fourteen patients with aplastic anemia and one with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome who were specifically sensitized against their donors were successfully engrafted with bone marrow from those donors. Sensitivity was detected in antibody-independent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis assays. In order to erase this immunity to non-MHR familial transplantation antigens, multiagent immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, and whole rabbit antithymocyte serum (ATS) was used. The data suggest that ATS was largely responsible for abrogation of this sensitivity and indicate that immunity does not represent a barrier to successful transplantation.", "PMID": 377631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3753", "title": "Cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of selected pediatric malignancies: a preliminary report.", "content": "We have shown that it is possible to collect and viably store sufficient numbers of stem cells to hematologically reconstitute patients following marrow-lethal doses of chemoradiotherapy. While no current procedure can be guaranteed to eliminate clonogenic tumor from the bone marrow, the fact that hematopoietic stem cells capable of reconstituting the host can be obtained after intensive chemotherapy makes it possible to clear microscopic foci of tumor from the marrow prior to storage. Such patients are now included in our protocol. The initial treatment results indicate that, in selected circumstances, tumor in otherwise refractory patients can be eliminated or partially controlled by a single intensive pulse of chemoradiotherapy with severe but acceptable extramedullary toxicity. The fact that patients can be rescued from otherwise lethal myelotoxicity by the reinfusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow permits wider exploration of new, more intensive cytoreductive regimens in a variety of cancers.", "contents": "Cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of selected pediatric malignancies: a preliminary report. We have shown that it is possible to collect and viably store sufficient numbers of stem cells to hematologically reconstitute patients following marrow-lethal doses of chemoradiotherapy. While no current procedure can be guaranteed to eliminate clonogenic tumor from the bone marrow, the fact that hematopoietic stem cells capable of reconstituting the host can be obtained after intensive chemotherapy makes it possible to clear microscopic foci of tumor from the marrow prior to storage. Such patients are now included in our protocol. The initial treatment results indicate that, in selected circumstances, tumor in otherwise refractory patients can be eliminated or partially controlled by a single intensive pulse of chemoradiotherapy with severe but acceptable extramedullary toxicity. The fact that patients can be rescued from otherwise lethal myelotoxicity by the reinfusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow permits wider exploration of new, more intensive cytoreductive regimens in a variety of cancers.", "PMID": 377634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3754", "title": "The quality of life after liver transplantation.", "content": "The quality of life after liver transplantation ranges from poor to superior. The social and vocational outcome is dependent on the quality of homograft function and on the steroid doses necessary to maintain function. A good long-term prognosis is usually evident by 1 year postoperatively. The complete rehabilitation of so many patients has encouraged us to continue our efforts in this difficult field.", "contents": "The quality of life after liver transplantation. The quality of life after liver transplantation ranges from poor to superior. The social and vocational outcome is dependent on the quality of homograft function and on the steroid doses necessary to maintain function. A good long-term prognosis is usually evident by 1 year postoperatively. The complete rehabilitation of so many patients has encouraged us to continue our efforts in this difficult field.", "PMID": 377639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3755", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications of hepatic transplantation.", "content": "In this series of 150 orthotopic hepatic transplants, clinically significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 34 patients (23%). Five patients (15%) survived this complication. Enteric perforations occurred in 20 patients following 198 biliary-enteric procedures. Only one patient survived. Enteric perforations unrelated to biliary procedures fared only slightly better with one survivor among eight perforations. These results clearly do not warrant complacency. Modifications advocated are an aggressive diagnostic approach and early reoperation with establishment of extensive peritoneal drainage where necessary.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications of hepatic transplantation. In this series of 150 orthotopic hepatic transplants, clinically significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 34 patients (23%). Five patients (15%) survived this complication. Enteric perforations occurred in 20 patients following 198 biliary-enteric procedures. Only one patient survived. Enteric perforations unrelated to biliary procedures fared only slightly better with one survivor among eight perforations. These results clearly do not warrant complacency. Modifications advocated are an aggressive diagnostic approach and early reoperation with establishment of extensive peritoneal drainage where necessary.", "PMID": 377640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3756", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection.", "content": "Integration of data derived from immunologic monitoring techniques and endomyocardial biopsy currently permits more precise administration of immunosuppressive medications for the treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection than was formerly possible, resulting in a substantially improved outlook for long-term survival. Indeed, the probability of survival for 5 years postoperatively of 50% exceeds that for several categories of cardiac patients currently undergoing other more common forms of heart surgery. The continuing demonstration of the potential for cardiac transplantation clearly warrants further application of this procedure for the treatment of appropriate patients with end-stage cardiac disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection. Integration of data derived from immunologic monitoring techniques and endomyocardial biopsy currently permits more precise administration of immunosuppressive medications for the treatment of acute cardiac allograft rejection than was formerly possible, resulting in a substantially improved outlook for long-term survival. Indeed, the probability of survival for 5 years postoperatively of 50% exceeds that for several categories of cardiac patients currently undergoing other more common forms of heart surgery. The continuing demonstration of the potential for cardiac transplantation clearly warrants further application of this procedure for the treatment of appropriate patients with end-stage cardiac disease.", "PMID": 377648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3757", "title": "Heterotopic versus orthotopic heart transplantation.", "content": "Since November 1974, heterotopic cardiac transplants have been performed at this unit in preference to orthotopic transplants. A number of reasons have led us to prefer this technique, namely donor malfunction in the immediate postoperative period and during rejection; right ventricular failure of the donor heart in the orthotopic position in patients with pulmonary hypertension; the ease of patient management; and the use of the donor heart as a temporary method of cardiac support. Disadvantages are the later recognition of rejection and the difficulty in performing transvenous endomyocardial biopsies. The results are satisfactory giving a 1, 2, and 3-year survival rate of 62%, 58%, and 50%, respectively.", "contents": "Heterotopic versus orthotopic heart transplantation. Since November 1974, heterotopic cardiac transplants have been performed at this unit in preference to orthotopic transplants. A number of reasons have led us to prefer this technique, namely donor malfunction in the immediate postoperative period and during rejection; right ventricular failure of the donor heart in the orthotopic position in patients with pulmonary hypertension; the ease of patient management; and the use of the donor heart as a temporary method of cardiac support. Disadvantages are the later recognition of rejection and the difficulty in performing transvenous endomyocardial biopsies. The results are satisfactory giving a 1, 2, and 3-year survival rate of 62%, 58%, and 50%, respectively.", "PMID": 377650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3758", "title": "Mitigation of hyperacute rejection by antilymphocyte globulin (ALG).", "content": "In HR, primarily humoral immunologic factors trigger a sequence of events that finally destroys the transplanted organ. Unspecific trapping of WBC diminishes the RBF, especially in the first compartment--the cortex. Pretreatment with ALG is able to suppress this cellular participation partially, thus postponing the stop of RBF without preventing the influence of humoral factors on the graft. As shown by pathologic and functional criteria recorded for 8 hr, an exclusive measurement of total RBF does not reflect an inhibition of the course of HR.", "contents": "Mitigation of hyperacute rejection by antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). In HR, primarily humoral immunologic factors trigger a sequence of events that finally destroys the transplanted organ. Unspecific trapping of WBC diminishes the RBF, especially in the first compartment--the cortex. Pretreatment with ALG is able to suppress this cellular participation partially, thus postponing the stop of RBF without preventing the influence of humoral factors on the graft. As shown by pathologic and functional criteria recorded for 8 hr, an exclusive measurement of total RBF does not reflect an inhibition of the course of HR.", "PMID": 377651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3759", "title": "Monitoring of rejection.", "content": "Rejection in non-identical pairs is both antibody- and cell-mediated. Measurements of CDC and LMC specific for the donor can be useful clinical tools in confirming rejection, detecting periods of likely rejection, and helping to predict responses to therapy. In particular, the LMC assay appears to have excellent temporal correlations with graft status. Rejection in the HLA-identical sibling transplant is directed against a non-MHC antigen, is cell-mediated, and can be typed for using CTL.", "contents": "Monitoring of rejection. Rejection in non-identical pairs is both antibody- and cell-mediated. Measurements of CDC and LMC specific for the donor can be useful clinical tools in confirming rejection, detecting periods of likely rejection, and helping to predict responses to therapy. In particular, the LMC assay appears to have excellent temporal correlations with graft status. Rejection in the HLA-identical sibling transplant is directed against a non-MHC antigen, is cell-mediated, and can be typed for using CTL.", "PMID": 377654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3760", "title": "Antibodies to donor B lymphocytes and autoantibodies in renal transplantation.", "content": "A positive CDC B-lymphocyte XM is not deleterious to long-term graft outcome. A positive unfractionated CDC XM is not a contraindication to transplantation if the positive crossmatch is due entirely to anti-B-lymphocyte antibody. B-lymphocyte autoantibodies are common in hemodialysis patients, but may account for only a minority of positive B-lymphocyte XMs.", "contents": "Antibodies to donor B lymphocytes and autoantibodies in renal transplantation. A positive CDC B-lymphocyte XM is not deleterious to long-term graft outcome. A positive unfractionated CDC XM is not a contraindication to transplantation if the positive crossmatch is due entirely to anti-B-lymphocyte antibody. B-lymphocyte autoantibodies are common in hemodialysis patients, but may account for only a minority of positive B-lymphocyte XMs.", "PMID": 377666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3761", "title": "Delayed renal function and long-term cadaver renal allograft survival.", "content": "This study indicates that (1) ATN adversely affects long-term allograft survival but not patient survival, (2) in patients with delayed function the duration of ATN does not influence allograft survival, (3) ATN kidneys with good recovery (SCR less than 3.0) do as well as immediate-function kidneys, (4) poor recovery from ATN (SCR greater than 3.0) is associated with poor long-term allograft survival and may be the result of allograft rejection during ATN, since analysis of multiple characteristics at the time of transplantation failed to discern any difference between the good- and poor-recovery groups, and (5) there are no reliable pretransplant indicators of those kidneys that will never function or be in the poorly recovered group.", "contents": "Delayed renal function and long-term cadaver renal allograft survival. This study indicates that (1) ATN adversely affects long-term allograft survival but not patient survival, (2) in patients with delayed function the duration of ATN does not influence allograft survival, (3) ATN kidneys with good recovery (SCR less than 3.0) do as well as immediate-function kidneys, (4) poor recovery from ATN (SCR greater than 3.0) is associated with poor long-term allograft survival and may be the result of allograft rejection during ATN, since analysis of multiple characteristics at the time of transplantation failed to discern any difference between the good- and poor-recovery groups, and (5) there are no reliable pretransplant indicators of those kidneys that will never function or be in the poorly recovered group.", "PMID": 377680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3762", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation for correction of enzyme deficiency disease.", "content": "Mutant acatalasemic mice provide a prototype of congenital enzyme deficiency disease. Normal blood catalase levels were achieved permanently in congenitally acatalasemic mice by transplantation of bone marrow cells from congeneic normal catalasemic mice using relatively small numbers of cells following whole body irradiation. The increase in blood catalase activity was physiologically effective as demonstrated by the protection of the previously acatalasemic mice against the otherwise lethal effects of hydrogen peroxide injections. Bone marrow transplantation has the potential to provide a continuous source of some enzymes and may be applicable as treatment for certain congenital enzyme deficiency diseases.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation for correction of enzyme deficiency disease. Mutant acatalasemic mice provide a prototype of congenital enzyme deficiency disease. Normal blood catalase levels were achieved permanently in congenitally acatalasemic mice by transplantation of bone marrow cells from congeneic normal catalasemic mice using relatively small numbers of cells following whole body irradiation. The increase in blood catalase activity was physiologically effective as demonstrated by the protection of the previously acatalasemic mice against the otherwise lethal effects of hydrogen peroxide injections. Bone marrow transplantation has the potential to provide a continuous source of some enzymes and may be applicable as treatment for certain congenital enzyme deficiency diseases.", "PMID": 377685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3763", "title": "Renal transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus--revisited.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with end-stage renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy received 68 renal allografts from June 1970 to February 1978. Patient and graft survival results equaled those for nondiabetic patients, as reported by the Human Renal Transplant Registry (HRTR). Renal allografts from siblings or pretreated cadaver donors had a significantly longer survival time than did allografts from nonpretreated cadaver donors. It is concluded that renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaver donor kidneys continues to be the treatment of choice and is superior to other forms of treatment in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus--revisited. Sixty-one patients with end-stage renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy received 68 renal allografts from June 1970 to February 1978. Patient and graft survival results equaled those for nondiabetic patients, as reported by the Human Renal Transplant Registry (HRTR). Renal allografts from siblings or pretreated cadaver donors had a significantly longer survival time than did allografts from nonpretreated cadaver donors. It is concluded that renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaver donor kidneys continues to be the treatment of choice and is superior to other forms of treatment in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 377694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3764", "title": "Renal transplantation in insulin-treated diabetics.", "content": "In our view, renal transplantation in the uremic diabetic patient is justified. Recipients should be selected with caution. Patients with both loss of vision and heart disease will only rarely benefit from renal transplantation. Living related donor should be preferred if possible.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in insulin-treated diabetics. In our view, renal transplantation in the uremic diabetic patient is justified. Recipients should be selected with caution. Patients with both loss of vision and heart disease will only rarely benefit from renal transplantation. Living related donor should be preferred if possible.", "PMID": 377701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3765", "title": "Comparison of the immunologic reactions of arterial transplants in the arterial system and of venous transplants in the venous system using inbred strains of rats.", "content": "(1) Arterial transplants used as arterial replacements induce sensitization of the recipient in the weakly as well as in the strongly allogeneic systems (afferent limb). (2) Venous transplants used as venous replacements induce sensitization of the recipient (afferent limb). (3) Arterial transplants show increasingly severe rejection reactions paralleling the degree of immunogenetic difference (efferent limb). (4) Veins transplanted as venous replacements are tolerated even in the strongly allogeneic systems (efferent limb).", "contents": "Comparison of the immunologic reactions of arterial transplants in the arterial system and of venous transplants in the venous system using inbred strains of rats. (1) Arterial transplants used as arterial replacements induce sensitization of the recipient in the weakly as well as in the strongly allogeneic systems (afferent limb). (2) Venous transplants used as venous replacements induce sensitization of the recipient (afferent limb). (3) Arterial transplants show increasingly severe rejection reactions paralleling the degree of immunogenetic difference (efferent limb). (4) Veins transplanted as venous replacements are tolerated even in the strongly allogeneic systems (efferent limb).", "PMID": 377702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3766", "title": "Gonadal function after renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Our data suggest that impaired testicular function was corrected, but not completely, by renal allotransplantation. One patient with impaired renal function showed azoospermia and six patients with normal renal function oligospermia. It was observed that conception might occur when the sperm count was below 10 million/ml. The elevated FSH among patients with azoospermia or oligospermia indicates a responsive pituitary. The positive clomiphene test suggests that the function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis is normal.", "contents": "Gonadal function after renal allotransplantation. Our data suggest that impaired testicular function was corrected, but not completely, by renal allotransplantation. One patient with impaired renal function showed azoospermia and six patients with normal renal function oligospermia. It was observed that conception might occur when the sperm count was below 10 million/ml. The elevated FSH among patients with azoospermia or oligospermia indicates a responsive pituitary. The positive clomiphene test suggests that the function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis is normal.", "PMID": 377703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3767", "title": "Influence of HLA-A, B, C, and D matching and pretransplant blood transfusions on kidney graft survival.", "content": "A significant influence of matching both for the HLA-A and B and the D/DR antigens on graft survival in patients transplanted with kidneys from living related or cadaveric donors is demonstrated. A generally reduced survival of cadaveric grafts during the last few years may at least in part be explained by the use of more three and four antigen-mismatched donors. The beneficial effect of pretransplant blood transfusions on graft survival in our material is almost nulled when uremic patients, dying while waiting for a transplant, are also considered. In addition, significantly more high-risk patients are included in the nontransfused patient group.", "contents": "Influence of HLA-A, B, C, and D matching and pretransplant blood transfusions on kidney graft survival. A significant influence of matching both for the HLA-A and B and the D/DR antigens on graft survival in patients transplanted with kidneys from living related or cadaveric donors is demonstrated. A generally reduced survival of cadaveric grafts during the last few years may at least in part be explained by the use of more three and four antigen-mismatched donors. The beneficial effect of pretransplant blood transfusions on graft survival in our material is almost nulled when uremic patients, dying while waiting for a transplant, are also considered. In addition, significantly more high-risk patients are included in the nontransfused patient group.", "PMID": 377707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3768", "title": "Effectiveness of a new drug, bredinin, on canine kidney allotransplant survival.", "content": "BR has remarkable effectiveness on canine kidney allograft survival. Its effectiveness in suppression of the immune responses is dependent on the dosage. Atrophy of the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes is prominent in treated dogs. Septic complications are slight, with no reduction in the number of peripheral white blood cells. Erosive changes of the mucosa in the entire bowel are the major side effects of the drug treatment. Liver functional abnormality has not been observed.", "contents": "Effectiveness of a new drug, bredinin, on canine kidney allotransplant survival. BR has remarkable effectiveness on canine kidney allograft survival. Its effectiveness in suppression of the immune responses is dependent on the dosage. Atrophy of the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes is prominent in treated dogs. Septic complications are slight, with no reduction in the number of peripheral white blood cells. Erosive changes of the mucosa in the entire bowel are the major side effects of the drug treatment. Liver functional abnormality has not been observed.", "PMID": 377720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3769", "title": "Prolonged kidney allograft survival with promethazine.", "content": "The effects of promethazine hydrochloride have been investigated in a rabbit kidney allograft model. The drug was ineffective on its own, but if added to a protocol that induced partial suppression of rejection in 50% of recipients, its effect was dramatic. Allograft survival was prolonged from a control mean of 10.3 days to a mean of 26.3 days. One animal survived 2 1/2 months, and no other drug than promethazine was given after day 6. Promethazine and 6-methylprednisolone alone also prolonged allograft survival, but the results were significantly better if the recipient had been exposed to donor blood before grafting. The results suggest that promethazine is a useful adjuvant immunosuppressive drug. It could be beneficial in man.", "contents": "Prolonged kidney allograft survival with promethazine. The effects of promethazine hydrochloride have been investigated in a rabbit kidney allograft model. The drug was ineffective on its own, but if added to a protocol that induced partial suppression of rejection in 50% of recipients, its effect was dramatic. Allograft survival was prolonged from a control mean of 10.3 days to a mean of 26.3 days. One animal survived 2 1/2 months, and no other drug than promethazine was given after day 6. Promethazine and 6-methylprednisolone alone also prolonged allograft survival, but the results were significantly better if the recipient had been exposed to donor blood before grafting. The results suggest that promethazine is a useful adjuvant immunosuppressive drug. It could be beneficial in man.", "PMID": 377721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3770", "title": "Dilutions and specificity analysis of pretransplant sera.", "content": "Six serial dilutions of 51 sera from pretransplant patients were reacted against T and B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. By the use of defined panels of T and B lymphocytes it could be shown that 10% of the 51 positive sera contained T-warm antibodies against HLA-A, -B, and -C specificities. There were 28% of the sera that had antibodies against non-HLA antigens reactive to B lymphocytes in the cold. Other sera contained mixtures of HLA and non-HLA antibodies. By dilution analysis of the sera, the mixtures could be detected and the HLA specificities identified. This ability to distinguish between HLA and non-HLA antibodies should be important in classifying pretransplant patients into high- and low-risk patients. Prior evidence that we have presented suggests that the non-HLA antibodies may be enhancing antibodies.", "contents": "Dilutions and specificity analysis of pretransplant sera. Six serial dilutions of 51 sera from pretransplant patients were reacted against T and B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. By the use of defined panels of T and B lymphocytes it could be shown that 10% of the 51 positive sera contained T-warm antibodies against HLA-A, -B, and -C specificities. There were 28% of the sera that had antibodies against non-HLA antigens reactive to B lymphocytes in the cold. Other sera contained mixtures of HLA and non-HLA antibodies. By dilution analysis of the sera, the mixtures could be detected and the HLA specificities identified. This ability to distinguish between HLA and non-HLA antibodies should be important in classifying pretransplant patients into high- and low-risk patients. Prior evidence that we have presented suggests that the non-HLA antibodies may be enhancing antibodies.", "PMID": 377726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3771", "title": "Posttransplant hypersplenism.", "content": "Posttransplant hypersplenism, manifested by leukopenia and azathioprine intolerance, can be diagnosed with a high degree of accuracy and promptly reversed by emergency splenectomy. Functioning cadaver kidney homograft survival rates in patients undergoing posttransplant splenectomy are equal to that of patients undergoing pretransplant splenectomy and are statistically superior (p less than 0.01) to recipients who have never had their spleens removed. However, mortality (21%) for posttransplant splenectomy is excessively high when compared to our mortality (1.3%) for pretransplant splenectomy.", "contents": "Posttransplant hypersplenism. Posttransplant hypersplenism, manifested by leukopenia and azathioprine intolerance, can be diagnosed with a high degree of accuracy and promptly reversed by emergency splenectomy. Functioning cadaver kidney homograft survival rates in patients undergoing posttransplant splenectomy are equal to that of patients undergoing pretransplant splenectomy and are statistically superior (p less than 0.01) to recipients who have never had their spleens removed. However, mortality (21%) for posttransplant splenectomy is excessively high when compared to our mortality (1.3%) for pretransplant splenectomy.", "PMID": 377730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3772", "title": "[Temperature-dependent structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "By the freeze-etching method, in has been shown that E. coli plasma membranes undergo a structural transition in the range of temperatures within 0 and 20 degrees C which could be observed as redistribution of intramembrane particles with free-zone formation. The onset of temperature interval of this transition (20 degrees) well correlate with the break in the Arrhenius curves characterizing the cell membrane permeability for free nucleotides and for respiration intensity.", "contents": "[Temperature-dependent structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli cells]. By the freeze-etching method, in has been shown that E. coli plasma membranes undergo a structural transition in the range of temperatures within 0 and 20 degrees C which could be observed as redistribution of intramembrane particles with free-zone formation. The onset of temperature interval of this transition (20 degrees) well correlate with the break in the Arrhenius curves characterizing the cell membrane permeability for free nucleotides and for respiration intensity.", "PMID": 377737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3773", "title": "[Intercellular information transfer in the process of immunogenesis. VI. The induction of antiphage antibody synthesis in the cells of rat transplantable lymphosarcoma under the influence of splenic RNA from rats and mice immunized with phage T2].", "content": "It has been proved that nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs, isolated from spleens of T2 phage immunized rats and mice, can induce T2 phage antibodies in cells of the transplantable rat lymphosarcoma. With the nuclear RNA from rat spleens, the effect is persisting in a number of subsequent cell generations. The data presented are principally in accord with results of the authors' previous studies in which lymphosarcoma cells were treated with RNA extracted from spleens of rat immunized with sheep red cells. These results well compare with the authors' earlier advanced hypothesis suggesting a possible involvement of RNA in deblockation of genes responsible for the synthesis of the antibodies in question.", "contents": "[Intercellular information transfer in the process of immunogenesis. VI. The induction of antiphage antibody synthesis in the cells of rat transplantable lymphosarcoma under the influence of splenic RNA from rats and mice immunized with phage T2]. It has been proved that nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs, isolated from spleens of T2 phage immunized rats and mice, can induce T2 phage antibodies in cells of the transplantable rat lymphosarcoma. With the nuclear RNA from rat spleens, the effect is persisting in a number of subsequent cell generations. The data presented are principally in accord with results of the authors' previous studies in which lymphosarcoma cells were treated with RNA extracted from spleens of rat immunized with sheep red cells. These results well compare with the authors' earlier advanced hypothesis suggesting a possible involvement of RNA in deblockation of genes responsible for the synthesis of the antibodies in question.", "PMID": 377738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3774", "title": "Double blind controlled comparison of aspirin, allopurinol and placebo in the management of arthralgia during pyrazinamide administration.", "content": "Chinese patients with arthralgia during treatment with an antituberculosis regimen containing pyrazinamide were allocated at random to 3 anti-arthralgia treatment series in a controlled double-blind study. One series (18 patients) received soluble aspirin 2.4 g daily, the second (23 patients) allopurinol 200 mg daily, and the third (19 patients) placebo only, for 8 weeks. The response was assessed both by independent assessors and by the patients themselves using a diary card. The serum uric acid concentration was measured before and during anti-arthralgia treatment. The joints most commonly affected were the shoulders, the knees and the fingers, and symptoms and signs were in general neither severe nor protracted. For most of the patients in all 3 series the joint symptoms and signs improved during the 8 weeks, but a higher proportion of patients in the aspirin and placebo series than in the allopurinol series experienced improvement, this being most rapid in the aspirin series. Only in the aspirin series was the mean serum uric acid concentration lower during treatment than before it, and this effect was related to the dose in mg per kg. It is concluded that the arthralgia was often self-limiting, that aspirin had a small beneficial effect, that allopurinol, in the dosage studied, may have had a slightly deleterious effect, but that it would be worth studying larger dosages of allopurinol because the dosage studied did not affect the serum uric acid concentration.", "contents": "Double blind controlled comparison of aspirin, allopurinol and placebo in the management of arthralgia during pyrazinamide administration. Chinese patients with arthralgia during treatment with an antituberculosis regimen containing pyrazinamide were allocated at random to 3 anti-arthralgia treatment series in a controlled double-blind study. One series (18 patients) received soluble aspirin 2.4 g daily, the second (23 patients) allopurinol 200 mg daily, and the third (19 patients) placebo only, for 8 weeks. The response was assessed both by independent assessors and by the patients themselves using a diary card. The serum uric acid concentration was measured before and during anti-arthralgia treatment. The joints most commonly affected were the shoulders, the knees and the fingers, and symptoms and signs were in general neither severe nor protracted. For most of the patients in all 3 series the joint symptoms and signs improved during the 8 weeks, but a higher proportion of patients in the aspirin and placebo series than in the allopurinol series experienced improvement, this being most rapid in the aspirin series. Only in the aspirin series was the mean serum uric acid concentration lower during treatment than before it, and this effect was related to the dose in mg per kg. It is concluded that the arthralgia was often self-limiting, that aspirin had a small beneficial effect, that allopurinol, in the dosage studied, may have had a slightly deleterious effect, but that it would be worth studying larger dosages of allopurinol because the dosage studied did not affect the serum uric acid concentration.", "PMID": 377739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3775", "title": "Importance of cystourethrography in neonates with imperforate anus.", "content": "Infants born with imperforate anus have a high incidence of genitourinary anomalies. Vesicoureteral reflux was the most common abnormality in this series. Since these patients often have bacteriuria, this is an important finding. An intravenous pyelogram and voiding cystourethrogram should be part of the evaluation of each neonate with imperforate anus. Persistent cloaca, a frequent finding in the female patients, may require special diagnostic attention.", "contents": "Importance of cystourethrography in neonates with imperforate anus. Infants born with imperforate anus have a high incidence of genitourinary anomalies. Vesicoureteral reflux was the most common abnormality in this series. Since these patients often have bacteriuria, this is an important finding. An intravenous pyelogram and voiding cystourethrogram should be part of the evaluation of each neonate with imperforate anus. Persistent cloaca, a frequent finding in the female patients, may require special diagnostic attention.", "PMID": 377750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3776", "title": "[Replacement of postoperative total defects of the mouth floor, chin and lower lip with Filatov's pedicle flaps].", "content": "The plasty with Filatov's pedicle grafts was applied in 3 patients with postoperative defects of the oral cavity fundus, chin, lower lip, tongue and mandible. The author recommends to apply this method in the complex treatment of neglected forms of cancer of the oral mucous membrane.", "contents": "[Replacement of postoperative total defects of the mouth floor, chin and lower lip with Filatov's pedicle flaps]. The plasty with Filatov's pedicle grafts was applied in 3 patients with postoperative defects of the oral cavity fundus, chin, lower lip, tongue and mandible. The author recommends to apply this method in the complex treatment of neglected forms of cancer of the oral mucous membrane.", "PMID": 377757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3777", "title": "[Tumors of the small intestine].", "content": "Peculiarities of the clinical picture, diagnosis and surgical treatment of the small intestine tumors are considered in the paper, as well as immediate and late results of the treatment. The results of the treatment of 14 cases of the small intestine tumors are summed up (6 benign neoplasms and 8 malignant ones). The authors have come to the conclusion that in the most of cases tumors of the small intestine remain symptom-free for a long time; not infrequently they are complicated with intestinal ileus, perforation of the tumor and  peritonitis. Resection of the portion of the intestine with tumors and of a segment of the mesentery with the removal of the enlarged regional lymph nodes provides an only radical method of the treatment. An original scheme of the small intestine tumors localization is set forth in the paper.", "contents": "[Tumors of the small intestine]. Peculiarities of the clinical picture, diagnosis and surgical treatment of the small intestine tumors are considered in the paper, as well as immediate and late results of the treatment. The results of the treatment of 14 cases of the small intestine tumors are summed up (6 benign neoplasms and 8 malignant ones). The authors have come to the conclusion that in the most of cases tumors of the small intestine remain symptom-free for a long time; not infrequently they are complicated with intestinal ileus, perforation of the tumor and  peritonitis. Resection of the portion of the intestine with tumors and of a segment of the mesentery with the removal of the enlarged regional lymph nodes provides an only radical method of the treatment. An original scheme of the small intestine tumors localization is set forth in the paper.", "PMID": 377761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3778", "title": "[Surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs].", "content": "146 patients with varicosis of the lower limbs were operated upon in a method unified by the author. Consideration was given to the late results found in 132 patients followed up within the period from 1 to 9 years. 5 patients (3.8%) developed recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs]. 146 patients with varicosis of the lower limbs were operated upon in a method unified by the author. Consideration was given to the late results found in 132 patients followed up within the period from 1 to 9 years. 5 patients (3.8%) developed recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 377762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3779", "title": "[Theoretical grounds for free osteoplasty in suppurative infection].", "content": "From the materials of extensive experimental studies and clinical observations the theoretical grounds for the free bone plasty under the conditions of purulent infection were devised. The methods of investigation of the microcirculatory vascular bed, luminescent microscopy with a tetracycline mark, photometry, planimetry and other specific tests were applied. Findings obtained in earlier experiments on 2000 animals (rabbits and dogs) and data of supplementary special studies on 185 rabbits were used. It was found, that from the point of view of the condition of the microcirculatory bed and osteogenetic potentiatlities of the mother bone, the free bone plasty is quite grounded theoretically. The authors' theoretical postulates are supported by successful treatment of 47 patients with hematogenic spine osteomyelities, subjected to bone plasty of the defects formed after the removal of purulent inflammatory foci.", "contents": "[Theoretical grounds for free osteoplasty in suppurative infection]. From the materials of extensive experimental studies and clinical observations the theoretical grounds for the free bone plasty under the conditions of purulent infection were devised. The methods of investigation of the microcirculatory vascular bed, luminescent microscopy with a tetracycline mark, photometry, planimetry and other specific tests were applied. Findings obtained in earlier experiments on 2000 animals (rabbits and dogs) and data of supplementary special studies on 185 rabbits were used. It was found, that from the point of view of the condition of the microcirculatory bed and osteogenetic potentiatlities of the mother bone, the free bone plasty is quite grounded theoretically. The authors' theoretical postulates are supported by successful treatment of 47 patients with hematogenic spine osteomyelities, subjected to bone plasty of the defects formed after the removal of purulent inflammatory foci.", "PMID": 377768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3780", "title": "[Sutureless ultrasonic hermetic sealing of the bronchial stump after experimental and clinical lung resection].", "content": "The authors have shown the possibility of the hermetization of the bronchial stump after resection of the lung through the use of osteocyanacrlic mass treated with ultrasound. A small number of clinical reservations, however does not allow to recommend the method for a broad use in the clinical practice. Nevertheless the authors believe the idea of ultrasound sutureless closure of the bronchial stump to be a promising one and needing further studies.", "contents": "[Sutureless ultrasonic hermetic sealing of the bronchial stump after experimental and clinical lung resection]. The authors have shown the possibility of the hermetization of the bronchial stump after resection of the lung through the use of osteocyanacrlic mass treated with ultrasound. A small number of clinical reservations, however does not allow to recommend the method for a broad use in the clinical practice. Nevertheless the authors believe the idea of ultrasound sutureless closure of the bronchial stump to be a promising one and needing further studies.", "PMID": 377769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3781", "title": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 274 patients with acute pancreatitis are analysed. 221 patients were subjected to conservative treatment (mortality--5.4%) and 53 patients were operated upon (mortality--30%). The best results were obtained in conservative treatment with the use of fluorofur and fluorouracil (62 patients), which had no fatal outcomes.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The results of the treatment of 274 patients with acute pancreatitis are analysed. 221 patients were subjected to conservative treatment (mortality--5.4%) and 53 patients were operated upon (mortality--30%). The best results were obtained in conservative treatment with the use of fluorofur and fluorouracil (62 patients), which had no fatal outcomes.", "PMID": 377770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3782", "title": "[Contralateral donor kidney study for predicting the fate of transplants in the recipient body].", "content": "An analysis of clinico--laboratory findings concerning functional condition of cadaver donor kidneys in the recipient's organism and morphological changes in 12 contralateral donor kidneys is set forth in the article. It has been found that in a cadaver donor kidney an impairment or an arrest of the graft function may be due to various pathological processes present in the donor intravitally.", "contents": "[Contralateral donor kidney study for predicting the fate of transplants in the recipient body]. An analysis of clinico--laboratory findings concerning functional condition of cadaver donor kidneys in the recipient's organism and morphological changes in 12 contralateral donor kidneys is set forth in the article. It has been found that in a cadaver donor kidney an impairment or an arrest of the graft function may be due to various pathological processes present in the donor intravitally.", "PMID": 377771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3783", "title": "[Principles of the surgical treatment of combined lesions of the brachiocephalic and renal arteries in nonspecific aorto-arteritis].", "content": "The presented work is founded on the analysis of the results of the surgical treatment of 43 patients with combined injuries to the brachycephalic and renal arteries, manifested clinically as syndromes of cerebral ischemia and vasorenal hypertension. 50 operations were carried out upon 43 patients. 45 of these 50 operations were reconstructive ones. 6 patients were subjected to several-stages operations both upon the brachycephalic and renal arteries. 80% of the patients showed good long-term results. An active surgical tactics allowed to diminish dramatically the percentage of nephrectomy in non-specific aorto-arteritis.", "contents": "[Principles of the surgical treatment of combined lesions of the brachiocephalic and renal arteries in nonspecific aorto-arteritis]. The presented work is founded on the analysis of the results of the surgical treatment of 43 patients with combined injuries to the brachycephalic and renal arteries, manifested clinically as syndromes of cerebral ischemia and vasorenal hypertension. 50 operations were carried out upon 43 patients. 45 of these 50 operations were reconstructive ones. 6 patients were subjected to several-stages operations both upon the brachycephalic and renal arteries. 80% of the patients showed good long-term results. An active surgical tactics allowed to diminish dramatically the percentage of nephrectomy in non-specific aorto-arteritis.", "PMID": 377772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3784", "title": "The fertility of bulls born twin to freemartins: a review.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of XX germ cells in the testes of bulls born twin to females is reviewed. It is concluded that there is probably no shift in the sex ratio of the offspring in favour of females. Reports on the fertility of such bulls are reviewed. It is suggested that, provided the semen is normal, there is no reason why such a bull should not be used for breeding purposes.", "contents": "The fertility of bulls born twin to freemartins: a review. Evidence for the existence of XX germ cells in the testes of bulls born twin to females is reviewed. It is concluded that there is probably no shift in the sex ratio of the offspring in favour of females. Reports on the fertility of such bulls are reviewed. It is suggested that, provided the semen is normal, there is no reason why such a bull should not be used for breeding purposes.", "PMID": 377775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3785", "title": "A three-month study of environmental mastitis in a dairy herd.", "content": "During the autumn/winter of 1976, a study was made of a severe mastitis outbreak which occurred in a herd of 96 cows. Forty-four cows and 61 quarters were clinically infected with new infections between September and mid-December. Escherichia coli was isolated in 84 per cent of clinical samples submitted for bacteriological examination.", "contents": "A three-month study of environmental mastitis in a dairy herd. During the autumn/winter of 1976, a study was made of a severe mastitis outbreak which occurred in a herd of 96 cows. Forty-four cows and 61 quarters were clinically infected with new infections between September and mid-December. Escherichia coli was isolated in 84 per cent of clinical samples submitted for bacteriological examination.", "PMID": 377777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3786", "title": "[Role of peroxidase in the pathogenesis of parodontosis].", "content": "In order to study the role of peroxidase in pathogenesis of periodontosis clinical observations were carried out in 132 patients with inflammatory-dystrophic form of periodontal disease and eight species of laboratory and domestic animals were used in experiments. In the patients studied a distinct increase in peroxidase activity was observed in mixed saliva and in gum tissues, which correlated with the severity of the periodontal disease. Inflammatory-dystrophic impairment of cat periodontium was accompanied by an increase in the peroxidase activity only in gum and alveolar process tissues; cats are characterized by the highest amounts of exogenous peroxidase in oral tissues as compared with other laboratory animals. High amounts of exogenous peroxidase did not affect the periododontal tissues of rats during long-term experiments. The main protective effects of the enzyme were as follows: bacteriostatic influence on streptococci in oral cavity and inhibition of leukocyte emifration. Estimation of the peroxidase activity in saliva may be considered as a diagnostic test for periodontosis and may be used to monitore the course of treatment.", "contents": "[Role of peroxidase in the pathogenesis of parodontosis]. In order to study the role of peroxidase in pathogenesis of periodontosis clinical observations were carried out in 132 patients with inflammatory-dystrophic form of periodontal disease and eight species of laboratory and domestic animals were used in experiments. In the patients studied a distinct increase in peroxidase activity was observed in mixed saliva and in gum tissues, which correlated with the severity of the periodontal disease. Inflammatory-dystrophic impairment of cat periodontium was accompanied by an increase in the peroxidase activity only in gum and alveolar process tissues; cats are characterized by the highest amounts of exogenous peroxidase in oral tissues as compared with other laboratory animals. High amounts of exogenous peroxidase did not affect the periododontal tissues of rats during long-term experiments. The main protective effects of the enzyme were as follows: bacteriostatic influence on streptococci in oral cavity and inhibition of leukocyte emifration. Estimation of the peroxidase activity in saliva may be considered as a diagnostic test for periodontosis and may be used to monitore the course of treatment.", "PMID": 377800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3787", "title": "[Express method of detecting mutant forms of human serum cholinesterase].", "content": "An express method is developed for detection of patients carrying dibucaine-resistant and \"silent\" variants of cholinesterase in blood serum. 200 donors as well as 25 patients with various with various pathological syndroms were examined; 5 patients carrying dibucaine-resistant cholinesterase were detected, which constituted 2.22% in the group. The method might be used in anesthesiology, blood transfusion and in experimental studies of the problems of medical genetics.", "contents": "[Express method of detecting mutant forms of human serum cholinesterase]. An express method is developed for detection of patients carrying dibucaine-resistant and \"silent\" variants of cholinesterase in blood serum. 200 donors as well as 25 patients with various with various pathological syndroms were examined; 5 patients carrying dibucaine-resistant cholinesterase were detected, which constituted 2.22% in the group. The method might be used in anesthesiology, blood transfusion and in experimental studies of the problems of medical genetics.", "PMID": 377801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3788", "title": "[Treatment of cholecystopathies by Fumaria nebulisate].", "content": "In 85 patients with cholecystopathies the therapeutic effect of the Fumaria-preparation Oddibil was tested. The therapy was successful alltogether in 70%, in dyskinesias of biliary tract in more than 80%. The optimal therapeutic result was obtained after 10 days on an average. The difference between the Fumaria nebulisate and a placebo with regard to the efficacy was statistically significant. The amphocholeretic effect of the praparation is especially to be emphasized. Side-effects didn't occur.", "contents": "[Treatment of cholecystopathies by Fumaria nebulisate]. In 85 patients with cholecystopathies the therapeutic effect of the Fumaria-preparation Oddibil was tested. The therapy was successful alltogether in 70%, in dyskinesias of biliary tract in more than 80%. The optimal therapeutic result was obtained after 10 days on an average. The difference between the Fumaria nebulisate and a placebo with regard to the efficacy was statistically significant. The amphocholeretic effect of the praparation is especially to be emphasized. Side-effects didn't occur.", "PMID": 377819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3789", "title": "An early look at the therapeutic uses of some new vasopressin analogs in gastroenterology.", "content": "Natural vasopressins have been used, with varying success, in attempts to stop bleeding from esophageal varices for over two decades. Reasons for lack of success include (a) failure to induce a sufficiently prolonged and constant vasoconstrictor effect at the bleeding site, (b) dangerous side-effects, and (c) release of plasminogen activator induced by the peptides which can lyse any clot as it forms.IN THE LAST DECADE ANALOGS OF VASOPRESSIN HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WITH A PROLONGED ACTION, USING TWO SEPARATE PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION: (1) hormonogens, and (2) blockage of sites of inactivating enzymatic cleavage (in particular \"carba\" analogs without a disulfide bridge). These two categories of analog are compared here: the carba analogs have the advantages of high potency (higher than the parent hormone) with prolongation, but are also very active on the plasminogen activator release system. The hormonogens combine prolongation with low potency, but have lost not only a releasing action on plasminogen activator, but also, by virtue of altered release kinetics, have effectively lost cardiovascular toxicity.Mechanisms of analog action and receptor interaction are presented, along with initial clinical experiences.", "contents": "An early look at the therapeutic uses of some new vasopressin analogs in gastroenterology. Natural vasopressins have been used, with varying success, in attempts to stop bleeding from esophageal varices for over two decades. Reasons for lack of success include (a) failure to induce a sufficiently prolonged and constant vasoconstrictor effect at the bleeding site, (b) dangerous side-effects, and (c) release of plasminogen activator induced by the peptides which can lyse any clot as it forms.IN THE LAST DECADE ANALOGS OF VASOPRESSIN HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WITH A PROLONGED ACTION, USING TWO SEPARATE PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION: (1) hormonogens, and (2) blockage of sites of inactivating enzymatic cleavage (in particular \"carba\" analogs without a disulfide bridge). These two categories of analog are compared here: the carba analogs have the advantages of high potency (higher than the parent hormone) with prolongation, but are also very active on the plasminogen activator release system. The hormonogens combine prolongation with low potency, but have lost not only a releasing action on plasminogen activator, but also, by virtue of altered release kinetics, have effectively lost cardiovascular toxicity.Mechanisms of analog action and receptor interaction are presented, along with initial clinical experiences.", "PMID": 377820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3790", "title": "Renovascular hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "Renovascular hypertension can result from renal artery lesions involving the main renal artery, or its branches. It is generally felt that the elevation of blood pressure results from excessive systemic vasoconstriction secondary to enhanced renin secretion by one or part of one kidney. Renin secretion is enhanced because of constriction of the renal artery and resultant intrarenal ischemia. Clinically patients cannot be distinguished from those with essential hypertension and diagnosis must be made with arteriography although urography and isotope renography may suggest the diagnosis. Surgical cure can be predicted if differential renal vein renin ratios lateralize but a non-lateralizing study does not necessarily mean that surgery will fail. In properly selected patients, surgical results are excellent.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Renovascular hypertension can result from renal artery lesions involving the main renal artery, or its branches. It is generally felt that the elevation of blood pressure results from excessive systemic vasoconstriction secondary to enhanced renin secretion by one or part of one kidney. Renin secretion is enhanced because of constriction of the renal artery and resultant intrarenal ischemia. Clinically patients cannot be distinguished from those with essential hypertension and diagnosis must be made with arteriography although urography and isotope renography may suggest the diagnosis. Surgical cure can be predicted if differential renal vein renin ratios lateralize but a non-lateralizing study does not necessarily mean that surgery will fail. In properly selected patients, surgical results are excellent.", "PMID": 377821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3791", "title": "Studies on cholesterol ester formation and hydrolysis in liver disease: a selective review.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol esters are formed within the circulation by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an enzyme produced by the liver. Patients with hepatocellular disease have low plasma LCAT activity. This largely accounts for the decreased levels of cholesterol esters observed in such patients and appears due to impaired hepatic production of the enzyme. In contrast, activity of the LCAT reaction in patients with cholestasis seems variable and is the subject of controversy, largely because the influence of abnormal cholestatic lipoproteins on the reaction requires further clarification.Human liver contains a lysosomal cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) which may play an important role in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. In patients with liver damage there is no concrete evidence of circulating CEH activity, but recent studies show elevated activity of hydrolase within the liver itself in acute hepatitis. Hepatic activity of another lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, is not increased, suggesting that high CEH in hepatitic liver does not simply reflect a general increase in lysosomal enzymes. The pathogenesis and significance of altered CEH activity in liver disease require further study.", "contents": "Studies on cholesterol ester formation and hydrolysis in liver disease: a selective review. Plasma cholesterol esters are formed within the circulation by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an enzyme produced by the liver. Patients with hepatocellular disease have low plasma LCAT activity. This largely accounts for the decreased levels of cholesterol esters observed in such patients and appears due to impaired hepatic production of the enzyme. In contrast, activity of the LCAT reaction in patients with cholestasis seems variable and is the subject of controversy, largely because the influence of abnormal cholestatic lipoproteins on the reaction requires further clarification.Human liver contains a lysosomal cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) which may play an important role in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. In patients with liver damage there is no concrete evidence of circulating CEH activity, but recent studies show elevated activity of hydrolase within the liver itself in acute hepatitis. Hepatic activity of another lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, is not increased, suggesting that high CEH in hepatitic liver does not simply reflect a general increase in lysosomal enzymes. The pathogenesis and significance of altered CEH activity in liver disease require further study.", "PMID": 377822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3792", "title": "The role of the liver in the adrenergic regulation of blood flow from the splanchnic to the central circulation.", "content": "Cardiac output is determined, in large part, by the venous return of blood to the heart. Various adrenergic and pharmacologic influences affect venous return. In the dog it appears that the liver may play an important role in the control of blood flow from the splanchnic to the central circulation and, hence, in the control of venous return.", "contents": "The role of the liver in the adrenergic regulation of blood flow from the splanchnic to the central circulation. Cardiac output is determined, in large part, by the venous return of blood to the heart. Various adrenergic and pharmacologic influences affect venous return. In the dog it appears that the liver may play an important role in the control of blood flow from the splanchnic to the central circulation and, hence, in the control of venous return.", "PMID": 377824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3793", "title": "The contribution of gut-derived endotoxins to liver injury.", "content": "The liver serves as the key organ for the removal and detoxification of bacterial endotoxins that are continously absorbed in small amounts from the gastrointestinal tract. This paper postulates that liver injury impairs this detoxification process leading to further liver damage and systemic effects as well. Evidence is reviewed to support the contention that endotoxin may be a major common pathway for liver injury by a variety of agents, and methods of reducing endotoxicity of gut origin are proposed. Finally, a new solid phase radioimmunometric assay for E. coli 026 is described and its usefulness as a gut marker suggested.", "contents": "The contribution of gut-derived endotoxins to liver injury. The liver serves as the key organ for the removal and detoxification of bacterial endotoxins that are continously absorbed in small amounts from the gastrointestinal tract. This paper postulates that liver injury impairs this detoxification process leading to further liver damage and systemic effects as well. Evidence is reviewed to support the contention that endotoxin may be a major common pathway for liver injury by a variety of agents, and methods of reducing endotoxicity of gut origin are proposed. Finally, a new solid phase radioimmunometric assay for E. coli 026 is described and its usefulness as a gut marker suggested.", "PMID": 377823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3794", "title": "The etiology of chronic active hepatitis in Korea.", "content": "In a study of apparently normal, healthy Korean Army recruits performed in 1962, we found that 42 of 1,906 screened subjects had elevations of their serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase. Liver biopsies were obtained from 32 of these subjects and 9 of these had a \"novel\" antigen present, which reacted specifically with a convalescent serum from a case of serum hepatitis. We have recently tested frozen serum obtained from 8/9 of these cases and found that all 8 had HBsAg in their serum which, in some cases, persisted for at least three months. We reviewed the histological specimens from the original 32 cases using newly defined criteria: 18 were diagnosed as chronic active hepatitis and the 8 HbsAg positive cases with the \"novel\" antigen were in this group. In four of these cases the lesion appeared to progress to cirrhosis during a 3--4 month follow-up period. Since none of the cases had a prior history of hepatitis and no symptoms developed during the follow-up period, our findings emphasize the significance of chronic hepatitis B virus carrier state in the etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis.", "contents": "The etiology of chronic active hepatitis in Korea. In a study of apparently normal, healthy Korean Army recruits performed in 1962, we found that 42 of 1,906 screened subjects had elevations of their serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase. Liver biopsies were obtained from 32 of these subjects and 9 of these had a \"novel\" antigen present, which reacted specifically with a convalescent serum from a case of serum hepatitis. We have recently tested frozen serum obtained from 8/9 of these cases and found that all 8 had HBsAg in their serum which, in some cases, persisted for at least three months. We reviewed the histological specimens from the original 32 cases using newly defined criteria: 18 were diagnosed as chronic active hepatitis and the 8 HbsAg positive cases with the \"novel\" antigen were in this group. In four of these cases the lesion appeared to progress to cirrhosis during a 3--4 month follow-up period. Since none of the cases had a prior history of hepatitis and no symptoms developed during the follow-up period, our findings emphasize the significance of chronic hepatitis B virus carrier state in the etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 377825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3795", "title": "Apprentices in trouble: some problems in the training of surgeons and apothecaries in seventeenth century London.", "content": "Mayor's Court interrogatories and depositions in six disputes between apprentices and their surgeon and apothecary masters in London in 1654-1684 are reviewed. Evidence is presented to illustrate aspects of the operation of the apprentice system.", "contents": "Apprentices in trouble: some problems in the training of surgeons and apothecaries in seventeenth century London. Mayor's Court interrogatories and depositions in six disputes between apprentices and their surgeon and apothecary masters in London in 1654-1684 are reviewed. Evidence is presented to illustrate aspects of the operation of the apprentice system.", "PMID": 377827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3796", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and infection: a study of hospitalized patients in Iran.", "content": "The Mediterranean variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is functionally deficient and found in a variety of cell types of affected individuals, including both erythocytes and neutrophils. To determine if the presence of this sex-linked gene is associated to any degree with the occurrence of severe bacterial infection, a study of hospitalized male patients in Iran was undertaken. As determined by erythrocyte assay, allele prevalence in male patients with infection was 22% vs. 12% in a patient group matched for the absence of other risk factors for infection and 6% in a second group who had additional risk factors for infection. When the control and patient groups were considered together the difference between the frequency of G6PD deficiency (10.2%) was significantly different from that found in the infected patients (p less than .05). Furthermore, the mean age of infected patients with G6PD deficiency was significantly less than that of infected patients without G6PD deficiency or non-infected control groups. These data suggest that host defenses may be altered in G6PD deficiency so that bacterial infections are more severe. Alternatively, G6PD deficiency and infection might represent concomittant risk factors which lead to hospitalization during bacterial infection. Potential mechanisms by which host defenses might be altered in G6PD deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and infection: a study of hospitalized patients in Iran. The Mediterranean variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is functionally deficient and found in a variety of cell types of affected individuals, including both erythocytes and neutrophils. To determine if the presence of this sex-linked gene is associated to any degree with the occurrence of severe bacterial infection, a study of hospitalized male patients in Iran was undertaken. As determined by erythrocyte assay, allele prevalence in male patients with infection was 22% vs. 12% in a patient group matched for the absence of other risk factors for infection and 6% in a second group who had additional risk factors for infection. When the control and patient groups were considered together the difference between the frequency of G6PD deficiency (10.2%) was significantly different from that found in the infected patients (p less than .05). Furthermore, the mean age of infected patients with G6PD deficiency was significantly less than that of infected patients without G6PD deficiency or non-infected control groups. These data suggest that host defenses may be altered in G6PD deficiency so that bacterial infections are more severe. Alternatively, G6PD deficiency and infection might represent concomittant risk factors which lead to hospitalization during bacterial infection. Potential mechanisms by which host defenses might be altered in G6PD deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 377826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3797", "title": "[Experimental reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct (author's transl)].", "content": "In reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct the exact everting adaptation--by microsurgical suture technique--was studied in 4 male bastard dogs. This operative procedure is followed by minimal amounts of granulation tissue in region of the anastomosis. In contrast to the synthetic Teflon material the bovine heterograft (Solcograft) did not satisfy as choledochal substitute. In spite of precise suture technique the inner surface of the graft was not covered with epithelium of the biliary tract one year later.", "contents": "[Experimental reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct (author's transl)]. In reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct the exact everting adaptation--by microsurgical suture technique--was studied in 4 male bastard dogs. This operative procedure is followed by minimal amounts of granulation tissue in region of the anastomosis. In contrast to the synthetic Teflon material the bovine heterograft (Solcograft) did not satisfy as choledochal substitute. In spite of precise suture technique the inner surface of the graft was not covered with epithelium of the biliary tract one year later.", "PMID": 377848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3798", "title": "[Peripartal and puerperal infections as reflected in articles in the Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie from 1878 to 1978].", "content": "Historical review about puerperal infections in the last 100 years on the background of publications in the Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie. The time was divided in three parts: The time after Semmelweis (1878 to 1920), the first time of chemotherapy (1920 to 1940) and the antibiotic epoche (after 1940).", "contents": "[Peripartal and puerperal infections as reflected in articles in the Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie from 1878 to 1978]. Historical review about puerperal infections in the last 100 years on the background of publications in the Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie. The time was divided in three parts: The time after Semmelweis (1878 to 1920), the first time of chemotherapy (1920 to 1940) and the antibiotic epoche (after 1940).", "PMID": 377850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3799", "title": "[Purification and physico-chemical analysis of the fimbrial antigen in two different genera of Enterobacteriacea: Salmonella enteritidis and Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemical, physical and immunological properties of the fimbrial antigen of two different genera of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella (S. enteritidis) and Yersinia (Y. enterocolitica) were analysed. Only a few strains of these two bacterial genera possess a fimbrial antigen which proved to be identical in all tests. Purified fimbriae are unstable in buffer solutions. They tend to form aggregates, patterns of which are between 240000 and 270000. Submitted to solubility testing by various methods these aggregates easily dissociate into particles of different molecular size. Treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in 1% mercaptoaethanol at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes gave constant reproducible results. The fimbrial protein prepared by this method proved to be an antigenically active unit with a molecular weight of 23450 for S. enteritidis and 23350 for Y. enterocolitica. The electron microscope revealed that purified fimbriae of these two genera consist of extremely thin filaments (1.5 to 2.7 nm), covering the bacterial cell as an envelope. They are supposed to be composed of no more than 2 to 3 peptid chains. The presence of the amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophane may be responsible of the particular behaviour of the fimbriae which according to different external conditions react with different states of dissociation. Probably the filaments are not stable in a solution as single filaments but tend to form oligomer, secondary and tertiary structures. Experiments of isoelectric focusing revealed that both antigens consist of a pure protein component (composed of 17 amino acids) which appears at pH 3.9.", "contents": "[Purification and physico-chemical analysis of the fimbrial antigen in two different genera of Enterobacteriacea: Salmonella enteritidis and Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)]. Chemical, physical and immunological properties of the fimbrial antigen of two different genera of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella (S. enteritidis) and Yersinia (Y. enterocolitica) were analysed. Only a few strains of these two bacterial genera possess a fimbrial antigen which proved to be identical in all tests. Purified fimbriae are unstable in buffer solutions. They tend to form aggregates, patterns of which are between 240000 and 270000. Submitted to solubility testing by various methods these aggregates easily dissociate into particles of different molecular size. Treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in 1% mercaptoaethanol at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes gave constant reproducible results. The fimbrial protein prepared by this method proved to be an antigenically active unit with a molecular weight of 23450 for S. enteritidis and 23350 for Y. enterocolitica. The electron microscope revealed that purified fimbriae of these two genera consist of extremely thin filaments (1.5 to 2.7 nm), covering the bacterial cell as an envelope. They are supposed to be composed of no more than 2 to 3 peptid chains. The presence of the amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophane may be responsible of the particular behaviour of the fimbriae which according to different external conditions react with different states of dissociation. Probably the filaments are not stable in a solution as single filaments but tend to form oligomer, secondary and tertiary structures. Experiments of isoelectric focusing revealed that both antigens consist of a pure protein component (composed of 17 amino acids) which appears at pH 3.9.", "PMID": 377854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3800", "title": "[Enteritis due to Escherichia coli O142 K86 H34 in a ward of premature infants. With a discussion on the problem of pathogenicity of \"enteropathogenic serogroups of E. coli\" (author's transl)].", "content": "E. coli O142 K86 H34 has been isolated from stool specimens of five babies in a ward of premature infants. Diarrheal stools were observed in two of them; one infant temporarily failed to gain weight, and the other developed a temporary loss of weight. Smooth stools observed in the third baby as well as asymptomatic infections in two others did not affect their normal development. The outbreak lasted 15 days; the source of infection and the mode of transmission remained unknown. The pathogenesis and importance of human diarrheal disease caused by E. coli is reviewed. Enteritis of adults and children due to enteroinvasive (EIEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) strains is described. The etiological role of so-called \"enteropathogenic E. coli\" (EPEC), rejected increasingly during the past decade, has been demonstrated again in recent studies. Routine search for EPEC is suggested in cases of infantile enteritis in hospitals and other institutions.", "contents": "[Enteritis due to Escherichia coli O142 K86 H34 in a ward of premature infants. With a discussion on the problem of pathogenicity of \"enteropathogenic serogroups of E. coli\" (author's transl)]. E. coli O142 K86 H34 has been isolated from stool specimens of five babies in a ward of premature infants. Diarrheal stools were observed in two of them; one infant temporarily failed to gain weight, and the other developed a temporary loss of weight. Smooth stools observed in the third baby as well as asymptomatic infections in two others did not affect their normal development. The outbreak lasted 15 days; the source of infection and the mode of transmission remained unknown. The pathogenesis and importance of human diarrheal disease caused by E. coli is reviewed. Enteritis of adults and children due to enteroinvasive (EIEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) strains is described. The etiological role of so-called \"enteropathogenic E. coli\" (EPEC), rejected increasingly during the past decade, has been demonstrated again in recent studies. Routine search for EPEC is suggested in cases of infantile enteritis in hospitals and other institutions.", "PMID": 377855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3801", "title": "[A fi- tetracyclin resistance plasmid with specific restriction of phages on salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B and S. typhi-murium (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 262 strains of Salmonella typhi from an epidemic outbreak of typhoid fever in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 1974 2 strains were isolated which were tetracyclin resistant and showed no reactions with the Vi testphages T, D6 and VII whilst all other strains belonged to lysotype A, subtype Tananarive. It turned out that the Tc resistance in both strains was caused by a fi- R plasmid which could be transfered to other S. typhi strains, to E. coli K12, S. paratyphi B, S. java and S. typhi-murium as well as from Tc resistant E. coli K12 back to S. typhi. The Tc R plasmid introduced in S. typhi, lysotype A, caused specific restrictions of typing phages T, D6 and VII. Also, the transfer of the plasmids to strains of S. paratyphi B and S. typhi-murium resulted in restrictions of a number of typing phages. Both plasmids had identical patterns of restriction. In this pattern the Tc R plasmid differed from those described in the literature.", "contents": "[A fi- tetracyclin resistance plasmid with specific restriction of phages on salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B and S. typhi-murium (author's transl)]. Among 262 strains of Salmonella typhi from an epidemic outbreak of typhoid fever in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 1974 2 strains were isolated which were tetracyclin resistant and showed no reactions with the Vi testphages T, D6 and VII whilst all other strains belonged to lysotype A, subtype Tananarive. It turned out that the Tc resistance in both strains was caused by a fi- R plasmid which could be transfered to other S. typhi strains, to E. coli K12, S. paratyphi B, S. java and S. typhi-murium as well as from Tc resistant E. coli K12 back to S. typhi. The Tc R plasmid introduced in S. typhi, lysotype A, caused specific restrictions of typing phages T, D6 and VII. Also, the transfer of the plasmids to strains of S. paratyphi B and S. typhi-murium resulted in restrictions of a number of typing phages. Both plasmids had identical patterns of restriction. In this pattern the Tc R plasmid differed from those described in the literature.", "PMID": 377856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3802", "title": "The antibody response to enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas of patients with malignancies complicated by bacteremia.", "content": "The antibody response to the O antigens of the patients' own gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infection in patients with malignancies was investigated using the hemagglutination test. Of the 87 patients, 42 (48%) produced specific antibodies in significant titers. Differences were noted between the various microorganisms. Of 44 patients with E. coli bacteremia 26 (59%) had an antibody response, whereas only 5 (33%) out of 15 subjects with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection did. The antibody response of patients with solid tumors (61%) was significantly better than that of subjects with RES malignancies (30%). Documentation of the humoral immune response of patients to isolates from blood cultures excludes laboratory contamination and supports the relevance of the isolated microorganisms. Thus, for diagnostic purposes documentation of the immunoglobulin response supplements bacteriologic findings.", "contents": "The antibody response to enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas of patients with malignancies complicated by bacteremia. The antibody response to the O antigens of the patients' own gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infection in patients with malignancies was investigated using the hemagglutination test. Of the 87 patients, 42 (48%) produced specific antibodies in significant titers. Differences were noted between the various microorganisms. Of 44 patients with E. coli bacteremia 26 (59%) had an antibody response, whereas only 5 (33%) out of 15 subjects with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection did. The antibody response of patients with solid tumors (61%) was significantly better than that of subjects with RES malignancies (30%). Documentation of the humoral immune response of patients to isolates from blood cultures excludes laboratory contamination and supports the relevance of the isolated microorganisms. Thus, for diagnostic purposes documentation of the immunoglobulin response supplements bacteriologic findings.", "PMID": 377859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3803", "title": "[Microcalorimetric testing of the antibacterial activity of doxycycline, gentamicin and their combination (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibacterial activity of doxycycline and gentamicin was tested by microcalorimetric methods and by finding out the MIC of these substances, the test organisms being Staph. aur. haem. (13.665) and E. coli (3.579). The investigations were carried out with the above mentioned substances both alone and in combination. A synergistic effect was found with both methods applied, but microcalorimetry showed that the combination influences the cell metabolism in another way than the individual substances. Another remarkable finding is that doxycycline inhibits the microcalorimetric activity of our bacterial strains in doses 10 to 100 times lower than found with the standard MIC finding methods.", "contents": "[Microcalorimetric testing of the antibacterial activity of doxycycline, gentamicin and their combination (author's transl)]. The antibacterial activity of doxycycline and gentamicin was tested by microcalorimetric methods and by finding out the MIC of these substances, the test organisms being Staph. aur. haem. (13.665) and E. coli (3.579). The investigations were carried out with the above mentioned substances both alone and in combination. A synergistic effect was found with both methods applied, but microcalorimetry showed that the combination influences the cell metabolism in another way than the individual substances. Another remarkable finding is that doxycycline inhibits the microcalorimetric activity of our bacterial strains in doses 10 to 100 times lower than found with the standard MIC finding methods.", "PMID": 377860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3804", "title": "[Antilymphocyte immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial directed effect. II. The use of the preparation in the overall therapy of chronic lympholeukemia].", "content": "Use in the composition of complex therapy of patients suffering from chronic lympholeukemia of antilymphocytic immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial activity aided normalization of the leukocytic differential count and prevented development of inflammatory and septic complications in these patients.", "contents": "[Antilymphocyte immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial directed effect. II. The use of the preparation in the overall therapy of chronic lympholeukemia]. Use in the composition of complex therapy of patients suffering from chronic lympholeukemia of antilymphocytic immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial activity aided normalization of the leukocytic differential count and prevented development of inflammatory and septic complications in these patients.", "PMID": 377863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3805", "title": "[Patterns determining the dynamics of the epidemic process in Sonne dysentery and its relation to the type of causative agent].", "content": "The results of studying the dynamics of the epidemic process of dysentery, based on the data from 3 districts of Moscow, are presented. The study revealed the periodicity of 3 years in the course of the epidemic process of dysentery, occurring against the background of a considerable predominance of Sh. sonnei, biochemical type 2. The use of the cohort method for analyzing the age structure of dysentery cases showed the possibility of using this method to find out to what extent the epidemic process repeatedly affected the same groups of population.", "contents": "[Patterns determining the dynamics of the epidemic process in Sonne dysentery and its relation to the type of causative agent]. The results of studying the dynamics of the epidemic process of dysentery, based on the data from 3 districts of Moscow, are presented. The study revealed the periodicity of 3 years in the course of the epidemic process of dysentery, occurring against the background of a considerable predominance of Sh. sonnei, biochemical type 2. The use of the cohort method for analyzing the age structure of dysentery cases showed the possibility of using this method to find out to what extent the epidemic process repeatedly affected the same groups of population.", "PMID": 377866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3806", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of conglutination and immunoconglutination reactions and their participating constituents].", "content": "The difference between the hemolytic and conglutinating properties of equine complement was shown by the method of conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titration in the author's modification. Different localization of conglutinating antibodies (in the supernatant fraction) and conglutinins (in the sediment) in bovine serum was revealed by the method of serum fractionation in the stream of carbon dioxide. The differences in the localization of conglutinins and immunoglutinins (in the sediment and the supernantant fraction respectively), as well as the differences in the localization of hemagglutinins and conglutinins in the sera (in different fractions) were determined.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of conglutination and immunoconglutination reactions and their participating constituents]. The difference between the hemolytic and conglutinating properties of equine complement was shown by the method of conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titration in the author's modification. Different localization of conglutinating antibodies (in the supernatant fraction) and conglutinins (in the sediment) in bovine serum was revealed by the method of serum fractionation in the stream of carbon dioxide. The differences in the localization of conglutinins and immunoglutinins (in the sediment and the supernantant fraction respectively), as well as the differences in the localization of hemagglutinins and conglutinins in the sera (in different fractions) were determined.", "PMID": 377867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3807", "title": "[Analysis of merodiploid strains of Sh. flexneri that have lost virulence].", "content": "Episome F'13 introduced into the genome of a virulent Sh. flexneri strain brought about changes in a number of properties of the recipient strain. The expression of these properties was not connected with the chromosome area allelic to the plasmid genome. These changes seem to be induced by the mobilization of the chromosome genes of E. coli. The loss of virulence in Sh. flexneri strains carrying episome F'13 seemed to be the consequence of two reasons: the overlapping of kcpA gene by its dominant avirulent allele and abnormal synthesis of cell wall lipopolysaccharide due to the transfer of the mobilized genes from the donor strain F'13. When the preliminary mapping of genes on the chromomome was made with the use of plasmids, it was found necessary to use F-episomes which had no influence on the changes occurring in the phenotypic characteristics of the recipient.", "contents": "[Analysis of merodiploid strains of Sh. flexneri that have lost virulence]. Episome F'13 introduced into the genome of a virulent Sh. flexneri strain brought about changes in a number of properties of the recipient strain. The expression of these properties was not connected with the chromosome area allelic to the plasmid genome. These changes seem to be induced by the mobilization of the chromosome genes of E. coli. The loss of virulence in Sh. flexneri strains carrying episome F'13 seemed to be the consequence of two reasons: the overlapping of kcpA gene by its dominant avirulent allele and abnormal synthesis of cell wall lipopolysaccharide due to the transfer of the mobilized genes from the donor strain F'13. When the preliminary mapping of genes on the chromomome was made with the use of plasmids, it was found necessary to use F-episomes which had no influence on the changes occurring in the phenotypic characteristics of the recipient.", "PMID": 377868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3808", "title": "[Search for host specificity systems in Shigella using DD-series phages].", "content": "A total of 712 Shigella strains were studied with the use of dysentery diagnostic phages DD II, DD VI and DD VII in order to reveal the systems of host DNA specificity. The study comprised 4 tests: mass screening by the intensity of phagolytic reaction of phages in various strains; and the determination of the parameters of adsorption. As a result, an effective modification and restriction systems were revealed in Sh. sonnei 311 with the use of phage DD II. Bacteriophage DD VII was effectively restricted in E. coli CK, BB and BB/T4. Cross titration showed that the modification and restriction systems of E. coli BB and BB/T4 differed from the specificity system of E. coli CK. Phage DD VI had an exceptionally broad spectrum of activity and was not sensitive to any known restriction system.", "contents": "[Search for host specificity systems in Shigella using DD-series phages]. A total of 712 Shigella strains were studied with the use of dysentery diagnostic phages DD II, DD VI and DD VII in order to reveal the systems of host DNA specificity. The study comprised 4 tests: mass screening by the intensity of phagolytic reaction of phages in various strains; and the determination of the parameters of adsorption. As a result, an effective modification and restriction systems were revealed in Sh. sonnei 311 with the use of phage DD II. Bacteriophage DD VII was effectively restricted in E. coli CK, BB and BB/T4. Cross titration showed that the modification and restriction systems of E. coli BB and BB/T4 differed from the specificity system of E. coli CK. Phage DD VI had an exceptionally broad spectrum of activity and was not sensitive to any known restriction system.", "PMID": 377869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3809", "title": "[Significance of the ability of E. coli to alter capillary permeability for the reproduction of pyelonephritis in mice].", "content": "Experiments in a number of biological models showed that the cultures of E. coli isolated from the urine of children with pyelonephritis had a varied spectrum of pathogenic properties. Histologically confirmed pyelonephritis induced by intravenous infection in CBA mice, treated with 5% glucose by the method of Montgomerie et al., correlated with the bacterial adhesiveness to the epithelium and the interference with capillary permeability, registered in experiments on the pulmonary model with Evans blue used for control. The criterion for the development of pyelonephritis in mice, which was based, in the opinion of Mintogemerie et al., on the positive results, indicating the presence of the infecting agent in the culture obtained by inoculation with the samples of urine and kidney tissue, was found to be insufficient, as only 28 out of 45 cultures of E. coli isolated from the kidneys coincided with histologically confirmed cases of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Significance of the ability of E. coli to alter capillary permeability for the reproduction of pyelonephritis in mice]. Experiments in a number of biological models showed that the cultures of E. coli isolated from the urine of children with pyelonephritis had a varied spectrum of pathogenic properties. Histologically confirmed pyelonephritis induced by intravenous infection in CBA mice, treated with 5% glucose by the method of Montgomerie et al., correlated with the bacterial adhesiveness to the epithelium and the interference with capillary permeability, registered in experiments on the pulmonary model with Evans blue used for control. The criterion for the development of pyelonephritis in mice, which was based, in the opinion of Mintogemerie et al., on the positive results, indicating the presence of the infecting agent in the culture obtained by inoculation with the samples of urine and kidney tissue, was found to be insufficient, as only 28 out of 45 cultures of E. coli isolated from the kidneys coincided with histologically confirmed cases of pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 377871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3810", "title": "The regulatory cysK mutant of S. typhimurium.", "content": "A triazole-resistant mutant, cysK1358, showing novel properties was isolated. Biochemical analysis of this strain suggests a regulatory character of the cysK1358 mutation. The cysK1358 mutation has a pleiotropic effect: the expression of the other gene, cysA, is also altered.", "contents": "The regulatory cysK mutant of S. typhimurium. A triazole-resistant mutant, cysK1358, showing novel properties was isolated. Biochemical analysis of this strain suggests a regulatory character of the cysK1358 mutation. The cysK1358 mutation has a pleiotropic effect: the expression of the other gene, cysA, is also altered.", "PMID": 377875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3811", "title": "Evaluation of the gonadotrophic responsiveness of the pituitary to acute and prolonged administration of LH/FSH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in normal females and males.", "content": "In normal females, the injection of 25 microgram of LH-RH (acute test) induced a greater LH and FSH release from the pituitary in the mid-luteal than in the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. In normal males, the responsiveness to 25 microgram LH-RH was greater than that in females at mid-follicular but not at the luteal stage. The pituitary response to the prolonged LH-RH infusion (0.21 microgram/min/8 h) was similar in both phases of the cycle of the females with a decline in serum gonadotrophins after the 4th hour and was paralleled by a significant increase of plasma oestradiol levels. In males the LH, but not the FSH secretion was lower as compared to female subjects, and gonadotrophin levels did not show a fall during the infusion. The acute injection of 25 microgram LH-RH at the end of a prolonged infusion induced the same response in the female subjects in both phases of the cycle. In males, the acute test following prolonged infusion produced a similar LH secretion, but a lower FSH response than in females. The comparison of the acute test alone and that preceded by a prolonged LH-RH infusion, demonstrated that, in females, the only significant differences consisted of a greater LH secretion in the former test in the mid-luteal phase. In males there was greater FSH secretion in the acute isolated test than when this test was given after the prolonged infusion.", "contents": "Evaluation of the gonadotrophic responsiveness of the pituitary to acute and prolonged administration of LH/FSH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in normal females and males. In normal females, the injection of 25 microgram of LH-RH (acute test) induced a greater LH and FSH release from the pituitary in the mid-luteal than in the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. In normal males, the responsiveness to 25 microgram LH-RH was greater than that in females at mid-follicular but not at the luteal stage. The pituitary response to the prolonged LH-RH infusion (0.21 microgram/min/8 h) was similar in both phases of the cycle of the females with a decline in serum gonadotrophins after the 4th hour and was paralleled by a significant increase of plasma oestradiol levels. In males the LH, but not the FSH secretion was lower as compared to female subjects, and gonadotrophin levels did not show a fall during the infusion. The acute injection of 25 microgram LH-RH at the end of a prolonged infusion induced the same response in the female subjects in both phases of the cycle. In males, the acute test following prolonged infusion produced a similar LH secretion, but a lower FSH response than in females. The comparison of the acute test alone and that preceded by a prolonged LH-RH infusion, demonstrated that, in females, the only significant differences consisted of a greater LH secretion in the former test in the mid-luteal phase. In males there was greater FSH secretion in the acute isolated test than when this test was given after the prolonged infusion.", "PMID": 377880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3812", "title": "The plasma FSH and LH response to synthetic LH-RH in normal pre-pubertal and early pubertal girls--a re-evaluation.", "content": "A standard LH-RH test (50 microgram/m2) given iv was carried out in 65 normal girls, 42 of them pre-pubertal aged from 4 7/12 to 11 years and 23 in the early stage of puberty, aged from 9 to 12 9/12 years. The results indicate that in pre-pubertal girls the basal levels of the plasma gonadotrophins remain steady (LH 0.6 +/- 0.1 mIU/ml; FSH 0.8 +/- 0.1 mIU/ml, m +/- SD) and that there is a small but significant response of LH to LH-RH (1.6 +/- 0.2 mIU/ml). During this period the FSH response to LH-RH is very marked (8.0 +/- 1.0 mIU/ml) with a gradual, significant decrease seen towards the onset of puberty (6.5 +/- 0.9 mIU/ml, P less than 0.001). These results support earlier reports that the LH-RH test is a useful tool to evaluate the secretion of pituitary LH and FSH in early childhood.", "contents": "The plasma FSH and LH response to synthetic LH-RH in normal pre-pubertal and early pubertal girls--a re-evaluation. A standard LH-RH test (50 microgram/m2) given iv was carried out in 65 normal girls, 42 of them pre-pubertal aged from 4 7/12 to 11 years and 23 in the early stage of puberty, aged from 9 to 12 9/12 years. The results indicate that in pre-pubertal girls the basal levels of the plasma gonadotrophins remain steady (LH 0.6 +/- 0.1 mIU/ml; FSH 0.8 +/- 0.1 mIU/ml, m +/- SD) and that there is a small but significant response of LH to LH-RH (1.6 +/- 0.2 mIU/ml). During this period the FSH response to LH-RH is very marked (8.0 +/- 1.0 mIU/ml) with a gradual, significant decrease seen towards the onset of puberty (6.5 +/- 0.9 mIU/ml, P less than 0.001). These results support earlier reports that the LH-RH test is a useful tool to evaluate the secretion of pituitary LH and FSH in early childhood.", "PMID": 377881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3813", "title": "Growth impairment with elevated somatomedin levels in children with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "In children with chronic renal insufficiency serum levels of somatomedin measured by radioreceptor assay were found to be strikingly elevated and were in the same range as in acromegaly in spite of decreased growth. The serum somatomedin level was inversely correlated with renal function and children on haemodialysis had the highest values. The elevated somatomedin was most likely due to progressive destruction of the kidney, the primary catabolic site for somatomedin and other polypeptides. After successful transplantation the somatomedin values fell to slightly above normal even though growth was still impaired. Using a bioassay based on the mitogenic property of somatomedin, a lower than normal rather than an increased level was found in chronic renal insufficiency suggesting that in uraemia an inhibitor to somatomedin bioactivity was present. It is concluded that the cause of the growth failure in chronic renal insufficiency and after transplantation is not due to a lack of somatomedin, but an inhibitor to its action could be a factor. It would appear that a normal somatomedin may be necessary for normal growth, but it is not sufficient.", "contents": "Growth impairment with elevated somatomedin levels in children with chronic renal insufficiency. In children with chronic renal insufficiency serum levels of somatomedin measured by radioreceptor assay were found to be strikingly elevated and were in the same range as in acromegaly in spite of decreased growth. The serum somatomedin level was inversely correlated with renal function and children on haemodialysis had the highest values. The elevated somatomedin was most likely due to progressive destruction of the kidney, the primary catabolic site for somatomedin and other polypeptides. After successful transplantation the somatomedin values fell to slightly above normal even though growth was still impaired. Using a bioassay based on the mitogenic property of somatomedin, a lower than normal rather than an increased level was found in chronic renal insufficiency suggesting that in uraemia an inhibitor to somatomedin bioactivity was present. It is concluded that the cause of the growth failure in chronic renal insufficiency and after transplantation is not due to a lack of somatomedin, but an inhibitor to its action could be a factor. It would appear that a normal somatomedin may be necessary for normal growth, but it is not sufficient.", "PMID": 377883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3814", "title": "Comparison of one daily injection of NPH and crystalline PZI insulins on urinary glucose in diabetic children.", "content": "Two one-injection insulin regimens--a combination of intermediate-action NPH insulin with regular insulin and a combination of long-acting PZI insulin with regular insulin, all of porcine origin and manufactured by Nordisk Insulin Laboratories--were compared to a group of 10 juvenile diabetics, each child serving as his own control. The results of thrice daily urine tests were recorded for periods of 3 months during each regimen and the incidence of glucosuria of less than 1% constituted the index used for metabolic control. Although the total insulin dose was almost the same with both schemes, it was found that less glucose was excreted during the night and early morning with the PZI regimen than the NPH regimen, indicating that a single injection of NPH is insufficient for good diabetic control.", "contents": "Comparison of one daily injection of NPH and crystalline PZI insulins on urinary glucose in diabetic children. Two one-injection insulin regimens--a combination of intermediate-action NPH insulin with regular insulin and a combination of long-acting PZI insulin with regular insulin, all of porcine origin and manufactured by Nordisk Insulin Laboratories--were compared to a group of 10 juvenile diabetics, each child serving as his own control. The results of thrice daily urine tests were recorded for periods of 3 months during each regimen and the incidence of glucosuria of less than 1% constituted the index used for metabolic control. Although the total insulin dose was almost the same with both schemes, it was found that less glucose was excreted during the night and early morning with the PZI regimen than the NPH regimen, indicating that a single injection of NPH is insufficient for good diabetic control.", "PMID": 377878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3815", "title": "[Drug therapy of hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly].", "content": "Hyperprolactinemia can be treated medically. Thus all patients with a normal sella turcica and those patients with only slight enlargement of the sella turcica can be treated medically with the dopaminagonist bromocriptine. This treatment is also indicated in paitents with postoperative persisting hyperprolactinemia. In contrast to hyperprolactinemia medical therapy of acromegaly is still in the experimental stage, through the dopaminagonist bromocriptine induces a decrease of growth hormone levels and improvement of the disease in many patients with acromegaly.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly]. Hyperprolactinemia can be treated medically. Thus all patients with a normal sella turcica and those patients with only slight enlargement of the sella turcica can be treated medically with the dopaminagonist bromocriptine. This treatment is also indicated in paitents with postoperative persisting hyperprolactinemia. In contrast to hyperprolactinemia medical therapy of acromegaly is still in the experimental stage, through the dopaminagonist bromocriptine induces a decrease of growth hormone levels and improvement of the disease in many patients with acromegaly.", "PMID": 377884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3816", "title": "Calcium antagonists and islet function. IX. Is extracellular calcium required for insulin release?", "content": "The physiological relevance of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the process of glucose-induced insulin release is examined in both the isolated perfused rat pancreas and rat isolated pancreatic islets. When no Ca2+ is added to the perfusion or incubation media, both the initial and late phases of insulin release are severely impaired. The effect of Ca2+ deprivation is an immediate and immediately reversible phenomenon, although the length of the period of Ca2+ deprivation prior to stimulation with glucose modulates the severity of the impairment in the secretory response. When Mg2+ is omitted from the media, the response to glucose occurs precociously and at a higher than normal rate, such a facilitation being a rapid phenomenon. When both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are removed from the extracellular milieu, the secretory response may occur in a normal fashion, except for an earlier onset. The rate of secretion is only reduced after or during a prolonged exposure of the endocrine pancreas to media deprived of both Ca2+ and Mg2+. The release of insulin evoked by glucose in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ is enhanced by theophylline, partially inhibited by verapamil, and abolished by the Ca2+-chelator EGTA. It is concluded that Mg2+, in physiological concentration, exerts an inhibitory effect upon the process of glucose-induced insulin release. However, even in the absence of extracellular Mg2+, the secretory process remains apparently dependent on the availability of minute amounts of extracellular Ca2+.", "contents": "Calcium antagonists and islet function. IX. Is extracellular calcium required for insulin release? The physiological relevance of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the process of glucose-induced insulin release is examined in both the isolated perfused rat pancreas and rat isolated pancreatic islets. When no Ca2+ is added to the perfusion or incubation media, both the initial and late phases of insulin release are severely impaired. The effect of Ca2+ deprivation is an immediate and immediately reversible phenomenon, although the length of the period of Ca2+ deprivation prior to stimulation with glucose modulates the severity of the impairment in the secretory response. When Mg2+ is omitted from the media, the response to glucose occurs precociously and at a higher than normal rate, such a facilitation being a rapid phenomenon. When both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are removed from the extracellular milieu, the secretory response may occur in a normal fashion, except for an earlier onset. The rate of secretion is only reduced after or during a prolonged exposure of the endocrine pancreas to media deprived of both Ca2+ and Mg2+. The release of insulin evoked by glucose in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ is enhanced by theophylline, partially inhibited by verapamil, and abolished by the Ca2+-chelator EGTA. It is concluded that Mg2+, in physiological concentration, exerts an inhibitory effect upon the process of glucose-induced insulin release. However, even in the absence of extracellular Mg2+, the secretory process remains apparently dependent on the availability of minute amounts of extracellular Ca2+.", "PMID": 377879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3817", "title": "[Pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism].", "content": "The present concept for the etiology of thyroid disease permits the definition of three separate entities occuring with hyperthyroidism: Graves' Disease, Toxic Nodular Goitre, Autonomous Adenoma. Physiopathological properties of these entities lead to a rational therapeutic strategy for each one of them.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism]. The present concept for the etiology of thyroid disease permits the definition of three separate entities occuring with hyperthyroidism: Graves' Disease, Toxic Nodular Goitre, Autonomous Adenoma. Physiopathological properties of these entities lead to a rational therapeutic strategy for each one of them.", "PMID": 377885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3818", "title": "[New viewpoints on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterised primarily by an increase in blood glucose and an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Etiologically, it is a complex disorder because many different genetic, environmental, immunological, metabolic and hormonal influences interact to produce the clinical picture diabetes. By introducing HLA typing in diabetes research in the last four years, it became possible to clearly distinguish between the juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent type and the non-insulin-dependent, maturity-onset type of diabetes mellitus. On the basis of this and other evidence, at least five nosologically distinct types of diabetes can be identified.", "contents": "[New viewpoints on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus]. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterised primarily by an increase in blood glucose and an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Etiologically, it is a complex disorder because many different genetic, environmental, immunological, metabolic and hormonal influences interact to produce the clinical picture diabetes. By introducing HLA typing in diabetes research in the last four years, it became possible to clearly distinguish between the juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent type and the non-insulin-dependent, maturity-onset type of diabetes mellitus. On the basis of this and other evidence, at least five nosologically distinct types of diabetes can be identified.", "PMID": 377886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3819", "title": "[Endocrine pancreas function and diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated by the anabolic action of insulin and by the catabolic effect of glucagon. Catabolic actions predominate in diabetes mellitus. Somatostatin exeits a diabetogenic action by inhibition of insulin release. The physiologic role of pancreatic polypeptide is unknown.", "contents": "[Endocrine pancreas function and diabetes mellitus]. Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated by the anabolic action of insulin and by the catabolic effect of glucagon. Catabolic actions predominate in diabetes mellitus. Somatostatin exeits a diabetogenic action by inhibition of insulin release. The physiologic role of pancreatic polypeptide is unknown.", "PMID": 377887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3820", "title": "[Somatostatin].", "content": "Somatostatin, under physiological conditions, is a regulator of thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, pancreatic islet-cell hormones and gastrin. In pharmacological dosage, gastric acid output, splanchnic blood flow and plasma renin levels, are influenced. A possible therapeutic effect on increased growth hormone secretion, disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, gastroenteropathies and renal hypertension, is discussed. The clinical application is limited by the short biological half-life of the substance and the unspecific action on several organs.", "contents": "[Somatostatin]. Somatostatin, under physiological conditions, is a regulator of thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, pancreatic islet-cell hormones and gastrin. In pharmacological dosage, gastric acid output, splanchnic blood flow and plasma renin levels, are influenced. A possible therapeutic effect on increased growth hormone secretion, disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, gastroenteropathies and renal hypertension, is discussed. The clinical application is limited by the short biological half-life of the substance and the unspecific action on several organs.", "PMID": 377888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3821", "title": "FPL 57787 and migraine prophylaxis. A double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over trial with placebo, FPL 57787, a chromone derivate, was tested on 15 patients as a prophylactic against migraine. There was found to be no effect.", "contents": "FPL 57787 and migraine prophylaxis. A double-blind cross-over study. In a double-blind cross-over trial with placebo, FPL 57787, a chromone derivate, was tested on 15 patients as a prophylactic against migraine. There was found to be no effect.", "PMID": 377890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3822", "title": "Transfer of bromocriptine across the blood-brain barrier in man.", "content": "The transfer of 14C-bromocriptine across the blood-brain barrier was studied in 10 patients using the double indicator single injection method. The extraction (E) of bromocriptine was 8 % (quartiles: 6 and 14 %). Based on the results the cerebral uptake velocity of bromocriptine was calculated assuming constant arterial drug concentration. Its T 1/2 was found to be 12--24 minutes, depending on the tissue-blood partition coefficient.", "contents": "Transfer of bromocriptine across the blood-brain barrier in man. The transfer of 14C-bromocriptine across the blood-brain barrier was studied in 10 patients using the double indicator single injection method. The extraction (E) of bromocriptine was 8 % (quartiles: 6 and 14 %). Based on the results the cerebral uptake velocity of bromocriptine was calculated assuming constant arterial drug concentration. Its T 1/2 was found to be 12--24 minutes, depending on the tissue-blood partition coefficient.", "PMID": 377891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3823", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The modern history of the management of intracranial aneurysm encompasses little more than a quarter century. These are seen in 5% routine autopsies and those under 2 mm exist in 17% normal adult brain vasculature. One third of strokes are SAH and aneurysms account for 70% of these. Aneurysms rupture at a rate of 12/100.000 population/year, mostly on the 5th, and 6th decades. Given the high morbidity and mortality of these (43% from first haemorrhage if untreated), surgeons can attempt to avoid rebleeding for a week or more until surgery becomes safe and expand the ability to deal safely with most of them regardless of size or position. Early surgery has still an unacceptable morbidity and operation is usually planned between the 6th and 10th day after the first bleed. Early surgery is only indicated when there is a clot and deterioration. Conservative measures are reduction of blood pressure and use of antifibrinolysins and some minor surgical means whose practicality is still unknown. The recognition of warning leaks must be one of the significant factors for future treatment. Several surgical adjuncts are of considerable value, i.e., brain shrinking agents, microsurgical technique, induced hypotension. Aneurisms are classified as: small (less than 12 mm) large or bulbous (12-25 mm) and giant (greater than 25 mm). From 326 of small vertebral-basilar aneurysms the results were excellent in 246, good in 35, poor in 26 and 19 died. From 71 basilar aneurysms only 6 died, the results being excellent in 42, good in 10 and poor in 13. The management of giant anterior circulation (Table III) and posterior circulation (Table IV) aneurysms, involved various surgical procedures including carotid, middle cerebral, vertebral and basilar artery ligation, neck occlusion, wrapping or coating, as an overall result the outcome was good in 52 out of 63 gicunt anterior circulation giant aneurysms but was bad in 48 out of 91 posterior circulation giant aneurysms. The best results were obtained with 7 carotid-cavernous aneurysms (all good) and the worse results with 17 giant aneurysms of the basilar trunk at the superior cerebellar artery (11 poor, 6 good). A technique for the percutaneous occlusion of the basilar artery with a plastic Rommel type tourniquet is described (Fig 3). This allows the occlusion under local anesthesia. It has been used in 10 cases with 2 deaths STA-MCA by-pass proved to be useful for the progressive occlusion of the MCA in 3 cases of giant middle cerebral aneurysms.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms. The modern history of the management of intracranial aneurysm encompasses little more than a quarter century. These are seen in 5% routine autopsies and those under 2 mm exist in 17% normal adult brain vasculature. One third of strokes are SAH and aneurysms account for 70% of these. Aneurysms rupture at a rate of 12/100.000 population/year, mostly on the 5th, and 6th decades. Given the high morbidity and mortality of these (43% from first haemorrhage if untreated), surgeons can attempt to avoid rebleeding for a week or more until surgery becomes safe and expand the ability to deal safely with most of them regardless of size or position. Early surgery has still an unacceptable morbidity and operation is usually planned between the 6th and 10th day after the first bleed. Early surgery is only indicated when there is a clot and deterioration. Conservative measures are reduction of blood pressure and use of antifibrinolysins and some minor surgical means whose practicality is still unknown. The recognition of warning leaks must be one of the significant factors for future treatment. Several surgical adjuncts are of considerable value, i.e., brain shrinking agents, microsurgical technique, induced hypotension. Aneurisms are classified as: small (less than 12 mm) large or bulbous (12-25 mm) and giant (greater than 25 mm). From 326 of small vertebral-basilar aneurysms the results were excellent in 246, good in 35, poor in 26 and 19 died. From 71 basilar aneurysms only 6 died, the results being excellent in 42, good in 10 and poor in 13. The management of giant anterior circulation (Table III) and posterior circulation (Table IV) aneurysms, involved various surgical procedures including carotid, middle cerebral, vertebral and basilar artery ligation, neck occlusion, wrapping or coating, as an overall result the outcome was good in 52 out of 63 gicunt anterior circulation giant aneurysms but was bad in 48 out of 91 posterior circulation giant aneurysms. The best results were obtained with 7 carotid-cavernous aneurysms (all good) and the worse results with 17 giant aneurysms of the basilar trunk at the superior cerebellar artery (11 poor, 6 good). A technique for the percutaneous occlusion of the basilar artery with a plastic Rommel type tourniquet is described (Fig 3). This allows the occlusion under local anesthesia. It has been used in 10 cases with 2 deaths STA-MCA by-pass proved to be useful for the progressive occlusion of the MCA in 3 cases of giant middle cerebral aneurysms.", "PMID": 377893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3824", "title": "Effects of lithium on morphological characteristics of dissociated brain cells in culture.", "content": "Lithium chloride was added in 5 and 10 mM concentrations for different periods of exposition time to dissociated cultures obtained from chicken embryonic brain. When supplementing lithium at day 1 in vitro for five days, a dose-dependent decrease in total protein was observed in the cultures as compared to the sodium-treated controls. Profound reduction was revealed in the length of neuronal processes and in the number of neuronal cell bodies by phase contrast microscopy and by morphometric means. After exposition of lithium in 10 mM concentration for 48 h, beside a slight decrease in number of perikaryons, a marked reduction in process length of neural elements was observed in the 6-day-old tissue cultures. Ultrastructurally, swollen and degenerating nerve processes have been found after lithium treatment suggesting a particular sensitivity of these structures to lithium ion.", "contents": "Effects of lithium on morphological characteristics of dissociated brain cells in culture. Lithium chloride was added in 5 and 10 mM concentrations for different periods of exposition time to dissociated cultures obtained from chicken embryonic brain. When supplementing lithium at day 1 in vitro for five days, a dose-dependent decrease in total protein was observed in the cultures as compared to the sodium-treated controls. Profound reduction was revealed in the length of neuronal processes and in the number of neuronal cell bodies by phase contrast microscopy and by morphometric means. After exposition of lithium in 10 mM concentration for 48 h, beside a slight decrease in number of perikaryons, a marked reduction in process length of neural elements was observed in the 6-day-old tissue cultures. Ultrastructurally, swollen and degenerating nerve processes have been found after lithium treatment suggesting a particular sensitivity of these structures to lithium ion.", "PMID": 377895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3825", "title": "Ripening of the cervix by intracervical application of PGE2-gel before termination of pregnancy with dilatation and evacuation.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind study a viscous gel, containing 0.25 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2-gel) or without prostaglandin (placebo gel), was applied intracervically in twenty-two nulliparous patients just before termination of early pregnancy by dilatation and evacuation (D & E). Within twelve hours a marked ripening of the cervix was found in all the eleven patients receiving PGE2-gel. Thus, a significant change in cervical dilatation from mean 5.4 mm to mean 10.7 mm occurred. Furthermore, a considerable softening of the cervix was registered. In the eleven patients receiving placebo gel, no significant changes in cervical dilatation or consistency were found. The subsequent D & E was easily performed in all patients treated with PGE2-gel. However, in three of the patients given placebo gel, D & E was difficult to carry out because of an unfavorable cervical state. To eliminate or decrease myometrial activity the calcium antagonist nifedipine was given orally to eight patients at application and five hours after application of 0.25 mg PGE2-gel. None of the patients recognized uterine contractions. However, also in these patients significant changes in cervical consistency and dilatation occurred within twelve hours. No side effects of the treatment were observed. It is concluded, that a preoperative, intracervical single application of 0.25 mg PGE2 seems to be useful to ripen the unfavorable cervix before subsequent termination of early pregnancy by D & E.", "contents": "Ripening of the cervix by intracervical application of PGE2-gel before termination of pregnancy with dilatation and evacuation. In a randomized double-blind study a viscous gel, containing 0.25 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2-gel) or without prostaglandin (placebo gel), was applied intracervically in twenty-two nulliparous patients just before termination of early pregnancy by dilatation and evacuation (D & E). Within twelve hours a marked ripening of the cervix was found in all the eleven patients receiving PGE2-gel. Thus, a significant change in cervical dilatation from mean 5.4 mm to mean 10.7 mm occurred. Furthermore, a considerable softening of the cervix was registered. In the eleven patients receiving placebo gel, no significant changes in cervical dilatation or consistency were found. The subsequent D & E was easily performed in all patients treated with PGE2-gel. However, in three of the patients given placebo gel, D & E was difficult to carry out because of an unfavorable cervical state. To eliminate or decrease myometrial activity the calcium antagonist nifedipine was given orally to eight patients at application and five hours after application of 0.25 mg PGE2-gel. None of the patients recognized uterine contractions. However, also in these patients significant changes in cervical consistency and dilatation occurred within twelve hours. No side effects of the treatment were observed. It is concluded, that a preoperative, intracervical single application of 0.25 mg PGE2 seems to be useful to ripen the unfavorable cervix before subsequent termination of early pregnancy by D & E.", "PMID": 377896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3826", "title": "A new gel for intracervical application of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "A new gel-formulation for intracervical application of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been prepared. As a vehicle for the gel a cross-link starch polymer is used. PGE2 substance is added to the starch polymer and after homogenization and lyophilization a PGE2 powder is obtained. The powder can be stored at room temperature for more than four months without inactivation of the prostaglandin. Before clinical application a few ml of saline is added to the powder giving, within 30 seconds, an easily-handled ready to use PGE2-gel. Chemical analysis by spectrophotometric technique reveals that the amount of unchanged PGE2 is the same in the new gel-formulation as in a conventional cellulose gel. In a randomized double-blind study the new PGE2-gel was intracervically applied to twenty nulliparae before abortion by dilatation and evacuation (D & E). Ten women were given a gel containing 0.25 mg PGE2 (PGE2-gel) and ten a gel without PGE2 (placebo gel). It was found that the PGE2-gel, in contrast to the placebo gel, produced a rapid ripening of the cervix facilitating the subsequent D & E. No adverse systemic or local reactions were found during or after the treatment.", "contents": "A new gel for intracervical application of prostaglandin E2. A new gel-formulation for intracervical application of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been prepared. As a vehicle for the gel a cross-link starch polymer is used. PGE2 substance is added to the starch polymer and after homogenization and lyophilization a PGE2 powder is obtained. The powder can be stored at room temperature for more than four months without inactivation of the prostaglandin. Before clinical application a few ml of saline is added to the powder giving, within 30 seconds, an easily-handled ready to use PGE2-gel. Chemical analysis by spectrophotometric technique reveals that the amount of unchanged PGE2 is the same in the new gel-formulation as in a conventional cellulose gel. In a randomized double-blind study the new PGE2-gel was intracervically applied to twenty nulliparae before abortion by dilatation and evacuation (D & E). Ten women were given a gel containing 0.25 mg PGE2 (PGE2-gel) and ten a gel without PGE2 (placebo gel). It was found that the PGE2-gel, in contrast to the placebo gel, produced a rapid ripening of the cervix facilitating the subsequent D & E. No adverse systemic or local reactions were found during or after the treatment.", "PMID": 377897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3827", "title": "Indoleamine accumulating neurons in the retina of chicken and pigeon. A comparison with the dopaminergic neurons.", "content": "Recently a special group of indoleamine accumulating neurons has been described in the retina of some mammals and goldfish. These neurons are characterized by their ability to accumulate indoleamines, whereby they become visible in the fluorescence microscope. They do not show any spontaneuos fluorescence. The indoleamine accumulating neurons are in this study shown to be present in the retina of chicken and pigeon. Their cell bodies differ from the earlier described cell bodies of the same type in other species in being larger and bottle shaped instead of round or oval, and in being situated further cutwards in the inner nuclear layer. Their terminals ramify in three sublayers in the inner plexiform layer. No indoleamine containing neurons could, however, be seen to fluoresce in normal retina of chick embryos, newborn chicken, older chicken or pigeons.", "contents": "Indoleamine accumulating neurons in the retina of chicken and pigeon. A comparison with the dopaminergic neurons. Recently a special group of indoleamine accumulating neurons has been described in the retina of some mammals and goldfish. These neurons are characterized by their ability to accumulate indoleamines, whereby they become visible in the fluorescence microscope. They do not show any spontaneuos fluorescence. The indoleamine accumulating neurons are in this study shown to be present in the retina of chicken and pigeon. Their cell bodies differ from the earlier described cell bodies of the same type in other species in being larger and bottle shaped instead of round or oval, and in being situated further cutwards in the inner nuclear layer. Their terminals ramify in three sublayers in the inner plexiform layer. No indoleamine containing neurons could, however, be seen to fluoresce in normal retina of chick embryos, newborn chicken, older chicken or pigeons.", "PMID": 377900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3828", "title": "Early postoperative changes in graft thickness after penetrating keratoplasty. Influence of host corneal disorder on time course.", "content": "In 172 patients the thickness of the corneal graft was followed with frequent measurements during the first 14 days after operation. Three different graft thickness time courses were observed. Patients with keratitis, stromal dystrophy and corrosion or mechanical lesion showed a secondary rise in graft thickness on the 6th postoperative day, while patients with keratoconus and those treated with tranexamic acid showed no rise on the 6th day. Patients with Fuchs' dystrophy differed from the other groups in not reaching the maximal thickness until the 3rd postoperative day. The possible correlation of these three time courses with changes in the fibrinolytic system is discussed.", "contents": "Early postoperative changes in graft thickness after penetrating keratoplasty. Influence of host corneal disorder on time course. In 172 patients the thickness of the corneal graft was followed with frequent measurements during the first 14 days after operation. Three different graft thickness time courses were observed. Patients with keratitis, stromal dystrophy and corrosion or mechanical lesion showed a secondary rise in graft thickness on the 6th postoperative day, while patients with keratoconus and those treated with tranexamic acid showed no rise on the 6th day. Patients with Fuchs' dystrophy differed from the other groups in not reaching the maximal thickness until the 3rd postoperative day. The possible correlation of these three time courses with changes in the fibrinolytic system is discussed.", "PMID": 377901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3829", "title": "Mastoid obliteration.", "content": "Mastoid obliteration is recommended as a routine procedure in all mastoid surgery. Bone chips from the mastoid tip, bone pat\u00e9 from the cortical bone and lyophilized dura can all be employed effectively to fill the epitympanic space and Traumann's triangle. The former annulus is reconstructed using lyodura and periost-bearing bone and the canal wall is fortified and the cavity filled with the metally based postauricular musculoperiosteal flap. Any remaining cavity is filled with bone chips and bone pat\u00e9.", "contents": "Mastoid obliteration. Mastoid obliteration is recommended as a routine procedure in all mastoid surgery. Bone chips from the mastoid tip, bone pat\u00e9 from the cortical bone and lyophilized dura can all be employed effectively to fill the epitympanic space and Traumann's triangle. The former annulus is reconstructed using lyodura and periost-bearing bone and the canal wall is fortified and the cavity filled with the metally based postauricular musculoperiosteal flap. Any remaining cavity is filled with bone chips and bone pat\u00e9.", "PMID": 377902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3830", "title": "Lymphocytes of adenoid tissue.", "content": "Adenoid tissue was obtained at operation from 27 children admitted for adenoidectomy and from 6 controls. The occurrence of cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was studied semiquantitatively by immunofluorescence microscopy of tissue sections, by which localization, number of cells and class of immunoglobulin were determined. No differences were found between patients and controls. Cells isolated from adenoid tissue were compared with mononuclear leukocytes obtained from the blood. More B lymphocytes were found in the tissue, in particular IgM-carrying cells. This was more pronounced in the patient group. Cells were stimulated in culture with polyclonal activators and microbial antigens. The response of adenoid lymphocytes to Haemophilus influenzae (HI) was high in 7/27 patients; all patients in whom throat culture was positive for HI were low responders.", "contents": "Lymphocytes of adenoid tissue. Adenoid tissue was obtained at operation from 27 children admitted for adenoidectomy and from 6 controls. The occurrence of cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was studied semiquantitatively by immunofluorescence microscopy of tissue sections, by which localization, number of cells and class of immunoglobulin were determined. No differences were found between patients and controls. Cells isolated from adenoid tissue were compared with mononuclear leukocytes obtained from the blood. More B lymphocytes were found in the tissue, in particular IgM-carrying cells. This was more pronounced in the patient group. Cells were stimulated in culture with polyclonal activators and microbial antigens. The response of adenoid lymphocytes to Haemophilus influenzae (HI) was high in 7/27 patients; all patients in whom throat culture was positive for HI were low responders.", "PMID": 377903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3831", "title": "Immunoglobulin-producing cells in clinically normal, hyperplastic and inflamed human palatine tonsils.", "content": "Patients suffering from recurrent tonsillitis (RT), hyperplastic tonsillitis (HT), or idopathic tonsillar hyperplasia (ITH) were compared in immunological studies with subjects showing clinically normal tonsils. Serum concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, were found to be increased in association with tonsillitis. Conversely, the number of IgG-, IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes per tissue unit was reduced in the germinal centres of lymphoid follicles, in the extrafollicular areas, and in the reticular parts of the crypt epithelium. The overall percentage distribution of these cells was normally 65:30:3.5:1.2 for the IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD classes, respectively. In RT these figures were 53:39:4.7:4.4; in HT, 67:25:4.0:4.5; and in IHT, 50 : 33 : 7.2 : 10. Thus, there were only small alterations in the immunocyte class proportions, except for a significant relative increase in IgD-producing cells. The results indicate that there is a functional defect of the tonsils in association with disease. The relative accumulation of IgD cells is probably explained by an inadequate local maturational process in B-cell system, altough some influence of low age cannot be excluded in the HT and ITH groups.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-producing cells in clinically normal, hyperplastic and inflamed human palatine tonsils. Patients suffering from recurrent tonsillitis (RT), hyperplastic tonsillitis (HT), or idopathic tonsillar hyperplasia (ITH) were compared in immunological studies with subjects showing clinically normal tonsils. Serum concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, were found to be increased in association with tonsillitis. Conversely, the number of IgG-, IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes per tissue unit was reduced in the germinal centres of lymphoid follicles, in the extrafollicular areas, and in the reticular parts of the crypt epithelium. The overall percentage distribution of these cells was normally 65:30:3.5:1.2 for the IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD classes, respectively. In RT these figures were 53:39:4.7:4.4; in HT, 67:25:4.0:4.5; and in IHT, 50 : 33 : 7.2 : 10. Thus, there were only small alterations in the immunocyte class proportions, except for a significant relative increase in IgD-producing cells. The results indicate that there is a functional defect of the tonsils in association with disease. The relative accumulation of IgD cells is probably explained by an inadequate local maturational process in B-cell system, altough some influence of low age cannot be excluded in the HT and ITH groups.", "PMID": 377904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3832", "title": "Immunohistochemical studies on the epithelial and lymphoid components of Warthin's tumour.", "content": "The lymphoid and epithelial elements of three Warthin's tumours (adenolymphomas) were studied by immunohistochemical technique. All classes of immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells were found, except IgE immunocytes. The numbers of cells/mm2 section area (median and range) were: 20.4 (15.2--27.2), 4.8 (2.8--12.4). 4.8 (0.4--9.6) and O (0--1.2) for IgG-, IgA-, IgM- and IgD-producing cells respectively. This gives percentage class ratios (68:16:16:0) which are quite different from those found in normal parotid tissue (3.6:91:3.1:2.6). Thus, the immunocytes found in Warthin's tumour are clearly polyclonal and show a class distribution comparable to that of lymphoid organs such as the tonsils. Also as in such organs, there were lymphoid follicles with mantle zone of B lymphocytes bearing membrane-bound IgM and IgD, and germinal centres showing reticular IgM staining. Apical staining for IgA and secretory component (SC) was shown in the luminal cells of the tumour epithelium, giving a fluorescence pattern similar to that of normal striated ducts. Selective transport of IgA apparently taken place into the cystic spaces of the tumour. Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), normally absent from striated ducts, was not generally present in the tumour epithelium, but was found in small groups of cells, especially in papilliferous parts of the epithelium. Warthin's tumour therefore seems to be composed of a fairly inactive normal lymphoreticular tissue and a neoplastic duct epithelium, most of which is highly differentiated with retention of immunoglobulin transport.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical studies on the epithelial and lymphoid components of Warthin's tumour. The lymphoid and epithelial elements of three Warthin's tumours (adenolymphomas) were studied by immunohistochemical technique. All classes of immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells were found, except IgE immunocytes. The numbers of cells/mm2 section area (median and range) were: 20.4 (15.2--27.2), 4.8 (2.8--12.4). 4.8 (0.4--9.6) and O (0--1.2) for IgG-, IgA-, IgM- and IgD-producing cells respectively. This gives percentage class ratios (68:16:16:0) which are quite different from those found in normal parotid tissue (3.6:91:3.1:2.6). Thus, the immunocytes found in Warthin's tumour are clearly polyclonal and show a class distribution comparable to that of lymphoid organs such as the tonsils. Also as in such organs, there were lymphoid follicles with mantle zone of B lymphocytes bearing membrane-bound IgM and IgD, and germinal centres showing reticular IgM staining. Apical staining for IgA and secretory component (SC) was shown in the luminal cells of the tumour epithelium, giving a fluorescence pattern similar to that of normal striated ducts. Selective transport of IgA apparently taken place into the cystic spaces of the tumour. Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), normally absent from striated ducts, was not generally present in the tumour epithelium, but was found in small groups of cells, especially in papilliferous parts of the epithelium. Warthin's tumour therefore seems to be composed of a fairly inactive normal lymphoreticular tissue and a neoplastic duct epithelium, most of which is highly differentiated with retention of immunoglobulin transport.", "PMID": 377905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3833", "title": "Heredo-ataxia and cochleo-vestibular disorders.", "content": "Cochleo-vestibular dysfunction of patients suffering from a heredo-ataxia, have been frequently described. A family and a single case are presented, which show the association of a heredo-ataxia, more specifically the Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome, progressive sensorineural loss, nystagmus and vestibular a- or hyporeflexia. A review of the literature is included and the standpoints concerning the nosological entities are discussed.", "contents": "Heredo-ataxia and cochleo-vestibular disorders. Cochleo-vestibular dysfunction of patients suffering from a heredo-ataxia, have been frequently described. A family and a single case are presented, which show the association of a heredo-ataxia, more specifically the Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome, progressive sensorineural loss, nystagmus and vestibular a- or hyporeflexia. A review of the literature is included and the standpoints concerning the nosological entities are discussed.", "PMID": 377906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3834", "title": "Masugi nephritis in T cell-depleted state. Influence of adult thymectomy and anti-thymocyte serum.", "content": "The effects of surgical removal of the thymus or the administration of antiserum to thymus-derived lymphocytes on the development of Masugi nephritis were investigated in Wistar rats. While thymectomy at weaning (ATx) had no significant effect on the humoral antibody response to injected rabbit IgG, repeated injections of rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) suppressed it remarkably. Both treatments did not show morphological evidences that glomerular inflammation and injury were suppressed in the autologous phase of Masugi nephritis. Glomerular lesions in rats receiving the nephrotoxic serum (NTS) one month after ATx (ATx-1+NTS) appeared to be severer in hypercellularity, mitotic counts, the amount of deposited fibrin-related substances and crescent formation than those in other nephritic groups. Morphological study of ATS+NTS rats revealed that the glomerular changes were nearly equal to those of NTS-injected control rats, in spite of markedly suppressed humoral response to injected rabbit IgG and the absence of host IgG along the glomerular capillary walls.", "contents": "Masugi nephritis in T cell-depleted state. Influence of adult thymectomy and anti-thymocyte serum. The effects of surgical removal of the thymus or the administration of antiserum to thymus-derived lymphocytes on the development of Masugi nephritis were investigated in Wistar rats. While thymectomy at weaning (ATx) had no significant effect on the humoral antibody response to injected rabbit IgG, repeated injections of rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) suppressed it remarkably. Both treatments did not show morphological evidences that glomerular inflammation and injury were suppressed in the autologous phase of Masugi nephritis. Glomerular lesions in rats receiving the nephrotoxic serum (NTS) one month after ATx (ATx-1+NTS) appeared to be severer in hypercellularity, mitotic counts, the amount of deposited fibrin-related substances and crescent formation than those in other nephritic groups. Morphological study of ATS+NTS rats revealed that the glomerular changes were nearly equal to those of NTS-injected control rats, in spite of markedly suppressed humoral response to injected rabbit IgG and the absence of host IgG along the glomerular capillary walls.", "PMID": 377909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3835", "title": "Widespread eczema vaccinatum acquired by contacts. A report of an autopsy case.", "content": "A 4-month-old male infant predisposed to allergic dermatitis acquired wide-spread eczema vaccinatum by contacts with a recently vaccinated sibling. He died of acute purulent peritonitis following a perforation of multiple duodenal ulcers. Fluorescence immunocytochemical and electron microscopic studies on the skin lesions revealed the presence of viral antigens and numerous virus particles compatible morphologically with those of the mature form from the same batch of smallpox vaccine given to the sibling. A large number of virus particles in the developmental form were also predominantly scattered in the cytoplasm of cells at the stratum malpighii of the epidermis as well as in neutrophils and macrophages in the skin lesions. The virus isolation from the skin lesions was done by using the HeLa cells and the human embryonic lung fibroblasts. No abnormal laboratory data were noted in immunoglobulins. On the basis of atrophy of the thymus and other lymphatic tissues and an appearance of large pyroninophilic cells in association with blastoid transformation, the authors discussed a possible participation of the disturbance of cellular immunity secondary to the virus infection in the development of the disease.", "contents": "Widespread eczema vaccinatum acquired by contacts. A report of an autopsy case. A 4-month-old male infant predisposed to allergic dermatitis acquired wide-spread eczema vaccinatum by contacts with a recently vaccinated sibling. He died of acute purulent peritonitis following a perforation of multiple duodenal ulcers. Fluorescence immunocytochemical and electron microscopic studies on the skin lesions revealed the presence of viral antigens and numerous virus particles compatible morphologically with those of the mature form from the same batch of smallpox vaccine given to the sibling. A large number of virus particles in the developmental form were also predominantly scattered in the cytoplasm of cells at the stratum malpighii of the epidermis as well as in neutrophils and macrophages in the skin lesions. The virus isolation from the skin lesions was done by using the HeLa cells and the human embryonic lung fibroblasts. No abnormal laboratory data were noted in immunoglobulins. On the basis of atrophy of the thymus and other lymphatic tissues and an appearance of large pyroninophilic cells in association with blastoid transformation, the authors discussed a possible participation of the disturbance of cellular immunity secondary to the virus infection in the development of the disease.", "PMID": 377910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3836", "title": "Comparative effects of centrophenoxine on the picrotoxin convulsive-seizure threshold in non-irradiated and irradiated mice.", "content": "A comparative study is made of the effect of centrophenoxine (CP) on the picrotoxin convulsive-seizure threshold (PCST) in non-irradiated and irradiated 3 and 7 days previously male mice. It is found that the CP appliked intracerebroventricularly in doses of 200 and 400 micrograms/mouse (weight 18-22 g), increases PCST. In non-irradiated mice the PCST-increasing effect of CP occurs rapidly (5 min) and it is brief (it can be observed until the 15th min). When the irradiation is performed three days previously, the PCST-increasing effect of CP is prolonged (it is observed until the 6th hour after its application). When the irradiation is performed seven days previously the characteristic features of the PCST-increasing effect of CP are similar to those in the early stage (3 days), the only difference being that the duration of the effect is prolonged to 120 min. Generally, these specificities of the CP effect are valid for all three phases of the convulsive seizure (general excitation, clonic convulsive seizure and tonic convulsive seizure.", "contents": "Comparative effects of centrophenoxine on the picrotoxin convulsive-seizure threshold in non-irradiated and irradiated mice. A comparative study is made of the effect of centrophenoxine (CP) on the picrotoxin convulsive-seizure threshold (PCST) in non-irradiated and irradiated 3 and 7 days previously male mice. It is found that the CP appliked intracerebroventricularly in doses of 200 and 400 micrograms/mouse (weight 18-22 g), increases PCST. In non-irradiated mice the PCST-increasing effect of CP occurs rapidly (5 min) and it is brief (it can be observed until the 15th min). When the irradiation is performed three days previously, the PCST-increasing effect of CP is prolonged (it is observed until the 6th hour after its application). When the irradiation is performed seven days previously the characteristic features of the PCST-increasing effect of CP are similar to those in the early stage (3 days), the only difference being that the duration of the effect is prolonged to 120 min. Generally, these specificities of the CP effect are valid for all three phases of the convulsive seizure (general excitation, clonic convulsive seizure and tonic convulsive seizure.", "PMID": 377911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3837", "title": "[Development of psychiatric care in semi-urban and rural areas of Costa Rica].", "content": "Information is given concerning the historical background of Psychiatric Services in Costa Rica. These services have been rendered since the year 1890 when a European style Asylum was opened in San Jos\u00e9, the Capital City. The first residency program in Psichiatry begun in the early sixties with its projection into Community Psychiatry during the third year of training as well as the first actions trying to demonstrate to the administrators the usefullness and extension of Mental Health programmes for the future of the country. The residency training program evolved into a national program offering psychiatric assistance throughout the country. Seven out-patient facilities in the metropolitan area plus eleven out-patient facilities in semi-urban and rural areas were founded. To motivate the newly graduated psychiatrists to accept their designation in smaller towns and villages for a full time work was possible because of the experience that they had in Community Psychiatry during their training, there was a clear understanding when signing for the residency programme that at least for two years, they would work in the provinces. A closed relationship after their training with the National Psychiatric Hospital and the Coordination of National Psychiatric Services was kept. In the local, semi-rural communities, the Psychiatrists can hospitalize their train-in local general Hospitals and work closely with the rest of the medical staff.", "contents": "[Development of psychiatric care in semi-urban and rural areas of Costa Rica]. Information is given concerning the historical background of Psychiatric Services in Costa Rica. These services have been rendered since the year 1890 when a European style Asylum was opened in San Jos\u00e9, the Capital City. The first residency program in Psichiatry begun in the early sixties with its projection into Community Psychiatry during the third year of training as well as the first actions trying to demonstrate to the administrators the usefullness and extension of Mental Health programmes for the future of the country. The residency training program evolved into a national program offering psychiatric assistance throughout the country. Seven out-patient facilities in the metropolitan area plus eleven out-patient facilities in semi-urban and rural areas were founded. To motivate the newly graduated psychiatrists to accept their designation in smaller towns and villages for a full time work was possible because of the experience that they had in Community Psychiatry during their training, there was a clear understanding when signing for the residency programme that at least for two years, they would work in the provinces. A closed relationship after their training with the National Psychiatric Hospital and the Coordination of National Psychiatric Services was kept. In the local, semi-rural communities, the Psychiatrists can hospitalize their train-in local general Hospitals and work closely with the rest of the medical staff.", "PMID": 377914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3838", "title": "Bone maturation in children with chronic renal failure. Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 and renal transplantation.", "content": "In 8 of 11 children with terminal chronic renal failure, bone age was retarded 6 months to 3 years. During hemodialysis the bone maturation rate decreased. 1 alpha-OH vitamin D3 treatment and renal transplantation normalized the bone maturation rate.", "contents": "Bone maturation in children with chronic renal failure. Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 and renal transplantation. In 8 of 11 children with terminal chronic renal failure, bone age was retarded 6 months to 3 years. During hemodialysis the bone maturation rate decreased. 1 alpha-OH vitamin D3 treatment and renal transplantation normalized the bone maturation rate.", "PMID": 377915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3839", "title": "Syncope caused by lithium treatment. Report on two cases and a prospective investigation of the prevalence of lithium-induced sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "Lithium salts have been widely used for several years in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis. Various side-effects of lithium salts have been described. The present case report present two patients in whom sinus node dysfunction leading to syncope was caused by lithium. One of the cases showed signs of depressed sinus node function even when not on lithium, but no symptoms arose until lithium treatment was commenced. The second case showed no signs of depressed sinus node function when lithium was withdrawn. To study the prevalence of sinus node dysfunction in patients on lithium therapy, 97 consecutive patients on lithium were examined. The examination included case history, ECG and carotid massage. In two patients lithium could not be ruled out as being responsible for sinus node depression and in one patient the same was true for the atrioventricular node. None of these patients had any symptoms. It is concluded that lithium treatment may result in sinus node dysfunction. This side-effect is, however, not common. Lithium treatment can obviously be instituted in all patients without a history suggesting sinus node dysfunction. Patients with a history of dizziness and/or syncope should not be given lithium until thorough cardiological examination has been carried out. Likewise, a cardiological examination should be performed if patients on lithium develop symptoms of this type.", "contents": "Syncope caused by lithium treatment. Report on two cases and a prospective investigation of the prevalence of lithium-induced sinus node dysfunction. Lithium salts have been widely used for several years in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis. Various side-effects of lithium salts have been described. The present case report present two patients in whom sinus node dysfunction leading to syncope was caused by lithium. One of the cases showed signs of depressed sinus node function even when not on lithium, but no symptoms arose until lithium treatment was commenced. The second case showed no signs of depressed sinus node function when lithium was withdrawn. To study the prevalence of sinus node dysfunction in patients on lithium therapy, 97 consecutive patients on lithium were examined. The examination included case history, ECG and carotid massage. In two patients lithium could not be ruled out as being responsible for sinus node depression and in one patient the same was true for the atrioventricular node. None of these patients had any symptoms. It is concluded that lithium treatment may result in sinus node dysfunction. This side-effect is, however, not common. Lithium treatment can obviously be instituted in all patients without a history suggesting sinus node dysfunction. Patients with a history of dizziness and/or syncope should not be given lithium until thorough cardiological examination has been carried out. Likewise, a cardiological examination should be performed if patients on lithium develop symptoms of this type.", "PMID": 377917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3840", "title": "Propranolol in angina pectoris: duration of improved exercise tolerance and circulatory effects after acute oral administration.", "content": "The duration of the effects of single oral doses of 80 and 160 mg of propranolol was studied in 11 patients with stable, exercise-induced angina pectoris. After administration of both doses, plasma propranolol levels peaked at 2 hours in 8 of the 11 patients and thereafter declined exponentially with an average plasma half-life of 3.98 hours (range 1.4 to 4.3) after the 80 mg dose and 4.28 hours (range 1.9 to 5.4) after the 160 mg dose. There was wide interindividual variation in plasma propranolol concentration at any given time after each dose. Treadmill walking time to the onset of angina, the total duration of exercise and the total external work performed were significantly greater by 1 hour after each dose of propranolol than after placebo. This improvement in exercise tolerance persisted unchanged for 8 hours (P less than 0.001) and was still significant although less marked at 12 hours (P less than 0.05). Improvement in exercise tolerance after propranolol was associated with a significant reduction in S-T segment depression during exercise. Both at rest and during exercise, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product decreased after propranolol, and these circulatory effects persisted for 12 hours. Changes in walking time, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were similar after 80 and 160 mg of propranolol. Despite the increase in exercise duration and in total work performed after propranolol, the rate-pressure product at the onset of angina was lower after propranolol. In view of the prolonged effects of single oral doses of 80 and 160 mg of propranolol, it is suggested that administration of propranolol twice daily should be adequate in treating patients with stable angina pectoris. These studies also demonstrate that routine measurement of plasma propranolol levels is of little practical value in the management of patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "Propranolol in angina pectoris: duration of improved exercise tolerance and circulatory effects after acute oral administration. The duration of the effects of single oral doses of 80 and 160 mg of propranolol was studied in 11 patients with stable, exercise-induced angina pectoris. After administration of both doses, plasma propranolol levels peaked at 2 hours in 8 of the 11 patients and thereafter declined exponentially with an average plasma half-life of 3.98 hours (range 1.4 to 4.3) after the 80 mg dose and 4.28 hours (range 1.9 to 5.4) after the 160 mg dose. There was wide interindividual variation in plasma propranolol concentration at any given time after each dose. Treadmill walking time to the onset of angina, the total duration of exercise and the total external work performed were significantly greater by 1 hour after each dose of propranolol than after placebo. This improvement in exercise tolerance persisted unchanged for 8 hours (P less than 0.001) and was still significant although less marked at 12 hours (P less than 0.05). Improvement in exercise tolerance after propranolol was associated with a significant reduction in S-T segment depression during exercise. Both at rest and during exercise, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product decreased after propranolol, and these circulatory effects persisted for 12 hours. Changes in walking time, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were similar after 80 and 160 mg of propranolol. Despite the increase in exercise duration and in total work performed after propranolol, the rate-pressure product at the onset of angina was lower after propranolol. In view of the prolonged effects of single oral doses of 80 and 160 mg of propranolol, it is suggested that administration of propranolol twice daily should be adequate in treating patients with stable angina pectoris. These studies also demonstrate that routine measurement of plasma propranolol levels is of little practical value in the management of patients with angina pectoris.", "PMID": 377932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3841", "title": "Indications for surgical replacement of the mitral valve. With particular reference to common and uncommon causes of mitral regurgitation.", "content": "Mitral valve replacement is considered when there is severe mitral stenosis, severe mitral insufficiency or a combination of the two. Ordinarily, surgical replacement is considered only for patients who are in functional classes III or IV and do not respond to medical management. Patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis should be treated with mitral commissurotomy whenever possible. Patients selected for commissurotomy should have a pliable valve, no other major valve dysfunction, sinus rhythm, no systemic embolism and good left ventricular function. Early operation is not ordinarily required. Mitral insufficiency may require mitral valve replacement in six rather common settings: rheumatic disease, rupture of mitral chordae tendineae, postinfarction rupture of a papillary muscle, intractable infective endocarditis, floppy mitral valve and malfunction of a prosthetic valve. Rupture of mitral chordae tendineae can usually be recognized from the history, physical examination, echocardiogram and angiocardiogram. Severe left ventricular papillary muscle dysfunction is usually due to cardiac infarction, and occurs within the first 9 days of infarction. When only a papillary muscle tip is ruptured the patient may survive long enough for a mitral valve replacement. In infective endocarditis, operation is more often needed because of congestive heart failure than because of refractory infection. Evidence of mitral stenosis or insufficiency in a patient with a previously implanted prosthetic valve usually indicates an urgent need for study and early operation. Uncommon causes of mitral incompetence that may require valve replacement are endocardial fibroelastosis, Marfan's syndrome, calcified mitral anulus, osteogenesis imperfecta, methysergide-induced heart disease and carcinoid heart disease.", "contents": "Indications for surgical replacement of the mitral valve. With particular reference to common and uncommon causes of mitral regurgitation. Mitral valve replacement is considered when there is severe mitral stenosis, severe mitral insufficiency or a combination of the two. Ordinarily, surgical replacement is considered only for patients who are in functional classes III or IV and do not respond to medical management. Patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis should be treated with mitral commissurotomy whenever possible. Patients selected for commissurotomy should have a pliable valve, no other major valve dysfunction, sinus rhythm, no systemic embolism and good left ventricular function. Early operation is not ordinarily required. Mitral insufficiency may require mitral valve replacement in six rather common settings: rheumatic disease, rupture of mitral chordae tendineae, postinfarction rupture of a papillary muscle, intractable infective endocarditis, floppy mitral valve and malfunction of a prosthetic valve. Rupture of mitral chordae tendineae can usually be recognized from the history, physical examination, echocardiogram and angiocardiogram. Severe left ventricular papillary muscle dysfunction is usually due to cardiac infarction, and occurs within the first 9 days of infarction. When only a papillary muscle tip is ruptured the patient may survive long enough for a mitral valve replacement. In infective endocarditis, operation is more often needed because of congestive heart failure than because of refractory infection. Evidence of mitral stenosis or insufficiency in a patient with a previously implanted prosthetic valve usually indicates an urgent need for study and early operation. Uncommon causes of mitral incompetence that may require valve replacement are endocardial fibroelastosis, Marfan's syndrome, calcified mitral anulus, osteogenesis imperfecta, methysergide-induced heart disease and carcinoid heart disease.", "PMID": 377933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3842", "title": "Small vessel disease of the heart resulting in myocardial necrosis and death despite angiographically normal coronary arteries.", "content": "A 46 year old man who had undergone cardiac transplantation 1 year previously had progressive congestive heart failure without evidence of cardiac rejection. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a reduced ejection fraction and cardiac output caused by diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia, but the epicardial coronary arteries were widely patent. The transit time of injected contrast material across the coronary arterial tree was greatly slowed. Within a few days cardiogenic shock and death occurred. The large epicardial coronary vessels were grossly patent at autopsy, although nonstenosing arteriosclerotic plaques were identifiable histologically. However, intramyocardial vessels showed severe arteriosclerotic narrowing, resulting in multiple, diffuse microinfarcts.", "contents": "Small vessel disease of the heart resulting in myocardial necrosis and death despite angiographically normal coronary arteries. A 46 year old man who had undergone cardiac transplantation 1 year previously had progressive congestive heart failure without evidence of cardiac rejection. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a reduced ejection fraction and cardiac output caused by diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia, but the epicardial coronary arteries were widely patent. The transit time of injected contrast material across the coronary arterial tree was greatly slowed. Within a few days cardiogenic shock and death occurred. The large epicardial coronary vessels were grossly patent at autopsy, although nonstenosing arteriosclerotic plaques were identifiable histologically. However, intramyocardial vessels showed severe arteriosclerotic narrowing, resulting in multiple, diffuse microinfarcts.", "PMID": 377934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3843", "title": "Some effects of deoxycholate administration on the metabolism of cholesterol in man.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemic subjects in a metabolic ward were kept under uniform dietary conditions until constant levels of serum cholesterol were observed. Oral dosage with deoxycholate (1.5 to 3 g daily for a period of 4 to 10 weeks) resulted in a marked reduction of serum cholesterol concentration. Studies with 14C-labeled cholesterol demonstrated that deoxycholate administration decreased absorption of cholesterol from the human intestinal tract. In these subjects, the turnover rate of serum cholesterol was more rapid during therapy with deoxycholate than during control periods. Deoxycholate appeared to influence the intestinal flora as assessed indirectly by analysis of the types of neutral sterols eliminated with the feces. Decreased synthesis of cholesterol during deoxycholate administration uas demonstrated in a study with 14C-mevalonate. It is concluded that deoxycholic acid can have an important role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in humans.", "contents": "Some effects of deoxycholate administration on the metabolism of cholesterol in man. Hypercholesterolemic subjects in a metabolic ward were kept under uniform dietary conditions until constant levels of serum cholesterol were observed. Oral dosage with deoxycholate (1.5 to 3 g daily for a period of 4 to 10 weeks) resulted in a marked reduction of serum cholesterol concentration. Studies with 14C-labeled cholesterol demonstrated that deoxycholate administration decreased absorption of cholesterol from the human intestinal tract. In these subjects, the turnover rate of serum cholesterol was more rapid during therapy with deoxycholate than during control periods. Deoxycholate appeared to influence the intestinal flora as assessed indirectly by analysis of the types of neutral sterols eliminated with the feces. Decreased synthesis of cholesterol during deoxycholate administration uas demonstrated in a study with 14C-mevalonate. It is concluded that deoxycholic acid can have an important role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in humans.", "PMID": 377936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3844", "title": "An improved histochemical method for detection of estrogen receptors in mammary cancer. Comparison with biochemical assay.", "content": "Unselected, consecutive surgical specimens from 120 women with cancer of the breast were subjected to histochemical assay for the presence of estrogen receptor. A fluoresceinated bovine serum albumin--estradiol conjugate was used that linked estradiol at position 17 and contained 5 mol fluorescein and 4 mol estradiol per mole albumin. Simultaneous competitive binding studies with excess unlabeled estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and the antiestrogen nitromifene citrate were regularly performed. Results were compared to those obtained by the dextran-coated charcoal receptor assay. Three specimens were necrotic, two others thawed, and two lacked sufficient protein for biochemical analysis. One specimen did not contain tumor, and 11 others showed a predominant nuclear staining pattern. Nuclear receptor was not assayed biochemically. Comparison of results in the remaining 101 cases showed agreement in 92%. The precedure is uncomplicated, economical, and could be performed and interpreted in any pathology laboratory.", "contents": "An improved histochemical method for detection of estrogen receptors in mammary cancer. Comparison with biochemical assay. Unselected, consecutive surgical specimens from 120 women with cancer of the breast were subjected to histochemical assay for the presence of estrogen receptor. A fluoresceinated bovine serum albumin--estradiol conjugate was used that linked estradiol at position 17 and contained 5 mol fluorescein and 4 mol estradiol per mole albumin. Simultaneous competitive binding studies with excess unlabeled estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and the antiestrogen nitromifene citrate were regularly performed. Results were compared to those obtained by the dextran-coated charcoal receptor assay. Three specimens were necrotic, two others thawed, and two lacked sufficient protein for biochemical analysis. One specimen did not contain tumor, and 11 others showed a predominant nuclear staining pattern. Nuclear receptor was not assayed biochemically. Comparison of results in the remaining 101 cases showed agreement in 92%. The precedure is uncomplicated, economical, and could be performed and interpreted in any pathology laboratory.", "PMID": 377938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3845", "title": "Erroneous thyroid-stimulating hormone radioimmunoassay results due to interfering antibovine thyroid-stimulating hormone antibodies.", "content": "Apparent elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was found in a case of a patient receiving adequate replacement therapy after thyroidectomy for a follicular carcinoma. This was an artifact due to interference with the radioimmunoassay by circulating antibovine TSH antibodies. The double-antibody technic showed spuriously elevated levels, and the single-antibody technic showed low levels of serum TSH by radioimmunoassay in the presence of antibodies.", "contents": "Erroneous thyroid-stimulating hormone radioimmunoassay results due to interfering antibovine thyroid-stimulating hormone antibodies. Apparent elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was found in a case of a patient receiving adequate replacement therapy after thyroidectomy for a follicular carcinoma. This was an artifact due to interference with the radioimmunoassay by circulating antibovine TSH antibodies. The double-antibody technic showed spuriously elevated levels, and the single-antibody technic showed low levels of serum TSH by radioimmunoassay in the presence of antibodies.", "PMID": 377939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3846", "title": "Incidental medullary thyroid carcinoma in sporadic hyperparathyroidism. An expansion of the concept of C-cell hyperplasia.", "content": "Two patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism were found to harbor tiny medullary thyroid carcinomas. In addition, parafollicular-cell hyperplasia was recognized in one of these thyroids by the use of immunoperoxidase stain to localize calcitonin. The possible relationships between these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Incidental medullary thyroid carcinoma in sporadic hyperparathyroidism. An expansion of the concept of C-cell hyperplasia. Two patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism were found to harbor tiny medullary thyroid carcinomas. In addition, parafollicular-cell hyperplasia was recognized in one of these thyroids by the use of immunoperoxidase stain to localize calcitonin. The possible relationships between these lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 377940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3847", "title": "The histopathology of enteric infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "The gross and microscopic pathologic changes in 70 cases of serologically proven enteric infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are presented. The highest incidence was in young males, and the commonest infecting organism belonged to serologic O-group I. Clinically, the illness resembled acute appendicitis, but the most consistent finding at laparotomy was mesentric lymphadenitis. Surgical specimens examined included 69 mesenteric lymph nodes, 18 appendices, five terminal ileums, and two ascending colons. Histologically, four stages of the disease were identified, leading to the formation of characteristic granulomas with central necrosis and microabscess formation. Ulceration of the intestinal and appendicular mucosa may occur. The illness usually runs a benign course, and antibiotic treatment is rarely necessary. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed with reference to the current literature.", "contents": "The histopathology of enteric infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The gross and microscopic pathologic changes in 70 cases of serologically proven enteric infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are presented. The highest incidence was in young males, and the commonest infecting organism belonged to serologic O-group I. Clinically, the illness resembled acute appendicitis, but the most consistent finding at laparotomy was mesentric lymphadenitis. Surgical specimens examined included 69 mesenteric lymph nodes, 18 appendices, five terminal ileums, and two ascending colons. Histologically, four stages of the disease were identified, leading to the formation of characteristic granulomas with central necrosis and microabscess formation. Ulceration of the intestinal and appendicular mucosa may occur. The illness usually runs a benign course, and antibiotic treatment is rarely necessary. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed with reference to the current literature.", "PMID": 377942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3848", "title": "Correlations of immunologic markers with histologic features of human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Twenty-five lymph nodes from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymohomas were evaluated by immunologic technics applied to cell suspensions and tissue sections. Malignant lymphomas with cytologic characteristics similar to those of neoplastic cells were found to be immunologically heterogeneous. The distribution as well as the number of neoplastic cells with distinctive immunologic surface markers could not be related to the cytologic type of malignant lymphomas. The number of malignant cells simultaneously expressing the T- and B-cell markers was increased in malignant lymphoma nodes. Cells positive for the triple markers (Ig+, EAC+, T+, where Ig = immunoglobulin, EAC = erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and complement, and T = T marker) represented the predominant population in these nodes, and the distributions of these cells were useful in diagnosis. Monoclonal immunoglobulins were detected in all lymphoma cells but not in the patients' sera. The tissue distribution of EAC-positive cells may have a prognostic significance. The paucity of cells with the Fc receptors was a characteristic feature of all lymphoma cells studied. Evaluations  of immunologic markers on lymphoma cells in conjunction with the histologic characteristics may provide a sounder basis for diagnosis.", "contents": "Correlations of immunologic markers with histologic features of human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Twenty-five lymph nodes from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymohomas were evaluated by immunologic technics applied to cell suspensions and tissue sections. Malignant lymphomas with cytologic characteristics similar to those of neoplastic cells were found to be immunologically heterogeneous. The distribution as well as the number of neoplastic cells with distinctive immunologic surface markers could not be related to the cytologic type of malignant lymphomas. The number of malignant cells simultaneously expressing the T- and B-cell markers was increased in malignant lymphoma nodes. Cells positive for the triple markers (Ig+, EAC+, T+, where Ig = immunoglobulin, EAC = erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and complement, and T = T marker) represented the predominant population in these nodes, and the distributions of these cells were useful in diagnosis. Monoclonal immunoglobulins were detected in all lymphoma cells but not in the patients' sera. The tissue distribution of EAC-positive cells may have a prognostic significance. The paucity of cells with the Fc receptors was a characteristic feature of all lymphoma cells studied. Evaluations  of immunologic markers on lymphoma cells in conjunction with the histologic characteristics may provide a sounder basis for diagnosis.", "PMID": 377943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3849", "title": "Pituitary microadenoma and primary lymphoma of brain associated with hypothalamic invasion.", "content": "A case of primary histiocytic lymphoma involving the left temporal lobe and hypothalamus is presented. This lesion was associated with a pituitary microadenoma shown immunohistochemically to contain prolactin and with lactational changes in the breasts. The interruption by the neoplasm of neural pathways from cells producing prolactin inhibitory factor in the hypothalamus and increased production of prolactin by the pituitary are suggested as the probable mechanism. The association of lactational changes in the breasts with primary lymphoma of the brain has not been reported.", "contents": "Pituitary microadenoma and primary lymphoma of brain associated with hypothalamic invasion. A case of primary histiocytic lymphoma involving the left temporal lobe and hypothalamus is presented. This lesion was associated with a pituitary microadenoma shown immunohistochemically to contain prolactin and with lactational changes in the breasts. The interruption by the neoplasm of neural pathways from cells producing prolactin inhibitory factor in the hypothalamus and increased production of prolactin by the pituitary are suggested as the probable mechanism. The association of lactational changes in the breasts with primary lymphoma of the brain has not been reported.", "PMID": 377944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3850", "title": "Algorithm-derived, computer-generated interpretive comments in the reporting of laboratory tests.", "content": "The volume of laboratory and other data that physicians encounter daily is more than most can mentally process without oversight or error. Routine use of computer-generated reminders is one solution to this problem that is now widely suggested. We report our experience with the daily use of a user-written program of algorithm-derived, computer-generated comments in the reporting of chemical profiles and routine thyroid function tests in a busy medium-sized privately owned independent clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Algorithm-derived, computer-generated interpretive comments in the reporting of laboratory tests. The volume of laboratory and other data that physicians encounter daily is more than most can mentally process without oversight or error. Routine use of computer-generated reminders is one solution to this problem that is now widely suggested. We report our experience with the daily use of a user-written program of algorithm-derived, computer-generated comments in the reporting of chemical profiles and routine thyroid function tests in a busy medium-sized privately owned independent clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 377946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3851", "title": "Small-colony forms of enteric bacteria after exposure to aminoglycosides.", "content": "Small colony forms of enteric bacteria were isolated in vitro after exposure of near-lethal amounts of aminoglycosides. These small-colony forms were several times more resistant to all aminoglycosides than the parent clones. A small form of Escherichia coli was isolated directly from a clinical specimen, along with a more sensitive larger colony.", "contents": "Small-colony forms of enteric bacteria after exposure to aminoglycosides. Small colony forms of enteric bacteria were isolated in vitro after exposure of near-lethal amounts of aminoglycosides. These small-colony forms were several times more resistant to all aminoglycosides than the parent clones. A small form of Escherichia coli was isolated directly from a clinical specimen, along with a more sensitive larger colony.", "PMID": 377947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3852", "title": "Late deoxyribonuclease activity of Salmonell enteritidis.", "content": "As a result of chance observations, the authors studied for deoxyribonuclease activity 16 strains of Salmonella, including six fresh isolates and ten stock cultures, with positive results in 13. Reactions characteristically occurred at 48 hours or later, with the majority being manifest at 72 hours and the latest at six days. No other positive reaction was observed among approximately 7,000 Enterobacteriaceae tested, except for Serratia species and Proteus vulgaris. Deoxyribonuclease screening plates for Serratia should be read at 24 hours, and positive results encountered after that time should be interpreted with caution to ensure that H2S-negative strains of Salmonella will not be confused with other genera of Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Late deoxyribonuclease activity of Salmonell enteritidis. As a result of chance observations, the authors studied for deoxyribonuclease activity 16 strains of Salmonella, including six fresh isolates and ten stock cultures, with positive results in 13. Reactions characteristically occurred at 48 hours or later, with the majority being manifest at 72 hours and the latest at six days. No other positive reaction was observed among approximately 7,000 Enterobacteriaceae tested, except for Serratia species and Proteus vulgaris. Deoxyribonuclease screening plates for Serratia should be read at 24 hours, and positive results encountered after that time should be interpreted with caution to ensure that H2S-negative strains of Salmonella will not be confused with other genera of Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 377948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3853", "title": "Fluorescent Vi antibody test in the screening of typhoid carriers.", "content": "The comparative efficacies of direct bacterial agglutination and immunofluorescent antibody for the estimation of serum Vi antibody were determined in the detection of typhoid carriers. Sera from all 12 typhoid carriers gave significant titers of 1/10 or more in the direct bacterial agglutination test; however, 26 of 119 (21.8%) sera from culture-negative individuals were also falsely positive. In the fluorescent Vi antibody test, 11 of 12 typhoid carriers showed significant serum antibody levels, while only two of 119 (1.7%) culture-negative subjects had significant antibody titers. In view of the much lower false-positive rate, the immunofluorescent Vi antibody test is considered to be superior to the direct bacterial agglutination test in the screening of typhoid carriers.", "contents": "Fluorescent Vi antibody test in the screening of typhoid carriers. The comparative efficacies of direct bacterial agglutination and immunofluorescent antibody for the estimation of serum Vi antibody were determined in the detection of typhoid carriers. Sera from all 12 typhoid carriers gave significant titers of 1/10 or more in the direct bacterial agglutination test; however, 26 of 119 (21.8%) sera from culture-negative individuals were also falsely positive. In the fluorescent Vi antibody test, 11 of 12 typhoid carriers showed significant serum antibody levels, while only two of 119 (1.7%) culture-negative subjects had significant antibody titers. In view of the much lower false-positive rate, the immunofluorescent Vi antibody test is considered to be superior to the direct bacterial agglutination test in the screening of typhoid carriers.", "PMID": 377949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3854", "title": "Congress (and evaluators) ought to pay more attention to history.", "content": "In 1935, in 1965, and in 1972, the original Social Security Act and amendments to it were used by states to deinstitutionalize. In each instance a private, profit-making nursing home and board and care industry was stimulated. Poor care in such facilities was an unintended consequence of the legislation. Neither the Congress nor evaluators have clear concepts of what constitutes a life of decency and dignity for the chronically dependent. Behaviorally oriented social scientists and legislators have in common the difficulty of dealing with soft variables such as decency and dignity. In the absence of clear goals, care drifts below a lower threshold of acceptability and is corrected to some extent following public scandal. Social scientists need to learn to develop concepts and measurements suitable to monitoring the implementation of humane ideals.", "contents": "Congress (and evaluators) ought to pay more attention to history. In 1935, in 1965, and in 1972, the original Social Security Act and amendments to it were used by states to deinstitutionalize. In each instance a private, profit-making nursing home and board and care industry was stimulated. Poor care in such facilities was an unintended consequence of the legislation. Neither the Congress nor evaluators have clear concepts of what constitutes a life of decency and dignity for the chronically dependent. Behaviorally oriented social scientists and legislators have in common the difficulty of dealing with soft variables such as decency and dignity. In the absence of clear goals, care drifts below a lower threshold of acceptability and is corrected to some extent following public scandal. Social scientists need to learn to develop concepts and measurements suitable to monitoring the implementation of humane ideals.", "PMID": 377950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3855", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and related syndromes: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is being recognized with increased frequency and not only are newer diagnostic modalities becoming available for this syndrome, but newer, some controversial, methods of management are also being recognized and may prove to increase survival in DIC. In addition, several syndromes classically considered separate, definitive disease entities, may actually share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC. This review summarized current, as well as controversial aspects of etiology, pathophysiology, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and management of DIC. In addition, a brief discussion of syndromes which may share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC is included.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and related syndromes: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is being recognized with increased frequency and not only are newer diagnostic modalities becoming available for this syndrome, but newer, some controversial, methods of management are also being recognized and may prove to increase survival in DIC. In addition, several syndromes classically considered separate, definitive disease entities, may actually share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC. This review summarized current, as well as controversial aspects of etiology, pathophysiology, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and management of DIC. In addition, a brief discussion of syndromes which may share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC is included.", "PMID": 377954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3856", "title": "A simplified [3H] serotonin release assay for the detection of platelet antibodies.", "content": "The [3H] platelet serotonin release assay is a sensitive means for detecting antiplatelet antibodies. We have found that by using prelabeled frozen platelets which have been treated with the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) the performance of this assay can be facilitated without interfering with its sensitivity. There was 100% correlation between the standard [3H] platelet serotonin release assay using fresh platelets and the modified assay using prelabeled, frozen, cryopreserved platelets when sera from 12 patients with known antiplatelet antibodies were tested. When normal serum samples (n = 111) were tested against ten platelet donors, a false-positive rate of 3.9% was observed. This modification provides a simple means for quickly screening large numbers of potential platelet donors at one time.", "contents": "A simplified [3H] serotonin release assay for the detection of platelet antibodies. The [3H] platelet serotonin release assay is a sensitive means for detecting antiplatelet antibodies. We have found that by using prelabeled frozen platelets which have been treated with the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) the performance of this assay can be facilitated without interfering with its sensitivity. There was 100% correlation between the standard [3H] platelet serotonin release assay using fresh platelets and the modified assay using prelabeled, frozen, cryopreserved platelets when sera from 12 patients with known antiplatelet antibodies were tested. When normal serum samples (n = 111) were tested against ten platelet donors, a false-positive rate of 3.9% was observed. This modification provides a simple means for quickly screening large numbers of potential platelet donors at one time.", "PMID": 377955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3857", "title": "Emil Heitz and the concept of heterochromatin: longitudinal chromosome differentiation was recognized fifty years ago.", "content": "The work of Emil Heitz (1892--1965) laid one of the keystones of cytogenetics. Using a new in situ method, he established between 1928 and 1935 the longitudinal differentiation of chromosomes in euchromatin (genetically active) and heterochromatin (genetically inert). He recognized the association of satellited chromosomes with the formation of the nucleolus, co-discovered the giant salivary chromosomes of diptera, and arrived at a cytological and genetic concept of chromosome structure that has been found essentially correct to date. Yet, Emil Heitz did not gain due recognition by his contemporaries, suffered from the political disturbances of his time, and spent almost a lifetime in isolation, bolstered only by the conviction that his scientific work was significant.", "contents": "Emil Heitz and the concept of heterochromatin: longitudinal chromosome differentiation was recognized fifty years ago. The work of Emil Heitz (1892--1965) laid one of the keystones of cytogenetics. Using a new in situ method, he established between 1928 and 1935 the longitudinal differentiation of chromosomes in euchromatin (genetically active) and heterochromatin (genetically inert). He recognized the association of satellited chromosomes with the formation of the nucleolus, co-discovered the giant salivary chromosomes of diptera, and arrived at a cytological and genetic concept of chromosome structure that has been found essentially correct to date. Yet, Emil Heitz did not gain due recognition by his contemporaries, suffered from the political disturbances of his time, and spent almost a lifetime in isolation, bolstered only by the conviction that his scientific work was significant.", "PMID": 377956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3858", "title": "The biochemical genetics of the hexosaminidase system in man.", "content": "Tay-Sachs disease and related GM2 ganglioside storage disorders result from the absence of one form of hexosaminidase, HEX A. The persistence of a second major hexosaminidase isozyme, HEX B, does not protect against the lethal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in the central nervous system. Using immunologic and biochemical techniques, it has been demonstrated that the two major isozymes of hexosaminidase, HEX A and HEX B, share a common subunit, the structure of HEX A being designated (alpha beta)n and the structure of HEX B being designated as (beta2)n. The minor isozyme, HEX S, is an alpha chain homopolymer designated (alpha2)n, and HEX C seems unrelated to the HEX A, B, S system. The structures of other minor isozymes have not been totally resolved, but HEX I1, I2, and P (which may be identical to I2) appear to represent forms of HEX B.", "contents": "The biochemical genetics of the hexosaminidase system in man. Tay-Sachs disease and related GM2 ganglioside storage disorders result from the absence of one form of hexosaminidase, HEX A. The persistence of a second major hexosaminidase isozyme, HEX B, does not protect against the lethal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in the central nervous system. Using immunologic and biochemical techniques, it has been demonstrated that the two major isozymes of hexosaminidase, HEX A and HEX B, share a common subunit, the structure of HEX A being designated (alpha beta)n and the structure of HEX B being designated as (beta2)n. The minor isozyme, HEX S, is an alpha chain homopolymer designated (alpha2)n, and HEX C seems unrelated to the HEX A, B, S system. The structures of other minor isozymes have not been totally resolved, but HEX I1, I2, and P (which may be identical to I2) appear to represent forms of HEX B.", "PMID": 377957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3859", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: antirheumatic agents.", "content": "The pathophysiology, symptoms and drug treatment of rheumatic disease are reviewed. Antirheumatic drugs reviewed are salicylates (including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline salicylate, choline magnesium salicylate, salsalate), phenylpropionic acid derivatives (fenoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen), indole derivatives (sulindac, tolmetin and indomethacin), pyrazolone derivatives (phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone), gold compounds, penicillamine, antimalarials mefenamic acid, corticosteroids and immunosuppressives. Simple analgesic therapy (acetaminophen, aspirin, propoxyphene) is used in the early stage of the disease. As the disease progresses, aspirin remains the drug of choice for antiinflammatory activity but the phenylpropionic acid or indole derivatives may be preferred in patients unable to tolerate salicylates. If such nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents are not effective, parenteral therapy with gold compounds or oral penicillamine usually is indicated. Indomethacin or phenylbutazone, then antimalarials, are resorted to next. Corticosteroids or immunosuppressives are reserved for patients who are unsuccessfully controlled or who have major side effects with the other drugs. Mefenamic acid occupies a very secondary place in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: antirheumatic agents. The pathophysiology, symptoms and drug treatment of rheumatic disease are reviewed. Antirheumatic drugs reviewed are salicylates (including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline salicylate, choline magnesium salicylate, salsalate), phenylpropionic acid derivatives (fenoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen), indole derivatives (sulindac, tolmetin and indomethacin), pyrazolone derivatives (phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone), gold compounds, penicillamine, antimalarials mefenamic acid, corticosteroids and immunosuppressives. Simple analgesic therapy (acetaminophen, aspirin, propoxyphene) is used in the early stage of the disease. As the disease progresses, aspirin remains the drug of choice for antiinflammatory activity but the phenylpropionic acid or indole derivatives may be preferred in patients unable to tolerate salicylates. If such nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents are not effective, parenteral therapy with gold compounds or oral penicillamine usually is indicated. Indomethacin or phenylbutazone, then antimalarials, are resorted to next. Corticosteroids or immunosuppressives are reserved for patients who are unsuccessfully controlled or who have major side effects with the other drugs. Mefenamic acid occupies a very secondary place in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.", "PMID": 377958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3860", "title": "An evaluation of diabetic and pseudodiabetic glomerulosclerosis.", "content": "Diabetic glomerulosclerosis must be either a primary manifestation or a secondary consequence of the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. Several earlier reports have attempted to support the former hypothesis by describing cases of pathognomonic renal lesions in nondiabetic subjects; however, the clinical and pathologic data in these reports are inconclusive. We have reviewed our experience at the University of Virginia Hospital with 447 percutaneous renal biopsies performed over a period of four years from July 1973 through July 1977. Of these cases, only two appeared to represent diabetic glomerulosclerosis occurring in nondiabetic subjects. Upon further investigation, one case provided to be light chain disease demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. The other case, on repeat renal biopsy, proved to be membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. We conclude that a diagnosis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis must be viewed with suspicion in nondiabetic subjects. Suspected cases should be labeled pseudodiabetic glomerulosclerosis and investigated further.", "contents": "An evaluation of diabetic and pseudodiabetic glomerulosclerosis. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis must be either a primary manifestation or a secondary consequence of the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. Several earlier reports have attempted to support the former hypothesis by describing cases of pathognomonic renal lesions in nondiabetic subjects; however, the clinical and pathologic data in these reports are inconclusive. We have reviewed our experience at the University of Virginia Hospital with 447 percutaneous renal biopsies performed over a period of four years from July 1973 through July 1977. Of these cases, only two appeared to represent diabetic glomerulosclerosis occurring in nondiabetic subjects. Upon further investigation, one case provided to be light chain disease demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. The other case, on repeat renal biopsy, proved to be membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. We conclude that a diagnosis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis must be viewed with suspicion in nondiabetic subjects. Suspected cases should be labeled pseudodiabetic glomerulosclerosis and investigated further.", "PMID": 377961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3861", "title": "Mucocutaneous candidiasis and thymoma.", "content": "The clinical, pathologic and immunologic features of 27 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and thymic tumors are reviewed. This form of chronic candidiasis is unique in that the infections do not occur until after the third decade and, in contrast to patients in whom candidiasis develops during infancy or childhood, it is not accompanied by failure of endocrine organs. Instead, the patients have the disorders that often accompany thymoma, such as myasthenia gravis, hypogammaglobulinemia, and abnormalities of the bone marrow and circulating blood elements. Evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity was found in 16 of the 21 patients in whom studies were made. The pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency in these patients is unknown. Immunosuppressive activities in the plasma of four patients were found, but none of the five patients in whom the appropriate studies were made was found to have suppressor cells. The features of this disorder are unique enough that it should be considered a syndrome, and patients in whom candidiasis develops during their adult years should be studied for the presence of thymoma.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous candidiasis and thymoma. The clinical, pathologic and immunologic features of 27 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and thymic tumors are reviewed. This form of chronic candidiasis is unique in that the infections do not occur until after the third decade and, in contrast to patients in whom candidiasis develops during infancy or childhood, it is not accompanied by failure of endocrine organs. Instead, the patients have the disorders that often accompany thymoma, such as myasthenia gravis, hypogammaglobulinemia, and abnormalities of the bone marrow and circulating blood elements. Evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity was found in 16 of the 21 patients in whom studies were made. The pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency in these patients is unknown. Immunosuppressive activities in the plasma of four patients were found, but none of the five patients in whom the appropriate studies were made was found to have suppressor cells. The features of this disorder are unique enough that it should be considered a syndrome, and patients in whom candidiasis develops during their adult years should be studied for the presence of thymoma.", "PMID": 377963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3862", "title": "Optimum dosage of an oral contraceptive. A report from the study of seven combinations of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "A statistically designed study was carried out to determine an optimum combination of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol as an oral contraceptive, based on efficacy, safety, and side-effect patterns. A total of 1,991 patients were studied for more than two years while they were receiving various dosage combinations of these steroids. There were seven dosage combinations studied as part of a statistically orthogonal experimental design, augmented by three combinations near the center. The data arising from these studies were used to fit approximate functions relating the amount of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol to the rate of spotting and breakthrough bleeding, gastrointestinal disturbance, and pregnancies. These functions, in turn, helped to identify an optimum dosage (0.125 mg. of norgestimate plus 0.035 mg. of ethinyl estradiol) in the entire range of combinations studied.", "contents": "Optimum dosage of an oral contraceptive. A report from the study of seven combinations of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. A statistically designed study was carried out to determine an optimum combination of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol as an oral contraceptive, based on efficacy, safety, and side-effect patterns. A total of 1,991 patients were studied for more than two years while they were receiving various dosage combinations of these steroids. There were seven dosage combinations studied as part of a statistically orthogonal experimental design, augmented by three combinations near the center. The data arising from these studies were used to fit approximate functions relating the amount of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol to the rate of spotting and breakthrough bleeding, gastrointestinal disturbance, and pregnancies. These functions, in turn, helped to identify an optimum dosage (0.125 mg. of norgestimate plus 0.035 mg. of ethinyl estradiol) in the entire range of combinations studied.", "PMID": 377968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3863", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on gonadotropin responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and clomiphene in women with secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "We have studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 hours, for 5 days on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) induced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in six women with secondary amenorrhea and on the release of these gonadotropins induced by clomiphene citrate in 10 women with secondary amenorrhea. Dexamethasone suppressed baseline serum levels of LH and FSH and blunted the LHRH-induced release of LH and FSH in six women. Following dexamethasone administration, the LH and FSH response to clomiphene citrate, which competes for gonadal steroid receptor binding sites in the hypothalamus, resulting in increased release of LHRH, was blunted in the 10 women studied. The data indicate that short-term administration of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids suppresses the secretion of LH and FSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary and possibly by an effect at the suprahypophyseal level with inhibition of release of LHRH.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on gonadotropin responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and clomiphene in women with secondary amenorrhea. We have studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 hours, for 5 days on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) induced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in six women with secondary amenorrhea and on the release of these gonadotropins induced by clomiphene citrate in 10 women with secondary amenorrhea. Dexamethasone suppressed baseline serum levels of LH and FSH and blunted the LHRH-induced release of LH and FSH in six women. Following dexamethasone administration, the LH and FSH response to clomiphene citrate, which competes for gonadal steroid receptor binding sites in the hypothalamus, resulting in increased release of LHRH, was blunted in the 10 women studied. The data indicate that short-term administration of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids suppresses the secretion of LH and FSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary and possibly by an effect at the suprahypophyseal level with inhibition of release of LHRH.", "PMID": 377969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3864", "title": "The impact of hospitalization on the aerobic fecal microflora.", "content": "Quantitative bacteriological analysis of the aerobic fecal microflora of 75 patients indicated that, at the time of admission to hospital, Escherichia coli were the predominant fecal aerotolerant bacteria. Subsequent fecal samples showed a progressive supplantation of E coli by Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus. At the end of 21 days of hospitalization, E coli remained predominant in only 30 patients. None of the patients had received antibiotics, undergone surgery or been subjected to x-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract. The cause of the change of fecal flora in these patients is unknown, and no change of flora was observed in a control group of nonhospitalized persons, also studied for 21 days. The appearance of Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus as predominant in the fecal flora of hospitalized patients may be an important factor in the natural history of hospital-associated infections.", "contents": "The impact of hospitalization on the aerobic fecal microflora. Quantitative bacteriological analysis of the aerobic fecal microflora of 75 patients indicated that, at the time of admission to hospital, Escherichia coli were the predominant fecal aerotolerant bacteria. Subsequent fecal samples showed a progressive supplantation of E coli by Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus. At the end of 21 days of hospitalization, E coli remained predominant in only 30 patients. None of the patients had received antibiotics, undergone surgery or been subjected to x-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract. The cause of the change of fecal flora in these patients is unknown, and no change of flora was observed in a control group of nonhospitalized persons, also studied for 21 days. The appearance of Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus as predominant in the fecal flora of hospitalized patients may be an important factor in the natural history of hospital-associated infections.", "PMID": 377964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3865", "title": "The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section.", "content": "The objective of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of cefazolin-cephalothin administration as a prophylactic regime in patients undergoing cesarean section. The study was to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Cefazolin, 1.0 gm or placebo was administered intramuscularly on call to the operating room, and cephalothin, 2.0 gm, or placebo was administered intravenously at 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Ninety-five patients were included in the study with 49 in the placebo group and 46 in the drug group. Nineteen patients developed 28 infections in the placebo group while eight patients developed eight infections in the drug group (P = less than 0.05). Eight patients in the placebo group developed infections at two or more sites whereas no patient in the drug-treated group developed multiple infections. No infant developed infection and no overgrowth of bacteria occurred. This study supports the concept of preoperative antibiotic administration being beneficial to the obstetric patient.", "contents": "The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of cefazolin-cephalothin administration as a prophylactic regime in patients undergoing cesarean section. The study was to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Cefazolin, 1.0 gm or placebo was administered intramuscularly on call to the operating room, and cephalothin, 2.0 gm, or placebo was administered intravenously at 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Ninety-five patients were included in the study with 49 in the placebo group and 46 in the drug group. Nineteen patients developed 28 infections in the placebo group while eight patients developed eight infections in the drug group (P = less than 0.05). Eight patients in the placebo group developed infections at two or more sites whereas no patient in the drug-treated group developed multiple infections. No infant developed infection and no overgrowth of bacteria occurred. This study supports the concept of preoperative antibiotic administration being beneficial to the obstetric patient.", "PMID": 377971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3866", "title": "The use of exchange transfusions: a potentially useful adjunct in the treatment of fulminant falciparum malaria.", "content": "Fulminant falciparum malaria with greater than 500,000/mm3 parasites in the peripheral blood portends a poor prognosis. We recently managed a patient who had greater than 1.2 million/mm3 parasitized erythrocytes in her peripheral blood, following initially inadequate antimalarial therapy, with exchange transfusion in addition to conventional chemotherapy. This patient recovered from her disease despite severe cerebral involvement and acute failure. We feel that exchange transfusion was a useful adjunct and should be considered in patients with life threatening falciparum malaria when conventional measures fail to control the disease.", "contents": "The use of exchange transfusions: a potentially useful adjunct in the treatment of fulminant falciparum malaria. Fulminant falciparum malaria with greater than 500,000/mm3 parasites in the peripheral blood portends a poor prognosis. We recently managed a patient who had greater than 1.2 million/mm3 parasitized erythrocytes in her peripheral blood, following initially inadequate antimalarial therapy, with exchange transfusion in addition to conventional chemotherapy. This patient recovered from her disease despite severe cerebral involvement and acute failure. We feel that exchange transfusion was a useful adjunct and should be considered in patients with life threatening falciparum malaria when conventional measures fail to control the disease.", "PMID": 377965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3867", "title": "Abnormalities among offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users.", "content": "An analysis of 223 children born between 1961 and 1965 to 5,465 women in a controlled experiment at the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, regarding the use of oral and nonoral contraceptives, failed to reveal any statistical differences in birth weight and physical abnormalities between the two contraceptive groups. The mean birth weight for the oral group was 7 pounds, 4.1 ounces, whereas for the nonoral group it was 7 pounds, 5.4 ounces. Abnormal physical findings were 10.7% for the oral group and 16.7% for the nonoral group. A comparison is also made between the two groups with respect to incidence of abnormalities by socioeconomic class and by sex of the child, as well as by the number of pregnancies and age of the mother. No significant differences were noted between the groups as an indication of the effect of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Abnormalities among offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users. An analysis of 223 children born between 1961 and 1965 to 5,465 women in a controlled experiment at the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, regarding the use of oral and nonoral contraceptives, failed to reveal any statistical differences in birth weight and physical abnormalities between the two contraceptive groups. The mean birth weight for the oral group was 7 pounds, 4.1 ounces, whereas for the nonoral group it was 7 pounds, 5.4 ounces. Abnormal physical findings were 10.7% for the oral group and 16.7% for the nonoral group. A comparison is also made between the two groups with respect to incidence of abnormalities by socioeconomic class and by sex of the child, as well as by the number of pregnancies and age of the mother. No significant differences were noted between the groups as an indication of the effect of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 377972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3868", "title": "An evaluation of enucleation in the management of uveal melanomas.", "content": "Uveal melanomas are slow growing tumors that may infiltrate out of the eye, mainly following ciliary vessels or nerves, or invade blood vessels, but only rarely do they produce metastatic disease before discovery and treatment. There are, however, large gaps in our knowledge of the frequency and rate of growth of small tumors to those of moderate or large size. We have estimated the mortality from untreated uveal melanomas to be 1% per year or less. Almost all information concerning prognostic factors has been gained from studies based on cases treated by enucleation. The same information is not necessarily applicable to untreated tumors. A study of deaths from metastatic uveal melanomas reveals a striking relationship to enucleation, regardless of whether one deals with cases in which the eye had been symptomatic for a long or short time. Following a low preoperative mortality of 1% or less, the annual mortality rises to about 4% during the first year and then peaks at 8 to 12% during the second year, tapering off during the next three to five years to return to a remarkably constant level of 1 to  2% thereafter. We postulated that this relationship of peak mortality to enucleation is attributable mainly to an often overwhelming dissemination of tumor cells taking place during surgery or to a lowering of the host's immunologic defense mechanisms as a consequence of the operation, or both. We urge the pooling of all available information gained from clinical studies made on untreated tumors and recommend prospective studies of a variety of other methods of treating uveal melanomas in addition to the standard enucleation.", "contents": "An evaluation of enucleation in the management of uveal melanomas. Uveal melanomas are slow growing tumors that may infiltrate out of the eye, mainly following ciliary vessels or nerves, or invade blood vessels, but only rarely do they produce metastatic disease before discovery and treatment. There are, however, large gaps in our knowledge of the frequency and rate of growth of small tumors to those of moderate or large size. We have estimated the mortality from untreated uveal melanomas to be 1% per year or less. Almost all information concerning prognostic factors has been gained from studies based on cases treated by enucleation. The same information is not necessarily applicable to untreated tumors. A study of deaths from metastatic uveal melanomas reveals a striking relationship to enucleation, regardless of whether one deals with cases in which the eye had been symptomatic for a long or short time. Following a low preoperative mortality of 1% or less, the annual mortality rises to about 4% during the first year and then peaks at 8 to 12% during the second year, tapering off during the next three to five years to return to a remarkably constant level of 1 to  2% thereafter. We postulated that this relationship of peak mortality to enucleation is attributable mainly to an often overwhelming dissemination of tumor cells taking place during surgery or to a lowering of the host's immunologic defense mechanisms as a consequence of the operation, or both. We urge the pooling of all available information gained from clinical studies made on untreated tumors and recommend prospective studies of a variety of other methods of treating uveal melanomas in addition to the standard enucleation.", "PMID": 377973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3869", "title": "Reconstruction of the medial eyelid.", "content": "We used a free tarsal-conjunctival grate from the upper eyelid and a nasal-based pedicle skin-muscle flap for reconstruction of the medial aspect of the lower eyelid. This had the advantage of confining the reconstruction to the local area and eliminated the need for a temporal flap or an eyelid sharing procedure that necessitates occluding the fissure for several weeks.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the medial eyelid. We used a free tarsal-conjunctival grate from the upper eyelid and a nasal-based pedicle skin-muscle flap for reconstruction of the medial aspect of the lower eyelid. This had the advantage of confining the reconstruction to the local area and eliminated the need for a temporal flap or an eyelid sharing procedure that necessitates occluding the fissure for several weeks.", "PMID": 377974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3870", "title": "Effect of bilateral and unilateral grafts on the incidence of rejections in keratoconus.", "content": "We studied results of 124 keratoplasties in 100 keratoconus patients; 61 men and 39 women varying in ages from 11 to 69 years with an average age of 30 years. Twenty-four patients had bilateral grafts with a 27% incidence of rejection, and 76 patients had unilateral grafts with a 13% incidence of rejection (P less than .01). Data analysis of the first year after the graft of first eyes and subsequent years after the graft of first and second eyes, however, revealed a nearly fourfold increase of rejections following second grafts, with a 17% increased chance of rejection for the first graft after the second was implanted. Only two of the bilateral and two of the unilateral grafts were irreversibly lost because of graft reaction. The major complication was the formation of posterior subcapsular cataract, which occurred in approximately 32% of the patients. The final postkeratoplasty visual acuities were significantly improved. In the patients who did not develop a cataract, 86% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better. In the patients who did develop cataracts, 68% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "contents": "Effect of bilateral and unilateral grafts on the incidence of rejections in keratoconus. We studied results of 124 keratoplasties in 100 keratoconus patients; 61 men and 39 women varying in ages from 11 to 69 years with an average age of 30 years. Twenty-four patients had bilateral grafts with a 27% incidence of rejection, and 76 patients had unilateral grafts with a 13% incidence of rejection (P less than .01). Data analysis of the first year after the graft of first eyes and subsequent years after the graft of first and second eyes, however, revealed a nearly fourfold increase of rejections following second grafts, with a 17% increased chance of rejection for the first graft after the second was implanted. Only two of the bilateral and two of the unilateral grafts were irreversibly lost because of graft reaction. The major complication was the formation of posterior subcapsular cataract, which occurred in approximately 32% of the patients. The final postkeratoplasty visual acuities were significantly improved. In the patients who did not develop a cataract, 86% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better. In the patients who did develop cataracts, 68% achieved visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "PMID": 377975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3871", "title": "Virus-simulating structures in the optic nerve head in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "A 68-year-old man was treated for and died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. At autopsy we found multiple virus-like particles in the optic nerve head, but saw no similar structures in the cornea. Although these particles were morphologically similar to those previously reported in brain, we believe that they are not virions but unrelated cellular structures. We speculate that the causative agents may be naked membrane bound nucleic acids rather than true viruses. We found no optic atrophy or other specific pathologic changes in the eyes; severe occipital cortical degeneration was responsible for the patient's visual loss.", "contents": "Virus-simulating structures in the optic nerve head in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A 68-year-old man was treated for and died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. At autopsy we found multiple virus-like particles in the optic nerve head, but saw no similar structures in the cornea. Although these particles were morphologically similar to those previously reported in brain, we believe that they are not virions but unrelated cellular structures. We speculate that the causative agents may be naked membrane bound nucleic acids rather than true viruses. We found no optic atrophy or other specific pathologic changes in the eyes; severe occipital cortical degeneration was responsible for the patient's visual loss.", "PMID": 377976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3872", "title": "Review of the literature on intraocular lenses 1976--1977.", "content": "This paper reviews the advantages, indications, and contraindications of intraocular lenses. The common complications of cystoid macular edema, endothelial corneal dystrophy, and pseudophakic pupillary block glaucoma are discussed. Advantages of inserting the intraocular lens some time after the cataract extraction are enumerated.", "contents": "Review of the literature on intraocular lenses 1976--1977. This paper reviews the advantages, indications, and contraindications of intraocular lenses. The common complications of cystoid macular edema, endothelial corneal dystrophy, and pseudophakic pupillary block glaucoma are discussed. Advantages of inserting the intraocular lens some time after the cataract extraction are enumerated.", "PMID": 377977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3873", "title": "Enamel decalcification in orthodontic treatment.", "content": "One hundred twenty previously extracted premolar teeth were used in this study. Teeth were divided into five groups of twenty-four each. The first group was treated with Copalite, the second with Portrait Veneer, the third with a polymeric adhesive coating material (Protecto), the fourth group with Nuva-Seal, and the fifth group served as a control. Orthodontic bands were selected and cemented to each tooth. The cement seal was then broken and teeth were thermocycled to simulate an in vivo condition. All teeth were then submerged in a decalcifying gelatin for 21 weeks. Every group was further broken into three equal subdivisions. Division A was to be submerged for 7 weeks, Division B in each group was to be submerged for 14 weeks, and Division C was to be submerged for 21 weeks. At each time interval, teeth were cleaned and examined for decalcification. Data were recorded and analyzed by means of the chi-square test. It was found that acid-etching materials protect the teeth against decalcification best. Among the acid-etching materials used, Nuva-Seal proved to be the best at protecting the teeth against decalcification for 21 weeks with this experimental design.", "contents": "Enamel decalcification in orthodontic treatment. One hundred twenty previously extracted premolar teeth were used in this study. Teeth were divided into five groups of twenty-four each. The first group was treated with Copalite, the second with Portrait Veneer, the third with a polymeric adhesive coating material (Protecto), the fourth group with Nuva-Seal, and the fifth group served as a control. Orthodontic bands were selected and cemented to each tooth. The cement seal was then broken and teeth were thermocycled to simulate an in vivo condition. All teeth were then submerged in a decalcifying gelatin for 21 weeks. Every group was further broken into three equal subdivisions. Division A was to be submerged for 7 weeks, Division B in each group was to be submerged for 14 weeks, and Division C was to be submerged for 21 weeks. At each time interval, teeth were cleaned and examined for decalcification. Data were recorded and analyzed by means of the chi-square test. It was found that acid-etching materials protect the teeth against decalcification best. Among the acid-etching materials used, Nuva-Seal proved to be the best at protecting the teeth against decalcification for 21 weeks with this experimental design.", "PMID": 377980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3874", "title": "Bioblock therapy.", "content": "An orthopedic treatment philosophy has been presented. Attention is drawn to the fact that the facial bones of both experimental animals and human beings respond extensively to physiologic and pathologic forces, and it is suggested that these could be mimicked to advantage. A system of appliances designed to achieve this is described. Some case reports which appear to show induced skeletal change are presented, but it will be some time before the real contribution of bioblock therapy can be assessed scientifically. Meanwhile, we should perhaps look more closely at our patients' faces and consider treating them at an earlier age.", "contents": "Bioblock therapy. An orthopedic treatment philosophy has been presented. Attention is drawn to the fact that the facial bones of both experimental animals and human beings respond extensively to physiologic and pathologic forces, and it is suggested that these could be mimicked to advantage. A system of appliances designed to achieve this is described. Some case reports which appear to show induced skeletal change are presented, but it will be some time before the real contribution of bioblock therapy can be assessed scientifically. Meanwhile, we should perhaps look more closely at our patients' faces and consider treating them at an earlier age.", "PMID": 377988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3875", "title": "Direct bonding to porcelain: an in vitro study.", "content": "Three different force strengths were tested to investigate the effect of Fusion in direct bonding of brackets to porcelain. The resistance values of shear, tensile, and rotation strength forces are acceptable in the range of forces commonly used in orthodontics. The mean shear strength had greater resistance values to breaking than two other groups. The roughness of glazed porcelain and the fit of brackets to contoured porcelain teeth seems to be of great importance in the bonding effects. The role of Fusion in direct bonding is comparable to that of other sealants which are commonly being used in direct-bonding systems. It is claimed that Fusion creates a chemical bond with acrylic or composite resins to porcelain. The technique could be summarized as follows: (1) Glaze is removed in the area which is supposed to be bonded directly. (2) Fusion is applied over the roughened surface. (3) Acrylic or composite resin is mixed and applied on the mesh part of brackets. (4) The bracket is pressed against the porcelain teeth by moderate pressure until final polymerization.", "contents": "Direct bonding to porcelain: an in vitro study. Three different force strengths were tested to investigate the effect of Fusion in direct bonding of brackets to porcelain. The resistance values of shear, tensile, and rotation strength forces are acceptable in the range of forces commonly used in orthodontics. The mean shear strength had greater resistance values to breaking than two other groups. The roughness of glazed porcelain and the fit of brackets to contoured porcelain teeth seems to be of great importance in the bonding effects. The role of Fusion in direct bonding is comparable to that of other sealants which are commonly being used in direct-bonding systems. It is claimed that Fusion creates a chemical bond with acrylic or composite resins to porcelain. The technique could be summarized as follows: (1) Glaze is removed in the area which is supposed to be bonded directly. (2) Fusion is applied over the roughened surface. (3) Acrylic or composite resin is mixed and applied on the mesh part of brackets. (4) The bracket is pressed against the porcelain teeth by moderate pressure until final polymerization.", "PMID": 377989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3876", "title": "Studies on experimental pulmonary granulomas. I. Detection of lymphokines in granulomatous lesions.", "content": "Granulomatous reactions were immunologically induced in guinea pigs by several procedures, including intravenous injections of Bacille Calmette G\u00faerin (BCG) into animals immunized with complete Freund's Adjuvant and an intravenous injection of agarose beads linked to a specific antigen (dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin) into immune animals. The tissue extracts obtained from lungs at various stages of granuloma formation were examined for macrophage migration inhibition (MIF) activity. The activity was found in a high incidence during the early stages of the granulomatous response. In contrast, MIF activity could be detected only rarely in granulomatous spleens and not in granulomatous livers. Chemotactic factor activity and mitogenic factor activity were only sporadically detectable. The MIF activity was associated with fractions showing chemical heterogeneity. One fraction was physicochemically indistinguishable from conventional lymphocyte-derived MIF; the other was a substance of large molecular weight. These results demonstrate the presence of biologically active mediators in immune granulomas, which may be related to early events involved in the induction or enhancement of such reactions.", "contents": "Studies on experimental pulmonary granulomas. I. Detection of lymphokines in granulomatous lesions. Granulomatous reactions were immunologically induced in guinea pigs by several procedures, including intravenous injections of Bacille Calmette G\u00faerin (BCG) into animals immunized with complete Freund's Adjuvant and an intravenous injection of agarose beads linked to a specific antigen (dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin) into immune animals. The tissue extracts obtained from lungs at various stages of granuloma formation were examined for macrophage migration inhibition (MIF) activity. The activity was found in a high incidence during the early stages of the granulomatous response. In contrast, MIF activity could be detected only rarely in granulomatous spleens and not in granulomatous livers. Chemotactic factor activity and mitogenic factor activity were only sporadically detectable. The MIF activity was associated with fractions showing chemical heterogeneity. One fraction was physicochemically indistinguishable from conventional lymphocyte-derived MIF; the other was a substance of large molecular weight. These results demonstrate the presence of biologically active mediators in immune granulomas, which may be related to early events involved in the induction or enhancement of such reactions.", "PMID": 377991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3877", "title": "Induction of diabetes in animals by parenteral administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate. A model of experimental hemochromatosis.", "content": "Rats and rabbits parenterally treated with a large daily dose of ferric nitrilotriacetate manifested diabetic symptoms such as hypergycemia, glycosuria, ketonemia, and ketonuria after approximately 60 days fo treatment. The blood insulin response to oral glucose loading was poor. Heavy iron deposits were found in liver parenchymal cells and in pancreatic exocrine cells, although some iron was deposited in the macrophages and reticuloendothelial cells of the organs. Faint iron staining was found in some pancreatic islet cells, with a reduction in beta granules and weak zinc staining. Cirrhotic liver changes and skin pigment deposition were not observed. Repeated blood withdrawals from ferric-nitrilotriacetate-treated animals resulted in disappearance of hypergycmia, glycosuria, ketonemia, and ketonuria; disappearance of iron from the liver and pancreas; and restoration of islet beta granules to the control level.", "contents": "Induction of diabetes in animals by parenteral administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate. A model of experimental hemochromatosis. Rats and rabbits parenterally treated with a large daily dose of ferric nitrilotriacetate manifested diabetic symptoms such as hypergycemia, glycosuria, ketonemia, and ketonuria after approximately 60 days fo treatment. The blood insulin response to oral glucose loading was poor. Heavy iron deposits were found in liver parenchymal cells and in pancreatic exocrine cells, although some iron was deposited in the macrophages and reticuloendothelial cells of the organs. Faint iron staining was found in some pancreatic islet cells, with a reduction in beta granules and weak zinc staining. Cirrhotic liver changes and skin pigment deposition were not observed. Repeated blood withdrawals from ferric-nitrilotriacetate-treated animals resulted in disappearance of hypergycmia, glycosuria, ketonemia, and ketonuria; disappearance of iron from the liver and pancreas; and restoration of islet beta granules to the control level.", "PMID": 377994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3878", "title": "Location of brown recluse venom attachment sites on human erythrocytes by the firritin-labeled antibody technique.", "content": "Brown recluse spider (loxosceles reclusa) venom has been demonstrated by a ferritin-labeled antibody technique to attach to human erythrocyte cell membranes. The number of individual attachment sites per cell is proportional to the concentration of the venom used to sensitize the erythrocytes. Structural changes in the red cell membrane are associated with the venom attachment. These sites may be related to the red cell hemolysis which sometimes occurs in the human as a result of the spider bite.", "contents": "Location of brown recluse venom attachment sites on human erythrocytes by the firritin-labeled antibody technique. Brown recluse spider (loxosceles reclusa) venom has been demonstrated by a ferritin-labeled antibody technique to attach to human erythrocyte cell membranes. The number of individual attachment sites per cell is proportional to the concentration of the venom used to sensitize the erythrocytes. Structural changes in the red cell membrane are associated with the venom attachment. These sites may be related to the red cell hemolysis which sometimes occurs in the human as a result of the spider bite.", "PMID": 377995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3879", "title": "Symptom formations and character changes due to upheavals of war: examples from Cyprus.", "content": "This article offers a review of the psychoanalytic and psychiatric literature on symptom formation and individual and collective character changes triggered by war or by similarly violent civil upheaval. It is suggested that each such event should be studied by itself since many different circumstances can bring man to acts of aggression. The effects of the war on Cyprus, where group narcissism developed to compensate for hurt, constitute a case example of such focused study.", "contents": "Symptom formations and character changes due to upheavals of war: examples from Cyprus. This article offers a review of the psychoanalytic and psychiatric literature on symptom formation and individual and collective character changes triggered by war or by similarly violent civil upheaval. It is suggested that each such event should be studied by itself since many different circumstances can bring man to acts of aggression. The effects of the war on Cyprus, where group narcissism developed to compensate for hurt, constitute a case example of such focused study.", "PMID": 377997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3880", "title": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) done with soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma mansoni was utilized for the detection of infections with schistosomes. The method readily detected experimental infections in NIH outbred, New Zealand black, and New Zealand white mice by 6-10 weeks post-exposure to S. mansoni cercariae. In addition, the test was negative when the sera from 11 Puerto Rican normal controls were examined and was positive in 8 of 10 serum samples from humans with schistosomiasis mansoni. However, extensive cross-reactivity was seen when using serum from humans with fascioliasis, trichinosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcosis. Thus the ELISA test done with SEA as antigen lacks immunologic specificity. For the method to be an effective seroepidemiological tool in areas where these parasites are endemic further purification of the antigen and more extensive understanding of its components are needed.", "contents": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) done with soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma mansoni was utilized for the detection of infections with schistosomes. The method readily detected experimental infections in NIH outbred, New Zealand black, and New Zealand white mice by 6-10 weeks post-exposure to S. mansoni cercariae. In addition, the test was negative when the sera from 11 Puerto Rican normal controls were examined and was positive in 8 of 10 serum samples from humans with schistosomiasis mansoni. However, extensive cross-reactivity was seen when using serum from humans with fascioliasis, trichinosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcosis. Thus the ELISA test done with SEA as antigen lacks immunologic specificity. For the method to be an effective seroepidemiological tool in areas where these parasites are endemic further purification of the antigen and more extensive understanding of its components are needed.", "PMID": 378001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3881", "title": "Class specific antibodies and fluorescent staining patterns in acute and chronic forms of schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Sera from 40 patients with acute (10) and chronic (30) forms of schistosomiasis mansoni were studied in order to correlate class specific circulating antibodies with fluorescent patterns developed in sections of both worms and liver granulomata. At the acute stage of the infection, IgA antibodies were present, IgM titers were high (about 10 times those found in the chronic stage), and IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies were shown by focal fluorescent staining of worms and granulomata. At the chronic stage, IgA antibodies were absent and IgG antibodies showed mostly a diffuse staining pattern in both kinds of sections. The relevance of these observations to diagnosis in clinical cases or epidemiological surveys is discussed.", "contents": "Class specific antibodies and fluorescent staining patterns in acute and chronic forms of schistosomiasis mansoni. Sera from 40 patients with acute (10) and chronic (30) forms of schistosomiasis mansoni were studied in order to correlate class specific circulating antibodies with fluorescent patterns developed in sections of both worms and liver granulomata. At the acute stage of the infection, IgA antibodies were present, IgM titers were high (about 10 times those found in the chronic stage), and IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies were shown by focal fluorescent staining of worms and granulomata. At the chronic stage, IgA antibodies were absent and IgG antibodies showed mostly a diffuse staining pattern in both kinds of sections. The relevance of these observations to diagnosis in clinical cases or epidemiological surveys is discussed.", "PMID": 378002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3882", "title": "A comparison of the complement fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody, and microagglutination tests for the serological diagnosis of rickettsial diseases.", "content": "Three techniques for the serological diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were compared by testing 417 sera from 178 patients who very probably did not have rickettsial infections and 88 sera from 41 patients who very probably had Rocky Mountain spotted fever (SF). The techniques were complement fixation (CF), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), and microagglutination (MA). To avoid possible degradation during unnecessary purification, the antigens were prepared by methods that were as simple as possible. In the CF tests of 417 sera from patients with nonrickettsial diseases there was only one titer of 8 and none at higher dilutions, whereas with the IFA and MA tests 4-8% of the sera reacted with SF antigens and 4-20% reacted with murine typhus (MT) antigens; the evidence indicated that these reactions were not caused by specific rickettsial antibody. With the SF sera, it could be seen that the IFA test was the most sensitive and the MA test was the least sensitive at each interval after infection. Moreover, the IFA results showed the least number of confusing cross-reactions with MT antigens and the MA test showed the most. The relative advantages of the three tests in serodiagnosis of rickettsial diseases are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the complement fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody, and microagglutination tests for the serological diagnosis of rickettsial diseases. Three techniques for the serological diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were compared by testing 417 sera from 178 patients who very probably did not have rickettsial infections and 88 sera from 41 patients who very probably had Rocky Mountain spotted fever (SF). The techniques were complement fixation (CF), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), and microagglutination (MA). To avoid possible degradation during unnecessary purification, the antigens were prepared by methods that were as simple as possible. In the CF tests of 417 sera from patients with nonrickettsial diseases there was only one titer of 8 and none at higher dilutions, whereas with the IFA and MA tests 4-8% of the sera reacted with SF antigens and 4-20% reacted with murine typhus (MT) antigens; the evidence indicated that these reactions were not caused by specific rickettsial antibody. With the SF sera, it could be seen that the IFA test was the most sensitive and the MA test was the least sensitive at each interval after infection. Moreover, the IFA results showed the least number of confusing cross-reactions with MT antigens and the MA test showed the most. The relative advantages of the three tests in serodiagnosis of rickettsial diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 378003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3883", "title": "Therapeutic use of exchange transfusion in malaria.", "content": "In the case reported here, a patient with severe Plasmodium falciparum infection with 20% of erythrocytes parasitized was cured by exchange transfusion in conjunction with classical drug therapy.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of exchange transfusion in malaria. In the case reported here, a patient with severe Plasmodium falciparum infection with 20% of erythrocytes parasitized was cured by exchange transfusion in conjunction with classical drug therapy.", "PMID": 378004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3884", "title": "Comparative efficacy of prophylactic cephalothin and cefamandole for elective colon surgery: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.", "content": "Thirty-four patients undergoing elective colon resection or anastomosis received either intravenous cephalothin or cefamandole prophylactically and were observed for evidence of intraabdominal or wound infection, or both, postoperatively. The infection rates were 31 and 33 per cent, respectively. Infections were caused predominantly by cephalosporin resistant aerobes and anaerobes. All four bacteremias were caused by members of the B. fragilis group. The overall infection rate (32 per cent) and the frequency of anaerobic bacteremia (12 per cent) observed in this study were much higher than previously reported after cephalosporin prophylaxis for colorectal surgery.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of prophylactic cephalothin and cefamandole for elective colon surgery: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Thirty-four patients undergoing elective colon resection or anastomosis received either intravenous cephalothin or cefamandole prophylactically and were observed for evidence of intraabdominal or wound infection, or both, postoperatively. The infection rates were 31 and 33 per cent, respectively. Infections were caused predominantly by cephalosporin resistant aerobes and anaerobes. All four bacteremias were caused by members of the B. fragilis group. The overall infection rate (32 per cent) and the frequency of anaerobic bacteremia (12 per cent) observed in this study were much higher than previously reported after cephalosporin prophylaxis for colorectal surgery.", "PMID": 378005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3885", "title": "Changes in the pathogenesis and detection of intrahepatic abscess.", "content": "A comparison of two distinct 11 year time periods at our institution demonstrated a change not only in the cause of intrahepatic abscess but also in the procedures used to diagnose this condition. Significant improvement in the methods of detection of intrahepatic abscess permits earlier diagnosis and therapy and thus a significantly improved prognosis.", "contents": "Changes in the pathogenesis and detection of intrahepatic abscess. A comparison of two distinct 11 year time periods at our institution demonstrated a change not only in the cause of intrahepatic abscess but also in the procedures used to diagnose this condition. Significant improvement in the methods of detection of intrahepatic abscess permits earlier diagnosis and therapy and thus a significantly improved prognosis.", "PMID": 378006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3886", "title": "Obturator foramen bypass in the management of infected vascular prostheses.", "content": "Seven patients with infected vascular prostheses in the femoral region were treated by removal of the prosthesis and extraanatomic reconstruction by way of the obturator foramen. Because the operation avoided entry into the infected area, it was considered the best surgical treatment for these patients. Although catastrophic hemorrhage and systemic sepsis were averted, amputation was eventually necessary in five patients, usually because of severe arteriosclerotic disease in distal arteries. Short-term benefit was gained by only two patients. The prevention of infection demands intensive preoperative preparation using prophylactic antibiotics and meticulous operating room technic.", "contents": "Obturator foramen bypass in the management of infected vascular prostheses. Seven patients with infected vascular prostheses in the femoral region were treated by removal of the prosthesis and extraanatomic reconstruction by way of the obturator foramen. Because the operation avoided entry into the infected area, it was considered the best surgical treatment for these patients. Although catastrophic hemorrhage and systemic sepsis were averted, amputation was eventually necessary in five patients, usually because of severe arteriosclerotic disease in distal arteries. Short-term benefit was gained by only two patients. The prevention of infection demands intensive preoperative preparation using prophylactic antibiotics and meticulous operating room technic.", "PMID": 378007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3887", "title": "Use of an autogenous hypogastric artery patch graft for living related donor kidneys with multiple renal arteries.", "content": "A kidney with triple renal arteries was removed from an HLA identical donor and transplanted to her brother using the donor hypogastric artery as an autogenous graft. The kidney was preserved by hypothermic, hyperkalemic, hyperosmolar washout solution while the three separate renal artery-hypogastric artery autograft anastomoses were being performed in an ex vivo position. Subsequently, the end to side autogenous hypogastric artery patch graft to external iliac artery anastomosis was completed. Prompt renal function occurred and after 18 months the serum creatinine level remained unchanged.", "contents": "Use of an autogenous hypogastric artery patch graft for living related donor kidneys with multiple renal arteries. A kidney with triple renal arteries was removed from an HLA identical donor and transplanted to her brother using the donor hypogastric artery as an autogenous graft. The kidney was preserved by hypothermic, hyperkalemic, hyperosmolar washout solution while the three separate renal artery-hypogastric artery autograft anastomoses were being performed in an ex vivo position. Subsequently, the end to side autogenous hypogastric artery patch graft to external iliac artery anastomosis was completed. Prompt renal function occurred and after 18 months the serum creatinine level remained unchanged.", "PMID": 378008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3888", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Five cases of disseminated histoplasmosis complicating renal transplantation are reported. Nine previously reported cases from the literature are reviewed. In this setting disseminated histoplasmosis usually presents as a nonspecific systemic febrile illness that may be fulminant or more subacute. Five of 14 patients presented with skin lesions; only one patient presented with primary pulmonary symptoms of cough and dyspnea. Three of our patients and three others previously reported on survived the infection and maintained good function in the transplanted kidney despite prolonged therapy with amphotericin B. Immunosuppression was the only predisposing factor that could be identified with certainty in the five patients reported on herein. However, in two of the five patients the onset of disseminated histoplasmosis coincided with a well documented cytomegalovirus infection; the viral infection may have been a factor predisposing to infection in these two cases.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in renal transplant recipients. Five cases of disseminated histoplasmosis complicating renal transplantation are reported. Nine previously reported cases from the literature are reviewed. In this setting disseminated histoplasmosis usually presents as a nonspecific systemic febrile illness that may be fulminant or more subacute. Five of 14 patients presented with skin lesions; only one patient presented with primary pulmonary symptoms of cough and dyspnea. Three of our patients and three others previously reported on survived the infection and maintained good function in the transplanted kidney despite prolonged therapy with amphotericin B. Immunosuppression was the only predisposing factor that could be identified with certainty in the five patients reported on herein. However, in two of the five patients the onset of disseminated histoplasmosis coincided with a well documented cytomegalovirus infection; the viral infection may have been a factor predisposing to infection in these two cases.", "PMID": 378009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3889", "title": "Microbial colonization of indwelling central venous catheters: statistical evaluation of potential contaminating factors.", "content": "A prospective study of 390 indwelling central venous catheters placed by way of the subclavian route identified bacteremia and tracheostomy as the only significant variables associated with the colonization of the catheters by pathogenic microorganisms. Catheter-related sepsis was likely in only 3 of 33 episodes of proved bacteremia. Detailed statistical analyses of other potential contaminating factors revealed no significant correlations.", "contents": "Microbial colonization of indwelling central venous catheters: statistical evaluation of potential contaminating factors. A prospective study of 390 indwelling central venous catheters placed by way of the subclavian route identified bacteremia and tracheostomy as the only significant variables associated with the colonization of the catheters by pathogenic microorganisms. Catheter-related sepsis was likely in only 3 of 33 episodes of proved bacteremia. Detailed statistical analyses of other potential contaminating factors revealed no significant correlations.", "PMID": 378010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3890", "title": "Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in experimental canine and murine peritonitis.", "content": "In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, intraperitoneal povidone-iodine caused death more rapidly than the instillation of saline solution. The bacterial content of canine peritoneal fluid increased with time. Although fewer bacteria were found in fluid from povidone-iodine-treated dogs, the differences were not statistically significant. Qualitative chemical analysis of peritoneal fluid revealed iodide, but not free iodine, 15 to 30 minutes after instillation of povidone-iodine. Iodine was present in the peritoneum at 2 hours but not at 3 or 6 hours. The antibacterial effect of povidone-iodine was demonstrated in mice challenged intraperitoneally with lethal doses of Escherichia coli. Povidone-iodine diminished mortality when injected immediately (p less than 0.005) but not when given 1 to 3 hours later. Immediate injection of povidone-iodine into mice lowered the number of E. coli by 3 logs. Injection of povidone-iodine 3 hours after bacterial challenge lowered the number of E. coli by only 1/3 log. This lesser bactericidal effect in mice is attributed to greater dispersal and sequestration of bacteria throughout the peritoneal cavity with time and with inactivation of povidone-iodine by reduction to iodide in vivo. In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, the more rapid death after treatment with povidone-iodine was not associated with differences in peritoneal microflora but with peritoneal absorption of excessive amounts of iodide.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in experimental canine and murine peritonitis. In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, intraperitoneal povidone-iodine caused death more rapidly than the instillation of saline solution. The bacterial content of canine peritoneal fluid increased with time. Although fewer bacteria were found in fluid from povidone-iodine-treated dogs, the differences were not statistically significant. Qualitative chemical analysis of peritoneal fluid revealed iodide, but not free iodine, 15 to 30 minutes after instillation of povidone-iodine. Iodine was present in the peritoneum at 2 hours but not at 3 or 6 hours. The antibacterial effect of povidone-iodine was demonstrated in mice challenged intraperitoneally with lethal doses of Escherichia coli. Povidone-iodine diminished mortality when injected immediately (p less than 0.005) but not when given 1 to 3 hours later. Immediate injection of povidone-iodine into mice lowered the number of E. coli by 3 logs. Injection of povidone-iodine 3 hours after bacterial challenge lowered the number of E. coli by only 1/3 log. This lesser bactericidal effect in mice is attributed to greater dispersal and sequestration of bacteria throughout the peritoneal cavity with time and with inactivation of povidone-iodine by reduction to iodide in vivo. In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, the more rapid death after treatment with povidone-iodine was not associated with differences in peritoneal microflora but with peritoneal absorption of excessive amounts of iodide.", "PMID": 378012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3891", "title": "Surgical therapy for venous stasis: results of a modified Linton operation.", "content": "Bipedicled flaps in the natural skin lines permit ligation of offending perforating and communicating veins of the postphlebitic leg with stasis change. This technic affords safer immediate postoperative healing and durable long-term results. The indications for operation have been extended to include more elderly patients as well as selected patients with ulcerations due to combined venous stasis and arterial insufficiency.", "contents": "Surgical therapy for venous stasis: results of a modified Linton operation. Bipedicled flaps in the natural skin lines permit ligation of offending perforating and communicating veins of the postphlebitic leg with stasis change. This technic affords safer immediate postoperative healing and durable long-term results. The indications for operation have been extended to include more elderly patients as well as selected patients with ulcerations due to combined venous stasis and arterial insufficiency.", "PMID": 378013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3892", "title": "Mites in house dust in the Stockholm area.", "content": "Today there is no doubt that mites (and especially species within the Pyroglyphidae family: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) are an important agent in dust allergies. The author reports on a study of the occurrence of mites in house dust in the environment of allergic persons in the Stockholm area. 201 private homes, 13 farmers' houses and two hospitals have been studied. In 12% of the homes several different types of mite were found in dust in relatively small numbers, while pyroglyphids occurred in only 1.5% of the dwellings. The frequency of mites in dust from farmers' homes was three times higher and that of pyroglyphids ten times higher than in other dwellings. Mites were most often found in floor dust and very infrequently in bed dust. All hospital beds were free from mites; in floor-dust samples from a hospital for long-term therapy several species of mite were found. The author draws the conclusion that the conditions of climate and humidity within the geographical area studied are adverse to the development of an allergologically significant mite population in indoor dust, but that small numbers may spread from potted plants, work premises and outdoor flora.", "contents": "Mites in house dust in the Stockholm area. Today there is no doubt that mites (and especially species within the Pyroglyphidae family: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) are an important agent in dust allergies. The author reports on a study of the occurrence of mites in house dust in the environment of allergic persons in the Stockholm area. 201 private homes, 13 farmers' houses and two hospitals have been studied. In 12% of the homes several different types of mite were found in dust in relatively small numbers, while pyroglyphids occurred in only 1.5% of the dwellings. The frequency of mites in dust from farmers' homes was three times higher and that of pyroglyphids ten times higher than in other dwellings. Mites were most often found in floor dust and very infrequently in bed dust. All hospital beds were free from mites; in floor-dust samples from a hospital for long-term therapy several species of mite were found. The author draws the conclusion that the conditions of climate and humidity within the geographical area studied are adverse to the development of an allergologically significant mite population in indoor dust, but that small numbers may spread from potted plants, work premises and outdoor flora.", "PMID": 378014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3893", "title": "Epicutaneous testing.", "content": "The patch test and chamber test are the ordinary methods for detecting delayed type contact allergies. The method, test substances and criteria of positive reactions are already well standardized. Open testing is also used for problematic chemicals such as strong topical medicaments, emulsifiers and propylene glycol. The many problems of standardization are still unresolved in photocutaneous testing. Some chemicals are applied to the skin without occlusion, though the chamber test or patch test methods are used with most of them. The composition of the vehicle and occlusion time vary greatly from one photosensitizing substance to another. A xenon arc is recommended for screening any photosensitizers but fluorescent black light tubes are sufficient for routine clinical use. Type I contact allergies are far more common than was previously believed, especially among people allergic to birch pollen. This type of reaction and other forms of contact urticaria can be examined using the scratch chamber or scarification chamber techniques as well as with an open test on diseased or scratched (scarified) skin.", "contents": "Epicutaneous testing. The patch test and chamber test are the ordinary methods for detecting delayed type contact allergies. The method, test substances and criteria of positive reactions are already well standardized. Open testing is also used for problematic chemicals such as strong topical medicaments, emulsifiers and propylene glycol. The many problems of standardization are still unresolved in photocutaneous testing. Some chemicals are applied to the skin without occlusion, though the chamber test or patch test methods are used with most of them. The composition of the vehicle and occlusion time vary greatly from one photosensitizing substance to another. A xenon arc is recommended for screening any photosensitizers but fluorescent black light tubes are sufficient for routine clinical use. Type I contact allergies are far more common than was previously believed, especially among people allergic to birch pollen. This type of reaction and other forms of contact urticaria can be examined using the scratch chamber or scarification chamber techniques as well as with an open test on diseased or scratched (scarified) skin.", "PMID": 378015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3894", "title": "Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine. A double blind comparison with lignocaine.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of bupivacaine and lignocaine for intravenous regional analgesia (Bier's block) was carried out in seventy-two patients presenting for upper limb surgery. Thirty-eight patients received lignocaine and thirty-four received bupivacaine. Onset of analgesia and recovery times were similar for the two drugs. The degree of both analgesia and muscle relaxation was significantly better in the bupivacaine group. Adverse effects were seen only in patients who had received lignocaine and these were unrelated to the tourniquet time.", "contents": "Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine. A double blind comparison with lignocaine. A double-blind comparison of bupivacaine and lignocaine for intravenous regional analgesia (Bier's block) was carried out in seventy-two patients presenting for upper limb surgery. Thirty-eight patients received lignocaine and thirty-four received bupivacaine. Onset of analgesia and recovery times were similar for the two drugs. The degree of both analgesia and muscle relaxation was significantly better in the bupivacaine group. Adverse effects were seen only in patients who had received lignocaine and these were unrelated to the tourniquet time.", "PMID": 378016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3895", "title": "Atropine versus glycopyrrolate. A study of intraocular pressure and pupil size in man.", "content": "Following control observations of intraocular pressure and pupil size, in doses suitable for pre-anaesthetic medication, glycopyrrolate (0.004 mg/kg) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg) were given intramuscularly to healthy volunteers in a randomised, cross-over fashion. No significant change in either intraocular pressure or pupil size was noted 45 min after drug administration.", "contents": "Atropine versus glycopyrrolate. A study of intraocular pressure and pupil size in man. Following control observations of intraocular pressure and pupil size, in doses suitable for pre-anaesthetic medication, glycopyrrolate (0.004 mg/kg) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg) were given intramuscularly to healthy volunteers in a randomised, cross-over fashion. No significant change in either intraocular pressure or pupil size was noted 45 min after drug administration.", "PMID": 378017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3896", "title": "Accidental hypothermia.", "content": "The physiological changes associated with accidental hypothermia are considered. Current methods of management of the hypothermic patient are reviewed.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia. The physiological changes associated with accidental hypothermia are considered. Current methods of management of the hypothermic patient are reviewed.", "PMID": 378018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3897", "title": "Synergism between halothane and labetalol.", "content": "A patient in chronic renal failure, who was receiving large doses of the combined alpha- and beta-blocking agent, labetalol, was selected for renal transplantation. A low concentration of halothane was used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, but severe myocardial depression occurred which proved unresponsive to atropine or isoprenaline, although it responded to a dopamine infusion. Synergism has already been reported between labetalol and high concentrations of halothane, but this case suggests that, in patients with previous myocardial damage, much lower concentrations of this inhalational agent may prove fatal.", "contents": "Synergism between halothane and labetalol. A patient in chronic renal failure, who was receiving large doses of the combined alpha- and beta-blocking agent, labetalol, was selected for renal transplantation. A low concentration of halothane was used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, but severe myocardial depression occurred which proved unresponsive to atropine or isoprenaline, although it responded to a dopamine infusion. Synergism has already been reported between labetalol and high concentrations of halothane, but this case suggests that, in patients with previous myocardial damage, much lower concentrations of this inhalational agent may prove fatal.", "PMID": 378019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3898", "title": "Postoperative analgesia using papaveretum and orphenadrine. A preliminary trial.", "content": "The action of orphenadrine when given towards the end of a general anaesthetic is described. It is shown to delay the need for postoperative analgesia and extend the analgesic action of papaveretum.", "contents": "Postoperative analgesia using papaveretum and orphenadrine. A preliminary trial. The action of orphenadrine when given towards the end of a general anaesthetic is described. It is shown to delay the need for postoperative analgesia and extend the analgesic action of papaveretum.", "PMID": 378020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3899", "title": "IPPB and hypercapnia in respiratory failure: the effect of different concentrations of inspired oxygen on arterial blood gas tensions.", "content": "Fourteen patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and hypercapnia received two treatment periods with Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing, the ventilator being driven by gas containing about 24% or about 45% oxygen. Arterial PO2 and PCO2 were measured before, during and after each treatment. The results demonstrated that increasing hypercapnia did not, as a rule, occur when 45% oxygen was used as the driving gas. When hypercapnia did occur it appeared to be independent of the inspired oxygen concentration. The importance of short treatment periods, correct ventilator settings and supervision of the patient during and after treatment is emphasised.", "contents": "IPPB and hypercapnia in respiratory failure: the effect of different concentrations of inspired oxygen on arterial blood gas tensions. Fourteen patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and hypercapnia received two treatment periods with Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing, the ventilator being driven by gas containing about 24% or about 45% oxygen. Arterial PO2 and PCO2 were measured before, during and after each treatment. The results demonstrated that increasing hypercapnia did not, as a rule, occur when 45% oxygen was used as the driving gas. When hypercapnia did occur it appeared to be independent of the inspired oxygen concentration. The importance of short treatment periods, correct ventilator settings and supervision of the patient during and after treatment is emphasised.", "PMID": 378021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3900", "title": "Renal function and cardiovascular responses during positive airway pressure.", "content": "The authors determined cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal responses to increased airway pressure during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Nine healthy, hydrated laboratory swine had appropriate catheters placed to allow for measurement of intrapleural, aortic, inferior vena caval, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures; cardiac output; and urinary flow. Samples of arterial blood were analyzed for oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, plasma vasopressin, osmolality, and creatinine and sodium concentrations. Urine was analyzed for osmolality and creatinine and sodium concentrations, and volume was recorded. Intrapleural pressure was subtracted from left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to calculate transmural pressure, a reflection of left ventricular filling pressure. Glomerular filtration rate and urinary free-water and osmolal clearances were also calculated. Expiratory left ventricular filling  pressure was decreased equally by CPAP and CPPV. However, inspiratory left ventricular filling pressure and cardiac output were decreased by CPPV only. Urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate were decreased equally by CPAP and CPPV. Sodium excretion was decreased and plasma vasopressin increased by CPPV, but not by CPAP. Urinary free water and osmolal clearances were not changed by either ventilatory pattern. Although many of the renal-function variables were affected similarly by CPPV and CPAP, these alterations were not influenced solely by cardiac output or vasopressin, because only CPPV depressed cardiac output and increased vasopressin levels.", "contents": "Renal function and cardiovascular responses during positive airway pressure. The authors determined cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal responses to increased airway pressure during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Nine healthy, hydrated laboratory swine had appropriate catheters placed to allow for measurement of intrapleural, aortic, inferior vena caval, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures; cardiac output; and urinary flow. Samples of arterial blood were analyzed for oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, plasma vasopressin, osmolality, and creatinine and sodium concentrations. Urine was analyzed for osmolality and creatinine and sodium concentrations, and volume was recorded. Intrapleural pressure was subtracted from left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to calculate transmural pressure, a reflection of left ventricular filling pressure. Glomerular filtration rate and urinary free-water and osmolal clearances were also calculated. Expiratory left ventricular filling  pressure was decreased equally by CPAP and CPPV. However, inspiratory left ventricular filling pressure and cardiac output were decreased by CPPV only. Urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate were decreased equally by CPAP and CPPV. Sodium excretion was decreased and plasma vasopressin increased by CPPV, but not by CPAP. Urinary free water and osmolal clearances were not changed by either ventilatory pattern. Although many of the renal-function variables were affected similarly by CPPV and CPAP, these alterations were not influenced solely by cardiac output or vasopressin, because only CPPV depressed cardiac output and increased vasopressin levels.", "PMID": 378028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3901", "title": "Treatment of cardiac and renal effects of PEEP with dopamine in patients with acute respiratory failure.", "content": "The hemodynamic and renal effects of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were studied with and without continuous dopamine administration in ten patients who had acute pulmonary failure. The application of 20 cm H2O PEEP during mechanical ventilation resulted in improvements in arterial blood oxygen tension, from 63 +/- 6 to 81 +/- 12 torr (mean +/- SE), and intrapulmonary shunt fraction, from 29 +/- 3 to 21 +/- 3 per cent, whereas cardiac output, systemic oxygen transport and renal function were impaired by 20, 19 and 47 per cent, respectively. Dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 +/- 0.05 micrograms/kg/min reversed the deleterious effects of PEEP on cardiovascular and renal function: cardiac output increased from 4.5 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.51, urinary output from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/min, sodium excretion and creatinine clearance by 50 per cent. Systemic oxygen transport was improved from 680 +/- 44 to 925 +/- ml, arterial oxygen tension from 81 +/- 12 to 102 +/- 14 torr, and total deadspace to tidal volume ratio from 0.49 +/- 0.02 to 0.44 +/- 0.03 with dopamine. The authors conclude that the depression of cardiovascular and renal functions that may occur in patients who need high levels of PEEP for the treatment of acute pulmonary failure can be treated successfully with dopamine infusion. This represents a valuable alternative to expansion of blood volume for the improvement of systemic oxygen transport and arterial blood oxygen tension in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Treatment of cardiac and renal effects of PEEP with dopamine in patients with acute respiratory failure. The hemodynamic and renal effects of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were studied with and without continuous dopamine administration in ten patients who had acute pulmonary failure. The application of 20 cm H2O PEEP during mechanical ventilation resulted in improvements in arterial blood oxygen tension, from 63 +/- 6 to 81 +/- 12 torr (mean +/- SE), and intrapulmonary shunt fraction, from 29 +/- 3 to 21 +/- 3 per cent, whereas cardiac output, systemic oxygen transport and renal function were impaired by 20, 19 and 47 per cent, respectively. Dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 +/- 0.05 micrograms/kg/min reversed the deleterious effects of PEEP on cardiovascular and renal function: cardiac output increased from 4.5 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.51, urinary output from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/min, sodium excretion and creatinine clearance by 50 per cent. Systemic oxygen transport was improved from 680 +/- 44 to 925 +/- ml, arterial oxygen tension from 81 +/- 12 to 102 +/- 14 torr, and total deadspace to tidal volume ratio from 0.49 +/- 0.02 to 0.44 +/- 0.03 with dopamine. The authors conclude that the depression of cardiovascular and renal functions that may occur in patients who need high levels of PEEP for the treatment of acute pulmonary failure can be treated successfully with dopamine infusion. This represents a valuable alternative to expansion of blood volume for the improvement of systemic oxygen transport and arterial blood oxygen tension in critically ill patients.", "PMID": 378029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3902", "title": "Protective action of phenytoin in cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Thirty-six rabbits were subjected to 15-minute periods of stagnant cerebral hypoxia while blood flow to the rest of the body was preserved. After this ischemic interval the animals, divided into three groups, received either saline, phenytoin, 15 mg/kg IV, or thiopental 10 mg/kg IV and 10 mg/kg IM. Histologic examination of tissue sections of the brains, 72 hours after ischemia, indicated that phenytoin afforded significant protection (p less than 0.001) of neurons in the hippocampus and in the dentate nucleus when compared to saline, while the findings noted after thiopental were not statistically significant when compared to placebo. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two drugs. Neuron destruction was seen only in rabbits receiving either saline (92%) or thiopental (50%).", "contents": "Protective action of phenytoin in cerebral ischemia. Thirty-six rabbits were subjected to 15-minute periods of stagnant cerebral hypoxia while blood flow to the rest of the body was preserved. After this ischemic interval the animals, divided into three groups, received either saline, phenytoin, 15 mg/kg IV, or thiopental 10 mg/kg IV and 10 mg/kg IM. Histologic examination of tissue sections of the brains, 72 hours after ischemia, indicated that phenytoin afforded significant protection (p less than 0.001) of neurons in the hippocampus and in the dentate nucleus when compared to saline, while the findings noted after thiopental were not statistically significant when compared to placebo. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two drugs. Neuron destruction was seen only in rabbits receiving either saline (92%) or thiopental (50%).", "PMID": 378025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3903", "title": "Comparison of positive end-expiratory pressure and inspiratory positive pressure plateau in ventilation of rabbits with experimental pulmonary edema.", "content": "We investigated the effects of an inspiratory positive pressure plateau produced by a high (4/1) inspiratory-expiratory (I/E) ratio in rabbits with pulmonary edema induced with oleic acid. With an inspiratory pressure plateau, intrapulmonary shunt was significantly reduced compared to a standard 1/2 I/E ratio. Reduction in shunt was also obtained when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was added to the 1/2 I/E ratio ventilatory pattern. Since the improvement in shunt could have been caused by either recruitment of alveoli or by maintenance of lung volume at end exhalation we measured tidal volume and thoracic gas volume to distinguish between the two. With both patterns, improvement in shunt was associated with an increase in thoracic gas volume. The increase in thoracic gas volume was greater with PEEP than with 4/1 for an equivalent increase in mean airway pressure. The results suggest that an inspiratory pressure plateau improves gas exchange in pulmonary edema, but that this improvement occurs because of an increase in end-expiratory lung volume. Positive end-expiratory pressure is a preferable method of increasing end expiratory lung volume because a greater increase occurs for the same change in airway pressure.", "contents": "Comparison of positive end-expiratory pressure and inspiratory positive pressure plateau in ventilation of rabbits with experimental pulmonary edema. We investigated the effects of an inspiratory positive pressure plateau produced by a high (4/1) inspiratory-expiratory (I/E) ratio in rabbits with pulmonary edema induced with oleic acid. With an inspiratory pressure plateau, intrapulmonary shunt was significantly reduced compared to a standard 1/2 I/E ratio. Reduction in shunt was also obtained when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was added to the 1/2 I/E ratio ventilatory pattern. Since the improvement in shunt could have been caused by either recruitment of alveoli or by maintenance of lung volume at end exhalation we measured tidal volume and thoracic gas volume to distinguish between the two. With both patterns, improvement in shunt was associated with an increase in thoracic gas volume. The increase in thoracic gas volume was greater with PEEP than with 4/1 for an equivalent increase in mean airway pressure. The results suggest that an inspiratory pressure plateau improves gas exchange in pulmonary edema, but that this improvement occurs because of an increase in end-expiratory lung volume. Positive end-expiratory pressure is a preferable method of increasing end expiratory lung volume because a greater increase occurs for the same change in airway pressure.", "PMID": 378026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3904", "title": "[Latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen].", "content": "The author describes the latex fixation test (LFT) with Toxoplasma antigen. The main parts of this technique are as follows: the sensibilization of latex particles and incubation of the sensitized particles with sera examined in an icebox (overnight) followed by spinning at 5000 G 10 minutes.--The sera giving negative results with LRT reacted also in 78,3% with complement-fixing test (CFT) in 79.3% and with indirect fluorescent test (IFAT) in 61.8% and with microprecipitating test (MPT) in 100% negatively.--The sera reacting strongly positively with LFT reacted also with CFT in high titers (titer 160 and higher) in 60.9% and in 55% with IFAT (titers 128 and higher).", "contents": "[Latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen]. The author describes the latex fixation test (LFT) with Toxoplasma antigen. The main parts of this technique are as follows: the sensibilization of latex particles and incubation of the sensitized particles with sera examined in an icebox (overnight) followed by spinning at 5000 G 10 minutes.--The sera giving negative results with LRT reacted also in 78,3% with complement-fixing test (CFT) in 79.3% and with indirect fluorescent test (IFAT) in 61.8% and with microprecipitating test (MPT) in 100% negatively.--The sera reacting strongly positively with LFT reacted also with CFT in high titers (titer 160 and higher) in 60.9% and in 55% with IFAT (titers 128 and higher).", "PMID": 378039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3905", "title": "Two doses of triprolidine for treatment of allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Two doses of triprolidine (2.5 mg t.i.d. and 1.25 mg t.i.d.) were compared with placebo in 32 patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. Triprolidine 2.5 mg t.i.d. was statistically significantly better than placebo (p less than 0.05) in reducing the symptoms of sneezing and eye irritation. Neither dose of triprolidine produced significant drowsiness during the second week of treatment.", "contents": "Two doses of triprolidine for treatment of allergic rhinitis. Two doses of triprolidine (2.5 mg t.i.d. and 1.25 mg t.i.d.) were compared with placebo in 32 patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. Triprolidine 2.5 mg t.i.d. was statistically significantly better than placebo (p less than 0.05) in reducing the symptoms of sneezing and eye irritation. Neither dose of triprolidine produced significant drowsiness during the second week of treatment.", "PMID": 378040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3906", "title": "Diagnosis and management of hereditary angioedema (HAE).", "content": "In summary, HAE is a dominantly inherited form of angioedema which is manifested by nonpainful, nonerythematous, nonpruritic and nonpitting swelling of the extremities, face, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts unaccompanied by urticaria. These patients have deficient activity of the C1 INH and the laboratory diagnosis can be easily made by finding low C4 and C1 inh levels during an attack. Effective and specific therapy is now available that prevents the clinical syndrome and corrects the serologic hallmarks of the disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of hereditary angioedema (HAE). In summary, HAE is a dominantly inherited form of angioedema which is manifested by nonpainful, nonerythematous, nonpruritic and nonpitting swelling of the extremities, face, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts unaccompanied by urticaria. These patients have deficient activity of the C1 INH and the laboratory diagnosis can be easily made by finding low C4 and C1 inh levels during an attack. Effective and specific therapy is now available that prevents the clinical syndrome and corrects the serologic hallmarks of the disease.", "PMID": 378041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3907", "title": "IgE antibodies to peptic and peptic-tryptic digests of betalactoglobulin: significance in food hypersensitivity.", "content": "The sera of 20 atopic patients, 10 with hypersensitivity symptoms upon ingestion of milk and 10 without such symptoms, were tested by a radioimmunoassay for the detection of IgE antibodies to whole bovine milk, betalactoglobulin (BL), enzymatic digests of BL and fractions thereof. While only 4/10 patients had IgE antibodies to undigested BL all 10 patients had IgE antibodies to BL digests. All controls gave negative results. These findings suggest that enzymatic digestion of BL may yield antigenic fractions which elicit IgE antibodies and that these antibodies would be missed if the undigested food protein were to be used solely in testing.", "contents": "IgE antibodies to peptic and peptic-tryptic digests of betalactoglobulin: significance in food hypersensitivity. The sera of 20 atopic patients, 10 with hypersensitivity symptoms upon ingestion of milk and 10 without such symptoms, were tested by a radioimmunoassay for the detection of IgE antibodies to whole bovine milk, betalactoglobulin (BL), enzymatic digests of BL and fractions thereof. While only 4/10 patients had IgE antibodies to undigested BL all 10 patients had IgE antibodies to BL digests. All controls gave negative results. These findings suggest that enzymatic digestion of BL may yield antigenic fractions which elicit IgE antibodies and that these antibodies would be missed if the undigested food protein were to be used solely in testing.", "PMID": 378042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3908", "title": "An updated assessment of the critical environmental factors involved in the prevention of allergic disease.", "content": "The effects of climate, as well as outdoor and indoor pollution, on allergic respiratory symptoms are herein explored. Also, measures utilized in modifying the susceptible individual's milieu are examined. Finally, the potential for ameliorating or preventing the development of allergies in genetically \"\"predisposed'' children is discussed.", "contents": "An updated assessment of the critical environmental factors involved in the prevention of allergic disease. The effects of climate, as well as outdoor and indoor pollution, on allergic respiratory symptoms are herein explored. Also, measures utilized in modifying the susceptible individual's milieu are examined. Finally, the potential for ameliorating or preventing the development of allergies in genetically \"\"predisposed'' children is discussed.", "PMID": 378043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3909", "title": "Bovine tuberculosis in the United States and Puerto Rico: a laboratory summary.", "content": "Mycobacteria were isolated from 14.3% of the tissues submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories over a 5-year period (July 1, 1972, to June 30, 1977). The isolates were identified by drug susceptibility, and biochemical and serologic tests. Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tissues of cattle originating in 32 states and Puerto Rico accounted for 78% of the acid-fast isolations. Of the Mycobacterium bovis isolates, 4% were from tissues in which no microscopic tuberculous granulomas were observed on examination of tissue sections. Of the 119 Mycobacterium avium isolates, 18 were serotype 1, 44 were serotype 2, and 45 isolates represented 12 other serotypes.", "contents": "Bovine tuberculosis in the United States and Puerto Rico: a laboratory summary. Mycobacteria were isolated from 14.3% of the tissues submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories over a 5-year period (July 1, 1972, to June 30, 1977). The isolates were identified by drug susceptibility, and biochemical and serologic tests. Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tissues of cattle originating in 32 states and Puerto Rico accounted for 78% of the acid-fast isolations. Of the Mycobacterium bovis isolates, 4% were from tissues in which no microscopic tuberculous granulomas were observed on examination of tissue sections. Of the 119 Mycobacterium avium isolates, 18 were serotype 1, 44 were serotype 2, and 45 isolates represented 12 other serotypes.", "PMID": 378044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3910", "title": "Suppression of specific lymphocyte blastogenesis after intravenous tuberculin injection in Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized cattle.", "content": "Intravenous injection of 1.0 ml of old tuberculin (OT) in 4 calves previously sensitized to Mycobacterium bovis resulted in suppression of specific lymphocyte blastogenic responses to purified protein in vitro. Suppression of in vitro blastogenic responses occurred within 24 hours after injection of OT and persisted for up to 96 hours. Lymphocytes from these calves, cultured with concanavalin A, did not show any suppression of the lymphocyte blastogenic response in vitro. Suppression was temporary and in all calves was preceded by rapid febrile responses. Rectal temperature responses ranged from 40.1 to 41.6 C as early as 6 hours after tuberculin injections. Three control animals, M bovis-sensitized but not given OT, remained lymphocyte stimulation-positive throughout the study and served as controls for laboratory fluctuations.", "contents": "Suppression of specific lymphocyte blastogenesis after intravenous tuberculin injection in Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized cattle. Intravenous injection of 1.0 ml of old tuberculin (OT) in 4 calves previously sensitized to Mycobacterium bovis resulted in suppression of specific lymphocyte blastogenic responses to purified protein in vitro. Suppression of in vitro blastogenic responses occurred within 24 hours after injection of OT and persisted for up to 96 hours. Lymphocytes from these calves, cultured with concanavalin A, did not show any suppression of the lymphocyte blastogenic response in vitro. Suppression was temporary and in all calves was preceded by rapid febrile responses. Rectal temperature responses ranged from 40.1 to 41.6 C as early as 6 hours after tuberculin injections. Three control animals, M bovis-sensitized but not given OT, remained lymphocyte stimulation-positive throughout the study and served as controls for laboratory fluctuations.", "PMID": 378045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3911", "title": "Evaluation of various methods for the detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in diarrheic calves.", "content": "Evaluation of the Escherichia coli population in the small intestine of diarrheic calves was performed by estimating the number of colony-forming units and the observation of direct gram-stained smears of mucosal scrapings. Enterotoxigenicity of the isolates was determined by the infant mouse test and the ligated intestinal segment in calves. The influence of various broth culture media on the production of enterotoxin was also studied. Serologic characterization of the E coli isolates was performed. A total of 190 cases of diarrhea in bovine neonates was studied and it was found that enteropathogenic E coi was not responsible for more than 20% of the cases. A practical approach for the recognition of enteropathogenic E coli in a routine diagnostic laboratory is proposed.", "contents": "Evaluation of various methods for the detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in diarrheic calves. Evaluation of the Escherichia coli population in the small intestine of diarrheic calves was performed by estimating the number of colony-forming units and the observation of direct gram-stained smears of mucosal scrapings. Enterotoxigenicity of the isolates was determined by the infant mouse test and the ligated intestinal segment in calves. The influence of various broth culture media on the production of enterotoxin was also studied. Serologic characterization of the E coli isolates was performed. A total of 190 cases of diarrhea in bovine neonates was studied and it was found that enteropathogenic E coi was not responsible for more than 20% of the cases. A practical approach for the recognition of enteropathogenic E coli in a routine diagnostic laboratory is proposed.", "PMID": 378046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3912", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis-like syndrome consequent to aspergilloma.", "content": "Two patients who represent the first well-documented cases of an allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis-like syndrome developing consequent to an aspergilloma are reported. These patients experienced both subjective and objective evidence of improvement after the initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Literature relevant to the combined occurrence of aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and their immunology is reviewed.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis-like syndrome consequent to aspergilloma. Two patients who represent the first well-documented cases of an allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis-like syndrome developing consequent to an aspergilloma are reported. These patients experienced both subjective and objective evidence of improvement after the initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Literature relevant to the combined occurrence of aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and their immunology is reviewed.", "PMID": 378049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3913", "title": "Nasal airway inspiratory resistance.", "content": "The relationship between transnasal pressure and nasal flow is markedly curvilinear during tidal breathing in man, and there is poor agreement among the results of various methods used to define this characteristic with a single number. We used Rohrer's equation (P = K1 V + K2 V2), where P = pressure and V = flow, and calculated values for K1 and K2 from 474 nasal inspiratory pressure/flow curves obtained from 34 human subjects by a standard method of posterior rhinometry. Nasal airway inspiratory resistance at an air flow of 0.4 liter per sec (NAIR0.4) was also calculated. Rohrer's equation was found by regression analysis to fit each curve well (0.86 less than r less than 0.9999; mean, 0.983). There was a strong correlation between NAIR0.4 and K2: NAIR 0.4 = 0.91 K2 + 0.39 (r = 0.97). Nasal congestion induced in 7 normal subjects with histamine resulted in larger changes in K2 and NAIR0.4 than K1. Patients given  an intranasal corticosteroid aerosol (beclomethasone dipropionate) in a double blind crossover trial showed symptomatic improvement in nasal congestion (P less than 0.01) and significant decreases in K2 (P less than 0.02) and NAIR 0.4 (P less than 0.05), but no change in K1 (P greater than 0.2).", "contents": "Nasal airway inspiratory resistance. The relationship between transnasal pressure and nasal flow is markedly curvilinear during tidal breathing in man, and there is poor agreement among the results of various methods used to define this characteristic with a single number. We used Rohrer's equation (P = K1 V + K2 V2), where P = pressure and V = flow, and calculated values for K1 and K2 from 474 nasal inspiratory pressure/flow curves obtained from 34 human subjects by a standard method of posterior rhinometry. Nasal airway inspiratory resistance at an air flow of 0.4 liter per sec (NAIR0.4) was also calculated. Rohrer's equation was found by regression analysis to fit each curve well (0.86 less than r less than 0.9999; mean, 0.983). There was a strong correlation between NAIR0.4 and K2: NAIR 0.4 = 0.91 K2 + 0.39 (r = 0.97). Nasal congestion induced in 7 normal subjects with histamine resulted in larger changes in K2 and NAIR0.4 than K1. Patients given  an intranasal corticosteroid aerosol (beclomethasone dipropionate) in a double blind crossover trial showed symptomatic improvement in nasal congestion (P less than 0.01) and significant decreases in K2 (P less than 0.02) and NAIR 0.4 (P less than 0.05), but no change in K1 (P greater than 0.2).", "PMID": 378053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3914", "title": "Quantitative bacteriology in wound care.", "content": "Quantitative bacteriology in the management of wound sepsis provides an objective way to monitor the success or failure of wound care. The clinical appearance of a wound requiring skin grafting may be misleading. Grafting wounds that appeared clinically ready was unsuccessful when analysis showed bacteriological counts of 10(5) or greater organisms per gram of tissue. A rapid and simple method for quantitative tissue culture is described. Three cases are described illustrating the value of the results of the method.", "contents": "Quantitative bacteriology in wound care. Quantitative bacteriology in the management of wound sepsis provides an objective way to monitor the success or failure of wound care. The clinical appearance of a wound requiring skin grafting may be misleading. Grafting wounds that appeared clinically ready was unsuccessful when analysis showed bacteriological counts of 10(5) or greater organisms per gram of tissue. A rapid and simple method for quantitative tissue culture is described. Three cases are described illustrating the value of the results of the method.", "PMID": 378056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3915", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene-induced stimulation of the humoral immune response in rats.", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HCB/kg during a 3-week period. Marked weight increases of spleen, popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes and of the liver were found. Histologically, the white pulp in the spleen was enlarged because of an increase in size of marginal zones and follicles. In addition, there was an increase of extramedullary hemopoiesis. In the lymph nodes, the number of high endothelial venules was increased at all dose levels. The number of neutrophils, basophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly increased, whereas peripheral lymphocyte counts were slightly higher. Total serum IgM levels were markedly increased, but IgG concentrations were unaltered. On the basis of this experiment, the 1000 mg HCB/kg diet level was chosen for the different function studies that were carried out after a 3-weeks dietary regimen. Regarding the humoral immunity, IgM antibodies to LPS were unaltered, whereas primary and secondary IgM and IgG antibody titers to tetanus toxoid were increased approximately three-fold. HCB did not significantly alter the cell-mediated immunity, as shown by the following parameters: resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection, rejection of skin transplants, and delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. The phagocytizing capacity of macrophages was studied by measuring the blood clearance of carbon particles. HCB did slightly depress the phagocytic index, but the difference with control animals was statistically not significant. The in vitro responsiveness of thymus cells to the mitogens PHA, Con A, and PWM was not changed by in vivo HCB-treatment. On a cell-for-cell basis, the responsiveness of spleen cells was increased when cultured in the presence of LPS. On a whole organ basis, the response to PHA, Con A, PWM, and LPS was markedly enhanced because of an increase in the number of nucleated spleen cells. Regarding peripheral lymphocytes, only the response to the mitogen Con A was higher. On the basis of these studies it is concluded that HCB stimulates the humoral immune response in the rat, enhances the in vitro responsiveness of spleen cells to the different mitogens mainly as a result of an increase in the number of splenic lymphocytes, but does not alter the cell-mediated immunity as shown with in vivo tests. This result contrasts with data in the literature that show that HCB suppresses the humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice. Finally, HCB pretreatment only marginally increased the susceptibility of rats to endotoxin, whereas mice have been shown to be 20-fold more susceptible to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene-induced stimulation of the humoral immune response in rats. Rats were fed diets containing 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HCB/kg during a 3-week period. Marked weight increases of spleen, popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes and of the liver were found. Histologically, the white pulp in the spleen was enlarged because of an increase in size of marginal zones and follicles. In addition, there was an increase of extramedullary hemopoiesis. In the lymph nodes, the number of high endothelial venules was increased at all dose levels. The number of neutrophils, basophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly increased, whereas peripheral lymphocyte counts were slightly higher. Total serum IgM levels were markedly increased, but IgG concentrations were unaltered. On the basis of this experiment, the 1000 mg HCB/kg diet level was chosen for the different function studies that were carried out after a 3-weeks dietary regimen. Regarding the humoral immunity, IgM antibodies to LPS were unaltered, whereas primary and secondary IgM and IgG antibody titers to tetanus toxoid were increased approximately three-fold. HCB did not significantly alter the cell-mediated immunity, as shown by the following parameters: resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection, rejection of skin transplants, and delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. The phagocytizing capacity of macrophages was studied by measuring the blood clearance of carbon particles. HCB did slightly depress the phagocytic index, but the difference with control animals was statistically not significant. The in vitro responsiveness of thymus cells to the mitogens PHA, Con A, and PWM was not changed by in vivo HCB-treatment. On a cell-for-cell basis, the responsiveness of spleen cells was increased when cultured in the presence of LPS. On a whole organ basis, the response to PHA, Con A, PWM, and LPS was markedly enhanced because of an increase in the number of nucleated spleen cells. Regarding peripheral lymphocytes, only the response to the mitogen Con A was higher. On the basis of these studies it is concluded that HCB stimulates the humoral immune response in the rat, enhances the in vitro responsiveness of spleen cells to the different mitogens mainly as a result of an increase in the number of splenic lymphocytes, but does not alter the cell-mediated immunity as shown with in vivo tests. This result contrasts with data in the literature that show that HCB suppresses the humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice. Finally, HCB pretreatment only marginally increased the susceptibility of rats to endotoxin, whereas mice have been shown to be 20-fold more susceptible to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin.", "PMID": 378061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3916", "title": "Nonfamilial anterior corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman with subepithelial corneal opacification and numerous clear round or oval areas of epithelial edema confined to the palpebral fissure underwent a penetrating keratoplasty. The clinical appearance was similar to that of a severe Meesmann or Stocker-Holt dystrophy. The prominent histopathologic features were thickening and excrescences of the epithelial basement membrane, intense basal cell edema, but no intraepithelial cysts. The basement membrane changes are compatible with those seen in Meesmann, Stocker-Holt, and map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, but the lack of intraepithelial cysts is not characteristic of these dystrophies. This case represents a variant of the known anterior corneal dystrophies which have an overproduction of epithelial basement membrane.", "contents": "Nonfamilial anterior corneal dystrophy. A 31-year-old woman with subepithelial corneal opacification and numerous clear round or oval areas of epithelial edema confined to the palpebral fissure underwent a penetrating keratoplasty. The clinical appearance was similar to that of a severe Meesmann or Stocker-Holt dystrophy. The prominent histopathologic features were thickening and excrescences of the epithelial basement membrane, intense basal cell edema, but no intraepithelial cysts. The basement membrane changes are compatible with those seen in Meesmann, Stocker-Holt, and map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, but the lack of intraepithelial cysts is not characteristic of these dystrophies. This case represents a variant of the known anterior corneal dystrophies which have an overproduction of epithelial basement membrane.", "PMID": 378081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3917", "title": "Corneal transplantation with associated histopathologic description in xeroderma pigmentosum occurring in a black family.", "content": "Three cases of xeroderma pigmentosa in Bantu patients with corneal opacification are presented. The histologic appearances of the corneae following corneal transplantation is given.", "contents": "Corneal transplantation with associated histopathologic description in xeroderma pigmentosum occurring in a black family. Three cases of xeroderma pigmentosa in Bantu patients with corneal opacification are presented. The histologic appearances of the corneae following corneal transplantation is given.", "PMID": 378083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3918", "title": "Levator tucking.", "content": "Nine cases of ptosis were repaired by levator tucking. There were 4 postoperatuve complications. Tucking seems to offer no advantage over levator resection or the Fasanella-Servat procedure in the lesser degrees of ptosis. A new firmer tucking procedure is suggested for those who wish to try this technique.", "contents": "Levator tucking. Nine cases of ptosis were repaired by levator tucking. There were 4 postoperatuve complications. Tucking seems to offer no advantage over levator resection or the Fasanella-Servat procedure in the lesser degrees of ptosis. A new firmer tucking procedure is suggested for those who wish to try this technique.", "PMID": 378084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3919", "title": "An analysis of corneal transplantation: I--graft clarity.", "content": "A retrospective review has been undertaken of the clarity results of 378 keratoplasties performed by 6 Toronto corneal surgeons between January 1970 and December 1974. Lamellar keratoplasties were included in the data related to herpes simplex only. In herpes simplex penetrating grafts gave better vision than lamellar grafts. The following factors were statistically important with respect to graft clarity: age of recipient, type of corneal disease, peroperative corneal vessels, first or subsequent graft, pre- and/or postoperative glaucoma, postoperative anterior synechiae, combined procedure, vitreous loss, previous cataract surgery, and follow-up time. The following factors were statistically unimportant with respect to graft clarity: donor age, time from death to enucleation (median 2.8 hours), time from enucleation to use (median 24 hours), sex of donor and recipient, interrupted or running suture, use of microscope, penetrating or lamellar graft in herpes simplex, postoperative astigmatism, and division of postoperative anterior synechiae. Silk (compared with nylon), larger grafts and combined procedures all increased the incidence of graft rejection. Repeat grafts were associated with more preoperative corneal vascularization.", "contents": "An analysis of corneal transplantation: I--graft clarity. A retrospective review has been undertaken of the clarity results of 378 keratoplasties performed by 6 Toronto corneal surgeons between January 1970 and December 1974. Lamellar keratoplasties were included in the data related to herpes simplex only. In herpes simplex penetrating grafts gave better vision than lamellar grafts. The following factors were statistically important with respect to graft clarity: age of recipient, type of corneal disease, peroperative corneal vessels, first or subsequent graft, pre- and/or postoperative glaucoma, postoperative anterior synechiae, combined procedure, vitreous loss, previous cataract surgery, and follow-up time. The following factors were statistically unimportant with respect to graft clarity: donor age, time from death to enucleation (median 2.8 hours), time from enucleation to use (median 24 hours), sex of donor and recipient, interrupted or running suture, use of microscope, penetrating or lamellar graft in herpes simplex, postoperative astigmatism, and division of postoperative anterior synechiae. Silk (compared with nylon), larger grafts and combined procedures all increased the incidence of graft rejection. Repeat grafts were associated with more preoperative corneal vascularization.", "PMID": 378085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3920", "title": "An analysis of corneal transplantation: II--postoperative astigmatism.", "content": "An analysis of 153 penetrating keratoplasties was undertaken. The same surgical technique was used in all cases. Three factors had a statistically significant effect on postoperative astigmatism, as measured by keratometry. (1) Astigmatism decreased with increasing follow-up time (P less than 0.05). (2) Vitreous loss at the time of the keratoplasty increased the amount of postoperative astigmatism (P less than 0.05). (3) Females had more postoperative astigmatism than males (P less than 0.05), but this was probably related to a tendency for females to have a greater incidence of postoperative anterior synechiae (P just greater than 0.05), and the fact that all 6 cases of vitreous loss were in females. There was an almost significant trend toward postoperative anterior synechiae being associated with increased astigmatism (P just greater than 0.05), and there was also a trend toward the division of these synechiae reducing the amount of astigmatism. Fifteen of the 153 penetrating grafts were done in cases of herpes simplex. These were compared with 11 lamellar grafts done for herpes simplex, and there was a statistically insignificant trend toward more postoperative astigmatism in penetrating grafts.", "contents": "An analysis of corneal transplantation: II--postoperative astigmatism. An analysis of 153 penetrating keratoplasties was undertaken. The same surgical technique was used in all cases. Three factors had a statistically significant effect on postoperative astigmatism, as measured by keratometry. (1) Astigmatism decreased with increasing follow-up time (P less than 0.05). (2) Vitreous loss at the time of the keratoplasty increased the amount of postoperative astigmatism (P less than 0.05). (3) Females had more postoperative astigmatism than males (P less than 0.05), but this was probably related to a tendency for females to have a greater incidence of postoperative anterior synechiae (P just greater than 0.05), and the fact that all 6 cases of vitreous loss were in females. There was an almost significant trend toward postoperative anterior synechiae being associated with increased astigmatism (P just greater than 0.05), and there was also a trend toward the division of these synechiae reducing the amount of astigmatism. Fifteen of the 153 penetrating grafts were done in cases of herpes simplex. These were compared with 11 lamellar grafts done for herpes simplex, and there was a statistically insignificant trend toward more postoperative astigmatism in penetrating grafts.", "PMID": 378088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3921", "title": "Detached pacing electrode tip as a pulmonary embolus.", "content": "Forceful extraction of an Elema unipolar endocardial pacing electrode caused accidental detachment of the electrode tip. The tip migrated from the jugular vein into the central venous circulation and after some delay finally passes during the night into a pulmonary artery branch. Transient pleural irritation was the only sequel.", "contents": "Detached pacing electrode tip as a pulmonary embolus. Forceful extraction of an Elema unipolar endocardial pacing electrode caused accidental detachment of the electrode tip. The tip migrated from the jugular vein into the central venous circulation and after some delay finally passes during the night into a pulmonary artery branch. Transient pleural irritation was the only sequel.", "PMID": 378091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3922", "title": "Positive end expiratory pressure ventilation, renal function and renin.", "content": "Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) during respirator therapy can impair renal function by altering renal haemodynamics or by increasing the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone. In the present study, the effect of the commonly used 10 cm H2O PEEP for two hours on renal function and on plasma renin activity was studied in eleven intensive care patients. During the examination period, the patients received analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant drugs, but no diuretics. PEEP decreased the mean urinary output by 21%. Urinary specific gravity and osmolality increased. Urinary sodium excretion decreased along with urinary volume. The creatinine clearance decreased slightly, but free water clearance became less negative suggesting reduced ability of tubules to concentrate urine during PEEP. The plasma renin activity was not altered significnalty by PEEP, nor did the urinary sodium/potassium ratio change. This may indicate that the water retention induced by PEEP is not caused by the increased secretion of aldosterone. The results suggest that 10 cm H2O PEEP impairs renal function in critically ill patients and causes mainly water retention.", "contents": "Positive end expiratory pressure ventilation, renal function and renin. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) during respirator therapy can impair renal function by altering renal haemodynamics or by increasing the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone. In the present study, the effect of the commonly used 10 cm H2O PEEP for two hours on renal function and on plasma renin activity was studied in eleven intensive care patients. During the examination period, the patients received analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant drugs, but no diuretics. PEEP decreased the mean urinary output by 21%. Urinary specific gravity and osmolality increased. Urinary sodium excretion decreased along with urinary volume. The creatinine clearance decreased slightly, but free water clearance became less negative suggesting reduced ability of tubules to concentrate urine during PEEP. The plasma renin activity was not altered significnalty by PEEP, nor did the urinary sodium/potassium ratio change. This may indicate that the water retention induced by PEEP is not caused by the increased secretion of aldosterone. The results suggest that 10 cm H2O PEEP impairs renal function in critically ill patients and causes mainly water retention.", "PMID": 378092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3923", "title": "Pulmonary infections after renal transplantation.", "content": "The prevalence of pulmonary infections has been assessed in a series of 93 patients who succumbed after renal transplantation. Pneumonia was considered to be the immediate cause of death in 15 patients; microscopic examination revealed further 10 cases, with pneumonic foci in the lungs. Consequently, the prevalence of pulmonary infections was 27%. Pneumonia was diagnosed on chest X-ray in only 48%, with \"uraemic lung\" as the most common confounding diagnosis. Clinical microbiology disclosed pathogenic bacteria in the sputum in 40% of the cases. It is concluded that the diagnostic yield would be enhanced by more frequent chest X-rays and presumably with more invasive methods of acquiring specimens for microbiological studies. It is also possible that the application of more stringent criteria for the use of high-dose intravenous steroids for supposed rejection will lead to less pneumonia in patients with renal transplants.", "contents": "Pulmonary infections after renal transplantation. The prevalence of pulmonary infections has been assessed in a series of 93 patients who succumbed after renal transplantation. Pneumonia was considered to be the immediate cause of death in 15 patients; microscopic examination revealed further 10 cases, with pneumonic foci in the lungs. Consequently, the prevalence of pulmonary infections was 27%. Pneumonia was diagnosed on chest X-ray in only 48%, with \"uraemic lung\" as the most common confounding diagnosis. Clinical microbiology disclosed pathogenic bacteria in the sputum in 40% of the cases. It is concluded that the diagnostic yield would be enhanced by more frequent chest X-rays and presumably with more invasive methods of acquiring specimens for microbiological studies. It is also possible that the application of more stringent criteria for the use of high-dose intravenous steroids for supposed rejection will lead to less pneumonia in patients with renal transplants.", "PMID": 378093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3924", "title": "The fixed combination of propranolol and bendrofluazide in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of Inderectic, a new combination capsule of propranolol 80 mg and bendrofluazide 2.5 mg, given twice daily was investigated in 21 hypertensive patients using a double-blind randomized crossover method. Inderectic was compared with either agent used alone and with the same combination given as separate tablets. It gave a greater fall in mean lying and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure than either agent alone. There was no statistically significant difference for the effect on these variables between the free combination and combined formulation. Only minor side-effects were recorded, no patient having to be withdrawn from the study and no biochemical changes were observed.", "contents": "The fixed combination of propranolol and bendrofluazide in the treatment of hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of Inderectic, a new combination capsule of propranolol 80 mg and bendrofluazide 2.5 mg, given twice daily was investigated in 21 hypertensive patients using a double-blind randomized crossover method. Inderectic was compared with either agent used alone and with the same combination given as separate tablets. It gave a greater fall in mean lying and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure than either agent alone. There was no statistically significant difference for the effect on these variables between the free combination and combined formulation. Only minor side-effects were recorded, no patient having to be withdrawn from the study and no biochemical changes were observed.", "PMID": 378094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3925", "title": "Vibrio alginolyticus wound infection: case report and review.", "content": "Vibrio alginolyticus was associated with a littoral wound infection in an Arizonan injured near the Sea of Cortez. While this is the first instance from this estuary, the relatively recent increase in the number of isolates suggests both that most coastal waters are a natural habitat of the organism and that probably many previous isolates were incorrectly identified in the past. Mischaracterization most likely results from a gram-negative work-up routine deficient for the isolation of halophilic organisms. The morbid course of this case was in part predictable owing to the organism's resistance to several first choice antibiotics. The laboratory characteristics of V. alginolyticus and others in the Vibrio genus associated with maritime disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Vibrio alginolyticus wound infection: case report and review. Vibrio alginolyticus was associated with a littoral wound infection in an Arizonan injured near the Sea of Cortez. While this is the first instance from this estuary, the relatively recent increase in the number of isolates suggests both that most coastal waters are a natural habitat of the organism and that probably many previous isolates were incorrectly identified in the past. Mischaracterization most likely results from a gram-negative work-up routine deficient for the isolation of halophilic organisms. The morbid course of this case was in part predictable owing to the organism's resistance to several first choice antibiotics. The laboratory characteristics of V. alginolyticus and others in the Vibrio genus associated with maritime disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 378095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3926", "title": "Presystemic drug elimination.", "content": "The presystemic elimination of a large number of compounds is clearly established and represents a common and unavoidable cause of reduced bioavailability. The liver, intestine, and lungs have been identified as potential organs contributing to this effect but only in the case of the liver are sufficient data available for comprehensive analysis. More information on intestinal and pulmonary metabolism is clearly needed. Simple methods of kinetic analysis already exist, however, to assess the relative importance of these organs in presystemic elimination, especially in relation to the pre- and postabsorptive types of elimination that may occur.", "contents": "Presystemic drug elimination. The presystemic elimination of a large number of compounds is clearly established and represents a common and unavoidable cause of reduced bioavailability. The liver, intestine, and lungs have been identified as potential organs contributing to this effect but only in the case of the liver are sufficient data available for comprehensive analysis. More information on intestinal and pulmonary metabolism is clearly needed. Simple methods of kinetic analysis already exist, however, to assess the relative importance of these organs in presystemic elimination, especially in relation to the pre- and postabsorptive types of elimination that may occur.", "PMID": 378106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3927", "title": "Toxic fungi.", "content": "Much progress in the areas of identification of active components and elucidation of the toxic mechanisms for the principal poisonous mushrooms has been made in the past decade. This affords a more rational approach to therapeutic management which has consequently resulted in a decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with these species. However, the effectiveness of a large number of adjuvants for Amanita phalloides poisoning still needs critical laboratory evaluation. The current status of knowledge concerning the toxic potential and contituents of many mushroom species, including the gastroenteric irritants, is inadequate. The problem of geographic variation or genetic strain in the concentration of toxins of many species also requires further investigation. The recent awareness and interest in the pharmacology and toxicology of uncultivated mushrooms in North America and Great Britain should encourage continued active research.", "contents": "Toxic fungi. Much progress in the areas of identification of active components and elucidation of the toxic mechanisms for the principal poisonous mushrooms has been made in the past decade. This affords a more rational approach to therapeutic management which has consequently resulted in a decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with these species. However, the effectiveness of a large number of adjuvants for Amanita phalloides poisoning still needs critical laboratory evaluation. The current status of knowledge concerning the toxic potential and contituents of many mushroom species, including the gastroenteric irritants, is inadequate. The problem of geographic variation or genetic strain in the concentration of toxins of many species also requires further investigation. The recent awareness and interest in the pharmacology and toxicology of uncultivated mushrooms in North America and Great Britain should encourage continued active research.", "PMID": 378111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3928", "title": "[Effect of biologically active substances on Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity].", "content": "The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity is mainly localized in the membrane fraction of E. coli 103. Protamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, a cationic detergent, and to a less extent nitrofurans lowered the level of the antibiotic inactivation by this strain. Protamine hydrochloride decreased the enzyme activity in both the cell culture of E. coli 103 and the suspension of the membranes isolated from the cells, while chlorhexidine suppressed only induced biosynthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.", "contents": "[Effect of biologically active substances on Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity]. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity is mainly localized in the membrane fraction of E. coli 103. Protamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, a cationic detergent, and to a less extent nitrofurans lowered the level of the antibiotic inactivation by this strain. Protamine hydrochloride decreased the enzyme activity in both the cell culture of E. coli 103 and the suspension of the membranes isolated from the cells, while chlorhexidine suppressed only induced biosynthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.", "PMID": 378112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3929", "title": "[Dynamics of the change in sensitivity of shigellae to gentamycin and cephaloridine in vitro].", "content": "The dynamics of the changes in the Shigella sensitivity to gentamicin and cephaloridin was studied in vitro using liquid nutrient media with gradually increasing concentrations of the drugs. 50 passages were performed. It was found that Shigella flexner and sonnei decreased their sensitivity to gentamicin to a little extent and remained middle sensitive. Sensitivity of Shigella flexner to cephaloridin also changed to a little extent, while Shigella sonnei became moderately resistant.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the change in sensitivity of shigellae to gentamycin and cephaloridine in vitro]. The dynamics of the changes in the Shigella sensitivity to gentamicin and cephaloridin was studied in vitro using liquid nutrient media with gradually increasing concentrations of the drugs. 50 passages were performed. It was found that Shigella flexner and sonnei decreased their sensitivity to gentamicin to a little extent and remained middle sensitive. Sensitivity of Shigella flexner to cephaloridin also changed to a little extent, while Shigella sonnei became moderately resistant.", "PMID": 378113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3930", "title": "[Level and nature of the drug resistance of Shigella flexneri].", "content": "Characteristics of antibiotic resistance of 300 strains of Shigella flexner 2a isolated from patients within 1976--1977 in the regions where these bacteria were very rare for a long period of time were studied. It was shown that most of the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (88.1 per cent), tetracycline (94.8 per cent), streptomycin (89.1 per cent), polymyxin M (82.4 per cent) and others. 46.5--61.6 per cent of the isolates were resistant to neomycin antibiotics. A high level of the resistance was also noted: the bactericidal effect was registered in 52.0-74.0 per cent of the cultures at a dose of 500--1000 microgram/ml. 91.4 per cent of the strains possessed multiple dug resistance, 78.8 per cent of them being simultaneously resistant to 4--7 drugs. Transmissive R-plasmids were found in 68.8 per cent of the isolates. After exposure to acridine dyes the plasmid nature of the resistance was confirmed in 72.3 per cent of the cultures. Variability of the r-determinant sets in r-plasmids was noted. Strains (64.9 per cent) carrying r-determinants Tc, Cm, Sm and Tc, Cm were more frequent. Strains with one transmissive r-determinant were usually solitary.", "contents": "[Level and nature of the drug resistance of Shigella flexneri]. Characteristics of antibiotic resistance of 300 strains of Shigella flexner 2a isolated from patients within 1976--1977 in the regions where these bacteria were very rare for a long period of time were studied. It was shown that most of the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (88.1 per cent), tetracycline (94.8 per cent), streptomycin (89.1 per cent), polymyxin M (82.4 per cent) and others. 46.5--61.6 per cent of the isolates were resistant to neomycin antibiotics. A high level of the resistance was also noted: the bactericidal effect was registered in 52.0-74.0 per cent of the cultures at a dose of 500--1000 microgram/ml. 91.4 per cent of the strains possessed multiple dug resistance, 78.8 per cent of them being simultaneously resistant to 4--7 drugs. Transmissive R-plasmids were found in 68.8 per cent of the isolates. After exposure to acridine dyes the plasmid nature of the resistance was confirmed in 72.3 per cent of the cultures. Variability of the r-determinant sets in r-plasmids was noted. Strains (64.9 per cent) carrying r-determinants Tc, Cm, Sm and Tc, Cm were more frequent. Strains with one transmissive r-determinant were usually solitary.", "PMID": 378114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3931", "title": "Flow cytometric determinations of cellular substances in algae, bacteria, moulds and yeasts.", "content": "The practical use of flow cytometry is shown in several microbial assays. Recent technical improvements in the optics and electronics of flow cytometric systems as well as in staining techniques permit the measurements of minute cellular components such as the cellular DNA and the protein content of bacteria, algae, moulds and yeasts. Single cell ingredients can be measured by this assay according to their specific stainability. The cell DNA was stained by propidium iodide while the cell protein was fluorochromed by fluorescein-iso-thiocyanate. The DNA synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus runs discontinuously while the protein content increases continuously during the vegetative growth. The different stages of DNA synthesis of yeast cells can be divided into two 'gap' phases, a synthesis and a mitosis period, corresponding to Howard and Pelc's model of DNA synthesis. Living and dead cells can be counted differentially after staining with Erythrosine B. The red fluorescence of the chlorophyll in algae can readily be used to determine the chlorophyll content of these cells.", "contents": "Flow cytometric determinations of cellular substances in algae, bacteria, moulds and yeasts. The practical use of flow cytometry is shown in several microbial assays. Recent technical improvements in the optics and electronics of flow cytometric systems as well as in staining techniques permit the measurements of minute cellular components such as the cellular DNA and the protein content of bacteria, algae, moulds and yeasts. Single cell ingredients can be measured by this assay according to their specific stainability. The cell DNA was stained by propidium iodide while the cell protein was fluorochromed by fluorescein-iso-thiocyanate. The DNA synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus runs discontinuously while the protein content increases continuously during the vegetative growth. The different stages of DNA synthesis of yeast cells can be divided into two 'gap' phases, a synthesis and a mitosis period, corresponding to Howard and Pelc's model of DNA synthesis. Living and dead cells can be counted differentially after staining with Erythrosine B. The red fluorescence of the chlorophyll in algae can readily be used to determine the chlorophyll content of these cells.", "PMID": 378116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3932", "title": "Inositol deficiency in yeast: metabolic, enzymatic and autoradiographic studies.", "content": "The addition of inositol to starved cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86 resulted in an initiation of growth. Inositol was incorporated into phosphatidyl-inositol and after a lag period RNA was the first macromolecule with a rate of synthesis departing from the rate observed in deprived cells. Pulse chase experiments showed that inositol was first incorporated into phosphatidylinositol and later into more polar lipids. Finally it appeared to be excreted into the surrounding medium. When S. cerevisiae NCYC 86 was grown in suboptimal concentrations of inositol (0,5 microgram/ml), alterations in the level of some membrane-bound enzymatic activities were detected; these might reflect structural modifications of the cellular membranes due to a different composition of phospholipids. High-resolution autoradiography showed that inositol was probably first incorporated into internal membranes and later transferred to the plasma membrane. Analytical experiments carried out with inositol-deprived cells showed that inositol was released into the surrounding medium in that case. The unbalanced growth detected in S. cerevisiae NCYC 86 under inositol deprivation might be due to an abnormal functioning of the cell membranes as a consequence of the deficiency in inositol-containing phospholipids.", "contents": "Inositol deficiency in yeast: metabolic, enzymatic and autoradiographic studies. The addition of inositol to starved cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86 resulted in an initiation of growth. Inositol was incorporated into phosphatidyl-inositol and after a lag period RNA was the first macromolecule with a rate of synthesis departing from the rate observed in deprived cells. Pulse chase experiments showed that inositol was first incorporated into phosphatidylinositol and later into more polar lipids. Finally it appeared to be excreted into the surrounding medium. When S. cerevisiae NCYC 86 was grown in suboptimal concentrations of inositol (0,5 microgram/ml), alterations in the level of some membrane-bound enzymatic activities were detected; these might reflect structural modifications of the cellular membranes due to a different composition of phospholipids. High-resolution autoradiography showed that inositol was probably first incorporated into internal membranes and later transferred to the plasma membrane. Analytical experiments carried out with inositol-deprived cells showed that inositol was released into the surrounding medium in that case. The unbalanced growth detected in S. cerevisiae NCYC 86 under inositol deprivation might be due to an abnormal functioning of the cell membranes as a consequence of the deficiency in inositol-containing phospholipids.", "PMID": 378117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3933", "title": "Antibodies to phospholipids in experimental nocardiosis.", "content": "Live Nocardia asteroides injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs produced antibodies to phospholipids of Nocardia whereas antibodies were not detected in animals injected with heat-killed N. asteroides. The antibody titer was found to be related with the degree of infection; a significant decrease was noted after sulfadiazine treatment suggesting that antibodies were produced in response to an increasing bacterial load that occurred as the infection progressed.", "contents": "Antibodies to phospholipids in experimental nocardiosis. Live Nocardia asteroides injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs produced antibodies to phospholipids of Nocardia whereas antibodies were not detected in animals injected with heat-killed N. asteroides. The antibody titer was found to be related with the degree of infection; a significant decrease was noted after sulfadiazine treatment suggesting that antibodies were produced in response to an increasing bacterial load that occurred as the infection progressed.", "PMID": 378118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3934", "title": "Characterization of motile and acetoin-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by DNA: DNA by hybridization.", "content": "Hybridization studies were carried out to determine the extent of divergence between different members of the Enterobacteriaceae and group D, previously described by numerical analysis of phenotypic characters, and comprising strains isolated from surface waters. This group, apparently belonging in or related to the genus Citrobacter on the basis of the IMViC tests differs from this taxon by numerical analysis and DNA base composition. Our work reveals a DNA relatedness of 81-89% between the centrotype strain of this group and the genus Klebsiella. Although strains of group D show positive motility and negative Voges-Proskauer reactions, a comparison of their phenotypic characters leads us to consider that the strains with a high level of hybridization within this group belong to K. pneumoniae. These results suggest a complete revision of the traditional classification scheme of the genus Klebsiella.", "contents": "Characterization of motile and acetoin-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by DNA: DNA by hybridization. Hybridization studies were carried out to determine the extent of divergence between different members of the Enterobacteriaceae and group D, previously described by numerical analysis of phenotypic characters, and comprising strains isolated from surface waters. This group, apparently belonging in or related to the genus Citrobacter on the basis of the IMViC tests differs from this taxon by numerical analysis and DNA base composition. Our work reveals a DNA relatedness of 81-89% between the centrotype strain of this group and the genus Klebsiella. Although strains of group D show positive motility and negative Voges-Proskauer reactions, a comparison of their phenotypic characters leads us to consider that the strains with a high level of hybridization within this group belong to K. pneumoniae. These results suggest a complete revision of the traditional classification scheme of the genus Klebsiella.", "PMID": 378119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3935", "title": "Taxonomy of coagulase-negative staphylococci: a comparison of two widely used classification schemes.", "content": "In a comparative study 351 strains of Micrococcus subgroups 1-3 (Baird-Parker, 1963, 1965, 1974) were classified according to the Kloos and Schleifer scheme (1975b). The results showed that Micrococcus subgroups 1, 2 and 3 are heterogeneous groups in the Kloos and Schleifer scheme. Strains belonging to Micrococcus subgroups 1 and 2 were mostly classified by the Kloos and Schleifer criteria as Staphylococcus hominis, Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from the skin as S. cohnii, while Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from urinary infections were classified mainly as S. saprophyticus. The correlation of novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus biotype III (Baird-Parker, 1974) with S. saprophyticus (Kloos and Schleifer, 1975a, 1975b) when isolated from urine, was 80%. Although the Kloos and Schleifer scheme provides more information about biochemical characters, doubts are expressed about the validity of some of the species so delineated.", "contents": "Taxonomy of coagulase-negative staphylococci: a comparison of two widely used classification schemes. In a comparative study 351 strains of Micrococcus subgroups 1-3 (Baird-Parker, 1963, 1965, 1974) were classified according to the Kloos and Schleifer scheme (1975b). The results showed that Micrococcus subgroups 1, 2 and 3 are heterogeneous groups in the Kloos and Schleifer scheme. Strains belonging to Micrococcus subgroups 1 and 2 were mostly classified by the Kloos and Schleifer criteria as Staphylococcus hominis, Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from the skin as S. cohnii, while Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from urinary infections were classified mainly as S. saprophyticus. The correlation of novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus biotype III (Baird-Parker, 1974) with S. saprophyticus (Kloos and Schleifer, 1975a, 1975b) when isolated from urine, was 80%. Although the Kloos and Schleifer scheme provides more information about biochemical characters, doubts are expressed about the validity of some of the species so delineated.", "PMID": 378120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3936", "title": "Position of the medial internal capsular border in relation to third-ventricular width.", "content": "The position of the medial internal capsular border (lateral thalamic border) in relation to the width of the third ventricle is of considerable importance to stereotactic surgeons. Close estimation of its position from anteroposterior roentgenograms diminishes the possibility of multiple brain penetrations in an attempt to find it by electrophysiological methods. By correlating the position of the medial capsular border found by a stimulation technique, with the width of the third ventricle, in a series of 130 patients, reliable ranges of its position were obtained.", "contents": "Position of the medial internal capsular border in relation to third-ventricular width. The position of the medial internal capsular border (lateral thalamic border) in relation to the width of the third ventricle is of considerable importance to stereotactic surgeons. Close estimation of its position from anteroposterior roentgenograms diminishes the possibility of multiple brain penetrations in an attempt to find it by electrophysiological methods. By correlating the position of the medial capsular border found by a stimulation technique, with the width of the third ventricle, in a series of 130 patients, reliable ranges of its position were obtained.", "PMID": 378125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3937", "title": "Induction of mutation in Escherichia coli by freeze-drying.", "content": "The effect of freeze-drying on phenotypic reversion of amino acid auxotrophy to prototrophy was studied in Escherichia coli. In a radioresistant strain, E. coli H/r 30 (uvr+ exr+), which can repair the deoxyribonucleic acid damaged due to freeze-drying, an increased mutation frequency from auxotrophy to prototrophy was observed with increased time of freeze-drying of the cells. On the other hand, in a radiosensitive strain, E. coli NG 30 (recA), which cannot repair the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid due to a lack of repair enzyme system, no significant reversion occurred, although the survival rate was very low. The rate of phenotypic reversion dut to freeze-drying in both E. coli RIMD 0509109 (uvr+ exr+) and RIMD 0509115 (uvr exr+) was almost the same, indicating that the phenomenon is independent of the uvr character. From these results it is concluded that mutation was induced in E. coli cells during the rehydration when the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid was repaired by exr character of the cells. Thus, we propose that a serious consideration should be paid to the freeze-drying technique to preserve bacterial cells.", "contents": "Induction of mutation in Escherichia coli by freeze-drying. The effect of freeze-drying on phenotypic reversion of amino acid auxotrophy to prototrophy was studied in Escherichia coli. In a radioresistant strain, E. coli H/r 30 (uvr+ exr+), which can repair the deoxyribonucleic acid damaged due to freeze-drying, an increased mutation frequency from auxotrophy to prototrophy was observed with increased time of freeze-drying of the cells. On the other hand, in a radiosensitive strain, E. coli NG 30 (recA), which cannot repair the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid due to a lack of repair enzyme system, no significant reversion occurred, although the survival rate was very low. The rate of phenotypic reversion dut to freeze-drying in both E. coli RIMD 0509109 (uvr+ exr+) and RIMD 0509115 (uvr exr+) was almost the same, indicating that the phenomenon is independent of the uvr character. From these results it is concluded that mutation was induced in E. coli cells during the rehydration when the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid was repaired by exr character of the cells. Thus, we propose that a serious consideration should be paid to the freeze-drying technique to preserve bacterial cells.", "PMID": 378126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3938", "title": "Vivo clearance of enteric bacteria from the hemolymph of the hard clam and the American oyster.", "content": "American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, were experimentally contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri either by intracardial injection or via the natural route of ingestion. Bacterial inactivation in the hemolymph was monitored for 72 h after exposure to these enteric pathogens at 20 and 6 degrees C. At 6 degrees C, both mean bacterial uptake by ingestion and subsequent clearance was singificantly lower that at 20 degrees C. However, substantial bacterial clearance from the hemolymph occurred for both shellfish at each temperature. At 20 degrees C, viable bacteria were no longer detectable after 24 h in hemolymph of either clams or oysters after exposure to contaminated water containing 4 x 10(3) bacteria per ml.", "contents": "Vivo clearance of enteric bacteria from the hemolymph of the hard clam and the American oyster. American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, were experimentally contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri either by intracardial injection or via the natural route of ingestion. Bacterial inactivation in the hemolymph was monitored for 72 h after exposure to these enteric pathogens at 20 and 6 degrees C. At 6 degrees C, both mean bacterial uptake by ingestion and subsequent clearance was singificantly lower that at 20 degrees C. However, substantial bacterial clearance from the hemolymph occurred for both shellfish at each temperature. At 20 degrees C, viable bacteria were no longer detectable after 24 h in hemolymph of either clams or oysters after exposure to contaminated water containing 4 x 10(3) bacteria per ml.", "PMID": 378127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3939", "title": "Automated electrical impedance technique for rapid enumeration of fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants.", "content": "Fecal coliforms growing in a selective lactose-based broth medium at 44.5 degrees C generate a change in the electrical impedance of the culture relative to a sterile control when populations reach 10(6) to 10(7) per ml. The ratio of these changes was measured automatically, and the data were processed by computer. A linear relation was found between the log10 of the number of fecal coliforms in an inoculum and the time required for an electrical impedance ratio signal to be detected. Pure culture inocula consisting of 100 fecal coliforms in log phase or stationary phase were detected in 6.5 and 7.7 h, respectively. Standard curves of log10 fecal coliforms in wastewater inocula versus detection time, based on samples collected at a sewage treatment plant over a 4-month period, were found to vary from one another with time. Nevertheless, detection times were rapid and ranged from 5.8 to 7.9 h for 200 fecal coliforms to 8.7 to 11.4 h for 1 fecal coliform. Variations in detection times for a given number of fecal coliforms were also found among sewage treatment plants. A strategy is proposed which takes these variations into account and allows for rapid, automated enumeration of fecal coliforms in wastewater by the electrical impedance ratio technique.", "contents": "Automated electrical impedance technique for rapid enumeration of fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants. Fecal coliforms growing in a selective lactose-based broth medium at 44.5 degrees C generate a change in the electrical impedance of the culture relative to a sterile control when populations reach 10(6) to 10(7) per ml. The ratio of these changes was measured automatically, and the data were processed by computer. A linear relation was found between the log10 of the number of fecal coliforms in an inoculum and the time required for an electrical impedance ratio signal to be detected. Pure culture inocula consisting of 100 fecal coliforms in log phase or stationary phase were detected in 6.5 and 7.7 h, respectively. Standard curves of log10 fecal coliforms in wastewater inocula versus detection time, based on samples collected at a sewage treatment plant over a 4-month period, were found to vary from one another with time. Nevertheless, detection times were rapid and ranged from 5.8 to 7.9 h for 200 fecal coliforms to 8.7 to 11.4 h for 1 fecal coliform. Variations in detection times for a given number of fecal coliforms were also found among sewage treatment plants. A strategy is proposed which takes these variations into account and allows for rapid, automated enumeration of fecal coliforms in wastewater by the electrical impedance ratio technique.", "PMID": 378128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3940", "title": "Rapid, single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants.", "content": "A single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in sewage treatment plant effluents is described. The method requires the use of only one lactose-based medium and a single incubation temperature of 44.5 degrees C, and it can be completed in 18 h or less, as compared with up to 72 h for the standard most-probable-number method. The appearance of growth is the sole criterion used for designating positives, which can be determined either by increases in the electrical impedance ratio of inoculated medium, as compared to an uninoculated control using a Bactometer model 32, or by visual examination of inoculated medium for turbidity. In trials with 53 samples of unchlorinated sewage treatment plant effluent, fecal coliform counts by the single-step most-probable-number method, throughout a range of less than 10 to almost 10(7) fecal coliforms per 100 ml of effluent, were in excellent agreement with counts abtained by the standard most-probable-number procedure. Similar agreement was obtained in comparative trials with 31 chlorinated effluent samples from two sewage treatment plants. Overall, 87% of 452 positives were confirmed as containing fecal coliforms. The applicability of the single-step most-probable-number method to automated sewage treatment plant operations is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid, single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants. A single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in sewage treatment plant effluents is described. The method requires the use of only one lactose-based medium and a single incubation temperature of 44.5 degrees C, and it can be completed in 18 h or less, as compared with up to 72 h for the standard most-probable-number method. The appearance of growth is the sole criterion used for designating positives, which can be determined either by increases in the electrical impedance ratio of inoculated medium, as compared to an uninoculated control using a Bactometer model 32, or by visual examination of inoculated medium for turbidity. In trials with 53 samples of unchlorinated sewage treatment plant effluent, fecal coliform counts by the single-step most-probable-number method, throughout a range of less than 10 to almost 10(7) fecal coliforms per 100 ml of effluent, were in excellent agreement with counts abtained by the standard most-probable-number procedure. Similar agreement was obtained in comparative trials with 31 chlorinated effluent samples from two sewage treatment plants. Overall, 87% of 452 positives were confirmed as containing fecal coliforms. The applicability of the single-step most-probable-number method to automated sewage treatment plant operations is discussed.", "PMID": 378129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3941", "title": "Chlorine injury and the enumeration of waterborne coliform bacteria.", "content": "Injury induced in Escherichia coli cells by chlorination was studied from a physiological standpoint. Predictable and reproducible injury was found to occur rapidly in 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter and was reversible under nonselective conditions. There was an extended lag period in the growth of chlorinated cells not seen in control suspensions followed by the resumption of logarithmic growth at a rate equaling that of control cells. The aldolase activity of cells chlorinated in vivo was equivalent to that obtained for control cells. Oxygen uptake experiments showed that chlorinated cells underwent a decrease in respiration that was not immediatedly repaired in the presence of reducing agents. This effect was more pronouned in rich media containing reducing agents. Uptake of metabolities was inhibited by chlorine injury as shown with experiments using 14C-labeled glucose and algal protein hydrolysate.", "contents": "Chlorine injury and the enumeration of waterborne coliform bacteria. Injury induced in Escherichia coli cells by chlorination was studied from a physiological standpoint. Predictable and reproducible injury was found to occur rapidly in 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter and was reversible under nonselective conditions. There was an extended lag period in the growth of chlorinated cells not seen in control suspensions followed by the resumption of logarithmic growth at a rate equaling that of control cells. The aldolase activity of cells chlorinated in vivo was equivalent to that obtained for control cells. Oxygen uptake experiments showed that chlorinated cells underwent a decrease in respiration that was not immediatedly repaired in the presence of reducing agents. This effect was more pronouned in rich media containing reducing agents. Uptake of metabolities was inhibited by chlorine injury as shown with experiments using 14C-labeled glucose and algal protein hydrolysate.", "PMID": 378130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3942", "title": "Demonstration of invasiveness of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in adult rabbits by immunofluorescence.", "content": "To determine possible pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-host-organ system interactions, studies of invasiveness were made by a direct fluorescent-antibody method. Broth cultures of live cells isolated from seafish or symptomatic humans were inoculated separately into ligated ileal loops of young New Zealand white rabbits. After suitable incubation, rabbits were sacrificed, and ileal loops and tissue specimens were aseptically removed. Ileal loops were prepared and stained with specific fluorescein-tagged antibody, and organ specimens were cultured for isolation of the inoculated Vibrio strain. All strains tested penetrated into the lamina propria of the ileum and were isolated from the cultured tissue specimens, indicating that the organism is capable of more than a superficial colonization of the gut. The presence of Vibrio in cultured tissue specimens suggests invasion of deeper tissue by either the lymphatic or the circulatory system.", "contents": "Demonstration of invasiveness of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in adult rabbits by immunofluorescence. To determine possible pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-host-organ system interactions, studies of invasiveness were made by a direct fluorescent-antibody method. Broth cultures of live cells isolated from seafish or symptomatic humans were inoculated separately into ligated ileal loops of young New Zealand white rabbits. After suitable incubation, rabbits were sacrificed, and ileal loops and tissue specimens were aseptically removed. Ileal loops were prepared and stained with specific fluorescein-tagged antibody, and organ specimens were cultured for isolation of the inoculated Vibrio strain. All strains tested penetrated into the lamina propria of the ileum and were isolated from the cultured tissue specimens, indicating that the organism is capable of more than a superficial colonization of the gut. The presence of Vibrio in cultured tissue specimens suggests invasion of deeper tissue by either the lymphatic or the circulatory system.", "PMID": 378131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3943", "title": "Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin emodin in the salmonella/microsome system.", "content": "The mycotoxin emodin was found to be a frameshift mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1537 after metabolic activation in a mammalian microsome system.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin emodin in the salmonella/microsome system. The mycotoxin emodin was found to be a frameshift mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1537 after metabolic activation in a mammalian microsome system.", "PMID": 378132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3944", "title": "Determination of lipopolysaccharide by a bioluminescence technique.", "content": "The determination of the lipid A content of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by using a dim mutant of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi is described. The luminous bacteria emitted light upon the addition of an acid hydrolysate of lipopolysaccharide which contained myristic acid, thus making it possible to detect as little as 1 ng of lipopolysaccharide. By converting the 3-OH-myristic acid to myristic acid, it was possible to further increase the detection sensitivity and to establish a basis for a specific and highly sensitive bioassay for the detection of lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Determination of lipopolysaccharide by a bioluminescence technique. The determination of the lipid A content of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by using a dim mutant of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi is described. The luminous bacteria emitted light upon the addition of an acid hydrolysate of lipopolysaccharide which contained myristic acid, thus making it possible to detect as little as 1 ng of lipopolysaccharide. By converting the 3-OH-myristic acid to myristic acid, it was possible to further increase the detection sensitivity and to establish a basis for a specific and highly sensitive bioassay for the detection of lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 378133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3945", "title": "Prophylactic and preventive antibiotic therapy: timing, duration and economics.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that administered antibiotics must be active against major anticipated pathogens and must have reached sufficient concentrations in the tissue or body fluid at risk by the time of bacterial challenge if prophylactic therapy is to be maximally effective in reducing the infection rate of potentially contaminated surgery. The need for continuing antibiotic prophylaxis beyond the day of operation, however, has been uncertain. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 220 patients undergoing elective gastric, biliary or colonic surgery, perioperative administration of cefamandole plus five days of placebo was compared to perioperative plus five days of postoperative antibiotic therapy; no significant difference was found between the groups in the rate of infection of wound (6 and 5%, respectively), peritoneum (2% each) and elsewhere (6% and 5%). In another prospective, randomized, nonblind study of 451 determinant cases of 1,624 patients undergoing emergency laparotomy, cephalothin was instituted preoperatively but after peritoneal contamination had occurred (i.e., abdominal trauma, etc.); continued postoperative antibiotic again failed to reduce further the wound and peritoneal infection rates, as noted on comparing perioperative therapy alone (infection rates 8 and 4%, respectively) with perioperative plus 5-7 days of postoperative treatment (10% and 5%, respectively). Analysis of these data, as well as of the extra expenses incurred by 463 patients because of infection in a previous prophylactic antibiotic study, revealed an average additional expenditure of $2,686.00 for each instance of postoperative infection of the wound and/or peritoneum; whereas savings of $300.00 per patient at risk were obtained whenever appropriate prophylactic antibiotic had been given.", "contents": "Prophylactic and preventive antibiotic therapy: timing, duration and economics. Previous studies have demonstrated that administered antibiotics must be active against major anticipated pathogens and must have reached sufficient concentrations in the tissue or body fluid at risk by the time of bacterial challenge if prophylactic therapy is to be maximally effective in reducing the infection rate of potentially contaminated surgery. The need for continuing antibiotic prophylaxis beyond the day of operation, however, has been uncertain. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 220 patients undergoing elective gastric, biliary or colonic surgery, perioperative administration of cefamandole plus five days of placebo was compared to perioperative plus five days of postoperative antibiotic therapy; no significant difference was found between the groups in the rate of infection of wound (6 and 5%, respectively), peritoneum (2% each) and elsewhere (6% and 5%). In another prospective, randomized, nonblind study of 451 determinant cases of 1,624 patients undergoing emergency laparotomy, cephalothin was instituted preoperatively but after peritoneal contamination had occurred (i.e., abdominal trauma, etc.); continued postoperative antibiotic again failed to reduce further the wound and peritoneal infection rates, as noted on comparing perioperative therapy alone (infection rates 8 and 4%, respectively) with perioperative plus 5-7 days of postoperative treatment (10% and 5%, respectively). Analysis of these data, as well as of the extra expenses incurred by 463 patients because of infection in a previous prophylactic antibiotic study, revealed an average additional expenditure of $2,686.00 for each instance of postoperative infection of the wound and/or peritoneum; whereas savings of $300.00 per patient at risk were obtained whenever appropriate prophylactic antibiotic had been given.", "PMID": 378140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3946", "title": "Coarctation of the abdominal aorta: pathophysiologic and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Coarctation of the aorta is the most frequent cause of hypertension in infants and children. Ninety-eight per cent of coarctations occur in the descending aorta near the ligamentum arteriosus. Five patients are presented with the relatively rare problem of coarctation of the abdominal aorta. The anatomic,pathophysiologic and clinical aspects in these patients cover a range of variants. Clinical and laboratory studies of the genesis of hypertension in coarctation are reviewed in chronologic outline. An experimental model of abdominal coarctation with hypertensive and renin-angiotensin II correlations suggests but does not prove a renal mechanism for the hypertension. The same conclusion must be drawn from study of the clinical cases.", "contents": "Coarctation of the abdominal aorta: pathophysiologic and therapeutic considerations. Coarctation of the aorta is the most frequent cause of hypertension in infants and children. Ninety-eight per cent of coarctations occur in the descending aorta near the ligamentum arteriosus. Five patients are presented with the relatively rare problem of coarctation of the abdominal aorta. The anatomic,pathophysiologic and clinical aspects in these patients cover a range of variants. Clinical and laboratory studies of the genesis of hypertension in coarctation are reviewed in chronologic outline. An experimental model of abdominal coarctation with hypertensive and renin-angiotensin II correlations suggests but does not prove a renal mechanism for the hypertension. The same conclusion must be drawn from study of the clinical cases.", "PMID": 378141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3947", "title": "Effects of pulsatile perfusion pressure and storage on hearts preserved for 24 hours under hypothermia, for transplantation.", "content": "Canine hearts preserved for 24 hours under hypothermic pulsatile perfusion at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg had better perfusion and transplantation survival results than hearts perfused at 50 or 80 mm Hg. Also, hearts perfused at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg did better than simple hypothermically stored hearts or fresh allografts. These findings indicate that hearts are adequately perfused for 24 hours under hypothermia for transplantation at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg.", "contents": "Effects of pulsatile perfusion pressure and storage on hearts preserved for 24 hours under hypothermia, for transplantation. Canine hearts preserved for 24 hours under hypothermic pulsatile perfusion at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg had better perfusion and transplantation survival results than hearts perfused at 50 or 80 mm Hg. Also, hearts perfused at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg did better than simple hypothermically stored hearts or fresh allografts. These findings indicate that hearts are adequately perfused for 24 hours under hypothermia for transplantation at a systolic pressure of 25 mm Hg.", "PMID": 378142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3948", "title": "A new method of sternal reclosure.", "content": "A new method is described for stabilizing dehiscence or instability of median sternotomy incisions using stainless steel retention sutures. The method has been used successfully in patients who had disruption of the sternum following open-heart surgery and resulted in no complications. It is recommended also as a preventive measure for closure of the sternum in elderly, debilitated patients with a fragile sternum and with prolonged low cardiac output after operation.", "contents": "A new method of sternal reclosure. A new method is described for stabilizing dehiscence or instability of median sternotomy incisions using stainless steel retention sutures. The method has been used successfully in patients who had disruption of the sternum following open-heart surgery and resulted in no complications. It is recommended also as a preventive measure for closure of the sternum in elderly, debilitated patients with a fragile sternum and with prolonged low cardiac output after operation.", "PMID": 378143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3949", "title": "A simple method for closure of patient ductus arteriosus in elderly patients.", "content": "A relatively simple and safe method for closure of the patient ductus arteriosus in the elderly patient is described. It has been done successfully in 4 patients.", "contents": "A simple method for closure of patient ductus arteriosus in elderly patients. A relatively simple and safe method for closure of the patient ductus arteriosus in the elderly patient is described. It has been done successfully in 4 patients.", "PMID": 378144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3950", "title": "Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva.", "content": "From 1962 to 1976, 15 patients with aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva underwent operative correction. All patients survived operation. Follow-up has been carried out for as long as fifteen years (median, six years) after operation. There have been no late deaths and no recurrences. Aortic insufficiency, present in 2 patients before and in 2 after operation, remained well compensated and required no further aortic valve procedure. A double approach, that is, through both the aorta and the involved cardiac chamber, is recommended for sufficient correction.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva. From 1962 to 1976, 15 patients with aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva underwent operative correction. All patients survived operation. Follow-up has been carried out for as long as fifteen years (median, six years) after operation. There have been no late deaths and no recurrences. Aortic insufficiency, present in 2 patients before and in 2 after operation, remained well compensated and required no further aortic valve procedure. A double approach, that is, through both the aorta and the involved cardiac chamber, is recommended for sufficient correction.", "PMID": 378146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3951", "title": "Rupture of postcoarctation mycotic aneurysms of the aorta.", "content": "Sudden and usually fatal rupture is a common complication of postcoarctation mycotic aneurysms. Prompt operative treatment is always indicated, and can be performed using one of three techniques depending on the adequacy of the collateral circulation and the presence or absence of active bacterial infection. Renal dysfunction commonly is associated with bacterial endarteritis and is secondary to an immune-complex glomerulonephritis. The patient reported here was treated successfully by the placement of an emergency axillofemoral bypass graft, removal of the infected portion of the descending thoracic aorta, and delayed intrathoracic reconstruction.", "contents": "Rupture of postcoarctation mycotic aneurysms of the aorta. Sudden and usually fatal rupture is a common complication of postcoarctation mycotic aneurysms. Prompt operative treatment is always indicated, and can be performed using one of three techniques depending on the adequacy of the collateral circulation and the presence or absence of active bacterial infection. Renal dysfunction commonly is associated with bacterial endarteritis and is secondary to an immune-complex glomerulonephritis. The patient reported here was treated successfully by the placement of an emergency axillofemoral bypass graft, removal of the infected portion of the descending thoracic aorta, and delayed intrathoracic reconstruction.", "PMID": 378147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3952", "title": "Radical enlargement of the aortic root and outflow tract to allow valve replacement.", "content": "A method of radical enlargement of the aortic root and outflow tract is described. The technique consists of incising the aortic annulus, the anterior mitral leaflet, and the superior aspect of the left atrium. Valve replacement is then possible, with patch reconstruction of the resulting defects.", "contents": "Radical enlargement of the aortic root and outflow tract to allow valve replacement. A method of radical enlargement of the aortic root and outflow tract is described. The technique consists of incising the aortic annulus, the anterior mitral leaflet, and the superior aspect of the left atrium. Valve replacement is then possible, with patch reconstruction of the resulting defects.", "PMID": 378151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3953", "title": "Late complications following surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return below the diaphragm.", "content": "Between May, 1975, and June, 1977, we surgically repaired an infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return in 4 infants under deep hypothermic cardiac arrest. All patients had pulmonary hypertension and a patent ductus arteriosus. All survived operation and required positive end-expiratory pressure with mechanical ventilation. Late complications included patent ductus arteriosus not visualized at initial catheterization, breakdown of an oversewn atrial septal defect repair, and pulmonary venous obstruction despite an anastomosis diamter of 1.5 to 2.5 cm. At reoperation, there was scarring and contraction at the junction of the pulmonary veins and left atrium. One infant with these complications died post-operatively. In another patient, there was kinking of the left lower pulmonary vein at its juncture with the left atrium. In view of these complications we currently recommend the following: ligation of the ductus arteriosus regardless of catheterization findings; a right-sided approach to avoid pulmonary vein kinking; prosthetic patch closure of the atrial septal defect to avoid excessive tension on suture lines and to maintain maximum left atrial size; stellate anastomosis to provide the largest possible drainage channel; awareness that an unusually high positive end-expiratory pressure may be required postoperatively; and early recatheterization.", "contents": "Late complications following surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return below the diaphragm. Between May, 1975, and June, 1977, we surgically repaired an infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return in 4 infants under deep hypothermic cardiac arrest. All patients had pulmonary hypertension and a patent ductus arteriosus. All survived operation and required positive end-expiratory pressure with mechanical ventilation. Late complications included patent ductus arteriosus not visualized at initial catheterization, breakdown of an oversewn atrial septal defect repair, and pulmonary venous obstruction despite an anastomosis diamter of 1.5 to 2.5 cm. At reoperation, there was scarring and contraction at the junction of the pulmonary veins and left atrium. One infant with these complications died post-operatively. In another patient, there was kinking of the left lower pulmonary vein at its juncture with the left atrium. In view of these complications we currently recommend the following: ligation of the ductus arteriosus regardless of catheterization findings; a right-sided approach to avoid pulmonary vein kinking; prosthetic patch closure of the atrial septal defect to avoid excessive tension on suture lines and to maintain maximum left atrial size; stellate anastomosis to provide the largest possible drainage channel; awareness that an unusually high positive end-expiratory pressure may be required postoperatively; and early recatheterization.", "PMID": 378152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3954", "title": "Classic shunting operations as part of two-stage repair for tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with tetralogy of Fallot, with or without pulmonary atresia, underwent Blalock-Taussig or Waterston operation for initial palliation. Of these patients, 45 were less than 6 months old, and 63 were less than 1 year old. The type of shunt, and the presence or absence of pulmonary atresia did not have a significant effect (p greater than 0.2) on hospital mortality. Parametric analysis showed a significant effect of age (p = 0.03), the risk of hospital death being 6% at 1 month of age, 4% at 3 months, 3% at 6 months, and 2.5% at 12 months. No late deaths occurred before the age of 3 years. Six patients (4.2% of the hospital survivors) required another operation before they were 3 years old. Severe arm ischemia occurred after a Blalock-Taussig shunt in 1 infant with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Classic shunting operations as part of two-stage repair for tetralogy of Fallot. One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with tetralogy of Fallot, with or without pulmonary atresia, underwent Blalock-Taussig or Waterston operation for initial palliation. Of these patients, 45 were less than 6 months old, and 63 were less than 1 year old. The type of shunt, and the presence or absence of pulmonary atresia did not have a significant effect (p greater than 0.2) on hospital mortality. Parametric analysis showed a significant effect of age (p = 0.03), the risk of hospital death being 6% at 1 month of age, 4% at 3 months, 3% at 6 months, and 2.5% at 12 months. No late deaths occurred before the age of 3 years. Six patients (4.2% of the hospital survivors) required another operation before they were 3 years old. Severe arm ischemia occurred after a Blalock-Taussig shunt in 1 infant with Down's syndrome.", "PMID": 378153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3955", "title": "The use of internal and external vascular conduits for correction of D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia.", "content": "Between 1967 and 1978, an 11-year-old boy had undergone 3 separate systemic-pulmonary artery shunt operations. Two of the 3 shunt operations failed. The patient was restudied because of progressive cyanosis and was diagnosed as having D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. Repair was successfully accomplished with the use of an internal vascular conduit and an external vascular conduit with a glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valve. Four months after the corrective procedure, the patient's exercise tolerance had improved dramatically.", "contents": "The use of internal and external vascular conduits for correction of D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. Between 1967 and 1978, an 11-year-old boy had undergone 3 separate systemic-pulmonary artery shunt operations. Two of the 3 shunt operations failed. The patient was restudied because of progressive cyanosis and was diagnosed as having D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. Repair was successfully accomplished with the use of an internal vascular conduit and an external vascular conduit with a glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valve. Four months after the corrective procedure, the patient's exercise tolerance had improved dramatically.", "PMID": 378154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3956", "title": "Ventricular septal defect following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Review of the literature since 1970 revealed more than 200 patients who had a ventricular septal defect following myocardial infarction and underwnet operation. Pathogenesis and diagnosis are discussed. The primary therapy is operative repair, which is considered from the standpoint of approach, timing, technique, concomitant coronary artery bypass, mortality, and long-term survival. Operative mortality in those patients operated on less than 3 weeks following perforation remains high (40%) but when it is possible to wait 3 weeks, there is a marked decrease in mortality (6%). Several general principles have evolved for the care of these patients. (1) Operation should be deferred until 3 weeks after infarction if possible. (2) The intraaortic balloon allows preoperative evaluation of the patient with clinical hemodynamic deterioration in the early postinfarction period. (3) The incision should be placed through the infarct. (4) Associated coronary artery or mitral valve disease should be repaired as well.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect following myocardial infarction. Review of the literature since 1970 revealed more than 200 patients who had a ventricular septal defect following myocardial infarction and underwnet operation. Pathogenesis and diagnosis are discussed. The primary therapy is operative repair, which is considered from the standpoint of approach, timing, technique, concomitant coronary artery bypass, mortality, and long-term survival. Operative mortality in those patients operated on less than 3 weeks following perforation remains high (40%) but when it is possible to wait 3 weeks, there is a marked decrease in mortality (6%). Several general principles have evolved for the care of these patients. (1) Operation should be deferred until 3 weeks after infarction if possible. (2) The intraaortic balloon allows preoperative evaluation of the patient with clinical hemodynamic deterioration in the early postinfarction period. (3) The incision should be placed through the infarct. (4) Associated coronary artery or mitral valve disease should be repaired as well.", "PMID": 378155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3957", "title": "Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Immediately following the initial ingestion of hydrochlorothiazide, acute pulmonary edema developed in a patient who previously used bendroflumethiazide. Unlike previously published reports, we studied the patient from immunologic and pulmonary function aspects. Using standard techniques, no significant immunological mechanisms could be demonstrated. The pulmonary function testing disclosed a widened alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and mildly decreased diffusing capacity that cleared on serial testing. We believe that this demonstrates a rare idiosyncratic reaction that apparently is seen specifically with hydrochlorothiazide and not with other thiazide medications.", "contents": "Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema. Report of a case and review of the literature. Immediately following the initial ingestion of hydrochlorothiazide, acute pulmonary edema developed in a patient who previously used bendroflumethiazide. Unlike previously published reports, we studied the patient from immunologic and pulmonary function aspects. Using standard techniques, no significant immunological mechanisms could be demonstrated. The pulmonary function testing disclosed a widened alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and mildly decreased diffusing capacity that cleared on serial testing. We believe that this demonstrates a rare idiosyncratic reaction that apparently is seen specifically with hydrochlorothiazide and not with other thiazide medications.", "PMID": 378156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3958", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in the calf].", "content": "Studies into the effects of the environment on health and performance of agricultural animals are of clear-cut relevance to farming practice. The theoretical and practical importance of lymphocyte transformation to any assessment of immunological reactivity under defined environmental conditions, therefore, is reported in this paper. Communicated is methodical experience obtained from isolation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood of calves, lymphocyte culturing, and morphological evaluation of lymphocyte transformation. Views are given on the suitability of the lymphocyte transformation test. The following results have been obtained: Centrifugation of defibrinated blood, using \"Visotrast-370\", is recommended for lymphocyte isolation. Morphological evaluation will ensure a high degree of precision when 1 x 10(6) cells in one millilitre culturing fluid are to be cultured over three days, the culturing fluid consisting of 20 per cent of autologous serum and 80 per cent of Eagle medium, antibiotics, and a portion of 1-vol.% of phytohaemagglutinin (Wellcome). The lymphocyte transformation test, for its methodical accuracy, is good enough to detect and identify environmental effects on immunological reactivity of calf. It is likely to reflect the immunological response to an antigen application.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in the calf]. Studies into the effects of the environment on health and performance of agricultural animals are of clear-cut relevance to farming practice. The theoretical and practical importance of lymphocyte transformation to any assessment of immunological reactivity under defined environmental conditions, therefore, is reported in this paper. Communicated is methodical experience obtained from isolation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood of calves, lymphocyte culturing, and morphological evaluation of lymphocyte transformation. Views are given on the suitability of the lymphocyte transformation test. The following results have been obtained: Centrifugation of defibrinated blood, using \"Visotrast-370\", is recommended for lymphocyte isolation. Morphological evaluation will ensure a high degree of precision when 1 x 10(6) cells in one millilitre culturing fluid are to be cultured over three days, the culturing fluid consisting of 20 per cent of autologous serum and 80 per cent of Eagle medium, antibiotics, and a portion of 1-vol.% of phytohaemagglutinin (Wellcome). The lymphocyte transformation test, for its methodical accuracy, is good enough to detect and identify environmental effects on immunological reactivity of calf. It is likely to reflect the immunological response to an antigen application.", "PMID": 378159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3959", "title": "Differentiating exogenous psychiatric illness from schizophrenia.", "content": "Retaining an individual on psychiatric dispensary lists long after a single psychotic episode can result in unnecessary restriction of his or her social-vocational rights and responsibilities. This study demonstrates that an early clinical differention can be made between exogenous psychoses and progressive schizophrenia. The validity of the clinical differentiation was enhanced by demonstrating that a computer learning and pattern-recognition program was capable of using signs and symptoms recorded in the first psychotic episode to make a differential diagnosis that coincided closely with diagnoses made at a later date by clinicians aware of the subsequent clinical course. This kind of approach to standardized nosologic principles may expand the possibility for more appropriate application of psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, and somatic treatments, as well as more accurate social-vocational prognoses.", "contents": "Differentiating exogenous psychiatric illness from schizophrenia. Retaining an individual on psychiatric dispensary lists long after a single psychotic episode can result in unnecessary restriction of his or her social-vocational rights and responsibilities. This study demonstrates that an early clinical differention can be made between exogenous psychoses and progressive schizophrenia. The validity of the clinical differentiation was enhanced by demonstrating that a computer learning and pattern-recognition program was capable of using signs and symptoms recorded in the first psychotic episode to make a differential diagnosis that coincided closely with diagnoses made at a later date by clinicians aware of the subsequent clinical course. This kind of approach to standardized nosologic principles may expand the possibility for more appropriate application of psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, and somatic treatments, as well as more accurate social-vocational prognoses.", "PMID": 378160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3960", "title": "Localization of IgE in tissues by an immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used to study the content and distribution of IgE in formaldehyde solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded adenoid and nasal tissues of atopic and nonatopic persons. Adenoid tissue from 15 patients, and nasal tissue from five patients with symptoms of inhalant allergies and augmented serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE were examined with this method. Adenoid tissues from five patients without allergic symptoms were studied for comparison. A rich content of IgE, largely within the cytoplasm of the plasma cells, was observed in tissues of atopic subjects. The sections from nonallergic persons contained few weakly staining IgE-positive cells. These observations provide anatomic support for the role of IgE in hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type. This immunoperoxidase technique, circumventing the principal shortcomings of the immunofluorescence procedures, affords a highly sensitive and practical approach to cellular and tissue localization of IgE.", "contents": "Localization of IgE in tissues by an immunoperoxidase technique. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used to study the content and distribution of IgE in formaldehyde solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded adenoid and nasal tissues of atopic and nonatopic persons. Adenoid tissue from 15 patients, and nasal tissue from five patients with symptoms of inhalant allergies and augmented serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE were examined with this method. Adenoid tissues from five patients without allergic symptoms were studied for comparison. A rich content of IgE, largely within the cytoplasm of the plasma cells, was observed in tissues of atopic subjects. The sections from nonallergic persons contained few weakly staining IgE-positive cells. These observations provide anatomic support for the role of IgE in hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type. This immunoperoxidase technique, circumventing the principal shortcomings of the immunofluorescence procedures, affords a highly sensitive and practical approach to cellular and tissue localization of IgE.", "PMID": 378175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3961", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma in a patient with Lennert's lymphoma. Report of a case with unusual cytoplasmic inclusions.", "content": "The transformation of Lennert's lymphoma into histiocytic lymphoma appears to be part of the natural history of the disorder rather than therapeutically induced. Unusual paranuclear nonmembrane-bound filamentous inclusions were found in many of the neoplastic cells in the histiocytic lymphoma. We report evidence for the immunoglobulin nature of this material, indicating a B cell origin of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma in a patient with Lennert's lymphoma. Report of a case with unusual cytoplasmic inclusions. The transformation of Lennert's lymphoma into histiocytic lymphoma appears to be part of the natural history of the disorder rather than therapeutically induced. Unusual paranuclear nonmembrane-bound filamentous inclusions were found in many of the neoplastic cells in the histiocytic lymphoma. We report evidence for the immunoglobulin nature of this material, indicating a B cell origin of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 378176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3962", "title": "Skeletal muscle in polymyositis. Immunohistochemical study.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with adult-onset polymyositis uncomplicated by cancer or systemic connective tissue disease were studied. Muscle biopsy specimens were examined with direct immunofluorescence microscopy and results were compared with those in 94 control subjects. Sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic staining were observed in both groups and considered to be nonspecific. Immune deposits in the muscle microvasculature were present in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis but were not present in polymyositis. Our data suggest that the finding of vascular immunofluorescence excludes the diagnosis of adult polymyositis and implies that the pathogenesis of this disease and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies may differ.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle in polymyositis. Immunohistochemical study. Thirty-two patients with adult-onset polymyositis uncomplicated by cancer or systemic connective tissue disease were studied. Muscle biopsy specimens were examined with direct immunofluorescence microscopy and results were compared with those in 94 control subjects. Sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic staining were observed in both groups and considered to be nonspecific. Immune deposits in the muscle microvasculature were present in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis but were not present in polymyositis. Our data suggest that the finding of vascular immunofluorescence excludes the diagnosis of adult polymyositis and implies that the pathogenesis of this disease and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies may differ.", "PMID": 378177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3963", "title": "Surgical management of traumatic injuries of the right colon. Twenty years of civilian experience.", "content": "Three hundred seven patients with right colon injuries were treated at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, between 1953 and 1973. These injuries were managed with loop colostomies, suture and cecostomy, primary repair, right colectomy, diverting colostomy, and appendectomy or cecostomy alone. The indications and results of each type of repair are analyzed separately. The mortality (3.21%), morbidity (22%), and hospital stay were not related to the modality of treatment, but were influenced by the injuring agent. Adequate treatment of civilian right colon injuries implies careful individualization to avoid serious septic complications and subsequent mortality.", "contents": "Surgical management of traumatic injuries of the right colon. Twenty years of civilian experience. Three hundred seven patients with right colon injuries were treated at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, between 1953 and 1973. These injuries were managed with loop colostomies, suture and cecostomy, primary repair, right colectomy, diverting colostomy, and appendectomy or cecostomy alone. The indications and results of each type of repair are analyzed separately. The mortality (3.21%), morbidity (22%), and hospital stay were not related to the modality of treatment, but were influenced by the injuring agent. Adequate treatment of civilian right colon injuries implies careful individualization to avoid serious septic complications and subsequent mortality.", "PMID": 378180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3964", "title": "Should the ruptured renal allograft be removed?", "content": "During a 16-month period when 93 renal transplants were performed, eight kidney graft ruptures were detected within 18 days of transplantation, without evidence of venous obstruction. Six grafts were removed at the time of an exploratory operation for rupture and only one showed signs of probable irreversible rejection when examined by microscopy. Two graft ruptures were repaired and one of these grafts has had good long-term function 22 months later. These observations suggest that if bleeding at the site of grafts has had good long-term function 22 months later. These observations suggest that if bleeding at the site of graft rupture can be securely controlled and if the conditions of the patient and of the graft are favorable except for the rupture, it may be possible to save more than one of eight grafts.", "contents": "Should the ruptured renal allograft be removed? During a 16-month period when 93 renal transplants were performed, eight kidney graft ruptures were detected within 18 days of transplantation, without evidence of venous obstruction. Six grafts were removed at the time of an exploratory operation for rupture and only one showed signs of probable irreversible rejection when examined by microscopy. Two graft ruptures were repaired and one of these grafts has had good long-term function 22 months later. These observations suggest that if bleeding at the site of grafts has had good long-term function 22 months later. These observations suggest that if bleeding at the site of graft rupture can be securely controlled and if the conditions of the patient and of the graft are favorable except for the rupture, it may be possible to save more than one of eight grafts.", "PMID": 378181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3965", "title": "The chemical and biochemical reactivity of dichlorvos.", "content": "The chemical structure, reactivity and metabolic fate of the insecticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) are discussed in relation to the possible genotoxicity of this and other methyl phosphate triesters. Recent attempts to demonstrate the methylation of DNA following exposure of bacteria and animals to dichlorvos are reviewed. On the basis of comparative data relating mutagenesis to methylation reactions, it seems entirely appropriate to conclude that the mutagenicity of dichlorvos to bacteria is due solely to methylation of the bacterial DNA under the conditions of these tests. However, the methylation of mammalian DNA could not be demonstrated under realistic exposure conditions (when the alkylating mutagen methyl methanesulphonate afforded clearly measurable methylation). The failure to detect methylation by dichlorvos in vivo is attributed to the operation of highly efficient enzyme-catalysed biotransformations which rely largely on the phosphorylating reactivity of dichlorvos. The biotransformation pathways, characterised mostly in the rat, appear to be common also to pig, mouse, hamster, and man.", "contents": "The chemical and biochemical reactivity of dichlorvos. The chemical structure, reactivity and metabolic fate of the insecticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) are discussed in relation to the possible genotoxicity of this and other methyl phosphate triesters. Recent attempts to demonstrate the methylation of DNA following exposure of bacteria and animals to dichlorvos are reviewed. On the basis of comparative data relating mutagenesis to methylation reactions, it seems entirely appropriate to conclude that the mutagenicity of dichlorvos to bacteria is due solely to methylation of the bacterial DNA under the conditions of these tests. However, the methylation of mammalian DNA could not be demonstrated under realistic exposure conditions (when the alkylating mutagen methyl methanesulphonate afforded clearly measurable methylation). The failure to detect methylation by dichlorvos in vivo is attributed to the operation of highly efficient enzyme-catalysed biotransformations which rely largely on the phosphorylating reactivity of dichlorvos. The biotransformation pathways, characterised mostly in the rat, appear to be common also to pig, mouse, hamster, and man.", "PMID": 378182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3966", "title": "Comparative properties of the inclusion body proteins of the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of Neodiprion sertifer and Lymantria dispar.", "content": "A comparison was made on the properties of the inclusion body proteins of two insect viruses: the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer, Geoffroy, and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus. The inclusion body proteins were characterized by the following parameters: amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate--mercaptoethanol, isoelectric focusing, and alkaline protease activity. The properties of the inclusion body proteins of the two viruses were similar in many respects, but clear differences were observed. A principal difference was the absence of alkaline protease activity associated with the inclusion body proteins of N. sertifer nucleopolyhedrosis virus.", "contents": "Comparative properties of the inclusion body proteins of the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of Neodiprion sertifer and Lymantria dispar. A comparison was made on the properties of the inclusion body proteins of two insect viruses: the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer, Geoffroy, and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus. The inclusion body proteins were characterized by the following parameters: amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate--mercaptoethanol, isoelectric focusing, and alkaline protease activity. The properties of the inclusion body proteins of the two viruses were similar in many respects, but clear differences were observed. A principal difference was the absence of alkaline protease activity associated with the inclusion body proteins of N. sertifer nucleopolyhedrosis virus.", "PMID": 378184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3967", "title": "Macromolecular structure of nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome.", "content": "DNA preparations from nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Galleria mellonella L. (GmL) were fractionated in high ionic strength neutral sucrose gradient. This procedure allowed a separation of supercoiled infectious DNA molecules with contour length of 48--52 microns from infectious open ring DNA molecule, and noninfectious linear DNA molecules of the same size. In addition a heterogeneity of supercoiled DNA molecules was detected. Covalently closed DNA molecules did not contain protein or ribonucleotide ligands which could be digested by pronase or pancreatic RNase treatment. It is concluded from data on the infectivity of different molecular forms of DNA and reassociation kinetics studies, that the genome of GmL NPV is a unique ring nucleotide sequence with a molecular weight of about 90--100 X 10(6).", "contents": "Macromolecular structure of nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. DNA preparations from nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Galleria mellonella L. (GmL) were fractionated in high ionic strength neutral sucrose gradient. This procedure allowed a separation of supercoiled infectious DNA molecules with contour length of 48--52 microns from infectious open ring DNA molecule, and noninfectious linear DNA molecules of the same size. In addition a heterogeneity of supercoiled DNA molecules was detected. Covalently closed DNA molecules did not contain protein or ribonucleotide ligands which could be digested by pronase or pancreatic RNase treatment. It is concluded from data on the infectivity of different molecular forms of DNA and reassociation kinetics studies, that the genome of GmL NPV is a unique ring nucleotide sequence with a molecular weight of about 90--100 X 10(6).", "PMID": 378185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3968", "title": "[Pressing problems of the intravital morphological diagnosis of pathological states of the endometrium].", "content": "The important problems of morphological diagnosis of the endometrium conditions by scrapings are dealt with. The necessary information in the features of the functional organization of the normal and pathological endometrium as well as the required histochemical and histoenzymatic methods of examination are presented. The principles of diagnosis of glandular hyperplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium and of differential diagnosis from highly diffentiated variants of endometrium cancer are described. The influence of hormonal therapy on endometrial carcinomas is discussed. It is emphasized that pathologists should give due consideration to the clinical data. A sample of the form for sending of the endometrial scrapings into the laboratory is presented.", "contents": "[Pressing problems of the intravital morphological diagnosis of pathological states of the endometrium]. The important problems of morphological diagnosis of the endometrium conditions by scrapings are dealt with. The necessary information in the features of the functional organization of the normal and pathological endometrium as well as the required histochemical and histoenzymatic methods of examination are presented. The principles of diagnosis of glandular hyperplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium and of differential diagnosis from highly diffentiated variants of endometrium cancer are described. The influence of hormonal therapy on endometrial carcinomas is discussed. It is emphasized that pathologists should give due consideration to the clinical data. A sample of the form for sending of the endometrial scrapings into the laboratory is presented.", "PMID": 378191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3969", "title": "[Immunomorphological method of study with a peroxidase antibody label].", "content": "Among different variants of immunoperoxidase method preference is given to its indirect variant with labeling of pure antibody with peroxidase by a two-step procedure. Examples of the use of this method for the detection of serum proteins, tissue antigens, and autoantibody are presented. The best results are achieved in treatment of sections with pure antibody instead of antisera.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological method of study with a peroxidase antibody label]. Among different variants of immunoperoxidase method preference is given to its indirect variant with labeling of pure antibody with peroxidase by a two-step procedure. Examples of the use of this method for the detection of serum proteins, tissue antigens, and autoantibody are presented. The best results are achieved in treatment of sections with pure antibody instead of antisera.", "PMID": 378192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3970", "title": "[Bactericidal action of formalin on the causative agent of plague].", "content": "Ten per cent neutral formalin in a ratio 1 : 20 was demonstrated to be useful as a desinfecting and fixing substance in pathohistological examinations of organs and tissues animals infected with the causative agent of plague. With test-objects' volume of 1.0 cm3 the optimal period of exposure providing a permanent bactericidal effect is 24 hours, with volumes of 1.5 and 2.0 cm3-2 days. The fixing effect of formalin on tissues is exerted in 3-4 days.", "contents": "[Bactericidal action of formalin on the causative agent of plague]. Ten per cent neutral formalin in a ratio 1 : 20 was demonstrated to be useful as a desinfecting and fixing substance in pathohistological examinations of organs and tissues animals infected with the causative agent of plague. With test-objects' volume of 1.0 cm3 the optimal period of exposure providing a permanent bactericidal effect is 24 hours, with volumes of 1.5 and 2.0 cm3-2 days. The fixing effect of formalin on tissues is exerted in 3-4 days.", "PMID": 378193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3971", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the practice of the pathologist].", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) of blood develops as a result of a sharp increase in the release of thromboplastic substances. The mechanism of disseminated thrombosis is switched in at the level of the microcirculatory bed with defibrination of the peripheral blood and subsequent hemorrhages and bleedings. The causes of DIC development may include complications of pregnancy and delivery, different kinds of shock including endotoxin shock, hemorrhage, hemolysis. Histomorphological findings in DIC are as follows: hemorrhagic syndrome, fibrin thrombi in capillaries, arterioles and venules of the skin, kidneys, adrenals, hypophysis, gastrointestinal tract, lungs and other organs followed by necroses and hemorrhages in these organs. Clinically, DIC is manifested by symptoms of insufficiency of the affected organs (acute renal insufficiency, Waterhouse-Fridericksen syndrome, etc).", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the practice of the pathologist]. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) of blood develops as a result of a sharp increase in the release of thromboplastic substances. The mechanism of disseminated thrombosis is switched in at the level of the microcirculatory bed with defibrination of the peripheral blood and subsequent hemorrhages and bleedings. The causes of DIC development may include complications of pregnancy and delivery, different kinds of shock including endotoxin shock, hemorrhage, hemolysis. Histomorphological findings in DIC are as follows: hemorrhagic syndrome, fibrin thrombi in capillaries, arterioles and venules of the skin, kidneys, adrenals, hypophysis, gastrointestinal tract, lungs and other organs followed by necroses and hemorrhages in these organs. Clinically, DIC is manifested by symptoms of insufficiency of the affected organs (acute renal insufficiency, Waterhouse-Fridericksen syndrome, etc).", "PMID": 378195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3972", "title": "History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease I. from Wepfer to Moniz.", "content": "Occlusive cerebrovascular disease of carotid and vertebral arteries was described by Wepfer in 1658 and by Willis in 1665. Wepfer thought apoplexy resulted from occlusive disease of the vessels. Willis described collateral channels between these vessels, which prevented the development of stroke.", "contents": "History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease I. from Wepfer to Moniz. Occlusive cerebrovascular disease of carotid and vertebral arteries was described by Wepfer in 1658 and by Willis in 1665. Wepfer thought apoplexy resulted from occlusive disease of the vessels. Willis described collateral channels between these vessels, which prevented the development of stroke.", "PMID": 378197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3973", "title": "History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. II. After Moniz, with special reference to surgical treatment.", "content": "Angiography and related procedures are discussed. Ophthalmodynamometry, recording of bruits and temporal pulse, and thermography have been mentioned. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and some causes are described: embolic obstruction, followed by absorption of the clot or its removal in the blood, with symtomatic recovery; hemodynamic crisis resulting from lowering of systemic blood pressure by hemorrhage due to trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other causes with recovery following blood replacement. Special types of occlusive disease include fibromuscular hyperplasia of the carotid, dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch and branches, causing carotid and vertebral occlusions, moyamoya disease, and low profusion syndrome, generalized or unilateral. Surgical management includes reconstructive surgery and endarterectomy of extracranial vessels supplying the brain and extracranial-intracranial vascular anastomosis.", "contents": "History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. II. After Moniz, with special reference to surgical treatment. Angiography and related procedures are discussed. Ophthalmodynamometry, recording of bruits and temporal pulse, and thermography have been mentioned. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and some causes are described: embolic obstruction, followed by absorption of the clot or its removal in the blood, with symtomatic recovery; hemodynamic crisis resulting from lowering of systemic blood pressure by hemorrhage due to trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other causes with recovery following blood replacement. Special types of occlusive disease include fibromuscular hyperplasia of the carotid, dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch and branches, causing carotid and vertebral occlusions, moyamoya disease, and low profusion syndrome, generalized or unilateral. Surgical management includes reconstructive surgery and endarterectomy of extracranial vessels supplying the brain and extracranial-intracranial vascular anastomosis.", "PMID": 378198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3974", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of spasmodic torticollis. A double-blind crossover study.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study (12 weeks and 12 weeks) was performed to evaluate the effects of bromocriptine on the symptoms and serum prolactin levels of 14 women with spasmodic torticollis. While the serum prolactin level decreased in response to bromocriptine, no difference was found between the effects of placebo and bromocriptine on the symptoms of spasmodic torticollis. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission is not involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of spasmodic torticollis. A double-blind crossover study. A double-blind crossover study (12 weeks and 12 weeks) was performed to evaluate the effects of bromocriptine on the symptoms and serum prolactin levels of 14 women with spasmodic torticollis. While the serum prolactin level decreased in response to bromocriptine, no difference was found between the effects of placebo and bromocriptine on the symptoms of spasmodic torticollis. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission is not involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 378199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3975", "title": "Variation in corneal graft size related to trephine technique.", "content": "To determine the range of variation in corneal transplant tissue size induced by slight changes in trephination technique, four human corneas that had been stored in McCarey-Kaufman medium and 11 intact human globes were used. Endothelial surface trephination yielded a smaller corneal button than epithelial trephination. In the intact eye, the higher the intraocular pressure was, the larger the resulting corneal diameter. With use of a trephine with a central plunger, the higher the obturator was, the larger the diameter of the resulting tissue. Also, the duller the trephine was, the larger the diameter of the cut, due to difficulty in tissue penetration. Thus, slight variations can markedly affect the match in size between donor and recipient.", "contents": "Variation in corneal graft size related to trephine technique. To determine the range of variation in corneal transplant tissue size induced by slight changes in trephination technique, four human corneas that had been stored in McCarey-Kaufman medium and 11 intact human globes were used. Endothelial surface trephination yielded a smaller corneal button than epithelial trephination. In the intact eye, the higher the intraocular pressure was, the larger the resulting corneal diameter. With use of a trephine with a central plunger, the higher the obturator was, the larger the diameter of the resulting tissue. Also, the duller the trephine was, the larger the diameter of the cut, due to difficulty in tissue penetration. Thus, slight variations can markedly affect the match in size between donor and recipient.", "PMID": 378202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3976", "title": "Retropharyngeal mediastinal pneumatocele. Report of a case.", "content": "We report the case of an infant with penetrating neck trauma followed by an upper respiratory tract obstruction. This case presented a diagnostic and management dilemma because of the development of an unusual retropharyngeal collection of air. In our review of the medical literature, we were unable to find any other case with a similar manifestation and clinical course.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal mediastinal pneumatocele. Report of a case. We report the case of an infant with penetrating neck trauma followed by an upper respiratory tract obstruction. This case presented a diagnostic and management dilemma because of the development of an unusual retropharyngeal collection of air. In our review of the medical literature, we were unable to find any other case with a similar manifestation and clinical course.", "PMID": 378203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3977", "title": "Reconstruction after total laryngopharyngectomy.", "content": "After resection of a hypopharyngeal cancer, utilization of the remaining pharyngeal mucosa in restoring pharyngoesophageal continuity is the procedure of choice. This is possible in most patients. However, a few patients have cancers that involve the posterior pharyngeal wall and esophageal introitus. Resection in this group involves complete removal of a segment of the laryngopharynx and reconstruction with the use of tissue from the adjacent side of the neck, chest, or alimentary canal. Between 1965 and 1974, 44 patients required reconstruction of a pharyngeal defect with the use of adjacent skin flaps or visceral interposition. Pharyngeal reconstruction with the use of these techniques involved multiple operative procedures, a greater morbidity, and a large time investment by the patient and surgeon. Survival of these patients was shorter than survival of patients who had repair by primary closure of the pharyngeal mucosa because of the extent of the primary lesions.", "contents": "Reconstruction after total laryngopharyngectomy. After resection of a hypopharyngeal cancer, utilization of the remaining pharyngeal mucosa in restoring pharyngoesophageal continuity is the procedure of choice. This is possible in most patients. However, a few patients have cancers that involve the posterior pharyngeal wall and esophageal introitus. Resection in this group involves complete removal of a segment of the laryngopharynx and reconstruction with the use of tissue from the adjacent side of the neck, chest, or alimentary canal. Between 1965 and 1974, 44 patients required reconstruction of a pharyngeal defect with the use of adjacent skin flaps or visceral interposition. Pharyngeal reconstruction with the use of these techniques involved multiple operative procedures, a greater morbidity, and a large time investment by the patient and surgeon. Survival of these patients was shorter than survival of patients who had repair by primary closure of the pharyngeal mucosa because of the extent of the primary lesions.", "PMID": 378205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3978", "title": "Ernst Reissner 1824--1878.", "content": "Ernst Reissner studied the formation of the inner ear initially using the embryos of fowls, then the embryos of mammals, mainly cows and pigs, and to a less extent the embryos of man. The embryos were placed in water for maceration and fixed in vinegar or black wax. Black wax also provided contrast and supportive blocks to enable the cutting of thin sections. Only the surface of the specimens could be studied after staining as they could not have been thin enough. By sectioning embryos at different stages, he was not only able to determine individual stages of the formation of the labyrinth and postulate its formation in man; but also to conclude that the web (the membrane) he noted in embryos is a permanent structure of the labyrinth in man.", "contents": "Ernst Reissner 1824--1878. Ernst Reissner studied the formation of the inner ear initially using the embryos of fowls, then the embryos of mammals, mainly cows and pigs, and to a less extent the embryos of man. The embryos were placed in water for maceration and fixed in vinegar or black wax. Black wax also provided contrast and supportive blocks to enable the cutting of thin sections. Only the surface of the specimens could be studied after staining as they could not have been thin enough. By sectioning embryos at different stages, he was not only able to determine individual stages of the formation of the labyrinth and postulate its formation in man; but also to conclude that the web (the membrane) he noted in embryos is a permanent structure of the labyrinth in man.", "PMID": 378206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3979", "title": "A method for the assay of ablastin in the serum of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi.", "content": "This paper describes a simple quantitative assay for albastin, a factor present in the serum from rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, which prevents the division of the parasite. The assay measures in vitro the inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-TdR into the DNA of T. lewisi in the presence of serum from infected animals. Utilising this method, one can measure the titre of albastin in a particular serum sample and the time and duration of its appearance in the circulation of infected rats.", "contents": "A method for the assay of ablastin in the serum of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. This paper describes a simple quantitative assay for albastin, a factor present in the serum from rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, which prevents the division of the parasite. The assay measures in vitro the inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-TdR into the DNA of T. lewisi in the presence of serum from infected animals. Utilising this method, one can measure the titre of albastin in a particular serum sample and the time and duration of its appearance in the circulation of infected rats.", "PMID": 378207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3980", "title": "Morphological and functional interrelationships of bone cells and matrix.", "content": "1. Bone is unique in its combination of cells, matrix and mineral. 2. It has a dual function in skeletal and mineral homeostasis. 3. Cells which are functionally different act as coordinated units depending on a variety of signals which may be hormonal, ionic, mechanical and, possibly, electrical. 4. The coordinated activity of the cells is brought about by their having an intimate structural interrelationship, by the probability of their being subject to the influence of factors contained within an extra-cellular fluid circulating around all the cells underlying the mesenchymal cell envelope, and by the possibility that the osteoclasts and osteoblasts do not represent an end-stage in differentiation. 5. The understanding of the factors which normally control cellular differentiation and function may lead to methods of reversing bone loss, rectifying the effects of metabolic bone disease and promoting the healing of fractures.", "contents": "Morphological and functional interrelationships of bone cells and matrix. 1. Bone is unique in its combination of cells, matrix and mineral. 2. It has a dual function in skeletal and mineral homeostasis. 3. Cells which are functionally different act as coordinated units depending on a variety of signals which may be hormonal, ionic, mechanical and, possibly, electrical. 4. The coordinated activity of the cells is brought about by their having an intimate structural interrelationship, by the probability of their being subject to the influence of factors contained within an extra-cellular fluid circulating around all the cells underlying the mesenchymal cell envelope, and by the possibility that the osteoclasts and osteoblasts do not represent an end-stage in differentiation. 5. The understanding of the factors which normally control cellular differentiation and function may lead to methods of reversing bone loss, rectifying the effects of metabolic bone disease and promoting the healing of fractures.", "PMID": 378208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3981", "title": "Limitation of myocardial infarct size: review of experimental basis and clinical trials.", "content": "Limitation of myocardial injury after coronary occlusion is an exciting, recently recognised, but as yet unconfirmed, possibility in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Review of the experimental basis for the concept indicates that although manipulation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram is not sufficient proof that myocardial necrosis can be limited, more robust experimental methods have confirmed the efficacy of a variety of interventions in experimental coronary occlusion. The effect of myocardial infarct size in determining acute prognosis and complications has been confirmed in clinical studies though the importance of infarct size lessens after recovery. Reported attempts at limiting myocardial necrosis in patients with myocardial infarction have so far not been sufficiently convincing to merit universal clinical application. Results of large scale randomised trials currently underway are awaited with interest.", "contents": "Limitation of myocardial infarct size: review of experimental basis and clinical trials. Limitation of myocardial injury after coronary occlusion is an exciting, recently recognised, but as yet unconfirmed, possibility in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Review of the experimental basis for the concept indicates that although manipulation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram is not sufficient proof that myocardial necrosis can be limited, more robust experimental methods have confirmed the efficacy of a variety of interventions in experimental coronary occlusion. The effect of myocardial infarct size in determining acute prognosis and complications has been confirmed in clinical studies though the importance of infarct size lessens after recovery. Reported attempts at limiting myocardial necrosis in patients with myocardial infarction have so far not been sufficiently convincing to merit universal clinical application. Results of large scale randomised trials currently underway are awaited with interest.", "PMID": 378210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3982", "title": "Alcohol consumption and hypertension--the evidence from hazardous drinking and alcoholic populations.", "content": "To provide an enhanced perspective to observations of an association between moderate alcohol consumption and hypertension, information on the frequency of hypertension in heavy drinking and alcoholic populations was reviewed. Hypertension was found more often in ambulatory heavy drinkers and alcoholics than in more moderate drinkers and abstainers. This hypertensive state appeared to be at least partially reversible upon cessation of drinking. Additional investigation is needed to define the level of consumption associated with an increased risk of hypertension, the dose response pattern, and the determinants of irreversibility. Alcohol-related hypertension may constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, thus contributing to the excess mortality experienced by heavy drinking populations. In view of the steady increase in per capita alcohol consumption which characterizes many affluent societies further clarification of this relationship is an urgent public health research priority.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and hypertension--the evidence from hazardous drinking and alcoholic populations. To provide an enhanced perspective to observations of an association between moderate alcohol consumption and hypertension, information on the frequency of hypertension in heavy drinking and alcoholic populations was reviewed. Hypertension was found more often in ambulatory heavy drinkers and alcoholics than in more moderate drinkers and abstainers. This hypertensive state appeared to be at least partially reversible upon cessation of drinking. Additional investigation is needed to define the level of consumption associated with an increased risk of hypertension, the dose response pattern, and the determinants of irreversibility. Alcohol-related hypertension may constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, thus contributing to the excess mortality experienced by heavy drinking populations. In view of the steady increase in per capita alcohol consumption which characterizes many affluent societies further clarification of this relationship is an urgent public health research priority.", "PMID": 378213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3983", "title": "Effect of metabolic conditions on protein turnover in yeast.", "content": "1. In yeast growing on ethanol a turnover rate of up to 2%/h was measured. As much as 80% of the protein was subject to turnover, and no marked heterogeneity in the rate of degradation of protein was observed. When the yeast grew on glucose, the protein was degraded at a lower rate (0.5-1%/h). 2. Starvation for a nitrogen source increased the rate of protein degradation severalfold, whereas deprivation of phosphate had only a marginal effect (30% increase). Removal of glucose from a medium containing 50mM-phosphate did not cause marked changes in the rate of protein degradation. In contrast, when the media were low in phosphate (0.1 mM) removal of glucose increased the rate of turnover 2-4-fold. 3. Protein degradation proceeded unimpaired when the intracellular concentration of ATP decreased from 4 to 1 mM, but stopped completely when it decreased below 0.3 mM.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic conditions on protein turnover in yeast. 1. In yeast growing on ethanol a turnover rate of up to 2%/h was measured. As much as 80% of the protein was subject to turnover, and no marked heterogeneity in the rate of degradation of protein was observed. When the yeast grew on glucose, the protein was degraded at a lower rate (0.5-1%/h). 2. Starvation for a nitrogen source increased the rate of protein degradation severalfold, whereas deprivation of phosphate had only a marginal effect (30% increase). Removal of glucose from a medium containing 50mM-phosphate did not cause marked changes in the rate of protein degradation. In contrast, when the media were low in phosphate (0.1 mM) removal of glucose increased the rate of turnover 2-4-fold. 3. Protein degradation proceeded unimpaired when the intracellular concentration of ATP decreased from 4 to 1 mM, but stopped completely when it decreased below 0.3 mM.", "PMID": 378219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3984", "title": "IgG antibodies to double-stranded DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus sera. Independent variation of complement fixing activity and total antibody content.", "content": "Antibodies to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid were studied using the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae. Titers were determined separately by conventional immunofluorescence and the complement fluorescent technique, and results by the two methods were compared. Complement fixing activity varied independently of antibody content in whole serum and in IgG fractions. The well established correlation of complement fixing activity of this antibody with activity of lupus nephritis appears related, therefore, to qualitative rather than solely quantitative differences. This finding has important implications for the clinical assessment of patients with lupus, and investigations on the relationship of anti-DNA antibodies to lupus nephritis.", "contents": "IgG antibodies to double-stranded DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus sera. Independent variation of complement fixing activity and total antibody content. Antibodies to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid were studied using the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae. Titers were determined separately by conventional immunofluorescence and the complement fluorescent technique, and results by the two methods were compared. Complement fixing activity varied independently of antibody content in whole serum and in IgG fractions. The well established correlation of complement fixing activity of this antibody with activity of lupus nephritis appears related, therefore, to qualitative rather than solely quantitative differences. This finding has important implications for the clinical assessment of patients with lupus, and investigations on the relationship of anti-DNA antibodies to lupus nephritis.", "PMID": 378238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3985", "title": "Ia-Type alloantigens and humoral autoimmune responsiveness in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In the search for markers either closely linked to or identical with the hypothetical \"diabetogenic major histocompatibility gene,\" immune region-associated alloantigens were defined in 80 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and in 107 controls. A close association between the Ia-type alloantigen DRw3 and DRw4 and insulin-dependent diabetes was obtained. DRw3 was found in 36% and DRw4 in 32% of the patients compared to 11% and 16%, respectively, of the controls. In addition, a significant influence of DRw3 and humoral anti-islet-cell autoimmunity could be observed, which was found to be due to a high incidence of DRw3 in those patients with islet cell antibody persistence. Islet-cell antibodies (ICA) were observed in 60% of the DRw3-positive patients compared to only 9% of the DRw3-negatives with longstanding disease (greater than 5 yr). These data show a significant association between insulin-dependent diabetes and the Ia-type alloantigens DRw3 (p uncorr. less than 0.0005) and DRw4 (p uncorr. less than 0.025). Furthermore, they provide direct evidence of an association between an Ia-type alloantigen and persisting humoral autoimmune responsiveness in man.", "contents": "Ia-Type alloantigens and humoral autoimmune responsiveness in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In the search for markers either closely linked to or identical with the hypothetical \"diabetogenic major histocompatibility gene,\" immune region-associated alloantigens were defined in 80 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and in 107 controls. A close association between the Ia-type alloantigen DRw3 and DRw4 and insulin-dependent diabetes was obtained. DRw3 was found in 36% and DRw4 in 32% of the patients compared to 11% and 16%, respectively, of the controls. In addition, a significant influence of DRw3 and humoral anti-islet-cell autoimmunity could be observed, which was found to be due to a high incidence of DRw3 in those patients with islet cell antibody persistence. Islet-cell antibodies (ICA) were observed in 60% of the DRw3-positive patients compared to only 9% of the DRw3-negatives with longstanding disease (greater than 5 yr). These data show a significant association between insulin-dependent diabetes and the Ia-type alloantigens DRw3 (p uncorr. less than 0.0005) and DRw4 (p uncorr. less than 0.025). Furthermore, they provide direct evidence of an association between an Ia-type alloantigen and persisting humoral autoimmune responsiveness in man.", "PMID": 378240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3986", "title": "The role of glucagon in the regulation of plasma lipids.", "content": "The role of glucagon in regulating plasma lipid concentrations (nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies, and triglycerides) is reviewed. The effects of glucagon-induced insulin secretion upon this lipid regulation are discussed that may resolve conflicting reports in the literature are resolved. In addition, the unresolved problem concerning the pharmacologic versus physiologic effects of glucagon is stressed. Glucagon's role in stimulating lipolysis at the adipocyte serves two important functions. First, it provides plasma nonesterified fatty acids for energy metabolism and secondly, it ensures substrate for hepatic ketogenesis. In vitro, glucagon's lipolytic activity has been consistently observed, but in vivo, this activity has sometimes been obscured by the effects of glucagon-induced insulin secretion. Frequently, a biphasic response has been reported in which a direct lipolytic response is followed by a glucagon-induced insulin suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration. When the glucagon-induced insulin secretion has been controlled by various in vivo techniques, glucagon's lipolytic activity in vivo has frequently been demonstrable. In the 1960s, in vitro liver perfusion experiments demonstrated that glucagon enhanced hepatic ketogenesis independent of glucagon's lipolytic activity. However, this direct effect of glucagon on the hepatocyte was not universally accepted because of conflicting reports in the literature. Failure to observe an in vitro ketogenic effect of the hormone in some studies may have been due to suboptimal experimental conditions. Certain factors are now known to influence the ketogenic response, such as the concentration of fatty acids in the media and the nutritional status of the animal. Under optimal in vitro conditions with liver preparations from fed animals, the ketogenic response to physiologic concentrations of glucagon has been demonstrated. However, further study is necessary to define the quantitative ketogenic role of the hormone. In spite of this early in vitro work, glucagon was not definitely shown to be ketogenic in vivo (independent of fatty acid availability) both in the rat and in diabetic man until 1975. Since these observations, several reports have confirmed the ketogenic action of glucagon in vivo by direct hepatic catheterization experiments. Glucagon's role in decreasing hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion in vitro has been repeatedly shown but the mechanism is unresolved. This lipid regulatory action of glucagon has been more difficult to demonstrate in vivo because of the many variables that affect triglyceride synthesis. Under specific experimental conditions, however, glucagon has been shown to decrease plasma triglyceride concentration in man at both physiologic and pharmacologic concentrations. Hepatic catheterization experiments have also confirmed this effect in man. The regulation of lipids by glucagon fits well into its role as a stress hormone...", "contents": "The role of glucagon in the regulation of plasma lipids. The role of glucagon in regulating plasma lipid concentrations (nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies, and triglycerides) is reviewed. The effects of glucagon-induced insulin secretion upon this lipid regulation are discussed that may resolve conflicting reports in the literature are resolved. In addition, the unresolved problem concerning the pharmacologic versus physiologic effects of glucagon is stressed. Glucagon's role in stimulating lipolysis at the adipocyte serves two important functions. First, it provides plasma nonesterified fatty acids for energy metabolism and secondly, it ensures substrate for hepatic ketogenesis. In vitro, glucagon's lipolytic activity has been consistently observed, but in vivo, this activity has sometimes been obscured by the effects of glucagon-induced insulin secretion. Frequently, a biphasic response has been reported in which a direct lipolytic response is followed by a glucagon-induced insulin suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration. When the glucagon-induced insulin secretion has been controlled by various in vivo techniques, glucagon's lipolytic activity in vivo has frequently been demonstrable. In the 1960s, in vitro liver perfusion experiments demonstrated that glucagon enhanced hepatic ketogenesis independent of glucagon's lipolytic activity. However, this direct effect of glucagon on the hepatocyte was not universally accepted because of conflicting reports in the literature. Failure to observe an in vitro ketogenic effect of the hormone in some studies may have been due to suboptimal experimental conditions. Certain factors are now known to influence the ketogenic response, such as the concentration of fatty acids in the media and the nutritional status of the animal. Under optimal in vitro conditions with liver preparations from fed animals, the ketogenic response to physiologic concentrations of glucagon has been demonstrated. However, further study is necessary to define the quantitative ketogenic role of the hormone. In spite of this early in vitro work, glucagon was not definitely shown to be ketogenic in vivo (independent of fatty acid availability) both in the rat and in diabetic man until 1975. Since these observations, several reports have confirmed the ketogenic action of glucagon in vivo by direct hepatic catheterization experiments. Glucagon's role in decreasing hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion in vitro has been repeatedly shown but the mechanism is unresolved. This lipid regulatory action of glucagon has been more difficult to demonstrate in vivo because of the many variables that affect triglyceride synthesis. Under specific experimental conditions, however, glucagon has been shown to decrease plasma triglyceride concentration in man at both physiologic and pharmacologic concentrations. Hepatic catheterization experiments have also confirmed this effect in man. The regulation of lipids by glucagon fits well into its role as a stress hormone...", "PMID": 378241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3987", "title": "Characterization of dermal collagen in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "The amount of dermal collagen is increased in systemic sclerosis. However, unlike certain inflammatory conditions, the relative proportions of Type I and Type III collagens are closely similar to those found in normal adult dermis. Similarly, no change in the distribution of the collagen types could be detected by immunofluorescent staining, although a considerable thickening of the epidermis was clearly evident in all the sclerotic lesions examined.", "contents": "Characterization of dermal collagen in systemic sclerosis. The amount of dermal collagen is increased in systemic sclerosis. However, unlike certain inflammatory conditions, the relative proportions of Type I and Type III collagens are closely similar to those found in normal adult dermis. Similarly, no change in the distribution of the collagen types could be detected by immunofluorescent staining, although a considerable thickening of the epidermis was clearly evident in all the sclerotic lesions examined.", "PMID": 378248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3988", "title": "Herpes gestationis: immunopathological and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Eleven patients with the clinical picture of herpes gestationis were investigated. Biopsies were taken from involved and uninvolved areas of skin and the immunopathological and microscopic changes studied. Direct immunofluorescence showed a deposition of C3 and/or IgG at the basement membrane zone in the involved skin of nine patients and the uninvolved skin of five. Immuno-electron microscopy using a multistep peroxidase antiperoxidase method revealed the in vivo deposition of IgG at the basal plasma cell membrane that extended into the lamina lucida. Light microscopy of urticarial and vesicular lesions showed a marked oedema of the papillary dermis with an inflammatory cell infiltrate that was mainly perivascular. There was spongiosis of the epidermis with oedema and necrosis of the basal cells and in several specimens sub-epidermal clefts with bulla formation. Electron microscopy confirmed the marked degenerative and necrotic changes of the basal cells in the involved areas of skin.", "contents": "Herpes gestationis: immunopathological and ultrastructural studies. Eleven patients with the clinical picture of herpes gestationis were investigated. Biopsies were taken from involved and uninvolved areas of skin and the immunopathological and microscopic changes studied. Direct immunofluorescence showed a deposition of C3 and/or IgG at the basement membrane zone in the involved skin of nine patients and the uninvolved skin of five. Immuno-electron microscopy using a multistep peroxidase antiperoxidase method revealed the in vivo deposition of IgG at the basal plasma cell membrane that extended into the lamina lucida. Light microscopy of urticarial and vesicular lesions showed a marked oedema of the papillary dermis with an inflammatory cell infiltrate that was mainly perivascular. There was spongiosis of the epidermis with oedema and necrosis of the basal cells and in several specimens sub-epidermal clefts with bulla formation. Electron microscopy confirmed the marked degenerative and necrotic changes of the basal cells in the involved areas of skin.", "PMID": 378249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3989", "title": "Melanocyte mutation in halo naevus and malignant melanoma?", "content": "Halo naevus cells on frozen sections react with sera from patients with benign halo naevus or with malignant melanoma. Halo naevus cells also react with our specifically absorbed heterologous antihuman malignant melanoma antiserum (RAMMA). Since the cytoplasm of all the naevus cells within the halo naevus react with sera from patients with malignant melanoma, this implies that the entire population of melanocytic cells in the mole has undergone mutation, because non-pathological skin melanocytes do not react.", "contents": "Melanocyte mutation in halo naevus and malignant melanoma? Halo naevus cells on frozen sections react with sera from patients with benign halo naevus or with malignant melanoma. Halo naevus cells also react with our specifically absorbed heterologous antihuman malignant melanoma antiserum (RAMMA). Since the cytoplasm of all the naevus cells within the halo naevus react with sera from patients with malignant melanoma, this implies that the entire population of melanocytic cells in the mole has undergone mutation, because non-pathological skin melanocytes do not react.", "PMID": 378250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3990", "title": "Coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus.", "content": "A patient with bullous pemphigoid developed pemphigus foliaceus 5 years later. Mixed bullous diseases are rare and this is the first reported case of coexisting bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus.", "contents": "Coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus. A patient with bullous pemphigoid developed pemphigus foliaceus 5 years later. Mixed bullous diseases are rare and this is the first reported case of coexisting bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus.", "PMID": 378251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3991", "title": "Three dimensional microscopic surface profiles of membranes reconstructed from freeze etching electrol micrographs.", "content": "A method of three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface profile of artificial and natural membranes from freeze quenched electron micrographs is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the variation in thickness of platinum layers, deposited under an oblique angle. In essence, it is reminiscent of the method of Eratosthenes to measure the earth's radius. The thickness of etch-like protrusions of membranes could be determined to an accuracy of about 3 A. True distances on curved surfaces rather than projections of distances are obtained. The method has been applied to both model membranes and biological membranes. The essential results are: 1. Detailed information on the symmetry and the molecular structure of the crystalline phases of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was obtained. The microscopic surface profile of the ripple structure observed between the pretransition and the main transition was analysed. In accordance with a previous model we found that the ripple structure is caused by the spontaneous curvature of the monolayers. The surface profiles of the ripple structure and of the low temperature biaxial phase could be clearly distinguished. 2. The sizes and shapes of lipid domains formed by both thermically and charge-induced lateral phase separation were determined. This showed that the visual inspection of electron micrographs may lead to a considerable underestimation of the domain size. Conclusions may be drawn concerning the different phases formed upon lateral phase separation. 3. As a biological example, yeast cell membranes were studied. The method allows one to distinguish between different membrane-bound proteins by measuring the width-to-height ratio of the particles. The deformation of the lipid layer in the environment of the proteins may be determined. This deformation contains information about lipid-mediated long-range interactions between membrane proteins.", "contents": "Three dimensional microscopic surface profiles of membranes reconstructed from freeze etching electrol micrographs. A method of three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface profile of artificial and natural membranes from freeze quenched electron micrographs is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the variation in thickness of platinum layers, deposited under an oblique angle. In essence, it is reminiscent of the method of Eratosthenes to measure the earth's radius. The thickness of etch-like protrusions of membranes could be determined to an accuracy of about 3 A. True distances on curved surfaces rather than projections of distances are obtained. The method has been applied to both model membranes and biological membranes. The essential results are: 1. Detailed information on the symmetry and the molecular structure of the crystalline phases of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was obtained. The microscopic surface profile of the ripple structure observed between the pretransition and the main transition was analysed. In accordance with a previous model we found that the ripple structure is caused by the spontaneous curvature of the monolayers. The surface profiles of the ripple structure and of the low temperature biaxial phase could be clearly distinguished. 2. The sizes and shapes of lipid domains formed by both thermically and charge-induced lateral phase separation were determined. This showed that the visual inspection of electron micrographs may lead to a considerable underestimation of the domain size. Conclusions may be drawn concerning the different phases formed upon lateral phase separation. 3. As a biological example, yeast cell membranes were studied. The method allows one to distinguish between different membrane-bound proteins by measuring the width-to-height ratio of the particles. The deformation of the lipid layer in the environment of the proteins may be determined. This deformation contains information about lipid-mediated long-range interactions between membrane proteins.", "PMID": 378255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3992", "title": "Active K+ transport in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri. Net and unidirectional K+ movements.", "content": "Analysis of the cation composition of growing Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri indicates that these organisms have a high intracellular K+ concentration (Ki: 200--300 mM) which greatly exceeds that of the growth medium, and a low Na+ concentration (Na+i: 20 mM). Unlike Na+i,K+i varies with cell aging. The K+ transport properties studied in washed organisms resuspended in buffered saline solution show that cells maintain a steady and large K+ concentration gradient across their membrane at the expense of metabolic energy mainly derived from glycolysis. In starved cells, K+i decreases and is partially compensated by a gain in Na+. This substitution completely reverses when metabolic substrate is added (K+ reaccumulation process). Kinetic analysis of K+ movement in cells with steady K+ level shows that most of K+ influx is mediated by an autologous K+-K+ exchange mechanism. On the other hand, during K+ reaccumulation by K+-depleted cells, a different mechanism (a K+ uptake mechanism) with higher transport capacity and affinity drives the net K+ influx. Both mechanisms are energy-dependent. Ouabain and anoxia have no effect on K+ transport mechanisms; in contrast, both processes are completely blocked by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the Mg2+ -dependent ATPase activity.", "contents": "Active K+ transport in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri. Net and unidirectional K+ movements. Analysis of the cation composition of growing Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri indicates that these organisms have a high intracellular K+ concentration (Ki: 200--300 mM) which greatly exceeds that of the growth medium, and a low Na+ concentration (Na+i: 20 mM). Unlike Na+i,K+i varies with cell aging. The K+ transport properties studied in washed organisms resuspended in buffered saline solution show that cells maintain a steady and large K+ concentration gradient across their membrane at the expense of metabolic energy mainly derived from glycolysis. In starved cells, K+i decreases and is partially compensated by a gain in Na+. This substitution completely reverses when metabolic substrate is added (K+ reaccumulation process). Kinetic analysis of K+ movement in cells with steady K+ level shows that most of K+ influx is mediated by an autologous K+-K+ exchange mechanism. On the other hand, during K+ reaccumulation by K+-depleted cells, a different mechanism (a K+ uptake mechanism) with higher transport capacity and affinity drives the net K+ influx. Both mechanisms are energy-dependent. Ouabain and anoxia have no effect on K+ transport mechanisms; in contrast, both processes are completely blocked by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the Mg2+ -dependent ATPase activity.", "PMID": 378256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3993", "title": "Evidence for a magnesium- and ATP-dependent calcium extrusion pump in dog erythrocytes.", "content": "Intact dog erythrocytes, whose Ca2+ permeability had been increased with A23187 still maintained intracellular Ca2+ below electrochemical equilibrium indicating that they could extrude Ca2+. This extrusion required no Na+ gradient but apparently depended on intracellular ATP and Mg2+ suggesting that it was mediated by an ATP-fuelled Ca2+ pump.", "contents": "Evidence for a magnesium- and ATP-dependent calcium extrusion pump in dog erythrocytes. Intact dog erythrocytes, whose Ca2+ permeability had been increased with A23187 still maintained intracellular Ca2+ below electrochemical equilibrium indicating that they could extrude Ca2+. This extrusion required no Na+ gradient but apparently depended on intracellular ATP and Mg2+ suggesting that it was mediated by an ATP-fuelled Ca2+ pump.", "PMID": 378257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3994", "title": "The influence of temperature and incubation time on deformability of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Human erythrocytes have been heated and stressed in a novel and controlled manner using rectangular microcapillaries. Heated cells attached to the capillary wall were stressed by liquid flow. Under particular conditions of stress, temperature and incubation time the body of the cell could be pulled in the flow, retaining a connection with the glass by means of a narrow process or tether. The tethers appear as: regularly beaded, irregularly beaded or without beads depending upon the incubation conditions. We have outlined the incubation regimes necessary to achieve these different responses in the temperature range 48--55 degrees C. The cells become less deformable as the incubation is continued beyond an optimum time. The behaviour of the tether is compared with that of a viscoelastic liquid. Circular dichroism studies of ghost membranes show that the denaturation of membrane proteins is partially reversible when incubation times are similar to those required to bring about a loss of deformability.", "contents": "The influence of temperature and incubation time on deformability of human erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes have been heated and stressed in a novel and controlled manner using rectangular microcapillaries. Heated cells attached to the capillary wall were stressed by liquid flow. Under particular conditions of stress, temperature and incubation time the body of the cell could be pulled in the flow, retaining a connection with the glass by means of a narrow process or tether. The tethers appear as: regularly beaded, irregularly beaded or without beads depending upon the incubation conditions. We have outlined the incubation regimes necessary to achieve these different responses in the temperature range 48--55 degrees C. The cells become less deformable as the incubation is continued beyond an optimum time. The behaviour of the tether is compared with that of a viscoelastic liquid. Circular dichroism studies of ghost membranes show that the denaturation of membrane proteins is partially reversible when incubation times are similar to those required to bring about a loss of deformability.", "PMID": 378258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3995", "title": "The effect of differential methylation by Escherichia coli of plasmid DNA and phage T7 and lambda DNA on the cleavage by restriction endonuclease MboI from Moraxella bovis.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence recognized and cleaved by the restriction endonuclease MboI is 5' GATC and is identical to the central tetranucleotide of the restriction sites of BamHI and BglII. Experiments on the restriction of DNA from Escherichia coli dam and dam+ confirm the notion that GATC sequences are adenosyl-methylated by the dam function of E. coli and thereby are made refractory to cleavage by MboI. On the basis of this observation the degree of dam methylation of various DNAs was examined by cleavage with MboI and other restriction endonucleases. In plasmid DNA essentially all of the GATC sequences are methylated by the dam function. The DNA of phage lambda is only partially methylated, extended methylation is observed in the DNA of a substitution mutant of lambda, lambda gal8bio256, and in the lambda derived plasmid, lambdadv93, which is completely methylated. In contrast, phage T7 DNA is not methylated by dam. A suppression of dam methylation of T7 DNA appears to act only in cis dam. A suppression of dam methylation of T7 DNA appears to act only in cis since plasmid DNA replicated in a T7-infected cell is completely methylated. The results are discussed with respect to the participation of the dam methylase in different replication systems.", "contents": "The effect of differential methylation by Escherichia coli of plasmid DNA and phage T7 and lambda DNA on the cleavage by restriction endonuclease MboI from Moraxella bovis. The nucleotide sequence recognized and cleaved by the restriction endonuclease MboI is 5' GATC and is identical to the central tetranucleotide of the restriction sites of BamHI and BglII. Experiments on the restriction of DNA from Escherichia coli dam and dam+ confirm the notion that GATC sequences are adenosyl-methylated by the dam function of E. coli and thereby are made refractory to cleavage by MboI. On the basis of this observation the degree of dam methylation of various DNAs was examined by cleavage with MboI and other restriction endonucleases. In plasmid DNA essentially all of the GATC sequences are methylated by the dam function. The DNA of phage lambda is only partially methylated, extended methylation is observed in the DNA of a substitution mutant of lambda, lambda gal8bio256, and in the lambda derived plasmid, lambdadv93, which is completely methylated. In contrast, phage T7 DNA is not methylated by dam. A suppression of dam methylation of T7 DNA appears to act only in cis dam. A suppression of dam methylation of T7 DNA appears to act only in cis since plasmid DNA replicated in a T7-infected cell is completely methylated. The results are discussed with respect to the participation of the dam methylase in different replication systems.", "PMID": 378259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3996", "title": "Fractionation and structural elucidation of the active components of aurintricarboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions.", "content": "Commercially available, as well as synthetically prepared, samples of aurintricarboxylic acid (a widely employed potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions) consist mostly of a heterogeneous collection of polymers, as shown by fractionation schemes utilizing both dialysis and ultrafiltration, and by molecular weight measurements. 13C-NMR studies suggest that the polymeric material is of the phenol-formaldehyde type; inhibitory assays that depend on the formation of a protein-nucleic acid complex revealed that potency varied directly with the molecular weight of the polymer. Fractions of molecular weight 400 were essentially inactive.", "contents": "Fractionation and structural elucidation of the active components of aurintricarboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions. Commercially available, as well as synthetically prepared, samples of aurintricarboxylic acid (a widely employed potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions) consist mostly of a heterogeneous collection of polymers, as shown by fractionation schemes utilizing both dialysis and ultrafiltration, and by molecular weight measurements. 13C-NMR studies suggest that the polymeric material is of the phenol-formaldehyde type; inhibitory assays that depend on the formation of a protein-nucleic acid complex revealed that potency varied directly with the molecular weight of the polymer. Fractions of molecular weight 400 were essentially inactive.", "PMID": 378260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3997", "title": "Specificity and selectivity of diacylglycerolphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The glycerolphosphate and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase systems Escherichia coli membranes show relatively low specificities for acylcoenzymes A when maximal velocities for the respective acyl-coenzymes A are compared. However, the selectivities for palmitate and oleate in the acylations of the 1- and 2-positions of glycerolphosphate moiety, respectively, are higher at lower concentrations of acceptors in the presence of an equimolar mixture of palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. More 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerolphosphate species and less other species were synthesized at lower concentrations of glycerolphosphate. The fatty acyl moiety at the 1-position of 1-acylglycerolphosphate did not influence significantly the specificity for acyl-coenzymes A of the 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase system. Thus, the acceptor concentrations being kept low in vivo and in vitro are important for the highly selective incorporations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into the 1- and 2-positions of diacylglycerolphosphate, respectively, in the presence of mixtures of saturated and unsaturated acyl-coenzymes A while these acyltransferase systems exhibit relatively low specificies for acyl-coenzymes A when the respective maximal velocities are compared.", "contents": "Specificity and selectivity of diacylglycerolphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli. The glycerolphosphate and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase systems Escherichia coli membranes show relatively low specificities for acylcoenzymes A when maximal velocities for the respective acyl-coenzymes A are compared. However, the selectivities for palmitate and oleate in the acylations of the 1- and 2-positions of glycerolphosphate moiety, respectively, are higher at lower concentrations of acceptors in the presence of an equimolar mixture of palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. More 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerolphosphate species and less other species were synthesized at lower concentrations of glycerolphosphate. The fatty acyl moiety at the 1-position of 1-acylglycerolphosphate did not influence significantly the specificity for acyl-coenzymes A of the 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase system. Thus, the acceptor concentrations being kept low in vivo and in vitro are important for the highly selective incorporations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into the 1- and 2-positions of diacylglycerolphosphate, respectively, in the presence of mixtures of saturated and unsaturated acyl-coenzymes A while these acyltransferase systems exhibit relatively low specificies for acyl-coenzymes A when the respective maximal velocities are compared.", "PMID": 378261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3998", "title": "Immunochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the 27 S iodoprotein of dog thyroid with reference to thyroglobulin-like reaction of the parafollicular cells.", "content": "Our earlier finding that the thyroglobulin-like material responsible for the immunoreaction of parafollicular cells obtained in peak I fraction of Bio-Gel A-5m was followed up in the present study by an investigation of the immunochemical and immunohistochemical reactions of 27 S iodoprotein which was the most prominent material in the peak I fraction. The antibody was raised against completely purified 27 S iodoprotein which was obtained as follows: Thyroglobulin was extracted from dog thyroids and chromatographed initially on Bio-Gel A-5m and then on Bio-Gel A-50m. The area of 27 S migrated as a single bank on polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis. This was cut and eluted. Anti-27 S antiserum showed the same immunochemical patterns to 27 S and 19 S as anti-19 S antiserum with three different immunochemical methods: double diffusion test, one dimensional and two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The immunoperoxidase reactions of the anti-27 S antiserum and anti-19 S antiserum were restricted to follicular cells and luminal colloids. No reaction of the parafollicular cells was obtained by these antisera. Thus, 27 S iodoprotein shared common immunochemical and immunohistochemical properties with 19 S thyroglobulin. It was concluded that 27 S iodoprotein was not responsible for the thyroglobulin-like reaction of the parafollicular cells.", "contents": "Immunochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the 27 S iodoprotein of dog thyroid with reference to thyroglobulin-like reaction of the parafollicular cells. Our earlier finding that the thyroglobulin-like material responsible for the immunoreaction of parafollicular cells obtained in peak I fraction of Bio-Gel A-5m was followed up in the present study by an investigation of the immunochemical and immunohistochemical reactions of 27 S iodoprotein which was the most prominent material in the peak I fraction. The antibody was raised against completely purified 27 S iodoprotein which was obtained as follows: Thyroglobulin was extracted from dog thyroids and chromatographed initially on Bio-Gel A-5m and then on Bio-Gel A-50m. The area of 27 S migrated as a single bank on polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis. This was cut and eluted. Anti-27 S antiserum showed the same immunochemical patterns to 27 S and 19 S as anti-19 S antiserum with three different immunochemical methods: double diffusion test, one dimensional and two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The immunoperoxidase reactions of the anti-27 S antiserum and anti-19 S antiserum were restricted to follicular cells and luminal colloids. No reaction of the parafollicular cells was obtained by these antisera. Thus, 27 S iodoprotein shared common immunochemical and immunohistochemical properties with 19 S thyroglobulin. It was concluded that 27 S iodoprotein was not responsible for the thyroglobulin-like reaction of the parafollicular cells.", "PMID": 378263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_3999", "title": "Comparative study between prokaryotes and eukaryotes by chemical iodination of ribosomal proteins.", "content": "Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were chemically iodinated with 125I by chloramine T under conditions in which the proteins were denatured. The labelled proteins were subsequently separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an excess of untreated ribosomal proteins from the same species. The iodination did not change the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins as shown by the pattern of spots in the stained gel slabs and their autoradiography. The 125I radioactivity incorporated in the proteins was estimated by cutting out the gel spots from the two-dimensional electrophoresis gel slabs. The highest content of 125I was found in the ribosomal proteins L2, L11, L13, L20/S12, S4 and S9 from E. coli, and L2/L3, L4/L6/S7, L5, L19/L20, L22/S17, L29/S27, L35/L37 and S14/S15 from S. cerevisiae. Comparisons between the electrophoretic patterns of E. coli and S. cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were carried out by coelectrophoresis of labelled and unlabelled proteins from both species. E. coli ribosomal proteins L5, L11, L20, S2, S3 and S15/S16 were found to overlap with L15, L11/L16, L36/L37, S3, S10 and S33 from S. cerevisiae, respectively. Similar coelectrophoresis of E. coli 125I-labelled proteins with unlabelled rat liver and wheat germ ribosomal proteins showed the former to overlap with proteins L1, L11, L14, L16, L19, L20 and the latter with L2, L5, L6, L15, L17 from E. coli.", "contents": "Comparative study between prokaryotes and eukaryotes by chemical iodination of ribosomal proteins. Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were chemically iodinated with 125I by chloramine T under conditions in which the proteins were denatured. The labelled proteins were subsequently separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an excess of untreated ribosomal proteins from the same species. The iodination did not change the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins as shown by the pattern of spots in the stained gel slabs and their autoradiography. The 125I radioactivity incorporated in the proteins was estimated by cutting out the gel spots from the two-dimensional electrophoresis gel slabs. The highest content of 125I was found in the ribosomal proteins L2, L11, L13, L20/S12, S4 and S9 from E. coli, and L2/L3, L4/L6/S7, L5, L19/L20, L22/S17, L29/S27, L35/L37 and S14/S15 from S. cerevisiae. Comparisons between the electrophoretic patterns of E. coli and S. cerevisiae ribosomal proteins were carried out by coelectrophoresis of labelled and unlabelled proteins from both species. E. coli ribosomal proteins L5, L11, L20, S2, S3 and S15/S16 were found to overlap with L15, L11/L16, L36/L37, S3, S10 and S33 from S. cerevisiae, respectively. Similar coelectrophoresis of E. coli 125I-labelled proteins with unlabelled rat liver and wheat germ ribosomal proteins showed the former to overlap with proteins L1, L11, L14, L16, L19, L20 and the latter with L2, L5, L6, L15, L17 from E. coli.", "PMID": 378264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4000", "title": "Alterations in the cell envelope composition of Proteus mirabilis during the development of swarmer cells.", "content": "Long, swarming cells of Proteus mirabilis had different proportions of some lipopolysaccharide components when compared to short cells, either agar grown or broth grown. Fluorescence spectrophotometry of antibody binding, and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the change was in the proportion of lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigenic sidechains, swarmer lipopolysaccharide relative to short sidechain lipopolysaccharide than the non-swarming cells. The proteins and phospholipids of the envelop remained the same during swarmer development. The results are discussed in relation to the increase in flagella synthesis and permeability to some antibacterial agents during swarmer development.", "contents": "Alterations in the cell envelope composition of Proteus mirabilis during the development of swarmer cells. Long, swarming cells of Proteus mirabilis had different proportions of some lipopolysaccharide components when compared to short cells, either agar grown or broth grown. Fluorescence spectrophotometry of antibody binding, and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the change was in the proportion of lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigenic sidechains, swarmer lipopolysaccharide relative to short sidechain lipopolysaccharide than the non-swarming cells. The proteins and phospholipids of the envelop remained the same during swarmer development. The results are discussed in relation to the increase in flagella synthesis and permeability to some antibacterial agents during swarmer development.", "PMID": 378265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4001", "title": "Epoxide hydrase in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes.", "content": "1. Microsomal fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes catalyze the hydration of styrene oxide to styrene glycol. The activity is linear up to 45 min of incubation, is proportional to microsomal protein concentration within certain range, and has an optimum pH of 8.5. 2. Double-reciprocal plots indicate a Km value of 5.3 . 10(-4) M for styrene oxide and a V of 29.6 pmol of styrene glycol formed/min per mg protein at 37 degrees C. 4-Chlorophenyl-2,3-epoxypropyl either (Ki = 2.08 . 10(-4) M) and juvenile hormone I (Ki = 2.7 . 10(-4) M) are competitive inhibitors; whereas, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane is a non-competitive inhibitor. The enzyme is induced about three-fold by 5 mM phenobarbital in the growth medium. 3. The epoxide hydrase is not activated by detergents but rather inhibited by concentrations of Tween-80 and Lubrol as low as 0.025%. 4. Experiments with intact cells indicate that about 3% of [8-14C]styrene oxide penetrates after 90 min of incubation; whereas, over 30% of juvenile hormone I is found intracellularly after the same incubation period. Intracellular styrene oxide is hydrated to styrene glycol to a significant extent and the in vivo hydration is increased by pretreatment with phenobarbital and inhibited upon the addition of 4-chlorophenyl-2,3-epoxypropyl ether. Only a small amount of the intracellular juvenile hormone I is recovered as the corresponding diol ester.", "contents": "Epoxide hydrase in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. 1. Microsomal fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes catalyze the hydration of styrene oxide to styrene glycol. The activity is linear up to 45 min of incubation, is proportional to microsomal protein concentration within certain range, and has an optimum pH of 8.5. 2. Double-reciprocal plots indicate a Km value of 5.3 . 10(-4) M for styrene oxide and a V of 29.6 pmol of styrene glycol formed/min per mg protein at 37 degrees C. 4-Chlorophenyl-2,3-epoxypropyl either (Ki = 2.08 . 10(-4) M) and juvenile hormone I (Ki = 2.7 . 10(-4) M) are competitive inhibitors; whereas, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane is a non-competitive inhibitor. The enzyme is induced about three-fold by 5 mM phenobarbital in the growth medium. 3. The epoxide hydrase is not activated by detergents but rather inhibited by concentrations of Tween-80 and Lubrol as low as 0.025%. 4. Experiments with intact cells indicate that about 3% of [8-14C]styrene oxide penetrates after 90 min of incubation; whereas, over 30% of juvenile hormone I is found intracellularly after the same incubation period. Intracellular styrene oxide is hydrated to styrene glycol to a significant extent and the in vivo hydration is increased by pretreatment with phenobarbital and inhibited upon the addition of 4-chlorophenyl-2,3-epoxypropyl ether. Only a small amount of the intracellular juvenile hormone I is recovered as the corresponding diol ester.", "PMID": 378266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4002", "title": "Intracellular binding of ethidium studied by photoaffinity labeling in vivo.", "content": "The azide analog of 14C-labeled ethidium bromide was mixed with yeast cells and when photolyzed by visible light, formed covalent complexes with all yeast cell organelles. The 14C counts were found in DNA, RNA and protein of yeast subcellular fractions, illustrating the complexity of binding of a drug which appears highly specific in its actions.", "contents": "Intracellular binding of ethidium studied by photoaffinity labeling in vivo. The azide analog of 14C-labeled ethidium bromide was mixed with yeast cells and when photolyzed by visible light, formed covalent complexes with all yeast cell organelles. The 14C counts were found in DNA, RNA and protein of yeast subcellular fractions, illustrating the complexity of binding of a drug which appears highly specific in its actions.", "PMID": 378267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4003", "title": "On the activation of the canine pepsinogens.", "content": "Acidification induces a conversion of canine pepsinogens by a sequential mechanism to the active pepsins. Activation in the presence of pepstatin, which strongly inhibits the pepsins but does not prevent the first step of activation, allows the isolation of the peptide released in this first step. This peptide inhibits the milk clotting activity of canine and also porcine pepsin. Canine pepsins obtained in the absence of pepstatin were characterized by amino acid composition, molecular weight, and activity against hemoglobin and milk and compared with those of other mammalian pepsins.", "contents": "On the activation of the canine pepsinogens. Acidification induces a conversion of canine pepsinogens by a sequential mechanism to the active pepsins. Activation in the presence of pepstatin, which strongly inhibits the pepsins but does not prevent the first step of activation, allows the isolation of the peptide released in this first step. This peptide inhibits the milk clotting activity of canine and also porcine pepsin. Canine pepsins obtained in the absence of pepstatin were characterized by amino acid composition, molecular weight, and activity against hemoglobin and milk and compared with those of other mammalian pepsins.", "PMID": 378269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4004", "title": "Stress analysis of single-tooth implants. II. Effect of implant root-length variation and pseudo-periodontal ligament incorporation.", "content": "This study delineates the effects of varying the root length as well as incorporating a soft pseudo periodonal ligament on the overall stress distribution for each of five different implant materials and one implant design.", "contents": "Stress analysis of single-tooth implants. II. Effect of implant root-length variation and pseudo-periodontal ligament incorporation. This study delineates the effects of varying the root length as well as incorporating a soft pseudo periodonal ligament on the overall stress distribution for each of five different implant materials and one implant design.", "PMID": 378281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4005", "title": "Stress analysis of single-tooth implants. I. Effect of elastic parameters and geometry of implant.", "content": "Five different implant materials and three different geometries of ankylosed single-tooth implants were investigated. The stress distributions within and around the implants were determined by finite element analysis. Results show that the optimal combination of implant material and geometry can reduce implant and alveolar stresses by a factor of three when compared to an arbitrary implant design.", "contents": "Stress analysis of single-tooth implants. I. Effect of elastic parameters and geometry of implant. Five different implant materials and three different geometries of ankylosed single-tooth implants were investigated. The stress distributions within and around the implants were determined by finite element analysis. Results show that the optimal combination of implant material and geometry can reduce implant and alveolar stresses by a factor of three when compared to an arbitrary implant design.", "PMID": 378283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4006", "title": "Some measurements of the shape and hydrodynamic properties of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C.2.7.2.3).", "content": "Using values obtained for sedimentation and diffusion constants the relative mass of phosphoglycerate kinase was calculated to be 45 800 +/- 1700. This value is higher than was previously estimated and the difference is thought to be caused by contamination of earlier crystalline preparations. Using the coordinates from X-ray crystallography it was found possible to calculate a frictional ratio for a linear dumb-bell (1.115) which compared well with the ratio calculated from diffusion (1.114 +/- 0.033). Since the calculated ratio for a bent molecule was 1.020 the natural state of the molecule in solution is essentially linear. From the concentration dependence of sedimentation and diffusion was calculated the effective interactive radius which resembles haemoglobin in its relationship to the molecular radius.", "contents": "Some measurements of the shape and hydrodynamic properties of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C.2.7.2.3). Using values obtained for sedimentation and diffusion constants the relative mass of phosphoglycerate kinase was calculated to be 45 800 +/- 1700. This value is higher than was previously estimated and the difference is thought to be caused by contamination of earlier crystalline preparations. Using the coordinates from X-ray crystallography it was found possible to calculate a frictional ratio for a linear dumb-bell (1.115) which compared well with the ratio calculated from diffusion (1.114 +/- 0.033). Since the calculated ratio for a bent molecule was 1.020 the natural state of the molecule in solution is essentially linear. From the concentration dependence of sedimentation and diffusion was calculated the effective interactive radius which resembles haemoglobin in its relationship to the molecular radius.", "PMID": 378285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4007", "title": "Method for continuous purification of biological material using immunosorbent.", "content": "A mechanical device for the continuous purification of biological material using immunosorbent was developed. The system consists of heat-sealed nylon pouches containing agarose-bound antibody, attached to an endless 35 mm wide Mylar belt that passes through four chambers sequentially. The biological material is bound and dissociated, and the immobilized antibody is regenerated for repeated isolation and purification of antigen. The belt design incorporates features to minimize carry-over between chambers and prevent damage to the agarose-bound antibody in repeated passes through the system. An existing batch method for the purification of human placental alkaline phosphatase using immobilized rabbit antisera was adapted to continuous purification in the device. The belt contained a low affinity immunosorbent and made five complete passes through the system. A decrease in antigen binding capacity between free immunosorbent suspensions and belt immunosorbent in pouches was observed. This was shown to be the result of the diffusion resistance offered by the pouch and the short exposure times of each pouch in the chambers. A decrease in antigen binding capacity between successive belt passes was also observed, and resulted from the inability of the agarose in the pouches to resuspend completely after each pass. The low efficiency of the agitation method and the roller device used to squeeze the pouches were the reasons for this deficiency.", "contents": "Method for continuous purification of biological material using immunosorbent. A mechanical device for the continuous purification of biological material using immunosorbent was developed. The system consists of heat-sealed nylon pouches containing agarose-bound antibody, attached to an endless 35 mm wide Mylar belt that passes through four chambers sequentially. The biological material is bound and dissociated, and the immobilized antibody is regenerated for repeated isolation and purification of antigen. The belt design incorporates features to minimize carry-over between chambers and prevent damage to the agarose-bound antibody in repeated passes through the system. An existing batch method for the purification of human placental alkaline phosphatase using immobilized rabbit antisera was adapted to continuous purification in the device. The belt contained a low affinity immunosorbent and made five complete passes through the system. A decrease in antigen binding capacity between free immunosorbent suspensions and belt immunosorbent in pouches was observed. This was shown to be the result of the diffusion resistance offered by the pouch and the short exposure times of each pouch in the chambers. A decrease in antigen binding capacity between successive belt passes was also observed, and resulted from the inability of the agarose in the pouches to resuspend completely after each pass. The low efficiency of the agitation method and the roller device used to squeeze the pouches were the reasons for this deficiency.", "PMID": 378286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4008", "title": "[NAG infection in Rana temporaria with suppressed normal intestinal microflora].", "content": "Frogs of the Rana temporaria species with disturbed biocenosis induced by combined effects of hypothermia (+4 degrees C) and tetracycline were used as an experimental model. The animals were inoculated orally with cultured NAD-vibrios and subjected to clinical, bacteriological, immunomorphological and electron microscopical examinations. The lymph-blood system was shown to be a possible pathway for generalization of the infection. Several causes of long-term persistence of the vibrios in Rana temporaria are discussed.", "contents": "[NAG infection in Rana temporaria with suppressed normal intestinal microflora]. Frogs of the Rana temporaria species with disturbed biocenosis induced by combined effects of hypothermia (+4 degrees C) and tetracycline were used as an experimental model. The animals were inoculated orally with cultured NAD-vibrios and subjected to clinical, bacteriological, immunomorphological and electron microscopical examinations. The lymph-blood system was shown to be a possible pathway for generalization of the infection. Several causes of long-term persistence of the vibrios in Rana temporaria are discussed.", "PMID": 378287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4009", "title": "[Immunological cross reactions between polysaccharides of Streptococci groups A and L].", "content": "Antibodies on sepharose immunosorbents containing A-polysaccharide-sepharose or synthetic beta-N-acetylglucosamine, were isolated from the sera of rabbits immunized with streptococci, group A, by means of affinity chromatography. Antibodies obtained from some sera with both immunosorbents reacted with streptococcus, group A and L polysaccharides. Partial identity of these polysaccharides was revealed by the immunodiffusion test. Absorption of antibodies with polysaccharides, group A and L, showed their different specificities. These antibodies could apparently be directed against the end parts of molecules of streptococcus, group A polysaccharide.", "contents": "[Immunological cross reactions between polysaccharides of Streptococci groups A and L]. Antibodies on sepharose immunosorbents containing A-polysaccharide-sepharose or synthetic beta-N-acetylglucosamine, were isolated from the sera of rabbits immunized with streptococci, group A, by means of affinity chromatography. Antibodies obtained from some sera with both immunosorbents reacted with streptococcus, group A and L polysaccharides. Partial identity of these polysaccharides was revealed by the immunodiffusion test. Absorption of antibodies with polysaccharides, group A and L, showed their different specificities. These antibodies could apparently be directed against the end parts of molecules of streptococcus, group A polysaccharide.", "PMID": 378288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4010", "title": "[Effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the transplantation and antitumor immunity].", "content": "It was shown that mouse antiserum against isologous thermically aggregated immunoglobulins MAAS injected repeatedly to the animals prolonged the survival of the skin allotransplant, induced Moloney's sarcoma diminished the latent period of the tumour development sharply increased the formation of the tumours which in the majority of cases, led to the death of mice, deranged the normal age barrier in fibrosarcoma induction, and sharply inhibited the intensity of Rauscher's leukemia development. This action of MAAS on the transplantation and antitumour immunity was of immunological nature.", "contents": "[Effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the transplantation and antitumor immunity]. It was shown that mouse antiserum against isologous thermically aggregated immunoglobulins MAAS injected repeatedly to the animals prolonged the survival of the skin allotransplant, induced Moloney's sarcoma diminished the latent period of the tumour development sharply increased the formation of the tumours which in the majority of cases, led to the death of mice, deranged the normal age barrier in fibrosarcoma induction, and sharply inhibited the intensity of Rauscher's leukemia development. This action of MAAS on the transplantation and antitumour immunity was of immunological nature.", "PMID": 378289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4011", "title": "[Effect of formaldehyde and its aminomethylol derivatives on E. coli strains with various defects of the DNA repair systems].", "content": "It was shown that aminomethylol compounds formed during reaction of formaldehyde with amino acids and formaldehyde as well exert a pronounced lethal action on E. coli strains with various defects of the DNA repair systems. The correlation between the extent of the DNA depurination caused by in vitro action of diverse aminomethylol derivatives and the inactivation of bacteria by these derivatives is revealed. The data obtained suggest that the inactivating effect of formaldehyde and its aminomethylol derivatives seems likely to be due to the formation of depurinized groups in bacterial DNA rather than to dimerization of purine bases.", "contents": "[Effect of formaldehyde and its aminomethylol derivatives on E. coli strains with various defects of the DNA repair systems]. It was shown that aminomethylol compounds formed during reaction of formaldehyde with amino acids and formaldehyde as well exert a pronounced lethal action on E. coli strains with various defects of the DNA repair systems. The correlation between the extent of the DNA depurination caused by in vitro action of diverse aminomethylol derivatives and the inactivation of bacteria by these derivatives is revealed. The data obtained suggest that the inactivating effect of formaldehyde and its aminomethylol derivatives seems likely to be due to the formation of depurinized groups in bacterial DNA rather than to dimerization of purine bases.", "PMID": 378290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4012", "title": "[Immunoreactive luliberin in the visceral organs of rats].", "content": "The distribution of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LH-RH) was studied. LH-RH-like factor showing analogous immunochemical and chromatographic properties was detected in the liver, kidneys, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal glands and heart of rats. The concentration of immunoreactive LH-RH in the liver, kidneys, duodenum, pancreas and adrenal glands was nearly equal (5 to 7 pg per mg of methanol extract obtained from acetic acid extract of acetone powder), its concentration in the heart being somewhat lower (2 pg per mg of extract). Only minute amounts of this factor were present in blood cells. Immunoreactive LH-RH found in visceral organs may be of hypothalamic origin or may be synthesized in these organs (in situ).", "contents": "[Immunoreactive luliberin in the visceral organs of rats]. The distribution of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LH-RH) was studied. LH-RH-like factor showing analogous immunochemical and chromatographic properties was detected in the liver, kidneys, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal glands and heart of rats. The concentration of immunoreactive LH-RH in the liver, kidneys, duodenum, pancreas and adrenal glands was nearly equal (5 to 7 pg per mg of methanol extract obtained from acetic acid extract of acetone powder), its concentration in the heart being somewhat lower (2 pg per mg of extract). Only minute amounts of this factor were present in blood cells. Immunoreactive LH-RH found in visceral organs may be of hypothalamic origin or may be synthesized in these organs (in situ).", "PMID": 378291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4013", "title": "Smoking and lung cancer: a review.", "content": "Cigarette smoking is the most important known factor in the causation of lung cancer. The evidence supporting this statement is enormous and irrefutable. Efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate cigarette smoking throughout the world should be strongly endorsed by all nations. The task will be difficult, but it can and must be accomplished.", "contents": "Smoking and lung cancer: a review. Cigarette smoking is the most important known factor in the causation of lung cancer. The evidence supporting this statement is enormous and irrefutable. Efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate cigarette smoking throughout the world should be strongly endorsed by all nations. The task will be difficult, but it can and must be accomplished.", "PMID": 378307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4014", "title": "Anti-aggregatory effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) in vivo.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) when infused intravenously reduced the mortality of rabbits given high intravenous doses of arachidonic acid (AA). Prostaglandins E1 and D2 were ineffective. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished the toxic AA effect. Since the lethal effect of AA is partly due to the formation of platelet aggregates it is concluded that PGI2 is a most potent anti-aggregatory prostaglandin in vivo.", "contents": "Anti-aggregatory effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) in vivo. Prostacyclin (PGI2) when infused intravenously reduced the mortality of rabbits given high intravenous doses of arachidonic acid (AA). Prostaglandins E1 and D2 were ineffective. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished the toxic AA effect. Since the lethal effect of AA is partly due to the formation of platelet aggregates it is concluded that PGI2 is a most potent anti-aggregatory prostaglandin in vivo.", "PMID": 378308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4015", "title": "Comparison of brush cytology before or after biopsy for diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "A randomized trial has compared the results of brush cytology before or after biopsy in patients with solitary gastric lesions. One hundred and eleven carcinomas were identified in 324 patients. False positive histological reports were recorded in 2 patients but there were no false positive cytology results. The cumulative accuracy of biopsy and cytology in patients with carcinoma was 97 per cent, which was significantly better than biopsy alone (83 per cent, P less than 0.001) or cytology alone (87 per cent, P less than 0.001). The cumulative results of brushing before biopsy were significantly better than results obtained by brushing after biopsy (P less than 0.05) and indicate that brush cytology should normally be performed before biopsy.", "contents": "Comparison of brush cytology before or after biopsy for diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. A randomized trial has compared the results of brush cytology before or after biopsy in patients with solitary gastric lesions. One hundred and eleven carcinomas were identified in 324 patients. False positive histological reports were recorded in 2 patients but there were no false positive cytology results. The cumulative accuracy of biopsy and cytology in patients with carcinoma was 97 per cent, which was significantly better than biopsy alone (83 per cent, P less than 0.001) or cytology alone (87 per cent, P less than 0.001). The cumulative results of brushing before biopsy were significantly better than results obtained by brushing after biopsy (P less than 0.05) and indicate that brush cytology should normally be performed before biopsy.", "PMID": 378313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4016", "title": "Abdominal wound closure--the Jenkins's technique: a registrar's experience.", "content": "Jenkins's technique has been used to close 238 abdominal wounds. No dehiscence occurred in thie series. It is suggested that this method, which gives strict guidelines on wound closure, is ideal for teaching good technique for wound closure.", "contents": "Abdominal wound closure--the Jenkins's technique: a registrar's experience. Jenkins's technique has been used to close 238 abdominal wounds. No dehiscence occurred in thie series. It is suggested that this method, which gives strict guidelines on wound closure, is ideal for teaching good technique for wound closure.", "PMID": 378314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4017", "title": "A comparison between disposable and non-disposable suction drainage units: a report of a controlled trial.", "content": "A randomized trial of high vacuum Redivac drains and low vacuum Portovac drains has been conducted in 46 female patients undergoing simple mastectomy through a transverse skin incision. The Redivac units drained less fluid, stayed in place for a day less than the Portovac units and were emptied once less often.", "contents": "A comparison between disposable and non-disposable suction drainage units: a report of a controlled trial. A randomized trial of high vacuum Redivac drains and low vacuum Portovac drains has been conducted in 46 female patients undergoing simple mastectomy through a transverse skin incision. The Redivac units drained less fluid, stayed in place for a day less than the Portovac units and were emptied once less often.", "PMID": 378315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4018", "title": "Hypertrophic scarring: Dexon suture in a randomized trial.", "content": "In a randomized prospective trial of three methods of skin suture an increased incidence of hypertrophic scarring in paramedian and inguinal wounds has been found to be associated with the use of 2/0 Dexon suture subcuticularly. However, the variance associated with the type of suture was less than that associated with the sex of the patient. The patient's opinion of the appearance of the scar was the same for all three suture methods used in skin closure.", "contents": "Hypertrophic scarring: Dexon suture in a randomized trial. In a randomized prospective trial of three methods of skin suture an increased incidence of hypertrophic scarring in paramedian and inguinal wounds has been found to be associated with the use of 2/0 Dexon suture subcuticularly. However, the variance associated with the type of suture was less than that associated with the sex of the patient. The patient's opinion of the appearance of the scar was the same for all three suture methods used in skin closure.", "PMID": 378316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4019", "title": "Recurrent oral ulceration treated with Mysteclin: a controlled study.", "content": "Twenty patients with recurrent oral ulceration participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trail of Mysteclin syrup (tetracycline hydrochloride and amphotericin) used as a mouthwash. Though a small, consistent improvement occurred with placebo, there was a significant reduction in mean pair scores and numbers of new ulcers recorded daily during the active-treatment periods, the effect lasting for at least four weeks after treatment was stopped. In contrast to topical steroid preparations, Mysteclin syrup is efficacious when begun at any stage of the disorder and is not associated with adverse systemic effects.", "contents": "Recurrent oral ulceration treated with Mysteclin: a controlled study. Twenty patients with recurrent oral ulceration participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trail of Mysteclin syrup (tetracycline hydrochloride and amphotericin) used as a mouthwash. Though a small, consistent improvement occurred with placebo, there was a significant reduction in mean pair scores and numbers of new ulcers recorded daily during the active-treatment periods, the effect lasting for at least four weeks after treatment was stopped. In contrast to topical steroid preparations, Mysteclin syrup is efficacious when begun at any stage of the disorder and is not associated with adverse systemic effects.", "PMID": 378317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4020", "title": "Investigation and treatment of amenorrhoea resulting in normal fertility.", "content": "A simple scheme of investigation and treatment to restore fertility in amenorrhoeic women is described. Fifty-nine patients with amenorrhoea not due to primary ovarian failure were treated variously as appropriate, mainly with clomiphene (25), bromocriptine (15), or human menopausal gonadotrophins (12), and six by diet to increase their weight. All ovulated, and by the end of the study 55 (93%) had conceived, 42 (71%) had delivered at least one surviving child, and five others (8%) were pregnant and awaiting delivery. Conception rates were 49% within two cycles of treatment and 66% within three cycles; using life-table method to standardise the cumulative conception rates by correcting for patients who did not continue as long as others in the study, the expected conception rate was 79% in six cycles, 94% in 12 cycles, and 98% after 16 cycles. The multiple pregnancy rate was 13% and abortion rate 22%. Delivery rate (for a viable baby) were 48% within 11 months of starting treatment and 53% within one year; expected rates were 76% in 18 months and 97% in two years. The results show that a relatively simple scheme of classifying amenorrhoeic disorders endocrinologically followed by treatment directed at inducing ovulation allows amenorrhoeic women without primary ovarian failure to achieve conception and delivery rates equal to those in normal women.", "contents": "Investigation and treatment of amenorrhoea resulting in normal fertility. A simple scheme of investigation and treatment to restore fertility in amenorrhoeic women is described. Fifty-nine patients with amenorrhoea not due to primary ovarian failure were treated variously as appropriate, mainly with clomiphene (25), bromocriptine (15), or human menopausal gonadotrophins (12), and six by diet to increase their weight. All ovulated, and by the end of the study 55 (93%) had conceived, 42 (71%) had delivered at least one surviving child, and five others (8%) were pregnant and awaiting delivery. Conception rates were 49% within two cycles of treatment and 66% within three cycles; using life-table method to standardise the cumulative conception rates by correcting for patients who did not continue as long as others in the study, the expected conception rate was 79% in six cycles, 94% in 12 cycles, and 98% after 16 cycles. The multiple pregnancy rate was 13% and abortion rate 22%. Delivery rate (for a viable baby) were 48% within 11 months of starting treatment and 53% within one year; expected rates were 76% in 18 months and 97% in two years. The results show that a relatively simple scheme of classifying amenorrhoeic disorders endocrinologically followed by treatment directed at inducing ovulation allows amenorrhoeic women without primary ovarian failure to achieve conception and delivery rates equal to those in normal women.", "PMID": 378318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4021", "title": "Neurotensin-containing cell bodies, fibers and nerve terminals in the brain stem of the rat: immunohistochemical mapping.", "content": "Neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya, fibers and nerve terminals, visualized by the indirect immunohistofluorescent method in colchicine-pretreated animals, are localized in many discrete regions of the rat brain stem. Cell body groups are found in the inner aspect of the substantia gelatinosa of the caudal trigeminal nuclear complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nuclei, the locus coeruleus, the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. These areas of cell body density are accompanied by concentrations of fibers and terminals, while the occasional positive perikaryon noted in the dorsal cochlear nucleus is accompanied by only sparse fluorescent fiber/terminal patterns. Other brain stem regions, such as the floor of the fourth ventricle and aspects of the caudal ventrolateral reticular formation, possess substantial numbers of fibers and terminals that are not accompanied by cell bodies. Many aspects of this distribution coincide with the brain stem distribution of the enkephalin pentapeptides, though significant differences in localization are also evident. Interactions of neurotensin with other neurotransmitter candidates are also suggested by its presence in areas enriched in norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and substance P. Certain neurotensin localizations suggest an association of the peptide with functional brain systems preferentially involving these regions. In particular periaqueductal gray and substantia gelatinosa neurotensin synapses are plausible sites for the analgesia elicited after intercisternal injection of low doses of neurotensin.", "contents": "Neurotensin-containing cell bodies, fibers and nerve terminals in the brain stem of the rat: immunohistochemical mapping. Neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya, fibers and nerve terminals, visualized by the indirect immunohistofluorescent method in colchicine-pretreated animals, are localized in many discrete regions of the rat brain stem. Cell body groups are found in the inner aspect of the substantia gelatinosa of the caudal trigeminal nuclear complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nuclei, the locus coeruleus, the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. These areas of cell body density are accompanied by concentrations of fibers and terminals, while the occasional positive perikaryon noted in the dorsal cochlear nucleus is accompanied by only sparse fluorescent fiber/terminal patterns. Other brain stem regions, such as the floor of the fourth ventricle and aspects of the caudal ventrolateral reticular formation, possess substantial numbers of fibers and terminals that are not accompanied by cell bodies. Many aspects of this distribution coincide with the brain stem distribution of the enkephalin pentapeptides, though significant differences in localization are also evident. Interactions of neurotensin with other neurotransmitter candidates are also suggested by its presence in areas enriched in norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and substance P. Certain neurotensin localizations suggest an association of the peptide with functional brain systems preferentially involving these regions. In particular periaqueductal gray and substantia gelatinosa neurotensin synapses are plausible sites for the analgesia elicited after intercisternal injection of low doses of neurotensin.", "PMID": 378326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4022", "title": "Multiple isoacceptor forms of several transfer ribonucleic acids in a mutant yeast strain.", "content": "By use of reverse phase 5 chromatography, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (XB 109-5B) has been shown to exhibit multiple isoaccepting forms for several of the transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). This is in contrast with a standard wild-type strain where only one acceptor is found for each tRNA studied. Multiple peaks for tRNATyr, tRNAPhe, tRNASer, and tRNAVal have been detected for strain XB 109-5B. However, the observation of multiple isoacceptors cannot be extended to all tRNAs in this strain since tRNAAsp appears as a single form that is the same as in the wild type. The appearance of multiple peaks was found to depend on the growth conditions of the cells. The tRNA profiles of XB 109-5B that was grown rapidly with vigorous aeration differed the most from profiles of comparably grown wild-type yeast, whereas tRNA from this mutant, grown without shaking or supplementary aeration, appeared the same as the wild type. The minor nucleoside composition of the isoacceptors of tRNAPhe was obtained.", "contents": "Multiple isoacceptor forms of several transfer ribonucleic acids in a mutant yeast strain. By use of reverse phase 5 chromatography, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (XB 109-5B) has been shown to exhibit multiple isoaccepting forms for several of the transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). This is in contrast with a standard wild-type strain where only one acceptor is found for each tRNA studied. Multiple peaks for tRNATyr, tRNAPhe, tRNASer, and tRNAVal have been detected for strain XB 109-5B. However, the observation of multiple isoacceptors cannot be extended to all tRNAs in this strain since tRNAAsp appears as a single form that is the same as in the wild type. The appearance of multiple peaks was found to depend on the growth conditions of the cells. The tRNA profiles of XB 109-5B that was grown rapidly with vigorous aeration differed the most from profiles of comparably grown wild-type yeast, whereas tRNA from this mutant, grown without shaking or supplementary aeration, appeared the same as the wild type. The minor nucleoside composition of the isoacceptors of tRNAPhe was obtained.", "PMID": 378329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4023", "title": "Levels of glutathione in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Log phase cells of Escherichia coli growing in minimal medium contain a basal level of glutathione (5 pmol/mL per Klett unit) which can increase more than sixfold when the cells reach stationary phase. Since the addition of cysteine alone to log phase cells illicits the same response, the increase in the intracellular pool of glutathione appears to be influenced by the amount of cysteine available for glutathione synthesis. Glucose depletion at low cell densities resulted in a decrease in the glutathione pool while the addition of amino acids other than cysteine did not affect the glutathione pool. Depletion of ammonia or proline as the nitrogen source also resulted in a decrease in the glutathione pool to one-third of the original basal levels as did a shift to anaerobic growth. The large glutathione pool in stationary phase cells dropped from 31.5 to 4.5 pmol/mL per Klett unit within 30 min of transfer to fresh medium. There was no apparent correlation between changes in the glutathione and coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide (CoASSG) pools after a variety of metabolic disruptions.", "contents": "Levels of glutathione in Escherichia coli. Log phase cells of Escherichia coli growing in minimal medium contain a basal level of glutathione (5 pmol/mL per Klett unit) which can increase more than sixfold when the cells reach stationary phase. Since the addition of cysteine alone to log phase cells illicits the same response, the increase in the intracellular pool of glutathione appears to be influenced by the amount of cysteine available for glutathione synthesis. Glucose depletion at low cell densities resulted in a decrease in the glutathione pool while the addition of amino acids other than cysteine did not affect the glutathione pool. Depletion of ammonia or proline as the nitrogen source also resulted in a decrease in the glutathione pool to one-third of the original basal levels as did a shift to anaerobic growth. The large glutathione pool in stationary phase cells dropped from 31.5 to 4.5 pmol/mL per Klett unit within 30 min of transfer to fresh medium. There was no apparent correlation between changes in the glutathione and coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide (CoASSG) pools after a variety of metabolic disruptions.", "PMID": 378330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4024", "title": "Corneal endothelial cell function after storage in MK medium and hydrocortisone.", "content": "We stored rabbit corneas either in MK medium or MK medium plus hydrocortisone 10(-6)M for 7 days. The corneas stored in MK medium with hydrocortisone had better temperature reversal characteristics than those stored in MK medium alone.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial cell function after storage in MK medium and hydrocortisone. We stored rabbit corneas either in MK medium or MK medium plus hydrocortisone 10(-6)M for 7 days. The corneas stored in MK medium with hydrocortisone had better temperature reversal characteristics than those stored in MK medium alone.", "PMID": 378331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4025", "title": "[Surgical correction of corneal astigmatism after corneal graft].", "content": "We performed Troutman's technique of corneal wedge resection in 6 patients who had substantial astigmatism after penetrating corneal grafts. The astigmatism was reduced by 5 to over 15 dioptres, and was stable for up to 36 months. The visual acuity was considerably improved in 5 of the 6 cases. However we could not neither predict the amount of correction nor the axis of the residual astigmatism with this technique. We stress the importance of using a keratometer when performing a penetrating corneal graft.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of corneal astigmatism after corneal graft]. We performed Troutman's technique of corneal wedge resection in 6 patients who had substantial astigmatism after penetrating corneal grafts. The astigmatism was reduced by 5 to over 15 dioptres, and was stable for up to 36 months. The visual acuity was considerably improved in 5 of the 6 cases. However we could not neither predict the amount of correction nor the axis of the residual astigmatism with this technique. We stress the importance of using a keratometer when performing a penetrating corneal graft.", "PMID": 378333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4026", "title": "Immunological aspects of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "Three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) were treated by conjunctival resection. The results of immunological studies and histological examination of the excised tissue were unremarkable; none of seven criteria of antibody dependence were met. We found no specific immune defects in three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) were treated by conjunctival resection. The results of immunological studies and histological examination of the excised tissue were unremarkable; none of seven criteria of antibody dependence were met. We found no specific immune defects in three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.", "PMID": 378334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4027", "title": "Live influenza vaccine: screening of attenuated virus strains by a 50% ciliary activity inhibition test in organ cultures of ferret trachea.", "content": "This study of three live attenuated inhibitor-resistant influenza vaccines showed that these preparations are usually antigenic and that they caused no significant reactions when characterized by an index of attenuation equal to or slightly better than 1.0 arbitrarily attributed to the 'reference' attenuated A/Hong Kong/68 strain of Beare and Bynoe. This index, measured in vitro on ferret tracheal rings, is expressed as the ratio of the time required for ciliary activity inhibition of 50% of the rings by the tested candidate vaccine strain and the 'reference' attenuated strain. Induction of heterologous antibodies was also observed. Oral administration of underattenuated perparations did not cause the severe reactions which were observed when the same vaccine was administered intranasally.", "contents": "Live influenza vaccine: screening of attenuated virus strains by a 50% ciliary activity inhibition test in organ cultures of ferret trachea. This study of three live attenuated inhibitor-resistant influenza vaccines showed that these preparations are usually antigenic and that they caused no significant reactions when characterized by an index of attenuation equal to or slightly better than 1.0 arbitrarily attributed to the 'reference' attenuated A/Hong Kong/68 strain of Beare and Bynoe. This index, measured in vitro on ferret tracheal rings, is expressed as the ratio of the time required for ciliary activity inhibition of 50% of the rings by the tested candidate vaccine strain and the 'reference' attenuated strain. Induction of heterologous antibodies was also observed. Oral administration of underattenuated perparations did not cause the severe reactions which were observed when the same vaccine was administered intranasally.", "PMID": 378337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4028", "title": "[Regulation of catalase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis].", "content": "During the log-phase growth of Proteus mirabilis the specific activity of catalase decreases, while at the beginning of or during the stationary phase an increase takes place which is abolished by inhibitors of nucleic acid or protein synthesis. Glucose in the culture medium has no appreciable effect on the level of enzyme synthesis nor does the passage of bacteria to anaerobiosis bring any noticeable change. Successive additions of hydrogen peroxide up to weak final concentrations (0.2--0.5 mM) stimulate catalase synthesis. Determination of the enzyme in vivo reveals but a weak proportion of the total catalase which can only be titrated after the breakdown of cells. The titrable enzyme in vivo represents, as an order of magnitude, the activity found associated with the cell wall, in an easily released form after the mechanical separation of the inner and outer membranes. Thus, bacteria can act upon exogenous peroxide only through a peripheral catalase while they possess in a masked form an important reserve of cytoplasmic enzyme.", "contents": "[Regulation of catalase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis]. During the log-phase growth of Proteus mirabilis the specific activity of catalase decreases, while at the beginning of or during the stationary phase an increase takes place which is abolished by inhibitors of nucleic acid or protein synthesis. Glucose in the culture medium has no appreciable effect on the level of enzyme synthesis nor does the passage of bacteria to anaerobiosis bring any noticeable change. Successive additions of hydrogen peroxide up to weak final concentrations (0.2--0.5 mM) stimulate catalase synthesis. Determination of the enzyme in vivo reveals but a weak proportion of the total catalase which can only be titrated after the breakdown of cells. The titrable enzyme in vivo represents, as an order of magnitude, the activity found associated with the cell wall, in an easily released form after the mechanical separation of the inner and outer membranes. Thus, bacteria can act upon exogenous peroxide only through a peripheral catalase while they possess in a masked form an important reserve of cytoplasmic enzyme.", "PMID": 378338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4029", "title": "[Properties of an hydrogen peroxide resistant Proteus mirabilis mutant].", "content": "A peroxide-resistant mutant (PR) was isolated from Proteus mirabilis using the hydrogen peroxide mutagenic property. Under the same conditions, resistance of mutant PR bacteria to H2O2 was 50 to 100 times greater than that of the wild type. The total amount of catalase produced by P. mirabilis PR was on the average 10 times greater than that of the wild type. When PR bacteria were subjected to high doses of H2O2 (150mM), the determination of catalasic activity in vivo increased; paradoxically, there was a net decrease in the activity of the solubilized catalase after the breakdown of the cells. The hypothesis of an enzyme transfer from the inside towards the periphery of the cells is discussed. The behavior of a membrane enzyme (L-phenylalanine oxidase) of the PR mutant shows that H2O2 may cause lesions way up to the internal membrane of bacteria.", "contents": "[Properties of an hydrogen peroxide resistant Proteus mirabilis mutant]. A peroxide-resistant mutant (PR) was isolated from Proteus mirabilis using the hydrogen peroxide mutagenic property. Under the same conditions, resistance of mutant PR bacteria to H2O2 was 50 to 100 times greater than that of the wild type. The total amount of catalase produced by P. mirabilis PR was on the average 10 times greater than that of the wild type. When PR bacteria were subjected to high doses of H2O2 (150mM), the determination of catalasic activity in vivo increased; paradoxically, there was a net decrease in the activity of the solubilized catalase after the breakdown of the cells. The hypothesis of an enzyme transfer from the inside towards the periphery of the cells is discussed. The behavior of a membrane enzyme (L-phenylalanine oxidase) of the PR mutant shows that H2O2 may cause lesions way up to the internal membrane of bacteria.", "PMID": 378339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4030", "title": "A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria.", "content": "Yeast extract (0.025%) and nalidixic acid (0.002%) were added to seawater samples and the samples were incubated for 6 h at 20 degrees C in the dark. Under these conditions, bacterial cells did not divide but grew to form elongated cells that are easily recognized by a direct microscopic method and epifluorescent microscopic technique. The number of cells thus obtained is proposed as a direct cound of viable bacterial cells (DVC). With open ocean samples, DVC was higher than 'viable' plate counts by up to three orders of magnitude and lower than the direct counts by about one order.", "contents": "A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria. Yeast extract (0.025%) and nalidixic acid (0.002%) were added to seawater samples and the samples were incubated for 6 h at 20 degrees C in the dark. Under these conditions, bacterial cells did not divide but grew to form elongated cells that are easily recognized by a direct microscopic method and epifluorescent microscopic technique. The number of cells thus obtained is proposed as a direct cound of viable bacterial cells (DVC). With open ocean samples, DVC was higher than 'viable' plate counts by up to three orders of magnitude and lower than the direct counts by about one order.", "PMID": 378340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4031", "title": "A comparative trial of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "We compared two treatment regimens, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in women with metastatic breast carcinoma. Three of fourteen patients experienced partial objective tumor regression with a median duration of 4.6 months following hypophysectomy, whereas 10 of 21 women receiving aminoglutethimide responded (2 complete, 8 partial) with a median duration of 11.5 months. Side effects in the medical group were minimal while surgical complications included 2 cases of CSF rhinorrhea, one leading to meningitis and death. In patients receiving aminoglutethimide, urinary free cortisol and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate fell significantly as did plasma estrone and estradiol. In the hypophysectomy group, anterior-pituitary function testing postoperatively revealed adequate suppression of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion but incomplete inhibition of the ACTH-cortisol axis in 4 of 7 surgical patients studied. Five patients initially treated with hypophysectomy experienced a further reduction of plasma (and urinary) estrone and estradiol levels when given aminoglutethimide. We conclude that estrogen suppression therapy with aminoglutethimide is a feasible alternative to surgical hypophysectomy in providing endocrine suppression and palliation in advanced breast carcinoma.", "contents": "A comparative trial of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer. We compared two treatment regimens, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in women with metastatic breast carcinoma. Three of fourteen patients experienced partial objective tumor regression with a median duration of 4.6 months following hypophysectomy, whereas 10 of 21 women receiving aminoglutethimide responded (2 complete, 8 partial) with a median duration of 11.5 months. Side effects in the medical group were minimal while surgical complications included 2 cases of CSF rhinorrhea, one leading to meningitis and death. In patients receiving aminoglutethimide, urinary free cortisol and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate fell significantly as did plasma estrone and estradiol. In the hypophysectomy group, anterior-pituitary function testing postoperatively revealed adequate suppression of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion but incomplete inhibition of the ACTH-cortisol axis in 4 of 7 surgical patients studied. Five patients initially treated with hypophysectomy experienced a further reduction of plasma (and urinary) estrone and estradiol levels when given aminoglutethimide. We conclude that estrogen suppression therapy with aminoglutethimide is a feasible alternative to surgical hypophysectomy in providing endocrine suppression and palliation in advanced breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 378347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4032", "title": "Improved remission rates and remission duration in young women with metastatic breast cancer following combined oophorectomy and chemotherapy: a study of Cancer and Leukemia Groupe B.", "content": "One hundred fifty-seven premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were prospectively randomized to treatment consisting of oophorectomy + vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (VPCMF) (Reg. I) or oophorectomy + cyclophosphamide (Reg. II) or oophorectomy followed by an observation period (Phase 1), followed by VPCMF (Phase 2) (Reg. III). Complete plus partial response rates were 72% on Reg. I, 65% on Reg. II, 18% on Reg. III, Phase 1 and 50% on Reg. III, Phase 2. Median duration of response for Reg. I was 17 months, for Reg. II 16 months, and for Phase 1 and Phase 2 of Reg. III, respectively, 5 months and 8 months. The response rate for patients treated with oophorectomy plus chemotherapy is significantly higher than the response rate achieved with oophorectomy alone as first treatment following the appearance of metastases in premenopausal women.", "contents": "Improved remission rates and remission duration in young women with metastatic breast cancer following combined oophorectomy and chemotherapy: a study of Cancer and Leukemia Groupe B. One hundred fifty-seven premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were prospectively randomized to treatment consisting of oophorectomy + vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (VPCMF) (Reg. I) or oophorectomy + cyclophosphamide (Reg. II) or oophorectomy followed by an observation period (Phase 1), followed by VPCMF (Phase 2) (Reg. III). Complete plus partial response rates were 72% on Reg. I, 65% on Reg. II, 18% on Reg. III, Phase 1 and 50% on Reg. III, Phase 2. Median duration of response for Reg. I was 17 months, for Reg. II 16 months, and for Phase 1 and Phase 2 of Reg. III, respectively, 5 months and 8 months. The response rate for patients treated with oophorectomy plus chemotherapy is significantly higher than the response rate achieved with oophorectomy alone as first treatment following the appearance of metastases in premenopausal women.", "PMID": 378348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4033", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced cardiomyopathy: a report of two cases and review of the English literature.", "content": "Fatal cardiomyopathy developed in two patients receiving cyclophosphamide in preparation for bone marrow transplantation. Both patients had normal EKGs prior to receiving cyclophosphamide in total doses of 168 mg/kg (case 1) and 144 mg/kg (case 2) and subsequently developed loss of voltage and ST-T wave changes. One patient (case 1) died of CHF and hypotension while the other patient (case 2) developed tamponade. Prior to this report, the lowest total dose of cyclophosphamide reported to cause fatal cardiomyopathy was 180 mg/kg. In contrast to anthracycline congestive cardiomyopathy, the effects of cyclophosphamide appear to have an acute onset and do not appear to be the cumulative result of drug dosing. Postmortem examination in both patients revealed thickened left ventricles with intramyocardial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced cardiomyopathy: a report of two cases and review of the English literature. Fatal cardiomyopathy developed in two patients receiving cyclophosphamide in preparation for bone marrow transplantation. Both patients had normal EKGs prior to receiving cyclophosphamide in total doses of 168 mg/kg (case 1) and 144 mg/kg (case 2) and subsequently developed loss of voltage and ST-T wave changes. One patient (case 1) died of CHF and hypotension while the other patient (case 2) developed tamponade. Prior to this report, the lowest total dose of cyclophosphamide reported to cause fatal cardiomyopathy was 180 mg/kg. In contrast to anthracycline congestive cardiomyopathy, the effects of cyclophosphamide appear to have an acute onset and do not appear to be the cumulative result of drug dosing. Postmortem examination in both patients revealed thickened left ventricles with intramyocardial hemorrhage.", "PMID": 378349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4034", "title": "A comparison between combination chemotherapy and total body irradiation plus combination chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Thirty-nine untreated patients with either lymphocytic or nodular mixed/nodular histiocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, stage II--IV, were randomized to treatment with total body irradiation (TBI), 100 rads in 10 fractions over 12 days, plus combination chemotherapy with either cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (CVP) or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (C-MOPP) or to treatment with combination chemotherapy (CVP or C-MOPP) alone. Remission rate and duration was comparable for both treatment groups; thus the use of both treatment modalities ab initio provides no therapeutic advantage.", "contents": "A comparison between combination chemotherapy and total body irradiation plus combination chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Thirty-nine untreated patients with either lymphocytic or nodular mixed/nodular histiocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, stage II--IV, were randomized to treatment with total body irradiation (TBI), 100 rads in 10 fractions over 12 days, plus combination chemotherapy with either cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (CVP) or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (C-MOPP) or to treatment with combination chemotherapy (CVP or C-MOPP) alone. Remission rate and duration was comparable for both treatment groups; thus the use of both treatment modalities ab initio provides no therapeutic advantage.", "PMID": 378350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4035", "title": "Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid following external irradiation.", "content": "Two patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid following irradiation for Hodgkin's disease are presented, and the previously reported cases briefly reviewed. The risk of late development of thyroid carcinoma is life-long and high-dose irradiation in patients with prolonged life expectancy may result in anaplastic carcinoma as well as less malignant histological forms.", "contents": "Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid following external irradiation. Two patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid following irradiation for Hodgkin's disease are presented, and the previously reported cases briefly reviewed. The risk of late development of thyroid carcinoma is life-long and high-dose irradiation in patients with prolonged life expectancy may result in anaplastic carcinoma as well as less malignant histological forms.", "PMID": 378351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4036", "title": "A method for distinguishing benign from malignant breast lesions utilizing antibody present in normal human sera.", "content": "A sensitive immunoperoxidase technique was utilized 1) to detect the presence in normal human serum of antibody directed against breast carcinoma cells (tumor associated antibody--TAA) and 2) to determine whether this antibody could be used to discriminate between benign and malignant breast epithelium in sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. A total of 16 benign and 13 malignant breast lesions were examined for evidence of binding of human immunoglobulin, before and after application of normal human AB serum containing the putative tumor associated antibody--TAA. Malignant cells showed significant binding of human immunoglobulin (TAA); benign or normal cells did not. Clear immunohistological separation of benign and malignant breast lesions appears possible by this method.", "contents": "A method for distinguishing benign from malignant breast lesions utilizing antibody present in normal human sera. A sensitive immunoperoxidase technique was utilized 1) to detect the presence in normal human serum of antibody directed against breast carcinoma cells (tumor associated antibody--TAA) and 2) to determine whether this antibody could be used to discriminate between benign and malignant breast epithelium in sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. A total of 16 benign and 13 malignant breast lesions were examined for evidence of binding of human immunoglobulin, before and after application of normal human AB serum containing the putative tumor associated antibody--TAA. Malignant cells showed significant binding of human immunoglobulin (TAA); benign or normal cells did not. Clear immunohistological separation of benign and malignant breast lesions appears possible by this method.", "PMID": 378352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4037", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of mesothelioma: use of antimesothelial cell serum in an indirect immunofluorescence assay.", "content": "Cells isolated from human serous effusions were cultured in vitro. Monolayers of large multipolar cells were established. Antisera to the cultured cells were prepared in rabbits and rats. The antisera were absorbed with human red cells, liver powder and MOLT-4F cell line lymphocytes. Specificity of the absorbed antisera for human mesothelial cells were demonstrated in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The antisera were used to confirm the diagnosis of mesothelioma in two cases. In both the patients, the morphologically identifiable malignant cell populations in the effusions stained positively with the antimesothelial cell serum thus establishing their mesothelial origin. Normal nonmesothelial tissue and known nonmesothelial tumors failed to react with the antisera thus confirming the specificity of the antisera.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of mesothelioma: use of antimesothelial cell serum in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Cells isolated from human serous effusions were cultured in vitro. Monolayers of large multipolar cells were established. Antisera to the cultured cells were prepared in rabbits and rats. The antisera were absorbed with human red cells, liver powder and MOLT-4F cell line lymphocytes. Specificity of the absorbed antisera for human mesothelial cells were demonstrated in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The antisera were used to confirm the diagnosis of mesothelioma in two cases. In both the patients, the morphologically identifiable malignant cell populations in the effusions stained positively with the antimesothelial cell serum thus establishing their mesothelial origin. Normal nonmesothelial tissue and known nonmesothelial tumors failed to react with the antisera thus confirming the specificity of the antisera.", "PMID": 378353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4038", "title": "Immunological skin testing and interpretation: a plea for uniformity.", "content": "Immunological skin tests are one of the major methods used for the assessment of one's immune status. A review of the literature clearly reveals that there is no uniform methods for the administration and interpretation of skin tests. Without uniformity, it is obvious that data are not comparable. Contradictory conclusions may be reached from the same skin test data, depending upon the method of interpretation used. Precedent, rather than rationale, has often determined the method of interpretation. There are studies which suggest that slight induration or erythema, often considered negative, are significant immunologic events. The various methods of skin test administration and interpretation are reviewed. Recommendations for application and interpretation are presented so that uniformity may exist.", "contents": "Immunological skin testing and interpretation: a plea for uniformity. Immunological skin tests are one of the major methods used for the assessment of one's immune status. A review of the literature clearly reveals that there is no uniform methods for the administration and interpretation of skin tests. Without uniformity, it is obvious that data are not comparable. Contradictory conclusions may be reached from the same skin test data, depending upon the method of interpretation used. Precedent, rather than rationale, has often determined the method of interpretation. There are studies which suggest that slight induration or erythema, often considered negative, are significant immunologic events. The various methods of skin test administration and interpretation are reviewed. Recommendations for application and interpretation are presented so that uniformity may exist.", "PMID": 378354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4039", "title": "Cell-surface characteristics of hairy cell leukemia in seven patients.", "content": "Surface marker studies were performed on \"hairy cells\" from 7 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Using sensitive analytic techniques including specific antisera and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS-1), further definition of the abnormal cell was achieved. Four different antisera were used in infestigating the cell surface characteristics of these patients: anti-p23,30, an antiserum reactive with B cells and a subset of monocytes, anti-311, which reacts only with T cells, pepsin digested anti-F(ab')2 which reacts with B cells only and pepsin digested anti-lysozyme reactive with monocytes and myeloid cells, but not with B or T cells. In all cases strong reactivity was observed with anti-p23,30 and anti-F(ab')2, but no reactivity with anti-311. Five out of the seven cases were reactive with anti-lysozyme in a pattern similar to normal monocytes. Furthermore, when cells were separated according to binding to anti-p23,30, anti-F(ab')2 and anti-lysozyme and in two cases, according to cell size, the majority of reactivity and large cells were \"hairy\" when examined under microscopy. In contrast, the small and nonreactive (dull cells) appeared as normal mature lymphocytes. Thus, our data supports the view that HCL cells bear in most cases B cell and monocytic membrane markers.", "contents": "Cell-surface characteristics of hairy cell leukemia in seven patients. Surface marker studies were performed on \"hairy cells\" from 7 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Using sensitive analytic techniques including specific antisera and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS-1), further definition of the abnormal cell was achieved. Four different antisera were used in infestigating the cell surface characteristics of these patients: anti-p23,30, an antiserum reactive with B cells and a subset of monocytes, anti-311, which reacts only with T cells, pepsin digested anti-F(ab')2 which reacts with B cells only and pepsin digested anti-lysozyme reactive with monocytes and myeloid cells, but not with B or T cells. In all cases strong reactivity was observed with anti-p23,30 and anti-F(ab')2, but no reactivity with anti-311. Five out of the seven cases were reactive with anti-lysozyme in a pattern similar to normal monocytes. Furthermore, when cells were separated according to binding to anti-p23,30, anti-F(ab')2 and anti-lysozyme and in two cases, according to cell size, the majority of reactivity and large cells were \"hairy\" when examined under microscopy. In contrast, the small and nonreactive (dull cells) appeared as normal mature lymphocytes. Thus, our data supports the view that HCL cells bear in most cases B cell and monocytic membrane markers.", "PMID": 378355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4040", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXII. Unusual features of Ph1-positive acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), including a review of the literature.", "content": "Five cases of Ph1-positive AML were studied. In all cases a Ph1-chromosome was shown with banding techniques to be due to a translocation between chromosomes No. 9 and No. 22. Cases 1 and 4 were found to have more than one Ph1 with evidence of only on Ph1-translocation accompanying other chromosome abnormalities. Two cases represented an unusual pattern of appearance and disappearance of the Ph1-positive clone during their clinical courses: Case No. 2 was originally Ph1-positive (46,XY,Ph1) but two months before his expiration the Ph1-positive clone was completely replaced by a newly developed Ph1-negative clone with an abnormal chromosome No. 21 (46,XY,21q+), whereas case No. 3, primarily Ph1-negative, developed a Ph1-positive clone among the previously karyotypically normal cells one month before death. The Ph1-positive AML cases presented have been discussed in relation to: 1) the genesis and significance of the Ph1-positive clone, 2) differentiation from the blastic phase of CML and 31 the general experience with Ph1-positive acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), the world literature of which have been tabulated.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXII. Unusual features of Ph1-positive acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), including a review of the literature. Five cases of Ph1-positive AML were studied. In all cases a Ph1-chromosome was shown with banding techniques to be due to a translocation between chromosomes No. 9 and No. 22. Cases 1 and 4 were found to have more than one Ph1 with evidence of only on Ph1-translocation accompanying other chromosome abnormalities. Two cases represented an unusual pattern of appearance and disappearance of the Ph1-positive clone during their clinical courses: Case No. 2 was originally Ph1-positive (46,XY,Ph1) but two months before his expiration the Ph1-positive clone was completely replaced by a newly developed Ph1-negative clone with an abnormal chromosome No. 21 (46,XY,21q+), whereas case No. 3, primarily Ph1-negative, developed a Ph1-positive clone among the previously karyotypically normal cells one month before death. The Ph1-positive AML cases presented have been discussed in relation to: 1) the genesis and significance of the Ph1-positive clone, 2) differentiation from the blastic phase of CML and 31 the general experience with Ph1-positive acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), the world literature of which have been tabulated.", "PMID": 378356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4041", "title": "Steroid localization in granulosa-theca tumors of the ovary.", "content": "Eleven granulosa-theca tumors (seven pure granulosa and four with associated theca elements) were examined for the presence of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue. In ten patients the endometrium was studied histologically and significant endometrial hyperplasia consistent with estrogen production by the tumors was found. Estradiol was localized in granulosa cells (nonluteinized) in all 11 cases and in luteinized theca cells in three of the four cases in which theca elements are present. In contrast, progesterone was always detected in luteinized theca cells and in granulosa cells in over one half the cases. Testosterone was also present in granulosa cells in just over half the cases but tended to be only weakly positive. The nonluteinized stromal cells were negative for all steroids. These results are compatible with the concept that in granulosa-theca tumors, both granulosa and theca cells can produce a wide range of steroid hormones but that the predominant steroid present in granulosa cells is estradiol, while progesterone is the predominant steroid in luteinized theca cells.", "contents": "Steroid localization in granulosa-theca tumors of the ovary. Eleven granulosa-theca tumors (seven pure granulosa and four with associated theca elements) were examined for the presence of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue. In ten patients the endometrium was studied histologically and significant endometrial hyperplasia consistent with estrogen production by the tumors was found. Estradiol was localized in granulosa cells (nonluteinized) in all 11 cases and in luteinized theca cells in three of the four cases in which theca elements are present. In contrast, progesterone was always detected in luteinized theca cells and in granulosa cells in over one half the cases. Testosterone was also present in granulosa cells in just over half the cases but tended to be only weakly positive. The nonluteinized stromal cells were negative for all steroids. These results are compatible with the concept that in granulosa-theca tumors, both granulosa and theca cells can produce a wide range of steroid hormones but that the predominant steroid present in granulosa cells is estradiol, while progesterone is the predominant steroid in luteinized theca cells.", "PMID": 378357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4042", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "The occurrence of profound hypoglycemia in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is reported. In contrast to the four previously reported cases, no suggestion of excess insulin production was found. Metabolic studies in this patient suggest both increased peripheral glucose utilization and decreased hepatic glucose production as contributing factors which promoted the hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature. The occurrence of profound hypoglycemia in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is reported. In contrast to the four previously reported cases, no suggestion of excess insulin production was found. Metabolic studies in this patient suggest both increased peripheral glucose utilization and decreased hepatic glucose production as contributing factors which promoted the hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 378358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4043", "title": "Differences in age and sex distributions among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The records of a group of 337 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen at the Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Oncology were examined for relationships between stage and histopathological classification and simple demographic characteristics. Patients with Stages I and II of disease and diffuse varieties of lymphoma were found to be younger than patients in other categories. An excess of male patients was noted particularly in younger patients with diffuse lymphoma and Stages I and II of disease. Male patients with Stages I and II disease were noted to be bimodally distributed with respect to age, with peak number of patients in the fourth and sixth decades. This was particularly apparent among patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Differences in age and sex distributions among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The records of a group of 337 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen at the Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Oncology were examined for relationships between stage and histopathological classification and simple demographic characteristics. Patients with Stages I and II of disease and diffuse varieties of lymphoma were found to be younger than patients in other categories. An excess of male patients was noted particularly in younger patients with diffuse lymphoma and Stages I and II of disease. Male patients with Stages I and II disease were noted to be bimodally distributed with respect to age, with peak number of patients in the fourth and sixth decades. This was particularly apparent among patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 378359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4044", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunohistological study of immunoblastic sarcoma developing in child with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "The first case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developing in a child which progressed to immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. The sarcoma cells showed light and electron microscopic features of transformed lymphocytes (immunoblasts) but it was not possible to establish their B-cell origin using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for the demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulins. In the affected lymph nodes there was marked proliferation of reticulum and endothelial cells both of which contained numerous intranuclear inclusions which may be of viral origin. Ultrastructural studies suggest that the amorphous eosinophilic interstitial material, an important diagnostic morphological feature of immunoblastic lymphadenopahy, results from the oblique sectioning of the elongated and branching cytoplasmic processes of reticulum cells. It is postulated that in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy the proliferation of reticulum and endothelial cells may be the primary event, perhaps stimulated by viral infection and that the intense lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration and sarcomatous transformation occur as secondary phenomena.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunohistological study of immunoblastic sarcoma developing in child with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The first case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developing in a child which progressed to immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. The sarcoma cells showed light and electron microscopic features of transformed lymphocytes (immunoblasts) but it was not possible to establish their B-cell origin using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for the demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulins. In the affected lymph nodes there was marked proliferation of reticulum and endothelial cells both of which contained numerous intranuclear inclusions which may be of viral origin. Ultrastructural studies suggest that the amorphous eosinophilic interstitial material, an important diagnostic morphological feature of immunoblastic lymphadenopahy, results from the oblique sectioning of the elongated and branching cytoplasmic processes of reticulum cells. It is postulated that in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy the proliferation of reticulum and endothelial cells may be the primary event, perhaps stimulated by viral infection and that the intense lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration and sarcomatous transformation occur as secondary phenomena.", "PMID": 378361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4045", "title": "Childhood lymphoma in southern Iran.", "content": "A study of 81 childhood lymphomas diagnosed in the Department of Pathology of Pahlavi University Medical Center, Shiraz, Iran, encompassing all histologically diagnosed childhood lymphomas from the Fars Province, Southern Iran over a 14-year period (1963--1976) revealed a 3:1 male predominance and a 1:4 frequency compared to adult lymphomas. Peripheral lymphadenopathy at the initial physical examination was almost twice as common as deep node involvement. Comparison of cumulative and age-standardized (to world population) incidence rates with those of selected Tumor Registries in various continents revealed a higher rate in our region of both non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma relative to some of the Western countries. Our incidence rates were in general intermediate between Western populations on one hand and some South America, African and Asian populations on the other. Hodgkin's disease accounted for 64% (males) and 88% (females) of lymphomas and mixed cellularity was the commonest histologic subtype. Histologically almost all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were diffuse at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Childhood lymphoma in southern Iran. A study of 81 childhood lymphomas diagnosed in the Department of Pathology of Pahlavi University Medical Center, Shiraz, Iran, encompassing all histologically diagnosed childhood lymphomas from the Fars Province, Southern Iran over a 14-year period (1963--1976) revealed a 3:1 male predominance and a 1:4 frequency compared to adult lymphomas. Peripheral lymphadenopathy at the initial physical examination was almost twice as common as deep node involvement. Comparison of cumulative and age-standardized (to world population) incidence rates with those of selected Tumor Registries in various continents revealed a higher rate in our region of both non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma relative to some of the Western countries. Our incidence rates were in general intermediate between Western populations on one hand and some South America, African and Asian populations on the other. Hodgkin's disease accounted for 64% (males) and 88% (females) of lymphomas and mixed cellularity was the commonest histologic subtype. Histologically almost all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were diffuse at the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 378362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4046", "title": "Unusual manifestations of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Two patients with biopsy proven lymphomatous infiltration of uncommon sites are presented. One had histiocytic lymphoma, involving the true vocal cord with a squamous cell carcinoma on the opposite vocal cord. The other had diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, presenting with nodal and periorbital disease. After local radiation therapy and while clinically free of other lesions, he developed hemotochezia due to several polypoid lesions throughout the entire colon and prostatic infiltration with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction. Both problems were solved after specific treatment.", "contents": "Unusual manifestations of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Two patients with biopsy proven lymphomatous infiltration of uncommon sites are presented. One had histiocytic lymphoma, involving the true vocal cord with a squamous cell carcinoma on the opposite vocal cord. The other had diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, presenting with nodal and periorbital disease. After local radiation therapy and while clinically free of other lesions, he developed hemotochezia due to several polypoid lesions throughout the entire colon and prostatic infiltration with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction. Both problems were solved after specific treatment.", "PMID": 378363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4047", "title": "Metastasizing extradural ependymoma of the sacrococcygeal region: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A case is discussed in which the patient presented with a primary extradural sacrococcygeal ependymoma and synchronous pulmonary metastasis. The clinical course has been characterized by recurrent pulmonary metastases. Management has consisted of repeated surgical resections of the pulmonary metastases and the tumor at the primary site; and the use of a wide spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents. Transplantation of this tumor into nude mice initially resulted in rapid growth but there was spontaneous regression in the second transplants. A general discussion of the management of such lesions is presented, and the literature pertaining to this tumor is discussed.", "contents": "Metastasizing extradural ependymoma of the sacrococcygeal region: case report and review of literature. A case is discussed in which the patient presented with a primary extradural sacrococcygeal ependymoma and synchronous pulmonary metastasis. The clinical course has been characterized by recurrent pulmonary metastases. Management has consisted of repeated surgical resections of the pulmonary metastases and the tumor at the primary site; and the use of a wide spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents. Transplantation of this tumor into nude mice initially resulted in rapid growth but there was spontaneous regression in the second transplants. A general discussion of the management of such lesions is presented, and the literature pertaining to this tumor is discussed.", "PMID": 378364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4048", "title": "Phase II evaluation of ftorafur in previously untreated colorectal cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "Eighty-four previously untreated patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the large intestine received intravenous ftorafur at a dosage of 2.25 g/m2/day for 5 consecutive days. Courses were repeated every three weeks. Regressions were noted in 9 of 84 treated patients (11%). Median survival for all patients was 32 weeks. Responders survived only 5 weeks longer than nonresponders; 36 vs. 31 weeks. Central nervous system toxicity was a limiting factor occurring in one-third of patients. Ftorafur in a daily X5 schedule appears not to make a significant contribution to the management of disseminated colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of ftorafur in previously untreated colorectal cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Eighty-four previously untreated patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the large intestine received intravenous ftorafur at a dosage of 2.25 g/m2/day for 5 consecutive days. Courses were repeated every three weeks. Regressions were noted in 9 of 84 treated patients (11%). Median survival for all patients was 32 weeks. Responders survived only 5 weeks longer than nonresponders; 36 vs. 31 weeks. Central nervous system toxicity was a limiting factor occurring in one-third of patients. Ftorafur in a daily X5 schedule appears not to make a significant contribution to the management of disseminated colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 378365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4049", "title": "Mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates.", "content": "Smoke condensates prepared from marihuana cigaretts were mutagenic in strain TA98 of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, a short-term bioassay which estimates the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of some chemicals. The mutagens in marihuana smoke condensates required liver enzymes to be activated. The specific mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates were similar to that of tobacco smoke condensates prepared from American cigarettes. Fractionation studies of the marihuana smoke condensates showed that basic components accounted for 76% of the recovered mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates. Smoke condensates prepared from marihuana cigaretts were mutagenic in strain TA98 of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, a short-term bioassay which estimates the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of some chemicals. The mutagens in marihuana smoke condensates required liver enzymes to be activated. The specific mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates were similar to that of tobacco smoke condensates prepared from American cigarettes. Fractionation studies of the marihuana smoke condensates showed that basic components accounted for 76% of the recovered mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 378366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4050", "title": "A nucleolar antigen found in a broad range of human malignant tumor specimens.", "content": "With rabbit antibodies to nuclear 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 8, extract or \"nucleolar preparations\" of human HeLa S3 cells and fluorescein-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies, bright nucleolar immunofluorescence was observed in 61 or 63 human adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, sarcomas, hematological neoplasms, and other malignant tumors. With these antibodies, nucleolar immunofluorescence was not found in 23 normal tissue specimens, 10 benign adenomas and hyperplastic tissues, and 8 specimens of inflammatory diseases. In the nontumorous tissues examined, positive nucelolar fluorescence was found in a few sections of a gastric ulcer and chronic ulcerative colitis which have been known propensities for malignant change; these areas may have been undergoing focal malignant changes.", "contents": "A nucleolar antigen found in a broad range of human malignant tumor specimens. With rabbit antibodies to nuclear 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 8, extract or \"nucleolar preparations\" of human HeLa S3 cells and fluorescein-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies, bright nucleolar immunofluorescence was observed in 61 or 63 human adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, sarcomas, hematological neoplasms, and other malignant tumors. With these antibodies, nucleolar immunofluorescence was not found in 23 normal tissue specimens, 10 benign adenomas and hyperplastic tissues, and 8 specimens of inflammatory diseases. In the nontumorous tissues examined, positive nucelolar fluorescence was found in a few sections of a gastric ulcer and chronic ulcerative colitis which have been known propensities for malignant change; these areas may have been undergoing focal malignant changes.", "PMID": 378367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4051", "title": "Human urinary metabolites of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (ftoraful).", "content": "Two hydroxylated metabolites were isolated from the urine of a patient who had received ftorafur (5 g/sq m). These metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as trans-3'- and cis-4'-hydroxyftorafur. The compounds were not converted to 4-fluorouracil when incubated in plasma, base (pH 9), or water. Because of their stability, it is unlikely that these metabolites are in vivo precursors of 5-fluorouracil. There are indications that less stable, unisolatable, hydroxylated ftorafur derivatives are intermediates in the conversion of ftorafur to 5-fluorouracil.", "contents": "Human urinary metabolites of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (ftoraful). Two hydroxylated metabolites were isolated from the urine of a patient who had received ftorafur (5 g/sq m). These metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as trans-3'- and cis-4'-hydroxyftorafur. The compounds were not converted to 4-fluorouracil when incubated in plasma, base (pH 9), or water. Because of their stability, it is unlikely that these metabolites are in vivo precursors of 5-fluorouracil. There are indications that less stable, unisolatable, hydroxylated ftorafur derivatives are intermediates in the conversion of ftorafur to 5-fluorouracil.", "PMID": 378368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4052", "title": "The distribution of vasopressin-, oxytocin-, and neurophysin-producing neurons in the guinea pig brain. I. The classical hypothalamo-neurophypophyseal system.", "content": "The location, cytology and projections of vasopressin-, oxytocin-, and neurophysin-producing neurons in the guinea pig were investigated using specific antisera against vasopressin, oxytocin or neurophysin in the unlabeled antibody enzyme immunoperoxidase method. Light microscopic examination of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei shows that hormone is transported not only in axons, but also in processes having the characteristics of dendrites. Neurons were found to contain only vasopressin or oxytocin; all neurons containing neurophysin appear to contain either vasopressin or oxytocin. In the neural lobe, vasopressin and oxytocin terminals are intermingled. In the median eminence, vasopressin and oxytocin fibers are intermingled in the internal zone. In a caudal portion of the median eminence, a number of vasopressin and neurophysin (but few oxytocin) axons enter the external zone from the internal zone, and surround portal capillaries. In the supraotic nucleus, vasopressin neurons outnumber oxytocin neurons with a ratio of at least 5:1. The paraventricular nucleus is separated into two distinct groups of neurons, a lateral group consisting of only vasopressin neurons, and a medial group consisting of only oxytocin neurons. In addition to axons passing to the neurohypophysis, a number of axons appear to interconnect the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.", "contents": "The distribution of vasopressin-, oxytocin-, and neurophysin-producing neurons in the guinea pig brain. I. The classical hypothalamo-neurophypophyseal system. The location, cytology and projections of vasopressin-, oxytocin-, and neurophysin-producing neurons in the guinea pig were investigated using specific antisera against vasopressin, oxytocin or neurophysin in the unlabeled antibody enzyme immunoperoxidase method. Light microscopic examination of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei shows that hormone is transported not only in axons, but also in processes having the characteristics of dendrites. Neurons were found to contain only vasopressin or oxytocin; all neurons containing neurophysin appear to contain either vasopressin or oxytocin. In the neural lobe, vasopressin and oxytocin terminals are intermingled. In the median eminence, vasopressin and oxytocin fibers are intermingled in the internal zone. In a caudal portion of the median eminence, a number of vasopressin and neurophysin (but few oxytocin) axons enter the external zone from the internal zone, and surround portal capillaries. In the supraotic nucleus, vasopressin neurons outnumber oxytocin neurons with a ratio of at least 5:1. The paraventricular nucleus is separated into two distinct groups of neurons, a lateral group consisting of only vasopressin neurons, and a medial group consisting of only oxytocin neurons. In addition to axons passing to the neurohypophysis, a number of axons appear to interconnect the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.", "PMID": 378381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4053", "title": "Ontogenesis of cells producing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, GH, prolactin) in the fetal hypophysis of the rat: influence of the hypothalamus.", "content": "The ontogenesis of cells containing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, GH and Prolactin) was investigated in the fetal rat hypophysis by immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Corticotrophs, melanotrophs and lipotropic cells were revealed earlier in the pars distalis than in the pars intermedia. In the pars distalis, cells producing LPH were found in the morning of day 15 of gestation using anti-gamma- or anti-beta-LPH sera, and in afternoon using anti-alpha- or beta-endorphin sera. Cells containing beta-MSH were observed from the afternoon of day 15. The cells stainable with the anti-alpha-MSH, anti-beta-(17--39)ACTH and anti-beta-(1--24)ACTH sera appeared on day 16. In the pars intermedia, the cells producing alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, alpha- and beta-endorphin, gamma- and beta-LPH were observed in the morning of day 17, while cells containing ACTH were only revealed in the afternoon of the same day of gestation. Based on the treatment of serial paraffin sections with various antisera, it was clearly shown that MSH, ACTH, and LPH occur in the same cells located in the pars distalis as in the pars intermedia. The development of the corticotrophs, melanotrophs and lipotropic cells does not require the presence of the fetal hypothalamus or other central nervous structures. The pituitary glands of 21 day-old fetus encephalectomized on day 16 showed as many reactive cells as those of the littermate controls. The somatotrophs were first revealed in the pars distalis in the afternoon of day 19. The cells producing prolactin were not observed before day 21 of gestation. On some cases GH and prolactin were found together in one cell. The cytodifferentiation of GH and prolactin cells is apparently not under hypothalamic control.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of cells producing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, GH, prolactin) in the fetal hypophysis of the rat: influence of the hypothalamus. The ontogenesis of cells containing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, GH and Prolactin) was investigated in the fetal rat hypophysis by immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Corticotrophs, melanotrophs and lipotropic cells were revealed earlier in the pars distalis than in the pars intermedia. In the pars distalis, cells producing LPH were found in the morning of day 15 of gestation using anti-gamma- or anti-beta-LPH sera, and in afternoon using anti-alpha- or beta-endorphin sera. Cells containing beta-MSH were observed from the afternoon of day 15. The cells stainable with the anti-alpha-MSH, anti-beta-(17--39)ACTH and anti-beta-(1--24)ACTH sera appeared on day 16. In the pars intermedia, the cells producing alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, alpha- and beta-endorphin, gamma- and beta-LPH were observed in the morning of day 17, while cells containing ACTH were only revealed in the afternoon of the same day of gestation. Based on the treatment of serial paraffin sections with various antisera, it was clearly shown that MSH, ACTH, and LPH occur in the same cells located in the pars distalis as in the pars intermedia. The development of the corticotrophs, melanotrophs and lipotropic cells does not require the presence of the fetal hypothalamus or other central nervous structures. The pituitary glands of 21 day-old fetus encephalectomized on day 16 showed as many reactive cells as those of the littermate controls. The somatotrophs were first revealed in the pars distalis in the afternoon of day 19. The cells producing prolactin were not observed before day 21 of gestation. On some cases GH and prolactin were found together in one cell. The cytodifferentiation of GH and prolactin cells is apparently not under hypothalamic control.", "PMID": 378382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4054", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of a calcium-binding protein in the rat duodenum.", "content": "The cellular localization of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the duodenum of rat was studied using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase-staining methods. Specific positive reaction product, indicative of the presence of CaBP, was exclusively located within the villous part of the duodenal mucosa. Moreover, CaBP was detected mainly within the supranuclear region of the cytoplasm of absorptive cells and also at the level of their basal laminae. CaBP was not demonstrable either in the nuclei or associated with the brush border membrane of absorptive cells. Also, CaBP was neither detectable in goblet cells nor in sub-epithelial layers. When the specific anti-CaBP antiserum was replaced by nonimmune rabbit serum or when it was preabsorbed on a CaBP-Sepharose conjugate, no positive immunostaining was seen. Together with recent biochemical data our observations agree well with the view that CaBP may act as an intracellular \"buffer\" by protecting the cell against too high Ca2+ concentrations.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of a calcium-binding protein in the rat duodenum. The cellular localization of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the duodenum of rat was studied using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase-staining methods. Specific positive reaction product, indicative of the presence of CaBP, was exclusively located within the villous part of the duodenal mucosa. Moreover, CaBP was detected mainly within the supranuclear region of the cytoplasm of absorptive cells and also at the level of their basal laminae. CaBP was not demonstrable either in the nuclei or associated with the brush border membrane of absorptive cells. Also, CaBP was neither detectable in goblet cells nor in sub-epithelial layers. When the specific anti-CaBP antiserum was replaced by nonimmune rabbit serum or when it was preabsorbed on a CaBP-Sepharose conjugate, no positive immunostaining was seen. Together with recent biochemical data our observations agree well with the view that CaBP may act as an intracellular \"buffer\" by protecting the cell against too high Ca2+ concentrations.", "PMID": 378383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4055", "title": "Indication for a granule-free form of vasopressin in immobilization-stressed rats.", "content": "Following immobilization stress the supraoptic nucleus exhibits an increased number of coarse, heavily immunostained fibers in the basal glia labyrinth. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry demonstrates a labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neurosecretory perikarya and granule-free, immunoreactive material in the axons adjacent to the basal glia labyrinth. Furthermore, a labeling of the intercellular clefts of the neuropil is demonstrable in the supraoptic nucleus. These results lead to the hypothesis that 1) vasopressin is synthesized and released in two forms, in a granule-bound form and in a granule-free, probably more soluble form, and that 2) the latter might be released already in the nuclear area into the intercellular clefts from where it may reach its target cells via the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Indication for a granule-free form of vasopressin in immobilization-stressed rats. Following immobilization stress the supraoptic nucleus exhibits an increased number of coarse, heavily immunostained fibers in the basal glia labyrinth. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry demonstrates a labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neurosecretory perikarya and granule-free, immunoreactive material in the axons adjacent to the basal glia labyrinth. Furthermore, a labeling of the intercellular clefts of the neuropil is demonstrable in the supraoptic nucleus. These results lead to the hypothesis that 1) vasopressin is synthesized and released in two forms, in a granule-bound form and in a granule-free, probably more soluble form, and that 2) the latter might be released already in the nuclear area into the intercellular clefts from where it may reach its target cells via the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 378384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4056", "title": "Immunocytochemical localisation of prolactin and growth hormone in the perinatal sheep pituitary: a morphological and quantitative study.", "content": "The proxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical staining technique has been used to identify prolactin and growth hormone cells in pituitaries from fetal and neonatal sheep. The size of the secretory granules in these cell types has been measured using the image analysing computer Quantimet 720. The area size distributions of the fetal prolactin and growth hormone granules were compared with those in the neonate and the adult. It appears that the gestional age of the fetus may influence the size range of prolactin secretory granules.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localisation of prolactin and growth hormone in the perinatal sheep pituitary: a morphological and quantitative study. The proxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical staining technique has been used to identify prolactin and growth hormone cells in pituitaries from fetal and neonatal sheep. The size of the secretory granules in these cell types has been measured using the image analysing computer Quantimet 720. The area size distributions of the fetal prolactin and growth hormone granules were compared with those in the neonate and the adult. It appears that the gestional age of the fetus may influence the size range of prolactin secretory granules.", "PMID": 378385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4057", "title": "A secondary attachment site for bacteriophage lambda in trpC of E. coli.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a secondary lambda attachment site in trpC. Direct sequence analysis of lambdatrp transducing phage DNA fragments carrying the two prophage attachment sites reveals a 6 nucleotide homology in the crossover region which is a subset of the 15 nucleotide core sequence in the primary lambda attachment site: GCTTTTTTATACTAA. This 6 nucleotide sequence is also present in the intact trpC genome at the attachment site, as shown by analysis of trpC mRNA spanning this region.", "contents": "A secondary attachment site for bacteriophage lambda in trpC of E. coli. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a secondary lambda attachment site in trpC. Direct sequence analysis of lambdatrp transducing phage DNA fragments carrying the two prophage attachment sites reveals a 6 nucleotide homology in the crossover region which is a subset of the 15 nucleotide core sequence in the primary lambda attachment site: GCTTTTTTATACTAA. This 6 nucleotide sequence is also present in the intact trpC genome at the attachment site, as shown by analysis of trpC mRNA spanning this region.", "PMID": 378390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4058", "title": "Isolation of galactose-inducible DNA sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential plaque filter hybridization.", "content": "Multiple nitrocellulose DNA filter replicas of plaques of in vitro generated recombinants of phage lambda and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been screened by hybridization with 32P-labeled cDNA probes. These probes were representative of total poly(A)-containing RNA of yeast cells grown on acetate, galactose, glucose or maltose. This approach allows the use of specific differences in total RNA populations as probes for gene isolation. Five \"galactose-induced\" clones have been isolated. Expression of the RNA coding regions on at least two cloned sequences, Sc481 and Sc482, is regulated by genes known to control the expression of the structural genes required for the conversion of exogenous galactose to endogenous glucose-1-phosphate. One cloned sequence, Sc484, is expressed during growth on all carbon sources except glucose, and is not under control by the galactose regulatory genes. This clone contains a sequence that is repeated 3 times in the yeast genome. The cloned fragment Sc481 contains coding regions for all or part of three galactose\"induced RNAs and may correspond to the GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10 gene cluster region of chromosome II.", "contents": "Isolation of galactose-inducible DNA sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential plaque filter hybridization. Multiple nitrocellulose DNA filter replicas of plaques of in vitro generated recombinants of phage lambda and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been screened by hybridization with 32P-labeled cDNA probes. These probes were representative of total poly(A)-containing RNA of yeast cells grown on acetate, galactose, glucose or maltose. This approach allows the use of specific differences in total RNA populations as probes for gene isolation. Five \"galactose-induced\" clones have been isolated. Expression of the RNA coding regions on at least two cloned sequences, Sc481 and Sc482, is regulated by genes known to control the expression of the structural genes required for the conversion of exogenous galactose to endogenous glucose-1-phosphate. One cloned sequence, Sc484, is expressed during growth on all carbon sources except glucose, and is not under control by the galactose regulatory genes. This clone contains a sequence that is repeated 3 times in the yeast genome. The cloned fragment Sc481 contains coding regions for all or part of three galactose\"induced RNAs and may correspond to the GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10 gene cluster region of chromosome II.", "PMID": 378392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4059", "title": "Structure and organization of the two tRNATyr gene clusters on the E. coli chromosome.", "content": "The structure and organization of the gene clusters coding for the two tyrosine-accepting tRNA species (tRNA1Tyr and tRNA2Tyr) on the E. coli chromosome have been determined. The mature structural sequences of the two tRNATyr genes, located on opposite sides of the E. coli chromosome, differ by only 2 bp, but sequences surrounding these portions of the genes are very different. The genes coding for tRNA1Tyr (tyrT) comprise two mature structural sequences separated by a 200 bp \"intergenic spacer.\" It is known that in transducing phage, the region adjoining the CCA end of the second mature structural sequence comprises a 178 bp repeated sequence which contains an in vitro, rho-dependent transcriptional termination site. We find that these potentially genetically unstable repeated sequences are present in the E. coli chromosome with the same organization as that determined from transducing phage analyses. The gene that codes for tRNA2Tyr (tyrU) is present in a single copy and is tightly clustered with three other tRNA genes. One of these genes (to be called thrU) encodes a previously undescribed tRNA (to be called tRNA4Thr). The organization of this cluster on the E. coli chromosome is tRNA4Thr--8 bp--tRNA2Tyr--115 bp--tRNA2Gly--6 bp--tRNA3Thr. The importance of correlating structural analyses derived from specialized transducing phage with those determined for the chromosome itself is demonstrated by results which show that out of four independently isolated tRNATyr transducing phage, two carrying the tRNA1Tyr genes [phi80psu3+,- (Cambridge) and phi80sus2psu3+ (Kyoto)] and two carrying the tRNA2Tyr gene (lambdarifd 18 and lambdah80dglyTsu+36), only the first phage from each group has the same gene organization as that found in the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Structure and organization of the two tRNATyr gene clusters on the E. coli chromosome. The structure and organization of the gene clusters coding for the two tyrosine-accepting tRNA species (tRNA1Tyr and tRNA2Tyr) on the E. coli chromosome have been determined. The mature structural sequences of the two tRNATyr genes, located on opposite sides of the E. coli chromosome, differ by only 2 bp, but sequences surrounding these portions of the genes are very different. The genes coding for tRNA1Tyr (tyrT) comprise two mature structural sequences separated by a 200 bp \"intergenic spacer.\" It is known that in transducing phage, the region adjoining the CCA end of the second mature structural sequence comprises a 178 bp repeated sequence which contains an in vitro, rho-dependent transcriptional termination site. We find that these potentially genetically unstable repeated sequences are present in the E. coli chromosome with the same organization as that determined from transducing phage analyses. The gene that codes for tRNA2Tyr (tyrU) is present in a single copy and is tightly clustered with three other tRNA genes. One of these genes (to be called thrU) encodes a previously undescribed tRNA (to be called tRNA4Thr). The organization of this cluster on the E. coli chromosome is tRNA4Thr--8 bp--tRNA2Tyr--115 bp--tRNA2Gly--6 bp--tRNA3Thr. The importance of correlating structural analyses derived from specialized transducing phage with those determined for the chromosome itself is demonstrated by results which show that out of four independently isolated tRNATyr transducing phage, two carrying the tRNA1Tyr genes [phi80psu3+,- (Cambridge) and phi80sus2psu3+ (Kyoto)] and two carrying the tRNA2Tyr gene (lambdarifd 18 and lambdah80dglyTsu+36), only the first phage from each group has the same gene organization as that found in the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 378394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4060", "title": "Mutants in transmission of chemotactic signals from two independent receptors of E. coli.", "content": "We have characterized chemotactic mutants of E. coli that appear to be defective in a common linkage of two independent receptors to the central chemotactic components. The mutants do not respond to gradients of ribose or galactose and thus are called trg (taxis to ribose and galactose), after Ordal and Adler (1974b). These trg mutants are indistinguishable from their parent in tactic response to other attractants, swimming pattern, growth rates, and transport of ribose and galactose. The mutant cells contain the usual amounts of ribose and galactose receptors, and those proteins function normally in their other role, transport of their respective ligands. The mutations, generated by insertion of translocatable drug-resistance elements (transposons)8 are located near 31 min on the map of the E. coli chromosome, a locus far removed from the genes coding for the ribose and galactose receptors. Trg mutants do not resemble either specific receptor mutants or che mutants. The nature of the requirement for the trg product in the response to ribose and galactose is not defined, but evidence for interference of tactic signals from the ribose and galactose receptors (Strange and Koshland, 1976) supports the idea that the product functions directly in the transmission of tactic signals from the two receptors to the flagella.", "contents": "Mutants in transmission of chemotactic signals from two independent receptors of E. coli. We have characterized chemotactic mutants of E. coli that appear to be defective in a common linkage of two independent receptors to the central chemotactic components. The mutants do not respond to gradients of ribose or galactose and thus are called trg (taxis to ribose and galactose), after Ordal and Adler (1974b). These trg mutants are indistinguishable from their parent in tactic response to other attractants, swimming pattern, growth rates, and transport of ribose and galactose. The mutant cells contain the usual amounts of ribose and galactose receptors, and those proteins function normally in their other role, transport of their respective ligands. The mutations, generated by insertion of translocatable drug-resistance elements (transposons)8 are located near 31 min on the map of the E. coli chromosome, a locus far removed from the genes coding for the ribose and galactose receptors. Trg mutants do not resemble either specific receptor mutants or che mutants. The nature of the requirement for the trg product in the response to ribose and galactose is not defined, but evidence for interference of tactic signals from the ribose and galactose receptors (Strange and Koshland, 1976) supports the idea that the product functions directly in the transmission of tactic signals from the two receptors to the flagella.", "PMID": 378395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4061", "title": "DNA sequence analysis of Tn10 insertions: origin and role of 9 bp flanking repetitions during Tn10 translocation.", "content": "The sequences of insertions of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 into the repressor (cl) gene of bacteriophage lambda have been analyzed. Each insertion contains the same discrete set of Tn10 sequences flanked by a direct repetition of a 9 bp cl-gene sequence. The flanking repititions are generated by duplication of information present only in the target DNA molecule rather than by a Campbell-type recombination event between one 9 bp sequence on the target DNA and a second one provided on the incoming element. The repetitions do not contain genetic or structural information important for translocation. A genetically constructed Tn10 insertion which lacks flanking repetitions is fully functional in translocation to a new position. Tn10 insertions cluster at preferred positions along a target DNA (Kleckner et al., 1979). Sequence analysis shows that four independently isolated cl::Tn10 insertions occur at identical positions in the cl gene. We speculate that homology between Tn10 and its target, at some distance from the site of the actual recombination event, could be relevant to the preference of Tn10 for particular insertion sites.", "contents": "DNA sequence analysis of Tn10 insertions: origin and role of 9 bp flanking repetitions during Tn10 translocation. The sequences of insertions of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 into the repressor (cl) gene of bacteriophage lambda have been analyzed. Each insertion contains the same discrete set of Tn10 sequences flanked by a direct repetition of a 9 bp cl-gene sequence. The flanking repititions are generated by duplication of information present only in the target DNA molecule rather than by a Campbell-type recombination event between one 9 bp sequence on the target DNA and a second one provided on the incoming element. The repetitions do not contain genetic or structural information important for translocation. A genetically constructed Tn10 insertion which lacks flanking repetitions is fully functional in translocation to a new position. Tn10 insertions cluster at preferred positions along a target DNA (Kleckner et al., 1979). Sequence analysis shows that four independently isolated cl::Tn10 insertions occur at identical positions in the cl gene. We speculate that homology between Tn10 and its target, at some distance from the site of the actual recombination event, could be relevant to the preference of Tn10 for particular insertion sites.", "PMID": 378398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4062", "title": "Evidence for transposition of dispersed repetitive DNA families in yeast.", "content": "Dispersed repetitive DNA sequences from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nuclear DNA have been isolated as molecular hybrids in lambdagt. Related S. cerevisiae strains show marked alterations in the size of the restriction fragments containing these repetitive DNAs. \"Ty1\" is one such family of repeated sequences in yeast and consists of a 5.6 kilobase (kb) sequence including a noninverted 0.25 kb sequence of another repetitious family, \"delta\", on each end. There are about 35 copies of Ty1 and at least 100 copies of delta (not always associated with Ty1) in the haploid genome. A few Ty1 elements are tandem and/or circular, but most are disperse and show (along with delta) some sequence divergence between repeat units. Sequence alterations involving Ty1 elements have been found during the continual propagation of a single yeast clone over the course of a month. One region with a large number of delta sequences (SUP4) also shows a high frequency of sequence alterations when different strains are compared. One of the differences between two such strains involves the presence or absence of a Ty1 element. The novel joint is at one inverted pair of delta sequences.", "contents": "Evidence for transposition of dispersed repetitive DNA families in yeast. Dispersed repetitive DNA sequences from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nuclear DNA have been isolated as molecular hybrids in lambdagt. Related S. cerevisiae strains show marked alterations in the size of the restriction fragments containing these repetitive DNAs. \"Ty1\" is one such family of repeated sequences in yeast and consists of a 5.6 kilobase (kb) sequence including a noninverted 0.25 kb sequence of another repetitious family, \"delta\", on each end. There are about 35 copies of Ty1 and at least 100 copies of delta (not always associated with Ty1) in the haploid genome. A few Ty1 elements are tandem and/or circular, but most are disperse and show (along with delta) some sequence divergence between repeat units. Sequence alterations involving Ty1 elements have been found during the continual propagation of a single yeast clone over the course of a month. One region with a large number of delta sequences (SUP4) also shows a high frequency of sequence alterations when different strains are compared. One of the differences between two such strains involves the presence or absence of a Ty1 element. The novel joint is at one inverted pair of delta sequences.", "PMID": 378399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4063", "title": "Identification and mapping of the transcriptional and translational products of the yeast plasmid, 2mu circle.", "content": "We have identified two major and approximately ten minor poly(A)-containing RNA species in S. cerevisiae which arise from in vivo transcription of the yeast plasmid, known as 2mu circle. The two major species, which are 1325 and 1275 bases in length, are transcribed from the two unique halves of the plasmid and extend into the inverted repeat sequences which separate the unique regions. The map positions of the minor transcripts, which range in length from 350 to 2600 bases, indicate that except for a small region of the genome in which no transcription is observed, both strands of the entire 2mu circle genome are transcribed. We also present evidence demonstrating that RNA transcribed from 2mu circular DNA is used to program the synthesis of specific proteins in yeast: that is, yeast RNA complementary to 2mu circle DNA can be translated in vitro to produce specific polypeptides of substantial size. Finally, the pattern of transcription of 2mu circle suggests the possibility that messenger RNA species are derived by cleavage of larger transcripts, and in addition, that the intramolecular recombination of 2mu circle which occurs in yeast functions as a genetic switch to allow separate expression of two sets of genes on the 2mu circle genome.", "contents": "Identification and mapping of the transcriptional and translational products of the yeast plasmid, 2mu circle. We have identified two major and approximately ten minor poly(A)-containing RNA species in S. cerevisiae which arise from in vivo transcription of the yeast plasmid, known as 2mu circle. The two major species, which are 1325 and 1275 bases in length, are transcribed from the two unique halves of the plasmid and extend into the inverted repeat sequences which separate the unique regions. The map positions of the minor transcripts, which range in length from 350 to 2600 bases, indicate that except for a small region of the genome in which no transcription is observed, both strands of the entire 2mu circle genome are transcribed. We also present evidence demonstrating that RNA transcribed from 2mu circular DNA is used to program the synthesis of specific proteins in yeast: that is, yeast RNA complementary to 2mu circle DNA can be translated in vitro to produce specific polypeptides of substantial size. Finally, the pattern of transcription of 2mu circle suggests the possibility that messenger RNA species are derived by cleavage of larger transcripts, and in addition, that the intramolecular recombination of 2mu circle which occurs in yeast functions as a genetic switch to allow separate expression of two sets of genes on the 2mu circle genome.", "PMID": 378400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4064", "title": "Initial adhesion of human fibroblasts in serum-free medium: possible role of secreted fibronectin.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that the initial attachment and spreading of human fibroblasts in serum-free medium occurs to cell fibronectin which has been secretd spread on tissue culture substrata in serum-free medium in 60 min. When potential protein adsorption sites on the substratum were covered with bovine serum albumin before initial human fibroblasts attachment, their subsequent attachment to the substratum was prevented. When substratum adsorption sites were covered immediately after initial attachment, subsequent cell spreading was prevented. The distribution of fibronectin on human fibroblast surfaces during initial attachment and spreading was studied by indirect immunofluorescence analysis using a monospecific anti-cold-insoluble globulin antiserum. The initial appearance (10 min) of fibronectin was in spots over the entire cell surface. Concomitant with human fibroblast spreading, the random distribution of sites disappeared, and most fibronectin was subsequently observed in spots at the cell substratum interface (60 min). A fibrillar pattern of fibronectin appeared later (2-8 hr). The sites beneath the cells could be visualized as footprints on the substratum following treatment of the attached human fibroblasts with 0.1 M NaOH. A second fluorescence pattern of fibronectin secreted on the substratum was characterized by a diffuse halo around the cells and a very faint, diffuse staining elsewhere on the substratum. Another cell type (baby hamster kideny cells) was used to assay biologically for the presence or absence of the factor secreted by human fibroblasts on the substratum. Human fibroblasts were found to secrete an adhesion factor for baby hamster kidney cells into the substratum in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion, and immunological studies indicated that the factor secreted by human fibroblasts was cross-reactive with cold-in-soluble globulin, the plasma form of fibronectin. The conditioning factor secreted by the human fibroblasts was also found to be an attachment and spreading factor for human fibroblasts in experiments measuring human fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin footprints of human fibroblasts. Substratum-adsorbed cold-insoluble globulin was also found to be an attachment and spreading factor for human fibroblasts. Based upon the timing of appearance of conditioning factors on the substratum and the immunofluorescence patterns, it seems that the diffusely organized fibronectin on the substratum constitutes the sites to which cell attachment occurs. The bright spots of fibronectin that appear beneath the cells may represent fibronectin reorganization during cell spreading.", "contents": "Initial adhesion of human fibroblasts in serum-free medium: possible role of secreted fibronectin. Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that the initial attachment and spreading of human fibroblasts in serum-free medium occurs to cell fibronectin which has been secretd spread on tissue culture substrata in serum-free medium in 60 min. When potential protein adsorption sites on the substratum were covered with bovine serum albumin before initial human fibroblasts attachment, their subsequent attachment to the substratum was prevented. When substratum adsorption sites were covered immediately after initial attachment, subsequent cell spreading was prevented. The distribution of fibronectin on human fibroblast surfaces during initial attachment and spreading was studied by indirect immunofluorescence analysis using a monospecific anti-cold-insoluble globulin antiserum. The initial appearance (10 min) of fibronectin was in spots over the entire cell surface. Concomitant with human fibroblast spreading, the random distribution of sites disappeared, and most fibronectin was subsequently observed in spots at the cell substratum interface (60 min). A fibrillar pattern of fibronectin appeared later (2-8 hr). The sites beneath the cells could be visualized as footprints on the substratum following treatment of the attached human fibroblasts with 0.1 M NaOH. A second fluorescence pattern of fibronectin secreted on the substratum was characterized by a diffuse halo around the cells and a very faint, diffuse staining elsewhere on the substratum. Another cell type (baby hamster kideny cells) was used to assay biologically for the presence or absence of the factor secreted by human fibroblasts on the substratum. Human fibroblasts were found to secrete an adhesion factor for baby hamster kidney cells into the substratum in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion, and immunological studies indicated that the factor secreted by human fibroblasts was cross-reactive with cold-in-soluble globulin, the plasma form of fibronectin. The conditioning factor secreted by the human fibroblasts was also found to be an attachment and spreading factor for human fibroblasts in experiments measuring human fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin footprints of human fibroblasts. Substratum-adsorbed cold-insoluble globulin was also found to be an attachment and spreading factor for human fibroblasts. Based upon the timing of appearance of conditioning factors on the substratum and the immunofluorescence patterns, it seems that the diffusely organized fibronectin on the substratum constitutes the sites to which cell attachment occurs. The bright spots of fibronectin that appear beneath the cells may represent fibronectin reorganization during cell spreading.", "PMID": 378401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4065", "title": "Site-specific cleavage of DNA by E. coli DNA gyrase.", "content": "E. coli DNA gyrase, which catalyzes the supercoiling of DNA, cleaves DNA site-specifically when oxolinic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate are added to the reaction. We studied the structure of the gyrasecleaved DNA because of its implications for the reaction mechanism and biological role of gyrase. Gyrase made a staggered cut, creating DNA termini with a free 3' hydroxyl and a 5' extension that provided a template primer for DNA polymerase. The cleaved DNA was resistant to labeling with T4 polynucleotide kinase even after treatment with proteinase K. Thus the denatured enzyme that remains attached to cleaved DNA is covalently bonded to both 5' terminal extensions. The 5' extensions of many gyrase cleavage fragments from phi X174, SV40 and Col E1 DNA were partially sequenced using repair with E. coli DNA polymerase I. No unique sequence existed within the cohesive ends, but G was the predominant first base incorporated by DNA polymerase I. The cohesive and sequences of four gyrase sites were determined, and they demonstrated a four base 5' extension. The dinucleotide TG, straddling the gyrase cut on one DNA strand, provided the only common bases within a 100 bp region surrounding the cleavage sites. Analysis of other cleavage fragments showed that cutting between a TG doublet is common to most, or all, gyrase cleavages. Other bases common to some of the sequenced sites were clustered nonrandomly around the TG doublet, and may be variable components of the cleavage sequence. This diverse recognition sequence with common elements is a pattern shared with several other specific nucleic acid-protein interactions.", "contents": "Site-specific cleavage of DNA by E. coli DNA gyrase. E. coli DNA gyrase, which catalyzes the supercoiling of DNA, cleaves DNA site-specifically when oxolinic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate are added to the reaction. We studied the structure of the gyrasecleaved DNA because of its implications for the reaction mechanism and biological role of gyrase. Gyrase made a staggered cut, creating DNA termini with a free 3' hydroxyl and a 5' extension that provided a template primer for DNA polymerase. The cleaved DNA was resistant to labeling with T4 polynucleotide kinase even after treatment with proteinase K. Thus the denatured enzyme that remains attached to cleaved DNA is covalently bonded to both 5' terminal extensions. The 5' extensions of many gyrase cleavage fragments from phi X174, SV40 and Col E1 DNA were partially sequenced using repair with E. coli DNA polymerase I. No unique sequence existed within the cohesive ends, but G was the predominant first base incorporated by DNA polymerase I. The cohesive and sequences of four gyrase sites were determined, and they demonstrated a four base 5' extension. The dinucleotide TG, straddling the gyrase cut on one DNA strand, provided the only common bases within a 100 bp region surrounding the cleavage sites. Analysis of other cleavage fragments showed that cutting between a TG doublet is common to most, or all, gyrase cleavages. Other bases common to some of the sequenced sites were clustered nonrandomly around the TG doublet, and may be variable components of the cleavage sequence. This diverse recognition sequence with common elements is a pattern shared with several other specific nucleic acid-protein interactions.", "PMID": 378403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4066", "title": "Deletions of a tyrosine tRNA gene in S. cerevisiae.", "content": "Genetic fine structure analysis of a tyrosine tRNA in yeast revealed that complete deletions of the gene occurred at an unusually high frequency. Among 56 spontaneous mutations at the SUP4 locus, 16 were classified as deletions as judged by their failure to recombine with any other mutations known to map within the gene. Physical analysis of each deletion confirmed the genetic result. The deletions fall into two size classes: ten are 2100 bp deletions and six are 2800 bp deletions. These results imply that the physical structure of the region surrounding the SUP4 locus, which is known to contain short repeated segments, has a direct role in promoting deletions.", "contents": "Deletions of a tyrosine tRNA gene in S. cerevisiae. Genetic fine structure analysis of a tyrosine tRNA in yeast revealed that complete deletions of the gene occurred at an unusually high frequency. Among 56 spontaneous mutations at the SUP4 locus, 16 were classified as deletions as judged by their failure to recombine with any other mutations known to map within the gene. Physical analysis of each deletion confirmed the genetic result. The deletions fall into two size classes: ten are 2100 bp deletions and six are 2800 bp deletions. These results imply that the physical structure of the region surrounding the SUP4 locus, which is known to contain short repeated segments, has a direct role in promoting deletions.", "PMID": 378404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4067", "title": "DNA sequences of promoter regions for rRNA operons rrnE and rrnA in E. coli.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences have been determined for the promoter regions of two ribosomal RNA operons, rrnA and rrnE, in E. coli. The sequences cover the two in vitro transcription start sites identified for each operon (Gilbert, der Boer and Nomura, 1979). The first two start sites are 283 and 291 bp preceding the mature 16S rRNA (m16S rNA) coding regions for rrnE and rrnA, respectively; the second start sites are 174 and 174 +/- 1 bp preceding the m16S rRNA coding regions for rrnE and rrnA, respectively. Each of these start sites has an identifiable \"Pribnow box\" sequence 6-7 bp upstream from the start site. The nucleotide sequences of the two operons have nearly complete homology from the m16S rRNA coding regions to positions 145 bp upstream from those regions, and at the regions surrounding the Pribnow boxes preceding the first start sites. The DNA sequences indicate that the RNAs transcribed from the first start sites of rrnE and rrnA are quite different in their first 150 nucleotides. These heterogeneous regions, however, precede the RNAse III cleavage sites (deduced previously by Young and Steitz, 1978), and the \"precursor 16S rRNA\" molecules are largely homogeneous. The nucleotide sequences of the promoter regions of the two rRNA operons are also compared with those or rrnD and rrnX, determined by Young and Steitz (1979), and some common features are discussed.", "contents": "DNA sequences of promoter regions for rRNA operons rrnE and rrnA in E. coli. The nucleotide sequences have been determined for the promoter regions of two ribosomal RNA operons, rrnA and rrnE, in E. coli. The sequences cover the two in vitro transcription start sites identified for each operon (Gilbert, der Boer and Nomura, 1979). The first two start sites are 283 and 291 bp preceding the mature 16S rRNA (m16S rNA) coding regions for rrnE and rrnA, respectively; the second start sites are 174 and 174 +/- 1 bp preceding the m16S rRNA coding regions for rrnE and rrnA, respectively. Each of these start sites has an identifiable \"Pribnow box\" sequence 6-7 bp upstream from the start site. The nucleotide sequences of the two operons have nearly complete homology from the m16S rRNA coding regions to positions 145 bp upstream from those regions, and at the regions surrounding the Pribnow boxes preceding the first start sites. The DNA sequences indicate that the RNAs transcribed from the first start sites of rrnE and rrnA are quite different in their first 150 nucleotides. These heterogeneous regions, however, precede the RNAse III cleavage sites (deduced previously by Young and Steitz, 1978), and the \"precursor 16S rRNA\" molecules are largely homogeneous. The nucleotide sequences of the promoter regions of the two rRNA operons are also compared with those or rrnD and rrnX, determined by Young and Steitz (1979), and some common features are discussed.", "PMID": 378405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4068", "title": "Identification of initiation sites for the in vitro transcription of rRNA operons rrnE and rrnA in E. coli.", "content": "The transcription initiation sites of E. coli rRNA operons were determined using various DNA fragments derived from transducing phage lambda metA20 carrying rrnE and from hybrid plasmid pLC19-3 carrying rrnA. In vitro transcription products were analyzed for their 5' end sequences and their oligonucleotide compositions. The results are in full agreement with the nuceotide sequences of the DNA templates described in an accompanying paper (de Boer, Gilbert and Nomura, 1979) and allow us to make the following conclusions. First, there are two transcription, start sites on each of the rRNA operons; they are 109 bp apart in the case of rrnE and 117 +/- 1 bp aprart in rrnA. Second, the first start site is 283 bp upstream from the m16S rRNA coding region in the case of rrnE, while is 291 bp upstream in rrnA. Initiation starts with ATP in both cases. Finally, the second start sites are 174 and 174 +/- 1 bp from the m16S rRNA genes in rrnE and rrnA, respectively. Initiation starts with CTP in both cases. We have also shown that in the present in vitro transcription system, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) inhibits the synthesis of full-sized RNAs from both start sites in each rRNA operon.", "contents": "Identification of initiation sites for the in vitro transcription of rRNA operons rrnE and rrnA in E. coli. The transcription initiation sites of E. coli rRNA operons were determined using various DNA fragments derived from transducing phage lambda metA20 carrying rrnE and from hybrid plasmid pLC19-3 carrying rrnA. In vitro transcription products were analyzed for their 5' end sequences and their oligonucleotide compositions. The results are in full agreement with the nuceotide sequences of the DNA templates described in an accompanying paper (de Boer, Gilbert and Nomura, 1979) and allow us to make the following conclusions. First, there are two transcription, start sites on each of the rRNA operons; they are 109 bp apart in the case of rrnE and 117 +/- 1 bp aprart in rrnA. Second, the first start site is 283 bp upstream from the m16S rRNA coding region in the case of rrnE, while is 291 bp upstream in rrnA. Initiation starts with ATP in both cases. Finally, the second start sites are 174 and 174 +/- 1 bp from the m16S rRNA genes in rrnE and rrnA, respectively. Initiation starts with CTP in both cases. We have also shown that in the present in vitro transcription system, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) inhibits the synthesis of full-sized RNAs from both start sites in each rRNA operon.", "PMID": 378406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4069", "title": "Asymmetry and directionality in production of new cell types during clonal growth: the switching pattern of homothallic yeast.", "content": "Homothallic Saccharomyces yeasts efficiently interconvert between two cell types, the mating types a and alpha. These interconversions have been proposed to occur by genetic rearrangement (\"cassette\" insertion) at the locus controlling cell type (the mating type locus). The pattern of switching from one cell type to the other during growth of a clone of homothallic cells has been followed by direct microscopic observation, and the results have been summarized as \"rules\" of switching. First, when a cell divides, it produces either two cells with the same mating type as the original cell or two cells that have switched to the other mating type. This observation suggests that the mating type locus is changed early in the cell cycle, in late Gl or during S. Second, the ability to produce cells that have switched mating type is restricted to cells that have previously divided (\"experienced cells\"). Spores and buds (\"inexperienced cells\") rarely if ever give rise to cells with changed mating type. A homothallic yeast cell thus exhibits asymmetric segregation of the potential for mating type interconversion--at each cell division, the mother, but not the daughter, is capable of switching cell types in its next division. Homothallic cells also exhibit directionality in switching: experienced cells switch to the opposite cell type in more than 50% of cell divisions. These results show that the process of mating type interconversion is itself controlled during growth of a clone of homothallic cells. By analogy and extension of these results, we propose that multiple cell types can be produced in a specific pattern during development of a higher eucaryote in a model involving sequential cassette insertion.", "contents": "Asymmetry and directionality in production of new cell types during clonal growth: the switching pattern of homothallic yeast. Homothallic Saccharomyces yeasts efficiently interconvert between two cell types, the mating types a and alpha. These interconversions have been proposed to occur by genetic rearrangement (\"cassette\" insertion) at the locus controlling cell type (the mating type locus). The pattern of switching from one cell type to the other during growth of a clone of homothallic cells has been followed by direct microscopic observation, and the results have been summarized as \"rules\" of switching. First, when a cell divides, it produces either two cells with the same mating type as the original cell or two cells that have switched to the other mating type. This observation suggests that the mating type locus is changed early in the cell cycle, in late Gl or during S. Second, the ability to produce cells that have switched mating type is restricted to cells that have previously divided (\"experienced cells\"). Spores and buds (\"inexperienced cells\") rarely if ever give rise to cells with changed mating type. A homothallic yeast cell thus exhibits asymmetric segregation of the potential for mating type interconversion--at each cell division, the mother, but not the daughter, is capable of switching cell types in its next division. Homothallic cells also exhibit directionality in switching: experienced cells switch to the opposite cell type in more than 50% of cell divisions. These results show that the process of mating type interconversion is itself controlled during growth of a clone of homothallic cells. By analogy and extension of these results, we propose that multiple cell types can be produced in a specific pattern during development of a higher eucaryote in a model involving sequential cassette insertion.", "PMID": 378408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4070", "title": "In vitro processing of B. mori transfer RNA precursor molecules.", "content": "Ribonuclease P and 3'-5' nuclease, two enzymatic activities necessary for tRNA synthesis in E. coli, are also found in the silkgland cells of Bombyx mori. B. mori subcellular extracts containing RNAase P activity can cleave the E. coli tRNA precursor molecule endonucleolytically at the same site as the E. coli enzyme, and will also cleave in vitro all E. coli tRNA precursors (pre-tRNAs) which the bacterial enzyme recognizes. B. mori RNAase P will not cleave two E. coli RNAase P substrates that are structurally unrelated to tRNA. Pre-tRNAs from B. mori contain extra 5' and 3' nucleotides as judged by RNA fingerprinting and 5' terminal phosphate analysis. Crude silkgland extracts containing both RNAase P and 3'-5' nuclease can remove the 5' and 3' extra nucleotides from B. mori pre-tRNAs, whereas purified fractions containing RNAase P remove only 5' extra nucleotides. Only large silkworm pre-tRNAs were found to be susceptible to cleavage by B. mori RNAase P. This observation and sequence analysis of intermediates of in vitro processing reactions indicate a two-step process of pre-tRNA maturation in which extra 5' nucleotides are first removed by RNAase P and extra 3' nucleotides are then trimmed off by a 3'-5' nuclease.", "contents": "In vitro processing of B. mori transfer RNA precursor molecules. Ribonuclease P and 3'-5' nuclease, two enzymatic activities necessary for tRNA synthesis in E. coli, are also found in the silkgland cells of Bombyx mori. B. mori subcellular extracts containing RNAase P activity can cleave the E. coli tRNA precursor molecule endonucleolytically at the same site as the E. coli enzyme, and will also cleave in vitro all E. coli tRNA precursors (pre-tRNAs) which the bacterial enzyme recognizes. B. mori RNAase P will not cleave two E. coli RNAase P substrates that are structurally unrelated to tRNA. Pre-tRNAs from B. mori contain extra 5' and 3' nucleotides as judged by RNA fingerprinting and 5' terminal phosphate analysis. Crude silkgland extracts containing both RNAase P and 3'-5' nuclease can remove the 5' and 3' extra nucleotides from B. mori pre-tRNAs, whereas purified fractions containing RNAase P remove only 5' extra nucleotides. Only large silkworm pre-tRNAs were found to be susceptible to cleavage by B. mori RNAase P. This observation and sequence analysis of intermediates of in vitro processing reactions indicate a two-step process of pre-tRNA maturation in which extra 5' nucleotides are first removed by RNAase P and extra 3' nucleotides are then trimmed off by a 3'-5' nuclease.", "PMID": 378409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4071", "title": "In vitro transcription and processing of a yeast tRNA gene containing an intervening sequence.", "content": "A gene for Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNATrp has been sequenced which contains an intervening sequence of 34 bp (H. S. Kang and J. Abelson, unpublished results). The mutant yeast strain ts-136 accumulates a precursor to tRNATrp which contains mature ends and is colinear with the tRNATrp gene. A nuclear extract from Xenopus oocytes is capable of supporting transcription of the tRNATrp gene contained on plasmid pBR313. The products are precursor tRNAs which contain the intervening RNA sequence. The Xenopus extract accurately splices the precursor transcript to mature-sized tRNATrp.", "contents": "In vitro transcription and processing of a yeast tRNA gene containing an intervening sequence. A gene for Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNATrp has been sequenced which contains an intervening sequence of 34 bp (H. S. Kang and J. Abelson, unpublished results). The mutant yeast strain ts-136 accumulates a precursor to tRNATrp which contains mature ends and is colinear with the tRNATrp gene. A nuclear extract from Xenopus oocytes is capable of supporting transcription of the tRNATrp gene contained on plasmid pBR313. The products are precursor tRNAs which contain the intervening RNA sequence. The Xenopus extract accurately splices the precursor transcript to mature-sized tRNATrp.", "PMID": 378410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4072", "title": "Cell surface changes during muscle differentiation in vitro: a study with the probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate.", "content": "Cell surface changes during muscle differentiation in vitro, were investigated using the non permeant probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNBS) in order to label the aminogroups of proteins exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Surface proteins of chick myotubes and 'mature' unfused myoblasts (myoblasts grown for 7 days in a calcium-depleted medium) were found to bind an equal amount of probe, which is twice the amount bound by surface proteins in 'immature' myoblasts (1--2 days of culture) and fibroblasts. This indicates that a 'remodelling' of the plasma membrane outer surface takes place in the course of muscle cell differentiation even in the absence of cell fusion. Moreover, the total amount of TNBS bound to the surface was 4--5 times greater in myotubes than in unfused myoblasts. This appears to result from the surface expansion which occurs in myotubes during the development of the T tubule system.", "contents": "Cell surface changes during muscle differentiation in vitro: a study with the probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate. Cell surface changes during muscle differentiation in vitro, were investigated using the non permeant probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNBS) in order to label the aminogroups of proteins exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Surface proteins of chick myotubes and 'mature' unfused myoblasts (myoblasts grown for 7 days in a calcium-depleted medium) were found to bind an equal amount of probe, which is twice the amount bound by surface proteins in 'immature' myoblasts (1--2 days of culture) and fibroblasts. This indicates that a 'remodelling' of the plasma membrane outer surface takes place in the course of muscle cell differentiation even in the absence of cell fusion. Moreover, the total amount of TNBS bound to the surface was 4--5 times greater in myotubes than in unfused myoblasts. This appears to result from the surface expansion which occurs in myotubes during the development of the T tubule system.", "PMID": 378411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4073", "title": "Demonstration of the simultaneous presence of transferrin, hemopexin and albumin in the same adult rat hepatocyte.", "content": "The location of three plasma proteins (transferrin, hemopexin, and albumin) in hepatocytes was investigated in adult rats. The synthesis of transferrin anf hemopexin has been established by ultrastructural studies showing a labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). By using an indirect immunoenzymatic method with monospecific antibody solutions, the three proteins were detected in the same hepatocyte. The simultaneous presence of different plasma proteins in hepatocytes seems to point to the fact that the synthesis in these cells could be a non-specialized type.", "contents": "Demonstration of the simultaneous presence of transferrin, hemopexin and albumin in the same adult rat hepatocyte. The location of three plasma proteins (transferrin, hemopexin, and albumin) in hepatocytes was investigated in adult rats. The synthesis of transferrin anf hemopexin has been established by ultrastructural studies showing a labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). By using an indirect immunoenzymatic method with monospecific antibody solutions, the three proteins were detected in the same hepatocyte. The simultaneous presence of different plasma proteins in hepatocytes seems to point to the fact that the synthesis in these cells could be a non-specialized type.", "PMID": 378412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4074", "title": "Cold-stable microtubules in the cytoplasm of mouse embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Treatment of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts with Triton X-100 after prolonged incubation at 0 degrees C reveals a network of microtubules in the cytoplasm of cooled cells. This network of cold-stable microtubules was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, using a monospecific antibody against tubulin and by electron microscopy. The cold-stable microtubules, as well as the ordinary cytoplasmic microtubules, were sensitive to Ca ions and were not observed in the cells pre-treated with colchicine or vinblastine. The cold-stable microtubules do not seem to be in equilibrium with the pool of depolymerized tubulin at 0 degrees C.", "contents": "Cold-stable microtubules in the cytoplasm of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Treatment of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts with Triton X-100 after prolonged incubation at 0 degrees C reveals a network of microtubules in the cytoplasm of cooled cells. This network of cold-stable microtubules was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, using a monospecific antibody against tubulin and by electron microscopy. The cold-stable microtubules, as well as the ordinary cytoplasmic microtubules, were sensitive to Ca ions and were not observed in the cells pre-treated with colchicine or vinblastine. The cold-stable microtubules do not seem to be in equilibrium with the pool of depolymerized tubulin at 0 degrees C.", "PMID": 378425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4075", "title": "Effect of intracellular injection of La3+ and Mn2+ on electrical coupling of heart cells.", "content": "The effect of intracellular injection of La3+ and Mn2+ on the electrical coupling of canine Purkinje cells investigated. It was found that La3+ causes cell decoupling in about 100 sec, increased the input resistance of the injected cell too. Mn2+ injection reduced drastically the coupling coefficient but did not abolish cell communication. Intracellular injection of La3+ or Mn2+ also caused shortening of the action potential and hyperpolarized the the heart cells. La3+ seems to be as effective as Ca or even stronger than Ca in suppressing intercellular communication in heart fibres.", "contents": "Effect of intracellular injection of La3+ and Mn2+ on electrical coupling of heart cells. The effect of intracellular injection of La3+ and Mn2+ on the electrical coupling of canine Purkinje cells investigated. It was found that La3+ causes cell decoupling in about 100 sec, increased the input resistance of the injected cell too. Mn2+ injection reduced drastically the coupling coefficient but did not abolish cell communication. Intracellular injection of La3+ or Mn2+ also caused shortening of the action potential and hyperpolarized the the heart cells. La3+ seems to be as effective as Ca or even stronger than Ca in suppressing intercellular communication in heart fibres.", "PMID": 378426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4076", "title": "Size of poly (A) +-mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae polysomes.", "content": "The size of poly (A) +-mRNA in different classes of yeast polysomes is estimated. The average molecular weight of long-term labelled polysomal poly (A) +-mRNA is about 0,65 x 10(6) daltons. Approximately 60% of the poly (A) +-mRNA polynucleotide chains located at the 5' end, are unprotected by ribosomes and degraded by nucleases upon incubation of cell lysates, to yield a population of poly (A) +-mRNA with an average molecular weight of 0,25 x 10(6) daltons.", "contents": "Size of poly (A) +-mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae polysomes. The size of poly (A) +-mRNA in different classes of yeast polysomes is estimated. The average molecular weight of long-term labelled polysomal poly (A) +-mRNA is about 0,65 x 10(6) daltons. Approximately 60% of the poly (A) +-mRNA polynucleotide chains located at the 5' end, are unprotected by ribosomes and degraded by nucleases upon incubation of cell lysates, to yield a population of poly (A) +-mRNA with an average molecular weight of 0,25 x 10(6) daltons.", "PMID": 378427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4077", "title": "Effects in bacterial systems of Pt(II) complexes with antitumour activity.", "content": "A series of alicyclic amine complexes of the cis-Pt(am)2Cl2 type, showed specific antitumour activity against various animal tumours. We have tested these compounds in a number of bacterial systems indicative of their interaction with bacterial DNA.", "contents": "Effects in bacterial systems of Pt(II) complexes with antitumour activity. A series of alicyclic amine complexes of the cis-Pt(am)2Cl2 type, showed specific antitumour activity against various animal tumours. We have tested these compounds in a number of bacterial systems indicative of their interaction with bacterial DNA.", "PMID": 378446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4078", "title": "Mutagenicity of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylnitrosourea towards Escherichia coli WP2 strains with varying DNA repair capabilities.", "content": "Methyl- (MNUA), ethyl- (ENUA), propyl- (PNUA) and butylnitrosourea (BNUA) have been tested for toxicity and mutation in a liquid suspension assay towards Escherichia coli WP2 and some of its repair deficient derivatives. A comparison of survival rates after nitrosourea exposure between WP2 and WP2 uvrA showed no difference between the two strains but a consistent difference in potency between the various nitrosoureas studied. Toxicity increased in the order MNUA less than PNUA less than ENUA less than BNUA. ENUA and PNUA induced a greater number of trp+ revertants in both strains than did MNUA and BNUA, particularly at low survival rates. None of these differences in biological potency could be accounted for by differences in rates of hydrolysis. ENUA, PNUA and BNUA were non-mutagenic towards WP2 lexA, WP2 recA and WP2 uvrA lexA, whereas MNUA did induce mutations. Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) was able to mutate WP2 lexA. These results are discussed in the light of current theories regarding the mechanism of action of these compounds.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylnitrosourea towards Escherichia coli WP2 strains with varying DNA repair capabilities. Methyl- (MNUA), ethyl- (ENUA), propyl- (PNUA) and butylnitrosourea (BNUA) have been tested for toxicity and mutation in a liquid suspension assay towards Escherichia coli WP2 and some of its repair deficient derivatives. A comparison of survival rates after nitrosourea exposure between WP2 and WP2 uvrA showed no difference between the two strains but a consistent difference in potency between the various nitrosoureas studied. Toxicity increased in the order MNUA less than PNUA less than ENUA less than BNUA. ENUA and PNUA induced a greater number of trp+ revertants in both strains than did MNUA and BNUA, particularly at low survival rates. None of these differences in biological potency could be accounted for by differences in rates of hydrolysis. ENUA, PNUA and BNUA were non-mutagenic towards WP2 lexA, WP2 recA and WP2 uvrA lexA, whereas MNUA did induce mutations. Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) was able to mutate WP2 lexA. These results are discussed in the light of current theories regarding the mechanism of action of these compounds.", "PMID": 378447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4079", "title": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution during endotoxemia in dogs.", "content": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution during the stages of endotoxemia in the dog was studied using radioactive inert gas washout. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was determined: a) at control, b) 0.5 hours following injection of a lethal dose (3 mg/kg) of E coli endotoxin, and c) 2.5 hours following endotoxin injection in control dogs and dogs pretreated with 4 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine. One-half hour following endotoxin injection, components I and II of the inert gas washout curve fused. Presumably this fusion occurred because component I flow decreased to a level indistinguishable from that of component II. Following 2.5 hours of endotoxemia, components I and II were both present. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine completely prevented the fusion of components I and II, although the mean arterial blood pressure was substantially lower than in dogs not pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. After 2.5 hours of endotoxemia, four of the five phenoxybenzamine pretreated dogs still had two clearly defined washout components. It  is concluded that the renal cortical vascular response in endotoxemia is similar to that reported following hemorrhage and that the alpha-adrenergic nervous system plays a major role in decreasing renal cortical blood flow.", "contents": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution during endotoxemia in dogs. Intrarenal blood flow distribution during the stages of endotoxemia in the dog was studied using radioactive inert gas washout. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was determined: a) at control, b) 0.5 hours following injection of a lethal dose (3 mg/kg) of E coli endotoxin, and c) 2.5 hours following endotoxin injection in control dogs and dogs pretreated with 4 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine. One-half hour following endotoxin injection, components I and II of the inert gas washout curve fused. Presumably this fusion occurred because component I flow decreased to a level indistinguishable from that of component II. Following 2.5 hours of endotoxemia, components I and II were both present. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine completely prevented the fusion of components I and II, although the mean arterial blood pressure was substantially lower than in dogs not pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. After 2.5 hours of endotoxemia, four of the five phenoxybenzamine pretreated dogs still had two clearly defined washout components. It  is concluded that the renal cortical vascular response in endotoxemia is similar to that reported following hemorrhage and that the alpha-adrenergic nervous system plays a major role in decreasing renal cortical blood flow.", "PMID": 378450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4080", "title": "Beneficial effects of methylprednisolone in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) was given to 50% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in a 50-patient double-blind clinical study to ascertain the beneficial effects of this glucocorticoid in decreasing ischemic injury to the heart. MPSS (1 gm) was given intravenously at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass and another gram was given during the course of the open-heart procedure. Steroid-treated patients demonstrated a favorable response compared to placebo-treated controls in a variety of physiologic variables: Bypass graft flow rates measured prior to operative closure were 51-62% greater; urine output in the first 24 postoperative hours was 67% higher; fewer abnormalities were found in both chest x-ray and microbiology results. Thus, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treated patients exhibited more favorable trends for all critical variables measured.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of methylprednisolone in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) was given to 50% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in a 50-patient double-blind clinical study to ascertain the beneficial effects of this glucocorticoid in decreasing ischemic injury to the heart. MPSS (1 gm) was given intravenously at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass and another gram was given during the course of the open-heart procedure. Steroid-treated patients demonstrated a favorable response compared to placebo-treated controls in a variety of physiologic variables: Bypass graft flow rates measured prior to operative closure were 51-62% greater; urine output in the first 24 postoperative hours was 67% higher; fewer abnormalities were found in both chest x-ray and microbiology results. Thus, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treated patients exhibited more favorable trends for all critical variables measured.", "PMID": 378452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4081", "title": "Increased insulin responsiveness in endotoxicosis.", "content": "The relation of endotoxicosis to insulin responsiveness was evaluated in male Holtzman rats. Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide at 0.5 or 1.0 mg per 300 g rat increased lethality in convulsive seizure deaths to 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 U insulin sc. The hypoglycemic nadir induced by 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 U of insulin sc was greater in rats rendered endotoxic with 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide IV. Oxidation of U-14C-D-glucose to 14 CO2 by endotoxic tissues in vitro was augmented in liver slices, epididymal fat pads, hemidiaphragms, and spleen slices; no pronounced glucose oxidation increases occurred in lung, heart, stomach, cerebrum, kidney, or whole blood. Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100 g) manifested increased basal glucose oxidation as well as an enhanced maximal response to incremental insulin doses of 0.01 to 25 mU/ml. It is suggested that altered tissue responsiveness in concert with hyperinsulinemia underlie the profound alterations in glucose homeostasis during endotoxicosis.", "contents": "Increased insulin responsiveness in endotoxicosis. The relation of endotoxicosis to insulin responsiveness was evaluated in male Holtzman rats. Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide at 0.5 or 1.0 mg per 300 g rat increased lethality in convulsive seizure deaths to 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 U insulin sc. The hypoglycemic nadir induced by 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 U of insulin sc was greater in rats rendered endotoxic with 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide IV. Oxidation of U-14C-D-glucose to 14 CO2 by endotoxic tissues in vitro was augmented in liver slices, epididymal fat pads, hemidiaphragms, and spleen slices; no pronounced glucose oxidation increases occurred in lung, heart, stomach, cerebrum, kidney, or whole blood. Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100 g) manifested increased basal glucose oxidation as well as an enhanced maximal response to incremental insulin doses of 0.01 to 25 mU/ml. It is suggested that altered tissue responsiveness in concert with hyperinsulinemia underlie the profound alterations in glucose homeostasis during endotoxicosis.", "PMID": 378453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4082", "title": "Pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin in normal and lymphocyte depleted sheep.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary effects of intravenously administered Escherichia coli endotoxin were studied in unanesthetized sheep. One group of animals was depleted of circulating T-lymphocytes while a non-depleted group served as control. T-lymphocyte depletion was accomplished by chronic thoracic duct drainage of lymph, removal of lymphocytes by continuous flow centrifugation and return of the cell free lymph intravenously. The T-lymphocyte depleted sheep demonstrated markedly obtunded increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance following endotoxin when compared to the effects of the lipopolysaccharide in control animals. additionally, the lymphocyte depleted group showed a significant augmentation of myocardial contractility which occurred at the same time as marked systemic hypotension. This period of extreme hypotension following endotoxin is presumed to be accompanied by a reflex increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The control sheep, although equally hypotensive at this time, did not demonstrate a significant increase in myocardial contractility from the preendotoxin value. The results of these experiments indicate that T-lymphocytes may mediate some of the pathophysiological effects of bacterial endotoxin on the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin in normal and lymphocyte depleted sheep. The cardiopulmonary effects of intravenously administered Escherichia coli endotoxin were studied in unanesthetized sheep. One group of animals was depleted of circulating T-lymphocytes while a non-depleted group served as control. T-lymphocyte depletion was accomplished by chronic thoracic duct drainage of lymph, removal of lymphocytes by continuous flow centrifugation and return of the cell free lymph intravenously. The T-lymphocyte depleted sheep demonstrated markedly obtunded increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance following endotoxin when compared to the effects of the lipopolysaccharide in control animals. additionally, the lymphocyte depleted group showed a significant augmentation of myocardial contractility which occurred at the same time as marked systemic hypotension. This period of extreme hypotension following endotoxin is presumed to be accompanied by a reflex increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The control sheep, although equally hypotensive at this time, did not demonstrate a significant increase in myocardial contractility from the preendotoxin value. The results of these experiments indicate that T-lymphocytes may mediate some of the pathophysiological effects of bacterial endotoxin on the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 378454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4083", "title": "Microvascular plasma velocity and indicator dispersion with hemorrhage.", "content": "The effects of stepwise hemorrhages on plasma flow velocity and indicator (FITC-Dextran) dispersion in series and parallel coupled microvascular vessels has been studied. The mesentery of cats (0.6 kg) anesthetized with Dial-Urethane was exposed and studied with a microscope equipped for fluorescense microscopy. Indicator was injected as a bolus (0.1 ml in 0.5 seconds) in a small branch of the mesenteric artery. Indicator curves were recorded from a video tape recording of the passage of the indicator by a video sampler with intensity sensitive windows. The mean transit time (t), appearance time (t(a)), peak time (t(p)), curve duration (t(E)), plasma velocity and vessel diameter changes were determined. Arterioles 68 +/- 8 micron and 35 +/- 3 micron and venules 55 +/- 6 micron constricted gradually with hemorrhage. Arterioles 20 +/- 2 micron constricted with mild hemorrhage and remained constricted with further hemorrhage. Arteriolar and venular plasma velocities decreased abruptly with mild hemorrhage and then continued to decrease gradually with further hemorrhage. Capillary flow ceased after moderate hemorrhage and was not reestablished until at least an hour after reinfusion. Arteriole t increased with hemorrhage but t increased much more in capillaries and venules. t(E) changes paralled t changes. The ratio t(a)/t was lower for venules than arterioles and both decreased with hemorrhage but the venular ratio decreased significantly more. Venular t(p)-t(a) and t(E)-t(p) increased more than arteriolar values. Hemorrhage increased indicator dispersion with the greatest effect occurring between the arteriolar and venular vessels.", "contents": "Microvascular plasma velocity and indicator dispersion with hemorrhage. The effects of stepwise hemorrhages on plasma flow velocity and indicator (FITC-Dextran) dispersion in series and parallel coupled microvascular vessels has been studied. The mesentery of cats (0.6 kg) anesthetized with Dial-Urethane was exposed and studied with a microscope equipped for fluorescense microscopy. Indicator was injected as a bolus (0.1 ml in 0.5 seconds) in a small branch of the mesenteric artery. Indicator curves were recorded from a video tape recording of the passage of the indicator by a video sampler with intensity sensitive windows. The mean transit time (t), appearance time (t(a)), peak time (t(p)), curve duration (t(E)), plasma velocity and vessel diameter changes were determined. Arterioles 68 +/- 8 micron and 35 +/- 3 micron and venules 55 +/- 6 micron constricted gradually with hemorrhage. Arterioles 20 +/- 2 micron constricted with mild hemorrhage and remained constricted with further hemorrhage. Arteriolar and venular plasma velocities decreased abruptly with mild hemorrhage and then continued to decrease gradually with further hemorrhage. Capillary flow ceased after moderate hemorrhage and was not reestablished until at least an hour after reinfusion. Arteriole t increased with hemorrhage but t increased much more in capillaries and venules. t(E) changes paralled t changes. The ratio t(a)/t was lower for venules than arterioles and both decreased with hemorrhage but the venular ratio decreased significantly more. Venular t(p)-t(a) and t(E)-t(p) increased more than arteriolar values. Hemorrhage increased indicator dispersion with the greatest effect occurring between the arteriolar and venular vessels.", "PMID": 378455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4084", "title": "Second-degree atrioventricular block.", "content": "1) While it is possible only one type of second-degree AV block exists electrophysiologically, the available data do not justify such a conclusion and it would seem more appropriate to remain a \"splitter,\" and advocate separation and definition of multiple mechanisms, than to be a \"lumper,\" and embrace a unitary concept. 2) The clinical classification of type I and type II AV block, based on present scalar electrocardiographic criteria, for the most part accurately differentiates clinically important categories of patients. Such a classification is descriptive, but serves a useful function and should be preserved, taking into account the caveats mentioned above. The site of block generally determines the clinical course for the patient. For most examples of AV block, the type I and type II classification in present use is based on the site of block. Because block in the His-Purkinje system is preceded by small or nonmeasurable increments, it is called type II AV block; but the very fact that it is preceded by small increments is because it occurs in the His-Purkinje system. Similar logic can be applied to type I AV block in the AV node. Exceptions do occur. If the site of AV block cannot be distinguished with certainity from the scalar ECG, an electrophysiologic study will generally reveal the answer.", "contents": "Second-degree atrioventricular block. 1) While it is possible only one type of second-degree AV block exists electrophysiologically, the available data do not justify such a conclusion and it would seem more appropriate to remain a \"splitter,\" and advocate separation and definition of multiple mechanisms, than to be a \"lumper,\" and embrace a unitary concept. 2) The clinical classification of type I and type II AV block, based on present scalar electrocardiographic criteria, for the most part accurately differentiates clinically important categories of patients. Such a classification is descriptive, but serves a useful function and should be preserved, taking into account the caveats mentioned above. The site of block generally determines the clinical course for the patient. For most examples of AV block, the type I and type II classification in present use is based on the site of block. Because block in the His-Purkinje system is preceded by small or nonmeasurable increments, it is called type II AV block; but the very fact that it is preceded by small increments is because it occurs in the His-Purkinje system. Similar logic can be applied to type I AV block in the AV node. Exceptions do occur. If the site of AV block cannot be distinguished with certainity from the scalar ECG, an electrophysiologic study will generally reveal the answer.", "PMID": 378457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4085", "title": "Differences between Welsh and Canadian children on parts of the test of motor impairment.", "content": "Four subtests, which measured hand function, were taken from the Test of Motor Impairment and given to 53 10-year-old children of normal intelligence. The results showed a wide variation in achievement with one test at a very inappropriate level of difficulty. Girls were consistently faster than boys, achieving a result which was statistically significant in one instance. It is suggested that this test requires restandardization for use among British populations. The provision of separate norms for the sexes would improve the disciminatory value of this instrument.", "contents": "Differences between Welsh and Canadian children on parts of the test of motor impairment. Four subtests, which measured hand function, were taken from the Test of Motor Impairment and given to 53 10-year-old children of normal intelligence. The results showed a wide variation in achievement with one test at a very inappropriate level of difficulty. Girls were consistently faster than boys, achieving a result which was statistically significant in one instance. It is suggested that this test requires restandardization for use among British populations. The provision of separate norms for the sexes would improve the disciminatory value of this instrument.", "PMID": 378449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4086", "title": "Analysis for diazepam and nordiazepam by electron-capture gas chromatography and by liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe the use of electron-capture gas chromatography or reversed-phase \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography for concurrent analysis for diazepam and nordiazepam in serum. In the gas-chromatographic analysis our use of a new chemically deactivated stationary liquid phase, SP 2250-DB (Supelco, Inc.), resulted in improved chromatographic sensitivity and peak symmetry for the two benzodiazepines as compared to that obtained with either OV-17or OV-1 phases. Steady-state concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam in serum as determined by gas-liquid chromatography correlated closely with those found by liquid-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Analysis for diazepam and nordiazepam by electron-capture gas chromatography and by liquid chromatography. We describe the use of electron-capture gas chromatography or reversed-phase \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography for concurrent analysis for diazepam and nordiazepam in serum. In the gas-chromatographic analysis our use of a new chemically deactivated stationary liquid phase, SP 2250-DB (Supelco, Inc.), resulted in improved chromatographic sensitivity and peak symmetry for the two benzodiazepines as compared to that obtained with either OV-17or OV-1 phases. Steady-state concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam in serum as determined by gas-liquid chromatography correlated closely with those found by liquid-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 378460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4087", "title": "Gas-chromatographic analysis for valproic acid as phenacyl esters.", "content": "We describe a novel isothermal gas-chromatographic procedure for measuring valproic acid. Plasma, with cyclohexanecarboxylic acid added as internal standard, is selectively extracted with pentane to minimize the extraction of other acidic drugs. To convert carboxylic acids to their phenacyl esters, alpha-bromoacetophenone is added to the organic extract before evaporating the solvent. These esters are relatively less volatile than the acids themselves and the extracting solvent can be removed without any loss of valproic acid or internal standard. The phenacyl esters, when chromatographed on 3% OV-17, produce sharp, well-shaped peaks and show high response for the flame ionization detector. Valproic acid is well separated from the internal standard, from reagents and plasma constituents, and from some commonly prescribed drugs that we examined. When alpha-bromo-p-nitroacetophenone is sued as the derivatizing agent, the resulting nitrophenacyl esters can be analyzed with use of a nitrogen-specific detector.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic analysis for valproic acid as phenacyl esters. We describe a novel isothermal gas-chromatographic procedure for measuring valproic acid. Plasma, with cyclohexanecarboxylic acid added as internal standard, is selectively extracted with pentane to minimize the extraction of other acidic drugs. To convert carboxylic acids to their phenacyl esters, alpha-bromoacetophenone is added to the organic extract before evaporating the solvent. These esters are relatively less volatile than the acids themselves and the extracting solvent can be removed without any loss of valproic acid or internal standard. The phenacyl esters, when chromatographed on 3% OV-17, produce sharp, well-shaped peaks and show high response for the flame ionization detector. Valproic acid is well separated from the internal standard, from reagents and plasma constituents, and from some commonly prescribed drugs that we examined. When alpha-bromo-p-nitroacetophenone is sued as the derivatizing agent, the resulting nitrophenacyl esters can be analyzed with use of a nitrogen-specific detector.", "PMID": 378461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4088", "title": "Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics in biological fluids: a review.", "content": "We describe current procedures for measuring aminoglycoside antibiotics. Although many of these techniques are suitable for clinical adaptation, selection of a method for use in a clinical laboratory will depend on the budget and availability of equipment and expertise.", "contents": "Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics in biological fluids: a review. We describe current procedures for measuring aminoglycoside antibiotics. Although many of these techniques are suitable for clinical adaptation, selection of a method for use in a clinical laboratory will depend on the budget and availability of equipment and expertise.", "PMID": 378464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4089", "title": "Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for serum ferritin.", "content": "We describe a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for ferritin in human serum, with use of a horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody and a highly sensitive chromogen, 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonate). The assay requires only 10 microL of serum per assay, relatively less time and labor than other assys for ferritin, and as little as 10 pg of ferritin can be measured. We believe this assay offers a reliable alternative to radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin.", "contents": "Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for serum ferritin. We describe a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for ferritin in human serum, with use of a horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody and a highly sensitive chromogen, 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonate). The assay requires only 10 microL of serum per assay, relatively less time and labor than other assys for ferritin, and as little as 10 pg of ferritin can be measured. We believe this assay offers a reliable alternative to radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin.", "PMID": 378465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4090", "title": "Evaluation of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with the Gilford 3500 analyzer.", "content": "I evaluated homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) of serum thyroxine with the Gilford 3500 analyzer. The samples are pretreated before quantitation on the Gilford 3500; the procedure thereafter is entirely mechanized. Forty-four samples may be analyzed per run. Precision and accuracy are good, and results correlate well with those by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Evaluation of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with the Gilford 3500 analyzer. I evaluated homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) of serum thyroxine with the Gilford 3500 analyzer. The samples are pretreated before quantitation on the Gilford 3500; the procedure thereafter is entirely mechanized. Forty-four samples may be analyzed per run. Precision and accuracy are good, and results correlate well with those by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 378466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4091", "title": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine compared with a radioimmunoassay technique.", "content": "A homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for serum thyroxine determination has been evaluated. It was also compared to our routine method, a radioimmunoassay with use of a commercial kit, Tetra-Tab RIA. Within-day precision was very similar for the two methods, the CV ranging from about 2.5% at 150 nmol of thyroxine per liter to about 5.7% at 25 nmol/L. The two methods were compared by running 100 patients' serum samples. The resulting linear regression equation was: y = 1.088x - 17.9, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.979. The deviation from the theoretical line, y = x, wash shown to be primarily caused by the calibration of the methods, shown by running the EMIT calibrators in the radioimmunoassay method and vice versa. The choice of thyroxine method in the individual laboratory will then depend on considerations other than methodological factors.", "contents": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine compared with a radioimmunoassay technique. A homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for serum thyroxine determination has been evaluated. It was also compared to our routine method, a radioimmunoassay with use of a commercial kit, Tetra-Tab RIA. Within-day precision was very similar for the two methods, the CV ranging from about 2.5% at 150 nmol of thyroxine per liter to about 5.7% at 25 nmol/L. The two methods were compared by running 100 patients' serum samples. The resulting linear regression equation was: y = 1.088x - 17.9, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.979. The deviation from the theoretical line, y = x, wash shown to be primarily caused by the calibration of the methods, shown by running the EMIT calibrators in the radioimmunoassay method and vice versa. The choice of thyroxine method in the individual laboratory will then depend on considerations other than methodological factors.", "PMID": 378467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4092", "title": "Determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol in urine by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector: a new rapid method.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, a major metabolite of noradrenaline in rat brain, is estimated alone or with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol in rat and human urine by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The samples are hydrolyzed and extracted at pH 2 with ethyl acetate. Then, to analyze only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol the reaction with n-butaneboronic acid is carried out directly; if 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol also has to be estimated, preliminary acetylation in alkaline aqueous solution is performed. The advantages of the specificity due to the reagents used is discussed.", "contents": "Determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol in urine by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector: a new rapid method. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, a major metabolite of noradrenaline in rat brain, is estimated alone or with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol in rat and human urine by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The samples are hydrolyzed and extracted at pH 2 with ethyl acetate. Then, to analyze only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol the reaction with n-butaneboronic acid is carried out directly; if 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol also has to be estimated, preliminary acetylation in alkaline aqueous solution is performed. The advantages of the specificity due to the reagents used is discussed.", "PMID": 378468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4093", "title": "The pituitary-gonadal response to the gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-Des Gly10-LHRH-ethylamide in normal men.", "content": "We have studied the dose-response characteristics of the LHRH analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-Des Gly10-LHRH-ethylamide administered subcutaneously to five normal male volunteers. The relative potency of the analogue is about sixty times (FSH) and forty times (LH) that of the parent peptide and the increased potency and duration of action of the analogue lead to enhanced biological effect in terms of testosterone release. The prolonged duration of action of the analogue suggests that a single daily dosage regime could be used although further chronic studies with this potent analogue should be undertaken in normal volunteers to determine optimum dosage schedules.", "contents": "The pituitary-gonadal response to the gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-Des Gly10-LHRH-ethylamide in normal men. We have studied the dose-response characteristics of the LHRH analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-Des Gly10-LHRH-ethylamide administered subcutaneously to five normal male volunteers. The relative potency of the analogue is about sixty times (FSH) and forty times (LH) that of the parent peptide and the increased potency and duration of action of the analogue lead to enhanced biological effect in terms of testosterone release. The prolonged duration of action of the analogue suggests that a single daily dosage regime could be used although further chronic studies with this potent analogue should be undertaken in normal volunteers to determine optimum dosage schedules.", "PMID": 378469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4094", "title": "The role of circulating immune complexes in the glomerular disease of experimental hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "content": "The serological and renal changes were studied simultaneously in 115 mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. IgG and IgM, but not IgA anti-S. mansoni antibodies were detected in the sera, together with circulating immune complexes containing schistosomal antigen. Glomerular mesangial deposits of IgA, IgM and C3 were observed. Despite the strong correlation observed between the occurrence of the circulating immune complexes containing schistosomal antigen and the glomerular deposits, results concerning the behaviour of IgA suggest that portal hypertension and liver damage have a role in the pathogenesis of glomerular lesions.", "contents": "The role of circulating immune complexes in the glomerular disease of experimental hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The serological and renal changes were studied simultaneously in 115 mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. IgG and IgM, but not IgA anti-S. mansoni antibodies were detected in the sera, together with circulating immune complexes containing schistosomal antigen. Glomerular mesangial deposits of IgA, IgM and C3 were observed. Despite the strong correlation observed between the occurrence of the circulating immune complexes containing schistosomal antigen and the glomerular deposits, results concerning the behaviour of IgA suggest that portal hypertension and liver damage have a role in the pathogenesis of glomerular lesions.", "PMID": 378479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4095", "title": "The interaction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody deposition with immune elimination of bovine serum albumin in the rabbit.", "content": "We studied the interaction of two different forms of immune glomerular damage occurring simultaneously: anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody fixation and immune elimination of bovine serum albumin (BSA). 125I-radiolabelled BSA anti-BSA immune complexes, formed in response to a single small intravenous dose (150 mg/kg) of 125I BSA, did not cause proteinuria in control animals within 15 days, despite evidence of immune elimination of the antigen. Similarly, a small dose of nephrotoxic globulin (NTG)(3.0 mg/kg) did not cause immediate proteinuria in controls. Test animals received the BSA injection followed by the NTG injection 5, 7 or 9 days later. In this way, antibody fixed to glomerular basement membrane antigens at various times after BSA anti-BSA complexes first appeared in the circulation. Animals were killed on day 15. Fifteen of the eighteen test animals developed moderate to severe clinical nephritis. The onset of the nephritis coincided with BSA elimination irrespective of when the NTG was given. Greatly increased amounts of nonlinear immunofluorescent deposits were demonstrated in the glomeruli of test animals. We concluded that there was a marked synergistic effect between two forms of immune glomerular damage (i.e. that mediated by anti-GBM antibody and immune complexes), which appeared to be due to the increased deposition of complex material in the presence of active fixation of anti-GBM antibody. The relevance of this finding to human glomerulonephritis is discussed.", "contents": "The interaction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody deposition with immune elimination of bovine serum albumin in the rabbit. We studied the interaction of two different forms of immune glomerular damage occurring simultaneously: anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody fixation and immune elimination of bovine serum albumin (BSA). 125I-radiolabelled BSA anti-BSA immune complexes, formed in response to a single small intravenous dose (150 mg/kg) of 125I BSA, did not cause proteinuria in control animals within 15 days, despite evidence of immune elimination of the antigen. Similarly, a small dose of nephrotoxic globulin (NTG)(3.0 mg/kg) did not cause immediate proteinuria in controls. Test animals received the BSA injection followed by the NTG injection 5, 7 or 9 days later. In this way, antibody fixed to glomerular basement membrane antigens at various times after BSA anti-BSA complexes first appeared in the circulation. Animals were killed on day 15. Fifteen of the eighteen test animals developed moderate to severe clinical nephritis. The onset of the nephritis coincided with BSA elimination irrespective of when the NTG was given. Greatly increased amounts of nonlinear immunofluorescent deposits were demonstrated in the glomeruli of test animals. We concluded that there was a marked synergistic effect between two forms of immune glomerular damage (i.e. that mediated by anti-GBM antibody and immune complexes), which appeared to be due to the increased deposition of complex material in the presence of active fixation of anti-GBM antibody. The relevance of this finding to human glomerulonephritis is discussed.", "PMID": 378480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4096", "title": "Antibody penetration into living cells. I. Intranuclear immunoglobulin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We have shown recently (Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia, Ru\u00edz-Arg\u00fcelles & Fishbein, 1978) that an IgG anti-RNP antibody obtained from a patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) can penetrate viable mononuclear cells (MNC) from normal donors via their Fc receptors. Live MNC from twelve MCTD patients incubated with goat anti-Ig antibody had intranuclear antibody with a speckled pattern in a mean of 5.5% of all MNC and 57.3% of all Fc receptor-bearing MNC. We found intranuclear immunoglobulins in all twelve patients with MCTD which were present only in cells with Fc receptors. Only three out of twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to have intranuclear antibody in a mean of 17.2% of their Fc receptor-bearing cells. Further experiments with MNC from SLE patients revealed a partial blocking of penetration of antibody via Fc receptors. MNC from ten scleroderma, ten rheumatoid arthritis patients and eleven normal controls did not have intranuclear immunoglobulin. In vivo penetration of autoantibodies into Fc receptor-bearing cells in MCTD, and probably in SLE as well, may represent an important pathogenetic mechanism.", "contents": "Antibody penetration into living cells. I. Intranuclear immunoglobulin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. We have shown recently (Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia, Ru\u00edz-Arg\u00fcelles & Fishbein, 1978) that an IgG anti-RNP antibody obtained from a patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) can penetrate viable mononuclear cells (MNC) from normal donors via their Fc receptors. Live MNC from twelve MCTD patients incubated with goat anti-Ig antibody had intranuclear antibody with a speckled pattern in a mean of 5.5% of all MNC and 57.3% of all Fc receptor-bearing MNC. We found intranuclear immunoglobulins in all twelve patients with MCTD which were present only in cells with Fc receptors. Only three out of twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to have intranuclear antibody in a mean of 17.2% of their Fc receptor-bearing cells. Further experiments with MNC from SLE patients revealed a partial blocking of penetration of antibody via Fc receptors. MNC from ten scleroderma, ten rheumatoid arthritis patients and eleven normal controls did not have intranuclear immunoglobulin. In vivo penetration of autoantibodies into Fc receptor-bearing cells in MCTD, and probably in SLE as well, may represent an important pathogenetic mechanism.", "PMID": 378481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4097", "title": "Pregnancy-induced involution of the thymus can be prevented by immunizing with paternal skin grafts: a strain-dependent effect.", "content": "C57Bl female mice immunized and then mated to CBA males do not show the normal pregnancy-dependent involution of the thymus. In the reciprocal mating combination thymic involution is normal.", "contents": "Pregnancy-induced involution of the thymus can be prevented by immunizing with paternal skin grafts: a strain-dependent effect. C57Bl female mice immunized and then mated to CBA males do not show the normal pregnancy-dependent involution of the thymus. In the reciprocal mating combination thymic involution is normal.", "PMID": 378482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4098", "title": "The pathogenetic role of Staphylococcus aureus in primary human glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Antibody levels to a cell product of Staphylococcus aureus, antistaphylolysin antibody (AStaL), were determined in the sera of 185 patients with various renal diseases using the hemolysis inhibition test. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus antigen in renal biopsy specimens was performed by the immunofluorescent technique. Elevated AStaL values were observed in eleven patients. In four of them, Staphylococcus aureus antigen was clearly detected in the glomerular mesangial area associated with deposits of immunoglobulins and complement. Most of these patients showed marked elevation of AStaL values with low serum complement levels and had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that Staphylococcus aureus may act as a specific antigen and play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary human glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "The pathogenetic role of Staphylococcus aureus in primary human glomerulonephritis. Antibody levels to a cell product of Staphylococcus aureus, antistaphylolysin antibody (AStaL), were determined in the sera of 185 patients with various renal diseases using the hemolysis inhibition test. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus antigen in renal biopsy specimens was performed by the immunofluorescent technique. Elevated AStaL values were observed in eleven patients. In four of them, Staphylococcus aureus antigen was clearly detected in the glomerular mesangial area associated with deposits of immunoglobulins and complement. Most of these patients showed marked elevation of AStaL values with low serum complement levels and had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that Staphylococcus aureus may act as a specific antigen and play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary human glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 378491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4099", "title": "Late hypertension following renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Post-transplant hypertension has been observed in 98 renal allograft recipients who had good renal function and whose follow-up was more than 15 months. The role of the original diseased kidneys as well as the role of the renal pressor system was studied with emphasis on late hypertension. Post-transplant hypertension was found to be a multifactorial phenomenon with frequency decreasing as a function of prolonged graft survival. Renal artery stenosis was an infrequent but significant cause of hypertension and was found in 10 of 29 arteriograms performed. Renin studies performed in 34 hypertensive patients and in a control group of 11 recipients showed that elevation of plasma renin activity and of plasma aldosterone level is frequent but difficult to interpret, particularly when a renal artery stenosis is observed. These investigations may be useful in recognizing the role of retained diseased kidneys in sustaining hypertension. Plasma aldosterone was found elevated in nearly all of the patients. The role of corticosteroids and the similarity of post-transplant hypertension, in some cases, with the one kidney model of experimental hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Late hypertension following renal allotransplantation. Post-transplant hypertension has been observed in 98 renal allograft recipients who had good renal function and whose follow-up was more than 15 months. The role of the original diseased kidneys as well as the role of the renal pressor system was studied with emphasis on late hypertension. Post-transplant hypertension was found to be a multifactorial phenomenon with frequency decreasing as a function of prolonged graft survival. Renal artery stenosis was an infrequent but significant cause of hypertension and was found in 10 of 29 arteriograms performed. Renin studies performed in 34 hypertensive patients and in a control group of 11 recipients showed that elevation of plasma renin activity and of plasma aldosterone level is frequent but difficult to interpret, particularly when a renal artery stenosis is observed. These investigations may be useful in recognizing the role of retained diseased kidneys in sustaining hypertension. Plasma aldosterone was found elevated in nearly all of the patients. The role of corticosteroids and the similarity of post-transplant hypertension, in some cases, with the one kidney model of experimental hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 378492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4100", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1: comparison of natural history in children and adults.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory and pathological data on 46 patients (29 children and 17 adult) with Type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) were reviewed in order to compare the natural history of the disease in two age groups. The nephrotic syndrome was the most common presenting clinical feature in both age groups. Established renal failure at time of biopsy was seen in adult males only. All the adults males, but none of the women, were either dead or in renal failure after a mean duration of diseases of 17.7 months. In contrast 43% of the children (both sexes) were in renal failure after a mean duration of disease of 51.6 months. Statistical analysis disclosed that only up to 48 months was there a significant difference in survival between the two age groups (P less than .01). Beyond this time the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in behaviour of MPGN in the two age groups is similar to that observed in other glomerulonephropathies.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1: comparison of natural history in children and adults. Clinical, laboratory and pathological data on 46 patients (29 children and 17 adult) with Type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) were reviewed in order to compare the natural history of the disease in two age groups. The nephrotic syndrome was the most common presenting clinical feature in both age groups. Established renal failure at time of biopsy was seen in adult males only. All the adults males, but none of the women, were either dead or in renal failure after a mean duration of diseases of 17.7 months. In contrast 43% of the children (both sexes) were in renal failure after a mean duration of disease of 51.6 months. Statistical analysis disclosed that only up to 48 months was there a significant difference in survival between the two age groups (P less than .01). Beyond this time the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in behaviour of MPGN in the two age groups is similar to that observed in other glomerulonephropathies.", "PMID": 378493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4101", "title": "The role of plasmapheresis in renal transplantation.", "content": "Plasmapheresis has been studied in ten patients who received cadaveric renal allografts. In six patients (group A), plasma was carried out on the first post-operative day and then on alternate days until six treatments had been completed. No beneficial effect was observed but treatment was well tolerated and there were no complications. One patient retains a functioning graft. Plasma exchange was carried out on six consecutive days in five patients (group B) who were actively rejecting their grafts and in whom conventional methods of treatment had failed. All five patients showed improvement in graft function. Rejection was reversed in four patients and was contained in one patient. Subsequently rapid recrudescence of graft rejection occurred in one patient, extended graft survival was seen in two patients, and the other two patients have retained life supporting grafts. Plasmapheresis may have a part to play in the treatment of renal allograft rejection and further evaluation of this treatment is indicated.", "contents": "The role of plasmapheresis in renal transplantation. Plasmapheresis has been studied in ten patients who received cadaveric renal allografts. In six patients (group A), plasma was carried out on the first post-operative day and then on alternate days until six treatments had been completed. No beneficial effect was observed but treatment was well tolerated and there were no complications. One patient retains a functioning graft. Plasma exchange was carried out on six consecutive days in five patients (group B) who were actively rejecting their grafts and in whom conventional methods of treatment had failed. All five patients showed improvement in graft function. Rejection was reversed in four patients and was contained in one patient. Subsequently rapid recrudescence of graft rejection occurred in one patient, extended graft survival was seen in two patients, and the other two patients have retained life supporting grafts. Plasmapheresis may have a part to play in the treatment of renal allograft rejection and further evaluation of this treatment is indicated.", "PMID": 378494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4102", "title": "Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis and prevention.", "content": "Nephrotoxicity resulting from aminoglycoside antibiotics is a serious clinical problem and the incidence is probably increasing. The mechanism of renal toxicity is unclear but these agents affect several nephron functions including glomerular filtration, proximal tubular reabsorption, and urinary concentration. The degree of toxicity appears to correlate with the level of renal tissue concentration of aminoglycoside. Clinical nephrotoxicity is most likely to occur in the presence of volume depletion, advancing age, preexisting renal dysfunction and exposure to other nephrotoxins. Despite the use of dosing nomograms, nephrotoxicity still occurs in some patients and the decline in renal function may only become apparent after completion of the antibiotic course. Subclinical nephrotoxic effects from aminoglycosides probably occur in all patients treated with these agents and only the most severely affected have clinically apparent nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis and prevention. Nephrotoxicity resulting from aminoglycoside antibiotics is a serious clinical problem and the incidence is probably increasing. The mechanism of renal toxicity is unclear but these agents affect several nephron functions including glomerular filtration, proximal tubular reabsorption, and urinary concentration. The degree of toxicity appears to correlate with the level of renal tissue concentration of aminoglycoside. Clinical nephrotoxicity is most likely to occur in the presence of volume depletion, advancing age, preexisting renal dysfunction and exposure to other nephrotoxins. Despite the use of dosing nomograms, nephrotoxicity still occurs in some patients and the decline in renal function may only become apparent after completion of the antibiotic course. Subclinical nephrotoxic effects from aminoglycosides probably occur in all patients treated with these agents and only the most severely affected have clinically apparent nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 378495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4103", "title": "Cartilage cell differentiation: review.", "content": "Differentiation of cartilage cells from embryonic precursor cells is characterized by the onset of biosynthesis of at least two cartilage-specific gene products, type II collagen and cartilage-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Biochemical and immunological assays for these compounds now allow rapid, quantitative, and specific determination of the onset of cartilage differentiation, and present several advantages over assays that use histochemical stains or [35S]-sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. Chondrogenic differentiation also is associated with the formation of extracellular, high MW proteoglycan (CSPG) aggregates containing hyaluronic acid and the loss of fibronectin, or LETS protein, a cell surface glycoprotein found on presumptive chondroblasts, fibroblasts, and several other cell types. Comparatively little insight has been gained recently regarding the mechanism of cartilage cell differentiation. A number of factors or \"inducers\" of cartilage differentiation, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, notochord, spinal cord, low oxygen tension, and collagen substrates, increase the amount of glycosaminoglycan synthesis per cell, but the question remains open as to whether these factors also selectively increase the number of cells differentiating from precursor cells into chondroblasts, or whether they only increase cell viability. Other factors, such as conditioned medium from chondrocyte cultures, increase significantly the number of chondrocyte colonies arising in mass cultures of limb bud mesenchyme, but differentiation of nonchondrogenic cells is stimulated as well. Similarly, many inhibitors of cartilage differentiation, such as BrdUrd and 6-amino nicotinamide, also inhibit myogenic differentiation. It is possible that a unique and specific inducer or regulating factor of cartilage cell differentiation may not exist, for cartilage differentiation of normal embryonic mesenchyme can be triggered by a variety of environmental conditions, such as cell density, pH, potassium ion concentration, and fetal calf serum. These results imply that the temporal and spatial controls of cartilage differentiation are governed by environmental influences that are each of rather low specificity, but which together synergistically generate a morphogenetic control of high specificity. Signals which appear able to mimic those controlling normal cartilage differentiation seem to be exchanged during formation of ectopic cartilage. Muscle tissue and periosteum can be triggered to form cartilage by demineralized bone matrix. Chick limb bud epithelium induces type II collagen synthesis in embryonic mouse tooth germ, whereas homologous, oral epithelium induces the formation of dentin (type I collagen). Thus, the type of response elicited from mesenchyme cells can be determined by nearby epithelia, and that response frequently can be the formation of cartilage.", "contents": "Cartilage cell differentiation: review. Differentiation of cartilage cells from embryonic precursor cells is characterized by the onset of biosynthesis of at least two cartilage-specific gene products, type II collagen and cartilage-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Biochemical and immunological assays for these compounds now allow rapid, quantitative, and specific determination of the onset of cartilage differentiation, and present several advantages over assays that use histochemical stains or [35S]-sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. Chondrogenic differentiation also is associated with the formation of extracellular, high MW proteoglycan (CSPG) aggregates containing hyaluronic acid and the loss of fibronectin, or LETS protein, a cell surface glycoprotein found on presumptive chondroblasts, fibroblasts, and several other cell types. Comparatively little insight has been gained recently regarding the mechanism of cartilage cell differentiation. A number of factors or \"inducers\" of cartilage differentiation, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, notochord, spinal cord, low oxygen tension, and collagen substrates, increase the amount of glycosaminoglycan synthesis per cell, but the question remains open as to whether these factors also selectively increase the number of cells differentiating from precursor cells into chondroblasts, or whether they only increase cell viability. Other factors, such as conditioned medium from chondrocyte cultures, increase significantly the number of chondrocyte colonies arising in mass cultures of limb bud mesenchyme, but differentiation of nonchondrogenic cells is stimulated as well. Similarly, many inhibitors of cartilage differentiation, such as BrdUrd and 6-amino nicotinamide, also inhibit myogenic differentiation. It is possible that a unique and specific inducer or regulating factor of cartilage cell differentiation may not exist, for cartilage differentiation of normal embryonic mesenchyme can be triggered by a variety of environmental conditions, such as cell density, pH, potassium ion concentration, and fetal calf serum. These results imply that the temporal and spatial controls of cartilage differentiation are governed by environmental influences that are each of rather low specificity, but which together synergistically generate a morphogenetic control of high specificity. Signals which appear able to mimic those controlling normal cartilage differentiation seem to be exchanged during formation of ectopic cartilage. Muscle tissue and periosteum can be triggered to form cartilage by demineralized bone matrix. Chick limb bud epithelium induces type II collagen synthesis in embryonic mouse tooth germ, whereas homologous, oral epithelium induces the formation of dentin (type I collagen). Thus, the type of response elicited from mesenchyme cells can be determined by nearby epithelia, and that response frequently can be the formation of cartilage.", "PMID": 378496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4104", "title": "Sodium valproate in the prophylaxis of simple febrile convulsions.", "content": "Thirty children with simple febrile convulsions were treated with sodium valproate following their second convulsion. Twenty-two of the 30 (73%) had no further convulsions during the one-year period of observation compared with 17 of 28 in the control group (61%). This was not a statistically significant difference. Side effects attributed to sodium valproate treatment were noted in 7 patients (23%), although 4 of these showed only mild transient gastrointestinal symptoms at high dosage. The study did not confirm any advantage in the use of sodium valproate as a prophylaxis for febrile convulsions, although compliance was good and significant side effects infrequent.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in the prophylaxis of simple febrile convulsions. Thirty children with simple febrile convulsions were treated with sodium valproate following their second convulsion. Twenty-two of the 30 (73%) had no further convulsions during the one-year period of observation compared with 17 of 28 in the control group (61%). This was not a statistically significant difference. Side effects attributed to sodium valproate treatment were noted in 7 patients (23%), although 4 of these showed only mild transient gastrointestinal symptoms at high dosage. The study did not confirm any advantage in the use of sodium valproate as a prophylaxis for febrile convulsions, although compliance was good and significant side effects infrequent.", "PMID": 378504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4105", "title": "Acute dislocation of the patella in children. The natural history.", "content": "On the basis of a survey of 55 cases, we can predict that one child in 6 with acute dislocation of the patella will develop recurrent dislocation. Two in 6 children have minor symptoms and the remainder are asymptomatic. The majority of patients show the radiological signs of patellofemoral dysplasia.", "contents": "Acute dislocation of the patella in children. The natural history. On the basis of a survey of 55 cases, we can predict that one child in 6 with acute dislocation of the patella will develop recurrent dislocation. Two in 6 children have minor symptoms and the remainder are asymptomatic. The majority of patients show the radiological signs of patellofemoral dysplasia.", "PMID": 378498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4106", "title": "Dosage adjustment from simple nortriptyline spot level predictor tests in depressed patients.", "content": "20 routine patients with endogenous depression were investigated in a kinetic and 4 week treatment study. Steady-state plasma nortriptyline concentrations above 200 microgram/L were associated with a highly significant poorer therapeutic outcome. The correlations between the 24, 48 and 72 hour concentrations and steady-state concentration were very good (r = 0.81, 0.97, 0.94; p less than 0.0001) and better than the correlation between half-life and steady-state (r = 0.65; p less than 0.01). The Spearman rank correlations (Rs) between amelioration of depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and the 24, 48 and 72 hour concentrations were highly significant (Rs = 0.74, 0.79, 0.79; p less than 0.001) but for half-life (Rs = 0.33) the correlation was not significant. The single 48 hour plasma nortriptyline concentration following a single oral dose is recommended as a reliable simplified monitoring test suitable for a busy clinic. The test is useful for dosage adjustment to maximise antidepressant action and minimise toxicity. A tentative dosage adjustment schedule for individualising antidepressant treatment with nortriptyline based on the 48 hour or the 24 hour plasma concentration is proposed.", "contents": "Dosage adjustment from simple nortriptyline spot level predictor tests in depressed patients. 20 routine patients with endogenous depression were investigated in a kinetic and 4 week treatment study. Steady-state plasma nortriptyline concentrations above 200 microgram/L were associated with a highly significant poorer therapeutic outcome. The correlations between the 24, 48 and 72 hour concentrations and steady-state concentration were very good (r = 0.81, 0.97, 0.94; p less than 0.0001) and better than the correlation between half-life and steady-state (r = 0.65; p less than 0.01). The Spearman rank correlations (Rs) between amelioration of depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and the 24, 48 and 72 hour concentrations were highly significant (Rs = 0.74, 0.79, 0.79; p less than 0.001) but for half-life (Rs = 0.33) the correlation was not significant. The single 48 hour plasma nortriptyline concentration following a single oral dose is recommended as a reliable simplified monitoring test suitable for a busy clinic. The test is useful for dosage adjustment to maximise antidepressant action and minimise toxicity. A tentative dosage adjustment schedule for individualising antidepressant treatment with nortriptyline based on the 48 hour or the 24 hour plasma concentration is proposed.", "PMID": 378500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4107", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of propranolol.", "content": "Propranolol is completely absorbed after oral administration and widely distributed throughout tissues. Elimination occurs almost wholly by metabolic transformation in the liver and excretion of the resultant products in the urine. An active metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol and possibly other active compounds have been identified; the former only after oral administration. After intravenous administration, hepatic extraction is so efficient that drug clearance is dependent on liver blood flow. After oral administration, propranolol kinetics depend on both dose and duration of therapy, but hepatic extraction remains relatively high and leads in presystemic ('first-pass') elimination and low systemic availability. During continued administration, plasma concentrations vary quite widely due to genetic differences superimposed on which are certain constitutional factors, such as age, and environmental factors such as smoking, other drugs, and perhaps diet. Hepatic, renal, thyroid and some gastrointestinal diseases as well as hypertension, malnutrition and hypothermia may be associated with alterations in propranolol disposition, all of which are consistent with the pathophysiology of these diseases.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of propranolol. Propranolol is completely absorbed after oral administration and widely distributed throughout tissues. Elimination occurs almost wholly by metabolic transformation in the liver and excretion of the resultant products in the urine. An active metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol and possibly other active compounds have been identified; the former only after oral administration. After intravenous administration, hepatic extraction is so efficient that drug clearance is dependent on liver blood flow. After oral administration, propranolol kinetics depend on both dose and duration of therapy, but hepatic extraction remains relatively high and leads in presystemic ('first-pass') elimination and low systemic availability. During continued administration, plasma concentrations vary quite widely due to genetic differences superimposed on which are certain constitutional factors, such as age, and environmental factors such as smoking, other drugs, and perhaps diet. Hepatic, renal, thyroid and some gastrointestinal diseases as well as hypertension, malnutrition and hypothermia may be associated with alterations in propranolol disposition, all of which are consistent with the pathophysiology of these diseases.", "PMID": 378502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4108", "title": "Hematologic perturbations associated with salicylate.", "content": "Interactions of salicylates with the hematopoietic system are reviewed. Development of anemia is discussed with respect to fluid retention, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hemolytic anemia. Alterations in polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet function are evaluated. Interactions with anticoagulants and with the coagulation system are identified.", "contents": "Hematologic perturbations associated with salicylate. Interactions of salicylates with the hematopoietic system are reviewed. Development of anemia is discussed with respect to fluid retention, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hemolytic anemia. Alterations in polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet function are evaluated. Interactions with anticoagulants and with the coagulation system are identified.", "PMID": 378508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4109", "title": "Ticrynafen and probenecid in hyperuricemic, hypertensive men.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study of ticrynafen (TCN) and probenecid (PBC), 9 hypertensive, hyperuricemic men completed 12-wk courses of each drug. With a TCN dose of 125 mg daily, the fall in serum uric acid was prompt, dramatic, and lasting; it was equal to that after PBC, 500 or 1,000 mg daily. There was a small but significant early weight loss (diuresis) after TCN but no antihypertensive effect. Twelve days after resuming TCN for a proposed additional extension study 1 patient suffered acute, reversible bilateral ureteral obstruction, probably caused by sudden urinary uric acid precipitation.", "contents": "Ticrynafen and probenecid in hyperuricemic, hypertensive men. In a double-blind crossover study of ticrynafen (TCN) and probenecid (PBC), 9 hypertensive, hyperuricemic men completed 12-wk courses of each drug. With a TCN dose of 125 mg daily, the fall in serum uric acid was prompt, dramatic, and lasting; it was equal to that after PBC, 500 or 1,000 mg daily. There was a small but significant early weight loss (diuresis) after TCN but no antihypertensive effect. Twelve days after resuming TCN for a proposed additional extension study 1 patient suffered acute, reversible bilateral ureteral obstruction, probably caused by sudden urinary uric acid precipitation.", "PMID": 378509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4110", "title": "Total body irradiation as a primary therapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been treated with total body irradiation (TBI). A very high remission rate is obtained in lymphocytic lymphomas (83%), but response in histiocytic lymphoma is extremely poor. Bone marrow study suggests that marrow depression following TBI is transient and complete recovery occurs provided the bone marrow is not already compromised by previous chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Extreme caution is required when TBI is repeated as this may lead to progressive marrow hypoplasia.", "contents": "Total body irradiation as a primary therapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Thirty-three patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been treated with total body irradiation (TBI). A very high remission rate is obtained in lymphocytic lymphomas (83%), but response in histiocytic lymphoma is extremely poor. Bone marrow study suggests that marrow depression following TBI is transient and complete recovery occurs provided the bone marrow is not already compromised by previous chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Extreme caution is required when TBI is repeated as this may lead to progressive marrow hypoplasia.", "PMID": 378510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4111", "title": "The torture or stretch arthritis syndrome (a modern counterpart of the medieval 'manacles' and 'rack').", "content": "A characteristic symmetrical bilateral polyarthritis syndrome is described, affecting the compartements of the wrist joints in a characteristic sequence. The pisiform-triquetral joint gives first, exposing the inferior radioulnar joint so that pisiform pain and tenderness are followed by painful supination. The proximal radiocarpal joint slackens next, followed by the mid-carpal joints. The lunates subluxate as their posterior attachments stretch. Synovial oedema may produce additional median and ulnar carpal tunnel syndromes. The best radiologic sign of this distraction is anterior subluxation of the lunates. Nocturnal arthralgia becomes severe; grip and the ability to write are lost and stretching now shows as a traumatic arthritis in the clavicular joints. The patient is incapacitated and therfore progression halts. A history of excessive straining and lifting is obtained eg with a wheel-barrow, iron pots or strenuous rowing. All serologic tests for rheumatoid disease are negative. Serum uric acid levels and blood sedimentation rates remain normal. There are clear analogies with old descriptions of the effects of torture by stretching from manacles or gauntlets or by the rack.", "contents": "The torture or stretch arthritis syndrome (a modern counterpart of the medieval 'manacles' and 'rack'). A characteristic symmetrical bilateral polyarthritis syndrome is described, affecting the compartements of the wrist joints in a characteristic sequence. The pisiform-triquetral joint gives first, exposing the inferior radioulnar joint so that pisiform pain and tenderness are followed by painful supination. The proximal radiocarpal joint slackens next, followed by the mid-carpal joints. The lunates subluxate as their posterior attachments stretch. Synovial oedema may produce additional median and ulnar carpal tunnel syndromes. The best radiologic sign of this distraction is anterior subluxation of the lunates. Nocturnal arthralgia becomes severe; grip and the ability to write are lost and stretching now shows as a traumatic arthritis in the clavicular joints. The patient is incapacitated and therfore progression halts. A history of excessive straining and lifting is obtained eg with a wheel-barrow, iron pots or strenuous rowing. All serologic tests for rheumatoid disease are negative. Serum uric acid levels and blood sedimentation rates remain normal. There are clear analogies with old descriptions of the effects of torture by stretching from manacles or gauntlets or by the rack.", "PMID": 378511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4112", "title": "Concentration dependent plasma protein binding of salicylate in rheumatoid patients.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid in daily doses from 3 to 6g was prescribed to 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Various assessments of clinical effect, as well as steady-state plasma concentrations and degree of plasma protein binding, were determined at each dose. The unbound fraction of salicylate increased with the dose, resulting in very high free concentrations of drug in some patients. No statistically significant relationship between total or unbound plasma concentration and the measurements of clinical efficacy were obtained. The marked increase with the dose in unbound salicylate concentration is interpreted as the result of the saturable elimination known to occur for this drug.", "contents": "Concentration dependent plasma protein binding of salicylate in rheumatoid patients. Acetylsalicylic acid in daily doses from 3 to 6g was prescribed to 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Various assessments of clinical effect, as well as steady-state plasma concentrations and degree of plasma protein binding, were determined at each dose. The unbound fraction of salicylate increased with the dose, resulting in very high free concentrations of drug in some patients. No statistically significant relationship between total or unbound plasma concentration and the measurements of clinical efficacy were obtained. The marked increase with the dose in unbound salicylate concentration is interpreted as the result of the saturable elimination known to occur for this drug.", "PMID": 378501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4113", "title": "Bioavailability of phenytoin: clinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) is still the most commonly used anticonvulsant drug. It has certain physicochemical characteristics which make it liable to bioavailability problems. Due to the dose dependent metabolism of phenytoin and to its narrow therapeutic range even small changes in the bioavailability can cause major changes in serum phenytoin concentration and have serious clinical consequences. Numerous studies have demonstrated that there are products in general use with considerable differences in their bioavailiability. If the epilepsy is well controlled, a change from one phenytoin product to another should be avoided. Such a change might lead to phenytoin intoxication or to poor control of epilepsy, if the products do not have the same bioavailability. There seems to be no systematic difference in the bioavailability of phenytoin sodium and phenytoin acid, if products of high quality are used. On the other hand, various biopharmaceutical factors, e.g. particle size of phenytoin and the nature of excipients in the product, can have a marked effect on the oral absorption of phenytoin. Gastrointestinal diseases, the concomitant use of other drugs and dietary factors might also modify the bioavailability of phenytoin. The absorption of intramuscularly given phenytoin is rather slow and erratic. The existence of phenytoin products with different bioavailability is a serious practical problem which should be corrected as soon as possible.", "contents": "Bioavailability of phenytoin: clinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications. Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) is still the most commonly used anticonvulsant drug. It has certain physicochemical characteristics which make it liable to bioavailability problems. Due to the dose dependent metabolism of phenytoin and to its narrow therapeutic range even small changes in the bioavailability can cause major changes in serum phenytoin concentration and have serious clinical consequences. Numerous studies have demonstrated that there are products in general use with considerable differences in their bioavailiability. If the epilepsy is well controlled, a change from one phenytoin product to another should be avoided. Such a change might lead to phenytoin intoxication or to poor control of epilepsy, if the products do not have the same bioavailability. There seems to be no systematic difference in the bioavailability of phenytoin sodium and phenytoin acid, if products of high quality are used. On the other hand, various biopharmaceutical factors, e.g. particle size of phenytoin and the nature of excipients in the product, can have a marked effect on the oral absorption of phenytoin. Gastrointestinal diseases, the concomitant use of other drugs and dietary factors might also modify the bioavailability of phenytoin. The absorption of intramuscularly given phenytoin is rather slow and erratic. The existence of phenytoin products with different bioavailability is a serious practical problem which should be corrected as soon as possible.", "PMID": 378503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4114", "title": "Phototoxic polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives. (Effects on human skin).", "content": "Polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives were tested for their effects on human skin. Topically applied alpha-terthienyl evoked bi-phasic phototoxic dermatitis and the appearance of 'sunburn' cells in human epidermis. None of 11 polyacetylenes had the same effect although they mimicked alpha-terthienyl in their phototoxic effects on Candida albicans and certain pathogenic microorganisms. The UV-mediated antibiotic activity of the compounds and their apparent lack of phototoxicity towards the skin suggest a potential topical therapeutic role for them in yeast, fungal and bacterial infections and light-responsive dermatoses. Their topical sensitizing capacity, however, has not yet been studied.", "contents": "Phototoxic polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives. (Effects on human skin). Polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives were tested for their effects on human skin. Topically applied alpha-terthienyl evoked bi-phasic phototoxic dermatitis and the appearance of 'sunburn' cells in human epidermis. None of 11 polyacetylenes had the same effect although they mimicked alpha-terthienyl in their phototoxic effects on Candida albicans and certain pathogenic microorganisms. The UV-mediated antibiotic activity of the compounds and their apparent lack of phototoxicity towards the skin suggest a potential topical therapeutic role for them in yeast, fungal and bacterial infections and light-responsive dermatoses. Their topical sensitizing capacity, however, has not yet been studied.", "PMID": 378524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4115", "title": "Induction of ovulation in the pregnant rat with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH).", "content": "Injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) induced ovulation in the pregnant rat on days 4 through 22. Only rats autopsied on days 2 and 3 failed to ovulate. Reduced responsiveness occurred between days 12 and 19; the least sensitive day was 16. Based on the number of ova recovered, day 21 was the most sensitive to LRH stimulation.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation in the pregnant rat with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH). Injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) induced ovulation in the pregnant rat on days 4 through 22. Only rats autopsied on days 2 and 3 failed to ovulate. Reduced responsiveness occurred between days 12 and 19; the least sensitive day was 16. Based on the number of ova recovered, day 21 was the most sensitive to LRH stimulation.", "PMID": 378531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4116", "title": "Reversal of the anti-implantational effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) by estradiol-17 beta and progesterone, alone and in sequence.", "content": "The use of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone, alone or in sequence, to reverse the anti-implantational effect of 100 and 500 micrograms LRH has been studied. Sequential administration of the steroids was most efficacious in reversing the effect of 100 micrograms while progesterone alone proved to be the only treatment inhibiting the effect of 500 micrograms LRH. A possible difference in mechanism of action of the two doses of LRH is discussed.", "contents": "Reversal of the anti-implantational effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) by estradiol-17 beta and progesterone, alone and in sequence. The use of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone, alone or in sequence, to reverse the anti-implantational effect of 100 and 500 micrograms LRH has been studied. Sequential administration of the steroids was most efficacious in reversing the effect of 100 micrograms while progesterone alone proved to be the only treatment inhibiting the effect of 500 micrograms LRH. A possible difference in mechanism of action of the two doses of LRH is discussed.", "PMID": 378532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4117", "title": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: its role in health and disease.", "content": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was first discovered and isolated in 1925. However, it was not until 1967 that the function of 2,3-DPG was explained. This resulted in multiple research projects devoted to elucidating the mechanism by which 2,3-DPG exerts it effect on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. In addition, a vast amount of research has been devoted to assessing the role of 2,3-DPG in oxygen transport in various physiological and pathophysiological states. In many instances, the results of this research have produced conflicting data which have dampened the initial enthusiasm which followed the discovery of the function of 2,3-DPG. However, much of this conflicting data can be explained by the fact that 2,3-DPG is only one of a number of factors influencing the transport of oxygen to the tissues. Several of these factors influence oxygen transport independently as well as by altering the synthesis of 2,3-DPG and modifying its effect on hemoglobin. In spite of the conflicting results, the overall data gathered thus far appears to be sound enough to warrant the extensive research now being done, particularly in the area of blood storage and transfusion therapy.", "contents": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: its role in health and disease. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was first discovered and isolated in 1925. However, it was not until 1967 that the function of 2,3-DPG was explained. This resulted in multiple research projects devoted to elucidating the mechanism by which 2,3-DPG exerts it effect on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. In addition, a vast amount of research has been devoted to assessing the role of 2,3-DPG in oxygen transport in various physiological and pathophysiological states. In many instances, the results of this research have produced conflicting data which have dampened the initial enthusiasm which followed the discovery of the function of 2,3-DPG. However, much of this conflicting data can be explained by the fact that 2,3-DPG is only one of a number of factors influencing the transport of oxygen to the tissues. Several of these factors influence oxygen transport independently as well as by altering the synthesis of 2,3-DPG and modifying its effect on hemoglobin. In spite of the conflicting results, the overall data gathered thus far appears to be sound enough to warrant the extensive research now being done, particularly in the area of blood storage and transfusion therapy.", "PMID": 378537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4118", "title": "SI units.", "content": "The development of the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unites--SE Units), based on seven fundamental quantities--length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance is described. Units (coherent and noncoherent) for other measurable quantities that are derived from the seven basic quantities are reviewed. The rationale for the use of SE units in medicine, primarily as applied to clinical laboratory data, is discussed, and arguments are presented for the rigid adoption of SI units in medicine and for exceptions. Tables are given for the basic and derived SI units used in medicine and for conversion factors from the quantities and units in current use to those in SI units.", "contents": "SI units. The development of the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unites--SE Units), based on seven fundamental quantities--length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance is described. Units (coherent and noncoherent) for other measurable quantities that are derived from the seven basic quantities are reviewed. The rationale for the use of SE units in medicine, primarily as applied to clinical laboratory data, is discussed, and arguments are presented for the rigid adoption of SI units in medicine and for exceptions. Tables are given for the basic and derived SI units used in medicine and for conversion factors from the quantities and units in current use to those in SI units.", "PMID": 378538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4119", "title": "Serum ferritin.", "content": "(1) Brief introduction to iron metabolism and the biochemistry of ferritin. (2) Early studies of circulating ferritin. (3) Methods for measuring serum ferritin concentrations -- immunoradiometric, radioimmuno- and enzyme-linked immuno assays based on liver or spleen ferritin -- an evaluation of these techniques. (4) Serum ferritin concentrations in normal subjects -- definition of normality -- relationship between storage iron and serum ferritin concentrations -- changes during development from birth to old age -- iron deficiency -- variability of serum ferritin concentration -- evaluation of use of ferritin assay for assessment of storage iron levels. (5) Serum ferritin concentrations in disease -- hemochromatosis -- secondary iron overload -- liver damage -- infection and chronic disease -- cancer. (6) Assay of serum ferritin with antibodies to ferritins other than liver or spleen -- ferritinemia and cancer. (7) Properties of serum ferritin -- molecular weight -- iron content -- isoelectric focusing patterns -- carbohydrate content -- immunological properties. (8) Physiology of circulating ferritin -- release of ferritin from tissues -- origin of circulating ferritin -- clearance from the plasma -- iron and protein turnover. (9) Summary -- factors influencing serum ferritin concentrations and clinical use of ferritin estimations.", "contents": "Serum ferritin. (1) Brief introduction to iron metabolism and the biochemistry of ferritin. (2) Early studies of circulating ferritin. (3) Methods for measuring serum ferritin concentrations -- immunoradiometric, radioimmuno- and enzyme-linked immuno assays based on liver or spleen ferritin -- an evaluation of these techniques. (4) Serum ferritin concentrations in normal subjects -- definition of normality -- relationship between storage iron and serum ferritin concentrations -- changes during development from birth to old age -- iron deficiency -- variability of serum ferritin concentration -- evaluation of use of ferritin assay for assessment of storage iron levels. (5) Serum ferritin concentrations in disease -- hemochromatosis -- secondary iron overload -- liver damage -- infection and chronic disease -- cancer. (6) Assay of serum ferritin with antibodies to ferritins other than liver or spleen -- ferritinemia and cancer. (7) Properties of serum ferritin -- molecular weight -- iron content -- isoelectric focusing patterns -- carbohydrate content -- immunological properties. (8) Physiology of circulating ferritin -- release of ferritin from tissues -- origin of circulating ferritin -- clearance from the plasma -- iron and protein turnover. (9) Summary -- factors influencing serum ferritin concentrations and clinical use of ferritin estimations.", "PMID": 378539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4120", "title": "The effect of short-term discontinuation of high-level PEEP in patients with acute respiratory failure.", "content": "PEEP is the most important therapeutic intervention in the management of acute respiratory failure. Transitory PEEP disconnection to perform clinically relevant maneuvers is often necessary, but its effect upon PaO2 and physiological shunt in patients requiring high-level PEEP is not clear from the literature. Nine adult patients in severe respiratory failure requiring high-level PEEP therapy were studied. The elimination of PEEP decreased the PaO2 and increased the physiological shunt. Maximum values were reached in about 4 min. Restoration of PEEP after 7.4 min in zero and end-expiratory pressure caused an increase in the PaO2 and decrease in the physiological shunt. Baseline values were restored in about 5 min. In 4 patients having endotracheal suction under hand ventilation with 100% oxygen, the continuous PaO2 recording showed an increase in PaO2 during the maneuver. Therefore, necessary manipulations can be accomplished without fear of negating the salutory effects gained by high-level PEEP therapy.", "contents": "The effect of short-term discontinuation of high-level PEEP in patients with acute respiratory failure. PEEP is the most important therapeutic intervention in the management of acute respiratory failure. Transitory PEEP disconnection to perform clinically relevant maneuvers is often necessary, but its effect upon PaO2 and physiological shunt in patients requiring high-level PEEP is not clear from the literature. Nine adult patients in severe respiratory failure requiring high-level PEEP therapy were studied. The elimination of PEEP decreased the PaO2 and increased the physiological shunt. Maximum values were reached in about 4 min. Restoration of PEEP after 7.4 min in zero and end-expiratory pressure caused an increase in the PaO2 and decrease in the physiological shunt. Baseline values were restored in about 5 min. In 4 patients having endotracheal suction under hand ventilation with 100% oxygen, the continuous PaO2 recording showed an increase in PaO2 during the maneuver. Therefore, necessary manipulations can be accomplished without fear of negating the salutory effects gained by high-level PEEP therapy.", "PMID": 378540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4121", "title": "Use of the central venous pressure catheter to obtain blood cultures.", "content": "The results of aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures obtained from a peripheral venopuncture and from the central venous pressure catheter were compared in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU to determine if pain and anxiety from multiple venopunctures could be alleviated while the physician's task is facilitated. The results were identical in 93.5% of the 92 comparisons. The discrepancies were evaluated and it was concluded that the method was easy, quick, and reliable. We recommend it as a suitable alternative to venopuncture.", "contents": "Use of the central venous pressure catheter to obtain blood cultures. The results of aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures obtained from a peripheral venopuncture and from the central venous pressure catheter were compared in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU to determine if pain and anxiety from multiple venopunctures could be alleviated while the physician's task is facilitated. The results were identical in 93.5% of the 92 comparisons. The discrepancies were evaluated and it was concluded that the method was easy, quick, and reliable. We recommend it as a suitable alternative to venopuncture.", "PMID": 378541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4122", "title": "The inaccuracy of using 100% oxygen to determine intrapulmonary shunts in spite of PEEP.", "content": "The use of 100% oxygen to determine intrapulmonary shunting has been widely advocated. This study was performed to determine the clinical application of this technique in critically ill patients on PEEP. Determinations of intrapulmonary shunting using FIO2 of 0.45 and 1.0 were performed on 18 patients. Machine error was also calculated. Shunt calculations increased by an average of 52% (29% corrected for machine error) with the use of an FIO2 of 1.0 and returned to previous levels when an FIO2 of 0.45 was reinstituted. There was no statistical difference in shunt increase between patients on high (greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O) or low (less than 15 cm H2O) PEEP. The use of 100% oxygen to calculate intrapulmonary shunting in patients on PEEP is misleading in both physiological and methodological terms.", "contents": "The inaccuracy of using 100% oxygen to determine intrapulmonary shunts in spite of PEEP. The use of 100% oxygen to determine intrapulmonary shunting has been widely advocated. This study was performed to determine the clinical application of this technique in critically ill patients on PEEP. Determinations of intrapulmonary shunting using FIO2 of 0.45 and 1.0 were performed on 18 patients. Machine error was also calculated. Shunt calculations increased by an average of 52% (29% corrected for machine error) with the use of an FIO2 of 1.0 and returned to previous levels when an FIO2 of 0.45 was reinstituted. There was no statistical difference in shunt increase between patients on high (greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O) or low (less than 15 cm H2O) PEEP. The use of 100% oxygen to calculate intrapulmonary shunting in patients on PEEP is misleading in both physiological and methodological terms.", "PMID": 378542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4123", "title": "Multisystem failure: a review with special reference to drowning.", "content": "Near-drowning represents an insult that can affect all organ systems. A common pathway for injury is hypoxemia, acidosis, and hypoperfusion. Pulmonary insufficiency and CNS dysfunction are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Variations in vascular volume, heart failure, renal failure, coagulation disorders, and electrolyte disturbances may also be present. Patients should be observed for multisystem failure and therapy tailored to the particular needs of each victim.", "contents": "Multisystem failure: a review with special reference to drowning. Near-drowning represents an insult that can affect all organ systems. A common pathway for injury is hypoxemia, acidosis, and hypoperfusion. Pulmonary insufficiency and CNS dysfunction are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Variations in vascular volume, heart failure, renal failure, coagulation disorders, and electrolyte disturbances may also be present. Patients should be observed for multisystem failure and therapy tailored to the particular needs of each victim.", "PMID": 378543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4124", "title": "A simple technique for managing a bronchopleural fistula while maintaining positive pressure ventilation.", "content": "The development of a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is an infrequent, but potentially devastating complication of positive pressure ventilation. A case report is detailed in which a BPF arose in a patient on controlled ventilation with a PEEP of 22 cm H2O. Within 12 hours, fistula flow was continuous and accounted for 75% of the delivered tidal volume. PEEP fell rapidly during expiration; oxygenation steadily deteriorated as the aAO2 fell 0.27 to 0.14. Conventional treatment methods were unsuccessful, and a system was constructed for adding controlled levels of positive pressure ot the pleural space on the side of the BPF. By decreasing the expiratory transpulmonary pressure difference (PEEP minus pleural pressure), the fistula leak was greatly decreased, and PEEP and oxygenation were stabilized. This system can be rapidly constructed at the bedside with equipment routinely available in most hospitals and offers the ability to adjust the expiratory transpulmonary pressure, lung volume, and BPF flow while maintaining positive pressure ventilation with PEEP.", "contents": "A simple technique for managing a bronchopleural fistula while maintaining positive pressure ventilation. The development of a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is an infrequent, but potentially devastating complication of positive pressure ventilation. A case report is detailed in which a BPF arose in a patient on controlled ventilation with a PEEP of 22 cm H2O. Within 12 hours, fistula flow was continuous and accounted for 75% of the delivered tidal volume. PEEP fell rapidly during expiration; oxygenation steadily deteriorated as the aAO2 fell 0.27 to 0.14. Conventional treatment methods were unsuccessful, and a system was constructed for adding controlled levels of positive pressure ot the pleural space on the side of the BPF. By decreasing the expiratory transpulmonary pressure difference (PEEP minus pleural pressure), the fistula leak was greatly decreased, and PEEP and oxygenation were stabilized. This system can be rapidly constructed at the bedside with equipment routinely available in most hospitals and offers the ability to adjust the expiratory transpulmonary pressure, lung volume, and BPF flow while maintaining positive pressure ventilation with PEEP.", "PMID": 378544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4125", "title": "Orange juice quality with an emphasis on flavor components.", "content": "This review studies the chemistry of the flavor of citrus juices with emphasis on the components of the flavor of orange juice and their origin in the different parts of the orange fruit. Citrus processing and the nature of the various products as they affect flavor are discussed. The composition of peel oil, aroma oil, orange juice, orange essence, and orange essence oil is presented. The relationship between flavor and color are discussed and the role of lipid components as they affect flavor stability and off-flavors are described. Spoilage resulting from microbes is briefly treated. The nutritional value of orange juice is cited.", "contents": "Orange juice quality with an emphasis on flavor components. This review studies the chemistry of the flavor of citrus juices with emphasis on the components of the flavor of orange juice and their origin in the different parts of the orange fruit. Citrus processing and the nature of the various products as they affect flavor are discussed. The composition of peel oil, aroma oil, orange juice, orange essence, and orange essence oil is presented. The relationship between flavor and color are discussed and the role of lipid components as they affect flavor stability and off-flavors are described. Spoilage resulting from microbes is briefly treated. The nutritional value of orange juice is cited.", "PMID": 378545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4126", "title": "The nutritional and physiological impact of milk in human nutrition.", "content": "The nutritional value of milk as an important source of energy, high-quality protein, calcium, and riboflavin has been recognized for many years. Currently, the widespread use and promotion of milk in the U.S. as well as developing countries has been questioned. This review examines the nutrient composition of dairy products, factors that account for variability in composition of milk, milk processing, preservation, quality control, and contaminants (such as minerals, radionuclides antibiotics, microorganisms and their metabolites, herbicides, and insecticides) in milk. Consumption patterns for milk and evidence for its nutritional value, especially in children, are presented. Milk consumption has been related to disease or conditions such as atherosclerosis, milk allergy, lactose intolerance, anemia, dental problems, and others. Recent recommendations for dietary changes for individuals in the U.S. and other developed countries could affect the use of milk. In addition, the use of feeding programs in the U.S. and developing countries which are based primarily on milk has been criticized. The preparation of new types of milk designed to offset certain difficulties encountered with cow's milk are now being evaluated in humans.", "contents": "The nutritional and physiological impact of milk in human nutrition. The nutritional value of milk as an important source of energy, high-quality protein, calcium, and riboflavin has been recognized for many years. Currently, the widespread use and promotion of milk in the U.S. as well as developing countries has been questioned. This review examines the nutrient composition of dairy products, factors that account for variability in composition of milk, milk processing, preservation, quality control, and contaminants (such as minerals, radionuclides antibiotics, microorganisms and their metabolites, herbicides, and insecticides) in milk. Consumption patterns for milk and evidence for its nutritional value, especially in children, are presented. Milk consumption has been related to disease or conditions such as atherosclerosis, milk allergy, lactose intolerance, anemia, dental problems, and others. Recent recommendations for dietary changes for individuals in the U.S. and other developed countries could affect the use of milk. In addition, the use of feeding programs in the U.S. and developing countries which are based primarily on milk has been criticized. The preparation of new types of milk designed to offset certain difficulties encountered with cow's milk are now being evaluated in humans.", "PMID": 378546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4127", "title": "Iron sources used in food fortification and their changes due to food processing.", "content": "The effect of food processing on the biological availability of iron in iron-fortified foods is critically reviewed. Studies on changes in the chemistry of the iron in processed foods are examined. Various iron sources currently used in food fortification in the U.S. are defined with emphasis on their biological availabilities under various conditions. The availability of iron in foods depends upon numerous factors, most of which are not fully understood. A factor which is often overlooked is the interaction of the iron with the food during events such as cooking or processing. Chemical changes in the iron compounds occur which may correlate with changes in the biological availability.", "contents": "Iron sources used in food fortification and their changes due to food processing. The effect of food processing on the biological availability of iron in iron-fortified foods is critically reviewed. Studies on changes in the chemistry of the iron in processed foods are examined. Various iron sources currently used in food fortification in the U.S. are defined with emphasis on their biological availabilities under various conditions. The availability of iron in foods depends upon numerous factors, most of which are not fully understood. A factor which is often overlooked is the interaction of the iron with the food during events such as cooking or processing. Chemical changes in the iron compounds occur which may correlate with changes in the biological availability.", "PMID": 378547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4128", "title": "Food extrusion.", "content": "Extrusion processing has become an important food process in the manufacture of pasta, ready-to-eat cereals, snacks, pet foods, and textured vegetable protein (TVP). An extruder consists of tightly fitting screw rotating within a stationary barrel. Preground and conditioned ingredients enter the screw where they are conveyed, mixed, and heated by a variety of processes. The product exits the extruder through a die where it usually puffs and changes texture from the release of steam and normal forces. Mathematical models for extruder flow and torque have been found useful in describing exclusion operations. Scale-up can be facilitated by the application of these models. A variety of food extruder designs have developed. The differences and similarity of design are discussed. Pertinent literature on the extrusion of cereal/snack products, full-fat soy, TVP, pet foods (dry and semi-moist), pasta, and beverage or other food bases are discussed. In many of these applications, the extruder is a high temperature, short time process which minimizes losses in vitamins and amino acids. Color, flavor, and product shape and texture are also affected by the extrusion process. Extrusion has been widely applied in the production of nutritious foods. Emphasis is placed on the use of extrusion to denature antinutritional factors and the improvement of protein quality and digestibility.", "contents": "Food extrusion. Extrusion processing has become an important food process in the manufacture of pasta, ready-to-eat cereals, snacks, pet foods, and textured vegetable protein (TVP). An extruder consists of tightly fitting screw rotating within a stationary barrel. Preground and conditioned ingredients enter the screw where they are conveyed, mixed, and heated by a variety of processes. The product exits the extruder through a die where it usually puffs and changes texture from the release of steam and normal forces. Mathematical models for extruder flow and torque have been found useful in describing exclusion operations. Scale-up can be facilitated by the application of these models. A variety of food extruder designs have developed. The differences and similarity of design are discussed. Pertinent literature on the extrusion of cereal/snack products, full-fat soy, TVP, pet foods (dry and semi-moist), pasta, and beverage or other food bases are discussed. In many of these applications, the extruder is a high temperature, short time process which minimizes losses in vitamins and amino acids. Color, flavor, and product shape and texture are also affected by the extrusion process. Extrusion has been widely applied in the production of nutritious foods. Emphasis is placed on the use of extrusion to denature antinutritional factors and the improvement of protein quality and digestibility.", "PMID": 378548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4129", "title": "The antioxidant vitamins.", "content": "This article is an attempt to study the metabolic functions of vitamin C and E together. Such a study must necessarily be imcomplete owing to the extreme richness of the literature. The increasing importance of the work on free radical reactions, their toxicity and carcinogenic action, and also their relation to the metabolism of metals, particularly iron, copper, selenium, and zinc, shows a number of metabolic pathways with which both vitamins interact. It is hoped that this article will indicate future research possibilities.", "contents": "The antioxidant vitamins. This article is an attempt to study the metabolic functions of vitamin C and E together. Such a study must necessarily be imcomplete owing to the extreme richness of the literature. The increasing importance of the work on free radical reactions, their toxicity and carcinogenic action, and also their relation to the metabolism of metals, particularly iron, copper, selenium, and zinc, shows a number of metabolic pathways with which both vitamins interact. It is hoped that this article will indicate future research possibilities.", "PMID": 378549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4130", "title": "Ergot on cereal grains.", "content": "Ergot is caused by a fungus (Claviceps species) which has been found on hundreds of plants in almost every country of the world. The fungus can adapt itself to form many different varieties. New species of the fungus and new hosts are still discovered today. The alkaloids in ergot have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in the Middle Ages after consumption of contaminated cereal grains, but during the last two decades there has not been a recorded outbreak of ergotism. Grain standards in most countries are very strict and do not permit grain which contains ergot to reach commercial food channels. All involved in cereal grain production and ulilization should be cognizant of the potential danger, however, since ergot contamination at levels above those permitted by grain standards cannot necessarily be detected by the normal evaluation of a flour sample in the cereal chemistry laboratory. There always have been and always will be ergot infections and a possible danger to human health, but man has learned to minimize the potential problem by using proper agricultural practices. Futhermore, techniques for the removal of ergot from contaminated grains have been developed. While human ergotism is a disease of the past, ergotism in animals still occurs frequently. The problem is not a simple one because of many unanswered questions. What is the tolerance of different breeds or species of livestock to ergot? What are the effects of low-level long-term ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal grain varieties? What is the effect of storage and processing of cereal grain products on the potential ergot toxicity? The last and most important chapter in the history of ergot concerns ergot as a source of pharmacologically useful alkaloids which have found applications in internal medicine and obstetrics. The future promises to bring some new ergot alkaloids and some new uses. Recent research data indicate the possibility of using ergot alkaloids in contraceptives, which would be truly remarkable.", "contents": "Ergot on cereal grains. Ergot is caused by a fungus (Claviceps species) which has been found on hundreds of plants in almost every country of the world. The fungus can adapt itself to form many different varieties. New species of the fungus and new hosts are still discovered today. The alkaloids in ergot have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in the Middle Ages after consumption of contaminated cereal grains, but during the last two decades there has not been a recorded outbreak of ergotism. Grain standards in most countries are very strict and do not permit grain which contains ergot to reach commercial food channels. All involved in cereal grain production and ulilization should be cognizant of the potential danger, however, since ergot contamination at levels above those permitted by grain standards cannot necessarily be detected by the normal evaluation of a flour sample in the cereal chemistry laboratory. There always have been and always will be ergot infections and a possible danger to human health, but man has learned to minimize the potential problem by using proper agricultural practices. Futhermore, techniques for the removal of ergot from contaminated grains have been developed. While human ergotism is a disease of the past, ergotism in animals still occurs frequently. The problem is not a simple one because of many unanswered questions. What is the tolerance of different breeds or species of livestock to ergot? What are the effects of low-level long-term ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal grain varieties? What is the effect of storage and processing of cereal grain products on the potential ergot toxicity? The last and most important chapter in the history of ergot concerns ergot as a source of pharmacologically useful alkaloids which have found applications in internal medicine and obstetrics. The future promises to bring some new ergot alkaloids and some new uses. Recent research data indicate the possibility of using ergot alkaloids in contraceptives, which would be truly remarkable.", "PMID": 378550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4131", "title": "Furans in foods.", "content": "Furan represent a class of compounds that have been reported in a wide variety of foods. Normally, they result from thermal decomposition reactions, and, as such, are important in foods. They also possess unique sensory properties and, thus, can significantly contribute to food flavor. This review shall attempt to summarize their food occurrences, organoleptic properties, and formation pathways.", "contents": "Furans in foods. Furan represent a class of compounds that have been reported in a wide variety of foods. Normally, they result from thermal decomposition reactions, and, as such, are important in foods. They also possess unique sensory properties and, thus, can significantly contribute to food flavor. This review shall attempt to summarize their food occurrences, organoleptic properties, and formation pathways.", "PMID": 378551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4132", "title": "Low calorie bulking agents.", "content": "Obesity, a common disorder causing excess mortality due to the development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, respiratory illness, and diabetes, is difficult to control by simple dieting techniques. Low calorie foods, which can facilitate newer weight reduction approaches such as behavior modification, often lack adequate palatability due to the absence of carbohydrate or fat. Various low calorie bulking agents that can replace the traditionally used carbohydrates and fats are discussed in terms of caloric value, utility, and regulatory status. Methods of measuring caloric utilization of bulking agents in test animals and humans are evaluated. For fat, no really satisfactory replacement is currently available, although several promising are under development. Dietary fiber sources such as microcrystalline cellulose are receiving considerable attention as flour replacements. While the polyols have many desirable attributes, as sucrose replacements, their caloric utilization values generally prevent a significant caloric reduction when they are used in foods. Several experimental sucrose replacements are described.", "contents": "Low calorie bulking agents. Obesity, a common disorder causing excess mortality due to the development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, respiratory illness, and diabetes, is difficult to control by simple dieting techniques. Low calorie foods, which can facilitate newer weight reduction approaches such as behavior modification, often lack adequate palatability due to the absence of carbohydrate or fat. Various low calorie bulking agents that can replace the traditionally used carbohydrates and fats are discussed in terms of caloric value, utility, and regulatory status. Methods of measuring caloric utilization of bulking agents in test animals and humans are evaluated. For fat, no really satisfactory replacement is currently available, although several promising are under development. Dietary fiber sources such as microcrystalline cellulose are receiving considerable attention as flour replacements. While the polyols have many desirable attributes, as sucrose replacements, their caloric utilization values generally prevent a significant caloric reduction when they are used in foods. Several experimental sucrose replacements are described.", "PMID": 378552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4133", "title": "Levodopa/benserazide ('Madopar') combination therapy in elderly patients with parkinsonism.", "content": "A clinical evaluation was carried out in 20 elderly patients with parkinsonism to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of treatment with a combination preparation of levodopa and benserazide over a period of 9 months. Mean daily maintenance dosage was 612.5 mg levodopa and 140 mg benserazide. The effects of treatment on clinical features and activities of daily living were monitored at monthly intervals. Significant improvement occurred in the first month and optimal improvement was usually reached by the end of 3-months' treatment. Akinesia and rigidity were abolished or improved in the majority of patients but the effect on tremor was less satisfactory. The preparation was well tolerated and side-effects were not troublesome.", "contents": "Levodopa/benserazide ('Madopar') combination therapy in elderly patients with parkinsonism. A clinical evaluation was carried out in 20 elderly patients with parkinsonism to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of treatment with a combination preparation of levodopa and benserazide over a period of 9 months. Mean daily maintenance dosage was 612.5 mg levodopa and 140 mg benserazide. The effects of treatment on clinical features and activities of daily living were monitored at monthly intervals. Significant improvement occurred in the first month and optimal improvement was usually reached by the end of 3-months' treatment. Akinesia and rigidity were abolished or improved in the majority of patients but the effect on tremor was less satisfactory. The preparation was well tolerated and side-effects were not troublesome.", "PMID": 378553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4134", "title": "Intra-nasal flunisolide in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in general practice.", "content": "An open trial was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of flunisolide nasal spray in relieving symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Eighty-eight patients were entered in the study, 82 of whom were hay fever sufferers. The spray was given as 2 insufflations into each nostril, using a metered pump, twice daily over a period of 1 month. This provided a daily dose of 200 microgram flunisolide. Patients' symptoms were assessed on entry and at 2-week intervals. Flunisolide produced statistically significant reductions in all symptoms and resulted in complete or good control in 73 patients.", "contents": "Intra-nasal flunisolide in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in general practice. An open trial was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of flunisolide nasal spray in relieving symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Eighty-eight patients were entered in the study, 82 of whom were hay fever sufferers. The spray was given as 2 insufflations into each nostril, using a metered pump, twice daily over a period of 1 month. This provided a daily dose of 200 microgram flunisolide. Patients' symptoms were assessed on entry and at 2-week intervals. Flunisolide produced statistically significant reductions in all symptoms and resulted in complete or good control in 73 patients.", "PMID": 378554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4135", "title": "Etomidate as an induction agent in minor operative procedures.", "content": "Etomidate was compared to thiopentone sodium as an induction agent in 132 out-patients undergoing sterilization by laparoscopy and cauterization of the oviduct. Neither agent caused any significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure. Etomidate-induced patients had a statistically significantly quicker return of awareness post-operatively. In a further large series (164) of out-patients undergoing minor surgery, the average stay in hospital post-operatively was 1 hour 30 minutes. Side-effects were rare and did not include, with this technique, significant myoclonus or pain on injection.", "contents": "Etomidate as an induction agent in minor operative procedures. Etomidate was compared to thiopentone sodium as an induction agent in 132 out-patients undergoing sterilization by laparoscopy and cauterization of the oviduct. Neither agent caused any significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure. Etomidate-induced patients had a statistically significantly quicker return of awareness post-operatively. In a further large series (164) of out-patients undergoing minor surgery, the average stay in hospital post-operatively was 1 hour 30 minutes. Side-effects were rare and did not include, with this technique, significant myoclonus or pain on injection.", "PMID": 378555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4136", "title": "Pimozide in the maintenance treatment of apathetic and emotionally withdrawn schizophrenics.", "content": "An open pilot study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of pimozide as the sole maintenance therapy for chronic institutionalized schizophrenics who were withdrawn and apathetic. A total of 13 patients entered the study and, following withdrawal of all other neuroleptics for 1 month, patients then received pimozide in a dosage increased gradually from 8 mg to 20 mg per day. Patients were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the St. Wulston's Ward Behaviour Scale. There was a trend towards improvement when patients were assessed by both rating scales. This was only statistically significant between the pre-pimozide measurement and the 4 and 6-month's assessment on the BPRS. Other differences, including a slight reduction in side-effects, were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Pimozide in the maintenance treatment of apathetic and emotionally withdrawn schizophrenics. An open pilot study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of pimozide as the sole maintenance therapy for chronic institutionalized schizophrenics who were withdrawn and apathetic. A total of 13 patients entered the study and, following withdrawal of all other neuroleptics for 1 month, patients then received pimozide in a dosage increased gradually from 8 mg to 20 mg per day. Patients were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the St. Wulston's Ward Behaviour Scale. There was a trend towards improvement when patients were assessed by both rating scales. This was only statistically significant between the pre-pimozide measurement and the 4 and 6-month's assessment on the BPRS. Other differences, including a slight reduction in side-effects, were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 378556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4137", "title": "The penetrability of cephazolin into the subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle of ischaemic lower limbs with atherosclerotic disease.", "content": "Seventeen patients with atherosclerotic disease, who were undergoing arterial reconstruction or amputation of the lower limb, had 2 g cephazolin injected per-operatively in two equal doses by intramuscular and intravenous routes. Samples of subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle from the ischaemic leg, and serum were collected during the operation for assay of cephazolin content. The mean cephazolin levels in the serum, skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat were found to be well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.", "contents": "The penetrability of cephazolin into the subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle of ischaemic lower limbs with atherosclerotic disease. Seventeen patients with atherosclerotic disease, who were undergoing arterial reconstruction or amputation of the lower limb, had 2 g cephazolin injected per-operatively in two equal doses by intramuscular and intravenous routes. Samples of subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle from the ischaemic leg, and serum were collected during the operation for assay of cephazolin content. The mean cephazolin levels in the serum, skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat were found to be well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.", "PMID": 378557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4138", "title": "A multicentre study of twice daily acebutolol ('Sectral') in the treatment of hypertension in general practice.", "content": "An open multicentre study was carried out under uncontrolled conditions in general practice to investigate the efficacy and acceptability of twice daily acebutolol in patients with mild to severe hypertension. Data from 1007 patients were analyzed. Most (901) had been treated previously with other hypertensive agents before starting on acebutolol. Oral dosages of acebutolol ranged from 200 mg to 1200 mg/day, according to individual requirements, and 331 patients received concomitant therapy, usually with a diuretic, either from the start of therapy or after 4 to 8 weeks. A significant reduction (p less than 0.001) was observed in mean diastolic blood pressure over the 12-week assessment period, and response increased with treatment duration. There were 280 reports of side-effects and 63 patients were withdrawn from the study for this reason.", "contents": "A multicentre study of twice daily acebutolol ('Sectral') in the treatment of hypertension in general practice. An open multicentre study was carried out under uncontrolled conditions in general practice to investigate the efficacy and acceptability of twice daily acebutolol in patients with mild to severe hypertension. Data from 1007 patients were analyzed. Most (901) had been treated previously with other hypertensive agents before starting on acebutolol. Oral dosages of acebutolol ranged from 200 mg to 1200 mg/day, according to individual requirements, and 331 patients received concomitant therapy, usually with a diuretic, either from the start of therapy or after 4 to 8 weeks. A significant reduction (p less than 0.001) was observed in mean diastolic blood pressure over the 12-week assessment period, and response increased with treatment duration. There were 280 reports of side-effects and 63 patients were withdrawn from the study for this reason.", "PMID": 378558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4139", "title": "Glipizide ('Glibenese') in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A clinical evaluation was carried out in 19 maturity-onset diabetics to assess the effectiveness of glipizide in the treatment of newly diagnosed patients (11) not responding to diet alone and of patients (8) who had been inadequately controlled on other oral antidiabetic agents. Patients were studied over a period of 6 months. All of the 11 newly diagnosed patients were adequately controlled with glipizide in a dose of 5 to 15 mg/day (mean 9.6 +/- 3.7 mg/day), as were 5 of the 8 previously treated patients with a dose of 10 to 25 mg/day (mean 18 +/- 6.7 mg/day). None of the patients became hypoglycaemic nor did the blood sugar levels indicate hypoglycaemia in the fasting state. Serum triglyceride levels did not change significantly during glipizide therapy, neither did the patients' weight. No side-effects were reported.", "contents": "Glipizide ('Glibenese') in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. A clinical evaluation was carried out in 19 maturity-onset diabetics to assess the effectiveness of glipizide in the treatment of newly diagnosed patients (11) not responding to diet alone and of patients (8) who had been inadequately controlled on other oral antidiabetic agents. Patients were studied over a period of 6 months. All of the 11 newly diagnosed patients were adequately controlled with glipizide in a dose of 5 to 15 mg/day (mean 9.6 +/- 3.7 mg/day), as were 5 of the 8 previously treated patients with a dose of 10 to 25 mg/day (mean 18 +/- 6.7 mg/day). None of the patients became hypoglycaemic nor did the blood sugar levels indicate hypoglycaemia in the fasting state. Serum triglyceride levels did not change significantly during glipizide therapy, neither did the patients' weight. No side-effects were reported.", "PMID": 378559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4140", "title": "Comparison of over-the-counter agents for tinea pedis.", "content": "To evaluate the relative effectiveness of the treatment of tinea pedis, we performed a double-blind study comparing undecylenic acid ointment, tolnaftate cream, and a placebo. Ninety patients with clinically and mycologically proven tinea pedis took part in this clinical trial. Our results showed both agents to be superior to the placebo, but there was no significant difference in effectiveness between the two active agents. We observed no side effects with the preparations used.", "contents": "Comparison of over-the-counter agents for tinea pedis. To evaluate the relative effectiveness of the treatment of tinea pedis, we performed a double-blind study comparing undecylenic acid ointment, tolnaftate cream, and a placebo. Ninety patients with clinically and mycologically proven tinea pedis took part in this clinical trial. Our results showed both agents to be superior to the placebo, but there was no significant difference in effectiveness between the two active agents. We observed no side effects with the preparations used.", "PMID": 378561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4141", "title": "Thrombocytosis in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.", "content": "Thrombocytosis has not yet been described in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A typical patient with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is described. The patient's thrombocyte count was up to 900,000 per cu mm, which returned to normal under steroid therapy. Thrombocytosis may be associated with chronic inflammation and should not require further investigations such as lung biopsy, in an otherwise usual case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Thrombocytosis has not yet been described in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A typical patient with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is described. The patient's thrombocyte count was up to 900,000 per cu mm, which returned to normal under steroid therapy. Thrombocytosis may be associated with chronic inflammation and should not require further investigations such as lung biopsy, in an otherwise usual case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.", "PMID": 378571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4142", "title": "In vitro additive effect of nitrofurantoin combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The combination of nitrofurantoin (NF) plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) was found to be additively effective against all of 12 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens that represented 7 nosocomially significant strains, some of which were mulitple-drug-resistant. All isolates were resistant against NF; minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 320 to 1,280 microgram NF/ml. The isolates were inhibited by TMP-SMZ concentrations ranging from 0.03 microgram TMP + 0.57 microgram SMZ/ml to 8 microgram TMP + 152 microgram SMZ/ml. Significantly, NF combined with TMP-SMZ proved effective against isolates with decreased susceptibility to TMP-SMZ as well. The observed in vitro additive effect of NF + TMP-SMZ might prove of clinical relevance with respect to the chemotherapy of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections due to multiple-drug-resistant strains of S. marcescens.", "contents": "In vitro additive effect of nitrofurantoin combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against Serratia marcescens. The combination of nitrofurantoin (NF) plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) was found to be additively effective against all of 12 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens that represented 7 nosocomially significant strains, some of which were mulitple-drug-resistant. All isolates were resistant against NF; minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 320 to 1,280 microgram NF/ml. The isolates were inhibited by TMP-SMZ concentrations ranging from 0.03 microgram TMP + 0.57 microgram SMZ/ml to 8 microgram TMP + 152 microgram SMZ/ml. Significantly, NF combined with TMP-SMZ proved effective against isolates with decreased susceptibility to TMP-SMZ as well. The observed in vitro additive effect of NF + TMP-SMZ might prove of clinical relevance with respect to the chemotherapy of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections due to multiple-drug-resistant strains of S. marcescens.", "PMID": 378572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4143", "title": "Effect of disodium phosphonoacetate and iododeoxyuridine on the multiplication of African swine fever virus in vitro.", "content": "Disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) was found to inhibit the replication of African swine fever virus (ASFV). The action of this compound has been compared with the inhibitory capacity of iododeoxyuridine (IDU) upon ASFV growing in Vero cells. The study was done by the immunofluorescence technique in order to detect formations of cytoplasmic virus antigens and inclusion bodies; both were found to be inhibited by IDU and PAA. At 100 microgram/ml, IDU blocked completely the multiplication of ASFV and with PAA, a few scattered cells showed positive fluorescence. The infectivity of the virus was reduced 1--5 log depending upon drug concentrations and time of exposure to the drugs. Inhibition of ASFV replication by PAA suggests that this virus, like other herpesviruses, involves a virus-specific DNA polymerase in its replication mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of disodium phosphonoacetate and iododeoxyuridine on the multiplication of African swine fever virus in vitro. Disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) was found to inhibit the replication of African swine fever virus (ASFV). The action of this compound has been compared with the inhibitory capacity of iododeoxyuridine (IDU) upon ASFV growing in Vero cells. The study was done by the immunofluorescence technique in order to detect formations of cytoplasmic virus antigens and inclusion bodies; both were found to be inhibited by IDU and PAA. At 100 microgram/ml, IDU blocked completely the multiplication of ASFV and with PAA, a few scattered cells showed positive fluorescence. The infectivity of the virus was reduced 1--5 log depending upon drug concentrations and time of exposure to the drugs. Inhibition of ASFV replication by PAA suggests that this virus, like other herpesviruses, involves a virus-specific DNA polymerase in its replication mechanism.", "PMID": 378573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4144", "title": "Double-blind multicenter trial of a rifampicin-trimethoprim combination and rifampicin alone in urinary tract infections.", "content": "A double-blind multicenter trial was carried out in 146 patients with urinary tract infections in order to compare the combination of rifampicin and trimethoprim (450 mg plus 120 mg twice daily) with rifampicin alone (450 mg twice daily). The success rate on the day after a 10-day course of treatment was significantly higher after the combination than after rifampicin alone (72% of 60 cases vs. 45% of 55 cases). The difference was still significant, and of the same order of magnitude, 1 week after the end of the treatment (53% of 51 vs. 24% of 45 cases). The subgroups of patients with organisms sensitive to both rifampicin and trimethoprim before treatment was considered separately in each treatment group: rifampicin-resistant strains were isolated  after treatment in 27% of 26 patients treated with rifampicin alone, and in 7% of 27 patients in the other group. The tolerances of the two treatments were superimposable. The combination rifampicin-trimethoprim appears to overcome the problem of selection of rifampicin-resistant strains, with the concomitant therapeutic failures, in urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Double-blind multicenter trial of a rifampicin-trimethoprim combination and rifampicin alone in urinary tract infections. A double-blind multicenter trial was carried out in 146 patients with urinary tract infections in order to compare the combination of rifampicin and trimethoprim (450 mg plus 120 mg twice daily) with rifampicin alone (450 mg twice daily). The success rate on the day after a 10-day course of treatment was significantly higher after the combination than after rifampicin alone (72% of 60 cases vs. 45% of 55 cases). The difference was still significant, and of the same order of magnitude, 1 week after the end of the treatment (53% of 51 vs. 24% of 45 cases). The subgroups of patients with organisms sensitive to both rifampicin and trimethoprim before treatment was considered separately in each treatment group: rifampicin-resistant strains were isolated  after treatment in 27% of 26 patients treated with rifampicin alone, and in 7% of 27 patients in the other group. The tolerances of the two treatments were superimposable. The combination rifampicin-trimethoprim appears to overcome the problem of selection of rifampicin-resistant strains, with the concomitant therapeutic failures, in urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 378574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4145", "title": "Nonspecific resistance of Serratia marcescens against antimicrobial drugs. Resistance or decreased susceptibility of phenotypic variants against chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides and trimethoprim.", "content": "Several clinical isolates and O-antigen reference strains of Serratia marcescens were shown to yield spontaneously phenotypic variants with nonspecific, combined resistance or decreased susceptibility for chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, including cotrimoxazole. Additional presumptive evidence indicated that this resistance phenomenon is not mediated extrachromosomally, but rather chromosomally. The nature of this novel resistance mechanism remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Nonspecific resistance of Serratia marcescens against antimicrobial drugs. Resistance or decreased susceptibility of phenotypic variants against chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Several clinical isolates and O-antigen reference strains of Serratia marcescens were shown to yield spontaneously phenotypic variants with nonspecific, combined resistance or decreased susceptibility for chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, including cotrimoxazole. Additional presumptive evidence indicated that this resistance phenomenon is not mediated extrachromosomally, but rather chromosomally. The nature of this novel resistance mechanism remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 378575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4146", "title": "Nonspecific aminoglycoside cross-resistance of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "10 of 11 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens yielded small numbers (10(-7) to 10(-8)) of 'gray' colony-type variants after selection with either amikacin, gentamicin or kanamycin, of which most proved resistant against all of the following aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, sisomicin and streptomycin. The level of resistance was not absolute, but rather low-level to intermediate. All except two of these 'gray', resistant phenotypic variants yielded 'opaque' revertants which were essentially indistinguishable from the parent (wild type) strains in terms of colonial morphology and antibiotic susceptibility. The 'gray' variants kinetically were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of fresh human serum than the 'opaque' variants. Preliminary evidence afforded the tentative conclusion that this nonspecific aminoglycoside-resistance mechanism was not plasmid-mediated.", "contents": "Nonspecific aminoglycoside cross-resistance of Serratia marcescens. 10 of 11 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens yielded small numbers (10(-7) to 10(-8)) of 'gray' colony-type variants after selection with either amikacin, gentamicin or kanamycin, of which most proved resistant against all of the following aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, sisomicin and streptomycin. The level of resistance was not absolute, but rather low-level to intermediate. All except two of these 'gray', resistant phenotypic variants yielded 'opaque' revertants which were essentially indistinguishable from the parent (wild type) strains in terms of colonial morphology and antibiotic susceptibility. The 'gray' variants kinetically were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of fresh human serum than the 'opaque' variants. Preliminary evidence afforded the tentative conclusion that this nonspecific aminoglycoside-resistance mechanism was not plasmid-mediated.", "PMID": 378576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4147", "title": "Bacteriuria diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing in a group practice by dipslide techniques.", "content": "In group practice, screening for bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility testing of bacteria in urine specimens were performed by dipslide methods (Uricult and Sensicult, Orion Diagnostica) and the results were evaluated with respect to conventional cultivation of urine specimens and standardized susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method at a bacteriological laboratory. Bacteriuria diagnosis by screening by the Uricult method seemed to be satisfactorily performed except for some streptococcal strains. In the case of direct susceptibility testing by the Sensicult dipslide method, however, the results obtained by personnel at the surgeries and by trained bacteriologists displayed unacceptable disparities, despite the fact that a continuously running training programme was established.", "contents": "Bacteriuria diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing in a group practice by dipslide techniques. In group practice, screening for bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility testing of bacteria in urine specimens were performed by dipslide methods (Uricult and Sensicult, Orion Diagnostica) and the results were evaluated with respect to conventional cultivation of urine specimens and standardized susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method at a bacteriological laboratory. Bacteriuria diagnosis by screening by the Uricult method seemed to be satisfactorily performed except for some streptococcal strains. In the case of direct susceptibility testing by the Sensicult dipslide method, however, the results obtained by personnel at the surgeries and by trained bacteriologists displayed unacceptable disparities, despite the fact that a continuously running training programme was established.", "PMID": 378577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4148", "title": "Clinical and experimental evaluation of cefoxitin therapy.", "content": "30 patients were treated with i.v. cefoxitin (4-8 g/day), of which 20 had documented infections which included endocarditis (5), lung abscess (4), empyema (4), liver and subhepatic abscess (3), osteomyelitis (3), and pancreatic abscess (1). 14 patients had infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and 5 had endocarditis due to aerobic organisms. All but 2 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible were cured. Adverse reactions were noted in 7 patients, mostly due to drug fever and leukocytosis; one had Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia. The average serum cefoxitin levels were 24, 16, 12, and 4 microgram/ml at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively, and the average serum/pleural fluid ratio was 1:0.5 +/- 0.25. All anaerobic and aerobic isolates except one strain of Bacteroides fragilis were susceptible to cefoxitin at less than or equal to 32 microgram/ml. The concentration of cefoxitin in the tissues was measured in 8 rabbits; it was 4 +/- 1 microgram/ml in the heart and 2 +/- 0.5 microgram/ml in the femur and mandibular tissue, suggesting that the lack of response in cases of osteomyelitis could be due to inadequate antibiotic concentration in the bone. Our study suggests that cefoxitin can be used in the treatment of anaerobic infections and endocarditis due to susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental evaluation of cefoxitin therapy. 30 patients were treated with i.v. cefoxitin (4-8 g/day), of which 20 had documented infections which included endocarditis (5), lung abscess (4), empyema (4), liver and subhepatic abscess (3), osteomyelitis (3), and pancreatic abscess (1). 14 patients had infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and 5 had endocarditis due to aerobic organisms. All but 2 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible were cured. Adverse reactions were noted in 7 patients, mostly due to drug fever and leukocytosis; one had Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia. The average serum cefoxitin levels were 24, 16, 12, and 4 microgram/ml at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively, and the average serum/pleural fluid ratio was 1:0.5 +/- 0.25. All anaerobic and aerobic isolates except one strain of Bacteroides fragilis were susceptible to cefoxitin at less than or equal to 32 microgram/ml. The concentration of cefoxitin in the tissues was measured in 8 rabbits; it was 4 +/- 1 microgram/ml in the heart and 2 +/- 0.5 microgram/ml in the femur and mandibular tissue, suggesting that the lack of response in cases of osteomyelitis could be due to inadequate antibiotic concentration in the bone. Our study suggests that cefoxitin can be used in the treatment of anaerobic infections and endocarditis due to susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 378578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4149", "title": "Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The clinical course of 42 children with lipomatous lesions of the lower spine is reviewed. Good neurological exam, IVP and myelography are considered essential components of the preoperative studies. The surgical aim is to free all intra- to extradural adhesions with dural grafting, if necessary. The results suggest that early corrective surgery within the first few weeks to months of life is the most satisfactory approach to preserving normal neurological and urological function in these children. 88% of children not operated on early developed progressive loss of neurological function and while delayed surgery frequently stopped progression of the disease it rarely returned the children to a normal state.", "contents": "Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood. The clinical course of 42 children with lipomatous lesions of the lower spine is reviewed. Good neurological exam, IVP and myelography are considered essential components of the preoperative studies. The surgical aim is to free all intra- to extradural adhesions with dural grafting, if necessary. The results suggest that early corrective surgery within the first few weeks to months of life is the most satisfactory approach to preserving normal neurological and urological function in these children. 88% of children not operated on early developed progressive loss of neurological function and while delayed surgery frequently stopped progression of the disease it rarely returned the children to a normal state.", "PMID": 378579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4150", "title": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on the incidence of seizures in children with spasticity.", "content": "In this two-phase study, 21 pediatric patients with epilepsy and spasticity were initially treated with dantrolene sodium suspension and, after a washout period, began a double-blind portion where one half received dantrolene sodium suspension and the other half received a placebo suspension. The frequency of seizures, serum anticonvulsant levels and electroencephalograms were compared with control values. On dantrolene sodium suspension, there was no persistent change in these parameters. Therefore, it is concluded that dantrolene sodium does not adversely affect the frequency of seizures in children with epilepsy and spasticity, who are being maintained on anticonvulsant medications.", "contents": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on the incidence of seizures in children with spasticity. In this two-phase study, 21 pediatric patients with epilepsy and spasticity were initially treated with dantrolene sodium suspension and, after a washout period, began a double-blind portion where one half received dantrolene sodium suspension and the other half received a placebo suspension. The frequency of seizures, serum anticonvulsant levels and electroencephalograms were compared with control values. On dantrolene sodium suspension, there was no persistent change in these parameters. Therefore, it is concluded that dantrolene sodium does not adversely affect the frequency of seizures in children with epilepsy and spasticity, who are being maintained on anticonvulsant medications.", "PMID": 378580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4151", "title": "[Blood vessel sutures with absorbable suture material: roentgenological, hemodynamic, light and electron microscopy findings. I].", "content": "Simple end-to-end anastomoses were performed in the common carotid and femoral arteries and in the jugular and femoral veins of dogs. In other dogs, lateral sutures (running) consisting of absorbable material made from polyglycolic acid were inserted. No occlusions, aneurysms, or infections occurred in the arteries. Without heparin, the patency rate after up to 234 days was 98%. In veins, the observation period was 60 days and a patency rate of 83% was found. All vessels were studied by angiography and by light and electron microscopy. Additionally, an original method of hemodynamic assessment was used (Turbulence Index). The alternating effect of morphological variations in the vessel wall and the degree of blood flow disturbance was evident.", "contents": "[Blood vessel sutures with absorbable suture material: roentgenological, hemodynamic, light and electron microscopy findings. I]. Simple end-to-end anastomoses were performed in the common carotid and femoral arteries and in the jugular and femoral veins of dogs. In other dogs, lateral sutures (running) consisting of absorbable material made from polyglycolic acid were inserted. No occlusions, aneurysms, or infections occurred in the arteries. Without heparin, the patency rate after up to 234 days was 98%. In veins, the observation period was 60 days and a patency rate of 83% was found. All vessels were studied by angiography and by light and electron microscopy. Additionally, an original method of hemodynamic assessment was used (Turbulence Index). The alternating effect of morphological variations in the vessel wall and the degree of blood flow disturbance was evident.", "PMID": 378582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4152", "title": "[The significance of duodenal passage for insulin and gastrin secretion in patients following total gastrectomy].", "content": "After total gastrectomy and different forms of reconstruction as well as before and after B II-B I conversion, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 24 patients, and insulin and gastrin secretion were measured. The results in the patients with preserved or reestablished passage of the glucose through the duodenum demonstrate that (1) the glucose tolerance is significantly better, (2) the secretory capacity of the beta-cells is about twofold greater, and (3) the postprandial gastrin secretion is about threefold greater.", "contents": "[The significance of duodenal passage for insulin and gastrin secretion in patients following total gastrectomy]. After total gastrectomy and different forms of reconstruction as well as before and after B II-B I conversion, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 24 patients, and insulin and gastrin secretion were measured. The results in the patients with preserved or reestablished passage of the glucose through the duodenum demonstrate that (1) the glucose tolerance is significantly better, (2) the secretory capacity of the beta-cells is about twofold greater, and (3) the postprandial gastrin secretion is about threefold greater.", "PMID": 378583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4153", "title": "[Dye dilution test to determine leakage during regional perfusion in the treatment of malignant tumors of the extremities].", "content": "During regional perfusion of the extremity in the dog, the dye Evans blue (T 1824) was used as an indicator to control leakage from the isolated region into the systemic circulation. The rate of elimination of the dye was 10% +/- 2% per hour. A simulated leakage from the perfused region into the systemic circulation was determined with a sensitivity of 1,67%.", "contents": "[Dye dilution test to determine leakage during regional perfusion in the treatment of malignant tumors of the extremities]. During regional perfusion of the extremity in the dog, the dye Evans blue (T 1824) was used as an indicator to control leakage from the isolated region into the systemic circulation. The rate of elimination of the dye was 10% +/- 2% per hour. A simulated leakage from the perfused region into the systemic circulation was determined with a sensitivity of 1,67%.", "PMID": 378584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4154", "title": "[Reaction of articular cartilage to subchondral defect filling with autologous cancelous bone, Kiel's bone chips and bone cement].", "content": "Equally sized subchondral osseous defects were produced in 30 adult rabbits. The defects were filled with autologous cancellous bone, bone cement, or macerated heterologous cancellous bone. Twelve weeks later those filled with autologous cancellous bone showed consolidation with preservation of the subchondral border line. There were no degenerative changes of the joint's cartilage. Filling with bone cement or heterologous cancellous bone, on the other hand, led to destruction of the joint's cartilage. The defects treated with heterologous cancellous bone had not reached osseous consolidation at that time. These results suggest that effective treatment of subchondral osseous defects can only be achieved by filling with autologous cancellous bone.", "contents": "[Reaction of articular cartilage to subchondral defect filling with autologous cancelous bone, Kiel's bone chips and bone cement]. Equally sized subchondral osseous defects were produced in 30 adult rabbits. The defects were filled with autologous cancellous bone, bone cement, or macerated heterologous cancellous bone. Twelve weeks later those filled with autologous cancellous bone showed consolidation with preservation of the subchondral border line. There were no degenerative changes of the joint's cartilage. Filling with bone cement or heterologous cancellous bone, on the other hand, led to destruction of the joint's cartilage. The defects treated with heterologous cancellous bone had not reached osseous consolidation at that time. These results suggest that effective treatment of subchondral osseous defects can only be achieved by filling with autologous cancellous bone.", "PMID": 378585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4155", "title": "[Fluorescent microscopy studies of osteosynthesis and bony defect filling with cyanoacrylate].", "content": "Bone defects and osteotomies of the rabbit tibia were stabilized by a mixture of ethyl cyanoacrylate and bone meal. Healing of osteotomy or new bone formations growing through the defect could not be observed.", "contents": "[Fluorescent microscopy studies of osteosynthesis and bony defect filling with cyanoacrylate]. Bone defects and osteotomies of the rabbit tibia were stabilized by a mixture of ethyl cyanoacrylate and bone meal. Healing of osteotomy or new bone formations growing through the defect could not be observed.", "PMID": 378586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4156", "title": "[Arguments for suturing of a gap in the flexor tendons of fingers].", "content": "1. Tendon healing may originate from the vascularized epitenon of the tendon stumps. 2. This is dependent upon the gap between the tendon stumps being rather small. 3. In tendon sutures after Kessler the gap averaged only 2.5 mm, whereas the average after Bunnell suture was 6.7 mm and after Lengemann suture, 9.8 mm. 4. After isolated division of the deep flexor tendon (80% of cases) and division of both flexor tendons (65%), good results with a distance = 2.5 cm between the nail and the distal palmar crease could be obtained.", "contents": "[Arguments for suturing of a gap in the flexor tendons of fingers]. 1. Tendon healing may originate from the vascularized epitenon of the tendon stumps. 2. This is dependent upon the gap between the tendon stumps being rather small. 3. In tendon sutures after Kessler the gap averaged only 2.5 mm, whereas the average after Bunnell suture was 6.7 mm and after Lengemann suture, 9.8 mm. 4. After isolated division of the deep flexor tendon (80% of cases) and division of both flexor tendons (65%), good results with a distance = 2.5 cm between the nail and the distal palmar crease could be obtained.", "PMID": 378587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4157", "title": "[Prevention and therapy of gastroduodenal stress hemorrhage in intensive care patients using the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine].", "content": "In our intensive care unit we were able to prevent almost all bleedings from stress ulcerations in patients with insufficiency of various organs by administering the H2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, in doses of 200 mg eight times per day. However, stres ulcer bleedings occurred in 14% of those patients also suffering from a sepsis. At lower doses of cimetidine, the rate of bleeding was comparable to that encountered in patients treated with antacids, i.e. 12.5% patients with multiple organ insufficiency and 42.7% with sepsis. Cimetidine did not show any therapeutic effect in case of bleeding which led to a significant fall in hemoglobin concentration.", "contents": "[Prevention and therapy of gastroduodenal stress hemorrhage in intensive care patients using the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine]. In our intensive care unit we were able to prevent almost all bleedings from stress ulcerations in patients with insufficiency of various organs by administering the H2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, in doses of 200 mg eight times per day. However, stres ulcer bleedings occurred in 14% of those patients also suffering from a sepsis. At lower doses of cimetidine, the rate of bleeding was comparable to that encountered in patients treated with antacids, i.e. 12.5% patients with multiple organ insufficiency and 42.7% with sepsis. Cimetidine did not show any therapeutic effect in case of bleeding which led to a significant fall in hemoglobin concentration.", "PMID": 378588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4158", "title": "Enhancement of local immune response in the treatment of experimental peritonitis.", "content": "We conclude from these experiments that the host defense in peritoneal infections rests largely on the phagocytic cells attracted into the peritoneal cavity by the offending organism, and that an increase in the number of available phagocytes by pretreatment with chemotactic substances protects against lethal peritoneal infections. There seems to be a direct relationship between the number of available phagocytes in the peritoneal cavity at the time of inoculation and the reduction of mortality in experimental peritonitis (Fig. 1).", "contents": "Enhancement of local immune response in the treatment of experimental peritonitis. We conclude from these experiments that the host defense in peritoneal infections rests largely on the phagocytic cells attracted into the peritoneal cavity by the offending organism, and that an increase in the number of available phagocytes by pretreatment with chemotactic substances protects against lethal peritoneal infections. There seems to be a direct relationship between the number of available phagocytes in the peritoneal cavity at the time of inoculation and the reduction of mortality in experimental peritonitis (Fig. 1).", "PMID": 378589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4159", "title": "[Hypothermic storage under aerobic conditions--the effect of different flushing solutions on kidney functional recovery].", "content": "Canine kidneys (n = 17) were flushed with COLLINS (C2), SACKS II, LAMBOTTE (KMgS), ROSS (hypertonic citrate), or RINGER glucose-mannitol solution following a 30-min period of normothermic ischemia. After 24 h hypothermic preservation with retrograde oxygen persufflation (ROP) and autotransplantation, the immediate functional recovery was determined using inulin and PAH clearance methods and compared with the normal contralateral kidney. While a good functional recovery was found in the COLLINS group, significantly exceeding results from hypothermic ischemic storage preservation, in experiments using other flush solutions ROP preservation resulted in only a small immediate function. Thus the experiments indicate that COLLINS solution C2 is the optimal flush solution for ROP preservation.", "contents": "[Hypothermic storage under aerobic conditions--the effect of different flushing solutions on kidney functional recovery]. Canine kidneys (n = 17) were flushed with COLLINS (C2), SACKS II, LAMBOTTE (KMgS), ROSS (hypertonic citrate), or RINGER glucose-mannitol solution following a 30-min period of normothermic ischemia. After 24 h hypothermic preservation with retrograde oxygen persufflation (ROP) and autotransplantation, the immediate functional recovery was determined using inulin and PAH clearance methods and compared with the normal contralateral kidney. While a good functional recovery was found in the COLLINS group, significantly exceeding results from hypothermic ischemic storage preservation, in experiments using other flush solutions ROP preservation resulted in only a small immediate function. Thus the experiments indicate that COLLINS solution C2 is the optimal flush solution for ROP preservation.", "PMID": 378590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4160", "title": "[Effect of high-dosage prednisolone administration on interstitial transplantation edema following allogeneic kidney transplantation in rats].", "content": "To measure subcapsular pressure of rat kidneys and kidney allografts, microcatheters were implanted in the subcapsular space and the pressure was continuously recorded with a transducer. Subcapsular pressure was found to increase significantly during allograft rejection. After single bolus injection of prednisolone 300 mg/kg on the day of transplantation or on the fourth postoperative day, considerably lower subcapsular pressures were recorded. This steroid effect together with other immunosuppressive measures could have an important influence on graft function and prognosis.", "contents": "[Effect of high-dosage prednisolone administration on interstitial transplantation edema following allogeneic kidney transplantation in rats]. To measure subcapsular pressure of rat kidneys and kidney allografts, microcatheters were implanted in the subcapsular space and the pressure was continuously recorded with a transducer. Subcapsular pressure was found to increase significantly during allograft rejection. After single bolus injection of prednisolone 300 mg/kg on the day of transplantation or on the fourth postoperative day, considerably lower subcapsular pressures were recorded. This steroid effect together with other immunosuppressive measures could have an important influence on graft function and prognosis.", "PMID": 378591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4161", "title": "[Clinical significance of immunological findings for the survival time of kidney transplants with antilymphocyte globulin therapy].", "content": "A balanced combination of immunosuppressive regimens like cortisone, azathioprine and ALG can not only reduce the frequency, but also the severity of rejection episodes in kidney transplant patients. Addition of ALG influences the lymphocyte populations, especially T-lymphocytes. The significant reduction produced obviously includes cytotoxic effector lymphocytes as well as socalled regulator cells (suppressor cells). It seems as if this beneficial function for the graft is not only reduced under immunosuppressive therapy and administration of ALG, but disappears during rejection crises. The results indicate, however, that these cell populations recover quickly after finishing the immunosuppressive regimen.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of immunological findings for the survival time of kidney transplants with antilymphocyte globulin therapy]. A balanced combination of immunosuppressive regimens like cortisone, azathioprine and ALG can not only reduce the frequency, but also the severity of rejection episodes in kidney transplant patients. Addition of ALG influences the lymphocyte populations, especially T-lymphocytes. The significant reduction produced obviously includes cytotoxic effector lymphocytes as well as socalled regulator cells (suppressor cells). It seems as if this beneficial function for the graft is not only reduced under immunosuppressive therapy and administration of ALG, but disappears during rejection crises. The results indicate, however, that these cell populations recover quickly after finishing the immunosuppressive regimen.", "PMID": 378592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4162", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of ALG in clinical kidney transplantation in alternating studies].", "content": "The efficacy of ALG (horse serum against cultured human lymphocytes) in addition to a standard azathioprine and steroid regimen has been investigated in an alternating series of 70 renal transplantations in adults. Patient survival was almost identical in both groups. Transplant survival after 2 years was 64% in the ALG group as opposed to 48% in the group without ALG. In agreement with current literature, immunosuppression with ALG in high dosage seems to be justified.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of ALG in clinical kidney transplantation in alternating studies]. The efficacy of ALG (horse serum against cultured human lymphocytes) in addition to a standard azathioprine and steroid regimen has been investigated in an alternating series of 70 renal transplantations in adults. Patient survival was almost identical in both groups. Transplant survival after 2 years was 64% in the ALG group as opposed to 48% in the group without ALG. In agreement with current literature, immunosuppression with ALG in high dosage seems to be justified.", "PMID": 378593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4163", "title": "[Prolonged survival time of xenogeneic kidney transplants following intravenous application of concanavalin A].", "content": "Concanavalin A is used as a mitogen for the stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro. It increases the proliferation of different populations of lymphocytes and activates the function of regulator lymphocytes. This effect appears to be modified in vivo in such a way that daily IV application prolongs survival times of allogeneic and xenogeneic kidney grafts significantly. The reason seems to be an influence on behavior, which is reflected in a pronounced peripheral lymphopenia. To support and investigate this mechanism, further combinations of antilymphocyte globulin, fox red blood cells, and Concanavalin A pretreatment were used in pilot studies.", "contents": "[Prolonged survival time of xenogeneic kidney transplants following intravenous application of concanavalin A]. Concanavalin A is used as a mitogen for the stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro. It increases the proliferation of different populations of lymphocytes and activates the function of regulator lymphocytes. This effect appears to be modified in vivo in such a way that daily IV application prolongs survival times of allogeneic and xenogeneic kidney grafts significantly. The reason seems to be an influence on behavior, which is reflected in a pronounced peripheral lymphopenia. To support and investigate this mechanism, further combinations of antilymphocyte globulin, fox red blood cells, and Concanavalin A pretreatment were used in pilot studies.", "PMID": 378594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4164", "title": "[Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats. Prolonging of survival time of allotransplants using cyclosporin A in an acute rejection model].", "content": "Livers from inbred DA rats were transplanted orthotopically into inbred BN rats. Within 15 days all animals died due to rejection of the transplant. However, when rats were treated with Cyclosporin A (four different regimens) they survived for at least 60 days, even if therapy was withdrawn at day 28. It could be shown that the histologic changes in the graft stood in an inverse relationship to the extent of immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats. Prolonging of survival time of allotransplants using cyclosporin A in an acute rejection model]. Livers from inbred DA rats were transplanted orthotopically into inbred BN rats. Within 15 days all animals died due to rejection of the transplant. However, when rats were treated with Cyclosporin A (four different regimens) they survived for at least 60 days, even if therapy was withdrawn at day 28. It could be shown that the histologic changes in the graft stood in an inverse relationship to the extent of immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 378595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4165", "title": "[Active enhancement using B-lymphocytes].", "content": "B-lymphocytes given 7 days prior to auxiliary heterotopic heart transplantation significantly delay transplant rejection. T-lymphocytes or purified erythrocytes have no effect at all on the subsequent heart graft. The beneficial effect of blood transfusions could be due to the transfusion of B-lymphocytes, which create a state of active enhancement in the transplant recipient.", "contents": "[Active enhancement using B-lymphocytes]. B-lymphocytes given 7 days prior to auxiliary heterotopic heart transplantation significantly delay transplant rejection. T-lymphocytes or purified erythrocytes have no effect at all on the subsequent heart graft. The beneficial effect of blood transfusions could be due to the transfusion of B-lymphocytes, which create a state of active enhancement in the transplant recipient.", "PMID": 378596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4166", "title": "[Early rejection of intraportal and intralinear pancreas allotransplants].", "content": "Allogeneic pancreatic microfragments were transplanted into the portal vein or splenic pulp of two groups of 10 dogs. The transplants were rejected after 2.4 and 3.9 days, respectively, probably by activation of local macrophages.", "contents": "[Early rejection of intraportal and intralinear pancreas allotransplants]. Allogeneic pancreatic microfragments were transplanted into the portal vein or splenic pulp of two groups of 10 dogs. The transplants were rejected after 2.4 and 3.9 days, respectively, probably by activation of local macrophages.", "PMID": 378597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4167", "title": "[Venous end-to-end anastomosis with non-absorbable and absorbable screw flange rings].", "content": "Forty veno-venous anastomoses performed on femoral blood vessels of dogs showed good results using a new flange ring system. In 15 cases Palacos rings were used for the anastomoses. Follow-up studies during a period of 8 days to 1 1/2 years showed only one occlusion. Twenty-five anastomoses were performed with absorbable rings of vicryl. Follow-up studies of these anastomoses during a period of 10 days to 26 weeks showed two stenoses and two occlusions. Dissolution of the Vicryl rings lasts up to 26 weeks.", "contents": "[Venous end-to-end anastomosis with non-absorbable and absorbable screw flange rings]. Forty veno-venous anastomoses performed on femoral blood vessels of dogs showed good results using a new flange ring system. In 15 cases Palacos rings were used for the anastomoses. Follow-up studies during a period of 8 days to 1 1/2 years showed only one occlusion. Twenty-five anastomoses were performed with absorbable rings of vicryl. Follow-up studies of these anastomoses during a period of 10 days to 26 weeks showed two stenoses and two occlusions. Dissolution of the Vicryl rings lasts up to 26 weeks.", "PMID": 378598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4168", "title": "[Bedside determination of extravascular lung water].", "content": "Extravascular lung water (EVLW) was measured at the bedside in 12 patients with the thermal-green dye double indicator dilution method using a microprocessor. The EVLW ranged from 3.3 to 17.2 ml/kg body weight; in patients without pulmonary problems we have found an average EVLW of 5.7 ml/kg body weight. The method involves easy calculations and is reproducible and accurate.", "contents": "[Bedside determination of extravascular lung water]. Extravascular lung water (EVLW) was measured at the bedside in 12 patients with the thermal-green dye double indicator dilution method using a microprocessor. The EVLW ranged from 3.3 to 17.2 ml/kg body weight; in patients without pulmonary problems we have found an average EVLW of 5.7 ml/kg body weight. The method involves easy calculations and is reproducible and accurate.", "PMID": 378599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4169", "title": "[Inhibition of stimulated gastric secretion with simultaneous administration of cimetidine and somatostatin].", "content": "In four gastric fistula dogs we studied the effect of cimetidine (5 mg/kg/h) and somatostatin (10 microgram/kg/h), alone or in combination, on gastric secretion stimulated by histamine (160 microgram/kg/h) or pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg/h). Acid and pepsin output after histamine stimulation was more reduced by cimetidine than after pentagastrin stimulation. Somatostatin showed an inhibitory effect only after pentagastrin stimulation. The most effective reduction, both on the degree of inhibition and on duration after cessation of the inhibitors, was seen after the combination of cimetidine/somatostatin. These results give some clinical aspects for the use of these two agents.", "contents": "[Inhibition of stimulated gastric secretion with simultaneous administration of cimetidine and somatostatin]. In four gastric fistula dogs we studied the effect of cimetidine (5 mg/kg/h) and somatostatin (10 microgram/kg/h), alone or in combination, on gastric secretion stimulated by histamine (160 microgram/kg/h) or pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg/h). Acid and pepsin output after histamine stimulation was more reduced by cimetidine than after pentagastrin stimulation. Somatostatin showed an inhibitory effect only after pentagastrin stimulation. The most effective reduction, both on the degree of inhibition and on duration after cessation of the inhibitors, was seen after the combination of cimetidine/somatostatin. These results give some clinical aspects for the use of these two agents.", "PMID": 378600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4170", "title": "[Elimination of bone defects with the aid of a transplant (bone morphogenetic protein BMP) prepared according to Urist's method. Animal experimenst compared with Kieler spongiosa].", "content": "In two groups of six beagle dogs a standardized bone defect of 1 cm was replaced by a) \"Kieler Spongiosa\", and b) autologous bone material, prepared according to the formula of Urist. Instead of mechanical insufficiency an impressive osteogenetic potency and periosteosis was noticed in group b.", "contents": "[Elimination of bone defects with the aid of a transplant (bone morphogenetic protein BMP) prepared according to Urist's method. Animal experimenst compared with Kieler spongiosa]. In two groups of six beagle dogs a standardized bone defect of 1 cm was replaced by a) \"Kieler Spongiosa\", and b) autologous bone material, prepared according to the formula of Urist. Instead of mechanical insufficiency an impressive osteogenetic potency and periosteosis was noticed in group b.", "PMID": 378602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4171", "title": "[Comparative studies on the incorporation of autologous and homologous spongiosa in the compact layer of long bones].", "content": "The healing of fresh autologous and homologous cancellous bone graft in gaps made in diaphysis was checked in a comparative test series of dogs. The general revascularization comes from the medulla. During the 2nd week the newly formed vessels in the homograft are obliterated. These are rebuilt during the 3rd week. At the same time new bone formation and reabsorption of the implanted bone by osteoclasts cease temporarily. After 6 weeks both grafts are remodeled in lamellar bone. The osseous trabeculae do not yet run parallel to Havers' system of the corticalis. The results verify the superiority of the autologous cancellous bone grafts.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the incorporation of autologous and homologous spongiosa in the compact layer of long bones]. The healing of fresh autologous and homologous cancellous bone graft in gaps made in diaphysis was checked in a comparative test series of dogs. The general revascularization comes from the medulla. During the 2nd week the newly formed vessels in the homograft are obliterated. These are rebuilt during the 3rd week. At the same time new bone formation and reabsorption of the implanted bone by osteoclasts cease temporarily. After 6 weeks both grafts are remodeled in lamellar bone. The osseous trabeculae do not yet run parallel to Havers' system of the corticalis. The results verify the superiority of the autologous cancellous bone grafts.", "PMID": 378603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4172", "title": "[Immunologic monitoring of transplantation patients: study of the reactivity of cytotoxic precursor cells].", "content": "Proliferative and cytotoxic T-cell reactivity subsequent to in vitro stimulation by a lymphocyte pool were studied in ten patients with well-accepted cadaver renal allografts and eight healthy controls. Whereas the proliferative reactivity was about equal in both groups, the cytotoxic responsiveness was markedly reduced in the allograft recipients. We conclude from these results that immunosuppressive drugs as well as specific adaptation processes act preferentially on the cytotoxic precursor cell population.", "contents": "[Immunologic monitoring of transplantation patients: study of the reactivity of cytotoxic precursor cells]. Proliferative and cytotoxic T-cell reactivity subsequent to in vitro stimulation by a lymphocyte pool were studied in ten patients with well-accepted cadaver renal allografts and eight healthy controls. Whereas the proliferative reactivity was about equal in both groups, the cytotoxic responsiveness was markedly reduced in the allograft recipients. We conclude from these results that immunosuppressive drugs as well as specific adaptation processes act preferentially on the cytotoxic precursor cell population.", "PMID": 378604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4173", "title": "[Preservation of kidneys with ischemic injury using hypothermic storage and mechanical prolonged perfusion].", "content": "Dog kidneys were flushed and stored in Collins (n = 30) and Sacks (n = 32) solution under hypothermia. These results were compared with those gained by mechanical perfusion (n = 21). Before preservation, the kidneys were subjected to 15 - 60 min of warm ischemia then stored for 12 - 24 h. It was concluded that 12-h preservation time after 15-min ischemic injury was the limit of hypothermic storage preservation. Sacks' solution gave better results than Collins' solution as regards the immediate function after transplantation. In contrast, mechanical perfusion was well tolerated for 24-h preservation time after a warm ischemia of 30 min. In case of warm ischemic damage, mechanical perfusion should be preferred to hypothermic storage.", "contents": "[Preservation of kidneys with ischemic injury using hypothermic storage and mechanical prolonged perfusion]. Dog kidneys were flushed and stored in Collins (n = 30) and Sacks (n = 32) solution under hypothermia. These results were compared with those gained by mechanical perfusion (n = 21). Before preservation, the kidneys were subjected to 15 - 60 min of warm ischemia then stored for 12 - 24 h. It was concluded that 12-h preservation time after 15-min ischemic injury was the limit of hypothermic storage preservation. Sacks' solution gave better results than Collins' solution as regards the immediate function after transplantation. In contrast, mechanical perfusion was well tolerated for 24-h preservation time after a warm ischemia of 30 min. In case of warm ischemic damage, mechanical perfusion should be preferred to hypothermic storage.", "PMID": 378605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4174", "title": "[The effect of high-dosage prednisolone administration on antibody formation and graft survival time following allogenic rat kidney transplantation].", "content": "The dose and time dependence of the immunosuppressive effect of prednisolone on renal allograft survival and antibody formation was studied in inbred rats. A single injection of 50 - 300 mg prednisolone/kg body wt. on the day of transplantation resulted in a dose-dependent prolongation of mean graft survival to 12.8 days as compared to 7.8 days for untreated controls. The daily postoperative administration of 10 and 30 mg prednisolone/kg prolonged the mean survival time to a lesser extent. A single bolus injection of 300 mg prednisolone/kg at different times after transplantatin resulted in a significant prolongation of graft survival and suppression of cytotoxic antibody only when given no later than 2 days postoperatively or following antigen injection.", "contents": "[The effect of high-dosage prednisolone administration on antibody formation and graft survival time following allogenic rat kidney transplantation]. The dose and time dependence of the immunosuppressive effect of prednisolone on renal allograft survival and antibody formation was studied in inbred rats. A single injection of 50 - 300 mg prednisolone/kg body wt. on the day of transplantation resulted in a dose-dependent prolongation of mean graft survival to 12.8 days as compared to 7.8 days for untreated controls. The daily postoperative administration of 10 and 30 mg prednisolone/kg prolonged the mean survival time to a lesser extent. A single bolus injection of 300 mg prednisolone/kg at different times after transplantatin resulted in a significant prolongation of graft survival and suppression of cytotoxic antibody only when given no later than 2 days postoperatively or following antigen injection.", "PMID": 378606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4175", "title": "[In vivo determination of local tissue pO2 in renal cortex in kidney transplantation].", "content": "From measurement of local tissue PO2 in human kidney grafts after restoration of renal circulation, a correlation between initial microcirculation and kidney function can be drawn. PO2-histograms of kidney grafts with sufficient function are normal, whereas PO2-histograms of kidneys with delayed onset of function (congruent to 3 weeks) show distinct disturbances of microcirculation. These preliminary results suggest that measuring local tissue PO2 in transplanted kidneys may be of value for the prognosis of the graft.", "contents": "[In vivo determination of local tissue pO2 in renal cortex in kidney transplantation]. From measurement of local tissue PO2 in human kidney grafts after restoration of renal circulation, a correlation between initial microcirculation and kidney function can be drawn. PO2-histograms of kidney grafts with sufficient function are normal, whereas PO2-histograms of kidneys with delayed onset of function (congruent to 3 weeks) show distinct disturbances of microcirculation. These preliminary results suggest that measuring local tissue PO2 in transplanted kidneys may be of value for the prognosis of the graft.", "PMID": 378607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4176", "title": "[Nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine].", "content": "From 1970 to 1978, 14 patients with nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine were treated in the Department of General and Abdominal Surgery of the University Frankfurt am Main. In eight cases suture and bypass and/or interval operation with enterostomy was performed. Seven patients survived, one died. In the six other patients resection with primary anastomosis or suture were performed. One patient survived and five patients died following peritonitis due to insufficiency of the anastomosis. The problem of nontraumatic perforation of the small intestine is discussed and the literature reviewed. It is suggested that the operation of choice is suture of the perforation with bypass or the two-stage operation with enterostomy.", "contents": "[Nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine]. From 1970 to 1978, 14 patients with nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine were treated in the Department of General and Abdominal Surgery of the University Frankfurt am Main. In eight cases suture and bypass and/or interval operation with enterostomy was performed. Seven patients survived, one died. In the six other patients resection with primary anastomosis or suture were performed. One patient survived and five patients died following peritonitis due to insufficiency of the anastomosis. The problem of nontraumatic perforation of the small intestine is discussed and the literature reviewed. It is suggested that the operation of choice is suture of the perforation with bypass or the two-stage operation with enterostomy.", "PMID": 378612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4177", "title": "[Effect of methylprednisolone on bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity in the guinea pig].", "content": "There is clinical proof of the decisive therapeutic effect of bolus injection of corticosteroids in septic shock. Our own studies, in which sublethal doses of bacterial suspensions were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs, demonstrate that a simultaneously applied solution of methylprednisolone (MP) has no influence on the intraperitoneal number of bacteria. Even the rapid initial decrease of bacterial counts, which, according to our studies, can be inhibited by Liquoid and is, therefore, caused by complement, is not influenced by the addition of MP. There was no indication of a change of tissue reactions in gut or mesenterium. The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids seems to depend on its influence on peripheral vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of methylprednisolone on bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity in the guinea pig]. There is clinical proof of the decisive therapeutic effect of bolus injection of corticosteroids in septic shock. Our own studies, in which sublethal doses of bacterial suspensions were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs, demonstrate that a simultaneously applied solution of methylprednisolone (MP) has no influence on the intraperitoneal number of bacteria. Even the rapid initial decrease of bacterial counts, which, according to our studies, can be inhibited by Liquoid and is, therefore, caused by complement, is not influenced by the addition of MP. There was no indication of a change of tissue reactions in gut or mesenterium. The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids seems to depend on its influence on peripheral vessels.", "PMID": 378614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4178", "title": "Yeast chromosomal DNA molecules have strands which are cross-linked at their termini.", "content": "The microbial eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 18 chromosomes, each consisting of a DNA molecule of 1 x 15 x 10(8) daltons (150 to 2,300 kilobase pairs). Interstand cross-links have now been found in molecules of all sizes by examining the ability of high molecular weight DNA to snap back, i.e., to rapidly renature after denaturation. Experiments in which snap back was assessed for molecules broken by shearing indicate that there are probably two cross-links in each chromosome. Evidence that the cross-links occur at specific sites in the genome was obtained by treating total chromosomal DNA with the endonuclease EcoRI which cleaves the yeast genome into approximately 2,000 discrete fragments. Cross-link containing fragments were separated from fragments without cross-links. This purification resulted in enrichment for about 18 specific fragments. To determine whether the cross-links are terminal or at internal sites in chromosomal DNA, large shear-produced fragments were examined by electron microsopy. With complete denaturation few fragments exhibit the X-shaped single strand configuration expected for internal cross-links. When partially denatured fragments were examined some ends had single strand loops as expected for (AT-rich) cross-linked termini. We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecules have cross-linked termini. We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecule in this eukaryote consists of a continuous, single, self-complementary strand of DNA. This structure has implications for the mechanism of chromosome replication and may be the basis of telomere behavior.", "contents": "Yeast chromosomal DNA molecules have strands which are cross-linked at their termini. The microbial eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 18 chromosomes, each consisting of a DNA molecule of 1 x 15 x 10(8) daltons (150 to 2,300 kilobase pairs). Interstand cross-links have now been found in molecules of all sizes by examining the ability of high molecular weight DNA to snap back, i.e., to rapidly renature after denaturation. Experiments in which snap back was assessed for molecules broken by shearing indicate that there are probably two cross-links in each chromosome. Evidence that the cross-links occur at specific sites in the genome was obtained by treating total chromosomal DNA with the endonuclease EcoRI which cleaves the yeast genome into approximately 2,000 discrete fragments. Cross-link containing fragments were separated from fragments without cross-links. This purification resulted in enrichment for about 18 specific fragments. To determine whether the cross-links are terminal or at internal sites in chromosomal DNA, large shear-produced fragments were examined by electron microsopy. With complete denaturation few fragments exhibit the X-shaped single strand configuration expected for internal cross-links. When partially denatured fragments were examined some ends had single strand loops as expected for (AT-rich) cross-linked termini. We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecules have cross-linked termini. We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecule in this eukaryote consists of a continuous, single, self-complementary strand of DNA. This structure has implications for the mechanism of chromosome replication and may be the basis of telomere behavior.", "PMID": 378617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4179", "title": "A study of heterochromatin in Drosophila nasuta by the 5-bromodeoxyuridine-Giemsa staining technique.", "content": "Larval brain ganglia of Drosophila nasuta were cultured in vitro in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 1 or 5 h at 24 degrees C and the air-dried chromosome preparations stained by the Hoechst 33258-Giemsa technique to reveal bromodeoxyuridine induced sister chromatid differentiation. In 1 h as well as 5 h preparations, 10-15% of well spread metaphase plates show a sister chromatid differentiation in only C-band heterochromatin regions of different chromosomes. We infer that this sister chromatid differentiation in all heterochromatic regions is seen after bromodeoxyuridine incorporation for only one replication cycle and is related to the presence of asymmetric A-T rich satellite sequences in all the C-band regions of D. nasuta karyotype.", "contents": "A study of heterochromatin in Drosophila nasuta by the 5-bromodeoxyuridine-Giemsa staining technique. Larval brain ganglia of Drosophila nasuta were cultured in vitro in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 1 or 5 h at 24 degrees C and the air-dried chromosome preparations stained by the Hoechst 33258-Giemsa technique to reveal bromodeoxyuridine induced sister chromatid differentiation. In 1 h as well as 5 h preparations, 10-15% of well spread metaphase plates show a sister chromatid differentiation in only C-band heterochromatin regions of different chromosomes. We infer that this sister chromatid differentiation in all heterochromatic regions is seen after bromodeoxyuridine incorporation for only one replication cycle and is related to the presence of asymmetric A-T rich satellite sequences in all the C-band regions of D. nasuta karyotype.", "PMID": 378618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4180", "title": "Endoscopic identification and removal of an unusual symptomatic colonic foreign body.", "content": "The discovery and removal of a life-threatening colonic wire suture using the flexible fiberoptic colonoscope has been described. Such reports demonstrate the versatility and usefulness of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures.", "contents": "Endoscopic identification and removal of an unusual symptomatic colonic foreign body. The discovery and removal of a life-threatening colonic wire suture using the flexible fiberoptic colonoscope has been described. Such reports demonstrate the versatility and usefulness of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures.", "PMID": 378622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4181", "title": "L-Dopa inhibits metoclopramide stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in man.", "content": "Opossum lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle contains inhibitory dopaminergic receptors. Since metoclopramide is a dopaminergic antagonist in many experimental situations, the present study was designed to investigate whether this mechanism could explain the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) stimulating action of metoclopramide in man. The interactions of (1) oral L-dopa, a dopamine precursor, and metoclopramide; and (2) L-dopa and the cholinergic agent, bethanechol, on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normal subjects were examined. Oral L-dopa significantly inhibited LESP response to either oral metoclopramide 20 mg (P less than 0.05), or intravenous metoclopramide 20 mg (P less than 0.05). In contrast, L-dopa did not inhibit the LESP response to subcutaneous bethanechol (0.07 mg/kg). Mean basal LESP measured 50 min after ingestion of 1000 mg L-dopa, 19.3 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, was significantly less than basal LESP after L-dopa placebo, 29.3 +/- 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that (1) L-dopa inhibited the metoclopramide-induced rise in LESP but not peak stimulation of LESP by bethanechol; (2) there is evidence for the possibility of LES dopaminergic inhibitory receptors in man; and (3) these data are consistent with the hypothesis that metoclopramide acts on the LES by blocking a dopaminergic pressure-lowering mechanism.", "contents": "L-Dopa inhibits metoclopramide stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in man. Opossum lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle contains inhibitory dopaminergic receptors. Since metoclopramide is a dopaminergic antagonist in many experimental situations, the present study was designed to investigate whether this mechanism could explain the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) stimulating action of metoclopramide in man. The interactions of (1) oral L-dopa, a dopamine precursor, and metoclopramide; and (2) L-dopa and the cholinergic agent, bethanechol, on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normal subjects were examined. Oral L-dopa significantly inhibited LESP response to either oral metoclopramide 20 mg (P less than 0.05), or intravenous metoclopramide 20 mg (P less than 0.05). In contrast, L-dopa did not inhibit the LESP response to subcutaneous bethanechol (0.07 mg/kg). Mean basal LESP measured 50 min after ingestion of 1000 mg L-dopa, 19.3 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, was significantly less than basal LESP after L-dopa placebo, 29.3 +/- 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that (1) L-dopa inhibited the metoclopramide-induced rise in LESP but not peak stimulation of LESP by bethanechol; (2) there is evidence for the possibility of LES dopaminergic inhibitory receptors in man; and (3) these data are consistent with the hypothesis that metoclopramide acts on the LES by blocking a dopaminergic pressure-lowering mechanism.", "PMID": 378623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4182", "title": "The relationship between conventional liver tests, quantitative function tests, and histopathology in cirrhosis.", "content": "Thirty patients with cirrhosis were evaluated with the 2-hr [14C]aminopyrine breath test (score) and with conventional liver tests. Of the 30 patients, 24 also had current liver biopsies. There was a good correlation between necroinflammatory activity in the 24 cirrhotic liver biopsies and the 2-hr aminopyrine scores. All five patients who had at least grade 2 necroinflammatory activity on their biopsy had an abnormal prothrombin time (greater than 3.5 sec above control) and their aminopyrine score was less than 2%. The correlation was good between the 2-hr aminopyrine score and the prothrombin time (seconds over control). No correlation was found between the 2-hr aminopyrine score and either the serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) or any other liver test except for the prothrombin time. It seems that the 2-hr aminopyrine score and prothrombin time are more likely to give a quantitative estimate of total functioning parenchymal mass which is left unaffected by hepatocellular disease in cirrhosis, than the other commonly used liver tests.", "contents": "The relationship between conventional liver tests, quantitative function tests, and histopathology in cirrhosis. Thirty patients with cirrhosis were evaluated with the 2-hr [14C]aminopyrine breath test (score) and with conventional liver tests. Of the 30 patients, 24 also had current liver biopsies. There was a good correlation between necroinflammatory activity in the 24 cirrhotic liver biopsies and the 2-hr aminopyrine scores. All five patients who had at least grade 2 necroinflammatory activity on their biopsy had an abnormal prothrombin time (greater than 3.5 sec above control) and their aminopyrine score was less than 2%. The correlation was good between the 2-hr aminopyrine score and the prothrombin time (seconds over control). No correlation was found between the 2-hr aminopyrine score and either the serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) or any other liver test except for the prothrombin time. It seems that the 2-hr aminopyrine score and prothrombin time are more likely to give a quantitative estimate of total functioning parenchymal mass which is left unaffected by hepatocellular disease in cirrhosis, than the other commonly used liver tests.", "PMID": 378624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4183", "title": "Clinical perspectives in the care of the pregnant diabetic patient.", "content": "Despite the considerable improvement in the care of the diabetic mother and the prognosis for her baby, a number of clinical problems remain unresolved. Apart from the increased incidence of major and minor fetal anomalies, morbidity amongst the newborn and the high incidence of diabetes in later life of women who have had relatively minor carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy are a cause for concern. In this paper the outstanding clinical problems and thier possible solutions are considered. The elucidation of the origin of congenital malformations is discussed. The prevention of congenital anomalies in the diabetic requires a precise knowledge of their aetiology which is currently not available. However, on the hypothesis that diabetes creates an abnormal biochemical environment which may well disturb embryogenesis, it is logical to try and control maternal blood sugar as soon as possible in pregnancy or even before conception. To extend this argument further, it follows naturally that the maintenance of normoglycaemia throughout pregnancy until delivery is also desirable. The practicalities of various methods of screening for diabetes in pregnancy and new approaches in the medical and obstetric problems of the pregnant diabetic are also considered. Finally, the question of contraception and its implication for the woman who is known to have carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical perspectives in the care of the pregnant diabetic patient. Despite the considerable improvement in the care of the diabetic mother and the prognosis for her baby, a number of clinical problems remain unresolved. Apart from the increased incidence of major and minor fetal anomalies, morbidity amongst the newborn and the high incidence of diabetes in later life of women who have had relatively minor carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy are a cause for concern. In this paper the outstanding clinical problems and thier possible solutions are considered. The elucidation of the origin of congenital malformations is discussed. The prevention of congenital anomalies in the diabetic requires a precise knowledge of their aetiology which is currently not available. However, on the hypothesis that diabetes creates an abnormal biochemical environment which may well disturb embryogenesis, it is logical to try and control maternal blood sugar as soon as possible in pregnancy or even before conception. To extend this argument further, it follows naturally that the maintenance of normoglycaemia throughout pregnancy until delivery is also desirable. The practicalities of various methods of screening for diabetes in pregnancy and new approaches in the medical and obstetric problems of the pregnant diabetic are also considered. Finally, the question of contraception and its implication for the woman who is known to have carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 378619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4184", "title": "Clinically significant vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to malabsorption of protein-bound vitamin B12.", "content": "Protein- (chicken serum) bound [57Co]cyanocobalamin absorption was evaluated in five hypochlorhydric patients who had developed B12 deficiency despite having normal absorption of unbound crystalline vitamin B12. All five patients had decreased urinary excretion of protein-bound B12 (0.06--0.34%) as compared to twelve normal controls (0.61--5.6%), P less than .001. Improvement in protein-bound B12 absorption in four of the five patients occurred with the exogenous administration of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric intrinsic factor, or a combination thereof. Vitamin B12 deficiency developing in the setting of hypochlorhydria may result from deficiency of acid-peptic digestion of B12 bound to protein and/or a relative deficiency of intrinsic factor. This digestive defect is not detected with tests which measure the absorption of unbound crystalline B12 but is detected by a simple test which employs B12 bound to chicken serum as the form of protein-bound B12.", "contents": "Clinically significant vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to malabsorption of protein-bound vitamin B12. Protein- (chicken serum) bound [57Co]cyanocobalamin absorption was evaluated in five hypochlorhydric patients who had developed B12 deficiency despite having normal absorption of unbound crystalline vitamin B12. All five patients had decreased urinary excretion of protein-bound B12 (0.06--0.34%) as compared to twelve normal controls (0.61--5.6%), P less than .001. Improvement in protein-bound B12 absorption in four of the five patients occurred with the exogenous administration of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric intrinsic factor, or a combination thereof. Vitamin B12 deficiency developing in the setting of hypochlorhydria may result from deficiency of acid-peptic digestion of B12 bound to protein and/or a relative deficiency of intrinsic factor. This digestive defect is not detected with tests which measure the absorption of unbound crystalline B12 but is detected by a simple test which employs B12 bound to chicken serum as the form of protein-bound B12.", "PMID": 378625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4185", "title": "The influence of hormonal changes of pregnancy on maternal metabolism.", "content": "Mammalian pregnancy is characterized by progressive hyperinsulinaemia, raised plasma lipids and increased vulnerability to ketosis after food deprivation. The present investigations were performed to assess the role of two placental steroids, oestradiol and progesterone, in the development of these changes, since plasma titres of these hormones progressively increase during human gestation. In both human subjects and adult female rats it was demonstrated that these two steroids, separately or in combination, augment plasma insulin concentration in vivo, cause hypertrophy of pancreatic islets and promote exaggerated secretion of insulin, but not glucagon, by pancreatic islets in vitro. Hypertriglyceridaemia induced by oestrogen alone or combined with progesterone was associated with increased splanchnic production of triglyceride as well as altered tissue lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34) and circulating apoproteins that influence activity of this enzyme. The combined regimen also increased hepatic glycogen storage and suppressed gluconeogenesis in vivo in the rat while accelerating the onset of ketosis during starvation in human subjects and in the animal model. Oestradiol and progesterone appear to effect metabolic changes in nonpregnant animals and human subjects that simulate maternal adaptations to advancing gestation, including altered endocrine pancreatic function, triglyceride metabolism and metabolic fuel storage and mobilization.", "contents": "The influence of hormonal changes of pregnancy on maternal metabolism. Mammalian pregnancy is characterized by progressive hyperinsulinaemia, raised plasma lipids and increased vulnerability to ketosis after food deprivation. The present investigations were performed to assess the role of two placental steroids, oestradiol and progesterone, in the development of these changes, since plasma titres of these hormones progressively increase during human gestation. In both human subjects and adult female rats it was demonstrated that these two steroids, separately or in combination, augment plasma insulin concentration in vivo, cause hypertrophy of pancreatic islets and promote exaggerated secretion of insulin, but not glucagon, by pancreatic islets in vitro. Hypertriglyceridaemia induced by oestrogen alone or combined with progesterone was associated with increased splanchnic production of triglyceride as well as altered tissue lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34) and circulating apoproteins that influence activity of this enzyme. The combined regimen also increased hepatic glycogen storage and suppressed gluconeogenesis in vivo in the rat while accelerating the onset of ketosis during starvation in human subjects and in the animal model. Oestradiol and progesterone appear to effect metabolic changes in nonpregnant animals and human subjects that simulate maternal adaptations to advancing gestation, including altered endocrine pancreatic function, triglyceride metabolism and metabolic fuel storage and mobilization.", "PMID": 378620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4186", "title": "Long-term cimetidine in duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "Forty patients with chronic duodenal ulcer who had healed endoscopically with a 6-week course of cimetidine were randomized double blind to 1 year of either placebo or cimetidine tablets 400 mg bid (20 patients in each group). Patients were seen at monthly intervals, and endoscopy was performed at clinical relapse or on completion of 1 year. One of 20 patients on active cimetidine relapsed clinically and endoscopically at 3 months; 16 of 20 patients on placebo relapsed clinically and endoscopically within 9 months, the majority within 3 months, and 2 were shown to have asymptomatic chronic ulcers at routine 12-month endoscopy. None of the 19 patients on active cimetidine routinely endoscoped at 12 months showed evidence of ulceration. This study confirms a high relapse rate when short-term cimetidine is ceased and indicates that maintenance treatment with cimetidine prevents relapse.", "contents": "Long-term cimetidine in duodenal ulcer disease. Forty patients with chronic duodenal ulcer who had healed endoscopically with a 6-week course of cimetidine were randomized double blind to 1 year of either placebo or cimetidine tablets 400 mg bid (20 patients in each group). Patients were seen at monthly intervals, and endoscopy was performed at clinical relapse or on completion of 1 year. One of 20 patients on active cimetidine relapsed clinically and endoscopically at 3 months; 16 of 20 patients on placebo relapsed clinically and endoscopically within 9 months, the majority within 3 months, and 2 were shown to have asymptomatic chronic ulcers at routine 12-month endoscopy. None of the 19 patients on active cimetidine routinely endoscoped at 12 months showed evidence of ulceration. This study confirms a high relapse rate when short-term cimetidine is ceased and indicates that maintenance treatment with cimetidine prevents relapse.", "PMID": 378626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4187", "title": "Differences in intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease as assessed by liver scan, portal pressure, and E. coli antibodies.", "content": "The interrelationship among portal vein pressure, 99mTc sulfur colloid liver/spleen scan abnormality, and serum E. coli antibody titers has been examined in 33 patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and compared with 24 patients with liver disease not related to alcohol (non-ALD). A correlation between portal vein pressure and liver scan abnormality is seen in both groups, but for a given degree of portal hypertension there is a much greater redistribution of sulfur colloid in the ALD group (P less than 0.01). E. coli antibody titers are significantly higher in the ALD patients compared with the non-ALD patients (P less than 0.02), and they show a positive correlation with scan abnormality but not with portal vein pressure. It is suggested that the differences in scan appearance and E. coli antibody titers in these two groups of liver disease patients may be related to differences in intrahepatic shunting.", "contents": "Differences in intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease as assessed by liver scan, portal pressure, and E. coli antibodies. The interrelationship among portal vein pressure, 99mTc sulfur colloid liver/spleen scan abnormality, and serum E. coli antibody titers has been examined in 33 patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and compared with 24 patients with liver disease not related to alcohol (non-ALD). A correlation between portal vein pressure and liver scan abnormality is seen in both groups, but for a given degree of portal hypertension there is a much greater redistribution of sulfur colloid in the ALD group (P less than 0.01). E. coli antibody titers are significantly higher in the ALD patients compared with the non-ALD patients (P less than 0.02), and they show a positive correlation with scan abnormality but not with portal vein pressure. It is suggested that the differences in scan appearance and E. coli antibody titers in these two groups of liver disease patients may be related to differences in intrahepatic shunting.", "PMID": 378627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4188", "title": "[Lidocaine prophylaxis in the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double blind study performed in cooperation with 69 emergency doctors and general practitioners in the catchment areas of the university and of the city hospital in L\u00fcbeck the action of intramuscular lidocaine on mortality and on the incidence of arrhythmias was investigated in patients with acute myocardial infarction aged less than 70 years. The mortality in the lidocaine group was significantly lower than in the placebo group. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias up to 120 minutes after the lidocaine injection was also lower than in the placebo group. However, the only case of primary ventricular fibrillation was in the lidocaine group. As the difference in mortality between the two groups appeared at a time when an antifibrillatory action of lidocaine can no longer be assumed one must question whether the positively beneficial effect was real or whether the lower mortality was in fact due to primarily milder disease in the lidocaine group.", "contents": "[Lidocaine prophylaxis in the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In a double blind study performed in cooperation with 69 emergency doctors and general practitioners in the catchment areas of the university and of the city hospital in L\u00fcbeck the action of intramuscular lidocaine on mortality and on the incidence of arrhythmias was investigated in patients with acute myocardial infarction aged less than 70 years. The mortality in the lidocaine group was significantly lower than in the placebo group. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias up to 120 minutes after the lidocaine injection was also lower than in the placebo group. However, the only case of primary ventricular fibrillation was in the lidocaine group. As the difference in mortality between the two groups appeared at a time when an antifibrillatory action of lidocaine can no longer be assumed one must question whether the positively beneficial effect was real or whether the lower mortality was in fact due to primarily milder disease in the lidocaine group.", "PMID": 378632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4189", "title": "Drug prescribing in renal failure.", "content": "Drug prescribing for patients with renal failure should incorporate adjustment of dosage regimens in order to avoid accumulation and thus adverse effects. Drugs usually eliminated by the kidneys require the most modification. Since immediate therapeutic efficacy is of importance, the initial or loading dose is essentially unaltered for patients with renal dysfunction. Maintenance doses can be adjusted by either lengthening the interval between doses of by reducing the size of individual doses. In clinical practice, a combination of both methods is used. Serum levels should be used as guides whenever possible. In interpreting these levels, recognition of decreased plasma protein binding and prolonged elimination half-lives in renal failure is imperative. In patients requiring dialysis, consideration must be given to adjustments for drug removal by the artificial membrane. Small molecules unbound to proteins are most easily removed. Specific guidelines for therapy with common drugs prescribed for patients with renal failure are given. These include: (1) narcotics and analgesics; (2) psychotherapeutic drugs; (3) cardiovascular drugs; and (4) antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Drug prescribing in renal failure. Drug prescribing for patients with renal failure should incorporate adjustment of dosage regimens in order to avoid accumulation and thus adverse effects. Drugs usually eliminated by the kidneys require the most modification. Since immediate therapeutic efficacy is of importance, the initial or loading dose is essentially unaltered for patients with renal dysfunction. Maintenance doses can be adjusted by either lengthening the interval between doses of by reducing the size of individual doses. In clinical practice, a combination of both methods is used. Serum levels should be used as guides whenever possible. In interpreting these levels, recognition of decreased plasma protein binding and prolonged elimination half-lives in renal failure is imperative. In patients requiring dialysis, consideration must be given to adjustments for drug removal by the artificial membrane. Small molecules unbound to proteins are most easily removed. Specific guidelines for therapy with common drugs prescribed for patients with renal failure are given. These include: (1) narcotics and analgesics; (2) psychotherapeutic drugs; (3) cardiovascular drugs; and (4) antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 378644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4190", "title": "Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy.", "content": "Buprenorphine, a derivative of the morphine alkaloid thebaine, is a strong analgesic with marked narcotic antagonist activity. In studies in relatively small groups of postoperative patients with moderate to severe pain, one or a few doses of buprenorphine parenterally (by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection) or sublingually were at least as effective as standard doses of other strong analgesics such as morphine, pethidine or pentazocine, and buprenorphine was longer acting than these agents. Only a small number of patients with chronic pain have received repeated doses, but in such patients there was no need for increased doses during several weeks to months of treatment. Buprenorphine appears to produce side effects which are similar to those seen with other morphine-like compounds, including respiratory depression. There is apparently no completely reliable specific antagonist for buprenorphine's respiratory depressant effect, since even very high doses of the antagonist drug naloxone may produce only a partial reversal. The respiratory stimulant drug doxapram has overcome respiratory depression in volunteers and in a few patients in a clinical setting, but such studies have not been done in an overdose situation. Animal studies and a direct addiction study in a few volunteers suggest that the dependence liability of buprenorphine may be lower than that of other older morphine-like drugs. However, a slowly emerging abstinence syndrome did occur on withdrawal after very high doses administered for 1 to 2 months. A definitive statement on the drug's dependence liability and abuse potential cannot be made until it has had much wider use for a longer period of time.", "contents": "Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Buprenorphine, a derivative of the morphine alkaloid thebaine, is a strong analgesic with marked narcotic antagonist activity. In studies in relatively small groups of postoperative patients with moderate to severe pain, one or a few doses of buprenorphine parenterally (by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection) or sublingually were at least as effective as standard doses of other strong analgesics such as morphine, pethidine or pentazocine, and buprenorphine was longer acting than these agents. Only a small number of patients with chronic pain have received repeated doses, but in such patients there was no need for increased doses during several weeks to months of treatment. Buprenorphine appears to produce side effects which are similar to those seen with other morphine-like compounds, including respiratory depression. There is apparently no completely reliable specific antagonist for buprenorphine's respiratory depressant effect, since even very high doses of the antagonist drug naloxone may produce only a partial reversal. The respiratory stimulant drug doxapram has overcome respiratory depression in volunteers and in a few patients in a clinical setting, but such studies have not been done in an overdose situation. Animal studies and a direct addiction study in a few volunteers suggest that the dependence liability of buprenorphine may be lower than that of other older morphine-like drugs. However, a slowly emerging abstinence syndrome did occur on withdrawal after very high doses administered for 1 to 2 months. A definitive statement on the drug's dependence liability and abuse potential cannot be made until it has had much wider use for a longer period of time.", "PMID": 378645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4191", "title": "Mexiletine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in arrhythmias.", "content": "Mexiletine is a new local anaesthetic antiarrhythmic agent whose chemical structure and electrophysiological properties closely resemble those of lignocaine although its anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic properties differ from that drug. Unlike lignocaine (lidocaine) it is active following oral administration with a plasma half-life varying between 8 and 20 hours so that it can be administered twice or three times daily to sustain therapeutic plasma levels. The drug is effective when given intravenously or by the oral route in controlling ventricular arrhythmias especially following acute myocardial infarction but the side effects are greater during parenteral administration. Side effects during chronic oral therapy with mexiletine have not posed a serious problem. Mexiletine has the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an agent suitable for the chronic oral prophylaxis of serious ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Mexiletine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in arrhythmias. Mexiletine is a new local anaesthetic antiarrhythmic agent whose chemical structure and electrophysiological properties closely resemble those of lignocaine although its anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic properties differ from that drug. Unlike lignocaine (lidocaine) it is active following oral administration with a plasma half-life varying between 8 and 20 hours so that it can be administered twice or three times daily to sustain therapeutic plasma levels. The drug is effective when given intravenously or by the oral route in controlling ventricular arrhythmias especially following acute myocardial infarction but the side effects are greater during parenteral administration. Side effects during chronic oral therapy with mexiletine have not posed a serious problem. Mexiletine has the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an agent suitable for the chronic oral prophylaxis of serious ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 378646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4192", "title": "Drug prescribing in hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "Liver disease in man is associated with a variety of pathophysiological processes which may influence the disposition of drugs in several ways. Interpretation of the observed pharmacokinetic changes in liver disease requires an understanding of the relationship between systemic drug clearance (Cls), volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination half-life [t1/2(beta)], i.e. t1/2(beta) = 0.693 . Vd/Cls. Half-life will be a measure of the fluctuation in drug level one may expect with continued administration of a drug while clearance will determine the dose required to achieve a particular steady state level. Liver disease may affect clearance and volume of distribution and so produce changes in half-life; in addition, alterations in plasma binding of drugs may occur and so influence free (unbound) drug levels. It is also possible that the end organ response, particularly in the case of sedative drugs, may be affected by liver disease. Other factors such as age, nutrition, smoking, and concomitant drug therapy may also influence drug elimination in patients with liver disease. At the present time, caution should be exercised in prescribing drugs to patients with liver disease and the dose should be titrated to the clinical response. The development of liver 'function' tests using model or marker drugs may offer some help to the prescriber in the future and enable a less empirical approach.", "contents": "Drug prescribing in hepatobiliary disease. Liver disease in man is associated with a variety of pathophysiological processes which may influence the disposition of drugs in several ways. Interpretation of the observed pharmacokinetic changes in liver disease requires an understanding of the relationship between systemic drug clearance (Cls), volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination half-life [t1/2(beta)], i.e. t1/2(beta) = 0.693 . Vd/Cls. Half-life will be a measure of the fluctuation in drug level one may expect with continued administration of a drug while clearance will determine the dose required to achieve a particular steady state level. Liver disease may affect clearance and volume of distribution and so produce changes in half-life; in addition, alterations in plasma binding of drugs may occur and so influence free (unbound) drug levels. It is also possible that the end organ response, particularly in the case of sedative drugs, may be affected by liver disease. Other factors such as age, nutrition, smoking, and concomitant drug therapy may also influence drug elimination in patients with liver disease. At the present time, caution should be exercised in prescribing drugs to patients with liver disease and the dose should be titrated to the clinical response. The development of liver 'function' tests using model or marker drugs may offer some help to the prescriber in the future and enable a less empirical approach.", "PMID": 378647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4193", "title": "Use of bromocriptine in hyperprolactinaemic anovulation and related disorders.", "content": "Bromocriptine has been successfully used to treat hyperprolactinaemic disorders of ovulation; treatment with 5.0 to 7.5 mg daily results in normalisation of serum prolactin concentration and restoration of ovulatory menstruation in most patients with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea. It is equally effective in hyperprolactinaemic patients with pituitary tumours as in those with normal pituitary x-rays, but the choice of bromocriptine as primary treatment in the former group (especially in those patients who desire pregnancy) is a matter of some controversy and requires careful judgement. Bromocriptine has also been used, with reported success, in infertility associated with luteal insufficiency, the polycystic ovary syndrome, normoprolactinaemic amenorhoea and ovulatory infertility. However, its role in the treatment of these disorders will remain uncertain until more extensive, adequately controlled clinical trials are availabe.", "contents": "Use of bromocriptine in hyperprolactinaemic anovulation and related disorders. Bromocriptine has been successfully used to treat hyperprolactinaemic disorders of ovulation; treatment with 5.0 to 7.5 mg daily results in normalisation of serum prolactin concentration and restoration of ovulatory menstruation in most patients with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea. It is equally effective in hyperprolactinaemic patients with pituitary tumours as in those with normal pituitary x-rays, but the choice of bromocriptine as primary treatment in the former group (especially in those patients who desire pregnancy) is a matter of some controversy and requires careful judgement. Bromocriptine has also been used, with reported success, in infertility associated with luteal insufficiency, the polycystic ovary syndrome, normoprolactinaemic amenorhoea and ovulatory infertility. However, its role in the treatment of these disorders will remain uncertain until more extensive, adequately controlled clinical trials are availabe.", "PMID": 378649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4194", "title": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of hypogonadism and male impotence.", "content": "A rapid, practical diagnostic scheme is the key to selecting proper candidates for treatment with bromocriptine. The evaluation centres around assays for prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone, polytomography and computerised axial tomography of the sella turcica and parasellar regions, and the ergot alkaloid, bromocriptine. Additionally, bromocriptine is of significant value in the treatment of men and women with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Approximately 80% of patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogadism and hyperprolactinaemia will respond favorably to bromocriptine therapy. In women who conceive during such treatment there appears to be no increase in the rate of spontaneous abortion, of multiple gestations or of congenital anomalies. Bromocriptine appears to be of little value in the treatment of male impotence unless hyperprolactinaemia is a component of the disease. Side affects are usually mild and transient. Following the discontinuation of therapy most patients have a recurrence of hyperprolactinaemia and hypogonadism.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of hypogonadism and male impotence. A rapid, practical diagnostic scheme is the key to selecting proper candidates for treatment with bromocriptine. The evaluation centres around assays for prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone, polytomography and computerised axial tomography of the sella turcica and parasellar regions, and the ergot alkaloid, bromocriptine. Additionally, bromocriptine is of significant value in the treatment of men and women with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Approximately 80% of patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogadism and hyperprolactinaemia will respond favorably to bromocriptine therapy. In women who conceive during such treatment there appears to be no increase in the rate of spontaneous abortion, of multiple gestations or of congenital anomalies. Bromocriptine appears to be of little value in the treatment of male impotence unless hyperprolactinaemia is a component of the disease. Side affects are usually mild and transient. Following the discontinuation of therapy most patients have a recurrence of hyperprolactinaemia and hypogonadism.", "PMID": 378650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4195", "title": "[Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The favorable effect of glucocorticoids on the development of the chronic active hepatitis is statistically proved on the basis of the amelioration of the survival rate in controlled studies. The so-called lupoid hepatitis is significantly better influenced than the HBs-Ag positive chronic hepatitis. By additional therapy with azathioprine it is possible to reduce the dose of glucocorticoids. Therefore it is better to combine glucocorticoids and azathioprine in some cases, especially in those with a high dosed glucocorticoid therapy. Further prospective studies are necessary to check more precisely the therapeutic effect of the different remedies. The effect of D-penicillamine is vague. A treatment with chloroquine is indicated in cases with contraindications again glucocorticoids and azathioprine.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. The favorable effect of glucocorticoids on the development of the chronic active hepatitis is statistically proved on the basis of the amelioration of the survival rate in controlled studies. The so-called lupoid hepatitis is significantly better influenced than the HBs-Ag positive chronic hepatitis. By additional therapy with azathioprine it is possible to reduce the dose of glucocorticoids. Therefore it is better to combine glucocorticoids and azathioprine in some cases, especially in those with a high dosed glucocorticoid therapy. Further prospective studies are necessary to check more precisely the therapeutic effect of the different remedies. The effect of D-penicillamine is vague. A treatment with chloroquine is indicated in cases with contraindications again glucocorticoids and azathioprine.", "PMID": 378653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4196", "title": "Glicentin immunoreactive cells: their relationship to glucagon-producing cells.", "content": "The cellular and subcellular localization of one of the gut glucagon-like immunoreactants (GLI-1 or glicentin) and the relative distribution of glicentin- and glucagon-containing cells were investigated by immunocytochemistry. By immunofluorescence, the antiglicentin serum, which does not react with glucagon, revealed positive cells in the islets of Langerhans and in the gut mucosa, particularly in the terminal ileum and colon. In the intestinal mucosa, it was proven ultrastructurally that the glicentin immunoreactive cells correspond to the L cell and that the secretory granules represent the storage compartment of the immunoreactive material. In pancreatic islets, consecutive semithin sections treated with antiglicentin and specific antiglucagon sera showed that the same A cell population reacted with both sera, while immunoperoxidase staining on thin sections revealed that the immunoreactive material was confined to the secretory granules. The same results were obtained on dog oxyntic mucosa, where the glicentin- and glucagon-containing cells were identified as the gastric A cell. The immunocytochemical demonstration of a common glicentin-like material in the A and L cells together with the known presence of a common immunoreactant in glicentin and glucagon strongly support the idea that the A and L cells are ontogenetically related and synthesize their secretory product via a glicentin-like precursor which, by specific cleavage, could yield glucagon and gut glucagon-like immunoreactants.", "contents": "Glicentin immunoreactive cells: their relationship to glucagon-producing cells. The cellular and subcellular localization of one of the gut glucagon-like immunoreactants (GLI-1 or glicentin) and the relative distribution of glicentin- and glucagon-containing cells were investigated by immunocytochemistry. By immunofluorescence, the antiglicentin serum, which does not react with glucagon, revealed positive cells in the islets of Langerhans and in the gut mucosa, particularly in the terminal ileum and colon. In the intestinal mucosa, it was proven ultrastructurally that the glicentin immunoreactive cells correspond to the L cell and that the secretory granules represent the storage compartment of the immunoreactive material. In pancreatic islets, consecutive semithin sections treated with antiglicentin and specific antiglucagon sera showed that the same A cell population reacted with both sera, while immunoperoxidase staining on thin sections revealed that the immunoreactive material was confined to the secretory granules. The same results were obtained on dog oxyntic mucosa, where the glicentin- and glucagon-containing cells were identified as the gastric A cell. The immunocytochemical demonstration of a common glicentin-like material in the A and L cells together with the known presence of a common immunoreactant in glicentin and glucagon strongly support the idea that the A and L cells are ontogenetically related and synthesize their secretory product via a glicentin-like precursor which, by specific cleavage, could yield glucagon and gut glucagon-like immunoreactants.", "PMID": 378654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4197", "title": "The Ninth Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. Compartmentation and communication in living systems. Ligand conduction: a general catalytic principle in chemical, osmotic and chemiosmotic reaction systems.", "content": "Chemical reactions, like osmotic reactions, are transport processes when looked at in detail. Chemical catalysis by enzymes or catalytic carriers, and osmotic catalysis by porters, may be conceived as occurring by specific ligand-conduction mechanisms. In chemiosmotic reaction systems, the pathways of specific ligand conduction are spatially orientated through anisotropic enzyme and catalytic carrier complexes in which the reactions of chemical group transfer occur as vectorial diffusion processes of group translocation down gradients of group potential that represent real spatially-directed fields of chemical force. Thus, it is easier to explain biochemistry in terms of transport than it is to explain transport in terms of biochemistry.", "contents": "The Ninth Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. Compartmentation and communication in living systems. Ligand conduction: a general catalytic principle in chemical, osmotic and chemiosmotic reaction systems. Chemical reactions, like osmotic reactions, are transport processes when looked at in detail. Chemical catalysis by enzymes or catalytic carriers, and osmotic catalysis by porters, may be conceived as occurring by specific ligand-conduction mechanisms. In chemiosmotic reaction systems, the pathways of specific ligand conduction are spatially orientated through anisotropic enzyme and catalytic carrier complexes in which the reactions of chemical group transfer occur as vectorial diffusion processes of group translocation down gradients of group potential that represent real spatially-directed fields of chemical force. Thus, it is easier to explain biochemistry in terms of transport than it is to explain transport in terms of biochemistry.", "PMID": 378655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4198", "title": "Degradation of the DNA-binding domain of wild-type and i-d lac repressors in Escherichia coli.", "content": "It has been shown that 28 transdominant mutant lac repressors which have lost operator DNA-binding ability in vivo and in vitro, but still bind inducer and are able to form tetramers (i-d repressors), could be divided into two groups by their capacity or incapacity to bind non-specifically to the phosphate groups of the DNA backbone. All but one of 15 analysed i-d repressors with amino acid substitutions to the C-terminal of residue 52 showed uneffected non-specific DNA binding. All 13 tested i-d repressors with amino acid substitutions to the N-terminal of residue 53 did not bind to double-stranded DNA, and 11 of these repressors derived from missense mutations in the lacI gene were endogenously degraded. The degradation in vivo only affects the amino-terminal 50-60 residues producing a mutant-specific pattern of stable repressor fragments. These fragments are tetrameric and capable of binding inducer in vivo and in vitro. The proteolytic attack presumably takes place during synthesis of the i-d repressors, since the resulting fragments are stable, both in vivo (as shown by a pulse-chase experiment) and in vitro. The proteolysis in vivo depends on the growth conditions of the bacteria and is higher in cells grown in minimal media than in rich media. Wild-type repressor is only susceptible to limited proteolysis in cells grown in minimal media but not in cells grown in rich media. The results suggest that the majority of the sequence alterations before residue 53 in missense mutant i-d lac repressor proteins affect the three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal DNA-binding domain of the repressor protein, making it susceptible to proteolytic attack by one or several intracellular proteases.", "contents": "Degradation of the DNA-binding domain of wild-type and i-d lac repressors in Escherichia coli. It has been shown that 28 transdominant mutant lac repressors which have lost operator DNA-binding ability in vivo and in vitro, but still bind inducer and are able to form tetramers (i-d repressors), could be divided into two groups by their capacity or incapacity to bind non-specifically to the phosphate groups of the DNA backbone. All but one of 15 analysed i-d repressors with amino acid substitutions to the C-terminal of residue 52 showed uneffected non-specific DNA binding. All 13 tested i-d repressors with amino acid substitutions to the N-terminal of residue 53 did not bind to double-stranded DNA, and 11 of these repressors derived from missense mutations in the lacI gene were endogenously degraded. The degradation in vivo only affects the amino-terminal 50-60 residues producing a mutant-specific pattern of stable repressor fragments. These fragments are tetrameric and capable of binding inducer in vivo and in vitro. The proteolytic attack presumably takes place during synthesis of the i-d repressors, since the resulting fragments are stable, both in vivo (as shown by a pulse-chase experiment) and in vitro. The proteolysis in vivo depends on the growth conditions of the bacteria and is higher in cells grown in minimal media than in rich media. Wild-type repressor is only susceptible to limited proteolysis in cells grown in minimal media but not in cells grown in rich media. The results suggest that the majority of the sequence alterations before residue 53 in missense mutant i-d lac repressor proteins affect the three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal DNA-binding domain of the repressor protein, making it susceptible to proteolytic attack by one or several intracellular proteases.", "PMID": 378656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4199", "title": "Respiratory nitrate reductase: its localization in the cytoplasmic membrane of Klebsiella aerogenes and Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "The sidedness of the respiratory nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes was studied by indirect immunofluorescence and by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. It was shown that the two subunits (Mr 150000 and 57000, respectively) of nitrate reductase of B. licheniformis are localized on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, whereas the K. aerogenes enzyme is a transmembrane protein. The different localization of nitrate reductase in the membranes of these organisms may be related to their different r\u00f4le in oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Respiratory nitrate reductase: its localization in the cytoplasmic membrane of Klebsiella aerogenes and Bacillus licheniformis. The sidedness of the respiratory nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes was studied by indirect immunofluorescence and by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. It was shown that the two subunits (Mr 150000 and 57000, respectively) of nitrate reductase of B. licheniformis are localized on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, whereas the K. aerogenes enzyme is a transmembrane protein. The different localization of nitrate reductase in the membranes of these organisms may be related to their different r\u00f4le in oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 378657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4200", "title": "Demonstration by membrane reconstitution of a butanol-soluble intermediate in the biosynthesis of the O9 antigen of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The activity in vitro of the mannan-synthesizing system of Escherichia coli O9 depends on the presence of glucose in the growth medium of the bacteria. Inactive membranes of E. coli strain F988 grown without gain mannan-synthesizing activity by reconstitution with a butanol extract obtained from the same bacteria grown with glucose. Inactive membranes could also be restored to biosynthetic activity by incubation with UDP-glucose in the presence of magnesium chloride. In this magnesium-ion-dependent reaction, a glucolipid was formed which was extractable with butanol. It could be used for the reconstitution of inactive membranes. The products of incubations with GDP-mannose of reconstituted and active membranes were analysed for electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular weight and composition. In all cases they proved to be the mannan attached to a hydrophobic mannose carrier, presumably a glucolipid. These results suggest that a glucolipid is the intermediary mannose acceptor in the biosynthesis of the O9 antigen.", "contents": "Demonstration by membrane reconstitution of a butanol-soluble intermediate in the biosynthesis of the O9 antigen of Escherichia coli. The activity in vitro of the mannan-synthesizing system of Escherichia coli O9 depends on the presence of glucose in the growth medium of the bacteria. Inactive membranes of E. coli strain F988 grown without gain mannan-synthesizing activity by reconstitution with a butanol extract obtained from the same bacteria grown with glucose. Inactive membranes could also be restored to biosynthetic activity by incubation with UDP-glucose in the presence of magnesium chloride. In this magnesium-ion-dependent reaction, a glucolipid was formed which was extractable with butanol. It could be used for the reconstitution of inactive membranes. The products of incubations with GDP-mannose of reconstituted and active membranes were analysed for electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular weight and composition. In all cases they proved to be the mannan attached to a hydrophobic mannose carrier, presumably a glucolipid. These results suggest that a glucolipid is the intermediary mannose acceptor in the biosynthesis of the O9 antigen.", "PMID": 378659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4201", "title": "Reversible inactivation of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast by tRNAPhe containing iodoacetamide-alkylated 2-thiocytidine in normal and additional positions.", "content": "2-Thiocytidine 5'-triphosphate, s2CTP, is able to replace CTP as a substrate for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. s2CMP can be incorporated into both cytidine sites of the C-C-A terminus common to all tRNAs, and in the absence of ATP into at least two additional positions. This was shown by alkylation of the 2-thiocytidine residues with iodo[14C]acetamide, total nucleoside analysis, microgel electrophoresis and analysis of RNase T1 fragments of these tRNAs. The incorporation of the 3'-terminal AMP is not influenced by the additional s2CMP residues at pH 9.0. However, at pH 7.6 the additional s2CMP residues are hydrolysed and AMP can be incorporated into the normal position. Two different tRNAs with terminal 2-thiocytidine alkylated by iodoacetamide inhibit tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. This inhibition is significantly slower if an elongated species is used compared to a tRNA with alkylated 2-thiocytidine in the normal position 75. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol reactivates the enzyme and leads to a cytidine containing tRNA. This reaction identifies the attacking nucleophile of the enzyme as cysteine residue, which is probably identical to a cysteine residue found in a similar experiment reported previously. The mechanism of the enzymatic and chemical reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Reversible inactivation of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast by tRNAPhe containing iodoacetamide-alkylated 2-thiocytidine in normal and additional positions. 2-Thiocytidine 5'-triphosphate, s2CTP, is able to replace CTP as a substrate for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. s2CMP can be incorporated into both cytidine sites of the C-C-A terminus common to all tRNAs, and in the absence of ATP into at least two additional positions. This was shown by alkylation of the 2-thiocytidine residues with iodo[14C]acetamide, total nucleoside analysis, microgel electrophoresis and analysis of RNase T1 fragments of these tRNAs. The incorporation of the 3'-terminal AMP is not influenced by the additional s2CMP residues at pH 9.0. However, at pH 7.6 the additional s2CMP residues are hydrolysed and AMP can be incorporated into the normal position. Two different tRNAs with terminal 2-thiocytidine alkylated by iodoacetamide inhibit tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. This inhibition is significantly slower if an elongated species is used compared to a tRNA with alkylated 2-thiocytidine in the normal position 75. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol reactivates the enzyme and leads to a cytidine containing tRNA. This reaction identifies the attacking nucleophile of the enzyme as cysteine residue, which is probably identical to a cysteine residue found in a similar experiment reported previously. The mechanism of the enzymatic and chemical reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 378662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4202", "title": "Protein S1 from Escherichia coli ribosomes: an improved isolation procedure and shape determination by small-angle X-ray scattering.", "content": "Ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli was studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering and the following parameters were obtained. The radius of gyration R = 8.0 +/- 0.2 nm; largest diameter D = 28 nm; molecular weight = (8--9) x 10(4). The data also yielded (with the assumption of a rigid particle with almost constant electron density) two radii of gyration of cross-section Rq1 = 2.5 +/- 0.1 nm and Rq2 = 1.05 +/- 0.05 nm and molecular volume = 140 nm3. The experimental scattering curve of S1 was compared with the theoretical scattering curves for several rigid triaxial homogeneous bodies and the closest fit was given by that of a flat elliptical cylinder with the dimensions of 4.5 nm and 0.88 nm for the two semiaxes and 26.5 nm for height. The results from the present X-ray scattering studies and those from limited proteolytic digestion of protein S1 [J. Mol. Biol. 127, 41--54, (1979)] support the notion that the structure of protein S1 is organized into two distinct subdomains within its elongated overall shape. Protein S1 was purified for this study by an efficient procedure which yielded 12 mg S1/g ribosomes. The isolated protein was fully active in functional tests both before and after X-ray irradiation.", "contents": "Protein S1 from Escherichia coli ribosomes: an improved isolation procedure and shape determination by small-angle X-ray scattering. Ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli was studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering and the following parameters were obtained. The radius of gyration R = 8.0 +/- 0.2 nm; largest diameter D = 28 nm; molecular weight = (8--9) x 10(4). The data also yielded (with the assumption of a rigid particle with almost constant electron density) two radii of gyration of cross-section Rq1 = 2.5 +/- 0.1 nm and Rq2 = 1.05 +/- 0.05 nm and molecular volume = 140 nm3. The experimental scattering curve of S1 was compared with the theoretical scattering curves for several rigid triaxial homogeneous bodies and the closest fit was given by that of a flat elliptical cylinder with the dimensions of 4.5 nm and 0.88 nm for the two semiaxes and 26.5 nm for height. The results from the present X-ray scattering studies and those from limited proteolytic digestion of protein S1 [J. Mol. Biol. 127, 41--54, (1979)] support the notion that the structure of protein S1 is organized into two distinct subdomains within its elongated overall shape. Protein S1 was purified for this study by an efficient procedure which yielded 12 mg S1/g ribosomes. The isolated protein was fully active in functional tests both before and after X-ray irradiation.", "PMID": 378663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4203", "title": "Procaine, a local anesthetic interacting with the cell membrane, inhibits the processing of precursor forms of periplasmic proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli cells with procaine (0.55%, w/v) results in the accumulation of precursor in addition to mature forms of two periplasmic proteins, alkaline phosphatase and glutamine-binding protein. The precursor form of alkaline phosphatase has a higher molecular weight than the mature form by about 2600. An experimental technique is described to isolate and purify precursor forms of any presumably exported protein. After the membrane solubilization step in the presence of nonionic detergent, a peptidase is stimulated, resulting in partial cleavage of the precursors. The products of this cleavage have been identified as the mature protein and presumably the signal peptide in the case of alkaline phosphatase. The amino acid composition of this peptide, which is comprised of 25 residues, has been determined. Procaine (0.55%, w/v) causes an increase in molecular packing of lipid molecules in the membrane which might result in an alteration of membrane fluidity sufficient for selective inhibition of processing of precursors of exported proteins.", "contents": "Procaine, a local anesthetic interacting with the cell membrane, inhibits the processing of precursor forms of periplasmic proteins in Escherichia coli. Treatment of Escherichia coli cells with procaine (0.55%, w/v) results in the accumulation of precursor in addition to mature forms of two periplasmic proteins, alkaline phosphatase and glutamine-binding protein. The precursor form of alkaline phosphatase has a higher molecular weight than the mature form by about 2600. An experimental technique is described to isolate and purify precursor forms of any presumably exported protein. After the membrane solubilization step in the presence of nonionic detergent, a peptidase is stimulated, resulting in partial cleavage of the precursors. The products of this cleavage have been identified as the mature protein and presumably the signal peptide in the case of alkaline phosphatase. The amino acid composition of this peptide, which is comprised of 25 residues, has been determined. Procaine (0.55%, w/v) causes an increase in molecular packing of lipid molecules in the membrane which might result in an alteration of membrane fluidity sufficient for selective inhibition of processing of precursors of exported proteins.", "PMID": 378664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4204", "title": "Affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Systematic studies with immobilized tryptophanol phosphate.", "content": "Inhibition studies and affinity chromatography indicate that derivatives of tryptophanol phosphate are suitable ligands for the affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase. A phenyl group on the spacer arm strengthens the interaction of immobilized tryptophanol phosphate with the enzyme. The alpha 2 beta 2 complex specifically requires the presence of 0.3--0.5 M phosphate ions for binding. The alpha subunit binds in dilute Tris buffer, but its binding is also enhanced by the presence of phosphate ions. The beta 2 subunit binds unspecifically but strongly to the affinity material and to a variety of other immobilized hydrophobic ligands. Binding studies with suspensions of affinity material show that the alpha subunit interacts rapidly and reversibly. Indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate release bound alpha 2 beta 2 complex and alpha subunit in a competitive manner, indicating that the interaction occurs biospecifically, i.e. via the active site of alpha subunit. L-Serine is a non-competitive inhibitor of binding. These results are discussed with regard to the composite-active-site hypothesis [T. E. Creighton (1970) Eur. J. Biochem, 13, 1--10]. Both the alpha subunit and the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli can be obtained with high yields and in homogenous form by absorption to the affinity material from partially purified preparations. Elution is achieved with linear gradients either of indolepropanol phosphate or of indoleglycerol phosphate or, in the case of the complex, of L-serine. At the low concentrations of the complex found in crude extracts of wild-type E. coli cells, the unexpectedly high affinity of the beta 2 subunit for hydrophobic ligands leads to partial dissociation of the complex.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Systematic studies with immobilized tryptophanol phosphate. Inhibition studies and affinity chromatography indicate that derivatives of tryptophanol phosphate are suitable ligands for the affinity chromatography of tryptophan synthase. A phenyl group on the spacer arm strengthens the interaction of immobilized tryptophanol phosphate with the enzyme. The alpha 2 beta 2 complex specifically requires the presence of 0.3--0.5 M phosphate ions for binding. The alpha subunit binds in dilute Tris buffer, but its binding is also enhanced by the presence of phosphate ions. The beta 2 subunit binds unspecifically but strongly to the affinity material and to a variety of other immobilized hydrophobic ligands. Binding studies with suspensions of affinity material show that the alpha subunit interacts rapidly and reversibly. Indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate release bound alpha 2 beta 2 complex and alpha subunit in a competitive manner, indicating that the interaction occurs biospecifically, i.e. via the active site of alpha subunit. L-Serine is a non-competitive inhibitor of binding. These results are discussed with regard to the composite-active-site hypothesis [T. E. Creighton (1970) Eur. J. Biochem, 13, 1--10]. Both the alpha subunit and the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli can be obtained with high yields and in homogenous form by absorption to the affinity material from partially purified preparations. Elution is achieved with linear gradients either of indolepropanol phosphate or of indoleglycerol phosphate or, in the case of the complex, of L-serine. At the low concentrations of the complex found in crude extracts of wild-type E. coli cells, the unexpectedly high affinity of the beta 2 subunit for hydrophobic ligands leads to partial dissociation of the complex.", "PMID": 378665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4205", "title": "IgE in patients with glomerulonephritis and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Serum levels of IgE were studied in 30 children with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome and 32 children with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis during different stages of the disease and treatment. In addition, tissue obtained by renal biopsy was investigated by immunofluorescence histology; no deposits of IgE could be found. The serum IgE levels, however, were increased, particularly in patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. It is concluded that IgE does not play a pathogenic role in the development of the renal disease, but that increased IgE levels are an indication of a disturbance of the immune system.", "contents": "IgE in patients with glomerulonephritis and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Serum levels of IgE were studied in 30 children with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome and 32 children with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis during different stages of the disease and treatment. In addition, tissue obtained by renal biopsy was investigated by immunofluorescence histology; no deposits of IgE could be found. The serum IgE levels, however, were increased, particularly in patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. It is concluded that IgE does not play a pathogenic role in the development of the renal disease, but that increased IgE levels are an indication of a disturbance of the immune system.", "PMID": 378666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4206", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Infection of infancy or childhood?", "content": "A 51-year-old man who died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), had transient dyskinesias with intention myoclonus and exaggerated startle reaction in early life. This may suggest a link between myoclonic encephalopathy of infants and CJD, and an incubation period of more than 40 years of the transmissible agent of CJD.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Infection of infancy or childhood? A 51-year-old man who died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), had transient dyskinesias with intention myoclonus and exaggerated startle reaction in early life. This may suggest a link between myoclonic encephalopathy of infants and CJD, and an incubation period of more than 40 years of the transmissible agent of CJD.", "PMID": 378667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4207", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Immunological findings in saliva and salivary glands.", "content": "Antimeasles antibody was detected in the saliva of 14 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Immunofluorescent staining showed antibody in salvary gland biopsy of 7 patients.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Immunological findings in saliva and salivary glands. Antimeasles antibody was detected in the saliva of 14 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Immunofluorescent staining showed antibody in salvary gland biopsy of 7 patients.", "PMID": 378668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4208", "title": "Dose response relationship of clenbuterol (NAB 365) as a solution for inhalation.", "content": "The dose-response relationship of the new bronchodilator Clenbuterol (NAB 365, Boehringer Ingelheim) was tested in 12 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Clenbuterol is a beta-2-sympathicomimetic, from a series of substituted phenylethanolamines, and it is characterised by good absorption and prolonged action after systemic administration. The action of four different doses of Clenbuterol inhalation solution (6, 12, 24, and 48 microgram corresponding to 2, 4, 8 and 16 drops of a 0.006% solution) was assessed after a single inhalation on 4 successive days. The parameters monitored were bronchial resistance and FEV. The effect of all four doses was the same, both in respect of improvement in FEV and of decrease in bronchial resistance. The increase in expiratory volume and the decrease in bronchial resistance lasted for 6 h. The results show that for inhalation therapy Clenbuterol is a potent, selective bronchodilator, which is largely free of sideeffects. It has still to be determined whether a maximal effect could be achieved with a lower dose 6 microgram.", "contents": "Dose response relationship of clenbuterol (NAB 365) as a solution for inhalation. The dose-response relationship of the new bronchodilator Clenbuterol (NAB 365, Boehringer Ingelheim) was tested in 12 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Clenbuterol is a beta-2-sympathicomimetic, from a series of substituted phenylethanolamines, and it is characterised by good absorption and prolonged action after systemic administration. The action of four different doses of Clenbuterol inhalation solution (6, 12, 24, and 48 microgram corresponding to 2, 4, 8 and 16 drops of a 0.006% solution) was assessed after a single inhalation on 4 successive days. The parameters monitored were bronchial resistance and FEV. The effect of all four doses was the same, both in respect of improvement in FEV and of decrease in bronchial resistance. The increase in expiratory volume and the decrease in bronchial resistance lasted for 6 h. The results show that for inhalation therapy Clenbuterol is a potent, selective bronchodilator, which is largely free of sideeffects. It has still to be determined whether a maximal effect could be achieved with a lower dose 6 microgram.", "PMID": 378670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4209", "title": "Comparison of once and twice daily administration of sotalol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Thirty patients with mild to sever essential hypertension, satisfactorily controlled by twice daily Sotalol 80 to 320mg/day, entered a double-blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy, tolerability and safety of their usual twice daily dose of Sotalol with the same total dose given once a daily. Each double-blind period was eight weeks long; during it blood pressure and pulse rate were measured in each patient's home at 8-10 a.m., 12-2 p.m. and 8-10 p.m., on alternate days during the last week of each treatment period. There was no significant difference in bloodpressure or pulse rate betwen each regime for the three readings during the day. The mean serum concentration of Sotalol twenty-four hours after once daily administration was not sigificantly lower than the concentration 12 h after twice daily administration. Once daily dosage did not cause any problems of tolerance.", "contents": "Comparison of once and twice daily administration of sotalol in the treatment of hypertension. Thirty patients with mild to sever essential hypertension, satisfactorily controlled by twice daily Sotalol 80 to 320mg/day, entered a double-blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy, tolerability and safety of their usual twice daily dose of Sotalol with the same total dose given once a daily. Each double-blind period was eight weeks long; during it blood pressure and pulse rate were measured in each patient's home at 8-10 a.m., 12-2 p.m. and 8-10 p.m., on alternate days during the last week of each treatment period. There was no significant difference in bloodpressure or pulse rate betwen each regime for the three readings during the day. The mean serum concentration of Sotalol twenty-four hours after once daily administration was not sigificantly lower than the concentration 12 h after twice daily administration. Once daily dosage did not cause any problems of tolerance.", "PMID": 378671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4210", "title": "Comparative antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous N-acetylprocainamide and procainamide.", "content": "Ten patients with persistent ventricular arrhythmia were studied in a comparison of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) and procainamide (PA). Each patient performed three exercise tests for 40 min., on different days, with submaximal and fixed work loads. During the first exercise test no drug was administered. During the following two tests PA and NAPA, respectively, were administered by intravenous infusion. The electrocardiogram was continously recorded and was analyzed minute by minute. Blood samples for determination of plasma drug concentration were frequently collected. Exercise alone did not significantly change the incidence of arrhythmia. Both PA and NAPA showed a similar and significant antiarrhythmic effect. A blood pressure fall was seen in two patients after administration of each drug. No other adverse reaction was observed.", "contents": "Comparative antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous N-acetylprocainamide and procainamide. Ten patients with persistent ventricular arrhythmia were studied in a comparison of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) and procainamide (PA). Each patient performed three exercise tests for 40 min., on different days, with submaximal and fixed work loads. During the first exercise test no drug was administered. During the following two tests PA and NAPA, respectively, were administered by intravenous infusion. The electrocardiogram was continously recorded and was analyzed minute by minute. Blood samples for determination of plasma drug concentration were frequently collected. Exercise alone did not significantly change the incidence of arrhythmia. Both PA and NAPA showed a similar and significant antiarrhythmic effect. A blood pressure fall was seen in two patients after administration of each drug. No other adverse reaction was observed.", "PMID": 378673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4211", "title": "Factors affecting warfarin requirements. A prospective population study.", "content": "In 228 ambulatory patients receiving treatment with warfarin, there was a progressive decline in the dose required to produce an equivalent degree of anticoagulant control with increasing age from the third decade onwards. However, the relationship between age and dose was significant only in patients receiving warfarin after episodes of venous thromboembolism or because of coronary artery disease. Patient weight was also related to warfarin requirements, although it was less important a determinant than age.", "contents": "Factors affecting warfarin requirements. A prospective population study. In 228 ambulatory patients receiving treatment with warfarin, there was a progressive decline in the dose required to produce an equivalent degree of anticoagulant control with increasing age from the third decade onwards. However, the relationship between age and dose was significant only in patients receiving warfarin after episodes of venous thromboembolism or because of coronary artery disease. Patient weight was also related to warfarin requirements, although it was less important a determinant than age.", "PMID": 378674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4212", "title": "An annotated bibliography of the remarried, the living together, and their children.", "content": "This bibliography was developed by the Remarried Consultation Center of the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of New York City for our own use. Because there is a growing interest in remarriage and the new types of families this social phenomenon creates, we became convinced that the meager number of articles and books in this area would be of interest to others. We have focused our attention on the now common phenomenon of the remarried and those living together in a committed relationship situation. Some articles that were not designed as studies of remarriage situations are included because their content is pertinent to our subject. The bibliography is divided into six sections to facilitated reference use. It should be noted, however, that these sections are not rigid and that some items could readily have been included under two or more sections. Articles included cover publication dates through April 1978. The six sections are: I. Demography; II. Remarried Couples; III. Stepparents and Stepchildren; IV. Divorce as a Precursor to Remarriage; V. Children of Divorce in Relation to Remarriage; VI. Remarriage-Prophylactic and Therapeutic Aspects. Unfortunately we did not find sufficient material to warrant a section on theoretical aspects. We have tried to make this bibliography as complete as possible using two computer retrieval systems as well as our own search of the literature. If you are familiar with references we have missed, we should appreciate hearing from you.", "contents": "An annotated bibliography of the remarried, the living together, and their children. This bibliography was developed by the Remarried Consultation Center of the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of New York City for our own use. Because there is a growing interest in remarriage and the new types of families this social phenomenon creates, we became convinced that the meager number of articles and books in this area would be of interest to others. We have focused our attention on the now common phenomenon of the remarried and those living together in a committed relationship situation. Some articles that were not designed as studies of remarriage situations are included because their content is pertinent to our subject. The bibliography is divided into six sections to facilitated reference use. It should be noted, however, that these sections are not rigid and that some items could readily have been included under two or more sections. Articles included cover publication dates through April 1978. The six sections are: I. Demography; II. Remarried Couples; III. Stepparents and Stepchildren; IV. Divorce as a Precursor to Remarriage; V. Children of Divorce in Relation to Remarriage; VI. Remarriage-Prophylactic and Therapeutic Aspects. Unfortunately we did not find sufficient material to warrant a section on theoretical aspects. We have tried to make this bibliography as complete as possible using two computer retrieval systems as well as our own search of the literature. If you are familiar with references we have missed, we should appreciate hearing from you.", "PMID": 378682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4213", "title": "Evolutionary relationships of the gut hormones.", "content": "Peptides identical or related to mammalian gut hormones occur widely, not just in gut endocrine cells but also in central or peripheral nerves, amphibian skin glands, and a variety of invertebrate tissues. The dual distribution in brain and gut was probably already established early in the vertebrate line; representatives of the oldest vertebrate group, the cyclostomes, have cholecystokinin-like factors in gut endocrine cells and in brain. The related sequences of certain gut peptides, notably gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), indicate evolution from common ancestral molecules by gene duplication and divergence. Functionally important residues are conserved. Thus the COOH-terminal pentapeptide common to gastrin and CCK also contains their minimal active fragment. There are also evolutionary changes at the level of the target organ receptor mechanisms: these are also evolutionary changes at the level of the target organ receptor mechanisms; these are illustrated by evidence suggesting that secretin regulates the flow of pancreatic juice in mammals whereas the structurally related peptide VIP has a similar role in birds.", "contents": "Evolutionary relationships of the gut hormones. Peptides identical or related to mammalian gut hormones occur widely, not just in gut endocrine cells but also in central or peripheral nerves, amphibian skin glands, and a variety of invertebrate tissues. The dual distribution in brain and gut was probably already established early in the vertebrate line; representatives of the oldest vertebrate group, the cyclostomes, have cholecystokinin-like factors in gut endocrine cells and in brain. The related sequences of certain gut peptides, notably gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), indicate evolution from common ancestral molecules by gene duplication and divergence. Functionally important residues are conserved. Thus the COOH-terminal pentapeptide common to gastrin and CCK also contains their minimal active fragment. There are also evolutionary changes at the level of the target organ receptor mechanisms: these are also evolutionary changes at the level of the target organ receptor mechanisms; these are illustrated by evidence suggesting that secretin regulates the flow of pancreatic juice in mammals whereas the structurally related peptide VIP has a similar role in birds.", "PMID": 378711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4214", "title": "Progress and therapy of stress amenorrhea.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with stress amenorrhea of less than 1 years duration were found to have withdrawal bleeding after progestin administration, normal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and good responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH); ovulation was induced following the admininstration of clomiphene citrate. On the other hand, in 11 of 14 patients with stress amenorrhea of longer than 1 years duration, no bleeding followed the administration of progestin, and there were noted high serum FSH and LH levels, exaggerated release responsiveness to LH-RH, and atrophic vaginal smears and endometrium. In addition, it was difficult to induce ovulation by various treatments. The findings suggest that dysfunction in the hypothalamic cyclic (not tonic) center regulating ovulation was the originating factor in the amenorrhea in question and that ovulation should be induced at least once yearly to prevent ovarian function from declining in this type of anovulatory state existing for more than 1 year.", "contents": "Progress and therapy of stress amenorrhea. Thirty-two patients with stress amenorrhea of less than 1 years duration were found to have withdrawal bleeding after progestin administration, normal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and good responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH); ovulation was induced following the admininstration of clomiphene citrate. On the other hand, in 11 of 14 patients with stress amenorrhea of longer than 1 years duration, no bleeding followed the administration of progestin, and there were noted high serum FSH and LH levels, exaggerated release responsiveness to LH-RH, and atrophic vaginal smears and endometrium. In addition, it was difficult to induce ovulation by various treatments. The findings suggest that dysfunction in the hypothalamic cyclic (not tonic) center regulating ovulation was the originating factor in the amenorrhea in question and that ovulation should be induced at least once yearly to prevent ovarian function from declining in this type of anovulatory state existing for more than 1 year.", "PMID": 378713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4215", "title": "A method for specific detection of autoantibodies to the zona pellucida in infertile women.", "content": "Human antibodies to porcine erythrocytes were found to bind to porcine but not to human zonae pellucidae, whereas human isohemagglutinins bound to human but not to porcine zonae. On the basis of the binding behavior of agglutinins, it was found that the immunofluorescence of porcine zonae produced by selected sera from infertile women was due to an antibody of different specifity from that which agglutinated pig red blood cells. However, no serum component other than heteroagglutinin was contained in selected sera from control subjects which fluoresced porcine zonae. Since the component was present in the immunoglobulin G fraction, bound to human zonae, and was reactive with zona-specific antigen(s), it was judged an autoantibody to zonae. Thus a method for specific detection of autoantibodies to zonae has been developed by indirect membrane immunofluorescence using porcine ova as targets.", "contents": "A method for specific detection of autoantibodies to the zona pellucida in infertile women. Human antibodies to porcine erythrocytes were found to bind to porcine but not to human zonae pellucidae, whereas human isohemagglutinins bound to human but not to porcine zonae. On the basis of the binding behavior of agglutinins, it was found that the immunofluorescence of porcine zonae produced by selected sera from infertile women was due to an antibody of different specifity from that which agglutinated pig red blood cells. However, no serum component other than heteroagglutinin was contained in selected sera from control subjects which fluoresced porcine zonae. Since the component was present in the immunoglobulin G fraction, bound to human zonae, and was reactive with zona-specific antigen(s), it was judged an autoantibody to zonae. Thus a method for specific detection of autoantibodies to zonae has been developed by indirect membrane immunofluorescence using porcine ova as targets.", "PMID": 378714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4216", "title": "Morphologic characteristics of the chemically induced acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa.", "content": "The morphologic changes accompanying the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa, as it is induced by the antibiotic A23187 and calcium ions, are described. The reaction is shown to be similar to that observed in other species when the reaction occurs spontaneously or is induced by physiologic fluids. The reaction in human spermatozoa differs from the chemically induced reaction in other species in that plasma membrane microfilaments, prominent in the boar, and tubular-like elements prominent in boar, rabbit, and monkey sperm, are not observed. Motility remains high when human spermatozoa are treated with A23187 and calcium and it is possible that these agents may be useful in the study of certain causes of infertility.", "contents": "Morphologic characteristics of the chemically induced acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. The morphologic changes accompanying the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa, as it is induced by the antibiotic A23187 and calcium ions, are described. The reaction is shown to be similar to that observed in other species when the reaction occurs spontaneously or is induced by physiologic fluids. The reaction in human spermatozoa differs from the chemically induced reaction in other species in that plasma membrane microfilaments, prominent in the boar, and tubular-like elements prominent in boar, rabbit, and monkey sperm, are not observed. Motility remains high when human spermatozoa are treated with A23187 and calcium and it is possible that these agents may be useful in the study of certain causes of infertility.", "PMID": 378715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4217", "title": "In vitro lymphocytes stimulation with scarlet fever toxin.", "content": "Rabbit peripheral blood, spleen and thymus lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with scarlet fever toxin. The ultrastructure of stimulated blast cells was described; the morphological features of these cells are similar to those of T-lymphoblasts. 3H-thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes stimulated with ET or PHA was studied in correlation with blast formation. Some quantitative discrepancies between both parameters are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocytes stimulation with scarlet fever toxin. Rabbit peripheral blood, spleen and thymus lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with scarlet fever toxin. The ultrastructure of stimulated blast cells was described; the morphological features of these cells are similar to those of T-lymphoblasts. 3H-thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes stimulated with ET or PHA was studied in correlation with blast formation. Some quantitative discrepancies between both parameters are discussed.", "PMID": 378718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4218", "title": "Resistance of transplantation tolerance to X-irradiation.", "content": "With regard to the previous finding that suppressor cells participating in the state of transplantation tolerance were radiosensitive, the possibility was investigated whether tolerance can be abolished by irradiation. In the rat model used (AVN recipients, Lewis donors), both neonatally induced tolerance and tolerance induced in adult life by the transfer of suppressor cells were found to be radioresistant.", "contents": "Resistance of transplantation tolerance to X-irradiation. With regard to the previous finding that suppressor cells participating in the state of transplantation tolerance were radiosensitive, the possibility was investigated whether tolerance can be abolished by irradiation. In the rat model used (AVN recipients, Lewis donors), both neonatally induced tolerance and tolerance induced in adult life by the transfer of suppressor cells were found to be radioresistant.", "PMID": 378719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4219", "title": "Are histocompatibility antigens in neonatal skin grafts truly tolerogenic?", "content": "Neonatal skin grafts across a weak histocompatibility barrier (MSA-incompatible) were used only for sensitization of the recipients whose responsiveness was then tested in two different assays. On the basis of 1. functional inactivation of PEC in a PEC transfer system and 2. inhibition of macrophage migration. The difference between neonatal and adult skin grafts turned out to be quantitative rather than qualitative, i.e., both induced sensitization whose demonstration with the neonatal grafts required more sensitive techniques and/or more favourable timing because it was weaker. The possible nature of the difference, which was occasionally interpreted as being due to a tolerogenic rather than immunogenic activity of neonatal grafts, is discussed.", "contents": "Are histocompatibility antigens in neonatal skin grafts truly tolerogenic? Neonatal skin grafts across a weak histocompatibility barrier (MSA-incompatible) were used only for sensitization of the recipients whose responsiveness was then tested in two different assays. On the basis of 1. functional inactivation of PEC in a PEC transfer system and 2. inhibition of macrophage migration. The difference between neonatal and adult skin grafts turned out to be quantitative rather than qualitative, i.e., both induced sensitization whose demonstration with the neonatal grafts required more sensitive techniques and/or more favourable timing because it was weaker. The possible nature of the difference, which was occasionally interpreted as being due to a tolerogenic rather than immunogenic activity of neonatal grafts, is discussed.", "PMID": 378720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4220", "title": "The use of model life tables to estimate mortality for the United States in the late nineteenth century.", "content": "This paper seeks to extend our knowledge about mortality in the late nineteenth century United States by using census mortality data for older children and teenagers to fit model tables. The same method can also be used with partially underregistered death data. The most commonly used model tables, the Coale and Demeny West Model, apparently do not adequately depict the changing shape of mortality over the period 1850--1910. An alternative model life table system is presented, based on the Brass two parameter logit system and available reliable life tables from the period 1850--1910. The two parameter system must be reduced to a one parameter system by means of estimated relationships between the parameters so that the fitting procedure can be used. The resulting model system is, however, heavily dependent on the experience of northern, industrial states, especially Massachusetts.", "contents": "The use of model life tables to estimate mortality for the United States in the late nineteenth century. This paper seeks to extend our knowledge about mortality in the late nineteenth century United States by using census mortality data for older children and teenagers to fit model tables. The same method can also be used with partially underregistered death data. The most commonly used model tables, the Coale and Demeny West Model, apparently do not adequately depict the changing shape of mortality over the period 1850--1910. An alternative model life table system is presented, based on the Brass two parameter logit system and available reliable life tables from the period 1850--1910. The two parameter system must be reduced to a one parameter system by means of estimated relationships between the parameters so that the fitting procedure can be used. The resulting model system is, however, heavily dependent on the experience of northern, industrial states, especially Massachusetts.", "PMID": 378722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4221", "title": "[Attempts at developing a syphilis vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous investigators tried over the years to induce artifically immunity against syphilis by use of a variety of treponema preparations. None of these immunization experiments performed by different means and routes provided clear evidence of acquired immunity in animals and humans given various vaccine preparations against challenge with even minimal doses of virulent T. pallidum. In recent years, however, promising results have been obtained in the immunization study. Two types of syphilis vaccine have been developed which were found very effective in conferring a protection against syphilitic infection on rabbits: (1) the first vaccine contains T. pallidum attenuated by gamma irradiation, and the other one (2) contains T. pallidum killed by penicillin. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the immunogenic activity of T. pallidum is related to their very labile protein component. Pretty much is also known on the factors influencing the immune response of artificially immunized rabbits, and on the immunological mechanisms underlying the development of syphilis immunity.", "contents": "[Attempts at developing a syphilis vaccine (author's transl)]. Numerous investigators tried over the years to induce artifically immunity against syphilis by use of a variety of treponema preparations. None of these immunization experiments performed by different means and routes provided clear evidence of acquired immunity in animals and humans given various vaccine preparations against challenge with even minimal doses of virulent T. pallidum. In recent years, however, promising results have been obtained in the immunization study. Two types of syphilis vaccine have been developed which were found very effective in conferring a protection against syphilitic infection on rabbits: (1) the first vaccine contains T. pallidum attenuated by gamma irradiation, and the other one (2) contains T. pallidum killed by penicillin. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the immunogenic activity of T. pallidum is related to their very labile protein component. Pretty much is also known on the factors influencing the immune response of artificially immunized rabbits, and on the immunological mechanisms underlying the development of syphilis immunity.", "PMID": 378724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4222", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: treatment and assessment of therapeutic efficacy.", "content": "The acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a disease of many different symptoms. Although the metabolism of ethanol is well-known, no specific treatment of the withdrawal syndrome has been developed. When assessing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs in this syndrome one of the main symptoms to be followed is sleep disturbances, because inability to sleep often maintains the drinking cycle. Besides different target symptoms, the visual analogue scale and the ability to work are useful parameters. The assessment of the efficacy relies mainly on subjective parameters and comparisons with placebo are needed.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: treatment and assessment of therapeutic efficacy. The acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a disease of many different symptoms. Although the metabolism of ethanol is well-known, no specific treatment of the withdrawal syndrome has been developed. When assessing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs in this syndrome one of the main symptoms to be followed is sleep disturbances, because inability to sleep often maintains the drinking cycle. Besides different target symptoms, the visual analogue scale and the ability to work are useful parameters. The assessment of the efficacy relies mainly on subjective parameters and comparisons with placebo are needed.", "PMID": 378727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4223", "title": "Comparison of clinical effects of propranolol (Inderal) with once daily slow-release oxprenolol (Slow Trasicor) in angina pectoris.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover, randomized study, the therapeutic effectiveness of a single daily dose of slow-release oxprenolol (160 mg/day) was compared with a conventional dosage schedule of propranolol (40 mg three times daily) in eighteen patients with uncomplicated, stable exercise-induced angina pectoris. Compared to control values both drugs produced equipotent reduction in the frequency and severity of anginal attacks accompanied by a significant increase in exercise tolerance, a significant suppression of exercising heart rate and an appreciable reduction in the electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia when tested on a treadmill. The possible advantages offered by a single dose treatment with slow-release oxprenolol are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of clinical effects of propranolol (Inderal) with once daily slow-release oxprenolol (Slow Trasicor) in angina pectoris. In a double-blind, crossover, randomized study, the therapeutic effectiveness of a single daily dose of slow-release oxprenolol (160 mg/day) was compared with a conventional dosage schedule of propranolol (40 mg three times daily) in eighteen patients with uncomplicated, stable exercise-induced angina pectoris. Compared to control values both drugs produced equipotent reduction in the frequency and severity of anginal attacks accompanied by a significant increase in exercise tolerance, a significant suppression of exercising heart rate and an appreciable reduction in the electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia when tested on a treadmill. The possible advantages offered by a single dose treatment with slow-release oxprenolol are discussed.", "PMID": 378729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4224", "title": "Clinical use of rifampicin in combination for non-mycobacterial infections: a survey of published evidence.", "content": "The literature on the clinical use of rifampicin in combination for the treatment of non-mycobacterial diseases is reviewed. From the published evidence, the most promising associations are, for staphylococcal infections, gentamicin, erythromycin, kanamycin and fusidic acid. In the field of Gram-negative infections, Psuedomonas-induced sepsis in particular, data are not so impressive but promising results have been obtained with the associated use of rifampicin and gentamicin or colistin. Some systemic fungal diseases may be successfully treated with rifampicin in combination with amphotericin-B. Although only few reports are available on this subject, the importance of such an application is stressed in view of the severity of these diseases and of the lack of appropriate treatments.", "contents": "Clinical use of rifampicin in combination for non-mycobacterial infections: a survey of published evidence. The literature on the clinical use of rifampicin in combination for the treatment of non-mycobacterial diseases is reviewed. From the published evidence, the most promising associations are, for staphylococcal infections, gentamicin, erythromycin, kanamycin and fusidic acid. In the field of Gram-negative infections, Psuedomonas-induced sepsis in particular, data are not so impressive but promising results have been obtained with the associated use of rifampicin and gentamicin or colistin. Some systemic fungal diseases may be successfully treated with rifampicin in combination with amphotericin-B. Although only few reports are available on this subject, the importance of such an application is stressed in view of the severity of these diseases and of the lack of appropriate treatments.", "PMID": 378728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4225", "title": "Comparison of a once daily long-acting formulation of propranolol with conventional propranolol given twice daily in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.", "content": "The effect of conventional propranolol tablets given twice daily has been compared with an equivalent dosage of a long-acting formulation of propranolol ('Inderal' LA)p given once daily in twenty-nine patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The study lasted 10 weeks. There was no significant difference in clinical response to the two treatments which were equally effective and well tolerated. A once daily dosage schedule should greatly aid patient compliance.", "contents": "Comparison of a once daily long-acting formulation of propranolol with conventional propranolol given twice daily in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The effect of conventional propranolol tablets given twice daily has been compared with an equivalent dosage of a long-acting formulation of propranolol ('Inderal' LA)p given once daily in twenty-nine patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The study lasted 10 weeks. There was no significant difference in clinical response to the two treatments which were equally effective and well tolerated. A once daily dosage schedule should greatly aid patient compliance.", "PMID": 378731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4226", "title": "Double-blind comparison of maternal analgesia and neonatal neurobehaviour following intravenous butorphanol and meperidine.", "content": "Butorphanol (1 mg and 2 mg) and meperidine (40 mg and 80 mg), given intravenously, were evaluated for analgesic efficacy and safety in a double-blind randomized study employing 200 consenting pre-partum patients in moderate to severe pain during the late first stage of labour. Both drugs provided adequate relief of pain to the mothers. There was no significant difference in the rate of cervical dilation, the foetal heart rate, the Apgar score, pain relief or neonatal neurobehavioural scores betweeen those receiving butorphanol and those receiving meperidine. Twenty-two mothers who received butorphanol and eleven who received meperidine nursed their infants with no adverse effects observed. Side-effects were generally infrequent in this study; however, more side-effects were reported by the patients and observed by the investigator in the meperidine-treated cases (13%) than in the cases treated with butorphanol (2%).", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of maternal analgesia and neonatal neurobehaviour following intravenous butorphanol and meperidine. Butorphanol (1 mg and 2 mg) and meperidine (40 mg and 80 mg), given intravenously, were evaluated for analgesic efficacy and safety in a double-blind randomized study employing 200 consenting pre-partum patients in moderate to severe pain during the late first stage of labour. Both drugs provided adequate relief of pain to the mothers. There was no significant difference in the rate of cervical dilation, the foetal heart rate, the Apgar score, pain relief or neonatal neurobehavioural scores betweeen those receiving butorphanol and those receiving meperidine. Twenty-two mothers who received butorphanol and eleven who received meperidine nursed their infants with no adverse effects observed. Side-effects were generally infrequent in this study; however, more side-effects were reported by the patients and observed by the investigator in the meperidine-treated cases (13%) than in the cases treated with butorphanol (2%).", "PMID": 378732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4227", "title": "A double-blind clinical study with Monydrin tablets in patients with non-allergic chronic rhinitis.", "content": "Oral combination preparations (antihistamine + sympathomimetic) are widely used for nasal and sinus congestion without the presence of allergy. The use of antihistamine in these cases may be questioned. Evaluation of the clinical effect of only a sympathomimetic agent on patients with nonallergic rhinitis is performed in a double-blind clinical study on seventy patients. Phenylpropanolamine (50 mg and 100 mg) was compared with placebo. It was found that 100 mg phenylpropanolamine was significantly more active than 50 mg or placebo administered orally as a sustained-release tablet twice daily. No side-effects such as CNS stimulation and influence on blood pressure were seen at any of the dose levels.", "contents": "A double-blind clinical study with Monydrin tablets in patients with non-allergic chronic rhinitis. Oral combination preparations (antihistamine + sympathomimetic) are widely used for nasal and sinus congestion without the presence of allergy. The use of antihistamine in these cases may be questioned. Evaluation of the clinical effect of only a sympathomimetic agent on patients with nonallergic rhinitis is performed in a double-blind clinical study on seventy patients. Phenylpropanolamine (50 mg and 100 mg) was compared with placebo. It was found that 100 mg phenylpropanolamine was significantly more active than 50 mg or placebo administered orally as a sustained-release tablet twice daily. No side-effects such as CNS stimulation and influence on blood pressure were seen at any of the dose levels.", "PMID": 378733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4228", "title": "Analgesic combinations with orphenadrine in oral post-surgical pain.", "content": "Two hundred male and female patients underwent a variety of oral surgical procedures and were treated afterwards in four test groups. They took a combination of orphenadrine (25 mg) and acetaminophen (325 mg), either drug alone, or placebo. A double-blind study design was used. All patients had moderately severe baseline pain intensity; post-treatment pain relief was recorded at 30 minutes, one, two, four and six hours. A back-up analgesic (codeine-ASA) was made available if needed. Pain intensity difference (PID) and sums of pain intensity difference (SPID) were calculated using established analgesic study techniques. Statistical analyses indicated better analgesic efficacy in both PID and SPID scores for the orphenadrine-acetaminophen combination over the three other treatments. This was evident at 30 minutes and continued through the sixth hour. Each active drug, in turn, was also significantly better throughout than placebo for pain relief. Sub-groups in each treatment regimen required additional pain relief prior to six hours, with significantly more placebo than orphenadrine-acetaminophen patients needing remedication. Side-effect incidence was very low and randomly distributed among the four groups.", "contents": "Analgesic combinations with orphenadrine in oral post-surgical pain. Two hundred male and female patients underwent a variety of oral surgical procedures and were treated afterwards in four test groups. They took a combination of orphenadrine (25 mg) and acetaminophen (325 mg), either drug alone, or placebo. A double-blind study design was used. All patients had moderately severe baseline pain intensity; post-treatment pain relief was recorded at 30 minutes, one, two, four and six hours. A back-up analgesic (codeine-ASA) was made available if needed. Pain intensity difference (PID) and sums of pain intensity difference (SPID) were calculated using established analgesic study techniques. Statistical analyses indicated better analgesic efficacy in both PID and SPID scores for the orphenadrine-acetaminophen combination over the three other treatments. This was evident at 30 minutes and continued through the sixth hour. Each active drug, in turn, was also significantly better throughout than placebo for pain relief. Sub-groups in each treatment regimen required additional pain relief prior to six hours, with significantly more placebo than orphenadrine-acetaminophen patients needing remedication. Side-effect incidence was very low and randomly distributed among the four groups.", "PMID": 378734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4229", "title": "Comparative clinical trial of amoxycillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid in adults.", "content": "A randomized clinical trial in sixty-two adult patients suffering from typhoid fever, proved by blood and marrow culture, showed that amoxycillin in a dosage schedule of 1 g 8-hourly orally for fourteen days was better than chloramphenicol with regard to clinical and temperature response and in respect of carriers and relapse rates. One patient developed a hypersensitivity reaction to amoxycillin which cleared on withdrawal of the drug. Success was achieved in 90% of cases. These findings lend very strong support to the value of amoxycillin as a superior alternative to chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid fever.", "contents": "Comparative clinical trial of amoxycillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid in adults. A randomized clinical trial in sixty-two adult patients suffering from typhoid fever, proved by blood and marrow culture, showed that amoxycillin in a dosage schedule of 1 g 8-hourly orally for fourteen days was better than chloramphenicol with regard to clinical and temperature response and in respect of carriers and relapse rates. One patient developed a hypersensitivity reaction to amoxycillin which cleared on withdrawal of the drug. Success was achieved in 90% of cases. These findings lend very strong support to the value of amoxycillin as a superior alternative to chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid fever.", "PMID": 378735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4230", "title": "Interaction of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, cyproterone acetate and arginine vasotocin on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in intact and castrated adult male rats.", "content": "Treatment of unanesthetized castrated adult male rats every 3 h for 48 h with either 5 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and/or 1 microgram luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) caused a significant inhibition of plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and compared to castrated control rats receiving diluent only. However, the intravenous (iv) injection of 1 microgram of AVT into urethane-anesthetized male rats which had been castrated for 0, 24 or 48 h did not affect plasma levels of LH at 10, 20 or 60 min following injection compared to their respective diluent-treated castrated control rats. Similarly, the iv injection of either 100 ng, 1 microgram or 10 microgram AVT was unable to acutely affect plasma levels of LH in intact male rats. Following the iv injection of 2 doses of 50 ng LRH spaced 1 h apart in anesthetized castrated male rats, 2 peaks of equal magnitude in plasma LH were noted. Castrated rats treated with 2 injections spaced 1 h apart of LRH + AVT had significantly higher plasma levels of LH than did rats treated with LRH alone. In subsequent studies, both AVT and arginine vasopressin were observed to augment the plasma response of LH to an injection of LRH whereas oxytocin had no effect. A single injection of AVT + LRH significantly augmented the plasma titers of LH compared to levels observed in LRH-treated control rats as did a second injection 1 h later. The administration of cyproterone acetate sc for 2 days by itself had no effect on plasma LH but in conjunction with LRH caused a marked rise in plasma LH compared to intact rats treated with LRH alone. AVT in combination with LRH and cyproterone acetate caused a significant elevation in plasma LH at 60 min post-injection when compared to plasma levels of rats treated with LRH alone or the combination of LRH and cyproterone acetate. It is concluded that acute intravenous injections of AVT augment the LH-releasing activity of LRH; chronic treatment for 48 h, however, with LRH + AVT leads to a significant depression of plasma LH perhaps due to an exhaustion of the releasable pool of LH in the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Interaction of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, cyproterone acetate and arginine vasotocin on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in intact and castrated adult male rats. Treatment of unanesthetized castrated adult male rats every 3 h for 48 h with either 5 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and/or 1 microgram luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) caused a significant inhibition of plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and compared to castrated control rats receiving diluent only. However, the intravenous (iv) injection of 1 microgram of AVT into urethane-anesthetized male rats which had been castrated for 0, 24 or 48 h did not affect plasma levels of LH at 10, 20 or 60 min following injection compared to their respective diluent-treated castrated control rats. Similarly, the iv injection of either 100 ng, 1 microgram or 10 microgram AVT was unable to acutely affect plasma levels of LH in intact male rats. Following the iv injection of 2 doses of 50 ng LRH spaced 1 h apart in anesthetized castrated male rats, 2 peaks of equal magnitude in plasma LH were noted. Castrated rats treated with 2 injections spaced 1 h apart of LRH + AVT had significantly higher plasma levels of LH than did rats treated with LRH alone. In subsequent studies, both AVT and arginine vasopressin were observed to augment the plasma response of LH to an injection of LRH whereas oxytocin had no effect. A single injection of AVT + LRH significantly augmented the plasma titers of LH compared to levels observed in LRH-treated control rats as did a second injection 1 h later. The administration of cyproterone acetate sc for 2 days by itself had no effect on plasma LH but in conjunction with LRH caused a marked rise in plasma LH compared to intact rats treated with LRH alone. AVT in combination with LRH and cyproterone acetate caused a significant elevation in plasma LH at 60 min post-injection when compared to plasma levels of rats treated with LRH alone or the combination of LRH and cyproterone acetate. It is concluded that acute intravenous injections of AVT augment the LH-releasing activity of LRH; chronic treatment for 48 h, however, with LRH + AVT leads to a significant depression of plasma LH perhaps due to an exhaustion of the releasable pool of LH in the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 378736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4231", "title": "Digestion of gliadin peptides by intestinal mucosa from control or coeliac children.", "content": "Gliadin, subsequently treated with pepsin, trypsin and pancreatic extract was further digested by small-intestinal mucosal homogenates from 10 control or 8 coeliac children. The amino acids liberated in the incubation mixture were measured and corrected for mucosal damage. In accordance with the data from the literature on adults, the total amount of amino acids released from gliadin peptides by the intestinal mucosa from children with active coeliac disease is significantly lower than that by the mucosa from control subjects. Qualitatively, however, no significant differences for the individual amino acids are observed with the exception of glutamine and proline, so that damaged coeliac mucosa liberates relatively more glutamine but less proline.", "contents": "Digestion of gliadin peptides by intestinal mucosa from control or coeliac children. Gliadin, subsequently treated with pepsin, trypsin and pancreatic extract was further digested by small-intestinal mucosal homogenates from 10 control or 8 coeliac children. The amino acids liberated in the incubation mixture were measured and corrected for mucosal damage. In accordance with the data from the literature on adults, the total amount of amino acids released from gliadin peptides by the intestinal mucosa from children with active coeliac disease is significantly lower than that by the mucosa from control subjects. Qualitatively, however, no significant differences for the individual amino acids are observed with the exception of glutamine and proline, so that damaged coeliac mucosa liberates relatively more glutamine but less proline.", "PMID": 378739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4232", "title": "Microvascular permeability to albumin and glomerular filtration rate in diabetic and normal children.", "content": "In order to examine the permeability of microvessels in diabetic children, the glomerular filtration rate, urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin, intravascular mass of albumin, and transcapillary escape rate of albumin were studied in 26 diabetic children without clinical signs of microangiopathy (age: 7-14 years; duration of disease: 3-14 years). Similar measurements were made in 28 healthy school children (age: 8-14 years). Mean glomerular filtration rate in the diabetic children was higher than in the normal children (138 versus 109 ml/min per 1.73 m2, p less than 0.01). Urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin did not differ in diabetics. Mean intravascular albumin mass in the diabetic girls (1.64 g/kg body weight) was lower (p less than 0.01) than in the diabetic boys (1.89 g/kg body weight) and also lower (p less than 0.02) than in the normal girls (1.94 g/kg body weight). Mean transcapillary escape rate of albumin in the twenty diabetics with duration of diabetes less than 10 years (7.14%/h) was lower (p less than 0.01) than that in normal children (8.90%/h); the escape rate showed a positive correlation with duration of diabetes (r=0.47; p less than 0.02). Thus glomerular filtration rate in diabetic children is elevated to the same extent as in adult short-term juvenile diabetics while the permeability of the glomerular membrane to macromolecules is normal. Interpretation of the results on intravascular albumin mass and transcapillary escape rate of albumin requires further investigation.", "contents": "Microvascular permeability to albumin and glomerular filtration rate in diabetic and normal children. In order to examine the permeability of microvessels in diabetic children, the glomerular filtration rate, urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin, intravascular mass of albumin, and transcapillary escape rate of albumin were studied in 26 diabetic children without clinical signs of microangiopathy (age: 7-14 years; duration of disease: 3-14 years). Similar measurements were made in 28 healthy school children (age: 8-14 years). Mean glomerular filtration rate in the diabetic children was higher than in the normal children (138 versus 109 ml/min per 1.73 m2, p less than 0.01). Urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin did not differ in diabetics. Mean intravascular albumin mass in the diabetic girls (1.64 g/kg body weight) was lower (p less than 0.01) than in the diabetic boys (1.89 g/kg body weight) and also lower (p less than 0.02) than in the normal girls (1.94 g/kg body weight). Mean transcapillary escape rate of albumin in the twenty diabetics with duration of diabetes less than 10 years (7.14%/h) was lower (p less than 0.01) than that in normal children (8.90%/h); the escape rate showed a positive correlation with duration of diabetes (r=0.47; p less than 0.02). Thus glomerular filtration rate in diabetic children is elevated to the same extent as in adult short-term juvenile diabetics while the permeability of the glomerular membrane to macromolecules is normal. Interpretation of the results on intravascular albumin mass and transcapillary escape rate of albumin requires further investigation.", "PMID": 378740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4233", "title": "Long-term hormonal secretion from the autotransplanted sheep pancreas.", "content": "Seventy-five duct-ligated pancreatic segmental autotransplants were made into bipedicled skin loops on the necks of merino ewes by vascular suture to the carotid artery and jugular vein; the in situ pancreatic remnants apparently continued to function normally. Thirty-seven were found to be active hormone secretors (secretion-rate responses to Na butyrate greater than 1 mU/min for insulin or 5 ng/min for glucagon) when first tested approximately 1 month after transplantation; 12 remained active at 1 year, 5 at 2 years, and 4 at 3 years. At first testing, the responses were (mean +/- standard errors): insulin, 12.3 +/- 2.52 mU/min; glucagon, 52.6 +/- 13.5 ng/min. It is concluded that this autotransplant can, on occasion, be relatively long-lived and that it is a useful model with which to study not only pancreatic physiology but also non-immunological factors involved in survival of endocrine function in pancreatic transplants.", "contents": "Long-term hormonal secretion from the autotransplanted sheep pancreas. Seventy-five duct-ligated pancreatic segmental autotransplants were made into bipedicled skin loops on the necks of merino ewes by vascular suture to the carotid artery and jugular vein; the in situ pancreatic remnants apparently continued to function normally. Thirty-seven were found to be active hormone secretors (secretion-rate responses to Na butyrate greater than 1 mU/min for insulin or 5 ng/min for glucagon) when first tested approximately 1 month after transplantation; 12 remained active at 1 year, 5 at 2 years, and 4 at 3 years. At first testing, the responses were (mean +/- standard errors): insulin, 12.3 +/- 2.52 mU/min; glucagon, 52.6 +/- 13.5 ng/min. It is concluded that this autotransplant can, on occasion, be relatively long-lived and that it is a useful model with which to study not only pancreatic physiology but also non-immunological factors involved in survival of endocrine function in pancreatic transplants.", "PMID": 378741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4234", "title": "Substance P-, VIP-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human vagus nerve.", "content": "The human vagus nerve has been investigated for the presence of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and enkephalin (ENK) using immunohistochemistry. After 0.5-4 hr of nerve ligation during surgical operations two right thoracic main truncs, two anterior subdiaphragmal trunks, and four anterior nerves of Latarjet were found to contain accumulation of immunoreactive material in nerve fibers above the ligation. Very high numbers of SP-, medium numbers of ENK-, and low number of VIP-immunoreactive fibers were seen. The relative proportions were similar at all levels studied. These data thus indicate the presence and axonal transport of SP-, ENK-, and VIP-like peptides in the human vagus nerve. Our observations in humans correlate well with results obtained from other species. Thus gastrointestinal vagal sensory mechanisms may be mediated by SP (and possibly VIP) and some motor mechanisms by ENK.", "contents": "Substance P-, VIP-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human vagus nerve. The human vagus nerve has been investigated for the presence of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and enkephalin (ENK) using immunohistochemistry. After 0.5-4 hr of nerve ligation during surgical operations two right thoracic main truncs, two anterior subdiaphragmal trunks, and four anterior nerves of Latarjet were found to contain accumulation of immunoreactive material in nerve fibers above the ligation. Very high numbers of SP-, medium numbers of ENK-, and low number of VIP-immunoreactive fibers were seen. The relative proportions were similar at all levels studied. These data thus indicate the presence and axonal transport of SP-, ENK-, and VIP-like peptides in the human vagus nerve. Our observations in humans correlate well with results obtained from other species. Thus gastrointestinal vagal sensory mechanisms may be mediated by SP (and possibly VIP) and some motor mechanisms by ENK.", "PMID": 378753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4235", "title": "Treatment of cirrhosis with colchicine. A double-blind randomized trial.", "content": "As part of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effect of colchicine on liver cirrhosis, 43 cirrhotic patients were assigned to either a placebo (20 patients) or a colchicine (23 patients) treatment group. Colchicine 1 mg and an indistinguishable placebo were administered orally on a daily dose 5 days a week. In the colchicine group, 12 were males and 11 females, while in the control group 13 were males and 7 females. The time elapsed between diagnosis and inclusion in the study was 14.1 mo for the controls and 14.5 mo for the patients on colchicine. Mortality related to the liver disease occurred in 4 patients on colchicine and 8 patients on placebo. Although the probability of surviving in the colchicine group was greater than that of the placebo, the difference did not reach statistically significant levels. Of the colchicine-treated patients, in three a remarkable decrease in liver fibrosis was observed in serial biopsies. In two other patients, carcinoma of the liver developed. Six of the survivors on colchicine have improved clinically, noticing disappearance of ascites and edema, as well as a decrease in the size of the spleen. All the survivors on placebo continue to show clinical deterioration. In contrast to the usual drop of serum albumin seen in the cirrhotic patients, those receiving colchicine increased and maintained their serum albumin levels throughout the study. Serum proline values were elevated only in the alcohol cirrhotic patients. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased only in those patients receiving colchicine. The results indicate that in some cases, liver fibrosis could be modified by treatment with antifibrotic drugs. The use of colchicine at present should remain within controlled studies.", "contents": "Treatment of cirrhosis with colchicine. A double-blind randomized trial. As part of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effect of colchicine on liver cirrhosis, 43 cirrhotic patients were assigned to either a placebo (20 patients) or a colchicine (23 patients) treatment group. Colchicine 1 mg and an indistinguishable placebo were administered orally on a daily dose 5 days a week. In the colchicine group, 12 were males and 11 females, while in the control group 13 were males and 7 females. The time elapsed between diagnosis and inclusion in the study was 14.1 mo for the controls and 14.5 mo for the patients on colchicine. Mortality related to the liver disease occurred in 4 patients on colchicine and 8 patients on placebo. Although the probability of surviving in the colchicine group was greater than that of the placebo, the difference did not reach statistically significant levels. Of the colchicine-treated patients, in three a remarkable decrease in liver fibrosis was observed in serial biopsies. In two other patients, carcinoma of the liver developed. Six of the survivors on colchicine have improved clinically, noticing disappearance of ascites and edema, as well as a decrease in the size of the spleen. All the survivors on placebo continue to show clinical deterioration. In contrast to the usual drop of serum albumin seen in the cirrhotic patients, those receiving colchicine increased and maintained their serum albumin levels throughout the study. Serum proline values were elevated only in the alcohol cirrhotic patients. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased only in those patients receiving colchicine. The results indicate that in some cases, liver fibrosis could be modified by treatment with antifibrotic drugs. The use of colchicine at present should remain within controlled studies.", "PMID": 378754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4236", "title": "Transfer of drug resistance factors to the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "The P-type drug resistance factors RP4, RK2, R702, R68.45, and the N-type drug resistance factor R46 are transferred to Caulobacter crescentus at high frequencies. They are stably maintained and their antibiotic resistances are expressed. Experiments with RP4 have shown that intergeneric transfer of RP4 occur at a frequency of 10(-1). C. crescentus strains maintain RP4 as a plasmid, are sensitive to RP4-specific phage, and segregate phage-resistant cells at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5). The RP4 plasmid can be used in several ways: (1) the RP4 plasmid will promote chromosomal exchange between C. crescentus strains at frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-8); (2) RP4 will promote the transfer of nonconjugative colE1 plasmids from E. coli to C. crescentus; once transferred, the colE1 plasmid is stably maintained under nonselective conditions, can be transferred serially, and segregates independently from RP4; and (3) RP4 can be used to introduce transposons into the C. crescentus chromosome, providing the basis for additional genetic techniques.", "contents": "Transfer of drug resistance factors to the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. The P-type drug resistance factors RP4, RK2, R702, R68.45, and the N-type drug resistance factor R46 are transferred to Caulobacter crescentus at high frequencies. They are stably maintained and their antibiotic resistances are expressed. Experiments with RP4 have shown that intergeneric transfer of RP4 occur at a frequency of 10(-1). C. crescentus strains maintain RP4 as a plasmid, are sensitive to RP4-specific phage, and segregate phage-resistant cells at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5). The RP4 plasmid can be used in several ways: (1) the RP4 plasmid will promote chromosomal exchange between C. crescentus strains at frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-8); (2) RP4 will promote the transfer of nonconjugative colE1 plasmids from E. coli to C. crescentus; once transferred, the colE1 plasmid is stably maintained under nonselective conditions, can be transferred serially, and segregates independently from RP4; and (3) RP4 can be used to introduce transposons into the C. crescentus chromosome, providing the basis for additional genetic techniques.", "PMID": 378764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4237", "title": "Fine-structure mapping of the acetamidase structural gene and its controlling region in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A large number of amdS mutants altered in acetamide utilization have been used to construct a fine-structure map of the amdS locus. The mutagen diepoxyoctane generated most of the deletion strains used for mapping. A minimum of 14 sites within the amdS gene were found. Biochemical analysis of amdS mutants defined the extent of the probable coding region. A new mutant, amd-205, which did not produce detectable inactive gene product, was found to be inseparable by recombination from the \"up-promoter\" mutation amdI18 and was located outside of the apparent amdS coding region. The cis-dominant mutation, amdI9, was also located at this end of the gene. This work, therefore, provides evidence for the separation of a eukaryotic gene into controlling and structural regions.", "contents": "Fine-structure mapping of the acetamidase structural gene and its controlling region in Aspergillus nidulans. A large number of amdS mutants altered in acetamide utilization have been used to construct a fine-structure map of the amdS locus. The mutagen diepoxyoctane generated most of the deletion strains used for mapping. A minimum of 14 sites within the amdS gene were found. Biochemical analysis of amdS mutants defined the extent of the probable coding region. A new mutant, amd-205, which did not produce detectable inactive gene product, was found to be inseparable by recombination from the \"up-promoter\" mutation amdI18 and was located outside of the apparent amdS coding region. The cis-dominant mutation, amdI9, was also located at this end of the gene. This work, therefore, provides evidence for the separation of a eukaryotic gene into controlling and structural regions.", "PMID": 378765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4238", "title": "[Mutagenic effect of a tetrahydrodiazopyrene derivative on bacteria].", "content": "Mutagenic action of 3,7-diamino-4,9-dioxy-5,10-dioxo-4,5,9,10-tetrahydro-4,9-diazapiren (DDDTDP) was shown using indicator strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1534, TA 1536, TA 1537, TA 1538. The drug-induced mutations in strains TA 1534 and TA 1538, and it can be used as a positive control in testing mutagens capable of inducing frameshift mutations. No significant differences was observed between DDDTDP effects on strains TA 1534 and TA 1538 which did or did not bear rfa mutation causing defects of cell wall lypopolysacharide complex. Within the range of concentrations tested DDDTDP had mutagenic effect without causing essential killing of bacteria. The mutagenic effect was decreased in the in vitro system of metabolic activation (Ames' plate test in Salmonella microsomes).", "contents": "[Mutagenic effect of a tetrahydrodiazopyrene derivative on bacteria]. Mutagenic action of 3,7-diamino-4,9-dioxy-5,10-dioxo-4,5,9,10-tetrahydro-4,9-diazapiren (DDDTDP) was shown using indicator strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1534, TA 1536, TA 1537, TA 1538. The drug-induced mutations in strains TA 1534 and TA 1538, and it can be used as a positive control in testing mutagens capable of inducing frameshift mutations. No significant differences was observed between DDDTDP effects on strains TA 1534 and TA 1538 which did or did not bear rfa mutation causing defects of cell wall lypopolysacharide complex. Within the range of concentrations tested DDDTDP had mutagenic effect without causing essential killing of bacteria. The mutagenic effect was decreased in the in vitro system of metabolic activation (Ames' plate test in Salmonella microsomes).", "PMID": 378766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4239", "title": "[Comparative study of mutator-gene prv and several other mutator-genes of Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "Mutations prv1, prv2 and mutR34, increasing frequencies of intragenic recombinations, are found not to complement and therefore to be alleles of one gene. Checking for the influence of mutator genes mutS3, mutT1 and uvrE502 on the intragenic recombination in conjugational crossings has shown that mutators mutS3 and uvrE502 increase the frequency of intragenic recombinations while mutT1 does not change it. None of the examined mutator genes influence the conjugational frequencies of recombination. A supplementary analysis for the mutability of the mutant prv1 has been carried out. The prv1 mutation can induce mutations of the frameshift type. Mutations uvrA6, recB21, recC22 and lexA produce no influence on the display of a mutator effect of the prv1 mutation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of mutator-gene prv and several other mutator-genes of Escherichia coli K-12]. Mutations prv1, prv2 and mutR34, increasing frequencies of intragenic recombinations, are found not to complement and therefore to be alleles of one gene. Checking for the influence of mutator genes mutS3, mutT1 and uvrE502 on the intragenic recombination in conjugational crossings has shown that mutators mutS3 and uvrE502 increase the frequency of intragenic recombinations while mutT1 does not change it. None of the examined mutator genes influence the conjugational frequencies of recombination. A supplementary analysis for the mutability of the mutant prv1 has been carried out. The prv1 mutation can induce mutations of the frameshift type. Mutations uvrA6, recB21, recC22 and lexA produce no influence on the display of a mutator effect of the prv1 mutation.", "PMID": 378767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4240", "title": "[Effect of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil on the chromosomes of human tumor cell cultures].", "content": "The effect of two antitumour drugs, ftorafur (Ft) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on chromosomes of human tumour cells (strain CA-1) was studied in vitro. Since no data on the karyotype of this tumour strain had been published, the chromosome set of the model was investigated at first. Significant quantitative and structural divergence from the normal human male karyotype were observed. Steam line cells contained 47-49 chromosomes, including 9 permanent markers. No Y-chromosome was revealed. Ft and 5-FU hardly injured the chromosomes of CA-1 cells; the level of aberrant metaphases reached 94%. Chromatid deletions and gaps formed the major part of drug-induced cytogenetic abnormalities.", "contents": "[Effect of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil on the chromosomes of human tumor cell cultures]. The effect of two antitumour drugs, ftorafur (Ft) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on chromosomes of human tumour cells (strain CA-1) was studied in vitro. Since no data on the karyotype of this tumour strain had been published, the chromosome set of the model was investigated at first. Significant quantitative and structural divergence from the normal human male karyotype were observed. Steam line cells contained 47-49 chromosomes, including 9 permanent markers. No Y-chromosome was revealed. Ft and 5-FU hardly injured the chromosomes of CA-1 cells; the level of aberrant metaphases reached 94%. Chromatid deletions and gaps formed the major part of drug-induced cytogenetic abnormalities.", "PMID": 378768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4241", "title": "Practical application of generic growth theory and the significance of the growth curve parameters.", "content": "The generic growth curve is developed by plausibility arguments based on simple growth models. Parameters of the generic curve include the maximum size, maximum specific growth rate, and a dimensionless velocity constant which can be related to metabolic efficiency in the case of nutrient-limited growth. Parameter estimates are obtained from estimates of the size and time at the point of inflection, the size and time at any other arbitrarily selected point, and the maximum size. Parameter estimates thus obtained and used as initial estimates in nonlinear least squares analysis often give rapid convergence to a minimum error mean square. [For the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 in liquid medium, the generic curve could be simplified to a form containing only three parameters: the maximum specific growth rate, the maximum size, and the time required to reach maximum size. When the bacteria were inhibited by the addition of increasing amounts of the lactoperoxidase antimicrobial factor, there was no significant change in viable counts or maximum specific growth rate, but the time required to reach maximum growth increased linearly with increasing amounts of added antimicrobial factor.] Analysis of growth in terms of the generic growth curve can be a powerful technique for finding relationships which may not be apparent from qualitative consideration of the data.", "contents": "Practical application of generic growth theory and the significance of the growth curve parameters. The generic growth curve is developed by plausibility arguments based on simple growth models. Parameters of the generic curve include the maximum size, maximum specific growth rate, and a dimensionless velocity constant which can be related to metabolic efficiency in the case of nutrient-limited growth. Parameter estimates are obtained from estimates of the size and time at the point of inflection, the size and time at any other arbitrarily selected point, and the maximum size. Parameter estimates thus obtained and used as initial estimates in nonlinear least squares analysis often give rapid convergence to a minimum error mean square. [For the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 in liquid medium, the generic curve could be simplified to a form containing only three parameters: the maximum specific growth rate, the maximum size, and the time required to reach maximum size. When the bacteria were inhibited by the addition of increasing amounts of the lactoperoxidase antimicrobial factor, there was no significant change in viable counts or maximum specific growth rate, but the time required to reach maximum growth increased linearly with increasing amounts of added antimicrobial factor.] Analysis of growth in terms of the generic growth curve can be a powerful technique for finding relationships which may not be apparent from qualitative consideration of the data.", "PMID": 378773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4242", "title": "Rate of disappearance in plasma of synthetic LH-RH intravenously injected in man.", "content": "The rate of disappearance of intravenously injected LH-RH was studied in 6 human volunteers. The blood samples were taken every 20 sec from the time of injection to time +5 min and every 30 sec from time +5 min to time +10 min. The half-life of LH-RH was calculated in the interval of 3-10 min, and was found to be 2.4 +/- 0.4 min. The amounts of LH-RH estimated in the vascular compartment were relatively low when compared to the total amount of injected LH-RH. This observation suggests a rapid and important passage towards the extravascular compartment.", "contents": "Rate of disappearance in plasma of synthetic LH-RH intravenously injected in man. The rate of disappearance of intravenously injected LH-RH was studied in 6 human volunteers. The blood samples were taken every 20 sec from the time of injection to time +5 min and every 30 sec from time +5 min to time +10 min. The half-life of LH-RH was calculated in the interval of 3-10 min, and was found to be 2.4 +/- 0.4 min. The amounts of LH-RH estimated in the vascular compartment were relatively low when compared to the total amount of injected LH-RH. This observation suggests a rapid and important passage towards the extravascular compartment.", "PMID": 378777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4243", "title": "Investigations on intravascular coagulation in liver disease: souble fibrin monomer complexes in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Souble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) have been quantitated in 18 patients with liver cirrhosis by means of plasma gel filtration on an agarose column. The concentration of SFMC (as related to total fibrinogen) was increased in cirrhotic patients. The difference between controls and patients, as well as the difference between compensated and decompensated cirrhotic subjects, was statisically significant. Although these data, together with the results of heparin administration in one reported case, suggest intravascular coagulation, some alternative explanations should also be considered.", "contents": "Investigations on intravascular coagulation in liver disease: souble fibrin monomer complexes in liver cirrhosis. Souble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) have been quantitated in 18 patients with liver cirrhosis by means of plasma gel filtration on an agarose column. The concentration of SFMC (as related to total fibrinogen) was increased in cirrhotic patients. The difference between controls and patients, as well as the difference between compensated and decompensated cirrhotic subjects, was statisically significant. Although these data, together with the results of heparin administration in one reported case, suggest intravascular coagulation, some alternative explanations should also be considered.", "PMID": 378778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4244", "title": "High-level resistance to streptomycin in Escherichia coli with R1 plasmid and the analysis of genetic determinants.", "content": "Some properties of streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli were analyzed. In a R+ culture, the phenotype under study may be significantly selected at a frequency of 10(-5) on media with higher streptomycin level. The lrs mutation is present in the cells prior to the action of streptomycin and remains in the cells even after curing of the R1 plasmid. The mapping of the lrs gene by conjugation with a concomitant transfer of chromosome and the R1 plasmid in different Hfr strains of E. coli failed to establish the localization of this gene in the tested chromosome regions. The presence of a cryptic plasmid was detected in cells with the lrs mutation after curing of the R1 plasmid. This plasmid codes neither fertility functions nor chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase, streptomycin-adenyltransferase, or ampicillin-beta-lactamase.", "contents": "High-level resistance to streptomycin in Escherichia coli with R1 plasmid and the analysis of genetic determinants. Some properties of streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli were analyzed. In a R+ culture, the phenotype under study may be significantly selected at a frequency of 10(-5) on media with higher streptomycin level. The lrs mutation is present in the cells prior to the action of streptomycin and remains in the cells even after curing of the R1 plasmid. The mapping of the lrs gene by conjugation with a concomitant transfer of chromosome and the R1 plasmid in different Hfr strains of E. coli failed to establish the localization of this gene in the tested chromosome regions. The presence of a cryptic plasmid was detected in cells with the lrs mutation after curing of the R1 plasmid. This plasmid codes neither fertility functions nor chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase, streptomycin-adenyltransferase, or ampicillin-beta-lactamase.", "PMID": 378779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4245", "title": "The bactericidal activity of sera of healthy neonates and of newborns with hyperbilirubinaemia to Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cord and newborn sera were found to possess a significantly decreased in vitro bactericidal activity to Escherichia coli as compared to sera of adult individuals. Hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates suffering from both Rh and ABO incompatibility results in a further significant impairment of the bactericidal activity of their sera in comparison with healthy newborn infants. Exchange transfusion improved considerably the serum bactericidal activity. The possible mechanism of toxic action of unconjugated bilirubin on cells of the immune system is discussed.", "contents": "The bactericidal activity of sera of healthy neonates and of newborns with hyperbilirubinaemia to Escherichia coli. Cord and newborn sera were found to possess a significantly decreased in vitro bactericidal activity to Escherichia coli as compared to sera of adult individuals. Hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates suffering from both Rh and ABO incompatibility results in a further significant impairment of the bactericidal activity of their sera in comparison with healthy newborn infants. Exchange transfusion improved considerably the serum bactericidal activity. The possible mechanism of toxic action of unconjugated bilirubin on cells of the immune system is discussed.", "PMID": 378780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4246", "title": "Antimicrobial and cytolytic activity of N,N-dimethyl-l-methyldodecylamine oxide.", "content": "N,N-Dimethyl-l-methyldodecylamine oxide inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi; further it induced lysis of osmotically stabilized protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human erythrocytes. This effect is based evidently on a change in the organization and function of cell membranes.", "contents": "Antimicrobial and cytolytic activity of N,N-dimethyl-l-methyldodecylamine oxide. N,N-Dimethyl-l-methyldodecylamine oxide inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi; further it induced lysis of osmotically stabilized protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human erythrocytes. This effect is based evidently on a change in the organization and function of cell membranes.", "PMID": 378781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4247", "title": "Selection of a yeast strain with optimal utilization of straw hydrolyzates.", "content": "The dry nonseparated straw hydrolyzates prepared by mild acid hydrolysis of milled straw contains 25--30% of reducing substances, mostly saccharides with prevalence of xylose. A strain utilizing the neutralized nonseparated hydrolyzates without any growth substances added was obtained by selection and long-term adaptation of an array of yeast strains. The strain, identified as Candida tropicalis 2838, exhibited high cell-growth rate and considerable yield of protein-rich biomass.", "contents": "Selection of a yeast strain with optimal utilization of straw hydrolyzates. The dry nonseparated straw hydrolyzates prepared by mild acid hydrolysis of milled straw contains 25--30% of reducing substances, mostly saccharides with prevalence of xylose. A strain utilizing the neutralized nonseparated hydrolyzates without any growth substances added was obtained by selection and long-term adaptation of an array of yeast strains. The strain, identified as Candida tropicalis 2838, exhibited high cell-growth rate and considerable yield of protein-rich biomass.", "PMID": 378782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4248", "title": "Antimicrobial efficacy of some N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine dioxides.", "content": "A total of 17 N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine dioxides were tested for activity against three microorganisms. A relationship was found between the length of the alkyl substituent and antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Antimicrobial efficacy of some N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine dioxides. A total of 17 N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine dioxides were tested for activity against three microorganisms. A relationship was found between the length of the alkyl substituent and antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 378783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4249", "title": "[Therapy of so-called shock lung. Experimental animal studies of the lung in shock].", "content": "1. Under hemorrhagic-traumatic shock conditions the depression of the flow and the pressure in pulmonary arteria and of the pressure in the left atrium was significant. The elevation of the pulmonary vessel resistance was significant, the pulmonary circulation time was longer. The depression of the oxygen partial pressure in arterial and venous blood was significant. 2. In comparison to single re-transfusion of the taken blood, the re-transfusion and application of 6-Methylprednisolone (Urbason; 30 mg/kg) could raise the pulmonary pressure and the flow in the pulmonary arteria and the oxygen pressure in the arterial and venous blood over their basic level. 3. After re-transfusion and simultaneous addition of phenoxybenzamine a renewing shock took place caused by a relative hypovolemia. 4. The hemodynamic circulation in the pulmonary and peripherial vessels was restored by hemodilution. While a single infusion of Haemaccel intensified the hypoxemia in comparison to shock conditions, the infusion of albumin (4%) caused no change in measured values. The application of Urbason (30 mg/kg) combined with Haemaccel-infusions raised the arterial and venous oxygen pressure significantly, in comparison to the hypotonic-phase they exceeded the basic values.", "contents": "[Therapy of so-called shock lung. Experimental animal studies of the lung in shock]. 1. Under hemorrhagic-traumatic shock conditions the depression of the flow and the pressure in pulmonary arteria and of the pressure in the left atrium was significant. The elevation of the pulmonary vessel resistance was significant, the pulmonary circulation time was longer. The depression of the oxygen partial pressure in arterial and venous blood was significant. 2. In comparison to single re-transfusion of the taken blood, the re-transfusion and application of 6-Methylprednisolone (Urbason; 30 mg/kg) could raise the pulmonary pressure and the flow in the pulmonary arteria and the oxygen pressure in the arterial and venous blood over their basic level. 3. After re-transfusion and simultaneous addition of phenoxybenzamine a renewing shock took place caused by a relative hypovolemia. 4. The hemodynamic circulation in the pulmonary and peripherial vessels was restored by hemodilution. While a single infusion of Haemaccel intensified the hypoxemia in comparison to shock conditions, the infusion of albumin (4%) caused no change in measured values. The application of Urbason (30 mg/kg) combined with Haemaccel-infusions raised the arterial and venous oxygen pressure significantly, in comparison to the hypotonic-phase they exceeded the basic values.", "PMID": 378797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4250", "title": "[Local corticoid therapy in pediatrics].", "content": "During 1978 I carried out a clinical trial in my pediatric practice with the new corticoid dermaticum Alfason, which contains the active substance hydrocortisone-17 abutyrate--an ester of hydrocortisone not previously used therapeutically. To begin with Alfason was given in an open trial to 100 children and later, because of the favourable results obtained, it was employed in another group of 100 children in a double-blind trial against a fluorinated corticoid, a substance which up to then I had most often prescribed. The results showed a good to very good effect in over 90% of the cases treated with either drug, there was no substance related statistical difference. According to the literature the ratio of success regarding side effects is particularly favourable for Alfason so that its use in the treatment of corticoid-requiring dermatoses in childhood can be recommended.", "contents": "[Local corticoid therapy in pediatrics]. During 1978 I carried out a clinical trial in my pediatric practice with the new corticoid dermaticum Alfason, which contains the active substance hydrocortisone-17 abutyrate--an ester of hydrocortisone not previously used therapeutically. To begin with Alfason was given in an open trial to 100 children and later, because of the favourable results obtained, it was employed in another group of 100 children in a double-blind trial against a fluorinated corticoid, a substance which up to then I had most often prescribed. The results showed a good to very good effect in over 90% of the cases treated with either drug, there was no substance related statistical difference. According to the literature the ratio of success regarding side effects is particularly favourable for Alfason so that its use in the treatment of corticoid-requiring dermatoses in childhood can be recommended.", "PMID": 378798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4251", "title": "[Experimental pancreas transplantation].", "content": "Pancreatic auto- and allotransplantation of the pancreas tail were successfully performed in dogs. Malnutrition related to pancreatic exocrine hypofunction occurs initially in pancreatic-autotransplantation but gradual recovery by 3 months is normal. Tolbutamide showed a significant prolongation of hypoglycemia, glucose tolerance curves were normal in pancreatic autotransplantation. Denervation and lymphatic interruption of the pancreas may cause a transient but not definitive influence on pancreatic functions. In pancreatic allotransplantations there was a slight extension of survival time in the immunosuppressive treated group (Imuran 6 mg/kg). The results suggest that hyperglycemia, a poor response of the islets after glucose stimulation and a low circulating plasma-insulin level along with a low amylase level indicated the end point of rejection. The canine pancreas has been perfused for 3 hours with a membrane oxygenator, a pulsatile pump and a heat exchanger at a temperature of 37 degrees C. Among the criteria used in this study the insulin output into the venous blood in response to glucose administration as well as a pancreas secretion after secretin stimulation were found to be the most reliable indicators as to the viability of the pancreas. This is further supported by an average oxygen consumption of 0,77 ml O2/100 g/min at a constant flow of 80 ml/min and a pressure of 75 mmHg.", "contents": "[Experimental pancreas transplantation]. Pancreatic auto- and allotransplantation of the pancreas tail were successfully performed in dogs. Malnutrition related to pancreatic exocrine hypofunction occurs initially in pancreatic-autotransplantation but gradual recovery by 3 months is normal. Tolbutamide showed a significant prolongation of hypoglycemia, glucose tolerance curves were normal in pancreatic autotransplantation. Denervation and lymphatic interruption of the pancreas may cause a transient but not definitive influence on pancreatic functions. In pancreatic allotransplantations there was a slight extension of survival time in the immunosuppressive treated group (Imuran 6 mg/kg). The results suggest that hyperglycemia, a poor response of the islets after glucose stimulation and a low circulating plasma-insulin level along with a low amylase level indicated the end point of rejection. The canine pancreas has been perfused for 3 hours with a membrane oxygenator, a pulsatile pump and a heat exchanger at a temperature of 37 degrees C. Among the criteria used in this study the insulin output into the venous blood in response to glucose administration as well as a pancreas secretion after secretin stimulation were found to be the most reliable indicators as to the viability of the pancreas. This is further supported by an average oxygen consumption of 0,77 ml O2/100 g/min at a constant flow of 80 ml/min and a pressure of 75 mmHg.", "PMID": 378802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4252", "title": "[Investigations of iron and folate levels in serum after implantation of heart valve prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "In 90 patients with prosthetic heart valves, the presence of iron and folate deficiencies was assessed in a double-blind study. Anemia was found in 18 cases. Average serum iron levels were below the normal range and could be incremented significantly through the administration of 193 mg Fe++ daily during a 4-week period. No evidence of folate deficiency was found.", "contents": "[Investigations of iron and folate levels in serum after implantation of heart valve prostheses (author's transl)]. In 90 patients with prosthetic heart valves, the presence of iron and folate deficiencies was assessed in a double-blind study. Anemia was found in 18 cases. Average serum iron levels were below the normal range and could be incremented significantly through the administration of 193 mg Fe++ daily during a 4-week period. No evidence of folate deficiency was found.", "PMID": 378804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4253", "title": "Secretory B-cell activity in insulin dependent maturity-onset diabetic.", "content": "In 10 insulin dependent maturity onset diabetics we found elevated basal C-Peptide levels (4.78 +/- 0.5 ng/ml. Normal range 1.1--3.6 ng/ml), which could be suppressed by insulin injection to the same extent as in sulfonylurea treated diabetics could be demonstrated. C-Peptide immunoreactivity in these patients therefore seems to be newly secreted rather than accumulated material. Since adrenalectomized patients could be suppressed in the same way, it is likely, that catecholamines are not the major factor in the mechanism of suppression. Therefore only decrease of bloodsugar levels seems to be accountable for the decrease of C-Petide levels. High C-Petide levels in insulin dependent maturity onset diabetics which cannot be stimulated but suppressed may be explained by a loss of glucoreceptor molecules.", "contents": "Secretory B-cell activity in insulin dependent maturity-onset diabetic. In 10 insulin dependent maturity onset diabetics we found elevated basal C-Peptide levels (4.78 +/- 0.5 ng/ml. Normal range 1.1--3.6 ng/ml), which could be suppressed by insulin injection to the same extent as in sulfonylurea treated diabetics could be demonstrated. C-Peptide immunoreactivity in these patients therefore seems to be newly secreted rather than accumulated material. Since adrenalectomized patients could be suppressed in the same way, it is likely, that catecholamines are not the major factor in the mechanism of suppression. Therefore only decrease of bloodsugar levels seems to be accountable for the decrease of C-Petide levels. High C-Petide levels in insulin dependent maturity onset diabetics which cannot be stimulated but suppressed may be explained by a loss of glucoreceptor molecules.", "PMID": 378805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4254", "title": "Inactivation of two hyperactive LH-RH analogues by rat hypothalamic peptidases.", "content": "Hyperactive analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) are beleived to derive their properties from either increased binding affinity to anterior pituitary receptor sites or through decreased susceptibility to enzymic degradation. To investigate the latter suggestion and to examine the possible sites of hypothalamic peptidases inactivating LH-RH, D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH and D-Leu6-EA10-LH-RH, which are known to have considerably greater activity than LH-RH, were incubated with a hypothalamic supernatant fraction containing active peptidases degrading LH-RH, and their gonadotrophin-releasing ability after incubation with the enzymes was tested in normal, adult male rats; LH-RH was also tested in the same way. From a comparison of the relative losses of biological activity, both the LH-RH analogues treated proved to be more resistant to the hypothalamic peptidases than LH-RH itself; the D-Leu6-EA10-LH-RH retained its gonadotrophin-releasing activity longer than the D-Ser(TUB)6-EA10-LH-RH. These findings indicate that increased activity of the analogues may, in part be due to increased resistance to enzymic inactivation and suggest initial sites of cleavage at the Gly-leu and Pro-Gly NH2 bonds in the LH-RH decapeptide by the hypothalamic enzymes. Studies on the action of peptidases on LH-RH and its analogues may yield useful information in the design of peptidase with increased biological activity.", "contents": "Inactivation of two hyperactive LH-RH analogues by rat hypothalamic peptidases. Hyperactive analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) are beleived to derive their properties from either increased binding affinity to anterior pituitary receptor sites or through decreased susceptibility to enzymic degradation. To investigate the latter suggestion and to examine the possible sites of hypothalamic peptidases inactivating LH-RH, D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH and D-Leu6-EA10-LH-RH, which are known to have considerably greater activity than LH-RH, were incubated with a hypothalamic supernatant fraction containing active peptidases degrading LH-RH, and their gonadotrophin-releasing ability after incubation with the enzymes was tested in normal, adult male rats; LH-RH was also tested in the same way. From a comparison of the relative losses of biological activity, both the LH-RH analogues treated proved to be more resistant to the hypothalamic peptidases than LH-RH itself; the D-Leu6-EA10-LH-RH retained its gonadotrophin-releasing activity longer than the D-Ser(TUB)6-EA10-LH-RH. These findings indicate that increased activity of the analogues may, in part be due to increased resistance to enzymic inactivation and suggest initial sites of cleavage at the Gly-leu and Pro-Gly NH2 bonds in the LH-RH decapeptide by the hypothalamic enzymes. Studies on the action of peptidases on LH-RH and its analogues may yield useful information in the design of peptidase with increased biological activity.", "PMID": 378806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4255", "title": "Sheltering Arms: the last of its kind.", "content": "Sheltering Arms Hospital, Richmond, VA, is probably the last free private general hospital in the United States/Now, after 90 years, the forces of change have claimed it.", "contents": "Sheltering Arms: the last of its kind. Sheltering Arms Hospital, Richmond, VA, is probably the last free private general hospital in the United States/Now, after 90 years, the forces of change have claimed it.", "PMID": 378808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4256", "title": "Social worker gains seat on health panel.", "content": "Rep. Barbara Mikulski deals with health care issues in terms of the people affected. She is concerned about the impact of cost containment legislation on uncompensated charity care.", "contents": "Social worker gains seat on health panel. Rep. Barbara Mikulski deals with health care issues in terms of the people affected. She is concerned about the impact of cost containment legislation on uncompensated charity care.", "PMID": 378812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4257", "title": "An automatic system for chromosomal analysis applied to prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "Computer-assisted metaphase analysis for prenatal diagnosis can be economically performed by a preexisting hardware-software system. The program can be run by technician-level (i.e. nonspecialist) personnel who can opt for the automatic operational mode for good quality metaphases or for the semimanual mode for problem metaphases (numerous superpositions, artifacts, etc.). The karyotype can be obtained in conversational mode. Hardcopy output is available for all modes.", "contents": "An automatic system for chromosomal analysis applied to prenatal diagnosis. Computer-assisted metaphase analysis for prenatal diagnosis can be economically performed by a preexisting hardware-software system. The program can be run by technician-level (i.e. nonspecialist) personnel who can opt for the automatic operational mode for good quality metaphases or for the semimanual mode for problem metaphases (numerous superpositions, artifacts, etc.). The karyotype can be obtained in conversational mode. Hardcopy output is available for all modes.", "PMID": 378813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4258", "title": "Improved technique for human leukocyte cultures.", "content": "An improved technique for cultivation of peripheral human lymphocytes is presented. The setting of the blood cells is replaced by a wash in Ficoll to remove the polymorphonucleocytes.", "contents": "Improved technique for human leukocyte cultures. An improved technique for cultivation of peripheral human lymphocytes is presented. The setting of the blood cells is replaced by a wash in Ficoll to remove the polymorphonucleocytes.", "PMID": 378814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4259", "title": "The approach of the European communities to the assessment of the carcinogenic risk of environmental chemicals, in particular, artificial colourings.", "content": "A brief outline is given of the rationale of the Environmental Research Programme of the European Economic Community and of its implementation. The major part of the programme is devoted to research on the exposure-effect relationships for mutagens and carcinogens and to the establishment of criteria. As a first step, a battery of test systems for mutagenicity screening is being established. These will be evaluated in a comparative test programme. The second part of the paper describes the specific legislative actions of the European Communities on food colourings. The historical background is given; and the criteria used by the Scientific Committee for Food for classifying and evaluating colouring matters are listed. Proposed regulatory action, on the basis of the report of the Committe, includes lists of colouring matters which are 'unacceptable', 'temporarily acceptable' and 'acceptable'.", "contents": "The approach of the European communities to the assessment of the carcinogenic risk of environmental chemicals, in particular, artificial colourings. A brief outline is given of the rationale of the Environmental Research Programme of the European Economic Community and of its implementation. The major part of the programme is devoted to research on the exposure-effect relationships for mutagens and carcinogens and to the establishment of criteria. As a first step, a battery of test systems for mutagenicity screening is being established. These will be evaluated in a comparative test programme. The second part of the paper describes the specific legislative actions of the European Communities on food colourings. The historical background is given; and the criteria used by the Scientific Committee for Food for classifying and evaluating colouring matters are listed. Proposed regulatory action, on the basis of the report of the Committe, includes lists of colouring matters which are 'unacceptable', 'temporarily acceptable' and 'acceptable'.", "PMID": 378816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4260", "title": "The identification and control of occupational bladder cancer.", "content": "The recognition of an increasing number of environmental and occupational factors imvolved in cancer etiology indicates the urgent need for more effective identification and control procedures. On the evidence of experience derived from the historical example of occupational bladder cancer, it is suggested that the problems of identification and control require an integrated approach which must involve the toxicity screening of industrial materials, the environmental screening of the industrial process and the epidemiological screening of those who work in industry. Such a programme will depend for its success upon the cooperation and understanding of all concerned, and the need for consultation and the full provision of information is stressed. Benefits are indicated which might ultimately accrue from the establishment of a computerized data bank in which the results of toxicological, epidemiological and carcinogenicity investigations have been accumulated and collated under the auspices of an international agency.", "contents": "The identification and control of occupational bladder cancer. The recognition of an increasing number of environmental and occupational factors imvolved in cancer etiology indicates the urgent need for more effective identification and control procedures. On the evidence of experience derived from the historical example of occupational bladder cancer, it is suggested that the problems of identification and control require an integrated approach which must involve the toxicity screening of industrial materials, the environmental screening of the industrial process and the epidemiological screening of those who work in industry. Such a programme will depend for its success upon the cooperation and understanding of all concerned, and the need for consultation and the full provision of information is stressed. Benefits are indicated which might ultimately accrue from the establishment of a computerized data bank in which the results of toxicological, epidemiological and carcinogenicity investigations have been accumulated and collated under the auspices of an international agency.", "PMID": 378817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4261", "title": "The asbestos industry and statutory control of its hazards.", "content": "The difficulties of balancing the possible hazards of asbestos against its useful properties, the cost of control measures and the availability of adequate substitutes are described. The history of the asbestos industry, of recognition of the association between asbestos and respiratory disease and of the develpment of control regulations in the UK are outlined. The present provisions for inspection of work places, for medical services to workers and for environmental control within and outside the workplace have been reviewed and a Health and Safety Commission set up to implement them; their work is described. Although the regulations are being implemented, however, public anxiety has increased. Justification for such anxiety comes from reports of still-existing hazards and from the fact that the current standard was established on faulty grounds. Three studies are described which indicate that a dose-response relationship may exist in relation to the carcinogenicity of asbestos; however, there is still not enough evidence to set standards. Further studies have shown that the different types of asbestos incur different degrees of risk. The UK Asbestos Standards are thus undergoing revision, this time in consultation not only with physicians and hygienists, but also with members of industry, trades union members, academics and local authorities.", "contents": "The asbestos industry and statutory control of its hazards. The difficulties of balancing the possible hazards of asbestos against its useful properties, the cost of control measures and the availability of adequate substitutes are described. The history of the asbestos industry, of recognition of the association between asbestos and respiratory disease and of the develpment of control regulations in the UK are outlined. The present provisions for inspection of work places, for medical services to workers and for environmental control within and outside the workplace have been reviewed and a Health and Safety Commission set up to implement them; their work is described. Although the regulations are being implemented, however, public anxiety has increased. Justification for such anxiety comes from reports of still-existing hazards and from the fact that the current standard was established on faulty grounds. Three studies are described which indicate that a dose-response relationship may exist in relation to the carcinogenicity of asbestos; however, there is still not enough evidence to set standards. Further studies have shown that the different types of asbestos incur different degrees of risk. The UK Asbestos Standards are thus undergoing revision, this time in consultation not only with physicians and hygienists, but also with members of industry, trades union members, academics and local authorities.", "PMID": 378818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4262", "title": "Long-term culture of pancreatic islet cells with special reference to the beta-cell function.", "content": "Islet cells of adult rat pancreas, dissociated with EDTA-Dispase, were cultivated in Microtest wells for over 2 months. In our cultures, islet cells were free-floating and cohered with each other to reorganize histotypic aggregates resembling the nondissociated islets. Morphologically, excellent preservation of islet cells in the aggregates was confirmed during the culture using both light and electron microscopy. The function of islet beta-cells, as demonstrated by the synthesis and release of insulin, also was retained throughout the culture period. Islet beta-cells cultured for long periods exhibited better response to the short-term stimulation of theophylline than to a high concentration of glucose, as observed in the islets of fetal or newborn rat pancreas.", "contents": "Long-term culture of pancreatic islet cells with special reference to the beta-cell function. Islet cells of adult rat pancreas, dissociated with EDTA-Dispase, were cultivated in Microtest wells for over 2 months. In our cultures, islet cells were free-floating and cohered with each other to reorganize histotypic aggregates resembling the nondissociated islets. Morphologically, excellent preservation of islet cells in the aggregates was confirmed during the culture using both light and electron microscopy. The function of islet beta-cells, as demonstrated by the synthesis and release of insulin, also was retained throughout the culture period. Islet beta-cells cultured for long periods exhibited better response to the short-term stimulation of theophylline than to a high concentration of glucose, as observed in the islets of fetal or newborn rat pancreas.", "PMID": 378821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4263", "title": "Development in vitro of epithelial-cell monolayers derived from fetal rat pancreas.", "content": "Purified epithelial-cell monolayers were generated in vitro from explants of fetal rat pancreas. The extent of the development of the epithelial monolayer, as determined by planimetric analysis, was enhanced by the application of two methodological procedures: (a) preincubation of fetal pancreas in situ at 27 degrees C for 5 hr prior to dissection and explantation; and (b) incubation of the explants in medium containing a high concentration (50% to 70%) of fetal bovine serum. By utilizing such culture conditions, sheets of contiguous epithelial cells, with little or no peripheral fibroblastic contamination, were maintained for 9 days. Whereas the majority of cells within the monolayer had morphological characteristics of pancreatic ductal cells, endocrine cells were identified by the specific immunocytochemical localization of insulin and glucagon. In addition, insulin could be detected in the incubation medium throughout the course of experiment. The simplicity of this preparation offers some advantages over other techniques including reduced chance of contamination and reduced cellular damage or death. It provides a model for future studies directed toward developing individual cell strains derived from pancreatic epithelial cells.", "contents": "Development in vitro of epithelial-cell monolayers derived from fetal rat pancreas. Purified epithelial-cell monolayers were generated in vitro from explants of fetal rat pancreas. The extent of the development of the epithelial monolayer, as determined by planimetric analysis, was enhanced by the application of two methodological procedures: (a) preincubation of fetal pancreas in situ at 27 degrees C for 5 hr prior to dissection and explantation; and (b) incubation of the explants in medium containing a high concentration (50% to 70%) of fetal bovine serum. By utilizing such culture conditions, sheets of contiguous epithelial cells, with little or no peripheral fibroblastic contamination, were maintained for 9 days. Whereas the majority of cells within the monolayer had morphological characteristics of pancreatic ductal cells, endocrine cells were identified by the specific immunocytochemical localization of insulin and glucagon. In addition, insulin could be detected in the incubation medium throughout the course of experiment. The simplicity of this preparation offers some advantages over other techniques including reduced chance of contamination and reduced cellular damage or death. It provides a model for future studies directed toward developing individual cell strains derived from pancreatic epithelial cells.", "PMID": 378822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4264", "title": "[Investigation comparing the methods of serological differentiation of streptococci by precipitation, co-agglutination and fluorescence test (author's transl)].", "content": "Three methods for the serological determination of streptococci were compared: immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination. The results of the immunoprecipitation were the basis of evaluation. The deviating results in immunofluorescence and co-agglutination deviate among one another. With immunofluorescence relatively too many strains were determined as group B, with co-agglutination as group C.", "contents": "[Investigation comparing the methods of serological differentiation of streptococci by precipitation, co-agglutination and fluorescence test (author's transl)]. Three methods for the serological determination of streptococci were compared: immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination. The results of the immunoprecipitation were the basis of evaluation. The deviating results in immunofluorescence and co-agglutination deviate among one another. With immunofluorescence relatively too many strains were determined as group B, with co-agglutination as group C.", "PMID": 378823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4265", "title": "Protection of cotton rats against experimental Echinococcus multilocularis infections with BCG cell walls.", "content": "Previous works has indicated that cotton rats treated with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG are effectively protected against an infection with the metastatically proliferating metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis. In an attempt to induce a similar protection in the absence of tubercular granulomatous lesions, cotton rats were treated with BCG cell walls. A single injection of 150 micrograms of cell walls, emulsified in mineral oil-Tween-saline, 2 weeks before the inoculation of the parasite completely protected the animals against infection with E. multilocularis. This protection was correlated with an increase in the numbers of monocytes and, as judged by acid phosphatase activity, an activation of these cells. This study shows that BCG cell walls are as effective in protecting animals against E. multilocularis as the viable organism.", "contents": "Protection of cotton rats against experimental Echinococcus multilocularis infections with BCG cell walls. Previous works has indicated that cotton rats treated with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG are effectively protected against an infection with the metastatically proliferating metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis. In an attempt to induce a similar protection in the absence of tubercular granulomatous lesions, cotton rats were treated with BCG cell walls. A single injection of 150 micrograms of cell walls, emulsified in mineral oil-Tween-saline, 2 weeks before the inoculation of the parasite completely protected the animals against infection with E. multilocularis. This protection was correlated with an increase in the numbers of monocytes and, as judged by acid phosphatase activity, an activation of these cells. This study shows that BCG cell walls are as effective in protecting animals against E. multilocularis as the viable organism.", "PMID": 378829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4266", "title": "Bactericidal activity of fractionated granule contents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Proteins from human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules were extracted with 0.2 M acetate, pH 4.0, and fractionated by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The fractions demonstrated selective bactericidal action against a deep rough cell wall mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4 with rough lipopolysacharide and cell wall mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 with lipoplysacharide of Ra, Rc, Rd1, Rd2, and Re types. Smooth parent strains were most resistant to the bactericidal action. Fractions with greatest activity for the mutants were from valley regions (regions of low protein concentration) between three high protein peaks comprising myeloperoxidase, protease, and lysozyme, respectively. Susceptibility of the mutants to bactericidal action increased as sugar residues decreased in lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to different fractions than were the gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of fractionated granule contents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Proteins from human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules were extracted with 0.2 M acetate, pH 4.0, and fractionated by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The fractions demonstrated selective bactericidal action against a deep rough cell wall mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4 with rough lipopolysacharide and cell wall mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 with lipoplysacharide of Ra, Rc, Rd1, Rd2, and Re types. Smooth parent strains were most resistant to the bactericidal action. Fractions with greatest activity for the mutants were from valley regions (regions of low protein concentration) between three high protein peaks comprising myeloperoxidase, protease, and lysozyme, respectively. Susceptibility of the mutants to bactericidal action increased as sugar residues decreased in lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to different fractions than were the gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 378830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4267", "title": "Protective effect of active immunization with purified Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in rats.", "content": "The protective effect of active immunization by different routes with a purified preparation of the polymyxin-release form of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin was evaluated in rats. Immunized animals were challenged by placing toxin into ligated ileal loops at dosages which produced either 50% or the maximum secretory response in unimmunized rats. Immunization exclusively by the parenteral route yielded significant protection. Rats were also protected when parenteral priming was followed by boosting given either directly into the duodenum or perorally 2 h after intragastric cimetidine, but not when the peroral boosts were given with bicarbonate. Immunization administered entirely by the peroral route with cimetidine yielded protection but only when the immunizing dosage was fivefold greater than that found effective in the parenteral-peroral approach. Rats immunized exclusively by the parenteral route and those boosted perorally with cimetidine were also tested, and found to be protected, against challenge with viable organisms of strains that produce either heat-labile toxin alone or both heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, but they were not protected against a strain which produces just heat-stable toxin. Geometric mean serum antibody titers were increased by 16-fold or more over control values in those groups of rats in which protection was achieved, with the exception of those immunized exclusively by the peroral route. These observations demonstrate that (i) active immunization with purified E. coli heat-labile toxin results in significant protection against both this toxin as well as viable organisms which produce it, but not against viable strains which produce heat-stable toxin only, and (ii) concomitant ablation of gastric secretion by the use of cimetidine renders the peroral route of immunization effective. They suggest that prophylactic immunization against diarrheal disease caused by heat-labile toxin-producing strains of E. coli may be feasible in humans.", "contents": "Protective effect of active immunization with purified Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in rats. The protective effect of active immunization by different routes with a purified preparation of the polymyxin-release form of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin was evaluated in rats. Immunized animals were challenged by placing toxin into ligated ileal loops at dosages which produced either 50% or the maximum secretory response in unimmunized rats. Immunization exclusively by the parenteral route yielded significant protection. Rats were also protected when parenteral priming was followed by boosting given either directly into the duodenum or perorally 2 h after intragastric cimetidine, but not when the peroral boosts were given with bicarbonate. Immunization administered entirely by the peroral route with cimetidine yielded protection but only when the immunizing dosage was fivefold greater than that found effective in the parenteral-peroral approach. Rats immunized exclusively by the parenteral route and those boosted perorally with cimetidine were also tested, and found to be protected, against challenge with viable organisms of strains that produce either heat-labile toxin alone or both heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, but they were not protected against a strain which produces just heat-stable toxin. Geometric mean serum antibody titers were increased by 16-fold or more over control values in those groups of rats in which protection was achieved, with the exception of those immunized exclusively by the peroral route. These observations demonstrate that (i) active immunization with purified E. coli heat-labile toxin results in significant protection against both this toxin as well as viable organisms which produce it, but not against viable strains which produce heat-stable toxin only, and (ii) concomitant ablation of gastric secretion by the use of cimetidine renders the peroral route of immunization effective. They suggest that prophylactic immunization against diarrheal disease caused by heat-labile toxin-producing strains of E. coli may be feasible in humans.", "PMID": 378831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4268", "title": "Erythrocyte binding properties of streptococcal lipoteichoic acids.", "content": "The lipoteichoic acids (LTA) of gram-positive bacteria are known to bind spontaneously to a variety of animal cell membranes. We investigated the biological and biochemical characteristics of the binding of LTA of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. faecalis to human and sheep erythrocytes. The kinetics of the binding of the radiolabeled LTA ([(3)H]LTA) from each of these organisms to erythrocytes was similar. The dissociation constants for sheep and adult human erythrocytes were 1.6 muM and 4.5 muM, respectively, whereas that of human cord blood erythrocytes was approximately 10-fold higher, 31 muM. The number of binding sites for sheep erythrocytes was calculated to be 7.2 x x 10(6) per cell, and that of human erythrocytes, 29 x 10(6) per cell. Binding was reversible. More than 50% of bound [(3)H]LTA was displaced from erythrocytes by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. LTA prepared from heterologous species of gram-positive bacteria were all inhibitory to the binding of [(3)H]LTA whether derived from S. pyogenes or from S. faecalis. Among a number of potential receptor analogues and other inhibitors tested, including serum albumin, gangliosides Gm(2) and Gm(3), lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, and various sugars, only albumin and the gangliosides significantly inhibited LTA binding. Trypsin or neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes had no effect on LTA binding. Deacylation of [(3)H]LTA abolished binding ability and binding was restored by esterification of the deacylated material with stearoyl chloride, indicating that ester-linked lipids are necessary for membrane binding.", "contents": "Erythrocyte binding properties of streptococcal lipoteichoic acids. The lipoteichoic acids (LTA) of gram-positive bacteria are known to bind spontaneously to a variety of animal cell membranes. We investigated the biological and biochemical characteristics of the binding of LTA of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. faecalis to human and sheep erythrocytes. The kinetics of the binding of the radiolabeled LTA ([(3)H]LTA) from each of these organisms to erythrocytes was similar. The dissociation constants for sheep and adult human erythrocytes were 1.6 muM and 4.5 muM, respectively, whereas that of human cord blood erythrocytes was approximately 10-fold higher, 31 muM. The number of binding sites for sheep erythrocytes was calculated to be 7.2 x x 10(6) per cell, and that of human erythrocytes, 29 x 10(6) per cell. Binding was reversible. More than 50% of bound [(3)H]LTA was displaced from erythrocytes by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. LTA prepared from heterologous species of gram-positive bacteria were all inhibitory to the binding of [(3)H]LTA whether derived from S. pyogenes or from S. faecalis. Among a number of potential receptor analogues and other inhibitors tested, including serum albumin, gangliosides Gm(2) and Gm(3), lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, and various sugars, only albumin and the gangliosides significantly inhibited LTA binding. Trypsin or neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes had no effect on LTA binding. Deacylation of [(3)H]LTA abolished binding ability and binding was restored by esterification of the deacylated material with stearoyl chloride, indicating that ester-linked lipids are necessary for membrane binding.", "PMID": 378832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4269", "title": "Hemagglutination and adhesiveness of toxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from humans.", "content": "Toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from humans were studied for adherence to human buccal mucosal epithelial cells. The E. coli strains were labeled with 3H-amino acids or fluorescein isothiocyanate. Toxigenic E. coli strains varied in their ability to adhere in the presence of mannose. Of 32 toxigenic strains examined, 52% bound to the buccal cells, whereas none of 8 control strains did so (Mann-Whitney U test, P =0.007). The control strains were nontoxigenic E. coli isolates from humans, enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates from animals, and E. coli K-12 containing the K88 or K99 plasmid; these strains exhibited only background-level adherence in this assay. Among the toxigenic E. coli strains that bound to human buccal mucosal cells, there was no correlation with mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MR-HA) of guinea pig and human erythrocytes. Screening 32 strains, we found the following phenotypes: (i) MR-HA+, buccal adherent; (ii) MR-HA+, buccal nonadherent; (iii) MR-HA-, buccal adherent. Presumably the third group represents strains with another type(s) of surface attachment components not involved in the MR-HA reaction. Our findings indicate that a number of bacterial surface structures can function in MR-HA and buccal adherence.", "contents": "Hemagglutination and adhesiveness of toxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from humans. Toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from humans were studied for adherence to human buccal mucosal epithelial cells. The E. coli strains were labeled with 3H-amino acids or fluorescein isothiocyanate. Toxigenic E. coli strains varied in their ability to adhere in the presence of mannose. Of 32 toxigenic strains examined, 52% bound to the buccal cells, whereas none of 8 control strains did so (Mann-Whitney U test, P =0.007). The control strains were nontoxigenic E. coli isolates from humans, enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates from animals, and E. coli K-12 containing the K88 or K99 plasmid; these strains exhibited only background-level adherence in this assay. Among the toxigenic E. coli strains that bound to human buccal mucosal cells, there was no correlation with mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MR-HA) of guinea pig and human erythrocytes. Screening 32 strains, we found the following phenotypes: (i) MR-HA+, buccal adherent; (ii) MR-HA+, buccal nonadherent; (iii) MR-HA-, buccal adherent. Presumably the third group represents strains with another type(s) of surface attachment components not involved in the MR-HA reaction. Our findings indicate that a number of bacterial surface structures can function in MR-HA and buccal adherence.", "PMID": 378833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4270", "title": "Immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains represent the most frequent etiological agent of travelers diarrhea. Challenge studies with several of these strains were undertaken in volunteers to evaluate the mechanisms of disease-induced immunity. Seventeen students and other community volunteers were given 10(6) or 10(8) organisms of E. coli B7A (O148:H28), which produces heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. Ten individuals developed diarrheal illness closely resembling natural travelers diarrhea; of these ten, rises in titer of serum antitoxin and anti-O antibody occurred in eight (80%). Eight of the volunteers who developed diarrhea in the first test agreed to undergo rechallenge 9 weeks later with 10(8) B7A organisms. Only one of these eight \"veterans\" developed diarrhea versus seven of twelve controls given the same challenge (P = 0.05). Despite clinical protection, all \"veterans\" excreted B7A after rechallenge. Four controls who developed diarrhea during the homologous B7A rechallenge test were rechallenged 9 weeks later with 10(9) organisms of E. coli strain E2528-C1 (O25:H-), which produces only heat-labile enterotoxin and possesses a different O, H, and pili antigen composition than B7A. Three of four \"veterans\" and two of six controls developed comparable diarrhea. These studies demonstrate that prior disease due to enterotoxigenic E. coli confers homologous immunity against subsequent challenge, and the operative mechanism apparently is not bactericidal and is not mediated by serum anti-O antibodies. Heterologous protection was not conferred where the only common antigen was heat-labile enterotoxin, indicating that serum infection-derived antitoxin to heat-labile enterotoxin also is not protective.", "contents": "Immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains represent the most frequent etiological agent of travelers diarrhea. Challenge studies with several of these strains were undertaken in volunteers to evaluate the mechanisms of disease-induced immunity. Seventeen students and other community volunteers were given 10(6) or 10(8) organisms of E. coli B7A (O148:H28), which produces heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. Ten individuals developed diarrheal illness closely resembling natural travelers diarrhea; of these ten, rises in titer of serum antitoxin and anti-O antibody occurred in eight (80%). Eight of the volunteers who developed diarrhea in the first test agreed to undergo rechallenge 9 weeks later with 10(8) B7A organisms. Only one of these eight \"veterans\" developed diarrhea versus seven of twelve controls given the same challenge (P = 0.05). Despite clinical protection, all \"veterans\" excreted B7A after rechallenge. Four controls who developed diarrhea during the homologous B7A rechallenge test were rechallenged 9 weeks later with 10(9) organisms of E. coli strain E2528-C1 (O25:H-), which produces only heat-labile enterotoxin and possesses a different O, H, and pili antigen composition than B7A. Three of four \"veterans\" and two of six controls developed comparable diarrhea. These studies demonstrate that prior disease due to enterotoxigenic E. coli confers homologous immunity against subsequent challenge, and the operative mechanism apparently is not bactericidal and is not mediated by serum anti-O antibodies. Heterologous protection was not conferred where the only common antigen was heat-labile enterotoxin, indicating that serum infection-derived antitoxin to heat-labile enterotoxin also is not protective.", "PMID": 378834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4271", "title": "Experimental Eikenella corrodens endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "The ability of Eikenella corrodens to cause endocarditis in catheterized rabbits was studied. E. corrodens 1073, the serum-resistant strain used in the study, was isolated from a human periodontitis lesion. Thirty-four rabbits, surgically catheterized across the aortic valve and injected intravenously 24 to 48 h later with 10(7) to 10(9) log-phase organisms, were studied. Only three rabbits developed positive blood cultures and only two rabbits died before the time of sacrifice at 14 days after infection. Autopsies showed that all rabbits developed aortic vegetations, 52% of which were culture positive for E. corrodens. The organisms were recovered from aortic vegetations in a mean concentration of 10(5.3) colony-forming units/g of tissue and from liver or kidney in 28% of the animals in concentrations from 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units/g. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of vegetations, with the use of specific rat antiserum to E. corrodens 1073 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat antirat serum, revealed colonies of E. corrodens in culture-negative vegetations as well as in those which were culture positive. The results showed that E. corrodens was an effective pathogen in the rabbit model of endocarditis, in which the disease was infrequently bacteremic and rarely fatal.", "contents": "Experimental Eikenella corrodens endocarditis in rabbits. The ability of Eikenella corrodens to cause endocarditis in catheterized rabbits was studied. E. corrodens 1073, the serum-resistant strain used in the study, was isolated from a human periodontitis lesion. Thirty-four rabbits, surgically catheterized across the aortic valve and injected intravenously 24 to 48 h later with 10(7) to 10(9) log-phase organisms, were studied. Only three rabbits developed positive blood cultures and only two rabbits died before the time of sacrifice at 14 days after infection. Autopsies showed that all rabbits developed aortic vegetations, 52% of which were culture positive for E. corrodens. The organisms were recovered from aortic vegetations in a mean concentration of 10(5.3) colony-forming units/g of tissue and from liver or kidney in 28% of the animals in concentrations from 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units/g. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of vegetations, with the use of specific rat antiserum to E. corrodens 1073 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat antirat serum, revealed colonies of E. corrodens in culture-negative vegetations as well as in those which were culture positive. The results showed that E. corrodens was an effective pathogen in the rabbit model of endocarditis, in which the disease was infrequently bacteremic and rarely fatal.", "PMID": 378835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4272", "title": "Lipid A and anti-lipid A.", "content": "Lipid A in free form, in crude antigen preparations, and on Formalin-treated Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota R595 was employed in studies of its antigenic composition, immunogenicity, and availability on gram-negative bacteria. Analyses with immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of isolated lipid A preparations revealed three components. Inhibition experiments with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the lipid A structure was not exposed on the tested smooth or rough E. coli strains or on S. minnesota R595. In crude O antigen preparations from some of the strains, however, lipid A was available for reaction with antibodies. The inaccessibility of lipid A on the bacterial surface may explain the poor protective capacity of anti-lipid A antibodies against bacterial infections. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was more sensitive for measuring anti-lipid A antibody activity than indirect hemolysis or indirect hemagglutination. With an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay it was shown that in rabbits the immunogenicity of lipid A was approximately the same when coated on erythrocytes or, as is more commonly done, when lipid A-coated hydrolyzed bacteria were used. Some antisera from rabbits immunized with E. coli of different serotypes showed activity against lipid A, with a higher frequency for antisera from rabbits immunized with R mutants.", "contents": "Lipid A and anti-lipid A. Lipid A in free form, in crude antigen preparations, and on Formalin-treated Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota R595 was employed in studies of its antigenic composition, immunogenicity, and availability on gram-negative bacteria. Analyses with immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of isolated lipid A preparations revealed three components. Inhibition experiments with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the lipid A structure was not exposed on the tested smooth or rough E. coli strains or on S. minnesota R595. In crude O antigen preparations from some of the strains, however, lipid A was available for reaction with antibodies. The inaccessibility of lipid A on the bacterial surface may explain the poor protective capacity of anti-lipid A antibodies against bacterial infections. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was more sensitive for measuring anti-lipid A antibody activity than indirect hemolysis or indirect hemagglutination. With an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay it was shown that in rabbits the immunogenicity of lipid A was approximately the same when coated on erythrocytes or, as is more commonly done, when lipid A-coated hydrolyzed bacteria were used. Some antisera from rabbits immunized with E. coli of different serotypes showed activity against lipid A, with a higher frequency for antisera from rabbits immunized with R mutants.", "PMID": 378836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4273", "title": "Effect of oral tetracycline, the microbial flora, and the athymic state on gastrointestinal colonization and infection of BALB/c mice with Candida albicans.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and quantitative culture of microorganisms in intestinal contents were used to determine the effects of oral tetracycline, the bacterial flora of conventionally reared animals (conventional), and thymus-dependent immune competency on the capacity of Candida albicans to colonize and infect the gastrointestinal tract of four groups of mice: thymus-intact conventional mice, conventional athymic mice, flora-defined athymic mice, and thymus-intact bacteria-free mice. Thymus-intact conventional mice without antibiotic treatment began to shed C. albicans less than 48 h after oral yeast challenge and were devoid of detectable yeast by day 16. Tetracycline altered the bacterial flora qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing C. albicans to colonize in less than 48 h and to persist in the gut tract for 32 days. Only 2 of 72 of these conventional mice developed candidiasis (hyphal infection). Although tetracycline altered the bacterial flora of conventional athymic (nude) mice, it was not required to allow C. albicans to colonize their gut tract to levels significantly higher than those in thymus-intact conventional mice. All conventional nude mice were consistently colonized and 14 of 24 animals showed an increased yeast colonization of the keratinized stomach, but only 3 of 24 developed gastric candidiasis. Flora-defined athymic (nude) mice had significantly lower aerobic bacterial levels and significantly higher C. albicans levels in the gut contents than conventional athymic mice. The flora-defined nude mice, however, developed gastric candidiasis by day 5. Thymus-intact bacteria-free mice were uniformly colonized and infected with C. albicans less than 48 h after oral challenge regardless of tetracycline treatment. Populations of C. albicans in the gut of bacteria-free mice were significantly higher than in the gut tract of the thymus-intact conventional or athymic mice. Gastric mycelial infection was detected in 8 of 10 bacteria-free animals 2 days after oral challenge. By 32 days, 45 of 50 mice of both tetracycline-treated and control bacteria-free groups were infected with C. albicans. These data indicate that a competive bacteria flora is more effective than an intact immune system in preventing gastric candidiasis and that an immune deficiency may allow increased yeast colonization of the keratinized and glandular stomach epithelium. Tetracycline did not appear to enhance the invasiveness or pathogenicity of C. albicans in mice even though it facilitates yeast-phase gut colonization in conventionally reared mice.", "contents": "Effect of oral tetracycline, the microbial flora, and the athymic state on gastrointestinal colonization and infection of BALB/c mice with Candida albicans. Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and quantitative culture of microorganisms in intestinal contents were used to determine the effects of oral tetracycline, the bacterial flora of conventionally reared animals (conventional), and thymus-dependent immune competency on the capacity of Candida albicans to colonize and infect the gastrointestinal tract of four groups of mice: thymus-intact conventional mice, conventional athymic mice, flora-defined athymic mice, and thymus-intact bacteria-free mice. Thymus-intact conventional mice without antibiotic treatment began to shed C. albicans less than 48 h after oral yeast challenge and were devoid of detectable yeast by day 16. Tetracycline altered the bacterial flora qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing C. albicans to colonize in less than 48 h and to persist in the gut tract for 32 days. Only 2 of 72 of these conventional mice developed candidiasis (hyphal infection). Although tetracycline altered the bacterial flora of conventional athymic (nude) mice, it was not required to allow C. albicans to colonize their gut tract to levels significantly higher than those in thymus-intact conventional mice. All conventional nude mice were consistently colonized and 14 of 24 animals showed an increased yeast colonization of the keratinized stomach, but only 3 of 24 developed gastric candidiasis. Flora-defined athymic (nude) mice had significantly lower aerobic bacterial levels and significantly higher C. albicans levels in the gut contents than conventional athymic mice. The flora-defined nude mice, however, developed gastric candidiasis by day 5. Thymus-intact bacteria-free mice were uniformly colonized and infected with C. albicans less than 48 h after oral challenge regardless of tetracycline treatment. Populations of C. albicans in the gut of bacteria-free mice were significantly higher than in the gut tract of the thymus-intact conventional or athymic mice. Gastric mycelial infection was detected in 8 of 10 bacteria-free animals 2 days after oral challenge. By 32 days, 45 of 50 mice of both tetracycline-treated and control bacteria-free groups were infected with C. albicans. These data indicate that a competive bacteria flora is more effective than an intact immune system in preventing gastric candidiasis and that an immune deficiency may allow increased yeast colonization of the keratinized and glandular stomach epithelium. Tetracycline did not appear to enhance the invasiveness or pathogenicity of C. albicans in mice even though it facilitates yeast-phase gut colonization in conventionally reared mice.", "PMID": 378837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4274", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium leprae in guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs immunized with intact or disrupted armadillo-grown human Mycobacterium leprae administered in aqueous or oil vehicles were tested with various dilutions of M. leprae suspended in saline, water-soluble M. leprae extract, purified protein derivative, and a water-soluble extract of normal armadillo tissue. The results demonstrated the following. (i) Under no conditions was any skin test reactivity found to normal armadillo tissue extract. (ii) Positive sensitization to both M. leprae and its water-soluble extract was achieved by sensitizing guinea pigs with M. leprae suspended in Hanks solution or saline. Autoclaved M. leprae in Hanks solution or saline inoculated intradermally was an effective immunogen. Oil suspensions or emulsions were effective at sensitization, but appeared to be no better and, in general, slightly weaker, than simple inoculation in aqueous suspension. (iii) Living BCG failed to reveal a significant adjuvant effect on sensitization to M. leprae. However, cord factor appeared to potentiate slightly the sensitization to M. leprae in aqueous suspension. (iv) The minimum dose required for sensitization with M. leprae in aqueous suspension was 55 micrograms of purified bacilli. (v) Animals inoculated with M. leprae in saline or with M. leprae together with BCG showed positive skin test reactivity to the first skin test application made fully 1 year after the initial sensitization. The efficacy of autoclaved, irradiated M. leprae in aqueous, oil-free medium suggests a relatively safe approach to human vaccination studies.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium leprae in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs immunized with intact or disrupted armadillo-grown human Mycobacterium leprae administered in aqueous or oil vehicles were tested with various dilutions of M. leprae suspended in saline, water-soluble M. leprae extract, purified protein derivative, and a water-soluble extract of normal armadillo tissue. The results demonstrated the following. (i) Under no conditions was any skin test reactivity found to normal armadillo tissue extract. (ii) Positive sensitization to both M. leprae and its water-soluble extract was achieved by sensitizing guinea pigs with M. leprae suspended in Hanks solution or saline. Autoclaved M. leprae in Hanks solution or saline inoculated intradermally was an effective immunogen. Oil suspensions or emulsions were effective at sensitization, but appeared to be no better and, in general, slightly weaker, than simple inoculation in aqueous suspension. (iii) Living BCG failed to reveal a significant adjuvant effect on sensitization to M. leprae. However, cord factor appeared to potentiate slightly the sensitization to M. leprae in aqueous suspension. (iv) The minimum dose required for sensitization with M. leprae in aqueous suspension was 55 micrograms of purified bacilli. (v) Animals inoculated with M. leprae in saline or with M. leprae together with BCG showed positive skin test reactivity to the first skin test application made fully 1 year after the initial sensitization. The efficacy of autoclaved, irradiated M. leprae in aqueous, oil-free medium suggests a relatively safe approach to human vaccination studies.", "PMID": 378838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4275", "title": "Nature and mechanism of action of the CAMP protein of group B streptococci.", "content": "The extracellular product of group B streptococci responsible for the CAMP reaction was purified to near homogeneity. It is a relatively thermostable protein having a molecular weight of 23,500 and an isoelectric pH of 8.3. It was found that the CAMP reaction could be simulated by substituting [14C]glucose-containing liposomes prepared from sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate for sheep erythrocytes. In the belief that the liposome system is a valid model, the mechanism of the CAMP reaction was further investigated by using liposomes in which N-acylsphingosine (ceramide) was substituted for sphingomyelin. In this system disruption of liposomes, as measured by release of trapped [14C]glucose, was effected by CAMP protein alone. As judged from thin-layer chromatography, CAMP protein caused no reduction in the amount of ceramide present in ceramide-containing liposomes, nor were split products demonstrable. However, binding of CAMP protein to ceramide-containing liposomes could be shown. It is inferred that in sheep erythrocytes CAMP protein reacts nonenzymatically with membrane ceramide formed by the prior action of staphylococcal sphingomyelinase and that binding of CAMP protein to ceramide disorganizes the lipid bilayer to an extent that results in cell lysis.", "contents": "Nature and mechanism of action of the CAMP protein of group B streptococci. The extracellular product of group B streptococci responsible for the CAMP reaction was purified to near homogeneity. It is a relatively thermostable protein having a molecular weight of 23,500 and an isoelectric pH of 8.3. It was found that the CAMP reaction could be simulated by substituting [14C]glucose-containing liposomes prepared from sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate for sheep erythrocytes. In the belief that the liposome system is a valid model, the mechanism of the CAMP reaction was further investigated by using liposomes in which N-acylsphingosine (ceramide) was substituted for sphingomyelin. In this system disruption of liposomes, as measured by release of trapped [14C]glucose, was effected by CAMP protein alone. As judged from thin-layer chromatography, CAMP protein caused no reduction in the amount of ceramide present in ceramide-containing liposomes, nor were split products demonstrable. However, binding of CAMP protein to ceramide-containing liposomes could be shown. It is inferred that in sheep erythrocytes CAMP protein reacts nonenzymatically with membrane ceramide formed by the prior action of staphylococcal sphingomyelinase and that binding of CAMP protein to ceramide disorganizes the lipid bilayer to an extent that results in cell lysis.", "PMID": 378839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4276", "title": "Response of sensitized and unsensitized human lymphocyte subpopulations to Plasmodium falciparum antigens.", "content": "Antigen preparations derived from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (but not from uninfected erythrocytes) can stimulate the in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from malaria-sensitized as well as nonsensitized donors. The possibility that the nonspecific responses might be due to a parasite-derived B-cell mitogen has been previously suggested since polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia is a frequent accompaniment of malaria infection. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the in vitro proliferative responses of purified T- and B-cell populations to malaria antigens. T but not B cells responded to the antigens. The addition of small numbers of T cells restored the ability of purified B cells to respond to lectin mitogens but not to malaria antigens. Falciparum malaria infection was associated with an increase in T-cell but not in B-cell proliferation in vivo, as assessed by the spontaneous tritiated thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes during a brief incubation in vitro. Our observations suggest that extracts of malaria parasites do not contain a B-cell mitogen but are antigenic as well as mitogenic for T cells.", "contents": "Response of sensitized and unsensitized human lymphocyte subpopulations to Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Antigen preparations derived from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (but not from uninfected erythrocytes) can stimulate the in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from malaria-sensitized as well as nonsensitized donors. The possibility that the nonspecific responses might be due to a parasite-derived B-cell mitogen has been previously suggested since polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia is a frequent accompaniment of malaria infection. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the in vitro proliferative responses of purified T- and B-cell populations to malaria antigens. T but not B cells responded to the antigens. The addition of small numbers of T cells restored the ability of purified B cells to respond to lectin mitogens but not to malaria antigens. Falciparum malaria infection was associated with an increase in T-cell but not in B-cell proliferation in vivo, as assessed by the spontaneous tritiated thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes during a brief incubation in vitro. Our observations suggest that extracts of malaria parasites do not contain a B-cell mitogen but are antigenic as well as mitogenic for T cells.", "PMID": 378840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4277", "title": "Endotoxin lethality and tolerance in mice: analysis with the B-lymphocyte-defective CBA/N strain.", "content": "Immune-defective and immunologically normal F1 mice derived from the CBA/N strain were used to study the influence of anti-endotoxin antibody on the lethal effects of endotoxin. Immune-defective F1 male mice were unable to make specific responses to purified preparations of E. coli O111:B4 endotoxin, whereas their immunologically normal F1 female littermates made excellent responses. The ability to form antibody to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these F1 mice did not influence either their natural resistance to endotoxin challenge or the effects of pretreatment with sublethal amounts of endotoxin on subsequent challenge with higher normally lethal doses. Furthermore, transfer of sera with high titers of anti-LPS antibody to mice prior to challenge with LPS failed to protect. Thus, anti-LPS antibody does not appear to play a critical role in protection of immune-defective (CBA/N X DBA/2) F1 male mice to the lethal effects of endotoxin or to the protective effects of a single sublethal dose of endotoxin on subsequent endotoxin challenge.", "contents": "Endotoxin lethality and tolerance in mice: analysis with the B-lymphocyte-defective CBA/N strain. Immune-defective and immunologically normal F1 mice derived from the CBA/N strain were used to study the influence of anti-endotoxin antibody on the lethal effects of endotoxin. Immune-defective F1 male mice were unable to make specific responses to purified preparations of E. coli O111:B4 endotoxin, whereas their immunologically normal F1 female littermates made excellent responses. The ability to form antibody to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these F1 mice did not influence either their natural resistance to endotoxin challenge or the effects of pretreatment with sublethal amounts of endotoxin on subsequent challenge with higher normally lethal doses. Furthermore, transfer of sera with high titers of anti-LPS antibody to mice prior to challenge with LPS failed to protect. Thus, anti-LPS antibody does not appear to play a critical role in protection of immune-defective (CBA/N X DBA/2) F1 male mice to the lethal effects of endotoxin or to the protective effects of a single sublethal dose of endotoxin on subsequent endotoxin challenge.", "PMID": 378841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4278", "title": "Effect of purified Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin on intestinal cyclic nucleotide metabolism and fluid secretion.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli cause diarrhea by elaborating two enterotoxins. The large-molecular-weight, heat-labile toxin causes intestinal secretion by stimulating cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate production. The mechanism by which the small-molecular-weight, heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion is unclear. The present study tested the hypothesis that heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion by altering intestinal cyclic nucleotide concentrations. This was studied in suckling mice by using highly purified E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin obtained from a strain pathogenic for humans. At 3 min after administration of this toxin, intestinal cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) levels were increased 10-fold. Cyclic GMP levels decreased thereafter, but still were greater than control levels at 120 min. Cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels fell to one-half of control levels at 3 min and remained below control levels for 120 min. When the time course of enterotoxin-induced secretion was compared with changes in cyclic GMP levels, fluid secretion was not evident until 15 to 30 min after enterotoxin administration. Thus, the increase in intestinal cyclic GMP concentration preceded measurable fluid secretion. And finally, administration of the 8-bromo analog of cyclic GMP evoked fluid secretion, the time course of which was similar to that induced by enterotoxin. These, and other data, strongly suggest that E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin induces intestinal secretion by increasing intestinal cyclic GMP levels.", "contents": "Effect of purified Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin on intestinal cyclic nucleotide metabolism and fluid secretion. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli cause diarrhea by elaborating two enterotoxins. The large-molecular-weight, heat-labile toxin causes intestinal secretion by stimulating cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate production. The mechanism by which the small-molecular-weight, heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion is unclear. The present study tested the hypothesis that heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion by altering intestinal cyclic nucleotide concentrations. This was studied in suckling mice by using highly purified E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin obtained from a strain pathogenic for humans. At 3 min after administration of this toxin, intestinal cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) levels were increased 10-fold. Cyclic GMP levels decreased thereafter, but still were greater than control levels at 120 min. Cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels fell to one-half of control levels at 3 min and remained below control levels for 120 min. When the time course of enterotoxin-induced secretion was compared with changes in cyclic GMP levels, fluid secretion was not evident until 15 to 30 min after enterotoxin administration. Thus, the increase in intestinal cyclic GMP concentration preceded measurable fluid secretion. And finally, administration of the 8-bromo analog of cyclic GMP evoked fluid secretion, the time course of which was similar to that induced by enterotoxin. These, and other data, strongly suggest that E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin induces intestinal secretion by increasing intestinal cyclic GMP levels.", "PMID": 378842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4279", "title": "Effect of pili on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis.", "content": "The degree of piliation of 20 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was correlated with their susceptibility to phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Piliation was quantitated by negative staining, and phagocytosis was quantitated by a monolayer technique. Ingestion was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the absence of source of opsonins, there was a positive correlation between the degree of piliation and susceptibility to phagocytosis (y = 0.83x + 19.58; correlation coefficient = 0.65; P < 0.01). Heavily piliated strains were no longer phagocytized after their pili were removed by ultraviolet irradiation. Phagocytosis was reduced 75% in the presence of 0.1 M d-mannose, an agent which competitively inhibits binding of pili to cell surfaces. l-Mannose, d-glucose, and d-galactose were much less inhibitory. The viability of piliated organisms was reduced by 1 log after 1 h of incubation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Addition of 10% fresh human serum increased both the rate and completeness of killing. These observations suggest that polymorphonuclear leukocytes may interact with the pili of E. coli to promote phagocytosis. This phenomenon may have clinical relevance in situations where normal opsonic activity is poor, such as the renal medulla.", "contents": "Effect of pili on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis. The degree of piliation of 20 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was correlated with their susceptibility to phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Piliation was quantitated by negative staining, and phagocytosis was quantitated by a monolayer technique. Ingestion was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the absence of source of opsonins, there was a positive correlation between the degree of piliation and susceptibility to phagocytosis (y = 0.83x + 19.58; correlation coefficient = 0.65; P < 0.01). Heavily piliated strains were no longer phagocytized after their pili were removed by ultraviolet irradiation. Phagocytosis was reduced 75% in the presence of 0.1 M d-mannose, an agent which competitively inhibits binding of pili to cell surfaces. l-Mannose, d-glucose, and d-galactose were much less inhibitory. The viability of piliated organisms was reduced by 1 log after 1 h of incubation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Addition of 10% fresh human serum increased both the rate and completeness of killing. These observations suggest that polymorphonuclear leukocytes may interact with the pili of E. coli to promote phagocytosis. This phenomenon may have clinical relevance in situations where normal opsonic activity is poor, such as the renal medulla.", "PMID": 378843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4280", "title": "Production of heat-stable enterotoxin by the O128 serogroup of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Nine out of 11 Escherichia coli strains belonging to enteropathogenic O128 serogroup were shown to produce heat-stable enterotoxin. This property may be related to the pathogenicity of this serogroup of bacteria.", "contents": "Production of heat-stable enterotoxin by the O128 serogroup of Escherichia coli. Nine out of 11 Escherichia coli strains belonging to enteropathogenic O128 serogroup were shown to produce heat-stable enterotoxin. This property may be related to the pathogenicity of this serogroup of bacteria.", "PMID": 378844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4281", "title": "Glucose incorporation by Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Treponema pallidum incorporated glucose into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. The amount of incorporation was proportional to the number of treponemes and was estimated to equal 3% of the glucose oxidized.", "contents": "Glucose incorporation by Treponema pallidum. Treponema pallidum incorporated glucose into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. The amount of incorporation was proportional to the number of treponemes and was estimated to equal 3% of the glucose oxidized.", "PMID": 378845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4282", "title": "Immunogenicity of Bacteroides isolated from mice: relationship between immunogenicity and cell wall antigens.", "content": "Three different strains of Bacteroides were isolated from feces and cecal contents of mice. The immunogenicity of the strains was determined by measuring the serum agglutinin titers after intraperitoneal antigen injection. There were marked differences in quantity and quality of produced antibodies among the three strains. One strain (2-2) induced low antibody titers in both the primary and secondary responses, and a significant 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)-resistant antibody production occurred. Another strain (Y) induced low antibody titers in the primary response and high titers in the secondary response, but 2-ME-resistant antibody production did not occur. The third strain (2-4) induced very high antibody titers in both the responses, and a large amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody production occurred. Further, heat-ethanol-treated strain Y induced only immunoglobulin M antibody, but periodate-treated strain Y induced no antibody. Heat-ethanol- or periodate-treated strain 2-4 induced immunoglobulin M or G antibody, respectively. These observations suggest that the surface antigens of the two strains are distinctly different: the antigen of strain Y would be mostly O-antigen, whereas those of strain 2-4 would be O-antigen and protein moieties.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of Bacteroides isolated from mice: relationship between immunogenicity and cell wall antigens. Three different strains of Bacteroides were isolated from feces and cecal contents of mice. The immunogenicity of the strains was determined by measuring the serum agglutinin titers after intraperitoneal antigen injection. There were marked differences in quantity and quality of produced antibodies among the three strains. One strain (2-2) induced low antibody titers in both the primary and secondary responses, and a significant 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)-resistant antibody production occurred. Another strain (Y) induced low antibody titers in the primary response and high titers in the secondary response, but 2-ME-resistant antibody production did not occur. The third strain (2-4) induced very high antibody titers in both the responses, and a large amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody production occurred. Further, heat-ethanol-treated strain Y induced only immunoglobulin M antibody, but periodate-treated strain Y induced no antibody. Heat-ethanol- or periodate-treated strain 2-4 induced immunoglobulin M or G antibody, respectively. These observations suggest that the surface antigens of the two strains are distinctly different: the antigen of strain Y would be mostly O-antigen, whereas those of strain 2-4 would be O-antigen and protein moieties.", "PMID": 378846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4283", "title": "Effects of BCG infection on the susceptibility of mouse macrophages to endotoxin.", "content": "Mice infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) are 100 to 1,000 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Since BCG infection results in macrophage activation and LPS may cause pathophysiological effects through interaction with this cell type, it was of interest to determine whether macrophages from BCG-infected animals were more susceptible to the toxic effects of LPS in vitro. When LPS-susceptible, C57BL/6 mice were infected with BCG, a significant reduction in the 50% lethal dose of LPS was first observed after 7 days and persisted for several weeks. Macrophages from these animals had greatly increased susceptibility to LPS in vitro, which correlated with the development of acquired cellular resistance as determined by their ability to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, BCG infection of C3H/HeJ mice, a strain resistant to LPS, did not alter the 50% lethal dose of LPS for these animals or increase the sensitivity of their peritoneal macrophages to LPS in vitro. These results indicate that susceptibility of BCG-infected mice to the lethal effects of LPS parallels the susceptibility of their macrophages in vitro; release of vasoactive substances from LPS-susceptible activated macrophages in vivo may be, in part, responsible for lethality.", "contents": "Effects of BCG infection on the susceptibility of mouse macrophages to endotoxin. Mice infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) are 100 to 1,000 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Since BCG infection results in macrophage activation and LPS may cause pathophysiological effects through interaction with this cell type, it was of interest to determine whether macrophages from BCG-infected animals were more susceptible to the toxic effects of LPS in vitro. When LPS-susceptible, C57BL/6 mice were infected with BCG, a significant reduction in the 50% lethal dose of LPS was first observed after 7 days and persisted for several weeks. Macrophages from these animals had greatly increased susceptibility to LPS in vitro, which correlated with the development of acquired cellular resistance as determined by their ability to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, BCG infection of C3H/HeJ mice, a strain resistant to LPS, did not alter the 50% lethal dose of LPS for these animals or increase the sensitivity of their peritoneal macrophages to LPS in vitro. These results indicate that susceptibility of BCG-infected mice to the lethal effects of LPS parallels the susceptibility of their macrophages in vitro; release of vasoactive substances from LPS-susceptible activated macrophages in vivo may be, in part, responsible for lethality.", "PMID": 378847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4284", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus: kinetics of the response and effects of immunoregulatory agents.", "content": "Labeled monocyte infiltration techniques have been used to study delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice immunized with St. Louis encephalitis virus. A delayed 24- to 48-h inflammatory response occurred 6 to 7 days after immunization. This response can be potentiated by cyclophosphamide treatment, by BCG administration, or by splenectomy. Treatments known to selectivity inhibit T-cell function suppressed the response.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus: kinetics of the response and effects of immunoregulatory agents. Labeled monocyte infiltration techniques have been used to study delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice immunized with St. Louis encephalitis virus. A delayed 24- to 48-h inflammatory response occurred 6 to 7 days after immunization. This response can be potentiated by cyclophosphamide treatment, by BCG administration, or by splenectomy. Treatments known to selectivity inhibit T-cell function suppressed the response.", "PMID": 378848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4285", "title": "Mouse protective capabilities of Escherichia coli hybrids expressing Salmonella typhi antigens.", "content": "An Escherichia coli hybrid, F1061, expressing Salmonella typhi somatic antigens 9 and 12, and a derivative of this hybrid, E. coli hybrid WR3078, expressing the S. typhi Vi antigen in addition to somatic antigens 9 and 12, were compared with S. typhi Ty2 in experiments to test their ability, as live vaccines, to protect Swiss white mice against death from challenge with a mouse-virulent Salmonella typhimurium hybrid expressing the S. typhi antigens 9, 12, Vi, and d. When the live, vaccinating organisms were administered intraperitoneally, 87.5% of the mice immunized with S. typhi Ty2 survived challenge, as compared with 62.5% of those immunized with E. coli hybrid F1061 and 55% of those inoculated with E. coli hybrid WR3078. When live organisms were administered orally at a dose of 10(9), 67.5% of the mice immunized with S. typhi Ty2 survived challenge as compared with 47.5% of those immunized with E. coli hybrid F1061 and 40% of those administered E. coli hybrid WR3078. Thus, the protection conferred by E. coli hybrid F1061 expressing only the S. typhi somatic antigens, although significant in this system, was inferior to that conferred by S. typhi Ty2 and the addition of the S. typhi Vi antigen to this hybrid (creating E. coli hybrid WR3078) did not enhance that protection.", "contents": "Mouse protective capabilities of Escherichia coli hybrids expressing Salmonella typhi antigens. An Escherichia coli hybrid, F1061, expressing Salmonella typhi somatic antigens 9 and 12, and a derivative of this hybrid, E. coli hybrid WR3078, expressing the S. typhi Vi antigen in addition to somatic antigens 9 and 12, were compared with S. typhi Ty2 in experiments to test their ability, as live vaccines, to protect Swiss white mice against death from challenge with a mouse-virulent Salmonella typhimurium hybrid expressing the S. typhi antigens 9, 12, Vi, and d. When the live, vaccinating organisms were administered intraperitoneally, 87.5% of the mice immunized with S. typhi Ty2 survived challenge, as compared with 62.5% of those immunized with E. coli hybrid F1061 and 55% of those inoculated with E. coli hybrid WR3078. When live organisms were administered orally at a dose of 10(9), 67.5% of the mice immunized with S. typhi Ty2 survived challenge as compared with 47.5% of those immunized with E. coli hybrid F1061 and 40% of those administered E. coli hybrid WR3078. Thus, the protection conferred by E. coli hybrid F1061 expressing only the S. typhi somatic antigens, although significant in this system, was inferior to that conferred by S. typhi Ty2 and the addition of the S. typhi Vi antigen to this hybrid (creating E. coli hybrid WR3078) did not enhance that protection.", "PMID": 378849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4286", "title": "Resistance to Babesia spp. and Plasmodium sp. in mice pretreated with an extract of Coxiella burnetii.", "content": "Mice injected intravenously with a commercially available extract of Coxiella burnetii prepared for use as the antigen in the complement fixation diagnostic test for Q fever were subsequently resistant to infection with Babesia microti, Babesia rodhaini, and Plasmodium vinckei petteri. The parasites appeared to die inside circulating erythrocytes. Protection was unaffected by exposing the pretreated mice to 900 rads on the day before they were infected. To explain these findings, it is postulated that pretreatment with Coxiella extract protects by potentiating the interferon-inducing capacity of the challenge dose of protozoa, which perhaps leads to enhanced of natural killer cells. Tumor necrosis factor also warrants investigation.", "contents": "Resistance to Babesia spp. and Plasmodium sp. in mice pretreated with an extract of Coxiella burnetii. Mice injected intravenously with a commercially available extract of Coxiella burnetii prepared for use as the antigen in the complement fixation diagnostic test for Q fever were subsequently resistant to infection with Babesia microti, Babesia rodhaini, and Plasmodium vinckei petteri. The parasites appeared to die inside circulating erythrocytes. Protection was unaffected by exposing the pretreated mice to 900 rads on the day before they were infected. To explain these findings, it is postulated that pretreatment with Coxiella extract protects by potentiating the interferon-inducing capacity of the challenge dose of protozoa, which perhaps leads to enhanced of natural killer cells. Tumor necrosis factor also warrants investigation.", "PMID": 378850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4287", "title": "Comparative behavior of virulent strains of Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue in gradient cultures of various mammalian cells.", "content": "Two strains of virulent Treponema pallidum and two of virulent T. pertenue were investigated for their ability to attach to and survive in gradient cultures of five different mammalian cells under aerobic conditions. The strains of T. pallidum studied were the high-rabbit-passage Nichols and the low-rabbit-passage KKJ. The former was known to readily attach to cottontail rabbit epithelial cells (Sf1Ep) and to survive in the virulent state for up to 21 days. We therefore compared attachment of the other virulent treponemes with that of T. pallidum (Nichols). The KKJ strain of T. pallidum behaved in a fashion similar to T. pallidum (Nichols) in all of the cultures. Both strains exhibited preferential attachment to cells of Sf1Ep and those derived from the ear of a nude athymic (nu/nu) mouse. In these cultures, we observed a consistent three- to fivefold increase in attached treponemes up to 12 days after initial inoculation. The strains of T. pertenue were the human-derived Gauthier and cynocephalus-derived FB. These two strains of T. pertenue also attached to cells of all five types of cultures, but in smaller numbers than were seen with T. pallidum and equally to all of the cultures. Neither preferential attachment to Sf1Ep and nude mouse ear cells nor increased attachment with time was seen.", "contents": "Comparative behavior of virulent strains of Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue in gradient cultures of various mammalian cells. Two strains of virulent Treponema pallidum and two of virulent T. pertenue were investigated for their ability to attach to and survive in gradient cultures of five different mammalian cells under aerobic conditions. The strains of T. pallidum studied were the high-rabbit-passage Nichols and the low-rabbit-passage KKJ. The former was known to readily attach to cottontail rabbit epithelial cells (Sf1Ep) and to survive in the virulent state for up to 21 days. We therefore compared attachment of the other virulent treponemes with that of T. pallidum (Nichols). The KKJ strain of T. pallidum behaved in a fashion similar to T. pallidum (Nichols) in all of the cultures. Both strains exhibited preferential attachment to cells of Sf1Ep and those derived from the ear of a nude athymic (nu/nu) mouse. In these cultures, we observed a consistent three- to fivefold increase in attached treponemes up to 12 days after initial inoculation. The strains of T. pertenue were the human-derived Gauthier and cynocephalus-derived FB. These two strains of T. pertenue also attached to cells of all five types of cultures, but in smaller numbers than were seen with T. pallidum and equally to all of the cultures. Neither preferential attachment to Sf1Ep and nude mouse ear cells nor increased attachment with time was seen.", "PMID": 378851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4288", "title": "Regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma after intralesional injection of an emulsified mixture of endotoxin and mycobacterial sulfolipid.", "content": "Mycobacterial sulfatides (sulfolipids) in admixture with endotoxin had tumor regressive activity comparable to trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) and endotoxin in guinea pigs, but unlike TDM were neither toxic nor granulomagenic and had no antitumor activity in mice. The increased endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with BCG was not observed in mice pretreated with sulfolipids or TDM instead of BCG.", "contents": "Regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma after intralesional injection of an emulsified mixture of endotoxin and mycobacterial sulfolipid. Mycobacterial sulfatides (sulfolipids) in admixture with endotoxin had tumor regressive activity comparable to trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) and endotoxin in guinea pigs, but unlike TDM were neither toxic nor granulomagenic and had no antitumor activity in mice. The increased endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with BCG was not observed in mice pretreated with sulfolipids or TDM instead of BCG.", "PMID": 378852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4289", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies to Shigella flexneri antigens.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect class-specific antibodies to Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide antigens. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system has been used to measure antibodies present in serum or intestinal secretions without further purification. It is considerably more sensitive than passive hemagglutination, allowing detection of as little as 1.3 ng of specific immunoglobulin G antibody per ml in immune sera. Optimal conditions for this assay are outlined in this report.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies to Shigella flexneri antigens. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect class-specific antibodies to Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide antigens. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system has been used to measure antibodies present in serum or intestinal secretions without further purification. It is considerably more sensitive than passive hemagglutination, allowing detection of as little as 1.3 ng of specific immunoglobulin G antibody per ml in immune sera. Optimal conditions for this assay are outlined in this report.", "PMID": 378853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4290", "title": "Kinetics of lymphocyte transformation in mice immunized with viable avirulent forms of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "A murine model was developed to study the cell-mediated immune response of mice immunized with one of two live, avirulent forms of Cryptococcus neoformans: a nonencapsulated mutant and a thinly encapsulated pseudohyphal variant. A lymphocyte transformation assay was used to evaluate the cellular response of control and sensitized spleen cells after in vitro incubation with three merthiolate-killed whole-cell antigens of C. neoformans. An antigen-to-spleen cell ratio of 10:1 and 5 days of incubation of antigen-spleen cell mixtures were established as optimal conditions for maximum lymphocyte transformation. Maximum responses occurred from 2 to 3 weeks after the last of eight weekly intraperitoneal inoculations of C. neoformans. This assay provided an accurate, reproducible method of studying cell-mediated immunity to C. neoformans, and applications to the study of cryptococcal pathogenesis are proposed.", "contents": "Kinetics of lymphocyte transformation in mice immunized with viable avirulent forms of Cryptococcus neoformans. A murine model was developed to study the cell-mediated immune response of mice immunized with one of two live, avirulent forms of Cryptococcus neoformans: a nonencapsulated mutant and a thinly encapsulated pseudohyphal variant. A lymphocyte transformation assay was used to evaluate the cellular response of control and sensitized spleen cells after in vitro incubation with three merthiolate-killed whole-cell antigens of C. neoformans. An antigen-to-spleen cell ratio of 10:1 and 5 days of incubation of antigen-spleen cell mixtures were established as optimal conditions for maximum lymphocyte transformation. Maximum responses occurred from 2 to 3 weeks after the last of eight weekly intraperitoneal inoculations of C. neoformans. This assay provided an accurate, reproducible method of studying cell-mediated immunity to C. neoformans, and applications to the study of cryptococcal pathogenesis are proposed.", "PMID": 378854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4291", "title": "Capsular serotypic specificity of the protection conferred on mice by Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations protect mice immunized by the subcutaneous route against an intraperitoneal challenge of 100 50% lethal doses. The minimal protective doses are 5 and 0.4 micrograms of proteins for preparations extracted from strains of capsular serotypes 1 and 2, respectively. This difference in protective activity is also found in bacteria killed by Formalin. The protective activity of these preparations is not diminished by their purification on sucrose gradient, which eliminates most of the membrane vesicles which are visible by electron microscopy. The use of four strains of K. pneumoniae belonging to capsular serotypes 1 and 2 allowed us to show that the immunoprotective capacity of the ribosomal preparations was specific to the capsular serotype of the origin strain. This was confirmed by experiments in which the serum of immunized mice was transferred passively. The experimental data favor the presence in the ribosomal preparation of antigens belonging to the bacterial surface and resisting elimination by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradient. Those surface antigens (possibly capsular polysaccharide) at least play a role in the orientation of the specificity of the protection induced by the ribosomal preparations.", "contents": "Capsular serotypic specificity of the protection conferred on mice by Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations. Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations protect mice immunized by the subcutaneous route against an intraperitoneal challenge of 100 50% lethal doses. The minimal protective doses are 5 and 0.4 micrograms of proteins for preparations extracted from strains of capsular serotypes 1 and 2, respectively. This difference in protective activity is also found in bacteria killed by Formalin. The protective activity of these preparations is not diminished by their purification on sucrose gradient, which eliminates most of the membrane vesicles which are visible by electron microscopy. The use of four strains of K. pneumoniae belonging to capsular serotypes 1 and 2 allowed us to show that the immunoprotective capacity of the ribosomal preparations was specific to the capsular serotype of the origin strain. This was confirmed by experiments in which the serum of immunized mice was transferred passively. The experimental data favor the presence in the ribosomal preparation of antigens belonging to the bacterial surface and resisting elimination by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradient. Those surface antigens (possibly capsular polysaccharide) at least play a role in the orientation of the specificity of the protection induced by the ribosomal preparations.", "PMID": 378855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4292", "title": "Mitsuda-type lepromin reactions as a measure of host resistance in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection.", "content": "The footpad reaction to autoclaved whole Mycobacterium lepraemurium organisms (MLM lepromin) in high-resistance (C57BL) and low-resistance (BALB/c) mice was studied. Infected C57BL mice gave a prolonged footpad response persisting for 4 weeks after skin testing with high and low doses of lepromin. This was accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration. Uninfected C57BL mice gave no response. The majority of infected BALB/c mice gave no increase in footpad thickness. However, a high proportion of infected and control BALB/c mice tested with the high dose showed mononuclear cell infiltration which resembled that in C57BL mice. The low dose caused little infiltration in infected or control BALB/c mice. The course of infection in the two strains was different. Dissemination of organisms from the infected footpad was minimal in C57BL mice 5 months after infection. In BALB/c mice, dissemination to the draining lymph node and to some extent to the liver had occurred by 5 months. The draining lymph node of BALB/c mice showed histological evidence of local antibody formation, which uas not found in C57BL mice. On the basis of these findings, it was possible to fit murine leprosy in these two strains into a classification similar to that used for human leprosy.", "contents": "Mitsuda-type lepromin reactions as a measure of host resistance in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection. The footpad reaction to autoclaved whole Mycobacterium lepraemurium organisms (MLM lepromin) in high-resistance (C57BL) and low-resistance (BALB/c) mice was studied. Infected C57BL mice gave a prolonged footpad response persisting for 4 weeks after skin testing with high and low doses of lepromin. This was accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration. Uninfected C57BL mice gave no response. The majority of infected BALB/c mice gave no increase in footpad thickness. However, a high proportion of infected and control BALB/c mice tested with the high dose showed mononuclear cell infiltration which resembled that in C57BL mice. The low dose caused little infiltration in infected or control BALB/c mice. The course of infection in the two strains was different. Dissemination of organisms from the infected footpad was minimal in C57BL mice 5 months after infection. In BALB/c mice, dissemination to the draining lymph node and to some extent to the liver had occurred by 5 months. The draining lymph node of BALB/c mice showed histological evidence of local antibody formation, which uas not found in C57BL mice. On the basis of these findings, it was possible to fit murine leprosy in these two strains into a classification similar to that used for human leprosy.", "PMID": 378856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4293", "title": "Effects of anionic inhibitors of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages when the ingested organism is Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "The mouse pathogen Mycobacterium lepraemurium is readily phagocytosed by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Ingestion is normally followed by fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes. The influence of some aninonic compounds known to inhibit fusion in other systems was investigated by transmission electron microscopy after ingestion of M. lepraemurium. Fusion was markedly, although temporarily, inhibited by suramin and moderately inhibited by poly-D-glutamic acid. The effects are, however, not sufficient to permit these agents to be used to study the long-term effects of shutting off the secondary lysosome-phagosome fusion system in cultured macrophages infected with M. lepraemurium.", "contents": "Effects of anionic inhibitors of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages when the ingested organism is Mycobacterium lepraemurium. The mouse pathogen Mycobacterium lepraemurium is readily phagocytosed by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Ingestion is normally followed by fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes. The influence of some aninonic compounds known to inhibit fusion in other systems was investigated by transmission electron microscopy after ingestion of M. lepraemurium. Fusion was markedly, although temporarily, inhibited by suramin and moderately inhibited by poly-D-glutamic acid. The effects are, however, not sufficient to permit these agents to be used to study the long-term effects of shutting off the secondary lysosome-phagosome fusion system in cultured macrophages infected with M. lepraemurium.", "PMID": 378857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4294", "title": "Relationship between colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Colicin V activity is not essential to ColV plasmid-mediated virulence enhancement in Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Relationship between colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli. Colicin V activity is not essential to ColV plasmid-mediated virulence enhancement in Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 378858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4295", "title": "Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with dermal and visceral tumor implants: comparison of living and nonliving BCG.", "content": "Emulsified cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) were immunotherapeutically at least as active as living BCG in prolonging survival of guinea pigs with established dermal tumors and microscopic lymph node and visceral metastases.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with dermal and visceral tumor implants: comparison of living and nonliving BCG. Emulsified cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) were immunotherapeutically at least as active as living BCG in prolonging survival of guinea pigs with established dermal tumors and microscopic lymph node and visceral metastases.", "PMID": 378859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4296", "title": "Influence of oil and Tween concentrations on enhanced endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor).", "content": "Susceptibility to the lethal toxicity of endotoxin in mice pretreated with emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was enhanced by (i) increasing the oil concentration while keeping the Tween concentration constant; and (ii) decreasing the Tween concentration, while keeping the oil concentration constant.", "contents": "Influence of oil and Tween concentrations on enhanced endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor). Susceptibility to the lethal toxicity of endotoxin in mice pretreated with emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was enhanced by (i) increasing the oil concentration while keeping the Tween concentration constant; and (ii) decreasing the Tween concentration, while keeping the oil concentration constant.", "PMID": 378860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4297", "title": "Molecular characterization of plasmids from virulent and spontaneously occurring avirulent colonial variants of Shigella flexneri.", "content": "Spontaneous transition of Shigella flexneri from T- to O-type colonies with concomitant loss of virulence dose not appear to be accompanied by a change in any of the four plasmic species found in the virulent parent.", "contents": "Molecular characterization of plasmids from virulent and spontaneously occurring avirulent colonial variants of Shigella flexneri. Spontaneous transition of Shigella flexneri from T- to O-type colonies with concomitant loss of virulence dose not appear to be accompanied by a change in any of the four plasmic species found in the virulent parent.", "PMID": 378861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4298", "title": "Tension and relaxation in the individual.", "content": "Increasing materialism in society is resulting in more wide spread nervous tension in all age groups. While some degree of nervous tension is necessary in everyday living, its adverse effects require that we must learn to bring it under control. Total tension is shown to have two components: a controllable element arising from factors in the environment and the inbuilt uncontrollable residue which is basic in the individual temperament. The effects of excessive or uncontrolled stress can be classified as 1) emotional reactions such as neurotic behaviour (anxiety hypochondria, hysteria, phobia, depression obsessions and compulsions) or psychotic behaviour and 2) psychosomatic reactions (nervous asthma, headache, insomnia, heart attack). Nervous energy can be wastefully expended by such factors as loss of temper, wrong attitudes to work, job frustration and marital strains. Relaxation is the only positive way to control undesirable nervous tension and its techniques require to be learned. A number of techniques (progressive relaxation, differential relaxation, hypnosis, the use of biofeedback, Yoga and Transcendental Meditation) are described and their application to dental practice is discussed.", "contents": "Tension and relaxation in the individual. Increasing materialism in society is resulting in more wide spread nervous tension in all age groups. While some degree of nervous tension is necessary in everyday living, its adverse effects require that we must learn to bring it under control. Total tension is shown to have two components: a controllable element arising from factors in the environment and the inbuilt uncontrollable residue which is basic in the individual temperament. The effects of excessive or uncontrolled stress can be classified as 1) emotional reactions such as neurotic behaviour (anxiety hypochondria, hysteria, phobia, depression obsessions and compulsions) or psychotic behaviour and 2) psychosomatic reactions (nervous asthma, headache, insomnia, heart attack). Nervous energy can be wastefully expended by such factors as loss of temper, wrong attitudes to work, job frustration and marital strains. Relaxation is the only positive way to control undesirable nervous tension and its techniques require to be learned. A number of techniques (progressive relaxation, differential relaxation, hypnosis, the use of biofeedback, Yoga and Transcendental Meditation) are described and their application to dental practice is discussed.", "PMID": 378862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4299", "title": "Antigen and mitogen induced production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the mouse.", "content": "Spleen cells of C57B1/6J mice immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when incubated in vitro with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). For optimal MIF production spleen cells were cultured for 48 h in a serum-free medium, at a concentration of 2 x 10(7) cells/ml. MIF was assayed in a xenogenic system, using oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as targets. MIF synthesis could also be induced by pulsing spleen cells for 2 h with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide, followed by culture in plain medium. No MIF secretion was induced by incubation of spleen cells with anti-theta or rabbit anti-mouse IgG sera. Cells producing MIF in response to PPD were characterized as B cells by virtue of being insensitive to anti-theta serum and complement, by being retained on nylon wool, glass bead and anti-Ig colums and by the presence of Fc receptors. PPD-stimulated T cells did not produce MIF. PPD-induced mouse spleen cell MIF demonstrated a moderate loss of activity by heating at 56 and 80 degrees C and was completely inactivated after digestion with chymotrypsin. By fractionation on Sephadex G-200, migration inhibitory activity was recovered in a molecular range of 100,000-12,400 daltons.", "contents": "Antigen and mitogen induced production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the mouse. Spleen cells of C57B1/6J mice immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when incubated in vitro with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). For optimal MIF production spleen cells were cultured for 48 h in a serum-free medium, at a concentration of 2 x 10(7) cells/ml. MIF was assayed in a xenogenic system, using oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as targets. MIF synthesis could also be induced by pulsing spleen cells for 2 h with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide, followed by culture in plain medium. No MIF secretion was induced by incubation of spleen cells with anti-theta or rabbit anti-mouse IgG sera. Cells producing MIF in response to PPD were characterized as B cells by virtue of being insensitive to anti-theta serum and complement, by being retained on nylon wool, glass bead and anti-Ig colums and by the presence of Fc receptors. PPD-stimulated T cells did not produce MIF. PPD-induced mouse spleen cell MIF demonstrated a moderate loss of activity by heating at 56 and 80 degrees C and was completely inactivated after digestion with chymotrypsin. By fractionation on Sephadex G-200, migration inhibitory activity was recovered in a molecular range of 100,000-12,400 daltons.", "PMID": 378863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4300", "title": "The use of prostacyclin, PGI2, in the prevention of platelet aggregation during charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "In previous studies severe side effects, including irreversible hypotension, platelet losses and rises in Swank screen filtration pressure, have been recorded during the treatment by charcoal haemoperfusion of patients with fulminant hepatic failure. It has also been demonstrated that rises in Swank screen filtration pressure in an in vitro test circuit are due to the presence of platelet aggregates. In this study Prostacyclin was infused at a constant rate, to give a blood concentration of 5 ng/ml, into the in vitro circuit just prior to the charcoal column. Rises in Swank screen filtration pressure were prevented, and it was also shown that the giving of a bolus dose of Prostacyclin (400 ng/ml blood concentration) reversed rises in Swank screen filtration pressure that have already occurred. On the basis of these findings, Prostacyclin would be expected to be of considerable clinical value in the prevention of adverse platelet reactions to charcoal haemoperfusion when carried out in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "contents": "The use of prostacyclin, PGI2, in the prevention of platelet aggregation during charcoal haemoperfusion. In previous studies severe side effects, including irreversible hypotension, platelet losses and rises in Swank screen filtration pressure, have been recorded during the treatment by charcoal haemoperfusion of patients with fulminant hepatic failure. It has also been demonstrated that rises in Swank screen filtration pressure in an in vitro test circuit are due to the presence of platelet aggregates. In this study Prostacyclin was infused at a constant rate, to give a blood concentration of 5 ng/ml, into the in vitro circuit just prior to the charcoal column. Rises in Swank screen filtration pressure were prevented, and it was also shown that the giving of a bolus dose of Prostacyclin (400 ng/ml blood concentration) reversed rises in Swank screen filtration pressure that have already occurred. On the basis of these findings, Prostacyclin would be expected to be of considerable clinical value in the prevention of adverse platelet reactions to charcoal haemoperfusion when carried out in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "PMID": 378864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4301", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in patients with previous infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Patients with a positive reaction to the Paul-Bunnell test in the period 1961-72 were identified at nine different laboratories in Norway and matched against cases of malignant lymphoma registered at the Cancer Registry of Norway in the period 1961-75. Among 5,840 patients having a positive Paul-Bunnell test a total of six developed malignant lymphoma, three of these more than 1 year after the positive Paul-Bunnell test. The expected number of malignant lymphoma was 2.04. Of the six lymphoma cases, five were classified as Hodgkin's disease (HD). The present investigation agrees well with the findings of other epidemiological studies. There seems to be a small excess in incidence of HD among patients with previous infectious mononucleosis (IM), but both diagnostic problems and possible confounding factors must be taken into account before a possible causal association is considered.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in patients with previous infectious mononucleosis. Patients with a positive reaction to the Paul-Bunnell test in the period 1961-72 were identified at nine different laboratories in Norway and matched against cases of malignant lymphoma registered at the Cancer Registry of Norway in the period 1961-75. Among 5,840 patients having a positive Paul-Bunnell test a total of six developed malignant lymphoma, three of these more than 1 year after the positive Paul-Bunnell test. The expected number of malignant lymphoma was 2.04. Of the six lymphoma cases, five were classified as Hodgkin's disease (HD). The present investigation agrees well with the findings of other epidemiological studies. There seems to be a small excess in incidence of HD among patients with previous infectious mononucleosis (IM), but both diagnostic problems and possible confounding factors must be taken into account before a possible causal association is considered.", "PMID": 378865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4302", "title": "Isolation and characterization of lymphocytes and macrophages from solid, malignant human tumours.", "content": "In mechanically prepared cell suspensions from 17 solid, malignant human tumours, 0.5-5.0% (mean 2.0%) lymphocytes and 1.0-28.0% (mean 7.4+) macrophages were found. Mononuclear cells (MC) were isolated using the B\u00f6yum technique. From each biopsy weghing 1-4 g, on average, 1.3 x 10(6) lymphocytes and 0.8 x 10(6) macrophages were recovered. The tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were characterized with regard to T and B markers. The proportion of TIL-forming rosettes with SRBC (T cells) was 43%, which was significantly less than for peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cancer patients (58%), or normal controls (80%), On average, 15% of the TIL were B cells, whereas 42% had no T- or B-cell markers. Macrophages (TIM) were identified by non-specific esterase staining and phagocytosis. In four cases the tumour cells were also stained with alpha-naphthyl butyrate. Corresponding findings were made on esterase-stained cryostat sections from four tumours. Macrophages were found within and around the tumour tissues, occasionally localized to necrotic areas, but in most cases with no sign of necrosis of the surrounding cells. In some tumour cell suspensions typical clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages were seen. Total lymphocytes and T-cell were markedly reduced inthe peripheral blood of cancer patients, whereas total monocyte counts were within the normal range.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of lymphocytes and macrophages from solid, malignant human tumours. In mechanically prepared cell suspensions from 17 solid, malignant human tumours, 0.5-5.0% (mean 2.0%) lymphocytes and 1.0-28.0% (mean 7.4+) macrophages were found. Mononuclear cells (MC) were isolated using the B\u00f6yum technique. From each biopsy weghing 1-4 g, on average, 1.3 x 10(6) lymphocytes and 0.8 x 10(6) macrophages were recovered. The tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were characterized with regard to T and B markers. The proportion of TIL-forming rosettes with SRBC (T cells) was 43%, which was significantly less than for peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cancer patients (58%), or normal controls (80%), On average, 15% of the TIL were B cells, whereas 42% had no T- or B-cell markers. Macrophages (TIM) were identified by non-specific esterase staining and phagocytosis. In four cases the tumour cells were also stained with alpha-naphthyl butyrate. Corresponding findings were made on esterase-stained cryostat sections from four tumours. Macrophages were found within and around the tumour tissues, occasionally localized to necrotic areas, but in most cases with no sign of necrosis of the surrounding cells. In some tumour cell suspensions typical clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages were seen. Total lymphocytes and T-cell were markedly reduced inthe peripheral blood of cancer patients, whereas total monocyte counts were within the normal range.", "PMID": 378866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4303", "title": "Immune suppression in BALB/c mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183: evidence for normal lymphocyte but defective macrophage function.", "content": "This paper analyses impairment of the primary immune response of mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183. Healthy animals and mice bearing the reported non-immunosuppressive tumour MOPC-104E were used as controls. The defect was shown to affect both primary IgG and IgM responses to chicken cells (CRBC) and to be related to tumour size. However, the primary immune depression could be overcome either by increasing the antigen dose or by using Freund's complete adjuvant together with antigen. Secondary responses were also depressed. This depression was more pronounced if the animals was primed after, rather than before, tumour implantation. Further studies involved the measurement of primary immune responses of immunologically deprived syngeneic mice, after they had been reconstituted with cells from normal or tumour-bearing mice. Lymphocyte reconstitution experiments were carried out in mice which had been irradiated with 950R. Various lymphoid preparations from TEPC-183-bearing mice were unable to bring about such restoration. It is concluded that the impairment of the primary immune response of mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183 is due to a macrophage, rather than a lymphocyte, abnormality. However, none of these transfer studies suggested that positive suppression of primary immune responses was being mediated by cells from TEPC-183-bearing mice.", "contents": "Immune suppression in BALB/c mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183: evidence for normal lymphocyte but defective macrophage function. This paper analyses impairment of the primary immune response of mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183. Healthy animals and mice bearing the reported non-immunosuppressive tumour MOPC-104E were used as controls. The defect was shown to affect both primary IgG and IgM responses to chicken cells (CRBC) and to be related to tumour size. However, the primary immune depression could be overcome either by increasing the antigen dose or by using Freund's complete adjuvant together with antigen. Secondary responses were also depressed. This depression was more pronounced if the animals was primed after, rather than before, tumour implantation. Further studies involved the measurement of primary immune responses of immunologically deprived syngeneic mice, after they had been reconstituted with cells from normal or tumour-bearing mice. Lymphocyte reconstitution experiments were carried out in mice which had been irradiated with 950R. Various lymphoid preparations from TEPC-183-bearing mice were unable to bring about such restoration. It is concluded that the impairment of the primary immune response of mice bearing the plasmacytoma TEPC-183 is due to a macrophage, rather than a lymphocyte, abnormality. However, none of these transfer studies suggested that positive suppression of primary immune responses was being mediated by cells from TEPC-183-bearing mice.", "PMID": 378867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4304", "title": "A circulating anticoagulant in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "We observed a patient with lepromatous leprosy and a circulating anticoagulant. Intrinsic pathway inhibition was demonstrated by prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. Extrinsic pathway inhibition was demonstrated by prolongation of the prothrombin time when performed with diluted thromboplastin. A plasma co-factor was required for inhibition. Immunoadsorption with specific antisera and Sephadex G-200 fractionation suggested that the anticoagulant was an IgM immunoglobulin. The similarities between this patient's anticoagulant and those associated with other disease states are discussed.", "contents": "A circulating anticoagulant in lepromatous leprosy. We observed a patient with lepromatous leprosy and a circulating anticoagulant. Intrinsic pathway inhibition was demonstrated by prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. Extrinsic pathway inhibition was demonstrated by prolongation of the prothrombin time when performed with diluted thromboplastin. A plasma co-factor was required for inhibition. Immunoadsorption with specific antisera and Sephadex G-200 fractionation suggested that the anticoagulant was an IgM immunoglobulin. The similarities between this patient's anticoagulant and those associated with other disease states are discussed.", "PMID": 378869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4305", "title": "Radiometric measurement of differential metabolism of fatty acids by Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "An assay system has been developed based on automated radiometric quantification of 14CO2 produced through oxidation of (1--14C) fatty acids by mycobacteria. With this system, the Hawaiian strain of M. lepraemurium was studied using the K-36 buffer as a suspending solution for the organisms along with 5.0 muCi of one of the following fatty acids: acetate, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and malonic. The 14CO2 production by this organism was greatest with lauric, decanoic, myristic, octanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and malonic. The 14CO2 production by this organism was greatest with lauric, decanoic, myristic, octanoic, and stearic acids, in decreasing order. Assimilation studies and radiochromatograms confirmed that most of the oxidized substrates were converted into by-products with no change in those from which no oxidation was found. These data suggest that the radiometric measurement of differential fatty acid metabolism may provide a basis of radiometric identification of M. lepraemurium and assessment of the growth requirements of this organism.", "contents": "Radiometric measurement of differential metabolism of fatty acids by Mycobacterium lepraemurium. An assay system has been developed based on automated radiometric quantification of 14CO2 produced through oxidation of (1--14C) fatty acids by mycobacteria. With this system, the Hawaiian strain of M. lepraemurium was studied using the K-36 buffer as a suspending solution for the organisms along with 5.0 muCi of one of the following fatty acids: acetate, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and malonic. The 14CO2 production by this organism was greatest with lauric, decanoic, myristic, octanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and malonic. The 14CO2 production by this organism was greatest with lauric, decanoic, myristic, octanoic, and stearic acids, in decreasing order. Assimilation studies and radiochromatograms confirmed that most of the oxidized substrates were converted into by-products with no change in those from which no oxidation was found. These data suggest that the radiometric measurement of differential fatty acid metabolism may provide a basis of radiometric identification of M. lepraemurium and assessment of the growth requirements of this organism.", "PMID": 378870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4306", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation test in healthy contacts of patients with leprosy. I. Influence of exposure to leprosy within a household.", "content": "Fifty-three household contacts of lepromatous patients, 37 household contacts of tuberculoid patients, and 91 control persons were examined with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for their responses to whole and sonicated antigen preparations from M. leprae, to BCG, M. avium, M. gordonae, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The study was carried out in the Gurage area of Ethiopia in 15 households with a leprosy patient and 15 matched control households. Household contacts of lepromatous patients showed significantly greater LTT responses to antigens from M. leprae than the controls, whereas household contacts of tuberculoid patients did not respond differently from controls. Household contacts of lepromatous patients had significantly greater responses to M. leprae antigens when the index patients were \"active,\" i.e., highly bacilliferous, than when they were \"inactive,\" i.e., having a low bacillary load. The degree of sensitization, as indicated by the LTT response, in different exposure groups paralleled the degree of probable infectivity of the index patient. A preparation of antigen from whole M. leprae proved to be more sensitive and more specific in the LTT than did a sonicated preparation. A significant degree of cross-reactivity was found among the various mycobacteria in their LTT responses.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation test in healthy contacts of patients with leprosy. I. Influence of exposure to leprosy within a household. Fifty-three household contacts of lepromatous patients, 37 household contacts of tuberculoid patients, and 91 control persons were examined with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for their responses to whole and sonicated antigen preparations from M. leprae, to BCG, M. avium, M. gordonae, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The study was carried out in the Gurage area of Ethiopia in 15 households with a leprosy patient and 15 matched control households. Household contacts of lepromatous patients showed significantly greater LTT responses to antigens from M. leprae than the controls, whereas household contacts of tuberculoid patients did not respond differently from controls. Household contacts of lepromatous patients had significantly greater responses to M. leprae antigens when the index patients were \"active,\" i.e., highly bacilliferous, than when they were \"inactive,\" i.e., having a low bacillary load. The degree of sensitization, as indicated by the LTT response, in different exposure groups paralleled the degree of probable infectivity of the index patient. A preparation of antigen from whole M. leprae proved to be more sensitive and more specific in the LTT than did a sonicated preparation. A significant degree of cross-reactivity was found among the various mycobacteria in their LTT responses.", "PMID": 378871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4307", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation test in healthy contacts of patients with leprosy. II. Influence of consanguinity with the patient, sex, and age.", "content": "The study was carried out in the Gurage area of Ethiopia, where 53 household contacts of lepromatous patients, 37 household contacts of tuberculoid patients, and 91 control persons were examined with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for their responses to whole and sonicated antigen preparation from M. leprae to BCG, M. avium, M. gordonae and phytohemagglutinin. The potential influence of host factors, namely the state of consanguinity with the leprosy patient, sex and age on the LTT responses was evaluated. In the 35 household contacts of \"active,\" i.e., highly bacilliferous, lepromatous patients, consanguinity with a lepromatous patient was not associated with a significant depression of the LTT responses to M. leprae antigens. Male household contacts of active lepromatous patients showed significantly greater LTT responses to M. leprae antigens than female household contacts. Possible confounding factors for this finding are discussed. Sensitization of M. leprae antigens was present already in a high proportion of the 6 to 14 year old household contacts of active lepromatous patients, which was the youngest age group examined in our study. No significant results were found in any of the other patient contact groups with regard to the host factors examined.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation test in healthy contacts of patients with leprosy. II. Influence of consanguinity with the patient, sex, and age. The study was carried out in the Gurage area of Ethiopia, where 53 household contacts of lepromatous patients, 37 household contacts of tuberculoid patients, and 91 control persons were examined with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for their responses to whole and sonicated antigen preparation from M. leprae to BCG, M. avium, M. gordonae and phytohemagglutinin. The potential influence of host factors, namely the state of consanguinity with the leprosy patient, sex and age on the LTT responses was evaluated. In the 35 household contacts of \"active,\" i.e., highly bacilliferous, lepromatous patients, consanguinity with a lepromatous patient was not associated with a significant depression of the LTT responses to M. leprae antigens. Male household contacts of active lepromatous patients showed significantly greater LTT responses to M. leprae antigens than female household contacts. Possible confounding factors for this finding are discussed. Sensitization of M. leprae antigens was present already in a high proportion of the 6 to 14 year old household contacts of active lepromatous patients, which was the youngest age group examined in our study. No significant results were found in any of the other patient contact groups with regard to the host factors examined.", "PMID": 378872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4308", "title": "Calcium-dependent process in reduction of cell surface charge after x-irradiation.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of rat erythrocytes and cultured melanoma cells decreased with time after X-irradiation in the presence of calcium at concentrations higher than 10 (-5) M. At 37 degrees C, the presence of calcium for the first 20 min of exposure was suffcient to induce the EPM reduction, and Ca 2+ administration subsequent to Ca 2+ -free incubation for 30 min following irradiation had no effect on EPM. At lower temperatures, from 10 down to 20 degrees C however, the effect of calcium on the reduction of EPM decreased drastically. If the cells were kept Ca 2+ -inonophore A23187 also induced to decrease in EPM only in the presence of Ca 2+. These results revealed the transitory existence of membrane condition reactive to extracellular Ca 2+ immediately after X-irradiation, which can be postponed at low temperatures. The reduction of EPM by Ca 2+ -ionophore might suggest that the influx of Ca 2+ is a step in the reduction of EPM after X-irradiation.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent process in reduction of cell surface charge after x-irradiation. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of rat erythrocytes and cultured melanoma cells decreased with time after X-irradiation in the presence of calcium at concentrations higher than 10 (-5) M. At 37 degrees C, the presence of calcium for the first 20 min of exposure was suffcient to induce the EPM reduction, and Ca 2+ administration subsequent to Ca 2+ -free incubation for 30 min following irradiation had no effect on EPM. At lower temperatures, from 10 down to 20 degrees C however, the effect of calcium on the reduction of EPM decreased drastically. If the cells were kept Ca 2+ -inonophore A23187 also induced to decrease in EPM only in the presence of Ca 2+. These results revealed the transitory existence of membrane condition reactive to extracellular Ca 2+ immediately after X-irradiation, which can be postponed at low temperatures. The reduction of EPM by Ca 2+ -ionophore might suggest that the influx of Ca 2+ is a step in the reduction of EPM after X-irradiation.", "PMID": 378882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4309", "title": "Endothelial cell density in relation to morphology.", "content": "Corneal endothelium of 121 normal corneas was studied with the clinical specular microscope, and the relationship between cell density, cell morphology, and age was examined. Our observations indicate a decrease in cell density with age in homomegethous endothelium but no such correlation in a polymegethous endothelium.", "contents": "Endothelial cell density in relation to morphology. Corneal endothelium of 121 normal corneas was studied with the clinical specular microscope, and the relationship between cell density, cell morphology, and age was examined. Our observations indicate a decrease in cell density with age in homomegethous endothelium but no such correlation in a polymegethous endothelium.", "PMID": 378894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4310", "title": "A review of experience with cardiac transplantation.", "content": "Despite the hazards of rejection and the complications of immunosuppression, cardiac transplantation is the only available treatment for myocardial disease that is refractory to medical therapy and in which no other form of surgery can be offered. There are disadvantages to orthotopic cardiac transplantation, which have led to the development by this department of the heterotopic cardiac transplant, which functions as a natural left-heart and right-heart assist device. The results of 19 cases are presented.", "contents": "A review of experience with cardiac transplantation. Despite the hazards of rejection and the complications of immunosuppression, cardiac transplantation is the only available treatment for myocardial disease that is refractory to medical therapy and in which no other form of surgery can be offered. There are disadvantages to orthotopic cardiac transplantation, which have led to the development by this department of the heterotopic cardiac transplant, which functions as a natural left-heart and right-heart assist device. The results of 19 cases are presented.", "PMID": 378896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4311", "title": "[Immunotherapy of recurrent Herpes simplex diseases].", "content": "Different methods of immunotherapy in patients with recurrent herpes simplex diseases are reported. The clinical improvement after immunostimulation with heterologous or homologous antigens is demonstrated. The results of different authors are summarized and compared with our own results. In ten patients the lymphocyte stimulation was studied with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) as a parameter for cell-mediated immunity. The LTT was performed before immunotherapy and four months later. No difference was found in the lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinine or by an antigen, containing heat-inactivated herpes simplex virus.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy of recurrent Herpes simplex diseases]. Different methods of immunotherapy in patients with recurrent herpes simplex diseases are reported. The clinical improvement after immunostimulation with heterologous or homologous antigens is demonstrated. The results of different authors are summarized and compared with our own results. In ten patients the lymphocyte stimulation was studied with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) as a parameter for cell-mediated immunity. The LTT was performed before immunotherapy and four months later. No difference was found in the lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinine or by an antigen, containing heat-inactivated herpes simplex virus.", "PMID": 378899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4312", "title": "[Disseminated perforating annular granuloma].", "content": "A case of disseminated perforating granuloma annulare is presented. Concomitant diseases and exogeneous factors previously described as eliciting mechanisms were not found. Treatment with corticosteroids or cloroquin was not successful. All lesions were cleared with photochemotherapy within eight weeks.", "contents": "[Disseminated perforating annular granuloma]. A case of disseminated perforating granuloma annulare is presented. Concomitant diseases and exogeneous factors previously described as eliciting mechanisms were not found. Treatment with corticosteroids or cloroquin was not successful. All lesions were cleared with photochemotherapy within eight weeks.", "PMID": 378900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4313", "title": "[Serological demonstration of a Treponema pallidum reinfection].", "content": "An improved method for precise separation of 19-S-IgM from other immunoglobulines reveals the reappearance of antitreponemal 19-S-IgM-antibodies after reinfection in five patients. The IgM-FTA-ABS-test with non-separated full-serum was non-reactive in all cases due to competitive inhibition. The new assay apparently permits a clear differentiation between reinfection and non-specific increase of titers in lipoidal antigen tests. Treatment failures can be distinguished from reinfections in cases where this method can continuously be applied.", "contents": "[Serological demonstration of a Treponema pallidum reinfection]. An improved method for precise separation of 19-S-IgM from other immunoglobulines reveals the reappearance of antitreponemal 19-S-IgM-antibodies after reinfection in five patients. The IgM-FTA-ABS-test with non-separated full-serum was non-reactive in all cases due to competitive inhibition. The new assay apparently permits a clear differentiation between reinfection and non-specific increase of titers in lipoidal antigen tests. Treatment failures can be distinguished from reinfections in cases where this method can continuously be applied.", "PMID": 378901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4314", "title": "[Sudden death caused by massive air embolism during respirator therapy in the newborn].", "content": "A premature male infant with hyaline membrane disease succumbed suddenly during continuous positive pressure respirator therapy. Autopsy revealed a very rare complication to be the cause of sudden death: air embolization to pulmonary veins, right ventricle and superior and inferior venae cavae as well as interstitial and subpleural emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium. The important role of lymphatic vessels as a port of entry for air is stressed.", "contents": "[Sudden death caused by massive air embolism during respirator therapy in the newborn]. A premature male infant with hyaline membrane disease succumbed suddenly during continuous positive pressure respirator therapy. Autopsy revealed a very rare complication to be the cause of sudden death: air embolization to pulmonary veins, right ventricle and superior and inferior venae cavae as well as interstitial and subpleural emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium. The important role of lymphatic vessels as a port of entry for air is stressed.", "PMID": 378905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4315", "title": "[Familial nonendemic hemolytic uremic syndrome: nephrectomy and transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of familial hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in a four\"year-old boy is reported. In his family four adult members are affected with the same disease. In the present patient we decided to perform bilateral nephrectomy because of the inexorable evolution of the disease. The intervention was followed by a distinct improvement, both from the clinical and the laboratory point of view. The child has profited of a renal transplantation. Unfortunately, he died three weeks later because of a severe urological complication. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bilateral nephrectomy and transplantation on the clinical, laboratory and pathologic anatomical findings, and to analyze the literature, in order to find out whether these measures should be applied in the treatment of familial HUS with severe evolution. The observations seem to confirm the hypothesis of a renal pathogenesis of primary non endemic familial HUS. Nephrectomy seems to stop the disease, and the risk of a recurrence of the HUS after transplantation may be small. The occurrence of the disease in five family members in three generations was interpreted in favour of a genetic predisposition with a dominant gene.", "contents": "[Familial nonendemic hemolytic uremic syndrome: nephrectomy and transplantation (author's transl)]. A case of familial hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in a four\"year-old boy is reported. In his family four adult members are affected with the same disease. In the present patient we decided to perform bilateral nephrectomy because of the inexorable evolution of the disease. The intervention was followed by a distinct improvement, both from the clinical and the laboratory point of view. The child has profited of a renal transplantation. Unfortunately, he died three weeks later because of a severe urological complication. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bilateral nephrectomy and transplantation on the clinical, laboratory and pathologic anatomical findings, and to analyze the literature, in order to find out whether these measures should be applied in the treatment of familial HUS with severe evolution. The observations seem to confirm the hypothesis of a renal pathogenesis of primary non endemic familial HUS. Nephrectomy seems to stop the disease, and the risk of a recurrence of the HUS after transplantation may be small. The occurrence of the disease in five family members in three generations was interpreted in favour of a genetic predisposition with a dominant gene.", "PMID": 378906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4316", "title": "The use of proteolytic enzymes to improve immunoglobulin staining by the PAP technique.", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes, protease and trypsin have recently been introduced to reduce the inconsistency hitherto encountered in the unlabelled antibody--enzyme method using PAP. This study investigated factors determining the optimum conditions for use of such enzymes in order to establish which one is most suitable. Trypsin was the most effective enzyme; however, its activity decreased over 3 h, a feature paralleled immunocytochemically. Method and duration of fixation appears to influence the required time of exposure to trypsin in order that consistent immunostaining may be produced. Treatment of sections with trypsin prior to the use of the unlabelled antibody--enzyme method using PAP renders the technique reliable, provided the enzyme is used in a carefully controlled manner.", "contents": "The use of proteolytic enzymes to improve immunoglobulin staining by the PAP technique. Proteolytic enzymes, protease and trypsin have recently been introduced to reduce the inconsistency hitherto encountered in the unlabelled antibody--enzyme method using PAP. This study investigated factors determining the optimum conditions for use of such enzymes in order to establish which one is most suitable. Trypsin was the most effective enzyme; however, its activity decreased over 3 h, a feature paralleled immunocytochemically. Method and duration of fixation appears to influence the required time of exposure to trypsin in order that consistent immunostaining may be produced. Treatment of sections with trypsin prior to the use of the unlabelled antibody--enzyme method using PAP renders the technique reliable, provided the enzyme is used in a carefully controlled manner.", "PMID": 378907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4317", "title": "Production of specific antibodies to contractile proteins and their use in immunofluorescence microscopy. III. Antiobody against human uterine smooth muscle myosin.", "content": "The preparation of highly purified myosin from surgical specimen of human uterine muscle is described. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against this immunogen. In immunodiffusion, they react with uterine and chicken gizzard muscle myosin, no reaction is observed between uterine myosin and the anti-chicken-gizzard- myosin. In immunofluorescence, anti-uterine-myosin stains smooth muscle in the contractile and \"modulated\" state and non-muscle cells such as fibroblasts, platelets and endothelium of various species. Thus, these antibodies contrast anti-gizzard-myosin, which has previously been shown to be specific for contractile state muscle cells. We therefore conclude that the uterine myosin preparation consists of two immunogens, the one being associated with cell contractility and the other, termed cytoplasmic myosin, with motility and mitosis. The latter is indistinguishable from the myosin present in non-muscle cells and can be absorbed specifically with actomyosin from blood platelets.", "contents": "Production of specific antibodies to contractile proteins and their use in immunofluorescence microscopy. III. Antiobody against human uterine smooth muscle myosin. The preparation of highly purified myosin from surgical specimen of human uterine muscle is described. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against this immunogen. In immunodiffusion, they react with uterine and chicken gizzard muscle myosin, no reaction is observed between uterine myosin and the anti-chicken-gizzard- myosin. In immunofluorescence, anti-uterine-myosin stains smooth muscle in the contractile and \"modulated\" state and non-muscle cells such as fibroblasts, platelets and endothelium of various species. Thus, these antibodies contrast anti-gizzard-myosin, which has previously been shown to be specific for contractile state muscle cells. We therefore conclude that the uterine myosin preparation consists of two immunogens, the one being associated with cell contractility and the other, termed cytoplasmic myosin, with motility and mitosis. The latter is indistinguishable from the myosin present in non-muscle cells and can be absorbed specifically with actomyosin from blood platelets.", "PMID": 378908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4318", "title": "Suppression of aortic elastic tissue autofluorescence for the detection of viral antigen.", "content": "Suppression of aortic elastic tissue autofluorescence was achieved by employing a modification of Verhoeff's elastic tissue staining procedure. Consquently, coxsackievirus B antigen present in the aortic media was detected by conventional fluorescent antibody staining.", "contents": "Suppression of aortic elastic tissue autofluorescence for the detection of viral antigen. Suppression of aortic elastic tissue autofluorescence was achieved by employing a modification of Verhoeff's elastic tissue staining procedure. Consquently, coxsackievirus B antigen present in the aortic media was detected by conventional fluorescent antibody staining.", "PMID": 378909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4319", "title": "Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the avian gut and its localisation to a distinct cell type.", "content": "The distribution of a bombesin-like immunoreactive peptide in the avian gastro-intestinal tract was analysed by combined radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. Radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts showed that the largest quantities of bombesin-like immunoreactivity were present in the proventriculus (64.5 +/- 6.0 pmol/g) with smaller but still considerable amounts in the gizzard (40.0 +/- 6.0 pmol/g). Immunocytochemically the extractable bombesin-like immunoreactivity was localised in numerous endocrine cells. These, in the proventriculus, were found mainly in the deeper layers of the mucosa. Further study of these cells by the semi-thin/thin technique revealed the presence of characteristic secretory granules. The functional name BN is proposed for this cell type.", "contents": "Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the avian gut and its localisation to a distinct cell type. The distribution of a bombesin-like immunoreactive peptide in the avian gastro-intestinal tract was analysed by combined radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. Radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts showed that the largest quantities of bombesin-like immunoreactivity were present in the proventriculus (64.5 +/- 6.0 pmol/g) with smaller but still considerable amounts in the gizzard (40.0 +/- 6.0 pmol/g). Immunocytochemically the extractable bombesin-like immunoreactivity was localised in numerous endocrine cells. These, in the proventriculus, were found mainly in the deeper layers of the mucosa. Further study of these cells by the semi-thin/thin technique revealed the presence of characteristic secretory granules. The functional name BN is proposed for this cell type.", "PMID": 378910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4320", "title": "[Acute acoustic trauma. The therapeutic effect of bencyclan in a controlled clinical trial (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study 103 patients with acute acoustic trauma (AAT) were investigated. The control group (53 patients) was treated with Dextran 40 (10% solution), neurotrop vitamins and Betahistin. Bencyclan was administered additionally in the test group (50 patients). Statistical analysis of the audiometric data showed the following results: 1. Mean hearing levels of the test group showed better improvement of threshold shifts, if the therapy started within 2 days or after more than 10 days after the AAT. 2. Regression-and correlation coefficients, however, in a regression analysis of absolute hearing gains and hearing losses before therapy, did not indicate a substantial effect of Bencyclan. 3. Neither did statistical tests with relative hearing gains show any significant differences between test-and control groups. Consequently Bencyclan is not likely to have a positive effect in AAT, if it is administered in the above mentioned way.", "contents": "[Acute acoustic trauma. The therapeutic effect of bencyclan in a controlled clinical trial (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study 103 patients with acute acoustic trauma (AAT) were investigated. The control group (53 patients) was treated with Dextran 40 (10% solution), neurotrop vitamins and Betahistin. Bencyclan was administered additionally in the test group (50 patients). Statistical analysis of the audiometric data showed the following results: 1. Mean hearing levels of the test group showed better improvement of threshold shifts, if the therapy started within 2 days or after more than 10 days after the AAT. 2. Regression-and correlation coefficients, however, in a regression analysis of absolute hearing gains and hearing losses before therapy, did not indicate a substantial effect of Bencyclan. 3. Neither did statistical tests with relative hearing gains show any significant differences between test-and control groups. Consequently Bencyclan is not likely to have a positive effect in AAT, if it is administered in the above mentioned way.", "PMID": 378911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4321", "title": "Lung interdependence and lung-chest wall interaction of sublobar and lobar units in pigs.", "content": "In anesthetized and paralyzed pigs in the left decubitus position we obstructed, at functional residual capacity (FRC), either the right middle and lower lobes, or a small posterior basal lung unit, and then passively inflated the unobstructed remaining lung. Measurements were made of alveolar pressure in the obstructed and unobstructed lung regions as well as of esophageal pressure. The tendency of the obstructed lung region to inflate as the remainder of the lung was inflated was assessed by an index (A), which was the end-inspiratory pressure difference between unobstructed and obstructed alveolar pressures, normalized by the change in elastic recoil of unobstructed lung. With the chest wall intact, inflation of unobstructed lung resulted in a tendency to inflate the obstructed regions. This tendency was abolished with the chest wall removed. In a second group of pigs with the basilar lung unit obstructed, the height of the unit was changed by turning a pig from right to left decubitus positions. In each position A was assessed with both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation. The magnitude of A was found to vary directly with the magnitude of caudal diaphragmatic motion and was greatest with the lung unit dependent and with spontaneous ventilation. These results suggest that lung-chest wall interaction was a more important factor tending to preserve homogenous inflation than lung tissue interdependence.", "contents": "Lung interdependence and lung-chest wall interaction of sublobar and lobar units in pigs. In anesthetized and paralyzed pigs in the left decubitus position we obstructed, at functional residual capacity (FRC), either the right middle and lower lobes, or a small posterior basal lung unit, and then passively inflated the unobstructed remaining lung. Measurements were made of alveolar pressure in the obstructed and unobstructed lung regions as well as of esophageal pressure. The tendency of the obstructed lung region to inflate as the remainder of the lung was inflated was assessed by an index (A), which was the end-inspiratory pressure difference between unobstructed and obstructed alveolar pressures, normalized by the change in elastic recoil of unobstructed lung. With the chest wall intact, inflation of unobstructed lung resulted in a tendency to inflate the obstructed regions. This tendency was abolished with the chest wall removed. In a second group of pigs with the basilar lung unit obstructed, the height of the unit was changed by turning a pig from right to left decubitus positions. In each position A was assessed with both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation. The magnitude of A was found to vary directly with the magnitude of caudal diaphragmatic motion and was greatest with the lung unit dependent and with spontaneous ventilation. These results suggest that lung-chest wall interaction was a more important factor tending to preserve homogenous inflation than lung tissue interdependence.", "PMID": 378918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4322", "title": "Effect of ammonium ions on activity of hydrolytic enzymes during sporulation of yeast.", "content": "The addition of 10 mM ammonium sulfate to sporulation medium noncoordinately blocked the increases in protease C, protease B, alpha-mannosidase, and 1,4-amyloglucosidase activities which occur during normal sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but had only a minor effect on the 10-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Effect of ammonium ions on activity of hydrolytic enzymes during sporulation of yeast. The addition of 10 mM ammonium sulfate to sporulation medium noncoordinately blocked the increases in protease C, protease B, alpha-mannosidase, and 1,4-amyloglucosidase activities which occur during normal sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but had only a minor effect on the 10-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 378925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4323", "title": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli biodegradative threonine dehydratase by pyruvate.", "content": "Pyruvate inhibits Escherichia coli K-12 biodegradative threonine dehydratase activity by a mechanism distinct from product inhibition by alpha-ketobutyrate and catabolite inactivation by intermediary metabolites.", "contents": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli biodegradative threonine dehydratase by pyruvate. Pyruvate inhibits Escherichia coli K-12 biodegradative threonine dehydratase activity by a mechanism distinct from product inhibition by alpha-ketobutyrate and catabolite inactivation by intermediary metabolites.", "PMID": 378926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4324", "title": "Behavior of penicillin-binding proteins in Escherichia coli upon heat and detergent treatments and partial purification of penicillin-binding proteins 1A and 1B.", "content": "Penicillin-binding proteins differ greatly in heat sensitivity and sensitivity to detergents. The partial purification of penicillin-binding 1A and 1B proteins from Escherichia coli is described.", "contents": "Behavior of penicillin-binding proteins in Escherichia coli upon heat and detergent treatments and partial purification of penicillin-binding proteins 1A and 1B. Penicillin-binding proteins differ greatly in heat sensitivity and sensitivity to detergents. The partial purification of penicillin-binding 1A and 1B proteins from Escherichia coli is described.", "PMID": 378927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4325", "title": "Nature of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in calcium-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "A study of the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated plasmid and phage deoxyribonucleic acid molecules after transformation into Escherichia coli strains indicated that, when double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid was used as the donor species, it was taken up without conversion to the single-standed form.", "contents": "Nature of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in calcium-treated Escherichia coli. A study of the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated plasmid and phage deoxyribonucleic acid molecules after transformation into Escherichia coli strains indicated that, when double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid was used as the donor species, it was taken up without conversion to the single-standed form.", "PMID": 378928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4326", "title": "A new locus of Escherichia coli that determines sensitivity to bacteriophage phi X174.", "content": "A new gene designated phxB, necessary for adsorption of phiX174 to the cell surface of Escherichia coli, is located between gal and aroG on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "A new locus of Escherichia coli that determines sensitivity to bacteriophage phi X174. A new gene designated phxB, necessary for adsorption of phiX174 to the cell surface of Escherichia coli, is located between gal and aroG on the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 378929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4327", "title": "Order of genes near nif in Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Analysis of strains with deletions of all or part of nif have ordered the Klebsiella pneumoniae genetic loci as thi rbt dal udk gnd rfb has nif shiA. The his-nif plasmids pRD1 and pTM4010 contain the genes gnd rfb his nif shiA.", "contents": "Order of genes near nif in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Analysis of strains with deletions of all or part of nif have ordered the Klebsiella pneumoniae genetic loci as thi rbt dal udk gnd rfb has nif shiA. The his-nif plasmids pRD1 and pTM4010 contain the genes gnd rfb his nif shiA.", "PMID": 378930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4328", "title": "Types of beta-lactamase determined by plasmids in gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Two species of beta-lactamase determined by plasmids in enteric bacteria that show some resemblance to TEM enzymes are described. Both are distinct from all other plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and differ from the TEM beta-lactamases in ability to hydrolyze some substrates, in isoelectric point, in immunological specificity, and in susceptibility to inhibition. One of the enzyme species, mediated by plasmid p453, has been briefly described previously. We have discovered that this beta-lactamase, designated SHV-1, is unique in its response to inhibition by the sulfhydryl group reagent p-chloromercuribenzoate, because the hydrolysis of cephaloridine but not that of benzylpenicillin is affected. This enzyme is found in a variety of plasmid types which were transferred from several bacterial species collected from a wide geographic range. The other enzyme species is novel; only a single plasmid determining this kind of beta-lactamase (designated HMS-1) has been detected.", "contents": "Types of beta-lactamase determined by plasmids in gram-negative bacteria. Two species of beta-lactamase determined by plasmids in enteric bacteria that show some resemblance to TEM enzymes are described. Both are distinct from all other plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and differ from the TEM beta-lactamases in ability to hydrolyze some substrates, in isoelectric point, in immunological specificity, and in susceptibility to inhibition. One of the enzyme species, mediated by plasmid p453, has been briefly described previously. We have discovered that this beta-lactamase, designated SHV-1, is unique in its response to inhibition by the sulfhydryl group reagent p-chloromercuribenzoate, because the hydrolysis of cephaloridine but not that of benzylpenicillin is affected. This enzyme is found in a variety of plasmid types which were transferred from several bacterial species collected from a wide geographic range. The other enzyme species is novel; only a single plasmid determining this kind of beta-lactamase (designated HMS-1) has been detected.", "PMID": 378931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4329", "title": "Organization of structural and regulatory genes that mediate tetracycline resistance in transposon Tn10.", "content": "The location of Tn10 genes encoding tetracycline resistance and its regulation was determined by analyzing the properties of recombinant plasmids carrying partial HpaI digestion products of lambda::Tn10 transducing phage deoxyribonucleic acid. Within a 2,700-base pair region are encoded tetracycline resistance, the structural gene (tet) for a tetracycline-inducible polypeptide, and the regulatory elements for the induction of both the resistance phenotype and the polypeptide. Fusion of different sequences to an HpaI site in the tet gene alters the molecular weight and stability of the polypeptide as well as the tetracycline resistance phenotype of strains producing fusion polypeptides. These results indicate the orientation of the tet gene and support the conclusion that the tet polypeptie is required for tetracycline resistance. A HincII cleavage site immediately upstream from the tet gene is protected by ribonucleic acid polymerase, but only the absence of ribonucleotide triphosphates. The possibility that tet transcription is initiated at this site is discussed.", "contents": "Organization of structural and regulatory genes that mediate tetracycline resistance in transposon Tn10. The location of Tn10 genes encoding tetracycline resistance and its regulation was determined by analyzing the properties of recombinant plasmids carrying partial HpaI digestion products of lambda::Tn10 transducing phage deoxyribonucleic acid. Within a 2,700-base pair region are encoded tetracycline resistance, the structural gene (tet) for a tetracycline-inducible polypeptide, and the regulatory elements for the induction of both the resistance phenotype and the polypeptide. Fusion of different sequences to an HpaI site in the tet gene alters the molecular weight and stability of the polypeptide as well as the tetracycline resistance phenotype of strains producing fusion polypeptides. These results indicate the orientation of the tet gene and support the conclusion that the tet polypeptie is required for tetracycline resistance. A HincII cleavage site immediately upstream from the tet gene is protected by ribonucleic acid polymerase, but only the absence of ribonucleotide triphosphates. The possibility that tet transcription is initiated at this site is discussed.", "PMID": 378932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4330", "title": "Restriction enzyme cleavage sites surrounding the structural gene for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The purified messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane was hybridized with fragments obtained by digestion of E. coli chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with eight different restriction enzymes. For each restriction enzyme digestion, one specific fragment separated by agarose gel electrophoresis was found to hybridize with the lipoprotein mRNA. From the analysis of restriction fragments generated by double digestions with various combinations of restriction enzymes, cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes near the locus of the lipoprotein structural gene (lpp) were mapped. No restriction fragments of DNA from the E. coli lpp-2 mutant hybridized with the lipoprotein mRNA, confirming that the mutant has a deletion mutation in the vicinity of the lpp gene.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme cleavage sites surrounding the structural gene for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The purified messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane was hybridized with fragments obtained by digestion of E. coli chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with eight different restriction enzymes. For each restriction enzyme digestion, one specific fragment separated by agarose gel electrophoresis was found to hybridize with the lipoprotein mRNA. From the analysis of restriction fragments generated by double digestions with various combinations of restriction enzymes, cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes near the locus of the lipoprotein structural gene (lpp) were mapped. No restriction fragments of DNA from the E. coli lpp-2 mutant hybridized with the lipoprotein mRNA, confirming that the mutant has a deletion mutation in the vicinity of the lpp gene.", "PMID": 378933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4331", "title": "Apparent involvement of purines in the control of expression of Salmonella typhimurium pyr genes: analysis of a leaky guaB mutant resistant to pyrimidine analogs.", "content": "A leaky guaB mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was obtained during a selection for mutants resistant to a combination of the two pyrimidine analogs, 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine. In the absence of exogenous guanine compounds, the growth rate of this mutant is limited by the endogenous supply of guanine nucleotides due to a defective inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Under these conditions the guanosine 5'-triphosphate pool is about 20% of normal, the cytidine 5'-triphosphate pool is reduced to below 60%, and the uridine 5'-triphosphate pool is slightly elevated. Simultaneously, levels of the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes are abnormal: aspartate transcarbamylase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and orotidylic acid decarboxylase levels are increased 4-, 11-, and 3-fold, respectively. Levels of dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase are decreased to 10 and 20%, respectively. The pyrimidine metabolism of the guaB mutant is restored completely by addition of guanine (or xanthine) to the growth medium. The data indicate purine nucleotide involvement in the regulation of expression of the pyr genes of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Apparent involvement of purines in the control of expression of Salmonella typhimurium pyr genes: analysis of a leaky guaB mutant resistant to pyrimidine analogs. A leaky guaB mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was obtained during a selection for mutants resistant to a combination of the two pyrimidine analogs, 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine. In the absence of exogenous guanine compounds, the growth rate of this mutant is limited by the endogenous supply of guanine nucleotides due to a defective inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Under these conditions the guanosine 5'-triphosphate pool is about 20% of normal, the cytidine 5'-triphosphate pool is reduced to below 60%, and the uridine 5'-triphosphate pool is slightly elevated. Simultaneously, levels of the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes are abnormal: aspartate transcarbamylase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and orotidylic acid decarboxylase levels are increased 4-, 11-, and 3-fold, respectively. Levels of dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase are decreased to 10 and 20%, respectively. The pyrimidine metabolism of the guaB mutant is restored completely by addition of guanine (or xanthine) to the growth medium. The data indicate purine nucleotide involvement in the regulation of expression of the pyr genes of S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 378934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4332", "title": "Mechanism of export of colicin E1 and colicin E3.", "content": "The mechanism of export of colicins E1 and E3 was examined. Neither colicin E1, colicin E3, Nor colicin E3 immunity protein appears to be synthesized as a precursor protein with an amino-terminal extension. Instead, the colicins, as well as the colicin E3 immunity protein, appear to leave the cells where they are made, long after their synthesis, by a nonspecific mechanism which results in increased permeability of the producing cells. Induction of ColE3-containing cells with mitomycin C leads to actual lysis of those cells, as some time after synthesis of the colicin E3 and its immunity protein has been completed. Induction of ColE1-containing cells results in increased permeability of the cells, but not in actual lysis, and most of the colicin E1 produced never leaves the producing cells. Intracellular proteins such as elongation factor G can be found outside of colicinogenic cells after mitomycin C induction, along with the colicin. Until substantial increases in permeability occur, most of the colicin remains cell associated, in the soluble cytosol, rather than in a membrane-associated form.", "contents": "Mechanism of export of colicin E1 and colicin E3. The mechanism of export of colicins E1 and E3 was examined. Neither colicin E1, colicin E3, Nor colicin E3 immunity protein appears to be synthesized as a precursor protein with an amino-terminal extension. Instead, the colicins, as well as the colicin E3 immunity protein, appear to leave the cells where they are made, long after their synthesis, by a nonspecific mechanism which results in increased permeability of the producing cells. Induction of ColE3-containing cells with mitomycin C leads to actual lysis of those cells, as some time after synthesis of the colicin E3 and its immunity protein has been completed. Induction of ColE1-containing cells results in increased permeability of the cells, but not in actual lysis, and most of the colicin E1 produced never leaves the producing cells. Intracellular proteins such as elongation factor G can be found outside of colicinogenic cells after mitomycin C induction, along with the colicin. Until substantial increases in permeability occur, most of the colicin remains cell associated, in the soluble cytosol, rather than in a membrane-associated form.", "PMID": 378936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4333", "title": "Relation of chemotactic response to the amount of receptor: evidence for different efficiencies of signal transduction.", "content": "We determined the content of galactose-glucose-, maltose-, and ribose-binding proteins in cells of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in a variety of media and also measured the respective transport and chemotactic activities that depend on those binding proteins. Correlation of the level of induction of a particular binding protein with the extent of tactic activity mediated by that protein indicates that the magnitude of the tactic response to a particular stimulating compound is a direct function of the number of receptors per cell. In contrast, comparison of the magnitudes of response to substances recognized by independent receptors indicates that some stimulus-receptor complexes are more effective in eliciting tactic responses than are others. Thus, the magnitude of response to any particular stimulating compound is a function both of the number of receptors per cell and of the effectiveness of the stimulus-receptor complex. Considerations of available information about the tactic response to maltose suggest that the effectiveness of a stimulus-receptor complex is related to the transducer with which the receptor interacts. The tar product appears to be a relatively effective transducer of the signals it accepts from receptors for aspartate, alpha-methylaspartate, and maltose, whereas the trg product appears to be a relatively ineffective transducer of signals it accepts from receptors for galactose and ribose.", "contents": "Relation of chemotactic response to the amount of receptor: evidence for different efficiencies of signal transduction. We determined the content of galactose-glucose-, maltose-, and ribose-binding proteins in cells of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in a variety of media and also measured the respective transport and chemotactic activities that depend on those binding proteins. Correlation of the level of induction of a particular binding protein with the extent of tactic activity mediated by that protein indicates that the magnitude of the tactic response to a particular stimulating compound is a direct function of the number of receptors per cell. In contrast, comparison of the magnitudes of response to substances recognized by independent receptors indicates that some stimulus-receptor complexes are more effective in eliciting tactic responses than are others. Thus, the magnitude of response to any particular stimulating compound is a function both of the number of receptors per cell and of the effectiveness of the stimulus-receptor complex. Considerations of available information about the tactic response to maltose suggest that the effectiveness of a stimulus-receptor complex is related to the transducer with which the receptor interacts. The tar product appears to be a relatively effective transducer of the signals it accepts from receptors for aspartate, alpha-methylaspartate, and maltose, whereas the trg product appears to be a relatively ineffective transducer of signals it accepts from receptors for galactose and ribose.", "PMID": 378935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4334", "title": "Penicillin selection of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid repair mutants.", "content": "A rapid method has been developed for isolation of ultraviolet-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli, by inducing delay in the growth and/or division of repair-deficienct cells with low fluences of far-ultraviolet radiation, and killing with penicillin the repair-proficient cells, which continue to grow and divide. With this technique, we have achieved about a 3,000-fold enrichment for photoreactivation less (phr) cells and have isolated and characterized three phr mutants.", "contents": "Penicillin selection of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid repair mutants. A rapid method has been developed for isolation of ultraviolet-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli, by inducing delay in the growth and/or division of repair-deficienct cells with low fluences of far-ultraviolet radiation, and killing with penicillin the repair-proficient cells, which continue to grow and divide. With this technique, we have achieved about a 3,000-fold enrichment for photoreactivation less (phr) cells and have isolated and characterized three phr mutants.", "PMID": 378937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4335", "title": "Genetic mapping of a mutation affecting pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutation, pnt-1, causing loss of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli, was mapped by assaying for the enzyme in extracts of recombinant strains produced by conjugation, F-duction, and P1 transduction. The site of this mutation was near min 35, counterclockwise from man, and it co-transduced 59% with man. The mutation was associated with loss from the cell membrane fraction of energy-independent and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent transhydrogenase activities, but reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity was not affected. Strains were constructed which lack phosphoglucoisomerase (pgi-2) and which carry either pnt+ or pnt-1. Although such strains, when grown on glucose, are expected to produce a large excess of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the growth rate was not affected by the pnt-1 allele.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of a mutation affecting pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase in Escherichia coli. A mutation, pnt-1, causing loss of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli, was mapped by assaying for the enzyme in extracts of recombinant strains produced by conjugation, F-duction, and P1 transduction. The site of this mutation was near min 35, counterclockwise from man, and it co-transduced 59% with man. The mutation was associated with loss from the cell membrane fraction of energy-independent and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent transhydrogenase activities, but reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity was not affected. Strains were constructed which lack phosphoglucoisomerase (pgi-2) and which carry either pnt+ or pnt-1. Although such strains, when grown on glucose, are expected to produce a large excess of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the growth rate was not affected by the pnt-1 allele.", "PMID": 378938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4336", "title": "Modulation of cytochrome biosynthesis in yeast by antimetabolite action of levulinic acid.", "content": "Levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, was used to inhibit cytochrome biosynthesis in growing yeast cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the antimetabolite acts by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in vivo, causing an accumulation of intracellular delta-aminolevulinic acid and simultaneous decreases in all classes of mitochondrial cytochromes. Changes in cellular cytochrome content with increasing levulinic acid concentration suggested the existence of different regulatory patterns in S. cerevisiae and Candida utilis. In C. utilis, cytochrome a.a3 formation is very resistant to the antimetabolite action of levulinic acid. In this aerobic yeast, cytochrome c+c1 is the most sensitive to levulinic acid, and cytochrome b exhibits intermediate sensitivity.", "contents": "Modulation of cytochrome biosynthesis in yeast by antimetabolite action of levulinic acid. Levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, was used to inhibit cytochrome biosynthesis in growing yeast cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the antimetabolite acts by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in vivo, causing an accumulation of intracellular delta-aminolevulinic acid and simultaneous decreases in all classes of mitochondrial cytochromes. Changes in cellular cytochrome content with increasing levulinic acid concentration suggested the existence of different regulatory patterns in S. cerevisiae and Candida utilis. In C. utilis, cytochrome a.a3 formation is very resistant to the antimetabolite action of levulinic acid. In this aerobic yeast, cytochrome c+c1 is the most sensitive to levulinic acid, and cytochrome b exhibits intermediate sensitivity.", "PMID": 378939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4337", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proline auxotrophs.", "content": "Proline-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated. Each mutation is recessive and is inherited as expected for a single nuclear gene. Three complementation groups cold be defined which are believed to correspond to mutations in the three genes (pro1, pro2, and pro3) coding for the three enzymes of the pathway. Mutants defective in the pro1 and pro2 genes can be satisfied by arginine or ornithine as well as proline. This suggests that the blocks are in steps leading to glutamate semialdehyde, either in glutamyl kinase or glutamyl phosphate reductase. A pro3 mutant has been shown by enzyme assay to be deficient in delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase which converts pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. A unique feature of yeast proline auxotrophs is their failure to grown on the rich medium, yeast extract-peptone-glucose. This failure is not understood at present, although it accounts for the absence of proline auxotrophs in previous screening for amino acid auxotrophy.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proline auxotrophs. Proline-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated. Each mutation is recessive and is inherited as expected for a single nuclear gene. Three complementation groups cold be defined which are believed to correspond to mutations in the three genes (pro1, pro2, and pro3) coding for the three enzymes of the pathway. Mutants defective in the pro1 and pro2 genes can be satisfied by arginine or ornithine as well as proline. This suggests that the blocks are in steps leading to glutamate semialdehyde, either in glutamyl kinase or glutamyl phosphate reductase. A pro3 mutant has been shown by enzyme assay to be deficient in delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase which converts pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. A unique feature of yeast proline auxotrophs is their failure to grown on the rich medium, yeast extract-peptone-glucose. This failure is not understood at present, although it accounts for the absence of proline auxotrophs in previous screening for amino acid auxotrophy.", "PMID": 378940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4338", "title": "Genes coding for ribosomal proteins S15, L21, and L27 map near argG in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants with alterations in the structural genes for ribosomal proteins S15, L21, and L27 were used in mapping the genes coding for these proteins. Results from P1kc-mediated transductions indicate that the genes for L21 (rplU) and L27 (rpmA) form a gene cluster and are located between argG and gltB at 68.1 min, whereas the gene for S15 (rpsO) is situated close to, but on the opposite side or, argG. The gene order in this region is concluded to be gltB-(rplU, rpmA)-argG-rpsO-mtr.", "contents": "Genes coding for ribosomal proteins S15, L21, and L27 map near argG in Escherichia coli. Mutants with alterations in the structural genes for ribosomal proteins S15, L21, and L27 were used in mapping the genes coding for these proteins. Results from P1kc-mediated transductions indicate that the genes for L21 (rplU) and L27 (rpmA) form a gene cluster and are located between argG and gltB at 68.1 min, whereas the gene for S15 (rpsO) is situated close to, but on the opposite side or, argG. The gene order in this region is concluded to be gltB-(rplU, rpmA)-argG-rpsO-mtr.", "PMID": 378941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4339", "title": "Chemical heterogeneity of major outer membrane pore proteins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Peptide mapping and isoelectric focusing were used to compare the major outer membrane pore proteins from various strains of Escherichia coli K-12, including strains carrying mutations in the nmpA, nmpB, and nmpC genes which result in the production of new membrane proteins. Proteins 1a, 1b, and 2 and the NmpA proteins each gave unique peptide and isoelectric focusing profiles, indicating that these are different polypeptides. The NmpA protein and the NmpB protein appeared to be identical by these criteria. The NmpC protein and protein 2 were nearly identical, although one different peptide was observed in comparing the proteolytic peptide maps of these proteins and there were slight differences in their isoelectric focusing profiles. Antiserum against protein 2 showed partial cross-reactivity with the NmpC protein. These results indicate that the various pore proteins of E. coli K-12 fall into four different classes.", "contents": "Chemical heterogeneity of major outer membrane pore proteins of Escherichia coli. Peptide mapping and isoelectric focusing were used to compare the major outer membrane pore proteins from various strains of Escherichia coli K-12, including strains carrying mutations in the nmpA, nmpB, and nmpC genes which result in the production of new membrane proteins. Proteins 1a, 1b, and 2 and the NmpA proteins each gave unique peptide and isoelectric focusing profiles, indicating that these are different polypeptides. The NmpA protein and the NmpB protein appeared to be identical by these criteria. The NmpC protein and protein 2 were nearly identical, although one different peptide was observed in comparing the proteolytic peptide maps of these proteins and there were slight differences in their isoelectric focusing profiles. Antiserum against protein 2 showed partial cross-reactivity with the NmpC protein. These results indicate that the various pore proteins of E. coli K-12 fall into four different classes.", "PMID": 378942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4340", "title": "Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii deoxyribonucleic acid and folded chromosomes.", "content": "The properties of Azotobacter vinelandii deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and folded chromosomes were studied and compared to those of Escherichia coli as a standard. Based on melting temperature and buoyant density measurements, the guanosine + cytosine content of purified A. vinelandii DNA was 65%, whereas that of E. coli DNA was 50%. The results of renaturation studies showed that the unique DNA sequence lengths of the two organisms were similar with Cot1/2 values of 7.3 +/- 0.4 mol.s/liter and 7.5 +/- 0.3 mol.s/liter, respectively, for A. vinelandii and E. coli. Folded chromosomes of A. vinelandii sedimented in a centrifugal field at a rate identical to those derived from E. coli, 1,600 to 1,700S. Based on the DNA content per cell and the mass of a single genome, A. vinelandii contains at least 40 chromosomes per cell.", "contents": "Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii deoxyribonucleic acid and folded chromosomes. The properties of Azotobacter vinelandii deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and folded chromosomes were studied and compared to those of Escherichia coli as a standard. Based on melting temperature and buoyant density measurements, the guanosine + cytosine content of purified A. vinelandii DNA was 65%, whereas that of E. coli DNA was 50%. The results of renaturation studies showed that the unique DNA sequence lengths of the two organisms were similar with Cot1/2 values of 7.3 +/- 0.4 mol.s/liter and 7.5 +/- 0.3 mol.s/liter, respectively, for A. vinelandii and E. coli. Folded chromosomes of A. vinelandii sedimented in a centrifugal field at a rate identical to those derived from E. coli, 1,600 to 1,700S. Based on the DNA content per cell and the mass of a single genome, A. vinelandii contains at least 40 chromosomes per cell.", "PMID": 378943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4341", "title": "Asymmetric transcription of R plasmid NR1 in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "The composite R plasmid NR1, its resistance transfer factor which specifies resistance to tetracycline (RTF-Tc component), and its r-determinants component were each denatured and centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl density gradients containing polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid. The complementary deoxyribonucleic acid strands of NR1 and the complementary strands of the RTF-Tc component could be separated by this technique because of a threefold difference in polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid binding to the strands of the RTF-Tc component. The two strands of the r-determinants component bound equal amounts of polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid. Hybridization of single strands of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with in vivo-labeled ribonucleic acid from Proteus mirabilis containing NR1 indicated that transcription within the RTF-Tc component is from the NR1 strand which preferentially binds polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid, whereas transcription within the r-determinants component is predominantly from the complementary strand.", "contents": "Asymmetric transcription of R plasmid NR1 in Proteus mirabilis. The composite R plasmid NR1, its resistance transfer factor which specifies resistance to tetracycline (RTF-Tc component), and its r-determinants component were each denatured and centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl density gradients containing polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid. The complementary deoxyribonucleic acid strands of NR1 and the complementary strands of the RTF-Tc component could be separated by this technique because of a threefold difference in polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid binding to the strands of the RTF-Tc component. The two strands of the r-determinants component bound equal amounts of polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid. Hybridization of single strands of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with in vivo-labeled ribonucleic acid from Proteus mirabilis containing NR1 indicated that transcription within the RTF-Tc component is from the NR1 strand which preferentially binds polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid, whereas transcription within the r-determinants component is predominantly from the complementary strand.", "PMID": 378944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4342", "title": "In vivo regulation of chromosomal beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Chromosomal beta-lactamase, a periplasmic enzyme of Escherichia coli, was studied with respect to its regulation in vivo. Both the activity and the amount of beta-lactamase increased with growth rate. During a nutritional shift-down, chromosomal beta-lactamase activity followed stable ribonucleic acid accumulation. After a nutritional shift-up the differential rate of beta-lactamase synthesis did not increase immediately (like stable ribonucleic acid), but did increase after a lag period of 30 min. To determine whether beta-lactamase was under stringent control, strains carrying a temperature-sensitive valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and differing only in the allelic state of the relA gene were shifted from a permissive to a semipermissive temperature. No influence by the relA gene product was found on beta-lactamase synthesis. The regulation of this periplasmic enzyme is discussed in relation to that of some components of the translational apparatus.", "contents": "In vivo regulation of chromosomal beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli. Chromosomal beta-lactamase, a periplasmic enzyme of Escherichia coli, was studied with respect to its regulation in vivo. Both the activity and the amount of beta-lactamase increased with growth rate. During a nutritional shift-down, chromosomal beta-lactamase activity followed stable ribonucleic acid accumulation. After a nutritional shift-up the differential rate of beta-lactamase synthesis did not increase immediately (like stable ribonucleic acid), but did increase after a lag period of 30 min. To determine whether beta-lactamase was under stringent control, strains carrying a temperature-sensitive valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and differing only in the allelic state of the relA gene were shifted from a permissive to a semipermissive temperature. No influence by the relA gene product was found on beta-lactamase synthesis. The regulation of this periplasmic enzyme is discussed in relation to that of some components of the translational apparatus.", "PMID": 378945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4343", "title": "Biosynthesis of murein lipoprotein in Escherichia coli: effects of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate.", "content": "The effects of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a four-carbon analog of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, on the biosynthesis of the glyceryl moiety in murein lipoprotein of Escherichia coli were studied. The compound at a concentration of 55 microM strong inhibits in the incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol radioactivity into lipoprotein by virtue of its inhibition of the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol. On the other hand, the incorporation of prelabeled [2-3H]glycerol radioactivity into lipoprotein was only partially inhbited by 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate even at a much higher concentration (1 mM). These data were consistent with the postulated pathway for the biosynthesis of the lipid moiety in lipoportein: cysteine-lipoprotein + phosphatidylglycerol leads to glycerylcystein-lipoprotein + phosphatidic acid.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of murein lipoprotein in Escherichia coli: effects of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate. The effects of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a four-carbon analog of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, on the biosynthesis of the glyceryl moiety in murein lipoprotein of Escherichia coli were studied. The compound at a concentration of 55 microM strong inhibits in the incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol radioactivity into lipoprotein by virtue of its inhibition of the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol. On the other hand, the incorporation of prelabeled [2-3H]glycerol radioactivity into lipoprotein was only partially inhbited by 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate even at a much higher concentration (1 mM). These data were consistent with the postulated pathway for the biosynthesis of the lipid moiety in lipoportein: cysteine-lipoprotein + phosphatidylglycerol leads to glycerylcystein-lipoprotein + phosphatidic acid.", "PMID": 378946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4344", "title": "Alteration of colonial morphology of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma modicum by infection with Mycoplasmatales viruses.", "content": "Morphologically aberrant colonies resulted from the infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii with two of its three known viruses and from Acholeplasma modicum cells naturally carrying virus. The patterns of colonial alteration differed between cells infected with the two A. laidlawii viruses. Colonies derived from single cells infected with the bullet-shaped virus MV-L1 (Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii-1) had a radial sectoring pattern of intracolonial swellings (\"blebs\"), whereas cells infected with the tailed icosahedral virus MV-L3 contained bubble-like blebs. Colonies from cellsinfected with the enveloped virus MV-L2 appeared identical to those obrained from uninfected cells. Aberrant colonies contained 10(6) colony-forming units of organisms and 10(6) plaque-forming units of virus serologically identical to the infecting type, indicating that both the virus and host organism were capable of simultaneous replication. Enumeration of virus by means of counting aberrant colonies was 30-fold more sensitive than infectious center assay for MV-L1 and 1.2- to 2-fold higher for MV-L3. Furthermore, blebbed colonies plaquing with a new virus specific to A. modicum. Thus, blebbing in colonies provides a valuable marker for detection of the Mycoplasmatales viruses.", "contents": "Alteration of colonial morphology of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma modicum by infection with Mycoplasmatales viruses. Morphologically aberrant colonies resulted from the infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii with two of its three known viruses and from Acholeplasma modicum cells naturally carrying virus. The patterns of colonial alteration differed between cells infected with the two A. laidlawii viruses. Colonies derived from single cells infected with the bullet-shaped virus MV-L1 (Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii-1) had a radial sectoring pattern of intracolonial swellings (\"blebs\"), whereas cells infected with the tailed icosahedral virus MV-L3 contained bubble-like blebs. Colonies from cellsinfected with the enveloped virus MV-L2 appeared identical to those obrained from uninfected cells. Aberrant colonies contained 10(6) colony-forming units of organisms and 10(6) plaque-forming units of virus serologically identical to the infecting type, indicating that both the virus and host organism were capable of simultaneous replication. Enumeration of virus by means of counting aberrant colonies was 30-fold more sensitive than infectious center assay for MV-L1 and 1.2- to 2-fold higher for MV-L3. Furthermore, blebbed colonies plaquing with a new virus specific to A. modicum. Thus, blebbing in colonies provides a valuable marker for detection of the Mycoplasmatales viruses.", "PMID": 378947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4345", "title": "Binding of lysozyme to common pili of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Common pili from Escherichia coli were found to bind hen egg white lysozyme. The binding was highly dependent on ionic strength, and the maximum binding occurred near an ionic strength of 0.02. The pili were aggregated by lysozyme, and this process could be followed by optical turbidity, electron microscopy, and coprecipitation. Near the maximum saturation of binding, one lysozyme molecule was bound by two pilus protein subunits. Electron micrographs of this aggregate  indicated that they were paracrystalline structures. Piliated bacteria were more readily agglutinated by lysozyme than were nonpiliated bacteria. Since lysozyme is considered to be an antibacterial humoral factor and since pili are considered to be a colonization factor, the binding of lysozyme may represent an important bacterium-host interaction", "contents": "Binding of lysozyme to common pili of Escherichia coli. Common pili from Escherichia coli were found to bind hen egg white lysozyme. The binding was highly dependent on ionic strength, and the maximum binding occurred near an ionic strength of 0.02. The pili were aggregated by lysozyme, and this process could be followed by optical turbidity, electron microscopy, and coprecipitation. Near the maximum saturation of binding, one lysozyme molecule was bound by two pilus protein subunits. Electron micrographs of this aggregate  indicated that they were paracrystalline structures. Piliated bacteria were more readily agglutinated by lysozyme than were nonpiliated bacteria. Since lysozyme is considered to be an antibacterial humoral factor and since pili are considered to be a colonization factor, the binding of lysozyme may represent an important bacterium-host interaction", "PMID": 378948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4346", "title": "Role of exonucleases V and VIII in adenosine 5'-triphosphate- and deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent strand break repair in toluenized Escherichia coli cells treated with X-rays.", "content": "The repair of X-ray-induced strand breaks was studied in permeabilized Escherichia coli recBC cells deficient for the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent exonuclease V and in recBC sbcA cells that possess the ATP-independent exonuclease VIII. It is shown that repair induced by additon of ATP does not take place in recBC and recBC sbcB cells and is limited in recBC sbcA cells. ATP-dependent repair is nevertheless observable if together with ATP a mixture of deoxynucleotide monophosphates is supplied to the cells. These data fit with the assumption that in wild-type cells ATP-dependent repair involves exonuclease V-induced deoxyribonucleic acid degradation and rephosphorylation of the degradation products which are reused for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-dependent break closure. Repair in the presence of deoxynucleotide triphosphates rejoins a similar fraction of breaks in all strains tested irrespective of the amount of postirradiation degradation resulting from exonuclease V and exonuclease VIII activities. Thus, exonuclease V is dispensable for deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent repair, i.e., does not \"clean\" the ends of breaks produced by X-irradiation. ATP- and deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent repair are not additive and seem to repair the same population of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules damaged by X-irradiation.", "contents": "Role of exonucleases V and VIII in adenosine 5'-triphosphate- and deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent strand break repair in toluenized Escherichia coli cells treated with X-rays. The repair of X-ray-induced strand breaks was studied in permeabilized Escherichia coli recBC cells deficient for the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent exonuclease V and in recBC sbcA cells that possess the ATP-independent exonuclease VIII. It is shown that repair induced by additon of ATP does not take place in recBC and recBC sbcB cells and is limited in recBC sbcA cells. ATP-dependent repair is nevertheless observable if together with ATP a mixture of deoxynucleotide monophosphates is supplied to the cells. These data fit with the assumption that in wild-type cells ATP-dependent repair involves exonuclease V-induced deoxyribonucleic acid degradation and rephosphorylation of the degradation products which are reused for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I-dependent break closure. Repair in the presence of deoxynucleotide triphosphates rejoins a similar fraction of breaks in all strains tested irrespective of the amount of postirradiation degradation resulting from exonuclease V and exonuclease VIII activities. Thus, exonuclease V is dispensable for deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent repair, i.e., does not \"clean\" the ends of breaks produced by X-irradiation. ATP- and deoxynucleotide triphosphate-dependent repair are not additive and seem to repair the same population of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules damaged by X-irradiation.", "PMID": 378949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4347", "title": "Functional homology of chemotaxis genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Generally nonchemotactic mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were analyzed by interspecies complementation tests to determine the functional correspondence between the che genes of these two organisms. The E. coli che region was introduced into Salmonella recipients by means of a series of F-prime elements. Wild-type che genes of E. coli F'420 complemented all che mutants of Salmonella except cheS, cheV, and a subclass of cheU. A series of tester episomes carrying E. coli che mutations were then used to determine which E. coli che function was responsible for the complementation of each Salmonella che defect. By this method, the following correspondences were determined: cheAE and chePS,cheWE, and cheWS, cheXE and cheRS, cheYE and cheQS, cheCE and cheUS, cheBE and cheXS, and cheZE and cheTS. (The subscripts E and S refer to E. coli and S. typhimurium genes, respectively.) In some tests, especially those involving the last two pairs of genes, poor complementation was observed between noncorresponding genes. A model explaining these observations in terms of subunit interactions is proposed.", "contents": "Functional homology of chemotaxis genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Generally nonchemotactic mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were analyzed by interspecies complementation tests to determine the functional correspondence between the che genes of these two organisms. The E. coli che region was introduced into Salmonella recipients by means of a series of F-prime elements. Wild-type che genes of E. coli F'420 complemented all che mutants of Salmonella except cheS, cheV, and a subclass of cheU. A series of tester episomes carrying E. coli che mutations were then used to determine which E. coli che function was responsible for the complementation of each Salmonella che defect. By this method, the following correspondences were determined: cheAE and chePS,cheWE, and cheWS, cheXE and cheRS, cheYE and cheQS, cheCE and cheUS, cheBE and cheXS, and cheZE and cheTS. (The subscripts E and S refer to E. coli and S. typhimurium genes, respectively.) In some tests, especially those involving the last two pairs of genes, poor complementation was observed between noncorresponding genes. A model explaining these observations in terms of subunit interactions is proposed.", "PMID": 378950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4348", "title": "Second EcoRI fragment of F capable of self-replication.", "content": "The cloning of fragments of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid produced by restriction endonuclease EcoRI has revealed that fragment f7, not previously suspected to have replicative properties, is able to replicate autonomously. The ability of f7 to replicate was observed when it was cloned with fragments coding for resistance to either kanamycin or streptomycin and sulfonamide. Such f7 miniplasmids have been obtained from an F'lac+ and two F'gal+ temperature-sensitive mutant plasmids and from the unmutated F plasmid. Plasmids containing both f5 and f7 fragments were also obtained. Expression of resistance to \"female-specific\" bacteriophages requires that f5 and f7 be present in the same plasmid since cells containing separate f5 and f7 plasmids are not resistant to bacteriophage phi II. f7 plasmids were less stable than miniplasmids containing f5, particularly at fast growth rates. The bearing of these results on the isolation and behavior of temperature-sensitive F mutants is discussed.", "contents": "Second EcoRI fragment of F capable of self-replication. The cloning of fragments of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid produced by restriction endonuclease EcoRI has revealed that fragment f7, not previously suspected to have replicative properties, is able to replicate autonomously. The ability of f7 to replicate was observed when it was cloned with fragments coding for resistance to either kanamycin or streptomycin and sulfonamide. Such f7 miniplasmids have been obtained from an F'lac+ and two F'gal+ temperature-sensitive mutant plasmids and from the unmutated F plasmid. Plasmids containing both f5 and f7 fragments were also obtained. Expression of resistance to \"female-specific\" bacteriophages requires that f5 and f7 be present in the same plasmid since cells containing separate f5 and f7 plasmids are not resistant to bacteriophage phi II. f7 plasmids were less stable than miniplasmids containing f5, particularly at fast growth rates. The bearing of these results on the isolation and behavior of temperature-sensitive F mutants is discussed.", "PMID": 378951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4349", "title": "Physiological effects of seven different blocks in glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants unable to grow and ferment glucose have been isolated. Of 45 clones isolated, 25 had single enzyme defects of one of the following activities: phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi), phosphofructokinase (pfk), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk), phosphoglyceromutase (pgm), and pyruvate kinase (pyk). Phosphofructokinase activities in crude extracts of the pfk mutant were only 2% of the wild-type level. However, normal growth on glucose medium and normal fermentation of glucose suggested either that the mutant enzyme was considerably more active in vivo or, alternatively, that 2% residual activity was sufficient for normal glycolysis. All other mutants were moderately to strongly inhibited by glucose. Unusually high concentrations of glycolytic metabolites were observed before the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme which was absent in a given mutant strain when incubated on glucose. This confirmed at the cellular level the location of the defect as determined by enzyme assays. With adh (lacks all three alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes) and pgk mutants, accumulation of the typical levels of hexosephosphates was prevented when respiration was blocked with antimycin A. A typical feature of all glycolytic mutants described here was the rapid depletion of the intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool after transfer to glucose medium. No correlation of low or high levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate with the degree of catabolite repression and inactivation could be found. This observation does not support the concept that hexose metabolites are directly involved in these regulatory mechanisms in yeast.", "contents": "Physiological effects of seven different blocks in glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants unable to grow and ferment glucose have been isolated. Of 45 clones isolated, 25 had single enzyme defects of one of the following activities: phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi), phosphofructokinase (pfk), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk), phosphoglyceromutase (pgm), and pyruvate kinase (pyk). Phosphofructokinase activities in crude extracts of the pfk mutant were only 2% of the wild-type level. However, normal growth on glucose medium and normal fermentation of glucose suggested either that the mutant enzyme was considerably more active in vivo or, alternatively, that 2% residual activity was sufficient for normal glycolysis. All other mutants were moderately to strongly inhibited by glucose. Unusually high concentrations of glycolytic metabolites were observed before the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme which was absent in a given mutant strain when incubated on glucose. This confirmed at the cellular level the location of the defect as determined by enzyme assays. With adh (lacks all three alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes) and pgk mutants, accumulation of the typical levels of hexosephosphates was prevented when respiration was blocked with antimycin A. A typical feature of all glycolytic mutants described here was the rapid depletion of the intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool after transfer to glucose medium. No correlation of low or high levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate with the degree of catabolite repression and inactivation could be found. This observation does not support the concept that hexose metabolites are directly involved in these regulatory mechanisms in yeast.", "PMID": 378952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4350", "title": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases and of transfer ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. V. Mutants with increased levels of valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.", "content": "Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain harboring a thermolabile valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase were selected for growth at 40 degrees C. Of these, a large number still contain the thermolabile valyl-tRNA synthetase. Three of these revertants contained an increased level of the thermolabile enzyme. The genetic locus, valX, responsible for the enzyme overproduction, is adjacent to the structural gene, valS, of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Determination (by radioimmunoassay) of the turnover rates of valyl-tRNA synthetase showed that the increased level of valyl-tRNA synthetase is due to new enzyme synthesis rather than decreased rates of protein degradation.", "contents": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases and of transfer ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. V. Mutants with increased levels of valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain harboring a thermolabile valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase were selected for growth at 40 degrees C. Of these, a large number still contain the thermolabile valyl-tRNA synthetase. Three of these revertants contained an increased level of the thermolabile enzyme. The genetic locus, valX, responsible for the enzyme overproduction, is adjacent to the structural gene, valS, of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Determination (by radioimmunoassay) of the turnover rates of valyl-tRNA synthetase showed that the increased level of valyl-tRNA synthetase is due to new enzyme synthesis rather than decreased rates of protein degradation.", "PMID": 378953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4351", "title": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases and of transfer ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. VI. Mutants with increased levels of glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and of glutamine transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain bearing a thermolabile glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase have been selected for growth at 45 degrees C. Among 10 revertants still containing the thermolabile enzyme, 2 interesting strains were found. One strain has a fivefold elevated level of the thermolabile glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase; the genetic locus, glnR, responsible for this effect maps at min 24, far from glnS, the structural gene of the enzyme. In the other strain the levels of tRNA Gln and several other tRNAs are twice as high as in the parental strain; the locus responsible, glnU, maps at min 59.5 on the E. coli map.", "contents": "Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases and of transfer ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. VI. Mutants with increased levels of glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and of glutamine transfer ribonucleic acid. Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain bearing a thermolabile glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase have been selected for growth at 45 degrees C. Among 10 revertants still containing the thermolabile enzyme, 2 interesting strains were found. One strain has a fivefold elevated level of the thermolabile glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase; the genetic locus, glnR, responsible for this effect maps at min 24, far from glnS, the structural gene of the enzyme. In the other strain the levels of tRNA Gln and several other tRNAs are twice as high as in the parental strain; the locus responsible, glnU, maps at min 59.5 on the E. coli map.", "PMID": 378954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4352", "title": "Peptidase activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "At least four distinct aminopeptidase activities and a single dipeptidase activity were found in cell extracts of a leucine-lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assay for peptidase activity involved polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by an enzyme-coupled activity staining procedure. The aminopeptidases had largely overlapping specificities but could be distinguished from one another by their electrophoretic mobilities and activities toward different peptide substrates. Substrates tested included both free and blocked di- and tripeptides and amino acid derivatives.", "contents": "Peptidase activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At least four distinct aminopeptidase activities and a single dipeptidase activity were found in cell extracts of a leucine-lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assay for peptidase activity involved polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by an enzyme-coupled activity staining procedure. The aminopeptidases had largely overlapping specificities but could be distinguished from one another by their electrophoretic mobilities and activities toward different peptide substrates. Substrates tested included both free and blocked di- and tripeptides and amino acid derivatives.", "PMID": 378955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4353", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a mutant ColE1 plasmid that allows constitutive colicin E1 synthesis.", "content": "It has been possible to isolate a ColE1 mutant which synthesizes colicin E1 constitutively. This result shows that there must be a gene(s) responsible for the regulation of colicin E1 synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a mutant ColE1 plasmid that allows constitutive colicin E1 synthesis. It has been possible to isolate a ColE1 mutant which synthesizes colicin E1 constitutively. This result shows that there must be a gene(s) responsible for the regulation of colicin E1 synthesis.", "PMID": 378956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4354", "title": "Auxotrophic mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Auxotrophic mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans have been obtained by using the methods of mutagenesis and replica-plating.", "contents": "Auxotrophic mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. Auxotrophic mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans have been obtained by using the methods of mutagenesis and replica-plating.", "PMID": 378957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4355", "title": "Accelerated adsorption of bacteriophage T5 to Escherichia coli F, resulting from reversible tail fiber-lipopolysaccharide binding.", "content": "A dual specificity for phage T5 adsorption to Escherichia coli cells is shown. The tail fiber-containing phages T5(+) and mutant hd-3 adsorbed rapidly to E. coli F (1.2 x 10(-9) ml min(-1)), whereas the adsorption rate of the tail fiber-less mutants hd-1, hd-2, and hd-4 was low (7 x 10(-11) ml min(-1)). The differences in adsorption rates were due to the particular lipopolysaccharide structure of E. coli F. Phage T4-resistant mutants of E. coli F with an altered lipopolysaccharide structure exhibited similar low adsorption for all phage strains with and without tail fibers. The same held true for E. coli K-12 and B which also differ from E. coli F in their lipopolysaccharide structures. Only the tail fiber-containing phages reversibly bound to isolated lipopolysaccharides of E. coli F. Infection by all phage strains strictly depended on the tonA-coded protein in the outer membrane of E. coli. We assume that the reversible preadsorption by the tail fibers to lipopolysaccharide accelerates infection which occurs via the highly specific irreversible binding of the phage tail to the tonA-coded protein receptor. The difference between rapid and slow adsorption was also revealed by the competition between ferrichrome and T5 for binding to their common tonA-coded receptor in tonB strains of E. coli. Whereas binding of T5(+) to E. coli K-12 and of the tail-fiber-less mutant hd-2 to E. coli F and K-12 was inhibited 50% by about 0.01 muM ferrichrome, adsorption of T5 to E. coli F was inhibited only 40% by even 1,000-fold higher ferrichrome concentrations.", "contents": "Accelerated adsorption of bacteriophage T5 to Escherichia coli F, resulting from reversible tail fiber-lipopolysaccharide binding. A dual specificity for phage T5 adsorption to Escherichia coli cells is shown. The tail fiber-containing phages T5(+) and mutant hd-3 adsorbed rapidly to E. coli F (1.2 x 10(-9) ml min(-1)), whereas the adsorption rate of the tail fiber-less mutants hd-1, hd-2, and hd-4 was low (7 x 10(-11) ml min(-1)). The differences in adsorption rates were due to the particular lipopolysaccharide structure of E. coli F. Phage T4-resistant mutants of E. coli F with an altered lipopolysaccharide structure exhibited similar low adsorption for all phage strains with and without tail fibers. The same held true for E. coli K-12 and B which also differ from E. coli F in their lipopolysaccharide structures. Only the tail fiber-containing phages reversibly bound to isolated lipopolysaccharides of E. coli F. Infection by all phage strains strictly depended on the tonA-coded protein in the outer membrane of E. coli. We assume that the reversible preadsorption by the tail fibers to lipopolysaccharide accelerates infection which occurs via the highly specific irreversible binding of the phage tail to the tonA-coded protein receptor. The difference between rapid and slow adsorption was also revealed by the competition between ferrichrome and T5 for binding to their common tonA-coded receptor in tonB strains of E. coli. Whereas binding of T5(+) to E. coli K-12 and of the tail-fiber-less mutant hd-2 to E. coli F and K-12 was inhibited 50% by about 0.01 muM ferrichrome, adsorption of T5 to E. coli F was inhibited only 40% by even 1,000-fold higher ferrichrome concentrations.", "PMID": 378958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4356", "title": "Fermentation of 1,2-propanediol with 1,2-ethanediol by some genera of Enterobacteriaceae, involving coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter aerogenes) ATCC 8724 was able to grow anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol as carbon and energy sources. Whole cells of the bacterium grown anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol or on glycerol catalyzed conversion of 1,2-diols and aldehydes to the corresponding acids and alcohols. Glucose-grown cells also converted aldehydes, but not 1,2-diols, to acids and alcohols. The presence of activities of coenzyme B(12)-dependent diol dehydratase, alcohol dehydrogenase, coenzyme-A-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphotransacetylase, and acetate kinase was demonstrated with crude extracts of 1,2-propanediol-grown cells. The dependence of the levels of these enzymes on growth substrates, together with cofactor requirements in in vitro conversion of these substrates, indicates that 1,2-diols are fermented to the corresponding acids and alcohols via aldehydes, acyl-coenzyme A, and acyl phosphates. This metabolic pathway for 1,2-diol fermentation was also suggested in some other genera of Enterobacteriaceae which were able to grow anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol. When the bacteria were cultivated in a 1,2-propanediol medium not supplemented with cobalt ion, the coenzyme B(12)-dependent conversion of 1,2-diols to aldehydes was the rate-limiting step in this fermentation. This was because the intracellular concentration of coenzyme B(12) was very low in the cells grown in cobalt-deficient medium, since the apoprotein of diol dehydratase was markedly induced in the cells grown in the 1,2-propanediol medium. Better cell yields were obtained when the bacteria were grown anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol. Evidence is presented that aerobically grown cells have a different metabolic pathway for utilizing 1,2-propanediol.", "contents": "Fermentation of 1,2-propanediol with 1,2-ethanediol by some genera of Enterobacteriaceae, involving coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase. Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter aerogenes) ATCC 8724 was able to grow anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol as carbon and energy sources. Whole cells of the bacterium grown anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol or on glycerol catalyzed conversion of 1,2-diols and aldehydes to the corresponding acids and alcohols. Glucose-grown cells also converted aldehydes, but not 1,2-diols, to acids and alcohols. The presence of activities of coenzyme B(12)-dependent diol dehydratase, alcohol dehydrogenase, coenzyme-A-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphotransacetylase, and acetate kinase was demonstrated with crude extracts of 1,2-propanediol-grown cells. The dependence of the levels of these enzymes on growth substrates, together with cofactor requirements in in vitro conversion of these substrates, indicates that 1,2-diols are fermented to the corresponding acids and alcohols via aldehydes, acyl-coenzyme A, and acyl phosphates. This metabolic pathway for 1,2-diol fermentation was also suggested in some other genera of Enterobacteriaceae which were able to grow anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol. When the bacteria were cultivated in a 1,2-propanediol medium not supplemented with cobalt ion, the coenzyme B(12)-dependent conversion of 1,2-diols to aldehydes was the rate-limiting step in this fermentation. This was because the intracellular concentration of coenzyme B(12) was very low in the cells grown in cobalt-deficient medium, since the apoprotein of diol dehydratase was markedly induced in the cells grown in the 1,2-propanediol medium. Better cell yields were obtained when the bacteria were grown anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol. Evidence is presented that aerobically grown cells have a different metabolic pathway for utilizing 1,2-propanediol.", "PMID": 378959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4357", "title": "Expression of the cloned uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: dependency on nonsense suppressors.", "content": "Recombinant plasmid pNP5, consisting of plasmid pMB9 on which the uvrB gene is cloned, fully complements for the defects due to chromosomal uvrB mutations in the presence of the amber suppressor sup-6 or supF. Correndonuclease II activity was also completely restored in in UvrB strains containing both plasmid pNP5 and amber suppressor sup-6, as compared with the parental UvrB+ strain. It is shown that the amber mutation which interferes with the expression of the cloned uvrB gene is located outside this gene. Apparently, the amber mutation exerts a polar effect on uvrB expression that is relieved by sup-6 or supF. Introduction of a rho mutation into suppressor-free UvrB strains, harboring pNP5, did not relieve the polarity caused by the amber mutation.", "contents": "Expression of the cloned uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: dependency on nonsense suppressors. Recombinant plasmid pNP5, consisting of plasmid pMB9 on which the uvrB gene is cloned, fully complements for the defects due to chromosomal uvrB mutations in the presence of the amber suppressor sup-6 or supF. Correndonuclease II activity was also completely restored in in UvrB strains containing both plasmid pNP5 and amber suppressor sup-6, as compared with the parental UvrB+ strain. It is shown that the amber mutation which interferes with the expression of the cloned uvrB gene is located outside this gene. Apparently, the amber mutation exerts a polar effect on uvrB expression that is relieved by sup-6 or supF. Introduction of a rho mutation into suppressor-free UvrB strains, harboring pNP5, did not relieve the polarity caused by the amber mutation.", "PMID": 378960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4358", "title": "Expression of the cloned uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: mode of transcription and orientation.", "content": "The Escherichia coli uvrB gene, located on a 1.5-megadalton EcoRI (fragment F, derived from transducing phage lambda b2att2 [lambda b2cI857intam6 delta (bioAB)bio-FCD+uvrB+], has been cloned in the unique EcoRI site of several \"relaxed\" plasmids, i.e., pMB9, pBR322, and pBH20 (= ;BR322, including the lac regulatory elements [K. Itakura, T. Hirose, R. Crea, A. D. Riggs, H. L. Heyneker, F. Bolivar, and H. W. Boyer, Science 198:1056--1063, 1977]y. Expression of the uvrB gene, both on pMB9 and on pBH20, occurs only when fragment F has one particular orientation. Cloning of this fragment on pBR322 in either orientation does not allow expression of the uvrB gene. Transcription of this gene on pNP5 ( = pMB9 uvrB) is shown to be dependent on a pMB9 promotor that is located on a 0.22-megadalton EcoRI-HindIII fragment. Using plasmid pBH20 as a vector, we could demonstrate that expression of the uvrB gene is under control of the lac promotor-operator region. From deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments with lambda pgal8 deoxyribonucleic acid and restriction fragments of pNP5 deoxyribonucleic acid it could be shown that the uvrB gene is transcribed clockwise on the chromosome.", "contents": "Expression of the cloned uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: mode of transcription and orientation. The Escherichia coli uvrB gene, located on a 1.5-megadalton EcoRI (fragment F, derived from transducing phage lambda b2att2 [lambda b2cI857intam6 delta (bioAB)bio-FCD+uvrB+], has been cloned in the unique EcoRI site of several \"relaxed\" plasmids, i.e., pMB9, pBR322, and pBH20 (= ;BR322, including the lac regulatory elements [K. Itakura, T. Hirose, R. Crea, A. D. Riggs, H. L. Heyneker, F. Bolivar, and H. W. Boyer, Science 198:1056--1063, 1977]y. Expression of the uvrB gene, both on pMB9 and on pBH20, occurs only when fragment F has one particular orientation. Cloning of this fragment on pBR322 in either orientation does not allow expression of the uvrB gene. Transcription of this gene on pNP5 ( = pMB9 uvrB) is shown to be dependent on a pMB9 promotor that is located on a 0.22-megadalton EcoRI-HindIII fragment. Using plasmid pBH20 as a vector, we could demonstrate that expression of the uvrB gene is under control of the lac promotor-operator region. From deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments with lambda pgal8 deoxyribonucleic acid and restriction fragments of pNP5 deoxyribonucleic acid it could be shown that the uvrB gene is transcribed clockwise on the chromosome.", "PMID": 378961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4359", "title": "Novel acriflavin resistance genes, acrC and acrD, in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Acriflavine-resistant mutants were isolated from an acriflavine-sensitive (acrA) strain of Escherichia coli K-12 and then tested for temperature sensitivity of cell division. Genetic analysis characterized two new genetic loci, acrC and acrD. The former was mapped between tonA and proA, and the latter between the origin of genetic transfer of HfrH and serB. acrC and acrD mutants could divide but did not initiate a new round of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication at 43 degrees C. DNA synthesis of the acrC mutant cells ceased after a period of time following temperature shift-up, and thereafter DNA degradation occurred. However, cell mass continued to increase for a long time at the nonpermissive temperature. On the other hand, DNA synthesis of the acrD mutant cells ceased soon after the shift-up, and the cell mass did not appreciably increase during the prolonged incubation.", "contents": "Novel acriflavin resistance genes, acrC and acrD, in Escherichia coli K-12. Acriflavine-resistant mutants were isolated from an acriflavine-sensitive (acrA) strain of Escherichia coli K-12 and then tested for temperature sensitivity of cell division. Genetic analysis characterized two new genetic loci, acrC and acrD. The former was mapped between tonA and proA, and the latter between the origin of genetic transfer of HfrH and serB. acrC and acrD mutants could divide but did not initiate a new round of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication at 43 degrees C. DNA synthesis of the acrC mutant cells ceased after a period of time following temperature shift-up, and thereafter DNA degradation occurred. However, cell mass continued to increase for a long time at the nonpermissive temperature. On the other hand, DNA synthesis of the acrD mutant cells ceased soon after the shift-up, and the cell mass did not appreciably increase during the prolonged incubation.", "PMID": 378962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4360", "title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective in exo-1,3-beta-glucanase production.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C produced two laminarinases (1,3-beta-glucanases) which were separated by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column chromatography; one was an endo-1,3-beta-glucanase, and the other was an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase active not only on laminarin but also on pustulan (1,6-beta-glucan) and on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. A mutant defective in the production of this last enzyme was isolated, and the mutation was named exb1-1. The selection procedure was based on the capacity of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase to hydrolyze synthetic glucosides. The level of endo-1,3-beta-glucanase in cell extracts of the mutant was normal, but the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase could not be detected by column chromatographic analysis of these extracts. The mutant phenotype, recessive in heterozygous diploids, was stable through successive meioses and showed a Mendelian segregation, indicating that the mutation affected a single gene, which was named EXB1. The lack of production of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase persisted through all the phases of growth, but growth itself was not impaired by the enzyme deficiency.", "contents": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective in exo-1,3-beta-glucanase production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C produced two laminarinases (1,3-beta-glucanases) which were separated by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column chromatography; one was an endo-1,3-beta-glucanase, and the other was an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase active not only on laminarin but also on pustulan (1,6-beta-glucan) and on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. A mutant defective in the production of this last enzyme was isolated, and the mutation was named exb1-1. The selection procedure was based on the capacity of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase to hydrolyze synthetic glucosides. The level of endo-1,3-beta-glucanase in cell extracts of the mutant was normal, but the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase could not be detected by column chromatographic analysis of these extracts. The mutant phenotype, recessive in heterozygous diploids, was stable through successive meioses and showed a Mendelian segregation, indicating that the mutation affected a single gene, which was named EXB1. The lack of production of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase persisted through all the phases of growth, but growth itself was not impaired by the enzyme deficiency.", "PMID": 378963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4361", "title": "Transaminase B from Escherichia coli: quaternary structure, amino-terminal sequence, substrate specificity, and absence of a separate valine-alpha-ketoglutarate activity.", "content": "Transaminase B (branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.42), the ilvE gene product, was purified to apparent homogeneity from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain which carries the ilvE gene both on the host chromosome and on a plasmid. The oligomeric structure of the enzyme, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was confirmed to be that of a hexamer with a molecular weight of about 182,000 and apparently identical subunits. Cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate yielded trimers, dimers, and monomers, but essentially no species of higher molecular weight. These results are consistent with a double-trimer arrangement of the subunits in native enzyme. The amino-terminal sequence was found to be: Gly Thr Lys Lys Ala Asp Tyr Ile (Trp) Phe Asn Gly (Thr) (Met) Val. Purified transaminase B catalyzed transamination between alpha-ketoglutarate and l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-valine, and, to a lesser extent, l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, the latter reacting very sluggishly. The enzyme was free of aspartate transaminase and of transaminase C. The apparent K(m) values for the branched-chain alpha-ketoacids were smaller than those for the corresponding amino acids. The lowest K(m) was recorded for dl-alpha-keto-beta-methyl-n-valerate, and the highest was recorded for l-valine. The ratio of the valine- and isoleucine-alpha-ketoglutarate activities did not change significantly during purification, and both activities were quantitatively removed from crude extract by antibody raised against purified transaminase B. These observations argue against the existence of a separate valine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase. Anti-E. coli transaminase B antibody cross-reacted with crude extract from Salmonella typhimurium, but not with extract obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "Transaminase B from Escherichia coli: quaternary structure, amino-terminal sequence, substrate specificity, and absence of a separate valine-alpha-ketoglutarate activity. Transaminase B (branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.42), the ilvE gene product, was purified to apparent homogeneity from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain which carries the ilvE gene both on the host chromosome and on a plasmid. The oligomeric structure of the enzyme, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was confirmed to be that of a hexamer with a molecular weight of about 182,000 and apparently identical subunits. Cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate yielded trimers, dimers, and monomers, but essentially no species of higher molecular weight. These results are consistent with a double-trimer arrangement of the subunits in native enzyme. The amino-terminal sequence was found to be: Gly Thr Lys Lys Ala Asp Tyr Ile (Trp) Phe Asn Gly (Thr) (Met) Val. Purified transaminase B catalyzed transamination between alpha-ketoglutarate and l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-valine, and, to a lesser extent, l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, the latter reacting very sluggishly. The enzyme was free of aspartate transaminase and of transaminase C. The apparent K(m) values for the branched-chain alpha-ketoacids were smaller than those for the corresponding amino acids. The lowest K(m) was recorded for dl-alpha-keto-beta-methyl-n-valerate, and the highest was recorded for l-valine. The ratio of the valine- and isoleucine-alpha-ketoglutarate activities did not change significantly during purification, and both activities were quantitatively removed from crude extract by antibody raised against purified transaminase B. These observations argue against the existence of a separate valine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase. Anti-E. coli transaminase B antibody cross-reacted with crude extract from Salmonella typhimurium, but not with extract obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 378964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4362", "title": "Transposition of ampicillin resistance to an enterotoxin plasmid in an Escherichia coli strain of human origin.", "content": "We examined a strain of Escherichia coli, serotype O159.H34, of human origin which produced heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins, was resistant to ampicillin, and produced colicin. By conjugation and transformation experiments plasmids coding for enterotoxin production (Ent), enterotoxin production and ampicillin resistance (Ap-Ent), ampicillin resistance (Ap), and colicin production were isolated. Both the Ent and Ap-Ent plasmids were autotransferring and belonged to the F-incompatibility complex. However, the Apr Ent+ transconjugants showed differences in their levels of resistance and in their abilities to propagate F-specific phages and to transfer resistance. The results suggested there was transposition from the small Ap plasmid to the Ent plasmid. The Ap-Ent plasmids were larger than the enterotoxin factor and when treated with restriction endonuclease BamHI showed an additional fragment not present in the enterotoxin plasmid. The insertion of ampicillin resistance probably occurred at different sites on the enterotoxin plasmid, resulting in the observed variation in phenotype.", "contents": "Transposition of ampicillin resistance to an enterotoxin plasmid in an Escherichia coli strain of human origin. We examined a strain of Escherichia coli, serotype O159.H34, of human origin which produced heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins, was resistant to ampicillin, and produced colicin. By conjugation and transformation experiments plasmids coding for enterotoxin production (Ent), enterotoxin production and ampicillin resistance (Ap-Ent), ampicillin resistance (Ap), and colicin production were isolated. Both the Ent and Ap-Ent plasmids were autotransferring and belonged to the F-incompatibility complex. However, the Apr Ent+ transconjugants showed differences in their levels of resistance and in their abilities to propagate F-specific phages and to transfer resistance. The results suggested there was transposition from the small Ap plasmid to the Ent plasmid. The Ap-Ent plasmids were larger than the enterotoxin factor and when treated with restriction endonuclease BamHI showed an additional fragment not present in the enterotoxin plasmid. The insertion of ampicillin resistance probably occurred at different sites on the enterotoxin plasmid, resulting in the observed variation in phenotype.", "PMID": 378965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4363", "title": "Mutants defective in the 33K outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium LT2 lines, if phenotypically rough, are fully sensitive to bacteriocin 4-59, produced by Salmonella canastel strain SL1712. Bacteriocin-resistant mutants fell into three classes. Those resistant to phage ES18 and to albomycin proved to be mutants of class chr (equivalent to tonB of Escherichia coli); these mutants still adsorb the bacteriocin and so are classified as tolerant. Another class of (incompletely) tolerant mutants was resistant to phage PH51; their envelope fractions lacked the band corresponding to outer membrane protein 34K, known to serve for adsorption of phage PH51. A third class of mutants, which did not adsorb the bacteriocin, was unaltered in sensitivity to phages. Their envelopes lacked the 33K band, indicating absence of the outer membrane protein 33K, considered to correspond to outer membrane protein II* of E. coli, which in that species is determined at locus ompA (formerly tolG or con). Phage P22 HT105/1 cotransduced the 33K S. typhimurium gene (to be called ompA, to accord with E. coli usage) with pyrD+ at about 30% frequency when the donor allele was ompA+ or one ompA, but at only 3 to 11% when the donor allele was another ompA. When the donor carried either of two long deletions of the put (proline utilization) operon, phage P22 HT105/1 cotransduced put (and ompA+) with pyrD+ at low frequency. The cotransduction data indicate that ompA of S. typhimurium is located between pyrD and put, nearer the former. This corresponds to the map position of ompA in E. coli K-12.", "contents": "Mutants defective in the 33K outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium LT2 lines, if phenotypically rough, are fully sensitive to bacteriocin 4-59, produced by Salmonella canastel strain SL1712. Bacteriocin-resistant mutants fell into three classes. Those resistant to phage ES18 and to albomycin proved to be mutants of class chr (equivalent to tonB of Escherichia coli); these mutants still adsorb the bacteriocin and so are classified as tolerant. Another class of (incompletely) tolerant mutants was resistant to phage PH51; their envelope fractions lacked the band corresponding to outer membrane protein 34K, known to serve for adsorption of phage PH51. A third class of mutants, which did not adsorb the bacteriocin, was unaltered in sensitivity to phages. Their envelopes lacked the 33K band, indicating absence of the outer membrane protein 33K, considered to correspond to outer membrane protein II* of E. coli, which in that species is determined at locus ompA (formerly tolG or con). Phage P22 HT105/1 cotransduced the 33K S. typhimurium gene (to be called ompA, to accord with E. coli usage) with pyrD+ at about 30% frequency when the donor allele was ompA+ or one ompA, but at only 3 to 11% when the donor allele was another ompA. When the donor carried either of two long deletions of the put (proline utilization) operon, phage P22 HT105/1 cotransduced put (and ompA+) with pyrD+ at low frequency. The cotransduction data indicate that ompA of S. typhimurium is located between pyrD and put, nearer the former. This corresponds to the map position of ompA in E. coli K-12.", "PMID": 378966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4364", "title": "Escherichia coli mutant strain with altered expression of the tryptophan operon: isolation and preliminary characterization.", "content": "From a strain of Escherichia coli with two copies of the tryptophan (trp) operon and one copy of the lactose (lac) operon, under control of one of the trp regulatory elements, we have isolated a mutant which does not grow in a medium containing 19 amino acids, unless tryptophan is added, and which cannot ferment lactose. The apparent pleiotropic nature of the mutation(s) is indicated by the very slow growth of mutant bacteria on minimal-medium agar supplemented with glucose and tryptophan. The amount of the trp enzymes (anthranilate synthetase and tryptophan synthetase) and trp messenger ribonucleic acid is reduced several-fold in the mutant compared to the isogenic wild-type strain, whereas the enzymes tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase remain the same. The incorporation of radioactive label into pulse-labeled but not into stable ribonucleic acid is significantly lower. Our results suggest that in the mutant organism the control of transcription of some operons, including the trp operon, is modified. An alternative explanation is that mutant bacteria contain a ribonuclease with increased activity for some messenger ribonucleic acid species.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutant strain with altered expression of the tryptophan operon: isolation and preliminary characterization. From a strain of Escherichia coli with two copies of the tryptophan (trp) operon and one copy of the lactose (lac) operon, under control of one of the trp regulatory elements, we have isolated a mutant which does not grow in a medium containing 19 amino acids, unless tryptophan is added, and which cannot ferment lactose. The apparent pleiotropic nature of the mutation(s) is indicated by the very slow growth of mutant bacteria on minimal-medium agar supplemented with glucose and tryptophan. The amount of the trp enzymes (anthranilate synthetase and tryptophan synthetase) and trp messenger ribonucleic acid is reduced several-fold in the mutant compared to the isogenic wild-type strain, whereas the enzymes tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase remain the same. The incorporation of radioactive label into pulse-labeled but not into stable ribonucleic acid is significantly lower. Our results suggest that in the mutant organism the control of transcription of some operons, including the trp operon, is modified. An alternative explanation is that mutant bacteria contain a ribonuclease with increased activity for some messenger ribonucleic acid species.", "PMID": 378967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4365", "title": "Escherichia coli mutant strain with altered expression of the tryptophan operon: ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis has been studied in vitro with a partially purified preparation of RNA polymerase from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a reduced rate of accumulation of tryptophan RNA (P.H. Pouwels and H.J. Scholten, J. Bacteriol. 139:393-397, 1979). The incorporation of radioactive label into RNA with polymerase from mutant bacteria is considerably lower than that with the enzyme from wild-type bacteria. These results are explained by the presence in mutant bacteria, but not in wild-type bacteria, of a factor which suppresses the accumulation of RNA. Mutant bacteria contain a factor which renders RNA synthesis with mutant and wild-type RNA polymerase resistant to various inhibitors of RNA synthesis, e.g. rifampin, streptolydigin, and heparin. We conclude that in mutant bacteria a factor is modified which suppresses the accumulation of some RNA species and lowers the sensitivity of RNA polymerase to some transcription inhibitors.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutant strain with altered expression of the tryptophan operon: ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis has been studied in vitro with a partially purified preparation of RNA polymerase from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a reduced rate of accumulation of tryptophan RNA (P.H. Pouwels and H.J. Scholten, J. Bacteriol. 139:393-397, 1979). The incorporation of radioactive label into RNA with polymerase from mutant bacteria is considerably lower than that with the enzyme from wild-type bacteria. These results are explained by the presence in mutant bacteria, but not in wild-type bacteria, of a factor which suppresses the accumulation of RNA. Mutant bacteria contain a factor which renders RNA synthesis with mutant and wild-type RNA polymerase resistant to various inhibitors of RNA synthesis, e.g. rifampin, streptolydigin, and heparin. We conclude that in mutant bacteria a factor is modified which suppresses the accumulation of some RNA species and lowers the sensitivity of RNA polymerase to some transcription inhibitors.", "PMID": 378968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4366", "title": "Specialized lambda transducing bacteriophage which carries hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.", "content": "A number of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophages which carry the Escherichia coli gene guaB were isolated from E. coli. One of these bacteriophages, lambda cI857 Sam7 d guaB-2, also carries hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (EC 6.1.1.21). Histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activities in induced and uninduced lysogens carrying lambda d guaB-2 indicate that the phage carries the entire structural gene and that the gene is under the control of an E. coli promoter. These conclusions were confirmed by the in vivo production of a protein encoded by the phage which comigrates with authentic histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Specialized lambda transducing bacteriophage which carries hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. A number of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophages which carry the Escherichia coli gene guaB were isolated from E. coli. One of these bacteriophages, lambda cI857 Sam7 d guaB-2, also carries hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (EC 6.1.1.21). Histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activities in induced and uninduced lysogens carrying lambda d guaB-2 indicate that the phage carries the entire structural gene and that the gene is under the control of an E. coli promoter. These conclusions were confirmed by the in vivo production of a protein encoded by the phage which comigrates with authentic histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 378969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4367", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of protein E, a major protein found in certain Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strains: relationship to other outer membrane proteins.", "content": "Escherichia coli outer membrane protein E was purified, and its amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid were determined. The purified protein was shown to be immunologically and electrophoretically identical to proteins Ic (U. Henning, W. Schmidmayr, and I. Hindennach, Mol. Gen. Genet. 154:293-298, 1977) and e (W. van Alphen, N. van Selm, and B. Lugtenberg, Mol. Gen. Genet. 159:75-83, 1978). Proteins E, e, and Ic were also immunologically related to E. coli outer membrane protein Ia. Lugtenberg and co-workers (B. Lugtenberg, R. van Boxtel, C. Verhoef, and W. van Alphen, FEBS Lett. 96:99-105, 1978) have shown that electrophoretically identical peptides were generated by cyanogen bromide treatment of proteins E, e, and Ic.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of protein E, a major protein found in certain Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strains: relationship to other outer membrane proteins. Escherichia coli outer membrane protein E was purified, and its amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid were determined. The purified protein was shown to be immunologically and electrophoretically identical to proteins Ic (U. Henning, W. Schmidmayr, and I. Hindennach, Mol. Gen. Genet. 154:293-298, 1977) and e (W. van Alphen, N. van Selm, and B. Lugtenberg, Mol. Gen. Genet. 159:75-83, 1978). Proteins E, e, and Ic were also immunologically related to E. coli outer membrane protein Ia. Lugtenberg and co-workers (B. Lugtenberg, R. van Boxtel, C. Verhoef, and W. van Alphen, FEBS Lett. 96:99-105, 1978) have shown that electrophoretically identical peptides were generated by cyanogen bromide treatment of proteins E, e, and Ic.", "PMID": 378970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4368", "title": "Specific inactivator of flagellar reversal in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Specific inhibition of flagellar rotation reversal was observed after exposure of chemotactic Salmonella typhimurium to citrate autoclaved at neutral pH. The presence of a rotation reversal inactivator was established in autoclaved citrate-containing media and nutrient broth. Since modulation of flagellar rotation by attractants and repellents is the basis of chemotactic behavior, a specific inhibitor of rotation reversal, which is essential for tumble generation, provides a useful probe into the molecular mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis. The inactivator inhibits clockwise rotation without affecting counterclockwise rotation, speed of rotation, or the capacity of the cells to grow and divide. Inactivation of clockwise rotation is gradual and irreversible, differing from the transient inhibition of clockwise rotation by attractants, which is characterized by an immediate suppression followed by a return to normal rotation patterns. The rotation reversal inactivator is stable to acidification, rotary evaporation, lyophilization, and rehydration.", "contents": "Specific inactivator of flagellar reversal in Salmonella typhimurium. Specific inhibition of flagellar rotation reversal was observed after exposure of chemotactic Salmonella typhimurium to citrate autoclaved at neutral pH. The presence of a rotation reversal inactivator was established in autoclaved citrate-containing media and nutrient broth. Since modulation of flagellar rotation by attractants and repellents is the basis of chemotactic behavior, a specific inhibitor of rotation reversal, which is essential for tumble generation, provides a useful probe into the molecular mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis. The inactivator inhibits clockwise rotation without affecting counterclockwise rotation, speed of rotation, or the capacity of the cells to grow and divide. Inactivation of clockwise rotation is gradual and irreversible, differing from the transient inhibition of clockwise rotation by attractants, which is characterized by an immediate suppression followed by a return to normal rotation patterns. The rotation reversal inactivator is stable to acidification, rotary evaporation, lyophilization, and rehydration.", "PMID": 378971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4369", "title": "Inactivation of Escherichia coli by near-ultraviolet light and 8-methoxypsoralen: different responses of strains B/r and K-12.", "content": "A series of Escherichia coli K-12 AB1157 strains with normal and defective deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacity were more resistant to treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and near-ultraviolet light (NUV) than a comparable series of strains from the B/r WP2 family although sensitivities to 254-nm ultraviolet light were closely similar. The difference was most marked with strains deficient in both excision and postreplication repair (uvrA recA). The hypothesis that the internal level of 8-MOP was lower in K-12 than B/r uvrA recA derivatives was ruled out on the basis of fluorometric determinations of 8-MOP content and the similar inactivation curves for phage T3 treated intracellularly within the two strains. The demonstration of liquid holding recovery with AB2480 but not WP100 (both recA uvrA strains) and the somewhat greater resistance of the former strain to inactivation by captan revealed the presence in the K-12 strain of a deoxyribonucleic acid repair system independent of the recA(+) and uvrA(+) genes. The presence of this repair system did not, however, affect the survival of T3 phage treated with 8-MOP plus NUV and probably has a relatively small effect on survival of AB2480 under normal conditions. Experiments in which 8-MOP monoadducts were converted to cross-links by a second NUV exposure in the absence of 8-MOP indicated that the level of potentially cross-linkable monoadducts immediately after 8-MOP + NUV is about eightfold lower in K-12-than in B/r-derived strains. It is therefore suggested that the photoproduct yield in the former is well below that in the latter. In agreement with this is the observation that, during the first 10 min after treatment, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was just over five times more sensitive to inhibition by 8-MOP plus NUV in WP100 than in AB2480. We assume that 8-MOP in K-12 bacteria is hindered in some way from adsorbing to cellular (though not to phage T3) deoxyribonucleic acid. Consistent with this, 8-MOP has been shown to act as an inhibitor of a component of repair of 254-nm ultraviolet light damage in WP2 but not in AB1157.", "contents": "Inactivation of Escherichia coli by near-ultraviolet light and 8-methoxypsoralen: different responses of strains B/r and K-12. A series of Escherichia coli K-12 AB1157 strains with normal and defective deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacity were more resistant to treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and near-ultraviolet light (NUV) than a comparable series of strains from the B/r WP2 family although sensitivities to 254-nm ultraviolet light were closely similar. The difference was most marked with strains deficient in both excision and postreplication repair (uvrA recA). The hypothesis that the internal level of 8-MOP was lower in K-12 than B/r uvrA recA derivatives was ruled out on the basis of fluorometric determinations of 8-MOP content and the similar inactivation curves for phage T3 treated intracellularly within the two strains. The demonstration of liquid holding recovery with AB2480 but not WP100 (both recA uvrA strains) and the somewhat greater resistance of the former strain to inactivation by captan revealed the presence in the K-12 strain of a deoxyribonucleic acid repair system independent of the recA(+) and uvrA(+) genes. The presence of this repair system did not, however, affect the survival of T3 phage treated with 8-MOP plus NUV and probably has a relatively small effect on survival of AB2480 under normal conditions. Experiments in which 8-MOP monoadducts were converted to cross-links by a second NUV exposure in the absence of 8-MOP indicated that the level of potentially cross-linkable monoadducts immediately after 8-MOP + NUV is about eightfold lower in K-12-than in B/r-derived strains. It is therefore suggested that the photoproduct yield in the former is well below that in the latter. In agreement with this is the observation that, during the first 10 min after treatment, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was just over five times more sensitive to inhibition by 8-MOP plus NUV in WP100 than in AB2480. We assume that 8-MOP in K-12 bacteria is hindered in some way from adsorbing to cellular (though not to phage T3) deoxyribonucleic acid. Consistent with this, 8-MOP has been shown to act as an inhibitor of a component of repair of 254-nm ultraviolet light damage in WP2 but not in AB1157.", "PMID": 378972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4370", "title": "Spontaneous and induced rho mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: patterns of loss of mitochondrial genetic markers.", "content": "The deletion which leads to spontaneous rho mutants occurs preferentially at a unique region covering genes oxi3, pho1/OII, and mit175. The frequency of loss of genetic markers in this region was significantly higher than in other regions as determined with a 15- marker system. When various mutagenic treatments were applied, this specific pattern of deletion was also observed, but it was dramatically amplified. This suggests that the basic mechanism of rho production is the same in yeast mitochondrial genomes in both spontaneous and induced mutants.", "contents": "Spontaneous and induced rho mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: patterns of loss of mitochondrial genetic markers. The deletion which leads to spontaneous rho mutants occurs preferentially at a unique region covering genes oxi3, pho1/OII, and mit175. The frequency of loss of genetic markers in this region was significantly higher than in other regions as determined with a 15- marker system. When various mutagenic treatments were applied, this specific pattern of deletion was also observed, but it was dramatically amplified. This suggests that the basic mechanism of rho production is the same in yeast mitochondrial genomes in both spontaneous and induced mutants.", "PMID": 378973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4371", "title": "Chromosomal location and expression of the structural gene for major outer membrane protein Ia of Escherichia coli K-12 and of the homologous gene of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The gene determining the structure of a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, protein Ia, has been located between serC and pyrD, at the min 21 region of the linkage map. This is based on the isolation and characterization of E. coli-Salmonella typhimurium intergeneric hybrids as well as analyses of a mutation (ompF2) affecting the formation of protein Ia. When the serC region of the S. typhimurium chromosome was transduced by phage P1 into E. coli, two classes of transductants were obtained; one produced protein Ia like the parental strain of E. coli, whereas the other produced not protein Ia but a pair of outer membrane proteins structurally related to 35K protein, one of the major outer membrane proteins of S. typhimurium. Furthermore, a strain of S. typhimurium harboring an F' plasmid which carries the ompF region of the E. coli chromosome was found to produce a protein indistinguishable from protein Ia, beside the outer membrane proteins characteristic to the parental Salmonella strain. These results suggest that the structural genes for protein Ia (E. coli) and for 35K protein (S. typhimurium) are homologous to each other and are located at the ompF region of the respective chromosome. The bearing of these findings on the genetic control of protein Ia formation is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal location and expression of the structural gene for major outer membrane protein Ia of Escherichia coli K-12 and of the homologous gene of Salmonella typhimurium. The gene determining the structure of a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, protein Ia, has been located between serC and pyrD, at the min 21 region of the linkage map. This is based on the isolation and characterization of E. coli-Salmonella typhimurium intergeneric hybrids as well as analyses of a mutation (ompF2) affecting the formation of protein Ia. When the serC region of the S. typhimurium chromosome was transduced by phage P1 into E. coli, two classes of transductants were obtained; one produced protein Ia like the parental strain of E. coli, whereas the other produced not protein Ia but a pair of outer membrane proteins structurally related to 35K protein, one of the major outer membrane proteins of S. typhimurium. Furthermore, a strain of S. typhimurium harboring an F' plasmid which carries the ompF region of the E. coli chromosome was found to produce a protein indistinguishable from protein Ia, beside the outer membrane proteins characteristic to the parental Salmonella strain. These results suggest that the structural genes for protein Ia (E. coli) and for 35K protein (S. typhimurium) are homologous to each other and are located at the ompF region of the respective chromosome. The bearing of these findings on the genetic control of protein Ia formation is discussed.", "PMID": 378974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4372", "title": "Mode of action of pesticin: N-acetylglucosaminidase activity.", "content": "Homogeneous preparations of pesticin, a bacteriocin produced by Yersinia pestis, neither significantly inhibited net synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or protein in Escherichia coli phi nor caused detectable degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo. Accordingly, its mode of action does not resemble that of colicin E2 as suggested by others. However, incorporation of cell wall-specific label ([14C]diaminopimelic acid) into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material of growing cells was inhibited by pesticin which also promoted release of such radioactivity from both resting cells and purified mureinlipoprotein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reaction mixtures containing appropriately labeled mureinlipoprotein showed that [3H]N-acetylglucosamine comigrated either with [14C]diaminopimelic acid in the murein peptide or with [14C]isoleucine of the Braun lipoprotein. As judged by these findings and pesticin-dependent release of reducing equivalents but not 4-hydroxy-2-acetamido sugars, the bacteriocin possesses N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. Hydrolysis of murein-lipoprotein occurred over a broad pH, with an optimum of 4.7. Mureinlipoproteins from a variety of pesticin-sensitive and -resistant organisms were hydrolyzed by the bacteriocin, indicating that its antibacterial specificity resides at the level of absorption.", "contents": "Mode of action of pesticin: N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. Homogeneous preparations of pesticin, a bacteriocin produced by Yersinia pestis, neither significantly inhibited net synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or protein in Escherichia coli phi nor caused detectable degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo. Accordingly, its mode of action does not resemble that of colicin E2 as suggested by others. However, incorporation of cell wall-specific label ([14C]diaminopimelic acid) into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material of growing cells was inhibited by pesticin which also promoted release of such radioactivity from both resting cells and purified mureinlipoprotein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reaction mixtures containing appropriately labeled mureinlipoprotein showed that [3H]N-acetylglucosamine comigrated either with [14C]diaminopimelic acid in the murein peptide or with [14C]isoleucine of the Braun lipoprotein. As judged by these findings and pesticin-dependent release of reducing equivalents but not 4-hydroxy-2-acetamido sugars, the bacteriocin possesses N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. Hydrolysis of murein-lipoprotein occurred over a broad pH, with an optimum of 4.7. Mureinlipoproteins from a variety of pesticin-sensitive and -resistant organisms were hydrolyzed by the bacteriocin, indicating that its antibacterial specificity resides at the level of absorption.", "PMID": 378975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4373", "title": "Adherence of bacteria to mammalian cells: inhibition by tunicamycin and streptovirudin.", "content": "Group B streptococci were labeled either by growing the cells in [14C]fructose or by using the surface label 4,4'-[3H]diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid, which reacts with amino groups. A quantitative assay was developed by using these labeled bacteria to study the adherence of streptococci to canine kidney epithelial cells. The bacteria adhered to kidney cells that had been infected with influenza A virus, but did not adhere to uninfected cells. The binding of 3H-labeled group B streptococci was proportional to the number of bacteria added and showed saturation kinetics. The binding was blocked by the addition of unlabeled group B streptococci but was not affected by addition of streptococci from other groups. It was also blocked by mixing the 3H-labeled streptococci with influenza A virus before adding the bacteria to the kidney cells. When the kidney cells were infected with influenza virus in the presence of either tunicamycin or streptovirudin, these antibiotics inhibited the appearance of viral hemagglutinin in the kidney cells and also prevented the release of mature virus. In these experiments, the adherence of 3h-labeled streptococci was also inhibited. Tunicamycin was shown to block the incorporation of [14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in both normal and virus-infected kidney cells. These data give strong support to the notion that adherence of streptococci to mammalian cells involves recognition of viral hemagglutinin, a glycoprotein whose synthesis is blocked by certain antibiotics.", "contents": "Adherence of bacteria to mammalian cells: inhibition by tunicamycin and streptovirudin. Group B streptococci were labeled either by growing the cells in [14C]fructose or by using the surface label 4,4'-[3H]diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid, which reacts with amino groups. A quantitative assay was developed by using these labeled bacteria to study the adherence of streptococci to canine kidney epithelial cells. The bacteria adhered to kidney cells that had been infected with influenza A virus, but did not adhere to uninfected cells. The binding of 3H-labeled group B streptococci was proportional to the number of bacteria added and showed saturation kinetics. The binding was blocked by the addition of unlabeled group B streptococci but was not affected by addition of streptococci from other groups. It was also blocked by mixing the 3H-labeled streptococci with influenza A virus before adding the bacteria to the kidney cells. When the kidney cells were infected with influenza virus in the presence of either tunicamycin or streptovirudin, these antibiotics inhibited the appearance of viral hemagglutinin in the kidney cells and also prevented the release of mature virus. In these experiments, the adherence of 3h-labeled streptococci was also inhibited. Tunicamycin was shown to block the incorporation of [14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in both normal and virus-infected kidney cells. These data give strong support to the notion that adherence of streptococci to mammalian cells involves recognition of viral hemagglutinin, a glycoprotein whose synthesis is blocked by certain antibiotics.", "PMID": 378976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4374", "title": "Effect of temperature on translocation frequency of the Tn3 element.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the translocation frequency of the Tn3 element was investigated. The temperature optimum for translocation of Tn3 was in the range from 26 to 30 degrees C. At temperatures above 30 degrees C, the translocation frequency decreased rapidly and linearly; at 36 degrees C it was only 5% of the frequency observed at 30 degrees C. The duration and reversibility of the temperature effect were utilized to demonstrate a requirement for protein synthesis in the translocation process.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on translocation frequency of the Tn3 element. The effect of temperature on the translocation frequency of the Tn3 element was investigated. The temperature optimum for translocation of Tn3 was in the range from 26 to 30 degrees C. At temperatures above 30 degrees C, the translocation frequency decreased rapidly and linearly; at 36 degrees C it was only 5% of the frequency observed at 30 degrees C. The duration and reversibility of the temperature effect were utilized to demonstrate a requirement for protein synthesis in the translocation process.", "PMID": 378977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4375", "title": "Suppression of a deletion mutation in the glutamine amidotransferase region of the Salmonella typhimurium trpD gene by mutations in pheA and tyrA.", "content": "Prototrophic revertants of a trpD deletion mutant that lacks the glutamine amidotransferase domain of the bifunctional component II subunit of the anthranilate synthetase-phosphoribosyltransferase complex have been found to arise by the occurrence of sublethal missense mutations in either the pheA or tyrA loci. Such suppressor mutations were obtained directly by mutation of the wild-type pheA gene as well as indirectly by partial reversion of a variety of nonleaky pheA and tyrA mutations. The suppressor strains have only a portion of the normal level of the pheA or tyrA enzyme activity and thus experience a partial limitation in the synthesis of phenylalanine or tyrosine. This limitation leads to a relaxation of end-product regulation of the phenylalanine- or tyrosine-specific enzymes of the common aromatic pathway and to the overproduction of the branch point intermediate, chorismic acid, which is one of the substrates of the anthranilate synthetase reaction. It is proposed that the high intracellular level of chorismic acid acts to elevate the non-physiological NH3-dependent anthranilate synthetase activity of the component I subunit, thereby eliminating the need for the glutamine amidotransferase activity of the component II subunit. Consistent with this is the finding that phenylalanine and tyrosine are specific inhibitors of growth of the pheA and tyrA suppressor strains, respectively, causing a shutdown of the overproduction of chorismic acid by reestablishing normal end-product control of the common pathway.", "contents": "Suppression of a deletion mutation in the glutamine amidotransferase region of the Salmonella typhimurium trpD gene by mutations in pheA and tyrA. Prototrophic revertants of a trpD deletion mutant that lacks the glutamine amidotransferase domain of the bifunctional component II subunit of the anthranilate synthetase-phosphoribosyltransferase complex have been found to arise by the occurrence of sublethal missense mutations in either the pheA or tyrA loci. Such suppressor mutations were obtained directly by mutation of the wild-type pheA gene as well as indirectly by partial reversion of a variety of nonleaky pheA and tyrA mutations. The suppressor strains have only a portion of the normal level of the pheA or tyrA enzyme activity and thus experience a partial limitation in the synthesis of phenylalanine or tyrosine. This limitation leads to a relaxation of end-product regulation of the phenylalanine- or tyrosine-specific enzymes of the common aromatic pathway and to the overproduction of the branch point intermediate, chorismic acid, which is one of the substrates of the anthranilate synthetase reaction. It is proposed that the high intracellular level of chorismic acid acts to elevate the non-physiological NH3-dependent anthranilate synthetase activity of the component I subunit, thereby eliminating the need for the glutamine amidotransferase activity of the component II subunit. Consistent with this is the finding that phenylalanine and tyrosine are specific inhibitors of growth of the pheA and tyrA suppressor strains, respectively, causing a shutdown of the overproduction of chorismic acid by reestablishing normal end-product control of the common pathway.", "PMID": 378978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4376", "title": "Isolation and characterization of replication-deficient mutants of ColE1 plasmids.", "content": "Replication-defective mutants of plasmid ColE1 were isolated from a chimeric plasmid formed by ligating a temperature-sensitive replication derivative of pSC101, pHSG1, with a ColE1-Tn3-containing plasmid. The replication-defective ColE1 mutants isolated were all spontaneous deletion mutants that had lost the ColE1 replication origin and regions adjacent to it. The extent of a deletion was determined by analyzing restriction endonuclease-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragments of the ColE1 plasmid component of the chimeras by both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. None of the chimeras containing the replication-defective ColE1 mutants was able to replicate in the presence of chloramphenicol. The expression of ColE1 incompatibility was either markedly reduced or not detectable in the replication mutants isolated.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of replication-deficient mutants of ColE1 plasmids. Replication-defective mutants of plasmid ColE1 were isolated from a chimeric plasmid formed by ligating a temperature-sensitive replication derivative of pSC101, pHSG1, with a ColE1-Tn3-containing plasmid. The replication-defective ColE1 mutants isolated were all spontaneous deletion mutants that had lost the ColE1 replication origin and regions adjacent to it. The extent of a deletion was determined by analyzing restriction endonuclease-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragments of the ColE1 plasmid component of the chimeras by both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. None of the chimeras containing the replication-defective ColE1 mutants was able to replicate in the presence of chloramphenicol. The expression of ColE1 incompatibility was either markedly reduced or not detectable in the replication mutants isolated.", "PMID": 378979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4377", "title": "ColE1 plasmid incompatibility: localization and analysis of mutations affecting incompatibility.", "content": "Deletion mutants of plasmid ColE1 that involve the replication origin and adjacent regions of the plasmid have been studied to determine the mechanism by which those mutations affect the expression of plasmid incompatibility. It was observed that (i) a region of ColE1 that is involved in the expression of plasmid incompatibility lies between base pairs -185 and -684; (ii) the integrity of at least part of the region of ColE1 DNA between base pairs -185 and -572 is essential for the expression of ColE1 incompatibility; (iii) the expression of incompatibility is independent of the ability of the ColE1 genome to replicate autonomously; (iv) plasmid incompatibility is affected by plasmid copy number; and (v) ColE1 plasmid-mediated DNA replication of the lambda phage-ColE1 chimera lambda imm434 Oam29 Pam3 ColE1 is inhibited by ColE1-incompatible but not by ColE1-compatible plasmids.", "contents": "ColE1 plasmid incompatibility: localization and analysis of mutations affecting incompatibility. Deletion mutants of plasmid ColE1 that involve the replication origin and adjacent regions of the plasmid have been studied to determine the mechanism by which those mutations affect the expression of plasmid incompatibility. It was observed that (i) a region of ColE1 that is involved in the expression of plasmid incompatibility lies between base pairs -185 and -684; (ii) the integrity of at least part of the region of ColE1 DNA between base pairs -185 and -572 is essential for the expression of ColE1 incompatibility; (iii) the expression of incompatibility is independent of the ability of the ColE1 genome to replicate autonomously; (iv) plasmid incompatibility is affected by plasmid copy number; and (v) ColE1 plasmid-mediated DNA replication of the lambda phage-ColE1 chimera lambda imm434 Oam29 Pam3 ColE1 is inhibited by ColE1-incompatible but not by ColE1-compatible plasmids.", "PMID": 378980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4378", "title": "Very slow growth of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A recycling fermentor (a chemostat with 100% biomass feedback) was used to study glucose-limited behavior of Escherichia coli B. The expectation from mass transfer analysis that growth would asymptotically approach a limit mass determined by the glucose provision rate (GPR) and the culture's maintenance requirement was not met. Instead, growth proceeded at progressively lower rates through three distinct phases. After the fermentor was seeded, but before glucose became limiting, growth followed the usual, exponential path (phase 1). About 12 h postseeding, residual glucose in the fermentor fell below 1 microgram . ml-1 and the growth rate (dx/dt) became constant and a linear function of GPR (phase 2). The specific growth rate, mu, therefore fell continuously throughout the phase. Biomass yield and glucose assimilation (13%) were near the level for exponential growth, however, and independent of GPR over a broad range. At a critical specific growth rate (0.04 h-1 for this strain), phase 2 ended abruptly and phase 3 commenced. In phase 3, the growth rate was again constant, although lower than in phase 2, so that mu continued to fall, but growth rates and yields were praboloid functions of GPR. They were never zero, however, at any positive value of GPR. By inference, the fraction of metabolic energy used for maintenance functions is constant for a given GPR, although different for phases 2 and 3, and independent of biomass. In both phases 2 and 3, orcinol, diphenylamine, and Lowry reactive materials were secreted at near-constant rates such that over 50% as much biosynthetic mass was secreted as was retained by the cells.", "contents": "Very slow growth of Escherichia coli. A recycling fermentor (a chemostat with 100% biomass feedback) was used to study glucose-limited behavior of Escherichia coli B. The expectation from mass transfer analysis that growth would asymptotically approach a limit mass determined by the glucose provision rate (GPR) and the culture's maintenance requirement was not met. Instead, growth proceeded at progressively lower rates through three distinct phases. After the fermentor was seeded, but before glucose became limiting, growth followed the usual, exponential path (phase 1). About 12 h postseeding, residual glucose in the fermentor fell below 1 microgram . ml-1 and the growth rate (dx/dt) became constant and a linear function of GPR (phase 2). The specific growth rate, mu, therefore fell continuously throughout the phase. Biomass yield and glucose assimilation (13%) were near the level for exponential growth, however, and independent of GPR over a broad range. At a critical specific growth rate (0.04 h-1 for this strain), phase 2 ended abruptly and phase 3 commenced. In phase 3, the growth rate was again constant, although lower than in phase 2, so that mu continued to fall, but growth rates and yields were praboloid functions of GPR. They were never zero, however, at any positive value of GPR. By inference, the fraction of metabolic energy used for maintenance functions is constant for a given GPR, although different for phases 2 and 3, and independent of biomass. In both phases 2 and 3, orcinol, diphenylamine, and Lowry reactive materials were secreted at near-constant rates such that over 50% as much biosynthetic mass was secreted as was retained by the cells.", "PMID": 378981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4379", "title": "Ultrastructure of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium bacteriocin-resistant mutants deficient in the 33K protein.", "content": "Outer membrane mutants of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in one, two, or three of the 33,000-dalton (33K), 34K, and 36K outer membrane proteins (7) were studied by using thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing electron microscopy techniques. The outer concave fracture face of all mutants deficient in the 33K protein had numerous particleless patches. In contrast to all previously examined 34K to 36K-deficient mutants, the 33K-deficient mutants showed marked heterogeneity in the size and distribution of such \"empty\" patches between cells of a culture. One mutant was deficient in both the 33K and the 34K to 36K \"porin\" protein complex; its outer membrane had very large particleless smooth areas. It is concluded that the 33K protein on one hand and the porin on the other are both able to form intramembraneous particles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium bacteriocin-resistant mutants deficient in the 33K protein. Outer membrane mutants of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in one, two, or three of the 33,000-dalton (33K), 34K, and 36K outer membrane proteins (7) were studied by using thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing electron microscopy techniques. The outer concave fracture face of all mutants deficient in the 33K protein had numerous particleless patches. In contrast to all previously examined 34K to 36K-deficient mutants, the 33K-deficient mutants showed marked heterogeneity in the size and distribution of such \"empty\" patches between cells of a culture. One mutant was deficient in both the 33K and the 34K to 36K \"porin\" protein complex; its outer membrane had very large particleless smooth areas. It is concluded that the 33K protein on one hand and the porin on the other are both able to form intramembraneous particles.", "PMID": 378982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4380", "title": "Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid repair in Escherichia coli by caffeine and acriflavine after ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "The effects of caffeine and acriflavine on cell survival, single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid break formation, and postreplication repair in Escherichia coli wild-type WP2 and WP2 uvrA strains after ultraviolet irradiation was studied. Caffeine (0.5 mg/ml) added before and immediately after ultraviolet irradiation inhibited single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breakage in wild-type WP2 cells. Single-strand breaks, once formed, were no longer subject to repair inhibition by caffeine. At 0.5 to 2 mg/ml, caffeine did not affect postreplication repair in uvrA strains. These data are consistent with the survival data of both irradiated WP2 and uvrA strains in the presence and absence of caffeine. In unirradiated WP2 and uvrA strains, however, a high caffeine concentration (greater than 2 mg/ml) resulted in gradual reduction of colony-forming units. At a concentration insufficient to alter survival of unirradiated cells, acriflavine (2 microgram/ml) inhibited both single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breakage and postreplication repair after ultraviolet irradiation. These data suggest that although the modes of action for both caffeine and acriflavine may be similar in the inhibition of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid break formation, they differ in their mechanisms of action on postreplication repair.", "contents": "Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid repair in Escherichia coli by caffeine and acriflavine after ultraviolet irradiation. The effects of caffeine and acriflavine on cell survival, single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid break formation, and postreplication repair in Escherichia coli wild-type WP2 and WP2 uvrA strains after ultraviolet irradiation was studied. Caffeine (0.5 mg/ml) added before and immediately after ultraviolet irradiation inhibited single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breakage in wild-type WP2 cells. Single-strand breaks, once formed, were no longer subject to repair inhibition by caffeine. At 0.5 to 2 mg/ml, caffeine did not affect postreplication repair in uvrA strains. These data are consistent with the survival data of both irradiated WP2 and uvrA strains in the presence and absence of caffeine. In unirradiated WP2 and uvrA strains, however, a high caffeine concentration (greater than 2 mg/ml) resulted in gradual reduction of colony-forming units. At a concentration insufficient to alter survival of unirradiated cells, acriflavine (2 microgram/ml) inhibited both single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breakage and postreplication repair after ultraviolet irradiation. These data suggest that although the modes of action for both caffeine and acriflavine may be similar in the inhibition of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid break formation, they differ in their mechanisms of action on postreplication repair.", "PMID": 378983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4381", "title": "Introduction of bacteriophage lambda into cells of Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "We have shown that a mutation in the cro gene of phage lambda greatly reduces zygotic induction. This observation has allowed us to move this phage on an episome into cells of Klebsiella aerogenes where it grows as well as in cells of Escherichia coli. This technique should allow the introduction of various derivatives of lambda into any organism which is able to receive deoxyribonucleic acid from E. coli.", "contents": "Introduction of bacteriophage lambda into cells of Klebsiella aerogenes. We have shown that a mutation in the cro gene of phage lambda greatly reduces zygotic induction. This observation has allowed us to move this phage on an episome into cells of Klebsiella aerogenes where it grows as well as in cells of Escherichia coli. This technique should allow the introduction of various derivatives of lambda into any organism which is able to receive deoxyribonucleic acid from E. coli.", "PMID": 378984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4382", "title": "Conditional-lethal deoxyribonucleic acid ligase mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ligase mutant has been identified among a collection of temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutants isolated recently (Sevastopoulos, Wehr, and Glaser, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3485-3489, 1977). At the nonpermissive temperature DNA synthesis in the mutant stops rapidly, the DNA is degraded to acid-soluble material, and cell death ensures. This suggests that the mutant may be among the most ligase-deficient strains yet characterized.", "contents": "Conditional-lethal deoxyribonucleic acid ligase mutant of Escherichia coli. A new Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ligase mutant has been identified among a collection of temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutants isolated recently (Sevastopoulos, Wehr, and Glaser, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3485-3489, 1977). At the nonpermissive temperature DNA synthesis in the mutant stops rapidly, the DNA is degraded to acid-soluble material, and cell death ensures. This suggests that the mutant may be among the most ligase-deficient strains yet characterized.", "PMID": 378985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4383", "title": "Enhancing the efficacy of lithium treatment by combined use with diuretics and low sodium diets: a preliminary report.", "content": "Because reports have indicated that sodium metabolism may bear some influence on manic-depressive illness, the present study was designed to test the efficacy of sodium depletion in enhancing lithium's therapeutic effect. Twenty-seven manic patients refractory to lithium doses producing therapeutic serum lithium levels were subjected to lithium alone, lithium in combination with a thiazide diuretic, and lithium in combination with a low sodium diet. Results indicated that such combinations could be helpful in reducing manic symptoms in the majority of patients without engendering undue toxicity. While mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated, it appears that such combinations may be safely administered to those manic patients not responding to lithium alone or to those requiring lithium but suffering either a lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or other severe side effects. However, caution is still advised in employing these combinations until further, better controlled research substantiates these preliminary data.", "contents": "Enhancing the efficacy of lithium treatment by combined use with diuretics and low sodium diets: a preliminary report. Because reports have indicated that sodium metabolism may bear some influence on manic-depressive illness, the present study was designed to test the efficacy of sodium depletion in enhancing lithium's therapeutic effect. Twenty-seven manic patients refractory to lithium doses producing therapeutic serum lithium levels were subjected to lithium alone, lithium in combination with a thiazide diuretic, and lithium in combination with a low sodium diet. Results indicated that such combinations could be helpful in reducing manic symptoms in the majority of patients without engendering undue toxicity. While mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated, it appears that such combinations may be safely administered to those manic patients not responding to lithium alone or to those requiring lithium but suffering either a lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or other severe side effects. However, caution is still advised in employing these combinations until further, better controlled research substantiates these preliminary data.", "PMID": 378986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4384", "title": "A new structural protein located in the Z lines of chicken skeletal muscle.", "content": "A new structural protein was purified from a prolonged 0.6 M KI extract of residues of chicken skeletal myofibrils, from which myosin, actin, and some other proteins had been removed. The protein had a chain weight of 55,000. The indirect immunofluorescence technique using antiserum against the 55,000 dalton protein revealed that the protein was exclusively located in the Z lines of a myofibril. The new protein formed lattice structures in vitro which were similar to those observed in the Z lines in situ.", "contents": "A new structural protein located in the Z lines of chicken skeletal muscle. A new structural protein was purified from a prolonged 0.6 M KI extract of residues of chicken skeletal myofibrils, from which myosin, actin, and some other proteins had been removed. The protein had a chain weight of 55,000. The indirect immunofluorescence technique using antiserum against the 55,000 dalton protein revealed that the protein was exclusively located in the Z lines of a myofibril. The new protein formed lattice structures in vitro which were similar to those observed in the Z lines in situ.", "PMID": 378987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4385", "title": "Comparison of denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride of the wild type tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit of Escherichia coli and two mutant protein (Glu 49 replaced by Met or Gln).", "content": "In order to elucidate the roles of individual amino acid residues in the conformational stability of proteins, the denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride of the wild-type trytophan synthase alpha-subunit of Escherichia coli and two mutant proteins, trpA33 (Glu 49 leads to Met) and trpA11 (Glu 49 leads to Gln), has been compared by means of CD measurements at pH 7.0 and various temperatures. CD spectra of the two mutant proteins were similar to that of the wild-type protein. The trpA33 and the trpA11 proteins were more and less resistant, respectively, to guanidine hydrochloride than the wild-type protein at 9.7 to 49.6 degrees C. The free energy change of unfolding in water delta delta Gnd H2O, was evaluated assuming a three state denaturation, since the denaturation curves of three proteins suggested the presence of one stable intermediate. The values of delta Gnd H2O for the trpA33, the wild-type, and the trpA11 proteins at 25.8 degrees C and pH 7.0 were 13.4,8.8, and 6.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The delta Gnd H2O of the trpA11 protein was almost independent of temperature, though that of the trpA33 protein was remarkably dependent on temperature. The conformation stabilities of the three proteins were correlated with the hydrophobicities of the substituted amino acid residues.", "contents": "Comparison of denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride of the wild type tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit of Escherichia coli and two mutant protein (Glu 49 replaced by Met or Gln). In order to elucidate the roles of individual amino acid residues in the conformational stability of proteins, the denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride of the wild-type trytophan synthase alpha-subunit of Escherichia coli and two mutant proteins, trpA33 (Glu 49 leads to Met) and trpA11 (Glu 49 leads to Gln), has been compared by means of CD measurements at pH 7.0 and various temperatures. CD spectra of the two mutant proteins were similar to that of the wild-type protein. The trpA33 and the trpA11 proteins were more and less resistant, respectively, to guanidine hydrochloride than the wild-type protein at 9.7 to 49.6 degrees C. The free energy change of unfolding in water delta delta Gnd H2O, was evaluated assuming a three state denaturation, since the denaturation curves of three proteins suggested the presence of one stable intermediate. The values of delta Gnd H2O for the trpA33, the wild-type, and the trpA11 proteins at 25.8 degrees C and pH 7.0 were 13.4,8.8, and 6.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The delta Gnd H2O of the trpA11 protein was almost independent of temperature, though that of the trpA33 protein was remarkably dependent on temperature. The conformation stabilities of the three proteins were correlated with the hydrophobicities of the substituted amino acid residues.", "PMID": 378988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4386", "title": "Kinetics of selective acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in the synthesis of phospholipid molecular species.", "content": "The kinetics of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.15] reaction support the view that the selective acylation primarily depends on the differences in the affinity of the enzyme for acyl-CoAs.", "contents": "Kinetics of selective acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in the synthesis of phospholipid molecular species. The kinetics of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.15] reaction support the view that the selective acylation primarily depends on the differences in the affinity of the enzyme for acyl-CoAs.", "PMID": 378989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4387", "title": "Studies on delta8-delta7 isomerization and methyl transfer of sterols in ergosterol biosynthesis of yeast.", "content": "The formation of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol and its activity as a substrate for the sterol side-chain methyltransferase in yeast have not previously been studied. Experiments with acetone-powder extracts of yeast showed that the sterol is formed from zymosterol by delta8-delta7 isomerization. However, direct conversion of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol into zymosterol could not be demonstrated. The reversibility of the reaction was proved by the detection of 3H-incorporation into cholesta-8-en-3 beta-ol (with lathosterol as a carrier) from [3H]H2O in the medium. Incubation of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine with the acetone-powder extract resulted in methylation of the sterol to form episterol. Similar  incubation of zymosterol gave fecosterol and episterol, suggesting that fecosterol initially formed by the methylation was isomerized to episterol. In intact cells, however, an alternative pathway (zymosterol yields cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol yields episterol) may also operate. The relative importance of the two pathways is not known.", "contents": "Studies on delta8-delta7 isomerization and methyl transfer of sterols in ergosterol biosynthesis of yeast. The formation of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol and its activity as a substrate for the sterol side-chain methyltransferase in yeast have not previously been studied. Experiments with acetone-powder extracts of yeast showed that the sterol is formed from zymosterol by delta8-delta7 isomerization. However, direct conversion of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol into zymosterol could not be demonstrated. The reversibility of the reaction was proved by the detection of 3H-incorporation into cholesta-8-en-3 beta-ol (with lathosterol as a carrier) from [3H]H2O in the medium. Incubation of cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine with the acetone-powder extract resulted in methylation of the sterol to form episterol. Similar  incubation of zymosterol gave fecosterol and episterol, suggesting that fecosterol initially formed by the methylation was isomerized to episterol. In intact cells, however, an alternative pathway (zymosterol yields cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol yields episterol) may also operate. The relative importance of the two pathways is not known.", "PMID": 378990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4388", "title": "Resolution and reconstitution of active transport of calcium by a protein(s) from Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "Membrane protein(s) responsible for the active transport of calcium in membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei have been solubilized from membranes by sodium cholate treatment and partially purified using a hydrophobic resin. Reconstitution of calcium transport was demonstrated by reconstitution of detergent extracted membranes with the partially purified protein. The uptake of calcium in the reconstituted system was sensitive to proton-conducting uncouplers. Liposomes prepared with partially purified calcium translocating protein were capable of accumulating calcium. The uptake of calcium in this system occurred as a result of an artificial proton gradient generated by the reduction of entrapped ferricyanide with ascorbate-benzoquinone serving as a hydrogen carrier. The addition of the ionophore A23187 caused efflux of accumulated calcium in both native and proteoliposomal-reconstituted system.", "contents": "Resolution and reconstitution of active transport of calcium by a protein(s) from Mycobacterium phlei. Membrane protein(s) responsible for the active transport of calcium in membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei have been solubilized from membranes by sodium cholate treatment and partially purified using a hydrophobic resin. Reconstitution of calcium transport was demonstrated by reconstitution of detergent extracted membranes with the partially purified protein. The uptake of calcium in the reconstituted system was sensitive to proton-conducting uncouplers. Liposomes prepared with partially purified calcium translocating protein were capable of accumulating calcium. The uptake of calcium in this system occurred as a result of an artificial proton gradient generated by the reduction of entrapped ferricyanide with ascorbate-benzoquinone serving as a hydrogen carrier. The addition of the ionophore A23187 caused efflux of accumulated calcium in both native and proteoliposomal-reconstituted system.", "PMID": 378992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4389", "title": "Transfer RNA control of the activation of isomeric tRNATrp's.", "content": "Previous studies of the homologous aminoacylations of Escherichia coli and yeast tRNATrp's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine established that E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activates its cognate tRNA preferentially on the 2' position, while the corresponding yeast enzyme utilizes the 3' position on its homologous substrate tRNA. As this seemed to be the only change in positional specificity during evolution, the heterologous activations were investigated in an effort to determine the basis for this change. Remarkably, E. coli tRNATrp terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine was found to be the preferred substrate for both the E. coli and yeast activating enzymes, while the same tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase preparations both activated the isomeric yeast tRNATrp's preferentially on the 3' position. Thus, the preferred position of activation was found to be specified by the tRNA rather than the activating enzyme and, additionally, to be due to some process not reflected in initial velocity measurements. The variable utilization of individual modified aminoacyl-tRNA's as substrates in an enzyme-catalyzed deacylation process appears to provide the most likely explanation for the experimental observations.", "contents": "Transfer RNA control of the activation of isomeric tRNATrp's. Previous studies of the homologous aminoacylations of Escherichia coli and yeast tRNATrp's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine established that E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activates its cognate tRNA preferentially on the 2' position, while the corresponding yeast enzyme utilizes the 3' position on its homologous substrate tRNA. As this seemed to be the only change in positional specificity during evolution, the heterologous activations were investigated in an effort to determine the basis for this change. Remarkably, E. coli tRNATrp terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine was found to be the preferred substrate for both the E. coli and yeast activating enzymes, while the same tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase preparations both activated the isomeric yeast tRNATrp's preferentially on the 3' position. Thus, the preferred position of activation was found to be specified by the tRNA rather than the activating enzyme and, additionally, to be due to some process not reflected in initial velocity measurements. The variable utilization of individual modified aminoacyl-tRNA's as substrates in an enzyme-catalyzed deacylation process appears to provide the most likely explanation for the experimental observations.", "PMID": 378993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4390", "title": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep. Synthesis, cloning, and characterization of DNA sequences coding for the beta B, beta C, and gamma-globin mRNAs.", "content": "Synthetic double-stranded DNAs (sDNAs) were prepared from sheep globin mRNA templates isolated from reticulocytes producing either hemoglobin B (HbB) (alpha 2 beta B2), HbC (alpha 2 beta C2), or HbF (alpha 2 gamma 2). These DNAs were inserted into the Eco RI site of plasmid pMB9 by the homopolymer tailing method and used to transform Escherichia coli X1776 to tetracycline resistance. Recombinant clones were identified by colony hybridization and further characterized by molecular hybridization and restriction endonuclease analysis. All plasmids analyzed thus far contained either beta- or gamma-globin DNA sequences. Moreover, sDNAs used for cloning yielded restriction endonuclease fragments consistent with the presence of predominantly beta- or gamma-sDNA, indicating that formation of double-stranded alpha-sDNA proceeds much less efficiently under our conditions than the formation of non-alpha-sDNAs. Three recombinant plasmids, pS beta B2, pS beta C69, and pS gamma 56, were selected for detailed study. These were shown to contain, respectively, beta B-, beta C-, and gamma-DNA sequences by molecular hybridization and by protection of the appropriate cDNAs from S1 nuclease digestion. Each contained all of the restriction endonuclease sites defined for the synthetic sDNAs and protected at least 90% of the sequence length of homologous cDNA. Restriction endonuclease maps of the beta B- and beta C-globin genes were identical at all 12 sites that were mapped, whereas four differences were identified in the gamma gene compared to the two others; three of these corresponded to differences in amino acid sequence of the globins. A method was developed to isolate the anti-mRNA strand of the insert for use as a specific molecular hybridization probe analogous to complementary DNA.", "contents": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep. Synthesis, cloning, and characterization of DNA sequences coding for the beta B, beta C, and gamma-globin mRNAs. Synthetic double-stranded DNAs (sDNAs) were prepared from sheep globin mRNA templates isolated from reticulocytes producing either hemoglobin B (HbB) (alpha 2 beta B2), HbC (alpha 2 beta C2), or HbF (alpha 2 gamma 2). These DNAs were inserted into the Eco RI site of plasmid pMB9 by the homopolymer tailing method and used to transform Escherichia coli X1776 to tetracycline resistance. Recombinant clones were identified by colony hybridization and further characterized by molecular hybridization and restriction endonuclease analysis. All plasmids analyzed thus far contained either beta- or gamma-globin DNA sequences. Moreover, sDNAs used for cloning yielded restriction endonuclease fragments consistent with the presence of predominantly beta- or gamma-sDNA, indicating that formation of double-stranded alpha-sDNA proceeds much less efficiently under our conditions than the formation of non-alpha-sDNAs. Three recombinant plasmids, pS beta B2, pS beta C69, and pS gamma 56, were selected for detailed study. These were shown to contain, respectively, beta B-, beta C-, and gamma-DNA sequences by molecular hybridization and by protection of the appropriate cDNAs from S1 nuclease digestion. Each contained all of the restriction endonuclease sites defined for the synthetic sDNAs and protected at least 90% of the sequence length of homologous cDNA. Restriction endonuclease maps of the beta B- and beta C-globin genes were identical at all 12 sites that were mapped, whereas four differences were identified in the gamma gene compared to the two others; three of these corresponded to differences in amino acid sequence of the globins. A method was developed to isolate the anti-mRNA strand of the insert for use as a specific molecular hybridization probe analogous to complementary DNA.", "PMID": 378994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4391", "title": "Both positional isomers of aminoacyl-tRNA's are bound by elongation factor Tu.", "content": "Six purified Escherichia coli and yeast tRNA's were converted to positionally defined tRNA's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine; the modified (amino-acyl) tRNA's were compared for their abilities to bind to elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in the presence both of GTP and guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-P(NH)P). Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA . EF-Tu . guanine nucleotide ternary complexes was monitored by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Ultrogel ACA 44 columns and also by measurement of the ability of the factor to diminish the rate of chemical hydrolysis of the aminoacyl-tRNA's. The apparent positional specificity of the factor was found to be affected substantially both by the choice of guanine nucleotide and gel filtration resin utilized, but not in any systematic fashion. Likewise, assay of ternary complex formation by diminution of the rate of chemical deacylation failed to reveal any consistent positional preference from one isoacceptor to another. It is worthy of note that each modified aminoacyl-tRNA tested did form a ternary complex with EF-Tu under each of the experimental conditions used for assay, but that in each case the difference in affinity of the factor for isomeric aminoacyl-tRNA's was less than that between either of the modified aminoacyl-tRNA's and the corresponding unmodified species. On the basis of the experiments performed, we conclude that (i) EF-Tu has remarkable conformation flexibility, possibly reflecting its physiological role in recognizing 20 tRNA isoacceptors and (ii) the factor has no obvious preference for a single positional isomer of aminoacyl-tRNA and it is not clear that any preference that might exist could be established convincingly using tRNA's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine.", "contents": "Both positional isomers of aminoacyl-tRNA's are bound by elongation factor Tu. Six purified Escherichia coli and yeast tRNA's were converted to positionally defined tRNA's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine; the modified (amino-acyl) tRNA's were compared for their abilities to bind to elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in the presence both of GTP and guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-P(NH)P). Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA . EF-Tu . guanine nucleotide ternary complexes was monitored by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Ultrogel ACA 44 columns and also by measurement of the ability of the factor to diminish the rate of chemical hydrolysis of the aminoacyl-tRNA's. The apparent positional specificity of the factor was found to be affected substantially both by the choice of guanine nucleotide and gel filtration resin utilized, but not in any systematic fashion. Likewise, assay of ternary complex formation by diminution of the rate of chemical deacylation failed to reveal any consistent positional preference from one isoacceptor to another. It is worthy of note that each modified aminoacyl-tRNA tested did form a ternary complex with EF-Tu under each of the experimental conditions used for assay, but that in each case the difference in affinity of the factor for isomeric aminoacyl-tRNA's was less than that between either of the modified aminoacyl-tRNA's and the corresponding unmodified species. On the basis of the experiments performed, we conclude that (i) EF-Tu has remarkable conformation flexibility, possibly reflecting its physiological role in recognizing 20 tRNA isoacceptors and (ii) the factor has no obvious preference for a single positional isomer of aminoacyl-tRNA and it is not clear that any preference that might exist could be established convincingly using tRNA's terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine.", "PMID": 378996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4392", "title": "The effect of chemical modification of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine on tRNA function.", "content": "The minor base 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) in Escherichia coli tRNAPhe was acylated with the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of acetic, phenoxy-acetic, and naphthoxyacetic acid, as well as the ester of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (dansyl)-glycine. The derivatives of tRNAPhe formed were all capable of accepting phenylalanine. There were only minor effects on the kinetic parameters of these derivatives for E. coli phenylalanyl-tRNA  synthetase. There was no effect on the ability of tRNAPhe to participate in poly(U)- or poly(ACU)-directed polypeptide synthesis or in the poly(U)-stimulated binding to E. coli ribosomes. The rate of photodynamic cross-linking of 4-Srd 8 to Cyd 13 was decreased in tRNAs containing the acetyl and dansyl-glycyl derivatives of acp3U, indicating that acylation of this base may perturb the tertiary structure of the tRNA. This base in tRNAPhe does not appear to play any role in the known biological functions of tRNAPhe.", "contents": "The effect of chemical modification of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine on tRNA function. The minor base 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) in Escherichia coli tRNAPhe was acylated with the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of acetic, phenoxy-acetic, and naphthoxyacetic acid, as well as the ester of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (dansyl)-glycine. The derivatives of tRNAPhe formed were all capable of accepting phenylalanine. There were only minor effects on the kinetic parameters of these derivatives for E. coli phenylalanyl-tRNA  synthetase. There was no effect on the ability of tRNAPhe to participate in poly(U)- or poly(ACU)-directed polypeptide synthesis or in the poly(U)-stimulated binding to E. coli ribosomes. The rate of photodynamic cross-linking of 4-Srd 8 to Cyd 13 was decreased in tRNAs containing the acetyl and dansyl-glycyl derivatives of acp3U, indicating that acylation of this base may perturb the tertiary structure of the tRNA. This base in tRNAPhe does not appear to play any role in the known biological functions of tRNAPhe.", "PMID": 378998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4393", "title": "Preparative enzymatic synthesis and hydrophobic chromatography of acyl-acyl carrier protein.", "content": "We have used purified preparations of acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase to prepare pure, native acyl-acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACP) ranging in chain lengths from C10:0 to C delta 9 18:1. Factors affecting yield are explored and reaction conditions are presented that yield 0.8 to 0.9 mg of C16:0-ACP/ml of reaction mix. Ohter acyl groups, such as C10:0 and C delta 9 18:1 are poorer substrates and gave correspondingly lower yields. Acyl-Acp synthetase may be recovered from the reaction mixture using blue-Sepharose CL-6B and recycled. ACP and acyl-ACP are separated by hydrophobic chromatography on octyl-Sepharose CL-4B. Mixtures of acyl-ACPs could be resolved according to acyl chain length using octyl-Sepharose CL-4B columns eluted with a 2-propanol gradient. The high resolution obtained using 2-propanol gradients to separate acyl-ACP species suggests that similar techniques would be applicable to the chromatography of protein mixtures on hydrophobic supports.", "contents": "Preparative enzymatic synthesis and hydrophobic chromatography of acyl-acyl carrier protein. We have used purified preparations of acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase to prepare pure, native acyl-acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACP) ranging in chain lengths from C10:0 to C delta 9 18:1. Factors affecting yield are explored and reaction conditions are presented that yield 0.8 to 0.9 mg of C16:0-ACP/ml of reaction mix. Ohter acyl groups, such as C10:0 and C delta 9 18:1 are poorer substrates and gave correspondingly lower yields. Acyl-Acp synthetase may be recovered from the reaction mixture using blue-Sepharose CL-6B and recycled. ACP and acyl-ACP are separated by hydrophobic chromatography on octyl-Sepharose CL-4B. Mixtures of acyl-ACPs could be resolved according to acyl chain length using octyl-Sepharose CL-4B columns eluted with a 2-propanol gradient. The high resolution obtained using 2-propanol gradients to separate acyl-ACP species suggests that similar techniques would be applicable to the chromatography of protein mixtures on hydrophobic supports.", "PMID": 379000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4394", "title": "Competitive inhibitors of rabbit hepatic microsomal 12 alpha-steroid hydroxylase.", "content": "Rabbit hepatic microsomal 12 alpha-steroid hydroxylase which is stable to storage at -70 degrees C in the pellet form was assayed for activity with [5 alpha,6 alpha-3H2]cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha-diol solubilized with Tween 80 since methanol was incapable of maintaining the sterol in aqueous solution. Under optimized conditions in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing nicotinamide, magnesium chloride, and NADPH, the enzyme conversion appeared linear for the initial 10 min. The rate of hydroxylation was proportional to protein concentration up to 4 mg/ml. Apparent Km and Vmax were 71 microM and 323 pmol of product/mg of protein/min. Based on the known structural requirements of the enzyme system, competitive inhibitors were prepared with the C-12 position derivatized as an alkene, hydroxyl, or oxo functional group. A Dixon plot revealed that 5 alpha-cholest-11-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol was the best inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 26 microM.", "contents": "Competitive inhibitors of rabbit hepatic microsomal 12 alpha-steroid hydroxylase. Rabbit hepatic microsomal 12 alpha-steroid hydroxylase which is stable to storage at -70 degrees C in the pellet form was assayed for activity with [5 alpha,6 alpha-3H2]cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha-diol solubilized with Tween 80 since methanol was incapable of maintaining the sterol in aqueous solution. Under optimized conditions in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing nicotinamide, magnesium chloride, and NADPH, the enzyme conversion appeared linear for the initial 10 min. The rate of hydroxylation was proportional to protein concentration up to 4 mg/ml. Apparent Km and Vmax were 71 microM and 323 pmol of product/mg of protein/min. Based on the known structural requirements of the enzyme system, competitive inhibitors were prepared with the C-12 position derivatized as an alkene, hydroxyl, or oxo functional group. A Dixon plot revealed that 5 alpha-cholest-11-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol was the best inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 26 microM.", "PMID": 379001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4395", "title": "Role of a membranous sialyltransferase complex in the synthesis of surface polymers containing polysialic acid in Escherichia coli. Temperature-induced alteration in the assembly process.", "content": "Membrane-associated sialyltransferase complexes of Escherichia coli K-235 catalyze the synthesis of sialyl polymers which remain associated with the cell envelope. Sialyl monophosphorylundecaprenol is an intermediate in the formation of these unique surface structures, and fluidity of the lipid phase is required for the proper function of the enzyme complex (Troy, F.A., Vijay, I.K., and Tesche, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 156-163, 164-170). In membranes containing an increased unsaturated fatty acid content of the phospholipids, obtained by growing cells at 15 degrees C, synthesis of polysialic acid was uncoupled from synthesis of the sialyl lipid-linked intermediate. Using reconstruction experiments, the importance of the role of an endogenous acceptor in polymer formation was suggested by the unexpected finding that polysialic acid synthesis could be reactivated in inactive membranes by the addition of an exogenous acceptor which contained sialic acid. Concomitant with polymer synthesis was a rapid loss of labeled sialic acid from the lipid phase. The activated sialic acid was shown to be transferred directly to the exogenous acceptor. These results establish: 1) that the temperature-induced alteration in polymer synthesis resulted from the inability of cells grown at 15 degrees C to either synthesize or assemble a functional endogenous acceptor and not from a defect in the synthesis of the sialyltransferase; 2) the intermediate precursor role of lipid-soluble sialic acid in sialyl polymer synthesis; and 3) that the exogenous acceptor served directly as an \"acceptor\" and not as a catalytic \"effector\" which stimulated an inactive membrane-enzyme complex. These results are in accord with the possibility that the low temperature-induced derangement in polymer formation is a consequence of the altered lipid structure resulting from the greater unsaturated fatty acid content in the membrane phospholipids. U-14C-labeled exogenous acceptor was isolated from the culture filtrate of cells grown at 37 degrees C and purified to homogeneity by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure acceptor was characterized structurally as a homopolymer of sialic acid with a degree of polymerization of approximately 12. Potassium borohydride reduction of the acceptor prior to complete hydrolysis with neuraminidase established that the polymer possessed a free reducing terminus of sialic acid. Subsequent structural studies showed that these oligomers of sialic acid appeared in the culture filtrate as a result of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis from membrane-associated polysialic acids of about 150 to 200 sialyl residues. Marked diminution of several membrane proteins was observed for cells grown at 15 degrees C. The possible relationship of these alterations to the upward shift in unsaturated lipids and to the loss of a functional endogenous acceptor is currently under study.", "contents": "Role of a membranous sialyltransferase complex in the synthesis of surface polymers containing polysialic acid in Escherichia coli. Temperature-induced alteration in the assembly process. Membrane-associated sialyltransferase complexes of Escherichia coli K-235 catalyze the synthesis of sialyl polymers which remain associated with the cell envelope. Sialyl monophosphorylundecaprenol is an intermediate in the formation of these unique surface structures, and fluidity of the lipid phase is required for the proper function of the enzyme complex (Troy, F.A., Vijay, I.K., and Tesche, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 156-163, 164-170). In membranes containing an increased unsaturated fatty acid content of the phospholipids, obtained by growing cells at 15 degrees C, synthesis of polysialic acid was uncoupled from synthesis of the sialyl lipid-linked intermediate. Using reconstruction experiments, the importance of the role of an endogenous acceptor in polymer formation was suggested by the unexpected finding that polysialic acid synthesis could be reactivated in inactive membranes by the addition of an exogenous acceptor which contained sialic acid. Concomitant with polymer synthesis was a rapid loss of labeled sialic acid from the lipid phase. The activated sialic acid was shown to be transferred directly to the exogenous acceptor. These results establish: 1) that the temperature-induced alteration in polymer synthesis resulted from the inability of cells grown at 15 degrees C to either synthesize or assemble a functional endogenous acceptor and not from a defect in the synthesis of the sialyltransferase; 2) the intermediate precursor role of lipid-soluble sialic acid in sialyl polymer synthesis; and 3) that the exogenous acceptor served directly as an \"acceptor\" and not as a catalytic \"effector\" which stimulated an inactive membrane-enzyme complex. These results are in accord with the possibility that the low temperature-induced derangement in polymer formation is a consequence of the altered lipid structure resulting from the greater unsaturated fatty acid content in the membrane phospholipids. U-14C-labeled exogenous acceptor was isolated from the culture filtrate of cells grown at 37 degrees C and purified to homogeneity by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure acceptor was characterized structurally as a homopolymer of sialic acid with a degree of polymerization of approximately 12. Potassium borohydride reduction of the acceptor prior to complete hydrolysis with neuraminidase established that the polymer possessed a free reducing terminus of sialic acid. Subsequent structural studies showed that these oligomers of sialic acid appeared in the culture filtrate as a result of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis from membrane-associated polysialic acids of about 150 to 200 sialyl residues. Marked diminution of several membrane proteins was observed for cells grown at 15 degrees C. The possible relationship of these alterations to the upward shift in unsaturated lipids and to the loss of a functional endogenous acceptor is currently under study.", "PMID": 379003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4396", "title": "The product of the his4 gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A trifunctional polypeptide.", "content": "The his4 region of yeast encodes the information for the third (phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase), second (phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase), and tenth (histidinol dehydrogenase) steps in the histidine biosynthetic pathway. These three activities co-purify with a single protein which has a subunit molecular weight of 95,000 (95,000 protein), as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Extracts of yeast strains which carry nonsense or deletion mutations in various portions of the his4 region, purified in parallel by affinity chromatography on AMP-agarose columns, were examined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis slabs. All such mutant extracts examined were found to lack the 95,000 protein found in a strain carrying a wild type his4 allele. The presence of a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, during the purification of the trifunctional enzyme prevented the degradation of the 95,000 protein to polypeptides of lower molecular weight. Monospecific antibody prepared against the 95,000 protein removed all three of the activities specified by his4 from solution; active 95,000 protein was recovered in the resuspended immunoprecipitates. All this evidence shows that the product of the his4 region is a trifunctional, 95,000-dalton protein. Preliminary evidence from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, NH2-terminal analysis, and gel filtration column chromatography indicates that the native trifunctional enzyme is a dimer of identical 95,000-dalton subunits.", "contents": "The product of the his4 gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A trifunctional polypeptide. The his4 region of yeast encodes the information for the third (phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase), second (phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase), and tenth (histidinol dehydrogenase) steps in the histidine biosynthetic pathway. These three activities co-purify with a single protein which has a subunit molecular weight of 95,000 (95,000 protein), as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Extracts of yeast strains which carry nonsense or deletion mutations in various portions of the his4 region, purified in parallel by affinity chromatography on AMP-agarose columns, were examined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis slabs. All such mutant extracts examined were found to lack the 95,000 protein found in a strain carrying a wild type his4 allele. The presence of a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, during the purification of the trifunctional enzyme prevented the degradation of the 95,000 protein to polypeptides of lower molecular weight. Monospecific antibody prepared against the 95,000 protein removed all three of the activities specified by his4 from solution; active 95,000 protein was recovered in the resuspended immunoprecipitates. All this evidence shows that the product of the his4 region is a trifunctional, 95,000-dalton protein. Preliminary evidence from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, NH2-terminal analysis, and gel filtration column chromatography indicates that the native trifunctional enzyme is a dimer of identical 95,000-dalton subunits.", "PMID": 379004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4397", "title": "Expression of the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, in the human leukemic cell line K562.", "content": "We have found that the human leukemic cell line K562 (Lozzio, C.B., and Lozzio, B.B. (1975) Blood 45, 321-334) synthesizes a surface membrane glycoprotein which is identical or closely similar to the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. The protein can be precipitated by specific anti-glycophorin A antiserum both from surface-labeled and metabolically labeled K562 cells. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of glycophorin A from red cells and the K562 cell protein gives apparently identical fragments, and the glycopeptides and oligosaccharides obtained after Pronase and mild alkaline treatment are closely similar. An antiserum made against intact K562 cells and absorbed with normal human white blood cells precipitated surface-labeled glycophorin A from erythrocytes. The amount of glycophorin A per cell in erythrocytes and K562 cells was very similar when determined by radioimmunoassay. The K562 cells contained blood group MN activity when tested with rabbit anti-M and anti-N sera. When incubated at 37 degrees C with rabbit anti-glycophorin A F(AB)2 fragments and fluorescent sheep anti-rabbit IgG, partial redistribution of glycophorin A (patching and capping) was seen in K562 cells but not in erythrocytes.", "contents": "Expression of the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, in the human leukemic cell line K562. We have found that the human leukemic cell line K562 (Lozzio, C.B., and Lozzio, B.B. (1975) Blood 45, 321-334) synthesizes a surface membrane glycoprotein which is identical or closely similar to the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. The protein can be precipitated by specific anti-glycophorin A antiserum both from surface-labeled and metabolically labeled K562 cells. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of glycophorin A from red cells and the K562 cell protein gives apparently identical fragments, and the glycopeptides and oligosaccharides obtained after Pronase and mild alkaline treatment are closely similar. An antiserum made against intact K562 cells and absorbed with normal human white blood cells precipitated surface-labeled glycophorin A from erythrocytes. The amount of glycophorin A per cell in erythrocytes and K562 cells was very similar when determined by radioimmunoassay. The K562 cells contained blood group MN activity when tested with rabbit anti-M and anti-N sera. When incubated at 37 degrees C with rabbit anti-glycophorin A F(AB)2 fragments and fluorescent sheep anti-rabbit IgG, partial redistribution of glycophorin A (patching and capping) was seen in K562 cells but not in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 379005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4398", "title": "A new method of patellectomy for patellofemoral arthritis.", "content": "Total patellectomy, although it has a biomechanical disadvantage in that it may lead to a degree of quadriceps weakness, is frequently indicated in selected patients. Numerous different techniques of performing patellectomy have been described. In this paper, we present a technique of performing a patellectomy in which the continuity of the quadriceps mechanism is not disrupted and the vastuc medialis is advanced. Twenty-six patients (twenty-nine knees) in whom the procedure was performed were studied retrospectively. The findings in this series showed 90 per cent good or excellent results, two cases of extensor lag, an average of 118 degrees of knee flexion, minimum quadriceps atrophy with good strength, and minimum postoperative immobilization. The method presented has the important advantage of an easier, smoother postoperative knee-rehabilitation period, which is extremely advantageous in elderly patients.", "contents": "A new method of patellectomy for patellofemoral arthritis. Total patellectomy, although it has a biomechanical disadvantage in that it may lead to a degree of quadriceps weakness, is frequently indicated in selected patients. Numerous different techniques of performing patellectomy have been described. In this paper, we present a technique of performing a patellectomy in which the continuity of the quadriceps mechanism is not disrupted and the vastuc medialis is advanced. Twenty-six patients (twenty-nine knees) in whom the procedure was performed were studied retrospectively. The findings in this series showed 90 per cent good or excellent results, two cases of extensor lag, an average of 118 degrees of knee flexion, minimum quadriceps atrophy with good strength, and minimum postoperative immobilization. The method presented has the important advantage of an easier, smoother postoperative knee-rehabilitation period, which is extremely advantageous in elderly patients.", "PMID": 379006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4399", "title": "The design of clinical trials comparing pi-meson therapy with conventional radiotherapy.", "content": "Comparative clinical trials of pi-meson therapy for several tumor sites will be performed in Vancouver using the TRIUMF facility. The design of these trials poses some particular problems related to the limited numbers of patients available. In this paper, some principles of study design are set forth and applied to the issue of randomised and non-randomised designs in general, and to the pi-meson trials in particular.", "contents": "The design of clinical trials comparing pi-meson therapy with conventional radiotherapy. Comparative clinical trials of pi-meson therapy for several tumor sites will be performed in Vancouver using the TRIUMF facility. The design of these trials poses some particular problems related to the limited numbers of patients available. In this paper, some principles of study design are set forth and applied to the issue of randomised and non-randomised designs in general, and to the pi-meson trials in particular.", "PMID": 379010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4400", "title": "[Radiological study of 305 cases of spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis].", "content": "Three hundred and five cases of spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis were reviewed. The concept of an acquired lesion must be retained even though a dysplastic lesion may be postulated to account for the familial incidence. The examination in erect position facilitates the diagnosis by favoring slipping. The vast majority of lesions are found at L5-S1. Spina bifida occulta is often found in association with spondylolisthesis. This lesion leads to apophyseal arthrosis and disc degeneration at the involved level. The accentuation of the lombosacral angle is not a predominent factor leading to spondylolysis. This angulation will increase with duration and degree of slipping. CT scan provides an excellent account of the state of the spinal canal at the affected level. Could pseudospondylolisthesis be a headed stage of spondylolysis?", "contents": "[Radiological study of 305 cases of spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis]. Three hundred and five cases of spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis were reviewed. The concept of an acquired lesion must be retained even though a dysplastic lesion may be postulated to account for the familial incidence. The examination in erect position facilitates the diagnosis by favoring slipping. The vast majority of lesions are found at L5-S1. Spina bifida occulta is often found in association with spondylolisthesis. This lesion leads to apophyseal arthrosis and disc degeneration at the involved level. The accentuation of the lombosacral angle is not a predominent factor leading to spondylolysis. This angulation will increase with duration and degree of slipping. CT scan provides an excellent account of the state of the spinal canal at the affected level. Could pseudospondylolisthesis be a headed stage of spondylolysis?", "PMID": 379011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4401", "title": "Sexual conjugation in yeast. Cell surface changes in response to the action of mating hormones.", "content": "In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sexual conjugation between haploid cells of opposite mating type results in the formation of a diploid zygote. When treated with fluorescently labeled concanavalin A, a zygote stains nonuniformly, with the greatest fluorescence occurring at the conjugation bridge between the two haploid parents. In the mating mixture, unconjugated haploid cells often elongate to pear-shaped forms (\"shmoos\") which likewise exhibit asymmetric staining with the most intense fluorescence at the growing end. Shmoo formation can be induced in cells of one mating type by the addition of a hormone secreted by cells of the opposite mating type; such shmoos also stain asymmetrically. In nearly all cases, the nonmating mutants that were examined stained uniformly after incubation with the appropriate hormone. Asymmetric staining is not observed with vegetative cells, even those that are budded. These results suggest that, before and during conjugation, localized cell surface changes occur in cells of both mating types; the surface alterations facilitate fusion and are apparently mediated by the hormones in a manner that is mating-type specific.", "contents": "Sexual conjugation in yeast. Cell surface changes in response to the action of mating hormones. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sexual conjugation between haploid cells of opposite mating type results in the formation of a diploid zygote. When treated with fluorescently labeled concanavalin A, a zygote stains nonuniformly, with the greatest fluorescence occurring at the conjugation bridge between the two haploid parents. In the mating mixture, unconjugated haploid cells often elongate to pear-shaped forms (\"shmoos\") which likewise exhibit asymmetric staining with the most intense fluorescence at the growing end. Shmoo formation can be induced in cells of one mating type by the addition of a hormone secreted by cells of the opposite mating type; such shmoos also stain asymmetrically. In nearly all cases, the nonmating mutants that were examined stained uniformly after incubation with the appropriate hormone. Asymmetric staining is not observed with vegetative cells, even those that are budded. These results suggest that, before and during conjugation, localized cell surface changes occur in cells of both mating types; the surface alterations facilitate fusion and are apparently mediated by the hormones in a manner that is mating-type specific.", "PMID": 379012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4402", "title": "Studies on the organization and localization of actin and myosin in neurons.", "content": "The organization of actin in mouse neuroblastoma and chicken dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nerve cells was investigated by means of a variety of electron microscope techniques. Microspikes of neuroblastoma cells contained bundles of 7- to 8-nm actin filaments which originated in the interior of the neurite. In the presence of high concentrations of Mg++ ion, filaments in these bundles became highly ordered to form paracrystals. Actin filaments, but not bundles, were observed in growth cones of DRG cells. Actin was localized in the cell body, neurites, and microspikes of both DRG and neuroblastoma nerve cells by fluorescein-labeled S1. Myosin was localized primarily in the neurites of chick DRG nerve cells with fluorescein-labeled anti-brain myosin antibody. This antibody also stained stress fibers in fibroblasts and myoblasts but did not stain muscle myofibrils.", "contents": "Studies on the organization and localization of actin and myosin in neurons. The organization of actin in mouse neuroblastoma and chicken dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nerve cells was investigated by means of a variety of electron microscope techniques. Microspikes of neuroblastoma cells contained bundles of 7- to 8-nm actin filaments which originated in the interior of the neurite. In the presence of high concentrations of Mg++ ion, filaments in these bundles became highly ordered to form paracrystals. Actin filaments, but not bundles, were observed in growth cones of DRG cells. Actin was localized in the cell body, neurites, and microspikes of both DRG and neuroblastoma nerve cells by fluorescein-labeled S1. Myosin was localized primarily in the neurites of chick DRG nerve cells with fluorescein-labeled anti-brain myosin antibody. This antibody also stained stress fibers in fibroblasts and myoblasts but did not stain muscle myofibrils.", "PMID": 379013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4403", "title": "Role of calcium ions in the control of embryogenesis of Xenopus. Changes in the subcellular distribution of calcium in early cleavage embryos after treatment with the ionophore A23187.", "content": "Treatment of stage 5 Xenopus embryos with the ionophore A23187 for only 10 min, in the absence of extracellular Mg2+ and Ca2+, causes cortical contractions and a high incidence of abnormal embryos during subsequent development. Cation analysis shows that divalent ions are not lost from the embryos, but that Ca2+ is redistributed within the subcellular fractions. Ca2+ is probably released from yolk platelets and/or pigment granules by the action of A23187, [Ca2+] rises in the cytosol, and the mitochondria attempt to take up this free Ca2+. The mitochondria concomitantly undergo characteristic ultrastructural transformations, changing towards energized-twisted and energized-zigzag conformations. A23187 allows these changes to be demonstrated in situ. Extracellular divalent cations (10(-4) M) interfere with this intracellular action of A23187. Intracellular accumulation of Na+ (by treatment with ouabain) or Li+ also causes abnormal development, probably by promoting a release of Ca2+ from the mitochondria. It is suggested (a) that all these treatments cause a rise in [Ca2+]i which interferes with normal, integrated cell division, so causing, in turn, abnormal embryogenesis, (b) that levels of [Ca2+]i are of importance in regulating cleavage, (c) that the mitochondria could well have a function in regulating [Ca2+]i during embryogenesis in Xenopus, and (d) that vegetalizing agents may well act by promoting a rise in [Ca2+]i in specific cells in the amphibian embryo.", "contents": "Role of calcium ions in the control of embryogenesis of Xenopus. Changes in the subcellular distribution of calcium in early cleavage embryos after treatment with the ionophore A23187. Treatment of stage 5 Xenopus embryos with the ionophore A23187 for only 10 min, in the absence of extracellular Mg2+ and Ca2+, causes cortical contractions and a high incidence of abnormal embryos during subsequent development. Cation analysis shows that divalent ions are not lost from the embryos, but that Ca2+ is redistributed within the subcellular fractions. Ca2+ is probably released from yolk platelets and/or pigment granules by the action of A23187, [Ca2+] rises in the cytosol, and the mitochondria attempt to take up this free Ca2+. The mitochondria concomitantly undergo characteristic ultrastructural transformations, changing towards energized-twisted and energized-zigzag conformations. A23187 allows these changes to be demonstrated in situ. Extracellular divalent cations (10(-4) M) interfere with this intracellular action of A23187. Intracellular accumulation of Na+ (by treatment with ouabain) or Li+ also causes abnormal development, probably by promoting a release of Ca2+ from the mitochondria. It is suggested (a) that all these treatments cause a rise in [Ca2+]i which interferes with normal, integrated cell division, so causing, in turn, abnormal embryogenesis, (b) that levels of [Ca2+]i are of importance in regulating cleavage, (c) that the mitochondria could well have a function in regulating [Ca2+]i during embryogenesis in Xenopus, and (d) that vegetalizing agents may well act by promoting a rise in [Ca2+]i in specific cells in the amphibian embryo.", "PMID": 379014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4404", "title": "Nerve fibers in culture and their interactions with non-neural cells visualized by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Cultures of embryonic mouse spinal cord explants, alone or in combination with rat myotubes, were stained by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against three structural proteins to: (a) reveal the distribution of these proteins among different cell types, and (b) test the usefulness of antibody staining to reveal the gross morphology of the neurite network in complex cultures. Affinity column purified antibodies were used against chicken gizzard actin, porcine brain tubulin, and skeletal muscle alpha-actinin. Neurites were stained intensely by anti-actin as was the stress fiber pattern of underlying fibroblasts. With anti-tubulin, the staining of neurites was an order of magnitude more intense than the staining of the microtubule pattern of background fibroblasts. Neurite cell bodies and astrocyte-like glia cells were stained with anti-tubulin and their nuclei remained unstained. Anti-tubulin could thus be used to trace even the finest extensions of nerve processes in spinal cord and spinal cord-muscle cultures. Furthermore, it could be combined with the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) to demonstrate AChE-positive neurons and specialized nerve-muscle contact sites. The staining of neural elements with anti-alpha-actinin was generally much weaker than with anti-actin and anti-tubulin. Neurites were stained only moderately in comparison to myotube Z lines in the same culture. However, a distinct staining of the periphery of dorsal root ganglion cells was observed. Thus, a protein immunologically related to muscle alpha-actinin is present in the nervous system. In myotubes, Z lines were stained intensely with anti-alpha-actinin while I bands were only faintly stained with anti-actin. In isolated myofibrils, both structures were stained intensely with the same antibody preparations.", "contents": "Nerve fibers in culture and their interactions with non-neural cells visualized by immunofluorescence. Cultures of embryonic mouse spinal cord explants, alone or in combination with rat myotubes, were stained by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against three structural proteins to: (a) reveal the distribution of these proteins among different cell types, and (b) test the usefulness of antibody staining to reveal the gross morphology of the neurite network in complex cultures. Affinity column purified antibodies were used against chicken gizzard actin, porcine brain tubulin, and skeletal muscle alpha-actinin. Neurites were stained intensely by anti-actin as was the stress fiber pattern of underlying fibroblasts. With anti-tubulin, the staining of neurites was an order of magnitude more intense than the staining of the microtubule pattern of background fibroblasts. Neurite cell bodies and astrocyte-like glia cells were stained with anti-tubulin and their nuclei remained unstained. Anti-tubulin could thus be used to trace even the finest extensions of nerve processes in spinal cord and spinal cord-muscle cultures. Furthermore, it could be combined with the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) to demonstrate AChE-positive neurons and specialized nerve-muscle contact sites. The staining of neural elements with anti-alpha-actinin was generally much weaker than with anti-actin and anti-tubulin. Neurites were stained only moderately in comparison to myotube Z lines in the same culture. However, a distinct staining of the periphery of dorsal root ganglion cells was observed. Thus, a protein immunologically related to muscle alpha-actinin is present in the nervous system. In myotubes, Z lines were stained intensely with anti-alpha-actinin while I bands were only faintly stained with anti-actin. In isolated myofibrils, both structures were stained intensely with the same antibody preparations.", "PMID": 379015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4405", "title": "High resolution microchemical analysis using soft X-ray lithographic techniques.", "content": "High resolution x-ray lithographic studies of cells from chick embryo hearts dried by the CO2 critical point method have been made with soft x-ray radiation of different wavelengths. A marked difference in the relief replica in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resulting from the differential absorption by the dried cells of carbon K alpha radiation at 4.48 nm and broad band synchrotron radiation (SR) with lambda is greater than 1.5 nm demonstrates the potential usefulness of the technique in making high resolution (approximately or equal to 10 nm) chemical identification of the constitutents which make up the various parts of the cell.", "contents": "High resolution microchemical analysis using soft X-ray lithographic techniques. High resolution x-ray lithographic studies of cells from chick embryo hearts dried by the CO2 critical point method have been made with soft x-ray radiation of different wavelengths. A marked difference in the relief replica in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resulting from the differential absorption by the dried cells of carbon K alpha radiation at 4.48 nm and broad band synchrotron radiation (SR) with lambda is greater than 1.5 nm demonstrates the potential usefulness of the technique in making high resolution (approximately or equal to 10 nm) chemical identification of the constitutents which make up the various parts of the cell.", "PMID": 379016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4406", "title": "Ultrastructure of microfilament bundles in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. The use of tannic acid.", "content": "After standard glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation procedures, the majority of microfilament bundles in BHK-21 cells exhibit relatively uniform electron density along their long axes. The inclusion of tannic acid in the glutaraldehyde fixation solution results in obvious electron density shifts along the majority of microfilament bundles. Striated patterens are frequently observed which consist of regularly spaced electron dense (D) and electron lucid (L) bands. A striated pattern is also observed along many BHK-21 stress fibers after processing for indirect immunofluorescence utilizing BHK-21 myosin antiserum. A direct correlation of these periodicities seen by light and electron microscope techniques is impossible at the present time. However, comparative measurements indicate that the overall patterns seen in the immunofluorescence and electron microscope preparations are similar. The ultrastructural results provide an initial clue for the ultimate determination of the supramolecular organization of contracile proteins other than actin within the microfilament bundles of non-muscle cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of microfilament bundles in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. The use of tannic acid. After standard glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation procedures, the majority of microfilament bundles in BHK-21 cells exhibit relatively uniform electron density along their long axes. The inclusion of tannic acid in the glutaraldehyde fixation solution results in obvious electron density shifts along the majority of microfilament bundles. Striated patterens are frequently observed which consist of regularly spaced electron dense (D) and electron lucid (L) bands. A striated pattern is also observed along many BHK-21 stress fibers after processing for indirect immunofluorescence utilizing BHK-21 myosin antiserum. A direct correlation of these periodicities seen by light and electron microscope techniques is impossible at the present time. However, comparative measurements indicate that the overall patterns seen in the immunofluorescence and electron microscope preparations are similar. The ultrastructural results provide an initial clue for the ultimate determination of the supramolecular organization of contracile proteins other than actin within the microfilament bundles of non-muscle cells.", "PMID": 379017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4407", "title": "Cellular interaction between fixed and living cells. Transfer of radioactive materials from living cells to fixed cells.", "content": "Transfer of radioactive materials to fixed cells from an overlying layer of living cells has been examined to determine whether fixed cells can act as acceptors of glycosyltransferases of living cells. After the incubation of living cells were removed by EDTA treatment, and the radioactivity associated with the fixed cells was determined. Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were found to be transfered from the living cells to the fixed cells. The amount of radioactivity transferred to the fixed cells was dependent on the number of both fixed and living cells and increased with the time of incubation. When fixed cells were treated with chloroform-methanol before the addition of living cells, the transfer of both lipids and proteins to the fixed cells decreased drastically, but only a slight decrease incarbohydrate transfer was observed. Most of the radioactive materials transferred from living cells labeled with glucosamine or fucose to chloroform-methanol-treated fixed cells were solubilized by trypsin but not by the detergents tested. Approximately 55% of the materials transferred from the cells labeled with glucosamine could be solubilized by hyaluronidase and chondroitinase, and the rest was solubilized by neuraminidase and a glycosidase mixture. The treatment of chloroform-methanol-extracted fixed cells with trypsin caused a significant decrease in the transfer from cells labeled with glucosamine. When nucleotide sugars were used as the radioactive precursor, no significant amount of radioactivity was transferred to the fixed cells.", "contents": "Cellular interaction between fixed and living cells. Transfer of radioactive materials from living cells to fixed cells. Transfer of radioactive materials to fixed cells from an overlying layer of living cells has been examined to determine whether fixed cells can act as acceptors of glycosyltransferases of living cells. After the incubation of living cells were removed by EDTA treatment, and the radioactivity associated with the fixed cells was determined. Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were found to be transfered from the living cells to the fixed cells. The amount of radioactivity transferred to the fixed cells was dependent on the number of both fixed and living cells and increased with the time of incubation. When fixed cells were treated with chloroform-methanol before the addition of living cells, the transfer of both lipids and proteins to the fixed cells decreased drastically, but only a slight decrease incarbohydrate transfer was observed. Most of the radioactive materials transferred from living cells labeled with glucosamine or fucose to chloroform-methanol-treated fixed cells were solubilized by trypsin but not by the detergents tested. Approximately 55% of the materials transferred from the cells labeled with glucosamine could be solubilized by hyaluronidase and chondroitinase, and the rest was solubilized by neuraminidase and a glycosidase mixture. The treatment of chloroform-methanol-extracted fixed cells with trypsin caused a significant decrease in the transfer from cells labeled with glucosamine. When nucleotide sugars were used as the radioactive precursor, no significant amount of radioactivity was transferred to the fixed cells.", "PMID": 379019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4408", "title": "Vertebrate lectins, Comparison of properties of beta-galactoside-binding lectins from tissues of calf and chicken.", "content": "Beta-galactoside-binding lectins were isolated from various calf tissues and from chicken hearts by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-Sepharose, and were compared with respect to biochemical characteristics, binding properties, antigenic cross-reactivity, and cellular localization. The lectins are all thiol group-requiring, divalent cation-independent dimers, of apparent monomer mol wt 12,000 (calf lectins) or 13,000 (chicken lectin), and acidic pI. The calf lectins appear essentially identical by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino acid composition, and radioimmunoassay, while the chicken lectin is distinctly different by these criteria. However, all of the lectins competed for the same binding sites on rabbit erythrocytes, and could be inhibited by the same saccharide haptens (notably lactose and thiodigalactoside). Immuno-fluorescence studies on several cultured cell lines revealed that the bovine and chicken lectins had primarily an intracellular cytoplasmic localization. The beta-galactoside-binding lectins of vertebrates appear to be species-specific rather than tissue-specific.", "contents": "Vertebrate lectins, Comparison of properties of beta-galactoside-binding lectins from tissues of calf and chicken. Beta-galactoside-binding lectins were isolated from various calf tissues and from chicken hearts by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-Sepharose, and were compared with respect to biochemical characteristics, binding properties, antigenic cross-reactivity, and cellular localization. The lectins are all thiol group-requiring, divalent cation-independent dimers, of apparent monomer mol wt 12,000 (calf lectins) or 13,000 (chicken lectin), and acidic pI. The calf lectins appear essentially identical by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino acid composition, and radioimmunoassay, while the chicken lectin is distinctly different by these criteria. However, all of the lectins competed for the same binding sites on rabbit erythrocytes, and could be inhibited by the same saccharide haptens (notably lactose and thiodigalactoside). Immuno-fluorescence studies on several cultured cell lines revealed that the bovine and chicken lectins had primarily an intracellular cytoplasmic localization. The beta-galactoside-binding lectins of vertebrates appear to be species-specific rather than tissue-specific.", "PMID": 379020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4409", "title": "Intermediate-sized filaments of human endothelial cells.", "content": "Human endothelial cells prepared from unbilical cords are characterized in parallel by electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies against different classes of intermediate-sized filaments. The strongly developed, loose bundles of intermediate-sized filaments typically found in these cells are not decorated by antibodies against prekeratin or antibodies against smooth muscle desmin. They are, however, strongly decorated by antibodies directed against murine \"vimentin,\" i.e., the 57,000 mol wt polypeptide which is the major protein of the intermediate-sized filaments predominant in various cells of mesenchymal origin. Cytoskeletal preparations greatly enriched in intermediate-sized filaments show the enrichment of a polypeptide band comigrating with murine vimentin. This shows that the intermediate-sized filaments that are abundant in human endothelial cells are predominantly of the vimentin type and can be demonstrated by their cross-reaction with the vimentin of rodents. These data also strengthen the evidence for several subclasses of intermediate-sized filaments, which can be distinguished by immunological procedures.", "contents": "Intermediate-sized filaments of human endothelial cells. Human endothelial cells prepared from unbilical cords are characterized in parallel by electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies against different classes of intermediate-sized filaments. The strongly developed, loose bundles of intermediate-sized filaments typically found in these cells are not decorated by antibodies against prekeratin or antibodies against smooth muscle desmin. They are, however, strongly decorated by antibodies directed against murine \"vimentin,\" i.e., the 57,000 mol wt polypeptide which is the major protein of the intermediate-sized filaments predominant in various cells of mesenchymal origin. Cytoskeletal preparations greatly enriched in intermediate-sized filaments show the enrichment of a polypeptide band comigrating with murine vimentin. This shows that the intermediate-sized filaments that are abundant in human endothelial cells are predominantly of the vimentin type and can be demonstrated by their cross-reaction with the vimentin of rodents. These data also strengthen the evidence for several subclasses of intermediate-sized filaments, which can be distinguished by immunological procedures.", "PMID": 379021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4410", "title": "Tubulin and calmodulin. Effects of microtubule and microfilament inhibitors on localization in the mitotic apparatus.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence was used to determine the distribution of calmodulin in the mitotic apparatus of rat kangaroo PtK2 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The distribution of calmodulin in PtK2 cells was compared to the distribution of tubulin, also as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence. During mitosis, calmodulin was found to be a dynamic component of the mitotic apparatus. Calmodulin first appeared in association with the forming mitotic apparatus during midprophase. In metaphase and anaphase, calmodulin was found between the spindle poles and the chromosomes. While tubulin was found in the interzonal region throughout anaphase, calmodulin appeared in the interzone region only at late anaphase. The interzonal calmodulin of late anaphase condensed during telophase into two small regions, one on each side of the midbody. Calmodulin was not detected in the cleavage furrow. In view of the differences in the localization of calmodulin, tubulin, and actin in the mitotic apparatus, experiments were designed to determine the effects of various antimitotic drugs on calmodulin localization. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilaments, had no apparent effect on calmodulin or tubulin localization in the mitotic apparatus of CHO cells. Microtubule inhibitors, such as colcemid and N2O, altered the appearance of tubulin- and calmodulin-specific fluorescence in mitotic CHO cells. Cold temperature (0 degrees C) altered tubulin-specific fluorescence of metaphase PtK2 cells but did not alter calmodulin-specific fluorescence. From these studies, it is concluded that calmodulin is more closely associated with the kinetichore-to-pole microtubules than other components of the mitotic apparatus.", "contents": "Tubulin and calmodulin. Effects of microtubule and microfilament inhibitors on localization in the mitotic apparatus. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to determine the distribution of calmodulin in the mitotic apparatus of rat kangaroo PtK2 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The distribution of calmodulin in PtK2 cells was compared to the distribution of tubulin, also as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence. During mitosis, calmodulin was found to be a dynamic component of the mitotic apparatus. Calmodulin first appeared in association with the forming mitotic apparatus during midprophase. In metaphase and anaphase, calmodulin was found between the spindle poles and the chromosomes. While tubulin was found in the interzonal region throughout anaphase, calmodulin appeared in the interzone region only at late anaphase. The interzonal calmodulin of late anaphase condensed during telophase into two small regions, one on each side of the midbody. Calmodulin was not detected in the cleavage furrow. In view of the differences in the localization of calmodulin, tubulin, and actin in the mitotic apparatus, experiments were designed to determine the effects of various antimitotic drugs on calmodulin localization. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilaments, had no apparent effect on calmodulin or tubulin localization in the mitotic apparatus of CHO cells. Microtubule inhibitors, such as colcemid and N2O, altered the appearance of tubulin- and calmodulin-specific fluorescence in mitotic CHO cells. Cold temperature (0 degrees C) altered tubulin-specific fluorescence of metaphase PtK2 cells but did not alter calmodulin-specific fluorescence. From these studies, it is concluded that calmodulin is more closely associated with the kinetichore-to-pole microtubules than other components of the mitotic apparatus.", "PMID": 379022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4411", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of wheat germ agglutinin-binding sites on surfaces of chick embryo cells during early differentiation.", "content": "The objective of this work was to examine changes in a surface component of cells from the chick embryo during morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation. Two electron microscope techniques were used to localize cell-bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin which specifically binds N-acetyl glucosamine residues. One technique involved conjugation of peroxidase to WGA before reaction with the cells; the other technique used glucose oxidase to mark WGA which was already cell-bound. In both cases, binding was revealed using diaminobenzidine. Before formation of the primitive streak, all surfaces of the two-layered embryo bound WGA. After migration of cells through the streak, to form the three-layered embryo, not all cell surfaces bound WGA equally. Epiblast cells generally bound WGA lateral to the primitive streak but not during passage through the streak. Mesenchyme cells, after passage through the streak, bound WGA increasingly as they migrated away from the streak. A WGA-binding matrix was observed in the vicinity of the mesenchyme cells and on the dorsal surface of the endoblast. The ventral surface of the endoblast bound the lectin very poorly. In some instances, a peroxidase reaction product was consistently seen on certain surfaces which was not removable by addition of the simple hapten N-acetyl glucosamine. In these cases, the density of the deposit was lessened by use of diacetyl chitobiose as a hapten. This result, together with the reduction of reaction product following certain hyaluronidase treatments, suggests that WGA may be binding to hyaluronic acid as well as membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of wheat germ agglutinin-binding sites on surfaces of chick embryo cells during early differentiation. The objective of this work was to examine changes in a surface component of cells from the chick embryo during morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation. Two electron microscope techniques were used to localize cell-bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin which specifically binds N-acetyl glucosamine residues. One technique involved conjugation of peroxidase to WGA before reaction with the cells; the other technique used glucose oxidase to mark WGA which was already cell-bound. In both cases, binding was revealed using diaminobenzidine. Before formation of the primitive streak, all surfaces of the two-layered embryo bound WGA. After migration of cells through the streak, to form the three-layered embryo, not all cell surfaces bound WGA equally. Epiblast cells generally bound WGA lateral to the primitive streak but not during passage through the streak. Mesenchyme cells, after passage through the streak, bound WGA increasingly as they migrated away from the streak. A WGA-binding matrix was observed in the vicinity of the mesenchyme cells and on the dorsal surface of the endoblast. The ventral surface of the endoblast bound the lectin very poorly. In some instances, a peroxidase reaction product was consistently seen on certain surfaces which was not removable by addition of the simple hapten N-acetyl glucosamine. In these cases, the density of the deposit was lessened by use of diacetyl chitobiose as a hapten. This result, together with the reduction of reaction product following certain hyaluronidase treatments, suggests that WGA may be binding to hyaluronic acid as well as membrane glycoproteins.", "PMID": 379023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4412", "title": "Repair and survival after UV in quiescent and proliferating Microtus agrestis cells: different rates of incision and different dependence on DNA precursor supply.", "content": "Cultured cells of Microtus agrestis, the common field vole, perform unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV irradiation. They respond to incubation with a DNA synthesis inhibitor (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) following UV in ways typical of cells capable of excision repair, with reduced survival and an accumulation of breaks in pre-existing DNA. Microtus cells irradiated with UV in a quiescent pre-S-phase state are more sensitive to UV than are proliferating cells, in terms of survival. Adding DNA precursors (deoxyribonucleosides), and--in case of proliferating cells--growing in complete rather than dialysed serum, enhance UV survival. Quiescent cells show a higher rate of endonucleolytic incision of DNA after UV than do proliferating cells. The balance between incision (producing single-strand DNA breaks) and repair DNA synthesis (leading to rejoining of breaks) is shifted by the addition of deoxyribonucleosides, which suggests that DNA precursor supply is a rate-limiting factor in repair. The lower survival of quiescent cells (in the absence of added deoxyribonucleosides) may be due to insufficient precursor supply to meet the demands of the high incision rate.", "contents": "Repair and survival after UV in quiescent and proliferating Microtus agrestis cells: different rates of incision and different dependence on DNA precursor supply. Cultured cells of Microtus agrestis, the common field vole, perform unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV irradiation. They respond to incubation with a DNA synthesis inhibitor (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) following UV in ways typical of cells capable of excision repair, with reduced survival and an accumulation of breaks in pre-existing DNA. Microtus cells irradiated with UV in a quiescent pre-S-phase state are more sensitive to UV than are proliferating cells, in terms of survival. Adding DNA precursors (deoxyribonucleosides), and--in case of proliferating cells--growing in complete rather than dialysed serum, enhance UV survival. Quiescent cells show a higher rate of endonucleolytic incision of DNA after UV than do proliferating cells. The balance between incision (producing single-strand DNA breaks) and repair DNA synthesis (leading to rejoining of breaks) is shifted by the addition of deoxyribonucleosides, which suggests that DNA precursor supply is a rate-limiting factor in repair. The lower survival of quiescent cells (in the absence of added deoxyribonucleosides) may be due to insufficient precursor supply to meet the demands of the high incision rate.", "PMID": 379024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4413", "title": "Defective transient endogenous spleen colony formation in S1/S1d mice.", "content": "WCB6F1 mice of the genotype S1/S1d did not form transient 5-day endogenous spleen colonies following midlethal irradiation, either spontaneously or in response to postirradiation bleeding. Their hematologically normal (+/+) littermates produced colonies equivalent in number and morphologic type to a normal strain (D2B6F1), as evaluated by both macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Bone marrow cells from S1/S1d mice, when transplanted into lethally irradiated +/+ mice, were able to generate equivalent numbers of transient endogenous spleen colonies (TE-CFUs), as compared to that obtained when syngeneic +/+ marrow cells were injected into lethally irradiated +/+ recipients. A defective growth of an early class of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in the clinical course of the S1/S1d anemia is suggested and confirms previous reports on the microenvironmental nature of this abnormality.", "contents": "Defective transient endogenous spleen colony formation in S1/S1d mice. WCB6F1 mice of the genotype S1/S1d did not form transient 5-day endogenous spleen colonies following midlethal irradiation, either spontaneously or in response to postirradiation bleeding. Their hematologically normal (+/+) littermates produced colonies equivalent in number and morphologic type to a normal strain (D2B6F1), as evaluated by both macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Bone marrow cells from S1/S1d mice, when transplanted into lethally irradiated +/+ mice, were able to generate equivalent numbers of transient endogenous spleen colonies (TE-CFUs), as compared to that obtained when syngeneic +/+ marrow cells were injected into lethally irradiated +/+ recipients. A defective growth of an early class of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in the clinical course of the S1/S1d anemia is suggested and confirms previous reports on the microenvironmental nature of this abnormality.", "PMID": 379025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4414", "title": "Ultrastructural-immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitaries.", "content": "Immunocytochemical staining using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was undertaken to localize and characterize in ultrathin sections of human pituitaries the cells responsible for the secretion of GH and PRL. Somatotrophs in seven pituitaries stained with human (h) PRL-absorbed antiserum to hGH, were abundant, round to ovoid, densely granulated cells, whose mean (+/-SD) granule diameter was 368 +/- 60 nm. Lactotrophs immunostained with antiserum to hPRL were less numerous, angular or branching cells, with fewer round to ovoid granules, the mean diameter (+/-SD) of which was 185 +/- 35 nm in six pituitaries. The somewhat larger PRL granules (up to a mean diameter of 360 nm) seen in two of three additional pituitaries may have been related to the previous therapeutic administration of estrogen. Whereas the immunostained GH-secreting cells resemble the presumed somatotrophs identified in other studies on the basis of nonimmunological staining, the immunostained PRL-secreting cells differ considerably from the cells with large (600--1000 nm) granules designated as lactotrophs by several previous investigators. The hazards of ultrastructural identification of human pituitary cell types on purely morphological (as opposed to immunocytochemical) grounds are emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrastructural-immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitaries. Immunocytochemical staining using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was undertaken to localize and characterize in ultrathin sections of human pituitaries the cells responsible for the secretion of GH and PRL. Somatotrophs in seven pituitaries stained with human (h) PRL-absorbed antiserum to hGH, were abundant, round to ovoid, densely granulated cells, whose mean (+/-SD) granule diameter was 368 +/- 60 nm. Lactotrophs immunostained with antiserum to hPRL were less numerous, angular or branching cells, with fewer round to ovoid granules, the mean diameter (+/-SD) of which was 185 +/- 35 nm in six pituitaries. The somewhat larger PRL granules (up to a mean diameter of 360 nm) seen in two of three additional pituitaries may have been related to the previous therapeutic administration of estrogen. Whereas the immunostained GH-secreting cells resemble the presumed somatotrophs identified in other studies on the basis of nonimmunological staining, the immunostained PRL-secreting cells differ considerably from the cells with large (600--1000 nm) granules designated as lactotrophs by several previous investigators. The hazards of ultrastructural identification of human pituitary cell types on purely morphological (as opposed to immunocytochemical) grounds are emphasized.", "PMID": 379029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4415", "title": "Measurement of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: persistence of serum antibodies during disease.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection and quantitation of human immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica is described. Formalinized or heat-treated bacteria were adsorbed onto specially designed microcuvettes, and antibodies were allowed to attach to the antigen-coated cuvettes. Rabbit anti-human mu, anti-human gamma, and anti-human alpha antisera were allowed to react with human antibodies, and these class-specific anti-immunoglobulins were detected by alkaline phosphatase-labeled swine anti-rabbit IgG. A total of 423 sera were tested. The results obtained with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were compared with the results of the conventional tube agglutination test. Persistence of different antibodies was studied in six patients. Antibodies of the IgM class persisted only for 1 to 3 months after onset of the disease; thus the occurence of IgM-class Yersinia antibodies in a single sample indicates a recently acquired infection. The persistence of the IgG- and IgA-class antibodies was variable and not parallel with each other. Remarkably, all three patients in which the disease was complicated with arthritis had IgA-class Yersinia antibodies at the end of the follow-up period of 9 to 14 months, and in those without arthritis the IgA-class antibodies disappeared within 3 months after onset of the disease.", "contents": "Measurement of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: persistence of serum antibodies during disease. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection and quantitation of human immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica is described. Formalinized or heat-treated bacteria were adsorbed onto specially designed microcuvettes, and antibodies were allowed to attach to the antigen-coated cuvettes. Rabbit anti-human mu, anti-human gamma, and anti-human alpha antisera were allowed to react with human antibodies, and these class-specific anti-immunoglobulins were detected by alkaline phosphatase-labeled swine anti-rabbit IgG. A total of 423 sera were tested. The results obtained with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were compared with the results of the conventional tube agglutination test. Persistence of different antibodies was studied in six patients. Antibodies of the IgM class persisted only for 1 to 3 months after onset of the disease; thus the occurence of IgM-class Yersinia antibodies in a single sample indicates a recently acquired infection. The persistence of the IgG- and IgA-class antibodies was variable and not parallel with each other. Remarkably, all three patients in which the disease was complicated with arthritis had IgA-class Yersinia antibodies at the end of the follow-up period of 9 to 14 months, and in those without arthritis the IgA-class antibodies disappeared within 3 months after onset of the disease.", "PMID": 379030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4416", "title": "Tyrosine degradation in presumptive identification of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.", "content": "A new tyrosine medium was developed and evaluated for the differentiation of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius from other anaerobic, gram-positive cocci. The strains included 159 originating from clinical specimens and 13 reference strains received from other workers in the field. Only one strain of each species was included in the study from multiple cultures from the same patient. This medium is simple to prepare and can be used in a small clinical laboratory. One hundred seventy-two strains of anaerobic gram-positive cocci were grown and evaluated with the new tyrosine medium; 36 strains (100%) of P. anaerobius degradated the tyrosine crystals when incubated at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions in a GasPak jar (Baltimore Biological Laboratory) for approximately 72 h. On the other hand, 135 of 136 other anaerobic gram-positive cocci were negative for tyrosine degradation, but grew on the tyrosine agar plate when incubated anaerobically. The single strain that degraded tyrosine was 1 of the 13 isolates of Peptostreptococcus micros studied.", "contents": "Tyrosine degradation in presumptive identification of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. A new tyrosine medium was developed and evaluated for the differentiation of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius from other anaerobic, gram-positive cocci. The strains included 159 originating from clinical specimens and 13 reference strains received from other workers in the field. Only one strain of each species was included in the study from multiple cultures from the same patient. This medium is simple to prepare and can be used in a small clinical laboratory. One hundred seventy-two strains of anaerobic gram-positive cocci were grown and evaluated with the new tyrosine medium; 36 strains (100%) of P. anaerobius degradated the tyrosine crystals when incubated at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions in a GasPak jar (Baltimore Biological Laboratory) for approximately 72 h. On the other hand, 135 of 136 other anaerobic gram-positive cocci were negative for tyrosine degradation, but grew on the tyrosine agar plate when incubated anaerobically. The single strain that degraded tyrosine was 1 of the 13 isolates of Peptostreptococcus micros studied.", "PMID": 379031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4417", "title": "Partially purified antibodies used in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting candidal antigenemia.", "content": "The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the detection of Candida albicans antigens in serum of mice is described. Antibodies against C. albicans that were used in the radioimmunoassay procedure were partially purified from immune serum by a C. albicans antigen-coupled affinity column. Elution of anti-C. albicans antibodies from the column was by glucose and mannose; 4 mg of protein was recovered per ml, which contained 50% of the candidal agglutinin activity of immune serum. Also, 81% of the protein (partially purified antibody) recovered was adsorbed by whole C. albicans cells. Anti-C. albicans antibodies were either coupled to Sepharose 4B for use as the solid phase to bind candidal antigen in serum of infected animals, or radioiodinated (125I) for use as a tracer molecule to bind to the candidal antigen solid-phase complex. Although control experiments indicated that at least 100 ng of candidal antigen should be present in a serum specimen for a positive radioimmunoassay test, candidal antigenemia was detected in 70.4% of infected mice even in cases where blood cultures for C. albicans were negative. With further refinement and adaptability to human serum, the radioimmunoassay test may become a helpful tool for use in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "contents": "Partially purified antibodies used in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting candidal antigenemia. The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the detection of Candida albicans antigens in serum of mice is described. Antibodies against C. albicans that were used in the radioimmunoassay procedure were partially purified from immune serum by a C. albicans antigen-coupled affinity column. Elution of anti-C. albicans antibodies from the column was by glucose and mannose; 4 mg of protein was recovered per ml, which contained 50% of the candidal agglutinin activity of immune serum. Also, 81% of the protein (partially purified antibody) recovered was adsorbed by whole C. albicans cells. Anti-C. albicans antibodies were either coupled to Sepharose 4B for use as the solid phase to bind candidal antigen in serum of infected animals, or radioiodinated (125I) for use as a tracer molecule to bind to the candidal antigen solid-phase complex. Although control experiments indicated that at least 100 ng of candidal antigen should be present in a serum specimen for a positive radioimmunoassay test, candidal antigenemia was detected in 70.4% of infected mice even in cases where blood cultures for C. albicans were negative. With further refinement and adaptability to human serum, the radioimmunoassay test may become a helpful tool for use in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "PMID": 379032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4418", "title": "False-positive reactions in the rapid plasma reagin-card, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed, and hemagglutination treponemal syphilis serology tests.", "content": "Sera from 628 nonsyphilitic individuals were tested with the Rapid Plasma Reagin-Card, Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorbed, and Hemagglutination Treponemal Test for Syphilis tests to ascertain the comparative specificity of these tests. Many sera were also tested with the quantitative Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. Sera included in the study were from both normal individuals and patients with a variety of illnesses and conditions. The Hemagglutination Treponemal Test for Syphilis gave the lowest overall percentage of false-positive reactions (1.6%), followed by the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorbed test (3.3%) and the Rapid Plasma Reagin-Card test (10.8%).", "contents": "False-positive reactions in the rapid plasma reagin-card, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed, and hemagglutination treponemal syphilis serology tests. Sera from 628 nonsyphilitic individuals were tested with the Rapid Plasma Reagin-Card, Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorbed, and Hemagglutination Treponemal Test for Syphilis tests to ascertain the comparative specificity of these tests. Many sera were also tested with the quantitative Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. Sera included in the study were from both normal individuals and patients with a variety of illnesses and conditions. The Hemagglutination Treponemal Test for Syphilis gave the lowest overall percentage of false-positive reactions (1.6%), followed by the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorbed test (3.3%) and the Rapid Plasma Reagin-Card test (10.8%).", "PMID": 379033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4419", "title": "Improved blood culture technique based on centrifugation: clinical evaluation.", "content": "A total of 3,335 blood samples from 1,180 patients suspected of having bacteremia were analyzed concurrently by two methods: (i) supplemented peptone broth with sodium polyanethanol sulfonate and a CO2 atmosphere; and (ii) lysis centrifugation at 3,000 X g for 30 min onto a high-density, hydrophobic cushion. The centrifugation technique recovered 80% of the positive cultures as compared with 67% for the broth method. The centrifugation technique showed an apparent increase in the isolation of staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and yeasts. In almost every instance, the time required for detection of a positive culture was shortest for the centrifugation method. Contamination rates for both systems were comparable (1.4%). Quantitation, offered only by the centrifugation method, proved useful on several occasions in discriminating between an opportunistic infection versus a skin contaminant and in judging efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Improved blood culture technique based on centrifugation: clinical evaluation. A total of 3,335 blood samples from 1,180 patients suspected of having bacteremia were analyzed concurrently by two methods: (i) supplemented peptone broth with sodium polyanethanol sulfonate and a CO2 atmosphere; and (ii) lysis centrifugation at 3,000 X g for 30 min onto a high-density, hydrophobic cushion. The centrifugation technique recovered 80% of the positive cultures as compared with 67% for the broth method. The centrifugation technique showed an apparent increase in the isolation of staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and yeasts. In almost every instance, the time required for detection of a positive culture was shortest for the centrifugation method. Contamination rates for both systems were comparable (1.4%). Quantitation, offered only by the centrifugation method, proved useful on several occasions in discriminating between an opportunistic infection versus a skin contaminant and in judging efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 379034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4420", "title": "Achromobacter species (CDC group Vd): morphological and biochemical characterization.", "content": "Twenty-three isolates of Achromobacter species (CDC group Vd) were examined morphologically and biochemically. Gram stains revealed gram-variable bacilli frequently curved or hooked at one pole and often coryneform in shape and arrangement. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of extracellular material in polar accumulations and demonstrated the polar flagella arrangement seen by light microscopy to be lateral. Two colony types were produced; one was minute and watery at 24 h (35 degrees C) progressing to large, mucoid colonies at 48 h, and the other type was shiny, glistening, opaque but nonmucoid. All isolates grew on MacConkey agar and produced catalase, oxidase, and urease. Most grew on salmonella-shigella agar, reduced nitrate to nitrite and gas, hydrolyzed esculin, deaminated phenylalanine (2 to 4 days) and produced H2S in triple sugar iron agar (4 to 12 days). Oxidation of carbohydrates was weak, delayed, and limited to glucose and xylose. Two isolates also oxidized maltose, mannitol, and sucrose. The ability of miniaturized \"nonfermenter\" kits to identify Achromobacter species was tested. The Minitek (Baltimore Biological Laboratory, Cockeysville, Md.) and N/F (Corning, Roslyn, N.Y.) systems, respectively, identified 21 and 19 of the 23 isolates, whereas the Oxi/Ferm (Roche, Nutley, N.J.) identified 13 and the API 20E (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) identified only 3.", "contents": "Achromobacter species (CDC group Vd): morphological and biochemical characterization. Twenty-three isolates of Achromobacter species (CDC group Vd) were examined morphologically and biochemically. Gram stains revealed gram-variable bacilli frequently curved or hooked at one pole and often coryneform in shape and arrangement. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of extracellular material in polar accumulations and demonstrated the polar flagella arrangement seen by light microscopy to be lateral. Two colony types were produced; one was minute and watery at 24 h (35 degrees C) progressing to large, mucoid colonies at 48 h, and the other type was shiny, glistening, opaque but nonmucoid. All isolates grew on MacConkey agar and produced catalase, oxidase, and urease. Most grew on salmonella-shigella agar, reduced nitrate to nitrite and gas, hydrolyzed esculin, deaminated phenylalanine (2 to 4 days) and produced H2S in triple sugar iron agar (4 to 12 days). Oxidation of carbohydrates was weak, delayed, and limited to glucose and xylose. Two isolates also oxidized maltose, mannitol, and sucrose. The ability of miniaturized \"nonfermenter\" kits to identify Achromobacter species was tested. The Minitek (Baltimore Biological Laboratory, Cockeysville, Md.) and N/F (Corning, Roslyn, N.Y.) systems, respectively, identified 21 and 19 of the 23 isolates, whereas the Oxi/Ferm (Roche, Nutley, N.J.) identified 13 and the API 20E (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) identified only 3.", "PMID": 379035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4421", "title": "Solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis A virus. The system was capable of detecting hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M in a single dilution of serum and appears to be a reliable and rapid means of establishing a diagnosis of hepatitis A infection. Specific immunoglobulin M was only detected in patients with serologically confirmed hepatitis A and not in patients with other forms of hepatitis, chronic liver disease, or autoimmune disease. In patients with hepatitis A, specific immunoglobulin M was usually detectable for 6 weeks after the onset of dark urine, and the longest period for which it was present in any patient was 115 days. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is rapid, simple to perform, and does not require complicated equipment. Provided adequate supplies of purified reagents can be obtained, this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure is likely to simplify hepatitis A serology, because the same antibody-coated plates can be utilized to detect hepatitis A virus, anti-hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M.", "contents": "Solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M. A solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis A virus. The system was capable of detecting hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M in a single dilution of serum and appears to be a reliable and rapid means of establishing a diagnosis of hepatitis A infection. Specific immunoglobulin M was only detected in patients with serologically confirmed hepatitis A and not in patients with other forms of hepatitis, chronic liver disease, or autoimmune disease. In patients with hepatitis A, specific immunoglobulin M was usually detectable for 6 weeks after the onset of dark urine, and the longest period for which it was present in any patient was 115 days. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is rapid, simple to perform, and does not require complicated equipment. Provided adequate supplies of purified reagents can be obtained, this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure is likely to simplify hepatitis A serology, because the same antibody-coated plates can be utilized to detect hepatitis A virus, anti-hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis A-specific immunoglobulin M.", "PMID": 379036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4422", "title": "Laboratory and field evaluation of selective media for isolation of group B streptococci.", "content": "Problems encountered with currently recommended selective media for group B streptococci (GBS) (selective broth medium and CNA agar) prompted a searach for alternative culture methods in ongoing epidemiological studies. Previously recommended inhibitory agents were tested in vitro. Gentamicin, alone or in combination with nalidixic acid, proved inhibitory for many GBS strains. Among other agents tested, polymyxin was most complementary to the gram-negative spectrum of nalidixic acid, without compromising GBS growth. Crystal violet provided the simplest, most economical staphylococcal inhibitor. Broth and agar media, constituted with these three agents and designated NPC, were evaluated in vitro and in field studies. This investigation represents the first direct comparison of broth media containing inhibitory agents for the preferential isolation of GBS. In maternal colonization studies, NPC broth proved superior to Todd-Hewitt broth containing nalidixic acid and gentamicin at concentrations employed in the previously described selective broth medium (95% versus 59% recovery). Our comparisons were done without added sheep blood since GBS grow well in Todd-Hewitt broth. NPC broth proved more sensitive than NPC agar for detecting GBS colonization in newborns. The NPC agar medium was useful for further purification of broth cultures and quantitative culture techniques.", "contents": "Laboratory and field evaluation of selective media for isolation of group B streptococci. Problems encountered with currently recommended selective media for group B streptococci (GBS) (selective broth medium and CNA agar) prompted a searach for alternative culture methods in ongoing epidemiological studies. Previously recommended inhibitory agents were tested in vitro. Gentamicin, alone or in combination with nalidixic acid, proved inhibitory for many GBS strains. Among other agents tested, polymyxin was most complementary to the gram-negative spectrum of nalidixic acid, without compromising GBS growth. Crystal violet provided the simplest, most economical staphylococcal inhibitor. Broth and agar media, constituted with these three agents and designated NPC, were evaluated in vitro and in field studies. This investigation represents the first direct comparison of broth media containing inhibitory agents for the preferential isolation of GBS. In maternal colonization studies, NPC broth proved superior to Todd-Hewitt broth containing nalidixic acid and gentamicin at concentrations employed in the previously described selective broth medium (95% versus 59% recovery). Our comparisons were done without added sheep blood since GBS grow well in Todd-Hewitt broth. NPC broth proved more sensitive than NPC agar for detecting GBS colonization in newborns. The NPC agar medium was useful for further purification of broth cultures and quantitative culture techniques.", "PMID": 379037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4423", "title": "Use of an enzyme immunoassay test for characterizing the A and M antigens of Brucella.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay test was developed for detecting the A and M antigens of brucellae. One hundred fifteen isolates, including 96 strains of Brucella abortus, 5 strains of B. suis, 1 strain of B. melitensis and 1 strain of B. neotomae, were accurately serotyped with the enzyme immunoassay test. No reactions were observed with 11 isolates of B. canis and 1 isolate of B. ovis. This rapid serological test provides for considerable savings in time and materials as compared with the standard tube agglutination test.", "contents": "Use of an enzyme immunoassay test for characterizing the A and M antigens of Brucella. An enzyme immunoassay test was developed for detecting the A and M antigens of brucellae. One hundred fifteen isolates, including 96 strains of Brucella abortus, 5 strains of B. suis, 1 strain of B. melitensis and 1 strain of B. neotomae, were accurately serotyped with the enzyme immunoassay test. No reactions were observed with 11 isolates of B. canis and 1 isolate of B. ovis. This rapid serological test provides for considerable savings in time and materials as compared with the standard tube agglutination test.", "PMID": 379038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4424", "title": "Use of colony pools for diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea.", "content": "Diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea was made in 109 adult males with an acute dehydrating cholera-like syndrome in Dacca, Bangladesh, by testing 10 colonies isolated from admission stool specimens for production of heat-labile and heat-stable toxins. Toxin testing of one colony yielded a diagnosis in 92% of the cases, testing of two colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, testing of a pool of 5 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, and testing of a pool of 10 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 96% of the cases. From stool cultures obtained on subsequent days, toxin testing of individual colonies and pools revealed diminished efficacy of pooling with decreasing numbers of enterotoxin-positive isolates in the pool. To detect the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli in stools, toxin testing of 5 individual isolates and a pool of 10 colonies was found to be almost as effective as the testing of 10 individual isolates.", "contents": "Use of colony pools for diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea. Diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea was made in 109 adult males with an acute dehydrating cholera-like syndrome in Dacca, Bangladesh, by testing 10 colonies isolated from admission stool specimens for production of heat-labile and heat-stable toxins. Toxin testing of one colony yielded a diagnosis in 92% of the cases, testing of two colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, testing of a pool of 5 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 95% of the cases, and testing of a pool of 10 colonies yielded a diagnosis in 96% of the cases. From stool cultures obtained on subsequent days, toxin testing of individual colonies and pools revealed diminished efficacy of pooling with decreasing numbers of enterotoxin-positive isolates in the pool. To detect the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli in stools, toxin testing of 5 individual isolates and a pool of 10 colonies was found to be almost as effective as the testing of 10 individual isolates.", "PMID": 379039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4425", "title": "Immunoglobulin G- and M-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of dengue antibodies.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to dengue virus is described. This method correlates well with a hemagglutination inhibition technique. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can also be specific for human immunoglobulin M antibodies when a mu-chain-specific antiglobulin-enzyme conjugate and fractionated serum are employed. By using this technique, dengue immunoglobulin M antibodies were demonstrated in an infant suspected of having a recent dengue infection.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin G- and M-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of dengue antibodies. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to dengue virus is described. This method correlates well with a hemagglutination inhibition technique. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can also be specific for human immunoglobulin M antibodies when a mu-chain-specific antiglobulin-enzyme conjugate and fractionated serum are employed. By using this technique, dengue immunoglobulin M antibodies were demonstrated in an infant suspected of having a recent dengue infection.", "PMID": 379040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4426", "title": "Comparison of the Minitek system with conventional methods for identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The Minitek system was compared with conventional test methods for identifying a wide range of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative gram-negative bacilli. A total of 230 isolates representing 33 species and biotypes were tested against 12 Minitek substrates and the corresponding conventional tube media. In addition, supplementary tests were included for 141 (61.3%) of the isolates. Overall, 88% of the positive reactions agreed, and negative reactions agreed 95.5%. Anaerobic dextrose, maltose, lactose, and citrate were responsible for 62.4% of the 93 discrepant positive reactions, and 51.8% of the 83 discrepant negative reactions involved the aerobic dextrose, nitrate, and citrate disks. Some discrepancies were related to specific organisms. The system and supplementary tests correctly identified 88.3% of the isolates to species level and 92.6% to correct genus. No particular organism or substrate was responsible for misidentification errors. In a test challenge with 19 selected organisms, 3 were incorrectly identified to species and 4 were misidentified to genus level. Most of the errors responsible for these incorect identifications were due to factors other than the Minitek disks and pointed out the importance of using appropriate supplemental data, and the need for a coding manual and a more enriched broth for certain types of isolates.", "contents": "Comparison of the Minitek system with conventional methods for identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative gram-negative bacilli. The Minitek system was compared with conventional test methods for identifying a wide range of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative gram-negative bacilli. A total of 230 isolates representing 33 species and biotypes were tested against 12 Minitek substrates and the corresponding conventional tube media. In addition, supplementary tests were included for 141 (61.3%) of the isolates. Overall, 88% of the positive reactions agreed, and negative reactions agreed 95.5%. Anaerobic dextrose, maltose, lactose, and citrate were responsible for 62.4% of the 93 discrepant positive reactions, and 51.8% of the 83 discrepant negative reactions involved the aerobic dextrose, nitrate, and citrate disks. Some discrepancies were related to specific organisms. The system and supplementary tests correctly identified 88.3% of the isolates to species level and 92.6% to correct genus. No particular organism or substrate was responsible for misidentification errors. In a test challenge with 19 selected organisms, 3 were incorrectly identified to species and 4 were misidentified to genus level. Most of the errors responsible for these incorect identifications were due to factors other than the Minitek disks and pointed out the importance of using appropriate supplemental data, and the need for a coding manual and a more enriched broth for certain types of isolates.", "PMID": 379041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4427", "title": "Pooling method for screening large numbers of Escherichia coli for production of heat-stable enterotoxin, and its application in field studies.", "content": "A modified suckling mouse assay was developed for use in field studies whereby five E. coli isolates could be tested as a pool for heat-stable enterotoxin.", "contents": "Pooling method for screening large numbers of Escherichia coli for production of heat-stable enterotoxin, and its application in field studies. A modified suckling mouse assay was developed for use in field studies whereby five E. coli isolates could be tested as a pool for heat-stable enterotoxin.", "PMID": 379042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4428", "title": "New medium for differentiation of Candida albicans from Candida stellatoidea.", "content": "A simple medium effectively differentiated Candida stellatoidea from Candida albicans on the basis of a new criterion, relative sensitivity to cycloheximide.", "contents": "New medium for differentiation of Candida albicans from Candida stellatoidea. A simple medium effectively differentiated Candida stellatoidea from Candida albicans on the basis of a new criterion, relative sensitivity to cycloheximide.", "PMID": 379043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4429", "title": "Constricted tube system for presumptive identification and differentiation of group D streptococci.", "content": "A single, constricted tube containing two differential media to identify and differentiate group D streptococci was developed. Test results with a limited number of group D streptococcal isolates were in complete agreement with results of conventional procedures.", "contents": "Constricted tube system for presumptive identification and differentiation of group D streptococci. A single, constricted tube containing two differential media to identify and differentiate group D streptococci was developed. Test results with a limited number of group D streptococcal isolates were in complete agreement with results of conventional procedures.", "PMID": 379044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4430", "title": "Reconstitution of spectrin-deficient, spherocytic mouse erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "To study directly the role of spectrin in erythrocyte membrane function, we have designed a reconstituted membrane system using erythrocyte membranes from spectrin-deficient mice and purified spectrin from normal mice. The normal spectrin is inserted into the spectrin-deficient spherocytes by exchange hemolysis. Thereafter, raising the ionic strength and temperature reseals the cells and, with time, facilitates binding of the spectrin to the spectrin-deficient membranes. The binding is apparently specific as shown by its dependence upon the concentration of undenatured spectrin and the concentration of salt used, as well as by the immunofluorescent appearance of the reconstituted cells after treatment with specific antispectrin antibody. In terms of in vitro cellular behavior, the reconstituted preparations show marked changes in comparison to the untreated spherocytes. In particular, membrane stability, as measured by the reduction of myelin figure formation and lipid loss, is considerably enhanced. In addition, membrane fusion, which occurs readily with the untreated spherocytes, is virtually eliminated. Finally, the osmotic behavior of the native spherocytes is appreciably altered, such that the early phase of osmotically induced swelling, as measured in a high-speed stop-flow apparatus, is delayed and modified. Taken together, these findings indicate specific roles for spectrin in the stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane, in the limitation of membrane fusion, and in the modulation of the membrane's response to osmotic stress.", "contents": "Reconstitution of spectrin-deficient, spherocytic mouse erythrocyte membranes. To study directly the role of spectrin in erythrocyte membrane function, we have designed a reconstituted membrane system using erythrocyte membranes from spectrin-deficient mice and purified spectrin from normal mice. The normal spectrin is inserted into the spectrin-deficient spherocytes by exchange hemolysis. Thereafter, raising the ionic strength and temperature reseals the cells and, with time, facilitates binding of the spectrin to the spectrin-deficient membranes. The binding is apparently specific as shown by its dependence upon the concentration of undenatured spectrin and the concentration of salt used, as well as by the immunofluorescent appearance of the reconstituted cells after treatment with specific antispectrin antibody. In terms of in vitro cellular behavior, the reconstituted preparations show marked changes in comparison to the untreated spherocytes. In particular, membrane stability, as measured by the reduction of myelin figure formation and lipid loss, is considerably enhanced. In addition, membrane fusion, which occurs readily with the untreated spherocytes, is virtually eliminated. Finally, the osmotic behavior of the native spherocytes is appreciably altered, such that the early phase of osmotically induced swelling, as measured in a high-speed stop-flow apparatus, is delayed and modified. Taken together, these findings indicate specific roles for spectrin in the stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane, in the limitation of membrane fusion, and in the modulation of the membrane's response to osmotic stress.", "PMID": 379045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4431", "title": "Effect of age on glucose-stimulated insulin release by the beta-cell of the rat.", "content": "To assess the effect of age on beta-cell insulin release, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from rats aged 2--18 mo and incubated with increasing concentrations of glucose. Similar islets were analyzed for insulin content or subjected to morphometric measurements to identify both the number of beta-cells and the volume of beta-granules per islet. In parallel studies, the islet content of intact pancreata was also determined. The results showed that beta-cell number increased from 2,300 t0 5,000 cells as rats aged from 2 to 18 mo and islet insulin content doubled. However, glucose-stimulated insulin release decreased progressively with age, and this was especially striking when considered in terms of the increase in number of beta-cells/islet; e.g., mean (+/- SEM) insulin secretion (nanounits per minute per beta-cell) of islets incubated with 450 mg/dl of glucose was 1.3 (+/- 0.02), 1.0 (+/- 0.1), 0.4 (+/- 0.05), and 0.3 (+/- 0.01), respectively for 2-, 6-, 12-, and 18-mo-old rats. Thus, insulin secretion per beta-cell was decreased, despite increased stores of insulin per cell. These findings demonstrate that the aging process leads to a profound defect in glucose-stimulated insulin release from the beta-cell. Whether this is a global secretory defect, or solely a failure of the beta-cell to respond to glucose, remains to be defined.", "contents": "Effect of age on glucose-stimulated insulin release by the beta-cell of the rat. To assess the effect of age on beta-cell insulin release, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from rats aged 2--18 mo and incubated with increasing concentrations of glucose. Similar islets were analyzed for insulin content or subjected to morphometric measurements to identify both the number of beta-cells and the volume of beta-granules per islet. In parallel studies, the islet content of intact pancreata was also determined. The results showed that beta-cell number increased from 2,300 t0 5,000 cells as rats aged from 2 to 18 mo and islet insulin content doubled. However, glucose-stimulated insulin release decreased progressively with age, and this was especially striking when considered in terms of the increase in number of beta-cells/islet; e.g., mean (+/- SEM) insulin secretion (nanounits per minute per beta-cell) of islets incubated with 450 mg/dl of glucose was 1.3 (+/- 0.02), 1.0 (+/- 0.1), 0.4 (+/- 0.05), and 0.3 (+/- 0.01), respectively for 2-, 6-, 12-, and 18-mo-old rats. Thus, insulin secretion per beta-cell was decreased, despite increased stores of insulin per cell. These findings demonstrate that the aging process leads to a profound defect in glucose-stimulated insulin release from the beta-cell. Whether this is a global secretory defect, or solely a failure of the beta-cell to respond to glucose, remains to be defined.", "PMID": 379046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4432", "title": "Changes in sedimentation of surfactant in ventilated excised rat lungs. Physical alterations in surfactant associated with the development and reversal of atelectasis.", "content": "We ventilated excised rat lungs at a constant tidal volume (CTV); they developed areas of atelectasis which could be reversed by a large inflation (CTV + I) or prevented by the addition of positive end-expiratory pressure to the CTV. To explore the possibility that these modes of ventilation led to changes in surfactant, we lavaged the lungs and centrifuged the returns at 500 g; we measured the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in the resultant pellet and supernatant fluid as a marker for surfactant. We found 16.9+/-1.5 (mean+/-SE), 38.0+/-2.4, 18.3+/-1.6, and 21.7+/-2.3% of the total lavage DSPC, in the pellet from freshly excised, CTV, CTV + I, and positive end-expiratory pressure to the CTV lungs, respectively. The total amount of lavage DSPC was the same in all groups. The ultrastructure of acellular material pelleted by sequential centrifugation of lavage returns at 500, 1,000, and 60,000 g was examined. We found mostly tubular myelin in the 500-g and 1,000-g pellets, but no tubular myelin in the 60,000-g pellet. Air inflation pressure-volume measurements from the degassed state revealed that the opening pressure and recoil pressures up to 75% of total lung capacity were significantly higher in the CTV than in the CTV + I lungs. There were no differences between these groups in air deflation or in saline inflation and deflation pressure-volume measurements. Our findings suggest that CTV leads to increases in the tubular myelin form of surfactant and that this leads to increased surface tension in alveoli which results in alveolar collapse.", "contents": "Changes in sedimentation of surfactant in ventilated excised rat lungs. Physical alterations in surfactant associated with the development and reversal of atelectasis. We ventilated excised rat lungs at a constant tidal volume (CTV); they developed areas of atelectasis which could be reversed by a large inflation (CTV + I) or prevented by the addition of positive end-expiratory pressure to the CTV. To explore the possibility that these modes of ventilation led to changes in surfactant, we lavaged the lungs and centrifuged the returns at 500 g; we measured the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in the resultant pellet and supernatant fluid as a marker for surfactant. We found 16.9+/-1.5 (mean+/-SE), 38.0+/-2.4, 18.3+/-1.6, and 21.7+/-2.3% of the total lavage DSPC, in the pellet from freshly excised, CTV, CTV + I, and positive end-expiratory pressure to the CTV lungs, respectively. The total amount of lavage DSPC was the same in all groups. The ultrastructure of acellular material pelleted by sequential centrifugation of lavage returns at 500, 1,000, and 60,000 g was examined. We found mostly tubular myelin in the 500-g and 1,000-g pellets, but no tubular myelin in the 60,000-g pellet. Air inflation pressure-volume measurements from the degassed state revealed that the opening pressure and recoil pressures up to 75% of total lung capacity were significantly higher in the CTV than in the CTV + I lungs. There were no differences between these groups in air deflation or in saline inflation and deflation pressure-volume measurements. Our findings suggest that CTV leads to increases in the tubular myelin form of surfactant and that this leads to increased surface tension in alveoli which results in alveolar collapse.", "PMID": 379047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4433", "title": "Ketamine-facilitated induced anxiety therapy and its effect upon clients' reactions to stressful situations.", "content": "Evaluated the role of physiological arousal in the Induced Anxiety therapy procedure. Assigned 21 normal Ss to either conventional Induced Anxiety Induced Anxiety supplemented by the drug ketamine during arousal, or a no-treatment condition. The ketamine group was superior to the conventional group which was superior to the no-treatment group in reducing negative affect experienced during stressful situations. Most of the reduction was in depressive affect. The superior results obtained by increasing physiological arousal could not be accounted for by increased subjective emotional arousal.", "contents": "Ketamine-facilitated induced anxiety therapy and its effect upon clients' reactions to stressful situations. Evaluated the role of physiological arousal in the Induced Anxiety therapy procedure. Assigned 21 normal Ss to either conventional Induced Anxiety Induced Anxiety supplemented by the drug ketamine during arousal, or a no-treatment condition. The ketamine group was superior to the conventional group which was superior to the no-treatment group in reducing negative affect experienced during stressful situations. Most of the reduction was in depressive affect. The superior results obtained by increasing physiological arousal could not be accounted for by increased subjective emotional arousal.", "PMID": 379048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4434", "title": "Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man.", "content": "The present experiment was undertaken to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide release during mouth rinsings on the composition of the microbiota of developing plaque in humans and the amount and pathogenecity of the plaque formed. The trial was designed as a double-blind crossover study of the effect of a mouthwash (Amosan) had a placebo rinse on the development of plaque and gingivitis in young adults. The active compound was available as a powder; the rinse consisted of 1.7 g powder dissolved in 30 ml hot tap water. Fourteen dental students participated in the trial. The students were examined during two consecutive periods, each consisting of one preparatory (during which active tooth cleaning measures were carefully practiced) and one main test period (during which mouth rinsings were the only plaque control measure). Each of the two test periods was initiated by a baseline examination following which the participants rinsed either with the active or the placebo mouthwash. The rinsings were performed immediately after breakfast, after lunch and after dinner. Measurements of Plaque and Gingival Index scores were performed 4, 7 and 14 days after the start of the no-toothbrushing period. Bacteria were sampled and examined after 7 and 14 days of trial. The results demonstrated that a mouthwash which released hydrogen peroxide effectively prevented the colonization of filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods as well as spirochetes in developing plaque. The mouthwash which was used as the only oral hygiene measure during a 2-week period furthermore markedly reduced the amount of plaque formed and significantly retarded gingivitis development. It is suggested that H202 released by mouthwashes during rinsing may prevent or retard the colonization and multiplication of anaerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. The present experiment was undertaken to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide release during mouth rinsings on the composition of the microbiota of developing plaque in humans and the amount and pathogenecity of the plaque formed. The trial was designed as a double-blind crossover study of the effect of a mouthwash (Amosan) had a placebo rinse on the development of plaque and gingivitis in young adults. The active compound was available as a powder; the rinse consisted of 1.7 g powder dissolved in 30 ml hot tap water. Fourteen dental students participated in the trial. The students were examined during two consecutive periods, each consisting of one preparatory (during which active tooth cleaning measures were carefully practiced) and one main test period (during which mouth rinsings were the only plaque control measure). Each of the two test periods was initiated by a baseline examination following which the participants rinsed either with the active or the placebo mouthwash. The rinsings were performed immediately after breakfast, after lunch and after dinner. Measurements of Plaque and Gingival Index scores were performed 4, 7 and 14 days after the start of the no-toothbrushing period. Bacteria were sampled and examined after 7 and 14 days of trial. The results demonstrated that a mouthwash which released hydrogen peroxide effectively prevented the colonization of filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods as well as spirochetes in developing plaque. The mouthwash which was used as the only oral hygiene measure during a 2-week period furthermore markedly reduced the amount of plaque formed and significantly retarded gingivitis development. It is suggested that H202 released by mouthwashes during rinsing may prevent or retard the colonization and multiplication of anaerobic bacteria.", "PMID": 379049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4435", "title": "Periodontal therapy by local delivery of tetracycline.", "content": "The present investigation assessed the feasibility of treating periodontal disease by controlled delivery of antibacterial agents from within periodontal pockets. Tetracycline-filled hollow fibers placed in the gingival sulcus were shown to have a dramatic effect both on the periodontal microflora and clinical manifestations of disease. Furthermore, it was found that drug-filled cellulose acetate hollow fibers are biologically compatible with the environment and can be manipulated by dental personnel to provide drug therapy with less than 1/1000 the amount of tetracycline that would have been used for systemic therapy. Of theoretical importance is the observation that virtual elimination of spirochetes from the gingival sulcus is possible by a single placement of tetracycline-filled hollow fibers, and spirochetes, once eliminated from a site, do not rapidly recolonize despite the persistence of viable organisms elsewhere in the mouth.", "contents": "Periodontal therapy by local delivery of tetracycline. The present investigation assessed the feasibility of treating periodontal disease by controlled delivery of antibacterial agents from within periodontal pockets. Tetracycline-filled hollow fibers placed in the gingival sulcus were shown to have a dramatic effect both on the periodontal microflora and clinical manifestations of disease. Furthermore, it was found that drug-filled cellulose acetate hollow fibers are biologically compatible with the environment and can be manipulated by dental personnel to provide drug therapy with less than 1/1000 the amount of tetracycline that would have been used for systemic therapy. Of theoretical importance is the observation that virtual elimination of spirochetes from the gingival sulcus is possible by a single placement of tetracycline-filled hollow fibers, and spirochetes, once eliminated from a site, do not rapidly recolonize despite the persistence of viable organisms elsewhere in the mouth.", "PMID": 379050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4436", "title": "Amalgam restorations, plaque removal and periodontal health.", "content": "A total of 156 approximal subgingival amalgam overhanging margins were assessed in the buccal segments of 13 patients for plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, pocket depth and gingival shrinkage. Recordings were made immediately before and 2, 4 and 8 weeks following scaling, removal of overhangs, and oral hygiene instruction. Surfaces with overhangs were compared with control surfaces, which were either intact or contained supragingival amalgams. Initially it was found that gingival inflammation and pocket depth were more extensive adjacent to subgingival amalgam overhangs than to sound teeth or those with supragingivally located amalgams. This appeared to be due to preferential plaque accumulation in relation to subgingival overhangs. For all parameters compared, differences apparent at the baseline had disappeared by the end of the 8-week study period. Contouring of defective subgingival restorations, followed by effective scaling and oral hygiene instruction produced approximately 1 mn of gingival shrinkage, sufficient in most cases to produce clinical gingival health. Of the 156 subgingival fillings 83 (53%) became supragingival and 43 (28%) reached the gingival crest by the end of the 8-week study period.", "contents": "Amalgam restorations, plaque removal and periodontal health. A total of 156 approximal subgingival amalgam overhanging margins were assessed in the buccal segments of 13 patients for plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, pocket depth and gingival shrinkage. Recordings were made immediately before and 2, 4 and 8 weeks following scaling, removal of overhangs, and oral hygiene instruction. Surfaces with overhangs were compared with control surfaces, which were either intact or contained supragingival amalgams. Initially it was found that gingival inflammation and pocket depth were more extensive adjacent to subgingival amalgam overhangs than to sound teeth or those with supragingivally located amalgams. This appeared to be due to preferential plaque accumulation in relation to subgingival overhangs. For all parameters compared, differences apparent at the baseline had disappeared by the end of the 8-week study period. Contouring of defective subgingival restorations, followed by effective scaling and oral hygiene instruction produced approximately 1 mn of gingival shrinkage, sufficient in most cases to produce clinical gingival health. Of the 156 subgingival fillings 83 (53%) became supragingival and 43 (28%) reached the gingival crest by the end of the 8-week study period.", "PMID": 379051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4437", "title": "Clinical improvement of gingival conditions following ultrasonic versus hand instrumentation of periodontal pockets.", "content": "A study utilizing a split-mouth design in 18 subjects and with four operators was performed in order to compare the effect of hand and ultrasonic instrumentation of periodontal pockets. Contralateral pairs of teeth with pockets of comparable depth were treated by either hand or ultrasonic instruments. Instrumentation was repeated after 4 weeks. Pocket depth, bleeding on probing and gingival fluid measurements were used for evaluation. A gradual reduction of pocket depth and number of bleeding points took place throughout the 8-week experimental period. Clinically significant differences were not observed comparing the effect of hand instruments to ultrasonics for any of the operators. The amounts of gingival fluid were similar for both methods of instrumentation at the final examination. Thus, the present study failed to demonstrate any significant differences between the effect of ultrasonic root debridement and hand instrumentation in the treatment of 4-6 mm deep periodontal pockets.", "contents": "Clinical improvement of gingival conditions following ultrasonic versus hand instrumentation of periodontal pockets. A study utilizing a split-mouth design in 18 subjects and with four operators was performed in order to compare the effect of hand and ultrasonic instrumentation of periodontal pockets. Contralateral pairs of teeth with pockets of comparable depth were treated by either hand or ultrasonic instruments. Instrumentation was repeated after 4 weeks. Pocket depth, bleeding on probing and gingival fluid measurements were used for evaluation. A gradual reduction of pocket depth and number of bleeding points took place throughout the 8-week experimental period. Clinically significant differences were not observed comparing the effect of hand instruments to ultrasonics for any of the operators. The amounts of gingival fluid were similar for both methods of instrumentation at the final examination. Thus, the present study failed to demonstrate any significant differences between the effect of ultrasonic root debridement and hand instrumentation in the treatment of 4-6 mm deep periodontal pockets.", "PMID": 379052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4438", "title": "Universal health insurance in Canada: history, problems, trends.", "content": "This paper describes the universal health insurance program in Canada and identifies the historical events and social values leading to its adoption. Universal hospital insurance was adopted in 1958, ten years before medical insurance, as a result hospital-based patterns of practice were solidified. Through cost sharing, the federal government influenced the provinces to enact relatively uniform universal plans. From 1951 to 1971 health care expenditures rose rapidly to 7.3% of the gross national product (GNP), but have since decreased and stabilized at about 6.9%. In contrast, health care in the United States represents 8.6% of GNP. Hospital use also increased rapidly in Canada to 1970 but appears to have stabilized and decreased slightly in this decade. Physician incomes rose rapidly before 1971, but since then the increases have slowed and relative incomes of physicians have fallen. Althouth the percent of GNP spent for health care has leveled, there are still substantial annual increases in expenditures that are paid for by government. Two federal initiatives, Bill C-37 and the Lalonde Report, have their roots in cost containment; Bill C-37 transfers greater taxing authority from the federal government to the provinces. To meet the goal of containing costs, provincial governments are moving in the direction of regionalization, decentralization, and greater coordination. In the short term, the provinces have limited hospital budgetary increases to percentages less than the rate of inflation. Cost constraints may be long overdue. Imposing fiscal limits encourages rational planning. It does not appear that the health of Canadians will be adversely affected or essential benefits curtailed by present budgetary restrictions or reorganization.", "contents": "Universal health insurance in Canada: history, problems, trends. This paper describes the universal health insurance program in Canada and identifies the historical events and social values leading to its adoption. Universal hospital insurance was adopted in 1958, ten years before medical insurance, as a result hospital-based patterns of practice were solidified. Through cost sharing, the federal government influenced the provinces to enact relatively uniform universal plans. From 1951 to 1971 health care expenditures rose rapidly to 7.3% of the gross national product (GNP), but have since decreased and stabilized at about 6.9%. In contrast, health care in the United States represents 8.6% of GNP. Hospital use also increased rapidly in Canada to 1970 but appears to have stabilized and decreased slightly in this decade. Physician incomes rose rapidly before 1971, but since then the increases have slowed and relative incomes of physicians have fallen. Althouth the percent of GNP spent for health care has leveled, there are still substantial annual increases in expenditures that are paid for by government. Two federal initiatives, Bill C-37 and the Lalonde Report, have their roots in cost containment; Bill C-37 transfers greater taxing authority from the federal government to the provinces. To meet the goal of containing costs, provincial governments are moving in the direction of regionalization, decentralization, and greater coordination. In the short term, the provinces have limited hospital budgetary increases to percentages less than the rate of inflation. Cost constraints may be long overdue. Imposing fiscal limits encourages rational planning. It does not appear that the health of Canadians will be adversely affected or essential benefits curtailed by present budgetary restrictions or reorganization.", "PMID": 379054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4439", "title": "Display and visualization of three-dimensional reconstructed anatomic morphology: experience with the thorax, heart, and coronary vasculature of dogs.", "content": "A new method, termed reprojection, is used to visualize anatomic morphology contained within three-dimensional reconstructions made up of images of multiple parallel cross sections. This method involves the projection, either orthographically into a plane or radially onto a cylinder, of the volume picture elements (voxels) of the reconstruction. Orthographic reprojection images, formed by mathematically summing the magnitudes of the voxels along selected parallel paths through the reconstructed volume, are analagous to conventional radiographs formed by the passage of an X-ray beam through the volume. The reprojection image is a two-dimensional array of picture elements that is displayed on a television monitor using a digital-to-video scan converter. Also described are the techniques of noninvasive selective tissue dissolution and numerical dissection, whereby obscuring portions of the reconstructed volume are either partially \"dissolved\" or totally eliminated before reprojection. Utilizing these methods, anatomic information present in a three-dimensional reconstruction but not clearly seen in a reprojection image is rendered visible after removal of superposed structures. The usefulness of these methods is demonstrated utilizing three-dimensional reconstructions of the thorax, heart, and coronary arteries of dogs.", "contents": "Display and visualization of three-dimensional reconstructed anatomic morphology: experience with the thorax, heart, and coronary vasculature of dogs. A new method, termed reprojection, is used to visualize anatomic morphology contained within three-dimensional reconstructions made up of images of multiple parallel cross sections. This method involves the projection, either orthographically into a plane or radially onto a cylinder, of the volume picture elements (voxels) of the reconstruction. Orthographic reprojection images, formed by mathematically summing the magnitudes of the voxels along selected parallel paths through the reconstructed volume, are analagous to conventional radiographs formed by the passage of an X-ray beam through the volume. The reprojection image is a two-dimensional array of picture elements that is displayed on a television monitor using a digital-to-video scan converter. Also described are the techniques of noninvasive selective tissue dissolution and numerical dissection, whereby obscuring portions of the reconstructed volume are either partially \"dissolved\" or totally eliminated before reprojection. Utilizing these methods, anatomic information present in a three-dimensional reconstruction but not clearly seen in a reprojection image is rendered visible after removal of superposed structures. The usefulness of these methods is demonstrated utilizing three-dimensional reconstructions of the thorax, heart, and coronary arteries of dogs.", "PMID": 379055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4440", "title": "Economic losses from and the national research program on mastitis in the United States.", "content": "Scientific papers estimating economic losses from mastitis were reviewed. Reduced milk production from cows with subclinical mastitis was responsible for the largest losses. Losses from mastitis in the United States in 1976 were estimated by usable responses to a survey from 33 states representing 9.5 million cows or 86% of the dairy cow population. Losses of milk yields caused by mastitis were 386 kg/cow per yr and losses of discarded milk 62 kg/cow per yr. Annual losses per cow from mastitis were a) reduced milk production, $81.32; b) discarded milk, $12.88; c) cost of veterinary services, $1.97; d) cost of drugs, !3,86; e) increased labor, $2.28; f) decreased sale value, $5.72; g) increased replacement costs, $9.32; h) total, $117.35. For the 11 million cows in the United States 1976 losses from mastitis were $1.294 billion. Mastitis research was supported publicly at 22 locations under 43 projects. Approximately 24 scientist years were involved and $2.7 million of public funds were expended annually. If economic losses from mastitis were reduced 2% per year for 10 yr by research and expenditures for mastitis research remained the same, the benefit to cost ratio from mastitis research would be approximately 9.6 to 1.", "contents": "Economic losses from and the national research program on mastitis in the United States. Scientific papers estimating economic losses from mastitis were reviewed. Reduced milk production from cows with subclinical mastitis was responsible for the largest losses. Losses from mastitis in the United States in 1976 were estimated by usable responses to a survey from 33 states representing 9.5 million cows or 86% of the dairy cow population. Losses of milk yields caused by mastitis were 386 kg/cow per yr and losses of discarded milk 62 kg/cow per yr. Annual losses per cow from mastitis were a) reduced milk production, $81.32; b) discarded milk, $12.88; c) cost of veterinary services, $1.97; d) cost of drugs, !3,86; e) increased labor, $2.28; f) decreased sale value, $5.72; g) increased replacement costs, $9.32; h) total, $117.35. For the 11 million cows in the United States 1976 losses from mastitis were $1.294 billion. Mastitis research was supported publicly at 22 locations under 43 projects. Approximately 24 scientist years were involved and $2.7 million of public funds were expended annually. If economic losses from mastitis were reduced 2% per year for 10 yr by research and expenditures for mastitis research remained the same, the benefit to cost ratio from mastitis research would be approximately 9.6 to 1.", "PMID": 379057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4441", "title": "Leukocytes--second line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens.", "content": "In mammals, neutrophile polymorphonuclear leukocytes constitute one of the essential body defenses against disease. In a large mammal, such as the dairy cow, billions of neutrophils are mobilized to fight infection. For example, over 50 million neutrophils per milliliter milk are commonly in a mammary quarter inflicted with clinical mastitis. However, in spite of these numerous leukocytes, pathogenic organisms remain viable. Recent evidence indicates that bacteria are not eliminated from a diseased quarter because the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils is reduced in the mammary gland. The morphology and physiology of the leukocyte is examined in this review in an attempt to explain why the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophil is reduced in the mammary gland of the bovine.", "contents": "Leukocytes--second line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens. In mammals, neutrophile polymorphonuclear leukocytes constitute one of the essential body defenses against disease. In a large mammal, such as the dairy cow, billions of neutrophils are mobilized to fight infection. For example, over 50 million neutrophils per milliliter milk are commonly in a mammary quarter inflicted with clinical mastitis. However, in spite of these numerous leukocytes, pathogenic organisms remain viable. Recent evidence indicates that bacteria are not eliminated from a diseased quarter because the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils is reduced in the mammary gland. The morphology and physiology of the leukocyte is examined in this review in an attempt to explain why the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophil is reduced in the mammary gland of the bovine.", "PMID": 379058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4442", "title": "The immune system on the ruminant mammary gland and its role in the control of mastitis.", "content": "Immunoglobulins in mammary secretion are derived from blood serum or are made locally by cells of the lymphocyte-plasma cell series situated close to the glandular epithelium. The major immunoglobulin in colostrum and milk of ruminants, IgG1, is derived from the blood and is transferred into secretion selectively relative to IgG2, probably by a mechanism requiring specific receptor sites on the basal of intercellular membrane of the glandular epithelium. Acute inflammation causes suppression of selective transfer of IgG1, but there is a marked increase in the transfer of proteins, such as IgG2 and serum albumin, which enter secretion nonselectively. Infusion of antigen into the mammary gland of ruminants some weeks before parturition induces a persisting local production of antibody, most of which is associated with IgA and IgM. IgA cells in the mammary gland probably originate in the intestine, and prior antigenic stimulation of the gut may be required for maximal IgA antibody responses in the gland. Local immunization with staphylococcal vaccines gives a measurable degree of protection against staphylococcal challenge. Systemic immunization with viable staphylococci leading to subcutaneous abscess formation elicits significant protection to subsequent mammary challenge which is attributable, at least in part, to specific antibody of the IgG2 class cytophilic to polymorphs.", "contents": "The immune system on the ruminant mammary gland and its role in the control of mastitis. Immunoglobulins in mammary secretion are derived from blood serum or are made locally by cells of the lymphocyte-plasma cell series situated close to the glandular epithelium. The major immunoglobulin in colostrum and milk of ruminants, IgG1, is derived from the blood and is transferred into secretion selectively relative to IgG2, probably by a mechanism requiring specific receptor sites on the basal of intercellular membrane of the glandular epithelium. Acute inflammation causes suppression of selective transfer of IgG1, but there is a marked increase in the transfer of proteins, such as IgG2 and serum albumin, which enter secretion nonselectively. Infusion of antigen into the mammary gland of ruminants some weeks before parturition induces a persisting local production of antibody, most of which is associated with IgA and IgM. IgA cells in the mammary gland probably originate in the intestine, and prior antigenic stimulation of the gut may be required for maximal IgA antibody responses in the gland. Local immunization with staphylococcal vaccines gives a measurable degree of protection against staphylococcal challenge. Systemic immunization with viable staphylococci leading to subcutaneous abscess formation elicits significant protection to subsequent mammary challenge which is attributable, at least in part, to specific antibody of the IgG2 class cytophilic to polymorphs.", "PMID": 379059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4443", "title": "Control of mastitis by hygiene and therapy.", "content": "Hygiene and therapy are two important components of a program to control mastitis. Conscientious application of these practices significantly reduces intramammary infection, especially when they are applied in concert with superior management. The two components operate independently, and response is maximum when both are applied. Hygiene acts by reducing the frequency of infection. The primary effect of therapy is to increase the rate of eliminating established infections, although dry cow treatment also provides prophylactic benefits. The most effective hygiene and therapy practices are dipping of teats after milking and treating each quarter at the end of lactation.", "contents": "Control of mastitis by hygiene and therapy. Hygiene and therapy are two important components of a program to control mastitis. Conscientious application of these practices significantly reduces intramammary infection, especially when they are applied in concert with superior management. The two components operate independently, and response is maximum when both are applied. Hygiene acts by reducing the frequency of infection. The primary effect of therapy is to increase the rate of eliminating established infections, although dry cow treatment also provides prophylactic benefits. The most effective hygiene and therapy practices are dipping of teats after milking and treating each quarter at the end of lactation.", "PMID": 379060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4444", "title": "Mastitis: I. In vitro antimicrobial activity of alkyl amines against mastitic bacteria.", "content": "The activities of branched and straight chain amines (10 to 18 carbons chain length) were compared in inhibiting the growth of five microorganisms that cause about 95% of bovine mastitis. Three gram-positive (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria were used in a trypticase soy broth tube culture growth assay. Sixty-two compounds were screened at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 1 ppm in broth culture to determine the effective minimum inhibitory concentration. Alkyl secondary N-substituted monoethyl [CH3(CH2)nNHCH2CH3] and tertiary N,N-substituted dimethyl [CH3(CH2) nN(CH3)2] amines with chain lengths of 11 to 14 carbon atoms were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Antimicrobial activity against gram-positive organisms increased with increasing chain length and carbon-14 to 18 amines were active at 1 to 5 ppm. The carbon-11 to 13 alkyl amines were most active against gram-positive organisms; longer chain amines (more than 14 carbons) were inactive. Branching of the alkyl chain caused a loss of activity against gram-negative but not against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial testing of monoamines, polyamines, and the influence of order substituents were investigated to correlate structure-acitivity relationships.", "contents": "Mastitis: I. In vitro antimicrobial activity of alkyl amines against mastitic bacteria. The activities of branched and straight chain amines (10 to 18 carbons chain length) were compared in inhibiting the growth of five microorganisms that cause about 95% of bovine mastitis. Three gram-positive (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria were used in a trypticase soy broth tube culture growth assay. Sixty-two compounds were screened at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 1 ppm in broth culture to determine the effective minimum inhibitory concentration. Alkyl secondary N-substituted monoethyl [CH3(CH2)nNHCH2CH3] and tertiary N,N-substituted dimethyl [CH3(CH2) nN(CH3)2] amines with chain lengths of 11 to 14 carbon atoms were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Antimicrobial activity against gram-positive organisms increased with increasing chain length and carbon-14 to 18 amines were active at 1 to 5 ppm. The carbon-11 to 13 alkyl amines were most active against gram-positive organisms; longer chain amines (more than 14 carbons) were inactive. Branching of the alkyl chain caused a loss of activity against gram-negative but not against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial testing of monoamines, polyamines, and the influence of order substituents were investigated to correlate structure-acitivity relationships.", "PMID": 379061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4445", "title": "A review of research on genetic variation in physiological characteristics related to performance in dairy cattle.", "content": "Genetic influence on physiological characteristics ranges from single gene effects on amino acid substitutions in alternative forms of proteins to quantitative genetic effects on the amounts of enzymes and hormones. The number of loci involved in the control of quantitative variation in physiologically important substances is not known. A number of marker genes that affect blood antigens, serum and milk proteins, and enzymes have been identified in dairy cattle. However, relatively little is known about genetic effects on quantitative physiological traits in dairy cattle. Much more is known about the genetic control of hormones in laboratory animals. About 25% of the variation in milk production of dairy cows results from genetic differences. We need more studies of genetic influences on the various physiological and biochemical processes involved in the secretion of milk to reveal the mechanisms by which genetics influences the quantity and quality of milk produced by individual cows.", "contents": "A review of research on genetic variation in physiological characteristics related to performance in dairy cattle. Genetic influence on physiological characteristics ranges from single gene effects on amino acid substitutions in alternative forms of proteins to quantitative genetic effects on the amounts of enzymes and hormones. The number of loci involved in the control of quantitative variation in physiologically important substances is not known. A number of marker genes that affect blood antigens, serum and milk proteins, and enzymes have been identified in dairy cattle. However, relatively little is known about genetic effects on quantitative physiological traits in dairy cattle. Much more is known about the genetic control of hormones in laboratory animals. About 25% of the variation in milk production of dairy cows results from genetic differences. We need more studies of genetic influences on the various physiological and biochemical processes involved in the secretion of milk to reveal the mechanisms by which genetics influences the quantity and quality of milk produced by individual cows.", "PMID": 379062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4446", "title": "Distribution and effects of the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in cattle.", "content": "The distribution and effects of the 1/29 translocation in cattle, defined with chromosome banding techniques, are described. Findings in different parts of the world are reported, and the origin of the translocation in some cases is explained. Geographical distribution as known at present reflects the areas in which chromosome investigations have been carried out rather than the true distribution. It is not known whether the occurrence of the 1/29 translocation in different geographical areas and breeds is due to recurrent mutation or distribution of an ancient mutation, but many observations point to the latter. Although direct observations of an increased embryonic mortality are lacking, reduced fertility of males and females heterozygous for 1/29 is established. No correlations of the 1/29 translocation with other characteristics have been found, and variability in incidence between different populations is probably due to genetic drift. The importance in animal breeding of introducing eradication programs is emphasized, and it is stressed that cattle populations using artificial insemination should undergo routine cytogenetic investigations.", "contents": "Distribution and effects of the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in cattle. The distribution and effects of the 1/29 translocation in cattle, defined with chromosome banding techniques, are described. Findings in different parts of the world are reported, and the origin of the translocation in some cases is explained. Geographical distribution as known at present reflects the areas in which chromosome investigations have been carried out rather than the true distribution. It is not known whether the occurrence of the 1/29 translocation in different geographical areas and breeds is due to recurrent mutation or distribution of an ancient mutation, but many observations point to the latter. Although direct observations of an increased embryonic mortality are lacking, reduced fertility of males and females heterozygous for 1/29 is established. No correlations of the 1/29 translocation with other characteristics have been found, and variability in incidence between different populations is probably due to genetic drift. The importance in animal breeding of introducing eradication programs is emphasized, and it is stressed that cattle populations using artificial insemination should undergo routine cytogenetic investigations.", "PMID": 379063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4447", "title": "Cytogenetic research techniques in humans and laboratory animals that can be applied most profitably to livestock.", "content": "The usefulness of various chromosome banding techniques, i.e., Q, C, G, R, Ag-NOR, and SCE, which are currently in use in many clinical cytogenetics labortories are discussed. Since C-banding revealed the location of constitutive heterochromatin, it must be applied in conjunction with Q, G, or R-banding techniques. For the longitudinal differentiation of mammalian chromosomes one can use either the G-banding or the Q-banding and, if possible, R-banding technique. The results of such studies should not only contribute to our understanding of cytogenetics of domestic animals but also assist breeding programs and improvement of livestock.", "contents": "Cytogenetic research techniques in humans and laboratory animals that can be applied most profitably to livestock. The usefulness of various chromosome banding techniques, i.e., Q, C, G, R, Ag-NOR, and SCE, which are currently in use in many clinical cytogenetics labortories are discussed. Since C-banding revealed the location of constitutive heterochromatin, it must be applied in conjunction with Q, G, or R-banding techniques. For the longitudinal differentiation of mammalian chromosomes one can use either the G-banding or the Q-banding and, if possible, R-banding technique. The results of such studies should not only contribute to our understanding of cytogenetics of domestic animals but also assist breeding programs and improvement of livestock.", "PMID": 379064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4448", "title": "Wound healing: a review. II. Environmental factors affecting wound healing.", "content": "A variety of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, may influence the healing of wounds. Some of these influences are environmental in nature and subject to advantageous manipulation by the practitioner. In this article, the role of humidity, temperature, infection and oxygen tension on the process of wound healing will be discussed.", "contents": "Wound healing: a review. II. Environmental factors affecting wound healing. A variety of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, may influence the healing of wounds. Some of these influences are environmental in nature and subject to advantageous manipulation by the practitioner. In this article, the role of humidity, temperature, infection and oxygen tension on the process of wound healing will be discussed.", "PMID": 379076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4449", "title": "Pyogenic granuloma recurrent with satellite lesions.", "content": "Pyogenic granuloma recurrent with satellite lesions is an uncommon clinical entity. The condition occurs most often on the back of young individuals and runs a benign course. A case is presented and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Pyogenic granuloma recurrent with satellite lesions. Pyogenic granuloma recurrent with satellite lesions is an uncommon clinical entity. The condition occurs most often on the back of young individuals and runs a benign course. A case is presented and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 379077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4450", "title": "A selective ventilation distribution circuit (S.V.D.C).", "content": "A circuit for selective ventilation distribution (S.V.D.C.) is described. The use of the circuit is illustrated with five cases in which it was used. S.V.D.C. allowed: 1) Measurement of individual lung tidal volumes and pressures during the respiratory cycle. 2) Adjustment of the tidal volumes of both lungs in the most appropriate way for the patient. 3) Application of different degrees of PEEP to each lung. The circuit is easily built and managed, the patient is connected to it by a double lumen endotracheal tube (Carlens tube); the circuit requires only one respirator.", "contents": "A selective ventilation distribution circuit (S.V.D.C). A circuit for selective ventilation distribution (S.V.D.C.) is described. The use of the circuit is illustrated with five cases in which it was used. S.V.D.C. allowed: 1) Measurement of individual lung tidal volumes and pressures during the respiratory cycle. 2) Adjustment of the tidal volumes of both lungs in the most appropriate way for the patient. 3) Application of different degrees of PEEP to each lung. The circuit is easily built and managed, the patient is connected to it by a double lumen endotracheal tube (Carlens tube); the circuit requires only one respirator.", "PMID": 379088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4451", "title": "Physiological control of sibilant duration: insights afforded by speech compensation to dental prostheses.", "content": "Temporal relationships among tongue contact, phonation, and presence of frication were examined for /s/ and /z/. In cases where /s/ and /z/ were produced with a supraglottal articulation of the same duration, the duration of the resulting frication was 17 ms longer for /s/. The difference can be attributed to glottal activity. The presence of a unfamiliar dental prosthesis in the mouth caused the tongue to contact the alveolar ridge sooner and release later. This physiological effect was reflected in lengthening of frication for sibilants, but the acoustical consequences were greater and more reliable for /z/ than for /s/. Reasons for this difference were sought in adaptation of timing of tongue contact, and in aerodynamic conditions expected for voiced versus voiceless sibilants. A rapid adaptation of tongue contact timing was found, with the adaptation being greater for /s/. Timing of vocal fold adduction at the end of unvoiced sibilants, and its aerodynamic consequences, are suggested to consequences, are suggested to contribute to the relative stability of /s/ acoustical durations.", "contents": "Physiological control of sibilant duration: insights afforded by speech compensation to dental prostheses. Temporal relationships among tongue contact, phonation, and presence of frication were examined for /s/ and /z/. In cases where /s/ and /z/ were produced with a supraglottal articulation of the same duration, the duration of the resulting frication was 17 ms longer for /s/. The difference can be attributed to glottal activity. The presence of a unfamiliar dental prosthesis in the mouth caused the tongue to contact the alveolar ridge sooner and release later. This physiological effect was reflected in lengthening of frication for sibilants, but the acoustical consequences were greater and more reliable for /z/ than for /s/. Reasons for this difference were sought in adaptation of timing of tongue contact, and in aerodynamic conditions expected for voiced versus voiceless sibilants. A rapid adaptation of tongue contact timing was found, with the adaptation being greater for /s/. Timing of vocal fold adduction at the end of unvoiced sibilants, and its aerodynamic consequences, are suggested to consequences, are suggested to contribute to the relative stability of /s/ acoustical durations.", "PMID": 379089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4452", "title": "Denture service use in a selected population in a prepaid dental program.", "content": "Rates of use of dental services for a large population of employees enrolled in a prepayment plan were examined. During a three-year period, the number of complete denture services that were provided declined steadily. Also, the number of simple and surgical extractions decreased, and there was an increase in the rate of use of periodontic and endodontic services.", "contents": "Denture service use in a selected population in a prepaid dental program. Rates of use of dental services for a large population of employees enrolled in a prepayment plan were examined. During a three-year period, the number of complete denture services that were provided declined steadily. Also, the number of simple and surgical extractions decreased, and there was an increase in the rate of use of periodontic and endodontic services.", "PMID": 379094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4453", "title": "An evaluation of two methods for the quantitation of dentinal hypersensitivity.", "content": "In a well-controlled, double-blind, parallel study design using burnishing with 33% sodium fluoride paste and \"sham\" burnishing with a placebo paste, both a cold air stimulus method and an electrical stimulus method can discriminate between levels of dentinal hypersensitivity. Correlation between the scores obtained by the methods was significant. The electrical stimulus method discriminated between the sodium fluoride and placebo effects to a greater degree than did the cold air method. Use of these methods should broaden the scientific foundation and rationale for evaluating the condition of dentinal hypersensitivity and the agents designed for treatment of persons with this condition.", "contents": "An evaluation of two methods for the quantitation of dentinal hypersensitivity. In a well-controlled, double-blind, parallel study design using burnishing with 33% sodium fluoride paste and \"sham\" burnishing with a placebo paste, both a cold air stimulus method and an electrical stimulus method can discriminate between levels of dentinal hypersensitivity. Correlation between the scores obtained by the methods was significant. The electrical stimulus method discriminated between the sodium fluoride and placebo effects to a greater degree than did the cold air method. Use of these methods should broaden the scientific foundation and rationale for evaluating the condition of dentinal hypersensitivity and the agents designed for treatment of persons with this condition.", "PMID": 379093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4454", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a glass ionomer cement for restoration of cervical erosion.", "content": "The following conclusions can be made: A glass ionomer cement mixed in preweighed capsules to restore anatomically deficient cervical contours demonstrated bonding of the total restoration to tooth tissue without undercutting or pinning the tooth or relying on geometric design of a cavity preparation in approximately 95% of 113 restorations observed postoperatively for six months. Seven restorations showed partial loss of material. Seven of the 113 restorations, showed some marginal discoloration although no stain penetrated the interface of the tooth and restoration. For most cervical restorations, the glass ionomer cement produced a mismatch in \"color, shade, and/or translucency\" in relationship to the tooth. The probable reason for this is the opacity of the cement. An acceptable surface of the glass ionomer cement restorations can be established at a later finishing appointment. There is little evidence that roughness increased slightly during the six months. Patients' sensitivity to temperature and direct tactile contact diminished or was eliminated after placement of the restoration.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a glass ionomer cement for restoration of cervical erosion. The following conclusions can be made: A glass ionomer cement mixed in preweighed capsules to restore anatomically deficient cervical contours demonstrated bonding of the total restoration to tooth tissue without undercutting or pinning the tooth or relying on geometric design of a cavity preparation in approximately 95% of 113 restorations observed postoperatively for six months. Seven restorations showed partial loss of material. Seven of the 113 restorations, showed some marginal discoloration although no stain penetrated the interface of the tooth and restoration. For most cervical restorations, the glass ionomer cement produced a mismatch in \"color, shade, and/or translucency\" in relationship to the tooth. The probable reason for this is the opacity of the cement. An acceptable surface of the glass ionomer cement restorations can be established at a later finishing appointment. There is little evidence that roughness increased slightly during the six months. Patients' sensitivity to temperature and direct tactile contact diminished or was eliminated after placement of the restoration.", "PMID": 379095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4455", "title": "Repair technique for fractured anterior facings.", "content": "A technique for repairing the anterior region with use of aluminous porcelain-bonded-to-platinum-foil has been described. This technique produces a strong replacement and maintains the esthetic appearance of the original prosthesis.", "contents": "Repair technique for fractured anterior facings. A technique for repairing the anterior region with use of aluminous porcelain-bonded-to-platinum-foil has been described. This technique produces a strong replacement and maintains the esthetic appearance of the original prosthesis.", "PMID": 379096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4456", "title": "Dimensional change of dental amalgam and a suggested correlation between marginal integrity and creep.", "content": "Discussion of a possible correlation of marginal integrity and degree of creep resulting from relative resistance of amalgams to deformation caused by expansion is included in this study of the effect of phase changes on the dimensional stability of amalgams.", "contents": "Dimensional change of dental amalgam and a suggested correlation between marginal integrity and creep. Discussion of a possible correlation of marginal integrity and degree of creep resulting from relative resistance of amalgams to deformation caused by expansion is included in this study of the effect of phase changes on the dimensional stability of amalgams.", "PMID": 379099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4457", "title": "The effect of the operator on the clinical performance of amalgam.", "content": "In this study, the effect of the operator on the clinical performance of amalgam was examined by evaluating the marginal fracture characteristics of four alloys placed by four operators. The results were as follows: --Marginal fracture was influenced by the operator. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the cavity design and the placement technique. --The interaction between operators and alloys was such that, for the worst alloy, there was no difference caused by the operators; for the intermediate alloys, there were large differences caused by the operators; and for the best alloy (a non-gamma 2 system), there was almost no difference caused by the operators. --The difference in marginal fracture characteristics among alloys was greater than the difference attributed to operators. --It appears that all practitioners should use non-gamma 2 amalgams because such amalgams perform better clinically and are less susceptible to variations in operators.", "contents": "The effect of the operator on the clinical performance of amalgam. In this study, the effect of the operator on the clinical performance of amalgam was examined by evaluating the marginal fracture characteristics of four alloys placed by four operators. The results were as follows: --Marginal fracture was influenced by the operator. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the cavity design and the placement technique. --The interaction between operators and alloys was such that, for the worst alloy, there was no difference caused by the operators; for the intermediate alloys, there were large differences caused by the operators; and for the best alloy (a non-gamma 2 system), there was almost no difference caused by the operators. --The difference in marginal fracture characteristics among alloys was greater than the difference attributed to operators. --It appears that all practitioners should use non-gamma 2 amalgams because such amalgams perform better clinically and are less susceptible to variations in operators.", "PMID": 379100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4458", "title": "A comparative study of two pit and fissure sealants: three-year results in Augusta, Ga.", "content": "A total of 254 children were examined 36 months after a single application of sealant. In 128 children, 201 permanent first molars were treated with Delton, and, in 126 children, 205 permanent first molars were treated with Nuva-Seal. Delton was completely retained on 80% of all paired permanent first molars, partially retained on 10%, and completely lost on 10% of the study teeth. Nuva-Seal was completely retained on 60% of all paired permanent molars, partially retained on 21%, and completely lost on 19% of the study teeth. Delton was 69% effective in preventing occlusal caries on permanent first molars three years after a single application. Nuva-Seal was 39% effective in preventing occlusal caries on permanent first molars three years after a single application. Both sealants have been shown to prevent dental caries on permanent first molars of children three years after a single application.", "contents": "A comparative study of two pit and fissure sealants: three-year results in Augusta, Ga. A total of 254 children were examined 36 months after a single application of sealant. In 128 children, 201 permanent first molars were treated with Delton, and, in 126 children, 205 permanent first molars were treated with Nuva-Seal. Delton was completely retained on 80% of all paired permanent first molars, partially retained on 10%, and completely lost on 10% of the study teeth. Nuva-Seal was completely retained on 60% of all paired permanent molars, partially retained on 21%, and completely lost on 19% of the study teeth. Delton was 69% effective in preventing occlusal caries on permanent first molars three years after a single application. Nuva-Seal was 39% effective in preventing occlusal caries on permanent first molars three years after a single application. Both sealants have been shown to prevent dental caries on permanent first molars of children three years after a single application.", "PMID": 379101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4459", "title": "Denture marking for identification.", "content": "A method for including the patient's name in the denture base material for identification purposes has been described. This simple procedure takes little time, has almost no cost, and is effective.", "contents": "Denture marking for identification. A method for including the patient's name in the denture base material for identification purposes has been described. This simple procedure takes little time, has almost no cost, and is effective.", "PMID": 379102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4460", "title": "Effect of methods of tooth enamel preparation on the retentive strength of acid-etch composite resins.", "content": "The effect of three procedures of preparing enamel surface on the retentive strengths of Concise Enamel Bond. Adaptic acid etch, Restodent and Nurva-Seal/Nurva-Fil was investigated. Resins using an unfilled-filled resin combination(Concise Enamel Bond, Adaptic acid etch, and Nurva-Fil) had a significantly higher retentive strength when the enamel was prepared with a coarse diamond bur than when the surface was unprepared or prepared with a carbide bur. The different procedures of tooth preparation did not affect the retentive strength of the resin when only filled resin was used (Restodent).", "contents": "Effect of methods of tooth enamel preparation on the retentive strength of acid-etch composite resins. The effect of three procedures of preparing enamel surface on the retentive strengths of Concise Enamel Bond. Adaptic acid etch, Restodent and Nurva-Seal/Nurva-Fil was investigated. Resins using an unfilled-filled resin combination(Concise Enamel Bond, Adaptic acid etch, and Nurva-Fil) had a significantly higher retentive strength when the enamel was prepared with a coarse diamond bur than when the surface was unprepared or prepared with a carbide bur. The different procedures of tooth preparation did not affect the retentive strength of the resin when only filled resin was used (Restodent).", "PMID": 379106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4461", "title": "Microleakage of amalgam restorations with high-copper content.", "content": "An in vitro study of microleakage of the margins of Class II restorations of several high-copper-content amalgams found that in general, leakage increased between 24 hours and a month, but decreased below the 24-hour values after six months; there were some differences in leakage among the products at 24 hours, but not aftersix months: the depth of leakage was not correlated with adaptation of the cavosurface margins; and the high-copper-content amalgams were similar to the conventional composition amalgam tested in regard to microleakage.", "contents": "Microleakage of amalgam restorations with high-copper content. An in vitro study of microleakage of the margins of Class II restorations of several high-copper-content amalgams found that in general, leakage increased between 24 hours and a month, but decreased below the 24-hour values after six months; there were some differences in leakage among the products at 24 hours, but not aftersix months: the depth of leakage was not correlated with adaptation of the cavosurface margins; and the high-copper-content amalgams were similar to the conventional composition amalgam tested in regard to microleakage.", "PMID": 379107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4462", "title": "Study of a bland dentifrice for persons with radiation-induced mucositis and vesiculo-erosive disease.", "content": "Althought the patient group was limited to persons with radiation-induced mucositis, lichen planus, and erythema multiforme, the study indicates the potential usefulness of a bland dentifrice to other patients with sensitive mouths. Although it is presumed that regular brushing habits will aid in oral hygiene and health, the specific effect of a bland dentifrice on control of plaque, caries, and periodontal disease cannot be assessed in this preliminary study. Also, no comparison was made with cleaning techniques in which dentifrice is not used. Therefore, this study indicated only that dentifrice with reduced flavor, like the one used in this study, may encourage better oral hygiene through continued brushing when irritation from regular dentifrices discouages it.", "contents": "Study of a bland dentifrice for persons with radiation-induced mucositis and vesiculo-erosive disease. Althought the patient group was limited to persons with radiation-induced mucositis, lichen planus, and erythema multiforme, the study indicates the potential usefulness of a bland dentifrice to other patients with sensitive mouths. Although it is presumed that regular brushing habits will aid in oral hygiene and health, the specific effect of a bland dentifrice on control of plaque, caries, and periodontal disease cannot be assessed in this preliminary study. Also, no comparison was made with cleaning techniques in which dentifrice is not used. Therefore, this study indicated only that dentifrice with reduced flavor, like the one used in this study, may encourage better oral hygiene through continued brushing when irritation from regular dentifrices discouages it.", "PMID": 379108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4463", "title": "Multidisciplinary management of Crouzon syndrome.", "content": "The comprehensive management of Crouzon syndrome in a 14-year-old girl has been presented. Because of the complexity of the facial and associated problems, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to provide maximum functional and esthetic results; however, with such a cooperative interdisciplinary effort, the improvement and benefits derived for these patients are rewarding to all concerned.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary management of Crouzon syndrome. The comprehensive management of Crouzon syndrome in a 14-year-old girl has been presented. Because of the complexity of the facial and associated problems, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to provide maximum functional and esthetic results; however, with such a cooperative interdisciplinary effort, the improvement and benefits derived for these patients are rewarding to all concerned.", "PMID": 379109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4464", "title": "Clinical therapy for accommodative responses: transfer effects upon performance.", "content": "A clinical therapy program featuring accommodative training was administered to a group of children with diagnosed disorders of accommodative function. The children ranged in age from six to twelve years. A group of subjects representing the same clinical population, and not differing significantly in age or grade level, acted as a control group. The control subjects participated in a therapy program of a similar duration, wherein perceptual-motor training (unrelated to the training of accommodative skills) was administered. A nearpoint pencil-and-paper task was administered to all subjects before and after the training programs, to assess changes in performance as a criterion of learning transfer and behavioral generalization. A significantly greater decrease in errors occurred in the group receiving the accommodative training as contrasted to the control group. No significant differences were found in the time scores. The results suggest that accommodative training, for children with diagnosed accommodative disorders, has transfer effects upon nearpoint performance relating to improved accuracy.", "contents": "Clinical therapy for accommodative responses: transfer effects upon performance. A clinical therapy program featuring accommodative training was administered to a group of children with diagnosed disorders of accommodative function. The children ranged in age from six to twelve years. A group of subjects representing the same clinical population, and not differing significantly in age or grade level, acted as a control group. The control subjects participated in a therapy program of a similar duration, wherein perceptual-motor training (unrelated to the training of accommodative skills) was administered. A nearpoint pencil-and-paper task was administered to all subjects before and after the training programs, to assess changes in performance as a criterion of learning transfer and behavioral generalization. A significantly greater decrease in errors occurred in the group receiving the accommodative training as contrasted to the control group. No significant differences were found in the time scores. The results suggest that accommodative training, for children with diagnosed accommodative disorders, has transfer effects upon nearpoint performance relating to improved accuracy.", "PMID": 379112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4465", "title": "Reported ocular side effects of the ten most frequently prescribed drugs.", "content": "The ten drugs most frequently prescribed in 1977 are identified according to proprietary and non-proprietary names, pharmaceutical manufacturer, drug class, principal uses, and the ocular side effects which have been reported in the medical literature.", "contents": "Reported ocular side effects of the ten most frequently prescribed drugs. The ten drugs most frequently prescribed in 1977 are identified according to proprietary and non-proprietary names, pharmaceutical manufacturer, drug class, principal uses, and the ocular side effects which have been reported in the medical literature.", "PMID": 379113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4466", "title": "The United States Food and Drug Administration and the practice of optometry.", "content": "In the past decade the United States Food and Drug Administration has become increasingly involved with the regulation of materials used in the practice of optometry. It is the purpose of this paper to help the practitioner understand the FDA involvement, historically and legally, organization, how one can have input into the process, the procedures for testing and approving new drugs and devices, their regulation and the advantages and disadvantages of such control.", "contents": "The United States Food and Drug Administration and the practice of optometry. In the past decade the United States Food and Drug Administration has become increasingly involved with the regulation of materials used in the practice of optometry. It is the purpose of this paper to help the practitioner understand the FDA involvement, historically and legally, organization, how one can have input into the process, the procedures for testing and approving new drugs and devices, their regulation and the advantages and disadvantages of such control.", "PMID": 379116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4467", "title": "Immunofluorescent study of the spore antigens of proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum.", "content": "By means of the spore fluorescent antibody technique 31 strains of Clostridium botulinum types A (18 strains), B (10 strains) and F (3 strains) were found to belong to the same homogeneous group irrespective of their toxigenic types. Some strains of this species also cross-reacted with certain strains of Clostridium sporogenes types I, II and III and Clostridium histolyticum type II. By spore antigenic analysis it was found that Clostridium parabotulinum contained two components designated L and M, the former describing species specificity; the latter was the cross-reacting component shared by some strains of Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium histolyticum. Following this, a scheme showing the distribution of spore antigenic components among various species of Clostridium was given.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent study of the spore antigens of proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum. By means of the spore fluorescent antibody technique 31 strains of Clostridium botulinum types A (18 strains), B (10 strains) and F (3 strains) were found to belong to the same homogeneous group irrespective of their toxigenic types. Some strains of this species also cross-reacted with certain strains of Clostridium sporogenes types I, II and III and Clostridium histolyticum type II. By spore antigenic analysis it was found that Clostridium parabotulinum contained two components designated L and M, the former describing species specificity; the latter was the cross-reacting component shared by some strains of Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium histolyticum. Following this, a scheme showing the distribution of spore antigenic components among various species of Clostridium was given.", "PMID": 379206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4468", "title": "The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on the establishment of experimental mastitis by Streptococcus agalactiae in the cow.", "content": "An infusion of E. coli endotoxin (10 microgram) into the mammary gland of the cow 16 h before experimental infection with St. agalactiae prevented the establishment of mastitis. A clinical examination of the affected gland did not reveal signs of inflammation, all organisms were eliminated from the milk by 36 h after infection. Mammary glands not pretreated with endotoxin, and injected with the same number of viable streptococci, showed signs of severe inflammation the milk yield was reduced and the injected pathogen could be isolated from the gland for up to 14 days when sampling was discontinued. The injection of endotoxin alone produced a rapid increase in the cell count of the milk, there were some signs of inflammation and 80% of the cells in the milk were neutrophils. The cell counts in the milk remained above normal for 7-10 days. Untreated control quarters appeared to be unaffected by the injection of E. coli endotoxin into an adjacent quarter, on the other hand the injection of St. agalactiae into the adjacent quarter on the same side of the udder produced a cell response which reached a peak after 2 days and returned to preinoculation levels by the fourth day. No inflammation was observed in these control quarters and no streptococci were isolated from the milk.", "contents": "The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on the establishment of experimental mastitis by Streptococcus agalactiae in the cow. An infusion of E. coli endotoxin (10 microgram) into the mammary gland of the cow 16 h before experimental infection with St. agalactiae prevented the establishment of mastitis. A clinical examination of the affected gland did not reveal signs of inflammation, all organisms were eliminated from the milk by 36 h after infection. Mammary glands not pretreated with endotoxin, and injected with the same number of viable streptococci, showed signs of severe inflammation the milk yield was reduced and the injected pathogen could be isolated from the gland for up to 14 days when sampling was discontinued. The injection of endotoxin alone produced a rapid increase in the cell count of the milk, there were some signs of inflammation and 80% of the cells in the milk were neutrophils. The cell counts in the milk remained above normal for 7-10 days. Untreated control quarters appeared to be unaffected by the injection of E. coli endotoxin into an adjacent quarter, on the other hand the injection of St. agalactiae into the adjacent quarter on the same side of the udder produced a cell response which reached a peak after 2 days and returned to preinoculation levels by the fourth day. No inflammation was observed in these control quarters and no streptococci were isolated from the milk.", "PMID": 379207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4469", "title": "The relationship between rainfall and well water pollution in a West African (Gambian) village.", "content": "Water pollution was monitored in six Gambian village wells over a period of 8 months spanning the 5-month monomodal rains and the pre- and post-rains dry periods. Faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) counts were high throughout and there was a massive increase associated with the onset of the rains, maximum counts exceeding 5 x 10(5)/100 ml. This pattern was largely sustained throughout the rainy season. Some individual variations in patterns of pollution could be ascribed to well design, in particular lining of the shaft, but no well was protected from the seasonal increase in faecal pollution. The source of the increased pollution appeared to be a flushing in of faecal material of indeterminate or mixed human and animal origin, probably over considerable distances. Peaks of pollution not associated with rainfall episodes could have resulted from the practice of communal laundering in the near vicinity of the wells. Specific pathogens including Salmonella spp. were isolated only intermittently. Attention has been drawn to a problem complicating the standard method for assessing FC counts.", "contents": "The relationship between rainfall and well water pollution in a West African (Gambian) village. Water pollution was monitored in six Gambian village wells over a period of 8 months spanning the 5-month monomodal rains and the pre- and post-rains dry periods. Faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) counts were high throughout and there was a massive increase associated with the onset of the rains, maximum counts exceeding 5 x 10(5)/100 ml. This pattern was largely sustained throughout the rainy season. Some individual variations in patterns of pollution could be ascribed to well design, in particular lining of the shaft, but no well was protected from the seasonal increase in faecal pollution. The source of the increased pollution appeared to be a flushing in of faecal material of indeterminate or mixed human and animal origin, probably over considerable distances. Peaks of pollution not associated with rainfall episodes could have resulted from the practice of communal laundering in the near vicinity of the wells. Specific pathogens including Salmonella spp. were isolated only intermittently. Attention has been drawn to a problem complicating the standard method for assessing FC counts.", "PMID": 379208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4470", "title": "Cross-contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen.", "content": "A study was made of the extent to which frozen broilers, contaminated with indicator organisms, can cause cross-contamination in the kitchen. In 60 kitchens a number of relevant objects were sampled during the preparation of contaminated frozen broilers. The results show that cross-contamination occurred in a high proportion of the kitchens examined. In many instances the indicator organism was still present on various objects even after rinsing, 'clearing' or washing up. In view of the possible risk of a cross-contamination with Salmonella spp. the importance of instructing food preparers is emphasized. No salmonellas could be found in the sinks of the 60 kitchens examined.", "contents": "Cross-contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen. A study was made of the extent to which frozen broilers, contaminated with indicator organisms, can cause cross-contamination in the kitchen. In 60 kitchens a number of relevant objects were sampled during the preparation of contaminated frozen broilers. The results show that cross-contamination occurred in a high proportion of the kitchens examined. In many instances the indicator organism was still present on various objects even after rinsing, 'clearing' or washing up. In view of the possible risk of a cross-contamination with Salmonella spp. the importance of instructing food preparers is emphasized. No salmonellas could be found in the sinks of the 60 kitchens examined.", "PMID": 379210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4471", "title": "Enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in foods and outbreaks of food-borne diseases in Sweden.", "content": "All of 86 food routinely examined for potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria were found to harbour one or more coliform species. None of the strains isolated produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or showed invasive properties. The suckling mouse test indicated that one strain of Escherichia coli produced heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Twelve incidents of suspected food poisoning were also investigated. In two of them the foods examined contained LT-producing strains of E. coli and in two there were LT-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The counts of viable enterotoxigenic micro-organisms in these foods were 3000-30,000 E. coli/g and 50,000 to 1 million K. pneumoniae/g. The dominant symptom in all the incidents was watery diarrhoea. These seem to be the first reported cases of foodborne enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in Europe. Though enterotoxigenic E. coli and related gram-negative enterotoxin-producing species are rare in correctly handled food in Sweden, these micro-organisms should be searched for when outbreaks of food poisoning are investigated.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in foods and outbreaks of food-borne diseases in Sweden. All of 86 food routinely examined for potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria were found to harbour one or more coliform species. None of the strains isolated produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or showed invasive properties. The suckling mouse test indicated that one strain of Escherichia coli produced heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Twelve incidents of suspected food poisoning were also investigated. In two of them the foods examined contained LT-producing strains of E. coli and in two there were LT-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The counts of viable enterotoxigenic micro-organisms in these foods were 3000-30,000 E. coli/g and 50,000 to 1 million K. pneumoniae/g. The dominant symptom in all the incidents was watery diarrhoea. These seem to be the first reported cases of foodborne enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in Europe. Though enterotoxigenic E. coli and related gram-negative enterotoxin-producing species are rare in correctly handled food in Sweden, these micro-organisms should be searched for when outbreaks of food poisoning are investigated.", "PMID": 379211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4472", "title": "Wound infections after surgery in a modern operating suite: clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological findings.", "content": "A prospective study of 2983 operations in general and orthopaedic surgery during 3 years performed in four operating theatres in a modern operating suite was carried out in order to evaluate the importance of airborne infection. Weekly nose-and-throat samples were taken from the surgical staff and pre-operative samples were taken from the nose, throat, skin and perineum of the patients. The air contamination was followed by using settle plates, which showed low mean counts of total bacteria of between 9 and 15 c.f.u./m(2)/min, with mean counts of Staph. aureus of between 0.03 and 0.06 c.f.u./m(2)/min. No correlation was found between the total number of bacteria and the incidence of post-operative infections or between the amount of Staph. aureus in the air and post-operative Staph. aureus infections. It was concluded that further increases in ventilation could, at best, only marginally affect the incidence of post-operative infection.The post-operative wound-infection rate was 9.0%. In various types of surgery, the infection rates varied from 5.3% in clean operations to 47.6% in dirty surgery. About one third of the infections were classified as moderate or severe.Adverse patient factors, such as immunodeficiency, steroid treatment, intensive care, etc., increased the rate to 15.0%; in ;normal' patients it was 3.8%.Among the bacteria isolated, gram-negative bacilli (31% of wounds), often together with other bacteria, and Staph. aureus (28%) predominated, but in 25% no specimens were taken.Of 76 post-operative Staph. aureus infections, 32 were caused by the patients' own strains, and of the remaining 44 infections, 22, or 8% of all infections, could be traced to strains present in the air and/or the respiratory tracts of staff during the operation.The length of pre-operative hospital stay had no influence on the carrier rate of Staph. aureus in patients. The incidence of post-operative wound infection was significantly higher in patients carrying Staph. aureus and was even higher if these bacteria were found on the skin.Patients with wound infections stayed, on an average, 15 days longer than patients without infections. In serious infections the increase in duration of stay was > 20 days. Although infections were commoner in older patients, the average additional hospital stay of infected patients did not increase with age. If the post-operative infections studied in a concurrent retrospective study are taken into account more than 12 000 bed-days were due to post-surgical wound infections in the period studied or, in other words, some 12 beds (corresponding to 5.5% of the total) were always occupied by infected patients.", "contents": "Wound infections after surgery in a modern operating suite: clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological findings. A prospective study of 2983 operations in general and orthopaedic surgery during 3 years performed in four operating theatres in a modern operating suite was carried out in order to evaluate the importance of airborne infection. Weekly nose-and-throat samples were taken from the surgical staff and pre-operative samples were taken from the nose, throat, skin and perineum of the patients. The air contamination was followed by using settle plates, which showed low mean counts of total bacteria of between 9 and 15 c.f.u./m(2)/min, with mean counts of Staph. aureus of between 0.03 and 0.06 c.f.u./m(2)/min. No correlation was found between the total number of bacteria and the incidence of post-operative infections or between the amount of Staph. aureus in the air and post-operative Staph. aureus infections. It was concluded that further increases in ventilation could, at best, only marginally affect the incidence of post-operative infection.The post-operative wound-infection rate was 9.0%. In various types of surgery, the infection rates varied from 5.3% in clean operations to 47.6% in dirty surgery. About one third of the infections were classified as moderate or severe.Adverse patient factors, such as immunodeficiency, steroid treatment, intensive care, etc., increased the rate to 15.0%; in ;normal' patients it was 3.8%.Among the bacteria isolated, gram-negative bacilli (31% of wounds), often together with other bacteria, and Staph. aureus (28%) predominated, but in 25% no specimens were taken.Of 76 post-operative Staph. aureus infections, 32 were caused by the patients' own strains, and of the remaining 44 infections, 22, or 8% of all infections, could be traced to strains present in the air and/or the respiratory tracts of staff during the operation.The length of pre-operative hospital stay had no influence on the carrier rate of Staph. aureus in patients. The incidence of post-operative wound infection was significantly higher in patients carrying Staph. aureus and was even higher if these bacteria were found on the skin.Patients with wound infections stayed, on an average, 15 days longer than patients without infections. In serious infections the increase in duration of stay was > 20 days. Although infections were commoner in older patients, the average additional hospital stay of infected patients did not increase with age. If the post-operative infections studied in a concurrent retrospective study are taken into account more than 12 000 bed-days were due to post-surgical wound infections in the period studied or, in other words, some 12 beds (corresponding to 5.5% of the total) were always occupied by infected patients.", "PMID": 379212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4473", "title": "IgG recruiting component (GRC): B cell-derived signal for IgG antibody synthesis.", "content": "The B cell-derived soluble factor that has been described as an IgG-recruiting component (GRC) was investigated to: a) ascertain whether it is governed by genetic constraints, b) determine what triggers its synthesis, and c) identify its cellular target. GRC has been shown to be unrestricted by histocompatibility barriers since it enhanced IgG antibody production in mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. Further, we report that eliminating IgG-bearing cells from B cells to be immunized in vitro allows T cells-replacing factor (TRF) to increase the number of IgM but not IgG PFC. Thus, TRF appears to act on IgM-bearing cells by expanding the IgM PFC number. Adding GRC 48 hr after the addition of TRF to such IgG-depleted cells caused expression of IgG PFC. Hence, B cells lacking IgG but possessing IgM surface immunoglobulins appear to be those that are acted upon by GRC. These data indicate that in whole splenic cell populations, GRC is derived from IgG-bearing B cells that are stimulated by antigen and a component in TRF.", "contents": "IgG recruiting component (GRC): B cell-derived signal for IgG antibody synthesis. The B cell-derived soluble factor that has been described as an IgG-recruiting component (GRC) was investigated to: a) ascertain whether it is governed by genetic constraints, b) determine what triggers its synthesis, and c) identify its cellular target. GRC has been shown to be unrestricted by histocompatibility barriers since it enhanced IgG antibody production in mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. Further, we report that eliminating IgG-bearing cells from B cells to be immunized in vitro allows T cells-replacing factor (TRF) to increase the number of IgM but not IgG PFC. Thus, TRF appears to act on IgM-bearing cells by expanding the IgM PFC number. Adding GRC 48 hr after the addition of TRF to such IgG-depleted cells caused expression of IgG PFC. Hence, B cells lacking IgG but possessing IgM surface immunoglobulins appear to be those that are acted upon by GRC. These data indicate that in whole splenic cell populations, GRC is derived from IgG-bearing B cells that are stimulated by antigen and a component in TRF.", "PMID": 379214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4474", "title": "Further evidence for the antibody nature of C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF).", "content": "C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF), found in the sera of some patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, has been shown to be composed of two heavy and two light chains, like IgG; in addition it shares antigenic determinants with IgG. Purified C3NeF binds to the amplification convertase of complement, C3b,Bb, and thereby prevents decay of its C3-cleaving potential. The capability of C3NeF to bind to C3b,Bb was used as a means for purifying C3NeF to homogeneity. The investigation described in this report suggests that binding of C3NeF to C3b,Bb occurs via the Fab portion of the molecule. Pepsin treatment of eight C3NeF preparations resulted in an average loss of 76% of C3NeF functional activity. Papain treatment induced a loss of approximately 90%. The decrease in functional activity could be attributed to the accelerated rate of dissociation of 125I-F(ab')2 and 125I-Fab fragments from stabilized cell-bound C3b,Bb. The dissociation rate of 125I-F(ab')2 from C3b,Bb was comparable with the decay of the functional activity of C3b,Bb stabilized by F(ab')2 or Fab fragments of C3NeF. Although these results suggest that the stabilizing activity of C3NeF is mediated by the Fab portion of the molecule, it was found that the Fc portion also contributes to its functional activity.", "contents": "Further evidence for the antibody nature of C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF). C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF), found in the sera of some patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, has been shown to be composed of two heavy and two light chains, like IgG; in addition it shares antigenic determinants with IgG. Purified C3NeF binds to the amplification convertase of complement, C3b,Bb, and thereby prevents decay of its C3-cleaving potential. The capability of C3NeF to bind to C3b,Bb was used as a means for purifying C3NeF to homogeneity. The investigation described in this report suggests that binding of C3NeF to C3b,Bb occurs via the Fab portion of the molecule. Pepsin treatment of eight C3NeF preparations resulted in an average loss of 76% of C3NeF functional activity. Papain treatment induced a loss of approximately 90%. The decrease in functional activity could be attributed to the accelerated rate of dissociation of 125I-F(ab')2 and 125I-Fab fragments from stabilized cell-bound C3b,Bb. The dissociation rate of 125I-F(ab')2 from C3b,Bb was comparable with the decay of the functional activity of C3b,Bb stabilized by F(ab')2 or Fab fragments of C3NeF. Although these results suggest that the stabilizing activity of C3NeF is mediated by the Fab portion of the molecule, it was found that the Fc portion also contributes to its functional activity.", "PMID": 379217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4475", "title": "Ia antigens in mouse skin are predominantly expressed on Langerhans cells.", "content": "We have investigated the expression of products of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on BALB/c and A/J epidermal cells. By using reagents with specificity for various products of the MHC in an indirect immunofluorescence procedure, we found that H-2 antigens are expressed on the vast majority of epidermal cells. Ia antigens, by contrast, are present on only 2.4 to 6.9% of all epidermal cells. These Ia-bearing cells bear a receptor for the Fc portion of IgG and ultrastructurally exhibit the characteristics of Langerhans cells. Ia antigens on Langerhans cells are encoded for by at least the I-A and I-E/C subregions of the MHC.", "contents": "Ia antigens in mouse skin are predominantly expressed on Langerhans cells. We have investigated the expression of products of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on BALB/c and A/J epidermal cells. By using reagents with specificity for various products of the MHC in an indirect immunofluorescence procedure, we found that H-2 antigens are expressed on the vast majority of epidermal cells. Ia antigens, by contrast, are present on only 2.4 to 6.9% of all epidermal cells. These Ia-bearing cells bear a receptor for the Fc portion of IgG and ultrastructurally exhibit the characteristics of Langerhans cells. Ia antigens on Langerhans cells are encoded for by at least the I-A and I-E/C subregions of the MHC.", "PMID": 379218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4476", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. XIV. Characterization of the precursor of the pokeweed mitogen-induced anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cell.", "content": "The precursor of the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) in human peripheral blood was characterized. By a variety of purification procedures, it was demonstrated to be a lymphocyte with surface characteristics of a B cell. Furthermore, it was demonstrated to bind to sheep erythrocytes (E) and thus segregated with the E-rosetting T cells when T cell enrichment was performed by differential fractionation of E-rosetting cells. This binding of the PFC precursor to E was blocked by pretreating the lymphocyte with anti-human Ig before E rosetting, indicating that the PFC precursor specifically bound to SRBC by a surface Ig molecule with binding specificity for sheep red blood cell determinants. Hence, the precursor of the PWM-triggered anti-SRBC PFC is a B lymphocyte with surface Ig expressing specificity for SRBC.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. XIV. Characterization of the precursor of the pokeweed mitogen-induced anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cell. The precursor of the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) in human peripheral blood was characterized. By a variety of purification procedures, it was demonstrated to be a lymphocyte with surface characteristics of a B cell. Furthermore, it was demonstrated to bind to sheep erythrocytes (E) and thus segregated with the E-rosetting T cells when T cell enrichment was performed by differential fractionation of E-rosetting cells. This binding of the PFC precursor to E was blocked by pretreating the lymphocyte with anti-human Ig before E rosetting, indicating that the PFC precursor specifically bound to SRBC by a surface Ig molecule with binding specificity for sheep red blood cell determinants. Hence, the precursor of the PWM-triggered anti-SRBC PFC is a B lymphocyte with surface Ig expressing specificity for SRBC.", "PMID": 379220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4477", "title": "Membrane immunoglobulin is present on thymic and splenic lymphocytes of the trout Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "Three rabbit antisera raised to trout IgM showed positive immunofluorescent reactions with lymphocytes of trout spleen and thymus. These antisera showed no detectable cross-reactivity with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, as determined by direct radioimmune precipitation and adsorption, and did not appear to react significantly with carbohydrate moieties on trout IgM, as determined by the failure of proteolytic digests of trout IgM to inhibit in radioimmunoassay against intact trout IgM. Membrane immunoglobulin determinants were detectable on the membrane of both thymocytes and splenocytes with the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reaction. Radioimmunoassay of lysates of lymphocytes confirmed the association of immunoglobulin with trout thymocytes. By radioimmunoassay, lysates of thymic and splenic lymphocytes contained similar amounts of immunoglobulin, equivalent to approximately 8 X 10(4) molecules of IgM per cell (calculated as the monomer micro 2L2).", "contents": "Membrane immunoglobulin is present on thymic and splenic lymphocytes of the trout Salmo gairdneri. Three rabbit antisera raised to trout IgM showed positive immunofluorescent reactions with lymphocytes of trout spleen and thymus. These antisera showed no detectable cross-reactivity with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, as determined by direct radioimmune precipitation and adsorption, and did not appear to react significantly with carbohydrate moieties on trout IgM, as determined by the failure of proteolytic digests of trout IgM to inhibit in radioimmunoassay against intact trout IgM. Membrane immunoglobulin determinants were detectable on the membrane of both thymocytes and splenocytes with the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reaction. Radioimmunoassay of lysates of lymphocytes confirmed the association of immunoglobulin with trout thymocytes. By radioimmunoassay, lysates of thymic and splenic lymphocytes contained similar amounts of immunoglobulin, equivalent to approximately 8 X 10(4) molecules of IgM per cell (calculated as the monomer micro 2L2).", "PMID": 379221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4478", "title": "Use of antibodies against the label in non-separation non-isotopic immunoassay: 'indirect quenching' fluoroimmunoassay of proteins.", "content": "Antibodies against the label are introduced as a potentially useful reagent in nonisotopic immunoassay. They may permit end point determination without the need for a separation step, provided (i) that steric hindrance selectively prevents their binding to the antibody-bound fraction of the labelled antigen in an immunoassay mixture, and (ii) that their binding to the label in the free fraction results in a change in its signal. This 'indirect' approach was investigated in systems employing the fluorescein label and antibodies to fluorescein which quenched the fluorescence of free labelled antigen. 'Indirect quenching' fluoroimmunoassays for human serum albumin, human immunoglobulin G and human placental lactogen were demonstrated. These assays for proteins may be contrasted with conventional non-separation techniques, which are usually best suited to the determination of haptens.", "contents": "Use of antibodies against the label in non-separation non-isotopic immunoassay: 'indirect quenching' fluoroimmunoassay of proteins. Antibodies against the label are introduced as a potentially useful reagent in nonisotopic immunoassay. They may permit end point determination without the need for a separation step, provided (i) that steric hindrance selectively prevents their binding to the antibody-bound fraction of the labelled antigen in an immunoassay mixture, and (ii) that their binding to the label in the free fraction results in a change in its signal. This 'indirect' approach was investigated in systems employing the fluorescein label and antibodies to fluorescein which quenched the fluorescence of free labelled antigen. 'Indirect quenching' fluoroimmunoassays for human serum albumin, human immunoglobulin G and human placental lactogen were demonstrated. These assays for proteins may be contrasted with conventional non-separation techniques, which are usually best suited to the determination of haptens.", "PMID": 379224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4479", "title": "Attachment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to glomeruli with immune deposits.", "content": "A method for quantitative evaluation of a biological activity of immune complexes deposited in glomeruli is described. The activity reflects the activation of complement and is represented by the number of PMN attached to a glomerulus. It is possible to compare data from different individuals or different phases of glomerulonephritis. The complement component concerned is considered to be C3, activated through the classical or alternate pathway.", "contents": "Attachment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to glomeruli with immune deposits. A method for quantitative evaluation of a biological activity of immune complexes deposited in glomeruli is described. The activity reflects the activation of complement and is represented by the number of PMN attached to a glomerulus. It is possible to compare data from different individuals or different phases of glomerulonephritis. The complement component concerned is considered to be C3, activated through the classical or alternate pathway.", "PMID": 379225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4480", "title": "A pen smear technique for assays of rosette-forming lymphocytes.", "content": "A simple technique is described for the preparation of permanent stained smears of human E-rosette lymphocytes. Smears of the cells suspended in foetal calf serum were drawn as thin strips on slides with a pen nib. Such smears, after Romanowsky staining, and incorporating latex-particles phagocytosis as a marker for non-lymphoid cells, show excellent rosette preservation and permit easy distinction and counting of rosetting lymphocytes, non-rosetting lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. The percentages of rosette-forming lymphocytes estimated on such smears correspond closely to those obtained from counts made on viable cell suspensions.", "contents": "A pen smear technique for assays of rosette-forming lymphocytes. A simple technique is described for the preparation of permanent stained smears of human E-rosette lymphocytes. Smears of the cells suspended in foetal calf serum were drawn as thin strips on slides with a pen nib. Such smears, after Romanowsky staining, and incorporating latex-particles phagocytosis as a marker for non-lymphoid cells, show excellent rosette preservation and permit easy distinction and counting of rosetting lymphocytes, non-rosetting lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. The percentages of rosette-forming lymphocytes estimated on such smears correspond closely to those obtained from counts made on viable cell suspensions.", "PMID": 379226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4481", "title": "A method to evaluate the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to inhibit multiplication of an intracellular pathogen.", "content": "A new method to assess intracellular inhibition of multiplication or killing by normal and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages, human peripheral blood monocytes, and human monocyte-derived macrophages is described. This method involves measurement of incorporation of [3H]uracil into nucleic acids of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The method utilizes the observation by Pfefferkorn and Pfefferkorn (1977) that [3H]uracil is incorporated in substantially greater amounts by T. gondii than by certain mammalian cell types. Differential uptake of [3H]uracil by Toxoplasma-infected and uninfected cultures allows for evaluation of the ability of macrophages or monocytes to inhibit or kill this organism. This method has been adapted to microsystem.", "contents": "A method to evaluate the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to inhibit multiplication of an intracellular pathogen. A new method to assess intracellular inhibition of multiplication or killing by normal and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages, human peripheral blood monocytes, and human monocyte-derived macrophages is described. This method involves measurement of incorporation of [3H]uracil into nucleic acids of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The method utilizes the observation by Pfefferkorn and Pfefferkorn (1977) that [3H]uracil is incorporated in substantially greater amounts by T. gondii than by certain mammalian cell types. Differential uptake of [3H]uracil by Toxoplasma-infected and uninfected cultures allows for evaluation of the ability of macrophages or monocytes to inhibit or kill this organism. This method has been adapted to microsystem.", "PMID": 379229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4482", "title": "A modified mixed haemadsorption procedure for the detection and localisation of sperm antigens.", "content": "A mixed haemadsorption procedure for the detection and localisation of spermatozoal antigens is described. Sperm are immobilised by attaching them to the bases of wells on plastic plates using poly-L-lysine and antisera and sensitised red cells are then added to these wells. The technique uses simple reagents and allows sperm/red cell rosettes to be kept as permanent records.", "contents": "A modified mixed haemadsorption procedure for the detection and localisation of sperm antigens. A mixed haemadsorption procedure for the detection and localisation of spermatozoal antigens is described. Sperm are immobilised by attaching them to the bases of wells on plastic plates using poly-L-lysine and antisera and sensitised red cells are then added to these wells. The technique uses simple reagents and allows sperm/red cell rosettes to be kept as permanent records.", "PMID": 379230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4483", "title": "The use of fluorescent labeled antigen to follow the fate of instilled immune complexes in the rabbit lung.", "content": "To follow the fate of exogenously introduced immune complexes in the rabbit lung, a direct labeling method was devised. Bovine serum albumin was incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, washed and then bound at equivalence with antibovine serum albumin. Immune complexes thus prepared are injected into a rabbit airway and the animal was sacrificed. Using chilled alcohol fixative and paraffin embedding 4 micrometer sections were prepared for light and fluorescent microscopy. This technique readily verifies that labeled antigen is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Electron microscopy using ferritin-antiferritin complexes corroborate these light findings.", "contents": "The use of fluorescent labeled antigen to follow the fate of instilled immune complexes in the rabbit lung. To follow the fate of exogenously introduced immune complexes in the rabbit lung, a direct labeling method was devised. Bovine serum albumin was incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, washed and then bound at equivalence with antibovine serum albumin. Immune complexes thus prepared are injected into a rabbit airway and the animal was sacrificed. Using chilled alcohol fixative and paraffin embedding 4 micrometer sections were prepared for light and fluorescent microscopy. This technique readily verifies that labeled antigen is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Electron microscopy using ferritin-antiferritin complexes corroborate these light findings.", "PMID": 379231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4484", "title": "Preparation of antigenically active membranes from solid murine lymphomas and fibrosarcomas.", "content": "Plasma membrane preparations were obtained from solid lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas by disrupting the tissues with a mechanical press. The subcellular fractions were isolated by differential centrifugations and examined by electron microscopy. The membrane-enriched fractions were also assayed for protein content and analyzed in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; a fairly good reproducibiltiy was found comparing different membrane preparations derived from the same tumor. The H-2 antigenic activity of the different membrane preparations was demonstrated in vitro by the inhibition of the C'-dependent 51Cr-release assay using monospecific H-2 alloantisera. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the lack of inhibition of unrelated monospecific H-2 alloantisera and by a dose-response relationship between the amount of added membranes and the observed inhibition. The immunogenicity of the membranes was assessed in vivo by immunizing allogeneic mice that developed anti-H-2 alloantibodies. The possible mechanisms of the tissue disruption by the press are also discussed.", "contents": "Preparation of antigenically active membranes from solid murine lymphomas and fibrosarcomas. Plasma membrane preparations were obtained from solid lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas by disrupting the tissues with a mechanical press. The subcellular fractions were isolated by differential centrifugations and examined by electron microscopy. The membrane-enriched fractions were also assayed for protein content and analyzed in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; a fairly good reproducibiltiy was found comparing different membrane preparations derived from the same tumor. The H-2 antigenic activity of the different membrane preparations was demonstrated in vitro by the inhibition of the C'-dependent 51Cr-release assay using monospecific H-2 alloantisera. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the lack of inhibition of unrelated monospecific H-2 alloantisera and by a dose-response relationship between the amount of added membranes and the observed inhibition. The immunogenicity of the membranes was assessed in vivo by immunizing allogeneic mice that developed anti-H-2 alloantibodies. The possible mechanisms of the tissue disruption by the press are also discussed.", "PMID": 379232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4485", "title": "Ingestion of dyed-opsonised yeasts as a simple way of detecting phagocytes in lymphocyte preparations. Cytophilic binding of immunoglobulins by ingesting cells.", "content": "Procion-dyed yeasts which have been incubated in fresh serum and washed are readily ingested by human blood monocytes and tumour macrophages during a 30 min incubation period. Uptake is enhanced by centrifugation. Intracellular yeasts can be readily distinquished from extracellular by their much slower uptake of toluidine blue. Yeast ingestion is a much more reliable test for blood monocytes than the latex bead test and it is easier to read. The ingestion test may be combined with a rosette test for surface immunoglobulins (SmIg). Since the yeasts take up immunoglobulins from human serum during the complement-coating stage it is necessary, in a combined ingestion-SmIg test, to use fresh serum from another species (sheep) for opsonisation of the yeasts. A technique is described for reducing the number of immunoglobulin-bearing monocytes to a low level with a combined ingestion-SmIg rosette technique to detect residual immunoglobulin-bearing phagocytes.", "contents": "Ingestion of dyed-opsonised yeasts as a simple way of detecting phagocytes in lymphocyte preparations. Cytophilic binding of immunoglobulins by ingesting cells. Procion-dyed yeasts which have been incubated in fresh serum and washed are readily ingested by human blood monocytes and tumour macrophages during a 30 min incubation period. Uptake is enhanced by centrifugation. Intracellular yeasts can be readily distinquished from extracellular by their much slower uptake of toluidine blue. Yeast ingestion is a much more reliable test for blood monocytes than the latex bead test and it is easier to read. The ingestion test may be combined with a rosette test for surface immunoglobulins (SmIg). Since the yeasts take up immunoglobulins from human serum during the complement-coating stage it is necessary, in a combined ingestion-SmIg test, to use fresh serum from another species (sheep) for opsonisation of the yeasts. A technique is described for reducing the number of immunoglobulin-bearing monocytes to a low level with a combined ingestion-SmIg rosette technique to detect residual immunoglobulin-bearing phagocytes.", "PMID": 379233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4486", "title": "A method for obtaining swine alveolar macrophages by segmental pulmonary lavage.", "content": "A technique for obtaining alveolar macrophages (AM) from anesthetized swine is described. Animals were intubated and segmental pulmonary lavage was performed utilizing a double lumen catheter (DLC). An average of 98% of the initial 100 ml lavage fluid was recovered with a typical yield of 1 x 10(8) free alveolar cells (FAC). AM were then separated from other FAC by their adherence to plastic. The final adherent cell population consisted of greater than 95% macrophage as determined by morphology and non-specific esterase activity. The technique described had no adverse effects on the animals even when repeated on the same animal several days later.", "contents": "A method for obtaining swine alveolar macrophages by segmental pulmonary lavage. A technique for obtaining alveolar macrophages (AM) from anesthetized swine is described. Animals were intubated and segmental pulmonary lavage was performed utilizing a double lumen catheter (DLC). An average of 98% of the initial 100 ml lavage fluid was recovered with a typical yield of 1 x 10(8) free alveolar cells (FAC). AM were then separated from other FAC by their adherence to plastic. The final adherent cell population consisted of greater than 95% macrophage as determined by morphology and non-specific esterase activity. The technique described had no adverse effects on the animals even when repeated on the same animal several days later.", "PMID": 379234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4487", "title": "Transcutaneous leukocyte migration in vivo: cellular kinetics, platelet and C5a dependent activity.", "content": "A simple quantitative method for the measurement of leukotaxis in vivo is described. Duplicate skin chambers are placed over tape-stripped skin with 50% autologous serum--50% Hank's balanced salt solution as the attractant. Neutrophils predominate throughout 24 hr in this method with no change to mononuclear cells. A recommended modification of our original method is that chambers are sampled and removed after 8 hr rather than 24 hr since the majority of leukocyte migration occurs within the first 8 hr. Analysis of serum factors showed that heat-inactivation of the serum (56degreesC for 30 min) had no effect. However, depleting platelets or C5 from the serum removed approximately 90% of chemotactic activity for human neutrophils in vivo. Platelets, presumably through activity of their granules, enzymatically cleaves C5a from C5 in plasma. We conclude that C5a, after cleavage from C5, accounts for the majority of chemattractant activity in vivo.", "contents": "Transcutaneous leukocyte migration in vivo: cellular kinetics, platelet and C5a dependent activity. A simple quantitative method for the measurement of leukotaxis in vivo is described. Duplicate skin chambers are placed over tape-stripped skin with 50% autologous serum--50% Hank's balanced salt solution as the attractant. Neutrophils predominate throughout 24 hr in this method with no change to mononuclear cells. A recommended modification of our original method is that chambers are sampled and removed after 8 hr rather than 24 hr since the majority of leukocyte migration occurs within the first 8 hr. Analysis of serum factors showed that heat-inactivation of the serum (56degreesC for 30 min) had no effect. However, depleting platelets or C5 from the serum removed approximately 90% of chemotactic activity for human neutrophils in vivo. Platelets, presumably through activity of their granules, enzymatically cleaves C5a from C5 in plasma. We conclude that C5a, after cleavage from C5, accounts for the majority of chemattractant activity in vivo.", "PMID": 379238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4488", "title": "Monocyte function in psoriasis.", "content": "Monocytes derived from the peripheral blood of psoriatic patients demonstrated a significantly higher phagocytic capacity (36 to 40%) for both 125I-labeled Shigella flexneri and 125I-labeled Staphylococcus albus compared with monocytes from healthy subjects. Monocytes from psoriatic patients showed a 2-to-4fold increase in bactericidal capacity against S. albus when compared with normal monocytes. However, the bactericidal capacity of monocytes from diphylline-treated patients did not differ from that of the control subjects. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against EL4 tumor cells was found to be similar in both psoriatic patients and control subjects. It is postulated that these abnormalities of monocyte function in psoriasis are caused by a decreased cAMP/cGMP ratio similar to the decreased cAMP/cGMP ratio found in the lesional epidermis of this disease. It seems therefore, that the psoriatic abnormality is not confined to only one type of cell, the epidermal cell.", "contents": "Monocyte function in psoriasis. Monocytes derived from the peripheral blood of psoriatic patients demonstrated a significantly higher phagocytic capacity (36 to 40%) for both 125I-labeled Shigella flexneri and 125I-labeled Staphylococcus albus compared with monocytes from healthy subjects. Monocytes from psoriatic patients showed a 2-to-4fold increase in bactericidal capacity against S. albus when compared with normal monocytes. However, the bactericidal capacity of monocytes from diphylline-treated patients did not differ from that of the control subjects. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against EL4 tumor cells was found to be similar in both psoriatic patients and control subjects. It is postulated that these abnormalities of monocyte function in psoriasis are caused by a decreased cAMP/cGMP ratio similar to the decreased cAMP/cGMP ratio found in the lesional epidermis of this disease. It seems therefore, that the psoriatic abnormality is not confined to only one type of cell, the epidermal cell.", "PMID": 379240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4489", "title": "Detection of hapten erythrocyte conjugates in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The studies presented demonstrate that immunofluorescent techniques are capable of detecting picryl chloride erythrocyte protein conjugates formed in vitro and in vivo, following infusion of picryl chloride into normal, sensitized and tolerant guinea pigs. These experiments and the finding that picryl erythrocyte stromata prepared in vitro, and in vivo from infused recipients, have the capacity fo sensitize fresh animals, support the view that infused picryl chloride conjugates with the red cell membrane in vivo.", "contents": "Detection of hapten erythrocyte conjugates in vitro and in vivo. The studies presented demonstrate that immunofluorescent techniques are capable of detecting picryl chloride erythrocyte protein conjugates formed in vitro and in vivo, following infusion of picryl chloride into normal, sensitized and tolerant guinea pigs. These experiments and the finding that picryl erythrocyte stromata prepared in vitro, and in vivo from infused recipients, have the capacity fo sensitize fresh animals, support the view that infused picryl chloride conjugates with the red cell membrane in vivo.", "PMID": 379241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4490", "title": "Components of the Goeckerman regimen.", "content": "Although application of tar products and subsequent exposure to ultraviolet radiation (the Goeckerman regimen) has repeatedly been demonstrated to be effective therapy for psoriasis, the therapeutic role of each component has remained uncertain. Utilizing the bilateral comparison technique in 30 hospitalized patients with chronic stable plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris, we closely monitored the clinical responses to ultraviolet radiation (Westinghouse fluorescent FS40 bulbs, 290--400 nm) and a variety of tar preparations and lubricant vehicles in combination and separately. We found that: 1) 4 weeks of maximally-aggressive exposure to ultraviolet radiation alone will markedly improve, but not completely clear, psoriasis unless combined with a tar preparation or lubricating base; 2) 5% crude coal tar plus ultraviolet radiation offers no clear advantage or benefit over lubricating base plus ultraviolet radiation; and 3) none of the tar preparations tested offered any consistent advantage over any other preparation.", "contents": "Components of the Goeckerman regimen. Although application of tar products and subsequent exposure to ultraviolet radiation (the Goeckerman regimen) has repeatedly been demonstrated to be effective therapy for psoriasis, the therapeutic role of each component has remained uncertain. Utilizing the bilateral comparison technique in 30 hospitalized patients with chronic stable plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris, we closely monitored the clinical responses to ultraviolet radiation (Westinghouse fluorescent FS40 bulbs, 290--400 nm) and a variety of tar preparations and lubricant vehicles in combination and separately. We found that: 1) 4 weeks of maximally-aggressive exposure to ultraviolet radiation alone will markedly improve, but not completely clear, psoriasis unless combined with a tar preparation or lubricating base; 2) 5% crude coal tar plus ultraviolet radiation offers no clear advantage or benefit over lubricating base plus ultraviolet radiation; and 3) none of the tar preparations tested offered any consistent advantage over any other preparation.", "PMID": 379242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4491", "title": "Failure to detect gliadin or gliadin binding sites in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis: immunofluorescence, organ culture and autoradiographic studies.", "content": "Recent investigations indicate an abnormal binding of gluten or gliadin to lymphocytes or intestinal mucosa cells in gluten sensitive enteropathy. Since dermatitis herpetiformis is closely associated to gluten sensitive enteropathy, similar receptors could also exist in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. To prove this hypothesis, skin of normal volunteers and uninvolved skin of 3 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis was investigated for the presence of gliadin and gliadin binding sites. In vivo bound gliadin was not found by direct immunofluorescence using 3 different rabbit antigliadin antisera. In order to test skin for gliadin binding sites, normal sera and autologous dermatitis herpetiformis sera containing 25 mg% gliadin and tritium labeled gliadin, respectively, were used for incubation of normal and dermatitis herpetiformis skin cryocut sections and of normal and dermatitis herpetiformis skin specimens, grown under organ culture conditions. As checked by direct immunofluorescence and autoradiography, there was no specific in vitro binding of gliadin, indicating that gliadin does not fix to normal human or dermatitis herpetiformis skin. Thus, the role of gliadin in the fixation in vivo, of antibodies or immune complexes to skin in dermatitis herpetiformis, remains obscure.", "contents": "Failure to detect gliadin or gliadin binding sites in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis: immunofluorescence, organ culture and autoradiographic studies. Recent investigations indicate an abnormal binding of gluten or gliadin to lymphocytes or intestinal mucosa cells in gluten sensitive enteropathy. Since dermatitis herpetiformis is closely associated to gluten sensitive enteropathy, similar receptors could also exist in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. To prove this hypothesis, skin of normal volunteers and uninvolved skin of 3 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis was investigated for the presence of gliadin and gliadin binding sites. In vivo bound gliadin was not found by direct immunofluorescence using 3 different rabbit antigliadin antisera. In order to test skin for gliadin binding sites, normal sera and autologous dermatitis herpetiformis sera containing 25 mg% gliadin and tritium labeled gliadin, respectively, were used for incubation of normal and dermatitis herpetiformis skin cryocut sections and of normal and dermatitis herpetiformis skin specimens, grown under organ culture conditions. As checked by direct immunofluorescence and autoradiography, there was no specific in vitro binding of gliadin, indicating that gliadin does not fix to normal human or dermatitis herpetiformis skin. Thus, the role of gliadin in the fixation in vivo, of antibodies or immune complexes to skin in dermatitis herpetiformis, remains obscure.", "PMID": 379243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4492", "title": "Serologic responses to somatic O and colonization-factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in travelers.", "content": "To improve the retrospective diagnoses of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as a cause of travelers' diarrhea, as well as to determine the presence of colonization-factor antigens in these infections, a study of serologic responses to antigens of ETEC was done. Paired sera from 60 United States students in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, were analyzed for rises in titer of antibody to heat-labile toxin, eight somatic antigen O serogroups associated with ETEC, and two colonization-factor antigens, CFA/I and CFA/II. Only 9% had a response to O antigens, while 20% had responses to the colonization-factor antigens. Response to the colonization-factor antigens correlated significantly with response to the heat-labile toxin and with culture evidence of ETEC infection. Serologic studies confirmed that colonization-factor antigen has a role in naturally acquired cases of travelers' diarrhea and that it can be used as an additional determinant of infection with ETEC.", "contents": "Serologic responses to somatic O and colonization-factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in travelers. To improve the retrospective diagnoses of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as a cause of travelers' diarrhea, as well as to determine the presence of colonization-factor antigens in these infections, a study of serologic responses to antigens of ETEC was done. Paired sera from 60 United States students in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, were analyzed for rises in titer of antibody to heat-labile toxin, eight somatic antigen O serogroups associated with ETEC, and two colonization-factor antigens, CFA/I and CFA/II. Only 9% had a response to O antigens, while 20% had responses to the colonization-factor antigens. Response to the colonization-factor antigens correlated significantly with response to the heat-labile toxin and with culture evidence of ETEC infection. Serologic studies confirmed that colonization-factor antigen has a role in naturally acquired cases of travelers' diarrhea and that it can be used as an additional determinant of infection with ETEC.", "PMID": 379245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4493", "title": "Characterization of yeast agglutinins in lavage fluid from lungs of rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were challenged intratracheally with 10(8) Candida albicans or Torulopsis glabrata, and their lungs were lavaged 5, 60, and 120 min later. Initial lavage samples showed significant agglutination of yeasts, followed by the development of larger aggregates in association with alveolar macrophages. To investigate this early agglutination reaction, lungs of normal rabbits were lavaged with heparinized saline, and after alveolar macrophages were discarded, the cell-free lavage fluid was centrifuged at 25,000 g to recover a small, whitish, surface-active pellet (F fraction). The supernatant was concentrated 15-fold by vacuum dialysis (P fraction). When Candida species, T. glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated with the F fraction, serial colony counts decreased eight- to 20-fold with every yeast species tested except S. cerevisiae and Candida krusei. Decrease in colony counts was associated with yeast agglutination. The F fraction was further separated by ethanol-ether extraction, and yeast agglutination was seen only in the protein-rich fraction. Further separation of this protein-rich fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded three bands, one of which, with a molecular size of about 10(4) daltons, agglutinated C. albicans. IgA in the P fraction also agglutinated C. albicans, although not as dramatically as the F fraction.", "contents": "Characterization of yeast agglutinins in lavage fluid from lungs of rabbits. Rabbits were challenged intratracheally with 10(8) Candida albicans or Torulopsis glabrata, and their lungs were lavaged 5, 60, and 120 min later. Initial lavage samples showed significant agglutination of yeasts, followed by the development of larger aggregates in association with alveolar macrophages. To investigate this early agglutination reaction, lungs of normal rabbits were lavaged with heparinized saline, and after alveolar macrophages were discarded, the cell-free lavage fluid was centrifuged at 25,000 g to recover a small, whitish, surface-active pellet (F fraction). The supernatant was concentrated 15-fold by vacuum dialysis (P fraction). When Candida species, T. glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated with the F fraction, serial colony counts decreased eight- to 20-fold with every yeast species tested except S. cerevisiae and Candida krusei. Decrease in colony counts was associated with yeast agglutination. The F fraction was further separated by ethanol-ether extraction, and yeast agglutination was seen only in the protein-rich fraction. Further separation of this protein-rich fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded three bands, one of which, with a molecular size of about 10(4) daltons, agglutinated C. albicans. IgA in the P fraction also agglutinated C. albicans, although not as dramatically as the F fraction.", "PMID": 379248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4494", "title": "Interposed bone-graft augmentation of the atrophic mandible (a progress report).", "content": "A follow-up study on 41 patients who had augmentation of the atrophic mandible by interposed bone graft is presented. Special emphasis has been put on the prosthetic implications. The rapid reduction in height measured postoperatively appeared almost to cease after 6 months. Some of the possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Interposed bone-graft augmentation of the atrophic mandible (a progress report). A follow-up study on 41 patients who had augmentation of the atrophic mandible by interposed bone graft is presented. Special emphasis has been put on the prosthetic implications. The rapid reduction in height measured postoperatively appeared almost to cease after 6 months. Some of the possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 379254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4495", "title": "The Kaleff-Hollwich technique and results of external dacryocysto-rhinostomy operation.", "content": "After a review of the history of lacrimal surgery the author describes the techniques of dacryocystorhinostomy which are currently performed. The ideal method is that of Ohm (1921) and Dupuy-Dutemps (1921) with its totally closed mucosal anastomosis. Because of the technical problems demonstrated with this technique the author recommends that of Kaleff (1937), modified by Hollwich (1977). The advantages of this method are: 1. The almost closed mucosal cavity which permits primary would healing. 2. The easy strain-free practicability particularly in cases of small scarred sac and pre-positioned ethmoid cells. 3. The sure fixation of the mucosal roof at the subcutis particularly in cases of marked swelling. Finally a survey of long-term and short term observations on all 324 cases from 1964 to 1977 is given.", "contents": "The Kaleff-Hollwich technique and results of external dacryocysto-rhinostomy operation. After a review of the history of lacrimal surgery the author describes the techniques of dacryocystorhinostomy which are currently performed. The ideal method is that of Ohm (1921) and Dupuy-Dutemps (1921) with its totally closed mucosal anastomosis. Because of the technical problems demonstrated with this technique the author recommends that of Kaleff (1937), modified by Hollwich (1977). The advantages of this method are: 1. The almost closed mucosal cavity which permits primary would healing. 2. The easy strain-free practicability particularly in cases of small scarred sac and pre-positioned ethmoid cells. 3. The sure fixation of the mucosal roof at the subcutis particularly in cases of marked swelling. Finally a survey of long-term and short term observations on all 324 cases from 1964 to 1977 is given.", "PMID": 379255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4496", "title": "Studies with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "The minimal structural requirements for gonadotrophin releasing activity were studied with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), [D-Ser(But)6]LH-RH(1-9)nonapeptide-ethylamide (Hoe 766). All fragments are related to the C-terminal structure of LH-RH and have increased enzyme stability. Ovulation in phenobarbitone-blocked rats was induced with a median effective dose/rat, of 1.9 microgram of the (3-9)-heptapeptide, Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(But)-Leu-Arg-Pro-ethylamide and 6.8, 18.0 and 38.3 microgram for the (4-9), (5-9) and (6-9) fragments respectively. The (3-9)- heptapeptide and (4-9)-hexapeptide induced release of LH and FSH in phenobarbitone-blocked rats with a ratio similar to that of LH-RH. Degradation of LH-RH by enzyme preparations of liver, kidney and hypothalamic or anterior pituitary tissue was not modified by addition of the (3-9)-heptapeptide fragment. The organ distribution of the 125I-labelled (3-9)-heptapeptide fragments was similar to LH-RH, but not to Hoe 766. The peptide accumulated in liver and kidney, but was eliminated from the anterior pituitary gland 15 min after i.v. injection, whereas Hoe 766 showed progressive accumulation in the pituitary gland (tissue:plasma ratio = 6.6 after 60 min). In contrast to C-terminal fragments of LH-RH, the corresponding fragments of nonapeptide analogues retained significant biological activity, and the minimal structural requirements for LH release may be related to the C-terminal sequence of LH-RH.", "contents": "Studies with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. The minimal structural requirements for gonadotrophin releasing activity were studied with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), [D-Ser(But)6]LH-RH(1-9)nonapeptide-ethylamide (Hoe 766). All fragments are related to the C-terminal structure of LH-RH and have increased enzyme stability. Ovulation in phenobarbitone-blocked rats was induced with a median effective dose/rat, of 1.9 microgram of the (3-9)-heptapeptide, Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(But)-Leu-Arg-Pro-ethylamide and 6.8, 18.0 and 38.3 microgram for the (4-9), (5-9) and (6-9) fragments respectively. The (3-9)- heptapeptide and (4-9)-hexapeptide induced release of LH and FSH in phenobarbitone-blocked rats with a ratio similar to that of LH-RH. Degradation of LH-RH by enzyme preparations of liver, kidney and hypothalamic or anterior pituitary tissue was not modified by addition of the (3-9)-heptapeptide fragment. The organ distribution of the 125I-labelled (3-9)-heptapeptide fragments was similar to LH-RH, but not to Hoe 766. The peptide accumulated in liver and kidney, but was eliminated from the anterior pituitary gland 15 min after i.v. injection, whereas Hoe 766 showed progressive accumulation in the pituitary gland (tissue:plasma ratio = 6.6 after 60 min). In contrast to C-terminal fragments of LH-RH, the corresponding fragments of nonapeptide analogues retained significant biological activity, and the minimal structural requirements for LH release may be related to the C-terminal sequence of LH-RH.", "PMID": 379261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4497", "title": "Ontogeny and localization of the crystallins during lens development in normal and Hy-1 (hyperplastic lens epithelium) chick embryos.", "content": "A strain of chickens selected for high growth rate has been found to exhibit an anomalous eye lens morphology indicating a failure of the normal process of growth regulation. Hyperplasia of the lens epithelium and annular pad, often with fiber formation, has recently been described in day-old chicks of this strain, termed Hy-1 (Clayton, 1975). The earliest evidence of this condition in this study has been found in the 11-day embryonic Hy-1 lens. Before this time, no definitive lens abnormality could be detected histologically in the Hy-1 embryos. However, the indirect immunofluorescence technique had revealed early temporal and spatial differences with regard to the lens crystallins. Antibodies, specific for delta, cathodal beta, anodal beta and alpha crystallins, were applied to sections through the lens of 2 1/2-, 3-, 3 1/2, 4-, 5-, 8- and 16-day embryonic and 1-day post-hatch normal and Hy-1 chicks. delta crystallin appears precociously in the external layer, and alpha crystallin in the prospective fiber region, of the lens rudiment of Hy-1 embryos. Both anodal and cathodal beta crystallins are retarded, however, in their appearance in the external layer/epithelium of Hy-1 lenses. Localization of the crystallin classes within the lenses of the two strains continues to vary during lens differentiation until 1 day post-hatch, at which time and during late embryogenesis annular pad and epithelium abnormalities can be frequently be seen in the Hy-1 lens. This inability to control normal lens histogenesis thus manifests itself early as alterations in the appearance of an organ-specific gene product, the crystallins.", "contents": "Ontogeny and localization of the crystallins during lens development in normal and Hy-1 (hyperplastic lens epithelium) chick embryos. A strain of chickens selected for high growth rate has been found to exhibit an anomalous eye lens morphology indicating a failure of the normal process of growth regulation. Hyperplasia of the lens epithelium and annular pad, often with fiber formation, has recently been described in day-old chicks of this strain, termed Hy-1 (Clayton, 1975). The earliest evidence of this condition in this study has been found in the 11-day embryonic Hy-1 lens. Before this time, no definitive lens abnormality could be detected histologically in the Hy-1 embryos. However, the indirect immunofluorescence technique had revealed early temporal and spatial differences with regard to the lens crystallins. Antibodies, specific for delta, cathodal beta, anodal beta and alpha crystallins, were applied to sections through the lens of 2 1/2-, 3-, 3 1/2, 4-, 5-, 8- and 16-day embryonic and 1-day post-hatch normal and Hy-1 chicks. delta crystallin appears precociously in the external layer, and alpha crystallin in the prospective fiber region, of the lens rudiment of Hy-1 embryos. Both anodal and cathodal beta crystallins are retarded, however, in their appearance in the external layer/epithelium of Hy-1 lenses. Localization of the crystallin classes within the lenses of the two strains continues to vary during lens differentiation until 1 day post-hatch, at which time and during late embryogenesis annular pad and epithelium abnormalities can be frequently be seen in the Hy-1 lens. This inability to control normal lens histogenesis thus manifests itself early as alterations in the appearance of an organ-specific gene product, the crystallins.", "PMID": 379264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4498", "title": "Rejection of first-set skin allografts in man. the microvasculature is the critical target of the immune response.", "content": "Recent reports of microvascular injury in delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions prompted us to reexamine the pathogenesis of first-set skin allograft rejection in man using morphologic techniques that allowed both extensive vessel sampling and unequivocal evaluation of microvascular endothelium. We here report that widespread microvascular damage is a characteristic, early consequence of the cellular immune response to first-set human skin allografts and is qualitatively similar to, but substantially more extensive than, that occurring in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Microvascular damage in invariably preceded significant epithelial necrosis and affected initially and primarily those venules, arterioles, and small veins enveloped by lymphocytes. Vessels of both the allograft itself and the underlying graft bed (recipient tissue) were equally affected. These data suggest that endothelial cells of the microvasculature are the critical target of the immune response in first-set vascularized skin allograft rejection in man and that rejection can be attributed largely to ischemic infarction resulting from extensive microvascular damage. Other mechanisms, such as direct cellular contacts between infiltrating lymphocytes and epithelium, apparently played only a minor role. The findings presented here indicate that the rejection of first-set vascularized skin allografts, though induced by immunologically specific mechanisms, is primarily effected by final pathways that are relatively nonspecific and that may cause damage to both foreign and host vessels and cells. Rather than contradicting studies demonstrating the exquisite specificity of allograft rejection in other systems, these findings provide a further example of the heterogeneity of the cellular immune response. Recognition of the critical role of immunologically mediated microvascular injury may prove important both for an understanding of the biology of allograft rejection and for strategies aimed at prolonging allograft survival.", "contents": "Rejection of first-set skin allografts in man. the microvasculature is the critical target of the immune response. Recent reports of microvascular injury in delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions prompted us to reexamine the pathogenesis of first-set skin allograft rejection in man using morphologic techniques that allowed both extensive vessel sampling and unequivocal evaluation of microvascular endothelium. We here report that widespread microvascular damage is a characteristic, early consequence of the cellular immune response to first-set human skin allografts and is qualitatively similar to, but substantially more extensive than, that occurring in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Microvascular damage in invariably preceded significant epithelial necrosis and affected initially and primarily those venules, arterioles, and small veins enveloped by lymphocytes. Vessels of both the allograft itself and the underlying graft bed (recipient tissue) were equally affected. These data suggest that endothelial cells of the microvasculature are the critical target of the immune response in first-set vascularized skin allograft rejection in man and that rejection can be attributed largely to ischemic infarction resulting from extensive microvascular damage. Other mechanisms, such as direct cellular contacts between infiltrating lymphocytes and epithelium, apparently played only a minor role. The findings presented here indicate that the rejection of first-set vascularized skin allografts, though induced by immunologically specific mechanisms, is primarily effected by final pathways that are relatively nonspecific and that may cause damage to both foreign and host vessels and cells. Rather than contradicting studies demonstrating the exquisite specificity of allograft rejection in other systems, these findings provide a further example of the heterogeneity of the cellular immune response. Recognition of the critical role of immunologically mediated microvascular injury may prove important both for an understanding of the biology of allograft rejection and for strategies aimed at prolonging allograft survival.", "PMID": 379265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4499", "title": "[Determination of alpha-amylase by an enzymatic kinetic method on the ABA-100 (author's transl)].", "content": "The enzymatic method of H. W. Schiwara (1972) Z. Klim. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 10,12--16 (reagents by Smith Kline Instruments), using the enzymatic reaction sequence alpha-amylase -- alpha-glucosidase -- hexokinase/glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase for the determination of alpha-amylase was evaluated on the ABA-100. The coefficient of variation for control sera and human pooled serum was 0.9--4.2% within series, and 1.4--6.6% day to day. Reference values for a healthy population (212 blood donors) in sera were 13--79 U/1 (+/- 2 SD), mean 46 U/1. In catch urines the values did not show a normal distribution; the minimal and maximal range for men was 58--385 U/1, for women 7--318 U/1. The kinetic curve of the enzymatic test was measured and the influence of glucose and linearity studied. In comparison with the enzymatic test, the chromogenic method Amlyochrom Roche was tested on the sera and urine of patients. The coefficient of correlation in sera was r = 0.975, in urine r = 0.965.", "contents": "[Determination of alpha-amylase by an enzymatic kinetic method on the ABA-100 (author's transl)]. The enzymatic method of H. W. Schiwara (1972) Z. Klim. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 10,12--16 (reagents by Smith Kline Instruments), using the enzymatic reaction sequence alpha-amylase -- alpha-glucosidase -- hexokinase/glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase for the determination of alpha-amylase was evaluated on the ABA-100. The coefficient of variation for control sera and human pooled serum was 0.9--4.2% within series, and 1.4--6.6% day to day. Reference values for a healthy population (212 blood donors) in sera were 13--79 U/1 (+/- 2 SD), mean 46 U/1. In catch urines the values did not show a normal distribution; the minimal and maximal range for men was 58--385 U/1, for women 7--318 U/1. The kinetic curve of the enzymatic test was measured and the influence of glucose and linearity studied. In comparison with the enzymatic test, the chromogenic method Amlyochrom Roche was tested on the sera and urine of patients. The coefficient of correlation in sera was r = 0.975, in urine r = 0.965.", "PMID": 379266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4500", "title": "A diagnostic strategy for myocardial infarction.", "content": "In attempting to make the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the family physician has available an increasing array of enzyme and nuclear imaging techniques to add to the clinical and electrocardiographic findings. In this review several of the new diagnostic tests are described, and their role is discussed both in supplementing and replacing older diagnostic tests. A general strategy for employing both old and new tests is proposed, with a goal of achieving both increased diagnostic accuracy and reduced charges for laboratory tests.", "contents": "A diagnostic strategy for myocardial infarction. In attempting to make the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the family physician has available an increasing array of enzyme and nuclear imaging techniques to add to the clinical and electrocardiographic findings. In this review several of the new diagnostic tests are described, and their role is discussed both in supplementing and replacing older diagnostic tests. A general strategy for employing both old and new tests is proposed, with a goal of achieving both increased diagnostic accuracy and reduced charges for laboratory tests.", "PMID": 379268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4501", "title": "Psychiatric complications of medical drugs.", "content": "General drug toxicity has long been a concern of physicians. Recently, there has been increasing concern about the psychological side effects of drugs. This paper reviews the literature on psychological side effects of those drugs which have been most studied in recent years. It also includes a section reviewing the literature on miscellaneous drugs associated with psychological symptoms. This review, although not exhaustive, is intended to alert the physician to drug related causes for psychological symptoms which patients may experience while taking drugs.", "contents": "Psychiatric complications of medical drugs. General drug toxicity has long been a concern of physicians. Recently, there has been increasing concern about the psychological side effects of drugs. This paper reviews the literature on psychological side effects of those drugs which have been most studied in recent years. It also includes a section reviewing the literature on miscellaneous drugs associated with psychological symptoms. This review, although not exhaustive, is intended to alert the physician to drug related causes for psychological symptoms which patients may experience while taking drugs.", "PMID": 379269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4502", "title": "Evidence for an intracellular calcium store releasable by surface stimuli ifibroblasts (L cells).", "content": "A spontaneously occurring or electrically elicited hyperpolarizing activation (HA) in L cells was previously shown to be due to a specific increase in the membrane K+ permeability (Nelson et at. 1972. J. Gen. Physiol. 60:58--71). Intracellular injection of Ca++ elicits an identical hyperpolarizing response which suggests that the increased K+ permeability associated with the HA is mediated by an increase in cytoplasmic Ca++. In zero-Ca, EGTA-containing saline the proportion of cells in which HA's can be evoked decreases, but the amplitude of those HA's that are produced is comparable to that of HA's in normal Ca saline. Co++ does block the HA but only after a period of 2 h or longer; D-600 does not affect the HA. The observations, with others, suggest that the primary source of the Ca mediating the HA response is intracellular. In L cells the endoplasmic reticulum forms morphologically specialized appositions with the surface membrane which resemble structures at the triads of muscle that are thought to mediate coupling between surface membrane electrical activity and contraction via Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The similar structures in L cells may mediate coupling between surface membrane electrical, mechanical, or chemical stimuli and the HA response via release of Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum. Surface-coupled release of Ca from intracellular stores might also regulate a number of other intracellular functions in nonmuscle cells.", "contents": "Evidence for an intracellular calcium store releasable by surface stimuli ifibroblasts (L cells). A spontaneously occurring or electrically elicited hyperpolarizing activation (HA) in L cells was previously shown to be due to a specific increase in the membrane K+ permeability (Nelson et at. 1972. J. Gen. Physiol. 60:58--71). Intracellular injection of Ca++ elicits an identical hyperpolarizing response which suggests that the increased K+ permeability associated with the HA is mediated by an increase in cytoplasmic Ca++. In zero-Ca, EGTA-containing saline the proportion of cells in which HA's can be evoked decreases, but the amplitude of those HA's that are produced is comparable to that of HA's in normal Ca saline. Co++ does block the HA but only after a period of 2 h or longer; D-600 does not affect the HA. The observations, with others, suggest that the primary source of the Ca mediating the HA response is intracellular. In L cells the endoplasmic reticulum forms morphologically specialized appositions with the surface membrane which resemble structures at the triads of muscle that are thought to mediate coupling between surface membrane electrical activity and contraction via Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The similar structures in L cells may mediate coupling between surface membrane electrical, mechanical, or chemical stimuli and the HA response via release of Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum. Surface-coupled release of Ca from intracellular stores might also regulate a number of other intracellular functions in nonmuscle cells.", "PMID": 379275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4503", "title": "A model for hyphal growth and branching.", "content": "A mathematical model for hyphal growth and branching is described which relates cytological events within hyphae to mycelial growth kinetics. Essentially the model quantifies qualitative theories of hyphal growth in which it is proposed that vesicles containing wall precursors and/or enzymes required for wall synthesis are generated at a constant rate throughout a mycelium and travel to the tips of hyphae where they fuse with the plasma membrane, liberating their contents into the wall and increasing the surface area of the hypha to give elongation. The hypothesis that there is a duplication cycle in hyphae which is equivalent to the cell cycle observed in unicellular micro-organisms is also included in the model. Predictions from the model are compared with experimentally observed growth kinetics of mycelia of Geotrichum candidum and Aspergillus nidulans. The finite difference model which was constructed is capable of predicting changes in hyphal length and in the number and positions of branches and septa on the basis of changes in vesicle and nuclear concentration. Predictions were obtained using the model which were in good agreement with experimentally observed data.", "contents": "A model for hyphal growth and branching. A mathematical model for hyphal growth and branching is described which relates cytological events within hyphae to mycelial growth kinetics. Essentially the model quantifies qualitative theories of hyphal growth in which it is proposed that vesicles containing wall precursors and/or enzymes required for wall synthesis are generated at a constant rate throughout a mycelium and travel to the tips of hyphae where they fuse with the plasma membrane, liberating their contents into the wall and increasing the surface area of the hypha to give elongation. The hypothesis that there is a duplication cycle in hyphae which is equivalent to the cell cycle observed in unicellular micro-organisms is also included in the model. Predictions from the model are compared with experimentally observed growth kinetics of mycelia of Geotrichum candidum and Aspergillus nidulans. The finite difference model which was constructed is capable of predicting changes in hyphal length and in the number and positions of branches and septa on the basis of changes in vesicle and nuclear concentration. Predictions were obtained using the model which were in good agreement with experimentally observed data.", "PMID": 379276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4504", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 accumulating porphobilinogen: a new locus, hemC.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 which accumulated the haem precursor porphobilinogen are described. The mutants grew very slowly on carbon and energy sources which K12 uses only oxidatively, and they had low catalase activities, suggesting that they were deficient in haem. Extracts had one-tenth of the parental activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. In transduction, the mutation mapped close to genes ilvD and metE at minute 84. The gene was tentatively identified as hemC, coding for porphobilinogen deaminase. The gene symbol hemC replaces the earlier and temporary symbol popE.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 accumulating porphobilinogen: a new locus, hemC. Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 which accumulated the haem precursor porphobilinogen are described. The mutants grew very slowly on carbon and energy sources which K12 uses only oxidatively, and they had low catalase activities, suggesting that they were deficient in haem. Extracts had one-tenth of the parental activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. In transduction, the mutation mapped close to genes ilvD and metE at minute 84. The gene was tentatively identified as hemC, coding for porphobilinogen deaminase. The gene symbol hemC replaces the earlier and temporary symbol popE.", "PMID": 379277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4505", "title": "The influence of the growth environment on the stability of a drug resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Populations of Escherichi coli K12 containing the plasmid TP120 which coded for resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline were grown in a chemostat under carbon-limited and phosphorus-limited conditions. With time resistance to one or more of the drugs was lost, resulting in the production of mutant populations which were more competitive than the parent population. The resistance to tetracycline was always lost under both carbon and phosphorus limitations, but resistance to the other three drugs was lost only during phosphate-limited growth. Strains of E. coli which had lost resistance to one or more of the drugs were capable of higher maximum specific growth rates than the parent strain.", "contents": "The influence of the growth environment on the stability of a drug resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli K12. Populations of Escherichi coli K12 containing the plasmid TP120 which coded for resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline were grown in a chemostat under carbon-limited and phosphorus-limited conditions. With time resistance to one or more of the drugs was lost, resulting in the production of mutant populations which were more competitive than the parent population. The resistance to tetracycline was always lost under both carbon and phosphorus limitations, but resistance to the other three drugs was lost only during phosphate-limited growth. Strains of E. coli which had lost resistance to one or more of the drugs were capable of higher maximum specific growth rates than the parent strain.", "PMID": 379278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4506", "title": "The effect of varying dietary zinc levels on growth and antibody-mediated response in two strains of mice.", "content": "The objectives of the present study were to determine the zinc requirement of two strains of young growing female mice. The strains tested were outbred Swiss mice and inbred A/J mice. In addition to using growth as a criteria of zinc adequacy, the response to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was measured in each strain at various dietary zinc levels. The dietary levels of zinc fed in a biotin-fortified egg white diet were: 0.7, 3.3, 5.9, 8.2, 11.0 and 31.4 mg/kg. It was found during a 3-week experimental period that the outbred Swiss mice attained maximum growth and normal antibody-mediated response at a zinc level in the diet of 5.9 mg/kg. The inbred A/J mice in a 2-week experimental period were also able to attain maximum growth and normal antibody-mediated response at 5.9 mg Zn/kg. It is concluded that there were no differences in the zinc requirement for growth of the two strains of mice used and also that the zinc requirement for immunological competency as measured by the Jerne plaque assay using SRBC antigen were similar. The results indicate that the mouse has a lower dietary requirement for zinc than the rat.", "contents": "The effect of varying dietary zinc levels on growth and antibody-mediated response in two strains of mice. The objectives of the present study were to determine the zinc requirement of two strains of young growing female mice. The strains tested were outbred Swiss mice and inbred A/J mice. In addition to using growth as a criteria of zinc adequacy, the response to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was measured in each strain at various dietary zinc levels. The dietary levels of zinc fed in a biotin-fortified egg white diet were: 0.7, 3.3, 5.9, 8.2, 11.0 and 31.4 mg/kg. It was found during a 3-week experimental period that the outbred Swiss mice attained maximum growth and normal antibody-mediated response at a zinc level in the diet of 5.9 mg/kg. The inbred A/J mice in a 2-week experimental period were also able to attain maximum growth and normal antibody-mediated response at 5.9 mg Zn/kg. It is concluded that there were no differences in the zinc requirement for growth of the two strains of mice used and also that the zinc requirement for immunological competency as measured by the Jerne plaque assay using SRBC antigen were similar. The results indicate that the mouse has a lower dietary requirement for zinc than the rat.", "PMID": 379282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4507", "title": "Distribution and evaluation of complete dentures in a population in northern Norway.", "content": "The frequency and distribution of complete dentures were studied in a population of 358 persons aged 20--69 living in a community in Northern Norway. Among the 83% who attended the investigation, 49% had a maxillary and 26% a mandibular denture. The occurrence of dentures increased with increasing age and with decreasing income and/or social class, while dentures were almost equally common in both sexes, when differences of age and income were taken into account. Of the participants between 50--69 years 39% had received their first maxillary denture at the age 17--24 years. In the age group 30--49 years the corresponding percentage was 20. Forty-four percent of the participants had maxillary dentures and 33% mandibular dentures which were older than 10 years. According to an index on the clinical evaluation of complete dentures as well as to the denture wearers' own opinion, the insufficiency of the dentures tended to increase with increasing age of the dentures. Sex, age, income and social class, however, were found to have only a minor effect on the age and the condition of the dentures as well as on the denture wearers' degree of satisfaction with their dentures. Persons who had natural mandibular teeth, tended to be less satisfied with their maxillary dentures than persons with complete dentures in both jaws.", "contents": "Distribution and evaluation of complete dentures in a population in northern Norway. The frequency and distribution of complete dentures were studied in a population of 358 persons aged 20--69 living in a community in Northern Norway. Among the 83% who attended the investigation, 49% had a maxillary and 26% a mandibular denture. The occurrence of dentures increased with increasing age and with decreasing income and/or social class, while dentures were almost equally common in both sexes, when differences of age and income were taken into account. Of the participants between 50--69 years 39% had received their first maxillary denture at the age 17--24 years. In the age group 30--49 years the corresponding percentage was 20. Forty-four percent of the participants had maxillary dentures and 33% mandibular dentures which were older than 10 years. According to an index on the clinical evaluation of complete dentures as well as to the denture wearers' own opinion, the insufficiency of the dentures tended to increase with increasing age of the dentures. Sex, age, income and social class, however, were found to have only a minor effect on the age and the condition of the dentures as well as on the denture wearers' degree of satisfaction with their dentures. Persons who had natural mandibular teeth, tended to be less satisfied with their maxillary dentures than persons with complete dentures in both jaws.", "PMID": 379284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4508", "title": "Tensile strength of the bond between resin to enamel etched with phosphoric acid containing fluoride.", "content": "The tensile bond strength of Epoxylite 9075 and Enamelite to enamel treated with NaF and SnF2, at two concentrations, in the etching acid (H3PO4) was determined. The average fracture stress of those samples in which fracture occurred in the resin only, may be considered as the tensile strength of the resin, 69.8 +/- 5.6 kg/cm2. The mean fracture stresses of the Epoxy 9075 systems etched with pure phosphoric acid or with acid solutions containing 0.5% F salts were significantly higher than those treated with acid solutions containing 2% F salts. Incorporation of NaF or SnF2 in the etching solutions highly increased the fluoride concentration of enamel. The fluoride increase dependend on the fluoride concentration of the etching solution and was greater for NaF than SnF2.", "contents": "Tensile strength of the bond between resin to enamel etched with phosphoric acid containing fluoride. The tensile bond strength of Epoxylite 9075 and Enamelite to enamel treated with NaF and SnF2, at two concentrations, in the etching acid (H3PO4) was determined. The average fracture stress of those samples in which fracture occurred in the resin only, may be considered as the tensile strength of the resin, 69.8 +/- 5.6 kg/cm2. The mean fracture stresses of the Epoxy 9075 systems etched with pure phosphoric acid or with acid solutions containing 0.5% F salts were significantly higher than those treated with acid solutions containing 2% F salts. Incorporation of NaF or SnF2 in the etching solutions highly increased the fluoride concentration of enamel. The fluoride increase dependend on the fluoride concentration of the etching solution and was greater for NaF than SnF2.", "PMID": 379285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4509", "title": "Evaluation of alternative alloys to precious ceramic alloys. 1. Mechanical properties.", "content": "In the first part of this study, the microstructures and the mechanical properties of precious, semi-precious, and nonprecious dental casting alloys for the porcelain-baked-to-metal technique have been determined. The semi-precious alloys contained only 50% gold, and palladium, silver, and some base metals. The nonprecious alloys were of the nickel-chromium type. Discs and miniaturized tensile bars have been cast and tested either in the as cast condition, or after a simulation of the various porcelain bakes. Proof stress, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and plastic stiffness have been measured and results compared by use of analyses of variance. The microstructure examination shows that the simulation of the porcelain bakes improves the homogeneity of the precious and semi-precious alloys. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties of the same alloys are also improved. One semi-precious alloy, still under development at the time of these tests, has its mechanical characteristics markedly downgraded by the thermal treatments. The nickel-chromium alloys exhibit the best range of mechanical properties for the porcelain-baked-to-metal technique, when considering the three most relevant properties: proof stress, plastic stiffness, and modulus of elasticity.", "contents": "Evaluation of alternative alloys to precious ceramic alloys. 1. Mechanical properties. In the first part of this study, the microstructures and the mechanical properties of precious, semi-precious, and nonprecious dental casting alloys for the porcelain-baked-to-metal technique have been determined. The semi-precious alloys contained only 50% gold, and palladium, silver, and some base metals. The nonprecious alloys were of the nickel-chromium type. Discs and miniaturized tensile bars have been cast and tested either in the as cast condition, or after a simulation of the various porcelain bakes. Proof stress, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and plastic stiffness have been measured and results compared by use of analyses of variance. The microstructure examination shows that the simulation of the porcelain bakes improves the homogeneity of the precious and semi-precious alloys. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties of the same alloys are also improved. One semi-precious alloy, still under development at the time of these tests, has its mechanical characteristics markedly downgraded by the thermal treatments. The nickel-chromium alloys exhibit the best range of mechanical properties for the porcelain-baked-to-metal technique, when considering the three most relevant properties: proof stress, plastic stiffness, and modulus of elasticity.", "PMID": 379286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4510", "title": "Neonatal solitary renal cysts associated with posterior urethral valves.", "content": "Large simple cysts of the kidney are common findings in adults but are extremely rare in neonates. Three cases of large solitary renal cysts in newborn boys associated with posterior urethral valves are described. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and differentiation from urinoma secondary to spontaneous urinary extravasation are discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal solitary renal cysts associated with posterior urethral valves. Large simple cysts of the kidney are common findings in adults but are extremely rare in neonates. Three cases of large solitary renal cysts in newborn boys associated with posterior urethral valves are described. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and differentiation from urinoma secondary to spontaneous urinary extravasation are discussed.", "PMID": 379289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4511", "title": "Congenital lip pits and Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "A newborn infant with aganglionosis of the entire colon and terminal ileum also had congenital lip pits and a submucous cleft palate. These anomalies may be added to the growing list of conditions associated with Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Congenital lip pits and Hirschsprung's disease. A newborn infant with aganglionosis of the entire colon and terminal ileum also had congenital lip pits and a submucous cleft palate. These anomalies may be added to the growing list of conditions associated with Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 379290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4512", "title": "Full-thickness rectal punch biopsy for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "The authors propose a full-thickness rectal punch biopsy method for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease when the results of other diagnostic investigations have been equivocal. This procedure has been utilized in 48 patients in the last 8 yr and the method was diagnostically reliable.", "contents": "Full-thickness rectal punch biopsy for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. The authors propose a full-thickness rectal punch biopsy method for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease when the results of other diagnostic investigations have been equivocal. This procedure has been utilized in 48 patients in the last 8 yr and the method was diagnostically reliable.", "PMID": 379291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4513", "title": "Experience with the van der Meulen one-stage hypospadias repair.", "content": "The van der Meulen one-stage hypospadias repair for distal hypospadias with minimal or nor chordee is described. It has been used in 65 cases and the results were good or excellent in 50 patients. There were no instances of postoperative urethral fistula.", "contents": "Experience with the van der Meulen one-stage hypospadias repair. The van der Meulen one-stage hypospadias repair for distal hypospadias with minimal or nor chordee is described. It has been used in 65 cases and the results were good or excellent in 50 patients. There were no instances of postoperative urethral fistula.", "PMID": 379292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4514", "title": "Don't get hooked on your sponges.", "content": "Attention is given to the poor design of a disposable cellulose sponge that results in frequent hooking of sutures during microsurgical procedures. Suggestions for improvement are made.", "contents": "Don't get hooked on your sponges. Attention is given to the poor design of a disposable cellulose sponge that results in frequent hooking of sutures during microsurgical procedures. Suggestions for improvement are made.", "PMID": 379287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4515", "title": "Alveolar bone mass using 125I absorptiometry.", "content": "Small changes in alveolar bone mass are very difficult to detect using radiograms. A method is described for registering minute changes in bone mass in restricted parts of the jaw. The method is based on the use of collimated monenergetic radiation from 125I and replacement of the roentgen film by a non-image forming detector. As the apparatus also can be used for measuring the object thickness, the attenuation formula can be used for calculating the alveolar bone mass. The radiation dose can be kept an extremely low level and the reproducibility of the measurements is high. The technique therefore may be used for long-term studies of changes in alveolar bone mass. The alveolar bone mass responds rapidly to changes in the neighboring tissues. The reaction following gingivectomy or dental trauma is characterized by a significant loss of alveolar bone mass initially. After 4 weeks an increase in the alveolar bone mass is noted and found to continue during the subsequent months.", "contents": "Alveolar bone mass using 125I absorptiometry. Small changes in alveolar bone mass are very difficult to detect using radiograms. A method is described for registering minute changes in bone mass in restricted parts of the jaw. The method is based on the use of collimated monenergetic radiation from 125I and replacement of the roentgen film by a non-image forming detector. As the apparatus also can be used for measuring the object thickness, the attenuation formula can be used for calculating the alveolar bone mass. The radiation dose can be kept an extremely low level and the reproducibility of the measurements is high. The technique therefore may be used for long-term studies of changes in alveolar bone mass. The alveolar bone mass responds rapidly to changes in the neighboring tissues. The reaction following gingivectomy or dental trauma is characterized by a significant loss of alveolar bone mass initially. After 4 weeks an increase in the alveolar bone mass is noted and found to continue during the subsequent months.", "PMID": 379294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4516", "title": "Removal of amalgam overhangs. A profilometric and scanning electron microscopic evaluation.", "content": "Forty recently extracted teeth with Class II amalgam restorations with overhangs were divided into four groups of 10 teeth each. The overhangs were removed using one of the following instruments in each group: trimmer, chisel, surgical blade and reciprocating motordriven diamond tip. Instrumentation was performed until no irregularity could be detected clinically with a No. 3 explorer. The tooth-amalgam interfaces were examined by combined use of a surface measuring instrument and a scanning electron microscope. Four tracings from each specimen were recorded and the discrepancy at the tooth-restoration interface was measured. The mean score for each tooth was determined, and the results were analyzed statistically. The tooth-restoration interfaces were photographed at 140 magnification with the SEM. The results indicated that all instruments tested were effective in removing overhangs, since none of the mean discrepancies registered after instrumentation exceed 4 micron. The surgical blade, and especially the reciprocating motor-driven diamond tip eliminated overhangs better than the chisel. Both SEM photographs and the profilometric tracings revealed gaps or voids at the toothamalgam interface, ranging from 10 to 50 micron.", "contents": "Removal of amalgam overhangs. A profilometric and scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Forty recently extracted teeth with Class II amalgam restorations with overhangs were divided into four groups of 10 teeth each. The overhangs were removed using one of the following instruments in each group: trimmer, chisel, surgical blade and reciprocating motordriven diamond tip. Instrumentation was performed until no irregularity could be detected clinically with a No. 3 explorer. The tooth-amalgam interfaces were examined by combined use of a surface measuring instrument and a scanning electron microscope. Four tracings from each specimen were recorded and the discrepancy at the tooth-restoration interface was measured. The mean score for each tooth was determined, and the results were analyzed statistically. The tooth-restoration interfaces were photographed at 140 magnification with the SEM. The results indicated that all instruments tested were effective in removing overhangs, since none of the mean discrepancies registered after instrumentation exceed 4 micron. The surgical blade, and especially the reciprocating motor-driven diamond tip eliminated overhangs better than the chisel. Both SEM photographs and the profilometric tracings revealed gaps or voids at the toothamalgam interface, ranging from 10 to 50 micron.", "PMID": 379297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4517", "title": "Histological assessment of autogenous bone graft. A case report and critical evaluation.", "content": "A histological study of the site of a clinically successful bone graft revealed the presence of a downgrowing junctional epithelium between the root surface and the altered graft bone. No new cementum could be seen associated with the osseous autograft, nor was a functional periodontal ligament in evidence adjacent to the grafted bone. It is suggested that the presence of newly formed bone on surgical reentry following bone grafting in periodontal lesions does not necessarily imply that regeneration of the periodontium has occurred.", "contents": "Histological assessment of autogenous bone graft. A case report and critical evaluation. A histological study of the site of a clinically successful bone graft revealed the presence of a downgrowing junctional epithelium between the root surface and the altered graft bone. No new cementum could be seen associated with the osseous autograft, nor was a functional periodontal ligament in evidence adjacent to the grafted bone. It is suggested that the presence of newly formed bone on surgical reentry following bone grafting in periodontal lesions does not necessarily imply that regeneration of the periodontium has occurred.", "PMID": 379298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4518", "title": "Sulcular exudate flow in gingival inflammation.", "content": "Sulcular exudate flow measurements were obtained from 45 subjects and compared to the clinical as well as histologic degrees of inflammation. The results of this investigation demonstrated no statistically significant difference between exudate flow and the clinical degree of inflammation while demonstrating a statistically significant difference between exudate flow and the clinical assessment of inflammation. It was proposed that current clinical indices do not accurately reflect the microscopic degree of gingival inflammation.", "contents": "Sulcular exudate flow in gingival inflammation. Sulcular exudate flow measurements were obtained from 45 subjects and compared to the clinical as well as histologic degrees of inflammation. The results of this investigation demonstrated no statistically significant difference between exudate flow and the clinical degree of inflammation while demonstrating a statistically significant difference between exudate flow and the clinical assessment of inflammation. It was proposed that current clinical indices do not accurately reflect the microscopic degree of gingival inflammation.", "PMID": 379299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4519", "title": "New compounds: arylsulfonylhydrazones derived from various heterocycles.", "content": "Ten arylsulfonylhydrazones were prepared from various heterocycles. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was investigated, as was the cytotoxic activity of one of them.", "contents": "New compounds: arylsulfonylhydrazones derived from various heterocycles. Ten arylsulfonylhydrazones were prepared from various heterocycles. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was investigated, as was the cytotoxic activity of one of them.", "PMID": 379301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4520", "title": "Pepsin secretion in anaesthetized cats stimulated by pentagastrin and gastrin II in the presence or absence of secretin.", "content": "1. In fasting anaesthetized cats pentagastrin and gastrin II, infused alone in doses which evoked a large acid response, did not stimulate the secretion of pepsin. However, peptic secretion increased significantly when either acid stimulant was infused simultaneously with a dose od Boots' secretin, in itself below the threshold for peptic stimulation. 2. The potentiation by pentagastrin and gastrin II of the peptic response to secretin was similar to the potentiation observed when caerulein, histamine and N-methyl histamine are given with secretin, an effect we have attributed to a non-specific increase of gastric mucosal blood flow which accompanies the infusion of these acid stimulants and effectively increases the concentration of secretin delivered at the site of the chief cell in the gastric mucous membrane.", "contents": "Pepsin secretion in anaesthetized cats stimulated by pentagastrin and gastrin II in the presence or absence of secretin. 1. In fasting anaesthetized cats pentagastrin and gastrin II, infused alone in doses which evoked a large acid response, did not stimulate the secretion of pepsin. However, peptic secretion increased significantly when either acid stimulant was infused simultaneously with a dose od Boots' secretin, in itself below the threshold for peptic stimulation. 2. The potentiation by pentagastrin and gastrin II of the peptic response to secretin was similar to the potentiation observed when caerulein, histamine and N-methyl histamine are given with secretin, an effect we have attributed to a non-specific increase of gastric mucosal blood flow which accompanies the infusion of these acid stimulants and effectively increases the concentration of secretin delivered at the site of the chief cell in the gastric mucous membrane.", "PMID": 379302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4521", "title": "The effect of pentagastrin (I.C.I. 50, 123) on peptic secretion in man.", "content": "1. We have studied the peptic responses of the intact human stomach to stimulation by doses of pentagastrin which elicit a maximal acid response.2. In twelve patients an intramuscular injection of pentagastrin (6 mug/kg) was followed by a prompt increase in acid output which attained a peak value eight times higher than the basal value in the period 15-30 min after stimulation. The pattern of the peptic response was similar, but the peak output of pepsin was only three times the output in unstimulated juice.3. In ten subjects the acid and peptic responses to I.V. infusion of pentagastrin (1.2 mug/kg per hr) were studied using a gastric perfusion technique with (14)C-labelled polyethylene glycol as non-absorbable marker. In seven of these ten subjects the pH of duodenal contents exceeded 6, and less than 0.5 m-mole HCl per 15 min entered the duodenum throughout the tests. In this subgroup pentagastrin evoked a strong acid response but no peptic response.4. In three subjects the pH of duodenal juice was less than 5.5 at times when more than 1 m-mole HCl per 15 min entered the duodenum. The acid response to pentagastrin differed considerably in the three subjects, but in each individual the output of pepsin increased each time an excess of HCl entered the duodenum.5. Since pentagastrin infused in a dose which maximally stimulates acid did not significantly increase the output of pepsin provided no HCl entered the duodenum we conclude that pentagastrin does not stimulate the secretion of pepsin in man. The transient insignificant peptic response to pentagastrin infusions, and the small but significant response to bolus injections of pentagastrin, can be explained as a wash-out phenomenon.", "contents": "The effect of pentagastrin (I.C.I. 50, 123) on peptic secretion in man. 1. We have studied the peptic responses of the intact human stomach to stimulation by doses of pentagastrin which elicit a maximal acid response.2. In twelve patients an intramuscular injection of pentagastrin (6 mug/kg) was followed by a prompt increase in acid output which attained a peak value eight times higher than the basal value in the period 15-30 min after stimulation. The pattern of the peptic response was similar, but the peak output of pepsin was only three times the output in unstimulated juice.3. In ten subjects the acid and peptic responses to I.V. infusion of pentagastrin (1.2 mug/kg per hr) were studied using a gastric perfusion technique with (14)C-labelled polyethylene glycol as non-absorbable marker. In seven of these ten subjects the pH of duodenal contents exceeded 6, and less than 0.5 m-mole HCl per 15 min entered the duodenum throughout the tests. In this subgroup pentagastrin evoked a strong acid response but no peptic response.4. In three subjects the pH of duodenal juice was less than 5.5 at times when more than 1 m-mole HCl per 15 min entered the duodenum. The acid response to pentagastrin differed considerably in the three subjects, but in each individual the output of pepsin increased each time an excess of HCl entered the duodenum.5. Since pentagastrin infused in a dose which maximally stimulates acid did not significantly increase the output of pepsin provided no HCl entered the duodenum we conclude that pentagastrin does not stimulate the secretion of pepsin in man. The transient insignificant peptic response to pentagastrin infusions, and the small but significant response to bolus injections of pentagastrin, can be explained as a wash-out phenomenon.", "PMID": 379305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4522", "title": "The effect of relining on the accuracy and stability of maxillary complete dentures--an in vitro and in vivo study.", "content": "A technique was developed for evaluating in vitro the accuracy or fit of experimental denture bases using a low-viscosity impression material for determining the space between the master die and the processed denture base. These measurements indicated that relining heat-cured maxillary denture bases with autopolymerizing acrylic resin improved their adaptation to the ridges. Interestingly, if no teeth were present in the heat-cured denture base, markedly less distortion occurred after processing. Limited clinical measurements on the stability of maxillary dentures in function showed no statistically significant change in stability after relining, but the trend was toward increased stability with the relined denture.", "contents": "The effect of relining on the accuracy and stability of maxillary complete dentures--an in vitro and in vivo study. A technique was developed for evaluating in vitro the accuracy or fit of experimental denture bases using a low-viscosity impression material for determining the space between the master die and the processed denture base. These measurements indicated that relining heat-cured maxillary denture bases with autopolymerizing acrylic resin improved their adaptation to the ridges. Interestingly, if no teeth were present in the heat-cured denture base, markedly less distortion occurred after processing. Limited clinical measurements on the stability of maxillary dentures in function showed no statistically significant change in stability after relining, but the trend was toward increased stability with the relined denture.", "PMID": 379306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4523", "title": "In vitro comparison of intact endodontically treated teeth with and without endo-post reinforcement.", "content": "In an in vitro experiment, the failure loads of 59 intact endodontically treated teeth with and without Kerr Endo-Post reinforcement were compared. Fifty-eight teeth fractured below the cementoenamel junction. One tooth fractured through the pulp chamber with a chisel fracture involving both the crown and root. Teeth without posts fractured through the middle or coronal one third of the root. Teeth with posts fractured through the body of the post. No statistically significant reinforcement was demonstrated by cementing a Kerr Endo-Post No. 100 into a sound endodontically treated tooth.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of intact endodontically treated teeth with and without endo-post reinforcement. In an in vitro experiment, the failure loads of 59 intact endodontically treated teeth with and without Kerr Endo-Post reinforcement were compared. Fifty-eight teeth fractured below the cementoenamel junction. One tooth fractured through the pulp chamber with a chisel fracture involving both the crown and root. Teeth without posts fractured through the middle or coronal one third of the root. Teeth with posts fractured through the body of the post. No statistically significant reinforcement was demonstrated by cementing a Kerr Endo-Post No. 100 into a sound endodontically treated tooth.", "PMID": 379307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4524", "title": "Semiprecision rest system for distal-extension removable partial dentures.", "content": "The history of the nonlocking type of intracoronal semiprecision rest has been traced from its origins with Neurohr in 1930, up to its present use as the Thompson dowel rest. The advantages of the use of this deep rest design and the clasp arm design for primary retention have been discussed. The Blatterfein modification of the lingual clasp arm has been introduced to overcome the problems of breakage and lack of stabilization which are present with the Thompson, Van Dam, and Wands designs.", "contents": "Semiprecision rest system for distal-extension removable partial dentures. The history of the nonlocking type of intracoronal semiprecision rest has been traced from its origins with Neurohr in 1930, up to its present use as the Thompson dowel rest. The advantages of the use of this deep rest design and the clasp arm design for primary retention have been discussed. The Blatterfein modification of the lingual clasp arm has been introduced to overcome the problems of breakage and lack of stabilization which are present with the Thompson, Van Dam, and Wands designs.", "PMID": 379308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4525", "title": "A resilient lining material for the retention of maxillofacial prostheses.", "content": "The use of a resilient denture lining material and the rationale for the selection of the particular material used has been described. A resilient lining material provides primary retention for prostheses that may be difficult or impossible to obtain by other means. The improved compatibility of delicate tissues with a resilient material as compared to a rigid material has also been discussed.", "contents": "A resilient lining material for the retention of maxillofacial prostheses. The use of a resilient denture lining material and the rationale for the selection of the particular material used has been described. A resilient lining material provides primary retention for prostheses that may be difficult or impossible to obtain by other means. The improved compatibility of delicate tissues with a resilient material as compared to a rigid material has also been discussed.", "PMID": 379309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4526", "title": "Current concepts in cranioplasty.", "content": "A review of the methods of cranioplasty has been presented. A method of prefabrication of an alloplastic cranial implant has been described as well as a review of 40 patients with whom this technique was used.", "contents": "Current concepts in cranioplasty. A review of the methods of cranioplasty has been presented. A method of prefabrication of an alloplastic cranial implant has been described as well as a review of 40 patients with whom this technique was used.", "PMID": 379310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4527", "title": "The influence of the loss of teeth and attrition on the articular eminence.", "content": "A review of the literature revealed that changes in the articular eminence associated with changes in the dentition were usually overlooked in most reports. An attempt was made to determine whether changes in attrition and loss of teeth would correlate with a change (decreased angulation) in the articular eminence. The population consisted of 103 adult skulls and mandibles of both sexes and three different races. They included partial and totol edentulism, mild to severe attrition, and complete dentitions in good condition. An impression of each of the 206 articular eminences was made and the angulation established. The data were transferred to computer cards and a statistical analysis performed. The level of significance for each of the variables was established and conclusions were made.", "contents": "The influence of the loss of teeth and attrition on the articular eminence. A review of the literature revealed that changes in the articular eminence associated with changes in the dentition were usually overlooked in most reports. An attempt was made to determine whether changes in attrition and loss of teeth would correlate with a change (decreased angulation) in the articular eminence. The population consisted of 103 adult skulls and mandibles of both sexes and three different races. They included partial and totol edentulism, mild to severe attrition, and complete dentitions in good condition. An impression of each of the 206 articular eminences was made and the angulation established. The data were transferred to computer cards and a statistical analysis performed. The level of significance for each of the variables was established and conclusions were made.", "PMID": 379311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4528", "title": "Patient response to variations in denture technique. Part III: Five-year subjective evaluation.", "content": "Dentures were constructed for 64 patients by two different techniques. One technique, designated as \"complex,\" involved more complicated procedures such as a true hinge axis location, balanced occlusion, dentures remounted on an articulator after processing with new interocclusal records, and occlusal corrections made on the articulator. The \"standard\" technique involved an arbitrary mounting of the maxillary cast on the articulator, arranging the occlusion with centric relation coincident with centric occlusion but without a balanced occlusion, and making occlusal corrections in the mouth. Subjective evaluations were made for each of the 64 patients at initial placement of the dentures and for all active patients at five yearly recall visits following placement. The evaluation method was designed to determine clinical differences between the dentures made by the two techniques. At the end of 5 years, the data obtained at five yearly recall visits were subjected to statistical testing. These tests were performed to determine if the technique by which the dentures were made had any effect on the performance of the dentures that could be detected clinically. The results of the test showed that there was no significant difference between dentures made using two denture techniques that could be detected by subjective means.", "contents": "Patient response to variations in denture technique. Part III: Five-year subjective evaluation. Dentures were constructed for 64 patients by two different techniques. One technique, designated as \"complex,\" involved more complicated procedures such as a true hinge axis location, balanced occlusion, dentures remounted on an articulator after processing with new interocclusal records, and occlusal corrections made on the articulator. The \"standard\" technique involved an arbitrary mounting of the maxillary cast on the articulator, arranging the occlusion with centric relation coincident with centric occlusion but without a balanced occlusion, and making occlusal corrections in the mouth. Subjective evaluations were made for each of the 64 patients at initial placement of the dentures and for all active patients at five yearly recall visits following placement. The evaluation method was designed to determine clinical differences between the dentures made by the two techniques. At the end of 5 years, the data obtained at five yearly recall visits were subjected to statistical testing. These tests were performed to determine if the technique by which the dentures were made had any effect on the performance of the dentures that could be detected clinically. The results of the test showed that there was no significant difference between dentures made using two denture techniques that could be detected by subjective means.", "PMID": 379313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4529", "title": "Root retention and removable partial denture design.", "content": "The position of a retained root for preservation of a ridge requires modification of the design of a distal-extension removable partial denture on the side of the retained root. A model with silicone rubber over the ridges and simulated retained roots was fabricated. A framework with mesial rests, distal proximal plates, and I-bar clasp arms was fitted to it. A pencil lead was attached to the framework to record the arcs of rotation of the I-bar clasp arm. The movements and the fulcrums of the prosthesis were changed by the presence of simulated retained roots posterior to the distal abutment.", "contents": "Root retention and removable partial denture design. The position of a retained root for preservation of a ridge requires modification of the design of a distal-extension removable partial denture on the side of the retained root. A model with silicone rubber over the ridges and simulated retained roots was fabricated. A framework with mesial rests, distal proximal plates, and I-bar clasp arms was fitted to it. A pencil lead was attached to the framework to record the arcs of rotation of the I-bar clasp arm. The movements and the fulcrums of the prosthesis were changed by the presence of simulated retained roots posterior to the distal abutment.", "PMID": 379314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4530", "title": "A clinical survey of gagging patients.", "content": "A clinical investigation was carried out on 74 dental patients who were suffering from a severe gagging reflex. The most common stimulating factor was the maxillary denture. Routine history and clinical examination were carried out for each patient, and lateral skull radiographs and an Eysenck Personality Inventory were completed for some of the patients. Treatment consisted of the use of an acrylic resin training base combined with relaxation therapy and heterohypnotic techniques. The results of this ongoing study were: (1) there were no consistent features of the group which differentiated them from control groups; (2) a number of patients were insufficiently motivated and discontinued treatment; and (3) some patients who were declared completely cured suffered relapses.", "contents": "A clinical survey of gagging patients. A clinical investigation was carried out on 74 dental patients who were suffering from a severe gagging reflex. The most common stimulating factor was the maxillary denture. Routine history and clinical examination were carried out for each patient, and lateral skull radiographs and an Eysenck Personality Inventory were completed for some of the patients. Treatment consisted of the use of an acrylic resin training base combined with relaxation therapy and heterohypnotic techniques. The results of this ongoing study were: (1) there were no consistent features of the group which differentiated them from control groups; (2) a number of patients were insufficiently motivated and discontinued treatment; and (3) some patients who were declared completely cured suffered relapses.", "PMID": 379315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4531", "title": "Cost analysis of relined mercaptan rubber impressions.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to compare the time and amount of material used in a corrective reline impression procedure and in a complete remake of a new double-mix impression. The reline technique required 22.22 gm less material, and the reline technique was achieved in approximately 7.6 minutes less time than that required for a complete remake. This results in a monetary saving while preserving quality.", "contents": "Cost analysis of relined mercaptan rubber impressions. An investigation was conducted to compare the time and amount of material used in a corrective reline impression procedure and in a complete remake of a new double-mix impression. The reline technique required 22.22 gm less material, and the reline technique was achieved in approximately 7.6 minutes less time than that required for a complete remake. This results in a monetary saving while preserving quality.", "PMID": 379319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4532", "title": "The Micro-Ring for full subperiosteal implant and prosthesis construction.", "content": "This technique was developed to overcome some of the difficulties experienced by the dentist in construction and maintenance of an implant denture. Laboratory construction time is greatly reduced in both the subperiosteal and the implant prosthesis. The greatest advantages of the technique are accurate and positive construction and predictable results.", "contents": "The Micro-Ring for full subperiosteal implant and prosthesis construction. This technique was developed to overcome some of the difficulties experienced by the dentist in construction and maintenance of an implant denture. Laboratory construction time is greatly reduced in both the subperiosteal and the implant prosthesis. The greatest advantages of the technique are accurate and positive construction and predictable results.", "PMID": 379320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4533", "title": "Adhesion between copper-plated acrylic tray resin and a polysulfide rubber impression material.", "content": "The method of copper plating on acrylic resin was developed, and the bond strength to polysulfide rubber was measured in comparison with that of the adhesive coating. The bond strength with copper plating was greater than with adhesive coating. The specimens with adhesive coating failed due to a rupture occurring at the elastomer-adhesive interface, while those with copper plating had cohesive-adhesive failure. The method of copper plating on acrylic resin improved the adhesion between the polysulfide rubber and the custom-built acrylic resin tray.", "contents": "Adhesion between copper-plated acrylic tray resin and a polysulfide rubber impression material. The method of copper plating on acrylic resin was developed, and the bond strength to polysulfide rubber was measured in comparison with that of the adhesive coating. The bond strength with copper plating was greater than with adhesive coating. The specimens with adhesive coating failed due to a rupture occurring at the elastomer-adhesive interface, while those with copper plating had cohesive-adhesive failure. The method of copper plating on acrylic resin improved the adhesion between the polysulfide rubber and the custom-built acrylic resin tray.", "PMID": 379322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4534", "title": "Technique for making a customized shade guide.", "content": "A technique has been presented for making a custom shade guide that provides a direct visual means for conveying color information to the laboratory technician. The technique consists of applying pigment directly to acrylic resin denture teeth using colored drawing pencils. This technique was originated by Dr. Royal Norman of Omaha, Nebraska. One of the authors (S. W. A.) first saw Dr. Norman present it to the USAF Area Dental Laboratory Workshop, Westover AFB, Mass., in 1969.", "contents": "Technique for making a customized shade guide. A technique has been presented for making a custom shade guide that provides a direct visual means for conveying color information to the laboratory technician. The technique consists of applying pigment directly to acrylic resin denture teeth using colored drawing pencils. This technique was originated by Dr. Royal Norman of Omaha, Nebraska. One of the authors (S. W. A.) first saw Dr. Norman present it to the USAF Area Dental Laboratory Workshop, Westover AFB, Mass., in 1969.", "PMID": 379323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4535", "title": "Fabricating a post and core to fit an existing crown.", "content": "This is a useful method for making a single post and core on an endodontically treated anterior tooth to fit an existing crown. It is a comparatively simple technique and gives a stable result.", "contents": "Fabricating a post and core to fit an existing crown. This is a useful method for making a single post and core on an endodontically treated anterior tooth to fit an existing crown. It is a comparatively simple technique and gives a stable result.", "PMID": 379324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4536", "title": "Anencephaly and twins: prenatal ultrasound and estriol.", "content": "A rare case of anencephalic twin pregnancy diagnosed prenatally with ultrasonography is reported. It is the only case found in the literature in which maternal 24-hour urinary estriol is documented in an anencephalic twin pregnancy. Ultrasound diagnosis and obstetric problems associated with such cases are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Anencephaly and twins: prenatal ultrasound and estriol. A rare case of anencephalic twin pregnancy diagnosed prenatally with ultrasonography is reported. It is the only case found in the literature in which maternal 24-hour urinary estriol is documented in an anencephalic twin pregnancy. Ultrasound diagnosis and obstetric problems associated with such cases are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 379327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4537", "title": "Ames test of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. A quantitative structure-activity study.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes was tested in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA92. The following quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was formulated: log 1/C = 1.09 log P -1.63 sigma+ + 5.58. In this expression, C is the molar concentration of triazene producing 30 mutations/10(8) bacteria above background. This equation is based on 17 congeners and has a correlation coefficient of 0.974. The QSAR for mutagenicity is compared with QSAR for antileukemia action and toxicity (LD50) in mice. The mutagenicity of aflatoxin B (log 1/C = 9.5) and DTIC (log 1/C = 3.0) have also been determined.", "contents": "Ames test of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. A quantitative structure-activity study. The mutagenicity of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes was tested in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA92. The following quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was formulated: log 1/C = 1.09 log P -1.63 sigma+ + 5.58. In this expression, C is the molar concentration of triazene producing 30 mutations/10(8) bacteria above background. This equation is based on 17 congeners and has a correlation coefficient of 0.974. The QSAR for mutagenicity is compared with QSAR for antileukemia action and toxicity (LD50) in mice. The mutagenicity of aflatoxin B (log 1/C = 9.5) and DTIC (log 1/C = 3.0) have also been determined.", "PMID": 379331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4538", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2'-substituted chelocardin analogues.", "content": "Chelocardin (1) was condensed with numerous hydrazines, hydrazides, and anilines, yielding 2'-substituted derivatives with antibacterial spectra similar to the parent antibiotic. The hydrazone derivatives 9 and 10 and the two anilino derivatives 42 and 44 had more in vivo antibacterial activity than chelocardin.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2'-substituted chelocardin analogues. Chelocardin (1) was condensed with numerous hydrazines, hydrazides, and anilines, yielding 2'-substituted derivatives with antibacterial spectra similar to the parent antibiotic. The hydrazone derivatives 9 and 10 and the two anilino derivatives 42 and 44 had more in vivo antibacterial activity than chelocardin.", "PMID": 379332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4539", "title": "Synthesis of all the stereoisomers of statine (4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid). Inhibition of pepsin activity by N-carbobenzoxy-L-valyl-L-valyl-statine derived from the four stereoisomers.", "content": "Synthesis of all four stereoisomers of the novel amino acid statine, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, found in pepstatin, a potent acid protease inhibitor, has been accomplished. Carbobenzoxy-L-valyl-L-valyl-statine tripeptides derived from all four stereoisomers have been prepared and their effect on pepsin activity is compared to that of pepstatin.", "contents": "Synthesis of all the stereoisomers of statine (4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid). Inhibition of pepsin activity by N-carbobenzoxy-L-valyl-L-valyl-statine derived from the four stereoisomers. Synthesis of all four stereoisomers of the novel amino acid statine, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, found in pepstatin, a potent acid protease inhibitor, has been accomplished. Carbobenzoxy-L-valyl-L-valyl-statine tripeptides derived from all four stereoisomers have been prepared and their effect on pepsin activity is compared to that of pepstatin.", "PMID": 379333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4540", "title": "Potential radiosensitizing agents. Dinitroimidazoles.", "content": "New compounds of the nitroimidazole series have been synthesized as radiosensitizers which selectively sensitize hypoxic cells to the lethal effect of radiation. The reaction of 2,4(5)-dinitroimidazole (2) with chloroethanol or hydrochloric acid yielded 4(5)-nitro-5(4)-chloroimidazole (3), which upon reaction with ethylene oxide yielded the 4-nitro-5-chloroimidazole-1-ethanol (6). Reaction of 2 with ethylene oxide resulted in a mixture of two compounds, the 2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol (4) and 2,3-dihydro-5-nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole (5). The structure of the new heterocyclic compound 5 was confirmed by 1H NMR, mass spectrum, and X-ray crystallography. These agents were tested for their ability to sensitize hypoxic Escherichia coli cells to killing by ionizing radiation. Compound 4 was found to be the most active agent of this series of compounds.", "contents": "Potential radiosensitizing agents. Dinitroimidazoles. New compounds of the nitroimidazole series have been synthesized as radiosensitizers which selectively sensitize hypoxic cells to the lethal effect of radiation. The reaction of 2,4(5)-dinitroimidazole (2) with chloroethanol or hydrochloric acid yielded 4(5)-nitro-5(4)-chloroimidazole (3), which upon reaction with ethylene oxide yielded the 4-nitro-5-chloroimidazole-1-ethanol (6). Reaction of 2 with ethylene oxide resulted in a mixture of two compounds, the 2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol (4) and 2,3-dihydro-5-nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole (5). The structure of the new heterocyclic compound 5 was confirmed by 1H NMR, mass spectrum, and X-ray crystallography. These agents were tested for their ability to sensitize hypoxic Escherichia coli cells to killing by ionizing radiation. Compound 4 was found to be the most active agent of this series of compounds.", "PMID": 379334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4541", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of 5-fluoro- and 5-methyl-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione.", "content": "5-Fluoro-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (3-oxa-FU) was synthesized by reacting 3-oxauracil with fluoroxytrifluoromethane and decomposing the adduct in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N. 5-Methyl-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (3-oxathymine) was prepared by polyphosphoric acid catalyzed ring closure of beta-(N-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2-methacrylic acid and by treatment of citraconimide with sodium hypochlorite. As determined in vitro, 3-oxa-FU was markedly inhibitory to S. faecium (ID50 = 9 X 10(-8) M) and E. coli (ID50 = 1 X 10(-7) M) but was less active against leukemia L-1210 cells (ID50 = 1 X 10(-5) M). At 1 x 10(-4) M, 3-oxathymine was inactive in these cell systems. Inhibition of the growth of S. faecium by 3-oxa-FU was reversed competitively by the natural pyrimidines. The relatively rapid hydrolysis of the compounds in the growth media is a major factor in determining their biological effectiveness.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of 5-fluoro- and 5-methyl-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione. 5-Fluoro-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (3-oxa-FU) was synthesized by reacting 3-oxauracil with fluoroxytrifluoromethane and decomposing the adduct in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N. 5-Methyl-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (3-oxathymine) was prepared by polyphosphoric acid catalyzed ring closure of beta-(N-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2-methacrylic acid and by treatment of citraconimide with sodium hypochlorite. As determined in vitro, 3-oxa-FU was markedly inhibitory to S. faecium (ID50 = 9 X 10(-8) M) and E. coli (ID50 = 1 X 10(-7) M) but was less active against leukemia L-1210 cells (ID50 = 1 X 10(-5) M). At 1 x 10(-4) M, 3-oxathymine was inactive in these cell systems. Inhibition of the growth of S. faecium by 3-oxa-FU was reversed competitively by the natural pyrimidines. The relatively rapid hydrolysis of the compounds in the growth media is a major factor in determining their biological effectiveness.", "PMID": 379335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4542", "title": "Orally active esters of cephalosporin antibiotics. 3. Synthesis and biological properties of aminoacyloxymethyl esters of 7-[D(-)-mandelamido]-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid.", "content": "The synthesis of six amino acid acyloxymethyl esters of cefamandole (1), a semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, is described. These esters were examined as potentially useful orally active antibiotic prodrugs. When tested for oral efficacy against Streptococcus pyogenes C203 in mouse protection tests, the esters were not notably more active than lithium cefamandole. Further studies demonstrated that significant blood and urine levels of 1 were not obtained after dosing 2a, 2b, and 2f orally at 17 mg/kg in mice. A study of the stability to chemical hydrolysis and the possible relationship of hydrolysis to the lack of oral absorption of these esters is also presented.", "contents": "Orally active esters of cephalosporin antibiotics. 3. Synthesis and biological properties of aminoacyloxymethyl esters of 7-[D(-)-mandelamido]-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. The synthesis of six amino acid acyloxymethyl esters of cefamandole (1), a semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, is described. These esters were examined as potentially useful orally active antibiotic prodrugs. When tested for oral efficacy against Streptococcus pyogenes C203 in mouse protection tests, the esters were not notably more active than lithium cefamandole. Further studies demonstrated that significant blood and urine levels of 1 were not obtained after dosing 2a, 2b, and 2f orally at 17 mg/kg in mice. A study of the stability to chemical hydrolysis and the possible relationship of hydrolysis to the lack of oral absorption of these esters is also presented.", "PMID": 379336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4543", "title": "Immunofluorescent skin band test in the differential diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Forty-four uninvolved skin biopsies from lupus patients and 43 with various connective tissue diseases and nephritides other than lupus were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin deposition in the dermal-epidermal junction. Results were examined to determine their relationship to renal and clinical activity. Lupus band test (LBT) was positive in 30 (60%) SLE patients regardless of renal or clinical status. DNA-binding (p less than 0.01) and ANA (p less than 0.002) correlated to LBT. None of the other nephritides and only 2 with other connective tissue diseases were positive. LBT is a good aid in the differential diagnosis of SLE regardless of clinical or renal activity.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent skin band test in the differential diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Forty-four uninvolved skin biopsies from lupus patients and 43 with various connective tissue diseases and nephritides other than lupus were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin deposition in the dermal-epidermal junction. Results were examined to determine their relationship to renal and clinical activity. Lupus band test (LBT) was positive in 30 (60%) SLE patients regardless of renal or clinical status. DNA-binding (p less than 0.01) and ANA (p less than 0.002) correlated to LBT. None of the other nephritides and only 2 with other connective tissue diseases were positive. LBT is a good aid in the differential diagnosis of SLE regardless of clinical or renal activity.", "PMID": 379330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4544", "title": "Germ-tube formation by oral strains of Candida tropicalis.", "content": "Candida species isolated from the mouths of healthy children and of patients with denture stomatitis included strains of Candida tropicalis that formed germ tubes when incubated in serum. Twenty-six germ-tube-forming strains of C. albicans and of C. tropicalis were subcultured weekly for 9 wk on blood agar and on Sabouraud's agar and the ability of each subculture to form germ tubes was measured. All the strains of C. albicans formed almost as many germ tubes after nine weekly subcultures as they did when first isolated. By contrast, although all 26 strains of C. tropicalis formed germ tubes when first isolated, all had lost the ability to do so after six serial weekly subcultures. Germ-tube formation should not be the sole criterion for the identification of oral C. albicans strains.", "contents": "Germ-tube formation by oral strains of Candida tropicalis. Candida species isolated from the mouths of healthy children and of patients with denture stomatitis included strains of Candida tropicalis that formed germ tubes when incubated in serum. Twenty-six germ-tube-forming strains of C. albicans and of C. tropicalis were subcultured weekly for 9 wk on blood agar and on Sabouraud's agar and the ability of each subculture to form germ tubes was measured. All the strains of C. albicans formed almost as many germ tubes after nine weekly subcultures as they did when first isolated. By contrast, although all 26 strains of C. tropicalis formed germ tubes when first isolated, all had lost the ability to do so after six serial weekly subcultures. Germ-tube formation should not be the sole criterion for the identification of oral C. albicans strains.", "PMID": 379338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4545", "title": "Serum creatine kinase levels in pubertal, mature, pregnant, and postmenopausal women.", "content": "In order to obtain control values for the diagnosis of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, creatine kinase (CK) estimations were performed in two laboratories on 148 healthy teenage girls (of whom 38 were premenarchal and 110 postmenarchal), 133 healthy mature women, 124 pregnant women, and 37 postmenopausal women. These levels were highest in the premenarchal teenagers, and became successively lower in the postmenarchal teenagers, the mature women, and the pregnant women, so that the mean level of the pregnant women was less than half that of the teenagers. The CK levels then rose again after the menopause. If the distribution of CK levels in adult non-pregnant women had been taken as controls for teenagers who were possible carriers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, then one third of those teenagers classified as carriers would have been so classified incorrectly.", "contents": "Serum creatine kinase levels in pubertal, mature, pregnant, and postmenopausal women. In order to obtain control values for the diagnosis of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, creatine kinase (CK) estimations were performed in two laboratories on 148 healthy teenage girls (of whom 38 were premenarchal and 110 postmenarchal), 133 healthy mature women, 124 pregnant women, and 37 postmenopausal women. These levels were highest in the premenarchal teenagers, and became successively lower in the postmenarchal teenagers, the mature women, and the pregnant women, so that the mean level of the pregnant women was less than half that of the teenagers. The CK levels then rose again after the menopause. If the distribution of CK levels in adult non-pregnant women had been taken as controls for teenagers who were possible carriers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, then one third of those teenagers classified as carriers would have been so classified incorrectly.", "PMID": 379337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4546", "title": "Measurement of Proteus cell motility during swarming.", "content": "The motilities of Proteus long forms during swarming on agar were measured on cells transferred to liquid suspension. During concentric-ring formation on solid medium, when the edge of the swarm was advancing slowly or had stopped, the velocity of long-form motility was low. When the colony was spreading rapidly, long-form velocitywas relatively high. This periodic variation in cell velocity, which determines the zones formed during swarming, cannot adequately be explained by negative chemotaxis.", "contents": "Measurement of Proteus cell motility during swarming. The motilities of Proteus long forms during swarming on agar were measured on cells transferred to liquid suspension. During concentric-ring formation on solid medium, when the edge of the swarm was advancing slowly or had stopped, the velocity of long-form motility was low. When the colony was spreading rapidly, long-form velocitywas relatively high. This periodic variation in cell velocity, which determines the zones formed during swarming, cannot adequately be explained by negative chemotaxis.", "PMID": 379339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4547", "title": "Acquisition of Klebsiella aerogenes by neonates.", "content": "The acquisition of Klebsiella aerogenes by neonates born in hospital has been studied by sero- and klebecin typing. This organism was more commonly carried in the bowel of breast-fed babies than of bottle-fed babies. Only very rarely did babies acquire strains of K. aerogenes from their mothers. K. aerogenes was widely distributed in the ward environment and on the hands of nurses and mothers. Some strains were able to spread on the ward. These results are relevant to the control of K. aerogenes infection in maternity units.", "contents": "Acquisition of Klebsiella aerogenes by neonates. The acquisition of Klebsiella aerogenes by neonates born in hospital has been studied by sero- and klebecin typing. This organism was more commonly carried in the bowel of breast-fed babies than of bottle-fed babies. Only very rarely did babies acquire strains of K. aerogenes from their mothers. K. aerogenes was widely distributed in the ward environment and on the hands of nurses and mothers. Some strains were able to spread on the ward. These results are relevant to the control of K. aerogenes infection in maternity units.", "PMID": 379340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4548", "title": "The fimbrial and non-fimbrial haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Both cultures of Escherichia coli were examined for mannose-sensitive (MS) haemagglutinin in rocked-tile tests with guinea-pig red cells at ambient temperature, and agar plate cultures were examined for mannose-resistant eluting (MRE) haemagglutinins against 14 species of red cells in tests mixed at 3--5 degrees C in the presence of .05% (w/v) D-mannose. Ox, sheep, human, pig, horse, guinea-pig, and fowl red cells were required to detect the various patterns of MRE haemagglutination with the different species of cells. Of 387 strains in 155 O serogroups, 95 formed both MS and MRE haemagglutinins (MS+/MRE+), 198 formed only MS (MS+/MRE-), 21 only MRE (MS+/MRE+), and 73 neither (MS-/MRE-). Strains of more than one of these types, and MRE+ strains with different cell specificities were found in many of the serogroups. Some strains in 144 O serogroups had MS haemagglutinin and some in 50 an MRE haemagglutinin. The presence of MS haemagglutinin in a culture was invariably associated with the presence of type-1 fimbriae on the bacteria. All MS+ strains shared a common antigen in their type-1 fimbriae and three groups of these strains possessed also a group-specific fimbrial antigen. The presence of certain kinds of MRE haemagglutinin in over half the MRE+ strains was associated with that of type-MRE fimbriae, but fimbriae were not detected in the other MRE+ strains. The antigens of the MRE haemagglutinins in different strains were heterogeneous and differed from those of the type-1 fimbriae of MS+ strains. Three series of strains from normal faeces, and from patients with infantile diarrhoea and urinary-tract infections each included a minority possessing neither type of haemagglutinin, but this observation did not preclude a role of the haemagglutinins in colonization or pathogenicity.", "contents": "The fimbrial and non-fimbrial haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli. Both cultures of Escherichia coli were examined for mannose-sensitive (MS) haemagglutinin in rocked-tile tests with guinea-pig red cells at ambient temperature, and agar plate cultures were examined for mannose-resistant eluting (MRE) haemagglutinins against 14 species of red cells in tests mixed at 3--5 degrees C in the presence of .05% (w/v) D-mannose. Ox, sheep, human, pig, horse, guinea-pig, and fowl red cells were required to detect the various patterns of MRE haemagglutination with the different species of cells. Of 387 strains in 155 O serogroups, 95 formed both MS and MRE haemagglutinins (MS+/MRE+), 198 formed only MS (MS+/MRE-), 21 only MRE (MS+/MRE+), and 73 neither (MS-/MRE-). Strains of more than one of these types, and MRE+ strains with different cell specificities were found in many of the serogroups. Some strains in 144 O serogroups had MS haemagglutinin and some in 50 an MRE haemagglutinin. The presence of MS haemagglutinin in a culture was invariably associated with the presence of type-1 fimbriae on the bacteria. All MS+ strains shared a common antigen in their type-1 fimbriae and three groups of these strains possessed also a group-specific fimbrial antigen. The presence of certain kinds of MRE haemagglutinin in over half the MRE+ strains was associated with that of type-MRE fimbriae, but fimbriae were not detected in the other MRE+ strains. The antigens of the MRE haemagglutinins in different strains were heterogeneous and differed from those of the type-1 fimbriae of MS+ strains. Three series of strains from normal faeces, and from patients with infantile diarrhoea and urinary-tract infections each included a minority possessing neither type of haemagglutinin, but this observation did not preclude a role of the haemagglutinins in colonization or pathogenicity.", "PMID": 379341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4549", "title": "Effects of divalent cation ionophores on the neuron membrane of the crayfish.", "content": "The effects of divalent cation ionophores, A23187 and X-537A, on the electrical membrane properties were investigated by using the soma membrane of the X-organ of the crayfish. They reduced the amplitude and maximum rate of rise of Ca-action potential in lower concentration. As the concentration increased, a reduction of membrane resistance and hyperpolarization occurred simultaneously. Further increase resulted in membrane depolarization with a further decrease in resistance. The threshold concentration of X537A was 100 times higher than that of A23187. These effects were reversible only when the application period was relatively short, while a longer application resulted in an incomplete reversibility or in no reversibility at all. The ionophore effect was facilitated in high Ca medium and diminished in low Ca medium. In Sr medium, the same effects on the resistance and the membrane potential were barely observable. TEA reduced the effects of A23187 but did not completely inhibit the effects. The Na-cation potential was also reduced by the higher concentration of the ionophore. From these results it is concluded that the divalent cation ionophores. A23187 and X537A, carry divalent cations, Ca ions in a physiological medium, into the neuron soma through the membrane and the consequent increase of the intracellular divalent cations induces K conductance increase and that higher concentration of the ionophore induces the increase in the conductance of the other ion species, such as Na.", "contents": "Effects of divalent cation ionophores on the neuron membrane of the crayfish. The effects of divalent cation ionophores, A23187 and X-537A, on the electrical membrane properties were investigated by using the soma membrane of the X-organ of the crayfish. They reduced the amplitude and maximum rate of rise of Ca-action potential in lower concentration. As the concentration increased, a reduction of membrane resistance and hyperpolarization occurred simultaneously. Further increase resulted in membrane depolarization with a further decrease in resistance. The threshold concentration of X537A was 100 times higher than that of A23187. These effects were reversible only when the application period was relatively short, while a longer application resulted in an incomplete reversibility or in no reversibility at all. The ionophore effect was facilitated in high Ca medium and diminished in low Ca medium. In Sr medium, the same effects on the resistance and the membrane potential were barely observable. TEA reduced the effects of A23187 but did not completely inhibit the effects. The Na-cation potential was also reduced by the higher concentration of the ionophore. From these results it is concluded that the divalent cation ionophores. A23187 and X537A, carry divalent cations, Ca ions in a physiological medium, into the neuron soma through the membrane and the consequent increase of the intracellular divalent cations induces K conductance increase and that higher concentration of the ionophore induces the increase in the conductance of the other ion species, such as Na.", "PMID": 379343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4550", "title": "Radio-iodination of plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.", "content": "The present report describes high yield enzymatic radio-iodination of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium, by a procedure that does not breach the functional integrity of the epithelium, as assessed by the basal and vasopressin-sensitive short-circuit current (SCC). Restriction of the label to the membrane surface, was ascertained by light and electron-microscopic autoradiographs. On the apical surface, the grains were over the glycocalyx and the plasma membrane. Analysis of the labeled glycocalyx by agarose gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), as well as enzymatic and pH-dependent hydrolysis indicated that the glycocalyx is a trichloro-acetic acid-soluble macromolecular complex of high molecular weight composed of a peptide moiety attached to large prosthetic groups (presumably carbohydrates) by O-glycosidic bonds. Analysis of the labeled apical plasma membrane components by agarose gel filtration and SDS-PAGE disclosed the presence of six major species of apparent molecular weights: 23,000, 28,000, 37,000, 44,000, 68,000, and 95,000. More than half of the membrane-associated radio-iodine was in two bands of molecular weights 37,000 and 44,000. Concentrations of vasopressin and cyclic AMP sufficient to increase the SCC significantly did not modify the extent of membrane labeling or the distribution of the label among the apical membrane components (presumably proteins) as assessed by SDS-PAGE. Iodination in the presence of amiloride inhibited incorporation but did not change the pattern of the distribution of the label among the components resolved by SDS-PAGE. Iodination of basal-lateral plasma membranes, at a yield comparable to that obtained with apical labeling, was attained after about 30 min of exposure of the intact bladder to the labeling solutions. Approximately 25% of the basal-lateral labeling was lost when the epithelial cells were harvested after collagenase treatment, implying that some iodination of the basement membrane had taken place. Less than 10% of iodination of the apical or basal-lateral surfaces was accounted for by lipid-labeling. Analysis of the labeled apical and basal-lateral species by enzymatic digestion and thin layer chromatography disclosed that virtually all the radioactivity was present as mono-iodotyrosine (MIT).", "contents": "Radio-iodination of plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium. The present report describes high yield enzymatic radio-iodination of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium, by a procedure that does not breach the functional integrity of the epithelium, as assessed by the basal and vasopressin-sensitive short-circuit current (SCC). Restriction of the label to the membrane surface, was ascertained by light and electron-microscopic autoradiographs. On the apical surface, the grains were over the glycocalyx and the plasma membrane. Analysis of the labeled glycocalyx by agarose gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), as well as enzymatic and pH-dependent hydrolysis indicated that the glycocalyx is a trichloro-acetic acid-soluble macromolecular complex of high molecular weight composed of a peptide moiety attached to large prosthetic groups (presumably carbohydrates) by O-glycosidic bonds. Analysis of the labeled apical plasma membrane components by agarose gel filtration and SDS-PAGE disclosed the presence of six major species of apparent molecular weights: 23,000, 28,000, 37,000, 44,000, 68,000, and 95,000. More than half of the membrane-associated radio-iodine was in two bands of molecular weights 37,000 and 44,000. Concentrations of vasopressin and cyclic AMP sufficient to increase the SCC significantly did not modify the extent of membrane labeling or the distribution of the label among the apical membrane components (presumably proteins) as assessed by SDS-PAGE. Iodination in the presence of amiloride inhibited incorporation but did not change the pattern of the distribution of the label among the components resolved by SDS-PAGE. Iodination of basal-lateral plasma membranes, at a yield comparable to that obtained with apical labeling, was attained after about 30 min of exposure of the intact bladder to the labeling solutions. Approximately 25% of the basal-lateral labeling was lost when the epithelial cells were harvested after collagenase treatment, implying that some iodination of the basement membrane had taken place. Less than 10% of iodination of the apical or basal-lateral surfaces was accounted for by lipid-labeling. Analysis of the labeled apical and basal-lateral species by enzymatic digestion and thin layer chromatography disclosed that virtually all the radioactivity was present as mono-iodotyrosine (MIT).", "PMID": 379344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4551", "title": "Cation permeation of the amphibian motor end-plate.", "content": "Measurements of acetylcholine-induced single-channel conductance and null potentials at the amphibian motor end-plate in solutions containing Na, K, Li and Cs ions (Gage & Van Helden, 1979; J. Physiol. (London) (in press) were analyzed in terms of three models. Two of these models, the \"neutral\" site channel model and the \"charged\" site channel model were developed to cater for three cations. Both were shown to be able to explain the dependence of single-channel conductance on membrane potential and gave the following sequences of equilibrium constants and mobilities. KLi/KNa/KK/KCs = 7:1.1:1:0.9 and UCs/UK/UNa/ULi = 1.4:1:0.58:0.13 at 8 degrees C. Similar sequences were obtained at 20 degrees C. Although the neutral model fitted the data for relative conductances in Li-, Cs- and Na-solutions slightly better than the charged model, experiments done in normal [NaCl] and [NaCl]/2 solutions could only be fitted by the neutral model. In contrast, the third model, the Constant Field Equation, was unable to fit the conductance data in any of the above situations. The data available suggests that permeation is through \"long\" neutral channels, lined with high field-strength negative polar groups and including one or possibly more high resistance barriers for anions.", "contents": "Cation permeation of the amphibian motor end-plate. Measurements of acetylcholine-induced single-channel conductance and null potentials at the amphibian motor end-plate in solutions containing Na, K, Li and Cs ions (Gage & Van Helden, 1979; J. Physiol. (London) (in press) were analyzed in terms of three models. Two of these models, the \"neutral\" site channel model and the \"charged\" site channel model were developed to cater for three cations. Both were shown to be able to explain the dependence of single-channel conductance on membrane potential and gave the following sequences of equilibrium constants and mobilities. KLi/KNa/KK/KCs = 7:1.1:1:0.9 and UCs/UK/UNa/ULi = 1.4:1:0.58:0.13 at 8 degrees C. Similar sequences were obtained at 20 degrees C. Although the neutral model fitted the data for relative conductances in Li-, Cs- and Na-solutions slightly better than the charged model, experiments done in normal [NaCl] and [NaCl]/2 solutions could only be fitted by the neutral model. In contrast, the third model, the Constant Field Equation, was unable to fit the conductance data in any of the above situations. The data available suggests that permeation is through \"long\" neutral channels, lined with high field-strength negative polar groups and including one or possibly more high resistance barriers for anions.", "PMID": 379345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4552", "title": "Progression of fusion during rapid freezing for electron microscopy.", "content": "The method used to determine the rate of fusion was based on the large difference in the dielectric constants of water and ice. A thin (50--60 micrometers) slice of a gelatin gel was used as the dielectric in a plate condenser. The slice was placed on a metal electrode built in a specimen carrier which was dropped on a silver freezing surface kept at below 70 K, forming the other plate of the condenser. Freezing of the gelatin causes a marked decrease in a 20,000 cycle current passing through the condenser. Since the thickness of the layer of frozen material was shown to be a function of the reciprocal of the current, it was possible to determine the course of fusion of the section. Freezing started at a high rate which declined during the first 5 ms but then increased again and usually became quite high at the end of fusion.", "contents": "Progression of fusion during rapid freezing for electron microscopy. The method used to determine the rate of fusion was based on the large difference in the dielectric constants of water and ice. A thin (50--60 micrometers) slice of a gelatin gel was used as the dielectric in a plate condenser. The slice was placed on a metal electrode built in a specimen carrier which was dropped on a silver freezing surface kept at below 70 K, forming the other plate of the condenser. Freezing of the gelatin causes a marked decrease in a 20,000 cycle current passing through the condenser. Since the thickness of the layer of frozen material was shown to be a function of the reciprocal of the current, it was possible to determine the course of fusion of the section. Freezing started at a high rate which declined during the first 5 ms but then increased again and usually became quite high at the end of fusion.", "PMID": 379347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4553", "title": "A double embedding technique for the electron microscopic analysis of the liver acinus.", "content": "A double embedding technique allowing accurate and systematic sampling of zones of the hepatic acinus by electron microscopy was developed. The method involved the primary embedding of large (10 mm x 30 mm x 0.5 mm) liver slices and the preparation of 10 micrometers thick tissue sections by means of a rotary microtome with a steel knife. Veins 20--40 micrometers in diameter, the landmarks of the hepatic acinus, were localized by light microscopy, dissected from surrounding tissue and reembedded for ultramicrotomy. The method facilitated the systematic evaluation of hepatocyte ultrastructure in each zone of the microcirculatory unit of the liver, the hepatic acinus.", "contents": "A double embedding technique for the electron microscopic analysis of the liver acinus. A double embedding technique allowing accurate and systematic sampling of zones of the hepatic acinus by electron microscopy was developed. The method involved the primary embedding of large (10 mm x 30 mm x 0.5 mm) liver slices and the preparation of 10 micrometers thick tissue sections by means of a rotary microtome with a steel knife. Veins 20--40 micrometers in diameter, the landmarks of the hepatic acinus, were localized by light microscopy, dissected from surrounding tissue and reembedded for ultramicrotomy. The method facilitated the systematic evaluation of hepatocyte ultrastructure in each zone of the microcirculatory unit of the liver, the hepatic acinus.", "PMID": 379348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4554", "title": "Achilles tendon repair with the plantaris tendon compared with repair using polyglycol threads.", "content": "Therapeutic results in 56 surgically treated patients with rupture of the Achilles tendon are presented. Results with repair using plantaris tendon and by suture of polyglycol threads are compared in 41 patients in a long-term followup study. Although 54 patients returned to their pre-accident physical activity, in all cases residual phenomena like calf atrophy, thickening of tendon, and tendon excursion were analyzed. The use of synthetic absorbable threads shortens the convalescence period. Covering the repair site with the fanned plantaris tendon seems to help to avoid painful adhesions with the skin.", "contents": "Achilles tendon repair with the plantaris tendon compared with repair using polyglycol threads. Therapeutic results in 56 surgically treated patients with rupture of the Achilles tendon are presented. Results with repair using plantaris tendon and by suture of polyglycol threads are compared in 41 patients in a long-term followup study. Although 54 patients returned to their pre-accident physical activity, in all cases residual phenomena like calf atrophy, thickening of tendon, and tendon excursion were analyzed. The use of synthetic absorbable threads shortens the convalescence period. Covering the repair site with the fanned plantaris tendon seems to help to avoid painful adhesions with the skin.", "PMID": 379355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4555", "title": "Composite resection without mandibular reconstruction.", "content": "While composite resection remains the fundamental surgical approach to carcinoma of the posterior oral cavity, removal or reconstruction of the adjacent segment of mandible remains contentious. Various grafts have been used with less than satisfactory and unpredictable results. Bone has been brought in, borrowed, reshaped, and implanted into the area of mandibular deficit; mandibular osteotomy has been attempted with primary closure as well. A review of 78 composite resections at Upstate Medical Center reveals that of this number, 61 have undergone primary lateral mandibulectomy without reconstruction while four others have undergone more extended resection without reconstruction at the time of initial surgery. In the others, mandibular reconstruction has been unsatisfactory; mandibular osteotomy in the presence of irradiated tissue has been unsuccessful in all cases. In our experience, satisfactory results, functionally and cosmetically, have been attained with partial mandibulectomy and primary closure of the wound obviating more involved reconstructive procedures. A review of therapy with attention to surgical detail, complications, and results is presented.", "contents": "Composite resection without mandibular reconstruction. While composite resection remains the fundamental surgical approach to carcinoma of the posterior oral cavity, removal or reconstruction of the adjacent segment of mandible remains contentious. Various grafts have been used with less than satisfactory and unpredictable results. Bone has been brought in, borrowed, reshaped, and implanted into the area of mandibular deficit; mandibular osteotomy has been attempted with primary closure as well. A review of 78 composite resections at Upstate Medical Center reveals that of this number, 61 have undergone primary lateral mandibulectomy without reconstruction while four others have undergone more extended resection without reconstruction at the time of initial surgery. In the others, mandibular reconstruction has been unsatisfactory; mandibular osteotomy in the presence of irradiated tissue has been unsuccessful in all cases. In our experience, satisfactory results, functionally and cosmetically, have been attained with partial mandibulectomy and primary closure of the wound obviating more involved reconstructive procedures. A review of therapy with attention to surgical detail, complications, and results is presented.", "PMID": 379357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4556", "title": "Metastatic tumors in the temporal bone--a pathophysiologic study.", "content": "Nineteen temporal bones were examined from 11 patients who had metastatic temporal bone disease from a distant primary. The salient clinical features were: the high incidence of occult temporal bone involvement (7 of the 10 clinically documented cases), the considerable incidence of melanoma (3 of 10) and the variable correlation between clinical findings and pathologic localization of tumor in the temporal bone. Pathologic examination revealed two distinct modes of tumor spread within the temporal bone: 1) vascularosseous (petrous apex, mastoid, middle ear, external canal); and 2) perineural (nerves in IAC branches, labyrinthine endorgans). Every case was involved by one or both or these routes and no case of CSF-borne metastasis to the perilymphatic space was seen. The external canal was involved extensively in spite of an intact tympanic membrane. Since the presence of symptomatic or occult metastases in the temporal bone affects treatment and prognosis, they must be actively sought by the clinician.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors in the temporal bone--a pathophysiologic study. Nineteen temporal bones were examined from 11 patients who had metastatic temporal bone disease from a distant primary. The salient clinical features were: the high incidence of occult temporal bone involvement (7 of the 10 clinically documented cases), the considerable incidence of melanoma (3 of 10) and the variable correlation between clinical findings and pathologic localization of tumor in the temporal bone. Pathologic examination revealed two distinct modes of tumor spread within the temporal bone: 1) vascularosseous (petrous apex, mastoid, middle ear, external canal); and 2) perineural (nerves in IAC branches, labyrinthine endorgans). Every case was involved by one or both or these routes and no case of CSF-borne metastasis to the perilymphatic space was seen. The external canal was involved extensively in spite of an intact tympanic membrane. Since the presence of symptomatic or occult metastases in the temporal bone affects treatment and prognosis, they must be actively sought by the clinician.", "PMID": 379358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4557", "title": "Infections of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Three interesting case histories of infection of the temperomandibular joint are reported. An unsuccessful search of the recent literature was made in the hope that some assistance would be obtained in understanding the pathology. These infections must have been more common in the pre-antibiotic era and perhaps a search of the older literature would have been more fruitful.", "contents": "Infections of the temporomandibular joint. Three interesting case histories of infection of the temperomandibular joint are reported. An unsuccessful search of the recent literature was made in the hope that some assistance would be obtained in understanding the pathology. These infections must have been more common in the pre-antibiotic era and perhaps a search of the older literature would have been more fruitful.", "PMID": 379359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4558", "title": "Sexual impotence: the overlooked complication of a second renal transplant.", "content": "The incidence of sexual impotence in 20 men who have received at least 2 kidney transplants was 65% compared to 10% after the first transplant. The importance was transient (2 to 4 months) in both affected men after the first transplant but permanent (2 to 10 years) in 6 men after the second operation. We attribute this increased percentage of impotence to the second end-to-end arterial anastomosis that requires division of the internal iliac arteries. We suggest that the second transplant be placed end-to-side into the common iliac artery.", "contents": "Sexual impotence: the overlooked complication of a second renal transplant. The incidence of sexual impotence in 20 men who have received at least 2 kidney transplants was 65% compared to 10% after the first transplant. The importance was transient (2 to 4 months) in both affected men after the first transplant but permanent (2 to 10 years) in 6 men after the second operation. We attribute this increased percentage of impotence to the second end-to-end arterial anastomosis that requires division of the internal iliac arteries. We suggest that the second transplant be placed end-to-side into the common iliac artery.", "PMID": 379364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4559", "title": "Vascular-induced erectile impotence in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "The incidence and pathogenesis of sexual dysfunction were studied in 16 male renal allograft recipients. In 9 patients with bilateral renal transplants in whom both internal iliac arteries were occluded nocturnal erections were absent and a penile arterial pulse could not be palpated. Of 7 patients with 1 renal allograft 4 demonstrated penile nocturnal tumescence and the penile pulse could be palpated in 5. Since interruption of pelvic arterial blood supply appears to contribute to impotence in renal transplant recipients consideration should be given to the use of the external iliac artery for arterial anastomosis. Two patients were treated successfully with an inflatable penile prosthesis.", "contents": "Vascular-induced erectile impotence in renal transplant recipients. The incidence and pathogenesis of sexual dysfunction were studied in 16 male renal allograft recipients. In 9 patients with bilateral renal transplants in whom both internal iliac arteries were occluded nocturnal erections were absent and a penile arterial pulse could not be palpated. Of 7 patients with 1 renal allograft 4 demonstrated penile nocturnal tumescence and the penile pulse could be palpated in 5. Since interruption of pelvic arterial blood supply appears to contribute to impotence in renal transplant recipients consideration should be given to the use of the external iliac artery for arterial anastomosis. Two patients were treated successfully with an inflatable penile prosthesis.", "PMID": 379365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4560", "title": "Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases.", "content": "There were 50 patients with acute epididymitis who were evaluated prospectively by history, examination and microbiologic studies, including cultures for aerobes, anaerobes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated from the urine of men more than 35 years old, while Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were the predominant pathogens isolated from the urethra of men less than 35 years old. The etiologic role of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis was confirmed by isolation from epididymal aspirates from a high proportion of men with positive urine or urethral cultures for these agents. Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis accounted for two-thirds of idiopathic epididymitis in young men and often was associated with oligospermia. Of 9 female sexual partners of men with Chlamydia trachomatis infection 6 had antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis, of whom 2 had positive cervical cultures for this organism and 2 others had non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis and should be offered to the female sex partners.", "contents": "Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases. There were 50 patients with acute epididymitis who were evaluated prospectively by history, examination and microbiologic studies, including cultures for aerobes, anaerobes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated from the urine of men more than 35 years old, while Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were the predominant pathogens isolated from the urethra of men less than 35 years old. The etiologic role of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis was confirmed by isolation from epididymal aspirates from a high proportion of men with positive urine or urethral cultures for these agents. Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis accounted for two-thirds of idiopathic epididymitis in young men and often was associated with oligospermia. Of 9 female sexual partners of men with Chlamydia trachomatis infection 6 had antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis, of whom 2 had positive cervical cultures for this organism and 2 others had non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis and should be offered to the female sex partners.", "PMID": 379366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4561", "title": "Operative blood loss in transurethral prostatectomy.", "content": "Operative blood loss was measured in 62 transurethral prostatectomies performed with a continuous irrigation suction resectoscope. Although blood loss per minute is comparable to levels in earlier studies the rapidity with which resection can be accomplished results in a marked reduction in operative blood loss.", "contents": "Operative blood loss in transurethral prostatectomy. Operative blood loss was measured in 62 transurethral prostatectomies performed with a continuous irrigation suction resectoscope. Although blood loss per minute is comparable to levels in earlier studies the rapidity with which resection can be accomplished results in a marked reduction in operative blood loss.", "PMID": 379368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4562", "title": "Bacteriuria during closed urinary drainage: an evaluation of top-vented versus bag-vented systems.", "content": "For a 10-month period a top-vented closed urinary drainage system was evaluted and compared to a conventional bag-vented drainage system. The study involved random assignment of either system to all adult patients who required urinary catheterization. Criteria for exclusion included acute or chronic genitourinary tract infection and surgical interference with bladder function. The end point of the study was removal of any part of the system after at least 24 hours or a positive urine culture (greater than 10,000 colonies per ml. urine). The series included 236 patients. Distributions of patient age, sex and hospital service assignment (medical or surgical), antibiotic usage and duration of catheterization were similar in both study groups. Of 113 patients with the top-vented system 16 (14.2 per cent) acquired bacteriuria, whereas 13 of 123 (10.6 per cent) with the bag-drainage system acquired bacteriuria. No significant difference was noted. Antibiotics were used in 202 of 236 patients (86 per cent). Although usage delayed the appearance of bacteriuria in both groups isolates were more frequently yeasts and gram-negative organisms other than Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Bacteriuria during closed urinary drainage: an evaluation of top-vented versus bag-vented systems. For a 10-month period a top-vented closed urinary drainage system was evaluted and compared to a conventional bag-vented drainage system. The study involved random assignment of either system to all adult patients who required urinary catheterization. Criteria for exclusion included acute or chronic genitourinary tract infection and surgical interference with bladder function. The end point of the study was removal of any part of the system after at least 24 hours or a positive urine culture (greater than 10,000 colonies per ml. urine). The series included 236 patients. Distributions of patient age, sex and hospital service assignment (medical or surgical), antibiotic usage and duration of catheterization were similar in both study groups. Of 113 patients with the top-vented system 16 (14.2 per cent) acquired bacteriuria, whereas 13 of 123 (10.6 per cent) with the bag-drainage system acquired bacteriuria. No significant difference was noted. Antibiotics were used in 202 of 236 patients (86 per cent). Although usage delayed the appearance of bacteriuria in both groups isolates were more frequently yeasts and gram-negative organisms other than Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 379369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4563", "title": "The Denis-Browne hypospadias repair revisited.", "content": "Sixty-four cases of hypospadias repair by the Denis-Browne technique are reviewed. A urethrocutaneous fistula was the most common postoperative complication. Other less frequent complications were urethral stricture, residual chordee and improper location of the urethral meatus. These complications were corrected adequately and the results were satisfactory in all patients. This technique is simple, sound and trustworthy.", "contents": "The Denis-Browne hypospadias repair revisited. Sixty-four cases of hypospadias repair by the Denis-Browne technique are reviewed. A urethrocutaneous fistula was the most common postoperative complication. Other less frequent complications were urethral stricture, residual chordee and improper location of the urethral meatus. These complications were corrected adequately and the results were satisfactory in all patients. This technique is simple, sound and trustworthy.", "PMID": 379370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4564", "title": "Adhesiveness to urinary tract epithelial cells of fecal and urinary Escherichia coli isolates from patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections or asymptomatic bacteriuria of varying duration.", "content": "Adhesiveness to human urinary tract epithelial cells was high for Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis, and low for asymptomatic bacteriuria strains detected at screening. Escherichia coli bacteria causing asymptomatic reinfections, detected near the onset of bacteriuria, adhered more than those detected at screening. No difference in the adhesive ability was found between fecal isolates of the strain causing urinary tract infection, isolated at or before onset of bacteriuria, and the urinary strain in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. Normal fecal Escherichia coli from non-bacteriuric patients adhered less than all other strains tested.", "contents": "Adhesiveness to urinary tract epithelial cells of fecal and urinary Escherichia coli isolates from patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections or asymptomatic bacteriuria of varying duration. Adhesiveness to human urinary tract epithelial cells was high for Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis, and low for asymptomatic bacteriuria strains detected at screening. Escherichia coli bacteria causing asymptomatic reinfections, detected near the onset of bacteriuria, adhered more than those detected at screening. No difference in the adhesive ability was found between fecal isolates of the strain causing urinary tract infection, isolated at or before onset of bacteriuria, and the urinary strain in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. Normal fecal Escherichia coli from non-bacteriuric patients adhered less than all other strains tested.", "PMID": 379371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4565", "title": "Parameters of gas urethral pressure profiles: Part I.", "content": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles were analyzed under the same conditions for 113 spina bifida and 87 non-spina bifida patients categorized by sex and age. Either duplicate or triplicate measurements were obtained from each patient for parameters of continence length, closure pressure and functional length. The degree of reproducibility of each parameter varied depending on age, sex and diagnosis. Except for 1 age-sex category closure pressure exhibited the smallest degree of relative variation for spina bifida patients. Results for non-spina bifida patients were mixed in that the measurement of no one parameter resulted in a uniformly smallest degree of relative variation. Reproducibility based on within patient variability generally was least for the continence length.", "contents": "Parameters of gas urethral pressure profiles: Part I. Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles were analyzed under the same conditions for 113 spina bifida and 87 non-spina bifida patients categorized by sex and age. Either duplicate or triplicate measurements were obtained from each patient for parameters of continence length, closure pressure and functional length. The degree of reproducibility of each parameter varied depending on age, sex and diagnosis. Except for 1 age-sex category closure pressure exhibited the smallest degree of relative variation for spina bifida patients. Results for non-spina bifida patients were mixed in that the measurement of no one parameter resulted in a uniformly smallest degree of relative variation. Reproducibility based on within patient variability generally was least for the continence length.", "PMID": 379372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4566", "title": "The use of percutaneous antegrade renal perfusion in kidney transplant recipients.", "content": "Percutaneous antegrade renal perfusion under ultrasound control may be performed safely in human renal transplant recipients with dilated pelviocaliceal systems. The study can be useful to define whether the presence of anatomic changes is accompanied by significant functional obstruction.", "contents": "The use of percutaneous antegrade renal perfusion in kidney transplant recipients. Percutaneous antegrade renal perfusion under ultrasound control may be performed safely in human renal transplant recipients with dilated pelviocaliceal systems. The study can be useful to define whether the presence of anatomic changes is accompanied by significant functional obstruction.", "PMID": 379373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4567", "title": "Upward migration of indwelling ureteral stents.", "content": "Polyethylene ureteral stents suspended from the kidney by a pigtail memory in the proximal end were placed bilaterally in a patient with ureteral obstruction secondary to retroperitoneal sarcoma. Both stents migrated upward and 1 migrated into the renal parenchyma. We recommend that these stents be inserted into the renal pelvis, as opposed to the calices, and that sufficient length be allowed to prohibit migration above the bladder.", "contents": "Upward migration of indwelling ureteral stents. Polyethylene ureteral stents suspended from the kidney by a pigtail memory in the proximal end were placed bilaterally in a patient with ureteral obstruction secondary to retroperitoneal sarcoma. Both stents migrated upward and 1 migrated into the renal parenchyma. We recommend that these stents be inserted into the renal pelvis, as opposed to the calices, and that sufficient length be allowed to prohibit migration above the bladder.", "PMID": 379374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4568", "title": "Bacterial tracheitis.", "content": "During a 14-month period, eight infants and children were observed with an acute, infectious, upper airway obstructive disease with features common to both croup and epiglottitis. We have termed this distinct entity \"bacterial tracheitis.\" All patients failed to respond to treatment for croup, including racemic epinephrine delivered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing. Direct laryngoscopy consistently revealed a normal epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds but marked subglottic mucosal edema. Tracheal suctioning yielded copius mucopus below the subglottic swelling. Gram stain of this material corroborated subsequent cultures: Staphylococcus aureus, six; group A Streptococcus, one; and Haemophilus influenzae (not typed), one. All patients required periodic tracheal suctioning for relief of upper airway obstruction. Six patients required endotracheal intubation; one required a tracheostomy. Bacterial tracheitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a young child with a croup-like illness that is refractory to conventional therapy.", "contents": "Bacterial tracheitis. During a 14-month period, eight infants and children were observed with an acute, infectious, upper airway obstructive disease with features common to both croup and epiglottitis. We have termed this distinct entity \"bacterial tracheitis.\" All patients failed to respond to treatment for croup, including racemic epinephrine delivered by intermittent positive-pressure breathing. Direct laryngoscopy consistently revealed a normal epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds but marked subglottic mucosal edema. Tracheal suctioning yielded copius mucopus below the subglottic swelling. Gram stain of this material corroborated subsequent cultures: Staphylococcus aureus, six; group A Streptococcus, one; and Haemophilus influenzae (not typed), one. All patients required periodic tracheal suctioning for relief of upper airway obstruction. Six patients required endotracheal intubation; one required a tracheostomy. Bacterial tracheitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a young child with a croup-like illness that is refractory to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 379379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4569", "title": "Roentgenographic findings in PEEP therapy. Indicators of pulmonary complications.", "content": "We reviewed serial chest roentgenograms of 82 patients treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy for morbid pulmonary failure. No change was identified in the appearance of the chest roentgenograms in 49 patients. Thirty-three patients showed pulmonary hyperinflation, varying degrees of apparent clearing of alveolar or interstitial disease, and resorption of interstitial and pleural fluid. Lung hyperinflation and interstitial gas generally preceded pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. These pulmonary complications were identified roentgenographically, often before they became clinically apparent. No consistent correlation was observed between these roentgenographic changes and the ventilatory pressures employed. The radiologist should be informed that a patient is receiving PEEP therapy, as the earliest signs of alveolar rupture--interstitial emphysema--are frequently subtle.", "contents": "Roentgenographic findings in PEEP therapy. Indicators of pulmonary complications. We reviewed serial chest roentgenograms of 82 patients treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy for morbid pulmonary failure. No change was identified in the appearance of the chest roentgenograms in 49 patients. Thirty-three patients showed pulmonary hyperinflation, varying degrees of apparent clearing of alveolar or interstitial disease, and resorption of interstitial and pleural fluid. Lung hyperinflation and interstitial gas generally preceded pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. These pulmonary complications were identified roentgenographically, often before they became clinically apparent. No consistent correlation was observed between these roentgenographic changes and the ventilatory pressures employed. The radiologist should be informed that a patient is receiving PEEP therapy, as the earliest signs of alveolar rupture--interstitial emphysema--are frequently subtle.", "PMID": 379380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4570", "title": "[Morphological studies on antibacterial activities of cefotiam (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Cefotiam was demonstrated to be more potent than cefazolin in its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii and Proteus inconstans. MICs of cefotiam with 10(6) cells/ml inoculum size were considerably lower than those with 10(8) cells/ml. 2. Organisms lysed when exposed to cefotiam at concentrations higher than the MICs with 10(8) cells/ml. Morphological changes of organisms into filament occurred even at concentrations lower than the MICs with 10(6) cells/ml. This indicates that cefotiam is incorporated into organisms at remarkably low concentrations and exerts its antibacterial activities. 3. Cefotiam showed a high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) 1A, 1Bs and 3. The formation of filament at low concentrations of cefotiam is possibly attributable to the high affinity of cefotiam for PBP 3 in addition to its high permeability through outer cell membrane. 4. As the antibacterial activities of cefotiam are displayed at lower concentrations, it is reasonable to consider that doses of cefotiam on clinical use can be reduced in comparison with those of conventional cephalosporins.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on antibacterial activities of cefotiam (author's transl)]. 1. Cefotiam was demonstrated to be more potent than cefazolin in its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii and Proteus inconstans. MICs of cefotiam with 10(6) cells/ml inoculum size were considerably lower than those with 10(8) cells/ml. 2. Organisms lysed when exposed to cefotiam at concentrations higher than the MICs with 10(8) cells/ml. Morphological changes of organisms into filament occurred even at concentrations lower than the MICs with 10(6) cells/ml. This indicates that cefotiam is incorporated into organisms at remarkably low concentrations and exerts its antibacterial activities. 3. Cefotiam showed a high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) 1A, 1Bs and 3. The formation of filament at low concentrations of cefotiam is possibly attributable to the high affinity of cefotiam for PBP 3 in addition to its high permeability through outer cell membrane. 4. As the antibacterial activities of cefotiam are displayed at lower concentrations, it is reasonable to consider that doses of cefotiam on clinical use can be reduced in comparison with those of conventional cephalosporins.", "PMID": 379387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4571", "title": "[Treatment of E. coli meningitis with cefmetazole. Report of two cases with favorable response and determination of the concentrations in CSF (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with purulent meningitis, of which causative organism was presumed to be E. coli, were treated with intravenous administration of cefmetazole, 300 approximately 400 mg/kg/day in 4 approximately 6 divided doses, and the following conclusions were obtained. 1) Clinical response was favorable and a complete cure was obtained without sequelae in both patients. There were no adverse reactions noted except for a mild and transient eosinophilia (12%) in one case. 2) Of two strains of E. coli recovered from CSF, one was sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin and cefmetazole, among which cefmetazole had the highest bacterial activity. Although another strain was sensitive to cefmetazole, it showed resistance to cefazolin (greater than 12.5 microgram/ml) and to ampicillin (greater than 100 microgram/ml). 3) Concentrations of cefmetazole in CSF following 1 approximately 2 hours of its intravenous administration were either equal to or higher than those of ampicillin, which was given to the same patient for a short period of time. The concentrations in CSF were higher than 3.1 microgram/ml on each occasion except for in some specimens during the convalescent phase and exceeded well the MIC of the causative organism. 4) Based on the above results, cefmetazole is considered to be a potent antibiotic in the treatment of E. coli meningitis. Although further studies are needed as to the dosage, an intravenous administration at 4-hour interval appears to be warranted based on the studies that the half-life of the drug is short in CSF in animal experiments.", "contents": "[Treatment of E. coli meningitis with cefmetazole. Report of two cases with favorable response and determination of the concentrations in CSF (author's transl)]. Two patients with purulent meningitis, of which causative organism was presumed to be E. coli, were treated with intravenous administration of cefmetazole, 300 approximately 400 mg/kg/day in 4 approximately 6 divided doses, and the following conclusions were obtained. 1) Clinical response was favorable and a complete cure was obtained without sequelae in both patients. There were no adverse reactions noted except for a mild and transient eosinophilia (12%) in one case. 2) Of two strains of E. coli recovered from CSF, one was sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin and cefmetazole, among which cefmetazole had the highest bacterial activity. Although another strain was sensitive to cefmetazole, it showed resistance to cefazolin (greater than 12.5 microgram/ml) and to ampicillin (greater than 100 microgram/ml). 3) Concentrations of cefmetazole in CSF following 1 approximately 2 hours of its intravenous administration were either equal to or higher than those of ampicillin, which was given to the same patient for a short period of time. The concentrations in CSF were higher than 3.1 microgram/ml on each occasion except for in some specimens during the convalescent phase and exceeded well the MIC of the causative organism. 4) Based on the above results, cefmetazole is considered to be a potent antibiotic in the treatment of E. coli meningitis. Although further studies are needed as to the dosage, an intravenous administration at 4-hour interval appears to be warranted based on the studies that the half-life of the drug is short in CSF in animal experiments.", "PMID": 379388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4572", "title": "[Two-dimensional diffusion method for determining antimicrobial agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Intending to improve the accuracy of determination of antibiotics, a two-dimensional diffusion method using large agar plate was introduced. Three antimicrobial agents, ampicillin, PC-904, and tobramycin, were used. Inhibition zones of B. subtilis on the agar plate were measured which were formed as a result of diffusion of these agents. The relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the size of inhibition zones was studied. Plotting the data-points on the graph, it was predicted that there might be a relationship of quadratic equation between the diameter of inhibition zone and the logarithm of concentration of the agents. On the other hand, mathematical considerations were taken to find out a physical principle or an equation which governs the diffusion of antibiotics in the agar. Assuming that antibiotics spreads in the agar after the principle of simple diffusion, an equation was lead which shows how the antibiotics distributes in the agar in relation to time. The equation was written as, (formula: see text) where, S is amount of antibiotics, D diffusion constant, r distance from the center of diffusion, t period during which the diffusion proceeds. As a result of the mathematical calculations mentioned, it was confirmed that the relation between the size of zones and the logarithm of concentration of antibiotics is described by a quadratic equation as predicted on the basis of experimental data.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional diffusion method for determining antimicrobial agents (author's transl)]. Intending to improve the accuracy of determination of antibiotics, a two-dimensional diffusion method using large agar plate was introduced. Three antimicrobial agents, ampicillin, PC-904, and tobramycin, were used. Inhibition zones of B. subtilis on the agar plate were measured which were formed as a result of diffusion of these agents. The relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the size of inhibition zones was studied. Plotting the data-points on the graph, it was predicted that there might be a relationship of quadratic equation between the diameter of inhibition zone and the logarithm of concentration of the agents. On the other hand, mathematical considerations were taken to find out a physical principle or an equation which governs the diffusion of antibiotics in the agar. Assuming that antibiotics spreads in the agar after the principle of simple diffusion, an equation was lead which shows how the antibiotics distributes in the agar in relation to time. The equation was written as, (formula: see text) where, S is amount of antibiotics, D diffusion constant, r distance from the center of diffusion, t period during which the diffusion proceeds. As a result of the mathematical calculations mentioned, it was confirmed that the relation between the size of zones and the logarithm of concentration of antibiotics is described by a quadratic equation as predicted on the basis of experimental data.", "PMID": 379389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4573", "title": "Mutation of human cells by kerosene soot.", "content": "The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of a kerosene soot induced forward mutation in human diploid lymphoblasts when coincubated with Sprague-Dawley rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant. Two components of the kerosene soot extract, benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CP), were also tested. TP was not mutagenic at the concentration found in the soot extract, although it was active at higher concentrations. The amount of CP present could account for approximately 8% of the total mutation observed with the soot. The results were compared to data obtained previously in a similar mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium. The protocol described permits the facile assay of mutation at the hgprt locus in human lymphoblasts; such mutation is induced by compounds of complex mixtures requiring mixed-function oxygenase activity for metabolism to genetically active derivatives.", "contents": "Mutation of human cells by kerosene soot. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of a kerosene soot induced forward mutation in human diploid lymphoblasts when coincubated with Sprague-Dawley rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant. Two components of the kerosene soot extract, benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CP), were also tested. TP was not mutagenic at the concentration found in the soot extract, although it was active at higher concentrations. The amount of CP present could account for approximately 8% of the total mutation observed with the soot. The results were compared to data obtained previously in a similar mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium. The protocol described permits the facile assay of mutation at the hgprt locus in human lymphoblasts; such mutation is induced by compounds of complex mixtures requiring mixed-function oxygenase activity for metabolism to genetically active derivatives.", "PMID": 379398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4574", "title": "Selection of a low antigenic variant subline from the TA3St ascites carcinoma by repeated passage of antibody-coated cells through anti-immunoglobulin columns.", "content": "TA3St mouse ascites carcinoma cells of strain A origin (H-2a) were coated with anti-H-2a serum and passaged through mouse immunoglobulin-anti-immunoglobulin columns repeatedly prior to each in vivo passage. After six passages in vivo, a variant cell line emerged with significantly decreased H-2a expression and an increased ability to grow progressively across H-2 allograft barriers. Chromosome analysis of the variant cell line revealed no major changes in karyotype. The application of the method for studies on the generation of immunoresistant tumor cell variants and on the relationship between antibody-binding sites and rejection target sites is discussed.", "contents": "Selection of a low antigenic variant subline from the TA3St ascites carcinoma by repeated passage of antibody-coated cells through anti-immunoglobulin columns. TA3St mouse ascites carcinoma cells of strain A origin (H-2a) were coated with anti-H-2a serum and passaged through mouse immunoglobulin-anti-immunoglobulin columns repeatedly prior to each in vivo passage. After six passages in vivo, a variant cell line emerged with significantly decreased H-2a expression and an increased ability to grow progressively across H-2 allograft barriers. Chromosome analysis of the variant cell line revealed no major changes in karyotype. The application of the method for studies on the generation of immunoresistant tumor cell variants and on the relationship between antibody-binding sites and rejection target sites is discussed.", "PMID": 379399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4575", "title": "Effect of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum in tumor-bearing mice: modulation of response to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "Administration of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum alone in C57BL/6J mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma stimulated the direct (19S) and indirect (7S) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response specific for sheep red blood cells. Thus adriamycin appears to possess some immunostimulatory effect on tumor-bearing mice with much less effect than C. parvum alone. Simultaneous administration of adriamycin and C. parvum decreased the PFC response compared to that for C. parvum alone. This decrease may indicate that drug-vaccine interaction could produce some inhibition of the strong immunostimulatory effect of C. parvum as measured by the PFC response in tumor-bearing mice. The immunostimulatory effect of adriamycin and C. parvum administered as a single agent or in combination was associated with significant splenomegaly. The results of this study could be helpful in clinical situations when these agents are used alone or combined.", "contents": "Effect of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum in tumor-bearing mice: modulation of response to sheep red blood cells. Administration of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum alone in C57BL/6J mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma stimulated the direct (19S) and indirect (7S) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response specific for sheep red blood cells. Thus adriamycin appears to possess some immunostimulatory effect on tumor-bearing mice with much less effect than C. parvum alone. Simultaneous administration of adriamycin and C. parvum decreased the PFC response compared to that for C. parvum alone. This decrease may indicate that drug-vaccine interaction could produce some inhibition of the strong immunostimulatory effect of C. parvum as measured by the PFC response in tumor-bearing mice. The immunostimulatory effect of adriamycin and C. parvum administered as a single agent or in combination was associated with significant splenomegaly. The results of this study could be helpful in clinical situations when these agents are used alone or combined.", "PMID": 379400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4576", "title": "Metabolism of 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil in mice.", "content": "1,3-Bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FD-1) is a new masked compound of fluorinated pyrimidine and a derivative of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207). The pharmacokinetics of FD-1 and FT-207 were compared in the livers and kidneys of control mice and in mice (DD males) pretreated with phenobarbital. The half-time in the liver of FD-1 orally administered was about 40 minutes, whereas that of FT-207 in the liver was about 3 hours. Hepatic concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) originating from FD-1 were three to five times as much as those originating from FT-207. FD-1 formed 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (3-T-F-FU) and FT-207 by a ratio of about 3 to 10, respectively. Although FD-1 had a short period of half reduction, FT-207 and 3-T-F-FU had a half-time lasting for 3--4 hours. In contrast, the renal concentration of FD-1 was one-third that of FT-207. Oral administration of FD-1 to the mice pretreated with phenobarbital elevated the FT-207 and 3-T-F-FU levels in the livers to twice the levels in the control mice and further elevated the FUra levels in the livers to twice the levels in the controls. These results indicate that FD-1 is catabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes (including cytochrome P450) faster than is FT-207, which consequently enlarges the hepatic pool of the intermediates on the way to FUra formation.", "contents": "Metabolism of 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil in mice. 1,3-Bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FD-1) is a new masked compound of fluorinated pyrimidine and a derivative of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207). The pharmacokinetics of FD-1 and FT-207 were compared in the livers and kidneys of control mice and in mice (DD males) pretreated with phenobarbital. The half-time in the liver of FD-1 orally administered was about 40 minutes, whereas that of FT-207 in the liver was about 3 hours. Hepatic concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) originating from FD-1 were three to five times as much as those originating from FT-207. FD-1 formed 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (3-T-F-FU) and FT-207 by a ratio of about 3 to 10, respectively. Although FD-1 had a short period of half reduction, FT-207 and 3-T-F-FU had a half-time lasting for 3--4 hours. In contrast, the renal concentration of FD-1 was one-third that of FT-207. Oral administration of FD-1 to the mice pretreated with phenobarbital elevated the FT-207 and 3-T-F-FU levels in the livers to twice the levels in the control mice and further elevated the FUra levels in the livers to twice the levels in the controls. These results indicate that FD-1 is catabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes (including cytochrome P450) faster than is FT-207, which consequently enlarges the hepatic pool of the intermediates on the way to FUra formation.", "PMID": 379401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4577", "title": "The mother as incubator-after delivery.", "content": "Decreases in body temperature of 10 nude babies who were held next to their mothers' bodies were compared with the decreases in temperature of 9 babies who were kept in heated beds. After 15 minutes both groups of babies had identical temperatures of 98.1 degrees F, which is well above the acceptable minimum of 96.9 degrees F. It appears that mothers who desire to hold their babies immediately after delivery can be permitted to do so without concern by the staff that the babies will become chilled.", "contents": "The mother as incubator-after delivery. Decreases in body temperature of 10 nude babies who were held next to their mothers' bodies were compared with the decreases in temperature of 9 babies who were kept in heated beds. After 15 minutes both groups of babies had identical temperatures of 98.1 degrees F, which is well above the acceptable minimum of 96.9 degrees F. It appears that mothers who desire to hold their babies immediately after delivery can be permitted to do so without concern by the staff that the babies will become chilled.", "PMID": 379403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4578", "title": "Localization of urinary procoagulant in the human kidney.", "content": "By the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic techniques with monospecific antiserum against urinary procoagulant (a tissue factor which accelerates blood coagulation), we found the urinary procoagulant in the kidney distributed to the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules. In these areas urinary procoagulant was found in association with the luminal and intercellular borders as well as in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Both the descending and ascending limbs of Henle were equally stained. The cytoplasmic staining was patchy in distribution among cells of distal tubules and was predominantly localized in the supranuclear areas. Glomeruli, the proximal tubular cells, the vascular wall, and the interstitium were not stained. There was, however, fluorescent staining along the epithelial layers of the Bowman's capsule, which was observed only in the frozen sections. Casts in the distal tubules were also positively stained. These findings suggest that urinary procoagulant is synthesized in the epithelial cells of these particular parts of nephron and is secreted into urine, although its physiologic roles and pathologic significance are not entirely known.", "contents": "Localization of urinary procoagulant in the human kidney. By the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic techniques with monospecific antiserum against urinary procoagulant (a tissue factor which accelerates blood coagulation), we found the urinary procoagulant in the kidney distributed to the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules. In these areas urinary procoagulant was found in association with the luminal and intercellular borders as well as in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Both the descending and ascending limbs of Henle were equally stained. The cytoplasmic staining was patchy in distribution among cells of distal tubules and was predominantly localized in the supranuclear areas. Glomeruli, the proximal tubular cells, the vascular wall, and the interstitium were not stained. There was, however, fluorescent staining along the epithelial layers of the Bowman's capsule, which was observed only in the frozen sections. Casts in the distal tubules were also positively stained. These findings suggest that urinary procoagulant is synthesized in the epithelial cells of these particular parts of nephron and is secreted into urine, although its physiologic roles and pathologic significance are not entirely known.", "PMID": 379412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4579", "title": "[Falk's technic of extranasal dacryocystorhinostomy in cases of tear duct stenoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The lacrimal sac is totally sacrificed and rebuilt into an accessory nasal sinus using the extranasal dacryocystorhinostomy in the treatment of nasolacrimal duct stenosis as described by Falk in 1961. Using this method, 62 patients with tear duct stenoses were operated in our clinic since 1959. According to etiology, the stenoses were in 5 cases connatal, in 17 traumatic, in 32 inflammatory and in 8 iatrogenic. In only 4 cases (6,4%) failures were reported. - the operative indication has at present been expanded to include stenosis of the lower tear ducts (presaccal stenosis) or in cases where the lacrimal sac has been obliterated (saccal stenosis). In these cases the stenosis is dissected and a silicon tube (introduced via the tear point into the inferior lacrimal duct and drained into the nose) is left in position.", "contents": "[Falk's technic of extranasal dacryocystorhinostomy in cases of tear duct stenoses (author's transl)]. The lacrimal sac is totally sacrificed and rebuilt into an accessory nasal sinus using the extranasal dacryocystorhinostomy in the treatment of nasolacrimal duct stenosis as described by Falk in 1961. Using this method, 62 patients with tear duct stenoses were operated in our clinic since 1959. According to etiology, the stenoses were in 5 cases connatal, in 17 traumatic, in 32 inflammatory and in 8 iatrogenic. In only 4 cases (6,4%) failures were reported. - the operative indication has at present been expanded to include stenosis of the lower tear ducts (presaccal stenosis) or in cases where the lacrimal sac has been obliterated (saccal stenosis). In these cases the stenosis is dissected and a silicon tube (introduced via the tear point into the inferior lacrimal duct and drained into the nose) is left in position.", "PMID": 379421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4580", "title": "[Massive air embolism complicating artificial ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A 1740 g premature infant being treated by intermittent positive pressure ventilation with PEEP because of respiratory distress syndrome died from massive air embolism occuring in two attacks on the 14th and 16th day of life. The pathogenesis of systemic air embolism in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome is discussed and the difficulties in diagnosis as well as the importance of this complication regarding possible cerebral damage are considered. There is no conclusive information about the incidence of this serious event available at present.", "contents": "[Massive air embolism complicating artificial ventilation (author's transl)]. A 1740 g premature infant being treated by intermittent positive pressure ventilation with PEEP because of respiratory distress syndrome died from massive air embolism occuring in two attacks on the 14th and 16th day of life. The pathogenesis of systemic air embolism in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome is discussed and the difficulties in diagnosis as well as the importance of this complication regarding possible cerebral damage are considered. There is no conclusive information about the incidence of this serious event available at present.", "PMID": 379424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4581", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes in bronchogenic carcinoma: relation to extent of disease and to therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In sera of 72 patients with lung cancer, 20 patients with various benign lung diseases and 34 age matched controls circulating immune complexes were determined by column chromatography on Sepharose 6 B and subsequent testing of the eluate for macromolecular IgG as well as by inhibition of radiolabelled C1q binding to sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Whereas in both control and benign lung disease-sera complexes could be detected in less than 5%, sera of lung cancer patients showed macromolecular IgG in 83% and C1q reactive material in 53% at the time of diagnosis. Patients with metastases exhibited a significantly higher percentage of positive reactions than those without metastases (macromolecular IgG 93%/68%, C1q 71%/28%). The size of the complexes increased with the extent of disease. So far, no signficiant changes in circulating immune complexes could be demonstrated id pretherapeutic values were compared with those after X-ray-, chemo- or immunotherapy with one exception, which is an increase of C1q reactive material after radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes in bronchogenic carcinoma: relation to extent of disease and to therapy (author's transl)]. In sera of 72 patients with lung cancer, 20 patients with various benign lung diseases and 34 age matched controls circulating immune complexes were determined by column chromatography on Sepharose 6 B and subsequent testing of the eluate for macromolecular IgG as well as by inhibition of radiolabelled C1q binding to sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Whereas in both control and benign lung disease-sera complexes could be detected in less than 5%, sera of lung cancer patients showed macromolecular IgG in 83% and C1q reactive material in 53% at the time of diagnosis. Patients with metastases exhibited a significantly higher percentage of positive reactions than those without metastases (macromolecular IgG 93%/68%, C1q 71%/28%). The size of the complexes increased with the extent of disease. So far, no signficiant changes in circulating immune complexes could be demonstrated id pretherapeutic values were compared with those after X-ray-, chemo- or immunotherapy with one exception, which is an increase of C1q reactive material after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 379426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4582", "title": "Effects of duration of daily illumination on reproductive organs and fertility of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus).", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine the optimum simple, constant photoperiod for voles in a laboratory colony. Voles from an established colony maintained at 22 degrees C with a photoperiod of 14:10 hours of light:dark were transferred at 50 days of age to a photoperiod of 12:12, 14:10, 16:8 or 18:6 hours of light:dark. From Day 96 to Day 102, the 9--10 females per treatment group were paired with a male. Body and gonadal weights, spermatogenesis, ovarian activity and pregnancy were evaluated on Day 110. Reproductive function and body weight of both male and female voles maintained on a photoperiod of 16:8 exceeded (p less than 0.05) values for voles exposed to 12:12 hours of light:dark and tended to be more favorable than for voles in the 14:10 and 18:6 groups.", "contents": "Effects of duration of daily illumination on reproductive organs and fertility of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). The objective of this study was to determine the optimum simple, constant photoperiod for voles in a laboratory colony. Voles from an established colony maintained at 22 degrees C with a photoperiod of 14:10 hours of light:dark were transferred at 50 days of age to a photoperiod of 12:12, 14:10, 16:8 or 18:6 hours of light:dark. From Day 96 to Day 102, the 9--10 females per treatment group were paired with a male. Body and gonadal weights, spermatogenesis, ovarian activity and pregnancy were evaluated on Day 110. Reproductive function and body weight of both male and female voles maintained on a photoperiod of 16:8 exceeded (p less than 0.05) values for voles exposed to 12:12 hours of light:dark and tended to be more favorable than for voles in the 14:10 and 18:6 groups.", "PMID": 379433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4583", "title": "Perfusion fixation of the newborn opossum: equipment and techniques.", "content": "A 30-gauge cannula was used to perfuse fixative through the fragile heart of a newborn opossum. The cannula was gently maneuvered into the heart and held in place with a specially designed manipulator. The flow rate of the fixative was regulated with an infusion set connected to the cannula.", "contents": "Perfusion fixation of the newborn opossum: equipment and techniques. A 30-gauge cannula was used to perfuse fixative through the fragile heart of a newborn opossum. The cannula was gently maneuvered into the heart and held in place with a specially designed manipulator. The flow rate of the fixative was regulated with an infusion set connected to the cannula.", "PMID": 379434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4584", "title": "Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization in rat kidney.", "content": "Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein (TH) is the primary constituent of urinary casts. The intracellular distribution of TH in normal rat kidney was determined by immunoelectron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibodies and compared with morphologic localization of TH by immunofluorescence and light immunoperoxidase microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed an intracellular localization of TH restricted to the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (ALH). In this nephron segment, TH was distributed on and between adjacent intercellular membranes and infolding intracellular membranes at the base of these cells, within Golgi vacuoles, apical vesicles, and on the luminal membranes. Macula densa cells were negative, although typical ALH cells across the lumen of the same tubular segment were positive. Other renal segments were negative for intracellular TH. The unique distribution of TH is consistent with the known function of the ALH as the diluting segment of the nephron. We speculate that the aggregation and gel formation of TH on and between ALH surface membranes may restrict water movement across the ALH. This influence on permeability would be an important role for TH in the generation of concentration gradients for the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney.", "contents": "Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization in rat kidney. Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein (TH) is the primary constituent of urinary casts. The intracellular distribution of TH in normal rat kidney was determined by immunoelectron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibodies and compared with morphologic localization of TH by immunofluorescence and light immunoperoxidase microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed an intracellular localization of TH restricted to the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (ALH). In this nephron segment, TH was distributed on and between adjacent intercellular membranes and infolding intracellular membranes at the base of these cells, within Golgi vacuoles, apical vesicles, and on the luminal membranes. Macula densa cells were negative, although typical ALH cells across the lumen of the same tubular segment were positive. Other renal segments were negative for intracellular TH. The unique distribution of TH is consistent with the known function of the ALH as the diluting segment of the nephron. We speculate that the aggregation and gel formation of TH on and between ALH surface membranes may restrict water movement across the ALH. This influence on permeability would be an important role for TH in the generation of concentration gradients for the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney.", "PMID": 379435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4585", "title": "The infected pacemaker pocket.", "content": "Between January, 1963, and September, 1978, a total of 1,789 pacemakers were implanted at Henry Ford Hospital. Infection at the site of implantation developed in 19 instances for an incidence of 1.06 percent. The most common organism cultured was Staphylococcus epidermidis, and conservative treatment was successful with these patients. In all patients with organisms other than Staphylococcus epidermidis, reimplantation of a new unit in a new, clean site was required.", "contents": "The infected pacemaker pocket. Between January, 1963, and September, 1978, a total of 1,789 pacemakers were implanted at Henry Ford Hospital. Infection at the site of implantation developed in 19 instances for an incidence of 1.06 percent. The most common organism cultured was Staphylococcus epidermidis, and conservative treatment was successful with these patients. In all patients with organisms other than Staphylococcus epidermidis, reimplantation of a new unit in a new, clean site was required.", "PMID": 379440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4586", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Mammography and thermography.", "content": "Quality mammography with knowledgeable interpretation is now a widely utilized and reliable procedure. It permits clinically occult lesions to be detected and clinically obvious or indeterminate lesions to be managed more intelligently. Abnormal mammographic signs are well defined, as are their differential diagnoses. Thermography of the breast is a younger science than mammography and must mature before its full potential can be realized. It is clear that thermography today cannot be considered an adequate prescreening technique to obviate further examination, as was once anticipated. Used in conjunction with physical examination and mammography it can serve to reinforce suspicions, and the high acceptability of the examination is an impetus to further clarify its role in detection.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Mammography and thermography. Quality mammography with knowledgeable interpretation is now a widely utilized and reliable procedure. It permits clinically occult lesions to be detected and clinically obvious or indeterminate lesions to be managed more intelligently. Abnormal mammographic signs are well defined, as are their differential diagnoses. Thermography of the breast is a younger science than mammography and must mature before its full potential can be realized. It is clear that thermography today cannot be considered an adequate prescreening technique to obviate further examination, as was once anticipated. Used in conjunction with physical examination and mammography it can serve to reinforce suspicions, and the high acceptability of the examination is an impetus to further clarify its role in detection.", "PMID": 379447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4587", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Epidemiology.", "content": "Though the etioolgy of mammary cancer in humans remains obscure, epidemiologic data, animal models and in-depth studies of patient populations are providing insights. The rapid progress and sophistication of these investigations promise to clarify with increasing precision the genetic and environmental determinants of risk, if not the fundamental cause. The importance of this information cannot be overestimated; inherent in it lies the possibility of prevention.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Epidemiology. Though the etioolgy of mammary cancer in humans remains obscure, epidemiologic data, animal models and in-depth studies of patient populations are providing insights. The rapid progress and sophistication of these investigations promise to clarify with increasing precision the genetic and environmental determinants of risk, if not the fundamental cause. The importance of this information cannot be overestimated; inherent in it lies the possibility of prevention.", "PMID": 379448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4588", "title": "[Value of the LH-RH test in secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea].", "content": "Forty-three patients with secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea and 17 healthy women in the early and late folliculin phases of the normal cycle were tested with 100 micrograms synthetic LH-RH i. m. The LH and FSH concentration in the plasma was measured before and after the injection of synthetic LH-RH. The patients were divided into two groups, according to the degree of estrogen deficit. The basal concentration and maximum LH increase in the group of hypothalamic amenorrhea with a milder estrogen deficit proved to be significantly higher than in the group with a higher estrogen deficit (22.2 +/- 7.2 versus 12.7 +/- 9,3 p less than 0.01 and, respectively, 74.8 +/- 17.00 versus 34.4 +/- 11.2, p less than 0.01). In healthy women with the normal cycle, the basal LH and FSH concentrations and the maximum increase after the LH-RH application were significantly higher in the late than in the early folliculin phase. The basal LH and FSH concentrations and their increase after the LH-RH injection appear to depend on the concentration of endogenous estrogens, both in normal cycle and in secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea.", "contents": "[Value of the LH-RH test in secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea]. Forty-three patients with secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea and 17 healthy women in the early and late folliculin phases of the normal cycle were tested with 100 micrograms synthetic LH-RH i. m. The LH and FSH concentration in the plasma was measured before and after the injection of synthetic LH-RH. The patients were divided into two groups, according to the degree of estrogen deficit. The basal concentration and maximum LH increase in the group of hypothalamic amenorrhea with a milder estrogen deficit proved to be significantly higher than in the group with a higher estrogen deficit (22.2 +/- 7.2 versus 12.7 +/- 9,3 p less than 0.01 and, respectively, 74.8 +/- 17.00 versus 34.4 +/- 11.2, p less than 0.01). In healthy women with the normal cycle, the basal LH and FSH concentrations and the maximum increase after the LH-RH application were significantly higher in the late than in the early folliculin phase. The basal LH and FSH concentrations and their increase after the LH-RH injection appear to depend on the concentration of endogenous estrogens, both in normal cycle and in secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea.", "PMID": 379443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4589", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Staging methods, primary treatment options and end results.", "content": "A totally satisfying concept of treatment is not easy to formulate from the complex and often conflicting results of local therapeutic interventions for breast cancer. It seems evident that clinically occult cancer is often beyond the pale of both resection and irradiation at primary treatment, particularly when cancer is found in regional lymph nodes. Despite all combinations of local treatment, the ultimate risk of failure correlates more closely with the stage of the disease at the time of treatment than with the particular form of treatment. Thus the extent of disease must be considered the major, perhaps the ultimate determinant of prognosis. Because, under controlled conditions, several therapeutic alternatives have appeared to provide virtually identical end results in terms of survival and ultimate dissemination of the disease, the adequacy of control within the field of treatment may, in fact, be the most meaningful end result of local treatment. The experience that has accumulated with treatment of breast cancer supports the thesis that removal of the breast accomplishes all that can be achieved in terms of curing the disease, and wider treatment with surgery or irradiation serves only to improve the prospects for local control. Halsted demonstrated this principle with his radical mastectomy and it still seems to be the case. This fact provides further impetus for detecting and treating cancer while it is still localized to the breast. With these generalizations in mind some empirical observations can be added. An anatomic fact is that multiple microscopic foci of cancer that are not evident clinically are often present in the mammary parenchyma. Undisturbed, at least some, and perhaps eventually all, of these foci of cancer progress to become clinical cancers. Thorough removal of the entire breast (the entire mammary parenchyma) eliminates this particular hazard and, one may presume, terminates the disease if it is still limited to the breast. Removal of the underlying pectoralis major muscle provides additional margin around the tissues primarily involved, but sacrific of the muscle is apparently needless unless it is directly invaded by cancer. Microscopic metastases are also often present in regional lymph nodes without being clinically detectable and, left untreated, have the capacity to enlarge and become clinically apparent. Routine wide removal of regional lymph nodes improves the control of cancer at these sites when metastases are present, but whether it improves the chances for cure is doubtful. The fact is that approximately 25 per cent of patients with axillary metastases enjoy prolonged survival free of recurrence, some remaining well even after thirty years (Adair et al., 1974). Whether they would survive as well without removal of the metastases is uncertain. Desease-free survival is highest if metastases are removed while still microscopic, but this phenomenon may simply reflect treatment at an earlier phase in the evolution of the disease...", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Staging methods, primary treatment options and end results. A totally satisfying concept of treatment is not easy to formulate from the complex and often conflicting results of local therapeutic interventions for breast cancer. It seems evident that clinically occult cancer is often beyond the pale of both resection and irradiation at primary treatment, particularly when cancer is found in regional lymph nodes. Despite all combinations of local treatment, the ultimate risk of failure correlates more closely with the stage of the disease at the time of treatment than with the particular form of treatment. Thus the extent of disease must be considered the major, perhaps the ultimate determinant of prognosis. Because, under controlled conditions, several therapeutic alternatives have appeared to provide virtually identical end results in terms of survival and ultimate dissemination of the disease, the adequacy of control within the field of treatment may, in fact, be the most meaningful end result of local treatment. The experience that has accumulated with treatment of breast cancer supports the thesis that removal of the breast accomplishes all that can be achieved in terms of curing the disease, and wider treatment with surgery or irradiation serves only to improve the prospects for local control. Halsted demonstrated this principle with his radical mastectomy and it still seems to be the case. This fact provides further impetus for detecting and treating cancer while it is still localized to the breast. With these generalizations in mind some empirical observations can be added. An anatomic fact is that multiple microscopic foci of cancer that are not evident clinically are often present in the mammary parenchyma. Undisturbed, at least some, and perhaps eventually all, of these foci of cancer progress to become clinical cancers. Thorough removal of the entire breast (the entire mammary parenchyma) eliminates this particular hazard and, one may presume, terminates the disease if it is still limited to the breast. Removal of the underlying pectoralis major muscle provides additional margin around the tissues primarily involved, but sacrific of the muscle is apparently needless unless it is directly invaded by cancer. Microscopic metastases are also often present in regional lymph nodes without being clinically detectable and, left untreated, have the capacity to enlarge and become clinically apparent. Routine wide removal of regional lymph nodes improves the control of cancer at these sites when metastases are present, but whether it improves the chances for cure is doubtful. The fact is that approximately 25 per cent of patients with axillary metastases enjoy prolonged survival free of recurrence, some remaining well even after thirty years (Adair et al., 1974). Whether they would survive as well without removal of the metastases is uncertain. Desease-free survival is highest if metastases are removed while still microscopic, but this phenomenon may simply reflect treatment at an earlier phase in the evolution of the disease...", "PMID": 379450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4590", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Surgical management.", "content": "We have reviewed a variety of surgical techniques for mastectomy, endocrine gland ablation and the management of pathologic fractures and pleural effusion. With their judicious use for the chronic disease of mammary cancer, many persons can be cured and many others can be given long periods of symptom-free survival. With (1) attention to proper indications and contraindications for surgery, (2) surgical detail and (3) good patient care, very few patients will be made worse.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Surgical management. We have reviewed a variety of surgical techniques for mastectomy, endocrine gland ablation and the management of pathologic fractures and pleural effusion. With their judicious use for the chronic disease of mammary cancer, many persons can be cured and many others can be given long periods of symptom-free survival. With (1) attention to proper indications and contraindications for surgery, (2) surgical detail and (3) good patient care, very few patients will be made worse.", "PMID": 379451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4591", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Endocrine and hormonal therapy.", "content": "Additive hormonal therapy remains the treatment of choice for disseminated breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Patients with hormone-dependent tumors receive excellent and long-lasting palliation from alterations in the hormonal milieu. Now that hormone receptor assays are clinically available, responses can be accuratedly predicted in a large percentage of cases. Tables 11--6 is a summary of additive hormonal therapy in postmenopausal patients. Endocrine ablative therapy remains of primary importance in premenopausal women because of the superior results, but androgens or antiestrogens may be helpful when patients are not surgical candidates. Castration continues to be the initial approach, with adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy reserved for promising candidates. In postmenopausal women the initial choice is estrogens. The exceptions are those patients with metastases limited to bone, when androgens excel because of an equivalent objective response and superior subjective and metabolic effects. Patients who respond to estrogens and then progress are observed for a rebound regression following the discontinuation of estrogen therapy. Whereas some who do not respond to androgens will respond to estrogens, the converse does not appear to be true (Kennedy, 1974). Currently progestins are the secondary hormonal agent of choice in postmenopausal women, but they may be displaced by antiestrogens as more data become available. In general, if a patient's tumor lacks estrogen receptors or the patient fails to respond to an adequate trial of endocrine or hormonal therapy, one should proceed directly to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A suggested plan for the integration of endocrine with hormonal therapy and both with other forms of palliation is diagrammed at the end of Chapter 12.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Endocrine and hormonal therapy. Additive hormonal therapy remains the treatment of choice for disseminated breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Patients with hormone-dependent tumors receive excellent and long-lasting palliation from alterations in the hormonal milieu. Now that hormone receptor assays are clinically available, responses can be accuratedly predicted in a large percentage of cases. Tables 11--6 is a summary of additive hormonal therapy in postmenopausal patients. Endocrine ablative therapy remains of primary importance in premenopausal women because of the superior results, but androgens or antiestrogens may be helpful when patients are not surgical candidates. Castration continues to be the initial approach, with adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy reserved for promising candidates. In postmenopausal women the initial choice is estrogens. The exceptions are those patients with metastases limited to bone, when androgens excel because of an equivalent objective response and superior subjective and metabolic effects. Patients who respond to estrogens and then progress are observed for a rebound regression following the discontinuation of estrogen therapy. Whereas some who do not respond to androgens will respond to estrogens, the converse does not appear to be true (Kennedy, 1974). Currently progestins are the secondary hormonal agent of choice in postmenopausal women, but they may be displaced by antiestrogens as more data become available. In general, if a patient's tumor lacks estrogen receptors or the patient fails to respond to an adequate trial of endocrine or hormonal therapy, one should proceed directly to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A suggested plan for the integration of endocrine with hormonal therapy and both with other forms of palliation is diagrammed at the end of Chapter 12.", "PMID": 379452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4592", "title": "Mammary carcinoma and pregnancy.", "content": "Among premenopausal women approximately 7 per cent of newly diagnosed breast cancers are accompanied by pregnancy, with most patients being in the fourth decade of life. The prognosis of these patients, and of those whose cancers are diagnosed soon after pregnancy, is generally less favorable than that of nonpregnant females, but if age and stage of disease are comparable, pregnancy per se has little influence upon prognosis. Mastectomy is as effective for pregnant patients as for others and the chance of spontaneous abortion is small. Therapeutic abortion does not improve the chances for cure of patients with clinically localized cancer. Effective endocrine therapy or chemotherapy for advanced or disseminated breast cancer does require therapeutic abortion, and an early pregnancy is best terminated without delay. For pregnancies near term the decision depends greatly upon the desire of the patient for a child. Unless therapeutic needs are urgent, intervention can often be delayed temporarily without significant deterioration of the patient. Pregnancies subsequent to a mastectomy have little bearing upon continued well-being, and as long as the patient is clinically free of cancer no therapeutic benefit can be expected from interrupting them. A decision for future pregnancies should be individualized with due regard for the risk of recurrence and the desirability of completing one's family while still reasonably young. Progress with the treatment of breast cancer depends in part upon the appreciation that cancers do occur during pregnancy and lactation, that they are best diagnosed early and that they are curable. Pregnancy should neither deter a prompt diagnosis nor delay definitive treatment.", "contents": "Mammary carcinoma and pregnancy. Among premenopausal women approximately 7 per cent of newly diagnosed breast cancers are accompanied by pregnancy, with most patients being in the fourth decade of life. The prognosis of these patients, and of those whose cancers are diagnosed soon after pregnancy, is generally less favorable than that of nonpregnant females, but if age and stage of disease are comparable, pregnancy per se has little influence upon prognosis. Mastectomy is as effective for pregnant patients as for others and the chance of spontaneous abortion is small. Therapeutic abortion does not improve the chances for cure of patients with clinically localized cancer. Effective endocrine therapy or chemotherapy for advanced or disseminated breast cancer does require therapeutic abortion, and an early pregnancy is best terminated without delay. For pregnancies near term the decision depends greatly upon the desire of the patient for a child. Unless therapeutic needs are urgent, intervention can often be delayed temporarily without significant deterioration of the patient. Pregnancies subsequent to a mastectomy have little bearing upon continued well-being, and as long as the patient is clinically free of cancer no therapeutic benefit can be expected from interrupting them. A decision for future pregnancies should be individualized with due regard for the risk of recurrence and the desirability of completing one's family while still reasonably young. Progress with the treatment of breast cancer depends in part upon the appreciation that cancers do occur during pregnancy and lactation, that they are best diagnosed early and that they are curable. Pregnancy should neither deter a prompt diagnosis nor delay definitive treatment.", "PMID": 379454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4593", "title": "Cancer of the male breast.", "content": "Cancer of the male breast is infrequent but not rare. In contrast to women, men are generally older at its onset and present with more advanced cancers. In comparable circumstances, they are probably equally curable with radical surgery. The tumor is sensitive to irradiation and often responds to endocrine ablations, making the latter exceptionally useful for palliation of systemic metastases. Hormones and chemotherapy can also be beneficial.", "contents": "Cancer of the male breast. Cancer of the male breast is infrequent but not rare. In contrast to women, men are generally older at its onset and present with more advanced cancers. In comparable circumstances, they are probably equally curable with radical surgery. The tumor is sensitive to irradiation and often responds to endocrine ablations, making the latter exceptionally useful for palliation of systemic metastases. Hormones and chemotherapy can also be beneficial.", "PMID": 379456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4594", "title": "Age associated increase of single-stranded regions in the DNA of mouse brain and liver cells.", "content": "The touch smears of brain cells and hepatocytes of young and senescent mice were stained with antibody to cytidine nucleoside by an indirect immunofluorescence technique and subsequently combined with fluorescence cresyl violet staining of DNA. Nuclear binding of the antibody which reacts only with denatured or single-stranded regions in the DNA was seen only in the tissues of an aging animal. No such DNA lesion was detected in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract at any age. This type of DNA alteration is supposed to accumulate in the slowly renewing and non-replenishing tissues as a function of aging. The antibody was found not to react with the cells in S phase as demonstrated by 3H-thymidine autoradiography on a smear of newborn hepatocytes after the double fluorescence staining with cresyl violet and anti-cytidine antibody.", "contents": "Age associated increase of single-stranded regions in the DNA of mouse brain and liver cells. The touch smears of brain cells and hepatocytes of young and senescent mice were stained with antibody to cytidine nucleoside by an indirect immunofluorescence technique and subsequently combined with fluorescence cresyl violet staining of DNA. Nuclear binding of the antibody which reacts only with denatured or single-stranded regions in the DNA was seen only in the tissues of an aging animal. No such DNA lesion was detected in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract at any age. This type of DNA alteration is supposed to accumulate in the slowly renewing and non-replenishing tissues as a function of aging. The antibody was found not to react with the cells in S phase as demonstrated by 3H-thymidine autoradiography on a smear of newborn hepatocytes after the double fluorescence staining with cresyl violet and anti-cytidine antibody.", "PMID": 379460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4595", "title": "Progress in cytogerontology.", "content": "The finite in vitro lifetime of cultured normal cells is interpreted to be aging at the cellular level. In addition to the inverse relationship between donor age and population doubling potential (PDP), a number of biochemical and physiological increments and decrements occur prior to the cessation of cell division. The reconstruction of replicating normal human cells from the nuclei of \"young\" cells and the cytoplasm of \"old\" cells (and the reverse) suggests that the nucleus governs PDP. Several morphological changes were found to occur in late phase III cells held for up to one year in culture. Autoradiography studies show that (1) a cell population may be composed of several subpopulations, each of which is at a different stage in its life history and (2) lipid synthesis is affected much less as cells age than is DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Changes occurring in the genetic program of individual cells seem to be the most tenable hypothesis to explain fundamental causes of aging.", "contents": "Progress in cytogerontology. The finite in vitro lifetime of cultured normal cells is interpreted to be aging at the cellular level. In addition to the inverse relationship between donor age and population doubling potential (PDP), a number of biochemical and physiological increments and decrements occur prior to the cessation of cell division. The reconstruction of replicating normal human cells from the nuclei of \"young\" cells and the cytoplasm of \"old\" cells (and the reverse) suggests that the nucleus governs PDP. Several morphological changes were found to occur in late phase III cells held for up to one year in culture. Autoradiography studies show that (1) a cell population may be composed of several subpopulations, each of which is at a different stage in its life history and (2) lipid synthesis is affected much less as cells age than is DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Changes occurring in the genetic program of individual cells seem to be the most tenable hypothesis to explain fundamental causes of aging.", "PMID": 379461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4596", "title": "The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is hypothesized to occur as a response to various forms of injury to the lining arterial endothelial cells. The resulting endothelial alterations could potentially lead to interactions between platelets in the circulation and the underlying subendothelial connective tissue or with the altered endothelial cells themselves. Such interactions provide an opportunity for platelet degranulation and release of a platelet-derived growth factor. This factor has been shown in cell culture to be an extremely potent mitogen and will induce DNA synthesis and cell multiplication of a number of cells including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and other mesenchymally derived cells. Chronic endothelial injury and repeated interactions between platelet-derived mitogens, plasma components, and the underlying arterial smooth muslce cells would promote the progression of the intimal proliferative lesions of atherosclerosis that lead to the clinical sequelae associated with this disease process.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is hypothesized to occur as a response to various forms of injury to the lining arterial endothelial cells. The resulting endothelial alterations could potentially lead to interactions between platelets in the circulation and the underlying subendothelial connective tissue or with the altered endothelial cells themselves. Such interactions provide an opportunity for platelet degranulation and release of a platelet-derived growth factor. This factor has been shown in cell culture to be an extremely potent mitogen and will induce DNA synthesis and cell multiplication of a number of cells including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and other mesenchymally derived cells. Chronic endothelial injury and repeated interactions between platelet-derived mitogens, plasma components, and the underlying arterial smooth muslce cells would promote the progression of the intimal proliferative lesions of atherosclerosis that lead to the clinical sequelae associated with this disease process.", "PMID": 379462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4597", "title": "Hemopoietic stem cell heterogeneity: use of cell cycle-specific drugs to look for age-associated alterations.", "content": "Hemopoietic tissue is vulnerable to perturbations, and data show that it is an appropriate tissue in which to look for age-associated alterations. This tissue has a high regenerative capacity, is composed of a heterogeneous population of stem cells that are capable of self renewal or differentiation, or both, and is sustained by a pool of resting cells. The heterogeneity of bone marrow has made characterization of the cellular elements difficult. Techniques commonly used to identify and quantify the various maturation levels of hemopoietic stem cells and the limitations of these techniques are discussed. Most techniques used to assay age-associated changes in bone marrow have not differentiated between specific cellular alterations or shifts in the distribution of the cellular elements. In particular, it has been difficult to determine the stability of the non-dividing stem cell because of the low incidence of this cell (6 per 1000) and the lack of a specific assay for this important cell type. The use of cell cycle-specific drugs has provided quantitative information on specific subpopulations of hemopoietic stem cells and seems to be the most promising approach towards determining qualitative and quantitative differences in the hemopoietic stem cells of young and old individuals.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem cell heterogeneity: use of cell cycle-specific drugs to look for age-associated alterations. Hemopoietic tissue is vulnerable to perturbations, and data show that it is an appropriate tissue in which to look for age-associated alterations. This tissue has a high regenerative capacity, is composed of a heterogeneous population of stem cells that are capable of self renewal or differentiation, or both, and is sustained by a pool of resting cells. The heterogeneity of bone marrow has made characterization of the cellular elements difficult. Techniques commonly used to identify and quantify the various maturation levels of hemopoietic stem cells and the limitations of these techniques are discussed. Most techniques used to assay age-associated changes in bone marrow have not differentiated between specific cellular alterations or shifts in the distribution of the cellular elements. In particular, it has been difficult to determine the stability of the non-dividing stem cell because of the low incidence of this cell (6 per 1000) and the lack of a specific assay for this important cell type. The use of cell cycle-specific drugs has provided quantitative information on specific subpopulations of hemopoietic stem cells and seems to be the most promising approach towards determining qualitative and quantitative differences in the hemopoietic stem cells of young and old individuals.", "PMID": 379463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4598", "title": "Interrelations of dietary and hormonal effects in aging.", "content": "A model system is proposed which suggests that aging involves a genetically programmed process encoded within specific regions of the central nervous system and is characterized by a gradual ascendency of inhibitory over excitatory influences. The resulting neural suppression reduces tonic stimulation to the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis, the autonomic nervous system and the spinal cord, and promotes the secretion of inactive pituitary hormone, the involution of the somatic musculature (smooth, cardiac and striated) and the compromise of secretomotor function. Experimental observation from nutritional restriction studies which include the prolongation of the life-span and delays in reproductive and homeostatic aging, degenerative coat changes and the appearance of neoplasia, are considered from the perspective of this hypothesis.", "contents": "Interrelations of dietary and hormonal effects in aging. A model system is proposed which suggests that aging involves a genetically programmed process encoded within specific regions of the central nervous system and is characterized by a gradual ascendency of inhibitory over excitatory influences. The resulting neural suppression reduces tonic stimulation to the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis, the autonomic nervous system and the spinal cord, and promotes the secretion of inactive pituitary hormone, the involution of the somatic musculature (smooth, cardiac and striated) and the compromise of secretomotor function. Experimental observation from nutritional restriction studies which include the prolongation of the life-span and delays in reproductive and homeostatic aging, degenerative coat changes and the appearance of neoplasia, are considered from the perspective of this hypothesis.", "PMID": 379464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4599", "title": "Glial cells: modulators of neuronal environment.", "content": "Studies of glial cells in neural tissue culture systems suggest that glial cells subserve different functions during development and aging of the central nervous system and that they may help modulate the neuronal environment by virtue of their responsiveness to hormones and other intrinsic factors. There is a marked proliferation of glial cells during early stages of brain development, probably reflecting the involvement of glial cells in myelination and other growth processes. Studies in culture suggest that proliferation of glial cells can be induced by steroid hormones. The migration rate of glial cells from cerebellar explants of embryonic chick brain grown in organotypic culture was measured in control and hormone-treated explants. Treatment with cortisol, corticosterone, estradiol, and progesterone significantly elevated glial cell migration from the tissue explants. The influence of steroid hormones on glial cells may be mediated via a steroid intracellular mechanism. In C-6 glioma cells and in chick embryo dissociated brain cell cultures consisting predominantly of glial cells, 3H-corticosterone was shown to accumulate by a saturable but non-specific retention mechanism. In contrast, the accumulation of 3H-corticosterone by predominantly neuronal cultures was both saturable and specific. Glial cells in culture exhibit certain age-related changes, including changes in resting membrane potentials and in cellular responses to hormone treatment, as measured by changes in incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein and incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA. The possibility that glial cells in vivo may likewise exhibit differential responses to hormones throughout the lifespan suggests that hormones may markedly influence cellular aging.", "contents": "Glial cells: modulators of neuronal environment. Studies of glial cells in neural tissue culture systems suggest that glial cells subserve different functions during development and aging of the central nervous system and that they may help modulate the neuronal environment by virtue of their responsiveness to hormones and other intrinsic factors. There is a marked proliferation of glial cells during early stages of brain development, probably reflecting the involvement of glial cells in myelination and other growth processes. Studies in culture suggest that proliferation of glial cells can be induced by steroid hormones. The migration rate of glial cells from cerebellar explants of embryonic chick brain grown in organotypic culture was measured in control and hormone-treated explants. Treatment with cortisol, corticosterone, estradiol, and progesterone significantly elevated glial cell migration from the tissue explants. The influence of steroid hormones on glial cells may be mediated via a steroid intracellular mechanism. In C-6 glioma cells and in chick embryo dissociated brain cell cultures consisting predominantly of glial cells, 3H-corticosterone was shown to accumulate by a saturable but non-specific retention mechanism. In contrast, the accumulation of 3H-corticosterone by predominantly neuronal cultures was both saturable and specific. Glial cells in culture exhibit certain age-related changes, including changes in resting membrane potentials and in cellular responses to hormone treatment, as measured by changes in incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein and incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA. The possibility that glial cells in vivo may likewise exhibit differential responses to hormones throughout the lifespan suggests that hormones may markedly influence cellular aging.", "PMID": 379465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4600", "title": "Individual and institutional variables which may serve as indicators of quality of medical care.", "content": "This article is a critical review of empiric studies, in the medical care literature of the past two decades, that investigated associations between characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions and some measure of the quality of medical care given by them. The intention is to identify those characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions which can be considered the best indicators of the quality of performance to be expected, given the present state of knowledge. The analysis discusses 18 such characteristics but derives a list of 14 which appear to be the best choice of indicators on which further research might focus. It would be possible to design a survey instrument based on these characteristics, which, if upheld by empiric testing, could serve as a crude assessment tool for third parties needing to make quality comparisons between medical care institutions.", "contents": "Individual and institutional variables which may serve as indicators of quality of medical care. This article is a critical review of empiric studies, in the medical care literature of the past two decades, that investigated associations between characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions and some measure of the quality of medical care given by them. The intention is to identify those characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions which can be considered the best indicators of the quality of performance to be expected, given the present state of knowledge. The analysis discusses 18 such characteristics but derives a list of 14 which appear to be the best choice of indicators on which further research might focus. It would be possible to design a survey instrument based on these characteristics, which, if upheld by empiric testing, could serve as a crude assessment tool for third parties needing to make quality comparisons between medical care institutions.", "PMID": 379466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4601", "title": "[Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula: angiogammagraphic findings and computer analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 74-year-old woman with a carotid-cavernous fistula is reported. She was admitted to hospital with oliguria and generalized edema. After improvement of the edematous condition she suddenly presented intense, pulsatile, frontal cephalea. It was more intense on the right side and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting and swelling of the right eye with reddening, sharp pains, difficulty of movement, and loss of vision. Cerebral angiogammagraphy was practiced in anterior-posterior and right lateral view. A righ carotid-cavernous fistula was discovered with drainage through the superior ophthalmic vein and the deep venous system. The angiogammagraphic findings can be considered characteristic; it is important to obtain activity/time curves from various areas of interest in order to evaluate the degree of shunting and the pathway of drainage from the fistula. There was a good coorelation with the arteriographic findings. Eight cases of carotid-cavernous fistulas diagnosed with radionuclids have been published previously, though the activity/time curves were not determined by computer for any of them.", "contents": "[Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula: angiogammagraphic findings and computer analysis (author's transl)]. The case of a 74-year-old woman with a carotid-cavernous fistula is reported. She was admitted to hospital with oliguria and generalized edema. After improvement of the edematous condition she suddenly presented intense, pulsatile, frontal cephalea. It was more intense on the right side and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting and swelling of the right eye with reddening, sharp pains, difficulty of movement, and loss of vision. Cerebral angiogammagraphy was practiced in anterior-posterior and right lateral view. A righ carotid-cavernous fistula was discovered with drainage through the superior ophthalmic vein and the deep venous system. The angiogammagraphic findings can be considered characteristic; it is important to obtain activity/time curves from various areas of interest in order to evaluate the degree of shunting and the pathway of drainage from the fistula. There was a good coorelation with the arteriographic findings. Eight cases of carotid-cavernous fistulas diagnosed with radionuclids have been published previously, though the activity/time curves were not determined by computer for any of them.", "PMID": 379470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4602", "title": "[Acute effects of bumetanide in healthy subjects. A comparative study with furosemide (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative test on the efficacy of bumetanide and furosemide was made in ten healthy individuals. The effect on diuresis and urinary excretion of ions and metabolites after the acute oral administration of 1 mg bumetanide and 40 mg furosemide was observed. From the results of the experiment it can be concluded that the effectiveness of bumetanide is about 15 percent superior to that of furosemide with a later but more sustained effect. The excretion of Na and K was similar with both compounds but the chloruresis was more intense with furosemide. Although the excretion of uric acid was increased too, it was proportionally less than the increase of the diuresis obtained with both drugs. A noticeable increase of the urinary excretion of calcium caused by bumetanide stands out. The authors suggest its possible therapeutic usefulness in patients with hypercalcemia as well as its possible mechanism of action on the reabsorption of calcium. In every case tolerance of both drugs was good and there were no signs of toxicity or adverse side effects. Generally speaking the doses of 1 mg bumetanide and 40 mg furosemide were judged to be equally powerful.", "contents": "[Acute effects of bumetanide in healthy subjects. A comparative study with furosemide (author's transl)]. A comparative test on the efficacy of bumetanide and furosemide was made in ten healthy individuals. The effect on diuresis and urinary excretion of ions and metabolites after the acute oral administration of 1 mg bumetanide and 40 mg furosemide was observed. From the results of the experiment it can be concluded that the effectiveness of bumetanide is about 15 percent superior to that of furosemide with a later but more sustained effect. The excretion of Na and K was similar with both compounds but the chloruresis was more intense with furosemide. Although the excretion of uric acid was increased too, it was proportionally less than the increase of the diuresis obtained with both drugs. A noticeable increase of the urinary excretion of calcium caused by bumetanide stands out. The authors suggest its possible therapeutic usefulness in patients with hypercalcemia as well as its possible mechanism of action on the reabsorption of calcium. In every case tolerance of both drugs was good and there were no signs of toxicity or adverse side effects. Generally speaking the doses of 1 mg bumetanide and 40 mg furosemide were judged to be equally powerful.", "PMID": 379471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4603", "title": "[Determination of endotoxemia by means of the Limulus test in patients with septicemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The Limulus test was applied to determine bacterial endotoxemia in 42 patients suspected of having septicemia. Hemocultures were practiced simultaneously. A comparative study is made of the two presently most commonly recommended tests for neutralizing the factors inhibiting the endotoxin-amebocyte reaction. According to our results the dilution of plasma in isotonic saline solution is preferable; we obtained a sensitivity of determination of 0.0001 micrograms of E. coli endotoxin per ml of plasm. Seventeen cases of bacteriemia were diagnosed, only one of which with sepsis due to Serratia marcescens responded positively to the limulus test. The test was positive in three of the remaining 25 patients. Two of them had liver failure. The basic role that liver failure plays in the high level of endotoxin in the blood is discussed. The prognostic value of this test and the low correlation between bacteremia and endotoxemia are also commented on", "contents": "[Determination of endotoxemia by means of the Limulus test in patients with septicemia (author's transl)]. The Limulus test was applied to determine bacterial endotoxemia in 42 patients suspected of having septicemia. Hemocultures were practiced simultaneously. A comparative study is made of the two presently most commonly recommended tests for neutralizing the factors inhibiting the endotoxin-amebocyte reaction. According to our results the dilution of plasma in isotonic saline solution is preferable; we obtained a sensitivity of determination of 0.0001 micrograms of E. coli endotoxin per ml of plasm. Seventeen cases of bacteriemia were diagnosed, only one of which with sepsis due to Serratia marcescens responded positively to the limulus test. The test was positive in three of the remaining 25 patients. Two of them had liver failure. The basic role that liver failure plays in the high level of endotoxin in the blood is discussed. The prognostic value of this test and the low correlation between bacteremia and endotoxemia are also commented on", "PMID": 379472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4604", "title": "[Infrared contact coagulation. Clinical application in liver and spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "Infrared-contact-coagulation is a new principle for hemostasis of bleeding parenchyma and was used in 33 patients with 41 bleeding surfaces, 22 in the liver, 19 in the spleen. Hemostasis was achieved in all but three deep lacerations without further complications. Accidental bleeding, biopsy, and resection were the main indications; biopsy and partial resection of the spleen was achieved.", "contents": "[Infrared contact coagulation. Clinical application in liver and spleen (author's transl)]. Infrared-contact-coagulation is a new principle for hemostasis of bleeding parenchyma and was used in 33 patients with 41 bleeding surfaces, 22 in the liver, 19 in the spleen. Hemostasis was achieved in all but three deep lacerations without further complications. Accidental bleeding, biopsy, and resection were the main indications; biopsy and partial resection of the spleen was achieved.", "PMID": 379477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4605", "title": "[First experiences with voice-rehabilitative laryngectomy, as described by Staffieri and Amatsu (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on six cases of tracheo-esophageal shunt-operations as described by Staffieri, and four cases operated according to Amatsu. Both methods hold in common the construction of a slit-like anastomosis between trachea and hypopharynx, respectively upper esophagus. According to Staffieri the anastomosis is made towards the hypopharynx, according to Amatsu towards the upper esophagus. Advantages of the Amatsu-method, as compared to the Staffieri-method, are as follows: 1. no additional hypopharynx-mucosa is required to establish the shunt. Therefore, it is also suited for tumors with loss of pharynx-mucosa, 2. when constructing the anastomosis, mucosa of esophagus, and of trachea, is directly and seamlessly connected so that no granulations or polyps can develop, 3. voice and speech is learned earlier, 4. less aspiration. Both methods have the following disadvantages: 1. for voice-production, the tracheostoma has to be occluded with a finger, 2. a certain amount of aspiration must always be reckoned with, though, up to now, no patient asked for an occlusion of the fistula. At the time being, we are recommending the shunt-method to those patients only who expressly ask for it because of the possibility of early voice-production, and a better quality of speech. Or we recommend it to such patients as would otherwise not consent to laryngectomy.", "contents": "[First experiences with voice-rehabilitative laryngectomy, as described by Staffieri and Amatsu (author's transl)]. Report on six cases of tracheo-esophageal shunt-operations as described by Staffieri, and four cases operated according to Amatsu. Both methods hold in common the construction of a slit-like anastomosis between trachea and hypopharynx, respectively upper esophagus. According to Staffieri the anastomosis is made towards the hypopharynx, according to Amatsu towards the upper esophagus. Advantages of the Amatsu-method, as compared to the Staffieri-method, are as follows: 1. no additional hypopharynx-mucosa is required to establish the shunt. Therefore, it is also suited for tumors with loss of pharynx-mucosa, 2. when constructing the anastomosis, mucosa of esophagus, and of trachea, is directly and seamlessly connected so that no granulations or polyps can develop, 3. voice and speech is learned earlier, 4. less aspiration. Both methods have the following disadvantages: 1. for voice-production, the tracheostoma has to be occluded with a finger, 2. a certain amount of aspiration must always be reckoned with, though, up to now, no patient asked for an occlusion of the fistula. At the time being, we are recommending the shunt-method to those patients only who expressly ask for it because of the possibility of early voice-production, and a better quality of speech. Or we recommend it to such patients as would otherwise not consent to laryngectomy.", "PMID": 379479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4606", "title": "A computer-aided system for the diagnosis of hepato-biliary diseases. A comparison with the performance of physicians.", "content": "A computer-aided system has been developed for the diagnosis of disease of the liver and biliary system. The program is based on the use of 30 indicants, all of which are available within six hours after patient's admission: 18 of them are clinical signs, 12 are laboratory parameters including routine liver-function tests. To date, the program concerns 52 hepato-biliary diseases. From the analysis of the 30 items collected in any patient, the diagnoses are computed according to Bayes' theorem and printed by decreasing order of probability. The performance of the program was tested using records of patients with fully proven diagnosis. The first diagnosis given by the computer was correct in 57 per cent of the cases. In 80 per cent, the right diagnosis was among the first four proposed. When the performance of the model was compared to that of physicians, the number of correct answers was roughly the same for the computer and for the specialists in hepatology; in contrast, the computer's responses were far better than those of general practitioners. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the program for the diagnosis of hepato-bilitary diseases and its potential interest for helping clinicians in decision-making.", "contents": "A computer-aided system for the diagnosis of hepato-biliary diseases. A comparison with the performance of physicians. A computer-aided system has been developed for the diagnosis of disease of the liver and biliary system. The program is based on the use of 30 indicants, all of which are available within six hours after patient's admission: 18 of them are clinical signs, 12 are laboratory parameters including routine liver-function tests. To date, the program concerns 52 hepato-biliary diseases. From the analysis of the 30 items collected in any patient, the diagnoses are computed according to Bayes' theorem and printed by decreasing order of probability. The performance of the program was tested using records of patients with fully proven diagnosis. The first diagnosis given by the computer was correct in 57 per cent of the cases. In 80 per cent, the right diagnosis was among the first four proposed. When the performance of the model was compared to that of physicians, the number of correct answers was roughly the same for the computer and for the specialists in hepatology; in contrast, the computer's responses were far better than those of general practitioners. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the program for the diagnosis of hepato-bilitary diseases and its potential interest for helping clinicians in decision-making.", "PMID": 379474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4607", "title": "Computers and medical language.", "content": "This review article presents principles and problems of automated processing of medical language data. Work on automated processing of information in medical language is surveyed. References and a bibliography are provided as an introduction to the field.", "contents": "Computers and medical language. This review article presents principles and problems of automated processing of medical language data. Work on automated processing of information in medical language is surveyed. References and a bibliography are provided as an introduction to the field.", "PMID": 379473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4608", "title": "Unusual uses of the deltopectoral flap.", "content": "For the past decade the deltopectoral flap has become the premier reconstructive tool in oncologic head and neck surgery. It has achieved a level of reliability that has not been approached by any other single flap. Its most common application has been replacement of lost skin either from planned surgical resection or necrosis following ablative surgery. This paper illustrates a few unusual clinical settings in which the deltopectoral flap was used instead of other conventional methods: 1. Use of the same delopectoral flap in two different locations. 2. Employment of the base of the deltopectoral tube for skin coverage. 3. Successful application of bilateral simultaneous deltopectoral flaps. 4. Three-stage reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in a tenuous metabolic setting. 5. Two-stage technique for soft palate replacement. 6. An alteration of the design of the conventional deltopectoral flap because of an upper pectoral abscess.", "contents": "Unusual uses of the deltopectoral flap. For the past decade the deltopectoral flap has become the premier reconstructive tool in oncologic head and neck surgery. It has achieved a level of reliability that has not been approached by any other single flap. Its most common application has been replacement of lost skin either from planned surgical resection or necrosis following ablative surgery. This paper illustrates a few unusual clinical settings in which the deltopectoral flap was used instead of other conventional methods: 1. Use of the same delopectoral flap in two different locations. 2. Employment of the base of the deltopectoral tube for skin coverage. 3. Successful application of bilateral simultaneous deltopectoral flaps. 4. Three-stage reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in a tenuous metabolic setting. 5. Two-stage technique for soft palate replacement. 6. An alteration of the design of the conventional deltopectoral flap because of an upper pectoral abscess.", "PMID": 379481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4609", "title": "[Laser indicator of immunological reactions].", "content": "The instrument described was designed for measurement of the scattered light integral intensity; the light is scattered within a volume where immunologic reaction takes place. Operation speed and sensitivity are the merits of this instrument, as compared to standard ways of the immunologic reactions observation.", "contents": "[Laser indicator of immunological reactions]. The instrument described was designed for measurement of the scattered light integral intensity; the light is scattered within a volume where immunologic reaction takes place. Operation speed and sensitivity are the merits of this instrument, as compared to standard ways of the immunologic reactions observation.", "PMID": 379488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4610", "title": "[Attachment for stereoroentgenogrammetric photography].", "content": "Construction and operation principles of an automated stereoradiographic set and a stereoradiocomparator with a portable digital computer are described. This technique, when used for radiotopometric purposes, allows rapid determination of precise quantitative data in clinical conditions about internal structure of organism.", "contents": "[Attachment for stereoroentgenogrammetric photography]. Construction and operation principles of an automated stereoradiographic set and a stereoradiocomparator with a portable digital computer are described. This technique, when used for radiotopometric purposes, allows rapid determination of precise quantitative data in clinical conditions about internal structure of organism.", "PMID": 379491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4611", "title": "[Value of indirect immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis and prognosis of intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis in endemic areas (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of 108 patients with patient amoebiasis and a reference group of 85 free of the disease but living in endemic area. The positivity of the test has been more frequent and has given higher titers in the extra-intestinal forms than in the intestinal ones. The positivity rate in the reference group has been 15 per 100.", "contents": "[Value of indirect immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis and prognosis of intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis in endemic areas (author's transl)]. A comparative study of 108 patients with patient amoebiasis and a reference group of 85 free of the disease but living in endemic area. The positivity of the test has been more frequent and has given higher titers in the extra-intestinal forms than in the intestinal ones. The positivity rate in the reference group has been 15 per 100.", "PMID": 379494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4612", "title": "[Post-therapeutic evolution of patients presenting an immunological suspicion of trypanosomiasis without parasitological proof in support of it (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have recently preconised systematic treatment of every human being who is fluorescent positive. The evolution of antibodies of 26 subjects parasitologically negative and positive only in FAT test is described here after treatment with Arsobal. Statistically the antibodies decrease progressively like antibodies of Sleeping Sickness patients of first period usually did. Therefore it is possible to conclude that immunological suspects who were treated were realy sick and rightly cured.", "contents": "[Post-therapeutic evolution of patients presenting an immunological suspicion of trypanosomiasis without parasitological proof in support of it (author's transl)]. The authors have recently preconised systematic treatment of every human being who is fluorescent positive. The evolution of antibodies of 26 subjects parasitologically negative and positive only in FAT test is described here after treatment with Arsobal. Statistically the antibodies decrease progressively like antibodies of Sleeping Sickness patients of first period usually did. Therefore it is possible to conclude that immunological suspects who were treated were realy sick and rightly cured.", "PMID": 379493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4613", "title": "The genetic map of transfer RNA genes of yeast mitochondria: correction and extension.", "content": "Ninety five rho- mitochondrial DNA's of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared for their deletion structure by means of 15 genetic markers and 22 tRNA genes. The patterns of co-deletion and co-retention of different tRNA genes allowed us to determine their positions with respect to each other. The deduced order of tRNA genes was consistent with the order of the genetic markers established by independent genetic approaches. Our previously proposed mitochondrial tRNA gene map has been revised and extended. Transfer RNA genes, corresponding to all 20 aminoacids, and two isoacceptor tRNA genes were localized. The possible position of each tRNA gene has been indicated on the physical map of mitochondrial DNA. Seventeen tRNA genes are carried by a narrow region representing less than 20% of the wild type genome.", "contents": "The genetic map of transfer RNA genes of yeast mitochondria: correction and extension. Ninety five rho- mitochondrial DNA's of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared for their deletion structure by means of 15 genetic markers and 22 tRNA genes. The patterns of co-deletion and co-retention of different tRNA genes allowed us to determine their positions with respect to each other. The deduced order of tRNA genes was consistent with the order of the genetic markers established by independent genetic approaches. Our previously proposed mitochondrial tRNA gene map has been revised and extended. Transfer RNA genes, corresponding to all 20 aminoacids, and two isoacceptor tRNA genes were localized. The possible position of each tRNA gene has been indicated on the physical map of mitochondrial DNA. Seventeen tRNA genes are carried by a narrow region representing less than 20% of the wild type genome.", "PMID": 379543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4614", "title": "Isolation and properties of a plasmid which expresses the E. coli Su+7 amber suppressor tRNA gene.", "content": "The gene of the amber suppressor tRNA derived from tRNATry, Su+7, has been inserted into a col E1-derived vehicle by selecting for its expression. Despite selection for a suppressor phenotype, and the plasmid's stable presence at ca. 180 copies cell during balanced growth, the level mature tRNA maintained by the gene is less than that of the normal haploid tRNATry locus in the bacterial chromosome. Transfer RNA genes, both the plasmid Su+7 gene and chromosomal tRNA's are expressed during inhibition of protein synthesis. During, e.g. chloramphenicol inhibition, Su-7 and Su+7 tRNA can be elevated similarly in the plasmid-containing cell; Su+7 reaches levels of molecules/cell which ordinarily characterize a major tRNA. The recombinant plasmid, but not the cloning vehicle alone, has a more general effect on tRNA levels; accumulation of tRNA from three chromosomal tRNA loci including tRNATry, continues during extensive isoleucine limitation. The plasmid therefore contains a locus which probably alters the relaxed-stringent circuit, whose effect is disseminated to at least 3 widely separated loci.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a plasmid which expresses the E. coli Su+7 amber suppressor tRNA gene. The gene of the amber suppressor tRNA derived from tRNATry, Su+7, has been inserted into a col E1-derived vehicle by selecting for its expression. Despite selection for a suppressor phenotype, and the plasmid's stable presence at ca. 180 copies cell during balanced growth, the level mature tRNA maintained by the gene is less than that of the normal haploid tRNATry locus in the bacterial chromosome. Transfer RNA genes, both the plasmid Su+7 gene and chromosomal tRNA's are expressed during inhibition of protein synthesis. During, e.g. chloramphenicol inhibition, Su-7 and Su+7 tRNA can be elevated similarly in the plasmid-containing cell; Su+7 reaches levels of molecules/cell which ordinarily characterize a major tRNA. The recombinant plasmid, but not the cloning vehicle alone, has a more general effect on tRNA levels; accumulation of tRNA from three chromosomal tRNA loci including tRNATry, continues during extensive isoleucine limitation. The plasmid therefore contains a locus which probably alters the relaxed-stringent circuit, whose effect is disseminated to at least 3 widely separated loci.", "PMID": 379544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4615", "title": "The structure of the DNA containing the E. coli tRNATry gene.", "content": "Using the pMB9 recombinant plasmid pMY3, which contains a functional gene for the tRNATry mutant Su+7, the EcoRI fragment containing the tRNATry gene is mapped and oriented with respect to the HindIII site in the tetracycline region of pMB9. Complete HpaII and HaeIII maps of the EcoRI fragment are derived. The Su+7 tRNA gene is placed by hybridization to these fragments, and the tRNA gene is oriented by using the restriction sites for HinfI, TaqI, and HpaII in the tRNA gene itself. A tRNAAsp gene is shown to lie adjacent to tRNATry, and is also placed and oriented in the map. The RI fragment itself originates in a locus adjacent to, and transcribed in the same direction as, the ribosomal RNA genes of phi 80d3. The implications of the structure of the cloned DNA for its previously measured regulatory and tRNA gene activities are discussed. In particular, the effect on the regulation of RNA synthesis is attributable to an E. coli DNA sequence, but cannot be due to the presence of a normal tRNA promoter on the plasmid.", "contents": "The structure of the DNA containing the E. coli tRNATry gene. Using the pMB9 recombinant plasmid pMY3, which contains a functional gene for the tRNATry mutant Su+7, the EcoRI fragment containing the tRNATry gene is mapped and oriented with respect to the HindIII site in the tetracycline region of pMB9. Complete HpaII and HaeIII maps of the EcoRI fragment are derived. The Su+7 tRNA gene is placed by hybridization to these fragments, and the tRNA gene is oriented by using the restriction sites for HinfI, TaqI, and HpaII in the tRNA gene itself. A tRNAAsp gene is shown to lie adjacent to tRNATry, and is also placed and oriented in the map. The RI fragment itself originates in a locus adjacent to, and transcribed in the same direction as, the ribosomal RNA genes of phi 80d3. The implications of the structure of the cloned DNA for its previously measured regulatory and tRNA gene activities are discussed. In particular, the effect on the regulation of RNA synthesis is attributable to an E. coli DNA sequence, but cannot be due to the presence of a normal tRNA promoter on the plasmid.", "PMID": 379545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4616", "title": "Relaxation of stable RNA synthesis by a plasmid-borne locus.", "content": "The plasmid pMY3, which was constructed so as to express the Su+7 amber suppressor tRNA gene, also relaxes control of stable RNA synthesis in stringent cells. The relaxation is not growth medium or strain-dependent and does not occur in the presence of the vehicle alone. When expression of the effective sequence is diminished, in a lysogen of phi 80d3 ilv+Su+7, the sequence no longer affects RNA synthesis. The relaxation is general, extending to all or almost all tRNA loci, including tRNAs located in the ribosomal spacer regions, and to all ribosomal RNAs. Relaxed plasmid-carrying strains are still able to elevate guanosine tetra- and penta-phosphate levels in response to amino acid starvation, but steady state levels are somewhat diminished. Aminoacyl-tRNA falls to control levels when the plasmid-carrying strain is deprived of amino acid. Therefore, the relaxed strain perceives amino acid starvation, but does not respond normally. These properties define a novel locus which relaxes stringent control.", "contents": "Relaxation of stable RNA synthesis by a plasmid-borne locus. The plasmid pMY3, which was constructed so as to express the Su+7 amber suppressor tRNA gene, also relaxes control of stable RNA synthesis in stringent cells. The relaxation is not growth medium or strain-dependent and does not occur in the presence of the vehicle alone. When expression of the effective sequence is diminished, in a lysogen of phi 80d3 ilv+Su+7, the sequence no longer affects RNA synthesis. The relaxation is general, extending to all or almost all tRNA loci, including tRNAs located in the ribosomal spacer regions, and to all ribosomal RNAs. Relaxed plasmid-carrying strains are still able to elevate guanosine tetra- and penta-phosphate levels in response to amino acid starvation, but steady state levels are somewhat diminished. Aminoacyl-tRNA falls to control levels when the plasmid-carrying strain is deprived of amino acid. Therefore, the relaxed strain perceives amino acid starvation, but does not respond normally. These properties define a novel locus which relaxes stringent control.", "PMID": 379546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4617", "title": "Studies of a plasmid coding for tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production incompatible with the prophage P1.", "content": "The plasmid pIP231, determining tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production is shown to belong to incompatibility group Y and to code for a restriction and modification system. Unlike the IncY plasmids, P7 and P15B, plasmid pIP231 shows only little genetic and physical homology with P1 prophage.", "contents": "Studies of a plasmid coding for tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production incompatible with the prophage P1. The plasmid pIP231, determining tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production is shown to belong to incompatibility group Y and to code for a restriction and modification system. Unlike the IncY plasmids, P7 and P15B, plasmid pIP231 shows only little genetic and physical homology with P1 prophage.", "PMID": 379547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4618", "title": "Nuclear mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which increase the spontaneous mutation frequency in mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Fourteen mutants have been identified in which the frequency of spontaneous mutations in mitochondrial DNA is increased. As well as increasing the frequency of mutations to resistance to erythromycin, oligomycin and spiramycin, all the mutants also show changes in the frequency of spontaneous petite induction. None of the mutants has any effect on the frequency of spontaneous nuclear mutations. Nine of the mutants are in one complementation group and five are in another. The phenotype of both groups is caused by a single nuclear mutation.", "contents": "Nuclear mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which increase the spontaneous mutation frequency in mitochondrial DNA. Fourteen mutants have been identified in which the frequency of spontaneous mutations in mitochondrial DNA is increased. As well as increasing the frequency of mutations to resistance to erythromycin, oligomycin and spiramycin, all the mutants also show changes in the frequency of spontaneous petite induction. None of the mutants has any effect on the frequency of spontaneous nuclear mutations. Nine of the mutants are in one complementation group and five are in another. The phenotype of both groups is caused by a single nuclear mutation.", "PMID": 379548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4619", "title": "Genetic analysis of an osmotic sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant.", "content": "The genetic analysis of VY1160 sorbitol dependent, osmotic sensitive yeast mutant led to the identification of three different nuclear recessive mutations. Two of them, designated sorb- and ts1 are closely linked to one another. The mutation sorb- determines the lysis, while the mutation ts1 increases the ability for lysis of the sorbitol dependent cells. The third mutation ts2 segregates independently from the other two and confers the sensitivity of VY1160 mutant cells towards rifampicin.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of an osmotic sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. The genetic analysis of VY1160 sorbitol dependent, osmotic sensitive yeast mutant led to the identification of three different nuclear recessive mutations. Two of them, designated sorb- and ts1 are closely linked to one another. The mutation sorb- determines the lysis, while the mutation ts1 increases the ability for lysis of the sorbitol dependent cells. The third mutation ts2 segregates independently from the other two and confers the sensitivity of VY1160 mutant cells towards rifampicin.", "PMID": 379550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4620", "title": "Alterations of lipid metabolism in mice injected with endotoxin.", "content": "Some alterations in lipid metabolism in mice were observed by the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The content of serum triglyceride increased markedly in poisoned mice 16-24 hr postintoxication. The level of free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum of endotoxin-administered mice decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injected dose of endotoxin. The electrophoretic analysis of the serum lipoprotein on cellulose acetate membrane showed that pre beta-lipoprotein increased markedly and that FFA fraction in the poisoned mice sera disappeared 18 hr postintoxication. The activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue was elevated appreciably 2 hr after injection, but decreased more significantly after 18 hr than that in fasted control mice. On the other hand, the activity of lipoprotein lipase decreased in the post-heparin serum and adipose tissue 3 hr postintoxication, and decreased significantly after 16 hr. There were no significant differences between changes in the formation of active glycerol (alpha-GP) and in the activity of alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) in the mice liver with or without administration of endotoxin, and after 16 hr levels of both hepatic alpha-GP content and alpha-GPDH activity in poisoned mice showed a tendency to be slightly lower than those in fasted control mice.", "contents": "Alterations of lipid metabolism in mice injected with endotoxin. Some alterations in lipid metabolism in mice were observed by the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The content of serum triglyceride increased markedly in poisoned mice 16-24 hr postintoxication. The level of free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum of endotoxin-administered mice decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injected dose of endotoxin. The electrophoretic analysis of the serum lipoprotein on cellulose acetate membrane showed that pre beta-lipoprotein increased markedly and that FFA fraction in the poisoned mice sera disappeared 18 hr postintoxication. The activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue was elevated appreciably 2 hr after injection, but decreased more significantly after 18 hr than that in fasted control mice. On the other hand, the activity of lipoprotein lipase decreased in the post-heparin serum and adipose tissue 3 hr postintoxication, and decreased significantly after 16 hr. There were no significant differences between changes in the formation of active glycerol (alpha-GP) and in the activity of alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) in the mice liver with or without administration of endotoxin, and after 16 hr levels of both hepatic alpha-GP content and alpha-GPDH activity in poisoned mice showed a tendency to be slightly lower than those in fasted control mice.", "PMID": 379551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4621", "title": "Microsomal aspects of carcinogenesis and neoplasia.", "content": "Neither immunologic nor genetic concepts of carcinogenesis have yet been decisively confirmed, and epigenetic theories, as formulated so far, are either non-predictive or insufficiently consistent with morphologic and experimental evidence. Computing data, concerned with carcinogenic mechanisms and neoplastic changes at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, may lead to a new coherent understanding of tumor pathogenesis. Carcinogenic agents initiate biophysical perturbations, chemical alterations and conformational transitions in the membrane lattice of the endoplasmic reticulum. Foremost among the resulting neoplastic changes is an increased, irreversible separation of polyribosomes from membranes of the ergastoplasm. The carcinogenic process, apparently, deletes a protein required for polysome attachment. Since microsomal cytochromes can be synthesized by membrane-bound polysomes only, the translation of genetic information for their biosynthesis is irreversibly restricted. A similar, self-perpetuating deficiency may be postulated for the polysome attachment protein. Activities, depending on cytochromes P-450 and b5, are hampered, e.g. those of the monoxygenase system. Cholesterogenesis is derepressed. Ratios of phospholipids/cholesterol are decreased, and lipid-protein complexes, altered both in structure and function. Another distinct effect of the membrane-polysome separation is the unmasking of thiol-disulfide exchange enzymes which, in turn, stimulate the biosyntehsis of proteins and of deoxyribonucleotides involved in cell replication.", "contents": "Microsomal aspects of carcinogenesis and neoplasia. Neither immunologic nor genetic concepts of carcinogenesis have yet been decisively confirmed, and epigenetic theories, as formulated so far, are either non-predictive or insufficiently consistent with morphologic and experimental evidence. Computing data, concerned with carcinogenic mechanisms and neoplastic changes at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, may lead to a new coherent understanding of tumor pathogenesis. Carcinogenic agents initiate biophysical perturbations, chemical alterations and conformational transitions in the membrane lattice of the endoplasmic reticulum. Foremost among the resulting neoplastic changes is an increased, irreversible separation of polyribosomes from membranes of the ergastoplasm. The carcinogenic process, apparently, deletes a protein required for polysome attachment. Since microsomal cytochromes can be synthesized by membrane-bound polysomes only, the translation of genetic information for their biosynthesis is irreversibly restricted. A similar, self-perpetuating deficiency may be postulated for the polysome attachment protein. Activities, depending on cytochromes P-450 and b5, are hampered, e.g. those of the monoxygenase system. Cholesterogenesis is derepressed. Ratios of phospholipids/cholesterol are decreased, and lipid-protein complexes, altered both in structure and function. Another distinct effect of the membrane-polysome separation is the unmasking of thiol-disulfide exchange enzymes which, in turn, stimulate the biosyntehsis of proteins and of deoxyribonucleotides involved in cell replication.", "PMID": 379554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4622", "title": "Ovarian function and the immune system.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented on the interaction between the immune system and ovary in the regulation of the reproductive system and in the origin of some of its disorders. It has been suggested that the beginning, duration and age dependent failure of ovarian ovulatory function depends among other things on the adequate relationship between the immune system and approriate ovarian target structures. The cyclicity of ovarian function is considered to be primarily dependent on the induction of a specific cyclic immune response to the ovary. Similarly, the selection of a species-specific number of ovulating follicles during sexual maturity is thought to be ensured by immune mechanisms. This hypothesis, on the role of the immune system in regulation of ovulatory ovarian function respects the physiological effect of gonadotropins and steroids on the ovarian structures. The interaction between the ovary and the hypothalamus-pituitary system appears to be modulated by the relationship between the ovary and the immune system.", "contents": "Ovarian function and the immune system. A hypothesis is presented on the interaction between the immune system and ovary in the regulation of the reproductive system and in the origin of some of its disorders. It has been suggested that the beginning, duration and age dependent failure of ovarian ovulatory function depends among other things on the adequate relationship between the immune system and approriate ovarian target structures. The cyclicity of ovarian function is considered to be primarily dependent on the induction of a specific cyclic immune response to the ovary. Similarly, the selection of a species-specific number of ovulating follicles during sexual maturity is thought to be ensured by immune mechanisms. This hypothesis, on the role of the immune system in regulation of ovulatory ovarian function respects the physiological effect of gonadotropins and steroids on the ovarian structures. The interaction between the ovary and the hypothalamus-pituitary system appears to be modulated by the relationship between the ovary and the immune system.", "PMID": 379555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4623", "title": "The possible role of hypertension in aggravating hemolytic episodes in G-6PD deficient persons.", "content": "Approximately 13 percent of American Negro males carry a mutant [A-variant] glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in their red blood cells that predisposes them to hemolytic episodes following exposure to oxidant drugs such as primaquine. Most hemolytic episodes to standard prophylactic treatment are mild and self-limited, but as many as 2 percent of Negro males develop severe hemolysis when similarly treated. The exaggerated response may be due in part to the combination of G-6-PD deficiency and hypertension since hypertension can cause red cell fragmentation, and the stressed cells of G-6-PD deficient person would be more sensitive to such fragmentation.", "contents": "The possible role of hypertension in aggravating hemolytic episodes in G-6PD deficient persons. Approximately 13 percent of American Negro males carry a mutant [A-variant] glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in their red blood cells that predisposes them to hemolytic episodes following exposure to oxidant drugs such as primaquine. Most hemolytic episodes to standard prophylactic treatment are mild and self-limited, but as many as 2 percent of Negro males develop severe hemolysis when similarly treated. The exaggerated response may be due in part to the combination of G-6-PD deficiency and hypertension since hypertension can cause red cell fragmentation, and the stressed cells of G-6-PD deficient person would be more sensitive to such fragmentation.", "PMID": 379556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4624", "title": "[Contribution to the clinicopharmacological fundamentals of the orthostasis syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "We have carried out therapeutic trials in 20 orthostatic patients (ages ranging between 20 and 35 years) with unequivocal signs of a static-labile circulatory disturbance. The test programme was used three days per week over a three-week period (medication of Amphodyn-retard). The test programme consisted of measurements of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the pulse pressure and the pulse rate at one-minute intervals during a resting, loading (standing) and recovery phase, each covering seven minutes; further measurements of the flicker fusion threshold (FFT) in each case in the 3rd and 4th minute in each of the three study phases. Compensation of disturbances of orthostatic regulation was observed as a result of the treatment: Unchanged systolic and diastolic blood pressure during loading, narrowing of the pulse pressure did not occur, and the pulse rate increased only slightly. There was an increase in the flicker fusion threshold as an expression of the stabilization which was slightly significant. The associated subjective symptoms improved.", "contents": "[Contribution to the clinicopharmacological fundamentals of the orthostasis syndrome (author's transl)]. We have carried out therapeutic trials in 20 orthostatic patients (ages ranging between 20 and 35 years) with unequivocal signs of a static-labile circulatory disturbance. The test programme was used three days per week over a three-week period (medication of Amphodyn-retard). The test programme consisted of measurements of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the pulse pressure and the pulse rate at one-minute intervals during a resting, loading (standing) and recovery phase, each covering seven minutes; further measurements of the flicker fusion threshold (FFT) in each case in the 3rd and 4th minute in each of the three study phases. Compensation of disturbances of orthostatic regulation was observed as a result of the treatment: Unchanged systolic and diastolic blood pressure during loading, narrowing of the pulse pressure did not occur, and the pulse rate increased only slightly. There was an increase in the flicker fusion threshold as an expression of the stabilization which was slightly significant. The associated subjective symptoms improved.", "PMID": 379562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4625", "title": "Computerized system for the measurement of gallstone volume, in vivo.", "content": "Instrumentation and methodology for the determination of gallstone volume from standard roentgenographic views have been developed. Evaluation of size is made by using video viewing, an operator-set electronic window, intercept registers, and the programming of a PDP/8E for handling the data. The programming makes corrections for geometric factors arising from anatomical variations, corrections for variations in technique, roentgenographic magnification, and provides for the use of several roentgenographic views. The precision of the measuring (video) technique is approximately 0.5 mm as measured on the roentgenogram. Estimates and test data indicate that this system should be capable of an absolute accuracy within 10% of the true volume.", "contents": "Computerized system for the measurement of gallstone volume, in vivo. Instrumentation and methodology for the determination of gallstone volume from standard roentgenographic views have been developed. Evaluation of size is made by using video viewing, an operator-set electronic window, intercept registers, and the programming of a PDP/8E for handling the data. The programming makes corrections for geometric factors arising from anatomical variations, corrections for variations in technique, roentgenographic magnification, and provides for the use of several roentgenographic views. The precision of the measuring (video) technique is approximately 0.5 mm as measured on the roentgenogram. Estimates and test data indicate that this system should be capable of an absolute accuracy within 10% of the true volume.", "PMID": 379569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4626", "title": "Gene activation during immune reaction.", "content": "In cell-free systems the addition of antigen stimulates the synthesis of informational RNA (i-RNA) which exhibits the following properties: It codes for the entire antibody molecule, it codes for the synthesis of regulator protein which initiates transcription of i-RNA with the correspondent informational content from DNA, it is a template for an an i-RNA dependent RNA polymerase, it is a template for an i-RNA dependent reverse transcriptase. The i-RNA may exist in a state of latency in cells. The product of reverse transcription of i-RNA is i-DNA which can be used to transcribe further i-RNA of the same specificity. Similar to i-DNA is an extracellular DNA which codes also for antibody and from which i-RNA can be transcribed. The data presented are summarized in a scheme of the flow of information during immunological reactions. It could be shown that there exist three different types of extrachromosomally synthesized molecules--i-RNA, i-DNA and extracellular DNA--which bear immunological specific information. These extrachromosomal states of information may be relevant for the generation of antibody diversity.", "contents": "Gene activation during immune reaction. In cell-free systems the addition of antigen stimulates the synthesis of informational RNA (i-RNA) which exhibits the following properties: It codes for the entire antibody molecule, it codes for the synthesis of regulator protein which initiates transcription of i-RNA with the correspondent informational content from DNA, it is a template for an an i-RNA dependent RNA polymerase, it is a template for an i-RNA dependent reverse transcriptase. The i-RNA may exist in a state of latency in cells. The product of reverse transcription of i-RNA is i-DNA which can be used to transcribe further i-RNA of the same specificity. Similar to i-DNA is an extracellular DNA which codes also for antibody and from which i-RNA can be transcribed. The data presented are summarized in a scheme of the flow of information during immunological reactions. It could be shown that there exist three different types of extrachromosomally synthesized molecules--i-RNA, i-DNA and extracellular DNA--which bear immunological specific information. These extrachromosomal states of information may be relevant for the generation of antibody diversity.", "PMID": 379592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4627", "title": "Isolation and binding properties of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600.", "content": "A procedure for the large-scale isolation of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. cole MRE 600 is described: The enzyme was purified about 320-fold to homogeneity by precipitation with cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide, two consecutive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and three on hydroxyapatite with an over-all yield of 4%. The molecular weight of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE 600 was found to be 99 000 daltons. Bindings studies by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium partition showed that the enzyme binds leucine, leucyl-adenylate and tRNA Leu, each in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. For ATP only a very weak binding to the enzyme could be observed, which did not allow the evaluation of the complex stoichiometry. The presence of ATP was not required for the binding of leucine or tRNA to leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE 600.", "contents": "Isolation and binding properties of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600. A procedure for the large-scale isolation of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. cole MRE 600 is described: The enzyme was purified about 320-fold to homogeneity by precipitation with cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide, two consecutive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and three on hydroxyapatite with an over-all yield of 4%. The molecular weight of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE 600 was found to be 99 000 daltons. Bindings studies by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium partition showed that the enzyme binds leucine, leucyl-adenylate and tRNA Leu, each in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. For ATP only a very weak binding to the enzyme could be observed, which did not allow the evaluation of the complex stoichiometry. The presence of ATP was not required for the binding of leucine or tRNA to leucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE 600.", "PMID": 379593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4628", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoproteins (informosomes) and RNA-binding proteins.", "content": "Messenger ribonucleoproteins, first discovered in 1964 in our laboratory as free mRNA-containing particles of fish embryo cytoplasm and designated as informosomes, proved to have a universal occurrence in eukaryotic cells. Messenger ribonucleoproteins of different intracellular localization such as free cytoplasmic non-translatable informosomes, translatable messenger ribonucleoproteins in polyribosomes and nuclear pre-mRNA-containing particles are characterized by a number of features common for all of them. However, the transport from the nucleus into the cytoplasm as well as the transition from the free non-translatable state into the polyribosome-bound translatable state are accompanied by essential changes in the protein moiety of the particles. The existence of free RNA-binding proteins in eukaryotic cells has also been shown. These proteins seem to represent a pool for the formation of messenger ribonucleoproteins (informosomes). It has recently been demonstrated that the eukaryotic translation factors and, in particular, both the elongation factors and some initiation factors are among the cytoplasmic RNA-binding proteins. It is suggested that the mRNA in eukaryotic cells at different stages of its life time carries on itself the proteins which are required for its own biogenesis, processing and transport (nuclear informosomes), for its existence in a temporarily inactive state (free cytoplasmic informosomes) and for its functioning as a template (polyribosomal informosomes): omnia mea mecum porto.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoproteins (informosomes) and RNA-binding proteins. Messenger ribonucleoproteins, first discovered in 1964 in our laboratory as free mRNA-containing particles of fish embryo cytoplasm and designated as informosomes, proved to have a universal occurrence in eukaryotic cells. Messenger ribonucleoproteins of different intracellular localization such as free cytoplasmic non-translatable informosomes, translatable messenger ribonucleoproteins in polyribosomes and nuclear pre-mRNA-containing particles are characterized by a number of features common for all of them. However, the transport from the nucleus into the cytoplasm as well as the transition from the free non-translatable state into the polyribosome-bound translatable state are accompanied by essential changes in the protein moiety of the particles. The existence of free RNA-binding proteins in eukaryotic cells has also been shown. These proteins seem to represent a pool for the formation of messenger ribonucleoproteins (informosomes). It has recently been demonstrated that the eukaryotic translation factors and, in particular, both the elongation factors and some initiation factors are among the cytoplasmic RNA-binding proteins. It is suggested that the mRNA in eukaryotic cells at different stages of its life time carries on itself the proteins which are required for its own biogenesis, processing and transport (nuclear informosomes), for its existence in a temporarily inactive state (free cytoplasmic informosomes) and for its functioning as a template (polyribosomal informosomes): omnia mea mecum porto.", "PMID": 379596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4629", "title": "On pre-messenger RNA and transcriptions. A review.", "content": "From the present review integrating old and new data emerge a few principles of gene expression in eukaryotes, and an infinite variety of possible mechanistic details generating the overal pattern. The few principles, most of which are not fundamentally new, may thus be summarized. 1) The eukaryotic genome is subdivided into transcriptional units: into transcriptons which are subject to individual activation controlled at DNA level. 2) Viral genomes may contain one or a few transcriptons, while cells of multicellular organisms contain from 3 x 10(3) in diptera up to an estimated 2 x 10(5) in birds and mammals. 3) Transcriptons may include one or several coding sequences. 4) Transcriptons vary considerably in size: in mammals and birds their size spectrum falls into the 2,000 to 20,000 bp range. 5) Units of coding information constituting one message (genes) and, possibly, units of regulative information are frequently broken up and stored within the transcripton in sub-genic blocks (of so far unknown significance) in general located at a certain distance from the 5' and 3' transcript terminals which are determined by the promotor and terminator signals. 6) The gene, in its specific definition as the functional unit underlying the phenotype, is in general constituted posttranscriptionally by the processing mechanisms from the mosaic of its genomic subunits in the transcripton; segments of coding, service and regulative sequences are recombined within themselves and with each other, polygenic transcripts separate into their unit messages. 7) Activated transcriptons produce pre-mRNA; these primary transcripts are colinear with the DNA of the transcriptional unit. 8) Primary pre-mRNA is processed into secondary pre-mRNA's by extragenic cleavage and intragenic (\"splicing\") processing, giving rise stepwise to functional mRNA. During this process chemical modifications as methylation, 5'-terminal capping and 3'-terminal polyadenylation take place. 9) Translation yields either potentially functional polypeptides or polycistronic polyproteins subject to further processing. 10) Processing is a regulated process; it involves many of the possible phases and mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation (cf. 39, 40).", "contents": "On pre-messenger RNA and transcriptions. A review. From the present review integrating old and new data emerge a few principles of gene expression in eukaryotes, and an infinite variety of possible mechanistic details generating the overal pattern. The few principles, most of which are not fundamentally new, may thus be summarized. 1) The eukaryotic genome is subdivided into transcriptional units: into transcriptons which are subject to individual activation controlled at DNA level. 2) Viral genomes may contain one or a few transcriptons, while cells of multicellular organisms contain from 3 x 10(3) in diptera up to an estimated 2 x 10(5) in birds and mammals. 3) Transcriptons may include one or several coding sequences. 4) Transcriptons vary considerably in size: in mammals and birds their size spectrum falls into the 2,000 to 20,000 bp range. 5) Units of coding information constituting one message (genes) and, possibly, units of regulative information are frequently broken up and stored within the transcripton in sub-genic blocks (of so far unknown significance) in general located at a certain distance from the 5' and 3' transcript terminals which are determined by the promotor and terminator signals. 6) The gene, in its specific definition as the functional unit underlying the phenotype, is in general constituted posttranscriptionally by the processing mechanisms from the mosaic of its genomic subunits in the transcripton; segments of coding, service and regulative sequences are recombined within themselves and with each other, polygenic transcripts separate into their unit messages. 7) Activated transcriptons produce pre-mRNA; these primary transcripts are colinear with the DNA of the transcriptional unit. 8) Primary pre-mRNA is processed into secondary pre-mRNA's by extragenic cleavage and intragenic (\"splicing\") processing, giving rise stepwise to functional mRNA. During this process chemical modifications as methylation, 5'-terminal capping and 3'-terminal polyadenylation take place. 9) Translation yields either potentially functional polypeptides or polycistronic polyproteins subject to further processing. 10) Processing is a regulated process; it involves many of the possible phases and mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation (cf. 39, 40).", "PMID": 379595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4630", "title": "[Immunogenic DNA of Shigella sonnei bacteriophage].", "content": "Immunogenic and some other properties of Sh, sonnei \"Ufa\" phage DNA were investigated. This DNA has been shown to possess high immunogenic activity indicating the presence of an unusual base. The base is distinct from 5-OmC, glucosylated 5-OmC, 5-OmU or dihydroxypentyluracil. The phage DNA is double stranded and has the molecular weight of 1.11.10(8) daltons and Tm=85.5 degrees C. Base sequences common with T4 DNA have been found using the competition DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Experiments on cross neutralization of intact phage with the corresponding antisera confirm the existence of common antigenic determinants in T4 and Sh, sonnei \"Ufa\" phage particles.", "contents": "[Immunogenic DNA of Shigella sonnei bacteriophage]. Immunogenic and some other properties of Sh, sonnei \"Ufa\" phage DNA were investigated. This DNA has been shown to possess high immunogenic activity indicating the presence of an unusual base. The base is distinct from 5-OmC, glucosylated 5-OmC, 5-OmU or dihydroxypentyluracil. The phage DNA is double stranded and has the molecular weight of 1.11.10(8) daltons and Tm=85.5 degrees C. Base sequences common with T4 DNA have been found using the competition DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Experiments on cross neutralization of intact phage with the corresponding antisera confirm the existence of common antigenic determinants in T4 and Sh, sonnei \"Ufa\" phage particles.", "PMID": 379597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4631", "title": "[Substrate specificity of E. coli glutamate decarboxylase].", "content": "Interaction of highly purified E. coli glutamate decarboxylase with a number substrate analogs was studied. Decarboxylation of the following amino acids was demonstrated: gamma-methylene glutamate, threo-beta-hydroxyglutamate, allo-gamma-hydroxyglutamate, threo-beta-methylglutamate, homocysteate, aminoadipate and cysteinesulfinate. The Km and either Ki or I50 values were determined for these compounds. The final products of the interaction of glutamate decarboxylase with these analogs have the same absorption spectra and capacity for reactivation by pyridoxal-P, as has the pyridoxamine-P form of the enzyme. Thus, decarboxylation of all the amino acids, mentioned above, was probably associated with the side reaction of transamination to coenzyme in the active center. Binding of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or of valeric acid by glutamate decarboxylase leads to a slight shift of absorption spectra and of circular dichroism spectra from 420 to 423--425 nm. The following compounds fail to be bound and decarboxylated by the enzyme: gamma-aminobutyrate, D-glutamate, L-glutamine, 3,3-dimethylglutarate, methioninesulfone, methioninesulfoxide, norvaline, gamma-hydroxy-gamma-methylglutamate, erytro-beta-methylglutamate and erythro-beta-hydroxyglutamate.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of E. coli glutamate decarboxylase]. Interaction of highly purified E. coli glutamate decarboxylase with a number substrate analogs was studied. Decarboxylation of the following amino acids was demonstrated: gamma-methylene glutamate, threo-beta-hydroxyglutamate, allo-gamma-hydroxyglutamate, threo-beta-methylglutamate, homocysteate, aminoadipate and cysteinesulfinate. The Km and either Ki or I50 values were determined for these compounds. The final products of the interaction of glutamate decarboxylase with these analogs have the same absorption spectra and capacity for reactivation by pyridoxal-P, as has the pyridoxamine-P form of the enzyme. Thus, decarboxylation of all the amino acids, mentioned above, was probably associated with the side reaction of transamination to coenzyme in the active center. Binding of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or of valeric acid by glutamate decarboxylase leads to a slight shift of absorption spectra and of circular dichroism spectra from 420 to 423--425 nm. The following compounds fail to be bound and decarboxylated by the enzyme: gamma-aminobutyrate, D-glutamate, L-glutamine, 3,3-dimethylglutarate, methioninesulfone, methioninesulfoxide, norvaline, gamma-hydroxy-gamma-methylglutamate, erytro-beta-methylglutamate and erythro-beta-hydroxyglutamate.", "PMID": 379598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4632", "title": "[Methylation of E. coli RNA polymerase with dimethylsulfate].", "content": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli was methylated with dimethylsulfate. After the methylation the enzymatic activity was lost. Addition of two methyl groups per enzyme monomer completely inactivated enzyme with respect to RNA synthesis but couldn't prevent enzyme binding to DNA. Methylated enzyme was able to form tight complexes with DNA and to compete with the native enzyme for the formation of rifampicin resistant complex with DNA. The ratio of the binding constants of the native and methylated enzymes to DNA was determined to be equal to 3. Methylated enzyme was not able to form the first phosphodiester bound as revealed from pyrophosphate exchange reaction studies.", "contents": "[Methylation of E. coli RNA polymerase with dimethylsulfate]. DNA dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli was methylated with dimethylsulfate. After the methylation the enzymatic activity was lost. Addition of two methyl groups per enzyme monomer completely inactivated enzyme with respect to RNA synthesis but couldn't prevent enzyme binding to DNA. Methylated enzyme was able to form tight complexes with DNA and to compete with the native enzyme for the formation of rifampicin resistant complex with DNA. The ratio of the binding constants of the native and methylated enzymes to DNA was determined to be equal to 3. Methylated enzyme was not able to form the first phosphodiester bound as revealed from pyrophosphate exchange reaction studies.", "PMID": 379599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4633", "title": "[Conformational transition of DNA within the B-family as revealed by anisotropy circular dichroism].", "content": "The native T2 DNA in solutions with different LiCl concentrations was oriented by pumping through a capillary device similar to that described in rf. 1. The change of the parallel, deltaepsilon parallel, and perpendicular, 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, components of circular dichroism tensor was studied as a function of salt concentration. Positive (delta epsilon parallel 280) and negative (2 delta epsilon perpendicular 280) components were shown to increase in absolute magnitude, so that there was a monotonous drop in the longwave band magnitude of the isotropic delta epsilon 280 as a result of compensation; the shortwave band magnitude of the isotopic delta 245 and its anisotropic components were constant. It is proposed that while the helix is winding as a result of LiCl rise progressive tilting of base pairs takes place. It was also shown that the glucosylated T2 DNA in solution is wound to a greater extent than the non-glucosylated DNA of the same GC-content.", "contents": "[Conformational transition of DNA within the B-family as revealed by anisotropy circular dichroism]. The native T2 DNA in solutions with different LiCl concentrations was oriented by pumping through a capillary device similar to that described in rf. 1. The change of the parallel, deltaepsilon parallel, and perpendicular, 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, components of circular dichroism tensor was studied as a function of salt concentration. Positive (delta epsilon parallel 280) and negative (2 delta epsilon perpendicular 280) components were shown to increase in absolute magnitude, so that there was a monotonous drop in the longwave band magnitude of the isotropic delta epsilon 280 as a result of compensation; the shortwave band magnitude of the isotopic delta 245 and its anisotropic components were constant. It is proposed that while the helix is winding as a result of LiCl rise progressive tilting of base pairs takes place. It was also shown that the glucosylated T2 DNA in solution is wound to a greater extent than the non-glucosylated DNA of the same GC-content.", "PMID": 379600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4634", "title": "[Hydroxyapatite thin-layer chromatography of nucleic acid].", "content": "The present work is concerned with a sensitive and fast micromethod for separation of single- and double-stranded molecules of nucleic acid by hydroxyapatite (HAP) thin-layer chromatography. The thin layers were obtained by precipitation of ground HAP particules into the surface of the plates in water. Chromatography in sodium phosphate buffer makes it possible to separate from 1 to 50 micrograms of nucleic acids for 30--50 sec. Thereby double-stranded molecules remain at the starting line, whereas single-stranded DNA or RNA follow up the solvent. For quantitative assay of nucleic acids by HAP thin-layer chromatography, the plates were scanned in UV light, radioactivity was measured without extracting substances from HAP and DNA and RNA were eluted with the help of phosphate buffer. A simple and accurate determination method has been suggested consisting in dissolving HAP in perchloric acid followed by hydrolysis of nucleic acids and spectrophotometry of solutions. The retrieval of the material after chromatography in 99 +/- 2%, the mean determinations error is 2--3%. The conditions are described for extraction, after thin-layer chromatography, of desalted and concentrated DNA, ready for use in later experiments. The paper describes a method: for determination of the degree of DNA nativity; quantitative determination of DNA in solutions, containing admixtures; separation of synthesized RNA from its precursors and from the DNA template; assay of DNA thermostability; investigation of the kinetics of DNA reassociation and DNA-DNA hybridization. Some results obtained from hydroxyapatite thin-layer chromatography are discussed.", "contents": "[Hydroxyapatite thin-layer chromatography of nucleic acid]. The present work is concerned with a sensitive and fast micromethod for separation of single- and double-stranded molecules of nucleic acid by hydroxyapatite (HAP) thin-layer chromatography. The thin layers were obtained by precipitation of ground HAP particules into the surface of the plates in water. Chromatography in sodium phosphate buffer makes it possible to separate from 1 to 50 micrograms of nucleic acids for 30--50 sec. Thereby double-stranded molecules remain at the starting line, whereas single-stranded DNA or RNA follow up the solvent. For quantitative assay of nucleic acids by HAP thin-layer chromatography, the plates were scanned in UV light, radioactivity was measured without extracting substances from HAP and DNA and RNA were eluted with the help of phosphate buffer. A simple and accurate determination method has been suggested consisting in dissolving HAP in perchloric acid followed by hydrolysis of nucleic acids and spectrophotometry of solutions. The retrieval of the material after chromatography in 99 +/- 2%, the mean determinations error is 2--3%. The conditions are described for extraction, after thin-layer chromatography, of desalted and concentrated DNA, ready for use in later experiments. The paper describes a method: for determination of the degree of DNA nativity; quantitative determination of DNA in solutions, containing admixtures; separation of synthesized RNA from its precursors and from the DNA template; assay of DNA thermostability; investigation of the kinetics of DNA reassociation and DNA-DNA hybridization. Some results obtained from hydroxyapatite thin-layer chromatography are discussed.", "PMID": 379602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4635", "title": "[Induction and repair of breaks in DNA chains in vivo due to the imbalance between DNA and protein synthesis].", "content": "A sudden induction of the imbalance between the rates of DNA and protein synthesis in the cell (by nalidixic acid or by thymine starvation) results in the stabilization of breaks in DNA chains in vivo. Such \"imbalance induced breaks\" represent gaps in DNA chains formed with the participation of exonuclease V. Stabilization of the \"imbalance induced breaks\" is accompanied by DNA degradation and cell death. Restoration of the imbalance between the rates of DNA and protein syntheses by balanced inhibition completely prevents the stabilization of breaks in cells with competent repair systems. Balanced inhibition of intracellular DNA and protein synthesis decreases the rate of repair and permits to see the sequence of induction (stabilization) and disappearance (repair) of breaks in DNA chains in vivo. Repair of breaks occuring on the background of balanced inhition of DNA and protein synthesis decreases the extent of DNA degradation and completely prevents death of E. coli cells with completely functional repair systems.", "contents": "[Induction and repair of breaks in DNA chains in vivo due to the imbalance between DNA and protein synthesis]. A sudden induction of the imbalance between the rates of DNA and protein synthesis in the cell (by nalidixic acid or by thymine starvation) results in the stabilization of breaks in DNA chains in vivo. Such \"imbalance induced breaks\" represent gaps in DNA chains formed with the participation of exonuclease V. Stabilization of the \"imbalance induced breaks\" is accompanied by DNA degradation and cell death. Restoration of the imbalance between the rates of DNA and protein syntheses by balanced inhibition completely prevents the stabilization of breaks in cells with competent repair systems. Balanced inhibition of intracellular DNA and protein synthesis decreases the rate of repair and permits to see the sequence of induction (stabilization) and disappearance (repair) of breaks in DNA chains in vivo. Repair of breaks occuring on the background of balanced inhition of DNA and protein synthesis decreases the extent of DNA degradation and completely prevents death of E. coli cells with completely functional repair systems.", "PMID": 379603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4636", "title": "[Compact structure of the small E. coli ribosomal subunit and its RNA studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and sedimentation analysis].", "content": "Analysis of the temperature dependence of fluorescence polarization of ethidium bromide adsorbed on the double helical fragments of 16S RNA's hairpin loops was used to characterize the intramolecular flexibility of RNA in the free state and within 30S subunit. We show that the local mobility of RNA segments is strongly limited by the tertiary structure of 16S RNA and ribosomal proteins reinforce these limitations. It was suggested that the mechanism of the temperature dependent RI particle activation involved the temporary increase of the local mobility of RNA segments in RNP which favored the formation of the new intraribosomal contacts. A comparison of sw 20 dependences of RNA and 30S subunit on Mg+ and K+ concentrations leads to the proposal that RNA in the small subunit in the physiological conditions has the stressed conformation. This conformation is maintained by the Mg2+-dependent RNA-RNA interactions induced by ribosomal proteins and specific only for the subunit.", "contents": "[Compact structure of the small E. coli ribosomal subunit and its RNA studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and sedimentation analysis]. Analysis of the temperature dependence of fluorescence polarization of ethidium bromide adsorbed on the double helical fragments of 16S RNA's hairpin loops was used to characterize the intramolecular flexibility of RNA in the free state and within 30S subunit. We show that the local mobility of RNA segments is strongly limited by the tertiary structure of 16S RNA and ribosomal proteins reinforce these limitations. It was suggested that the mechanism of the temperature dependent RI particle activation involved the temporary increase of the local mobility of RNA segments in RNP which favored the formation of the new intraribosomal contacts. A comparison of sw 20 dependences of RNA and 30S subunit on Mg+ and K+ concentrations leads to the proposal that RNA in the small subunit in the physiological conditions has the stressed conformation. This conformation is maintained by the Mg2+-dependent RNA-RNA interactions induced by ribosomal proteins and specific only for the subunit.", "PMID": 379604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4637", "title": "[Addition of the fluorescent label to the 3'-OH end of DNA and the 3'-OH end of nascent RNA].", "content": "3'(2')-O-acyl derivatives of the uridine triphosphate were synthesized. Acyl residues contained fluorescent dye; fluoresceine or rodamine C. Optical properties and stability of UTP analogues were studied. Their ability to serve as the substrates for calf thymus terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase and E. coli RNA polymerase was also examined. It was shown that both enzymes were able to use tested analogues as substrates. Incorporation of the analogues into nascent RNA and DNA chains inhibited the synthetic reaction because of primer inactivation. The rate of the incorporation of the analogues showed an exponential time dependence", "contents": "[Addition of the fluorescent label to the 3'-OH end of DNA and the 3'-OH end of nascent RNA]. 3'(2')-O-acyl derivatives of the uridine triphosphate were synthesized. Acyl residues contained fluorescent dye; fluoresceine or rodamine C. Optical properties and stability of UTP analogues were studied. Their ability to serve as the substrates for calf thymus terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase and E. coli RNA polymerase was also examined. It was shown that both enzymes were able to use tested analogues as substrates. Incorporation of the analogues into nascent RNA and DNA chains inhibited the synthetic reaction because of primer inactivation. The rate of the incorporation of the analogues showed an exponential time dependence", "PMID": 379605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4638", "title": "[Repression of the enzyme inducible syntheses in Escherichia coli K12 mutant with a deleted ptsH gene].", "content": "The genome of lambda phage with thermosensitive repressor was integrated into the pts region of the E. coli chromosome. Such a lysogenic culture behaves as a pts mutant at 30 degrees. Heating of cells of this strain leads to the induction of lambda prophage and formation of deletions in the pts region. A mutant with a deletion covering ptsH gene was isolated after prophage induction. The deletion nature of pts mutation was confirmed in genetic and biochemical experiments. It was shown that the deletion is small and does not involve ptsI and lig genes. The isolated deltaptsH mutant possesses all characteristics of pts mutants: pleiotropic impairment of transport and utilization of a number of carbohydrates, repression of the enzyme inducible synthesis and resistance to catabolite repression with glucose. These data (together with earlier ones) allow us to conclude that the phosphorylated form of HPr is involved (in direct of indirect manner/ in activation of DNA transcription.", "contents": "[Repression of the enzyme inducible syntheses in Escherichia coli K12 mutant with a deleted ptsH gene]. The genome of lambda phage with thermosensitive repressor was integrated into the pts region of the E. coli chromosome. Such a lysogenic culture behaves as a pts mutant at 30 degrees. Heating of cells of this strain leads to the induction of lambda prophage and formation of deletions in the pts region. A mutant with a deletion covering ptsH gene was isolated after prophage induction. The deletion nature of pts mutation was confirmed in genetic and biochemical experiments. It was shown that the deletion is small and does not involve ptsI and lig genes. The isolated deltaptsH mutant possesses all characteristics of pts mutants: pleiotropic impairment of transport and utilization of a number of carbohydrates, repression of the enzyme inducible synthesis and resistance to catabolite repression with glucose. These data (together with earlier ones) allow us to conclude that the phosphorylated form of HPr is involved (in direct of indirect manner/ in activation of DNA transcription.", "PMID": 379606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4639", "title": "[Influence of protein bound with single-stranded DNA on the synthesis of RNA and poly(A). III. Protein product of F1 gene 5].", "content": "Influence of the protein product of F1 phage gene 5 (protein 5) on the synthesis RNA and poly(A) in vitro was studied. It has been shown, that protein 5 has no effect on the transcription of the native DNA by E. coli RNA-polymerase, but completely prevents RNA and poly(A) synthesis on the denatured or single-stranded DNA at the protein/DNA ratio 10:1. Protein 5 inhibits poly(A) synthesis with oligo(dT)9 and oligo(dT)12 as a template, preventing binding of enzyme to the oligonucleotide. After the initiation of the poly(A) synthesis the inhibition becomes considerably wearer. The biological function of the inhibition of the transcription by \"unwinding\" proteins is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of protein bound with single-stranded DNA on the synthesis of RNA and poly(A). III. Protein product of F1 gene 5]. Influence of the protein product of F1 phage gene 5 (protein 5) on the synthesis RNA and poly(A) in vitro was studied. It has been shown, that protein 5 has no effect on the transcription of the native DNA by E. coli RNA-polymerase, but completely prevents RNA and poly(A) synthesis on the denatured or single-stranded DNA at the protein/DNA ratio 10:1. Protein 5 inhibits poly(A) synthesis with oligo(dT)9 and oligo(dT)12 as a template, preventing binding of enzyme to the oligonucleotide. After the initiation of the poly(A) synthesis the inhibition becomes considerably wearer. The biological function of the inhibition of the transcription by \"unwinding\" proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 379607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4640", "title": "[Fragment reaction catalyzed by E. coli ribosomes].", "content": "It has been shown that 50S subunits of E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes catalyze the reaction of N-(formyl)-methionyl ester of adenosine 5'-phosphate acting as peptide donor, with Phe-tRNA or CACCA-Phe serving as a peptide acceptor. The reaction is stimulated by cytidine 5'phosphate and inhibited by lincomycin, puromycin and chloramphenicol. The obtained results show that the structure of the donor site of peptidyltransferase is completely assembled on the 50S subunit and 30S subunit is not required for its formation.", "contents": "[Fragment reaction catalyzed by E. coli ribosomes]. It has been shown that 50S subunits of E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes catalyze the reaction of N-(formyl)-methionyl ester of adenosine 5'-phosphate acting as peptide donor, with Phe-tRNA or CACCA-Phe serving as a peptide acceptor. The reaction is stimulated by cytidine 5'phosphate and inhibited by lincomycin, puromycin and chloramphenicol. The obtained results show that the structure of the donor site of peptidyltransferase is completely assembled on the 50S subunit and 30S subunit is not required for its formation.", "PMID": 379608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4641", "title": "[Repair of the interstrand cross links in DNA: role of restriction system \"K\"].", "content": "The interstrand cross links formed in the DNA after psoralenplus light treatment of bacteria E. coli K12 and bacteriophage lambda are repaired by the restriction and modification system \"K.\" Strain E. coli C, which does not have the restriction and modification system is 2 times more sensitive to psoralen plus light treatment, than the wild type E. coli K12. But these strains are equally sensitive to inactivation by UV-light (254 nm). By studing the sedimentation of bacterial DNA in alkaline sucrose it was found that cells of E. coli C are deficient in filling of gaps, appearing in parental DNA after enzymatic excision of the \"arms\" of cross links. In experiments with bacteriophage lambda (W-reactivation, prophage-reactivation), treated by psoralen plus light, it was shown that E. coli C and mutants of E. coli K12 rk-mk+/- are deficient in non-recombination lexA-dependent repair of cross links. The function of restriction and recognition of restriction and modification system are essential for repair of cross links. It is suggested that the restriction and modification system \"K\" acts either as a regulatory protein or as a protector of single-stranded regions of DNA against nuclease attack.", "contents": "[Repair of the interstrand cross links in DNA: role of restriction system \"K\"]. The interstrand cross links formed in the DNA after psoralenplus light treatment of bacteria E. coli K12 and bacteriophage lambda are repaired by the restriction and modification system \"K.\" Strain E. coli C, which does not have the restriction and modification system is 2 times more sensitive to psoralen plus light treatment, than the wild type E. coli K12. But these strains are equally sensitive to inactivation by UV-light (254 nm). By studing the sedimentation of bacterial DNA in alkaline sucrose it was found that cells of E. coli C are deficient in filling of gaps, appearing in parental DNA after enzymatic excision of the \"arms\" of cross links. In experiments with bacteriophage lambda (W-reactivation, prophage-reactivation), treated by psoralen plus light, it was shown that E. coli C and mutants of E. coli K12 rk-mk+/- are deficient in non-recombination lexA-dependent repair of cross links. The function of restriction and recognition of restriction and modification system are essential for repair of cross links. It is suggested that the restriction and modification system \"K\" acts either as a regulatory protein or as a protector of single-stranded regions of DNA against nuclease attack.", "PMID": 379609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4642", "title": "[Unprimed synthesis of poly (d(A-T)), catalyzed by a preparation of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I].", "content": "The initial events of the de novo synthesis of poly[d(A-T)], catalyzed by preparations of E. coli DNA-polymerase I, were investigated. The data provide evidence that deoxynucleoside diphosphate: oligonucleotide deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dNDP-transferase), the enzyme which is able to catalyze unprimed polymerization of dNDP, participates in the process of initiation. This conclusion is based on the following data: 1) preincubation of E. coli DNA-polymerase I preparation with dADP and dTDT abolishes a lag-period in the poly[d(A-T)] synthesis; 2) dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleinide, inhibitors of dNDP-transferase, inhibit de novo synthesis of [d(A-T)]-copolymer by preparations of E. coli DNA-polymerase I but do not effect primed synthesis ensured by this enzyme. High concentration of the substrate have similar effect. Using two-dimentional thin-layer chromatography and microcolumn chromatography on TEAE-cellulose we have shown that preliminary incubation of DNA-polymerase I preparations with dADP and dTDP results in the synthesis of short oligonucleotides (from di- to decanucleotides). Hydrolysis of these oligonucleotides with dilute sulfuric acid demonstrates that among the reaction products prevail oligoadenylates and oligothymidylates, but an appreciable amounts of heterooligomers including oligo[d(A-T)] were revealed as well. The model of so called de novo synthesis of regular polynucleotides is proposed, according to which dNDP-transferase, an accompanying enzyme in the preparations of DNA-polymerase I E. coli, is carrying out the synthesis of short oligonucleotides which form template-primer complexes repeatedly replicated by the DNA-polymerase I E. coli.", "contents": "[Unprimed synthesis of poly (d(A-T)), catalyzed by a preparation of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I]. The initial events of the de novo synthesis of poly[d(A-T)], catalyzed by preparations of E. coli DNA-polymerase I, were investigated. The data provide evidence that deoxynucleoside diphosphate: oligonucleotide deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dNDP-transferase), the enzyme which is able to catalyze unprimed polymerization of dNDP, participates in the process of initiation. This conclusion is based on the following data: 1) preincubation of E. coli DNA-polymerase I preparation with dADP and dTDT abolishes a lag-period in the poly[d(A-T)] synthesis; 2) dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleinide, inhibitors of dNDP-transferase, inhibit de novo synthesis of [d(A-T)]-copolymer by preparations of E. coli DNA-polymerase I but do not effect primed synthesis ensured by this enzyme. High concentration of the substrate have similar effect. Using two-dimentional thin-layer chromatography and microcolumn chromatography on TEAE-cellulose we have shown that preliminary incubation of DNA-polymerase I preparations with dADP and dTDP results in the synthesis of short oligonucleotides (from di- to decanucleotides). Hydrolysis of these oligonucleotides with dilute sulfuric acid demonstrates that among the reaction products prevail oligoadenylates and oligothymidylates, but an appreciable amounts of heterooligomers including oligo[d(A-T)] were revealed as well. The model of so called de novo synthesis of regular polynucleotides is proposed, according to which dNDP-transferase, an accompanying enzyme in the preparations of DNA-polymerase I E. coli, is carrying out the synthesis of short oligonucleotides which form template-primer complexes repeatedly replicated by the DNA-polymerase I E. coli.", "PMID": 379610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4643", "title": "[Isolation of free cytoplasmic informosomes].", "content": "The review concerns methods used by different authors for isolation of free cytoplasmic informosomes. The results of centrifugation in sucrose gradient and in density gradients, electrophoresis, ion-exchange, gel-filtration and affinity methods are described. It is concluded that these methods do not give good purification of informosomes from ribosomes and free proteins. Urgent necessity of a more careful control of the purity of informosomes isolated is emphasized.", "contents": "[Isolation of free cytoplasmic informosomes]. The review concerns methods used by different authors for isolation of free cytoplasmic informosomes. The results of centrifugation in sucrose gradient and in density gradients, electrophoresis, ion-exchange, gel-filtration and affinity methods are described. It is concluded that these methods do not give good purification of informosomes from ribosomes and free proteins. Urgent necessity of a more careful control of the purity of informosomes isolated is emphasized.", "PMID": 379611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4644", "title": "[Influence of ionic strength on RNA-polymerase structure].", "content": "Chromatography of RNA polymerase holoenzyme preincubated under different ionic strength conditions on the DNA agarose column was studied. Ratio of two peaks identified to be core and holoenzyme was analysed. In the range of 0.15 to 0.05 M KCl the relative content of the holoenzyme peak gradually decreased from 100 to 50%. At the same time a peak of free sigma-subunit appeared as detected by the chromatography on DNA agarose gel A-1.5 m. The dissociation of half of the sigma-subunit amount occured within the enzyme dimer-monomer transition range. The results suggest that the dimerization follows the equation: E sigma + E sigma in equilibrium with E2 sigma. Reconstitution of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme from purified core enzyme and sigma-subunit was also studied by the same method. Reconstitution did not occur at a low ionic strength (0--0.1 M KCl), but takes place at ionic strength of 0.2 M or higher. Possible function of the dimerisation of the enzyme in search of promoter site and regulation of RNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of ionic strength on RNA-polymerase structure]. Chromatography of RNA polymerase holoenzyme preincubated under different ionic strength conditions on the DNA agarose column was studied. Ratio of two peaks identified to be core and holoenzyme was analysed. In the range of 0.15 to 0.05 M KCl the relative content of the holoenzyme peak gradually decreased from 100 to 50%. At the same time a peak of free sigma-subunit appeared as detected by the chromatography on DNA agarose gel A-1.5 m. The dissociation of half of the sigma-subunit amount occured within the enzyme dimer-monomer transition range. The results suggest that the dimerization follows the equation: E sigma + E sigma in equilibrium with E2 sigma. Reconstitution of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme from purified core enzyme and sigma-subunit was also studied by the same method. Reconstitution did not occur at a low ionic strength (0--0.1 M KCl), but takes place at ionic strength of 0.2 M or higher. Possible function of the dimerisation of the enzyme in search of promoter site and regulation of RNA synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 379612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4645", "title": "[Lambdoid phage structural proteins and antigens].", "content": "The composition of structural proteins of lambdoid phages such as lambda, phi 80 434 divided by molecular weights was determined by means of SDS-disc-electrophoresis in a 15% polyacrylamide gel. The proteins of the same phages were divided by isoelectric points using an isoelectric focusing in a 5,25% polyacrylamide gel with 8 M urea and a gradient pH 7.0--3.5. The both methods brought out a composition character of the virion proteins and illustrated the high degree of similarity among the structural proteins of phages lambda and 434 and a far less similarity among the proteins lambda and phi 80. The antigenic composition of the lambdoid phage was determined and the basic antigenes were identified on one-dimensional and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoregrams. The appreciable immunochemical affinity of basic antigenes of the lambda and 434, but a partial affinity of the phages lambda and phi 80 were found. The basic protein of the head pE proved to be immunochemically similar for all three phages.", "contents": "[Lambdoid phage structural proteins and antigens]. The composition of structural proteins of lambdoid phages such as lambda, phi 80 434 divided by molecular weights was determined by means of SDS-disc-electrophoresis in a 15% polyacrylamide gel. The proteins of the same phages were divided by isoelectric points using an isoelectric focusing in a 5,25% polyacrylamide gel with 8 M urea and a gradient pH 7.0--3.5. The both methods brought out a composition character of the virion proteins and illustrated the high degree of similarity among the structural proteins of phages lambda and 434 and a far less similarity among the proteins lambda and phi 80. The antigenic composition of the lambdoid phage was determined and the basic antigenes were identified on one-dimensional and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoregrams. The appreciable immunochemical affinity of basic antigenes of the lambda and 434, but a partial affinity of the phages lambda and phi 80 were found. The basic protein of the head pE proved to be immunochemically similar for all three phages.", "PMID": 379613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4646", "title": "[Effect of single-stranded and double-stranded breaks on the melting temperature of phage T2 DNA].", "content": "The effect of single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA phage T2, on the melting temperature of this DNA in the 0,05 M SSC solution, was investigated. The number of cleavages per 1000 nucleotide pairs varied in the range of 0 to 10. It is shown that single- and double-stranded breaks affect the melting temperature with approximately (within 20%) the same efficiency. The relationship between the melting temperature shift (delta Tm) and the number of cleavages is non-linear. The magnitude of the effect is characterized by delta Tm of 2 +/- 0.4 degrees C for the average inter-cleavage distance of 200 base pairs. It is shown that the observed melting curves are non-equilibrium ones, which is probably due to the fact that the effect of cleavages on the melting temperature is largely results from the complete and practically irreversible separation of strands.", "contents": "[Effect of single-stranded and double-stranded breaks on the melting temperature of phage T2 DNA]. The effect of single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA phage T2, on the melting temperature of this DNA in the 0,05 M SSC solution, was investigated. The number of cleavages per 1000 nucleotide pairs varied in the range of 0 to 10. It is shown that single- and double-stranded breaks affect the melting temperature with approximately (within 20%) the same efficiency. The relationship between the melting temperature shift (delta Tm) and the number of cleavages is non-linear. The magnitude of the effect is characterized by delta Tm of 2 +/- 0.4 degrees C for the average inter-cleavage distance of 200 base pairs. It is shown that the observed melting curves are non-equilibrium ones, which is probably due to the fact that the effect of cleavages on the melting temperature is largely results from the complete and practically irreversible separation of strands.", "PMID": 379614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4647", "title": "[Present state of antiviral therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of antiviral drugs in viral infections is still limited to few diseases. Most of the preparations available induce strong side effects since these substances not only interfere with virus replication but also with cell metabolism. Therefore, only in severe diseases such as herpes simplex encephalitis or complications of varizella zoster infection such a treatment is advisable. From a clinical point of view an antiviral drug would be desirable which selectively inhibitis virus growths without affecting the host. This can already be achieved with interferon. However, at the present time the quantities of interferon needed for such treatment are not available.", "contents": "[Present state of antiviral therapy (author's transl)]. Application of antiviral drugs in viral infections is still limited to few diseases. Most of the preparations available induce strong side effects since these substances not only interfere with virus replication but also with cell metabolism. Therefore, only in severe diseases such as herpes simplex encephalitis or complications of varizella zoster infection such a treatment is advisable. From a clinical point of view an antiviral drug would be desirable which selectively inhibitis virus growths without affecting the host. This can already be achieved with interferon. However, at the present time the quantities of interferon needed for such treatment are not available.", "PMID": 379620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4648", "title": "[Role of RNA-polymerase in gene activity regulation of E. coli RNA-polymerase mutants with a pleiotropic effect. I. Physiological and biochemical studies].", "content": "Four Rifr-mutants of E. coli B/r (rpo B401, rpo B402, rpo B403, rpo B409) which differ from the wild strain in one or more phenotypic properties besides rifampicin resistance were obtained. Transfer of the mutant Rifr-alleles into the parent strain gives the latter all the properties of the mutant. This indicates that the new properties are due to the pleiotropic effect of Rifr-mutations. Biochemical studies of the properties of RNA-polymerases from the mutants and the parent showed that some new properties of the mutants could not be explained by the appearance of analogous properties in the mutant RNA-polymerase itself. They seem to be caused by alteration in functional activity of the mutant enzyme, particulary, alteration of its control properties during transcription. The function of the beta-subunit in genetic transcription is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of RNA-polymerase in gene activity regulation of E. coli RNA-polymerase mutants with a pleiotropic effect. I. Physiological and biochemical studies]. Four Rifr-mutants of E. coli B/r (rpo B401, rpo B402, rpo B403, rpo B409) which differ from the wild strain in one or more phenotypic properties besides rifampicin resistance were obtained. Transfer of the mutant Rifr-alleles into the parent strain gives the latter all the properties of the mutant. This indicates that the new properties are due to the pleiotropic effect of Rifr-mutations. Biochemical studies of the properties of RNA-polymerases from the mutants and the parent showed that some new properties of the mutants could not be explained by the appearance of analogous properties in the mutant RNA-polymerase itself. They seem to be caused by alteration in functional activity of the mutant enzyme, particulary, alteration of its control properties during transcription. The function of the beta-subunit in genetic transcription is discussed.", "PMID": 379616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4649", "title": "The effects of the ultraviolet-protecting plasmids pKM101 and R205 on DNA polymerase I activity in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids pKM101 and R205 were introduced into a series of Esherichia coli K-12 polA mutants including two temperature-sensitive mutants. Polymerase levels in extracts of these strains were assayed using an activated DNA template. In none of the cases did the presence of the plasmid in the strains change either the initial rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine triphosphate into acid-soluble material or the subsequent degradation of the template at longer reaction times. Neither did the presence of the plasmids affect the proportion of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive polymerase activity detected. Previous studies have reported increased polymerase I-like activity of polA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa upon introduction of mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids. Our experiments indicate that, at least, such an increase in polymerase-I-like activity is not an obligatory phenotype associated with these plasmids.", "contents": "The effects of the ultraviolet-protecting plasmids pKM101 and R205 on DNA polymerase I activity in Escherichia coli K-12. The mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids pKM101 and R205 were introduced into a series of Esherichia coli K-12 polA mutants including two temperature-sensitive mutants. Polymerase levels in extracts of these strains were assayed using an activated DNA template. In none of the cases did the presence of the plasmid in the strains change either the initial rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine triphosphate into acid-soluble material or the subsequent degradation of the template at longer reaction times. Neither did the presence of the plasmids affect the proportion of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive polymerase activity detected. Previous studies have reported increased polymerase I-like activity of polA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa upon introduction of mutagenesis- and repair-enhancing plasmids. Our experiments indicate that, at least, such an increase in polymerase-I-like activity is not an obligatory phenotype associated with these plasmids.", "PMID": 379622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4650", "title": "[Heat denaturation of paramyosin].", "content": "Heat denaturation of paramyosin and its two proteolytic fragments has been studied by scanning microcalorimetry. It has been shown that paramyosin denaturation proceeds in several stages, each stage corresponding to the melting of a cooperative block in the macromolecule. The junctions between the blocks are the most strongly affected by proteolytic fragments. Enthalpies of paramyosin and its fragment denaturation and their temperature dependencies have been measured. It has been shown that the mean value of the specific enthalpy extrapolated to 110 degrees is noticeably lower than for globular proteins and is close to the values obtained earlier for L-meromyosin and tropomyosin. A conclusion has been drawn that the lower, in comparison with globular proteins, value of the denaturation enthalpy of alpha-superhelical structure is of a general character.", "contents": "[Heat denaturation of paramyosin]. Heat denaturation of paramyosin and its two proteolytic fragments has been studied by scanning microcalorimetry. It has been shown that paramyosin denaturation proceeds in several stages, each stage corresponding to the melting of a cooperative block in the macromolecule. The junctions between the blocks are the most strongly affected by proteolytic fragments. Enthalpies of paramyosin and its fragment denaturation and their temperature dependencies have been measured. It has been shown that the mean value of the specific enthalpy extrapolated to 110 degrees is noticeably lower than for globular proteins and is close to the values obtained earlier for L-meromyosin and tropomyosin. A conclusion has been drawn that the lower, in comparison with globular proteins, value of the denaturation enthalpy of alpha-superhelical structure is of a general character.", "PMID": 379615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4651", "title": "The mutagenicities of safrole, estragole, eugenol, trans-anethole, and some of their known or possible metabolites for Salmonella typhimurium mutants.", "content": "Safrole, estragole, anethole, and eugenol and some of their known or possible metabolites were tested for mutagenic activity for S. typhimurium TA1535, TA100, and TA98. Highly purified 1'-hydroxyestragole and 1'-hydroxysafrole were mutagenic (approximately 15 and 10 revertants/micromole, respectively) for strain TA100 in the absence of fortified liver microsomes; trans-anethole and estragole appeared to have very weak activity. 3'-Hydroxyanethole was too toxic for an adequate test. Supplementation with NADPH-fortified rat-liver microsomes and cytosol converted 3'-hydroxyanethole to a mutagen(s) and increased the mutagenic activities for strain TA100 of 1'-hydroxyestragole, 1'-hydroxysafrole, estragole, and anethole. No mutagenicity was detected for safrole or eugenol with or without added NADPH-fortified liver preparations. The electrophilic 2',3'-oxides of safrole, 1'-hydroxysafrole, 1'-acetoxysafrole, 1'-oxosafrole, estragole, 1'-hydroxyestragole, and eugenol showed dose-dependent mutagenic activities for strain TA1535 in the absence of fortified liver microsomes. These mutagenic activities ranged from about 330 revertants/micromole for 1'-oxosafrole-2',3'-oxide to about 7000 revertants/micromole for safrole-2',3'-oxide. The arylalkenes, their hydroxylated derivatives, or their epoxides did not show mutagenic activity for strain TA98, except for 1'-oxosafrole-2',3'-oxide, which had weak activity. Since the arylalkenes are hydroxylated and/or epoxidized by hepatic microsomes, hydroxy and epoxide derivatives appear to be proximate and ultimate mutagenic metabolites, respectively, of the arylalkenes.", "contents": "The mutagenicities of safrole, estragole, eugenol, trans-anethole, and some of their known or possible metabolites for Salmonella typhimurium mutants. Safrole, estragole, anethole, and eugenol and some of their known or possible metabolites were tested for mutagenic activity for S. typhimurium TA1535, TA100, and TA98. Highly purified 1'-hydroxyestragole and 1'-hydroxysafrole were mutagenic (approximately 15 and 10 revertants/micromole, respectively) for strain TA100 in the absence of fortified liver microsomes; trans-anethole and estragole appeared to have very weak activity. 3'-Hydroxyanethole was too toxic for an adequate test. Supplementation with NADPH-fortified rat-liver microsomes and cytosol converted 3'-hydroxyanethole to a mutagen(s) and increased the mutagenic activities for strain TA100 of 1'-hydroxyestragole, 1'-hydroxysafrole, estragole, and anethole. No mutagenicity was detected for safrole or eugenol with or without added NADPH-fortified liver preparations. The electrophilic 2',3'-oxides of safrole, 1'-hydroxysafrole, 1'-acetoxysafrole, 1'-oxosafrole, estragole, 1'-hydroxyestragole, and eugenol showed dose-dependent mutagenic activities for strain TA1535 in the absence of fortified liver microsomes. These mutagenic activities ranged from about 330 revertants/micromole for 1'-oxosafrole-2',3'-oxide to about 7000 revertants/micromole for safrole-2',3'-oxide. The arylalkenes, their hydroxylated derivatives, or their epoxides did not show mutagenic activity for strain TA98, except for 1'-oxosafrole-2',3'-oxide, which had weak activity. Since the arylalkenes are hydroxylated and/or epoxidized by hepatic microsomes, hydroxy and epoxide derivatives appear to be proximate and ultimate mutagenic metabolites, respectively, of the arylalkenes.", "PMID": 379623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4652", "title": "[Quantitative studies of interaction of polyuridylic acid with 30S subunits of ribosomes of Escherichia coli].", "content": "Polyuridilic acid of average molecular weight 18 000 binds to the 30S subunits with stoichiometry 1 : 1 but two kinds of 30S.poly(U) complexes with different stability are formed. The main reason for such heterogeneity was found to be due to the presence or absence of ribosomal protein Sl in 30S subunits. In its presence the association constant of 30S.poly(U) complex is equal 2.7.10(8) M-1, and in the opposite case it is much less 1.5.10(6) M-1. In the same conditions (20 mM MgCl2, 200 mM HN4Cl, 0 degrees) the association constant of binary complex Sl.poly(U) is equal 5.10(7) M-1.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies of interaction of polyuridylic acid with 30S subunits of ribosomes of Escherichia coli]. Polyuridilic acid of average molecular weight 18 000 binds to the 30S subunits with stoichiometry 1 : 1 but two kinds of 30S.poly(U) complexes with different stability are formed. The main reason for such heterogeneity was found to be due to the presence or absence of ribosomal protein Sl in 30S subunits. In its presence the association constant of 30S.poly(U) complex is equal 2.7.10(8) M-1, and in the opposite case it is much less 1.5.10(6) M-1. In the same conditions (20 mM MgCl2, 200 mM HN4Cl, 0 degrees) the association constant of binary complex Sl.poly(U) is equal 5.10(7) M-1.", "PMID": 379617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4653", "title": "Reduction in mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate by added sugars.", "content": "The effects of adding sugars to high- and low-tar cigarettes on the mutagenicity of their smoke condensates were studied using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The sugars tested were glucose, fructose, galactose, sorbitol, sucrose and lactose. The lowest mutagenicities observed with these sugars per mg of smoke condensate assayed on TA98 with metabolic activation were 37% (high-tar cigarettes) and 22% (low-tar cigaretts) of that of smoke condensate from untreated cigarettes. Addition of sugars increased the total amounts of smoke condensates, but the mutagenicities of the total condensates were also decreased by all the sugars, the lowest values being 35% (high-tar cigarettes) and 36% (low-tar cigarettes) of that of smoke condensates from cigarettes without added sugar. On assay with TA100 with metabolic activation, decreases in both specific and total mutangenicities of condensates of high-tar cigarettes were observed with all the sugars tested except galactose and sucrose. Treatment with glucose, fructose or sorbitol decreased the specific mutagenicity of condensates of low-tar cigarettes and glucose and fructose reduced also their total mutagenicity. The effects of added sugars were more marked when assayed on TA98 than on TA100 and of the sugars tested fructose and sorbitol had the greatest effects. Addition of sugars had no effect of the mutagenicity of cigarette-smoke condensate without metabolic activation.", "contents": "Reduction in mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate by added sugars. The effects of adding sugars to high- and low-tar cigarettes on the mutagenicity of their smoke condensates were studied using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The sugars tested were glucose, fructose, galactose, sorbitol, sucrose and lactose. The lowest mutagenicities observed with these sugars per mg of smoke condensate assayed on TA98 with metabolic activation were 37% (high-tar cigarettes) and 22% (low-tar cigaretts) of that of smoke condensate from untreated cigarettes. Addition of sugars increased the total amounts of smoke condensates, but the mutagenicities of the total condensates were also decreased by all the sugars, the lowest values being 35% (high-tar cigarettes) and 36% (low-tar cigarettes) of that of smoke condensates from cigarettes without added sugar. On assay with TA100 with metabolic activation, decreases in both specific and total mutangenicities of condensates of high-tar cigarettes were observed with all the sugars tested except galactose and sucrose. Treatment with glucose, fructose or sorbitol decreased the specific mutagenicity of condensates of low-tar cigarettes and glucose and fructose reduced also their total mutagenicity. The effects of added sugars were more marked when assayed on TA98 than on TA100 and of the sugars tested fructose and sorbitol had the greatest effects. Addition of sugars had no effect of the mutagenicity of cigarette-smoke condensate without metabolic activation.", "PMID": 379624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4654", "title": "The mutagenic potential of unexcised pyrimidine dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rad1-1: evidence from photoreactivation and pedigree analysis.", "content": "Photoreactivation and pedigree analysis have been combined to show that unexcised pyrimidine dimers in the DNA  of rad1-1 yeast can initiate mutagenesis after passing through several DNA replications. Monomerisation of dimers immediately before the second replication to follow UV has no effect on mutants appearing after the first post-UV cell division but reduces second-generation mutants to one third of their frequency in the dark and has a similar through slightly less marked effect on mutants appearing in the third or subsequent generations. The bearing of these findings on the mechanism of UV mutagenesis is dicussed.", "contents": "The mutagenic potential of unexcised pyrimidine dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rad1-1: evidence from photoreactivation and pedigree analysis. Photoreactivation and pedigree analysis have been combined to show that unexcised pyrimidine dimers in the DNA  of rad1-1 yeast can initiate mutagenesis after passing through several DNA replications. Monomerisation of dimers immediately before the second replication to follow UV has no effect on mutants appearing after the first post-UV cell division but reduces second-generation mutants to one third of their frequency in the dark and has a similar through slightly less marked effect on mutants appearing in the third or subsequent generations. The bearing of these findings on the mechanism of UV mutagenesis is dicussed.", "PMID": 379625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4655", "title": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "UV efficiently induces mutations in mitDNA , conferring resistance to erythromycin. Mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants are probably also induced by UV, but almost 90% of mutants with such phenotype are non-mitochondrial; therefore it is possible to estimate accurately the frequences of the induced presumptive mitochondrial capr mutations.", "contents": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Ultraviolet radiation. UV efficiently induces mutations in mitDNA , conferring resistance to erythromycin. Mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants are probably also induced by UV, but almost 90% of mutants with such phenotype are non-mitochondrial; therefore it is possible to estimate accurately the frequences of the induced presumptive mitochondrial capr mutations.", "PMID": 379626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4656", "title": "Mutagenicity of 43 structurally related heterocyclic compounds and its relationship to their carcinogenicity.", "content": "43 heteropolycyclic compounds belonging to a homologous series were investigated for mutagenicity. The results are compared with carcinogenicity data obtained with the same batches of compounds under conditions identical for all of them. Mutagenicity was tested in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 in the presence and absence of liver 10 000 g supernatant from rats treated with Aroclor 1254. Carcinogenicity was tested by injection of the compounds into subcutaneous tissue of XVIInc/Z mice. 18 test compounds showed carcinogenic activity, some strongly, others only weakly. Of these, 17 were detected as mutagens: one weak carcinogen did not revert the Salmonella strains. No quantitative correlation was observed between the extents of the mutagenic and the carcinogenic effects. Of the 25 substances that did not produce tumours, 13 showed mutagenicity (12 in the presence, 2 in the absence, of the liver homogenate). The mutagenic effects of these compounds were quantitatively similar to those of the compounds that produced tumours. The most sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium was TA100. It detected all 30 mutagens. TA98 was mutated by 25 compounds, TA1537 by 16 compounds. No mutagenic effects were seen with TA1535. Possible reasons for the high percentage of apparently \"false positives\" in the Ames test and the lack of a quantitative correlation between the potency of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are discussed. It is suggested that the complexity of the metabolism of these heterocyclic compounds may lead to critical differences in metabolism in mouse subcutaneous tissue in vivo and in liver homogenates from rats treated with Aroclor. Therefore the present study will be extended to life-long oral and intrahepatic carcinogenicity tests leading to a higher proportion of metabolism in the liver.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of 43 structurally related heterocyclic compounds and its relationship to their carcinogenicity. 43 heteropolycyclic compounds belonging to a homologous series were investigated for mutagenicity. The results are compared with carcinogenicity data obtained with the same batches of compounds under conditions identical for all of them. Mutagenicity was tested in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 in the presence and absence of liver 10 000 g supernatant from rats treated with Aroclor 1254. Carcinogenicity was tested by injection of the compounds into subcutaneous tissue of XVIInc/Z mice. 18 test compounds showed carcinogenic activity, some strongly, others only weakly. Of these, 17 were detected as mutagens: one weak carcinogen did not revert the Salmonella strains. No quantitative correlation was observed between the extents of the mutagenic and the carcinogenic effects. Of the 25 substances that did not produce tumours, 13 showed mutagenicity (12 in the presence, 2 in the absence, of the liver homogenate). The mutagenic effects of these compounds were quantitatively similar to those of the compounds that produced tumours. The most sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium was TA100. It detected all 30 mutagens. TA98 was mutated by 25 compounds, TA1537 by 16 compounds. No mutagenic effects were seen with TA1535. Possible reasons for the high percentage of apparently \"false positives\" in the Ames test and the lack of a quantitative correlation between the potency of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are discussed. It is suggested that the complexity of the metabolism of these heterocyclic compounds may lead to critical differences in metabolism in mouse subcutaneous tissue in vivo and in liver homogenates from rats treated with Aroclor. Therefore the present study will be extended to life-long oral and intrahepatic carcinogenicity tests leading to a higher proportion of metabolism in the liver.", "PMID": 379627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4657", "title": "delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 1 alpha, 2 alpha-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol: mutagenicity investigation in the Ames test.", "content": "1,2-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol is a metabolite of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Because many epoxides are mutagens, we investigated 1,2-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol as well as delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the presence and in the absence of S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats treated with Aroclor 1254. Additionally, an epoxide hydratase inhibitor was used in some experiments. Whereas several other epoxides and further positive controls, not requiring activation or activated under the same conditions, respectively, showed strong mutagenicity, no indications of a mutagenic hazard by 1,2-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol or by delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol were found.", "contents": "delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 1 alpha, 2 alpha-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol: mutagenicity investigation in the Ames test. 1,2-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol is a metabolite of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Because many epoxides are mutagens, we investigated 1,2-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol as well as delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the presence and in the absence of S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats treated with Aroclor 1254. Additionally, an epoxide hydratase inhibitor was used in some experiments. Whereas several other epoxides and further positive controls, not requiring activation or activated under the same conditions, respectively, showed strong mutagenicity, no indications of a mutagenic hazard by 1,2-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol or by delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol were found.", "PMID": 379628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4658", "title": "Mutagenicity of phenanthrene and phenanthrene K-region derivatives.", "content": "Phenanthrene and 9 K-region derivatives, most of them potential metabolites of phenanthrene, were tested for mutagenicity by the reversion of histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 and the rec assay with Bacillus subtilis H17 and M45. The strongest mutagenic effects in the reversion assay were observed with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and N-benzyl-phenanthrene-9,10-imine. Interestingly, the mutagenic potency of the arene imine was similar to that of the corresponding arene oxide. This is the first report on the mutagenicity of arene imine. The mutagenic effects of all these phenanthrene derivatives were much weaker than that of the positive control benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide. Even weaker mutagenicty was found with cis-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and with trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9-10-dihydrophenanthrene. The other derivatives were inactive in this test. However, 9-10-dihydroxyphenanthrene and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were more toxic to the rec- B. subtilis M45 strain than to the rec+ H17 strain. This was also true for phenanthrene 9,10-oxide and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, but not with the other test compounds that reverted (9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes; N-benzyl-phenanthrene 9,10-imine; benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide) or did not revert (phenanthrene, 9,10-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-10-diacetoxyphenanthrene) the Salmonella tester strains. Although the K region is a main site of metabolism and although all potential K-region metabolites were mutagenic, phenanthrene did not show a mutagenic effect in the presence of mouse-liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system under standard conditions. However, uhen epoxide hydratase was inhibited, phenanthrene was activated to a mutagen that reverted his- S. typhimurium. This shows that demonstration of the mutagenic activity of metabolites together with the knowledge that a major metabolic route proceeds via these metabolites dose not automatically imply a mutagenic hazard of the mother compound, because the metabolites in question may not accumulate in sufficient quantities and therefore the presence and relative activities of enzymes that control the mutagenically active metabolites are crucial. N-Benzyl-phenanthrene 9.10-imine was mutagenic for the episome-containing S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 but not for the precursor strains TA1538 and TA1535. This arene imine would therefore be useful as a positive control during routine testing to monitor in the former strains the presence of the episome which is rather easily lost.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of phenanthrene and phenanthrene K-region derivatives. Phenanthrene and 9 K-region derivatives, most of them potential metabolites of phenanthrene, were tested for mutagenicity by the reversion of histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 and the rec assay with Bacillus subtilis H17 and M45. The strongest mutagenic effects in the reversion assay were observed with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and N-benzyl-phenanthrene-9,10-imine. Interestingly, the mutagenic potency of the arene imine was similar to that of the corresponding arene oxide. This is the first report on the mutagenicity of arene imine. The mutagenic effects of all these phenanthrene derivatives were much weaker than that of the positive control benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide. Even weaker mutagenicty was found with cis-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and with trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9-10-dihydrophenanthrene. The other derivatives were inactive in this test. However, 9-10-dihydroxyphenanthrene and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were more toxic to the rec- B. subtilis M45 strain than to the rec+ H17 strain. This was also true for phenanthrene 9,10-oxide and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, but not with the other test compounds that reverted (9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes; N-benzyl-phenanthrene 9,10-imine; benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide) or did not revert (phenanthrene, 9,10-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-10-diacetoxyphenanthrene) the Salmonella tester strains. Although the K region is a main site of metabolism and although all potential K-region metabolites were mutagenic, phenanthrene did not show a mutagenic effect in the presence of mouse-liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system under standard conditions. However, uhen epoxide hydratase was inhibited, phenanthrene was activated to a mutagen that reverted his- S. typhimurium. This shows that demonstration of the mutagenic activity of metabolites together with the knowledge that a major metabolic route proceeds via these metabolites dose not automatically imply a mutagenic hazard of the mother compound, because the metabolites in question may not accumulate in sufficient quantities and therefore the presence and relative activities of enzymes that control the mutagenically active metabolites are crucial. N-Benzyl-phenanthrene 9.10-imine was mutagenic for the episome-containing S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 but not for the precursor strains TA1538 and TA1535. This arene imine would therefore be useful as a positive control during routine testing to monitor in the former strains the presence of the episome which is rather easily lost.", "PMID": 379629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4659", "title": "Antioxidants reduce the mutagenic effect of malonaldehyde and beta-propiolactone. Part IX. Antioxidants and cancer.", "content": "Increasing concentrations of malonaldehyde and beta-propiolactone were increasingly mutagenic with 7 mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, 5 of which mutated bya frameshift mechanism and 2 of which mutated through base-pair substitution. The antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 3 logarithmic concentrations markedly reduced mutagenesis in those strains which mutated by frameshift mechanism.", "contents": "Antioxidants reduce the mutagenic effect of malonaldehyde and beta-propiolactone. Part IX. Antioxidants and cancer. Increasing concentrations of malonaldehyde and beta-propiolactone were increasingly mutagenic with 7 mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, 5 of which mutated bya frameshift mechanism and 2 of which mutated through base-pair substitution. The antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 3 logarithmic concentrations markedly reduced mutagenesis in those strains which mutated by frameshift mechanism.", "PMID": 379630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4660", "title": "Detection of the mutagenic activity of lead chromate using a battery of microbial tests.", "content": "The potential mutagenicity of the carcinogen lead chromate was tested by the following battery of microbial tests: the Escherichia coli PolA+/PolA- survival test; the Salmonella/microsome His+ reversion assay; the E. coli Trp+ reversion test as a plate assay; the E. coli Gal+ forward mutation test; and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae assay for mitotic recombination. Lead chromate is mutagenic in Salmonella and in Saccharomyces and is thus identified as a microbial mutagen by this battery. Metabolic activation by rat liver homogenate (S9) is not required for the mutagenic activity of lead chromate. The most statistically significant, positive result is found with a supplementary assay, the E. coli fluctuation test. To determine whether the lead ion and/or the chromate ion were responsible for the mutagenicity observed, lead chloride and chromium trioxide (chromic acid) were also tested. In E. coli fluctuation test, the ranges of maximal mutagenicity for chromium trioxide and lead chromate overlap at the concentration 10(-5)M, whereas lead chloride shows no mutagenicity and little lethality at concentrations up to 10(-3)M. Thus, it appears that the chromate ion is responsible for the mutagenicity of lead chromate.", "contents": "Detection of the mutagenic activity of lead chromate using a battery of microbial tests. The potential mutagenicity of the carcinogen lead chromate was tested by the following battery of microbial tests: the Escherichia coli PolA+/PolA- survival test; the Salmonella/microsome His+ reversion assay; the E. coli Trp+ reversion test as a plate assay; the E. coli Gal+ forward mutation test; and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae assay for mitotic recombination. Lead chromate is mutagenic in Salmonella and in Saccharomyces and is thus identified as a microbial mutagen by this battery. Metabolic activation by rat liver homogenate (S9) is not required for the mutagenic activity of lead chromate. The most statistically significant, positive result is found with a supplementary assay, the E. coli fluctuation test. To determine whether the lead ion and/or the chromate ion were responsible for the mutagenicity observed, lead chloride and chromium trioxide (chromic acid) were also tested. In E. coli fluctuation test, the ranges of maximal mutagenicity for chromium trioxide and lead chromate overlap at the concentration 10(-5)M, whereas lead chloride shows no mutagenicity and little lethality at concentrations up to 10(-3)M. Thus, it appears that the chromate ion is responsible for the mutagenicity of lead chromate.", "PMID": 379631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4661", "title": "Mutagenic action of a series of epoxides.", "content": "The mutagenicity of a series of 13 epoxide compounds was studied using a bacterial plate assay system. The histidine-dependent tester strains TA98 (for frameshift mutagens) and TA100 (for base-pair substitution mutagens) of Salmonella typhimurium were used. Mutagenicity was evaluated both with and without the additon of rat liver microsomal extract. Dieldrin, diglycidyl ether of bis phenol A and 3 of its homologues were not mutagenic. Allyl glycidyl ether, n-butyl glycidyl ether, vinly cyclohexene diepoxide, glycidol, glycidal-dehyde, diglycidyl ether, diepoxybutane and diglycidyl ether of substituted glycerine were mutagenic in the TA100 strain, causing reversion of the bacteria to histidine independence. Dose-reponse curves of the mutagenicity of the latter 4 compounds were obtained. On a molar basis, glycidaldehyde was about 20-50 times more potent in producing mutation that were the other 3 epoxides in the dose-response test. In general, the mutagenicity of the epoxides was not enhanced or diminished by the addition of microsomal extract.", "contents": "Mutagenic action of a series of epoxides. The mutagenicity of a series of 13 epoxide compounds was studied using a bacterial plate assay system. The histidine-dependent tester strains TA98 (for frameshift mutagens) and TA100 (for base-pair substitution mutagens) of Salmonella typhimurium were used. Mutagenicity was evaluated both with and without the additon of rat liver microsomal extract. Dieldrin, diglycidyl ether of bis phenol A and 3 of its homologues were not mutagenic. Allyl glycidyl ether, n-butyl glycidyl ether, vinly cyclohexene diepoxide, glycidol, glycidal-dehyde, diglycidyl ether, diepoxybutane and diglycidyl ether of substituted glycerine were mutagenic in the TA100 strain, causing reversion of the bacteria to histidine independence. Dose-reponse curves of the mutagenicity of the latter 4 compounds were obtained. On a molar basis, glycidaldehyde was about 20-50 times more potent in producing mutation that were the other 3 epoxides in the dose-response test. In general, the mutagenicity of the epoxides was not enhanced or diminished by the addition of microsomal extract.", "PMID": 379632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4662", "title": "The mutagenicity of halogenated alkanols and their phosphoric acid esters for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "9 halogenated alkanols, 9 corresponding tris (haloalkyl)phosphates, and 2 bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate salts were evaluated for mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538, with and without rat liver in vitro metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Most of the test samples showed mutagenic activity in the strains TA100 and TA1535, but not in the strains TA98, TA1537 and TA1538. In general, the mutagenic activities of the phosphates obtained with S9 mix were greater than the activities obtained without S9 mix. Among the phosphates, several structure--activity relationships were found; i.e., (i) the bromoalkyl derivatives were more mutagenic than the corresponding chloroalkyl derivatives, (ii) the beta-haloethyl derivatives were more mutagenic than the gamma-halopropyl derivatives, (iii) the phosphates having adjacent beta and gamma halogen atoms in the alkyl moiety, e.g., tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, were particularly potent mutagens, (iv) the branched carbon chain reduced the mutagenic activities in spite of the presence of beta-halogen atoms, e.g., tris(1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl)phosphate. However, such relations did not necessarily apply to the halogenated alkanols. It is concluded that the metabolic activation pathway via haloalkanols to mutagens must not be in common with all tris-BP-like phosphates.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of halogenated alkanols and their phosphoric acid esters for Salmonella typhimurium. 9 halogenated alkanols, 9 corresponding tris (haloalkyl)phosphates, and 2 bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate salts were evaluated for mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538, with and without rat liver in vitro metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Most of the test samples showed mutagenic activity in the strains TA100 and TA1535, but not in the strains TA98, TA1537 and TA1538. In general, the mutagenic activities of the phosphates obtained with S9 mix were greater than the activities obtained without S9 mix. Among the phosphates, several structure--activity relationships were found; i.e., (i) the bromoalkyl derivatives were more mutagenic than the corresponding chloroalkyl derivatives, (ii) the beta-haloethyl derivatives were more mutagenic than the gamma-halopropyl derivatives, (iii) the phosphates having adjacent beta and gamma halogen atoms in the alkyl moiety, e.g., tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, were particularly potent mutagens, (iv) the branched carbon chain reduced the mutagenic activities in spite of the presence of beta-halogen atoms, e.g., tris(1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl)phosphate. However, such relations did not necessarily apply to the halogenated alkanols. It is concluded that the metabolic activation pathway via haloalkanols to mutagens must not be in common with all tris-BP-like phosphates.", "PMID": 379633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4663", "title": "Mutagenicity test of dyes used in cosmetics with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test.", "content": "37 dyes including 3 anthraquinone, 22 azo; 5 xanthene, 5 fluorandiol, and 2 thioindigo dyes, were tested for mutagenic potential with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Two frame-shift histidine mutants (TA1537 and TA98) and two base-pair substituted histidine mutants (TA1535 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium were employed. Both the spot test and the plate-incorporation assay indicated that one azo dye, D&C Orange No. 17, was mutagenic with three of the bacterial test strains. The mutagenic response of D&C Orange No. 17 was depressed by the addition of the microsomal fractions from rat livers. Of the chemicals used to synthesize D&C Orange No; 17 was depressed by the addition of the microsomal fractions from rat livers. Of the chemicals used to synthesize D&C Orange No. 17, beta-naphthol was not mutagenic but 2,4-dinitroaniline was mutagenic to the same Salmonella strains as D&C Orange No. 17 . Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of lipsticks of similar formula but without D&C Orange No. 17 were tested in the plate incorporation assay. Only those containing D&C Orange No. 17 were mutagenic and the dye was mutagenic at concentrations consumed in normal daily use.", "contents": "Mutagenicity test of dyes used in cosmetics with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. 37 dyes including 3 anthraquinone, 22 azo; 5 xanthene, 5 fluorandiol, and 2 thioindigo dyes, were tested for mutagenic potential with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Two frame-shift histidine mutants (TA1537 and TA98) and two base-pair substituted histidine mutants (TA1535 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium were employed. Both the spot test and the plate-incorporation assay indicated that one azo dye, D&C Orange No. 17, was mutagenic with three of the bacterial test strains. The mutagenic response of D&C Orange No. 17 was depressed by the addition of the microsomal fractions from rat livers. Of the chemicals used to synthesize D&C Orange No; 17 was depressed by the addition of the microsomal fractions from rat livers. Of the chemicals used to synthesize D&C Orange No. 17, beta-naphthol was not mutagenic but 2,4-dinitroaniline was mutagenic to the same Salmonella strains as D&C Orange No. 17 . Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of lipsticks of similar formula but without D&C Orange No. 17 were tested in the plate incorporation assay. Only those containing D&C Orange No. 17 were mutagenic and the dye was mutagenic at concentrations consumed in normal daily use.", "PMID": 379635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4664", "title": "Mutagenicity of cyclic nitrosamines in Salmonella typhimurium: effect of ring size.", "content": "Mutagenicity of cyclic nitrosamines with varying carcinogenic potentials was assayed in the Salmonella histidine-reversion system. Mutagenicity in the pour-plate assay was compared with that in the liquid pre-incubation test. The smaller ring compounds (nitrosoazetidine, nitrosopyrrolidine, and nitrosopiperidine) exhibited a similar effect in both assays. The large ring compounds (nitrosohexamethyleneimine, nitrosoheptamethyleneimine, nitrosooctamethyleneimine, and nitrosododecamethyleneimine) were more effective in the liquid pre-incubation test. Our results suggest a reasonable relationship between their mutagenic and carcinogenic activities.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of cyclic nitrosamines in Salmonella typhimurium: effect of ring size. Mutagenicity of cyclic nitrosamines with varying carcinogenic potentials was assayed in the Salmonella histidine-reversion system. Mutagenicity in the pour-plate assay was compared with that in the liquid pre-incubation test. The smaller ring compounds (nitrosoazetidine, nitrosopyrrolidine, and nitrosopiperidine) exhibited a similar effect in both assays. The large ring compounds (nitrosohexamethyleneimine, nitrosoheptamethyleneimine, nitrosooctamethyleneimine, and nitrosododecamethyleneimine) were more effective in the liquid pre-incubation test. Our results suggest a reasonable relationship between their mutagenic and carcinogenic activities.", "PMID": 379636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4665", "title": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of phenylglycidyl ether.", "content": "Phenylglycidyl ether (1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy propane) (PGE) was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian tests. It was active in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S. typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA100 with and without rat S9, but not in strains TA98, TA1537, or TA1538. These results suggest PGE, is a direct-acting mutagen causing base substitutions. Phenylglycidyl ether did not induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells, with or without rat S9, and with or without serum in the medium. Dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was observed at concentrations of 1.6 microgram/ml and higher. In addition, this compound was able to chemically transform secondary hamster embryo cells at concentrations of 6.2 micrograms/ml and higher. At a dose of 2500 mg/kg p.o., PGE was active in the host-mediated assay using C57B1/6 X C3H mice and S. typhimurium strain TA1535. This activity represented a positive response in 2 of 5 animals tested. Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of PGE at 500 mg/kg.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of phenylglycidyl ether. Phenylglycidyl ether (1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy propane) (PGE) was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian tests. It was active in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S. typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA100 with and without rat S9, but not in strains TA98, TA1537, or TA1538. These results suggest PGE, is a direct-acting mutagen causing base substitutions. Phenylglycidyl ether did not induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells, with or without rat S9, and with or without serum in the medium. Dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was observed at concentrations of 1.6 microgram/ml and higher. In addition, this compound was able to chemically transform secondary hamster embryo cells at concentrations of 6.2 micrograms/ml and higher. At a dose of 2500 mg/kg p.o., PGE was active in the host-mediated assay using C57B1/6 X C3H mice and S. typhimurium strain TA1535. This activity represented a positive response in 2 of 5 animals tested. Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of PGE at 500 mg/kg.", "PMID": 379639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4666", "title": "Protein methylation in behavioural control mechanisms and in signal transduction.", "content": "In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes methyl groups can be added to and removed from the carboxyl groups of proteins. Recent work has revealed that these reactions have a role in several behavioural phenomena. The nature of this role has been uncovered in one case--that of bacterial chemotaxis.", "contents": "Protein methylation in behavioural control mechanisms and in signal transduction. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes methyl groups can be added to and removed from the carboxyl groups of proteins. Recent work has revealed that these reactions have a role in several behavioural phenomena. The nature of this role has been uncovered in one case--that of bacterial chemotaxis.", "PMID": 379649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4667", "title": "The membrane attachment protein for spectrin is associated with band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Ankyrin, the membrane attachment protein for human erythrocyte spectrin, is tightly linked in a 1:1 molar ratio with band 3 in detergent extracts of spectrin-depleted membranes. Ankyrin-linked band 3, which represents 10--15% of the total band 3, spans the membrane, and is nearly identical to the major band 3 by peptide analysis. Spectrin binds to solubilised ankyrin-linked band 3, but not to free band 3. A portion of band 3 remains firmly associated with detergent-extracted cytoskeletal proteins. It is concluded that a fraction of band 3 is attached to the erythrocyte cytoskeleton through association with ankyrin, which in turn is bound to spectrin.", "contents": "The membrane attachment protein for spectrin is associated with band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes. Ankyrin, the membrane attachment protein for human erythrocyte spectrin, is tightly linked in a 1:1 molar ratio with band 3 in detergent extracts of spectrin-depleted membranes. Ankyrin-linked band 3, which represents 10--15% of the total band 3, spans the membrane, and is nearly identical to the major band 3 by peptide analysis. Spectrin binds to solubilised ankyrin-linked band 3, but not to free band 3. A portion of band 3 remains firmly associated with detergent-extracted cytoskeletal proteins. It is concluded that a fraction of band 3 is attached to the erythrocyte cytoskeleton through association with ankyrin, which in turn is bound to spectrin.", "PMID": 379653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4668", "title": "The culture of chick embryo dorsal root ganglionic cells on polylysine-coated plastic.", "content": "Polylysine-coated culture surfaces are strongly adhesive for neural cells, restrict locomotion on nonneuronal elements, but do not inhibit neurite elongation. In the present study, culture dishes were pre-treated with poly-D-lysine (PDL) at various concentrations, seed with dissociates from 8-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglia, and incubated under conditions that normally support both neuronal survival and nonneuronal proliferation. Pretreatment with low (0.1 mg/ml) PDL concentrations had no effect on neuronal survival and neuritic growth, but entirely prevented an increase in ganglionic nonneurons, yielding a numericallly stable culture greatly enriched in neurons. Higher PDL concentrations caused increasing losses in both cell classes. The 50% levels of cell loss were achieved at about the same PDL dose, but earlier for neurons that nonneurons and still with no impairment of neuritic growth from the surviving neurons. A procedure was developed to compare acid-soluble and acid-precipitable accumulation of radioactivity under 1-hr pulses of [3H]uridine, which was applicable even to poorly attached cells. The cytotoxic effects of higher PDL pretreatments was revealed as early as 6 hr after seeding by 2- to 4-fold lower radioaccumulation. The data are discussed in terms of possible regulations of cell permeability and metabolism by adhesive interactions between cells and their substratum, or other cells.", "contents": "The culture of chick embryo dorsal root ganglionic cells on polylysine-coated plastic. Polylysine-coated culture surfaces are strongly adhesive for neural cells, restrict locomotion on nonneuronal elements, but do not inhibit neurite elongation. In the present study, culture dishes were pre-treated with poly-D-lysine (PDL) at various concentrations, seed with dissociates from 8-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglia, and incubated under conditions that normally support both neuronal survival and nonneuronal proliferation. Pretreatment with low (0.1 mg/ml) PDL concentrations had no effect on neuronal survival and neuritic growth, but entirely prevented an increase in ganglionic nonneurons, yielding a numericallly stable culture greatly enriched in neurons. Higher PDL concentrations caused increasing losses in both cell classes. The 50% levels of cell loss were achieved at about the same PDL dose, but earlier for neurons that nonneurons and still with no impairment of neuritic growth from the surviving neurons. A procedure was developed to compare acid-soluble and acid-precipitable accumulation of radioactivity under 1-hr pulses of [3H]uridine, which was applicable even to poorly attached cells. The cytotoxic effects of higher PDL pretreatments was revealed as early as 6 hr after seeding by 2- to 4-fold lower radioaccumulation. The data are discussed in terms of possible regulations of cell permeability and metabolism by adhesive interactions between cells and their substratum, or other cells.", "PMID": 379674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4669", "title": "Role of RNA and protein synthesis in memory formation.", "content": "A brief review is given of experiments which are concerned with the hypothesis that brain RNA and protein synthesis are directly involved in the establishment of long-term memory. It is concluded that these experiments neither support or refute this hypothesis. A convincing demonstration is lacking of interanimal memory transfer by injection of macromolecular extracts. The majority of experiments which attempt to correlate increased macromolecular synthesis with learning use radioactive precursor methods and these studies do not exclude possible changes in precursor specific activity as the cause of the increased labeling. Although some studies find directly observable changes in brain macromolecules in response to training, their relationship to memory formation is unclear. It is possible that these changes represent only an enhanced production of constitutive macromolecules in response to an increase in cerebral metabolism during training, rather than molecular changes that are directly involved with modifying synaptic connectivity. Inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis block memory formation, but these drugs are not pharmacologically specific and this complicates the interpretation of these studies.", "contents": "Role of RNA and protein synthesis in memory formation. A brief review is given of experiments which are concerned with the hypothesis that brain RNA and protein synthesis are directly involved in the establishment of long-term memory. It is concluded that these experiments neither support or refute this hypothesis. A convincing demonstration is lacking of interanimal memory transfer by injection of macromolecular extracts. The majority of experiments which attempt to correlate increased macromolecular synthesis with learning use radioactive precursor methods and these studies do not exclude possible changes in precursor specific activity as the cause of the increased labeling. Although some studies find directly observable changes in brain macromolecules in response to training, their relationship to memory formation is unclear. It is possible that these changes represent only an enhanced production of constitutive macromolecules in response to an increase in cerebral metabolism during training, rather than molecular changes that are directly involved with modifying synaptic connectivity. Inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis block memory formation, but these drugs are not pharmacologically specific and this complicates the interpretation of these studies.", "PMID": 379675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4670", "title": "Effect of barbiturates on release endogenous amino acids from rat cortex slices.", "content": "The potassium-stimulated, calcium-dependent release of endogenous GABA and glutamic acid was suppressed by pentobarbital. The ouabain and veratridine-stimulated fluxes of the amino acids, calcium-independent processes, were not suppressed by pentobarbital. Release of GABA and glutamic acid was not suppressed by pentobarbital in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187. Of eight barbiturates studied at equimolar concentrations six were found to inhibit GABA release. Thiopental was the most potent, and phenobarbital and secobarbital were inactive.", "contents": "Effect of barbiturates on release endogenous amino acids from rat cortex slices. The potassium-stimulated, calcium-dependent release of endogenous GABA and glutamic acid was suppressed by pentobarbital. The ouabain and veratridine-stimulated fluxes of the amino acids, calcium-independent processes, were not suppressed by pentobarbital. Release of GABA and glutamic acid was not suppressed by pentobarbital in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187. Of eight barbiturates studied at equimolar concentrations six were found to inhibit GABA release. Thiopental was the most potent, and phenobarbital and secobarbital were inactive.", "PMID": 379676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4671", "title": "Effect of lesions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus-retrochiasmatic area on the inhibition of pulsatile LH release induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus.", "content": "The present studies were designed to determine if the inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion reported to occur during midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) stimulation involved some portion of the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)-retrochiasmatic area (RCA). In animals having lesions that completely destroyed the SCN but did not extend into the RCA, dorsal raphe-induced inhibition of pulsatile LH release was still present. If, however, a significant portion (more than 40%) or all of the RCA was encompassed by the lesion (with variable or no SCN damage), the inhibition induced by DRN stimulation was prevented. This indicates that the SCN is not necessary for the inhibitory effect of DRN stimulation on pulsatile LH release to occur. However, the pathway responsible for this inhibition does appear to project to or through the RCA. Furthermore, pulsatile LH release was reduced, but present, during the control period prior to stimulation in rats with SCN lesions (and no damage to the RCA), and mean blood LH levels for this group were significantly decreased during the control bleeding period. Therefore, the neuronal pathway activating episodic LH release involves, but is not restricted solely to, the SCN.", "contents": "Effect of lesions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus-retrochiasmatic area on the inhibition of pulsatile LH release induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. The present studies were designed to determine if the inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion reported to occur during midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) stimulation involved some portion of the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)-retrochiasmatic area (RCA). In animals having lesions that completely destroyed the SCN but did not extend into the RCA, dorsal raphe-induced inhibition of pulsatile LH release was still present. If, however, a significant portion (more than 40%) or all of the RCA was encompassed by the lesion (with variable or no SCN damage), the inhibition induced by DRN stimulation was prevented. This indicates that the SCN is not necessary for the inhibitory effect of DRN stimulation on pulsatile LH release to occur. However, the pathway responsible for this inhibition does appear to project to or through the RCA. Furthermore, pulsatile LH release was reduced, but present, during the control period prior to stimulation in rats with SCN lesions (and no damage to the RCA), and mean blood LH levels for this group were significantly decreased during the control bleeding period. Therefore, the neuronal pathway activating episodic LH release involves, but is not restricted solely to, the SCN.", "PMID": 379679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4672", "title": "Prostaglandins and the release of LHRH from hypothalamic synaptosomes. Effects of indomethacin pretreatment.", "content": "The possible role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the hypothalamic control of ovulation has been investigated by studying the effects of indomethacin (ID) and PGs on the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) from hypothalamic synaptosomes. Female rats were chronically pretreated with ID on diestrus 2 (D2) and proestrus (P), or on diestrus 1 (D1) and D2. Basal LHRH release from hypothalamic synaptosomes prepared from rats pretreated on D2/P was reduced to 48% after a 20-min incubation period, compared with sham-treated animals. ID pretreatment on D1/D2 caused a similar but less marked reduction in LHRH release (to 66% of controls at 20 min). Extraction of the LHRH remaining within the synaptosomal pellet showed that ID pretreatment also reduced the synaptosome content of LHRH. (15S)-15-methyl PGE2 (15-E2) (10(-4) and 10(-6) M) added to the incubating medium stimulated the release of LHRH BY APPROXIMATELY 40%, but this effect was only observed in synaptosomes prepared from ID-treated rats. PGE2 (10(-4) and 10(-6) M) had no significant effect in either sham-treated or ID-treated groups.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the release of LHRH from hypothalamic synaptosomes. Effects of indomethacin pretreatment. The possible role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the hypothalamic control of ovulation has been investigated by studying the effects of indomethacin (ID) and PGs on the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) from hypothalamic synaptosomes. Female rats were chronically pretreated with ID on diestrus 2 (D2) and proestrus (P), or on diestrus 1 (D1) and D2. Basal LHRH release from hypothalamic synaptosomes prepared from rats pretreated on D2/P was reduced to 48% after a 20-min incubation period, compared with sham-treated animals. ID pretreatment on D1/D2 caused a similar but less marked reduction in LHRH release (to 66% of controls at 20 min). Extraction of the LHRH remaining within the synaptosomal pellet showed that ID pretreatment also reduced the synaptosome content of LHRH. (15S)-15-methyl PGE2 (15-E2) (10(-4) and 10(-6) M) added to the incubating medium stimulated the release of LHRH BY APPROXIMATELY 40%, but this effect was only observed in synaptosomes prepared from ID-treated rats. PGE2 (10(-4) and 10(-6) M) had no significant effect in either sham-treated or ID-treated groups.", "PMID": 379680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4673", "title": "Adult dementia: history, biopsy, pathology.", "content": "The historical events in the evolution of Alzheimer's disease are reviewed, including the initial description by Alois Alzheimer and the subsequent controversy regarding the nosological specificity of this entity. The similarity of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease is emphasized. The basis for the modern concept of Alzheimer's disease as premature or accelerated aging is included in the review. The pathological correlates of the major categories of adult dementia have been described. The traditional criteria of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques have been re-evaluated using the current insight into these changes afforded by electron microscopy and biochemistry. The significance of amyloid has been described because it occurs within the senile plaque and also as the essential component of congophilic angiopathy. The new information regarding neuronal cell counts and the loss of choline acetyltransferase has been evaluated in terms of an indication of a pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of normal pressure hydrocephalus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and multi-infarct dementia has been described. Brain biopsy in dementia has been described as having diagnostic, research, pathogenic, and prognostic value. The precautions involving the performance and handling of the biopsy have been stressed, particularly because these procedures involve conditions of possible slow virus etiology. The polemic for Alzheimer's disease as aging or slow virus infection has been summarized. At this time a consideration seems justified that Alzheimer's disease is an age-related, slow virus disease due to a hitherto unknown immune defect. Aging as an etiological agent must be clarified before Alzheimer's disease, in any form, can be considered to be an inevitable consequence of longevity.", "contents": "Adult dementia: history, biopsy, pathology. The historical events in the evolution of Alzheimer's disease are reviewed, including the initial description by Alois Alzheimer and the subsequent controversy regarding the nosological specificity of this entity. The similarity of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease is emphasized. The basis for the modern concept of Alzheimer's disease as premature or accelerated aging is included in the review. The pathological correlates of the major categories of adult dementia have been described. The traditional criteria of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques have been re-evaluated using the current insight into these changes afforded by electron microscopy and biochemistry. The significance of amyloid has been described because it occurs within the senile plaque and also as the essential component of congophilic angiopathy. The new information regarding neuronal cell counts and the loss of choline acetyltransferase has been evaluated in terms of an indication of a pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of normal pressure hydrocephalus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and multi-infarct dementia has been described. Brain biopsy in dementia has been described as having diagnostic, research, pathogenic, and prognostic value. The precautions involving the performance and handling of the biopsy have been stressed, particularly because these procedures involve conditions of possible slow virus etiology. The polemic for Alzheimer's disease as aging or slow virus infection has been summarized. At this time a consideration seems justified that Alzheimer's disease is an age-related, slow virus disease due to a hitherto unknown immune defect. Aging as an etiological agent must be clarified before Alzheimer's disease, in any form, can be considered to be an inevitable consequence of longevity.", "PMID": 379682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4674", "title": "Meige disease: striatal dopaminergic preponderance.", "content": "A dopamine agonist (apomorphine) and a cholinomimetic drug (physostigmine) were administered to five patients with blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (Meige disease). The effects of haloperidol and levodopa were also assessed. Apomorphine lessened and physostigmine aggravated the facial dyskinesias in all patients, while placebo injections had no consistent effect. Levodopa did not modify the symptoms, but haloperidol attentuated the facial dystonia. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia, characterized by a state of striatal dopamine preponderance, probably underlies the dystonic spasms in Meige disease. The prominent cholinergic enhancement of facial dyskinesias may distinguish this disorder pharmacologically from tardive dyskinesia, a differentiation which has practical therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Meige disease: striatal dopaminergic preponderance. A dopamine agonist (apomorphine) and a cholinomimetic drug (physostigmine) were administered to five patients with blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (Meige disease). The effects of haloperidol and levodopa were also assessed. Apomorphine lessened and physostigmine aggravated the facial dyskinesias in all patients, while placebo injections had no consistent effect. Levodopa did not modify the symptoms, but haloperidol attentuated the facial dystonia. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia, characterized by a state of striatal dopamine preponderance, probably underlies the dystonic spasms in Meige disease. The prominent cholinergic enhancement of facial dyskinesias may distinguish this disorder pharmacologically from tardive dyskinesia, a differentiation which has practical therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 379689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4675", "title": "Tremor due to sodium valproate.", "content": "Four patients developed postural tremor after ingestion of sodium valproate. The tremor was recorded by a variable-capacitance transducer and was of the \"benign essential\" type. The dosages of sodium valproate varied between 1000 mg and 2000 mg daily and serum levels were between 34.9 microgram per milliliter and 154.3 microgram per milliliter. Tremor was ameliorated in two cases when the dosage was reduced. In only one case was the serum level in the toxic range for our laboratory. The pharmacology of essential tremor is unknown; production of a similar tremor by a drug could serve as a biochemical model.", "contents": "Tremor due to sodium valproate. Four patients developed postural tremor after ingestion of sodium valproate. The tremor was recorded by a variable-capacitance transducer and was of the \"benign essential\" type. The dosages of sodium valproate varied between 1000 mg and 2000 mg daily and serum levels were between 34.9 microgram per milliliter and 154.3 microgram per milliliter. Tremor was ameliorated in two cases when the dosage was reduced. In only one case was the serum level in the toxic range for our laboratory. The pharmacology of essential tremor is unknown; production of a similar tremor by a drug could serve as a biochemical model.", "PMID": 379690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4676", "title": "[Preliminary experience in extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplants].", "content": "Successful management of stenosis of a polar branch of the renal artery by means of autotransplantation is reported. The main indications for this technique are described: arteriosclerosis and injury to the artery, aneurysm, various forms of ureteral injury, bilateral or unilateral renal tumour, coralliform intraparenchymal lithiasis, together, with the techniques for extracorporeal perfusion of the kidney and the mechanisms of the more commonly adopted conservation solutions.", "contents": "[Preliminary experience in extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplants]. Successful management of stenosis of a polar branch of the renal artery by means of autotransplantation is reported. The main indications for this technique are described: arteriosclerosis and injury to the artery, aneurysm, various forms of ureteral injury, bilateral or unilateral renal tumour, coralliform intraparenchymal lithiasis, together, with the techniques for extracorporeal perfusion of the kidney and the mechanisms of the more commonly adopted conservation solutions.", "PMID": 379693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4677", "title": "[Gastrointestinal localizations of malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Lymphoma of the alimentary canal is somewhat rare. It has no unusual features and few characteristics, with the result that its clinical, radiological and endoscopic diagnosis is problematic, since its lesions may readily be confused by other neoplastic or inflammatory forms. The difficulty is, of course, primarily felt in the case of primary sites, since the co-existence of other lymphomatous tissues facilitates diagnosis. It is suggested that surgeons should be aware of the existence and treatment of these forms. 13 cases collected from 25 laparosplenectomies for staging since 1971 are presented. Four patients had primary lesions, whereas generalised lymphoma was present in the remainder. Nine patients are still alive after treatment.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal localizations of malignant lymphomas]. Lymphoma of the alimentary canal is somewhat rare. It has no unusual features and few characteristics, with the result that its clinical, radiological and endoscopic diagnosis is problematic, since its lesions may readily be confused by other neoplastic or inflammatory forms. The difficulty is, of course, primarily felt in the case of primary sites, since the co-existence of other lymphomatous tissues facilitates diagnosis. It is suggested that surgeons should be aware of the existence and treatment of these forms. 13 cases collected from 25 laparosplenectomies for staging since 1971 are presented. Four patients had primary lesions, whereas generalised lymphoma was present in the remainder. Nine patients are still alive after treatment.", "PMID": 379694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4678", "title": "[Primary tumors of the spleen].", "content": "Four cases of so-called primary tumour of the spleen are discussed, stress being laid on their rarity and clinical course. The importance of splenectomy for precise histological diagnosis and assessment of the stage of the disease, factors which are indispensable for the oncologist when planning therapy, is also emphasized.", "contents": "[Primary tumors of the spleen]. Four cases of so-called primary tumour of the spleen are discussed, stress being laid on their rarity and clinical course. The importance of splenectomy for precise histological diagnosis and assessment of the stage of the disease, factors which are indispensable for the oncologist when planning therapy, is also emphasized.", "PMID": 379695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4679", "title": "[A new approach to immunotherapy: the transfer factor].", "content": "The transfer factor is a tiny molecule capable of transferring the function of the T lymphocytes (immunological memory and retarded hypersensitivity) from a sensitized to a non-sensitized individual. The exact structure and action modalities of the molecule have not yet been precisely established. The difficulties involved in the study of the transfer factor are aggravated by the lack of any suitable experimental model. The attention of immunologists is attracted by this factor which opens up new prospects for the treatment of cancer, immunological deficiencies and certain infectious and autoimmune diseases. More profound research would appear useful to evaluate if and in what cases a potentiation of the immune mechanism can represent an alternative to immunosuppression.", "contents": "[A new approach to immunotherapy: the transfer factor]. The transfer factor is a tiny molecule capable of transferring the function of the T lymphocytes (immunological memory and retarded hypersensitivity) from a sensitized to a non-sensitized individual. The exact structure and action modalities of the molecule have not yet been precisely established. The difficulties involved in the study of the transfer factor are aggravated by the lack of any suitable experimental model. The attention of immunologists is attracted by this factor which opens up new prospects for the treatment of cancer, immunological deficiencies and certain infectious and autoimmune diseases. More profound research would appear useful to evaluate if and in what cases a potentiation of the immune mechanism can represent an alternative to immunosuppression.", "PMID": 379697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4680", "title": "[Incidence of thyroid diseases in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The incidence of thyroid diseases was evaluated in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism subjected to parathyroidectomy. Eleven patients (26.8%) were affected in this way: 2 with carcinoma, 5 with nodular goitre, and 4 with adenoma. The possible reasons for associations of this kind are discussed, and it is suggested that their high frequency points to a relationship of cause and affect.", "contents": "[Incidence of thyroid diseases in primary hyperparathyroidism]. The incidence of thyroid diseases was evaluated in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism subjected to parathyroidectomy. Eleven patients (26.8%) were affected in this way: 2 with carcinoma, 5 with nodular goitre, and 4 with adenoma. The possible reasons for associations of this kind are discussed, and it is suggested that their high frequency points to a relationship of cause and affect.", "PMID": 379703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4681", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research of a new phenyl ester of carbecinillin: carfecillin].", "content": "Following a review of the latest methods of treating infections of the urinary ways, the pharmacokinetic and clinical results of a new antibiotic, Carfecillin, are reported. The examination was carried out on a total of 10 volunteers. The substance showed good serum levels and fair renal excretion with both the 250 mg and the 500 mg p.o. doses. The clinical study was carried out on a double blind basis versus a standard reference (indanyl ester of carbenicillin) in 26 patients and showed the electivity of the antibiotic in the oral treatment of urinary infections under well tolerated conditions.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research of a new phenyl ester of carbecinillin: carfecillin]. Following a review of the latest methods of treating infections of the urinary ways, the pharmacokinetic and clinical results of a new antibiotic, Carfecillin, are reported. The examination was carried out on a total of 10 volunteers. The substance showed good serum levels and fair renal excretion with both the 250 mg and the 500 mg p.o. doses. The clinical study was carried out on a double blind basis versus a standard reference (indanyl ester of carbenicillin) in 26 patients and showed the electivity of the antibiotic in the oral treatment of urinary infections under well tolerated conditions.", "PMID": 379704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4682", "title": "[Target cimetidine treatment of peptic ulcer. Considerations and assessment of a new dosage].", "content": "32 patients suffering from peptic ulcer have been selected. Of these 12 formed part of a previous series treated with cimetidine and subsequently relapsed; the other 20 were selected on the basis of endoscopic and functional examinations and were treated for the first time with cimetidine. The drug doses used were 1.2 g for 30 days and 0.3 g for a further 60 days. The purpose of the study was to check for possible recurrences by comparing the results obtained and their maintenance in the long term using these doses. 2 months after suspension of maintenance treatment there has not been any recurrence of the acute pain and dyspeptic symptomatology.", "contents": "[Target cimetidine treatment of peptic ulcer. Considerations and assessment of a new dosage]. 32 patients suffering from peptic ulcer have been selected. Of these 12 formed part of a previous series treated with cimetidine and subsequently relapsed; the other 20 were selected on the basis of endoscopic and functional examinations and were treated for the first time with cimetidine. The drug doses used were 1.2 g for 30 days and 0.3 g for a further 60 days. The purpose of the study was to check for possible recurrences by comparing the results obtained and their maintenance in the long term using these doses. 2 months after suspension of maintenance treatment there has not been any recurrence of the acute pain and dyspeptic symptomatology.", "PMID": 379708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4683", "title": "Comparative distribution of LH-RH and somatostatin in the supraoptic crest (OVLT) of the rat.", "content": "Adjacent serial sections of the organum vasculosum laminal terminalis (OVLT) of the rat were incubated with antisera of luteinizing-hormone--releasing-hormone (LH-RH) and somatostatin and stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The distribution patterns of the two oligopeptides show distinct differences, as already found in the median eminence. A denser, more centrally placed somatostatin deposit is surrounded by a more extensive, looser, more peripheral one of LH0RH. These differences in distribution may reflect an anatomical basis for the differing effects of various manipulations on the OVLT and median eminence stores.", "contents": "Comparative distribution of LH-RH and somatostatin in the supraoptic crest (OVLT) of the rat. Adjacent serial sections of the organum vasculosum laminal terminalis (OVLT) of the rat were incubated with antisera of luteinizing-hormone--releasing-hormone (LH-RH) and somatostatin and stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The distribution patterns of the two oligopeptides show distinct differences, as already found in the median eminence. A denser, more centrally placed somatostatin deposit is surrounded by a more extensive, looser, more peripheral one of LH0RH. These differences in distribution may reflect an anatomical basis for the differing effects of various manipulations on the OVLT and median eminence stores.", "PMID": 379710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4684", "title": "Detection of catecholamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) containing nerve endings in the median eminence and the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis by fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry on the same microscopic sections.", "content": "Distribution of catecholamine (CA) and LH-RH nerve endings in the median eminence (ME) and the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) of the rat was investigated by application of fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry on the same sections of the tissue. In the ME, those two kinds of endings coexisted in the lateral portion of the middle part of ME, and in the wall of tuberoinfundibular sulcus, where they might be considered to have functional correlation. In the OVLT they were also distributed in fairly near distance, but they were not so closely associated as observed in the ME.", "contents": "Detection of catecholamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) containing nerve endings in the median eminence and the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis by fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry on the same microscopic sections. Distribution of catecholamine (CA) and LH-RH nerve endings in the median eminence (ME) and the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) of the rat was investigated by application of fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry on the same sections of the tissue. In the ME, those two kinds of endings coexisted in the lateral portion of the middle part of ME, and in the wall of tuberoinfundibular sulcus, where they might be considered to have functional correlation. In the OVLT they were also distributed in fairly near distance, but they were not so closely associated as observed in the ME.", "PMID": 379711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4685", "title": "In vitro effects of a synethetic enkephalin analogue (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide on the hypothalamus-pituitary--testis function in rats.", "content": "The effects of (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide, a synthetic analogue of the natural opioid pentapeptides, were investigated on the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis using in vitro tissue and isolated cell incubation systems. (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide in a concentration range 10(-7)--10(-5) M did not alter the testosterone production and the troph-hormone sensitivity of the isolated Leydig cells, or the gonadotroph hormone release and the luteinizing-hormone--releasing hormone (LH-RH) sensitivity of the isolated anterior pituitary cells. However 10(-5)--10(-5) M synthetic enkephalin analogue induced a dose-dependent inhibition of LH-RH content and release of the mediobasal hypothalamus, which was prevented by equimolar concentrations of naloxone.", "contents": "In vitro effects of a synethetic enkephalin analogue (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide on the hypothalamus-pituitary--testis function in rats. The effects of (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide, a synthetic analogue of the natural opioid pentapeptides, were investigated on the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis using in vitro tissue and isolated cell incubation systems. (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide in a concentration range 10(-7)--10(-5) M did not alter the testosterone production and the troph-hormone sensitivity of the isolated Leydig cells, or the gonadotroph hormone release and the luteinizing-hormone--releasing hormone (LH-RH) sensitivity of the isolated anterior pituitary cells. However 10(-5)--10(-5) M synthetic enkephalin analogue induced a dose-dependent inhibition of LH-RH content and release of the mediobasal hypothalamus, which was prevented by equimolar concentrations of naloxone.", "PMID": 379712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4686", "title": "Further studies on the immunohistochemical localization of alpha-MSH in the rat brain.", "content": "Using two different specific antisera directed against alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), the immunoperoxidase localization of alpha-MSH was performed on sections of the rat brain. With one antiserum, some nerve fibers stained for alpha-MSH were seen close to the apex of ependymal cells near the lumen of the lateral and third ventricles. With the other antiserum, alpha-MSH positive nerve fibers were localized in the pai mater. These results indicate that two different specific antisera directed against a same nolecule can probably recognize different antigenic sites of this molecule. Our findings also suggest a possible source of release for the alpha-MSH present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "contents": "Further studies on the immunohistochemical localization of alpha-MSH in the rat brain. Using two different specific antisera directed against alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), the immunoperoxidase localization of alpha-MSH was performed on sections of the rat brain. With one antiserum, some nerve fibers stained for alpha-MSH were seen close to the apex of ependymal cells near the lumen of the lateral and third ventricles. With the other antiserum, alpha-MSH positive nerve fibers were localized in the pai mater. These results indicate that two different specific antisera directed against a same nolecule can probably recognize different antigenic sites of this molecule. Our findings also suggest a possible source of release for the alpha-MSH present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "PMID": 379713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4687", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of microfilaments in neuronal and glial primary cell cultures with antibody against adrenal medullary myosin.", "content": "The localization of myosin was studied in rat neuronal and glial cell maintained in primary culture, using the double antibody immunofluorescent method. Antibodies were raised against myosin purified from bovine adrenal medulla. Myosin-specific immunoreactivity was found in the cell body and neurites of neuronal cells and in the cytoplasm of glial cells. In the former no typical substructure was observable, whilst in the latter myosin-rich filaments were found forming either a cage entrapping the nucleus or as long cables in cellular morphogenic expansions.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of microfilaments in neuronal and glial primary cell cultures with antibody against adrenal medullary myosin. The localization of myosin was studied in rat neuronal and glial cell maintained in primary culture, using the double antibody immunofluorescent method. Antibodies were raised against myosin purified from bovine adrenal medulla. Myosin-specific immunoreactivity was found in the cell body and neurites of neuronal cells and in the cytoplasm of glial cells. In the former no typical substructure was observable, whilst in the latter myosin-rich filaments were found forming either a cage entrapping the nucleus or as long cables in cellular morphogenic expansions.", "PMID": 379714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4688", "title": "Monoamine neuron regulation of LRF neurons innervating the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and median eminence.", "content": "The LRF content of the median eminence (ME) and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) was analyzed following lesions destroying the serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe and the dopamine neurons of the zona incerta. Six weeks after zona incerta lesions the LFT content of both OVLT and ME was significantly reduced. Raphe lesions did not significantly reduce LRF content of the ME or OVLT. No changes in circulating LH content were noted after either lesion. These observations suggest that the dopamine neurons of the incerto-hypothalamic system may be involved in the regulation of LRF synthesis or release from LRF neurons innervating the ME and OVLT.", "contents": "Monoamine neuron regulation of LRF neurons innervating the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and median eminence. The LRF content of the median eminence (ME) and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) was analyzed following lesions destroying the serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe and the dopamine neurons of the zona incerta. Six weeks after zona incerta lesions the LFT content of both OVLT and ME was significantly reduced. Raphe lesions did not significantly reduce LRF content of the ME or OVLT. No changes in circulating LH content were noted after either lesion. These observations suggest that the dopamine neurons of the incerto-hypothalamic system may be involved in the regulation of LRF synthesis or release from LRF neurons innervating the ME and OVLT.", "PMID": 379715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4689", "title": "Musculocutaneous flaps in reconstructive pelvic surgery.", "content": "Gracilis musculocutaneous flaps are useful in reconstruction of many crippling pelvic defects. They are especially beneficial for vaginal reconstruction at the time of pelvic exenteration. Twenty patients having vaginal reconstruction with musculocutaneous flaps are presented. Nineteen (95%) have vaginas adequate for sexual function.", "contents": "Musculocutaneous flaps in reconstructive pelvic surgery. Gracilis musculocutaneous flaps are useful in reconstruction of many crippling pelvic defects. They are especially beneficial for vaginal reconstruction at the time of pelvic exenteration. Twenty patients having vaginal reconstruction with musculocutaneous flaps are presented. Nineteen (95%) have vaginas adequate for sexual function.", "PMID": 379721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4690", "title": "Treatment of premature labor with ritodrine: a randomized controlled study.", "content": "Twenty-nine women with premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) drug group. The 2 groups were of similar age, parity, weight, gestational age, and cervical change at the onset of treatment. They were treated sequentially with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral drugs and monitored carefully during therapy. There was a significant increase in both the maternal and fetal heart rates during ritodrine treatment, and also a significant decrease in maternal blood pressure. Ritodrine-treated women often complained of palpatations. There was no significant difference in the extension of pregnancy, birth weight, or infant survival for the ritodrine group. Although the 1-minute Apgar scores in the ritodrine group were higher, the 5-minute scores were similar in both groups.", "contents": "Treatment of premature labor with ritodrine: a randomized controlled study. Twenty-nine women with premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) drug group. The 2 groups were of similar age, parity, weight, gestational age, and cervical change at the onset of treatment. They were treated sequentially with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral drugs and monitored carefully during therapy. There was a significant increase in both the maternal and fetal heart rates during ritodrine treatment, and also a significant decrease in maternal blood pressure. Ritodrine-treated women often complained of palpatations. There was no significant difference in the extension of pregnancy, birth weight, or infant survival for the ritodrine group. Although the 1-minute Apgar scores in the ritodrine group were higher, the 5-minute scores were similar in both groups.", "PMID": 379722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4691", "title": "Identification of rhinopharyngeal plasmacytic tumours by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded sections.", "content": "Solitary myeloma is an uncommon lesion which may occur in many organs, mainly in the rhinopharynx. This lesion usually appears as non-secretory, and it is constituted by either typical plasma cells or large and atypical cells resembling epithelial anaplastic cells. Therefore, and immunofluorescent method on paraffin-embedded sections may be applied to reveal the presence and the monoclonality of the intracytoplasmic Ig in the pathological cells. In this paper we report a study on 22 patients suspected to bear a rhinopharyngeal tumor investigated by immunofluorescence. Moreover, in 4 cases peripheral blood lymphocytes were also studied. The results are discussed on the basis of the modern immunological trends.", "contents": "Identification of rhinopharyngeal plasmacytic tumours by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded sections. Solitary myeloma is an uncommon lesion which may occur in many organs, mainly in the rhinopharynx. This lesion usually appears as non-secretory, and it is constituted by either typical plasma cells or large and atypical cells resembling epithelial anaplastic cells. Therefore, and immunofluorescent method on paraffin-embedded sections may be applied to reveal the presence and the monoclonality of the intracytoplasmic Ig in the pathological cells. In this paper we report a study on 22 patients suspected to bear a rhinopharyngeal tumor investigated by immunofluorescence. Moreover, in 4 cases peripheral blood lymphocytes were also studied. The results are discussed on the basis of the modern immunological trends.", "PMID": 379724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4692", "title": "[Potential transformation of the anterior corneal epithelium of the common frog].", "content": "The possibility of transformation of the corneal anterior epithelium in the lens following its separation from the stroma was studied. The corneal epithelium was implanted into: a) empty eye orbit and b) cavity of lensless eye of the Rana temporaria tadpoles. In the eye orbit it continued, as in the normal development, to form the basal membrane. Although in the eye cavity the structures similar to lentoids arose but the specific lens proteins were shown to be asbent from them using immunofluorescence. In both the cases, thus, no transformation of the corneal epithelium in the lens was observed. The role of stroma in the stabilization of differentiation of the corneal anterior epithelium is discussed. It is suggested that the absence of increase in the mitotic activity is one of the causes of failure of the corneal epithelium transformation in the lens.", "contents": "[Potential transformation of the anterior corneal epithelium of the common frog]. The possibility of transformation of the corneal anterior epithelium in the lens following its separation from the stroma was studied. The corneal epithelium was implanted into: a) empty eye orbit and b) cavity of lensless eye of the Rana temporaria tadpoles. In the eye orbit it continued, as in the normal development, to form the basal membrane. Although in the eye cavity the structures similar to lentoids arose but the specific lens proteins were shown to be asbent from them using immunofluorescence. In both the cases, thus, no transformation of the corneal epithelium in the lens was observed. The role of stroma in the stabilization of differentiation of the corneal anterior epithelium is discussed. It is suggested that the absence of increase in the mitotic activity is one of the causes of failure of the corneal epithelium transformation in the lens.", "PMID": 379726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4693", "title": "Lateral orbitotomy.", "content": "The modified Wright technique for lateral orbitotomy is described, based on 57 orbitotomies. This allows for excellent exposure of the orbit for an area lateral to a line joining the superior orbital foramen to the inferior orbital foramen.", "contents": "Lateral orbitotomy. The modified Wright technique for lateral orbitotomy is described, based on 57 orbitotomies. This allows for excellent exposure of the orbit for an area lateral to a line joining the superior orbital foramen to the inferior orbital foramen.", "PMID": 379727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4694", "title": "Double wedge resection for severe involutional ectropion.", "content": "Although the individual elements of our technique are well known to ophthalmic plastic surgeons and ophthalmologists, their combination into one procedure for use in severe cases of involutional (senile) ectropion has not been described. Some authors have advocated performing a two-stage procedure for a severe medial ectropion. We have met considerable success in our one-stage procedure and advocate its adoption.", "contents": "Double wedge resection for severe involutional ectropion. Although the individual elements of our technique are well known to ophthalmic plastic surgeons and ophthalmologists, their combination into one procedure for use in severe cases of involutional (senile) ectropion has not been described. Some authors have advocated performing a two-stage procedure for a severe medial ectropion. We have met considerable success in our one-stage procedure and advocate its adoption.", "PMID": 379728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4695", "title": "Tissue adhesives: new perspectives in corneal perforations.", "content": "In corneal perforations associated with extensive progressive corneal disease, a technique using tissue adhesive closure of the perforation site and reformation of the anterior chamber before penetrating keratoplasty or conjunctival flap mobilization has been described. Over the past year, six eyes have been successfully treated in this manner. This method allows reformation of the eye under local anesthesia as an emergency procedure without incarceration or injury of the intraocular contents and without pain to the patient. The definitive surgical procedure can then be performed safely under retrobulbar anesthesia.", "contents": "Tissue adhesives: new perspectives in corneal perforations. In corneal perforations associated with extensive progressive corneal disease, a technique using tissue adhesive closure of the perforation site and reformation of the anterior chamber before penetrating keratoplasty or conjunctival flap mobilization has been described. Over the past year, six eyes have been successfully treated in this manner. This method allows reformation of the eye under local anesthesia as an emergency procedure without incarceration or injury of the intraocular contents and without pain to the patient. The definitive surgical procedure can then be performed safely under retrobulbar anesthesia.", "PMID": 379729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4696", "title": "Acute pulpal-aleveolar cellulitis syndrome. I. Clinical study of bacterial isolates from pulps and exudates of intact teeth, with description of a specific culture technique.", "content": "A wide spectrum of microbes has been demonstrated as etiologic factors in the severest form of acute pulpal-alveolar infection; acute cellulitis. An appreciation of the pathogenic potential or oral microorganisms has been gained. Streptococci have been substantiated as the major group of microbes associated with acute odontogenic infection. Anaerobes, primarily gram-negative, are also significant factors. A culture technique for specific microbial growth has been demonstrated and discussed. A simple and economical procedure has been suggested for transport of culture and office study.", "contents": "Acute pulpal-aleveolar cellulitis syndrome. I. Clinical study of bacterial isolates from pulps and exudates of intact teeth, with description of a specific culture technique. A wide spectrum of microbes has been demonstrated as etiologic factors in the severest form of acute pulpal-alveolar infection; acute cellulitis. An appreciation of the pathogenic potential or oral microorganisms has been gained. Streptococci have been substantiated as the major group of microbes associated with acute odontogenic infection. Anaerobes, primarily gram-negative, are also significant factors. A culture technique for specific microbial growth has been demonstrated and discussed. A simple and economical procedure has been suggested for transport of culture and office study.", "PMID": 379732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4697", "title": "Suturing technique in facial soft tissue injuries.", "content": "This article has presented suturing techniques and instrumentation and suggestions that we have found to be helpful in the management of facial soft tissue injuries. The reader is encouraged to practice suture and knot tying techniques on fresh pigfeet, which are readily accessible and inexpensive and approximate the characteristics of human skin.", "contents": "Suturing technique in facial soft tissue injuries. This article has presented suturing techniques and instrumentation and suggestions that we have found to be helpful in the management of facial soft tissue injuries. The reader is encouraged to practice suture and knot tying techniques on fresh pigfeet, which are readily accessible and inexpensive and approximate the characteristics of human skin.", "PMID": 379740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4698", "title": "Dental dolorimetry for human pain research: methods and apparatus.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of human tooth pulp provides a means of safely producing human pain in the laboratory. This paper describes a dolorimetry and data collection system for stimulating volunteers, recording responses and analyzing data. The system allows multilevel stimulation in pseudorandom sequences and analysis of results using the methods of Sensory Decision Theory. It consists of modified commercial equipment, specially designed circuitry, an interface, and a programmable calculator. Fundamental problems and safety considerations for electrical dental stimulation are reviewed. Reliability of stimulation and response measurement is discussed.", "contents": "Dental dolorimetry for human pain research: methods and apparatus. Electrical stimulation of human tooth pulp provides a means of safely producing human pain in the laboratory. This paper describes a dolorimetry and data collection system for stimulating volunteers, recording responses and analyzing data. The system allows multilevel stimulation in pseudorandom sequences and analysis of results using the methods of Sensory Decision Theory. It consists of modified commercial equipment, specially designed circuitry, an interface, and a programmable calculator. Fundamental problems and safety considerations for electrical dental stimulation are reviewed. Reliability of stimulation and response measurement is discussed.", "PMID": 379748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4699", "title": "Myocardial electrophysiology: intracellular studies on heart cell cultures from newborn rats.", "content": "Electrical properties of cultured newborn rat heart cells are investigated by the use of microelectrophysiological methods. Amplitudes of resting and action potentials appear close to those of in situ heart cells. Elevated spike rate of rise reveals functional fast sodium channels. An inconstant ratio of cells exhibit pacemaker-like activity but no relationship can be established between this automaticity and the tissular origin of the cultured cells. The pulsation rate appears to be linked to the action potential duration and to the pace-maker potential slope. Spontaneous arrhythmias may occur; they are mainly caused by anomalous conduction and (or) erratic pacemaker driving. Thus heart cell cultures may be considered as a precious tool in the field of the cardiac electrophysiologal and physiopathological studies.", "contents": "Myocardial electrophysiology: intracellular studies on heart cell cultures from newborn rats. Electrical properties of cultured newborn rat heart cells are investigated by the use of microelectrophysiological methods. Amplitudes of resting and action potentials appear close to those of in situ heart cells. Elevated spike rate of rise reveals functional fast sodium channels. An inconstant ratio of cells exhibit pacemaker-like activity but no relationship can be established between this automaticity and the tissular origin of the cultured cells. The pulsation rate appears to be linked to the action potential duration and to the pace-maker potential slope. Spontaneous arrhythmias may occur; they are mainly caused by anomalous conduction and (or) erratic pacemaker driving. Thus heart cell cultures may be considered as a precious tool in the field of the cardiac electrophysiologal and physiopathological studies.", "PMID": 379749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4700", "title": "Transmembrane calcium movements and excitation-contraction coupling in myocardial cells.", "content": "It has been realized for a century that Ca2+ is important in the initiation and the control of mechanical activity. The present paper does not cover the field of excitation-contraction coupling in heart but mainly reports some modern and controversial aspects about the regulation of the internal Ca concentration by the sarcolemma while the role of internal stores is only discussed. The first part deals with flux experiments; the second with the slow inward current mainly carried by Ca ions. An analysis of the mechanical activity reveals that only a part of tension is triggered by this slow current; besides, a second component of tension is demonstrated and an exchange mechanism of Na and Ca ions is described in detail. This countertransport, during depolarization, facilitates an influx of Ca ions (coupled to an efflux of Na ions). During hyperpolarization, or even at the resting membrane potential, it promotes an efflux of Ca ions. Thus, the same mechanism may account in part for the development or for the relaxation of tension according to the membrane potential.", "contents": "Transmembrane calcium movements and excitation-contraction coupling in myocardial cells. It has been realized for a century that Ca2+ is important in the initiation and the control of mechanical activity. The present paper does not cover the field of excitation-contraction coupling in heart but mainly reports some modern and controversial aspects about the regulation of the internal Ca concentration by the sarcolemma while the role of internal stores is only discussed. The first part deals with flux experiments; the second with the slow inward current mainly carried by Ca ions. An analysis of the mechanical activity reveals that only a part of tension is triggered by this slow current; besides, a second component of tension is demonstrated and an exchange mechanism of Na and Ca ions is described in detail. This countertransport, during depolarization, facilitates an influx of Ca ions (coupled to an efflux of Na ions). During hyperpolarization, or even at the resting membrane potential, it promotes an efflux of Ca ions. Thus, the same mechanism may account in part for the development or for the relaxation of tension according to the membrane potential.", "PMID": 379750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4701", "title": "Glucose and palmitate metabolism by beating rat heart cells in culture.", "content": "The metabolism of glucose and palmitate by new born rat heart cell in tissue culture was investigated to ascertain the usefulness of this model system for metabolic studies. Heart cells in culture oxidize palmitate at a rate which is close to the rate reported in vivo. The fate of glucose is shown to differ from in vivo. High rates of lactate release are observed although there are many evidences that cells are not hypoxic. This impaired regulation is likely due to an impaired uptake of glucose.", "contents": "Glucose and palmitate metabolism by beating rat heart cells in culture. The metabolism of glucose and palmitate by new born rat heart cell in tissue culture was investigated to ascertain the usefulness of this model system for metabolic studies. Heart cells in culture oxidize palmitate at a rate which is close to the rate reported in vivo. The fate of glucose is shown to differ from in vivo. High rates of lactate release are observed although there are many evidences that cells are not hypoxic. This impaired regulation is likely due to an impaired uptake of glucose.", "PMID": 379752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4702", "title": "[Action of erucic and palmitic acids on rat cardiac myoblasts in primary cell culture. An ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary cultures of beating myocardial cells of neonatal rat are taken in order to observe the ultrastructural modifications caused by certain long chain fatty acids (erucic acid C22 : 1 and palmitic acid C16 : 0). Reference cultures are established and observed at the same time as the others. The eurcic acid create an intense steatosis, on the opposite palmitic acid does not. On the contrary the transormations of certain cellular organites such as mitochondria, dictyosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are observed in both cases.", "contents": "[Action of erucic and palmitic acids on rat cardiac myoblasts in primary cell culture. An ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. Primary cultures of beating myocardial cells of neonatal rat are taken in order to observe the ultrastructural modifications caused by certain long chain fatty acids (erucic acid C22 : 1 and palmitic acid C16 : 0). Reference cultures are established and observed at the same time as the others. The eurcic acid create an intense steatosis, on the opposite palmitic acid does not. On the contrary the transormations of certain cellular organites such as mitochondria, dictyosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are observed in both cases.", "PMID": 379753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4703", "title": "[Effects of alanine on the metabolism of lactate and glucose in the isolated perfused rat heart (author's transl)].", "content": "Perfused non working isolated rat heart preparations have been used to study whether alanine (0,89 gl-1) could represent an energy source for the myocardium. Its influence on glucose and lactate metabolism in the heart was also studied. The use of 14C labelled compounds permitted the estimation of the oxidation rate of these three metabolites. The results show that: 1) Alanine was not utilized by the heart. 2) Alanine did not alter myocardial glucose metabolism or lactate oxidation. 3) Alanine lowered lactate uptake by the myocardium which may indicate that alanine influences lactate transport through the cell membranes. One may speculate that in vivo, alanine will not interfere with glucose or lactate metabolism by the heart as, even in acute physiological conditions (exercice, hypoxie, fasting) lactate is always present in blood at higher concentration than alanine.", "contents": "[Effects of alanine on the metabolism of lactate and glucose in the isolated perfused rat heart (author's transl)]. Perfused non working isolated rat heart preparations have been used to study whether alanine (0,89 gl-1) could represent an energy source for the myocardium. Its influence on glucose and lactate metabolism in the heart was also studied. The use of 14C labelled compounds permitted the estimation of the oxidation rate of these three metabolites. The results show that: 1) Alanine was not utilized by the heart. 2) Alanine did not alter myocardial glucose metabolism or lactate oxidation. 3) Alanine lowered lactate uptake by the myocardium which may indicate that alanine influences lactate transport through the cell membranes. One may speculate that in vivo, alanine will not interfere with glucose or lactate metabolism by the heart as, even in acute physiological conditions (exercice, hypoxie, fasting) lactate is always present in blood at higher concentration than alanine.", "PMID": 379755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4704", "title": "[Biomedical image analysis by mathematical morphology (author's transl)].", "content": "There coexist two types of biomedical image analysers, namely the specialized and the universal ones. This distinction corresponds to the one separating pattern recognition from structural analysis. Only specialized devices can give rise to full automation. Mathematical morphology turns out to be a common theoretical background for both kinds of analysers. It defines the logical conditions according to which quantization is possible, and provides a comprehensive class of algorithms.", "contents": "[Biomedical image analysis by mathematical morphology (author's transl)]. There coexist two types of biomedical image analysers, namely the specialized and the universal ones. This distinction corresponds to the one separating pattern recognition from structural analysis. Only specialized devices can give rise to full automation. Mathematical morphology turns out to be a common theoretical background for both kinds of analysers. It defines the logical conditions according to which quantization is possible, and provides a comprehensive class of algorithms.", "PMID": 379757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4705", "title": "[Histomorphometric analysis of bone-marrow adipose density and heterogeneity in myeloid aplasia and dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for histomorphometric analysis of sternal, or iliac, bone-marrow biopsies is reported. Undecalcified, or decalcified, bone marrow-samples from 169 patients with aplastic or dyserythropoietic anaemia were studied utilizing stereological methods: point counting analysis on serial sections. The most informative structure parameters in each of the marrow were the volume density of adipose cells (after correction for the variation with age) inversely related to marrow cellularity, and the standard-deviation (after angular transformation arc sin square root p) correlated with marrow heterogeneity. Hypercellularity, or heterogeneity, appeared to be related to histo-cytological features of dyserythropoiesis and they were associated with a better prognosis comparatively with hypocellular homogeneous marrows.", "contents": "[Histomorphometric analysis of bone-marrow adipose density and heterogeneity in myeloid aplasia and dysplasia (author's transl)]. A method for histomorphometric analysis of sternal, or iliac, bone-marrow biopsies is reported. Undecalcified, or decalcified, bone marrow-samples from 169 patients with aplastic or dyserythropoietic anaemia were studied utilizing stereological methods: point counting analysis on serial sections. The most informative structure parameters in each of the marrow were the volume density of adipose cells (after correction for the variation with age) inversely related to marrow cellularity, and the standard-deviation (after angular transformation arc sin square root p) correlated with marrow heterogeneity. Hypercellularity, or heterogeneity, appeared to be related to histo-cytological features of dyserythropoiesis and they were associated with a better prognosis comparatively with hypocellular homogeneous marrows.", "PMID": 379758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4706", "title": "[Quantitative study of medullary adipocytes in marrow aplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantification of adipocyte surface in relation to hematopoietic tissue was performed quantitatively with a classimat on 21 marrow biopsies from patients belonging to the Cooperative Marrow Aplasia Group. This analysis revealed two quantitative parameters, distribution and homogeneity, which permitted the classification of the biopsies into four groups. Each of these categories has been correlated with clinical and kinetic data.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of medullary adipocytes in marrow aplasia (author's transl)]. Quantification of adipocyte surface in relation to hematopoietic tissue was performed quantitatively with a classimat on 21 marrow biopsies from patients belonging to the Cooperative Marrow Aplasia Group. This analysis revealed two quantitative parameters, distribution and homogeneity, which permitted the classification of the biopsies into four groups. Each of these categories has been correlated with clinical and kinetic data.", "PMID": 379759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4707", "title": "[Study of the spatial repartition of adipocytes with a texture analyser (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is given for quantifying the medullary weakness from biopsies of the iliac bone. It consists in calculating the variogram of adipocyte area proportion in a moving window of 70 micron x 70 micron moving 2 mm along the thin section. A numerical application is provided.", "contents": "[Study of the spatial repartition of adipocytes with a texture analyser (author's transl)]. A method is given for quantifying the medullary weakness from biopsies of the iliac bone. It consists in calculating the variogram of adipocyte area proportion in a moving window of 70 micron x 70 micron moving 2 mm along the thin section. A numerical application is provided.", "PMID": 379760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4708", "title": "[Quantitative study of the medullar fibrosis in 84 cases of idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly (author's transl)].", "content": "84 bone marrow biopsies were analysed by quantification methods with Classimat. The initial diagnosis was: idiopathic myelofibrosis with splenomegaly. A previous study divided the patients among three categories, according to the classification in three progressive stages of the bone marrow disease. The quantitative lecture was done after reticulin coloration, \"in blind\", and on several biopsies from the same patient. The results show good correlation with classical histologic methods. The quantitative measure of fibrosis is already important as soon as the first stages of the disease. Correlations with prognosis are more difficult to define.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of the medullar fibrosis in 84 cases of idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly (author's transl)]. 84 bone marrow biopsies were analysed by quantification methods with Classimat. The initial diagnosis was: idiopathic myelofibrosis with splenomegaly. A previous study divided the patients among three categories, according to the classification in three progressive stages of the bone marrow disease. The quantitative lecture was done after reticulin coloration, \"in blind\", and on several biopsies from the same patient. The results show good correlation with classical histologic methods. The quantitative measure of fibrosis is already important as soon as the first stages of the disease. Correlations with prognosis are more difficult to define.", "PMID": 379761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4709", "title": "[Quantitative study of hepatic fibrosis in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The construction of a prototype apparatus adapted to the constraints of tissue structures has permitted not only the quantification of fibrosis within the liver but also analysis of its distribution. The cumulative histograms thus achieved permit the characterization of the liver in Hodgkin's disease and its differentiation from other forms of hepatic fibrosis.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of hepatic fibrosis in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. The construction of a prototype apparatus adapted to the constraints of tissue structures has permitted not only the quantification of fibrosis within the liver but also analysis of its distribution. The cumulative histograms thus achieved permit the characterization of the liver in Hodgkin's disease and its differentiation from other forms of hepatic fibrosis.", "PMID": 379762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4710", "title": "[Image analysis application at immuno-hematology (author's transl)].", "content": "Image analysis is an original method for the determination of blood groups and tissue types and for the serology of syphilis. Major advantages are the rapid and specific discrimination of biological particles present in agglutinated or free form, either fluorescent or stained. The reading of the tests is instantaneous and quantitative. The results are expressed immediately and stored with the use of computers. We have studied three micromethods, two for red blood cell grouping and irregular antibodies screening and one for the serology of syphilis, each one being adapted for an automatic system.", "contents": "[Image analysis application at immuno-hematology (author's transl)]. Image analysis is an original method for the determination of blood groups and tissue types and for the serology of syphilis. Major advantages are the rapid and specific discrimination of biological particles present in agglutinated or free form, either fluorescent or stained. The reading of the tests is instantaneous and quantitative. The results are expressed immediately and stored with the use of computers. We have studied three micromethods, two for red blood cell grouping and irregular antibodies screening and one for the serology of syphilis, each one being adapted for an automatic system.", "PMID": 379763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4711", "title": "[Gastric mucus glycoproteins : structure, functions and pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "O-glycosylated glycoproteins are the main constituents of gastric mucus. They are responsible for its viscosity and for its gel-forming properties. Recent advances accomplished over the last years on its physical and chemical characterization are briefly reviewed. Many issues remain still unsettled concerning the modification of its structure and composition in diseases as well as details of its biosynthesis and its pharmacology.", "contents": "[Gastric mucus glycoproteins : structure, functions and pathology (author's transl)]. O-glycosylated glycoproteins are the main constituents of gastric mucus. They are responsible for its viscosity and for its gel-forming properties. Recent advances accomplished over the last years on its physical and chemical characterization are briefly reviewed. Many issues remain still unsettled concerning the modification of its structure and composition in diseases as well as details of its biosynthesis and its pharmacology.", "PMID": 379764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4712", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the in vitro biosynthesis of gastric mucus glycoproteins. Standardization of the methodology.", "content": "For the evaluation of a normal or pathological function of gastric mucosa, a reproducible method for the estimation of the biosynthesis of mucus glycoproteins appears to be necessary. Rat gastric mucosal scrapings incorporate in vitro several labeled compounds such as 14C-U-D-glucose, 35SO4, 14C-I-L-fucose and L-G-3H-proline in glycoproteins similar to those synthetized in vivo by native mucosa. The aim of our present work is to describe in detail the procedure we use and to show its reproducibility in 9 separate experiments. Secreted glycoproteins (fraction II) and intracellular glycoproteins (fraction III) obtained during a 4 hours in vitro incubation of rat gastric mucosal scrapings at 37 degrees C in standardized conditions were separately studied. The protein and hexose contents, total incorporated radioactivity and specific radioactivity (cpm/mg protein) were determined in these two fractions. The protein content of fraction II from 2 rat gastric mucosal scrapings incubated in 5 ml was 2 mg +/- 0.4 SEM and its hexose was 38.7 mg per 100 mg protein +/- 3.9. Fraction III contained 6.3 mg protein +/- 1.3 and 15.7 mg hexose per 100 mg protein +/- 3.5. About 27% of the total radioactivity incorporated (from 14C-glucose) was in fraction II (+/- 2.6 SEM) and 73% (+/- 2.6 SEM) in the cell bound fraction III. The distribution of total radioactivity was quite similar to that of total proteins : about 25% proteins were in fraction II and 75% in fraction III with a SEM of about 5 to 10% of the average value. If the biosynthetic activity is expressed as specific radioactivity, i.e. the ratio of incorporated radioactivity to mg proteins, the average for both fraction II and fraction III was about 10,000 cpm/mg protein and the standard error of the mean values are +/- 5.2% of the mean for in vitro secreted mucus glycoproteins (fraction II) and 9.1% in the case of intracellular glycoproteins (fraction III). These values can be considered as a satisfactory index of reproducibility of the method of mucosal scrapings if performed as described above.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the in vitro biosynthesis of gastric mucus glycoproteins. Standardization of the methodology. For the evaluation of a normal or pathological function of gastric mucosa, a reproducible method for the estimation of the biosynthesis of mucus glycoproteins appears to be necessary. Rat gastric mucosal scrapings incorporate in vitro several labeled compounds such as 14C-U-D-glucose, 35SO4, 14C-I-L-fucose and L-G-3H-proline in glycoproteins similar to those synthetized in vivo by native mucosa. The aim of our present work is to describe in detail the procedure we use and to show its reproducibility in 9 separate experiments. Secreted glycoproteins (fraction II) and intracellular glycoproteins (fraction III) obtained during a 4 hours in vitro incubation of rat gastric mucosal scrapings at 37 degrees C in standardized conditions were separately studied. The protein and hexose contents, total incorporated radioactivity and specific radioactivity (cpm/mg protein) were determined in these two fractions. The protein content of fraction II from 2 rat gastric mucosal scrapings incubated in 5 ml was 2 mg +/- 0.4 SEM and its hexose was 38.7 mg per 100 mg protein +/- 3.9. Fraction III contained 6.3 mg protein +/- 1.3 and 15.7 mg hexose per 100 mg protein +/- 3.5. About 27% of the total radioactivity incorporated (from 14C-glucose) was in fraction II (+/- 2.6 SEM) and 73% (+/- 2.6 SEM) in the cell bound fraction III. The distribution of total radioactivity was quite similar to that of total proteins : about 25% proteins were in fraction II and 75% in fraction III with a SEM of about 5 to 10% of the average value. If the biosynthetic activity is expressed as specific radioactivity, i.e. the ratio of incorporated radioactivity to mg proteins, the average for both fraction II and fraction III was about 10,000 cpm/mg protein and the standard error of the mean values are +/- 5.2% of the mean for in vitro secreted mucus glycoproteins (fraction II) and 9.1% in the case of intracellular glycoproteins (fraction III). These values can be considered as a satisfactory index of reproducibility of the method of mucosal scrapings if performed as described above.", "PMID": 379765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4713", "title": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in children.", "content": "Antibiotic-associated colitis is a rare complication of antimicrobial therapy in children. Ampicillin, penicillin, and clindamycin are the drugs most frequently reported to cause pseudomembranous colitis in pediatric patients. This diagnosis should be suspected in any child with significant diarrhea during or after a course of antimicrobial therapy, especially if the diarrhea persists after the drug has been discontinued. The diagnosis is established by proctoscopic findings of typical plaques of pseudomembranes. Most cases resolve promptly when the implicated antibiotic is stopped; however, the disease can be fulminant, progressing to toxic megacolon, peritonitis, and shock. Therapy of patients who have persistent diarrhea after the offending antibiotic has been discontinued should include oral vancomycin. Close fluid management is crucial for survival.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in children. Antibiotic-associated colitis is a rare complication of antimicrobial therapy in children. Ampicillin, penicillin, and clindamycin are the drugs most frequently reported to cause pseudomembranous colitis in pediatric patients. This diagnosis should be suspected in any child with significant diarrhea during or after a course of antimicrobial therapy, especially if the diarrhea persists after the drug has been discontinued. The diagnosis is established by proctoscopic findings of typical plaques of pseudomembranes. Most cases resolve promptly when the implicated antibiotic is stopped; however, the disease can be fulminant, progressing to toxic megacolon, peritonitis, and shock. Therapy of patients who have persistent diarrhea after the offending antibiotic has been discontinued should include oral vancomycin. Close fluid management is crucial for survival.", "PMID": 379773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4714", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: implications for an infectious disease.", "content": "There is a broad spectrum of presentations and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. Because it may have several different causes, ncerotizing enterocolitis may be a syndrome rather than a specific disease. The triad of formula feeding, intestinal ischemia, and bacterial growth may be part of the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Bacteria are of central importance for the production of pneumatosis, a prerequisite of which is formula feeding. Bacteria may also contribute to the intestinal injury seen after ischemia. However, the disease in the low risk patient seen during an epidemic associated with a single organism is probably caused by a primary gastrointestinal infection. On the other hand, in the stressed newborn infant with mucosal injury the presence of the appropriate bacteria may be all that is needed to initiate the chain of events leading to necrotizing enterocolitis. Figure 2 illustrates the importance of bacteria in all the causes proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Whether bacteria are primary or secondary agents, necrotizing enterocolitis should always be approached therapeutically as an infectious disease.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: implications for an infectious disease. There is a broad spectrum of presentations and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. Because it may have several different causes, ncerotizing enterocolitis may be a syndrome rather than a specific disease. The triad of formula feeding, intestinal ischemia, and bacterial growth may be part of the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Bacteria are of central importance for the production of pneumatosis, a prerequisite of which is formula feeding. Bacteria may also contribute to the intestinal injury seen after ischemia. However, the disease in the low risk patient seen during an epidemic associated with a single organism is probably caused by a primary gastrointestinal infection. On the other hand, in the stressed newborn infant with mucosal injury the presence of the appropriate bacteria may be all that is needed to initiate the chain of events leading to necrotizing enterocolitis. Figure 2 illustrates the importance of bacteria in all the causes proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Whether bacteria are primary or secondary agents, necrotizing enterocolitis should always be approached therapeutically as an infectious disease.", "PMID": 379777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4715", "title": "Infant botulism.", "content": "Infant botulism is a unique neuromuscular disease affecting infants less than six months old. It is the result of intraintestinal toxin production by C. botulinum (toxi-infection). Characteristic symptoms include constipation, lethargy, and decreased feeding. Physical examination often reveals generalized hypotonia with cranial nerve impairment. Recovery is dependent on supportive care in an intensive care setting. The relationship of this disease to the sudden infant death syndrome requires further study.", "contents": "Infant botulism. Infant botulism is a unique neuromuscular disease affecting infants less than six months old. It is the result of intraintestinal toxin production by C. botulinum (toxi-infection). Characteristic symptoms include constipation, lethargy, and decreased feeding. Physical examination often reveals generalized hypotonia with cranial nerve impairment. Recovery is dependent on supportive care in an intensive care setting. The relationship of this disease to the sudden infant death syndrome requires further study.", "PMID": 379778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4716", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infections in children.", "content": "Y. enterocolitica has been increasingly associated with a wide range of age-related clinical manifestations in children and adults, including febrile gastroenteritis, pseudoappendicitis, arthritis, sepsis, and focal suppurative disease. Although definite patterns of incidence, prevalence, transmission, and pathophysiology are emerging, much remains to be explained. The alert clinician who notifies his clinical laboratory colleagues that special isolation techniques are required to recover this organism from stool samples, and who submits mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriologic examination in cases of mesenteric adenitis, will aid attempts to further delineate the significance of this emerging pathogen in the United States. Therapy depends on the form and severity of illness and must be guided by in vitro sensitivity, pending animal and epidemiologic studies.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infections in children. Y. enterocolitica has been increasingly associated with a wide range of age-related clinical manifestations in children and adults, including febrile gastroenteritis, pseudoappendicitis, arthritis, sepsis, and focal suppurative disease. Although definite patterns of incidence, prevalence, transmission, and pathophysiology are emerging, much remains to be explained. The alert clinician who notifies his clinical laboratory colleagues that special isolation techniques are required to recover this organism from stool samples, and who submits mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriologic examination in cases of mesenteric adenitis, will aid attempts to further delineate the significance of this emerging pathogen in the United States. Therapy depends on the form and severity of illness and must be guided by in vitro sensitivity, pending animal and epidemiologic studies.", "PMID": 379783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4717", "title": "Imagery and the autonomic nervous system: some methodological issues.", "content": "The present paper is concerned with the role played by image content in the mediation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. The minimum methodological requirements of such studies are described including controls for imaging, image content, and expectancy effects. Studies meeting these requirements are then reviewed. It is concluded that image content can be a significant modifier of ANS arousal and that this property is not restricted to images containing affective, e.g., phobic, content. These conclusions have relevance to research into techniques such as biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and progressive relaxation, where imagery many have a profound influence but where it has received little direct empirical attentiol.", "contents": "Imagery and the autonomic nervous system: some methodological issues. The present paper is concerned with the role played by image content in the mediation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. The minimum methodological requirements of such studies are described including controls for imaging, image content, and expectancy effects. Studies meeting these requirements are then reviewed. It is concluded that image content can be a significant modifier of ANS arousal and that this property is not restricted to images containing affective, e.g., phobic, content. These conclusions have relevance to research into techniques such as biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and progressive relaxation, where imagery many have a profound influence but where it has received little direct empirical attentiol.", "PMID": 379792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4718", "title": "Do low doses of deoxycholate modify the release of rat jejunal brush border hydrolases?", "content": "The in-vivo effects of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) at low concentrations on the release of protein and some brush border hydrolases, sucrase (SA), maltase (MA), leucine aminopeptidase (LA), alkaline phosphatase (AP), have been investigated in the rat by a jejunal perfusion technique. During perfusion with DOC (0.125 or 0.25 mmol/l), enzyme release was not enhanced. After removal of DOC from the perfusion solution with 0.125 mmol/l DOC, there was a steady release of SA, MA and AP although enzyme release was increased linearly in the control and the 0.25 mmol/l DOC groups. The results also confirm the deep localization of AP within the membrane.", "contents": "Do low doses of deoxycholate modify the release of rat jejunal brush border hydrolases? The in-vivo effects of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) at low concentrations on the release of protein and some brush border hydrolases, sucrase (SA), maltase (MA), leucine aminopeptidase (LA), alkaline phosphatase (AP), have been investigated in the rat by a jejunal perfusion technique. During perfusion with DOC (0.125 or 0.25 mmol/l), enzyme release was not enhanced. After removal of DOC from the perfusion solution with 0.125 mmol/l DOC, there was a steady release of SA, MA and AP although enzyme release was increased linearly in the control and the 0.25 mmol/l DOC groups. The results also confirm the deep localization of AP within the membrane.", "PMID": 379803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4719", "title": "[Bacteria profiles in four coastal areas of East Zealand--coliform bacteria, E. coli and vibriolike organisms (VLO) (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevalence of E. coli, coliforms and Vibrio-like-organisms has been studied at four different sites along the east coast of Zealand. High values were registered in sediment taken from the water-line and at a depth of one meter. Generally there exist significant differences between the bacterial counts of water and sediment, and it is obvious that the greatest concentration is in the waterline sediment. The epidemiological and hygienic consequences of these facts are discussed.", "contents": "[Bacteria profiles in four coastal areas of East Zealand--coliform bacteria, E. coli and vibriolike organisms (VLO) (author's transl)]. The prevalence of E. coli, coliforms and Vibrio-like-organisms has been studied at four different sites along the east coast of Zealand. High values were registered in sediment taken from the water-line and at a depth of one meter. Generally there exist significant differences between the bacterial counts of water and sediment, and it is obvious that the greatest concentration is in the waterline sediment. The epidemiological and hygienic consequences of these facts are discussed.", "PMID": 379805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4720", "title": "[Initial immunochemotherapy in inflammatory carcinomas of the breast. Preliminary results of a trials in 9 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Traditional treatments have proved to be of little effect on inflammatory carcinomas of the breast. The later show a tendency to early metastases and the mean survival is less than 19 months. The preliminary results of the therapeutic protocol reported here and whose originality lies in the primary use of non-specific immunotherapy and of high-dosage chemotherapy appear to be very favourable. The protocol was used in 9 patients. \"Thermographic cooling\" was taken as the criterion of operability. Initial chemotherapy was restarted after surgery up to a total of 10 courses, and followed by maintenance chemotherapy for one year. Immunotherapy using BCG was routinely associated with the antimitotic agents. After 41 months, the results were as follows: -- local recurrence after tumorectomy in 2 patients (18th and 31st months); these recurrences were controlled by cobalt. -- the other 7 patients show no sign of recurrence. These 9 patients are presently in complete remission.", "contents": "[Initial immunochemotherapy in inflammatory carcinomas of the breast. Preliminary results of a trials in 9 patients (author's transl)]. Traditional treatments have proved to be of little effect on inflammatory carcinomas of the breast. The later show a tendency to early metastases and the mean survival is less than 19 months. The preliminary results of the therapeutic protocol reported here and whose originality lies in the primary use of non-specific immunotherapy and of high-dosage chemotherapy appear to be very favourable. The protocol was used in 9 patients. \"Thermographic cooling\" was taken as the criterion of operability. Initial chemotherapy was restarted after surgery up to a total of 10 courses, and followed by maintenance chemotherapy for one year. Immunotherapy using BCG was routinely associated with the antimitotic agents. After 41 months, the results were as follows: -- local recurrence after tumorectomy in 2 patients (18th and 31st months); these recurrences were controlled by cobalt. -- the other 7 patients show no sign of recurrence. These 9 patients are presently in complete remission.", "PMID": 379807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4721", "title": "[Optimal expiratory positive pressure during artificial ventilation. Application in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 14 patients (7 males and 7 females) ventilated artificially for acute respiratory distress syndrome, the authors defined a level of optimal expiratory positive pressure giving an FiO2 = 1, an arterial pO2 greater than or equal to 400 mmhg and/or an intrapulmonary shunt less than or equal to 15%. Improvement in arterial pO2 under such conditions would appear to be related to maximum alveolar recrutment. This optimal level of expiratory positive pressure would appear to be independent of values of total static pulmonary compliance. The long term use of this technique would seem to be encouraging.", "contents": "[Optimal expiratory positive pressure during artificial ventilation. Application in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in the adult (author's transl)]. In a group of 14 patients (7 males and 7 females) ventilated artificially for acute respiratory distress syndrome, the authors defined a level of optimal expiratory positive pressure giving an FiO2 = 1, an arterial pO2 greater than or equal to 400 mmhg and/or an intrapulmonary shunt less than or equal to 15%. Improvement in arterial pO2 under such conditions would appear to be related to maximum alveolar recrutment. This optimal level of expiratory positive pressure would appear to be independent of values of total static pulmonary compliance. The long term use of this technique would seem to be encouraging.", "PMID": 379808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4722", "title": "[Cryptococcosis: serodiagnosis by immunoenzymology (ELISA) (author's transl)].", "content": "For the first time ELISA test was applied for the human cryptococcosis serodiagnosis. We have used the somatic and metabolic antigene extracted from culture of Cryptococcus neoformans. It seems that metabolic antigenosis more specific and more actif. For two cryptococcosis conformated cases (9 sera), ELISA test was always and intensely positive and, in one case after curative treatment, we have seen an importante antibodies decrease. If this first results were confirmated, the ELISA test should give some new perspectives for the sero diagnosis of the cryptococcosis and for the survey of the treatment, that was until now in practice unrealizable.", "contents": "[Cryptococcosis: serodiagnosis by immunoenzymology (ELISA) (author's transl)]. For the first time ELISA test was applied for the human cryptococcosis serodiagnosis. We have used the somatic and metabolic antigene extracted from culture of Cryptococcus neoformans. It seems that metabolic antigenosis more specific and more actif. For two cryptococcosis conformated cases (9 sera), ELISA test was always and intensely positive and, in one case after curative treatment, we have seen an importante antibodies decrease. If this first results were confirmated, the ELISA test should give some new perspectives for the sero diagnosis of the cryptococcosis and for the survey of the treatment, that was until now in practice unrealizable.", "PMID": 379809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4723", "title": "[Tubal repermeabilisation after sterilisation. Techniques and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Requests for repermeabilisation surgery, previously rare, are becoming more common. The indications for reparative surgery are analysed. Microsurgery is possible when the length of the remaining tube us adequate, more than 5 cm, and the ampulla undamaged. It is made difficult when the initial sterilisation procedure has destroyed too long a segment of the tube: electrocoagulation, resection of a long loop of tube. It is impossible when the ampulla and the adjacent portion of the tube have been damaged. Microsurgical techniques certainly improve the results of reparative surgery. After end-to-end anastomosis of the medial half of the tube, 60 to 75% of pregnancies going to term are obtained, and more than 90% secondary permeability. New methods for surgical sterilisation such as clips or rings should make it possible to achieve even better results in the future.", "contents": "[Tubal repermeabilisation after sterilisation. Techniques and results (author's transl)]. Requests for repermeabilisation surgery, previously rare, are becoming more common. The indications for reparative surgery are analysed. Microsurgery is possible when the length of the remaining tube us adequate, more than 5 cm, and the ampulla undamaged. It is made difficult when the initial sterilisation procedure has destroyed too long a segment of the tube: electrocoagulation, resection of a long loop of tube. It is impossible when the ampulla and the adjacent portion of the tube have been damaged. Microsurgical techniques certainly improve the results of reparative surgery. After end-to-end anastomosis of the medial half of the tube, 60 to 75% of pregnancies going to term are obtained, and more than 90% secondary permeability. New methods for surgical sterilisation such as clips or rings should make it possible to achieve even better results in the future.", "PMID": 379810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4724", "title": "[Lymphocyte migration inhibition in rabbit experimental syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "During rabbit experimental syphilis a suspension of Treponema pallidum (TP) was used as antigen. The evolution of anti TP antibodies was followed up to the fifteenth month, the antibody titer was maximum at month seven. A stimulation of leukocytes migration test was observed up to the sixth month then a significant inhibition appeared (chi square test) which persists after the ninth month. Hence the possibility was discussed that some form of cellular immunity appears secondary while immune response was mostly of humoral type at the beginning of the disease.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte migration inhibition in rabbit experimental syphilis (author's transl)]. During rabbit experimental syphilis a suspension of Treponema pallidum (TP) was used as antigen. The evolution of anti TP antibodies was followed up to the fifteenth month, the antibody titer was maximum at month seven. A stimulation of leukocytes migration test was observed up to the sixth month then a significant inhibition appeared (chi square test) which persists after the ninth month. Hence the possibility was discussed that some form of cellular immunity appears secondary while immune response was mostly of humoral type at the beginning of the disease.", "PMID": 379811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4725", "title": "[Radio-immunometric determination of the ferritin for evaluation of the iron storage pool (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-three patients with several haematological diseases have been studied with radio-iron-kinetic, cyto-chemical measurement of iron in the bone marrow, and radio-immunometric determination of the ferritin in the serum. This method gives results which correlate significantly with other methods which evaluate the iron storage pool, in normal or iron-deficient patients. In some cases, an excess of serum ferritin, contrasting with normal serum iron, is confirmed by cytochemical and/or Fe-kinetic studies. In myeloproliferative diseases however, secretion of ferritin by immature cells may induce an excess of serum ferritin. In such cases, the dosage of ferritinaemia cannot be considered as an index of the iron storage pool. Future development of specific dosage of isoferritins could enable to measure the true iron stores, as well as to give an index estimating the evolution of the abnormal cell population.", "contents": "[Radio-immunometric determination of the ferritin for evaluation of the iron storage pool (author's transl)]. Seventy-three patients with several haematological diseases have been studied with radio-iron-kinetic, cyto-chemical measurement of iron in the bone marrow, and radio-immunometric determination of the ferritin in the serum. This method gives results which correlate significantly with other methods which evaluate the iron storage pool, in normal or iron-deficient patients. In some cases, an excess of serum ferritin, contrasting with normal serum iron, is confirmed by cytochemical and/or Fe-kinetic studies. In myeloproliferative diseases however, secretion of ferritin by immature cells may induce an excess of serum ferritin. In such cases, the dosage of ferritinaemia cannot be considered as an index of the iron storage pool. Future development of specific dosage of isoferritins could enable to measure the true iron stores, as well as to give an index estimating the evolution of the abnormal cell population.", "PMID": 379812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4726", "title": "[Palliative oesophago-jejunal anastomosis for advanced carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Palliative oesophago-jejunal anastomosis via a purely abdominal approach is proposed in the treatment of inoperable carcinoma of the stomach, and in which gastro-enterostomy is not possible. The latero-lateral nature avoiding any dissection of the oesophagus and the wide calibre of the anastomosis made possible by automatic suture clamps are factors in ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the method, which considerably improves the living conditions of these patients.", "contents": "[Palliative oesophago-jejunal anastomosis for advanced carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Palliative oesophago-jejunal anastomosis via a purely abdominal approach is proposed in the treatment of inoperable carcinoma of the stomach, and in which gastro-enterostomy is not possible. The latero-lateral nature avoiding any dissection of the oesophagus and the wide calibre of the anastomosis made possible by automatic suture clamps are factors in ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the method, which considerably improves the living conditions of these patients.", "PMID": 379813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4727", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the major glutamate transfer RNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of glutamate tRNA1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was determined to be pU-C-C-G-U-U-G-U-m1G-G-U-C-C-A-A-C-G-G-C-D-A-G-G-A-U-U-C-G-U-C-G-C-U-U-U*-C-A-C-C-G-A-C-G-G-G-A-G-m5C-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-C-U-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-G-G-A-G-C-C-AOH. The sequence differs markedly from that of S. cerevisiae tRNAGlu. S. pombe glutamate tRNA1 can be aminoacylated by the homologous glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase as well as by the corresponding enzyme from S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the major glutamate transfer RNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The nucleotide sequence of glutamate tRNA1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was determined to be pU-C-C-G-U-U-G-U-m1G-G-U-C-C-A-A-C-G-G-C-D-A-G-G-A-U-U-C-G-U-C-G-C-U-U-U*-C-A-C-C-G-A-C-G-G-G-A-G-m5C-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-C-U-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-G-G-A-G-C-C-AOH. The sequence differs markedly from that of S. cerevisiae tRNAGlu. S. pombe glutamate tRNA1 can be aminoacylated by the homologous glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase as well as by the corresponding enzyme from S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 379816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4728", "title": "Propagation of restriction fragments from the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in E. coli by means of plasmid vectors.", "content": "Some of the EcoRI fragments of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mitochondrial DNA were cloned into E. coli using plasmid pMB9. The five smallest fragments in molecular weight appeared to be preferentially retained by E coli; partial fragments derived from larger mitochondrial DNA fragments were also found. One of the fragments, R7 (2.4 kb), may contain the OII gene. Cloned R7 DNA was stable under a variety of growth conditions, but showed some changes in molecular weight after transfer to different E. coli strains. Fragment R7 is transcribed in minicells, producing RNA that hybridizes specifically to mitochondrial DNA. Both DNA strands are transcribed, in contrast to the asymmetric transcription found in mitochondria. No new polypeptides were observed in minicells containing cloned fragment 7.", "contents": "Propagation of restriction fragments from the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in E. coli by means of plasmid vectors. Some of the EcoRI fragments of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mitochondrial DNA were cloned into E. coli using plasmid pMB9. The five smallest fragments in molecular weight appeared to be preferentially retained by E coli; partial fragments derived from larger mitochondrial DNA fragments were also found. One of the fragments, R7 (2.4 kb), may contain the OII gene. Cloned R7 DNA was stable under a variety of growth conditions, but showed some changes in molecular weight after transfer to different E. coli strains. Fragment R7 is transcribed in minicells, producing RNA that hybridizes specifically to mitochondrial DNA. Both DNA strands are transcribed, in contrast to the asymmetric transcription found in mitochondria. No new polypeptides were observed in minicells containing cloned fragment 7.", "PMID": 379817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4729", "title": "Segmental flexibility in Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 as studied by fluorescence polarization.", "content": "Ribosomal protein S1 covalently reacts with approximately one equivalent of iodoacetylethylenediamine (1,5-napthol sulfonate (IAEDANS) or iodoacetylaminofluorescein (IAAF). The product AEDANS-S1 can bind to 30S ribosomal subunits lacking S1 as shown by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis AEDANS-S1 and AAF-S1 when added back to S1-depleted 30S subunits modulate poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis in the presence of IF3 in a very similar way to unmodified S1. AEDANS-S1 also stimulates RI7-dependent fMet-tRNA binding to 1.0M NH4C1 washed ribosomes whereas AAF-S1 does not. Both static and nanosecond fluorescence polarization techniques were used to study the rotational motions of AEDANS-S1. Several previous studies had indicated that S1 is a highly extended protein which can be modeled by a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 10 to 1. However, the rotational correlation time we find is about half that expected for such a particle. This suggests that S1 is a flexible protein with at least two domains that can rotate independently.", "contents": "Segmental flexibility in Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 as studied by fluorescence polarization. Ribosomal protein S1 covalently reacts with approximately one equivalent of iodoacetylethylenediamine (1,5-napthol sulfonate (IAEDANS) or iodoacetylaminofluorescein (IAAF). The product AEDANS-S1 can bind to 30S ribosomal subunits lacking S1 as shown by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis AEDANS-S1 and AAF-S1 when added back to S1-depleted 30S subunits modulate poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis in the presence of IF3 in a very similar way to unmodified S1. AEDANS-S1 also stimulates RI7-dependent fMet-tRNA binding to 1.0M NH4C1 washed ribosomes whereas AAF-S1 does not. Both static and nanosecond fluorescence polarization techniques were used to study the rotational motions of AEDANS-S1. Several previous studies had indicated that S1 is a highly extended protein which can be modeled by a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 10 to 1. However, the rotational correlation time we find is about half that expected for such a particle. This suggests that S1 is a flexible protein with at least two domains that can rotate independently.", "PMID": 379818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4730", "title": "A ribonuclease-resistant region of 5S RNA and its relation to the RNA binding sites of proteins L18 and L25.", "content": "An RNA fragment, constituting three subfragments of nucleotide sequences 1-11, 69-87 and 89-120, is the most ribonuclease-resistant part of the native 5S RNA of Escherichia coli, at 0 degrees C. A smaller fragment of nucleotide sequence 69-87 and 90-110 is ribonuclease-resistant at 25 degrees. Degradation of the L25-5S RNA complex with ribonuclease A or T2 yielded RNA fragments similar to those of the free 5S RNA at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C; moreover L25 remained strongly bound to both RNA fragments and also produced some opening of the RNA structure in at least two positions. Protein L18 initially protected most of the 5S RNA against ribonuclease digestion, at 0 degrees C, but was then gradually released prior to the formation of the larger RNA fragment. It cannot be concluded, therefore, as it was earlier (Gray et al., 1973), that this RNA fragment contains the primary binding site of L18.", "contents": "A ribonuclease-resistant region of 5S RNA and its relation to the RNA binding sites of proteins L18 and L25. An RNA fragment, constituting three subfragments of nucleotide sequences 1-11, 69-87 and 89-120, is the most ribonuclease-resistant part of the native 5S RNA of Escherichia coli, at 0 degrees C. A smaller fragment of nucleotide sequence 69-87 and 90-110 is ribonuclease-resistant at 25 degrees. Degradation of the L25-5S RNA complex with ribonuclease A or T2 yielded RNA fragments similar to those of the free 5S RNA at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C; moreover L25 remained strongly bound to both RNA fragments and also produced some opening of the RNA structure in at least two positions. Protein L18 initially protected most of the 5S RNA against ribonuclease digestion, at 0 degrees C, but was then gradually released prior to the formation of the larger RNA fragment. It cannot be concluded, therefore, as it was earlier (Gray et al., 1973), that this RNA fragment contains the primary binding site of L18.", "PMID": 379819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4731", "title": "The use of R-looping for structural gene identification and mRNA purification.", "content": "A method is presented for the purification of mRNAs and the identification of structural gene sequences in recombinant DNA molecules. RNA is hybridized to double-stranded linear DNA such that R-loops are formed between most DNAs and their complementary RNA sequences. These R-loops are purified from unhybridized RNAs by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of a high concentration of salt. The complementary RNAs are released from the R-loops by heating, and are assayed by gel electrophoresis or cell free translation to determine their purity and to identify the proteins for which they code. We have demonstrated that recombinant DNAs containing sequences for abundant or moderately abundant mRNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be identified by this means.", "contents": "The use of R-looping for structural gene identification and mRNA purification. A method is presented for the purification of mRNAs and the identification of structural gene sequences in recombinant DNA molecules. RNA is hybridized to double-stranded linear DNA such that R-loops are formed between most DNAs and their complementary RNA sequences. These R-loops are purified from unhybridized RNAs by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of a high concentration of salt. The complementary RNAs are released from the R-loops by heating, and are assayed by gel electrophoresis or cell free translation to determine their purity and to identify the proteins for which they code. We have demonstrated that recombinant DNAs containing sequences for abundant or moderately abundant mRNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be identified by this means.", "PMID": 379820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4732", "title": "Improved methods for the formation and stabilization of R-loops.", "content": "Improved methods for the formation and stabilization of R-loops for visualization in the electron microscope are presented. The two complementary strands of a duplex DNA are photochemically crosslinked once every 1 to 3 kb using 4, 5', 8 trimethylpsoralen. R-loops are then formed by incubation with RNA in 70% formamide at a temperature above the DNA melting temperature. Finally, the R-loops are stabilized by modifying the free single strand of DNA with glyoxal, thus minimizing the displacement of the hybridized RNA by branch migration. In this manner R-loops can be formed and visualized at a high frequency irrespective of the base composition of the nucleic acid of interest.", "contents": "Improved methods for the formation and stabilization of R-loops. Improved methods for the formation and stabilization of R-loops for visualization in the electron microscope are presented. The two complementary strands of a duplex DNA are photochemically crosslinked once every 1 to 3 kb using 4, 5', 8 trimethylpsoralen. R-loops are then formed by incubation with RNA in 70% formamide at a temperature above the DNA melting temperature. Finally, the R-loops are stabilized by modifying the free single strand of DNA with glyoxal, thus minimizing the displacement of the hybridized RNA by branch migration. In this manner R-loops can be formed and visualized at a high frequency irrespective of the base composition of the nucleic acid of interest.", "PMID": 379821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4733", "title": "A study on the unprimed poly (dA-dT) synthesis catalyzed by preparations of E. coli DNA polymerase I.", "content": "Evidence was obtained indicating that the initiation of poly (dA-dT) de novo synthesis is provided by deoxynucleoside diphosphate: oligonucleotide deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dNDP-transferase present in preparations of E. coli DNA polymerase I and capable of catalyzing the unprimed polymerization of dNDP. dNDP-transferase synthesyzes short oligonucleotides which form template-primer complexes repeatedly replicated by DNA polymerase I. This conclusion was based on the following observations: the abolition of the lag period of poly (dA-dT) synthesis by preincubation of DNA-polymerase I preparations with dADP and dTDP; the presence of oligo (dA-dT) among the preincubation products; the suppressive effect of dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide (inhibitors of dNDP-transferase) on the de novo, but not on the primed synthesis of poly (dA-dT), catalyzed by preparations of DNA-polymerase I.", "contents": "A study on the unprimed poly (dA-dT) synthesis catalyzed by preparations of E. coli DNA polymerase I. Evidence was obtained indicating that the initiation of poly (dA-dT) de novo synthesis is provided by deoxynucleoside diphosphate: oligonucleotide deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dNDP-transferase present in preparations of E. coli DNA polymerase I and capable of catalyzing the unprimed polymerization of dNDP. dNDP-transferase synthesyzes short oligonucleotides which form template-primer complexes repeatedly replicated by DNA polymerase I. This conclusion was based on the following observations: the abolition of the lag period of poly (dA-dT) synthesis by preincubation of DNA-polymerase I preparations with dADP and dTDP; the presence of oligo (dA-dT) among the preincubation products; the suppressive effect of dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide (inhibitors of dNDP-transferase) on the de novo, but not on the primed synthesis of poly (dA-dT), catalyzed by preparations of DNA-polymerase I.", "PMID": 379822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4734", "title": "Rapid chemical synthesis and circular dichroism properties of some 2'-5'-linked oligoriboadenylates.", "content": "Specific synthesis of some oligoadenylates including A2'p5'A2'p5'Ap(2'), the 2'-phosphorylated oligoribonucleotide core of the recently discovered protein synthesis inhibitor pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A is described using a novel solid-phase method. The CD spectra of A2'p5'Ap(2'), A2'p5'A2'p5'Ap(2') and A2'p5'A2'p5'A (derived by treatment of the phosphorylated synthetic trimer with E. coli alkaline phosphatase) are presented. Comparison of the latter spectrum with that of A2'p5'A2'p5'A obtained similarly from a biologically derived sample of pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A provides further evidence that this molecule is in fact the first naturally-occurring 2'-5'-linked oligoribonucleotide.", "contents": "Rapid chemical synthesis and circular dichroism properties of some 2'-5'-linked oligoriboadenylates. Specific synthesis of some oligoadenylates including A2'p5'A2'p5'Ap(2'), the 2'-phosphorylated oligoribonucleotide core of the recently discovered protein synthesis inhibitor pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A is described using a novel solid-phase method. The CD spectra of A2'p5'Ap(2'), A2'p5'A2'p5'Ap(2') and A2'p5'A2'p5'A (derived by treatment of the phosphorylated synthetic trimer with E. coli alkaline phosphatase) are presented. Comparison of the latter spectrum with that of A2'p5'A2'p5'A obtained similarly from a biologically derived sample of pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A provides further evidence that this molecule is in fact the first naturally-occurring 2'-5'-linked oligoribonucleotide.", "PMID": 379823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4735", "title": "Studies on gene control regions X. The effect of specific adenine-thymine transversions on the lac repressor-lac operator interaction.", "content": "Chemical and enzymatic methods were used to synthesize a transition (AT to GC) and a transversion (AT to TA) at a lac operator site known to interact with lac repressor through the thymine 5 methyl group. These operators also contained a poly(dA) . poly(dT) tail 8 to 12 base pairs in length at one end. Results suggest that the steric constraints of lac repressor relative to the position of the 5 methyl group are quite critical. For example a seven fold reduction in stability was observed for the transversion. Results also suggest that the operator spans at least 21 base pairs.", "contents": "Studies on gene control regions X. The effect of specific adenine-thymine transversions on the lac repressor-lac operator interaction. Chemical and enzymatic methods were used to synthesize a transition (AT to GC) and a transversion (AT to TA) at a lac operator site known to interact with lac repressor through the thymine 5 methyl group. These operators also contained a poly(dA) . poly(dT) tail 8 to 12 base pairs in length at one end. Results suggest that the steric constraints of lac repressor relative to the position of the 5 methyl group are quite critical. For example a seven fold reduction in stability was observed for the transversion. Results also suggest that the operator spans at least 21 base pairs.", "PMID": 379824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4736", "title": "1H NMR studies on the conformational characteristics of 2-thiopyrimidine nucleotides found in transfer RNAs.", "content": "The molecular conformations of naturally occurring 2-thiopyrimidine nucleosides (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine and 2-thiocytidine) and 5'-mononucleotides (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine 5'-monophosphate and 2-thiocytidine 5'-monophosphate) in 2H2O solution were elucidated by analyses of the proton NMR spin-coupling constant, nuclear Overhauser effect, and lanthanide-induced shifts and relaxation enhancements. As monomers, these nucleotides are almost exclusively in the 3E-gg-anti form, even in the absence of ordinary stabilizing factors of this form; i. e., base-stacking and base-pairing interactions with other nucleotide units. This inherent conformational rigidity of the 2-thiopyrimidine units probably contributes to stability of the conformation of tRNA.", "contents": "1H NMR studies on the conformational characteristics of 2-thiopyrimidine nucleotides found in transfer RNAs. The molecular conformations of naturally occurring 2-thiopyrimidine nucleosides (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine and 2-thiocytidine) and 5'-mononucleotides (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine 5'-monophosphate and 2-thiocytidine 5'-monophosphate) in 2H2O solution were elucidated by analyses of the proton NMR spin-coupling constant, nuclear Overhauser effect, and lanthanide-induced shifts and relaxation enhancements. As monomers, these nucleotides are almost exclusively in the 3E-gg-anti form, even in the absence of ordinary stabilizing factors of this form; i. e., base-stacking and base-pairing interactions with other nucleotide units. This inherent conformational rigidity of the 2-thiopyrimidine units probably contributes to stability of the conformation of tRNA.", "PMID": 379825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4737", "title": "Studies on the RNA and protein binding sites of the E. coli ribosomal protein L10.", "content": "We have used modification of specific amino acid residues in the E. coli ribosomal protein L10 as a tool to study its interactions with another ribosomal protein, L7/L12, as well as with ribosomal core particles and with 23S RNA. The ribosome and RNA binding capability of L10 was found to be inhibited by modification of one more of its arginine residues. This treatment does not affect the ability of L10 to bind four molecules of L7/L12 in a L7/L12-L10 complex. Our results support the view that L10's role in promoting the L7/L12-ribosome association is due primarily to its ability to bind to both 23S RNA and L7/L12 simultaneously.", "contents": "Studies on the RNA and protein binding sites of the E. coli ribosomal protein L10. We have used modification of specific amino acid residues in the E. coli ribosomal protein L10 as a tool to study its interactions with another ribosomal protein, L7/L12, as well as with ribosomal core particles and with 23S RNA. The ribosome and RNA binding capability of L10 was found to be inhibited by modification of one more of its arginine residues. This treatment does not affect the ability of L10 to bind four molecules of L7/L12 in a L7/L12-L10 complex. Our results support the view that L10's role in promoting the L7/L12-ribosome association is due primarily to its ability to bind to both 23S RNA and L7/L12 simultaneously.", "PMID": 379826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4738", "title": "Characterization of in vitro transcription initiation and termination sites in Col E1 DNA.", "content": "Overlapping restriction fragments from the region between the single Eco R1 site and the origin of replication of the plasmid, Col E1, have been utilised as templates in an in vitro transcription assay using E. coli RNA polymerase. Transcription towards the single Eco R1 site is initiated at a point 415 bp to the origin side of that site. In vivo, transcription starting at this point probably produces the mRNA for the colicin immunity protein. Transcription away from the Eco R1 site is initiated at a point 140 bp to the origin side of that site and terminated 30 bp further on. This terminator is probably the point at which transcription of the colicin gene is terminated in vivo. DNA sequence analysis in both these regions demonstrated several similarities to other prokaryotic regulatory regions. 50% homology between the putative immunity promoter and other prokaryotic promoters is apparent, so are similarities in AT-content. Upstream of the ATG start codon the sequence PuPuTTTPuPu and a termination codon (TAA) appear; both are typical of prokaryotic ribosome binding sites. The colicin terminator demonstrated similarities to other rho-independent prokaryotic terminators: a GC-rich region with termination in an adjacent AT-rich region containing T clusters on the non-coding strand. The possible role of initiation upstream from the colicin terminator is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of in vitro transcription initiation and termination sites in Col E1 DNA. Overlapping restriction fragments from the region between the single Eco R1 site and the origin of replication of the plasmid, Col E1, have been utilised as templates in an in vitro transcription assay using E. coli RNA polymerase. Transcription towards the single Eco R1 site is initiated at a point 415 bp to the origin side of that site. In vivo, transcription starting at this point probably produces the mRNA for the colicin immunity protein. Transcription away from the Eco R1 site is initiated at a point 140 bp to the origin side of that site and terminated 30 bp further on. This terminator is probably the point at which transcription of the colicin gene is terminated in vivo. DNA sequence analysis in both these regions demonstrated several similarities to other prokaryotic regulatory regions. 50% homology between the putative immunity promoter and other prokaryotic promoters is apparent, so are similarities in AT-content. Upstream of the ATG start codon the sequence PuPuTTTPuPu and a termination codon (TAA) appear; both are typical of prokaryotic ribosome binding sites. The colicin terminator demonstrated similarities to other rho-independent prokaryotic terminators: a GC-rich region with termination in an adjacent AT-rich region containing T clusters on the non-coding strand. The possible role of initiation upstream from the colicin terminator is discussed.", "PMID": 379827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4739", "title": "Entrapment of plasmid DNA in liposomes.", "content": "The entrapment of plasmid DNA (pMB9) and high molecular weight DNA into large unilamellar liposomes is described. The entrapment of DNA is specific and due to encapsulation of DNA into the aqueous compartment of liposomes. The entrapped Dna, resistant to deoxyribonuclease treatment, could be reisolated from liposomes intact and, as has been shown by transformation assay, it remains biologically active. The advantages of our method and possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "Entrapment of plasmid DNA in liposomes. The entrapment of plasmid DNA (pMB9) and high molecular weight DNA into large unilamellar liposomes is described. The entrapment of DNA is specific and due to encapsulation of DNA into the aqueous compartment of liposomes. The entrapped Dna, resistant to deoxyribonuclease treatment, could be reisolated from liposomes intact and, as has been shown by transformation assay, it remains biologically active. The advantages of our method and possible applications are discussed.", "PMID": 379828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4740", "title": "Studies on the binding of the ribosomal protein complex L7/12-L10 and protein L11 to the 5'-one third of 23S RNA: a functional centre of the 50S subunit.", "content": "The RNA binding sites of the protein complex of L7/12 dimers and L10, and of protein L11, occur within the 5'-one third of 23S RNA. Binding of the L7/12-L10 protein complex to the 23S RNA is stimulated by protein L11 and vice-versa. This is the second example to be established of mutual stimulation of RNA binding by two ribosomal proteins or protein complexes, and suggests that this may be an important principle governing ribosomal protein-RNA assembly. When the L7/12-L10 complex is bound to the RNA, L10 becomes strongly resistant to trypsin. Since the L7/12 dimer does not bind specifically to the 23S RNA, this suggests that L10 constitutes a major RNA binding site of the protein complex. Only one of the L7/12 dimers is bound strongly in the (L7/12-L10)-23S RNA complex; the other can dissociate with no concurrent loss of L10.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of the ribosomal protein complex L7/12-L10 and protein L11 to the 5'-one third of 23S RNA: a functional centre of the 50S subunit. The RNA binding sites of the protein complex of L7/12 dimers and L10, and of protein L11, occur within the 5'-one third of 23S RNA. Binding of the L7/12-L10 protein complex to the 23S RNA is stimulated by protein L11 and vice-versa. This is the second example to be established of mutual stimulation of RNA binding by two ribosomal proteins or protein complexes, and suggests that this may be an important principle governing ribosomal protein-RNA assembly. When the L7/12-L10 complex is bound to the RNA, L10 becomes strongly resistant to trypsin. Since the L7/12 dimer does not bind specifically to the 23S RNA, this suggests that L10 constitutes a major RNA binding site of the protein complex. Only one of the L7/12 dimers is bound strongly in the (L7/12-L10)-23S RNA complex; the other can dissociate with no concurrent loss of L10.", "PMID": 379829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4741", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the genes III, VI and I of bacteriophage M13.", "content": "A DNA region of 2750 base pairs encompassing the genes III, VI and I of bacteriophage M13 has been sequenced by the Maxam-Gilbert procedure. By establishing the nucleotide changes introduced by several amber mutations, the coding region and the regulatory signals of each gene have been deduced. The genes appear to span 1275 base pairs (gene III; mol.wt. 44,748) 339 base pairs (gene VI; mol.wt. 12,264) and 1047 base pairs (gene I; mol.wt. 39,500). Their separating non-codogenic regions are extremely short, namely two and one base pair, respectively. The C-terminal end of gene I, however, intrudes 23 nucleotides into gene IV. From the nucleotide sequence it appears that the minor capsid protein of the phage, which is encoded by gene III, is synthesized in a precursor form containing 18 extra amino acids at its N-terminal end. Furthermore, in this capsid protein two clusters of a fourfold repeat of the sequence Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser are apparent. Gene VI appears to code for a small, extremely hydrophobic polypeptide. Its total hydrophobic amino acids content of 51% suggests that this protein can only function in the host cell membrane.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the genes III, VI and I of bacteriophage M13. A DNA region of 2750 base pairs encompassing the genes III, VI and I of bacteriophage M13 has been sequenced by the Maxam-Gilbert procedure. By establishing the nucleotide changes introduced by several amber mutations, the coding region and the regulatory signals of each gene have been deduced. The genes appear to span 1275 base pairs (gene III; mol.wt. 44,748) 339 base pairs (gene VI; mol.wt. 12,264) and 1047 base pairs (gene I; mol.wt. 39,500). Their separating non-codogenic regions are extremely short, namely two and one base pair, respectively. The C-terminal end of gene I, however, intrudes 23 nucleotides into gene IV. From the nucleotide sequence it appears that the minor capsid protein of the phage, which is encoded by gene III, is synthesized in a precursor form containing 18 extra amino acids at its N-terminal end. Furthermore, in this capsid protein two clusters of a fourfold repeat of the sequence Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser are apparent. Gene VI appears to code for a small, extremely hydrophobic polypeptide. Its total hydrophobic amino acids content of 51% suggests that this protein can only function in the host cell membrane.", "PMID": 379830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4742", "title": "Blue dextran Sepharose chromatography of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli: a potential application for the purification of the enzyme.", "content": "E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase can form a complex with Blue-dextran Sepharose, in the presence or in the absence of Mg++. In its absence, the complex is dissociated by either ATP or cognate tRNATrp. However, in the presence of Mg++, only tRNATrp can dissociate the complex whereas ATP has no effect. E. coli total tRNA or tRNAMet, at the same concentration, cannot displace the synthetase from the complex. It is suggested that the Blue-dextran binds to the synthetase through its tRNA binding domain. This hypothesis is supported by previous findings with polynucleotide phosphorylase showing that Blue-dextran Sepharose can be used in affinity chromatography to recognize a polynucleotide binding site of the protein. The selective elution by its cognate tRNA of Trp-tRNA synthetase bound to Blue-dextran Sepharose provides a rapid and efficient purification of the enzyme. Examples of other synthetases and nucleotidyl transferases are also discussed.", "contents": "Blue dextran Sepharose chromatography of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli: a potential application for the purification of the enzyme. E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase can form a complex with Blue-dextran Sepharose, in the presence or in the absence of Mg++. In its absence, the complex is dissociated by either ATP or cognate tRNATrp. However, in the presence of Mg++, only tRNATrp can dissociate the complex whereas ATP has no effect. E. coli total tRNA or tRNAMet, at the same concentration, cannot displace the synthetase from the complex. It is suggested that the Blue-dextran binds to the synthetase through its tRNA binding domain. This hypothesis is supported by previous findings with polynucleotide phosphorylase showing that Blue-dextran Sepharose can be used in affinity chromatography to recognize a polynucleotide binding site of the protein. The selective elution by its cognate tRNA of Trp-tRNA synthetase bound to Blue-dextran Sepharose provides a rapid and efficient purification of the enzyme. Examples of other synthetases and nucleotidyl transferases are also discussed.", "PMID": 379831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4743", "title": "Comparative histologic, histochemical, and histomorphometric studies of T and B cell areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of normal young adult BALB/C mice.", "content": "T cell areas can be distinguished from adjacent B cell compartments in routinely stained histologic sections of paraffin-embedded mouse lymph nodes and spleens by their comparatively loose texture. The reliability of this morphologic criterion for identifying T cell areas has been proven in comparative histologic, enzyme-histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations. It is thus possible to determine the size of functionally different compartments in the lymph nodes and spleen of the mouse with sufficient accuracy by the use of conventional histologic techniques. According to our subsequent histomorphometrical studies in two groups of inbred mice matched with respect to age and strain, the proportions of B cell areas in the peripheral lymphoid organs varied significantly depending on environmental conditions, whereas the proportions of T cell areas were stable.", "contents": "Comparative histologic, histochemical, and histomorphometric studies of T and B cell areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of normal young adult BALB/C mice. T cell areas can be distinguished from adjacent B cell compartments in routinely stained histologic sections of paraffin-embedded mouse lymph nodes and spleens by their comparatively loose texture. The reliability of this morphologic criterion for identifying T cell areas has been proven in comparative histologic, enzyme-histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations. It is thus possible to determine the size of functionally different compartments in the lymph nodes and spleen of the mouse with sufficient accuracy by the use of conventional histologic techniques. According to our subsequent histomorphometrical studies in two groups of inbred mice matched with respect to age and strain, the proportions of B cell areas in the peripheral lymphoid organs varied significantly depending on environmental conditions, whereas the proportions of T cell areas were stable.", "PMID": 379834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4744", "title": "Histological and immunohistological studies on gastric mucosa. I. The presence of CEA in dysplastic surface epithelium.", "content": "Surface and foveolar gastric cells (SE) of 74 gastric resection specimens were studied by classical and indirect immunoenzyme histology. Immunoadsorbed CEA-antibodies reacting only with the specific determinant of of the CEA molecule were applied. The following SE types with different CEA distribution patterns were observed: Type SE-O, no CEA, normal neutral mucosubstances (MCS); type SE-A, CEA present in the lower half of the SE, important decrease of MCS, mild cell dysplasia by conventional criteria; type SE-B, CEA present in the total cell, absence of MCS, moderate until marked dysplasia; type SE-C, CEA present or decreased, absence of MCS, very important cell dysplasia resembling cancer cells. CEA proved to be useful as marker for the degree of SE dysplasia.", "contents": "Histological and immunohistological studies on gastric mucosa. I. The presence of CEA in dysplastic surface epithelium. Surface and foveolar gastric cells (SE) of 74 gastric resection specimens were studied by classical and indirect immunoenzyme histology. Immunoadsorbed CEA-antibodies reacting only with the specific determinant of of the CEA molecule were applied. The following SE types with different CEA distribution patterns were observed: Type SE-O, no CEA, normal neutral mucosubstances (MCS); type SE-A, CEA present in the lower half of the SE, important decrease of MCS, mild cell dysplasia by conventional criteria; type SE-B, CEA present in the total cell, absence of MCS, moderate until marked dysplasia; type SE-C, CEA present or decreased, absence of MCS, very important cell dysplasia resembling cancer cells. CEA proved to be useful as marker for the degree of SE dysplasia.", "PMID": 379835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4745", "title": "Chlormethiazole--no hangover effect but not an ideal hypnotic for the young.", "content": "The hangover effects of 768 mg chlormethiazole, an hypnotic with a half-life of approximately 4 hr, were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind cross-over study in 8 young subjects. Ten hours after dosing there were no differences between the preparations in the subjects' psychomotor performance, EEG sleep scores, or visual analogue ratings. Thus, an hypnotic which is rapidly removed from the body may confer considerable advantages. However, all 8 subjects had unpleasant nasal symptoms following chlormethiazole, and it is therefore not an ideal hypnotic for this age group.", "contents": "Chlormethiazole--no hangover effect but not an ideal hypnotic for the young. The hangover effects of 768 mg chlormethiazole, an hypnotic with a half-life of approximately 4 hr, were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind cross-over study in 8 young subjects. Ten hours after dosing there were no differences between the preparations in the subjects' psychomotor performance, EEG sleep scores, or visual analogue ratings. Thus, an hypnotic which is rapidly removed from the body may confer considerable advantages. However, all 8 subjects had unpleasant nasal symptoms following chlormethiazole, and it is therefore not an ideal hypnotic for this age group.", "PMID": 379841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4746", "title": "[Caval catheterization via the innominate vein (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience gained in 3500 supraclavicular innominate vein punctures for catheterization of the superior vena cava with the indirect technique is explained and discussed. The innominate vein is easily accessible in every state of blood circulation, even intraoperatively when the patient is covered by drapes. The thrombosis risk is reduced because of the wide lumen and the straight course of the vessel (vena anonyma dextra). The special advantages of the indirect technique are the small puncture trauma and absence of false positions. The only important complication observed during an average infusion time of 8 days was pneumothorax at a rate of 1.4%.", "contents": "[Caval catheterization via the innominate vein (author's transl)]. Experience gained in 3500 supraclavicular innominate vein punctures for catheterization of the superior vena cava with the indirect technique is explained and discussed. The innominate vein is easily accessible in every state of blood circulation, even intraoperatively when the patient is covered by drapes. The thrombosis risk is reduced because of the wide lumen and the straight course of the vessel (vena anonyma dextra). The special advantages of the indirect technique are the small puncture trauma and absence of false positions. The only important complication observed during an average infusion time of 8 days was pneumothorax at a rate of 1.4%.", "PMID": 379843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4747", "title": "Severe bronchial asthma requiring ventilation. A review of 20 cases and advice on management.", "content": "The natural history and outcome of 20 asthmatics who required mechanical ventilation is reviewed. Seven of these patients died. The majority of the deaths could have been prevented if: (1) The patient had been followed-up in an asthma clinic and had been fully informed of the danger of an asthmatic attack. (2) The medical staff had been trained more fully in the evaluation and management of a severe asthma attack. Careful sequential assessment will enable timely transfer of patients with severe bronchial asthma to a unit experienced in their management.", "contents": "Severe bronchial asthma requiring ventilation. A review of 20 cases and advice on management. The natural history and outcome of 20 asthmatics who required mechanical ventilation is reviewed. Seven of these patients died. The majority of the deaths could have been prevented if: (1) The patient had been followed-up in an asthma clinic and had been fully informed of the danger of an asthmatic attack. (2) The medical staff had been trained more fully in the evaluation and management of a severe asthma attack. Careful sequential assessment will enable timely transfer of patients with severe bronchial asthma to a unit experienced in their management.", "PMID": 379842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4748", "title": "[Development of anaesthetic technique for endolaryngeal surgery 1960--1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1960 direct laryngoscopy in combination with general anaesthesia with relaxation and intermittent positive negative pressure ventilation via a smallbore blocker tube was introduced. When, in 1965, microlaryngoscopy was developed it was exclusively performed with this technique. Since 1960, 44, 464 ear, nose or throat operations were carried out. 3,305 (7.4%) were endolaryngeal operations. 943 of them were performed in surface analgesia. 2,363 microlaryngoscopic operations were done under general anaesthesia. 22.5 per cent of the patients were women and 77.5 per cent were men. Their age varied between 6 weeks and 86 years. 2.4 per cent were children under 6 years of age and 33 per cent were aged over 60 years. The main advantages of this method over \"open laryngeal surgery\" are: 1. it provides a large measure of safety for the patient since even old and obese persons with a rigid rib cage can be adequately ventilated; the cuff prevents aspiration; there is no danger of the patient waking up during relaxation since he is being kept ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Ventilation via the blocker tube begins immediately after intubation and not, as in open jet ventilation, after insertion of the laryngoscope. 2. The surgeon and his team are not exposed to the risk of infection since, in contrast to the \"open larynx\" methods, the closed system effectively prevents the escape of pathogenic micro-organisms.", "contents": "[Development of anaesthetic technique for endolaryngeal surgery 1960--1976 (author's transl)]. In 1960 direct laryngoscopy in combination with general anaesthesia with relaxation and intermittent positive negative pressure ventilation via a smallbore blocker tube was introduced. When, in 1965, microlaryngoscopy was developed it was exclusively performed with this technique. Since 1960, 44, 464 ear, nose or throat operations were carried out. 3,305 (7.4%) were endolaryngeal operations. 943 of them were performed in surface analgesia. 2,363 microlaryngoscopic operations were done under general anaesthesia. 22.5 per cent of the patients were women and 77.5 per cent were men. Their age varied between 6 weeks and 86 years. 2.4 per cent were children under 6 years of age and 33 per cent were aged over 60 years. The main advantages of this method over \"open laryngeal surgery\" are: 1. it provides a large measure of safety for the patient since even old and obese persons with a rigid rib cage can be adequately ventilated; the cuff prevents aspiration; there is no danger of the patient waking up during relaxation since he is being kept ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Ventilation via the blocker tube begins immediately after intubation and not, as in open jet ventilation, after insertion of the laryngoscope. 2. The surgeon and his team are not exposed to the risk of infection since, in contrast to the \"open larynx\" methods, the closed system effectively prevents the escape of pathogenic micro-organisms.", "PMID": 379844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4749", "title": "[A system for \"intermitten mandatory ventilation\" (IMV) using the engstr\u00f6m respspirators ER 200/300 (author's transl)].", "content": "At low financial and material costs conventional Engstr\u00f6m-respirators (Types ER 200, 300) can be converted to make Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) possible. These so converted respirators were examined when a group of patients in a surgical intensive care unit who had undergone mechanical ventilation for a longer period of time was weaned from the respirator. It could be shown that during the step-by-step weaning of these patients no significant changes appeared in the results of the blood gas analyses, which means that the patients' pulmonary function took over again gradually. Doubtlessly, the convertability of the Engstr\u00f6m-respirator for IMV will help promote the weaning of patients with respiratory complications by this method.", "contents": "[A system for \"intermitten mandatory ventilation\" (IMV) using the engstr\u00f6m respspirators ER 200/300 (author's transl)]. At low financial and material costs conventional Engstr\u00f6m-respirators (Types ER 200, 300) can be converted to make Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) possible. These so converted respirators were examined when a group of patients in a surgical intensive care unit who had undergone mechanical ventilation for a longer period of time was weaned from the respirator. It could be shown that during the step-by-step weaning of these patients no significant changes appeared in the results of the blood gas analyses, which means that the patients' pulmonary function took over again gradually. Doubtlessly, the convertability of the Engstr\u00f6m-respirator for IMV will help promote the weaning of patients with respiratory complications by this method.", "PMID": 379845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4750", "title": "[Treatment of auto-immune diseases with special reference to their pulmonary manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of the Goodpasture syndrome, collagenoses (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, matosus, progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis), necrotizing angiitis (periarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is reviewed. Their pathogenesis and morbid anatomy is outlined. The uncommunness of these disorders and their pulmonary manifestations is emphasized. The most frequently employed therapeutic agent are the corticosteroids together with acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin. The effectiveness of immuno-suppressive and cytostatic drugs (azothioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil) and of D-penicillamine in the treatment of the different disorders is described. Standard programmes for treating any of these diseases have not yet emerged; the long-term results tend do be unsatisfactory. Co-operation with other specialists (nephrologists, rheumatologists, dermatologists) is often necessary in the treatment of these disorders.", "contents": "[Treatment of auto-immune diseases with special reference to their pulmonary manifestations (author's transl)]. The treatment of the Goodpasture syndrome, collagenoses (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, matosus, progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis), necrotizing angiitis (periarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is reviewed. Their pathogenesis and morbid anatomy is outlined. The uncommunness of these disorders and their pulmonary manifestations is emphasized. The most frequently employed therapeutic agent are the corticosteroids together with acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin. The effectiveness of immuno-suppressive and cytostatic drugs (azothioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil) and of D-penicillamine in the treatment of the different disorders is described. Standard programmes for treating any of these diseases have not yet emerged; the long-term results tend do be unsatisfactory. Co-operation with other specialists (nephrologists, rheumatologists, dermatologists) is often necessary in the treatment of these disorders.", "PMID": 379847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4751", "title": "[A case of extremely severe chest injury with fracture of several ribs (author's transl)].", "content": "A 72-years old man was severely injured when a lorry rolled back and pinned him down, causing contusion of the chest, fractures of ribs 3-10 on the right and haemothorax. Treatment of the chest injuries was by drainage and by positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation because of the development of severe pneumonia with wet lung. Persistent renal insufficiency, a gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and diabetes also required treatment. The patient developed septic endomyocarditis as a late complication, possibly attributable to the central venous catheter. All pulmonary and extrapulmonary injuries and complications could be set right during the patient's 4-months' stay in the intensive care unit.", "contents": "[A case of extremely severe chest injury with fracture of several ribs (author's transl)]. A 72-years old man was severely injured when a lorry rolled back and pinned him down, causing contusion of the chest, fractures of ribs 3-10 on the right and haemothorax. Treatment of the chest injuries was by drainage and by positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation because of the development of severe pneumonia with wet lung. Persistent renal insufficiency, a gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and diabetes also required treatment. The patient developed septic endomyocarditis as a late complication, possibly attributable to the central venous catheter. All pulmonary and extrapulmonary injuries and complications could be set right during the patient's 4-months' stay in the intensive care unit.", "PMID": 379848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4752", "title": "[Pneumothorax and haemothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumothorax and haemothorax constitute serious complications of a blunt chest trauma. During 1970-1978 64 persons with pneumothorax and 109 cases of haemothorax were admitted to and treated in the Surgical Unit of the University Hospital, G\u00f6ttingen. In nearly every case fracture of several ribs had also occurred. The method of choice for treating cases of pneumothorax was by B\u00fclau drainage; surgical closure of the air leakage was rarely necessary. Conservative measures are indicated only if the pneumothorax is narrow or confined to the apical region. It is worth mentioning that in a large number of cases pneumothorax developed during positive pressure ventilation after a chest injury. Complications of B\u00fclau drainage were: damage to the lungs, skin emphysema and bleeding from the intercostal artery. Open application of the B\u00fclau drainage in the 2nd intercostal space is therefore recommended. Treatment of traumatic pleural effusions by B\u00fclau drainage was required in only 14 of 109 cases. Therapy-resistent effusions necessitated thoracotomy and evacuation of the haematoma in 4 persons. If B\u00fclau drainage fails completely to evacuate the haemothorax, it should be promptly followed by thoracotomy to prevent the development of adhesions and the resulting impairment of respiratory function.", "contents": "[Pneumothorax and haemothorax (author's transl)]. Pneumothorax and haemothorax constitute serious complications of a blunt chest trauma. During 1970-1978 64 persons with pneumothorax and 109 cases of haemothorax were admitted to and treated in the Surgical Unit of the University Hospital, G\u00f6ttingen. In nearly every case fracture of several ribs had also occurred. The method of choice for treating cases of pneumothorax was by B\u00fclau drainage; surgical closure of the air leakage was rarely necessary. Conservative measures are indicated only if the pneumothorax is narrow or confined to the apical region. It is worth mentioning that in a large number of cases pneumothorax developed during positive pressure ventilation after a chest injury. Complications of B\u00fclau drainage were: damage to the lungs, skin emphysema and bleeding from the intercostal artery. Open application of the B\u00fclau drainage in the 2nd intercostal space is therefore recommended. Treatment of traumatic pleural effusions by B\u00fclau drainage was required in only 14 of 109 cases. Therapy-resistent effusions necessitated thoracotomy and evacuation of the haematoma in 4 persons. If B\u00fclau drainage fails completely to evacuate the haemothorax, it should be promptly followed by thoracotomy to prevent the development of adhesions and the resulting impairment of respiratory function.", "PMID": 379849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4753", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the tracheo-bronchial system (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical symptoms such as mediastinal and tissue emphysema, impaired inflow with cyanosis and extreme dyspnoea, signs of tension pneumothorax suggest rupture of a bronchus; nonstop loss of air via intercostal drainage is an almost certain sign and bronchoscopy provides the final proof. Injury to smaller bronchi may remain asymptomatic. 1,600 persons were treated for chest injury during the past 17 years, 7 of them on account of a ruptured bronchus. The right and left main bronchus were involved in 4 cases and one case respectively. The bronchus of the right upper lobe and the trachea were ruptured in one case each. Once the injury has been diagnosed surgical repair should follow quickly, although the results of anastomoses performed at a later stage were also satisfactory. Closure was by chromcut knotted sutures. Partial pneumonectomy is indicated only if damage to the lungs is extensive. The postoperative respiratory function of the injured lung was satisfactory in all cases.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the tracheo-bronchial system (author's transl)]. Clinical symptoms such as mediastinal and tissue emphysema, impaired inflow with cyanosis and extreme dyspnoea, signs of tension pneumothorax suggest rupture of a bronchus; nonstop loss of air via intercostal drainage is an almost certain sign and bronchoscopy provides the final proof. Injury to smaller bronchi may remain asymptomatic. 1,600 persons were treated for chest injury during the past 17 years, 7 of them on account of a ruptured bronchus. The right and left main bronchus were involved in 4 cases and one case respectively. The bronchus of the right upper lobe and the trachea were ruptured in one case each. Once the injury has been diagnosed surgical repair should follow quickly, although the results of anastomoses performed at a later stage were also satisfactory. Closure was by chromcut knotted sutures. Partial pneumonectomy is indicated only if damage to the lungs is extensive. The postoperative respiratory function of the injured lung was satisfactory in all cases.", "PMID": 379850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4754", "title": "[Injuries to the tracheobronchial system (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary aim in the treatment of penetrating bronchial injuries must be preservation of the organ. 4 cases of traumatic injury to the bronchi are analysed. If the clinical and/or roentgenological signs suggest involvement of a bronchus the suspicion must be verified by bronchoscopy; if the diagnosis is confirmed, thoracotomy is indicated. In 3 patients the operation was performed within 8 hours of the accident. The bronchial defect was closed by chromcat interrupted sutures. Potential complications and the prognosis of these cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Injuries to the tracheobronchial system (author's transl)]. The primary aim in the treatment of penetrating bronchial injuries must be preservation of the organ. 4 cases of traumatic injury to the bronchi are analysed. If the clinical and/or roentgenological signs suggest involvement of a bronchus the suspicion must be verified by bronchoscopy; if the diagnosis is confirmed, thoracotomy is indicated. In 3 patients the operation was performed within 8 hours of the accident. The bronchial defect was closed by chromcat interrupted sutures. Potential complications and the prognosis of these cases are discussed.", "PMID": 379851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4755", "title": "[Results of continuous suction drainage in the treatment of pleural empyema (author's transl)].", "content": "201 adults with non-specific pleural empyema (58 women, 143 men) had suction drainage. Most of the patients were aged 61-70 years. In the 47 patients who had not had antibiotic therapy before admission the main causal micro-organisms were staphylococci, pneumococci and streptococci; in the 149, who had had antibiotic therapy outside, micro-organisms such as Pseudomonas, Esch. coli and Proteus predominated. Suction drainage had to be kept up for a remarkably long time: for 4-8 weeks in 36% of the cases and for more than 8 weeks in 8%. 31 patients died, but only 17 of them as a direct result of the pleural empyema. They had all been \"high risk\" cases on account of age (average 67.7 years), type of bacteria (59%), serious primary or complicating disease (59%), duration of the pleural empyema (76%). Suction drainage succeeded in 140 patients in clearing the infection; but marked adhesions were demonstrable in 27% of the patients when they were discharged from hospital.", "contents": "[Results of continuous suction drainage in the treatment of pleural empyema (author's transl)]. 201 adults with non-specific pleural empyema (58 women, 143 men) had suction drainage. Most of the patients were aged 61-70 years. In the 47 patients who had not had antibiotic therapy before admission the main causal micro-organisms were staphylococci, pneumococci and streptococci; in the 149, who had had antibiotic therapy outside, micro-organisms such as Pseudomonas, Esch. coli and Proteus predominated. Suction drainage had to be kept up for a remarkably long time: for 4-8 weeks in 36% of the cases and for more than 8 weeks in 8%. 31 patients died, but only 17 of them as a direct result of the pleural empyema. They had all been \"high risk\" cases on account of age (average 67.7 years), type of bacteria (59%), serious primary or complicating disease (59%), duration of the pleural empyema (76%). Suction drainage succeeded in 140 patients in clearing the infection; but marked adhesions were demonstrable in 27% of the patients when they were discharged from hospital.", "PMID": 379852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4756", "title": "[Standardised antibiotic therapy in major lung surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Sputum and bronchial biopsies and smears were obtained from 221 patients who had undergone partial pneumonectomy without preceding antibiotic therapy. The results of 343 sputum examinations and of 126 bacteriological examinations of biopsies and smears were evaluated. Pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in about 50% of the sputa and in about 25% of the biopsies and swabs. Anaerobic micro-organisms were extremely rare. Treatment was with tetracycline. Before antibiotic therapy Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci and E. coli predominated, afterwards there were practically only staphylococci and Esch. coli. The incidence of primary resistance to the usual antibiotics was high, especially in respect of gram-negative organisms. The difference in incidence between primary and secondary resistance was one of degree. The least effective agents were ampicillin and amoxicillin, the most active were the aminoglycosides. Erycin proved satisfactory in infections with grampositive organisms while the cephalosporins were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The development of resistance and the clinical picture suggest that \"eradication\" of the infection during the postoperative stage is not advisable as it causes the selection of more or less drug-resistant organisms. A more satisfactory approach is gradually to reduce the infection until the immediate postoperative stage is over. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the sputum is important, as the choice of the appropriate antibiotic is determined by the result of gram-staining.", "contents": "[Standardised antibiotic therapy in major lung surgery (author's transl)]. Sputum and bronchial biopsies and smears were obtained from 221 patients who had undergone partial pneumonectomy without preceding antibiotic therapy. The results of 343 sputum examinations and of 126 bacteriological examinations of biopsies and smears were evaluated. Pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in about 50% of the sputa and in about 25% of the biopsies and swabs. Anaerobic micro-organisms were extremely rare. Treatment was with tetracycline. Before antibiotic therapy Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci and E. coli predominated, afterwards there were practically only staphylococci and Esch. coli. The incidence of primary resistance to the usual antibiotics was high, especially in respect of gram-negative organisms. The difference in incidence between primary and secondary resistance was one of degree. The least effective agents were ampicillin and amoxicillin, the most active were the aminoglycosides. Erycin proved satisfactory in infections with grampositive organisms while the cephalosporins were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The development of resistance and the clinical picture suggest that \"eradication\" of the infection during the postoperative stage is not advisable as it causes the selection of more or less drug-resistant organisms. A more satisfactory approach is gradually to reduce the infection until the immediate postoperative stage is over. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the sputum is important, as the choice of the appropriate antibiotic is determined by the result of gram-staining.", "PMID": 379853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4757", "title": "[Proteeae enzymes that participate in the amino acid metabolism of food products].", "content": "Biosynthesis of enzymes, catalyzing amino acid conversion in food products, and deposition of end products of protein metabolism is a current problem for hygiene-indicatory microorganisms. Results are reported of a study of decarboxylase and aminotransferase activities of a large number of Proteus strains. It was found that aminotransferases are produced by all members of this group of microorganisms, despite the specific differences in their quantitative characteristics. The composition of the different protein-containing food substrata exerts emphatic influence on the induction of these enzymes. The results of study of decarboxylase activity also point to some specific differences, applicable in the differential diagnosis. The inferences summarize the importance of the whole Proteus group as hygiene-indicatory microorganisms, producing enzymes of essential importance for the quality and biologic value of food products.", "contents": "[Proteeae enzymes that participate in the amino acid metabolism of food products]. Biosynthesis of enzymes, catalyzing amino acid conversion in food products, and deposition of end products of protein metabolism is a current problem for hygiene-indicatory microorganisms. Results are reported of a study of decarboxylase and aminotransferase activities of a large number of Proteus strains. It was found that aminotransferases are produced by all members of this group of microorganisms, despite the specific differences in their quantitative characteristics. The composition of the different protein-containing food substrata exerts emphatic influence on the induction of these enzymes. The results of study of decarboxylase activity also point to some specific differences, applicable in the differential diagnosis. The inferences summarize the importance of the whole Proteus group as hygiene-indicatory microorganisms, producing enzymes of essential importance for the quality and biologic value of food products.", "PMID": 379858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4758", "title": "[Effect of a deficiency of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium in the growth medium on the mechanical properties of Escherichia coli cell walls].", "content": "Values of modulus of elasticity of cell walls and strength level of cells Escherichia coli cultivated in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient media or incubated in the magnesium-free medium were determined. Elastic modulus of cells grown in the magnesium-free medium was by two order of magnitude lower than that of the control cells. Elastic modulus of cells cultivated in the nitrogen and carbon deficient media was by one and two orders of magnitude lower than in the control cells whereas strength level was by 1.15 and 1.39 times higher, respectively. Elastic modulus of cells grown in the phosphorus deficient medium remained undetermined and strength level of those cells proved to be the lowest (0.9 of the control).", "contents": "[Effect of a deficiency of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium in the growth medium on the mechanical properties of Escherichia coli cell walls]. Values of modulus of elasticity of cell walls and strength level of cells Escherichia coli cultivated in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient media or incubated in the magnesium-free medium were determined. Elastic modulus of cells grown in the magnesium-free medium was by two order of magnitude lower than that of the control cells. Elastic modulus of cells cultivated in the nitrogen and carbon deficient media was by one and two orders of magnitude lower than in the control cells whereas strength level was by 1.15 and 1.39 times higher, respectively. Elastic modulus of cells grown in the phosphorus deficient medium remained undetermined and strength level of those cells proved to be the lowest (0.9 of the control).", "PMID": 379855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4759", "title": "[Clinico-radiological comparisons in autoimmune thyroiditis].", "content": "The author observed 293 patients suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis (Hasimoto's thyroiditis--in 236). Four symptom complexes of the disease were distinguished: typical chronic autoimmune thyroidits in euthyroidal condition, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with thyrotoxicosis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism, relapsing autoimmune thyroiditis. Radioindication and scanning of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine-131 was conducted preoperatively in 74 patients and at various postoperative periods in 26 patients. Radioisotopic methods were of importance in the comprehensive clinical examination of patients suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis. By means of these methods diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis was confirmed in 6.7% of patients. All the patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were operated on. Resection of the peritracheal segments of the thyroid gland with the isthmus extirpation was performed. During the postoperative period the patients required prolonged dispensary observation and treatment with immunodepressors and thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Clinico-radiological comparisons in autoimmune thyroiditis]. The author observed 293 patients suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis (Hasimoto's thyroiditis--in 236). Four symptom complexes of the disease were distinguished: typical chronic autoimmune thyroidits in euthyroidal condition, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with thyrotoxicosis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism, relapsing autoimmune thyroiditis. Radioindication and scanning of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine-131 was conducted preoperatively in 74 patients and at various postoperative periods in 26 patients. Radioisotopic methods were of importance in the comprehensive clinical examination of patients suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis. By means of these methods diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis was confirmed in 6.7% of patients. All the patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were operated on. Resection of the peritracheal segments of the thyroid gland with the isthmus extirpation was performed. During the postoperative period the patients required prolonged dispensary observation and treatment with immunodepressors and thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 379856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4760", "title": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of nitrogenase proteins.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of nitrogenase components (MoFe protein and Fe protein) from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) have been obtained in the near infrared-visible-near ultraviolet spectral region. Previously, visible CD was reported to be absent or barely detectable in nitrogenase proteins; MCD spectra have not been reported. The chiroptical spectra can be measured in solution at room temperature, an advantage relative to spectroscopic methods requiring cryogenic sample temperatures. Absorption spectra were also obtained. The CD and MCD are markedly more structured, and thus interpretively more useful, than the corresponding absorption spectra. The dithionite-reduced MoFe proteins (Av1, Kp1) have nearly identical CD and MCD, demonstrating identical numbers and types of metal centers in similar protein environments. The CD and MCD cannot be explained solely in terms of contributions from known 4-Fe or 2-Fe clusters; the near-infrared MCD is inconsistent with the presence of known 4-Fe clusters. CD and MCD spectra of Lauth's violet-oxidized Kp1 are also reported. The reduced Fe proteins (Av2, Kp2) have similar CD and MCD, again indicating significant conservation of chromophore environment. The spectra clearly demonstrate the presence of a reduced bacterial ferredoxin-like (C(3-)) 4-Fe cluster. No obvious evidence of additional chromophores is observed. CD, MCD, and absorption spectra of Av1-oxidized Av2 are reported. The absorption spectrum shows the expected shoulder near 390 nm. The CD and MCD are characteristic of a C(2-) 4-Fe cluster; in particular, the diagnostic near-infrared MCD peak is observed at approximately 8300 cm(-1). The CD of Av2 oxidized in the presence and absence of MgATP are radically different, providing the first direct evidence for MgATP interaction with Fe protein in this oxidation state.", "contents": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of nitrogenase proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of nitrogenase components (MoFe protein and Fe protein) from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) have been obtained in the near infrared-visible-near ultraviolet spectral region. Previously, visible CD was reported to be absent or barely detectable in nitrogenase proteins; MCD spectra have not been reported. The chiroptical spectra can be measured in solution at room temperature, an advantage relative to spectroscopic methods requiring cryogenic sample temperatures. Absorption spectra were also obtained. The CD and MCD are markedly more structured, and thus interpretively more useful, than the corresponding absorption spectra. The dithionite-reduced MoFe proteins (Av1, Kp1) have nearly identical CD and MCD, demonstrating identical numbers and types of metal centers in similar protein environments. The CD and MCD cannot be explained solely in terms of contributions from known 4-Fe or 2-Fe clusters; the near-infrared MCD is inconsistent with the presence of known 4-Fe clusters. CD and MCD spectra of Lauth's violet-oxidized Kp1 are also reported. The reduced Fe proteins (Av2, Kp2) have similar CD and MCD, again indicating significant conservation of chromophore environment. The spectra clearly demonstrate the presence of a reduced bacterial ferredoxin-like (C(3-)) 4-Fe cluster. No obvious evidence of additional chromophores is observed. CD, MCD, and absorption spectra of Av1-oxidized Av2 are reported. The absorption spectrum shows the expected shoulder near 390 nm. The CD and MCD are characteristic of a C(2-) 4-Fe cluster; in particular, the diagnostic near-infrared MCD peak is observed at approximately 8300 cm(-1). The CD of Av2 oxidized in the presence and absence of MgATP are radically different, providing the first direct evidence for MgATP interaction with Fe protein in this oxidation state.", "PMID": 379860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4761", "title": "Initiation of general recombination catalyzed in vitro by the recA protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Homogeneous recA protein catalyzes the hybridization of single-stranded DNA to homologous regions in duplex DNA. The products are D-loops, which are formed with equal efficiency in linear and supercoiled molecules. This assimilation reaction can be separated into two partial reactions. In the first, recA protein binds to duplex DNA and produces a reA protein-DNA complex. The binding shows a sigmoidal dependence on recA protein concentration, requires ATP, GTP or the gamma-thio analog of ATP, and Mg2+, but does not require hydrolysis of the nucleoside triphosphate. In the second reaction, single-stranded regions of the recA protein-ATP-duplex DNA intermediate hybridize with free complementary single strands to produce D-loop structures. This reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is analogous to the renaturation of single-stranded DNA catalyzed by the recA protein [Weinstrock, G.M., McEntee, K. & Lehman, I.R. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 126-130]. Hydrolysis of ATP appears to be required in these reactions for dissociation of recA protein from the DNA.", "contents": "Initiation of general recombination catalyzed in vitro by the recA protein of Escherichia coli. Homogeneous recA protein catalyzes the hybridization of single-stranded DNA to homologous regions in duplex DNA. The products are D-loops, which are formed with equal efficiency in linear and supercoiled molecules. This assimilation reaction can be separated into two partial reactions. In the first, recA protein binds to duplex DNA and produces a reA protein-DNA complex. The binding shows a sigmoidal dependence on recA protein concentration, requires ATP, GTP or the gamma-thio analog of ATP, and Mg2+, but does not require hydrolysis of the nucleoside triphosphate. In the second reaction, single-stranded regions of the recA protein-ATP-duplex DNA intermediate hybridize with free complementary single strands to produce D-loop structures. This reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is analogous to the renaturation of single-stranded DNA catalyzed by the recA protein [Weinstrock, G.M., McEntee, K. & Lehman, I.R. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 126-130]. Hydrolysis of ATP appears to be required in these reactions for dissociation of recA protein from the DNA.", "PMID": 379861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4762", "title": "lac repressor changes conformation upon binding to poly[dA-T)].", "content": "N-(Iodoacetylaminoethyl)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonate reacts with Escherichia coli lac repressor to selectively label cysteine-140 with the fluorescent N-(acetylaminoethyl)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonate group. The fluorescence intensity of this label decreases by 20% when labeled repressor associates with poly[d(A-T)]. Fifteen base pairs of poly[d(A-T)] per repressor tetramer are required to complete this decrease. Stopped-flow experiments have shown that the repressor undergoes at least two conformational changes as it binds to poly[d(A-T)], with half-lives of 5.0 +/- 1.2 msec and 3.5 +/- 1.0 sex. Quite likely, these conformational changes serve to strengthen the interaction of repressor with DNA.", "contents": "lac repressor changes conformation upon binding to poly[dA-T)]. N-(Iodoacetylaminoethyl)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonate reacts with Escherichia coli lac repressor to selectively label cysteine-140 with the fluorescent N-(acetylaminoethyl)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonate group. The fluorescence intensity of this label decreases by 20% when labeled repressor associates with poly[d(A-T)]. Fifteen base pairs of poly[d(A-T)] per repressor tetramer are required to complete this decrease. Stopped-flow experiments have shown that the repressor undergoes at least two conformational changes as it binds to poly[d(A-T)], with half-lives of 5.0 +/- 1.2 msec and 3.5 +/- 1.0 sex. Quite likely, these conformational changes serve to strengthen the interaction of repressor with DNA.", "PMID": 379862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4763", "title": "Insertion mutant of bacteriophage f1 sensitive to EcoRI.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence A-A-T-T was inserted into the intergenic region of the f1 genome at a site cleaved by Hae III (cleavage sequence (G-G-C-C). The resultant viable phage mutant (R199) contains a single site sensitive to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI (cleavage sequence G-A-A-T-T-C). This phage is sensitive to EcoRI restriction and modification in vivo and in vitro. Its potential for use as a cloning vector has been tested by construction in vitro of an f1/pBR322 chimeric phage. The four bases inserted into wild-type f1 to generate the R199 mutant came from a small restriction fragment obtained by digesting plasmid pBR322 with EcoRI and HindIII. The use of this linker prepared from a biological substrate is an example of a technique for constructing restriction enzyme sites in vitro. It is presented as an alternative to the use of synthetic linkers and should be generally applicable.", "contents": "Insertion mutant of bacteriophage f1 sensitive to EcoRI. The nucleotide sequence A-A-T-T was inserted into the intergenic region of the f1 genome at a site cleaved by Hae III (cleavage sequence (G-G-C-C). The resultant viable phage mutant (R199) contains a single site sensitive to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI (cleavage sequence G-A-A-T-T-C). This phage is sensitive to EcoRI restriction and modification in vivo and in vitro. Its potential for use as a cloning vector has been tested by construction in vitro of an f1/pBR322 chimeric phage. The four bases inserted into wild-type f1 to generate the R199 mutant came from a small restriction fragment obtained by digesting plasmid pBR322 with EcoRI and HindIII. The use of this linker prepared from a biological substrate is an example of a technique for constructing restriction enzyme sites in vitro. It is presented as an alternative to the use of synthetic linkers and should be generally applicable.", "PMID": 379863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4764", "title": "Transcription of Ti plasmid-derived sequences in three octopine-type crown gall tumor lines.", "content": "Total RNA isolated from three octopine-type crown gall lines contains sequences homologous to specific regions of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 15955. A comparison of transcripts in these three tumor lines suggests that tumor cells transcribe various sequences within a sector of plasmid DNA of 13 x 10(6) daltons and that transcription may not be uniform across the plasmid derived sequences (T-DNA). Transcription of T-DNA by octopine-type tumors occurs at four major sites. The levels of transcription occurring at three of these sites appear to vary considerably among the three tumor lines investigated. Part of this variability may reflect differences in the organization and copy number of T-DNA. One of the transcription sites maps within a region of DNA with common sequence homology with all Ti plasmids. Varying amounts of transcript homologous to this region of T-DNA are present in all three tumor lines. It is suggested that transcription of these conserved sequences in the plant may have significance regarding the mechanism of tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Transcription of Ti plasmid-derived sequences in three octopine-type crown gall tumor lines. Total RNA isolated from three octopine-type crown gall lines contains sequences homologous to specific regions of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 15955. A comparison of transcripts in these three tumor lines suggests that tumor cells transcribe various sequences within a sector of plasmid DNA of 13 x 10(6) daltons and that transcription may not be uniform across the plasmid derived sequences (T-DNA). Transcription of T-DNA by octopine-type tumors occurs at four major sites. The levels of transcription occurring at three of these sites appear to vary considerably among the three tumor lines investigated. Part of this variability may reflect differences in the organization and copy number of T-DNA. One of the transcription sites maps within a region of DNA with common sequence homology with all Ti plasmids. Varying amounts of transcript homologous to this region of T-DNA are present in all three tumor lines. It is suggested that transcription of these conserved sequences in the plant may have significance regarding the mechanism of tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 379864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4765", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of alpha-actinin in intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "alpha-Actinin was localized in chicken intestinal epithelial cells by immunofluorescence and immunoferritin labeling of thin frozen sections. Most of the label of the brush border was confined to the terminal web area. The label there was concentrated mainly along the \"roots\" of the microvilli core microfilaments and in the vicinity of the zonula adherens. In the latter structure, the narrow electron-dense zones adjacent to the cell membranes, however, were not significantly labeled. This suggests that alpha-actinin does not mediate directly the association of the transverse terminal web microfilaments to the membrane at the zonula adherens. Sparse ferritin labeling was found near the tight junction, whereas the staining associated with the spot desmosome was negligible. The microvilli were not significantly labeled by either immunofluorescence or immunoferritin staining unless the sections were previously treated with detergent. Moreover, alpha-actinin (or a structurally related protein) was not detected in preparations of purified microvillar vesicles, suggesting the possibility that the alpha-actinin staining in the microvilli may be an artificial due to its translocation by the detergent from the terminal web onto the microvilli. The possible roles of alpha-actinin in the organization and function of the brush border are discussed.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of alpha-actinin in intestinal epithelial cells. alpha-Actinin was localized in chicken intestinal epithelial cells by immunofluorescence and immunoferritin labeling of thin frozen sections. Most of the label of the brush border was confined to the terminal web area. The label there was concentrated mainly along the \"roots\" of the microvilli core microfilaments and in the vicinity of the zonula adherens. In the latter structure, the narrow electron-dense zones adjacent to the cell membranes, however, were not significantly labeled. This suggests that alpha-actinin does not mediate directly the association of the transverse terminal web microfilaments to the membrane at the zonula adherens. Sparse ferritin labeling was found near the tight junction, whereas the staining associated with the spot desmosome was negligible. The microvilli were not significantly labeled by either immunofluorescence or immunoferritin staining unless the sections were previously treated with detergent. Moreover, alpha-actinin (or a structurally related protein) was not detected in preparations of purified microvillar vesicles, suggesting the possibility that the alpha-actinin staining in the microvilli may be an artificial due to its translocation by the detergent from the terminal web onto the microvilli. The possible roles of alpha-actinin in the organization and function of the brush border are discussed.", "PMID": 379865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4766", "title": "Physical map of chromosomal nitrogen fixation (nif) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "We describe a method for the rapid determination of the physical location of mutations caused by insertion of transposable elements. We used this method to construct a detailed physical map of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae and to correlate it with the genetic map. Total cellular DNA was isolated from individual strains, each carrying an insertion in 1 of 15 different nif genes. The DNA was digested with a restriction endonuclease, fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, denatured, and blotted onto nitrocellulose filter paper. The DNA on the filters was hybridized with (32)P-labeled DNA fragments derived from amplifiable plasmids carrying cloned nif DNA fragments from K. pneumoniae. Altered hybridization patterns caused by insertions into nif genes allowed us to map nif mutations with respect to the previously mapped cleavage sites for various restriction endonucleases. We have used the same method to map the end points of nif deletions. Using this procedure, we assigned physical locations on the K. pneumoniae chromosome to 86 nif insertion mutations and 13 nif deletion end points. This mapping procedure provides a convenient alternative to deletion mapping as a definitive method for mapping insertion mutations within a gene or for ordering genes within a gene cluster. This procedure will be especially useful for mapping mutations conferring phenotypes that are difficult to monitor and for mapping mutations in bacterial species in which techniques for conducting deletion mapping have not been devised.", "contents": "Physical map of chromosomal nitrogen fixation (nif) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. We describe a method for the rapid determination of the physical location of mutations caused by insertion of transposable elements. We used this method to construct a detailed physical map of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae and to correlate it with the genetic map. Total cellular DNA was isolated from individual strains, each carrying an insertion in 1 of 15 different nif genes. The DNA was digested with a restriction endonuclease, fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, denatured, and blotted onto nitrocellulose filter paper. The DNA on the filters was hybridized with (32)P-labeled DNA fragments derived from amplifiable plasmids carrying cloned nif DNA fragments from K. pneumoniae. Altered hybridization patterns caused by insertions into nif genes allowed us to map nif mutations with respect to the previously mapped cleavage sites for various restriction endonucleases. We have used the same method to map the end points of nif deletions. Using this procedure, we assigned physical locations on the K. pneumoniae chromosome to 86 nif insertion mutations and 13 nif deletion end points. This mapping procedure provides a convenient alternative to deletion mapping as a definitive method for mapping insertion mutations within a gene or for ordering genes within a gene cluster. This procedure will be especially useful for mapping mutations conferring phenotypes that are difficult to monitor and for mapping mutations in bacterial species in which techniques for conducting deletion mapping have not been devised.", "PMID": 379866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4767", "title": "Endogenous oncornaviral antigen in the bursa of Fabricius of 15B X 7(2) chickens.", "content": "Oncornaviral antigen was detected in the bursal epithelium and in a subpopulation of bursal follicular cells of 15B X 72 chickens. This antigen is present in the bursal epithelium at 11 days of embryogenesis and persists there for at least 3 weeks after hatching. The absence of detectable antigen in the intestinal epithelium contiguous to the bursal epithelium indicates that the accumulation of viral antigen is a specific property of the bursal epithelium. The observation of C-type particles in the intraepithelial spaces suggests that the viral antigen in synthesized and assembled into virions by the bursal epithelial cells. In embryonic bursas, viral antigen-positve cells radiate from the surface epithelium toward the central region of the follicles. In bursas from post-hatch chickens, viral antigen-positive cells, including intrafollicular epithelial cells and cells resembling lymphocytes, are confined to the medullary region of the follicles.", "contents": "Endogenous oncornaviral antigen in the bursa of Fabricius of 15B X 7(2) chickens. Oncornaviral antigen was detected in the bursal epithelium and in a subpopulation of bursal follicular cells of 15B X 72 chickens. This antigen is present in the bursal epithelium at 11 days of embryogenesis and persists there for at least 3 weeks after hatching. The absence of detectable antigen in the intestinal epithelium contiguous to the bursal epithelium indicates that the accumulation of viral antigen is a specific property of the bursal epithelium. The observation of C-type particles in the intraepithelial spaces suggests that the viral antigen in synthesized and assembled into virions by the bursal epithelial cells. In embryonic bursas, viral antigen-positve cells radiate from the surface epithelium toward the central region of the follicles. In bursas from post-hatch chickens, viral antigen-positive cells, including intrafollicular epithelial cells and cells resembling lymphocytes, are confined to the medullary region of the follicles.", "PMID": 379867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4768", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of surface antigens of TerC, a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line.", "content": "Rabbit and mouse antisera prepared against teratocarcinoma cells precipitate both glycoproteins and glycolipids from detergent extracts of radiolabeled cells. Extracts of immunoprecipitates with chloroform/methanol, 2:1 (vol/vol) have been resolved on thin-layer gels into multiple peaks. There are more species seen in extracts of teratocarcinoma cells than in extracts of the crossreacting cultured cell line, cl 1d. The teratocarcinoma antigens may be extracted out of chloroform/methanol into buffered saline. Incubation in these secondary extracts converts unreactive cells (lymphocytes to cells reactive with antisera against teratocarcinoma. Furthermore, the coated cells absorb at least 80% of the activity of antisera against teratocarcinoma targets.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of surface antigens of TerC, a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line. Rabbit and mouse antisera prepared against teratocarcinoma cells precipitate both glycoproteins and glycolipids from detergent extracts of radiolabeled cells. Extracts of immunoprecipitates with chloroform/methanol, 2:1 (vol/vol) have been resolved on thin-layer gels into multiple peaks. There are more species seen in extracts of teratocarcinoma cells than in extracts of the crossreacting cultured cell line, cl 1d. The teratocarcinoma antigens may be extracted out of chloroform/methanol into buffered saline. Incubation in these secondary extracts converts unreactive cells (lymphocytes to cells reactive with antisera against teratocarcinoma. Furthermore, the coated cells absorb at least 80% of the activity of antisera against teratocarcinoma targets.", "PMID": 379868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4769", "title": "Hybrid resistance to parental bone marrow transplantation: adaptive modification of hemopoietic stem cell in a nonsyngeneic environment.", "content": "Defective growth of parental bone marrow in an F1 hybrid is associated with delay of the exponential growth phase of injected hemopoietic stem cells rather than with their rejection. This is demonstrated both by parental hemopoietic stem cell kinetics in the irradiated hybrid and by the increase in the number of spleen colonies with time after hemopoietic cell injection. After passage through an F1 hybrid the parental hemopoietic stem cells acquire ability for better growth in the same F1 host. This phenomenon, which we designated \"adaptive modification of hemopoietic stem cells,\" is associated with the appearance, on their surface, of histocompatibility molecules carrying H-2 determinants of the recipient. Treatment of the modified cells with antiserum against the second parental strain abrogates the state of adaptive modification.", "contents": "Hybrid resistance to parental bone marrow transplantation: adaptive modification of hemopoietic stem cell in a nonsyngeneic environment. Defective growth of parental bone marrow in an F1 hybrid is associated with delay of the exponential growth phase of injected hemopoietic stem cells rather than with their rejection. This is demonstrated both by parental hemopoietic stem cell kinetics in the irradiated hybrid and by the increase in the number of spleen colonies with time after hemopoietic cell injection. After passage through an F1 hybrid the parental hemopoietic stem cells acquire ability for better growth in the same F1 host. This phenomenon, which we designated \"adaptive modification of hemopoietic stem cells,\" is associated with the appearance, on their surface, of histocompatibility molecules carrying H-2 determinants of the recipient. Treatment of the modified cells with antiserum against the second parental strain abrogates the state of adaptive modification.", "PMID": 379869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4770", "title": "Enkephalin-containing amacrine cells in the avian retina: immunohistochemical localization.", "content": "The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the avian retina was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques with antiserum to [Met5]enkephalin and [Leu5]enkephalin. Formaldehyde-fixed retinae were sectioned and incubated in antiserum to either [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin. Specificity to the antiserum was established by absorption of the antiserum with synthetic [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin at 1 mM. Positive immunohistochemical staining for enkephalin was observed in the somata of amacrine cells and their processes within the inner plexiform layer. A large number of enkephalin-containing amacrine cells were distributed throughout the retina, and their density appeared to be greatest within central retinal regions. The majority of labeled amacrine cells were about 7.5 micrometers in diameter although, occasionally, amacrine cells were observed that were 12--15 micrometers in diameter. Amacrine cells had a cell-to-cell spacing of approximately 40 micrometers within central retinal regions. Labeled processes of the amacrine cells were observed to project into the inner plexiform layer where they arborized as a fine plexus, within laminae 1, 3--5 of the inner plexiform layer. These observations demonstrate the existence of opioid peptides in seemingly select populations of amacrine cells within the retina. The localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the retina suggests that opioid peptides play a specific and unique functional role in retinal processing.", "contents": "Enkephalin-containing amacrine cells in the avian retina: immunohistochemical localization. The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the avian retina was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques with antiserum to [Met5]enkephalin and [Leu5]enkephalin. Formaldehyde-fixed retinae were sectioned and incubated in antiserum to either [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin. Specificity to the antiserum was established by absorption of the antiserum with synthetic [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin at 1 mM. Positive immunohistochemical staining for enkephalin was observed in the somata of amacrine cells and their processes within the inner plexiform layer. A large number of enkephalin-containing amacrine cells were distributed throughout the retina, and their density appeared to be greatest within central retinal regions. The majority of labeled amacrine cells were about 7.5 micrometers in diameter although, occasionally, amacrine cells were observed that were 12--15 micrometers in diameter. Amacrine cells had a cell-to-cell spacing of approximately 40 micrometers within central retinal regions. Labeled processes of the amacrine cells were observed to project into the inner plexiform layer where they arborized as a fine plexus, within laminae 1, 3--5 of the inner plexiform layer. These observations demonstrate the existence of opioid peptides in seemingly select populations of amacrine cells within the retina. The localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the retina suggests that opioid peptides play a specific and unique functional role in retinal processing.", "PMID": 379870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4771", "title": "EEG profile studies of clozapine in volunteers and psychiatric patients.", "content": "Among the newer psychoactive compounds, clozapine is classified by some authors as an antipsychotic compound, but it exhibits differences in pharmacology and clinical effects that clearly distinguish it from established antipsychotic compounds. It represents an anomaly in the EEG classification scheme as well. In normal volunteers and in psychotic patients, it elicits EEG effects that are more like those of sedative thymoleptic antidepressants than the established antipsychotic compounds. It is probable that the antipsychotic activity reported by some observers reflected the sedative qualities of the compound and not a prototypic antipsychotic activity. Further testing in other psychiatric populations, particularly patients with depressive illnesses, is warranted.", "contents": "EEG profile studies of clozapine in volunteers and psychiatric patients. Among the newer psychoactive compounds, clozapine is classified by some authors as an antipsychotic compound, but it exhibits differences in pharmacology and clinical effects that clearly distinguish it from established antipsychotic compounds. It represents an anomaly in the EEG classification scheme as well. In normal volunteers and in psychotic patients, it elicits EEG effects that are more like those of sedative thymoleptic antidepressants than the established antipsychotic compounds. It is probable that the antipsychotic activity reported by some observers reflected the sedative qualities of the compound and not a prototypic antipsychotic activity. Further testing in other psychiatric populations, particularly patients with depressive illnesses, is warranted.", "PMID": 379884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4772", "title": "Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections of the skin.", "content": "Acute pyogenic infections of the skin, caused by hemolytic streptococci and S. aureus, account for the vast majority of bacterial infections of the skin seen in ambulatory practice. In preschool children the principal manifestation is pyoderma, which is usually caused by Group A Streptococcus. In this age group pyoderma regularly responds to systemic penicillin therapy plus adjunctive local care to the lesions. However, in older age groups, the ability to distinguish streptococcal from staphylococcal skin infections on the basis of clinical features alone is poor, and penicillin treatment failures are more common. Safe, effective antibiotics that are effective against both staphylococci and streptococci are readily available. For this reason penicillinase-resistant semisynthtic penicillins and or erythromycin can be used to treat acute pyogenic skin infections in older age groups.", "contents": "Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections of the skin. Acute pyogenic infections of the skin, caused by hemolytic streptococci and S. aureus, account for the vast majority of bacterial infections of the skin seen in ambulatory practice. In preschool children the principal manifestation is pyoderma, which is usually caused by Group A Streptococcus. In this age group pyoderma regularly responds to systemic penicillin therapy plus adjunctive local care to the lesions. However, in older age groups, the ability to distinguish streptococcal from staphylococcal skin infections on the basis of clinical features alone is poor, and penicillin treatment failures are more common. Safe, effective antibiotics that are effective against both staphylococci and streptococci are readily available. For this reason penicillinase-resistant semisynthtic penicillins and or erythromycin can be used to treat acute pyogenic skin infections in older age groups.", "PMID": 379890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4773", "title": "Diagnostic virology in clinical practice.", "content": "Viral illnesses are among the most common clinical problems encountered in medicine. Some have important epidemiologic implications and some are preventable by immunization, improved sanitation or other means. Recently, drugs have been developed which show promise for specific prophylaxis or treatment. It is thus increasingly important that physicians in practice be acquainted with methods of identification of common viral illnesses so they can intervene with appropriate counsel, preventive measures or treatment for their own patients. Physicians should also consider the larger epidemiologic implications of many viral illnesses and cooperate with local, state and national efforts to accurately determine the number of patients involved and the severity of their illnesses. It is only with this sort of information that an estimate of medical, social and economic impact of the common viral diseases can be made, so that attention will be given to development of better prevention and methods of control.", "contents": "Diagnostic virology in clinical practice. Viral illnesses are among the most common clinical problems encountered in medicine. Some have important epidemiologic implications and some are preventable by immunization, improved sanitation or other means. Recently, drugs have been developed which show promise for specific prophylaxis or treatment. It is thus increasingly important that physicians in practice be acquainted with methods of identification of common viral illnesses so they can intervene with appropriate counsel, preventive measures or treatment for their own patients. Physicians should also consider the larger epidemiologic implications of many viral illnesses and cooperate with local, state and national efforts to accurately determine the number of patients involved and the severity of their illnesses. It is only with this sort of information that an estimate of medical, social and economic impact of the common viral diseases can be made, so that attention will be given to development of better prevention and methods of control.", "PMID": 379892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4774", "title": "Sensory pleasure.", "content": "In response to a stimulus, a sensation is tridimensional: qualitative, quantitative, and affective. The affective part of sensation, pleasure or displeasure, depends on the qualities of the stimulus. Within a narrow range of intensity, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli are able to arouse pleasure. In addition, pleasure depends on the internal state of the subject. This is easily observed in the case of temperature: pleasure is aroused by a warm stimulus in a hypothermic subject and by a cold stimulus in a hyperthermic subject. This property of a given stimulus to arouse pleasure or displeasure according to the internal state of the subject is termed alliethesia. Alliesthesia is also produced by chemical and mechanical stimuli. Acquired preferences or aversions for alimentary stimuli represent a case of alliesthesia. In the same way, the capacity of any indifferent stimulus to become rewarding, or punishing, by association with some reward or punishment, is also a case of alliethesia. In all cases, pleasure is a sign of a stimulus useful to the subject; displeasure a sign of danger. Usefulness and danger are judged by the central nervous system with reference to homeostasis and the set point of the implied regulation. Pleasure and displeasure thus appear to motivate useful behaviors.", "contents": "Sensory pleasure. In response to a stimulus, a sensation is tridimensional: qualitative, quantitative, and affective. The affective part of sensation, pleasure or displeasure, depends on the qualities of the stimulus. Within a narrow range of intensity, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli are able to arouse pleasure. In addition, pleasure depends on the internal state of the subject. This is easily observed in the case of temperature: pleasure is aroused by a warm stimulus in a hypothermic subject and by a cold stimulus in a hyperthermic subject. This property of a given stimulus to arouse pleasure or displeasure according to the internal state of the subject is termed alliethesia. Alliesthesia is also produced by chemical and mechanical stimuli. Acquired preferences or aversions for alimentary stimuli represent a case of alliesthesia. In the same way, the capacity of any indifferent stimulus to become rewarding, or punishing, by association with some reward or punishment, is also a case of alliethesia. In all cases, pleasure is a sign of a stimulus useful to the subject; displeasure a sign of danger. Usefulness and danger are judged by the central nervous system with reference to homeostasis and the set point of the implied regulation. Pleasure and displeasure thus appear to motivate useful behaviors.", "PMID": 379894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4775", "title": "Milestones and rates of growth in the development of biology.", "content": "An attempt has been made to examine the exponetial rate of increase of the great discoveries, the \"milestones,\" in the rise of biology from the beginning of the seventeenth century, and particularly in the rise of genetics from the beginning of the twentieth century. The biological sciences in general, during the three centuries named, exhibit a doubling of the number of great discoveries in each fifty years. Genetics, in the twentieth century, has risen much faster. Its doubling time for the most significant discoveries has been about twenty-two and a half years. Either of these rates is of course far slower than the exponential rise in the total output of biological science, the number of scientists, or the cost of science, which have been generally reported to double about every ten years or less. It follows that, as time passes, and until these exponetial rates become considerably altered, a relationship of diminishing returns is quite evident. As time passes, even though the most significant discoveries continue to increase exponetially, it takes a greater total output, a greater number of (assisting?) scientists, and greater amounts of money to yield a set quantity of major new findings. The rapid rise of the life sciences cannot continue its present course into the twenty-first century without meeting ineluctable limits to expansion. It may be argued that as in other human spheres of activity, so too in natural science there are limits to growth which we are rapidly approaching. From the predictable asymptote only unpredictable breakthroughs might deliver us.", "contents": "Milestones and rates of growth in the development of biology. An attempt has been made to examine the exponetial rate of increase of the great discoveries, the \"milestones,\" in the rise of biology from the beginning of the seventeenth century, and particularly in the rise of genetics from the beginning of the twentieth century. The biological sciences in general, during the three centuries named, exhibit a doubling of the number of great discoveries in each fifty years. Genetics, in the twentieth century, has risen much faster. Its doubling time for the most significant discoveries has been about twenty-two and a half years. Either of these rates is of course far slower than the exponential rise in the total output of biological science, the number of scientists, or the cost of science, which have been generally reported to double about every ten years or less. It follows that, as time passes, and until these exponetial rates become considerably altered, a relationship of diminishing returns is quite evident. As time passes, even though the most significant discoveries continue to increase exponetially, it takes a greater total output, a greater number of (assisting?) scientists, and greater amounts of money to yield a set quantity of major new findings. The rapid rise of the life sciences cannot continue its present course into the twenty-first century without meeting ineluctable limits to expansion. It may be argued that as in other human spheres of activity, so too in natural science there are limits to growth which we are rapidly approaching. From the predictable asymptote only unpredictable breakthroughs might deliver us.", "PMID": 379895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4776", "title": "[Use of an immunoenzymatic test in the serological diagnostics of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four hundred and thirty four human sera have been tested for antitoxoplasma antibodies using an immunoenzymatic test on slides. A corpuscolar antigen, a peroxidase-labelled antiglobulin and a modified peroxidase stain have been employed. Results are compared with those obtained by indrect immuno-fluorescence and passive haemoagglutination; a good corrispondence between immunoenzymatic test and indirect immunofluorescence is found.", "contents": "[Use of an immunoenzymatic test in the serological diagnostics of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. Four hundred and thirty four human sera have been tested for antitoxoplasma antibodies using an immunoenzymatic test on slides. A corpuscolar antigen, a peroxidase-labelled antiglobulin and a modified peroxidase stain have been employed. Results are compared with those obtained by indrect immuno-fluorescence and passive haemoagglutination; a good corrispondence between immunoenzymatic test and indirect immunofluorescence is found.", "PMID": 379905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4777", "title": "[Quantitative alterations of the immunoglobuline classes and the presence of autoantibodies in liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA., after the literature revision concerning the autoantibodies in the autoimmune diseases, have examined the cases of acute and chronic hepatitis happened in the period 1972-1976. After a short observation of used methodologies the AA. have connected the presence of autoantibodies (FN, SM, AM) with the rate of immunoglobulins in single groups of liver diseases, divided in acute hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis (cryptogenetic and alcoholic). The results are that while the immunoglobulins fractions increase, although in different manner, in every pattern of liver disease studied, instead, there are no typical changes of single immunoglobulins rate in the groups with autoantibodies. Statistically it is not possible to assert that single antibodies belong to immunoglobulins determinate class. Finally it had been impossible to demonstrate sex and age influence on the immunoglobulins increase in the groups of liver disease with autoantibodies.", "contents": "[Quantitative alterations of the immunoglobuline classes and the presence of autoantibodies in liver diseases (author's transl)]. The AA., after the literature revision concerning the autoantibodies in the autoimmune diseases, have examined the cases of acute and chronic hepatitis happened in the period 1972-1976. After a short observation of used methodologies the AA. have connected the presence of autoantibodies (FN, SM, AM) with the rate of immunoglobulins in single groups of liver diseases, divided in acute hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis (cryptogenetic and alcoholic). The results are that while the immunoglobulins fractions increase, although in different manner, in every pattern of liver disease studied, instead, there are no typical changes of single immunoglobulins rate in the groups with autoantibodies. Statistically it is not possible to assert that single antibodies belong to immunoglobulins determinate class. Finally it had been impossible to demonstrate sex and age influence on the immunoglobulins increase in the groups of liver disease with autoantibodies.", "PMID": 379904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4778", "title": "Ultrasonography of the brachiocephalic arteries.", "content": "Sixteen patients with various lesions involving the brachiocephalic arteries were studied ultrasonographically. The examination was very useful in diagnosing aneurysms of the peripheral arteries and in differentiating an aneurysm from other causes of palpable pulsatile masses, such as a tortuous artery and tumor beneath an artery. The ultrasound technique used for evaluation of these lesions is described.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of the brachiocephalic arteries. Sixteen patients with various lesions involving the brachiocephalic arteries were studied ultrasonographically. The examination was very useful in diagnosing aneurysms of the peripheral arteries and in differentiating an aneurysm from other causes of palpable pulsatile masses, such as a tortuous artery and tumor beneath an artery. The ultrasound technique used for evaluation of these lesions is described.", "PMID": 379911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4779", "title": "Changing radiologic technology education: evolution or revolution? I. Past and present.", "content": "The radiologic technology profession, now over fifty years old, is still in a dynamic state. It has moved forward from commercially-sponsored, on-the-job training in the early years to the formal educational programs that are now the standard. The first part of a two-part article reviews the past and present educational accomplishments, defines some current educational methods, and provokes the reader to look at the profession in terms of what educational standards are needed for the future and determine how and when they should be achieved.", "contents": "Changing radiologic technology education: evolution or revolution? I. Past and present. The radiologic technology profession, now over fifty years old, is still in a dynamic state. It has moved forward from commercially-sponsored, on-the-job training in the early years to the formal educational programs that are now the standard. The first part of a two-part article reviews the past and present educational accomplishments, defines some current educational methods, and provokes the reader to look at the profession in terms of what educational standards are needed for the future and determine how and when they should be achieved.", "PMID": 379910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4780", "title": "A method for administration of prolonged intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) to unanesthetized rats.", "content": "Prostacyclin is short acting and chemically unstable. To study sustained effects in an intact animal, prolonged intravenous infusion may be required. The compound has adequate stability for 24 hr in pH 10.0 carbonate buffer at 0 degrees. A \"displacement syringe\" is described wherein the prostacyclin solution is stored in a rubber bag inside the barrel of a 5 ml syringe. This device is placed in an ice bath. A syringe pump drives water into the barrel displacing an equal volume of solution out of the bag. Chronic venous cannules, saddles, and flow-through swivels are used as for drug self-administration studies. A simple, inexpensive rack for use with conventional individual hanging cages is also described.", "contents": "A method for administration of prolonged intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) to unanesthetized rats. Prostacyclin is short acting and chemically unstable. To study sustained effects in an intact animal, prolonged intravenous infusion may be required. The compound has adequate stability for 24 hr in pH 10.0 carbonate buffer at 0 degrees. A \"displacement syringe\" is described wherein the prostacyclin solution is stored in a rubber bag inside the barrel of a 5 ml syringe. This device is placed in an ice bath. A syringe pump drives water into the barrel displacing an equal volume of solution out of the bag. Chronic venous cannules, saddles, and flow-through swivels are used as for drug self-administration studies. A simple, inexpensive rack for use with conventional individual hanging cages is also described.", "PMID": 379916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4781", "title": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the rat.", "content": "Physiological roles have been suggested for prostacyclin in the cardiovascular system. Prostacyclin was administered by intravenous infusion to unanesthetized rats. Over a 24 hr period, 0.32 mg/kg/day caused only flushing of the ears. Larger doses (0.56 and 1 mg/kg/day) caused hypothermia, behavioral depression, and swelling of the paws. Cumulative dose-response curves for its depressor action were determined in both unanesthetized and anesthetized, vagotomized, ganglion-blocked rats. In unanesthetized rats, the threshold dose was about 0.1 ug/kg/min. Respiratory depression precluded doses larger than 1 ug/kg/min. In anesthetized rats, the threshold dose was about 0.001 ug/kg/min, and the maximally effective dose was about 0.1 micrograms/kg/min. At 0.032 ug/kg/min, blood pressure first fell and then rose slightly. This compensatory rise did not occur in nephrectomized rats, suggesting renin release as the mechanism. Intravenous infusion of 0.1 but not 0.01 ug/kg/min in unanesthetized rats doubled plasma renin activity. In saline-loaded unanesthetized rats, urine volume and urinary sodium excretion were decreased by 0.1 ug/kg/min of prostacyclin.", "contents": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the rat. Physiological roles have been suggested for prostacyclin in the cardiovascular system. Prostacyclin was administered by intravenous infusion to unanesthetized rats. Over a 24 hr period, 0.32 mg/kg/day caused only flushing of the ears. Larger doses (0.56 and 1 mg/kg/day) caused hypothermia, behavioral depression, and swelling of the paws. Cumulative dose-response curves for its depressor action were determined in both unanesthetized and anesthetized, vagotomized, ganglion-blocked rats. In unanesthetized rats, the threshold dose was about 0.1 ug/kg/min. Respiratory depression precluded doses larger than 1 ug/kg/min. In anesthetized rats, the threshold dose was about 0.001 ug/kg/min, and the maximally effective dose was about 0.1 micrograms/kg/min. At 0.032 ug/kg/min, blood pressure first fell and then rose slightly. This compensatory rise did not occur in nephrectomized rats, suggesting renin release as the mechanism. Intravenous infusion of 0.1 but not 0.01 ug/kg/min in unanesthetized rats doubled plasma renin activity. In saline-loaded unanesthetized rats, urine volume and urinary sodium excretion were decreased by 0.1 ug/kg/min of prostacyclin.", "PMID": 379917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4782", "title": "Effects of prostacyclin on the canine isolated basilar artery.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) produced a biphasic response in canine isolated basilar arteries. In low doses (1 X 10(-8)M-1 X 10(-7)M) PGI2 caused a slight but consistent relaxation of resting muscle tone. In low concentrations (1 X 10(-8)M-1 X 10(-6)M) PGI2 antagonized muscle contractions caused by serotonin or prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha. This relaxant effect with low doses of PGI2 on the isolated cerebral artery contrasts with findings obtained with other PGs and supports the hypothesis that PGI2 is a mediator of vasodilatation. However, in 1 X 10(-5)M concentrations PGI2 contracted the arterial muscle and did not antagonize contractions induced by serotonin or PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "Effects of prostacyclin on the canine isolated basilar artery. Prostacyclin (PGI2) produced a biphasic response in canine isolated basilar arteries. In low doses (1 X 10(-8)M-1 X 10(-7)M) PGI2 caused a slight but consistent relaxation of resting muscle tone. In low concentrations (1 X 10(-8)M-1 X 10(-6)M) PGI2 antagonized muscle contractions caused by serotonin or prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha. This relaxant effect with low doses of PGI2 on the isolated cerebral artery contrasts with findings obtained with other PGs and supports the hypothesis that PGI2 is a mediator of vasodilatation. However, in 1 X 10(-5)M concentrations PGI2 contracted the arterial muscle and did not antagonize contractions induced by serotonin or PGF2 alpha.", "PMID": 379918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4783", "title": "The prostaglandins system and insulin release. Studies with the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Using the isolated perfused rat pancreas PGE2 (1 MUM and 10 muM) had no effect on basal or glucose (10 and 20 mM)-induced insulin release (IR). PGF2 alpha stimulated basal IR at 1 muM and inhibited IR at 10 muM. The glucose-induced IR was unaffected by this PG. Furosemide (5 and 10 mM) led to a monophastic IR at low glucose (glu) and to a potentiation of IR at high glu. Only high indomethacin (Indo) (50 microgram/ml) inhibited glu-induced IR. The stimulatory effect of furosemide on IR could not be inhibited by indomethacin. However mepacrine (0.1 mM) abolished the furosemide effect. Also glu-induced IR was inhibited by mepacrine. Acetylsalicylic acid (30 mg/100 ml) had no significant influence on glu-induced IR. These findings provide evidence that phospholipase activation rather than increased PG synthesis might primarily be involved in the secretory process of insulin.", "contents": "The prostaglandins system and insulin release. Studies with the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Using the isolated perfused rat pancreas PGE2 (1 MUM and 10 muM) had no effect on basal or glucose (10 and 20 mM)-induced insulin release (IR). PGF2 alpha stimulated basal IR at 1 muM and inhibited IR at 10 muM. The glucose-induced IR was unaffected by this PG. Furosemide (5 and 10 mM) led to a monophastic IR at low glucose (glu) and to a potentiation of IR at high glu. Only high indomethacin (Indo) (50 microgram/ml) inhibited glu-induced IR. The stimulatory effect of furosemide on IR could not be inhibited by indomethacin. However mepacrine (0.1 mM) abolished the furosemide effect. Also glu-induced IR was inhibited by mepacrine. Acetylsalicylic acid (30 mg/100 ml) had no significant influence on glu-induced IR. These findings provide evidence that phospholipase activation rather than increased PG synthesis might primarily be involved in the secretory process of insulin.", "PMID": 379919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4784", "title": "Prostaglandins and myogenic control of tension in lower esophageal sphincter in vitro.", "content": "Active tension is produced by the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of North American opossum in vitro by a myogenic mechanism. Strips of LES, but not those from the esophageal body, contracted to prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha, stable expoxymethano derivatives of PGH2 and to thromboxane B2. Stable endoperoxides were more than 500 times more potent than PGF2 alpha. PGI2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha were weak relaxants of LES strips. LES strips transformed arachidonic acid into contractile substances. This transformation was prevented by agents which interfere with PG synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase [indomethacin (IDM), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA) or thromboxane synthetase [imidazole]. Tranylcypromine 500 microgram/ml also inhibited contractions to arachidonic acid. These agents also reduced muscle tone, so that endogenous PG formation may contribute to active tension in the LES. ETA and IDM increased tone before inhibiting it, and this effect was prevented by prior treatment with ETA or imidazole. There may also be an endogenous PG which inhibits LES tone. The possibility that this may be PGI2 is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and myogenic control of tension in lower esophageal sphincter in vitro. Active tension is produced by the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of North American opossum in vitro by a myogenic mechanism. Strips of LES, but not those from the esophageal body, contracted to prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha, stable expoxymethano derivatives of PGH2 and to thromboxane B2. Stable endoperoxides were more than 500 times more potent than PGF2 alpha. PGI2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha were weak relaxants of LES strips. LES strips transformed arachidonic acid into contractile substances. This transformation was prevented by agents which interfere with PG synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase [indomethacin (IDM), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA) or thromboxane synthetase [imidazole]. Tranylcypromine 500 microgram/ml also inhibited contractions to arachidonic acid. These agents also reduced muscle tone, so that endogenous PG formation may contribute to active tension in the LES. ETA and IDM increased tone before inhibiting it, and this effect was prevented by prior treatment with ETA or imidazole. There may also be an endogenous PG which inhibits LES tone. The possibility that this may be PGI2 is discussed.", "PMID": 379920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4785", "title": "Modification of a mathematical model for survival curves in photobiology.", "content": "A modification of the Haynes' mathematical model (1966) can be suggested as a result of bacterial UV-survival experiments carried out. A new equation is proposed: lnS = Fi(x), + Fr(x), wherein x is the radiation dose, Fi(x) = -- kox describes how radiation damage is produced on the cell and Fr(x) = (krec + kc)x + Re(x) describes how repair systems act. ko is the relative inactivation efficiency of radiation on each cell. krec is the recombination recovery system efficiency. kc gives the additional repair increasing per cell when excision and recombination systems act simultaneously. Re(x) = a(1-e-bs) describes solely the excision repair process. The asymptote of non-exponential curves intercepts the survival fraction axis on the ordinate so (extrapolated point). In the modified model a=lnSo instead of a=So (Haynes' model).", "contents": "Modification of a mathematical model for survival curves in photobiology. A modification of the Haynes' mathematical model (1966) can be suggested as a result of bacterial UV-survival experiments carried out. A new equation is proposed: lnS = Fi(x), + Fr(x), wherein x is the radiation dose, Fi(x) = -- kox describes how radiation damage is produced on the cell and Fr(x) = (krec + kc)x + Re(x) describes how repair systems act. ko is the relative inactivation efficiency of radiation on each cell. krec is the recombination recovery system efficiency. kc gives the additional repair increasing per cell when excision and recombination systems act simultaneously. Re(x) = a(1-e-bs) describes solely the excision repair process. The asymptote of non-exponential curves intercepts the survival fraction axis on the ordinate so (extrapolated point). In the modified model a=lnSo instead of a=So (Haynes' model).", "PMID": 379925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4786", "title": "Pilot study on adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for irradiated inoperable breast cancer.", "content": "A pilot study of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for inoperable breast cancer was performed. The patients were known to have a bad prognosis because of occult generalized disease. At the time of first treatment, the patients selected showed no signs of systemic disease. Local control of the breast and regional lymph nodes was achieved by radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapy consisted of alternating chemotherapy and tomoxifen. Adriamycin was dropped from the treatment schedule after 1 year because of enchanced radiation side-effects. Meanwhile the radiotherapy schedule was changed. A questionable control group was formed by patients radiated in the same period who failed to meet the entry criteria for various reasons. At presents, patients in the treated group show a better relapse-free survival than patients in the control group. The differences is statistically significant for premenopausal women. There is no significant difference in the overall survival between the treated group and the control group after an average follow-up of 2 years. After 2 years, the pilot study was closed. A randomized controlled clinical trial was started. In one group of this trial intensive chemotherapy is the first treatment employed.", "contents": "Pilot study on adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for irradiated inoperable breast cancer. A pilot study of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for inoperable breast cancer was performed. The patients were known to have a bad prognosis because of occult generalized disease. At the time of first treatment, the patients selected showed no signs of systemic disease. Local control of the breast and regional lymph nodes was achieved by radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapy consisted of alternating chemotherapy and tomoxifen. Adriamycin was dropped from the treatment schedule after 1 year because of enchanced radiation side-effects. Meanwhile the radiotherapy schedule was changed. A questionable control group was formed by patients radiated in the same period who failed to meet the entry criteria for various reasons. At presents, patients in the treated group show a better relapse-free survival than patients in the control group. The differences is statistically significant for premenopausal women. There is no significant difference in the overall survival between the treated group and the control group after an average follow-up of 2 years. After 2 years, the pilot study was closed. A randomized controlled clinical trial was started. In one group of this trial intensive chemotherapy is the first treatment employed.", "PMID": 379929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4787", "title": "[Improvement of the conditions of rat liver preservation by concomitant perfusion of the liver and kidney].", "content": "One of the factors limiting the duration of rat liver storage is the excessive accumulation of catabolites in the perfusion medium. In view of obtaining of an efficient depuration the authors have introduced a new circuit allowing for the concomittant perfusion of the liver and of the kidneys. The excretion effort of the kidneys is assessed by the estimation of urea nitrogen in the perfusion medium and in the urine collected over the entire duration of the experiment. The results have confirmed the good function of the system which provides possibilities for improved storage conditions of rat liver.", "contents": "[Improvement of the conditions of rat liver preservation by concomitant perfusion of the liver and kidney]. One of the factors limiting the duration of rat liver storage is the excessive accumulation of catabolites in the perfusion medium. In view of obtaining of an efficient depuration the authors have introduced a new circuit allowing for the concomittant perfusion of the liver and of the kidneys. The excretion effort of the kidneys is assessed by the estimation of urea nitrogen in the perfusion medium and in the urine collected over the entire duration of the experiment. The results have confirmed the good function of the system which provides possibilities for improved storage conditions of rat liver.", "PMID": 379926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4788", "title": "Randomized trial with Poly A-Poly U as adjuvant therapy complementing surgery in patients with breast cancer: in vitro study of cellular immunity.", "content": "The immunologic reactivity of patients with initially operable breast cancer was measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition test using autologous tumor extract (T), autologous serum (S), and a combination of both (T + S). These patients formed part of a randomized clinical trial comparing, on the one hand, conventional treatment and, on the other, conventional treatment complemented by injections of poly A-poly U. A sequential study was carried out on 159 patients, testing them 7 days, 2 months, 4 months, and 1 year after the operation. Statistical comparisons revealed no significant difference in the reaction of the two groups. In addition, no significant differences were found between those with lymph node involvement and those without. Radiotherapy given to those with lymph node involvement did not significantly change their reactions. We were able to show that the percentage of patients with a positive leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) increases regularly and significantly with time. This study confirmed the presence in some autologous serum of a synergistic factor (SS factor) which increased the inhibition of migration of leukocytes by autologous tumor extract. This factor was found in 18 patients, equally divided between both therapeutic groups. In the group with SS factor, the percentage with lymph node involvement appeared greater (83% compared with 68% among those patients who had no SS factor), and the incidence of metastases was also increased (44% compared with 21%). This factor seemed to indicate a bad prognosis. However, there was a difference in the results between the two therapeutic groups in patients with the synergistic factor. Of nine patients undergoing conventional treatment, six had devleoped metastases, whereas only two out of the nine patients who also poly A-poly U developed metastases. The same trend was observed in the whole trial population.", "contents": "Randomized trial with Poly A-Poly U as adjuvant therapy complementing surgery in patients with breast cancer: in vitro study of cellular immunity. The immunologic reactivity of patients with initially operable breast cancer was measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition test using autologous tumor extract (T), autologous serum (S), and a combination of both (T + S). These patients formed part of a randomized clinical trial comparing, on the one hand, conventional treatment and, on the other, conventional treatment complemented by injections of poly A-poly U. A sequential study was carried out on 159 patients, testing them 7 days, 2 months, 4 months, and 1 year after the operation. Statistical comparisons revealed no significant difference in the reaction of the two groups. In addition, no significant differences were found between those with lymph node involvement and those without. Radiotherapy given to those with lymph node involvement did not significantly change their reactions. We were able to show that the percentage of patients with a positive leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) increases regularly and significantly with time. This study confirmed the presence in some autologous serum of a synergistic factor (SS factor) which increased the inhibition of migration of leukocytes by autologous tumor extract. This factor was found in 18 patients, equally divided between both therapeutic groups. In the group with SS factor, the percentage with lymph node involvement appeared greater (83% compared with 68% among those patients who had no SS factor), and the incidence of metastases was also increased (44% compared with 21%). This factor seemed to indicate a bad prognosis. However, there was a difference in the results between the two therapeutic groups in patients with the synergistic factor. Of nine patients undergoing conventional treatment, six had devleoped metastases, whereas only two out of the nine patients who also poly A-poly U developed metastases. The same trend was observed in the whole trial population.", "PMID": 379931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4789", "title": "Levamisole: as adjuvant to cyclic chemotherapy in breast cancer.", "content": "The addition of levamisole, administered in adjunctive manner between the cycles of conventional high dose chemotherapy in patients with hormone resistant end state breast cancer substantially improved the survival of treated patients. Analysis of this double-blind study in 60 such patients suggests that improvement in remission status and survival is related to better tolerability of such cytotoxic therapy as regards both specific and nonspecific cytotoxicity. This improved tolerability enabled patients to receive higher doses of cytotoxic drugs over a shorter time period resulting in an improved remission rate and ultimate survival.", "contents": "Levamisole: as adjuvant to cyclic chemotherapy in breast cancer. The addition of levamisole, administered in adjunctive manner between the cycles of conventional high dose chemotherapy in patients with hormone resistant end state breast cancer substantially improved the survival of treated patients. Analysis of this double-blind study in 60 such patients suggests that improvement in remission status and survival is related to better tolerability of such cytotoxic therapy as regards both specific and nonspecific cytotoxicity. This improved tolerability enabled patients to receive higher doses of cytotoxic drugs over a shorter time period resulting in an improved remission rate and ultimate survival.", "PMID": 379932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4790", "title": "Adjuvant therapy with levamisole in resectable lung cancer.", "content": "In view of the discouraging results that have been obtained so far with the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery, a double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the adjuvant use of levamisole was conducted in 211 resectable lung cancer patients, following these patients for 2 years after their operation. Levamisole (or the placebo) was given for 3 days every 2 weeks and the dose level ranged 1.1--3.8 mg/kg per day (a fixed dose of 3 x 50 mg was given to all patients). It appeared that recurrences and carcinomatous deaths had occurred significantly less often in patients who had received a high dose (i.e., 2.1--3,8 mg/kg: patients weighing 70 kg or less) but not in the patients who received a lower dose. Patients who had more advanced cancers at the time of surgery seemed to have profited more from the treatment, but the results did not seem to depend upon the histologic type of the tumor or on the immune status of the patients as estimated from the skin test reactivity at the start. There was also suggestive evidence that levamisole may be more effective in preventing hematogenous dissemination than in inhibiting recurrences in the lung or the mediastinal tissues. Levamisole, if dosed adequately, appears to be a very suitable adjuvant treatment in resectable lung cancer patients as judged from its efficacy and its lack of troublesome side-effects.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy with levamisole in resectable lung cancer. In view of the discouraging results that have been obtained so far with the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery, a double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the adjuvant use of levamisole was conducted in 211 resectable lung cancer patients, following these patients for 2 years after their operation. Levamisole (or the placebo) was given for 3 days every 2 weeks and the dose level ranged 1.1--3.8 mg/kg per day (a fixed dose of 3 x 50 mg was given to all patients). It appeared that recurrences and carcinomatous deaths had occurred significantly less often in patients who had received a high dose (i.e., 2.1--3,8 mg/kg: patients weighing 70 kg or less) but not in the patients who received a lower dose. Patients who had more advanced cancers at the time of surgery seemed to have profited more from the treatment, but the results did not seem to depend upon the histologic type of the tumor or on the immune status of the patients as estimated from the skin test reactivity at the start. There was also suggestive evidence that levamisole may be more effective in preventing hematogenous dissemination than in inhibiting recurrences in the lung or the mediastinal tissues. Levamisole, if dosed adequately, appears to be a very suitable adjuvant treatment in resectable lung cancer patients as judged from its efficacy and its lack of troublesome side-effects.", "PMID": 379936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4791", "title": "Adjuvant trial of levamisole in patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck: a preliminary report.", "content": "A preliminary report is made of a randomized double-blind study comparing levamisole with placebo as surgical adjuvant treatment of patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck. The study groups were comparable according to the prognostic factors of type (primary or recurrent), site (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx), and stage of disease and were also similar in pretreatment immune function and in radiation exposure. Of 65 evaluable patients, 31 were treated with levamisole and 34 received placebo. Although there was no difference in the distribution of the time to recurrence of the overall treatment group, there was a difference of borderline significance in favor of levamisole in the primary disease patients (P less than 0.006). Further analysis of subgroups in the primary disease category showed decreased recurrence rates in patients receiving levamisole who had cancer of the oral cavity P less than 0.01 or who had stage II disease, P less than 0.02. Considering site and stage simultaneously, the only significant difference was in stage II patients with oral cancer. The above results, though encouraging, must be viewed with caution due to small sample sizes and relatively short follow-up of most patients.", "contents": "Adjuvant trial of levamisole in patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck: a preliminary report. A preliminary report is made of a randomized double-blind study comparing levamisole with placebo as surgical adjuvant treatment of patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck. The study groups were comparable according to the prognostic factors of type (primary or recurrent), site (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx), and stage of disease and were also similar in pretreatment immune function and in radiation exposure. Of 65 evaluable patients, 31 were treated with levamisole and 34 received placebo. Although there was no difference in the distribution of the time to recurrence of the overall treatment group, there was a difference of borderline significance in favor of levamisole in the primary disease patients (P less than 0.006). Further analysis of subgroups in the primary disease category showed decreased recurrence rates in patients receiving levamisole who had cancer of the oral cavity P less than 0.01 or who had stage II disease, P less than 0.02. Considering site and stage simultaneously, the only significant difference was in stage II patients with oral cancer. The above results, though encouraging, must be viewed with caution due to small sample sizes and relatively short follow-up of most patients.", "PMID": 379937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4792", "title": "[Various considerations in the treatment of amebic liver abscess].", "content": "From 1974 to 1976 Acute Amoebic Hepatic Abscess treatment was viewed retrospectively with a random double blind prospective study administering metronidazol emetine, or a combination of both to three groups of 20 patients per group. The retrospective study of 1974 underlines the then predominant tendency toward a surgical management with a higher mortality (p less than 0.002). In 1976 medical treatment patients increased with a corresponding diminution of mortality (p less than 0.001). The prospective study showed no statistically significant response difference to the pharmacologic treatment variations. Here only 1.6% of patients underwent surgery and 1/3 of them received puncture drainage due to medical treatment failure. We conclude that non complicated acute amoebic liver abscess treatment should be medical, preferably with only one antiamoebic drug.", "contents": "[Various considerations in the treatment of amebic liver abscess]. From 1974 to 1976 Acute Amoebic Hepatic Abscess treatment was viewed retrospectively with a random double blind prospective study administering metronidazol emetine, or a combination of both to three groups of 20 patients per group. The retrospective study of 1974 underlines the then predominant tendency toward a surgical management with a higher mortality (p less than 0.002). In 1976 medical treatment patients increased with a corresponding diminution of mortality (p less than 0.001). The prospective study showed no statistically significant response difference to the pharmacologic treatment variations. Here only 1.6% of patients underwent surgery and 1/3 of them received puncture drainage due to medical treatment failure. We conclude that non complicated acute amoebic liver abscess treatment should be medical, preferably with only one antiamoebic drug.", "PMID": 379955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4793", "title": "[Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome with dopamine and bromocriptine].", "content": "Two cirrhotic patients with hepatorenal syndrome were treated with Dopamine hydrochloride and Bromocriptine, a Dopamine agonist. Dopamine hydrochloride was given at a dosis of 0.30 to 0.90 mg/min. and Bromocriptine 15 mg/day. Although a transient raise of urinary output was observed in one patient, both patients died six to ten days later with an urinary output of less than 100 ml/day. Dopamine and Bromocriptine combined are of poor therapeutic value in hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "[Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome with dopamine and bromocriptine]. Two cirrhotic patients with hepatorenal syndrome were treated with Dopamine hydrochloride and Bromocriptine, a Dopamine agonist. Dopamine hydrochloride was given at a dosis of 0.30 to 0.90 mg/min. and Bromocriptine 15 mg/day. Although a transient raise of urinary output was observed in one patient, both patients died six to ten days later with an urinary output of less than 100 ml/day. Dopamine and Bromocriptine combined are of poor therapeutic value in hepatorenal syndrome.", "PMID": 379956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4794", "title": "[10 years after the death of Professor Mihai Ciuc\u0103 (18 July 1883--20 Feb 1969). Mihai Ciuc\u0103 and the study of bacteriophage, recorded in his working notebooks].", "content": "The work records of professor Mihai Ciuc\u0103 (found in the archives of the Department of Microbiology) give us an insight into his scientific thoughts and practical activity. These documents speak of his dedication to the problem of the bacteriophage started in Jules Bordet's laboratory of the Pasteur Institute in Brussels, in 1920 and continued until 1969, the year in which he died. Since the discovery of the phenomenon of lysogeny, called the Bordet-Ciuc\u0103 phenomenon, the professor initiated a wide range of research themes on the bacteriophage, guiding and promoting the work of a great number of specialists in the National Center, founded in 1949.", "contents": "[10 years after the death of Professor Mihai Ciuc\u0103 (18 July 1883--20 Feb 1969). Mihai Ciuc\u0103 and the study of bacteriophage, recorded in his working notebooks]. The work records of professor Mihai Ciuc\u0103 (found in the archives of the Department of Microbiology) give us an insight into his scientific thoughts and practical activity. These documents speak of his dedication to the problem of the bacteriophage started in Jules Bordet's laboratory of the Pasteur Institute in Brussels, in 1920 and continued until 1969, the year in which he died. Since the discovery of the phenomenon of lysogeny, called the Bordet-Ciuc\u0103 phenomenon, the professor initiated a wide range of research themes on the bacteriophage, guiding and promoting the work of a great number of specialists in the National Center, founded in 1949.", "PMID": 379959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4795", "title": "[Iron and infection. I. Iron and \"nutritional immunity\". The leukocytic endogenous mediator].", "content": "With reference to the studies carried out in the Center of Hematology, Bucharest, the authors review recent publications concerning the correlation between iron metabolism and infection, and emphasize the importance of iron deficiency within the framework of nutrition-infection-immunity relationship, and the role of iron in antinfectious defence. Among the metabolic responses of the host organism to infection is the early redistribution of essential oligoelements, known as \"nutritional immunity\", which is discussed in detail. Data refering to the leukocytic endogenous mediator are given.", "contents": "[Iron and infection. I. Iron and \"nutritional immunity\". The leukocytic endogenous mediator]. With reference to the studies carried out in the Center of Hematology, Bucharest, the authors review recent publications concerning the correlation between iron metabolism and infection, and emphasize the importance of iron deficiency within the framework of nutrition-infection-immunity relationship, and the role of iron in antinfectious defence. Among the metabolic responses of the host organism to infection is the early redistribution of essential oligoelements, known as \"nutritional immunity\", which is discussed in detail. Data refering to the leukocytic endogenous mediator are given.", "PMID": 379957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4796", "title": "[Passive hemagglutination test in the serodiagnosis of syphilis].", "content": "Passive haemagglutination test with pathogenic Treponema pallidum antigen in the serodiagnosis of syphilis, carried out on 752 sera (518 syphilitic patients and 234 subjects without evidence of syphilis) showed a greater general sensitivity as compared the cardiolipin tests and complement fixation test with Reiter protein antigen, and lower, to immunofluorescence (FTA--ABS). Its specificity is relatively lower than that of the cardiolopin and treponemal tests. Associated with the cardiolipin test it may be preferably used for the detection of syphilis, and moreover, passive haemagglutination may confirm the diagnosis in case of weak positive results with the FTA--ABS test. The latter is, however, essential for problem cases.", "contents": "[Passive hemagglutination test in the serodiagnosis of syphilis]. Passive haemagglutination test with pathogenic Treponema pallidum antigen in the serodiagnosis of syphilis, carried out on 752 sera (518 syphilitic patients and 234 subjects without evidence of syphilis) showed a greater general sensitivity as compared the cardiolipin tests and complement fixation test with Reiter protein antigen, and lower, to immunofluorescence (FTA--ABS). Its specificity is relatively lower than that of the cardiolopin and treponemal tests. Associated with the cardiolipin test it may be preferably used for the detection of syphilis, and moreover, passive haemagglutination may confirm the diagnosis in case of weak positive results with the FTA--ABS test. The latter is, however, essential for problem cases.", "PMID": 379958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4797", "title": "[Immunity aspects in syphilis].", "content": "Until lately, the host-parasite relationship in syphilis registered a certain latency because of the difficult approach to the problem and especially because of the enthusiasm caused by the possible eradication of the disease by penicillin. As these expectations were not confirmed, attention was again focussed on study by modern means of the biology of pathogenic treponema, its antigenic properties, possibility of in vitro cultivation and certain humoral and cellular immune aspects that govern the evolution of the disease and, probable, the acquiring of specific immunity. The attempts made for obtaining a live vaccine, attenuated by irradiation and experimented in animals, appear to foreshadow the possible use of this vaccine in the near future in man.", "contents": "[Immunity aspects in syphilis]. Until lately, the host-parasite relationship in syphilis registered a certain latency because of the difficult approach to the problem and especially because of the enthusiasm caused by the possible eradication of the disease by penicillin. As these expectations were not confirmed, attention was again focussed on study by modern means of the biology of pathogenic treponema, its antigenic properties, possibility of in vitro cultivation and certain humoral and cellular immune aspects that govern the evolution of the disease and, probable, the acquiring of specific immunity. The attempts made for obtaining a live vaccine, attenuated by irradiation and experimented in animals, appear to foreshadow the possible use of this vaccine in the near future in man.", "PMID": 379962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4798", "title": "[Studies of oral microbiogenesis. II. Significance of staphylocci present in periodontal lesions, pulp gangrene and in the alveolus after tooth extraction].", "content": "A study was carried out on the properties and significance of staphylococci isolated from the alveoli after dental extraction (12 strains), from parodontal pus (19 strains) and pulpar gangrene (15 strains). By their frequency, staphylococci of the Staphylococcus aureus have an etiologic significance in pulpar gangrene. Of particular importance for the diagnosis and epidemiology was the predominance of lysotype 80 among the staphylococci isolated from pulpar gangrene and lysotype 77 in healthy carriers. In 2 of 11 patients the coexistence of the same lysotype was found in the pulpar gangrene and nasal secretion.", "contents": "[Studies of oral microbiogenesis. II. Significance of staphylocci present in periodontal lesions, pulp gangrene and in the alveolus after tooth extraction]. A study was carried out on the properties and significance of staphylococci isolated from the alveoli after dental extraction (12 strains), from parodontal pus (19 strains) and pulpar gangrene (15 strains). By their frequency, staphylococci of the Staphylococcus aureus have an etiologic significance in pulpar gangrene. Of particular importance for the diagnosis and epidemiology was the predominance of lysotype 80 among the staphylococci isolated from pulpar gangrene and lysotype 77 in healthy carriers. In 2 of 11 patients the coexistence of the same lysotype was found in the pulpar gangrene and nasal secretion.", "PMID": 379963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4799", "title": "[Embryogeny of facial, mastication, tongue, palate and neck muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "The mesenchymal origin muscular tissues entailing some difficulties in the knowledge of certain muscles embryogeny, two methods are therefore applied: the comparison of the ontogenesis data with those of comparative anatomy and the use as a guide of the functional motor unit with which the muscle combines. In resorting to these methods necessary precautions are precisely defined. The origins of the concerned muscles are, at first, situated among those of the whole musculature subjected to will, which are of two types \"somitic\" and \"branchial\". The realities lying under these two misleading terms are analysed. Then the usual data on each of the muscular groups embryogeny reviewed and compared, if necessary, with recent works. For the facial muscles a confusion results from the use of the term platysma both in comparative anatomy and in embryology, in pursuance of transposition, exact on that particular point, of the philogenic development of these muscles in ontogenesis. The development of these muscles comes in the scope of the extensive general character of the superficial hyo\u00efd arch derivatives, and their topographic and functional particularities should be brought together with the disposition of the facial nerve nucleus and its arising fibres. Among the muscles in action in the mastication, a link appears between their precise role in this function and their embryogeny. For the neck muscles, the spinal nerve systematisation and the variations of the sterno-masto\u00efd muscle in mammals agree in assigning to this muscle an entire somitic origin lying exactly at the junction with the so-called branchial muscles. The somitic origin of the tongue muscles and the sharing between the somitic and branchial origins of those of the soft palate bring to light the place in the organism of these two anatomic structures. Then, the conjunction of muscles proceeding thus from two origins in these anatomic structures carries a particular signification in man by reason of the language.", "contents": "[Embryogeny of facial, mastication, tongue, palate and neck muscles (author's transl)]. The mesenchymal origin muscular tissues entailing some difficulties in the knowledge of certain muscles embryogeny, two methods are therefore applied: the comparison of the ontogenesis data with those of comparative anatomy and the use as a guide of the functional motor unit with which the muscle combines. In resorting to these methods necessary precautions are precisely defined. The origins of the concerned muscles are, at first, situated among those of the whole musculature subjected to will, which are of two types \"somitic\" and \"branchial\". The realities lying under these two misleading terms are analysed. Then the usual data on each of the muscular groups embryogeny reviewed and compared, if necessary, with recent works. For the facial muscles a confusion results from the use of the term platysma both in comparative anatomy and in embryology, in pursuance of transposition, exact on that particular point, of the philogenic development of these muscles in ontogenesis. The development of these muscles comes in the scope of the extensive general character of the superficial hyo\u00efd arch derivatives, and their topographic and functional particularities should be brought together with the disposition of the facial nerve nucleus and its arising fibres. Among the muscles in action in the mastication, a link appears between their precise role in this function and their embryogeny. For the neck muscles, the spinal nerve systematisation and the variations of the sterno-masto\u00efd muscle in mammals agree in assigning to this muscle an entire somitic origin lying exactly at the junction with the so-called branchial muscles. The somitic origin of the tongue muscles and the sharing between the somitic and branchial origins of those of the soft palate bring to light the place in the organism of these two anatomic structures. Then, the conjunction of muscles proceeding thus from two origins in these anatomic structures carries a particular signification in man by reason of the language.", "PMID": 379971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4800", "title": "[Dental problems before irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Before antitumoral facial irradiation, those teeth that cannot be conserved for a sufficiently long post-irradiation period of at least two years should be extracted. Teeth that are less affected, in patients given palliative treatment and in whom the prognosis is better, can be conserved. The conserved teeth are protected from destruction by the application of a fluoride gel. Dental reconstruction is ensured by the conventional methods, including the fixed prosthesis. The arches can be restored with atraumatic fixed prostheses but prudence is required. If extraction is necessary, a strict procedure must be employed and sufficient antibiotic treatment prescribed.", "contents": "[Dental problems before irradiation (author's transl)]. Before antitumoral facial irradiation, those teeth that cannot be conserved for a sufficiently long post-irradiation period of at least two years should be extracted. Teeth that are less affected, in patients given palliative treatment and in whom the prognosis is better, can be conserved. The conserved teeth are protected from destruction by the application of a fluoride gel. Dental reconstruction is ensured by the conventional methods, including the fixed prosthesis. The arches can be restored with atraumatic fixed prostheses but prudence is required. If extraction is necessary, a strict procedure must be employed and sufficient antibiotic treatment prescribed.", "PMID": 379972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4801", "title": "[Functional rehabilitation of irradiated maxillary bones (author's transl)].", "content": "The teeth should be conserved before radiotherapy: --in patients with good buccodental hygiene the teeth are conserved and fluoride treatment instituted,--when hygiene is only moderate, the mandibular teeth outside of the treated area are left in place and fluoride treatment is also attempted. The crowns are conserved, and an attempt is even made in some cases to apply them, as for example on the canines.--when hygiene is inexistant, all the teeth are extracted. Following radiotherapy, the authors will restore a prosthesis two months after irradiation in long-standing edentulons patients, and after 6 months for patients who have recently become edentulons. They sometimes recommend conservative treatment and a fixed prosthesis when the social context is favourable.", "contents": "[Functional rehabilitation of irradiated maxillary bones (author's transl)]. The teeth should be conserved before radiotherapy: --in patients with good buccodental hygiene the teeth are conserved and fluoride treatment instituted,--when hygiene is only moderate, the mandibular teeth outside of the treated area are left in place and fluoride treatment is also attempted. The crowns are conserved, and an attempt is even made in some cases to apply them, as for example on the canines.--when hygiene is inexistant, all the teeth are extracted. Following radiotherapy, the authors will restore a prosthesis two months after irradiation in long-standing edentulons patients, and after 6 months for patients who have recently become edentulons. They sometimes recommend conservative treatment and a fixed prosthesis when the social context is favourable.", "PMID": 379973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4802", "title": "[Surgical treatment of orostoma after oral cavity irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery treatment of orostoma raises the problem of when operation is indicated and more particularly at what period it should be performed. The imperatives defined have to be respected, and a distant flap, such as a deltopectoral flap, has to used immediately in order to hope for the best results, though the possibility of a recurrence has to be kept in mind.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of orostoma after oral cavity irradiation (author's transl)]. Surgery treatment of orostoma raises the problem of when operation is indicated and more particularly at what period it should be performed. The imperatives defined have to be respected, and a distant flap, such as a deltopectoral flap, has to used immediately in order to hope for the best results, though the possibility of a recurrence has to be kept in mind.", "PMID": 379974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4803", "title": "[Twenty years follow-up of a case of extensive osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient was found to have the first signs of a fibrous dysplasia of the left maxilla 50 years ago. At that time it was thought to be a maxillary sarcoma and was treated by irradiation on two occasions. The authors first saw the patient 20 years ago when he presented for treatment of an extensive degenerated osteoradionecrosis due to the previous irradiation therapy. Excision and reconstructive treatment caused many medical, psychological, and surgical problems. A part from the interest aroused by the numerous surgical repair procedures carried out, the essentially iatrogenic nature of the lesion and its effect on the life of this unfortunate patient convinced the authors of the need for publishing this rather sad history.", "contents": "[Twenty years follow-up of a case of extensive osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)]. A patient was found to have the first signs of a fibrous dysplasia of the left maxilla 50 years ago. At that time it was thought to be a maxillary sarcoma and was treated by irradiation on two occasions. The authors first saw the patient 20 years ago when he presented for treatment of an extensive degenerated osteoradionecrosis due to the previous irradiation therapy. Excision and reconstructive treatment caused many medical, psychological, and surgical problems. A part from the interest aroused by the numerous surgical repair procedures carried out, the essentially iatrogenic nature of the lesion and its effect on the life of this unfortunate patient convinced the authors of the need for publishing this rather sad history.", "PMID": 379975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4804", "title": "[Bone reconstruction after resection of the mandible for osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Resection of the sections of the mandibular affected by osteoradionecrosis has completely modified the progression and prognosis of this affection by ensuring that the patient does not have to suffer long periods of pain and suppuration, constantly observed when medical treatment is used alone. Unfortunately, these resections are usually extensive and are themselves responsible for functional and esthetic sequelae supported with difficulty by some patients, especially in the case of bilateral or mandibular arch resections. All efforts must be made, therefore, to limit the consequences, and with this in mind it is possible: -- to perform an uninterrupted resection limited to the alveolar area involved, in early cases of mandibular osteoradionecrosis; -- to reconstitute mandibular continuity with a bone graft in more advanced stages; -- to improve the esthetic appearance with skin and subcutaneous grafts whenever this is necessary. Good results can only be obtained if certain anatomical conditions exist and if surgical precautions are adapted to each case.", "contents": "[Bone reconstruction after resection of the mandible for osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)]. Resection of the sections of the mandibular affected by osteoradionecrosis has completely modified the progression and prognosis of this affection by ensuring that the patient does not have to suffer long periods of pain and suppuration, constantly observed when medical treatment is used alone. Unfortunately, these resections are usually extensive and are themselves responsible for functional and esthetic sequelae supported with difficulty by some patients, especially in the case of bilateral or mandibular arch resections. All efforts must be made, therefore, to limit the consequences, and with this in mind it is possible: -- to perform an uninterrupted resection limited to the alveolar area involved, in early cases of mandibular osteoradionecrosis; -- to reconstitute mandibular continuity with a bone graft in more advanced stages; -- to improve the esthetic appearance with skin and subcutaneous grafts whenever this is necessary. Good results can only be obtained if certain anatomical conditions exist and if surgical precautions are adapted to each case.", "PMID": 379976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4805", "title": "Concanvalin-A-binding proteins on the surface of human malignant and normal lymphocytes.", "content": "The concanavalin-A-binding cell surface glycoproteins from normal and certain leukaemic human lymphocytes were radiolabelled and then solubilized with detergent, isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A insolubilized on agarose beads, and subsequently analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Leukaemic T cells from patients with Sezary syndrome were found to express major concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins on their outer surface similar to those of normal T lymphocytes. Leukaemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed Con-A-binding proteins similar to those of B-cell lines. HLA antigens were predominant among the major Con-A-binding proteins on the surface of the normal and the malignant T cells studied. Human Ia-like antigens, HLA antigens, and the cell surface immunoglobulins IgD and IgM represented the major Con-A-binding proteins on the B cells studied. beta 2-microglobulin was found associated with HLA antigens on both leukaemic and non-leukaemic T and B cells. The presence of additional Con-A-binding proteins expressed on the surface of the different cell types studied is discussed along with some physical characteristics of the human Ia-like antigens isolated.", "contents": "Concanvalin-A-binding proteins on the surface of human malignant and normal lymphocytes. The concanavalin-A-binding cell surface glycoproteins from normal and certain leukaemic human lymphocytes were radiolabelled and then solubilized with detergent, isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A insolubilized on agarose beads, and subsequently analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Leukaemic T cells from patients with Sezary syndrome were found to express major concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins on their outer surface similar to those of normal T lymphocytes. Leukaemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed Con-A-binding proteins similar to those of B-cell lines. HLA antigens were predominant among the major Con-A-binding proteins on the surface of the normal and the malignant T cells studied. Human Ia-like antigens, HLA antigens, and the cell surface immunoglobulins IgD and IgM represented the major Con-A-binding proteins on the B cells studied. beta 2-microglobulin was found associated with HLA antigens on both leukaemic and non-leukaemic T and B cells. The presence of additional Con-A-binding proteins expressed on the surface of the different cell types studied is discussed along with some physical characteristics of the human Ia-like antigens isolated.", "PMID": 379978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4806", "title": "Characteristics of individual polymorphonuclear leucocyte motility obtained with a new opto-electronic method.", "content": "An opto-electronic device has been used for a quantitative assessment of the motility of individual polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) adhering to a glass cover slip. One of the oculars in a phase contrast microscope is provided with a mini-array of 32 x 32 light-sensitive elements. These are connected to an electronic unit, capable of recording the number of light-intensity changes on each element and of visualizing the path of a cell on an oscilloscope screen, as a pattern of dots. The results clearly show that individual PMNL respond differently to environmental conditions; for instance, (i) raising the temperature increased the motility of cells to a maximum at around 39 degrees C and lowering the temperature from 42 degrees C restored their peak motility, (ii) protein was required at attachment depending on the temperature at attachment, (iii) endotoxin-activated normal human serum affected more drastically cells with a low initial motility and cytochalasin B more adversely influenced cells with a high initial motility, (iv) phagocytosis of yeast cells reduced the percentage of motile cells, which was more pronounced if the PMNL were washed before the motility measurement. The average motility of the PMNL was also diminished, although individual PMNL retained normal activity after ingestion of one or more yeast cells.", "contents": "Characteristics of individual polymorphonuclear leucocyte motility obtained with a new opto-electronic method. An opto-electronic device has been used for a quantitative assessment of the motility of individual polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) adhering to a glass cover slip. One of the oculars in a phase contrast microscope is provided with a mini-array of 32 x 32 light-sensitive elements. These are connected to an electronic unit, capable of recording the number of light-intensity changes on each element and of visualizing the path of a cell on an oscilloscope screen, as a pattern of dots. The results clearly show that individual PMNL respond differently to environmental conditions; for instance, (i) raising the temperature increased the motility of cells to a maximum at around 39 degrees C and lowering the temperature from 42 degrees C restored their peak motility, (ii) protein was required at attachment depending on the temperature at attachment, (iii) endotoxin-activated normal human serum affected more drastically cells with a low initial motility and cytochalasin B more adversely influenced cells with a high initial motility, (iv) phagocytosis of yeast cells reduced the percentage of motile cells, which was more pronounced if the PMNL were washed before the motility measurement. The average motility of the PMNL was also diminished, although individual PMNL retained normal activity after ingestion of one or more yeast cells.", "PMID": 379979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4807", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: relationship between four subpopulations identified by membrane markers.", "content": "The interrelationship between four subpopulations of human lymphocytes was studied in eight normal persons. Double marking and fractionation experiments established that lymphocytes with receptors for AET-treated sheep erythrocytes constitute a population complementary to cells that carry surface membrane immunoglobulins as they are identified by polyvalent rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin; the latter includes nearly all cells with complement receptors. Two functionally different receptors for antigen-bound IgG are identified by their binding avidity for rabbit-antibody-sensitized ox erythrocytes, defining populations of lymphocytes with high-avidity and low-avidity receptors, indicating two valuable differentiation markers.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: relationship between four subpopulations identified by membrane markers. The interrelationship between four subpopulations of human lymphocytes was studied in eight normal persons. Double marking and fractionation experiments established that lymphocytes with receptors for AET-treated sheep erythrocytes constitute a population complementary to cells that carry surface membrane immunoglobulins as they are identified by polyvalent rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin; the latter includes nearly all cells with complement receptors. Two functionally different receptors for antigen-bound IgG are identified by their binding avidity for rabbit-antibody-sensitized ox erythrocytes, defining populations of lymphocytes with high-avidity and low-avidity receptors, indicating two valuable differentiation markers.", "PMID": 379981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4808", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: characterization of human killer cells against allogeneic targets sensitized with HLA antibodies.", "content": "Human killer cells mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against allogeneic lymphoblasts presensitized with HLA antibodies have been studied by rosette fractionation experiments. Enriched and/or depleted cell suspensions have been tested in dose-response studies. Two different populations can act as killer cells. The major cytotoxic capacity is retained among T cells with high-avidity Fc receptors, whereas a minor cytotoxic capacity was found among non-T cells with high-avidity Fc receptors. These two populations have different dose-response curves, indicating different effector mechanisms.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: characterization of human killer cells against allogeneic targets sensitized with HLA antibodies. Human killer cells mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against allogeneic lymphoblasts presensitized with HLA antibodies have been studied by rosette fractionation experiments. Enriched and/or depleted cell suspensions have been tested in dose-response studies. Two different populations can act as killer cells. The major cytotoxic capacity is retained among T cells with high-avidity Fc receptors, whereas a minor cytotoxic capacity was found among non-T cells with high-avidity Fc receptors. These two populations have different dose-response curves, indicating different effector mechanisms.", "PMID": 379982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4809", "title": "Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of immunoglobulin A and secretory component in jejunal mucosa from children with coeliac disease.", "content": "Using peroxidase-labelled antibodies, the ultrastructural localization of IgA and secretory component (SC) was investigated in duodeno-jejunal biopsies from six children with coeliac disease and compared with that observed in non-coelic mucosa. In normal intestinal mucosa this study confirmed the presence of IgA in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear space of numerous subepithelial plasma cells and one the lateral cell membranes of villous and especially crypt epithelial cells. SC was only detected in the epithelium and principally in crypt epithelium where it was identified in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, perinuclear spaces and on lateral cell membranes. These findings support the suggestion that SC is synthesized mainly in crypt epithelium and acts as a receptor on epithelial cell membranes for dimeric IgA. In untreated coeliac patients, SC was observed at the same sites, but SC staining was reduced in damaged surface epithelial cells. The number of IgA immunocytes was increased and heavy deposits of IgA were found on basement membranes. In post-treatment biopsies, no abnormality was apparent. After re-exposure to gluten, depositions of IgA on basement membranes were the only early change. The unaltered distribution of SC and IgA in crypt epithelium strongly suggests that the epithelial transport mechanism of secretory IgA is normal in coeliac disease.", "contents": "Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of immunoglobulin A and secretory component in jejunal mucosa from children with coeliac disease. Using peroxidase-labelled antibodies, the ultrastructural localization of IgA and secretory component (SC) was investigated in duodeno-jejunal biopsies from six children with coeliac disease and compared with that observed in non-coelic mucosa. In normal intestinal mucosa this study confirmed the presence of IgA in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear space of numerous subepithelial plasma cells and one the lateral cell membranes of villous and especially crypt epithelial cells. SC was only detected in the epithelium and principally in crypt epithelium where it was identified in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, perinuclear spaces and on lateral cell membranes. These findings support the suggestion that SC is synthesized mainly in crypt epithelium and acts as a receptor on epithelial cell membranes for dimeric IgA. In untreated coeliac patients, SC was observed at the same sites, but SC staining was reduced in damaged surface epithelial cells. The number of IgA immunocytes was increased and heavy deposits of IgA were found on basement membranes. In post-treatment biopsies, no abnormality was apparent. After re-exposure to gluten, depositions of IgA on basement membranes were the only early change. The unaltered distribution of SC and IgA in crypt epithelium strongly suggests that the epithelial transport mechanism of secretory IgA is normal in coeliac disease.", "PMID": 379983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4810", "title": "Peanut agglutinin. IV. A tool for studying human mononuclear cell differentiation.", "content": "Peanut agglutinin (PNA) has previously been shown to be a 'marker' for early T subpopulations in mice. We have investigated whether it could also be used in the study of human mononuclear cells. 50--60% of human thymocytes have binding sites for PNA. When separated on a discontinuous Ficoll gradient, the PNA-positive thymocytes are found preferentially in the layers corresponding to the immunoincompetent cells. In the peripheral blood only 5% of the mononuclear cells are PNA-positive and we have shown that these cells are monocytes. In tonsils 13% of PNA+ cells are found and they are mostly lymphocytes. Thus, PNA is a marker for some T cell subsets present in the thymus and tonsils.", "contents": "Peanut agglutinin. IV. A tool for studying human mononuclear cell differentiation. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) has previously been shown to be a 'marker' for early T subpopulations in mice. We have investigated whether it could also be used in the study of human mononuclear cells. 50--60% of human thymocytes have binding sites for PNA. When separated on a discontinuous Ficoll gradient, the PNA-positive thymocytes are found preferentially in the layers corresponding to the immunoincompetent cells. In the peripheral blood only 5% of the mononuclear cells are PNA-positive and we have shown that these cells are monocytes. In tonsils 13% of PNA+ cells are found and they are mostly lymphocytes. Thus, PNA is a marker for some T cell subsets present in the thymus and tonsils.", "PMID": 379984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4811", "title": "IgM-rheumatoid factors cross-reactive with IgG and a cell nuclear antigen: apparent 'masking' in original serum.", "content": "Fourteen out of fifteen IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) preparations isolated from high-titred seropositive rheumatoid sera by affinity chromatography on immobilized human IgG have been shown to cross-react with a cell nuclear antigen, as manifest by positive immunofluorescent anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) staining on rat liver and kidney tissue sections. The cross-reacting ANA activity within isolated IgM-RF preparations was inhibitable by both human and rabbit IgG, as well as by isolated rat liver chromatin, and could be isolated from seropositive ANA-negative sera. It would appear that this cross-reacting ANA activity can be masked in the original seropositive serum and may often require purification of RF from serum for its manifestation.", "contents": "IgM-rheumatoid factors cross-reactive with IgG and a cell nuclear antigen: apparent 'masking' in original serum. Fourteen out of fifteen IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) preparations isolated from high-titred seropositive rheumatoid sera by affinity chromatography on immobilized human IgG have been shown to cross-react with a cell nuclear antigen, as manifest by positive immunofluorescent anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) staining on rat liver and kidney tissue sections. The cross-reacting ANA activity within isolated IgM-RF preparations was inhibitable by both human and rabbit IgG, as well as by isolated rat liver chromatin, and could be isolated from seropositive ANA-negative sera. It would appear that this cross-reacting ANA activity can be masked in the original seropositive serum and may often require purification of RF from serum for its manifestation.", "PMID": 379985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4812", "title": "Correlation between serum immunoglobulin concentrations and smooth-muscle antibodies in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence method and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations measured by radial immunodiffusion in 15 patients with hepatitis B antigen (HBAg)-positive and 20 patients with HBAg-negative acute hepatitis. In both types of hepatitis the serum IgM and IgG concentrations were significantly higher than in 55 controls, while the IgA levels were the same in patients and controls. IgM-SMA in titres of 10--80 occurred in 11 (55%) patients with HBAg-negative acute hepatitis, and this was significantly higher than in controls (P = 10(-8), whereas IgM-SMA were found in only 2 (13%) patients with HBAg-positive acute hepatitis. IgG-SMA occurred in 3 (15%) HBAg-negative and in 4 (27%) HBAg-positive patients. In HBAg-negative hepatitis the serum IgM concentrations were significantly higher in IgM-SMA-positive (mean: 439 mg/dl) than in IgM-SMA-negative (mean: 216 mg/dl) cases (P = 0.028). It was not possible to demonstrate a similar rleationship in HBAg-positive acute hepatitis. No correlation between the occurrence of IgG-SMA and the IgG levels could be demonstrated in acute hepatitis. It is assumed that IgM-SMA may account for a minor part of the elevated IgM levels in HBAg-negative acute hepatitis, but the reason for formation of SMA in acute viral hepatitis is not known.", "contents": "Correlation between serum immunoglobulin concentrations and smooth-muscle antibodies in acute viral hepatitis. Smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence method and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations measured by radial immunodiffusion in 15 patients with hepatitis B antigen (HBAg)-positive and 20 patients with HBAg-negative acute hepatitis. In both types of hepatitis the serum IgM and IgG concentrations were significantly higher than in 55 controls, while the IgA levels were the same in patients and controls. IgM-SMA in titres of 10--80 occurred in 11 (55%) patients with HBAg-negative acute hepatitis, and this was significantly higher than in controls (P = 10(-8), whereas IgM-SMA were found in only 2 (13%) patients with HBAg-positive acute hepatitis. IgG-SMA occurred in 3 (15%) HBAg-negative and in 4 (27%) HBAg-positive patients. In HBAg-negative hepatitis the serum IgM concentrations were significantly higher in IgM-SMA-positive (mean: 439 mg/dl) than in IgM-SMA-negative (mean: 216 mg/dl) cases (P = 0.028). It was not possible to demonstrate a similar rleationship in HBAg-positive acute hepatitis. No correlation between the occurrence of IgG-SMA and the IgG levels could be demonstrated in acute hepatitis. It is assumed that IgM-SMA may account for a minor part of the elevated IgM levels in HBAg-negative acute hepatitis, but the reason for formation of SMA in acute viral hepatitis is not known.", "PMID": 379986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4813", "title": "An outbreak of skin infections caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci probably originating from wild moose.", "content": "An outbreak of about 20 recorded cases of impetiginous skin infections occurred during the moose (Alces alces) hunting season in October and November 1976 in persons having been in contact with moose from Hailuoto Island, Northern Finland. Samples for bacteriological studies werre obtained from 4 patients, and beta-hemolytic streptococci group A were isolated from all. The strains were biochemically identical. Epidemiological data strongly support a moose origin of the streptococci, even though none were isolated from the animals.", "contents": "An outbreak of skin infections caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci probably originating from wild moose. An outbreak of about 20 recorded cases of impetiginous skin infections occurred during the moose (Alces alces) hunting season in October and November 1976 in persons having been in contact with moose from Hailuoto Island, Northern Finland. Samples for bacteriological studies werre obtained from 4 patients, and beta-hemolytic streptococci group A were isolated from all. The strains were biochemically identical. Epidemiological data strongly support a moose origin of the streptococci, even though none were isolated from the animals.", "PMID": 379987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4814", "title": "Anaerobic infection of the liver and biliary tract in experimental common duct occlusion.", "content": "The pathogenicity of single anaerobic, single aerobic, and mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacterial inocula was studied in 3 groups of 12 rabbits with biliary tract obstruction. B. fragilis, ss. fragilis and E. coli serotype 01:K1:H7 were used. The investigation was made 7 days after bacterial inoculation and included bacteriological studies of the liver and bile as well as studies of liver function and morphology of the liver and biliary tract. Inoculation of 10(5)--10(6) E. coli did not cause biliary tract infection, liver abscesses or death. Inoculation of 10(9) B. fragilis caused biliary tract infection in 83 per cent and liver abscesses in 17 per cent of the animals inoculated, without any mortality. Combined inoculation with B. fragilis and E. coli in reduced doses significantly increased mortality (42 per cent) and frequency of liver abscesses in surviving animals (86 per cent). All abscesses, however, yielded pure culture of B. fragilis only. 84 per cent of the animals inoculated with B. fragilis alone or with B. fragilis in combination with E. coli developed biliary tract infection with B. fragilis, the bile yielding from 10(7)--)0(9) B. fragilis per ml, gall bladder bile yielding significantly higher bacterial counts than common duct bile. E. coli was never recovered from bile in surviving animals but from both bile and blood in animals not surviving the experimental period.", "contents": "Anaerobic infection of the liver and biliary tract in experimental common duct occlusion. The pathogenicity of single anaerobic, single aerobic, and mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacterial inocula was studied in 3 groups of 12 rabbits with biliary tract obstruction. B. fragilis, ss. fragilis and E. coli serotype 01:K1:H7 were used. The investigation was made 7 days after bacterial inoculation and included bacteriological studies of the liver and bile as well as studies of liver function and morphology of the liver and biliary tract. Inoculation of 10(5)--10(6) E. coli did not cause biliary tract infection, liver abscesses or death. Inoculation of 10(9) B. fragilis caused biliary tract infection in 83 per cent and liver abscesses in 17 per cent of the animals inoculated, without any mortality. Combined inoculation with B. fragilis and E. coli in reduced doses significantly increased mortality (42 per cent) and frequency of liver abscesses in surviving animals (86 per cent). All abscesses, however, yielded pure culture of B. fragilis only. 84 per cent of the animals inoculated with B. fragilis alone or with B. fragilis in combination with E. coli developed biliary tract infection with B. fragilis, the bile yielding from 10(7)--)0(9) B. fragilis per ml, gall bladder bile yielding significantly higher bacterial counts than common duct bile. E. coli was never recovered from bile in surviving animals but from both bile and blood in animals not surviving the experimental period.", "PMID": 379988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4815", "title": "Are anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections uncommon or commonly undetected in Britain?", "content": "Despite marked and increasing awareness of the clinical significance of pathogenic anaerobes, the role of anaerobes in pleuropulmonary infections is still largely unrecognised in Britain. A considerable literature testifies that this is not so in America. The reasons for this paradox are explored. British anaerobic methodology is briefly reviewed, with special reference to the range of recognised respiratory pathogens and the anaerobes that can be cultured in simple anaerobic jars. The limitations of sampling and transport procedures are considered. Differences in approach are discussed. The technological problems of the isolation and culture of \"difficult\" pathogenic anaerobes have been largely solved at the laboratory level; effective approaches to sampling and transit of specimens require more positive consideration and the results might influence our choice of specific antimicrobial therapy. If these points are taken and an increased awareness of the role of the anaerobes in certain pathological conditions of the lower respiratory tract is generated, we might hope either to produce a meaningful parallel to the experience of our American colleagues--or to structure a more valid defence to explain our lack of experience of these infections in the lower respiratory tract.", "contents": "Are anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections uncommon or commonly undetected in Britain? Despite marked and increasing awareness of the clinical significance of pathogenic anaerobes, the role of anaerobes in pleuropulmonary infections is still largely unrecognised in Britain. A considerable literature testifies that this is not so in America. The reasons for this paradox are explored. British anaerobic methodology is briefly reviewed, with special reference to the range of recognised respiratory pathogens and the anaerobes that can be cultured in simple anaerobic jars. The limitations of sampling and transport procedures are considered. Differences in approach are discussed. The technological problems of the isolation and culture of \"difficult\" pathogenic anaerobes have been largely solved at the laboratory level; effective approaches to sampling and transit of specimens require more positive consideration and the results might influence our choice of specific antimicrobial therapy. If these points are taken and an increased awareness of the role of the anaerobes in certain pathological conditions of the lower respiratory tract is generated, we might hope either to produce a meaningful parallel to the experience of our American colleagues--or to structure a more valid defence to explain our lack of experience of these infections in the lower respiratory tract.", "PMID": 379989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4816", "title": "Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract.", "content": "The anaerobic flora of the cervix undergoes cyclic change during menstruation and pregnancy. The etiopathogenesis of anaerobic infections of the female genital tract is described. The in vitro susceptibility of the cervical microflora to various antibiotics presented and treatment of anaerobic infections of the female genital tract briefly is discussed.", "contents": "Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract. The anaerobic flora of the cervix undergoes cyclic change during menstruation and pregnancy. The etiopathogenesis of anaerobic infections of the female genital tract is described. The in vitro susceptibility of the cervical microflora to various antibiotics presented and treatment of anaerobic infections of the female genital tract briefly is discussed.", "PMID": 379990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4817", "title": "Acute appendicitis and Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Bacteria belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron and B. uniformis) were cultured in quantities of less than or equal to 10(5) c.f.u./ml from the excised appendix from 30 patients. Twenty-two patients (group I) had an acute purulent appendicitis (three with perforation), four were classified as slightly inflamed cases (group 2) and four had a normal appendix (group 3). The B. fragilis group of bacteria dominated among the anaerobic isolates, but Bifidobacteria, Fusobacteri, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacilli, Leptotrichia and Veillonella, in decreasing order, were isolated as well. Among isolates of aerobic bacteria, E. coli was most frequently isolated (26/30 patients). No other genus was isolated from more than four of the appendices. Serological investigations of the humoral antibody response to polysaccharide antigens from four of the Bacteroides species showed that a doubling of the titer, or more, in paired serum samples could be observed as follows: against B. fragilis 6/22 patients (group 1), 3/8 patients (groups 2 and 3). The corresponding figures for B. ovatus were 11/22 and 2/8, B. vulgatus 3/22 and 0/8 and B. distasonis 4/22 and 0/8. Sera from two patients with ruptured appendix, and B. fragilis cultivated, showed the highest titer increases against the B. fragilis antigen. The data from the bacteriological and immunological investigations make us conclude that (i) the B. fragilis group of bacteria is the most common anaerobic group of bacteria isolated from normal and diseased appendices, (ii) the mere isolation of B. fragilis, encapsulated or not, does not imply an etiological role in appendicitis since there was no obvious difference in titer increases against B. fragilis in sera from patients with or without an inflamed appendix, and (iii) high, and significant, titer increases against B. fragilis are seen in sera from patients with ruptured appendix.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis and Bacteroides fragilis. Bacteria belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron and B. uniformis) were cultured in quantities of less than or equal to 10(5) c.f.u./ml from the excised appendix from 30 patients. Twenty-two patients (group I) had an acute purulent appendicitis (three with perforation), four were classified as slightly inflamed cases (group 2) and four had a normal appendix (group 3). The B. fragilis group of bacteria dominated among the anaerobic isolates, but Bifidobacteria, Fusobacteri, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacilli, Leptotrichia and Veillonella, in decreasing order, were isolated as well. Among isolates of aerobic bacteria, E. coli was most frequently isolated (26/30 patients). No other genus was isolated from more than four of the appendices. Serological investigations of the humoral antibody response to polysaccharide antigens from four of the Bacteroides species showed that a doubling of the titer, or more, in paired serum samples could be observed as follows: against B. fragilis 6/22 patients (group 1), 3/8 patients (groups 2 and 3). The corresponding figures for B. ovatus were 11/22 and 2/8, B. vulgatus 3/22 and 0/8 and B. distasonis 4/22 and 0/8. Sera from two patients with ruptured appendix, and B. fragilis cultivated, showed the highest titer increases against the B. fragilis antigen. The data from the bacteriological and immunological investigations make us conclude that (i) the B. fragilis group of bacteria is the most common anaerobic group of bacteria isolated from normal and diseased appendices, (ii) the mere isolation of B. fragilis, encapsulated or not, does not imply an etiological role in appendicitis since there was no obvious difference in titer increases against B. fragilis in sera from patients with or without an inflamed appendix, and (iii) high, and significant, titer increases against B. fragilis are seen in sera from patients with ruptured appendix.", "PMID": 379991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4818", "title": "Is beta-receptor blockade of value in continence training of children?", "content": "The relaxation of the outlet region of the bladder is subserved by beta-adrenergic receptors. It is conceivable, therefore, that inhibition of beta-adrenergic function should be of value as part of a continence training program in patients with neurogenic bladders. This hypothesis was tested in a series of thirteen children with spinal lesions. A double-blind, cross-over study of alprenolol versus placebo was performed during conventional continence training. The number of \"dry periods\", however did not differ during the alprenolol and placebo periods. One reason for the lack of clinical effect may be that the drug simultaneously blocked the beta receptors in the corpusfundus of the bladder, thereby decreasing the volume capacity.", "contents": "Is beta-receptor blockade of value in continence training of children? The relaxation of the outlet region of the bladder is subserved by beta-adrenergic receptors. It is conceivable, therefore, that inhibition of beta-adrenergic function should be of value as part of a continence training program in patients with neurogenic bladders. This hypothesis was tested in a series of thirteen children with spinal lesions. A double-blind, cross-over study of alprenolol versus placebo was performed during conventional continence training. The number of \"dry periods\", however did not differ during the alprenolol and placebo periods. One reason for the lack of clinical effect may be that the drug simultaneously blocked the beta receptors in the corpusfundus of the bladder, thereby decreasing the volume capacity.", "PMID": 379993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4819", "title": "[Intact function of a transplanted kidney 3 years after organ transplantation with primary oxalosis].", "content": "The case is presented of a 42-year-old patient with type I primary hyperoxaluria. Following failure of a first kidney allotransplant due to recurrence of oxalosis after an episode of anuria, a second graft is functioning perfectly 3 years after transplant. The literature is reviewed and possible supportive therapies are discussed.", "contents": "[Intact function of a transplanted kidney 3 years after organ transplantation with primary oxalosis]. The case is presented of a 42-year-old patient with type I primary hyperoxaluria. Following failure of a first kidney allotransplant due to recurrence of oxalosis after an episode of anuria, a second graft is functioning perfectly 3 years after transplant. The literature is reviewed and possible supportive therapies are discussed.", "PMID": 379995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4820", "title": "[Centuries-old community involvement of South African physicians].", "content": "Involvement in community affairs is an honoured tradition among South African medical practitioners. The so-called old doctor belonged to an era when dedication to the arts, botany, zoology and nature in general was often combined with the practice of medicine. They were colourful individuals and their names are worth remembering in this eventful year.", "contents": "[Centuries-old community involvement of South African physicians]. Involvement in community affairs is an honoured tradition among South African medical practitioners. The so-called old doctor belonged to an era when dedication to the arts, botany, zoology and nature in general was often combined with the practice of medicine. They were colourful individuals and their names are worth remembering in this eventful year.", "PMID": 380016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4821", "title": "[The development of occupational health in South Africa].", "content": "Industrial development in South Africa started after the discovery of diamonds and gold towards the end of the last century. Two world wars gave impetus to an industrial revolution which is still continuing. Experience with good occupational health services on the mines was not fully applied to industries, and the Erasmus Commission of Inquiry (1975) found many shortcomings. It is hoped that 1979, the Health Year, will bring a new deal for good health in our industries.", "contents": "[The development of occupational health in South Africa]. Industrial development in South Africa started after the discovery of diamonds and gold towards the end of the last century. Two world wars gave impetus to an industrial revolution which is still continuing. Experience with good occupational health services on the mines was not fully applied to industries, and the Erasmus Commission of Inquiry (1975) found many shortcomings. It is hoped that 1979, the Health Year, will bring a new deal for good health in our industries.", "PMID": 380017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4822", "title": "Health legislation--a historical review.", "content": "The historical developments which led to the eventual promulgation of the Health Act of 1977 are enumerated. Mention is made of the parts played by the secretaries for health and the various commissions and committees in the evolutionary progress of the Act. The future pattern of responsibility for health services by three levels of government are suggested.", "contents": "Health legislation--a historical review. The historical developments which led to the eventual promulgation of the Health Act of 1977 are enumerated. Mention is made of the parts played by the secretaries for health and the various commissions and committees in the evolutionary progress of the Act. The future pattern of responsibility for health services by three levels of government are suggested.", "PMID": 380019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4823", "title": "Antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens infection in a hospital.", "content": "Over a 12-month period, 74 isolates of Serratia marcescens were obtained from various sources at Tygerberg Hospital. The majority of these isolates were from catheterized patients with urinary tract infections, and were non-pigmented and resistant to all antibiotics tested, excepting amikacin and neomycin. All isolates transferred resistance to tobramycin, gentamicin and tetracycline by conjugation to Escherichia coli recipients as separate markers at low frequency. A non-self-transmissible plasmid conferring resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin and gentamicin was mobilized from Serratia species to E. coli, and became fully self-transmissible in subsequent matings.", "contents": "Antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens infection in a hospital. Over a 12-month period, 74 isolates of Serratia marcescens were obtained from various sources at Tygerberg Hospital. The majority of these isolates were from catheterized patients with urinary tract infections, and were non-pigmented and resistant to all antibiotics tested, excepting amikacin and neomycin. All isolates transferred resistance to tobramycin, gentamicin and tetracycline by conjugation to Escherichia coli recipients as separate markers at low frequency. A non-self-transmissible plasmid conferring resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin and gentamicin was mobilized from Serratia species to E. coli, and became fully self-transmissible in subsequent matings.", "PMID": 380020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4824", "title": "Anton Chekhov (1860-1904). Writer, physician and tuberculosis patient.", "content": "Chekhov chose writing as a career after a childhood of hardship and poverty. Tuberculosis manifested soon after medical graduation and caused his death at the age of 44. Essentially a short story writer, he used simplicity and impressionism to portray sympathetically the psychology of the common man. Similarly his plays, popular today, written in a light and ethereal style, while static, have an inner psychological evolution. The best example is The Cherry Orchard.", "contents": "Anton Chekhov (1860-1904). Writer, physician and tuberculosis patient. Chekhov chose writing as a career after a childhood of hardship and poverty. Tuberculosis manifested soon after medical graduation and caused his death at the age of 44. Essentially a short story writer, he used simplicity and impressionism to portray sympathetically the psychology of the common man. Similarly his plays, popular today, written in a light and ethereal style, while static, have an inner psychological evolution. The best example is The Cherry Orchard.", "PMID": 380022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4825", "title": "Constant positive airway pressure. A review.", "content": "Constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) represents a major advance in the treatment of hypoxaemia. By increasing the functional residual capacity (FRC), airway closure and airway resistance are minimized. Ventilation and perfusion are more evenly matched so that gas exchange is made more efficient. In addition, the lung remains on a favourable portion of the compliance curve so that the work of breathing is reduced. The increased oxygenation is achieved at the lowest possible inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) to minimize oxygen toxocity. A unified approach to the terms used, as well as their abbreviations, is presented.", "contents": "Constant positive airway pressure. A review. Constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) represents a major advance in the treatment of hypoxaemia. By increasing the functional residual capacity (FRC), airway closure and airway resistance are minimized. Ventilation and perfusion are more evenly matched so that gas exchange is made more efficient. In addition, the lung remains on a favourable portion of the compliance curve so that the work of breathing is reduced. The increased oxygenation is achieved at the lowest possible inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) to minimize oxygen toxocity. A unified approach to the terms used, as well as their abbreviations, is presented.", "PMID": 380023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4826", "title": "Factors affecting coping of adolescents and infants on a reverse isolation unit.", "content": "This paper describes factors that affect the coping processes of adolescents with aplastic anemia and infants with severe combined immuno-deficiency disease treated on a reverse isolation unit. The adolescents demonstrated a rich diversity of coping styles depending on the interaction of a variety of factors. Special stresses to other family members, such as the reactions of the child donor, are also highlighted. For the infants, the dyadic relationship with the mothering figure, the feelings of the family about the fact of genetic transmission, and the impact of isolation on the infant's development are identified as important psychosocial variables in the infant's adjustment. A multidimensional perspective such as that provided within a systems framework, which encourages an appreciation of the interactive diversity of all factors, is presented as the most useful approach to interventions.", "contents": "Factors affecting coping of adolescents and infants on a reverse isolation unit. This paper describes factors that affect the coping processes of adolescents with aplastic anemia and infants with severe combined immuno-deficiency disease treated on a reverse isolation unit. The adolescents demonstrated a rich diversity of coping styles depending on the interaction of a variety of factors. Special stresses to other family members, such as the reactions of the child donor, are also highlighted. For the infants, the dyadic relationship with the mothering figure, the feelings of the family about the fact of genetic transmission, and the impact of isolation on the infant's development are identified as important psychosocial variables in the infant's adjustment. A multidimensional perspective such as that provided within a systems framework, which encourages an appreciation of the interactive diversity of all factors, is presented as the most useful approach to interventions.", "PMID": 380025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4827", "title": "Split thickness skin grafting of the plantar surface of the foot after wide excision of neoplasms of the skin.", "content": "Results of our studies show split thickness skin grafts are an effective cover for plantar surface defects resulting from tumor excision. Long term follow-up studies of these patients revealed no graft failures. The ease with which split thickness skin grafts can be performed makes it the treatment of choice for reconstruction of areas of excison of neoplasms of the skin on the plantar surface of the foot.", "contents": "Split thickness skin grafting of the plantar surface of the foot after wide excision of neoplasms of the skin. Results of our studies show split thickness skin grafts are an effective cover for plantar surface defects resulting from tumor excision. Long term follow-up studies of these patients revealed no graft failures. The ease with which split thickness skin grafts can be performed makes it the treatment of choice for reconstruction of areas of excison of neoplasms of the skin on the plantar surface of the foot.", "PMID": 380026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4828", "title": "A simple geometric flap for the closure of skin defects.", "content": "The Limberg flap is a useful method of closing defects anywhere on the body which are too large for simple closure but where skin grafting is not desirable. It is an easy flap to perform, and it is reliable and safe to use. It must not, however, be used indiscriminately or by rote. Care must be taken in planning both the excision and the flap so that the points which must move farthest are placed where the skin is maximally extensible. With such planning, accurate and precise designing and careful surgical technique, the Limberg flap can be used successfully to solve a number of otherwise extremely difficult problems.", "contents": "A simple geometric flap for the closure of skin defects. The Limberg flap is a useful method of closing defects anywhere on the body which are too large for simple closure but where skin grafting is not desirable. It is an easy flap to perform, and it is reliable and safe to use. It must not, however, be used indiscriminately or by rote. Care must be taken in planning both the excision and the flap so that the points which must move farthest are placed where the skin is maximally extensible. With such planning, accurate and precise designing and careful surgical technique, the Limberg flap can be used successfully to solve a number of otherwise extremely difficult problems.", "PMID": 380027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4829", "title": "Physiological and metabolic correlations in human sepsis. Invited commentary.", "content": "The septic response in man appears to be a disease in which the infecting agent induces a state of disordered metabolic control in the host. The abnormal regulation of metabolic pathways causes a diversion of substrate utilization toward gluconeogenesis and ketone body formation and a reduction in oxidative energy-producing metabolism. This state of metabolic insufficiency is reflected in the pattern of cardiorespiratory, vascular, and physiological compensation. The precise magnitude of the resultant physiological compensation and its rate and direction of change can be quantified by the use of physiological state trajectories which also reflect the magnitude of underlying metabolic derrangements. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Physiological and metabolic correlations in human sepsis. Invited commentary. The septic response in man appears to be a disease in which the infecting agent induces a state of disordered metabolic control in the host. The abnormal regulation of metabolic pathways causes a diversion of substrate utilization toward gluconeogenesis and ketone body formation and a reduction in oxidative energy-producing metabolism. This state of metabolic insufficiency is reflected in the pattern of cardiorespiratory, vascular, and physiological compensation. The precise magnitude of the resultant physiological compensation and its rate and direction of change can be quantified by the use of physiological state trajectories which also reflect the magnitude of underlying metabolic derrangements. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 380033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4830", "title": "Selective lymphoid irradiation. I. An approach to transplantation.", "content": "The kinetics, distribution, and radiobiologic effects of palladium (Pd)-109-hematoporphyrin were determined in the rat. In addition, we studied the effect on rat heart allograft survival of Pd-109-hematoporphyrin, with and without antilymphocyte serum (ALS). A single sublethal dose of Pd-109-hematoporphyrin (up to 36 muCi/kg) resulted in the following: predominant concentration in lymphoid tissue and proximal bone marrow, complete central and proximal bone marrow ablation with preservation of distal bone marrow, massive depletion of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen, an 80% reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes which was completed by the addition of ALS, full recovery of lymphoid tissue and blood cellularity within 60 days of administration of radionuclide, and a 100% animal survival rate. This method of selective lymphoid irradiation (SLI) prolongs indefinitely Fisher cardiac allografts in Lewis recipients and significantly prolongs cardiac allograft survival across major histocompatibility barries (ACI to Lewis or to Fisher). Specific tolerance to donor strains was demonstrated by the acceptance of Fisher skin by Lewis recipients carrying 150-day-old Fisher hearts. Third party (ACI) skin allografts were rapidly rejected by the same animals. Further studies of SLI in larger animals are required to determine the optimal safe dose of SLI in man.", "contents": "Selective lymphoid irradiation. I. An approach to transplantation. The kinetics, distribution, and radiobiologic effects of palladium (Pd)-109-hematoporphyrin were determined in the rat. In addition, we studied the effect on rat heart allograft survival of Pd-109-hematoporphyrin, with and without antilymphocyte serum (ALS). A single sublethal dose of Pd-109-hematoporphyrin (up to 36 muCi/kg) resulted in the following: predominant concentration in lymphoid tissue and proximal bone marrow, complete central and proximal bone marrow ablation with preservation of distal bone marrow, massive depletion of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen, an 80% reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes which was completed by the addition of ALS, full recovery of lymphoid tissue and blood cellularity within 60 days of administration of radionuclide, and a 100% animal survival rate. This method of selective lymphoid irradiation (SLI) prolongs indefinitely Fisher cardiac allografts in Lewis recipients and significantly prolongs cardiac allograft survival across major histocompatibility barries (ACI to Lewis or to Fisher). Specific tolerance to donor strains was demonstrated by the acceptance of Fisher skin by Lewis recipients carrying 150-day-old Fisher hearts. Third party (ACI) skin allografts were rapidly rejected by the same animals. Further studies of SLI in larger animals are required to determine the optimal safe dose of SLI in man.", "PMID": 380034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4831", "title": "The blood-ocular barriers.", "content": "The introduction of the concept of blood-ocular barriers in the ophthalmic literature is briefly reviewed. Two main blood-ocular barriers are proposed: the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier. The blood-aqueous barrier is formed by an epithelial barrier located in the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium and in the posterior iridial epithelium, and by the endothelium of the iridial vessels. Both these layers have tight junctions of the \"leaky\" type. The pereability of the blood-aqueous barrier shows a significant degree of pressure-dependent diffusion associated with transport activity, resembling the standing gradient osmotic flow model. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the \"nonleaky\" type. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier resembles cellular permeability in general, diffusion being directly related to the predominant roles of lipid solubility and transport mechanisms. Finally, the clinical significance of the blood-ocular barrier is analyzed. The metabolism of cornea and lens and the regulation of intraocular fluids are directly influenced by the blood-aqueous barrier. Similarly, an alteration of the blood-retinal barrier appears to play an important role in the development of vascular retinopathies, pigment epitheliopathies, and retinal edema.", "contents": "The blood-ocular barriers. The introduction of the concept of blood-ocular barriers in the ophthalmic literature is briefly reviewed. Two main blood-ocular barriers are proposed: the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier. The blood-aqueous barrier is formed by an epithelial barrier located in the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium and in the posterior iridial epithelium, and by the endothelium of the iridial vessels. Both these layers have tight junctions of the \"leaky\" type. The pereability of the blood-aqueous barrier shows a significant degree of pressure-dependent diffusion associated with transport activity, resembling the standing gradient osmotic flow model. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the \"nonleaky\" type. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier resembles cellular permeability in general, diffusion being directly related to the predominant roles of lipid solubility and transport mechanisms. Finally, the clinical significance of the blood-ocular barrier is analyzed. The metabolism of cornea and lens and the regulation of intraocular fluids are directly influenced by the blood-aqueous barrier. Similarly, an alteration of the blood-retinal barrier appears to play an important role in the development of vascular retinopathies, pigment epitheliopathies, and retinal edema.", "PMID": 380030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4832", "title": "The founding and early years of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.", "content": "The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, one of America's first such institutions, was founded on October 1, 1824, and incorporated on February 23, 1827, by Edward Reynolds, John Jeffries, and a group of charity-minded Bostonians. The Boston men looked, as did the founders of other early U.S. eye infirmaries, to John Cunningham Saunders' London Eye Infirmary for guidance. During its first years the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary knew economic insecurity, but once it earned in the Boston community the reputation of being a worthy charity, its fiscal affairs ceased to be a pressing problem, and it went on to know a growth worthy of the motives of its founders.", "contents": "The founding and early years of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, one of America's first such institutions, was founded on October 1, 1824, and incorporated on February 23, 1827, by Edward Reynolds, John Jeffries, and a group of charity-minded Bostonians. The Boston men looked, as did the founders of other early U.S. eye infirmaries, to John Cunningham Saunders' London Eye Infirmary for guidance. During its first years the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary knew economic insecurity, but once it earned in the Boston community the reputation of being a worthy charity, its fiscal affairs ceased to be a pressing problem, and it went on to know a growth worthy of the motives of its founders.", "PMID": 380031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4833", "title": "The effects of glucagon on protein metabolism in normal man.", "content": "Plasma glucagon rises after major injury and could act to increase gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis in the post-traumatic state. This study documents the effect of prolonged glucagon infusion on ureagenesis and nitrogen excretion, as well as possible sources of the increased ureagenesis, in normal man. Four healthy men fasted for 6 days during intravenous infusion of glucose (750 gmday), establishing a steady state of minimal ureagenesis. Glucagon (1 mg/day) then was added to the infusion for 5 days. Glucose alone was given for the final 2 days. Forearm muscle flux of metabolites was determined by standard arterial-deep venous sampling and capacitance plethysmography. Glucagon concentration was suppressed during glucose infusion (11 +/- 13 pg/ml) and rose to levels seen in subjects with major trauma during glucagon infusion (669 +/- 138 pg/ml). Glucose infusion stabilized urine nitrogen excretion at 1.54 +/- 0.42 gm of N/sq m/day. Nitrogen excretion increased to 2.40 +/- 0.53 gm of N/sq m/day with glucagon infusion, with urea accounting for the increased excretion. Excretion of 3-methylhistidine was unchanged. Plasma amino acid concentration was strikingly reduced on the first day of glucagon infusion, where it stabilized. Forearm flux showed a slight net release of amino acid nitrogen during glucose infusion. Addition of glucagon to the glucose infusion resulted in a net uptake of nitrogen by forearm skeletal muscle. These evidences strong suggest that glucagon infusion in normal man increases ureagenesis, not only at the expense of the free amino acid pool, but by the hydrolysis of visceral protein as well, with muscle protein being maintained.", "contents": "The effects of glucagon on protein metabolism in normal man. Plasma glucagon rises after major injury and could act to increase gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis in the post-traumatic state. This study documents the effect of prolonged glucagon infusion on ureagenesis and nitrogen excretion, as well as possible sources of the increased ureagenesis, in normal man. Four healthy men fasted for 6 days during intravenous infusion of glucose (750 gmday), establishing a steady state of minimal ureagenesis. Glucagon (1 mg/day) then was added to the infusion for 5 days. Glucose alone was given for the final 2 days. Forearm muscle flux of metabolites was determined by standard arterial-deep venous sampling and capacitance plethysmography. Glucagon concentration was suppressed during glucose infusion (11 +/- 13 pg/ml) and rose to levels seen in subjects with major trauma during glucagon infusion (669 +/- 138 pg/ml). Glucose infusion stabilized urine nitrogen excretion at 1.54 +/- 0.42 gm of N/sq m/day. Nitrogen excretion increased to 2.40 +/- 0.53 gm of N/sq m/day with glucagon infusion, with urea accounting for the increased excretion. Excretion of 3-methylhistidine was unchanged. Plasma amino acid concentration was strikingly reduced on the first day of glucagon infusion, where it stabilized. Forearm flux showed a slight net release of amino acid nitrogen during glucose infusion. Addition of glucagon to the glucose infusion resulted in a net uptake of nitrogen by forearm skeletal muscle. These evidences strong suggest that glucagon infusion in normal man increases ureagenesis, not only at the expense of the free amino acid pool, but by the hydrolysis of visceral protein as well, with muscle protein being maintained.", "PMID": 380036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4834", "title": "Improved renal allograft survival with selected HLA antigen matching.", "content": "We examined the influence of the three most frequent linkage disequilibrium antigen combinations, HLA 1-8, 2-12, and 3-7, on renal allograft survival. We reviewed the results of 214 first transplants to recipients sharing exactly two HLA-A or -B antigens with the donor, excluding failures caused by hyperacute rejection or technical factors. Actuarial graft survival for matches having HLA 1-8, 2-12 or 3-7 was compared with all other two-antigen matches within the group. Improved graft survival, occurred with HLA 1-8 matches (85% and 80% at 2 and 5 years, respectively) and with HLA 2-12 matches (80% at both 2 and 5 years), compared to all other two-antigen matches (71% and 58% at 2 and 5 years, respectively). Allografts matched for HLA 3-7 had poorer graft survival (44% at both 2 and 5 years). We compared nondiabetic and diabetic recipients and found similar improved graft survival with HLA 1-8 or 2-12 matches in nondiabetic recipients. There was no difference, however, in graft survival in diabetic recipients with HLA 1-8 or 2-12 matches, as compared to other two-antigen matches. We conclude that HLA antigen matches of 1-8 or 2-12 between donor and recipient have demonstrated improved graft survival in nondiabetic recipients, while HLA 3-7 matches have poorer survival, as compared to other two-antigen matches. Thus, unlike single antigen serotyping, selected HLA antigen matching appears to afford superior graft survival.", "contents": "Improved renal allograft survival with selected HLA antigen matching. We examined the influence of the three most frequent linkage disequilibrium antigen combinations, HLA 1-8, 2-12, and 3-7, on renal allograft survival. We reviewed the results of 214 first transplants to recipients sharing exactly two HLA-A or -B antigens with the donor, excluding failures caused by hyperacute rejection or technical factors. Actuarial graft survival for matches having HLA 1-8, 2-12 or 3-7 was compared with all other two-antigen matches within the group. Improved graft survival, occurred with HLA 1-8 matches (85% and 80% at 2 and 5 years, respectively) and with HLA 2-12 matches (80% at both 2 and 5 years), compared to all other two-antigen matches (71% and 58% at 2 and 5 years, respectively). Allografts matched for HLA 3-7 had poorer graft survival (44% at both 2 and 5 years). We compared nondiabetic and diabetic recipients and found similar improved graft survival with HLA 1-8 or 2-12 matches in nondiabetic recipients. There was no difference, however, in graft survival in diabetic recipients with HLA 1-8 or 2-12 matches, as compared to other two-antigen matches. We conclude that HLA antigen matches of 1-8 or 2-12 between donor and recipient have demonstrated improved graft survival in nondiabetic recipients, while HLA 3-7 matches have poorer survival, as compared to other two-antigen matches. Thus, unlike single antigen serotyping, selected HLA antigen matching appears to afford superior graft survival.", "PMID": 380037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4835", "title": "A double blind single dose comparison between two analgesics, rimazolium and acetylsalicylic acid in oral surgery outpatients.", "content": "The relief of pain after extraction of a mandibular third molar by two analgesics, rimazolium and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in three groups of patients, who received either of these analgesics or a placebo. A questionnaire and careful instructions on its use were given to the patients. ASA had a better effect than both rimazolium and placebo. The results are discussed with regard to differences between analgesics with or without anti-inflammatory properties.", "contents": "A double blind single dose comparison between two analgesics, rimazolium and acetylsalicylic acid in oral surgery outpatients. The relief of pain after extraction of a mandibular third molar by two analgesics, rimazolium and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in three groups of patients, who received either of these analgesics or a placebo. A questionnaire and careful instructions on its use were given to the patients. ASA had a better effect than both rimazolium and placebo. The results are discussed with regard to differences between analgesics with or without anti-inflammatory properties.", "PMID": 380039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4836", "title": "Environmental cancer: on the causes of the main human cancers.", "content": "A brief review is given of the causes of the main human cancers. We distinguish occupationally-incurred cancer, which arises in individuals exposed at work to varied carcinogenic chemicals and which yielded cancer at a site depending on the nautre of the carcinogen. In the context of the total incidence of cancer in the United States, occupational cancer assumes a minor quantitative role. Nonetheless, provided proper plant design and hygienic measures are developed, these cancers are totally preventable. Most of the remaining human cancers in the United States such as cancer of the respiratory tract, the digestive tract including stomach and large bowel, and in the endocrine-sensitive organs like breast, prostate, ovary, and endometrium are related to our lifestyle, namely smoking of cigarettes, and diet. The mechanism whereby lifestyle translates to certain of these diseases is presented, and recommendations for prevention are made. Considering the increasing cost of health care, it is noted that prevention is not only ethically best, but economically sound.", "contents": "Environmental cancer: on the causes of the main human cancers. A brief review is given of the causes of the main human cancers. We distinguish occupationally-incurred cancer, which arises in individuals exposed at work to varied carcinogenic chemicals and which yielded cancer at a site depending on the nautre of the carcinogen. In the context of the total incidence of cancer in the United States, occupational cancer assumes a minor quantitative role. Nonetheless, provided proper plant design and hygienic measures are developed, these cancers are totally preventable. Most of the remaining human cancers in the United States such as cancer of the respiratory tract, the digestive tract including stomach and large bowel, and in the endocrine-sensitive organs like breast, prostate, ovary, and endometrium are related to our lifestyle, namely smoking of cigarettes, and diet. The mechanism whereby lifestyle translates to certain of these diseases is presented, and recommendations for prevention are made. Considering the increasing cost of health care, it is noted that prevention is not only ethically best, but economically sound.", "PMID": 380043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4837", "title": "Thrombosis: a study of coagulation parameters and mechanisms during allograft rejection.", "content": "Thrombosis of the microvasculature has been recognized at the end product of organ rejection, but the exact biological pathway through which this occurs has not been clarified. Normal, factor VII deficient and heterozygous hemophilic (factor VIII) dogs were grouped to study the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting and platelet mechanisms during unmodified renal allograft rejection. The observed alterations of the hemostatic mechanisms are related to the changes observed in the microvasculature. Six groups of donor-recipient animals were studied: Group I -autografts (control); Group II - normal to normal allografts with bilateral nephrectomy; Group III - heterozygotes for factor VIII deficiency; Group IV - normal to normal allografts with unilateral nephrectomy; Group V - normal to factor VII deficiency without nephrectomy; and Group VI - normal to normal allografts with unilateral nephrectomy and dipyridamole. Each engrafted animal was followed pre- and posttransplantation for change in the blood clotting factors, fibrin split products, platelets, white blood cells, renal function and microvasculature. The animals with factor VII deficiency rejected in a similar fashion as the control animals. The group with impaired factor VIII synthesis and platelet function had longer survival times. These data suggest that the intrinsic clotting pathway and platelets are the primary mechanism through which thrombosis occurs secondary to immune injury.", "contents": "Thrombosis: a study of coagulation parameters and mechanisms during allograft rejection. Thrombosis of the microvasculature has been recognized at the end product of organ rejection, but the exact biological pathway through which this occurs has not been clarified. Normal, factor VII deficient and heterozygous hemophilic (factor VIII) dogs were grouped to study the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting and platelet mechanisms during unmodified renal allograft rejection. The observed alterations of the hemostatic mechanisms are related to the changes observed in the microvasculature. Six groups of donor-recipient animals were studied: Group I -autografts (control); Group II - normal to normal allografts with bilateral nephrectomy; Group III - heterozygotes for factor VIII deficiency; Group IV - normal to normal allografts with unilateral nephrectomy; Group V - normal to factor VII deficiency without nephrectomy; and Group VI - normal to normal allografts with unilateral nephrectomy and dipyridamole. Each engrafted animal was followed pre- and posttransplantation for change in the blood clotting factors, fibrin split products, platelets, white blood cells, renal function and microvasculature. The animals with factor VII deficiency rejected in a similar fashion as the control animals. The group with impaired factor VIII synthesis and platelet function had longer survival times. These data suggest that the intrinsic clotting pathway and platelets are the primary mechanism through which thrombosis occurs secondary to immune injury.", "PMID": 380049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4838", "title": "[The blood supply of the single tooth and its functional change caused by prosthetic therapy].", "content": "The author presents two functional diagnostic procedures for determining the blood supply to the individual tooth. Due to its methodical and instrumental prerequisites, it is not likely that intravital angiography will be developed into a procedure suited for stomatological practice. On the contrary, the nuclear-medical method for determining the microcirculation will become practice-relevant after technical improvement.", "contents": "[The blood supply of the single tooth and its functional change caused by prosthetic therapy]. The author presents two functional diagnostic procedures for determining the blood supply to the individual tooth. Due to its methodical and instrumental prerequisites, it is not likely that intravital angiography will be developed into a procedure suited for stomatological practice. On the contrary, the nuclear-medical method for determining the microcirculation will become practice-relevant after technical improvement.", "PMID": 380054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4839", "title": "[Possibilities and limits in the early diagnosis of peridontal insufficiency].", "content": "Up to now, the early detection and the discriminating evaluation of periodontal insufficiency are not feasible due to the variety of conditions provoking a pathological response of the tissues. In general, the defence may be regarded as sufficient. Exceptions to this rule are periodontal changes existent already in adolescence and therapy-resistant gingivitides in which endogenous causal factors obviously predominate. A disproportion of tooth mobility to bone reduction and a tendency to abscess-formation, tooth migrations and recurrences after periodontal therapy are indicative of insufficiency. The development of a progressive course is to be compared with the breakdown of the barrier of defence. The reduction or elimination of provoking and conditioning factors prior to prosthetic therapy is considered to be the way to maintain the \"stability\" of the periodontal tissues.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits in the early diagnosis of peridontal insufficiency]. Up to now, the early detection and the discriminating evaluation of periodontal insufficiency are not feasible due to the variety of conditions provoking a pathological response of the tissues. In general, the defence may be regarded as sufficient. Exceptions to this rule are periodontal changes existent already in adolescence and therapy-resistant gingivitides in which endogenous causal factors obviously predominate. A disproportion of tooth mobility to bone reduction and a tendency to abscess-formation, tooth migrations and recurrences after periodontal therapy are indicative of insufficiency. The development of a progressive course is to be compared with the breakdown of the barrier of defence. The reduction or elimination of provoking and conditioning factors prior to prosthetic therapy is considered to be the way to maintain the \"stability\" of the periodontal tissues.", "PMID": 380055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4840", "title": "[Demonstration of gingival and mucosal findings].", "content": "As the conventional diagnostic methods are largely dependent upon the subjective power of judgment, despite the good recognizability of the mucosa which lines the oral cavity, the present day possibilities of extended diagnostics are discussed and commented upon. Neither the ultrasonic diagnostic methods for determining the thickness of the mucosa, nor the cytologic and histologic methods may be considered practice-relevant. But it is of interest that the specialized, lining and masticatory mucosae show specific reactions. The masticatory mucosa which comprises also the rests of the gingiva propria, is as well individually determined, which explains the different responses to mechanical, chemical and bacterial-toxic stimuli. A choice of clinical examples serves to demonstrate that such empirical values may be useful in clinical diagnostics and, thus, that they are of great importance in preparation of prosthetic-therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Demonstration of gingival and mucosal findings]. As the conventional diagnostic methods are largely dependent upon the subjective power of judgment, despite the good recognizability of the mucosa which lines the oral cavity, the present day possibilities of extended diagnostics are discussed and commented upon. Neither the ultrasonic diagnostic methods for determining the thickness of the mucosa, nor the cytologic and histologic methods may be considered practice-relevant. But it is of interest that the specialized, lining and masticatory mucosae show specific reactions. The masticatory mucosa which comprises also the rests of the gingiva propria, is as well individually determined, which explains the different responses to mechanical, chemical and bacterial-toxic stimuli. A choice of clinical examples serves to demonstrate that such empirical values may be useful in clinical diagnostics and, thus, that they are of great importance in preparation of prosthetic-therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 380056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4841", "title": "[Temporomandibular joint an insufficient dentition].", "content": "The disease of the orofacial organ is predominantly a dysfunction, the parts of the organ affecting one another reciprocally. All changes in the dentition disturb the balance and may produce occlusal disorders. For this reason, it is recommendable to initiate the prosthetic treatment of the incomplete dentition as early and properly as possible. Temporary biteguard splints (fig. 3) have proved a success.", "contents": "[Temporomandibular joint an insufficient dentition]. The disease of the orofacial organ is predominantly a dysfunction, the parts of the organ affecting one another reciprocally. All changes in the dentition disturb the balance and may produce occlusal disorders. For this reason, it is recommendable to initiate the prosthetic treatment of the incomplete dentition as early and properly as possible. Temporary biteguard splints (fig. 3) have proved a success.", "PMID": 380057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4842", "title": "[The use of composites (with referenceto their technological and clinical properties)].", "content": "In the present paper the authors report of the pulp tolerance, marginal adaptation, abrasive behaviour and discolouration of composites. Starting from these properties, they deal with indications, cavity preparation, pulp protection, enamel etching, processing and finishing. Finally, the composites are evaluated with reference to recent findings.", "contents": "[The use of composites (with referenceto their technological and clinical properties)]. In the present paper the authors report of the pulp tolerance, marginal adaptation, abrasive behaviour and discolouration of composites. Starting from these properties, they deal with indications, cavity preparation, pulp protection, enamel etching, processing and finishing. Finally, the composites are evaluated with reference to recent findings.", "PMID": 380059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4843", "title": "[The cleansing phase of periodontal therapy].", "content": "Having substantiated the need for treatment and having explained the treatment plan, the author describes the contents of the hygienizing phase of periodontal therapy. Now as before, great importance is attached to tooth-cleaning. The Charter technique is recommended for the periodontally diseased dentition. Mineralized deposits on teeth may be removed by means of hand instruments or ultrasonics. Various modifications of balneotherapy are indicated for all diseases of the tooth-supporting structures. The mechanotherapy supports the stomatological efforts towards oral health rehabilitation and prevents recurrences.", "contents": "[The cleansing phase of periodontal therapy]. Having substantiated the need for treatment and having explained the treatment plan, the author describes the contents of the hygienizing phase of periodontal therapy. Now as before, great importance is attached to tooth-cleaning. The Charter technique is recommended for the periodontally diseased dentition. Mineralized deposits on teeth may be removed by means of hand instruments or ultrasonics. Various modifications of balneotherapy are indicated for all diseases of the tooth-supporting structures. The mechanotherapy supports the stomatological efforts towards oral health rehabilitation and prevents recurrences.", "PMID": 380060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4844", "title": "Quantitative studies on the tissue distribution of Ia and SD antigens in the DA and Lewis rat strains.", "content": "The tissue distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the DA and Lewis (LEW) strains was studied using LEW anti-DA and DA anti-LEW alloantisera. Quantitative absorption analyses were used with quantitative binding assays for SD and Ia antigens. Initial screening showed that the LEW anti-DA serum contained significant amounts of antibodies against both Ia and SD antigens. On the other hand, the DA anti-LEW serum seemed to be directed almost entirely against Ia antigens, and it was not possible to set up assays for SD antigens in the LEW strain. The most surprising finding was the presence of large amounts of Ia antigen on the kidneys of both the DA and LEW strains, one kidney containing as much Ia antigen as half a spleen. Kidney also contained large amounts of SD antigen. Liver had large amounts of SD, but very little Ia. Heart had only small amounts of both SD and Ia. The relevance of these findings to transplantation of the kidney, liver, and heart are discussed. The other tissues studied were brain, spleen, lymph node, thoracic duct lymphocytes, bone marrow, thymus, RBC, and platelets. The most interesting findings were the presence of relatively large amounts of SD antigens on DA RBC, and small amounts of Ia on the thymus and bone marrow.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the tissue distribution of Ia and SD antigens in the DA and Lewis rat strains. The tissue distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the DA and Lewis (LEW) strains was studied using LEW anti-DA and DA anti-LEW alloantisera. Quantitative absorption analyses were used with quantitative binding assays for SD and Ia antigens. Initial screening showed that the LEW anti-DA serum contained significant amounts of antibodies against both Ia and SD antigens. On the other hand, the DA anti-LEW serum seemed to be directed almost entirely against Ia antigens, and it was not possible to set up assays for SD antigens in the LEW strain. The most surprising finding was the presence of large amounts of Ia antigen on the kidneys of both the DA and LEW strains, one kidney containing as much Ia antigen as half a spleen. Kidney also contained large amounts of SD antigen. Liver had large amounts of SD, but very little Ia. Heart had only small amounts of both SD and Ia. The relevance of these findings to transplantation of the kidney, liver, and heart are discussed. The other tissues studied were brain, spleen, lymph node, thoracic duct lymphocytes, bone marrow, thymus, RBC, and platelets. The most interesting findings were the presence of relatively large amounts of SD antigens on DA RBC, and small amounts of Ia on the thymus and bone marrow.", "PMID": 380068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4845", "title": "The lymphatic drainage of the rat prostate and its status as an immunologically privileged site.", "content": "Recent suggestions that the rat prostate is an alymphatic, immunologically privileged site stimulated further investigation of its status using a variety of techniques. Fixation of certain organs by vascular perfusion of glutaraldehyde followed by plastic embedding avoids the distortion and stromal reorganization that often obscures evidence of lymphatic vessels in conventional histological preparations. When applied to the rat prostate, this technique revealed small lymphatic vessels at irregular intervals throughout the sparse stroma. Ink injected into the prostate drained from the organ into iliac lymph nodes within 3 to 4 hr. Enlargement of iliac lymph nodes within 1 week after injection of parental strain lymphoid cells into the prostate of F1 rats confirmed the drainage pattern. Ink and lymphoid cell injections into the bladder wall yielded comparable results, although ink reached iliac nodes sooner than it did in prostate injections. Immunological privilege was investigated by determining survival of skin allografts implanted in the prostate. Skin-into-prostate grafts bearing either major or minor histocompatibility antigens were rejected within a few days of similar orthotopic grafts. The inability of the rat prostate to allow significantly prolonged allograft survival as well as its demonstrated lymphatic drainage argues against an immunologically privileged status.", "contents": "The lymphatic drainage of the rat prostate and its status as an immunologically privileged site. Recent suggestions that the rat prostate is an alymphatic, immunologically privileged site stimulated further investigation of its status using a variety of techniques. Fixation of certain organs by vascular perfusion of glutaraldehyde followed by plastic embedding avoids the distortion and stromal reorganization that often obscures evidence of lymphatic vessels in conventional histological preparations. When applied to the rat prostate, this technique revealed small lymphatic vessels at irregular intervals throughout the sparse stroma. Ink injected into the prostate drained from the organ into iliac lymph nodes within 3 to 4 hr. Enlargement of iliac lymph nodes within 1 week after injection of parental strain lymphoid cells into the prostate of F1 rats confirmed the drainage pattern. Ink and lymphoid cell injections into the bladder wall yielded comparable results, although ink reached iliac nodes sooner than it did in prostate injections. Immunological privilege was investigated by determining survival of skin allografts implanted in the prostate. Skin-into-prostate grafts bearing either major or minor histocompatibility antigens were rejected within a few days of similar orthotopic grafts. The inability of the rat prostate to allow significantly prolonged allograft survival as well as its demonstrated lymphatic drainage argues against an immunologically privileged status.", "PMID": 380070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4846", "title": "Influence of matching for HLA-DR antigens on skin graft survival.", "content": "HLA-DR typing results of 47 skin transplant donor-recipient pairs were analysed. HLA-A, B, and C typing and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) testing was also included in this study. Skin transplants exchanged between HLA-A-, B-, and DR-identical, MLC-negative donor-recipient pairs had the longest graft survival (mean survival time, 17 days), whereas skin grafts exchanged between completely nonidentical donor-recipient combinations had the shortest survival (mean survival time, 10 days). Because of the correlation between identity for the DR antigens and the low or nonreactivity in the MLC test, identity for DR will predict a better skin graft survival than nonidentity. It was concluded that the best match between donor and recipient of a graft, using only serological techniques, is one where there is identity for HLA-A, B, and DR.", "contents": "Influence of matching for HLA-DR antigens on skin graft survival. HLA-DR typing results of 47 skin transplant donor-recipient pairs were analysed. HLA-A, B, and C typing and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) testing was also included in this study. Skin transplants exchanged between HLA-A-, B-, and DR-identical, MLC-negative donor-recipient pairs had the longest graft survival (mean survival time, 17 days), whereas skin grafts exchanged between completely nonidentical donor-recipient combinations had the shortest survival (mean survival time, 10 days). Because of the correlation between identity for the DR antigens and the low or nonreactivity in the MLC test, identity for DR will predict a better skin graft survival than nonidentity. It was concluded that the best match between donor and recipient of a graft, using only serological techniques, is one where there is identity for HLA-A, B, and DR.", "PMID": 380076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4847", "title": "In vivo activity of an H-2 alloantiserum purified by affinity chromatography on transplantation antigens.", "content": "Transplantation antigens were isolated from murine tissue by solubilization with NP-40 and purification on a lentil lectin-Sepharose column. The glycoproteins eluted from the lectin column were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose to prepare a specific immunoadsorbent. Intact histocompatibility antigens were demonstrated on the carrier particles in a cytotoxic inhibition assay with specific antiserum and spleen lymphocytes. Adsorption and subsequent elution of alloantiserum directed against the coupled antigens yielded a 30-fold purified product. The presence of both active K and I region products on the column was demonstrated by the in vivo activities of the alloantibodies eluted from the coupled molecules. Both acute rejection, a function of H-2K antibodies, and passive enhancement, a function of Ia antibodies, could be induced by administration of the eluate to recipients of skin allografts. These in vivo results show that the adsorbent can be used for preparative purposes.", "contents": "In vivo activity of an H-2 alloantiserum purified by affinity chromatography on transplantation antigens. Transplantation antigens were isolated from murine tissue by solubilization with NP-40 and purification on a lentil lectin-Sepharose column. The glycoproteins eluted from the lectin column were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose to prepare a specific immunoadsorbent. Intact histocompatibility antigens were demonstrated on the carrier particles in a cytotoxic inhibition assay with specific antiserum and spleen lymphocytes. Adsorption and subsequent elution of alloantiserum directed against the coupled antigens yielded a 30-fold purified product. The presence of both active K and I region products on the column was demonstrated by the in vivo activities of the alloantibodies eluted from the coupled molecules. Both acute rejection, a function of H-2K antibodies, and passive enhancement, a function of Ia antibodies, could be induced by administration of the eluate to recipients of skin allografts. These in vivo results show that the adsorbent can be used for preparative purposes.", "PMID": 380077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4848", "title": "Effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with antilymphocyte serum on renal allograft rejection in the rat.", "content": "The effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with suboptimal doses of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in the relatively weak (DA X Lewis)F1 to DA and the strong DA to Lewis renal allograft models. In the F1 to DA model, splenectomy alone produced a slight but significant prolongation of graft survival and in combination with a suboptimal dose of ALS gave excellent suppression of rejection. In the strong DA to Lewis model, splenectomy alone had no effect on graft survival and there were no additive effects with suboptimal doses of ALS. However, splenectomy alone produced a striking suppression of the lymphocytotoxic response to the kidney grafts in this combination. To elucidate the mechansim whereby splenectomy weakens the immune response, (DA X Lewis)F1 to DNA renal allografts were performed with the renal vein anastomosed to the recipient's portal vein. This procedure had no effect on graft survival.", "contents": "Effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with antilymphocyte serum on renal allograft rejection in the rat. The effect of splenectomy alone and in combination with suboptimal doses of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in the relatively weak (DA X Lewis)F1 to DA and the strong DA to Lewis renal allograft models. In the F1 to DA model, splenectomy alone produced a slight but significant prolongation of graft survival and in combination with a suboptimal dose of ALS gave excellent suppression of rejection. In the strong DA to Lewis model, splenectomy alone had no effect on graft survival and there were no additive effects with suboptimal doses of ALS. However, splenectomy alone produced a striking suppression of the lymphocytotoxic response to the kidney grafts in this combination. To elucidate the mechansim whereby splenectomy weakens the immune response, (DA X Lewis)F1 to DNA renal allografts were performed with the renal vein anastomosed to the recipient's portal vein. This procedure had no effect on graft survival.", "PMID": 380078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4849", "title": "Rat mutant (NZNU) showing \"nude\" characteristics.", "content": "A new rat mutant (nznu) is described which shows characteristics similar to those of the nude mouse. The mutant is an autosomal recessive. Homozygotes are essentially hairless (except for stunted vibriassae) and show deficient thymus gland development. Under conventional breeding conditions the mutants are difficult to raise and few survive weaning. The absence of functional thymus-derived lymphocytes in the nude rat is implied by (1) acceptance of histoincompatible skin grafts, (2) lack of response to the T cell mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanvalin A, and (3) absence of cells sensitive to alloantiserum directed against rat thymus-derived lymphocytes. Although total blood leukocytes from the nude rat were within the normal range, differential counting of leukocytes showed a 4-fold elevation of neutrophils and a 2.5-fold reduction of lymphocytes, compared with normal rats. Phenotypically normal heterozygotes gave values intermediate between nude and normal rats.", "contents": "Rat mutant (NZNU) showing \"nude\" characteristics. A new rat mutant (nznu) is described which shows characteristics similar to those of the nude mouse. The mutant is an autosomal recessive. Homozygotes are essentially hairless (except for stunted vibriassae) and show deficient thymus gland development. Under conventional breeding conditions the mutants are difficult to raise and few survive weaning. The absence of functional thymus-derived lymphocytes in the nude rat is implied by (1) acceptance of histoincompatible skin grafts, (2) lack of response to the T cell mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanvalin A, and (3) absence of cells sensitive to alloantiserum directed against rat thymus-derived lymphocytes. Although total blood leukocytes from the nude rat were within the normal range, differential counting of leukocytes showed a 4-fold elevation of neutrophils and a 2.5-fold reduction of lymphocytes, compared with normal rats. Phenotypically normal heterozygotes gave values intermediate between nude and normal rats.", "PMID": 380079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4850", "title": "Orthotopic bone transplantation in mice. I. Technique and assessment of healing.", "content": "A technique for orthotopic bone transplantation in mice has been developed. A section of recipient tibia was removed and replaced by a similar section from the donor animal. The graft was held in place by internal fixation. Bone healing was assessed clinically, histologically, radiologically, and by torsion testing. The most objective measurements of bone healing were the maximum torque and the energy absorbed by the bone to failure, which were derived from torsion testing. The degree of bone healing in donor-recipient combinations differing at H-2, non-H-2, or H-Y antigens was compared to the degree of healing in syngeneic controls. The incidence of nonunion was significantly increased in the H-2-disparate group. Furthermore, the extent of bone healing as measured by torsion testing was significantly reduced in both the H-2-and the H-Y-disparate groups. Thus, in the strain combinations tested, the order of importance of the genetic disparities influencing allogeneic bone grafts was H-2 greater than H-Y greater than non-H-2. The impaired healing of allogeneic bone grafts was probably immunologically mediated, as suggested by the observation that recipients of bone allografts rejected subsequent skin allografts in an accelerated manner.", "contents": "Orthotopic bone transplantation in mice. I. Technique and assessment of healing. A technique for orthotopic bone transplantation in mice has been developed. A section of recipient tibia was removed and replaced by a similar section from the donor animal. The graft was held in place by internal fixation. Bone healing was assessed clinically, histologically, radiologically, and by torsion testing. The most objective measurements of bone healing were the maximum torque and the energy absorbed by the bone to failure, which were derived from torsion testing. The degree of bone healing in donor-recipient combinations differing at H-2, non-H-2, or H-Y antigens was compared to the degree of healing in syngeneic controls. The incidence of nonunion was significantly increased in the H-2-disparate group. Furthermore, the extent of bone healing as measured by torsion testing was significantly reduced in both the H-2-and the H-Y-disparate groups. Thus, in the strain combinations tested, the order of importance of the genetic disparities influencing allogeneic bone grafts was H-2 greater than H-Y greater than non-H-2. The impaired healing of allogeneic bone grafts was probably immunologically mediated, as suggested by the observation that recipients of bone allografts rejected subsequent skin allografts in an accelerated manner.", "PMID": 380080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4851", "title": "Orthotopic bone transplantation in mice. II. Studies of the alloantibody response.", "content": "The alloantibody response of mice receiving cortical bone allografts was investigated. Such grafts were highly immunogenic, resulting in antibody responses at least as strong as those to skin allografts in the same combinations. The duration of the response to a single bone allograft was very prolonged (greater than 10 months). The antibody response was shown to be directed against H-2K, H-2D, Ia, and at least two non-H-2 antigens. Although the great majority of the parenchymal cells of the graft were dead, the immunogenicity of the graft required living cells, since bone that had previously been frozen and thawed was nonimmunogenic. By retransplanting bone allografts to a second recipient it was possible to demonstrate that the grafts remained immunogenic for at least 4 weeks after transplantation, indicating that the living immunogenic cells survived in the recipient for at least 4 weeks. Such cells may be certain cells of the cortical bone itself, or else residual bone marrow elements which adhere to the endosteal surface of the bone. The observation that a small subpopulation of living cells can provoke strong immune responses against a wide variety of antigens may have implications for understanding the immunogenicity of other types of allografts.", "contents": "Orthotopic bone transplantation in mice. II. Studies of the alloantibody response. The alloantibody response of mice receiving cortical bone allografts was investigated. Such grafts were highly immunogenic, resulting in antibody responses at least as strong as those to skin allografts in the same combinations. The duration of the response to a single bone allograft was very prolonged (greater than 10 months). The antibody response was shown to be directed against H-2K, H-2D, Ia, and at least two non-H-2 antigens. Although the great majority of the parenchymal cells of the graft were dead, the immunogenicity of the graft required living cells, since bone that had previously been frozen and thawed was nonimmunogenic. By retransplanting bone allografts to a second recipient it was possible to demonstrate that the grafts remained immunogenic for at least 4 weeks after transplantation, indicating that the living immunogenic cells survived in the recipient for at least 4 weeks. Such cells may be certain cells of the cortical bone itself, or else residual bone marrow elements which adhere to the endosteal surface of the bone. The observation that a small subpopulation of living cells can provoke strong immune responses against a wide variety of antigens may have implications for understanding the immunogenicity of other types of allografts.", "PMID": 380081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4852", "title": "[Factors affecting the course of DNA acid hydrolysis in carrying out the Feulgen reaction].", "content": "Literature data concerning acid hydrolysis of DNA during the Feulgen procedure are reviewed, with emphasis being made on the dependence of Schiff-apurinic acid binding on the fixation technique, the temperature of hydrolysis and acid concentration, the rate of extraction of depolymerized DNA fragments, the nucleotide composition of DNA, the chromatin state, and on the composition of nucleoprotein. Some practical considerations for optimization of the Feulgen procedure for a precise quantitative determination of DNA amount are given.", "contents": "[Factors affecting the course of DNA acid hydrolysis in carrying out the Feulgen reaction]. Literature data concerning acid hydrolysis of DNA during the Feulgen procedure are reviewed, with emphasis being made on the dependence of Schiff-apurinic acid binding on the fixation technique, the temperature of hydrolysis and acid concentration, the rate of extraction of depolymerized DNA fragments, the nucleotide composition of DNA, the chromatin state, and on the composition of nucleoprotein. Some practical considerations for optimization of the Feulgen procedure for a precise quantitative determination of DNA amount are given.", "PMID": 380085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4853", "title": "[Quantitative cytochemical study of the RNA in tumor cells. II. The characteristics of the cell populatoins].", "content": "The quantity of DNA and RNA in tymocytes of AKR mice has been determined by Methylen blue staining. Cell populations of normal and tumor animals were divided into two groups with equal content of DNA to measure RNA content in either of them. The tumor cells had up to 380% RNA, if the normal content be taken for 100%. Dynamics of RNA modifications in cells of normal tymocytes corresponded to the increasing DNA quantity. The RNA quantity in tumor cells increased in the beginning of S-phase.", "contents": "[Quantitative cytochemical study of the RNA in tumor cells. II. The characteristics of the cell populatoins]. The quantity of DNA and RNA in tymocytes of AKR mice has been determined by Methylen blue staining. Cell populations of normal and tumor animals were divided into two groups with equal content of DNA to measure RNA content in either of them. The tumor cells had up to 380% RNA, if the normal content be taken for 100%. Dynamics of RNA modifications in cells of normal tymocytes corresponded to the increasing DNA quantity. The RNA quantity in tumor cells increased in the beginning of S-phase.", "PMID": 380086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4854", "title": "[Cytofluorimetric study of the content of glycogen and its fractions in rat liver cells in the course of the 1st week of postnatal ontogeny].", "content": "A cytofluorometric study of the total glycogen and its fractions in rat liver cells using the fluorescent PAS reaction was made during 1--7 days of the postnatal development. It was established that glycogen content was small on the first two days of development. The glycogen content increases only on the third day after birth. The glycogen of the rat liver cells during a first week of the postnatal development is different from that detected in adult liver cells in two aspects: in 3 day old hepatocytes soluble and stable glycogen fractions are equal, while in adult rat liver cells the former makes 80--90%; during the first week of the postnatal development, the stable fraction of rat liver cell is more labile, while in the adult rat liver the soluble fraction of glycogen is more labiles.", "contents": "[Cytofluorimetric study of the content of glycogen and its fractions in rat liver cells in the course of the 1st week of postnatal ontogeny]. A cytofluorometric study of the total glycogen and its fractions in rat liver cells using the fluorescent PAS reaction was made during 1--7 days of the postnatal development. It was established that glycogen content was small on the first two days of development. The glycogen content increases only on the third day after birth. The glycogen of the rat liver cells during a first week of the postnatal development is different from that detected in adult liver cells in two aspects: in 3 day old hepatocytes soluble and stable glycogen fractions are equal, while in adult rat liver cells the former makes 80--90%; during the first week of the postnatal development, the stable fraction of rat liver cell is more labile, while in the adult rat liver the soluble fraction of glycogen is more labiles.", "PMID": 380087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4855", "title": "[Factors that control the differentiation of stem cells. I. The change in direction of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation under the effect of differentiating T-lymphocytes].", "content": "A mixed transplantation of bone marrow cells, and lymph nodes or thymic cells of mice CBA strain into lethally irradiated hybrid recipients (CBAXC57B1)F1 is accompanied with changes in the differentiation pattern from a mainly erythroid to a mainly granuloid way. Thymectomy of either donor of bone marrow cells or recipients, or both, destroys the stem cell differentiation in the direction of granulopoieseis. Intact syngeneic lymphocytes normalize differentiation of the stem cells, but in the presence of tissue antigens these provide for the stem cell differentiation mainly in the direction of granulopoiesis. The differentiation of stem haemopoietic cells is accomplished under the thymic and lymphocyte control. T-differentiating lymphocytes (Td) are the lymphocytes controlling the stem cell differentiation.", "contents": "[Factors that control the differentiation of stem cells. I. The change in direction of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation under the effect of differentiating T-lymphocytes]. A mixed transplantation of bone marrow cells, and lymph nodes or thymic cells of mice CBA strain into lethally irradiated hybrid recipients (CBAXC57B1)F1 is accompanied with changes in the differentiation pattern from a mainly erythroid to a mainly granuloid way. Thymectomy of either donor of bone marrow cells or recipients, or both, destroys the stem cell differentiation in the direction of granulopoieseis. Intact syngeneic lymphocytes normalize differentiation of the stem cells, but in the presence of tissue antigens these provide for the stem cell differentiation mainly in the direction of granulopoiesis. The differentiation of stem haemopoietic cells is accomplished under the thymic and lymphocyte control. T-differentiating lymphocytes (Td) are the lymphocytes controlling the stem cell differentiation.", "PMID": 380088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4856", "title": "[Cell aging in vitro].", "content": "The phenomenon of in vitro cell ageing has been considered in terms of limited multiplication and defined life span of cultured diploid cell strains and lines in vitro and in situ. Theories on cell ageing are discussed. Original recent evidence is provided concerning mouse embryo fibroblast ageing in vitro. Phenotypes of early, middle and late passage cells, observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopes, are described. Using light microscope autoradiography, proliferative capacity of these cells has been examined that involves replicative index, cell cycle durations, and 3H-actinomycin binding index. Transcription peculiarities of cultured cells of different age are described using such parameters as activities of RNA polymerases and of RNA synthesis estimated biochemically in isolated nuclei, and with the help of light autoradiography in living cells.", "contents": "[Cell aging in vitro]. The phenomenon of in vitro cell ageing has been considered in terms of limited multiplication and defined life span of cultured diploid cell strains and lines in vitro and in situ. Theories on cell ageing are discussed. Original recent evidence is provided concerning mouse embryo fibroblast ageing in vitro. Phenotypes of early, middle and late passage cells, observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopes, are described. Using light microscope autoradiography, proliferative capacity of these cells has been examined that involves replicative index, cell cycle durations, and 3H-actinomycin binding index. Transcription peculiarities of cultured cells of different age are described using such parameters as activities of RNA polymerases and of RNA synthesis estimated biochemically in isolated nuclei, and with the help of light autoradiography in living cells.", "PMID": 380089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4857", "title": "Nipple discharge as a sign of preneoplastic lesions and occult carcinoma of the breast: clinical and galactographic study in 103 consecutive patients.", "content": "A clinical and galactographic investigation was carried out on 103 patients with hematic, serous-hematic, and serous nipple discharge. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 72 years. A single papilloma was found in 20 cases, diffuse papillomatosis in 2 cases, atypical ductal hyperplasia in 8 cases, and ductal carcinoma in 4 cases (3 of these were infiltrating and 1 was noninfiltrating associated with a diffuse papillomatosis). Mammography gave no indications of carcinoma in any of the 4 cases. In the remaining 49 patients, pictures of ductal hyperplasia, periductal mastitis or sclerosis, sclerosing adenosis, or ductal ectasia were observed. The various types of lesions were often associated. Lacunae, stenosis, or occlusion of the ducts, evidenced by galactography, correlated well with the histologic findings of proliferative lesions of the ductal epithelium. Nevertheless, in practice, it should be the type of discharge that indicates surgery rather than galactographic or cytologic data, which appeared to have little diagnostic value. The frequency with which preneoplastic (or limit) lesions, and also nonsuspect carcinomas were found in patients with a significant nipple discharge confirm the importance of this symptom for a secondary prevention of early diagnosis of mammary neoplastic lesions originating from galactophorous ducts. Finally, complete resection of the galactophorous ducts must be considered as the best treatment in all patients with a suspicious nipple discharge that requires surgery.", "contents": "Nipple discharge as a sign of preneoplastic lesions and occult carcinoma of the breast: clinical and galactographic study in 103 consecutive patients. A clinical and galactographic investigation was carried out on 103 patients with hematic, serous-hematic, and serous nipple discharge. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 72 years. A single papilloma was found in 20 cases, diffuse papillomatosis in 2 cases, atypical ductal hyperplasia in 8 cases, and ductal carcinoma in 4 cases (3 of these were infiltrating and 1 was noninfiltrating associated with a diffuse papillomatosis). Mammography gave no indications of carcinoma in any of the 4 cases. In the remaining 49 patients, pictures of ductal hyperplasia, periductal mastitis or sclerosis, sclerosing adenosis, or ductal ectasia were observed. The various types of lesions were often associated. Lacunae, stenosis, or occlusion of the ducts, evidenced by galactography, correlated well with the histologic findings of proliferative lesions of the ductal epithelium. Nevertheless, in practice, it should be the type of discharge that indicates surgery rather than galactographic or cytologic data, which appeared to have little diagnostic value. The frequency with which preneoplastic (or limit) lesions, and also nonsuspect carcinomas were found in patients with a significant nipple discharge confirm the importance of this symptom for a secondary prevention of early diagnosis of mammary neoplastic lesions originating from galactophorous ducts. Finally, complete resection of the galactophorous ducts must be considered as the best treatment in all patients with a suspicious nipple discharge that requires surgery.", "PMID": 380091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4858", "title": "Thalassemia major terminating in a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma: report of a case.", "content": "A large noncleaved diffuse follicular center cell lymphoma occurring in an 11-year-old child with homozygous beta thalassemia is described. The possible relationship between numerous blood transfusions during a 10-year period and the occurrence of a B-cell lymphoma is discussed.", "contents": "Thalassemia major terminating in a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma: report of a case. A large noncleaved diffuse follicular center cell lymphoma occurring in an 11-year-old child with homozygous beta thalassemia is described. The possible relationship between numerous blood transfusions during a 10-year period and the occurrence of a B-cell lymphoma is discussed.", "PMID": 380092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4859", "title": "Radiotherapy for intracranial metastasis.", "content": "The results obtained in a series of 64 patients with intracranial metastasis treated by radiotherapy between 1970 and 1974 are reported. The primary site was the breast in 32 cases, the lung in 24 cases, the skin (melanoma) in 5 cases, and the bones in 1 case; 2 patients had an unknown primary. All patients received a treatment with high energy (telecobalt therapy). The entire brain was irradiated by 2 lateral fields; 1.5 to 2 Gy were administered daily for a total dose of 30 to 40 Gy. The criterion for success was improvement of the functional capacity of the patient, i.e., regained intellectual awareness and physical abilities. To this aim, the patients were classified before and after therapy according to Order's neurological classification. An improvement was observed in 32 patients, whereas 21 patients remained essentially unchanged, and 11 patients worsened. Cerebral metastases from melanoma were radioresistant to the management. No influence on survival rate was observed.", "contents": "Radiotherapy for intracranial metastasis. The results obtained in a series of 64 patients with intracranial metastasis treated by radiotherapy between 1970 and 1974 are reported. The primary site was the breast in 32 cases, the lung in 24 cases, the skin (melanoma) in 5 cases, and the bones in 1 case; 2 patients had an unknown primary. All patients received a treatment with high energy (telecobalt therapy). The entire brain was irradiated by 2 lateral fields; 1.5 to 2 Gy were administered daily for a total dose of 30 to 40 Gy. The criterion for success was improvement of the functional capacity of the patient, i.e., regained intellectual awareness and physical abilities. To this aim, the patients were classified before and after therapy according to Order's neurological classification. An improvement was observed in 32 patients, whereas 21 patients remained essentially unchanged, and 11 patients worsened. Cerebral metastases from melanoma were radioresistant to the management. No influence on survival rate was observed.", "PMID": 380093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4860", "title": "[Effect of metabolism products of Shigella sonnei, Sh. flexneri and Sh. shigae on proteolytic activity of the organism connective tissue].", "content": "The activity of proteolytic enzymes, neutral proteinases and cathepsins E+D, was determined in homogenates from the tissues of capsules formed around diffusion chambers with shigella (Shigella sonnei, Sh. flexneri, Sh. shigae) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days after their implantation to the abdominal cavity of rabbits. The specific proteolytic activity in the capsule tissues in the experimental variants is higher in all the studied periods than in the control and its singularities depend on the microbe species. The rise in the proteolytic activity is the highest under the effect of the Sh. shigae metabolism products, the influence of Sh. flexneri and Sh. sonnei in this respect is somewhat less pronounced.", "contents": "[Effect of metabolism products of Shigella sonnei, Sh. flexneri and Sh. shigae on proteolytic activity of the organism connective tissue]. The activity of proteolytic enzymes, neutral proteinases and cathepsins E+D, was determined in homogenates from the tissues of capsules formed around diffusion chambers with shigella (Shigella sonnei, Sh. flexneri, Sh. shigae) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days after their implantation to the abdominal cavity of rabbits. The specific proteolytic activity in the capsule tissues in the experimental variants is higher in all the studied periods than in the control and its singularities depend on the microbe species. The rise in the proteolytic activity is the highest under the effect of the Sh. shigae metabolism products, the influence of Sh. flexneri and Sh. sonnei in this respect is somewhat less pronounced.", "PMID": 380094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4861", "title": "Nuclear imaging in urology.", "content": "Over the past 10 years nuclear renal imaging has proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool. The information derived from such studies must be correlated with all other imaging procedures now available, i.e., ultrasound and computed tomography. Prior to performing a study, the physician should focus carefully on what information is desired and whether or not it can be acquired. Once that is done, the use of these procedures in urology is extremely helpful and their aid in a given instance is limited only by the creative mind of the physicianuser.", "contents": "Nuclear imaging in urology. Over the past 10 years nuclear renal imaging has proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool. The information derived from such studies must be correlated with all other imaging procedures now available, i.e., ultrasound and computed tomography. Prior to performing a study, the physician should focus carefully on what information is desired and whether or not it can be acquired. Once that is done, the use of these procedures in urology is extremely helpful and their aid in a given instance is limited only by the creative mind of the physicianuser.", "PMID": 380103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4862", "title": "An extended view of renal autotransplantation in humans.", "content": "Early cases of renal autotransplantation have resulted in 2 postoperative deaths in high risk patients, 1 nephrectomy with cure of high blood pressure, 1 cure of hypertension, 3 greatly reduced hypertensions and 2 highly successful bridgings for ureteral avulsions. Anticipated improvements in selection, especially for patients with hypertension, may widen applications in institutions in which homotransplantation is familiar.", "contents": "An extended view of renal autotransplantation in humans. Early cases of renal autotransplantation have resulted in 2 postoperative deaths in high risk patients, 1 nephrectomy with cure of high blood pressure, 1 cure of hypertension, 3 greatly reduced hypertensions and 2 highly successful bridgings for ureteral avulsions. Anticipated improvements in selection, especially for patients with hypertension, may widen applications in institutions in which homotransplantation is familiar.", "PMID": 380106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4863", "title": "Sexual impotence: the overlooked complication of a second renal transplant.", "content": "THE INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL IMPOTENCE IN 20 MEN WHO HAVE RECEIVED AT LEAST 2 KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS WAS 65 PER CENT COMPARED TO 10 PER CENT AFTER THE FIRST TRANSPLANT. The impotence was transient (2 to 4 months) in both affected men after the first transplant but permanent (2 to 10 years) in 6 men after the second operation. We attribute this increased percentage of impotance to the second end-to-end arterial anastomosis that requires division of the internal iliac arteries. We suggest that the second transplant be placed end-to-side into the common iliac artery.", "contents": "Sexual impotence: the overlooked complication of a second renal transplant. THE INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL IMPOTENCE IN 20 MEN WHO HAVE RECEIVED AT LEAST 2 KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS WAS 65 PER CENT COMPARED TO 10 PER CENT AFTER THE FIRST TRANSPLANT. The impotence was transient (2 to 4 months) in both affected men after the first transplant but permanent (2 to 10 years) in 6 men after the second operation. We attribute this increased percentage of impotance to the second end-to-end arterial anastomosis that requires division of the internal iliac arteries. We suggest that the second transplant be placed end-to-side into the common iliac artery.", "PMID": 380107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4864", "title": "Adjunctive chemotherapy of infection-induced staghorn calculi.", "content": "Bacteria induce urinary crystallization of struvite and carbonate-apatite as a by-product of ureolysis by urease. Eradication of infection and/or inhibition of urease with acetohydroxamic acid for 5 to 30 months retarded stone growth and brought about partial or complete dissolution of stones in 9 patients. Long-term chemotherapy with antimicrobial agents that achieve sterile urine or acetohydroxamic acid in those patients with recalcitrant infection lessens the risk of recurrent calculogenesis.", "contents": "Adjunctive chemotherapy of infection-induced staghorn calculi. Bacteria induce urinary crystallization of struvite and carbonate-apatite as a by-product of ureolysis by urease. Eradication of infection and/or inhibition of urease with acetohydroxamic acid for 5 to 30 months retarded stone growth and brought about partial or complete dissolution of stones in 9 patients. Long-term chemotherapy with antimicrobial agents that achieve sterile urine or acetohydroxamic acid in those patients with recalcitrant infection lessens the risk of recurrent calculogenesis.", "PMID": 380109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4865", "title": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. III. Neutropenia and myeloid response.", "content": "Calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had, at the onset of anemia, a very low total white cell count and neutropenia but with chronicity there was lymphocytosis. Infected calves had a marked reduction in granulocyte mobilization for the first 14 weeks of infection and there was reduced ability to mount an inflammatory response during the onset of anemia. Bone marrow aspiration biopsies showed marked erythroid hyperplasia in response to the anemia with a relative and likely absolute reduction in myeloid precursors and marrow granulocyte reserves.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. III. Neutropenia and myeloid response. Calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had, at the onset of anemia, a very low total white cell count and neutropenia but with chronicity there was lymphocytosis. Infected calves had a marked reduction in granulocyte mobilization for the first 14 weeks of infection and there was reduced ability to mount an inflammatory response during the onset of anemia. Bone marrow aspiration biopsies showed marked erythroid hyperplasia in response to the anemia with a relative and likely absolute reduction in myeloid precursors and marrow granulocyte reserves.", "PMID": 380120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4866", "title": "We want to train toxicologists for a need.", "content": "This country needs toxicologists in a variety of institutions, and needs toxicologists with different backgrounds. All programs in toxicology can't satisfy every specific need. Certification and accreditation will continue as solvable issues among the various organizations in toxicology.", "contents": "We want to train toxicologists for a need. This country needs toxicologists in a variety of institutions, and needs toxicologists with different backgrounds. All programs in toxicology can't satisfy every specific need. Certification and accreditation will continue as solvable issues among the various organizations in toxicology.", "PMID": 380123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4867", "title": "[Clinical and paraclinical changes in cattle with traumatic pericarditis before and after pericardial puncture].", "content": "A puncture of the pericardium has been performed on cows with a traumatic pericarditis. The clinical status has been taken and paraclinical investigations prior to and after the puncture have been carried out. Following a puncture of the pericardium, up to the 12th hour, the movements of the rumen decrease or entirely disappear, and are restored again later, while respiratory movements and the heart activity become ever more frequent. A leucocytosis occurs without a trend towards a return to the initial level as well as neutrophilia with a nuclear left-shifting to metamyelocytes. The clinical and paraclinical changes in cattle with a traumatic pericarditis, after a puncture of the pericardium, point to a deterioration in the condition and a possible exitus.", "contents": "[Clinical and paraclinical changes in cattle with traumatic pericarditis before and after pericardial puncture]. A puncture of the pericardium has been performed on cows with a traumatic pericarditis. The clinical status has been taken and paraclinical investigations prior to and after the puncture have been carried out. Following a puncture of the pericardium, up to the 12th hour, the movements of the rumen decrease or entirely disappear, and are restored again later, while respiratory movements and the heart activity become ever more frequent. A leucocytosis occurs without a trend towards a return to the initial level as well as neutrophilia with a nuclear left-shifting to metamyelocytes. The clinical and paraclinical changes in cattle with a traumatic pericarditis, after a puncture of the pericardium, point to a deterioration in the condition and a possible exitus.", "PMID": 380134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4868", "title": "[Effect of protein in the feed on the resistance of poultry artificially infected with Salmonella galinarum pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium].", "content": "Studied is the effect of the low protein level in rations of birds, experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium. Birds of different ages of the Leghorn and Cornish breeds are included in the experiments. Results obtained from the experiments indicate that the lowered level of protein in rations to young birds at the age of five months makes them more resistant to salmonella infection. This dependence is markedly demonstrated in particular in the case of the Leghorn breed.", "contents": "[Effect of protein in the feed on the resistance of poultry artificially infected with Salmonella galinarum pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium]. Studied is the effect of the low protein level in rations of birds, experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium. Birds of different ages of the Leghorn and Cornish breeds are included in the experiments. Results obtained from the experiments indicate that the lowered level of protein in rations to young birds at the age of five months makes them more resistant to salmonella infection. This dependence is markedly demonstrated in particular in the case of the Leghorn breed.", "PMID": 380135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4869", "title": "[Indications for deep suture of the bladder wound after its resection for cancer].", "content": "The indications to putting in interrupted sutures on the urinary bladder after its resection for cancer are discussed. Based on the clinical observations, it is concluded that there cannot be any one-way approach to this problem. The bladder may be sutured, if the resection wound is located in the upper segment and anterior wall of the median segment of the vesicle in case of the unchanged detrusor vesicae and urethra, with low bacterial count of the vesical urine and providing for transurethral drainage of the vesicle by its drip irrigation. Interrupted sutures on the vesicle were used in 21 patients with favourable issues.", "contents": "[Indications for deep suture of the bladder wound after its resection for cancer]. The indications to putting in interrupted sutures on the urinary bladder after its resection for cancer are discussed. Based on the clinical observations, it is concluded that there cannot be any one-way approach to this problem. The bladder may be sutured, if the resection wound is located in the upper segment and anterior wall of the median segment of the vesicle in case of the unchanged detrusor vesicae and urethra, with low bacterial count of the vesical urine and providing for transurethral drainage of the vesicle by its drip irrigation. Interrupted sutures on the vesicle were used in 21 patients with favourable issues.", "PMID": 380154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4870", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocyte changes in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "Under study were T- and B-systems of immunity in patients with lymphogranulomatosis, and these were correlated with clinical findings (the stage, intoxication, the effect of chemotherapy). Blastransformation reaction (RBT) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), direct blasttransformation with sheep erythrocytes, immunofluorescence were estimated. The absolute amount of lymphocytes in 1 ml and also T- and B-cells were counted. Already in the stage I--II there was noted a reduction in the amount of T-lymphocytes and RBT to PHA. These changes in cell immunity were aggravated in the stage III B and stage IV B in particular. After the chemotherapy conducted according to the MOPP programme in most patients the immunological background would be more unfavourable. There was noted a relationship between the immune indice stability during chemotherapy for lymphogranulomatosis and the duration of remission.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocyte changes in lymphogranulomatosis]. Under study were T- and B-systems of immunity in patients with lymphogranulomatosis, and these were correlated with clinical findings (the stage, intoxication, the effect of chemotherapy). Blastransformation reaction (RBT) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), direct blasttransformation with sheep erythrocytes, immunofluorescence were estimated. The absolute amount of lymphocytes in 1 ml and also T- and B-cells were counted. Already in the stage I--II there was noted a reduction in the amount of T-lymphocytes and RBT to PHA. These changes in cell immunity were aggravated in the stage III B and stage IV B in particular. After the chemotherapy conducted according to the MOPP programme in most patients the immunological background would be more unfavourable. There was noted a relationship between the immune indice stability during chemotherapy for lymphogranulomatosis and the duration of remission.", "PMID": 380155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4871", "title": "[Use of natulan in the different histological variants of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The results of natulan therapy in III patients with spread lymphogranulomatosis are reported. An analysis of the dependence of the remission frequency and duration on different morphological variants of lymphogranulomatosis has shown that the incidence of remissions was high and practically identical in patients with nodular sclerosis, the lymphocytic and mixed cell type. The effect of natulan was found to be limited in the variant \"Lymphocytic depletion\".", "contents": "[Use of natulan in the different histological variants of lymphogranulomatosis]. The results of natulan therapy in III patients with spread lymphogranulomatosis are reported. An analysis of the dependence of the remission frequency and duration on different morphological variants of lymphogranulomatosis has shown that the incidence of remissions was high and practically identical in patients with nodular sclerosis, the lymphocytic and mixed cell type. The effect of natulan was found to be limited in the variant \"Lymphocytic depletion\".", "PMID": 380156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4872", "title": "[Radiation protection using a gaseous hypoxic mixture in oncological practice].", "content": "Studies on volunteers have shown that the gas hypoxic mixture containing 10% of oxygen and 90% of nitrogen (GHM-10) renders a protective action on the genetic apparatus of human skin cells but provides no protection of the peripheral blood leucocytes, which show the identical character of metabolic processes as neoplastic cells. Under clinically performed distant x-ray therapy for breast cancer the inhaling of GHM-10 was found to render the antiradiation protective action on different normal tissues (skin, subcellular connective tissue, muscle tissue, mammary gland tissue), but it fails to protect the tumor tissue and regional lymph nodes involved. The clinical observations were supported by pathomorphological examination of the operation material.", "contents": "[Radiation protection using a gaseous hypoxic mixture in oncological practice]. Studies on volunteers have shown that the gas hypoxic mixture containing 10% of oxygen and 90% of nitrogen (GHM-10) renders a protective action on the genetic apparatus of human skin cells but provides no protection of the peripheral blood leucocytes, which show the identical character of metabolic processes as neoplastic cells. Under clinically performed distant x-ray therapy for breast cancer the inhaling of GHM-10 was found to render the antiradiation protective action on different normal tissues (skin, subcellular connective tissue, muscle tissue, mammary gland tissue), but it fails to protect the tumor tissue and regional lymph nodes involved. The clinical observations were supported by pathomorphological examination of the operation material.", "PMID": 380157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4873", "title": "[Assessment of the adaptational potentials of the body of children with phenylketonuria to diets including berlofen in long-term diet therapy].", "content": "The state of the nitrogen balance and physical development of 14 children ill with phenylketonuria (PKU), aged from 5 1/2 to 8 years, kept on a long dietotherapy for 21/2--61/2 years and subsequent application of a broadened ration of alimentation, was studied. A lengthy dietotherapy is shown to bring about an adaptation of child's organism to restricted phenylalanine in the food, but a diet with berlophen is not optimal for the normal physical development of children suffering from PKU. In children aged over 5 a broadened diet is suggested.", "contents": "[Assessment of the adaptational potentials of the body of children with phenylketonuria to diets including berlofen in long-term diet therapy]. The state of the nitrogen balance and physical development of 14 children ill with phenylketonuria (PKU), aged from 5 1/2 to 8 years, kept on a long dietotherapy for 21/2--61/2 years and subsequent application of a broadened ration of alimentation, was studied. A lengthy dietotherapy is shown to bring about an adaptation of child's organism to restricted phenylalanine in the food, but a diet with berlophen is not optimal for the normal physical development of children suffering from PKU. In children aged over 5 a broadened diet is suggested.", "PMID": 380160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4874", "title": "[Evaluation of the inhibiting action of virazole on the reproduction of the vaccinia virus in tissue culture].", "content": "Experimental data of the evaluation of the antiviral activity of virazole in tissue culture using the fluorescent antibody technique are presented. Administration of virazole in the maintenance medium in a concentration range of 800--6.25 microgram/ml immediately after vaccinia virus adsorption exerts a marked inhibiting effect reducing virus reproduction by 3.1--1.6 1g, respectively. The chemotherapeutic index of the drug is 128. In a one-cycle experiment, virazole in the minimal effective concentration had the same inhibiting effect as metizason in the maximal tolerable concentration.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the inhibiting action of virazole on the reproduction of the vaccinia virus in tissue culture]. Experimental data of the evaluation of the antiviral activity of virazole in tissue culture using the fluorescent antibody technique are presented. Administration of virazole in the maintenance medium in a concentration range of 800--6.25 microgram/ml immediately after vaccinia virus adsorption exerts a marked inhibiting effect reducing virus reproduction by 3.1--1.6 1g, respectively. The chemotherapeutic index of the drug is 128. In a one-cycle experiment, virazole in the minimal effective concentration had the same inhibiting effect as metizason in the maximal tolerable concentration.", "PMID": 380162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4875", "title": "[Antigenic relations of the rabies group viruses studied in the blast transformation and immunofluorescence tests].", "content": "The blast transformation test with lymphocytes of mice sensitized with commercial rabies vaccine, and the direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests with hyperimmune serum to human acute encephalomyelitis virus and rabies immunoglobulins demonstrated antigenic relationships of rabies, Lagos Bat, Mokola, human acute encephalomyelitis and rabieslike virus isolated from rodents in Central Europe. At the same time, the time of appearance and the degree of intensity of specific blast transformation reaction as well as its duration indicate some differences in the antigenic structure of the Lissaviruses under study.", "contents": "[Antigenic relations of the rabies group viruses studied in the blast transformation and immunofluorescence tests]. The blast transformation test with lymphocytes of mice sensitized with commercial rabies vaccine, and the direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests with hyperimmune serum to human acute encephalomyelitis virus and rabies immunoglobulins demonstrated antigenic relationships of rabies, Lagos Bat, Mokola, human acute encephalomyelitis and rabieslike virus isolated from rodents in Central Europe. At the same time, the time of appearance and the degree of intensity of specific blast transformation reaction as well as its duration indicate some differences in the antigenic structure of the Lissaviruses under study.", "PMID": 380163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4876", "title": "[Results of the short-term (28 days) cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The results from a short-term (28 days) treatment of patients with duodenal ulcer are reported. The average surface of the ulcers from 40.4 mm2 (initial average value) diminished to 7.3 mm2 by the 14 th day of the treatment. The graphic study of the kinetics of healing of the ulcer process revealed that in a treatment with 0.8--1.0 g Simetidin, a diminution of the ulcer by half (t/2) could be expected by the seventh day. In 16, out of the 21 treated, the ulcer epithelized by the 14th day of the treatment. In one patient a prolonged treatment of 42 days proved to be necessary to guarantee the epithelization of the ulcer. In 2/3 of treated patients, the pain complaints, the sensation of warmth and acidity disappeared by the end of the first week of the treatment. The average values of the basic and peak acid output (BAO and PAO), the N-acetyl neuramine acid output, the gastrin basic level, GOT, GPT and creatinine in serum do not change after the treatment. A significant reduction of hemoglobin concentration in the gastric juice is established after the treatment with Simetidin.", "contents": "[Results of the short-term (28 days) cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulcer]. The results from a short-term (28 days) treatment of patients with duodenal ulcer are reported. The average surface of the ulcers from 40.4 mm2 (initial average value) diminished to 7.3 mm2 by the 14 th day of the treatment. The graphic study of the kinetics of healing of the ulcer process revealed that in a treatment with 0.8--1.0 g Simetidin, a diminution of the ulcer by half (t/2) could be expected by the seventh day. In 16, out of the 21 treated, the ulcer epithelized by the 14th day of the treatment. In one patient a prolonged treatment of 42 days proved to be necessary to guarantee the epithelization of the ulcer. In 2/3 of treated patients, the pain complaints, the sensation of warmth and acidity disappeared by the end of the first week of the treatment. The average values of the basic and peak acid output (BAO and PAO), the N-acetyl neuramine acid output, the gastrin basic level, GOT, GPT and creatinine in serum do not change after the treatment. A significant reduction of hemoglobin concentration in the gastric juice is established after the treatment with Simetidin.", "PMID": 380169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4877", "title": "[Protein metabolic change in the tissues of Aporia crataegi L. under the action of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus].", "content": "Changes in protein metabolism in the hemolymph, fat body, intestine, and gonads of Aporia crataegi L. caterpilars under the influence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus were studied. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was used to study acid and basic proteins of insect tissues normally and after virus infection. The virus infection was shown to result in sharp changes of the protein spectrum of various tissues and organs, particularly 3 days after infection. The main changes consisted in the loss of coordination of age cellular protein synthesis and formation of new virus-specific proteins.", "contents": "[Protein metabolic change in the tissues of Aporia crataegi L. under the action of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus]. Changes in protein metabolism in the hemolymph, fat body, intestine, and gonads of Aporia crataegi L. caterpilars under the influence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus were studied. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was used to study acid and basic proteins of insect tissues normally and after virus infection. The virus infection was shown to result in sharp changes of the protein spectrum of various tissues and organs, particularly 3 days after infection. The main changes consisted in the loss of coordination of age cellular protein synthesis and formation of new virus-specific proteins.", "PMID": 380164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4878", "title": "[Weight reduction in obese diabetics: a double-blind study of diethylpropionate (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind study 40 overweight maturity-onset diabetics on a weight-reducing diet were randomly assigned to treatment with either the appetite-suppressant diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate), or placebo. After treatment for 8 weeks the mean weight loss achieved by each group was 4.9 and 3.3%, respectively. This approximately equal weight loss was too slight to exert any significant effect on glucose tolerance. Thus, an additional effect of this anorexiant in comparison with diet restriction alone, as described in obese non-diabetic subjects, is not evident in the case of obese diabetic patients.", "contents": "[Weight reduction in obese diabetics: a double-blind study of diethylpropionate (author's transl)]. In a double-blind study 40 overweight maturity-onset diabetics on a weight-reducing diet were randomly assigned to treatment with either the appetite-suppressant diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate), or placebo. After treatment for 8 weeks the mean weight loss achieved by each group was 4.9 and 3.3%, respectively. This approximately equal weight loss was too slight to exert any significant effect on glucose tolerance. Thus, an additional effect of this anorexiant in comparison with diet restriction alone, as described in obese non-diabetic subjects, is not evident in the case of obese diabetic patients.", "PMID": 380178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4879", "title": "[Malaria tropica with coma in early infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "After arriving in Austria a 10 month old Nigerian infant fell sick with malaria tropica and survived after specific antiparasitic therapy. Early diagnosis and immediate begin of treatment are stressed.", "contents": "[Malaria tropica with coma in early infancy (author's transl)]. After arriving in Austria a 10 month old Nigerian infant fell sick with malaria tropica and survived after specific antiparasitic therapy. Early diagnosis and immediate begin of treatment are stressed.", "PMID": 380183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4880", "title": "Clinical comparison of two contrast agents for oral cholecystography: radiologic efficacy and drug safety of iopanoic acid and iopronic acid.", "content": "Oral doses of either iopronic acid (4.5 g Oravue, Squibb) or iopanoic acid (3 g Telepaque, Winthrop) were given to 98 patients requiring cholecystography. Radiographs were taken 13 to 16 hours after treatment showed good to excellent gallbladder opacification in 44 percent of patients after the first dose of iopronic acid and in an additional 29 percent after a second dose. Similar opacification occurred in 42 percent of patients after the first dose of iopanoic acid and in 34 percent after a second dose. Drug-related abnormalities in blood and urine tests occurred about equally in both groups and one patient in each group exhibited a clinically adverse reaction (diarrhea). Thus, the performance (radiographic efficacy and drug safety) of the new contrast agent, iopronic acid, was similar to a widely used drug, iopanoic acid.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of two contrast agents for oral cholecystography: radiologic efficacy and drug safety of iopanoic acid and iopronic acid. Oral doses of either iopronic acid (4.5 g Oravue, Squibb) or iopanoic acid (3 g Telepaque, Winthrop) were given to 98 patients requiring cholecystography. Radiographs were taken 13 to 16 hours after treatment showed good to excellent gallbladder opacification in 44 percent of patients after the first dose of iopronic acid and in an additional 29 percent after a second dose. Similar opacification occurred in 42 percent of patients after the first dose of iopanoic acid and in 34 percent after a second dose. Drug-related abnormalities in blood and urine tests occurred about equally in both groups and one patient in each group exhibited a clinically adverse reaction (diarrhea). Thus, the performance (radiographic efficacy and drug safety) of the new contrast agent, iopronic acid, was similar to a widely used drug, iopanoic acid.", "PMID": 380184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4881", "title": "[Detection of antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus. 1st report: making of antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of antigen preparation from Aspergillus fumigatus has been described. We received the antigens from medium and mycel used for the detection of precipitins and IgE-antibodies. The antigenic components are demonstrated in the immunoelectrophoresis. By the use of absorption we did not find essential differences between medium antigen and mycel antigen for the detection of precipitins. The medium antigen recommended for diagnostic is easier to produce and, moreover, has advantages for the detection of specific IgE antibodies.", "contents": "[Detection of antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus. 1st report: making of antigens (author's transl)]. A method of antigen preparation from Aspergillus fumigatus has been described. We received the antigens from medium and mycel used for the detection of precipitins and IgE-antibodies. The antigenic components are demonstrated in the immunoelectrophoresis. By the use of absorption we did not find essential differences between medium antigen and mycel antigen for the detection of precipitins. The medium antigen recommended for diagnostic is easier to produce and, moreover, has advantages for the detection of specific IgE antibodies.", "PMID": 380190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4882", "title": "Structural and functional adaptation after reduction of nephron population.", "content": "This review of adaptive changes in renal structure and function in subjects with reduced renal mass has two primary goals. One is to provide a description of the remarkable compensatory increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow, at the level of individual nephrons, and the alterations in water and electrolyte transport by tubular epithelium. These processes preserve fluid and electrolyte balance in subjects with progressive renal failure, until whole kidney GFR is reduced to about 20 percent of normal, and provide the basis for conservative clinical medical management. The other aim is an attempt to provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in compensatory adaptation, since this information, in addition to amplifying our understanding of renal transport processes, helps to elucidate the functional limitations placed on subjects with renal insufficiency. An attempt has been made to analyze both clinical observations and relevant experimental models and an effort has been made to correlate renal function with different patterns of renal injury.", "contents": "Structural and functional adaptation after reduction of nephron population. This review of adaptive changes in renal structure and function in subjects with reduced renal mass has two primary goals. One is to provide a description of the remarkable compensatory increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow, at the level of individual nephrons, and the alterations in water and electrolyte transport by tubular epithelium. These processes preserve fluid and electrolyte balance in subjects with progressive renal failure, until whole kidney GFR is reduced to about 20 percent of normal, and provide the basis for conservative clinical medical management. The other aim is an attempt to provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in compensatory adaptation, since this information, in addition to amplifying our understanding of renal transport processes, helps to elucidate the functional limitations placed on subjects with renal insufficiency. An attempt has been made to analyze both clinical observations and relevant experimental models and an effort has been made to correlate renal function with different patterns of renal injury.", "PMID": 380185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4883", "title": "Animal models of human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a human autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Clinical, serologic, immunologic, and pathologic findings are highly variable in different patients and at different times in the same patient. Murine and canine animal models of SLE have been found with clinicopathologic abnormalities resembling those observed in humans. Each animal model has unique characteristics; taken together they reflect the spectrum of disease in human SLE.Investigations in the animals have suggested that genetic, hormonal, immunologic, viral, and other environmental factors contribute to and modify the expression of disease. Where analogous studies are available for humans, the same factors have been found to modify disease expression in a similar fashion. Together, these studies have helped to clarify the multifactorial basis for SLE.The best characterized abnormalities are immunologic. These include excessive B cell function with the formation of large amounts of autoantibodies, and T cell abnormalities which include defects in T cell regulatory function as well as certain T cell effector functions.The animal models of SLE also serve as convenient test subjects for newer therapeutic modalities. It is hoped that further study of the animal models will provide a more rational approach to therapeutic modulation of disease in humans with SLE.", "contents": "Animal models of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a human autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Clinical, serologic, immunologic, and pathologic findings are highly variable in different patients and at different times in the same patient. Murine and canine animal models of SLE have been found with clinicopathologic abnormalities resembling those observed in humans. Each animal model has unique characteristics; taken together they reflect the spectrum of disease in human SLE.Investigations in the animals have suggested that genetic, hormonal, immunologic, viral, and other environmental factors contribute to and modify the expression of disease. Where analogous studies are available for humans, the same factors have been found to modify disease expression in a similar fashion. Together, these studies have helped to clarify the multifactorial basis for SLE.The best characterized abnormalities are immunologic. These include excessive B cell function with the formation of large amounts of autoantibodies, and T cell abnormalities which include defects in T cell regulatory function as well as certain T cell effector functions.The animal models of SLE also serve as convenient test subjects for newer therapeutic modalities. It is hoped that further study of the animal models will provide a more rational approach to therapeutic modulation of disease in humans with SLE.", "PMID": 380186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4884", "title": "Microsurgical techniques in organ physiology and transplantation studies.", "content": "Experimental models for studies of physiology and pathology of different organs should be technically simple and reproducible, especially when large numbers of animals are required. Also uniform, often genetically identical, populations of animals are necessary to obtain reliable data. To meet these requirements studies should be performed on small animals. Modern microsurgical techniques help in solving these problems. The basic principles of microsurgical techniques and the microsurgical physiological and transplantation models have been described. Standardizing of techniques and models will allow better comparison of data from different centers.", "contents": "Microsurgical techniques in organ physiology and transplantation studies. Experimental models for studies of physiology and pathology of different organs should be technically simple and reproducible, especially when large numbers of animals are required. Also uniform, often genetically identical, populations of animals are necessary to obtain reliable data. To meet these requirements studies should be performed on small animals. Modern microsurgical techniques help in solving these problems. The basic principles of microsurgical techniques and the microsurgical physiological and transplantation models have been described. Standardizing of techniques and models will allow better comparison of data from different centers.", "PMID": 380195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4885", "title": "The pig as a model for the study of obesity and of control of food intake: a review.", "content": "The use of the pig for studies of food intake and obesity is reviewed. Effects of ambient temperature and taste on food intake as well as satiety factors impicating both neural and hormonal mechanisms originating in the gastrointestinal tract are considered; the integration of information in the central nervous system for both internal and external sources is hypothesized. Special concerns of food intake controls in the neonate are discussed, including effects of neonate sweet preference on food intake, gastrointestinal satiety factors, and hypoglycemia as a stimulus for food ingestion.For obesity studies, pigs offer several advantages, including their general physiological similarity to humans, similar fat cell size, and body fat distribution. Lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipid mobilization are under intensive study in swine and the information obtained may have important application in studies of human obesity. The voluminous literature on metabolic differences between genetically lean versus obese populations of pigs suggests possibilities for application in humans. Greater characterization of differences and similarities between pigs and humans in important metabolic parameters related to regulation of food intake and obesity should facilitate better understanding and control of human obesity.", "contents": "The pig as a model for the study of obesity and of control of food intake: a review. The use of the pig for studies of food intake and obesity is reviewed. Effects of ambient temperature and taste on food intake as well as satiety factors impicating both neural and hormonal mechanisms originating in the gastrointestinal tract are considered; the integration of information in the central nervous system for both internal and external sources is hypothesized. Special concerns of food intake controls in the neonate are discussed, including effects of neonate sweet preference on food intake, gastrointestinal satiety factors, and hypoglycemia as a stimulus for food ingestion.For obesity studies, pigs offer several advantages, including their general physiological similarity to humans, similar fat cell size, and body fat distribution. Lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipid mobilization are under intensive study in swine and the information obtained may have important application in studies of human obesity. The voluminous literature on metabolic differences between genetically lean versus obese populations of pigs suggests possibilities for application in humans. Greater characterization of differences and similarities between pigs and humans in important metabolic parameters related to regulation of food intake and obesity should facilitate better understanding and control of human obesity.", "PMID": 380187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4886", "title": "Stimulation of humoral immunity by peptidoglycan monomer from Brevibacterium divaricatum.", "content": "Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), a water soluble and nontoxic disaccharide pentapeptide unit obtained from Brevibacterium divaricatum, was administered intravenously into mice, and the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes was assayed by means of Jerne's technique for plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. The PFC response was evidently stimulated. The counts were increased to practically the same extent over a great range of doses of PGM (from 25 to 1600 microgram per animal), and the effect was present in the mice immunised with optimal, as well as in those immunised with suboptimal, doses of antigen. The magnitude of the immunostimulation depend only on the timing of PGM administration: it was maximal if PGM was injected 1 or 2 days after the antigen. In vitro, in a 4-day culture of spleen cells, PGM did not stimulate PFC formation. We conclude that stimulation of the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cell antigens by PGM probably occurs without cell multiplication and probably involves more than simply a contact of immunocompetent cells with PGM.", "contents": "Stimulation of humoral immunity by peptidoglycan monomer from Brevibacterium divaricatum. Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), a water soluble and nontoxic disaccharide pentapeptide unit obtained from Brevibacterium divaricatum, was administered intravenously into mice, and the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes was assayed by means of Jerne's technique for plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. The PFC response was evidently stimulated. The counts were increased to practically the same extent over a great range of doses of PGM (from 25 to 1600 microgram per animal), and the effect was present in the mice immunised with optimal, as well as in those immunised with suboptimal, doses of antigen. The magnitude of the immunostimulation depend only on the timing of PGM administration: it was maximal if PGM was injected 1 or 2 days after the antigen. In vitro, in a 4-day culture of spleen cells, PGM did not stimulate PFC formation. We conclude that stimulation of the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cell antigens by PGM probably occurs without cell multiplication and probably involves more than simply a contact of immunocompetent cells with PGM.", "PMID": 380198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4887", "title": "[Operation of hammer toes and claw toes, and treatment of unfavourable results (author's transl)].", "content": "Hohmann's operation of hammer toes and claw toes will produce a poor result if there is a contracture due to hyperextension in the metatarsophalangeal joint. In such cases, preference should be given to the operation according to Taylor (resection arthrodesis of the first or, in rarer cases, of the second interphalangeal joint, dorsal incision of the capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint, if necessary elongation of the extensor tendon, intramedually fixation by Kirschner wire). In case the operated toe points rigidly to dorsal or hangs limply as a result of Hohmann's operation, a cosmetically and functionally entirely satisfactory result can be achieved by means of operative mobilisation of this preoperated toe and by producing a cutaneously syndactylia with the next, smaller toe. - If a hammer toe is dislocated in the metatarsophalangeal joint, removing the base according to Gocht should be combined with an operative syndactylia to guide and hold the toe accurately in line with the other toes.", "contents": "[Operation of hammer toes and claw toes, and treatment of unfavourable results (author's transl)]. Hohmann's operation of hammer toes and claw toes will produce a poor result if there is a contracture due to hyperextension in the metatarsophalangeal joint. In such cases, preference should be given to the operation according to Taylor (resection arthrodesis of the first or, in rarer cases, of the second interphalangeal joint, dorsal incision of the capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint, if necessary elongation of the extensor tendon, intramedually fixation by Kirschner wire). In case the operated toe points rigidly to dorsal or hangs limply as a result of Hohmann's operation, a cosmetically and functionally entirely satisfactory result can be achieved by means of operative mobilisation of this preoperated toe and by producing a cutaneously syndactylia with the next, smaller toe. - If a hammer toe is dislocated in the metatarsophalangeal joint, removing the base according to Gocht should be combined with an operative syndactylia to guide and hold the toe accurately in line with the other toes.", "PMID": 380202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4888", "title": "[Experimental application of calcium phosphate granulate for the substitution of conventional bone transplants (author's transl)].", "content": "Autologous spongiosa, a calcium phosphate ceramic and Kiel bone chips were implanted in the tibiae of dogs and compared with respect to tissue compatibility and osteogenetic effect. After the ceramic implants and the autologous spongiosa had been left in the tibial fat marrow for six weeks, bone tissue and bone marrow had formed to the same extent around both materials. Their stimulating effect on osteogenesis was comparable. In contrast to the ceramic material, together with which they had been implanted in active bone marrow, the Kiel bone chips were surrounded by fibrous tissue in addition to bone tissue. All of the three types of implant proved to be tissue compatible. On the whole, the calcium phosphate ceramic was found to be equal to autologous and superior to heterologous spongiosa from a biological point of view. In technical terms the ceramic implant was superior also to the autologous graft.", "contents": "[Experimental application of calcium phosphate granulate for the substitution of conventional bone transplants (author's transl)]. Autologous spongiosa, a calcium phosphate ceramic and Kiel bone chips were implanted in the tibiae of dogs and compared with respect to tissue compatibility and osteogenetic effect. After the ceramic implants and the autologous spongiosa had been left in the tibial fat marrow for six weeks, bone tissue and bone marrow had formed to the same extent around both materials. Their stimulating effect on osteogenesis was comparable. In contrast to the ceramic material, together with which they had been implanted in active bone marrow, the Kiel bone chips were surrounded by fibrous tissue in addition to bone tissue. All of the three types of implant proved to be tissue compatible. On the whole, the calcium phosphate ceramic was found to be equal to autologous and superior to heterologous spongiosa from a biological point of view. In technical terms the ceramic implant was superior also to the autologous graft.", "PMID": 380203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4889", "title": "Remediable causes of dementia.", "content": "Studies show that many clinicans \"write off\" elderly patients as demented, when in fact many of these patients are not suffering from chronic organic brain syndrome but have medical disorders that may respond positively to appropriate treatment. The key to differentiation is comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "Remediable causes of dementia. Studies show that many clinicans \"write off\" elderly patients as demented, when in fact many of these patients are not suffering from chronic organic brain syndrome but have medical disorders that may respond positively to appropriate treatment. The key to differentiation is comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.", "PMID": 380206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4890", "title": "Nutritional studies of the south eastern state peasant diet: studies of the effect of malarial infection (Plasmodium berghei) on electrolyte changes in rats fed the peasants' diet.", "content": "1. Plasmodium Berghei (malaria infection) is not specifically related to the nutritional status of the host though nutritional status may aid the advance or elimination of the parasite. 2. The effect of the infection is more severe in low protein diets than in diets whose protein content was adequate. 3. There was no evidence of excessive urinary excretion of electrolytes in the infected rats. 4. It is suggested that low plasma levels of electrolytes in the infected rats were due to skin losses and these losses were independent of the protein content of the diet thus severity of malarial infection is unaffected by protein nutrition.", "contents": "Nutritional studies of the south eastern state peasant diet: studies of the effect of malarial infection (Plasmodium berghei) on electrolyte changes in rats fed the peasants' diet. 1. Plasmodium Berghei (malaria infection) is not specifically related to the nutritional status of the host though nutritional status may aid the advance or elimination of the parasite. 2. The effect of the infection is more severe in low protein diets than in diets whose protein content was adequate. 3. There was no evidence of excessive urinary excretion of electrolytes in the infected rats. 4. It is suggested that low plasma levels of electrolytes in the infected rats were due to skin losses and these losses were independent of the protein content of the diet thus severity of malarial infection is unaffected by protein nutrition.", "PMID": 380218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4891", "title": "[Theater nurse and midwife in Cameroon. Impressions and experiences in the grasslands (Northwest Cameroon) during a six-and-a-half month stay in a hospital situated at a height of 1800 m].", "content": "The author describes the circumstances of the hospital and out-of-hospital situation in the region she worked in, in focussing on the relevant practical features of the daily life of patients and staff. She deals among other things with the maternity ward (including the separate \"camp\" devoted to prenatal stays) and the operating theatre. As regards health activities outside the hospital, she mentions those of the existing health centres and of auxiliary personnel called first-aiders (whose job description is close to the one of the village health workers advocated by WHO and others). A health team, usually led by a physician, makes periodic visits to bush villages. The importance of the contacts thus created, for health work itself (including collaboration with traditional health practitioners) as well as for community development, is underlined.", "contents": "[Theater nurse and midwife in Cameroon. Impressions and experiences in the grasslands (Northwest Cameroon) during a six-and-a-half month stay in a hospital situated at a height of 1800 m]. The author describes the circumstances of the hospital and out-of-hospital situation in the region she worked in, in focussing on the relevant practical features of the daily life of patients and staff. She deals among other things with the maternity ward (including the separate \"camp\" devoted to prenatal stays) and the operating theatre. As regards health activities outside the hospital, she mentions those of the existing health centres and of auxiliary personnel called first-aiders (whose job description is close to the one of the village health workers advocated by WHO and others). A health team, usually led by a physician, makes periodic visits to bush villages. The importance of the contacts thus created, for health work itself (including collaboration with traditional health practitioners) as well as for community development, is underlined.", "PMID": 380223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4892", "title": "[Initial experience with ethinyl estradiol sulfonate (J 96) in the therapy of prostate carcinoma].", "content": "Ethinylestradiol sulphate (J 96) is a depot estrogen which in a dosage of 2 mg per week has clearly antigonadotropic effects and evokes a suppression of the free testosterone in bilaterally orchiectomized patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The good compatibility in oral application and the possibility for the controlled intake recommend its use for the long-term therapy of the carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "[Initial experience with ethinyl estradiol sulfonate (J 96) in the therapy of prostate carcinoma]. Ethinylestradiol sulphate (J 96) is a depot estrogen which in a dosage of 2 mg per week has clearly antigonadotropic effects and evokes a suppression of the free testosterone in bilaterally orchiectomized patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The good compatibility in oral application and the possibility for the controlled intake recommend its use for the long-term therapy of the carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 380227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4893", "title": "[Isolation of bacterial L forms from the joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis in children].", "content": "In the bacteriological study of intra-articular fluid in 22 children with rheumatoid arthritis the L-forms were isolated in 11. Of these, 7 had not been treated with preparations of the penicillin series. The complete isolation of the focus of inflammation from the environment and the presence of the L-forms of bacteria in the children who had not been treated with preparations of the penicillin series gave us grounds for conclusions on the etiological and pathological significance of the L-forms of streptococci in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Isolation of bacterial L forms from the joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis in children]. In the bacteriological study of intra-articular fluid in 22 children with rheumatoid arthritis the L-forms were isolated in 11. Of these, 7 had not been treated with preparations of the penicillin series. The complete isolation of the focus of inflammation from the environment and the presence of the L-forms of bacteria in the children who had not been treated with preparations of the penicillin series gave us grounds for conclusions on the etiological and pathological significance of the L-forms of streptococci in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 380236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4894", "title": "[Results of a study of the reactogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of a 2d revaccination against whooping cough].", "content": "The reactogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of the second revaccination against pertussis were studied in conformity with all the conditions of a controlled epidemiological trial. The character of the distribution of local and fever reactions in children aged 6 years after the second revaccination with adsorbed DTP vaccine suggests the presence of high sensitivity to the pertussis component of absorbed DTP vaccine in children of this age group. The results obtained from the study of epidemiological effectiveness (in 15,621 children) indicated that the second revaccination of children aged 6 years (at an interval of 3 or more years after the first revaccination) was not advisable as it did not influence noticeably the pertussis incidence.", "contents": "[Results of a study of the reactogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of a 2d revaccination against whooping cough]. The reactogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of the second revaccination against pertussis were studied in conformity with all the conditions of a controlled epidemiological trial. The character of the distribution of local and fever reactions in children aged 6 years after the second revaccination with adsorbed DTP vaccine suggests the presence of high sensitivity to the pertussis component of absorbed DTP vaccine in children of this age group. The results obtained from the study of epidemiological effectiveness (in 15,621 children) indicated that the second revaccination of children aged 6 years (at an interval of 3 or more years after the first revaccination) was not advisable as it did not influence noticeably the pertussis incidence.", "PMID": 380238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4895", "title": "[Sh. flexneri population heterogeneity according to the cellular fatty acid makeup].", "content": "The composition of fatty acids in the cells of 100 clones of Sh. flexneri, strain 9054, isolated from a dysentery patient was studied by the method of gas chromatography. Fatty acid composition in 75 clones was similar to the fatty acid composition of the initial culture: 25 clones differed to a variable degree from the prevailing group of clones in the content of unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids and, to a considerably lesser extent, in the content of palmitic acid and a number of other saturated fatty acids. After the change of the culture medium (agar and broth) the differences in the fatty acid composition of the clones could still be observed. The data obtained in this study indicate the heterogeneity of Shigella population in the composition of cellular fatty acids.", "contents": "[Sh. flexneri population heterogeneity according to the cellular fatty acid makeup]. The composition of fatty acids in the cells of 100 clones of Sh. flexneri, strain 9054, isolated from a dysentery patient was studied by the method of gas chromatography. Fatty acid composition in 75 clones was similar to the fatty acid composition of the initial culture: 25 clones differed to a variable degree from the prevailing group of clones in the content of unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids and, to a considerably lesser extent, in the content of palmitic acid and a number of other saturated fatty acids. After the change of the culture medium (agar and broth) the differences in the fatty acid composition of the clones could still be observed. The data obtained in this study indicate the heterogeneity of Shigella population in the composition of cellular fatty acids.", "PMID": 380239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4896", "title": "[Antigenic activity and the reactogenicity of UV ray-inactivated antirabies vaccine from the brain of sheep].", "content": "Tests in volunteers showed that the reactogenicity of rabies vaccine prepared from sheep brain and inactivated with ultraviolet rays was not greater than the reactogenicity of Fermi vaccine. At the same time it was found to have a higher activity when injected both in the form of 5% suspension (in full and decreased doses) and with brain tissue content as low as 2.5%.", "contents": "[Antigenic activity and the reactogenicity of UV ray-inactivated antirabies vaccine from the brain of sheep]. Tests in volunteers showed that the reactogenicity of rabies vaccine prepared from sheep brain and inactivated with ultraviolet rays was not greater than the reactogenicity of Fermi vaccine. At the same time it was found to have a higher activity when injected both in the form of 5% suspension (in full and decreased doses) and with brain tissue content as low as 2.5%.", "PMID": 380240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4897", "title": "[Data to substantiate the early immunological diagnosis of dysentery].", "content": "The interaction of the whole blood from patients with dysentery and gastrointestinal diseases of non-dysenteric etiology, with the causative agents of dysentery, Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri, and saprophytic, staphylococci labeled with  radioactive isotopes was studied in vitro. In dysentery an increase in the capacity of the blood for Shigella fixation was observed from the beginning of the disease. During the 1st week of the disease this reaction was strictly specific and accompanied by a decrease in the fixation of staphylococci, but later the reaction became relatively specific. An increase in Shigella fixation occurred considerably earlier than immune antibody formation, as revealed by the indirect hemagglutination test. This research substantiates the possibility of an earlier immunological diagnosis of dysentery as compared with the serological methods.", "contents": "[Data to substantiate the early immunological diagnosis of dysentery]. The interaction of the whole blood from patients with dysentery and gastrointestinal diseases of non-dysenteric etiology, with the causative agents of dysentery, Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri, and saprophytic, staphylococci labeled with  radioactive isotopes was studied in vitro. In dysentery an increase in the capacity of the blood for Shigella fixation was observed from the beginning of the disease. During the 1st week of the disease this reaction was strictly specific and accompanied by a decrease in the fixation of staphylococci, but later the reaction became relatively specific. An increase in Shigella fixation occurred considerably earlier than immune antibody formation, as revealed by the indirect hemagglutination test. This research substantiates the possibility of an earlier immunological diagnosis of dysentery as compared with the serological methods.", "PMID": 380241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4898", "title": "[Leptospira distribution in the soil of a natural focus of the infection (an attempt at the radioisotopic labelling of infected voles)].", "content": "The mass radioisotope (32P) labelling of all tundra voles excreting Zeptospira, infected urine was carried out over the area of 1 ha, and the results of the experiment analyzed by the method of planar coherent graphs, showed the irregular (spotted) distribution of \"infected spots\", i. e. soil patches contaminated by Zeptospira. The borders of individual small foci of infection did not coincide with the outlines of soil and vegetational divisions of the area. The spatial structure of the \"extraorganismic\" part of the Zeptospira population was originally formed by the carriers and thus determined by their mobility, their manner of using the territory. Later this structure was changed by selective elimination under the influence of living conditions for Zeptospira in the soil. The \"infected spots\", subjected to such selection, seem to be capable of constantly sustaining Zeptospira; the presence of these organisms is also due to the fact that they are regularly added into the soil with urine excreted by the carriers visiting the same spots of their territory.", "contents": "[Leptospira distribution in the soil of a natural focus of the infection (an attempt at the radioisotopic labelling of infected voles)]. The mass radioisotope (32P) labelling of all tundra voles excreting Zeptospira, infected urine was carried out over the area of 1 ha, and the results of the experiment analyzed by the method of planar coherent graphs, showed the irregular (spotted) distribution of \"infected spots\", i. e. soil patches contaminated by Zeptospira. The borders of individual small foci of infection did not coincide with the outlines of soil and vegetational divisions of the area. The spatial structure of the \"extraorganismic\" part of the Zeptospira population was originally formed by the carriers and thus determined by their mobility, their manner of using the territory. Later this structure was changed by selective elimination under the influence of living conditions for Zeptospira in the soil. The \"infected spots\", subjected to such selection, seem to be capable of constantly sustaining Zeptospira; the presence of these organisms is also due to the fact that they are regularly added into the soil with urine excreted by the carriers visiting the same spots of their territory.", "PMID": 380242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4899", "title": "[Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger) Blanchard in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR].", "content": "The distribution of Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger) Blanchard, the main causative agent of nocardiosis in humans and animals, in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR was studied. This species was found to inhabit cultivated soils in various soil-climatic zones of the Ukrainian SSR. The isolated strains proved to be heterogeneous in their properties. N. asteroides fell into 2 groups: acetamidase-negative (A) and acetamidase-positive (B). Newly isolated N. asteroides belonging to the acetamidase-positive group were shown to be always pathogenic, whereas the organisms of the acetamidase-negative group could be pathogenic and non-pathogenic in white mice.", "contents": "[Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger) Blanchard in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR]. The distribution of Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger) Blanchard, the main causative agent of nocardiosis in humans and animals, in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR was studied. This species was found to inhabit cultivated soils in various soil-climatic zones of the Ukrainian SSR. The isolated strains proved to be heterogeneous in their properties. N. asteroides fell into 2 groups: acetamidase-negative (A) and acetamidase-positive (B). Newly isolated N. asteroides belonging to the acetamidase-positive group were shown to be always pathogenic, whereas the organisms of the acetamidase-negative group could be pathogenic and non-pathogenic in white mice.", "PMID": 380243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4900", "title": "[Bioelectical activity of the brain in parkinsonism before and after stereotaxic operations].", "content": "The bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 85 patients. The bioelectrical potentials were recorded directly from the cortex of the cerebral himispheres and the subcortical structures of the brain. Clinical and electroencephalographic comparisons were made. Functional reorganization of bioelectrical potentials after stereotaxic operations is shown.", "contents": "[Bioelectical activity of the brain in parkinsonism before and after stereotaxic operations]. The bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 85 patients. The bioelectrical potentials were recorded directly from the cortex of the cerebral himispheres and the subcortical structures of the brain. Clinical and electroencephalographic comparisons were made. Functional reorganization of bioelectrical potentials after stereotaxic operations is shown.", "PMID": 380244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4901", "title": "Pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Mechanisms of possible pathophysiological importance in primary dysmenorrhea are discussed. Hyperactivity of the myometrium with accompanying uterine ischemia is considered to be of central importance in the causation of pain. Prostaglandins seem to be involved to a large extent in the development of the myometrial hyperactivity. Other mechanisms of possible importance such as ovarian hormones, cervical factors, vasopressin, nerves, and psychological factors can well act ultimately through prostaglandin release but an action directly on the myometrium and blood flow may also occur.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea. Mechanisms of possible pathophysiological importance in primary dysmenorrhea are discussed. Hyperactivity of the myometrium with accompanying uterine ischemia is considered to be of central importance in the causation of pain. Prostaglandins seem to be involved to a large extent in the development of the myometrial hyperactivity. Other mechanisms of possible importance such as ovarian hormones, cervical factors, vasopressin, nerves, and psychological factors can well act ultimately through prostaglandin release but an action directly on the myometrium and blood flow may also occur.", "PMID": 380250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4902", "title": "The effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in primary dysmenorrhea studied with hysterometry.", "content": "The technique called hysterometry has been used for the quantitative evaluation of effect of naproxen sodium and naproxen on myometrial tension in vivo during dysmenorrhea. It was observed that \"uterine tonicity\" - the datum arrived at after hysterometric recording - decreased significantly during naproxen medication in comparison with placebo treatment. Decrease in uterine tonicity was well correlated with relief of pain.", "contents": "The effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in primary dysmenorrhea studied with hysterometry. The technique called hysterometry has been used for the quantitative evaluation of effect of naproxen sodium and naproxen on myometrial tension in vivo during dysmenorrhea. It was observed that \"uterine tonicity\" - the datum arrived at after hysterometric recording - decreased significantly during naproxen medication in comparison with placebo treatment. Decrease in uterine tonicity was well correlated with relief of pain.", "PMID": 380251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4903", "title": "Prostaglandins and dysmenorrhea. Historical survey.", "content": "This survey traces the development of the main ideas and experimental findings on the function of endometrial prostaglandins in stimulating the expulsive contractions of the myometrium during normal menstruation, and the effect of excessive action of this nature in producing dysmenorrhea. Some observations are also given on the 'menotoxin', an unidentified substance which is toxic to certain plants and which may or may not prove relevant to gynecology. Areas where further fundamental work is needed are suggested. The survey is not a complete review of the topic, which would need a much longer paper.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and dysmenorrhea. Historical survey. This survey traces the development of the main ideas and experimental findings on the function of endometrial prostaglandins in stimulating the expulsive contractions of the myometrium during normal menstruation, and the effect of excessive action of this nature in producing dysmenorrhea. Some observations are also given on the 'menotoxin', an unidentified substance which is toxic to certain plants and which may or may not prove relevant to gynecology. Areas where further fundamental work is needed are suggested. The survey is not a complete review of the topic, which would need a much longer paper.", "PMID": 380252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4904", "title": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and placebo on pain and blood loss in dysmenorrheic women.", "content": "The analgesic effect of paracetamol, acetyl-salicylic acid, and placebo on dysmenorrhea were compared in a double-blind cross-over study of 30 women. There was a moderate placebo effect, but no significant difference was found between the three treatments. Blood loss was also measured and it did not vary, with the type of drug ingested. It is concluded that paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid in the doses used (0.5 g x 4 for 3 days) were not effective against heavy dysmenorrhea, and that none of the drugs influenced the amount of blood lost.", "contents": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and placebo on pain and blood loss in dysmenorrheic women. The analgesic effect of paracetamol, acetyl-salicylic acid, and placebo on dysmenorrhea were compared in a double-blind cross-over study of 30 women. There was a moderate placebo effect, but no significant difference was found between the three treatments. Blood loss was also measured and it did not vary, with the type of drug ingested. It is concluded that paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid in the doses used (0.5 g x 4 for 3 days) were not effective against heavy dysmenorrhea, and that none of the drugs influenced the amount of blood lost.", "PMID": 380253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4905", "title": "Naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.", "content": "The efficacy of naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of dysmenorrhea was compared in a double-blind, cross-over study. Both drugs were given to 24 female undergraduates with severe primary dysmenorrhea in four consecutive cycles in a randomized schedule. Both drugs were equally effective. Good or moderate overall relief was achieved in 73% of 48 cycles treated with indomethacin and in 61% of the 48 cycles treated with naproxen. The difference was not statistically significant. Gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 5 and 7 patients during naproxen and indomethacin treatment respectively. Central nervous system side-effects, dizziness, headache, tiredness, were more common with indomethacin than with naproxen (p less than 0.02). The most important and frequent of these side-effects, dizziness, was complained of by six patients in association with indomethacin but by none with naproxen (p less than 0.05). Only one patient discontinued the treatment because of side-effects.", "contents": "Naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The efficacy of naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of dysmenorrhea was compared in a double-blind, cross-over study. Both drugs were given to 24 female undergraduates with severe primary dysmenorrhea in four consecutive cycles in a randomized schedule. Both drugs were equally effective. Good or moderate overall relief was achieved in 73% of 48 cycles treated with indomethacin and in 61% of the 48 cycles treated with naproxen. The difference was not statistically significant. Gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 5 and 7 patients during naproxen and indomethacin treatment respectively. Central nervous system side-effects, dizziness, headache, tiredness, were more common with indomethacin than with naproxen (p less than 0.02). The most important and frequent of these side-effects, dizziness, was complained of by six patients in association with indomethacin but by none with naproxen (p less than 0.05). Only one patient discontinued the treatment because of side-effects.", "PMID": 380254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4906", "title": "Clinical experience of naproxen in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.", "content": "The effect of naproxen, Naprosyn, Syntex, in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea was studied in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled multicenter study. Nintyseven women, aged between 18--40 years, with severe dysmenorrhea, were treated with either naproxen, 48 women, or placebo, 49 women, for two consecutive menstrual cycles. No oral contraceptive was used. The patients were allowed to take supplementary analgesics 4--6 hours after the study drug was taken if adequate relief was not achieved. The recommended dose of naproxen was 1--2 tablets, 250 mg, as needed, with a maximum of 5 tablets daily. Medication was started at first sign of menstrual distress. Improvement was achieved in 70 per cent of the women in the naproxen group (good to excellent relief) but only in 30 per cent in the placebo group. This difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was much more supplementary medication used in the placebo group compared to the naproxen treated patients (p less than 0.001). Fewer patients had to stay in bed, or stay at home from work or school, in the naproxen group compared to the placebo group. Few side-effects were reported and most of them belonged to the dysmenorrhea symptomatology. No side-effects could be rement according to the patients' own judgement.", "contents": "Clinical experience of naproxen in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The effect of naproxen, Naprosyn, Syntex, in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea was studied in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled multicenter study. Nintyseven women, aged between 18--40 years, with severe dysmenorrhea, were treated with either naproxen, 48 women, or placebo, 49 women, for two consecutive menstrual cycles. No oral contraceptive was used. The patients were allowed to take supplementary analgesics 4--6 hours after the study drug was taken if adequate relief was not achieved. The recommended dose of naproxen was 1--2 tablets, 250 mg, as needed, with a maximum of 5 tablets daily. Medication was started at first sign of menstrual distress. Improvement was achieved in 70 per cent of the women in the naproxen group (good to excellent relief) but only in 30 per cent in the placebo group. This difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was much more supplementary medication used in the placebo group compared to the naproxen treated patients (p less than 0.001). Fewer patients had to stay in bed, or stay at home from work or school, in the naproxen group compared to the placebo group. Few side-effects were reported and most of them belonged to the dysmenorrhea symptomatology. No side-effects could be rement according to the patients' own judgement.", "PMID": 380256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4907", "title": "Attempt at enzyme replacement in Gaucher disease by renal transplantation.", "content": "In Gaucher disease there is a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, cerebroside-beta-glucosidase, as a result of which cerebroside (glucosylcereamide) accumulates in various organs. In northern Sweden 22 patients with a juvenile form of this disease have been identified. In one such patient, a girl of 10 years, we have attempted enzyme replacement by renal transplantation. After this operation the hepatic glucocerebroside content fell significantly. In another child afflicted with Gaucher disease in whom splenectomy was performed for severe splenomegaly and hypersplenism there was a progressive increase in the level of this lipid. These findings suggest that enzyme replacement was achieved by transplantation of a normal organ.", "contents": "Attempt at enzyme replacement in Gaucher disease by renal transplantation. In Gaucher disease there is a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, cerebroside-beta-glucosidase, as a result of which cerebroside (glucosylcereamide) accumulates in various organs. In northern Sweden 22 patients with a juvenile form of this disease have been identified. In one such patient, a girl of 10 years, we have attempted enzyme replacement by renal transplantation. After this operation the hepatic glucocerebroside content fell significantly. In another child afflicted with Gaucher disease in whom splenectomy was performed for severe splenomegaly and hypersplenism there was a progressive increase in the level of this lipid. These findings suggest that enzyme replacement was achieved by transplantation of a normal organ.", "PMID": 380259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4908", "title": "The distribution and localization of immunoglobulin in the gastric mucosa and gastric cancer.", "content": "The distribution and localization of immunoglobulin in the gastric mucosa and gastric cancer were studied by means of immunofluorescence. In the lamina propria of the stomach, like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, IgA producing cells predominated, but their population density varied from case to case. The main portion of secretion of IgA in the stomach was deep foveolar epithelium. IgA containing epithelial cells in the stomach were much less than those in the intestine, but they increased with advancement of intestinal metaplasia. Some gastric cancer cells retained the ability of secretory component production and took up IgA in their cytoplasm.", "contents": "The distribution and localization of immunoglobulin in the gastric mucosa and gastric cancer. The distribution and localization of immunoglobulin in the gastric mucosa and gastric cancer were studied by means of immunofluorescence. In the lamina propria of the stomach, like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, IgA producing cells predominated, but their population density varied from case to case. The main portion of secretion of IgA in the stomach was deep foveolar epithelium. IgA containing epithelial cells in the stomach were much less than those in the intestine, but they increased with advancement of intestinal metaplasia. Some gastric cancer cells retained the ability of secretory component production and took up IgA in their cytoplasm.", "PMID": 380260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4909", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia with reticulum-cell-sarcoma-like cell proliferation--significance of eosinophilic granules in sarcomatous cells.", "content": "A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) associated with proliferation of atypical cells resembling those of reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS-like cells) is presented. A number of immature eosinophils were present mingled with ordinary leukemic cells, which infiltrated in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs and testes. RCS-like cells either formed solitary nodular foci or randomly mingled with infiltrating leukemic cells. Charcot-Leyden crystals were seen in some areas where RCS-like cells proliferated. As a peculiar feature the presence of eosinophilic granules in some of the RCS-like cells was noted. They were proved to be immature form of specific granules of eosinophils by their staining properties and ultrastructural aspects. Based on these findings the myelogenous origin of RCS-like cells is suggested. The patient died of cerebral complication of aspergillosis.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia with reticulum-cell-sarcoma-like cell proliferation--significance of eosinophilic granules in sarcomatous cells. A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) associated with proliferation of atypical cells resembling those of reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS-like cells) is presented. A number of immature eosinophils were present mingled with ordinary leukemic cells, which infiltrated in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs and testes. RCS-like cells either formed solitary nodular foci or randomly mingled with infiltrating leukemic cells. Charcot-Leyden crystals were seen in some areas where RCS-like cells proliferated. As a peculiar feature the presence of eosinophilic granules in some of the RCS-like cells was noted. They were proved to be immature form of specific granules of eosinophils by their staining properties and ultrastructural aspects. Based on these findings the myelogenous origin of RCS-like cells is suggested. The patient died of cerebral complication of aspergillosis.", "PMID": 380261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4910", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the gastrointestinal tract in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "A case of gastrointestional plasmacytoma found in a renal transplant recipient is described. Immunohistochemical study using immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique demonstrated IgA and k-type light chains in the majority of plasma cells infiltrated in the stomach. Pathological investigation revealed multiple similar tumors in the ileum, cecum and ascending colon suggesting a plasmacytoma of multicentric gastrointestinal origin. The pathogenesis of plasma cell tumors is briefly discussed with regard to organ transplantation.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the gastrointestinal tract in a renal transplant recipient. A case of gastrointestional plasmacytoma found in a renal transplant recipient is described. Immunohistochemical study using immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique demonstrated IgA and k-type light chains in the majority of plasma cells infiltrated in the stomach. Pathological investigation revealed multiple similar tumors in the ileum, cecum and ascending colon suggesting a plasmacytoma of multicentric gastrointestinal origin. The pathogenesis of plasma cell tumors is briefly discussed with regard to organ transplantation.", "PMID": 380262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4911", "title": "Polypoid cystitis: a catheter associated lesion of the human bladder.", "content": "Histopathological examination of the urinary bladders of 63 patients dying in a geriatric clinic was performed. In 40 of 51 patients who had been treated with a urinary catheter, histological changes of polypoid cystitis were found. In 34 of the bladders the lesion engaged the posterior wall which corresponds to the localization of the tip of the catheter. The frequency of polypoid cystitis increased with increasing time of catheter treatment and reached its peak by three months. After that time the frequency was relatively constant. The frequency of polypoid cystitis seemed not to be influenced by bacterial urinary tract infection. Urothelial atypia was not seen after the catheter treatment.", "contents": "Polypoid cystitis: a catheter associated lesion of the human bladder. Histopathological examination of the urinary bladders of 63 patients dying in a geriatric clinic was performed. In 40 of 51 patients who had been treated with a urinary catheter, histological changes of polypoid cystitis were found. In 34 of the bladders the lesion engaged the posterior wall which corresponds to the localization of the tip of the catheter. The frequency of polypoid cystitis increased with increasing time of catheter treatment and reached its peak by three months. After that time the frequency was relatively constant. The frequency of polypoid cystitis seemed not to be influenced by bacterial urinary tract infection. Urothelial atypia was not seen after the catheter treatment.", "PMID": 380263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4912", "title": "Prostacyclin-dependent coronary vasodilation in rabbit and guinea pig hearts.", "content": "Isolated hearts from rabbits or guinea pigs were perfused according to Langendorff and the coronary flow was recorded continuously. In addition, the rabbit heart transmyocardial effluent's content of platelet anti-aggregatory (prostacyclin-like, PCLA) activity was assayed biologically at regular intervals. Perfusion was performed with a solution gassed with 95% O2 in CO2, switching at intervals to a solution gassed with 12% O2 and 5% CO2 in N2. Perfusion with a hypoxic solution elicited reproducible increased in coronary flow. After pretreatment with indomethacin (5 x 10-5M), this increase was completely abolished and in several cases it was reversed to a marked reduction in cornonary flow. The transmyocardial effluent contained, during perfusion with normoxic solution, no detectable or only negligible amounts of PCLA. During hypoxia the efflux of PCAL into the transmyocardial effluent increased markedly. This increase was completely abolished when indomethacin (5 x 10-5M) was added to the solution perfusing the heart. The results strongly suggest that increased coronary vascular formation of prostacyclin plays a key role in the coronary vasodilation induced by hypoxia in rabbit and guinea pig hearts.", "contents": "Prostacyclin-dependent coronary vasodilation in rabbit and guinea pig hearts. Isolated hearts from rabbits or guinea pigs were perfused according to Langendorff and the coronary flow was recorded continuously. In addition, the rabbit heart transmyocardial effluent's content of platelet anti-aggregatory (prostacyclin-like, PCLA) activity was assayed biologically at regular intervals. Perfusion was performed with a solution gassed with 95% O2 in CO2, switching at intervals to a solution gassed with 12% O2 and 5% CO2 in N2. Perfusion with a hypoxic solution elicited reproducible increased in coronary flow. After pretreatment with indomethacin (5 x 10-5M), this increase was completely abolished and in several cases it was reversed to a marked reduction in cornonary flow. The transmyocardial effluent contained, during perfusion with normoxic solution, no detectable or only negligible amounts of PCLA. During hypoxia the efflux of PCAL into the transmyocardial effluent increased markedly. This increase was completely abolished when indomethacin (5 x 10-5M) was added to the solution perfusing the heart. The results strongly suggest that increased coronary vascular formation of prostacyclin plays a key role in the coronary vasodilation induced by hypoxia in rabbit and guinea pig hearts.", "PMID": 380266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4913", "title": "Therapeutic effects of clozapine. A 4-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "The double-blind method was used to compare the therapeutic effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine in a sequential cohort of 50 schizophrenic patients with similar demographic characteristics, randomly allocated to two groups (\"experimental\" and \"control\") of 25 patients each. At the end of the 6-week trial period, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in both the symptom check-list score and the overall clinical evaluation. Follow-up evaluations conducted at 3- and 4-year intervals show that the differences between the two groups are presistent, which points in the direction of a better and more sustained therapeutic effect of clozapine over chlorpormazine. No discernible ill effects which could be attributed to either drug were detected throughout the 4-year period.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of clozapine. A 4-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. The double-blind method was used to compare the therapeutic effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine in a sequential cohort of 50 schizophrenic patients with similar demographic characteristics, randomly allocated to two groups (\"experimental\" and \"control\") of 25 patients each. At the end of the 6-week trial period, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in both the symptom check-list score and the overall clinical evaluation. Follow-up evaluations conducted at 3- and 4-year intervals show that the differences between the two groups are presistent, which points in the direction of a better and more sustained therapeutic effect of clozapine over chlorpormazine. No discernible ill effects which could be attributed to either drug were detected throughout the 4-year period.", "PMID": 380268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4914", "title": "The value of automatic analysis for quantitative electromyography.", "content": "The value of automatic analysis for quantitative electromyography. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 231--239. The authors describe the automatic analysis of EMG records by means of minicomputer ANOPS-101. Computer works on-line during EMG examination, being directly connected to the output of electromyograph. During slight voluntary muscle contraction 3 histograms could be obtained--namely: distribution of MUAP duration, number of their phases and their amplitudes. During maximum voluntary contraction two more histograms could be obtained--namely: distribution of amplitudes of spikes and distribution of intervals between spikes. These five histograms are displayed on the screen and the mean values are automatically calculated. As a result all quantitative EMG data are obtained which are sufficiently accurate for differentiation between pathological and normal recordings and which help to distinguish the myogenic atrophy from neurogenic one.", "contents": "The value of automatic analysis for quantitative electromyography. The value of automatic analysis for quantitative electromyography. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 231--239. The authors describe the automatic analysis of EMG records by means of minicomputer ANOPS-101. Computer works on-line during EMG examination, being directly connected to the output of electromyograph. During slight voluntary muscle contraction 3 histograms could be obtained--namely: distribution of MUAP duration, number of their phases and their amplitudes. During maximum voluntary contraction two more histograms could be obtained--namely: distribution of amplitudes of spikes and distribution of intervals between spikes. These five histograms are displayed on the screen and the mean values are automatically calculated. As a result all quantitative EMG data are obtained which are sufficiently accurate for differentiation between pathological and normal recordings and which help to distinguish the myogenic atrophy from neurogenic one.", "PMID": 380264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4915", "title": "Amoxapine versus amitriptyline in endogenous depression. A double-blind study.", "content": "A new antidepressant, amoxapine, which is a dibenzoxazepine deprivative, was compared with amitriptyline in a randomised double-blind trial. Forty-eight patients were included and 41 completed a 4-week treatment. Most of the patients were maintained on 150 mg daily. Assessments were made by the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and Patient's Self-Evaluation. The total HAM-D score was considerably reduced in the majority of the patients. Amitriptyline was the most effective with regard to symptoms included in the factor Sleep Disturbances and-secondary maybe-towards some items included in the factor Somatization. For the remaining items,including the items of the factors Anxiety/Depression and Apathy, the last score was lower in the amoxapine group than in those treated with amitriptyline. Among the unipolar cases the amoxapine treated patients were more satisfied with regard to efficacy (P = 6.3%). The frequency of side effects such as tremor and dizziness was considerably lower in the amoxapine group. In total, the side effects lasted longer in the amitriptyline group. We conclude that amoxapine seems to be an effective antidepressant with a low frequency of side effects.", "contents": "Amoxapine versus amitriptyline in endogenous depression. A double-blind study. A new antidepressant, amoxapine, which is a dibenzoxazepine deprivative, was compared with amitriptyline in a randomised double-blind trial. Forty-eight patients were included and 41 completed a 4-week treatment. Most of the patients were maintained on 150 mg daily. Assessments were made by the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and Patient's Self-Evaluation. The total HAM-D score was considerably reduced in the majority of the patients. Amitriptyline was the most effective with regard to symptoms included in the factor Sleep Disturbances and-secondary maybe-towards some items included in the factor Somatization. For the remaining items,including the items of the factors Anxiety/Depression and Apathy, the last score was lower in the amoxapine group than in those treated with amitriptyline. Among the unipolar cases the amoxapine treated patients were more satisfied with regard to efficacy (P = 6.3%). The frequency of side effects such as tremor and dizziness was considerably lower in the amoxapine group. In total, the side effects lasted longer in the amitriptyline group. We conclude that amoxapine seems to be an effective antidepressant with a low frequency of side effects.", "PMID": 380269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4916", "title": "Effects of atropine and toxogonine on metabolism of the isolated rat liver changed by diisopropylofluorophosphate (DEP).", "content": "Effects of atropine and toxogonine on metabolism of the isolated rat liver changed by diisopropylofluorophosphate (DFP). Acta Physiol., 1979, 30 (2): 289--294. In the investigations on isolated rat liver it was found that DFP in a dose corresponding to 1/2 of the LD50 inhibited the activity of AChE, caused hypoglycaemia, decreased the level or pyruvate and increased that of lactate and hepatic glycogen, and increased the activity of transaminases. Atropine and toxogonine administered separately in a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 ml reduced the pyruvate level without changing the other parameters. Administered together with DFP they reactivated the activity of AChE, abolished hypoglycaemia and antagonized in part the effect of DFP on lactate level and transaminase activity.", "contents": "Effects of atropine and toxogonine on metabolism of the isolated rat liver changed by diisopropylofluorophosphate (DEP). Effects of atropine and toxogonine on metabolism of the isolated rat liver changed by diisopropylofluorophosphate (DFP). Acta Physiol., 1979, 30 (2): 289--294. In the investigations on isolated rat liver it was found that DFP in a dose corresponding to 1/2 of the LD50 inhibited the activity of AChE, caused hypoglycaemia, decreased the level or pyruvate and increased that of lactate and hepatic glycogen, and increased the activity of transaminases. Atropine and toxogonine administered separately in a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 ml reduced the pyruvate level without changing the other parameters. Administered together with DFP they reactivated the activity of AChE, abolished hypoglycaemia and antagonized in part the effect of DFP on lactate level and transaminase activity.", "PMID": 380265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4917", "title": "Evidence that the pituitary gland is the site of inhibitory action of porcine follicular fluid upon FSH secretion in the rat.", "content": "This study has examined the effects of porcine follicular fluid (PFF) on the adenohypophyseal secretion of LH and FSH following LHRH treatment. The animal model selected for study the the proestrous rat in which preovulatory LH and FSH surges were blocked with phenobarbital. To elicit the release of gonadotropins from this preparation, two different i.v. LHRH infusion protocols were used. The first elicited a proestrous-like LH and FSH surge while the second infusion schedule evoked the predominant release of FSH with only minor changes in LH. PFF suppressed LHRH-induced FSH secretion in both preparations but had only negligible effects on LH secretion. Interestingly, the suppressive effects of PFF were variable and depended upon the mode in which LHRH was presented.", "contents": "Evidence that the pituitary gland is the site of inhibitory action of porcine follicular fluid upon FSH secretion in the rat. This study has examined the effects of porcine follicular fluid (PFF) on the adenohypophyseal secretion of LH and FSH following LHRH treatment. The animal model selected for study the the proestrous rat in which preovulatory LH and FSH surges were blocked with phenobarbital. To elicit the release of gonadotropins from this preparation, two different i.v. LHRH infusion protocols were used. The first elicited a proestrous-like LH and FSH surge while the second infusion schedule evoked the predominant release of FSH with only minor changes in LH. PFF suppressed LHRH-induced FSH secretion in both preparations but had only negligible effects on LH secretion. Interestingly, the suppressive effects of PFF were variable and depended upon the mode in which LHRH was presented.", "PMID": 380281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4918", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions during reproductive senescence in the rat.", "content": "The neuroendocrine status of Long-Evans female rats was evaluated at several key stages of reproductive senescence. Young (4-8 mo), middle-aged (10-14 mo) and old (24-30 mo) animals were studied according to reproductive state. The reproductive states studied were (1) regularly cycling, (2) constant estrus and (3) pseudopregnant, as determined by vaginal smear cytology. Neuroendocrine parameters at the levels of the hypothalamus, pituitary and steroid-producing organs were compared between each group. DA3, E and NE concentrations in the median eminence of the hypothalamus were determined by a highly sensitive radioenzymatic assay. LRF content in the median eminence was measured by radioimmunoassay. Circulating levels of LH, FSH, PRL and six steroids were determined. Changes in hormone and neurotransmitter concentrations were deomonstrated in association with the various stages of reproductive senescence and with age advancement. These changes involved the hypothalamic, pitiutary and steroid systems. NE content in the median eminence, FSH in serum and circulating androstenedione were all significantly increased in middle-aged, cyclic rats prior to the onset of senescent anovulation. DA concentration in 24 mo. old constant estrous rats (30.7 +/- 7.7 pg/microgram, N = 6) and in 30 mo. old pseudopregnant rats (27.5 +/- 7.1 pg/microgram, N = 6) was significantly reduced compared to young (6 mo. old), cyclic controls on proestrous (55.0 +/- 4.7 pg/microgram, N = 12). This DA reduction was associated with a 3-fold increase in circulating prolactin. The results are discussed in terms of  a regulatory cascade model of female reproductive senescence (Finch, 1976).", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions during reproductive senescence in the rat. The neuroendocrine status of Long-Evans female rats was evaluated at several key stages of reproductive senescence. Young (4-8 mo), middle-aged (10-14 mo) and old (24-30 mo) animals were studied according to reproductive state. The reproductive states studied were (1) regularly cycling, (2) constant estrus and (3) pseudopregnant, as determined by vaginal smear cytology. Neuroendocrine parameters at the levels of the hypothalamus, pituitary and steroid-producing organs were compared between each group. DA3, E and NE concentrations in the median eminence of the hypothalamus were determined by a highly sensitive radioenzymatic assay. LRF content in the median eminence was measured by radioimmunoassay. Circulating levels of LH, FSH, PRL and six steroids were determined. Changes in hormone and neurotransmitter concentrations were deomonstrated in association with the various stages of reproductive senescence and with age advancement. These changes involved the hypothalamic, pitiutary and steroid systems. NE content in the median eminence, FSH in serum and circulating androstenedione were all significantly increased in middle-aged, cyclic rats prior to the onset of senescent anovulation. DA concentration in 24 mo. old constant estrous rats (30.7 +/- 7.7 pg/microgram, N = 6) and in 30 mo. old pseudopregnant rats (27.5 +/- 7.1 pg/microgram, N = 6) was significantly reduced compared to young (6 mo. old), cyclic controls on proestrous (55.0 +/- 4.7 pg/microgram, N = 12). This DA reduction was associated with a 3-fold increase in circulating prolactin. The results are discussed in terms of  a regulatory cascade model of female reproductive senescence (Finch, 1976).", "PMID": 380282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4919", "title": "Relevance of polyclonal antibody formation to the development of autoimmunity : the model of African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "There is an induction of anti-DNA antibodies in mice following the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Dextran sulfate and PPD, which is closely associated with the property of these substances to trigger a polyclonal B cell activation. In the experiments model of African trypanosomiasis there is also an intense polyclonal antibody synthesis paralleled by the formation of several autoantibodies: anti-DNA, anti-bromelain treated mouse red blood cells and antithymocyte antibodies.", "contents": "Relevance of polyclonal antibody formation to the development of autoimmunity : the model of African trypanosomiasis. There is an induction of anti-DNA antibodies in mice following the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Dextran sulfate and PPD, which is closely associated with the property of these substances to trigger a polyclonal B cell activation. In the experiments model of African trypanosomiasis there is also an intense polyclonal antibody synthesis paralleled by the formation of several autoantibodies: anti-DNA, anti-bromelain treated mouse red blood cells and antithymocyte antibodies.", "PMID": 380304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4920", "title": "A combined clinical and immunological assessment of four cyclophosphamide regimes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Four dosage regimes of cyclophosphamide have been compared in patients with late rheumatoid arthritis, in an attempt to separate toxicity from efficacy. Joint inflammation was assessed clinically and objectively by quantitative thermography. Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro was assessed using leucocyte migration inhibition (L.M.T.) to a standard antigen, Streptokinase. There was no significant difference in clinical response or side-effects between a continuous oral regime (1 mg/kg/day) and the same total dose given as an intermittent oral regime. Responders and non-responders were seen in both groups and there was a significant relationship between clinical response and fall in platelet count, suggesting a variable threshold. The same total dose given as an intermittent intravenous regime caused considerable side-effects but these could be avoided by the addition of methylprednisolone. Both intravenous regimes induced a much more rapid fall in the Thermographic Index (T.I.) than the oral regimes. Indeed many patients receiving oral cyclophosphamide showed an increase in joint inflammation in the first three weeks of treatment. Immunological studies demonstrated a corresponding increase in reactivity to Streptokinase over this period. There was a highly significant correlation between changes in L.M.T. and T.I. both early in treatment and, in the oral groups, over a period of six months.", "contents": "A combined clinical and immunological assessment of four cyclophosphamide regimes in rheumatoid arthritis. Four dosage regimes of cyclophosphamide have been compared in patients with late rheumatoid arthritis, in an attempt to separate toxicity from efficacy. Joint inflammation was assessed clinically and objectively by quantitative thermography. Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro was assessed using leucocyte migration inhibition (L.M.T.) to a standard antigen, Streptokinase. There was no significant difference in clinical response or side-effects between a continuous oral regime (1 mg/kg/day) and the same total dose given as an intermittent oral regime. Responders and non-responders were seen in both groups and there was a significant relationship between clinical response and fall in platelet count, suggesting a variable threshold. The same total dose given as an intermittent intravenous regime caused considerable side-effects but these could be avoided by the addition of methylprednisolone. Both intravenous regimes induced a much more rapid fall in the Thermographic Index (T.I.) than the oral regimes. Indeed many patients receiving oral cyclophosphamide showed an increase in joint inflammation in the first three weeks of treatment. Immunological studies demonstrated a corresponding increase in reactivity to Streptokinase over this period. There was a highly significant correlation between changes in L.M.T. and T.I. both early in treatment and, in the oral groups, over a period of six months.", "PMID": 380312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4921", "title": "Fine structure of cells and their histologic organization within internodal pathways of the heart: clinical and electrocardiographic implications.", "content": "The fine structure of the normal internodal pathways was studied in 1 human and 2 canine hearts and correlated with histologic observations on more than 100 human and 10 canine hearts. From the electron microscopic studies six different kinds of myocardial cells were classified from two locations: the Eustachian ridge (posterior internodal pathway) and the Bachmann bundle (anterior internodal pathway). Five of the six kinds of cells (working myocardial cells, Purkinje-like cells, either broad or slender transitional cells and P cells, all previously described) were present in both locations. A sixth cell, pleomorphic and dark in appearance, with a special intertwined relation to P cells, is newly designated as an ameboid cell. It was found solely in the Eustachian ridge. In the same area a rare direct contact between a nerve and a myocardial cell was observed. The importance of these different kinds of cells, their respective cell connections, and their topographic locations inside the internodal pathways are discussed relative to certain functions such as rapid conduction and subsidiary pacemaking. The possible influence of these factors on clinical electrocardiographic changes is considered.", "contents": "Fine structure of cells and their histologic organization within internodal pathways of the heart: clinical and electrocardiographic implications. The fine structure of the normal internodal pathways was studied in 1 human and 2 canine hearts and correlated with histologic observations on more than 100 human and 10 canine hearts. From the electron microscopic studies six different kinds of myocardial cells were classified from two locations: the Eustachian ridge (posterior internodal pathway) and the Bachmann bundle (anterior internodal pathway). Five of the six kinds of cells (working myocardial cells, Purkinje-like cells, either broad or slender transitional cells and P cells, all previously described) were present in both locations. A sixth cell, pleomorphic and dark in appearance, with a special intertwined relation to P cells, is newly designated as an ameboid cell. It was found solely in the Eustachian ridge. In the same area a rare direct contact between a nerve and a myocardial cell was observed. The importance of these different kinds of cells, their respective cell connections, and their topographic locations inside the internodal pathways are discussed relative to certain functions such as rapid conduction and subsidiary pacemaking. The possible influence of these factors on clinical electrocardiographic changes is considered.", "PMID": 380316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4922", "title": "An annotation on the pulse in aortic regurgitation: Thomas Cuming, 1822.", "content": "The classic bounding pulse of aortic regurgitation was described by several authors before Corrigan made his comprehensive study of the disorder in 1832. The case report of Thomas Cuming, published 10 years earlier, is worthy of review. This Dublin practitioner not only presented signs and symptoms of aortic regurgitation proved at autopsy, but also attempted with considerable success to relate the signs to circulatory dynamics.", "contents": "An annotation on the pulse in aortic regurgitation: Thomas Cuming, 1822. The classic bounding pulse of aortic regurgitation was described by several authors before Corrigan made his comprehensive study of the disorder in 1832. The case report of Thomas Cuming, published 10 years earlier, is worthy of review. This Dublin practitioner not only presented signs and symptoms of aortic regurgitation proved at autopsy, but also attempted with considerable success to relate the signs to circulatory dynamics.", "PMID": 380317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4923", "title": "Clinical experience with the soybean protein diet in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "The efficacy of the total substitution of animal proteins with a textured soybean protein in hypercholesterolemic individuals was assayed in 42 in-patients and 18 out-patients. The in-patients studied followed one of three different crossover protocols: in protocol A, the soybean diet was compared with a standard low lipid diet; protocol B compared two soybean diets, one with added cholesterol, one without; and protocol C compared a soybean diet containing a high P/S fatty acid ratio to one with a low P/S ratio. In all three protocols, the soybean regimen provided valid and reproducible hypocholesterolemic effects that were not modified by the addition of cholesterol. P/S variations appeared, however, to modify the final effect: soybean definitely had a decreased effectiveness with a low P/S (0.1) regimen. The overall plasma cholesterol changes in the 42 in-patients after 3 weeks on the different soybean diet protocols was -20%. Patients with type IIA and IIB hypercholesterolemia provided almost equivalent results, whereas patients with mixed phenotypes (IIB-III) appeared somewhat more sensitive to the dietary effect. Cholesterol decreased mostly in the low density lipoprotein fraction, but some very low density lipoprotein changes were also noted upon variation of the P/S ratio. The out-patients studied provided less satisfactory results. possibly due to the difficulty of adequately complying with the diet. These studies indicate that treatment with the soybean diet is an effective regimen for inducing a significant cholesterol reduction in type II patients refractory to standard low lipid regimens.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the soybean protein diet in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The efficacy of the total substitution of animal proteins with a textured soybean protein in hypercholesterolemic individuals was assayed in 42 in-patients and 18 out-patients. The in-patients studied followed one of three different crossover protocols: in protocol A, the soybean diet was compared with a standard low lipid diet; protocol B compared two soybean diets, one with added cholesterol, one without; and protocol C compared a soybean diet containing a high P/S fatty acid ratio to one with a low P/S ratio. In all three protocols, the soybean regimen provided valid and reproducible hypocholesterolemic effects that were not modified by the addition of cholesterol. P/S variations appeared, however, to modify the final effect: soybean definitely had a decreased effectiveness with a low P/S (0.1) regimen. The overall plasma cholesterol changes in the 42 in-patients after 3 weeks on the different soybean diet protocols was -20%. Patients with type IIA and IIB hypercholesterolemia provided almost equivalent results, whereas patients with mixed phenotypes (IIB-III) appeared somewhat more sensitive to the dietary effect. Cholesterol decreased mostly in the low density lipoprotein fraction, but some very low density lipoprotein changes were also noted upon variation of the P/S ratio. The out-patients studied provided less satisfactory results. possibly due to the difficulty of adequately complying with the diet. These studies indicate that treatment with the soybean diet is an effective regimen for inducing a significant cholesterol reduction in type II patients refractory to standard low lipid regimens.", "PMID": 380318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4924", "title": "Home screening for the detection of urinary tract infection in infancy.", "content": "One hundred sixty-five infants of both sexes, 2 weeks to 2 years of age, were screened by their parents at home for bacteriuria. Parents were instructed during a single brief period during the initial office visit to collect and to culture their infants' urine at home. Urine was collected by specimen bag and cultured promptly at cribside using a newly developed culture kit and inoculating swab. The same specimen was cultured by the office laboratory staff by kit and swab and, as a reference standard, by the loop-MacConkey method. Infants were screened at home after three consecutive office visits. Then, 870 specimens were processed. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed in 3.6% of the study population. Results show that home screening of infants for UTI by the parent compares favorably with screening by the office laboratory.", "contents": "Home screening for the detection of urinary tract infection in infancy. One hundred sixty-five infants of both sexes, 2 weeks to 2 years of age, were screened by their parents at home for bacteriuria. Parents were instructed during a single brief period during the initial office visit to collect and to culture their infants' urine at home. Urine was collected by specimen bag and cultured promptly at cribside using a newly developed culture kit and inoculating swab. The same specimen was cultured by the office laboratory staff by kit and swab and, as a reference standard, by the loop-MacConkey method. Infants were screened at home after three consecutive office visits. Then, 870 specimens were processed. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed in 3.6% of the study population. Results show that home screening of infants for UTI by the parent compares favorably with screening by the office laboratory.", "PMID": 380319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4925", "title": "Bullous disease of childhood.", "content": "Bullous disease of childhood (BDC) is a persistent or recurrent blistering skin disease characterized by large, tense bullae in a generalized distribution, but with a predilection for the scalp, trunk, pubis, and inner thighs. It usually begins in the first decade of life and spontaneously remits after several months to three years of activity. Sulfapyridine or dapsone therapy usually controls the disease. Administration of corticosteroids for systemic effects should be avoided.", "contents": "Bullous disease of childhood. Bullous disease of childhood (BDC) is a persistent or recurrent blistering skin disease characterized by large, tense bullae in a generalized distribution, but with a predilection for the scalp, trunk, pubis, and inner thighs. It usually begins in the first decade of life and spontaneously remits after several months to three years of activity. Sulfapyridine or dapsone therapy usually controls the disease. Administration of corticosteroids for systemic effects should be avoided.", "PMID": 380323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4926", "title": "Turner's syndrome occurring with Horner's syndrome. Seen with coarctation of the aorta and aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A patient with 45, XO Turner's syndrome, subclinical coarctation of the aorta, and aortic aneurysm is described. She had left Horner's syndrome. The literature is reviewed for cases with the combination of aortic aneurysm and coarctation.", "contents": "Turner's syndrome occurring with Horner's syndrome. Seen with coarctation of the aorta and aortic aneurysm. A patient with 45, XO Turner's syndrome, subclinical coarctation of the aorta, and aortic aneurysm is described. She had left Horner's syndrome. The literature is reviewed for cases with the combination of aortic aneurysm and coarctation.", "PMID": 380324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4927", "title": "Recent developments in understanding the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia.", "content": "Bone marrow failure in aplastic anemia (AA) could result from abnormalities of hematopoietic stem cells, abnormal control of hematopoiesis, or abnormalities of the hematopoietic environment. Bone marrow transplantation, in vitro marrow culture techniques, and studies in animal models of marrow failure have provided insights on the possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying AA. Studies in man and in murine models suggest that most often AA results from injuries to hematopoietic stem cells. Despite the intriguing report of abnormal regulatory cells in congenitally anemic mice, instances of marrow failure due to defective humoral or cellular control of hematopoiesis have not been identified in man. In vitro studies employing allogeneic marrow targets have suggested that immune suppression of hematopoiesis may occasionally mediate AA in man. Marrow failure due to abnormalities of the hematopoietic microenvironment has been suggested by experience with bone marrow transplantation, but no direct study of this possibility has been reported. Based on available evidence, it seems likely that AA will prove to be many diseases that share common clinical and morphologic features.", "contents": "Recent developments in understanding the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. Bone marrow failure in aplastic anemia (AA) could result from abnormalities of hematopoietic stem cells, abnormal control of hematopoiesis, or abnormalities of the hematopoietic environment. Bone marrow transplantation, in vitro marrow culture techniques, and studies in animal models of marrow failure have provided insights on the possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying AA. Studies in man and in murine models suggest that most often AA results from injuries to hematopoietic stem cells. Despite the intriguing report of abnormal regulatory cells in congenitally anemic mice, instances of marrow failure due to defective humoral or cellular control of hematopoiesis have not been identified in man. In vitro studies employing allogeneic marrow targets have suggested that immune suppression of hematopoiesis may occasionally mediate AA in man. Marrow failure due to abnormalities of the hematopoietic microenvironment has been suggested by experience with bone marrow transplantation, but no direct study of this possibility has been reported. Based on available evidence, it seems likely that AA will prove to be many diseases that share common clinical and morphologic features.", "PMID": 380325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4928", "title": "Analysis of genetic data on Jewish populations. I. Historical background, demographic features, and genetic markers.", "content": "Part I describes the data sets on which the analysis of Part II is based. This covers the nature of the populations sampled, the extent to which the samples are representative, and a brief review of historical and demographic facts on the populations involved.", "contents": "Analysis of genetic data on Jewish populations. I. Historical background, demographic features, and genetic markers. Part I describes the data sets on which the analysis of Part II is based. This covers the nature of the populations sampled, the extent to which the samples are representative, and a brief review of historical and demographic facts on the populations involved.", "PMID": 380329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4929", "title": "Analysis of biochemical genetic data on Jewish populations: II. Results and interpretations of heterogeneity indices and distance measures with respect to standards.", "content": "A nonparametric statistical methodology is used for the analysis of biochemical frequency data observed on a series of nine Jewish and six non-Jewish populations. Two categories of statistics are used: heterogeneity indices and various distance measures with respect to a standard. The latter are more discriminating in exploiting historical, geographical and culturally relevant information. A number of partial orderings and distance relationships among the populations are determined. Our concern in this study is to analyze similarities and differences among the Jewish populations, in terms of the gene frequency distributions for a number of genetic markers. Typical questions discussed are as follows: These Jewish populations differ in certain morphological and anthropometric traits. Are there corresponding differences in biochemical genetic constitution? How can we assess the extent of heterogeneity between and within groupings? Which class of markers (blood typings or protein loci) discriminates better among the separate populations? The results are quite surprising. For example, we found the Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Iraqi Jewish populations to be consistently close in genetic constitution and distant from all the other populations, namely the Yemenite and Cochin Jews, the Arabs, and the non-Jewish German and Russian populations. We found the Polish Jewish community the most heterogeneous among all Jewish populations. The blood loci discriminate better than the protein loci. A number of possible interpretations and hypotheses for these and other results are offered. The method devised for this analysis should prove useful in studying similarities and differences for other groups of populations for which substantial biochemical polymorphic data are available.", "contents": "Analysis of biochemical genetic data on Jewish populations: II. Results and interpretations of heterogeneity indices and distance measures with respect to standards. A nonparametric statistical methodology is used for the analysis of biochemical frequency data observed on a series of nine Jewish and six non-Jewish populations. Two categories of statistics are used: heterogeneity indices and various distance measures with respect to a standard. The latter are more discriminating in exploiting historical, geographical and culturally relevant information. A number of partial orderings and distance relationships among the populations are determined. Our concern in this study is to analyze similarities and differences among the Jewish populations, in terms of the gene frequency distributions for a number of genetic markers. Typical questions discussed are as follows: These Jewish populations differ in certain morphological and anthropometric traits. Are there corresponding differences in biochemical genetic constitution? How can we assess the extent of heterogeneity between and within groupings? Which class of markers (blood typings or protein loci) discriminates better among the separate populations? The results are quite surprising. For example, we found the Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Iraqi Jewish populations to be consistently close in genetic constitution and distant from all the other populations, namely the Yemenite and Cochin Jews, the Arabs, and the non-Jewish German and Russian populations. We found the Polish Jewish community the most heterogeneous among all Jewish populations. The blood loci discriminate better than the protein loci. A number of possible interpretations and hypotheses for these and other results are offered. The method devised for this analysis should prove useful in studying similarities and differences for other groups of populations for which substantial biochemical polymorphic data are available.", "PMID": 380330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4930", "title": "Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines: a review.", "content": "The development, pharmacology, effectiveness, adverse reactions and clinical use of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines are reviewed. Patients with sickle cell anemia, asplenic and elderly patients, infants and closed populations are particularly susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine induces a satisfactory antibody response wihin about two weeks which declines with time but generally remains elevated for at least 20 months after infection. The vaccine has been reported to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal disease by 76 to 100% and to reduce the carrier rate of pneumococci covered by the vaccine; however, infants younger than two years of age repond inconsistently. Local reactions to the vaccine (soreness at injection site, erythema, induration and tenderness) occur in 86% of adults and nearly all children. The incidence of adverse reactions increases on revaccination. The recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and Center for Disease Control on use of the vaccine are presented. Mass immunization with the vaccine is not recommended, but the vaccine may be of benefit in sickle cell, asplenic and elderly patients, and in closed populations.", "contents": "Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines: a review. The development, pharmacology, effectiveness, adverse reactions and clinical use of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines are reviewed. Patients with sickle cell anemia, asplenic and elderly patients, infants and closed populations are particularly susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine induces a satisfactory antibody response wihin about two weeks which declines with time but generally remains elevated for at least 20 months after infection. The vaccine has been reported to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal disease by 76 to 100% and to reduce the carrier rate of pneumococci covered by the vaccine; however, infants younger than two years of age repond inconsistently. Local reactions to the vaccine (soreness at injection site, erythema, induration and tenderness) occur in 86% of adults and nearly all children. The incidence of adverse reactions increases on revaccination. The recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and Center for Disease Control on use of the vaccine are presented. Mass immunization with the vaccine is not recommended, but the vaccine may be of benefit in sickle cell, asplenic and elderly patients, and in closed populations.", "PMID": 380332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4931", "title": "Familial herpes simplex infection associated with activation of the complement system.", "content": "A patient with severe recurrent herpes infection was evaluated for immunologic analysis including a profile of complement components. The peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient responded by proliferation to herpes simplex antigen but failed to produce leukocyte migration inhibition factor. Herpes simplex antibody titers increased during active infection. Total hemolytic complement (TCH50), the third (C3), fifth (C5), sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) components of complement, and factor B were dramatically reduced; the first (C1), second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement were within normal limits. In family members with a history of recurrent herpes simplex, one or more of the later complement components (C5, C6 or C7) was reduced. This study demonstrates the activation of complement in these serums via the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Familial herpes simplex infection associated with activation of the complement system. A patient with severe recurrent herpes infection was evaluated for immunologic analysis including a profile of complement components. The peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient responded by proliferation to herpes simplex antigen but failed to produce leukocyte migration inhibition factor. Herpes simplex antibody titers increased during active infection. Total hemolytic complement (TCH50), the third (C3), fifth (C5), sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) components of complement, and factor B were dramatically reduced; the first (C1), second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement were within normal limits. In family members with a history of recurrent herpes simplex, one or more of the later complement components (C5, C6 or C7) was reduced. This study demonstrates the activation of complement in these serums via the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 380333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4932", "title": "Combined modality treatment of Hodgkin's disease confined to lymph nodes. Results eight years later.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease, pathologic stages IA, IIA, IIB and IIIA, were assigned at random to receive either extended field radiotherapy alone or that therapy followed by six cycles of MOPP (nitrogen mustard, Oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone) chemotherapy. Patients were entered into the study from January 1970 to January 1974. Patients were followed for a median of 69 + months from the end of all treatments. Patients whose disease was less than stage IIIA had a 31 per cent relapse rate with radiotherapy alone compared to a 6 per cent relapse rate with combined modality treatment (P = 0.04). No deaths from Hodgkin's disease have occurred in patients who received combined modality therapy, whereas 24 per cent of the patients who received radiotherapy alone have died with active disease. However, three patients with stage IIIA disease who were treated with both modalities have died from other causes (myocardial infarction, adenocarcinoma of lung, acute leukemia). Combined modality therapy of patients with early Hodgkin's disease may be superior to radiotherapy alone, especially for certain subgroups of patients discussed in detail.", "contents": "Combined modality treatment of Hodgkin's disease confined to lymph nodes. Results eight years later. Eighty-seven patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease, pathologic stages IA, IIA, IIB and IIIA, were assigned at random to receive either extended field radiotherapy alone or that therapy followed by six cycles of MOPP (nitrogen mustard, Oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone) chemotherapy. Patients were entered into the study from January 1970 to January 1974. Patients were followed for a median of 69 + months from the end of all treatments. Patients whose disease was less than stage IIIA had a 31 per cent relapse rate with radiotherapy alone compared to a 6 per cent relapse rate with combined modality treatment (P = 0.04). No deaths from Hodgkin's disease have occurred in patients who received combined modality therapy, whereas 24 per cent of the patients who received radiotherapy alone have died with active disease. However, three patients with stage IIIA disease who were treated with both modalities have died from other causes (myocardial infarction, adenocarcinoma of lung, acute leukemia). Combined modality therapy of patients with early Hodgkin's disease may be superior to radiotherapy alone, especially for certain subgroups of patients discussed in detail.", "PMID": 380335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4933", "title": "Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study.", "content": "Retrospective studies of nephrolithiasis tend to overestimate the severity of the disease and mistakenly ascribe benefits to treatment regimens. The results of a three-year study of recurrent nephrolithiasis in three patient groups adhering to a calcium-restricted diet who were treated with phosphate therapy, placebo or diet alone are re-examined at the close of an additional three-year follow-up period. Nearly half the subjects in all groups remained free of stone for the six-year period. A reduction in the need for lithotomies occurred in all groups. The absence of renal calcification at entry into the study as well as increasing age were associated with a marked reduction in stone passage. Drug therapy should probably be avoided in older patients as well as in those who are free of renal calcifications.", "contents": "Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Retrospective studies of nephrolithiasis tend to overestimate the severity of the disease and mistakenly ascribe benefits to treatment regimens. The results of a three-year study of recurrent nephrolithiasis in three patient groups adhering to a calcium-restricted diet who were treated with phosphate therapy, placebo or diet alone are re-examined at the close of an additional three-year follow-up period. Nearly half the subjects in all groups remained free of stone for the six-year period. A reduction in the need for lithotomies occurred in all groups. The absence of renal calcification at entry into the study as well as increasing age were associated with a marked reduction in stone passage. Drug therapy should probably be avoided in older patients as well as in those who are free of renal calcifications.", "PMID": 380337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4934", "title": "Clinical uses of microorganisms and their products.", "content": "Although antibiotics and conventional vaccines are the two most familiar examples of man's exploitation of microorganisms as clinical allies, microorganisms and their products are assuming an increasingly prominent role in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases. This report attempts to give a brief overview of the status of the use of microorganisms in clinical medicine and to identify potentially fertile areas for future progress in their clinical application, concentrating on areas other than the already extensively reviewed ones of antibiotics and classic immunization.", "contents": "Clinical uses of microorganisms and their products. Although antibiotics and conventional vaccines are the two most familiar examples of man's exploitation of microorganisms as clinical allies, microorganisms and their products are assuming an increasingly prominent role in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases. This report attempts to give a brief overview of the status of the use of microorganisms in clinical medicine and to identify potentially fertile areas for future progress in their clinical application, concentrating on areas other than the already extensively reviewed ones of antibiotics and classic immunization.", "PMID": 380338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4935", "title": "Pseudo-Gaucher cells in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A bone biopsy specimen from a patient with multiple myeloma showed numerous Gaucher-like cells scattered throughout a homogeneous background of plasma cells. Further studies using histochemical stains, immunofluorescence, and light and electron microscopy were carried out to further define these cells. Light microscopy of Wright-stained and hematoxylin and eosin-stained marrow preparations showed large, round cells with fibrillar appearing cytoplasm and eccentric, pyknotic nuclei. These cells were periodic acid-Schiff positive, resistant to diastase digestion. Electron microscopy demonstrated plasma cells containing crystals in membrane-bound vesicles. Also, large macrophages among these plasma cells contained similar crystals surrounded by a single limiting membrane. Immunofluorescence staining of thin sections of marrow with fluorescein-labelled specific antiserums showed fluorescence of these large cells. Strong immunofluorescence was seen with polyvalent kappa and gamma antiserums but not with anti-albumin or serums with anti-lambda, mu or alpha specificity. It appears that these large cells have the light microscopic and histochemical characteristics of true Gaucher cells but, when studied with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, it appears that the pseudo-Gaucher cells of multiple myeloma are bone marrow macrophages engorged with immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Pseudo-Gaucher cells in multiple myeloma. A bone biopsy specimen from a patient with multiple myeloma showed numerous Gaucher-like cells scattered throughout a homogeneous background of plasma cells. Further studies using histochemical stains, immunofluorescence, and light and electron microscopy were carried out to further define these cells. Light microscopy of Wright-stained and hematoxylin and eosin-stained marrow preparations showed large, round cells with fibrillar appearing cytoplasm and eccentric, pyknotic nuclei. These cells were periodic acid-Schiff positive, resistant to diastase digestion. Electron microscopy demonstrated plasma cells containing crystals in membrane-bound vesicles. Also, large macrophages among these plasma cells contained similar crystals surrounded by a single limiting membrane. Immunofluorescence staining of thin sections of marrow with fluorescein-labelled specific antiserums showed fluorescence of these large cells. Strong immunofluorescence was seen with polyvalent kappa and gamma antiserums but not with anti-albumin or serums with anti-lambda, mu or alpha specificity. It appears that these large cells have the light microscopic and histochemical characteristics of true Gaucher cells but, when studied with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, it appears that the pseudo-Gaucher cells of multiple myeloma are bone marrow macrophages engorged with immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 380339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4936", "title": "Luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone levels in human plasma: a radioimmunoassay method.", "content": "A sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay, developed to measure luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone (LHRH) levels in fetal brain tissues, has been modified to quantitate LHRH in unextracted plasma samples. Pure, synthetic LHRH was iodinated with 125I for tracer and was also used as standard. The antibody utilized was specific for LHRH and did not cross react with other hypothalamic or pituitary hormones. The separation of free from antibody-bound tracer was performed by dextran-coated charcoal. The sensitivity of the assay was 2.5 pg/tube. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.9 and 6.1% for 50 pg/ml and 11.8 and 14.9% for 25 pg/ml samples. Recovery of known amounts of LHRH added to plasma samples that had no detectable hormone was 96.4 +/- 8.8%. Whether these samples were previously prepared and kept frozen at -20 degrees C or freshly prepared, the recovery of LHRH was consistent and quantitatively stable in each assay. Serial determinations of LHRH in plasma obtained from ovulatory volunteers averaged between 20.5 +/- 2.1 pg/ml in the follicular phase and 19.4 +/- 4.5 pg/ml in the luteal phase. At midcycle, coincident with the luteinizing hormone surge, LHRH levels averaged 17.6 +/- 4.4 pg/ml.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone levels in human plasma: a radioimmunoassay method. A sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay, developed to measure luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone (LHRH) levels in fetal brain tissues, has been modified to quantitate LHRH in unextracted plasma samples. Pure, synthetic LHRH was iodinated with 125I for tracer and was also used as standard. The antibody utilized was specific for LHRH and did not cross react with other hypothalamic or pituitary hormones. The separation of free from antibody-bound tracer was performed by dextran-coated charcoal. The sensitivity of the assay was 2.5 pg/tube. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.9 and 6.1% for 50 pg/ml and 11.8 and 14.9% for 25 pg/ml samples. Recovery of known amounts of LHRH added to plasma samples that had no detectable hormone was 96.4 +/- 8.8%. Whether these samples were previously prepared and kept frozen at -20 degrees C or freshly prepared, the recovery of LHRH was consistent and quantitatively stable in each assay. Serial determinations of LHRH in plasma obtained from ovulatory volunteers averaged between 20.5 +/- 2.1 pg/ml in the follicular phase and 19.4 +/- 4.5 pg/ml in the luteal phase. At midcycle, coincident with the luteinizing hormone surge, LHRH levels averaged 17.6 +/- 4.4 pg/ml.", "PMID": 380341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4937", "title": "Erythrityl tetranitrate: sustained effects on systolic time intervals. changes consistent with sustained preload reduction.", "content": "The effects of sustained preload reduction have been demonstrated for several nitrates but not for erythrityl titranitrate. In seven patients with coronary heart disease, a randomized double-blind crossover clinical trial showed that chewable erthrityl tetranitrate, 10 mg, produced significant changes in systolic time intervals consistent with preload reduction and lasting for at least four hours. As compared with placebo, ejection time index (ETI) fell and remained significantly low between 6 and 90 minutes after administration, and pre-ejection period (PEP), isovolumic contraction time IVCT),  and pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) rose and remained significantly increased between 22 minutes and the four-hour endpoint. We conclude that erythrityl tetranitrate is a physiologically effective long-acting agents in patients with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Erythrityl tetranitrate: sustained effects on systolic time intervals. changes consistent with sustained preload reduction. The effects of sustained preload reduction have been demonstrated for several nitrates but not for erythrityl titranitrate. In seven patients with coronary heart disease, a randomized double-blind crossover clinical trial showed that chewable erthrityl tetranitrate, 10 mg, produced significant changes in systolic time intervals consistent with preload reduction and lasting for at least four hours. As compared with placebo, ejection time index (ETI) fell and remained significantly low between 6 and 90 minutes after administration, and pre-ejection period (PEP), isovolumic contraction time IVCT),  and pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) rose and remained significantly increased between 22 minutes and the four-hour endpoint. We conclude that erythrityl tetranitrate is a physiologically effective long-acting agents in patients with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 380340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4938", "title": "The amnion in surgery, past and present.", "content": "The clinical application of the fetal membarnes has been under study for many years. An attempt is made to bring the reader up to date in this fascinating subject and to indicate practical employment of the membrane in modern medicine. The amnion and chorion are detailed separately where possible, particularly in the field of surgery.", "contents": "The amnion in surgery, past and present. The clinical application of the fetal membarnes has been under study for many years. An attempt is made to bring the reader up to date in this fascinating subject and to indicate practical employment of the membrane in modern medicine. The amnion and chorion are detailed separately where possible, particularly in the field of surgery.", "PMID": 380345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4939", "title": "Perioperative cephalosporin prophylaxis in cesarean section: effect on endometritis in the high-risk patient.", "content": "A total of 120 patients who were to be delivered by cesarean section and who were at high risk of postoperative infection received three doses of either cefamandole, cephalothin or placebo perioperatively. Maternal serum levels for both antibiotics were in the therapeutic range. Although both drugs reduced the incidence of febrile morbidity and endometritis, only cefamandole significantly reduced the fever index. Risk factors for postoperative infections were the presence of ruptured membranes, labor, and internal fetal monitoring. Cefamandole beneficially influenced all risk factors while cephalothin was able to reduce only the risk of ruptured membranes. When a new method for obtaining endometrial tissue was utilized, 50% of cultures were negative. There was no difference in the organisms isolated from patients with and without endometritis.", "contents": "Perioperative cephalosporin prophylaxis in cesarean section: effect on endometritis in the high-risk patient. A total of 120 patients who were to be delivered by cesarean section and who were at high risk of postoperative infection received three doses of either cefamandole, cephalothin or placebo perioperatively. Maternal serum levels for both antibiotics were in the therapeutic range. Although both drugs reduced the incidence of febrile morbidity and endometritis, only cefamandole significantly reduced the fever index. Risk factors for postoperative infections were the presence of ruptured membranes, labor, and internal fetal monitoring. Cefamandole beneficially influenced all risk factors while cephalothin was able to reduce only the risk of ruptured membranes. When a new method for obtaining endometrial tissue was utilized, 50% of cultures were negative. There was no difference in the organisms isolated from patients with and without endometritis.", "PMID": 380347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4940", "title": "Lower eyelid full-thickness vertical lengthening.", "content": "Two cases of lower eyelid retraction caused by loss of full-thickness eyelid components were successfully treated with a tarsal-confunctival flap and skin graft procedure. One patient also had upper eyelid retraction, which was decreased by excising M\u00fcller's muscle and recessing the levator aponeurosis simultaneously with the lower eyelid surgery.", "contents": "Lower eyelid full-thickness vertical lengthening. Two cases of lower eyelid retraction caused by loss of full-thickness eyelid components were successfully treated with a tarsal-confunctival flap and skin graft procedure. One patient also had upper eyelid retraction, which was decreased by excising M\u00fcller's muscle and recessing the levator aponeurosis simultaneously with the lower eyelid surgery.", "PMID": 380349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4941", "title": "Donor cornea contamination with McCarey-Kaufman medium preservation.", "content": "A patient had corneal infection with Staphylococcus aureus after keratoplasty from tissue preserved in McCarey-Kaufman medium. The small, successfully treated corneal infection was from the same organism cultured from the tissue culture medium at the time of transplantation. Possible sources of donor-tissue contamination included the increase in ocular flora seen in postmortem eyes, blood-borne bacteria, lack of sterile technique in securing donor tissue, inadequate irrigation of the tissue, and inadequate use of topical antibiotics on the tissue. Preservation medium and specimens from medium-preserved and refrigerated corneas should be cultured before and during surgery.", "contents": "Donor cornea contamination with McCarey-Kaufman medium preservation. A patient had corneal infection with Staphylococcus aureus after keratoplasty from tissue preserved in McCarey-Kaufman medium. The small, successfully treated corneal infection was from the same organism cultured from the tissue culture medium at the time of transplantation. Possible sources of donor-tissue contamination included the increase in ocular flora seen in postmortem eyes, blood-borne bacteria, lack of sterile technique in securing donor tissue, inadequate irrigation of the tissue, and inadequate use of topical antibiotics on the tissue. Preservation medium and specimens from medium-preserved and refrigerated corneas should be cultured before and during surgery.", "PMID": 380350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4942", "title": "Congenital perforated cornea in Peter's anomaly.", "content": "A male infant was born with a perforated left cornea associated with bilateral central corneal defects caused by mesodermal dysgenesis. Smears and culture of the perforated cornea revealed no infectious agents, and there was no evidence of systemic infection in the child or mother at birth. Histopathologic material excised during keratoplasty was compatible with persistent hyperplastic vitreous, possibly causing a forward displacement of the lens/iris diaphragm with pressure on the corneal endothelium and possible dissolution of the cornea leading to perforation. The relationship of increased intraocular pressure in this case was unknown.", "contents": "Congenital perforated cornea in Peter's anomaly. A male infant was born with a perforated left cornea associated with bilateral central corneal defects caused by mesodermal dysgenesis. Smears and culture of the perforated cornea revealed no infectious agents, and there was no evidence of systemic infection in the child or mother at birth. Histopathologic material excised during keratoplasty was compatible with persistent hyperplastic vitreous, possibly causing a forward displacement of the lens/iris diaphragm with pressure on the corneal endothelium and possible dissolution of the cornea leading to perforation. The relationship of increased intraocular pressure in this case was unknown.", "PMID": 380351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4943", "title": "Mycotic endophthalmitis in drug abusers.", "content": "We diagnosed mycotic endophthalmitis by positive cultures in a 47-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman, both intravenous amphetamine users. Reinfection with a different fungal species was documented in one case. Rapid identification of the isolate, in vitro susceptibilities, selection of appropriate routes and dosages of antifungals, and the role of adjunctive corticosteroids are crucial factors in the management of these difficult cases. We prescribed antifungals and adjunctive corticosteroids, and our patients' vision improved.", "contents": "Mycotic endophthalmitis in drug abusers. We diagnosed mycotic endophthalmitis by positive cultures in a 47-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman, both intravenous amphetamine users. Reinfection with a different fungal species was documented in one case. Rapid identification of the isolate, in vitro susceptibilities, selection of appropriate routes and dosages of antifungals, and the role of adjunctive corticosteroids are crucial factors in the management of these difficult cases. We prescribed antifungals and adjunctive corticosteroids, and our patients' vision improved.", "PMID": 380352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4944", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of trabeculectomy specimens in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "We examined trabeculectomy specimens obtained at the time of surgery for inadequately controlled open-angle glaucoma by scanning electron microscopy. Of the 50 specimens ten included a broad area of the trabecular meshwork. In these ten specimens the meshwork was obscured by material. We believe the degree of occlusion was significant in these specimens, which would lead to obstruction of aqueous outflow. No similar material was found in control specimens from persons of similar age.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of trabeculectomy specimens in open-angle glaucoma. We examined trabeculectomy specimens obtained at the time of surgery for inadequately controlled open-angle glaucoma by scanning electron microscopy. Of the 50 specimens ten included a broad area of the trabecular meshwork. In these ten specimens the meshwork was obscured by material. We believe the degree of occlusion was significant in these specimens, which would lead to obstruction of aqueous outflow. No similar material was found in control specimens from persons of similar age.", "PMID": 380353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4945", "title": "Prevention of immune graft rejection after corneal transplantation.", "content": "The effectiveness of fluorometholone was compared to dexamethasone phosphate and prednisolone acetate in preventing the immune corneal graft reaction in rabbits. Clear corneal grafts were obtained. Rejection was induced after skin from the corneal donor animal was grafted subcutaneously in the host animal and the animals were randomized into four treatment groups. Rejection occurred in eight of nine rabbits in the control group; one of eight in the dexamethasone phosphate group; one of eight in the fluorometholone group; and one of ten in the prednisolone acetate group. Histologic examination confirmed the above findings. In this animal study fluorometholone prevented immune graft rejection in a percentage similar to that of prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone phosphate.", "contents": "Prevention of immune graft rejection after corneal transplantation. The effectiveness of fluorometholone was compared to dexamethasone phosphate and prednisolone acetate in preventing the immune corneal graft reaction in rabbits. Clear corneal grafts were obtained. Rejection was induced after skin from the corneal donor animal was grafted subcutaneously in the host animal and the animals were randomized into four treatment groups. Rejection occurred in eight of nine rabbits in the control group; one of eight in the dexamethasone phosphate group; one of eight in the fluorometholone group; and one of ten in the prednisolone acetate group. Histologic examination confirmed the above findings. In this animal study fluorometholone prevented immune graft rejection in a percentage similar to that of prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone phosphate.", "PMID": 380354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4946", "title": "Comparative studies of cellular reactions to injuries between the inner medulla and the cortex of rat kidneys.", "content": "The inner medulla and the cortex of the rat kidney were surgically traumatized or threaded with a silk suture, and the sequence of morphologic events occurring in these two topographic locations were studied by light microscopy on Days 7, 14, and 28. On Days 7, 14, and 28 following the infliction of the surgical trauma, such cellular reactions as mononuclear cell infiltration and fibroblastic proliferation were less intense in the injured site of the inner medulla than in the cortex. Numerous foreign body type giant cells appeared about the suture material in the cortex as early as Day 7 and were persistently present on Days 14 and 28. A similar type of foreign body giant cells did not appear about the suture material within the inner medulla throughout the experiment. Our results suggest that there is a difference in cellular reaction to injury or to a foreign body between the inner medulla and the cortex of rat kidneys.", "contents": "Comparative studies of cellular reactions to injuries between the inner medulla and the cortex of rat kidneys. The inner medulla and the cortex of the rat kidney were surgically traumatized or threaded with a silk suture, and the sequence of morphologic events occurring in these two topographic locations were studied by light microscopy on Days 7, 14, and 28. On Days 7, 14, and 28 following the infliction of the surgical trauma, such cellular reactions as mononuclear cell infiltration and fibroblastic proliferation were less intense in the injured site of the inner medulla than in the cortex. Numerous foreign body type giant cells appeared about the suture material in the cortex as early as Day 7 and were persistently present on Days 14 and 28. A similar type of foreign body giant cells did not appear about the suture material within the inner medulla throughout the experiment. Our results suggest that there is a difference in cellular reaction to injury or to a foreign body between the inner medulla and the cortex of rat kidneys.", "PMID": 380355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4947", "title": "A study of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in Pre-Columbian Peruvians.", "content": "An incidence of tori lower than previously reported was found in a population from Pre-Columbian Peru. It is suggested that the prevalence of tori along with other genetic markers with racial variation may be used to help identify and define a population group.", "contents": "A study of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in Pre-Columbian Peruvians. An incidence of tori lower than previously reported was found in a population from Pre-Columbian Peru. It is suggested that the prevalence of tori along with other genetic markers with racial variation may be used to help identify and define a population group.", "PMID": 380359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4948", "title": "Size and morphology of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians.", "content": "Metric and morphological characterizations of the permanent teeth from a total of 155 prehistoric Amerindians are presented. The individuals represent samples from three Ohio Valley burial complexes (considered together as the Late Diffuse group): Glacial Kame, Adena and Ohio Hopewell. Metric data include common measures of central tendency and dispersion. From these measures estimates and analyses of the magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability are presented as well as analyses of the patterns of these estimates. Forty morphological characters are also tabulated. The results indicate a number of provisional hypotheses: the generally larger tooth size of the Late Archaic Indian Knoll when compared to the Late Diffuse groups is consistent with the hypothesis of mitigated selective pressures in more technologically advanced groups; although tooth size is smaller in the Late Diffuse groups, dental morphology is as complex, or more so when compared to the Indian Knoll group. Since morphology and size do not covary exactly the biocultural forces resulting in smaller tooth size do not seem to act as strongly on dental morphology; odontological differences within the Late Diffuse arise primarily between the Glacial Kame-Adena and the Ohio Hopewell. These differences correspond to major biocultural changes in this area; although provisional hypotheses concerning odontological variability are erected, hypotheses concerning evolutionary trends must await the discovery of evolving lineages within these groups; similarities are noted among all compared groups including the pattern and magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability. These parameters may be similar for all eastern Amerindians during this period; finally, the morphology of the deciduous dentition, which generally predicts that of the permanent teeth, is found to be less complex than the permanent teeth. This may be the result of a selective disadvantage for the individuals in the deciduous dentition sample which is reflected in the dentition.", "contents": "Size and morphology of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians. Metric and morphological characterizations of the permanent teeth from a total of 155 prehistoric Amerindians are presented. The individuals represent samples from three Ohio Valley burial complexes (considered together as the Late Diffuse group): Glacial Kame, Adena and Ohio Hopewell. Metric data include common measures of central tendency and dispersion. From these measures estimates and analyses of the magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability are presented as well as analyses of the patterns of these estimates. Forty morphological characters are also tabulated. The results indicate a number of provisional hypotheses: the generally larger tooth size of the Late Archaic Indian Knoll when compared to the Late Diffuse groups is consistent with the hypothesis of mitigated selective pressures in more technologically advanced groups; although tooth size is smaller in the Late Diffuse groups, dental morphology is as complex, or more so when compared to the Indian Knoll group. Since morphology and size do not covary exactly the biocultural forces resulting in smaller tooth size do not seem to act as strongly on dental morphology; odontological differences within the Late Diffuse arise primarily between the Glacial Kame-Adena and the Ohio Hopewell. These differences correspond to major biocultural changes in this area; although provisional hypotheses concerning odontological variability are erected, hypotheses concerning evolutionary trends must await the discovery of evolving lineages within these groups; similarities are noted among all compared groups including the pattern and magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability. These parameters may be similar for all eastern Amerindians during this period; finally, the morphology of the deciduous dentition, which generally predicts that of the permanent teeth, is found to be less complex than the permanent teeth. This may be the result of a selective disadvantage for the individuals in the deciduous dentition sample which is reflected in the dentition.", "PMID": 380360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4949", "title": "Calcium transport in the nephron.", "content": "Ionized and complexed calcium are filtered at the glomerulus and more than 95% of the filtered load is reabsorbed along the length of the nephron. In the proximal convoluted tubule calcium is absorbed in proportion to sodium and water, suggesting a passive mechanism. The high permeability of this segment is compatible with passive transport, but evidence for active transport has been advanced. A role for Ca2+-ATPase and/or for a Ca2+/Na+ antiport has also been proposed. The straight portion of the proximal tubule appears to transport calcium actively but little is known about the mechanism and regulation of calcium absorption in this segment. Both passive and active transport of calcium in the thick ascending limb have been demonstrated, and heterogeneity in the function of medullary and cortical segments has been proposed. Definite evidence has been advanced for avid active calcium absorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Both chlorothiazide and parathyroid hormone enhance the transport of calcium in this segment. The granular portion of the collecting tubule resembles in its properties and function the distal convoluted tubule. The light portion, however, is incapable of transporting calcium. The distal tubule and collecting tubule may be the final regulators of urinary excretion of calcium but much more data are required before this view can be adopted.", "contents": "Calcium transport in the nephron. Ionized and complexed calcium are filtered at the glomerulus and more than 95% of the filtered load is reabsorbed along the length of the nephron. In the proximal convoluted tubule calcium is absorbed in proportion to sodium and water, suggesting a passive mechanism. The high permeability of this segment is compatible with passive transport, but evidence for active transport has been advanced. A role for Ca2+-ATPase and/or for a Ca2+/Na+ antiport has also been proposed. The straight portion of the proximal tubule appears to transport calcium actively but little is known about the mechanism and regulation of calcium absorption in this segment. Both passive and active transport of calcium in the thick ascending limb have been demonstrated, and heterogeneity in the function of medullary and cortical segments has been proposed. Definite evidence has been advanced for avid active calcium absorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Both chlorothiazide and parathyroid hormone enhance the transport of calcium in this segment. The granular portion of the collecting tubule resembles in its properties and function the distal convoluted tubule. The light portion, however, is incapable of transporting calcium. The distal tubule and collecting tubule may be the final regulators of urinary excretion of calcium but much more data are required before this view can be adopted.", "PMID": 380361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4950", "title": "Vitamin B12 uptake in dog kidney: its use as an extracellular reference marker.", "content": "The renal handling of [3H]cyanocobalamin has been investigated in dogs in vivo using the pulse injection multiple-indicator dilution technique. Simultaneous renal vein and urine outflow curves were obtained for [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to T-1824-albumin (plasma reference) and creatinine (extracellular reference). The renal vein recovery of [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to creatinine was significantly less than unity and increased with increasing intraarterial dose. This indicates a saturable postglomerular uptake mechanism. The urine recovery of [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to simultaneously filtered creatinine is also less than unity and increases with increasing intra-arterial doses. This indicates a saturable interaction at the luminal surface of the nephron. Saturation interaction at the luminal surface of the nephron. Saturation of postglomerular and luminal interactions can also be achieved by systemic preloading with unlabeled vitamin B12. After saturation the renal vein and urine recoveries for [3H]cyanocobalamin and creatinine become equal. However, significant differences can be observed between their renal vein mean transit times, depending on experimental conditions. During hydropenia [3H]cyanocobalamin behaves as a true extracellular marker and emerges in renal vein and urine outflows, superimposing on creatinine. During mannitol diuresis vitamin B12 still behaves as a glomerular marker, but its renal vein mean transit time is now significantly less than that of creatinine and its calculated postglomerular volume of distribution is reduced by approximately 15% of the available interstitial space.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 uptake in dog kidney: its use as an extracellular reference marker. The renal handling of [3H]cyanocobalamin has been investigated in dogs in vivo using the pulse injection multiple-indicator dilution technique. Simultaneous renal vein and urine outflow curves were obtained for [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to T-1824-albumin (plasma reference) and creatinine (extracellular reference). The renal vein recovery of [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to creatinine was significantly less than unity and increased with increasing intraarterial dose. This indicates a saturable postglomerular uptake mechanism. The urine recovery of [3H]cyanocobalamin relative to simultaneously filtered creatinine is also less than unity and increases with increasing intra-arterial doses. This indicates a saturable interaction at the luminal surface of the nephron. Saturation interaction at the luminal surface of the nephron. Saturation of postglomerular and luminal interactions can also be achieved by systemic preloading with unlabeled vitamin B12. After saturation the renal vein and urine recoveries for [3H]cyanocobalamin and creatinine become equal. However, significant differences can be observed between their renal vein mean transit times, depending on experimental conditions. During hydropenia [3H]cyanocobalamin behaves as a true extracellular marker and emerges in renal vein and urine outflows, superimposing on creatinine. During mannitol diuresis vitamin B12 still behaves as a glomerular marker, but its renal vein mean transit time is now significantly less than that of creatinine and its calculated postglomerular volume of distribution is reduced by approximately 15% of the available interstitial space.", "PMID": 380362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4951", "title": "Effect of growth hormone on acute glucagon and insulin release.", "content": "The aim was to clarify whether or not sudden spike concentrations of plasma growth hormone (GH) can affect the endocrine pancreas in vivo. The peaking of GH was reproduced by an injection (10 mg/kg iv) of bovine GH to anesthetized normal, pancreatectomized, and alloxan-diabetic dogs. In portal but not in peripheral blood, immunoreactive plasma glucagon (IRG), glucagon-like activity (GLI), and immunoreactive insulin (IRI), were significantly elevated within 10 min in normal and alloxan-diabetic dogs. In pancreatectomized dogs, GH did not affect either IRG or GLI. When a physiological dose of GH (6 microgram/kg) calculated to produce ambient peak plasma concentrations of 40 ng/ml was given to four conscious, normal dogs with indwelling portal catheters, a rise of IRG from 108 +/- 19 to 170 +/- 17 pg/ml and of IRI from 20 +/- 12 to 67 +/- 19 muU/ml (mean +/- SE) occurred within 2 min. GLI was not affected. Thus a sudden rise in GH concentration can stimulate the release of a) GLI in the presence but not in the absence of the pancreas, and b) pancreatic IRG and IRI but not extrapancreatic IRG.", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone on acute glucagon and insulin release. The aim was to clarify whether or not sudden spike concentrations of plasma growth hormone (GH) can affect the endocrine pancreas in vivo. The peaking of GH was reproduced by an injection (10 mg/kg iv) of bovine GH to anesthetized normal, pancreatectomized, and alloxan-diabetic dogs. In portal but not in peripheral blood, immunoreactive plasma glucagon (IRG), glucagon-like activity (GLI), and immunoreactive insulin (IRI), were significantly elevated within 10 min in normal and alloxan-diabetic dogs. In pancreatectomized dogs, GH did not affect either IRG or GLI. When a physiological dose of GH (6 microgram/kg) calculated to produce ambient peak plasma concentrations of 40 ng/ml was given to four conscious, normal dogs with indwelling portal catheters, a rise of IRG from 108 +/- 19 to 170 +/- 17 pg/ml and of IRI from 20 +/- 12 to 67 +/- 19 muU/ml (mean +/- SE) occurred within 2 min. GLI was not affected. Thus a sudden rise in GH concentration can stimulate the release of a) GLI in the presence but not in the absence of the pancreas, and b) pancreatic IRG and IRI but not extrapancreatic IRG.", "PMID": 380363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4952", "title": "Urate transport in the nephron.", "content": "This paper summarizes the literature on the sties of urate transport, secretory and reabosrptive, in the nephron. In the animals studied thus far the bulk of urate transport occurs in the proximal tubules. Two patterns of transport have been uncovered. In one, urate is secreted and reabsorbed throughout the convoluted tubule (perhaps the pars recta as well). The direction of net transport depends on the kind of animal studied and in some instances on the experimental conditions. In the second pattern there is a strong secretory process in the pars recta, and net secretion of urate, when it occurs, is attributable to that segment. In some but not all animals it is clear that urate secretion in the proximal tubules occurs by a mechanism separate from that which secretes p-aminohippurate (PAH). One important unresolved question is: How general is the occurrence of separate secretory mechanisms for PAH and urate? Another unresolved question is: What are the magnitudes of the unidirectional fluxes of urate in the segments in which bidirectional transport occurs?", "contents": "Urate transport in the nephron. This paper summarizes the literature on the sties of urate transport, secretory and reabosrptive, in the nephron. In the animals studied thus far the bulk of urate transport occurs in the proximal tubules. Two patterns of transport have been uncovered. In one, urate is secreted and reabsorbed throughout the convoluted tubule (perhaps the pars recta as well). The direction of net transport depends on the kind of animal studied and in some instances on the experimental conditions. In the second pattern there is a strong secretory process in the pars recta, and net secretion of urate, when it occurs, is attributable to that segment. In some but not all animals it is clear that urate secretion in the proximal tubules occurs by a mechanism separate from that which secretes p-aminohippurate (PAH). One important unresolved question is: How general is the occurrence of separate secretory mechanisms for PAH and urate? Another unresolved question is: What are the magnitudes of the unidirectional fluxes of urate in the segments in which bidirectional transport occurs?", "PMID": 380365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4953", "title": "Acute high-dose parenteral haloperidol treatment of psychosis.", "content": "After 2 days of drug-free observation, 20 newly admitted psychotic patients received 20-35 mg of haloperidol intravenously and 20 patients received 30-40 mg of diazepam intravenously. Posttreatment ratings at 4 and 24 hours with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions revealed significant improvement in both groups but no significant differences between the two treatments.", "contents": "Acute high-dose parenteral haloperidol treatment of psychosis. After 2 days of drug-free observation, 20 newly admitted psychotic patients received 20-35 mg of haloperidol intravenously and 20 patients received 30-40 mg of diazepam intravenously. Posttreatment ratings at 4 and 24 hours with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions revealed significant improvement in both groups but no significant differences between the two treatments.", "PMID": 380367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4954", "title": "Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized chicken erythrocytes in a practical hemagglutination test for IgM antibodies in human malaria.", "content": "A new hemagglutination test for human malaria, done with Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized, aldehyde-fixed, chicken erythrocytes as a stable lyophilized reagent, is described. The test was positive in every human case of falciparum or vivax malaria in which there was parasitemia. It detected only IgM anti-plasmodial antibodies and usually became negative within a few weeks after treatment. As a practical and sensitive test for active malaria, the P. gallinaceum hemagglutination test should be complementary tool for seroepidemiological studies.", "contents": "Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized chicken erythrocytes in a practical hemagglutination test for IgM antibodies in human malaria. A new hemagglutination test for human malaria, done with Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized, aldehyde-fixed, chicken erythrocytes as a stable lyophilized reagent, is described. The test was positive in every human case of falciparum or vivax malaria in which there was parasitemia. It detected only IgM anti-plasmodial antibodies and usually became negative within a few weeks after treatment. As a practical and sensitive test for active malaria, the P. gallinaceum hemagglutination test should be complementary tool for seroepidemiological studies.", "PMID": 380370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4955", "title": "Free microvascular flaps for defects of limbs, head, and neck.", "content": "Twenty-three free microvascular flaps were transferred during the period September 1975 to December 1978. These included skin flaps, osteocutaneous flaps, and flaps of omentum and jejunum. These flaps were used for a variety of conditions ranging from life-threatening bleeding from a tumor to facial contouring in congenital deformities. In selected patients a microvascular free flap has significant advantages over multi-staged conventional flaps.", "contents": "Free microvascular flaps for defects of limbs, head, and neck. Twenty-three free microvascular flaps were transferred during the period September 1975 to December 1978. These included skin flaps, osteocutaneous flaps, and flaps of omentum and jejunum. These flaps were used for a variety of conditions ranging from life-threatening bleeding from a tumor to facial contouring in congenital deformities. In selected patients a microvascular free flap has significant advantages over multi-staged conventional flaps.", "PMID": 380371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4956", "title": "Colon perforation in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Seven patients had perforated colonic diverticula 1 to 17 months after transplantation. Operation was performed immediately in four patients and from 4 days to 3 months later in three patients. Three patients are alive 9 to 36 months later. Two died of sepsis and two of myocardial infarction. Immediate operation with exclusion carries the best prognosis.", "contents": "Colon perforation in renal transplant patients. Seven patients had perforated colonic diverticula 1 to 17 months after transplantation. Operation was performed immediately in four patients and from 4 days to 3 months later in three patients. Three patients are alive 9 to 36 months later. Two died of sepsis and two of myocardial infarction. Immediate operation with exclusion carries the best prognosis.", "PMID": 380376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4957", "title": "Combining segmental systolic pressures and plethysmography to diagnose arterial occlusive disease of the legs.", "content": "Computer-assisted analysis of the data from SLP and PVR study of the legs with angiographically documented arterial occlusive disease, projected against a background of normal limbs, was used to assess the diagnostic value of each study, including its individual variables, as well as their varied combinations. The accuracy of both SLP and PVR interpretation was significantly improved by standarization against brachial values, but even with the aid of superimposed physician interpretation, each only reached 86 per cent when cases with multilevel occlusive disease were included. The combination of these two studies, which compensate for each other's limitations in several respects, achieved an overall accuracy of 97 per cent, with no errors observed in diagnosing either normal limbs or those with isolated occlusive disease. Objective diagnostic criteria for both SLP and PVR interpreatation are presented in algorithmic form.", "contents": "Combining segmental systolic pressures and plethysmography to diagnose arterial occlusive disease of the legs. Computer-assisted analysis of the data from SLP and PVR study of the legs with angiographically documented arterial occlusive disease, projected against a background of normal limbs, was used to assess the diagnostic value of each study, including its individual variables, as well as their varied combinations. The accuracy of both SLP and PVR interpretation was significantly improved by standarization against brachial values, but even with the aid of superimposed physician interpretation, each only reached 86 per cent when cases with multilevel occlusive disease were included. The combination of these two studies, which compensate for each other's limitations in several respects, achieved an overall accuracy of 97 per cent, with no errors observed in diagnosing either normal limbs or those with isolated occlusive disease. Objective diagnostic criteria for both SLP and PVR interpreatation are presented in algorithmic form.", "PMID": 380378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4958", "title": "Contributions of Thomas Jefferson to American medicine.", "content": "Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence, had a consuming interest in all fields of education and science, including the practice of medicine and public health. He actively developed medical education, supported measures for public health, and encouraged scientific research supported by the government without policy intervention. Although a close friend of eminent physicians, his rationalism and scientific method placed him ahead of many practitioners of his time. He disparaged medical quackery but actively supported therapies such as vaccination that were based on research and careful observation. The School of Medicine at the University of Virginia was Jefferson's concrete contribution to the advancement of medical education in the United States and epitomized his preoccupation with medicine and science as important cornerstones of a healthy American nation.", "contents": "Contributions of Thomas Jefferson to American medicine. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence, had a consuming interest in all fields of education and science, including the practice of medicine and public health. He actively developed medical education, supported measures for public health, and encouraged scientific research supported by the government without policy intervention. Although a close friend of eminent physicians, his rationalism and scientific method placed him ahead of many practitioners of his time. He disparaged medical quackery but actively supported therapies such as vaccination that were based on research and careful observation. The School of Medicine at the University of Virginia was Jefferson's concrete contribution to the advancement of medical education in the United States and epitomized his preoccupation with medicine and science as important cornerstones of a healthy American nation.", "PMID": 380379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4959", "title": "A simplified technique for loop colostomy closure.", "content": "Stapling instruments have been used for gastrointestinal anastomoses and reconstruction with increasing regularity. A technique for loop colostomy closure employing a stapling device is described. This approach provides a secure closure while avoiding major contaimination.", "contents": "A simplified technique for loop colostomy closure. Stapling instruments have been used for gastrointestinal anastomoses and reconstruction with increasing regularity. A technique for loop colostomy closure employing a stapling device is described. This approach provides a secure closure while avoiding major contaimination.", "PMID": 380380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4960", "title": "Study of filamentary keratitis by replica technique.", "content": "Histopathological study of filamentary keratitis was done by using replica technique in five patients. The filaments are produced by sliding of the epithelial cells around small areas of focal degeneration of the superfical epithelium. In comparison to the filaments in other conditions, the filaments in KCS are smaller and thicker and do not show the torsional segment. The filaments contain degenerated epithelial cells and alcian blue-PAS positive mucoid material. Making a corneal replica may result in healing of filamentary keratitis.", "contents": "Study of filamentary keratitis by replica technique. Histopathological study of filamentary keratitis was done by using replica technique in five patients. The filaments are produced by sliding of the epithelial cells around small areas of focal degeneration of the superfical epithelium. In comparison to the filaments in other conditions, the filaments in KCS are smaller and thicker and do not show the torsional segment. The filaments contain degenerated epithelial cells and alcian blue-PAS positive mucoid material. Making a corneal replica may result in healing of filamentary keratitis.", "PMID": 380383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4961", "title": "[Infusions emergencies following the administration of plasma substitutes -- analysis of case reports to the committee on drugs. The problems of medical statistics, prophylaxis and immediate therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1967 to 1976 the Adverse Drug Reaction Committee of the Medical Association of the Federal Republic of Germany (AMK) received 323 reports of transfusion emergencies following the administration of colloid plasma expanders (dextran, gelatin, starch). The reports ranged from medium to severe cases. Nine percent of the reported cases had a fatal outcome. The data contained in these case reports could only be statistically analyzed within certain limitations as the reports were incomplete and other parameters necessary for a definite statistical evaluating were missing. Furthermore the results do not cover the following points: 1. What percentage of reactions to plasma expanders in W. Germany was reported? --2. What percentage can be attributed to the individual colloids within the entirety of these undesirable side effects? --3. What percentage of the individual colloids can be allocated to the varying degrees of severity of these reactions? -- Further limitations which complicated the analysis of the case reports are discussed individually. Despite these difficulties an attempt was made to analyse the parameters necessary in the diagnosis of acute transfusion emergencies and to compile a guide for the clinical symptomatology. Grading of reactions into four degrees of severity has proved useful both in terms of diagnosis and immediate therapy. The medical statistical evaluation presented in this paper gives an indication as to the significance of the observed side-effects and confirms the statement and recommendations made elsewhere in the literature. In these emergency cases life-threatening incidents appear to be more common than is generally assumed and the user is aware of. The incidence of product-specific emergencies can only be determined to some degree of accuracy by randomized prospective studies. These would have to be conducted with numerous strict guidelines. On the basis of the results presented here, these studies should be attended to with a sense of urgency. Regardless of the difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the case reports, guidelines as to the recognition of reactions, prophylaxis and immediate remedial therapy could be established. These would appear to suffice as urgently required comprehensive information for the nursing staff as well as all doctors. Recognizing side-effects and instituting immediate remedial therapy along the principles laid down in these guidelines can in most cases of severe reactions remove the acute threat to life.", "contents": "[Infusions emergencies following the administration of plasma substitutes -- analysis of case reports to the committee on drugs. The problems of medical statistics, prophylaxis and immediate therapy (author's transl)]. In the period 1967 to 1976 the Adverse Drug Reaction Committee of the Medical Association of the Federal Republic of Germany (AMK) received 323 reports of transfusion emergencies following the administration of colloid plasma expanders (dextran, gelatin, starch). The reports ranged from medium to severe cases. Nine percent of the reported cases had a fatal outcome. The data contained in these case reports could only be statistically analyzed within certain limitations as the reports were incomplete and other parameters necessary for a definite statistical evaluating were missing. Furthermore the results do not cover the following points: 1. What percentage of reactions to plasma expanders in W. Germany was reported? --2. What percentage can be attributed to the individual colloids within the entirety of these undesirable side effects? --3. What percentage of the individual colloids can be allocated to the varying degrees of severity of these reactions? -- Further limitations which complicated the analysis of the case reports are discussed individually. Despite these difficulties an attempt was made to analyse the parameters necessary in the diagnosis of acute transfusion emergencies and to compile a guide for the clinical symptomatology. Grading of reactions into four degrees of severity has proved useful both in terms of diagnosis and immediate therapy. The medical statistical evaluation presented in this paper gives an indication as to the significance of the observed side-effects and confirms the statement and recommendations made elsewhere in the literature. In these emergency cases life-threatening incidents appear to be more common than is generally assumed and the user is aware of. The incidence of product-specific emergencies can only be determined to some degree of accuracy by randomized prospective studies. These would have to be conducted with numerous strict guidelines. On the basis of the results presented here, these studies should be attended to with a sense of urgency. Regardless of the difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the case reports, guidelines as to the recognition of reactions, prophylaxis and immediate remedial therapy could be established. These would appear to suffice as urgently required comprehensive information for the nursing staff as well as all doctors. Recognizing side-effects and instituting immediate remedial therapy along the principles laid down in these guidelines can in most cases of severe reactions remove the acute threat to life.", "PMID": 380384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4962", "title": "[The circulatory system in patients under electrostimulation anaesthesia during ophthalmological operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaesthesia by electrostimulation and its effects on the circulatory system were investigated in 65 elderly patients, in whom operations on the retina and vitreous body were performed. Stimulation of the dermatomes of the first and second trigeminal nerve as well as of C3 and C4 was performed using stimulating needles in 25 patients and adhesive electrodes in 40 patients. All patients were intubated after injection of thiopentone and a muscle relaxant. Anaesthesia was maintained by continuous electrostimulation, intermittent relaxation and normoventilation with N2O/O2 in a ratio of 1/1. During this anaesthesia technique, marked stability of the circulatory system was observed. This was noted in 32 normotensive and 33 hypertensive patients, the latter being partly under antihypertensive medication. Electrostimulation anaesthesia therefore may be recommended for elderly and high risk patients.", "contents": "[The circulatory system in patients under electrostimulation anaesthesia during ophthalmological operations (author's transl)]. Anaesthesia by electrostimulation and its effects on the circulatory system were investigated in 65 elderly patients, in whom operations on the retina and vitreous body were performed. Stimulation of the dermatomes of the first and second trigeminal nerve as well as of C3 and C4 was performed using stimulating needles in 25 patients and adhesive electrodes in 40 patients. All patients were intubated after injection of thiopentone and a muscle relaxant. Anaesthesia was maintained by continuous electrostimulation, intermittent relaxation and normoventilation with N2O/O2 in a ratio of 1/1. During this anaesthesia technique, marked stability of the circulatory system was observed. This was noted in 32 normotensive and 33 hypertensive patients, the latter being partly under antihypertensive medication. Electrostimulation anaesthesia therefore may be recommended for elderly and high risk patients.", "PMID": 380385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4963", "title": "[Combined-electrostimulation-hypalgesia in surgery of the lumbar vertebral column. A tentative evaluation of this method (author's transl)].", "content": "A new concept of anaesthesia in patients undergoing operations of the lumbar vertebral column is presented. Electrostimulation of four auricular acupuncture points is combined with controlled ventilation of nitrous-oxide oxygen mixture. This combination is comparable to similar anaesthesia procedures of other operative fields. In 30 patients the anaesthesia was performed as a \"combined electrostimulationhypalgesia\". In a control study of 30 similar patients a mixture of nitrous-oxide and oxygen only was used. For 120 min systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate of both groups are measured and compared. The postoperative state as well as individual data from the patients are included in the investigation. The analgesia established by \"combined electrostimulationhypalgesia\" seems to be based essentially on the effect of nitrous-oxide as well as premedication, induction of anaesthesia, relaxation and kind of ventilation. Electrostimulation of auricular acupuncture points seems to induce stabilisation of the circulatory system. On account of our findings the relevance of electrostimulation in this method of anaesthesia must be judged very critically.", "contents": "[Combined-electrostimulation-hypalgesia in surgery of the lumbar vertebral column. A tentative evaluation of this method (author's transl)]. A new concept of anaesthesia in patients undergoing operations of the lumbar vertebral column is presented. Electrostimulation of four auricular acupuncture points is combined with controlled ventilation of nitrous-oxide oxygen mixture. This combination is comparable to similar anaesthesia procedures of other operative fields. In 30 patients the anaesthesia was performed as a \"combined electrostimulationhypalgesia\". In a control study of 30 similar patients a mixture of nitrous-oxide and oxygen only was used. For 120 min systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate of both groups are measured and compared. The postoperative state as well as individual data from the patients are included in the investigation. The analgesia established by \"combined electrostimulationhypalgesia\" seems to be based essentially on the effect of nitrous-oxide as well as premedication, induction of anaesthesia, relaxation and kind of ventilation. Electrostimulation of auricular acupuncture points seems to induce stabilisation of the circulatory system. On account of our findings the relevance of electrostimulation in this method of anaesthesia must be judged very critically.", "PMID": 380386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4964", "title": "[Plasma-catecholamines under electrostimulation and neurolept anaesthesia for retina and vitreous body operations (author's transl)].", "content": "We determined in two groups of patients with normal circulation and metabolism during operations on the retina and vitreous body the concentration of plasma catecholamines. The intensity of stress was compared between electrostimulation anaesthesia and neuroleptanaesthesia. Venous blood was sampled 1) before premedication, 2) 30' after premedication, 3) at the start of surgery, 4) 45' after the start of surgery, 5) 30' after extubation. Plasma catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) were determined using a modified trihydroxyindol-spectrofluoremetric method (combined \"Batch-technique\"). There was no relevant difference between the two techniques of anaesthesia when using the concentrations of plasmacatecholamines as an indicator of stress resulting from operation and anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Plasma-catecholamines under electrostimulation and neurolept anaesthesia for retina and vitreous body operations (author's transl)]. We determined in two groups of patients with normal circulation and metabolism during operations on the retina and vitreous body the concentration of plasma catecholamines. The intensity of stress was compared between electrostimulation anaesthesia and neuroleptanaesthesia. Venous blood was sampled 1) before premedication, 2) 30' after premedication, 3) at the start of surgery, 4) 45' after the start of surgery, 5) 30' after extubation. Plasma catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) were determined using a modified trihydroxyindol-spectrofluoremetric method (combined \"Batch-technique\"). There was no relevant difference between the two techniques of anaesthesia when using the concentrations of plasmacatecholamines as an indicator of stress resulting from operation and anaesthesia.", "PMID": 380387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4965", "title": "[Behaviour of plasma-cortisol during ophthalmological operations in patients under electrostimulation anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma cortisol was determined before, during and after ophthalmological operations. These were performed under electrostimulation anaesthesia using adhesive electrodes attached to the dermatome of the site of operation. Plasma cortisol decreased after premedication and induction of anaesthesia; it increased continuously during surgery beyond the end of operation. Thirty minutes after extubation plasma cortisol decreased again.", "contents": "[Behaviour of plasma-cortisol during ophthalmological operations in patients under electrostimulation anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Plasma cortisol was determined before, during and after ophthalmological operations. These were performed under electrostimulation anaesthesia using adhesive electrodes attached to the dermatome of the site of operation. Plasma cortisol decreased after premedication and induction of anaesthesia; it increased continuously during surgery beyond the end of operation. Thirty minutes after extubation plasma cortisol decreased again.", "PMID": 380388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4966", "title": "[A new suction pump to be used in the field of emergency medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the field of emergency medicine there has been a need for an efficient suction pump that can be used under all types of conditions and included both in doctors' emergency kits as well as in the standard equipment of mobile units such as ambulance cars, helicopters etc. The devices available in the past had decided disadvantages in their construction and performance. A newly designed suction pump -- the AMBU Uni-Suction -- has been subjected to laboratory and practical tests concerning function, material and practical use, based on a specification of requirements for such a device. The results show that this universally applicable suction pump meets every requirement under the different test conditions. The effectiveness is good, irrespective of the mode of operation applied, i.e. by hand, by foot or by compressed gases. Maintenance and service are negligible and no susceptibility to malfunction was observed. In addition, the design, function and performance of an accessory unit, the Suction Booster, are presented. This device can be used effectively in combination with the new suction pump, or with any other type of suction unit to prevent dangerous aspiration in emergencies.", "contents": "[A new suction pump to be used in the field of emergency medicine (author's transl)]. In the field of emergency medicine there has been a need for an efficient suction pump that can be used under all types of conditions and included both in doctors' emergency kits as well as in the standard equipment of mobile units such as ambulance cars, helicopters etc. The devices available in the past had decided disadvantages in their construction and performance. A newly designed suction pump -- the AMBU Uni-Suction -- has been subjected to laboratory and practical tests concerning function, material and practical use, based on a specification of requirements for such a device. The results show that this universally applicable suction pump meets every requirement under the different test conditions. The effectiveness is good, irrespective of the mode of operation applied, i.e. by hand, by foot or by compressed gases. Maintenance and service are negligible and no susceptibility to malfunction was observed. In addition, the design, function and performance of an accessory unit, the Suction Booster, are presented. This device can be used effectively in combination with the new suction pump, or with any other type of suction unit to prevent dangerous aspiration in emergencies.", "PMID": 380389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4967", "title": "Human sperm penetration into zona-free hamster oocytes as a test to evaluate the sperm fertilizing ability.", "content": "Human sperm entry into zona-free hamster oocytes was used to test the fertile ability of spermatozoa from semen samples of men attending an Infertility Clinic. Sperm chromatin dispersion as seen under the phase-contrast microscope, was used as criterion for sperm entry. The ultrastructural study showed that the behaviour of the gamete membranes during fusion did not basically differ from that of normal fertilization. Eighty four samples were classed as normal (according to the spermiogram) but only 62 (74%) gave a positive test, as compared to only 30 (32%) positive test of 95 samples with abnormal spermiograms. Eight hundred and ten oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa from normal samples gave a 25% penetration, while 1046 oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa from abnormal samples gave a 7% penetration. The normality of hamster oocytes was demonstrated by contemporary insemination with human and hamster spermatozoa. While the percentages of human sperm penetration remained low, hamster sperm penetration was over 70%. The present bioassay is recommended as an additional parameter to the spermiograms for the study of male fertility.", "contents": "Human sperm penetration into zona-free hamster oocytes as a test to evaluate the sperm fertilizing ability. Human sperm entry into zona-free hamster oocytes was used to test the fertile ability of spermatozoa from semen samples of men attending an Infertility Clinic. Sperm chromatin dispersion as seen under the phase-contrast microscope, was used as criterion for sperm entry. The ultrastructural study showed that the behaviour of the gamete membranes during fusion did not basically differ from that of normal fertilization. Eighty four samples were classed as normal (according to the spermiogram) but only 62 (74%) gave a positive test, as compared to only 30 (32%) positive test of 95 samples with abnormal spermiograms. Eight hundred and ten oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa from normal samples gave a 25% penetration, while 1046 oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa from abnormal samples gave a 7% penetration. The normality of hamster oocytes was demonstrated by contemporary insemination with human and hamster spermatozoa. While the percentages of human sperm penetration remained low, hamster sperm penetration was over 70%. The present bioassay is recommended as an additional parameter to the spermiograms for the study of male fertility.", "PMID": 380406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4968", "title": "Double-blind, crossover comparison of carbuterol and salbutamol.", "content": "The bronchodilator efficacy of oral carbuterol in the dose of 2 mg or 3 mg was compared with that of 4 mg salbutamol in a double-blind, crossover trial in 21 patients with bronchial asthma. Carbuterol 3 mg was found to be a more effective bronchodilator than salbutamol 4 mg. Both the drugs in these doses produced mild tachycardia but were otherwise well tolerated.", "contents": "Double-blind, crossover comparison of carbuterol and salbutamol. The bronchodilator efficacy of oral carbuterol in the dose of 2 mg or 3 mg was compared with that of 4 mg salbutamol in a double-blind, crossover trial in 21 patients with bronchial asthma. Carbuterol 3 mg was found to be a more effective bronchodilator than salbutamol 4 mg. Both the drugs in these doses produced mild tachycardia but were otherwise well tolerated.", "PMID": 380412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4969", "title": "The syndrome of asthma, recurrent viral infections and T-cell immunodeficiency: investigations and management.", "content": "The syndrome of asthma, recurrent viral infections and T-cell immunodeficiency is discussed. It is suggested that the management of these patients should include correction of the T-cell defects using immunopotentiators such as transfer factor and/or thymosin. Procedures for detecting subtle T cell defects are also described.", "contents": "The syndrome of asthma, recurrent viral infections and T-cell immunodeficiency: investigations and management. The syndrome of asthma, recurrent viral infections and T-cell immunodeficiency is discussed. It is suggested that the management of these patients should include correction of the T-cell defects using immunopotentiators such as transfer factor and/or thymosin. Procedures for detecting subtle T cell defects are also described.", "PMID": 380414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4970", "title": "The multi-test system: a standardized approach to evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "While delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) testing with ubiquitous antigens is acknowledged to be useful in assessment of cell mediated immunity, existing methods suffer from lack of standardized antigens and optimal doses. The authors have evaluated a new plastic, disposable device (Multi-Test, Lincoln Laboratories) for simultaneous administration of up to eight test materials by multiple puncture and seven ubiquitous antigens in 70% glycerol prepared by Institut Merieux. Each antigen was standardized chemically and biologically for DCH activity. The Multi-Test system proved to be safe, rapid, painless, and reproducible means of evaluating DCH to multiple standardized antigens. This procedure offers the potential for detecting changes in cell-mediated immunity in diseases individuals who are skin tested periodically.", "contents": "The multi-test system: a standardized approach to evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity. While delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) testing with ubiquitous antigens is acknowledged to be useful in assessment of cell mediated immunity, existing methods suffer from lack of standardized antigens and optimal doses. The authors have evaluated a new plastic, disposable device (Multi-Test, Lincoln Laboratories) for simultaneous administration of up to eight test materials by multiple puncture and seven ubiquitous antigens in 70% glycerol prepared by Institut Merieux. Each antigen was standardized chemically and biologically for DCH activity. The Multi-Test system proved to be safe, rapid, painless, and reproducible means of evaluating DCH to multiple standardized antigens. This procedure offers the potential for detecting changes in cell-mediated immunity in diseases individuals who are skin tested periodically.", "PMID": 380415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4971", "title": "Incidence of oral candidiasis during therapy with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "During treatment of 63 asthmatic patients for up to 12 months with an investigational drug, triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, no clinically diagnosed oral candidiasis occurred. After 14 months of treatment one patient (1.6%) developed an oral fungal infection. This low incidence prompted a survey concerning the incidence of oral candidal infection in the patients who took part in the entire clinical trial program of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. The survey revealed a 2.5% occurrence of oral candidiasis among 674 patients who completed at least four weeks of treatment. While direct comparisons were not available, the incidence of oral candidiasis during treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol was lower than that reported for other similarly administered steroid drugs.", "contents": "Incidence of oral candidiasis during therapy with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. During treatment of 63 asthmatic patients for up to 12 months with an investigational drug, triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, no clinically diagnosed oral candidiasis occurred. After 14 months of treatment one patient (1.6%) developed an oral fungal infection. This low incidence prompted a survey concerning the incidence of oral candidal infection in the patients who took part in the entire clinical trial program of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. The survey revealed a 2.5% occurrence of oral candidiasis among 674 patients who completed at least four weeks of treatment. While direct comparisons were not available, the incidence of oral candidiasis during treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol was lower than that reported for other similarly administered steroid drugs.", "PMID": 380416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4972", "title": "Leukocyte changes and interferon production in calves injected with hydrocortisone and infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.", "content": "Correlations between leukocyte counts and serum interferon titers were determined in calves given hydrocortisone (HC) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Calves were injected with either 1 mg or 3 mg of HC/kg of body weight every 8 hours for a total of 9 injections each. Control calves were given placebo injections. Viral inoculation was given IV 10 hours after the 1st dose of HC or placebo was given. By the time of viral inoculation, all calves injected with HC had developed neutrophilia, and the calves injected with 3 mg of HC also developed leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia; total leukocyte counts in calves injected with 1 mg of HC were increased, but not as much as in other HC-treated calves. Leukocyte counts in calves given placebo remained essentially unchanged before viral inoculation. At 1 day after IBR virus was inoculated, the number of circulating lymphocytes in HC-treated calves and control calves was decreased by more than 50%, on the average, of the counts taken before the HC injections or inoculation of virus. A significant negative correlation existed between the numbers of circulating lymphocytes and serum interferon titers at 1, 2, and 3 days after inoculation with IBR virus. The interferon response of calves undergoing lymphocyte suppression due to HC was not impaired, but was enhanced.", "contents": "Leukocyte changes and interferon production in calves injected with hydrocortisone and infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Correlations between leukocyte counts and serum interferon titers were determined in calves given hydrocortisone (HC) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Calves were injected with either 1 mg or 3 mg of HC/kg of body weight every 8 hours for a total of 9 injections each. Control calves were given placebo injections. Viral inoculation was given IV 10 hours after the 1st dose of HC or placebo was given. By the time of viral inoculation, all calves injected with HC had developed neutrophilia, and the calves injected with 3 mg of HC also developed leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia; total leukocyte counts in calves injected with 1 mg of HC were increased, but not as much as in other HC-treated calves. Leukocyte counts in calves given placebo remained essentially unchanged before viral inoculation. At 1 day after IBR virus was inoculated, the number of circulating lymphocytes in HC-treated calves and control calves was decreased by more than 50%, on the average, of the counts taken before the HC injections or inoculation of virus. A significant negative correlation existed between the numbers of circulating lymphocytes and serum interferon titers at 1, 2, and 3 days after inoculation with IBR virus. The interferon response of calves undergoing lymphocyte suppression due to HC was not impaired, but was enhanced.", "PMID": 380418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4973", "title": "Lactoperoxidase, thiocyanate, and free cystine in bovine mammary secretions in early dry period and at the start of lactation and their effect on Streptococcus agalactiae growth.", "content": "The concentrations of lactoperoxidase (LP) and thiocyanate (SCN-) in the mammary secretions of 4 dairy cows in the early dry period were similar to or higher than concentrations in the milk before drying off. The concentrations of free cystine progressively increased in the secretions beginning 3 to 5 days after the last milking; the mean concentrations were 0.66 mumoles/L before drying off and 6.66 mumoles/L after drying off. The mean concentrations of free cysteine were 0.28 mumoles/L before drying off and 1.4 mumoles/L after drying off. The secretions, when diluted in steamed milk, showed greater stimulation of Streptococcus agalactiae growth as the drying-off period progressed. This increase in stimulatory activity was attributed primarily to the increased concentrations of cystine because cystine counteracts the LP/SCN-/hydrogen peroxide inhibitory system for S agalactiae. This effect on the LP system may account for any increase in susceptibility to S agalactiae under infection during the dry period. In 3 other cows, the mammary secretions on the day of calving had lower mean concentrations of LP, SCN-, and free cystine and cysteine than those obtained 4 to 5 days before, and 7 to 8 days after calving.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase, thiocyanate, and free cystine in bovine mammary secretions in early dry period and at the start of lactation and their effect on Streptococcus agalactiae growth. The concentrations of lactoperoxidase (LP) and thiocyanate (SCN-) in the mammary secretions of 4 dairy cows in the early dry period were similar to or higher than concentrations in the milk before drying off. The concentrations of free cystine progressively increased in the secretions beginning 3 to 5 days after the last milking; the mean concentrations were 0.66 mumoles/L before drying off and 6.66 mumoles/L after drying off. The mean concentrations of free cysteine were 0.28 mumoles/L before drying off and 1.4 mumoles/L after drying off. The secretions, when diluted in steamed milk, showed greater stimulation of Streptococcus agalactiae growth as the drying-off period progressed. This increase in stimulatory activity was attributed primarily to the increased concentrations of cystine because cystine counteracts the LP/SCN-/hydrogen peroxide inhibitory system for S agalactiae. This effect on the LP system may account for any increase in susceptibility to S agalactiae under infection during the dry period. In 3 other cows, the mammary secretions on the day of calving had lower mean concentrations of LP, SCN-, and free cystine and cysteine than those obtained 4 to 5 days before, and 7 to 8 days after calving.", "PMID": 380419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4974", "title": "Pancreatic duct ligation in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Total ligation of the pancreatic ducts of a normal gland in dogs and man results in atrophy of the acinar cells with preservation of islet cell function. Theoretically, this might be applied in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis since, in effect, an exocrine pancreatectomy results. Sustained islet cell function, as evidenced by a normal glucose tolerance test, following pancreatic duct ligation, was demonstrated in dogs for periods of up to two years. Resection of the head of the pancreas and ligation of the distal gland in six patients with chronic pancreatitis and an abnormal glucose tolerance test resulted in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes in all instances. Insulin-dependent diabetes was also demonstrated in one patient with a normal preoperative glucose tolerance test. Recurrent pancreatitis developed in only one patient. The study suggests that pancreatic duct ligation is effective in treating chronic pancreatitis but casts considerable doubt on the effectiveness of this procedure in preventing the development of diabetes, if the glucose tolerance test is abnormal", "contents": "Pancreatic duct ligation in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis. Total ligation of the pancreatic ducts of a normal gland in dogs and man results in atrophy of the acinar cells with preservation of islet cell function. Theoretically, this might be applied in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis since, in effect, an exocrine pancreatectomy results. Sustained islet cell function, as evidenced by a normal glucose tolerance test, following pancreatic duct ligation, was demonstrated in dogs for periods of up to two years. Resection of the head of the pancreas and ligation of the distal gland in six patients with chronic pancreatitis and an abnormal glucose tolerance test resulted in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes in all instances. Insulin-dependent diabetes was also demonstrated in one patient with a normal preoperative glucose tolerance test. Recurrent pancreatitis developed in only one patient. The study suggests that pancreatic duct ligation is effective in treating chronic pancreatitis but casts considerable doubt on the effectiveness of this procedure in preventing the development of diabetes, if the glucose tolerance test is abnormal", "PMID": 380423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4975", "title": "[Anosmia and hypogonadism (Kallman's or Maestre de San Juan's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient, aged 15 years and three months, with hypogonadism and anosmia (Kallman's syndrome or Maestre de San Juan's syndrome) is presented. It is an sporadic case, with no associated abnormalities, who had been seen due to a lack of sexual development. Basal levels of plasmatic LH and FSH were lower than the sensitivity threshold of the method: 1.5 mlU/ml. Administration of 100 ng of GnRH alone in one dose did not evoke any change of these levels; when the same dosage was given during five consecutive days, plasmatic levels of both gonadotropins increased. Initial treatment with HCG (5,000 IU, biweekly) evoked very favourable changes in somatic and genital development.", "contents": "[Anosmia and hypogonadism (Kallman's or Maestre de San Juan's syndrome (author's transl)]. A patient, aged 15 years and three months, with hypogonadism and anosmia (Kallman's syndrome or Maestre de San Juan's syndrome) is presented. It is an sporadic case, with no associated abnormalities, who had been seen due to a lack of sexual development. Basal levels of plasmatic LH and FSH were lower than the sensitivity threshold of the method: 1.5 mlU/ml. Administration of 100 ng of GnRH alone in one dose did not evoke any change of these levels; when the same dosage was given during five consecutive days, plasmatic levels of both gonadotropins increased. Initial treatment with HCG (5,000 IU, biweekly) evoked very favourable changes in somatic and genital development.", "PMID": 380425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4976", "title": "Physostigmine reversal of diazepam-induced hypnosis. A study in human volunteers.", "content": "Under randomized double-blind conditions, 1.00 to 1.67 mg of intravenous physostigmine (Antilirium) reversed sleep induced by administration of 0.102 to 0.238 mg/kg body weight of intravenous diazepam in eight healthy human volunteers. Awakening occurred 330 to 740s after initiation of the physostigmine infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/min every 4 min. Diazepam plasma levels were not significantly different at the start of either the physostigmine or placebo infusion. Physostigmine did not effect plasma binding of diazepam. Six subjects experienced nausea, and one subject developed an arrhythmia. Physostigmine reverses diazepam-induced hypnosis but causes side-effects requiring cautious administration.", "contents": "Physostigmine reversal of diazepam-induced hypnosis. A study in human volunteers. Under randomized double-blind conditions, 1.00 to 1.67 mg of intravenous physostigmine (Antilirium) reversed sleep induced by administration of 0.102 to 0.238 mg/kg body weight of intravenous diazepam in eight healthy human volunteers. Awakening occurred 330 to 740s after initiation of the physostigmine infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/min every 4 min. Diazepam plasma levels were not significantly different at the start of either the physostigmine or placebo infusion. Physostigmine did not effect plasma binding of diazepam. Six subjects experienced nausea, and one subject developed an arrhythmia. Physostigmine reverses diazepam-induced hypnosis but causes side-effects requiring cautious administration.", "PMID": 380427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4977", "title": "Patients who amplify bodily sensations.", "content": "Patients troubled by symptoms, regardless of the degree of demonstrable disease, are subject to fources that cause them to amplify, focus upon, and worry about these bodily perceptions. These forces are psychological, sociocultural, or part of the medical care process. Optimal management of the symptomatic and somatizing patient thus entails obtaining psychological information about emotional precipitants, relevant childhood experiences, psychiatric disorders, and the personal meaning of the symptom; searching for the somatizing personality themes of masochism and guilt, hostility, and dependence; understanding the patient's goals in obtaining medical care, such as information and explanation, psychological counseling, or social and administrative intervention; and assessing situational stress, secondary gain, and ethnic and cultural forces that foster the amplification of physical symptoms.", "contents": "Patients who amplify bodily sensations. Patients troubled by symptoms, regardless of the degree of demonstrable disease, are subject to fources that cause them to amplify, focus upon, and worry about these bodily perceptions. These forces are psychological, sociocultural, or part of the medical care process. Optimal management of the symptomatic and somatizing patient thus entails obtaining psychological information about emotional precipitants, relevant childhood experiences, psychiatric disorders, and the personal meaning of the symptom; searching for the somatizing personality themes of masochism and guilt, hostility, and dependence; understanding the patient's goals in obtaining medical care, such as information and explanation, psychological counseling, or social and administrative intervention; and assessing situational stress, secondary gain, and ethnic and cultural forces that foster the amplification of physical symptoms.", "PMID": 380428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4978", "title": "Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid are an uncommon finding that is most often the result of a helminthic infection of the central nervous system. Information from the recorded literature suggests the differential diagnosis of this clinical observation is relatively limited. Therefore, in the appropriate clinical circumstances, cryptic cases of central nervous system disease might be resolved or the diagnostic possibilities at least narrowed by finding these cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid. Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid are an uncommon finding that is most often the result of a helminthic infection of the central nervous system. Information from the recorded literature suggests the differential diagnosis of this clinical observation is relatively limited. Therefore, in the appropriate clinical circumstances, cryptic cases of central nervous system disease might be resolved or the diagnostic possibilities at least narrowed by finding these cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 380429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4979", "title": "Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis: fact and controversy.", "content": "Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is prototypic of the immunologic glomerulonephritides. It most commonly follows streptococcal infection of the pharynx or skin. The diagnosis is usually not difficult when a nephritic clinical presentation (with such manifestations as hematuria, edema, and hypertension) is associated with serologic evidence of recent streptococcal infection and a depressed serum complement concentration. Currently, however, the nephritogenic antigen(s) has not been identified and has not been shown to be the same antigen for all nephritogenic streptococci; it may not even be a part of the infecting organism. The development of a vaccine to prevent this illness from occurring is therefore still not possible. Whether poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis progresses to chronic renal failure is still uncertain. Painstaking laboratory research together with careful, prospective long-term follow-up studies of patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis may provide some of the answers to these critical questions.", "contents": "Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis: fact and controversy. Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is prototypic of the immunologic glomerulonephritides. It most commonly follows streptococcal infection of the pharynx or skin. The diagnosis is usually not difficult when a nephritic clinical presentation (with such manifestations as hematuria, edema, and hypertension) is associated with serologic evidence of recent streptococcal infection and a depressed serum complement concentration. Currently, however, the nephritogenic antigen(s) has not been identified and has not been shown to be the same antigen for all nephritogenic streptococci; it may not even be a part of the infecting organism. The development of a vaccine to prevent this illness from occurring is therefore still not possible. Whether poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis progresses to chronic renal failure is still uncertain. Painstaking laboratory research together with careful, prospective long-term follow-up studies of patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis may provide some of the answers to these critical questions.", "PMID": 380430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4980", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial disease.", "content": "The introduction of computed tomography has revolutionized neurodiagnosis. This diagnostic procedure makes it possible to define intracranial anatomy by visualizing structures of different radiodensities. Computed tomography may detect and define the underlying pathologic processes more directly than is possible with other diagnostic procedures and has reduced the need for invasive contrast procedures.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial disease. The introduction of computed tomography has revolutionized neurodiagnosis. This diagnostic procedure makes it possible to define intracranial anatomy by visualizing structures of different radiodensities. Computed tomography may detect and define the underlying pathologic processes more directly than is possible with other diagnostic procedures and has reduced the need for invasive contrast procedures.", "PMID": 380431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4981", "title": "Infection due to Corynebacterium species in marrow transplant patients.", "content": "A Corynebacterium species consistently resistant to all antibiotic therapy except vancomycin caused bacteremia in 32 of 284 (11%) marrow transplant patients. Twenty-one patients had colonization or infection before bacteremia. Twenty-six of the 32 patients were males, and males older than 16 years were infected significantly more often than females over 16, or than all patient under 16. A case-control study showed that infected patients had greater exposure to antibiotics; more often had failure of engraftment and persistent granulocytopenia; were in laminar air-flow rooms less often; and had greater inhospital mortality. Cultural surveillance showed that 17 of 42 marrow transplant patients were colonized with Corynebacterium species. Likelihood of colonization appeared related to age, sex, and duration of hospitalization. Prevalence of colonization in other populations was 1% in nonhospitalized healthy adults and 13% in adults in a general hospital. Corynebacterium species infections occur primarily in adult males with granulocytopenia, mucocutaneous defects, and receiving intensive antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Infection due to Corynebacterium species in marrow transplant patients. A Corynebacterium species consistently resistant to all antibiotic therapy except vancomycin caused bacteremia in 32 of 284 (11%) marrow transplant patients. Twenty-one patients had colonization or infection before bacteremia. Twenty-six of the 32 patients were males, and males older than 16 years were infected significantly more often than females over 16, or than all patient under 16. A case-control study showed that infected patients had greater exposure to antibiotics; more often had failure of engraftment and persistent granulocytopenia; were in laminar air-flow rooms less often; and had greater inhospital mortality. Cultural surveillance showed that 17 of 42 marrow transplant patients were colonized with Corynebacterium species. Likelihood of colonization appeared related to age, sex, and duration of hospitalization. Prevalence of colonization in other populations was 1% in nonhospitalized healthy adults and 13% in adults in a general hospital. Corynebacterium species infections occur primarily in adult males with granulocytopenia, mucocutaneous defects, and receiving intensive antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 380432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4982", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis: clinical and epidemiologic features.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus subspecies (ssp.) jejuni has been recently recognized to cause diarrheal disease in man. To assess its importance as an enteric pathogen, we prospectively studied 514 patients with diarrhea. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from the feces of 26 patients (5%) and seven of 11 of their symptomatic household contacts. This organism was isolated from the feces of only one of 18 asymptomatic household contacts and not at all from 157 other healthy persons. Seventeen of 20 patients from whom C. fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from fecal culture showed at least a fourfold rise in specific IgG titers. Review of 35 cases of campylobacter enteritis identified a typical clinical syndrome with acute onset of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and constitutional symptoms. Stool examination revealed blood in 60% and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 78% of patients. Epidemiologic investigation strongly suggested an external source for the infection in 22 of 35 patients.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis: clinical and epidemiologic features. Campylobacter fetus subspecies (ssp.) jejuni has been recently recognized to cause diarrheal disease in man. To assess its importance as an enteric pathogen, we prospectively studied 514 patients with diarrhea. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from the feces of 26 patients (5%) and seven of 11 of their symptomatic household contacts. This organism was isolated from the feces of only one of 18 asymptomatic household contacts and not at all from 157 other healthy persons. Seventeen of 20 patients from whom C. fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from fecal culture showed at least a fourfold rise in specific IgG titers. Review of 35 cases of campylobacter enteritis identified a typical clinical syndrome with acute onset of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and constitutional symptoms. Stool examination revealed blood in 60% and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 78% of patients. Epidemiologic investigation strongly suggested an external source for the infection in 22 of 35 patients.", "PMID": 380433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4983", "title": "Hemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasis. A controlled trial.", "content": "We have treated seven patients with severe psoriasis with sham or true hemodialysis. Three patients received one 24-h course of true hemodialysis over 4 d followed by an identical 24-h course 4 weeks later. Four patients received one 24-h course of sham diaglysis over 4 d followed by a 24-h course of true dialysis 4 weeks later. Significant subjective improvement was noted by both groups after the first series of treatments but not after the second. No objective improvement in skin disease was found at any time. We were unable to confirm the many uncontrolled reports on the efficacy of dialysis in ameliorating severe psoriasis. Neither the heparin used for anticoagulation, the acetate present in the dialysis bath, nor the removal of a \"psoriatic factor\" seemed to affect the skin disease in these patients.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasis. A controlled trial. We have treated seven patients with severe psoriasis with sham or true hemodialysis. Three patients received one 24-h course of true hemodialysis over 4 d followed by an identical 24-h course 4 weeks later. Four patients received one 24-h course of sham diaglysis over 4 d followed by a 24-h course of true dialysis 4 weeks later. Significant subjective improvement was noted by both groups after the first series of treatments but not after the second. No objective improvement in skin disease was found at any time. We were unable to confirm the many uncontrolled reports on the efficacy of dialysis in ameliorating severe psoriasis. Neither the heparin used for anticoagulation, the acetate present in the dialysis bath, nor the removal of a \"psoriatic factor\" seemed to affect the skin disease in these patients.", "PMID": 380434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4984", "title": "Bretylium tosylate: a newly available antiarrhythmic drug for ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Bretylium tosylate (Bretylol) has recently been approved for parenteral use against resistant ventricular arrhythmias. The pharmacologic action of bretylium is complex, and its antiarrhythmic action differs significantly from other drugs. Bretylium is an adrenergic neuronal blocking agent taken up selectively at peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals, where it initially releases norepinephrine (sympathomimetic effect) and then produces adrenergic neuronal blockade. It has direct cardiac membrane effect to prolong action potential duration and effective refractory period but, unlike other membrane active antiarrhythmic agents, does not depress conduction velocity or automaticity. Bretylium increases ventricular fibrillation threshold and prevents the decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold associated with myocardial ischemia. It does not depress myocardial contractility. Clinical studies have shown parenteral bretylium to be effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias, particularly recurrent, drug resistant ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Bretylium tosylate: a newly available antiarrhythmic drug for ventricular arrhythmias. Bretylium tosylate (Bretylol) has recently been approved for parenteral use against resistant ventricular arrhythmias. The pharmacologic action of bretylium is complex, and its antiarrhythmic action differs significantly from other drugs. Bretylium is an adrenergic neuronal blocking agent taken up selectively at peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals, where it initially releases norepinephrine (sympathomimetic effect) and then produces adrenergic neuronal blockade. It has direct cardiac membrane effect to prolong action potential duration and effective refractory period but, unlike other membrane active antiarrhythmic agents, does not depress conduction velocity or automaticity. Bretylium increases ventricular fibrillation threshold and prevents the decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold associated with myocardial ischemia. It does not depress myocardial contractility. Clinical studies have shown parenteral bretylium to be effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias, particularly recurrent, drug resistant ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 380436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4985", "title": "Multimodal primary cancer treatment (adjuvant chemotherapy): current results and future prospects.", "content": "In the 1970s chemotherapy has been successfully incorporated into curative primary treatment programs for various adult malignancies so that it is no longer solely palliative treatment for advanced disease. For at least three malignancies and tentatively a fourth (breast and colon carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and melanoma), certain groups of patients have had longer disease-free survival produced by the use of chemotherapy after surgical removal of the primary lesion. The potential impact on cancer mortality from these treatment results is obvious. We review here the fundamental laboratory concepts that have led to human trial of multimodal primary therapy regimens. Data from numerous clinical trials are analyzed, with delineation of the problems encountered in the interpretation of their results.", "contents": "Multimodal primary cancer treatment (adjuvant chemotherapy): current results and future prospects. In the 1970s chemotherapy has been successfully incorporated into curative primary treatment programs for various adult malignancies so that it is no longer solely palliative treatment for advanced disease. For at least three malignancies and tentatively a fourth (breast and colon carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and melanoma), certain groups of patients have had longer disease-free survival produced by the use of chemotherapy after surgical removal of the primary lesion. The potential impact on cancer mortality from these treatment results is obvious. We review here the fundamental laboratory concepts that have led to human trial of multimodal primary therapy regimens. Data from numerous clinical trials are analyzed, with delineation of the problems encountered in the interpretation of their results.", "PMID": 380437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4986", "title": "Closed eye techniques of intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "The advantages of a corneal incision are discussed and the general trend toward closed eye surgery, as well as the reasons for the trend, are defined and reviewed. The mechanics involved in my method are presented as well as the theory and use of the lens glide. Finally, the Beale Continuous Corneal Closure method is discussed. Though this suture may take as long as 8 to 10 minutes to place properly, when it is completed it provides the patient with total mobility and the surgeon with total peace of mind.", "contents": "Closed eye techniques of intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. The advantages of a corneal incision are discussed and the general trend toward closed eye surgery, as well as the reasons for the trend, are defined and reviewed. The mechanics involved in my method are presented as well as the theory and use of the lens glide. Finally, the Beale Continuous Corneal Closure method is discussed. Though this suture may take as long as 8 to 10 minutes to place properly, when it is completed it provides the patient with total mobility and the surgeon with total peace of mind.", "PMID": 380441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4987", "title": "Size of donor corneal button and outflow facility in aphakic eyes.", "content": "Outflow facility was measured in 6 human eye bank eyes following penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction. A 7.5 mm corneal button was removed and replaced by an 8 mm button using conventional mid-to-deep stromal sutures. Baseline outflow facility in the phakic eyes (0.28 +/- 0.12 microliter/min/mm Hg, mean +/- SD) was unchanged (0.29 +/- 0.12) following the cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty using the larger corneal button.", "contents": "Size of donor corneal button and outflow facility in aphakic eyes. Outflow facility was measured in 6 human eye bank eyes following penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction. A 7.5 mm corneal button was removed and replaced by an 8 mm button using conventional mid-to-deep stromal sutures. Baseline outflow facility in the phakic eyes (0.28 +/- 0.12 microliter/min/mm Hg, mean +/- SD) was unchanged (0.29 +/- 0.12) following the cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty using the larger corneal button.", "PMID": 380442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4988", "title": "[Cutaneous manifestations of malabsorption diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Malabsorption (M) is characterized by absorption defect of one or several nutriments in small bowel. Its clinical expression is rarely obvious and biological signs are: anaemia, low serum protein, albumin and lipid rates, low serum calcium, phosphorus and potassium level, and hypoprothrombinaemia. But only 4 simple and reliable tests are needed for diagnosis: i. e.: daily faecal fat amount measurement, daily faecal nitrogen excretion, the xylose test and the Schilling's test. This syndrome is related to many conditions which can be divided into 2 groups with and without intestinal abnormalities. The relationships between M and skin diseases belong to 4 types (J. Marks and S. Shuster): 1) M is responsible for the cutaneous signs, 2) M is caused by a skin disease, 3) both M and skin disease are the result of a same cause, 4) M and skin disease are associated in an indirect way. Only the two first types are dealt with in this report. Skin manifestations occur as a complication in 10 p. 100 to 20 p. 100 of cases of M. They are mostly polymorphous or non-specific, as they are related to multiple vitamin or essential amino acid deficiencies and heal with the treatment of M. The main conditions encountered are diffuse pigmentation, acquired ichthyosis, follicular keratosis, nail brittleness and hair loss. Mucous membrane lesions, purpura and eczematoid or psoriasis-like dermatitis have also been described. More uncommon are clubbing of fingers, finger print abnormalities, kwashiorkor or acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions. The dermatogenic enteropathy, i. e. a M syndrome due to a skin disease, occurs as a result of widespread involvement of the body for instance in psoriasis or eczema; its clinical expression is rarely obvious, the histological record of gut biopsy usually normal and the results of biological tests often dissociated, but steatorrhoea is frequently found. The pathogenesis of the condition is still unknown but its importance is related to the extent of the skin disease and it only improves with the treatment of the latter. All these features and others are discussed in the report with a comprehensive review of the literature.", "contents": "[Cutaneous manifestations of malabsorption diseases (author's transl)]. Malabsorption (M) is characterized by absorption defect of one or several nutriments in small bowel. Its clinical expression is rarely obvious and biological signs are: anaemia, low serum protein, albumin and lipid rates, low serum calcium, phosphorus and potassium level, and hypoprothrombinaemia. But only 4 simple and reliable tests are needed for diagnosis: i. e.: daily faecal fat amount measurement, daily faecal nitrogen excretion, the xylose test and the Schilling's test. This syndrome is related to many conditions which can be divided into 2 groups with and without intestinal abnormalities. The relationships between M and skin diseases belong to 4 types (J. Marks and S. Shuster): 1) M is responsible for the cutaneous signs, 2) M is caused by a skin disease, 3) both M and skin disease are the result of a same cause, 4) M and skin disease are associated in an indirect way. Only the two first types are dealt with in this report. Skin manifestations occur as a complication in 10 p. 100 to 20 p. 100 of cases of M. They are mostly polymorphous or non-specific, as they are related to multiple vitamin or essential amino acid deficiencies and heal with the treatment of M. The main conditions encountered are diffuse pigmentation, acquired ichthyosis, follicular keratosis, nail brittleness and hair loss. Mucous membrane lesions, purpura and eczematoid or psoriasis-like dermatitis have also been described. More uncommon are clubbing of fingers, finger print abnormalities, kwashiorkor or acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions. The dermatogenic enteropathy, i. e. a M syndrome due to a skin disease, occurs as a result of widespread involvement of the body for instance in psoriasis or eczema; its clinical expression is rarely obvious, the histological record of gut biopsy usually normal and the results of biological tests often dissociated, but steatorrhoea is frequently found. The pathogenesis of the condition is still unknown but its importance is related to the extent of the skin disease and it only improves with the treatment of the latter. All these features and others are discussed in the report with a comprehensive review of the literature.", "PMID": 380445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4989", "title": "Antibody activity in otitis media with effusion.", "content": "Bacteria were isolated from a high percentage of the effusions from patients with otitis media with effusion (OME, serous otitis media). In an attempt to determine if the isolated bacteria were involved in the disease process, we analyzed the serum and effusion of 25 OME patients for the presence of antibacterial antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody method. Specific antibody activity was detected in 20 of 25 effusions (80%) and 19 of 22 sera (86%). IgG antibodies were the most frequently found class of antibodies in both sera and effusions, but IgA antibodies were detected more frequently in the effusions than in the sera. Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and diphtheroids were the most frequently isolated organisms, and antibody activity to all bacterial species isolated was detected. The results support the concept that the isolated bacteria are not contaminants but are actively involved in the disease process.", "contents": "Antibody activity in otitis media with effusion. Bacteria were isolated from a high percentage of the effusions from patients with otitis media with effusion (OME, serous otitis media). In an attempt to determine if the isolated bacteria were involved in the disease process, we analyzed the serum and effusion of 25 OME patients for the presence of antibacterial antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody method. Specific antibody activity was detected in 20 of 25 effusions (80%) and 19 of 22 sera (86%). IgG antibodies were the most frequently found class of antibodies in both sera and effusions, but IgA antibodies were detected more frequently in the effusions than in the sera. Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and diphtheroids were the most frequently isolated organisms, and antibody activity to all bacterial species isolated was detected. The results support the concept that the isolated bacteria are not contaminants but are actively involved in the disease process.", "PMID": 380443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4990", "title": "Tissue adhesion with highly concentrated human fibrinogen in otolaryngology.", "content": "This paper summarizes a tissue adhesive system consisting of highly concentrated human fibrinogen and thrombin. The addition of blood-clotting factor XIII stabilizes the adhesive system against fibrinolysis. Although the adhesion system cannot and should not replace surgical suture, it provides valuable assistance in tissue synthesis and in local hemostasis, particularly in cases where conventional suture methods are especially difficult to apply. In addition to good adhesion, an elastic consistency, and good tissue compatibility, the adhesive is completely absorbed and, therefore, preferable to conventional tissue adhesives based on cyanoacrylate. The system has been used successfully in split thickness skin graft application, myringoplasty, repair of dural defects, hemostasis after tonsillectomy, and achieving an airtight seal in tracheoplasty.", "contents": "Tissue adhesion with highly concentrated human fibrinogen in otolaryngology. This paper summarizes a tissue adhesive system consisting of highly concentrated human fibrinogen and thrombin. The addition of blood-clotting factor XIII stabilizes the adhesive system against fibrinolysis. Although the adhesion system cannot and should not replace surgical suture, it provides valuable assistance in tissue synthesis and in local hemostasis, particularly in cases where conventional suture methods are especially difficult to apply. In addition to good adhesion, an elastic consistency, and good tissue compatibility, the adhesive is completely absorbed and, therefore, preferable to conventional tissue adhesives based on cyanoacrylate. The system has been used successfully in split thickness skin graft application, myringoplasty, repair of dural defects, hemostasis after tonsillectomy, and achieving an airtight seal in tracheoplasty.", "PMID": 380444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4991", "title": "[Sensitivity to antibacterial preparations of the pseudotuberculosis bacteria isolated on the territory of the Ukraine].", "content": "Sensitivity of 92 strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis isolated in the Ukraine was studied with respect to 26 antibacterial drugs. It was found that the strains of the pseudotuberculous bacteria were sensitive to 17 drugs, i.e. benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, polymyxin, colistin, furadontin, nalidixic acid, sulfisoxazol and septrin. No differences in the sensitivity of the strains isolated in various districts of the Ukraine and from various sources were found. By their antibiotic sensitivity the strains isolated in the Ukraine did not differ from the cultures isolated in other districts of the USSR and abroad.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to antibacterial preparations of the pseudotuberculosis bacteria isolated on the territory of the Ukraine]. Sensitivity of 92 strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis isolated in the Ukraine was studied with respect to 26 antibacterial drugs. It was found that the strains of the pseudotuberculous bacteria were sensitive to 17 drugs, i.e. benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, polymyxin, colistin, furadontin, nalidixic acid, sulfisoxazol and septrin. No differences in the sensitivity of the strains isolated in various districts of the Ukraine and from various sources were found. By their antibiotic sensitivity the strains isolated in the Ukraine did not differ from the cultures isolated in other districts of the USSR and abroad.", "PMID": 380451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4992", "title": "[Change in the biological properties of salmonellae in acquiring resistance to chloramphenicol].", "content": "Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella abony resistant to 40 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol were obtained during selection according to the method of Szybalski on Hottinger broth with increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. By the colony morphology the mutants were divided into 4 groups. The study of the mutant biological properties revealed changes in the growth rate characterized by elongation of the lag-phase and exponential phase, changes in the biochemical activity evident from lower fermentation rate of some carbohydrates and production of hydrogen sulphide and changes in some amino acid dependence. Increased cross resistance to tetracycline and benzylpenicillin and decreased resistance to kanamycin were noted. The LD50 of most mutants was increased as compared to that of the initial strains. Combination of several types of the changes was observed in some mutants. It is supposed that resistance to chloramphenicol in the mutants is due to mutations in several genes. Some of such genes had pleuotropic effect because of the changes in the structure of the ribosome 50S subunits.", "contents": "[Change in the biological properties of salmonellae in acquiring resistance to chloramphenicol]. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella abony resistant to 40 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol were obtained during selection according to the method of Szybalski on Hottinger broth with increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. By the colony morphology the mutants were divided into 4 groups. The study of the mutant biological properties revealed changes in the growth rate characterized by elongation of the lag-phase and exponential phase, changes in the biochemical activity evident from lower fermentation rate of some carbohydrates and production of hydrogen sulphide and changes in some amino acid dependence. Increased cross resistance to tetracycline and benzylpenicillin and decreased resistance to kanamycin were noted. The LD50 of most mutants was increased as compared to that of the initial strains. Combination of several types of the changes was observed in some mutants. It is supposed that resistance to chloramphenicol in the mutants is due to mutations in several genes. Some of such genes had pleuotropic effect because of the changes in the structure of the ribosome 50S subunits.", "PMID": 380452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4993", "title": "Diagnosis of early endometrial cancer and precancerous states.", "content": "After a brief epidemiologic survey of endometrial cancer, the subject of detection and diagnosis of early lesions is addressed. Emphasis is placed on major gaps that exist in the knowledge of natural history of the disease. Cytologic and histologic detection and diagnostic techniques are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages discussed.", "contents": "Diagnosis of early endometrial cancer and precancerous states. After a brief epidemiologic survey of endometrial cancer, the subject of detection and diagnosis of early lesions is addressed. Emphasis is placed on major gaps that exist in the knowledge of natural history of the disease. Cytologic and histologic detection and diagnostic techniques are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages discussed.", "PMID": 380447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4994", "title": "[Effect of low doses of chloramphenicol on ribosomal precursor formation in E. coli cells].", "content": "RNA synthesized in the cells of E. coli CP 78 (rel+) in the presence of chloramphenicol low concentrations (5 microgram/ml) was found in 30S and 50S subunits and monosomes. A significant part of it was alotted to ribonucleoproteid or chloramphenicol particles. The protein content of ribonucleoproteid amounted to 22-25% and the content of RNA in it was equal to 78-75%.", "contents": "[Effect of low doses of chloramphenicol on ribosomal precursor formation in E. coli cells]. RNA synthesized in the cells of E. coli CP 78 (rel+) in the presence of chloramphenicol low concentrations (5 microgram/ml) was found in 30S and 50S subunits and monosomes. A significant part of it was alotted to ribonucleoproteid or chloramphenicol particles. The protein content of ribonucleoproteid amounted to 22-25% and the content of RNA in it was equal to 78-75%.", "PMID": 380453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4995", "title": "The endocrine thymus.", "content": "The mediastinal, lympho-epithelial organ was termed thymus to denote a ductless, gland-like body which has the appearance of a \"warty excrescence\" (Greek, thymos). Early investigators had ascribed a functional role to this gland including the production of humoral factors which modulated cell growth, maturation and exerted influence on the process of mineralization. Investigators of the past decade have vindicated these observations and identified that the thymus is, indeed, an organ which \"sets in motion, and spurs on\" (Gr. hormaein) target tissues.", "contents": "The endocrine thymus. The mediastinal, lympho-epithelial organ was termed thymus to denote a ductless, gland-like body which has the appearance of a \"warty excrescence\" (Greek, thymos). Early investigators had ascribed a functional role to this gland including the production of humoral factors which modulated cell growth, maturation and exerted influence on the process of mineralization. Investigators of the past decade have vindicated these observations and identified that the thymus is, indeed, an organ which \"sets in motion, and spurs on\" (Gr. hormaein) target tissues.", "PMID": 380448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4996", "title": "Histochemistry of steroid receptors in breast cancer: an overview.", "content": "Immunofluorescence and a new histochemical technique were employed to assay 226 breast cancer specimens for estrogen receptor. Results showed an overall correlation of 91 percent when compared to those of biochemical assays. The histochemical technique is rapid, easy to perform and reveals the same parameters as does immunofluorescence without the need for antiserum. Tumor cell receptor heterogeneity and location of receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus is readily defined by both methods. These histologic tests should prove to be useful in extending the availability of estrogen receptor analysis to all patients with breast cancer.", "contents": "Histochemistry of steroid receptors in breast cancer: an overview. Immunofluorescence and a new histochemical technique were employed to assay 226 breast cancer specimens for estrogen receptor. Results showed an overall correlation of 91 percent when compared to those of biochemical assays. The histochemical technique is rapid, easy to perform and reveals the same parameters as does immunofluorescence without the need for antiserum. Tumor cell receptor heterogeneity and location of receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus is readily defined by both methods. These histologic tests should prove to be useful in extending the availability of estrogen receptor analysis to all patients with breast cancer.", "PMID": 380449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4997", "title": "[Immunodepressive action of carminomycin and rubomycin derivatives].", "content": "The immunodepressive effects of carminomycin and its 3 semi-synthetic derivatives, as well as rubomycin and its derivative R-103 were compared. It was found that 14-hydroxycarminomycin was much superior to the other substances in the experiments with synthesis induction suppression of antibodies against sheep red cells in mice. Suppression of the rejection of the skin allogenic grafts in the mice by carminomycin was higher as compared to that by the other substances. Probably different populations of the immune competent cells have selective sensitivity to separate anthracyclines.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive action of carminomycin and rubomycin derivatives]. The immunodepressive effects of carminomycin and its 3 semi-synthetic derivatives, as well as rubomycin and its derivative R-103 were compared. It was found that 14-hydroxycarminomycin was much superior to the other substances in the experiments with synthesis induction suppression of antibodies against sheep red cells in mice. Suppression of the rejection of the skin allogenic grafts in the mice by carminomycin was higher as compared to that by the other substances. Probably different populations of the immune competent cells have selective sensitivity to separate anthracyclines.", "PMID": 380454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4998", "title": "[Clinical effectiveness of carbenicillin in suppurative inflammatory processes of varying localization].", "content": "The study on sensitivity of clinical strains of the causative agents of purulent infections to carbenicillin showed that 34.6% of the staphylococcal strains, 48.1% of the E. coli strains and 40.3% of the Proteus strains were sensitive to the antibiotic. The strains of Ps. aeruginosa were characterized by moderate sensitivity to carbenicillin. The MTC for most of the isolates ranged within 25-128 microgram/ml. High therapeutic efficacy of carbenicillin in treatment of cases with purulent inflammatory processes of various localization was shown. Positive results were obtained in 82.5% of the adults and 76.2% of the premature infants treated with carbenicillin. A satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed in the cases with sepsis, diffuse purulent peritonitis and abscessing pneumonia treated with carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin.", "contents": "[Clinical effectiveness of carbenicillin in suppurative inflammatory processes of varying localization]. The study on sensitivity of clinical strains of the causative agents of purulent infections to carbenicillin showed that 34.6% of the staphylococcal strains, 48.1% of the E. coli strains and 40.3% of the Proteus strains were sensitive to the antibiotic. The strains of Ps. aeruginosa were characterized by moderate sensitivity to carbenicillin. The MTC for most of the isolates ranged within 25-128 microgram/ml. High therapeutic efficacy of carbenicillin in treatment of cases with purulent inflammatory processes of various localization was shown. Positive results were obtained in 82.5% of the adults and 76.2% of the premature infants treated with carbenicillin. A satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed in the cases with sepsis, diffuse purulent peritonitis and abscessing pneumonia treated with carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin.", "PMID": 380455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_4999", "title": "Histochemistry of steroid receptors in prostatic diseases.", "content": "Tissue obtained from 55 men with prostatic disease was assayed for estrogen and androgen receptors by a newly developed histochemical technique. The material studied consisted of 45 specimens of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and 10 specimens of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The results obtained were compared to those of parallel biochemical assays in 17 cases and successfully correlated in 85 percent. The new procedure is rapid, inexpensive and accurate, allowing for the detection of receptor in cytoplasm and/or nucleus and evaluation of receptor heterogeneity. The histochemical method may offer an alternate to biochemical assay of prostatic tissue as contamination with steroid binding globulins does not appear to be a problem at this time.", "contents": "Histochemistry of steroid receptors in prostatic diseases. Tissue obtained from 55 men with prostatic disease was assayed for estrogen and androgen receptors by a newly developed histochemical technique. The material studied consisted of 45 specimens of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and 10 specimens of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The results obtained were compared to those of parallel biochemical assays in 17 cases and successfully correlated in 85 percent. The new procedure is rapid, inexpensive and accurate, allowing for the detection of receptor in cytoplasm and/or nucleus and evaluation of receptor heterogeneity. The histochemical method may offer an alternate to biochemical assay of prostatic tissue as contamination with steroid binding globulins does not appear to be a problem at this time.", "PMID": 380450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5000", "title": "[Course of dysentery and the specific alteration of the neutrophils in children in the use of monomycin and a diet with an increased protein content].", "content": "Acute dysentery mainly due to Shigella sonnei and dynamics of the neutrophil damage index (NDI) of the blood were studied in 80 children at the age of 1 to 14. 20 children (group 1) were treated with monomycin under conditions of a diet with an excessive content of protein (by 25% higher than the physiological norm). 60 children or 3 groups of 20 children each were not subject to such conditions and were considered as control groups. Reduction in the time of recovery (by 4 days) and bacteriological sanation (by 6 days) of the convalescents in the 1st group decreased as compared to that in the control groups. The test for the NDI of the blood was close in all the groups. It was concluded that an excessive protein content in the diet increased the efficacy of monomycin therapy in dysentery children. It is recommended that the diet with an excessive protein content be used in monomycin treatment of dysentery children.", "contents": "[Course of dysentery and the specific alteration of the neutrophils in children in the use of monomycin and a diet with an increased protein content]. Acute dysentery mainly due to Shigella sonnei and dynamics of the neutrophil damage index (NDI) of the blood were studied in 80 children at the age of 1 to 14. 20 children (group 1) were treated with monomycin under conditions of a diet with an excessive content of protein (by 25% higher than the physiological norm). 60 children or 3 groups of 20 children each were not subject to such conditions and were considered as control groups. Reduction in the time of recovery (by 4 days) and bacteriological sanation (by 6 days) of the convalescents in the 1st group decreased as compared to that in the control groups. The test for the NDI of the blood was close in all the groups. It was concluded that an excessive protein content in the diet increased the efficacy of monomycin therapy in dysentery children. It is recommended that the diet with an excessive protein content be used in monomycin treatment of dysentery children.", "PMID": 380456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5001", "title": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by beta-lactam antibiotics with poor antibacterial activity: interaction of permeability and intrinsic activity against penicillin-binding proteins.", "content": "The effect of methicillin, cloxacillin, 1078/1/1, penicillin G, and cephaloridine upon the penicillin-binding proteins of a permeability mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 and its isogenic wild type have been investigated. Comparison of the 50% inhibition values for the antibiotics against the penicillin-binding proteins of the two strains with the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the same compounds indicates that methicillin, cloxacillin, 1078/1/1, and to a lesser extent penicillin G, owe their poor antibacterial activity to exclusion from the bacterial cell, whereas cephaloridine is not excluded and is equally active against both the mutant and its wild type. The results further suggest that the lesion in the permeability mutant E. coli DC2 allows free access of all the compounds tested to the inner membrane target proteins.", "contents": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by beta-lactam antibiotics with poor antibacterial activity: interaction of permeability and intrinsic activity against penicillin-binding proteins. The effect of methicillin, cloxacillin, 1078/1/1, penicillin G, and cephaloridine upon the penicillin-binding proteins of a permeability mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 and its isogenic wild type have been investigated. Comparison of the 50% inhibition values for the antibiotics against the penicillin-binding proteins of the two strains with the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the same compounds indicates that methicillin, cloxacillin, 1078/1/1, and to a lesser extent penicillin G, owe their poor antibacterial activity to exclusion from the bacterial cell, whereas cephaloridine is not excluded and is equally active against both the mutant and its wild type. The results further suggest that the lesion in the permeability mutant E. coli DC2 allows free access of all the compounds tested to the inner membrane target proteins.", "PMID": 380457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5002", "title": "Cefamandole therapy in anaerobic infections.", "content": "Thirty-one adult patients with infections due to anaerobic bacteria were treated with cefamandole. Bacteroides fragilis group (17) and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (13) were the most frequent anaerobes isolated. Duration of therapy varied from 2 to 49 days. Results were judged satisfactory in 26 cases, and unsatisfactory in 1 case. Four cases could not be evaluated. Adverse reactions occurred in 16 patients and included positive direct Coombs' test without hemolysis, transient liver function abnormalities, phlebitis, reversible neutropenia, fever, eosinophilia, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The more significant reactions were associated with prolonged therapy. None was lethal. These data suggest that cefamandole is effective in treatment of most anaerobic infections.", "contents": "Cefamandole therapy in anaerobic infections. Thirty-one adult patients with infections due to anaerobic bacteria were treated with cefamandole. Bacteroides fragilis group (17) and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (13) were the most frequent anaerobes isolated. Duration of therapy varied from 2 to 49 days. Results were judged satisfactory in 26 cases, and unsatisfactory in 1 case. Four cases could not be evaluated. Adverse reactions occurred in 16 patients and included positive direct Coombs' test without hemolysis, transient liver function abnormalities, phlebitis, reversible neutropenia, fever, eosinophilia, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The more significant reactions were associated with prolonged therapy. None was lethal. These data suggest that cefamandole is effective in treatment of most anaerobic infections.", "PMID": 380458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5003", "title": "Clindamycin in treatment of aspiration pneumonia in children.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections were treated with clindamycin alone or clindamycin with gentamicin. Sixteen of the patients presented with pneumonitis, nine with necrotizing pneumonia, and three with lung abscesses. The average length of treatment was 13.8 days, and the duration of temperature after initiation of therapy was 3.1 days. The predominant isolates were anaerobic gram-positive cocci (23 isolates), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (14), Bacteroides fragilis (9), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (11). The most frequent aerobic isolates were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (12), Diplococcus pneumoniae (12), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7), group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (5), Staphylococcus aureus (9), and Escherichia coli (6). All patients responded to the therapy and were cured of the infection. There were no side effects observed from the administration of clindamycin. None of the patients developed any blood dyscrasia, liver damage, diarrhea, or colitis. Clindamycin appears to be effective in the treatment of mixed aerobic and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections in children, alone or with an aminoglycoside when indicated.", "contents": "Clindamycin in treatment of aspiration pneumonia in children. Twenty-eight patients with anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections were treated with clindamycin alone or clindamycin with gentamicin. Sixteen of the patients presented with pneumonitis, nine with necrotizing pneumonia, and three with lung abscesses. The average length of treatment was 13.8 days, and the duration of temperature after initiation of therapy was 3.1 days. The predominant isolates were anaerobic gram-positive cocci (23 isolates), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (14), Bacteroides fragilis (9), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (11). The most frequent aerobic isolates were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (12), Diplococcus pneumoniae (12), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7), group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (5), Staphylococcus aureus (9), and Escherichia coli (6). All patients responded to the therapy and were cured of the infection. There were no side effects observed from the administration of clindamycin. None of the patients developed any blood dyscrasia, liver damage, diarrhea, or colitis. Clindamycin appears to be effective in the treatment of mixed aerobic and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections in children, alone or with an aminoglycoside when indicated.", "PMID": 380459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5004", "title": "Effect of a Salmonella group H1 R factor on virulence and response of infections to antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "A group H1 R factor encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was transferred into Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. The virulence of LT-2 for mice, as assessed by intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose and the number of organisms in the spleen, was not affected by the R factor. On the other hand, the R factor conferred resistance in mouse infections to therapy with chloramphenicol and trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole.", "contents": "Effect of a Salmonella group H1 R factor on virulence and response of infections to antimicrobial therapy. A group H1 R factor encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was transferred into Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. The virulence of LT-2 for mice, as assessed by intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose and the number of organisms in the spleen, was not affected by the R factor. On the other hand, the R factor conferred resistance in mouse infections to therapy with chloramphenicol and trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole.", "PMID": 380460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5005", "title": "Synergistic effects of ampicillin-aminoglycoside combinations on group B streptococci.", "content": "The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and amikacin in combination with ampicillin was determined against aminoglycoside-resistant group B streptococci. Synergy in each combination was determined by quantitative kill curves and demonstrated in all the combinations tested.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of ampicillin-aminoglycoside combinations on group B streptococci. The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and amikacin in combination with ampicillin was determined against aminoglycoside-resistant group B streptococci. Synergy in each combination was determined by quantitative kill curves and demonstrated in all the combinations tested.", "PMID": 380461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5006", "title": "Thienamycin: new beta-lactam antibiotic with potent broad-spectrum activity.", "content": "Thienamycin, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, exhibited potent, broad-spectrum activity in vitro against gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci, including many isolates resistant to currently available antibiotics. All isolates were inhibited at concentrations less than or equal to 25 mug/ml, with the exception of 12% of isolates of Enterobacter spp. and 3% of isolates of Serratia marcescens. Its activity decreased with an increase in inoculum concentration of from 10(5) to 10(7) cells per ml.", "contents": "Thienamycin: new beta-lactam antibiotic with potent broad-spectrum activity. Thienamycin, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, exhibited potent, broad-spectrum activity in vitro against gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci, including many isolates resistant to currently available antibiotics. All isolates were inhibited at concentrations less than or equal to 25 mug/ml, with the exception of 12% of isolates of Enterobacter spp. and 3% of isolates of Serratia marcescens. Its activity decreased with an increase in inoculum concentration of from 10(5) to 10(7) cells per ml.", "PMID": 380462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5007", "title": "Nosocomial multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: epidemiology of an outbreak of apparent index case origin.", "content": "A nosocomial epidemic of multiply resistant (MR) Klebsiella pneumoniae characterized by resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin occurred in a Veterans Administration hospital from 1975 to 1977. A total of 66 infected or colonized patients were observed in a 2-year period; there were 43 urinary tract infections, 13 wound or soft tissue infections, 8 pneumonias, and 6 patients with only asymptomatic stool colonization. Four patients had both pneumonia and a urinary tract infection. There were five secondary bacteremias. The majority of MR K. pneumoniae strains were type 30, but types 17, 21, and 23 and nontypable organisms were also recovered. Other gram-negative bacilli with the same antibiotic resistance pattern were isolated from 14 patients. Seven MR K. pneumoniae and three resistant Escherichia coli isolates were shown to transfer resistance to E. coli K-12. MR K. pneumoniae-infected patients were seriously ill, had long hospitalization times (mean, 67 days), and were in close geographic proximity to other cases. Compared with controls, cases more frequently had prior antibiotic treatment and urinary catheters, but not respiratory instrumentation, nasogastric tubes, or antacid treatment. The apparent source of the outbreak was traced to an index case who entered the hospital with an MR K. pneumoniae urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic gastrointestinal carriage without infection elsewhere was infrequent (1.6% of cultured patients), but 78% of patients with MR K. pneumoniae infections at other sites also had the organism in their stools. Hospital antibiotic usage was unchanged before and during the outbreak. The identification of an index case and relative lack of asymptomatic stool carriers are unique features of this plasmid-mediated MR K. pneumoniae epidemic. Although this MR K. pneumoniae outbreak appeared to be controlled by the use of isolation techniques, a simultaneous increase in gentamicin resistance among other gram-negative organisms was observed.", "contents": "Nosocomial multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: epidemiology of an outbreak of apparent index case origin. A nosocomial epidemic of multiply resistant (MR) Klebsiella pneumoniae characterized by resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin occurred in a Veterans Administration hospital from 1975 to 1977. A total of 66 infected or colonized patients were observed in a 2-year period; there were 43 urinary tract infections, 13 wound or soft tissue infections, 8 pneumonias, and 6 patients with only asymptomatic stool colonization. Four patients had both pneumonia and a urinary tract infection. There were five secondary bacteremias. The majority of MR K. pneumoniae strains were type 30, but types 17, 21, and 23 and nontypable organisms were also recovered. Other gram-negative bacilli with the same antibiotic resistance pattern were isolated from 14 patients. Seven MR K. pneumoniae and three resistant Escherichia coli isolates were shown to transfer resistance to E. coli K-12. MR K. pneumoniae-infected patients were seriously ill, had long hospitalization times (mean, 67 days), and were in close geographic proximity to other cases. Compared with controls, cases more frequently had prior antibiotic treatment and urinary catheters, but not respiratory instrumentation, nasogastric tubes, or antacid treatment. The apparent source of the outbreak was traced to an index case who entered the hospital with an MR K. pneumoniae urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic gastrointestinal carriage without infection elsewhere was infrequent (1.6% of cultured patients), but 78% of patients with MR K. pneumoniae infections at other sites also had the organism in their stools. Hospital antibiotic usage was unchanged before and during the outbreak. The identification of an index case and relative lack of asymptomatic stool carriers are unique features of this plasmid-mediated MR K. pneumoniae epidemic. Although this MR K. pneumoniae outbreak appeared to be controlled by the use of isolation techniques, a simultaneous increase in gentamicin resistance among other gram-negative organisms was observed.", "PMID": 380463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5008", "title": "Physical characterization of ten R plasmids obtained from an outbreak of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infections.", "content": "Gentamicin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae involved in an outbreak at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital was due to a transmissible R plasmid. In addition to gentamicin, this plasmid conferred resistance to tobramycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and sulfathiazole. R plasmids which transferred this complex antibiogram were identified in several clinical isolates, including four different serotypes of K. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Proteus morganii. The covalently closed circular form of all R plasmids isolated had a sedimentation coefficient of 76S to 77S, corresponding to a molecular weight of 58 x 10(6). The possibility that a single R plasmid was responsible for the dissemination of multiple drug resistance among all of these different clinical strains was examined by characterizing the plasmids by using EcoRI restriction endonuclease. The same 15 fragments were obtained from each of the 10 plasmids analyzed. Their molecular weights ranged from 4 x 10(5) to 11 x 10(6). Thus, we conclude that each of the 10 plasmids present in the various clinical strains isolated from the hospital over a 7-month period originated from a common source and that R plasmid transfer was important in their spread.", "contents": "Physical characterization of ten R plasmids obtained from an outbreak of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Gentamicin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae involved in an outbreak at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital was due to a transmissible R plasmid. In addition to gentamicin, this plasmid conferred resistance to tobramycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and sulfathiazole. R plasmids which transferred this complex antibiogram were identified in several clinical isolates, including four different serotypes of K. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Proteus morganii. The covalently closed circular form of all R plasmids isolated had a sedimentation coefficient of 76S to 77S, corresponding to a molecular weight of 58 x 10(6). The possibility that a single R plasmid was responsible for the dissemination of multiple drug resistance among all of these different clinical strains was examined by characterizing the plasmids by using EcoRI restriction endonuclease. The same 15 fragments were obtained from each of the 10 plasmids analyzed. Their molecular weights ranged from 4 x 10(5) to 11 x 10(6). Thus, we conclude that each of the 10 plasmids present in the various clinical strains isolated from the hospital over a 7-month period originated from a common source and that R plasmid transfer was important in their spread.", "PMID": 380464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5009", "title": "Effect of clavulanic acid on the in vitro synergism between carbenicillin and gentamicin against Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Clavulanic acid, a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor, reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin for 13 of 15 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens by at least eightfold. The combination of clavulanic acid and carbenicillin also exhibited synergistic activity with gentamicin against 11 of 15 isolates tested, including 9 of 10 strains which were highly resistant to carbenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration >/= 8,000 mug/ml) and had previously been found resistant to the synergistic activity between carbenicillin and gentamicin.", "contents": "Effect of clavulanic acid on the in vitro synergism between carbenicillin and gentamicin against Serratia marcescens. Clavulanic acid, a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor, reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin for 13 of 15 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens by at least eightfold. The combination of clavulanic acid and carbenicillin also exhibited synergistic activity with gentamicin against 11 of 15 isolates tested, including 9 of 10 strains which were highly resistant to carbenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration >/= 8,000 mug/ml) and had previously been found resistant to the synergistic activity between carbenicillin and gentamicin.", "PMID": 380465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5010", "title": "Effect of propanolol on monosynaptic reflex activity during a task.", "content": "20 normal healthy subjects in a double-blind crossover experiment were given a table of either 40 mg propranolol or placebo half an hour before the beginning of the experiment. At rest and during the performance of a task, hert rate, Achilles tendon (T) and Hoffmann (H) reflexes were recorded. No increase in heart rate occurred during the task in the propranolol session. The increase of T-reflex amplitude, a common finding during the task under consideration, was larger in the propranolol session. No difference with H reflexes was found. It is concluded that the increase of T-reflex amplitudes during the task is caused only by fusimotor and not by sympathetic activity. It is speculated that if the sympathetic system plays a role at all, the effect on the T reflex is depressive rather than facilitating.", "contents": "Effect of propanolol on monosynaptic reflex activity during a task. 20 normal healthy subjects in a double-blind crossover experiment were given a table of either 40 mg propranolol or placebo half an hour before the beginning of the experiment. At rest and during the performance of a task, hert rate, Achilles tendon (T) and Hoffmann (H) reflexes were recorded. No increase in heart rate occurred during the task in the propranolol session. The increase of T-reflex amplitude, a common finding during the task under consideration, was larger in the propranolol session. No difference with H reflexes was found. It is concluded that the increase of T-reflex amplitudes during the task is caused only by fusimotor and not by sympathetic activity. It is speculated that if the sympathetic system plays a role at all, the effect on the T reflex is depressive rather than facilitating.", "PMID": 380466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5011", "title": "The position and organization of motor fibers in the internal capsule found during stereotactic surgery.", "content": "Data gathered from exploratory stimulation of the diencephalon in 130 stereotactic operative procedures have been studied, with the aid of a computer graphic technique, to show the position and topography of motor responses in the internal capsule. The results obtained indicate that pyramidal fibers are organized into a rostral-caudal face-arm-leg sequence and occupy a short compact band in the caudal third of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. This is in contrast to previous concepts of the position of these fibers in the capsule.", "contents": "The position and organization of motor fibers in the internal capsule found during stereotactic surgery. Data gathered from exploratory stimulation of the diencephalon in 130 stereotactic operative procedures have been studied, with the aid of a computer graphic technique, to show the position and topography of motor responses in the internal capsule. The results obtained indicate that pyramidal fibers are organized into a rostral-caudal face-arm-leg sequence and occupy a short compact band in the caudal third of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. This is in contrast to previous concepts of the position of these fibers in the capsule.", "PMID": 380467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5012", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid. Occurrence in psoriasis treated with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "The occurrence of bullous pemphigoid during treatment for psoriasis has been described in the literature. We saw a case of psoriasis that was complicated by bullous pemphigoid in a patient receiving orally administered psoralen followed by long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) therapy. In our patient the localization of bullous lesions to psoriatic plaques demonstrates that the PUVA-treated psoriatic skin may have a decreased threshold for the development of clinical bullous pemphigoid. This suggests factors other than simple coexistence of the two diseases. Therapy with PUVA might induce bullous pemphigoid in psoriasis, either primarily or by facilitating the expression of a previously existing subclinical form of the bullous disorder.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid. Occurrence in psoriasis treated with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation. The occurrence of bullous pemphigoid during treatment for psoriasis has been described in the literature. We saw a case of psoriasis that was complicated by bullous pemphigoid in a patient receiving orally administered psoralen followed by long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) therapy. In our patient the localization of bullous lesions to psoriatic plaques demonstrates that the PUVA-treated psoriatic skin may have a decreased threshold for the development of clinical bullous pemphigoid. This suggests factors other than simple coexistence of the two diseases. Therapy with PUVA might induce bullous pemphigoid in psoriasis, either primarily or by facilitating the expression of a previously existing subclinical form of the bullous disorder.", "PMID": 380470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5013", "title": "Serological diagnosis of Candida albicans-balanitis and -balanoposthitis.", "content": "The Candida hemagglutination test (Candida-HA-Test), the complement fixation, Candida immunofluorescent test (Candida-IF-Test) and the agglutination-test were performed in 34 patients suffering from genital candidosis and in 34 healthy controls. The results obtained were: Candida hemagglutination and complement fixation titers are raised to the same extent in patients suffering from Candida albicans-balanoposthitis when soluble polysaccharide antigens are used in both tests. The high titers indicate a great portion of mercaptoethanol susceptible antibodies in those subjects. When compared with controls, the hemagglutination titers are fourfold lower than those of the patients. There is a four-to-sixfold decrease of the hemagglutination titers performed after mercaptoethanol treatment of the sera in the patients. On the other hand, there is only a twofold decrease of hemagglutination titers in the controls. In chronically infected persons the hemagglutination titers are within the normal range or are raised insignificantly. There is only a twofold decrease in HA-titers after treatment of the sera with mercaptoethanol. On the other hand, the agglutination- and the Candida-IF-titers seem to be elevated as a rule in chronically infected. In those patients the gamma G- and the gamma A-titers are significantly raised, too. The results mentioned above are discussed with regard to their clinical significance.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of Candida albicans-balanitis and -balanoposthitis. The Candida hemagglutination test (Candida-HA-Test), the complement fixation, Candida immunofluorescent test (Candida-IF-Test) and the agglutination-test were performed in 34 patients suffering from genital candidosis and in 34 healthy controls. The results obtained were: Candida hemagglutination and complement fixation titers are raised to the same extent in patients suffering from Candida albicans-balanoposthitis when soluble polysaccharide antigens are used in both tests. The high titers indicate a great portion of mercaptoethanol susceptible antibodies in those subjects. When compared with controls, the hemagglutination titers are fourfold lower than those of the patients. There is a four-to-sixfold decrease of the hemagglutination titers performed after mercaptoethanol treatment of the sera in the patients. On the other hand, there is only a twofold decrease of hemagglutination titers in the controls. In chronically infected persons the hemagglutination titers are within the normal range or are raised insignificantly. There is only a twofold decrease in HA-titers after treatment of the sera with mercaptoethanol. On the other hand, the agglutination- and the Candida-IF-titers seem to be elevated as a rule in chronically infected. In those patients the gamma G- and the gamma A-titers are significantly raised, too. The results mentioned above are discussed with regard to their clinical significance.", "PMID": 380471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5014", "title": "Recent advances in epidermal cell cultures.", "content": "Among the many skin culture systems, three have been selected in this short review because of their specific potentials in dermatological research. H. Green cultures newborn human forsekin keratinocytes on a mouse 3T3 feeder layer. Keratinocytes grow and keratinize. The feeder cells release factor(a) which allows serial propagation of keratinocytes to be achieved. The cell yield is further increased by adding epidermal grohth factor. This system has already proved to be a potent tool for the study of keratinization at the molecular level. A. Freeman has described a system in which explants of adult human skin are cultured on the dermal aspect of dead split-thickness pig skin. Keratinocytes can be passaged several times. Their differentiation is remarkable: it includes the production of keratohyaline, membrane coating granules, pemphigus as well as pemphigoid antigens. This system is interesting in the study of epidermal morphogenesis and may be applicable to the treatment of burns. The culture of epidermal cells from adult guinea pig ear in comparison with that of dermal fibroblasts is being used to study the specificity of action of pharmacological compounds on growth and keratinization of epidermal cells. Furthermore, the isolation (and culture) of pure populations of basal cells appears as a promising approach to the study of the mechanisms which moderate epidermal cell proliferation.", "contents": "Recent advances in epidermal cell cultures. Among the many skin culture systems, three have been selected in this short review because of their specific potentials in dermatological research. H. Green cultures newborn human forsekin keratinocytes on a mouse 3T3 feeder layer. Keratinocytes grow and keratinize. The feeder cells release factor(a) which allows serial propagation of keratinocytes to be achieved. The cell yield is further increased by adding epidermal grohth factor. This system has already proved to be a potent tool for the study of keratinization at the molecular level. A. Freeman has described a system in which explants of adult human skin are cultured on the dermal aspect of dead split-thickness pig skin. Keratinocytes can be passaged several times. Their differentiation is remarkable: it includes the production of keratohyaline, membrane coating granules, pemphigus as well as pemphigoid antigens. This system is interesting in the study of epidermal morphogenesis and may be applicable to the treatment of burns. The culture of epidermal cells from adult guinea pig ear in comparison with that of dermal fibroblasts is being used to study the specificity of action of pharmacological compounds on growth and keratinization of epidermal cells. Furthermore, the isolation (and culture) of pure populations of basal cells appears as a promising approach to the study of the mechanisms which moderate epidermal cell proliferation.", "PMID": 380472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5015", "title": "Action of staphylococcal epidermolysin: further observations on its species specificity.", "content": "Sensitivity to epidermolysin was tested in a number of species of the families of mice (muridae) and hamsters (cricetidae) and in hedgehogs. None of the animals proved sensitive except mus musculus (house mouse) and mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster).", "contents": "Action of staphylococcal epidermolysin: further observations on its species specificity. Sensitivity to epidermolysin was tested in a number of species of the families of mice (muridae) and hamsters (cricetidae) and in hedgehogs. None of the animals proved sensitive except mus musculus (house mouse) and mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster).", "PMID": 380473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5016", "title": "A semiquantitative measurement of anti-nuclear antibody using immuno-microfluorimetry.", "content": "1. Using microfluorimetry, the strength of fluorescence was measured on fluoresceinated anti-nuclear antibody of SLE sera. The indirect \"Sandwich\" method was applied using human peripheral lymphocytes as substrates tissue. 2. The results of using three FITC-labelled anti-human IgG conjugates of different types were compared with each other. 3. More specific and more consistent results were obtained with conjugates with a lower F/P ratio and lower antibody and protein concentration that those in the case of conjugates with a higher F/P molar ratio and higher antibody and protein concentration. 4. The immuno-microfluorimetric technique is very useful for the objective determination of the results of fluorescence microscopy and for the comparison of conjugates of different qualities.", "contents": "A semiquantitative measurement of anti-nuclear antibody using immuno-microfluorimetry. 1. Using microfluorimetry, the strength of fluorescence was measured on fluoresceinated anti-nuclear antibody of SLE sera. The indirect \"Sandwich\" method was applied using human peripheral lymphocytes as substrates tissue. 2. The results of using three FITC-labelled anti-human IgG conjugates of different types were compared with each other. 3. More specific and more consistent results were obtained with conjugates with a lower F/P ratio and lower antibody and protein concentration that those in the case of conjugates with a higher F/P molar ratio and higher antibody and protein concentration. 4. The immuno-microfluorimetric technique is very useful for the objective determination of the results of fluorescence microscopy and for the comparison of conjugates of different qualities.", "PMID": 380474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5017", "title": "[Characteristic of endotoxin (and haemolysin) for S-, R- and M-forms of the enteropathogenic \"E. coli\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Endotoxins of E. Coli O 149, IN S-, R- and M-forms, were examined in comparison. Gas chromatography showed only quantitative differences in the amount of volatile fatty acids. Electrophoresis of immunsera and bacteriostatic potency of sera, showed the immunogenicity of those 3 endotoxins, in sequence: S leads to R leads to M. Endotoxin of enteropathogenic E. coli O 149 provokes haemorrhagic effects in bones marrow of mice. Endotoxin influences the reticulo-endothelial system (mobilization of immunocytes). Endotoxin does not provoke any changes in \"ligated loop tests'.", "contents": "[Characteristic of endotoxin (and haemolysin) for S-, R- and M-forms of the enteropathogenic \"E. coli\" (author's transl)]. Endotoxins of E. Coli O 149, IN S-, R- and M-forms, were examined in comparison. Gas chromatography showed only quantitative differences in the amount of volatile fatty acids. Electrophoresis of immunsera and bacteriostatic potency of sera, showed the immunogenicity of those 3 endotoxins, in sequence: S leads to R leads to M. Endotoxin of enteropathogenic E. coli O 149 provokes haemorrhagic effects in bones marrow of mice. Endotoxin influences the reticulo-endothelial system (mobilization of immunocytes). Endotoxin does not provoke any changes in \"ligated loop tests'.", "PMID": 380475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5018", "title": "[Role of possible endotoxin contaminants present in some preparations of biological products and injectable drugs].", "content": "On the basis of personal contributions and of most recent data, the A. reports some observations and comments regarding the role of possible contaminating endotoxins demonstrated in some biological products and parenteral solutions used in clinical and experimental studies. Since endotoxins even in minute amounts have a variety of biological effects, the use of such contaminated preparations can lead to spurious results and erroneous conclusions. The Limulus assay appears to be a rapid, specific and sensitive method for detection and quantitation of endotoxin in various biological and pharmaceuticals products before they are used in clinical and experimental investigations.", "contents": "[Role of possible endotoxin contaminants present in some preparations of biological products and injectable drugs]. On the basis of personal contributions and of most recent data, the A. reports some observations and comments regarding the role of possible contaminating endotoxins demonstrated in some biological products and parenteral solutions used in clinical and experimental studies. Since endotoxins even in minute amounts have a variety of biological effects, the use of such contaminated preparations can lead to spurious results and erroneous conclusions. The Limulus assay appears to be a rapid, specific and sensitive method for detection and quantitation of endotoxin in various biological and pharmaceuticals products before they are used in clinical and experimental investigations.", "PMID": 380476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5019", "title": "An in vivo evaluation of microaggregate blood filtration during total hip replacement.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of microaggregate blood filtration on pulmonary status, hemostatic status, and incidence of infection, a prospective study was performed on patients undergoing elective total hip replacement for osteoarthritis. Forty patients were randomized to either a 260 micron standard filter group or a 20 micron microaggregate filter group. Patients were monitored pre- and postoperatively for changes in arterial blood gases and in vitro test of hemostasis. Postoperative measurements were also made of the total volume of blood collected from the operative wound drain and of the number of infections incurred by patients in the two filter groups. Average transfusion was 4.0 units for the standard filter group and 4.6 units for the microaggregate filter group. Results showed that postoperatively, either immediately or after 48 hours, there were no statistically significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between either filter group for any of the tests of pulmonary or hemostatic function evaluated. For infection no trends were found to suggest that microaggregate filters conveyed any protective effect. These data suggest that routine microaggregate blood filtration of up to 5 units of blood is not required.", "contents": "An in vivo evaluation of microaggregate blood filtration during total hip replacement. In order to evaluate the effect of microaggregate blood filtration on pulmonary status, hemostatic status, and incidence of infection, a prospective study was performed on patients undergoing elective total hip replacement for osteoarthritis. Forty patients were randomized to either a 260 micron standard filter group or a 20 micron microaggregate filter group. Patients were monitored pre- and postoperatively for changes in arterial blood gases and in vitro test of hemostasis. Postoperative measurements were also made of the total volume of blood collected from the operative wound drain and of the number of infections incurred by patients in the two filter groups. Average transfusion was 4.0 units for the standard filter group and 4.6 units for the microaggregate filter group. Results showed that postoperatively, either immediately or after 48 hours, there were no statistically significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between either filter group for any of the tests of pulmonary or hemostatic function evaluated. For infection no trends were found to suggest that microaggregate filters conveyed any protective effect. These data suggest that routine microaggregate blood filtration of up to 5 units of blood is not required.", "PMID": 380483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5020", "title": "A method for primary reconstruction following radical excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease.", "content": "A great variety of procedures have been proposed for the cure of Sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease. Initial enthusiasm has usually given way to disappointment when it is realized that the treatment is painful, the hospitalization is prolonged, the aftercare is tedious or the original condition appears to have recurred. A technique is described which permits the total extirpation of cyst and sinus tracts while allowing for a tensionless wound closure by advancement of a buttock flap. Hospitalization is brief and the postoperative course is comfortable. Fifty such operations have been performed since November 1968. In the first group of thirty patients operated upon between three and ten years ago, a single bonafide failure occurred. An additional twenty patients have been successfully treated for an overall failure rate of 2%.", "contents": "A method for primary reconstruction following radical excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease. A great variety of procedures have been proposed for the cure of Sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease. Initial enthusiasm has usually given way to disappointment when it is realized that the treatment is painful, the hospitalization is prolonged, the aftercare is tedious or the original condition appears to have recurred. A technique is described which permits the total extirpation of cyst and sinus tracts while allowing for a tensionless wound closure by advancement of a buttock flap. Hospitalization is brief and the postoperative course is comfortable. Fifty such operations have been performed since November 1968. In the first group of thirty patients operated upon between three and ten years ago, a single bonafide failure occurred. An additional twenty patients have been successfully treated for an overall failure rate of 2%.", "PMID": 380484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5021", "title": "Conservative management of the prolapsed mitral valve.", "content": "Prolapsed leaflet is the result of ruptured chordae, elongated chordae, or ruptured papillary muscle. Various techniques adapted to each of these lesions were developed, and repair of 213 prolapsed mitral valves was performed between 1969 and 1977. There were 109 patients with ruptured chordae treated by quadrangular resection of the prolapsed leaflet; 103 patients with elongated chordae were treated by either a \"sliding plasty\" of the papillary muscle or a \"shortening plasty\" of the chordae; and 1 patient with ruptured papillary muscle was treated by reimplantation. The great majority of patients had an associated annular dilatation or deformation requiring the use of a Carpentier ring to remodel the annulus and reinforce the repair. The operative mortality was 4% and the late mortality, 3%. There were 6 reoperations, 3 of which occurred within 1 year. Thromboembolic complications occurred in only 1 patient (0.5%), even though the majority of patients received no anticoagulation treatment. Actuarial curves demonstrated a 91% survival at 8 years.", "contents": "Conservative management of the prolapsed mitral valve. Prolapsed leaflet is the result of ruptured chordae, elongated chordae, or ruptured papillary muscle. Various techniques adapted to each of these lesions were developed, and repair of 213 prolapsed mitral valves was performed between 1969 and 1977. There were 109 patients with ruptured chordae treated by quadrangular resection of the prolapsed leaflet; 103 patients with elongated chordae were treated by either a \"sliding plasty\" of the papillary muscle or a \"shortening plasty\" of the chordae; and 1 patient with ruptured papillary muscle was treated by reimplantation. The great majority of patients had an associated annular dilatation or deformation requiring the use of a Carpentier ring to remodel the annulus and reinforce the repair. The operative mortality was 4% and the late mortality, 3%. There were 6 reoperations, 3 of which occurred within 1 year. Thromboembolic complications occurred in only 1 patient (0.5%), even though the majority of patients received no anticoagulation treatment. Actuarial curves demonstrated a 91% survival at 8 years.", "PMID": 380485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5022", "title": "[Recent data about microorganisms of the genus Serratia (author's transl].", "content": "The Authors on the basis of most recent references, expose the epidemiological, cultural, biochemical and taxonomical characteristics of microorganisms of the genus Serratia. In addition the most recent data regarding the typing and the sensitivity to antibacterial agents are discussed.", "contents": "[Recent data about microorganisms of the genus Serratia (author's transl]. The Authors on the basis of most recent references, expose the epidemiological, cultural, biochemical and taxonomical characteristics of microorganisms of the genus Serratia. In addition the most recent data regarding the typing and the sensitivity to antibacterial agents are discussed.", "PMID": 380477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5023", "title": "[Research of the RNA-coliphages, in comparison with usual microbial and chemical indexes of biological pollution, for hygienic and sanitary evaluations of coast-waters (author's transl)].", "content": "Hygienic significance of the usual microbial (E. coli, Enterococci, Clostridia) and chemical (COD, NH3, NO2) indexes of sea-water biological pollution was investigated, in comparison with RNA-coliphages assay. E. coli was confirmed as an easily measurable and significant index of biological pollution (at least for routinary investigations), while the other microbial and chemical parameters do not significantly increase the hygienic selectivity of the E. coli assay. RNA-coliphages assay, on the contrary, is able to increase the hygienic selectivity of sanitary investigations, particularly in lowly polluted coast-water. This behaviour of RNA-coliphages is in accordance with their great persistance in sea-water, due to their survival-time, closely comparable with human viruses. RNA-coliphages assay is therefore proposed as a simple and useful index of \"viral pollution\" for a complete hygienic evaluation of sea-water environment in addition to routinary E. coli assay.", "contents": "[Research of the RNA-coliphages, in comparison with usual microbial and chemical indexes of biological pollution, for hygienic and sanitary evaluations of coast-waters (author's transl)]. Hygienic significance of the usual microbial (E. coli, Enterococci, Clostridia) and chemical (COD, NH3, NO2) indexes of sea-water biological pollution was investigated, in comparison with RNA-coliphages assay. E. coli was confirmed as an easily measurable and significant index of biological pollution (at least for routinary investigations), while the other microbial and chemical parameters do not significantly increase the hygienic selectivity of the E. coli assay. RNA-coliphages assay, on the contrary, is able to increase the hygienic selectivity of sanitary investigations, particularly in lowly polluted coast-water. This behaviour of RNA-coliphages is in accordance with their great persistance in sea-water, due to their survival-time, closely comparable with human viruses. RNA-coliphages assay is therefore proposed as a simple and useful index of \"viral pollution\" for a complete hygienic evaluation of sea-water environment in addition to routinary E. coli assay.", "PMID": 380478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5024", "title": "Median sternotomy dehiscence.", "content": "Sternal dehiscence requiring reoperation occurred in 36 out of 4,531 patients who had a sternotomy incison within an eight-year period. Twisted sternal wire sutures were used for the first four years and a crimped steel plate fixation was used during the second four years with a marked and significant decrease in the incidence of dehiscence from 17 out of 1,000 patients to 3 out of 1,000 patients. Thirty-five of the 36 patients were men, and 4 required reoperation for bleeding. Other factors such as mammary artery dissection, tracheostomy, and body weight of more than 82 kg were not significant. Although infection was noted in 20 patients, it was thought to be secondary. Early reoperation with antibiotic irrigation achieved wound stability in the 34 survivors with only 3 patients requiring additional procedures for chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum.", "contents": "Median sternotomy dehiscence. Sternal dehiscence requiring reoperation occurred in 36 out of 4,531 patients who had a sternotomy incison within an eight-year period. Twisted sternal wire sutures were used for the first four years and a crimped steel plate fixation was used during the second four years with a marked and significant decrease in the incidence of dehiscence from 17 out of 1,000 patients to 3 out of 1,000 patients. Thirty-five of the 36 patients were men, and 4 required reoperation for bleeding. Other factors such as mammary artery dissection, tracheostomy, and body weight of more than 82 kg were not significant. Although infection was noted in 20 patients, it was thought to be secondary. Early reoperation with antibiotic irrigation achieved wound stability in the 34 survivors with only 3 patients requiring additional procedures for chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum.", "PMID": 380487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5025", "title": "[Report on Citrobacter strains having antigenic relationship with \"E. coli\", and their characteristics (author's transl)].", "content": "During a research done on the diffusion of enteropathogenic E. coli in a children's community, 24 strains of Citrobacter have been isolated. By agglutination and agar-gel diffusion techniques, they looked to have some somatic antigens in common with those serogroups of enteropathogenic E. coli. The results were as follows: 14 strains were correlated with the serogroup O111; 9 strains with the serogroup O125 and 1 strain with the serogroup O55. The isolation of these strains has been made at the same period when we have found out the E. coli of homologous serogroups, even if they didn't belong to the same subjects. The colicine typing and sensibility to antibiotics tests made both on Citrobacter strains and on E. coli ones of homologous serogroups haven't pointed out other characteristics of identity. Furthermore, antigenic relationships between the 24 strains of Citrobacter and different serogroups of Salmonella have been demonstrated, that is: the strains containing the somatic antigen O111 were correlated with the serogroup O35; the strains having the somatic antigen O125, with the serogroup O6, 14, 24 and the strain containing the somatic antigen O55, with the serogroup O50. The presence of these strains in normal subjects only, gives a further witness that their role in enteric infections remains to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Report on Citrobacter strains having antigenic relationship with \"E. coli\", and their characteristics (author's transl)]. During a research done on the diffusion of enteropathogenic E. coli in a children's community, 24 strains of Citrobacter have been isolated. By agglutination and agar-gel diffusion techniques, they looked to have some somatic antigens in common with those serogroups of enteropathogenic E. coli. The results were as follows: 14 strains were correlated with the serogroup O111; 9 strains with the serogroup O125 and 1 strain with the serogroup O55. The isolation of these strains has been made at the same period when we have found out the E. coli of homologous serogroups, even if they didn't belong to the same subjects. The colicine typing and sensibility to antibiotics tests made both on Citrobacter strains and on E. coli ones of homologous serogroups haven't pointed out other characteristics of identity. Furthermore, antigenic relationships between the 24 strains of Citrobacter and different serogroups of Salmonella have been demonstrated, that is: the strains containing the somatic antigen O111 were correlated with the serogroup O35; the strains having the somatic antigen O125, with the serogroup O6, 14, 24 and the strain containing the somatic antigen O55, with the serogroup O50. The presence of these strains in normal subjects only, gives a further witness that their role in enteric infections remains to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 380480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5026", "title": "[Filaments of the \"Candida albicans\" in human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on human serum activity on Candida albicans cells has been carried out. In smear microcultures the microcolonies morphogenesis and the thread formation in the presence of serum, as well as the reappearance of normal yeast cells after re-growth in normal nutrient agar has been assessed. The serum globulin-fraction appeared to have the greatest germ-tube inducing activity: an heat-sensitive quality that went lost after 30 minutes at 100 degrees C. The multiplying activity of the Candida cells was almost completely abolished in the presence of serum. Realying on these experimental findings the AA. suggest that a demaging factor may be present in sera, linked to the globulin protein fraction, that hinders the Candida cell-wall normal synthesis: hence follows the appearance of threads, mostly deprived of multiplying activity. A condition in some way akin to the well known filament inducing activity of penicillin on Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "[Filaments of the \"Candida albicans\" in human serum (author's transl)]. A study on human serum activity on Candida albicans cells has been carried out. In smear microcultures the microcolonies morphogenesis and the thread formation in the presence of serum, as well as the reappearance of normal yeast cells after re-growth in normal nutrient agar has been assessed. The serum globulin-fraction appeared to have the greatest germ-tube inducing activity: an heat-sensitive quality that went lost after 30 minutes at 100 degrees C. The multiplying activity of the Candida cells was almost completely abolished in the presence of serum. Realying on these experimental findings the AA. suggest that a demaging factor may be present in sera, linked to the globulin protein fraction, that hinders the Candida cell-wall normal synthesis: hence follows the appearance of threads, mostly deprived of multiplying activity. A condition in some way akin to the well known filament inducing activity of penicillin on Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 380482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5027", "title": "Early and late results with the Mustard operation in infancy.", "content": "Eighty-one patients, ranging in age from 36 hours to 24 months and in weight from 2.5 to 12 kg had a Mustard operation for D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) (20 with complex D-TGA) using either deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (68 patients) or conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (13 patients). A Dacron patch was used for the intraatrial baffle and pericardium for augmentation of the pulmonary atrium. Ten patients died following operation. Thirty-two patients had cardiac catheterization 1 year after operation. Of 24 patients with D-TGA and intact ventricular septum, 23 had normal pulmonary artery pressures. In 20 patients left ventricular outflow tract gradients decreased from a mean of 32 mm Hg to a mean of 18 mm Hg after operation. Five patients who had D-TGA and ventricular septal defect and systemic pressures in the left ventricle before operation, had a notable decrease in left ventricular pressures after the procedure. Seven patients required reoperation for baffle obstruction. Mortality following Mustard repair was primarily related to the complexity of the lesion, maturity of the infant, and degree of pulmonary vascular changes. Caval obstruction was related to the configuration of the baffle used in the early part of this series.", "contents": "Early and late results with the Mustard operation in infancy. Eighty-one patients, ranging in age from 36 hours to 24 months and in weight from 2.5 to 12 kg had a Mustard operation for D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) (20 with complex D-TGA) using either deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (68 patients) or conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (13 patients). A Dacron patch was used for the intraatrial baffle and pericardium for augmentation of the pulmonary atrium. Ten patients died following operation. Thirty-two patients had cardiac catheterization 1 year after operation. Of 24 patients with D-TGA and intact ventricular septum, 23 had normal pulmonary artery pressures. In 20 patients left ventricular outflow tract gradients decreased from a mean of 32 mm Hg to a mean of 18 mm Hg after operation. Five patients who had D-TGA and ventricular septal defect and systemic pressures in the left ventricle before operation, had a notable decrease in left ventricular pressures after the procedure. Seven patients required reoperation for baffle obstruction. Mortality following Mustard repair was primarily related to the complexity of the lesion, maturity of the infant, and degree of pulmonary vascular changes. Caval obstruction was related to the configuration of the baffle used in the early part of this series.", "PMID": 380488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5028", "title": "Is histidine essential for the adult man? A review.", "content": "Recent experimental observations as well as theoretical considerations suggest that histidine may be an essential amino acid for the adult man. In this paper, an up-to-date review of the literature on the essentiality of histidine is presented. Some practical implications of the indispensability of this amino acid in the human diet are also discussed.", "contents": "Is histidine essential for the adult man? A review. Recent experimental observations as well as theoretical considerations suggest that histidine may be an essential amino acid for the adult man. In this paper, an up-to-date review of the literature on the essentiality of histidine is presented. Some practical implications of the indispensability of this amino acid in the human diet are also discussed.", "PMID": 380490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5029", "title": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 181. Chitin synthase from fungi, a test model for substances with insecticidal properties.", "content": "Chitin synthase from Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray (= C. lagopus sensu Buller) was used as a model for chitin synthase from insects. The effect of dimilin (difluorobenzuron), captan (trichloromethylsulfonyl fungicide), kitazin P (organophosphorus ester fungicide) and parathion (organophosphorus insecticide) on the fungal enzyme was compared with the effect of nikkomycin (nucleosidepeptide antibiotic).", "contents": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 181. Chitin synthase from fungi, a test model for substances with insecticidal properties. Chitin synthase from Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray (= C. lagopus sensu Buller) was used as a model for chitin synthase from insects. The effect of dimilin (difluorobenzuron), captan (trichloromethylsulfonyl fungicide), kitazin P (organophosphorus ester fungicide) and parathion (organophosphorus insecticide) on the fungal enzyme was compared with the effect of nikkomycin (nucleosidepeptide antibiotic).", "PMID": 380491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5030", "title": "Effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists in Tourette's disease.", "content": "The actions of haloperidol, dextroamphetamine sulfate, levamfetamine succinate, apomorphine, and piribedil were studied in two patients with Giles de la Tourette's disease in an attempt to clarify the catecholamine mechanisms involved in this condition. Both dextroamphetamine and levamfetamine increased the severity of the symptoms; dextroamphetamine was more potent. Haloperidol controlled the symptoms and also antagonized the effect of dextroamphetamine. Apomorphine injections reduced the severity of symptoms, even in the presence of dextroamphetamine. We conclude that dopamine rather than norepinephrine is the principal catecholamine responsible for the symptoms. The effect of apomorphine may be understood through its action on postulated presynaptic inhibitory dopamine receptors, or other presynaptic mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists in Tourette's disease. The actions of haloperidol, dextroamphetamine sulfate, levamfetamine succinate, apomorphine, and piribedil were studied in two patients with Giles de la Tourette's disease in an attempt to clarify the catecholamine mechanisms involved in this condition. Both dextroamphetamine and levamfetamine increased the severity of the symptoms; dextroamphetamine was more potent. Haloperidol controlled the symptoms and also antagonized the effect of dextroamphetamine. Apomorphine injections reduced the severity of symptoms, even in the presence of dextroamphetamine. We conclude that dopamine rather than norepinephrine is the principal catecholamine responsible for the symptoms. The effect of apomorphine may be understood through its action on postulated presynaptic inhibitory dopamine receptors, or other presynaptic mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 380492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5031", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of human chorionic gonadotropin. Comparative study of diaminobenzidine and 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole, a nonhazardous chromogen.", "content": "An immunomicroscopic study evaluated 55 fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from surgical and necropsy-accessioned material reflecting a variety of physiologic and pathologic disorders. The sensitive unlabeled (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) immunoperoxidase technique was used. Cytoplasmic human chorionic gonadotropin (CHCG) was readily identified in syncytial trophoblastic cells. The only tissue sections that did not demonstrate CHCG activity were primary and secondary testicular teratocarcinomas without choriocarcinoma components. When the technique was reevaluated for the non-hazardous chromogen 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole, excellent results were achieved with equivalent staining distribution and intensity. The unlabeled immunoperoxidase method for the identification of CHCG is a sensitive, reliable, confirmatory immunohistochemical stain. A relatively safe chromogen can be substituted for the benzidine derivatives in the procedure with equivalent results.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of human chorionic gonadotropin. Comparative study of diaminobenzidine and 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole, a nonhazardous chromogen. An immunomicroscopic study evaluated 55 fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from surgical and necropsy-accessioned material reflecting a variety of physiologic and pathologic disorders. The sensitive unlabeled (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) immunoperoxidase technique was used. Cytoplasmic human chorionic gonadotropin (CHCG) was readily identified in syncytial trophoblastic cells. The only tissue sections that did not demonstrate CHCG activity were primary and secondary testicular teratocarcinomas without choriocarcinoma components. When the technique was reevaluated for the non-hazardous chromogen 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole, excellent results were achieved with equivalent staining distribution and intensity. The unlabeled immunoperoxidase method for the identification of CHCG is a sensitive, reliable, confirmatory immunohistochemical stain. A relatively safe chromogen can be substituted for the benzidine derivatives in the procedure with equivalent results.", "PMID": 380508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5032", "title": "Rapid slide agglutination test for Lancefield grouping of streptococci.", "content": "A rapid slide agglutination test (the Phadebact [PB] Streptococcus test) was compared with the standard autoclave extraction method of Lancefield and presumptive clinical laboratory tests for grouping of streptococci (bacitracin disk sensitivity for group A and sodium hippurate hydrolysis for group B). Identification of group A streptococci by the PB kit was statistically as accurate as by the Lancefield method, whereas bacitracin grouping was significantly less accurate than the Lancefield method (P = less than .02). With regard to group B, there was no statistically significant difference between the PB test and the sodium hippurate test. The PB test correctly identified all group C and G streptococci. The PB kit provides a rapid and reliable method for Lancefield grouping of streptococci.", "contents": "Rapid slide agglutination test for Lancefield grouping of streptococci. A rapid slide agglutination test (the Phadebact [PB] Streptococcus test) was compared with the standard autoclave extraction method of Lancefield and presumptive clinical laboratory tests for grouping of streptococci (bacitracin disk sensitivity for group A and sodium hippurate hydrolysis for group B). Identification of group A streptococci by the PB kit was statistically as accurate as by the Lancefield method, whereas bacitracin grouping was significantly less accurate than the Lancefield method (P = less than .02). With regard to group B, there was no statistically significant difference between the PB test and the sodium hippurate test. The PB test correctly identified all group C and G streptococci. The PB kit provides a rapid and reliable method for Lancefield grouping of streptococci.", "PMID": 380509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5033", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of skin rash in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Fifty-three skin biopsy specimens obtained from the cutaneous rashes of patients who had dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were studied by immunofluorescence technique. Six specimens showed deposits of IgM, beta 1 C-globulin, dengue antigen, and fibrinogen during the first week of fever. Some but not all of these components (IgM, beta 1 C, dengue antigen) were demonstrated in 29 specimens. Twenty-three of them yielded negative results. Granular deposits of IgM and beta 1 C appeared in the blood vessel walls of dermal papillae. Dengue antigen was seen in mononuclear cells that were closely infiltrated around the blood vessel wall in dermal papillae. Fibrinogen was located within or about the blood vessels. The findings suggest that the cutaneous rashes occurring in DHF are caused by an immunopathologic process.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of skin rash in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Fifty-three skin biopsy specimens obtained from the cutaneous rashes of patients who had dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were studied by immunofluorescence technique. Six specimens showed deposits of IgM, beta 1 C-globulin, dengue antigen, and fibrinogen during the first week of fever. Some but not all of these components (IgM, beta 1 C, dengue antigen) were demonstrated in 29 specimens. Twenty-three of them yielded negative results. Granular deposits of IgM and beta 1 C appeared in the blood vessel walls of dermal papillae. Dengue antigen was seen in mononuclear cells that were closely infiltrated around the blood vessel wall in dermal papillae. Fibrinogen was located within or about the blood vessels. The findings suggest that the cutaneous rashes occurring in DHF are caused by an immunopathologic process.", "PMID": 380510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5034", "title": "Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans associated with androgen therapy.", "content": "Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans were observed in three patients treated with androgen-anabolic steroids for aplastic anemia. These patients formed a unique subset of patients with aplastic anemia in that they all had Fanconi's anemia, all demonstrated glucose intolerance following institution of androgen therapy, all had received androgen for at least 42 months prior to death, and all had coexistent benign liver cell tumors. Androgen-induced glucose intolerance may play a major role in the pathogenesis of both the pancreatic and hepatic abnormalities.", "contents": "Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans associated with androgen therapy. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans were observed in three patients treated with androgen-anabolic steroids for aplastic anemia. These patients formed a unique subset of patients with aplastic anemia in that they all had Fanconi's anemia, all demonstrated glucose intolerance following institution of androgen therapy, all had received androgen for at least 42 months prior to death, and all had coexistent benign liver cell tumors. Androgen-induced glucose intolerance may play a major role in the pathogenesis of both the pancreatic and hepatic abnormalities.", "PMID": 380511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5035", "title": "The use of free microvascular flaps in the leg. Their value in orthopaedic surgery.", "content": "After discussing the conventional techniques available for covering skin defects in the leg with associated complex orthopaedic problems the value of the free flap is empahsised. The technique is discussed briefly and six cases are presented. The advantages of this method are outlined and the improvement in healing afforded by the extra blood supply in cases where there is infection and exposure of bone or plate is stressed. Where large complicated skin defects can be predicted, early co-operation between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons is advised.", "contents": "The use of free microvascular flaps in the leg. Their value in orthopaedic surgery. After discussing the conventional techniques available for covering skin defects in the leg with associated complex orthopaedic problems the value of the free flap is empahsised. The technique is discussed briefly and six cases are presented. The advantages of this method are outlined and the improvement in healing afforded by the extra blood supply in cases where there is infection and exposure of bone or plate is stressed. Where large complicated skin defects can be predicted, early co-operation between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons is advised.", "PMID": 380512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5036", "title": "[Tissue compatibility of gentamycin PMMA beads and chains (author's transl)].", "content": "In chronic bone tissue infections a very effective local antibiotic therapy can be achieved by temporary implantation of Gentamycin-PMMA beads. Eight weeks later the chains were removed and the surrounding specimens of bone were subjected to histological examination. On the basis of the results, it was established that the beads were encapsulated in neutrophile granulocytes, collagen fibers and foreign giant cells.", "contents": "[Tissue compatibility of gentamycin PMMA beads and chains (author's transl)]. In chronic bone tissue infections a very effective local antibiotic therapy can be achieved by temporary implantation of Gentamycin-PMMA beads. Eight weeks later the chains were removed and the surrounding specimens of bone were subjected to histological examination. On the basis of the results, it was established that the beads were encapsulated in neutrophile granulocytes, collagen fibers and foreign giant cells.", "PMID": 380513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5037", "title": "Fresh immature articular cartilage allografts. A study on the integration of chondral and osteochondral grafts both in normal and in papain-treated knee joints of rabbits.", "content": "The integration of immature cartilage allografts to knee joints of both normal rabbits and those submitted to arthritis through papain was studied for a period of up to 9 months. Two types of grafts were compared: chondral--constituted only by cartilage, and osteochondral--cartilage plus a thin layer of subchondral bone. The integration of the grafts was analyzed through inspection of the articular surface and histologic sections. The viability of the grafts was checked through the incorporation of 35SO4 on the chondral matrix. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) A large member of the grafted cartilages were well accepted without histological evidence of immunological rejection, and metabolically active 9 months after transplantation. (2) The chondral graft was found to be superior to the osteochondral one regarding the integration, but both showed tendency to degeneration with time. (3) The presence of arthritis previously induced by papain affected the integration of the grafts causing a higher precentage of degeneration on the grafts causing a higher precentage of degeneration on the grafted cartilage.", "contents": "Fresh immature articular cartilage allografts. A study on the integration of chondral and osteochondral grafts both in normal and in papain-treated knee joints of rabbits. The integration of immature cartilage allografts to knee joints of both normal rabbits and those submitted to arthritis through papain was studied for a period of up to 9 months. Two types of grafts were compared: chondral--constituted only by cartilage, and osteochondral--cartilage plus a thin layer of subchondral bone. The integration of the grafts was analyzed through inspection of the articular surface and histologic sections. The viability of the grafts was checked through the incorporation of 35SO4 on the chondral matrix. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) A large member of the grafted cartilages were well accepted without histological evidence of immunological rejection, and metabolically active 9 months after transplantation. (2) The chondral graft was found to be superior to the osteochondral one regarding the integration, but both showed tendency to degeneration with time. (3) The presence of arthritis previously induced by papain affected the integration of the grafts causing a higher precentage of degeneration on the grafts causing a higher precentage of degeneration on the grafted cartilage.", "PMID": 380514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5038", "title": "Rapid arthrodesis of the ankle joint via verticalisation of the joint space.", "content": "A technique of arthrodesis of the ankle joint under television control and with the aid of a special milling-cutter is presented. A bone graft is obtained from the ankle and turned in two planes, so that the joint space becomes vertical. The operation time is shortened to 8--10 min. After two weeks the patient can walk, in a walking-cast, weight-bearing. Bone fusion is obtained in 3--4 months. Thirty-two cases were operated on, and in 30 a painless osseous fusion of the ankle, in a functional position was obtained. The technique is indicated only in cases in which, operatively, the foot can manually be reduced to a functional position.", "contents": "Rapid arthrodesis of the ankle joint via verticalisation of the joint space. A technique of arthrodesis of the ankle joint under television control and with the aid of a special milling-cutter is presented. A bone graft is obtained from the ankle and turned in two planes, so that the joint space becomes vertical. The operation time is shortened to 8--10 min. After two weeks the patient can walk, in a walking-cast, weight-bearing. Bone fusion is obtained in 3--4 months. Thirty-two cases were operated on, and in 30 a painless osseous fusion of the ankle, in a functional position was obtained. The technique is indicated only in cases in which, operatively, the foot can manually be reduced to a functional position.", "PMID": 380515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5039", "title": "[Critical study on the operative treatment of scaphoidpseudarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "At first causes for the emergence of os naviculare non-union and therapeutical principles are discussed. The Matti-Russe operative procedure, after a thorough evaluation of all available possibilities, seems to be the method most preferable. Seemingly bad results most of the time occur due to technical errors and mistakes in selection of the transplant. Furthermore sources of error in placing the skin incision, in extirpation of the pseudarthrosis gap, in preparation of the graft bed and in styloidectomy are explained in detail. Recommendations for the post-operative management are presented.", "contents": "[Critical study on the operative treatment of scaphoidpseudarthrosis (author's transl)]. At first causes for the emergence of os naviculare non-union and therapeutical principles are discussed. The Matti-Russe operative procedure, after a thorough evaluation of all available possibilities, seems to be the method most preferable. Seemingly bad results most of the time occur due to technical errors and mistakes in selection of the transplant. Furthermore sources of error in placing the skin incision, in extirpation of the pseudarthrosis gap, in preparation of the graft bed and in styloidectomy are explained in detail. Recommendations for the post-operative management are presented.", "PMID": 380516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5040", "title": "Renal transplantation for end-stage myeloma kidney: report of a patient with long-term survival.", "content": "A patient had prolonged survival after renal transplantation was performed for myeloma kidney. Continued function of the allograft without evidence of recurrent myelomatous involvement suggests that transplantation be considered for patients with multiple myeloma in whom renal failure constitutes the major problem.", "contents": "Renal transplantation for end-stage myeloma kidney: report of a patient with long-term survival. A patient had prolonged survival after renal transplantation was performed for myeloma kidney. Continued function of the allograft without evidence of recurrent myelomatous involvement suggests that transplantation be considered for patients with multiple myeloma in whom renal failure constitutes the major problem.", "PMID": 380518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5041", "title": "Evaluation of effects of sexual steroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary system of animals and man.", "content": "Specific neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in rats and mice are known to be involved in the development of pituitary tumours (prolactinomas) in systemic tolerance and carcinogenicity studies of oestrogens, certain progestagens and their combinations. However, the susceptibility of the strain used seems to be of decisive importance. High doses of oestrogens may also, in special cases, stimulate development of PRL cell hyperplasia and tumours in humans. In other species such as the hamster long-term treatment with oestrogens results in hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in MSH-producing cells of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. On the other hand, in the dog and monkey, steroid-related pituitary tumours were not observed, in spite of long-term treatment with high doses of oestrogens, progestagens and their combinations. The capability of certain progestagens to stimulate canine GH secretion seems to play a major role as mediator of the species-specific progestagen-induced changes (mammary tumours, diabetes- and acromegalic-like syndrome) in the beagle dog. These progestagens also seem to have, in addition to their antigonadotrophic properties, an inhibitory effect on CRH-ACTH and TRH-TSH activity in the beagle bitch. These effects can be demonstrated in both the hypothalamic-pituitary system and in the corresponding peripheral target organs. These findings in the dog were not comparable to the situation in other species including man. The extent to which all these results in different species are applicable to other species depends on whether their neuroendocrine control systems are qualitatively and/or quantitatively similar. The physiological significance of the different pituitary hormones, sensitivity of target organs as well as a certain genetic disposition in the different species should also be considered. All these factors can vary from species to species. From these facts, it can be easily appreciated that results of experiments on different species with a substance possessing the same quality of biological effect in these species (e.g., oestrogen, progestagen, etc.) can only be compared when the experimental procedure takes account of the effect of this substance on the neuroendocrine system of the different species, and when dosage, mode of administration and period of treatment are correspondingly matched to the physiological conditions of each species.", "contents": "Evaluation of effects of sexual steroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary system of animals and man. Specific neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in rats and mice are known to be involved in the development of pituitary tumours (prolactinomas) in systemic tolerance and carcinogenicity studies of oestrogens, certain progestagens and their combinations. However, the susceptibility of the strain used seems to be of decisive importance. High doses of oestrogens may also, in special cases, stimulate development of PRL cell hyperplasia and tumours in humans. In other species such as the hamster long-term treatment with oestrogens results in hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in MSH-producing cells of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. On the other hand, in the dog and monkey, steroid-related pituitary tumours were not observed, in spite of long-term treatment with high doses of oestrogens, progestagens and their combinations. The capability of certain progestagens to stimulate canine GH secretion seems to play a major role as mediator of the species-specific progestagen-induced changes (mammary tumours, diabetes- and acromegalic-like syndrome) in the beagle dog. These progestagens also seem to have, in addition to their antigonadotrophic properties, an inhibitory effect on CRH-ACTH and TRH-TSH activity in the beagle bitch. These effects can be demonstrated in both the hypothalamic-pituitary system and in the corresponding peripheral target organs. These findings in the dog were not comparable to the situation in other species including man. The extent to which all these results in different species are applicable to other species depends on whether their neuroendocrine control systems are qualitatively and/or quantitatively similar. The physiological significance of the different pituitary hormones, sensitivity of target organs as well as a certain genetic disposition in the different species should also be considered. All these factors can vary from species to species. From these facts, it can be easily appreciated that results of experiments on different species with a substance possessing the same quality of biological effect in these species (e.g., oestrogen, progestagen, etc.) can only be compared when the experimental procedure takes account of the effect of this substance on the neuroendocrine system of the different species, and when dosage, mode of administration and period of treatment are correspondingly matched to the physiological conditions of each species.", "PMID": 380519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5042", "title": "Physiological mechanisms of diethylstilbestrol organotropic carcinogenesis.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant women with diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk in the female offspring for development of an otherwise very rare type of malignancy: clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. The present knowledge about this association is reviewed. In experimental animals, many different types of malignancy can be induced by DES administered in large doses and during long periods. For the human situation there are as yet no indications that exposure to DES during fetal life has resulted in any generally increased incidence of malignant tumors. By injecting neonatal mice with DES for the first five days after birth, histologically malignant changes develope in the uterine cervix of the animals when more than one year old. A comparison is made between this animal model and development of tumors in the human female offspring of DES treated mothers. In the female mice, neonatal DES treatment results in a disturbed epithelial differentiation process in the upper part of the vagina and the uterine cervix, a disturbed development of the hypothalamic-pituitary gland control system as well as a disturbance in the normal development of the lymphoid system. The abnormal epithelial differentiation process results in development of adenosis and within these areas the malignant changes later appear. We do no know whether adenosis is a pre-cancerous condition or not, in the meaning that it contains dormant malignant cells. Other factors could act upon adenosis to result in cancer. The reasons for DES being called a \"carcinogen\" are reviewed. The possibility for factors in the environment acting as potential transplacental carcinogens in the human fetus should not be excluded.", "contents": "Physiological mechanisms of diethylstilbestrol organotropic carcinogenesis. Treatment of pregnant women with diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk in the female offspring for development of an otherwise very rare type of malignancy: clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. The present knowledge about this association is reviewed. In experimental animals, many different types of malignancy can be induced by DES administered in large doses and during long periods. For the human situation there are as yet no indications that exposure to DES during fetal life has resulted in any generally increased incidence of malignant tumors. By injecting neonatal mice with DES for the first five days after birth, histologically malignant changes develope in the uterine cervix of the animals when more than one year old. A comparison is made between this animal model and development of tumors in the human female offspring of DES treated mothers. In the female mice, neonatal DES treatment results in a disturbed epithelial differentiation process in the upper part of the vagina and the uterine cervix, a disturbed development of the hypothalamic-pituitary gland control system as well as a disturbance in the normal development of the lymphoid system. The abnormal epithelial differentiation process results in development of adenosis and within these areas the malignant changes later appear. We do no know whether adenosis is a pre-cancerous condition or not, in the meaning that it contains dormant malignant cells. Other factors could act upon adenosis to result in cancer. The reasons for DES being called a \"carcinogen\" are reviewed. The possibility for factors in the environment acting as potential transplacental carcinogens in the human fetus should not be excluded.", "PMID": 380521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5043", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol metabolic transformation in relation to organ specific tumor manifestation.", "content": "Oxidative biotransformation of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) gives rise to several reactive compounds. Two mechanisms are proposed concerning the possible involvement of reactive metabolites in the organotropic tumorigenesis of DES. The first mechanism suggests an affinity of the metabolite to the estradiol receptor present in estrogen target organs. This has been shown for the olefinic epoxide of DES. The second mechanism is based on the organ specific oxidation of DES by peroxidase. The intermediates of this reaction were found to bind to nucleic acid and protein in a manner characteristic of chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol metabolic transformation in relation to organ specific tumor manifestation. Oxidative biotransformation of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) gives rise to several reactive compounds. Two mechanisms are proposed concerning the possible involvement of reactive metabolites in the organotropic tumorigenesis of DES. The first mechanism suggests an affinity of the metabolite to the estradiol receptor present in estrogen target organs. This has been shown for the olefinic epoxide of DES. The second mechanism is based on the organ specific oxidation of DES by peroxidase. The intermediates of this reaction were found to bind to nucleic acid and protein in a manner characteristic of chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 380522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5044", "title": "[Oral contraception and multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The uncertain question of the use of oral contraceptives by women with multiple sclerosis is discussed. Reference is made to results observed in animals with experimentally induced allergic encephalitis subjected to oestroprogestin management. The course of M.S. during pregnancy is examined and the effects of blood lipid changes produced by oestrogens and progesterone, on the assumption that M.S. is due to a deficiency of unsaturated fatty acids. Lastly, attention is directed to interference with immunity, clotting, and platelet changes, these being factors in the spread off the disease. The data point to a protective r\u00f4le on the part of oestrogens, while the picture for progesterone is less conclusive. It would seem that these biological and immunological findings justify the use of oral contraceptives in subjects with M.S., though due caution is imposed by the absence of clinical and epidemiological data.", "contents": "[Oral contraception and multiple sclerosis]. The uncertain question of the use of oral contraceptives by women with multiple sclerosis is discussed. Reference is made to results observed in animals with experimentally induced allergic encephalitis subjected to oestroprogestin management. The course of M.S. during pregnancy is examined and the effects of blood lipid changes produced by oestrogens and progesterone, on the assumption that M.S. is due to a deficiency of unsaturated fatty acids. Lastly, attention is directed to interference with immunity, clotting, and platelet changes, these being factors in the spread off the disease. The data point to a protective r\u00f4le on the part of oestrogens, while the picture for progesterone is less conclusive. It would seem that these biological and immunological findings justify the use of oral contraceptives in subjects with M.S., though due caution is imposed by the absence of clinical and epidemiological data.", "PMID": 380517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5045", "title": "[Production of injection replicas of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using resin \"PN-8\"].", "content": "A method for obtaining injection replications of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using nonsaturated polyether resin PH-8 is described. Possible applications of the method in question to study microcirculatory bed are discussed. With resine PH-8 it is possible to obtain complete and detailed replications which give information on three-dimensional organization both of the microcirculatory bed and of the vascular microrelief peculiarities.", "contents": "[Production of injection replicas of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using resin \"PN-8\"]. A method for obtaining injection replications of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using nonsaturated polyether resin PH-8 is described. Possible applications of the method in question to study microcirculatory bed are discussed. With resine PH-8 it is possible to obtain complete and detailed replications which give information on three-dimensional organization both of the microcirculatory bed and of the vascular microrelief peculiarities.", "PMID": 380524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5046", "title": "[Simple method of demonstrating adrenergic nerve structures in human and animal tissues using a glyoxylic acid solution].", "content": "A method for obtaining injection replications of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using nonsaturated polyether resin PH-8 is described. Possible applications of the method in question to study microcirculatory bed are discussed. With resine PH-8 it is possible to obtain complete and detailed replications which give information on three-dimensional organization both of the microcirculatory bed and of the vascular microrelief peculiarities.", "contents": "[Simple method of demonstrating adrenergic nerve structures in human and animal tissues using a glyoxylic acid solution]. A method for obtaining injection replications of microvessels for scanning electron microscopy using nonsaturated polyether resin PH-8 is described. Possible applications of the method in question to study microcirculatory bed are discussed. With resine PH-8 it is possible to obtain complete and detailed replications which give information on three-dimensional organization both of the microcirculatory bed and of the vascular microrelief peculiarities.", "PMID": 380525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5047", "title": "[Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system: evaluation of amphotericin-B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole therapy in 18 cases].", "content": "Results obtained in the treatment of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system with amphotericin-B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole are evaluated. The evaluation is based upon 18 cases. Emphasis is given to data pertinent to aspects proper to 7 of them, submitted to chronic immunosuppressive treatment due to previous kidney transplantation. Side effects varied from case to case in the patients submitted to amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine treatment. The intrathecal and the intraventricular administration of amphotericin-B was followed by complications of several types. Miconazole was used in one case. Its intravenous and its intrathecal administration did not provoke remarkable side effects.", "contents": "[Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system: evaluation of amphotericin-B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole therapy in 18 cases]. Results obtained in the treatment of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system with amphotericin-B, 5-fluorocytosine and miconazole are evaluated. The evaluation is based upon 18 cases. Emphasis is given to data pertinent to aspects proper to 7 of them, submitted to chronic immunosuppressive treatment due to previous kidney transplantation. Side effects varied from case to case in the patients submitted to amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine treatment. The intrathecal and the intraventricular administration of amphotericin-B was followed by complications of several types. Miconazole was used in one case. Its intravenous and its intrathecal administration did not provoke remarkable side effects.", "PMID": 380531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5048", "title": "Clinical specular microscopy and intraocular surgery.", "content": "Seventy patients were studied prospectively, using the clinical specular microscope, to compare and evaluate the effects on the corneal endothelium of routine intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), ICCE with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, phacoemulsification, and penetrating keratoplasty. Results showed a 6% cell loss after ICCE, 12% loss after IOL insertion, 14% after phacoemulsification, and 21% loss after penetrating keratoplasty. Both phakic and aphakic grafts had 21% cell loss. Within the aphakic keratoplasty group, there was a 10% cell loss in patients who maintained an intact vitreous face compared with a 26% cell loss in patients who underwent an anterior vitrectomy (P less than .1).", "contents": "Clinical specular microscopy and intraocular surgery. Seventy patients were studied prospectively, using the clinical specular microscope, to compare and evaluate the effects on the corneal endothelium of routine intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), ICCE with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, phacoemulsification, and penetrating keratoplasty. Results showed a 6% cell loss after ICCE, 12% loss after IOL insertion, 14% after phacoemulsification, and 21% loss after penetrating keratoplasty. Both phakic and aphakic grafts had 21% cell loss. Within the aphakic keratoplasty group, there was a 10% cell loss in patients who maintained an intact vitreous face compared with a 26% cell loss in patients who underwent an anterior vitrectomy (P less than .1).", "PMID": 380532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5049", "title": "Refractive variation and donor tissue size in aphakic keratoplasty. A prospective randomized study.", "content": "Forty-six patients were examined in a prospective, randomized clinical study to compare the use of the same size trephine on both donor and recipient with the use of a 0.5-mm larger trephine on the donor in aphakic keratoplasty and in keratoplasty combined with lens extraction. The results showed no statistically significant difference in refractive error, either in spherical equivalents or in astigmatism. The larger donor tissue may have some value in reducing high plus-refractive error and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery.", "contents": "Refractive variation and donor tissue size in aphakic keratoplasty. A prospective randomized study. Forty-six patients were examined in a prospective, randomized clinical study to compare the use of the same size trephine on both donor and recipient with the use of a 0.5-mm larger trephine on the donor in aphakic keratoplasty and in keratoplasty combined with lens extraction. The results showed no statistically significant difference in refractive error, either in spherical equivalents or in astigmatism. The larger donor tissue may have some value in reducing high plus-refractive error and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery.", "PMID": 380533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5050", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the retina and brain. Initial diagnosis by cytologic examination of vitreous aspirate.", "content": "A case of malignant lymphoma reticulum cell sarcoma in a 42-year-old woman who had bilateral uveitis and vitreitis and neurologic manifestations is reported. The diagnosis was first established by cytologic examination of vitreous aspirate, which showed neoplastic cells consistent with malignant lymphoma and led to cancellation of a planned craniotomy for suspected intracranial tumor. The diagnosis was later confirmed postmortem by histopathologic examination of the eyes and brain. The role of cytologic examination of the vitreous in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the retina and brain. Initial diagnosis by cytologic examination of vitreous aspirate. A case of malignant lymphoma reticulum cell sarcoma in a 42-year-old woman who had bilateral uveitis and vitreitis and neurologic manifestations is reported. The diagnosis was first established by cytologic examination of vitreous aspirate, which showed neoplastic cells consistent with malignant lymphoma and led to cancellation of a planned craniotomy for suspected intracranial tumor. The diagnosis was later confirmed postmortem by histopathologic examination of the eyes and brain. The role of cytologic examination of the vitreous in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 380534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5051", "title": "Identification of CSF leakage by immunofixation.", "content": "The use of immunofixation for identification of the presence of CSF by demonstrating its two electrophoretically separate bands of transferrin has proved to be a valid and rather simple method, particularly when the samples obtained from the nose or ear are very small and contaminated.", "contents": "Identification of CSF leakage by immunofixation. The use of immunofixation for identification of the presence of CSF by demonstrating its two electrophoretically separate bands of transferrin has proved to be a valid and rather simple method, particularly when the samples obtained from the nose or ear are very small and contaminated.", "PMID": 380535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5052", "title": "An evaluation of BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coatings.", "content": "A review of studies on the microleakage retention, durability, and cariostatic efficacy of BIS-MGA resin fissure sealants suggests that newly-erupted permanent molars benefit least but the benefit for premolars is consistently high. Problems arising in the assessment of the sealants in clinical trials are discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coatings. A review of studies on the microleakage retention, durability, and cariostatic efficacy of BIS-MGA resin fissure sealants suggests that newly-erupted permanent molars benefit least but the benefit for premolars is consistently high. Problems arising in the assessment of the sealants in clinical trials are discussed.", "PMID": 380536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5053", "title": "Extending the range of composite resin in everyday practice.", "content": "Composite resins, coupled with an acid-etch technique, can provide simple solutions to otherwise complex restorative problems. A catalogue of these possibilities is presented.", "contents": "Extending the range of composite resin in everyday practice. Composite resins, coupled with an acid-etch technique, can provide simple solutions to otherwise complex restorative problems. A catalogue of these possibilities is presented.", "PMID": 380537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5054", "title": "The incidence of osteo-arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in various cultures.", "content": "Three hundred and forty-eight cranial remains from Bronze and Iron Age British, Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern Coast Australian aborigines, Medieval Christian Norse, Medieval Scarborough, 17--20th century British and German cultures, were examined for the presence of osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joints. Cultures exposed to more stringent living conditions and with well-worn teeth had about twice the incidence of osteo-arthritis as the more sophisticated cultures. In general, loss of either molar support or occlusal imbalance were potent aetiological factors in this disease.", "contents": "The incidence of osteo-arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in various cultures. Three hundred and forty-eight cranial remains from Bronze and Iron Age British, Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern Coast Australian aborigines, Medieval Christian Norse, Medieval Scarborough, 17--20th century British and German cultures, were examined for the presence of osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joints. Cultures exposed to more stringent living conditions and with well-worn teeth had about twice the incidence of osteo-arthritis as the more sophisticated cultures. In general, loss of either molar support or occlusal imbalance were potent aetiological factors in this disease.", "PMID": 380538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5055", "title": "Pregnancy and childbirth: is the doctor necessary?", "content": "The changing fashions in childbirth over the past 200 years are related to the present demand by women and their partners for \"participatory\" childbirth, including homebirth. The argument is advanced that doctors must be responsive to these changes. The opinion is made that home birth is currently inappropriate, but that hospitals should provide \"birth centres\"; and that obstetrics should be conducted by a \"team\", in which nurse-midwives and family doctors play as important a role as specialist obstetricians.", "contents": "Pregnancy and childbirth: is the doctor necessary? The changing fashions in childbirth over the past 200 years are related to the present demand by women and their partners for \"participatory\" childbirth, including homebirth. The argument is advanced that doctors must be responsive to these changes. The opinion is made that home birth is currently inappropriate, but that hospitals should provide \"birth centres\"; and that obstetrics should be conducted by a \"team\", in which nurse-midwives and family doctors play as important a role as specialist obstetricians.", "PMID": 380539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5056", "title": "A technique of anastomosing bowel ends with discrepancy in size.", "content": "There have been only a few methods devised to solve the problem of discrepancy in size of the bowel ends for anastomosis. We describe another method to overcome this problem by using a one-layer open technique. For the posterior wall the anastomosis consists of a horizontal mattress suture on the larger end and a vertical mattress suture on the smaller end. For the anterior wall the Gambee suture is used.", "contents": "A technique of anastomosing bowel ends with discrepancy in size. There have been only a few methods devised to solve the problem of discrepancy in size of the bowel ends for anastomosis. We describe another method to overcome this problem by using a one-layer open technique. For the posterior wall the anastomosis consists of a horizontal mattress suture on the larger end and a vertical mattress suture on the smaller end. For the anterior wall the Gambee suture is used.", "PMID": 380542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5057", "title": "The use of methylmethacrylate in the treatment of giant cell tumours of the proximal tibia.", "content": "Two cases of giant cell tumour of the proximal tibia are presented where the defect remaining after curettage has been filled with methylmethacrylate bone cement. The problems associated with the present management of giant cell tumours and the potential advantages of using methylmethacrylate are discussed.", "contents": "The use of methylmethacrylate in the treatment of giant cell tumours of the proximal tibia. Two cases of giant cell tumour of the proximal tibia are presented where the defect remaining after curettage has been filled with methylmethacrylate bone cement. The problems associated with the present management of giant cell tumours and the potential advantages of using methylmethacrylate are discussed.", "PMID": 380543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5058", "title": "The colonial career of James Patrick Murray.", "content": "This paper is a biographical sketch of Dr. Murray during the years 1860 to 1873 when he lived in Victoria, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. It records details of his career from his residency at the Melbourne Hospital followed by his exemplary conduct in the Howitt expedition to recover the remains of Burke and Wills. It traces his progress of degradation unhampered by constituted authority and concludes with his magnum opus--the greatest massacre of South Sea Islanders in the annals of the South Sea slave trade. He departed from the colonies still registered to practise medicine and without penalty or probation. This paper concludes with a brief summary of his personal qualities and asserts that it was these qualities, together perhaps with the discordance between the colonies, which allowed this knave to escape the penalty which he appeared amply to deserve.", "contents": "The colonial career of James Patrick Murray. This paper is a biographical sketch of Dr. Murray during the years 1860 to 1873 when he lived in Victoria, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. It records details of his career from his residency at the Melbourne Hospital followed by his exemplary conduct in the Howitt expedition to recover the remains of Burke and Wills. It traces his progress of degradation unhampered by constituted authority and concludes with his magnum opus--the greatest massacre of South Sea Islanders in the annals of the South Sea slave trade. He departed from the colonies still registered to practise medicine and without penalty or probation. This paper concludes with a brief summary of his personal qualities and asserts that it was these qualities, together perhaps with the discordance between the colonies, which allowed this knave to escape the penalty which he appeared amply to deserve.", "PMID": 380544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5059", "title": "Low anterior resection.", "content": "A personal series of 93 patients treated by low anterior resection for carcinoma (87) and benign disease (6) is reviewed to highlight the technical problems and complications of the operation. The series comprises two groups for comparison of (i) technique of anstomosis; (ii) the use of protective stoma; and (iii) methods of drainage.", "contents": "Low anterior resection. A personal series of 93 patients treated by low anterior resection for carcinoma (87) and benign disease (6) is reviewed to highlight the technical problems and complications of the operation. The series comprises two groups for comparison of (i) technique of anstomosis; (ii) the use of protective stoma; and (iii) methods of drainage.", "PMID": 380545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5060", "title": "Orthopaedic problems of renal transplantation.", "content": "One in six patients receiving renal transplants has orthopaedic problems. Osteoporosis with accompanying fractures is common, as is avascular necrosis of the hips, knees, and other bones. Immunosuppressive therapy with steroids is implicated and its mode of action discussed. No means of prophylasix is known. If treated conservatively, aseptic necrosis of bone is much more disabling than is commonly believed as judged by the critical assessment technique of Charnley. The authors therefore recommend that a surgical approach should be adopted whenever possible.", "contents": "Orthopaedic problems of renal transplantation. One in six patients receiving renal transplants has orthopaedic problems. Osteoporosis with accompanying fractures is common, as is avascular necrosis of the hips, knees, and other bones. Immunosuppressive therapy with steroids is implicated and its mode of action discussed. No means of prophylasix is known. If treated conservatively, aseptic necrosis of bone is much more disabling than is commonly believed as judged by the critical assessment technique of Charnley. The authors therefore recommend that a surgical approach should be adopted whenever possible.", "PMID": 380546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5061", "title": "Chronic mucosal ulcerative colitis with malignant lymphoma: report of a case.", "content": "A CASE OF NON-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising in association with longstanding mucosal ulcerative colitis is reported. The clinical course of the patient is described, and a review of previously reported patients is made.", "contents": "Chronic mucosal ulcerative colitis with malignant lymphoma: report of a case. A CASE OF NON-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising in association with longstanding mucosal ulcerative colitis is reported. The clinical course of the patient is described, and a review of previously reported patients is made.", "PMID": 380547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5062", "title": "Inflammation in schistosomiasis.", "content": "The inflammatory reactions that occur in schistosomiasis are reviewed. The inlammation is due to the migration of worms and eggs through the host's tissues via the vascular system. The greatest damage to the host is produced by the eggs which induce an extensive granulomatous inflammation in the intestine and liver. While the host modulates the course of the disease by developing a cell mediated immunity, ultimately the inflammation in the liver interferes with portal blood flow that may lead to portal hypertension, portal-systemic shunts and fatal hematemesis.", "contents": "Inflammation in schistosomiasis. The inflammatory reactions that occur in schistosomiasis are reviewed. The inlammation is due to the migration of worms and eggs through the host's tissues via the vascular system. The greatest damage to the host is produced by the eggs which induce an extensive granulomatous inflammation in the intestine and liver. While the host modulates the course of the disease by developing a cell mediated immunity, ultimately the inflammation in the liver interferes with portal blood flow that may lead to portal hypertension, portal-systemic shunts and fatal hematemesis.", "PMID": 380556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5063", "title": "The inflammatory response to endotoxins.", "content": "1. Endotoxins are very potent and widely spread inflammation-inducing substances. 2. In the course of local infections endotoxins represent one of the main principles of the pathogenicity of gram-negative bacteria by inducing acute nonspecific inflammation. 3. The pharmacological activities of endotoxins consist primarily in generating and liberating the classic mediators of acute nonspecific inflammation. 4. Endotoxins are able to enter into the circulation through their capicity to activate pharmacological mediators. 5. The endotoxic mediators which increase the permeability of the microcirculation of the intestinum enable endotoxins as components of the physiological intestinal flora to enter into the circulation; these induce systemic disease or shock depending on their concentration in the circulation. 6. In the course of chronic inflammation recidivism or recrudescence as trasient acute inflammatory outburst can be caused by local effects of endotoxins. 7. According to some recent observations the inflammation inducing capacity of endotoxins may promote the entry of aerobic bacteria into the blood stream which can result in mixed septicemia.", "contents": "The inflammatory response to endotoxins. 1. Endotoxins are very potent and widely spread inflammation-inducing substances. 2. In the course of local infections endotoxins represent one of the main principles of the pathogenicity of gram-negative bacteria by inducing acute nonspecific inflammation. 3. The pharmacological activities of endotoxins consist primarily in generating and liberating the classic mediators of acute nonspecific inflammation. 4. Endotoxins are able to enter into the circulation through their capicity to activate pharmacological mediators. 5. The endotoxic mediators which increase the permeability of the microcirculation of the intestinum enable endotoxins as components of the physiological intestinal flora to enter into the circulation; these induce systemic disease or shock depending on their concentration in the circulation. 6. In the course of chronic inflammation recidivism or recrudescence as trasient acute inflammatory outburst can be caused by local effects of endotoxins. 7. According to some recent observations the inflammation inducing capacity of endotoxins may promote the entry of aerobic bacteria into the blood stream which can result in mixed septicemia.", "PMID": 380559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5064", "title": "[Ethical and legal problems in first clinical trials of psychotropic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with the relevant national and international guidelines and legal regulations for clinical trials and with the distinction of therapeutical experimentation, therapeutical trial (\"Heilversuch\") and standard therapy the following points are discussed: a) informed consent in psychically ill patients with restricted capacity for stress and for insight and consent, b) consequences for insurances, c) advice and control for the researcher regarding the design, the performance and the judgment of the results of clinical trials of psychotropic drugs.", "contents": "[Ethical and legal problems in first clinical trials of psychotropic drugs (author's transl)]. Starting with the relevant national and international guidelines and legal regulations for clinical trials and with the distinction of therapeutical experimentation, therapeutical trial (\"Heilversuch\") and standard therapy the following points are discussed: a) informed consent in psychically ill patients with restricted capacity for stress and for insight and consent, b) consequences for insurances, c) advice and control for the researcher regarding the design, the performance and the judgment of the results of clinical trials of psychotropic drugs.", "PMID": 380572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5065", "title": "[Principles and regulations for clinical pilot studies on psycholeptic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Some difficulties concerning the patient selection for psychopharmacological trials are described. Problems, decisive factors and methodological principles are discussed, especially the duration of clinical trials and the placebo problem.", "contents": "[Principles and regulations for clinical pilot studies on psycholeptic drugs (author's transl)]. Some difficulties concerning the patient selection for psychopharmacological trials are described. Problems, decisive factors and methodological principles are discussed, especially the duration of clinical trials and the placebo problem.", "PMID": 380573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5066", "title": "[Problems in clinical testing of a psychotropic substance examplified by L-5-HTP-ester (author's transl)].", "content": "An i.v. injectable form of the serotonin-precursor L-5-hydroxytyptophan (Ro 3-5940) was investigated for its acute psychotropic effect. The difficulties are presented which had to be overcome as it was not known which effects could be expected. It was shown that for the intensive psychotropic effect found, it was not possible to use a long and detailed self-rating scale. The problem of informed consent is discussed.", "contents": "[Problems in clinical testing of a psychotropic substance examplified by L-5-HTP-ester (author's transl)]. An i.v. injectable form of the serotonin-precursor L-5-hydroxytyptophan (Ro 3-5940) was investigated for its acute psychotropic effect. The difficulties are presented which had to be overcome as it was not known which effects could be expected. It was shown that for the intensive psychotropic effect found, it was not possible to use a long and detailed self-rating scale. The problem of informed consent is discussed.", "PMID": 380576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5067", "title": "[DL-phenylalanine as an antidepressant. Open study (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open study dl-phenylalanine in doses from 75--200 mg/day was administered to 20 depressed patients for 20 days. At the end of the trial 12 patients (8 with complete, 4 with good response) could be discharged without any further treatment. 4 patients with partially untypical depressions experienced mild to moderate responses, whereas 4 patients did not respond at all to the phenylalanine administration. Depressive \"core symptoms\" as depressed mood, retardation and/or agitation were preferentially, anxiety and sleep disturbances moderately and hypochondriasis and compulsiveness were not influenced. It is concluded that dl-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepressant properties and that further controlled investigations are justified.", "contents": "[DL-phenylalanine as an antidepressant. Open study (author's transl)]. In an open study dl-phenylalanine in doses from 75--200 mg/day was administered to 20 depressed patients for 20 days. At the end of the trial 12 patients (8 with complete, 4 with good response) could be discharged without any further treatment. 4 patients with partially untypical depressions experienced mild to moderate responses, whereas 4 patients did not respond at all to the phenylalanine administration. Depressive \"core symptoms\" as depressed mood, retardation and/or agitation were preferentially, anxiety and sleep disturbances moderately and hypochondriasis and compulsiveness were not influenced. It is concluded that dl-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepressant properties and that further controlled investigations are justified.", "PMID": 380577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5068", "title": "[The use of TV-technique for a quantitative evaluation of the longitudinal psychopathological profile (author's transl)].", "content": "19 depressed patients were treated with viloxazine (n = 9) or amitriptyline (n = 10) in a double-blind trial. TV-tapes produced for each patient on day 0, 10 and 20 were analyzed with respect to the global intensity of depression and to 4 other verbal or averbal psychopathological parameters by 4 independent raters under the condition of a time-blind analysis. Global intensity of depression, prosodic, depressive contents of experience, and psychomotoric inhibition were found decreased between day 0 and day 10 for the viloxazine group, and between day 10 and day 20 for the amitriptyline-group. The accuracy of judgement of agitation was the lowest one.", "contents": "[The use of TV-technique for a quantitative evaluation of the longitudinal psychopathological profile (author's transl)]. 19 depressed patients were treated with viloxazine (n = 9) or amitriptyline (n = 10) in a double-blind trial. TV-tapes produced for each patient on day 0, 10 and 20 were analyzed with respect to the global intensity of depression and to 4 other verbal or averbal psychopathological parameters by 4 independent raters under the condition of a time-blind analysis. Global intensity of depression, prosodic, depressive contents of experience, and psychomotoric inhibition were found decreased between day 0 and day 10 for the viloxazine group, and between day 10 and day 20 for the amitriptyline-group. The accuracy of judgement of agitation was the lowest one.", "PMID": 380578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5069", "title": "[Synopsis of psychopathological, electroencephalographical, and pharmacokinetic variables during antidepressive treatment with viloxazine (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to achieve a more differentiated assessment of the profile and time course of treatment with a new antidepressant drug, several psychiatric, neurophysiological, and biochemical parameters were examined in a double-blind study (viloxazine versus amitriptyline). Special attention was directed to the use of a time-blind audiovisual technique. The TV technique allowed to demonstrate an earlier onset of the therapeutic effect under viloxazine, which is in good agreement with the cross-sectional and longitudinal profile of viloxazine as regards pharmacokinetics and EEG.", "contents": "[Synopsis of psychopathological, electroencephalographical, and pharmacokinetic variables during antidepressive treatment with viloxazine (author's transl)]. In order to achieve a more differentiated assessment of the profile and time course of treatment with a new antidepressant drug, several psychiatric, neurophysiological, and biochemical parameters were examined in a double-blind study (viloxazine versus amitriptyline). Special attention was directed to the use of a time-blind audiovisual technique. The TV technique allowed to demonstrate an earlier onset of the therapeutic effect under viloxazine, which is in good agreement with the cross-sectional and longitudinal profile of viloxazine as regards pharmacokinetics and EEG.", "PMID": 380579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5070", "title": "[Multivariate investigation of reactions to tranquilizers dependent on personality variables (author's transl)].", "content": "5 mg of diazepam as well as 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of a substance from the thienodiazepine series (Bay g 5653) were compared with a placebo, following a double-blind procedure. The 149 male student volunteers were classified into introverts and extraverts. For 17 test variables including subjective and physiological measures, as well as psychomotoric and cognitive achievement variables, a 2 x 5-factorial MANOVA was computed. Effects of medication and of interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication were highly significant. Correlations of test variables with composite scores indicated that medication effects could be shown best with objective tests, while the interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication could be shown better with subjective variables. Results were discussed together with those of an earlier univariate analysis of the data using emotional stability/lability as a personality variable.", "contents": "[Multivariate investigation of reactions to tranquilizers dependent on personality variables (author's transl)]. 5 mg of diazepam as well as 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of a substance from the thienodiazepine series (Bay g 5653) were compared with a placebo, following a double-blind procedure. The 149 male student volunteers were classified into introverts and extraverts. For 17 test variables including subjective and physiological measures, as well as psychomotoric and cognitive achievement variables, a 2 x 5-factorial MANOVA was computed. Effects of medication and of interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication were highly significant. Correlations of test variables with composite scores indicated that medication effects could be shown best with objective tests, while the interactions between introversion/extraversion and medication could be shown better with subjective variables. Results were discussed together with those of an earlier univariate analysis of the data using emotional stability/lability as a personality variable.", "PMID": 380580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5071", "title": "Pharmacological investigation on asclepin--a new cardenolide from Asclepias curassavica. Part II. Comparative studies on the inotropic and toxic effects of asclepin, g-strophantin, digoxin and digitoxin).", "content": "The cardiac effects of asclepin, a new glycoside from the plant Asclepias curassavica, were studies in vitro (isolated atrium and heart of guineapig) and in vivo (anaesthetized cat) and were compared with g-strophanthin, digoxin, digitoxin, or digitoxigenin, resp. Asclepin showed a marked positive inotropic effect as evidenced by the increase in the force of contraction, measured by (dp/dt)max and (formula: see text). It was found to be more active than the other glycosides.", "contents": "Pharmacological investigation on asclepin--a new cardenolide from Asclepias curassavica. Part II. Comparative studies on the inotropic and toxic effects of asclepin, g-strophantin, digoxin and digitoxin). The cardiac effects of asclepin, a new glycoside from the plant Asclepias curassavica, were studies in vitro (isolated atrium and heart of guineapig) and in vivo (anaesthetized cat) and were compared with g-strophanthin, digoxin, digitoxin, or digitoxigenin, resp. Asclepin showed a marked positive inotropic effect as evidenced by the increase in the force of contraction, measured by (dp/dt)max and (formula: see text). It was found to be more active than the other glycosides.", "PMID": 380581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5072", "title": "Effects of warfarin administration on the immune response of mice.", "content": "Administration of warfarin to mice is shown to have little effect on the humoral immune response of these animals to sheep red blood cells (a thymus dependent antigen) or the trinitrophenyl hapten coupled to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (a thymus independent antigen). The ability of low doses of sheep red blood cells to prime T-cells in vivo for helper activity in the in vitro antibody-forming response to trinitrophenyl coupled to sheep red blood cells is also apparently unaffected. By contrast, delayed hypersensitivity responses, measured by foot pad swelling, are significantly stimulated by administration of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of warfarin administration on the immune response of mice. Administration of warfarin to mice is shown to have little effect on the humoral immune response of these animals to sheep red blood cells (a thymus dependent antigen) or the trinitrophenyl hapten coupled to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (a thymus independent antigen). The ability of low doses of sheep red blood cells to prime T-cells in vivo for helper activity in the in vitro antibody-forming response to trinitrophenyl coupled to sheep red blood cells is also apparently unaffected. By contrast, delayed hypersensitivity responses, measured by foot pad swelling, are significantly stimulated by administration of the drug.", "PMID": 380582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5073", "title": "[Chickenpox, burns and grafts].", "content": "An outbreak of chickenpox that occurred at the Burns Repair Surgery Unit, Department of Children's Surgery, Hospital R. del R\u00edo, between June and November, 1975, is reported. 27 cases of burned children were studied, including analysis of correlations of the stages and outcome of the disease (varicela), the trauma (burns) and the graft (repair surgery). As a result, the authors emphasize the following findings: 1. Burns and their repair are not aggravating factors for varicella. In a small number of cases the exanthema looked more confluent in the graft surgical areas and in the first degree burns healing spontaneously. 2. Usually there was an uneventful outcome of graft repair surgery on a varicella patient, either during the incubation period, the acme or the convalescence. 3. The fact that the outmost intensity of secondary viremia of varicella occurs before the onset of exanthemia, that is, during the late incubation period, is confirmed.", "contents": "[Chickenpox, burns and grafts]. An outbreak of chickenpox that occurred at the Burns Repair Surgery Unit, Department of Children's Surgery, Hospital R. del R\u00edo, between June and November, 1975, is reported. 27 cases of burned children were studied, including analysis of correlations of the stages and outcome of the disease (varicela), the trauma (burns) and the graft (repair surgery). As a result, the authors emphasize the following findings: 1. Burns and their repair are not aggravating factors for varicella. In a small number of cases the exanthema looked more confluent in the graft surgical areas and in the first degree burns healing spontaneously. 2. Usually there was an uneventful outcome of graft repair surgery on a varicella patient, either during the incubation period, the acme or the convalescence. 3. The fact that the outmost intensity of secondary viremia of varicella occurs before the onset of exanthemia, that is, during the late incubation period, is confirmed.", "PMID": 380594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5074", "title": "[Treatment of typhoid fever with chloramphenicol or ampicillin combined with oxyphenbutazone].", "content": "Ninety-four patients with typhoid fever were treated, at random, with three therapeutic regimens: chloramphenicol alone, chloramphenicol plus oxyphenbutazone, and ampicillin plus oxyphenbutazone. The results are evaluated analyzing the body temperature graph and by serial blood had bone marrow cultures taken at intervals until they became negative. Bacteriologic diagnosis was confirmed by blood culture (39.3%) and/or bone marrow culture (77%). The mean duration of fever was 3.3 days for the group treated with chloramphenicol-oxyphenbutazone, 4.3 for those with chloramphenicol alone and 5 days for the group ampicillin-oxyphenbutazone; at the same time, blood cultures became negative at 4.4, 5.5 and 4.4 days respectively. Negativization of bone marrow cultures was not influenced by the addition of oxyphenbutazone. It is concluded that the influence of oxyphenbutazone in shortening the febrile period or in the negativization of blood cultures is not significant. It is considered that oxyphenbutazone is not an important therapeutic tool in this group of diseases.", "contents": "[Treatment of typhoid fever with chloramphenicol or ampicillin combined with oxyphenbutazone]. Ninety-four patients with typhoid fever were treated, at random, with three therapeutic regimens: chloramphenicol alone, chloramphenicol plus oxyphenbutazone, and ampicillin plus oxyphenbutazone. The results are evaluated analyzing the body temperature graph and by serial blood had bone marrow cultures taken at intervals until they became negative. Bacteriologic diagnosis was confirmed by blood culture (39.3%) and/or bone marrow culture (77%). The mean duration of fever was 3.3 days for the group treated with chloramphenicol-oxyphenbutazone, 4.3 for those with chloramphenicol alone and 5 days for the group ampicillin-oxyphenbutazone; at the same time, blood cultures became negative at 4.4, 5.5 and 4.4 days respectively. Negativization of bone marrow cultures was not influenced by the addition of oxyphenbutazone. It is concluded that the influence of oxyphenbutazone in shortening the febrile period or in the negativization of blood cultures is not significant. It is considered that oxyphenbutazone is not an important therapeutic tool in this group of diseases.", "PMID": 380595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5075", "title": "[Treatment of true precocious puberty with medroxyprogesterone acetate].", "content": "The authors analyze the treatment of 16 female infants with true precocious puberty, ages ranging from 12 months to 9.5 years at the time of diagnosis, based on clinical and laboratory findings. All patients were treated with 150 to 300 mg. every 15 to 20 days of injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for periods from 5 months to 6 years. The prognosis of the adult height was evaluated before and during MPA treatment using the following parameters: height velocity as a function of bone age (good response of 15 patients); height as a function of bone age (good response of 13 patients); developmental quotient (good response of 14 patients), and adult height prognosis by the use of the tables of Bayley & Pinneau (good response of 8 out of 10 patients). The authors conclude that MPA treatment was effective in improving the prognosis of adult height in 14 out of 16 patients of true precocious puberty.", "contents": "[Treatment of true precocious puberty with medroxyprogesterone acetate]. The authors analyze the treatment of 16 female infants with true precocious puberty, ages ranging from 12 months to 9.5 years at the time of diagnosis, based on clinical and laboratory findings. All patients were treated with 150 to 300 mg. every 15 to 20 days of injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for periods from 5 months to 6 years. The prognosis of the adult height was evaluated before and during MPA treatment using the following parameters: height velocity as a function of bone age (good response of 15 patients); height as a function of bone age (good response of 13 patients); developmental quotient (good response of 14 patients), and adult height prognosis by the use of the tables of Bayley & Pinneau (good response of 8 out of 10 patients). The authors conclude that MPA treatment was effective in improving the prognosis of adult height in 14 out of 16 patients of true precocious puberty.", "PMID": 380593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5076", "title": "Coronary artery vasospasm: the likely immediated cause of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Features of infarction can be divided into two types--the spasmodic and the mechanical. The former (pre-infarct angina and emotional factors in infarction) seem readily explainable by spasm, and are similar to the findings in angina which prompted Heberden to consider angina as spasmodic. The mechanical features of infarction (association with thrombosis and arteriosclerosis, and severe and unremitting chest pain) seem to be the antithesis of spasm and probably account for the reluctance to consider spasm seriously in infarction. The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of acute myocardial infarction explains both spasmodic and mechanical features. Spasm represents a dominance of vasoconstricting over vasodilating forces. Coronary sclerosis can result in both ischaemia (vasodilating) and ischaemic injury-spasm (vasoconstricting). The fight-flight component of the autonomic nervous system is considered to be vasodilating, and the conservation-withdrawal portion to be vasoconstricting. Once spasm occurs, a new balance of forces obtains which can lead either to vasodilatation and relief of symptoms or to infarction.", "contents": "Coronary artery vasospasm: the likely immediated cause of acute myocardial infarction. Features of infarction can be divided into two types--the spasmodic and the mechanical. The former (pre-infarct angina and emotional factors in infarction) seem readily explainable by spasm, and are similar to the findings in angina which prompted Heberden to consider angina as spasmodic. The mechanical features of infarction (association with thrombosis and arteriosclerosis, and severe and unremitting chest pain) seem to be the antithesis of spasm and probably account for the reluctance to consider spasm seriously in infarction. The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of acute myocardial infarction explains both spasmodic and mechanical features. Spasm represents a dominance of vasoconstricting over vasodilating forces. Coronary sclerosis can result in both ischaemia (vasodilating) and ischaemic injury-spasm (vasoconstricting). The fight-flight component of the autonomic nervous system is considered to be vasodilating, and the conservation-withdrawal portion to be vasoconstricting. Once spasm occurs, a new balance of forces obtains which can lead either to vasodilatation and relief of symptoms or to infarction.", "PMID": 380605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5077", "title": "[Subdural empyema due to Salmonella typhimurium. Analysis of a case].", "content": "The case was that of an infant with congenital hydrocephalus who developed subdural empyema. The most outstanding items were, the age of the patient (18 months), the identification of Salmonella typhimurium, a germ rarely described responsible for this pathology, the absence of anacrobe germs and the possible hematogenous dissemination from the digestive tract when the port of entry usually associated is the infection of the paranasal sinuses. The most useful method for study was the computerized axial tomography.", "contents": "[Subdural empyema due to Salmonella typhimurium. Analysis of a case]. The case was that of an infant with congenital hydrocephalus who developed subdural empyema. The most outstanding items were, the age of the patient (18 months), the identification of Salmonella typhimurium, a germ rarely described responsible for this pathology, the absence of anacrobe germs and the possible hematogenous dissemination from the digestive tract when the port of entry usually associated is the infection of the paranasal sinuses. The most useful method for study was the computerized axial tomography.", "PMID": 380596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5078", "title": "QT time in patients treated with alprenolol or placebo after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Studies were made on the effects of long-term beta-blockade on the QT interval in patients discharged alive from hospital after myocardial infarction. The patients (n = 230) in this study constituted all those who participated in the alprenolol study on postmyocardial patients in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The study was double-blind (alprenolol 200 mg b.i.d. or placebo) and randomised. The patients were divided into 4 risk groups (1-4) with different predicted mortality. The electrocardiograms before and after 8 weeks of treatment were analysed with respect to heart rate and QT time. There was a decrease in heart rate of about 10% in the alprenolol treated patients. The QT time was not significantly influenced by alprenolol. The rate corrected QT time (QTc) decreased in the subgroup of the most severely diseased patients (subgroup 4) treated with alprenolol.", "contents": "QT time in patients treated with alprenolol or placebo after myocardial infarction. Studies were made on the effects of long-term beta-blockade on the QT interval in patients discharged alive from hospital after myocardial infarction. The patients (n = 230) in this study constituted all those who participated in the alprenolol study on postmyocardial patients in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The study was double-blind (alprenolol 200 mg b.i.d. or placebo) and randomised. The patients were divided into 4 risk groups (1-4) with different predicted mortality. The electrocardiograms before and after 8 weeks of treatment were analysed with respect to heart rate and QT time. There was a decrease in heart rate of about 10% in the alprenolol treated patients. The QT time was not significantly influenced by alprenolol. The rate corrected QT time (QTc) decreased in the subgroup of the most severely diseased patients (subgroup 4) treated with alprenolol.", "PMID": 380606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5079", "title": "Studies of drugs given before anaesthesia. XVII: anticholinergic premedicants.", "content": "The effects of premedication with the anticholinergic drugs atropine, hyoscine and glycopyrronium when administered by oral and i.m. routes have been evaluated in patients undergoing minor surgery and compared with a placebo using a double-dummy double-blind technique. Although the mouths of those patients who received adequate doses of anticholinergic drugs were dry, subjectively and observed, as compared with those who received a placebo, the overall course of anaesthesia did not appear to be different. Of the three drugs atropine seemed to be absorbed best following oral administration. Equally effective oral and i.m. doses of atropine were considered to be 2.0 and 1.0 mg respectively; of hyoscine 1.0 and 0.25--0.5 mg. The appropriate dose of glycopyrronium was 0.2 mg i.m. The routine use of anticholinergic drugs in preanaesthetic medication in minor surgery appears to be unnecessary.", "contents": "Studies of drugs given before anaesthesia. XVII: anticholinergic premedicants. The effects of premedication with the anticholinergic drugs atropine, hyoscine and glycopyrronium when administered by oral and i.m. routes have been evaluated in patients undergoing minor surgery and compared with a placebo using a double-dummy double-blind technique. Although the mouths of those patients who received adequate doses of anticholinergic drugs were dry, subjectively and observed, as compared with those who received a placebo, the overall course of anaesthesia did not appear to be different. Of the three drugs atropine seemed to be absorbed best following oral administration. Equally effective oral and i.m. doses of atropine were considered to be 2.0 and 1.0 mg respectively; of hyoscine 1.0 and 0.25--0.5 mg. The appropriate dose of glycopyrronium was 0.2 mg i.m. The routine use of anticholinergic drugs in preanaesthetic medication in minor surgery appears to be unnecessary.", "PMID": 380608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5080", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical pharmacological studies with mepivacaine and prilocaine.", "content": "The tolerance and pharmacokinetic properties of mepivacaine and prilocaine were compared following i.v. infusion of 250 mg (0.88 and 0.97 mmol respectively) of each drug in five healthy volunteers. Side-effects were minor and occurred in only two subjects during the infusion of mepivacaine. Plasma concentrations of mepivacaine were greater in each subject than the corresponding values for prilocaine. The elimination half-life of mepivacaine was generally longer than that for prilocaine, whereas the total body clearance of prilocaine was consistently greater than the corresponding value for mepivacaine. For each subject the clearance of prilocaine substantially exceeded normal heptic blood flow and therefore an extra-hepatic site of metabolism of prilocaine has been postulated.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical pharmacological studies with mepivacaine and prilocaine. The tolerance and pharmacokinetic properties of mepivacaine and prilocaine were compared following i.v. infusion of 250 mg (0.88 and 0.97 mmol respectively) of each drug in five healthy volunteers. Side-effects were minor and occurred in only two subjects during the infusion of mepivacaine. Plasma concentrations of mepivacaine were greater in each subject than the corresponding values for prilocaine. The elimination half-life of mepivacaine was generally longer than that for prilocaine, whereas the total body clearance of prilocaine was consistently greater than the corresponding value for mepivacaine. For each subject the clearance of prilocaine substantially exceeded normal heptic blood flow and therefore an extra-hepatic site of metabolism of prilocaine has been postulated.", "PMID": 380609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5081", "title": "A comparison of the respiratory effects of meptazinol, pentazocine and morphine.", "content": "The respiratory effects of a new strong analgesic, meptazinol, were compared with a placebo and with equianalgesic doses of morphine and pentazocine in a double-blind crossover trial in seven healthy volunteers. No significant change in the ventilatory response to rebreathing carbon dioxide was observed after meptazinol 100 mg/70 kg or placebo. However, both morphine 10 mg/70 kg and pentazocine 60 mg/70 kg depresesd the slope of the ventilatory response (-30.0% and -31.6% respectively, P less than 0.02, averaged over the first 3.5-h period). End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PE'CO2) while breathing room air increased significantly following all three drugs. However, the increase in PE'CO2 after meptazinol (0.22 kPa averaged over 3.5 h) was significantly less than that following morphine (0.40 kPa, P less than 0.05) and pentazocine (0.59 kPa, P less than 0.01). While breathing room air with a resistive inspiratory load of 8 kPa litre-1 s, PE'CO2 again increased significantly (P less than 0.05) following all three drugs. The increase in PE'CO2 after meptazinol was then the same as that after morphine (0.51 kPa averaged over 3.5 h). The increase following pentazocine (0.80 kPa) was significantly greater than that after both morphine and meptazinol (P less than 0.02).", "contents": "A comparison of the respiratory effects of meptazinol, pentazocine and morphine. The respiratory effects of a new strong analgesic, meptazinol, were compared with a placebo and with equianalgesic doses of morphine and pentazocine in a double-blind crossover trial in seven healthy volunteers. No significant change in the ventilatory response to rebreathing carbon dioxide was observed after meptazinol 100 mg/70 kg or placebo. However, both morphine 10 mg/70 kg and pentazocine 60 mg/70 kg depresesd the slope of the ventilatory response (-30.0% and -31.6% respectively, P less than 0.02, averaged over the first 3.5-h period). End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PE'CO2) while breathing room air increased significantly following all three drugs. However, the increase in PE'CO2 after meptazinol (0.22 kPa averaged over 3.5 h) was significantly less than that following morphine (0.40 kPa, P less than 0.05) and pentazocine (0.59 kPa, P less than 0.01). While breathing room air with a resistive inspiratory load of 8 kPa litre-1 s, PE'CO2 again increased significantly (P less than 0.05) following all three drugs. The increase in PE'CO2 after meptazinol was then the same as that after morphine (0.51 kPa averaged over 3.5 h). The increase following pentazocine (0.80 kPa) was significantly greater than that after both morphine and meptazinol (P less than 0.02).", "PMID": 380610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5082", "title": "Operative blood loss and the frequency of haemorrhage associated with adenotonsillectomy in children: a double-blind trial of ethamsylate.", "content": "One hundred children were allocated randomly to receive either ethamsylate (Dicynene) or a placebo before undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Blood loss at operation was estimated from the haemoglobin content of swabs and aspirated fluid. Mean blood loss in the ethamsylate-treated group was not significantly less than in the controls. The frequency of secondary haemorrhage was significantly less in children treated with ethamsylate (P less than 0.01). No side-effects were reported in either group.", "contents": "Operative blood loss and the frequency of haemorrhage associated with adenotonsillectomy in children: a double-blind trial of ethamsylate. One hundred children were allocated randomly to receive either ethamsylate (Dicynene) or a placebo before undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Blood loss at operation was estimated from the haemoglobin content of swabs and aspirated fluid. Mean blood loss in the ethamsylate-treated group was not significantly less than in the controls. The frequency of secondary haemorrhage was significantly less in children treated with ethamsylate (P less than 0.01). No side-effects were reported in either group.", "PMID": 380611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5083", "title": "Clofibrate and diabetes control in patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents.", "content": "1. Twenty-two maturity-onset type diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents entered a single-blind crossover study using placebo (periods A and C, 2 months each) and clofibrate (2 g/day; period B; 2 months). 2. In thirteen patients, under reasonably good control, clofibrate did not reduce fasting or post-prandial blood glucose, nor 24 h glycosuria; no improvement was noted in the M-value, an index of diabetes control. 3. In contrast, in nine patients, with poor diabetes control, clofibrate reduced 24 h glycosuria and significantly improved the M-value. 4. In all patients, clofibrate therapy was associated with a significant 19-23% reduction in plasma fibrinogen. 5. It is suggested that addition of clofibrate may be useful in maturity-onset diabetics not adequately controlled by diet combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents.", "contents": "Clofibrate and diabetes control in patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents. 1. Twenty-two maturity-onset type diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents entered a single-blind crossover study using placebo (periods A and C, 2 months each) and clofibrate (2 g/day; period B; 2 months). 2. In thirteen patients, under reasonably good control, clofibrate did not reduce fasting or post-prandial blood glucose, nor 24 h glycosuria; no improvement was noted in the M-value, an index of diabetes control. 3. In contrast, in nine patients, with poor diabetes control, clofibrate reduced 24 h glycosuria and significantly improved the M-value. 4. In all patients, clofibrate therapy was associated with a significant 19-23% reduction in plasma fibrinogen. 5. It is suggested that addition of clofibrate may be useful in maturity-onset diabetics not adequately controlled by diet combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents.", "PMID": 380614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5084", "title": "A comparison of the clinical and psychological effects of diazepam and amylobarbitone in anxious patients.", "content": "1. Twenty-four anxious inpatients were treated with diazepam, amylobarbitone sodium and placebo in flexible dosage for 1 week. They each received all three treatments according to a fully-balanced design, using double-blind procedures. 2. The clinical and the psychological effects of the drugs were assessed by the comprehensive battery of psychiatrist's ratings, subjective and psychological tests before treatment and at the end of each week of treatment. The tests included self-rating of anxiolytic and hypnotic effects, reaction-time, card sorting, coding and cancellation tasks, arithmetic and tappin. 3. Diazepam improved significantly subjective anxiety and insomnia, while amylobarbitone improved only the self-rated quality of sleep. Occasion effects were absent on clinical measures, indicating that the patients did not respond to non-specific temporal factors. Performance on motor tasks improved over time because of the expected practice effect, but an impairment relative to placebo was detected on two motor tests after the barbiturate and on four other tests with a cognitive component after the benzodiazepine.", "contents": "A comparison of the clinical and psychological effects of diazepam and amylobarbitone in anxious patients. 1. Twenty-four anxious inpatients were treated with diazepam, amylobarbitone sodium and placebo in flexible dosage for 1 week. They each received all three treatments according to a fully-balanced design, using double-blind procedures. 2. The clinical and the psychological effects of the drugs were assessed by the comprehensive battery of psychiatrist's ratings, subjective and psychological tests before treatment and at the end of each week of treatment. The tests included self-rating of anxiolytic and hypnotic effects, reaction-time, card sorting, coding and cancellation tasks, arithmetic and tappin. 3. Diazepam improved significantly subjective anxiety and insomnia, while amylobarbitone improved only the self-rated quality of sleep. Occasion effects were absent on clinical measures, indicating that the patients did not respond to non-specific temporal factors. Performance on motor tasks improved over time because of the expected practice effect, but an impairment relative to placebo was detected on two motor tests after the barbiturate and on four other tests with a cognitive component after the benzodiazepine.", "PMID": 380615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5085", "title": "History and development of mixed opioid agonists, partial agonists and antagonists.", "content": "1 A brief history of the development of narcotic antagonists is outlined. 2 The clinical and pharmacological observations leading to the discovery of dualism of opiate receptors are reviewed. 3 An extension of this theory to a three-receptor model (mu, kappa and sigma) is required to rationalize the pharmacology of the antagonists analgesics cyclazocine, pentazocine and nalorphine. 4 The methodologies available for the study of compounds with dual agonist-antagonist activity are discussed in the light of the above receptor multiplicity, and data appertaining to the kappa-partial agonist, nalorphine and the mu-partial agonist buprenorphine are outlined.", "contents": "History and development of mixed opioid agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. 1 A brief history of the development of narcotic antagonists is outlined. 2 The clinical and pharmacological observations leading to the discovery of dualism of opiate receptors are reviewed. 3 An extension of this theory to a three-receptor model (mu, kappa and sigma) is required to rationalize the pharmacology of the antagonists analgesics cyclazocine, pentazocine and nalorphine. 4 The methodologies available for the study of compounds with dual agonist-antagonist activity are discussed in the light of the above receptor multiplicity, and data appertaining to the kappa-partial agonist, nalorphine and the mu-partial agonist buprenorphine are outlined.", "PMID": 380616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5086", "title": "A trial of sublingual buprenorphine in cancer pain.", "content": "1 Buprenorphine is a new antagonist analgesic which was offered sublingually to 141 patients with moderate cancer pain as an alternative to their current analgesic. These patients were not on regular strong morphine-like analgesics. 2 Forty-seven patients used the drug on demand in unit doses ranging from 0.15-0.8 mg for an average of 12 weeks. A full-time nurse-observer was used throughout the studies. 3 Good analgesic results were obtained. Certain difficult chronic dull aching pains in the head and neck were especially helped by the drug. There was no indication of dependence or tolerance in this study. 4 The main side-effect was drowsiness which lessened with usage of the drug. A major advantage of the drug was the absence of constipation as a side-effect. 5 This sublingual preparation seems worthy of addition to the commercially available range of analgesics in clinical practice.", "contents": "A trial of sublingual buprenorphine in cancer pain. 1 Buprenorphine is a new antagonist analgesic which was offered sublingually to 141 patients with moderate cancer pain as an alternative to their current analgesic. These patients were not on regular strong morphine-like analgesics. 2 Forty-seven patients used the drug on demand in unit doses ranging from 0.15-0.8 mg for an average of 12 weeks. A full-time nurse-observer was used throughout the studies. 3 Good analgesic results were obtained. Certain difficult chronic dull aching pains in the head and neck were especially helped by the drug. There was no indication of dependence or tolerance in this study. 4 The main side-effect was drowsiness which lessened with usage of the drug. A major advantage of the drug was the absence of constipation as a side-effect. 5 This sublingual preparation seems worthy of addition to the commercially available range of analgesics in clinical practice.", "PMID": 380617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5087", "title": "Anti-tumour activity of ICI 118630, a new potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken with DMBA-induced mammary tumours of the rat to determine the anti-tumour properties of a new and potent luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist, [D-Ser(But) 6Azgly10]-LH-RH (ICI 118630). Tumours were classified according to their oestrogen-receptor (ER) content. Twice daily i.m. injections of either 5 micrograms or 0.5 micrograms ICI 118630 in saline were as effective as ovariectomy or tamoxifen therapy in causing the regression of ER+ DMBA-induced mammary tumours. ER- mammary tumours showed a more equivocal overall response to ICI 118630, some tumours progressing, others regressing. About one-third of the ER+ tumours disappeared in the 20-day treatment period. Those tumours which did regrow after the cessation of treatment proved to be hormone-dependent. In addition to the inhibitory effects of the LH-RH agonist on pre-existing tumours, ICI 118630 also reduced the total number of new tumours formed during and after treatment.", "contents": "Anti-tumour activity of ICI 118630, a new potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Experiments were undertaken with DMBA-induced mammary tumours of the rat to determine the anti-tumour properties of a new and potent luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist, [D-Ser(But) 6Azgly10]-LH-RH (ICI 118630). Tumours were classified according to their oestrogen-receptor (ER) content. Twice daily i.m. injections of either 5 micrograms or 0.5 micrograms ICI 118630 in saline were as effective as ovariectomy or tamoxifen therapy in causing the regression of ER+ DMBA-induced mammary tumours. ER- mammary tumours showed a more equivocal overall response to ICI 118630, some tumours progressing, others regressing. About one-third of the ER+ tumours disappeared in the 20-day treatment period. Those tumours which did regrow after the cessation of treatment proved to be hormone-dependent. In addition to the inhibitory effects of the LH-RH agonist on pre-existing tumours, ICI 118630 also reduced the total number of new tumours formed during and after treatment.", "PMID": 380618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5088", "title": "Effects of high doses of a series of new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues in intact female rats.", "content": "A new series of LH-RH analogues containing an Azgly10 modification and having potent agonist properties were given in high concentration to intact female rats. Plasma LH and FSH were raised to extremely high levels after 14 days' administration of the compounds (5.0 and 0.5 microgram/rat twice daily), but plasma oestradiol concentrations were reduced to those in ovariectomized rats. The weights of the ovary and uterus were also markedly reduced, suggesting that these compounds are, on this treatment regime, producing the effects of chemical castration.", "contents": "Effects of high doses of a series of new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues in intact female rats. A new series of LH-RH analogues containing an Azgly10 modification and having potent agonist properties were given in high concentration to intact female rats. Plasma LH and FSH were raised to extremely high levels after 14 days' administration of the compounds (5.0 and 0.5 microgram/rat twice daily), but plasma oestradiol concentrations were reduced to those in ovariectomized rats. The weights of the ovary and uterus were also markedly reduced, suggesting that these compounds are, on this treatment regime, producing the effects of chemical castration.", "PMID": 380619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5089", "title": "Prostacyclin activity in rat kidney stimulated by angiotensin II.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGx, PG12) activity can be found in renal tissue as indicated by platelet aggregation inhibition. The activity of the medullary tissue in terms of wet weight is significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that of cortex. The activity decreases with time and has almost entirely gone within 1 h. Boiling for 30 s destroys the inhibitory effect of the prostacyclin on platelet aggregation. Angiotensin II is able to stimulate the prostacyclin availability of the tissue after incubation for 3 min. Addition of angiotensin II to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has no significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The spontaneous generation of prostacyclin as well as that stimulated by angiotensin II can be suppressed by previous incubation of the tissue with a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor such as ketoprofen. Tissues which have only a small amount of basal release in buffer show an increased platelet aggregation inhibitory effect after addition to PRP. The difference between medulla and cortex is statistically significant. This different release of prostacyclin cannot be related to different endothelial surface area, because the endothelial surface in medulla and cortex is quite similar. It is suggested that prostacyclin has an important influence on the renal function. The different capacity of renal medulla and cortex in generation of prostacyclin could be of great importance for a fuller understanding of the physiology of renal function.", "contents": "Prostacyclin activity in rat kidney stimulated by angiotensin II. Prostacyclin (PGx, PG12) activity can be found in renal tissue as indicated by platelet aggregation inhibition. The activity of the medullary tissue in terms of wet weight is significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that of cortex. The activity decreases with time and has almost entirely gone within 1 h. Boiling for 30 s destroys the inhibitory effect of the prostacyclin on platelet aggregation. Angiotensin II is able to stimulate the prostacyclin availability of the tissue after incubation for 3 min. Addition of angiotensin II to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has no significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The spontaneous generation of prostacyclin as well as that stimulated by angiotensin II can be suppressed by previous incubation of the tissue with a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor such as ketoprofen. Tissues which have only a small amount of basal release in buffer show an increased platelet aggregation inhibitory effect after addition to PRP. The difference between medulla and cortex is statistically significant. This different release of prostacyclin cannot be related to different endothelial surface area, because the endothelial surface in medulla and cortex is quite similar. It is suggested that prostacyclin has an important influence on the renal function. The different capacity of renal medulla and cortex in generation of prostacyclin could be of great importance for a fuller understanding of the physiology of renal function.", "PMID": 380621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5090", "title": "Procollagen synthesized by newborn rat skin in culture.", "content": "Newborn rat skin explants in culture have been found to synthesize and secrete into the medium a considerable amount of collagen precursors (procollagens). Gel-electrophoresis analysis of the material extracted from the medium indicates that it is constituted mainly by procollagen Type I with a small percentage of procollagen Type III. Antibodies have been raised to the extracted procollagen and, although no attempt has been made to render these antibodies specific to one procollagen type by appropriate immunoadsorption, the immunofluorescence patterns that have been obtained are in good agreement with those reported on procollagen Type I by other groups. When unfixed cultured fibroblasts are examined by indirect immunofluorescence in the presence of the antiprocollagen antibody, a fluorescent network of interwoven fibres on the cell surface is observed which is similar to the network formed by fibronectin (LETS) on the fibroblasts' cell membranes.", "contents": "Procollagen synthesized by newborn rat skin in culture. Newborn rat skin explants in culture have been found to synthesize and secrete into the medium a considerable amount of collagen precursors (procollagens). Gel-electrophoresis analysis of the material extracted from the medium indicates that it is constituted mainly by procollagen Type I with a small percentage of procollagen Type III. Antibodies have been raised to the extracted procollagen and, although no attempt has been made to render these antibodies specific to one procollagen type by appropriate immunoadsorption, the immunofluorescence patterns that have been obtained are in good agreement with those reported on procollagen Type I by other groups. When unfixed cultured fibroblasts are examined by indirect immunofluorescence in the presence of the antiprocollagen antibody, a fluorescent network of interwoven fibres on the cell surface is observed which is similar to the network formed by fibronectin (LETS) on the fibroblasts' cell membranes.", "PMID": 380622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5091", "title": "Hairy-cell leukaemia: a B-lymphocytic disorder.", "content": "Fifteen cases of histologically proven hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) were studied with immunofluorescence, rosette, and phagocytosis techniques. Unfixed hairy cells (HC) bound all kinds of labelled antiserum; but after fixation with formaldehyde a much more selective binding was observed. In two cases no surface-bound Ig was detected; four cases showed gamma and in nine cases two or three heavy chains were found, alpha and delta being the most frequent. Few cases were clearly positive for mu. The picture was invariably monoclonal with respect to light chains. Cytoplasmic Ig was present in only 3/15 cases; it was always IgM. HC did not form E-rosettes or react with a fluorescent anti-T cell antiserum. No EAIgMC-rosettes were formed. All cases showed Fc receptors, which were detected with EAIgG-rosettes (13/13) or with antigen-antibody complexes (6/6). The density of Fc receptors varied widely. Incubation with latex particles resulted in cell-associated particles in 16-63% of the HC; with Staphylococcus epidermidis, the percentage was 2-36. After enzyme treatment (lysostaphin), however, no ingested bacteria were found, which suggests that HC are essentially non-phagocytic. At least 13 cases were therefore classified as B-cell malignancies.", "contents": "Hairy-cell leukaemia: a B-lymphocytic disorder. Fifteen cases of histologically proven hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) were studied with immunofluorescence, rosette, and phagocytosis techniques. Unfixed hairy cells (HC) bound all kinds of labelled antiserum; but after fixation with formaldehyde a much more selective binding was observed. In two cases no surface-bound Ig was detected; four cases showed gamma and in nine cases two or three heavy chains were found, alpha and delta being the most frequent. Few cases were clearly positive for mu. The picture was invariably monoclonal with respect to light chains. Cytoplasmic Ig was present in only 3/15 cases; it was always IgM. HC did not form E-rosettes or react with a fluorescent anti-T cell antiserum. No EAIgMC-rosettes were formed. All cases showed Fc receptors, which were detected with EAIgG-rosettes (13/13) or with antigen-antibody complexes (6/6). The density of Fc receptors varied widely. Incubation with latex particles resulted in cell-associated particles in 16-63% of the HC; with Staphylococcus epidermidis, the percentage was 2-36. After enzyme treatment (lysostaphin), however, no ingested bacteria were found, which suggests that HC are essentially non-phagocytic. At least 13 cases were therefore classified as B-cell malignancies.", "PMID": 380627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5092", "title": "Abnormal peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow infiltration in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The blood lymphocytes of 21 normal blood specimens, 20 patients with various malignant disorders and 63 patients with non-Hodgkin's disease lymphoma, all with lymphocyte counts below 6 x 10(9)/l, were examined by sheep red cell rosetting, fluorescent antisera to surface immunoglobulin and for sensitivity to colchicine. The results were correlated with bone marrow infiltration and lymph node histological findings. The ratio of kappa to lambda light chains in the surface immunglobulin was used to determine if an abnormal clone of lymphocytes was present. In the normals and the non lymphoma controls the expected normal ratio of approximately 2K to 1 lambda was found with a narrow spread. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases there was a wide spread of ratios with half the cases outside the range of the controls. These cases were considered to have a clone of abnormal lymphocytes in the blood although their routine blood and differential counts were usually normal. There was a very significant correlation of the presence of a clone with ultrasensitivity to colchicine and with involvement of the bone marrow. 81% of the cases with a histological diagnosis of well-differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, 64% of those with poorly differentiated diffuse but only 22% of those with diffuse histiocytic had an abnormal lymphocyte clone demonstrated by an abnormal K:lambda ratio.", "contents": "Abnormal peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow infiltration in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The blood lymphocytes of 21 normal blood specimens, 20 patients with various malignant disorders and 63 patients with non-Hodgkin's disease lymphoma, all with lymphocyte counts below 6 x 10(9)/l, were examined by sheep red cell rosetting, fluorescent antisera to surface immunoglobulin and for sensitivity to colchicine. The results were correlated with bone marrow infiltration and lymph node histological findings. The ratio of kappa to lambda light chains in the surface immunglobulin was used to determine if an abnormal clone of lymphocytes was present. In the normals and the non lymphoma controls the expected normal ratio of approximately 2K to 1 lambda was found with a narrow spread. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases there was a wide spread of ratios with half the cases outside the range of the controls. These cases were considered to have a clone of abnormal lymphocytes in the blood although their routine blood and differential counts were usually normal. There was a very significant correlation of the presence of a clone with ultrasensitivity to colchicine and with involvement of the bone marrow. 81% of the cases with a histological diagnosis of well-differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, 64% of those with poorly differentiated diffuse but only 22% of those with diffuse histiocytic had an abnormal lymphocyte clone demonstrated by an abnormal K:lambda ratio.", "PMID": 380628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5093", "title": "Concentrations of the prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy and labour.", "content": "Concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, PGI2) have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples taken at amniotomy during spontaneous labour contained a significantly greater concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha than samples taken at amniotomy before the onset of labour (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between the level of 6 keto-PGF1 alpha in amniotic fluid before labour and gestational age (p greater than 0.1). It is suggested that prostacyclin may have a functional role in the mechanism of parturition in man.", "contents": "Concentrations of the prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy and labour. Concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, PGI2) have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples taken at amniotomy during spontaneous labour contained a significantly greater concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha than samples taken at amniotomy before the onset of labour (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between the level of 6 keto-PGF1 alpha in amniotic fluid before labour and gestational age (p greater than 0.1). It is suggested that prostacyclin may have a functional role in the mechanism of parturition in man.", "PMID": 380629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5094", "title": "Treatment of pruritus vulvae by multiple intradermal injections of alcohol. A double-blind study.", "content": "A double blind study is described in which 17 patients with intractable pruritus vulvae were treated by multiple intradermal injections of absolute alcohol. In each patient half the vulva was treated with alcohol whilst the other half was injected with water. Treatment with alcohol was significantly better than treatment with water (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Treatment of pruritus vulvae by multiple intradermal injections of alcohol. A double-blind study. A double blind study is described in which 17 patients with intractable pruritus vulvae were treated by multiple intradermal injections of absolute alcohol. In each patient half the vulva was treated with alcohol whilst the other half was injected with water. Treatment with alcohol was significantly better than treatment with water (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 380630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5095", "title": "A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of doxycycline on mycoplasma infection and infertility.", "content": "Forty-two couples in an infertility clinic were examined for genital infection with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strains). In 21 couples one or other partner was found to be infected; no chlamydiae, trichomonads, or gonococci were isolated from any of these couples. All patients were then included in a double-blind crossover doxycycline/placebo study lasting 8 months. Pregnancy was achieved in one of the 21 couples who were free of infection. Of the 21 couples who were infected, one achieved a pregnancy while still infected, and 19 lost their infection on doxycycline, of whom four achieved a pregnancy. These four pregnancies all occurred among the 10 couples who received doxycycline first. One further pregnancy occurred after the trial was over. Since 5 of the 7 pregnancies occurred in the first 4 months of the trial, they were probably due to the psychological effect of treatment rather than the effect of the drug on infection.", "contents": "A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of doxycycline on mycoplasma infection and infertility. Forty-two couples in an infertility clinic were examined for genital infection with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strains). In 21 couples one or other partner was found to be infected; no chlamydiae, trichomonads, or gonococci were isolated from any of these couples. All patients were then included in a double-blind crossover doxycycline/placebo study lasting 8 months. Pregnancy was achieved in one of the 21 couples who were free of infection. Of the 21 couples who were infected, one achieved a pregnancy while still infected, and 19 lost their infection on doxycycline, of whom four achieved a pregnancy. These four pregnancies all occurred among the 10 couples who received doxycycline first. One further pregnancy occurred after the trial was over. Since 5 of the 7 pregnancies occurred in the first 4 months of the trial, they were probably due to the psychological effect of treatment rather than the effect of the drug on infection.", "PMID": 380631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5096", "title": "HLA and eye disease.", "content": "This review article discusses the evolution and function of the histocompatibility system, the nature of the HLA antigens and their classification, the phenomenon of linkage disequilibrium, and the mechanisms of HLA and disease susceptibility. The reported associations between HLA antigens and various eye diseases are analysed and their significance is discussed. Problems in designing studies on HLA and disease associations are highlighted and suitable statistical procedures for the analysis of the results are outlined.", "contents": "HLA and eye disease. This review article discusses the evolution and function of the histocompatibility system, the nature of the HLA antigens and their classification, the phenomenon of linkage disequilibrium, and the mechanisms of HLA and disease susceptibility. The reported associations between HLA antigens and various eye diseases are analysed and their significance is discussed. Problems in designing studies on HLA and disease associations are highlighted and suitable statistical procedures for the analysis of the results are outlined.", "PMID": 380633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5097", "title": "Nocardia asteroides keratitis.", "content": "Nocardia asteroides has been reported as the cause of keratitis in only 7 cases and of other ocular disease in another 12 cases. We report a case of N. asteroides keratitis that presented 3 weeks after rural trauma and progressed despite trials of appropriate antibiotics. Seven weeks after the origianl injury a successful conjunctival flap was placed over the cornea. The morphology and the sensitivity testing of N. asteroides to antibiotics appears necessary before reliable information can be obtained for clinical use. Moreover, our case did not show the relatively benign course of other reported cases of nocardia keratitis.", "contents": "Nocardia asteroides keratitis. Nocardia asteroides has been reported as the cause of keratitis in only 7 cases and of other ocular disease in another 12 cases. We report a case of N. asteroides keratitis that presented 3 weeks after rural trauma and progressed despite trials of appropriate antibiotics. Seven weeks after the origianl injury a successful conjunctival flap was placed over the cornea. The morphology and the sensitivity testing of N. asteroides to antibiotics appears necessary before reliable information can be obtained for clinical use. Moreover, our case did not show the relatively benign course of other reported cases of nocardia keratitis.", "PMID": 380634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5098", "title": "Some clinically observed phenomena in extended contact lens wear.", "content": "Two groups of volunteer subjects wearing extended-wear soft lenses were monitored over a period of 20 weeks. Of 6 factors measured only 1, corneal touch threshold, was found to show evidence of progressive change. However, a high incidence of lens surface deposits was encountered.", "contents": "Some clinically observed phenomena in extended contact lens wear. Two groups of volunteer subjects wearing extended-wear soft lenses were monitored over a period of 20 weeks. Of 6 factors measured only 1, corneal touch threshold, was found to show evidence of progressive change. However, a high incidence of lens surface deposits was encountered.", "PMID": 380635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5099", "title": "Role of lacrimal scintigraphy and subtraction macrodacryocystography in the management of epiphora.", "content": "Fifty-one patients were investigated by subtraction macrodacryocystography (SMDCG, 103 systems) and by lacrimal scintigraphy (LS, 105 systems). It was found that these investigations complemented each other and between them the precise site of obstruction in the lacrimal drainage apparatus could be determined in 80%. The radiation dosage to the lens in SMDCG significant, and it is therefore recommended that the patients with lacrimal obstruction should: (1) have lacrimal puncta dilated with a probe to No. 1 diameter and be forbstruction is still uncertain, then and only then should SMDCG be performed.", "contents": "Role of lacrimal scintigraphy and subtraction macrodacryocystography in the management of epiphora. Fifty-one patients were investigated by subtraction macrodacryocystography (SMDCG, 103 systems) and by lacrimal scintigraphy (LS, 105 systems). It was found that these investigations complemented each other and between them the precise site of obstruction in the lacrimal drainage apparatus could be determined in 80%. The radiation dosage to the lens in SMDCG significant, and it is therefore recommended that the patients with lacrimal obstruction should: (1) have lacrimal puncta dilated with a probe to No. 1 diameter and be forbstruction is still uncertain, then and only then should SMDCG be performed.", "PMID": 380636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5100", "title": "In vivo determination of body composition by tritium dilution in the rat.", "content": "Total body water was determined in vivo by tritium dilution in thirty-two male and female rats. Body water obtained by tritium dilution and body fat calculated from this value correlated significantly with body water and fat obtained by analysis (r 0.985, 0.855 respectively). There was no significant difference between values for fat assessed by the direct and indirect methods.", "contents": "In vivo determination of body composition by tritium dilution in the rat. Total body water was determined in vivo by tritium dilution in thirty-two male and female rats. Body water obtained by tritium dilution and body fat calculated from this value correlated significantly with body water and fat obtained by analysis (r 0.985, 0.855 respectively). There was no significant difference between values for fat assessed by the direct and indirect methods.", "PMID": 380638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5101", "title": "Nucleophile in the active site of Escherichia coli galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase: degradation of the uridylyl-enzyme intermediate to N3-phosphohistidine.", "content": "The [32P]uridylyl-enzyme intermediate form of Escherichia coli galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase can be converted to a [32P]phosphoryl-enzyme by first cleaving the ribosyl ring with NaIO4 and then heating at pH 10.5 and 50 degrees C for 1 h. After alkaline hydrolysis of the [32P]phosphoryl-enzyme the major radioactive product is N3-[32P]phosphohistidine. A lesser amount of 32Pi is also produced as a side product of the hydrolysis of N3-[32P]phosphohistidine. No N1-phosphohistidine, N-phospholysine, or phosphoarginine can be detected in these hydrolysates. It is concluded that the nucleophile in galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase to which the uridylyl group is bonded in the uridylyl-enzyme intermediate is imidazole N3 of a histidine residue. This degradation procedure should have general applicability in the degradation and characterization of nucleotidyl-proteins.", "contents": "Nucleophile in the active site of Escherichia coli galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase: degradation of the uridylyl-enzyme intermediate to N3-phosphohistidine. The [32P]uridylyl-enzyme intermediate form of Escherichia coli galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase can be converted to a [32P]phosphoryl-enzyme by first cleaving the ribosyl ring with NaIO4 and then heating at pH 10.5 and 50 degrees C for 1 h. After alkaline hydrolysis of the [32P]phosphoryl-enzyme the major radioactive product is N3-[32P]phosphohistidine. A lesser amount of 32Pi is also produced as a side product of the hydrolysis of N3-[32P]phosphohistidine. No N1-phosphohistidine, N-phospholysine, or phosphoarginine can be detected in these hydrolysates. It is concluded that the nucleophile in galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase to which the uridylyl group is bonded in the uridylyl-enzyme intermediate is imidazole N3 of a histidine residue. This degradation procedure should have general applicability in the degradation and characterization of nucleotidyl-proteins.", "PMID": 380639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5102", "title": "Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system. Copurification of HPr and alpha 1-6 glucan.", "content": "A rapid, high-yield procedure has been developed for the purification of HPr from the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system. During this procedure, the protein copurifies with a 2500-dalton homopolysaccharide which we have identified as alpha 1-6 glucan. The results of steady-state kinetic measurements of the phosphotransferase activity demonstrate that the polysaccharide works as an activator of the phosphotransferase system probably at the level of the HPr:P-E1 complex or the P-HPr:E11 complex.", "contents": "Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system. Copurification of HPr and alpha 1-6 glucan. A rapid, high-yield procedure has been developed for the purification of HPr from the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system. During this procedure, the protein copurifies with a 2500-dalton homopolysaccharide which we have identified as alpha 1-6 glucan. The results of steady-state kinetic measurements of the phosphotransferase activity demonstrate that the polysaccharide works as an activator of the phosphotransferase system probably at the level of the HPr:P-E1 complex or the P-HPr:E11 complex.", "PMID": 380640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5103", "title": "Potentiometric titrations and oxidation-reduction potentials of manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases.", "content": "Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and two manganese-containing superoxide dismutases have been reduced by the indirect coulometric titration method with methylviologen as the mediator-titrant. On the basis of the titration data the manganese-containing superoxide dismutases contain 1 g-atom of metal per mol of enzyme (dimer). E0' = +0.31 V for the enzyme from Escherichia coli which exhibits a complicated pH dependence above neutral pH. The Bacillus stearothermophilus manganese-containing enzyme has an E0' = +0.26 V and delta Em/pH is 50 mV. Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase exhibits anomalous behavior in the coulometric titration curves, which is indicative of two nonequivalent copper centers in the enzyme. Addition K3Fe(CN)6 or K2IrCl6 to the enzyme solution, prior to coulometric titration, indicates that these anions bind preferentially to one of the copper centers.", "contents": "Potentiometric titrations and oxidation-reduction potentials of manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases. Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and two manganese-containing superoxide dismutases have been reduced by the indirect coulometric titration method with methylviologen as the mediator-titrant. On the basis of the titration data the manganese-containing superoxide dismutases contain 1 g-atom of metal per mol of enzyme (dimer). E0' = +0.31 V for the enzyme from Escherichia coli which exhibits a complicated pH dependence above neutral pH. The Bacillus stearothermophilus manganese-containing enzyme has an E0' = +0.26 V and delta Em/pH is 50 mV. Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase exhibits anomalous behavior in the coulometric titration curves, which is indicative of two nonequivalent copper centers in the enzyme. Addition K3Fe(CN)6 or K2IrCl6 to the enzyme solution, prior to coulometric titration, indicates that these anions bind preferentially to one of the copper centers.", "PMID": 380641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5104", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance of minor nucleosides in yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Conformational changes as a consequence of aminoacylation, removal of the Y base, and codon--anticodon interaction.", "content": "The assignments of the resonances of the methyl and methylene groups belonging to the residues dihydro-uridine-16 and -17 (C5 and C6), dimethylguanosine-26, N-2-methylguanosine-10, and 7-methylguanosine-46 of yeast tRNAPhe at low temperature are reported. Observing the high-field proton NMR spectral region at different temperatures, the effects of aminoacylation, removal of the Y base, and codon-anticodon interaction on the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe were investigated. The following are the results of this study. (1) The two dihydrouridine residues of tRNAPhe have different environments in aqueous solution: dihydro-uridine-16 is more shielded than dihydrouridine-17. (2) The ribothymidine residue from the fragment (47--76) of yeast tRNAPhe and from a tRNA with a partially disrupted structure exhibits multiple conformations arising from different stacking modes between the ribothymidine-54 and the guanosine-53 residue. (3) Upon aminoacylation the type of guanosine-53 interaction with ribothymidine-54 in the tRNAPhe changes. (4) Removal of the Y base from the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe weakens the thermal stability of the tertiary interactions. (5) The interaction of two complementary anticodons in the absence of proteins and of ribosomes results in stabilization of the tertiary structure. Codon-anticodon interaction dependent rearrangement of the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe was not observed. The spin-lattice relaxation times of the methyl and methylene groups of the minor nucleosides in yeast tRNAPhe demonstrate that the minor nucleosides undergo rotational reorientation (tau c) in the nano-second range. The observed differences in these tau c values indicate a similarity of structure of tRNAPhe in solution and in crystalline form.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance of minor nucleosides in yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Conformational changes as a consequence of aminoacylation, removal of the Y base, and codon--anticodon interaction. The assignments of the resonances of the methyl and methylene groups belonging to the residues dihydro-uridine-16 and -17 (C5 and C6), dimethylguanosine-26, N-2-methylguanosine-10, and 7-methylguanosine-46 of yeast tRNAPhe at low temperature are reported. Observing the high-field proton NMR spectral region at different temperatures, the effects of aminoacylation, removal of the Y base, and codon-anticodon interaction on the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe were investigated. The following are the results of this study. (1) The two dihydrouridine residues of tRNAPhe have different environments in aqueous solution: dihydro-uridine-16 is more shielded than dihydrouridine-17. (2) The ribothymidine residue from the fragment (47--76) of yeast tRNAPhe and from a tRNA with a partially disrupted structure exhibits multiple conformations arising from different stacking modes between the ribothymidine-54 and the guanosine-53 residue. (3) Upon aminoacylation the type of guanosine-53 interaction with ribothymidine-54 in the tRNAPhe changes. (4) Removal of the Y base from the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe weakens the thermal stability of the tertiary interactions. (5) The interaction of two complementary anticodons in the absence of proteins and of ribosomes results in stabilization of the tertiary structure. Codon-anticodon interaction dependent rearrangement of the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe was not observed. The spin-lattice relaxation times of the methyl and methylene groups of the minor nucleosides in yeast tRNAPhe demonstrate that the minor nucleosides undergo rotational reorientation (tau c) in the nano-second range. The observed differences in these tau c values indicate a similarity of structure of tRNAPhe in solution and in crystalline form.", "PMID": 380644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5105", "title": "Reversible modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride. A new method to obtain protein-deficient ribosomal particles.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli ribosomes with the protein reagent 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride is accompanied by inactivation of polypeptide polymerization and by dissociation of ribosomal proteins. Regeneration of the modified amino groups at pH 6.0 is followed by reactivation and reconstitution of the ribosomes. Prior to regeneration of the amino groups, ribosomal particles and split proteins can be separated by centrifugation, which allows the preparation of new protein-deficient particles. The ribosomal particles obtained by three successive treatments with 2,3-dimethyl-maleic anhydride at a molar ratio of reagent to ribosome equal to 16,000 lack proteins S1, S2, S3, S5, S10, S13, S14, L7, L8, L10, L11, L12, and L20 and have lost part of proteins S4, L1, L6, L16, and L25. This new procedure to obtain protein-deficient ribosomal particles is mild and might be useful to dissociate other protein-containing structures in addition to ribosomes.", "contents": "Reversible modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride. A new method to obtain protein-deficient ribosomal particles. Treatment of Escherichia coli ribosomes with the protein reagent 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride is accompanied by inactivation of polypeptide polymerization and by dissociation of ribosomal proteins. Regeneration of the modified amino groups at pH 6.0 is followed by reactivation and reconstitution of the ribosomes. Prior to regeneration of the amino groups, ribosomal particles and split proteins can be separated by centrifugation, which allows the preparation of new protein-deficient particles. The ribosomal particles obtained by three successive treatments with 2,3-dimethyl-maleic anhydride at a molar ratio of reagent to ribosome equal to 16,000 lack proteins S1, S2, S3, S5, S10, S13, S14, L7, L8, L10, L11, L12, and L20 and have lost part of proteins S4, L1, L6, L16, and L25. This new procedure to obtain protein-deficient ribosomal particles is mild and might be useful to dissociate other protein-containing structures in addition to ribosomes.", "PMID": 380646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5106", "title": "Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase of Escherichia coli. Stabilization, purification, and interaction with phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The cyclopropane fatty acid (CFA) synthase of Escherichia coli catalyzes the methylenation of the unsaturated moieties of phospholipids in a phospholipid bilayer. The methylene donor is S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The enzyme is loosely associated with the inner membrane of the bacterium and binds to and is stabilized by phospholipid vesicles. The enzyme has been purified over 500-fold by flotation with phospholipid vesicles and appears to be a monomeric protein having a molecular weight of about 90 000. The enzyme binds only to vesicles of phospholipids which contain either unsaturated or cyclopropane fatty acid moieties. CFA synthase is active on phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin, the major phospholipids of E. coli, and also has some activity on phosphatidylcholine. The enzyme is equally active on phospholipid vesicles in the ordered or the disordered states of the lipid phase transition. Studies with a reagent that reacts only with the phosphatidylethanolamine molecules of the outer leaflet of a phospholipid bilayer indicate that CFA synthase reacts with phosphatidylethanolamine molecules of both the outer and the inner leaflets of phospholipid vesicles.", "contents": "Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase of Escherichia coli. Stabilization, purification, and interaction with phospholipid vesicles. The cyclopropane fatty acid (CFA) synthase of Escherichia coli catalyzes the methylenation of the unsaturated moieties of phospholipids in a phospholipid bilayer. The methylene donor is S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The enzyme is loosely associated with the inner membrane of the bacterium and binds to and is stabilized by phospholipid vesicles. The enzyme has been purified over 500-fold by flotation with phospholipid vesicles and appears to be a monomeric protein having a molecular weight of about 90 000. The enzyme binds only to vesicles of phospholipids which contain either unsaturated or cyclopropane fatty acid moieties. CFA synthase is active on phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin, the major phospholipids of E. coli, and also has some activity on phosphatidylcholine. The enzyme is equally active on phospholipid vesicles in the ordered or the disordered states of the lipid phase transition. Studies with a reagent that reacts only with the phosphatidylethanolamine molecules of the outer leaflet of a phospholipid bilayer indicate that CFA synthase reacts with phosphatidylethanolamine molecules of both the outer and the inner leaflets of phospholipid vesicles.", "PMID": 380648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5107", "title": "Localization and characterization of cytochromes from membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in anaerobiosis with nitrate.", "content": "Cytochromes b of anaerobically nitrate-grown Escherichia coli cells are analysed. Ascorbate phenazine methosulfate distinguishes low and high potential cytochromes b. Reduction kinetics performed at 559 nm presents a very complex pattern which can be analysed assuming that at least four b-type cytochromes are present. The electron transport chain from formate to oxygen would contain a low potential cytochrome b-556, a cytochrome b-558 associated to the oxidase, and a cytochrome d as the principle oxidase. Cytochrome o is also present, but seems to be functional only at low oxygen concentrations. A cytochrome b-556 associated to nitrate reductase is shown to belong to a branch of the formate-oxidase chain. 2-N-Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide affects the reduction kinetics in a very complex way. One inhibition site is in evidence between cytochrome b-558 and cytochrome d; another between the cytochrome associated to nitrate reductase and the nitrate reductase. A third inhibition site is located in the common part of the formate-nitrate and the formate-oxidase systems. Ascorbate phenazine methosulfate is shown to donate electrons near cytochrome b-558.", "contents": "Localization and characterization of cytochromes from membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in anaerobiosis with nitrate. Cytochromes b of anaerobically nitrate-grown Escherichia coli cells are analysed. Ascorbate phenazine methosulfate distinguishes low and high potential cytochromes b. Reduction kinetics performed at 559 nm presents a very complex pattern which can be analysed assuming that at least four b-type cytochromes are present. The electron transport chain from formate to oxygen would contain a low potential cytochrome b-556, a cytochrome b-558 associated to the oxidase, and a cytochrome d as the principle oxidase. Cytochrome o is also present, but seems to be functional only at low oxygen concentrations. A cytochrome b-556 associated to nitrate reductase is shown to belong to a branch of the formate-oxidase chain. 2-N-Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide affects the reduction kinetics in a very complex way. One inhibition site is in evidence between cytochrome b-558 and cytochrome d; another between the cytochrome associated to nitrate reductase and the nitrate reductase. A third inhibition site is located in the common part of the formate-nitrate and the formate-oxidase systems. Ascorbate phenazine methosulfate is shown to donate electrons near cytochrome b-558.", "PMID": 380649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5108", "title": "Isolation of mutants of Escherichia coli uncoupled in oxidative phosphorylation using hypersensitivity to streptomycin.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli, harbouring the uncA401 or uncB402 alleles, were found to take up streptomycin more rapidly than the coupled parent strains. The increased rate of uptake results in greater sensitivity of the uncoupled strains, compared to the parent strains, to low concentrations of streptomycin. Studies with unc+ revertants showed that hypersensitivity to streptomycin is attributable to the mutation causing uncoupling. The uptake of streptomycin in an unc- strain is abolished by addition of the chemical uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The phenotype of hypersensitivity to streptomycin can be used as a selection procedure for the isolation of uncoupled strains. In an experiment reported here, nine out of 12 strains isolated as being sensitive to streptomycin (at 2.5 micrograms/ml), were found to be unable to grow on succinate as a sole source of carbon. Five of the nine Suc- strains were found to be uncoupled in oxidative phosphorylation, and two of the five uncoupled strains lacked Mg2+-ATPase activity. The mutations causing uncoupling were cotransducible with the ilv genes.", "contents": "Isolation of mutants of Escherichia coli uncoupled in oxidative phosphorylation using hypersensitivity to streptomycin. Mutants of Escherichia coli, harbouring the uncA401 or uncB402 alleles, were found to take up streptomycin more rapidly than the coupled parent strains. The increased rate of uptake results in greater sensitivity of the uncoupled strains, compared to the parent strains, to low concentrations of streptomycin. Studies with unc+ revertants showed that hypersensitivity to streptomycin is attributable to the mutation causing uncoupling. The uptake of streptomycin in an unc- strain is abolished by addition of the chemical uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The phenotype of hypersensitivity to streptomycin can be used as a selection procedure for the isolation of uncoupled strains. In an experiment reported here, nine out of 12 strains isolated as being sensitive to streptomycin (at 2.5 micrograms/ml), were found to be unable to grow on succinate as a sole source of carbon. Five of the nine Suc- strains were found to be uncoupled in oxidative phosphorylation, and two of the five uncoupled strains lacked Mg2+-ATPase activity. The mutations causing uncoupling were cotransducible with the ilv genes.", "PMID": 380650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5109", "title": "Assays for the fidelity of DNA polymerases in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli are complicated by contaminating nucleoside triphosphatases.", "content": "In the presence of DNA and a divalent cation, an enzyme activity in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli readily hydrolyses dATP to dADP. dGTP is degraded to a smaller extent, dCTP and dTTP being hardly affected. The artificial template primers poly(dC) . oligo(dG) and poly(dT) . oligo(dA) are also effective cofactors for this triphosphatase activity. As a consequence, assays measuring the misincorporation, by cell-free extracts, of dATP and dGTP into these defined templates are difficult to interpret, since the triphosphate substrate is being rapidly degraded during the polymerase reaction. A partial characterization of the dATPase activity was performed, demonstrating that the optimal conditions for its activity resemble those commonly used for assaying polymerase activity. Thus in crude extracts both polymerase and dATPase compete for the same substrate. The inclusion of an ATP-generating system in the reaction mixture maintains the levels of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and changes the kinetics of misincorporation of dAMP into poly(dC) . oligo(dG). No reproducible difference in such misincorporation has been found between lysates prepared from tif-1 cells grown at either permissive or restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Assays for the fidelity of DNA polymerases in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli are complicated by contaminating nucleoside triphosphatases. In the presence of DNA and a divalent cation, an enzyme activity in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli readily hydrolyses dATP to dADP. dGTP is degraded to a smaller extent, dCTP and dTTP being hardly affected. The artificial template primers poly(dC) . oligo(dG) and poly(dT) . oligo(dA) are also effective cofactors for this triphosphatase activity. As a consequence, assays measuring the misincorporation, by cell-free extracts, of dATP and dGTP into these defined templates are difficult to interpret, since the triphosphate substrate is being rapidly degraded during the polymerase reaction. A partial characterization of the dATPase activity was performed, demonstrating that the optimal conditions for its activity resemble those commonly used for assaying polymerase activity. Thus in crude extracts both polymerase and dATPase compete for the same substrate. The inclusion of an ATP-generating system in the reaction mixture maintains the levels of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and changes the kinetics of misincorporation of dAMP into poly(dC) . oligo(dG). No reproducible difference in such misincorporation has been found between lysates prepared from tif-1 cells grown at either permissive or restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 380654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5110", "title": "Binding sites for ribosomal proteins S8 and S15 in the 16 S RNA of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A fragment of the 16 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli that contains the binding sites for proteins S8 and S15 of the 30 S ribosomal subunit has been isolated and characterized. The RNA fragment, which sediments as 5 S, was partially protected from pancreatic RNAase digestion when S15 alone, or S8 and S15 together, were bound to the 16 S RNA. Purified 5 S RNA was shown to reassociate specifically with protein S15 by analysis of binding stoichiometry. Although interaction between the fragment and protein S8 alone could not be detected, the 5 S RNA selectively bound both S8 and S15 when incubated with an unfractionated mixture of 30-S subunit proteins. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the 5 S RNA arises from the middle of the 16 S RNA molecule and encompasses approximately 150 residues from Sections C, C'1 and C'2. Section C consists of a long hairpin loop with an extensively hydrogen-bonded stem and is contiguous with Section C'1. Sections C'1 and C'2, although not contiguous, are highly complementary and it is likely that together they comprise the base-paired stem of an adjacent loop.", "contents": "Binding sites for ribosomal proteins S8 and S15 in the 16 S RNA of Escherichia coli. A fragment of the 16 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli that contains the binding sites for proteins S8 and S15 of the 30 S ribosomal subunit has been isolated and characterized. The RNA fragment, which sediments as 5 S, was partially protected from pancreatic RNAase digestion when S15 alone, or S8 and S15 together, were bound to the 16 S RNA. Purified 5 S RNA was shown to reassociate specifically with protein S15 by analysis of binding stoichiometry. Although interaction between the fragment and protein S8 alone could not be detected, the 5 S RNA selectively bound both S8 and S15 when incubated with an unfractionated mixture of 30-S subunit proteins. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the 5 S RNA arises from the middle of the 16 S RNA molecule and encompasses approximately 150 residues from Sections C, C'1 and C'2. Section C consists of a long hairpin loop with an extensively hydrogen-bonded stem and is contiguous with Section C'1. Sections C'1 and C'2, although not contiguous, are highly complementary and it is likely that together they comprise the base-paired stem of an adjacent loop.", "PMID": 380655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5111", "title": "Quantitative data on the Bombyx mori L. silkworm: a review.", "content": "This paper summarizes a variety of quantitative data on the silkworm Bombyx mori, collected in the literature, to help building models on silk gland differentiation. The properites of the silk gland and their changes especially during the last larval instar have been reviewed (size, DNA, RNA amino acids, enzymes). The components of the silk (fibroin and sericin) are also studied (molecular weight, composition). Thus translation and transcription rates have been estimated. The relevant data on the fat body and the haemolymph are also given, as well as some characteristics of the oocyte/egg system.", "contents": "Quantitative data on the Bombyx mori L. silkworm: a review. This paper summarizes a variety of quantitative data on the silkworm Bombyx mori, collected in the literature, to help building models on silk gland differentiation. The properites of the silk gland and their changes especially during the last larval instar have been reviewed (size, DNA, RNA amino acids, enzymes). The components of the silk (fibroin and sericin) are also studied (molecular weight, composition). Thus translation and transcription rates have been estimated. The relevant data on the fat body and the haemolymph are also given, as well as some characteristics of the oocyte/egg system.", "PMID": 380657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5112", "title": "Heart rate and blood pressure biofeedback: I. A review of the recent experimental literature.", "content": "The experimental literature on the use of biofeedback with heart rate and blood pressure, published since 1972, was reviewed and summarized along several dimensions: magnitude of change, effects of extended training, type of feedback, temporal feedback factors, motivational factors, instructional effects, individual differences, and the mediation/specificity issue. The research on biofeedback and heart rate was found to be fairly well developed.  Research on biofeedback and blood pressure, however, was found to be much less advanced. Moreover, most of the studies were done with hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Heart rate and blood pressure biofeedback: I. A review of the recent experimental literature. The experimental literature on the use of biofeedback with heart rate and blood pressure, published since 1972, was reviewed and summarized along several dimensions: magnitude of change, effects of extended training, type of feedback, temporal feedback factors, motivational factors, instructional effects, individual differences, and the mediation/specificity issue. The research on biofeedback and heart rate was found to be fairly well developed.  Research on biofeedback and blood pressure, however, was found to be much less advanced. Moreover, most of the studies were done with hypertensive subjects.", "PMID": 380658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5113", "title": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine-methyltransferase EcoRII and E. coli K12].", "content": "The methods of isolation and partial purification of two DNA-cytosine-methylases (DC-methylases) EcoRII and E. coli K12 are described. After chromatography on phosphocellulose the enzymes were purified 100-fold, the yield being 30%. Further purification of the enzymes was performed by sedimentation in a sucrose concentration gradient. Both enzymes have native molecular weights of 50,000; DC-methylase from E. coli K12 may simultaneously occur in the forms with molecular weights of 70,000, 90,000 and 110,000. Both DC-methylases modify identical nucleotide sequences of DNA, have equal numbers (90) of methylation sites in phage lambda DNA and provide in vitro a complete protection of phage lambda DNA against restriction endonuclease EcoRII. DC-methylases E. Coli K12 and EcoRII differ in their chromatographic behaviour on phosphocellulose and capacity to form compexes with the cell DNA-adenine-methylase.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of DNA-cytosine-methyltransferase EcoRII and E. coli K12]. The methods of isolation and partial purification of two DNA-cytosine-methylases (DC-methylases) EcoRII and E. coli K12 are described. After chromatography on phosphocellulose the enzymes were purified 100-fold, the yield being 30%. Further purification of the enzymes was performed by sedimentation in a sucrose concentration gradient. Both enzymes have native molecular weights of 50,000; DC-methylase from E. coli K12 may simultaneously occur in the forms with molecular weights of 70,000, 90,000 and 110,000. Both DC-methylases modify identical nucleotide sequences of DNA, have equal numbers (90) of methylation sites in phage lambda DNA and provide in vitro a complete protection of phage lambda DNA against restriction endonuclease EcoRII. DC-methylases E. Coli K12 and EcoRII differ in their chromatographic behaviour on phosphocellulose and capacity to form compexes with the cell DNA-adenine-methylase.", "PMID": 380660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5114", "title": "[Steady-state kinetics of reactions catalyzed by serine sulfhydrases of Saccharomyces serevisiae].", "content": "The steady-state kinetics of the two substrate reaction of L-cysteine desulfation in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol catalyzed by serine sulfhydrase from bakers yeast -- a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme of the beta -- substituting lyase type -- were studied. Highly purified enzyme preparations (approximately 90% purity) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with specific activity of 25 mumoles of H2S per 1 hr per mg of protein were used. The values of V, KS1, KS2 and alpha were calculated from the initial rates of the reaction under constant concentration of L-cysteine (S1) and variable concentration of 2-mercaptoethanol (S2) and vice versa. The data obtained suggest that under conditions of a two-substrate reaction catalyzed by serine sulfhydrase and in case of beta-cyanoalanine synthase of blue lupin the substrate binding to the enzyme is interdependent and obeys a unordered mechanism with o formation of a ternary aminosubstrate-pyridoxal phosphateenzyme-cosubstrate complex (alpha = 2.6).", "contents": "[Steady-state kinetics of reactions catalyzed by serine sulfhydrases of Saccharomyces serevisiae]. The steady-state kinetics of the two substrate reaction of L-cysteine desulfation in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol catalyzed by serine sulfhydrase from bakers yeast -- a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme of the beta -- substituting lyase type -- were studied. Highly purified enzyme preparations (approximately 90% purity) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with specific activity of 25 mumoles of H2S per 1 hr per mg of protein were used. The values of V, KS1, KS2 and alpha were calculated from the initial rates of the reaction under constant concentration of L-cysteine (S1) and variable concentration of 2-mercaptoethanol (S2) and vice versa. The data obtained suggest that under conditions of a two-substrate reaction catalyzed by serine sulfhydrase and in case of beta-cyanoalanine synthase of blue lupin the substrate binding to the enzyme is interdependent and obeys a unordered mechanism with o formation of a ternary aminosubstrate-pyridoxal phosphateenzyme-cosubstrate complex (alpha = 2.6).", "PMID": 380661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5115", "title": "[Modification of the alpha-subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA].", "content": "L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 (EC 6.1.1.20) was alkylated with N-chlorambucilyl-[14C] phenylalanyl-tRNA. After removal of the affinity reagent tRNA moiety bp alkaline hydrolysis of the ester bond between the N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl residue and the 3'-end of tRNA, The enzyme was dissociated into subunits in the presence of SDS. Separation of the subunits was performed by SDS electrophoresis. The bulk of the radioactivity of the N-chlorambucilyl-[14C] phenylalanyl residue was found at the position of the alpha-subunit of the enzyme. The results obtained are consistent with a specific binding of the phenylalanyl-tRNA analog to the alpha-subunit of the enzyme followed by covalent binding of the N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl moiety to the protein.", "contents": "[Modification of the alpha-subunit of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 with N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA]. L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli MRE-600 (EC 6.1.1.20) was alkylated with N-chlorambucilyl-[14C] phenylalanyl-tRNA. After removal of the affinity reagent tRNA moiety bp alkaline hydrolysis of the ester bond between the N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl residue and the 3'-end of tRNA, The enzyme was dissociated into subunits in the presence of SDS. Separation of the subunits was performed by SDS electrophoresis. The bulk of the radioactivity of the N-chlorambucilyl-[14C] phenylalanyl residue was found at the position of the alpha-subunit of the enzyme. The results obtained are consistent with a specific binding of the phenylalanyl-tRNA analog to the alpha-subunit of the enzyme followed by covalent binding of the N-chlorambucilyl-phenylalanyl moiety to the protein.", "PMID": 380662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5116", "title": "[Quantitative spectrophotometric determination of non-identified nucleotides in DNA].", "content": "A method for calculation of molar extinction coefficients (epsilon) and for quantitative spectrophotometric determination of non-identified nucleotide analogs from nucleic acids of some bacteriophages is proposed. The method is based on spectral properties of known and unknown nucleotides and of their dinucleotide isolated from the DNA studied.", "contents": "[Quantitative spectrophotometric determination of non-identified nucleotides in DNA]. A method for calculation of molar extinction coefficients (epsilon) and for quantitative spectrophotometric determination of non-identified nucleotide analogs from nucleic acids of some bacteriophages is proposed. The method is based on spectral properties of known and unknown nucleotides and of their dinucleotide isolated from the DNA studied.", "PMID": 380663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5117", "title": "[Reconstruction of native bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase from its subunits].", "content": "The subunits of inorganic pyrophosphatase were obtained both in the presence of 4 or 6 M Gu--HCl and in an alkaline medium at pH 10.5. The reassociation of the subunits into an active dimeric form was carried out using dialysis. After reconstruction the enzyme exhibits the same activity as does native pyrophosphatase.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of native bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase from its subunits]. The subunits of inorganic pyrophosphatase were obtained both in the presence of 4 or 6 M Gu--HCl and in an alkaline medium at pH 10.5. The reassociation of the subunits into an active dimeric form was carried out using dialysis. After reconstruction the enzyme exhibits the same activity as does native pyrophosphatase.", "PMID": 380664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5118", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of crystallin synthesis during morphogenesis of the crystalline lens in mice.", "content": "Using indirect immunofluorescence, the sequence of the synthesis of various classes of crystallins during normal morphogenesis of the crystalline lens in mice was shown: The alpha- begin to be synthesized first, then the gamma-, and finally the beta-crystallins. Using mice with hereditary anophthalmia (genotype ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2) permitted it to be established that the synthesis of alpha-crystallins occurs even when there is no morphogenesis of the crystalline lens. In mice of this genotype, the lens placode, which is reduced as compared to the norm, is resorbed as a rule, and does not develop into the crystalline lens vesicle. Separate cells containing alpha-crystallins were found in cranial epithelium on serial cross sections of the eye area of 13-day-old mutant embryos. Consequently, in ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2 embryos, alpha-crystallin synthesis takes place even in cells of the resorbed lens placode after brief inducing influence of the optic vesicle. As opposed to alpha-crystallins, synthesis of gamma- and beta-crystallins is detected only when lens fibers have formed. This is characteristic for embryos of ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2 genotype, as well as for mouse embryos homozygous for the fi gene. Data of the present work indicate that the inducing influence of the optic vesicle is necessary for activation of the genes controlling alpha-crystallin synthesis, while the influence of the retinal rudiment is necessary for derepression of the genes for gamma- and beta-crystallin synthesis.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical study of crystallin synthesis during morphogenesis of the crystalline lens in mice. Using indirect immunofluorescence, the sequence of the synthesis of various classes of crystallins during normal morphogenesis of the crystalline lens in mice was shown: The alpha- begin to be synthesized first, then the gamma-, and finally the beta-crystallins. Using mice with hereditary anophthalmia (genotype ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2) permitted it to be established that the synthesis of alpha-crystallins occurs even when there is no morphogenesis of the crystalline lens. In mice of this genotype, the lens placode, which is reduced as compared to the norm, is resorbed as a rule, and does not develop into the crystalline lens vesicle. Separate cells containing alpha-crystallins were found in cranial epithelium on serial cross sections of the eye area of 13-day-old mutant embryos. Consequently, in ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2 embryos, alpha-crystallin synthesis takes place even in cells of the resorbed lens placode after brief inducing influence of the optic vesicle. As opposed to alpha-crystallins, synthesis of gamma- and beta-crystallins is detected only when lens fibers have formed. This is characteristic for embryos of ey-1/ey-1 ey-2/ey-2 genotype, as well as for mouse embryos homozygous for the fi gene. Data of the present work indicate that the inducing influence of the optic vesicle is necessary for activation of the genes controlling alpha-crystallin synthesis, while the influence of the retinal rudiment is necessary for derepression of the genes for gamma- and beta-crystallin synthesis.", "PMID": 380659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5119", "title": "[Substrate thermostabilization of soluble and immobilized glucoamylase].", "content": "A new kinetic approach to the study of enzyme thermal inactivation in the presence of a substrate, which influences the rate of inactivation has been developed. The method was applied to investigation of inactivation kinetics of soluble and porous silica-immobilized glucoamylase. It was found that the binding of a substrate (maltose or maltodextrines Star-Dri 24-R) increases the thermal stability of glucoamylase, the stabilizing effect being more pronounced in the case of the soluble enzyme (40-fold stabilization) as compared to the immobilized one (15-fold stabilization). The stabilizing effect does not depend on the length of the substrate (maltose, d. p. 2 or dextrines, d. p. 7). Glucose, a product of the enzymatic hydrolysis, has a much lower stabilizing effect. It was concluded that the main role in the glucoamylase thermostabilization is played by the substrate stabilization rather than by the immobilization itself (3-fold stabilization). However, a combined effect of thermostabilization of glucoamylase due to both immobilization and/or substrate stabilization is restricted by the same limit of value for immobilized and soluble enzymes, which is equal to 40--50-fold in comparison with the soluble enzyme in the absence of the substrate.", "contents": "[Substrate thermostabilization of soluble and immobilized glucoamylase]. A new kinetic approach to the study of enzyme thermal inactivation in the presence of a substrate, which influences the rate of inactivation has been developed. The method was applied to investigation of inactivation kinetics of soluble and porous silica-immobilized glucoamylase. It was found that the binding of a substrate (maltose or maltodextrines Star-Dri 24-R) increases the thermal stability of glucoamylase, the stabilizing effect being more pronounced in the case of the soluble enzyme (40-fold stabilization) as compared to the immobilized one (15-fold stabilization). The stabilizing effect does not depend on the length of the substrate (maltose, d. p. 2 or dextrines, d. p. 7). Glucose, a product of the enzymatic hydrolysis, has a much lower stabilizing effect. It was concluded that the main role in the glucoamylase thermostabilization is played by the substrate stabilization rather than by the immobilization itself (3-fold stabilization). However, a combined effect of thermostabilization of glucoamylase due to both immobilization and/or substrate stabilization is restricted by the same limit of value for immobilized and soluble enzymes, which is equal to 40--50-fold in comparison with the soluble enzyme in the absence of the substrate.", "PMID": 380665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5120", "title": "Implantology for correction of cranio-facial defects with an elastomer composite and bone.", "content": "The correction of cranio-facial disfigurement in the upper part of the face is the most difficult to achieve. Various materials have been utilized and are still in use. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Autogenous bone has been used with good results, except for the unacceptable irregularities of the forehead and upper orbital region. The combination graft offers the advantages of both: the bone graft will be in contact with the dura, the periorbita and the contaminated sinuses. The polyrane implant produces a smooth and contoured forehead and immediately protects the vital structures during osteoneogenesis. Twenty-six selected patients had this technique used to correct their deformity without any incidence of major complication.", "contents": "Implantology for correction of cranio-facial defects with an elastomer composite and bone. The correction of cranio-facial disfigurement in the upper part of the face is the most difficult to achieve. Various materials have been utilized and are still in use. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Autogenous bone has been used with good results, except for the unacceptable irregularities of the forehead and upper orbital region. The combination graft offers the advantages of both: the bone graft will be in contact with the dura, the periorbita and the contaminated sinuses. The polyrane implant produces a smooth and contoured forehead and immediately protects the vital structures during osteoneogenesis. Twenty-six selected patients had this technique used to correct their deformity without any incidence of major complication.", "PMID": 380668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5121", "title": "Design and materials evaluation for a dental implant system: carbon coated tooth replicas.", "content": "32 carbon coated tooth replicas were implanted in the jaws of 8 mongrel dogs for periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years. Fourteen of 16 molor implants and 10 of 16 premolar implants had 0.5 min. of mobility or less. Histology of specimens from 4 dogs sacrificed at 3 months showed new bone directly in contact with the implant surface.", "contents": "Design and materials evaluation for a dental implant system: carbon coated tooth replicas. 32 carbon coated tooth replicas were implanted in the jaws of 8 mongrel dogs for periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years. Fourteen of 16 molor implants and 10 of 16 premolar implants had 0.5 min. of mobility or less. Histology of specimens from 4 dogs sacrificed at 3 months showed new bone directly in contact with the implant surface.", "PMID": 380669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5122", "title": "Bone maintenance: implant versus transplant.", "content": "Bone maintenance based on various attachment mechanisms is the key to tooth-root replacement safety and efficacy. The dental implant has broad applicability based on design, but demonstrates progressive peri-implant bone loss. The allogeneic tooth transplant, significantly less applicable because of size, is antigenic and rejected by bone-replacement root resorption. Since the predictability and survival times of these implant and transplant modalities are similar and there is less residual bone loss with the transplant, it is suggested that for clinical situations such as the fresh extraction socket, where there is room, the allotransplant, rather than implant, is the root-replacement of choice.", "contents": "Bone maintenance: implant versus transplant. Bone maintenance based on various attachment mechanisms is the key to tooth-root replacement safety and efficacy. The dental implant has broad applicability based on design, but demonstrates progressive peri-implant bone loss. The allogeneic tooth transplant, significantly less applicable because of size, is antigenic and rejected by bone-replacement root resorption. Since the predictability and survival times of these implant and transplant modalities are similar and there is less residual bone loss with the transplant, it is suggested that for clinical situations such as the fresh extraction socket, where there is room, the allotransplant, rather than implant, is the root-replacement of choice.", "PMID": 380670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5123", "title": "A rotational diffusion coefficient of the 70S ribosome determined by depolarized laser light scattering.", "content": "We have obtained a rotational diffusion coefficient of the 70S ribosome isolated from Escherichia-coli (MRE-600), from the depolarized light scattering spectrum measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. The intensity correlation function of depolarized scattered light contains contributions due to multiple scattered and anisotropy scattered light from the ribosomal particle. We discuss extensively the subtraction procedure used to obtain the rotational correlation from the time from the experimental correlation function. We have also obtained the translational diffusion coefficient from the same sample by determining the polarized correlation function. The hydrodynamic radius determined from the rotational diffusion coefficient is only slightly larger than the radius obtained from the translational diffusion coefficient. Therefore the ribosomal particle has a non-spherical shape. This conclusion, however, could be impaired by the effect of free draining of the ribosome.", "contents": "A rotational diffusion coefficient of the 70S ribosome determined by depolarized laser light scattering. We have obtained a rotational diffusion coefficient of the 70S ribosome isolated from Escherichia-coli (MRE-600), from the depolarized light scattering spectrum measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. The intensity correlation function of depolarized scattered light contains contributions due to multiple scattered and anisotropy scattered light from the ribosomal particle. We discuss extensively the subtraction procedure used to obtain the rotational correlation from the time from the experimental correlation function. We have also obtained the translational diffusion coefficient from the same sample by determining the polarized correlation function. The hydrodynamic radius determined from the rotational diffusion coefficient is only slightly larger than the radius obtained from the translational diffusion coefficient. Therefore the ribosomal particle has a non-spherical shape. This conclusion, however, could be impaired by the effect of free draining of the ribosome.", "PMID": 380672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5124", "title": "Relaxation kinetics of E. coli ribosomes: evidence for the reaction of 30S . IF3 complex with 50S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Addition of initiation factor IF3 to solutions of E. coli ribosomes dramatically alters their behavior in pressure-jump relaxation kinetic experiments in which 90 degrees light-scattering is used to monitor the macromolecular reaction. The effect of IF3 on relaxation processes attributed to \"tight\" couples is strongly dependent on the Mg2+ concentration. At 2.5 mM Mg2+, addition of 1 molar equivalent of IF3 decreases the relaxation amplitude by a factor of 3 relative to ribosome solutions without IF3. However, at 5.0 mM Mg2+, addition of 1 molar equivalent of IF3 produces a marked increase in the relaxation amplitude, by a factor of 2-8 fold relative to ribosomes in the absence of IF3. IF3 has no effect on the relaxation process attributed to \"loose\" couples at 10 mM Mg2+. While we are unable to propose a precise mechanism for IF3 action with the data on hand, our results require that the 30S . IF3 complex either reacts with the 50S subunit, forming a 70S . IF3 intermediate, or acts as a pool of reactive 30S subunit. Further kinetic evidence is required to distinguish between these possible pathways.", "contents": "Relaxation kinetics of E. coli ribosomes: evidence for the reaction of 30S . IF3 complex with 50S ribosomal subunits. Addition of initiation factor IF3 to solutions of E. coli ribosomes dramatically alters their behavior in pressure-jump relaxation kinetic experiments in which 90 degrees light-scattering is used to monitor the macromolecular reaction. The effect of IF3 on relaxation processes attributed to \"tight\" couples is strongly dependent on the Mg2+ concentration. At 2.5 mM Mg2+, addition of 1 molar equivalent of IF3 decreases the relaxation amplitude by a factor of 3 relative to ribosome solutions without IF3. However, at 5.0 mM Mg2+, addition of 1 molar equivalent of IF3 produces a marked increase in the relaxation amplitude, by a factor of 2-8 fold relative to ribosomes in the absence of IF3. IF3 has no effect on the relaxation process attributed to \"loose\" couples at 10 mM Mg2+. While we are unable to propose a precise mechanism for IF3 action with the data on hand, our results require that the 30S . IF3 complex either reacts with the 50S subunit, forming a 70S . IF3 intermediate, or acts as a pool of reactive 30S subunit. Further kinetic evidence is required to distinguish between these possible pathways.", "PMID": 380673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5125", "title": "Current concepts of the etiology of central nervous system malformations.", "content": "We have seen that what must be applied to dysmorphology is the doctrine of multifactorial causality, ie dysmorphogenetic events have both genetic and nongenetic etiologic components to varying degrees. Complicating matters is the extent to which there is etiologic and/or mechanistic heterogeneity (Fig. 1). This is nicely illustrated by the holoprosencephaly anomaly. In addition, there are numerous CNS malformations that have major single gene, chromosomal, or environmental initiating agents of malformation mechanisms. Still a mystery is the common neural tube malformations. It is now clear that the \"multifactorial/threshold\" model is an inadequate explanation of the observed data and until the etiologic heterogeneity of these malformations is clearly defined, our knowledge remains primarily empiric. A potential area of fruitful investigation is likely to be the identification of maternal genotypes which do not allow detoxification of potential environmental teratogens.", "contents": "Current concepts of the etiology of central nervous system malformations. We have seen that what must be applied to dysmorphology is the doctrine of multifactorial causality, ie dysmorphogenetic events have both genetic and nongenetic etiologic components to varying degrees. Complicating matters is the extent to which there is etiologic and/or mechanistic heterogeneity (Fig. 1). This is nicely illustrated by the holoprosencephaly anomaly. In addition, there are numerous CNS malformations that have major single gene, chromosomal, or environmental initiating agents of malformation mechanisms. Still a mystery is the common neural tube malformations. It is now clear that the \"multifactorial/threshold\" model is an inadequate explanation of the observed data and until the etiologic heterogeneity of these malformations is clearly defined, our knowledge remains primarily empiric. A potential area of fruitful investigation is likely to be the identification of maternal genotypes which do not allow detoxification of potential environmental teratogens.", "PMID": 380680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5126", "title": "[Detection of B-cell antigen on the blast cells in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "The presence of the common antigen on B lymphocytes of healthy donors and myeloblasts of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic crisis was observed with antimyeloblastic serum in the indirect surface immunofluorescence test. The cytotoxic test showed this antigen in the blastic cells in 27 out of 57 patients with CML BC, in 3 of 11 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, in 1 of 8 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia and in 2 of 2 patients with undifferentiated leukemia. The antigen was not found in the peripheral blood cells of healthy donors.", "contents": "[Detection of B-cell antigen on the blast cells in chronic myeloid leukemia]. The presence of the common antigen on B lymphocytes of healthy donors and myeloblasts of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic crisis was observed with antimyeloblastic serum in the indirect surface immunofluorescence test. The cytotoxic test showed this antigen in the blastic cells in 27 out of 57 patients with CML BC, in 3 of 11 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, in 1 of 8 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia and in 2 of 2 patients with undifferentiated leukemia. The antigen was not found in the peripheral blood cells of healthy donors.", "PMID": 380683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5127", "title": "[Method of culturing amniotic fluid cells].", "content": "The influence of pregnancy term and the concentration of cell suspension, introduced into culture, on the growth of amniotic fluid cells have been studied on 29 specimens. Optimum term of amniotic fluid cells sampling for the best growth was 17 weeks of pregnancy. It is recommended to take into account the concentration of cell suspension in the amniotic fluid before introducing the cells into the culture depending on pregnancy terms.", "contents": "[Method of culturing amniotic fluid cells]. The influence of pregnancy term and the concentration of cell suspension, introduced into culture, on the growth of amniotic fluid cells have been studied on 29 specimens. Optimum term of amniotic fluid cells sampling for the best growth was 17 weeks of pregnancy. It is recommended to take into account the concentration of cell suspension in the amniotic fluid before introducing the cells into the culture depending on pregnancy terms.", "PMID": 380684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5128", "title": "[Effect of GABA-ergic substances on the analgesic effect of morphine in rats].", "content": "The effect of GABA-ergic compounds on morphine-induced analgesia was studied to reveal probable interaction of GABA and opiates. As an index for morphine effect the reaction of vocalization in response to electrical stimulation of the rat tail was used. It was shown that thiosemicarbazide, the inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and bicuculline, GABA-ergic receptor blocking agent, which were proposed to be joined in a group of GABA-negative compounds, reduce and shorten the effect of morphine. Depakine, the inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate-GABA-transaminase, as well as GABA itself administered in high doses (GABA-positive actions) make morphine analgesia more pronounced and longer. Probable causes of the described interrelationship between GABA and opiates are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of GABA-ergic substances on the analgesic effect of morphine in rats]. The effect of GABA-ergic compounds on morphine-induced analgesia was studied to reveal probable interaction of GABA and opiates. As an index for morphine effect the reaction of vocalization in response to electrical stimulation of the rat tail was used. It was shown that thiosemicarbazide, the inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and bicuculline, GABA-ergic receptor blocking agent, which were proposed to be joined in a group of GABA-negative compounds, reduce and shorten the effect of morphine. Depakine, the inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate-GABA-transaminase, as well as GABA itself administered in high doses (GABA-positive actions) make morphine analgesia more pronounced and longer. Probable causes of the described interrelationship between GABA and opiates are discussed.", "PMID": 380685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5129", "title": "[Cytophilic immunoglobulins on the surface of neutrophilic granulocytes in mice perorally immunized with a live vaccine made from the supressor revertant S. typhimurium Rev 8].", "content": "The reaction of the spleen cell migration inhibition in the presence of monospecific antisera against mouse G, A and M immunoglobulins was used to detect cytophilic antibodies on the surface of mouse granulocytes. The oral administration of ACR live vaccine from suppressor revertant Salmonella typhimurium Rev. 8 protected the mice against infection induced by virulent species of mouse. Salmonella typhimurium. The immunized mice showed an increase in cytophilic IgG on the surface of neutrophile granulocytes.", "contents": "[Cytophilic immunoglobulins on the surface of neutrophilic granulocytes in mice perorally immunized with a live vaccine made from the supressor revertant S. typhimurium Rev 8]. The reaction of the spleen cell migration inhibition in the presence of monospecific antisera against mouse G, A and M immunoglobulins was used to detect cytophilic antibodies on the surface of mouse granulocytes. The oral administration of ACR live vaccine from suppressor revertant Salmonella typhimurium Rev. 8 protected the mice against infection induced by virulent species of mouse. Salmonella typhimurium. The immunized mice showed an increase in cytophilic IgG on the surface of neutrophile granulocytes.", "PMID": 380686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5130", "title": "[Comparative study of rosette and plaque formation in rats infected with Mycoplasma arthritidis and Acholeplasma laidlawii].", "content": "M. arthritidis suppresses rosette- and plaque-formation in rats infected with this strain of mycoplasma. On the 15th day the immune response was restored in the control and experimental groups of animals. In later stages a strong stimulation of RFC and PFC was recorded, which levelled on day 150. On the contrary,  A. laidlawii stimulated RFC and PFC in all stages of infection. A relationship between the phenomena described and pathogenic properties of the mycoplasma is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of rosette and plaque formation in rats infected with Mycoplasma arthritidis and Acholeplasma laidlawii]. M. arthritidis suppresses rosette- and plaque-formation in rats infected with this strain of mycoplasma. On the 15th day the immune response was restored in the control and experimental groups of animals. In later stages a strong stimulation of RFC and PFC was recorded, which levelled on day 150. On the contrary,  A. laidlawii stimulated RFC and PFC in all stages of infection. A relationship between the phenomena described and pathogenic properties of the mycoplasma is discussed.", "PMID": 380687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5131", "title": "Diminished platelet adenylate cyclase activation by prostaglandin D2 in acute thrombosis.", "content": "Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) produced by platelets can inhibit aggregation via activation of platelet adenylate cyclase. PGD2 activation of platelet cyclase in platelet membrane fractions was studied in 20 consecutive patients hospitalized with acute deep-vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. In nine patients, PGD2-stimulated enzyme activity was decreased at all concentrations of PGD2 studied. This altered enzyme sensitivity was specific for PGD2 as basal enzyme activity, and prostaglandin E1, prostaglandin I2, and sodium fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase was normal. The effect of PGD2 on platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release was also studied in one patient where a four-fold higher concentration of PGD2 was required to inhibit collagen-induced 14C-serotonin release. Binding studies using [3H]PGD2 as a radioligand indicated that this patient's platelets bound 10 fmole PGD2/10(8) platelets compared to 30 fmole/10(8) platelets in a normal control. Five patients had follow-up studies between 2 and 7 mo after their acute thrombotic event, and PGD2-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity returned towards normal in four. Since PGD2 is synthesized in platelets at concentrations sufficient to inhibit aggregation and activate adenylate cyclase, diminished platelet sensitivity to this prostaglandin could result in \"hyperactivity\" and contribute to the thrombosis observed in these patients.", "contents": "Diminished platelet adenylate cyclase activation by prostaglandin D2 in acute thrombosis. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) produced by platelets can inhibit aggregation via activation of platelet adenylate cyclase. PGD2 activation of platelet cyclase in platelet membrane fractions was studied in 20 consecutive patients hospitalized with acute deep-vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. In nine patients, PGD2-stimulated enzyme activity was decreased at all concentrations of PGD2 studied. This altered enzyme sensitivity was specific for PGD2 as basal enzyme activity, and prostaglandin E1, prostaglandin I2, and sodium fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase was normal. The effect of PGD2 on platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release was also studied in one patient where a four-fold higher concentration of PGD2 was required to inhibit collagen-induced 14C-serotonin release. Binding studies using [3H]PGD2 as a radioligand indicated that this patient's platelets bound 10 fmole PGD2/10(8) platelets compared to 30 fmole/10(8) platelets in a normal control. Five patients had follow-up studies between 2 and 7 mo after their acute thrombotic event, and PGD2-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity returned towards normal in four. Since PGD2 is synthesized in platelets at concentrations sufficient to inhibit aggregation and activate adenylate cyclase, diminished platelet sensitivity to this prostaglandin could result in \"hyperactivity\" and contribute to the thrombosis observed in these patients.", "PMID": 380688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5132", "title": "Successful allogeneic bone marrow retransplantation with the same donor after graft rejection: application of a modified conditioning regimen.", "content": "A 26-year-old man with severe aplastic anemia was treated with high-dose Cyclophosphamide followed by the infusion of bone marrow cells from his HLA-identical sister. After initial intake of the graft, rejection ensued by day 46 which was followed by a permanent complete aplasia. After 4 months, bone marrow retransplantation with the same donor was attempted after a more intensive conditioning regimen. This led to permanent engraftment with rapid normalization of the blood counts lasting now for over 12 months. The patient has since remained in excellent clinical condition without signs of graft-versus-host disease.", "contents": "Successful allogeneic bone marrow retransplantation with the same donor after graft rejection: application of a modified conditioning regimen. A 26-year-old man with severe aplastic anemia was treated with high-dose Cyclophosphamide followed by the infusion of bone marrow cells from his HLA-identical sister. After initial intake of the graft, rejection ensued by day 46 which was followed by a permanent complete aplasia. After 4 months, bone marrow retransplantation with the same donor was attempted after a more intensive conditioning regimen. This led to permanent engraftment with rapid normalization of the blood counts lasting now for over 12 months. The patient has since remained in excellent clinical condition without signs of graft-versus-host disease.", "PMID": 380689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5133", "title": "Selected list of books and journals for the small medical library.", "content": "This revised list of 492 books and 138 journals is intended as a selection guide for small or medium-sized hospital libraries or for the small medical library serving a specified clientele. It can also be used as a core list by small hospital library consortia. Books and journals are categorized by subject, with the books being followed by an author index and the journals by an alphabetical title listing. Items suggested for initial purchase by smaller libraries are indicated by an asterisk. To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for annual subscriptions to all the journals would require an expenditure of about $22,500. The cost of only the asterisked items, recommended for first purchase, totals approximately $6,100.", "contents": "Selected list of books and journals for the small medical library. This revised list of 492 books and 138 journals is intended as a selection guide for small or medium-sized hospital libraries or for the small medical library serving a specified clientele. It can also be used as a core list by small hospital library consortia. Books and journals are categorized by subject, with the books being followed by an author index and the journals by an alphabetical title listing. Items suggested for initial purchase by smaller libraries are indicated by an asterisk. To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for annual subscriptions to all the journals would require an expenditure of about $22,500. The cost of only the asterisked items, recommended for first purchase, totals approximately $6,100.", "PMID": 380695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5134", "title": "Core lists of medical journals: a comparison.", "content": "Five core lists of medical journals are compared with respect to size, intended users, and content. Despite variations in scope and depth, there is significant agreement among the lists. A list of the seventy-two titles appearing on four or all of the five lists is appended. There is no clear relationship between frequency of inclusion in these core lists and citation frequency as reported in Journal Citation Reports.", "contents": "Core lists of medical journals: a comparison. Five core lists of medical journals are compared with respect to size, intended users, and content. Despite variations in scope and depth, there is significant agreement among the lists. A list of the seventy-two titles appearing on four or all of the five lists is appended. There is no clear relationship between frequency of inclusion in these core lists and citation frequency as reported in Journal Citation Reports.", "PMID": 380696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5135", "title": "Study on the possible entry of bacterial endotoxin and prostaglandin E2 into the central nervous system from the blood.", "content": "1 A study has been made of the possible entry of 51Cr-bacterial endotoxin and [5,6,8,11,12,14,15(n)-3H]-prostaglandin E2 ([3H5-PGE2) into the CNS of the anaesthetized cat. 2 No radioactivity was detected in perfusates of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus or in the cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) in vivo, or in brain tissue post mortem following intracarotid infusion of 51Cr-bacterial endotoxin. 3 Intracarotid administration of [3H]-PGE2 resulted in the entry of radioactivity into the CNS of endotoxin pretreated cats. Chromatographic analysis indicated the radioactivity in c.s.f. to be associated with PGE2 and a metabolite similar to 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2. 4 Intracarotid administration of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto [5,6,8,11,12,14(n)-3H]-PGE2 resulted in the presence of the compound in the CNS of the anaesthetized cat after pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin. 5 It is concluded that PGE2 and possibly 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 but not bacterial endotoxin may enter the CNS from the cerebral circulation to elicit the febrile response to bacterial endotoxin in cats.", "contents": "Study on the possible entry of bacterial endotoxin and prostaglandin E2 into the central nervous system from the blood. 1 A study has been made of the possible entry of 51Cr-bacterial endotoxin and [5,6,8,11,12,14,15(n)-3H]-prostaglandin E2 ([3H5-PGE2) into the CNS of the anaesthetized cat. 2 No radioactivity was detected in perfusates of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus or in the cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) in vivo, or in brain tissue post mortem following intracarotid infusion of 51Cr-bacterial endotoxin. 3 Intracarotid administration of [3H]-PGE2 resulted in the entry of radioactivity into the CNS of endotoxin pretreated cats. Chromatographic analysis indicated the radioactivity in c.s.f. to be associated with PGE2 and a metabolite similar to 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2. 4 Intracarotid administration of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto [5,6,8,11,12,14(n)-3H]-PGE2 resulted in the presence of the compound in the CNS of the anaesthetized cat after pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin. 5 It is concluded that PGE2 and possibly 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 but not bacterial endotoxin may enter the CNS from the cerebral circulation to elicit the febrile response to bacterial endotoxin in cats.", "PMID": 380709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5136", "title": "The influence of wound drainage on the infection rate in kidney transplant patients.", "content": "The frequency of wound infection was studied in 92 patients who had received cadaver kidneys. Wound drainage was performed in 26 patients and not performed in 66 patients. Wound infection was found in 31% of the wounds with drainage and in 14% of wounds without primary drainage. The results were compared with the frequency of 34% infected wounds in a previous report where wound drainage was performed routinely. It is advised that, when possible, wound drainage should be avoided.", "contents": "The influence of wound drainage on the infection rate in kidney transplant patients. The frequency of wound infection was studied in 92 patients who had received cadaver kidneys. Wound drainage was performed in 26 patients and not performed in 66 patients. Wound infection was found in 31% of the wounds with drainage and in 14% of wounds without primary drainage. The results were compared with the frequency of 34% infected wounds in a previous report where wound drainage was performed routinely. It is advised that, when possible, wound drainage should be avoided.", "PMID": 380712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5137", "title": "Endourethral urethroplasty: a simple method for treatment of urethral strictures by internal urethrotomy and primary split skin grafting.", "content": "Primary endourethral split skin grafting was performed in 4 patients operated upon for stricture of the bulbous urethra by internal urethrotomy. Post-operatively, all grafts were found to have taken. Follow-up has ranged from 4 to 12 months. The results were considered good in all patients and after release from the hospital they had no subjective symptoms. Further urethral dilation has not been necessary in any of the patients.", "contents": "Endourethral urethroplasty: a simple method for treatment of urethral strictures by internal urethrotomy and primary split skin grafting. Primary endourethral split skin grafting was performed in 4 patients operated upon for stricture of the bulbous urethra by internal urethrotomy. Post-operatively, all grafts were found to have taken. Follow-up has ranged from 4 to 12 months. The results were considered good in all patients and after release from the hospital they had no subjective symptoms. Further urethral dilation has not been necessary in any of the patients.", "PMID": 380714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5138", "title": "Calculi in renal transplants.", "content": "Three patients who underwent live donor renal transplantation subsequently developed calculi in their allografts. Hypercalcaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism were present in 2 cases and these were treated by subtotal parathyroidectomy. Urinary stagnation and infection were contributory factors in the third case and reimplantation of the ureter was necessary. In all patients no further calculi have developed following treatment and allograft function remains satisfactory.", "contents": "Calculi in renal transplants. Three patients who underwent live donor renal transplantation subsequently developed calculi in their allografts. Hypercalcaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism were present in 2 cases and these were treated by subtotal parathyroidectomy. Urinary stagnation and infection were contributory factors in the third case and reimplantation of the ureter was necessary. In all patients no further calculi have developed following treatment and allograft function remains satisfactory.", "PMID": 380716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5139", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of lymphocoeles associated with renal transplantation. A report of 6 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Six patients have developed a lymphocoele after renal transplantation, an incidence of 4%. A lymphocoele should be suspected in a patient who develops a rising creatinine with a pelvic mass or pressure effects on the pelvic veins 1 or more months after operation. The diagnosis is confirmed by intravenous urography, venography and ultrasonography: the use of the latter as a diagnostic measure is recommended. Treatment is by marsupialisation into the peritoneum or external drainage with breakdown of all loculi. Aspiration is unsatisfactory.", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of lymphocoeles associated with renal transplantation. A report of 6 cases and a review of the literature. Six patients have developed a lymphocoele after renal transplantation, an incidence of 4%. A lymphocoele should be suspected in a patient who develops a rising creatinine with a pelvic mass or pressure effects on the pelvic veins 1 or more months after operation. The diagnosis is confirmed by intravenous urography, venography and ultrasonography: the use of the latter as a diagnostic measure is recommended. Treatment is by marsupialisation into the peritoneum or external drainage with breakdown of all loculi. Aspiration is unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 380717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5140", "title": "Polyglycolic acid versus chromic catgut in bladder surgery.", "content": "The clinical importance of calcified deposits on sutures in bladder surgery was evaluated in a blind paired randomised trial of 3/0 chromic catgut versus polyglycolic acid 3/0. Cystoscopy with photographic recording was performed 8 weeks after operation in 40 patients without and 8 patients with previous or present bladder stones. None had visible calcified deposits at that time and sutures were only visible in 1 patient from each of the 2 groups without bladder stones. It was concluded that neither chromic catgut nor polyglycolic acid sutures carry any significant risk of bladder stone formation, whether infection is present or not; the conclusion includes both patients with and without previous bladder stones, but is less firm in the former because of the small number of patients studied.", "contents": "Polyglycolic acid versus chromic catgut in bladder surgery. The clinical importance of calcified deposits on sutures in bladder surgery was evaluated in a blind paired randomised trial of 3/0 chromic catgut versus polyglycolic acid 3/0. Cystoscopy with photographic recording was performed 8 weeks after operation in 40 patients without and 8 patients with previous or present bladder stones. None had visible calcified deposits at that time and sutures were only visible in 1 patient from each of the 2 groups without bladder stones. It was concluded that neither chromic catgut nor polyglycolic acid sutures carry any significant risk of bladder stone formation, whether infection is present or not; the conclusion includes both patients with and without previous bladder stones, but is less firm in the former because of the small number of patients studied.", "PMID": 380718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5141", "title": "Inosine: clinical results of ischaemic renal surgery.", "content": "Ten patients requiring ischaemic renal surgery for calculus or tumour were operated on with the kidney protected by perfusion with a room temperature solution of inosine. The warm ischaemic times ranged from 35 to 75 min (mean 57.1 min). Post-operative recovery was uneventful in all patients. No adverse cardiodynamic effects due to inosine were noted. There was only moderate transient depression in renal function as assessed by gamma camera renography and serum creatinine estimations. Three of the 10 patients have now been followed for over a year. The results with inosine perfusion are comparable to those obtained with hypothermic protection.", "contents": "Inosine: clinical results of ischaemic renal surgery. Ten patients requiring ischaemic renal surgery for calculus or tumour were operated on with the kidney protected by perfusion with a room temperature solution of inosine. The warm ischaemic times ranged from 35 to 75 min (mean 57.1 min). Post-operative recovery was uneventful in all patients. No adverse cardiodynamic effects due to inosine were noted. There was only moderate transient depression in renal function as assessed by gamma camera renography and serum creatinine estimations. Three of the 10 patients have now been followed for over a year. The results with inosine perfusion are comparable to those obtained with hypothermic protection.", "PMID": 380719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5142", "title": "The use of pure carbon stomata (Biocarbon) in urinary diversion.", "content": "A new synthetic material, Biocarbon, has the advantages of tissue compatibility and chemical inactivity, so that there is minimal salt sedimentation. Experiments with animals extending over a period of more than 2 years showed good healing after various surgical and urological operations. Biocarbon stomata were then used for vesicostomies in 6 patients. The period of follow-up has been months. We conclude that Biocarbon implants used for ureterocutaneostomies and for various conduit operations can improve tthe care of stomapatients.", "contents": "The use of pure carbon stomata (Biocarbon) in urinary diversion. A new synthetic material, Biocarbon, has the advantages of tissue compatibility and chemical inactivity, so that there is minimal salt sedimentation. Experiments with animals extending over a period of more than 2 years showed good healing after various surgical and urological operations. Biocarbon stomata were then used for vesicostomies in 6 patients. The period of follow-up has been months. We conclude that Biocarbon implants used for ureterocutaneostomies and for various conduit operations can improve tthe care of stomapatients.", "PMID": 380720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5143", "title": "Late results of skin inlay urethroplasty.", "content": "Sixty-two patients undergoing either one-stage or two-stage skin inlay urethroplasty for stricture of the urethra have been reviewed. The success rate and incidence of complications are discussed. The technique of skin inlay urethroplasty requires a considerable degree of surgical expertise and a similar skill in clinical evaluation is required in the selection of patients for this procedure.", "contents": "Late results of skin inlay urethroplasty. Sixty-two patients undergoing either one-stage or two-stage skin inlay urethroplasty for stricture of the urethra have been reviewed. The success rate and incidence of complications are discussed. The technique of skin inlay urethroplasty requires a considerable degree of surgical expertise and a similar skill in clinical evaluation is required in the selection of patients for this procedure.", "PMID": 380722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5144", "title": "The one-stage island patch urethroplasty.", "content": "Dartos-predicled scrotal skin island patch urethroplasties were performed in 72 patients and followed up for up to 7 years. Restenosis was seen at the site of the stricture in 5 cases and one developed a new meatal stenosis. There were no deaths. Hair-stones occurred in 4 patients and were removed endoscopically. One too-large pouch was trimmed. No patient was incontinent. More than one patch may be used for long or multiple strictures.", "contents": "The one-stage island patch urethroplasty. Dartos-predicled scrotal skin island patch urethroplasties were performed in 72 patients and followed up for up to 7 years. Restenosis was seen at the site of the stricture in 5 cases and one developed a new meatal stenosis. There were no deaths. Hair-stones occurred in 4 patients and were removed endoscopically. One too-large pouch was trimmed. No patient was incontinent. More than one patch may be used for long or multiple strictures.", "PMID": 380723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5145", "title": "Surgical treatment of the massively dilated primary megaureter in children.", "content": "From 1964 to 1975, of 83 children with primary megaureter 33 had unilateral and 8 bilateral massively dilated ureters that required surgical treatment, and of these 73% had febrile infection, 5% were septic and 10% were azotaemic. Surgical treatment consisted of ureteric reimplantation with excision of the atonic distal segment, preceded by diversion when indicated. Tailored reimplantation was successful in 98% of ureters and non-tailored reimplantation was uniformly unsuccessful. All failures were successfully corrected by tailored reimplantation. Thus the requirements for successful surgical management of massive ureteric dilatation in children secondary to an atonic ureteric segment are excision of the atonic segment, transvesical or extravesical tailoring of the ureter and reimplantation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the massively dilated primary megaureter in children. From 1964 to 1975, of 83 children with primary megaureter 33 had unilateral and 8 bilateral massively dilated ureters that required surgical treatment, and of these 73% had febrile infection, 5% were septic and 10% were azotaemic. Surgical treatment consisted of ureteric reimplantation with excision of the atonic distal segment, preceded by diversion when indicated. Tailored reimplantation was successful in 98% of ureters and non-tailored reimplantation was uniformly unsuccessful. All failures were successfully corrected by tailored reimplantation. Thus the requirements for successful surgical management of massive ureteric dilatation in children secondary to an atonic ureteric segment are excision of the atonic segment, transvesical or extravesical tailoring of the ureter and reimplantation.", "PMID": 380724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5146", "title": "A double blind trial of bromocryptine in the treatment of idiopathic bladder instability.", "content": "Fifty-one patients (aged 20 to 68 years) entered a 6-week double-blind trial of Bromocryptine, a dopamine agonist. All patients complained of the complex: frequency, nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence which was due to demonstrable bladder instability. No significant improvement in either symptoms or cystometric findings was seen in the Bromocryptine treated as compared with the control group. A high incidence of nausea was noted in the treated groups. The results of this study suggest that Bromocryptine does not have a therapeutic role in the treatment of idiopathic bladder instability.", "contents": "A double blind trial of bromocryptine in the treatment of idiopathic bladder instability. Fifty-one patients (aged 20 to 68 years) entered a 6-week double-blind trial of Bromocryptine, a dopamine agonist. All patients complained of the complex: frequency, nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence which was due to demonstrable bladder instability. No significant improvement in either symptoms or cystometric findings was seen in the Bromocryptine treated as compared with the control group. A high incidence of nausea was noted in the treated groups. The results of this study suggest that Bromocryptine does not have a therapeutic role in the treatment of idiopathic bladder instability.", "PMID": 380725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5147", "title": "Releasing factor tests in men with oligozoospermia.", "content": "FSH levels were assayed in 300 men attending with infertile marriages. From this number, releasing factor tests were carried out in 24 men with oligozoospermia and an initial FSH below our normal mean. In all of these cases there was a response to releasing factor. Isolated FSH deficiency is likely to be rare in adult men presenting with infertility and no previous endocrinological history.", "contents": "Releasing factor tests in men with oligozoospermia. FSH levels were assayed in 300 men attending with infertile marriages. From this number, releasing factor tests were carried out in 24 men with oligozoospermia and an initial FSH below our normal mean. In all of these cases there was a response to releasing factor. Isolated FSH deficiency is likely to be rare in adult men presenting with infertility and no previous endocrinological history.", "PMID": 380726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5148", "title": "Applied diagnostic techniques: a decisive factor in the long-term T-year survival rate in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Ii is shown from statistical data reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry that in cases of prostatic carcinoma the long-term T-year survival rate is the final outcome of a complex interplay of multiple factors including diagnostic technology and techniques for staging and grading. Assessment of the value of specific therapy is not possible except in controlled clinical trials. The T-year survival rate per se does not give an accurate estimate of the effect of treatment.", "contents": "Applied diagnostic techniques: a decisive factor in the long-term T-year survival rate in prostatic carcinoma. Ii is shown from statistical data reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry that in cases of prostatic carcinoma the long-term T-year survival rate is the final outcome of a complex interplay of multiple factors including diagnostic technology and techniques for staging and grading. Assessment of the value of specific therapy is not possible except in controlled clinical trials. The T-year survival rate per se does not give an accurate estimate of the effect of treatment.", "PMID": 380727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5149", "title": "Urological complications in 119 consecutive renal transplants.", "content": "One hundred and nine patients undergoing 119 transplants have been followed up from 8 months to 9 years. Urological complications occurred in 16 transplants, an incidence of 13.4%. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed primarily in all cases; in 98 by the conventional Politano-Leadbetter technique with 9 (9.2%) urological complications and in 32 by an extravesical technique with 7 (21.8%) urological complications. One patient died as a result of ureteric obstruction, without operation. In 3 patients with lower ureteric obstruction, transurethral ureteric meatotomy was successful in 2 cases and resulted in no change in renal function in the third. Two patients with urinary fistulae were managed successfully by continuous drainage with indwelling urethral catheters. The remaining 10 patients required 12 open surgical procedures for relief of ureteric obstruction, with improvement in function in 7 patients.", "contents": "Urological complications in 119 consecutive renal transplants. One hundred and nine patients undergoing 119 transplants have been followed up from 8 months to 9 years. Urological complications occurred in 16 transplants, an incidence of 13.4%. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed primarily in all cases; in 98 by the conventional Politano-Leadbetter technique with 9 (9.2%) urological complications and in 32 by an extravesical technique with 7 (21.8%) urological complications. One patient died as a result of ureteric obstruction, without operation. In 3 patients with lower ureteric obstruction, transurethral ureteric meatotomy was successful in 2 cases and resulted in no change in renal function in the third. Two patients with urinary fistulae were managed successfully by continuous drainage with indwelling urethral catheters. The remaining 10 patients required 12 open surgical procedures for relief of ureteric obstruction, with improvement in function in 7 patients.", "PMID": 380728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5150", "title": "Carcinoma of the renal pelvis following the abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesic drugs.", "content": "Five cases of renal pelvic carcinoma are reported in female patients who abused phenacetin-containing analgesics. The mechanism of carcinogenesis in analgesic abuse is discussed and epidemiological factors are considered. The possibility of development of a renal pelvic tumour in patients with analgesic nephropathy is emphasised.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the renal pelvis following the abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesic drugs. Five cases of renal pelvic carcinoma are reported in female patients who abused phenacetin-containing analgesics. The mechanism of carcinogenesis in analgesic abuse is discussed and epidemiological factors are considered. The possibility of development of a renal pelvic tumour in patients with analgesic nephropathy is emphasised.", "PMID": 380729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5151", "title": "Primary vesical sensory urgency. A clinical trial of bromocriptine.", "content": "A randomised double blind crossover trial of Bromocriptine against an inert placebo was performed in 14 patients with primary sensory urgency. Bromocriptine was found to have no therapeutic advantage for these patients and the possible explanations for this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Primary vesical sensory urgency. A clinical trial of bromocriptine. A randomised double blind crossover trial of Bromocriptine against an inert placebo was performed in 14 patients with primary sensory urgency. Bromocriptine was found to have no therapeutic advantage for these patients and the possible explanations for this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 380730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5152", "title": "An objective look at acid phosphatase determinations: a comparison of biochemical and immunological methods.", "content": "Measurements of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase were made by 3 enzymatic methods, alpha-naphthyl phosphate, beta-glycerol phosphate, and thymolphthalein monophosphate, and ocmpared to a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels were studied in 46 controls with histologically proven benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 135 patients with various stages of prostatic carcinoma. In the control group the upper limit for bone marrow acid phosphatase was found to be significantly higher than the corresponding serum limit with respect to the enzymatic assays studied. The radioimmunoassay was the only method suitable for the analysis of the prostatic acid phosphatase content of bone marrow. A larger number of elevations were noted in patients with extracapsular and metastatic disease when prostatic acid phosphatase measurement was carried out by radioimmunoassay as compared to enzymatic methods. However, only 8% of the patients with intracapsular disease had elevations of prostatic acid phosphatase as measured by radioimmunoassay. Additional standardisation of immunological methods and clinical trials is required before comparison can be made of results from various centres using immunological methods for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase and a true assessment made of the usefulness of this procedure.", "contents": "An objective look at acid phosphatase determinations: a comparison of biochemical and immunological methods. Measurements of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase were made by 3 enzymatic methods, alpha-naphthyl phosphate, beta-glycerol phosphate, and thymolphthalein monophosphate, and ocmpared to a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels were studied in 46 controls with histologically proven benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 135 patients with various stages of prostatic carcinoma. In the control group the upper limit for bone marrow acid phosphatase was found to be significantly higher than the corresponding serum limit with respect to the enzymatic assays studied. The radioimmunoassay was the only method suitable for the analysis of the prostatic acid phosphatase content of bone marrow. A larger number of elevations were noted in patients with extracapsular and metastatic disease when prostatic acid phosphatase measurement was carried out by radioimmunoassay as compared to enzymatic methods. However, only 8% of the patients with intracapsular disease had elevations of prostatic acid phosphatase as measured by radioimmunoassay. Additional standardisation of immunological methods and clinical trials is required before comparison can be made of results from various centres using immunological methods for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase and a true assessment made of the usefulness of this procedure.", "PMID": 380731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5153", "title": "Subcutaneous Corynebacterium parvum in bladder cancer: a controlled study of its immunological effects.", "content": "Fourteen out of 26 patients with invasive bladder cancer were randomly assigned to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) in addition to standard treatment. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte percentage, K cell activity, mitogen responsiveness, and monocyte and polymorph leucotaxis were measured at intervals over a period of 1 to 2 years. The only consistent difference between the CP-treatment patients and the controls was a slightly higher level of K cell activity in the former, who, however, fared rather worse than the controls in terms of survival.", "contents": "Subcutaneous Corynebacterium parvum in bladder cancer: a controlled study of its immunological effects. Fourteen out of 26 patients with invasive bladder cancer were randomly assigned to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) in addition to standard treatment. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte percentage, K cell activity, mitogen responsiveness, and monocyte and polymorph leucotaxis were measured at intervals over a period of 1 to 2 years. The only consistent difference between the CP-treatment patients and the controls was a slightly higher level of K cell activity in the former, who, however, fared rather worse than the controls in terms of survival.", "PMID": 380732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5154", "title": "Faecal and introital bacteria and urinary tract infection.", "content": "The faecal, introital, and urinary bacterial flora have been studied in 3 normal women and 5 women with recurrent urinary infection. In the normal women urinary abnormalities were uncommon, but the patients regularly had episodes of bacteriuria and pyuria, only a quarter of which were symptomatic. Symptoms tended to be associated with high white cell excretion rates and with the longer episodes. Introital colonisation was heavier and more frequent in the patients than in the control subjects. Organisms recovered from the urine had previously colonised the introitus in most cases. It appears that symptomatic episodes constitute only a small part of the disease process in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Faecal and introital bacteria and urinary tract infection. The faecal, introital, and urinary bacterial flora have been studied in 3 normal women and 5 women with recurrent urinary infection. In the normal women urinary abnormalities were uncommon, but the patients regularly had episodes of bacteriuria and pyuria, only a quarter of which were symptomatic. Symptoms tended to be associated with high white cell excretion rates and with the longer episodes. Introital colonisation was heavier and more frequent in the patients than in the control subjects. Organisms recovered from the urine had previously colonised the introitus in most cases. It appears that symptomatic episodes constitute only a small part of the disease process in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 380733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5155", "title": "Intrarectal metronidazole in the prevention of anaerobic infections after emergency appendicectomy: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "A series of 102 patients with presumptive acute appendicitis entered a prospective, randomized, clinical trial of intrarectal metronidazole given over a 48-h period commencing before surgery. Adequate levels of circulating metronidazole were achieved. A significant reduction in the incidence of anaerobic wound infection was observed in the treated group (P less than 0.02). The convenience and short duration of the prophylactic regimen allowed early discharge from hospital. No untoward effects were observed.", "contents": "Intrarectal metronidazole in the prevention of anaerobic infections after emergency appendicectomy: a controlled clinical trial. A series of 102 patients with presumptive acute appendicitis entered a prospective, randomized, clinical trial of intrarectal metronidazole given over a 48-h period commencing before surgery. Adequate levels of circulating metronidazole were achieved. A significant reduction in the incidence of anaerobic wound infection was observed in the treated group (P less than 0.02). The convenience and short duration of the prophylactic regimen allowed early discharge from hospital. No untoward effects were observed.", "PMID": 380735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5156", "title": "A double-blind trial of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole as prophylaxis against wound infection following appendicectomy.", "content": "One hundred patients undergoing appendicectomy through a right iliac fossa incision were randomized to receive normal saline or 500 mg metronidazole as an intravenous infusion during the operation. One patient in the saline group developed an erythematous rash. There were 13 wound infections (as defined by the discharge of pus), 12 (out of 51) in the saline group and 1 (out of 49) in the metronidazole group. Bacteroides spp. were frequently cultured from the lumen of removed appendices and from pus obtained from infected wounds. This work supports the value of metronidazole but suggests that a single-dose regimen is adequate for prophylaxis.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole as prophylaxis against wound infection following appendicectomy. One hundred patients undergoing appendicectomy through a right iliac fossa incision were randomized to receive normal saline or 500 mg metronidazole as an intravenous infusion during the operation. One patient in the saline group developed an erythematous rash. There were 13 wound infections (as defined by the discharge of pus), 12 (out of 51) in the saline group and 1 (out of 49) in the metronidazole group. Bacteroides spp. were frequently cultured from the lumen of removed appendices and from pus obtained from infected wounds. This work supports the value of metronidazole but suggests that a single-dose regimen is adequate for prophylaxis.", "PMID": 380736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5157", "title": "Short term metronidazole therapy contrasted with povidone-iodine spray in the prevention of wound infection after appendicectomy.", "content": "In a prospective, randomized trial metronidazole was found to be significantly better than povidone-iodine in reducing the incidence of wound infection after appendicectomy (P less than 0.005). The metronidazole was given as a established 7-day course. Over 65 per cent of the wound infections presented after the patients had been discharged from hospital.", "contents": "Short term metronidazole therapy contrasted with povidone-iodine spray in the prevention of wound infection after appendicectomy. In a prospective, randomized trial metronidazole was found to be significantly better than povidone-iodine in reducing the incidence of wound infection after appendicectomy (P less than 0.005). The metronidazole was given as a established 7-day course. Over 65 per cent of the wound infections presented after the patients had been discharged from hospital.", "PMID": 380737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5158", "title": "Use of circular stapling gun with peranal insertion of anorectal purse-string suture for construction of very low colorectal or colo-anal anastomoses.", "content": "A technique is described for construction of the colorectal or colo-anal anastomosis in low rectal resection by using an automatic circular stapling device and inserting the anorectal purse-string suture peranally from below. This method was employed in 4 patients resulting in complete healing in 3 cases and a moderate leak in 1, which, however, eventually healed satisfactorily.", "contents": "Use of circular stapling gun with peranal insertion of anorectal purse-string suture for construction of very low colorectal or colo-anal anastomoses. A technique is described for construction of the colorectal or colo-anal anastomosis in low rectal resection by using an automatic circular stapling device and inserting the anorectal purse-string suture peranally from below. This method was employed in 4 patients resulting in complete healing in 3 cases and a moderate leak in 1, which, however, eventually healed satisfactorily.", "PMID": 380738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5159", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of peptic ulceration following renal transplantation.", "content": "Seven patients who developed peptic ulceration following renal transplantation have been treated by cimetidine. One died before its value could be assessed. The remaining 6 were symptom-free within 48 h. In 3 patients the ulcer appeared healed on gastroscopy, in one there was no change, another required operation for gastrointestinal bleeding 1 month after beginning cimetidine and the other patient has been lost to follow-up after 5 months' treatment. Two patients had a significant rise of serum creatinine whilst on the drug, but there is no evidence of increased immunological reactivity towards the graft and no agranulocytosis.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of peptic ulceration following renal transplantation. Seven patients who developed peptic ulceration following renal transplantation have been treated by cimetidine. One died before its value could be assessed. The remaining 6 were symptom-free within 48 h. In 3 patients the ulcer appeared healed on gastroscopy, in one there was no change, another required operation for gastrointestinal bleeding 1 month after beginning cimetidine and the other patient has been lost to follow-up after 5 months' treatment. Two patients had a significant rise of serum creatinine whilst on the drug, but there is no evidence of increased immunological reactivity towards the graft and no agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 380739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5160", "title": "A study of basal cell carcinoma of the inner canthus, 1967-72.", "content": "Basal cell carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion at the inner canthus. Reconstruction following excision was most commonly achieved with a post-auricular full thickness graft. Provided excision is adequate, a local flap is a good alternative. There is no evidence that the use of a graft increased recurrence, but it may have allowed earlier detection. The primary recurrence rate after primary surgical excision was 3.6 per cent. Recurrence occurred in several cases when histology indicated incomplete excision. Follow-up under these circumstances should be continued for up to 10 years. When adequate primary surgical excision was performed, there was no evidence that rodent ulcer of the inner canthus behaves differently or has a worse prognosis than at other sites. There has probably been undue concern in the past about epiphora following resection of the lacrimal drainage system.", "contents": "A study of basal cell carcinoma of the inner canthus, 1967-72. Basal cell carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion at the inner canthus. Reconstruction following excision was most commonly achieved with a post-auricular full thickness graft. Provided excision is adequate, a local flap is a good alternative. There is no evidence that the use of a graft increased recurrence, but it may have allowed earlier detection. The primary recurrence rate after primary surgical excision was 3.6 per cent. Recurrence occurred in several cases when histology indicated incomplete excision. Follow-up under these circumstances should be continued for up to 10 years. When adequate primary surgical excision was performed, there was no evidence that rodent ulcer of the inner canthus behaves differently or has a worse prognosis than at other sites. There has probably been undue concern in the past about epiphora following resection of the lacrimal drainage system.", "PMID": 380740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5161", "title": "Failure of low-dose heparin to prevent significant thromboembolic complications in high-risk surgical patients: interim report of prospective trial. Groote Schuur Hospital Thromboembolus Study Group.", "content": "The efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous heparin (5000 IU eight-hourly) is being studied in a single-centre, prospective randomised trial of patients aged over 40 submitted to major elective intra-abdominal surgery. The trial end-points are the objectively defined incidence and extent of deep vein thrombosis (as seen on uptake of 125I-labelled fibrinogen, Doppler ultrasonography, and bilateral ascending phlebography) and non-fatal pulmonary embolus (as measured by preoperative spirometry and preoperative and postoperative chest radiography and perfusion lung scanning performed on a routine, unselected basis). An interim analysis of the first 200 patients indicates that low-dose heparin significantly reduces the incidence of calf-vein thrombosis but does not reduce the incidence of proximal segment thrombosis or non-fatal pulmonary embolism. Thus the routine use of low-dose heparin prophylaxis in all major surgical procedures in patients aged over 40 may not be advisable.", "contents": "Failure of low-dose heparin to prevent significant thromboembolic complications in high-risk surgical patients: interim report of prospective trial. Groote Schuur Hospital Thromboembolus Study Group. The efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous heparin (5000 IU eight-hourly) is being studied in a single-centre, prospective randomised trial of patients aged over 40 submitted to major elective intra-abdominal surgery. The trial end-points are the objectively defined incidence and extent of deep vein thrombosis (as seen on uptake of 125I-labelled fibrinogen, Doppler ultrasonography, and bilateral ascending phlebography) and non-fatal pulmonary embolus (as measured by preoperative spirometry and preoperative and postoperative chest radiography and perfusion lung scanning performed on a routine, unselected basis). An interim analysis of the first 200 patients indicates that low-dose heparin significantly reduces the incidence of calf-vein thrombosis but does not reduce the incidence of proximal segment thrombosis or non-fatal pulmonary embolism. Thus the routine use of low-dose heparin prophylaxis in all major surgical procedures in patients aged over 40 may not be advisable.", "PMID": 380742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5162", "title": "Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women.", "content": "Vaginal swabs were taken from 1498 women attending a family planning clinic. The flora was assessed in the absence of any information about the women to whom the swabs related. Yeasts and fungi were present in 311 women (21%) and were no more prevalent among \"pill\" users than others. Candida albicans was significantly associated with vulval itching and with a vaginal discharge described as heavier than normal or curdy on clinical examination, though these abnormalities were present in only a minority of women with the organism. Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 14 women (1%) and was associated with abnormalities of vaginal discharge in all but one. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were significantly more common in women with a troublesome vaginal discharge and those who used an intrauterine device than others. No associations were found between fungi other than C albicans or the other bacteria sought and either symptoms or clinical abnormalities of vaginal discharge.", "contents": "Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women. Vaginal swabs were taken from 1498 women attending a family planning clinic. The flora was assessed in the absence of any information about the women to whom the swabs related. Yeasts and fungi were present in 311 women (21%) and were no more prevalent among \"pill\" users than others. Candida albicans was significantly associated with vulval itching and with a vaginal discharge described as heavier than normal or curdy on clinical examination, though these abnormalities were present in only a minority of women with the organism. Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 14 women (1%) and was associated with abnormalities of vaginal discharge in all but one. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were significantly more common in women with a troublesome vaginal discharge and those who used an intrauterine device than others. No associations were found between fungi other than C albicans or the other bacteria sought and either symptoms or clinical abnormalities of vaginal discharge.", "PMID": 380743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5163", "title": "Variation in plasma prednisolone concentrations in renal transplant recipients given enteric-coated prednisolone.", "content": "Renal transplant recipients receiving intermittent haemodialysis and kept under normal ward conditions showed appreciable differences in plasma prednisolone concentrations after therapeutic doses of enteric-coated prednisolone tablets. This gross day-to-day variation occurred irrespective of the dosage used. Breakfast given before prednisolone tended to reduce the rate of absorption of the drug, the effect being quantitatively most pronounced with large doses. Haemodialysis had no apparent effect on the elimination of prednisolone from plasma. Such erratic blood concentrations of prednisolone as observed in these patients, possibly resulting from variable absorption, may be potentially hazardous. Hence use of enteric-coated tablets in renal transplant recipients should be viewed with caution.", "contents": "Variation in plasma prednisolone concentrations in renal transplant recipients given enteric-coated prednisolone. Renal transplant recipients receiving intermittent haemodialysis and kept under normal ward conditions showed appreciable differences in plasma prednisolone concentrations after therapeutic doses of enteric-coated prednisolone tablets. This gross day-to-day variation occurred irrespective of the dosage used. Breakfast given before prednisolone tended to reduce the rate of absorption of the drug, the effect being quantitatively most pronounced with large doses. Haemodialysis had no apparent effect on the elimination of prednisolone from plasma. Such erratic blood concentrations of prednisolone as observed in these patients, possibly resulting from variable absorption, may be potentially hazardous. Hence use of enteric-coated tablets in renal transplant recipients should be viewed with caution.", "PMID": 380747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5164", "title": "Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder.", "content": "Dr Samuel Johnson was noted by his friends to have almost constant tics and gesticulations, which startled those who met him for the first time. He also made noises and whistling sounds; he made repeated sounds and words and irregular or blowing respiratory noises. Further, he often carried out pronounced compulsive acts, such as touching posts, measuring his footsteps on leaving a room, and performing peculiar complex gestures and steps before crossing a threshold. His symptoms of (a) involuntary muscle jerking movements and complex motor acts, (b) involuntary vocalisation, and (c) compulsive actions constitute the symptom complex of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (Tourette's syndrome), from which Johnson suffered most of his life. This syndrome is of increasing interest recently because it responds to haloperidol, and because there are new insights into a possible biochemical basis for the tics, vocalisations, and compulsions.", "contents": "Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder. Dr Samuel Johnson was noted by his friends to have almost constant tics and gesticulations, which startled those who met him for the first time. He also made noises and whistling sounds; he made repeated sounds and words and irregular or blowing respiratory noises. Further, he often carried out pronounced compulsive acts, such as touching posts, measuring his footsteps on leaving a room, and performing peculiar complex gestures and steps before crossing a threshold. His symptoms of (a) involuntary muscle jerking movements and complex motor acts, (b) involuntary vocalisation, and (c) compulsive actions constitute the symptom complex of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (Tourette's syndrome), from which Johnson suffered most of his life. This syndrome is of increasing interest recently because it responds to haloperidol, and because there are new insights into a possible biochemical basis for the tics, vocalisations, and compulsions.", "PMID": 380753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5165", "title": "Haemodialysis and transplantation in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "Two men with Wegener's disease began immunosuppressive treatment during severe renal insufficiency. Despite an initial temporary remission new lesions appeared and renal failure progressed. Haemodialysis was started, cytotoxic drugs were stopped, and steroid dosage was reduced. All extrarenal manifestations of the disease remitted, however, suggesting a favourable effect of either the immunosuppression induced by terminal renal failure or the haemodialysis itself. Renal transplantation was then undertaken in both patients. Thirteen and 55 months after the operations respectively renal function was satisfactory and no signs of reactivation of Wegener's disease had appeared. These results show that whatever the activity of Wegener's disease and its initial response to immunosuppressive agents, dialysis and transplantation are fully warranted once irreversible renal failure is established.", "contents": "Haemodialysis and transplantation in Wegener's granulomatosis. Two men with Wegener's disease began immunosuppressive treatment during severe renal insufficiency. Despite an initial temporary remission new lesions appeared and renal failure progressed. Haemodialysis was started, cytotoxic drugs were stopped, and steroid dosage was reduced. All extrarenal manifestations of the disease remitted, however, suggesting a favourable effect of either the immunosuppression induced by terminal renal failure or the haemodialysis itself. Renal transplantation was then undertaken in both patients. Thirteen and 55 months after the operations respectively renal function was satisfactory and no signs of reactivation of Wegener's disease had appeared. These results show that whatever the activity of Wegener's disease and its initial response to immunosuppressive agents, dialysis and transplantation are fully warranted once irreversible renal failure is established.", "PMID": 380772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5166", "title": "Flunisolide nasal spray for perennial rhinitis in children.", "content": "Twenty-seven children with perennial rhinitis entered a double-blind cross-over study comparing nasal sprays of flunisolide---a new topical corticosteroid---and placebo. Symptoms were assessed over two consecutive monthly periods with each treatment. Weekly diary cards, monthly clinical assessments, and end-of-trial preferences all favoured the active drug. At the end of the trial 20 patients preferred the treatment month with flunisolide, four preferred the placebo month, and two rated the periods equally. Side effects were mild, the commonest being transient nasal stinging. Seventeen children who derived benefit from flunisolide continued with the treatment for a six-month open-study period. Many reduced the dosage from three times to twice or once daily without losing benefit. The effect of flunisolide on the pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed in seven children by measuring the 0900 blood cortisol concentrations at two-month intervals over the six months. No effect was observed. The results show that flunisolide is effective and safe for the treatment and prophylaxis of perennial rhinitis in children.", "contents": "Flunisolide nasal spray for perennial rhinitis in children. Twenty-seven children with perennial rhinitis entered a double-blind cross-over study comparing nasal sprays of flunisolide---a new topical corticosteroid---and placebo. Symptoms were assessed over two consecutive monthly periods with each treatment. Weekly diary cards, monthly clinical assessments, and end-of-trial preferences all favoured the active drug. At the end of the trial 20 patients preferred the treatment month with flunisolide, four preferred the placebo month, and two rated the periods equally. Side effects were mild, the commonest being transient nasal stinging. Seventeen children who derived benefit from flunisolide continued with the treatment for a six-month open-study period. Many reduced the dosage from three times to twice or once daily without losing benefit. The effect of flunisolide on the pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed in seven children by measuring the 0900 blood cortisol concentrations at two-month intervals over the six months. No effect was observed. The results show that flunisolide is effective and safe for the treatment and prophylaxis of perennial rhinitis in children.", "PMID": 380773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5167", "title": "Haematuria presenting in outpatients attending a department of genitourinary medicine.", "content": "Of all the patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine during a 10-month period, about 2% (1 out of 50) presented with haematuria, or haematuria was discovered on initial examination. In about 25% of cases, the haematuria was due to Escherichia coli infection of the lower genitourinary tract. Gonococcal infection was the next commonest cause; one patient with gonorrhoea presented with frank urethral bleeding. In the remaining patients other causes of haematuria, which included renal cyst. carcinoma of the ureter, bilharziasis, and IgA disease, required more extensive investigations and follow up.", "contents": "Haematuria presenting in outpatients attending a department of genitourinary medicine. Of all the patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine during a 10-month period, about 2% (1 out of 50) presented with haematuria, or haematuria was discovered on initial examination. In about 25% of cases, the haematuria was due to Escherichia coli infection of the lower genitourinary tract. Gonococcal infection was the next commonest cause; one patient with gonorrhoea presented with frank urethral bleeding. In the remaining patients other causes of haematuria, which included renal cyst. carcinoma of the ureter, bilharziasis, and IgA disease, required more extensive investigations and follow up.", "PMID": 380776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5168", "title": "Hyperthermic effect of prostacyclin injected into the third cerebral ventricle of the cat.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 may not be solely responsible for hyperthermia produced by central administration of sodium arachidonate. To determine its effect, if any, on body temperature prostacyclin sodium salt, another product of prostaglandin endoperoxides, was injected into the third cerebral ventricle of unrestrained, unanesthetized cats while deep body temperature was recorded automatically. Doses of 2--25 microgram, in a volume of 0.05 ml saline solution, did not appreciably alter body temperature. A 100 microgram dose produced hyperthermia in five of six animals. Administration of 1 mg prostacyclin caused prolonged hyperthermic responses in four cats with a maximum increase in temperature of at least 2.1 degrees C. Prostaglandin E1 (1 microgram) produced hyperthermic responses which were intermediate between responses to 100 and 1000 microgram prostacyclin. Indomethacin (2 mg/kg), given IV to two cats during recovery from prostacyclin-induced hyperthermia, did not hasten the rate of recovery. These results indicate that, if a sufficient concentration of prostacyclin is achieved at a central site of action after injection of arachidonate or during pathologic processes which release arachidonic acid, prostacyclin could contribute to the development of hyperthermia.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effect of prostacyclin injected into the third cerebral ventricle of the cat. Prostaglandin E2 may not be solely responsible for hyperthermia produced by central administration of sodium arachidonate. To determine its effect, if any, on body temperature prostacyclin sodium salt, another product of prostaglandin endoperoxides, was injected into the third cerebral ventricle of unrestrained, unanesthetized cats while deep body temperature was recorded automatically. Doses of 2--25 microgram, in a volume of 0.05 ml saline solution, did not appreciably alter body temperature. A 100 microgram dose produced hyperthermia in five of six animals. Administration of 1 mg prostacyclin caused prolonged hyperthermic responses in four cats with a maximum increase in temperature of at least 2.1 degrees C. Prostaglandin E1 (1 microgram) produced hyperthermic responses which were intermediate between responses to 100 and 1000 microgram prostacyclin. Indomethacin (2 mg/kg), given IV to two cats during recovery from prostacyclin-induced hyperthermia, did not hasten the rate of recovery. These results indicate that, if a sufficient concentration of prostacyclin is achieved at a central site of action after injection of arachidonate or during pathologic processes which release arachidonic acid, prostacyclin could contribute to the development of hyperthermia.", "PMID": 380780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5169", "title": "Effects of diet upon hypothalamic vulnerability to goldthioglucose in male mice.", "content": "Three groups of male mice were fed three different diets for about 3 weeks: powdered chow (C), a high fat (F) diet (chow:Crisco, 2:1), and a high dextrose (D) diet (chow:dextrose, 2:1). Food and water intake and body weights (BWts) were measured daily. On Day 20 of the study, mice were injected IP with 0.3 mg/g of goldthioglucose (GTG). Two days later, the mice were sacrificed and brains were removed for histological examination of GTG-induced lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). It was found that (1) F-fed mice ate more and gained more BWt than C- and D-fed mice, and (2) the average GTG lesion volume of F-fed mice was twice as large as those of C- and D-fed mice. In view of known alterations in sensitivity of the VMH to goldthioglucose with changes in glucose metabolism, it is suggested that the larger goldthioglucose induced lesions in F-fed mice may be due to elevated blood levels of goldthioglucose or altered glucose metabolism in goldthioglucose sensitivity cells in the VMH.", "contents": "Effects of diet upon hypothalamic vulnerability to goldthioglucose in male mice. Three groups of male mice were fed three different diets for about 3 weeks: powdered chow (C), a high fat (F) diet (chow:Crisco, 2:1), and a high dextrose (D) diet (chow:dextrose, 2:1). Food and water intake and body weights (BWts) were measured daily. On Day 20 of the study, mice were injected IP with 0.3 mg/g of goldthioglucose (GTG). Two days later, the mice were sacrificed and brains were removed for histological examination of GTG-induced lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). It was found that (1) F-fed mice ate more and gained more BWt than C- and D-fed mice, and (2) the average GTG lesion volume of F-fed mice was twice as large as those of C- and D-fed mice. In view of known alterations in sensitivity of the VMH to goldthioglucose with changes in glucose metabolism, it is suggested that the larger goldthioglucose induced lesions in F-fed mice may be due to elevated blood levels of goldthioglucose or altered glucose metabolism in goldthioglucose sensitivity cells in the VMH.", "PMID": 380781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5170", "title": "Midbrain central gray: LHRH infusion enhances lordotic behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats were implanted with 23 gauge stainless steel cannulae in the ventrolateral midbrain central gray. Twelve sexually active rats were estrone-primed and infused with saline and 50 ng luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in counterbalanced order. Infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone significantly enhanced the lordotic response to coital stimulation compared to saline infusion. These results support the role of hypothalamo-mesencephalic LHRH-containing pathways in modulating lordotic behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "Midbrain central gray: LHRH infusion enhances lordotic behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats were implanted with 23 gauge stainless steel cannulae in the ventrolateral midbrain central gray. Twelve sexually active rats were estrone-primed and infused with saline and 50 ng luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in counterbalanced order. Infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone significantly enhanced the lordotic response to coital stimulation compared to saline infusion. These results support the role of hypothalamo-mesencephalic LHRH-containing pathways in modulating lordotic behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.", "PMID": 380782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5171", "title": "Fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery: cardiovascular and antidiuretic hormone responses.", "content": "This study demonstrates that large doses of fentanyl, as the sole anaesthetic with ventilation with oxygen, produces complete anaesthesia and minimal changes in cardiovasuclar dynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. It also indicates that high dose fentanyl anaesthesia blocks the increase in plasma anti-diuretic hormone and cardiovascular dynamics which are so common with morphine and other anaesthetic techniques during tracheal intubation and surgical stimulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Our findings suggest that fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia is an attractive technique in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery: cardiovascular and antidiuretic hormone responses. This study demonstrates that large doses of fentanyl, as the sole anaesthetic with ventilation with oxygen, produces complete anaesthesia and minimal changes in cardiovasuclar dynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. It also indicates that high dose fentanyl anaesthesia blocks the increase in plasma anti-diuretic hormone and cardiovascular dynamics which are so common with morphine and other anaesthetic techniques during tracheal intubation and surgical stimulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Our findings suggest that fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia is an attractive technique in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 380788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5172", "title": "The early history of anaesthesia in Newfoundland.", "content": "The early history of anaesthesia in Newfoundland is described by reference to newspapers and other writings of the time. News of ether first reached Newfoundland in February 1847 with a report from England of Robert Liston's amputation of a leg on December 21, 1846. Ether was first used in St. John's some days before July 30, 1847, for an operation to amputate both legs, the surgeon being Edward Keilley. Chloroform was used in St. John's a few days before May 4, 1848 by Samuel Carson in an obstetrical case, and on May 10, 1848 it was used during the amputation of a leg by Edward Keilley. Also discussed are some other items of anaesthetic interest which occurred during the years following until the appointment of the first (albeit part-time) anaesthetist in St. John's in 1912.", "contents": "The early history of anaesthesia in Newfoundland. The early history of anaesthesia in Newfoundland is described by reference to newspapers and other writings of the time. News of ether first reached Newfoundland in February 1847 with a report from England of Robert Liston's amputation of a leg on December 21, 1846. Ether was first used in St. John's some days before July 30, 1847, for an operation to amputate both legs, the surgeon being Edward Keilley. Chloroform was used in St. John's a few days before May 4, 1848 by Samuel Carson in an obstetrical case, and on May 10, 1848 it was used during the amputation of a leg by Edward Keilley. Also discussed are some other items of anaesthetic interest which occurred during the years following until the appointment of the first (albeit part-time) anaesthetist in St. John's in 1912.", "PMID": 380789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5173", "title": "Psychiatric illness in physicians.", "content": "Psychiatric illness and behavioural problems among physicians are reviewed in this paper. Some studies suggest that the medical profession has a high rate of alcoholism, drug abuse and marital discord. As well, physicians appear to commit suicide and to seek admission to psychiatric institutions more frequently than comparable populations. Considered as etiologic factors in psychiatric illness among physicians are the role strain inherent in the profession and the personality development of individual practitioners prior to their entering medical school. The review concludes with suggestions for an improved approach to treatment and prevention.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness in physicians. Psychiatric illness and behavioural problems among physicians are reviewed in this paper. Some studies suggest that the medical profession has a high rate of alcoholism, drug abuse and marital discord. As well, physicians appear to commit suicide and to seek admission to psychiatric institutions more frequently than comparable populations. Considered as etiologic factors in psychiatric illness among physicians are the role strain inherent in the profession and the personality development of individual practitioners prior to their entering medical school. The review concludes with suggestions for an improved approach to treatment and prevention.", "PMID": 380794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5174", "title": "Survival following renal transplantation in Saskatchewan, 1970--74: follow-up study using medical insurance records.", "content": "The patient history file of a medical care insurance plan can be used for statistical purposes in many ways. This is illustrated by the use of the records of the Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Commission to study the survival of patients receiving kidney transplants in the period 1970--74. During this period 48 males and 23 females received at least one renal transplant; these patients represented 34% of all males and 28% of all females undergoing regular renal dialysis. These period prevalence estimates are consistent with calculations based on incidence and point prevalence reported elsewhere. Life-table calculations showed the 4-year survival rate following first kidney transplantation in Saskatchewan to be 45% for all patients, 55% for those less than 45 years of age and 26% for those 45 years of age or older.", "contents": "Survival following renal transplantation in Saskatchewan, 1970--74: follow-up study using medical insurance records. The patient history file of a medical care insurance plan can be used for statistical purposes in many ways. This is illustrated by the use of the records of the Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Commission to study the survival of patients receiving kidney transplants in the period 1970--74. During this period 48 males and 23 females received at least one renal transplant; these patients represented 34% of all males and 28% of all females undergoing regular renal dialysis. These period prevalence estimates are consistent with calculations based on incidence and point prevalence reported elsewhere. Life-table calculations showed the 4-year survival rate following first kidney transplantation in Saskatchewan to be 45% for all patients, 55% for those less than 45 years of age and 26% for those 45 years of age or older.", "PMID": 380796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5175", "title": "The Canadian certification examination in psychiatry. I: Historical notes.", "content": "There has been much criticism of the format and process of the certification examination in psychiatry, and some of this is based on lack of information regarding the history of the specialty certification procedures, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Board of Examiners. In this first of three reports the history of the Royal College as the certifying organization is traced, and the relevant College structures are briefly described, including the Specialty Committee on Psychiatry which is instrumental in appointing the clinical examiners. The clinical examiners since 1965 are identified.", "contents": "The Canadian certification examination in psychiatry. I: Historical notes. There has been much criticism of the format and process of the certification examination in psychiatry, and some of this is based on lack of information regarding the history of the specialty certification procedures, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Board of Examiners. In this first of three reports the history of the Royal College as the certifying organization is traced, and the relevant College structures are briefly described, including the Specialty Committee on Psychiatry which is instrumental in appointing the clinical examiners. The clinical examiners since 1965 are identified.", "PMID": 380797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5176", "title": "The adventures of Dr. Duncan McNab McEachran in western Canada.", "content": "Duncan McNab McEachran's early history and involvement in the formation of the Montreal Veterinary College as well as in livestock inspection were reviewed. His contribution to the beginning of the ranching industry in western Canada was explored in detail. In 1881, McEachran helped to establish the Cochrane Ranche, which was the first great ranch to be started in southern Alberta. He was employed as the ranch's resident general manager until 1883, in which year the Waldrond Ranch was established. McEachran was this ranch's president and general manager until approximately 1909. During this time, he came under considerable criticism from both The MacLeod Gazette and The Calgary Herald. As Dr. McEachran maintained his obligations to the ranches while he was directing the veterinary college in Montreal as well as chief inspector of livestock for Canada, it was concluded that this feat alone would rank him as a remarkable historical figure.", "contents": "The adventures of Dr. Duncan McNab McEachran in western Canada. Duncan McNab McEachran's early history and involvement in the formation of the Montreal Veterinary College as well as in livestock inspection were reviewed. His contribution to the beginning of the ranching industry in western Canada was explored in detail. In 1881, McEachran helped to establish the Cochrane Ranche, which was the first great ranch to be started in southern Alberta. He was employed as the ranch's resident general manager until 1883, in which year the Waldrond Ranch was established. McEachran was this ranch's president and general manager until approximately 1909. During this time, he came under considerable criticism from both The MacLeod Gazette and The Calgary Herald. As Dr. McEachran maintained his obligations to the ranches while he was directing the veterinary college in Montreal as well as chief inspector of livestock for Canada, it was concluded that this feat alone would rank him as a remarkable historical figure.", "PMID": 380798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5177", "title": "Proceedings of the Workshop on Amino Acid Imbalance in the Treatment of Cancer. Introduction: possibilities for biochemically rational chemotherapy for some malignancies with depleting enzymes and antimetabolites of specific amino acids.", "content": "A number of recent investigations have documented that, in several cancers, the malignant cells are no longer capable of synthesizing a specific amino acid, while the normal cells continue such biosynthesis at a normal rate. Enzymes degrading amino acids have demonstrated therapeutic value against such cancers. Significant progress was made recently in technology related to enzyme preparations. These are highly specific, have long half-lives, and can be chemically modified to eliminate their immunogenicity to man or animals. A practical in vitro system for detection of antimetabolites of different amino acids in natural materials was developed. It appears reasonable to expect that, in a specific malignancy, after the available pools of such deficient amino acids are exhausted by administration of the depleting enzyme, an additional, perhaps synergistic, effect could be obtained by utilizing an analog of such an amino acid. A brief review of the pertinent existing information will be presented in this communication.", "contents": "Proceedings of the Workshop on Amino Acid Imbalance in the Treatment of Cancer. Introduction: possibilities for biochemically rational chemotherapy for some malignancies with depleting enzymes and antimetabolites of specific amino acids. A number of recent investigations have documented that, in several cancers, the malignant cells are no longer capable of synthesizing a specific amino acid, while the normal cells continue such biosynthesis at a normal rate. Enzymes degrading amino acids have demonstrated therapeutic value against such cancers. Significant progress was made recently in technology related to enzyme preparations. These are highly specific, have long half-lives, and can be chemically modified to eliminate their immunogenicity to man or animals. A practical in vitro system for detection of antimetabolites of different amino acids in natural materials was developed. It appears reasonable to expect that, in a specific malignancy, after the available pools of such deficient amino acids are exhausted by administration of the depleting enzyme, an additional, perhaps synergistic, effect could be obtained by utilizing an analog of such an amino acid. A brief review of the pertinent existing information will be presented in this communication.", "PMID": 380799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5178", "title": "Azaserine, DON, and azotomycin: three diazo analogs of L-glutamine with clinical antitumor activity.", "content": "A review of the clinical data on azaserine, DON, and azotomycin reveals that these agents have limited but definite antitumor activity. All three drugs are analogs of L-glutamine and contain a diazo group. They have been studied as single agents in a wide variety of human malignancies and have also been included in trials using combination chemotherapy. Most of these studies were performed early in the history of clinical trials and, therefore, the method of reporting results and the evaluation criteria were quite different from those in use today. A renewed interest in these agents has been triggered by the remarkable activity of DON and azotomycin against human tumor lines implanted into nude mice. On the basis of this activity and the clinical data we have compiled, we feel that new clinical trials with these agents are warranted.", "contents": "Azaserine, DON, and azotomycin: three diazo analogs of L-glutamine with clinical antitumor activity. A review of the clinical data on azaserine, DON, and azotomycin reveals that these agents have limited but definite antitumor activity. All three drugs are analogs of L-glutamine and contain a diazo group. They have been studied as single agents in a wide variety of human malignancies and have also been included in trials using combination chemotherapy. Most of these studies were performed early in the history of clinical trials and, therefore, the method of reporting results and the evaluation criteria were quite different from those in use today. A renewed interest in these agents has been triggered by the remarkable activity of DON and azotomycin against human tumor lines implanted into nude mice. On the basis of this activity and the clinical data we have compiled, we feel that new clinical trials with these agents are warranted.", "PMID": 380801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5179", "title": "Phase I-II study of piperazinedione in adults with solid tumors and acute leukemia.", "content": "Piperazinedione was administered to 79 patients with solid tumors on an intermittent schedule with single doses of 1.5-36 mg/m2. Courses were usually repeated at 4-week intervals. Twenty-five patients with leukemia were treated at doses of 18-36 mg/m2 (occasionally for 2 successive days) every 1-4 weeks. Of 48 evaluable patients with malignant melanoma, three (6%) achieved partial remission and nine (20%) had stable disease. Eight of 17 (47%) patients with adenocarcinomas and one of two (50%) patients with lymphomas also had stable disease. Six of 14 (43%) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia showed hematologic improvement, as did one of 11 (9%) patients with blast cell crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The principal toxic effect was myelosuppression, which occurred in 69% of the patients with solid tumors. Profound bone marrow aplasia occurred in 19% of the patients, resulting in six deaths (8%). Risk factors for marrow aplasia included extensive prior therapy, prior nitrosoureas, cumulative toxicity from piperazinedione, and abnormal liver function tests. The recommended doses for further studies are 9 mg/m2 for patients with risk factors for marrow aplasia, 12 mg/m2 for patients with prior therapy, 15 mg/m2 for previously untreated patients, and 24-36 mg/m2 for patients with acute leukemia.", "contents": "Phase I-II study of piperazinedione in adults with solid tumors and acute leukemia. Piperazinedione was administered to 79 patients with solid tumors on an intermittent schedule with single doses of 1.5-36 mg/m2. Courses were usually repeated at 4-week intervals. Twenty-five patients with leukemia were treated at doses of 18-36 mg/m2 (occasionally for 2 successive days) every 1-4 weeks. Of 48 evaluable patients with malignant melanoma, three (6%) achieved partial remission and nine (20%) had stable disease. Eight of 17 (47%) patients with adenocarcinomas and one of two (50%) patients with lymphomas also had stable disease. Six of 14 (43%) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia showed hematologic improvement, as did one of 11 (9%) patients with blast cell crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The principal toxic effect was myelosuppression, which occurred in 69% of the patients with solid tumors. Profound bone marrow aplasia occurred in 19% of the patients, resulting in six deaths (8%). Risk factors for marrow aplasia included extensive prior therapy, prior nitrosoureas, cumulative toxicity from piperazinedione, and abnormal liver function tests. The recommended doses for further studies are 9 mg/m2 for patients with risk factors for marrow aplasia, 12 mg/m2 for patients with prior therapy, 15 mg/m2 for previously untreated patients, and 24-36 mg/m2 for patients with acute leukemia.", "PMID": 380802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5180", "title": "Phase II study of VM-26 in acute leukemia, neuroblastoma, and other refractory childhood malignancies: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group.", "content": "VM-26, a semisynthetic podophyllotoxin, was tested for antitumor activity and clinical toxicity in 181 children. The drug was administered iv at weekly intervals, beginning at a dose of 130 mg/2/week. The dose was increased, as tolerated, after 3 and 6 weeks to 150 and 180 mg/m2/week, respectively. The only major toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia predominating. Anaphylaxis occurred in one patient. The drug demonstrated significant activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia (four responses among 15 patients) and neuroblastoma (ten responses among 31 patients). Objective responses were also noted in one patient each with acute myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, histiocytic lymphoma, Wilms' tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and sacrococcygeal sarcoma. Further trials of VM-26 in these childhood malignancies are warranted.", "contents": "Phase II study of VM-26 in acute leukemia, neuroblastoma, and other refractory childhood malignancies: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group. VM-26, a semisynthetic podophyllotoxin, was tested for antitumor activity and clinical toxicity in 181 children. The drug was administered iv at weekly intervals, beginning at a dose of 130 mg/2/week. The dose was increased, as tolerated, after 3 and 6 weeks to 150 and 180 mg/m2/week, respectively. The only major toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia predominating. Anaphylaxis occurred in one patient. The drug demonstrated significant activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia (four responses among 15 patients) and neuroblastoma (ten responses among 31 patients). Objective responses were also noted in one patient each with acute myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, histiocytic lymphoma, Wilms' tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and sacrococcygeal sarcoma. Further trials of VM-26 in these childhood malignancies are warranted.", "PMID": 380803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5181", "title": "Levamisole in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-four patients (118 males and 16 females) with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were studied. After treatment of the primary lesion, they were randomized into two groups: 69 received levamisole, 150 mg/day orally for 3 consecutive days every other week, and 65 received placebo. Immune status was also evaluated. Positive reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene increased significantly after primary tumor therapy in both levamisole- and placebo-treated patients. There were no significant differences in immune responses between the two groups, except in recall antigen reactivity, which was decreased in both groups overall recurrence and death rates at 36 months did not differ between the two groups of patients. However, stage I and II patients treated with levamisole had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence than the placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.02), while there was some evidence that levamisole-treated stage IV patients did better. It is concluded that the overall outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma controlled locally by surgery or radiation was not favorably affected by levamisole in the dose and schedule used in this protocol.", "contents": "Levamisole in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. One hundred and thirty-four patients (118 males and 16 females) with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were studied. After treatment of the primary lesion, they were randomized into two groups: 69 received levamisole, 150 mg/day orally for 3 consecutive days every other week, and 65 received placebo. Immune status was also evaluated. Positive reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene increased significantly after primary tumor therapy in both levamisole- and placebo-treated patients. There were no significant differences in immune responses between the two groups, except in recall antigen reactivity, which was decreased in both groups overall recurrence and death rates at 36 months did not differ between the two groups of patients. However, stage I and II patients treated with levamisole had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence than the placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.02), while there was some evidence that levamisole-treated stage IV patients did better. It is concluded that the overall outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma controlled locally by surgery or radiation was not favorably affected by levamisole in the dose and schedule used in this protocol.", "PMID": 380804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5182", "title": "Combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma: a phase II study.", "content": "A prospective trial of Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was undertaken in the treatment of patients with hormonally refractory prostatic carcinoma. Of the 20 patients evaluable, three (15%) had a partial remission and five (25%) had stable disease for a total response of 40%. All patients who responded had subjective improvement consisting of weight gain (greater than or equal to 10% of body weight), improvement of performance status (greater than or equal 10% in Karnofsky index), and a decreased need for pain medication.", "contents": "Combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma: a phase II study. A prospective trial of Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was undertaken in the treatment of patients with hormonally refractory prostatic carcinoma. Of the 20 patients evaluable, three (15%) had a partial remission and five (25%) had stable disease for a total response of 40%. All patients who responded had subjective improvement consisting of weight gain (greater than or equal to 10% of body weight), improvement of performance status (greater than or equal 10% in Karnofsky index), and a decreased need for pain medication.", "PMID": 380805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5183", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of blood independent of the presence of indocyanine green.", "content": "The strong absorbance of indocyanine green in a broad band around lambda = 800 nm invalidates the usual spectrophotometric two-wavelength methods for measuring oxygen saturation operating in the red and near infrared region. By proper wavelength selection, however, the effect of the dye can be eliminated. With the two-wavelength method utilising lambda = 660 and 860 nm oxygen saturation is measured virtually independent of the presence of indocyanine green.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of blood independent of the presence of indocyanine green. The strong absorbance of indocyanine green in a broad band around lambda = 800 nm invalidates the usual spectrophotometric two-wavelength methods for measuring oxygen saturation operating in the red and near infrared region. By proper wavelength selection, however, the effect of the dye can be eliminated. With the two-wavelength method utilising lambda = 660 and 860 nm oxygen saturation is measured virtually independent of the presence of indocyanine green.", "PMID": 380808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5184", "title": "The location of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence. Experimental immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal protions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.", "contents": "The location of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence. Experimental immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal protions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.", "PMID": 380810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5185", "title": "Distribution of actin and myosin in muscle and non-muscle cells.", "content": "Specific anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies were shown to react in single and double immunofluorescence sandwich tests with identical sites in non-muscle cells in frozen sections of tissues and in cultured cells. In tissues, both antibodies reacted with liver cell membranes, parts of renal glomeruli, brush borders and peritubular fibrils of renal tubules, brain synaptic junctions, and membranes of lymphoid cells in thymic medulla, lymph nodes and spleen. Both antibodies reacted strongly with long parallel cytoplasmic fibrils in cultured fibroblasts, and with disrupted fibrils in cytochalasin-B treated cells. In neuroblastoma cells both antibodies gave prominent staining of growth cones and microspikes. The observation that the distribution of myosin parallels that of actin in non-muscle cells argues strongly in favour of a functional interaction between the two molecules in the generation of contractile activity in non-muscle cells.", "contents": "Distribution of actin and myosin in muscle and non-muscle cells. Specific anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies were shown to react in single and double immunofluorescence sandwich tests with identical sites in non-muscle cells in frozen sections of tissues and in cultured cells. In tissues, both antibodies reacted with liver cell membranes, parts of renal glomeruli, brush borders and peritubular fibrils of renal tubules, brain synaptic junctions, and membranes of lymphoid cells in thymic medulla, lymph nodes and spleen. Both antibodies reacted strongly with long parallel cytoplasmic fibrils in cultured fibroblasts, and with disrupted fibrils in cytochalasin-B treated cells. In neuroblastoma cells both antibodies gave prominent staining of growth cones and microspikes. The observation that the distribution of myosin parallels that of actin in non-muscle cells argues strongly in favour of a functional interaction between the two molecules in the generation of contractile activity in non-muscle cells.", "PMID": 380811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5186", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of secretory proteins in the endometrial epithelium of the rabbit.", "content": "Proteins of uterine fluid and lung homogenates of the rabbit were separated by gel and ion exchange chromatography. Purified protein fractions were used for immunisation and antiserum production. By means of several absorptions, six monospecific antisera against uteroglobin and five other proteins were obtained. Using immunohistochemistry, four of them could be localised in the uterine epithelium from oestrus and the first and the seventh day post coitum, and also in the blastocyst. The present study indicates the involvement of different endometrial cells in the synthesis and release of the various proteins of uterine secretion.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of secretory proteins in the endometrial epithelium of the rabbit. Proteins of uterine fluid and lung homogenates of the rabbit were separated by gel and ion exchange chromatography. Purified protein fractions were used for immunisation and antiserum production. By means of several absorptions, six monospecific antisera against uteroglobin and five other proteins were obtained. Using immunohistochemistry, four of them could be localised in the uterine epithelium from oestrus and the first and the seventh day post coitum, and also in the blastocyst. The present study indicates the involvement of different endometrial cells in the synthesis and release of the various proteins of uterine secretion.", "PMID": 380812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5187", "title": "Metabolic and mutagenicity studies on DDT and 15 derivatives. Detection of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane and 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetate (kelthane acetate) as mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene oxide, a likely metabolite, as an alkylating agent.", "content": "Using a novel in vitro technique, whereby microsomal enzymes were embedded in an agar layer to prolong their viability, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene(DDNU), a mammalian metabolite of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), was converted by microsomal mono-oxygenases of mouse liver into 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,2-ethanediol (DDNU-diol). The putative epoxide intermediate, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene oxide (DDNU-oxide), a new compound, was synthesized; it showed weak alkylating activity with 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine but was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98. DDT and 13 of its metabolites or putative synthetic derivatives, including 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (DDE), 1 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (DDMU), 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethane (DDMS)-DDNU, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA) and 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol (Kethane), caused no mutagenic effects in S. typhimurium strains TA100 or TA98, either in the presence or absence of a mouse-liver microsomal fraction. 1,1-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetate (Kelthane acetate) was a direct-acting mutagen in strain TA100, whereas 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane (DDD) was mutagenic in TA98, only in the presence of a mouse-liver microsomal system. The results are discussed in relation to possible pathways whereby DDT is activated to mutagenic and/or carcinogenic metabolites.", "contents": "Metabolic and mutagenicity studies on DDT and 15 derivatives. Detection of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane and 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetate (kelthane acetate) as mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene oxide, a likely metabolite, as an alkylating agent. Using a novel in vitro technique, whereby microsomal enzymes were embedded in an agar layer to prolong their viability, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene(DDNU), a mammalian metabolite of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), was converted by microsomal mono-oxygenases of mouse liver into 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,2-ethanediol (DDNU-diol). The putative epoxide intermediate, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene oxide (DDNU-oxide), a new compound, was synthesized; it showed weak alkylating activity with 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine but was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98. DDT and 13 of its metabolites or putative synthetic derivatives, including 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (DDE), 1 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (DDMU), 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethane (DDMS)-DDNU, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA) and 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol (Kethane), caused no mutagenic effects in S. typhimurium strains TA100 or TA98, either in the presence or absence of a mouse-liver microsomal fraction. 1,1-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetate (Kelthane acetate) was a direct-acting mutagen in strain TA100, whereas 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane (DDD) was mutagenic in TA98, only in the presence of a mouse-liver microsomal system. The results are discussed in relation to possible pathways whereby DDT is activated to mutagenic and/or carcinogenic metabolites.", "PMID": 380827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5188", "title": "Ellipticines as potent inhibitors of microsomes-dependent chemical mutagenesis.", "content": "9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase activities has been shown to exert a large or even complete decrease of the mutagenicity, on the Salmonella strains of a great number of compounds (aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fungal toxins, azo compounds, tobacco smoke condensate). 9-OHE and 9-fluoroellipticine are more potent inhibitors than ellipticine itself. The inhibitions exerted by 9-OHE are not even equalled by 10-fold higher doses of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF). There is a good correlation between these data and the interaction properties of ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450.", "contents": "Ellipticines as potent inhibitors of microsomes-dependent chemical mutagenesis. 9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase activities has been shown to exert a large or even complete decrease of the mutagenicity, on the Salmonella strains of a great number of compounds (aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fungal toxins, azo compounds, tobacco smoke condensate). 9-OHE and 9-fluoroellipticine are more potent inhibitors than ellipticine itself. The inhibitions exerted by 9-OHE are not even equalled by 10-fold higher doses of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF). There is a good correlation between these data and the interaction properties of ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450.", "PMID": 380828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5189", "title": "Mechanisms of action of carcinogenic aromatic amines: an investigation using mutagenesis in bacteria.", "content": "The mutagenicities of groups of N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides, nitroarenes, arylamides and arylamines were determined in the Salmonella typhimurium tester stains TA98, TA1538, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. Three broad classes of mutagenic activity were found, interpreted as follows: class A, including 2-naphthylamine, produced essentially only base-pair substitution without induction of error-prone repair; class B, including 4-aminobiphenyl, caused consideration induction of error-prone repair, accompanied by a lower level of frame shifting; class C, including N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene, produced high levels of frame shifting, with some induction of error-prone repair. Correlation of these results with known reactions of certain aromatic amine derivatives with nucleosides and nucleic acids, and with molecular orbital calculations, suggests that the effect of class A is produced by small aromatic groups attached to extranuclear heteroatoms in DNA bases, the effect of class B is caused by large aromatic groups attached to extranuclear heteroatoms or by arylamines attached to C-8 of guanine, while the effect of class C is caused by arylamides attached to C-8 of guanine, probably rotating into the helix, as proposed by others. The data also suggest that the N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides are generally useful models for ultimate metabolites derived in vivo, even if the in vivo metabolites do not carry an acetyl group. Finally, there is a rough correlation between the sum of reversions induced in TA98 and TA100 by the N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides and their previously determined local carcinogenicities. There is a poor correlation between mutagenicity in any one tester strain and carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Mechanisms of action of carcinogenic aromatic amines: an investigation using mutagenesis in bacteria. The mutagenicities of groups of N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides, nitroarenes, arylamides and arylamines were determined in the Salmonella typhimurium tester stains TA98, TA1538, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. Three broad classes of mutagenic activity were found, interpreted as follows: class A, including 2-naphthylamine, produced essentially only base-pair substitution without induction of error-prone repair; class B, including 4-aminobiphenyl, caused consideration induction of error-prone repair, accompanied by a lower level of frame shifting; class C, including N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene, produced high levels of frame shifting, with some induction of error-prone repair. Correlation of these results with known reactions of certain aromatic amine derivatives with nucleosides and nucleic acids, and with molecular orbital calculations, suggests that the effect of class A is produced by small aromatic groups attached to extranuclear heteroatoms in DNA bases, the effect of class B is caused by large aromatic groups attached to extranuclear heteroatoms or by arylamines attached to C-8 of guanine, while the effect of class C is caused by arylamides attached to C-8 of guanine, probably rotating into the helix, as proposed by others. The data also suggest that the N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides are generally useful models for ultimate metabolites derived in vivo, even if the in vivo metabolites do not carry an acetyl group. Finally, there is a rough correlation between the sum of reversions induced in TA98 and TA100 by the N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides and their previously determined local carcinogenicities. There is a poor correlation between mutagenicity in any one tester strain and carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 380829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5190", "title": "[Cancer of the gastric stump (author's transl)].", "content": "On the evidence of 24 cases of cancer of the gastric stump the authors discuss the real incidence of this dread complication; they conclude that starting 8 years after primary surgery, all patients carrying a gastric stump must be regarded as high-risk subjects for malignancy; further, they recommend that pyloro-gastrectomy after Billroth (II) be considered for execution in young patients with all possible reluctance.", "contents": "[Cancer of the gastric stump (author's transl)]. On the evidence of 24 cases of cancer of the gastric stump the authors discuss the real incidence of this dread complication; they conclude that starting 8 years after primary surgery, all patients carrying a gastric stump must be regarded as high-risk subjects for malignancy; further, they recommend that pyloro-gastrectomy after Billroth (II) be considered for execution in young patients with all possible reluctance.", "PMID": 380830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5191", "title": "[Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with the description of their own observations of paraneoplastic syndromes in adult patients with cancer of the kidneys, the authors discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and the more characteristic clinical features of said syndrome. They conclude by advocating a systematic search for such paraneoplastic syndromes as an aid to early diagnosis of renal malignancy and also as a working parameter for assessing the evolution of the tumor and the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "[Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer of the kidney (author's transl)]. Starting with the description of their own observations of paraneoplastic syndromes in adult patients with cancer of the kidneys, the authors discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and the more characteristic clinical features of said syndrome. They conclude by advocating a systematic search for such paraneoplastic syndromes as an aid to early diagnosis of renal malignancy and also as a working parameter for assessing the evolution of the tumor and the effectiveness of treatment.", "PMID": 380832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5192", "title": "[Osteosarcoma: current views on pathology and new therapeutic perspectives. II: Criteria of prognosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review recent studies and trials concerning the treatment of osteosarcoma, with special attention to current trends in immunology, radiology, surgery, and chemotherapy. Progress in immunobiological research seems to promise interesting practical developments; even today, however, modern chemotherapy combined with suitable ablative surgery affords a remarkably better prognosis for this malignancy.", "contents": "[Osteosarcoma: current views on pathology and new therapeutic perspectives. II: Criteria of prognosis and treatment (author's transl)]. The authors review recent studies and trials concerning the treatment of osteosarcoma, with special attention to current trends in immunology, radiology, surgery, and chemotherapy. Progress in immunobiological research seems to promise interesting practical developments; even today, however, modern chemotherapy combined with suitable ablative surgery affords a remarkably better prognosis for this malignancy.", "PMID": 380833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5193", "title": "Lipid metabolism in endotoxic shock.", "content": "A brief overview of the alterations in the control of free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) turnover following the administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin is presented. Hormone-sensitive lipase activity was increased following either in vivo or in vitro administration of endotoxin. In conscious dogs, the rate of appearance of glycerol was also increased while that of FFA was not changed, indicating that in addition to increased lipolysis, increased reesterification in the adipose tissue may also be present. Myocardial utilization of FFA was decreased and that of lactate increased following endotoxin both in vivo and in vitro using isolated myocytes. Both myocardial and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity were decreased following endotoxin, indicating a possible decrease in TG removal by these tissues. Additional studies are warranted to further elucidate the interrelation between the changes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and those of hemodynamics in shock.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in endotoxic shock. A brief overview of the alterations in the control of free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) turnover following the administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin is presented. Hormone-sensitive lipase activity was increased following either in vivo or in vitro administration of endotoxin. In conscious dogs, the rate of appearance of glycerol was also increased while that of FFA was not changed, indicating that in addition to increased lipolysis, increased reesterification in the adipose tissue may also be present. Myocardial utilization of FFA was decreased and that of lactate increased following endotoxin both in vivo and in vitro using isolated myocytes. Both myocardial and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity were decreased following endotoxin, indicating a possible decrease in TG removal by these tissues. Additional studies are warranted to further elucidate the interrelation between the changes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and those of hemodynamics in shock.", "PMID": 380837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5194", "title": "Ketotifen in childhood asthma: a double-blind placebo controlled trial.", "content": "In a three week double-blind cross-over controlled trial in twenty asthmatic children, ketotifen (HC 20-511, 'Zaditen', Sandoz) showed no significant difference from placebo, although there was a consistent trend in favour of the active drug.", "contents": "Ketotifen in childhood asthma: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. In a three week double-blind cross-over controlled trial in twenty asthmatic children, ketotifen (HC 20-511, 'Zaditen', Sandoz) showed no significant difference from placebo, although there was a consistent trend in favour of the active drug.", "PMID": 380838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5195", "title": "Multi-channel, probe colorimeter for use with the micr-ELISA test, which makes use of disposable flat-bottom microhemagglutination plates.", "content": "We describe a multiprobe colorimeter that permits the reading of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in situ, by use of microhemagglutination plates. The use of dipping probes eliminates interference from meniscus effects and air-bubble entrapment. Detailed validation tests have been done and potential sources of inaccuracy identified.", "contents": "Multi-channel, probe colorimeter for use with the micr-ELISA test, which makes use of disposable flat-bottom microhemagglutination plates. We describe a multiprobe colorimeter that permits the reading of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in situ, by use of microhemagglutination plates. The use of dipping probes eliminates interference from meniscus effects and air-bubble entrapment. Detailed validation tests have been done and potential sources of inaccuracy identified.", "PMID": 380840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5196", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for serum lidocaine in antiarrhythmic therapy.", "content": "We have adapted the commercially available EMIT kit [Clin. Chem. 23, 1161 (1977)] to the Gilford System 3500 Analyzer. Sample volume is 10 microliter. We compare reagent blank-corrected absorbance changes at 340 nm between 15 and 55 s for samples and a series of calibrators, and calculate results with use of a logarithmic transformation. Within-run precision (CV) for a serum pool with 4.0 mg of added lidocaine per liter was 2.7% (n = 45); day-to-day precision was 3.3% (n = 15). Analytical recoveries of 2 to 6 mg of lidocaine per liter were 90-102% (average, 97.3%). Results correlated significantly with those by a gas-chromatographic technique. No clinically significant interferences by concomitantly administered medications were observed. The procedure is rapid (42 samples per hour) and is well suited to the fast response required in monitoring lidocaine therapy. Usefulness of the assay data in the management of arrhythmias in the coronary care unit is discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for serum lidocaine in antiarrhythmic therapy. We have adapted the commercially available EMIT kit [Clin. Chem. 23, 1161 (1977)] to the Gilford System 3500 Analyzer. Sample volume is 10 microliter. We compare reagent blank-corrected absorbance changes at 340 nm between 15 and 55 s for samples and a series of calibrators, and calculate results with use of a logarithmic transformation. Within-run precision (CV) for a serum pool with 4.0 mg of added lidocaine per liter was 2.7% (n = 45); day-to-day precision was 3.3% (n = 15). Analytical recoveries of 2 to 6 mg of lidocaine per liter were 90-102% (average, 97.3%). Results correlated significantly with those by a gas-chromatographic technique. No clinically significant interferences by concomitantly administered medications were observed. The procedure is rapid (42 samples per hour) and is well suited to the fast response required in monitoring lidocaine therapy. Usefulness of the assay data in the management of arrhythmias in the coronary care unit is discussed.", "PMID": 380841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5197", "title": "Importance of blood-collection tubes in plasma lidocaine determinations.", "content": "In 25 clinical samples serum lidocaine concentrations fell from a mean of 6.5 +/- 2.1 mg/L (mean +/- SD) to 4.9 +/- 1.8 mg/L (p less than 0.001) when the blood sample was allowed to make contact with the stopper of the Vacutainer collection tube. In vitro experiments showed that this effect of the stopper occurred only with whole blood and was dependent on sample concentration. The plasma binding of lidocaine decreased from a normal value of 56% +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SD) to 28% +/- 2.2 (p less than 0.001) when exposed to the Vacutainer stopper. We conclude that a chemical leached from such stoppers displaces lidocaine from its plasma-binding sites and that the drug is then redistributed into the erythrocytes, producing spuriously low lidocaine concentrations in plasma or serum. Such artifacts are important in therapeutic drug monitoring and can lead to erroneous clinical decisions.", "contents": "Importance of blood-collection tubes in plasma lidocaine determinations. In 25 clinical samples serum lidocaine concentrations fell from a mean of 6.5 +/- 2.1 mg/L (mean +/- SD) to 4.9 +/- 1.8 mg/L (p less than 0.001) when the blood sample was allowed to make contact with the stopper of the Vacutainer collection tube. In vitro experiments showed that this effect of the stopper occurred only with whole blood and was dependent on sample concentration. The plasma binding of lidocaine decreased from a normal value of 56% +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SD) to 28% +/- 2.2 (p less than 0.001) when exposed to the Vacutainer stopper. We conclude that a chemical leached from such stoppers displaces lidocaine from its plasma-binding sites and that the drug is then redistributed into the erythrocytes, producing spuriously low lidocaine concentrations in plasma or serum. Such artifacts are important in therapeutic drug monitoring and can lead to erroneous clinical decisions.", "PMID": 380842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5198", "title": "Analytical luminescence: its potential in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "The various types of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions are described. Applications of luminescence in the analysis of substancs of clinical interest are surveyed. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for luminescent assays are discussed.", "contents": "Analytical luminescence: its potential in the clinical laboratory. The various types of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions are described. Applications of luminescence in the analysis of substancs of clinical interest are surveyed. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for luminescent assays are discussed.", "PMID": 380843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5199", "title": "Fluorescence protection immunoassay: a new homogeneous assay technique.", "content": "We describe a \"fluorescence protection immunoassay,\" in which formation of an immune complex of a fluorescer-labeled antigen sterically protects the fluorescer from binding by antibodies to it. Competitive binding of unlabeled antigen by its antibody prevents formation of the fluorescer-labeled antigen immune complex, and allows anti-fluorescein to quench the fluorescence by binding to the fluorescer. This phenomenon is the basis of a new homogeneous assay technique that requires no separation step. The steric exclusion of anti-fluorescein from fluorescein-labeled human IgG immune complexes was altered by changing the molecular dimensions ob both antifluorescein and the immune complex. The assay did not require highly purified fluorescein-labeled human IgG. An assay is demonstrated in which was used a fluorescein-labeled human IgG conjugate containing IgG that was only 10% pure. Measurement of IgG in human serum samples correlated well with results by radial immunodiffusion. The method is applicable to the assay of both proteins and analytes of low molecular mass.", "contents": "Fluorescence protection immunoassay: a new homogeneous assay technique. We describe a \"fluorescence protection immunoassay,\" in which formation of an immune complex of a fluorescer-labeled antigen sterically protects the fluorescer from binding by antibodies to it. Competitive binding of unlabeled antigen by its antibody prevents formation of the fluorescer-labeled antigen immune complex, and allows anti-fluorescein to quench the fluorescence by binding to the fluorescer. This phenomenon is the basis of a new homogeneous assay technique that requires no separation step. The steric exclusion of anti-fluorescein from fluorescein-labeled human IgG immune complexes was altered by changing the molecular dimensions ob both antifluorescein and the immune complex. The assay did not require highly purified fluorescein-labeled human IgG. An assay is demonstrated in which was used a fluorescein-labeled human IgG conjugate containing IgG that was only 10% pure. Measurement of IgG in human serum samples correlated well with results by radial immunodiffusion. The method is applicable to the assay of both proteins and analytes of low molecular mass.", "PMID": 380844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5200", "title": "A systems approach to fluorescent immunoassay: general principles and representative applications.", "content": "We have developed an automated system for the immunoassay of subnanogram quantities of clinically interesting compounds by molecular fluorescence. The system includes all the necessary reagents and an automated fluorometer. The microprocessor-based instrument consists of a measurement and data-processing module and an automated sampling unit. With use of 10 pmol/L amounts of fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, measurements with precision and accuracy of 1--3% are attained. In a competitive-binding fluorescence immunoassay, antigen labeled with a fluorescent dye competes with antigen in the sample or standard for a limited amount of antibody immobilized on a polyacrylamide bead 2--5 micrometers in diameter. After separating antibody-bound from free tracer, we measure the amount of fluorescence bound to the beads. In representative example assays, correlation of fluorescence immunoassay (y) with a reference radioimmunoassay (x) of thyroxine was y = 1.01x + 13 nmol/L, r = 0.98. Correlation of fluorescence immunoassay (y) with a reference radioimmunoassay (x) of triiodothyronine was y = 0.99x + 0.004 nmol/L, r = 0.96.", "contents": "A systems approach to fluorescent immunoassay: general principles and representative applications. We have developed an automated system for the immunoassay of subnanogram quantities of clinically interesting compounds by molecular fluorescence. The system includes all the necessary reagents and an automated fluorometer. The microprocessor-based instrument consists of a measurement and data-processing module and an automated sampling unit. With use of 10 pmol/L amounts of fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, measurements with precision and accuracy of 1--3% are attained. In a competitive-binding fluorescence immunoassay, antigen labeled with a fluorescent dye competes with antigen in the sample or standard for a limited amount of antibody immobilized on a polyacrylamide bead 2--5 micrometers in diameter. After separating antibody-bound from free tracer, we measure the amount of fluorescence bound to the beads. In representative example assays, correlation of fluorescence immunoassay (y) with a reference radioimmunoassay (x) of thyroxine was y = 1.01x + 13 nmol/L, r = 0.98. Correlation of fluorescence immunoassay (y) with a reference radioimmunoassay (x) of triiodothyronine was y = 0.99x + 0.004 nmol/L, r = 0.96.", "PMID": 380845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5201", "title": "Implementing a computer-based electro-oculographic analysis system.", "content": "Electro-oculographic recordings of caloric-induced nystagmus were conducted in a number of normal and disordered subjects. On the basis of the results, implementation of a clinical measuring system is considered; this is based on the interbeat interval, selected in view of its favourable sensitivity and stability. Two stages of processing are involved; first, the determination of the interbeat intervals, second the analysis. The first stage has been implemented off-line on a general purpose computer and also, in on-line mode, by special purpose electronics. The second stage requires computer analysis. We have used the rank magnitude sequences of interbeat intervals as the basis of the analysis.", "contents": "Implementing a computer-based electro-oculographic analysis system. Electro-oculographic recordings of caloric-induced nystagmus were conducted in a number of normal and disordered subjects. On the basis of the results, implementation of a clinical measuring system is considered; this is based on the interbeat interval, selected in view of its favourable sensitivity and stability. Two stages of processing are involved; first, the determination of the interbeat intervals, second the analysis. The first stage has been implemented off-line on a general purpose computer and also, in on-line mode, by special purpose electronics. The second stage requires computer analysis. We have used the rank magnitude sequences of interbeat intervals as the basis of the analysis.", "PMID": 380849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5202", "title": "Impact of genetic counseling: a review of published follow-up studies.", "content": "Retrospective follow-up studies on the impact of genetic conseling, published since 1970, are reviewed in the present paper. Particular attention has been paid to evaluation of understanding of genetic information, planning of later pregnancies and real changes in family composition. A rather wide divergence was found with regard to these three parameters, probably more related to the design of the studies than to a divergence in counselees' understanding and decisions, emphasizing that more, and especially more methodologically sound studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of genetic counseling.", "contents": "Impact of genetic counseling: a review of published follow-up studies. Retrospective follow-up studies on the impact of genetic conseling, published since 1970, are reviewed in the present paper. Particular attention has been paid to evaluation of understanding of genetic information, planning of later pregnancies and real changes in family composition. A rather wide divergence was found with regard to these three parameters, probably more related to the design of the studies than to a divergence in counselees' understanding and decisions, emphasizing that more, and especially more methodologically sound studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of genetic counseling.", "PMID": 380852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5203", "title": "Research in leprosy. A report of a committee set up by the medical research council to study future prospects.", "content": "Recommendations for future research in leprosy include (i) cultivation of M. leprae in vitro; (ii) genetic control of susceptibility, including twin studies and HLA typing; (iii) precise antigenic analysis of M. leprae; (iv) mechanisms involved in the macrophage response to mycobacterial infections; (v) more use of experimental models such as normal mice infected with M. lepraemurium; (vi) reassessment of the protection afforded by BCG; (vii) assessment of protection afforded by killed (armadillo) M. leprae vaccine; (viii) pathogenesis of erythema nodosum leprosum including a study of the effect of thalidomide; and (ix) development of in vitro systems for drug sensitivity testing.", "contents": "Research in leprosy. A report of a committee set up by the medical research council to study future prospects. Recommendations for future research in leprosy include (i) cultivation of M. leprae in vitro; (ii) genetic control of susceptibility, including twin studies and HLA typing; (iii) precise antigenic analysis of M. leprae; (iv) mechanisms involved in the macrophage response to mycobacterial infections; (v) more use of experimental models such as normal mice infected with M. lepraemurium; (vi) reassessment of the protection afforded by BCG; (vii) assessment of protection afforded by killed (armadillo) M. leprae vaccine; (viii) pathogenesis of erythema nodosum leprosum including a study of the effect of thalidomide; and (ix) development of in vitro systems for drug sensitivity testing.", "PMID": 380853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5204", "title": "Antibodies to histones in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Antibodies to histones were investigated in the serum of forty-five patients with spontaneously occurring systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were not receiving any form of treatment. Twenty-three had active and twenty-two had inactive disease. Thos with active disease were also studied after the initiation of corticosteroid treatment to determine the effect of treatment on anti-histone antibodies. Both a complement fixation method and indirect immunofluorescence of acid-eluted histone-reconstituted tissue sections were used, with excellent correlation between these two methods. Eleven of the forty-five SLE patients, but none of forty-five normal controls had antibodies to histone. Untreated patients with active and inactive disease had a similar incidence of antibodies to histone. They disappeared, however, soon after the initiation of treatment in the patients with active disease. Patients with antibodies to histones had a higher prevalence of cutaneous vasculitis, anaemia, lupus nephropathy and Raynaud's phenomenon, but a lower prevalence of lupus brain involvement than those without such antibodies. Only the latter, however, reached statistical significance.", "contents": "Antibodies to histones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies to histones were investigated in the serum of forty-five patients with spontaneously occurring systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were not receiving any form of treatment. Twenty-three had active and twenty-two had inactive disease. Thos with active disease were also studied after the initiation of corticosteroid treatment to determine the effect of treatment on anti-histone antibodies. Both a complement fixation method and indirect immunofluorescence of acid-eluted histone-reconstituted tissue sections were used, with excellent correlation between these two methods. Eleven of the forty-five SLE patients, but none of forty-five normal controls had antibodies to histone. Untreated patients with active and inactive disease had a similar incidence of antibodies to histone. They disappeared, however, soon after the initiation of treatment in the patients with active disease. Patients with antibodies to histones had a higher prevalence of cutaneous vasculitis, anaemia, lupus nephropathy and Raynaud's phenomenon, but a lower prevalence of lupus brain involvement than those without such antibodies. Only the latter, however, reached statistical significance.", "PMID": 380854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5205", "title": "The kinetics and quality of acquired resistance in self-healing and metastatic leishmaniasis.", "content": "Quantitative methods for enumerating viable L. enriettii in tissues have been used to determine the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in guinea-pigs. The development and kinetics of acquired resistance have been evaluated in self-healing and chronic metastatic forms of the disease. It is revealed that 3 weeks after a primary local infection, a standard challenge infection is totally eliminated within 7 days. This resistance is as strong in animals with a current infection as it is in those that have fully recovered from such an infection. Animals developing metastatic disease also develop resistance to the standard challenge. This is initially as strong as in animals with only localized disease, but wanes with the progression of the infection. Although the quality of resistance becomes poorer in animals with metastatic infection, it is not lost completely. The relationship between acquired resistance and the resolution of the primary infection is discussed.", "contents": "The kinetics and quality of acquired resistance in self-healing and metastatic leishmaniasis. Quantitative methods for enumerating viable L. enriettii in tissues have been used to determine the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in guinea-pigs. The development and kinetics of acquired resistance have been evaluated in self-healing and chronic metastatic forms of the disease. It is revealed that 3 weeks after a primary local infection, a standard challenge infection is totally eliminated within 7 days. This resistance is as strong in animals with a current infection as it is in those that have fully recovered from such an infection. Animals developing metastatic disease also develop resistance to the standard challenge. This is initially as strong as in animals with only localized disease, but wanes with the progression of the infection. Although the quality of resistance becomes poorer in animals with metastatic infection, it is not lost completely. The relationship between acquired resistance and the resolution of the primary infection is discussed.", "PMID": 380855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5206", "title": "Specificity of the macrophage spreading test with reference to Leishmania antigens and correlation with delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "The inhibition of the macrophage spreading test, claimed to be an in vitro correlate of delayed hypersensitivity, was examined in guinea-pigs immunized with L. enriettii and L. tropica soluble antigens. Cells from peritoneal washings of the guinea-pigs were tested in presence of the homologous and heterologous antigens and also without antigen. Inhibition of macrophage spreading compared to control preparations was noted only in the presence of the homologous antigen when the skin test response of the donor animal was relatively small. The degree of inhibition decreased as the skin test volume increased and when skin test volumes were large there was actual stimulation of macrophage spreading, rather than inhibition. The addition of heterologous antigen to the peritoneal cell preparation always resulted in the augmentation of macrophage spreading above control levels. The possible mechanisms of this in vitro technique and its use as a taxonomic or diagnostic tool are discussed.", "contents": "Specificity of the macrophage spreading test with reference to Leishmania antigens and correlation with delayed hypersensitivity. The inhibition of the macrophage spreading test, claimed to be an in vitro correlate of delayed hypersensitivity, was examined in guinea-pigs immunized with L. enriettii and L. tropica soluble antigens. Cells from peritoneal washings of the guinea-pigs were tested in presence of the homologous and heterologous antigens and also without antigen. Inhibition of macrophage spreading compared to control preparations was noted only in the presence of the homologous antigen when the skin test response of the donor animal was relatively small. The degree of inhibition decreased as the skin test volume increased and when skin test volumes were large there was actual stimulation of macrophage spreading, rather than inhibition. The addition of heterologous antigen to the peritoneal cell preparation always resulted in the augmentation of macrophage spreading above control levels. The possible mechanisms of this in vitro technique and its use as a taxonomic or diagnostic tool are discussed.", "PMID": 380856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5207", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in serum from patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were detectable in 80% of serum from patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. The immune complexes were detected for the first time on day two after the onset of the fever. The amount of complexes reached the maximum value on day 4 or 5 after onset, or when the patients developed shock or subsidence of fever, after which the complexes decreased in number. The number of complexes also correlated well with the clinical grading (severity) of the disease, i.e. the maximum amount was shown in grade III. These complexes may play a part in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in serum from patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. Circulating immune complexes were detectable in 80% of serum from patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. The immune complexes were detected for the first time on day two after the onset of the fever. The amount of complexes reached the maximum value on day 4 or 5 after onset, or when the patients developed shock or subsidence of fever, after which the complexes decreased in number. The number of complexes also correlated well with the clinical grading (severity) of the disease, i.e. the maximum amount was shown in grade III. These complexes may play a part in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 380857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5208", "title": "Epidemics of infectious diseases in newborn nurseries.", "content": "The newborn nursery is a frequent site of epidemics of infectious disease. The unique susceptibility of neonates to colonization, their intimate exposure to hospital personnel, and their frquent contact with possibly contaminated inanimate objects are major factors contributing to the risk of nursery epidemics. Most  of the epidemics described have been caused by bacteria; the role of viruses in nosocomial infections is not well defined but is undoubtedly greater than presently appreciated. All bacteria implicated in nursery epidemics have the capacity to survive or even multiply in the environment or on human skin or to cause gastrointestinal disease. Analysis of the etiologic bacteria, the epidemiology of outbreaks studied, and extensive clinical research indicate that bacterial transmission in this setting occurs primarily by manual contact and very infrequently by the respiratory route. The cornerstone of a program to prevent infectious diseases in the nursery consists of active, disease-oriented surveillance by specially trained personnel; microbiologic surveillance is important only when specifically indicated. Practical technical considerations for prevention of infectious diseases in nurseries are available. Programs to eradicate an ongoing epidemic must be individualized.", "contents": "Epidemics of infectious diseases in newborn nurseries. The newborn nursery is a frequent site of epidemics of infectious disease. The unique susceptibility of neonates to colonization, their intimate exposure to hospital personnel, and their frquent contact with possibly contaminated inanimate objects are major factors contributing to the risk of nursery epidemics. Most  of the epidemics described have been caused by bacteria; the role of viruses in nosocomial infections is not well defined but is undoubtedly greater than presently appreciated. All bacteria implicated in nursery epidemics have the capacity to survive or even multiply in the environment or on human skin or to cause gastrointestinal disease. Analysis of the etiologic bacteria, the epidemiology of outbreaks studied, and extensive clinical research indicate that bacterial transmission in this setting occurs primarily by manual contact and very infrequently by the respiratory route. The cornerstone of a program to prevent infectious diseases in the nursery consists of active, disease-oriented surveillance by specially trained personnel; microbiologic surveillance is important only when specifically indicated. Practical technical considerations for prevention of infectious diseases in nurseries are available. Programs to eradicate an ongoing epidemic must be individualized.", "PMID": 380862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5209", "title": "Renal uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in liver transplant patients.", "content": "There was renal uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in liver-spleen studies performed on three liver transplant patients. Unlike all previously reported patients, none was in congestive heart failure. The mechanism of this uptake is unknown, but in our three patients it did not correlate with hepatic or renal function.", "contents": "Renal uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in liver transplant patients. There was renal uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in liver-spleen studies performed on three liver transplant patients. Unlike all previously reported patients, none was in congestive heart failure. The mechanism of this uptake is unknown, but in our three patients it did not correlate with hepatic or renal function.", "PMID": 380865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5210", "title": "Serum potassium and uric acid changes during treatment with timolol alone and in combination with a diuretic.", "content": "Timolol, 10 to 40 mg daily, given to 103 patients with uncomplicated arterial hypertension induced significant increments of serum potassium at all dose levels (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of the increments was dependent on daily timolol dosage. When hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride were added, serum potassium decreased (p less than 0.001), but a major determinant of the magnitude of the decrease was the dosage change of the timolol. Serum uric acid was influenced in a paradoxical way during timolol monotherapy; there was a rise in all 3 dosage groups (p less than 0.02) but the lowest group showed the largest increase and vice versa. On addition of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, there was a further increase in serum uric acid, the magnitude of which depended on the concomitant reduction in the dose of timolol, with reductions in dose causing a larger rise in serum uric acid and increments, a smaller rise. The increments of serum uric acid were greater in females than in males during both treatment periods. The results indicate that beta blockers induce dose-dependent rises in serum potassium and may counteract undesirable effects of diuretics on serum potassium. Beta blockers seem to have a paradoxical effect on serum uric acid and may aggravate the hyperuricemia induced by diuretics.", "contents": "Serum potassium and uric acid changes during treatment with timolol alone and in combination with a diuretic. Timolol, 10 to 40 mg daily, given to 103 patients with uncomplicated arterial hypertension induced significant increments of serum potassium at all dose levels (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of the increments was dependent on daily timolol dosage. When hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride were added, serum potassium decreased (p less than 0.001), but a major determinant of the magnitude of the decrease was the dosage change of the timolol. Serum uric acid was influenced in a paradoxical way during timolol monotherapy; there was a rise in all 3 dosage groups (p less than 0.02) but the lowest group showed the largest increase and vice versa. On addition of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, there was a further increase in serum uric acid, the magnitude of which depended on the concomitant reduction in the dose of timolol, with reductions in dose causing a larger rise in serum uric acid and increments, a smaller rise. The increments of serum uric acid were greater in females than in males during both treatment periods. The results indicate that beta blockers induce dose-dependent rises in serum potassium and may counteract undesirable effects of diuretics on serum potassium. Beta blockers seem to have a paradoxical effect on serum uric acid and may aggravate the hyperuricemia induced by diuretics.", "PMID": 380867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5211", "title": "Effect of diclofenac and naproxen on gastroduodenal mucosa.", "content": "The increases in medan scoresfluence on gastroduodenal mucosa of naproxen, 500 mg/day, and diclofenac, 100 mg/day, for 1 wk was investigated in 14 subjects in a double-blind randomized crossover study. Endoscopic examination of the gastroduodenal mucosa was carried out before and after each drug with regard to gastritis and hemorrhagic and erosive lesions. A 20-cm visual analogue scale was used for grading severity of mucosal changes. Naproxen caused statistically significant increases inmedian scores for all 3 variables, and 10 subjects showed a score increase in at least 1 variable; reaction to diclofenac occurred in only 4 subjects and the changes in median scores were not significant.", "contents": "Effect of diclofenac and naproxen on gastroduodenal mucosa. The increases in medan scoresfluence on gastroduodenal mucosa of naproxen, 500 mg/day, and diclofenac, 100 mg/day, for 1 wk was investigated in 14 subjects in a double-blind randomized crossover study. Endoscopic examination of the gastroduodenal mucosa was carried out before and after each drug with regard to gastritis and hemorrhagic and erosive lesions. A 20-cm visual analogue scale was used for grading severity of mucosal changes. Naproxen caused statistically significant increases inmedian scores for all 3 variables, and 10 subjects showed a score increase in at least 1 variable; reaction to diclofenac occurred in only 4 subjects and the changes in median scores were not significant.", "PMID": 380868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5212", "title": "Effectiveness of topical steroids in the control of radiation dermatitis: a randomised trial using 1% hydrocortisone cream and 0.05% clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate).", "content": "Radiation dermatitis often presents as a problem for patients and radiotherapists during treatment. Topical corticosteroids have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect in the treatment of many skin diseases and are commonly prescribed during a course of radiation treatment. A comparison of two different steroid creams, 1% hydrocortisone cream and 0.05% clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate), in a double blind trial was carried out in 54 patients undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer. 'The cream' was administered when patients reached a given dose of 2000 rad (or earlier if required) whether a skin reaction was present or not. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the general effectiveness of steroids in controlling radiation dermatitis and whether one type of cream was superior to the other. The majority of patients using either cream derived benefit in its soothing effect. There was, however, a significant difference in the intensity of reactions seen, patients using clobetasone butyrate developed more severe radiation reactions despite both groups having similar radiation doses. The possibility of two differing populations having different responses to radiation is discussed as is the 'breakthrough phenomenon' described in the literature. It is concluded that neither cream should be used as first choice in the control of radiation dermatitis.", "contents": "Effectiveness of topical steroids in the control of radiation dermatitis: a randomised trial using 1% hydrocortisone cream and 0.05% clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate). Radiation dermatitis often presents as a problem for patients and radiotherapists during treatment. Topical corticosteroids have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect in the treatment of many skin diseases and are commonly prescribed during a course of radiation treatment. A comparison of two different steroid creams, 1% hydrocortisone cream and 0.05% clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate), in a double blind trial was carried out in 54 patients undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer. 'The cream' was administered when patients reached a given dose of 2000 rad (or earlier if required) whether a skin reaction was present or not. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the general effectiveness of steroids in controlling radiation dermatitis and whether one type of cream was superior to the other. The majority of patients using either cream derived benefit in its soothing effect. There was, however, a significant difference in the intensity of reactions seen, patients using clobetasone butyrate developed more severe radiation reactions despite both groups having similar radiation doses. The possibility of two differing populations having different responses to radiation is discussed as is the 'breakthrough phenomenon' described in the literature. It is concluded that neither cream should be used as first choice in the control of radiation dermatitis.", "PMID": 380872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5213", "title": "Venous aortography--a forgotten technique.", "content": "A simple technique of venous aortography is described. Eleven patients were examined, 10 with suspected aortic aneurysms. The diagnosis was confirmed in six cases and the relationship of the aneurysm to the renal arteries shown in five of them. Three patients were shown to have a normal aorta. One patient with a suspected saddle embolus was shown to have a normal aorta and iliac arteries. There was one failure but there were no serious complications. The technique is a reliable and simple method of visualising arotic aneurysms, especially if subtraction prints are made.", "contents": "Venous aortography--a forgotten technique. A simple technique of venous aortography is described. Eleven patients were examined, 10 with suspected aortic aneurysms. The diagnosis was confirmed in six cases and the relationship of the aneurysm to the renal arteries shown in five of them. Three patients were shown to have a normal aorta. One patient with a suspected saddle embolus was shown to have a normal aorta and iliac arteries. There was one failure but there were no serious complications. The technique is a reliable and simple method of visualising arotic aneurysms, especially if subtraction prints are made.", "PMID": 380873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5214", "title": "Minimising side effects in lumbar radiculography.", "content": "An attempt was made to reduce the side effects associated with the use of Metrizamide in lumbar radiculography by the removal of the contrast medium on completion of the examination. Almost complete removal was achieved in 103 patients and of these 73% had no symptoms after examination, while 8% had severe symptoms. Eleven of 14 patients in whom removal was not attempted or was not successful had significant symptoms after examination. It is concluded that aspiration of Metrizamide will reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects associated with the use of this contrast medium.", "contents": "Minimising side effects in lumbar radiculography. An attempt was made to reduce the side effects associated with the use of Metrizamide in lumbar radiculography by the removal of the contrast medium on completion of the examination. Almost complete removal was achieved in 103 patients and of these 73% had no symptoms after examination, while 8% had severe symptoms. Eleven of 14 patients in whom removal was not attempted or was not successful had significant symptoms after examination. It is concluded that aspiration of Metrizamide will reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects associated with the use of this contrast medium.", "PMID": 380874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5215", "title": "Immunologically mediated tubulo-interstitial nephritis in children.", "content": "14 children with proven or presumably immunologically mediated tubulo-interstitial nephritis are presented. In 2 patients anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies were detected. In 6 immunofluorescence microscopy showed granular deposits of immunoglobulin and/or complement likely representing interstitial location of immune complexes. The findings by immunofluorescence were not significant in the remaining 6 patients. However, the association of renal disease to extra-renal disorders, namely chronic active hepatitis and ulcerative colitis, or uveitis or the presence of an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleated giant cells suggests that in such patients an immunologic disorder might be responsible for the tubulo-interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Immunologically mediated tubulo-interstitial nephritis in children. 14 children with proven or presumably immunologically mediated tubulo-interstitial nephritis are presented. In 2 patients anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies were detected. In 6 immunofluorescence microscopy showed granular deposits of immunoglobulin and/or complement likely representing interstitial location of immune complexes. The findings by immunofluorescence were not significant in the remaining 6 patients. However, the association of renal disease to extra-renal disorders, namely chronic active hepatitis and ulcerative colitis, or uveitis or the presence of an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleated giant cells suggests that in such patients an immunologic disorder might be responsible for the tubulo-interstitial nephritis.", "PMID": 380896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5216", "title": "Immunological aspects of pyelonephritis.", "content": "Several virulence factors, such as O and K antigens and capacity to attach to uroepithelial cells, seem to be required for Escheria coli to cause acute pyelonephritis. These factors induce an immune response, however, which can modify the course and clinical expression of the infection. During acute pyelonephritis, autoantibodies to the Tamm-Horsfall protein increase. These antibodies, which probably are evoked by a cross-reaction noted between structures of E. coli LPS and the Tamm-Horsfall protein, may add to the renal tissue engagement in interstitial nephritis caused by bacterial pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of pyelonephritis. Several virulence factors, such as O and K antigens and capacity to attach to uroepithelial cells, seem to be required for Escheria coli to cause acute pyelonephritis. These factors induce an immune response, however, which can modify the course and clinical expression of the infection. During acute pyelonephritis, autoantibodies to the Tamm-Horsfall protein increase. These antibodies, which probably are evoked by a cross-reaction noted between structures of E. coli LPS and the Tamm-Horsfall protein, may add to the renal tissue engagement in interstitial nephritis caused by bacterial pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 380897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5217", "title": "Renal damage due to urinary tract infection.", "content": "Chronic pyelonephritis is a disease of childhood which is carried on into adult life. Children under the age of 4 in whom UTI, vesico-ureteric reflux and pyelotubular back-flow coexist appear to be particularly at risk of developing kidney damage. Attempts to prevent kidney damage in adults by detection and treatment of covert UTI are doomed to failure because persistent bacteriuria in the adult is a consequence of underlying abnormality of the urinary tract rather than its cause. Our main hope for the prevention of kidney damage associated with bacteriuria and reflux is to detect and treat these conditions at the earliest possible age.", "contents": "Renal damage due to urinary tract infection. Chronic pyelonephritis is a disease of childhood which is carried on into adult life. Children under the age of 4 in whom UTI, vesico-ureteric reflux and pyelotubular back-flow coexist appear to be particularly at risk of developing kidney damage. Attempts to prevent kidney damage in adults by detection and treatment of covert UTI are doomed to failure because persistent bacteriuria in the adult is a consequence of underlying abnormality of the urinary tract rather than its cause. Our main hope for the prevention of kidney damage associated with bacteriuria and reflux is to detect and treat these conditions at the earliest possible age.", "PMID": 380901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5218", "title": "Prophylaxis and therapy of venous thromboembolism.", "content": "Heparin is an anticoagulant drug which is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the treatment of some cases of arterial thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism is the commonest preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients, and the best approach to reduce its morbidity and mortality is the use of safe, effective, prophylaxis in patients at high risk. The use of low doses of heparin given s.c. (5000 units, 8 hourly)) has been shown in prospective clinical trials to be effective prophylaxis against venous thrombosis and nonfatal and fatal pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing general abdominothoracic surgery, without producing dangerous bleeding. Low-dose heparin, however, is not totally effective in patients undergoing hip surgery and suprapubic prostatectomy. The lack of benefit in these patients may be related to the intensity of the provocation to thrombosis. The use of heparin in large doses to treat thrombosis is associated with hemorrhagic complications in up to 30% of patients. There is evidence that continuous i.v. heparin is associated with fewer hemorrhagic complications than intermittent i.v. heparin, but the frequency is not related to the dose or to the use of laboratory monitoring. Hemorrhagic complications occur more frequently in elderly patients and in females and is more common following surgical operations. The frequency of recurrent venous thromboembolism is low in patients on therapeutic doses of heparin, and there is no difference in the frequency of recurrence in patients receiving heparin by continuous i.v. or intermittent i.v. administration.", "contents": "Prophylaxis and therapy of venous thromboembolism. Heparin is an anticoagulant drug which is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the treatment of some cases of arterial thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism is the commonest preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients, and the best approach to reduce its morbidity and mortality is the use of safe, effective, prophylaxis in patients at high risk. The use of low doses of heparin given s.c. (5000 units, 8 hourly)) has been shown in prospective clinical trials to be effective prophylaxis against venous thrombosis and nonfatal and fatal pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing general abdominothoracic surgery, without producing dangerous bleeding. Low-dose heparin, however, is not totally effective in patients undergoing hip surgery and suprapubic prostatectomy. The lack of benefit in these patients may be related to the intensity of the provocation to thrombosis. The use of heparin in large doses to treat thrombosis is associated with hemorrhagic complications in up to 30% of patients. There is evidence that continuous i.v. heparin is associated with fewer hemorrhagic complications than intermittent i.v. heparin, but the frequency is not related to the dose or to the use of laboratory monitoring. Hemorrhagic complications occur more frequently in elderly patients and in females and is more common following surgical operations. The frequency of recurrent venous thromboembolism is low in patients on therapeutic doses of heparin, and there is no difference in the frequency of recurrence in patients receiving heparin by continuous i.v. or intermittent i.v. administration.", "PMID": 380902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5219", "title": "Continuous in vivo oxygen saturation in newborn infants with pulmonary disease: a new fiberoptic catheter oximeter.", "content": "We measured the in vivo oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood of 34 sick newborn infants with a new, rapidly responding, continuously recording, catheter oximeter. The oxygen saturation, SaO2, was found to fluctuate between 85 and 95% in infants with pulmonary disease who are in a stable condition and breathing spontaneously. Severe disaturation occurred during apnea and after procedures such as chest percussion and suctioning of the endotrachael tube. The effects of changes in respiratory therapy were quickly manifested by changes in SaO2. This was particularly useful in guiding resuscitation of newborn infants who were asphyxiated at birth. Blood sampling for measurement of PaO2 can be done less frequently, reducing the need for blood transfusions in small infants.", "contents": "Continuous in vivo oxygen saturation in newborn infants with pulmonary disease: a new fiberoptic catheter oximeter. We measured the in vivo oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood of 34 sick newborn infants with a new, rapidly responding, continuously recording, catheter oximeter. The oxygen saturation, SaO2, was found to fluctuate between 85 and 95% in infants with pulmonary disease who are in a stable condition and breathing spontaneously. Severe disaturation occurred during apnea and after procedures such as chest percussion and suctioning of the endotrachael tube. The effects of changes in respiratory therapy were quickly manifested by changes in SaO2. This was particularly useful in guiding resuscitation of newborn infants who were asphyxiated at birth. Blood sampling for measurement of PaO2 can be done less frequently, reducing the need for blood transfusions in small infants.", "PMID": 380903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5220", "title": "Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: I. Prediction of outcome and severity of illness.", "content": "An index for prediction of outcome for use as a measure of the severity of illness was developed by a nonparametric multivariate analysis of cardiorespiratory data from 113 critically ill postoperative general surgical patients. This severity (predictive) index was based on a computerized algorithm that compares a given observed value with the frequency distributions of survivors and nonsurvivors. The difference in the mean values of this index for survivors and nonsurvivors was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) during each stage of shock. Sensitivity of the index in prediction of survival ranged from 70-93% depending upon stage, the specificity of the index ranged from 76-92%, and the predictive accuracy ranged from 87-96%. The severity index is used as a process measure to track the course of critically ill patients and to evaluate the efficacy of alternative therapies.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: I. Prediction of outcome and severity of illness. An index for prediction of outcome for use as a measure of the severity of illness was developed by a nonparametric multivariate analysis of cardiorespiratory data from 113 critically ill postoperative general surgical patients. This severity (predictive) index was based on a computerized algorithm that compares a given observed value with the frequency distributions of survivors and nonsurvivors. The difference in the mean values of this index for survivors and nonsurvivors was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) during each stage of shock. Sensitivity of the index in prediction of survival ranged from 70-93% depending upon stage, the specificity of the index ranged from 76-92%, and the predictive accuracy ranged from 87-96%. The severity index is used as a process measure to track the course of critically ill patients and to evaluate the efficacy of alternative therapies.", "PMID": 380904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5221", "title": "Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: II. Quantitative therapeutic indices as guides to therapy.", "content": "Immediate (proximate) and late (optimal) therapeutic goals for critically ill postoperative general surgical patients were based on the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory data of the survivors immediately after resuscitation and in the late stage of shock, respectively. An algorithm was developed which expresses in quantitative terms the distance from observed values for each variable to both of these therapeutic goals. Further, composite indices were also made of related cardiorespiratory variables that reflect the important aspects of acute circulatory failure and its therapy; i.e., volume, flow, tissue perfusion, oxygen transport, and bodily response to stress. The therapeutic indices of nonsurvivors were found to have greater mean deficits that survivors (p less than 0.05) during all but the middle stage of shock. The therapeutic indices greatly aid in the organization and display of monitored cardiorespiratory variables by expressing the circulatory defects in easily understood indices that can be related to therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the interactions of the various aspects of cardiorespiratory function before and after therapy may be easily observed.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: II. Quantitative therapeutic indices as guides to therapy. Immediate (proximate) and late (optimal) therapeutic goals for critically ill postoperative general surgical patients were based on the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory data of the survivors immediately after resuscitation and in the late stage of shock, respectively. An algorithm was developed which expresses in quantitative terms the distance from observed values for each variable to both of these therapeutic goals. Further, composite indices were also made of related cardiorespiratory variables that reflect the important aspects of acute circulatory failure and its therapy; i.e., volume, flow, tissue perfusion, oxygen transport, and bodily response to stress. The therapeutic indices of nonsurvivors were found to have greater mean deficits that survivors (p less than 0.05) during all but the middle stage of shock. The therapeutic indices greatly aid in the organization and display of monitored cardiorespiratory variables by expressing the circulatory defects in easily understood indices that can be related to therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the interactions of the various aspects of cardiorespiratory function before and after therapy may be easily observed.", "PMID": 380905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5222", "title": "A double-blind controlled trial of amineptine versus trimipramine in depression.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 50 depressed out-patients to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine (200 mg per day) with that of trimipramine (75 mg per day). Patients were allocated at random to receive one or other of the trial drugs over a period of 45 days. Assessments were made before, during and after treatment of a number of target symptom clusters. Whilst overall response to treatment was the same with both drugs, trimipramine was superior in those patients presenting with anxiety and insomnia. Amineptine, however, was more effective not only against depressive mood and psychomotor retardation, but also against loss of libido, hypochondriacal features and social withdrawal. Both drugs were relatively well tolerated, but trimipramine had a sedative effect which proved troublesome in some patients.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled trial of amineptine versus trimipramine in depression. A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 50 depressed out-patients to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine (200 mg per day) with that of trimipramine (75 mg per day). Patients were allocated at random to receive one or other of the trial drugs over a period of 45 days. Assessments were made before, during and after treatment of a number of target symptom clusters. Whilst overall response to treatment was the same with both drugs, trimipramine was superior in those patients presenting with anxiety and insomnia. Amineptine, however, was more effective not only against depressive mood and psychomotor retardation, but also against loss of libido, hypochondriacal features and social withdrawal. Both drugs were relatively well tolerated, but trimipramine had a sedative effect which proved troublesome in some patients.", "PMID": 380909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5223", "title": "Cross-over trial comparing the antidepressant effects of amineptine and maprotiline.", "content": "A double-blind controlled, cross-over trial was carried out in 70 depressed patients to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine with that of maprotiline. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment with either 150 mg amineptine or 75 mg maprotiline daily for 6 weeks before being treated for a further 6 weeks with the alternative drug. Comparison of the response to treatment at the end of each period showed that amineptine was significantly better than maprotiline, and this was particularly marked in the 46 patients with exogenous depression where an effect was usually evident within 3 to 5 days. Only 6 patients in this group failed to show a response to amineptine compared with 19 to maprotiline. Both drugs appeared to be equally effective overall in patients with endogenous depression, although when amineptine was given as the second treatment there was an improvement in retardation. Few side-effects were reported during either treatment period.", "contents": "Cross-over trial comparing the antidepressant effects of amineptine and maprotiline. A double-blind controlled, cross-over trial was carried out in 70 depressed patients to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine with that of maprotiline. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment with either 150 mg amineptine or 75 mg maprotiline daily for 6 weeks before being treated for a further 6 weeks with the alternative drug. Comparison of the response to treatment at the end of each period showed that amineptine was significantly better than maprotiline, and this was particularly marked in the 46 patients with exogenous depression where an effect was usually evident within 3 to 5 days. Only 6 patients in this group failed to show a response to amineptine compared with 19 to maprotiline. Both drugs appeared to be equally effective overall in patients with endogenous depression, although when amineptine was given as the second treatment there was an improvement in retardation. Few side-effects were reported during either treatment period.", "PMID": 380910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5224", "title": "Levamisole (R 12564) in the prevention of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 33 children suffering from chronic or recurrent upper respiratory tract infections to assess the effectiveness of levamisole in reducing the number, duration, and severity of infective episodes. A weight-related dosage of levamisole was used (2.0 to 2.5 mg per kg body weight), patients taking a single dose on 1 day per week over an autumn-winter period of 4 months. The results showed that patients in the levamisole-treated group had statistically significantly fewer periods of upper respiratory tract infection and when they occurred the episodes were milder and shorter in the levamisole group and required less antibiotics. No side-effects were noted.", "contents": "Levamisole (R 12564) in the prevention of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 33 children suffering from chronic or recurrent upper respiratory tract infections to assess the effectiveness of levamisole in reducing the number, duration, and severity of infective episodes. A weight-related dosage of levamisole was used (2.0 to 2.5 mg per kg body weight), patients taking a single dose on 1 day per week over an autumn-winter period of 4 months. The results showed that patients in the levamisole-treated group had statistically significantly fewer periods of upper respiratory tract infection and when they occurred the episodes were milder and shorter in the levamisole group and required less antibiotics. No side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 380912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5225", "title": "A crossover clinical trial of piroxicam, indomethacin and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A single-blind, crossover trial was carried out in 24 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of piroxicam (20 mg once daily) with that of indomethacin (25 mg 3-times daily), ibuprofen (400 mg 3-times daily) and placebo. Each drug was given in random order for a period of 1 week. Pain, joint tenderness and morning stiffness decreased and grip strength increased with piroxicam compared to placebo; no statistically significant difference could be found between piroxicam and the two other active agents. A reduction in joint circumference could not be demonstrated with piroxicam or ibuprofen but most patients did not have reducible swelling in their finger joints. Piroxicam was just as effective as the other two drugs overall, but fewer side-effects were noted with piroxicam.", "contents": "A crossover clinical trial of piroxicam, indomethacin and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. A single-blind, crossover trial was carried out in 24 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of piroxicam (20 mg once daily) with that of indomethacin (25 mg 3-times daily), ibuprofen (400 mg 3-times daily) and placebo. Each drug was given in random order for a period of 1 week. Pain, joint tenderness and morning stiffness decreased and grip strength increased with piroxicam compared to placebo; no statistically significant difference could be found between piroxicam and the two other active agents. A reduction in joint circumference could not be demonstrated with piroxicam or ibuprofen but most patients did not have reducible swelling in their finger joints. Piroxicam was just as effective as the other two drugs overall, but fewer side-effects were noted with piroxicam.", "PMID": 380913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5226", "title": "Double-blind clinical trial of the antidepressant action of amineptine.", "content": "A double-blind controlled study was carried out in 51 patients with moderate to severe depression to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine (200 mg per day) with that of amitriptyline (75 mg per day) given over a period of 6 weeks. Assessments of overall response to treatment, judged clinically, taking into account the patients' views, and also comparing total scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale, showed that amineptine was equally as effective as amitryptyline in producing a marked improvement in most patients. The results suggest, however, that amineptine was more rapid in action as well as being better tolerated. Analysis of the scores for individual items on the rating scale showed up differences between the two drugs in their influence on a number of the items and in the time of onset of improvement.", "contents": "Double-blind clinical trial of the antidepressant action of amineptine. A double-blind controlled study was carried out in 51 patients with moderate to severe depression to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of amineptine (200 mg per day) with that of amitriptyline (75 mg per day) given over a period of 6 weeks. Assessments of overall response to treatment, judged clinically, taking into account the patients' views, and also comparing total scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale, showed that amineptine was equally as effective as amitryptyline in producing a marked improvement in most patients. The results suggest, however, that amineptine was more rapid in action as well as being better tolerated. Analysis of the scores for individual items on the rating scale showed up differences between the two drugs in their influence on a number of the items and in the time of onset of improvement.", "PMID": 380915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5227", "title": "Childhood enuresis.", "content": "Enuresis is not a disease, but rather a benign clinical disorder that is very common in young children. In considering the many facets of enuresis, physicians caring for children with this disorder should always remember the dictum \"Primum non nocere\". Most children with enuresis will be found to have primary enuresis, that is, no organic disease or psychopathology will be found. Physicians should proceed cautiously and should avoid costly, harmful and unnecessary workups. Treatment of few disorders is more dependent on the art and skill of clinical medicine than that of childhood enuresis. All of the physician's talents and compassionate nature enter into the proper evaluation of and therapy for this disorder. Physicians must keep in mind the high spontaneous cure rate. This factor alone should encourage them to be extremely optimistic about the outcome of enuresis in their pateints.", "contents": "Childhood enuresis. Enuresis is not a disease, but rather a benign clinical disorder that is very common in young children. In considering the many facets of enuresis, physicians caring for children with this disorder should always remember the dictum \"Primum non nocere\". Most children with enuresis will be found to have primary enuresis, that is, no organic disease or psychopathology will be found. Physicians should proceed cautiously and should avoid costly, harmful and unnecessary workups. Treatment of few disorders is more dependent on the art and skill of clinical medicine than that of childhood enuresis. All of the physician's talents and compassionate nature enter into the proper evaluation of and therapy for this disorder. Physicians must keep in mind the high spontaneous cure rate. This factor alone should encourage them to be extremely optimistic about the outcome of enuresis in their pateints.", "PMID": 380916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5228", "title": "Malignant melanoma and its therapy: a review.", "content": "Malignant melanoma (MM) is an important cutaneous neoplasm. In classic cases, histologic levels of tumor invasion have been used as indicators of prognosis. Recent research suggests that vertical tumor thickness may be an equally valuable guide to prognosis and also to therapy. The standard surgical approach of wide excision and regional lymph node dissection may not be mandatory for all patients with MM. Regional perfusion of accessible primary tumors as an adjunct to surgery has yielded encouraging results. Immunotherapy of MM alone and in combination with chemotherapy may improve the poor outlook for disseminated MM.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma and its therapy: a review. Malignant melanoma (MM) is an important cutaneous neoplasm. In classic cases, histologic levels of tumor invasion have been used as indicators of prognosis. Recent research suggests that vertical tumor thickness may be an equally valuable guide to prognosis and also to therapy. The standard surgical approach of wide excision and regional lymph node dissection may not be mandatory for all patients with MM. Regional perfusion of accessible primary tumors as an adjunct to surgery has yielded encouraging results. Immunotherapy of MM alone and in combination with chemotherapy may improve the poor outlook for disseminated MM.", "PMID": 380931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5229", "title": "Uremic pruritus: a review.", "content": "The subject of itching associated with renal failure is discussed. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms and available therapeutic modalities are presented.", "contents": "Uremic pruritus: a review. The subject of itching associated with renal failure is discussed. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms and available therapeutic modalities are presented.", "PMID": 380932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5230", "title": "The noneffectiveness of neomycin ointment when used prophylactically following skin electrodesiccation and curettage.", "content": "Neomycin ointment is shown to be no more effective than placebo ointment in preventing site infection after biopsy according to a double-blind, placebo controlled study, analyzed according to an armitage restricted design, two-sided test, sequential analysis.", "contents": "The noneffectiveness of neomycin ointment when used prophylactically following skin electrodesiccation and curettage. Neomycin ointment is shown to be no more effective than placebo ointment in preventing site infection after biopsy according to a double-blind, placebo controlled study, analyzed according to an armitage restricted design, two-sided test, sequential analysis.", "PMID": 380933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5231", "title": "Protoplast formation and the visualization of nuclei in the eukaryotic microbe, Achlya.", "content": "Protoplasts have been released form 21 h germlings of the aquatic fungus, Achlya. The commercial enzyme preparation Driselase was utilized to digest the hyphal walls. Protoplast release began 20 min after incubation at 25 degrees C, and was completed by 2 hr after enzyme addition. The fluorescent dye mithramycin was utilized to observe nuclei both in tract hyphae and in isolated protoplasts.", "contents": "Protoplast formation and the visualization of nuclei in the eukaryotic microbe, Achlya. Protoplasts have been released form 21 h germlings of the aquatic fungus, Achlya. The commercial enzyme preparation Driselase was utilized to digest the hyphal walls. Protoplast release began 20 min after incubation at 25 degrees C, and was completed by 2 hr after enzyme addition. The fluorescent dye mithramycin was utilized to observe nuclei both in tract hyphae and in isolated protoplasts.", "PMID": 380934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5232", "title": "Human cells in suspension. 1 Human lymphoid and granulopoietic cells in primary and secondary cultures: effects of in vitro induction and prolonged methanol acetic acid fixation on metaphase chromosome structure.", "content": "Modifications of Hungerford's method (1965) for production of chromosomal slides from human lymphoid cells in culture have been developed. Modified in vitro induction of banding and uncoiling has been used to produce chromosomal slides from human neoplastic cells of granulopoietic origin. The chromosomes are well spread and appear either long, thin and segmented or uncoiled. It is suggested that it is the combined action of the prolonged fixation used, and the in vitro induction, which leads to the observed structural alteration of the chromosomes. A method for increasing the yield of metaphase cells when working with bone marrow has been developed on the basis of culturing the granulopoietic cells in medium containing colony stimulating factor (CSF). Comparative analysis of metaphases from primary and secondary cultures of bone marrow cells showed that the culturing conditions for the secondary cultures do not induce chromosome abnormalities in the cells during the growth period.", "contents": "Human cells in suspension. 1 Human lymphoid and granulopoietic cells in primary and secondary cultures: effects of in vitro induction and prolonged methanol acetic acid fixation on metaphase chromosome structure. Modifications of Hungerford's method (1965) for production of chromosomal slides from human lymphoid cells in culture have been developed. Modified in vitro induction of banding and uncoiling has been used to produce chromosomal slides from human neoplastic cells of granulopoietic origin. The chromosomes are well spread and appear either long, thin and segmented or uncoiled. It is suggested that it is the combined action of the prolonged fixation used, and the in vitro induction, which leads to the observed structural alteration of the chromosomes. A method for increasing the yield of metaphase cells when working with bone marrow has been developed on the basis of culturing the granulopoietic cells in medium containing colony stimulating factor (CSF). Comparative analysis of metaphases from primary and secondary cultures of bone marrow cells showed that the culturing conditions for the secondary cultures do not induce chromosome abnormalities in the cells during the growth period.", "PMID": 380935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5233", "title": "Mechanical work on the lungs and work of breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "The mechanical work on the lung required during spontaneous breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was compared with different methods of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in nine young healthy athletes (surfers) at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O. At the level of 20 cm H2O, PEEP increased the mean total work per minute by 116 percent and the total work per liter by 121 percent. The percent increase rose linearly with the level of PEEP. In contrast, with methods of CPAP that maintained the airway pressure (Paw) constant, the total work per minute decreased by 45 per cent at a PEEP of 10 cm H2O and remained at this level with PEEP of 15 and 20 cm H2O. Use of PEEP did not increase the functional residual capacity (FRC) in these spontaneously breathing subjects. In contrast, CPAP resulted in a rise in FRC proportional to the level of CPAP. This suggests that CPAP must be applied in a manner that maintains Paw constant to provide optimal assistance to ventilation.", "contents": "Mechanical work on the lungs and work of breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway pressure. The mechanical work on the lung required during spontaneous breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was compared with different methods of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in nine young healthy athletes (surfers) at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O. At the level of 20 cm H2O, PEEP increased the mean total work per minute by 116 percent and the total work per liter by 121 percent. The percent increase rose linearly with the level of PEEP. In contrast, with methods of CPAP that maintained the airway pressure (Paw) constant, the total work per minute decreased by 45 per cent at a PEEP of 10 cm H2O and remained at this level with PEEP of 15 and 20 cm H2O. Use of PEEP did not increase the functional residual capacity (FRC) in these spontaneously breathing subjects. In contrast, CPAP resulted in a rise in FRC proportional to the level of CPAP. This suggests that CPAP must be applied in a manner that maintains Paw constant to provide optimal assistance to ventilation.", "PMID": 380939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5234", "title": "Treatment of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "Fifteen patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with severe hypoxemia who were capable of maintaining adequate spontaneous ventilation were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The optimal level of CPAP was adjusted for each patient to achieve the highest oxygenation with the least adverse hemodynamic effects. The optimal intravascular volume, judged by pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, was maintained by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution. Application of an optimal CPAP ranging between 10 and 25 cm H2O significantly reduced the intrapulmonary shunt, increased the forced vital capacity, and decreased the respiration rate. The improvement in pulmonary status was achieved with no significant changes in cardiac output or the arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference. Early application of an adjusted level of positive end-expiratory pressure using CPAP in patients with adequate levels of fluid is an effective and safe method of treating selected groups of patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure. Fifteen patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with severe hypoxemia who were capable of maintaining adequate spontaneous ventilation were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The optimal level of CPAP was adjusted for each patient to achieve the highest oxygenation with the least adverse hemodynamic effects. The optimal intravascular volume, judged by pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, was maintained by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution. Application of an optimal CPAP ranging between 10 and 25 cm H2O significantly reduced the intrapulmonary shunt, increased the forced vital capacity, and decreased the respiration rate. The improvement in pulmonary status was achieved with no significant changes in cardiac output or the arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference. Early application of an adjusted level of positive end-expiratory pressure using CPAP in patients with adequate levels of fluid is an effective and safe method of treating selected groups of patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 380940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5235", "title": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "Glucocorticosteroid, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS), 30 mg/kg of body weight, or dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), 6 mg/kg of body weight, were given intravenously to 60 patients, divided into two groups of 30 45 minutes prior to cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery bypass. These two groups were compared with 30 patients in a control group receiving a placebo and undergoing the same surgery. The study was carried out in a double-lind fashion. Patients receiving MPSS had a significantly higher cardiac index in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. This was accompanied by a decreased peripheral resistance. Patients receiving either MPSS or DSP also showed some evidence for the \"washout\" phenomenon indicating the possibility of better microcirculatory flow. Gluconeogenesis may have been enhanced in both groups receiving MPSS or DSP, but the evidence was greater in thos patients receiving MPSS. There were no hospital deaths in any of the three groups totaling 90 patients.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Glucocorticosteroid, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS), 30 mg/kg of body weight, or dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), 6 mg/kg of body weight, were given intravenously to 60 patients, divided into two groups of 30 45 minutes prior to cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery bypass. These two groups were compared with 30 patients in a control group receiving a placebo and undergoing the same surgery. The study was carried out in a double-lind fashion. Patients receiving MPSS had a significantly higher cardiac index in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. This was accompanied by a decreased peripheral resistance. Patients receiving either MPSS or DSP also showed some evidence for the \"washout\" phenomenon indicating the possibility of better microcirculatory flow. Gluconeogenesis may have been enhanced in both groups receiving MPSS or DSP, but the evidence was greater in thos patients receiving MPSS. There were no hospital deaths in any of the three groups totaling 90 patients.", "PMID": 380941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5236", "title": "The effects of oestrogen on hypothalamic tissue.", "content": "Oestrogens exert potent influences on hypothalamic differentiation and on sexual function throughout life. During the period in which the hypothalamus differentiates, the availability of oestrogens (or aromatizable androgens) to the hypothalamus results in a male pattern of gonadotropin secretion and in male sexual behaviour in the adult. Lack of oestrogens during this period results in a cyclic schedule of gonadotropin secretion and in female sexual behaviour. Oestrogens or their metabolites determine future sex-specific activity by facilitating synapse formation in developing target circuits. The onset of puberty may also in part reflect oestrogen-stimulated synapse formation in the hypothalamus. In contrast, oestrogen given to an adult female rat causes specific multifocal lesions in the lateral arcuate nucleus. Such animals exhibit persistent oestrus and small multicystic ovaries. Since the same anovulatory syndrome can be produced by mechanical disruption of neuronal pathways from more anterior regions to the arcuate nucleus, it would appear that oestrogen could effect a 'disconnection' of the circuit responsible for cyclic drive of gonadotropin secretion. Furthermore, old female rats spontaneously exhibit the same type of reproductive derangement as well as the arcuate lesion. Thus direct effects of oestrogens on neuronal circuitry within the hypothalamus may be responsible for (1) sexual differentiation, (2) the onset of puberty and sexual activity, and (3) cessation of reproductive function in the female rat.", "contents": "The effects of oestrogen on hypothalamic tissue. Oestrogens exert potent influences on hypothalamic differentiation and on sexual function throughout life. During the period in which the hypothalamus differentiates, the availability of oestrogens (or aromatizable androgens) to the hypothalamus results in a male pattern of gonadotropin secretion and in male sexual behaviour in the adult. Lack of oestrogens during this period results in a cyclic schedule of gonadotropin secretion and in female sexual behaviour. Oestrogens or their metabolites determine future sex-specific activity by facilitating synapse formation in developing target circuits. The onset of puberty may also in part reflect oestrogen-stimulated synapse formation in the hypothalamus. In contrast, oestrogen given to an adult female rat causes specific multifocal lesions in the lateral arcuate nucleus. Such animals exhibit persistent oestrus and small multicystic ovaries. Since the same anovulatory syndrome can be produced by mechanical disruption of neuronal pathways from more anterior regions to the arcuate nucleus, it would appear that oestrogen could effect a 'disconnection' of the circuit responsible for cyclic drive of gonadotropin secretion. Furthermore, old female rats spontaneously exhibit the same type of reproductive derangement as well as the arcuate lesion. Thus direct effects of oestrogens on neuronal circuitry within the hypothalamus may be responsible for (1) sexual differentiation, (2) the onset of puberty and sexual activity, and (3) cessation of reproductive function in the female rat.", "PMID": 380945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5237", "title": "[Oral candidiasis in leukoplakia and carcinoma of the oral cavity (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of Candida albicans and other candida species were examined by mycological culture and histologically in 193 patients with various forms of oral leukoplakia and 14 patients with carcinoma of the oral mucosa, the results being compared with a control group of 137 subjects with a normal mucosa. Comparing the leukoplakia groups one with the other and with the control group revealed definite, usually statistically significant, differences in the incidence of fungi: 46.4% of patients, 29.2% among controls. The incidence of oral fungi was 35.4% among those with noxigenic leukoplakia, 50% in precancerous leukoplakia, 71.5% in mucosal carcinoma, and 49% in nosogenic leukoplakia (mainly lichen planus mucosae). The fungal elements could be demonstrated histologically much less frequently than by culture, but the difference of demonstration was statistically more significant between the different forms of leukoplakia. It is probable that chronic candidiasis in leukoplakia is not carcinogenic as such but is the microbiological and indicator of a local or systemic disorder of the cellular immune system.", "contents": "[Oral candidiasis in leukoplakia and carcinoma of the oral cavity (author's transl)]. The incidence of Candida albicans and other candida species were examined by mycological culture and histologically in 193 patients with various forms of oral leukoplakia and 14 patients with carcinoma of the oral mucosa, the results being compared with a control group of 137 subjects with a normal mucosa. Comparing the leukoplakia groups one with the other and with the control group revealed definite, usually statistically significant, differences in the incidence of fungi: 46.4% of patients, 29.2% among controls. The incidence of oral fungi was 35.4% among those with noxigenic leukoplakia, 50% in precancerous leukoplakia, 71.5% in mucosal carcinoma, and 49% in nosogenic leukoplakia (mainly lichen planus mucosae). The fungal elements could be demonstrated histologically much less frequently than by culture, but the difference of demonstration was statistically more significant between the different forms of leukoplakia. It is probable that chronic candidiasis in leukoplakia is not carcinogenic as such but is the microbiological and indicator of a local or systemic disorder of the cellular immune system.", "PMID": 380951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5238", "title": "[Bronchospasmolytic effect of reproterol as aerosol (author's transl)].", "content": "In an intraindividual double-blind study the effect of 1% (2.5 mg) and 2% (5 mg) reproterol aerosol was investigated in 30 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and asthma. Both solutions had a statistically highly significant bronchospasmolytic effect when airways resistance and specific conductance were measured. The effect was demonstrable immediately after termination of inhalation. Cardiac frequency and blood pressure remained unchanged. No subjective side effects were reported.", "contents": "[Bronchospasmolytic effect of reproterol as aerosol (author's transl)]. In an intraindividual double-blind study the effect of 1% (2.5 mg) and 2% (5 mg) reproterol aerosol was investigated in 30 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and asthma. Both solutions had a statistically highly significant bronchospasmolytic effect when airways resistance and specific conductance were measured. The effect was demonstrable immediately after termination of inhalation. Cardiac frequency and blood pressure remained unchanged. No subjective side effects were reported.", "PMID": 380952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5239", "title": "[Serum antibodies in cystic and alveolar hydatid disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples of 107 patients with cystic and 30 with alveolar hydatid disease were tested for antibodies with hydatid fluid and extract from cyst material of E. alveolaris as antigens. Complement-fixation, indirect haemagglutination and an indirect enzyme immune (ELISA) technique were employed. The results indicate an antibody picture which confirms the value of serum-antibodies in the diagnosis of hydatid disease. Diagnostically insufficient antibody formation was present in seven patients with cystic and two with alveolar hydatid disease. The indirect haemagglutination test with alveolaris antigen proved to be the most sensitive reaction for antibody demonstration of both echinococci, while the same antigen in the ELISA technique gave species-specific results in patients with E. alveolaris.", "contents": "[Serum antibodies in cystic and alveolar hydatid disease (author's transl)]. Serum samples of 107 patients with cystic and 30 with alveolar hydatid disease were tested for antibodies with hydatid fluid and extract from cyst material of E. alveolaris as antigens. Complement-fixation, indirect haemagglutination and an indirect enzyme immune (ELISA) technique were employed. The results indicate an antibody picture which confirms the value of serum-antibodies in the diagnosis of hydatid disease. Diagnostically insufficient antibody formation was present in seven patients with cystic and two with alveolar hydatid disease. The indirect haemagglutination test with alveolaris antigen proved to be the most sensitive reaction for antibody demonstration of both echinococci, while the same antigen in the ELISA technique gave species-specific results in patients with E. alveolaris.", "PMID": 380954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5240", "title": "Management of the perineal wound after rectal excision for neoplastic disease: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Two methods of management of the perineal wound after rectal excision for neoplastic disease were compared in a prospective randomized clinical trial in 65 patients. Twenty-eight patients (Group A) were treated by partial closure of the perineal wound and cigarette drainage of the pelvic space, according to the method proposed by Gabriel. Thirty-seven patients (Group B) were treated by complete suture of the perineal wound and suction drainage of the pelvic space according to the method proposed by Altemeier. Immediate and late results were better in patients in Group B. They achieved healing per primam in 62.82 per cent of cases and had significantly shorter hospital stays than patients in Group A. Three months postoperatively, 91.42 per cent of patients in Group B and 59.25 per cent of those in Group A had complete healing of the perineal wounds, with a statistically significant difference (chi2 with Yates correction = 7.27, P less than 0.01). The development in 10 patients of Group B of perineal abscesses or hematomas necessitated reopening of the perineal wounds: however, the postoperative courses were similar to those of patients in Group A. It is concluded that healing by primary intention with use of the method described herein is the treatment of choice for managing the perineal wounds in patients undergoing rectal excision for neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Management of the perineal wound after rectal excision for neoplastic disease: a controlled clinical trial. Two methods of management of the perineal wound after rectal excision for neoplastic disease were compared in a prospective randomized clinical trial in 65 patients. Twenty-eight patients (Group A) were treated by partial closure of the perineal wound and cigarette drainage of the pelvic space, according to the method proposed by Gabriel. Thirty-seven patients (Group B) were treated by complete suture of the perineal wound and suction drainage of the pelvic space according to the method proposed by Altemeier. Immediate and late results were better in patients in Group B. They achieved healing per primam in 62.82 per cent of cases and had significantly shorter hospital stays than patients in Group A. Three months postoperatively, 91.42 per cent of patients in Group B and 59.25 per cent of those in Group A had complete healing of the perineal wounds, with a statistically significant difference (chi2 with Yates correction = 7.27, P less than 0.01). The development in 10 patients of Group B of perineal abscesses or hematomas necessitated reopening of the perineal wounds: however, the postoperative courses were similar to those of patients in Group A. It is concluded that healing by primary intention with use of the method described herein is the treatment of choice for managing the perineal wounds in patients undergoing rectal excision for neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 380947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5241", "title": "[Results of 200 renal transplantations (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred renal transplantations were performed on 187 patients between July, 1972 and June, 1978. On a follow-up of 6--78 months the survival rate after allogenic transplantation was 80% at one year and 64% at five years. Satisfactory renal function was present in 62% at one year and 31% at six years. Gastrointestinal complications were common and caused about 40% of all deaths. Severe infections were the second most common cause of death. Local complications required explantation in 4%, and caused death in 0.5% of cases. Change in the treatment regimen, using less massive immunosuppressive measures during acute rejection, lowered the death-rate without a higher loss of transplants. The death-rate was 16% at three months and 26% at one year in the first of the 200 transplantations, but 6% and 12%, respectively, in the last 50 consecutive transplantations. The survival rate of patients with transplants is thus comparable to that of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Results of 200 renal transplantations (author's transl)]. Two hundred renal transplantations were performed on 187 patients between July, 1972 and June, 1978. On a follow-up of 6--78 months the survival rate after allogenic transplantation was 80% at one year and 64% at five years. Satisfactory renal function was present in 62% at one year and 31% at six years. Gastrointestinal complications were common and caused about 40% of all deaths. Severe infections were the second most common cause of death. Local complications required explantation in 4%, and caused death in 0.5% of cases. Change in the treatment regimen, using less massive immunosuppressive measures during acute rejection, lowered the death-rate without a higher loss of transplants. The death-rate was 16% at three months and 26% at one year in the first of the 200 transplantations, but 6% and 12%, respectively, in the last 50 consecutive transplantations. The survival rate of patients with transplants is thus comparable to that of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis.", "PMID": 380956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5242", "title": "Control of the blood glucose in diabetes mellitus is it valuable? Is it feasible.", "content": "The controversy over the whether strict blood glucose control prevents or attenuates the complications of diabetes is still unresolved, but the available data support the value of good blood glucose control. The resolution of the controversy is not feasible at present because of the complexity and financial cost of a definitive prospective study and because we may not presently possess pharmacological agents which can accomplish the goal of long term strict control of the blood glucose. Finally, whereas we regard retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as valid pathological endpoints, we are not secure in assuming that blood glucose represents the critical measurement for longitudinal assessment of metabolic control. Studies evaluating control based on blood and urine glucose assessments are complicated by the failure of the data to reflect changes in minute to minute regulation. Thus, the relative insensitivity of some of these parameters of control could account for failures to demonstrate a correlation between adequacy of therapy and diabetic complications.", "contents": "Control of the blood glucose in diabetes mellitus is it valuable? Is it feasible. The controversy over the whether strict blood glucose control prevents or attenuates the complications of diabetes is still unresolved, but the available data support the value of good blood glucose control. The resolution of the controversy is not feasible at present because of the complexity and financial cost of a definitive prospective study and because we may not presently possess pharmacological agents which can accomplish the goal of long term strict control of the blood glucose. Finally, whereas we regard retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as valid pathological endpoints, we are not secure in assuming that blood glucose represents the critical measurement for longitudinal assessment of metabolic control. Studies evaluating control based on blood and urine glucose assessments are complicated by the failure of the data to reflect changes in minute to minute regulation. Thus, the relative insensitivity of some of these parameters of control could account for failures to demonstrate a correlation between adequacy of therapy and diabetic complications.", "PMID": 380957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5243", "title": "[A new electrophoretic method for coating metalceramic elements with opaque].", "content": "A new, electrophoretical method of coating dental alloys (Au or Ni-Cr) with opaque is described for the first time. The comparison of this method with the known wet brush technique shows that bubbles or voids might occur at the interface between metal and opaque when applying the first ceramic layer manually whereas the electrophoretical one generates a thin and dense layer of porcelain being free of voids within the adherence zone. Those bubbles are considered to be inherent with the brush technique. The author suggests to galvanize dental alloys particularly noble metals in order to suppress any anodic reactions. General advantage for the bond due to galvanization are expected no matter how the opaque was applied.", "contents": "[A new electrophoretic method for coating metalceramic elements with opaque]. A new, electrophoretical method of coating dental alloys (Au or Ni-Cr) with opaque is described for the first time. The comparison of this method with the known wet brush technique shows that bubbles or voids might occur at the interface between metal and opaque when applying the first ceramic layer manually whereas the electrophoretical one generates a thin and dense layer of porcelain being free of voids within the adherence zone. Those bubbles are considered to be inherent with the brush technique. The author suggests to galvanize dental alloys particularly noble metals in order to suppress any anodic reactions. General advantage for the bond due to galvanization are expected no matter how the opaque was applied.", "PMID": 380960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5244", "title": "[Casting of dental alloys with special reference to the bonding capacity of Ni-Cr alloys].", "content": "A short review on castability of dental alloys -- for which a definition is proposed -- reflects the different factors influencing the results of a casting. In this case solid sieves and plates are cast by use of one gold-base alloy (Type III) and two base metal alloys used for porcelain veneering. All three alloys filled the sieve pattern to a 100%, whereas they performed differently when cast as thin, solid squares. The most continuous results were achieved with a Ni-Cr-alloy whose melting temperature can be recognized since the ingots flow together when this point is reached. Since the plate pattern is most difficult to cast due to surface to bulk ratio it is assumed that a complete casting can only be achieved when the performance of the alloy is good and all required conditions match. Thus, this type of test seems to be suitable to determine the castability of a dental alloy. The sieve test should be used to investigate and to improve the influence of the different factors as for example burnout time and temperature of the mold and sprue size.", "contents": "[Casting of dental alloys with special reference to the bonding capacity of Ni-Cr alloys]. A short review on castability of dental alloys -- for which a definition is proposed -- reflects the different factors influencing the results of a casting. In this case solid sieves and plates are cast by use of one gold-base alloy (Type III) and two base metal alloys used for porcelain veneering. All three alloys filled the sieve pattern to a 100%, whereas they performed differently when cast as thin, solid squares. The most continuous results were achieved with a Ni-Cr-alloy whose melting temperature can be recognized since the ingots flow together when this point is reached. Since the plate pattern is most difficult to cast due to surface to bulk ratio it is assumed that a complete casting can only be achieved when the performance of the alloy is good and all required conditions match. Thus, this type of test seems to be suitable to determine the castability of a dental alloy. The sieve test should be used to investigate and to improve the influence of the different factors as for example burnout time and temperature of the mold and sprue size.", "PMID": 380961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5245", "title": "[Double-blind study on the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth].", "content": "The use of indomethacin (Amuno, Indocid) to prevent postoperative complications following oral surgery was checked in double blind tests. Impacted and half-impacted lower third molars from 100 patients were surgically removed; 50 were given indomethacin orally and 50 were given a placebo. Postoperative body temperature and pain were recorded on the first and second days after surgery. Trismus and cheek swelling were also measured.", "contents": "[Double-blind study on the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth]. The use of indomethacin (Amuno, Indocid) to prevent postoperative complications following oral surgery was checked in double blind tests. Impacted and half-impacted lower third molars from 100 patients were surgically removed; 50 were given indomethacin orally and 50 were given a placebo. Postoperative body temperature and pain were recorded on the first and second days after surgery. Trismus and cheek swelling were also measured.", "PMID": 380963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5246", "title": "[A splitcast made of plastic].", "content": "A new two-piece plastic split cast consisting of an assembly plate and a disposable part was described; its use as a diagnostic an control device was discussed. The split is available for all standard articulators.", "contents": "[A splitcast made of plastic]. A new two-piece plastic split cast consisting of an assembly plate and a disposable part was described; its use as a diagnostic an control device was discussed. The split is available for all standard articulators.", "PMID": 380964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5247", "title": "[Effect of various methods of the preservation and preparation for study of human peripheral blood on erythrocyte morphology (scanning electron microscopy)].", "content": "In the paper the authors describe the influence of various ways of preservation and preparation of peripheral human blood on the morphology of erythrocytes. The investigation was performed by a scanning electrone microscope JSM-35 JEOL--Japan). The basic types of erythrocytes were shown, which were encountered in the samples. It was established that dehydratation and various methods for fixation of erythrocytes did not affect their morphology. The authors found changes, which occurred in erythrocyte morphology after blood preservation in anticoagulant,FBFR and as a whole blood at various intervals. The action of centrifugal forces in the process of centrifugation of blood on various types of erythocytes was indicated as well. The results of the studies were illustrated with 21 pictures, made at magnification of 3000 X up to 15 000 X.", "contents": "[Effect of various methods of the preservation and preparation for study of human peripheral blood on erythrocyte morphology (scanning electron microscopy)]. In the paper the authors describe the influence of various ways of preservation and preparation of peripheral human blood on the morphology of erythrocytes. The investigation was performed by a scanning electrone microscope JSM-35 JEOL--Japan). The basic types of erythrocytes were shown, which were encountered in the samples. It was established that dehydratation and various methods for fixation of erythrocytes did not affect their morphology. The authors found changes, which occurred in erythrocyte morphology after blood preservation in anticoagulant,FBFR and as a whole blood at various intervals. The action of centrifugal forces in the process of centrifugation of blood on various types of erythocytes was indicated as well. The results of the studies were illustrated with 21 pictures, made at magnification of 3000 X up to 15 000 X.", "PMID": 380965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5248", "title": "[Measurement of the Na2 35S04 in donor cornea with a view to assessing its biological properties].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on 425 pig cornea, conserved in a modified solution for tissue cultures at 4 degrees C. The intensitivity for incorporation of Na235SO4 in this nutritive medium gave higher percentage than the preservation of cornea in moist chamber.", "contents": "[Measurement of the Na2 35S04 in donor cornea with a view to assessing its biological properties]. The authors carried out studies on 425 pig cornea, conserved in a modified solution for tissue cultures at 4 degrees C. The intensitivity for incorporation of Na235SO4 in this nutritive medium gave higher percentage than the preservation of cornea in moist chamber.", "PMID": 380966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5249", "title": "[Theoretical aspects of the quantitative study of the chemical structure-biological action relationship].", "content": "The study of the interrelationship between the chemical structure of the drug molecule and their biologic activity is one of the most modern aspects of current pharmacology and pharmacochemistry. The information, obtained by these studies, contributes for more precise and detailed understanding of the mechanisms of drug molecule interaction with some biologic structures, and this helps to clarify a series of biologic and physiological phenomena. The authors describe in this paper some methods, which are used, when the dependences between structure and action are search for as well as the basic physiocochemical and quantum -- chemical values, which determine the pharmacological effect of drugs.", "contents": "[Theoretical aspects of the quantitative study of the chemical structure-biological action relationship]. The study of the interrelationship between the chemical structure of the drug molecule and their biologic activity is one of the most modern aspects of current pharmacology and pharmacochemistry. The information, obtained by these studies, contributes for more precise and detailed understanding of the mechanisms of drug molecule interaction with some biologic structures, and this helps to clarify a series of biologic and physiological phenomena. The authors describe in this paper some methods, which are used, when the dependences between structure and action are search for as well as the basic physiocochemical and quantum -- chemical values, which determine the pharmacological effect of drugs.", "PMID": 380967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5250", "title": "[Changes in the motor activity of an isolated intestinal loop from the jejunum of dogs exposed to an endotoxin].", "content": "The author examined the motor activity of an isolated Loop in vivo of founonnarcotised dogs under the conditions of chronic experiments before and after administration of E. coli in dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/body weight. There was inhibition of the movements of the intestinal loop, which was manifested by a reduction of the frequency and amplitude of the intestinal contractions. The inhibition of the motor activity was explained by the disturbances in the circulation and neuro-bunoral control of the intestinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "[Changes in the motor activity of an isolated intestinal loop from the jejunum of dogs exposed to an endotoxin]. The author examined the motor activity of an isolated Loop in vivo of founonnarcotised dogs under the conditions of chronic experiments before and after administration of E. coli in dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/body weight. There was inhibition of the movements of the intestinal loop, which was manifested by a reduction of the frequency and amplitude of the intestinal contractions. The inhibition of the motor activity was explained by the disturbances in the circulation and neuro-bunoral control of the intestinal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 380968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5251", "title": "[Concepts of inhibition in psychiatry].", "content": "Following a historical approach, the authors first describe the original development of the concept of inhibition in neurophysiology and then analyze the subsequent adaptations made in psychiatry around such concept including those of: -- Pavlov, Hull, Watson and the behaviorists, -- Freud and the Freudian School, -- clinicians and psychopharmacologists. The concept of inhibition has thus various meanings in psychiatry. Although some unity is achieved on the semiological level, this aspect cannot explain the extent of the process.", "contents": "[Concepts of inhibition in psychiatry]. Following a historical approach, the authors first describe the original development of the concept of inhibition in neurophysiology and then analyze the subsequent adaptations made in psychiatry around such concept including those of: -- Pavlov, Hull, Watson and the behaviorists, -- Freud and the Freudian School, -- clinicians and psychopharmacologists. The concept of inhibition has thus various meanings in psychiatry. Although some unity is achieved on the semiological level, this aspect cannot explain the extent of the process.", "PMID": 380969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5252", "title": "[Carpipramine in psychoses].", "content": "A survey of 131 psychotic subjects treated with carpipramine and a synthesis of the Japanese, German and French publications about this drug were done. The most valuable results were obtained in hebephrenics and in depressed schizophrenics. Carpipramine has a definite desinhibitory action against motor retardation, lack of energy, ideo-motor slowliness and blunting of the affect. At low doses, paranoid schizophrenics become worse. The emerged delusional and anxious phenomena, can be avoided by using higher doses. This drug possesses two kinds of effects: antidelusional and desinhibitory actions. If it does not seem to be a true antidepressant, Carpipramine proves useful in deficits of the psychomotor tone, which were resistant to antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "[Carpipramine in psychoses]. A survey of 131 psychotic subjects treated with carpipramine and a synthesis of the Japanese, German and French publications about this drug were done. The most valuable results were obtained in hebephrenics and in depressed schizophrenics. Carpipramine has a definite desinhibitory action against motor retardation, lack of energy, ideo-motor slowliness and blunting of the affect. At low doses, paranoid schizophrenics become worse. The emerged delusional and anxious phenomena, can be avoided by using higher doses. This drug possesses two kinds of effects: antidelusional and desinhibitory actions. If it does not seem to be a true antidepressant, Carpipramine proves useful in deficits of the psychomotor tone, which were resistant to antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 380970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5253", "title": "[Carpipramine in neuroses].", "content": "Having outlined the limits of drug-therapy in neuroses, where it may support psychotherapy, a treatment the use of which is still questioned by some, the authors review the rare publications involving the indications of Carpipramine in neurotic syndroms. Active upon symptom patterns consisting essentially of asthenia, inhibition and psychomotor impairment, raising the level of activity, stimulating enthusiasm and relational activity, Carpipramine would appear to represent a new advance in the treatment of some neurotic syndroms, partially encompassing the border-line indications of anti-depressants and those of certain disinhibitory neuroleptic agents.", "contents": "[Carpipramine in neuroses]. Having outlined the limits of drug-therapy in neuroses, where it may support psychotherapy, a treatment the use of which is still questioned by some, the authors review the rare publications involving the indications of Carpipramine in neurotic syndroms. Active upon symptom patterns consisting essentially of asthenia, inhibition and psychomotor impairment, raising the level of activity, stimulating enthusiasm and relational activity, Carpipramine would appear to represent a new advance in the treatment of some neurotic syndroms, partially encompassing the border-line indications of anti-depressants and those of certain disinhibitory neuroleptic agents.", "PMID": 380971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5254", "title": "[Carpipramine in child psychiatry].", "content": "The use of Carpipramine in 35 children and teenagers, most of them suffering from psychosis, has confirmed its beneficient action in the majority of those cases (5 negative scores for 20 good and very good scores). The early-observed improvement concerned inhibition, lack of energy, moroseness, favouring the patients' integration in the institutional context.", "contents": "[Carpipramine in child psychiatry]. The use of Carpipramine in 35 children and teenagers, most of them suffering from psychosis, has confirmed its beneficient action in the majority of those cases (5 negative scores for 20 good and very good scores). The early-observed improvement concerned inhibition, lack of energy, moroseness, favouring the patients' integration in the institutional context.", "PMID": 380972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5255", "title": "[Carpipramine and drug addiction].", "content": "This study is related to the therapeutic effects of Carpipramine in conditions of pharmacodependance to opiates. The withdrawal in 47 subjects by decreased doses of methadone, clinically presenting 42 amotivational syndroms and 5 depressions. On the other hand, 3 withdrawal trials using chimiotherapy, including Carpipramine, failed. Carpipramine seems to have an important disinhibitory effect in amotivational syndrom and tolerance is excellent. Lack of desire for this psychotropic drug makes its use safe by drug addicts.", "contents": "[Carpipramine and drug addiction]. This study is related to the therapeutic effects of Carpipramine in conditions of pharmacodependance to opiates. The withdrawal in 47 subjects by decreased doses of methadone, clinically presenting 42 amotivational syndroms and 5 depressions. On the other hand, 3 withdrawal trials using chimiotherapy, including Carpipramine, failed. Carpipramine seems to have an important disinhibitory effect in amotivational syndrom and tolerance is excellent. Lack of desire for this psychotropic drug makes its use safe by drug addicts.", "PMID": 380973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5256", "title": "Localization of angiotensinogen in rat liver by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Plasm angiotensinogen, the protein precursor of angiotensin, is produced by the liver. The present study investigated the location of angiotensinogen in sections of rat liver using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase bridge technique of Sternberger. Specific reaction products of the antibody localization method were most pronounced in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the pericentral zone of the liver lobule. Controls, in which antibody was preabsorbed with angiotensinogen, did not form reaction product. The gradient of angiotensinogen observed within liver lobules resembled that demonstrated by metabolic zonation. The distribution of angiotensinogen differed from the scattered distributions found for other plasma proteins.", "contents": "Localization of angiotensinogen in rat liver by immunocytochemistry. Plasm angiotensinogen, the protein precursor of angiotensin, is produced by the liver. The present study investigated the location of angiotensinogen in sections of rat liver using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase bridge technique of Sternberger. Specific reaction products of the antibody localization method were most pronounced in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the pericentral zone of the liver lobule. Controls, in which antibody was preabsorbed with angiotensinogen, did not form reaction product. The gradient of angiotensinogen observed within liver lobules resembled that demonstrated by metabolic zonation. The distribution of angiotensinogen differed from the scattered distributions found for other plasma proteins.", "PMID": 380974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5257", "title": "Synthesis and accumulation of proinsulin and insulin during development of the embryonic rat pancreas.", "content": "Endocrine B cells differentiate normally in embryonic rat pancreatic rudiments cultured in vitro. The specific concentration of immunoreactive insulin based on total protein increases by about 1000-fold during the developmental period, corresponding to days 13--20 of gestation. The rate of (pro)insulin synthesis, measured from the level of radioactive leucine incorporated into insulin, quantitatively accounts for the insulin accumulated during this period. In addition, the relative incorporation of leucine into proinsulin compared to insulin is constant during development and is similar to that found in the B cells of adult islets. Thus, there appears to be no significant change in the rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin during B cell differentiation.", "contents": "Synthesis and accumulation of proinsulin and insulin during development of the embryonic rat pancreas. Endocrine B cells differentiate normally in embryonic rat pancreatic rudiments cultured in vitro. The specific concentration of immunoreactive insulin based on total protein increases by about 1000-fold during the developmental period, corresponding to days 13--20 of gestation. The rate of (pro)insulin synthesis, measured from the level of radioactive leucine incorporated into insulin, quantitatively accounts for the insulin accumulated during this period. In addition, the relative incorporation of leucine into proinsulin compared to insulin is constant during development and is similar to that found in the B cells of adult islets. Thus, there appears to be no significant change in the rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin during B cell differentiation.", "PMID": 380975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5258", "title": "Thyrotrophs in old age. An immunocytologic study of human pituitary glands.", "content": "In order to reveal whether thyrotroph cells of the human pituitary are affected by aging, a histologic and immunocytologic study was undertaken on the pituitaries of patients over 80 years of age (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses and the findings compared with those of a younger age group (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses between the age of 20-56 years. The incidence, distribution, granulation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, as well as immunoreactivity of TSH cells, showed no major differences related to age and sex. Lack of involution of thyrotroph cells in old subjects indicates that the pituitary is capable of producing TSH with advancing age.", "contents": "Thyrotrophs in old age. An immunocytologic study of human pituitary glands. In order to reveal whether thyrotroph cells of the human pituitary are affected by aging, a histologic and immunocytologic study was undertaken on the pituitaries of patients over 80 years of age (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses and the findings compared with those of a younger age group (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses between the age of 20-56 years. The incidence, distribution, granulation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, as well as immunoreactivity of TSH cells, showed no major differences related to age and sex. Lack of involution of thyrotroph cells in old subjects indicates that the pituitary is capable of producing TSH with advancing age.", "PMID": 380976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5259", "title": "Contrasting effects of maternal fertility and birth rank on the occurrence of neural tube defects.", "content": "The relationships between the occurrence of anencephalus and spina bifida, sibship size and birth rank were examined, using linked records for births in British Columbia. Comparison of 414 sibships in which at least one infant had a neural tube defect with 1362 randomly chosen unaffected sibships showed that the affected sibships were larger. There were both more births than expected after the affected birth, and shorter intervals between births before the affected birth. Within sibships, the risk of anencephalus or spina bifida decreased strongly with increasing birth rank. No associations were seen with maternal age at first birth.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of maternal fertility and birth rank on the occurrence of neural tube defects. The relationships between the occurrence of anencephalus and spina bifida, sibship size and birth rank were examined, using linked records for births in British Columbia. Comparison of 414 sibships in which at least one infant had a neural tube defect with 1362 randomly chosen unaffected sibships showed that the affected sibships were larger. There were both more births than expected after the affected birth, and shorter intervals between births before the affected birth. Within sibships, the risk of anencephalus or spina bifida decreased strongly with increasing birth rank. No associations were seen with maternal age at first birth.", "PMID": 380981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5260", "title": "Purification and molecular properties of a new colicin.", "content": "The process of isolation and purification of a new colicin isolated from a Citrobacter strain is described. Escherichia coli sensitive cells are protected by vitamin B12 from the action of this bacteriocin; this suggests that it belongs to the E group of colicins. Therefore, we have called it colicin E4. It has a molecular weight of 56 000 and two molecular forms of isoelectric points 9.4 and 8.2 are separated in electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gels. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4 S and the absorption coefficient A1(280%) nm is 6.23 cm(-1). Using an antibody raised against pure colicin E4, no cross-reaction was detected against colicins A, E1 or K. The physiological effect of colicin E4 on sensitive cells is very similar to that of colicins E1, K or I which disrupt the energized membrane state.", "contents": "Purification and molecular properties of a new colicin. The process of isolation and purification of a new colicin isolated from a Citrobacter strain is described. Escherichia coli sensitive cells are protected by vitamin B12 from the action of this bacteriocin; this suggests that it belongs to the E group of colicins. Therefore, we have called it colicin E4. It has a molecular weight of 56 000 and two molecular forms of isoelectric points 9.4 and 8.2 are separated in electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gels. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4 S and the absorption coefficient A1(280%) nm is 6.23 cm(-1). Using an antibody raised against pure colicin E4, no cross-reaction was detected against colicins A, E1 or K. The physiological effect of colicin E4 on sensitive cells is very similar to that of colicins E1, K or I which disrupt the energized membrane state.", "PMID": 380984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5261", "title": "The influence of ribonucleoside triphosphates, and other factors, on the formation of very-salt-stable RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA(tRNATyr)-promoter complexes.", "content": "The formation of a stable RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA-promoter complex was found to require sigma factor and the incorporation of ribonucleoside triphosphates which match the 5' sequence of the su+III tRNA transcript. This complex, stable to at least 2 M KCl, can be retained on a Millipore filter. Its formation closely parallels the extent of transcription obtained from the su+III tRNA promoter in response both to increasing ionic strength and to temperature during incubation of RNA polymerase with the DNA. The RNA-polymerase . DNA complex retained during this assay therefore appears to relate directly to that formed during promoter-directed transcription. The formation of RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA-promoter complexes is sensitive to the presence of ppGpp.", "contents": "The influence of ribonucleoside triphosphates, and other factors, on the formation of very-salt-stable RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA(tRNATyr)-promoter complexes. The formation of a stable RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA-promoter complex was found to require sigma factor and the incorporation of ribonucleoside triphosphates which match the 5' sequence of the su+III tRNA transcript. This complex, stable to at least 2 M KCl, can be retained on a Millipore filter. Its formation closely parallels the extent of transcription obtained from the su+III tRNA promoter in response both to increasing ionic strength and to temperature during incubation of RNA polymerase with the DNA. The RNA-polymerase . DNA complex retained during this assay therefore appears to relate directly to that formed during promoter-directed transcription. The formation of RNA-polymerase . su+III-tRNA-promoter complexes is sensitive to the presence of ppGpp.", "PMID": 380986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5262", "title": "Low-molecular-weight substrate for the lysozyme of T4 bacteriophage.", "content": "It has been shown that muropeptide CB, the chemically defined product of Escherichia coli B murein digestion by phage lambda endolysin, is the substrate for T4 lysozyme. This is the tetrasaccharide GlcNAc-MurNAc-GlcNAc-anMurNAc in which the carboxyl groups of MurNAc and anMurNAc residues are substituted by tetrapeptide LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla (MurNAc = N-acetylmuramic acid, GlcNAc = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, anMurNAc = 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid, LAla  = L-alanine, DGlu = D-glutamic acid, msA2pm = meso-diaminopimelic acid). The substrate contains one bond hydrolysable by T4 lysozyme. The products of hydrolysis are the easily identifiable disaccharide muropeptides C6 (GlcNAc-MurNAc-LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla) and CA (GlcNAc-anMurNac-LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla). Thus the substrate may be used for the specific identification of murein N-acetylmuramoylhydrolases of the T4 lysozyme type, as well as for any quantitative measurement of the enzymatic reaction.", "contents": "Low-molecular-weight substrate for the lysozyme of T4 bacteriophage. It has been shown that muropeptide CB, the chemically defined product of Escherichia coli B murein digestion by phage lambda endolysin, is the substrate for T4 lysozyme. This is the tetrasaccharide GlcNAc-MurNAc-GlcNAc-anMurNAc in which the carboxyl groups of MurNAc and anMurNAc residues are substituted by tetrapeptide LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla (MurNAc = N-acetylmuramic acid, GlcNAc = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, anMurNAc = 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid, LAla  = L-alanine, DGlu = D-glutamic acid, msA2pm = meso-diaminopimelic acid). The substrate contains one bond hydrolysable by T4 lysozyme. The products of hydrolysis are the easily identifiable disaccharide muropeptides C6 (GlcNAc-MurNAc-LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla) and CA (GlcNAc-anMurNac-LAla-DGlu-msA2pm-DAla). Thus the substrate may be used for the specific identification of murein N-acetylmuramoylhydrolases of the T4 lysozyme type, as well as for any quantitative measurement of the enzymatic reaction.", "PMID": 380988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5263", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.", "content": "Purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is composed of 10 different subunits, one of which is present as four copies. Their molecular weights are 122 000, 101 000, 44 000, 32 000, 24 000, 17 500, 13 800, 11 800 (four copies), 11 200, 10 800, summing up to a total Mr of 423 500. The sedimentation velocity is 13.5 S, indicating that at 0.5 M NH4Cl the enzyme exists in the monomeric form. At pH 9.2 in cellogel electrophoresis two of the subunits migrate towards the cathode. The composition is quite different from that of a typical eubacterial RNA polymerase. Its complexity reminds one of eucaryotic RNA polymerase. Maximal transcription of DNA from a Halobacterium halobium phage \u00f8H (\u00f8H DNA) proceeds at pH 8.5 AND 75 DEGREES C. The enzyme is stable up to 75 degrees C and strictly requires a DNA template. \u00f8H DNA and poly[d(A-T) . d(A-T)] are the most efficient. The temperature dependence of the transcription rate is characteristic for the template. Actinomycin D and heparin prevent transcription, while rifampicin, streptolydigin and alpha-amanitin have no effect. During storage, even at -- 70 degrees C, the enzyme loses its activity to transcribe \u00f8H DNA, whereas transcription of poly[d(A-T) . D(A-6)] remains unaffected.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is composed of 10 different subunits, one of which is present as four copies. Their molecular weights are 122 000, 101 000, 44 000, 32 000, 24 000, 17 500, 13 800, 11 800 (four copies), 11 200, 10 800, summing up to a total Mr of 423 500. The sedimentation velocity is 13.5 S, indicating that at 0.5 M NH4Cl the enzyme exists in the monomeric form. At pH 9.2 in cellogel electrophoresis two of the subunits migrate towards the cathode. The composition is quite different from that of a typical eubacterial RNA polymerase. Its complexity reminds one of eucaryotic RNA polymerase. Maximal transcription of DNA from a Halobacterium halobium phage \u00f8H (\u00f8H DNA) proceeds at pH 8.5 AND 75 DEGREES C. The enzyme is stable up to 75 degrees C and strictly requires a DNA template. \u00f8H DNA and poly[d(A-T) . d(A-T)] are the most efficient. The temperature dependence of the transcription rate is characteristic for the template. Actinomycin D and heparin prevent transcription, while rifampicin, streptolydigin and alpha-amanitin have no effect. During storage, even at -- 70 degrees C, the enzyme loses its activity to transcribe \u00f8H DNA, whereas transcription of poly[d(A-T) . D(A-6)] remains unaffected.", "PMID": 380989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5264", "title": "Porcine pancreatic lipase. Sequence of the first 234 amino acids of the peptide chain.", "content": "The single polypeptide chain of about 460 amino acids of porcine pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) has been fragmented into five peptides by cyanogen bromide cleavage [Rovery, M., Bianchetta, J. & Guidoni, A. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 328, 391--395]. The sequence of the first three cyanogen bromide peptides (CNI, CNII, CNIII), including a total of 234 amino acids, was fully elucidated. Automatic or manual Edman degradation was performed on the different peptides. Fragmentations of the CN peptides were accomplished by digestions with trypsin (after citraconylation or 1,2-cyclohexanedione treatment), chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus external protease. Hydrolysis of unreduced material by pepsin and thermolysin, performed in order to determine the S-S bridge positions, provided useful overlapping peptides. The glycan moiety of lipase is bound to Asn-166. The non-essential tyrosine specifically blocked by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate is Tyr-49 in a cluster of asparagine and glutamine residues. The existence of a highly hydrophobic sequence (206--217) at the C terminus of the CNII fragment is noteworthy.", "contents": "Porcine pancreatic lipase. Sequence of the first 234 amino acids of the peptide chain. The single polypeptide chain of about 460 amino acids of porcine pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) has been fragmented into five peptides by cyanogen bromide cleavage [Rovery, M., Bianchetta, J. & Guidoni, A. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 328, 391--395]. The sequence of the first three cyanogen bromide peptides (CNI, CNII, CNIII), including a total of 234 amino acids, was fully elucidated. Automatic or manual Edman degradation was performed on the different peptides. Fragmentations of the CN peptides were accomplished by digestions with trypsin (after citraconylation or 1,2-cyclohexanedione treatment), chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus external protease. Hydrolysis of unreduced material by pepsin and thermolysin, performed in order to determine the S-S bridge positions, provided useful overlapping peptides. The glycan moiety of lipase is bound to Asn-166. The non-essential tyrosine specifically blocked by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate is Tyr-49 in a cluster of asparagine and glutamine residues. The existence of a highly hydrophobic sequence (206--217) at the C terminus of the CNII fragment is noteworthy.", "PMID": 380992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5265", "title": "The structure of a transcriptional unit on colicin E1 plasmid.", "content": "In an RNA-synthesizing system in vitro, a low-molecular-weight RNA consisting of about 110 residues (RNA-I) was efficiently synthesized on DNA of colicin E 1 plasmid (ColE1) and its deletion derivatives. The promoter site for RNA-I was analysed by testing the RNA polymerase-binding ability and template activity of restriction fragments; it was mapped in the region between the replication initiation site and the colicin immunity gene of ColE1. The direction of transcription was determined by hybridization tests to the separated strands of the template. The DNA region directing RNA-I was sequenced, and RNA-I was assigned on the sequence based on the nearest-neighbour data of RNA. The sequences of its promoter and terminator regions were also deduced. Although the function of this small RNA species is unknown, a unique secondary structure could be constructed from its sequence and sensitivity to RNase.", "contents": "The structure of a transcriptional unit on colicin E1 plasmid. In an RNA-synthesizing system in vitro, a low-molecular-weight RNA consisting of about 110 residues (RNA-I) was efficiently synthesized on DNA of colicin E 1 plasmid (ColE1) and its deletion derivatives. The promoter site for RNA-I was analysed by testing the RNA polymerase-binding ability and template activity of restriction fragments; it was mapped in the region between the replication initiation site and the colicin immunity gene of ColE1. The direction of transcription was determined by hybridization tests to the separated strands of the template. The DNA region directing RNA-I was sequenced, and RNA-I was assigned on the sequence based on the nearest-neighbour data of RNA. The sequences of its promoter and terminator regions were also deduced. Although the function of this small RNA species is unknown, a unique secondary structure could be constructed from its sequence and sensitivity to RNase.", "PMID": 380993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5266", "title": "The ternary 5-S RNA complex of proteins L 18 and L 25. A small-angle X-ray scattering titration study.", "content": "The 5-S RNA (A) and the proteins L 18 (B) and L25 (C) from Escherichia coli ribosomes form a ternary complex of the type ABC with a stepwise stability constant, log K111 approximately equal to 6.5. This is indicated from X-ray scattering titrations recorded at 21 degrees C in ribosomal reconstitutional buffer. When the ternary ABC complex forms there is only a limited change in the scattering curve compared to that of 5-S RNA, indicating that 5-S RNA does not undergo a major conformational change during the complex formation. The increase in the radius of gyration from 3.61 nm (5-S RNA) to 3.95 nm (ABC complex) as well as the experimental scattering curve can be explained by models where it is assumed that the elongated L 18 and L25 models are quite far from the electron density centre and where the protein molecules interact mainly with the minor arms of the supposed Y-shaped 5-S RNA molecule.", "contents": "The ternary 5-S RNA complex of proteins L 18 and L 25. A small-angle X-ray scattering titration study. The 5-S RNA (A) and the proteins L 18 (B) and L25 (C) from Escherichia coli ribosomes form a ternary complex of the type ABC with a stepwise stability constant, log K111 approximately equal to 6.5. This is indicated from X-ray scattering titrations recorded at 21 degrees C in ribosomal reconstitutional buffer. When the ternary ABC complex forms there is only a limited change in the scattering curve compared to that of 5-S RNA, indicating that 5-S RNA does not undergo a major conformational change during the complex formation. The increase in the radius of gyration from 3.61 nm (5-S RNA) to 3.95 nm (ABC complex) as well as the experimental scattering curve can be explained by models where it is assumed that the elongated L 18 and L25 models are quite far from the electron density centre and where the protein molecules interact mainly with the minor arms of the supposed Y-shaped 5-S RNA molecule.", "PMID": 380994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5267", "title": "The association of actin with a thyroid lysosomal fraction.", "content": "A lysosome-enriched fraction was prepared from bovine thyroid tissue using sucrose gradient centrifugation. An inhibitor of DNAase I was found to co-sediment and co-purify with the lysosomal fraction. This inhibitory activity is blocked by heavy meromyosin in the absence of ATP, and a component of 42000 molecular weight can be isolated by affinity chromatography on DNAase I linked to Sepharose. These results are consistent with the presence of an actin-like protein in a lysosome-enriched preparation from bovine thyroid tissue. Also, an increase in the level of membrane-associated actin is observed in response to thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid tissue", "contents": "The association of actin with a thyroid lysosomal fraction. A lysosome-enriched fraction was prepared from bovine thyroid tissue using sucrose gradient centrifugation. An inhibitor of DNAase I was found to co-sediment and co-purify with the lysosomal fraction. This inhibitory activity is blocked by heavy meromyosin in the absence of ATP, and a component of 42000 molecular weight can be isolated by affinity chromatography on DNAase I linked to Sepharose. These results are consistent with the presence of an actin-like protein in a lysosome-enriched preparation from bovine thyroid tissue. Also, an increase in the level of membrane-associated actin is observed in response to thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid tissue", "PMID": 380995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5268", "title": "Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Affinity and photoaffinity labelling of the stereospecific binding sites.", "content": "The localization of the binding sites of the different ligands on the constitutive subunits of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was undertaken using a large variety of affinity and photoaffinity labelling techniques. The RNAPhe was cross-linked to the enzyme by non-specific ultraviolet irradiation at 248 nm, specific irradiation in the wye base absorption band (315 nm), irradiation at 335 nm, in the absorption band of 4-thiouridine (S4U) residues introduced in the tRNA molecule, or by Schiff's base formation between periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe (tRNAPheox) and the protein. ATP was specifically incorporated in its binding site upon photosensitized irradiation. The amino acid could be linked to the enzyme upon ultraviolet irradiation, either in the free state, engaged in the adenylate or bound to the tRNA. The tRNA, the ATP molecule and the amino acid linked to the tRNA were found to interact exclusively with the beta subunit (Mr 63000). The phenylalanine residue, either free or joined to the adenylate, could be cross-linked with equal efficiency to eigher type of subunit, suggesting that the amino acid binding site is located in a contact area between the two subunits. The Schiff's base formation between tRNAPheox and the enzyme shows the existence of a lysyl group close to the binding site for the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA. This result was confirmed by the study of the inhibition of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase with pyridoxal phosphate and the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP, oATP.", "contents": "Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Affinity and photoaffinity labelling of the stereospecific binding sites. The localization of the binding sites of the different ligands on the constitutive subunits of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was undertaken using a large variety of affinity and photoaffinity labelling techniques. The RNAPhe was cross-linked to the enzyme by non-specific ultraviolet irradiation at 248 nm, specific irradiation in the wye base absorption band (315 nm), irradiation at 335 nm, in the absorption band of 4-thiouridine (S4U) residues introduced in the tRNA molecule, or by Schiff's base formation between periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe (tRNAPheox) and the protein. ATP was specifically incorporated in its binding site upon photosensitized irradiation. The amino acid could be linked to the enzyme upon ultraviolet irradiation, either in the free state, engaged in the adenylate or bound to the tRNA. The tRNA, the ATP molecule and the amino acid linked to the tRNA were found to interact exclusively with the beta subunit (Mr 63000). The phenylalanine residue, either free or joined to the adenylate, could be cross-linked with equal efficiency to eigher type of subunit, suggesting that the amino acid binding site is located in a contact area between the two subunits. The Schiff's base formation between tRNAPheox and the enzyme shows the existence of a lysyl group close to the binding site for the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA. This result was confirmed by the study of the inhibition of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase with pyridoxal phosphate and the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP, oATP.", "PMID": 380996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5269", "title": "RNA polymerase from the fungus, Aspergillus nidulans. Large-scale purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A).", "content": "The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A) from the lower eukaryote Aspergillus nidulans has been purified on a large scale to apparent homogeneity by homogenizing the fungal hyphae in liquid nitrogen, extraction of the enzyme at high salt concentration, precipitation of RNA polymerase activity with polymin P (a polyethylene imine), elution of the RNA polymerase from the polymin P precipitate, ammonium sulphate precipitation, molecular sieving on Bio-Gel A-1.5m, binding to ion-exchangers and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. By this procedure 1.6 mg of RNA polymerase I can be purified over 2000-fold from 500 g wet weight of starting material with a yield of 30--35%. The isolated RNA polymerase I is stable for several months at -20 degrees C. The subunit compostion has been resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels, using either non-denaturing of 8 M urea (pH 8.7) cylindrical gels in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulphate slab gels in the second dimension. The putative subunits have molecular weights of 190,000, 135,000, 63,000, 62,000, 43,000, 29,000, (28,000), 16,000 and probably 13,000 and 12,000. Two distinct forms of RNA polymerase I (Ia and Ib) have been resolved by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography showing ample differences in enzymatic properties and subunit pattern. Additional information is given on RNA polymerase II (or B) which appears to be highly insensitive to alpha-amanitin at concentrations up to 400 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "RNA polymerase from the fungus, Aspergillus nidulans. Large-scale purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A). The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A) from the lower eukaryote Aspergillus nidulans has been purified on a large scale to apparent homogeneity by homogenizing the fungal hyphae in liquid nitrogen, extraction of the enzyme at high salt concentration, precipitation of RNA polymerase activity with polymin P (a polyethylene imine), elution of the RNA polymerase from the polymin P precipitate, ammonium sulphate precipitation, molecular sieving on Bio-Gel A-1.5m, binding to ion-exchangers and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. By this procedure 1.6 mg of RNA polymerase I can be purified over 2000-fold from 500 g wet weight of starting material with a yield of 30--35%. The isolated RNA polymerase I is stable for several months at -20 degrees C. The subunit compostion has been resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels, using either non-denaturing of 8 M urea (pH 8.7) cylindrical gels in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulphate slab gels in the second dimension. The putative subunits have molecular weights of 190,000, 135,000, 63,000, 62,000, 43,000, 29,000, (28,000), 16,000 and probably 13,000 and 12,000. Two distinct forms of RNA polymerase I (Ia and Ib) have been resolved by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography showing ample differences in enzymatic properties and subunit pattern. Additional information is given on RNA polymerase II (or B) which appears to be highly insensitive to alpha-amanitin at concentrations up to 400 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 380997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5270", "title": "Recognition of tRNA Trp by initiation factors from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Binding of acetyl or formyltryptophanyl-tRNA Trp from Escherichia coli or beef liver to E. coli ribosomes is strongly stimulated by E. coli initiation factors and requires GTP. The N-acylated tryptophan is puromycin reactive. Polypeptide chain initiation with acetyltryptophan dependent on poly(U,G) has been demonstrated and is highly dependent on added initiation factors. tRNA Trp appears, therefore, to share some structural features with tRNAfMet of significance to the process of polypeptide chain initiation.", "contents": "Recognition of tRNA Trp by initiation factors from Escherichia coli. Binding of acetyl or formyltryptophanyl-tRNA Trp from Escherichia coli or beef liver to E. coli ribosomes is strongly stimulated by E. coli initiation factors and requires GTP. The N-acylated tryptophan is puromycin reactive. Polypeptide chain initiation with acetyltryptophan dependent on poly(U,G) has been demonstrated and is highly dependent on added initiation factors. tRNA Trp appears, therefore, to share some structural features with tRNAfMet of significance to the process of polypeptide chain initiation.", "PMID": 380998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5271", "title": "Mitochondrial protein-synthesizing machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in different metabolic conditions. Variability of seryl-tRNA and alanyl-tRNA isoacceptor patterns.", "content": "1. The isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial seryl and alanyl-tRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under different conditions and committed to fermentative or respiratory metabolism have been studied by reversed-phase chromatography. 2. An extensive variability of the chromatographic patterns of the four isoacceptors for serine and of the three isoacceptors for alanine has been observed as a function of carbon source and stage of growth, but the main differences were observed in the different stages of growth on glucose. 3. In order to distinguish the effects due to stage of growth from those due to relief from glucose repression, the isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial tRNA were compared in repressed and derepressed resting cells; results show that some of the mitochondrial species are almost undetectable in resting repressed cells, but are the major ones after recovery of respiration. 4. Two of the serine isoacceptors (species 1 and 2), one of which is absent or not acylable in repressed resting cells, are different gene products.", "contents": "Mitochondrial protein-synthesizing machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in different metabolic conditions. Variability of seryl-tRNA and alanyl-tRNA isoacceptor patterns. 1. The isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial seryl and alanyl-tRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under different conditions and committed to fermentative or respiratory metabolism have been studied by reversed-phase chromatography. 2. An extensive variability of the chromatographic patterns of the four isoacceptors for serine and of the three isoacceptors for alanine has been observed as a function of carbon source and stage of growth, but the main differences were observed in the different stages of growth on glucose. 3. In order to distinguish the effects due to stage of growth from those due to relief from glucose repression, the isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial tRNA were compared in repressed and derepressed resting cells; results show that some of the mitochondrial species are almost undetectable in resting repressed cells, but are the major ones after recovery of respiration. 4. Two of the serine isoacceptors (species 1 and 2), one of which is absent or not acylable in repressed resting cells, are different gene products.", "PMID": 381000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5272", "title": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. The structure of the specific polysaccharide of Shigella newcastle (Sh. flexneri type 6) lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The specific polysaccharide was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Shigella newcastle by mild acid hydrolysis and further purified by permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-50. It was found to consist of L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid residues and O-acetyl groups in the molar ratios of 2:1:1:1. On the basis of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, and chromium trioxide oxidation, the following structure can be assigned to the repeating oligosaccharide unit of the polysaccharide:-4)DGalA(beta 1-3)DGalNAc-(beta 1-2)LAc3Rha(alpha 1-2)LRha(alpha 1-, where GalA = galacturonic acid. GalNAc = N-acetylgalactosamine, Ac3Rha = 3-O-acetylrhamnose. The structural and immunochemical data presented prove that Sh. newcastle lipopolysaccharide belongs to a 'non-classical' type of somatic antigens with acidic O-specific polysaccharide chains.", "contents": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. The structure of the specific polysaccharide of Shigella newcastle (Sh. flexneri type 6) lipopolysaccharide. The specific polysaccharide was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Shigella newcastle by mild acid hydrolysis and further purified by permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-50. It was found to consist of L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid residues and O-acetyl groups in the molar ratios of 2:1:1:1. On the basis of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, and chromium trioxide oxidation, the following structure can be assigned to the repeating oligosaccharide unit of the polysaccharide:-4)DGalA(beta 1-3)DGalNAc-(beta 1-2)LAc3Rha(alpha 1-2)LRha(alpha 1-, where GalA = galacturonic acid. GalNAc = N-acetylgalactosamine, Ac3Rha = 3-O-acetylrhamnose. The structural and immunochemical data presented prove that Sh. newcastle lipopolysaccharide belongs to a 'non-classical' type of somatic antigens with acidic O-specific polysaccharide chains.", "PMID": 381001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5273", "title": "Structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli. Investigation of the intact subunit and core particles by electron microscopy and analogue image processing.", "content": "Structures of 50S ribosomal subunits, CsCl and ethidium bromide core particles from these subunits have been investigated by electron microscopy and image processing by FAIRS. This method revealed structural details which are obscured in individual images, and enabled to distinguish six crown forms, different in their side protuberances, and two kidney forms. Crown forms were imaged as symmetrical or asymmetrical forms. The latter type was far more frequent in untreated populations than the first. The depletion of proteins by both agents caused stepwise degradation of the side protuberances in the crown forms thereby transforming asymmetrical to symmetrical forms. It is concluded from these findings that asymmetrical and symmetrical forms in untreated populations represent also structurally different particles. From the higher complexity in terms of component composition and structure it is concluded that the asymmetrical crown forms are more likely to represent the native structure of isolated 50S subunits than the symmetrical forms. Existing models for this subunit are discussed in terms of this finding.", "contents": "Structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli. Investigation of the intact subunit and core particles by electron microscopy and analogue image processing. Structures of 50S ribosomal subunits, CsCl and ethidium bromide core particles from these subunits have been investigated by electron microscopy and image processing by FAIRS. This method revealed structural details which are obscured in individual images, and enabled to distinguish six crown forms, different in their side protuberances, and two kidney forms. Crown forms were imaged as symmetrical or asymmetrical forms. The latter type was far more frequent in untreated populations than the first. The depletion of proteins by both agents caused stepwise degradation of the side protuberances in the crown forms thereby transforming asymmetrical to symmetrical forms. It is concluded from these findings that asymmetrical and symmetrical forms in untreated populations represent also structurally different particles. From the higher complexity in terms of component composition and structure it is concluded that the asymmetrical crown forms are more likely to represent the native structure of isolated 50S subunits than the symmetrical forms. Existing models for this subunit are discussed in terms of this finding.", "PMID": 381002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5274", "title": "Jugular venous reflux in cerebral radionuclide angiography: an explanation.", "content": "A case of isotopic jugular venous reflux, reaching the opposite jugular vein, is described. Phlebography and aortography were simultaneously performed in this patient and showed the innominate vein narrowed and pinched between the sternal notch and the aortic arch. This narrowing depends on the position of the left arm.", "contents": "Jugular venous reflux in cerebral radionuclide angiography: an explanation. A case of isotopic jugular venous reflux, reaching the opposite jugular vein, is described. Phlebography and aortography were simultaneously performed in this patient and showed the innominate vein narrowed and pinched between the sternal notch and the aortic arch. This narrowing depends on the position of the left arm.", "PMID": 381003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5275", "title": "Extramicrosomal drug metabolism.", "content": "Drug metabolizing enzymes which are not located in the microsomes such as oxidoreductases are reviewed. It has been reported that a cytoplasmic NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase could be involved in the dehydrogenation of secondary or primary alcohols, and that peroxidases, located in all extranuclear cell-fractions, are able to oxidize certain drugs. Among the conjugating enzymes, mainly the glucuronidases and 0-Methyltransferases have been reported to be localised in the microsomes. Sulfatation, mercapturic acid formation and acetylation seem to occur in the supernatant of animal liver cells. Binding to glycine has been found in the mitochondria. Examples of combined action of microsomes and other cell fractions are presented. Esterases are found in the microsomes and cytoplasmic fraction of animal cells and also in the extracellular fluid (blood-plasma). They are more stable than monooxygenases whose activity depends on the intact microsomal structure and are therefore readily accessible in human biological material. Metabolic problems involving human esterases can often easily be solved by in vitro experiments. Results concerning the biochemical degradation of propanidid, mefrusid, acetyl salicylic acid and an acetyl salicylic acid ester are reported.", "contents": "Extramicrosomal drug metabolism. Drug metabolizing enzymes which are not located in the microsomes such as oxidoreductases are reviewed. It has been reported that a cytoplasmic NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase could be involved in the dehydrogenation of secondary or primary alcohols, and that peroxidases, located in all extranuclear cell-fractions, are able to oxidize certain drugs. Among the conjugating enzymes, mainly the glucuronidases and 0-Methyltransferases have been reported to be localised in the microsomes. Sulfatation, mercapturic acid formation and acetylation seem to occur in the supernatant of animal liver cells. Binding to glycine has been found in the mitochondria. Examples of combined action of microsomes and other cell fractions are presented. Esterases are found in the microsomes and cytoplasmic fraction of animal cells and also in the extracellular fluid (blood-plasma). They are more stable than monooxygenases whose activity depends on the intact microsomal structure and are therefore readily accessible in human biological material. Metabolic problems involving human esterases can often easily be solved by in vitro experiments. Results concerning the biochemical degradation of propanidid, mefrusid, acetyl salicylic acid and an acetyl salicylic acid ester are reported.", "PMID": 381004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5276", "title": "Therapy of chronic consequences of brain ischemia. Comparison between two drugs acting on brain circulation and metabolism.", "content": "With the purpose to define the specific activity of substances acting on the cerebral circulation and metabolism, (-)eburnamonine and cinnarizine were compared in a double-blind study carried out in a group of 106 elderly patients suffering from established chronic brain ischemia. The photoscintigraphic and rheoencephalographic studies carried out on some of the patients showed that only (-)eburnamonine had a clear-cut activity on brain circulation. (-)Eburnamonine also showed an activity on kidney circulation. With regard to the clinical picture, a statistical evaluation of the results obtained showed that both drugs improve psychic disturbances and the overall clinical picture. Cinnarizine appears to influence, to a slightly greater extent, some neurological symptoms, while (-)eburnamonine exerts a significantly better action on daily living activities and general psychic efficiency.", "contents": "Therapy of chronic consequences of brain ischemia. Comparison between two drugs acting on brain circulation and metabolism. With the purpose to define the specific activity of substances acting on the cerebral circulation and metabolism, (-)eburnamonine and cinnarizine were compared in a double-blind study carried out in a group of 106 elderly patients suffering from established chronic brain ischemia. The photoscintigraphic and rheoencephalographic studies carried out on some of the patients showed that only (-)eburnamonine had a clear-cut activity on brain circulation. (-)Eburnamonine also showed an activity on kidney circulation. With regard to the clinical picture, a statistical evaluation of the results obtained showed that both drugs improve psychic disturbances and the overall clinical picture. Cinnarizine appears to influence, to a slightly greater extent, some neurological symptoms, while (-)eburnamonine exerts a significantly better action on daily living activities and general psychic efficiency.", "PMID": 381005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5277", "title": "Clinical evaluation of (-)eburnamonine in comparison with nicergoline in patients suffering from chronic brain ischemia.", "content": "The activity of (-)eburnamonine, a substance acting on the cerebral circulation and metabolism, was compared with that of nicergoline in a double-blind study carried out on a group of 28 patients (16 males and 12 females), suffering from established chronic brain ischemia. The treatment consisted of the administration for the first 5 days of 80 mg/day and for the following days of 60 mg/day of (-)eburnamonine, in 14 subjects. Nicergoline was administered to the other 14 subjects: 20 mg/day for the first 5 days and then 15 mg/day. The treatment was protracted for at least 20 days. (-)Eburnamonine appeared to influence some symptoms more rapidly and significantly than nicergoline. After 20 days of treatment the overall improvement obtained with (-)eburnamonine was 31 and 18% with nicergoline. No side effects or impairment of the biochemical tests appeared during either treatment.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of (-)eburnamonine in comparison with nicergoline in patients suffering from chronic brain ischemia. The activity of (-)eburnamonine, a substance acting on the cerebral circulation and metabolism, was compared with that of nicergoline in a double-blind study carried out on a group of 28 patients (16 males and 12 females), suffering from established chronic brain ischemia. The treatment consisted of the administration for the first 5 days of 80 mg/day and for the following days of 60 mg/day of (-)eburnamonine, in 14 subjects. Nicergoline was administered to the other 14 subjects: 20 mg/day for the first 5 days and then 15 mg/day. The treatment was protracted for at least 20 days. (-)Eburnamonine appeared to influence some symptoms more rapidly and significantly than nicergoline. After 20 days of treatment the overall improvement obtained with (-)eburnamonine was 31 and 18% with nicergoline. No side effects or impairment of the biochemical tests appeared during either treatment.", "PMID": 381006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5278", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic factors in human cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Hemodynamic and metabolic cerebral measurements (CBF, CMRO2, CMRG, CSF) were evaluated in stroke patients. To investigate the effects of chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency, CBF and CMRO2 were also studied. Further nontraumatic investigations of CBF measurement will allow a better understanding of clinical cases.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic factors in human cerebral ischemia. Hemodynamic and metabolic cerebral measurements (CBF, CMRO2, CMRG, CSF) were evaluated in stroke patients. To investigate the effects of chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency, CBF and CMRO2 were also studied. Further nontraumatic investigations of CBF measurement will allow a better understanding of clinical cases.", "PMID": 381007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5279", "title": "Platelet aggregation: methodology and physiopathology.", "content": "The physiopathological role of platelet aggregation in some thromboembolic and atherosclerotic complications is strongly suggested on the basis of many indirect findings. The qualitative methodological approach to this problem generally used until recently is rapidly giving way to a quantitative, biochemical approach. Platelet aggregation, however, even if expressed in terms of nanomoles of a product obtained in a sophisticated reaction system, will continue to deceive investigators and clinicians who fail to view it in the adequate (although still uncertain) context of rheological and vascular interactions.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation: methodology and physiopathology. The physiopathological role of platelet aggregation in some thromboembolic and atherosclerotic complications is strongly suggested on the basis of many indirect findings. The qualitative methodological approach to this problem generally used until recently is rapidly giving way to a quantitative, biochemical approach. Platelet aggregation, however, even if expressed in terms of nanomoles of a product obtained in a sophisticated reaction system, will continue to deceive investigators and clinicians who fail to view it in the adequate (although still uncertain) context of rheological and vascular interactions.", "PMID": 381008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5280", "title": "Induction of thymocytotoxic autoantibodies after injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice.", "content": "The injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli LPS) has been shown to induce thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in various strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, DBA/2, AKR, A/J and C3HeB/FeJ). Titers up to l:16 were observed. Such antibodies did not develop in C3H/HeJ mice which are low responders to LPS. The thymocytotoxic antibodies had the following characteristics: (a) 2-mercaptoethanol sensitivity, (b) optimal reactivity at 4 degrees C, (c) cytotoxicity for autologous and syngeneic thymocytes but not for spleen cells. The cytotoxicity decreased after absorption with thymocytes, spleen cells or brain tissue but not with kidney or liver homogenates. These LPS-induced thymocytotoxic antibodies were similar to the natural thymocytotoxic antibody occurring in NZB mice.", "contents": "Induction of thymocytotoxic autoantibodies after injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. The injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli LPS) has been shown to induce thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in various strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, DBA/2, AKR, A/J and C3HeB/FeJ). Titers up to l:16 were observed. Such antibodies did not develop in C3H/HeJ mice which are low responders to LPS. The thymocytotoxic antibodies had the following characteristics: (a) 2-mercaptoethanol sensitivity, (b) optimal reactivity at 4 degrees C, (c) cytotoxicity for autologous and syngeneic thymocytes but not for spleen cells. The cytotoxicity decreased after absorption with thymocytes, spleen cells or brain tissue but not with kidney or liver homogenates. These LPS-induced thymocytotoxic antibodies were similar to the natural thymocytotoxic antibody occurring in NZB mice.", "PMID": 381011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5281", "title": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. I. A Golgi study.", "content": "The central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the upper cervical cord of the cat was studied with the Golgi rapid, Golgi Cox, and Golgi Kopsch methods. The majority of the neurones were large, multipolar, with dendrites radiating out from the nucleus dorsolaterally, laterally, and ventrally. Occasionally, small triangular or spindle shaped neurones were seen with dendrites following the rounded countour of the CCN. The axons from the large neurones were mostly directed towards the anterior commissure. Occasionally, the initial part of the axons from the smaller neurones were observed. They gave off collaterals within the CCN. The bulk of afferents came from the dorsal funiculus and spread out to form an afferent plexus around the CCN neurones. A small number of afferents was observed from the lateral funiculus. They were thinner than those from the dorsal funiculus and entered the CCN from its lateral aspect. The afferents from the dorsal funiculus had the same orientation as the dorsolaterally directed dendrites and the lateral funicular afferents the same as the laterally oriented dendrites.", "contents": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. I. A Golgi study. The central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the upper cervical cord of the cat was studied with the Golgi rapid, Golgi Cox, and Golgi Kopsch methods. The majority of the neurones were large, multipolar, with dendrites radiating out from the nucleus dorsolaterally, laterally, and ventrally. Occasionally, small triangular or spindle shaped neurones were seen with dendrites following the rounded countour of the CCN. The axons from the large neurones were mostly directed towards the anterior commissure. Occasionally, the initial part of the axons from the smaller neurones were observed. They gave off collaterals within the CCN. The bulk of afferents came from the dorsal funiculus and spread out to form an afferent plexus around the CCN neurones. A small number of afferents was observed from the lateral funiculus. They were thinner than those from the dorsal funiculus and entered the CCN from its lateral aspect. The afferents from the dorsal funiculus had the same orientation as the dorsolaterally directed dendrites and the lateral funicular afferents the same as the laterally oriented dendrites.", "PMID": 381012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5282", "title": "Autolytic changes in the rat adenohypophysis. A histologic, immunocytologic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Thirty-nine adult female Long Evans rats were decapitated and the heads stored at room temperature. The pituitaries were removed at intervals from 30 minutes to seven days, fixed, embedded and studied by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, changes were noticeable after two hours postmortem. Immunoperoxidase staining showed postivity for growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH and TSH up to seven days after sacrifice, appearing even stronger in the advanced stages of autolysis. Fine structural alterations were evident at 30 minutes and more conspicuous later. Changes included dilation, partial degranulation and whorl formation of RER, swelling of Golgi complexes and mitochondria, chromatin clumping, lysis, rhexis and pyknosis of nuclei, cytosegresome formation and disruption of cell membranes. Secretory granules remained well preserved throughout, although some exhibited fusion or reduced electron density. Dilation of capillaries with accumulation of erythrocytes, platelets and fibrin fibers were prominent findings. The severity of changes varied considerably from cell to cell indicating that the rate of autolysis is not the same among different cell types and is possibly affected by the actual functional state of the cell. It appears that increased membrane permeability and disruption of plasmalemma represent important steps in the autolytic process.", "contents": "Autolytic changes in the rat adenohypophysis. A histologic, immunocytologic and electron microscopic study. Thirty-nine adult female Long Evans rats were decapitated and the heads stored at room temperature. The pituitaries were removed at intervals from 30 minutes to seven days, fixed, embedded and studied by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, changes were noticeable after two hours postmortem. Immunoperoxidase staining showed postivity for growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH and TSH up to seven days after sacrifice, appearing even stronger in the advanced stages of autolysis. Fine structural alterations were evident at 30 minutes and more conspicuous later. Changes included dilation, partial degranulation and whorl formation of RER, swelling of Golgi complexes and mitochondria, chromatin clumping, lysis, rhexis and pyknosis of nuclei, cytosegresome formation and disruption of cell membranes. Secretory granules remained well preserved throughout, although some exhibited fusion or reduced electron density. Dilation of capillaries with accumulation of erythrocytes, platelets and fibrin fibers were prominent findings. The severity of changes varied considerably from cell to cell indicating that the rate of autolysis is not the same among different cell types and is possibly affected by the actual functional state of the cell. It appears that increased membrane permeability and disruption of plasmalemma represent important steps in the autolytic process.", "PMID": 381013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5283", "title": "Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in Hydra.", "content": "Substance P-like immunoreactivity was found in Hydra attenuata mainly but not exclusively in the nerve and interstitial cells, localized in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface membranes.", "contents": "Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in Hydra. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was found in Hydra attenuata mainly but not exclusively in the nerve and interstitial cells, localized in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface membranes.", "PMID": 381014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5284", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of some indolo[2,3-c]isoquinoline derivatives.", "content": "Indolo[2,3-c]isoquinoline derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activities. Some of them display good in vitro activity against fungi and gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of some indolo[2,3-c]isoquinoline derivatives. Indolo[2,3-c]isoquinoline derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activities. Some of them display good in vitro activity against fungi and gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 381015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5285", "title": "[A study on the immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in villi by radioimmunoassay in the first trimester (author's transl)].", "content": "We extracted the immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (IR-LHRH) from villous and plasma in the first trimester of pregnancy with 0.2N acetic acid and the florisil absorbtion method. Recovery rate was 40.0 +/- 4.08% in the former and 62.5 +/- 9.5% in the latter, respectively. These IR-LHRH were measured by radioimmunoassay, which showed sensitivity from 5 to 500 pg/ml. The villous IR-LHRH was compared with synthetic LH-RH by a dilution curve in different concentrations and the column gel filtration of sephadex-G25. The dilution curve of synthetic LH-RH and sample material showed a significant correlation, and the elution time of villous IR-LHRH on the column was something faster than that of synthetic LH-RH. The concentration of villous IR-LHRH showed 20--100 pg/0.1g dry weight in the first trimester of pregnancy, and the peak was at 9 weeks of normal pregnancy and at 8 weeks of inevitable abortion respectively, but these IR-LHRH levels were not changed between pre- and post-dilation and curettage. From this evidence, we considered that IR-LHRH show activity of the local hormone in villous tissue similar to somatostation.", "contents": "[A study on the immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in villi by radioimmunoassay in the first trimester (author's transl)]. We extracted the immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (IR-LHRH) from villous and plasma in the first trimester of pregnancy with 0.2N acetic acid and the florisil absorbtion method. Recovery rate was 40.0 +/- 4.08% in the former and 62.5 +/- 9.5% in the latter, respectively. These IR-LHRH were measured by radioimmunoassay, which showed sensitivity from 5 to 500 pg/ml. The villous IR-LHRH was compared with synthetic LH-RH by a dilution curve in different concentrations and the column gel filtration of sephadex-G25. The dilution curve of synthetic LH-RH and sample material showed a significant correlation, and the elution time of villous IR-LHRH on the column was something faster than that of synthetic LH-RH. The concentration of villous IR-LHRH showed 20--100 pg/0.1g dry weight in the first trimester of pregnancy, and the peak was at 9 weeks of normal pregnancy and at 8 weeks of inevitable abortion respectively, but these IR-LHRH levels were not changed between pre- and post-dilation and curettage. From this evidence, we considered that IR-LHRH show activity of the local hormone in villous tissue similar to somatostation.", "PMID": 381036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5286", "title": "Direct immunofluorescence studies in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and granulomatosis disciformis Miescher.", "content": "Direct immunofluorescence studies in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and granulomatosis disciformis Miescher are reported. In all 29 cases fibrillar deposits of fibrin in the necrobiotic areas have been found. Complement, mainly C3, was present in the region of the dermo-epidermal junction in 83% of the cases. Although the walls of the vessels in the superficial layers of the dermis showed a positive staining with antifibrinogen and complement, those around the necrobiotic areas were negative in most of the cases. The possible significance of these findings for the pathogenesis has been discussed.", "contents": "Direct immunofluorescence studies in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and granulomatosis disciformis Miescher. Direct immunofluorescence studies in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and granulomatosis disciformis Miescher are reported. In all 29 cases fibrillar deposits of fibrin in the necrobiotic areas have been found. Complement, mainly C3, was present in the region of the dermo-epidermal junction in 83% of the cases. Although the walls of the vessels in the superficial layers of the dermis showed a positive staining with antifibrinogen and complement, those around the necrobiotic areas were negative in most of the cases. The possible significance of these findings for the pathogenesis has been discussed.", "PMID": 381068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5287", "title": "Particular RNA fragments as promoters of leukocyte and platelet formation in rabbits.", "content": "Under well-defined conditions, ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli is fragmented by pancreatic ribonuclease, leading to the appearance of particular RNA fragments. Some of these fragments act as primers for in vitro replication of DNA extracted from blood-cell and platelet-forming tissues. In experimental rabbits they restore in a rapid and harmless way normal circulating leukocyte and platelet levels when these have been drastically decreased by various chemotherapeutic agents mainly used in anticancer therapy. Imbalance between polynuclear and lymphocyte count provoked in rabbits by cyclophosphamide can be rapidly corrected by treating the animal with active RNA fragments.", "contents": "Particular RNA fragments as promoters of leukocyte and platelet formation in rabbits. Under well-defined conditions, ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli is fragmented by pancreatic ribonuclease, leading to the appearance of particular RNA fragments. Some of these fragments act as primers for in vitro replication of DNA extracted from blood-cell and platelet-forming tissues. In experimental rabbits they restore in a rapid and harmless way normal circulating leukocyte and platelet levels when these have been drastically decreased by various chemotherapeutic agents mainly used in anticancer therapy. Imbalance between polynuclear and lymphocyte count provoked in rabbits by cyclophosphamide can be rapidly corrected by treating the animal with active RNA fragments.", "PMID": 381069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5288", "title": "Biological activity of synthetic subunits of streptococcus peptidoglycan. I. Pyrogenic and thrombocytolytic activity.", "content": "The ability of some synthetically prepared analogues of Streptococcus peptidoglycan subunits (dipeptide, tetrapeptide, glycodipeptide and glycotetrapeptide) to cause fever in rabbits and lysis of rabbit blood platelets was studied. While di- and tetrapeptides did not exhibit these activities, glycodipeptides and glycotetrapeptides displayed pyrogenic and thrombocytolytic activities comparable with those of natural peptidoglycans.", "contents": "Biological activity of synthetic subunits of streptococcus peptidoglycan. I. Pyrogenic and thrombocytolytic activity. The ability of some synthetically prepared analogues of Streptococcus peptidoglycan subunits (dipeptide, tetrapeptide, glycodipeptide and glycotetrapeptide) to cause fever in rabbits and lysis of rabbit blood platelets was studied. While di- and tetrapeptides did not exhibit these activities, glycodipeptides and glycotetrapeptides displayed pyrogenic and thrombocytolytic activities comparable with those of natural peptidoglycans.", "PMID": 381070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5289", "title": "Suppressive action of Candida albicans on the immune response in mice.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine whether Candida albicans infection has a suppressive effect on the immune response in mice and, if so, whether the suppressive effect influences the response towards T-dependent or T-independent antigens. ICR mice were injected with SRBC with or without C. albicans, or with bacterial LPS with or without C. albicans. The immune response of the mice towards SRBC or towards the LPS was compared by the assay for PFC, hemagglutination and hemolysis tests. The results showed a decrease in the number of PFC in spleens of mice inoculated with SRBC and C. albicans as compared to mice inoculated with SRBC alone, but no decrease in animals injected with LPS and C. albicans as compared to those immunized with LPS alone. No significant differences in the titers of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in sera of mice inoculated with SRBC or with SRBC and C. albicans were observed. C. albicans infection had no effect at all on the hemagglutinins and hemolysins titers in sera of mice inoculated with LPS. These data indicate that C. albicans affects the early phase of the immune response primarily towards T dependent antigens.", "contents": "Suppressive action of Candida albicans on the immune response in mice. This study was carried out to determine whether Candida albicans infection has a suppressive effect on the immune response in mice and, if so, whether the suppressive effect influences the response towards T-dependent or T-independent antigens. ICR mice were injected with SRBC with or without C. albicans, or with bacterial LPS with or without C. albicans. The immune response of the mice towards SRBC or towards the LPS was compared by the assay for PFC, hemagglutination and hemolysis tests. The results showed a decrease in the number of PFC in spleens of mice inoculated with SRBC and C. albicans as compared to mice inoculated with SRBC alone, but no decrease in animals injected with LPS and C. albicans as compared to those immunized with LPS alone. No significant differences in the titers of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in sera of mice inoculated with SRBC or with SRBC and C. albicans were observed. C. albicans infection had no effect at all on the hemagglutinins and hemolysins titers in sera of mice inoculated with LPS. These data indicate that C. albicans affects the early phase of the immune response primarily towards T dependent antigens.", "PMID": 381071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5290", "title": "Frequency, serodiagnosis and epidemiological features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and epidemiology and vaccination policy for measles in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).", "content": "In the FRG, SSPE, a slow infection of the brain in children and young adults, known to be associated with a chronic measles virus infection, has an estimated incidence of 2.6 cases per million total population (61 million) and 9.7 cases per million population below the age of 19 years (16 million). In the 156 SSPE cases between 1968 and 1977 the characteristic clinical, epidemiological and serological features were found. Measles antibodies were present in the CSF and the serum titers as measured in conventional (CF--HI--IFA) and new (RIA and ELISA) tests were significantly higher than those in siblings, parents, age-matched controls as well as in patients with recent measles or after live measles vaccination. Only in children with recent wild virus infection after previous vaccination with inactivated Split measles vaccine were similar elevated serum antibody levels observed. In the SSPE cases as well as in the former group, antibodies of the IgM-class were seldom detectable and isolation of infectious measles virus from brain tissue and lymphnode derived cell cultures was rarely accomplished. The search for a co-factor or triggering agent of SSPE such as inactivated or live measles virus vaccination, concomitant childhood infection or vaccination with onset of measles or SSPE was inclusive. The seroepidemiological observation of higher frequency and titer levels of EBV- and toxoplasmosis antibody in SSPE patients as compared to siblings and parents and the suspicion that arbor virus infection may have some influence on triggering SSPE must be further substantiated. It appears that this relatively rare disease arises after an early, normal measles infection in an immunologically competent child without special genetic characteristics, mainly belonging to the lower socio-economic group, by a change of the measles virus and the immune response of the host.", "contents": "Frequency, serodiagnosis and epidemiological features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and epidemiology and vaccination policy for measles in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In the FRG, SSPE, a slow infection of the brain in children and young adults, known to be associated with a chronic measles virus infection, has an estimated incidence of 2.6 cases per million total population (61 million) and 9.7 cases per million population below the age of 19 years (16 million). In the 156 SSPE cases between 1968 and 1977 the characteristic clinical, epidemiological and serological features were found. Measles antibodies were present in the CSF and the serum titers as measured in conventional (CF--HI--IFA) and new (RIA and ELISA) tests were significantly higher than those in siblings, parents, age-matched controls as well as in patients with recent measles or after live measles vaccination. Only in children with recent wild virus infection after previous vaccination with inactivated Split measles vaccine were similar elevated serum antibody levels observed. In the SSPE cases as well as in the former group, antibodies of the IgM-class were seldom detectable and isolation of infectious measles virus from brain tissue and lymphnode derived cell cultures was rarely accomplished. The search for a co-factor or triggering agent of SSPE such as inactivated or live measles virus vaccination, concomitant childhood infection or vaccination with onset of measles or SSPE was inclusive. The seroepidemiological observation of higher frequency and titer levels of EBV- and toxoplasmosis antibody in SSPE patients as compared to siblings and parents and the suspicion that arbor virus infection may have some influence on triggering SSPE must be further substantiated. It appears that this relatively rare disease arises after an early, normal measles infection in an immunologically competent child without special genetic characteristics, mainly belonging to the lower socio-economic group, by a change of the measles virus and the immune response of the host.", "PMID": 381072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5291", "title": "Clinical trial with an anti-rabies human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV).", "content": "A clinical trial with an anti-rabies human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) M\u00e9rieux, has been carried out by the Government Central Laboratories and the District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel, on 25 persons bitten by stray dogs and cats. These bitten persons were given 6 injections of the above-mentioned vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 post-exposure. A through medical examination was carried out by a qualified physician in order to establish the local and systemic side effects. These side effects were trivial and were mostly observed with the third and fourth injections. In addition a neutralization test on mice was carried out with all sera taken on the days of injection. There was a prompt and adequate development of neutralizing antibodies even on the seventh day after the beginning of treatment, and before the fourth injection. In several cases there was a very high level of neutralizing antibodies even reaching as much as 500 I.U./ml. In conclusion these results have shown that the diploid cell vaccine is a very safe immunogenic vaccine and the authors recommend its use for pre- and post-exposure.", "contents": "Clinical trial with an anti-rabies human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV). A clinical trial with an anti-rabies human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) M\u00e9rieux, has been carried out by the Government Central Laboratories and the District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel, on 25 persons bitten by stray dogs and cats. These bitten persons were given 6 injections of the above-mentioned vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 post-exposure. A through medical examination was carried out by a qualified physician in order to establish the local and systemic side effects. These side effects were trivial and were mostly observed with the third and fourth injections. In addition a neutralization test on mice was carried out with all sera taken on the days of injection. There was a prompt and adequate development of neutralizing antibodies even on the seventh day after the beginning of treatment, and before the fourth injection. In several cases there was a very high level of neutralizing antibodies even reaching as much as 500 I.U./ml. In conclusion these results have shown that the diploid cell vaccine is a very safe immunogenic vaccine and the authors recommend its use for pre- and post-exposure.", "PMID": 381073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5292", "title": "[Antitetanus vaccination: preliminary results of a study in Africa].", "content": "Two commercialized anatoxins, titrating 30 Lf per dose and adsorbed on Ca phosphate and Al hydroxide respectively, were studied in comparison with an experimental anatoxin titrating 25 Lf per dose and adsorbed on Al phosphate, and with a placebo. 595 schoolchildren from Cameroun were randomly assigned to four groups and inoculated twice, with a year's interval between the two inoculations. Serological checks were carried out by double-blind trials using the passive hemagglutination (HA) method on days 7, 90, 365 and 395. HA titers rose substantially after three months and then fell during the 12th month. The HA method does not give a clear indication of the amount of protection obtained after only one inoculation, but this amount would seem to be small according to the results of neutralization tests carried out on samples. It is only after the second injection that protection is provided for most subjects. Results vary depending on the anatoxin and are not linked to the--benign--clinical reactions observed. This study confirms that if anatoxins with high antigenicity are to be used, two injections are necessary and sufficient to guarantee good immunity protection.", "contents": "[Antitetanus vaccination: preliminary results of a study in Africa]. Two commercialized anatoxins, titrating 30 Lf per dose and adsorbed on Ca phosphate and Al hydroxide respectively, were studied in comparison with an experimental anatoxin titrating 25 Lf per dose and adsorbed on Al phosphate, and with a placebo. 595 schoolchildren from Cameroun were randomly assigned to four groups and inoculated twice, with a year's interval between the two inoculations. Serological checks were carried out by double-blind trials using the passive hemagglutination (HA) method on days 7, 90, 365 and 395. HA titers rose substantially after three months and then fell during the 12th month. The HA method does not give a clear indication of the amount of protection obtained after only one inoculation, but this amount would seem to be small according to the results of neutralization tests carried out on samples. It is only after the second injection that protection is provided for most subjects. Results vary depending on the anatoxin and are not linked to the--benign--clinical reactions observed. This study confirms that if anatoxins with high antigenicity are to be used, two injections are necessary and sufficient to guarantee good immunity protection.", "PMID": 381074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5293", "title": "Some problems--and their solutions--in the production of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine.", "content": "The desirability of choosing methods and equipment to meet local needs such as yield per cycle and ready availability of components of media and other reagents, and of simple equipment such as good quality glassware, of replacement parts for more complex equipment, and, most of all, of technical assistance is emphasised. Particular emphasis is given to ways of increasing yield from agar and static-liquid culture and to simple methods of separating bacteria from large volumes of culture using bacterial-precipitants. Designs are given for simple growth and mixing vessels, including magnetically-stirred units which require a minimum of servicing. It is strongly recommended that the basic production-unit should be a simple, multipurpose, high-quality stainless-steel vessel of appropriate size: such a unit has a working-life of at least 10 years. Regardless of the type of equipment used, simple or complex, the need, at all times, for well-trained technical staff is also stressed.", "contents": "Some problems--and their solutions--in the production of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine. The desirability of choosing methods and equipment to meet local needs such as yield per cycle and ready availability of components of media and other reagents, and of simple equipment such as good quality glassware, of replacement parts for more complex equipment, and, most of all, of technical assistance is emphasised. Particular emphasis is given to ways of increasing yield from agar and static-liquid culture and to simple methods of separating bacteria from large volumes of culture using bacterial-precipitants. Designs are given for simple growth and mixing vessels, including magnetically-stirred units which require a minimum of servicing. It is strongly recommended that the basic production-unit should be a simple, multipurpose, high-quality stainless-steel vessel of appropriate size: such a unit has a working-life of at least 10 years. Regardless of the type of equipment used, simple or complex, the need, at all times, for well-trained technical staff is also stressed.", "PMID": 381075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5294", "title": "Potency and suppurative adenitis in BCG vaccination.", "content": "Studies performed up to now in animal and man show that potent BCG strains guarantee a higher protection against tuberculosis than strains with weak virulence. Vaccine prepared from a strong BCG strain may be administered in lower doses, reducing the incidence of suppurative adenitis to a level acceptable by the individual patients and the health authorities.", "contents": "Potency and suppurative adenitis in BCG vaccination. Studies performed up to now in animal and man show that potent BCG strains guarantee a higher protection against tuberculosis than strains with weak virulence. Vaccine prepared from a strong BCG strain may be administered in lower doses, reducing the incidence of suppurative adenitis to a level acceptable by the individual patients and the health authorities.", "PMID": 381076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5295", "title": "Experience with testing for mycoplasma with five different methods.", "content": "Five methods for mycoplasma-content detection in cell-cultures are established in this laboratory. Results with about 20 different cell lines continuously grown in this laboratory in some determinations indicate that four methods give good correspondence. A microbiological method gave contrary results in many cases. It is possible that new infections will grow on mycoplasma broth but the older infections are adapted to cell-culture and give negative results on artificial medium. New low-level infections cannot be detected by the other methods which do not include any efficient enrichment step. The most convenient method in our opinion is a DNA-staining method according to Chen because this is a very quick, inexpensive and easily performable process. In practice it seems necessary to check cell cultures in two ways, firstly with a quick method and additionally with the microbiological test to ensure the detection of new low-level infections.", "contents": "Experience with testing for mycoplasma with five different methods. Five methods for mycoplasma-content detection in cell-cultures are established in this laboratory. Results with about 20 different cell lines continuously grown in this laboratory in some determinations indicate that four methods give good correspondence. A microbiological method gave contrary results in many cases. It is possible that new infections will grow on mycoplasma broth but the older infections are adapted to cell-culture and give negative results on artificial medium. New low-level infections cannot be detected by the other methods which do not include any efficient enrichment step. The most convenient method in our opinion is a DNA-staining method according to Chen because this is a very quick, inexpensive and easily performable process. In practice it seems necessary to check cell cultures in two ways, firstly with a quick method and additionally with the microbiological test to ensure the detection of new low-level infections.", "PMID": 381077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5296", "title": "Central nervous system defects in early human abortuses.", "content": "Thirteen embryos with various central nervous system (cns) defects were examined macroscopically and by serial sectioning, and were compared with seven control embryos. All had been aborted spontaneously. Examples of anencephaly, anencephaly with spina bifida, spina bifida alone, encephalocele, iniencephaly and cyclops were found. Histological assessment was directed mainly to the cns, the skeletal axis, the neural-crest derivatives and remaining viscera. The cns was affected by postmortem change in some cases. Brain tissue was absent in most anencephalic embryos and spinal-cord tissue was absent at the level of the external lesion in all except one of the spina-bifida embryos. Defects such as diastematomyelia were found occasionally. Widespread abnormalities were found in the cartilaginous vertebral colun. The meninges were unusually vascular, but other neural crest derivatives appeared to be normal. The possible causes of absent brain or spinal cord are discussed and the findings are compared with the pathology of cns defects in childhood.", "contents": "Central nervous system defects in early human abortuses. Thirteen embryos with various central nervous system (cns) defects were examined macroscopically and by serial sectioning, and were compared with seven control embryos. All had been aborted spontaneously. Examples of anencephaly, anencephaly with spina bifida, spina bifida alone, encephalocele, iniencephaly and cyclops were found. Histological assessment was directed mainly to the cns, the skeletal axis, the neural-crest derivatives and remaining viscera. The cns was affected by postmortem change in some cases. Brain tissue was absent in most anencephalic embryos and spinal-cord tissue was absent at the level of the external lesion in all except one of the spina-bifida embryos. Defects such as diastematomyelia were found occasionally. Widespread abnormalities were found in the cartilaginous vertebral colun. The meninges were unusually vascular, but other neural crest derivatives appeared to be normal. The possible causes of absent brain or spinal cord are discussed and the findings are compared with the pathology of cns defects in childhood.", "PMID": 381080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5297", "title": "Methods of assessing diabetic control.", "content": "Control of diabetes from complete normalisation to less adequate degrees of metabolic regulation needs to be assessed with regard to conditions of evaluation and to severity of the disease. Under optimal conditions the therapeutic events should occur with well-timed regularity. Different assessment criteria are appropriate depending on the severity of the deficiency of endogenous insulin. Plasma and urine glucose and ketone body measurements remain the practical standards for assessing diabetic control. Abnormalities of lipid and protein metabolites serve to augment the scope of the assessment. Triglycerides and haemoglobin AIc are also useful indicators of control. In mild (Type II) diabetes it may be possible to achieve normal plasma glucose measurements two hours after meals. Such aims carry a risk of hypoglycaemia in severe (Type I) diabetes. Normoglycaemia and aglycosuria in severe diabetes are feasible only preprandially in most cases. The use of urine glucose tests requires evaluation of blood-to-urine glucose relationships. Practical and convenient methods for identifying patients with high or low \"renal thresholds\" are described. Investigational methods for characterising diabetic patients assess the variability of glucose and other variables during therapy, as well as the degree to which normal values are attained. Such assessment methods may gain increasing practical importance as therapeutic approaches to diabetic control which are experimental at present come into practice.", "contents": "Methods of assessing diabetic control. Control of diabetes from complete normalisation to less adequate degrees of metabolic regulation needs to be assessed with regard to conditions of evaluation and to severity of the disease. Under optimal conditions the therapeutic events should occur with well-timed regularity. Different assessment criteria are appropriate depending on the severity of the deficiency of endogenous insulin. Plasma and urine glucose and ketone body measurements remain the practical standards for assessing diabetic control. Abnormalities of lipid and protein metabolites serve to augment the scope of the assessment. Triglycerides and haemoglobin AIc are also useful indicators of control. In mild (Type II) diabetes it may be possible to achieve normal plasma glucose measurements two hours after meals. Such aims carry a risk of hypoglycaemia in severe (Type I) diabetes. Normoglycaemia and aglycosuria in severe diabetes are feasible only preprandially in most cases. The use of urine glucose tests requires evaluation of blood-to-urine glucose relationships. Practical and convenient methods for identifying patients with high or low \"renal thresholds\" are described. Investigational methods for characterising diabetic patients assess the variability of glucose and other variables during therapy, as well as the degree to which normal values are attained. Such assessment methods may gain increasing practical importance as therapeutic approaches to diabetic control which are experimental at present come into practice.", "PMID": 381083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5298", "title": "Comparative study on antitumor effect of cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Nocardia rubra, with reference to T-cell dependency and independency.", "content": "Antitumor activity induced by the oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N-CWS) was compared with that of the oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) in syngeneic BALB/c tumor-host systems. In normal BALB/c mice (+/+), N-CWS exhibited stronger suppressive effect on syngeneic Br-1 and MCA tumors than did BCG-CWS. In athymic nude mice (nu/nu), BCG-CWS was as effective as N-CWS for the suppression of growth of such tumors. Suppressive effect of N-CWS treatment appears to be stronger to some extent in +/+ mice than in nu/nu mice. Immune spleen cells obtained from +/+ mice after footpad inoculation of MCA tumor cells mixed with N-CWS were effective in suppressing the MCA tumor growth, although those obtained from mice after inoculation of MCA tumor cells mixed with BCG-CWS did not exhibit a suppressive effect. This antitumor activity of immune spleen cells may be attributed to tumor-specific killer T cells. The differences of antitumor activities induced by these agents were discussed with reference to T-cell dependency and independency.", "contents": "Comparative study on antitumor effect of cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Nocardia rubra, with reference to T-cell dependency and independency. Antitumor activity induced by the oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N-CWS) was compared with that of the oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) in syngeneic BALB/c tumor-host systems. In normal BALB/c mice (+/+), N-CWS exhibited stronger suppressive effect on syngeneic Br-1 and MCA tumors than did BCG-CWS. In athymic nude mice (nu/nu), BCG-CWS was as effective as N-CWS for the suppression of growth of such tumors. Suppressive effect of N-CWS treatment appears to be stronger to some extent in +/+ mice than in nu/nu mice. Immune spleen cells obtained from +/+ mice after footpad inoculation of MCA tumor cells mixed with N-CWS were effective in suppressing the MCA tumor growth, although those obtained from mice after inoculation of MCA tumor cells mixed with BCG-CWS did not exhibit a suppressive effect. This antitumor activity of immune spleen cells may be attributed to tumor-specific killer T cells. The differences of antitumor activities induced by these agents were discussed with reference to T-cell dependency and independency.", "PMID": 381087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5299", "title": "Effect of coadministration of uracil or cytosine on the anti-tumor activity of clinical doses of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and level of 5-fluorouracil in rodents.", "content": "Concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the tumor, blood, and various organs of AH130-bearing rats after administration of clinical doses of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207) and uracil was examined. The concentration of 5-FU in blood was less than 0.02 microgram/ml with all combinations of FT-207 and uracil except high molar ratios of uracil to FT-207 (ratio, 5 and 10), whereas high concentrations of up to a maximum of 0.200 microgram/g on administration of uracil plus 5 or 7.5 mg/kg of FT-207 (ratio, 4), was found in the tumor. On oral administration of FT-207 plus uracil in various combinations, the highest T/B (ratio of concentration of 5-FU in the tumor to that in blood) value was obtained at a ratio of uracil to FT-207 of 4. With this combination, 5-FU concentration in the tumor, muscle, and spleen was higher than that after administration of FT-207 alone (5 mg/kg). These results suggest that at the clinical doses the optimum molar ratio of uracil to FT-207 is 4. Coadministration of cytosine enhanced the antitumor activity of FT-207 on sarcoma-180 in mice. However, cytosine enhanced the antitumor activity of FT-207 less than uracil and its coadministration resulted in a lower concentration of 5-FU in the tumor than coadministration of uracil.", "contents": "Effect of coadministration of uracil or cytosine on the anti-tumor activity of clinical doses of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and level of 5-fluorouracil in rodents. Concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the tumor, blood, and various organs of AH130-bearing rats after administration of clinical doses of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207) and uracil was examined. The concentration of 5-FU in blood was less than 0.02 microgram/ml with all combinations of FT-207 and uracil except high molar ratios of uracil to FT-207 (ratio, 5 and 10), whereas high concentrations of up to a maximum of 0.200 microgram/g on administration of uracil plus 5 or 7.5 mg/kg of FT-207 (ratio, 4), was found in the tumor. On oral administration of FT-207 plus uracil in various combinations, the highest T/B (ratio of concentration of 5-FU in the tumor to that in blood) value was obtained at a ratio of uracil to FT-207 of 4. With this combination, 5-FU concentration in the tumor, muscle, and spleen was higher than that after administration of FT-207 alone (5 mg/kg). These results suggest that at the clinical doses the optimum molar ratio of uracil to FT-207 is 4. Coadministration of cytosine enhanced the antitumor activity of FT-207 on sarcoma-180 in mice. However, cytosine enhanced the antitumor activity of FT-207 less than uracil and its coadministration resulted in a lower concentration of 5-FU in the tumor than coadministration of uracil.", "PMID": 381088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5300", "title": "Activation of peritoneal macrophages by oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of BCG and Nocardia rubra.", "content": "The effect of oil-attached cell-wall skeletons of BCG (BCG-CWS) and Nocardia rubra (N. rubra-CWS) on macrophage functions was examined regarding phagocytosis of zymosan particles, uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG), and cytostatic activity against syngeneic tumor cells. A single intraperitoneal injection of either BCG-CWS or N. rubra-CWS in mice resulted in accumulation of a large number of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. They demonstrated, in vitro, a significant cytostatic effect on target cells as well as increase in phagocytic activity and uptake of 2-dG. These results suggest that one of underlying mechanisms for the antitumor activity of BCG-CWS and N. rubra-CWS is possibly the activated macrophage-mediated system.", "contents": "Activation of peritoneal macrophages by oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of BCG and Nocardia rubra. The effect of oil-attached cell-wall skeletons of BCG (BCG-CWS) and Nocardia rubra (N. rubra-CWS) on macrophage functions was examined regarding phagocytosis of zymosan particles, uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG), and cytostatic activity against syngeneic tumor cells. A single intraperitoneal injection of either BCG-CWS or N. rubra-CWS in mice resulted in accumulation of a large number of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. They demonstrated, in vitro, a significant cytostatic effect on target cells as well as increase in phagocytic activity and uptake of 2-dG. These results suggest that one of underlying mechanisms for the antitumor activity of BCG-CWS and N. rubra-CWS is possibly the activated macrophage-mediated system.", "PMID": 381089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5301", "title": "Antigen characteristics of nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder cancer in rats.", "content": "Antigens expressed on urinary bladder cancer cells of transplantation and tissue culture lines, which originated in tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in individual ACI/N rats, were studied by several immunological methods. Tumor-specific transplantation antigen was determined by transplantability of cancer cells into syngeneic rats which had been immunized with the respective cancer cells by the ligation-and-release method. Two out of 6 bladder cancer lines showed high antigenicity but antigenicities of the other 4 lines were of low or undetectable level. Cross resistance was observed in the transplantation immunity among the 2 high antigenic lines but not in the other lines. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was assayed by the microtestplate method. The lymphoid cells from ACI rats hyper-immunized with cancer cells of a high antigenic line showed a marked cytotoxicity against cancer cells of the immunizing line but not to cells of the other bladder cancer lines including another high antigenic line that induced a cross resistance in transplantation immunity. Tumor-associated cell-surface antigen was detected by membrane immunofluorescence test with serum which was raised in allogeneic Donryu rat by the high antigenic bladder cancer and absorbed with normal ACI rat tissues. The absorbed serum gave positive membrane fluorescence to cancer cells of the immunizing line and 2 other bladder cancer lines but not to cells of other 4 bladder lines and ACI tumors other than bladder cancer. The common antigen detected by the serological method was not reflected either in transplantation immunity or cell-mediated cytotoxicity of the immune lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Antigen characteristics of nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder cancer in rats. Antigens expressed on urinary bladder cancer cells of transplantation and tissue culture lines, which originated in tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in individual ACI/N rats, were studied by several immunological methods. Tumor-specific transplantation antigen was determined by transplantability of cancer cells into syngeneic rats which had been immunized with the respective cancer cells by the ligation-and-release method. Two out of 6 bladder cancer lines showed high antigenicity but antigenicities of the other 4 lines were of low or undetectable level. Cross resistance was observed in the transplantation immunity among the 2 high antigenic lines but not in the other lines. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was assayed by the microtestplate method. The lymphoid cells from ACI rats hyper-immunized with cancer cells of a high antigenic line showed a marked cytotoxicity against cancer cells of the immunizing line but not to cells of the other bladder cancer lines including another high antigenic line that induced a cross resistance in transplantation immunity. Tumor-associated cell-surface antigen was detected by membrane immunofluorescence test with serum which was raised in allogeneic Donryu rat by the high antigenic bladder cancer and absorbed with normal ACI rat tissues. The absorbed serum gave positive membrane fluorescence to cancer cells of the immunizing line and 2 other bladder cancer lines but not to cells of other 4 bladder lines and ACI tumors other than bladder cancer. The common antigen detected by the serological method was not reflected either in transplantation immunity or cell-mediated cytotoxicity of the immune lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 381090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5302", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. A randomized, double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind study was made of the comparative effectiveness of cimetidine in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. The study group was composed of 27 patients with acute episodes of alcoholic pancreatitis of mild to moderate severity. The patients were randomized into 2 groups, either receiving cimetidine, 300 mg four times daily or a placebo. Both groups were given intravenous fluids and meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) as needed. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups as measured by a variety of clinical and laboratory parameters. The mean value of the daily serum amylase in the placebo group declined steadily to normal; hyperamylasemia in this group persisted for 52 +/- 11 hr (mean +/- SE). By contrast, serum amylase in the cimetidine group peaked at 24 hr after the start of treatment and remained abnormal slightly longer; the duration of hyperamylasemia in the group was 69 +/- 10 hr. It is concluded that: (1) cimetidine is not superior to a placebo in the management of mild to moderately severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis and (2) serum amylase activity in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis given cimetidine tends to be greater and hyperamylasemia is of somewhat longer duration than in those treated with a placebo.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. A randomized, double-blind study. A double-blind study was made of the comparative effectiveness of cimetidine in the treatment of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. The study group was composed of 27 patients with acute episodes of alcoholic pancreatitis of mild to moderate severity. The patients were randomized into 2 groups, either receiving cimetidine, 300 mg four times daily or a placebo. Both groups were given intravenous fluids and meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) as needed. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups as measured by a variety of clinical and laboratory parameters. The mean value of the daily serum amylase in the placebo group declined steadily to normal; hyperamylasemia in this group persisted for 52 +/- 11 hr (mean +/- SE). By contrast, serum amylase in the cimetidine group peaked at 24 hr after the start of treatment and remained abnormal slightly longer; the duration of hyperamylasemia in the group was 69 +/- 10 hr. It is concluded that: (1) cimetidine is not superior to a placebo in the management of mild to moderately severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis and (2) serum amylase activity in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis given cimetidine tends to be greater and hyperamylasemia is of somewhat longer duration than in those treated with a placebo.", "PMID": 381092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5303", "title": "Cimetidine versus antacid in scleroderma with reflux esophagitis. A randomized double-blind controlled study.", "content": "The effectiveness of cimetidine vs. antacid in the treatment of patients with scleroderma and symptomatic reflux esophagitis was studied in a double-blind cross-over controlled trial. Fifteen patients were initially randomized to either cimetidine (300 mg four times daily) with placebo antacid, or placebo tablet (1 four times daily) with Mylanta II (30 ml four times daily and PRN). After 8 wk of therapy on the initial regimen, each patient was crossed over to the alternate regimen for an additional 8 wk of therapy. The severity of symptoms during each treatment period was estimated by patient interviews and changes in esophagitis were evaluated endoscopically. Cimetidine gave significantly greater relief of heartburn than antacid regardless of the initial randomization. Cimetidine also resulted in significant endoscopic improvement of the esophageal mucosa whereas antacid was without effect. Neither cimetidine nor antacid produced any improvement in esophageal stricture size or lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Cimetidine was without toxicity whereas antacid therapy frequently produced diarrhea.", "contents": "Cimetidine versus antacid in scleroderma with reflux esophagitis. A randomized double-blind controlled study. The effectiveness of cimetidine vs. antacid in the treatment of patients with scleroderma and symptomatic reflux esophagitis was studied in a double-blind cross-over controlled trial. Fifteen patients were initially randomized to either cimetidine (300 mg four times daily) with placebo antacid, or placebo tablet (1 four times daily) with Mylanta II (30 ml four times daily and PRN). After 8 wk of therapy on the initial regimen, each patient was crossed over to the alternate regimen for an additional 8 wk of therapy. The severity of symptoms during each treatment period was estimated by patient interviews and changes in esophagitis were evaluated endoscopically. Cimetidine gave significantly greater relief of heartburn than antacid regardless of the initial randomization. Cimetidine also resulted in significant endoscopic improvement of the esophageal mucosa whereas antacid was without effect. Neither cimetidine nor antacid produced any improvement in esophageal stricture size or lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Cimetidine was without toxicity whereas antacid therapy frequently produced diarrhea.", "PMID": 381093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5304", "title": "Clinical features and natural history of Crohn's disease.", "content": "Records of 1084 patients entered into the National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study were analyzed to gather information concerning the natural history and clinical features of Crohn's disease. The age of onset reached a single peak between the second and fourth decade and was evenly distributed in both sexes. There was an average interval of 35 mo from onset of symptoms to diagnosis. Involvement of both colon and terminal ileum was the most frequent pattern and was present in 55% of patients. The disease was confined to the terminal ileum, other areas of the small intestine, or colon-only in 14%, 3%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Sigmoidoscopic abnormalities were seen in 34% of all patients and 51% of patients with Crohn's colitis. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever were present in the majority of the patients. Lower GI bleeding, fever, and perianal complications characterized patients with colon-only involvement. The frequency of extra intestinal manifestations was similar in all groups. Among patients who were randomized to placebo, 32% achieved a spontaneous remission by the end of 17 wk, and 53% of these were still in remission at the end of 24 mo. Clinical remission was associated with an improvement in barium x-rays in 18% of the patients. The predicted factors associated with favorable outcome in placebo-treated patients were: previous surgical removal of all observable disease, absence of perianal disease, and Crohn's Disease Activity Index value under 200.", "contents": "Clinical features and natural history of Crohn's disease. Records of 1084 patients entered into the National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study were analyzed to gather information concerning the natural history and clinical features of Crohn's disease. The age of onset reached a single peak between the second and fourth decade and was evenly distributed in both sexes. There was an average interval of 35 mo from onset of symptoms to diagnosis. Involvement of both colon and terminal ileum was the most frequent pattern and was present in 55% of patients. The disease was confined to the terminal ileum, other areas of the small intestine, or colon-only in 14%, 3%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Sigmoidoscopic abnormalities were seen in 34% of all patients and 51% of patients with Crohn's colitis. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever were present in the majority of the patients. Lower GI bleeding, fever, and perianal complications characterized patients with colon-only involvement. The frequency of extra intestinal manifestations was similar in all groups. Among patients who were randomized to placebo, 32% achieved a spontaneous remission by the end of 17 wk, and 53% of these were still in remission at the end of 24 mo. Clinical remission was associated with an improvement in barium x-rays in 18% of the patients. The predicted factors associated with favorable outcome in placebo-treated patients were: previous surgical removal of all observable disease, absence of perianal disease, and Crohn's Disease Activity Index value under 200.", "PMID": 381094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5305", "title": "[Shute's suture in mediolateral episiotomy. A technique with many advantages (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of median with mediolateral episiotomy shows that mediolateral episiotomy offers notable advantages resulting naturally from its anatomical course and the possibility of eventual distension. -- The Shute seam is described as a suturing technique in episiotomy still largely unknown in Europe. Apart from easy and rapid suturing and much cleaner wound healing it offers the advantage of significant reduction of pain during childbed with very satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. -- Reduction of wound pain seems to be a decisive factor for the woman in childbed, especially in view of subsequent births, thus making it easier for the obstetrician to obtain the patient's consent for performing episiotomy.", "contents": "[Shute's suture in mediolateral episiotomy. A technique with many advantages (author's transl)]. A comparison of median with mediolateral episiotomy shows that mediolateral episiotomy offers notable advantages resulting naturally from its anatomical course and the possibility of eventual distension. -- The Shute seam is described as a suturing technique in episiotomy still largely unknown in Europe. Apart from easy and rapid suturing and much cleaner wound healing it offers the advantage of significant reduction of pain during childbed with very satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. -- Reduction of wound pain seems to be a decisive factor for the woman in childbed, especially in view of subsequent births, thus making it easier for the obstetrician to obtain the patient's consent for performing episiotomy.", "PMID": 381095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5306", "title": "[Yeast resistance to polyene antibiotics. I. Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin and their genetic analysis].", "content": "239 nistatin-resistant mutants were selected after UV-irradiation of yeasts. Phenotypical analysis has revealed two main groups of the mutants: 1) resistant to nistatin and resistant or sensitive (in different combinations) to haptaens; 2) resistant to nistatin and having an increased resistance to haptens. It is found that the sensitivity dominates over the resistance and hyper-resistance. Genetic analysis of the mutant collection has shown that the resistance to nistatin is determined by 5 nuclear genes (hysr). Hyper-resistance is controlled by mutations in other genes, which are not connected with stable phenotype. Genes of hyper-resistance can be considered as minus-modificators of pleiothrophic cross-resistance, characteristic of hysr genes. Plus-modificator genes of polyenic resistance are described. The gene hysr1 is linked with its chromosome.", "contents": "[Yeast resistance to polyene antibiotics. I. Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin and their genetic analysis]. 239 nistatin-resistant mutants were selected after UV-irradiation of yeasts. Phenotypical analysis has revealed two main groups of the mutants: 1) resistant to nistatin and resistant or sensitive (in different combinations) to haptaens; 2) resistant to nistatin and having an increased resistance to haptens. It is found that the sensitivity dominates over the resistance and hyper-resistance. Genetic analysis of the mutant collection has shown that the resistance to nistatin is determined by 5 nuclear genes (hysr). Hyper-resistance is controlled by mutations in other genes, which are not connected with stable phenotype. Genes of hyper-resistance can be considered as minus-modificators of pleiothrophic cross-resistance, characteristic of hysr genes. Plus-modificator genes of polyenic resistance are described. The gene hysr1 is linked with its chromosome.", "PMID": 381099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5307", "title": "[UV-induced DNA degradation in Aspergillus nidulans cells].", "content": "UV-induced DNA degradation was studied in mycellial cells of Aspergillus nidulans wild type and several uvs mutants. It was shown to be an enzymatic specific process which possibly reflects the excision of pyrimidine dimers from UV-damaged DNA. Inhibition of DNA degradation by caffeine and 2,4-dinitrophenol shows the connection between degradation and repair of DNA. Two ways of DNA degradation were found in A. nidulans cells, one of them being glucose dependent and the other--glucose independent. The dependence of DNA degradation on protein synthesis before and after UV-irradiation was demonstrated. The scheme of ways of DNA degradation and its genetic control were suggested on the basis of uvs mutations effect on UV-induced DNA degradation.", "contents": "[UV-induced DNA degradation in Aspergillus nidulans cells]. UV-induced DNA degradation was studied in mycellial cells of Aspergillus nidulans wild type and several uvs mutants. It was shown to be an enzymatic specific process which possibly reflects the excision of pyrimidine dimers from UV-damaged DNA. Inhibition of DNA degradation by caffeine and 2,4-dinitrophenol shows the connection between degradation and repair of DNA. Two ways of DNA degradation were found in A. nidulans cells, one of them being glucose dependent and the other--glucose independent. The dependence of DNA degradation on protein synthesis before and after UV-irradiation was demonstrated. The scheme of ways of DNA degradation and its genetic control were suggested on the basis of uvs mutations effect on UV-induced DNA degradation.", "PMID": 381100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5308", "title": "[Genetic effects of sulfur-35 decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. V. Comparative study of the lethal and mutagenic effectiveness of the decay of 35S and 32P incorporated into cells of the radiosensitive mutant xrs2].", "content": "The lethal effect of 35S and 32P decays on cells of yeast radiation-sensitive mutant xrs2 was studied. The mutant is 7 times more sensitive than the wild type to transmutation of both isotopes. The survival curve for xrs2 was exponential. In spite of the lethal effect, mutant cells are not more mutable than the wild type under decays of both isotopes (the number of mutations in ade1 and ade2 genes was counted), xrs2 and wild type strains differ in kinds of mutations induced by the decay of incorporated 35S in ade2 locus. Namely, there are 82% of base substitutions and 18% of other types mutations induced in xrs2 strain despite 97% and 3% respectively for the wild type strain. Also it was shown that complete and mosaic mutants, induced by the the 35S decay in xrs2 strain, differ in a pattern of interallelic complementation.", "contents": "[Genetic effects of sulfur-35 decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. V. Comparative study of the lethal and mutagenic effectiveness of the decay of 35S and 32P incorporated into cells of the radiosensitive mutant xrs2]. The lethal effect of 35S and 32P decays on cells of yeast radiation-sensitive mutant xrs2 was studied. The mutant is 7 times more sensitive than the wild type to transmutation of both isotopes. The survival curve for xrs2 was exponential. In spite of the lethal effect, mutant cells are not more mutable than the wild type under decays of both isotopes (the number of mutations in ade1 and ade2 genes was counted), xrs2 and wild type strains differ in kinds of mutations induced by the decay of incorporated 35S in ade2 locus. Namely, there are 82% of base substitutions and 18% of other types mutations induced in xrs2 strain despite 97% and 3% respectively for the wild type strain. Also it was shown that complete and mosaic mutants, induced by the the 35S decay in xrs2 strain, differ in a pattern of interallelic complementation.", "PMID": 381101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5309", "title": "[Control of plasmid incompatibility: characteristics of the bireplicon hybrid pAS8 and its deletion mutants].", "content": "The phenomenon of incompatibility has been investigated using deletion mutants of hybrid bireplicon plasmid pAS8. The hybrid pAS8 displays incompatibility specific for both components of its structure. In contrast to P-specificity of pAS8, functions of ColE1-specificity are not effectively expressed. Expression of ColE1-specificity in pAS8 plasmid and its derivatives is characterized by different directions and this is due to the presence or absence of genes of RP4 replication machinery in the plasmid DNA. Mutant plasmids show different efficiency of P-specificity depending on the extension of deletion in the region of essential genes of the RP4 component. Some of the mutants, in spite of the loss of replication genes, including origin of vegetative replication, are incompatible with the representatives of the Inc P group in both directions of testing. Different character and the level of expression of ColE1- and P-specificity in the pAS8 hybrid and its deletion derivatives are not associated with change in the number of plasmid DNA copies, for all of them are subjects to stringent control of replication. The data suggest the existence of incompatibility functions control mechanism which does not seem to include replication genes. Possible ways of realization of the inc genes functions are discussed.", "contents": "[Control of plasmid incompatibility: characteristics of the bireplicon hybrid pAS8 and its deletion mutants]. The phenomenon of incompatibility has been investigated using deletion mutants of hybrid bireplicon plasmid pAS8. The hybrid pAS8 displays incompatibility specific for both components of its structure. In contrast to P-specificity of pAS8, functions of ColE1-specificity are not effectively expressed. Expression of ColE1-specificity in pAS8 plasmid and its derivatives is characterized by different directions and this is due to the presence or absence of genes of RP4 replication machinery in the plasmid DNA. Mutant plasmids show different efficiency of P-specificity depending on the extension of deletion in the region of essential genes of the RP4 component. Some of the mutants, in spite of the loss of replication genes, including origin of vegetative replication, are incompatible with the representatives of the Inc P group in both directions of testing. Different character and the level of expression of ColE1- and P-specificity in the pAS8 hybrid and its deletion derivatives are not associated with change in the number of plasmid DNA copies, for all of them are subjects to stringent control of replication. The data suggest the existence of incompatibility functions control mechanism which does not seem to include replication genes. Possible ways of realization of the inc genes functions are discussed.", "PMID": 381102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5310", "title": "Cloning and endonuclease restriction analysis of argF and of the control region of the argECBH bipolar operon in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A 1.8 kb DNA fragment, liberated by endonuclease HindIII, contains the control region of the argECBH bipolar operon near one end and the weak secondary promoter of argH at the other extremity; it has been cloned in plasmid pBR322. The same plasmid vector has been used to clone the argF gene liberated from the chromosome by endonuclease BamHI. Restriction patterns for the two hybrid plasmids have been determined, using enzymes AluI, BglI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HincII, HindIII, HpaI and II, PstI and SalI. Two AluI sites situated on either side of and close to a HincII target delineate two short fragments covering the whole of the argECBH control region. The argF control elements are located in a region accessible to further dissection by BamHI, EcoRI, PstI and HindIII. Carriers of the argF plasmid produce extremely high amounts of ornithine carbamoyltransferase, a feature useful for purification of this enzyme.", "contents": "Cloning and endonuclease restriction analysis of argF and of the control region of the argECBH bipolar operon in Escherichia coli. A 1.8 kb DNA fragment, liberated by endonuclease HindIII, contains the control region of the argECBH bipolar operon near one end and the weak secondary promoter of argH at the other extremity; it has been cloned in plasmid pBR322. The same plasmid vector has been used to clone the argF gene liberated from the chromosome by endonuclease BamHI. Restriction patterns for the two hybrid plasmids have been determined, using enzymes AluI, BglI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HincII, HindIII, HpaI and II, PstI and SalI. Two AluI sites situated on either side of and close to a HincII target delineate two short fragments covering the whole of the argECBH control region. The argF control elements are located in a region accessible to further dissection by BamHI, EcoRI, PstI and HindIII. Carriers of the argF plasmid produce extremely high amounts of ornithine carbamoyltransferase, a feature useful for purification of this enzyme.", "PMID": 381103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5311", "title": "High frequency of yeast transformation by plasmids carrying part or entire 2-micron yeast plasmid.", "content": "By using two chimeric plasmids containing yeast ura3 gene and 2-micron yeast DNA linked to the bacterial plasmid pCR1, yeast transformation of a high frequency has been achieved. The first plasmid is such that the 2-micron DNA part, in which the ura3 gene is incorporated, can be removed in one step and thus the 2-micron-ura3 sequence can be considered as a \"transposable\" block. In contrast, the second one bears the entire 2-micron plasmid and the ura3 gene is inserted in the bacterial plasmid part. As shown through hybridization experiments and genetic studies, the ura3 gene was maintained as a cytoplasmic element. Plasmids recovered from the yeast transformants were used to transform Escherichia coli. Their analysis by EcoRI showed that in many cases the vector had recombined with the endogenous 2-micron DNA of the recipient strain. The specific activity of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (coded by ura3) in yeast transformants was 10- to 30-fold higher than in the wild type.", "contents": "High frequency of yeast transformation by plasmids carrying part or entire 2-micron yeast plasmid. By using two chimeric plasmids containing yeast ura3 gene and 2-micron yeast DNA linked to the bacterial plasmid pCR1, yeast transformation of a high frequency has been achieved. The first plasmid is such that the 2-micron DNA part, in which the ura3 gene is incorporated, can be removed in one step and thus the 2-micron-ura3 sequence can be considered as a \"transposable\" block. In contrast, the second one bears the entire 2-micron plasmid and the ura3 gene is inserted in the bacterial plasmid part. As shown through hybridization experiments and genetic studies, the ura3 gene was maintained as a cytoplasmic element. Plasmids recovered from the yeast transformants were used to transform Escherichia coli. Their analysis by EcoRI showed that in many cases the vector had recombined with the endogenous 2-micron DNA of the recipient strain. The specific activity of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (coded by ura3) in yeast transformants was 10- to 30-fold higher than in the wild type.", "PMID": 381104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5312", "title": "A coliphage lambda vector with enhanced biological containment: lambda gtALO.lambda B.", "content": "The biological containment of the lambda gt family of cloning vectors has been enhanced by conditionally blocking DNA replication as well as head and tail morphogenesis. The vector, lambda gtALO.lambda B, was constructed by crossing the Oam29, Aama1 and Lam439 mutations into lambda gt.lambda B. The mutation blocking phage DNA replication, Oam29, is suppressed by suII+ or suIII+. The head gene mutation, Aama1, is suppressed by suIII+ but not by suII+ and the tail gene mutation, Lam439, is suppressed by suII+ but not by suIII+. This allows the option of increasing the biological containment by producing heads when a large amount of cloned DNA is being prepared from an individual isolate. A model recombinant, lambda gt Aama1 Lam439 Oam29.KmR' (lambda gtALO.KmR') was constructed and the containment of the vector was evaluated by the series of standardized experiments required for EK2 certification.", "contents": "A coliphage lambda vector with enhanced biological containment: lambda gtALO.lambda B. The biological containment of the lambda gt family of cloning vectors has been enhanced by conditionally blocking DNA replication as well as head and tail morphogenesis. The vector, lambda gtALO.lambda B, was constructed by crossing the Oam29, Aama1 and Lam439 mutations into lambda gt.lambda B. The mutation blocking phage DNA replication, Oam29, is suppressed by suII+ or suIII+. The head gene mutation, Aama1, is suppressed by suIII+ but not by suII+ and the tail gene mutation, Lam439, is suppressed by suII+ but not by suIII+. This allows the option of increasing the biological containment by producing heads when a large amount of cloned DNA is being prepared from an individual isolate. A model recombinant, lambda gt Aama1 Lam439 Oam29.KmR' (lambda gtALO.KmR') was constructed and the containment of the vector was evaluated by the series of standardized experiments required for EK2 certification.", "PMID": 381105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5313", "title": "Cloning and biological characterization of the immunity region of Escherichia coli phage Mu.", "content": "The construction of three hybrid plasmids containing different parts of the left or immunity and end of phage Mu DNA is described. The recombinant plasmids pKN05 and pKN54 carry the HindIII.C and PstI.C fragments of Mu DNA, respectively. Neither of these plasmids expresses the killing function. Moreover, they do not allow plating of superinfecting Mu phages. Plasmid pKN62 harbors the fragment located in between the left PstI and EcoRI cleavage sites on Mu DNA, allows plating of superinfecting Mu phages, but does not express the killing function. These data suggest that the gene coding for the killing function is either positively regulated by a product from the EcoRI.C fragment, or the killing function requires a second product not coded for by pKN62. Mu Vir A- or Mu Vir B- phages are able to grow on bacteria harboring the recombinant plasmid pKN001 which carries the left and EcoRI-C fragment of Mu DNA. This indicates that the superinfecting phages can induce the corresponding gene functions from pKN001. No such induction could be detected in cells harboring the hybrid plasmids pKN05, pKN54 or pKN62.", "contents": "Cloning and biological characterization of the immunity region of Escherichia coli phage Mu. The construction of three hybrid plasmids containing different parts of the left or immunity and end of phage Mu DNA is described. The recombinant plasmids pKN05 and pKN54 carry the HindIII.C and PstI.C fragments of Mu DNA, respectively. Neither of these plasmids expresses the killing function. Moreover, they do not allow plating of superinfecting Mu phages. Plasmid pKN62 harbors the fragment located in between the left PstI and EcoRI cleavage sites on Mu DNA, allows plating of superinfecting Mu phages, but does not express the killing function. These data suggest that the gene coding for the killing function is either positively regulated by a product from the EcoRI.C fragment, or the killing function requires a second product not coded for by pKN62. Mu Vir A- or Mu Vir B- phages are able to grow on bacteria harboring the recombinant plasmid pKN001 which carries the left and EcoRI-C fragment of Mu DNA. This indicates that the superinfecting phages can induce the corresponding gene functions from pKN001. No such induction could be detected in cells harboring the hybrid plasmids pKN05, pKN54 or pKN62.", "PMID": 381106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5314", "title": "Cloning and expression of the yeast galactokinase gene in an Escherichia coli plasmid.", "content": "This report describes the construction and isolation of a plasmid, derived from pBR322, which carries a BglII restriction fragment of DNA containing the galactokinase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was accomplished by the following procedure: (1) Purified galactokinase mRNA, labelled with 125I, was hybridized to BglII digests of yeast DNA employing Southern's filter transfer technique to identify a restriction fragment containing the galactokinase gene. (2) This fragment was partially purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, ligated into the BamHI site of pBR322 and transformed into Escherichia coli to generate a clone bank containing the galactokinase gene. (3) This bank was screened by in situ colony hybridization with galactokinase mRNA resulting in the identification of a plasmid carrying this gene. This plasmid DNA hybridized with the galactokinase mRNA to the same extent in the presence of absence of a large excess of unlabelled mRNA from cells that were not induced for galactokinase synthesis, while the same amount of unlabelled galactose-induced mRNA reduced the hybridization by 95%. When this plasmid was introduced into an E. coli strain deleted for the galactose operon it caused the synthesis of low levels of yeast galactokinase activity.", "contents": "Cloning and expression of the yeast galactokinase gene in an Escherichia coli plasmid. This report describes the construction and isolation of a plasmid, derived from pBR322, which carries a BglII restriction fragment of DNA containing the galactokinase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was accomplished by the following procedure: (1) Purified galactokinase mRNA, labelled with 125I, was hybridized to BglII digests of yeast DNA employing Southern's filter transfer technique to identify a restriction fragment containing the galactokinase gene. (2) This fragment was partially purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, ligated into the BamHI site of pBR322 and transformed into Escherichia coli to generate a clone bank containing the galactokinase gene. (3) This bank was screened by in situ colony hybridization with galactokinase mRNA resulting in the identification of a plasmid carrying this gene. This plasmid DNA hybridized with the galactokinase mRNA to the same extent in the presence of absence of a large excess of unlabelled mRNA from cells that were not induced for galactokinase synthesis, while the same amount of unlabelled galactose-induced mRNA reduced the hybridization by 95%. When this plasmid was introduced into an E. coli strain deleted for the galactose operon it caused the synthesis of low levels of yeast galactokinase activity.", "PMID": 381107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5315", "title": "The site controlling the specificity of N action is outside the promoter-operator region: a triple hybrid phage lambda N21 imm434nin5.", "content": "A short interval of homology between imm lambda, imm434 and imm21 DNAs was identified near the leftward promoter-operator region. This homology, denoted Hs, was revealed by electron microscopic examination of lambda imm lambda/lambda imm21 and lambda imm434/lambda imm21 heteroduplexes, and permitted us to construct a special lambda hybrid (lambda hyB) which contains the N region of phage 21 and the adjacent imm region from phage 434. This triple hybrid, labmda N21 imm434nin5, was analysed by genetic, transcriptional and electronic micrographic techniques. Its leftward and rightward promoter-operator regions are of phage 434 specificity and are controlled by the 434 repressor. Surprisingly, the N21 gene of lambda hyB was found to be defective, perhaps to preserve the viability of the hybrid. Its leftward N-recognition system (nutL) is of phage 21 specificity since it responds only to the N21 function in complementation tests, as measured by antitermination of leftward transcription initiated at the pL promotor in the imm434 region. We conclude, therefore, that the pLoL region of 434 contains no information for the specificity of N antitermination. Both lambda imm21 and lambda hyB were found to be missing the tL1 terminator function (see also Salstrom and Szybalski, 1978b). In these phages, the tL2 terminator was found to be only 60% effective under N21 conditions, and therefore expression of their red-gam genes is sufficient to endow the lambda hyB and lambda N21- imm21nin5 phages with the Fec+ phenotype.", "contents": "The site controlling the specificity of N action is outside the promoter-operator region: a triple hybrid phage lambda N21 imm434nin5. A short interval of homology between imm lambda, imm434 and imm21 DNAs was identified near the leftward promoter-operator region. This homology, denoted Hs, was revealed by electron microscopic examination of lambda imm lambda/lambda imm21 and lambda imm434/lambda imm21 heteroduplexes, and permitted us to construct a special lambda hybrid (lambda hyB) which contains the N region of phage 21 and the adjacent imm region from phage 434. This triple hybrid, labmda N21 imm434nin5, was analysed by genetic, transcriptional and electronic micrographic techniques. Its leftward and rightward promoter-operator regions are of phage 434 specificity and are controlled by the 434 repressor. Surprisingly, the N21 gene of lambda hyB was found to be defective, perhaps to preserve the viability of the hybrid. Its leftward N-recognition system (nutL) is of phage 21 specificity since it responds only to the N21 function in complementation tests, as measured by antitermination of leftward transcription initiated at the pL promotor in the imm434 region. We conclude, therefore, that the pLoL region of 434 contains no information for the specificity of N antitermination. Both lambda imm21 and lambda hyB were found to be missing the tL1 terminator function (see also Salstrom and Szybalski, 1978b). In these phages, the tL2 terminator was found to be only 60% effective under N21 conditions, and therefore expression of their red-gam genes is sufficient to endow the lambda hyB and lambda N21- imm21nin5 phages with the Fec+ phenotype.", "PMID": 381108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5316", "title": "Double-blind trial of the use of transfer factor in the treatment of Crohn's disease.", "content": "We have undertaken a double-blind controlled trial of the use of transfer factor in Crohn's disease. Thirty-three patients with known Crohn's disease completed the trial in which half the patients had three injections of transfer factor and the other half were given saline. After six months there was no significant difference in the clinical condition of either of the two groups compared with before receiving treatment. There was also no difference in their in vitro lymphocyte function, although a number of patients exhibited altered responsiveness to skin testing with tuberculin or streptokinase/streptodornase. A signficant fall on Crohn's disease activity index score occurred over the initial 'acclimatising period' before the trial was started, probably related to overcoming initial introspection and the placebo effect of being part of a trial.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of the use of transfer factor in the treatment of Crohn's disease. We have undertaken a double-blind controlled trial of the use of transfer factor in Crohn's disease. Thirty-three patients with known Crohn's disease completed the trial in which half the patients had three injections of transfer factor and the other half were given saline. After six months there was no significant difference in the clinical condition of either of the two groups compared with before receiving treatment. There was also no difference in their in vitro lymphocyte function, although a number of patients exhibited altered responsiveness to skin testing with tuberculin or streptokinase/streptodornase. A signficant fall on Crohn's disease activity index score occurred over the initial 'acclimatising period' before the trial was started, probably related to overcoming initial introspection and the placebo effect of being part of a trial.", "PMID": 381124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5317", "title": "Controlled trial of maintenance cimetidine treatment in healed duodenal ulcer: short and long-term effects.", "content": "Forty-two patients with endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulcer were studied in a double-blind trial after their ulcers had been healed with cimetidine. Cimetidine was effective in preventing relapse, only five of the 20 patients allocated to cimetidine 400 mg twice daily relapsing during the six months' treatment, compared with 16 of the 22 on placebo treatment (P less than 0.01). Cimetidine was safe in the dosage and duration used, no symptomatic, haematological, or biochemical abnormalities occurring during the trial. Subsequent follow-up at the end of the trial when treatment had been stopped showed that relapse was frequent, particularly in the cimetidine group, making the cumulative relapse rate eight months after completion of the trial similar in the two groups (75% in the cimetidine group, 86% in the placebo group). It seems likely that maintenance cimetidine treatment has to be continued indefinitely in patients with duodenal ulcer, and, until such treatment is shown to be safe and effective, surgical treatment remains a logical option for many patients.", "contents": "Controlled trial of maintenance cimetidine treatment in healed duodenal ulcer: short and long-term effects. Forty-two patients with endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulcer were studied in a double-blind trial after their ulcers had been healed with cimetidine. Cimetidine was effective in preventing relapse, only five of the 20 patients allocated to cimetidine 400 mg twice daily relapsing during the six months' treatment, compared with 16 of the 22 on placebo treatment (P less than 0.01). Cimetidine was safe in the dosage and duration used, no symptomatic, haematological, or biochemical abnormalities occurring during the trial. Subsequent follow-up at the end of the trial when treatment had been stopped showed that relapse was frequent, particularly in the cimetidine group, making the cumulative relapse rate eight months after completion of the trial similar in the two groups (75% in the cimetidine group, 86% in the placebo group). It seems likely that maintenance cimetidine treatment has to be continued indefinitely in patients with duodenal ulcer, and, until such treatment is shown to be safe and effective, surgical treatment remains a logical option for many patients.", "PMID": 381127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5318", "title": "Idiopathic portal hypertension (perisinusoidal fibrosis) after renal transplantation.", "content": "We report the cases of two renal transplant recipients suffering from idopathic portal hypertension, a condition characterised by increased portal venous pressure in the absence of both histological lesion of the liver and obstruction of the portal vein. In these two patients, perisnusoidal fibrosis, invisible by light microscopy, was demonstrated by electron microscopy; it is suggested that partial obstruction of hepatic sinusoids by perisinusoidal fibrosis could be the mechanism for increased portal venous pressure in all the patients with idiopathic portal hypertension. In these two patients, who received 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine, perisinusoidal fibrosis might be the consequence of prolonged administration of these drugs.", "contents": "Idiopathic portal hypertension (perisinusoidal fibrosis) after renal transplantation. We report the cases of two renal transplant recipients suffering from idopathic portal hypertension, a condition characterised by increased portal venous pressure in the absence of both histological lesion of the liver and obstruction of the portal vein. In these two patients, perisnusoidal fibrosis, invisible by light microscopy, was demonstrated by electron microscopy; it is suggested that partial obstruction of hepatic sinusoids by perisinusoidal fibrosis could be the mechanism for increased portal venous pressure in all the patients with idiopathic portal hypertension. In these two patients, who received 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine, perisinusoidal fibrosis might be the consequence of prolonged administration of these drugs.", "PMID": 381128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5319", "title": "A comparison of UV-induction in exponentially growing and resting Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+.", "content": "Using the method of two separate UV exposures the increase of UV resistance after various induction fluences in growing and resting Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+ was followed. In resting cells, the optimum induction energy fluence was found to be 30 J/m2. In exponentially growing cells testing of induction has proved to be possible only under conditions of postincubation of cells with chloramphenicol after the second fluence. Under these conditions the induction energy fluence up to the observed 50 J/m2 resulted in an increased survival.", "contents": "A comparison of UV-induction in exponentially growing and resting Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+. Using the method of two separate UV exposures the increase of UV resistance after various induction fluences in growing and resting Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+ was followed. In resting cells, the optimum induction energy fluence was found to be 30 J/m2. In exponentially growing cells testing of induction has proved to be possible only under conditions of postincubation of cells with chloramphenicol after the second fluence. Under these conditions the induction energy fluence up to the observed 50 J/m2 resulted in an increased survival.", "PMID": 381130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5320", "title": "Transport of manganese into Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The uptake of Mn2+ by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the expense of endogenous sources of energy depends on the stage of culture development and is maximum in the middle of the exponential phase. The ability of cells to take up Mn+ is related to the content of intracellular potassium at all stages of growth, to the content of ATP during the exponential phase and it is not related to the content of inorganic polyphosphates. The uptake is inhibited by oligomycin (25 microgram/ml) by 50-85% and under anaerobic conditions by 10-50%, depending on the stage of growth, indicating the role of aerobic phosphorylation in the process. The uptake of Mn+ is apparently associated with a hydrolysis of low-molecular weight polyphosphates and ATP, as well as with the exit of K+ from cells.", "contents": "Transport of manganese into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The uptake of Mn2+ by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the expense of endogenous sources of energy depends on the stage of culture development and is maximum in the middle of the exponential phase. The ability of cells to take up Mn+ is related to the content of intracellular potassium at all stages of growth, to the content of ATP during the exponential phase and it is not related to the content of inorganic polyphosphates. The uptake is inhibited by oligomycin (25 microgram/ml) by 50-85% and under anaerobic conditions by 10-50%, depending on the stage of growth, indicating the role of aerobic phosphorylation in the process. The uptake of Mn+ is apparently associated with a hydrolysis of low-molecular weight polyphosphates and ATP, as well as with the exit of K+ from cells.", "PMID": 381131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5321", "title": "The decreased in vitro chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of newborns and infants.", "content": "Using Boyden's technique, a statistically significant decrease in the chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes was found during the early postnatal period, i.e. in the cord blood and in blood of newborns within the first 10-15 d of life after stimulation of cells with both zymosan-activated adult serum (ZAS) and with an abacterial filtrate of Escherichia coli broth culture (ECF). After this period, the responsiveness of leukocytes to both chemotactic agents increased and remained at the same level during the whole observation period, i.e. up to the age of 6 months. Nevertheless even then it did not reach fully the responsiveness of the leukocytes of mothers and pregnant women. Zymosan-activated serum was shown to be a more potent chemotactic stimulus to leukocytes of infants as compared to the E. coli filtrate.", "contents": "The decreased in vitro chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of newborns and infants. Using Boyden's technique, a statistically significant decrease in the chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes was found during the early postnatal period, i.e. in the cord blood and in blood of newborns within the first 10-15 d of life after stimulation of cells with both zymosan-activated adult serum (ZAS) and with an abacterial filtrate of Escherichia coli broth culture (ECF). After this period, the responsiveness of leukocytes to both chemotactic agents increased and remained at the same level during the whole observation period, i.e. up to the age of 6 months. Nevertheless even then it did not reach fully the responsiveness of the leukocytes of mothers and pregnant women. Zymosan-activated serum was shown to be a more potent chemotactic stimulus to leukocytes of infants as compared to the E. coli filtrate.", "PMID": 381132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5322", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of 4-nitrophenylhydrazones, isonicotinoylhydrazones and N-4-nitrophenylglycosylamines of D- and L-aldoses.", "content": "The antibacterial effect of 19 4-nitrophenylhydrazones, isonicotinoylhydrazones, and N-4-nitrophenylhydrazones, of 9 mono- and 2 disaccharides was tested with Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus licheniformis and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of 4-nitrophenylhydrazones, isonicotinoylhydrazones and N-4-nitrophenylglycosylamines of D- and L-aldoses. The antibacterial effect of 19 4-nitrophenylhydrazones, isonicotinoylhydrazones, and N-4-nitrophenylhydrazones, of 9 mono- and 2 disaccharides was tested with Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus licheniformis and Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 381133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5323", "title": "Secondary metabolism as an expression of microbial growth and development.", "content": "A case is made out for regarding secondary metabolism as part of normal cell growth, related to its interactions with the environment. Secondary metabolism is widespread, especially in fungi and actinomycetes, and is not to be regarded as confined to the production of antibiotics and other special substances. It is part of the normal maturation process. Examples are given of the influence of secondary metabolism in ecological systems. It is also shown that cell productivity can be related to age structure. Secondary metabolism is thus linked with growth, although in many cases this may not be obvious in laboratory work. Initiation of production will arise from the system which regulates growth and differentiation. These processes are little understood at present, but it is clear that the factors involved differ in different instances and that they involve a very great variety of biochemical and physiological processes.", "contents": "Secondary metabolism as an expression of microbial growth and development. A case is made out for regarding secondary metabolism as part of normal cell growth, related to its interactions with the environment. Secondary metabolism is widespread, especially in fungi and actinomycetes, and is not to be regarded as confined to the production of antibiotics and other special substances. It is part of the normal maturation process. Examples are given of the influence of secondary metabolism in ecological systems. It is also shown that cell productivity can be related to age structure. Secondary metabolism is thus linked with growth, although in many cases this may not be obvious in laboratory work. Initiation of production will arise from the system which regulates growth and differentiation. These processes are little understood at present, but it is clear that the factors involved differ in different instances and that they involve a very great variety of biochemical and physiological processes.", "PMID": 381134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5324", "title": "[Objectivation of tremor and motion disorders via computerisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative analysis of motion disorders of the upper extremities can be performed by means of a joystick connected with a minicomputer. Therefore a random squarewave curve is drawn on a computer display and the patient must follow it with the joystick. The deviation of the two curves are recorded, analysed and documented numerically and graphically.", "contents": "[Objectivation of tremor and motion disorders via computerisation (author's transl)]. The quantitative analysis of motion disorders of the upper extremities can be performed by means of a joystick connected with a minicomputer. Therefore a random squarewave curve is drawn on a computer display and the patient must follow it with the joystick. The deviation of the two curves are recorded, analysed and documented numerically and graphically.", "PMID": 381135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5325", "title": "An apraisal of the role of aldosterone and the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension.", "content": "Of the various hypertensive disorders in which mineralocorticoid hormones are involved mainly those are reviewed in which, apart from aldosterone, hyporeactivity of the adrenergic nervous system may play a permissive role. The simultaneous occurrence and extent of participation of these two factors in essential hypertension are being appreciated increasingly. Their share in the mosaic of hypertension may add to the accumulating knowledge of this disease entity. In exploring the underlying mechanisms of hypertension common regulatory pathways involving aldosterone and the adrenergic nervous system may lead to new aethiopathogenetic insights.", "contents": "An apraisal of the role of aldosterone and the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension. Of the various hypertensive disorders in which mineralocorticoid hormones are involved mainly those are reviewed in which, apart from aldosterone, hyporeactivity of the adrenergic nervous system may play a permissive role. The simultaneous occurrence and extent of participation of these two factors in essential hypertension are being appreciated increasingly. Their share in the mosaic of hypertension may add to the accumulating knowledge of this disease entity. In exploring the underlying mechanisms of hypertension common regulatory pathways involving aldosterone and the adrenergic nervous system may lead to new aethiopathogenetic insights.", "PMID": 381138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5326", "title": "The effect of (6-D-(O-TERT-B)-Ser)-gonadoliberin-(1--9) nonapeptide-ethylamide on gonadotropin release in prepubertal boys.", "content": "(6-D-(o-tert-B)-Ser)-gonadoliberin-(1--9) nonapeptide-ethylamine, (HOE 766), a highly active LH-RH analogue, was studied with regard to its effects on the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in 29 prepubertal boys given different doses (1 microgram, 2,5 microgram, 5 microgram or 7,5 microgram respectively). The effect of HOE 766 is dose dependent for FSH, but not for LH. There are important differences in the reaction of these young subjects from those of adults. Whereas LH levels barely rose, FSH secretion was superior to that seen in adults.", "contents": "The effect of (6-D-(O-TERT-B)-Ser)-gonadoliberin-(1--9) nonapeptide-ethylamide on gonadotropin release in prepubertal boys. (6-D-(o-tert-B)-Ser)-gonadoliberin-(1--9) nonapeptide-ethylamine, (HOE 766), a highly active LH-RH analogue, was studied with regard to its effects on the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in 29 prepubertal boys given different doses (1 microgram, 2,5 microgram, 5 microgram or 7,5 microgram respectively). The effect of HOE 766 is dose dependent for FSH, but not for LH. There are important differences in the reaction of these young subjects from those of adults. Whereas LH levels barely rose, FSH secretion was superior to that seen in adults.", "PMID": 381139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5327", "title": "Binding of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone to human serum proteins--influence of a chronic treatment with a more potent analogue of LH-RH.", "content": "Binding of 125I-LH-RH and its analogue, 125I-6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-Ethylamide-LH-RH (6-D-LH-RH) in male serum was studied in 10 healthy males and in 11 patients with idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency (IGD) before and during treatment with 6-D-LH-RH. Using either equilibrium dialysis (A) or ethanol precipitation (B) 13.57 +/- 0.69% (A) or 19.32 +/- 1.73% (B) of LH-RH and 7.12 +/- 0.86% (A) or 14.56 +/- 1.06% (B) of the analogue were in the bound form, without difference between normal subjects and IGD. Capacity of this binding was high (greater than 9 less than 18 mu-Mol LH-RH/0.06 mMol of protein), affinity very low, and the binding almost completely disappeared following removal of albumins by affinity chromatography. Chronic treatment with 6-D-LH-RH did not alter these binding characteristics. These observations suggest non specific albumin binding of LH-RH in male serum and stress the role of this decapeptide as a rapid modulating regulator of gonadotropin secreting system.", "contents": "Binding of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone to human serum proteins--influence of a chronic treatment with a more potent analogue of LH-RH. Binding of 125I-LH-RH and its analogue, 125I-6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-Ethylamide-LH-RH (6-D-LH-RH) in male serum was studied in 10 healthy males and in 11 patients with idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency (IGD) before and during treatment with 6-D-LH-RH. Using either equilibrium dialysis (A) or ethanol precipitation (B) 13.57 +/- 0.69% (A) or 19.32 +/- 1.73% (B) of LH-RH and 7.12 +/- 0.86% (A) or 14.56 +/- 1.06% (B) of the analogue were in the bound form, without difference between normal subjects and IGD. Capacity of this binding was high (greater than 9 less than 18 mu-Mol LH-RH/0.06 mMol of protein), affinity very low, and the binding almost completely disappeared following removal of albumins by affinity chromatography. Chronic treatment with 6-D-LH-RH did not alter these binding characteristics. These observations suggest non specific albumin binding of LH-RH in male serum and stress the role of this decapeptide as a rapid modulating regulator of gonadotropin secreting system.", "PMID": 381140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5328", "title": "Analogues of [3H] chloramphenicol for photoaffinity labeling.", "content": "The synthesis of [3H]chloramphenicol and its erythro-diastereoisomer with specific activities of 1.25 Ci/mmol, and the further transformation of the [3H]chloramphenicol to a series of azido and diazo-substituted derivatives are described. The antibiotic activity of the compounds was considered insufficient for their use as photoaffinity labels.", "contents": "Analogues of [3H] chloramphenicol for photoaffinity labeling. The synthesis of [3H]chloramphenicol and its erythro-diastereoisomer with specific activities of 1.25 Ci/mmol, and the further transformation of the [3H]chloramphenicol to a series of azido and diazo-substituted derivatives are described. The antibiotic activity of the compounds was considered insufficient for their use as photoaffinity labels.", "PMID": 381142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5329", "title": "Diagnosis of primary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin.", "content": "Thyroglobulin was found by the immunoperoxidase technique in routine histological sections of biopsies from all of 30 proven cases of well differentiated papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma examined, in one of 20 anaplastic thyroid tumours and in none of 49 other tumours examined. Immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin in thyroidal or extrathyroidal tumours is of diagnostic value in confirming that the thyroid is the tissue of origin. Well differentiated tumours lacking thyroglobulin probably do not arise from thyroid epithelium.", "contents": "Diagnosis of primary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin was found by the immunoperoxidase technique in routine histological sections of biopsies from all of 30 proven cases of well differentiated papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma examined, in one of 20 anaplastic thyroid tumours and in none of 49 other tumours examined. Immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin in thyroidal or extrathyroidal tumours is of diagnostic value in confirming that the thyroid is the tissue of origin. Well differentiated tumours lacking thyroglobulin probably do not arise from thyroid epithelium.", "PMID": 381143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5330", "title": "Competition is Durenberger's response to system reform.", "content": "The Minnesota senator contends that \"no change\" is not an option for the health care system and urges passage of his bill to spur competition.", "contents": "Competition is Durenberger's response to system reform. The Minnesota senator contends that \"no change\" is not an option for the health care system and urges passage of his bill to spur competition.", "PMID": 381144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5331", "title": "Keeping them well is good business too. Health promotion.", "content": "Many hospitals today regard motivating people to take better care of themselves, and teaching them how, to be as much a part of their mission as repairing the damage when they don't.", "contents": "Keeping them well is good business too. Health promotion. Many hospitals today regard motivating people to take better care of themselves, and teaching them how, to be as much a part of their mission as repairing the damage when they don't.", "PMID": 381151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5332", "title": "Evaluation of insulin secretory capacity in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The capacity of the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin can be evaluated in vivo by measurement either of circulating immunoreactive insulin or of C peptide, a by-product of insulin synthesis. Evaluation of serum levels is complicated, however, by the variable degradation rates and distribution spaces of these peptides. Also, interpretation of peripheral vein concentrations of insulin, and perhaps C peptide, is more difficult because of hepatic catabolism. Quantitation of these peptides in the urine may provide an integrated measure of insulin secretion. In insulin treated diabetic patients who develop circulating insulin antibodies, beta cell secretory capacity may be assessed by C peptide measurement, or by techniques that allow separate determinations of \"free\" and \"total\" insulin. A variety of stimulatory tests may be used to investigate insulin secretory capacity.", "contents": "Evaluation of insulin secretory capacity in diabetes mellitus. The capacity of the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin can be evaluated in vivo by measurement either of circulating immunoreactive insulin or of C peptide, a by-product of insulin synthesis. Evaluation of serum levels is complicated, however, by the variable degradation rates and distribution spaces of these peptides. Also, interpretation of peripheral vein concentrations of insulin, and perhaps C peptide, is more difficult because of hepatic catabolism. Quantitation of these peptides in the urine may provide an integrated measure of insulin secretion. In insulin treated diabetic patients who develop circulating insulin antibodies, beta cell secretory capacity may be assessed by C peptide measurement, or by techniques that allow separate determinations of \"free\" and \"total\" insulin. A variety of stimulatory tests may be used to investigate insulin secretory capacity.", "PMID": 381153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5333", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Glycosylated hemoglobins result from post-translational changes in the hemoglobin molecule, and their levels correlate well with glycemic levels over the previous six to 10 weeks. Their use as an aid in monitoring diabetic control appears to be well established, but their value in predicting complications of diabetes and in diagnosing milder forms of diabetes is as yet unknown. Of the numerous methods available for the analysis of glycosylated hemoglobins, none has been evaluated extensively in a routine laboratory setting. However, liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and radioimmunoassay techniques all give adequate results. For the purposes of monitoring long term diabetic control, assay of the fast hemoglobin fraction (AIa+b+c) appears adequate. However, for investigative purposes, when optimal sensitivity may be required, specific measurement of hemoglobin AIc is recommended.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus. Glycosylated hemoglobins result from post-translational changes in the hemoglobin molecule, and their levels correlate well with glycemic levels over the previous six to 10 weeks. Their use as an aid in monitoring diabetic control appears to be well established, but their value in predicting complications of diabetes and in diagnosing milder forms of diabetes is as yet unknown. Of the numerous methods available for the analysis of glycosylated hemoglobins, none has been evaluated extensively in a routine laboratory setting. However, liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and radioimmunoassay techniques all give adequate results. For the purposes of monitoring long term diabetic control, assay of the fast hemoglobin fraction (AIa+b+c) appears adequate. However, for investigative purposes, when optimal sensitivity may be required, specific measurement of hemoglobin AIc is recommended.", "PMID": 381154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5334", "title": "A new lethal syndrome with cloudy corneae, diaphragmatic defects and distal limb deformities.", "content": "Two female sibs are reported with a possibly new lethal malformation pattern, the major anomalies of which are: coarse face with small eyes and cloudy corneae, cleft soft palate, hypoplasia and absence of lobulation of both lungs, diaphragmatic defects, digitalisation of thumbs and distal limb deformities.", "contents": "A new lethal syndrome with cloudy corneae, diaphragmatic defects and distal limb deformities. Two female sibs are reported with a possibly new lethal malformation pattern, the major anomalies of which are: coarse face with small eyes and cloudy corneae, cleft soft palate, hypoplasia and absence of lobulation of both lungs, diaphragmatic defects, digitalisation of thumbs and distal limb deformities.", "PMID": 381161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5335", "title": "B-cell precursors in early chicken embryos.", "content": "The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day 3 of incubation onwards has been studied. Purified antibodies to chicken Ig L, gamma, mu, alpha chains were used in a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence assayed on fixed cell smears and wax-embedded tissue sections; the location and morphology of immunoglobulin positive (Ig+) cells were determined either in phase contrast or after histological staining. Lymphoid cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin were found in 3 day and older embryonic yolk sac, 11 and 12 day blood, 11, 12 and 13 day bursal mesenchyme. cIg+ large basophilic cells were first seen in 14 day bursal follicles. It is concluded that cells enter the embryonic bursa at different developmental stages: some appear to be uncommitted stem cells, whilst others have already commenced B-cell maturation in an extra-bursal site.", "contents": "B-cell precursors in early chicken embryos. The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day 3 of incubation onwards has been studied. Purified antibodies to chicken Ig L, gamma, mu, alpha chains were used in a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence assayed on fixed cell smears and wax-embedded tissue sections; the location and morphology of immunoglobulin positive (Ig+) cells were determined either in phase contrast or after histological staining. Lymphoid cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin were found in 3 day and older embryonic yolk sac, 11 and 12 day blood, 11, 12 and 13 day bursal mesenchyme. cIg+ large basophilic cells were first seen in 14 day bursal follicles. It is concluded that cells enter the embryonic bursa at different developmental stages: some appear to be uncommitted stem cells, whilst others have already commenced B-cell maturation in an extra-bursal site.", "PMID": 381171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5336", "title": "Mouse thymus reticulo-epithelial (RE) cells in vitro: isolation cultivation and preliminary characterization.", "content": "The reticulo-epithelial (RE) cells of the thymus are presumably playing a crucial role in the differentiation of the T lineage lymphoid cells, but how this happens is still a matter for speculation. This paper describes a method for rapid preparation of thymic RE cells with as little damage as possible, their culture, and the analysis of their membrane antigens and of other cytological properties. The cultured cells are pleiomorphic, but at least two types can be distinguished, one being round and very villous, the other one being flat and very cystic. Thymus RE cells have species specific surface antigens and large amounts of H-2 antigen. The possible presence of theta antigen is unclear. Most cells have no detectable Tla antigen. In vitro, they show some uptake of normal mouse serum immunoglobulins. RE cells show a surface migration of ligand-bound membrane antigen; such a capping is much slower than for lymphocytes, and is inhibited by 10 mM NaN3; The drug also causes the apparition of long microprojections (or retraction fibres) on the villous RE cell type, as is also caused by a slight fixation with formalin. Type C virus particles are found in RE cells from AKR mice as young as 1 day.", "contents": "Mouse thymus reticulo-epithelial (RE) cells in vitro: isolation cultivation and preliminary characterization. The reticulo-epithelial (RE) cells of the thymus are presumably playing a crucial role in the differentiation of the T lineage lymphoid cells, but how this happens is still a matter for speculation. This paper describes a method for rapid preparation of thymic RE cells with as little damage as possible, their culture, and the analysis of their membrane antigens and of other cytological properties. The cultured cells are pleiomorphic, but at least two types can be distinguished, one being round and very villous, the other one being flat and very cystic. Thymus RE cells have species specific surface antigens and large amounts of H-2 antigen. The possible presence of theta antigen is unclear. Most cells have no detectable Tla antigen. In vitro, they show some uptake of normal mouse serum immunoglobulins. RE cells show a surface migration of ligand-bound membrane antigen; such a capping is much slower than for lymphocytes, and is inhibited by 10 mM NaN3; The drug also causes the apparition of long microprojections (or retraction fibres) on the villous RE cell type, as is also caused by a slight fixation with formalin. Type C virus particles are found in RE cells from AKR mice as young as 1 day.", "PMID": 381172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5337", "title": "Immunosuppressive ALS. II. Antibody to Ia antigens in heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum.", "content": "The relationship between Ia alloantigens and xenoantigens detected by immunosuppressive heterologous anti-lymphocyte sera has been investigated. Three rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to Ia antigens. Two of these sera, an anti-thymus membrane and anti-lymphocyte sera detected labelled cell-surface Ia antigens (mol. wt 35,000 and 27,000) present on rat spleen B cells. The third antiserum, prepared against fractionated soluble lymphocyte antigens, was essentially non-reactive with these antigens. Of these three heterologous antisera, the anti-membrane serum reacted with the same antigens detected by two alloantisera. It seemed possible that such an antiserum could modify a recipient animal's immune response in vivo in a fashion identical to alloantibody to Ia antigens. In fact, all three heterologous antisera, including one devoid of antibody to Ia proved immunosuppressive in vivo. These results suggest that antibodies to antigens other than Ia can induce prolonged allograft survival. Since heterologous sera bind Ia antigens, it remains to be determined whether monospecific heterologous antisera to Ia antigens can allograft survival. The results raise the prospect that more than one antibody specificity may contribute to the immunosuppression achieved with ALS.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive ALS. II. Antibody to Ia antigens in heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum. The relationship between Ia alloantigens and xenoantigens detected by immunosuppressive heterologous anti-lymphocyte sera has been investigated. Three rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to Ia antigens. Two of these sera, an anti-thymus membrane and anti-lymphocyte sera detected labelled cell-surface Ia antigens (mol. wt 35,000 and 27,000) present on rat spleen B cells. The third antiserum, prepared against fractionated soluble lymphocyte antigens, was essentially non-reactive with these antigens. Of these three heterologous antisera, the anti-membrane serum reacted with the same antigens detected by two alloantisera. It seemed possible that such an antiserum could modify a recipient animal's immune response in vivo in a fashion identical to alloantibody to Ia antigens. In fact, all three heterologous antisera, including one devoid of antibody to Ia proved immunosuppressive in vivo. These results suggest that antibodies to antigens other than Ia can induce prolonged allograft survival. Since heterologous sera bind Ia antigens, it remains to be determined whether monospecific heterologous antisera to Ia antigens can allograft survival. The results raise the prospect that more than one antibody specificity may contribute to the immunosuppression achieved with ALS.", "PMID": 381173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5338", "title": "Functional and morphological recovery of the T-cell compartment in lethally irradiated and reconstituted mice.", "content": "The recovery of the T-cell compartment in mice after lethal irradiation and reconstitution was studied using functional and morphological parameters. T-helper cell activity, determined by the direct SRBC-plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, recovers in a similar fashion as T-memory function which was studied by adoptive transfer of carrier-primed cells. Both functions return to control levels in 2.5-3 months. Using immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections with anti-T cell serum, the morphological recovery of the T-cell dependent areas in the white pulp of the spleen could be studied and compared with the functional recovery.", "contents": "Functional and morphological recovery of the T-cell compartment in lethally irradiated and reconstituted mice. The recovery of the T-cell compartment in mice after lethal irradiation and reconstitution was studied using functional and morphological parameters. T-helper cell activity, determined by the direct SRBC-plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, recovers in a similar fashion as T-memory function which was studied by adoptive transfer of carrier-primed cells. Both functions return to control levels in 2.5-3 months. Using immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections with anti-T cell serum, the morphological recovery of the T-cell dependent areas in the white pulp of the spleen could be studied and compared with the functional recovery.", "PMID": 381174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5339", "title": "IgM rheumatoid factor as a source of non-specificity in murine anti-allotype sera.", "content": "Anti-allotype sera have shown a breakdown of the expected specificity especially when used for the development of haemolysis of fragile target erythrocytes. IgM anti-IgG rheumatoid factor has been shown to be the source of non-specificity. Removal or destruction of IgM in an anti-allotype serum restores the expected specificity.", "contents": "IgM rheumatoid factor as a source of non-specificity in murine anti-allotype sera. Anti-allotype sera have shown a breakdown of the expected specificity especially when used for the development of haemolysis of fragile target erythrocytes. IgM anti-IgG rheumatoid factor has been shown to be the source of non-specificity. Removal or destruction of IgM in an anti-allotype serum restores the expected specificity.", "PMID": 381175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5340", "title": "Dissociative effects of malarial infection on humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice.", "content": "The effect of malarial infection on immune responses was studied in mice. When sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected 2 days before or at the same time as infection with Plasmodium berghei, there was a marked increase in the number of splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) induced by SRBC as compared with uninfected controls. When SRBC were injected 2 days or more after the infection, however, the PFC response was significantly reduced. On the other hand, cell-mediated immunity, as exemplified by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a number of antigens, was suppressed whether the infection was introduced before or after antigen stimulation. A similar effect could be produced by injecting the host with the supernatant obtained following incubation in vitro of peripheral blood from heavily infected mice. When this supernatant was injected i.v. into normal mice at the same time as SRBC priming, it enhanced the humoral response to SRBC, but suppressed the DTH to SRBC. The coincident induction of this inverse relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunities was clearly borne out by a dose response study using different dilutions of supernatant. The active component appeared to be of large molecular weight (greater than 150,000), thermostable and not present in the serum of infected mice.", "contents": "Dissociative effects of malarial infection on humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice. The effect of malarial infection on immune responses was studied in mice. When sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected 2 days before or at the same time as infection with Plasmodium berghei, there was a marked increase in the number of splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) induced by SRBC as compared with uninfected controls. When SRBC were injected 2 days or more after the infection, however, the PFC response was significantly reduced. On the other hand, cell-mediated immunity, as exemplified by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a number of antigens, was suppressed whether the infection was introduced before or after antigen stimulation. A similar effect could be produced by injecting the host with the supernatant obtained following incubation in vitro of peripheral blood from heavily infected mice. When this supernatant was injected i.v. into normal mice at the same time as SRBC priming, it enhanced the humoral response to SRBC, but suppressed the DTH to SRBC. The coincident induction of this inverse relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunities was clearly borne out by a dose response study using different dilutions of supernatant. The active component appeared to be of large molecular weight (greater than 150,000), thermostable and not present in the serum of infected mice.", "PMID": 381176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5341", "title": "The use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of specific antibody from cell cultures.", "content": "The solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to quantify anti-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (anti-KLH) antibody in the serum of KLH-immune C57Bl/6 mice. When spleen cells from immune mice were cultured overnight in ELISA microtitre wells to which KLH had been adsorbed it was found that easily quantifiable amounts of anti-KLH antibody were synthesized and were detectable. It was found further that spleen cells from KLH-primed mice, when cultured in vitro in the presence of KLH, transferred to KLH-labelled ELISA plates, and cultured overnight, also produced detectable levels of antibody. Levels of antibody were detectable only after 4 and 5 days of in vitro stimulation. A comparison was made between detectable numbers of plaque forming cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in SRBC primed CBA mice and levels of antibody detected by the ELISA procedure. It was found that the sensitivities of the two tests were comparable. The applications of this technique to the study of in vitro antibody synthesis using soluble antigens are discussed.", "contents": "The use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of specific antibody from cell cultures. The solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to quantify anti-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (anti-KLH) antibody in the serum of KLH-immune C57Bl/6 mice. When spleen cells from immune mice were cultured overnight in ELISA microtitre wells to which KLH had been adsorbed it was found that easily quantifiable amounts of anti-KLH antibody were synthesized and were detectable. It was found further that spleen cells from KLH-primed mice, when cultured in vitro in the presence of KLH, transferred to KLH-labelled ELISA plates, and cultured overnight, also produced detectable levels of antibody. Levels of antibody were detectable only after 4 and 5 days of in vitro stimulation. A comparison was made between detectable numbers of plaque forming cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in SRBC primed CBA mice and levels of antibody detected by the ELISA procedure. It was found that the sensitivities of the two tests were comparable. The applications of this technique to the study of in vitro antibody synthesis using soluble antigens are discussed.", "PMID": 381177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5342", "title": "Natural resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in different inbred mouse strains.", "content": "The mechanisms of natural resistance to intravenous challenge with Salmonella typhimurium C5 are complex. LD50 determinations showed inbred mouse strains of low, intermediate and high natural resistance, with BALB/c and B10 strains the most susceptible, A/J the most resistant. Delayed (footpad) hypersensitivity was not by itself a measure of natural resistance. Resistant mouse strains sensitized either s.c. or i.v. with an attenuated salmonella strain showed positive 48 h footpad reactions when tested 8 days later with a salmonella extract, but three very susceptible strains also showed positive reactions. Determinations of the in vivo net growth rate of salmonellae in the liver and spleen during the first phase of the infection (up to day 4) arrange the different mouse strains into two categories of fast and slow net growth rate. All fast net growth rate strains are susceptible, but not all slow net growth rate strains are resistant. Besides slow net growth rate, resistance requires the participation of other factors appearing in the second phase of the infection (towards the end of the first week) probably involving the cellular immune response, which halts further bacterial growth. Not all slow net growth rate strains are equally capable of suppressing bacterial growth in this second phase. The host mechanism determining slow net growth rate is inherited as a dominant trait, and appears to be operating before the main cellular immune response. The influence of this mechanism on net growth rate is reflected in the time to death following a given dose of salmonellae. The present results suggest that overall resistance to salmonellae is polygenic, but that the mechanism responsible for the differences in early net growth rate is less complex.", "contents": "Natural resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in different inbred mouse strains. The mechanisms of natural resistance to intravenous challenge with Salmonella typhimurium C5 are complex. LD50 determinations showed inbred mouse strains of low, intermediate and high natural resistance, with BALB/c and B10 strains the most susceptible, A/J the most resistant. Delayed (footpad) hypersensitivity was not by itself a measure of natural resistance. Resistant mouse strains sensitized either s.c. or i.v. with an attenuated salmonella strain showed positive 48 h footpad reactions when tested 8 days later with a salmonella extract, but three very susceptible strains also showed positive reactions. Determinations of the in vivo net growth rate of salmonellae in the liver and spleen during the first phase of the infection (up to day 4) arrange the different mouse strains into two categories of fast and slow net growth rate. All fast net growth rate strains are susceptible, but not all slow net growth rate strains are resistant. Besides slow net growth rate, resistance requires the participation of other factors appearing in the second phase of the infection (towards the end of the first week) probably involving the cellular immune response, which halts further bacterial growth. Not all slow net growth rate strains are equally capable of suppressing bacterial growth in this second phase. The host mechanism determining slow net growth rate is inherited as a dominant trait, and appears to be operating before the main cellular immune response. The influence of this mechanism on net growth rate is reflected in the time to death following a given dose of salmonellae. The present results suggest that overall resistance to salmonellae is polygenic, but that the mechanism responsible for the differences in early net growth rate is less complex.", "PMID": 381178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5343", "title": "Genetics of natural resistance to salmonellae in mice.", "content": "The genetics of natural resistance to salmonellae were studied in F1 hybrid and backcross mice. Overall resistance to Salmonella typhimurium C5 is complex, but one parameter, the early net growth rate of the organism in vivo, is controlled by a single autosomal gene or cluster of genes. 'Slow' net growth rate is necessary but insufficient, for resistance to S. typhimurium C5. Resistance requires the participation of other mechanisms, detectable by the end of the first week, which presumably involve an immune response. F1 hybrids bred from parents of low, intermediate and high natural resistance showed either high or low resistance. Most of the F1 hybrids were of a similar high resistance, and were bred from pairs in which at least one parent showed slow net growth rate. Hybrids of low resistance were only obtained when neither parent showed slow net growth rate. No hybrid was less resistant than the parents, many were more resistant. Backcross analysis on two hybrids challenged with S. typhimurium C5 supports the hypothesis of complex genetic control of overall resistance but with single gene control of the early net growth rate of the organism. Similar experiments were performed using a much more virulent organism, S. enteritidis 5694. All mouse strains were very susceptible (LD 50 less than ten organisms) to this strain given either i.v. or s.c. This organism produced an overwhelming infection which did not allow the cell-mediated immune response time to develop. This, however, did not interfere with the mechanism controlling early net growth rate, and genetic analysis using this organism gave similar results to those obtained with S. typhimurium C5. These results suggest that the mechanism regulating early net growth rate does not operate via the cell-mediated immune response, which develops later in the course of the infection.", "contents": "Genetics of natural resistance to salmonellae in mice. The genetics of natural resistance to salmonellae were studied in F1 hybrid and backcross mice. Overall resistance to Salmonella typhimurium C5 is complex, but one parameter, the early net growth rate of the organism in vivo, is controlled by a single autosomal gene or cluster of genes. 'Slow' net growth rate is necessary but insufficient, for resistance to S. typhimurium C5. Resistance requires the participation of other mechanisms, detectable by the end of the first week, which presumably involve an immune response. F1 hybrids bred from parents of low, intermediate and high natural resistance showed either high or low resistance. Most of the F1 hybrids were of a similar high resistance, and were bred from pairs in which at least one parent showed slow net growth rate. Hybrids of low resistance were only obtained when neither parent showed slow net growth rate. No hybrid was less resistant than the parents, many were more resistant. Backcross analysis on two hybrids challenged with S. typhimurium C5 supports the hypothesis of complex genetic control of overall resistance but with single gene control of the early net growth rate of the organism. Similar experiments were performed using a much more virulent organism, S. enteritidis 5694. All mouse strains were very susceptible (LD 50 less than ten organisms) to this strain given either i.v. or s.c. This organism produced an overwhelming infection which did not allow the cell-mediated immune response time to develop. This, however, did not interfere with the mechanism controlling early net growth rate, and genetic analysis using this organism gave similar results to those obtained with S. typhimurium C5. These results suggest that the mechanism regulating early net growth rate does not operate via the cell-mediated immune response, which develops later in the course of the infection.", "PMID": 381179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5344", "title": "The natural resistance of radiation chimeras to S. typhimurium C5.", "content": "Differences in the in vivo net growth rate of Salmonella typhimurium C5 during the first week of infection in different mouse strains are controlled by a single autosomal gene. In lethally irradiated mice repopulated with semi-allogeneic bone marrow, the early net growth rate shows the phenotype of the donor of the bone marrow cell and not the phenotype of the irradiated recipient. Thus, genetically controlled differences in in vivo bacterial net growth rate are a consequence of mechanisms operating in cells which have originated from bone marrow precursors. Natural resistance to S. typhimurium C5 requires, in addition to slow net growth rate, other mechanisms which come into operation at the end of the first week of the infection. These later acting processes are more complex and can not be transferred to susceptible mice using bone marrow cells alone.", "contents": "The natural resistance of radiation chimeras to S. typhimurium C5. Differences in the in vivo net growth rate of Salmonella typhimurium C5 during the first week of infection in different mouse strains are controlled by a single autosomal gene. In lethally irradiated mice repopulated with semi-allogeneic bone marrow, the early net growth rate shows the phenotype of the donor of the bone marrow cell and not the phenotype of the irradiated recipient. Thus, genetically controlled differences in in vivo bacterial net growth rate are a consequence of mechanisms operating in cells which have originated from bone marrow precursors. Natural resistance to S. typhimurium C5 requires, in addition to slow net growth rate, other mechanisms which come into operation at the end of the first week of the infection. These later acting processes are more complex and can not be transferred to susceptible mice using bone marrow cells alone.", "PMID": 381180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5345", "title": "Adult and pre-adult thymectomy of mice: contrasting effects on immune responsiveness, and on numbers of mitogen-responsive and Thy-1+ lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral lymphoid tissues of mice which have been thymectomized at 2 or 4 weeks of age, that is, before they achieve adult body weight, have been shown to be lacking in cells responsive to the T-cell mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin, when the animals became adult, and these mice have also been shown to have a deficient immune response against sheep erythrocytes. It is suggested these effects of pre-adult thymectomy are consequent upon removal of the prime source of T cells prior to the animal having acquired complete T-cell populations of the adult. Spleens and lymph nodes of mice thymectomized at 8 weeks of age were found to have reduced numbers of cells susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of anti-Thy-1 serum as early as 4 weeks after the operation, whereas the number of lymphocytes responsive to T-cell mitogens in these lymphoid tissues was not reduced at this time. The number of spleen-borne antibody-producing cells in a primary or secondary response was not affected by 8-week thymectomy, either when the response was tested in the operated animal, or after transfer of cells from such an animal to an irradiated recipient. The results are discussed with respect to other work on the effects of thymectomy of mice during the post-neonatal and pre-adult period.", "contents": "Adult and pre-adult thymectomy of mice: contrasting effects on immune responsiveness, and on numbers of mitogen-responsive and Thy-1+ lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphoid tissues of mice which have been thymectomized at 2 or 4 weeks of age, that is, before they achieve adult body weight, have been shown to be lacking in cells responsive to the T-cell mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin, when the animals became adult, and these mice have also been shown to have a deficient immune response against sheep erythrocytes. It is suggested these effects of pre-adult thymectomy are consequent upon removal of the prime source of T cells prior to the animal having acquired complete T-cell populations of the adult. Spleens and lymph nodes of mice thymectomized at 8 weeks of age were found to have reduced numbers of cells susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of anti-Thy-1 serum as early as 4 weeks after the operation, whereas the number of lymphocytes responsive to T-cell mitogens in these lymphoid tissues was not reduced at this time. The number of spleen-borne antibody-producing cells in a primary or secondary response was not affected by 8-week thymectomy, either when the response was tested in the operated animal, or after transfer of cells from such an animal to an irradiated recipient. The results are discussed with respect to other work on the effects of thymectomy of mice during the post-neonatal and pre-adult period.", "PMID": 381181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5346", "title": "Kinetics of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by human granulocytes.", "content": "Although phagocytosis of micro-organisms by granulocytes is one of the most important defence mechanisms against infection, little is known about the kinetics of this process. The present study showed that the rate of ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depends on the concentrations of the granulocytes and bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria at a bacteria-to-cell ratio in the range between 100:1 and 1:10 showed an exponential course during the first 30 min. At a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 1:1, application of a correction for the outgrowth of extracellular bacteria gave an exponential course of ingestion over the first 90-min period. Since it was found that the phagocytosis of bacteria by granulocytes at various bacteria-to-cell ratios can be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we studied the kinetics of phagocytosis on the basis of the initial rate for the first 30-min period. The rate of phagocytosis and the maximal degree of ingestion of bacteria by granulocytes proved to be related to the concentration of serum used in the assay. The minimal serum concentration required for maximal ingestion was 2.5% for Staphylococcus aureus and 5% for Escherichia coli. When bacteria were pre-opsonized, the duration of pre-opsonization proved to be limiting for the rate of phagocytosis in dependence on the serum concentration. The effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms proved to be two-fold. First, at temperatures between 4 and 33 degrees a decrease in the functioning of the cells leads to a decrease in the rate of phagocytosis. Above 42 degrees, the temperature affects mainly the opsonization of the micro-organisms and has only a slight influence on the ingestion process. From the data obtained in this study, maximal rates of 6.3 X 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min and of 7.1 X 10(6) Escherichia coli/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min were calculated for phagocytosis at a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 100:1 at 37 degrees, i.e. on average about one bacterium per granulocyte per min. The maximum calculated number of bacteria ingested by one granulocyte lies between 40 and 50.", "contents": "Kinetics of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by human granulocytes. Although phagocytosis of micro-organisms by granulocytes is one of the most important defence mechanisms against infection, little is known about the kinetics of this process. The present study showed that the rate of ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depends on the concentrations of the granulocytes and bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria at a bacteria-to-cell ratio in the range between 100:1 and 1:10 showed an exponential course during the first 30 min. At a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 1:1, application of a correction for the outgrowth of extracellular bacteria gave an exponential course of ingestion over the first 90-min period. Since it was found that the phagocytosis of bacteria by granulocytes at various bacteria-to-cell ratios can be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we studied the kinetics of phagocytosis on the basis of the initial rate for the first 30-min period. The rate of phagocytosis and the maximal degree of ingestion of bacteria by granulocytes proved to be related to the concentration of serum used in the assay. The minimal serum concentration required for maximal ingestion was 2.5% for Staphylococcus aureus and 5% for Escherichia coli. When bacteria were pre-opsonized, the duration of pre-opsonization proved to be limiting for the rate of phagocytosis in dependence on the serum concentration. The effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms proved to be two-fold. First, at temperatures between 4 and 33 degrees a decrease in the functioning of the cells leads to a decrease in the rate of phagocytosis. Above 42 degrees, the temperature affects mainly the opsonization of the micro-organisms and has only a slight influence on the ingestion process. From the data obtained in this study, maximal rates of 6.3 X 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min and of 7.1 X 10(6) Escherichia coli/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min were calculated for phagocytosis at a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 100:1 at 37 degrees, i.e. on average about one bacterium per granulocyte per min. The maximum calculated number of bacteria ingested by one granulocyte lies between 40 and 50.", "PMID": 381182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5347", "title": "Characterization of immunogenic properties of haptenated liposomal model membranes in mice. I. Thymus independence of the antigen.", "content": "This paper describes a rather simple coupling method for tripeptide enlarged haptens to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and the incorporation of these conjugates into liposomal model membranes (haptenated liposomes). These haptenated liposomes evoke a hapten-specific humoral immune response in mice. The magnitude of the response as measured by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells in the spleen is dependent on the route of immunization and the dose and epitope density of the hapten-PE derivatives. It was not possible to evoke an IgG response after either primary or secondary immunization with haptenated liposomes (as measured by the production of indirect plaques or mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody). These data, in addition to the observations that mice depleted of, or deficient in thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes respond to haptenated liposomes, indicate that these haptenated liposomes are T-cell independent antigens.", "contents": "Characterization of immunogenic properties of haptenated liposomal model membranes in mice. I. Thymus independence of the antigen. This paper describes a rather simple coupling method for tripeptide enlarged haptens to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and the incorporation of these conjugates into liposomal model membranes (haptenated liposomes). These haptenated liposomes evoke a hapten-specific humoral immune response in mice. The magnitude of the response as measured by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells in the spleen is dependent on the route of immunization and the dose and epitope density of the hapten-PE derivatives. It was not possible to evoke an IgG response after either primary or secondary immunization with haptenated liposomes (as measured by the production of indirect plaques or mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody). These data, in addition to the observations that mice depleted of, or deficient in thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes respond to haptenated liposomes, indicate that these haptenated liposomes are T-cell independent antigens.", "PMID": 381183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5348", "title": "Microtechnique for studies on the role of monocytes in the stimulation of lymphocytes.", "content": "A microtiter technique was used to measure lymphocyte stimulation by antigen-pulsed monocytes. Monocytes from human blood were isolated on polyester film disks. The disks were exposed to antigen and incubated together with lymphocytes in the wells of a microtiter plate. The method was technically simple and required no expensive materials.", "contents": "Microtechnique for studies on the role of monocytes in the stimulation of lymphocytes. A microtiter technique was used to measure lymphocyte stimulation by antigen-pulsed monocytes. Monocytes from human blood were isolated on polyester film disks. The disks were exposed to antigen and incubated together with lymphocytes in the wells of a microtiter plate. The method was technically simple and required no expensive materials.", "PMID": 381194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5349", "title": "Passive immune hemolysis for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli isolated from different sources.", "content": "Fifty-one strains of Escherichia coli isolated from humans, swine, food, and water and identified as enterotoxinogenic by the Y-1 adrenal cell assay, were examined for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) production by the passive immune hemolysis test. Cholera antitoxin, anti-choleragenoid and anti-LT were used as antisera. Cholera antitoxin was much more potent than anti-choleragenoid and LT antiserum in the detection of LT-positive strains. All strains isolated from pigs and sausage were negative in tests made with LT antiserum. A few strains isolated from humans, food, and water also gave negative results. These data showed that the passive immune hemolysis test is not as efficient as the Y-1 adrenal cell assay in the detection of enterotoxinogenic E. coli strains.", "contents": "Passive immune hemolysis for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli isolated from different sources. Fifty-one strains of Escherichia coli isolated from humans, swine, food, and water and identified as enterotoxinogenic by the Y-1 adrenal cell assay, were examined for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) production by the passive immune hemolysis test. Cholera antitoxin, anti-choleragenoid and anti-LT were used as antisera. Cholera antitoxin was much more potent than anti-choleragenoid and LT antiserum in the detection of LT-positive strains. All strains isolated from pigs and sausage were negative in tests made with LT antiserum. A few strains isolated from humans, food, and water also gave negative results. These data showed that the passive immune hemolysis test is not as efficient as the Y-1 adrenal cell assay in the detection of enterotoxinogenic E. coli strains.", "PMID": 381195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5350", "title": "Enterotoxins, O-groups, and K88 antigen in Escherichia coli from neonatal piglets with and without diarrhea.", "content": "In a comparison between piglets (1-7 days old) with diarrhea and healthy piglets of the same age and 1 to 8 weeks old, 810 intestinal strains of Escherichia coli from 81 piglets from as many different herds in Sweden were investigated with regard to O-group, enterotoxicity, and possession of K88 antigen. A clear difference was found between the E. coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea and from representatives of healthy herds without diarrhea, with regard to (i) the homogeneity of strains in individual pigs and (ii) the distribution of O-groups, K88 antigen, and frequency of enterotoxicity. Strains from piglets with diarrhea showed a high frequency of O-group 149 (53%), enterotoxicity (61%), and K88 antigen (56%), while not more than 3% of the strains from healthy piglets of the same age harbored any of these characteristics. Of the isolates in O-groups 8, 64, and 115, 36% were enterotoxigenic. The corresponding data for O-group 149 and nontypable strains were 96 and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, K88 antigen was only found in O-groups 8 and 149. In O-group 149, 96% of the strains (n = 167) produced the K88 antigen as well as heat-labile enterotoxin. In contrast, strains producing heat-stable enterotoxin were mainly found in O-groups 8, 9, 64, 115, and 141. There was a significant difference in the frequencies of E. coli strains producing heat-labile enterotoxin between piglets with diarrhea and those without, whereas the pathogenic role of heat-stable enterotoxin-producing strains was less apparent.", "contents": "Enterotoxins, O-groups, and K88 antigen in Escherichia coli from neonatal piglets with and without diarrhea. In a comparison between piglets (1-7 days old) with diarrhea and healthy piglets of the same age and 1 to 8 weeks old, 810 intestinal strains of Escherichia coli from 81 piglets from as many different herds in Sweden were investigated with regard to O-group, enterotoxicity, and possession of K88 antigen. A clear difference was found between the E. coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea and from representatives of healthy herds without diarrhea, with regard to (i) the homogeneity of strains in individual pigs and (ii) the distribution of O-groups, K88 antigen, and frequency of enterotoxicity. Strains from piglets with diarrhea showed a high frequency of O-group 149 (53%), enterotoxicity (61%), and K88 antigen (56%), while not more than 3% of the strains from healthy piglets of the same age harbored any of these characteristics. Of the isolates in O-groups 8, 64, and 115, 36% were enterotoxigenic. The corresponding data for O-group 149 and nontypable strains were 96 and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, K88 antigen was only found in O-groups 8 and 149. In O-group 149, 96% of the strains (n = 167) produced the K88 antigen as well as heat-labile enterotoxin. In contrast, strains producing heat-stable enterotoxin were mainly found in O-groups 8, 9, 64, 115, and 141. There was a significant difference in the frequencies of E. coli strains producing heat-labile enterotoxin between piglets with diarrhea and those without, whereas the pathogenic role of heat-stable enterotoxin-producing strains was less apparent.", "PMID": 381196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5351", "title": "Surface protein of a Streptococcus agalactiae isolate.", "content": "A Streptococcus agalactiae isolate of bovine origin was cultured in broth; log-phase cells were washed and radioiodinated and subsequently extracted at low pH in the presence of a nonionic detergent. A protein antigen was purified from concentrated extract by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated at 31,800. The agglutinogenic character of the protein indicated its localization at the cell surface.", "contents": "Surface protein of a Streptococcus agalactiae isolate. A Streptococcus agalactiae isolate of bovine origin was cultured in broth; log-phase cells were washed and radioiodinated and subsequently extracted at low pH in the presence of a nonionic detergent. A protein antigen was purified from concentrated extract by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated at 31,800. The agglutinogenic character of the protein indicated its localization at the cell surface.", "PMID": 381197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5352", "title": "Host defenses in murine malaria: analysis of the mechanisms of immunity to Plasmodium berghei generated in response to immunization with formalin-killed blood-stage parasites.", "content": "Syngeneic B6D2F1 (C57Bl/6 x DBA/2) mice were immunized with a nonliving antigen prepared from mixed blood forms of Plasmodium berghei strain NYU-2. Consistently greater than 80% of the vaccinated mice survived virulent challenge, and protective immunity was demonstrable from 1 week through at least 4 months after immunization. However, vaccination did not prevent the development of patient infection after challenge. Instead, infections in vaccinated mice progressed to about 10% parasitemia and were then subsequently cleared. In contrast, infections initiated in nonvaccinated mice progressed beyond 10% parasitemia and were uniformly fatal within 4 weeks. Sera collected from normal mice, nonvaccinated mice infected with P. berghei, or vaccinated mice before challenge failed to passively protect recipients against virulent infection. On the other hand, sera collected from vaccinated mice after recovery from a challenge infection conferred upon passively immunized recipients protection from homologous virulent challenge, which was manifest as a delay in the onset of overt infection. It was concluded, therefore, that vaccination altered the immunological potential of the host in such a way as to allow the production of a protective humoral factor, probably specific antibody, in response to infection with the virulent parasites.", "contents": "Host defenses in murine malaria: analysis of the mechanisms of immunity to Plasmodium berghei generated in response to immunization with formalin-killed blood-stage parasites. Syngeneic B6D2F1 (C57Bl/6 x DBA/2) mice were immunized with a nonliving antigen prepared from mixed blood forms of Plasmodium berghei strain NYU-2. Consistently greater than 80% of the vaccinated mice survived virulent challenge, and protective immunity was demonstrable from 1 week through at least 4 months after immunization. However, vaccination did not prevent the development of patient infection after challenge. Instead, infections in vaccinated mice progressed to about 10% parasitemia and were then subsequently cleared. In contrast, infections initiated in nonvaccinated mice progressed beyond 10% parasitemia and were uniformly fatal within 4 weeks. Sera collected from normal mice, nonvaccinated mice infected with P. berghei, or vaccinated mice before challenge failed to passively protect recipients against virulent infection. On the other hand, sera collected from vaccinated mice after recovery from a challenge infection conferred upon passively immunized recipients protection from homologous virulent challenge, which was manifest as a delay in the onset of overt infection. It was concluded, therefore, that vaccination altered the immunological potential of the host in such a way as to allow the production of a protective humoral factor, probably specific antibody, in response to infection with the virulent parasites.", "PMID": 381198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5353", "title": "Unique lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain).", "content": "The lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was determined after purification of the organisms from the infected testes of corticosteroid-treated rabbits by differential centrifugation, filtration through Nuclepore membranes, and sedimentation in Hypaque density gradients. The total lipids were comprised of 32.2% neutral lipids, mainly cholesterol, and 67.8% phospholipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine (32.1%), sphingomyelin (14.8%), cardiolipin (13.0%), phosphatidylethanolamine (6.2%), phosphatidylinositol-serine (1.2%), and lysophosphatidylcholine (0.4%). Monoglycosyldiglyceride, a glycolipid comprising 25 to 50% of thetotal lipid of all Treponema previously examined, was not detected. The fatty acid composition was similar but quntitatively distinct from that of the infected testes tissue.", "contents": "Unique lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain). The lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was determined after purification of the organisms from the infected testes of corticosteroid-treated rabbits by differential centrifugation, filtration through Nuclepore membranes, and sedimentation in Hypaque density gradients. The total lipids were comprised of 32.2% neutral lipids, mainly cholesterol, and 67.8% phospholipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine (32.1%), sphingomyelin (14.8%), cardiolipin (13.0%), phosphatidylethanolamine (6.2%), phosphatidylinositol-serine (1.2%), and lysophosphatidylcholine (0.4%). Monoglycosyldiglyceride, a glycolipid comprising 25 to 50% of thetotal lipid of all Treponema previously examined, was not detected. The fatty acid composition was similar but quntitatively distinct from that of the infected testes tissue.", "PMID": 381199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5354", "title": "Heat-labile enterotoxin production in isolates from a shipboard outbreak of human diarrheal illness.", "content": "As reported elsewhere, an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli serotype O25:K98:NM was epidemiologically incriminated as the etiological agent in a shipboard outbreak of diarrheal illness. This enterotoxigenic E. coli strain and possibly other enteric isolates were found to produce heat-labile toxin and not heat-stable toxin. Since previous genetic analyses of enterotoxigenic E. coli strains producing heat-labile and heat-stable toxins have shown a plasmid location for both toxin determinants and since in this outbreak more than one bacterial strain appeared to produce only heat-labile toxin, the possibility of an extrachromosomal heat-labile toxin determinant was investigated. Results of endonuclease cleavage and hybridization experiments, as well as apparent heat-labile toxin phenotypic instability, strongly suggest a plasmid mediation of toxin production. Additionally, the stability of this heat-labile toxin production was evaluated after several traditional methods of bacterial cell preservation.", "contents": "Heat-labile enterotoxin production in isolates from a shipboard outbreak of human diarrheal illness. As reported elsewhere, an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli serotype O25:K98:NM was epidemiologically incriminated as the etiological agent in a shipboard outbreak of diarrheal illness. This enterotoxigenic E. coli strain and possibly other enteric isolates were found to produce heat-labile toxin and not heat-stable toxin. Since previous genetic analyses of enterotoxigenic E. coli strains producing heat-labile and heat-stable toxins have shown a plasmid location for both toxin determinants and since in this outbreak more than one bacterial strain appeared to produce only heat-labile toxin, the possibility of an extrachromosomal heat-labile toxin determinant was investigated. Results of endonuclease cleavage and hybridization experiments, as well as apparent heat-labile toxin phenotypic instability, strongly suggest a plasmid mediation of toxin production. Additionally, the stability of this heat-labile toxin production was evaluated after several traditional methods of bacterial cell preservation.", "PMID": 381200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5355", "title": "Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and passive hemagglutination method for quantification of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and tetanus toxoid in rats.", "content": "In a comparative study, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using peroxidase labeled anti-rat immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G, and the passive hemagglutination test were applied to determine the primary and secondary antibody response to lipopolysaccharide and tetanus toxoid in rats. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antigens were bound to the wells of polystyrene microplates, tetanus toxoid directly, and lipopolysaccharide after complexing it with methylated bovine serum albumin. After incubation with dilutions of the rat sera, the amount of antibody bound to the solid phase was quantified by means of peroxidase-labeled anti-immunoglobulin. The specificity of the enzyme immunoassay was tested by absorption of the sera with their respective antigens. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay proved to be more sensitive than the hemagglutination reaction, except when titers were determined during the secondary response to tetanus toxoid. Besides its specificity and sensitivity, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a convenient method for measuring both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies. At low serum dilutions of lipopolysaccharide antisera, inhibition of the reaction in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay occurred. This phenomenon could be prevented by heating the sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Lipopolysaccharide was immunogenic in rats over an extremely wide dose range (from 10 pg to 1 mg); the optimal immunogenic dose of lipopolysaccharide for young adult rats was 0.1 to 1,000 mug when administered intravenously, and that of tetanus toxoid was 5 to 10 lines of flocculation, as determined by the Ramon flocculation test.", "contents": "Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and passive hemagglutination method for quantification of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and tetanus toxoid in rats. In a comparative study, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using peroxidase labeled anti-rat immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G, and the passive hemagglutination test were applied to determine the primary and secondary antibody response to lipopolysaccharide and tetanus toxoid in rats. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antigens were bound to the wells of polystyrene microplates, tetanus toxoid directly, and lipopolysaccharide after complexing it with methylated bovine serum albumin. After incubation with dilutions of the rat sera, the amount of antibody bound to the solid phase was quantified by means of peroxidase-labeled anti-immunoglobulin. The specificity of the enzyme immunoassay was tested by absorption of the sera with their respective antigens. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay proved to be more sensitive than the hemagglutination reaction, except when titers were determined during the secondary response to tetanus toxoid. Besides its specificity and sensitivity, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a convenient method for measuring both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies. At low serum dilutions of lipopolysaccharide antisera, inhibition of the reaction in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay occurred. This phenomenon could be prevented by heating the sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Lipopolysaccharide was immunogenic in rats over an extremely wide dose range (from 10 pg to 1 mg); the optimal immunogenic dose of lipopolysaccharide for young adult rats was 0.1 to 1,000 mug when administered intravenously, and that of tetanus toxoid was 5 to 10 lines of flocculation, as determined by the Ramon flocculation test.", "PMID": 381201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5356", "title": "Identification of protective cell surface proteins in ribosomal fractions from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Cell surface antigen preparations from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11 prepared by either trichloroacetic acid extraction or boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate were able to protect C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeDub, and A/J mice. Some of the proteins found in these preparations were shown to exist in the protective ribosomal fraction isolated from S. typhimurium SR-11. Passage of ribosomes isolated from S. typhimurium SR-11 and 6707 through a Sepharose 2B column removed the protective immunogen from 6707 ribosomes but did not completely remove it from SR-11 ribosomes. Immunity to salmonella infection in C3H/HeJ mice induced by ribosomal vaccines may be dependent on the presence of cell surface proteins in the ribosomal fraction.", "contents": "Identification of protective cell surface proteins in ribosomal fractions from Salmonella typhimurium. Cell surface antigen preparations from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11 prepared by either trichloroacetic acid extraction or boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate were able to protect C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeDub, and A/J mice. Some of the proteins found in these preparations were shown to exist in the protective ribosomal fraction isolated from S. typhimurium SR-11. Passage of ribosomes isolated from S. typhimurium SR-11 and 6707 through a Sepharose 2B column removed the protective immunogen from 6707 ribosomes but did not completely remove it from SR-11 ribosomes. Immunity to salmonella infection in C3H/HeJ mice induced by ribosomal vaccines may be dependent on the presence of cell surface proteins in the ribosomal fraction.", "PMID": 381202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5357", "title": "Immunotherapy of guinea pig line 10 hepatoma with nonliving BCG cells in aqueous medium.", "content": "Killed BCG cells suspended in 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose cured guinea pigs with established line 10 tumors in a high percentage of cases. The bacterial preparation of BCG in carboxymethylcellulose displayed a stronger tumor regressive activity and the process of healing was accelerated when endotoxin from a rough (Re) strain of Salmonella typhimurium was added to the BCG bacilli.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of guinea pig line 10 hepatoma with nonliving BCG cells in aqueous medium. Killed BCG cells suspended in 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose cured guinea pigs with established line 10 tumors in a high percentage of cases. The bacterial preparation of BCG in carboxymethylcellulose displayed a stronger tumor regressive activity and the process of healing was accelerated when endotoxin from a rough (Re) strain of Salmonella typhimurium was added to the BCG bacilli.", "PMID": 381203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5358", "title": "Shigella infection of Henle intestinal epithelial cells: role of the bacterium.", "content": "Epithelial cell infection by Shigella flexneri 2a was studied in an in vitro model system. Using the Henle 407 human intestinal epithelial cell line as host cells, a standardized experimental protocol which allowed quantitative measurement of infection was developed. Intravellular residence of infecting organisms was confirmed by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining of unfixed and methanol-fixed (Henle 407) cells and by quantitative bacteriological culture of disrupted host cells after infection. The process of shigella entry into cells was evaluated by chemical or physical modulation of the bacterium under controlled experimental conditions. Shigella were subjected to mild heat, ultraviolet radiation aminoglycoside antibiotics, and immunoglobulins raised against S. flexneri 2a. The data show that heat-stable antigens on the bacterial surface are not solely responsible for infectivity of S. flexneri 2a. Furthermore, it was shown that physiological and synthetic functions of shigellae are required for entry into host cells.", "contents": "Shigella infection of Henle intestinal epithelial cells: role of the bacterium. Epithelial cell infection by Shigella flexneri 2a was studied in an in vitro model system. Using the Henle 407 human intestinal epithelial cell line as host cells, a standardized experimental protocol which allowed quantitative measurement of infection was developed. Intravellular residence of infecting organisms was confirmed by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining of unfixed and methanol-fixed (Henle 407) cells and by quantitative bacteriological culture of disrupted host cells after infection. The process of shigella entry into cells was evaluated by chemical or physical modulation of the bacterium under controlled experimental conditions. Shigella were subjected to mild heat, ultraviolet radiation aminoglycoside antibiotics, and immunoglobulins raised against S. flexneri 2a. The data show that heat-stable antigens on the bacterial surface are not solely responsible for infectivity of S. flexneri 2a. Furthermore, it was shown that physiological and synthetic functions of shigellae are required for entry into host cells.", "PMID": 381204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5359", "title": "B lymphocyte colony formation in renal infection.", "content": "The effect of renal infection on B lymphocyte colony formation has been investigated in the belief that a study of the effect of infection on subpopulations of lymphoid cells might provide direct evidence of the effect of infection on the immmune system. Renal infection was induced in mice, and the specific immune response of the B lymphocyte compartment was quantitated by determining the serum antibody and plaque-forming cell response to infection. Under the conditions of the experiment, the ability of splenic lymphocytes to form B lymphocyte colonies was significantly depressed during the first 7 days of infection, and the results suggest that a study of the responses of lymphoid cells to infection may provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value.", "contents": "B lymphocyte colony formation in renal infection. The effect of renal infection on B lymphocyte colony formation has been investigated in the belief that a study of the effect of infection on subpopulations of lymphoid cells might provide direct evidence of the effect of infection on the immmune system. Renal infection was induced in mice, and the specific immune response of the B lymphocyte compartment was quantitated by determining the serum antibody and plaque-forming cell response to infection. Under the conditions of the experiment, the ability of splenic lymphocytes to form B lymphocyte colonies was significantly depressed during the first 7 days of infection, and the results suggest that a study of the responses of lymphoid cells to infection may provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value.", "PMID": 381205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5360", "title": "Chlorpromazine reverses diarrhea in piglets caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was tested in piglets since CPZ has been shown to be a potent antagonist to enterotoxins in vitro in a cell system and in vivo in a mouse model. Experimental diarrhea was induced in three litters of newborn piglets which were infected by mouth with 2 x 10(9)E. coli bacteria, which produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Treatment with CPZ given intramuscularly 1 h after the onset of diarrhea reversed fluid secretion in small intestine as well as dehydration, as judged by clinical criteria. A dose of 5 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight completely normalized the intestinal-fluid content measured 4 h after diarrhea developed, whereas 1 to 2 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight was somewhat less effective but still caused significant reduction of fluid (P < 0.001). Studies with radioactive [(35)S]CPZ showed preferential and dose-dependent uptake of (35)S in the intestinal mucosa, the radioactivity being evenly distributed in the membranes of both crypt and villus cells. The enzyme adenylate cyclase, which probably mediates the cellular effects of LT, was shown to have two- to threefold higher activity in the infected than in the uninfected animals. This activation was reduced about 50% by the CPZ treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight). In a preliminary field trial the effect of CPZ was tested in a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea in piglets due to enterotoxinogenic E. coli. The animals were treated either with oral electrolyte solution and standard antimicrobial agents only (controls) or with 1 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight intramuscularly in addition to this treatment. The mean duration of diarrhea in CPZ-treated animals was significantly shorter, 4.1 h (n = 23), than that in controls, 7.2 h (P < 0.05).", "contents": "Chlorpromazine reverses diarrhea in piglets caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was tested in piglets since CPZ has been shown to be a potent antagonist to enterotoxins in vitro in a cell system and in vivo in a mouse model. Experimental diarrhea was induced in three litters of newborn piglets which were infected by mouth with 2 x 10(9)E. coli bacteria, which produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Treatment with CPZ given intramuscularly 1 h after the onset of diarrhea reversed fluid secretion in small intestine as well as dehydration, as judged by clinical criteria. A dose of 5 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight completely normalized the intestinal-fluid content measured 4 h after diarrhea developed, whereas 1 to 2 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight was somewhat less effective but still caused significant reduction of fluid (P < 0.001). Studies with radioactive [(35)S]CPZ showed preferential and dose-dependent uptake of (35)S in the intestinal mucosa, the radioactivity being evenly distributed in the membranes of both crypt and villus cells. The enzyme adenylate cyclase, which probably mediates the cellular effects of LT, was shown to have two- to threefold higher activity in the infected than in the uninfected animals. This activation was reduced about 50% by the CPZ treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight). In a preliminary field trial the effect of CPZ was tested in a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea in piglets due to enterotoxinogenic E. coli. The animals were treated either with oral electrolyte solution and standard antimicrobial agents only (controls) or with 1 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight intramuscularly in addition to this treatment. The mean duration of diarrhea in CPZ-treated animals was significantly shorter, 4.1 h (n = 23), than that in controls, 7.2 h (P < 0.05).", "PMID": 381206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5361", "title": "Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic yeasts by human monocytes and neutrophils.", "content": "The kinetics of phagocytosis and killing of four fungal forms with varying virulence by two types of phagocytic cells was examined. Human monocytes ingested Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, and the blastospores of Candida albicans more rapidly than did human neutrophils. There was no difference in the rate of phagocytosis of C. albicans pseudohyphae by these two cell types. Intracellular killing of each of the four fungal forms was consistently and significantly more rapid by monocytes than by neutrophils. Neutrophils were unable to destroy ingested C. albicans pseudohyphae. These experiments suggest that the monocyte plays an important role in host defenses against fungal diseases and that the relative virulence of the pathogenic yeasts in human disease may be related to the ability of these organisms to survival after being ingested by circulating phagocytes.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic yeasts by human monocytes and neutrophils. The kinetics of phagocytosis and killing of four fungal forms with varying virulence by two types of phagocytic cells was examined. Human monocytes ingested Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, and the blastospores of Candida albicans more rapidly than did human neutrophils. There was no difference in the rate of phagocytosis of C. albicans pseudohyphae by these two cell types. Intracellular killing of each of the four fungal forms was consistently and significantly more rapid by monocytes than by neutrophils. Neutrophils were unable to destroy ingested C. albicans pseudohyphae. These experiments suggest that the monocyte plays an important role in host defenses against fungal diseases and that the relative virulence of the pathogenic yeasts in human disease may be related to the ability of these organisms to survival after being ingested by circulating phagocytes.", "PMID": 381207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5362", "title": "Evidence for two heat-stable enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Heat-stable enterotoxins from a bovine and porcine strain of Escherichia coli were isolated and showed significant differences in amino acid composition and heat stability.", "contents": "Evidence for two heat-stable enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Heat-stable enterotoxins from a bovine and porcine strain of Escherichia coli were isolated and showed significant differences in amino acid composition and heat stability.", "PMID": 381208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5363", "title": "The removal of 14C labeled endotoxin by activated charcoal.", "content": "Endotoxin shock due to Gram-negative enteric bacteria is of major medical concern with an estimated 100,000 fatalities in the United States per year. An effective therapy for endotoxin shock, particularly in combination with significant liver damage, has not been available to date. Since activated charcoal is known as a universal sorbent, the use of activated charcoal in a hemoperfusion apparatus to remove endotoxin has interesting possibilities. Current assays for endotoxin are inadequate. The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay was found to give nonreproducible results within our range of requirements for accuracy. We, therefore, grew Salmonella typhimurium in 14C-labeled glucose to obtain 14C labeled endotoxin. Radiolabeled endotoxin was used to measure the rate of adsorption on activated charcoal. The rates of removal of endotoxin from normal saline, plasma, and whole blood will be presented in graphical form for use in design calculations. This work provides a foundation for encouraging in vivo hemoperfusion experimentation now underway at the University of Oklahoma and the Veteran's Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City.", "contents": "The removal of 14C labeled endotoxin by activated charcoal. Endotoxin shock due to Gram-negative enteric bacteria is of major medical concern with an estimated 100,000 fatalities in the United States per year. An effective therapy for endotoxin shock, particularly in combination with significant liver damage, has not been available to date. Since activated charcoal is known as a universal sorbent, the use of activated charcoal in a hemoperfusion apparatus to remove endotoxin has interesting possibilities. Current assays for endotoxin are inadequate. The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay was found to give nonreproducible results within our range of requirements for accuracy. We, therefore, grew Salmonella typhimurium in 14C-labeled glucose to obtain 14C labeled endotoxin. Radiolabeled endotoxin was used to measure the rate of adsorption on activated charcoal. The rates of removal of endotoxin from normal saline, plasma, and whole blood will be presented in graphical form for use in design calculations. This work provides a foundation for encouraging in vivo hemoperfusion experimentation now underway at the University of Oklahoma and the Veteran's Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City.", "PMID": 381215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5364", "title": "Notes for a radical gerontology.", "content": "The predominant theoretical perspectives in social gerontology reflect a normative bias toward adjustment of aging individuals to the society. This bias is reinforced through the methodological predelictions of most gerontologists. We outline the premises of a radical scholarship for gerontology which would provide an alternative, illustrating from selected works. A radical scholorship in gerontology would avoid the individualistic and adjustment biases, and would recognize that life in society is characterized by conflict, negotiation and compromise over politico-economic and other interests. Methodologically, it would seek to explicate the interests and aspirations of the aged in their own terms, and as relevant in the socio-historical context.", "contents": "Notes for a radical gerontology. The predominant theoretical perspectives in social gerontology reflect a normative bias toward adjustment of aging individuals to the society. This bias is reinforced through the methodological predelictions of most gerontologists. We outline the premises of a radical scholarship for gerontology which would provide an alternative, illustrating from selected works. A radical scholorship in gerontology would avoid the individualistic and adjustment biases, and would recognize that life in society is characterized by conflict, negotiation and compromise over politico-economic and other interests. Methodologically, it would seek to explicate the interests and aspirations of the aged in their own terms, and as relevant in the socio-historical context.", "PMID": 381209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5365", "title": "Solvent abuse: a review.", "content": "The literature on solvent abuse is reviewed. Methods of use, symptoms of use, and effects of long-term solvent abuse are discussed. Several surveys on solvent use are summarized. The highest prevalence of solvent abuse seems to occur in native peoples undergoing periods of cultural change. Environmental conditions which are postulated as leading to psychological vulnerability and solvent abuse include: low social assets, parental drug use, peer and sibling influence, and acculturative stress. Solvent abuse seems to provide a pharmacological way out of a stressful environment for people who feel helpless to improve their situation in other ways. Methods of intervention that have been proposed for dealing with solvent abuse are discussed. Methods of intervention thus far employed generally have not been evaluated in any systematic fashion. Suggestions for future research are provided.", "contents": "Solvent abuse: a review. The literature on solvent abuse is reviewed. Methods of use, symptoms of use, and effects of long-term solvent abuse are discussed. Several surveys on solvent use are summarized. The highest prevalence of solvent abuse seems to occur in native peoples undergoing periods of cultural change. Environmental conditions which are postulated as leading to psychological vulnerability and solvent abuse include: low social assets, parental drug use, peer and sibling influence, and acculturative stress. Solvent abuse seems to provide a pharmacological way out of a stressful environment for people who feel helpless to improve their situation in other ways. Methods of intervention that have been proposed for dealing with solvent abuse are discussed. Methods of intervention thus far employed generally have not been evaluated in any systematic fashion. Suggestions for future research are provided.", "PMID": 381216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5366", "title": "Individual psychotherapy with the aged: a selective review.", "content": "While elderly individuals are still markedly underrepresented in facilities providing outpatient psychological services, clinical interest in individual psychotherapeutic intervention with the aged mentally ill has gradually risen during the past several decades. A broad review of the literature suggests that published descriptions of such interventions have generally been global and vague and that research reports, while collectively pointing to the feasibility of individual psychotherapy, have been infrequent and methodologically weak. In view of the rising numbers of elderly persons potentially requiring psychological services and a probable decrease in the mutual avoidance of therapists and the aged, the need for further theoretical development and empirical research is indicated.", "contents": "Individual psychotherapy with the aged: a selective review. While elderly individuals are still markedly underrepresented in facilities providing outpatient psychological services, clinical interest in individual psychotherapeutic intervention with the aged mentally ill has gradually risen during the past several decades. A broad review of the literature suggests that published descriptions of such interventions have generally been global and vague and that research reports, while collectively pointing to the feasibility of individual psychotherapy, have been infrequent and methodologically weak. In view of the rising numbers of elderly persons potentially requiring psychological services and a probable decrease in the mutual avoidance of therapists and the aged, the need for further theoretical development and empirical research is indicated.", "PMID": 381210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5367", "title": "Psychotherapy and behavior change with the non-institutionalized aged.", "content": "This literature review discusses therapy with the aged person in the community. The discussion is based on the literature published since Rechtschaffen's review in 1959 [1]. The elderly are not receiving mental health services in proportion to their representation in the population or in proportion to their estimated need for such services. Major barriers to the utilization of such services by the aged are the prejudices of care providers, the poverty of the aged, and the lack of public commitment to the provision of services to this special population. A summary of the literature on the goals, content, and techniques of psychotherapy with the elderly client is presented and supports the conclusion that this therapy is different from similar work with the younger adult only in terms of a focus on different content areas. The potential contribution of behavior therapy to treatment programs for the elderly is discussed.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and behavior change with the non-institutionalized aged. This literature review discusses therapy with the aged person in the community. The discussion is based on the literature published since Rechtschaffen's review in 1959 [1]. The elderly are not receiving mental health services in proportion to their representation in the population or in proportion to their estimated need for such services. Major barriers to the utilization of such services by the aged are the prejudices of care providers, the poverty of the aged, and the lack of public commitment to the provision of services to this special population. A summary of the literature on the goals, content, and techniques of psychotherapy with the elderly client is presented and supports the conclusion that this therapy is different from similar work with the younger adult only in terms of a focus on different content areas. The potential contribution of behavior therapy to treatment programs for the elderly is discussed.", "PMID": 381211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5368", "title": "Why so little interest in whether or not old people talk: a review of recent research on verbal communication among the elderly.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the spoken communication of chronically ill and aging residents of long term care institutions. Social gerontologists and speech pathologists have investigated areas related to spoken communication, however, there has been almost no investigation of communication from the patients' and staff perspective. Spoken communication is a vital component of social interaction and psychological well being and underlies such concepts as isolation, integration, and adjustment, and is a fertile area for investigation and analysis.", "contents": "Why so little interest in whether or not old people talk: a review of recent research on verbal communication among the elderly. This paper is concerned with the spoken communication of chronically ill and aging residents of long term care institutions. Social gerontologists and speech pathologists have investigated areas related to spoken communication, however, there has been almost no investigation of communication from the patients' and staff perspective. Spoken communication is a vital component of social interaction and psychological well being and underlies such concepts as isolation, integration, and adjustment, and is a fertile area for investigation and analysis.", "PMID": 381212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5369", "title": "Comparative investigations on pirbuterol, salbutamol and placebo aerosols in bronchial asthma.", "content": "In a single blind crossover study 12 asthmatics received in randomised order single doses of pirbuterol (200 and 400 microgram), salbutamol (200 microgram) and placebo-aerosols, in order to determine the extent and duration of bronchodilator activity, the optimum dosage, the incidence, type and degree of side effects and the cardiovascular as well as hematologic, renal and hepatic functions after inhalative administration. All patients were checked by repeated pulmonary function studies, ECG and extensive laboratory tests. No significant differences were found between salbutamol 200 microgram and pirbuterol 400 microgram when lung functions were studied over 4 hr following inhalation. Pirbuterol 400 microgram and salbutamol 200 microgram were significantly better than pirbuterol 200 microgram. There were no side effects or changes of clinical relevance in pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG or laboratory test results. Pirbuterol is a well tolerated bronchodilator which appears to be of clinical importance in inhalative treatment of bronchospastic disease.", "contents": "Comparative investigations on pirbuterol, salbutamol and placebo aerosols in bronchial asthma. In a single blind crossover study 12 asthmatics received in randomised order single doses of pirbuterol (200 and 400 microgram), salbutamol (200 microgram) and placebo-aerosols, in order to determine the extent and duration of bronchodilator activity, the optimum dosage, the incidence, type and degree of side effects and the cardiovascular as well as hematologic, renal and hepatic functions after inhalative administration. All patients were checked by repeated pulmonary function studies, ECG and extensive laboratory tests. No significant differences were found between salbutamol 200 microgram and pirbuterol 400 microgram when lung functions were studied over 4 hr following inhalation. Pirbuterol 400 microgram and salbutamol 200 microgram were significantly better than pirbuterol 200 microgram. There were no side effects or changes of clinical relevance in pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG or laboratory test results. Pirbuterol is a well tolerated bronchodilator which appears to be of clinical importance in inhalative treatment of bronchospastic disease.", "PMID": 381220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5370", "title": "Effects of tolmetin, paracetamol, and of two combinations of tolmetin and paracetamol as compared to placebo on experimentally induced pain. A double blind study.", "content": "Previous studies in animals suggested that a coadministration of the anti-rheumatic/anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin (Tolectin) and of paracetamol potentiates the effects of these two drugs. The present study was carried out to assess whether or not the dosis of tolmetin necessary to obtain an analgesic effect can be reduced when paracetamol is coadministered in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy human subjects. The effects of tolmetin 200 mg (T 200), paracetamol 400 mg (P 400), tolmetin 150 mg plus paracetamol 300 mg (T 150 + P 300), and of tolmetin 100 mg plus paracetamol 400 mg (T 100 + P 400) on pain threshold to electrical and thermal stimuli and on pain tolerance to electrical stimuli were compared to the effects of placebo under double blind conditions. Each of 20 healthy volunteers received all of the 5 treatments randomised according to four 5 X 5 Latin squares. The results showed that the combination T 100 + P 400 had better analgesic effects than the double dose of tolmetin, T 200, alone, while the effects of P 400 could not be discrminated from placebo. In a sequential t-test the effects of T 100 + P 400 could be discriminated from placebo already after 14 Ss. The effects of T 200, T 150 + P 300, and T 100 + P 400 respectively could not be differentiated, indicating that the dose of tolmetin can be reduced markedly by simultaneous administration of paracetamol without a loss in analgesic potency. Coadministration of tolmetin and paracetamol permits a marked reduction of the dose of tolmetin without any loss of analgesic potency as measured in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy subjects.", "contents": "Effects of tolmetin, paracetamol, and of two combinations of tolmetin and paracetamol as compared to placebo on experimentally induced pain. A double blind study. Previous studies in animals suggested that a coadministration of the anti-rheumatic/anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin (Tolectin) and of paracetamol potentiates the effects of these two drugs. The present study was carried out to assess whether or not the dosis of tolmetin necessary to obtain an analgesic effect can be reduced when paracetamol is coadministered in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy human subjects. The effects of tolmetin 200 mg (T 200), paracetamol 400 mg (P 400), tolmetin 150 mg plus paracetamol 300 mg (T 150 + P 300), and of tolmetin 100 mg plus paracetamol 400 mg (T 100 + P 400) on pain threshold to electrical and thermal stimuli and on pain tolerance to electrical stimuli were compared to the effects of placebo under double blind conditions. Each of 20 healthy volunteers received all of the 5 treatments randomised according to four 5 X 5 Latin squares. The results showed that the combination T 100 + P 400 had better analgesic effects than the double dose of tolmetin, T 200, alone, while the effects of P 400 could not be discrminated from placebo. In a sequential t-test the effects of T 100 + P 400 could be discriminated from placebo already after 14 Ss. The effects of T 200, T 150 + P 300, and T 100 + P 400 respectively could not be differentiated, indicating that the dose of tolmetin can be reduced markedly by simultaneous administration of paracetamol without a loss in analgesic potency. Coadministration of tolmetin and paracetamol permits a marked reduction of the dose of tolmetin without any loss of analgesic potency as measured in a model with experimentally induced pain in healthy subjects.", "PMID": 381221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5371", "title": "Inactivation of bacteriophage lambda by combined X-ray and U.V.-light exposure.", "content": "Extracellular phage lambda has been successively exposed to X-rays and U.V. light. The plaque-forming ability of the irradiated phages was determined on host cells with different repair capacities. No change in sensitivity was found with a pre-treatment of one type of radiation to lethal damage inflicted by the other. This indicates that a prerequisite for an interaction of different types of radiation is either an active metabolism or repair process occurring during the two radiation exposures.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacteriophage lambda by combined X-ray and U.V.-light exposure. Extracellular phage lambda has been successively exposed to X-rays and U.V. light. The plaque-forming ability of the irradiated phages was determined on host cells with different repair capacities. No change in sensitivity was found with a pre-treatment of one type of radiation to lethal damage inflicted by the other. This indicates that a prerequisite for an interaction of different types of radiation is either an active metabolism or repair process occurring during the two radiation exposures.", "PMID": 381227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5372", "title": "The effect of large doses of vitamin C on leukocyte function and some laboratory parameters.", "content": "Consumption of large doses of vitamin C has been ascribed several beneficial effects e.g. on serum cholesterol, haemoglobin synthesis, leucocyte function. Other authors have warned against large doses which could cause renal stones, disturbed vitamin C metabolism, a diabetogenic effect. To test certain statements 24 healthy women received either placebo, 1000 mg or 4000 mg ascorbic acid daily in a double blind study. Blood was drawn at regular intervals. Those women who received large doses of vitamin C increased their serum levels of vitamin C, during the medication, but otherwise we found no differences neither in leucocyte levels of vitamin C, leucocyte function nor other laboratory parameters between women who received placebo or large doses of ascorbic acid.", "contents": "The effect of large doses of vitamin C on leukocyte function and some laboratory parameters. Consumption of large doses of vitamin C has been ascribed several beneficial effects e.g. on serum cholesterol, haemoglobin synthesis, leucocyte function. Other authors have warned against large doses which could cause renal stones, disturbed vitamin C metabolism, a diabetogenic effect. To test certain statements 24 healthy women received either placebo, 1000 mg or 4000 mg ascorbic acid daily in a double blind study. Blood was drawn at regular intervals. Those women who received large doses of vitamin C increased their serum levels of vitamin C, during the medication, but otherwise we found no differences neither in leucocyte levels of vitamin C, leucocyte function nor other laboratory parameters between women who received placebo or large doses of ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 381229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5373", "title": "Nutrition and the immune response -- a review.", "content": "This compacted overview of the nutrition-immune response connection underscores the role of nutrition as a deterrent to infection. Malnutrition enhances the propensity to and heightens the intensity of infections by weaknening the various host defense mechanisms. Thus: 1. Deficiencies of vitamin A, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B12, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, iron and protein disrupt the tissue barriers to infection. 2. Protein-calorie, folate, iron, pyridoxine and zinc deprivations markedly depress the cell-mediated immune system. 3. Deficiencies of protein, pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid, thiamine, biotin, riboflavin, niacin-tryptophan, vitamin A and ascorbic acid inhibit humoral antibody formation in mammalian systems. 4. Vitamin A lack prevents the formation of lacrimal, salivary and sweat gland lysozymes. 5. Complement, properdin, interferon and transferrin concentrations are reduced in those nutritional deficiencies that interfere with protein synthesis. 6. Protein-calorie, iron and folate deficiencies impair phagocytosis by interfering with phagocyte microbial killing power or with phagocyte production. 7. Protein, ascorbic acid and zinc deficiencies retard wound healing that prevents spread of infectious lesions.", "contents": "Nutrition and the immune response -- a review. This compacted overview of the nutrition-immune response connection underscores the role of nutrition as a deterrent to infection. Malnutrition enhances the propensity to and heightens the intensity of infections by weaknening the various host defense mechanisms. Thus: 1. Deficiencies of vitamin A, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B12, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, iron and protein disrupt the tissue barriers to infection. 2. Protein-calorie, folate, iron, pyridoxine and zinc deprivations markedly depress the cell-mediated immune system. 3. Deficiencies of protein, pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid, thiamine, biotin, riboflavin, niacin-tryptophan, vitamin A and ascorbic acid inhibit humoral antibody formation in mammalian systems. 4. Vitamin A lack prevents the formation of lacrimal, salivary and sweat gland lysozymes. 5. Complement, properdin, interferon and transferrin concentrations are reduced in those nutritional deficiencies that interfere with protein synthesis. 6. Protein-calorie, iron and folate deficiencies impair phagocytosis by interfering with phagocyte microbial killing power or with phagocyte production. 7. Protein, ascorbic acid and zinc deficiencies retard wound healing that prevents spread of infectious lesions.", "PMID": 381230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5374", "title": "H. S. Sullivan and the phenomenology of human cognition.", "content": "It is the purpose of this article to offer additional clarification of H. S. Sullivan's three-way division of cognitive experience. The investigation involves an analysis of C. S. Peirce's phenomenological categories of experience and their three Sullivanian parallels, i.e., prototaxis, parataxis, and syntaxis. It will be argued that the utilisation of these categories will provide psychiatrists with the following:(1) a set of non-psychiatric criteria for clarifying the underlying principles of psychiatric claims, (2) a broader base for analysing the nature of interpersonal relations, and (3) an additional means of preserving the self-correcting character of inter-personal psychiatry as a theory.", "contents": "H. S. Sullivan and the phenomenology of human cognition. It is the purpose of this article to offer additional clarification of H. S. Sullivan's three-way division of cognitive experience. The investigation involves an analysis of C. S. Peirce's phenomenological categories of experience and their three Sullivanian parallels, i.e., prototaxis, parataxis, and syntaxis. It will be argued that the utilisation of these categories will provide psychiatrists with the following:(1) a set of non-psychiatric criteria for clarifying the underlying principles of psychiatric claims, (2) a broader base for analysing the nature of interpersonal relations, and (3) an additional means of preserving the self-correcting character of inter-personal psychiatry as a theory.", "PMID": 381231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5375", "title": "Experience of complete duplication of the collecting system: retrospective analysis of 23 cases with particular emphasis on the type of ureteral hiatus and its implication in the management of duplex.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of complete duplication of the collecting system are reviewed. The type of ureteral hiatus was retrospectively studied to assess its relation to various abnormalities of the duplex system. It was stressed that the hiatal concept is quite important in understanding the multifarious problems of the pathophysiology of ureteral dilation, surgical management and faulty embryogenesis of the kidney and ureterovesical junction of the duplex system.", "contents": "Experience of complete duplication of the collecting system: retrospective analysis of 23 cases with particular emphasis on the type of ureteral hiatus and its implication in the management of duplex. Twenty-three cases of complete duplication of the collecting system are reviewed. The type of ureteral hiatus was retrospectively studied to assess its relation to various abnormalities of the duplex system. It was stressed that the hiatal concept is quite important in understanding the multifarious problems of the pathophysiology of ureteral dilation, surgical management and faulty embryogenesis of the kidney and ureterovesical junction of the duplex system.", "PMID": 381232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5376", "title": "Daily bacteriological examination of urine during antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infections.", "content": "Bacteriologic examinations of urine were performed daily in 85 patients admitted for chronic recurrent urinary tract infections and treated with antibacterial drugs. The results have shown that the effect of therapy can be evaluated fairly accurately on the basis of bacteriological findings in urine within the first four days of treatment. When sterility was achieved as early as after one or two days of therapy, the urine remained sterile in more than 90% of the patients throughout the first post-treatment week; in more than 80% therapy had a long-term effect. A slowly subsiding urinary tract infection or reduced urinary bacterial count indicates that therapy will be ineffective.", "contents": "Daily bacteriological examination of urine during antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infections. Bacteriologic examinations of urine were performed daily in 85 patients admitted for chronic recurrent urinary tract infections and treated with antibacterial drugs. The results have shown that the effect of therapy can be evaluated fairly accurately on the basis of bacteriological findings in urine within the first four days of treatment. When sterility was achieved as early as after one or two days of therapy, the urine remained sterile in more than 90% of the patients throughout the first post-treatment week; in more than 80% therapy had a long-term effect. A slowly subsiding urinary tract infection or reduced urinary bacterial count indicates that therapy will be ineffective.", "PMID": 381233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5377", "title": "Reversible acute tubular necrosis following severe acute renal rejection.", "content": "The clinical observation of 6 out of 250 renal transplant patients showed that acute renal rejection may lead to reversible acute tubular necrosis (ATN) necessitating intermittent haemodialysis treatment. Despite missing early response to high-dose (methyl-) prednisolone therapy (during a mean period of 4.7 days) all 6 patients developed spontaneous diuresis 14.5 days on average after onset of rejection while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. From the clinical course the conclusion was drawn that in severe cases of renal rejection with arteriographic and histological findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis, prolonged therapy with high doses of (methyl-) prednisolone is not desirable, since after reversal of immunological rejection the onset of spontaneous diuresis will be determined mainly by the duration of the healing and recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis.", "contents": "Reversible acute tubular necrosis following severe acute renal rejection. The clinical observation of 6 out of 250 renal transplant patients showed that acute renal rejection may lead to reversible acute tubular necrosis (ATN) necessitating intermittent haemodialysis treatment. Despite missing early response to high-dose (methyl-) prednisolone therapy (during a mean period of 4.7 days) all 6 patients developed spontaneous diuresis 14.5 days on average after onset of rejection while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. From the clinical course the conclusion was drawn that in severe cases of renal rejection with arteriographic and histological findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis, prolonged therapy with high doses of (methyl-) prednisolone is not desirable, since after reversal of immunological rejection the onset of spontaneous diuresis will be determined mainly by the duration of the healing and recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis.", "PMID": 381234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5378", "title": "The aminogram of the urine produced by the preserved kidney.", "content": "The function of autogenous canine kidneys may be considered even after successful preservation and reperfusion to be pathological for about 3 to 4 days, since a condition characterized by proteinuria and increased amino aciduria exists for a while.", "contents": "The aminogram of the urine produced by the preserved kidney. The function of autogenous canine kidneys may be considered even after successful preservation and reperfusion to be pathological for about 3 to 4 days, since a condition characterized by proteinuria and increased amino aciduria exists for a while.", "PMID": 381235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5379", "title": "Gamma camera scintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphocele following renal transplantation.", "content": "The symptoms and diagnosis of perirenal lymphocele following kidney transplantation are discussed. A case demonstrated by means of i.v. urography and gamma camera scintigraphy is reported. The value of the last mentioned method is stressed.", "contents": "Gamma camera scintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphocele following renal transplantation. The symptoms and diagnosis of perirenal lymphocele following kidney transplantation are discussed. A case demonstrated by means of i.v. urography and gamma camera scintigraphy is reported. The value of the last mentioned method is stressed.", "PMID": 381236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5380", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis with bacteriuria: a probable etiologic relationship.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of acute glomerulonephritis in children with no previous history of renal disease were studied. Urinary infection with a rising titre of serum agglutinins against the organisms isolated from urine was found in 5 cases. No evidence of previous streptococcal infection was found in these cases. In the meantime all 8 cases with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis remained without bacteriuria. In one case acute glomerulonephritis followed virus hepatitis, and in the remaining 7 cases the cause of glomerulonephritis was unknown. It is suggested that in predisposed patients the bacteria present in urinary infections might act as antigens starting immunologic reactions in the glomeruli, leading to glomerulonephritis. The final proof of this theory awaits immunofluorescence identification of these antigens in the glomeruli.", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis with bacteriuria: a probable etiologic relationship. Twenty-one cases of acute glomerulonephritis in children with no previous history of renal disease were studied. Urinary infection with a rising titre of serum agglutinins against the organisms isolated from urine was found in 5 cases. No evidence of previous streptococcal infection was found in these cases. In the meantime all 8 cases with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis remained without bacteriuria. In one case acute glomerulonephritis followed virus hepatitis, and in the remaining 7 cases the cause of glomerulonephritis was unknown. It is suggested that in predisposed patients the bacteria present in urinary infections might act as antigens starting immunologic reactions in the glomeruli, leading to glomerulonephritis. The final proof of this theory awaits immunofluorescence identification of these antigens in the glomeruli.", "PMID": 381237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5381", "title": "The origins of modern orthopaedics.", "content": "The modern cult of \"selfwareness\", today so fashionable among young people, calls on past experiences to interpret modern attitudes and reactions; and gives a new credibility to the old Latin dictum \"Historia, magistra vitae\". It involves all aspects of human enterprise, not least the professional aspect, which undoubtedly gains by taking account of the contributions of previous generations. Orthopaedic surgery is no exception, and those of us who would aspire to a fuller understanding of our specialty will find benefit in retracting its history over at least the last 250 years. In taking such a backward glance, the writer tried to seek out those events and those men whose contributions have stood the test of time and earned them the recognition and prestige in which they are still held today.", "contents": "The origins of modern orthopaedics. The modern cult of \"selfwareness\", today so fashionable among young people, calls on past experiences to interpret modern attitudes and reactions; and gives a new credibility to the old Latin dictum \"Historia, magistra vitae\". It involves all aspects of human enterprise, not least the professional aspect, which undoubtedly gains by taking account of the contributions of previous generations. Orthopaedic surgery is no exception, and those of us who would aspire to a fuller understanding of our specialty will find benefit in retracting its history over at least the last 250 years. In taking such a backward glance, the writer tried to seek out those events and those men whose contributions have stood the test of time and earned them the recognition and prestige in which they are still held today.", "PMID": 381249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5382", "title": "Bone grafting in the reconstruction of the phalanges of the hand.", "content": "In severe traumatic lesions of the fingers with loss of bone in the phalanges it is possible to avoid amputation and restore a useful finger, using skin replacement followed by bone grafting and, where necessary, tendon and nerve grafting. The technique of bone grafting in the phalanges is described. This is the most important step in restoring the length and stability of the digital ray.", "contents": "Bone grafting in the reconstruction of the phalanges of the hand. In severe traumatic lesions of the fingers with loss of bone in the phalanges it is possible to avoid amputation and restore a useful finger, using skin replacement followed by bone grafting and, where necessary, tendon and nerve grafting. The technique of bone grafting in the phalanges is described. This is the most important step in restoring the length and stability of the digital ray.", "PMID": 381250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5383", "title": "Camptomelic syndrome. A rare type of congenital dwarfism associated with skeletal and other abnormalities.", "content": "Three cases of the rare camptomelic syndrome are presented observed within fourteen months at the Mangiagalli University Clinic, Milan. The radiographic appearances and clinical characteristics are described, and compared with the thirty five cases in the literature. The differential diagnosis is discussed and the possibility of diagnosing this malformation prenatally is suggested.", "contents": "Camptomelic syndrome. A rare type of congenital dwarfism associated with skeletal and other abnormalities. Three cases of the rare camptomelic syndrome are presented observed within fourteen months at the Mangiagalli University Clinic, Milan. The radiographic appearances and clinical characteristics are described, and compared with the thirty five cases in the literature. The differential diagnosis is discussed and the possibility of diagnosing this malformation prenatally is suggested.", "PMID": 381251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5384", "title": "Hospital case mix and average charge per case: an initial study.", "content": "The use of case mix to explain hospital costs has been refined in previous research on the cost of hospital-based health care. This study demonstrates the significance of hospital case mix in explaining charges for health care treatment. By assuming that the variables which influence cost should also influence charges, an evaluative function is added to the basic investigative analysis potential of the hospital production process model. The relationship between case mix and charges is found to be weaker than the relationship between case mix and costs. This difference is qualified by methodological variation and possibly explained by cross-subsidization of patient services and lack of adequate controls on charge determination. Further, the relationship between case mix and charges is found to differ between Medicare and Blue Cross patients. This evidence suggests that hospital accounting may not be recovering costs evenly and equitably from clients.", "contents": "Hospital case mix and average charge per case: an initial study. The use of case mix to explain hospital costs has been refined in previous research on the cost of hospital-based health care. This study demonstrates the significance of hospital case mix in explaining charges for health care treatment. By assuming that the variables which influence cost should also influence charges, an evaluative function is added to the basic investigative analysis potential of the hospital production process model. The relationship between case mix and charges is found to be weaker than the relationship between case mix and costs. This difference is qualified by methodological variation and possibly explained by cross-subsidization of patient services and lack of adequate controls on charge determination. Further, the relationship between case mix and charges is found to differ between Medicare and Blue Cross patients. This evidence suggests that hospital accounting may not be recovering costs evenly and equitably from clients.", "PMID": 381253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5385", "title": "[Acute and chronic experimental posttraumatic osteomyelitis in guinea pigs].", "content": "The model of an experimental posttraumatic osteomyelitis is described. Acute and chronic osteomyelitis was produced by inoculation of 10(5) Staph. aureus or E. coli to fractured femora--stabilised or not--with intramedullar nailing. The results are discussed. The model seems to be useful to further studies on posttraumatic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic experimental posttraumatic osteomyelitis in guinea pigs]. The model of an experimental posttraumatic osteomyelitis is described. Acute and chronic osteomyelitis was produced by inoculation of 10(5) Staph. aureus or E. coli to fractured femora--stabilised or not--with intramedullar nailing. The results are discussed. The model seems to be useful to further studies on posttraumatic osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 381254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5386", "title": "[Recipient conditioning with beagle plasma and beagle liver: prolongation of kidney-graft function without preoperative lymphocytotoxic antibody formation].", "content": "Donorspecific recipient conditioning in the non-related beagle produces prolonged kidney-graft survival without any postoperative immunosuppression. Besides 2 donor blood injections on days--18 and--11 followed by a 6-day preoperative immunosuppressive pulse (Procarbazine, ATS) donor plasma and a donor liver preparation are equally active. Additional long-term low dose preoperative immunosuppression with azathioprine tends to strengthen the effect. Lymphocytotoxic antibody formation is avoided in the recipient where no whole blood is used.", "contents": "[Recipient conditioning with beagle plasma and beagle liver: prolongation of kidney-graft function without preoperative lymphocytotoxic antibody formation]. Donorspecific recipient conditioning in the non-related beagle produces prolonged kidney-graft survival without any postoperative immunosuppression. Besides 2 donor blood injections on days--18 and--11 followed by a 6-day preoperative immunosuppressive pulse (Procarbazine, ATS) donor plasma and a donor liver preparation are equally active. Additional long-term low dose preoperative immunosuppression with azathioprine tends to strengthen the effect. Lymphocytotoxic antibody formation is avoided in the recipient where no whole blood is used.", "PMID": 381255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5387", "title": "Contrast media in coronary arteriography: a review.", "content": "Much knowledge of coronary artery disease and much of the progress in surgical treatment of coronary artery disease has been directly dependent upon the safety with which coronary arteriography has been performed. This safety depends upon the ease of placing the contrast media in the arteries and on the toxicity of the contrast medium itself. This review deals with contrast media toxicity in coronary arteriography, as distinct from toxicity in angiocardiography and other angiography.", "contents": "Contrast media in coronary arteriography: a review. Much knowledge of coronary artery disease and much of the progress in surgical treatment of coronary artery disease has been directly dependent upon the safety with which coronary arteriography has been performed. This safety depends upon the ease of placing the contrast media in the arteries and on the toxicity of the contrast medium itself. This review deals with contrast media toxicity in coronary arteriography, as distinct from toxicity in angiocardiography and other angiography.", "PMID": 381245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5388", "title": "Indicator dilution measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine clearance by human lung.", "content": "A double indicator dilution method to measure 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) clearance by lungs of anesthetized patients is described. Immediately after a bolus injection of [3H]dextran and [14C]5-HT into the right atrial port of a Swan-Ganz catheter, blood from the radial artery is fractionated and the tritium and carbon-14 of each fraction is measured. The difference between the normalized curves of dextran and 5-HT vs. time reflect the extent to which 5-HT is extracted by the lung. This method gave a mean value of 61 +/- 3% (n = 10) for extraction of 5-HT, compared to 59 +/- 4% measured simultaneously by means of the pulmonary artery-left atrial gradient of 5-HT. Variations among three successive determinations in each patient made postoperatively were not statistically significant. This technique is applicable whenever Swan-Ganz and radial or brachial artery catheters are placed for routine clinical management and, therefore, may have wide application for measurement of pulmonary amine (or kinin) extraction in conscious human subjects or experimental animals. Because pulmonay clearance may be compromised by endothelial damage, 5-HT extraction measured in this manner could reflect early damage to human pulmonary endothelium--perhaps before clinical evidence of damage, such as interstitial edema and respiratory distress, is evident.", "contents": "Indicator dilution measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine clearance by human lung. A double indicator dilution method to measure 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) clearance by lungs of anesthetized patients is described. Immediately after a bolus injection of [3H]dextran and [14C]5-HT into the right atrial port of a Swan-Ganz catheter, blood from the radial artery is fractionated and the tritium and carbon-14 of each fraction is measured. The difference between the normalized curves of dextran and 5-HT vs. time reflect the extent to which 5-HT is extracted by the lung. This method gave a mean value of 61 +/- 3% (n = 10) for extraction of 5-HT, compared to 59 +/- 4% measured simultaneously by means of the pulmonary artery-left atrial gradient of 5-HT. Variations among three successive determinations in each patient made postoperatively were not statistically significant. This technique is applicable whenever Swan-Ganz and radial or brachial artery catheters are placed for routine clinical management and, therefore, may have wide application for measurement of pulmonary amine (or kinin) extraction in conscious human subjects or experimental animals. Because pulmonay clearance may be compromised by endothelial damage, 5-HT extraction measured in this manner could reflect early damage to human pulmonary endothelium--perhaps before clinical evidence of damage, such as interstitial edema and respiratory distress, is evident.", "PMID": 381261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5389", "title": "Breathing responses of unanesthetized man and guinea pigs to increased transrespiratory pressure.", "content": "We compared the breathing responses of unanesthetized men and guinea pigs to externally imposed shifts in lung volume produced by steady pressures applied to the body surface while the mouth remained near atmospheric pressure. Lung inflation caused no consistent or significant changes either in frequency or end-tidal CO2 in the three men. In contrast, during lung inflation the guinea pigs breathed at low frequencies and smaller tidal volumes and showed consistent increases in arterial PCO2 lasting up to 10 min. The changes seen immediately on application of pressure, namely apneic periods followed by breathing in which inspiratory duration was shortened while expiratory duration was substantially increased, indicates that conscious guinea pigs have active inflation reflexes. We concluded that the reflex responses rather than mechanical factors probably account for the underventilation in the guinea pigs and that guinea pigs are not nearly as well equipped as is man to defend gas exchange in the face of nonmetabolic shifts in lung volume.", "contents": "Breathing responses of unanesthetized man and guinea pigs to increased transrespiratory pressure. We compared the breathing responses of unanesthetized men and guinea pigs to externally imposed shifts in lung volume produced by steady pressures applied to the body surface while the mouth remained near atmospheric pressure. Lung inflation caused no consistent or significant changes either in frequency or end-tidal CO2 in the three men. In contrast, during lung inflation the guinea pigs breathed at low frequencies and smaller tidal volumes and showed consistent increases in arterial PCO2 lasting up to 10 min. The changes seen immediately on application of pressure, namely apneic periods followed by breathing in which inspiratory duration was shortened while expiratory duration was substantially increased, indicates that conscious guinea pigs have active inflation reflexes. We concluded that the reflex responses rather than mechanical factors probably account for the underventilation in the guinea pigs and that guinea pigs are not nearly as well equipped as is man to defend gas exchange in the face of nonmetabolic shifts in lung volume.", "PMID": 381262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5390", "title": "Liver blood flow and oxygen consumption during hypocapnia and IPPV in the greyhound.", "content": "Pentobarbital-anesthetized greyhounds were passively hyperventilated using intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPV) and the effects of raised airway pressure, accompanied by hypocapnia and then by normocapnia, on liver blood flow and oxygen consumption were studied. Electromagnetic flowmeters were used to measure hepatic arterial, portal venous, and splenic venous blood flow. Studies were carried out at three levels of raised airway pressure, both at normocapnia and hypocapnia. It was found that hypocapnic hyperventilation produced a decrease in portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow. Normocapnic hyperventilation resulted in a restoration of portal venous blood flow but with a further decrease in hepatic arterial blood flow. A decrease in oxygen consumption with hypocapnia, returning to control values with normocapnia, was seen. It is suggested that the reduction in liver blood flow and oxygen consumption seen with passive hyperventilation is chiefly an effect of hypocapnia and is largely reversed by restoration of normocapnia.", "contents": "Liver blood flow and oxygen consumption during hypocapnia and IPPV in the greyhound. Pentobarbital-anesthetized greyhounds were passively hyperventilated using intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPV) and the effects of raised airway pressure, accompanied by hypocapnia and then by normocapnia, on liver blood flow and oxygen consumption were studied. Electromagnetic flowmeters were used to measure hepatic arterial, portal venous, and splenic venous blood flow. Studies were carried out at three levels of raised airway pressure, both at normocapnia and hypocapnia. It was found that hypocapnic hyperventilation produced a decrease in portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow. Normocapnic hyperventilation resulted in a restoration of portal venous blood flow but with a further decrease in hepatic arterial blood flow. A decrease in oxygen consumption with hypocapnia, returning to control values with normocapnia, was seen. It is suggested that the reduction in liver blood flow and oxygen consumption seen with passive hyperventilation is chiefly an effect of hypocapnia and is largely reversed by restoration of normocapnia.", "PMID": 381263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5391", "title": "A kinetic model of prostaglandin metabolism in the lung.", "content": "We have measured the instantaneous extraction of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) after a single bolus injection of PGE1 and indocyanine green dye into the pulmonary artery of isolated cat lungs. The extraction ratio versus time curves exhibited a characteristic shape; at early times they  were concave upward and later in time concave downward. To evaluate this date we utilized a model in which themechanism of PGE1 uptake is saturable and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model assumes heterogeneous perfusion of the exchanging region of the lung and can be solved by regression analysis to obtain Km and Vmax from the data collected from a single bolus injection. The results indicate that the shape of the extraction ratio curve manifests the influence of nonlinear uptake and heterogeneous perfusion and that the kinetic parameters may be calculated from the data obtained after a single bolus injection ofPGE1.", "contents": "A kinetic model of prostaglandin metabolism in the lung. We have measured the instantaneous extraction of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) after a single bolus injection of PGE1 and indocyanine green dye into the pulmonary artery of isolated cat lungs. The extraction ratio versus time curves exhibited a characteristic shape; at early times they  were concave upward and later in time concave downward. To evaluate this date we utilized a model in which themechanism of PGE1 uptake is saturable and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model assumes heterogeneous perfusion of the exchanging region of the lung and can be solved by regression analysis to obtain Km and Vmax from the data collected from a single bolus injection. The results indicate that the shape of the extraction ratio curve manifests the influence of nonlinear uptake and heterogeneous perfusion and that the kinetic parameters may be calculated from the data obtained after a single bolus injection ofPGE1.", "PMID": 381264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5392", "title": "Size of the pool of alveolar neutrophils in normal rabbit lungs.", "content": "Morphometric methods and two unique characteristics of neutrophils enabled us to measure the size of the pool of neutrophils in alveoli of rabbit lungs. Rabbit lungs contained an estimated 6.11 x 10(4) alveolar neutrophils/g wet wt of lungs, and 9.57 x 10(5) alveolar neutrophils/rabbit. Lung lavage was successful in removing an average of 42.2% of the neutrophils in the air containing spaces of the lungs. An average of 2.5 +/- 3.5 (SD)% of the cells in the lung washes were neutrophils, but an average of 10.23 +/- 5.0 (SD)% of the cells that were free in the alveolus were neutrophils. Studies of the interaction of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in vitro showed that neither cell phagocytoses or destroys the other in significant quantities; however, alveolar macrophages containing neutrophils have been observed.", "contents": "Size of the pool of alveolar neutrophils in normal rabbit lungs. Morphometric methods and two unique characteristics of neutrophils enabled us to measure the size of the pool of neutrophils in alveoli of rabbit lungs. Rabbit lungs contained an estimated 6.11 x 10(4) alveolar neutrophils/g wet wt of lungs, and 9.57 x 10(5) alveolar neutrophils/rabbit. Lung lavage was successful in removing an average of 42.2% of the neutrophils in the air containing spaces of the lungs. An average of 2.5 +/- 3.5 (SD)% of the cells in the lung washes were neutrophils, but an average of 10.23 +/- 5.0 (SD)% of the cells that were free in the alveolus were neutrophils. Studies of the interaction of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in vitro showed that neither cell phagocytoses or destroys the other in significant quantities; however, alveolar macrophages containing neutrophils have been observed.", "PMID": 381265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5393", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of positive-pressure ventilation in normal subjects.", "content": "In normal subjects during 15-min positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cmH2O end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), cardiac output fell 19% due to a fall in stroke volume. Transmural mean right atrial pressure rose 3.1 cmH2O and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased 15%. Simultaneously, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased 21%, ejection time increased 11%, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening fell 30%. Thus, right ventricular filling increased and left ventricular filling decreased. The function of the right ventricle was impaired and the function of the left ventricle may have been impaired. Cardiac output gradually increased due to a 7% increase in heart rate as PEEP was continued for 1 h and transmural mean right atrial pressure also increased further by 2.4 cmH2O. Compensation for the reduced stroke volume occurred as filling pressures and heart rate rose, but ventricular function remained impaired for the entire duration of PEEP. On resuming spontaneous breathing, cardiac output and ventricular function returned to base-line levels. We conclude that the reduced cardiac output during PEEP is not due to a direct mechanical reduction in right ventricular filling.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of positive-pressure ventilation in normal subjects. In normal subjects during 15-min positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cmH2O end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), cardiac output fell 19% due to a fall in stroke volume. Transmural mean right atrial pressure rose 3.1 cmH2O and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased 15%. Simultaneously, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased 21%, ejection time increased 11%, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening fell 30%. Thus, right ventricular filling increased and left ventricular filling decreased. The function of the right ventricle was impaired and the function of the left ventricle may have been impaired. Cardiac output gradually increased due to a 7% increase in heart rate as PEEP was continued for 1 h and transmural mean right atrial pressure also increased further by 2.4 cmH2O. Compensation for the reduced stroke volume occurred as filling pressures and heart rate rose, but ventricular function remained impaired for the entire duration of PEEP. On resuming spontaneous breathing, cardiac output and ventricular function returned to base-line levels. We conclude that the reduced cardiac output during PEEP is not due to a direct mechanical reduction in right ventricular filling.", "PMID": 381266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5394", "title": "Palatal process movement in the rat as demonstrated in frozen sections.", "content": "During mammalian secondary palate development, movement of the lateral palatine processes from the vertical plane to the horizontal plane involves a complex interaction of the palatine processes and the tongue within a dynamic growing oronasal cavity environment. This study of pre-fixation facial profile photographs and frozen sections was undertaken to evaluate external and internal changes in the oronasal complex during secondary palate elevation without the shrinkage known to be present with routinhistological preparation of embryonic tissues. Frozen sections of Sprague-Dawley rat embryos between 15 and 17 days of (conceptual) age were prepared by hexane quenching and cryostat cutting. The results showed that, during the stages of palate development prior to shelf elevation, the tongue and mandible became positioned beneath the primary palate, and the vertical dimension of the oronasal cavity increased by the lifting of the nasomaxillary complex. The tongue and mandible maintained contact with the primary palate, whereas a space developed above the tongue in the middle and posterior palate regions. As the vertical dimension increased the volume of the palatomaxillary processes increased rapidly, the tongue became squeezed, and the palatine processes bulged medially above the level of the tongue. After shelf elevation extensive contact between the palatine processes was present, and the tongue became flattened. The results of this study support the observations of Lazzaro (1940) that rapid increase in shelf volume owing to increased intercellular volume contributes to movement of the processes above the tongue. But, rapid increase in shelf volume occurred contemporaneously with the time when the tongue and mandible outgrew the oronasal cavity and became positioned beneath the primary palate. Therefore, it would appear that the simultaneous occurrence of a lower and more forward tongue position, and an increased palatomaxillary process volume without change in maxillary width, contributed to the medial movement of the processes above the tongue.", "contents": "Palatal process movement in the rat as demonstrated in frozen sections. During mammalian secondary palate development, movement of the lateral palatine processes from the vertical plane to the horizontal plane involves a complex interaction of the palatine processes and the tongue within a dynamic growing oronasal cavity environment. This study of pre-fixation facial profile photographs and frozen sections was undertaken to evaluate external and internal changes in the oronasal complex during secondary palate elevation without the shrinkage known to be present with routinhistological preparation of embryonic tissues. Frozen sections of Sprague-Dawley rat embryos between 15 and 17 days of (conceptual) age were prepared by hexane quenching and cryostat cutting. The results showed that, during the stages of palate development prior to shelf elevation, the tongue and mandible became positioned beneath the primary palate, and the vertical dimension of the oronasal cavity increased by the lifting of the nasomaxillary complex. The tongue and mandible maintained contact with the primary palate, whereas a space developed above the tongue in the middle and posterior palate regions. As the vertical dimension increased the volume of the palatomaxillary processes increased rapidly, the tongue became squeezed, and the palatine processes bulged medially above the level of the tongue. After shelf elevation extensive contact between the palatine processes was present, and the tongue became flattened. The results of this study support the observations of Lazzaro (1940) that rapid increase in shelf volume owing to increased intercellular volume contributes to movement of the processes above the tongue. But, rapid increase in shelf volume occurred contemporaneously with the time when the tongue and mandible outgrew the oronasal cavity and became positioned beneath the primary palate. Therefore, it would appear that the simultaneous occurrence of a lower and more forward tongue position, and an increased palatomaxillary process volume without change in maxillary width, contributed to the medial movement of the processes above the tongue.", "PMID": 381268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5395", "title": "PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic. III. Synergistic effects and inhibitory activity against a beta-lactamase.", "content": "PS-5 was shown to have synergistic activity in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics and it markedly decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration values of ampicillin or cephaloridine with a beta-lactamase-producing Proteus vulgaris strain on agar plates. The synergistic activities were also shown in bactericidal activity in liquid medium. PS-5 was shown to be inhibitory against an extracted beta-lactamase of P. volgaris.", "contents": "PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic. III. Synergistic effects and inhibitory activity against a beta-lactamase. PS-5 was shown to have synergistic activity in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics and it markedly decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration values of ampicillin or cephaloridine with a beta-lactamase-producing Proteus vulgaris strain on agar plates. The synergistic activities were also shown in bactericidal activity in liquid medium. PS-5 was shown to be inhibitory against an extracted beta-lactamase of P. volgaris.", "PMID": 381269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5396", "title": "Antibiotic X-5108. IX. Chemical conversion of mocimycin to aurodox and derivatives of aurodox, goldinamine and mocimycin.", "content": "Mocimycin was converted to the acylesters by selective acylation of the hydroxyl group of the 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)pyridinone moiety. Subsequent N-methylation at the nuclear nitrogen and removal of the protective group from the resulting reaction products afforded aurodox. Mono-O-acetylmocimycin and several analogous aurodox esters thus prepared possess antibacterial activity in vitro and growth-promotion properties in poultry. Esters of aurodox involving the hydroxyl group of the 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)pyridinone moiety are activated. Accordingly, acetic acid treatment of the aurodox esters generates O-acylgoldinamines which undergo transacylation furnishing N-acylgoldinamines. Alternatively, N-acylgoldinamines can be prepared by selective mono--o-arylsulfonylation of aurodox, liberating o-arylsulfonylgoldinamine by treatment with acetic acid followed by N-acylation and removal of the protective arylsulfonyl group. A third approach to N-acylgoldinamines consists in direct N-acylation of goldinamine itself which is prepared by acetic acid treatment of aurodox. None of these derivatives prepared, however, exhibited significant antimicrobial or growth-promoting properties, suggesting that goldinonic acid moiety, or a closely related derivative thereof, is required for biological activity.", "contents": "Antibiotic X-5108. IX. Chemical conversion of mocimycin to aurodox and derivatives of aurodox, goldinamine and mocimycin. Mocimycin was converted to the acylesters by selective acylation of the hydroxyl group of the 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)pyridinone moiety. Subsequent N-methylation at the nuclear nitrogen and removal of the protective group from the resulting reaction products afforded aurodox. Mono-O-acetylmocimycin and several analogous aurodox esters thus prepared possess antibacterial activity in vitro and growth-promotion properties in poultry. Esters of aurodox involving the hydroxyl group of the 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)pyridinone moiety are activated. Accordingly, acetic acid treatment of the aurodox esters generates O-acylgoldinamines which undergo transacylation furnishing N-acylgoldinamines. Alternatively, N-acylgoldinamines can be prepared by selective mono--o-arylsulfonylation of aurodox, liberating o-arylsulfonylgoldinamine by treatment with acetic acid followed by N-acylation and removal of the protective arylsulfonyl group. A third approach to N-acylgoldinamines consists in direct N-acylation of goldinamine itself which is prepared by acetic acid treatment of aurodox. None of these derivatives prepared, however, exhibited significant antimicrobial or growth-promoting properties, suggesting that goldinonic acid moiety, or a closely related derivative thereof, is required for biological activity.", "PMID": 381270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5397", "title": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. I. Taxonomy and fermentation.", "content": "Neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein, were produced with viridogrisein and griseoviridin by Streptomyces sp. P8648 which was identified as a strain of Streptomyces griseoviridus.", "contents": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. I. Taxonomy and fermentation. Neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein, were produced with viridogrisein and griseoviridin by Streptomyces sp. P8648 which was identified as a strain of Streptomyces griseoviridus.", "PMID": 381272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5398", "title": "Evaluation of the mutagenicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mutagenicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (KM, AKM, DKB, RSM, AMK, GM, TOB) has been studied in cells of the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bacterial strains (Ames') monitor reverse mutation (point mutation) and the yeast strain D5 monitors mitotic crossing-over, mitotic gene conversion and point mutation. None of these antibiotics demonstrated any mutagenic activities in either the bacteria or the yeast.", "contents": "Evaluation of the mutagenicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutagenicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (KM, AKM, DKB, RSM, AMK, GM, TOB) has been studied in cells of the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bacterial strains (Ames') monitor reverse mutation (point mutation) and the yeast strain D5 monitors mitotic crossing-over, mitotic gene conversion and point mutation. None of these antibiotics demonstrated any mutagenic activities in either the bacteria or the yeast.", "PMID": 381273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5399", "title": "Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. IV. Mechanism of action.", "content": "Rapamycin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus showed a strong candicidal activity, which could not be reversed by sterols. It has no effect on efflux of K+, Pi ir U.V. absorbing materials and cell permeability of Candida albicans. Thus, in its action it differs from the polyenes. Mechanism of action of rapamycin appears to be different from many known antifungal agents. In C. albicans, rapamycin at the minimum growth inhibitory concentration inhibited: 1) phosphate incorporation into nucleic acids, 2) acetate incorporation into lipids and 3) substrate respiration of amino acids. The effect on amino acid metabolism was expressed as inhibition of oxidative deamination. At low concentrations rapamycin caused degradation of P32-labeled intracellular macromolecules. Inhibition of threonine incorporation into cell wall and leucine incorporation into cellular protein was observed at relatively higher concentrations of rapamycin. The antibiotic showed no effect on cell-free protein synthesizing systems of Escherichia coli, rat liver and C. albicans and in the mitochondrial enzyme systems. Whether the lethal action of rapamycin on C. albicans is primarily due to one of the above effects or is the result of combined effect on some of these biosynthetic parameters remains to be established.", "contents": "Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. IV. Mechanism of action. Rapamycin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus showed a strong candicidal activity, which could not be reversed by sterols. It has no effect on efflux of K+, Pi ir U.V. absorbing materials and cell permeability of Candida albicans. Thus, in its action it differs from the polyenes. Mechanism of action of rapamycin appears to be different from many known antifungal agents. In C. albicans, rapamycin at the minimum growth inhibitory concentration inhibited: 1) phosphate incorporation into nucleic acids, 2) acetate incorporation into lipids and 3) substrate respiration of amino acids. The effect on amino acid metabolism was expressed as inhibition of oxidative deamination. At low concentrations rapamycin caused degradation of P32-labeled intracellular macromolecules. Inhibition of threonine incorporation into cell wall and leucine incorporation into cellular protein was observed at relatively higher concentrations of rapamycin. The antibiotic showed no effect on cell-free protein synthesizing systems of Escherichia coli, rat liver and C. albicans and in the mitochondrial enzyme systems. Whether the lethal action of rapamycin on C. albicans is primarily due to one of the above effects or is the result of combined effect on some of these biosynthetic parameters remains to be established.", "PMID": 381274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5400", "title": "Effects of relaxation training on pulmonary mechanics in children with asthma.", "content": "An experiment, designed to overcome shortcomings in previous work, was conducted to investigate the potential symptomatic benefits of relaxation training in the treatment of asthma in children. Fourteen chronic, severely asthmatic children received three sessions in which they rested quietly, followed by five sessions of relaxation training, and finally three sessions of relaxing as trained previously. Pulmonary function was assessed, in a manner far more definitive than in previous studies, before and after each session, and three additional times at 30-minute intervals thereafter. Tension in the frontales muscles, heart and respiration rates, and skin temperature and conductance were also monitored. Heart rate and to some extent muscle tension results tended to confirm the attainment of relaxed states. However, the lung function results failed to substantiate the previous, preliminary findings of a clinically meaningful change in pulmonary function following relaxation. The status of relaxation in the treatment of asthma was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of relaxation training on pulmonary mechanics in children with asthma. An experiment, designed to overcome shortcomings in previous work, was conducted to investigate the potential symptomatic benefits of relaxation training in the treatment of asthma in children. Fourteen chronic, severely asthmatic children received three sessions in which they rested quietly, followed by five sessions of relaxation training, and finally three sessions of relaxing as trained previously. Pulmonary function was assessed, in a manner far more definitive than in previous studies, before and after each session, and three additional times at 30-minute intervals thereafter. Tension in the frontales muscles, heart and respiration rates, and skin temperature and conductance were also monitored. Heart rate and to some extent muscle tension results tended to confirm the attainment of relaxed states. However, the lung function results failed to substantiate the previous, preliminary findings of a clinically meaningful change in pulmonary function following relaxation. The status of relaxation in the treatment of asthma was discussed.", "PMID": 381275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5401", "title": "Relaxation treatment of pseudoinsomnia and idiopathic insomnia: an electroencephalographic evaluation.", "content": "Twenty-nine insomniacs underwent four consecutive sleep laboratory evaluations before and after receiving tension-release relaxation training, no-tension-release relaxation training, or no-treatment. On the basis of the discrepancy between subjective and EEG-defined measures of latency to sleep onset, subjects were classified as pseudoinsomniacs or idiopathic insomniacs. As predicted, tension-release relaxation was significancy more effective than the other two conditions on subjective sleep measures, regardless of insomnia subtype and on objective sleep measures only for idiopathic insomniacs. Subjective improvement was maintained at 12-month followup. Numerous differences between the two subtypes emerged on pretherapy and during-therapy measures distinct from the latency measures, but changes on those variables were unrelated to outcome improvement.", "contents": "Relaxation treatment of pseudoinsomnia and idiopathic insomnia: an electroencephalographic evaluation. Twenty-nine insomniacs underwent four consecutive sleep laboratory evaluations before and after receiving tension-release relaxation training, no-tension-release relaxation training, or no-treatment. On the basis of the discrepancy between subjective and EEG-defined measures of latency to sleep onset, subjects were classified as pseudoinsomniacs or idiopathic insomniacs. As predicted, tension-release relaxation was significancy more effective than the other two conditions on subjective sleep measures, regardless of insomnia subtype and on objective sleep measures only for idiopathic insomniacs. Subjective improvement was maintained at 12-month followup. Numerous differences between the two subtypes emerged on pretherapy and during-therapy measures distinct from the latency measures, but changes on those variables were unrelated to outcome improvement.", "PMID": 381276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5402", "title": "A simple and rapid purification method for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I.", "content": "We report a simple, three-step method for the purification of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Its advantages over other procedures are ease and rapidity, the absence of an autolysis or any high speed centrifugation step, and applicability to large quantities of material. In addition, RNA polymerase can be isolated as a by-product. We have applied this method to purify DNA polymerase both from wild type E. coli cells and from cells bearing a lambda prophage carrying the polA gene (Kelley, W.S., Chalmers, K., and Murray, N.E. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5632-5636). This latter source amplifies the amount of DNA polymerase in the cells by at least 10-fold.", "contents": "A simple and rapid purification method for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. We report a simple, three-step method for the purification of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Its advantages over other procedures are ease and rapidity, the absence of an autolysis or any high speed centrifugation step, and applicability to large quantities of material. In addition, RNA polymerase can be isolated as a by-product. We have applied this method to purify DNA polymerase both from wild type E. coli cells and from cells bearing a lambda prophage carrying the polA gene (Kelley, W.S., Chalmers, K., and Murray, N.E. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5632-5636). This latter source amplifies the amount of DNA polymerase in the cells by at least 10-fold.", "PMID": 381283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5403", "title": "Differential inhibition of host and viral thymidylate synthetases by folylpolyglutamates.", "content": "The ability of folate analogues to inhibit host and viral thymidylate synthetases was measured using the corresponding Escherichia coli and T2-phage-induced enzymes. In the absence of Mg2+, 6 x 10(-7) M pteroylhexaglutamate inhibited the T2-phage-induced synthetase by 50%, but at least 100-fold greater levels of this compound were necessary to inhibit the E. coli synthetase by this amount. At 2.5 x 10(-6) M pteroylhexaglutamate, at least 80% inhibition of the T2-phage synthetase could be obtained with little or no inhibition of the E. coli enzyme. The pteroylmonoglutamate was about 2 orders of magnitude less inhibitory towards the T2-phage enzyme than the pteroyltri- to -heptaglutamates. However, upon addition of Mg2+ to the assay mixture, the inhibition produced by pteroylhexaglutamate was essentially reversed, with the E. coli synthetase now increasingly inhibited by this compound and the T2-synthetase only minimally impaired. Methotrexate and N10-formyl-2-amino-4-hydroxyquinazoline, although inhibitory to both enzymes in the presence or absence of Mg2+, did not show this differential selectivity. These results suggest that certain folate analogues may be useful in distinguishing between a host and an infecting organism's thymidylate synthetase and could thus provide an additional means of screening for potential chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of host and viral thymidylate synthetases by folylpolyglutamates. The ability of folate analogues to inhibit host and viral thymidylate synthetases was measured using the corresponding Escherichia coli and T2-phage-induced enzymes. In the absence of Mg2+, 6 x 10(-7) M pteroylhexaglutamate inhibited the T2-phage-induced synthetase by 50%, but at least 100-fold greater levels of this compound were necessary to inhibit the E. coli synthetase by this amount. At 2.5 x 10(-6) M pteroylhexaglutamate, at least 80% inhibition of the T2-phage synthetase could be obtained with little or no inhibition of the E. coli enzyme. The pteroylmonoglutamate was about 2 orders of magnitude less inhibitory towards the T2-phage enzyme than the pteroyltri- to -heptaglutamates. However, upon addition of Mg2+ to the assay mixture, the inhibition produced by pteroylhexaglutamate was essentially reversed, with the E. coli synthetase now increasingly inhibited by this compound and the T2-synthetase only minimally impaired. Methotrexate and N10-formyl-2-amino-4-hydroxyquinazoline, although inhibitory to both enzymes in the presence or absence of Mg2+, did not show this differential selectivity. These results suggest that certain folate analogues may be useful in distinguishing between a host and an infecting organism's thymidylate synthetase and could thus provide an additional means of screening for potential chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 381284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5404", "title": "Location of the sugar-binding site of L-arabinose-binding protein. Sugar derivative syntheses, sugar binding specificity, and difference Fourier analyses.", "content": "The sugar-binding site of the L-arabinose-binding protein, an essential component of the high affinity L-arabinose uptake system in Escherchia coli, is located deep in a cleft formed by the asymmetric contributions from both of the two similar domains. The site was unambiguously identified with the electron-rich substrate analog 6-bromo-6-deoxy-D-galactose in a difference Fourier analysis. The observation that the original native structure might have been solved with bound L-arabinose necessitated the synthesis of a heavy atom analog, its structure consistent with the known sugar-binding specificity of the protein. Difference Fourier maps (3.5 A) of crystals soaked in 46 mM analog showed a peak 3.5 times background, which is attributed to the -CH2Br moiety of the analog. Superposition of a difference map onto a 2.8-A native electron density map indicated that the difference peak is 6 to 7 A from the reactive single cysteine (Cys-64) and partially coincident with an \"extraneous\" density found in the native map. This \"extraneous\" peak was previously attributed to a bound L-arabinose molecule, and its presence accounts for the early failures of difference Fourier analyses of crystals soaked in or co-crystallized with L-arabinose to locate the sugar-binding site.", "contents": "Location of the sugar-binding site of L-arabinose-binding protein. Sugar derivative syntheses, sugar binding specificity, and difference Fourier analyses. The sugar-binding site of the L-arabinose-binding protein, an essential component of the high affinity L-arabinose uptake system in Escherchia coli, is located deep in a cleft formed by the asymmetric contributions from both of the two similar domains. The site was unambiguously identified with the electron-rich substrate analog 6-bromo-6-deoxy-D-galactose in a difference Fourier analysis. The observation that the original native structure might have been solved with bound L-arabinose necessitated the synthesis of a heavy atom analog, its structure consistent with the known sugar-binding specificity of the protein. Difference Fourier maps (3.5 A) of crystals soaked in 46 mM analog showed a peak 3.5 times background, which is attributed to the -CH2Br moiety of the analog. Superposition of a difference map onto a 2.8-A native electron density map indicated that the difference peak is 6 to 7 A from the reactive single cysteine (Cys-64) and partially coincident with an \"extraneous\" density found in the native map. This \"extraneous\" peak was previously attributed to a bound L-arabinose molecule, and its presence accounts for the early failures of difference Fourier analyses of crystals soaked in or co-crystallized with L-arabinose to locate the sugar-binding site.", "PMID": 381285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5405", "title": "The properties of a bacteriophage T5 mutant unable to induce deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Synthesis of uracil-containing T5 deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5 induces a deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) activity during infection of Escherichia coli. A T5 mutant (T5 dut) unable to induce this dUTPase activity has been isolated. Although this mutant is viable, the E. coli dUTPase activity is not sufficiently active to exclude uracil from the progeny DNA and about 3% of the thymine is replaced by uracil. When the mutant is grown in an E. coli dut host about 12% of the thymine in the progeny DNA is replaced by uracil. T5 phage containing 12% uracil can replicate in uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient (ung) hosts with high efficiency, but fail to replicate in ung+ hosts. The amount of thymine replaced by uracil in the progeny produced in dut hosts is nearly independent of the ung genotype, indicating that the host uracil-DNA glycosylase-dependent repair pathway is not operating efficiently to remove uracil from T5 progeny DNA.", "contents": "The properties of a bacteriophage T5 mutant unable to induce deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Synthesis of uracil-containing T5 deoxyribonucleic acid. Bacteriophage T5 induces a deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) activity during infection of Escherichia coli. A T5 mutant (T5 dut) unable to induce this dUTPase activity has been isolated. Although this mutant is viable, the E. coli dUTPase activity is not sufficiently active to exclude uracil from the progeny DNA and about 3% of the thymine is replaced by uracil. When the mutant is grown in an E. coli dut host about 12% of the thymine in the progeny DNA is replaced by uracil. T5 phage containing 12% uracil can replicate in uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient (ung) hosts with high efficiency, but fail to replicate in ung+ hosts. The amount of thymine replaced by uracil in the progeny produced in dut hosts is nearly independent of the ung genotype, indicating that the host uracil-DNA glycosylase-dependent repair pathway is not operating efficiently to remove uracil from T5 progeny DNA.", "PMID": 381286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5406", "title": "Stimulation of the glucose transport system in isolated mouse pancreatic acini by cholecystokinin and analogues.", "content": "Cholecystokinin and analogues increased the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose into isolated mouse pancreatic acini. This uptake was mediated by a facilitated glucose transport system that was saturable, stereospecific, and was inhibited by both phloretin and cytochalasin B. In agreement with previous studies of acinar function, caerulein was more potent and pentagastrin less potent than cholecystokinin in increasing sugar transport. The cholinergic analogue carbachol mimicked the effect of caerulein; atropine completely abolished the effects of carbachol but was without influence on the effects of the polypeptide hormones. In contrast, secretion, as well as dibutyryl cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP, had no effect on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. Two lines of evidence suggested that hormonal stimulation of this sugar transport system was related to mobilization of cellular Ca2+. First, depletion of cellular Ca2+ by incubation of acini with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) reduced the effect of caerulein. Second, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 mimicked the effects of caerulein on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake when Ca2+ was present in the medium.", "contents": "Stimulation of the glucose transport system in isolated mouse pancreatic acini by cholecystokinin and analogues. Cholecystokinin and analogues increased the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose into isolated mouse pancreatic acini. This uptake was mediated by a facilitated glucose transport system that was saturable, stereospecific, and was inhibited by both phloretin and cytochalasin B. In agreement with previous studies of acinar function, caerulein was more potent and pentagastrin less potent than cholecystokinin in increasing sugar transport. The cholinergic analogue carbachol mimicked the effect of caerulein; atropine completely abolished the effects of carbachol but was without influence on the effects of the polypeptide hormones. In contrast, secretion, as well as dibutyryl cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP, had no effect on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. Two lines of evidence suggested that hormonal stimulation of this sugar transport system was related to mobilization of cellular Ca2+. First, depletion of cellular Ca2+ by incubation of acini with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) reduced the effect of caerulein. Second, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 mimicked the effects of caerulein on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake when Ca2+ was present in the medium.", "PMID": 381288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5407", "title": "Conformational and ligand binding properties of the isolated domains from the beta 2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase investigated by the reactivity of their cysteines.", "content": "A mild proteolytic treatment of the dimeric beta 2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase (L-serine hydrolase (adding indole) EC 4.2.1.20) is known to nick each polypeptide chain into two complementary fragments, F1 and F2 (H\u00f6gberg-Railbaud, A., and Goldberg, M.E. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 442-446). The reactivity of the cysteines in the isolated or associated fragments is studied and used to characterize the structural and functional properties of these fragments. It is shown that the total number of cysteines, their reactivity to dithiobisnitrobenzoate, and their protection by various ligands are the same in the nicked and intact enzyme, thus demonstrating the close structural analogy between these two proteins. In the isolated F1 fragments two cysteines are reactive and two are buried, thus confirming that this fragments has a compact, globular structure. Various ligands tested fail to produce any modification of the cysteines in the isolated fragments, thus suggesting that none of the fragments alone carries a binding site for the substrates and coenzyme.", "contents": "Conformational and ligand binding properties of the isolated domains from the beta 2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase investigated by the reactivity of their cysteines. A mild proteolytic treatment of the dimeric beta 2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase (L-serine hydrolase (adding indole) EC 4.2.1.20) is known to nick each polypeptide chain into two complementary fragments, F1 and F2 (H\u00f6gberg-Railbaud, A., and Goldberg, M.E. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 442-446). The reactivity of the cysteines in the isolated or associated fragments is studied and used to characterize the structural and functional properties of these fragments. It is shown that the total number of cysteines, their reactivity to dithiobisnitrobenzoate, and their protection by various ligands are the same in the nicked and intact enzyme, thus demonstrating the close structural analogy between these two proteins. In the isolated F1 fragments two cysteines are reactive and two are buried, thus confirming that this fragments has a compact, globular structure. Various ligands tested fail to produce any modification of the cysteines in the isolated fragments, thus suggesting that none of the fragments alone carries a binding site for the substrates and coenzyme.", "PMID": 381292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5408", "title": "The effect of template secondary structure on vaccinia DNA polymerase.", "content": "Vaccinia virus DNA polymerase will utilize a substrate consisting of phi X174 DNA primed with a strand of a unique restriction fragment, but the reaction is inefficient. Examination of the reaction products by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a few discrete fragments, each corresponding to an extended primer strand. This result implies that specific barriers exist on the phi X174 template which impede, but do not completely halt, the progress of the enzyme. Only a few per cent of the template molecules were completely copied. Similar findings were reported by Sherman and Gefter using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II and fd DNA (J. Mol. Biol. (1976) 103, 61-76). Several observations suggest that the barriers are regions of template secondary structure. Some barriers are more effective than others, and they increase in both effectiveness and number as the temperature is decreased. The same barriers are observed with T4 DNA polymerase, but none are detected with E. coli DNA polymerase I. Finally, the major barriers are located in regions of the phi X174 sequence known to contain hairpin structures of relatively high stability. The exact stopping point of one of the major barriers is within the duplex stem of a hairpin structure. These results show that DNA polymerases are a useful probe of the secondary structure of a single-stranded DNA.", "contents": "The effect of template secondary structure on vaccinia DNA polymerase. Vaccinia virus DNA polymerase will utilize a substrate consisting of phi X174 DNA primed with a strand of a unique restriction fragment, but the reaction is inefficient. Examination of the reaction products by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a few discrete fragments, each corresponding to an extended primer strand. This result implies that specific barriers exist on the phi X174 template which impede, but do not completely halt, the progress of the enzyme. Only a few per cent of the template molecules were completely copied. Similar findings were reported by Sherman and Gefter using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II and fd DNA (J. Mol. Biol. (1976) 103, 61-76). Several observations suggest that the barriers are regions of template secondary structure. Some barriers are more effective than others, and they increase in both effectiveness and number as the temperature is decreased. The same barriers are observed with T4 DNA polymerase, but none are detected with E. coli DNA polymerase I. Finally, the major barriers are located in regions of the phi X174 sequence known to contain hairpin structures of relatively high stability. The exact stopping point of one of the major barriers is within the duplex stem of a hairpin structure. These results show that DNA polymerases are a useful probe of the secondary structure of a single-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 381293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5409", "title": "The role of glyoxylate in the regulation of biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The activity of biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli K12 was reversibly inhibited by glyoxylate in the presence of AMP. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibition was mixed with respect to L-threonine and competitive in terms of AMP; the inhibitory effect of glyoxylate was less pronounced at high protein concentrations. Incubation of dehydratase with L-threonine shifted the absorption maximum of the enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate from 413 to 425 nm; addition of glyoxylate completely prevented the threonine-mediated spectral shift. In addition to the inhibitory effect, incubation of purified enzyme with glyoxylate resulted in a progressive, irreversible inactivation of the enzyme and formation of inactive protein aggregates. The rates of inactivation were decreased with increasing concentrations of protein and AMP. During inactivation by glyoxylate, the 413-nm absorption maximum of the native enzyme was replaced by a new peak at 385 nm. Experiments with [14C]glyoxylate showed a rapid binding of 1 mol of glyoxylate per 147,000 g followed by a slow binding of 3 additional mol of glyoxylate; the glyoxylate-protein linkage was stable to acid precipitation and protein denaturants. Competition binding experiments revealed that pyruvate (which also inactivated the E. coli enzyme, Feldman, D.A., and Datta, P. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1760-1767) did not interfere with the binding of glyoxylate or vice versa, suggesting that the two keto acids may occupy separate sites on the enzyme molecule. Nevertheless, experiments on enzyme inactivation using glyoxylate plus pyruvate reveal mutual interactions between these ligands in terms of lack of additive effect, retardation in the spectral shift due to glyoxylate, and stabilization of the enzyme in the presence and absence of AMP. We conclude from these results that the control of biodegradative threonine dehydratase is governed by a complex set of regulatory events resulting from reversible and irreversible association of these effectors with the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "The role of glyoxylate in the regulation of biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli. The activity of biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli K12 was reversibly inhibited by glyoxylate in the presence of AMP. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibition was mixed with respect to L-threonine and competitive in terms of AMP; the inhibitory effect of glyoxylate was less pronounced at high protein concentrations. Incubation of dehydratase with L-threonine shifted the absorption maximum of the enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate from 413 to 425 nm; addition of glyoxylate completely prevented the threonine-mediated spectral shift. In addition to the inhibitory effect, incubation of purified enzyme with glyoxylate resulted in a progressive, irreversible inactivation of the enzyme and formation of inactive protein aggregates. The rates of inactivation were decreased with increasing concentrations of protein and AMP. During inactivation by glyoxylate, the 413-nm absorption maximum of the native enzyme was replaced by a new peak at 385 nm. Experiments with [14C]glyoxylate showed a rapid binding of 1 mol of glyoxylate per 147,000 g followed by a slow binding of 3 additional mol of glyoxylate; the glyoxylate-protein linkage was stable to acid precipitation and protein denaturants. Competition binding experiments revealed that pyruvate (which also inactivated the E. coli enzyme, Feldman, D.A., and Datta, P. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1760-1767) did not interfere with the binding of glyoxylate or vice versa, suggesting that the two keto acids may occupy separate sites on the enzyme molecule. Nevertheless, experiments on enzyme inactivation using glyoxylate plus pyruvate reveal mutual interactions between these ligands in terms of lack of additive effect, retardation in the spectral shift due to glyoxylate, and stabilization of the enzyme in the presence and absence of AMP. We conclude from these results that the control of biodegradative threonine dehydratase is governed by a complex set of regulatory events resulting from reversible and irreversible association of these effectors with the enzyme molecule.", "PMID": 381296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5410", "title": "Quantitative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretograms.", "content": "A method for quantitative analysis of complex film density distributions in autoradiograms is described. The method is intended particularly for measuring the distribution of radioactivity among the proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis but should, of course, be suited to analyzing other two dimensional separations. The film density distribution is first digitized by a high speed rotating drum scanner to generate the image data array that is stored on a magnetic disk. Subsequent analysis involves: 1) data averaging, 2) detection of contours and of their locations, 3) splitting of overlapping spots, 4) conversion of film density to radioactive intensity by means of calibration films, and 5) differentiation and integration to measure the total radioactivity contained in the protein which generates a spot in the autoradiogram. The product of the analysis is a numbered contour map and a table listing coordinates and radioactivity content of each resolved spot. Coordinate transformations for comparison and matching of autoradiograms are also described. A set of utility programs print and graph the data at intermediate stages of the analysis in order to facilitate the checking of procedures and programs.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretograms. A method for quantitative analysis of complex film density distributions in autoradiograms is described. The method is intended particularly for measuring the distribution of radioactivity among the proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis but should, of course, be suited to analyzing other two dimensional separations. The film density distribution is first digitized by a high speed rotating drum scanner to generate the image data array that is stored on a magnetic disk. Subsequent analysis involves: 1) data averaging, 2) detection of contours and of their locations, 3) splitting of overlapping spots, 4) conversion of film density to radioactive intensity by means of calibration films, and 5) differentiation and integration to measure the total radioactivity contained in the protein which generates a spot in the autoradiogram. The product of the analysis is a numbered contour map and a table listing coordinates and radioactivity content of each resolved spot. Coordinate transformations for comparison and matching of autoradiograms are also described. A set of utility programs print and graph the data at intermediate stages of the analysis in order to facilitate the checking of procedures and programs.", "PMID": 381297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5411", "title": "Purification and properties of L-Aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-alanine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "L-Aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of beta-alanine, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The properties of the enzyme are: (a) pH optimum of 6.8 to 7.5, (b) temperature optimum of 55 degrees C, (c) Km for L-aspartate of 0.16 mM, and (d) molecular weight of 58,000. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by reagents (hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, and sodium borohydride) that react with carbonyl groups, but no pyridoxal phosphate is present. The compound containing the carbonyl group has been identified as covalently bound pyruvate. Approximately 1 mol of pyruvate was found/mol of enzyme. That the enzyme has a biosynthetic function rather than a catabolic role is indicated by the observations that a mutant (designated as E. coli 99-2) which requires either beta-alanine or pantothenic acid for growth contains only trace amounts of enzyme activity, whereas it is present in substantial amounts in the parent strain (E. coli W) and in a spontaneous revertant of the mutant.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L-Aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-alanine in Escherichia coli. L-Aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of beta-alanine, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The properties of the enzyme are: (a) pH optimum of 6.8 to 7.5, (b) temperature optimum of 55 degrees C, (c) Km for L-aspartate of 0.16 mM, and (d) molecular weight of 58,000. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by reagents (hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, and sodium borohydride) that react with carbonyl groups, but no pyridoxal phosphate is present. The compound containing the carbonyl group has been identified as covalently bound pyruvate. Approximately 1 mol of pyruvate was found/mol of enzyme. That the enzyme has a biosynthetic function rather than a catabolic role is indicated by the observations that a mutant (designated as E. coli 99-2) which requires either beta-alanine or pantothenic acid for growth contains only trace amounts of enzyme activity, whereas it is present in substantial amounts in the parent strain (E. coli W) and in a spontaneous revertant of the mutant.", "PMID": 381298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5412", "title": "Isolation and characterization of recombinant clones containing the chicken adult beta-globin gene.", "content": "We have isolated and characterized two independent clones containing the chicken adult beta-globin gene. Each clone contains a 6.2-kilobase-pair Eco RI restriction fragment of chicken erythrocyte DNA inserted into the vector, lambda gtWES . lambda B. The orientation of the inserted fragment is opposite in the two clones. Characterization of the clones by electron microscopic R-loop studies, by restriction enzyme mapping, and by filter hybridization shows that the adult beta-globin gene is interrupted by at least one small and one large intervening sequence. In addition to the complete adult beta-globin gene, at least part of a second beta-globin-like gene was identified about 2.7 kilobase pairs from the 3'-end of the adult gene. The two independent clones, while very similar, do differ at two Msp I restriction endonuclease sites in regions flanking the adult beta-globin gene.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of recombinant clones containing the chicken adult beta-globin gene. We have isolated and characterized two independent clones containing the chicken adult beta-globin gene. Each clone contains a 6.2-kilobase-pair Eco RI restriction fragment of chicken erythrocyte DNA inserted into the vector, lambda gtWES . lambda B. The orientation of the inserted fragment is opposite in the two clones. Characterization of the clones by electron microscopic R-loop studies, by restriction enzyme mapping, and by filter hybridization shows that the adult beta-globin gene is interrupted by at least one small and one large intervening sequence. In addition to the complete adult beta-globin gene, at least part of a second beta-globin-like gene was identified about 2.7 kilobase pairs from the 3'-end of the adult gene. The two independent clones, while very similar, do differ at two Msp I restriction endonuclease sites in regions flanking the adult beta-globin gene.", "PMID": 381299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5413", "title": "Evidence for mitochondrial localization of the hormone-responsive pool of Ca2+ in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "Conditions are described that allow chlortetracycline, a fluorescent probe of membrane-associated Ca2+, to monitor the content of the major exchangeable pool of intracellular Ca2+ present in the isolated rat hepatocyte. Chlortetracycline fluorescence is decreased in cells whose Ca2+ content is diminished by treatment either with carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone or with ionophore A23187. Norepinephrine releases Ca2+ from this exchangeable pool and decreases both the fluorescence signal and its subsequent response to A23187. Previous suggestions that chlortetracycline fluorescence is localized in the mitochondria of liver and other cells is supported by comparison of the fluorescence that follows the addition of chlortetracycline to intact hepatocytes and to isolated hepatic microsomes and mitochondria. Identification of the hormone-responsive pool of Ca2+ with the mitochondria is strengthened by comparison of the total calcium content of mitochondria isolated from control and hormone-treated animals. The uptake and release of Ca2+ in control and hormone-treated hepatocytes rendered permeable by treatment with digitonin is also consistent with this interpretation.", "contents": "Evidence for mitochondrial localization of the hormone-responsive pool of Ca2+ in isolated hepatocytes. Conditions are described that allow chlortetracycline, a fluorescent probe of membrane-associated Ca2+, to monitor the content of the major exchangeable pool of intracellular Ca2+ present in the isolated rat hepatocyte. Chlortetracycline fluorescence is decreased in cells whose Ca2+ content is diminished by treatment either with carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone or with ionophore A23187. Norepinephrine releases Ca2+ from this exchangeable pool and decreases both the fluorescence signal and its subsequent response to A23187. Previous suggestions that chlortetracycline fluorescence is localized in the mitochondria of liver and other cells is supported by comparison of the fluorescence that follows the addition of chlortetracycline to intact hepatocytes and to isolated hepatic microsomes and mitochondria. Identification of the hormone-responsive pool of Ca2+ with the mitochondria is strengthened by comparison of the total calcium content of mitochondria isolated from control and hormone-treated animals. The uptake and release of Ca2+ in control and hormone-treated hepatocytes rendered permeable by treatment with digitonin is also consistent with this interpretation.", "PMID": 381300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5414", "title": "Regulation of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization in Escherichia coli during maintenance of the energy charge. Quantitative correlation of changes in the rates of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization with simultaneous changes in the cellular levels of both glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate.", "content": "Treatment of nitrogen-starved cultures of Escherichia coli W4597(K) with sodium azide results in simultaneous changes in both glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate as well as in the rate of glycogen synthesis. Based on these observations, a comprehensive equation was developed which relates the cellular levels of both of these hexose phosphates with the rate of glycogen synthesis. This relationship apparently represents the interaction in vivo between the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis, glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (adenosine diphosphoglucose synthetase, EC 2.7.7.27), and its substrate glucose 1-phosphate (reflected by glucose 6-phosphate) and its major allosteric activator fructose diphosphate. The form of the equation that describes this relationship was determined from studies presented here of the kinetic properties of the E. coli W4597(K) enzyme in the presence of physiological concentrations of its substrates and modulators. We show here and in subsequent reports of this series that the comprehensive relationship between glycogen synthesis and hexose phosphates can serve as a reference to evaluate the possible participation of new factors in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Treatment with NaN3 did not change the cellular level of glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase. The value of the adenylate energy charge, (ATP + 1/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP), was maintained despite losses of up to 35% in cellular adenylates. The quantitative co-variance between hexose phosphates and the cellular rate of glucose utilization that we previously described for other metabolic conditions was also observed in the azide-treated cultures. We integrate the new information into the system of coordinated regulation of glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and glucose utilization that we proposed previously.", "contents": "Regulation of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization in Escherichia coli during maintenance of the energy charge. Quantitative correlation of changes in the rates of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization with simultaneous changes in the cellular levels of both glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Treatment of nitrogen-starved cultures of Escherichia coli W4597(K) with sodium azide results in simultaneous changes in both glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate as well as in the rate of glycogen synthesis. Based on these observations, a comprehensive equation was developed which relates the cellular levels of both of these hexose phosphates with the rate of glycogen synthesis. This relationship apparently represents the interaction in vivo between the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis, glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (adenosine diphosphoglucose synthetase, EC 2.7.7.27), and its substrate glucose 1-phosphate (reflected by glucose 6-phosphate) and its major allosteric activator fructose diphosphate. The form of the equation that describes this relationship was determined from studies presented here of the kinetic properties of the E. coli W4597(K) enzyme in the presence of physiological concentrations of its substrates and modulators. We show here and in subsequent reports of this series that the comprehensive relationship between glycogen synthesis and hexose phosphates can serve as a reference to evaluate the possible participation of new factors in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Treatment with NaN3 did not change the cellular level of glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase. The value of the adenylate energy charge, (ATP + 1/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP), was maintained despite losses of up to 35% in cellular adenylates. The quantitative co-variance between hexose phosphates and the cellular rate of glucose utilization that we previously described for other metabolic conditions was also observed in the azide-treated cultures. We integrate the new information into the system of coordinated regulation of glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and glucose utilization that we proposed previously.", "PMID": 381301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5415", "title": "Evidence for new factors in the coordinate regulation of energy metabolism in Escherichia coli. Effects of hypoxia, chloramphenicol succinate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on glucose utilization, glycogen synthesis, adenylate energy charge, and hexose phosphates during the first two periods of nitrogen starvation.", "content": "We studied the effects of decreased aeration, chloramphenicol succinate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the cellular rates of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization and on the cellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate during the first two periods of nitrogen starvation of Escherichia coli W4597(K). A quantitative relationship between the changes in the rates and the accompanying changes in the hexose phosphates is demonstrated. However, the relationship for glycogen synthesis is different in different sets of metabolic conditions. We suggest that this difference reflects a change in the steady state level of a previously unknown effector of ADP-glucose synthetase (glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.27) the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis. We show that the properties of the hypothetical in vivo effector are consistent with the inhibitory effects of ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) and pppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate) on this enzyme in vitro. In addition, tetracycline, an inhibitor of the synthesis of these nucleotides, apparently prevents the change in the quantitative relationship. The relationship between glucose utilization and the hexose phosphates is altered at the transition to Period II of nitrogen starvation. We propose that this change reflects the alteration of the cellular steady state level of an unknown effector of the glucose phosphotransferase system. In contrast to the ATP-hexose phosphate system of shared regulatory effects, the specific effects of the unknown effectors allow the rates of glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis to be altered independently of each other and independently of changes in the rate of glycolysis. This independence allows a greater latitude of response for the individual pathways in more severe metabolic stress or in accommodating the metabolic changes necessary for long term survival.", "contents": "Evidence for new factors in the coordinate regulation of energy metabolism in Escherichia coli. Effects of hypoxia, chloramphenicol succinate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on glucose utilization, glycogen synthesis, adenylate energy charge, and hexose phosphates during the first two periods of nitrogen starvation. We studied the effects of decreased aeration, chloramphenicol succinate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the cellular rates of glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization and on the cellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate during the first two periods of nitrogen starvation of Escherichia coli W4597(K). A quantitative relationship between the changes in the rates and the accompanying changes in the hexose phosphates is demonstrated. However, the relationship for glycogen synthesis is different in different sets of metabolic conditions. We suggest that this difference reflects a change in the steady state level of a previously unknown effector of ADP-glucose synthetase (glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.27) the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis. We show that the properties of the hypothetical in vivo effector are consistent with the inhibitory effects of ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) and pppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate) on this enzyme in vitro. In addition, tetracycline, an inhibitor of the synthesis of these nucleotides, apparently prevents the change in the quantitative relationship. The relationship between glucose utilization and the hexose phosphates is altered at the transition to Period II of nitrogen starvation. We propose that this change reflects the alteration of the cellular steady state level of an unknown effector of the glucose phosphotransferase system. In contrast to the ATP-hexose phosphate system of shared regulatory effects, the specific effects of the unknown effectors allow the rates of glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis to be altered independently of each other and independently of changes in the rate of glycolysis. This independence allows a greater latitude of response for the individual pathways in more severe metabolic stress or in accommodating the metabolic changes necessary for long term survival.", "PMID": 381303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5416", "title": "Biosynthesis of yeast mannoproteins. Synthesis of mannan outer chain and of dolichol derivatives.", "content": "The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants affected in the structure of mannan outer chain were found to synthesize dolichol diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides identical in size to those of the wild type strain. The mannosyl transferases involved in the synthesis of the outer chain had an absolute requirement for manganese ions and were activated when enzymatic preparations were stored at 2 degrees C, whereas the transferases responsible for the formation of dolichol monophosphate mannose and dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides were drastically inactivated from the onset of storage and required magnesium or manganese ions, the former being more effective than the latter. Both sets of enzymes could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. In vitro conditions that enhanced the synthesis of dolichol monophosphate mannose did not stimulate the incorporation of mannose residues into the outer chain. It is concluded that dolichol monophosphate mannose is not an intermediate in the synthesis of the outer chain and that this part of mannan and the dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides are synthesized by different mannosyltransferases.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of yeast mannoproteins. Synthesis of mannan outer chain and of dolichol derivatives. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants affected in the structure of mannan outer chain were found to synthesize dolichol diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides identical in size to those of the wild type strain. The mannosyl transferases involved in the synthesis of the outer chain had an absolute requirement for manganese ions and were activated when enzymatic preparations were stored at 2 degrees C, whereas the transferases responsible for the formation of dolichol monophosphate mannose and dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides were drastically inactivated from the onset of storage and required magnesium or manganese ions, the former being more effective than the latter. Both sets of enzymes could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. In vitro conditions that enhanced the synthesis of dolichol monophosphate mannose did not stimulate the incorporation of mannose residues into the outer chain. It is concluded that dolichol monophosphate mannose is not an intermediate in the synthesis of the outer chain and that this part of mannan and the dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides are synthesized by different mannosyltransferases.", "PMID": 381304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5417", "title": "The primary structure of calf chymosin.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of calf chymosin (rennin) (EC 3.4.23.4) has been determined. The sequence consists of a single peptide chain of 323 amino acid residues. The primary structure of the precursor part of calf prochymosin was published previously (Pedersen, V.B., and Foltmann, B. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 55, 95-103), thus we are now able to account for the total 365 amino acid residues of calf prochymosin. Comparison of the sequence of calf prochymosin with that of pig pepsinogen A (EC 3.4.23.1) shows extensive homology. In the precursor part of the sequence, 15 residues are located at identical positions, as compared to 189 identical residues in the respective enzymes. Furthermore comparison to Penicillium janthinellum acid proteinase (penicillopepsin) (EC 3.4.23.7) shows that 76 residues are common to this enzyme and to the two gastric proteinases. These homologies in sequence further suggest that the folding of the peptide chain in chymosin is very similar to that of other acid proteinases.", "contents": "The primary structure of calf chymosin. The complete amino acid sequence of calf chymosin (rennin) (EC 3.4.23.4) has been determined. The sequence consists of a single peptide chain of 323 amino acid residues. The primary structure of the precursor part of calf prochymosin was published previously (Pedersen, V.B., and Foltmann, B. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 55, 95-103), thus we are now able to account for the total 365 amino acid residues of calf prochymosin. Comparison of the sequence of calf prochymosin with that of pig pepsinogen A (EC 3.4.23.1) shows extensive homology. In the precursor part of the sequence, 15 residues are located at identical positions, as compared to 189 identical residues in the respective enzymes. Furthermore comparison to Penicillium janthinellum acid proteinase (penicillopepsin) (EC 3.4.23.7) shows that 76 residues are common to this enzyme and to the two gastric proteinases. These homologies in sequence further suggest that the folding of the peptide chain in chymosin is very similar to that of other acid proteinases.", "PMID": 381305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5418", "title": "Purification and molecular characterization of two inhibitors of yeast proteinase B.", "content": "A rapid purification procedure for large scale preparations of yeast proteinase B inhibitors 1 and 2 (IB1 and IB2) is described. By disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and end-group determinations, each of the inhibitors is homogeneous. Both inhibitors are polypeptides with molecular weights of 8,500, containing 74 residues. No components other than amino acids could be detected. There is no significant difference in the amino acid compositions of the two inhibitors as analyzed after acid hydrolysis. Both polypeptides are characterized by the total absence of arginine, tryptophan, and sulfur-containing amino acid residues. The proteinase B inhibitors of yeast, therefore, differ fundamentally from proteinase inhibitors of many other organisms, which generally contain a large number of disulfide bridges. Both proteinase B inhibitors have threonine as the NH2-terminal residue and -Val-His-Thr-Asn-COO- as the COOH-terminal sequence. Comparison of peptide maps after tryptic digestion reveals that the two inhibitors differ definitely in only a few tryptic peptides. The inhibitors are rapidly inactivated by digestion with carboxypeptidase A from bovine pancreas at pH 8.5. Inactivation occurs stoichiometrically with the release of threonine, the penultimate residue at the COOH-terminal end of both inhibitors.", "contents": "Purification and molecular characterization of two inhibitors of yeast proteinase B. A rapid purification procedure for large scale preparations of yeast proteinase B inhibitors 1 and 2 (IB1 and IB2) is described. By disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and end-group determinations, each of the inhibitors is homogeneous. Both inhibitors are polypeptides with molecular weights of 8,500, containing 74 residues. No components other than amino acids could be detected. There is no significant difference in the amino acid compositions of the two inhibitors as analyzed after acid hydrolysis. Both polypeptides are characterized by the total absence of arginine, tryptophan, and sulfur-containing amino acid residues. The proteinase B inhibitors of yeast, therefore, differ fundamentally from proteinase inhibitors of many other organisms, which generally contain a large number of disulfide bridges. Both proteinase B inhibitors have threonine as the NH2-terminal residue and -Val-His-Thr-Asn-COO- as the COOH-terminal sequence. Comparison of peptide maps after tryptic digestion reveals that the two inhibitors differ definitely in only a few tryptic peptides. The inhibitors are rapidly inactivated by digestion with carboxypeptidase A from bovine pancreas at pH 8.5. Inactivation occurs stoichiometrically with the release of threonine, the penultimate residue at the COOH-terminal end of both inhibitors.", "PMID": 381308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5419", "title": "A pleiotropic defect of membrane synthesis in a thermosensitive mutant tsC42 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Synthesis of membrane proteins in a thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K12, tsC42, that has a defect in a mechanism of cell cycle-dependent duplication of membrane enzymes was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cells were labeled differentially with [14C]- and [3H]arginine and the membrane proteins synthesized at nonpermissive and permissive temperatures were compared. The results showed that at the nonpermissive temperature, the syntheses of cytoplasmic membrane proteins and outer membrane proteins were reduced more than 70% and 50%, respectively. No significant accumulation of precursor molecules of membrane proteins at the nonpermissive temperature was detected in pulse-chase experiments. It is therefore assumed that the mutant has a defect in a gene that regulates the biosynthesis of many membrane proteins.", "contents": "A pleiotropic defect of membrane synthesis in a thermosensitive mutant tsC42 of Escherichia coli. Synthesis of membrane proteins in a thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K12, tsC42, that has a defect in a mechanism of cell cycle-dependent duplication of membrane enzymes was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cells were labeled differentially with [14C]- and [3H]arginine and the membrane proteins synthesized at nonpermissive and permissive temperatures were compared. The results showed that at the nonpermissive temperature, the syntheses of cytoplasmic membrane proteins and outer membrane proteins were reduced more than 70% and 50%, respectively. No significant accumulation of precursor molecules of membrane proteins at the nonpermissive temperature was detected in pulse-chase experiments. It is therefore assumed that the mutant has a defect in a gene that regulates the biosynthesis of many membrane proteins.", "PMID": 381309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5420", "title": "Fumarate reductase of Escherichia coli. Elucidation of the covalent-flavin component.", "content": "Fumarate reductase is a membrane-bound terminal oxidase which is induced when Escherichia coli is grown anaerobically. The purified enzyme is composed of two polypeptide chains of 69,000 and 24,000 daltons and contains 1 mol of covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide per mol of enzyme. Fluorescence scanning of SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the protein shows that the flavin is attached to the large subunit. The hypsochromic shift of the 372 nm band of riboflavin to 350 nm in both native fumarate reductase and a flavin peptide released by proteolytic digestion indicates that the flavin is attached via position 8 alpha of riboflavin. Based on the spectral properties and pH-fluorescence dependence we have identified the linkage as 8 alpha-[N(3)-histidyl]FAD.", "contents": "Fumarate reductase of Escherichia coli. Elucidation of the covalent-flavin component. Fumarate reductase is a membrane-bound terminal oxidase which is induced when Escherichia coli is grown anaerobically. The purified enzyme is composed of two polypeptide chains of 69,000 and 24,000 daltons and contains 1 mol of covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide per mol of enzyme. Fluorescence scanning of SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the protein shows that the flavin is attached to the large subunit. The hypsochromic shift of the 372 nm band of riboflavin to 350 nm in both native fumarate reductase and a flavin peptide released by proteolytic digestion indicates that the flavin is attached via position 8 alpha of riboflavin. Based on the spectral properties and pH-fluorescence dependence we have identified the linkage as 8 alpha-[N(3)-histidyl]FAD.", "PMID": 381310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5421", "title": "Gene amplification causes overproduction of the first three enzymes of UMP synthesis in N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate-resistant hamster cells.", "content": "Mutant Syrian hamster cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a transition state analog inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, overproduce CAD, a multifunctional protein which catalyzes the first three reactions of de novo UMP biosynthesis. Increased levels of a single mRNA cause the overproduction of CAD in all PALA-resistant mutants examined thus far. A recombinant plasmid containing a 2,3-kilobase insert complementary to the 3'-proximal region of this 7.9-kilobase mRNA has been prepared and used to show that the CAD gene is amplified in each of the 10 PALA-resistant mutants examined. Rates of association of CAD sequences in DNA isolated from PALA-sensitive and PALA-resistant cells with labeled plasmid DNA indicated that the degree of amplification is approximately equal to the degree of overproduction of protein and mRNA in each mutant. The patterns of digestion of these DNAs with restriction enzymes confirmed this result and showed that the lower limit for the size of the amplified unit is 19 kilobases, much larger than the mRNA. A comparison of restriction endonuclease digests of the cloned cDNA with digests of genomic DNA indicated that part of this difference is attributable to intervening sequences in the CAD gene. A 10.2-kilobase RNA which contains CAD sequences is found in cytoplasmic fractions from some PALA-resistant mutants but not in wild type cells. Restriction patterns were analyzed by a new method in which fragments of DNA are transferred from agarose gels to diazo paper with a high efficiency which is independent of size.", "contents": "Gene amplification causes overproduction of the first three enzymes of UMP synthesis in N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate-resistant hamster cells. Mutant Syrian hamster cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a transition state analog inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, overproduce CAD, a multifunctional protein which catalyzes the first three reactions of de novo UMP biosynthesis. Increased levels of a single mRNA cause the overproduction of CAD in all PALA-resistant mutants examined thus far. A recombinant plasmid containing a 2,3-kilobase insert complementary to the 3'-proximal region of this 7.9-kilobase mRNA has been prepared and used to show that the CAD gene is amplified in each of the 10 PALA-resistant mutants examined. Rates of association of CAD sequences in DNA isolated from PALA-sensitive and PALA-resistant cells with labeled plasmid DNA indicated that the degree of amplification is approximately equal to the degree of overproduction of protein and mRNA in each mutant. The patterns of digestion of these DNAs with restriction enzymes confirmed this result and showed that the lower limit for the size of the amplified unit is 19 kilobases, much larger than the mRNA. A comparison of restriction endonuclease digests of the cloned cDNA with digests of genomic DNA indicated that part of this difference is attributable to intervening sequences in the CAD gene. A 10.2-kilobase RNA which contains CAD sequences is found in cytoplasmic fractions from some PALA-resistant mutants but not in wild type cells. Restriction patterns were analyzed by a new method in which fragments of DNA are transferred from agarose gels to diazo paper with a high efficiency which is independent of size.", "PMID": 381311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5422", "title": "Potentiation of the chemotherapeutic action of 5-fluorouracil by combination with cytidine or guanosine on HRS-sarcoma.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic action of 5-fluorouracil monotherapy on HRS-Sarcoma in mice was compared with those of 5-fluorouracil nucleoside combinations (thymidine, cytidine or guanosine). The curative action of 5-fluorouracil was potentiated without increasing its toxicity, when cytidine or guanosine were applied at definite intervals before or after 5-fluorouracil.", "contents": "Potentiation of the chemotherapeutic action of 5-fluorouracil by combination with cytidine or guanosine on HRS-sarcoma. The chemotherapeutic action of 5-fluorouracil monotherapy on HRS-Sarcoma in mice was compared with those of 5-fluorouracil nucleoside combinations (thymidine, cytidine or guanosine). The curative action of 5-fluorouracil was potentiated without increasing its toxicity, when cytidine or guanosine were applied at definite intervals before or after 5-fluorouracil.", "PMID": 381315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5423", "title": "Early mitochondrial damage in the induction of haemorrhagic necrosis in the Crocker sarcoma (S 180) by endotoxin.", "content": "Disturbances in the functional properties of tumor mitochondria have been studied during the course of induction of haemorrhage brought about by endotoxin in the murine Crocker sarcoma (S 180). Extensive impairment of function was already present in mitochondria isolated from control tumors, as shown by low respiratory control ratios. The existing mitochondrial damage intensified promptly in response to injection of endotoxin long before the onset of haemorrhage at 4 h. The nature of the additional damage took two forms, depending on the duration of exposure to endotoxin; first, at 30 min, a true uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was seen, largely reversible in vitro by pre-treatment of the isolated organelles with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Second, at 1 h and later, oxygen utilisation in the presence of succinate, ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was depressed. The pre-addition of BSA consistently lowered respiration rates with succinate and Pi in all preparations. The extent of endogenous inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase appeared unaltered by endotoxin in vivo.", "contents": "Early mitochondrial damage in the induction of haemorrhagic necrosis in the Crocker sarcoma (S 180) by endotoxin. Disturbances in the functional properties of tumor mitochondria have been studied during the course of induction of haemorrhage brought about by endotoxin in the murine Crocker sarcoma (S 180). Extensive impairment of function was already present in mitochondria isolated from control tumors, as shown by low respiratory control ratios. The existing mitochondrial damage intensified promptly in response to injection of endotoxin long before the onset of haemorrhage at 4 h. The nature of the additional damage took two forms, depending on the duration of exposure to endotoxin; first, at 30 min, a true uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was seen, largely reversible in vitro by pre-treatment of the isolated organelles with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Second, at 1 h and later, oxygen utilisation in the presence of succinate, ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was depressed. The pre-addition of BSA consistently lowered respiration rates with succinate and Pi in all preparations. The extent of endogenous inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase appeared unaltered by endotoxin in vivo.", "PMID": 381316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5424", "title": "Oesophageal cancer in Greenland: selected epidemiological and clinical aspects.", "content": "During 1955--1974, forty cases of oesophageal cancer were diagnosed among indigenous Greenlanders. The annual incidence rates per 100,000, age adjusted to the \"world\" population, were 16.3 for males and 11.8 for females in 1955--1964. The corresponding rates in 1965--1974 were 15.9 for males and 6.7 for females with a male:feamle ratio of 2.4:1. These rates rank among the moderately high rates found in India, Puerto Rico and France and in the black population in the US. Age distribution, anatomical location and prognosis followed the normal pattern for oesophageal cancer disease. No particular occupational trend was apparent and there was no difference between towns and settlements. However, a statistically significant geographical gradient of frequency was found with higher rates in the southernmost 3 districts. The traditional Greenland diet may contain concentrations of precursors sufficient to create carcinogenic levels of nitrosamines. Further studies are needed in particular of environmental factors such as foodstuffs, homebrewed beer, drinking water and cigarette smoking. Attention should be focused on the special ecological conditions in southern Greenland.", "contents": "Oesophageal cancer in Greenland: selected epidemiological and clinical aspects. During 1955--1974, forty cases of oesophageal cancer were diagnosed among indigenous Greenlanders. The annual incidence rates per 100,000, age adjusted to the \"world\" population, were 16.3 for males and 11.8 for females in 1955--1964. The corresponding rates in 1965--1974 were 15.9 for males and 6.7 for females with a male:feamle ratio of 2.4:1. These rates rank among the moderately high rates found in India, Puerto Rico and France and in the black population in the US. Age distribution, anatomical location and prognosis followed the normal pattern for oesophageal cancer disease. No particular occupational trend was apparent and there was no difference between towns and settlements. However, a statistically significant geographical gradient of frequency was found with higher rates in the southernmost 3 districts. The traditional Greenland diet may contain concentrations of precursors sufficient to create carcinogenic levels of nitrosamines. Further studies are needed in particular of environmental factors such as foodstuffs, homebrewed beer, drinking water and cigarette smoking. Attention should be focused on the special ecological conditions in southern Greenland.", "PMID": 381317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5425", "title": "Immunofluorescent and histochemical localization of AMP deaminase in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Fluorescent antibody staining experiments with both isolated myofibrils and muscle fibers grown in culture show that AMP deaminase is bound to the myofibril in the A band. The strongest staining occurs at each end of the A band. The approximate width of the fluorescent stripes and their relation to the A band remains constant as a function of sarcomere length. Removal of enzyme from the myofibrils leads to loss of staining, and readdition of purified enzyme restores the original staining pattern. A histoenzymatic method for the detection of AMP deaminase activity in cultured fibers gives comparable localization. The results are consistent with the previous observation (Ashby, B. and C. Frieden. 1977.J. Biol. Chem. 252:1869--1872) that AMP deaminase forms a tight complex in solution with subfragment-2 (S-2) of myosin or with heavy meromyosin (HMM).", "contents": "Immunofluorescent and histochemical localization of AMP deaminase in skeletal muscle. Fluorescent antibody staining experiments with both isolated myofibrils and muscle fibers grown in culture show that AMP deaminase is bound to the myofibril in the A band. The strongest staining occurs at each end of the A band. The approximate width of the fluorescent stripes and their relation to the A band remains constant as a function of sarcomere length. Removal of enzyme from the myofibrils leads to loss of staining, and readdition of purified enzyme restores the original staining pattern. A histoenzymatic method for the detection of AMP deaminase activity in cultured fibers gives comparable localization. The results are consistent with the previous observation (Ashby, B. and C. Frieden. 1977.J. Biol. Chem. 252:1869--1872) that AMP deaminase forms a tight complex in solution with subfragment-2 (S-2) of myosin or with heavy meromyosin (HMM).", "PMID": 381318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5426", "title": "Transmembrane communication in cells chronically infected with measles virus.", "content": "The transmembrane association of the measles virus hemagglutinin and hemolysin surface proteins with intracellular viral antigens was studied. Rabbit antisera monospecific for measles virus matrix and nucleocapsid proteins and a human antiserum containing specificities for both the hemagglutinin and hemolysin proteins were used to study the co-capping of these proteins in human Lu 106 cell-line, chronically infected with measles virus. Capping of the surface-associated envelope components was accompanied by co-capping of the matrix and nucleocapsid proteins, the latter being localized mainly within the inclusions. This demonstrated transmembrane communication between surface-associated envelope components and the intracellular measles virus matrix and nucleocapsid proteins. The results demonstrated the existence of a linkage between viral inclusions and viral proteins associated with cell membranes. In the presence of cytochalasin B (1--2 micrograms/ml), co-capping of the matrix protein was unchanged or slightly enhanced, whereas co-capping of the nucleocapsid protein decreased, indicating that actin filaments may mediate the communication between viral nucleocapsids and the cell membrane.", "contents": "Transmembrane communication in cells chronically infected with measles virus. The transmembrane association of the measles virus hemagglutinin and hemolysin surface proteins with intracellular viral antigens was studied. Rabbit antisera monospecific for measles virus matrix and nucleocapsid proteins and a human antiserum containing specificities for both the hemagglutinin and hemolysin proteins were used to study the co-capping of these proteins in human Lu 106 cell-line, chronically infected with measles virus. Capping of the surface-associated envelope components was accompanied by co-capping of the matrix and nucleocapsid proteins, the latter being localized mainly within the inclusions. This demonstrated transmembrane communication between surface-associated envelope components and the intracellular measles virus matrix and nucleocapsid proteins. The results demonstrated the existence of a linkage between viral inclusions and viral proteins associated with cell membranes. In the presence of cytochalasin B (1--2 micrograms/ml), co-capping of the matrix protein was unchanged or slightly enhanced, whereas co-capping of the nucleocapsid protein decreased, indicating that actin filaments may mediate the communication between viral nucleocapsids and the cell membrane.", "PMID": 381319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5427", "title": "Tuftsin-macrophage interaction: specific binding and augmentation of phagocytosis.", "content": "The binding of [3H]tuftsin to normal and in vivo stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage populations was studied at 22 degrees C. The [3H]tuftsin binding to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages was shown to be rapid and saturable, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) (calculated from a Scatchard plot) of 5.3 X 10(-8) M. The calculated number of binding sites per macrophage amounts to approximately 72,000. Binding competition studies with unlabelled tuftsin yielded a K(D) of 5.0 X 10(-8) M. [3H] [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin, an inactive analog of tuftsin, failed to bind specifically to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages. [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin and the tripeptide [Des-Arg4]tuftsin failed to compete for tuftsin binding sites, while [D-Arg4]tuftsin, an analog with small tuftsin-like activity, exhibited a low degree of inhibition of [3H]tuftsin binding. Thus a rather high degree of specificity is involved in the binding of the tetrapeptide. Normal as well as six different macrophage populations induced by stimulation with thioglycollate, concanavalin-A, starch, mineral oil, glucan and Bacillus Calmette Guerrin (BCG), exhibited a similar degree of binding of [3H]tuftsin. Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-stimulated macrophages, on the other hand, showed a 6- to 10-fold-lower capacity for tuftsin binding. Under similar experimental conditions, mouse fibroblast and lymphocyte preparations revealed no detectable specific binding. Tuftsin augmented the phagocytic response of normal and stimulated macrophages assessed both for phagocytosis mediated via the Fc-receptor and via non-specific receptors. CP-stimulated macrophages did not exhibit an increased phagocytic response upon treatment with tuftsin.", "contents": "Tuftsin-macrophage interaction: specific binding and augmentation of phagocytosis. The binding of [3H]tuftsin to normal and in vivo stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage populations was studied at 22 degrees C. The [3H]tuftsin binding to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages was shown to be rapid and saturable, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) (calculated from a Scatchard plot) of 5.3 X 10(-8) M. The calculated number of binding sites per macrophage amounts to approximately 72,000. Binding competition studies with unlabelled tuftsin yielded a K(D) of 5.0 X 10(-8) M. [3H] [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin, an inactive analog of tuftsin, failed to bind specifically to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages. [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin and the tripeptide [Des-Arg4]tuftsin failed to compete for tuftsin binding sites, while [D-Arg4]tuftsin, an analog with small tuftsin-like activity, exhibited a low degree of inhibition of [3H]tuftsin binding. Thus a rather high degree of specificity is involved in the binding of the tetrapeptide. Normal as well as six different macrophage populations induced by stimulation with thioglycollate, concanavalin-A, starch, mineral oil, glucan and Bacillus Calmette Guerrin (BCG), exhibited a similar degree of binding of [3H]tuftsin. Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-stimulated macrophages, on the other hand, showed a 6- to 10-fold-lower capacity for tuftsin binding. Under similar experimental conditions, mouse fibroblast and lymphocyte preparations revealed no detectable specific binding. Tuftsin augmented the phagocytic response of normal and stimulated macrophages assessed both for phagocytosis mediated via the Fc-receptor and via non-specific receptors. CP-stimulated macrophages did not exhibit an increased phagocytic response upon treatment with tuftsin.", "PMID": 381320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5428", "title": "Pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell function in pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Arginine infusion tests were carried out in seven patients with pheochromocytoma before and after extirpation of the tumors in order to evaluate pancreatic islet alpha- and beta-cell function during the state of endogenous catecholamine excess. Six of the patients had glucose intolerance; one did not. Preoperatively, the pancreatic glucagon response was suppressed, while the insulin response was comparable to that in normal control subjects. Plasma glucose levels decreased rapidly after the beginning of arginine infusion in all patients. Theses changes during the infusion were evident in the one patient without glucose intolerance. Postoperatively, the glucagon response and plasma glucose changes were normalized. In addition to the obvious suppression of pancreatic alpha-cell function in our patients with pheochromocytoma, it seems likely that pancreatic beta-cell function also was suppressed; there was no enhancement of the insulin response to arginine during the period of chronic hyperglycemia, a situation in which a synergistic effect between glucose and arginine might be expected.", "contents": "Pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell function in pheochromocytoma. Arginine infusion tests were carried out in seven patients with pheochromocytoma before and after extirpation of the tumors in order to evaluate pancreatic islet alpha- and beta-cell function during the state of endogenous catecholamine excess. Six of the patients had glucose intolerance; one did not. Preoperatively, the pancreatic glucagon response was suppressed, while the insulin response was comparable to that in normal control subjects. Plasma glucose levels decreased rapidly after the beginning of arginine infusion in all patients. Theses changes during the infusion were evident in the one patient without glucose intolerance. Postoperatively, the glucagon response and plasma glucose changes were normalized. In addition to the obvious suppression of pancreatic alpha-cell function in our patients with pheochromocytoma, it seems likely that pancreatic beta-cell function also was suppressed; there was no enhancement of the insulin response to arginine during the period of chronic hyperglycemia, a situation in which a synergistic effect between glucose and arginine might be expected.", "PMID": 381321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5429", "title": "Pancreatic alpha-cell function in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects.", "content": "To clarify further the etiology of the carbohydrate intolerance in idiopathic hemochromatosis, we investigated the glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to arginine (0.5 g/kg) infused during 30 min in lean normal subjects; in insulin-requiring subjects with hemochromatosis, genetic diabetes, and total pancreatectomy; and in nondiabetic cirrhotic subjects without portosystemic shunting. Serum insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses (30K antibody) were determined by RIA, and glucose level was determined by a glucose oxidase technique. Hemochromatotic and genetic diabetic subjects had similar basal glucose (157 +/- 25 vs. 168 +/- 40 mg/dl) and C-peptide (0.73 +/- 0.42 vs. 0.65 +/- 0.22 ng/ml) values, with subnormal C-peptide peak responses to stimulation (1.05 +/- 0.38 and 1.40 +/- 0.83 vs. 3.95 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in normals; P less than 0.05). No glucagon or C-peptide response to arginine was seen in any pancreatectomized subject. Similar but excessive glucagon levels were present in hemochromatosis, diabetes, and cirrhosis under basal conditions (166 +/- 24, 232 +/- 111, and 263 +/- 116 vs. 76 +/- 15 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) and after arginine stimulation (782 +/- 80, 834 +/- 123, and 902 +/- 275 vs. 489 +/- 81 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) when compared with normals. The excessive glucagon levels found in hemochromatosis, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis contrast to the absent response in pancreatectomized subjects and indicate that generalized islet cell destruction is not the major factor in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects.", "contents": "Pancreatic alpha-cell function in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects. To clarify further the etiology of the carbohydrate intolerance in idiopathic hemochromatosis, we investigated the glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to arginine (0.5 g/kg) infused during 30 min in lean normal subjects; in insulin-requiring subjects with hemochromatosis, genetic diabetes, and total pancreatectomy; and in nondiabetic cirrhotic subjects without portosystemic shunting. Serum insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses (30K antibody) were determined by RIA, and glucose level was determined by a glucose oxidase technique. Hemochromatotic and genetic diabetic subjects had similar basal glucose (157 +/- 25 vs. 168 +/- 40 mg/dl) and C-peptide (0.73 +/- 0.42 vs. 0.65 +/- 0.22 ng/ml) values, with subnormal C-peptide peak responses to stimulation (1.05 +/- 0.38 and 1.40 +/- 0.83 vs. 3.95 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in normals; P less than 0.05). No glucagon or C-peptide response to arginine was seen in any pancreatectomized subject. Similar but excessive glucagon levels were present in hemochromatosis, diabetes, and cirrhosis under basal conditions (166 +/- 24, 232 +/- 111, and 263 +/- 116 vs. 76 +/- 15 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) and after arginine stimulation (782 +/- 80, 834 +/- 123, and 902 +/- 275 vs. 489 +/- 81 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) when compared with normals. The excessive glucagon levels found in hemochromatosis, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis contrast to the absent response in pancreatectomized subjects and indicate that generalized islet cell destruction is not the major factor in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects.", "PMID": 381322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5430", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescent localization of prolactin to the cytoplasm of decidua and trophoblast cells in human placental membranes at term.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to determine the localization of cytoplasmic human PRL (hPRL) in fresh and incubated human placental membranes at term. In both fresh and 8-h incubated samples of amnion, amniochorion decidua, or chorion decidua obtained from three placentas, we found specific reproducible localization of hPRL to the cytoplasm of decidua and trophoblast cells. The decidua cells appeared to be the most intensely fluorescent. No specific hPRL immunofluorescence was noted in the amniotic epithelium of fresh or incubated samples of amnion and amniochorion decidua. These data suggest that the trophoblast decidua cell layer is the site of PRL localization and possibly synthesis in placental membranes at term and may be the origin of amniotic fluid PRL in humans.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescent localization of prolactin to the cytoplasm of decidua and trophoblast cells in human placental membranes at term. An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to determine the localization of cytoplasmic human PRL (hPRL) in fresh and incubated human placental membranes at term. In both fresh and 8-h incubated samples of amnion, amniochorion decidua, or chorion decidua obtained from three placentas, we found specific reproducible localization of hPRL to the cytoplasm of decidua and trophoblast cells. The decidua cells appeared to be the most intensely fluorescent. No specific hPRL immunofluorescence was noted in the amniotic epithelium of fresh or incubated samples of amnion and amniochorion decidua. These data suggest that the trophoblast decidua cell layer is the site of PRL localization and possibly synthesis in placental membranes at term and may be the origin of amniotic fluid PRL in humans.", "PMID": 381323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5431", "title": "Reduced gonadotropin secretion in postmenopausal women during treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue.", "content": "The potent and long-acting LRH agonist D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered in a daily subcutaneous dose of 5 microgram to 5 postmenopausal women for a period of 10 days. The LRH analogue produced a significant decrease in both the basal FSH and LH levels and the gonadotropin responses to the agonist. The estrogen levels in serum remained unchanged during the study period. The results suggest that D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH has a direct inhibitory effect at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Reduced gonadotropin secretion in postmenopausal women during treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue. The potent and long-acting LRH agonist D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered in a daily subcutaneous dose of 5 microgram to 5 postmenopausal women for a period of 10 days. The LRH analogue produced a significant decrease in both the basal FSH and LH levels and the gonadotropin responses to the agonist. The estrogen levels in serum remained unchanged during the study period. The results suggest that D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH has a direct inhibitory effect at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 381324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5432", "title": "Glucose memory of pancreatic B and A2 cells: evidence for common time-dependent actions of glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The influence of previous exposure to glucose on the subsequent B- and A(2)-cell secretory responses to arginine was investigated in the perfused pancreas of the rat. Arginine (8 mM) was administered in two brief (9 min) pulses separated by a period of 66 min. In pancreata from 18-h-fasted animals the two pulses of arginine elicited biphasic glucagon secretory responses, while stimulation of insulin release was barely detectable. When 27.7 mM glucose was administered for 30 min during the intervening period up to 20 min before the second pulse of arginine, the glucagon response to arginine was diminished by 55% while the insulin release was markedly increased in comparison with the first pulse. 8.3 mM glucose, when administered before the second pulse of arginine, exerted effects that were smaller but otherwise similar to those of 27.7 mM glucose.The inclusion of 3.9 mM glucose during the stimulation periods with arginine decreased the glucagon and greatly increased the insulin secretory response. Under these conditions, previous exposure to 27.7 mM glucose inhibited the glucagon and enhanced the insulin response to the second stimulatory pulse of arginine to the same relative degree as when arginine was administered alone. Diazoxide (2 mM), when administered together with 27.7 mM glucose, almost completely inhibited insulin release induced by the presence of glucose, yet did not influence the modulation exerted by glucose on the subsequent insulin and glucagon secretory response to arginine. Conversely, these effects of the glucose pulse could not be reproduced by 1 mug/ml of porcine insulin. Previous exposure to glyceraldehyde (10 mM) mimicked the glucose effects.Also, in pancreata from fed rats, previous exposure to 27.7 mM glucose markedly inhibited subsequent arginine-induced glucagon secretion while the concomittant insulin response was enhanced.IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: (a) both A(2)- and B-cell responsiveness is modulated by a previous exposure to glucose which produces opposite effects in the two cell types, (b) this action of glucose does not depend on its insulin-releasing capacity, and (c) instead, a \"memory\" of glucose is induced as a consequence of the metabolism of the sugar in the A(2) and B cells.", "contents": "Glucose memory of pancreatic B and A2 cells: evidence for common time-dependent actions of glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. The influence of previous exposure to glucose on the subsequent B- and A(2)-cell secretory responses to arginine was investigated in the perfused pancreas of the rat. Arginine (8 mM) was administered in two brief (9 min) pulses separated by a period of 66 min. In pancreata from 18-h-fasted animals the two pulses of arginine elicited biphasic glucagon secretory responses, while stimulation of insulin release was barely detectable. When 27.7 mM glucose was administered for 30 min during the intervening period up to 20 min before the second pulse of arginine, the glucagon response to arginine was diminished by 55% while the insulin release was markedly increased in comparison with the first pulse. 8.3 mM glucose, when administered before the second pulse of arginine, exerted effects that were smaller but otherwise similar to those of 27.7 mM glucose.The inclusion of 3.9 mM glucose during the stimulation periods with arginine decreased the glucagon and greatly increased the insulin secretory response. Under these conditions, previous exposure to 27.7 mM glucose inhibited the glucagon and enhanced the insulin response to the second stimulatory pulse of arginine to the same relative degree as when arginine was administered alone. Diazoxide (2 mM), when administered together with 27.7 mM glucose, almost completely inhibited insulin release induced by the presence of glucose, yet did not influence the modulation exerted by glucose on the subsequent insulin and glucagon secretory response to arginine. Conversely, these effects of the glucose pulse could not be reproduced by 1 mug/ml of porcine insulin. Previous exposure to glyceraldehyde (10 mM) mimicked the glucose effects.Also, in pancreata from fed rats, previous exposure to 27.7 mM glucose markedly inhibited subsequent arginine-induced glucagon secretion while the concomittant insulin response was enhanced.IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: (a) both A(2)- and B-cell responsiveness is modulated by a previous exposure to glucose which produces opposite effects in the two cell types, (b) this action of glucose does not depend on its insulin-releasing capacity, and (c) instead, a \"memory\" of glucose is induced as a consequence of the metabolism of the sugar in the A(2) and B cells.", "PMID": 381326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5433", "title": "Bacteria causing symptomatic urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "content": "One thousand bacterial isolates from consecutive suprapublic aspirations of urine in two groups of patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection and two groups with asymptomatic bacteriuria were studied. Staphylococci accounted for 13 and 27% of the isolates from symptomatic patients but for only 3 and 4% of strains from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Conversely, 18 and 30% of Escherichia coli isolates from asymptomatic bacteriuria were auto-agglutinable when tested with antisera to the common urinary O-serogroups, whereas such strains accounted for only 5 and 7% of the E. coli from symptomatic patients. The high prevalence of auto-agglutinable E. coli in asymptomatic bacteriuria was accompanied by a reduction in the frequency of the common uninary O-serogroups rather than other smooth strains.", "contents": "Bacteria causing symptomatic urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria. One thousand bacterial isolates from consecutive suprapublic aspirations of urine in two groups of patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection and two groups with asymptomatic bacteriuria were studied. Staphylococci accounted for 13 and 27% of the isolates from symptomatic patients but for only 3 and 4% of strains from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Conversely, 18 and 30% of Escherichia coli isolates from asymptomatic bacteriuria were auto-agglutinable when tested with antisera to the common urinary O-serogroups, whereas such strains accounted for only 5 and 7% of the E. coli from symptomatic patients. The high prevalence of auto-agglutinable E. coli in asymptomatic bacteriuria was accompanied by a reduction in the frequency of the common uninary O-serogroups rather than other smooth strains.", "PMID": 381327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5434", "title": "Identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "Ninety-one strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were tested in the API 20E system and in equivalent conventional tests. Except for utilisation of citrate there was good correlation between API and conventional tests. Seven-digit profiles were constructed from each strain after 48 hours' incubation, and numerical codes 2 006 727, 2 206 706, 2 206 707, and 2 206 727 accounted for 77% of strains tested. API 20 E, in combination with tests for heat stability of alkaline phosphatase, resistance to colistin and gentamicin, oxidative attack only of glucose, and acid from maltose, was found to provide a simple method for positive identification of all strains of this organism in two days.", "contents": "Identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in the clinical laboratory. Ninety-one strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were tested in the API 20E system and in equivalent conventional tests. Except for utilisation of citrate there was good correlation between API and conventional tests. Seven-digit profiles were constructed from each strain after 48 hours' incubation, and numerical codes 2 006 727, 2 206 706, 2 206 707, and 2 206 727 accounted for 77% of strains tested. API 20 E, in combination with tests for heat stability of alkaline phosphatase, resistance to colistin and gentamicin, oxidative attack only of glucose, and acid from maltose, was found to provide a simple method for positive identification of all strains of this organism in two days.", "PMID": 381328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5435", "title": "Anti-i cold agglutinins in choriocarcinomatosis: trophoblastic i antigen.", "content": "The fetal antigen i has been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence on cord erythrocytes and placental trophoblast. A patient with disseminated choriocarcinoma developed high-tire anti-i cold agglutinins, and minor elevation of anti-i titres was seen in four out of six further patients with treated choriocarcinoma. In normal pregnant women, 6% showed similar increases in anti-i titres.", "contents": "Anti-i cold agglutinins in choriocarcinomatosis: trophoblastic i antigen. The fetal antigen i has been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence on cord erythrocytes and placental trophoblast. A patient with disseminated choriocarcinoma developed high-tire anti-i cold agglutinins, and minor elevation of anti-i titres was seen in four out of six further patients with treated choriocarcinoma. In normal pregnant women, 6% showed similar increases in anti-i titres.", "PMID": 381330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5436", "title": "A comparison of three tests for rubella antibody screening.", "content": "Sera from 1000 women attending antenatal clinics were screened for the presence of rubella antibody by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial haemolysis (SRH), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With 925 sera concordant results were obtained with all three tests. There were 46 false-negative HI tests due to the necessity of allowing for residual non-specific inhibitors. With SRH there was one false positive and three that were negative by SRH but HI- and ELISA-positive. By ELISA 14 sera gave a false-positive result (OD 405 nm greater than or equal to 0.2). Ten of these could be eliminated by taking an OD 405 nm of 0.5 as the threshold but then another 10 sera became false negatives.", "contents": "A comparison of three tests for rubella antibody screening. Sera from 1000 women attending antenatal clinics were screened for the presence of rubella antibody by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial haemolysis (SRH), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With 925 sera concordant results were obtained with all three tests. There were 46 false-negative HI tests due to the necessity of allowing for residual non-specific inhibitors. With SRH there was one false positive and three that were negative by SRH but HI- and ELISA-positive. By ELISA 14 sera gave a false-positive result (OD 405 nm greater than or equal to 0.2). Ten of these could be eliminated by taking an OD 405 nm of 0.5 as the threshold but then another 10 sera became false negatives.", "PMID": 381331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5437", "title": "Malakoplakia of the prostate: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of malakoplakia of the prostate are documented, bringing the total described in the world literature to 15. This literature is reviewed, and typical features of the condition are established. The majority of the cases have had proven previous episodes of Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract, but bacilliform organisms have yet to be demonstrated in the diseased prostatic tissue. Five of the reported cases have also had important additional disease, including three instances of malignant lung tumour. Finally, it is emphasised that recognition of prostatic malakoplakia as an entity will prevent its confusion with prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of the prostate: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Two cases of malakoplakia of the prostate are documented, bringing the total described in the world literature to 15. This literature is reviewed, and typical features of the condition are established. The majority of the cases have had proven previous episodes of Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract, but bacilliform organisms have yet to be demonstrated in the diseased prostatic tissue. Five of the reported cases have also had important additional disease, including three instances of malignant lung tumour. Finally, it is emphasised that recognition of prostatic malakoplakia as an entity will prevent its confusion with prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 381332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5438", "title": "An articulation disorder in 17th-century Germany.", "content": "Apical trill was regarded as the correct pronunciation of R in 17th-century German, but malarticulations of this difficult sound were widespread. Two of the most common substitutions were the uvular trill and L. The first was satirically described in a novel by Christian Weise (1673), while Rosinus Lentilius (1698), a physician, dealt with the L-substitution in a more scholarly but no less humorous manner. Annotated translations of these texts are presented here along with an introduction. The study suggests there may be more to the earlier history of speech disorders than is generally supposed.", "contents": "An articulation disorder in 17th-century Germany. Apical trill was regarded as the correct pronunciation of R in 17th-century German, but malarticulations of this difficult sound were widespread. Two of the most common substitutions were the uvular trill and L. The first was satirically described in a novel by Christian Weise (1673), while Rosinus Lentilius (1698), a physician, dealt with the L-substitution in a more scholarly but no less humorous manner. Annotated translations of these texts are presented here along with an introduction. The study suggests there may be more to the earlier history of speech disorders than is generally supposed.", "PMID": 381336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5439", "title": "A proposed network to improve access to high-quality health care for Medicaid-eligible families.", "content": "There is today both a need and an opportunity to develop and test a variety of models--organizational and financial--for improving the delivery of health care services. This article describes the structure and functioning of one such model and highlights the organizational problems expected to arise during its implementation. The proposed health plan is intended to facilitate the access of Medicaid-eligible, inner-city families to already available health services. The central hypothesis is that in low-income urban areas the elementary schools offer an organizational focus for the development of a health plan. As a prepaid, community-based model, this plan is designed to address the issues of accessibility, equity, accountability, continuity of care, and consumer participation, primarily through the development of a coordinating agency, the health plan office (HPO), which assures the linking of consumers and providers of health care. Adapted from the Kaiser-Permanente model, the HPO also assumes responsibility for marketing, enrollment, coordination of services, consumer advocacy, and quality surveillance.", "contents": "A proposed network to improve access to high-quality health care for Medicaid-eligible families. There is today both a need and an opportunity to develop and test a variety of models--organizational and financial--for improving the delivery of health care services. This article describes the structure and functioning of one such model and highlights the organizational problems expected to arise during its implementation. The proposed health plan is intended to facilitate the access of Medicaid-eligible, inner-city families to already available health services. The central hypothesis is that in low-income urban areas the elementary schools offer an organizational focus for the development of a health plan. As a prepaid, community-based model, this plan is designed to address the issues of accessibility, equity, accountability, continuity of care, and consumer participation, primarily through the development of a coordinating agency, the health plan office (HPO), which assures the linking of consumers and providers of health care. Adapted from the Kaiser-Permanente model, the HPO also assumes responsibility for marketing, enrollment, coordination of services, consumer advocacy, and quality surveillance.", "PMID": 381337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5440", "title": "Biosynthesis and secretion of milk proteins: a review.", "content": "Recent years have seen a great increase in the knowledge and understanding of milk proteins. Arising from several origins including the blood stream and various cellular sources, many of the proteins found in milk are products of the secretory cells directly involved in the synthesis and secretion processes of various milk components. The lactation-specific proteins present in major amounts are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) under genetic control and undergo further post-translational modifications in their secretory route from the RER through the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles before ejection into the lumen with other milk components. Various molecular aspects of these mechanisms and their control are now understood, but many remain to be described.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and secretion of milk proteins: a review. Recent years have seen a great increase in the knowledge and understanding of milk proteins. Arising from several origins including the blood stream and various cellular sources, many of the proteins found in milk are products of the secretory cells directly involved in the synthesis and secretion processes of various milk components. The lactation-specific proteins present in major amounts are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) under genetic control and undergo further post-translational modifications in their secretory route from the RER through the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles before ejection into the lumen with other milk components. Various molecular aspects of these mechanisms and their control are now understood, but many remain to be described.", "PMID": 381339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5441", "title": "Hemodiafiltration using readily available equipment.", "content": "Hemodiafiltration as a blood purification method is a combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration. With this procedure low molecular substances are predominantly cleared by diffusion while middle molecules are cleared mainly by convection. This report shows how hemodiafiltration can be done using readily available equipment: a regular dialysis machine, an \"open membrane\" and the COTRAL device. Treatment could be reduced to about 2/3 of dialysis time. With a TMP of 600 mmHg a filtration rate of 60 - 70 ml/min at a blood flow of 200 ml/min and a dialysate flow rate of 500 ml/min the following. Clearance values were obtained: Urea 140 ml/min, creatinine 128 ml/min and inulin 76 ml/min. Increasing the blood flow to 300 ml/min and dialysate flow to 1000 ml/min clearances were: urea 192 ml/min, creatinine 161 ml/min and inulin 91 ml/min. During a 3.5 hour treatment period max. 92.4 urea and 6.3 g creatinine and 36 mg B2 microglobulin were extracted. In our opinion this in our hand advantageous procedure deserves further study.", "contents": "Hemodiafiltration using readily available equipment. Hemodiafiltration as a blood purification method is a combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration. With this procedure low molecular substances are predominantly cleared by diffusion while middle molecules are cleared mainly by convection. This report shows how hemodiafiltration can be done using readily available equipment: a regular dialysis machine, an \"open membrane\" and the COTRAL device. Treatment could be reduced to about 2/3 of dialysis time. With a TMP of 600 mmHg a filtration rate of 60 - 70 ml/min at a blood flow of 200 ml/min and a dialysate flow rate of 500 ml/min the following. Clearance values were obtained: Urea 140 ml/min, creatinine 128 ml/min and inulin 76 ml/min. Increasing the blood flow to 300 ml/min and dialysate flow to 1000 ml/min clearances were: urea 192 ml/min, creatinine 161 ml/min and inulin 91 ml/min. During a 3.5 hour treatment period max. 92.4 urea and 6.3 g creatinine and 36 mg B2 microglobulin were extracted. In our opinion this in our hand advantageous procedure deserves further study.", "PMID": 381340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5442", "title": "Hemodynamics during hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration and hemofiltration.", "content": "Circulatory parameters were determined by cardiac catheterization in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. They were studied in three groups during conventional hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. All three groups revealed significant reduction of cardiac output, stroke volume, pulmonary artery pressure and plasma volume. In the hemodialysis group hemodynamic parameters were unstable; specifically, hypotension, increased heart rate, and only minimal increase of peripheral resistance were observed. The other two groups showed only minor changes in circulatory parameters despite high ultrafiltration rates. Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable. On the other hand, peripheral vascular resistance increased remarkably. There is compelling evidence that during hemofiltration and sequential ultrafiltration, the patient's ability for vasoconstrictive counterregulation is better maintained than during conventional hemodialysis.", "contents": "Hemodynamics during hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. Circulatory parameters were determined by cardiac catheterization in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. They were studied in three groups during conventional hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. All three groups revealed significant reduction of cardiac output, stroke volume, pulmonary artery pressure and plasma volume. In the hemodialysis group hemodynamic parameters were unstable; specifically, hypotension, increased heart rate, and only minimal increase of peripheral resistance were observed. The other two groups showed only minor changes in circulatory parameters despite high ultrafiltration rates. Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable. On the other hand, peripheral vascular resistance increased remarkably. There is compelling evidence that during hemofiltration and sequential ultrafiltration, the patient's ability for vasoconstrictive counterregulation is better maintained than during conventional hemodialysis.", "PMID": 381341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5443", "title": "Modification of etching patterns in bovine dental enamel.", "content": "It is presumed that the etching pattern is controlled by the residual organic content of dental enamel. Pretreatment with 1.ON NaOH sould remove the organic material and modify the etching pattern. SEM studies and other tests for physical and chemical properties show that the predicted modification of the etching pattern, when the tooth surface is pretreated with NaOH solution, occurs apparently without other changes or properties.", "contents": "Modification of etching patterns in bovine dental enamel. It is presumed that the etching pattern is controlled by the residual organic content of dental enamel. Pretreatment with 1.ON NaOH sould remove the organic material and modify the etching pattern. SEM studies and other tests for physical and chemical properties show that the predicted modification of the etching pattern, when the tooth surface is pretreated with NaOH solution, occurs apparently without other changes or properties.", "PMID": 381342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5444", "title": "Overview of alcoholism.", "content": "Dental practitioners should gain an understanding of the effects of alcohol in both nonalcoholic patients (about a third of whom can be expected to show minor alcohol-related problems) and in the 10% to 25% of their patients who have such severe alcohol problems that they could be labeled alcoholic. Although alcoholism can be a loosely applied term, it is possible to use fairly rigorous criteria to identify the primary alcoholic and, with resulting insight, to outline the probable future course of problems. Alcoholism can be viewed as a disease with a natural history that is somewhat predictable. Its causes probably consist of a variety of social and psychological factors; evidence for a genetic contribution has been fairly established. Once the alcoholic is identified, dental problems should be treated, but referral to an agency for treatment should also be seriously considered. Such rehabilitation programs offer general support and helping mechanisms to aid the alcoholic to achieve improved functioning in life.", "contents": "Overview of alcoholism. Dental practitioners should gain an understanding of the effects of alcohol in both nonalcoholic patients (about a third of whom can be expected to show minor alcohol-related problems) and in the 10% to 25% of their patients who have such severe alcohol problems that they could be labeled alcoholic. Although alcoholism can be a loosely applied term, it is possible to use fairly rigorous criteria to identify the primary alcoholic and, with resulting insight, to outline the probable future course of problems. Alcoholism can be viewed as a disease with a natural history that is somewhat predictable. Its causes probably consist of a variety of social and psychological factors; evidence for a genetic contribution has been fairly established. Once the alcoholic is identified, dental problems should be treated, but referral to an agency for treatment should also be seriously considered. Such rehabilitation programs offer general support and helping mechanisms to aid the alcoholic to achieve improved functioning in life.", "PMID": 381355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5445", "title": "Review of pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of alcohol.", "content": "Oral neglect and dental diseases are common; consumption of alcohol is common. To appreciate the frequency of alcoholism, the dental specialist must recognize that no persons will seek attention for alcoholism. Suspicion of alcohol related dental disease is the key. Heavy smoking, malnutrition, bleeding gingiva, cancer of the head and neck, and enlargement of the parotid glands should all raise a question of alcoholism. Alcohol affects most organ systems, but toxicity is extremely variable. Single organ systems may be severely damaged whereas others are spared. Current evidence suggests that variations on the total amount of alcohol consumed and genetic variations in specific pathways may contribute to the multifaceted clinical presentations of alcoholism. Because alcohol is the single most common drug ingested by patients, common interactions of drugs that have dental significance should be suspect. Most commonly, these interactions involve anesthetic agents and sedative hypnotic drugs. Dental specialists may encounter alcoholic persons in intoxicated, withdrawing, or rehabilitating states. In any of these phases, appropriate recognition and judicious support of the dental problems will contribute to the overall well-being of these persons.", "contents": "Review of pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of alcohol. Oral neglect and dental diseases are common; consumption of alcohol is common. To appreciate the frequency of alcoholism, the dental specialist must recognize that no persons will seek attention for alcoholism. Suspicion of alcohol related dental disease is the key. Heavy smoking, malnutrition, bleeding gingiva, cancer of the head and neck, and enlargement of the parotid glands should all raise a question of alcoholism. Alcohol affects most organ systems, but toxicity is extremely variable. Single organ systems may be severely damaged whereas others are spared. Current evidence suggests that variations on the total amount of alcohol consumed and genetic variations in specific pathways may contribute to the multifaceted clinical presentations of alcoholism. Because alcohol is the single most common drug ingested by patients, common interactions of drugs that have dental significance should be suspect. Most commonly, these interactions involve anesthetic agents and sedative hypnotic drugs. Dental specialists may encounter alcoholic persons in intoxicated, withdrawing, or rehabilitating states. In any of these phases, appropriate recognition and judicious support of the dental problems will contribute to the overall well-being of these persons.", "PMID": 381356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5446", "title": "Induction of hyporesponsiveness to particulate antigen by feeding: the sequence of immunologic response to fed antigen.", "content": "The sequence of immunologic response to feeding with particulate antigen (sheep red blood cell, SRVC) was studied in inbred Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Feeding of SRBC to rats led to systemic sensitization as demonstrated by the presence of agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies to SRBC in sera. These humoral responses as well as the number of specific plaque-forming cells (PFCs) to SRBC in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of these animals could be boostered by the intravenous administration of SRBC during the early stages of feeding. With prolongation of feeding both hemolytic and agglutinating antibodies in sera dropped below presensitization levels. In addition, upon parenteral challenge with SRBC the number of PFCs to SRBC and the humoral antibody responses elicited in SRBC-fed rats were found to be significantly lower than those of controls. Antigen-reactive cells, however, were not completely abolished even after 10 wk of feeding. The results demonstrate that a diminished responsiveness to particulate antigen achieved by prolonged feeding is preceded by a state of immunity and is not absolute. The mechanism underlying the phenomenon remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Induction of hyporesponsiveness to particulate antigen by feeding: the sequence of immunologic response to fed antigen. The sequence of immunologic response to feeding with particulate antigen (sheep red blood cell, SRVC) was studied in inbred Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Feeding of SRBC to rats led to systemic sensitization as demonstrated by the presence of agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies to SRBC in sera. These humoral responses as well as the number of specific plaque-forming cells (PFCs) to SRBC in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of these animals could be boostered by the intravenous administration of SRBC during the early stages of feeding. With prolongation of feeding both hemolytic and agglutinating antibodies in sera dropped below presensitization levels. In addition, upon parenteral challenge with SRBC the number of PFCs to SRBC and the humoral antibody responses elicited in SRBC-fed rats were found to be significantly lower than those of controls. Antigen-reactive cells, however, were not completely abolished even after 10 wk of feeding. The results demonstrate that a diminished responsiveness to particulate antigen achieved by prolonged feeding is preceded by a state of immunity and is not absolute. The mechanism underlying the phenomenon remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 381360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5447", "title": "Appropriateness of vitamin and mineral prescription orders for residents of health related facilities.", "content": "A study was made of the medical charts of 433 elderly patients admitted to four Health Related Facilities in upper New York State, to determine whether the respective prescription orders for vitamins and minerals were appropriate to the given diagnoses and, if not, identify the variables correlated with inappropriateness. For 11.1 percent of the patients, vitamins or minerals were prescribed when there was no specific diagnostic indication, or they were not prescribed when the medical diagnosis indicated that they should have been. Women and medicaid patients were more likely than men and self-paying patients to be treated inappropriately with respect to vitamins and minerals, but the differences were not satistically significant.", "contents": "Appropriateness of vitamin and mineral prescription orders for residents of health related facilities. A study was made of the medical charts of 433 elderly patients admitted to four Health Related Facilities in upper New York State, to determine whether the respective prescription orders for vitamins and minerals were appropriate to the given diagnoses and, if not, identify the variables correlated with inappropriateness. For 11.1 percent of the patients, vitamins or minerals were prescribed when there was no specific diagnostic indication, or they were not prescribed when the medical diagnosis indicated that they should have been. Women and medicaid patients were more likely than men and self-paying patients to be treated inappropriately with respect to vitamins and minerals, but the differences were not satistically significant.", "PMID": 381363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5448", "title": "An in vivo and in vitro study of an aging-related neuron cytoplasmic-binding antibody in male Fischer rats.", "content": "Fischer 344 male rats showed a low average level (less than ++) of in vivo as well as in vitro neuron binding antibody at 3, 15, and 26 months. However, a significant increase with age in average intensity of binding was observed with both the in vivo and the in vitro conditions. If a criterion of ++ is used as an antibody binding level likely to have biological consequences, the percent of in vivo cases showing foci of ++ or greater intensity also rises with age from 20 to 80%; a criterion of +++ gives an in vivo rise with age of only from 10 to 20%. The in vitro incidence with the ++ criterion is already 80% at three months and rises to 90%; with the +++ criterion the incidence with age rises from 20 to 80%. No evidence was obtained to support the concept that there is a weakening of the blood-brain-barrier in 26 month rats either by the systemic injection of trypan blue or by a comparison of intensity of antibody binding between extra- and intra-barrier neurones.", "contents": "An in vivo and in vitro study of an aging-related neuron cytoplasmic-binding antibody in male Fischer rats. Fischer 344 male rats showed a low average level (less than ++) of in vivo as well as in vitro neuron binding antibody at 3, 15, and 26 months. However, a significant increase with age in average intensity of binding was observed with both the in vivo and the in vitro conditions. If a criterion of ++ is used as an antibody binding level likely to have biological consequences, the percent of in vivo cases showing foci of ++ or greater intensity also rises with age from 20 to 80%; a criterion of +++ gives an in vivo rise with age of only from 10 to 20%. The in vitro incidence with the ++ criterion is already 80% at three months and rises to 90%; with the +++ criterion the incidence with age rises from 20 to 80%. No evidence was obtained to support the concept that there is a weakening of the blood-brain-barrier in 26 month rats either by the systemic injection of trypan blue or by a comparison of intensity of antibody binding between extra- and intra-barrier neurones.", "PMID": 381366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5449", "title": "Deep fasciitis of the biceps region.", "content": "An infection of the biceps fascia, later myositis, and spreading to the pectoralis is described in six patients. The majority were synergistic infections with an anaerobic Peptococcus, Eikenella, or Bacteroides and an aerobic Streptococcus. Five of the patients were drug abusers. Excision of the biceps and portions of the pectoralis major was necessary in four patients.", "contents": "Deep fasciitis of the biceps region. An infection of the biceps fascia, later myositis, and spreading to the pectoralis is described in six patients. The majority were synergistic infections with an anaerobic Peptococcus, Eikenella, or Bacteroides and an aerobic Streptococcus. Five of the patients were drug abusers. Excision of the biceps and portions of the pectoralis major was necessary in four patients.", "PMID": 381370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5450", "title": "[The present state of hormonal investigation in amenorrhoea (author's transl)].", "content": "The value or plasma radio-immune assays of steroid and pituitary hormones in amenorrhoea is discussed. The accent is placed on the need for repeated plasma sampling. Dynamic tests aimed at investigating the hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian axes are analysed. A proposal is put forward for a scheme of investigation that will make better use of these tests.", "contents": "[The present state of hormonal investigation in amenorrhoea (author's transl)]. The value or plasma radio-immune assays of steroid and pituitary hormones in amenorrhoea is discussed. The accent is placed on the need for repeated plasma sampling. Dynamic tests aimed at investigating the hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian axes are analysed. A proposal is put forward for a scheme of investigation that will make better use of these tests.", "PMID": 381368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5451", "title": "[Combined hydramnios with fetal ascites due to intra-uterine meconium peritonitis (authors' transl)].", "content": "It is possible with echotomography to make out fetal ascites in the last months of pregnancy. One of the causes of combined fetal ascites and hydramnios among several other possible ones is primary meconium peritonitis, which diagnosis can be confirmed after birth.", "contents": "[Combined hydramnios with fetal ascites due to intra-uterine meconium peritonitis (authors' transl)]. It is possible with echotomography to make out fetal ascites in the last months of pregnancy. One of the causes of combined fetal ascites and hydramnios among several other possible ones is primary meconium peritonitis, which diagnosis can be confirmed after birth.", "PMID": 381369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5452", "title": "Dominant lethal gene test of 5-thio-D-glucose in male mice.", "content": "Genetic effects of 5-thio-D-glucose (5-thio) were tested in male mice by the dominant lethal gene test. Males were treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 5-thio dissolved in PBS by oral intubation daily at 40 or 60 mg/kg for 7 or 35 successive days. Average implantations per pregnant female and the intrauterine postimplantation losses in females mated with 5-thio trated males did not show any significant differences when compared statistically with parallel controls. Furthermore, the compound had no effect on the appearance and mating behavior of the male mice. This is the first report on the genetic effects of 5-thio to show that the compound in the treatment regimens studied were not mutagenic in terms of the induction of dominant lethal mutation in male mice.", "contents": "Dominant lethal gene test of 5-thio-D-glucose in male mice. Genetic effects of 5-thio-D-glucose (5-thio) were tested in male mice by the dominant lethal gene test. Males were treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 5-thio dissolved in PBS by oral intubation daily at 40 or 60 mg/kg for 7 or 35 successive days. Average implantations per pregnant female and the intrauterine postimplantation losses in females mated with 5-thio trated males did not show any significant differences when compared statistically with parallel controls. Furthermore, the compound had no effect on the appearance and mating behavior of the male mice. This is the first report on the genetic effects of 5-thio to show that the compound in the treatment regimens studied were not mutagenic in terms of the induction of dominant lethal mutation in male mice.", "PMID": 381371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5453", "title": "Quantitative relationships of the harmful effect of ionizing radiation on natural resistance of the organism to various infectious agents. Review of literature.", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of data from the literature and our own experimental results, the conclusion can be drawn that there is inverse linear dependence between the dose of irradiation and natural resistance of the organism to infection with various infectious agents. With increasing doses of irradiation, the irradiated organism is exposed to greatest risk from the part of the agents of intestinal infections and representatives of normal microflora. These are followed by agents of various diseases of microbial nature. The least decrease can be observed in resistance to viruses.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships of the harmful effect of ionizing radiation on natural resistance of the organism to various infectious agents. Review of literature. On the basis of an analysis of data from the literature and our own experimental results, the conclusion can be drawn that there is inverse linear dependence between the dose of irradiation and natural resistance of the organism to infection with various infectious agents. With increasing doses of irradiation, the irradiated organism is exposed to greatest risk from the part of the agents of intestinal infections and representatives of normal microflora. These are followed by agents of various diseases of microbial nature. The least decrease can be observed in resistance to viruses.", "PMID": 381510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5454", "title": "Comparison of titration results of diphtheric antitoxic antibodies obtained by means of Jensen's method and the methods of tissue cultures and haemagglutination.", "content": "In 33 human sera the determination of diphtheric antitoxic antibodies was performed in a double blind test using Jensen's method, the method of tissue cultures and the haemagglutination method. In the method of tissue cultures the antibody levels in the sera were determinated in the first and second experiment with the precision of +/- half dilution of the geometrical progression. In Jensen's method, the difference between the first and second measurements slightly exceeded +/- 1 dilution. In the haemagglutination method the error considerably exceeded the binary step dilution. In most cases, the determination fluctuated up to seven times the actual value. Differences among the mean values of examination results obtained by Jensen's method and the method of the tissue cultures are statistically insignificant. The differences between the haemagglutination method and both the other methods are statistically significant.", "contents": "Comparison of titration results of diphtheric antitoxic antibodies obtained by means of Jensen's method and the methods of tissue cultures and haemagglutination. In 33 human sera the determination of diphtheric antitoxic antibodies was performed in a double blind test using Jensen's method, the method of tissue cultures and the haemagglutination method. In the method of tissue cultures the antibody levels in the sera were determinated in the first and second experiment with the precision of +/- half dilution of the geometrical progression. In Jensen's method, the difference between the first and second measurements slightly exceeded +/- 1 dilution. In the haemagglutination method the error considerably exceeded the binary step dilution. In most cases, the determination fluctuated up to seven times the actual value. Differences among the mean values of examination results obtained by Jensen's method and the method of the tissue cultures are statistically insignificant. The differences between the haemagglutination method and both the other methods are statistically significant.", "PMID": 381511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5455", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of tick - borne encephalitis by immunofluorescence assay of specific serum IgM antibodies.", "content": "The indirect IF technique, using suspensions of TBE virus infected and uninfected PS cells as antigen-containing substrate, furnishes a rapid and practical test making possible the detection of specific IgM class serum antibodies in the initial stage of clinically manifest TBE. It enables early confirmation of diagnosis already in the acute phase of the disease and thus it can be instrumental in differential diagnosis and rational therapy, e.g., the administration of specific hyperimmune gamma-globulin.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of tick - borne encephalitis by immunofluorescence assay of specific serum IgM antibodies. The indirect IF technique, using suspensions of TBE virus infected and uninfected PS cells as antigen-containing substrate, furnishes a rapid and practical test making possible the detection of specific IgM class serum antibodies in the initial stage of clinically manifest TBE. It enables early confirmation of diagnosis already in the acute phase of the disease and thus it can be instrumental in differential diagnosis and rational therapy, e.g., the administration of specific hyperimmune gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 381512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5456", "title": "Characterization of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). II. Tumor cell proliferation and IgM secretion after stimulation by LPS.", "content": "A spontaneous BALB/c B lymphocyte leukemia could be stimulated in vitro by the polyclonal B cell activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the conditions for activation were studied. Spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes from tumor-bearing animals responded by increased DNA synthesis and the peak of activation occurred earlier than with normal mouse spleen cells. Tumor cells harvested from the spleen, but not from the peripheral blood, could be induced by LPS to secrete IgM. Direct demonstration that the response was due to tumor cell activation and not that of contaminating normal B lymphocytes was provided by karyotype analysis and by immunoprecipitation, which showed the restriction of light chains on secreted IgM molecules to the lambda isotype.", "contents": "Characterization of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). II. Tumor cell proliferation and IgM secretion after stimulation by LPS. A spontaneous BALB/c B lymphocyte leukemia could be stimulated in vitro by the polyclonal B cell activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the conditions for activation were studied. Spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes from tumor-bearing animals responded by increased DNA synthesis and the peak of activation occurred earlier than with normal mouse spleen cells. Tumor cells harvested from the spleen, but not from the peripheral blood, could be induced by LPS to secrete IgM. Direct demonstration that the response was due to tumor cell activation and not that of contaminating normal B lymphocytes was provided by karyotype analysis and by immunoprecipitation, which showed the restriction of light chains on secreted IgM molecules to the lambda isotype.", "PMID": 381513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5457", "title": "Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG): a novel protein from mouse lymphocytes. IV. Evidence for the plasma membrane distribution of MICG.", "content": "Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin is a glycoprotein synthesized predominantly by T lymphocytes in the mouse. The present report details experiments demonstrating the plasma membrane distribution of MICG on T lymphocytes. By utilizing immunofluorescent techniques it was shown that MICG was located in the external cell surface of 98% of thymic lymphocytes and 60% of splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, in spleen cells, it was demonstrated that T cells and not B cells were surface MICG positive. Antibody to MICG was able to cap all of the immunofluorescent-positive (60%) spleen cells. In contrast, anti-MICG antibody did not induce cap formation on thymus cells. Only when dilute solutions of antibody were used did MICG cap on the thymus cells. Employing limited proteolysis of thymus and spleen cells MICG was shown to be regenerated on the surface of T cells with a half-life of 3.5 hr. The distribution and cell surface characteristics of MICG are discussed in terms of a \"receptor-like\" function for this protein.", "contents": "Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG): a novel protein from mouse lymphocytes. IV. Evidence for the plasma membrane distribution of MICG. Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin is a glycoprotein synthesized predominantly by T lymphocytes in the mouse. The present report details experiments demonstrating the plasma membrane distribution of MICG on T lymphocytes. By utilizing immunofluorescent techniques it was shown that MICG was located in the external cell surface of 98% of thymic lymphocytes and 60% of splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, in spleen cells, it was demonstrated that T cells and not B cells were surface MICG positive. Antibody to MICG was able to cap all of the immunofluorescent-positive (60%) spleen cells. In contrast, anti-MICG antibody did not induce cap formation on thymus cells. Only when dilute solutions of antibody were used did MICG cap on the thymus cells. Employing limited proteolysis of thymus and spleen cells MICG was shown to be regenerated on the surface of T cells with a half-life of 3.5 hr. The distribution and cell surface characteristics of MICG are discussed in terms of a \"receptor-like\" function for this protein.", "PMID": 381514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5458", "title": "Demonstration of phosphorylcholine-specific IgE B cells in CBA/N mice.", "content": "CBA/N mice, which did not make anti-PC IgM or IgG antibody against PC-conjugated T-dependent or T-independent antigens, produced IgE antibody to PC-determinant when they were immunized with PC-KLH. PC-specificity of IgE antibody produced in CBA/N mice was determined by inhibition of PCA reaction with free PC-hapten or C-polysaccharide or by absorption of reaginic activity in the serum with C-polysaccharide. The presence of T15 idiotype on anti-PC IgE antibody produced in CBA/N x BALB/c F1 males also showed that anti-PC IgE antibody in defective mice was PC-specific. The results suggest that PC-specific B epsilon cells may belong to a subpopulation distinct from PC-specific precursors for IgM and IgG responses.", "contents": "Demonstration of phosphorylcholine-specific IgE B cells in CBA/N mice. CBA/N mice, which did not make anti-PC IgM or IgG antibody against PC-conjugated T-dependent or T-independent antigens, produced IgE antibody to PC-determinant when they were immunized with PC-KLH. PC-specificity of IgE antibody produced in CBA/N mice was determined by inhibition of PCA reaction with free PC-hapten or C-polysaccharide or by absorption of reaginic activity in the serum with C-polysaccharide. The presence of T15 idiotype on anti-PC IgE antibody produced in CBA/N x BALB/c F1 males also showed that anti-PC IgE antibody in defective mice was PC-specific. The results suggest that PC-specific B epsilon cells may belong to a subpopulation distinct from PC-specific precursors for IgM and IgG responses.", "PMID": 381515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5459", "title": "Structural similarities between C6 and C7 of human complement.", "content": "A new method for the isolation of C6 and C7 by affinity chromatography of human serum with anti-C6 and anti-C7 coupled to Sepharose is described. C6 and C7 prepared by this method are hemolytically fully active, homogeneous proteins obtained in 25% yield. A comparison of the properties of isolated C6 and C7 gave the following results: The amino acid composition of the two proteins is very similar. The m.w. calculated from the amino acid content is 124,800 for C6 and 120,800 for C7. Both components are single chain glycoproteins migrating upon electrophoresis at pH 8.6 as beta 2-globulins, Both proteins are polymorphic as detected by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels and range in their isoelectric points from pH 6.15 to 6.7. The UV spectra reveal only minor differences; the extinction coefficients are: EC6 = 1.71 cm2 X mg-1 and EC7 = 1.92 cm2 X mg-1. CD-spectra show 8% alpha-helix and 10% beta-structure for C6 and 10% alpha-helix and 14% beta-structure for C7. The structural similarities of C6 and C7 suggest their evolution from a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "Structural similarities between C6 and C7 of human complement. A new method for the isolation of C6 and C7 by affinity chromatography of human serum with anti-C6 and anti-C7 coupled to Sepharose is described. C6 and C7 prepared by this method are hemolytically fully active, homogeneous proteins obtained in 25% yield. A comparison of the properties of isolated C6 and C7 gave the following results: The amino acid composition of the two proteins is very similar. The m.w. calculated from the amino acid content is 124,800 for C6 and 120,800 for C7. Both components are single chain glycoproteins migrating upon electrophoresis at pH 8.6 as beta 2-globulins, Both proteins are polymorphic as detected by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels and range in their isoelectric points from pH 6.15 to 6.7. The UV spectra reveal only minor differences; the extinction coefficients are: EC6 = 1.71 cm2 X mg-1 and EC7 = 1.92 cm2 X mg-1. CD-spectra show 8% alpha-helix and 10% beta-structure for C6 and 10% alpha-helix and 14% beta-structure for C7. The structural similarities of C6 and C7 suggest their evolution from a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 381516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5460", "title": "C3 deposition in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits: a possible etiologic role for complement in atherogenesis.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rabbits by feeding Purina Chow supplemented with cholesterol (5 g/kg body weight/day). The serum cholesterol levels of these rabbits increased progressively and after 3 to 5 months were 4 to 9-fold greater than those of the control animals. Decrease in total hemolytic complement was not apparent during the feeding regimen. Morphologic examination of aortae of these hypercholesterolemic rabbits showed typical atherosclerotic intimal plaques. Immunofluorescent microscopy with fluorescein (F)-labeled anti-rabbit C3 showed deposition of C3 in the intimal and inner medial layers as early as 3 months on high cholesterol diet. C3 deposits were also observed in the renal glomeruli and in the walls of coronary arteries. However, fluorescent studies failed to demonstrate the presence of IgG, IgM, and C4 at these sites. Tissues from control animals fed normal diets were negative for immunoglobulins, C3, and C4. These results suggest that the complement system may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "contents": "C3 deposition in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits: a possible etiologic role for complement in atherogenesis. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rabbits by feeding Purina Chow supplemented with cholesterol (5 g/kg body weight/day). The serum cholesterol levels of these rabbits increased progressively and after 3 to 5 months were 4 to 9-fold greater than those of the control animals. Decrease in total hemolytic complement was not apparent during the feeding regimen. Morphologic examination of aortae of these hypercholesterolemic rabbits showed typical atherosclerotic intimal plaques. Immunofluorescent microscopy with fluorescein (F)-labeled anti-rabbit C3 showed deposition of C3 in the intimal and inner medial layers as early as 3 months on high cholesterol diet. C3 deposits were also observed in the renal glomeruli and in the walls of coronary arteries. However, fluorescent studies failed to demonstrate the presence of IgG, IgM, and C4 at these sites. Tissues from control animals fed normal diets were negative for immunoglobulins, C3, and C4. These results suggest that the complement system may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "PMID": 381517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5461", "title": "Role of lipids in the immune response. II. An enhancer of antibody production (APS) that is a lipid closely associated with lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF).", "content": "Lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF) is a lymphokine produced by dividing T cells. An activity coeluting with LMF from a Sephadex resin is extractable from LMF with chloroform-methanol. It enhances but does not initiate antibody formation measured by generation of plaque-forming cells (PFC). It does not cause proliferation of B cells. This activity elutes from a silicic acid column and produces a pattern on thin layer chromatography that suggests that the compound(s) responsible for the activity is a polar lipid.", "contents": "Role of lipids in the immune response. II. An enhancer of antibody production (APS) that is a lipid closely associated with lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF). Lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF) is a lymphokine produced by dividing T cells. An activity coeluting with LMF from a Sephadex resin is extractable from LMF with chloroform-methanol. It enhances but does not initiate antibody formation measured by generation of plaque-forming cells (PFC). It does not cause proliferation of B cells. This activity elutes from a silicic acid column and produces a pattern on thin layer chromatography that suggests that the compound(s) responsible for the activity is a polar lipid.", "PMID": 381518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5462", "title": "The pathology and homing of a transplantable murine B cell leukemia (BCL1).", "content": "The pathology and homing characteristics of a murine B cell leukemia are described. Experiments utilizing autoradiography to determine the early homing pattern of the leukemic cells revealed a pronounced localization of the labeled cells to the spleen. The cells that were seen in the white pulp showed preferential localization to the follicles or B cell domains. Tissue section immunofluorescence with antibodies to kappa- and lambda-light chains was used to study the initial mouse with this disease as well as to study the mice that were injected with in vivo passaged cells. These mice also showed predominant involvement of the spleen. Although the initial mouse with this disease had 200,000 lambda-bearing B lymphocytes per mm3 in the peripheral blood and closely resembled a human chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient, the studies described suggest that this murine B cell neoplasm is a lymphoma with a striking predilection for splenic involvement. The other organs including the bone marrow as well as the peripheral blood appeared to be involved secondarily. This unusual spontaneously occurring murine B cell disease provides a useful model for the investigation of certain commonly occurring human lymphomas and leukemias.", "contents": "The pathology and homing of a transplantable murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). The pathology and homing characteristics of a murine B cell leukemia are described. Experiments utilizing autoradiography to determine the early homing pattern of the leukemic cells revealed a pronounced localization of the labeled cells to the spleen. The cells that were seen in the white pulp showed preferential localization to the follicles or B cell domains. Tissue section immunofluorescence with antibodies to kappa- and lambda-light chains was used to study the initial mouse with this disease as well as to study the mice that were injected with in vivo passaged cells. These mice also showed predominant involvement of the spleen. Although the initial mouse with this disease had 200,000 lambda-bearing B lymphocytes per mm3 in the peripheral blood and closely resembled a human chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient, the studies described suggest that this murine B cell neoplasm is a lymphoma with a striking predilection for splenic involvement. The other organs including the bone marrow as well as the peripheral blood appeared to be involved secondarily. This unusual spontaneously occurring murine B cell disease provides a useful model for the investigation of certain commonly occurring human lymphomas and leukemias.", "PMID": 381519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5463", "title": "Markers of human T cell subsets identified by alloantisera.", "content": "Analysis by the indirect fluorescence test followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis has shown that antisera recognizing subsets of human T lymphocytes can be produced by planned immunizations involving HLA-A and HLA-B compatible donors. The reactivity of these antisera against some individuals of a population but not others shows that they recognize a polymorphic cell surface component. The reactive subpopulation largely overlaps with the JRA+ subset, which was previously shown to possess regulatory properties in functional assays. The specificity of the antisera for a T cell subset and the unrelatedness of the anti-B cell activity of the same antisera has been confirmed by two-color fluorescence tests.", "contents": "Markers of human T cell subsets identified by alloantisera. Analysis by the indirect fluorescence test followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis has shown that antisera recognizing subsets of human T lymphocytes can be produced by planned immunizations involving HLA-A and HLA-B compatible donors. The reactivity of these antisera against some individuals of a population but not others shows that they recognize a polymorphic cell surface component. The reactive subpopulation largely overlaps with the JRA+ subset, which was previously shown to possess regulatory properties in functional assays. The specificity of the antisera for a T cell subset and the unrelatedness of the anti-B cell activity of the same antisera has been confirmed by two-color fluorescence tests.", "PMID": 381520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5464", "title": "Immunity to the T1699 murine mammary tumor. I. Thymic influence and long-term effect of irradiation on the humoral response.", "content": "The thymus dependency of humoral immunity to syngeneic tumor antigens was investigated in T cell-deficient DBA/2 mice. ATXBM animals bearing the T1699 mammary tumor in the subcutaneous abdominal area displayed normal immediate but not delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) to 3 M KCl-extracted T1699 antigens injected into the footpad. Sera from ATXBM tumor-bearers passively transferred immediate hypersensitivity but failed to support tumor-specific macrophage-mediated ADCC reactions. The synthesis of macrophage-mediated ADCC antibody was greatly reduced in the CXBM animals when compared to nonirradiated tumor-bearers. The CXBM mice, however, showed normal T cell function as measured by allograft rejection, antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and DHR to T1699 antigens. Of all antibody classes and subclasses tested by indirect membrane fluorescence, only IgG2b was found to be produced at normal levels by either ATXBM or CXBM tumor-bearers. The results show that IgG2b antibody production in response to T1699 syngeneic tumor antigens is thymus independent and suggest that this antibody is the mediator of immediate hypersensitivity. The synthesis of macrophage-mediated ADCC antibody (IgG2a) was found to be not only thymus dependent but also sensitive to the long-term effects of irradiation and bone marrow repopulation.", "contents": "Immunity to the T1699 murine mammary tumor. I. Thymic influence and long-term effect of irradiation on the humoral response. The thymus dependency of humoral immunity to syngeneic tumor antigens was investigated in T cell-deficient DBA/2 mice. ATXBM animals bearing the T1699 mammary tumor in the subcutaneous abdominal area displayed normal immediate but not delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) to 3 M KCl-extracted T1699 antigens injected into the footpad. Sera from ATXBM tumor-bearers passively transferred immediate hypersensitivity but failed to support tumor-specific macrophage-mediated ADCC reactions. The synthesis of macrophage-mediated ADCC antibody was greatly reduced in the CXBM animals when compared to nonirradiated tumor-bearers. The CXBM mice, however, showed normal T cell function as measured by allograft rejection, antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and DHR to T1699 antigens. Of all antibody classes and subclasses tested by indirect membrane fluorescence, only IgG2b was found to be produced at normal levels by either ATXBM or CXBM tumor-bearers. The results show that IgG2b antibody production in response to T1699 syngeneic tumor antigens is thymus independent and suggest that this antibody is the mediator of immediate hypersensitivity. The synthesis of macrophage-mediated ADCC antibody (IgG2a) was found to be not only thymus dependent but also sensitive to the long-term effects of irradiation and bone marrow repopulation.", "PMID": 381522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5465", "title": "A simple technique for harvesting lymphocytes cultured in Terasaki plates.", "content": "A simple method has been developed for harvesting lymphocytes from Terasaki microplates based on a culture technique where the plates are inverted and the cells grown on the hanging meniscus of the medium in each well. Sixty individual filter discs were prepared in wells in a polycarbonate harvesting plate. A dry Terasaki plate was used to cut these filters with the harvester acting as a die. The inverted culture plate was then lowered onto the harvester to allow the cells on the meniscus from each well to be absorbed on the appropriate filter disc. The culture plate was then discarded and the cells on the filters washed in the harvester. The wash solutions were removed by suction through holes below each filter. The time taken to harvest the cultures from 60 wells of a plate was 3--5 min.", "contents": "A simple technique for harvesting lymphocytes cultured in Terasaki plates. A simple method has been developed for harvesting lymphocytes from Terasaki microplates based on a culture technique where the plates are inverted and the cells grown on the hanging meniscus of the medium in each well. Sixty individual filter discs were prepared in wells in a polycarbonate harvesting plate. A dry Terasaki plate was used to cut these filters with the harvester acting as a die. The inverted culture plate was then lowered onto the harvester to allow the cells on the meniscus from each well to be absorbed on the appropriate filter disc. The culture plate was then discarded and the cells on the filters washed in the harvester. The wash solutions were removed by suction through holes below each filter. The time taken to harvest the cultures from 60 wells of a plate was 3--5 min.", "PMID": 381523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5466", "title": "Antilymphocyte serum produced by immunization with purified mouse thymocyte plasma membrane.", "content": "A predominantly plasma membrane fraction was isolated from mouse thymocytes and characterised. Immunization of rabbits with this material yielded highly potent antilymphocyte sera as measured by prolongation of skin allograft survival. Potency was maintained after repeated boosting of the rabbits, yet the generation of irrelevant antibodies was contained. Binding of antilymphocyte sera to lymphocytes was studied by immunofluorescence using the analytical facility of a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS-1). The results demonstrated that these anti-membrane sera recognise antigens common to thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes, bind more to T-cells and thymocytes than to B-cells and bind more avidly than antisera raised with intact cells. It was concluded that this thymocyte plasma membrane preparation is highly effective in raising powerful antilymphocyte serum.", "contents": "Antilymphocyte serum produced by immunization with purified mouse thymocyte plasma membrane. A predominantly plasma membrane fraction was isolated from mouse thymocytes and characterised. Immunization of rabbits with this material yielded highly potent antilymphocyte sera as measured by prolongation of skin allograft survival. Potency was maintained after repeated boosting of the rabbits, yet the generation of irrelevant antibodies was contained. Binding of antilymphocyte sera to lymphocytes was studied by immunofluorescence using the analytical facility of a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS-1). The results demonstrated that these anti-membrane sera recognise antigens common to thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes, bind more to T-cells and thymocytes than to B-cells and bind more avidly than antisera raised with intact cells. It was concluded that this thymocyte plasma membrane preparation is highly effective in raising powerful antilymphocyte serum.", "PMID": 381524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5467", "title": "Preparation of sera for subtyping of influenza A viruses by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The conditions for preparation of type-specific and subtype-specific influenza A virus reagents to be used in the immunofluorescence technique have been evaluated. Type A-specific antibodies were prepared by passing an antivirion hyperimmune serum through an immunoadsorbent column containing antigens from disrupted virions of a different influenza A virus subtype. The type-specific antibodies were recovered from the immunoadsorbent by desorption with 3 M NaI. For subtype determination, antisera against the various hemagglutinins were used. Such sera could be prepared by removal of irrelevant influenza A virus antibodies from sera directed against purified virions and isolated peplomers, respectively. This was performed by passing the antisera through immunoadsorbent columns containing antigens from disrupted virions of appropriate strains. However, attempts to obtain a hemagglutin-specific antiserum from a serum directed against allantoic fluid virus suspension failed with this procedure. Antisera obtained after immunization with purified hemagglutinin were also elaborated. These sera were shown to be superior for subtyping of influenza A virus infections by immunofluorescence, but could not a priori be regarded as subtype-specific. The usefulness of subtype-specific sera has been demonstrated on clinical specimens for rapid virus diagnosis.", "contents": "Preparation of sera for subtyping of influenza A viruses by immunofluorescence. The conditions for preparation of type-specific and subtype-specific influenza A virus reagents to be used in the immunofluorescence technique have been evaluated. Type A-specific antibodies were prepared by passing an antivirion hyperimmune serum through an immunoadsorbent column containing antigens from disrupted virions of a different influenza A virus subtype. The type-specific antibodies were recovered from the immunoadsorbent by desorption with 3 M NaI. For subtype determination, antisera against the various hemagglutinins were used. Such sera could be prepared by removal of irrelevant influenza A virus antibodies from sera directed against purified virions and isolated peplomers, respectively. This was performed by passing the antisera through immunoadsorbent columns containing antigens from disrupted virions of appropriate strains. However, attempts to obtain a hemagglutin-specific antiserum from a serum directed against allantoic fluid virus suspension failed with this procedure. Antisera obtained after immunization with purified hemagglutinin were also elaborated. These sera were shown to be superior for subtyping of influenza A virus infections by immunofluorescence, but could not a priori be regarded as subtype-specific. The usefulness of subtype-specific sera has been demonstrated on clinical specimens for rapid virus diagnosis.", "PMID": 381525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5468", "title": "IgA contamination of IgG prepared on a protein A column.", "content": "When protein A is used for the isolation of IgG from pooled human serum further purification steps may be necessary since the IgG is contaminated with approximately 30% of the IgA originally present in the starting material. No preference for binding of an IgA subclass to protein A was found. In addition part of the IgG3 subclass binds to protein A.", "contents": "IgA contamination of IgG prepared on a protein A column. When protein A is used for the isolation of IgG from pooled human serum further purification steps may be necessary since the IgG is contaminated with approximately 30% of the IgA originally present in the starting material. No preference for binding of an IgA subclass to protein A was found. In addition part of the IgG3 subclass binds to protein A.", "PMID": 381526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5469", "title": "Novel enzyme immunoassay for 17 beta-estradiol.", "content": "A novel approach to the enzyme immunoassay of analytes is presented and illustrated by demonstration of an estradiol assay. The assay depends on the competitive binding of estradiol and estradiol-DNP conjugate to immobilized anti-estradiol. The amount of estradiol-DNP bound is inversely proportional to the amount of free estradiol, and is measured through the use of peroxidase-labeled anti-DNP antibodies. The assay gives a dose-response curve from 10 pg/tube to 450 pg/tube and shows satisfactory correlation with radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Novel enzyme immunoassay for 17 beta-estradiol. A novel approach to the enzyme immunoassay of analytes is presented and illustrated by demonstration of an estradiol assay. The assay depends on the competitive binding of estradiol and estradiol-DNP conjugate to immobilized anti-estradiol. The amount of estradiol-DNP bound is inversely proportional to the amount of free estradiol, and is measured through the use of peroxidase-labeled anti-DNP antibodies. The assay gives a dose-response curve from 10 pg/tube to 450 pg/tube and shows satisfactory correlation with radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 381528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5470", "title": "Detection of antibodies specific to sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated proteins.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin (HMM) denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was injected into guinea pigs, either in the presence of 1 mg SDS/mg protein or after chromatography on Sephadex G-10 to remove detergent excess. Antigen-antibody interactions were analyzed by the microcomplement fixation technique. When HMM was injected in the presence of excess of SDS, the microcomplement fixation curves exhibited two maxima; one was specific to the random coil configuration of heavy meromyosin or myosin, and the other was common to several SDS-protein complexes. The latter peak disappeared when the excess SDS was removed from the immunogen by chromatography. Results showed the presence of antibodies directed either against SDS or against the non-specific SDS protein link.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies specific to sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated proteins. Heavy meromyosin (HMM) denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was injected into guinea pigs, either in the presence of 1 mg SDS/mg protein or after chromatography on Sephadex G-10 to remove detergent excess. Antigen-antibody interactions were analyzed by the microcomplement fixation technique. When HMM was injected in the presence of excess of SDS, the microcomplement fixation curves exhibited two maxima; one was specific to the random coil configuration of heavy meromyosin or myosin, and the other was common to several SDS-protein complexes. The latter peak disappeared when the excess SDS was removed from the immunogen by chromatography. Results showed the presence of antibodies directed either against SDS or against the non-specific SDS protein link.", "PMID": 381529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5471", "title": "Delineation of IgM-receptor bearing human T and B lymphocytes using a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay.", "content": "Based on the observation that binding of IgM cytophilic antibodies to lymphocytes is temperature dependent, a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay was developed to detect IgM-receptor bearing human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were passively sensitized with IgM anti-SRBC molecules at 4 degrees C, added to SRBC monolayers then incubated at 37 degrees C with guinea pig complement to develop the plaques. The PFC assay has methodological advantages over rosetting methods which demonstrate IgM receptors, and under certain conditions is more sensitive than these rosette techniques. A mean of 17% of freshly isolated uncultured lymphocytes, enriched for B cells, formed direct plaques while a mean of 3% of T-enriched preparations formed direct plaques. However, if the lymphocytes were preincubated with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) these figures increased to 46% and 35% respectively. The specificity of plaque formation by VCN-treated lymphocytes was established. SRBC sensitized with a F(ab')2 preparation of an IgG anti-SRBC reagent failed to bind to VCN-treated lymphocytes, inclusion of IgM, but not other Ig molecules in the test medium, inhibited plaque formation, and, most important, plaque formation by T and B cells was inhibited by F(c)5 mu but not by Fab mu fragments. These results indicate that T and B lymphocytes express IgM-class specific membrane receptors, that these receptors may be hidden on normal lymphocytes but are revealed by treatment with VCN and that the IgM receptor on VCN-treated lymphocytes is F(c)mu specific. These findings are discussed briefly with regard to other and partly contradictory data obtained after overnight in vitro lymphocyte culture. As demonstrated by direct PFC assay, the B cell IgM receptor is trypsin sensitive.", "contents": "Delineation of IgM-receptor bearing human T and B lymphocytes using a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. Based on the observation that binding of IgM cytophilic antibodies to lymphocytes is temperature dependent, a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay was developed to detect IgM-receptor bearing human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were passively sensitized with IgM anti-SRBC molecules at 4 degrees C, added to SRBC monolayers then incubated at 37 degrees C with guinea pig complement to develop the plaques. The PFC assay has methodological advantages over rosetting methods which demonstrate IgM receptors, and under certain conditions is more sensitive than these rosette techniques. A mean of 17% of freshly isolated uncultured lymphocytes, enriched for B cells, formed direct plaques while a mean of 3% of T-enriched preparations formed direct plaques. However, if the lymphocytes were preincubated with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) these figures increased to 46% and 35% respectively. The specificity of plaque formation by VCN-treated lymphocytes was established. SRBC sensitized with a F(ab')2 preparation of an IgG anti-SRBC reagent failed to bind to VCN-treated lymphocytes, inclusion of IgM, but not other Ig molecules in the test medium, inhibited plaque formation, and, most important, plaque formation by T and B cells was inhibited by F(c)5 mu but not by Fab mu fragments. These results indicate that T and B lymphocytes express IgM-class specific membrane receptors, that these receptors may be hidden on normal lymphocytes but are revealed by treatment with VCN and that the IgM receptor on VCN-treated lymphocytes is F(c)mu specific. These findings are discussed briefly with regard to other and partly contradictory data obtained after overnight in vitro lymphocyte culture. As demonstrated by direct PFC assay, the B cell IgM receptor is trypsin sensitive.", "PMID": 381530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5472", "title": "6-Thioguanine resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans following psoralen, long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) therapy.", "content": "A recently described method that enumerates variant 6-thioguanine resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes present in vivo in man as a potential marker of somatic cell mutations occurring in vivo was used to study 18 psoriatic patients receiving PUVA therapy, 16 conventinally treated psoriatic patients, 10 vitiligo patients receiving PUVA therapy and 7 untreated individuals with vitiligo. Variant lymphocyte frequencies determined for these individuals were compared with those determined for groups of 10 concurrent and 63 cumulative healthy control individuals. Variant frequencies were elevated in psoriatic and vitiligo patients receiving PUVA therapy and in conventionally-treated psoriatic patients. They were not elevated over control values in untreated vitiligo patients.", "contents": "6-Thioguanine resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans following psoralen, long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) therapy. A recently described method that enumerates variant 6-thioguanine resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes present in vivo in man as a potential marker of somatic cell mutations occurring in vivo was used to study 18 psoriatic patients receiving PUVA therapy, 16 conventinally treated psoriatic patients, 10 vitiligo patients receiving PUVA therapy and 7 untreated individuals with vitiligo. Variant lymphocyte frequencies determined for these individuals were compared with those determined for groups of 10 concurrent and 63 cumulative healthy control individuals. Variant frequencies were elevated in psoriatic and vitiligo patients receiving PUVA therapy and in conventionally-treated psoriatic patients. They were not elevated over control values in untreated vitiligo patients.", "PMID": 381532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5473", "title": "Amoeboid movement in human leucocytes: basic mechanisms, cytobiological and clinical significance.", "content": "The present paper is an analytical review of the information available on amoeboid movement in human leucocytes. The reported evidence suggests that leucocyte locomotion is due to pressure developed in the cell cortex in the middle and posterior parts of the moving cell, that 4 nm fibrils may provide at least part of the ultrastructural basis of locomotion, that actin-like and myosin-like proteins may be involved in the mechanism of movement and that ATP may serve as an energy source. Leucocyte motility appears to be governed mainly by factors produced in the external medium. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the most antitubulin-susceptible cell mechanism known; from this observation an essential role of microtubule redistribution in chemotaxis is inferred. In contrast, the random movement of neutrophils is not appreciably affected by antimitotic concentrations of antitubulins. Amoeboid movement seems to be an important mechanism in the short-distance locomotion and immunological functions of leucocytes.", "contents": "Amoeboid movement in human leucocytes: basic mechanisms, cytobiological and clinical significance. The present paper is an analytical review of the information available on amoeboid movement in human leucocytes. The reported evidence suggests that leucocyte locomotion is due to pressure developed in the cell cortex in the middle and posterior parts of the moving cell, that 4 nm fibrils may provide at least part of the ultrastructural basis of locomotion, that actin-like and myosin-like proteins may be involved in the mechanism of movement and that ATP may serve as an energy source. Leucocyte motility appears to be governed mainly by factors produced in the external medium. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the most antitubulin-susceptible cell mechanism known; from this observation an essential role of microtubule redistribution in chemotaxis is inferred. In contrast, the random movement of neutrophils is not appreciably affected by antimitotic concentrations of antitubulins. Amoeboid movement seems to be an important mechanism in the short-distance locomotion and immunological functions of leucocytes.", "PMID": 381555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5474", "title": "Incorporation of the Ca2+ -binding component (g2) into heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1 of pig cardiac myosin.", "content": "A new protein component was found in heavy meromyosin and in subfragment-1 (S-1) prepared by chymotrypsin digestion of pig cardiac myosin in the presence of Ca2+. The molecular weight of this protein was estimated as 15,000 dalton. It was able to bind Ca2+ and showed a similar UV absorption spectrum to that of the g2 light chain. Heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1 which contained the 15,000 dalton component incorporated exogenous g2 and the 15,000 dalton component disappeared after such treatment. We concluded that the 15,000 dalton component was produced from g2 by limitted proteolysis. The subfragment-1 was separated into two protein fractions in equal yield by recycling the gel filtration. One contained the 15,000 dalton component and was able to bind Ca2+ while the other did not contain the component and was unable to bind Ca2+. According to analysis by SDS gel electrophoresis, the large polypeptide chain (the f component) of the first S-1 was approximately 5,000 dalton larger than the f component of the second S-1. The polypeptide corresponding to 5,000 dalton was designated polypeptide-C, because it was released from the C terminal of the f component. It seems to be essential for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding light chain g2. The location of g2 in myosin may thus be at the polypeptide-C which links the head to the tail of myosin.", "contents": "Incorporation of the Ca2+ -binding component (g2) into heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1 of pig cardiac myosin. A new protein component was found in heavy meromyosin and in subfragment-1 (S-1) prepared by chymotrypsin digestion of pig cardiac myosin in the presence of Ca2+. The molecular weight of this protein was estimated as 15,000 dalton. It was able to bind Ca2+ and showed a similar UV absorption spectrum to that of the g2 light chain. Heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1 which contained the 15,000 dalton component incorporated exogenous g2 and the 15,000 dalton component disappeared after such treatment. We concluded that the 15,000 dalton component was produced from g2 by limitted proteolysis. The subfragment-1 was separated into two protein fractions in equal yield by recycling the gel filtration. One contained the 15,000 dalton component and was able to bind Ca2+ while the other did not contain the component and was unable to bind Ca2+. According to analysis by SDS gel electrophoresis, the large polypeptide chain (the f component) of the first S-1 was approximately 5,000 dalton larger than the f component of the second S-1. The polypeptide corresponding to 5,000 dalton was designated polypeptide-C, because it was released from the C terminal of the f component. It seems to be essential for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding light chain g2. The location of g2 in myosin may thus be at the polypeptide-C which links the head to the tail of myosin.", "PMID": 381556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5475", "title": "Development and application of homologous radioimmunoassays for porcine gonadotrophins.", "content": "Antisera were raised against highly purified preparations of porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH). Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay systems were developed. The antisera to LH and FSH were used at working dilutions of 1:500,000 and 1:200,000 respectively and the sensitivities of the assays were 0.1 ng LH/ml serum (3 x 10(-12) mol/l) and 0.5 ng FSH/ml serum (1.5 x 10(-11) mol/l). The LH and FSH preparations used as standards were 1.2 and 81 times as potent as NIH-LH-S15 and NIH-FSH-P1 respectively. Both assays were validated and adapted for the measurement of the gonadotrophin content of porcine serum. The concentrations of LH and FSH in blood were measured simultaneously in prepubertal sows throughout a 24 h period, in adult sows during the oestrous cycle and in both prepubertal and adult animals after treatment with LH releasing hormone.", "contents": "Development and application of homologous radioimmunoassays for porcine gonadotrophins. Antisera were raised against highly purified preparations of porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH). Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay systems were developed. The antisera to LH and FSH were used at working dilutions of 1:500,000 and 1:200,000 respectively and the sensitivities of the assays were 0.1 ng LH/ml serum (3 x 10(-12) mol/l) and 0.5 ng FSH/ml serum (1.5 x 10(-11) mol/l). The LH and FSH preparations used as standards were 1.2 and 81 times as potent as NIH-LH-S15 and NIH-FSH-P1 respectively. Both assays were validated and adapted for the measurement of the gonadotrophin content of porcine serum. The concentrations of LH and FSH in blood were measured simultaneously in prepubertal sows throughout a 24 h period, in adult sows during the oestrous cycle and in both prepubertal and adult animals after treatment with LH releasing hormone.", "PMID": 381559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5476", "title": "Suppression of the luteinizing hormone releasing effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone by arginine-vasotocin.", "content": "The concentrations of 17-oxosteroids in the spermatic venous blood of anaesthetized dogs were used as an index of LH release to assess the effects of arginine-vasotocin on the response of the canine pituitary gland to exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). When injected into the carotid artery, arginine-vasotocin (1.0 microgram/kg body wt) caused no significant alterations in the testicular output of 17-oxosteroids. The administration of LH-RH (5 microgram/kg body wt, a standard dose) into the carotid artery produced typical stimulation of testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion. Administration of arginine-vasotocin (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 microgram/kg body wt) into the carotid artery 3 h before the administration of a standard dose of LH-RH inhibited the testicular secretion of 17-oxosteroids normally induced by LH-RH. However, pretreatment with arginine-vasotocin (1.0 microgram/kg body wt) did not affect the testicular response to i.v. administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (5 i.u./kg body wt). These results indicate that in the dog, arginine-vasotocin inhibits the LH-RH-induced release of LH by acting acting directly on the anterior pituitary gland.", "contents": "Suppression of the luteinizing hormone releasing effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone by arginine-vasotocin. The concentrations of 17-oxosteroids in the spermatic venous blood of anaesthetized dogs were used as an index of LH release to assess the effects of arginine-vasotocin on the response of the canine pituitary gland to exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). When injected into the carotid artery, arginine-vasotocin (1.0 microgram/kg body wt) caused no significant alterations in the testicular output of 17-oxosteroids. The administration of LH-RH (5 microgram/kg body wt, a standard dose) into the carotid artery produced typical stimulation of testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion. Administration of arginine-vasotocin (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 microgram/kg body wt) into the carotid artery 3 h before the administration of a standard dose of LH-RH inhibited the testicular secretion of 17-oxosteroids normally induced by LH-RH. However, pretreatment with arginine-vasotocin (1.0 microgram/kg body wt) did not affect the testicular response to i.v. administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (5 i.u./kg body wt). These results indicate that in the dog, arginine-vasotocin inhibits the LH-RH-induced release of LH by acting acting directly on the anterior pituitary gland.", "PMID": 381560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5477", "title": "Separate roles of androgen and oestrogen in the manipulation of growth and efficiency of food utilization in female rats.", "content": "The roles of androgen and oestrogen in the perinatal and postpubertal stages of development on the masculinization of female patterns of growth have been investigated in several experiments in rats. A stimulatory effect of testosterone on subsequent growth and efficiency of food utilization was only observed when administered perinatally to intact females as the propionate ester. Thus females which were untreated (or androgenized) perinatally and ovariectomized at weaning failed to grow more rapidly or utilize food more efficiently when treated with mixed testosterone esters from 36 to 38 days of age. Also autoimmunity to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) had little effect on the growth or efficiency of food utilization of male rats, although testicular development was grossly affected. An inhibitory effect of oestrogen on subsequent growth and efficiency of food utilization was demonstrated by surgical ovariectomy and by autoimmunity to LH-RH. Also perinatal administration of oestradiol benzoate to intact female rats depressed growth below that of untreated intact litter-mate females until about 50 days of age. Then oestradiol benzoate-treated female rats grew to a larger size than untreated intact litter-mates but not to a heavier weight than untreated litter-mate females which like the oestradiol benzoate-treated females, were ovariectomized at 18-21 days of age. Both of these groups of female rats differed markedly in weight gain from females which were perinatally androgenized and ovariectomized at weaning. The effects of androgenization and ovariectomy on weight gain were comparable and additive in female rats fed restrictedly or ad libitum. Nevertheless, androgenized + ovariectomized female rats fed restrictedly or ad libitum failed to grow as rapidly as male rats. Some additional factor(s) prevents complete masculinization of the female pattern of development. The stimulatory effects of androgenization and ovariectomy on the growth of females appear to be related to endocrine mechanisms controlling the onset of pubertal changes in somatic development.", "contents": "Separate roles of androgen and oestrogen in the manipulation of growth and efficiency of food utilization in female rats. The roles of androgen and oestrogen in the perinatal and postpubertal stages of development on the masculinization of female patterns of growth have been investigated in several experiments in rats. A stimulatory effect of testosterone on subsequent growth and efficiency of food utilization was only observed when administered perinatally to intact females as the propionate ester. Thus females which were untreated (or androgenized) perinatally and ovariectomized at weaning failed to grow more rapidly or utilize food more efficiently when treated with mixed testosterone esters from 36 to 38 days of age. Also autoimmunity to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) had little effect on the growth or efficiency of food utilization of male rats, although testicular development was grossly affected. An inhibitory effect of oestrogen on subsequent growth and efficiency of food utilization was demonstrated by surgical ovariectomy and by autoimmunity to LH-RH. Also perinatal administration of oestradiol benzoate to intact female rats depressed growth below that of untreated intact litter-mate females until about 50 days of age. Then oestradiol benzoate-treated female rats grew to a larger size than untreated intact litter-mates but not to a heavier weight than untreated litter-mate females which like the oestradiol benzoate-treated females, were ovariectomized at 18-21 days of age. Both of these groups of female rats differed markedly in weight gain from females which were perinatally androgenized and ovariectomized at weaning. The effects of androgenization and ovariectomy on weight gain were comparable and additive in female rats fed restrictedly or ad libitum. Nevertheless, androgenized + ovariectomized female rats fed restrictedly or ad libitum failed to grow as rapidly as male rats. Some additional factor(s) prevents complete masculinization of the female pattern of development. The stimulatory effects of androgenization and ovariectomy on the growth of females appear to be related to endocrine mechanisms controlling the onset of pubertal changes in somatic development.", "PMID": 381562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5478", "title": "A bioassay for inhibin using pituitary cell cultures.", "content": "A bioassay for inhibin based on the suppression of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)-stimulated secretion of FSH by primary monolayer cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells is described. The cultures were exposed to standard or test materials for 3 days. The levels of FSH in the media were measured by radioimmunoassay after exposure for 6 h to a maximally stimulating concentration of Gn-RH (10 nmol/l). The standard was prepared from ovine testicular lymph. Several preparations of proteins from gonadal tissues or secretions suppressed the levels of FSH in parallel with the standard. The levels of LH were also reduced but higher doses of active material were required. Non-specificity from cell damage and inactivation of Gn-RH have been excluded. The secretion of gonadotrophins by the pituitary cells was also inhibited by androgens, but not in parallel with the standard and secretion of LH was affected more than that of FSH. Control lymph protein preparations from castrated sheep had no detectable activity. The assay was sensitive and had adequate precision and practicability. It has proved useful for monitoring preliminary steps in the purification of inhibin.", "contents": "A bioassay for inhibin using pituitary cell cultures. A bioassay for inhibin based on the suppression of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)-stimulated secretion of FSH by primary monolayer cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells is described. The cultures were exposed to standard or test materials for 3 days. The levels of FSH in the media were measured by radioimmunoassay after exposure for 6 h to a maximally stimulating concentration of Gn-RH (10 nmol/l). The standard was prepared from ovine testicular lymph. Several preparations of proteins from gonadal tissues or secretions suppressed the levels of FSH in parallel with the standard. The levels of LH were also reduced but higher doses of active material were required. Non-specificity from cell damage and inactivation of Gn-RH have been excluded. The secretion of gonadotrophins by the pituitary cells was also inhibited by androgens, but not in parallel with the standard and secretion of LH was affected more than that of FSH. Control lymph protein preparations from castrated sheep had no detectable activity. The assay was sensitive and had adequate precision and practicability. It has proved useful for monitoring preliminary steps in the purification of inhibin.", "PMID": 381563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5479", "title": "Acute regulation of insulin release by the pituitary gland in relation to hyperinsulinaemia and obesity.", "content": "The pituitary glands from mice rendered obese by gold thioglucose treatment and by dietary manipulation, and pituitary glands from lean mice after a high food intake or a glucose load, were shown to stimulate insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. The insulin releasing activity of pituitary glands from obese (ob/ob) mice was reduced by fasting for 24 and 48 h. Results obtained with pituitary glands from ob/ob and from lean ob/+ and +/+ mice suggest that the insulin releasing property manifests a gene dosage effect. Pituitary glands from 3-week-old (young) ob/ob mice stimulated insulin secretion to the same extent as pituitary glands from 3-month-old (adult) ob/ob mice. The pancreatic islets of young ob/ob mice were shown to be somewhat more responsive to stimulation by the pituitary factor than were lean ob/+ or +/+ islets from this age group. The concept that high insulin level, partly under pituitary control, and high caloric intake may be interlinked and may, in combination, be a major factor in producing obesity is discussed. Furthermore, it is suggested that the pituitary insulin releasing factor may play a role in the early development of obesity in the animal models studied.", "contents": "Acute regulation of insulin release by the pituitary gland in relation to hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. The pituitary glands from mice rendered obese by gold thioglucose treatment and by dietary manipulation, and pituitary glands from lean mice after a high food intake or a glucose load, were shown to stimulate insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. The insulin releasing activity of pituitary glands from obese (ob/ob) mice was reduced by fasting for 24 and 48 h. Results obtained with pituitary glands from ob/ob and from lean ob/+ and +/+ mice suggest that the insulin releasing property manifests a gene dosage effect. Pituitary glands from 3-week-old (young) ob/ob mice stimulated insulin secretion to the same extent as pituitary glands from 3-month-old (adult) ob/ob mice. The pancreatic islets of young ob/ob mice were shown to be somewhat more responsive to stimulation by the pituitary factor than were lean ob/+ or +/+ islets from this age group. The concept that high insulin level, partly under pituitary control, and high caloric intake may be interlinked and may, in combination, be a major factor in producing obesity is discussed. Furthermore, it is suggested that the pituitary insulin releasing factor may play a role in the early development of obesity in the animal models studied.", "PMID": 381564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5480", "title": "Monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations by a fully mechanized enzyme immunoassay (EMIT).", "content": "An evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of theophylline in serum (EMIT, Syva Corp.) is presented. The EMIT assay was fully mechanized by the use of an Eppendorf analyzer 5010. The precision of this enzyme immunoassay was satisfactory (coefficients of variation from day to day ranged from 5--6%). The EMIT assay proved to be specific, rapid and easy to perform. A comparison of the results obtained by EMIT and ultraviolet spectrophotometry in a series of 100 patients showed a good correlation between both methods.", "contents": "Monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations by a fully mechanized enzyme immunoassay (EMIT). An evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of theophylline in serum (EMIT, Syva Corp.) is presented. The EMIT assay was fully mechanized by the use of an Eppendorf analyzer 5010. The precision of this enzyme immunoassay was satisfactory (coefficients of variation from day to day ranged from 5--6%). The EMIT assay proved to be specific, rapid and easy to perform. A comparison of the results obtained by EMIT and ultraviolet spectrophotometry in a series of 100 patients showed a good correlation between both methods.", "PMID": 381565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5481", "title": "Evaluation of the manual enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) procedure for determination of serum thyroxine.", "content": "Our experience with the determination of thyroxine (T4) in serum using a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva Corp.) is reported. The intra-assay precision of the EMIT Manual Thyroxine Assay was investigated with 2 different calibrator concentrations and showed coefficients of variation varying from 5--2% for thyroxine concentrations of 40 and 120 micrograms/l thyroxine respectively. The inter-assay precision was investigated with different series of calibrators and serum specimens. Coefficients of variation for the calibrators varied from 35--5% in the range of 20--200 micrograms/l thyroxine and for the serum specimens in the range of 8--232 micrograms/l thyroxine from 50--4%. The recovery of various amounts of thyroxine added to thyroxine-free serum varied between 91--103%. The cross reactivity of structurally related compounds such as: monoiodothyronine, diiodothyronine, triiodothyronine, triiodothyroacetic acid and tetraiodothyroacetic acid was investigated. Serum samples of 100 patients were analysed by EMIT and radioimmunoassay (T4 RIA (PEG), Abbott Lab.). A good correlation was found between the EMIT and RIA assay (r = 0.96, slope = 0.96 and y-intercept = 3.37 micrograms/l).", "contents": "Evaluation of the manual enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) procedure for determination of serum thyroxine. Our experience with the determination of thyroxine (T4) in serum using a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva Corp.) is reported. The intra-assay precision of the EMIT Manual Thyroxine Assay was investigated with 2 different calibrator concentrations and showed coefficients of variation varying from 5--2% for thyroxine concentrations of 40 and 120 micrograms/l thyroxine respectively. The inter-assay precision was investigated with different series of calibrators and serum specimens. Coefficients of variation for the calibrators varied from 35--5% in the range of 20--200 micrograms/l thyroxine and for the serum specimens in the range of 8--232 micrograms/l thyroxine from 50--4%. The recovery of various amounts of thyroxine added to thyroxine-free serum varied between 91--103%. The cross reactivity of structurally related compounds such as: monoiodothyronine, diiodothyronine, triiodothyronine, triiodothyroacetic acid and tetraiodothyroacetic acid was investigated. Serum samples of 100 patients were analysed by EMIT and radioimmunoassay (T4 RIA (PEG), Abbott Lab.). A good correlation was found between the EMIT and RIA assay (r = 0.96, slope = 0.96 and y-intercept = 3.37 micrograms/l).", "PMID": 381566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5482", "title": "Direct evidence for formation of hybrid vesicles by fusion of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes during the acrosome reaction in boar spermatozoa.", "content": "A variety of treatment procedures was utilized to identify the origin and composition of the vesicles formed during the acrosome reaction of boar spermatozoa. Whether the acrosome reaction occurred spontaneously or was induced chemically the vesicles were hybrid vesicles composed of roughly equal proportions of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes.", "contents": "Direct evidence for formation of hybrid vesicles by fusion of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes during the acrosome reaction in boar spermatozoa. A variety of treatment procedures was utilized to identify the origin and composition of the vesicles formed during the acrosome reaction of boar spermatozoa. Whether the acrosome reaction occurred spontaneously or was induced chemically the vesicles were hybrid vesicles composed of roughly equal proportions of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes.", "PMID": 381567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5483", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during activity in small rodents.", "content": "Analysis of oxygen consumption and lactic acid formation during five minutes of maximal activity by the rodents Microtus montanus (Cricetidae) and Dipodomys merriami (Hetermyidae) indicates that: (1) anaerobiosis provides approximately 10% of total energy utilized during the 5-minute activity period; (2) anaerobiosis may account for as much as one-third of total energy utilized during the first 30 seconds of activity. In addition, these data indicate at least one species of lizard may be capable of a higher total rate of metabolism during \"burst\" activity than are the rodents investigated here.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during activity in small rodents. Analysis of oxygen consumption and lactic acid formation during five minutes of maximal activity by the rodents Microtus montanus (Cricetidae) and Dipodomys merriami (Hetermyidae) indicates that: (1) anaerobiosis provides approximately 10% of total energy utilized during the 5-minute activity period; (2) anaerobiosis may account for as much as one-third of total energy utilized during the first 30 seconds of activity. In addition, these data indicate at least one species of lizard may be capable of a higher total rate of metabolism during \"burst\" activity than are the rodents investigated here.", "PMID": 381568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5484", "title": "Regenerative responses in larval axolotl limbs with skin grafts over the amputation surface.", "content": "Complete flaps of whole skin over the amputation surface of larval axolotl limbs did not prevent dedifferentiation, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. However, even by two weeks, insufficient cell division had occurred for blastema formation. In about 50% of the cases, small areas of wound epidermis formed over the amputated tip of the radius or ulna. At two weeks after amputation, mitotic figures and dedifferentiated cells which incorporated H3-thymidine were predominantly located in the vicinity of the small area of wound epidermis. Although delayed in relation to controls, these limbs regenerated. The results are consistent with the view that the wound epidermis is necessary to maintain dedifferentiated cells in the cell cycle.", "contents": "Regenerative responses in larval axolotl limbs with skin grafts over the amputation surface. Complete flaps of whole skin over the amputation surface of larval axolotl limbs did not prevent dedifferentiation, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. However, even by two weeks, insufficient cell division had occurred for blastema formation. In about 50% of the cases, small areas of wound epidermis formed over the amputated tip of the radius or ulna. At two weeks after amputation, mitotic figures and dedifferentiated cells which incorporated H3-thymidine were predominantly located in the vicinity of the small area of wound epidermis. Although delayed in relation to controls, these limbs regenerated. The results are consistent with the view that the wound epidermis is necessary to maintain dedifferentiated cells in the cell cycle.", "PMID": 381569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5485", "title": "The focal differentiation of pigment cells.", "content": "A study has been made of the normal development and of the regeneration after excision of the groups of large pigment cells which form the spotted skin pattern of the gecko Eublepharis macularius, together with the effects of neonatal graft transplantation on this pattern. The results all indicate strongly that such groups of specialized pigment cells are not clones but the product of an induction process. This is then compared with the neural reflex mechanism by which the skin pattern of Chamaeoleo dilepis is formed.", "contents": "The focal differentiation of pigment cells. A study has been made of the normal development and of the regeneration after excision of the groups of large pigment cells which form the spotted skin pattern of the gecko Eublepharis macularius, together with the effects of neonatal graft transplantation on this pattern. The results all indicate strongly that such groups of specialized pigment cells are not clones but the product of an induction process. This is then compared with the neural reflex mechanism by which the skin pattern of Chamaeoleo dilepis is formed.", "PMID": 381570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5486", "title": "Neural control of light emission in Photuris larvae: identification of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (1).", "content": "Octopamine, a putative phenylethylamine neurotransmitter present in the firefly, has been found to be a potent stimulator of cyclic AMP synthesis in the larval light organ. In the same tissue, octopamine causes a small inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. Because of the relatively simple anatomical relationships present in the larval light organ, compared with that of the adult, this preparation should offer an attractive model for studying the biochemistry of neurohumoral control of light emission.", "contents": "Neural control of light emission in Photuris larvae: identification of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (1). Octopamine, a putative phenylethylamine neurotransmitter present in the firefly, has been found to be a potent stimulator of cyclic AMP synthesis in the larval light organ. In the same tissue, octopamine causes a small inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. Because of the relatively simple anatomical relationships present in the larval light organ, compared with that of the adult, this preparation should offer an attractive model for studying the biochemistry of neurohumoral control of light emission.", "PMID": 381571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5487", "title": "Localization of indoleamine and protein synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland.", "content": "In a table, conditions and compounds have been listed either known or suggested to influence pineal function. In the same model, systems and organs and their products are indicated the function or, respectively, the quantity of which are known or suggested to be influenced by pineal secretory substances. Of the latter, indoleamines and polypeptides are mentioned only although it is now known that also other low molecular weight biologically active compounds are produced by the gland. Problems relating to the localization of indoleamine and protein synthesis in the pinealocyte are discussed. The synthesis of indoleamines, at least of serotonin, may occur freely in the cytosol although, especially in non-mammals, the presence of serotonin seems to be preferentially, but perhaps secondarily, related to the secretory dense-core vesicles. Questions concerning the exact function of pineal melatonin are shortly dealt with. The granules of the secretory vesicles probably also contain a proteinaceous substance which, notwithstanding its unknown chemical nature, has been considered the antigonadotropic principle by some authors. Recent investigations on the production of active proteinaceous compounds in cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and between the layers of the nuclear envelope are reviewed. These substances are not concentrated in secretory granular vesicles, so scarce in the pinealocyte which proteinaceous active principle is produced in still largely unsolved as is their exact chemical composition.", "contents": "Localization of indoleamine and protein synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland. In a table, conditions and compounds have been listed either known or suggested to influence pineal function. In the same model, systems and organs and their products are indicated the function or, respectively, the quantity of which are known or suggested to be influenced by pineal secretory substances. Of the latter, indoleamines and polypeptides are mentioned only although it is now known that also other low molecular weight biologically active compounds are produced by the gland. Problems relating to the localization of indoleamine and protein synthesis in the pinealocyte are discussed. The synthesis of indoleamines, at least of serotonin, may occur freely in the cytosol although, especially in non-mammals, the presence of serotonin seems to be preferentially, but perhaps secondarily, related to the secretory dense-core vesicles. Questions concerning the exact function of pineal melatonin are shortly dealt with. The granules of the secretory vesicles probably also contain a proteinaceous substance which, notwithstanding its unknown chemical nature, has been considered the antigonadotropic principle by some authors. Recent investigations on the production of active proteinaceous compounds in cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and between the layers of the nuclear envelope are reviewed. These substances are not concentrated in secretory granular vesicles, so scarce in the pinealocyte which proteinaceous active principle is produced in still largely unsolved as is their exact chemical composition.", "PMID": 381584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5488", "title": "Pineal peptides.", "content": "In pineal extracts several activities have been observed which cannot be explained on the basis of their content of melatonin or other pineal indoles to which an antigonadotropic activity is ascribed. The significance of structurally identified and unidentified substances is not fully understood. The list includes a neurohypophysial peptide, vasotocin (AVT), hypothalamic releasing factors and certain unidentified substances including the antigonadotropin under investigation in our laboratory. Our initial experiments demonstrated the presence of a non-melatonin antigonadotropin (PAG) in partially purified extracts of bovine, ovine, rat and human pineals. Purification by ion exchange chromatography and amino acid analyses have shown that this substance is not AVT. Recent purification studies include paper chromatography and high performance chromatography as final steps. It is concluded that if the active principle in a peptide, or contains a peptide moiety important for the biological activity, it may be present only in minute amounts in the puriest fractions derived and the quantities of recoverable material may be similar to those amounts of releasing factors recoverable from hypothalamic tissue. It is anticipated that large scale preparative methods will be required for structural determination. High performance chromatography may prove to be extremely useful in future studies.", "contents": "Pineal peptides. In pineal extracts several activities have been observed which cannot be explained on the basis of their content of melatonin or other pineal indoles to which an antigonadotropic activity is ascribed. The significance of structurally identified and unidentified substances is not fully understood. The list includes a neurohypophysial peptide, vasotocin (AVT), hypothalamic releasing factors and certain unidentified substances including the antigonadotropin under investigation in our laboratory. Our initial experiments demonstrated the presence of a non-melatonin antigonadotropin (PAG) in partially purified extracts of bovine, ovine, rat and human pineals. Purification by ion exchange chromatography and amino acid analyses have shown that this substance is not AVT. Recent purification studies include paper chromatography and high performance chromatography as final steps. It is concluded that if the active principle in a peptide, or contains a peptide moiety important for the biological activity, it may be present only in minute amounts in the puriest fractions derived and the quantities of recoverable material may be similar to those amounts of releasing factors recoverable from hypothalamic tissue. It is anticipated that large scale preparative methods will be required for structural determination. High performance chromatography may prove to be extremely useful in future studies.", "PMID": 381585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5489", "title": "Post-mortem distribution of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain, variations related to age, and a review of the literature.", "content": "The post-mortem brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined in 16 parts of the brain from patients with no history of neurologic or psychiatric illness. Fifteen men and nine women, with a mean age of 61.0 +/- 18.7 years (range 23--92 years) were included. They had died from either ischaemic heart disease or cancer. In the post-mortem investigation several factors were controlled: age, time between death and autopsy, time between autopsy and chemical analysis and storage time (-20 degrees C). The DA concentrations in the different brain areas were found to be positively intercorrelated, especially those in the basal ganglia, hippocampus and the mesencephalon. The HVA concentrations measured in various cortical structures were also positively intercorrelated. In several regions of the brain there was a significant inverse correlation between the DA and HVA concentrations. The DA and HVA concentrations did not differ according to sex, but age had a marked influence on the DA concentration. Significant decrease with age was observed in the nucleus caudatus, globus pallidus, mesencephalon, hippocampus and in the cortex gyrus hippocampus. These findings are discussed in relation to the effect of aging neurons. A review of human post-mortem investigations on DA and HVA concentrations is also presented.", "contents": "Post-mortem distribution of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain, variations related to age, and a review of the literature. The post-mortem brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined in 16 parts of the brain from patients with no history of neurologic or psychiatric illness. Fifteen men and nine women, with a mean age of 61.0 +/- 18.7 years (range 23--92 years) were included. They had died from either ischaemic heart disease or cancer. In the post-mortem investigation several factors were controlled: age, time between death and autopsy, time between autopsy and chemical analysis and storage time (-20 degrees C). The DA concentrations in the different brain areas were found to be positively intercorrelated, especially those in the basal ganglia, hippocampus and the mesencephalon. The HVA concentrations measured in various cortical structures were also positively intercorrelated. In several regions of the brain there was a significant inverse correlation between the DA and HVA concentrations. The DA and HVA concentrations did not differ according to sex, but age had a marked influence on the DA concentration. Significant decrease with age was observed in the nucleus caudatus, globus pallidus, mesencephalon, hippocampus and in the cortex gyrus hippocampus. These findings are discussed in relation to the effect of aging neurons. A review of human post-mortem investigations on DA and HVA concentrations is also presented.", "PMID": 381583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5490", "title": "Melatonin: reproductive effects.", "content": "N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, melatonin, is synthesized within and secreted from the pineal gland. Although the concentration of this constituent in the blood is diminished after surgical removal of the pineal gland it does not completely disappear. Other potential contributors to blood titers of melatonin include the retinas, the Harderian glands and the gastro-intestinal tract. Melatonin has a potent antigonadotrophic action in the Syrian hamster ( a highly photosensitive species) provided the indole is given during a restricted portion of the light phase of the light-dark cycle. This so-called sensitive period falls late in the light phase; melatonin acutely administered at other times has virtually no inhibitory influence on the reproductive physiology of hamsters. When melatonin is continuously available (from a subcutaneous deposit) it counteracts the antigonadotrophic influence of the pineal gland in light restricted or blinded hamsters, i.e., it causes a \"functional pinealectomy\". Furthermore, chronically available melatonin negates the antigonadotrophic capability of acute melatonin injections.", "contents": "Melatonin: reproductive effects. N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, melatonin, is synthesized within and secreted from the pineal gland. Although the concentration of this constituent in the blood is diminished after surgical removal of the pineal gland it does not completely disappear. Other potential contributors to blood titers of melatonin include the retinas, the Harderian glands and the gastro-intestinal tract. Melatonin has a potent antigonadotrophic action in the Syrian hamster ( a highly photosensitive species) provided the indole is given during a restricted portion of the light phase of the light-dark cycle. This so-called sensitive period falls late in the light phase; melatonin acutely administered at other times has virtually no inhibitory influence on the reproductive physiology of hamsters. When melatonin is continuously available (from a subcutaneous deposit) it counteracts the antigonadotrophic influence of the pineal gland in light restricted or blinded hamsters, i.e., it causes a \"functional pinealectomy\". Furthermore, chronically available melatonin negates the antigonadotrophic capability of acute melatonin injections.", "PMID": 381586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5491", "title": "Non-reproductive systems and the pineal gland.", "content": "The paper reviews the data accumulated on the interrelationship between the pineal gland and the central nervous system as evidenced by induced neuroanatomical, biochemical and hormonal changes taking place in one system following the activation or inhibition of the other. The possible role of the pineal in modifying behaviour and its involvement in mental impairment is consequently discussed. Further questions dealt with are, whether in addition to the pineal effect via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis on the peripheral non-reproductive glands, thyroid and adrenals, a direct feedback mechanism exists between their hormones and the pineal. The effect of the pineal on the endocrine glands which are known not to be under the direct control of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, pancreas, thymus and parathyroid, is also discussed.", "contents": "Non-reproductive systems and the pineal gland. The paper reviews the data accumulated on the interrelationship between the pineal gland and the central nervous system as evidenced by induced neuroanatomical, biochemical and hormonal changes taking place in one system following the activation or inhibition of the other. The possible role of the pineal in modifying behaviour and its involvement in mental impairment is consequently discussed. Further questions dealt with are, whether in addition to the pineal effect via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis on the peripheral non-reproductive glands, thyroid and adrenals, a direct feedback mechanism exists between their hormones and the pineal. The effect of the pineal on the endocrine glands which are known not to be under the direct control of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, pancreas, thymus and parathyroid, is also discussed.", "PMID": 381587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5492", "title": "Cytology of the pineal gland: changes produced by various treatments.", "content": "The cytological appearance of the pineal body is related to stage of development or age, time of day, exposure to illumination, season of the year, and reproductive state. Experimental manipulations that alter the normal cytology of the pineal include hypophysectomy, administration of any of several hormones or drugs, blinding, denervation and exposure to stressful influences such as heat or cold. The effects of blinding are similar to the effects of continuous darkness on the pineal's cytology. Ultrastructural examinations reveal a number of changes in the organelles, especially an increased number of vesicles and complex membranous whorls. These features suggest heightened activity and generally are coincident with sexual quiescence. Membranous whorls also may be induced by cold exposure. Prolonged or continuous illumination leads to a reduction in the size of pinealocytes and to changes in their organelles that suggest reduced activity. Such alterations can often be correlated with heightened sexual activity. Sympathetic denervation of pineal glands also results in atrophy of the pinealocytes. Reproductive condition is reflected in the appearance of the pinealocytes. The estrous cycle, pregnancy, castration and the administration of gonadotropins or gonadal steroids affect pinealocyte structure. A feedback system involving the gonads and pineal gland is indicated.", "contents": "Cytology of the pineal gland: changes produced by various treatments. The cytological appearance of the pineal body is related to stage of development or age, time of day, exposure to illumination, season of the year, and reproductive state. Experimental manipulations that alter the normal cytology of the pineal include hypophysectomy, administration of any of several hormones or drugs, blinding, denervation and exposure to stressful influences such as heat or cold. The effects of blinding are similar to the effects of continuous darkness on the pineal's cytology. Ultrastructural examinations reveal a number of changes in the organelles, especially an increased number of vesicles and complex membranous whorls. These features suggest heightened activity and generally are coincident with sexual quiescence. Membranous whorls also may be induced by cold exposure. Prolonged or continuous illumination leads to a reduction in the size of pinealocytes and to changes in their organelles that suggest reduced activity. Such alterations can often be correlated with heightened sexual activity. Sympathetic denervation of pineal glands also results in atrophy of the pinealocytes. Reproductive condition is reflected in the appearance of the pinealocytes. The estrous cycle, pregnancy, castration and the administration of gonadotropins or gonadal steroids affect pinealocyte structure. A feedback system involving the gonads and pineal gland is indicated.", "PMID": 381588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5493", "title": "Melatonin in humans physiological and clinical studies.", "content": "Studies are reported of the variation of melatonin in serum, plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases. The diurnal variation of plasma and urine melatonin found in healthy controls on a regular dark-sleep pattern persisted when the subjects slept in light. The effect of sleep deprivation and of rapid light exposure at night is reported. There was a correlation between melatonin in morning urine and plasma at 2 a.m. Four hours of extended darkness in the morning as well as a 9-hour shift of sleep and activity cycles following travel affected the melatonin rhythm. The night increase in plasma melatonin preceeded both the cortisol and prolactin rise. A single oral dose of 4.3 X 10(5) nmol of melatonin given to a 44-year-old healthy male gave a peak plasma value of 624 nmol/l after 30 min. Plasma melatonin was not affected by electroconvulsive therapy, TRH-injection, L-Dopa or bromoergocryptine orally. Patients with alcoholism, migraine, postoperative pinealoma, panhypopituitarism, hereditary dystonia and schizophrenics on propranolol exhibited a decreased amplitude of their diurnal rhythm of melatonin. Two patients with pituitary tumors had occasional high levels of plasma melatonin. The change in melatonin secretion in human is apparently controlled by a mechanism which is at least party influenced by environmental lighting conditions, drugs and different disease states.", "contents": "Melatonin in humans physiological and clinical studies. Studies are reported of the variation of melatonin in serum, plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases. The diurnal variation of plasma and urine melatonin found in healthy controls on a regular dark-sleep pattern persisted when the subjects slept in light. The effect of sleep deprivation and of rapid light exposure at night is reported. There was a correlation between melatonin in morning urine and plasma at 2 a.m. Four hours of extended darkness in the morning as well as a 9-hour shift of sleep and activity cycles following travel affected the melatonin rhythm. The night increase in plasma melatonin preceeded both the cortisol and prolactin rise. A single oral dose of 4.3 X 10(5) nmol of melatonin given to a 44-year-old healthy male gave a peak plasma value of 624 nmol/l after 30 min. Plasma melatonin was not affected by electroconvulsive therapy, TRH-injection, L-Dopa or bromoergocryptine orally. Patients with alcoholism, migraine, postoperative pinealoma, panhypopituitarism, hereditary dystonia and schizophrenics on propranolol exhibited a decreased amplitude of their diurnal rhythm of melatonin. Two patients with pituitary tumors had occasional high levels of plasma melatonin. The change in melatonin secretion in human is apparently controlled by a mechanism which is at least party influenced by environmental lighting conditions, drugs and different disease states.", "PMID": 381589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5494", "title": "Pineal research: the decade of transformation.", "content": "In a little more than a decade (1954--1965), the pineal gland was demonstrated to be an active neuroendocrine transducer in contrast to a functionless vestige as earlier supposed. The two major contributions which laid the groundwork for the development of modern pineal science were Kitay and Altschule's book The Pineal Gland (1954) and Lerner's isolation and structural work on melatonin (1958). After Lerner's discovery, biochemists, anatomists, and physiologists determined much about the structure and function of the pineal gland. In 1965, Wurtman and Axelrod tied this earlier work together by characterizing the pineal as a neuroendocrine transducer.", "contents": "Pineal research: the decade of transformation. In a little more than a decade (1954--1965), the pineal gland was demonstrated to be an active neuroendocrine transducer in contrast to a functionless vestige as earlier supposed. The two major contributions which laid the groundwork for the development of modern pineal science were Kitay and Altschule's book The Pineal Gland (1954) and Lerner's isolation and structural work on melatonin (1958). After Lerner's discovery, biochemists, anatomists, and physiologists determined much about the structure and function of the pineal gland. In 1965, Wurtman and Axelrod tied this earlier work together by characterizing the pineal as a neuroendocrine transducer.", "PMID": 381590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5495", "title": "Neural control of pineal function in mammals and birds.", "content": "Pineal function in mammals is regulated by a system with four major neural components. The first is a retinohypothalamic projection from the ganglion cells of the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypthalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus appears to function as a circadian oscillating system projecting into the hypothalamus and this represents the second component. The third component is constituted of a brainstem pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the intermediolateral cell column of the upper thoracic spinal cord. The fourth component is the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic system arising from the upper thoracic cord to innervate the superior cervical ganglion which, in turn, innervates the pineal gland. No direct neural control of the pineal gland has been demonstrated in birds.", "contents": "Neural control of pineal function in mammals and birds. Pineal function in mammals is regulated by a system with four major neural components. The first is a retinohypothalamic projection from the ganglion cells of the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypthalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus appears to function as a circadian oscillating system projecting into the hypothalamus and this represents the second component. The third component is constituted of a brainstem pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the intermediolateral cell column of the upper thoracic spinal cord. The fourth component is the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic system arising from the upper thoracic cord to innervate the superior cervical ganglion which, in turn, innervates the pineal gland. No direct neural control of the pineal gland has been demonstrated in birds.", "PMID": 381591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5496", "title": "Six month evaluation of thiopropazate hydrochloride in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Using a blind evaluation of cinematographic films of patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia we found that thiopropazate hydrochloride in a dosage up to 30 mg daily was effective in reducing the severity of the dyskinesia in most patients. The overall improvement in the group of patients studied was not significant after one or three months of therapy but was significant after six months of treatment. The administration of thiopropazate hydrochloride over a six month period did not appear to aggravate the underlying pathophysiology so that the drug could be considered likely to be safe for long-term use. The anticholinergic antiparkinsonism agent benztropine mesylate aggravated the dyskinesia to a significant degree.", "contents": "Six month evaluation of thiopropazate hydrochloride in tardive dyskinesia. Using a blind evaluation of cinematographic films of patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia we found that thiopropazate hydrochloride in a dosage up to 30 mg daily was effective in reducing the severity of the dyskinesia in most patients. The overall improvement in the group of patients studied was not significant after one or three months of therapy but was significant after six months of treatment. The administration of thiopropazate hydrochloride over a six month period did not appear to aggravate the underlying pathophysiology so that the drug could be considered likely to be safe for long-term use. The anticholinergic antiparkinsonism agent benztropine mesylate aggravated the dyskinesia to a significant degree.", "PMID": 381595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5497", "title": "Stereological approach to the study of synapse morphometry with particular regard to estimating number in a volume and on a surface.", "content": "The paper presents a system of stereological formulae which are suitable for the quantitative ultrastructural characterization of synapses. Attention is given first to the question of deciding which synaptic feature to adopt as the basis for measurement. Three counting units can be recognized on electron micrographs: the bouton, the total zone of apposition of pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and the zone of paramembranous density. These may provide different numerical results. Possible units of reference are considered also and whilst emphasis is given to a volume of nervous tissue and a membrane surface of postsynaptic element, interesting alternatives are presented for the sake of completeness. Stereological parameters available for quantifying synapses (for example boutons per tissue volume, paramembranous dense zones per soma surface) are described. In addition, some new and previously neglected possibilities are included and some errors found in the literature are corrected. Worked examples of the estimation of synaptic densities are provided.", "contents": "Stereological approach to the study of synapse morphometry with particular regard to estimating number in a volume and on a surface. The paper presents a system of stereological formulae which are suitable for the quantitative ultrastructural characterization of synapses. Attention is given first to the question of deciding which synaptic feature to adopt as the basis for measurement. Three counting units can be recognized on electron micrographs: the bouton, the total zone of apposition of pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and the zone of paramembranous density. These may provide different numerical results. Possible units of reference are considered also and whilst emphasis is given to a volume of nervous tissue and a membrane surface of postsynaptic element, interesting alternatives are presented for the sake of completeness. Stereological parameters available for quantifying synapses (for example boutons per tissue volume, paramembranous dense zones per soma surface) are described. In addition, some new and previously neglected possibilities are included and some errors found in the literature are corrected. Worked examples of the estimation of synaptic densities are provided.", "PMID": 381596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5498", "title": "Clinical endocrinological approach to hypothalamic-pituitary disease.", "content": "The authors review the present knowledge of the hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine axis. The physiology and pathophysiology are discussed along with outlines of standard approaches to diagnosis of disorders. An appendix of useful provocative tests is included.", "contents": "Clinical endocrinological approach to hypothalamic-pituitary disease. The authors review the present knowledge of the hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine axis. The physiology and pathophysiology are discussed along with outlines of standard approaches to diagnosis of disorders. An appendix of useful provocative tests is included.", "PMID": 381598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5499", "title": "Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study of the effects of dexamethasone administration on the outcome of patients with severe head injuries was performed. Patients were stratified for severity of neurological injury and were treated with placebo, low-dose dexamethasone (16 mg/day), or high-dose dexamethasone (96 mg/day) for a period of 6 days. Outcome was evaluated at 6 months following injury. Of the 76 patients available for analysis, a good outcome was achieved in 37% of placebo-treated patients, 44% of low-dose-treated patients, and 29% of high-dose-treated patients. These differences are not statistically significant. Similarly dexamethasone administration had no statistically significant effect on intracranial pressure patterns or serial neurological examinations during hospitalization. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in only one patient. Good outcome was associated with age under 10 years, lighter depth of coma on admission, and the preservation of brain-stem reflexes upon admission. A recalculation of data in previous clinical series purporting to show an improvement in outcome as a result of corticosteroid therapy shows no significant difference in outcome when steroid- and placebo-treated patients are compared. In our series, 90% of all deaths were caused by recurrent intracranial hematomas, medical complications, or diffuse brain injuries with parenchymal hemorrhage and tissue disruption -- causes of death which cannot be affected by corticosteroid therapy. The study suggests that dexamethasone in either high or low dosages has no significant effect on morbidity and mortality following severe head injury.", "contents": "Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study. A prospective double-blind study of the effects of dexamethasone administration on the outcome of patients with severe head injuries was performed. Patients were stratified for severity of neurological injury and were treated with placebo, low-dose dexamethasone (16 mg/day), or high-dose dexamethasone (96 mg/day) for a period of 6 days. Outcome was evaluated at 6 months following injury. Of the 76 patients available for analysis, a good outcome was achieved in 37% of placebo-treated patients, 44% of low-dose-treated patients, and 29% of high-dose-treated patients. These differences are not statistically significant. Similarly dexamethasone administration had no statistically significant effect on intracranial pressure patterns or serial neurological examinations during hospitalization. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in only one patient. Good outcome was associated with age under 10 years, lighter depth of coma on admission, and the preservation of brain-stem reflexes upon admission. A recalculation of data in previous clinical series purporting to show an improvement in outcome as a result of corticosteroid therapy shows no significant difference in outcome when steroid- and placebo-treated patients are compared. In our series, 90% of all deaths were caused by recurrent intracranial hematomas, medical complications, or diffuse brain injuries with parenchymal hemorrhage and tissue disruption -- causes of death which cannot be affected by corticosteroid therapy. The study suggests that dexamethasone in either high or low dosages has no significant effect on morbidity and mortality following severe head injury.", "PMID": 381599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5500", "title": "Free transplantation of lyophilized dura for vestibuloplasty: a clinical and histological study.", "content": "Covering epithelial defects in the oral cavity is often neccessary in maxillofacial surgery. Special problems arise in preprosthetic surgery because requisites for function and quality of epithelial grafts must be satisfied. Using free heterologous lyophilized dura grafts for vestibular sulcoplasty in 23 patients, we observed a good clinical and histological healing process. Considering the necessity of a second operation for skin or mucosal grafts (and the limited source of mucosa), we believe that the lyophilized dura can be used successfully in preprosthetic surgery.", "contents": "Free transplantation of lyophilized dura for vestibuloplasty: a clinical and histological study. Covering epithelial defects in the oral cavity is often neccessary in maxillofacial surgery. Special problems arise in preprosthetic surgery because requisites for function and quality of epithelial grafts must be satisfied. Using free heterologous lyophilized dura grafts for vestibular sulcoplasty in 23 patients, we observed a good clinical and histological healing process. Considering the necessity of a second operation for skin or mucosal grafts (and the limited source of mucosa), we believe that the lyophilized dura can be used successfully in preprosthetic surgery.", "PMID": 381607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5501", "title": "The elective retention of vital roots for alveolar bone preservation: a pilot study.", "content": "A technique for retaining alveolar bone beneath complete dentures involving sumergence of vital canine roots below the level of the alveolar bone is reported. Early or late complications occurred in five of the eight roots retained. Radiographic and histologic examination showed the continuance of pulpal vitality and an absence of resorption of roots during the test period. The clinical at the end of 20 months' observation indicated that the procedure may provide a practical means of retaining alveolar bone for some individuals.", "contents": "The elective retention of vital roots for alveolar bone preservation: a pilot study. A technique for retaining alveolar bone beneath complete dentures involving sumergence of vital canine roots below the level of the alveolar bone is reported. Early or late complications occurred in five of the eight roots retained. Radiographic and histologic examination showed the continuance of pulpal vitality and an absence of resorption of roots during the test period. The clinical at the end of 20 months' observation indicated that the procedure may provide a practical means of retaining alveolar bone for some individuals.", "PMID": 381608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5502", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea-pigs using cotton pellets; demonstration of macrophage migration inhibition activity in the cell free exudate.", "content": "Subcutaneous implantation of cotton pellets containing PPD into CFA sensitised guinea-pigs produced a reaction of having many characteristics of the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction, together with less conspicuous features of a non-immunological response. The time course of the cellular response in the reaction showed a slow onset, attaining maximum levels between 18 and 24 hr. Mononuclear cells dominated the reaction from 18 to 48 hr. In animals treated with ALS the reaction diminished to the level of a non-immunological reaction. The model made it possible to detect macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity in the skin exudates. From 6--48 hr high molecular weight antigen-dependent MIF activity was found associated with immunoglobulin. At 18 hr, two types of low molecular weight MIF activity were demonstrated. One was antigen-dependent and the other was antigen-independent. Treatment of sensitised guinea-pigs with ALS abolished the appearance of these factors, suggesting that they might be related to cell-mediated immunity. At 48 hr, the low molecular weight antigen-dependent MIF activity was still evident whereas the low molecular weight antigen-independent activity was not detected. High molecular weight antigen-independent MIF activity was also found at 18 hr. No MIF activity was demonstrated in any of the control exudates.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea-pigs using cotton pellets; demonstration of macrophage migration inhibition activity in the cell free exudate. Subcutaneous implantation of cotton pellets containing PPD into CFA sensitised guinea-pigs produced a reaction of having many characteristics of the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction, together with less conspicuous features of a non-immunological response. The time course of the cellular response in the reaction showed a slow onset, attaining maximum levels between 18 and 24 hr. Mononuclear cells dominated the reaction from 18 to 48 hr. In animals treated with ALS the reaction diminished to the level of a non-immunological reaction. The model made it possible to detect macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity in the skin exudates. From 6--48 hr high molecular weight antigen-dependent MIF activity was found associated with immunoglobulin. At 18 hr, two types of low molecular weight MIF activity were demonstrated. One was antigen-dependent and the other was antigen-independent. Treatment of sensitised guinea-pigs with ALS abolished the appearance of these factors, suggesting that they might be related to cell-mediated immunity. At 48 hr, the low molecular weight antigen-dependent MIF activity was still evident whereas the low molecular weight antigen-independent activity was not detected. High molecular weight antigen-independent MIF activity was also found at 18 hr. No MIF activity was demonstrated in any of the control exudates.", "PMID": 381610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5503", "title": "Electron microscopy of cerebral malaria in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of hamster cerebral malaria show that haemorrhages occur following vessel necrosis in animals with low parasitaemias. There is no concurrent thrombosis nor packing of capillaries with parasitised erythrocytes. Small vessels contain numerous monocytes which have phagocytosed erythrocytes and smaller particles of similar electron density. The monocytes attach to and migrate through the endothelium but then remain in close proximity to the vessels. Irregular dense deposits are present in the basement membrane of some animals 14 days after infection. These may be immune complexes. The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is discussed in relation to these findings.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of cerebral malaria in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Plasmodium berghei. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of hamster cerebral malaria show that haemorrhages occur following vessel necrosis in animals with low parasitaemias. There is no concurrent thrombosis nor packing of capillaries with parasitised erythrocytes. Small vessels contain numerous monocytes which have phagocytosed erythrocytes and smaller particles of similar electron density. The monocytes attach to and migrate through the endothelium but then remain in close proximity to the vessels. Irregular dense deposits are present in the basement membrane of some animals 14 days after infection. These may be immune complexes. The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is discussed in relation to these findings.", "PMID": 381611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5504", "title": "Fused suprarenal glands in association with central nervous system defects in the first half of foetal life.", "content": "Fifty-two abortuses with CNS defects, delivered during the first half of gestation, were examined for the presence of fused suprarenal glands. Three cases were found, the first in an 8 week embryo aborted spontaneously; the second and third in 18 and 20-week foetuses terminated for suspected CNS abnormality. All three had severe vertebral pathology in addition to the fused suprarenals and the CNS defects. It is suggested that the anomaly may be part of a widespread embryonal distortion secondary to disturbance in the vertebral axis. Since going to press, a further case of fused suprarenals has been found in a 22 week female foetus which had anencephaly and complete spina bifida, severe scoliosis and kyphosis, a small omphalocele, absence of the right kidney, a polycystic left kidney and a unicornuate uterus. This case was found among 12 further abortuses with CNS defects.", "contents": "Fused suprarenal glands in association with central nervous system defects in the first half of foetal life. Fifty-two abortuses with CNS defects, delivered during the first half of gestation, were examined for the presence of fused suprarenal glands. Three cases were found, the first in an 8 week embryo aborted spontaneously; the second and third in 18 and 20-week foetuses terminated for suspected CNS abnormality. All three had severe vertebral pathology in addition to the fused suprarenals and the CNS defects. It is suggested that the anomaly may be part of a widespread embryonal distortion secondary to disturbance in the vertebral axis. Since going to press, a further case of fused suprarenals has been found in a 22 week female foetus which had anencephaly and complete spina bifida, severe scoliosis and kyphosis, a small omphalocele, absence of the right kidney, a polycystic left kidney and a unicornuate uterus. This case was found among 12 further abortuses with CNS defects.", "PMID": 381612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5505", "title": "Experimental murine amyloidosis: experience with Candida albicans as an amyloidogenic agent and liver biopsy as a diagnostic tool.", "content": "We describe a method of inducing experimental amyloidosis in mice using injections of Candida albicans. Both viable and non-viable Candida produced amyloid and we compare the results with each method. Diagnosis was by liver biopsy, a technique of value in assessing the natural history of the disease. Once the amyloid had been induced, the disease always progressed until the animals died of generalised amyloidosis. This experimental model should, therefore, be suitable to use in assessing the treatment of amyloidosis.", "contents": "Experimental murine amyloidosis: experience with Candida albicans as an amyloidogenic agent and liver biopsy as a diagnostic tool. We describe a method of inducing experimental amyloidosis in mice using injections of Candida albicans. Both viable and non-viable Candida produced amyloid and we compare the results with each method. Diagnosis was by liver biopsy, a technique of value in assessing the natural history of the disease. Once the amyloid had been induced, the disease always progressed until the animals died of generalised amyloidosis. This experimental model should, therefore, be suitable to use in assessing the treatment of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 381613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5506", "title": "Cystic fibrosis and malnutrition.", "content": "Cystic fibrosis as a specific disease entity has been known to be associated with malnutrition for almost half a century. The importance of the malnutrition in the disease process remains unknown, as does much information about specific nutritional deficiencies in CF. Supplements for children with CF should include extra energy as fat or carbohydrate, a form of linoleic acid that can be absorbed, hydrolyzed protein, fat-soluble vitamins with vitamins A and E in a water emulsion, vitamin B12, probably B vitamins and vitamin C, and trace minerals. Routine measurements of nutritional status, particularly in children with growth failure, should be made at regular intervals and should include a three-day diet record and a simultaneous 72-hour stool fat determination. If fat malabsorption is not controlled by pancreatic enzymes, the use of antacids or cimetidine should be considered. The true role of nutrition in patients with CF will not be known until the appropriate studies are completed.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis and malnutrition. Cystic fibrosis as a specific disease entity has been known to be associated with malnutrition for almost half a century. The importance of the malnutrition in the disease process remains unknown, as does much information about specific nutritional deficiencies in CF. Supplements for children with CF should include extra energy as fat or carbohydrate, a form of linoleic acid that can be absorbed, hydrolyzed protein, fat-soluble vitamins with vitamins A and E in a water emulsion, vitamin B12, probably B vitamins and vitamin C, and trace minerals. Routine measurements of nutritional status, particularly in children with growth failure, should be made at regular intervals and should include a three-day diet record and a simultaneous 72-hour stool fat determination. If fat malabsorption is not controlled by pancreatic enzymes, the use of antacids or cimetidine should be considered. The true role of nutrition in patients with CF will not be known until the appropriate studies are completed.", "PMID": 381615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5507", "title": "Side effects of phenobarbital in toddlers; behavioral and cognitive aspects.", "content": "Cognitive and behavioral effects of phenobarbital in toddlers were assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of patients who had had a febrile seizure. There were no significant differences in IQ (Binet or Bayley Scales) between placebo and phenobarbital groups after eight to 12 months of therapy. However, detrimental effects of phenobarbital were found in memory, for which serum level influenced scores, and in comprehension, in that length of treatment time affected performance. Hyperactivity was not seen. Behavioral changes, reported by parents, were increased fussiness and a characteristic disturbance of sleep. These changes varied in severity and were classified as transient, dose related, or unacceptable. After 12 months in the study, most parents could not distinguish between phenobarbital and placebo. Our data suggest that although most toddlers do not have major side effects from phenobarbital therapy when treated for a year, serum levels and length of time on phenobarbital should be kept at a minimum to reduce negative cognitive and behavioral effects.", "contents": "Side effects of phenobarbital in toddlers; behavioral and cognitive aspects. Cognitive and behavioral effects of phenobarbital in toddlers were assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of patients who had had a febrile seizure. There were no significant differences in IQ (Binet or Bayley Scales) between placebo and phenobarbital groups after eight to 12 months of therapy. However, detrimental effects of phenobarbital were found in memory, for which serum level influenced scores, and in comprehension, in that length of treatment time affected performance. Hyperactivity was not seen. Behavioral changes, reported by parents, were increased fussiness and a characteristic disturbance of sleep. These changes varied in severity and were classified as transient, dose related, or unacceptable. After 12 months in the study, most parents could not distinguish between phenobarbital and placebo. Our data suggest that although most toddlers do not have major side effects from phenobarbital therapy when treated for a year, serum levels and length of time on phenobarbital should be kept at a minimum to reduce negative cognitive and behavioral effects.", "PMID": 381616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5508", "title": "Disturbed fat absorption following infectious gastroenteritis in children.", "content": "Fat absorption was studied in 10 patients recovering from an episode of acute infectious gastroenteritis who failed to gain weight despite adequate caloric intake. Three patients restudied after clinical improvement and three other infants with failure to thrive, unrelated to gastrointestinal problems, served as control subjects. Fat balance studies during the ingestion of a formula containing long-chain fatty acids demonstrated significant degrees of steatorrhea in patients (mean CFA 70.6 +/- 10.7 compared to 90.3 +/- 2.4 in control subjects). The administration of a test meal demonstrated a marked deficiency of duodenal bile acid concentration and of fat incorporation into the micellar phase in patients. Fecal bile acid excretion was significantly increased in patients (mean 33.9 +/- 11.6 microM/kg/day) as compared to control subjects (mean 13.5 +/- 3.1 microM/kg/day). Bacterial overgrowth and abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa were not constant. Ileal dysfunction and associated bile acid loss are possible causes of disturbed fat assimilation following acute intestinal infection in children.", "contents": "Disturbed fat absorption following infectious gastroenteritis in children. Fat absorption was studied in 10 patients recovering from an episode of acute infectious gastroenteritis who failed to gain weight despite adequate caloric intake. Three patients restudied after clinical improvement and three other infants with failure to thrive, unrelated to gastrointestinal problems, served as control subjects. Fat balance studies during the ingestion of a formula containing long-chain fatty acids demonstrated significant degrees of steatorrhea in patients (mean CFA 70.6 +/- 10.7 compared to 90.3 +/- 2.4 in control subjects). The administration of a test meal demonstrated a marked deficiency of duodenal bile acid concentration and of fat incorporation into the micellar phase in patients. Fecal bile acid excretion was significantly increased in patients (mean 33.9 +/- 11.6 microM/kg/day) as compared to control subjects (mean 13.5 +/- 3.1 microM/kg/day). Bacterial overgrowth and abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa were not constant. Ileal dysfunction and associated bile acid loss are possible causes of disturbed fat assimilation following acute intestinal infection in children.", "PMID": 381617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5509", "title": "Brain abscess and cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Brain abscess has only recently been considered a complication of cystic fibrosis. Three patients are reported here and a fourth cited from the literature. All of our patients were young adults with advanced pulmonary disease. The bacteria involved were mouth organisms and were found in the sputum culture in only one of the patients. Resistance was present to previously given antibiotics. As patients with cystic fibrosis survive into adulthood, the risk of developing a brain abscess appears to increase.", "contents": "Brain abscess and cystic fibrosis. Brain abscess has only recently been considered a complication of cystic fibrosis. Three patients are reported here and a fourth cited from the literature. All of our patients were young adults with advanced pulmonary disease. The bacteria involved were mouth organisms and were found in the sputum culture in only one of the patients. Resistance was present to previously given antibiotics. As patients with cystic fibrosis survive into adulthood, the risk of developing a brain abscess appears to increase.", "PMID": 381618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5510", "title": "Epidemiology of the group B streptococcus: maternal and nosocomial sources for infant acquisitions.", "content": "Repeated bacteriologic observations were made in 462 newborn infants and correlated with similar data from their mothers to evaluate the relative contributions of the birth canal  and the hospital environment to acquisition of group B streptococci in the first few days of life. Fifty-eight percent of infants whose mothers were intrapartum carriers acquired streptococci in comparison with 12% of those whose mothers were noncarriers. Acquisitions from the birth canal were not influenced by the route of delivery or the time between membrane rupture and birth, but could be related to the quantity of streptococci in maternal cultures. Observations in ten cohorts of infants, including serotyping and bacteriophage susceptibility of group B isolates, demonstrated clear-cut streptococcal spread among infants in two cohorts. Infants appeared to harbor larger numbers of streptococci at more body sites following acquisition from the birth canal than after acquisition from the hospital environment.", "contents": "Epidemiology of the group B streptococcus: maternal and nosocomial sources for infant acquisitions. Repeated bacteriologic observations were made in 462 newborn infants and correlated with similar data from their mothers to evaluate the relative contributions of the birth canal  and the hospital environment to acquisition of group B streptococci in the first few days of life. Fifty-eight percent of infants whose mothers were intrapartum carriers acquired streptococci in comparison with 12% of those whose mothers were noncarriers. Acquisitions from the birth canal were not influenced by the route of delivery or the time between membrane rupture and birth, but could be related to the quantity of streptococci in maternal cultures. Observations in ten cohorts of infants, including serotyping and bacteriophage susceptibility of group B isolates, demonstrated clear-cut streptococcal spread among infants in two cohorts. Infants appeared to harbor larger numbers of streptococci at more body sites following acquisition from the birth canal than after acquisition from the hospital environment.", "PMID": 381619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5511", "title": "Functional analysis of neutrophil granulocytes from healthy, infected, and stressed neonates.", "content": "Neutrophil granulocyte function was assessed in 17 well term infants, 14 stressed infants, and eight infants with group B streptococcal infection. Chemiluminescence production elicited by opsonized zymosan or by a wild strain of type III group B streptococci, as well as phagocytosis and killing of streptococci, were measured. Chemiluminescence production by PMNs of term neonates in response to opsonized zymosan or group B streptococci was equal to that of adult controls. In contrast, six of nine stressed or infected neonates had depressed CL responses upon zymosan challenge. When opsonized type III group B streptococci were used to elicit CL, seven of ten stressed or infected infants had markedly depressed responses. Phagocytosis, as determined by a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique, was normal in the healthy and stressed neonates. Depressed CL production by the PMNs of stressed or infected neonates was associated with impaired intracellular bactericidal activity, however. These studies indicate that stressed or infected neonates have impaired leukocyte metabolic activation that may be associated with depressed bactericidal activity. Such impairment may contribute to the morbidity and mortality observed in serious neonatal infections.", "contents": "Functional analysis of neutrophil granulocytes from healthy, infected, and stressed neonates. Neutrophil granulocyte function was assessed in 17 well term infants, 14 stressed infants, and eight infants with group B streptococcal infection. Chemiluminescence production elicited by opsonized zymosan or by a wild strain of type III group B streptococci, as well as phagocytosis and killing of streptococci, were measured. Chemiluminescence production by PMNs of term neonates in response to opsonized zymosan or group B streptococci was equal to that of adult controls. In contrast, six of nine stressed or infected neonates had depressed CL responses upon zymosan challenge. When opsonized type III group B streptococci were used to elicit CL, seven of ten stressed or infected infants had markedly depressed responses. Phagocytosis, as determined by a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique, was normal in the healthy and stressed neonates. Depressed CL production by the PMNs of stressed or infected neonates was associated with impaired intracellular bactericidal activity, however. These studies indicate that stressed or infected neonates have impaired leukocyte metabolic activation that may be associated with depressed bactericidal activity. Such impairment may contribute to the morbidity and mortality observed in serious neonatal infections.", "PMID": 381621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5512", "title": "Infant care: cache or carry.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that a characteristic infant-care pattern existed during most of human history, contemporary hunter-gatherers in a representative sample of world cultures were examined. Numerically coded measures of infant care revealed a uniform pattern. Mothers are the principal caregivers, providing extensive body contact day and night and prolonged breast-feeding. When not carried, the baby of hunter-gatherers has complete freedom of movement. Care is consistently affectionate, with immediate nurturant response to crying. Nonetheless, in most groups, children achieve early independence and by 2 to 4 years spend more than half the time away from the mother. In the United States this pattern of carrying that endured for one to three million years has been replaced by one resembling nesting or caching. Infants spend little time in body contact with caregivers and their movements are restricted by playpens, high chairs, or cribs. Of the minority who are breast-fed, half are weaned within a few weeks. Separate sleeping arrangements and delayed response to crying are regularly recommended. These remarkable transformations may profoundly alter infant development and maternal involvement.", "contents": "Infant care: cache or carry. To test the hypothesis that a characteristic infant-care pattern existed during most of human history, contemporary hunter-gatherers in a representative sample of world cultures were examined. Numerically coded measures of infant care revealed a uniform pattern. Mothers are the principal caregivers, providing extensive body contact day and night and prolonged breast-feeding. When not carried, the baby of hunter-gatherers has complete freedom of movement. Care is consistently affectionate, with immediate nurturant response to crying. Nonetheless, in most groups, children achieve early independence and by 2 to 4 years spend more than half the time away from the mother. In the United States this pattern of carrying that endured for one to three million years has been replaced by one resembling nesting or caching. Infants spend little time in body contact with caregivers and their movements are restricted by playpens, high chairs, or cribs. Of the minority who are breast-fed, half are weaned within a few weeks. Separate sleeping arrangements and delayed response to crying are regularly recommended. These remarkable transformations may profoundly alter infant development and maternal involvement.", "PMID": 381622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5513", "title": "The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis.", "content": "A clinical study was conducted on the effects of an alexidine or placebo oral rinse on plaque and gingivitis. Forty-two male subjects rinsed for 54 days while continuing toothbrushing. This was followed by 4 days of mouthrinsing only. The alexidine mouthrinse significantly reduced the plaque index when used in conjunction with toothbrushing and also when brushing was discontinued. The gingivitis results were inconclusive.", "contents": "The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis. A clinical study was conducted on the effects of an alexidine or placebo oral rinse on plaque and gingivitis. Forty-two male subjects rinsed for 54 days while continuing toothbrushing. This was followed by 4 days of mouthrinsing only. The alexidine mouthrinse significantly reduced the plaque index when used in conjunction with toothbrushing and also when brushing was discontinued. The gingivitis results were inconclusive.", "PMID": 381628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5514", "title": "A rapid chairside test for the severity of periodontal disease using gingival fluid.", "content": "A study was done in an attempt to develop a simple test for the severity of periodontal disease. Gingival fluid collected on filter paper was tested for protein content, and the resulting color was compared to standard color filters. Tissue was excised and prepared for histologic examination. The inflammatory cell infiltrate on each slide was graded on a scale of zero to three. Zero was least and three was the highest number of inflammatory cells. The results indicate that the white cell infiltrate graded 0 or 1 on the histologic inflammatory index has a color index of B 1/8 TO B1 whereas the tissue graded 2 or 3 HII has a range of B2 to B6 on the color scale. This test can give the dental practitioner a general idea of the severity of the inflammation.", "contents": "A rapid chairside test for the severity of periodontal disease using gingival fluid. A study was done in an attempt to develop a simple test for the severity of periodontal disease. Gingival fluid collected on filter paper was tested for protein content, and the resulting color was compared to standard color filters. Tissue was excised and prepared for histologic examination. The inflammatory cell infiltrate on each slide was graded on a scale of zero to three. Zero was least and three was the highest number of inflammatory cells. The results indicate that the white cell infiltrate graded 0 or 1 on the histologic inflammatory index has a color index of B 1/8 TO B1 whereas the tissue graded 2 or 3 HII has a range of B2 to B6 on the color scale. This test can give the dental practitioner a general idea of the severity of the inflammation.", "PMID": 381630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5515", "title": "Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonics in the removal of endotoxins from root surfaces.", "content": "In this study, the average net total endotoxin in the solubilized extracts from each sample were healthy teeth, 1.46 ng/ml; periodontally diseased teeth, 169.5 ng/ml; ultrasonically scaled teeth, 16.8 ng/ml; root planed teeth, 2.09 ng/ml. The material that was extracted and assayed was not conclusively proven to be endotoxin, but recent studies suggest it was. Meticulous root planing as performed in this study produced values similar to those for unerupted periodontally healthy teeth. Ultrasonic scaling resulted in endotoxin values approximately eight times greater.", "contents": "Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonics in the removal of endotoxins from root surfaces. In this study, the average net total endotoxin in the solubilized extracts from each sample were healthy teeth, 1.46 ng/ml; periodontally diseased teeth, 169.5 ng/ml; ultrasonically scaled teeth, 16.8 ng/ml; root planed teeth, 2.09 ng/ml. The material that was extracted and assayed was not conclusively proven to be endotoxin, but recent studies suggest it was. Meticulous root planing as performed in this study produced values similar to those for unerupted periodontally healthy teeth. Ultrasonic scaling resulted in endotoxin values approximately eight times greater.", "PMID": 381632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5516", "title": "The infrabony pocket and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque.", "content": "The role of trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque in the pathogenesis of the infrabony pocket as observed in the radiograph was studied in 48 teeth which had to be extracted because of advanced periodontal disease. Prior to extraction the teeth were examined with regard to the degree of mobility and the direction of the horizontal components of the masticatory forces. Following extraction, the teeth were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. When the tooth is adequately stained, the subgingival plaque and the remaining attachment fibers can be distinguished easily from the area of the junctional epithelium. The observations which were made on the extracted teeth were then correlated with what could be seen in the radiograph. The following major observations were made: In the depth of the infrabony pocket there was a close congruence between the front of the subgingival plaque and the borderline of the remaining attachment fibers, the distance varying between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. There was also a close relationship between the front of the subgingival plaque and the alveolar crest adjacent to the tooth as well as between the surface of the subgingival plaque and the opposite vertical wall of the infrabony pocket, the distances ranging between 1 and 3 mm. The horizontal forces were mainly or exclusively oriented bucco-lingually, whereas the infrabony pockets were located mesially or distally, i.e. parallel to the direction of the force and not at a right angle to it as observed in experimental studies. The mobility of the teeth adjacent to which infrabony pockets developed was normal in 42% of the cases, slightly increased in 31%, and only in 11% of the cases was it excessively increased. In 19 cases the infrabony pocket was located on one of the roots of lower molars which were removed by hemisection. In eight of the 12 cases, which were observed for periods from 1 to 10 years, the remaining root functioned well without further development of angular bone defects or infrabony pockets. All of them became markedly firmer as a consequence of successful periodontal treatment. Three of the four remaining roots were extracted because of periapical problems. There was no evidence to indicate that trauma from occlusion had been involved in the pathogenesis of the infrabony pockets.", "contents": "The infrabony pocket and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque. The role of trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque in the pathogenesis of the infrabony pocket as observed in the radiograph was studied in 48 teeth which had to be extracted because of advanced periodontal disease. Prior to extraction the teeth were examined with regard to the degree of mobility and the direction of the horizontal components of the masticatory forces. Following extraction, the teeth were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. When the tooth is adequately stained, the subgingival plaque and the remaining attachment fibers can be distinguished easily from the area of the junctional epithelium. The observations which were made on the extracted teeth were then correlated with what could be seen in the radiograph. The following major observations were made: In the depth of the infrabony pocket there was a close congruence between the front of the subgingival plaque and the borderline of the remaining attachment fibers, the distance varying between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. There was also a close relationship between the front of the subgingival plaque and the alveolar crest adjacent to the tooth as well as between the surface of the subgingival plaque and the opposite vertical wall of the infrabony pocket, the distances ranging between 1 and 3 mm. The horizontal forces were mainly or exclusively oriented bucco-lingually, whereas the infrabony pockets were located mesially or distally, i.e. parallel to the direction of the force and not at a right angle to it as observed in experimental studies. The mobility of the teeth adjacent to which infrabony pockets developed was normal in 42% of the cases, slightly increased in 31%, and only in 11% of the cases was it excessively increased. In 19 cases the infrabony pocket was located on one of the roots of lower molars which were removed by hemisection. In eight of the 12 cases, which were observed for periods from 1 to 10 years, the remaining root functioned well without further development of angular bone defects or infrabony pockets. All of them became markedly firmer as a consequence of successful periodontal treatment. Three of the four remaining roots were extracted because of periapical problems. There was no evidence to indicate that trauma from occlusion had been involved in the pathogenesis of the infrabony pockets.", "PMID": 381633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5517", "title": "Mouse pancreatic beta-cells: tetraethylammonium blockage of the potassium permeability increase induced by depolarization.", "content": "1. Membrane potentials and input resistance were measured in beta-cells from mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the presence or absence of D-glucose. 2. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) (a specific blocker of the K permeability increase induced by shifts in membrane potential from negative to positive values) was externally applied and its effects on potentials and input resistance evaluated. 3. In the absence of glucose, addition of TEA up to 20 mM to the perifusion medium did not affect the resting potential and the input resistance, the selectivity ratio PK/PNa (calculated from the constant field equation) remaining unchanged at about 30. 4. The characteristic response of the beta-cell membrane potential, in the presence of glucose, is a fluctuation between a silent phase at about -50 mV and an active phase at about -40 mV giving rise to a train of spikes. TEA abolishes this pattern and very much reduces the graded response of spike frequency normally seen with different concentrations of glucose. 5. Addition of glucose in the presence of up to 20 mM-TEA induces an increase in membrane resistance of about 4.10(7) omega. 6. TEA lowers the glucose level required to trigger the electrical activity from about 5.6 to about 4.6 mM. 7. TEA blocks the repolarization phase of action potentials induced by the addition of glucose or by depolarizing intracellular current injection. 8. In the presence of 11.1 mM-glucose and 20 mM-TEA the action potentials frequently crossed the zero line, the membrane potential reaching up to 25 mV during the peak of the spikes.", "contents": "Mouse pancreatic beta-cells: tetraethylammonium blockage of the potassium permeability increase induced by depolarization. 1. Membrane potentials and input resistance were measured in beta-cells from mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the presence or absence of D-glucose. 2. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) (a specific blocker of the K permeability increase induced by shifts in membrane potential from negative to positive values) was externally applied and its effects on potentials and input resistance evaluated. 3. In the absence of glucose, addition of TEA up to 20 mM to the perifusion medium did not affect the resting potential and the input resistance, the selectivity ratio PK/PNa (calculated from the constant field equation) remaining unchanged at about 30. 4. The characteristic response of the beta-cell membrane potential, in the presence of glucose, is a fluctuation between a silent phase at about -50 mV and an active phase at about -40 mV giving rise to a train of spikes. TEA abolishes this pattern and very much reduces the graded response of spike frequency normally seen with different concentrations of glucose. 5. Addition of glucose in the presence of up to 20 mM-TEA induces an increase in membrane resistance of about 4.10(7) omega. 6. TEA lowers the glucose level required to trigger the electrical activity from about 5.6 to about 4.6 mM. 7. TEA blocks the repolarization phase of action potentials induced by the addition of glucose or by depolarizing intracellular current injection. 8. In the presence of 11.1 mM-glucose and 20 mM-TEA the action potentials frequently crossed the zero line, the membrane potential reaching up to 25 mV during the peak of the spikes.", "PMID": 381635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5518", "title": "Potassium permeability activated by intracellular calcium ion concentration in the pancreatic beta-cell.", "content": "1. Membrane potentials and input resistance were measured in beta-cells from mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans in a study designed to assess the role of a K permeability specifically blocked by quinine or quinidine and activated by intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+])i-activated PK). 2. Addition of 100 microM-quinine to the perifusion medium resulted in a 10--30 mV depolarization of the membrane and an increase in the input resistance of ca. 4.10(7) omega. 3. In the absence of glucose, 100 microM-quinine induced electrical activity. 4. In the presence of glucose, 100 microM-quinine abolished the burst pattern of electrical activity and very much reduced the graded response of spike frequency normally seen with different concentrations of glucose. 5. Addition of mitochondrial inhibitors, KCN, NaN3, DNP, CCCP, FCCP, to the perifusion medium containing glucose rapidly hyperpolarized the beta-cell membrane, inducing a concomitant decrease in input resistance. 6. In the presence of glucose, these mitochondrial inhibitors reversibly blocked electrical activity; upon removal of the inhibitor, recovery of electrical activity followed a biphasic pattern. 7. The effects of mitochondrial inhibitors were partially reversed by 100 microM-quinine. 8. It is proposed that the membrane potential of the beta-cell in the absence of glucose is predominantly controlled by the [Ca2+]i-activated PK. It is further suggested that this permeability to K controls the level for glucose stimulation and leads to the generation of the burst pattern.", "contents": "Potassium permeability activated by intracellular calcium ion concentration in the pancreatic beta-cell. 1. Membrane potentials and input resistance were measured in beta-cells from mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans in a study designed to assess the role of a K permeability specifically blocked by quinine or quinidine and activated by intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+])i-activated PK). 2. Addition of 100 microM-quinine to the perifusion medium resulted in a 10--30 mV depolarization of the membrane and an increase in the input resistance of ca. 4.10(7) omega. 3. In the absence of glucose, 100 microM-quinine induced electrical activity. 4. In the presence of glucose, 100 microM-quinine abolished the burst pattern of electrical activity and very much reduced the graded response of spike frequency normally seen with different concentrations of glucose. 5. Addition of mitochondrial inhibitors, KCN, NaN3, DNP, CCCP, FCCP, to the perifusion medium containing glucose rapidly hyperpolarized the beta-cell membrane, inducing a concomitant decrease in input resistance. 6. In the presence of glucose, these mitochondrial inhibitors reversibly blocked electrical activity; upon removal of the inhibitor, recovery of electrical activity followed a biphasic pattern. 7. The effects of mitochondrial inhibitors were partially reversed by 100 microM-quinine. 8. It is proposed that the membrane potential of the beta-cell in the absence of glucose is predominantly controlled by the [Ca2+]i-activated PK. It is further suggested that this permeability to K controls the level for glucose stimulation and leads to the generation of the burst pattern.", "PMID": 381636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5519", "title": "Effects of progesterone and 17-beta-oestradiol treatments on the pancreatic B cell castrated  female rats. Biochemical variations.", "content": "The biochemical effects of progesterone and/or oestradiol treatments on castrated female rats have been compared to those of control olive-oil injections. 1. The steroid treatments used produced physiological concentrations of the two hormones in peripheral plasma, comparable to those obtained during pregnancy. 2. Glycemia remains within a normal range for all the treatments. 3. Circulating immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increases in the steroid-treated rats and the values reach those of the pregnant animals. 4. It was concluded that the biochemical modifications that occur during the steroid treatment (especially with the combined treatment) are quite comparable to what happens during pregnancy and explain, at least in part, the altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and the hyperactivity in the B cell, resulting in an increased insulin secretion.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone and 17-beta-oestradiol treatments on the pancreatic B cell castrated  female rats. Biochemical variations. The biochemical effects of progesterone and/or oestradiol treatments on castrated female rats have been compared to those of control olive-oil injections. 1. The steroid treatments used produced physiological concentrations of the two hormones in peripheral plasma, comparable to those obtained during pregnancy. 2. Glycemia remains within a normal range for all the treatments. 3. Circulating immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increases in the steroid-treated rats and the values reach those of the pregnant animals. 4. It was concluded that the biochemical modifications that occur during the steroid treatment (especially with the combined treatment) are quite comparable to what happens during pregnancy and explain, at least in part, the altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and the hyperactivity in the B cell, resulting in an increased insulin secretion.", "PMID": 381637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5520", "title": "Vasopressin in fetal sheep: a review.", "content": "Advance in fetal sheep surgery has allowed investigation of vasopressin physiology at the end of gestation (100 to 140 days). In the fetus of that age, vasopressin is present in the pituitary and in the blood. The hormonal secretion is stimulated by hypotensive and hyperosmolar stimulus. Hypoxemia is also reported as being a potent stimulus of vasopressin secretion and may have an important effect on blood pressure control.", "contents": "Vasopressin in fetal sheep: a review. Advance in fetal sheep surgery has allowed investigation of vasopressin physiology at the end of gestation (100 to 140 days). In the fetus of that age, vasopressin is present in the pituitary and in the blood. The hormonal secretion is stimulated by hypotensive and hyperosmolar stimulus. Hypoxemia is also reported as being a potent stimulus of vasopressin secretion and may have an important effect on blood pressure control.", "PMID": 381639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5521", "title": "The effect of LH-RH administration on LH release in the female rabbit.", "content": "Intracarotid infusion of LH-RH to female rabbits stimulated a significant increase in plasma LH concentration in the jugular vein. This response varied with the reproductive state of the animal, with a greater release occurring in oestrous (spontaneous or oestrogen-induced) and non-receptive does than in pseudopregnant or ovariectomized animals. If ovariectomized rabbits were pretreated with oestrogen, the pituitary response to LH-RH was restored. These findings suggest that there is little change in pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH infusion between oestrous and non-receptive rabbits, although pseudopregnancy (high physiological levels of progesterone) or ovariectomy inhibit its ability to respond to a releasing-hormone stimulus.", "contents": "The effect of LH-RH administration on LH release in the female rabbit. Intracarotid infusion of LH-RH to female rabbits stimulated a significant increase in plasma LH concentration in the jugular vein. This response varied with the reproductive state of the animal, with a greater release occurring in oestrous (spontaneous or oestrogen-induced) and non-receptive does than in pseudopregnant or ovariectomized animals. If ovariectomized rabbits were pretreated with oestrogen, the pituitary response to LH-RH was restored. These findings suggest that there is little change in pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH infusion between oestrous and non-receptive rabbits, although pseudopregnancy (high physiological levels of progesterone) or ovariectomy inhibit its ability to respond to a releasing-hormone stimulus.", "PMID": 381648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5522", "title": "Genetic and environmental variation in the LH response of ovariectomized sheep to LH-RH.", "content": "The influence of breed and season on the sensitivity of the pituitary gland of sheep to LH-RH was assessed. Ovariectomized ewes of 3 breeds (Finnish Landrace, Scottish Blackface and Tasmanian Merino) with differing normal breeding seasons and with differing ovulation rates were injected (i.v.) with 3 doses of LH-RH (1.56, 6.25 or 25.0 micrograms) at 3 different times of the year covering the anoestrous and the breeding seasons of intact ewes; 9 ewes of each breed (3 per sub-class) were examined on the first and third occasions, 6 (2 per sub-class) on the second. The response was measured in terms of the concentration of LH in peripheral plasma 20, 40, 60 and 80 min after injection. Time of year, but not the breed of sheep, affected the magnitude of the response; the data indicated that the duration of LH secretion was greater during the breeding season than during anoestrus. It was concluded that changes in the spontaneous activity of the hypothalamus/hypophysis could contribute to seasonal changes in LH secretion independently of the modifying effects of gonadal steroids. Such variation in unmodulated activity apparently does not contribute to the differences in ovulation rate among the 3 breeds.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental variation in the LH response of ovariectomized sheep to LH-RH. The influence of breed and season on the sensitivity of the pituitary gland of sheep to LH-RH was assessed. Ovariectomized ewes of 3 breeds (Finnish Landrace, Scottish Blackface and Tasmanian Merino) with differing normal breeding seasons and with differing ovulation rates were injected (i.v.) with 3 doses of LH-RH (1.56, 6.25 or 25.0 micrograms) at 3 different times of the year covering the anoestrous and the breeding seasons of intact ewes; 9 ewes of each breed (3 per sub-class) were examined on the first and third occasions, 6 (2 per sub-class) on the second. The response was measured in terms of the concentration of LH in peripheral plasma 20, 40, 60 and 80 min after injection. Time of year, but not the breed of sheep, affected the magnitude of the response; the data indicated that the duration of LH secretion was greater during the breeding season than during anoestrus. It was concluded that changes in the spontaneous activity of the hypothalamus/hypophysis could contribute to seasonal changes in LH secretion independently of the modifying effects of gonadal steroids. Such variation in unmodulated activity apparently does not contribute to the differences in ovulation rate among the 3 breeds.", "PMID": 381649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5523", "title": "Male reproductive patterns in nonhibernating bats.", "content": "Knowledge relative to the reproduction of nonhibernating bats is reviewed. Events in the male, as they are now understood, are summarized for all families for which data exist. Attention is given to the wide species diversity of male accessory sex oragns in respect to gross structure and glandular complement. Stability or variability or organization of the male reproductive system is noted. Functional relationships between primary and accessory sex organs are considered and any synchrony between these organs and their functional cyclicity identified. Various frequencies of male reproductive cycles are examined for each species within families. Factors influencing male reproductive evens in nonhibernating Chiroptera are briefly considered. It has long been speculation that reproductive cycles under natural conditions are strikingly related to the environment, with such features as temperature, moisture, length of day and available food all implicated. These cues, however, appear to be filtered through varied genetic potential and physiological patterns, since not all species respond similarly, even though residing together in a homogeneous environment. Variation between certain species in frequency and length of the oestrous cycle seem to be accommodated to by parallel adjustments in the male, including extended sperm production or storage and continued secretory activity of accessory sex glands.", "contents": "Male reproductive patterns in nonhibernating bats. Knowledge relative to the reproduction of nonhibernating bats is reviewed. Events in the male, as they are now understood, are summarized for all families for which data exist. Attention is given to the wide species diversity of male accessory sex oragns in respect to gross structure and glandular complement. Stability or variability or organization of the male reproductive system is noted. Functional relationships between primary and accessory sex organs are considered and any synchrony between these organs and their functional cyclicity identified. Various frequencies of male reproductive cycles are examined for each species within families. Factors influencing male reproductive evens in nonhibernating Chiroptera are briefly considered. It has long been speculation that reproductive cycles under natural conditions are strikingly related to the environment, with such features as temperature, moisture, length of day and available food all implicated. These cues, however, appear to be filtered through varied genetic potential and physiological patterns, since not all species respond similarly, even though residing together in a homogeneous environment. Variation between certain species in frequency and length of the oestrous cycle seem to be accommodated to by parallel adjustments in the male, including extended sperm production or storage and continued secretory activity of accessory sex glands.", "PMID": 381651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5524", "title": "Reproductive asymmetry and unilateral pregnancy in Chiroptera.", "content": "Bats are noteworthy in that anatomical and/or functional asymmetries of the female reproductive organs are far more frequent and profound than recorded for any other mammalian Order, being observed in representatives of all 13 familis so far examined. Asymmetry is expressed as a unilateral dominance of an ovary, the uterus, or both. Dextral dominance is most frequent, but cases of sinistral dominance are recorded. In general 6 basic patterns of asymmetry are recognizable. These are briefly described. Physiological factors which may condition expressions of asymmetry in specific cases are discussed, and some avenues for future research are suggested.", "contents": "Reproductive asymmetry and unilateral pregnancy in Chiroptera. Bats are noteworthy in that anatomical and/or functional asymmetries of the female reproductive organs are far more frequent and profound than recorded for any other mammalian Order, being observed in representatives of all 13 familis so far examined. Asymmetry is expressed as a unilateral dominance of an ovary, the uterus, or both. Dextral dominance is most frequent, but cases of sinistral dominance are recorded. In general 6 basic patterns of asymmetry are recognizable. These are briefly described. Physiological factors which may condition expressions of asymmetry in specific cases are discussed, and some avenues for future research are suggested.", "PMID": 381652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5525", "title": "The anterior pituitary and reproduction in bats.", "content": "This contribution is a review of investigations on the role(s) of the anterior pituitary in chiropteran reproduction. Information on this subject has come mainly from histological studies of cytological changes during the annual cycle and mostly from hibernating temperate-zone species. Although direct evidence is unavailable, it appears that variations in the temporal synchronization of specific endocrine functions of the pars distalis are involved, at least in part, in several of the numerous reproductive specializations found in bats. Mention is also made of recent studies on the anterior pituitary of Macrotus californicus and its possible involvement in delayed development.", "contents": "The anterior pituitary and reproduction in bats. This contribution is a review of investigations on the role(s) of the anterior pituitary in chiropteran reproduction. Information on this subject has come mainly from histological studies of cytological changes during the annual cycle and mostly from hibernating temperate-zone species. Although direct evidence is unavailable, it appears that variations in the temporal synchronization of specific endocrine functions of the pars distalis are involved, at least in part, in several of the numerous reproductive specializations found in bats. Mention is also made of recent studies on the anterior pituitary of Macrotus californicus and its possible involvement in delayed development.", "PMID": 381654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5526", "title": "Endocrine physiology of the breast.", "content": "Endocrine physiology of the breast is discussed in regard to both the development and functional aspects. The interaction of hormones at the mammary gland level is presented from the fetal stage through the reproductive era. The mechanisms of galactopoiesis and lactation are discussed. Finally, physiology of prolactin and the influence of this hormone upon the breast in physiologic and pathologic states is presented.", "contents": "Endocrine physiology of the breast. Endocrine physiology of the breast is discussed in regard to both the development and functional aspects. The interaction of hormones at the mammary gland level is presented from the fetal stage through the reproductive era. The mechanisms of galactopoiesis and lactation are discussed. Finally, physiology of prolactin and the influence of this hormone upon the breast in physiologic and pathologic states is presented.", "PMID": 381659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5527", "title": "The teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "content": "Eduard Seidler sets his discussion of the teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany against an historical background. Immediately after the Second World War the freshness of the memory of the 'Nuremberg Medical Trials' influenced the way in which moral dilemmas were treated in Germany. At the present time no systematic instruction in medical ethics is provided in either undergraduate or postgraduate or continuing medical education. As a result of this, an inquiry was set up in 1977/78. Questionnaires were sent out with a view to collecting information on how subjects referring to medical ethics are treated during medical training. The inquiry showed that no special discipline can claim to be the only competent one for medical ethics, but that everyone has something to contribute. Dr Seidler concludes by stating that basic curricula related to the problems of medical ethics would have to be developed and should be carried on continuously within the training programme.", "contents": "The teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany. Eduard Seidler sets his discussion of the teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany against an historical background. Immediately after the Second World War the freshness of the memory of the 'Nuremberg Medical Trials' influenced the way in which moral dilemmas were treated in Germany. At the present time no systematic instruction in medical ethics is provided in either undergraduate or postgraduate or continuing medical education. As a result of this, an inquiry was set up in 1977/78. Questionnaires were sent out with a view to collecting information on how subjects referring to medical ethics are treated during medical training. The inquiry showed that no special discipline can claim to be the only competent one for medical ethics, but that everyone has something to contribute. Dr Seidler concludes by stating that basic curricula related to the problems of medical ethics would have to be developed and should be carried on continuously within the training programme.", "PMID": 381660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5528", "title": "Sib risk of neural tube defect: is prenatal diagnosis indicated in pregnancies following the birth of a hydrocephalic child?", "content": "Recurrence frequencies of central nervous system malformations in sibs of probands with anencephalus or spina bifida range between 1% and 7%. The frequency of hydrocephalus among sibs of such probands is low (0.21%) but, nevertheless, is increased 2 to 5-fold when compared to general population frequencies. Anencephalus and spina bifida cystica were observed in 1.65% of sibs of children with hydrocephalus, a 2- to 8-fold increased over the population frequencies. These data indicate that some aetiological factors may be common to all three malformations. The risk figure of 1.65% for anencephalus and spina bifida in sibs born after the birth of a hydrocephalic proband constitutes sufficient indication for prenatal diagnosis by alphafetoprotein determination of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Sib risk of neural tube defect: is prenatal diagnosis indicated in pregnancies following the birth of a hydrocephalic child? Recurrence frequencies of central nervous system malformations in sibs of probands with anencephalus or spina bifida range between 1% and 7%. The frequency of hydrocephalus among sibs of such probands is low (0.21%) but, nevertheless, is increased 2 to 5-fold when compared to general population frequencies. Anencephalus and spina bifida cystica were observed in 1.65% of sibs of children with hydrocephalus, a 2- to 8-fold increased over the population frequencies. These data indicate that some aetiological factors may be common to all three malformations. The risk figure of 1.65% for anencephalus and spina bifida in sibs born after the birth of a hydrocephalic proband constitutes sufficient indication for prenatal diagnosis by alphafetoprotein determination of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 381661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5529", "title": "Neural tube malformations: complex segregation analysis and calculation of recurrence risks.", "content": "Familial data on neural tube malformations in Great Britain were submitted to segregation analysis under the mixed model. Maternal and fetal factors cannot be discriminated in the absence of substantial bodies of data on spina bifida survivors who reproduce or on half-sibs. Early abortion studies would allow differential mortality in utero to be taken into account. After fitting the mixed and generalised single locus models, it is concluded that the multifactorial model can provisionally be used for calculation of recurrence risks. Pathogenic hypotheses implicating twinning seem to rest on little evidence.", "contents": "Neural tube malformations: complex segregation analysis and calculation of recurrence risks. Familial data on neural tube malformations in Great Britain were submitted to segregation analysis under the mixed model. Maternal and fetal factors cannot be discriminated in the absence of substantial bodies of data on spina bifida survivors who reproduce or on half-sibs. Early abortion studies would allow differential mortality in utero to be taken into account. After fitting the mixed and generalised single locus models, it is concluded that the multifactorial model can provisionally be used for calculation of recurrence risks. Pathogenic hypotheses implicating twinning seem to rest on little evidence.", "PMID": 381662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5530", "title": "May spina bifida result from an X-linked defect in a selective abortion mechanism?", "content": "It is suggested that the major genetic factor in determining the birth of children with neural tube defects may be a single X-linked gene. It acts as an X-linked dominant, not by producing neural tube defects, but by enabling the affected fetus to survive selective spontaneous abortion. This mechanism, mediated at the deciduoplacental junction, may be under the control of both maternal and fetal genes. With more mutant alleles, survival would become more likely, reaching a maximum in the homozygous affected female fetus of a homozygous affected mother. The female excess in anancephaly is greater than that in spina bifida because of its prenatal severity, thus requiring relatively more mutant alleles for survival.", "contents": "May spina bifida result from an X-linked defect in a selective abortion mechanism? It is suggested that the major genetic factor in determining the birth of children with neural tube defects may be a single X-linked gene. It acts as an X-linked dominant, not by producing neural tube defects, but by enabling the affected fetus to survive selective spontaneous abortion. This mechanism, mediated at the deciduoplacental junction, may be under the control of both maternal and fetal genes. With more mutant alleles, survival would become more likely, reaching a maximum in the homozygous affected female fetus of a homozygous affected mother. The female excess in anancephaly is greater than that in spina bifida because of its prenatal severity, thus requiring relatively more mutant alleles for survival.", "PMID": 381663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5531", "title": "Programs developed from concerns for women in medicine.", "content": "Since the Medical College of Pennsylvania, formerly the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, became coeducational in 1969, there has been a continued effort to maintain the commitment of the institution to its heritage of women in medicine. An office has the role of coordinating and stimulating the establishment and maintenance of programs relevant to women in medicine throughout the institution. These programs are now available to men as well but particularly serve women's needs. They include the Summer Premedical Program, the Summer Health Policy Program, a restraining program for inactive physicians, a demonstration child care project, archives and special collections related to women in medicine, a women in medicine oral history project, and a bibliography of the literature on women physicians. The Medical College of Pennsylvania will continue its interests in the present and future needs of women physicians.", "contents": "Programs developed from concerns for women in medicine. Since the Medical College of Pennsylvania, formerly the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, became coeducational in 1969, there has been a continued effort to maintain the commitment of the institution to its heritage of women in medicine. An office has the role of coordinating and stimulating the establishment and maintenance of programs relevant to women in medicine throughout the institution. These programs are now available to men as well but particularly serve women's needs. They include the Summer Premedical Program, the Summer Health Policy Program, a restraining program for inactive physicians, a demonstration child care project, archives and special collections related to women in medicine, a women in medicine oral history project, and a bibliography of the literature on women physicians. The Medical College of Pennsylvania will continue its interests in the present and future needs of women physicians.", "PMID": 381664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5532", "title": "Biotyping and colicine typing of Salmonella typhimurium strains of phage type 141 isolated in Scotland.", "content": "Cultures of Salmonella typhimurium (551 strains) of phage type 141 isolated in Scotland from 1965 to 1977 were examined for biotype and colicine type. Three main biotype clones were recognised: If (30 strains), 9f (507 strains) and 31bd (11 strains) with subtype variants 9bf (1 strain), 9cf (1 strain) and 31b (1 strain). The contribution made by each biotype clone to outbreaks in Scotland was analysed. The findings confirmed the distinctness of the three biotype clones within the single phage type and indicated possible origins of strains of biotypes of 9f and 31bd.", "contents": "Biotyping and colicine typing of Salmonella typhimurium strains of phage type 141 isolated in Scotland. Cultures of Salmonella typhimurium (551 strains) of phage type 141 isolated in Scotland from 1965 to 1977 were examined for biotype and colicine type. Three main biotype clones were recognised: If (30 strains), 9f (507 strains) and 31bd (11 strains) with subtype variants 9bf (1 strain), 9cf (1 strain) and 31b (1 strain). The contribution made by each biotype clone to outbreaks in Scotland was analysed. The findings confirmed the distinctness of the three biotype clones within the single phage type and indicated possible origins of strains of biotypes of 9f and 31bd.", "PMID": 381665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5533", "title": "Assay of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in infant rabbits.", "content": "Infant rabbits were shown to respond to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by a consistent increase in intestinal fluid content, which was maximal 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits could be used in a simple quantitative assay for heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin based on the ratios of gut weight to remaining body weight 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits remained responsive to heat-labile enterotoxin up to 14 days of age, after which their gastric pH became low enough to destroy the enterotoxin. Rabbits that had been deprived of food before being dosed had a reduced gastric pH and a reduced response to the enterotoxin. Lincomycin andmitomycin C were found not to increase th  e yield of heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli strain P307.", "contents": "Assay of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in infant rabbits. Infant rabbits were shown to respond to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by a consistent increase in intestinal fluid content, which was maximal 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits could be used in a simple quantitative assay for heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin based on the ratios of gut weight to remaining body weight 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits remained responsive to heat-labile enterotoxin up to 14 days of age, after which their gastric pH became low enough to destroy the enterotoxin. Rabbits that had been deprived of food before being dosed had a reduced gastric pH and a reduced response to the enterotoxin. Lincomycin andmitomycin C were found not to increase th  e yield of heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli strain P307.", "PMID": 381666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5534", "title": "Observations by immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy on the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in mouse embryo-cell cultures.", "content": "The destruction of secondary mouse-embryo (ME) cells by Naegleria fowleri was studied by indirect immunofluorescence with ME-cell antiserum as a specific label to trace the fate of mammalian-cell cytoplasm. The appearance of naegleria-induced cytopathic effect in the cultures coincided with the accumulation of discrete particles containing granules of ME-cell antigen within the cytoplasm of amoebae, suggesting that the organisms ingested host-cell material. In cultures containing cytochalasin B, a non-lethal inhibitor of phagocytosis by N. fowleri trophozoites failed to acquire any granular fluorescence and were not cytopathogenic. The engulfment of mammalian-cell cytoplasm by the organisms was confirmed when thin sections of naegleria-infected ME-cell cultures were examined by electron microscopy. Amoebae were seen in the process of detaching portions of cytoplasm from whole ME cells by means of distinctive ingesting pseudopodia, and fragments of mammalian-cell cytoplasm were identified within the food vacuoles of trophozoites. There was no evidence for cytotoxic disruption of ME cells before or during engulfment of these fragments. It is concluded that N. fowleri trophozoites attack and destroy cultured ME cells by a phagocytosis-like mechanism alone, without the aid of any amoeba-associated cytotoxic or cytolytic agents. The possible significance of these findings with respect to the in-vivo pathocity of N. fowleri is discussed.", "contents": "Observations by immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy on the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in mouse embryo-cell cultures. The destruction of secondary mouse-embryo (ME) cells by Naegleria fowleri was studied by indirect immunofluorescence with ME-cell antiserum as a specific label to trace the fate of mammalian-cell cytoplasm. The appearance of naegleria-induced cytopathic effect in the cultures coincided with the accumulation of discrete particles containing granules of ME-cell antigen within the cytoplasm of amoebae, suggesting that the organisms ingested host-cell material. In cultures containing cytochalasin B, a non-lethal inhibitor of phagocytosis by N. fowleri trophozoites failed to acquire any granular fluorescence and were not cytopathogenic. The engulfment of mammalian-cell cytoplasm by the organisms was confirmed when thin sections of naegleria-infected ME-cell cultures were examined by electron microscopy. Amoebae were seen in the process of detaching portions of cytoplasm from whole ME cells by means of distinctive ingesting pseudopodia, and fragments of mammalian-cell cytoplasm were identified within the food vacuoles of trophozoites. There was no evidence for cytotoxic disruption of ME cells before or during engulfment of these fragments. It is concluded that N. fowleri trophozoites attack and destroy cultured ME cells by a phagocytosis-like mechanism alone, without the aid of any amoeba-associated cytotoxic or cytolytic agents. The possible significance of these findings with respect to the in-vivo pathocity of N. fowleri is discussed.", "PMID": 381667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5535", "title": "Oscillations of membrane potential in L cells. IV. Role of intracellular Ca2+ in hyperpolarizing excitability.", "content": "Effects of divalent cations on oscillations of membrane potentials (i.e., spontaneous repetitive hyperpolarizing responses) and on hyperpolarizing responses induced by electrical stimuli as well as on resting potentials were studied in large nondividing L cells. Deprivation of Ca2+ from the external medium inhibited these hyperpolarizing responses accompanying slight depolarization of the resting potential Sr2+ or Mn2+ applied to the external medium in place of Ca2+ was able to substitute for Ca2+ in the generation of hyperpolarizing responses, while Mg2+, Ba2+ or La3+ suppressed hyperpolarizing responses. The addition of A23187 to the bathing medium or intracellular injection of Ca2+, Sr2+, Mn2+ or La3+ induced membrane hyperpolarization. When the external Ca2+, Sr2+ or Mn2+ concentration was increased, the resting potential also hyperpolarized, in a saturating manner. The amplitude of maximum hyperpolarization produced by high external Ca2+ was of the same order of magnitude as those of hyperpolarizing responses and was dependent on the external K+ concentration. In the light of these experimental observations, it was deduced that the K+ conductance increase associated with the hyperpolarizing excitation is the result of an increase in the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ mainly derived from the external solution.", "contents": "Oscillations of membrane potential in L cells. IV. Role of intracellular Ca2+ in hyperpolarizing excitability. Effects of divalent cations on oscillations of membrane potentials (i.e., spontaneous repetitive hyperpolarizing responses) and on hyperpolarizing responses induced by electrical stimuli as well as on resting potentials were studied in large nondividing L cells. Deprivation of Ca2+ from the external medium inhibited these hyperpolarizing responses accompanying slight depolarization of the resting potential Sr2+ or Mn2+ applied to the external medium in place of Ca2+ was able to substitute for Ca2+ in the generation of hyperpolarizing responses, while Mg2+, Ba2+ or La3+ suppressed hyperpolarizing responses. The addition of A23187 to the bathing medium or intracellular injection of Ca2+, Sr2+, Mn2+ or La3+ induced membrane hyperpolarization. When the external Ca2+, Sr2+ or Mn2+ concentration was increased, the resting potential also hyperpolarized, in a saturating manner. The amplitude of maximum hyperpolarization produced by high external Ca2+ was of the same order of magnitude as those of hyperpolarizing responses and was dependent on the external K+ concentration. In the light of these experimental observations, it was deduced that the K+ conductance increase associated with the hyperpolarizing excitation is the result of an increase in the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ mainly derived from the external solution.", "PMID": 381668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5536", "title": "Immunopathological studies of Plasmodium berghei infected mice: (effect of carbon particles).", "content": "An attempt was made to block the role of the macrophages in the immune response by saturating them with carbon particles. The experiment was performed on Swiss albino female mice injected intraperitoneally with 10(5) P. berghei berghei. These mice were injected with carbon particles of 20 mgs on the day before the inoculation and again 10 mgs on day 4 and day 9 after the inoculation. The degree of parasitaemia was slightly higher throughout the experiment in the infected mice treated with carbon than in those untreated. By direct immunofluorescent method the free floating form of malaria antigen was detected in the infected organs (liver, kidney and spleen) on day 3 of infection onwards. The antigen was more intense in the carbon treated mice than in the untreated ones. The granular form of the antigen in the walls of glomerular capillaries of the kidney, in the Kupffer cells of the liver and in the reticulo-endothelial cells of the spleen, the malarial antibody and the immune complex (malaria antigen, antibody and mouse beta 1 C globulin) in the kidney were detected later on (day 11).", "contents": "Immunopathological studies of Plasmodium berghei infected mice: (effect of carbon particles). An attempt was made to block the role of the macrophages in the immune response by saturating them with carbon particles. The experiment was performed on Swiss albino female mice injected intraperitoneally with 10(5) P. berghei berghei. These mice were injected with carbon particles of 20 mgs on the day before the inoculation and again 10 mgs on day 4 and day 9 after the inoculation. The degree of parasitaemia was slightly higher throughout the experiment in the infected mice treated with carbon than in those untreated. By direct immunofluorescent method the free floating form of malaria antigen was detected in the infected organs (liver, kidney and spleen) on day 3 of infection onwards. The antigen was more intense in the carbon treated mice than in the untreated ones. The granular form of the antigen in the walls of glomerular capillaries of the kidney, in the Kupffer cells of the liver and in the reticulo-endothelial cells of the spleen, the malarial antibody and the immune complex (malaria antigen, antibody and mouse beta 1 C globulin) in the kidney were detected later on (day 11).", "PMID": 381681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5537", "title": "Development, growth rate, degree of malignancy, and chromosome pattern of Morris transplantable hepatomas.", "content": "A spectrum of chemically induced transplantable adenocarcinomas of the rat hepatocyte was developed in inbred strains of rats. For the most part, the tumors showed remarkable stability in growth rate between 1973 and 1976, as determined by months between transfers. A few tumors were slower-growing in 1976 than in 1973, and a few tumors of intermediate growth rate were somewhat slower-growing in 1973 than in 1976. Percentage distributions of chromosomes of six aneuploid hepatoma are presented. The most homogeneous cell lines were a haploid and a hyperdiploid line. The karyotype of each hepatoma had a consistent number of abnormal chromosomes. Lung metastases were observed in almost all cell lines.", "contents": "Development, growth rate, degree of malignancy, and chromosome pattern of Morris transplantable hepatomas. A spectrum of chemically induced transplantable adenocarcinomas of the rat hepatocyte was developed in inbred strains of rats. For the most part, the tumors showed remarkable stability in growth rate between 1973 and 1976, as determined by months between transfers. A few tumors were slower-growing in 1976 than in 1973, and a few tumors of intermediate growth rate were somewhat slower-growing in 1973 than in 1976. Percentage distributions of chromosomes of six aneuploid hepatoma are presented. The most homogeneous cell lines were a haploid and a hyperdiploid line. The karyotype of each hepatoma had a consistent number of abnormal chromosomes. Lung metastases were observed in almost all cell lines.", "PMID": 381679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5538", "title": "Amino acid and sugar transport in Escherichia coli (ColIb) during abortive infection by bacteriophage T5.", "content": "T5 bacteriophage cannot replicate in Escherichia coli containing the colicinogenic factor ColIb. We show that active transport of proline and glutamine begins to decline at about 10 min after infection, the same time at which macromolecular synthesis stops during abortive infection. Uptake of alpha-methylglucoside is stimulated, however, and this change is evident even by 5 min after infection. These changes in membrane function do not occur during infections that are productive because of mutations on the plasmid or phage. The results suggest that the abortive infection is caused by membrane depolarization.", "contents": "Amino acid and sugar transport in Escherichia coli (ColIb) during abortive infection by bacteriophage T5. T5 bacteriophage cannot replicate in Escherichia coli containing the colicinogenic factor ColIb. We show that active transport of proline and glutamine begins to decline at about 10 min after infection, the same time at which macromolecular synthesis stops during abortive infection. Uptake of alpha-methylglucoside is stimulated, however, and this change is evident even by 5 min after infection. These changes in membrane function do not occur during infections that are productive because of mutations on the plasmid or phage. The results suggest that the abortive infection is caused by membrane depolarization.", "PMID": 381684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5539", "title": "Are class I (pre-early) proteins of bacteriophage T5 sufficient to induce abortive infection of ColIb+ Escherichia coli?", "content": "When T5 bacteriophage infect a colicin Ib-containing host, a variety of membrane changes and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis occur. This work shows that all these changes also occur when a mutant of T5 that can only inject 8% of its DNA is used. This indicates that all the information necessary for the abortive infection is present on this 8% (first-step-transfer) DNA.", "contents": "Are class I (pre-early) proteins of bacteriophage T5 sufficient to induce abortive infection of ColIb+ Escherichia coli? When T5 bacteriophage infect a colicin Ib-containing host, a variety of membrane changes and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis occur. This work shows that all these changes also occur when a mutant of T5 that can only inject 8% of its DNA is used. This indicates that all the information necessary for the abortive infection is present on this 8% (first-step-transfer) DNA.", "PMID": 381685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5540", "title": "Kupffer cell suspensions and cultures as a tool in experimental carcinogenesis.", "content": "Approximately one-third of the cells in the liver are nonhepatocytes. Of these, the Kupffer cells, or phagocytes lining the sinusoids, are of particular significance since environmental carcinogens must first traverse a Kupffer cell barrier before reaching the liver parenchyma. Phagocytosis and subsequent degradation of carcinogens by Kupffer cells lead to their permanent removal. Factors such as membrane receptors, which determine the avidity of Kupffer cells for various substances, would consequently have a decisive role in the primary interaction between carcinogens and Kupffer cells. Likewise, the intracellular lysosomal apparatus, which determines the ability of these cells to degrade various substances, would determine whether these substances can persist in an active form. In vivo data on Kupffer cell clearance of various substances are plentiful. However, to dissect the complex problem of Kupffer cell interaction with carcinogens, a clear-cut in vitro system would certainly be useful. A system for separating Kupffer cells from other types of liver cells and maintaining pure Kupffer cell cultures has been achieved in recent years. Some basic cell biological studies--such as studies of membrane receptors and lysosomal enzyme apparatus--have already been carried out. It could now be rewarding to adopt the system for in vitro studies of Kupffer cell interactions with carcinogens.", "contents": "Kupffer cell suspensions and cultures as a tool in experimental carcinogenesis. Approximately one-third of the cells in the liver are nonhepatocytes. Of these, the Kupffer cells, or phagocytes lining the sinusoids, are of particular significance since environmental carcinogens must first traverse a Kupffer cell barrier before reaching the liver parenchyma. Phagocytosis and subsequent degradation of carcinogens by Kupffer cells lead to their permanent removal. Factors such as membrane receptors, which determine the avidity of Kupffer cells for various substances, would consequently have a decisive role in the primary interaction between carcinogens and Kupffer cells. Likewise, the intracellular lysosomal apparatus, which determines the ability of these cells to degrade various substances, would determine whether these substances can persist in an active form. In vivo data on Kupffer cell clearance of various substances are plentiful. However, to dissect the complex problem of Kupffer cell interaction with carcinogens, a clear-cut in vitro system would certainly be useful. A system for separating Kupffer cells from other types of liver cells and maintaining pure Kupffer cell cultures has been achieved in recent years. Some basic cell biological studies--such as studies of membrane receptors and lysosomal enzyme apparatus--have already been carried out. It could now be rewarding to adopt the system for in vitro studies of Kupffer cell interactions with carcinogens.", "PMID": 381680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5541", "title": "Transduction of bacteriophage lambda by bacteriophage T1.", "content": "When bacteriophage T1 was grown on bacteriophage lambda-lysogenic cells, phenotypically mixed particles were formed which had the serum sensitivity, host range, and density of T1 but which gave rise to lambda phage. T1 packaged lambda genomes more efficiently both when the length of the prophage was less than that of wild-type lambda and when the host cell was polylysogenic. Expression of the red genes of lambda or the recE system of Escherichia coli during T1 growth enhanced pickup of lambda by T1, whereas packaging was reduced in recB cells. If donors were singly lysogenic, the expression of transduced lambda genomes as a PFU required lambda-specified excisive recombination, whereas lambda genomes transduced from polylysogens required only lambda- or E. coli-specified general recombination to give a productive infection.", "contents": "Transduction of bacteriophage lambda by bacteriophage T1. When bacteriophage T1 was grown on bacteriophage lambda-lysogenic cells, phenotypically mixed particles were formed which had the serum sensitivity, host range, and density of T1 but which gave rise to lambda phage. T1 packaged lambda genomes more efficiently both when the length of the prophage was less than that of wild-type lambda and when the host cell was polylysogenic. Expression of the red genes of lambda or the recE system of Escherichia coli during T1 growth enhanced pickup of lambda by T1, whereas packaging was reduced in recB cells. If donors were singly lysogenic, the expression of transduced lambda genomes as a PFU required lambda-specified excisive recombination, whereas lambda genomes transduced from polylysogens required only lambda- or E. coli-specified general recombination to give a productive infection.", "PMID": 381686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5542", "title": "Impaired renal allograft function: a comparative study with angiography and histopathology.", "content": "We reviewed 47 renal transplant recipients who had undergone angiography and transplant biopsy to evaluate impaired allograft function. Angiographic criteria for rejection were seen in all allografts with hyperacute rejection, accelerated rejection and chronic rejection, and in 13 of 17 allografts with acute cellular rejection. Angiography was normal in allografts with vasomotor nephropathy or transplant glomerulopathy. Angiography is an accurate method for the diagnosis of most causes of post-transplant dysfunction.", "contents": "Impaired renal allograft function: a comparative study with angiography and histopathology. We reviewed 47 renal transplant recipients who had undergone angiography and transplant biopsy to evaluate impaired allograft function. Angiographic criteria for rejection were seen in all allografts with hyperacute rejection, accelerated rejection and chronic rejection, and in 13 of 17 allografts with acute cellular rejection. Angiography was normal in allografts with vasomotor nephropathy or transplant glomerulopathy. Angiography is an accurate method for the diagnosis of most causes of post-transplant dysfunction.", "PMID": 381688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5543", "title": "The significance of cancer after renal transplantation.", "content": "Cancer developing after renal transplantation is a well documented event that has clinical importance and immunologic implications. The incidence and severity of these malignancies are not of the magnitude to discourage the use of transplantation as major treatment for chronic renal failure. Suppression of the immune surveillance system has been believed to be the cause of cancer after transplantation but recent data suggest that cancer after transplantation does not constitute acceptable evidence for the immune surveillance theory.", "contents": "The significance of cancer after renal transplantation. Cancer developing after renal transplantation is a well documented event that has clinical importance and immunologic implications. The incidence and severity of these malignancies are not of the magnitude to discourage the use of transplantation as major treatment for chronic renal failure. Suppression of the immune surveillance system has been believed to be the cause of cancer after transplantation but recent data suggest that cancer after transplantation does not constitute acceptable evidence for the immune surveillance theory.", "PMID": 381689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5544", "title": "Dissociation of urethral and anal sphincter activity in neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "In 53 patients with suspected neurogenic bladder dysfunction carbon dioxide cystometry was done in combination with urethral and anal sphincter electromyography. Complete dissociation between the reflex activity of the 2 sphincters was found in 25 per cent of the patients and only 58 per cent of the patients had identical reflex activity. It is concluded that anal sphincter electromyography is highly unreliable in the diagnosis of urethral sphincter dysfunction.", "contents": "Dissociation of urethral and anal sphincter activity in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. In 53 patients with suspected neurogenic bladder dysfunction carbon dioxide cystometry was done in combination with urethral and anal sphincter electromyography. Complete dissociation between the reflex activity of the 2 sphincters was found in 25 per cent of the patients and only 58 per cent of the patients had identical reflex activity. It is concluded that anal sphincter electromyography is highly unreliable in the diagnosis of urethral sphincter dysfunction.", "PMID": 381690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5545", "title": "Use of full thickness patch graft in urethrovaginal fistula.", "content": "A full thickness free graft of labium minor was used to repair a large urethrovaginal fistula that could not be bridged otherwise. A successful result was obtained with relief of incontinence and a normal caliber urethra 14 months postoperatively. The question is posed as to the applicability of this technique in vesicovaginal fistulas.", "contents": "Use of full thickness patch graft in urethrovaginal fistula. A full thickness free graft of labium minor was used to repair a large urethrovaginal fistula that could not be bridged otherwise. A successful result was obtained with relief of incontinence and a normal caliber urethra 14 months postoperatively. The question is posed as to the applicability of this technique in vesicovaginal fistulas.", "PMID": 381691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5546", "title": "A direct hepatotoxic effect of valproic acid.", "content": "Nine patients treated with valproic acid had low plasma fibrinogen concentration and other liver function abnormalities. Several patients also had a low platelet count and prolonged bleeding time. The abnormal values returned promptly to normal when the drug therapy was discontinued or the dosage reduced. The liver function abnormalities are consistent with a direct, dose-related hepatotoxicity.", "contents": "A direct hepatotoxic effect of valproic acid. Nine patients treated with valproic acid had low plasma fibrinogen concentration and other liver function abnormalities. Several patients also had a low platelet count and prolonged bleeding time. The abnormal values returned promptly to normal when the drug therapy was discontinued or the dosage reduced. The liver function abnormalities are consistent with a direct, dose-related hepatotoxicity.", "PMID": 381698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5547", "title": "Myths, morbidity, and mortality in asthma.", "content": "Persistence of outmoded concepts or \"myths\" concerning the diagnosis and treatment of asthma probably is responsible for large economic losses, overutilization of hospital beds, and many preventable deaths. There have been many worthwhile studies refuting these myths, leading to the following conclusions: Asthma consists of much more than wheezing and in many cases must be treated long after wheezing stops. There is no convincing evidence relating the chronic pulmonary changes of asthma to the psyche. Modern methods of prescribing theophylline have not made it universally effective and safe. Intermittent postive-pressure breathing is rarely justified in asthma. Respiratory acidosis may be corrected only by improving alveolar ventilation. Corticosteroids are usually essential for control of severe asthma and may be used safely. Severe asthmatics need careful monitoring because sudden respiratory failure may occur.", "contents": "Myths, morbidity, and mortality in asthma. Persistence of outmoded concepts or \"myths\" concerning the diagnosis and treatment of asthma probably is responsible for large economic losses, overutilization of hospital beds, and many preventable deaths. There have been many worthwhile studies refuting these myths, leading to the following conclusions: Asthma consists of much more than wheezing and in many cases must be treated long after wheezing stops. There is no convincing evidence relating the chronic pulmonary changes of asthma to the psyche. Modern methods of prescribing theophylline have not made it universally effective and safe. Intermittent postive-pressure breathing is rarely justified in asthma. Respiratory acidosis may be corrected only by improving alveolar ventilation. Corticosteroids are usually essential for control of severe asthma and may be used safely. Severe asthmatics need careful monitoring because sudden respiratory failure may occur.", "PMID": 381699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5548", "title": "[Sensitivity of frequent-occurring isolates in outpatients to routinely-used antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The susceptibility of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp. and Haemophilus influenzae) frequently occurring in outpatients (treated by practitioners) to six kinds of antibiotics [ampicillin (ABPC), cefazolin (CEZ), erythromycin (EM), minocycline (MNC), gentamicin (GM) and thiamphenicol (TP)] was determined by the standard method established by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 1) There were few multiple-antibiotic-resistant urine isolates from patients with a simple urinary tract infection, whereas urine isolates from patients with a complicated urinary tract infection contained many multiple-antibiotic resistant organisms. 2) Isolates from patients with a respiratory tract infection (sputum and tonsillar secretions isolates) and isolates from patients with acute purulent otitis media (purulent discharge isolates) contained few multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms except for EM-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes. 3) Superficial pus isolates contained many multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms, while bile isolates were relatively free from multiple-antibiotic resistant organisms. 4) When the results of the previous8,9) and present investigations were compared with the reports of other Japanese investigators1,5,6), suggestive evidence was provided that organisms resistant to macrolides and chloramphenicol showed a tendency to decrease, whereas organisms resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics were on the increase.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of frequent-occurring isolates in outpatients to routinely-used antibiotics (author's transl)]. The susceptibility of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp. and Haemophilus influenzae) frequently occurring in outpatients (treated by practitioners) to six kinds of antibiotics [ampicillin (ABPC), cefazolin (CEZ), erythromycin (EM), minocycline (MNC), gentamicin (GM) and thiamphenicol (TP)] was determined by the standard method established by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 1) There were few multiple-antibiotic-resistant urine isolates from patients with a simple urinary tract infection, whereas urine isolates from patients with a complicated urinary tract infection contained many multiple-antibiotic resistant organisms. 2) Isolates from patients with a respiratory tract infection (sputum and tonsillar secretions isolates) and isolates from patients with acute purulent otitis media (purulent discharge isolates) contained few multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms except for EM-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes. 3) Superficial pus isolates contained many multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms, while bile isolates were relatively free from multiple-antibiotic resistant organisms. 4) When the results of the previous8,9) and present investigations were compared with the reports of other Japanese investigators1,5,6), suggestive evidence was provided that organisms resistant to macrolides and chloramphenicol showed a tendency to decrease, whereas organisms resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics were on the increase.", "PMID": 381708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5549", "title": "Pathological studies in experimental Candida endocarditis.", "content": "Mycotic endocarditis was produced in rabbits by indwelling intracardiac catheters filled with a suspension of Candida albicans. Grossly, cardiac lesions consisted of massive fungoid valvular vegetations and/or \"sleeve thrombi\" surrounding the catheter. Microscopically, platelet-fibrin aggregates were observed to be loosely attached to the valvular cusps. With time, the vegetations became organized and more firmly attached against the endocardium. Also observed was a heavy neutrophylic collar often containing Candida cells which infiltrate the subendothelial tissues of the valvular cusps. Sterile endocardial lesions were produced by retained catheters. The lesions consisted of discrete, glistening, hemispherical nodules in the right heart; and similar elevated plaques on the mural endocardium of the left ventricle. Microscopically, these lesions consisted of fibrous connective tissues devoid of inflammatory cells. The lesions in the left ventricle were more extensive, extending into the myocardium.", "contents": "Pathological studies in experimental Candida endocarditis. Mycotic endocarditis was produced in rabbits by indwelling intracardiac catheters filled with a suspension of Candida albicans. Grossly, cardiac lesions consisted of massive fungoid valvular vegetations and/or \"sleeve thrombi\" surrounding the catheter. Microscopically, platelet-fibrin aggregates were observed to be loosely attached to the valvular cusps. With time, the vegetations became organized and more firmly attached against the endocardium. Also observed was a heavy neutrophylic collar often containing Candida cells which infiltrate the subendothelial tissues of the valvular cusps. Sterile endocardial lesions were produced by retained catheters. The lesions consisted of discrete, glistening, hemispherical nodules in the right heart; and similar elevated plaques on the mural endocardium of the left ventricle. Microscopically, these lesions consisted of fibrous connective tissues devoid of inflammatory cells. The lesions in the left ventricle were more extensive, extending into the myocardium.", "PMID": 381711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5550", "title": "Dry up method as a revised Limulus test with a new technique for gelatin inhibitor removing.", "content": "To detect endotoxins, Limulus test, especially its tube method, is recently used most widely. But this method has shortcomings considerably, for example, the lack of the objectivity on the judgement, the necessity of long handling time and the requirement of relatively large amount of Limulus lysate. To revise these shortcomings we established a new method. In our method, sample and Limulus lysate are mixed on a silicone coated slide glass and incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min, then heated to dry up for the judgement. In samples which contain protein, the pretreatments with (NH4)2SO4, dilution and boiling are performed to remove gelation inhibitor. It was proved that this method could be applied to such samples as physiological saline, plasma, urine, transudate, exudate, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and suspension of Escherichia coli (E. coli). This method has advantages in its (1) objectivity of the judgement because of the clear difference of the dry up patterns between positive reaction and negative, (2) shortness of the handling time (results can be obtained within 2 hr from sampling), (3) requirement of little amount of sample and of Limulus lysate (a fifth volume of sample and a tenth volume of lysate are needed compared with the conventional method) and (4) sensitivity (0.1 or 0.5 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)).", "contents": "Dry up method as a revised Limulus test with a new technique for gelatin inhibitor removing. To detect endotoxins, Limulus test, especially its tube method, is recently used most widely. But this method has shortcomings considerably, for example, the lack of the objectivity on the judgement, the necessity of long handling time and the requirement of relatively large amount of Limulus lysate. To revise these shortcomings we established a new method. In our method, sample and Limulus lysate are mixed on a silicone coated slide glass and incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min, then heated to dry up for the judgement. In samples which contain protein, the pretreatments with (NH4)2SO4, dilution and boiling are performed to remove gelation inhibitor. It was proved that this method could be applied to such samples as physiological saline, plasma, urine, transudate, exudate, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and suspension of Escherichia coli (E. coli). This method has advantages in its (1) objectivity of the judgement because of the clear difference of the dry up patterns between positive reaction and negative, (2) shortness of the handling time (results can be obtained within 2 hr from sampling), (3) requirement of little amount of sample and of Limulus lysate (a fifth volume of sample and a tenth volume of lysate are needed compared with the conventional method) and (4) sensitivity (0.1 or 0.5 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)).", "PMID": 381731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5551", "title": "[Chromosome changes induced by industrial chemicals (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation-induced chromosome damage has been widely recognized and intensively studied. Recently, attention is placed on chromosome changes induced by various industrial chemicals. In case of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, chromosome breaks are characterized as one of the most sensitive biological effects. Chromosome breaks among industrial workers who dealt with benzene, vinyl chloride monomer or styrene have also been reported. Moreover, relationship between chromosome changes and exposure to environmental lead, cadmium and mercury compounds have been studied. Ionizing radiation, benzene and vinyl chloride monomer are known also as industrial carcinogens and attention is now placed on carcinogenicity of clastogens or chromosome breaking agents. In the present paper, our studies on in vitro chromosome breakage induced by benzene and its metabolites as well as cadmium, lead, and chromium compounds are reviewed. Also, inhibition of repair of radiation-induced chromosome breaks by clastogens is reported. Significance of cytogenetic studies in industrial medicine is also discussed.", "contents": "[Chromosome changes induced by industrial chemicals (author's transl)]. Radiation-induced chromosome damage has been widely recognized and intensively studied. Recently, attention is placed on chromosome changes induced by various industrial chemicals. In case of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, chromosome breaks are characterized as one of the most sensitive biological effects. Chromosome breaks among industrial workers who dealt with benzene, vinyl chloride monomer or styrene have also been reported. Moreover, relationship between chromosome changes and exposure to environmental lead, cadmium and mercury compounds have been studied. Ionizing radiation, benzene and vinyl chloride monomer are known also as industrial carcinogens and attention is now placed on carcinogenicity of clastogens or chromosome breaking agents. In the present paper, our studies on in vitro chromosome breakage induced by benzene and its metabolites as well as cadmium, lead, and chromium compounds are reviewed. Also, inhibition of repair of radiation-induced chromosome breaks by clastogens is reported. Significance of cytogenetic studies in industrial medicine is also discussed.", "PMID": 381735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5552", "title": "Characteristics of adrenocortical function, gastrin release and gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer etiology.", "content": "Measurements of serum cortisol and gastrin along with gastric acid-pepsin secretion in the resting state were carried out in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients. Increased basal corticosteroid concentrations were observed in patients with duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Higher concentrations of the hormone were observed in the former group (P less than 0.05 for the latter). Fasting gastrin levels were significantly higher in gastric ulcer patients where gastric secretion is low than those in duodenal ulcer patients (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that the effect of adrenal cortical hormone on lowering the threshold of oxyntic gland cell reactivity against gastrin is an important factor in duodenal ulcer etiology. Extra-antral control mechanism(s) of gastric acid-pepsin secretion should not be overlooked.", "contents": "Characteristics of adrenocortical function, gastrin release and gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer etiology. Measurements of serum cortisol and gastrin along with gastric acid-pepsin secretion in the resting state were carried out in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients. Increased basal corticosteroid concentrations were observed in patients with duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Higher concentrations of the hormone were observed in the former group (P less than 0.05 for the latter). Fasting gastrin levels were significantly higher in gastric ulcer patients where gastric secretion is low than those in duodenal ulcer patients (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that the effect of adrenal cortical hormone on lowering the threshold of oxyntic gland cell reactivity against gastrin is an important factor in duodenal ulcer etiology. Extra-antral control mechanism(s) of gastric acid-pepsin secretion should not be overlooked.", "PMID": 381739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5553", "title": "Treatment of metastatic endocrine-unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland with multiagent chemotherapy: indicators of response to therapy.", "content": "Eighty-eight patients with metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated with a multiagent chemotherapy protocol. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the response of patients to therapy, data were collected in a prospective fashion and analyzed for clinical or laboratory changes that correlated with improved survivorship. Decrease of initially abnormal values of either acid or alkaline phosphotase into the normal range was associated with prolonged survival; weight gain of more than 10% was also associated with improved survival. Thirty-three patients demonstrated a fall of acid or alkaline phosphatase into the normal range or they increased their weight by at least 10%. The median survival time for this group of patients was 76.1 weeks as compared to 28.2 weeks for patients who failed to exhibit these changes. In future studies of the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, these changes might be used as criteria of response to therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic endocrine-unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland with multiagent chemotherapy: indicators of response to therapy. Eighty-eight patients with metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated with a multiagent chemotherapy protocol. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the response of patients to therapy, data were collected in a prospective fashion and analyzed for clinical or laboratory changes that correlated with improved survivorship. Decrease of initially abnormal values of either acid or alkaline phosphotase into the normal range was associated with prolonged survival; weight gain of more than 10% was also associated with improved survival. Thirty-three patients demonstrated a fall of acid or alkaline phosphatase into the normal range or they increased their weight by at least 10%. The median survival time for this group of patients was 76.1 weeks as compared to 28.2 weeks for patients who failed to exhibit these changes. In future studies of the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, these changes might be used as criteria of response to therapy.", "PMID": 381751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5554", "title": "Cell surface glycoproteins of human tumor cell lines: unusual characteristics of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Cell surface glycoproteins of human tumor cell lines (melanomas and astrocytomas, and ovarian, bladder, stomach, cervical, laryngeal, and renal cancers) were studied by labelling with 1) neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, 2) galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, and 3) dilute periodate-[3H]borohydride. The labeled components were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Each tumor type had a distinctive pattern of labeled glycoproteins when the results from both procedures 1 and 2 were considered. Cell surface glycoproteins of malignant melanoma could not be labeled by procedure 2, whereas the other cell lines had at least two major glycoproteins that could be labeled by this method. Very similar profiles of melanoma glycoproteins were labeled by procedures 1 and 3. From these results the conclusion was reached that cell surface glycoproteins of melanomas are substituted with sialic acid so that their D-galactose and/or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues are available for oxidation by galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment. An alternative explanation that these sugars are sterically accessible to galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment also has to be considered. All melanoma lines studied were characterized by having two major cell surface glycoproteins with molecular weights of 110,000 and 90,000, respectively. Lines, however, varied considerably in their expression of other components. In particular, heterogeneity was shown in the expression of gp220, a component identified as fibronectin by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum, and in the expression of gp37/32, a pair of glycoproteins having the characteristics of la-like antigens. Of the other cell lines studied, astrocytomas most closely resembled melanoma in their glycoprotein profiles. The brain tumors, however, had two or three glycoproteins, including gp110, which could be labeled by galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride without neuraminidase treatment.", "contents": "Cell surface glycoproteins of human tumor cell lines: unusual characteristics of malignant melanoma. Cell surface glycoproteins of human tumor cell lines (melanomas and astrocytomas, and ovarian, bladder, stomach, cervical, laryngeal, and renal cancers) were studied by labelling with 1) neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, 2) galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, and 3) dilute periodate-[3H]borohydride. The labeled components were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Each tumor type had a distinctive pattern of labeled glycoproteins when the results from both procedures 1 and 2 were considered. Cell surface glycoproteins of malignant melanoma could not be labeled by procedure 2, whereas the other cell lines had at least two major glycoproteins that could be labeled by this method. Very similar profiles of melanoma glycoproteins were labeled by procedures 1 and 3. From these results the conclusion was reached that cell surface glycoproteins of melanomas are substituted with sialic acid so that their D-galactose and/or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues are available for oxidation by galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment. An alternative explanation that these sugars are sterically accessible to galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment also has to be considered. All melanoma lines studied were characterized by having two major cell surface glycoproteins with molecular weights of 110,000 and 90,000, respectively. Lines, however, varied considerably in their expression of other components. In particular, heterogeneity was shown in the expression of gp220, a component identified as fibronectin by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum, and in the expression of gp37/32, a pair of glycoproteins having the characteristics of la-like antigens. Of the other cell lines studied, astrocytomas most closely resembled melanoma in their glycoprotein profiles. The brain tumors, however, had two or three glycoproteins, including gp110, which could be labeled by galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride without neuraminidase treatment.", "PMID": 381752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5555", "title": "Binding of carcinogenic halogenated hydrocarbons to cell macromolecules.", "content": "Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a known stomach carcinogen, and ethylene dichloride (EDC), which is carcinogenic to the liver, have been shown in in vitro experiments to bind covalently to stomach and hepatic microsomal proteins and to salmon sperm DNA. The binding of EDB or EDC with proteins was not significant when denatured microsomes were used or when DNA was used in the absence of microsomes. The binding of EDB to these macromolecules was augmented with increasing concentrations of microsomes. SKF-525A, an inhibitor of the microsomal metabolism of various substrates, significantly inhibited the binding of EDB to protein and DNA. These findings suggest that metabolic activation of EDB and EDC is required for their covalent binding to macromolecules. Glutathione and 1-methyl-2-mercaptolmidazole markedly decreased the binding of EDB, which indicated that a reactive electrophilic intermediate(s) of EDB is (are) involved in the binding. The binding of EDC to liver proteins of (C57BL/6 X C3//He)F1 mice, which are susceptible to liver tumor induction by EDC and to DNA, was significantly higher than the corresponding binding for Osborne-Mendel rats, a species not susceptible to liver tumor induction by this compound.", "contents": "Binding of carcinogenic halogenated hydrocarbons to cell macromolecules. Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a known stomach carcinogen, and ethylene dichloride (EDC), which is carcinogenic to the liver, have been shown in in vitro experiments to bind covalently to stomach and hepatic microsomal proteins and to salmon sperm DNA. The binding of EDB or EDC with proteins was not significant when denatured microsomes were used or when DNA was used in the absence of microsomes. The binding of EDB to these macromolecules was augmented with increasing concentrations of microsomes. SKF-525A, an inhibitor of the microsomal metabolism of various substrates, significantly inhibited the binding of EDB to protein and DNA. These findings suggest that metabolic activation of EDB and EDC is required for their covalent binding to macromolecules. Glutathione and 1-methyl-2-mercaptolmidazole markedly decreased the binding of EDB, which indicated that a reactive electrophilic intermediate(s) of EDB is (are) involved in the binding. The binding of EDC to liver proteins of (C57BL/6 X C3//He)F1 mice, which are susceptible to liver tumor induction by EDC and to DNA, was significantly higher than the corresponding binding for Osborne-Mendel rats, a species not susceptible to liver tumor induction by this compound.", "PMID": 381753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5556", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effect of spontaneous lymphoma in SJL/J mice.", "content": "Histiocytic lymphomas develop spontaneously in about 80% of SJL/J mice between the ages of 8 and 14 months. These animals were used for the determination of whether spontaneously arising cancers compromise monocyte function similar to the monocyte defects described during growth of transplanted tumors. SJL/J mice with tumors accumulated significantly fewer macrophages than did age-matched animals without tumors either on sc implanted filters or in peritoneal exudates induced by phytohemagglutinin. There was no corresponding defect in polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses. Whereas no apparent correlation existed between tumor size and degree of inhibition, animals without demonstrable tumors had no inflammatory defects. Aging did not alter the inflammatory response to implanted filters but increased both the resident peritoneal macrophage population and the total macrophage yield to phytohemagglutinin provocation. When given transplants of histiocytic lymphomas, young SJL/J mice developed similar inflammatory defects. This study represents the first demonstration that spontaneous tumors, in addition to transplanted tumors, produce abnormalities in monocyte inflammatory responses.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effect of spontaneous lymphoma in SJL/J mice. Histiocytic lymphomas develop spontaneously in about 80% of SJL/J mice between the ages of 8 and 14 months. These animals were used for the determination of whether spontaneously arising cancers compromise monocyte function similar to the monocyte defects described during growth of transplanted tumors. SJL/J mice with tumors accumulated significantly fewer macrophages than did age-matched animals without tumors either on sc implanted filters or in peritoneal exudates induced by phytohemagglutinin. There was no corresponding defect in polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses. Whereas no apparent correlation existed between tumor size and degree of inhibition, animals without demonstrable tumors had no inflammatory defects. Aging did not alter the inflammatory response to implanted filters but increased both the resident peritoneal macrophage population and the total macrophage yield to phytohemagglutinin provocation. When given transplants of histiocytic lymphomas, young SJL/J mice developed similar inflammatory defects. This study represents the first demonstration that spontaneous tumors, in addition to transplanted tumors, produce abnormalities in monocyte inflammatory responses.", "PMID": 381754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5557", "title": "Adamantinoma of the appendicular skeleton.", "content": "Adamantinoma is a slowly developing tumor originating in the bones of the extremities and containing cells that resemble amelioblasts but do not produce enamel. Anamantinoma's clinically and histologically benign appearance is deceptive, for the recurrence rate is high unless surgical extirpation is complete. Thus, aggressive surgical excision of the involved area of bone should be performed at the time of diagnosis. Allograft substitution may be an effective alternative to amputation.", "contents": "Adamantinoma of the appendicular skeleton. Adamantinoma is a slowly developing tumor originating in the bones of the extremities and containing cells that resemble amelioblasts but do not produce enamel. Anamantinoma's clinically and histologically benign appearance is deceptive, for the recurrence rate is high unless surgical extirpation is complete. Thus, aggressive surgical excision of the involved area of bone should be performed at the time of diagnosis. Allograft substitution may be an effective alternative to amputation.", "PMID": 381755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5558", "title": "Free hypothenar full-thickness grafts for distal digital defects.", "content": "The application of free full-thickness grafts of palmar skin from the hypothenar area is advocated for full thickness digital tip defects too large for open treatment. The traditional objection to this site as a donor for full-thickness skin on the basis of sensitivity and pain has not been confirmed. Strict, meticulous attention to detail is required for success in utilizing this technique. Other methods of treatment are reviewed and indications, advantages, and disadvantages of the free full-thickness graft of hypothenar skin are discussed.", "contents": "Free hypothenar full-thickness grafts for distal digital defects. The application of free full-thickness grafts of palmar skin from the hypothenar area is advocated for full thickness digital tip defects too large for open treatment. The traditional objection to this site as a donor for full-thickness skin on the basis of sensitivity and pain has not been confirmed. Strict, meticulous attention to detail is required for success in utilizing this technique. Other methods of treatment are reviewed and indications, advantages, and disadvantages of the free full-thickness graft of hypothenar skin are discussed.", "PMID": 381756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5559", "title": "[Neuroblastoma in children. Clinical staging and management (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-four children with neuroblastoma stage I to III c are presented. The coordinated management utilizing surgical excision, irradiation (2--5.000 rad) in stage II and III and multiagent chemotherapy is described. Favorable sites were abdomen (30) and thorax (22). In ten cases the primary site was unknown. The prognosis is influenced by several factors: Patients under 1 year of age without evidence of bone or bone marrow metastases have a favorable outcome (13/15). Nearly all patients with lesions of bone or generalized tumor in bone and/or bone marrow (stage III b and III c) failed to attain long term disease free survival despite combination chemotherapy and the use of radiation therapy (33/34). No relation between histological or biochemical characteristics and prognosis could be found. Biochemical determinations however are useful as an index of response to treatment. Prognosis was independent from sex. A review of the literature and on attempt to improve the therapeutic efficancy in stage III are reported.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma in children. Clinical staging and management (author's transl)]. Sixty-four children with neuroblastoma stage I to III c are presented. The coordinated management utilizing surgical excision, irradiation (2--5.000 rad) in stage II and III and multiagent chemotherapy is described. Favorable sites were abdomen (30) and thorax (22). In ten cases the primary site was unknown. The prognosis is influenced by several factors: Patients under 1 year of age without evidence of bone or bone marrow metastases have a favorable outcome (13/15). Nearly all patients with lesions of bone or generalized tumor in bone and/or bone marrow (stage III b and III c) failed to attain long term disease free survival despite combination chemotherapy and the use of radiation therapy (33/34). No relation between histological or biochemical characteristics and prognosis could be found. Biochemical determinations however are useful as an index of response to treatment. Prognosis was independent from sex. A review of the literature and on attempt to improve the therapeutic efficancy in stage III are reported.", "PMID": 381767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5560", "title": "[Cell receptor defects as the cause of endocrine and metabolic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The following pathogenetic mechanisms, exemplified by three diseases (diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism and familial hypercholesterolemia), are discussed: 1. The impaired interaction between a chemical signal and a specific receptor can be the cause of a disease. 2. The cause for an imparied interaction can be a defect of the receptor, i.e., a reduced number of receptors or an altered receptor affinity, or a wrong signal. 3. A defect of the receptor can be induced by exogenous influences or it can be determined genetically. 4. The receptor and the signal can be modified by their interaction: the number of receptors is reduced by high concentrations of the chemical signal or by increased degradation due to binding to the receptor. 5. The receptor concept opens new perspectives for the pathogenetic understanding, diagnosis and therapy of some diseases.", "contents": "[Cell receptor defects as the cause of endocrine and metabolic diseases (author's transl)]. The following pathogenetic mechanisms, exemplified by three diseases (diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism and familial hypercholesterolemia), are discussed: 1. The impaired interaction between a chemical signal and a specific receptor can be the cause of a disease. 2. The cause for an imparied interaction can be a defect of the receptor, i.e., a reduced number of receptors or an altered receptor affinity, or a wrong signal. 3. A defect of the receptor can be induced by exogenous influences or it can be determined genetically. 4. The receptor and the signal can be modified by their interaction: the number of receptors is reduced by high concentrations of the chemical signal or by increased degradation due to binding to the receptor. 5. The receptor concept opens new perspectives for the pathogenetic understanding, diagnosis and therapy of some diseases.", "PMID": 381768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5561", "title": "[Soluble mediators as a means of communication between lymphozytes in immune reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "Soluble mediators play an important role in the positive and negative regulation of immune reactions. This has been particularly well documented for T-B-cooperation in the humoral immune response to T-dependent antigens. T-helper cells produce a T-cell replacing Factor (TRF) upon mitogenic or antigenic stimulation. It provides the signal to antigen triggered B-cells to begin with active antibody synthesis and secretion and thus it is a positively regulating mediator. Additional functional and some structural characteristics of TRF are described. Antigen specific and non-specific suppressor factors seem to be involved in the negative regulation of immune responses. Thus, the communication between cells of the immune system is largely conducted via soluble signal substances.", "contents": "[Soluble mediators as a means of communication between lymphozytes in immune reactions (author's transl)]. Soluble mediators play an important role in the positive and negative regulation of immune reactions. This has been particularly well documented for T-B-cooperation in the humoral immune response to T-dependent antigens. T-helper cells produce a T-cell replacing Factor (TRF) upon mitogenic or antigenic stimulation. It provides the signal to antigen triggered B-cells to begin with active antibody synthesis and secretion and thus it is a positively regulating mediator. Additional functional and some structural characteristics of TRF are described. Antigen specific and non-specific suppressor factors seem to be involved in the negative regulation of immune responses. Thus, the communication between cells of the immune system is largely conducted via soluble signal substances.", "PMID": 381769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5562", "title": "Characterization of human pepsin I obtained from purified gastric pepsinogen I.", "content": "Immunochemical homogeneous human pepsinogen I-group (PgI) was purified by solid immunoadsorbent and by DEAE-chromatography from gastric mucosa. PgI contained five electrophoretic distinct bands at pH 8.2 but only four bands at pH 5.6. After acid activation human pepsin (PI) was separated from the inhibitory peptide by affinity chromatography using poly-L-lysine. Purified PgI contained 9-16% of the inhibitory peptide. The yield of PI was 64 to 85%. A 65% increase of specific activity was observed. PI demonstrated three bands in agar gel electrophoresis at pH 5.6. The pH range of PI was rather wide, showing two maxima at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 with hemoglobin as substrate. Irreverisble inactivation of PI was observed at pH 7.0 and at a temperature of 60 degrees C. The Km-value of PI was 0.170 mmol as determined with N-acetyl-L-phenyl-alanyl-L-3,5 diiodotyrosine. The specific activity was 9.6 IU/mg (hemoglobin substrate) and 0.032 IU/mg (dipeptide substrate). Porc pepsinogen (PPg) and its activated pepsin (PP) was used for comparison. PP showed indentical elution patterns in affinity chromatography. In AEE PPg and PP demonstrated both two components at pH 5.6 with different electrophoretic mobilities. The pH optimum of PP was observed at pH 2.0. PP was slightly more sensitive in alkali and heat inactivation than human P. A higher Km-value of PP of 0.082 mmol and higher specific activity as compared to human PI was observed.", "contents": "Characterization of human pepsin I obtained from purified gastric pepsinogen I. Immunochemical homogeneous human pepsinogen I-group (PgI) was purified by solid immunoadsorbent and by DEAE-chromatography from gastric mucosa. PgI contained five electrophoretic distinct bands at pH 8.2 but only four bands at pH 5.6. After acid activation human pepsin (PI) was separated from the inhibitory peptide by affinity chromatography using poly-L-lysine. Purified PgI contained 9-16% of the inhibitory peptide. The yield of PI was 64 to 85%. A 65% increase of specific activity was observed. PI demonstrated three bands in agar gel electrophoresis at pH 5.6. The pH range of PI was rather wide, showing two maxima at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 with hemoglobin as substrate. Irreverisble inactivation of PI was observed at pH 7.0 and at a temperature of 60 degrees C. The Km-value of PI was 0.170 mmol as determined with N-acetyl-L-phenyl-alanyl-L-3,5 diiodotyrosine. The specific activity was 9.6 IU/mg (hemoglobin substrate) and 0.032 IU/mg (dipeptide substrate). Porc pepsinogen (PPg) and its activated pepsin (PP) was used for comparison. PP showed indentical elution patterns in affinity chromatography. In AEE PPg and PP demonstrated both two components at pH 5.6 with different electrophoretic mobilities. The pH optimum of PP was observed at pH 2.0. PP was slightly more sensitive in alkali and heat inactivation than human P. A higher Km-value of PP of 0.082 mmol and higher specific activity as compared to human PI was observed.", "PMID": 381770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5563", "title": "Characterization of human pepsin II obtained from purified gastric pepsinogen II.", "content": "Human pepsinogen II (PgII) was purified from human gastric mucosa by immunoadsorbents using anti-PgII antiserum. Contaminating pepsinogen I (PgI) was adsorbed by a subsequent anti-PgI immunoadsorbent. PgII was further purified on DEAE-Sphadex A50. By agar gel enzyme electrophoresis (AEE) at pH 8.2 PgII was separated into five proteolytic bands, demonstrated upon acidification and incubation with hemoglobin. PgII was converted to pepsin II (PII) by acidification at pH 2.0 and was immediately separated from its inhibitory peptide and from other substances by DEAE chromatography. Purified PII showed two bands in AEE at pH 5.6 and was immunochemically identical with PgII. The \"gastricsin\" and \"pepsin\" purified from acid gastric juice by classical procedures proved to be identical with PII and pepsin I (PI), respectively. PII showed a broad pH range with one maximum at pH 2.9. PII in contrast to PI did not hydrolize N-acetylphenylalanyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine and proved to be more alkali-stable than PI. A modified nomenclature is proposed for the human pepsinogen system.", "contents": "Characterization of human pepsin II obtained from purified gastric pepsinogen II. Human pepsinogen II (PgII) was purified from human gastric mucosa by immunoadsorbents using anti-PgII antiserum. Contaminating pepsinogen I (PgI) was adsorbed by a subsequent anti-PgI immunoadsorbent. PgII was further purified on DEAE-Sphadex A50. By agar gel enzyme electrophoresis (AEE) at pH 8.2 PgII was separated into five proteolytic bands, demonstrated upon acidification and incubation with hemoglobin. PgII was converted to pepsin II (PII) by acidification at pH 2.0 and was immediately separated from its inhibitory peptide and from other substances by DEAE chromatography. Purified PII showed two bands in AEE at pH 5.6 and was immunochemically identical with PgII. The \"gastricsin\" and \"pepsin\" purified from acid gastric juice by classical procedures proved to be identical with PII and pepsin I (PI), respectively. PII showed a broad pH range with one maximum at pH 2.9. PII in contrast to PI did not hydrolize N-acetylphenylalanyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine and proved to be more alkali-stable than PI. A modified nomenclature is proposed for the human pepsinogen system.", "PMID": 381771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5564", "title": "Shifting perspectives on the alcoholism treatment movement 1940--1955.", "content": "Relationships between the Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, considered to be representative of the alcoholism treatment movement, and various temperance groups, clergy and spokesmen for the alcoholic beverage industry are examined.", "contents": "Shifting perspectives on the alcoholism treatment movement 1940--1955. Relationships between the Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, considered to be representative of the alcoholism treatment movement, and various temperance groups, clergy and spokesmen for the alcoholic beverage industry are examined.", "PMID": 381788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5565", "title": "Total joint arthroplasty. Biologic causes of failure.", "content": "Hypersensitivity reactions and deep sepsis are the primary forms of biologic failure of total joint arthroplasty. Hypersensitivity reactions appear to be related to metal debris associated with metal articulating with metal arthroplasties. Although the incidence of deep sepsis following total joint arthroplasty is lower than initially feared, it remains a serious problem for both the patient and the surgeon. Fixation of prosthetic devices with methyl methacrylate appears safe. However, improved methods of fixation which are more compatible with osseous tissue are currently under study. The advantages of porous materials and the results of laboratory studies are reviewed.", "contents": "Total joint arthroplasty. Biologic causes of failure. Hypersensitivity reactions and deep sepsis are the primary forms of biologic failure of total joint arthroplasty. Hypersensitivity reactions appear to be related to metal debris associated with metal articulating with metal arthroplasties. Although the incidence of deep sepsis following total joint arthroplasty is lower than initially feared, it remains a serious problem for both the patient and the surgeon. Fixation of prosthetic devices with methyl methacrylate appears safe. However, improved methods of fixation which are more compatible with osseous tissue are currently under study. The advantages of porous materials and the results of laboratory studies are reviewed.", "PMID": 381792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5566", "title": "Non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications in ageing. A brief review.", "content": "Accumulated evidence implicates two non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications -- deamidation of asparagine and glutamine, and racemization of aspartic acid -- as potentially important reactions in cellular and organismal ageing. Rates of deamidation can be genetically regulated over a range of at least six days to ten years, and this release of ammonia from amides causes molecular conformational changes, loss of activity, and age-related alterations in a number of proteins in vivo. Racemized aspartic acid amasses with age, especially in croslinked and partly degraded proteins of the normal ageing human lens and yellow cataracts. In both cases, modification of amino acids could account for the accumulation of altered proteins observed with ageing in the cells of certain organisms.", "contents": "Non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications in ageing. A brief review. Accumulated evidence implicates two non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications -- deamidation of asparagine and glutamine, and racemization of aspartic acid -- as potentially important reactions in cellular and organismal ageing. Rates of deamidation can be genetically regulated over a range of at least six days to ten years, and this release of ammonia from amides causes molecular conformational changes, loss of activity, and age-related alterations in a number of proteins in vivo. Racemized aspartic acid amasses with age, especially in croslinked and partly degraded proteins of the normal ageing human lens and yellow cataracts. In both cases, modification of amino acids could account for the accumulation of altered proteins observed with ageing in the cells of certain organisms.", "PMID": 381793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5567", "title": "Autoantibodies in healthy subjects of different age groups.", "content": "Autoantibody determinations in 1284 healthy Caucasian subjects of various age groups were made by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-nuclear, anti-gastric, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. A sex-dependent relationship between age and prevalence of anti-gastric and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies was found. No association was found between age and anti-nuclear antibodies.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in healthy subjects of different age groups. Autoantibody determinations in 1284 healthy Caucasian subjects of various age groups were made by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-nuclear, anti-gastric, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. A sex-dependent relationship between age and prevalence of anti-gastric and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies was found. No association was found between age and anti-nuclear antibodies.", "PMID": 381794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5568", "title": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: comparative and critical review of international and national bibliography (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Zollinger and Ellison described two cases of this disease in 1955 which would later recieve their names (ZED), more than 1,000 cases have been published in the world literature up to date. In our area around 28 cases have been reported in a period of 14 years (1964--1976). The author reviews this disease, evaluating and comparing results obtained in this small series, with regard to prevalence, clinical manifestations and histopathologic lesions, against those obtained in series of large scope. Mean age was 46 years, ranging from 18 to 63 years, and the male-female ratio was 7:5. Ulcers and diarrhea were present in 100 percent and in 35 percent of the cases, respectively. The incidence of AEM-1 was 25 percent. In 85 percent of the cases the existence of a gastrinoma was demostrated, being pancreatic in 78 percent and extrapancreatic in 7 percent. In 10 percent of the cases there was a diffuse hyperplasia of the islet cells, and in one case, there was hyperplasia of the G-cells of the antrum. These results are very similar to those obtained by different authors.", "contents": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: comparative and critical review of international and national bibliography (author's transl)]. Since Zollinger and Ellison described two cases of this disease in 1955 which would later recieve their names (ZED), more than 1,000 cases have been published in the world literature up to date. In our area around 28 cases have been reported in a period of 14 years (1964--1976). The author reviews this disease, evaluating and comparing results obtained in this small series, with regard to prevalence, clinical manifestations and histopathologic lesions, against those obtained in series of large scope. Mean age was 46 years, ranging from 18 to 63 years, and the male-female ratio was 7:5. Ulcers and diarrhea were present in 100 percent and in 35 percent of the cases, respectively. The incidence of AEM-1 was 25 percent. In 85 percent of the cases the existence of a gastrinoma was demostrated, being pancreatic in 78 percent and extrapancreatic in 7 percent. In 10 percent of the cases there was a diffuse hyperplasia of the islet cells, and in one case, there was hyperplasia of the G-cells of the antrum. These results are very similar to those obtained by different authors.", "PMID": 381802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5569", "title": "The surgical management of extracranial and intracranial occlusive disease.", "content": "The role of surgery in preventing transient ischemic attacks and stroke in certain occlusive vascular lesions is well-established. This is well-established when carotid endarterectomy for carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attacks is used. The overall surgical results are best achieved by the frequent performance of the procedure and meticulous attention to technical as well as medical features of this group of patients at risk. Continuing medical care of these patients is essential. The long-term mortality rate is augmented by the high incidence of myocardial infarctions. Complete cardiac evaluation and good medical care, at the time the patient is initially treated, should subsequently minimize this event. Although the microvascular bypass procedures are technically feasible and associated with a low mortality rate, their exact role in the medical management of patients with intracranial occlusive lesions is unproven. However, the procedure offers great promise and an exciting future for neurosurgery in stroke therapy.", "contents": "The surgical management of extracranial and intracranial occlusive disease. The role of surgery in preventing transient ischemic attacks and stroke in certain occlusive vascular lesions is well-established. This is well-established when carotid endarterectomy for carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attacks is used. The overall surgical results are best achieved by the frequent performance of the procedure and meticulous attention to technical as well as medical features of this group of patients at risk. Continuing medical care of these patients is essential. The long-term mortality rate is augmented by the high incidence of myocardial infarctions. Complete cardiac evaluation and good medical care, at the time the patient is initially treated, should subsequently minimize this event. Although the microvascular bypass procedures are technically feasible and associated with a low mortality rate, their exact role in the medical management of patients with intracranial occlusive lesions is unproven. However, the procedure offers great promise and an exciting future for neurosurgery in stroke therapy.", "PMID": 381804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5570", "title": "Anticoagulant treatment to prevent cerebral infarction.", "content": "The indications for anticoagulant treatment to prevent cerebral infarction or progression of cerebral infarction are now clear. The indications are: (1) Prevention of recurrent embolization from a cardiac source (long-term anticoaguland treatment). (2) Transient ischemic attacks (particularly vertebrobasilar system) if a surgically accessible causative lesion, polycythemia, and thrombocytosis are not present (anticoagulants for a few months.) (3) Progressing stroke in either systme assuming that the neurological defect is partial and CT scan shows no evidence of bleeding (anticoagulants for a few months.) (4) Rarely, completed stroke (long-term).", "contents": "Anticoagulant treatment to prevent cerebral infarction. The indications for anticoagulant treatment to prevent cerebral infarction or progression of cerebral infarction are now clear. The indications are: (1) Prevention of recurrent embolization from a cardiac source (long-term anticoaguland treatment). (2) Transient ischemic attacks (particularly vertebrobasilar system) if a surgically accessible causative lesion, polycythemia, and thrombocytosis are not present (anticoagulants for a few months.) (3) Progressing stroke in either systme assuming that the neurological defect is partial and CT scan shows no evidence of bleeding (anticoagulants for a few months.) (4) Rarely, completed stroke (long-term).", "PMID": 381811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5571", "title": "The effect of rifampicin upon the transcription of RNA polymerase beta-gene in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We studied the rate of synthesis of beta-and beta'-subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the rate of beta-polypeptide mRNA synthesis in rifampicin-treated bacteria. The chosen antibiotic doses did not significantly inhibit the total RNA and protein synthesis in rifampicin-sensitive bacteria. For RNA-DNA hybridization experiments a pOD162 plasmid was constructed carrying a fragment of the rpoB gene and no other chromosome DNA regions. It was found that low doses of rifampicin cause an absolute and a relative increase in the rate of synthesis of the specific mRNA for the beta-subunit, suggesting a stimulation of the corresponding gene transcription and excluding the possibility of a less pronounced inhibition of the rpoB gene expression compared to that of most other genes. However the relative acceleration of transcription is substantially higher than the absolute one. The stimulating effect of rifampicin on the beta-polypeptide synthesis is also demonstrated in a coupled system of transcription and translation directed by lambda rifd47 DNA. The possible mechanisms of the rifampicin action are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of rifampicin upon the transcription of RNA polymerase beta-gene in Escherichia coli. We studied the rate of synthesis of beta-and beta'-subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the rate of beta-polypeptide mRNA synthesis in rifampicin-treated bacteria. The chosen antibiotic doses did not significantly inhibit the total RNA and protein synthesis in rifampicin-sensitive bacteria. For RNA-DNA hybridization experiments a pOD162 plasmid was constructed carrying a fragment of the rpoB gene and no other chromosome DNA regions. It was found that low doses of rifampicin cause an absolute and a relative increase in the rate of synthesis of the specific mRNA for the beta-subunit, suggesting a stimulation of the corresponding gene transcription and excluding the possibility of a less pronounced inhibition of the rpoB gene expression compared to that of most other genes. However the relative acceleration of transcription is substantially higher than the absolute one. The stimulating effect of rifampicin on the beta-polypeptide synthesis is also demonstrated in a coupled system of transcription and translation directed by lambda rifd47 DNA. The possible mechanisms of the rifampicin action are discussed.", "PMID": 381837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5572", "title": "Genetic evidence for the creation of a reinitiation site by mutation inside the yeast ura 2 gene.", "content": "The ura 2 gene of yeast codes for two enzymatic activities which are translated from a unique messenger RNA in the order carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPSase), aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) (Lacroute, 1968; Denis-Duphil and Kaplan, 1976). Nonsense mutations in the CPSPase region cause a complete loss in ATCase activity by a total polar effect, characteristic of eukaryotic mRNA translation, and due to the unique site of protein initiation present on each messenger (Shaffer et al., 1969). A triple nonsense mutant in the CPSase has been constructed by recombination and ATCase+ revertants have been selected from it. Among seventeen revertants obtained, three had a deletion covering the three nonsense mutations relieving thus the polar effect (Fink and Styles, 1974) but fourteen others examined had retained all the CPSase DNA including the three nonsense mutations; this can be explained in the present state of knowledge only by the creation by mutation of reinitiation site either for transcription or for translation in the region of the ura 2 gene distal to the last nonsense mutation.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for the creation of a reinitiation site by mutation inside the yeast ura 2 gene. The ura 2 gene of yeast codes for two enzymatic activities which are translated from a unique messenger RNA in the order carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPSase), aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) (Lacroute, 1968; Denis-Duphil and Kaplan, 1976). Nonsense mutations in the CPSPase region cause a complete loss in ATCase activity by a total polar effect, characteristic of eukaryotic mRNA translation, and due to the unique site of protein initiation present on each messenger (Shaffer et al., 1969). A triple nonsense mutant in the CPSase has been constructed by recombination and ATCase+ revertants have been selected from it. Among seventeen revertants obtained, three had a deletion covering the three nonsense mutations relieving thus the polar effect (Fink and Styles, 1974) but fourteen others examined had retained all the CPSase DNA including the three nonsense mutations; this can be explained in the present state of knowledge only by the creation by mutation of reinitiation site either for transcription or for translation in the region of the ura 2 gene distal to the last nonsense mutation.", "PMID": 381838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5573", "title": "Development of a system useful for studying the formation of unstable alleles of IS2.", "content": "IS2-induced deletions of the gal control region were isolated in a plasmid carrying gal OP-308::IS2-7. This contains a 54 basepair long, unstable mini insertion within IS2, thus allowing constitutive expression of the gal structural genes. Deletion PPI is 11.9 kilobasepairs (kb) long and is Gal+ because it has retained the mini insertion. In PP4 7.2 kb DNA material including markers gal OP, chlD and pgl are deleted. PP4 has lost the mini insertion and is therefore Gal negative. DNA sequencing of the newly formed junction in PP4 reveals that the deletion terminates precisely at nucleotide 1 of IS2 and that no DNA sequence homology is involved in this IS2-mediated deletion formation. PPI segregates Gal- clones due to the loss of the mini insertion. One such segregant PPIS and PP4 both give only constitutive Gal+ revertants, which consist of the previously known mini insertions and also a new class of \"supermini\" inserts within IS2 of about 10 to 20 basepairs long. Therefore, PPIS and PP4 can be used to study various parameters involved in the formation of mini insertions.", "contents": "Development of a system useful for studying the formation of unstable alleles of IS2. IS2-induced deletions of the gal control region were isolated in a plasmid carrying gal OP-308::IS2-7. This contains a 54 basepair long, unstable mini insertion within IS2, thus allowing constitutive expression of the gal structural genes. Deletion PPI is 11.9 kilobasepairs (kb) long and is Gal+ because it has retained the mini insertion. In PP4 7.2 kb DNA material including markers gal OP, chlD and pgl are deleted. PP4 has lost the mini insertion and is therefore Gal negative. DNA sequencing of the newly formed junction in PP4 reveals that the deletion terminates precisely at nucleotide 1 of IS2 and that no DNA sequence homology is involved in this IS2-mediated deletion formation. PPI segregates Gal- clones due to the loss of the mini insertion. One such segregant PPIS and PP4 both give only constitutive Gal+ revertants, which consist of the previously known mini insertions and also a new class of \"supermini\" inserts within IS2 of about 10 to 20 basepairs long. Therefore, PPIS and PP4 can be used to study various parameters involved in the formation of mini insertions.", "PMID": 381839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5574", "title": "Tn10 mediated integration of the plasmid R100.1 into the bacterial chromosome: inverse transposition.", "content": "Upon integration into the bacterial chromosome the drug resistance plasmid R100.1 often loses its tetracycline resistance character. We have analyzed an Hfr strain formed by such an integration and an R-prime plasmid derived from it. We find that integration took place within the Tn10 transposon, that the two IS10 sequences were retained, but that at least 80% of the transposon segment located between them, and carrying the tetracycline resistance genes, had been lost. We suggest that integration of R100.1 was mediated by an inverse transposition using the IS10 sequences.", "contents": "Tn10 mediated integration of the plasmid R100.1 into the bacterial chromosome: inverse transposition. Upon integration into the bacterial chromosome the drug resistance plasmid R100.1 often loses its tetracycline resistance character. We have analyzed an Hfr strain formed by such an integration and an R-prime plasmid derived from it. We find that integration took place within the Tn10 transposon, that the two IS10 sequences were retained, but that at least 80% of the transposon segment located between them, and carrying the tetracycline resistance genes, had been lost. We suggest that integration of R100.1 was mediated by an inverse transposition using the IS10 sequences.", "PMID": 381840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5575", "title": "Expression of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein and RNA polymerase genes cloned on plasmids.", "content": "Fragments of lambda drifd 18 DNA with different end-points within the set of structural genes of ribosomal proteins L11 (RPLK), Li (rplA), L10 (rplJ) and L12 (rplL) as well as the beta (rpoB) ANd beta' (rpoC) subunits of RNA polymerase have been cloned on plasmids. These plasmids were transformed in host cells which were mutant for each of the genes, enabling expression of both wild-type (plasmid-borne) and mutant (chromosomal) genes to be differentiated. On the basis of these results we propose the following genetic structure for the region: rplK and rplA are in one operon; rplL, rpoB and rpoC are in a second. Our data suggest the possibility that rplJ is by itself in an operon situated between the other two.", "contents": "Expression of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein and RNA polymerase genes cloned on plasmids. Fragments of lambda drifd 18 DNA with different end-points within the set of structural genes of ribosomal proteins L11 (RPLK), Li (rplA), L10 (rplJ) and L12 (rplL) as well as the beta (rpoB) ANd beta' (rpoC) subunits of RNA polymerase have been cloned on plasmids. These plasmids were transformed in host cells which were mutant for each of the genes, enabling expression of both wild-type (plasmid-borne) and mutant (chromosomal) genes to be differentiated. On the basis of these results we propose the following genetic structure for the region: rplK and rplA are in one operon; rplL, rpoB and rpoC are in a second. Our data suggest the possibility that rplJ is by itself in an operon situated between the other two.", "PMID": 381841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5576", "title": "Inactivation of E. coli RNA polymerase by polyriboinosinic acid: heterogeneity of RS complexes.", "content": "Polyriboinosinic acid (poly I) inhibits initiation of transcription by binary complexes formed between Adenovirus 2 DNA and E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme. In the presence of poly I, just as in the presence of rifampicin, initiation of transcription exhibits a sigmoidal dependence on the temperature at which the binary complexes are formed. This indicates that I (closed) complexes between Ad 2 DNA and RNA polymerase are rapidly inactivated by poly I, but that RS (open) complexes are relatively resistant. However, even among the RS complexes, at least two classes can be distinguished on the basis of the degree to which they are resistant to poly I: RS-1 complexes are somewhat sensitive to poly I (half-time of inactivation approximately 10 min) while RS-2 complexes are almost completely resistant to the inhibitor (half-time of inactivation approximately 10 h). For both types of RS complex, the degree of sensitivity to poly I is ionic strength-dependent.", "contents": "Inactivation of E. coli RNA polymerase by polyriboinosinic acid: heterogeneity of RS complexes. Polyriboinosinic acid (poly I) inhibits initiation of transcription by binary complexes formed between Adenovirus 2 DNA and E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme. In the presence of poly I, just as in the presence of rifampicin, initiation of transcription exhibits a sigmoidal dependence on the temperature at which the binary complexes are formed. This indicates that I (closed) complexes between Ad 2 DNA and RNA polymerase are rapidly inactivated by poly I, but that RS (open) complexes are relatively resistant. However, even among the RS complexes, at least two classes can be distinguished on the basis of the degree to which they are resistant to poly I: RS-1 complexes are somewhat sensitive to poly I (half-time of inactivation approximately 10 min) while RS-2 complexes are almost completely resistant to the inhibitor (half-time of inactivation approximately 10 h). For both types of RS complex, the degree of sensitivity to poly I is ionic strength-dependent.", "PMID": 381842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5577", "title": "The unstable sensitivity of yeast cells to lethal and mutagenic action of nitrous acid.", "content": "Fifty-two cultures grown under standard conditions from separate subclones of haploid Saccharomyces strain X2180-1A were exposed to standard treatment with nitrous acid (NA). When the duration of NA-treatment was the same:a) cell survival varied markedly and the frequency distribution of its values differed significantly from the normal one; b) the overall frequency of induced ade1- and ade2-mutants (OMF) and the proportion of complete mutants among them (PCM) also displayed significant subclonal variation, apparently co-ordinated with the variation in survival. In the same experiments several different types of dependence of the OMF and PCM on the duration of NA-treatment were found. Thus the characteristics of the action of NA on yeast cells appeared to be unstable. Subclones with pronounced and reproducible differences in sensitivity to the lethal action of NA were isolated from X2180-1A without any induction or enrichment technique. This fact proves the genetic nature of the instability discovered, i.e. this instability appears to reflect the behavior of unstable genetic factors playing, along with the stable ones, a role in the control of NA-sensitivity of X2180-1A cells.", "contents": "The unstable sensitivity of yeast cells to lethal and mutagenic action of nitrous acid. Fifty-two cultures grown under standard conditions from separate subclones of haploid Saccharomyces strain X2180-1A were exposed to standard treatment with nitrous acid (NA). When the duration of NA-treatment was the same:a) cell survival varied markedly and the frequency distribution of its values differed significantly from the normal one; b) the overall frequency of induced ade1- and ade2-mutants (OMF) and the proportion of complete mutants among them (PCM) also displayed significant subclonal variation, apparently co-ordinated with the variation in survival. In the same experiments several different types of dependence of the OMF and PCM on the duration of NA-treatment were found. Thus the characteristics of the action of NA on yeast cells appeared to be unstable. Subclones with pronounced and reproducible differences in sensitivity to the lethal action of NA were isolated from X2180-1A without any induction or enrichment technique. This fact proves the genetic nature of the instability discovered, i.e. this instability appears to reflect the behavior of unstable genetic factors playing, along with the stable ones, a role in the control of NA-sensitivity of X2180-1A cells.", "PMID": 381844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5578", "title": "The peculiar behaviour of coliphage P1vir mutants on restricting hosts.", "content": "The sensitivity of two vir coliphage P1 mutants, to the host-specificity systems A, K, RII, and B of Escherichia coli, and to the newly identified host-specificity systems Mir and 59 of Klebsiella pneumoniae has been studied. Both 1 vir phages were completely resistant to the E. coli K, but were restricted 10(-5) by the B, mir and 59 systems. The P1 parent, on the contrary, was restricted 10(-2) by all of the above mentioned hosts. The possible role of phage coded proteins in the altered sensitivity of the vir strains has been studied by analysing the sensitivity of both P1, and P1vir to the various systems in the presence of chloramphenicol. Protein synthesis inhibition by chloramphenicol did not significantly influence the sensitivity of P1 and P1vir to various restricting hosts. It is concluded that the altered sensitivity of vir mutants depends on the different affinities of the mutated phage DNA sequence for the enzymes of the various restriction and modification systems. The possibility that the phage repressor contributes to the regulation of the restriction and modification enzymes is also discussed.", "contents": "The peculiar behaviour of coliphage P1vir mutants on restricting hosts. The sensitivity of two vir coliphage P1 mutants, to the host-specificity systems A, K, RII, and B of Escherichia coli, and to the newly identified host-specificity systems Mir and 59 of Klebsiella pneumoniae has been studied. Both 1 vir phages were completely resistant to the E. coli K, but were restricted 10(-5) by the B, mir and 59 systems. The P1 parent, on the contrary, was restricted 10(-2) by all of the above mentioned hosts. The possible role of phage coded proteins in the altered sensitivity of the vir strains has been studied by analysing the sensitivity of both P1, and P1vir to the various systems in the presence of chloramphenicol. Protein synthesis inhibition by chloramphenicol did not significantly influence the sensitivity of P1 and P1vir to various restricting hosts. It is concluded that the altered sensitivity of vir mutants depends on the different affinities of the mutated phage DNA sequence for the enzymes of the various restriction and modification systems. The possibility that the phage repressor contributes to the regulation of the restriction and modification enzymes is also discussed.", "PMID": 381845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5579", "title": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. I. Acute myocardial infarction - a potentially reversible event?", "content": "A review of the evidence in acute myocardial infarction indicates that it might well be initiated by coronary artery spasm, and that coronary thrombosis, although important in tipping the balance between severe damage and death of heart muscle, may merely be secondary to the spasm-induced reduction in coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. I. Acute myocardial infarction - a potentially reversible event? A review of the evidence in acute myocardial infarction indicates that it might well be initiated by coronary artery spasm, and that coronary thrombosis, although important in tipping the balance between severe damage and death of heart muscle, may merely be secondary to the spasm-induced reduction in coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 381854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5580", "title": "Comparison of metoprolol and pindolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a double-blind crossover study.", "content": "Matched doses of metoprolol and pindolol were administered to 31 hypertensive outpatients in a double-blind randomized crossover trial, which was designed to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and pattern of side effects of the two drugs. Twenty-nine patients completed the study. A tenfold difference in dose (25 +/- 2 mg/day of pindolol and 234 +/- 22 mg/day of metoprolol) was required to produce a similar antihypertensive effect. There was a significantly greater fall in pulse rate during metoprolol treatment. Complaints of dry mouth, mild Raynaud's phenomenon, and eye discomfort were more frequent during treatment with metoprolol; and sleep disturbances and abnormal dreaming patterns were more frequent during treatment with pindolol.", "contents": "Comparison of metoprolol and pindolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a double-blind crossover study. Matched doses of metoprolol and pindolol were administered to 31 hypertensive outpatients in a double-blind randomized crossover trial, which was designed to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and pattern of side effects of the two drugs. Twenty-nine patients completed the study. A tenfold difference in dose (25 +/- 2 mg/day of pindolol and 234 +/- 22 mg/day of metoprolol) was required to produce a similar antihypertensive effect. There was a significantly greater fall in pulse rate during metoprolol treatment. Complaints of dry mouth, mild Raynaud's phenomenon, and eye discomfort were more frequent during treatment with metoprolol; and sleep disturbances and abnormal dreaming patterns were more frequent during treatment with pindolol.", "PMID": 381860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5581", "title": "[Attachment of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans cells to the surface of sulfide minerals].", "content": "The behaviour of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans cells in cultures growing at 50 degrees C in the autotrophic conditions with intensive stirring of the medium was studied by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The following compounds (at a concentration of 1%) were used as an energy source: pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, antimonite, galenite, sphalerite, and copper-zinc-pyrite ore. A considerable part of cells was found to be attached to the surface of crystals in the course of oxidation of the above sulfide minerals. Adhesion of cells to the surface of minerals was accomplished by means of abundant slime formation. The cell produced slime at the highest rate by those parts of its surface which was adjacent to the mineral. Apparently, the chemoreceptor apparatus of the cell was involved in the process of adhesion. Appendages of an unknown nature were found in cells growing on pyrite. Presumably, cells are anchored to the surface of minerals by these structures.", "contents": "[Attachment of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans cells to the surface of sulfide minerals]. The behaviour of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans cells in cultures growing at 50 degrees C in the autotrophic conditions with intensive stirring of the medium was studied by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The following compounds (at a concentration of 1%) were used as an energy source: pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, antimonite, galenite, sphalerite, and copper-zinc-pyrite ore. A considerable part of cells was found to be attached to the surface of crystals in the course of oxidation of the above sulfide minerals. Adhesion of cells to the surface of minerals was accomplished by means of abundant slime formation. The cell produced slime at the highest rate by those parts of its surface which was adjacent to the mineral. Apparently, the chemoreceptor apparatus of the cell was involved in the process of adhesion. Appendages of an unknown nature were found in cells growing on pyrite. Presumably, cells are anchored to the surface of minerals by these structures.", "PMID": 381851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5582", "title": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. II. The nature of degenerative arterial disease.", "content": "An analysis of the evidence indicates that the initiation and progress of atherosclerosis might well be explained by repeated bouts of arterial constriction in relation to life stresses, through increased blood flow velocity and turbulence at points of constriction, and consequent endothelial damage, plasma insudation into the wall, and intimal smooth muscle cell - connective tissue proliferation.", "contents": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. II. The nature of degenerative arterial disease. An analysis of the evidence indicates that the initiation and progress of atherosclerosis might well be explained by repeated bouts of arterial constriction in relation to life stresses, through increased blood flow velocity and turbulence at points of constriction, and consequent endothelial damage, plasma insudation into the wall, and intimal smooth muscle cell - connective tissue proliferation.", "PMID": 381855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5583", "title": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. III. Stress, vasospasm and general disease.", "content": "The potential importance of vasospasm, with or without consequent thrombosis, as a mechanism in general disease is discussed and the evidence examined in one organ, namely the brain. It is concluded that vasospasm might be important in a number of neurological disorders, including migraine, epilepsy, and even some of the schizophrenia-like illnesses. Repeated ischaemic cell damage from vasospasm is also discussed as a possible factor initiating autoimmune disease and cancer. The similarities between viral transformation and neoplasia have led to the proposition that much cancer might be explained if as a species we have evolved by the gradual build-up of viruses.", "contents": "Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. III. Stress, vasospasm and general disease. The potential importance of vasospasm, with or without consequent thrombosis, as a mechanism in general disease is discussed and the evidence examined in one organ, namely the brain. It is concluded that vasospasm might be important in a number of neurological disorders, including migraine, epilepsy, and even some of the schizophrenia-like illnesses. Repeated ischaemic cell damage from vasospasm is also discussed as a possible factor initiating autoimmune disease and cancer. The similarities between viral transformation and neoplasia have led to the proposition that much cancer might be explained if as a species we have evolved by the gradual build-up of viruses.", "PMID": 381856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5584", "title": "Theorectical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins: III. The tRNA methylases; methylation mechanism and function.", "content": "It is contended that redundant repressed tRed) with carcinogens in adult cells. Supportive evidence, especially from molecular model building, is presented for a mechanism of tRNA methylation. In this mechanism the adenine moiety of S-adenosyl-L-methionine base-pairs with uracil for all tRNA methylations. Furthermore it is proposed that such methylations are required during the transcription of a tRNA molecule in order to limit the number of possible conformers that can occur before further development of the molecule takes place. This theory of the function for methyl groups is discussed in the light of the properties found for hypomethylated tRNAs.", "contents": "Theorectical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins: III. The tRNA methylases; methylation mechanism and function. It is contended that redundant repressed tRed) with carcinogens in adult cells. Supportive evidence, especially from molecular model building, is presented for a mechanism of tRNA methylation. In this mechanism the adenine moiety of S-adenosyl-L-methionine base-pairs with uracil for all tRNA methylations. Furthermore it is proposed that such methylations are required during the transcription of a tRNA molecule in order to limit the number of possible conformers that can occur before further development of the molecule takes place. This theory of the function for methyl groups is discussed in the light of the properties found for hypomethylated tRNAs.", "PMID": 381857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5585", "title": "The role of cardiac valves in artificial heart performance.", "content": "The criteria for the design, selection of materials, and fabrication of a total artificial heart have evolved over several years. As these criteria have become more sophisticated and exact, they have optimized the performance of all components within the system. A pump with sufficient volume and pressure output that fits in the available anatomic space was a primary objective. Concomitantly, a nonthrombogenic, durable material that was nondegradable in body fluids was being developed. The most easily managed energy source selected to date has been pulsed, compressed air programmed for gentle but effective systole and diastole. The evolution of good cardiac valves has been of major importance to the artificial heart effort. The historical development of the artificial heart has often centered around existing prosthetic valves which are currently an integral component of the complete system. A detailed analysis of the performance of the total artificial heart clearly identifies the role of the cardiac valve.", "contents": "The role of cardiac valves in artificial heart performance. The criteria for the design, selection of materials, and fabrication of a total artificial heart have evolved over several years. As these criteria have become more sophisticated and exact, they have optimized the performance of all components within the system. A pump with sufficient volume and pressure output that fits in the available anatomic space was a primary objective. Concomitantly, a nonthrombogenic, durable material that was nondegradable in body fluids was being developed. The most easily managed energy source selected to date has been pulsed, compressed air programmed for gentle but effective systole and diastole. The evolution of good cardiac valves has been of major importance to the artificial heart effort. The historical development of the artificial heart has often centered around existing prosthetic valves which are currently an integral component of the complete system. A detailed analysis of the performance of the total artificial heart clearly identifies the role of the cardiac valve.", "PMID": 381858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5586", "title": "As it was in the beginning . . .the British Medical Association (Victorian Branch).", "content": "Branches of the British Medical Association arose throughout the Commonwealth, one of the later being in Victoria, one of the smaller and thickly populated of the States. There were the usual causes. Dissatisfaction led to cliques, views of ethics varied with age and position and ambitions clashed. But the immediate causa causans was the blackballing of a candidate whose merits were his own, but whose ancestory was condemned. His \"fidus Achates\", with many traits in common who had been 20 years the mainstay, and 18 years the Editor, of the existing and repellant Medical Society of Victoria, promptly resigned, and refused repeated offers to return even at the price of a testimonial. SoDr Neild and Dr Louis Henry came together and between them ran the Branch for years and in process of time took prominent positions medically, musically and many ways.", "contents": "As it was in the beginning . . .the British Medical Association (Victorian Branch). Branches of the British Medical Association arose throughout the Commonwealth, one of the later being in Victoria, one of the smaller and thickly populated of the States. There were the usual causes. Dissatisfaction led to cliques, views of ethics varied with age and position and ambitions clashed. But the immediate causa causans was the blackballing of a candidate whose merits were his own, but whose ancestory was condemned. His \"fidus Achates\", with many traits in common who had been 20 years the mainstay, and 18 years the Editor, of the existing and repellant Medical Society of Victoria, promptly resigned, and refused repeated offers to return even at the price of a testimonial. SoDr Neild and Dr Louis Henry came together and between them ran the Branch for years and in process of time took prominent positions medically, musically and many ways.", "PMID": 381866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5587", "title": "Prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse by cimetidine: a one-year double-blind trial.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with duodenal ulcer which was healed by a six-week course of cimetidine completed a one-year double-blind study to compare the effects of cimetidine and placebo on the prevention of ulcer relapse. Patients were allocated at random to receive either 400 mg of cimetidine twice daily or placebo. Ulcer relapse was assessed by regular clinical follow up and endoscopy. A total of six of the 24 cimetidine-treated patients (25%) suffered a relapse compared to 25 of the 27 of placebo-treated patients (92.6%). Out of this total number of relapses, asymptomatic relapse with ulceration discovered by routine endoscopy at six months or one year, occurred in three patients receiving cimetidine and eight patients receiving placebo. Cimetidine prevents recurrence in patients with duodenal ulcer disease.", "contents": "Prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse by cimetidine: a one-year double-blind trial. Fifty-one patients with duodenal ulcer which was healed by a six-week course of cimetidine completed a one-year double-blind study to compare the effects of cimetidine and placebo on the prevention of ulcer relapse. Patients were allocated at random to receive either 400 mg of cimetidine twice daily or placebo. Ulcer relapse was assessed by regular clinical follow up and endoscopy. A total of six of the 24 cimetidine-treated patients (25%) suffered a relapse compared to 25 of the 27 of placebo-treated patients (92.6%). Out of this total number of relapses, asymptomatic relapse with ulceration discovered by routine endoscopy at six months or one year, occurred in three patients receiving cimetidine and eight patients receiving placebo. Cimetidine prevents recurrence in patients with duodenal ulcer disease.", "PMID": 381873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5588", "title": "Craniofacial surgery.", "content": "The historical development of craniofacial surgery for congenital abnormality is reviewed. The work of a second Australian unit of craniofacial surgery which has been formed in Brisbane is described, current indications for surgery are defined, and the preoperative preparation is outlined. The treatment of six children with hypertelorism, Crouxon's disease, Apert's syndrome, and bicoronal craniostenosis is described and the postoperative results and complications are outlined. There is a case for early surgery.", "contents": "Craniofacial surgery. The historical development of craniofacial surgery for congenital abnormality is reviewed. The work of a second Australian unit of craniofacial surgery which has been formed in Brisbane is described, current indications for surgery are defined, and the preoperative preparation is outlined. The treatment of six children with hypertelorism, Crouxon's disease, Apert's syndrome, and bicoronal craniostenosis is described and the postoperative results and complications are outlined. There is a case for early surgery.", "PMID": 381874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5589", "title": "Evaluation of a new antihelminthic for trichuriasis, hookworm, and stronglyloidiasis.", "content": "Mebendazole was tested in a double-blind trial for its efficacy in the treatment and control of enteric helminths. One hundred and twenty-two children from a community near the Gulf of Carpentaria, and from a community in Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland were divided into two equal groups to receive a course of either mebendazole or placebo after the identification of one or more intestinal helminths in a single pretreatment specimen of faeces. Between the tenth and twentieth days after a four-day course of treatment, three specimens of faeces were collected from each child. Mebendazole cured trichuriasis in 75% of cases, and over-all egg reduction rate was 96%. The drug also cured hookworm in 13 out of 15 cases and Strongyloides sterocoralis infestation in 14 out of 21 cases. Mebendazole was ineffective against Hymenolepis nana. No cases of Ascaris lumbricoides infestation were present. No side effects or adverse reactions to the drug were noted and patient acceptance was excellent. Mebendazole appears to be a safe drug for use in the treatment of human parasitic intestinal nematode infestations, and should be especially useful in the treatment and control of trichuriasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new antihelminthic for trichuriasis, hookworm, and stronglyloidiasis. Mebendazole was tested in a double-blind trial for its efficacy in the treatment and control of enteric helminths. One hundred and twenty-two children from a community near the Gulf of Carpentaria, and from a community in Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland were divided into two equal groups to receive a course of either mebendazole or placebo after the identification of one or more intestinal helminths in a single pretreatment specimen of faeces. Between the tenth and twentieth days after a four-day course of treatment, three specimens of faeces were collected from each child. Mebendazole cured trichuriasis in 75% of cases, and over-all egg reduction rate was 96%. The drug also cured hookworm in 13 out of 15 cases and Strongyloides sterocoralis infestation in 14 out of 21 cases. Mebendazole was ineffective against Hymenolepis nana. No cases of Ascaris lumbricoides infestation were present. No side effects or adverse reactions to the drug were noted and patient acceptance was excellent. Mebendazole appears to be a safe drug for use in the treatment of human parasitic intestinal nematode infestations, and should be especially useful in the treatment and control of trichuriasis.", "PMID": 381876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5590", "title": "[Diagnostic relevance of thermography in renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "During a followup period of 18 months 75 renal transplant recipients were examined by thermography according to Tricoire. Thermography is a not invasive, quickly available and reproduceable method. Because of the high incidence of 85% exact diagnoses this investigation is a helpful additional test in kidney transplantation for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis of pathological intrarenal or perirenal disorders. Thermography is especially recommendable for transplant patients, if postoperative haemodialysis is necessary. In these cases information can easily be obtained whether postoperative olig-anuria is caused by acute tubular necrosis or by primary insufficient vascularisation of the transplant.", "contents": "[Diagnostic relevance of thermography in renal transplantation (author's transl)]. During a followup period of 18 months 75 renal transplant recipients were examined by thermography according to Tricoire. Thermography is a not invasive, quickly available and reproduceable method. Because of the high incidence of 85% exact diagnoses this investigation is a helpful additional test in kidney transplantation for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis of pathological intrarenal or perirenal disorders. Thermography is especially recommendable for transplant patients, if postoperative haemodialysis is necessary. In these cases information can easily be obtained whether postoperative olig-anuria is caused by acute tubular necrosis or by primary insufficient vascularisation of the transplant.", "PMID": 381882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5591", "title": "[Echinococcosis.--Current problems of diagnosis and epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The indirect hemagglutination-test (IHA) and the indirect immunefluorescence-test are two modern methods for the serological diagnosis of an echinococcosis. If both tests are employed, the disease can be diagnosed with great reliability. A titer of 1 : 128 in the IHA makes the diagnosis of an echinococcosis very likely; a titer exceeding 1 : 1000 is significant. Serological tests of 36 patients with E. cysticus and  E. alveolaris are evaluated; the interpretation of the results is discussed. In all patients the diagnosis was established between October 1977 and October 1978. In Germany the complement fixation test is commonly used to diagnose an echinococcosis. This test, however, is unreliable and fails in one third of all cases. It should be--as well as the Casoni skin-test--replaced by more sensitive and specific reactions. If the complement fixation test is positive, it might be used for postoperative controls. Compared to previous years the disease-rate among Germans is rising. The main reason seems to be the increasing tourism to foreign countries. Serological tests in small laboratories are unreliable and make an evaluation difficult. The diagnosis should be established in specialized centres.", "contents": "[Echinococcosis.--Current problems of diagnosis and epidemiology (author's transl)]. The indirect hemagglutination-test (IHA) and the indirect immunefluorescence-test are two modern methods for the serological diagnosis of an echinococcosis. If both tests are employed, the disease can be diagnosed with great reliability. A titer of 1 : 128 in the IHA makes the diagnosis of an echinococcosis very likely; a titer exceeding 1 : 1000 is significant. Serological tests of 36 patients with E. cysticus and  E. alveolaris are evaluated; the interpretation of the results is discussed. In all patients the diagnosis was established between October 1977 and October 1978. In Germany the complement fixation test is commonly used to diagnose an echinococcosis. This test, however, is unreliable and fails in one third of all cases. It should be--as well as the Casoni skin-test--replaced by more sensitive and specific reactions. If the complement fixation test is positive, it might be used for postoperative controls. Compared to previous years the disease-rate among Germans is rising. The main reason seems to be the increasing tourism to foreign countries. Serological tests in small laboratories are unreliable and make an evaluation difficult. The diagnosis should be established in specialized centres.", "PMID": 381883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5592", "title": "A comparative trial of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and thioguanine, and a combination of the three agents for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "In this study 523 previously untreated patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomly allocated to induction therapy with daunorubicin 60 mg/M2 daily X 3, cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine 100 mg/M2 each every 12 hours until marrow hypoplasia was achieved, or a 5-day course of the three drugs with daunorubicin 100 mg/M2 given on dav 1 and cytosine arabinoside plus thioguanine each given at a dose of 100 mg/M2 every 12 hours for five days. All patients received cyclophosphamide 600 mg/M2 followed in 24 hours by hydroxyurea 500 mg/M2 every six hours for four doses monthly for maintenance therapy. Patients were randomized to receive one of three antimetabolite treatments beginning 24 hours after the last dose of hydroxyurea each month for seven days. One such treatment consisted of 6-mercaptopurine 100 mg/M2 daily, another group received 6-thioguanine at the same dose daily, and the third group received 50 mg/M2 of both antimetabolites daily. There were no significant differences in complete response rate, remission duration, or survival among the various treatment groups.", "contents": "A comparative trial of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and thioguanine, and a combination of the three agents for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. In this study 523 previously untreated patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomly allocated to induction therapy with daunorubicin 60 mg/M2 daily X 3, cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine 100 mg/M2 each every 12 hours until marrow hypoplasia was achieved, or a 5-day course of the three drugs with daunorubicin 100 mg/M2 given on dav 1 and cytosine arabinoside plus thioguanine each given at a dose of 100 mg/M2 every 12 hours for five days. All patients received cyclophosphamide 600 mg/M2 followed in 24 hours by hydroxyurea 500 mg/M2 every six hours for four doses monthly for maintenance therapy. Patients were randomized to receive one of three antimetabolite treatments beginning 24 hours after the last dose of hydroxyurea each month for seven days. One such treatment consisted of 6-mercaptopurine 100 mg/M2 daily, another group received 6-thioguanine at the same dose daily, and the third group received 50 mg/M2 of both antimetabolites daily. There were no significant differences in complete response rate, remission duration, or survival among the various treatment groups.", "PMID": 381887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5593", "title": "Recent results on how aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases recognize specific transfer RNAs.", "content": "Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases discriminate between tRNA species by a highly specific mechanism. Physical and chemical studies indicate that the synthetases bind along and around the inside of the three-dimensional L-shaped tRNA structure. Studies of mutant tRNAs that affect synthetase interaction tend to confirm this conclusion. However, in contrast to proteins that recognize a specific block of contiguous nucleotide units (e.g., repressors, restriction enzymes, etc.), synthetases appear to interact with spatially disperse elements of the structure. Available evidence suggests that tRNA binding clefts on various synthetases may be roughly similar, with specificity being achieved by the choice of amino acid residues in a few critical positions in the tRNA binding clefts. With this idea in mind, it should be possible to introduce amino acid substitutions into the binding clefts and thereby change tRNA recognition specificity. This has been attempted (by genetic manipulations) and a mutant alanine tRNA synthetase with altered tRNA recognition has been isolated. This enzyme can attach alanine to isoleucine specific tRNA. When presented with valine specific tRNA, a tRNA similar in some structural features to the isoleucine specific tRNA, or with the structurally quite different tyrosine specific tRNA, no significant aminoacylation occurs. Thus, a precise specificity alteration can occur through mutation; this result supports the idea of similarities in synthetase binding clefts, with specificity being achieved by the positioning of amino acids at critical positions in these clefts. Finally, further data have been obtained on the issue of possible transient covalent bond formation between synthetases and tRNAs, as a critical part of the interaction.", "contents": "Recent results on how aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases recognize specific transfer RNAs. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases discriminate between tRNA species by a highly specific mechanism. Physical and chemical studies indicate that the synthetases bind along and around the inside of the three-dimensional L-shaped tRNA structure. Studies of mutant tRNAs that affect synthetase interaction tend to confirm this conclusion. However, in contrast to proteins that recognize a specific block of contiguous nucleotide units (e.g., repressors, restriction enzymes, etc.), synthetases appear to interact with spatially disperse elements of the structure. Available evidence suggests that tRNA binding clefts on various synthetases may be roughly similar, with specificity being achieved by the choice of amino acid residues in a few critical positions in the tRNA binding clefts. With this idea in mind, it should be possible to introduce amino acid substitutions into the binding clefts and thereby change tRNA recognition specificity. This has been attempted (by genetic manipulations) and a mutant alanine tRNA synthetase with altered tRNA recognition has been isolated. This enzyme can attach alanine to isoleucine specific tRNA. When presented with valine specific tRNA, a tRNA similar in some structural features to the isoleucine specific tRNA, or with the structurally quite different tyrosine specific tRNA, no significant aminoacylation occurs. Thus, a precise specificity alteration can occur through mutation; this result supports the idea of similarities in synthetase binding clefts, with specificity being achieved by the positioning of amino acids at critical positions in these clefts. Finally, further data have been obtained on the issue of possible transient covalent bond formation between synthetases and tRNAs, as a critical part of the interaction.", "PMID": 381892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5594", "title": "Mitochondrial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a small proportion of the glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity is firmly associated with the mitochondrial fraction and is not removed by repeated washing or density-gradient centrifugation. However, the enzyme is released by sonic disruption. Mitochondrial glucose-6-P dehydrogenase that is released by sonication and partially purified has been found to be similar to cytosol glucose-6-P dehydrogenase with respect to electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, pH optimum, molecular size, and apparent KM's for NADP+ and glucose-6-P. These results indicate that a single species of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is synthesized in S. cerevisiae and that the enzyme has more than one intracellular location. Mitochondrial glucose-6-P dehydrogenase may be a source of intramitochondrial NADPH and may function with hexokinase and transhydrogenase to provide a pathway for glucose oxidation that is coupled to the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. A constant proportion of total glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity remains compartmented in the mitochondrial fraction throughout the growth cycle.", "contents": "Mitochondrial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a small proportion of the glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity is firmly associated with the mitochondrial fraction and is not removed by repeated washing or density-gradient centrifugation. However, the enzyme is released by sonic disruption. Mitochondrial glucose-6-P dehydrogenase that is released by sonication and partially purified has been found to be similar to cytosol glucose-6-P dehydrogenase with respect to electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, pH optimum, molecular size, and apparent KM's for NADP+ and glucose-6-P. These results indicate that a single species of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is synthesized in S. cerevisiae and that the enzyme has more than one intracellular location. Mitochondrial glucose-6-P dehydrogenase may be a source of intramitochondrial NADPH and may function with hexokinase and transhydrogenase to provide a pathway for glucose oxidation that is coupled to the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. A constant proportion of total glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity remains compartmented in the mitochondrial fraction throughout the growth cycle.", "PMID": 381893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5595", "title": "[Nature of the heterogeneity of the 30S ribosomal subunits in vitro. II. Two types of inactivation of the 30S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes].", "content": "The influence of concentration of monovalent cations on the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe to 30S.poly(U) complex was studied. Two types of inactivation of the 30S subunits by ammonium ions at the low magnesium concentration (1 mM) were found. The first type of inactivation was observed at high concentrations of NH4+ ions (from 0.5 to 1.5 M) and due to the dissociation of ribosomal proteins from 30S subunits. This inactivation only decreased the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe to 30S.poly(U) complex up to 50 times but all 30S subunits were equally achieved in Phe-tRNAPhe binding. This type of inactivation was reversible, addition of S-proteins restored the association constant to the original value. At low concentration of NH4+ ions (below 100 mM) about half of the 30S subunits is irreversibly inactivated (the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe decreased below detectable level) probably as a result of conformational changes in ribosomal RNA. Both types of inactivation of the 30S subunits can take place during the preparation of isolated subunits of ribosomes.", "contents": "[Nature of the heterogeneity of the 30S ribosomal subunits in vitro. II. Two types of inactivation of the 30S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes]. The influence of concentration of monovalent cations on the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe to 30S.poly(U) complex was studied. Two types of inactivation of the 30S subunits by ammonium ions at the low magnesium concentration (1 mM) were found. The first type of inactivation was observed at high concentrations of NH4+ ions (from 0.5 to 1.5 M) and due to the dissociation of ribosomal proteins from 30S subunits. This inactivation only decreased the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe to 30S.poly(U) complex up to 50 times but all 30S subunits were equally achieved in Phe-tRNAPhe binding. This type of inactivation was reversible, addition of S-proteins restored the association constant to the original value. At low concentration of NH4+ ions (below 100 mM) about half of the 30S subunits is irreversibly inactivated (the binding constant of Phe-tRNAPhe decreased below detectable level) probably as a result of conformational changes in ribosomal RNA. Both types of inactivation of the 30S subunits can take place during the preparation of isolated subunits of ribosomes.", "PMID": 381895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5596", "title": "[Molecular organization of eukaryotic informational RNA].", "content": "The review is devoted to the last achievments in the field of the molecular structure of individual eukaryotic mRNAs. The 3'-terminal poly(A) sequence is described as well as the ways of its posttranscriptional addition and degradation. Various suggestions are made concerning the function of poly(A) in mRNAs. The structure of modified and blocked 5'-terminus of mRNA molecule is described in detail. The chemical reactivity of these modified structures (caps) and their sensitivity to enzymatic degradation are characterized as well as the reaction sequence resulting in cap formation and the possible functions of caps in the control of mRNA translation and life time. The primary structure of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and of translated parts of several individual mRNAs is described.", "contents": "[Molecular organization of eukaryotic informational RNA]. The review is devoted to the last achievments in the field of the molecular structure of individual eukaryotic mRNAs. The 3'-terminal poly(A) sequence is described as well as the ways of its posttranscriptional addition and degradation. Various suggestions are made concerning the function of poly(A) in mRNAs. The structure of modified and blocked 5'-terminus of mRNA molecule is described in detail. The chemical reactivity of these modified structures (caps) and their sensitivity to enzymatic degradation are characterized as well as the reaction sequence resulting in cap formation and the possible functions of caps in the control of mRNA translation and life time. The primary structure of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and of translated parts of several individual mRNAs is described.", "PMID": 381894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5597", "title": "[Influence of the modification of Phe-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli by lysine- and arginine-specific reagent on the ionic interactions of the enzyme with tRNA Phe].", "content": "The influence of modification of Phe-RSase from E. coli MRE-600 by lysine- and arginine-specific reagent 2,4-pentandione on the Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe interactions was investigated. It was shown that modification of Phe-RSase with 2,4-pentandion leads to a decrease of the aminoacylation rate without any influence on the value of Km for tRNAPhe in this reaction and only a slight increase of the value of Kdiss for Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe complex. The log Km (Km-1)--ionic strength dependence for native enzyme and log Kdiss (K-1diss) for native enzyme and two forms modified on arginine and lysine residues were investigated. Results were interpreted quantitatively by Debye--Huckel approximation for two spherical macroions and by Daune approximation assuming that the region of tRNA implicated in ionic interactions is locally a cylindrical polyelectrolyte. It was shown that there are 2-4 electrostatic contacts in Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe interactions in limits of both approximations; modification of arginine residues in Phe-RSase doesn't change the number of electrostatic contacts, modification of lysine residues leads to an increase in the number of contacts. It was assumed that there are lysine residues in Phe-RSase essential for the tRNAPhe recognition. The possibility of participation of negative amino acid residues in electrostatic interactions with tRNAPhe is not excluded.", "contents": "[Influence of the modification of Phe-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli by lysine- and arginine-specific reagent on the ionic interactions of the enzyme with tRNA Phe]. The influence of modification of Phe-RSase from E. coli MRE-600 by lysine- and arginine-specific reagent 2,4-pentandione on the Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe interactions was investigated. It was shown that modification of Phe-RSase with 2,4-pentandion leads to a decrease of the aminoacylation rate without any influence on the value of Km for tRNAPhe in this reaction and only a slight increase of the value of Kdiss for Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe complex. The log Km (Km-1)--ionic strength dependence for native enzyme and log Kdiss (K-1diss) for native enzyme and two forms modified on arginine and lysine residues were investigated. Results were interpreted quantitatively by Debye--Huckel approximation for two spherical macroions and by Daune approximation assuming that the region of tRNA implicated in ionic interactions is locally a cylindrical polyelectrolyte. It was shown that there are 2-4 electrostatic contacts in Phe-RSase.tRNAPhe interactions in limits of both approximations; modification of arginine residues in Phe-RSase doesn't change the number of electrostatic contacts, modification of lysine residues leads to an increase in the number of contacts. It was assumed that there are lysine residues in Phe-RSase essential for the tRNAPhe recognition. The possibility of participation of negative amino acid residues in electrostatic interactions with tRNAPhe is not excluded.", "PMID": 381896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5598", "title": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of ribosomal proteins L10 and L11].", "content": "The procedure of isolation and purification of ribosomal proteins L10 and L11 from the 50S subparticle of E. coli ribosomes is described. Sedimentation data, spectra of circular dichroism and the results of microcalorimetric studies are given for these proteins. It has been shown that in the range of the concentrations studied protein L11 does not associate in solution. Protein L10 has a tendency to self-association at increased concentrations (over 1.5 mg/ml). Protein L10 also forms a complex with the intact ribosomal protein L7. From the data presented it follows that protein L7 binds to protein L10 in a dimer form and the regions of L7 responsible for its dimerization participate in binding. It has been also shown that the proteins in solution have a rather low thermostability. An assumption is made on the stabilization of proteins within the ribosomes or in the complex with other ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of ribosomal proteins L10 and L11]. The procedure of isolation and purification of ribosomal proteins L10 and L11 from the 50S subparticle of E. coli ribosomes is described. Sedimentation data, spectra of circular dichroism and the results of microcalorimetric studies are given for these proteins. It has been shown that in the range of the concentrations studied protein L11 does not associate in solution. Protein L10 has a tendency to self-association at increased concentrations (over 1.5 mg/ml). Protein L10 also forms a complex with the intact ribosomal protein L7. From the data presented it follows that protein L7 binds to protein L10 in a dimer form and the regions of L7 responsible for its dimerization participate in binding. It has been also shown that the proteins in solution have a rather low thermostability. An assumption is made on the stabilization of proteins within the ribosomes or in the complex with other ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 381897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5599", "title": "Aspergillus nidulans as a test organism for assessing radio-induced chromosomal non-disjunction.", "content": "A genetically marked heterozygous diploid of Aspergillus nidulans was synthesized and the feasibility of using this system for the simultaneous estimation of radio-induced mitotic crossing-over and non-disjunction has been investigated. In the case of the latter, serious experimental problems have been encountered. Nevertheless, induction curves for non-disjunction with 15-MeV electrons, 50-kVp X-rays, beta-particles and alpha-particles are presented showing an increase in non-disjunction with increasing LET.", "contents": "Aspergillus nidulans as a test organism for assessing radio-induced chromosomal non-disjunction. A genetically marked heterozygous diploid of Aspergillus nidulans was synthesized and the feasibility of using this system for the simultaneous estimation of radio-induced mitotic crossing-over and non-disjunction has been investigated. In the case of the latter, serious experimental problems have been encountered. Nevertheless, induction curves for non-disjunction with 15-MeV electrons, 50-kVp X-rays, beta-particles and alpha-particles are presented showing an increase in non-disjunction with increasing LET.", "PMID": 381904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5600", "title": "[Interaction of oligophosphates of pyridoxal with certain enzymes of polynucleotide synthesis].", "content": "The interaction of pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5'-mono-, di- and triphosphate with certain enzymes of polynucleotide synthesis (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase from calf thymus) was studied. All compounds tested was found to be reversible and competitive inhibitors of these enzymes. The reduction of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with NaBH4 gives rise to the complete irreversible inhibition of the enzymes under study. The comparison of the inhibition constants for pyridoxal and its phosphorylated derivatives with those for mono-, di- and triphosphates of nucleosides was carried out for the enzymes. The results obtained suggest that the modified epsilon-amino-group of lysine residue should be localized at the catalytic site in the vicinity of the pyrophosphate binding area of an enzyme.", "contents": "[Interaction of oligophosphates of pyridoxal with certain enzymes of polynucleotide synthesis]. The interaction of pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5'-mono-, di- and triphosphate with certain enzymes of polynucleotide synthesis (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase from calf thymus) was studied. All compounds tested was found to be reversible and competitive inhibitors of these enzymes. The reduction of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with NaBH4 gives rise to the complete irreversible inhibition of the enzymes under study. The comparison of the inhibition constants for pyridoxal and its phosphorylated derivatives with those for mono-, di- and triphosphates of nucleosides was carried out for the enzymes. The results obtained suggest that the modified epsilon-amino-group of lysine residue should be localized at the catalytic site in the vicinity of the pyrophosphate binding area of an enzyme.", "PMID": 381898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5601", "title": "[Transcription of synthetic oligonucleotides].", "content": "The decadeoxynucleotides d(pTTC)3 and d(CCATCTTTT) transcription by E. coli RNA-polymerase was studied. The nucleotide composition of d(pTTC)3 transcript was shown to be consistent with that of the template, but RNA-product was several times longer than the template. With nonanucleotide d(CCATCTTTT) the poly(A) synthesis was observed. This fact may be attributed to the reiteration on the TTTT-cluster. When using the oligonucleotide primers d(pGGA) and r(pAAAA) complementary to the templates d(pTTC)3 and d(CCATCTTTT), accordingly, the nucleosidetriphosphates concentration being reduced and the RNA-polymerase \"holo\" being replaced by \"core\", the considerable decrease in the unhomogeneity of the transcript length and in the length itself was found. With d(pTTC)3 as a template the length of RNA-product was found to be of 24-25 nucleotides and with d(CCATCTTTT) it was of 18-19 nucleotides. The sequence of RNA transcribed from both templates in the presence of primers was in accordance with the structure of templates.", "contents": "[Transcription of synthetic oligonucleotides]. The decadeoxynucleotides d(pTTC)3 and d(CCATCTTTT) transcription by E. coli RNA-polymerase was studied. The nucleotide composition of d(pTTC)3 transcript was shown to be consistent with that of the template, but RNA-product was several times longer than the template. With nonanucleotide d(CCATCTTTT) the poly(A) synthesis was observed. This fact may be attributed to the reiteration on the TTTT-cluster. When using the oligonucleotide primers d(pGGA) and r(pAAAA) complementary to the templates d(pTTC)3 and d(CCATCTTTT), accordingly, the nucleosidetriphosphates concentration being reduced and the RNA-polymerase \"holo\" being replaced by \"core\", the considerable decrease in the unhomogeneity of the transcript length and in the length itself was found. With d(pTTC)3 as a template the length of RNA-product was found to be of 24-25 nucleotides and with d(CCATCTTTT) it was of 18-19 nucleotides. The sequence of RNA transcribed from both templates in the presence of primers was in accordance with the structure of templates.", "PMID": 381899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5602", "title": "Radiation-induced mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A number of genetic systems are described which in yeast may be used to monitor the induction of chromosome aneuploidy during both mitotic and meiotic cell division. Using these systems we have been able to demonstrate the induction of both monosomic and trisomic cells in mitotically dividing cells and disomic spores in meiotically dividing cells after both UV light and X-ray exposure. The frequency of UV-light-induced monosomic colonies were reduced by post-treatment with photoreactivity light and both UV-light- and X-ray-induced monosomic colonies were reduced by liquid holding post-treatment under non-nutrient conditions. Both responses indicate an involvement of DNA-repair mechanisms in the removal of lesions which may lead to monosomy in yeast. This was further confirmed by the response of an excision-defective yeast strain which showed considerably increased sensitivity to the induction of monosomic colonies by UV-light treatment at low doses. Yeast cultures irradiated at different stages of growth showed variation in their responses to both UV-light and X-rays, cells at the exponential phase of growth show maximum sensitivity to the induction of monosomic colonies at low doses whereas stationary phase cultures showed maximum induction of monosomic colonies at high does. The frequencies of X-ray-induced chromosome aneuploidy during meiosis leading to the production of disomic spores was shown to be dependent upon the stage of meiosis at which the yeast cells were exposed to radiation. Cells which had proceeded beyond the DNA synthetic stage of meiosis were shown to produce disomic spores at considerably lower radiation doses than those cells which had only recently been inoculated into sporulation medium. The results obtained suggest that the yeast sustem may be suitable for the study of sensitivities of the various stages of meiotic cell division to the induction of chromosome aneuploidy after radiation exposure.", "contents": "Radiation-induced mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A number of genetic systems are described which in yeast may be used to monitor the induction of chromosome aneuploidy during both mitotic and meiotic cell division. Using these systems we have been able to demonstrate the induction of both monosomic and trisomic cells in mitotically dividing cells and disomic spores in meiotically dividing cells after both UV light and X-ray exposure. The frequency of UV-light-induced monosomic colonies were reduced by post-treatment with photoreactivity light and both UV-light- and X-ray-induced monosomic colonies were reduced by liquid holding post-treatment under non-nutrient conditions. Both responses indicate an involvement of DNA-repair mechanisms in the removal of lesions which may lead to monosomy in yeast. This was further confirmed by the response of an excision-defective yeast strain which showed considerably increased sensitivity to the induction of monosomic colonies by UV-light treatment at low doses. Yeast cultures irradiated at different stages of growth showed variation in their responses to both UV-light and X-rays, cells at the exponential phase of growth show maximum sensitivity to the induction of monosomic colonies at low doses whereas stationary phase cultures showed maximum induction of monosomic colonies at high does. The frequencies of X-ray-induced chromosome aneuploidy during meiosis leading to the production of disomic spores was shown to be dependent upon the stage of meiosis at which the yeast cells were exposed to radiation. Cells which had proceeded beyond the DNA synthetic stage of meiosis were shown to produce disomic spores at considerably lower radiation doses than those cells which had only recently been inoculated into sporulation medium. The results obtained suggest that the yeast sustem may be suitable for the study of sensitivities of the various stages of meiotic cell division to the induction of chromosome aneuploidy after radiation exposure.", "PMID": 381905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5603", "title": "[Construction of optimal alignment of two amino acid sequences: a solution of the problem of unnecessary gaps].", "content": "A computing method for calculation of total similarity of two amino acid sequences depending on the number of gaps introduced into these sequences has been developed. It was based on Needleman--Wunsch--Sankoff's principles. The application of the method to randomized sequences enables us to select the optimal alignment of real sequences, in which the number of gaps is statistically justified. In this paper an example of the application of this approach is described and the statistically optimal alignment of somatotropin and prolactin amino acid sequences with two gaps is suggested.", "contents": "[Construction of optimal alignment of two amino acid sequences: a solution of the problem of unnecessary gaps]. A computing method for calculation of total similarity of two amino acid sequences depending on the number of gaps introduced into these sequences has been developed. It was based on Needleman--Wunsch--Sankoff's principles. The application of the method to randomized sequences enables us to select the optimal alignment of real sequences, in which the number of gaps is statistically justified. In this paper an example of the application of this approach is described and the statistically optimal alignment of somatotropin and prolactin amino acid sequences with two gaps is suggested.", "PMID": 381900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5604", "title": "The induction of sex-chromosomal nondisjunction and diploid spermatids following x-irradiation of pre-spermatid stages in the northern vole Microtus oeconomus.", "content": "Chromosome nondisjunction seems to be one of the most important mutagenic effects occurring in man and makes an enormous contribution to human foetal wastage. As yet, little or no information is available on which environmental factors are important in inducing nondisjunction and accordingly we have investigated the effect of X-irradiation on inducing nondisjunction in male germ cells of an experimental mammal, the Northern vole-Microtus oeconomus. Using a staining technique based upon the presence of heterochromatin we have scored the number of sex chromosomes in early spermatids in both irradiated and unirradiated animals. A significant increase in nondisjunction, following treatment, was found with all doses between 25 and 200 R. However, variations in nondisjunction induction at various time intervals following irradiation suggest variations in cell stage sensitivity. More surprising was the large induction of diploid gametes which also demonstrated a significant induction with all irradiation doses. From the distribution of sex chromosomes we conclude that both nondisjunction and diploid gamete induction occur at both meiotic divisions. At present it is not possible to conclude whether the radiation response is linear and to define the cell-stage sensitivity with precision. The reasons for this appear to be variations in sensitivity between animals and also that there is a clear overlap between the duration of the early spermatid stage analyzed (4 days) and the interval between sampling times.", "contents": "The induction of sex-chromosomal nondisjunction and diploid spermatids following x-irradiation of pre-spermatid stages in the northern vole Microtus oeconomus. Chromosome nondisjunction seems to be one of the most important mutagenic effects occurring in man and makes an enormous contribution to human foetal wastage. As yet, little or no information is available on which environmental factors are important in inducing nondisjunction and accordingly we have investigated the effect of X-irradiation on inducing nondisjunction in male germ cells of an experimental mammal, the Northern vole-Microtus oeconomus. Using a staining technique based upon the presence of heterochromatin we have scored the number of sex chromosomes in early spermatids in both irradiated and unirradiated animals. A significant increase in nondisjunction, following treatment, was found with all doses between 25 and 200 R. However, variations in nondisjunction induction at various time intervals following irradiation suggest variations in cell stage sensitivity. More surprising was the large induction of diploid gametes which also demonstrated a significant induction with all irradiation doses. From the distribution of sex chromosomes we conclude that both nondisjunction and diploid gamete induction occur at both meiotic divisions. At present it is not possible to conclude whether the radiation response is linear and to define the cell-stage sensitivity with precision. The reasons for this appear to be variations in sensitivity between animals and also that there is a clear overlap between the duration of the early spermatid stage analyzed (4 days) and the interval between sampling times.", "PMID": 381906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5605", "title": "Evaluation of three metabolic activation systems by a forward mutation assay in Salmonella.", "content": "The strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium was used as the indicator bacterium in the intrasanguineous host-mediated mutagenicity assay. Bacterial distribution and spontaneous mutation frequency were determined after intravenous injection of SV3 into CD1 male mice. Bacteria were cleared at an exponential rate from the blood stream and recovered mainly from the liver and in smaller quantities from the lungs and kidneys. No bactericidal effect was observed during incubation within the animal, and bacterial division occurred in the liver and probably in the kidneys. The significance of an increased mutation frequency of bacteria recovered from untreated animals is discussed. Mutation induction was measured in bacteria recovered from liver, lungs and kidneys of CD1 mice and CD rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The sensitivity of the intrasanguineous host-mediated technique was compared with the sensitivity of the assay in vitro with microsomal preparations from each tissue and host. Activation by isolated perfused liver and lungs from CD rats was included for comparison with the results from experiments in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Evaluation of three metabolic activation systems by a forward mutation assay in Salmonella. The strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium was used as the indicator bacterium in the intrasanguineous host-mediated mutagenicity assay. Bacterial distribution and spontaneous mutation frequency were determined after intravenous injection of SV3 into CD1 male mice. Bacteria were cleared at an exponential rate from the blood stream and recovered mainly from the liver and in smaller quantities from the lungs and kidneys. No bactericidal effect was observed during incubation within the animal, and bacterial division occurred in the liver and probably in the kidneys. The significance of an increased mutation frequency of bacteria recovered from untreated animals is discussed. Mutation induction was measured in bacteria recovered from liver, lungs and kidneys of CD1 mice and CD rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The sensitivity of the intrasanguineous host-mediated technique was compared with the sensitivity of the assay in vitro with microsomal preparations from each tissue and host. Activation by isolated perfused liver and lungs from CD rats was included for comparison with the results from experiments in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 381907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5606", "title": "[Oligoadenylate 4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino) benzylidene 5'-phosphamides complex formation with DNA by equilibrium dialysis].", "content": "Alkylating derivatives of oligoadenylate 5'-phosphamides CIRCH2NH(pA)n n=4-7 attach to complementary regions of denatured E. coli DNA. Apparent binding constants Kapp are evaluated from plots of binding at 0 degrees obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Kapp of CIRCH2NH(pA)7 is shown to be similar to that of (Ap)5ARCl-benzylidene derivatives of hexaadenylate; Kapp both of them differ from Kapp of hexaadenylate only slightly. Under saturation conditions CIRCH2(Ap)7 binds to 24 sites per 10 kilobases of E. coli DNA. Macrostructure of denatured DNA is changed in the course of binding and number of burned complementary sites becomes exposed to following binding with the oligomer.", "contents": "[Oligoadenylate 4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino) benzylidene 5'-phosphamides complex formation with DNA by equilibrium dialysis]. Alkylating derivatives of oligoadenylate 5'-phosphamides CIRCH2NH(pA)n n=4-7 attach to complementary regions of denatured E. coli DNA. Apparent binding constants Kapp are evaluated from plots of binding at 0 degrees obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Kapp of CIRCH2NH(pA)7 is shown to be similar to that of (Ap)5ARCl-benzylidene derivatives of hexaadenylate; Kapp both of them differ from Kapp of hexaadenylate only slightly. Under saturation conditions CIRCH2(Ap)7 binds to 24 sites per 10 kilobases of E. coli DNA. Macrostructure of denatured DNA is changed in the course of binding and number of burned complementary sites becomes exposed to following binding with the oligomer.", "PMID": 381901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5607", "title": "The micronucleus test: statistical design and analysis.", "content": "Alternative statistical procedures are discussed which may be employed to compare the incidences among treatment groups of micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes and their ratios. Comparison of incidences of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes using a sequential sampling strategy based on the negative binomial distribution is shown to require fewer animals for the same sensitivity of test than a similar procedure based on the binomial distribution. The sequential test is superior, both in power and number of animals required, to an alternative 1-stage test based on the same distribution. The procedure described permits the investigator to optimize the number of animals in each test group and the number of cells counted per animal to detect a predetermined increase in the incidence of micronucleated cells over that observed in the control population within chosen limits of type I and type II error. An alternative sequential approach based on the binomial distribution is presented, which is applicable when the number of cells analyzed per animal is variable.", "contents": "The micronucleus test: statistical design and analysis. Alternative statistical procedures are discussed which may be employed to compare the incidences among treatment groups of micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes and their ratios. Comparison of incidences of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes using a sequential sampling strategy based on the negative binomial distribution is shown to require fewer animals for the same sensitivity of test than a similar procedure based on the binomial distribution. The sequential test is superior, both in power and number of animals required, to an alternative 1-stage test based on the same distribution. The procedure described permits the investigator to optimize the number of animals in each test group and the number of cells counted per animal to detect a predetermined increase in the incidence of micronucleated cells over that observed in the control population within chosen limits of type I and type II error. An alternative sequential approach based on the binomial distribution is presented, which is applicable when the number of cells analyzed per animal is variable.", "PMID": 381908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5608", "title": "Mutagenic activity of propylene oxide in bacterial and mammalian systems.", "content": "Propylene oxide is used extensively in the chemical and food manufacturing industries, but relatively little is known of its ability to interact with genetic material. Studies were undertaken to investigate its ability to induce gene mutations and primary DNA damage in bacteria and chromosomal damage in mammalian cells. The induction of base-substitution mutations was demonstrated in spot tests with strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli at 700 micrograms/plate of propylene oxide; inclusion of a preparation of rat-liver microsomes and cofactors (S9 mix) was without significant effect on this response. A linear dose--response relationship was recorded in plate tests with S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 over the range 100--750 micrograms/plate. After addition to dividing lymphocytes in cultures established from human peripheral blood, propylene oxide caused dose-related chromosomal damage, detected at 1.85 and 9.25 micrograms/ml. Oral administration of propylene oxide at 2 x 100, 2 x 250 or 2 x 500 mg/kg to male mice produced no detectable increases in the incidence of micronucleated, polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow. A male mouse dominant lethal test employing oral doses of 50 or 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days gave no evidence of mutagenic action on sperm. Intraperitoneal injections of propylene oxide at 2 x 300 mg/kg induced increased numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice, but lower doses given by this route had no such effect. Possible reasons for the contrasting findings in vitro and in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of propylene oxide in bacterial and mammalian systems. Propylene oxide is used extensively in the chemical and food manufacturing industries, but relatively little is known of its ability to interact with genetic material. Studies were undertaken to investigate its ability to induce gene mutations and primary DNA damage in bacteria and chromosomal damage in mammalian cells. The induction of base-substitution mutations was demonstrated in spot tests with strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli at 700 micrograms/plate of propylene oxide; inclusion of a preparation of rat-liver microsomes and cofactors (S9 mix) was without significant effect on this response. A linear dose--response relationship was recorded in plate tests with S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 over the range 100--750 micrograms/plate. After addition to dividing lymphocytes in cultures established from human peripheral blood, propylene oxide caused dose-related chromosomal damage, detected at 1.85 and 9.25 micrograms/ml. Oral administration of propylene oxide at 2 x 100, 2 x 250 or 2 x 500 mg/kg to male mice produced no detectable increases in the incidence of micronucleated, polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow. A male mouse dominant lethal test employing oral doses of 50 or 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days gave no evidence of mutagenic action on sperm. Intraperitoneal injections of propylene oxide at 2 x 300 mg/kg induced increased numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice, but lower doses given by this route had no such effect. Possible reasons for the contrasting findings in vitro and in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 381910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5609", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol and 11 derivatives: a mutagenicity study with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol was tested for mutagenicity with his- S. typhimurium strains under 10 different matabolic situations (no exogenous metabolizing system; S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats induced with Aroclor 1254, with or without inhibition of epoxide hydratase; liver and/or kidney S9 mix from control or hamsters treated with Aroclor 1254; horse-radish peroxidase + H2O2). Under none of these conditions did diethylstilbestrol give any indication of a mutagenic effect. Furthermore, 11 metabolites and other derivatives of diethylstilbestrol, 2 of them potent inducers of sister-chromatid exchange in cultured fibroblasts, were not mutagenic with any of the 4 tester strains (S. typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA1537, TA1535) in the presence or absence of S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Thus, one of the few known human carcinogens is very resistant to detection by the mammalian enzyme-mediated Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test (Ames test). This is especially remarkable since the metabolizing systems used included: (1) some of very high metabolic activity (S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats and hamsters induced with Aroclor 1254); (2) metabolizing systems from organs susceptible to the carcinogenic activity of diethylstilbestrol (hamster kidney); as well as (3) a mixture of (1) and (2) in case both activities are required for the carcinogenic effect in the whole animal.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol and 11 derivatives: a mutagenicity study with Salmonella typhimurium. Diethylstilbestrol was tested for mutagenicity with his- S. typhimurium strains under 10 different matabolic situations (no exogenous metabolizing system; S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats induced with Aroclor 1254, with or without inhibition of epoxide hydratase; liver and/or kidney S9 mix from control or hamsters treated with Aroclor 1254; horse-radish peroxidase + H2O2). Under none of these conditions did diethylstilbestrol give any indication of a mutagenic effect. Furthermore, 11 metabolites and other derivatives of diethylstilbestrol, 2 of them potent inducers of sister-chromatid exchange in cultured fibroblasts, were not mutagenic with any of the 4 tester strains (S. typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA1537, TA1535) in the presence or absence of S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Thus, one of the few known human carcinogens is very resistant to detection by the mammalian enzyme-mediated Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test (Ames test). This is especially remarkable since the metabolizing systems used included: (1) some of very high metabolic activity (S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats and hamsters induced with Aroclor 1254); (2) metabolizing systems from organs susceptible to the carcinogenic activity of diethylstilbestrol (hamster kidney); as well as (3) a mixture of (1) and (2) in case both activities are required for the carcinogenic effect in the whole animal.", "PMID": 381911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5610", "title": "Mutagenicity of aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides, and disulfides.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of several aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds related to 4,4'-methylenedianiline towards Salmonella typhymurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 was evaluated. The heteroatomic analogs of 4,4'-methylenedianiline which include aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were assayed in the presence of rat-liver homogenate. The relative mutagenic response of these analogs indicated the following order of activity, --S-- greater than --O-- greater than --CH2--CH2-- greater than or equal to --S--S--. In both tester strains 4-aminophenylsulfone was inactive with and without microsomal activation. The p-nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were relatively strong mutagens without microsomal activation towards TA100. While 4-nitrophenyldisulfide was found to possess significantly different mutagenic activity than 4-nitrothiophenol in TA98, 4-AMINOPHENYl disulfide has similar mutagenic properties to 4-aminothiophenol in both tester straains TA100 and TA98.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides, and disulfides. The mutagenic activity of several aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds related to 4,4'-methylenedianiline towards Salmonella typhymurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 was evaluated. The heteroatomic analogs of 4,4'-methylenedianiline which include aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were assayed in the presence of rat-liver homogenate. The relative mutagenic response of these analogs indicated the following order of activity, --S-- greater than --O-- greater than --CH2--CH2-- greater than or equal to --S--S--. In both tester strains 4-aminophenylsulfone was inactive with and without microsomal activation. The p-nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were relatively strong mutagens without microsomal activation towards TA100. While 4-nitrophenyldisulfide was found to possess significantly different mutagenic activity than 4-nitrothiophenol in TA98, 4-AMINOPHENYl disulfide has similar mutagenic properties to 4-aminothiophenol in both tester straains TA100 and TA98.", "PMID": 381912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5611", "title": "Action of nitrofurans on E. coli: mutation and induction and repair of daughter-strand gaps in DNA.", "content": "The antibacterial and mutagenic potency of 9 nitrofurans in \"treat and plate\" experiments varied over almost 5 orders of magnitude. The relative toxicities were as follows: FANFT greater than AF2 greater than ANFT greather than furazolidone greater than furagin greater than nitrofurantoin greater than nitrofurazone greater than methylnitrofuroate greater than nitrofuroic acid. In general, mutagenic activity paralleled toxicity. The compounds at concentrations corresponding to their LD50's, induced mutations at frequencies which ranged from 2.5/10(6) survivors for FANFT to 130/10(6) survivors for furagin (NF416). The observed differences in antibacterial and mutagenic activity are unlikely to be due to lack of activation of the weaker agents since the two most potent agents were reduced somewhat more slowly than many of the less active agents. The relative sensitivities to the antibacterial effects of AF2 of strains WP2, WP2 uvrA, CM561 (lexA) and CM571 (recA) were 1 : 1.6 : 3 : 7 and to nitrofurazone 1 : 1 : 25 : 50. The wvrA strain was 6--7-fold more mutable with both these agents than was WP2. No increase over the spontaneous mutation frequency was observed when recA or lexA strains were exposed to either AF2 or nitrofurazone in these experiments. When wild-type of wvrA bacteria containing nitrofuran-induced lesions replicated their DNA in drug-free medium in the presence of [3H]thymidine for 5 min, the label was found in low molecular weight DNA indicating that daughter-strand gaps were formed. During subsequent incubation in nonradioactive medium the molecular weight of the DNA increased to the control value. A recA strain (which was very sensitive to the lethal effects of AF2 and nitrofurazone) lacked the ability to repair daughter-strand gaps caused by nitrofuran-induced lesions.", "contents": "Action of nitrofurans on E. coli: mutation and induction and repair of daughter-strand gaps in DNA. The antibacterial and mutagenic potency of 9 nitrofurans in \"treat and plate\" experiments varied over almost 5 orders of magnitude. The relative toxicities were as follows: FANFT greater than AF2 greater than ANFT greather than furazolidone greater than furagin greater than nitrofurantoin greater than nitrofurazone greater than methylnitrofuroate greater than nitrofuroic acid. In general, mutagenic activity paralleled toxicity. The compounds at concentrations corresponding to their LD50's, induced mutations at frequencies which ranged from 2.5/10(6) survivors for FANFT to 130/10(6) survivors for furagin (NF416). The observed differences in antibacterial and mutagenic activity are unlikely to be due to lack of activation of the weaker agents since the two most potent agents were reduced somewhat more slowly than many of the less active agents. The relative sensitivities to the antibacterial effects of AF2 of strains WP2, WP2 uvrA, CM561 (lexA) and CM571 (recA) were 1 : 1.6 : 3 : 7 and to nitrofurazone 1 : 1 : 25 : 50. The wvrA strain was 6--7-fold more mutable with both these agents than was WP2. No increase over the spontaneous mutation frequency was observed when recA or lexA strains were exposed to either AF2 or nitrofurazone in these experiments. When wild-type of wvrA bacteria containing nitrofuran-induced lesions replicated their DNA in drug-free medium in the presence of [3H]thymidine for 5 min, the label was found in low molecular weight DNA indicating that daughter-strand gaps were formed. During subsequent incubation in nonradioactive medium the molecular weight of the DNA increased to the control value. A recA strain (which was very sensitive to the lethal effects of AF2 and nitrofurazone) lacked the ability to repair daughter-strand gaps caused by nitrofuran-induced lesions.", "PMID": 381913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5612", "title": "The application of mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a pattern of four assays, in vitro and in vivo, for mutagenicity testing.", "content": "The induction of mitotic gene conversion of the nitrofuran derivatives nitrofurantoin (N-(5-nitro-2-furfuryliden)-1-aminohydantoin), nifurprazinum (1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(6-amino-3-pyridazyl)-ethylenehydrochloride) and FANFT (2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole) was investigated in the D4-RDII strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (heteroallelic at the gene loci ade2 and trp5, respiration-deficient). A battery of tests was applied: direct action of the substance to yeasts, the liver microsome test in vitro, the host-mediated assay and the urinary assay. From the various combinations of positive and negative results, additional pharmacokinetic conclusions were drawn. The three nitrofuran derivatives gave positive results by direct action and in the urine of rats. The additon of liver microsomes of mice in the test in vitro reduced the number of induced convertants. In the first hours, a great deal of nitrofurantoin given orally to rats was excreted in the urine, as shown by a high genetic activity. Nifurprazinum and FANFT were excreted to a lesser extent or more slowly. Addition of glucuronidase/arylsulfatase reduced the genetic activity in the urine in the case of nitrofurantoin, had an increasing effect with nifurprazinum and was without any effect in the case of FANFT. In the host-mediated assay, only nitrofurantoin gave positive results. These results seem to be a consequence of the quick but different excretion of the nitrofuran derivatives.", "contents": "The application of mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a pattern of four assays, in vitro and in vivo, for mutagenicity testing. The induction of mitotic gene conversion of the nitrofuran derivatives nitrofurantoin (N-(5-nitro-2-furfuryliden)-1-aminohydantoin), nifurprazinum (1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(6-amino-3-pyridazyl)-ethylenehydrochloride) and FANFT (2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole) was investigated in the D4-RDII strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (heteroallelic at the gene loci ade2 and trp5, respiration-deficient). A battery of tests was applied: direct action of the substance to yeasts, the liver microsome test in vitro, the host-mediated assay and the urinary assay. From the various combinations of positive and negative results, additional pharmacokinetic conclusions were drawn. The three nitrofuran derivatives gave positive results by direct action and in the urine of rats. The additon of liver microsomes of mice in the test in vitro reduced the number of induced convertants. In the first hours, a great deal of nitrofurantoin given orally to rats was excreted in the urine, as shown by a high genetic activity. Nifurprazinum and FANFT were excreted to a lesser extent or more slowly. Addition of glucuronidase/arylsulfatase reduced the genetic activity in the urine in the case of nitrofurantoin, had an increasing effect with nifurprazinum and was without any effect in the case of FANFT. In the host-mediated assay, only nitrofurantoin gave positive results. These results seem to be a consequence of the quick but different excretion of the nitrofuran derivatives.", "PMID": 381914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5613", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp) on mouse bone marrow monitored by the micronucleus test.", "content": "6 dosages of diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp), ranging from 0.01 to 500 mg per kg of body weight were compared to saline and phosphate buffered saline (negative controls) and two dosages of cyclophosphamide (positive control) in the micronucleus test with 115 ICR mice. DES-dp failed to generate a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes over negative controls. Cyclophosphamide produced a dose-related increase in micronuclei similar to previously published reports. Iit was therefore determined that the micronucleus test did not detect the types of chromosomal changes known to be generated by DES-dp and DES.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp) on mouse bone marrow monitored by the micronucleus test. 6 dosages of diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp), ranging from 0.01 to 500 mg per kg of body weight were compared to saline and phosphate buffered saline (negative controls) and two dosages of cyclophosphamide (positive control) in the micronucleus test with 115 ICR mice. DES-dp failed to generate a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes over negative controls. Cyclophosphamide produced a dose-related increase in micronuclei similar to previously published reports. Iit was therefore determined that the micronucleus test did not detect the types of chromosomal changes known to be generated by DES-dp and DES.", "PMID": 381915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5614", "title": "Radionuclide-determined change in pulmonary blood volume with exercise. Improved sensitivity of multigated blood-pool scanning in detecting coronary-artery disease.", "content": "To assess the clinical usefulness of radionuclide-determined changes in pulmonary blood volume in patients with or without substantial coronary-artery disease, we determined the ratio of pulmonary blood volume at rest as compared with that during exercise. We used multigated blood-pool images obtained at rest and during supine exercise to determine the blood-volume ratio in patients subsequently undergoing coronary arteriography for evaluation of chest pain. Exercise tests were performed by use of a submaximal-workload protocol, although all tests were limited according to each patient's symptoms. The mean exercise/rest pulmonary-blood-volume ratios were lower for persons without coronary-artery disease (0.94 +/- 0.06 [S.D.], 10 patients) and for those with disease confined to the right coronary artery (0.99 +/- 0.12, five patients), as compared with all others with coronary-artery disease (1.14 +/- 0.15, 37 patients) (P less than 0.01). A pulmonary-blood-volume ratio equal to or greater than 1.06 had a sensitivity of 79 per cent. Patients with coronary-artery disease not confined to the right coronary artery usually show an increase in pulmonary blood volume during supine exercise. No such change occurs in persons without coronary-artery disease.", "contents": "Radionuclide-determined change in pulmonary blood volume with exercise. Improved sensitivity of multigated blood-pool scanning in detecting coronary-artery disease. To assess the clinical usefulness of radionuclide-determined changes in pulmonary blood volume in patients with or without substantial coronary-artery disease, we determined the ratio of pulmonary blood volume at rest as compared with that during exercise. We used multigated blood-pool images obtained at rest and during supine exercise to determine the blood-volume ratio in patients subsequently undergoing coronary arteriography for evaluation of chest pain. Exercise tests were performed by use of a submaximal-workload protocol, although all tests were limited according to each patient's symptoms. The mean exercise/rest pulmonary-blood-volume ratios were lower for persons without coronary-artery disease (0.94 +/- 0.06 [S.D.], 10 patients) and for those with disease confined to the right coronary artery (0.99 +/- 0.12, five patients), as compared with all others with coronary-artery disease (1.14 +/- 0.15, 37 patients) (P less than 0.01). A pulmonary-blood-volume ratio equal to or greater than 1.06 had a sensitivity of 79 per cent. Patients with coronary-artery disease not confined to the right coronary artery usually show an increase in pulmonary blood volume during supine exercise. No such change occurs in persons without coronary-artery disease.", "PMID": 381922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5615", "title": "The action of pepsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds.", "content": "The action of pepsin on the 11-S and 7-S proteins of vetch, 11-S protein of soybean and 7-S protein of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated. The first three proteins are hydrolyzed almost completely, the rate of hydrolysis being close to that of hemoglobin, while the hydrolysis of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein stops after the cleavage of only 2,4% of peptide bonds. The nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core makes up to 87% of the initial protein and differs from the latter in its electrophoretic mobility and sedimentation coefficient. The action of pepsin does not increase the digestibility of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein by trypsin. After the consecutive action of these enzymes about two thirds of the protein remain unhydrolyzed. The digestion of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein by pepsin is completed only after its denaturation by heat treatment or by the action of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "contents": "The action of pepsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds. The action of pepsin on the 11-S and 7-S proteins of vetch, 11-S protein of soybean and 7-S protein of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated. The first three proteins are hydrolyzed almost completely, the rate of hydrolysis being close to that of hemoglobin, while the hydrolysis of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein stops after the cleavage of only 2,4% of peptide bonds. The nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core makes up to 87% of the initial protein and differs from the latter in its electrophoretic mobility and sedimentation coefficient. The action of pepsin does not increase the digestibility of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein by trypsin. After the consecutive action of these enzymes about two thirds of the protein remain unhydrolyzed. The digestion of Ph. vulgaris 7-S protein by pepsin is completed only after its denaturation by heat treatment or by the action of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 381930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5616", "title": "Multiple pathways of DNA repair and their possible roles in mutagenesis.", "content": "In studies on bacteria, the excision repair of UVR-induced DNA base damage has been divided into two major pathways on the basis of physiologic requirements and genetic control. The major pathway requires a functional polA+ gene, does not need complete growth medium, is largely error free, and produces short patches during repair. The second pathway requires complete growth medium and functional recA+, recB+, recC+, lexA+, uvrD+, and polC+ genes, is mutagenic, and produces long patches during repair. A second type of ecision repair exists, in which the modified base is removed by a DNA glycosylase, and the chain is nicked by an apurinic (apyrimidinic) acid endonuclease. Subsequent events are presumed similar to the above excision repair process. The postreplication repair system has been divided into at least four distinct pathways, three of which depend on functional recB+, lexA+, and uvrD+ genes, and are error free. A fourth pathway depends on the above gene products but is blocked by postirradiation treatment with chloramphenicol, and may be the UV-inducible, error-prone, mutagenic pathway of repair (\"SOS repair\"). A possible fifth pathway is dependent on a functional recF+ gene and is independent of the recB+-dependent pathway. Mutagenesis is the result of error-prone DNA repair, and evidence is growing that carcinogenesis is also the result of error-prone repair. Therefore, a complete understanding of DNA repair is crucial to a complete understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Multiple pathways of DNA repair and their possible roles in mutagenesis. In studies on bacteria, the excision repair of UVR-induced DNA base damage has been divided into two major pathways on the basis of physiologic requirements and genetic control. The major pathway requires a functional polA+ gene, does not need complete growth medium, is largely error free, and produces short patches during repair. The second pathway requires complete growth medium and functional recA+, recB+, recC+, lexA+, uvrD+, and polC+ genes, is mutagenic, and produces long patches during repair. A second type of ecision repair exists, in which the modified base is removed by a DNA glycosylase, and the chain is nicked by an apurinic (apyrimidinic) acid endonuclease. Subsequent events are presumed similar to the above excision repair process. The postreplication repair system has been divided into at least four distinct pathways, three of which depend on functional recB+, lexA+, and uvrD+ genes, and are error free. A fourth pathway depends on the above gene products but is blocked by postirradiation treatment with chloramphenicol, and may be the UV-inducible, error-prone, mutagenic pathway of repair (\"SOS repair\"). A possible fifth pathway is dependent on a functional recF+ gene and is independent of the recB+-dependent pathway. Mutagenesis is the result of error-prone DNA repair, and evidence is growing that carcinogenesis is also the result of error-prone repair. Therefore, a complete understanding of DNA repair is crucial to a complete understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 381933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5617", "title": "Analysis of base substitutions induced by ultraviolet radiation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A system for determining the precise specificity of mutagens operating on Escherichia coli has been described, and the results for UV irradiation have been presented. Attempts to correlate the base pairs preferentially mutated by UV light with pyrimidine-pyrimidine sequences are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of base substitutions induced by ultraviolet radiation in Escherichia coli. A system for determining the precise specificity of mutagens operating on Escherichia coli has been described, and the results for UV irradiation have been presented. Attempts to correlate the base pairs preferentially mutated by UV light with pyrimidine-pyrimidine sequences are discussed.", "PMID": 381934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5618", "title": "Mutagenesis and cell transformation by ultraviolet irradiation: many hypotheses for few results.", "content": "UV light-induced mutagenesis in bacteria is a genetically controlled process dependent on induction of some cellular functions, provoked initially by unrepaired photolesions in the DNA. Experiments on the extent and fidelity of in vitro DNA systhesis on UV-irradiated templates by bacterial mammalian DNA polymerases suggest a crucial role for 3' to 5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity in UV light-induced mutagenesis. Two-stage carcinogenesis (initiation and promotion) is discussed in terms of two-stage mutagenesis (mutation fixation in the DNA and mutation expression). A unifying concept for both mutational and viral malignant transformation is proposed.", "contents": "Mutagenesis and cell transformation by ultraviolet irradiation: many hypotheses for few results. UV light-induced mutagenesis in bacteria is a genetically controlled process dependent on induction of some cellular functions, provoked initially by unrepaired photolesions in the DNA. Experiments on the extent and fidelity of in vitro DNA systhesis on UV-irradiated templates by bacterial mammalian DNA polymerases suggest a crucial role for 3' to 5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity in UV light-induced mutagenesis. Two-stage carcinogenesis (initiation and promotion) is discussed in terms of two-stage mutagenesis (mutation fixation in the DNA and mutation expression). A unifying concept for both mutational and viral malignant transformation is proposed.", "PMID": 381935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5619", "title": "Photocarcinogenesis: a review.", "content": "Clinical observations and epidemiologic studies indicate that the sun is the primary stimus for most human skin can formation. However, investigations directly confirming this association as well as defining the action spectra, time-dose relationships, energy level requirements, etc., have been confined to animal experimentation. Studies in which gross methods are used indicate that the experimental carcinogenic action spectrum falls primarily between 280 and 320 nm. Quantitative studies and tumor promotion investigations indicate that UV-induced cancer formation begins with the initial exposure. Heat, wind, and moisture stimulate UV carcinogenesis. Also, exogenous chemicals may influence carcinogenesis as photosensitizers such as 8-MOP, as additive carcinogens as noted with DMBA, or as promoters as described for Croton oil, retinoic acid, and BCNU. Qualitative studies indicate that progressive alterations occur in the epidermal-dermal basement membrane and dermal conncecive tissue and mucopolysaccharides associated with the progressive development of epidermal cancers. Malignant melanomas have also been induced experimentally in hairless mice with UV energy. Mechanistically, immunologic alterations and effects on DNA have received the most attention. Tumor-specific antigenicity as well as antigen deletion has been demonstrated. Immune suppression by antilymphocyte serum and certain chemicals has led to stimulation of tumor development. Perhaps the most exciting new information relates to the demonstration that chronically UV-irradiated mice have not rejected highly antigenic UV-induced cancers. This indicated that UV irradiation specifically altered the immunologic responses of the animals to these tumors. Within recent years, the influence of DNA injury and repair on cutaneous carcinogenesis has received a great deal of attention. This has been partly due to the demonstration of defective repair of UV-induced DNA damage in patients with XP. The primary photosensitive problem in these patients is an inordinate sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of sunlight. However, correlation of DNA injury and repair directly with cancer formation has not been accomplished.", "contents": "Photocarcinogenesis: a review. Clinical observations and epidemiologic studies indicate that the sun is the primary stimus for most human skin can formation. However, investigations directly confirming this association as well as defining the action spectra, time-dose relationships, energy level requirements, etc., have been confined to animal experimentation. Studies in which gross methods are used indicate that the experimental carcinogenic action spectrum falls primarily between 280 and 320 nm. Quantitative studies and tumor promotion investigations indicate that UV-induced cancer formation begins with the initial exposure. Heat, wind, and moisture stimulate UV carcinogenesis. Also, exogenous chemicals may influence carcinogenesis as photosensitizers such as 8-MOP, as additive carcinogens as noted with DMBA, or as promoters as described for Croton oil, retinoic acid, and BCNU. Qualitative studies indicate that progressive alterations occur in the epidermal-dermal basement membrane and dermal conncecive tissue and mucopolysaccharides associated with the progressive development of epidermal cancers. Malignant melanomas have also been induced experimentally in hairless mice with UV energy. Mechanistically, immunologic alterations and effects on DNA have received the most attention. Tumor-specific antigenicity as well as antigen deletion has been demonstrated. Immune suppression by antilymphocyte serum and certain chemicals has led to stimulation of tumor development. Perhaps the most exciting new information relates to the demonstration that chronically UV-irradiated mice have not rejected highly antigenic UV-induced cancers. This indicated that UV irradiation specifically altered the immunologic responses of the animals to these tumors. Within recent years, the influence of DNA injury and repair on cutaneous carcinogenesis has received a great deal of attention. This has been partly due to the demonstration of defective repair of UV-induced DNA damage in patients with XP. The primary photosensitive problem in these patients is an inordinate sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of sunlight. However, correlation of DNA injury and repair directly with cancer formation has not been accomplished.", "PMID": 381936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5620", "title": "A structurally abnormal insulin causing human diabetes.", "content": "Insulin isolated from the pancreas of a diabetic patient with fasting hyperinsulinaemia showed decreased activity in binding to cell membrane insulin receptors and in stimulating cellular 2-deoxyglucose transport and glucose oxidation. Chemical studies suggest that the isolated hormone is a mixture of normal insulin and an abnormal variant which contains a leucine for phenylalanine substitution at position 24 or 25 of the insulin B-chain.", "contents": "A structurally abnormal insulin causing human diabetes. Insulin isolated from the pancreas of a diabetic patient with fasting hyperinsulinaemia showed decreased activity in binding to cell membrane insulin receptors and in stimulating cellular 2-deoxyglucose transport and glucose oxidation. Chemical studies suggest that the isolated hormone is a mixture of normal insulin and an abnormal variant which contains a leucine for phenylalanine substitution at position 24 or 25 of the insulin B-chain.", "PMID": 381941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5621", "title": "Fast and slow myosin within single skeletal muscle fibres of adult rabbits.", "content": "There is good evidence for the coexistence of different myosin types both in developing muscles and in Purkinje cells from adult chicken hearts. In skeletal muscle fibres of adult animals, however, coexistence of fast (FM) and slow (SM) myosin has only been demonstrated after long-term electrical stimulation. The term 'promiscuity' has recently been coined to describe the coexistence of different myosin isoenzymes within a single fibre. Using novel, refined immunological methods we demonstrate here the presence of both FM and SM within single fibres of the musculus tibialis anterior of adult rabbits. Essentially identical results were also obtained with other muscles. Our findings imply that the genes coding for FM and SM can be expressed simultaneously within the same cell throughout an animal's entire life, and not only during development or after artificial electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Fast and slow myosin within single skeletal muscle fibres of adult rabbits. There is good evidence for the coexistence of different myosin types both in developing muscles and in Purkinje cells from adult chicken hearts. In skeletal muscle fibres of adult animals, however, coexistence of fast (FM) and slow (SM) myosin has only been demonstrated after long-term electrical stimulation. The term 'promiscuity' has recently been coined to describe the coexistence of different myosin isoenzymes within a single fibre. Using novel, refined immunological methods we demonstrate here the presence of both FM and SM within single fibres of the musculus tibialis anterior of adult rabbits. Essentially identical results were also obtained with other muscles. Our findings imply that the genes coding for FM and SM can be expressed simultaneously within the same cell throughout an animal's entire life, and not only during development or after artificial electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 381942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5622", "title": "Clonal nature of mast-cell clusters formed in W/Wv mice after bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "We have recently found that the number of mast cells in the skin of adult W/Wv mice is less than 1% of that observed in congeneic +/+ mice, and that no mast cells are detected in other tissues of W/Wv mice. After the transplantation of bone marrow cells from congeneic +/+ mice, the number of mast cells in the skin, stomach, caecum and mesentery of the W/Wv mice increased to levels similar to those of the +/+ mice. Study of the mast-cell number in the W/Wv mice at various times after transplantation suggested to use that mast cells might develop in groups, particularly in the skin and mesentery. In this report, we have attempted to elucidate the possible clonal origin of such mast-cell clusters from a single precursor cell, using giant granules of beige (C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) mice as a marker to identify the origin of the mast cells (Fig. 1). We found that when WB-W/+xC57BL/6-Wv (WBB6F1)-W/Wv mice were injected with a mixture of bone marrow cells from beige C57BL/6 mice and normal C57BL/6 mice, more than 95% of mast-cell clusters consisted of either beige-type cells alone or normal-type cells alone. We conclude, therefore, that the cluster of mast cells originated from a single precursor cell.", "contents": "Clonal nature of mast-cell clusters formed in W/Wv mice after bone marrow transplantation. We have recently found that the number of mast cells in the skin of adult W/Wv mice is less than 1% of that observed in congeneic +/+ mice, and that no mast cells are detected in other tissues of W/Wv mice. After the transplantation of bone marrow cells from congeneic +/+ mice, the number of mast cells in the skin, stomach, caecum and mesentery of the W/Wv mice increased to levels similar to those of the +/+ mice. Study of the mast-cell number in the W/Wv mice at various times after transplantation suggested to use that mast cells might develop in groups, particularly in the skin and mesentery. In this report, we have attempted to elucidate the possible clonal origin of such mast-cell clusters from a single precursor cell, using giant granules of beige (C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) mice as a marker to identify the origin of the mast cells (Fig. 1). We found that when WB-W/+xC57BL/6-Wv (WBB6F1)-W/Wv mice were injected with a mixture of bone marrow cells from beige C57BL/6 mice and normal C57BL/6 mice, more than 95% of mast-cell clusters consisted of either beige-type cells alone or normal-type cells alone. We conclude, therefore, that the cluster of mast cells originated from a single precursor cell.", "PMID": 381943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5623", "title": "Towards an experimental analysis of molecular self-organization and precellular Darwinian evolution.", "content": "An experimental system is described, which opens up a novel pathway towards a molecular understanding of the origin of life. The systemic conditions for the evolution of biological macromolecules are investigated in detail.", "contents": "Towards an experimental analysis of molecular self-organization and precellular Darwinian evolution. An experimental system is described, which opens up a novel pathway towards a molecular understanding of the origin of life. The systemic conditions for the evolution of biological macromolecules are investigated in detail.", "PMID": 381944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5624", "title": "[Activation, activity and inhibition of bovine trypsin].", "content": "Trypsin is a prototype of a large group of enzymes belonging to serine proteinases. The X-ray crystal-structure analyses of its proenzyme trypsinogen, of the active trypsin and of their complexes formed with the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (PTI) have considerably enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of activitation, action and inhibition. The trypsinogen is an incompletely folded molecule. Its substrate-binding site becomes only completely fixed upon the enzymatic cleavage of an N-terminal peptide. The contact regions of trypsin and PTI are almost complementary. The complex formed is a (stable) intermediate in the normal tryptic substrate-cleavage reaction.", "contents": "[Activation, activity and inhibition of bovine trypsin]. Trypsin is a prototype of a large group of enzymes belonging to serine proteinases. The X-ray crystal-structure analyses of its proenzyme trypsinogen, of the active trypsin and of their complexes formed with the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (PTI) have considerably enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of activitation, action and inhibition. The trypsinogen is an incompletely folded molecule. Its substrate-binding site becomes only completely fixed upon the enzymatic cleavage of an N-terminal peptide. The contact regions of trypsin and PTI are almost complementary. The complex formed is a (stable) intermediate in the normal tryptic substrate-cleavage reaction.", "PMID": 381946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5625", "title": "Advances in chromatin research.", "content": "Recent results in chromatin research are reviewed. The nucleosomal arrangement is described and the roles of DNA, histones and non-histones are discussed in connection with their functions.", "contents": "Advances in chromatin research. Recent results in chromatin research are reviewed. The nucleosomal arrangement is described and the roles of DNA, histones and non-histones are discussed in connection with their functions.", "PMID": 381945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5626", "title": "The action of the dihydro derivatives of prostacyclin--(6R)-PGI1 and (6S)-PGI1 on the heart and the coronary vasculature.", "content": "The action of the dihydro prostacyclins, (6R)-PGI1 and (6S)-PGI1, was studied on the isolated guinea pig heart and bovine coronary artery strips. PGE2 and PGI2 were used as standards. In the isolated guinea pig heart (6S)-PGI1 decreased the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), myocardial force of contraction (MFC) and oxygen consumption (QO2). (6R)-PGI1 did not produce a significant change in these parameters. The ED50 (50% o maximum coronary dilation) was approximately 20 times higher for (6S)-PGI1 than for PGI2 or PGE2. Treatment of the hearts with reserpine + tyramine abolished the (6S)-PGI1-induced decrease in MFC but not the decrease in the CPP. The same pattern of responses was seen with PGE2. Bovine coronary artery strips were contracted by both (6S)-PGI1 and (6R)-PGI1, the ED50 (50% of maximum increase in tension) being 5 and 10 times higher than that for PGE2. The (6S)-PGI1-induced contraction was preceeded by a small relaxation, which, however, was much less than that seen after PGI2. It is concluded that the hydration of the 5,6 double bound in the PGI2 molecule results in an almost complete loss of PGI2-like activity and generates PGE-like activity. The same biological activity of both dihydro prostacyclins in the isolated coronary artery strip but not in the intact coronary vascular bed leads to suggest that the sites of action in these systems are different.", "contents": "The action of the dihydro derivatives of prostacyclin--(6R)-PGI1 and (6S)-PGI1 on the heart and the coronary vasculature. The action of the dihydro prostacyclins, (6R)-PGI1 and (6S)-PGI1, was studied on the isolated guinea pig heart and bovine coronary artery strips. PGE2 and PGI2 were used as standards. In the isolated guinea pig heart (6S)-PGI1 decreased the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), myocardial force of contraction (MFC) and oxygen consumption (QO2). (6R)-PGI1 did not produce a significant change in these parameters. The ED50 (50% o maximum coronary dilation) was approximately 20 times higher for (6S)-PGI1 than for PGI2 or PGE2. Treatment of the hearts with reserpine + tyramine abolished the (6S)-PGI1-induced decrease in MFC but not the decrease in the CPP. The same pattern of responses was seen with PGE2. Bovine coronary artery strips were contracted by both (6S)-PGI1 and (6R)-PGI1, the ED50 (50% of maximum increase in tension) being 5 and 10 times higher than that for PGE2. The (6S)-PGI1-induced contraction was preceeded by a small relaxation, which, however, was much less than that seen after PGI2. It is concluded that the hydration of the 5,6 double bound in the PGI2 molecule results in an almost complete loss of PGI2-like activity and generates PGE-like activity. The same biological activity of both dihydro prostacyclins in the isolated coronary artery strip but not in the intact coronary vascular bed leads to suggest that the sites of action in these systems are different.", "PMID": 381947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5627", "title": "Immunological and bacteriological studies in chronic pyelonephritis associated with kidney stones.", "content": "Histological and immunofluorescent techniques, urine, stone and renal fragment culture, demonstration of bacteria with fluorescent specific antisera in the renal tissue and determination of circulating antiGBM and antiTBM antibodies in the serum, were studied on the renal biopsies of 46 patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) associated to kidney stones. Results show that the bacteria are often present in renal tissue of CPN with negative urine culture. The presence of C3 and C4 in some cases, and C3 and C3PA in others, at the tubular level associated with bacteria, suggest that the activation of the C system may be through the classic way, i.e., through the bacteriological immune complexes, or the alternate pathway, i.e., through the bacteria or their products. In conclusion, the evolution of the CPN may be related to the activation of the C system and the coagulation mechanism, as shown by frequent fibrinogen deposits.", "contents": "Immunological and bacteriological studies in chronic pyelonephritis associated with kidney stones. Histological and immunofluorescent techniques, urine, stone and renal fragment culture, demonstration of bacteria with fluorescent specific antisera in the renal tissue and determination of circulating antiGBM and antiTBM antibodies in the serum, were studied on the renal biopsies of 46 patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) associated to kidney stones. Results show that the bacteria are often present in renal tissue of CPN with negative urine culture. The presence of C3 and C4 in some cases, and C3 and C3PA in others, at the tubular level associated with bacteria, suggest that the activation of the C system may be through the classic way, i.e., through the bacteriological immune complexes, or the alternate pathway, i.e., through the bacteria or their products. In conclusion, the evolution of the CPN may be related to the activation of the C system and the coagulation mechanism, as shown by frequent fibrinogen deposits.", "PMID": 381953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5628", "title": "Renal function during therapy in patients with congestive cardiac failure. Ticrynafen vs. hydrochlorothiazide.", "content": "14 patients with congestive heart failure requiring diuretic therapy were randomly assigned to treatment with ticrynafen (TCRN) 250 mg or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50 mg once or twice daily. Both diuretics were effective and comparable in effecting a significant weight loss and increase in urinary sodium. The major difference between the two compounds was the marked fall in serum uric acid concentration and the increase in uric acid clearance occurring with ticrynafen. HCTZ caused an increase in serum uric acid and a fall in uric acid clearance. It is concluded that ticrynafen is a useful diuretic in the treatment of congestive heart failure and has the advantage of lowering serum uric acid rather than producing hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Renal function during therapy in patients with congestive cardiac failure. Ticrynafen vs. hydrochlorothiazide. 14 patients with congestive heart failure requiring diuretic therapy were randomly assigned to treatment with ticrynafen (TCRN) 250 mg or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50 mg once or twice daily. Both diuretics were effective and comparable in effecting a significant weight loss and increase in urinary sodium. The major difference between the two compounds was the marked fall in serum uric acid concentration and the increase in uric acid clearance occurring with ticrynafen. HCTZ caused an increase in serum uric acid and a fall in uric acid clearance. It is concluded that ticrynafen is a useful diuretic in the treatment of congestive heart failure and has the advantage of lowering serum uric acid rather than producing hyperuricemia.", "PMID": 381954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5629", "title": "Comparison of ticrynafen and probenecid in patients with elevated uric acid levels.", "content": "Ticrynafen, 125--250 mg/day was compared with probenecid 0.5--1.0 g/day in patients with elevated serum uric acid values in a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Each treatment period lasted 12 weeks. The mean reduction in serum uric acid from 9.4 +/- 1.2 to 6.22 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (33.8%) during ticrynafen was greater (p less than 0.01) than that from 9.46 +/- 1.1 to 7.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dl (26%) during probenecid treatment. There were slight increases in serum creatinine and BUN and decreases in body weight during ticrynafen treatment. There were no statistically significant changes in serum electrolytes. The hypouricemic effect of ticrynafen was well maintained during its subsequent open-label administration for 18 months without any deterioration of renal function.", "contents": "Comparison of ticrynafen and probenecid in patients with elevated uric acid levels. Ticrynafen, 125--250 mg/day was compared with probenecid 0.5--1.0 g/day in patients with elevated serum uric acid values in a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Each treatment period lasted 12 weeks. The mean reduction in serum uric acid from 9.4 +/- 1.2 to 6.22 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (33.8%) during ticrynafen was greater (p less than 0.01) than that from 9.46 +/- 1.1 to 7.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dl (26%) during probenecid treatment. There were slight increases in serum creatinine and BUN and decreases in body weight during ticrynafen treatment. There were no statistically significant changes in serum electrolytes. The hypouricemic effect of ticrynafen was well maintained during its subsequent open-label administration for 18 months without any deterioration of renal function.", "PMID": 381955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5630", "title": "Renal function during ticrynafen therapy.", "content": "526 patients with essential hypertension or congestive cardiac failure were treated with ticrynafen (250--500 mg/day) or hydrochlorothiazide (50--100 mg/day) for 6 weeks to 6 months. There was no appreciable effect on renal function, as measured by changes in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. Both drugs exhibited similar antihypertensive activity and ability to control signs and symptoms of congestive cardiac failure. Side effects were mild and reversible. A notable difference is the marked reduction in serum uric acid in patients treated with ticrynafen, unlike the elevated urate levels occurring after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide.", "contents": "Renal function during ticrynafen therapy. 526 patients with essential hypertension or congestive cardiac failure were treated with ticrynafen (250--500 mg/day) or hydrochlorothiazide (50--100 mg/day) for 6 weeks to 6 months. There was no appreciable effect on renal function, as measured by changes in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. Both drugs exhibited similar antihypertensive activity and ability to control signs and symptoms of congestive cardiac failure. Side effects were mild and reversible. A notable difference is the marked reduction in serum uric acid in patients treated with ticrynafen, unlike the elevated urate levels occurring after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide.", "PMID": 381957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5631", "title": "[Quantitative determination of cells in sterile skin exudate in acute cerebrovascular diseases].", "content": "Rebuck's test was done in 126 subjects (40 healthy controls and 86 patients with acute cerebrovascular disease) on both upper extremities. In the control group no statistically significant quantitative difference was found in the number of cells in the exudate on both sides. In the patients, however, the number of cells in the exudate was greater on the paralysed extremity. The reaction dependent on the degree of paralysis, coexistence of sensory and autonomic disturbances, but was independent of the form of acute cerebrovascular disease (haemorrhage, encephalomalacia) and the time after the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of cells in sterile skin exudate in acute cerebrovascular diseases]. Rebuck's test was done in 126 subjects (40 healthy controls and 86 patients with acute cerebrovascular disease) on both upper extremities. In the control group no statistically significant quantitative difference was found in the number of cells in the exudate on both sides. In the patients, however, the number of cells in the exudate was greater on the paralysed extremity. The reaction dependent on the degree of paralysis, coexistence of sensory and autonomic disturbances, but was independent of the form of acute cerebrovascular disease (haemorrhage, encephalomalacia) and the time after the onset of the disease.", "PMID": 381958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5632", "title": "Acute inhibitory effects of antiserum to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovariectomized rats. Evidence for pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "To evaluate the dependence of pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the acute effects of immunoneutralization of endogenous GnRH on plasma LH were compared in ovariectomized rats with phenobarbital treatment and hypophysectomy. Anti-GnRH produced a rapid dose-dependent decrease in plasma LH and LH pulse amplitude. Pulsatile secretion of LH was eliminated in 6 of 12 rats treated with the highest dose of anti-GnRH, but plasma LH was still 50% of control values 3 h after treatment. Frequency of LH pulses was unchanged in animals which had persistence of pulsatile secretion of LH. Phenobarbital eliminated pulsatile secretion of LH transiently. Hypophysectomized rats displayed a striking decrease in plasma LH which could be resolved into two exponential components with half-lives of 16 and 70 min. The initial half-life of plasma LH from untreated rats determined after LH pulses was also 16 min. These studies support the hypothesis that pulses of GnRH induce the pulsatile pattern of plasma LH and may be responsible for all LH secretion in ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "Acute inhibitory effects of antiserum to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovariectomized rats. Evidence for pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. To evaluate the dependence of pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the acute effects of immunoneutralization of endogenous GnRH on plasma LH were compared in ovariectomized rats with phenobarbital treatment and hypophysectomy. Anti-GnRH produced a rapid dose-dependent decrease in plasma LH and LH pulse amplitude. Pulsatile secretion of LH was eliminated in 6 of 12 rats treated with the highest dose of anti-GnRH, but plasma LH was still 50% of control values 3 h after treatment. Frequency of LH pulses was unchanged in animals which had persistence of pulsatile secretion of LH. Phenobarbital eliminated pulsatile secretion of LH transiently. Hypophysectomized rats displayed a striking decrease in plasma LH which could be resolved into two exponential components with half-lives of 16 and 70 min. The initial half-life of plasma LH from untreated rats determined after LH pulses was also 16 min. These studies support the hypothesis that pulses of GnRH induce the pulsatile pattern of plasma LH and may be responsible for all LH secretion in ovariectomized rats.", "PMID": 381966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5633", "title": "Rat gonadotropin release stimulated in vitro by GnRH-depleted rat brain extracts.", "content": "A study was made to compare the LH and FSH release patterns from isolated adult rat pituitaries in response to exposure to acidic extracts of rat hypothalamus or brain or to acidic extracts of GnRH-depleted hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, or cerebellum of adult (90-100 days old) or young (14 days old) rats of both sexes, using a continuous perifusion system. Hypothalami of adult rats contained 3-5 ng of radioimmunoreactive GnRH, while the corresponding cerebral cortex and cerebellum contained none, or extremely low levels of GnRH. Adult hypothalamic extract (HE) stimulated considerably greater LH and FSH release than was induced by cortical extract (CE) or cerebellar extract (CBE). Removal of assayable GnRH from HE by incubation with anti-GnRH serum reduced, but did not eliminate, release of both LH and FSH, suggesting that GnRH is the principal but not sole agent responsible for both LH and FSH secretions. Adult male HE released slightly more LH and FSH than did female HE due to its greater GnRH content. GnRH-depleted CE or CBE from both sexes induced LH and FSH releases qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those induced by CE, CBE or GnRH-depleted HE. Untreated extracts or GnRH-depleted extracts of all three brain regions from 14-day-old rats of both sexes induced similar LH and FSH releases as those of adult CE or CBE. Hypothalamus of young rats, which contained about 0.5 ng of immunoassayable GnRH did not release more LH and FSH than the corresponding cortex or cerebellum did. The data indicate that all brain regions so far studied, regardless of sex or age, contained presumably nonspecific substance(s), other than GnRH, capable of stimulating minor but significant LH and FSH releases. Their nature or role in physiological regulation of gonadotropin secretion is unknown, but must be considered, since current concepts, in which GnRH is the sole hypothalamic gonadotropin regulator, are not adequate.", "contents": "Rat gonadotropin release stimulated in vitro by GnRH-depleted rat brain extracts. A study was made to compare the LH and FSH release patterns from isolated adult rat pituitaries in response to exposure to acidic extracts of rat hypothalamus or brain or to acidic extracts of GnRH-depleted hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, or cerebellum of adult (90-100 days old) or young (14 days old) rats of both sexes, using a continuous perifusion system. Hypothalami of adult rats contained 3-5 ng of radioimmunoreactive GnRH, while the corresponding cerebral cortex and cerebellum contained none, or extremely low levels of GnRH. Adult hypothalamic extract (HE) stimulated considerably greater LH and FSH release than was induced by cortical extract (CE) or cerebellar extract (CBE). Removal of assayable GnRH from HE by incubation with anti-GnRH serum reduced, but did not eliminate, release of both LH and FSH, suggesting that GnRH is the principal but not sole agent responsible for both LH and FSH secretions. Adult male HE released slightly more LH and FSH than did female HE due to its greater GnRH content. GnRH-depleted CE or CBE from both sexes induced LH and FSH releases qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those induced by CE, CBE or GnRH-depleted HE. Untreated extracts or GnRH-depleted extracts of all three brain regions from 14-day-old rats of both sexes induced similar LH and FSH releases as those of adult CE or CBE. Hypothalamus of young rats, which contained about 0.5 ng of immunoassayable GnRH did not release more LH and FSH than the corresponding cortex or cerebellum did. The data indicate that all brain regions so far studied, regardless of sex or age, contained presumably nonspecific substance(s), other than GnRH, capable of stimulating minor but significant LH and FSH releases. Their nature or role in physiological regulation of gonadotropin secretion is unknown, but must be considered, since current concepts, in which GnRH is the sole hypothalamic gonadotropin regulator, are not adequate.", "PMID": 381967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5634", "title": "Neural control of reproduction.", "content": "The feedback loops involved in the neural control of reproductive cyclicity in primates are reviewed. A combination of morphological, endocrinological, and surgical experimental approaches was used to identify the different mechanisms involved. The main signal for pituitary secretion of gonadotropins is the estrogen secreted by the ovary. Estrogen probably affects the hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the pituitary production of gonadotropins. These may in turn, through a short feedback loop, regulate the secretion of GnRH. Evidence for a direct effect of estrogen on the pituitary is presented. Future possible areas of research, including extrahypothalamic influences on reproductive mechanisms, are briefly outlined.", "contents": "Neural control of reproduction. The feedback loops involved in the neural control of reproductive cyclicity in primates are reviewed. A combination of morphological, endocrinological, and surgical experimental approaches was used to identify the different mechanisms involved. The main signal for pituitary secretion of gonadotropins is the estrogen secreted by the ovary. Estrogen probably affects the hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the pituitary production of gonadotropins. These may in turn, through a short feedback loop, regulate the secretion of GnRH. Evidence for a direct effect of estrogen on the pituitary is presented. Future possible areas of research, including extrahypothalamic influences on reproductive mechanisms, are briefly outlined.", "PMID": 381968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5635", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and housedogs: a case-control study.", "content": "A case-control study was conducted to examine the possible association between ownership of housedogs early in life and later development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixty MS patients were compared with 60 neighborhood controls matched for age, sex, and race. There was no significant difference between cases and matched controls in housedog ownership, duration of ownership, or age at first exposure to housedogs over the interval from birth to 19 years of age.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and housedogs: a case-control study. A case-control study was conducted to examine the possible association between ownership of housedogs early in life and later development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixty MS patients were compared with 60 neighborhood controls matched for age, sex, and race. There was no significant difference between cases and matched controls in housedog ownership, duration of ownership, or age at first exposure to housedogs over the interval from birth to 19 years of age.", "PMID": 381969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5636", "title": "Paraparesis in hereditary multiple exostoses: case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) with neurologic complications, and review the literature. A 23-year-old man exhibited a worsening spastic paraparesis with sphincter dysfunction. The cranial nerves and the exteroceptive and deep sensations were apparently undamaged. The family history, the physical examination, and the systemic radiologic examination revealed all the characteristics of HME. The neurologic complication was caused by an exostosis, arising from the C2 right hemilamina, compressing the spinal cord. The patient quickly improved after a laminectomy.", "contents": "Paraparesis in hereditary multiple exostoses: case report. The authors report a case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) with neurologic complications, and review the literature. A 23-year-old man exhibited a worsening spastic paraparesis with sphincter dysfunction. The cranial nerves and the exteroceptive and deep sensations were apparently undamaged. The family history, the physical examination, and the systemic radiologic examination revealed all the characteristics of HME. The neurologic complication was caused by an exostosis, arising from the C2 right hemilamina, compressing the spinal cord. The patient quickly improved after a laminectomy.", "PMID": 381970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5637", "title": "The design of clinical studies to assess therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Poorly designed trials of therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) can waste time and money, and may lead either to false hopes or to the overlooking of a potentially effective treatment. A well-designed trial may well develop useful scientific information even if the putative therapy fails to show any therapeutic effect. The diagnosis, clinical course, and definitions of the stages of MS are discussed as they relate to trials of therapy. The goals of such trials include favorable modification of an exacerbation, favorable modification or prevention of future exacerbations, effective treatment of the progressive stage, and improvement of function in the stable-deficit stage. There should be an orderly progression from a small preliminary trial to a modest pilot trial and, when indicated, a full trial. All types of trials require careful organization and management, appropriate selection of patients, and properly planned and recorded observations. The treatment contrast--how the new treatment will be evaluated--provides the essential structure of the trial. The hypothesis being examined, the treatment contrast, and the observations being made in the designed clinical trial will govern the form of the analysis and the nature of the interpretations. Each goal requires that specific strategies and design considerations be applied to preliminary, pilot, and full trials.", "contents": "The design of clinical studies to assess therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Poorly designed trials of therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) can waste time and money, and may lead either to false hopes or to the overlooking of a potentially effective treatment. A well-designed trial may well develop useful scientific information even if the putative therapy fails to show any therapeutic effect. The diagnosis, clinical course, and definitions of the stages of MS are discussed as they relate to trials of therapy. The goals of such trials include favorable modification of an exacerbation, favorable modification or prevention of future exacerbations, effective treatment of the progressive stage, and improvement of function in the stable-deficit stage. There should be an orderly progression from a small preliminary trial to a modest pilot trial and, when indicated, a full trial. All types of trials require careful organization and management, appropriate selection of patients, and properly planned and recorded observations. The treatment contrast--how the new treatment will be evaluated--provides the essential structure of the trial. The hypothesis being examined, the treatment contrast, and the observations being made in the designed clinical trial will govern the form of the analysis and the nature of the interpretations. Each goal requires that specific strategies and design considerations be applied to preliminary, pilot, and full trials.", "PMID": 381971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5638", "title": "From reform to relativism: a history of economists and health care.", "content": "During the first half of this century economists who studied health care were primarily concerned with reducing the financial burden of illness and making services more accessible. In recent decades, \"scholarly research\" by professional economists has become characterized by the exchange of social advocacy for scientific neutrality. Historical analysis of the assumptions underlying this shift--assumptions about the worth of resources and alternative ways to allocate resources--shows parallel changes in other social sciences and medicine. As commitment to reform is tempered by relativism, scientific inquiry may benefit at the cost of social justice.", "contents": "From reform to relativism: a history of economists and health care. During the first half of this century economists who studied health care were primarily concerned with reducing the financial burden of illness and making services more accessible. In recent decades, \"scholarly research\" by professional economists has become characterized by the exchange of social advocacy for scientific neutrality. Historical analysis of the assumptions underlying this shift--assumptions about the worth of resources and alternative ways to allocate resources--shows parallel changes in other social sciences and medicine. As commitment to reform is tempered by relativism, scientific inquiry may benefit at the cost of social justice.", "PMID": 381972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5639", "title": "[Comparison between automatic substraction devices and computer subtraction in radioisotope pancreatography].", "content": "Reference is made to several indicative cases in a personal series. Their comparative examination with a scanner and a gamma camera computer showed that: a) noticeably different findings were given by the two methods with regard to cystic, neoplastic, and inflammatory lesions of the pancreas, whereas; b) computerised subtraction was much more sensitive in lesions due to cysts and pancreatitis, even though there was no significant difference between the two methods in the case of neoplasia.", "contents": "[Comparison between automatic substraction devices and computer subtraction in radioisotope pancreatography]. Reference is made to several indicative cases in a personal series. Their comparative examination with a scanner and a gamma camera computer showed that: a) noticeably different findings were given by the two methods with regard to cystic, neoplastic, and inflammatory lesions of the pancreas, whereas; b) computerised subtraction was much more sensitive in lesions due to cysts and pancreatitis, even though there was no significant difference between the two methods in the case of neoplasia.", "PMID": 381984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5640", "title": "[Rupture of the transplanted kidney].", "content": "Five cases of kidney grafts followed by rupture are described. The explanation of the syndrome accompanying such an occurrence is deduced from personal observations as well as from literature data. As a matter of fact, the aetiopathology of this syndrome cannot be with an isolated cause, for several multifactorial immunological and non-immunological components may be involved.", "contents": "[Rupture of the transplanted kidney]. Five cases of kidney grafts followed by rupture are described. The explanation of the syndrome accompanying such an occurrence is deduced from personal observations as well as from literature data. As a matter of fact, the aetiopathology of this syndrome cannot be with an isolated cause, for several multifactorial immunological and non-immunological components may be involved.", "PMID": 381985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5641", "title": "Gentamicin resistance in Christchurch hospitals.", "content": "Prior to June 1976, the isolation of gentamicin resistant organisms was an infrequent occurrence in North Canterbury Hospital Board institutions. During July 1976, 20 different gentamicin resistant organisms were isolated from patients in Christchurch Hospital. Gentamicin resistant organisms hav e been continually isolated from an increasingly wide area since then. The organisms involved are: providence species; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella species; E coli; Staphyloccus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Acinetobacter species; Enterobacter species; Haemophilus influenzae; Pseudomonas maltophilia CDC II F; Citrobacter species; Alcaligenes odorans and Pseudomonas species. The spread of gentamicin resistant organisms has occurred rapidly in the hospital environment. The importance of the urinary tract as a reservoir of microorganisms is indicated in this report.", "contents": "Gentamicin resistance in Christchurch hospitals. Prior to June 1976, the isolation of gentamicin resistant organisms was an infrequent occurrence in North Canterbury Hospital Board institutions. During July 1976, 20 different gentamicin resistant organisms were isolated from patients in Christchurch Hospital. Gentamicin resistant organisms hav e been continually isolated from an increasingly wide area since then. The organisms involved are: providence species; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella species; E coli; Staphyloccus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Acinetobacter species; Enterobacter species; Haemophilus influenzae; Pseudomonas maltophilia CDC II F; Citrobacter species; Alcaligenes odorans and Pseudomonas species. The spread of gentamicin resistant organisms has occurred rapidly in the hospital environment. The importance of the urinary tract as a reservoir of microorganisms is indicated in this report.", "PMID": 381994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5642", "title": "Diabetes and thyroid disease during pregnancy.", "content": "In a prospective study of 100 consecutive diabetic pregnancies, 1 was complicated by hyperthyroidism and 4 by hypothyroidism. The association of hypothyroidism with diabetes mellitus merits special attention as this combination of diseases affected 4 of 20 (20%) White's class D and F diabetics. Hydramnios and/or spontaneous premature labor were features of diabetic pregnancies complicated by compensated hypothyroidism. Delayed diagnosis of hypothyroidism may have contributed to the fatal congenital malformations in one of these fetuses, but the remaining infants survived, including 1 infant suffering from severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).", "contents": "Diabetes and thyroid disease during pregnancy. In a prospective study of 100 consecutive diabetic pregnancies, 1 was complicated by hyperthyroidism and 4 by hypothyroidism. The association of hypothyroidism with diabetes mellitus merits special attention as this combination of diseases affected 4 of 20 (20%) White's class D and F diabetics. Hydramnios and/or spontaneous premature labor were features of diabetic pregnancies complicated by compensated hypothyroidism. Delayed diagnosis of hypothyroidism may have contributed to the fatal congenital malformations in one of these fetuses, but the remaining infants survived, including 1 infant suffering from severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).", "PMID": 382001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5643", "title": "Common aspects of immunologic tolerance in pregnancy and malignancy.", "content": "The fetoplacental allograft and the malignant neoplasm represent the only 2 biologic conditions in which antigenic tissue is tolerated by a seemingly intact immune system. Recent investigations in the fields of tumor and pregnancy immunology have resulted in the recognition of a variety of immunologic mechanisms which are common to both systems. These common denominators are reviewed and a thesis suggesting a common mechanism in the nonrejection of pregnancy and malignancy, based on the presence of embryonic antigens in both systems, is presented.", "contents": "Common aspects of immunologic tolerance in pregnancy and malignancy. The fetoplacental allograft and the malignant neoplasm represent the only 2 biologic conditions in which antigenic tissue is tolerated by a seemingly intact immune system. Recent investigations in the fields of tumor and pregnancy immunology have resulted in the recognition of a variety of immunologic mechanisms which are common to both systems. These common denominators are reviewed and a thesis suggesting a common mechanism in the nonrejection of pregnancy and malignancy, based on the presence of embryonic antigens in both systems, is presented.", "PMID": 382002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5644", "title": "A new technique for vulvar skin grafting.", "content": "A new and easy technique for handling and applying a split-thickness skin graft to the vulva is described. The use of petrolatum gauze backing and application with the skin stapler, as well as postoperative management, are discussed.", "contents": "A new technique for vulvar skin grafting. A new and easy technique for handling and applying a split-thickness skin graft to the vulva is described. The use of petrolatum gauze backing and application with the skin stapler, as well as postoperative management, are discussed.", "PMID": 382003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5645", "title": "Pulse granuloma of the alveolar ridge.", "content": "Six examples of pulse granulomas of the alveolar ridge are presented. The lesion consists of a foreign-body granuloma containing identifiable particles of leguminous foods. The vegetable matter is introduced through an alveolar defect, usually a postextraction socket. Simple curettage is apparently adequate treatment to effect cure.", "contents": "Pulse granuloma of the alveolar ridge. Six examples of pulse granulomas of the alveolar ridge are presented. The lesion consists of a foreign-body granuloma containing identifiable particles of leguminous foods. The vegetable matter is introduced through an alveolar defect, usually a postextraction socket. Simple curettage is apparently adequate treatment to effect cure.", "PMID": 382018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5646", "title": "Infantile olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinicopathological study with review of the literature.", "content": "A case of olfactory neuroblastoma occurring in a 3-year-old girl is reported. The rarity of the lesion in early childhood is stressed and discussed with the clinico-pathological characteristics of the tumour, which are apparently more aggressive the younger the patient. Olfactory neuroblastoma should be considered as a possible diagnosis regardless of the age of the patient.", "contents": "Infantile olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinicopathological study with review of the literature. A case of olfactory neuroblastoma occurring in a 3-year-old girl is reported. The rarity of the lesion in early childhood is stressed and discussed with the clinico-pathological characteristics of the tumour, which are apparently more aggressive the younger the patient. Olfactory neuroblastoma should be considered as a possible diagnosis regardless of the age of the patient.", "PMID": 382019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5647", "title": "[The cause of a mistake in the determination of the level of serum phosphorous (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of Briggs was not suitable for the determination of serum phosphorous levels in the blood of patients treated with blood substitute containing gelatine.", "contents": "[The cause of a mistake in the determination of the level of serum phosphorous (author's transl)]. The method of Briggs was not suitable for the determination of serum phosphorous levels in the blood of patients treated with blood substitute containing gelatine.", "PMID": 382044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5648", "title": "[Bactericidal activity \"in vitro\" of sulfamethoxazol-tri-methoprime (SMZ-TMP) alone and in combination with various antibiotics on bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study \"in vitro\" effects of sulfamethoxazol-trimethroprime (SMZ-TMP) on 1 078 bacterial strains isolated from urinary-tract infections during january 1974, the second trimester 1974 and january 1975. Study involves two parts : comparison between bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP, ampicillin and nalidixic acid; evaluation of bactericidal activity of antibiotic associations including SMZ-TMP. MIC study included all strains. On Gram- negative bacilli the bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP (74,6 percent of sensitive strains) was comparable with nalidixic acid (79,6 percent of sensitive strains) and better than ampicillin 31,4 percent of sensitive strains). On staphylococcus strains the bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP (84,6 percent of sensitive strains) is better than ampicillin (36,4 percent of sensitive strains); on streptococcus strains the bacteriostatic activity of ampicillin (71 percent of sensitive strains) is better than SMZ-TMP (5l percent of sensitive strains). 473 associations including SMZ-TMP were studied upon 44 strains of Gram- negative bacilli by bactericidal test. (\"Cross disposition\" method, derive from \"cellophane transfer method\".", "contents": "[Bactericidal activity \"in vitro\" of sulfamethoxazol-tri-methoprime (SMZ-TMP) alone and in combination with various antibiotics on bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. The authors study \"in vitro\" effects of sulfamethoxazol-trimethroprime (SMZ-TMP) on 1 078 bacterial strains isolated from urinary-tract infections during january 1974, the second trimester 1974 and january 1975. Study involves two parts : comparison between bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP, ampicillin and nalidixic acid; evaluation of bactericidal activity of antibiotic associations including SMZ-TMP. MIC study included all strains. On Gram- negative bacilli the bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP (74,6 percent of sensitive strains) was comparable with nalidixic acid (79,6 percent of sensitive strains) and better than ampicillin 31,4 percent of sensitive strains). On staphylococcus strains the bacteriostatic activity of SMZ-TMP (84,6 percent of sensitive strains) is better than ampicillin (36,4 percent of sensitive strains); on streptococcus strains the bacteriostatic activity of ampicillin (71 percent of sensitive strains) is better than SMZ-TMP (5l percent of sensitive strains). 473 associations including SMZ-TMP were studied upon 44 strains of Gram- negative bacilli by bactericidal test. (\"Cross disposition\" method, derive from \"cellophane transfer method\".", "PMID": 382045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5649", "title": "[Evidence for one atypic variant of an alkaline phosphatase from human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "A variant of a partially purified Placental Alkaline Phosphatase, showing a slow electrophoretic mobility but the same kinetic caracteristics as the common type, has been found. This variant also differs from the D type by its insensibility to L-leucine inhibition.", "contents": "[Evidence for one atypic variant of an alkaline phosphatase from human placenta (author's transl)]. A variant of a partially purified Placental Alkaline Phosphatase, showing a slow electrophoretic mobility but the same kinetic caracteristics as the common type, has been found. This variant also differs from the D type by its insensibility to L-leucine inhibition.", "PMID": 382047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5650", "title": "[Hemoglobin oxygen combining capacity power. Reproducibility, variability; the effect of carboxyhemoglobin (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemoglobin oxygen combining power (HOCP) was measured in blood samples of 41 non smoking subjects and 36 smokers. The reproductibility and the varibility of this value were established (maximal variability was 2,5% in individual measurement). When the oxygen carrying capacity is reported to total hemoglobin (Hbt.), these two groups are not significantly different (1,344 +/- 0,004 ml O2 g-1 Hbt--n = 77-). However, when oxygen carrying capacity is reported to functional hemoglobin (Hbf = Hbt -- HbCO) there is a significative difference between smokers and non smokers (Student's t test 2 p less than 0,001) (1,404 +/- 0,005 ml O2 Hbf -- n = 77-).", "contents": "[Hemoglobin oxygen combining capacity power. Reproducibility, variability; the effect of carboxyhemoglobin (author's transl)]. Hemoglobin oxygen combining power (HOCP) was measured in blood samples of 41 non smoking subjects and 36 smokers. The reproductibility and the varibility of this value were established (maximal variability was 2,5% in individual measurement). When the oxygen carrying capacity is reported to total hemoglobin (Hbt.), these two groups are not significantly different (1,344 +/- 0,004 ml O2 g-1 Hbt--n = 77-). However, when oxygen carrying capacity is reported to functional hemoglobin (Hbf = Hbt -- HbCO) there is a significative difference between smokers and non smokers (Student's t test 2 p less than 0,001) (1,404 +/- 0,005 ml O2 Hbf -- n = 77-).", "PMID": 382049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5651", "title": "[Serum RIA vasopressin levels in 5 healthy subjects during water loading, before and during treatment by carbamazepine (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum vasopressin level has been measured by radioimmunoassay in 5 healthy subjects during water loading, before and during treatment by carbamazepine. Serum vasopressin drops significantly during carbamazepine in spite of antidiuresis. This drop may be explained by an effect of carbamazepine on renal tubular cell.", "contents": "[Serum RIA vasopressin levels in 5 healthy subjects during water loading, before and during treatment by carbamazepine (author's transl)]. Serum vasopressin level has been measured by radioimmunoassay in 5 healthy subjects during water loading, before and during treatment by carbamazepine. Serum vasopressin drops significantly during carbamazepine in spite of antidiuresis. This drop may be explained by an effect of carbamazepine on renal tubular cell.", "PMID": 382050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5652", "title": "[Homogeneity of the erythrocyte volume distribution during chronic alcoholism macrocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase in volume of human erythrocytes during chronic alcoholic intoxication and its decrease after alcoholic deprivation was studied with a multichannel analyzer. When fractions of the population of red cells were separated by differential centrifugation the macrocytosis was found to be uniformly distributed. The presence of macrocytes was not related to changes of plasma osmolality or hyperhydration of red cells. A central origin was evoked, however, the role of the folic acid deficiency could not explain the macrocytosis, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "[Homogeneity of the erythrocyte volume distribution during chronic alcoholism macrocytosis (author's transl)]. The increase in volume of human erythrocytes during chronic alcoholic intoxication and its decrease after alcoholic deprivation was studied with a multichannel analyzer. When fractions of the population of red cells were separated by differential centrifugation the macrocytosis was found to be uniformly distributed. The presence of macrocytes was not related to changes of plasma osmolality or hyperhydration of red cells. A central origin was evoked, however, the role of the folic acid deficiency could not explain the macrocytosis, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 382051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5653", "title": "[Compared study of micro-aggregates filters (output, filtration pressure and study of the deposit with scanning electron microscopy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Special filters for the elimination of cellular aggregates were conceived especially to prevent pulmonary complications in patients shocked particularly after massive transfusions as well as to prevent cerebral complications after extra-corporeal circulation. The performances and the conditions of use of these filters (perfusion output, change of the filter) were considered. Four filters were carefully studied: the Fenwal filter, the Swank filter, the Biotest filter and the intersep Johnson and Johnson filter. The following studies were carried out for each filter: the perfusion output (of three bottles filtered one after another with or without pressure); the filtration pressure (Swank technique) of the whole blood up-and-down filter; the viscosity and various hematologic parameters (NF, hemoglobin and gobular ATP); finally, the deposit was studied morphologically with scanning electron microscopy. It appeared that a good capacity of aggregates elimination (decrease of the filtration pressure of 95%) was often linked to a feeble output and the necessity of replacing the filter. The efficacy of the Fenwal filter, the Swank filter, the Biotest filter and the intersept filter was practically the same, but the Intersept filter provided the best output with an equal filtration capacity. The other parameters remained about the same. The deposits included fibrinogen, deformed red blood corpuscules (echinocytes), leucocytes and platelets.", "contents": "[Compared study of micro-aggregates filters (output, filtration pressure and study of the deposit with scanning electron microscopy) (author's transl)]. Special filters for the elimination of cellular aggregates were conceived especially to prevent pulmonary complications in patients shocked particularly after massive transfusions as well as to prevent cerebral complications after extra-corporeal circulation. The performances and the conditions of use of these filters (perfusion output, change of the filter) were considered. Four filters were carefully studied: the Fenwal filter, the Swank filter, the Biotest filter and the intersep Johnson and Johnson filter. The following studies were carried out for each filter: the perfusion output (of three bottles filtered one after another with or without pressure); the filtration pressure (Swank technique) of the whole blood up-and-down filter; the viscosity and various hematologic parameters (NF, hemoglobin and gobular ATP); finally, the deposit was studied morphologically with scanning electron microscopy. It appeared that a good capacity of aggregates elimination (decrease of the filtration pressure of 95%) was often linked to a feeble output and the necessity of replacing the filter. The efficacy of the Fenwal filter, the Swank filter, the Biotest filter and the intersept filter was practically the same, but the Intersept filter provided the best output with an equal filtration capacity. The other parameters remained about the same. The deposits included fibrinogen, deformed red blood corpuscules (echinocytes), leucocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 382054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5654", "title": "[A new case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "The systematic study of the medullary karyotype in the course of haemopathies has led us to a new case of Philadelphia chromosome in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This was a case of a 13 year old child. Is this a particular class of haemopathy? Do such observations put a question on the dual theory of the origins of blood germ cells? The elaborate medullary karyotype in the course of haemopathy may solve this problem. A rigorously nosological classification is essential for appraising the therapeutic plan chosen and making a pronosis.", "contents": "[A new case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome in the child (author's transl)]. The systematic study of the medullary karyotype in the course of haemopathies has led us to a new case of Philadelphia chromosome in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This was a case of a 13 year old child. Is this a particular class of haemopathy? Do such observations put a question on the dual theory of the origins of blood germ cells? The elaborate medullary karyotype in the course of haemopathy may solve this problem. A rigorously nosological classification is essential for appraising the therapeutic plan chosen and making a pronosis.", "PMID": 382055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5655", "title": "[About the different steps leading to the quality of medical informations (importance of medical computing (author's transl)].", "content": "To draw the best conclusions from a set of medical data, one must first choose correct, valid, representative and well-expressed information. So it's not sufficient to collect data, but we have to valid them before including them in the records. After having put out the general characteristics of any validation and defined the fields where they can be applied we recommend a method over three steps. First, the physician alone, then the physician with an informatician and again the physician seem concerned by the steps of control. It is particularly important to develop the validation of chronology and generally speaking of evolutive data. Of course, the costs of validation with respect to the large groups of data must be taken into account.", "contents": "[About the different steps leading to the quality of medical informations (importance of medical computing (author's transl)]. To draw the best conclusions from a set of medical data, one must first choose correct, valid, representative and well-expressed information. So it's not sufficient to collect data, but we have to valid them before including them in the records. After having put out the general characteristics of any validation and defined the fields where they can be applied we recommend a method over three steps. First, the physician alone, then the physician with an informatician and again the physician seem concerned by the steps of control. It is particularly important to develop the validation of chronology and generally speaking of evolutive data. Of course, the costs of validation with respect to the large groups of data must be taken into account.", "PMID": 382056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5656", "title": "[Mini-review on the properties of glial cells of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past 15 years, increasing studies have been devoted to glial cells, i.e. oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglial cells of the central nervous system. Although most of their functions remain mysterious, the concept of intracellular interactions between neurons and neuroglia becomes more and more substantiated. This review describes some aspects of phylogeny of glia, recent technical approaches to the study of these cells, their major morphological and biochemical characteristics, their maturation as well as their pathology.", "contents": "[Mini-review on the properties of glial cells of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. During the past 15 years, increasing studies have been devoted to glial cells, i.e. oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglial cells of the central nervous system. Although most of their functions remain mysterious, the concept of intracellular interactions between neurons and neuroglia becomes more and more substantiated. This review describes some aspects of phylogeny of glia, recent technical approaches to the study of these cells, their major morphological and biochemical characteristics, their maturation as well as their pathology.", "PMID": 382057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5657", "title": "[Semi-automatic assay of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for the assay of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity is described. The substrate was a stable intralipid solution. The amount of fatty acids released in the 37 degrees C incubation medium was measured several time during the reaction course, by light absorption on a Technicon auto-analyzer. By plotting these values on a graph paper, the curve of the post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was obtained.", "contents": "[Semi-automatic assay of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity (author's transl)]. A simple method for the assay of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity is described. The substrate was a stable intralipid solution. The amount of fatty acids released in the 37 degrees C incubation medium was measured several time during the reaction course, by light absorption on a Technicon auto-analyzer. By plotting these values on a graph paper, the curve of the post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was obtained.", "PMID": 382058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5658", "title": "[Utilisation of pipemidic acid as antibiotic in patients with renal failure insufficiency. Kinetics of serum and urinary concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "In 23 chronic renal patients serum and urinary concentrations of pipemidic acid were studied, the drug being given orally for 3 to 105 days. In 13 non-dialyzed patients, whose GFR varied from 4.5 to 36 ml/mn the dosage was 11.2 to 30 mg/kg/day. Maximum serum concentrations were comprised between 6 and 29 micrograms/ml. In 2 patients minor clinical side-effects indicated a maximum tolerance level of 25 micrograms/ml. Urinary concentrations remained elevated in spite of severe renal failure. In 10 hemodialyzed patients maximum predialysis levels varied from 5.6 to 28 micrograms/ml. No side-effects were noticed. The dialysance of pipemidic acid was high, due to a low molecular weight and to a binding to proteins which seems to be lower in uremics than in normal subjects. We conclude that pipemidic acid can be utilized in chronic renal patients, in taking advantage of low GFR's for obtaining serum bactericidal concentrations on susceptible organisms.", "contents": "[Utilisation of pipemidic acid as antibiotic in patients with renal failure insufficiency. Kinetics of serum and urinary concentrations (author's transl)]. In 23 chronic renal patients serum and urinary concentrations of pipemidic acid were studied, the drug being given orally for 3 to 105 days. In 13 non-dialyzed patients, whose GFR varied from 4.5 to 36 ml/mn the dosage was 11.2 to 30 mg/kg/day. Maximum serum concentrations were comprised between 6 and 29 micrograms/ml. In 2 patients minor clinical side-effects indicated a maximum tolerance level of 25 micrograms/ml. Urinary concentrations remained elevated in spite of severe renal failure. In 10 hemodialyzed patients maximum predialysis levels varied from 5.6 to 28 micrograms/ml. No side-effects were noticed. The dialysance of pipemidic acid was high, due to a low molecular weight and to a binding to proteins which seems to be lower in uremics than in normal subjects. We conclude that pipemidic acid can be utilized in chronic renal patients, in taking advantage of low GFR's for obtaining serum bactericidal concentrations on susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 382059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5659", "title": "Systemic air embolism in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.", "content": "Details of 25 cases of neonatal systemic air embolism, including three of our patients, are reviewed. This rare complication of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was observed in 21 premature infants and 4 fullterm newborns, of whom 23 required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In 21 of these patients air embolism was preceded by pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and/or pneumopericardium. Air embolism occurred between 3 and 288 hours after delivery. The outcome was lethal in 24 cases, only one patient survived. Two main pathogenic mechanisms are discussed; entrance of air from ruptured alveoli into the lung capillaries and introduction of air via catheters in umbilical vessels.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. Details of 25 cases of neonatal systemic air embolism, including three of our patients, are reviewed. This rare complication of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was observed in 21 premature infants and 4 fullterm newborns, of whom 23 required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In 21 of these patients air embolism was preceded by pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and/or pneumopericardium. Air embolism occurred between 3 and 288 hours after delivery. The outcome was lethal in 24 cases, only one patient survived. Two main pathogenic mechanisms are discussed; entrance of air from ruptured alveoli into the lung capillaries and introduction of air via catheters in umbilical vessels.", "PMID": 382064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5660", "title": "Characteristics of impaired chemotactic function in cord blood leukocytes.", "content": "Mobilities of cord blood granulocytes were studied using the agarose plate method and Boyden's chamber method. In the agarose plate, granulocytes of cord blood were shown to have moderately decreased responses in chemotaxis and chemokinesis induced by Escherichia coli-derived chemotactic factor and/or zymosan-activated serum, whereas they were shown to have a normal capacity of random mobility. Although their distance and index of chemotaxis or chemokinesis in the agarose plate were significantly less than those of adult granulocytes, response rate in both types of mobility were evidently higher compared with those in patients with chemotactic defect. Furthermore, there is a difference between chemotactic responses of cord blood granulocytes to E. coli-derived chemotactic factor and to zymosan-activated serum in the agarose plate method. Using the latter, a more distinguishable difference between chemotactic responses of cord blood granulocytes and adult granulocytes was shown. The Boyden's chamber method tended to show a more significant difference between chemotactic responses of granulocytes of cord blood and adults than in the agarose plate method.", "contents": "Characteristics of impaired chemotactic function in cord blood leukocytes. Mobilities of cord blood granulocytes were studied using the agarose plate method and Boyden's chamber method. In the agarose plate, granulocytes of cord blood were shown to have moderately decreased responses in chemotaxis and chemokinesis induced by Escherichia coli-derived chemotactic factor and/or zymosan-activated serum, whereas they were shown to have a normal capacity of random mobility. Although their distance and index of chemotaxis or chemokinesis in the agarose plate were significantly less than those of adult granulocytes, response rate in both types of mobility were evidently higher compared with those in patients with chemotactic defect. Furthermore, there is a difference between chemotactic responses of cord blood granulocytes to E. coli-derived chemotactic factor and to zymosan-activated serum in the agarose plate method. Using the latter, a more distinguishable difference between chemotactic responses of cord blood granulocytes and adult granulocytes was shown. The Boyden's chamber method tended to show a more significant difference between chemotactic responses of granulocytes of cord blood and adults than in the agarose plate method.", "PMID": 382066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5661", "title": "Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections in an intensive care nursery: rapid diagnosis by direct immunofluorescence.", "content": "A nosocomial outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infections involved 8 of 17 infants in an Intensive Care Nursery and one additional infant in the adjoining Newborn Nursery. Immunofluorescent staining of nasopharyngeal specimens was positive in six of seven virologically confirmed cases (86%). One additional case with negative viral cultures was also identified by this technique. Viral isolation in tissue cultures required an average of 4.9 days, whereas results of immunofluorescent studies were available in two to four hours. Rapid identification of infected infants by immunofluorescence permitted prompt institution of infection control measures.", "contents": "Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections in an intensive care nursery: rapid diagnosis by direct immunofluorescence. A nosocomial outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infections involved 8 of 17 infants in an Intensive Care Nursery and one additional infant in the adjoining Newborn Nursery. Immunofluorescent staining of nasopharyngeal specimens was positive in six of seven virologically confirmed cases (86%). One additional case with negative viral cultures was also identified by this technique. Viral isolation in tissue cultures required an average of 4.9 days, whereas results of immunofluorescent studies were available in two to four hours. Rapid identification of infected infants by immunofluorescence permitted prompt institution of infection control measures.", "PMID": 382079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5662", "title": "The pediatrician and congenital heart disease--1979.", "content": "Technologic advances in the diagnosis and treatment of children with congenital heart disease have created new, expanded roles for the practicing pediatrician. Early identification of infants with serious lesions continues to be vital, and support of children and their families following surgery is central to the solution of emotional, employment, and childbearing problems these patients may eventually face.", "contents": "The pediatrician and congenital heart disease--1979. Technologic advances in the diagnosis and treatment of children with congenital heart disease have created new, expanded roles for the practicing pediatrician. Early identification of infants with serious lesions continues to be vital, and support of children and their families following surgery is central to the solution of emotional, employment, and childbearing problems these patients may eventually face.", "PMID": 382081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5663", "title": "Intravenous linoleic acid supplementation in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Ten children with CF in matched pairs were infused with either Intralipid or with 10% glucose on a double blind basis every other week for one year. Although statistically there was significantly greater gain in height and weight in the study year compared to the previous year only for the test group, both groups improved more than expected. Cumulative data analysis showed greater improvement for the Intralipid group (23 of a possible 45 points) compared to the glucose group (-2 points; P less than .02). This study indicates the need to better define the role of nutrition in the pathophysiology of CF. Meanwhile, it is recommended that all children with CF have plasma linoleic acid levels measured at least once yearly, and if levels are low, appropriate supplements should be given.", "contents": "Intravenous linoleic acid supplementation in children with cystic fibrosis. Ten children with CF in matched pairs were infused with either Intralipid or with 10% glucose on a double blind basis every other week for one year. Although statistically there was significantly greater gain in height and weight in the study year compared to the previous year only for the test group, both groups improved more than expected. Cumulative data analysis showed greater improvement for the Intralipid group (23 of a possible 45 points) compared to the glucose group (-2 points; P less than .02). This study indicates the need to better define the role of nutrition in the pathophysiology of CF. Meanwhile, it is recommended that all children with CF have plasma linoleic acid levels measured at least once yearly, and if levels are low, appropriate supplements should be given.", "PMID": 382082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5664", "title": "Clostridium botulinum in fish.", "content": "1407 fish caught in Scandinavian waters, the North Sea and the North Atlantic have been examined for the presence of Cl. botulinum. The incidence in gut samples expressed as percentage of fish tested was generally highest in fish from Scandinavian coastal waters and the Baltic Sea (4--43%), decreasing in fish from the North Sea (0--8%), and the organism was practically absent in fish from the North Atlantic. When gut samples were examined, the incidence was highest in demersal fish (cod and flatfish) as compared with pelagic fish (herring). The latter fish species were mainly contaminated on outer surfaces and gills. Only type E was detected in this survey, and Cl. botulinum was not detected in any wild fresh water fish. It is suggested that type E spores may originate in the sea bed and that they be spread by fish and water currents.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum in fish. 1407 fish caught in Scandinavian waters, the North Sea and the North Atlantic have been examined for the presence of Cl. botulinum. The incidence in gut samples expressed as percentage of fish tested was generally highest in fish from Scandinavian coastal waters and the Baltic Sea (4--43%), decreasing in fish from the North Sea (0--8%), and the organism was practically absent in fish from the North Atlantic. When gut samples were examined, the incidence was highest in demersal fish (cod and flatfish) as compared with pelagic fish (herring). The latter fish species were mainly contaminated on outer surfaces and gills. Only type E was detected in this survey, and Cl. botulinum was not detected in any wild fresh water fish. It is suggested that type E spores may originate in the sea bed and that they be spread by fish and water currents.", "PMID": 382097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5665", "title": "[Nerve \"mixed\" suture. A new technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A critical evaluation of the various methods of nerve suture, followed by the description of a new personal method of \"mixed suture\" taking up the neurolemma and the perineurium in the same stitch. It may be used under emergency conditions or not, at all levels of nerve trunk interruption (and in particular in the region of the plexi) without the need for costly optical equipment. The technique is simple and may be used under all circumstances, even by the non-specialised surgeon. Results obtained over more than 10 years, involving the treatment of 109 nerve lesions confirm the value of this type of suture.", "contents": "[Nerve \"mixed\" suture. A new technique (author's transl)]. A critical evaluation of the various methods of nerve suture, followed by the description of a new personal method of \"mixed suture\" taking up the neurolemma and the perineurium in the same stitch. It may be used under emergency conditions or not, at all levels of nerve trunk interruption (and in particular in the region of the plexi) without the need for costly optical equipment. The technique is simple and may be used under all circumstances, even by the non-specialised surgeon. Results obtained over more than 10 years, involving the treatment of 109 nerve lesions confirm the value of this type of suture.", "PMID": 382098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5666", "title": "[Alternative complement pathway (author's transl)].", "content": "The dual role of the alternative complement pathway in recognition of foreign substances by a non-immune host and in the intrinsic regulation of the complement sequence is now well recognized. Activation of this pathway occurs through escape from its regulatory mechanisms induced by the activating principle; its functional expression depends on the respective levels of the component proteins C3, factor B, factor D and properdin, and on the control proteins beta 1H and C3bINA. This article presents recently acquired knowlege on the molecular mechanisms of activation, regulation and behaviour under pathological conditions of the alternative complement pathway.", "contents": "[Alternative complement pathway (author's transl)]. The dual role of the alternative complement pathway in recognition of foreign substances by a non-immune host and in the intrinsic regulation of the complement sequence is now well recognized. Activation of this pathway occurs through escape from its regulatory mechanisms induced by the activating principle; its functional expression depends on the respective levels of the component proteins C3, factor B, factor D and properdin, and on the control proteins beta 1H and C3bINA. This article presents recently acquired knowlege on the molecular mechanisms of activation, regulation and behaviour under pathological conditions of the alternative complement pathway.", "PMID": 382108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5667", "title": "Antiplatelet drugs in thromboembolism.", "content": "Evidence is mounting that three drugs that inhibit platelet function--aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazine--have an antithrombotic effect in humans. Particularly in men, aspirin is beneficial in controlling transient ischemic attacks and stroke, and there is evidence that it may be effective in preventing thrombotic and embolic complication of hip surgery. It abolishes symptoms in peripheral ischemia associated with thrombocytosis and spontaneous platelet aggregation and may prove effective in coronary artery disease. When combined with oral anticoagulants, aspirin is more effective than oral anticoagulants alone in preventing systemic embolism in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Dipyridamole in combination with oral anticoagulants reduces the incidence of systemic embolism after prosthetic heart valve replacement. Sulfinpyrazone reduces the incidence of sudden death in the first year after myocardial infarction, decreases the incidence of arteriovenous shunt thrombosis in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, and when combined with anticoagulants, may be effective in reducing the frequency of episodes in recurrent venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Antiplatelet drugs in thromboembolism. Evidence is mounting that three drugs that inhibit platelet function--aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazine--have an antithrombotic effect in humans. Particularly in men, aspirin is beneficial in controlling transient ischemic attacks and stroke, and there is evidence that it may be effective in preventing thrombotic and embolic complication of hip surgery. It abolishes symptoms in peripheral ischemia associated with thrombocytosis and spontaneous platelet aggregation and may prove effective in coronary artery disease. When combined with oral anticoagulants, aspirin is more effective than oral anticoagulants alone in preventing systemic embolism in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Dipyridamole in combination with oral anticoagulants reduces the incidence of systemic embolism after prosthetic heart valve replacement. Sulfinpyrazone reduces the incidence of sudden death in the first year after myocardial infarction, decreases the incidence of arteriovenous shunt thrombosis in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, and when combined with anticoagulants, may be effective in reducing the frequency of episodes in recurrent venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 382146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5668", "title": "Ascorbic acid and the common cold: reviewing the evidence.", "content": "Large-scale clinical trials of the effect of vitamin C on the common cold conducted since Pauling's pronouncement on its efficacy in 1970 have produced conflicting results. Benefits shown have been modest, and positive findings have not been reproducible. Reported benefits probably are due to statistical artifact, minor vitamin-induced physiologic changes, the placebo effect, or a combination of these.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and the common cold: reviewing the evidence. Large-scale clinical trials of the effect of vitamin C on the common cold conducted since Pauling's pronouncement on its efficacy in 1970 have produced conflicting results. Benefits shown have been modest, and positive findings have not been reproducible. Reported benefits probably are due to statistical artifact, minor vitamin-induced physiologic changes, the placebo effect, or a combination of these.", "PMID": 382147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5669", "title": "Effects of intravenous and oral domperidone on the motor function of the stomach and small intestine.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-six patients referred for barium meal with follow-up examination, participated in a placebo-controlled blind assessment of the effects of domperidone against placebo, on gastric motility and emptying. None of the patients had organic obstruction, had undergone previous gastrointestinal surgery or were currently taking anticholinergic drugs. In one study, patients were randomly given either 10 mg, 20 mg or 50 mg of domperidone or placebo suspension orally 30 minutes prior to barium meal to simulate therapeutic conditions. In a separate study conducted under identical conditions, either 8 mg domperidone or placebo was given intravenously. Domperidone (8 mg i.v. or 20 and 50 mg orally) significantly promoted antral peristalsis and gastric emptying compared to placebo. The results suggest that domperidone improves motor function in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and synchronizes motor function due to its protracted activity.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous and oral domperidone on the motor function of the stomach and small intestine. One hundred and fifty-six patients referred for barium meal with follow-up examination, participated in a placebo-controlled blind assessment of the effects of domperidone against placebo, on gastric motility and emptying. None of the patients had organic obstruction, had undergone previous gastrointestinal surgery or were currently taking anticholinergic drugs. In one study, patients were randomly given either 10 mg, 20 mg or 50 mg of domperidone or placebo suspension orally 30 minutes prior to barium meal to simulate therapeutic conditions. In a separate study conducted under identical conditions, either 8 mg domperidone or placebo was given intravenously. Domperidone (8 mg i.v. or 20 and 50 mg orally) significantly promoted antral peristalsis and gastric emptying compared to placebo. The results suggest that domperidone improves motor function in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and synchronizes motor function due to its protracted activity.", "PMID": 382148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5670", "title": "A double-blind study of domperidone in the symptomatic treatment of chronic post-prandial upper gastrointestinal distress.", "content": "Oral domperidone (30 mg/day) or placebo tablets were given to 41 patients presenting with symptoms of chronic post-prandial dyspepsia, in a double blind study. The tablets were taken three times a day before meals. The first part of the study lasted four weeks and was followed by a second four week period in which domperidone was given on an open basis to all subjects. At the end of the double-blind phase all indices but one (bitter regurgitation) as well as the gastro-oesophageal reflux cluster had significantly improved on domperidone treatment while none had done so on placebo. During the subsequent open four weeks of domperidone all items improved in both study groups. No side effects were seen in any of the participants in the study.", "contents": "A double-blind study of domperidone in the symptomatic treatment of chronic post-prandial upper gastrointestinal distress. Oral domperidone (30 mg/day) or placebo tablets were given to 41 patients presenting with symptoms of chronic post-prandial dyspepsia, in a double blind study. The tablets were taken three times a day before meals. The first part of the study lasted four weeks and was followed by a second four week period in which domperidone was given on an open basis to all subjects. At the end of the double-blind phase all indices but one (bitter regurgitation) as well as the gastro-oesophageal reflux cluster had significantly improved on domperidone treatment while none had done so on placebo. During the subsequent open four weeks of domperidone all items improved in both study groups. No side effects were seen in any of the participants in the study.", "PMID": 382149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5671", "title": "A double-blind crossover trial of domperidone in chronic postprandial dyspepsia.", "content": "A doubld-blind crossover study of oral domperidone (10 mg t.d.s.) involving 48 patients suffering from chronic postprandial dyspepsia, showed a significant relief of symptoms on active treatment compared to placebo. The trial lasted eight weeks, the crossover in medication taking place at four weeks. Side effects were rare and mild and it is concluded that domperidone could be a very useful drug for the symptomatic treatment of upper gastrointestinal distress.", "contents": "A double-blind crossover trial of domperidone in chronic postprandial dyspepsia. A doubld-blind crossover study of oral domperidone (10 mg t.d.s.) involving 48 patients suffering from chronic postprandial dyspepsia, showed a significant relief of symptoms on active treatment compared to placebo. The trial lasted eight weeks, the crossover in medication taking place at four weeks. Side effects were rare and mild and it is concluded that domperidone could be a very useful drug for the symptomatic treatment of upper gastrointestinal distress.", "PMID": 382150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5672", "title": "Domperidone in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with delayed gastric emptying.", "content": "Forty patients who were suffering from chronic dyspepsia, diagnosed clinically and radiologically as being related to delayed gastric emptying, were treated with either domperidone or placebo in a double-blind trial. The trial lasted four weeks and the dose of domperidone was 10 mg orally t.d.s. before meals. The results showed that the drug markedly improved symptoms and that side effects were few, being recorded in one patient only, on active treatment. It is concluded that domperidone is a useful agent for the treatment of dyspepsia with retarded gastric emptying.", "contents": "Domperidone in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with delayed gastric emptying. Forty patients who were suffering from chronic dyspepsia, diagnosed clinically and radiologically as being related to delayed gastric emptying, were treated with either domperidone or placebo in a double-blind trial. The trial lasted four weeks and the dose of domperidone was 10 mg orally t.d.s. before meals. The results showed that the drug markedly improved symptoms and that side effects were few, being recorded in one patient only, on active treatment. It is concluded that domperidone is a useful agent for the treatment of dyspepsia with retarded gastric emptying.", "PMID": 382151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5673", "title": "Domperidone for the symptomatic treatment of chronic post-prandial nausea and vomiting.", "content": "Forty patients with postprandial nausea and vomiting from a variety of underlying causes, were given either domperidone 20 mg t.d.s. or placebo in a double-blind study lasting two weeks. The tablets were taken before meals and no other anti-emetics were used. Nausea and vomiting were reduced in those patients given the active therapy, the results being recorded as excellent in 62% in the domperidone group and 18% of controls.", "contents": "Domperidone for the symptomatic treatment of chronic post-prandial nausea and vomiting. Forty patients with postprandial nausea and vomiting from a variety of underlying causes, were given either domperidone 20 mg t.d.s. or placebo in a double-blind study lasting two weeks. The tablets were taken before meals and no other anti-emetics were used. Nausea and vomiting were reduced in those patients given the active therapy, the results being recorded as excellent in 62% in the domperidone group and 18% of controls.", "PMID": 382152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5674", "title": "A double-blind comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide suppositories in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in children.", "content": "In a double-blind trial in 60 children suffering from gastroenteritis complicated by vomiting, it was found that suppositories of domperidone (30 mg) were more effective than either metoclopramide (10 mg) or placebo in reducing the severity of vomiting, nausea and other symptomatic parameters. No side effects were reported throughout the 24 hour period of the trial and the results suggest that domperidone suppositories may well prove to be the drug of choice in such cases of paediatric vomiting.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide suppositories in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in children. In a double-blind trial in 60 children suffering from gastroenteritis complicated by vomiting, it was found that suppositories of domperidone (30 mg) were more effective than either metoclopramide (10 mg) or placebo in reducing the severity of vomiting, nausea and other symptomatic parameters. No side effects were reported throughout the 24 hour period of the trial and the results suggest that domperidone suppositories may well prove to be the drug of choice in such cases of paediatric vomiting.", "PMID": 382153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5675", "title": "Domperidone drops in the symptomatic treatment of chronic paediatric vomiting and regurgitation. A comparison with metoclopramide.", "content": "Forty-seven infants and children suffering from chronic vomiting or regurgitation, participated in a two-week double-blind trial comparing 1% drops of domperidone, 1% metoclopramide drops or placebo. The dose was 0.3 mg/kg given t.d.s. before meals. Both active medicaments were significantly more effective than placebo in controlling the symptoms and domperidone was also significantly superior to metoclopramide. It is concluded, in view of the good safety margin with domperidone, that this drug could become the treatment of choice in such cases.", "contents": "Domperidone drops in the symptomatic treatment of chronic paediatric vomiting and regurgitation. A comparison with metoclopramide. Forty-seven infants and children suffering from chronic vomiting or regurgitation, participated in a two-week double-blind trial comparing 1% drops of domperidone, 1% metoclopramide drops or placebo. The dose was 0.3 mg/kg given t.d.s. before meals. Both active medicaments were significantly more effective than placebo in controlling the symptoms and domperidone was also significantly superior to metoclopramide. It is concluded, in view of the good safety margin with domperidone, that this drug could become the treatment of choice in such cases.", "PMID": 382154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5676", "title": "A multicentre pilot study of parenteral and rectal administration of domperidone in the treatment of severe vomiting in children.", "content": "A small scale pilot study among 41 children with severe vomiting, showed that a single administration of domperidone either intravenously, intramuscularly or rectally, effectively controlled the symptom within 3 hours in 36 (88%) patients. The excellent results together with the safety of this new drug indicate its potential value in these patients.", "contents": "A multicentre pilot study of parenteral and rectal administration of domperidone in the treatment of severe vomiting in children. A small scale pilot study among 41 children with severe vomiting, showed that a single administration of domperidone either intravenously, intramuscularly or rectally, effectively controlled the symptom within 3 hours in 36 (88%) patients. The excellent results together with the safety of this new drug indicate its potential value in these patients.", "PMID": 382155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5677", "title": "Domperidone in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.", "content": "In a series of open pilot studies, intravenous domperidone was given to three groups of post-operative patients, at doses ranging from 10 mg to 60 mg. As a  result of these studies, it was decided that a regime of 20 mg initially, followed by maintenance doses of 10 mg at 6 hourly intervals was highly effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting. Consequently this regime was chosen to evaluate domperidone against placebo in a double-blind study involving 106 patients. The results showed that only three out of 53 patients (5.7%) on active treatment were having nausea and vomiting compared with 16 of 53 patients (30.2%) on placebo. It is concluded that this regime is effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting.", "contents": "Domperidone in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. In a series of open pilot studies, intravenous domperidone was given to three groups of post-operative patients, at doses ranging from 10 mg to 60 mg. As a  result of these studies, it was decided that a regime of 20 mg initially, followed by maintenance doses of 10 mg at 6 hourly intervals was highly effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting. Consequently this regime was chosen to evaluate domperidone against placebo in a double-blind study involving 106 patients. The results showed that only three out of 53 patients (5.7%) on active treatment were having nausea and vomiting compared with 16 of 53 patients (30.2%) on placebo. It is concluded that this regime is effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting.", "PMID": 382156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5678", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of domperidone on human oesophageal and gastroduodenal motility by intraluminal manometry.", "content": "Intraluminal manometry has been used in a series of five studies on healthy volunteers and patients, to examine the action of domperidone on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP), on peristaltic contraction, amplitudes and on antral, pyloric and duodenal motility. Furthermore, the effect on gastric acid secretion, pH, secretory volume and serum gastrin levels was studied. It was found that domperidone increased LOSP significantly but was less effective in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux than in normal volunteers. The drug also increased the amplitude of oesophageal and duodenal peristalsis but had no effect on endogenous gastrin release or on gastric acid secretion. The results suggest that this drug may be useful in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal and gastroduodenal reflux. This potential benefit is enhanced by the absence of side effects even when given in high doses.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of domperidone on human oesophageal and gastroduodenal motility by intraluminal manometry. Intraluminal manometry has been used in a series of five studies on healthy volunteers and patients, to examine the action of domperidone on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP), on peristaltic contraction, amplitudes and on antral, pyloric and duodenal motility. Furthermore, the effect on gastric acid secretion, pH, secretory volume and serum gastrin levels was studied. It was found that domperidone increased LOSP significantly but was less effective in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux than in normal volunteers. The drug also increased the amplitude of oesophageal and duodenal peristalsis but had no effect on endogenous gastrin release or on gastric acid secretion. The results suggest that this drug may be useful in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal and gastroduodenal reflux. This potential benefit is enhanced by the absence of side effects even when given in high doses.", "PMID": 382158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5679", "title": "Nutrition and lactation.", "content": "Recommended dietary allowances for women during pregnancy are discussed in the light of actual intakes both in the developing and industrialized countries. The difference between total energy intakes in the industrialized countries (around 2900 kcal) and in the developing countries (around 1600 kcal) is emphasized. Data are provided from The Gambia which demonstrate the effect of seasonal changes in maternal dietary intake on the quantity of breast milk produced and on its quality. The relationship between breast-milk supply and infant growth is also demonstrated.", "contents": "Nutrition and lactation. Recommended dietary allowances for women during pregnancy are discussed in the light of actual intakes both in the developing and industrialized countries. The difference between total energy intakes in the industrialized countries (around 2900 kcal) and in the developing countries (around 1600 kcal) is emphasized. Data are provided from The Gambia which demonstrate the effect of seasonal changes in maternal dietary intake on the quantity of breast milk produced and on its quality. The relationship between breast-milk supply and infant growth is also demonstrated.", "PMID": 382161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5680", "title": "The respiratory response to pregnancy.", "content": "The respiratory response to pregnancy appears to be largely mediated by the action of progesterone and, perhaps to a lesser extent, oestrogens, at least in the first and second trimesters. The mechanical effects of the gravid uterus cause relatively little change in pulmonary mechanics, although finer changes in airways function require further investigation. Dyspnoea during pregnancy is also probably hormone-mediated but the exact temporal relationship between hormone status, functional change and the development of symptoms is not yet clearly defined.", "contents": "The respiratory response to pregnancy. The respiratory response to pregnancy appears to be largely mediated by the action of progesterone and, perhaps to a lesser extent, oestrogens, at least in the first and second trimesters. The mechanical effects of the gravid uterus cause relatively little change in pulmonary mechanics, although finer changes in airways function require further investigation. Dyspnoea during pregnancy is also probably hormone-mediated but the exact temporal relationship between hormone status, functional change and the development of symptoms is not yet clearly defined.", "PMID": 382162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5681", "title": "Respiratory disease in pregnancy.", "content": "Respiratory disorders seem to be better tolerated during pregnancy than disorders of the cardiovascular system. Pregnancy seems to have a variable effect on bronchial asthma although respiratory function in general shows little change. Similarly patients with bronchiectasis do not tend to show functional deterioration. Fetal growth, however, may be adversely affected in these conditions if arterial hypoxaemia is present. The problems of drug treatment of respiratory disorders in pregnancy, particularly asthma and tuberculosis, are discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory disease in pregnancy. Respiratory disorders seem to be better tolerated during pregnancy than disorders of the cardiovascular system. Pregnancy seems to have a variable effect on bronchial asthma although respiratory function in general shows little change. Similarly patients with bronchiectasis do not tend to show functional deterioration. Fetal growth, however, may be adversely affected in these conditions if arterial hypoxaemia is present. The problems of drug treatment of respiratory disorders in pregnancy, particularly asthma and tuberculosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 382163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5682", "title": "Renal physiology in pregnancy.", "content": "The changes which occur in renal excretory function during pregnancy are discussed. The relationship between glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow is examined in the light of new serial data obtained under conditions of saline diuresis. Changes in the renal handling of nutrients and in the excretion of waste products during pregnancy are reviewed.", "contents": "Renal physiology in pregnancy. The changes which occur in renal excretory function during pregnancy are discussed. The relationship between glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow is examined in the light of new serial data obtained under conditions of saline diuresis. Changes in the renal handling of nutrients and in the excretion of waste products during pregnancy are reviewed.", "PMID": 382164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5683", "title": "Renal disease in pregnancy.", "content": "In this review the need for early antenatal assessment of renal disease is stressed as is the need to follow-up all patients in the puerperium in whom renal dysfunction has been suspected during pregnancy. A variety of renal disorders and their effect on the outcome of pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Renal disease in pregnancy. In this review the need for early antenatal assessment of renal disease is stressed as is the need to follow-up all patients in the puerperium in whom renal dysfunction has been suspected during pregnancy. A variety of renal disorders and their effect on the outcome of pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 382165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5684", "title": "The physiology of thyroid function in pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnancy has a variety of effects on maternal thyroid function. Thyroid gland enlargement is common particularly in areas of relative iodine deficiency. The renal clearance of iodine is increased in pregnancy and together with an increased volume of iodine distribution, leads to a low plasma inorganic iodine and thus increases the thyroidal iodine clearance. However, the absolute iodine uptake and hormone production rate remain unchanged. There is an increase in the serum thyroxine (T4)and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration largely due to an increase in thyroid hormone-binding proteins. Free thyroxine and free T3 remain unchanged in pregnancy as does the Free Thyroxine Index, which gives the single most accurate measure of thyroid function. The placenta secretes a number of thyroid stimulators including human chorionic gonadotrophin and possibly chorionic thyrotrophin and molar thyrotrophin whose physiological role is to date poorly understood. The fetal thyroid develops independently, and although fetal T4 CONCENTRATION RISES PROGRESSIVELY To maternal by term, the T3 concentration is markedly reduced owing to preferential formation of inactive reverse T3.", "contents": "The physiology of thyroid function in pregnancy. Pregnancy has a variety of effects on maternal thyroid function. Thyroid gland enlargement is common particularly in areas of relative iodine deficiency. The renal clearance of iodine is increased in pregnancy and together with an increased volume of iodine distribution, leads to a low plasma inorganic iodine and thus increases the thyroidal iodine clearance. However, the absolute iodine uptake and hormone production rate remain unchanged. There is an increase in the serum thyroxine (T4)and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration largely due to an increase in thyroid hormone-binding proteins. Free thyroxine and free T3 remain unchanged in pregnancy as does the Free Thyroxine Index, which gives the single most accurate measure of thyroid function. The placenta secretes a number of thyroid stimulators including human chorionic gonadotrophin and possibly chorionic thyrotrophin and molar thyrotrophin whose physiological role is to date poorly understood. The fetal thyroid develops independently, and although fetal T4 CONCENTRATION RISES PROGRESSIVELY To maternal by term, the T3 concentration is markedly reduced owing to preferential formation of inactive reverse T3.", "PMID": 382166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5685", "title": "Liver and gastrointestinal function in pregnancy.", "content": "Difficulties arise in the interpretation of liver tests in the pregnant subject, since some values increase (alkaline phosphatase) whilst others remain unchanged (transaminases) or fall during pregnancy. The diagnosis and management of some causes of jaundice in pregnancy, such as viral hepatitis, gall stones, benign intrahepatic cholestasis and acute fatty liver of pregnancy are discussed. Little is known about the commonest symptoms of pregnancy (nausea, vomiting and constipation) other than that they might be due to hormonally induced alteration of sphincter tone. However, pre-existing bowel disease has a greater effect on pregnancy. Fertility is reduced in poor nutritional states (e.g. coeliac and Crohn's diseases) and an increased occurrence of spontaneous abortion has been noted. For inflammatory bowel diseases, the time of onset is important in determining the outcome of pregnancy. Relapse in the disease is commonest in the first trimester and in the puerperium. Treatment of these conditions is essentially as in the non-pregnant subject. The controversial subject of sulphasalazine and steroid usage in pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Liver and gastrointestinal function in pregnancy. Difficulties arise in the interpretation of liver tests in the pregnant subject, since some values increase (alkaline phosphatase) whilst others remain unchanged (transaminases) or fall during pregnancy. The diagnosis and management of some causes of jaundice in pregnancy, such as viral hepatitis, gall stones, benign intrahepatic cholestasis and acute fatty liver of pregnancy are discussed. Little is known about the commonest symptoms of pregnancy (nausea, vomiting and constipation) other than that they might be due to hormonally induced alteration of sphincter tone. However, pre-existing bowel disease has a greater effect on pregnancy. Fertility is reduced in poor nutritional states (e.g. coeliac and Crohn's diseases) and an increased occurrence of spontaneous abortion has been noted. For inflammatory bowel diseases, the time of onset is important in determining the outcome of pregnancy. Relapse in the disease is commonest in the first trimester and in the puerperium. Treatment of these conditions is essentially as in the non-pregnant subject. The controversial subject of sulphasalazine and steroid usage in pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 382167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5686", "title": "Metabolic changes in pregnancy relevant to diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy are discussed and possible mechanisms for these changes are put forward. It is stressed that the raised levels of plasma glucose, the enhanced response to insulin and the decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin are all features of normal pregnancy. It may be difficult to distinguish this from very early forms of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, the detection of which is briefly considered.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in pregnancy relevant to diabetes mellitus. The alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy are discussed and possible mechanisms for these changes are put forward. It is stressed that the raised levels of plasma glucose, the enhanced response to insulin and the decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin are all features of normal pregnancy. It may be difficult to distinguish this from very early forms of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, the detection of which is briefly considered.", "PMID": 382168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5687", "title": "Blood clotting and fibrinolysis in pregnancy.", "content": "During normal pregnancy, the concentrations of many of the clotting factors rise, thereby increasing the potential to generate fibrin. There is also evidence of increased thrombin activity during normal pregnancy which sharply increases during placental separation. Antithrombin III, the main inhibitor of thrombin and activated factor X, shows no compensatory rise during pregnancy but increases during the puerperium. Plasminogen and antiplasmin concentrations rise during pregnancy but systemic fibrinolytic activity, as measured by the euglobulin lysis time, is markedly depressed during pregnancy; the reduced fibrinolytic activity returns to non-pregnant values very soon after delivery. The loss of fibrinolytic  activity is presumed to be loss of plasminogen activator, because when this is added in excess in the urokinase sensitivity test, the fibrinolytic response is normal. The capacity for localized fibrinolytic activity is not lost, however, because fibrinolytic degradation products are slightly raised during pregnancy. The overall pattern is one of increased coagulant and reduced fibrinolytic capacity during pregnancy which may protect the pregnant woman against the haemostatic challenge of placental separation.", "contents": "Blood clotting and fibrinolysis in pregnancy. During normal pregnancy, the concentrations of many of the clotting factors rise, thereby increasing the potential to generate fibrin. There is also evidence of increased thrombin activity during normal pregnancy which sharply increases during placental separation. Antithrombin III, the main inhibitor of thrombin and activated factor X, shows no compensatory rise during pregnancy but increases during the puerperium. Plasminogen and antiplasmin concentrations rise during pregnancy but systemic fibrinolytic activity, as measured by the euglobulin lysis time, is markedly depressed during pregnancy; the reduced fibrinolytic activity returns to non-pregnant values very soon after delivery. The loss of fibrinolytic  activity is presumed to be loss of plasminogen activator, because when this is added in excess in the urokinase sensitivity test, the fibrinolytic response is normal. The capacity for localized fibrinolytic activity is not lost, however, because fibrinolytic degradation products are slightly raised during pregnancy. The overall pattern is one of increased coagulant and reduced fibrinolytic capacity during pregnancy which may protect the pregnant woman against the haemostatic challenge of placental separation.", "PMID": 382169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5688", "title": "Coagulation problems in human pregnancy.", "content": "Coagulation problems in pregnancy are primarily associated with overactivity of the intrinsic clotting system. This accounts for the increased incidence of thrombo-embolism during pregnancy. Where specific obstetric complications cause clotting problems the common underlying feature is usually placental pathology as in abruptio placentae, pre-eclampsia or hydatidiform mole. Abnormal activation of the clotting system is an early, and occasionally the first detectable feature of pre-eclampsia, but there is no evidence that this is a primary change. Therefore the role of anticoagulant treatment in the management of pre-eclampsia remains questionable. A new test for estimating factor VIII consumption is proving to be a sensitive index of early activation of the clotting system and can be used for the diagnosis of early pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Coagulation problems in human pregnancy. Coagulation problems in pregnancy are primarily associated with overactivity of the intrinsic clotting system. This accounts for the increased incidence of thrombo-embolism during pregnancy. Where specific obstetric complications cause clotting problems the common underlying feature is usually placental pathology as in abruptio placentae, pre-eclampsia or hydatidiform mole. Abnormal activation of the clotting system is an early, and occasionally the first detectable feature of pre-eclampsia, but there is no evidence that this is a primary change. Therefore the role of anticoagulant treatment in the management of pre-eclampsia remains questionable. A new test for estimating factor VIII consumption is proving to be a sensitive index of early activation of the clotting system and can be used for the diagnosis of early pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 382170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5689", "title": "Comparative susceptibility and effect of mild Aspergillus fumigatus infection on three strains of chickens.", "content": "A single Comb White Leghorn strain (Dryden X Auburn = DAX) was more susceptible to Aspergillus fumigatus infection and suffered significantly greater mortality than the Athens-Canadian or a Vantress X Arbor-Acres cross exposed soon after hatching. The unexposed controls of the three types weighed significantly more than the corresponding exposed survivors at 5 weeks of age.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility and effect of mild Aspergillus fumigatus infection on three strains of chickens. A single Comb White Leghorn strain (Dryden X Auburn = DAX) was more susceptible to Aspergillus fumigatus infection and suffered significantly greater mortality than the Athens-Canadian or a Vantress X Arbor-Acres cross exposed soon after hatching. The unexposed controls of the three types weighed significantly more than the corresponding exposed survivors at 5 weeks of age.", "PMID": 382171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5690", "title": "Medial plantar sensory flap for coverage of heel defects.", "content": "A sensory flap, based on the medial plantar artery and incorporating the cutaneous branches of the medial plantar nerve, is described for the coverage of heel defects.", "contents": "Medial plantar sensory flap for coverage of heel defects. A sensory flap, based on the medial plantar artery and incorporating the cutaneous branches of the medial plantar nerve, is described for the coverage of heel defects.", "PMID": 382204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5691", "title": "The free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "content": "The general anatomy and the detailed vascular anatomy of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is described, and its use as a free flap is illustrated. The speed and ease with which it can be raised, its long vascular pedicle, the large diameter of the donor vessels, and the potentially large size of the flap are emphasized.", "contents": "The free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. The general anatomy and the detailed vascular anatomy of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is described, and its use as a free flap is illustrated. The speed and ease with which it can be raised, its long vascular pedicle, the large diameter of the donor vessels, and the potentially large size of the flap are emphasized.", "PMID": 382205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5692", "title": "Construction of natural appearing female genitalia in the male transsexual.", "content": "A surgical technique is presented which gives an excellent appearance and functional result in male-to-female transsexual conversion of genitalia. The complications have been few, and the conversion is done in one operation.", "contents": "Construction of natural appearing female genitalia in the male transsexual. A surgical technique is presented which gives an excellent appearance and functional result in male-to-female transsexual conversion of genitalia. The complications have been few, and the conversion is done in one operation.", "PMID": 382206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5693", "title": "The relationship between the number of sutures and the strength of microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "The relative strengths of microvascular anastomoses in rat femoral arteries were measured, comparing controls (no anastomosis) to those with 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 stitches. The ones in which 8 sutures were used most closely paralleled the control state, whereas those with 4 or 6 sutures were clearly inferior. With a greater number of sutures the vessel behaves as a \"shorter\" vessel, with the anastomosis becoming the weakest part of the vessel.", "contents": "The relationship between the number of sutures and the strength of microvascular anastomoses. The relative strengths of microvascular anastomoses in rat femoral arteries were measured, comparing controls (no anastomosis) to those with 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 stitches. The ones in which 8 sutures were used most closely paralleled the control state, whereas those with 4 or 6 sutures were clearly inferior. With a greater number of sutures the vessel behaves as a \"shorter\" vessel, with the anastomosis becoming the weakest part of the vessel.", "PMID": 382207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5694", "title": "Use of submandibular flap to close pharyngostomes and other defects of lower anterior neck region.", "content": "We describe the use of a suprahyoid flap for reconstruction in the lower anterior neck. It has been most useful for immediately closing pharyngostomes and for resurfacing defects from the excision of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx or other neoplasms involving the skin. This flap provides a good deal of viable tissue, it can easily be rotated without a delay procedure, and the donor area is closed by direct suture. We present our experience with 22 cases.", "contents": "Use of submandibular flap to close pharyngostomes and other defects of lower anterior neck region. We describe the use of a suprahyoid flap for reconstruction in the lower anterior neck. It has been most useful for immediately closing pharyngostomes and for resurfacing defects from the excision of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx or other neoplasms involving the skin. This flap provides a good deal of viable tissue, it can easily be rotated without a delay procedure, and the donor area is closed by direct suture. We present our experience with 22 cases.", "PMID": 382208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5695", "title": "Bone scintigraphy of experimental composite bone grafts revascularized by microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "In these experiments the reliability of bone scintigraphy with 99mTc diphosphonate, to assess anastomotic patency and the viability of revascularized composite fibular grafts, was studied. It was shown that bone scintigraphy is very useful for the diagnosis of anastomotic patency, but only in the first postoperative weeks. Bone scintigraphy gives no information on the viability of bone grafts.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy of experimental composite bone grafts revascularized by microvascular anastomoses. In these experiments the reliability of bone scintigraphy with 99mTc diphosphonate, to assess anastomotic patency and the viability of revascularized composite fibular grafts, was studied. It was shown that bone scintigraphy is very useful for the diagnosis of anastomotic patency, but only in the first postoperative weeks. Bone scintigraphy gives no information on the viability of bone grafts.", "PMID": 382209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5696", "title": "Bone formation by revascularized periosteal and bone grafts, compared with traditional bone grafts.", "content": "Three groups of dogs were studied to compare the bone formation obtained with traditional bone grafting techniques, and that obtained with revascularized periosteum or revascularized bone grafts--all in unstressed bone. Revascularized periosteum did not produce a significant amount of bone in this unstressed model. At 4 months the revascularized rib grafts had a slightly greater tolerance to stress at the callus site than traditional bone grafts, but the incidence of non-union was the same. We conclude that the use of revascularized bone grafts should be reserved for situations in which traditional bone grafting techniques are unlikely to be successful.", "contents": "Bone formation by revascularized periosteal and bone grafts, compared with traditional bone grafts. Three groups of dogs were studied to compare the bone formation obtained with traditional bone grafting techniques, and that obtained with revascularized periosteum or revascularized bone grafts--all in unstressed bone. Revascularized periosteum did not produce a significant amount of bone in this unstressed model. At 4 months the revascularized rib grafts had a slightly greater tolerance to stress at the callus site than traditional bone grafts, but the incidence of non-union was the same. We conclude that the use of revascularized bone grafts should be reserved for situations in which traditional bone grafting techniques are unlikely to be successful.", "PMID": 382210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5697", "title": "Beneficial effect of staged division of pedicle in experimental axial-pattern flaps.", "content": "Using an experimental model, the effect of a staged division of the pedicle of a flap on vascularization from its bed was studied. This delay procedure seemed to stimulate the ingrowth of a greater number and larger size of vessels--to enhance the blood flow from the bed with significantly greater tissue survival in the flap after complete division of the pedicle.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of staged division of pedicle in experimental axial-pattern flaps. Using an experimental model, the effect of a staged division of the pedicle of a flap on vascularization from its bed was studied. This delay procedure seemed to stimulate the ingrowth of a greater number and larger size of vessels--to enhance the blood flow from the bed with significantly greater tissue survival in the flap after complete division of the pedicle.", "PMID": 382211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5698", "title": "Nutrient blood flow in delayed axial pattern skin flaps in pigs.", "content": "Blood flow was investigated in 112 skin flaps (84 delayed and 28 undelayed) in 28 pigs. The flow was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased over the control flow with increasing delay intervals, reaching the greatest flow at one week after the delay (paralleling the increase in tissue survival). This increased blood flow persisted after definitive flap raising. The circulatory adjustments within the first week of the delay constitute the delay phenomenon, and they determine the ultimate viability of the skin flap in this model.", "contents": "Nutrient blood flow in delayed axial pattern skin flaps in pigs. Blood flow was investigated in 112 skin flaps (84 delayed and 28 undelayed) in 28 pigs. The flow was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased over the control flow with increasing delay intervals, reaching the greatest flow at one week after the delay (paralleling the increase in tissue survival). This increased blood flow persisted after definitive flap raising. The circulatory adjustments within the first week of the delay constitute the delay phenomenon, and they determine the ultimate viability of the skin flap in this model.", "PMID": 382212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5699", "title": "The seventeenth-century transformation of the hysteric affection, and Sydenham's Baconian medicine.", "content": "Before 1600 the 'hysteric affection' was a paroxysmal ailment of women explained as primarily due to the condition or malposition of the womb. During the seventeenth century attention shifted from the womb to the brain. Then Thomas Sydenham's clinical method yielded a view of hysteria which comprehended a wide range of illness with a mental component, and which was related to the whole person. In the course of this paper the relation of the hysteric affection to witchcraft, demonic possession, St Vitus' dance (chorea), hypochondria and melancholy is also noted.", "contents": "The seventeenth-century transformation of the hysteric affection, and Sydenham's Baconian medicine. Before 1600 the 'hysteric affection' was a paroxysmal ailment of women explained as primarily due to the condition or malposition of the womb. During the seventeenth century attention shifted from the womb to the brain. Then Thomas Sydenham's clinical method yielded a view of hysteria which comprehended a wide range of illness with a mental component, and which was related to the whole person. In the course of this paper the relation of the hysteric affection to witchcraft, demonic possession, St Vitus' dance (chorea), hypochondria and melancholy is also noted.", "PMID": 382219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5700", "title": "TSH and LH responses in subtypes of depression.", "content": "TRH and LHRH were simultaneously infused into a group of five male patients with primary unipolar depression and four male secondary depressed patients. Blood samples were measured for LH and TSH just before and two hours following infusion. Six healthy male subjects matched for age were similarly studied. Our results showed: 1) that basal levels of TSH and LH were not different in any of the three groups of subjects, 2) TSH responses in the three groups were not significantly different, and 3) the LH response was significantly greater in the secondary depressed patients than the primary unipolar depression and normal controls at all time intervals after infusion. Our results add to the existing evidence for an abnormality in the hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of pituitary hormones-in particular LH. Such an abnormalit has not been reported in the literature to our knowledge. Our results tend to suggest a biological difference in the two subtypes of depression studied. Neuroendocrine studies would appear to be a useful diagnostic procedure in the differentiation of these subtypes of depression.", "contents": "TSH and LH responses in subtypes of depression. TRH and LHRH were simultaneously infused into a group of five male patients with primary unipolar depression and four male secondary depressed patients. Blood samples were measured for LH and TSH just before and two hours following infusion. Six healthy male subjects matched for age were similarly studied. Our results showed: 1) that basal levels of TSH and LH were not different in any of the three groups of subjects, 2) TSH responses in the three groups were not significantly different, and 3) the LH response was significantly greater in the secondary depressed patients than the primary unipolar depression and normal controls at all time intervals after infusion. Our results add to the existing evidence for an abnormality in the hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of pituitary hormones-in particular LH. Such an abnormalit has not been reported in the literature to our knowledge. Our results tend to suggest a biological difference in the two subtypes of depression studied. Neuroendocrine studies would appear to be a useful diagnostic procedure in the differentiation of these subtypes of depression.", "PMID": 382224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5701", "title": "Preparation for labor: a historical perspective.", "content": "A historical analysis of the literature pertaining to psychoprophylaxis demonstrates that contemporary treatment methods have diverse and complex origins. Although many training manuals are presented as outlines of the \"Lamaze\" method, historical evidence indicates that Grantly Dick-Read (Natural Childbirth. London, Heinemann, 1933; Childbirth Without Fear. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1944), an English obstetrician, made the most substantive contributions to this area. Although Fernand Lamaze is generally regarded as the pre-eminent authority on psychoprophylaxis, a comparison of his 1958 text with the original Soviet source (I. Velvovsky et al., (Eds.), Painless Childbirth Through Psychoprophylaxis, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publ. House, 1960) demonstrates that he deleted and modified substantial portions of the treatment regimen and failed to keep abreast of developments in Soviet theory. Neither Dick-Read, Velvovsky et al. or Lamaze (Painless Childbirth. London, Burke, 1958) present data which permit cause and effect conclusions regarding treatment and outcome. By the same token, none of these authors demonstrated interest in the empirical validation of their theories regarding pain, anxiety, or fear reduction.", "contents": "Preparation for labor: a historical perspective. A historical analysis of the literature pertaining to psychoprophylaxis demonstrates that contemporary treatment methods have diverse and complex origins. Although many training manuals are presented as outlines of the \"Lamaze\" method, historical evidence indicates that Grantly Dick-Read (Natural Childbirth. London, Heinemann, 1933; Childbirth Without Fear. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1944), an English obstetrician, made the most substantive contributions to this area. Although Fernand Lamaze is generally regarded as the pre-eminent authority on psychoprophylaxis, a comparison of his 1958 text with the original Soviet source (I. Velvovsky et al., (Eds.), Painless Childbirth Through Psychoprophylaxis, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publ. House, 1960) demonstrates that he deleted and modified substantial portions of the treatment regimen and failed to keep abreast of developments in Soviet theory. Neither Dick-Read, Velvovsky et al. or Lamaze (Painless Childbirth. London, Burke, 1958) present data which permit cause and effect conclusions regarding treatment and outcome. By the same token, none of these authors demonstrated interest in the empirical validation of their theories regarding pain, anxiety, or fear reduction.", "PMID": 382225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5702", "title": "Interaction of radiofrequency and microwave radiation with living systems. A review of mechanisms.", "content": "Human health aspects and biological effects of radio frequency (RF) and microwave radiation have been in the focus of research efforts in the last decade. An understanding of the interaction mechanisms between such radiation and living systems is essential in interpreting experimental results and assessing potential health hazards. A comprehensive review of basic biophysical interaction mechanisms between RF and microwaves in the frequency range between 10 MHz and 300 GHz and biological systems is provided in this paper. The interactions at various levels of organization of a living organisms such as molecular, cellular and macroscopic are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of radiofrequency and microwave radiation with living systems. A review of mechanisms. Human health aspects and biological effects of radio frequency (RF) and microwave radiation have been in the focus of research efforts in the last decade. An understanding of the interaction mechanisms between such radiation and living systems is essential in interpreting experimental results and assessing potential health hazards. A comprehensive review of basic biophysical interaction mechanisms between RF and microwaves in the frequency range between 10 MHz and 300 GHz and biological systems is provided in this paper. The interactions at various levels of organization of a living organisms such as molecular, cellular and macroscopic are discussed.", "PMID": 382232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5703", "title": "Effect of elevated temperatures on the radiation sensitivity of yeast cells of different species.", "content": "The influence of hyperthermia on the survival of irradiated yeast cells of different species has been studied. The experiments reported in the paper have shown: (1) simultaneous action of ionizing radiation and high temperatures appeared to increase the radiation response by a factor of approximately 2.7 for diploid and only by a factor of 1.5 for haploid cells of wild-type; (2) the combined action of high temperature and ionizing radiation had no synergistic effect for rad51 mutant diploid yeast cells; (3) heating before or after irradiation did not alter the radiation response of yeast cells; (4) enhancement of yeast cell sensitivity by simultaneous action of hyperthermia and 239Pu-alpha-particles was negligible; (5) the magnitude and the rate of liquid holding recovery is lowered with increasing of irradiation temperature. On this basis, it was concluded that possible mechanism for thermal sensitization of yeast cells may involve the reduced capacity of cells to recover damages resulted from the combined action of both modalities.", "contents": "Effect of elevated temperatures on the radiation sensitivity of yeast cells of different species. The influence of hyperthermia on the survival of irradiated yeast cells of different species has been studied. The experiments reported in the paper have shown: (1) simultaneous action of ionizing radiation and high temperatures appeared to increase the radiation response by a factor of approximately 2.7 for diploid and only by a factor of 1.5 for haploid cells of wild-type; (2) the combined action of high temperature and ionizing radiation had no synergistic effect for rad51 mutant diploid yeast cells; (3) heating before or after irradiation did not alter the radiation response of yeast cells; (4) enhancement of yeast cell sensitivity by simultaneous action of hyperthermia and 239Pu-alpha-particles was negligible; (5) the magnitude and the rate of liquid holding recovery is lowered with increasing of irradiation temperature. On this basis, it was concluded that possible mechanism for thermal sensitization of yeast cells may involve the reduced capacity of cells to recover damages resulted from the combined action of both modalities.", "PMID": 382233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5704", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound and the genitourinary tract. A review of clinical applications.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound has many well established indications in the evaluation of genitourinary tract disease. Musch of this information complements or corroborates findings derived from other investigations. The role of ultrasound as a primary diagnostic modality is still evolving, but it appears to be useful in a variety of clinical situations, especially in azotemia, suspected hydronephrosis, and renal transplantation. Ultrasound also has a place in the evaluation of the retroperitoneum, the perirenal space, and the adrenal glands, and preliminary work suggests a role in prostatic and testicular abnormalities as well. State of the art prospective comparisons with computed tomography need to be made in many of these areas before the precise role of ultrasound can be defined.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound and the genitourinary tract. A review of clinical applications. Diagnostic ultrasound has many well established indications in the evaluation of genitourinary tract disease. Musch of this information complements or corroborates findings derived from other investigations. The role of ultrasound as a primary diagnostic modality is still evolving, but it appears to be useful in a variety of clinical situations, especially in azotemia, suspected hydronephrosis, and renal transplantation. Ultrasound also has a place in the evaluation of the retroperitoneum, the perirenal space, and the adrenal glands, and preliminary work suggests a role in prostatic and testicular abnormalities as well. State of the art prospective comparisons with computed tomography need to be made in many of these areas before the precise role of ultrasound can be defined.", "PMID": 382237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5705", "title": "Acute focal bacterial nephritis (acute lobar nephronia).", "content": "Acute lobar nephronia (ALN) refers to a renal mass caused by acute focal infection without liquefaction. The radiological findings in 12 patients with 13 episodes of ALN are described. A characteristic combination of uroradiological findings is (a) a relatively sonolucent mass which disrupts corticomedullary definition on ultrasonography; (b) a solid-appearing mass on other uroradiological studies; and (c) a positive gallium image in the region of the mass, which may be associated with increased activity elsewhere in the same or opposite kidney. The angiographic finding of significant venous narrowing within the mass associated with only minor arteriographic abnormalities is characteristic of ALN as well.", "contents": "Acute focal bacterial nephritis (acute lobar nephronia). Acute lobar nephronia (ALN) refers to a renal mass caused by acute focal infection without liquefaction. The radiological findings in 12 patients with 13 episodes of ALN are described. A characteristic combination of uroradiological findings is (a) a relatively sonolucent mass which disrupts corticomedullary definition on ultrasonography; (b) a solid-appearing mass on other uroradiological studies; and (c) a positive gallium image in the region of the mass, which may be associated with increased activity elsewhere in the same or opposite kidney. The angiographic finding of significant venous narrowing within the mass associated with only minor arteriographic abnormalities is characteristic of ALN as well.", "PMID": 382239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5706", "title": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the lungs.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive cases of pulmonary involvement by non-Hodgkin in lymphoma, including 2 cases of primary pulmonary disease, were anlyzed. The radiological manifestations of illness were divided into (a) nodular (subpleural, deep parenchymal, or perihilar), (b) pneumonic-alveolar (segmental or lobar), (c) bronchovascular-lymphangitic (central bronchovascular or diffuse lymphangitic), and (d) miliary-hematogenous. Histiocytic lymphoma was associated with infiltration of rapid onset in 6, cavitating nodules in 2, and diffuse lymphangitic dissemination in 9. Of 16 patients with lymphocytic lymphoma, 7 had lobar or segmental alveolar involvement.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the lungs. Twenty-seven consecutive cases of pulmonary involvement by non-Hodgkin in lymphoma, including 2 cases of primary pulmonary disease, were anlyzed. The radiological manifestations of illness were divided into (a) nodular (subpleural, deep parenchymal, or perihilar), (b) pneumonic-alveolar (segmental or lobar), (c) bronchovascular-lymphangitic (central bronchovascular or diffuse lymphangitic), and (d) miliary-hematogenous. Histiocytic lymphoma was associated with infiltration of rapid onset in 6, cavitating nodules in 2, and diffuse lymphangitic dissemination in 9. Of 16 patients with lymphocytic lymphoma, 7 had lobar or segmental alveolar involvement.", "PMID": 382240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5707", "title": "Acute pulmonary edema after the intravenous administration of contrast media.", "content": "Acute pulmonary edema developed in two young, previously healthy women immediately after the intravenous administration of contrast media. The pulmonary edema, rare in young persons, could not be explained by classical anaphylaxis, contrast media overdose, sodium and fluid overload, or acute myocardial infarction. A nonimmunologic osmotic mechanism causing reversible pulmonary capillary leak might explain the clinical events observed in both patients. Both responded to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), indicating the possible utility of CPAP in treating pulmonary capillary-leak contrast reactions.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary edema after the intravenous administration of contrast media. Acute pulmonary edema developed in two young, previously healthy women immediately after the intravenous administration of contrast media. The pulmonary edema, rare in young persons, could not be explained by classical anaphylaxis, contrast media overdose, sodium and fluid overload, or acute myocardial infarction. A nonimmunologic osmotic mechanism causing reversible pulmonary capillary leak might explain the clinical events observed in both patients. Both responded to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), indicating the possible utility of CPAP in treating pulmonary capillary-leak contrast reactions.", "PMID": 382241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5708", "title": "The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of kidney allograft rejection.", "content": "Seventeen nephrectomized dogs underwent kidney transplantation from unrelated donors. Routine immunosuppressive therapy was administered. Serial ultrasound studies and biopsies and complete pathological examinations were performed and compared. A number of sonographic changes were observed within the renal parenchyma during rejection, some of which were present before a significant rise in serum creatinine levels. The medulla became enlarged due to edema, followed by growth of the rest of the kidney and thickening of the cortex. The cortical echoes became more sparsely distributed and either increased or decreased in amplitude; distribution was generalized or localized. During rejection, the corticomedullary boundary became indistinct. Later, a decrease in the renal sinus echoes was also noted. In 2 cases, perirenal fluid collections occurred as the result of renal rupture.", "contents": "The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of kidney allograft rejection. Seventeen nephrectomized dogs underwent kidney transplantation from unrelated donors. Routine immunosuppressive therapy was administered. Serial ultrasound studies and biopsies and complete pathological examinations were performed and compared. A number of sonographic changes were observed within the renal parenchyma during rejection, some of which were present before a significant rise in serum creatinine levels. The medulla became enlarged due to edema, followed by growth of the rest of the kidney and thickening of the cortex. The cortical echoes became more sparsely distributed and either increased or decreased in amplitude; distribution was generalized or localized. During rejection, the corticomedullary boundary became indistinct. Later, a decrease in the renal sinus echoes was also noted. In 2 cases, perirenal fluid collections occurred as the result of renal rupture.", "PMID": 382242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5709", "title": "Correlation of echographic and histologic findings in suspected renal allograft rejection.", "content": "Immunologic renal allograft rejection is the most common cause of diminished renal function in the transplant patient, yet it is difficult to distinguish from other etiologies, frequently requiring biopsy before therapy can be instituted. To determine the utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of this type of rejection, the authors correlated histologic and echographic findings of 30 coded biopsies and sonograms in 25 patients. The results were encouraging, with a 71% rate of accuracy in indicating steroid therapy for acute rejection and an accuracy rate of 81% in contraindicating it. There was exact agreement of echographic and histologic evaluations as to extent of chronic rejection in 70% of cases.", "contents": "Correlation of echographic and histologic findings in suspected renal allograft rejection. Immunologic renal allograft rejection is the most common cause of diminished renal function in the transplant patient, yet it is difficult to distinguish from other etiologies, frequently requiring biopsy before therapy can be instituted. To determine the utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of this type of rejection, the authors correlated histologic and echographic findings of 30 coded biopsies and sonograms in 25 patients. The results were encouraging, with a 71% rate of accuracy in indicating steroid therapy for acute rejection and an accuracy rate of 81% in contraindicating it. There was exact agreement of echographic and histologic evaluations as to extent of chronic rejection in 70% of cases.", "PMID": 382243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5710", "title": "Did R\u00f6ntgen discover the X ray by himself?", "content": "The historical background of the discovery of the x ray and some of Lenard's claims to priority are discussed. There is no doubt that the x ray is the sole discovery of Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen.", "contents": "Did R\u00f6ntgen discover the X ray by himself? The historical background of the discovery of the x ray and some of Lenard's claims to priority are discussed. There is no doubt that the x ray is the sole discovery of Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen.", "PMID": 382244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5711", "title": "Continuing education: evolution or revolution: II. What about the future?", "content": "Having previously written something about the 'roots' of the radiologic technology profession, the author now concentrates on where it goes from here. What are the implications of the demand for accountability on the educational process? How does it adjust to changing technology? What are the future career prospects? How does the profession meet manpower challenges? Who pays the bills? Because the future cannot be completely defined in the present, this article necessarily asks more questions than it answers, but seeks input into the decision-making process from those who are most affected by it--radiologic technologists.", "contents": "Continuing education: evolution or revolution: II. What about the future? Having previously written something about the 'roots' of the radiologic technology profession, the author now concentrates on where it goes from here. What are the implications of the demand for accountability on the educational process? How does it adjust to changing technology? What are the future career prospects? How does the profession meet manpower challenges? Who pays the bills? Because the future cannot be completely defined in the present, this article necessarily asks more questions than it answers, but seeks input into the decision-making process from those who are most affected by it--radiologic technologists.", "PMID": 382238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5712", "title": "Fate of the false lumen following surgical repair of aortic dissections: an angiographic study.", "content": "Postoperative angiography was performed in 27 patients who had surgical repair for aortic dissections. The ascending aorta was involved in 22 dissections (Type A), while in five dissections it was uninvolved (Type B). Findings were assessed between two weeks and 13 years postoperatively. Despite the primary surgical objective to abolish flow in the false lumen, the majority of patients, whether symptomatic or not, continued to harbor patent distal false channels. In certain cases, one or more vital aortic branches were perfused solely by the false lumen. Initial postoperative angiography is indicated for determined surgical results as well as the functional significance of late angiographic findings, should symptoms recur. Further extension of the initial dissection, redissection, or enlargement of localized saccular aneurysms may mandate late reoperation. These conditions manifest themselves by pain, aortic regurgitation, neurological sequelae, or compromise of blood flow to a vital organ or extremity.", "contents": "Fate of the false lumen following surgical repair of aortic dissections: an angiographic study. Postoperative angiography was performed in 27 patients who had surgical repair for aortic dissections. The ascending aorta was involved in 22 dissections (Type A), while in five dissections it was uninvolved (Type B). Findings were assessed between two weeks and 13 years postoperatively. Despite the primary surgical objective to abolish flow in the false lumen, the majority of patients, whether symptomatic or not, continued to harbor patent distal false channels. In certain cases, one or more vital aortic branches were perfused solely by the false lumen. Initial postoperative angiography is indicated for determined surgical results as well as the functional significance of late angiographic findings, should symptoms recur. Further extension of the initial dissection, redissection, or enlargement of localized saccular aneurysms may mandate late reoperation. These conditions manifest themselves by pain, aortic regurgitation, neurological sequelae, or compromise of blood flow to a vital organ or extremity.", "PMID": 382246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5713", "title": "Stereotactic localization of breast lesions.", "content": "The author describes a method of localizing nonpalpable breast lesions by transferring measurements from craniocaudal- and lateral-view radiographs to the breast itself in order to determine needle placement. In the more than 100 attempted cases, the lesion has been specifically localized, usually within 1 cm of the needle tip. Percutaneous biopsy can be carried out with the first needle used as a guide wire for the biopsy needle.", "contents": "Stereotactic localization of breast lesions. The author describes a method of localizing nonpalpable breast lesions by transferring measurements from craniocaudal- and lateral-view radiographs to the breast itself in order to determine needle placement. In the more than 100 attempted cases, the lesion has been specifically localized, usually within 1 cm of the needle tip. Percutaneous biopsy can be carried out with the first needle used as a guide wire for the biopsy needle.", "PMID": 382247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5714", "title": "Results and significance of angiography in potential kidney donors.", "content": "Multiple renal arteries originating from the aortoiliac vessels were identified angiographically in 44% of 444 prospective renal donors. Bilateral multiple renal arteries were identified in 12%. With good immunological donor-recipient matching, 17 kidneys with multiple renal arteries were transplanted with excellent results; therefore, presence of multiple renal arteries should not be considered a contraindication to kidney transplantation. A high proportion (17%) of the prospective donors, acceptable by all other means of evaluation, had abnormmal angiographic findings that led to reconsideration of their acceptance. In addition to multiple renal arteries, neither renovascular atherosclerosis nor fibromuscular dysplasia proved to be an absolute contraindication to transplantation.", "contents": "Results and significance of angiography in potential kidney donors. Multiple renal arteries originating from the aortoiliac vessels were identified angiographically in 44% of 444 prospective renal donors. Bilateral multiple renal arteries were identified in 12%. With good immunological donor-recipient matching, 17 kidneys with multiple renal arteries were transplanted with excellent results; therefore, presence of multiple renal arteries should not be considered a contraindication to kidney transplantation. A high proportion (17%) of the prospective donors, acceptable by all other means of evaluation, had abnormmal angiographic findings that led to reconsideration of their acceptance. In addition to multiple renal arteries, neither renovascular atherosclerosis nor fibromuscular dysplasia proved to be an absolute contraindication to transplantation.", "PMID": 382250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5715", "title": "Effects of prostacyclin on coronary circulation, heart rate and myocardial contractile force in isolated hearts of guinea pig and rabbit - comparison with prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Infusions of prostacyclin (PGI2) (3 x 10(-10) - 3 x 10(-7)M) into the coronary circulation of isolated hearts from ginea pigs or rabbits resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). There was a slight decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure in the heart of the rabbit, whereas the heart rate remained unchanged. PGE2 was without effect on the heart of the rabbit but was as potent as PGI2 in decreasing the CPP in the guinea pig heart. 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha (up to 3 x 10(-6) M) did not affect any of the parameters measured.", "contents": "Effects of prostacyclin on coronary circulation, heart rate and myocardial contractile force in isolated hearts of guinea pig and rabbit - comparison with prostaglandin E2. Infusions of prostacyclin (PGI2) (3 x 10(-10) - 3 x 10(-7)M) into the coronary circulation of isolated hearts from ginea pigs or rabbits resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). There was a slight decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure in the heart of the rabbit, whereas the heart rate remained unchanged. PGE2 was without effect on the heart of the rabbit but was as potent as PGI2 in decreasing the CPP in the guinea pig heart. 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha (up to 3 x 10(-6) M) did not affect any of the parameters measured.", "PMID": 382264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5716", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. II].", "content": "The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from different parts of five superior, dried, grinded and defatted plants of the families Myrtaceae, Polypodiaceae and Zingiberaceae is pursued. Good results were obtained from Psidium guajaba leave and stem ketonic extracts as well as from Costus spicatus leave and root alcoholic extracts.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. II]. The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from different parts of five superior, dried, grinded and defatted plants of the families Myrtaceae, Polypodiaceae and Zingiberaceae is pursued. Good results were obtained from Psidium guajaba leave and stem ketonic extracts as well as from Costus spicatus leave and root alcoholic extracts.", "PMID": 382278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5717", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. III].", "content": "Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from different parts of species of the families Martiniaceae, Caricaceae, Umbeliferae, Nictaginaceae and Fitolacaceae in order to prove their antimicrobial action on bacteria which have a clinical interest in humans and live in our environment. The gel double-layer diffusion method was applied. The best results were obtained from Carica papaya leave extracts.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. III]. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from different parts of species of the families Martiniaceae, Caricaceae, Umbeliferae, Nictaginaceae and Fitolacaceae in order to prove their antimicrobial action on bacteria which have a clinical interest in humans and live in our environment. The gel double-layer diffusion method was applied. The best results were obtained from Carica papaya leave extracts.", "PMID": 382279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5718", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. IV].", "content": "Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from leaves and stems of plants of the families Malvaceae, Anonaceae, Punicaceae, Verbenaceae and Urticaceae were analyzed in order to prove their antibacterial proprieties. The best results were obtained from Punica granatum extracts which inhibited over a 50% of bacteria.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. IV]. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from leaves and stems of plants of the families Malvaceae, Anonaceae, Punicaceae, Verbenaceae and Urticaceae were analyzed in order to prove their antibacterial proprieties. The best results were obtained from Punica granatum extracts which inhibited over a 50% of bacteria.", "PMID": 382280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5719", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. V].", "content": "The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueuos, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Six species of the families Rutaceae, Portulacaceae, Borraglinaceae and Jasminaceae were analyzed, and their activity on bacteria with a human clinical interest was assessed. The best results were obtained from Heliotropium campechianum, Jazminum sambac and Portulaca oleracea.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. V]. The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueuos, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Six species of the families Rutaceae, Portulacaceae, Borraglinaceae and Jasminaceae were analyzed, and their activity on bacteria with a human clinical interest was assessed. The best results were obtained from Heliotropium campechianum, Jazminum sambac and Portulaca oleracea.", "PMID": 382281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5720", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants VI].", "content": "The study of the antibacterial activity of plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from five species, and it was found that the best inhibitions corresponded to the species Hamelia patens, Nephrolepis acuminata, Calocarpum sapota and Colocasia antiquorum.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants VI]. The study of the antibacterial activity of plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from five species, and it was found that the best inhibitions corresponded to the species Hamelia patens, Nephrolepis acuminata, Calocarpum sapota and Colocasia antiquorum.", "PMID": 382282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5721", "title": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. I].", "content": "Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from five species of superior plants of the families Papilonaceae, Euforbiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae and Solanaceae were assessed from an antibacterial viewpoint using the gel double-layer diffusion method with cylindric sections. Values of inhibition areas are depicted in diameter millimeters. The best results were obtained from Desmodium barbatum extracts.", "contents": "[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. I]. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from five species of superior plants of the families Papilonaceae, Euforbiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae and Solanaceae were assessed from an antibacterial viewpoint using the gel double-layer diffusion method with cylindric sections. Values of inhibition areas are depicted in diameter millimeters. The best results were obtained from Desmodium barbatum extracts.", "PMID": 382283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5722", "title": "[Presence of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Raillet et Henry, 1909, in cattle in Cuba].", "content": "The first finding of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Railliet et Henry, 1909 in the Cuban bovine cattle is reported. Its characteristics are described and measurements obtained by authors are compared to those from others. Fifty animals were examined and a 94% invasion was found.", "contents": "[Presence of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Raillet et Henry, 1909, in cattle in Cuba]. The first finding of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Railliet et Henry, 1909 in the Cuban bovine cattle is reported. Its characteristics are described and measurements obtained by authors are compared to those from others. Fifty animals were examined and a 94% invasion was found.", "PMID": 382284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5723", "title": "[Results of intradermal tests with toxoplasmin in a survey performed among mental patients admitted to the clinical surgical teaching hospital \"10 de Octubre\" in Havana].", "content": "Intradermal tests using toxoplasmin were performed among three hundred mentally handicapped patients admitted to the \"10 de Octubre\" Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital in Havana between 1976--1977 and 100 healthy subjects. A statistically significant difference between reactors among patients (54,7%) and reactors among healthy subjects (30,0%) was found. Results are compared to those from a similar paper performed in the Psychiatric Hospital of Havana in 1967. It is concluded that the higher the severity of affections the higher the percentage of reactors in the surveyed series.", "contents": "[Results of intradermal tests with toxoplasmin in a survey performed among mental patients admitted to the clinical surgical teaching hospital \"10 de Octubre\" in Havana]. Intradermal tests using toxoplasmin were performed among three hundred mentally handicapped patients admitted to the \"10 de Octubre\" Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital in Havana between 1976--1977 and 100 healthy subjects. A statistically significant difference between reactors among patients (54,7%) and reactors among healthy subjects (30,0%) was found. Results are compared to those from a similar paper performed in the Psychiatric Hospital of Havana in 1967. It is concluded that the higher the severity of affections the higher the percentage of reactors in the surveyed series.", "PMID": 382286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5724", "title": "[Quantitative sypnosis of the Cuban ground mollusc fauna].", "content": "A systematically organized synopsis involving a numerical estimate of different taxons (a quantitative analysis per Prosobranchia and Pulmonata subclass families) is presented. Major groups regarding the number of species and/or subspecific types were determined. Among ground prosobranchiates a marked predominance of the Pomatiasidae family (about 360 species), Helicinidae family (about 80 species) and Cyclophoridae family (about 32 species) was found. Among pulmonates, Urocoptidae family and Ceriidae, family were the highest diverse ones; the latter involved a single markedly polymorphic genus with almost 150 types. The Helicacoae superfamily as well as the Tructicicolidae and Camaenidae families were highly satisfactorily represented.", "contents": "[Quantitative sypnosis of the Cuban ground mollusc fauna]. A systematically organized synopsis involving a numerical estimate of different taxons (a quantitative analysis per Prosobranchia and Pulmonata subclass families) is presented. Major groups regarding the number of species and/or subspecific types were determined. Among ground prosobranchiates a marked predominance of the Pomatiasidae family (about 360 species), Helicinidae family (about 80 species) and Cyclophoridae family (about 32 species) was found. Among pulmonates, Urocoptidae family and Ceriidae, family were the highest diverse ones; the latter involved a single markedly polymorphic genus with almost 150 types. The Helicacoae superfamily as well as the Tructicicolidae and Camaenidae families were highly satisfactorily represented.", "PMID": 382287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5725", "title": "[Immunsuppression by vitamin B6-antagonists. Prolonged survival of inbred rats with renal transplants (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined effect of Vitamin B6 free diet and 4-Desoxipyridoxin (a potent Vitamin B6-Antagonist) on the rejection reaction of inbred rats after renal transplantation was investigated. More than 90% of the control animals without Vitamin B6-deficiency died between 7 and 13 days with uremia due to an acute transplant rejection, where as the Vitamin deficient and successfully transplanted animals (n=38) showed a significantly prolonged survival time. In 17/38 rats survival was longer than 35 days. Vitamin B6-deficiency, induced by Desoxipyridoxin and Vitamin B6-deficient diet offers the possibility of an effective and reversible immunosuppression in renal transplantation.", "contents": "[Immunsuppression by vitamin B6-antagonists. Prolonged survival of inbred rats with renal transplants (author's transl)]. The combined effect of Vitamin B6 free diet and 4-Desoxipyridoxin (a potent Vitamin B6-Antagonist) on the rejection reaction of inbred rats after renal transplantation was investigated. More than 90% of the control animals without Vitamin B6-deficiency died between 7 and 13 days with uremia due to an acute transplant rejection, where as the Vitamin deficient and successfully transplanted animals (n=38) showed a significantly prolonged survival time. In 17/38 rats survival was longer than 35 days. Vitamin B6-deficiency, induced by Desoxipyridoxin and Vitamin B6-deficient diet offers the possibility of an effective and reversible immunosuppression in renal transplantation.", "PMID": 382313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5726", "title": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition: a microassay demonstrating antigen recognition in cattle.", "content": "Calves, sensitised by cutaneous application of dinitrochlorobenzene, developed lesions of delayed hypersensitivity at the sites of application nine to 14 days later. Leucocytes from sensitised calves, collected 10 to 16 days after sensitisation, reacted in an in vitro leucocyte adherence inhibition test with the same hapten in water soluble form, dinitrobenzenesulphonate. The leucocyte adherence inhibition microtest which was simple, rapid, reproducible and amenable to rigorous statistical analysis, should find use in many areas of bovine immunology.", "contents": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition: a microassay demonstrating antigen recognition in cattle. Calves, sensitised by cutaneous application of dinitrochlorobenzene, developed lesions of delayed hypersensitivity at the sites of application nine to 14 days later. Leucocytes from sensitised calves, collected 10 to 16 days after sensitisation, reacted in an in vitro leucocyte adherence inhibition test with the same hapten in water soluble form, dinitrobenzenesulphonate. The leucocyte adherence inhibition microtest which was simple, rapid, reproducible and amenable to rigorous statistical analysis, should find use in many areas of bovine immunology.", "PMID": 382314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5727", "title": "The effect of in vitro antibacterial properties of bovine milk diets on the natural colonisation of newborn piglets with coliform bacteria.", "content": "The diets suitable for the hand rearing of piglets in incubators were examined. Diet A was based on cows' milk heated to 56 degrees C and had bacteriostatic and antiadhesive properties against Escherichia coli. Diet B was based on evaporated cows' milk and did not have these properties. The numbers of coliform bacteria naturally colonising the small intestines of newborn piglets fed entirely on these diets for one week did not differ significantly, however both were significantly higher than in control piglets suckled from birth. Faecal counts of coliforms were similar in all three groups. Examination of the bacteriostatic sensitivity of the isolated strains to sows' milk indicated a predominance of milk-sensitive strains colonising the suckled piglets and a predominance of milk-resistant strains in the piglets fed diet B. This diet-dependent colonisation could not be explained by the in vitro bacteriostatic properties of the diets alone.", "contents": "The effect of in vitro antibacterial properties of bovine milk diets on the natural colonisation of newborn piglets with coliform bacteria. The diets suitable for the hand rearing of piglets in incubators were examined. Diet A was based on cows' milk heated to 56 degrees C and had bacteriostatic and antiadhesive properties against Escherichia coli. Diet B was based on evaporated cows' milk and did not have these properties. The numbers of coliform bacteria naturally colonising the small intestines of newborn piglets fed entirely on these diets for one week did not differ significantly, however both were significantly higher than in control piglets suckled from birth. Faecal counts of coliforms were similar in all three groups. Examination of the bacteriostatic sensitivity of the isolated strains to sows' milk indicated a predominance of milk-sensitive strains colonising the suckled piglets and a predominance of milk-resistant strains in the piglets fed diet B. This diet-dependent colonisation could not be explained by the in vitro bacteriostatic properties of the diets alone.", "PMID": 382315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5728", "title": "The survival of serum resistant Escherichia coli in the bovine mammary gland following experimental infection.", "content": "Serum resistant strains of Escherichia coli were injected into one or two quarters of the udders of eight healthy dairy cows. Animals receiving infection into two quarters showed variation in their ability to eliminate the bacteria. This variation extended from elimination from both glands to complete failure to remove the organisms from either gland. In most cases, the organisms were removed from one gland before the clinical signs of infection were observed, but persisted in the other gland for three to four days. Following a single infection most animals eliminated the organisms before the appearance of clinical signs, but one retained the bacteria for four days. The retention of bacteria within the gland for a period longer than the initial inflammatory response resulted in their survival within neutrophils; and in some of these glands spasmodic clinical signs of mastitis reappeared for up to at least 40 days after the initial infection. These signs were associated with the reappearance of the same serological strain of E coli. Bovine serum albumin levels in the milk were found not to constitute the most effective marker of the serum components involved in the bactericidal activity.", "contents": "The survival of serum resistant Escherichia coli in the bovine mammary gland following experimental infection. Serum resistant strains of Escherichia coli were injected into one or two quarters of the udders of eight healthy dairy cows. Animals receiving infection into two quarters showed variation in their ability to eliminate the bacteria. This variation extended from elimination from both glands to complete failure to remove the organisms from either gland. In most cases, the organisms were removed from one gland before the clinical signs of infection were observed, but persisted in the other gland for three to four days. Following a single infection most animals eliminated the organisms before the appearance of clinical signs, but one retained the bacteria for four days. The retention of bacteria within the gland for a period longer than the initial inflammatory response resulted in their survival within neutrophils; and in some of these glands spasmodic clinical signs of mastitis reappeared for up to at least 40 days after the initial infection. These signs were associated with the reappearance of the same serological strain of E coli. Bovine serum albumin levels in the milk were found not to constitute the most effective marker of the serum components involved in the bactericidal activity.", "PMID": 382316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5729", "title": "Location of immunoglobulins in the skin of cattle and sheep.", "content": "The pattern of distribution of immunoglobulins (Ig) found within the skin of cattle and sheep was the same in both species. IgA was detected mainly in the sweat gland duct and in the intercellular spaces of the living epidermis. IgG was also located at the latter site but was found in greater amounts throughout the dermis and in the endothelium of the blood vessels. IgM was primarily located at the basement membrane of the epithelial structures, in the hair papilla and in the walls of the blood vessels. Lower concentrations of IgM were also detected in the upper dermis.", "contents": "Location of immunoglobulins in the skin of cattle and sheep. The pattern of distribution of immunoglobulins (Ig) found within the skin of cattle and sheep was the same in both species. IgA was detected mainly in the sweat gland duct and in the intercellular spaces of the living epidermis. IgG was also located at the latter site but was found in greater amounts throughout the dermis and in the endothelium of the blood vessels. IgM was primarily located at the basement membrane of the epithelial structures, in the hair papilla and in the walls of the blood vessels. Lower concentrations of IgM were also detected in the upper dermis.", "PMID": 382317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5730", "title": "The pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in newly calved dairy cows.", "content": "Experimental infections of the mammary gland of newly calved cows with 500 serum resistant Escherichia coli produced a very severe form of mastitis when compared with animals in mid-lactation. Ten hours after infection the bacteria had multiplied in the milk to very high numbers (10(6)--10(7)/ml) and the animals showed signs of pyrexia, anorexia and diarrhoea. Initially the gland and milk showed little or no clinical signs of mastitis, but later the secretion became a viscous, serous fluid with little or no casein or fat. A delay in diapedesis of neutrophils into the gland appears to be the reason for the peracute state and lack of clinical signs. This form of pathogenesis may produce a paradoxical situation where the most severe cases of E coli mastitis cannot be diagnosed at a stage early enough for the animal to respond to therapy.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in newly calved dairy cows. Experimental infections of the mammary gland of newly calved cows with 500 serum resistant Escherichia coli produced a very severe form of mastitis when compared with animals in mid-lactation. Ten hours after infection the bacteria had multiplied in the milk to very high numbers (10(6)--10(7)/ml) and the animals showed signs of pyrexia, anorexia and diarrhoea. Initially the gland and milk showed little or no clinical signs of mastitis, but later the secretion became a viscous, serous fluid with little or no casein or fat. A delay in diapedesis of neutrophils into the gland appears to be the reason for the peracute state and lack of clinical signs. This form of pathogenesis may produce a paradoxical situation where the most severe cases of E coli mastitis cannot be diagnosed at a stage early enough for the animal to respond to therapy.", "PMID": 382318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5731", "title": "[Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Paris area].", "content": "The area studied includes the city of Paris and the neighboring departments of Val-d'Oise, Seine-Saint-Denis, Hauts-de-Seine, Yvelines, Essonne, Val-de-Marne, and Seine-et-Marne. Case finding methods and diagnostic criteria are defined. The temporal and spatial distribution of cases is described, and the absence of case clustering is noted. Incidence per million people (per year) was found to be 1,09 in the city, 0,55 in the adjacent departments, and 0,25 in the peripheral departments. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Paris area]. The area studied includes the city of Paris and the neighboring departments of Val-d'Oise, Seine-Saint-Denis, Hauts-de-Seine, Yvelines, Essonne, Val-de-Marne, and Seine-et-Marne. Case finding methods and diagnostic criteria are defined. The temporal and spatial distribution of cases is described, and the absence of case clustering is noted. Incidence per million people (per year) was found to be 1,09 in the city, 0,55 in the adjacent departments, and 0,25 in the peripheral departments. These results are discussed.", "PMID": 382326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5732", "title": "[The history of parodontal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The classical history of parodontal surgery is certainly of some interest. The author, however, was convinced that it was just as important to review the history of the pseudo-treatment of parodontal affections, about which a great deal has been written, but which needs to be demystified in order that true parodontology be accepted by the largest number of persons.", "contents": "[The history of parodontal surgery (author's transl)]. The classical history of parodontal surgery is certainly of some interest. The author, however, was convinced that it was just as important to review the history of the pseudo-treatment of parodontal affections, about which a great deal has been written, but which needs to be demystified in order that true parodontology be accepted by the largest number of persons.", "PMID": 382340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5733", "title": "Oral hypoglycemic drugs and cardiovascular pathology.", "content": "The classification, the mechanisms of action and the main side effects of sulfonylureic derivatives and biguanides are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the present controversy concerning the assumed adverse effect of these drugs on the cardiovascular system. The authors' opinion in this problem and their practical conclusions are based on their experience at the Center of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest.", "contents": "Oral hypoglycemic drugs and cardiovascular pathology. The classification, the mechanisms of action and the main side effects of sulfonylureic derivatives and biguanides are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the present controversy concerning the assumed adverse effect of these drugs on the cardiovascular system. The authors' opinion in this problem and their practical conclusions are based on their experience at the Center of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest.", "PMID": 382336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5734", "title": "B-prolymphocytic leukaemia--a mantle zone lymphoma?", "content": "A case of prolymphocytic lymphoma/leukaemia (PL) sensu Galton in a 32-year-old man is presented. The leucocyte count was 19.0 x 10(9)/1 at presentation and tartrate resistent acid phosphatase was present in most prolymphocytes. Immunological investigation of prolymphocytes from lymph nodes, spleen and peripheral blood revealed the surface marker phenotype: SmIg + (mu, (delta), lambda), IgG-Fc-receptor +, C3-receptor +. The prolymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen were C3-receptor + in a high percentage, while only a few were IgG-Fc-receptor +. This proportion was reversed in the blood prolymphocytes. The histology of lymph nodes was unique and strongly suggested a preferential involvement (homing phenomenon) of the mantle zone of the lymphatic follicle. These results may indicate that emission of prolymphocytes from lymph nodes to circulation involves a change of surface receptors. It is finally suggested to consider the diagnosis of not only hairy-cell leukaemia but also PL in the case of tartrate resistent acid phosphatase-positive lymphoma/leukaemia.", "contents": "B-prolymphocytic leukaemia--a mantle zone lymphoma? A case of prolymphocytic lymphoma/leukaemia (PL) sensu Galton in a 32-year-old man is presented. The leucocyte count was 19.0 x 10(9)/1 at presentation and tartrate resistent acid phosphatase was present in most prolymphocytes. Immunological investigation of prolymphocytes from lymph nodes, spleen and peripheral blood revealed the surface marker phenotype: SmIg + (mu, (delta), lambda), IgG-Fc-receptor +, C3-receptor +. The prolymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen were C3-receptor + in a high percentage, while only a few were IgG-Fc-receptor +. This proportion was reversed in the blood prolymphocytes. The histology of lymph nodes was unique and strongly suggested a preferential involvement (homing phenomenon) of the mantle zone of the lymphatic follicle. These results may indicate that emission of prolymphocytes from lymph nodes to circulation involves a change of surface receptors. It is finally suggested to consider the diagnosis of not only hairy-cell leukaemia but also PL in the case of tartrate resistent acid phosphatase-positive lymphoma/leukaemia.", "PMID": 382343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5735", "title": "Examination of human and animal leukemic cells by high contrast scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Investigation of human or animal (sheep and ox) leukemic cells by scanning electron microscopy enabled the identification and study of some ultrastructural details of the cell surface. A more detailed visualization by the high contrast technique of the same cell surface was obtained, in this work, for the first time in the biological field. This technique allows a better interpretation of any zone of the preparation examined, irrespective of the species from which the cells are collected.", "contents": "Examination of human and animal leukemic cells by high contrast scanning electron microscopy. Investigation of human or animal (sheep and ox) leukemic cells by scanning electron microscopy enabled the identification and study of some ultrastructural details of the cell surface. A more detailed visualization by the high contrast technique of the same cell surface was obtained, in this work, for the first time in the biological field. This technique allows a better interpretation of any zone of the preparation examined, irrespective of the species from which the cells are collected.", "PMID": 382337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5736", "title": "Incidence of 'dry tap' on bone marrow aspirations in lymphomas and carcinomas. Diagnostic value of the small material in the needle.", "content": "Of 2907 bone marrow aspirations in patients with various malignancies, 192 or 6.6% exhibited 'dry tap'. In about 80% of the 'dry tap' there was material present inside the bone marrow needle which gave smears useful for evaluation of the bone marrow cytology. About 23% displayed normal cytology. Bone marrow involvement could be diagnosed in 13 out of 55 'dry tap' in Hodgkin's disease, 41 out of 46 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma, 6 out of 20 in reticulum cell sarcoma, 6 out of 9 in myelomatosis and 20 out of 45 in carcinoma. In a material of 174 aspirations with tumour cells in the bone marrow aspirate, the highest incidence of 'dry tap' was found in patients with Hodgkin's disease and patients with carcinoma, the lowest incidence in patients with multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Incidence of 'dry tap' on bone marrow aspirations in lymphomas and carcinomas. Diagnostic value of the small material in the needle. Of 2907 bone marrow aspirations in patients with various malignancies, 192 or 6.6% exhibited 'dry tap'. In about 80% of the 'dry tap' there was material present inside the bone marrow needle which gave smears useful for evaluation of the bone marrow cytology. About 23% displayed normal cytology. Bone marrow involvement could be diagnosed in 13 out of 55 'dry tap' in Hodgkin's disease, 41 out of 46 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma, 6 out of 20 in reticulum cell sarcoma, 6 out of 9 in myelomatosis and 20 out of 45 in carcinoma. In a material of 174 aspirations with tumour cells in the bone marrow aspirate, the highest incidence of 'dry tap' was found in patients with Hodgkin's disease and patients with carcinoma, the lowest incidence in patients with multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 382344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5737", "title": "Ureteral obstruction by aorto-iliac aneurysms--a common complication?", "content": "During a 4-year-period, 5 cases of ureteral obstruction by aorto-iliac aneurysm were detected. Over the same period 50 aorto-iliac aneurysms were resected. One of the 5 patients was not operated on. In the remaining 4, the aneurysm was resected and replaced by a Dacron bifurcation graft. Nephrectomy was performed in the first 2 patients. Autotransplantation of the remaining kidney was carried out in one case following enucleation of a hypernephroma ex vivo. In the other 2 patients, ureterolysis and intraperitoneal transposition of the ureter was performed in conjunction with resection of the aneurysm. One of the latter patients suffered from uraemia due to a non-functioning kidney on the other side. Ureteral obstruction appears to be a relatively common complication of aorto-iliac aneurysm. Elective evaluation of patients with aortic aneurysms should include late aortograms visualizing the ureters.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction by aorto-iliac aneurysms--a common complication? During a 4-year-period, 5 cases of ureteral obstruction by aorto-iliac aneurysm were detected. Over the same period 50 aorto-iliac aneurysms were resected. One of the 5 patients was not operated on. In the remaining 4, the aneurysm was resected and replaced by a Dacron bifurcation graft. Nephrectomy was performed in the first 2 patients. Autotransplantation of the remaining kidney was carried out in one case following enucleation of a hypernephroma ex vivo. In the other 2 patients, ureterolysis and intraperitoneal transposition of the ureter was performed in conjunction with resection of the aneurysm. One of the latter patients suffered from uraemia due to a non-functioning kidney on the other side. Ureteral obstruction appears to be a relatively common complication of aorto-iliac aneurysm. Elective evaluation of patients with aortic aneurysms should include late aortograms visualizing the ureters.", "PMID": 382345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5738", "title": "[Correlations between the secular trend in sugar consumption in England and the secular increase of brain weight in adults in London between 1860 and 1940].", "content": "Significant positive correlations exist between the secular increase in brain weight of adults in London born between 1860 and 1940, and the secular trend in sugar consumption in the United Kingdom. These results of statistical analysis confirm once again the important bearing of excessive sugar consumption on the development of pre- and postnatal growth acceleration. The pathophysiological interactions of this development are discussed in the light of the experimentum naturae of the IDM (infant of the diabetic mother) and an attempt is made to explain the difference in brain weight increase between males and females.", "contents": "[Correlations between the secular trend in sugar consumption in England and the secular increase of brain weight in adults in London between 1860 and 1940]. Significant positive correlations exist between the secular increase in brain weight of adults in London born between 1860 and 1940, and the secular trend in sugar consumption in the United Kingdom. These results of statistical analysis confirm once again the important bearing of excessive sugar consumption on the development of pre- and postnatal growth acceleration. The pathophysiological interactions of this development are discussed in the light of the experimentum naturae of the IDM (infant of the diabetic mother) and an attempt is made to explain the difference in brain weight increase between males and females.", "PMID": 382347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5739", "title": "[Retrospective study of 50 cases of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis with catamnesis].", "content": "44 out of 50 patients with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis were followed up from 1 month to 11 years (mean 2 years 9 months). One patient out of 13 (8%) with 4 symptoms or fewer (mean follow-up 55 months) died. 23 out of 31 (74%) with 5 symptoms or more (mean follow-up 24.3 months) died, and 68% of fatalities occurred within 2 years. Lung function tests were performed in 47 cases and histological diagnosis in 38. Correlations between symptoms, lung function, and roentgenological and histological patterns are discussed. Two circumstances dramatically increased lethality: occurrence of 5 symptoms or more in a period of less than 2 years.", "contents": "[Retrospective study of 50 cases of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis with catamnesis]. 44 out of 50 patients with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis were followed up from 1 month to 11 years (mean 2 years 9 months). One patient out of 13 (8%) with 4 symptoms or fewer (mean follow-up 55 months) died. 23 out of 31 (74%) with 5 symptoms or more (mean follow-up 24.3 months) died, and 68% of fatalities occurred within 2 years. Lung function tests were performed in 47 cases and histological diagnosis in 38. Correlations between symptoms, lung function, and roentgenological and histological patterns are discussed. Two circumstances dramatically increased lethality: occurrence of 5 symptoms or more in a period of less than 2 years.", "PMID": 382348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5740", "title": "[Benign symmetric lipomatosis: a symptom of alcoholic liver disease?].", "content": "Benign symmetric lipomatosis (BSL) leads to characteristic multiple lipomas of the neck and submandibular region. BSL is easily diagnosed by its typical feature, \"Madelung's neck\". However, the early stages are often missed or lead to futile diagnostic endeavours. A report is presented on 7 men with BSL aged 36--65 years who were investigated with regard to alcohol consumption, clinical findings and liver histology. This is the first time that liver histology has been systematically worked up in patients with BSL. All admitted long standing ethanol intake (x = 111 ml/day) prior to the development of BSL. The growth of the lipomas was irregular and occurred over a period of months. There was no correlation with overweight or hyperlipidemia. However, liver biopsy revealed features consistent with alcoholic liver disease in all subjects. It is suggested that BSL is a symptom of alcoholic liver disease mainly affecting middle-aged men.", "contents": "[Benign symmetric lipomatosis: a symptom of alcoholic liver disease?]. Benign symmetric lipomatosis (BSL) leads to characteristic multiple lipomas of the neck and submandibular region. BSL is easily diagnosed by its typical feature, \"Madelung's neck\". However, the early stages are often missed or lead to futile diagnostic endeavours. A report is presented on 7 men with BSL aged 36--65 years who were investigated with regard to alcohol consumption, clinical findings and liver histology. This is the first time that liver histology has been systematically worked up in patients with BSL. All admitted long standing ethanol intake (x = 111 ml/day) prior to the development of BSL. The growth of the lipomas was irregular and occurred over a period of months. There was no correlation with overweight or hyperlipidemia. However, liver biopsy revealed features consistent with alcoholic liver disease in all subjects. It is suggested that BSL is a symptom of alcoholic liver disease mainly affecting middle-aged men.", "PMID": 382349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5741", "title": "Polarography and voltammetry in studies of toxic metals in man and his environment.", "content": "A brief introduction on sources, occurrence and fate of some toxic trace metals found in the natural environment is followed by a discussion of general methodological aspects from the trace chemical viewpoint. The versatile, significant and specific potentialities of advanced polarographic and voltammetric methods are compared with relevant non-electrochemical alternatives. They are subsequently demonstrated by a survey on representative applications, results and findings on problems from all types of environmental compartments and food chains to man, with emphasis on the toxic trace metals Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, and also in certain matrices for Zn, As, Se, Tl and Bi. A final section is devoted to the particular potentialities of the electrochemical approach for speciation studies in natural waters at realistic trace levels of the dissolved toxic metals, e.g. Zn, Cd and Pb.", "contents": "Polarography and voltammetry in studies of toxic metals in man and his environment. A brief introduction on sources, occurrence and fate of some toxic trace metals found in the natural environment is followed by a discussion of general methodological aspects from the trace chemical viewpoint. The versatile, significant and specific potentialities of advanced polarographic and voltammetric methods are compared with relevant non-electrochemical alternatives. They are subsequently demonstrated by a survey on representative applications, results and findings on problems from all types of environmental compartments and food chains to man, with emphasis on the toxic trace metals Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, and also in certain matrices for Zn, As, Se, Tl and Bi. A final section is devoted to the particular potentialities of the electrochemical approach for speciation studies in natural waters at realistic trace levels of the dissolved toxic metals, e.g. Zn, Cd and Pb.", "PMID": 382352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5742", "title": "Carcinogenicity of endrin.", "content": "Endrin is carcinogenic for rats, and most likely also for mice and dogs. Endrin caused significant incidences of malignant neoplasms at all sites. In one study, female rats were susceptible to the development of neoplasms of the endocrine organs, particularly carcinomas of the adrenal and pituitary glands as well as neoplasms of the reproductive system. In other studies, female rats tended to have carcinomas of the endocrine system, the mammary gland and reproductive system, and male and female rats lymphomas. Rats developed unusual malignant neoplasms, such as Kupffer cell sarcomas of the liver and sarcomas of the mammary gland, uterus, and stomach. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats, ingesting endrin. These lesions included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney; polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of neoplasms. Dog receiving endrin for two years had bone marrow hyperplasia, lesions of the thyroid gland and lesions of the skeletal muscle, and hyperplasias or neoplasms of other organs. One female dog had an early carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Mice ingesting endrin developed increased incidences of carcinomas of the liver and sarcomas of the uterus.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of endrin. Endrin is carcinogenic for rats, and most likely also for mice and dogs. Endrin caused significant incidences of malignant neoplasms at all sites. In one study, female rats were susceptible to the development of neoplasms of the endocrine organs, particularly carcinomas of the adrenal and pituitary glands as well as neoplasms of the reproductive system. In other studies, female rats tended to have carcinomas of the endocrine system, the mammary gland and reproductive system, and male and female rats lymphomas. Rats developed unusual malignant neoplasms, such as Kupffer cell sarcomas of the liver and sarcomas of the mammary gland, uterus, and stomach. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats, ingesting endrin. These lesions included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney; polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of neoplasms. Dog receiving endrin for two years had bone marrow hyperplasia, lesions of the thyroid gland and lesions of the skeletal muscle, and hyperplasias or neoplasms of other organs. One female dog had an early carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Mice ingesting endrin developed increased incidences of carcinomas of the liver and sarcomas of the uterus.", "PMID": 382353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5743", "title": "Cytotaxins after the sedimentation behavior of human granulocytes.", "content": "Human granulocytes from the peripheral blood of healthy donors were subjected to transient gravity sedimentation analysis in Ficoll density gradient columns (37 degrees C) containing different concentrations of Escherichia coli endotoxin-activated serum and medium 199. A dramatic serum concentration-dependent dispersion of the cells based on changes in sedimentation velocity was observed as a function of time, using a new optical scanning instrument. The phenomenon was virtually abolished in the presence of cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of cellular chemotaxis. The width (second statistical moment) of the sedimenting cell distribution increased in a sigmoid fashion as a function of time regardless of cytotaxin concentration. This indicates that a slow and nonlinear response of the granulocytes to the cytotaxins occurs. This new kinetic method should be useful in examining an alternate manifestation of the chemoresponsiveness of phagocytic cells and of cell interactions in general.", "contents": "Cytotaxins after the sedimentation behavior of human granulocytes. Human granulocytes from the peripheral blood of healthy donors were subjected to transient gravity sedimentation analysis in Ficoll density gradient columns (37 degrees C) containing different concentrations of Escherichia coli endotoxin-activated serum and medium 199. A dramatic serum concentration-dependent dispersion of the cells based on changes in sedimentation velocity was observed as a function of time, using a new optical scanning instrument. The phenomenon was virtually abolished in the presence of cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of cellular chemotaxis. The width (second statistical moment) of the sedimenting cell distribution increased in a sigmoid fashion as a function of time regardless of cytotaxin concentration. This indicates that a slow and nonlinear response of the granulocytes to the cytotaxins occurs. This new kinetic method should be useful in examining an alternate manifestation of the chemoresponsiveness of phagocytic cells and of cell interactions in general.", "PMID": 382355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5744", "title": "Genetic effects of impure and pure saccharin in yeast.", "content": "Yeast cells were grown in media containing impure or purified saccharin preparations. Dose-dependent increases in frequencies of cells possessing aberrant cell morphologies were revealed by light microscopy. At each test dose, cells grown in impure saccharin exhibited up to sevenfold higher frequencies of mitotic crossing-over or gene conversion in three of four assays for genetic recombination than cells grown in purified saccharin from the same lot. With one exception, the sweetener produced by the Maumee process caused larger increases in recombination and gene reversion than the sweetener produced by the Remsen-Fahlberg process. The several test markers did not respond equally to any test saccharin. Cells grown in liquid media containing no saccharin or two of three test concentrations of saccharin produced cell titers that were approximately equivalent.", "contents": "Genetic effects of impure and pure saccharin in yeast. Yeast cells were grown in media containing impure or purified saccharin preparations. Dose-dependent increases in frequencies of cells possessing aberrant cell morphologies were revealed by light microscopy. At each test dose, cells grown in impure saccharin exhibited up to sevenfold higher frequencies of mitotic crossing-over or gene conversion in three of four assays for genetic recombination than cells grown in purified saccharin from the same lot. With one exception, the sweetener produced by the Maumee process caused larger increases in recombination and gene reversion than the sweetener produced by the Remsen-Fahlberg process. The several test markers did not respond equally to any test saccharin. Cells grown in liquid media containing no saccharin or two of three test concentrations of saccharin produced cell titers that were approximately equivalent.", "PMID": 382356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5745", "title": "Comparative biochemistry and drug design for infectious disease.", "content": "In the past two decades, biochemistry and molecular biology have demonstrated the existence of potentially exploitable biochemical differences between etiologic agents of disease and their hosts. Known differences between organism and host with respect to metabolism and polymer structure point to the detailed characterization of key proteins as the focus for the development of potential inhibitors. In the last decade, the methodology of the isolation, characterization, and inactivation of proteins and enzymes has been advanced. The present scientific and technological base suggests that new efforts toward the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and higher eukaryotes should exploit the known differences in proteins or other specific biopolymers serving crucial structural or metabolic roles in the economy of the parasite.", "contents": "Comparative biochemistry and drug design for infectious disease. In the past two decades, biochemistry and molecular biology have demonstrated the existence of potentially exploitable biochemical differences between etiologic agents of disease and their hosts. Known differences between organism and host with respect to metabolism and polymer structure point to the detailed characterization of key proteins as the focus for the development of potential inhibitors. In the last decade, the methodology of the isolation, characterization, and inactivation of proteins and enzymes has been advanced. The present scientific and technological base suggests that new efforts toward the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and higher eukaryotes should exploit the known differences in proteins or other specific biopolymers serving crucial structural or metabolic roles in the economy of the parasite.", "PMID": 382357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5746", "title": "Sporozoite-induced malaria: therapeutic effects of glycolipids in liposomes.", "content": "Liposomes containing neutral glycolipids with a terminal glucose or galactose, when injected intravenously, prevented the appearance of erythrocytic forms of malaria (Plasmodium berghei) in mice previously injected with sporozoites. Inhibitory glycolipids included glucosyl, galactosyl, or lactosyl ceramide. Inhibition was not observed with liposomes containing ceramide, phosphocholine ceramide, sulfogalactosyl ceramide (sulfatide), or ganglioside GM1. Liposomes containing glycolipids did not inhibit infection transmitted by injecting blood containing erythrocytic stages of malaria. These results may have therapeutic implications in the treatment of malaria. Analysis of the mechanism of interference with the life cycle of malaria by liposomal glycolipids may yield information about the interactions of parasites with cellular membranes.", "contents": "Sporozoite-induced malaria: therapeutic effects of glycolipids in liposomes. Liposomes containing neutral glycolipids with a terminal glucose or galactose, when injected intravenously, prevented the appearance of erythrocytic forms of malaria (Plasmodium berghei) in mice previously injected with sporozoites. Inhibitory glycolipids included glucosyl, galactosyl, or lactosyl ceramide. Inhibition was not observed with liposomes containing ceramide, phosphocholine ceramide, sulfogalactosyl ceramide (sulfatide), or ganglioside GM1. Liposomes containing glycolipids did not inhibit infection transmitted by injecting blood containing erythrocytic stages of malaria. These results may have therapeutic implications in the treatment of malaria. Analysis of the mechanism of interference with the life cycle of malaria by liposomal glycolipids may yield information about the interactions of parasites with cellular membranes.", "PMID": 382358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5747", "title": "Pharmacologic effects in man of a potent, long-acting dopamine receptor agonist.", "content": "Single-dose administration of pergolide mesylate (100 to 400 micrograms) results in a dose-related inhibition of prolactin secretion which persists for more than 24 hours. During multiple-dose administration of pergolide, plasma prolactin concentrations remain markedly reduced (greater than 80 percnet) and gradually return to control levels several days after drug administration is discontinued.", "contents": "Pharmacologic effects in man of a potent, long-acting dopamine receptor agonist. Single-dose administration of pergolide mesylate (100 to 400 micrograms) results in a dose-related inhibition of prolactin secretion which persists for more than 24 hours. During multiple-dose administration of pergolide, plasma prolactin concentrations remain markedly reduced (greater than 80 percnet) and gradually return to control levels several days after drug administration is discontinued.", "PMID": 382359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5748", "title": "Somatostatin cell processes as pathways for paracrine secretion.", "content": "Somatostatin is produced by gastrointestinal endocrine cells that have long, nonluminal, cytoplasmic processes. Such processes terminate on other cell types, including gastrin-producing and hydrochloric acid-producing cells, whose functions are profoundly affected by somatostatin. The findings suggest that somatostatin cells control the functions of other cells through local release of the peptide by way of cytoplasmic processes. Also, certain other types of gastrointestinal endocrine cells have similar cytoplasmic prolongations, which may have analogous local (paracrine) regulatory functions.", "contents": "Somatostatin cell processes as pathways for paracrine secretion. Somatostatin is produced by gastrointestinal endocrine cells that have long, nonluminal, cytoplasmic processes. Such processes terminate on other cell types, including gastrin-producing and hydrochloric acid-producing cells, whose functions are profoundly affected by somatostatin. The findings suggest that somatostatin cells control the functions of other cells through local release of the peptide by way of cytoplasmic processes. Also, certain other types of gastrointestinal endocrine cells have similar cytoplasmic prolongations, which may have analogous local (paracrine) regulatory functions.", "PMID": 382360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5749", "title": "Parotid fistula: current management.", "content": "The most common cause of parotid fistula is trauma. Other causes include operative complications, infection, and malignancy. In the acute phase of ductal injury, primary reconstruction, if possible, is the treatment of choice. Acute parenchymal injury is treated by tight closure and expectancy. When diverting or flow-blocking measures fail to correct chronic ductal fistula, the treatment of choice for this situation as well as for chronic parenchymal fistula may be tympanic neurectomy, which can be done under local anesthesia, is associated with low morbidity, is relatively uncomplicated and has given excellent results to date in our hands.", "contents": "Parotid fistula: current management. The most common cause of parotid fistula is trauma. Other causes include operative complications, infection, and malignancy. In the acute phase of ductal injury, primary reconstruction, if possible, is the treatment of choice. Acute parenchymal injury is treated by tight closure and expectancy. When diverting or flow-blocking measures fail to correct chronic ductal fistula, the treatment of choice for this situation as well as for chronic parenchymal fistula may be tympanic neurectomy, which can be done under local anesthesia, is associated with low morbidity, is relatively uncomplicated and has given excellent results to date in our hands.", "PMID": 382377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5750", "title": "Parenthood after renal transplantation.", "content": "Parenthood in renal allograft recipients is no longer rare. Rational guidelines are needed since there are no absolute medical contraindications to parenthood in recipients of either sex. This report by the patient and her physician describes the clinical course of the recipient of a cadaveric renal allograft, including a normal pregnancy and delivery. Urine protein excretion increased during pregnancy, but later returned to normal. There were no complications to mother or fetus, despite continued immunosuppressive therapy. The problems of parenthood in allograft recipients are discussed from the patient viewpoint, rational guidelines for patient counseling are offered, and the world's literature is reviewed. The possible complications to parent and fetus are discussed, including the complications of pregnancy and immunosuppressive drug therapy. We conclude that parenthood should be the choice of the allograft recipient.", "contents": "Parenthood after renal transplantation. Parenthood in renal allograft recipients is no longer rare. Rational guidelines are needed since there are no absolute medical contraindications to parenthood in recipients of either sex. This report by the patient and her physician describes the clinical course of the recipient of a cadaveric renal allograft, including a normal pregnancy and delivery. Urine protein excretion increased during pregnancy, but later returned to normal. There were no complications to mother or fetus, despite continued immunosuppressive therapy. The problems of parenthood in allograft recipients are discussed from the patient viewpoint, rational guidelines for patient counseling are offered, and the world's literature is reviewed. The possible complications to parent and fetus are discussed, including the complications of pregnancy and immunosuppressive drug therapy. We conclude that parenthood should be the choice of the allograft recipient.", "PMID": 382378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5751", "title": "Antihistamines and alpha-adrenergic agents in treatment of otitis media.", "content": "Studies are not available to support the common use of alpha-adrenergic agents and/or antihistamines in the treatment of acute otitis media. A total of 378 patients with acute otitis were entered in a double-blind study comparing treatment results with antibiotics and either placebo, pseudoephedrine, triprolidine, or a combination of these; 196 patients returned. Age and return rate did not differ among groups. Cure rates and duration of fever were the same for each group. The cost and possible side effects of these agents, added to their lack of beneficial effect in otitis, should interdict their use.", "contents": "Antihistamines and alpha-adrenergic agents in treatment of otitis media. Studies are not available to support the common use of alpha-adrenergic agents and/or antihistamines in the treatment of acute otitis media. A total of 378 patients with acute otitis were entered in a double-blind study comparing treatment results with antibiotics and either placebo, pseudoephedrine, triprolidine, or a combination of these; 196 patients returned. Age and return rate did not differ among groups. Cure rates and duration of fever were the same for each group. The cost and possible side effects of these agents, added to their lack of beneficial effect in otitis, should interdict their use.", "PMID": 382379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5752", "title": "Hemodialysis and renal transplantation in patients with hypernephroma.", "content": "Of five patients with hypernephroma who were maintained on hemodialysis after nephrectomy, four died with metastic disease after having been on hemodialysis for an average of 13.7 months (range 8 to 19). The fifth patient had no evidence of malignancy after 21 months of dialysis; he then received a renal allograft from his sister, and did well for 24 months before he developed liver metastasis. We believe hemodialysis is an appropriate mode of treating the renal failure of patients with hypernephroma after therapeutic nephrectomy. These patients may be considered for renal transplantation after a period of hemodialysis, and we suggest the currently recommended 12-month waiting period before transplantation be extended to 18 to 24 months. Use of living related donor renal allograft in these patients is questionable.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and renal transplantation in patients with hypernephroma. Of five patients with hypernephroma who were maintained on hemodialysis after nephrectomy, four died with metastic disease after having been on hemodialysis for an average of 13.7 months (range 8 to 19). The fifth patient had no evidence of malignancy after 21 months of dialysis; he then received a renal allograft from his sister, and did well for 24 months before he developed liver metastasis. We believe hemodialysis is an appropriate mode of treating the renal failure of patients with hypernephroma after therapeutic nephrectomy. These patients may be considered for renal transplantation after a period of hemodialysis, and we suggest the currently recommended 12-month waiting period before transplantation be extended to 18 to 24 months. Use of living related donor renal allograft in these patients is questionable.", "PMID": 382380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5753", "title": "Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for acute bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Although anecdotal reports and the results of clinical trials suggest that corticosteroids may be efficacious in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis, controlled and double-blind studies fail to support this view with the exception that corticosteroids may be of benefit for patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Corticosteroids may also be of benefit to patients with acute bacterial meningitis in the presence of life-threatening complications of increased intracranial pressure, such as coma, seizures, fluctuating blood pressure, or rapidly deteriorating mental status, but results of controlled or double-blind studies to substantiate this have not been reported. The possible advantages gained from the use of corticosteroids must be considered with regard to a significant detrimental effect in patients over 16 years of age.", "contents": "Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Although anecdotal reports and the results of clinical trials suggest that corticosteroids may be efficacious in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis, controlled and double-blind studies fail to support this view with the exception that corticosteroids may be of benefit for patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Corticosteroids may also be of benefit to patients with acute bacterial meningitis in the presence of life-threatening complications of increased intracranial pressure, such as coma, seizures, fluctuating blood pressure, or rapidly deteriorating mental status, but results of controlled or double-blind studies to substantiate this have not been reported. The possible advantages gained from the use of corticosteroids must be considered with regard to a significant detrimental effect in patients over 16 years of age.", "PMID": 382381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5754", "title": "Primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. Included are 46 cases involving the stomach, 11 involving the small bowel, and two, the large bowel. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.", "contents": "Primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. Included are 46 cases involving the stomach, 11 involving the small bowel, and two, the large bowel. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.", "PMID": 382382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5755", "title": "A comparison between meptazinol and omnopon in the relief of postoperative pain.", "content": "In a random double-blind trial, meptazinol 100 mg, a new hexahydro-azepine derivative, was found to be comparable to Omnopon (papaveretum) 20 mg when given intramuscularly for the control of pain in 50 cases after hysterectomy. The onset of analgesia was rapid and the effect lasted for about 3 hours. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems remained stable. No significant difference as regards sedation and nausea was noticed between the two groups.", "contents": "A comparison between meptazinol and omnopon in the relief of postoperative pain. In a random double-blind trial, meptazinol 100 mg, a new hexahydro-azepine derivative, was found to be comparable to Omnopon (papaveretum) 20 mg when given intramuscularly for the control of pain in 50 cases after hysterectomy. The onset of analgesia was rapid and the effect lasted for about 3 hours. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems remained stable. No significant difference as regards sedation and nausea was noticed between the two groups.", "PMID": 382393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5756", "title": "[The first ten years].", "content": "On 6 June 1979, the Medical Faculty of the University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, will be 10 years old. The completed Faculty buildings, situated between the Universitas teaching hospital and the University campus, were officially opened on 20 March 1978 by the Minister of National Education, Dr P. Koornhof. The first 46 medical students graduated in Novemer 1976, and with a present annual intake of 120 students the final-year class will grow to approximately 100 students. In addition to medicine, undergraduate training is offered in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiography, hospital dietetics and basic medical sciences. More than 50 M.Med. candidates have completed their specialist training, 10 doctorates were conferred and 32 students obtained Honours or Master's degree in the basic medical sciences. The undergraduate course with electives in non-medical fields, fully integrated clinical medicine teaching and interdisciplinary co-ordination of final clinical examinations, were novel endeavours for South Africa.", "contents": "[The first ten years]. On 6 June 1979, the Medical Faculty of the University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, will be 10 years old. The completed Faculty buildings, situated between the Universitas teaching hospital and the University campus, were officially opened on 20 March 1978 by the Minister of National Education, Dr P. Koornhof. The first 46 medical students graduated in Novemer 1976, and with a present annual intake of 120 students the final-year class will grow to approximately 100 students. In addition to medicine, undergraduate training is offered in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiography, hospital dietetics and basic medical sciences. More than 50 M.Med. candidates have completed their specialist training, 10 doctorates were conferred and 32 students obtained Honours or Master's degree in the basic medical sciences. The undergraduate course with electives in non-medical fields, fully integrated clinical medicine teaching and interdisciplinary co-ordination of final clinical examinations, were novel endeavours for South Africa.", "PMID": 382394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5757", "title": "[Septic shock].", "content": "It has become necessary to review septic shock in the light of recent experimental work, as well as the clinical implementation of this knowledge. Emphasis is laid on the surgical aspects of management of patients with this condition.", "contents": "[Septic shock]. It has become necessary to review septic shock in the light of recent experimental work, as well as the clinical implementation of this knowledge. Emphasis is laid on the surgical aspects of management of patients with this condition.", "PMID": 382395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5758", "title": "The anti-trust suit against the AMA, 1939-1943: background for today's health planning.", "content": "Today, prepaid group medical schemes form a significant component of many legislative health care proposals. Although the concept is over 60 years old, its legality was not established until 1943 by a United States Supreme Court decision that convicted the American Medical Association and the District of Columbia Medical Society for restraint of trade. The history of that suit highlights the antagonisms that exist between prepaid group medical care and the more traditional fee-for-service system.", "contents": "The anti-trust suit against the AMA, 1939-1943: background for today's health planning. Today, prepaid group medical schemes form a significant component of many legislative health care proposals. Although the concept is over 60 years old, its legality was not established until 1943 by a United States Supreme Court decision that convicted the American Medical Association and the District of Columbia Medical Society for restraint of trade. The history of that suit highlights the antagonisms that exist between prepaid group medical care and the more traditional fee-for-service system.", "PMID": 382404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5759", "title": "Conflict in teamwork: understanding roles and relationships.", "content": "Out of the recognition that chronic renal failure has psychological and social as well as medical ramifications, the renal treatment team is composed of different professionals. As these disciplines respond to the psychosocial and medical dimensions, potential for role conflict arises. The paper focuses on this problem as it relates to the responsibilities of the social worker and the nurse clinician. The process is studied from the theoretical framework of role conflict, ambiguity, crisis, and resolution. A model of team development evolved from the study. Findings illustrate ways in which these conflicts can be minimized and clarified to enhance team functioning and improve services delivered to patients and their families.", "contents": "Conflict in teamwork: understanding roles and relationships. Out of the recognition that chronic renal failure has psychological and social as well as medical ramifications, the renal treatment team is composed of different professionals. As these disciplines respond to the psychosocial and medical dimensions, potential for role conflict arises. The paper focuses on this problem as it relates to the responsibilities of the social worker and the nurse clinician. The process is studied from the theoretical framework of role conflict, ambiguity, crisis, and resolution. A model of team development evolved from the study. Findings illustrate ways in which these conflicts can be minimized and clarified to enhance team functioning and improve services delivered to patients and their families.", "PMID": 382405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5760", "title": "Surgery of the aortic arch branches and vertebral arteries.", "content": "Experience with 192 operations of vascular reconstruction for atherosclerosis in the proximal brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries is reported. These procedures constitute only 10 per cent of operations for extracranial arterial occlusive cerebrovascular disease at the University of California, San Francisco, in the past 20 years. All patients were asymptomatic. Except for six patients with cerebral embolization from ulcerating lesions, symptoms resulted from cerebral hypoperfusion. Prevention of ultimate stroke was the primary objective of operation in patients with embolization and in patients with stenosis or occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Purely obstructive lesions in the subclavian and vertebral arteries were symptomatic only when there was bilateral involvement and the objective of operation was the relief of disabling symptoms of hypoperfusion for these otherwise essentially benign lesions. Prior correction of associated stenosis of the carotid artery often removed the need for a proximal operation. The majority of the operations were endarterectomy or transposition, or combinations of the two. Cervical bypass grafts, because of their less certain durability, were used only when a more direct operation was neither feasible nor safe.", "contents": "Surgery of the aortic arch branches and vertebral arteries. Experience with 192 operations of vascular reconstruction for atherosclerosis in the proximal brachiocephalic and vertebral arteries is reported. These procedures constitute only 10 per cent of operations for extracranial arterial occlusive cerebrovascular disease at the University of California, San Francisco, in the past 20 years. All patients were asymptomatic. Except for six patients with cerebral embolization from ulcerating lesions, symptoms resulted from cerebral hypoperfusion. Prevention of ultimate stroke was the primary objective of operation in patients with embolization and in patients with stenosis or occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Purely obstructive lesions in the subclavian and vertebral arteries were symptomatic only when there was bilateral involvement and the objective of operation was the relief of disabling symptoms of hypoperfusion for these otherwise essentially benign lesions. Prior correction of associated stenosis of the carotid artery often removed the need for a proximal operation. The majority of the operations were endarterectomy or transposition, or combinations of the two. Cervical bypass grafts, because of their less certain durability, were used only when a more direct operation was neither feasible nor safe.", "PMID": 382406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5761", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In the present stage of our knowledge, it is evident that radiation therapy as a primry form of potentially curable treatment is a valid alternative to radical surgical extirpation. It offers women with early carcinoma of the breast the opportunity to avoid a serious cosmetic, functional and psychologic problem with no increased risk in terms of survival or local control of the neoplasm. The physician faced with such a patient need no longer believe that the woman who refuses mastectomy is automatically electing some inferior course. It is hoped that the demands of the modern American woman will force an appropriate clinical trial to define and evaluate fully the role of radiation therapy as definitive treatment in carcinoma of the breast. Until that occurs, we can do no less than knowledgeably assist patients un making their therapeutic decisions.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast. In the present stage of our knowledge, it is evident that radiation therapy as a primry form of potentially curable treatment is a valid alternative to radical surgical extirpation. It offers women with early carcinoma of the breast the opportunity to avoid a serious cosmetic, functional and psychologic problem with no increased risk in terms of survival or local control of the neoplasm. The physician faced with such a patient need no longer believe that the woman who refuses mastectomy is automatically electing some inferior course. It is hoped that the demands of the modern American woman will force an appropriate clinical trial to define and evaluate fully the role of radiation therapy as definitive treatment in carcinoma of the breast. Until that occurs, we can do no less than knowledgeably assist patients un making their therapeutic decisions.", "PMID": 382407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5762", "title": "Current status of surgery of the omentum.", "content": "The greater omentum is a unique organ with multipotential properties. A simple procedure converts it into a vascularized pedicle that may be utilized throughout the body. Knowledge of the possible applications of free or pedicled omental grafts will significantly add to the armamentarium of a clinical and experimental surgeon.", "contents": "Current status of surgery of the omentum. The greater omentum is a unique organ with multipotential properties. A simple procedure converts it into a vascularized pedicle that may be utilized throughout the body. Knowledge of the possible applications of free or pedicled omental grafts will significantly add to the armamentarium of a clinical and experimental surgeon.", "PMID": 382412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5763", "title": "The effect of prophylaxis with low dose heparin on blood coagulation parameters. A double blind study in connection with transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "Heparin was administered subcutaneously 5.000 IU twice daily using a double blind method to ten of twenty-one patients undergoing transvesical prostatectomy. Platelet count, APTT, throbin time, Reptilase time, Normotest, fibrinogen, Factor-VIII, ethanol gelation test, antithrombin III, fibrinolytic degradation products, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin were studied pre- and postoperatively up to the 10th postoperative day. Statistical analysis of parameters of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. The mechanism by which low dose heparin exerts its thromboprophylactic effect could not be elucidated from the study of the investigated parameters. The laboratory data gave no indication to a possible increased risk of postoperative hemorrhage.", "contents": "The effect of prophylaxis with low dose heparin on blood coagulation parameters. A double blind study in connection with transvesical prostatectomy. Heparin was administered subcutaneously 5.000 IU twice daily using a double blind method to ten of twenty-one patients undergoing transvesical prostatectomy. Platelet count, APTT, throbin time, Reptilase time, Normotest, fibrinogen, Factor-VIII, ethanol gelation test, antithrombin III, fibrinolytic degradation products, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin were studied pre- and postoperatively up to the 10th postoperative day. Statistical analysis of parameters of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. The mechanism by which low dose heparin exerts its thromboprophylactic effect could not be elucidated from the study of the investigated parameters. The laboratory data gave no indication to a possible increased risk of postoperative hemorrhage.", "PMID": 382433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5764", "title": "The effect of prostacyclin (PGT2) on platelet behaviour. Thrombus formation in vivo and bleeding time.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) infused intravenously into anaesthetized rabbits inhibited electrically-induced thrombus formation in the carotid artery, increased bleeding time and inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by ADP or arachidonic acid. The increase in bleeding time and the inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation lasted for as long as the infusion of PGI2 was maintained but rapidly disappeared after infusion was stopped. Prostacyclin is a more potent inhibitor of platelet function, in vivo than prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The effects of prostacyclin on all parameters studied except blood pressure were potentiated by the concomitant administration of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "contents": "The effect of prostacyclin (PGT2) on platelet behaviour. Thrombus formation in vivo and bleeding time. Prostacyclin (PGI2) infused intravenously into anaesthetized rabbits inhibited electrically-induced thrombus formation in the carotid artery, increased bleeding time and inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by ADP or arachidonic acid. The increase in bleeding time and the inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation lasted for as long as the infusion of PGI2 was maintained but rapidly disappeared after infusion was stopped. Prostacyclin is a more potent inhibitor of platelet function, in vivo than prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The effects of prostacyclin on all parameters studied except blood pressure were potentiated by the concomitant administration of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "PMID": 382434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5765", "title": "Regional blood flow determinations in the rat during paraoxon-poisoning and treatment with atropine and obidoxime.", "content": "Perfusion rates of various organs were determined for 4 different rat populations subjected, respectively, to: (a) 15 min infusion of paraoxon (150 micrograms/kg i.v.); (b) 15 min infusion of paraoxon and the injection of 1.0 mg/kg atropine; (c) 15 min paraoxon infusion and the injection of 10.0 mg/kg obidoxime; and (d) none of these substances. Atropine and obidoxime were both injected 10 min after the beginning of the paraoxon infusion. The perfusion rates were determined by means of the microspheres technique, which allows the simultaneous measurement of different perfusion rates. The paraoxon-treated animals revealed a significantly lower perfusion rate of the kidney, skeletal muscle, skin and spleen in comparison to the unpoisoned control group. The flow rates in heart, stomach, small intestine, liver (arterial) and brain changed only slightly. The injection of atropine caused the perfusion rates of heart, kidney, intestine and spleen to be greater than under paraoxon alone, Obidoxime, furthermore, induced significant increases in the perfusion rates of all 9 organs studied. Indeed, for several organs, the flow rates under atropine and obidoxime were greater than those of the controls. It is suggested that the effects of paraoxon, atropine and obidoxime on the organ flow rates are due to different influences on peripheral and central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and to changes in the depth of respiration.", "contents": "Regional blood flow determinations in the rat during paraoxon-poisoning and treatment with atropine and obidoxime. Perfusion rates of various organs were determined for 4 different rat populations subjected, respectively, to: (a) 15 min infusion of paraoxon (150 micrograms/kg i.v.); (b) 15 min infusion of paraoxon and the injection of 1.0 mg/kg atropine; (c) 15 min paraoxon infusion and the injection of 10.0 mg/kg obidoxime; and (d) none of these substances. Atropine and obidoxime were both injected 10 min after the beginning of the paraoxon infusion. The perfusion rates were determined by means of the microspheres technique, which allows the simultaneous measurement of different perfusion rates. The paraoxon-treated animals revealed a significantly lower perfusion rate of the kidney, skeletal muscle, skin and spleen in comparison to the unpoisoned control group. The flow rates in heart, stomach, small intestine, liver (arterial) and brain changed only slightly. The injection of atropine caused the perfusion rates of heart, kidney, intestine and spleen to be greater than under paraoxon alone, Obidoxime, furthermore, induced significant increases in the perfusion rates of all 9 organs studied. Indeed, for several organs, the flow rates under atropine and obidoxime were greater than those of the controls. It is suggested that the effects of paraoxon, atropine and obidoxime on the organ flow rates are due to different influences on peripheral and central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and to changes in the depth of respiration.", "PMID": 382442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5766", "title": "[Prognostic factors in epipharyngeal tumors: a retrospective analysis of 151 patients treated at Freiburg (Breisgau) between 1948 and 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1948 through 1977, 151 patients with an epipharyngeal tumor underwent radiation therapy at our department. A retrospective analysis was made reviewing treatment results and prognostic features. The 5-year survival rate of the total group amounted to 39%, the 10-year survival to 27%. Tumor stage and histology were confirmed as the preponderant factors in prognostication. Stage T1--2 cases had a 5-year survival rate of 57%, which decreased to 46% if unilateral lymph node metastases had occurred, and down to 17% in case of bilateral metastasition to the lymph nodes. Of stage T3--4 patients, 45% survived during 5 years. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, with a 5-year survival rate of 54%, had a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma (47%), transitional cell carcinoma (30%) and reticulum cell sarcoma (30%). A review of the results other authors have obtained since 1956 with combinations of surgical and irradiation methods gives evidence that the efficiency of techniques confined to local or regional treatment has reached its limits. At present, further improvement may be achieved mainly by means of systematically applied adjuvant chemotherapy complementary to the general th\u00e9rapeutic concept.", "contents": "[Prognostic factors in epipharyngeal tumors: a retrospective analysis of 151 patients treated at Freiburg (Breisgau) between 1948 and 1977 (author's transl)]. From 1948 through 1977, 151 patients with an epipharyngeal tumor underwent radiation therapy at our department. A retrospective analysis was made reviewing treatment results and prognostic features. The 5-year survival rate of the total group amounted to 39%, the 10-year survival to 27%. Tumor stage and histology were confirmed as the preponderant factors in prognostication. Stage T1--2 cases had a 5-year survival rate of 57%, which decreased to 46% if unilateral lymph node metastases had occurred, and down to 17% in case of bilateral metastasition to the lymph nodes. Of stage T3--4 patients, 45% survived during 5 years. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, with a 5-year survival rate of 54%, had a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma (47%), transitional cell carcinoma (30%) and reticulum cell sarcoma (30%). A review of the results other authors have obtained since 1956 with combinations of surgical and irradiation methods gives evidence that the efficiency of techniques confined to local or regional treatment has reached its limits. At present, further improvement may be achieved mainly by means of systematically applied adjuvant chemotherapy complementary to the general th\u00e9rapeutic concept.", "PMID": 382444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5767", "title": "Radiation effects on the parotid gland of mammals. Part 3: Behaviour of enzyme activity after irradiation.", "content": "Modifications of some enzyme activities in parotid tissue homogenates have been studied in animals which were also examined for morphological changes and for plasma and parotid amylase activity. Results from irradiated animals show a certain increase in maltase activity. Alkaline phosphatase and LAP show no significant variations; a similar behaviour is shown by lysosomal enzymes and protein content. A different pattern was seen by comparing the curves of these enzymes with those of the same activity in the small intestine. This result appears to be due to the different radiosensitivity of these tissues.", "contents": "Radiation effects on the parotid gland of mammals. Part 3: Behaviour of enzyme activity after irradiation. Modifications of some enzyme activities in parotid tissue homogenates have been studied in animals which were also examined for morphological changes and for plasma and parotid amylase activity. Results from irradiated animals show a certain increase in maltase activity. Alkaline phosphatase and LAP show no significant variations; a similar behaviour is shown by lysosomal enzymes and protein content. A different pattern was seen by comparing the curves of these enzymes with those of the same activity in the small intestine. This result appears to be due to the different radiosensitivity of these tissues.", "PMID": 382445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5768", "title": "What is Mooren's ulcer?", "content": "It is probable that the traditional definition of Mooren's ulcer involving relentless progression should be modified. Many eyes have been seen with corneal ulcers which have the clinical diagnosis of Mooren's ulcer but respond to varying medications and to conjunctival excision. The ulcers can progress, however, in spite of all therapy, and in these cases, we recommend removal of the remaining corneal stroma, followed by penetrating corneal transplantation. Patients with Mooren's ulcer exhibit both cell-mediated and humoral immunological phenomena but, in a small series, did not respond to immunotherapy.", "contents": "What is Mooren's ulcer? It is probable that the traditional definition of Mooren's ulcer involving relentless progression should be modified. Many eyes have been seen with corneal ulcers which have the clinical diagnosis of Mooren's ulcer but respond to varying medications and to conjunctival excision. The ulcers can progress, however, in spite of all therapy, and in these cases, we recommend removal of the remaining corneal stroma, followed by penetrating corneal transplantation. Patients with Mooren's ulcer exhibit both cell-mediated and humoral immunological phenomena but, in a small series, did not respond to immunotherapy.", "PMID": 382458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5769", "title": "Use of anti-inflammatory agents in destructive corneal disease.", "content": "The use of anti-inflammatory agents is important in the treatment of destructive corneal disease. The basic principles of the action of corticosteroids and prostaglandin inhibitors, and the application of these agents to various experimental and clinical situations, are presented. The corticosteroids are the most effective of all the anti-inflammatory agents but have many unfortunate side-effects. The prostaglandin inhibitors and other agents have fewer side-effects, but are less effective.", "contents": "Use of anti-inflammatory agents in destructive corneal disease. The use of anti-inflammatory agents is important in the treatment of destructive corneal disease. The basic principles of the action of corticosteroids and prostaglandin inhibitors, and the application of these agents to various experimental and clinical situations, are presented. The corticosteroids are the most effective of all the anti-inflammatory agents but have many unfortunate side-effects. The prostaglandin inhibitors and other agents have fewer side-effects, but are less effective.", "PMID": 382459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5770", "title": "Role of corneal surgery in destructive corneal disease.", "content": "Surgery plays an integral role in the management of destructive corneal disease. There are many techniques for structural reinforcement of marginal corneal destruction. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for severe cases of central corneal destruction can be an effective method of removing the bulk of diseased tissue, and securing histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Role of corneal surgery in destructive corneal disease. Surgery plays an integral role in the management of destructive corneal disease. There are many techniques for structural reinforcement of marginal corneal destruction. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for severe cases of central corneal destruction can be an effective method of removing the bulk of diseased tissue, and securing histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 382460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5771", "title": "Partial characterization of a malaria mitogen.", "content": "Supernatants from 24-hour cultures of Plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells stimulated lymphocytes from both malaria immune and malaria non-immune donors. Both T and B lymphocytes responded. Amalaria parasite-derived mitogen may play some part in the pathogenesis of the hypergammaglobulinaemia characteristic of malaria.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a malaria mitogen. Supernatants from 24-hour cultures of Plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells stimulated lymphocytes from both malaria immune and malaria non-immune donors. Both T and B lymphocytes responded. Amalaria parasite-derived mitogen may play some part in the pathogenesis of the hypergammaglobulinaemia characteristic of malaria.", "PMID": 382464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5772", "title": "Serum from infected mice suppresses macrophage-mediated immunity in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection: a model for imparied macrophage immunity in human leprosy.", "content": "Differing patterns of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection in inbred strains of mice are of interest as a model system for studying mycobacterial infections of man, e.g. M. leprae, which present with a spectrum of clinical disease. In vitro, macrophages from both resistant (C57B1) and susceptible (BALB/c) inbred strains of mice can be shown to be equally effective in controlling multiplication of M. lepraemurium. Experiments presented here show that in vivo, the potential mechanisms of macrophage-mediated immunity are suppressed in the susceptible (BALB/c) strain of mouse by a soluble factor(s) present in the serum and the peritoneal fluid of infected mice.", "contents": "Serum from infected mice suppresses macrophage-mediated immunity in Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection: a model for imparied macrophage immunity in human leprosy. Differing patterns of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection in inbred strains of mice are of interest as a model system for studying mycobacterial infections of man, e.g. M. leprae, which present with a spectrum of clinical disease. In vitro, macrophages from both resistant (C57B1) and susceptible (BALB/c) inbred strains of mice can be shown to be equally effective in controlling multiplication of M. lepraemurium. Experiments presented here show that in vivo, the potential mechanisms of macrophage-mediated immunity are suppressed in the susceptible (BALB/c) strain of mouse by a soluble factor(s) present in the serum and the peritoneal fluid of infected mice.", "PMID": 382465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5773", "title": "Frequency of blood group antigens in Nigerian children with falciparum malaria.", "content": "The frequencies of the following blood group antigens: A, B, O, M, N, S, s, U, Fya, FyB, Lea, Jsa and K have been determined in Nigerian children with severe falciparum malaria. The frequency distribution of M, N, S, s, U, Fya and Fyb were not significantly different in children with life-threatening falciparum malaria and controls. The frequencies of A, B, O, Lea, Jsa and K found in the children with severe malaria were similar to those previously reported for healthy adults in this population. The Duffy blood group antigens Fya and Fyb were virtually absent from both infected and control children. This finding is in variance with a Fya frequency of 23% reported by Worlledge et al. (1974) for healthy adults in this population.", "contents": "Frequency of blood group antigens in Nigerian children with falciparum malaria. The frequencies of the following blood group antigens: A, B, O, M, N, S, s, U, Fya, FyB, Lea, Jsa and K have been determined in Nigerian children with severe falciparum malaria. The frequency distribution of M, N, S, s, U, Fya and Fyb were not significantly different in children with life-threatening falciparum malaria and controls. The frequencies of A, B, O, Lea, Jsa and K found in the children with severe malaria were similar to those previously reported for healthy adults in this population. The Duffy blood group antigens Fya and Fyb were virtually absent from both infected and control children. This finding is in variance with a Fya frequency of 23% reported by Worlledge et al. (1974) for healthy adults in this population.", "PMID": 382466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5774", "title": "Lassa virus antibodies in hospital personnel in western Liberia.", "content": "The sera of 844 Liberian hospital staff memebers were positive for Lassa Virus (LV) antibodies in a survey using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT). In two hospitals in Lofa County near the Sierra Leone border, the prevalence, 15.4%, was significantly higher than the 8.4% in seven others. There were near differences between the prevalence among laboratory workers, 15.3%, and other workers, 7.7%, and between midwifery students, 21.2%, and midwives, 4.2%, suggesting their infection from patients or their blood products. However, the over-all prevalence among those with patient contacts was the same as that among those without direct patient contact; most LV infections were apparently acquired from sources other than patients in hospital. This finding, the lack of evidence of hospital outbreaks and the presence of comparable prevalences in all age groups suggest that LV infections occur on a continuing basis in this population. In one hospital the comparison of the results of IFAT and complement fixation tests revealed some who reacted by one technique and not by the other. In one person the titre by IFAT had dropped from 1:32 to undetectable levels in two years. This finding prompts caution in the interpretation of results.", "contents": "Lassa virus antibodies in hospital personnel in western Liberia. The sera of 844 Liberian hospital staff memebers were positive for Lassa Virus (LV) antibodies in a survey using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT). In two hospitals in Lofa County near the Sierra Leone border, the prevalence, 15.4%, was significantly higher than the 8.4% in seven others. There were near differences between the prevalence among laboratory workers, 15.3%, and other workers, 7.7%, and between midwifery students, 21.2%, and midwives, 4.2%, suggesting their infection from patients or their blood products. However, the over-all prevalence among those with patient contacts was the same as that among those without direct patient contact; most LV infections were apparently acquired from sources other than patients in hospital. This finding, the lack of evidence of hospital outbreaks and the presence of comparable prevalences in all age groups suggest that LV infections occur on a continuing basis in this population. In one hospital the comparison of the results of IFAT and complement fixation tests revealed some who reacted by one technique and not by the other. In one person the titre by IFAT had dropped from 1:32 to undetectable levels in two years. This finding prompts caution in the interpretation of results.", "PMID": 382467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5775", "title": "Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya.", "content": "A case of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a non-immune male is reported. Primary attack came 19 days after return to a non-malarious country from a visit to Kenya. Recrudescences occurred three times with intervals of 30 to 33 days after standard chloroquine treatment. The WHO extended field test for sensitivity of falciparum malaria to chloroquine was followed by recrudescence 31 days later. Treatment with Fansidar terminated the infection. If continuous treatment of the patient with lithium does not interfere with the schizontocidal action of chloroquine, this strain shows a resistance pattern of R I delayed recrudescence.", "contents": "Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya. A case of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a non-immune male is reported. Primary attack came 19 days after return to a non-malarious country from a visit to Kenya. Recrudescences occurred three times with intervals of 30 to 33 days after standard chloroquine treatment. The WHO extended field test for sensitivity of falciparum malaria to chloroquine was followed by recrudescence 31 days later. Treatment with Fansidar terminated the infection. If continuous treatment of the patient with lithium does not interfere with the schizontocidal action of chloroquine, this strain shows a resistance pattern of R I delayed recrudescence.", "PMID": 382468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5776", "title": "A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran.", "content": "ELISA AND IFAT have been applied to the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and the levels of leishmanial antibody detected by Leishmania donovani antigens in both tests have been compared. From the results it appears that ELISA is a little more sensitive than IFAT, but IFAT seems to be more specific in detecting leishmanial antibodies. In both tests reactions between leishmanial antigen and some other infections, such as malaria and typhoid, were observed. These non-specific reactions reduce the validity of both tests, especially ELISA, in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but, in visceral leishmaniasis, the leishmanial antibody levels were high enough to be unaffected by non-specific reactions. In general, ELISA is as good as IFAT and more practical in the sero-diagnosis and mass screening surveys for kala-azar.", "contents": "A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. ELISA AND IFAT have been applied to the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and the levels of leishmanial antibody detected by Leishmania donovani antigens in both tests have been compared. From the results it appears that ELISA is a little more sensitive than IFAT, but IFAT seems to be more specific in detecting leishmanial antibodies. In both tests reactions between leishmanial antigen and some other infections, such as malaria and typhoid, were observed. These non-specific reactions reduce the validity of both tests, especially ELISA, in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but, in visceral leishmaniasis, the leishmanial antibody levels were high enough to be unaffected by non-specific reactions. In general, ELISA is as good as IFAT and more practical in the sero-diagnosis and mass screening surveys for kala-azar.", "PMID": 382470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5777", "title": "The prevalence and distribution of Mansonella ozzardi in coastal north Trinidad, W.I.", "content": "A day blood smear survey for Mansonella ozzardi in the north coast communities of Trinidad recorded a prevalence of 4.8% in 4,488 persons examined. Prevalence rates were highest in the four western-most communities, where the vector, Culicoides phlebotomus, is a severe nuisance problem. Prevalence rates increased with age and were higher in males than in females. Mean microfilaria densities were low in both sexes up to 50 years of age but in older males the density increased with age. Wuchereria bancrofti infections were detected in five of the ten communities surveyed.", "contents": "The prevalence and distribution of Mansonella ozzardi in coastal north Trinidad, W.I. A day blood smear survey for Mansonella ozzardi in the north coast communities of Trinidad recorded a prevalence of 4.8% in 4,488 persons examined. Prevalence rates were highest in the four western-most communities, where the vector, Culicoides phlebotomus, is a severe nuisance problem. Prevalence rates increased with age and were higher in males than in females. Mean microfilaria densities were low in both sexes up to 50 years of age but in older males the density increased with age. Wuchereria bancrofti infections were detected in five of the ten communities surveyed.", "PMID": 382471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5778", "title": "The evaluation of hemorrhage in cardiac patients who have undergone extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "The present study defines excessive bleeding in patients who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass, and evaluates the use of coagulation testing to predict those patients that bleed excessively. Evaluation of 774 consecutive patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery was carried out. Cardiopulmonary bypass consisted of a bloodless prime and a Harvey bubble oxygenator. In the postoperative period, excessive hemorrhage was defined as that exceeding 600 ml chest tube drainage in the first eight hours. One hundred and sixty-three patients (21%) were noted to be in this category. Excessive bleeding postoperatively was best predicted by a PTT greater than 45 seconds, a PT greater than 19 seconds, a fibrinogen level less than 225 mg/dl and a TFT equal to or less than 1:32. These laboratory findings occur singly or in combination. The assessment of platelet, numbers or function and fibrin(ogen) split products were of no prognostic value. Using these criteria, the re-exploration rate for excessive hemorrhage and/or tamponade was 0.6 per cent (5 out of 774 patients). No preoperative laboratory test of hemostatic function was useful in predicting coagulopathies resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "The evaluation of hemorrhage in cardiac patients who have undergone extracorporeal circulation. The present study defines excessive bleeding in patients who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass, and evaluates the use of coagulation testing to predict those patients that bleed excessively. Evaluation of 774 consecutive patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery was carried out. Cardiopulmonary bypass consisted of a bloodless prime and a Harvey bubble oxygenator. In the postoperative period, excessive hemorrhage was defined as that exceeding 600 ml chest tube drainage in the first eight hours. One hundred and sixty-three patients (21%) were noted to be in this category. Excessive bleeding postoperatively was best predicted by a PTT greater than 45 seconds, a PT greater than 19 seconds, a fibrinogen level less than 225 mg/dl and a TFT equal to or less than 1:32. These laboratory findings occur singly or in combination. The assessment of platelet, numbers or function and fibrin(ogen) split products were of no prognostic value. Using these criteria, the re-exploration rate for excessive hemorrhage and/or tamponade was 0.6 per cent (5 out of 774 patients). No preoperative laboratory test of hemostatic function was useful in predicting coagulopathies resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 382479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5779", "title": "Attempt at enzyme replacement by organ transplantation: renal transplantation in Gaucher disease.", "content": "Following renal transplantation, hepatic glucocerebroside deposits in a child with Gaucher disease were reduced. This suggests that enzyme replacement had been achieved.", "contents": "Attempt at enzyme replacement by organ transplantation: renal transplantation in Gaucher disease. Following renal transplantation, hepatic glucocerebroside deposits in a child with Gaucher disease were reduced. This suggests that enzyme replacement had been achieved.", "PMID": 382486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5780", "title": "Serial subculture of BCG on solid and liquid media.", "content": "To follow an earlier study of the effects on BCG of deep subculture in liquid media, transfers on the surface of L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Sauton's media have been made. When a vaccine preparation that yields on culture 99+% of spreading-type colonies, with a small minority of non-spreading forms, is transferred on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, the minority population can be readily selected out. Growth of BCG on this medium is not homogeneous, and the selection of either the minority or majority populations appears fortuitous, whereas it was previously demonstrated that deep subculture in Dubos medium tends to favour selection of a minority yielding non-spreading colonies. When such a minority population has been favoured during transfer on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, subsequent subculture in Dubos medium usually accentuates the effect. Subculture as a surface pellicle on Sauton's medium has a powerful effect in reducing the relative size of a minority population yielding non-spreading colonies, and thereafter maintaining 99+% of spreading forms. The relationship between transfers on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Sauton's media and those on potato-Sauton medium is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Serial subculture of BCG on solid and liquid media. To follow an earlier study of the effects on BCG of deep subculture in liquid media, transfers on the surface of L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Sauton's media have been made. When a vaccine preparation that yields on culture 99+% of spreading-type colonies, with a small minority of non-spreading forms, is transferred on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, the minority population can be readily selected out. Growth of BCG on this medium is not homogeneous, and the selection of either the minority or majority populations appears fortuitous, whereas it was previously demonstrated that deep subculture in Dubos medium tends to favour selection of a minority yielding non-spreading colonies. When such a minority population has been favoured during transfer on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, subsequent subculture in Dubos medium usually accentuates the effect. Subculture as a surface pellicle on Sauton's medium has a powerful effect in reducing the relative size of a minority population yielding non-spreading colonies, and thereafter maintaining 99+% of spreading forms. The relationship between transfers on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Sauton's media and those on potato-Sauton medium is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 382555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5781", "title": "Feasibility of controlled micturition through electric stimulation.", "content": "Historically, man has been aware of bioelectric phenomena for some 4,000 years. Yet it has only been during the last 20 years that technology has advanced to the stage where controlled bladder emptying has become feasible. A great deal of interest followed the introduction of transistor and bladder stimulation via the principle of radio frequency induction. Spinal cord, sacral, and pelvic nerve and direct bladder stimulation have all been attempted. Only direct bladder stimulation in lower motor neuron situations has shown any promise. The many difficulties associated with bladder stimulation include simultaneous sphincter contraction, pain, electrode and insulation difficulties, and fibroplasia due to movement of electrodes placed in pliable tissues. In addition, the role of the prostate, increased urethral length, and erection responses in the male have received little investigation. These problems are outlined and experimental observations of attempts to achieve controlled micturition in canines areresented. These studies were carried out over a 3-year period, and emphasize responses to stimulation of the spinal cord and sacral roots. It was concluded that the most efficient manner by which to effect simulated micturition is via stimulation of the ventral sacral root dominant for bladder responsiveness, and combine this with selective division of somatic fibers of only the root being stimulated.", "contents": "Feasibility of controlled micturition through electric stimulation. Historically, man has been aware of bioelectric phenomena for some 4,000 years. Yet it has only been during the last 20 years that technology has advanced to the stage where controlled bladder emptying has become feasible. A great deal of interest followed the introduction of transistor and bladder stimulation via the principle of radio frequency induction. Spinal cord, sacral, and pelvic nerve and direct bladder stimulation have all been attempted. Only direct bladder stimulation in lower motor neuron situations has shown any promise. The many difficulties associated with bladder stimulation include simultaneous sphincter contraction, pain, electrode and insulation difficulties, and fibroplasia due to movement of electrodes placed in pliable tissues. In addition, the role of the prostate, increased urethral length, and erection responses in the male have received little investigation. These problems are outlined and experimental observations of attempts to achieve controlled micturition in canines areresented. These studies were carried out over a 3-year period, and emphasize responses to stimulation of the spinal cord and sacral roots. It was concluded that the most efficient manner by which to effect simulated micturition is via stimulation of the ventral sacral root dominant for bladder responsiveness, and combine this with selective division of somatic fibers of only the root being stimulated.", "PMID": 382559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5782", "title": "[Hyperacute rejection of renal xenografts after presensitization of the recipients induced by treatment with donor species-specific spleen antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports about experimental xenografting of kidneys in closely related species (fox/dog) modifying primary graft rejection by pretreatment of the recipients with semisoluble donor species-specific spleen antigen. This kind of pretreatment does not induce immunological enhancement which protects the graft from damage, but causes presensitization of the recipients and subsequently the hyperacute rejection of the transplants. Arteriovenous gradients of platelets and leukocytes as well as those of fibrinogen and clotting factors II, V, VIII, and IX suggest a greater degree of intravascular coagulation within the first minutes after revascularization. Hemagglutinating antibodies induced by pretreatment of the recipients with donor species-specific spleen extract seem to be responsible for the rapidity of rejection and for the reduction of survival time.", "contents": "[Hyperacute rejection of renal xenografts after presensitization of the recipients induced by treatment with donor species-specific spleen antigen (author's transl)]. This paper reports about experimental xenografting of kidneys in closely related species (fox/dog) modifying primary graft rejection by pretreatment of the recipients with semisoluble donor species-specific spleen antigen. This kind of pretreatment does not induce immunological enhancement which protects the graft from damage, but causes presensitization of the recipients and subsequently the hyperacute rejection of the transplants. Arteriovenous gradients of platelets and leukocytes as well as those of fibrinogen and clotting factors II, V, VIII, and IX suggest a greater degree of intravascular coagulation within the first minutes after revascularization. Hemagglutinating antibodies induced by pretreatment of the recipients with donor species-specific spleen extract seem to be responsible for the rapidity of rejection and for the reduction of survival time.", "PMID": 382561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5783", "title": "Flow cytometric investigations of human bladder carcinoma compared to histological classification.", "content": "The DNA distribution has been investigated in biopsies from human bladder carcinomas by means of flow cytometry (FCM). The FCM analysis was based on a preparation method yielding a suspension of single cell nuclei. Biopsies from 45 patients were analysed. The results demonstrate a correlation between the degree of cellular anaplasia and the occurrence of cell populations with increased DNA content in the tumours. Cells with diploid DNA content constituted more than 90% of well-differentiated tumours and normal bladder mucosa. Cell populations with aneuploid DNA content occurred in almost all biopsies with cellular anaplasia estimated as grades II and III by microscopic examination. The results indicate that FCM analysis may be a valuable adjunct to histology. The possible prognostic significance of altered DNA distribution in bladder tumours is discussed.", "contents": "Flow cytometric investigations of human bladder carcinoma compared to histological classification. The DNA distribution has been investigated in biopsies from human bladder carcinomas by means of flow cytometry (FCM). The FCM analysis was based on a preparation method yielding a suspension of single cell nuclei. Biopsies from 45 patients were analysed. The results demonstrate a correlation between the degree of cellular anaplasia and the occurrence of cell populations with increased DNA content in the tumours. Cells with diploid DNA content constituted more than 90% of well-differentiated tumours and normal bladder mucosa. Cell populations with aneuploid DNA content occurred in almost all biopsies with cellular anaplasia estimated as grades II and III by microscopic examination. The results indicate that FCM analysis may be a valuable adjunct to histology. The possible prognostic significance of altered DNA distribution in bladder tumours is discussed.", "PMID": 382569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5784", "title": "Histophotometry: a new method for automated histological examination of solid tissue samples demonstrated on bladder cancer.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of a new method to discriminate between benign and malignant tissue. Tissue samples from three patients with bladder tumours and one patient with bladder diverticula have been examined by histophotometry. This method, based on the correlation of nuclear volume and nucleic acid contents per cell uses thick formalin fixed samples. The results are obtained by measurements averaging more than one hundred thousand cells per sample. By this histophotometric examination a clear differentiation between malignant and to differentiate between infiltrating and noninfiltrating tumour, as well as inflamed bladder tissue. The results obtained histophotometrically were compared with the histological findings.", "contents": "Histophotometry: a new method for automated histological examination of solid tissue samples demonstrated on bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of a new method to discriminate between benign and malignant tissue. Tissue samples from three patients with bladder tumours and one patient with bladder diverticula have been examined by histophotometry. This method, based on the correlation of nuclear volume and nucleic acid contents per cell uses thick formalin fixed samples. The results are obtained by measurements averaging more than one hundred thousand cells per sample. By this histophotometric examination a clear differentiation between malignant and to differentiate between infiltrating and noninfiltrating tumour, as well as inflamed bladder tissue. The results obtained histophotometrically were compared with the histological findings.", "PMID": 382570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5785", "title": "The mutagenic activity of anti-cancer drugs and the urine of rats given these drugs.", "content": "Twenty-one anti-cancer drugs have been tested for their ability to cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium test strains in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Nine of the 21 anticancer drugs showed this ability: cyclophosphmide, nitromin, thio-tepa, busulfan, 6-mercaptopurine, neocarzinostatin, daunomycin, adriamycin and estramustine phosphate. Seven of these 9 mutagenic drugs were injected continuously into the jugular veins of rats. Urine was collected through a cystostomy tube and tested for mutagenicity. The urine from rats treated with 6 of these 7 drugs was mutagenic. These were cyclophosphamide, nitromin, thio-tepa, neocarzinostatin, adriamycin and daunomycin.", "contents": "The mutagenic activity of anti-cancer drugs and the urine of rats given these drugs. Twenty-one anti-cancer drugs have been tested for their ability to cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium test strains in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Nine of the 21 anticancer drugs showed this ability: cyclophosphmide, nitromin, thio-tepa, busulfan, 6-mercaptopurine, neocarzinostatin, daunomycin, adriamycin and estramustine phosphate. Seven of these 9 mutagenic drugs were injected continuously into the jugular veins of rats. Urine was collected through a cystostomy tube and tested for mutagenicity. The urine from rats treated with 6 of these 7 drugs was mutagenic. These were cyclophosphamide, nitromin, thio-tepa, neocarzinostatin, adriamycin and daunomycin.", "PMID": 382571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5786", "title": "Refractive keratoplasty: keratophakia and keratomileusis.", "content": "We have presented our early experience with the refractive keratoplasty techniques of Doctor Jose Barraquer--keratophakia and hypermetropic keratomileusis. In contradistinction to the alloplastic lens substitutes currently being employed for the integral correction of aphakia, his techniques would seem to offer a more permanent, more physiologic, full-time optical correction of the aphakic state. Their use is limited only by the condition of the patient's corneaa and, in fact, may be applied not only in aphakia but also in phakic eyes with higher degrees of hyperopia or myopia. In the opinion of the authors, the refractive keratoplasty techniques of Barraquer can be perfored by any well-instructed ophthalmic surgeon. These techniques offer to many patients a satisfactory and potentially a physiologically superior alternative to alloplastic lens substitute for aphakic correction.", "contents": "Refractive keratoplasty: keratophakia and keratomileusis. We have presented our early experience with the refractive keratoplasty techniques of Doctor Jose Barraquer--keratophakia and hypermetropic keratomileusis. In contradistinction to the alloplastic lens substitutes currently being employed for the integral correction of aphakia, his techniques would seem to offer a more permanent, more physiologic, full-time optical correction of the aphakic state. Their use is limited only by the condition of the patient's corneaa and, in fact, may be applied not only in aphakia but also in phakic eyes with higher degrees of hyperopia or myopia. In the opinion of the authors, the refractive keratoplasty techniques of Barraquer can be perfored by any well-instructed ophthalmic surgeon. These techniques offer to many patients a satisfactory and potentially a physiologically superior alternative to alloplastic lens substitute for aphakic correction.", "PMID": 382579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5787", "title": "Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the horse.", "content": "The case histories of four horses with osteomyelitis involving the metacarpal and metatarsal bones are reviewed and the surgical treatments discussed. The horses recovered after curettage of all infected tissue and post operative drainage. The role of antibiotics in treatment is considered and reference is made to the acute treatment of deep wounds to avoid osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the horse. The case histories of four horses with osteomyelitis involving the metacarpal and metatarsal bones are reviewed and the surgical treatments discussed. The horses recovered after curettage of all infected tissue and post operative drainage. The role of antibiotics in treatment is considered and reference is made to the acute treatment of deep wounds to avoid osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 382603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5788", "title": "Aspects of genital infection and swabbing techniques in the mare.", "content": "The three groups of bacteria that cause endometritis in the mare are reviewed. The different methods of swabbing are assessed and the criteria which should be observed when developing a swabbing technique listed. The choice of speculum and swabs available are described.", "contents": "Aspects of genital infection and swabbing techniques in the mare. The three groups of bacteria that cause endometritis in the mare are reviewed. The different methods of swabbing are assessed and the criteria which should be observed when developing a swabbing technique listed. The choice of speculum and swabs available are described.", "PMID": 382604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5789", "title": "Tubule length and Leydig cell volume in the normal bull testis.", "content": "Data are presented on the size, Leydig cell content and seminiferous tubule dimensions of the normal bull testis. A method of estimating total tubule length, requiring only the measurement of testis volume and the number of tubule cross-sections in a unit area is described, and its applicability to the bull established. The average bull testis contains about 5.2 km of tubules.", "contents": "Tubule length and Leydig cell volume in the normal bull testis. Data are presented on the size, Leydig cell content and seminiferous tubule dimensions of the normal bull testis. A method of estimating total tubule length, requiring only the measurement of testis volume and the number of tubule cross-sections in a unit area is described, and its applicability to the bull established. The average bull testis contains about 5.2 km of tubules.", "PMID": 382606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5790", "title": "Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from cattle slaughtered in Pakistan.", "content": "Specimens of lung, liver and mesenteric lymph node from cows and buffaloes slaughtered in the Lahore area were cultured to investigate the type of mycobacteria involved in bovine tuberculosis. Employing the concentration method, 56 out of 530 cattle were found to be culture positive for acid-fast bacteria, 48 being Mycobacterium bovis and eight atypical mycobacteria. No M tuberculosis or M avium was isolated. Most of the isolated M bovis strains were found to be highly virulent for rabbits.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from cattle slaughtered in Pakistan. Specimens of lung, liver and mesenteric lymph node from cows and buffaloes slaughtered in the Lahore area were cultured to investigate the type of mycobacteria involved in bovine tuberculosis. Employing the concentration method, 56 out of 530 cattle were found to be culture positive for acid-fast bacteria, 48 being Mycobacterium bovis and eight atypical mycobacteria. No M tuberculosis or M avium was isolated. Most of the isolated M bovis strains were found to be highly virulent for rabbits.", "PMID": 382608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5791", "title": "[Disordered glucose-6-phosphate transport as a possible cause of glycogenosis type Ib].", "content": "More than ten patients with glycogen-storage disease, which were classified as patients with glycogenosis of the I type--deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase) on the basis of clinical data and biochemical analyses in vivo, were detected within the last few years. But activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was found to be normal in biopsy of samples of the liver tissue obtained from these patients. This disease was termed as glycogenosis of the Ib type. A hypothesis is advanced, according to which the discrepancy in data on biochemical study of the patients in vivo and in vitro is due to absence of a specific permease in liver tissue, which transfers glucose-6-phosphate from cytosol onto the innesurface of membranes of cytoplasmic network, where glucose-6-phosphatase is located.", "contents": "[Disordered glucose-6-phosphate transport as a possible cause of glycogenosis type Ib]. More than ten patients with glycogen-storage disease, which were classified as patients with glycogenosis of the I type--deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase) on the basis of clinical data and biochemical analyses in vivo, were detected within the last few years. But activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was found to be normal in biopsy of samples of the liver tissue obtained from these patients. This disease was termed as glycogenosis of the Ib type. A hypothesis is advanced, according to which the discrepancy in data on biochemical study of the patients in vivo and in vitro is due to absence of a specific permease in liver tissue, which transfers glucose-6-phosphate from cytosol onto the innesurface of membranes of cytoplasmic network, where glucose-6-phosphatase is located.", "PMID": 382625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5792", "title": "[Detection of plasmids in the cells of E. coli CK].", "content": "Superspiralized coiled plasmide DNA were found in cells E. coli CK. One of plasmides pEco CK-1 had a size 21.2 micron that corresponded to molecular mass 43.7 megadaltons, another plasmide pEco CK-2 with the size 14.2 micron had a molecular weight 29.2 megadaltons. Effective restriction was observed in cross titration using phage PBV-I.CK for E. coli strains carrying R II plasmide and phage PBV-I.R II for E. coli CK cells. The data obtained suggest that the Eco CK type with DNA of host specificity is distinct from hsp II type due to presence of R II and N-15 plasmides.", "contents": "[Detection of plasmids in the cells of E. coli CK]. Superspiralized coiled plasmide DNA were found in cells E. coli CK. One of plasmides pEco CK-1 had a size 21.2 micron that corresponded to molecular mass 43.7 megadaltons, another plasmide pEco CK-2 with the size 14.2 micron had a molecular weight 29.2 megadaltons. Effective restriction was observed in cross titration using phage PBV-I.CK for E. coli strains carrying R II plasmide and phage PBV-I.R II for E. coli CK cells. The data obtained suggest that the Eco CK type with DNA of host specificity is distinct from hsp II type due to presence of R II and N-15 plasmides.", "PMID": 382626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5793", "title": "[Characteristics of glycogen metabolic regulation in rats with experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Alterations in glycogen metabolism and in its regulation were found in heart muscle and liver tissue, but not in sceletal muscle, of rats with experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy. In development of the pathological process content of glycogen was unaltered in heart muscle as compared with the normal state; at the same time, activities of glycogen synthetase, phosphorylase and acid alpha-glucosidase were increased. After administration of adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin into animals with the cardiomyopathy, the phosphorylase from heart muscle was not activated, contrary to the respone of the enzyme under normal conditions. Content of glycogen was drastically increased in liver tissue of rats with experimental cardiomyopathy, as compared with the normal state. Aministration of biogenic amines into the animals led to a decrease in concentration of glycogen in liver tissue and to increase in activity of acid alpha-glucosidase, but did not affect the activities of phosphorylase A and glycogen synthetase. A possibility is considered for a decrease of the abnormally high content of glycogen in liver tissue of the impaired rats using treatment with biogenic amines.", "contents": "[Characteristics of glycogen metabolic regulation in rats with experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy]. Alterations in glycogen metabolism and in its regulation were found in heart muscle and liver tissue, but not in sceletal muscle, of rats with experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy. In development of the pathological process content of glycogen was unaltered in heart muscle as compared with the normal state; at the same time, activities of glycogen synthetase, phosphorylase and acid alpha-glucosidase were increased. After administration of adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin into animals with the cardiomyopathy, the phosphorylase from heart muscle was not activated, contrary to the respone of the enzyme under normal conditions. Content of glycogen was drastically increased in liver tissue of rats with experimental cardiomyopathy, as compared with the normal state. Aministration of biogenic amines into the animals led to a decrease in concentration of glycogen in liver tissue and to increase in activity of acid alpha-glucosidase, but did not affect the activities of phosphorylase A and glycogen synthetase. A possibility is considered for a decrease of the abnormally high content of glycogen in liver tissue of the impaired rats using treatment with biogenic amines.", "PMID": 382627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5794", "title": "[Determination of antiepileptic drug levels in the blood: day-to-day experience in an out-patient clinic for epilepic children (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of determining the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs represents a considerable advance, under certain circumstances, objective supervision of anticonvulsant therapy. In particular in the case of an unsatisfactory therapeutic result, this procedure helps to reveal the causes of failure (e.g. incorrect administration, poor absorption, interaction with other drugs). Like many new diagnostic methods this method is rather costly; hence, its use within the daily routine work should be limited to definite indications. Apart from its use in cases of inadequate control of epilepsy and the appearance of side effects, other indications for implementation of the method are the establishement of correct dosation of antiepileptic drugs in new patients and drug intercurrent illness, which frequently necessitates the use of additional drugs.", "contents": "[Determination of antiepileptic drug levels in the blood: day-to-day experience in an out-patient clinic for epilepic children (author's transl)]. The possibility of determining the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs represents a considerable advance, under certain circumstances, objective supervision of anticonvulsant therapy. In particular in the case of an unsatisfactory therapeutic result, this procedure helps to reveal the causes of failure (e.g. incorrect administration, poor absorption, interaction with other drugs). Like many new diagnostic methods this method is rather costly; hence, its use within the daily routine work should be limited to definite indications. Apart from its use in cases of inadequate control of epilepsy and the appearance of side effects, other indications for implementation of the method are the establishement of correct dosation of antiepileptic drugs in new patients and drug intercurrent illness, which frequently necessitates the use of additional drugs.", "PMID": 382640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5795", "title": "[Mixed infection after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe mixed infection was observed in 9 out of 101 renal transplant recipients over a period of 6 years and was characterized by the simultaneous incidence of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Severe septicaemia was clinically evident in all cases. The critical clinical situation called for a rapid assessment of the differential diagnosis and relevant bacterial, fungal and viral investigations. Antibacterial and antimycotic therapy must be instituted as soon as possible on account of the high mortality from mixed infection in renal transplant recipients. The reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy during infection did not impair renal transplant function.", "contents": "[Mixed infection after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Severe mixed infection was observed in 9 out of 101 renal transplant recipients over a period of 6 years and was characterized by the simultaneous incidence of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Severe septicaemia was clinically evident in all cases. The critical clinical situation called for a rapid assessment of the differential diagnosis and relevant bacterial, fungal and viral investigations. Antibacterial and antimycotic therapy must be instituted as soon as possible on account of the high mortality from mixed infection in renal transplant recipients. The reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy during infection did not impair renal transplant function.", "PMID": 382641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5796", "title": "[The role of lipoproteinlipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (author's transl)].", "content": "After intravenous injection of heparin two triglyceride lipases are secreted into the plasma: Lipoproteinlipase and a \"hepatic\" triglyceride lipase. The properties of these two enzymes are extensively discussed in this review. The different methods of measurement of the two lipases are described in detail. The physiological role of lipoproteinlipase in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is quite well understood. The function of the hepatic triglyceride lipase is not clear until now. The speculations about the possible role of the so-called \"remnants\" as a substrate of hepatic triglyceride lipase are discussed. The results of own investigations concerning the possible role of these two enzymes in the triglyceride metabolism under different pathophysiological conditions are presented.", "contents": "[The role of lipoproteinlipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (author's transl)]. After intravenous injection of heparin two triglyceride lipases are secreted into the plasma: Lipoproteinlipase and a \"hepatic\" triglyceride lipase. The properties of these two enzymes are extensively discussed in this review. The different methods of measurement of the two lipases are described in detail. The physiological role of lipoproteinlipase in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is quite well understood. The function of the hepatic triglyceride lipase is not clear until now. The speculations about the possible role of the so-called \"remnants\" as a substrate of hepatic triglyceride lipase are discussed. The results of own investigations concerning the possible role of these two enzymes in the triglyceride metabolism under different pathophysiological conditions are presented.", "PMID": 382642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5797", "title": "[Development, structure and tasks of the department of physiology in Graz/Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "Physiology is concerned with the problems related to the optimal function of biological systems. The field therfore reaches from molecular biology to socio-economic questions. Three basic features have to be considered in science: 1) It is important that the work is being done with enthusiasm, simply because science is interesting and even fun. 2) It is always necessary to consider that the work is a necessary condition of daily life; this is also true for scientific work. 3) Especially in scientific work we have to serve mankind. Science in this sense has to include the idea of serving.--When-ever one of these features or conditions is omitted, the essence of scientific work will suffer, either because the scientist is selfish or because he doesn't take science serious enough. The research in the department of physiology in Graz is concerned with the problem of optimal control in hemodynamics and with research in topics related to biomechanics, exercise physiology and instrumentation. The teaching tasks include teaching of more than thousand second year students and performing laboratory courses and examinations.", "contents": "[Development, structure and tasks of the department of physiology in Graz/Austria (author's transl)]. Physiology is concerned with the problems related to the optimal function of biological systems. The field therfore reaches from molecular biology to socio-economic questions. Three basic features have to be considered in science: 1) It is important that the work is being done with enthusiasm, simply because science is interesting and even fun. 2) It is always necessary to consider that the work is a necessary condition of daily life; this is also true for scientific work. 3) Especially in scientific work we have to serve mankind. Science in this sense has to include the idea of serving.--When-ever one of these features or conditions is omitted, the essence of scientific work will suffer, either because the scientist is selfish or because he doesn't take science serious enough. The research in the department of physiology in Graz is concerned with the problem of optimal control in hemodynamics and with research in topics related to biomechanics, exercise physiology and instrumentation. The teaching tasks include teaching of more than thousand second year students and performing laboratory courses and examinations.", "PMID": 382643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5798", "title": "[Christian Wolff (1679-1754) and the medical concept of his time].", "content": "The 300th anniversary of the birthday of Christian Wolff gave the occasion to set his multilateral work in relation to the medical currents of his time and to analyse it from the standpoint of modern medicine. Especially in his early period at Halle University Christian Wolff develops a new research programme with essential accents for the future physician. His philosophical literature with the postulates containing in this are conformable to the aim of the predecessors of the French revolution and on the sector of the art of therapeutic forms the basis decisive improvements in organised public health.", "contents": "[Christian Wolff (1679-1754) and the medical concept of his time]. The 300th anniversary of the birthday of Christian Wolff gave the occasion to set his multilateral work in relation to the medical currents of his time and to analyse it from the standpoint of modern medicine. Especially in his early period at Halle University Christian Wolff develops a new research programme with essential accents for the future physician. His philosophical literature with the postulates containing in this are conformable to the aim of the predecessors of the French revolution and on the sector of the art of therapeutic forms the basis decisive improvements in organised public health.", "PMID": 382654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5799", "title": "[Mass screening for bacteriuria in students].", "content": "From 1973 to 1978 in 2.6% out of 244 female students and in none out of 160 male students a significant persisting bacteriuria was proved. By the slight rate of falsely positive findings could be demonstrated that the midstream technique gives evident results when persons able to cooperate are sufficiently instructed.", "contents": "[Mass screening for bacteriuria in students]. From 1973 to 1978 in 2.6% out of 244 female students and in none out of 160 male students a significant persisting bacteriuria was proved. By the slight rate of falsely positive findings could be demonstrated that the midstream technique gives evident results when persons able to cooperate are sufficiently instructed.", "PMID": 382655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5800", "title": "[The clinical value of unspecific humoral immune parameters. Attempt at an immunogram. II. Quantitative determination of CH50E, CB50E, C3, C4 and lysozyme and measurement of indirect phagocytosis rate in the serum of patients with chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "In 183 patients with chronic pyelonephritis as unspecific humoral immune parameters CH50E, CB50E, C3, C4 and lysozyme as well as the indirect phagocytosis against Staphylococcus aureus SG 511 and E. coli were tested. Clinically a differentiation according to 3 degrees of the renal function and 3 degrees of the activity of the disease was performed. The statistical analysis took into consideration mean and limit values. With the help of contingency tables tendency pictures were developed. C3, C4 and lysozyme proved as suitable for a humoral immunogramme in chronic pyelonephritis. C3 was increased in clear activity, C4 and lysozyme in restricted renal function and expressed activity. In view of the high biologic variation of humoral test parameters advantages and disadvantages of an immunogramme are discussed. But for patients with chronic pyelonephritis finally the estimations of IgM, IgG, IgD, C3, C4 and lysozyme are regarded as clinically useful. A feasable immunologic test set should be controlled, precised and completed.", "contents": "[The clinical value of unspecific humoral immune parameters. Attempt at an immunogram. II. Quantitative determination of CH50E, CB50E, C3, C4 and lysozyme and measurement of indirect phagocytosis rate in the serum of patients with chronic pyelonephritis]. In 183 patients with chronic pyelonephritis as unspecific humoral immune parameters CH50E, CB50E, C3, C4 and lysozyme as well as the indirect phagocytosis against Staphylococcus aureus SG 511 and E. coli were tested. Clinically a differentiation according to 3 degrees of the renal function and 3 degrees of the activity of the disease was performed. The statistical analysis took into consideration mean and limit values. With the help of contingency tables tendency pictures were developed. C3, C4 and lysozyme proved as suitable for a humoral immunogramme in chronic pyelonephritis. C3 was increased in clear activity, C4 and lysozyme in restricted renal function and expressed activity. In view of the high biologic variation of humoral test parameters advantages and disadvantages of an immunogramme are discussed. But for patients with chronic pyelonephritis finally the estimations of IgM, IgG, IgD, C3, C4 and lysozyme are regarded as clinically useful. A feasable immunologic test set should be controlled, precised and completed.", "PMID": 382656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5801", "title": "[Discussion of acupuncture as a therapeutic method].", "content": "Only relatively few objective critical controls of the acupuncture with the help of double-blind studies face the numerous publications on the successes of this form of treatment. These examinations led to the results that the successes of acupuncture in the same way may be reproduced by means of sham acupuncture. Since a (specific) effect transgressing the placebo or suggestive effect could not be proved on any part for the application of acupuncture the medico-juridicial demands must be put as in experiments on man.", "contents": "[Discussion of acupuncture as a therapeutic method]. Only relatively few objective critical controls of the acupuncture with the help of double-blind studies face the numerous publications on the successes of this form of treatment. These examinations led to the results that the successes of acupuncture in the same way may be reproduced by means of sham acupuncture. Since a (specific) effect transgressing the placebo or suggestive effect could not be proved on any part for the application of acupuncture the medico-juridicial demands must be put as in experiments on man.", "PMID": 382657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5802", "title": "[Morphologic studies on in experimental lung transplantations. II. Light microscopic and histochemical findings in the transplanted homologous dog lung].", "content": "Morphologic Studies (light-microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, semi thin-layer preparation) on homografted canine lungs with and without immuno-suppressive therapy (Azathioprin, resp. anti-thymocyte serum) reveal different findings from untreated control animals and those after immuno-suppressive treatment. Under Azathioprin as well as anti-thymocyte serum the signs of rejection are attenuated, and regular pulmonary tissue is maintained in larger areas. Damages of certain cellular elements are better ascertained by means of determination of specific enzymes activities than by help of light-microscopic methods.", "contents": "[Morphologic studies on in experimental lung transplantations. II. Light microscopic and histochemical findings in the transplanted homologous dog lung]. Morphologic Studies (light-microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, semi thin-layer preparation) on homografted canine lungs with and without immuno-suppressive therapy (Azathioprin, resp. anti-thymocyte serum) reveal different findings from untreated control animals and those after immuno-suppressive treatment. Under Azathioprin as well as anti-thymocyte serum the signs of rejection are attenuated, and regular pulmonary tissue is maintained in larger areas. Damages of certain cellular elements are better ascertained by means of determination of specific enzymes activities than by help of light-microscopic methods.", "PMID": 382658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5803", "title": "[Experimental allo-paratopic heart transplantation in dogs as a biological bypass of the left ventricle].", "content": "1. The authors' model of paratopic cardiac replacement by means of a branched Dacron prosthesis is considered a simple method for left-heart replacement. 2. This experimental model is a suitable temporary left-heart substitute in acute cardiac failure. Removal after rejection is easy. 3. The modified model can also be used in experimental acute right-heart failure.", "contents": "[Experimental allo-paratopic heart transplantation in dogs as a biological bypass of the left ventricle]. 1. The authors' model of paratopic cardiac replacement by means of a branched Dacron prosthesis is considered a simple method for left-heart replacement. 2. This experimental model is a suitable temporary left-heart substitute in acute cardiac failure. Removal after rejection is easy. 3. The modified model can also be used in experimental acute right-heart failure.", "PMID": 382659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5804", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function (LH, FSH and prolactin) in males with chronic liver diseases.", "content": "Because of the central importance of the liver for the metabolism of estrogens and androgens the chronically ill liver per se represents an essential disturbing factor within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis caused by the altered hepatic metabolism of the steroid hormones as well as the abnormal synthesis of steroid-hormone-binding proteins with changed free fractions of sex hormones. The question has been differently answered whether a chronic hepatic disease can also be the reason for disturbance on hypothalamic-pituitary and/or testicular level. Recent plasma determination of LH/FSH before and after LHRH and clomiphene, of sex hormones before and after HCG as well as unbound sex hormones in males with chronic hepatic diseases lead to the following conclusion. 1. Chronic liver disease (without idopathic hemochromatosis). Even sever chronic hepatic diseases are not accompanied by primary hypopituitarism. With regard to the impaired Leydig cells stimulation by HCG and the abnormal seminal fluid and testicular histology one can suppose a primary gonadal hypogonadism. However, an additional hypothalamic disturbance has to be considered. 2. Idiopathic hemochromatosis. Presumably in hemochromatosis a primary insufficiency of pituitary and/or testes can take place related to the general metabolic disturbances of this illness. The classic hypothesis of an exclusively primary lesion with secondary hypogonadism does not appear to be correct.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function (LH, FSH and prolactin) in males with chronic liver diseases. Because of the central importance of the liver for the metabolism of estrogens and androgens the chronically ill liver per se represents an essential disturbing factor within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis caused by the altered hepatic metabolism of the steroid hormones as well as the abnormal synthesis of steroid-hormone-binding proteins with changed free fractions of sex hormones. The question has been differently answered whether a chronic hepatic disease can also be the reason for disturbance on hypothalamic-pituitary and/or testicular level. Recent plasma determination of LH/FSH before and after LHRH and clomiphene, of sex hormones before and after HCG as well as unbound sex hormones in males with chronic hepatic diseases lead to the following conclusion. 1. Chronic liver disease (without idopathic hemochromatosis). Even sever chronic hepatic diseases are not accompanied by primary hypopituitarism. With regard to the impaired Leydig cells stimulation by HCG and the abnormal seminal fluid and testicular histology one can suppose a primary gonadal hypogonadism. However, an additional hypothalamic disturbance has to be considered. 2. Idiopathic hemochromatosis. Presumably in hemochromatosis a primary insufficiency of pituitary and/or testes can take place related to the general metabolic disturbances of this illness. The classic hypothesis of an exclusively primary lesion with secondary hypogonadism does not appear to be correct.", "PMID": 382660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5805", "title": "The role of insulin and glucagon in the plasma aminoacid imbalance of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Increased glucagon (IRG) levels have been documented in liver cirrhosis, particularly associated with portal-systemic shunting. In spite of increased insulin (IRI) levels, IRI/IRG are reduced. This alteration has been proposed to have a pathogenic role in plasma aminoacid imbalance which seems to account for hepatic encephalopathy. We studied IRG and IRI/IRG in 13 controls and in 3 groups of cirrhotics, divided on the basis of their mental state. Glucagon was determined by means of 30 K Unger's antibody; insulin by a double antibody technique. Results are expressed in the table as means +/- SEM. (Formula: see text)A progressive increase in IRG secretion is present in cirrhotics and correlates with the mental state; IRI/IRG is not altered in cirrhosis until neurological distrubances are present. A relative fall in IRI which can no more balance the increasing IRG values characterizes hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "The role of insulin and glucagon in the plasma aminoacid imbalance of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Increased glucagon (IRG) levels have been documented in liver cirrhosis, particularly associated with portal-systemic shunting. In spite of increased insulin (IRI) levels, IRI/IRG are reduced. This alteration has been proposed to have a pathogenic role in plasma aminoacid imbalance which seems to account for hepatic encephalopathy. We studied IRG and IRI/IRG in 13 controls and in 3 groups of cirrhotics, divided on the basis of their mental state. Glucagon was determined by means of 30 K Unger's antibody; insulin by a double antibody technique. Results are expressed in the table as means +/- SEM. (Formula: see text)A progressive increase in IRG secretion is present in cirrhotics and correlates with the mental state; IRI/IRG is not altered in cirrhosis until neurological distrubances are present. A relative fall in IRI which can no more balance the increasing IRG values characterizes hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 382661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5806", "title": "[Double flap method in the frontal and temporal area to cover larger defects left by surgery].", "content": "Regional flaps are often necessary to cover defects left after operations in the forehead and temple area, since the skin of the scalp does not stretch well and because of the likelihood of dislocation of the eyebrow. We find the double advancement-flap technique using curving incisions of great use in this area. These curved flaps margins follow the wrinkles of the forehead and the relaxed skin tension lines. This contributes to easy healing and inconspicous scars. At the same time undersired facial asymmetry or disturbance of expression can be avoided.", "contents": "[Double flap method in the frontal and temporal area to cover larger defects left by surgery]. Regional flaps are often necessary to cover defects left after operations in the forehead and temple area, since the skin of the scalp does not stretch well and because of the likelihood of dislocation of the eyebrow. We find the double advancement-flap technique using curving incisions of great use in this area. These curved flaps margins follow the wrinkles of the forehead and the relaxed skin tension lines. This contributes to easy healing and inconspicous scars. At the same time undersired facial asymmetry or disturbance of expression can be avoided.", "PMID": 382662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5807", "title": "Protein I and protein II from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli are mouse B-lymphocyte mitogens.", "content": "Protein I from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is a B-lymphocyte mitogen in mice. Polyclonal activation of mouse splenocytes was demonstrated by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA, and by a hemolytic plaque assay in three inbred mouse strains. B-lymphocytes from LPS responder mice (C57Bl/10, STU/nu/nu) and LPS non-responder mice (C3H/HeJ) both responded well to protein I. The presence of serum was not necessary for mitogenicity; bovine serum albumin exhibited a beneficial effect on serum-depleted cultures. Thymocytes of C3H/HeJ mice were not activated by protein I. Protein II* from E. coli was also tested in our systems and showed a weak B-lymphocyte stimulatory activity. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were not activated.", "contents": "Protein I and protein II from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli are mouse B-lymphocyte mitogens. Protein I from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is a B-lymphocyte mitogen in mice. Polyclonal activation of mouse splenocytes was demonstrated by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA, and by a hemolytic plaque assay in three inbred mouse strains. B-lymphocytes from LPS responder mice (C57Bl/10, STU/nu/nu) and LPS non-responder mice (C3H/HeJ) both responded well to protein I. The presence of serum was not necessary for mitogenicity; bovine serum albumin exhibited a beneficial effect on serum-depleted cultures. Thymocytes of C3H/HeJ mice were not activated by protein I. Protein II* from E. coli was also tested in our systems and showed a weak B-lymphocyte stimulatory activity. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were not activated.", "PMID": 382663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5808", "title": "The Lewis antigen system and its relevance for clinical transplantation.", "content": "The influence of the Lewis blood group system on transplant survival was studied retrospectively in 161 kidney transplantations. Le (a-b+) recipients had significantly higher graft survival rates than Le (a+b-) or Le (a-b-) recipients. From the known distribution of the Lewis blood groups among the European population, a high percentage of Lewis-compatible transplants would be expected among Le (a-b+) recipients in contrast to the Le (a+b-) and Le (a-b-) recipients. Other factors which are known to influence transplant prognosis such as HLA-match between donor and recipient, ischemic time of the transplants and pretransplant blood transfusions did not differ significantly in any of the three groups studied. Our data again suggest the relevance of the Lewis blood group system for clinical kidney transplantation. The findings should be confirmed by prospective typing of donor and recipient for Lewis antigens.", "contents": "The Lewis antigen system and its relevance for clinical transplantation. The influence of the Lewis blood group system on transplant survival was studied retrospectively in 161 kidney transplantations. Le (a-b+) recipients had significantly higher graft survival rates than Le (a+b-) or Le (a-b-) recipients. From the known distribution of the Lewis blood groups among the European population, a high percentage of Lewis-compatible transplants would be expected among Le (a-b+) recipients in contrast to the Le (a+b-) and Le (a-b-) recipients. Other factors which are known to influence transplant prognosis such as HLA-match between donor and recipient, ischemic time of the transplants and pretransplant blood transfusions did not differ significantly in any of the three groups studied. Our data again suggest the relevance of the Lewis blood group system for clinical kidney transplantation. The findings should be confirmed by prospective typing of donor and recipient for Lewis antigens.", "PMID": 382664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5809", "title": "Some recent results of the quantitative characterization of heart muscle cells.", "content": "The present situation of the quantitative characterization of the heart muscle may be summarized as follows: 1. There exists a great collection of quantitative data of the heart at the macroscopical, microscopical, and ultrastructural levels. 2. These data allow for the explanation of several life processes and of the pathogenesis of various diseases. 3. Correlations between cellular structures and biochemical processes can be realized by quantitative data, especially volume, number, and surface. 4. At present it is necessary to standardize the methods in order to obtain a better comparability of the results. 5. Moreover, the three levels should be correlated because only then numerous results may interpreted correctly. 6. All existing quantitative results show significantly that the isolated recording of quantitative data is an insufficient as is the description of qualitative results. The combination of quantitative and qualitative findings leads, however, to completely new results of higher scientific value which form--in combination with biochemical findings--the basis of the knowledge of normal and disturbed life processes.", "contents": "Some recent results of the quantitative characterization of heart muscle cells. The present situation of the quantitative characterization of the heart muscle may be summarized as follows: 1. There exists a great collection of quantitative data of the heart at the macroscopical, microscopical, and ultrastructural levels. 2. These data allow for the explanation of several life processes and of the pathogenesis of various diseases. 3. Correlations between cellular structures and biochemical processes can be realized by quantitative data, especially volume, number, and surface. 4. At present it is necessary to standardize the methods in order to obtain a better comparability of the results. 5. Moreover, the three levels should be correlated because only then numerous results may interpreted correctly. 6. All existing quantitative results show significantly that the isolated recording of quantitative data is an insufficient as is the description of qualitative results. The combination of quantitative and qualitative findings leads, however, to completely new results of higher scientific value which form--in combination with biochemical findings--the basis of the knowledge of normal and disturbed life processes.", "PMID": 382666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5810", "title": "[Determination of the course of surface arteries by means of Doppler ultrasonics].", "content": "In order to trace the arterial circulation in areas with axial pattern of blood supply, the application of a Doppler-Ultra Sound examination is described by which a precise picture of the circulation can be obtained in a short time and using simple technical means.", "contents": "[Determination of the course of surface arteries by means of Doppler ultrasonics]. In order to trace the arterial circulation in areas with axial pattern of blood supply, the application of a Doppler-Ultra Sound examination is described by which a precise picture of the circulation can be obtained in a short time and using simple technical means.", "PMID": 382668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5811", "title": "[Trepanations of the skull in ancient Latvia (author's transl)].", "content": "3,800 skulls of inhibitants of the Baltic Sea coast of previous centuries have been investigated beginning with the neolithic period up to the 18th century. 10 cases of skull trepanation were found, 8 of which were performed in Latvia, 6 were successfull. One of them is of large size (120 x 60 mm) and shows traces of healing. It is dated back to the neolithic period. Five were performed before the 18th century. The favourable results testity the skill and considerable medical knowledge of folk physicians. Furthermore, it also witnesses the great resistance of the organism of ancient people in Latvia in cases of surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Trepanations of the skull in ancient Latvia (author's transl)]. 3,800 skulls of inhibitants of the Baltic Sea coast of previous centuries have been investigated beginning with the neolithic period up to the 18th century. 10 cases of skull trepanation were found, 8 of which were performed in Latvia, 6 were successfull. One of them is of large size (120 x 60 mm) and shows traces of healing. It is dated back to the neolithic period. Five were performed before the 18th century. The favourable results testity the skill and considerable medical knowledge of folk physicians. Furthermore, it also witnesses the great resistance of the organism of ancient people in Latvia in cases of surgical intervention.", "PMID": 382697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5812", "title": "A simple method for the separation of tissue-cultured plant cells from unbound bacteria: a demonstration of acquired affinity for bacteria by cells of soy bean.", "content": "Tissue-cultured cells of soy bean, grown in liquid medium and then transferred to an agar substratum in so-called tissue chambers, showed an affinity for the binding of applied bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae). This binding, which became greater as the plant cells remained on the agar for up to 10 days, was manifested as an increasing resistance of the bacteria to be washed from the plant cells in a standard, gentle and reproducible procedure devised for this purpose. The number of bacteria firmly bound to the cells was determined by the use of 32P-labelled bacteria and was largely independent of the concentration of bacteria in the suspension applied to the tissue-cultured cells.", "contents": "A simple method for the separation of tissue-cultured plant cells from unbound bacteria: a demonstration of acquired affinity for bacteria by cells of soy bean. Tissue-cultured cells of soy bean, grown in liquid medium and then transferred to an agar substratum in so-called tissue chambers, showed an affinity for the binding of applied bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae). This binding, which became greater as the plant cells remained on the agar for up to 10 days, was manifested as an increasing resistance of the bacteria to be washed from the plant cells in a standard, gentle and reproducible procedure devised for this purpose. The number of bacteria firmly bound to the cells was determined by the use of 32P-labelled bacteria and was largely independent of the concentration of bacteria in the suspension applied to the tissue-cultured cells.", "PMID": 382698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5813", "title": "The influence of ultrasonic waves alone and in presence of certain salts on the microbial production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "It was, thus, concluded that the influence of ultrasonic waves on the production of alcohol in presence of NaCl was inconspicuous as compared with the effects of other salts. It was evident from the fact that even the optimum yield of alcohol could not exceed the control. However, the influence of ultrasonic waves alone and its influence in presence of KH2PO4 could enhance the amount of alcohol over the control by 45.6% and 26.1%, respectively. The best result obtained amongst these treatments was found with the effect of sonics in presence of NH4Cl, in which the amount of alcohol produced was greater than that of the control by 51.3%.", "contents": "The influence of ultrasonic waves alone and in presence of certain salts on the microbial production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was, thus, concluded that the influence of ultrasonic waves on the production of alcohol in presence of NaCl was inconspicuous as compared with the effects of other salts. It was evident from the fact that even the optimum yield of alcohol could not exceed the control. However, the influence of ultrasonic waves alone and its influence in presence of KH2PO4 could enhance the amount of alcohol over the control by 45.6% and 26.1%, respectively. The best result obtained amongst these treatments was found with the effect of sonics in presence of NH4Cl, in which the amount of alcohol produced was greater than that of the control by 51.3%.", "PMID": 382699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5814", "title": "A versatile soil percolator.", "content": "A simple multiple column soil percolator is described. Individual columns operate in parallel and are independent. The apparatus may be operated by pressure or suction. An experiment on the effects of pesticides on nitrification in the percolator is described.", "contents": "A versatile soil percolator. A simple multiple column soil percolator is described. Individual columns operate in parallel and are independent. The apparatus may be operated by pressure or suction. An experiment on the effects of pesticides on nitrification in the percolator is described.", "PMID": 382700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5815", "title": "[Surgical diseases in patients under long-time dialysis and after kidney transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "In uremic patients under long-time dialysis and after kidney transplantation surgical diseases with severe complications may occur, such as gastro-duodenal ulcers, inflammatory and ischaemic diseases of the colon, acute pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction. Most of the complications have only poor symptoms. If complications are suspected, an \"aggressive diagnostic regimen\" is mandatory. The incidence of cancer is higher in these patients. Complications can be diminished by prophylactic operations, such as gastric resection in gastro-duodenal ulcer. A restriction in elective and emergency operations has no longer a place in these patients.", "contents": "[Surgical diseases in patients under long-time dialysis and after kidney transplantation (author's transl)]. In uremic patients under long-time dialysis and after kidney transplantation surgical diseases with severe complications may occur, such as gastro-duodenal ulcers, inflammatory and ischaemic diseases of the colon, acute pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction. Most of the complications have only poor symptoms. If complications are suspected, an \"aggressive diagnostic regimen\" is mandatory. The incidence of cancer is higher in these patients. Complications can be diminished by prophylactic operations, such as gastric resection in gastro-duodenal ulcer. A restriction in elective and emergency operations has no longer a place in these patients.", "PMID": 382701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5816", "title": "[Integration of the RP4 factor with the chromosome in Escherichia coli K12 and the formation of 2 types of Hfr-strains].", "content": "The mutant RP4ts12, derived from the R-factor RP4 and thermosensitive in replication, is incorporated into the chromosome A3dna(ts) of E. coli K12, thus suppressing dnaA mutation. The integration of this factor into the chromosome leads to the formation of Hfr strains of two types: the strains of the first type transfer plasmid markers to recipient cells earlier than to chromosomal ones; the strains of the second type transfer plasmid markers to recipient cells after chromosomal ones. During conjugation the R-factor integrated into the chromosome dissociates from chromosomal DNA introduced into the recipient cell and becomes autonomous.", "contents": "[Integration of the RP4 factor with the chromosome in Escherichia coli K12 and the formation of 2 types of Hfr-strains]. The mutant RP4ts12, derived from the R-factor RP4 and thermosensitive in replication, is incorporated into the chromosome A3dna(ts) of E. coli K12, thus suppressing dnaA mutation. The integration of this factor into the chromosome leads to the formation of Hfr strains of two types: the strains of the first type transfer plasmid markers to recipient cells earlier than to chromosomal ones; the strains of the second type transfer plasmid markers to recipient cells after chromosomal ones. During conjugation the R-factor integrated into the chromosome dissociates from chromosomal DNA introduced into the recipient cell and becomes autonomous.", "PMID": 382709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5817", "title": "[Formation of an IgM and an IgG immune response depending on the redistribution of T- and B-subpopulations under the action of serotonin].", "content": "The syngeneic transfer of spleen cells or spleen and lymph node cells from donors with an elevated serotonin level stimulated, in comparison with the control animals, immune response in the recipients subjected to sublethal irradiation, which was manifested by an increase in the number of plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells. After the combined transfer of spleen cells and bone marrow cells from similar animals a decrease in the number of plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells was observed, while after the transfer of spleen and thymus cells the intensity of immune response remained unchanged. Serotonin was supposed to induce the redistribution of T and B cells in the non-immunized animals, so that suppressor cells migrated from the spleen and the lymph nodes to the bone marrow.", "contents": "[Formation of an IgM and an IgG immune response depending on the redistribution of T- and B-subpopulations under the action of serotonin]. The syngeneic transfer of spleen cells or spleen and lymph node cells from donors with an elevated serotonin level stimulated, in comparison with the control animals, immune response in the recipients subjected to sublethal irradiation, which was manifested by an increase in the number of plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells. After the combined transfer of spleen cells and bone marrow cells from similar animals a decrease in the number of plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells was observed, while after the transfer of spleen and thymus cells the intensity of immune response remained unchanged. Serotonin was supposed to induce the redistribution of T and B cells in the non-immunized animals, so that suppressor cells migrated from the spleen and the lymph nodes to the bone marrow.", "PMID": 382710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5818", "title": "[Use of a computer for the purpose of identifying bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and the determination of the minimal set of differential tests].", "content": "Algorhythm and a program for identification of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, based on Edwards and Ewing's diagnostic scheme, were worked out. Use of this program permitted to analyze different sets of abbreviated biochemical tests. To determine the genera and species of enterobacteria a minimal set of 11 tests is suggested, including indol formation, Voges-Proskauer's reaction, the presence of urease enzymes, gelatinase, lysine decraboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, glucose fermentation (gas), or lactose, inosite, sorbit, arabinose, rhamnose. The program admits increase of both the biochemical tests, and toxonomic groups of bacteria, this permitting to consider several families. The presence of strains deviating by properties from this scheme points to the necessity of further improvement of diagnostic schemes for the enterobacteria identification.", "contents": "[Use of a computer for the purpose of identifying bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and the determination of the minimal set of differential tests]. Algorhythm and a program for identification of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, based on Edwards and Ewing's diagnostic scheme, were worked out. Use of this program permitted to analyze different sets of abbreviated biochemical tests. To determine the genera and species of enterobacteria a minimal set of 11 tests is suggested, including indol formation, Voges-Proskauer's reaction, the presence of urease enzymes, gelatinase, lysine decraboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, glucose fermentation (gas), or lactose, inosite, sorbit, arabinose, rhamnose. The program admits increase of both the biochemical tests, and toxonomic groups of bacteria, this permitting to consider several families. The presence of strains deviating by properties from this scheme points to the necessity of further improvement of diagnostic schemes for the enterobacteria identification.", "PMID": 382711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5819", "title": "[Antagonistic interrelationships of Bifidobacterium bifidum i Proteus vulgaris in vitro in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic chicks].", "content": "The antagonistic relations between Bacterium bifidum, strain I/850 phi, and Proteus vulgaris, strain F-30, were studied. These organisms, when introduced together in equal doses into the digestive tract of gnotobiotic chickens in a single administration, were shown to create certain ecological correlations in various organs with the prevalence of bifidobacteria which exerted no negative influence on Proteus vulgaris. The additional daily administration of bifidobacteria for 3 days running in doses 1000 times as great as the initial dose, the content of both dibifobacteria and Proteus vulgaris in the intestine being at that time at its maximum, resulted in the suppression of the growth of Proteus vulgaris. Our findings indicate that the influence of the pH of the medium should be considered in order to obtain the evidence of significantly pronounced antagonistic relations between the two organisms in vitro.", "contents": "[Antagonistic interrelationships of Bifidobacterium bifidum i Proteus vulgaris in vitro in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic chicks]. The antagonistic relations between Bacterium bifidum, strain I/850 phi, and Proteus vulgaris, strain F-30, were studied. These organisms, when introduced together in equal doses into the digestive tract of gnotobiotic chickens in a single administration, were shown to create certain ecological correlations in various organs with the prevalence of bifidobacteria which exerted no negative influence on Proteus vulgaris. The additional daily administration of bifidobacteria for 3 days running in doses 1000 times as great as the initial dose, the content of both dibifobacteria and Proteus vulgaris in the intestine being at that time at its maximum, resulted in the suppression of the growth of Proteus vulgaris. Our findings indicate that the influence of the pH of the medium should be considered in order to obtain the evidence of significantly pronounced antagonistic relations between the two organisms in vitro.", "PMID": 382712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5820", "title": "On the intracerebral locus for androgenization of female rats.", "content": "Comparison of control and androgenized rats has revealed that many nerve terminals ending on arcuate nerve cells of rats treated neonatally with testosterone phenylpropionate show a decrease in dense-core vesicles, and an increase in the number of clear vesicles and of vesicles that exhibit various degrees of electron density. The same changes were observed in nerve terminals ending on preoptic neurons of rats androgenized neonatally. These findings are discussed in view of the intracerebral locus for androgenization of female rats.", "contents": "On the intracerebral locus for androgenization of female rats. Comparison of control and androgenized rats has revealed that many nerve terminals ending on arcuate nerve cells of rats treated neonatally with testosterone phenylpropionate show a decrease in dense-core vesicles, and an increase in the number of clear vesicles and of vesicles that exhibit various degrees of electron density. The same changes were observed in nerve terminals ending on preoptic neurons of rats androgenized neonatally. These findings are discussed in view of the intracerebral locus for androgenization of female rats.", "PMID": 382718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5821", "title": "[Effect of temperature on formation of lysozyme in E. coli CRT 266 (dnaB ts) after infection with bacteriophage T3].", "content": "Lysozyme formation induced by bacteriophage T3 was studied in the ts-mutant E. coli CRT 266 (dnaBts) and in the wild-type E. coli CR 34--45 (dnaB+) at different temperatures. It was found that lysozyme was formed in E. coli CRT 266, however, no lysozyme synthesis took place at 41.5 degrees C. These results indicate that the expression of the lysozyme gene is disturbed in the ts-mutant at 41.5 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on formation of lysozyme in E. coli CRT 266 (dnaB ts) after infection with bacteriophage T3]. Lysozyme formation induced by bacteriophage T3 was studied in the ts-mutant E. coli CRT 266 (dnaBts) and in the wild-type E. coli CR 34--45 (dnaB+) at different temperatures. It was found that lysozyme was formed in E. coli CRT 266, however, no lysozyme synthesis took place at 41.5 degrees C. These results indicate that the expression of the lysozyme gene is disturbed in the ts-mutant at 41.5 degrees C.", "PMID": 382720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5822", "title": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition and leukocyte adherence inhibition (LMI- and LAI-assay) in cancer patients by using preparations from human fetuses].", "content": "The sensitization of lymphocytes from patients with different tumors was tested against a 3 M KCl-extract of fetal tissue (3.--6. month) by the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (LAI) and by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay (LMI). Sensitization was compared with the reactivity of controls without any detectable tumor. In the LAI assay the leukocytes of 13/15 patients and 2/12 controls showed an inhibition of the adherence. In the LMI-assay 11/17 tumor-bearing patients and 6/18 controls reacted positive in the presence of the antigen preparation. The two methods demonstrated that patients bearing tumors of different histology are sensitized to fetal antigens.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition and leukocyte adherence inhibition (LMI- and LAI-assay) in cancer patients by using preparations from human fetuses]. The sensitization of lymphocytes from patients with different tumors was tested against a 3 M KCl-extract of fetal tissue (3.--6. month) by the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (LAI) and by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay (LMI). Sensitization was compared with the reactivity of controls without any detectable tumor. In the LAI assay the leukocytes of 13/15 patients and 2/12 controls showed an inhibition of the adherence. In the LMI-assay 11/17 tumor-bearing patients and 6/18 controls reacted positive in the presence of the antigen preparation. The two methods demonstrated that patients bearing tumors of different histology are sensitized to fetal antigens.", "PMID": 382722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5823", "title": "Detection of a cell surface antigen common to a mouse myeloma and a population of mouse thymocytes.", "content": "A new antigen termed PTA (plasmocytoma thymus antigen) is described which occurs on 70--80% of mouse thymocytes of all mouse strains tested and on an IgG 2b producing BALB/c plasma cell tumor. PTA is detectable on mouse spleen and lymph node cells. It is absent from liver, brain, bone marrow, and antibody plaque forming cells. PTA is not related to theta antigen and is not detectable on rat thymocytes.", "contents": "Detection of a cell surface antigen common to a mouse myeloma and a population of mouse thymocytes. A new antigen termed PTA (plasmocytoma thymus antigen) is described which occurs on 70--80% of mouse thymocytes of all mouse strains tested and on an IgG 2b producing BALB/c plasma cell tumor. PTA is detectable on mouse spleen and lymph node cells. It is absent from liver, brain, bone marrow, and antibody plaque forming cells. PTA is not related to theta antigen and is not detectable on rat thymocytes.", "PMID": 382723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5824", "title": "A common differentiation antigen on plaque forming cells and a subpopulation of thymus cells in mice and rats.", "content": "A non species specific lymphocyte differentiation antigen is described which can be detected on plaque forming cells and a small fraction of thymocytes of mice and rats. The antigen is absent from a BALB/c plasma cell tumor and is not detectable on Dexamethasone-resistant thymocytes. On the basis of its occurrence the term TPCA (thymus plasma cell antigen) is proposed for the antigen. A monospecific anti TPCA serum could be prepared which enables the detection of the antigen on about 10% of rat thymocytes.", "contents": "A common differentiation antigen on plaque forming cells and a subpopulation of thymus cells in mice and rats. A non species specific lymphocyte differentiation antigen is described which can be detected on plaque forming cells and a small fraction of thymocytes of mice and rats. The antigen is absent from a BALB/c plasma cell tumor and is not detectable on Dexamethasone-resistant thymocytes. On the basis of its occurrence the term TPCA (thymus plasma cell antigen) is proposed for the antigen. A monospecific anti TPCA serum could be prepared which enables the detection of the antigen on about 10% of rat thymocytes.", "PMID": 382724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5825", "title": "Stimulation of (Pro-)insulin biosynthesis and release by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in isolated islets of rat pancreas.", "content": "(Pro-)Insulin biosynthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) and insulin secretion were studied in collagenase-isolated rat islets incubated for 3 hours at 1 and 2 mg/ml glucose in the presence of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). GIP augmented [3H]leucine incorporation and release of insulin at both glucose concentrations. In a second series of experiments it was found that an amino acid mixture was without influence on the insulotrophic action of GIP. Combined stimulation of insulin release by GIP and glucagon did not result in higher insulin output than observed in the presence of each substance alone. Thus GIP, in constrast to many other gastrointestinal peptides, however similar to glucagon, enhances not only release but also biosynthesis of insulin. This insulinotrophic action can be observed already at a glucose concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results underline the outstanding role which GIP appears to play in the regulation of beta-cell function.", "contents": "Stimulation of (Pro-)insulin biosynthesis and release by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in isolated islets of rat pancreas. (Pro-)Insulin biosynthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) and insulin secretion were studied in collagenase-isolated rat islets incubated for 3 hours at 1 and 2 mg/ml glucose in the presence of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). GIP augmented [3H]leucine incorporation and release of insulin at both glucose concentrations. In a second series of experiments it was found that an amino acid mixture was without influence on the insulotrophic action of GIP. Combined stimulation of insulin release by GIP and glucagon did not result in higher insulin output than observed in the presence of each substance alone. Thus GIP, in constrast to many other gastrointestinal peptides, however similar to glucagon, enhances not only release but also biosynthesis of insulin. This insulinotrophic action can be observed already at a glucose concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results underline the outstanding role which GIP appears to play in the regulation of beta-cell function.", "PMID": 382725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5826", "title": "Testicular activity in Cushing's disease.", "content": "Plasma testosterone levels were suppressed in 6 of 8 mature male patients with Cushing's disease, all of whom complained of loss of libido and decreased sexual potency. Gonadotrophin levels, both under basal conditions and in response to LH-RH, were generally normal. The testicular response to stimulation with hCG was brisk in the 2 patients examined. Oestradiol levels were slightly elevated in 2 patients and prolactin levels were normal in all patients. Thus, male patients with Cushing's disease demonstrated normal gonadotrophin levels in the presence of suppressed testosterone, or, viewed from a slightly different prospect, low testosterone levels despite normal gonadotrophins. Neither oestradiol nor prolactin excess appeared to account for the observations. Possible explanations for these findings include (a) a combination of impaired hypothalamic and testicular function, and (b) a resetting downwards of the level of testosterone that is seen as appropriate by the disordered bypothalamic-pituitary unit. Following correction of cortisol excess in Cushing's disease, testosterone levels rose into the normal range.", "contents": "Testicular activity in Cushing's disease. Plasma testosterone levels were suppressed in 6 of 8 mature male patients with Cushing's disease, all of whom complained of loss of libido and decreased sexual potency. Gonadotrophin levels, both under basal conditions and in response to LH-RH, were generally normal. The testicular response to stimulation with hCG was brisk in the 2 patients examined. Oestradiol levels were slightly elevated in 2 patients and prolactin levels were normal in all patients. Thus, male patients with Cushing's disease demonstrated normal gonadotrophin levels in the presence of suppressed testosterone, or, viewed from a slightly different prospect, low testosterone levels despite normal gonadotrophins. Neither oestradiol nor prolactin excess appeared to account for the observations. Possible explanations for these findings include (a) a combination of impaired hypothalamic and testicular function, and (b) a resetting downwards of the level of testosterone that is seen as appropriate by the disordered bypothalamic-pituitary unit. Following correction of cortisol excess in Cushing's disease, testosterone levels rose into the normal range.", "PMID": 382726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5827", "title": "Isolation of the C-terminal peptides of rabbit skeletal myosin.", "content": "Purified LMM and its tryptic fragments (LF-1, LF-2 and LF-3) were treated with carboxypeptidase-A and the liberated amino acids were identified by thin layer ion-exchange charomatography. In each protein the only detectable amino acid was leucine. From the total tryptic digest of LMM the C-terminal leucine containing peptides were isolated. Two peptides were found with the following amino acid composition: asx1, g1x6, ala1, leu3, and g1n2-3, leu1, respectively. We obtained the same two peptides from the total tryptic digest of LF-3. We conclude that the C-terminal amino acid of the myosin heavy chain is leucine rather than isoleucine as suggested earlier. Heterogeneity of isolated C-terminal peptides might indicate a heterogeneity in the myosin heavy chains.", "contents": "Isolation of the C-terminal peptides of rabbit skeletal myosin. Purified LMM and its tryptic fragments (LF-1, LF-2 and LF-3) were treated with carboxypeptidase-A and the liberated amino acids were identified by thin layer ion-exchange charomatography. In each protein the only detectable amino acid was leucine. From the total tryptic digest of LMM the C-terminal leucine containing peptides were isolated. Two peptides were found with the following amino acid composition: asx1, g1x6, ala1, leu3, and g1n2-3, leu1, respectively. We obtained the same two peptides from the total tryptic digest of LF-3. We conclude that the C-terminal amino acid of the myosin heavy chain is leucine rather than isoleucine as suggested earlier. Heterogeneity of isolated C-terminal peptides might indicate a heterogeneity in the myosin heavy chains.", "PMID": 382729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5828", "title": "Release of insulin in vitro from normal and duct-ligated rat pancreas.", "content": "Ligation of the pancreatic duct causes atrophy of the acinar cells but leaves the endocrine tissue intact. In the present study, a partial ligation of the pancreatic duct was performed in the rat, and the in vitro insulin response to glucose was compared from both the atrophic and non-atrophic portions of the pancreas. Subsequent morphological studies of the duct-tied portion of the pancreas indicated a complete lack of acinar cells and a possible neoformation of ducts, fat cells and connective tissue. However, islets were present in normal amounts and appeared well perserved. Measurements of the insulin release in vitro from this ligated pancreatic tissue showed that an increase of the glucose concentrations from 3.3 to 16.7 mmol/1 resulted in a six-fold stimulation. A further two-fold stimulation was seen after addition of theophylline to the high-glucose incubation medium. In addition, only under the latter conditions was there a significantly increased insulin release from both non-atrophic portion of the pancreas and from the pancreas of sham-operated animals. It is concluded that duct ligation does not diminish the glucose sensitivty of rat islet B-cells. Thus, the present study does not support the view proposed previously that islet tissue is functionally of a foetal nature following duct ligation.", "contents": "Release of insulin in vitro from normal and duct-ligated rat pancreas. Ligation of the pancreatic duct causes atrophy of the acinar cells but leaves the endocrine tissue intact. In the present study, a partial ligation of the pancreatic duct was performed in the rat, and the in vitro insulin response to glucose was compared from both the atrophic and non-atrophic portions of the pancreas. Subsequent morphological studies of the duct-tied portion of the pancreas indicated a complete lack of acinar cells and a possible neoformation of ducts, fat cells and connective tissue. However, islets were present in normal amounts and appeared well perserved. Measurements of the insulin release in vitro from this ligated pancreatic tissue showed that an increase of the glucose concentrations from 3.3 to 16.7 mmol/1 resulted in a six-fold stimulation. A further two-fold stimulation was seen after addition of theophylline to the high-glucose incubation medium. In addition, only under the latter conditions was there a significantly increased insulin release from both non-atrophic portion of the pancreas and from the pancreas of sham-operated animals. It is concluded that duct ligation does not diminish the glucose sensitivty of rat islet B-cells. Thus, the present study does not support the view proposed previously that islet tissue is functionally of a foetal nature following duct ligation.", "PMID": 382736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5829", "title": "Diagnosis of postnatal rubella by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rubella IgM and IgG antibodies.", "content": "A semi-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the detection of rubella IgM antibodies in non-fractionated sera. A cut-off level between rubella IgM positive and negative sera was determined by a study of sera without rheumatoid factor from 200 blood donors. Testing of 12 donor sera containing rheumatoid factor showed that 5 sera gave a positive result in the rubella IgM assay. Rubella IgM antibodies were quantified by ELISA in a study of 214 serial serum specimens drawn from 16 patients with rubella during a period of up to 10 years after the infection. Peak values of the IgM antibodies were reached approximately 8 days after onset of the rash, and the persistence of the IgM antibodies ranged from 17-90 days, with the exception of one patient with a prolonged IgM response. The rubella IgG antibodies increased slowly after the rash and reached maximum levels about 50-120 days, after which a monor decrease was observed. The results of the present study indicate that ELISA is suitable as a routine procedure for the serodiagnosis of recent rubella.", "contents": "Diagnosis of postnatal rubella by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rubella IgM and IgG antibodies. A semi-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the detection of rubella IgM antibodies in non-fractionated sera. A cut-off level between rubella IgM positive and negative sera was determined by a study of sera without rheumatoid factor from 200 blood donors. Testing of 12 donor sera containing rheumatoid factor showed that 5 sera gave a positive result in the rubella IgM assay. Rubella IgM antibodies were quantified by ELISA in a study of 214 serial serum specimens drawn from 16 patients with rubella during a period of up to 10 years after the infection. Peak values of the IgM antibodies were reached approximately 8 days after onset of the rash, and the persistence of the IgM antibodies ranged from 17-90 days, with the exception of one patient with a prolonged IgM response. The rubella IgG antibodies increased slowly after the rash and reached maximum levels about 50-120 days, after which a monor decrease was observed. The results of the present study indicate that ELISA is suitable as a routine procedure for the serodiagnosis of recent rubella.", "PMID": 382737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5830", "title": "Isolation of Sporothrix fungorum from a 500-year-old mummy found in Greenland.", "content": "A 500-year-old mummy of a seven-month-old Eskimo infant recently removed from a tomb north of Umanak presented problems of preservation. Among these was fungal coating on the skin, especially on the face. The fungus was isolated and diagnosed as a Sporothrix fungorum. The skin was successfully treated with nystatine. The species Sporothrix fungorum isolated is considered to be very rare, having been reported previously only from Europe and South Africa, but never from Greenland.", "contents": "Isolation of Sporothrix fungorum from a 500-year-old mummy found in Greenland. A 500-year-old mummy of a seven-month-old Eskimo infant recently removed from a tomb north of Umanak presented problems of preservation. Among these was fungal coating on the skin, especially on the face. The fungus was isolated and diagnosed as a Sporothrix fungorum. The skin was successfully treated with nystatine. The species Sporothrix fungorum isolated is considered to be very rare, having been reported previously only from Europe and South Africa, but never from Greenland.", "PMID": 382738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5831", "title": "Gas chromatographic characterization of porcine and human strains belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex.", "content": "Trifluoroacetylated whole-cell methanolysates of 23 strains designated as belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by biochemical, growth chromogenicity and chicken pathogenicity tests, were analysed by gas chromatography. Twenty of the strains were isolated from pigs and the remainder from human beings. Serological typing showed that 13 of the porcine strains, but none of the human strains, belonged to M. avium. The remaining strains, except one which showed autoagglutination, did not react with antisera to M. avium (serotypes 1-3), thus suggesting that they belonged to M. intracellulare. Five different, highly reproducible chromatographic patterns, the main peaks of which were considered as representing bacterial carbohydrates and fatty acids, could be distinguished by visual examination and by cluster analysis. The chromatographic results could not be correlated with those obtained from serotyping of the strains studied. Mycobacteria recovered from different organs of one and the same pig gave virtually identical chromatograms. The strains isolated from three human beings had a chromatographic pattern which was identical with one of those produced by the porcine strains. The present investigation indicates that the gas chromatographic analytic technique used differentiates bacteria within the M. avium-intracellulare complex, without assigning the organisms to species.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic characterization of porcine and human strains belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. Trifluoroacetylated whole-cell methanolysates of 23 strains designated as belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by biochemical, growth chromogenicity and chicken pathogenicity tests, were analysed by gas chromatography. Twenty of the strains were isolated from pigs and the remainder from human beings. Serological typing showed that 13 of the porcine strains, but none of the human strains, belonged to M. avium. The remaining strains, except one which showed autoagglutination, did not react with antisera to M. avium (serotypes 1-3), thus suggesting that they belonged to M. intracellulare. Five different, highly reproducible chromatographic patterns, the main peaks of which were considered as representing bacterial carbohydrates and fatty acids, could be distinguished by visual examination and by cluster analysis. The chromatographic results could not be correlated with those obtained from serotyping of the strains studied. Mycobacteria recovered from different organs of one and the same pig gave virtually identical chromatograms. The strains isolated from three human beings had a chromatographic pattern which was identical with one of those produced by the porcine strains. The present investigation indicates that the gas chromatographic analytic technique used differentiates bacteria within the M. avium-intracellulare complex, without assigning the organisms to species.", "PMID": 382739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5832", "title": "Effect of increased excretory renal mass on kidney function.", "content": "Renal function was investigated in non-hydrated normal dogs and in dogs with slight isotonic hypervolaemia before and after increasing the excreting renal mass by connecting a pair of isolated kidneys into their circulation. After connecting the isolated kidneys to the perfusor's circulation, the excreting capacity of the in situ kidneys decreased markedly in both groups, without any change in the arterial blood pressure. Their urine output calculated for 100g kidney weight dropped from 0.52 +/- 0.43 to 0.30 +/- 0.18 ml/min in the non-hydrated group, and from 2.3 +/- 1.17 to 1.33 +/- 0.96 ml/min in the hydrated one. The urine flow of the isolated kidneys was 0.29 +/- 0.12 ml/min in the non-hydrated and 1.11 +/- 0.53 ml/min in the hydrated animals. Sodium excretion displayed similar changes. The findings suggest, that the excretory capacity of the kidneys and its distribution between the two kidneys is regulated very precisely. In our opinion, one or more \"natriuretic factor\" may be responsible for this precise regulation. The supposed factor seems to be produced extrarenally, and is only \"used up\" by the kidneys. It appears to exert its effect on the tubular part of the nephron, regulating the permeability of the tubular wall and controlling in this way the reflux of sodium and water from the capillary side to the tubular lumen. The decreased excreting capacity of the kidneys is attributed to an increased consumption of the natriuretic factor by four kidneys.", "contents": "Effect of increased excretory renal mass on kidney function. Renal function was investigated in non-hydrated normal dogs and in dogs with slight isotonic hypervolaemia before and after increasing the excreting renal mass by connecting a pair of isolated kidneys into their circulation. After connecting the isolated kidneys to the perfusor's circulation, the excreting capacity of the in situ kidneys decreased markedly in both groups, without any change in the arterial blood pressure. Their urine output calculated for 100g kidney weight dropped from 0.52 +/- 0.43 to 0.30 +/- 0.18 ml/min in the non-hydrated group, and from 2.3 +/- 1.17 to 1.33 +/- 0.96 ml/min in the hydrated one. The urine flow of the isolated kidneys was 0.29 +/- 0.12 ml/min in the non-hydrated and 1.11 +/- 0.53 ml/min in the hydrated animals. Sodium excretion displayed similar changes. The findings suggest, that the excretory capacity of the kidneys and its distribution between the two kidneys is regulated very precisely. In our opinion, one or more \"natriuretic factor\" may be responsible for this precise regulation. The supposed factor seems to be produced extrarenally, and is only \"used up\" by the kidneys. It appears to exert its effect on the tubular part of the nephron, regulating the permeability of the tubular wall and controlling in this way the reflux of sodium and water from the capillary side to the tubular lumen. The decreased excreting capacity of the kidneys is attributed to an increased consumption of the natriuretic factor by four kidneys.", "PMID": 382741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5833", "title": "Biphasic endotoxin fever in the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Rabbits aged 6-10 days responded to 20 or 50 microgram/kg i. p. or i. v. E. coli endotoxin with characteristic biphasic fever, whereas 0-3-day-old rabbits reacted with monophasic fever which coincided with the first-phase rise of the older group. In the rabbit, the mechanisms responsible for the first-phase and the second-phase febrile temperature rises appear separately in ontogenesis in the first week of extrauterine life.", "contents": "Biphasic endotoxin fever in the newborn rabbit. Rabbits aged 6-10 days responded to 20 or 50 microgram/kg i. p. or i. v. E. coli endotoxin with characteristic biphasic fever, whereas 0-3-day-old rabbits reacted with monophasic fever which coincided with the first-phase rise of the older group. In the rabbit, the mechanisms responsible for the first-phase and the second-phase febrile temperature rises appear separately in ontogenesis in the first week of extrauterine life.", "PMID": 382742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5834", "title": "Structural aspects of the permeability of the microvascular endothelium.", "content": "This article reviews recent findings and current views concerning the structural aspects of microvascular permeability. The vascular endothelium is considered as a simple squamous epithelium which has acquired a remarkably high permeability to water and water soluble solutes (including macromolecules) through a characteristic process of differentiation of its cells. In terms of cellular structures, this differentiation involves an unusually large population of plasmalemmal vesicles. The evidence so far obtained indicates that these vesicles function as (1) mass-carriers of fluid and solutes across the endothelium and as (2) generators of transendothelial channels by concomitant fusion (followed by fission) with both domains (luminal and tissular) of the plasmalemma. The endothelial fenestrae of visceral capillaries are initially transendothelial channels subsequently collapsed to minimal length. The intercellular junctions of the endothelium are not detectably permeable to tracers of diam. greater than or equal to 18--20 A in capillaries, but are focally open to probes of 50--60 A diam. in postcapillary (pericytic) venules. A correlation is attempted between transendothelial channels (and fenestrae) and the pore systems postulated by the pore theory of capillary permeability. The channels appear to function as either small or large pores depending on the porosity of their associated diaphragms and on the size of local strictures along their pathway. Two main components are recognized in the analysis of capillary permeability: 1) a basic component comparable to that of other simple epithelia and involving transport across the plasmalemma and probably along the intercellular junctions (for molecules of diam. greater than or equal to 10 A); and a differentiated component which involves plasmalemmal vesicles and their derivatives (transendothelial channels and fenestrae). The postulated pores of the capillary endothelium are part of this differentiated component. The special situation found in postcapillary venules (focally open junctions) seems to be related to the role played by these vessels in inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Structural aspects of the permeability of the microvascular endothelium. This article reviews recent findings and current views concerning the structural aspects of microvascular permeability. The vascular endothelium is considered as a simple squamous epithelium which has acquired a remarkably high permeability to water and water soluble solutes (including macromolecules) through a characteristic process of differentiation of its cells. In terms of cellular structures, this differentiation involves an unusually large population of plasmalemmal vesicles. The evidence so far obtained indicates that these vesicles function as (1) mass-carriers of fluid and solutes across the endothelium and as (2) generators of transendothelial channels by concomitant fusion (followed by fission) with both domains (luminal and tissular) of the plasmalemma. The endothelial fenestrae of visceral capillaries are initially transendothelial channels subsequently collapsed to minimal length. The intercellular junctions of the endothelium are not detectably permeable to tracers of diam. greater than or equal to 18--20 A in capillaries, but are focally open to probes of 50--60 A diam. in postcapillary (pericytic) venules. A correlation is attempted between transendothelial channels (and fenestrae) and the pore systems postulated by the pore theory of capillary permeability. The channels appear to function as either small or large pores depending on the porosity of their associated diaphragms and on the size of local strictures along their pathway. Two main components are recognized in the analysis of capillary permeability: 1) a basic component comparable to that of other simple epithelia and involving transport across the plasmalemma and probably along the intercellular junctions (for molecules of diam. greater than or equal to 10 A); and a differentiated component which involves plasmalemmal vesicles and their derivatives (transendothelial channels and fenestrae). The postulated pores of the capillary endothelium are part of this differentiated component. The special situation found in postcapillary venules (focally open junctions) seems to be related to the role played by these vessels in inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 382743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5835", "title": "Combined intravital microscopy and electron microscopy of the blind beginnings of the mesenteric lymphatic capillaries of the rat mesentery. A preliminary report.", "content": "The blind beginnings (so-called terminal lymphatics) of the mesenteric lymphatic capillaries have been studied in the rat mesentery by means of intravital microscopy and electron microscopy. Intraluminal objects were observed to move slowly downstream, probably carried by the movement of the lymphatic fluid. No simultaneous changes in capillary lumen could be observed, and the subsequent electron microscope analysis of the same lymphatic capillary demonstrated the absence of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the lymphatic vessel. Interendothelial gaps were present, allowing the uptake of interstitial fluid into the blind ending of the lymphatic capillary.", "contents": "Combined intravital microscopy and electron microscopy of the blind beginnings of the mesenteric lymphatic capillaries of the rat mesentery. A preliminary report. The blind beginnings (so-called terminal lymphatics) of the mesenteric lymphatic capillaries have been studied in the rat mesentery by means of intravital microscopy and electron microscopy. Intraluminal objects were observed to move slowly downstream, probably carried by the movement of the lymphatic fluid. No simultaneous changes in capillary lumen could be observed, and the subsequent electron microscope analysis of the same lymphatic capillary demonstrated the absence of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the lymphatic vessel. Interendothelial gaps were present, allowing the uptake of interstitial fluid into the blind ending of the lymphatic capillary.", "PMID": 382744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5836", "title": "The investigation of capillary permeability in single vessels.", "content": "Measurements of filtration coefficients (Lp) and osmotic reflexion coefficients (sigma) of single capillaries in the frog mesentery suggest that fluid flows through the walls of these vessels in two types of channel. One channel type (representing about 10% of Lp) appears to be exclusively available for water whereas the other channels appear available for both water and hydrophilic solutes though they severely restrict the passage of albumin (sigma = 0.81). The effects of proteins in the perfusate upon Lp and studies on the passage of ferritin into the surface vesicles of the endothelial cells, suggest that an important component of capillary permeability may reside in an endocapillary layer.", "contents": "The investigation of capillary permeability in single vessels. Measurements of filtration coefficients (Lp) and osmotic reflexion coefficients (sigma) of single capillaries in the frog mesentery suggest that fluid flows through the walls of these vessels in two types of channel. One channel type (representing about 10% of Lp) appears to be exclusively available for water whereas the other channels appear available for both water and hydrophilic solutes though they severely restrict the passage of albumin (sigma = 0.81). The effects of proteins in the perfusate upon Lp and studies on the passage of ferritin into the surface vesicles of the endothelial cells, suggest that an important component of capillary permeability may reside in an endocapillary layer.", "PMID": 382745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5837", "title": "Permeability of single capillaries compared with results from whole-organ studies.", "content": "There are now two experimental approaches to capillary permeability: whole-organ studies and single-capillary experiments. It is not possible to obtain permeability coefficients in the true sense of the word from whole-organ experiments since the capillary surface area is unknown. Other limitations of whole-organ approaches are discussed. Results from 'osmotic transient' experiments are compared with those from 'indicator diffusion' experiments. 'Osmotic transient' experiments give higher values for capillary diffusion capacity than 'indicator diffusion' experiments. Reasonable agreement is obtained when the reflection coefficient is taken into account. Thus far, single-capillary experiments have only provided results from capillaries in the frog mesentery, where the potassium permeability was about 70 X 10(-5) cm . sec-1, or 10 times the value from whole-organ experiments on muscle. The discrepancy may reflect true differences between capillaries in the two tissues or may be caused by methodological limitations. There is a need for comparative studies of permeability with the whole-organ and the single-capillary technique applied to the same tissue.", "contents": "Permeability of single capillaries compared with results from whole-organ studies. There are now two experimental approaches to capillary permeability: whole-organ studies and single-capillary experiments. It is not possible to obtain permeability coefficients in the true sense of the word from whole-organ experiments since the capillary surface area is unknown. Other limitations of whole-organ approaches are discussed. Results from 'osmotic transient' experiments are compared with those from 'indicator diffusion' experiments. 'Osmotic transient' experiments give higher values for capillary diffusion capacity than 'indicator diffusion' experiments. Reasonable agreement is obtained when the reflection coefficient is taken into account. Thus far, single-capillary experiments have only provided results from capillaries in the frog mesentery, where the potassium permeability was about 70 X 10(-5) cm . sec-1, or 10 times the value from whole-organ experiments on muscle. The discrepancy may reflect true differences between capillaries in the two tissues or may be caused by methodological limitations. There is a need for comparative studies of permeability with the whole-organ and the single-capillary technique applied to the same tissue.", "PMID": 382746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5838", "title": "Relation of capillary morphology to transport of fluid and large molecules: a review.", "content": "Transport characteristics of endothelial cell membranes, cytoplasmic vesicles, intercellular junctions (small pores and large pores) and fenestrae are presented in terms of appropriate models. Morphological differences of capillaries in different vascular beds are compared with physiological differences in permeability to water, small molecules and large molecules, and the correlation of morphologically defined and physiologically defined pathways is analyzed.", "contents": "Relation of capillary morphology to transport of fluid and large molecules: a review. Transport characteristics of endothelial cell membranes, cytoplasmic vesicles, intercellular junctions (small pores and large pores) and fenestrae are presented in terms of appropriate models. Morphological differences of capillaries in different vascular beds are compared with physiological differences in permeability to water, small molecules and large molecules, and the correlation of morphologically defined and physiologically defined pathways is analyzed.", "PMID": 382747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5839", "title": "Comparison of sulpiride and chlorpromazine in psychoses. A double-blind multicentre study.", "content": "In a material of 71 patients admitted because of acute or chronic psychoses, 32 were treated with sulpiride (up to 1,800 mg per day) and 39 with chlorpromazine (up to 675 mg). Duration of treatment was from 4 to 8 weeks. The effect of the two preparations was very similar as were the type and frequency of side effects, except that sulpiride did not cause sunrash.", "contents": "Comparison of sulpiride and chlorpromazine in psychoses. A double-blind multicentre study. In a material of 71 patients admitted because of acute or chronic psychoses, 32 were treated with sulpiride (up to 1,800 mg per day) and 39 with chlorpromazine (up to 675 mg). Duration of treatment was from 4 to 8 weeks. The effect of the two preparations was very similar as were the type and frequency of side effects, except that sulpiride did not cause sunrash.", "PMID": 382750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5840", "title": "Serum calcitonin after renal transplantation.", "content": "A prospective study of serum calcitonin was made in 9 patients with chronic renal failure. The patients received a well-functioning renal transplant. At the time of transplantation serum calcitonin was significantly elevated as compared with the serum concentration in normal controls. During the first 3--5 weeks after renal transplantation serum calcitonin decreased. Afterwards it increased to a level of the same magnitude as the initial value. A significant relationship was found between serum calcitonin and serum phosphorus, whereas no significant correlation was present between serum calcitonin and serum creatinine or between serum calcitonin and serum calcium.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin after renal transplantation. A prospective study of serum calcitonin was made in 9 patients with chronic renal failure. The patients received a well-functioning renal transplant. At the time of transplantation serum calcitonin was significantly elevated as compared with the serum concentration in normal controls. During the first 3--5 weeks after renal transplantation serum calcitonin decreased. Afterwards it increased to a level of the same magnitude as the initial value. A significant relationship was found between serum calcitonin and serum phosphorus, whereas no significant correlation was present between serum calcitonin and serum creatinine or between serum calcitonin and serum calcium.", "PMID": 382751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5841", "title": "Tuberculosis and kidney transplantation.", "content": "Immunosuppressive treatment enhances the risk of pulmonary and other infections. Tuberculosis is a predictable complication in transplanted patients. The present material comprises 584 kidney transplantation patients, ten of whom had had a previous history of tuberculosis. After transplantation ten patients presented with pulmonary tuberculosis during immunosuppressive treatment. One of the patients to whom no prophylactic antituberculous treatment had been given presented with a relapsing tuberculosis. The results of routine antituberculous treatment were excellent, but graft and patient survival were disappointing among the tuberculosis patients.", "contents": "Tuberculosis and kidney transplantation. Immunosuppressive treatment enhances the risk of pulmonary and other infections. Tuberculosis is a predictable complication in transplanted patients. The present material comprises 584 kidney transplantation patients, ten of whom had had a previous history of tuberculosis. After transplantation ten patients presented with pulmonary tuberculosis during immunosuppressive treatment. One of the patients to whom no prophylactic antituberculous treatment had been given presented with a relapsing tuberculosis. The results of routine antituberculous treatment were excellent, but graft and patient survival were disappointing among the tuberculosis patients.", "PMID": 382752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5842", "title": "Serum ferritin during infection. A longitudinal study in renal transplant patients.", "content": "In order to follow the dynamics in the reaction of iron kinetic variables to acute infection, 8 renal transplantation patients were followed with test samples every second or third day for about two months. It was found that they just as previously shown in otherwise healthy subjects, responded to acute infection with a rise in serum ferritin levels, sometimes to very high values. In most cases the ferritin elevation started within two days after the onset of fever. The peak was reached within a week, except when very high values were obtained. The fall in serum ferritin after recovery from infection was much faster than in previously investigated groups of patients: the plasma half disappearance time for ferritin in one case was but 1.5 days. Transferrin did not change in response to infection. The expected fall in serum iron during infection was often absent and sometimes obscured by unexpected, sharp peaks in serum iron, which bore a temporal relationship to episodes of transplant rejection in 7 of 12 cases.", "contents": "Serum ferritin during infection. A longitudinal study in renal transplant patients. In order to follow the dynamics in the reaction of iron kinetic variables to acute infection, 8 renal transplantation patients were followed with test samples every second or third day for about two months. It was found that they just as previously shown in otherwise healthy subjects, responded to acute infection with a rise in serum ferritin levels, sometimes to very high values. In most cases the ferritin elevation started within two days after the onset of fever. The peak was reached within a week, except when very high values were obtained. The fall in serum ferritin after recovery from infection was much faster than in previously investigated groups of patients: the plasma half disappearance time for ferritin in one case was but 1.5 days. Transferrin did not change in response to infection. The expected fall in serum iron during infection was often absent and sometimes obscured by unexpected, sharp peaks in serum iron, which bore a temporal relationship to episodes of transplant rejection in 7 of 12 cases.", "PMID": 382753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5843", "title": "Replication of ovine adenoviruses.", "content": "The replication of ovine adenoviruses shows intertypic and intratypic variations, e.g. the extracellular and intracellular virus yield of ORT/111, a strain related to bovine adenovirus type 2, reached its peak 40 to 46 hr postinfection, in contrast to GY/14, a strain classified as ovine adenovirus type 1, which required 52 to 58 hr to reach the highest yield. The replication cycle was not appreciably influenced either by rolling of the tube cultures or the age (between 0 and 7 days) of the supporting ovine cell culture. All the strains under study replicated at 40 degree C more rapidly than at 34 degree C or 37 degree C. There was some intratypic variation in the replication of strains at different temperatures. Ovine adenoviruses replicated well after three consecutive passages in cultured lamb testicle or secondary heterologous cells such as calf kidney, calf testicle or pig kidney cell cultures as well as the MDBK cell line and a cell line from the calf trachea. The tissue spectra of strains showed intratypic variations. As examined by direct immunofluorescence, fluorescing adenovirus antigen appeared first at 8 hr postinfection and wharacter of fluorescence are described.", "contents": "Replication of ovine adenoviruses. The replication of ovine adenoviruses shows intertypic and intratypic variations, e.g. the extracellular and intracellular virus yield of ORT/111, a strain related to bovine adenovirus type 2, reached its peak 40 to 46 hr postinfection, in contrast to GY/14, a strain classified as ovine adenovirus type 1, which required 52 to 58 hr to reach the highest yield. The replication cycle was not appreciably influenced either by rolling of the tube cultures or the age (between 0 and 7 days) of the supporting ovine cell culture. All the strains under study replicated at 40 degree C more rapidly than at 34 degree C or 37 degree C. There was some intratypic variation in the replication of strains at different temperatures. Ovine adenoviruses replicated well after three consecutive passages in cultured lamb testicle or secondary heterologous cells such as calf kidney, calf testicle or pig kidney cell cultures as well as the MDBK cell line and a cell line from the calf trachea. The tissue spectra of strains showed intratypic variations. As examined by direct immunofluorescence, fluorescing adenovirus antigen appeared first at 8 hr postinfection and wharacter of fluorescence are described.", "PMID": 382754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5844", "title": "Immunofluorescent studies on Candida albicans.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent titres of Candida albicans 0656 CBS hyperimmune rabbit serum were investigated against C. albicans antigens prepared from strains originating from mucous membranes of healthy persons and patients with thrush. Using pathogenic strains as antigens, a definitely strong fluorescent reaction was obtained with hyperimmune rabbit serum in a dilution of 1 : 2500. In the case of apathogenic strains the fluorescent reaction was either very weak or negative in a dilution of 1 : 2000. Absorption studies also seemed to reveal a difference in reactivity between pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Hyperimmune rabbit serum absorbed with apathogenic C. albicans strains showed a positive fluorescent reaction only with pathogenic ones as antigens. In the opposite case a negative reaction was obtained.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent studies on Candida albicans. The indirect immunofluorescent titres of Candida albicans 0656 CBS hyperimmune rabbit serum were investigated against C. albicans antigens prepared from strains originating from mucous membranes of healthy persons and patients with thrush. Using pathogenic strains as antigens, a definitely strong fluorescent reaction was obtained with hyperimmune rabbit serum in a dilution of 1 : 2500. In the case of apathogenic strains the fluorescent reaction was either very weak or negative in a dilution of 1 : 2000. Absorption studies also seemed to reveal a difference in reactivity between pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Hyperimmune rabbit serum absorbed with apathogenic C. albicans strains showed a positive fluorescent reaction only with pathogenic ones as antigens. In the opposite case a negative reaction was obtained.", "PMID": 382755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5845", "title": "Inhibitory and mutagenic effects of sodium nitroprusside and its adenine complex on Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside and its adenine complex were found to decrease the growth rate of exponentially growing Escherichia coli cultures, and the adenine complex to exert in addition a bactericidal effect. In mutation experiments the latter compound failed to induce base-pair substitutions in the E. coli strains tested but the results do not allow to exclude other mutagenic mechanisms.", "contents": "Inhibitory and mutagenic effects of sodium nitroprusside and its adenine complex on Escherichia coli. Sodium nitroprusside and its adenine complex were found to decrease the growth rate of exponentially growing Escherichia coli cultures, and the adenine complex to exert in addition a bactericidal effect. In mutation experiments the latter compound failed to induce base-pair substitutions in the E. coli strains tested but the results do not allow to exclude other mutagenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 382756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5846", "title": "Mouse lung oedema caused by a toxic substance of Escherichia coli strains.", "content": "Some Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients and instilled into the nostrils of mice cause a rapidly developing fatal, haemorrhagic lung oedema. Lung toxic strains were found in different serogroups, with the predominance of 04, 06, and 018. The toxic material seems to be bound to the cells; the toxin yield is poor by different methods of extraction. The toxic principle causes toxic, haemorrhagic oedema in mouse foot pad test and shows cytotoxicity for AV-3 cells. The \"lung toxin\" is heat labile and after Sephadex fractionation has a molecular weight of about 100 000 dalton. There is a possible identity with a toxic haemolysin.", "contents": "Mouse lung oedema caused by a toxic substance of Escherichia coli strains. Some Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients and instilled into the nostrils of mice cause a rapidly developing fatal, haemorrhagic lung oedema. Lung toxic strains were found in different serogroups, with the predominance of 04, 06, and 018. The toxic material seems to be bound to the cells; the toxin yield is poor by different methods of extraction. The toxic principle causes toxic, haemorrhagic oedema in mouse foot pad test and shows cytotoxicity for AV-3 cells. The \"lung toxin\" is heat labile and after Sephadex fractionation has a molecular weight of about 100 000 dalton. There is a possible identity with a toxic haemolysin.", "PMID": 382757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5847", "title": "Enterotoxin production by Shigella flexneri type 2A, strain no. M42-43.", "content": "Enterotoxin produced by Shigella flexneri type 2a, strain M42-43, is similar to \"Shig-like\" cytotoxic enterotoxin and shares common features with that of other S. flexneri strains. On the basis of molecular filtration and neutralization experiments it is suggested that the same molecule carries these biological characters.", "contents": "Enterotoxin production by Shigella flexneri type 2A, strain no. M42-43. Enterotoxin produced by Shigella flexneri type 2a, strain M42-43, is similar to \"Shig-like\" cytotoxic enterotoxin and shares common features with that of other S. flexneri strains. On the basis of molecular filtration and neutralization experiments it is suggested that the same molecule carries these biological characters.", "PMID": 382758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5848", "title": "A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the spinal cord of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus: lumbar region.", "content": "In Nissl stained and silver impregnated transverse sections of the chick spinal cord it is possible to subdivide the gray matter of the lumbar region into ten cytoarchitectonically discrete regions or laminae. The laminae are basically similar in both brachial and lumbar regions of the chick cord, with minor exceptions in the dorsal horn. The laminar scheme postulated for the chick cord is , with the exception of the glycogen body and orientation of laminae 1, 2 and 3 in the dorsal horn, similar to the laminar scheme proposed by Rexed (1954) for the cat.", "contents": "A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the spinal cord of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus: lumbar region. In Nissl stained and silver impregnated transverse sections of the chick spinal cord it is possible to subdivide the gray matter of the lumbar region into ten cytoarchitectonically discrete regions or laminae. The laminae are basically similar in both brachial and lumbar regions of the chick cord, with minor exceptions in the dorsal horn. The laminar scheme postulated for the chick cord is , with the exception of the glycogen body and orientation of laminae 1, 2 and 3 in the dorsal horn, similar to the laminar scheme proposed by Rexed (1954) for the cat.", "PMID": 382759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5849", "title": "Biochemical studies on the ionic channel of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "1. [3H]H12-HTX binding to Torpedo electric organ membranes is saturable and inhibited by ligands that modulate EPCs. There is a small proportion of nonspecific binding to the membrane. 2. The validity of utilizing [3H]H12-HTX as a specific label for the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor is extablished by the good correlation between the potency of HTX analogues in reducing EPC amplitudes and their inhibition of [3H]H12-HTX binding. 3. Receptor drugs and toxins inhibit [3H]ACh binding to the ACh receptor, but do not inhibit significantly [3h]h12-htx binding to the ionic channel at similar concentrations. 4. Various drugs and toxins with different modes of action modulate EPCs and inhibit [3H]H12-HTX binding to the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. Most such drugs and toxins, at similar concentrations, do not inhibit [3H]ACh binding to the ACh receptor, but some do, such as quinacrine and TEA. 5. The ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor is a protein which is solubilized by cholate and retains its affinity for H12-HTX as well as its drug sensitivity. 6. The ACh receptor is separated from its ionic channel, and different conditions affect the proportion of separated molecules.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the ionic channel of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. 1. [3H]H12-HTX binding to Torpedo electric organ membranes is saturable and inhibited by ligands that modulate EPCs. There is a small proportion of nonspecific binding to the membrane. 2. The validity of utilizing [3H]H12-HTX as a specific label for the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor is extablished by the good correlation between the potency of HTX analogues in reducing EPC amplitudes and their inhibition of [3H]H12-HTX binding. 3. Receptor drugs and toxins inhibit [3H]ACh binding to the ACh receptor, but do not inhibit significantly [3h]h12-htx binding to the ionic channel at similar concentrations. 4. Various drugs and toxins with different modes of action modulate EPCs and inhibit [3H]H12-HTX binding to the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. Most such drugs and toxins, at similar concentrations, do not inhibit [3H]ACh binding to the ACh receptor, but some do, such as quinacrine and TEA. 5. The ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor is a protein which is solubilized by cholate and retains its affinity for H12-HTX as well as its drug sensitivity. 6. The ACh receptor is separated from its ionic channel, and different conditions affect the proportion of separated molecules.", "PMID": 382785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5850", "title": "Inhibition of pepsin secretion by metiamide and atropine in the conscious rat.", "content": "The inhibition of pepsin secretion by metiamide and atropine has been studied in the gastric fistula rat and the Heidenhain pouch rat. A comparison of the effectiveness of metiamide and atropine in inhibiting pepsin secretion was made by using doses of the antagonists which produced a similar level of inhibition of acid secretion. In the gastric fistula rat both atropine and metiamide inhibited the basal pepsin output, but atropine was more effective than metiamide in this respect. In the Heidenhain pouch rat a large dose of metiamide which inhibited bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion had no significant effect on the corresponding output of pepsin. In this preparation atropine inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion. Possible reasons for the differences in the two preparations are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of pepsin secretion by metiamide and atropine in the conscious rat. The inhibition of pepsin secretion by metiamide and atropine has been studied in the gastric fistula rat and the Heidenhain pouch rat. A comparison of the effectiveness of metiamide and atropine in inhibiting pepsin secretion was made by using doses of the antagonists which produced a similar level of inhibition of acid secretion. In the gastric fistula rat both atropine and metiamide inhibited the basal pepsin output, but atropine was more effective than metiamide in this respect. In the Heidenhain pouch rat a large dose of metiamide which inhibited bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion had no significant effect on the corresponding output of pepsin. In this preparation atropine inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion. Possible reasons for the differences in the two preparations are discussed.", "PMID": 382803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5851", "title": "The pharmacological consequences of the binding of anti-rheumatic drugs to plasma proteins in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Evidence is presented that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease resulting from abnormal protein binding and that anti-rheumatic drugs act by correcting the abnormal binding.", "contents": "The pharmacological consequences of the binding of anti-rheumatic drugs to plasma proteins in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence is presented that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease resulting from abnormal protein binding and that anti-rheumatic drugs act by correcting the abnormal binding.", "PMID": 382804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5852", "title": "Maladie du Roger 1879: a new translation for the centenary.", "content": "A new translation of Roger's description of the clinical and anatomical findings in uncomplicated small VSD is presented. Reappraisal of Roger's observations in the light of our present understanding confirms that only our attitudes change; diseases remain the same.", "contents": "Maladie du Roger 1879: a new translation for the centenary. A new translation of Roger's description of the clinical and anatomical findings in uncomplicated small VSD is presented. Reappraisal of Roger's observations in the light of our present understanding confirms that only our attitudes change; diseases remain the same.", "PMID": 382810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5853", "title": "Effective treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias with acebutolol.", "content": "To evaluate the antiarrhythmic efficacy of the new beta adrenergic blocking agent acebutolol, 15 monitored patients with supraventricular arrhythmias received, in double-blind fashion, an intravenous infusion of either acebutolol or saline solution after a control period. Patients treated with saline solution demonstrated no change (P greater than 0.05) in heart rate or arterial blood pressure or conversion to sinus rhythm. After administration of acebutolol, significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in heart rate were noted at 5 minutes. Peak reduction occurred at 10 to 30 minutes and correlated with maximal acebutolol plasma concentrations, antiarrhythmic activity persisted for 24 hours. Mild reductions in systolic blood pressure were observed in the majority of patients. Two patients with atrial fibrillation and one with multifocal atrial tachycardia had conversion to sinus rhythm. Frequent premature atrial complexes noted in one patient were greatly suppressed after administration of the drug. In the nine patients with clinical evidence of chronic obstructive lung disease acebutolol was well tolerated. Adverse reactions were limited to transient dyspnea in one patient with prior heart failure and a decrease in systolic blood pressure to less than 90 mm Hg in three patients who remained asymptomatic. In the patients studied, acebutolol was an effective agent for the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias and appeared to be of special value in those with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "Effective treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias with acebutolol. To evaluate the antiarrhythmic efficacy of the new beta adrenergic blocking agent acebutolol, 15 monitored patients with supraventricular arrhythmias received, in double-blind fashion, an intravenous infusion of either acebutolol or saline solution after a control period. Patients treated with saline solution demonstrated no change (P greater than 0.05) in heart rate or arterial blood pressure or conversion to sinus rhythm. After administration of acebutolol, significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in heart rate were noted at 5 minutes. Peak reduction occurred at 10 to 30 minutes and correlated with maximal acebutolol plasma concentrations, antiarrhythmic activity persisted for 24 hours. Mild reductions in systolic blood pressure were observed in the majority of patients. Two patients with atrial fibrillation and one with multifocal atrial tachycardia had conversion to sinus rhythm. Frequent premature atrial complexes noted in one patient were greatly suppressed after administration of the drug. In the nine patients with clinical evidence of chronic obstructive lung disease acebutolol was well tolerated. Adverse reactions were limited to transient dyspnea in one patient with prior heart failure and a decrease in systolic blood pressure to less than 90 mm Hg in three patients who remained asymptomatic. In the patients studied, acebutolol was an effective agent for the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias and appeared to be of special value in those with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "PMID": 382821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5854", "title": "Innominate aterial arteriovenous fistula complicating retrograde brachial arterial catheterization.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistula of the innominate artery occurred in a patient 3 weeks after retrograde brachial arterial catheterization was performed 1 day before aortocoronary bypass surgery. Intramural dissection was noted at catheterization, and a mediastinal hematoma at operation. Exploration of the hematoma in the course of catheterization might have prevented the arteriovenous fistula, which necessitated a second operation 3 weeks after the first. To our knowlege this complication of retrograde brachial catheterization has not previously been described. We recommend that known injuries to cervical or thoracic arteries occurring just before operations requiring extracorporeal circulation be explored to prevent late complications. Recent injuries to the cervical and thoracic arteries that are not acessible to external compression should be exposed and treated during sternotomy to prevent late complications if heparinization is contemplated.", "contents": "Innominate aterial arteriovenous fistula complicating retrograde brachial arterial catheterization. Arteriovenous fistula of the innominate artery occurred in a patient 3 weeks after retrograde brachial arterial catheterization was performed 1 day before aortocoronary bypass surgery. Intramural dissection was noted at catheterization, and a mediastinal hematoma at operation. Exploration of the hematoma in the course of catheterization might have prevented the arteriovenous fistula, which necessitated a second operation 3 weeks after the first. To our knowlege this complication of retrograde brachial catheterization has not previously been described. We recommend that known injuries to cervical or thoracic arteries occurring just before operations requiring extracorporeal circulation be explored to prevent late complications. Recent injuries to the cervical and thoracic arteries that are not acessible to external compression should be exposed and treated during sternotomy to prevent late complications if heparinization is contemplated.", "PMID": 382824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5855", "title": "Lupus nephritis. Electron-dense and immunofluorescent deposits and their correlation with proteinuria and renal function.", "content": "Thirteen patients who had systemic lupus erythematosus were studied for the purpose of correlating the findings of light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies with renal function and the presence of proteinuria. Subendothelial deposits of electron-dense material were found in all biopsy specimens, whereas mesangial and subepithelial deposits were not always present. IgG and beta 1c were constant findings in the glomerular membrane. The seven patients who were found to have extensive subendothelial deposits had moderate to massive proteinuria, and four of these patients had decreases in renal function. Most of the patients who had smaller subendothelial deposits had slight or insignificant proteinuria. Massive subendothelial deposits were mainly found in specimens showing histologic evidence of active lesions. Correlation was also found between proteinuria and the overall amount of deposits and their distribution. The prognosis was dependent on the severity of subendothelial deposits, the overall amount of deposits, and the morphologic form of lupus nephropathy.", "contents": "Lupus nephritis. Electron-dense and immunofluorescent deposits and their correlation with proteinuria and renal function. Thirteen patients who had systemic lupus erythematosus were studied for the purpose of correlating the findings of light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies with renal function and the presence of proteinuria. Subendothelial deposits of electron-dense material were found in all biopsy specimens, whereas mesangial and subepithelial deposits were not always present. IgG and beta 1c were constant findings in the glomerular membrane. The seven patients who were found to have extensive subendothelial deposits had moderate to massive proteinuria, and four of these patients had decreases in renal function. Most of the patients who had smaller subendothelial deposits had slight or insignificant proteinuria. Massive subendothelial deposits were mainly found in specimens showing histologic evidence of active lesions. Correlation was also found between proteinuria and the overall amount of deposits and their distribution. The prognosis was dependent on the severity of subendothelial deposits, the overall amount of deposits, and the morphologic form of lupus nephropathy.", "PMID": 382826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5856", "title": "Assay for yeast susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in a frozen microtiter system.", "content": "A microtiter plate method for determining susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B, which uses color indicators to detect end points, is presented. The microtiter plates can be made in advance and stored frozen for at least eight weeks. Forty-two isolates of Candida albicans, 12 of Candida tropicalis, and nine of Torulopsis glabrata were tested. Results showed good correlation with turbidity tube dilution susceptibility testing methods. The microtiter method is stable, easy to use, accurate, and reproducible. Studies with four strains of Cryptococcus neoformans showed that the organism could not be tested by this method because growth was slow and there was insufficient acid production.", "contents": "Assay for yeast susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in a frozen microtiter system. A microtiter plate method for determining susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B, which uses color indicators to detect end points, is presented. The microtiter plates can be made in advance and stored frozen for at least eight weeks. Forty-two isolates of Candida albicans, 12 of Candida tropicalis, and nine of Torulopsis glabrata were tested. Results showed good correlation with turbidity tube dilution susceptibility testing methods. The microtiter method is stable, easy to use, accurate, and reproducible. Studies with four strains of Cryptococcus neoformans showed that the organism could not be tested by this method because growth was slow and there was insufficient acid production.", "PMID": 382827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5857", "title": "Evaluation of ten anaerobic blood culture media.", "content": "Selection of an anaerobic blood culture based upon clinical findings that have compared the isolation rates of bacteremic agents from different blood culture media. No agreement has been reached as to which of the commercially available blood culture media is optimal for detection of bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of recovery of anaerobic microorganisms from various anaerobic blood culture media. The blood culture media were inoculated with a small inoculum of microorganisms in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The results demonstrated that the type of medium and the erythrocyte-serum mixture influenced the ability of blood culture media to support the growth of microorganisms. The majority of the media failed to support the growth of 87% or more of the microorganisms within four days after inoculation. Pre-reduced brain-heart infusion broth supported the growth of a larger proportion of microorganisms than the other types of blood culture media.", "contents": "Evaluation of ten anaerobic blood culture media. Selection of an anaerobic blood culture based upon clinical findings that have compared the isolation rates of bacteremic agents from different blood culture media. No agreement has been reached as to which of the commercially available blood culture media is optimal for detection of bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of recovery of anaerobic microorganisms from various anaerobic blood culture media. The blood culture media were inoculated with a small inoculum of microorganisms in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The results demonstrated that the type of medium and the erythrocyte-serum mixture influenced the ability of blood culture media to support the growth of microorganisms. The majority of the media failed to support the growth of 87% or more of the microorganisms within four days after inoculation. Pre-reduced brain-heart infusion broth supported the growth of a larger proportion of microorganisms than the other types of blood culture media.", "PMID": 382828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5858", "title": "Detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of anti-Candida precipitins in sera from cancer patients.", "content": "Five antigen preparations from yeast-phase cells and hyphalphase cells of Candida albicans were used to detect antibodies in sera from cancer patients by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Sera from uninfected patients, patients with superficial infections, and patients who had invasive or systemic candidiasis were analyzed for antibodies. A high incidence (27%) of false-negative data was obtained for patients who had systemic candidiasis. Serum titers of all patient groups were below 1:10. Of the antigens tested, cytoplasmic antigen from yeast-phase cells provided the greatest sensitivity and diagnostic value.", "contents": "Detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of anti-Candida precipitins in sera from cancer patients. Five antigen preparations from yeast-phase cells and hyphalphase cells of Candida albicans were used to detect antibodies in sera from cancer patients by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Sera from uninfected patients, patients with superficial infections, and patients who had invasive or systemic candidiasis were analyzed for antibodies. A high incidence (27%) of false-negative data was obtained for patients who had systemic candidiasis. Serum titers of all patient groups were below 1:10. Of the antigens tested, cytoplasmic antigen from yeast-phase cells provided the greatest sensitivity and diagnostic value.", "PMID": 382829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5859", "title": "Comparison of two slide tests for detection of group A streptococcal antibodies.", "content": "Screening sera for streptococcal antibodies is a useful clinical procedure when recent streptococcal infection requires verification. Presently there are two test kits available that detect five (or more) of the antibodies that may be present. These two screening tests were compared using antistreptolysin O (ASO) and antideoxyribonuclease B (ADB) titers as the reference for true streptococcal infection. All four procedures were performed on 69 sera collected from a pediatric population. Both screening tests were found to be sensitive, specific, economical, and easy to perform; however, both were more sensitive to elevated ASO titers than to elevated ADB titers. In certain clinical situations, therefore, antibody titrations may be necessary to document completely recent streptococcal infection.", "contents": "Comparison of two slide tests for detection of group A streptococcal antibodies. Screening sera for streptococcal antibodies is a useful clinical procedure when recent streptococcal infection requires verification. Presently there are two test kits available that detect five (or more) of the antibodies that may be present. These two screening tests were compared using antistreptolysin O (ASO) and antideoxyribonuclease B (ADB) titers as the reference for true streptococcal infection. All four procedures were performed on 69 sera collected from a pediatric population. Both screening tests were found to be sensitive, specific, economical, and easy to perform; however, both were more sensitive to elevated ASO titers than to elevated ADB titers. In certain clinical situations, therefore, antibody titrations may be necessary to document completely recent streptococcal infection.", "PMID": 382830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5860", "title": "Reliability of immunofluorescence of renal tissue obtained at autopsy.", "content": "A retrospective study of kidney tissues accessioned in the Department of Immunopathology was undertaken to determine the reliability of the direct immunofluorescence technic applied to necropsy tissues. Of 72 accessioned specimens, 27 were positive and showed a spectrum of immunomicroscopic patterns corresponding to different renal diseases. Only two patients whose specimens were negative by immunofluorescence had shown any clinical or light microscopic evidence of active glomerular disease. Periods from death to autopsy ranged from one to 20 hours. Positive fluorescence was found in tissues obtained as long as 20 hours after death. These findings suggest that immunofluorescent studies of autopsy-derived renal tissue yield acceptable results.", "contents": "Reliability of immunofluorescence of renal tissue obtained at autopsy. A retrospective study of kidney tissues accessioned in the Department of Immunopathology was undertaken to determine the reliability of the direct immunofluorescence technic applied to necropsy tissues. Of 72 accessioned specimens, 27 were positive and showed a spectrum of immunomicroscopic patterns corresponding to different renal diseases. Only two patients whose specimens were negative by immunofluorescence had shown any clinical or light microscopic evidence of active glomerular disease. Periods from death to autopsy ranged from one to 20 hours. Positive fluorescence was found in tissues obtained as long as 20 hours after death. These findings suggest that immunofluorescent studies of autopsy-derived renal tissue yield acceptable results.", "PMID": 382831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5861", "title": "Coordinated computer reporting of microbiology data in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "The details of incorporating microbiology results into a single computerized report that also includes all other laboratory results for each patient in the hospital are described. Including the microbiology results in this way allows provision of a consolidated flow sheet of all laboratory work on each chart, replacing the myriad single-sheet reports so common to manual systems. The results are tabulated, and are easily read by clinicians after some experience. This system also enables communication of updated results daily to clinicians and monitoring of infectious diseases in the hospital.", "contents": "Coordinated computer reporting of microbiology data in the clinical laboratory. The details of incorporating microbiology results into a single computerized report that also includes all other laboratory results for each patient in the hospital are described. Including the microbiology results in this way allows provision of a consolidated flow sheet of all laboratory work on each chart, replacing the myriad single-sheet reports so common to manual systems. The results are tabulated, and are easily read by clinicians after some experience. This system also enables communication of updated results daily to clinicians and monitoring of infectious diseases in the hospital.", "PMID": 382834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5862", "title": "A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic to differentiate group A from other streptococcal groups.", "content": "A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic for differentiating group A from other streptococcal groups properly classified 500 isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci when compared with the results of a reference capillary precipitin test. Presumptive classification of the same 500 isolates by bacitracin susceptibility produced a significant number of incorrect identifications. The findings further document the inherent inaccuracy of the bacitracin susceptibility test and suggest that the staphylococcal coagglutination technic may be a simple, accurate, inexpensive alternative for identification of group A streptococci.", "contents": "A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic to differentiate group A from other streptococcal groups. A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic for differentiating group A from other streptococcal groups properly classified 500 isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci when compared with the results of a reference capillary precipitin test. Presumptive classification of the same 500 isolates by bacitracin susceptibility produced a significant number of incorrect identifications. The findings further document the inherent inaccuracy of the bacitracin susceptibility test and suggest that the staphylococcal coagglutination technic may be a simple, accurate, inexpensive alternative for identification of group A streptococci.", "PMID": 382835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5863", "title": "Group B streptococcal sepsis with osteomyelitis and arthritis. Its occurrence with acute heart failure.", "content": "In a 20-day-old female infant, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic arthritis developed due to infection with group B streptococcus, type Ic. She had an unusual clinical presentation with overwhelming sepsis and acute congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal sepsis with osteomyelitis and arthritis. Its occurrence with acute heart failure. In a 20-day-old female infant, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic arthritis developed due to infection with group B streptococcus, type Ic. She had an unusual clinical presentation with overwhelming sepsis and acute congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 382836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5864", "title": "Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Its occurrence in infants less than 2 months old.", "content": "Nine infants less than 2 months of age with group B streptococcal (GBS) osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, or both, were seen from January 1975 through January 1978. The infants had local joint signs, usually in the absence of systemic signs. The bones and joints involved were equally distributed between proximal humerus and proximal and distal femur. An infant had involvement of the talus. Treatment consisted of two to three weeks of parenteral antibiotics, arthrotomy in infants with arthritis, and bone decompression in infants with osteomyelitis. Clinical follow-up showed normal growth and function of the affected joint. Of the organisms, five were typed: four were type III and one was type Ib. Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis was the second most common late-onset GSB infection, being surpassed only by meningitis.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Its occurrence in infants less than 2 months old. Nine infants less than 2 months of age with group B streptococcal (GBS) osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, or both, were seen from January 1975 through January 1978. The infants had local joint signs, usually in the absence of systemic signs. The bones and joints involved were equally distributed between proximal humerus and proximal and distal femur. An infant had involvement of the talus. Treatment consisted of two to three weeks of parenteral antibiotics, arthrotomy in infants with arthritis, and bone decompression in infants with osteomyelitis. Clinical follow-up showed normal growth and function of the affected joint. Of the organisms, five were typed: four were type III and one was type Ib. Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis was the second most common late-onset GSB infection, being surpassed only by meningitis.", "PMID": 382837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5865", "title": "Neonatal lung abscess. A report of six cases.", "content": "Six infants 8 weeks of age or younger had lung abscesses treated in our medical center during the 20-year period of from 1957 to 1977. The duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, the etiologic organisms, and the therapeutic approach differ from those in older children and adults. The pathogenic organisms were Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, initial therapy with a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are indicated until identification and susceptibility results are available on the organism isolated from the abscess cavity. Previously undiagnosed cystic malformations of the lung were seen in two of the six patients. Surgical intervention is usually required in this age group.", "contents": "Neonatal lung abscess. A report of six cases. Six infants 8 weeks of age or younger had lung abscesses treated in our medical center during the 20-year period of from 1957 to 1977. The duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, the etiologic organisms, and the therapeutic approach differ from those in older children and adults. The pathogenic organisms were Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, initial therapy with a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are indicated until identification and susceptibility results are available on the organism isolated from the abscess cavity. Previously undiagnosed cystic malformations of the lung were seen in two of the six patients. Surgical intervention is usually required in this age group.", "PMID": 382838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5866", "title": "Epidemiologic survey of sylvatic plague by serotesting coyote sentinels with enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "The geographic distribution and areas of high sylvatic plague activity in California were verified by using coyotes (Canis latrans) as sentinel animals. Antibody levels against Yersinia pestis were tested using the enzyme-labelled antibody (ELA) test and the microtiter passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. A survey using the ELA test indicated that the overall antibody prevalence among 143 coyotes was 21%. By geographic regions, the highest antibody prevalence was 27% among coyotes from mountain areas on the northern and eastern borders of the state. This was followed by 19% in the central coastal area and 12% in the central valley. Areas with a high prevalence of seropositive coyotes or high antibody levels in individual coyotes matched the four areas of human plague exposures reported in 1977 and 1978. These areas included the central Sierra mountains adjacent to Lake Tahoe, southeastern Kern County, the central coastal area and Scott Valley near the Oregon border. The ELA test appears to be a promising tool for future epidemiologic studies of plague.", "contents": "Epidemiologic survey of sylvatic plague by serotesting coyote sentinels with enzyme immunoassay. The geographic distribution and areas of high sylvatic plague activity in California were verified by using coyotes (Canis latrans) as sentinel animals. Antibody levels against Yersinia pestis were tested using the enzyme-labelled antibody (ELA) test and the microtiter passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. A survey using the ELA test indicated that the overall antibody prevalence among 143 coyotes was 21%. By geographic regions, the highest antibody prevalence was 27% among coyotes from mountain areas on the northern and eastern borders of the state. This was followed by 19% in the central coastal area and 12% in the central valley. Areas with a high prevalence of seropositive coyotes or high antibody levels in individual coyotes matched the four areas of human plague exposures reported in 1977 and 1978. These areas included the central Sierra mountains adjacent to Lake Tahoe, southeastern Kern County, the central coastal area and Scott Valley near the Oregon border. The ELA test appears to be a promising tool for future epidemiologic studies of plague.", "PMID": 382839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5867", "title": "Sickle cell anemia as a syndrome: a review of diagnostic features.", "content": "Sickle cell (SS) disease is a complex of various genetic conditions. In some, homozygosity for the beta S gene may be present alone or in combination with the heterozygous or homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2 condition. Such combinations might ameliorate the clinical and hematological condition of the patient. The same may be true for the high levels of Hb F and F-cells observed in many Hb S homozygotes. Howeever, the chemical heterogeneity of Hb F appears not to be related to the clinical status of the Hb S homozygote. Combinations of a Hb S heterozygosity with a heterozygosity for a Hb D-type of variant, for either one of two types of beta-thalassemia, two types of alpha beta- thalassemia, and five types of HPFH are discussed, and data are compared with those obtained for Hb S homozygotes. The use of advanced laboratory procedures and family studies is often necessary for an accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia as a syndrome: a review of diagnostic features. Sickle cell (SS) disease is a complex of various genetic conditions. In some, homozygosity for the beta S gene may be present alone or in combination with the heterozygous or homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2 condition. Such combinations might ameliorate the clinical and hematological condition of the patient. The same may be true for the high levels of Hb F and F-cells observed in many Hb S homozygotes. Howeever, the chemical heterogeneity of Hb F appears not to be related to the clinical status of the Hb S homozygote. Combinations of a Hb S heterozygosity with a heterozygosity for a Hb D-type of variant, for either one of two types of beta-thalassemia, two types of alpha beta- thalassemia, and five types of HPFH are discussed, and data are compared with those obtained for Hb S homozygotes. The use of advanced laboratory procedures and family studies is often necessary for an accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 382840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5868", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "The mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a combination enzyme-specific inhibitor of bacterial folate synthesis, are reviewed. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole currently is approved by the FDA for the therapy of established recurrent bacterial urinary tract infections, pneumocystosis, otitis media in children and shigellosis. Claimed advantages of the drug are synergistic activity, bactericidal activity and ability to decrease the rate of emergence of resistance to the individual components. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for treatment of pneumocystosis and an acceptable oral therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria. In children with otitis media, it is used as an alternative to ampicillin and amoxicillin and is preferred when these patients are penicillin-sensitive or when the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Hematologic reactions (anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole occur rarely. Gastrointestinal intolerance and skin eruptions are the most prevalent adverse reactions. Most untoward reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole develop within two weeks of onset of therapy, and their incidence compares favorably with that of standard agents administered for the same indications.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a combination enzyme-specific inhibitor of bacterial folate synthesis, are reviewed. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole currently is approved by the FDA for the therapy of established recurrent bacterial urinary tract infections, pneumocystosis, otitis media in children and shigellosis. Claimed advantages of the drug are synergistic activity, bactericidal activity and ability to decrease the rate of emergence of resistance to the individual components. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for treatment of pneumocystosis and an acceptable oral therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria. In children with otitis media, it is used as an alternative to ampicillin and amoxicillin and is preferred when these patients are penicillin-sensitive or when the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Hematologic reactions (anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole occur rarely. Gastrointestinal intolerance and skin eruptions are the most prevalent adverse reactions. Most untoward reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole develop within two weeks of onset of therapy, and their incidence compares favorably with that of standard agents administered for the same indications.", "PMID": 382841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5869", "title": "Clonidine overdose: a review.", "content": "The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine and the symptoms and treatment of acute clinidine overdosage are reviewed. Clonidine, a relatively safe and effective antihypertensive agent when used at therapeutic dosages, reduces blood pressure through a centrally mediated reduction in vasomotor tone. The primary symptoms of clonidine overdosage are central nervous system depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypotonia, respiratory depression and possibly seizures. Gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal is used to decrease absorption following acute oral ingestion. Intravenous fluid therapy and dopamine infusion are recommended for severe hypotension, and atropine sulfate is used to manage persistent bradycardia. Treatment of hypotension with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., tolazoline) is not recommended unless patients fail to respond to dopamine infusion and administration of i.v. fluids.", "contents": "Clonidine overdose: a review. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine and the symptoms and treatment of acute clinidine overdosage are reviewed. Clonidine, a relatively safe and effective antihypertensive agent when used at therapeutic dosages, reduces blood pressure through a centrally mediated reduction in vasomotor tone. The primary symptoms of clonidine overdosage are central nervous system depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypotonia, respiratory depression and possibly seizures. Gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal is used to decrease absorption following acute oral ingestion. Intravenous fluid therapy and dopamine infusion are recommended for severe hypotension, and atropine sulfate is used to manage persistent bradycardia. Treatment of hypotension with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., tolazoline) is not recommended unless patients fail to respond to dopamine infusion and administration of i.v. fluids.", "PMID": 382842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5870", "title": "Drug interaction exposures in an ambulatory Medicaid population.", "content": "The incidence of selected potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in a population of ambulatory patients was studied using data extracted from the automated records of Medicaid drug benefit programs. The system to extract DDI data was devised to assist peer review committees in drug use review. The system yields two types of reports: (1) individual patient profiles and (2) summary reports of all potential DDIs detected within the Medicaid population being reviewed. Potential drug interactions are classified as major, moderate or minor and by route of drug administration. Three months of drug claims from two Medicaid programs were reviewed for potential DDIs involving digitalis preparations, antihypertensive agents (rescinnamine, deserpidine, guanethidine, methyldopa, reserpine, Rauwolfia serpentina extracts) and coumarin anticoagulants. The overall incidence of potential DDI exposures for the three classes was 2.7%, based on drug profiles of 333,641 patients. DDI exposure monitoring can be a useful tool in acquiring further knowledge of DDIs occurring in ambulatory patients.", "contents": "Drug interaction exposures in an ambulatory Medicaid population. The incidence of selected potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in a population of ambulatory patients was studied using data extracted from the automated records of Medicaid drug benefit programs. The system to extract DDI data was devised to assist peer review committees in drug use review. The system yields two types of reports: (1) individual patient profiles and (2) summary reports of all potential DDIs detected within the Medicaid population being reviewed. Potential drug interactions are classified as major, moderate or minor and by route of drug administration. Three months of drug claims from two Medicaid programs were reviewed for potential DDIs involving digitalis preparations, antihypertensive agents (rescinnamine, deserpidine, guanethidine, methyldopa, reserpine, Rauwolfia serpentina extracts) and coumarin anticoagulants. The overall incidence of potential DDI exposures for the three classes was 2.7%, based on drug profiles of 333,641 patients. DDI exposure monitoring can be a useful tool in acquiring further knowledge of DDIs occurring in ambulatory patients.", "PMID": 382843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5871", "title": "The role of mucociliary dysfunction in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Abnormalities of mucociliary function in the airways of patients with bronchial asthma are suggested by the clinical observation of excessive tracheobronchial secretions which are difficult to expectorate and may contribute to bronchial obstruction. Pathologic and functional studies in animals and patients have demonstrated an impairment of mucociliary transport mechanisms, but the pathogenesis of this abnormality is still poorly understood. In patients with allergic asthma, the elaboration of chemical mediators in the lung seems to depress mucociliary function. Although pharmacologic agents which increase mucous transport rates have been identified, more potent stimulators will probably be needed to produce a clinical improvement in patients with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "The role of mucociliary dysfunction in bronchial asthma. Abnormalities of mucociliary function in the airways of patients with bronchial asthma are suggested by the clinical observation of excessive tracheobronchial secretions which are difficult to expectorate and may contribute to bronchial obstruction. Pathologic and functional studies in animals and patients have demonstrated an impairment of mucociliary transport mechanisms, but the pathogenesis of this abnormality is still poorly understood. In patients with allergic asthma, the elaboration of chemical mediators in the lung seems to depress mucociliary function. Although pharmacologic agents which increase mucous transport rates have been identified, more potent stimulators will probably be needed to produce a clinical improvement in patients with bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 382847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5872", "title": "Rapid in vitro capsule production by cryptococci.", "content": "Four agar media (blood, corn meal, chocolate, and Sabouraud's) and four liquid media (brain-heart infusion broth, one percent peptone broth, pooled human serum, and lyophilized rabbit coagulase plasma) were evaluated for their ability to enhance the production of capsules from four strains of Cryptococcus yeast within 48 hours at 25C and 35C. The yeast in serum and plasma was washed with distilled water prior to India ink preparation in order to prevent precipitation of the ink. The rabbit coagulase plasma was the only medium which consistently produced large capsules in 48 hours. Incubation temperatures and anticoagulant made little difference.", "contents": "Rapid in vitro capsule production by cryptococci. Four agar media (blood, corn meal, chocolate, and Sabouraud's) and four liquid media (brain-heart infusion broth, one percent peptone broth, pooled human serum, and lyophilized rabbit coagulase plasma) were evaluated for their ability to enhance the production of capsules from four strains of Cryptococcus yeast within 48 hours at 25C and 35C. The yeast in serum and plasma was washed with distilled water prior to India ink preparation in order to prevent precipitation of the ink. The rabbit coagulase plasma was the only medium which consistently produced large capsules in 48 hours. Incubation temperatures and anticoagulant made little difference.", "PMID": 382848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5873", "title": "A five-hour system for identification of bacteria.", "content": "A five-hour protocol was compared with routine methods for identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination of bacteria from clinical specimens. A total of 9551 urine, wound, sputum, and throat cultures were processed using both procedures. The identifications reported less than 24 hours after the laboratory received the specimen were comparable to those obtained by routine methods for 87 to 95 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae, 90 percent of the staphylococci and enterococci, but less than 50 percent of the unusual species such as Providencia, P. maltophilia, or Acinetobacter. Susceptibility test results were reported after five hours' incubation for 97 percent of all stains examined except for P. aeruginosa where early results were obtained for only 71 percent of the strains. This protocol allows bacteriologic identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination within 24 hours of specimen receipt; therefore, appropriate antibacterial therapy for the patient's immediate needs can be started in a shortened period.", "contents": "A five-hour system for identification of bacteria. A five-hour protocol was compared with routine methods for identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination of bacteria from clinical specimens. A total of 9551 urine, wound, sputum, and throat cultures were processed using both procedures. The identifications reported less than 24 hours after the laboratory received the specimen were comparable to those obtained by routine methods for 87 to 95 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae, 90 percent of the staphylococci and enterococci, but less than 50 percent of the unusual species such as Providencia, P. maltophilia, or Acinetobacter. Susceptibility test results were reported after five hours' incubation for 97 percent of all stains examined except for P. aeruginosa where early results were obtained for only 71 percent of the strains. This protocol allows bacteriologic identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination within 24 hours of specimen receipt; therefore, appropriate antibacterial therapy for the patient's immediate needs can be started in a shortened period.", "PMID": 382851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5874", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of congenital syphilis: a review.", "content": "The serodiagnosis of congenital syphilis is reviewed. Maternal history is the least reliable criterion for detecting congenital syphilis. A positive maternal history may or may not be valid; a negative maternal history does not rule out the possibility of congenital syphilis. Syphilis serology performed on the infant is a better criterion for detecting asymptomatic congenital syphilis or delayed onset. Serial VDRL titers on the infants are the best diagnostic tool presently available. A decreasing titer indicates the presence of maternally derived antibodies. The FTA-ABS (IgM) is still not sufficiently evaluated and standardized for routine clinical application.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of congenital syphilis: a review. The serodiagnosis of congenital syphilis is reviewed. Maternal history is the least reliable criterion for detecting congenital syphilis. A positive maternal history may or may not be valid; a negative maternal history does not rule out the possibility of congenital syphilis. Syphilis serology performed on the infant is a better criterion for detecting asymptomatic congenital syphilis or delayed onset. Serial VDRL titers on the infants are the best diagnostic tool presently available. A decreasing titer indicates the presence of maternally derived antibodies. The FTA-ABS (IgM) is still not sufficiently evaluated and standardized for routine clinical application.", "PMID": 382852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5875", "title": "Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. VIII. Evaluation of a radiometric bioassay for rapid, in vitro demonstration of phosphate-sensitive bacterial growth inhibitor in amniotic fluid.", "content": "A radiometric bioassay based on the continuous monitoring of 14CO2 released from labeled glucose in the presence of amniotic fluid or amniotic fluid with added phosphate has been employed to detect the presence of a phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor in amniotic fluid near term. The time required for detection of the inhibitory activity is approximately 12 hours, in contrast to approximately 36 hours required for a previously reported technique. Application of this radiometric bioassay to demonstrate bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid and physicochemical properties of the inhibitory activity yielded results comparable to those obtained with the older method of plate counts of viable bacteria. By the new technique it was possible to demonstrate that the inhibitory activity was phosephate sensitive, heat stable, inactivated by metal chelation, removed by bentonite, and present in a low-molecular-weight fraction of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. VIII. Evaluation of a radiometric bioassay for rapid, in vitro demonstration of phosphate-sensitive bacterial growth inhibitor in amniotic fluid. A radiometric bioassay based on the continuous monitoring of 14CO2 released from labeled glucose in the presence of amniotic fluid or amniotic fluid with added phosphate has been employed to detect the presence of a phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor in amniotic fluid near term. The time required for detection of the inhibitory activity is approximately 12 hours, in contrast to approximately 36 hours required for a previously reported technique. Application of this radiometric bioassay to demonstrate bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid and physicochemical properties of the inhibitory activity yielded results comparable to those obtained with the older method of plate counts of viable bacteria. By the new technique it was possible to demonstrate that the inhibitory activity was phosephate sensitive, heat stable, inactivated by metal chelation, removed by bentonite, and present in a low-molecular-weight fraction of amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 382854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5876", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of LHRH were measured by radioimmunoassay in daily samples obtained from 10 normally ovulating women. The normalcy of each menstrual cycle was determined by measuring luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total estrogen, and progesterone concentrations. Six women had consistently measurable immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) in every blood sample. In four, LHRH could not be detected in some of the samples, more frequently during the follicular phase. LHRH levels varied between 10 and 35 pg/ml during the menstrual cycle. At midcycle, coincident with the LH surge, the mean LHRH level (17.6 +/- 4.4 pg/ml) was not significantly different from the mean follicular or luteal phase values. The lowest LHRH level, 11.4 +/- 4.6 pg/ml, was observed on the day of the estrogen surge. A detailed evaluation was made of the specific days of the cycle. Blood samples obtained from an indwelling venous catheter every 20 minutes over a 3 or a 5 hour period during the days of the estrogen surge and the LH surge and on the following day showed no correlation between OHRH, LH, and FSH values.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and the human menstrual cycle. Plasma concentrations of LHRH were measured by radioimmunoassay in daily samples obtained from 10 normally ovulating women. The normalcy of each menstrual cycle was determined by measuring luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total estrogen, and progesterone concentrations. Six women had consistently measurable immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) in every blood sample. In four, LHRH could not be detected in some of the samples, more frequently during the follicular phase. LHRH levels varied between 10 and 35 pg/ml during the menstrual cycle. At midcycle, coincident with the LH surge, the mean LHRH level (17.6 +/- 4.4 pg/ml) was not significantly different from the mean follicular or luteal phase values. The lowest LHRH level, 11.4 +/- 4.6 pg/ml, was observed on the day of the estrogen surge. A detailed evaluation was made of the specific days of the cycle. Blood samples obtained from an indwelling venous catheter every 20 minutes over a 3 or a 5 hour period during the days of the estrogen surge and the LH surge and on the following day showed no correlation between OHRH, LH, and FSH values.", "PMID": 382857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5877", "title": "The immunopathology of Mooren's ulcer.", "content": "In a 42-year-old man with bilateral severe Mooren's ulcers, results of immunologic studies were normal, with the exception of an in vitro blastogenic response of the patient's lymphocytes to corneal stroma. The histologic studies revealed vast numbers of vacuolated neutrophils with intracytoplasmic phagosomes in and about the ulcerating cornea. Although the progression of ulceration was initially unaltered by surgical and pharmacologic trials, systemic immunosuppression with methotrexate may have prevented ulceration of the lamellar tectonic graft.", "contents": "The immunopathology of Mooren's ulcer. In a 42-year-old man with bilateral severe Mooren's ulcers, results of immunologic studies were normal, with the exception of an in vitro blastogenic response of the patient's lymphocytes to corneal stroma. The histologic studies revealed vast numbers of vacuolated neutrophils with intracytoplasmic phagosomes in and about the ulcerating cornea. Although the progression of ulceration was initially unaltered by surgical and pharmacologic trials, systemic immunosuppression with methotrexate may have prevented ulceration of the lamellar tectonic graft.", "PMID": 382859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5878", "title": "Graft edema after suture removal.", "content": "Graft edema developed after removal of continuous monofilament sutures in six eyes of six patients in whom no wound dehiscence occurred. All sutures were removed at least one year after penetrating keratoplasty, and graft edema was noted one day after suture removal. In all cases, partial or total resolution of graft edema occurred after treatment with corticosteroids. In two of the grafts, the edema resolved after treatment with topical corticosteroids alone, whereas the remaining four grafts required the addition of systemic or subtenon corticosteroids, or both, for resolution. The trauma associated with suture removal may cause endothelial decompensation either by direct injury to the cornea or by a secondary iritis. To the best of our knowledge, graft edema after suture removal is a late complication of penetrating keratoplasty that has not been previously emphasized.", "contents": "Graft edema after suture removal. Graft edema developed after removal of continuous monofilament sutures in six eyes of six patients in whom no wound dehiscence occurred. All sutures were removed at least one year after penetrating keratoplasty, and graft edema was noted one day after suture removal. In all cases, partial or total resolution of graft edema occurred after treatment with corticosteroids. In two of the grafts, the edema resolved after treatment with topical corticosteroids alone, whereas the remaining four grafts required the addition of systemic or subtenon corticosteroids, or both, for resolution. The trauma associated with suture removal may cause endothelial decompensation either by direct injury to the cornea or by a secondary iritis. To the best of our knowledge, graft edema after suture removal is a late complication of penetrating keratoplasty that has not been previously emphasized.", "PMID": 382860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5879", "title": "The effect of acid etching on the cervical region of the buccal surface of the human premolar, with special reference to direct bonding techniques.", "content": "Etching action on the cervical enamel compared to the central and incisal enamel of the buccal surfaces of premolars was investigated by using the scanning electron and optical microscopes. In SEM observations, the etched cervical enamel surface showed a pitted feature with no prism delineation, regardless of the prolonged etching time and the removal of enamel surface. The etched central and incisal enamel surface showed the characteristic prism-end structure. In optical microscopic observations, the tags formed at the cervical region were shorter and less numerous than those formed at the central and incisal enamel surfaces.", "contents": "The effect of acid etching on the cervical region of the buccal surface of the human premolar, with special reference to direct bonding techniques. Etching action on the cervical enamel compared to the central and incisal enamel of the buccal surfaces of premolars was investigated by using the scanning electron and optical microscopes. In SEM observations, the etched cervical enamel surface showed a pitted feature with no prism delineation, regardless of the prolonged etching time and the removal of enamel surface. The etched central and incisal enamel surface showed the characteristic prism-end structure. In optical microscopic observations, the tags formed at the cervical region were shorter and less numerous than those formed at the central and incisal enamel surfaces.", "PMID": 382862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5880", "title": "Fc-receptor-bearing macrophages isolated from hypersensitivity and foreign-body granulomas. Delineation of macrophage dynamics, fc receptor density/avidity and specificity.", "content": "Foreign-body and delayed hypersensitivity granulomas were induced in mice; and the dynamics of macrophages isolated from dispersed, 1--4-week-old lesions was delineated. The size and histologic complexity of the lesions increased as shown: adjuvant greater than schistosome egg greater than methylated bovine serum albumin greater than bead. Esterase staining, spreading on glass, and the percentage of Fc-receptor--bearing macrophages present in the various granulomas reflected the same gradient. The Fc receptors were examined by rosetting with rabbit-antibody--SRBC complex (EA). Whereas more than 90% of the population of macrophages of the dermal adjuvant granuloma contained undiminished numbers of receptor-bearing macrophages throughout the 4 weeks, the percentage of macrophages that displayed receptors in pulmonary foreign-body (40%) and delayed hypersensitivity granulomas (70%) peaked at 1 week and subsequently declined. The EA rosetting of the foreign-body and delayed hypersensitivity granuloma macrophages was strongly inhibited by monomeric IgG2a-specific and weakly by aggregated IgG2b-specific mouse myeloma proteins. Also, macrophages of the delayed hypersensitivity granulomas rosetted in higher percentages with SRBCs coupled with monomeric IgC2a than with those coupled with aggregated IgG2b myeloma proteins. Macrophages of the foreign-body lesion did not react with aggregated IgG2b--SRBC. Rosetting with monomeric IgG2a--SRBC or aggregated IgG2b--SRBC could not be cross-inhibited by the myeloma proteins. Both the monomeric IgG2a--SRBC and aggregated IgG2b--SRBC complexes were readily phagocytized. Trypsin treatment of the macrophages inhibited rosetting with EA or myeloma-protein--coupled SRBCs. The display of Fc receptors on the granuloma macrophages seems to be related to the etiology of the lesion and the intensity and duration of the inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Fc-receptor-bearing macrophages isolated from hypersensitivity and foreign-body granulomas. Delineation of macrophage dynamics, fc receptor density/avidity and specificity. Foreign-body and delayed hypersensitivity granulomas were induced in mice; and the dynamics of macrophages isolated from dispersed, 1--4-week-old lesions was delineated. The size and histologic complexity of the lesions increased as shown: adjuvant greater than schistosome egg greater than methylated bovine serum albumin greater than bead. Esterase staining, spreading on glass, and the percentage of Fc-receptor--bearing macrophages present in the various granulomas reflected the same gradient. The Fc receptors were examined by rosetting with rabbit-antibody--SRBC complex (EA). Whereas more than 90% of the population of macrophages of the dermal adjuvant granuloma contained undiminished numbers of receptor-bearing macrophages throughout the 4 weeks, the percentage of macrophages that displayed receptors in pulmonary foreign-body (40%) and delayed hypersensitivity granulomas (70%) peaked at 1 week and subsequently declined. The EA rosetting of the foreign-body and delayed hypersensitivity granuloma macrophages was strongly inhibited by monomeric IgG2a-specific and weakly by aggregated IgG2b-specific mouse myeloma proteins. Also, macrophages of the delayed hypersensitivity granulomas rosetted in higher percentages with SRBCs coupled with monomeric IgC2a than with those coupled with aggregated IgG2b myeloma proteins. Macrophages of the foreign-body lesion did not react with aggregated IgG2b--SRBC. Rosetting with monomeric IgG2a--SRBC or aggregated IgG2b--SRBC could not be cross-inhibited by the myeloma proteins. Both the monomeric IgG2a--SRBC and aggregated IgG2b--SRBC complexes were readily phagocytized. Trypsin treatment of the macrophages inhibited rosetting with EA or myeloma-protein--coupled SRBCs. The display of Fc receptors on the granuloma macrophages seems to be related to the etiology of the lesion and the intensity and duration of the inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 382865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5881", "title": "The tumoricidal properties of inflammatory tissue macrophages and multinucleate giant cells.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells from C3H/HeN mice infected with bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and subcutaneous inflammatory macrophages from uninfected mice exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, but their tumoricidal activity can be increased by incubation in vitro with lymphokines released by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages from these sites are only susceptible to activation in vitro by lymphokines for a short period (less than 4 days) following their initial emigration from the circulation to the site of inflammation. The expression of tumoricidal activity by activated macrophages is similarly short-lived (less than 4 days). Once the tumoricidal state is lost it cannot be restored by further incubation with lymphokines in vitro. Fusion of macrophages to form multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) accompanies the loss of tumoricidal activity and the onset of resistance to activation by lymphokines, but the fusion process is not responsible for these changes, since unfused macrophages are similarly affected. Activation and acquisition of tumoricidal properties is confined to young macrophages recruited from the circulation during acute inflammation. Older macrophages and MGCs in chronic inflammatory lesions in which recruitment of new macrophages has ceased are nontumoricidal and are refractory to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These findings are discussed in relation to the efficiency of macrophage-mediated destruction of tumors in vivo and the amplification of macrophage antitumor activity by immunotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "The tumoricidal properties of inflammatory tissue macrophages and multinucleate giant cells. Peritoneal exudate cells from C3H/HeN mice infected with bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and subcutaneous inflammatory macrophages from uninfected mice exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, but their tumoricidal activity can be increased by incubation in vitro with lymphokines released by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages from these sites are only susceptible to activation in vitro by lymphokines for a short period (less than 4 days) following their initial emigration from the circulation to the site of inflammation. The expression of tumoricidal activity by activated macrophages is similarly short-lived (less than 4 days). Once the tumoricidal state is lost it cannot be restored by further incubation with lymphokines in vitro. Fusion of macrophages to form multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) accompanies the loss of tumoricidal activity and the onset of resistance to activation by lymphokines, but the fusion process is not responsible for these changes, since unfused macrophages are similarly affected. Activation and acquisition of tumoricidal properties is confined to young macrophages recruited from the circulation during acute inflammation. Older macrophages and MGCs in chronic inflammatory lesions in which recruitment of new macrophages has ceased are nontumoricidal and are refractory to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These findings are discussed in relation to the efficiency of macrophage-mediated destruction of tumors in vivo and the amplification of macrophage antitumor activity by immunotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 382866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5882", "title": "Localization of fibronectin within the renal glomerulus and its production by cultured glomerular cells.", "content": "Fibronectin was shown in the kidney glomerulus by the use of the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. At the ultrastructural level, fibronectin was present in greatest quantities along those cell surfaces that abut the capillary basement membrane, especially along the capillary epithelial cell foot process. Intracellular staining was also seen in the glomerulus, most notably in the mesangial cell. Fibronectin was present extracellularly in large amounts in glomerular cell culture and was also demonstrated on the cell membrane and intracellularly.", "contents": "Localization of fibronectin within the renal glomerulus and its production by cultured glomerular cells. Fibronectin was shown in the kidney glomerulus by the use of the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. At the ultrastructural level, fibronectin was present in greatest quantities along those cell surfaces that abut the capillary basement membrane, especially along the capillary epithelial cell foot process. Intracellular staining was also seen in the glomerulus, most notably in the mesangial cell. Fibronectin was present extracellularly in large amounts in glomerular cell culture and was also demonstrated on the cell membrane and intracellularly.", "PMID": 382867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5883", "title": "Psychological costs of bone marrow transplantation in children.", "content": "The emotional strain of bone marrow transplantation procedures on child patients, family members and hospital personnel is described, and an illustrative case history is offered. Reasons for the unusually close relationship between family and staff are considered, and the necessity of appropriate psychological support for patients, siblings, parents, and members of the medical team is delineated.", "contents": "Psychological costs of bone marrow transplantation in children. The emotional strain of bone marrow transplantation procedures on child patients, family members and hospital personnel is described, and an illustrative case history is offered. Reasons for the unusually close relationship between family and staff are considered, and the necessity of appropriate psychological support for patients, siblings, parents, and members of the medical team is delineated.", "PMID": 382869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5884", "title": "Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus.", "content": "Atheroarteriosclerosis closely resembling that in humans was induced in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic chickens by infection with Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Four comparably sized groups of chickens were used. Each group was initially fed a diet relatively poor in cholesterol. Group I and II were inoculated intratracheally at 2 days of age with MDV. At 15 weeks, one group of virus-infected chickens (Group II) and one group of uninfected controls (Group IV) were fed a 2% cholesterol supplement for an additional 15 weeks. Group I, infected, and III, uninfected, were continued on a cholesterol-poor diet. All groups were killed at 30 weeks. Striking grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were seen in large coronary arteries, aortas, and major aortic branches of both Groups I and II but not in those of Groups III and IV. Microscopically, arterial changes in infected animals were characterized by occlusive fibromuscular intimal thickening, which formed fibrous caps overlying areas of atheromatous change. This change closely resembled chronic atherosclerosis in humans. These results may be important to our understanding of human arteriosclerosis, since there is widespread and persistent infection of human populations with as many as five herpesviruses.", "contents": "Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus. Atheroarteriosclerosis closely resembling that in humans was induced in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic chickens by infection with Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Four comparably sized groups of chickens were used. Each group was initially fed a diet relatively poor in cholesterol. Group I and II were inoculated intratracheally at 2 days of age with MDV. At 15 weeks, one group of virus-infected chickens (Group II) and one group of uninfected controls (Group IV) were fed a 2% cholesterol supplement for an additional 15 weeks. Group I, infected, and III, uninfected, were continued on a cholesterol-poor diet. All groups were killed at 30 weeks. Striking grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were seen in large coronary arteries, aortas, and major aortic branches of both Groups I and II but not in those of Groups III and IV. Microscopically, arterial changes in infected animals were characterized by occlusive fibromuscular intimal thickening, which formed fibrous caps overlying areas of atheromatous change. This change closely resembled chronic atherosclerosis in humans. These results may be important to our understanding of human arteriosclerosis, since there is widespread and persistent infection of human populations with as many as five herpesviruses.", "PMID": 382868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5885", "title": "Cyclic variation of K+ conductance in pancreatic beta-cells: Ca2+ and voltage dependence.", "content": "Pulses of hyperpolarizing current were injected through the microelectrode recording the electrical activity of beta-cells in order to measure input resistance. Increase in resistance during depolarization of the slow oscillation (\"burst\") indicates inactivation of an outward current, probably K+. Decrease in resistance as the plateau commences suggests that the previous depolarization causes activation of an inward current, probably calcium. The postburst hyperpolarization, caused by a late activation of potassium permeability (PK), would result from the increase of intracellular free calcium. An intracellular buffering system may control this intracellular free calcium level. By restoring the silent phases, in the presence of ouabain or high potassium, injection of hyperpolarizing current shows also a voltage dependency of the PK involved in the postburst hyperpolarization. Glucose, by stimulating intracellular binding of calcium, would cause membrane depolarization at glucose levels below threshold and elongation of the plateau phase at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Cyclic variation of K+ conductance in pancreatic beta-cells: Ca2+ and voltage dependence. Pulses of hyperpolarizing current were injected through the microelectrode recording the electrical activity of beta-cells in order to measure input resistance. Increase in resistance during depolarization of the slow oscillation (\"burst\") indicates inactivation of an outward current, probably K+. Decrease in resistance as the plateau commences suggests that the previous depolarization causes activation of an inward current, probably calcium. The postburst hyperpolarization, caused by a late activation of potassium permeability (PK), would result from the increase of intracellular free calcium. An intracellular buffering system may control this intracellular free calcium level. By restoring the silent phases, in the presence of ouabain or high potassium, injection of hyperpolarizing current shows also a voltage dependency of the PK involved in the postburst hyperpolarization. Glucose, by stimulating intracellular binding of calcium, would cause membrane depolarization at glucose levels below threshold and elongation of the plateau phase at higher concentrations.", "PMID": 382870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5886", "title": "Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.", "content": "Methods for the quantification of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose (hyperglycemic clamp technique) and of tissue sensitivity to insulin (euglycemic insulin clamp technique) are described. Hyperglycemic clamp technique. The plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised to 125 mg/dl above basal levels by a priming infusion of glucose. The desired hyperglycemic plateau is subsequently maintained by adjustment of a variable glucose infusion, based on the negative feedback principle. Because the plasma glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism. Under these conditions of constant hyperglycemia, the plasma insulin response is biphasic with an early burst of insulin release during the first 6 min followed by a gradually progressive increase in plasma insulin concentration. Euglycemic insulin clamp technique. The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained at approximately 100 muU/ml by a prime-continuous infusion of insulin. The plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion using the negative feedback principle. Under these steady-state conditions of euglycemia, the glucose infusion rate equals glucose uptake by all the tissues in the body and is therefore a measure of tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin.", "contents": "Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Methods for the quantification of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose (hyperglycemic clamp technique) and of tissue sensitivity to insulin (euglycemic insulin clamp technique) are described. Hyperglycemic clamp technique. The plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised to 125 mg/dl above basal levels by a priming infusion of glucose. The desired hyperglycemic plateau is subsequently maintained by adjustment of a variable glucose infusion, based on the negative feedback principle. Because the plasma glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism. Under these conditions of constant hyperglycemia, the plasma insulin response is biphasic with an early burst of insulin release during the first 6 min followed by a gradually progressive increase in plasma insulin concentration. Euglycemic insulin clamp technique. The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained at approximately 100 muU/ml by a prime-continuous infusion of insulin. The plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion using the negative feedback principle. Under these steady-state conditions of euglycemia, the glucose infusion rate equals glucose uptake by all the tissues in the body and is therefore a measure of tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin.", "PMID": 382871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5887", "title": "Vasodilation of cat cerebral arterioles by prostaglandins D2, E2, G2, and I2.", "content": "To determine the possible role that endogenously produced prostaglandins may play in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, the responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to prostaglandins (PG) D2, E2, G2, and I2 (8.1 X 10(-8) to 2.7 X 10(-5) M) were studied in cats equipped with cranial windows for direct observation of the microvasculature. Local application of PGs induced a dose-dependent dilation of large (greater than or equal to 100 microns) and small (less than 100 microns) arterioles with no effect on arterial blood pressure. The relative vasodilator potency was PGG2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGD2. With all PGs, except D2, the percent dilation of small arterioles was greater than the dilation of large arterioles. After application of prostaglandins in a concentration of 2.7 X 10(-5) M, the mean +/- standard error of the percent dilation of large and small arterioles was, respectively, 47.6 +/- 2.7 and 65.3 +/- 6.1 for G2, 34.1 +/- 2.0, and 53.6 +/- 5.5 for E2, 25.4 +/- 1.8, and 40.2 +/- 4.6 for I2, and 20.3 +/- 2.5 and 11.0 +/- 2.2 for D2. Because brain arterioles are strongly responsive to prostaglandins and the brain can synthesize prostaglandins from its large endogenous pool of prostaglandin precursor, prostaglandins may be important mediators of changes in cerebral blood flow under normal and abnormal conditions.", "contents": "Vasodilation of cat cerebral arterioles by prostaglandins D2, E2, G2, and I2. To determine the possible role that endogenously produced prostaglandins may play in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, the responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to prostaglandins (PG) D2, E2, G2, and I2 (8.1 X 10(-8) to 2.7 X 10(-5) M) were studied in cats equipped with cranial windows for direct observation of the microvasculature. Local application of PGs induced a dose-dependent dilation of large (greater than or equal to 100 microns) and small (less than 100 microns) arterioles with no effect on arterial blood pressure. The relative vasodilator potency was PGG2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGD2. With all PGs, except D2, the percent dilation of small arterioles was greater than the dilation of large arterioles. After application of prostaglandins in a concentration of 2.7 X 10(-5) M, the mean +/- standard error of the percent dilation of large and small arterioles was, respectively, 47.6 +/- 2.7 and 65.3 +/- 6.1 for G2, 34.1 +/- 2.0, and 53.6 +/- 5.5 for E2, 25.4 +/- 1.8, and 40.2 +/- 4.6 for I2, and 20.3 +/- 2.5 and 11.0 +/- 2.2 for D2. Because brain arterioles are strongly responsive to prostaglandins and the brain can synthesize prostaglandins from its large endogenous pool of prostaglandin precursor, prostaglandins may be important mediators of changes in cerebral blood flow under normal and abnormal conditions.", "PMID": 382872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5888", "title": "A method of intrarenal blood flow measurement using xenon-133 in the intact rat.", "content": "A method is described for measuring distribution of intrarenal blood flow in anesthetized rats by a xenon-133 washout technique that avoids the trauma of opening the abdominal cavity and manipulating the kidney. Precise delivery of the tracer to the kidney and fine collimation of the radiation reduces the amount of tracer required. Washout curve analysis is achieved by a multifit computer program that accepts only count rates and time as input data.", "contents": "A method of intrarenal blood flow measurement using xenon-133 in the intact rat. A method is described for measuring distribution of intrarenal blood flow in anesthetized rats by a xenon-133 washout technique that avoids the trauma of opening the abdominal cavity and manipulating the kidney. Precise delivery of the tracer to the kidney and fine collimation of the radiation reduces the amount of tracer required. Washout curve analysis is achieved by a multifit computer program that accepts only count rates and time as input data.", "PMID": 382873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5889", "title": "The apprenticeship of Philippe Pinel: a new document, \"observations of Citizen Pussin on the insane\".", "content": "Philippe Pinel is usually pictured in histories of psychiatry and of medicine as the man who first liberated the insane from their chains. The document presented here, discovered in 1978 in the Archives nationales in Paris, reveals the crucial role of Jean-Baptiste Pussin, the \"governor\" of mental patients at Bic\u00eatre. It was Pussin who initiated Pinel to psychological methods (the famous traitement moral) in dealing with hospitalized mental patients. Further, in 1797, Pussin first replaced chains with straitjackets. Pinel later obtained Pussin's transfer to the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re to help him reorganize that huge hospital.", "contents": "The apprenticeship of Philippe Pinel: a new document, \"observations of Citizen Pussin on the insane\". Philippe Pinel is usually pictured in histories of psychiatry and of medicine as the man who first liberated the insane from their chains. The document presented here, discovered in 1978 in the Archives nationales in Paris, reveals the crucial role of Jean-Baptiste Pussin, the \"governor\" of mental patients at Bic\u00eatre. It was Pussin who initiated Pinel to psychological methods (the famous traitement moral) in dealing with hospitalized mental patients. Further, in 1797, Pussin first replaced chains with straitjackets. Pinel later obtained Pussin's transfer to the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re to help him reorganize that huge hospital.", "PMID": 382874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5890", "title": "Philosophical foundations of French and U.S. nosology.", "content": "The author examines the philosophical foundations of French and American nosology with a view toward understanding the relatively minor influence of French psychiatry in America. Despite the excellence of its descriptive psychiatry, much of French nosological writing is based on philosophical viewpoints that are antithetical to the empirical and pragmatic traditions of American psychiatry. French nosology, which is closely involved with the metaphysical issues of existentialism, phenomenalism, and structuralism, reveals these interests in language and concepts that do not easily permit its hypotheses to be scientifically tested, a prerequisite for any American classification.", "contents": "Philosophical foundations of French and U.S. nosology. The author examines the philosophical foundations of French and American nosology with a view toward understanding the relatively minor influence of French psychiatry in America. Despite the excellence of its descriptive psychiatry, much of French nosological writing is based on philosophical viewpoints that are antithetical to the empirical and pragmatic traditions of American psychiatry. French nosology, which is closely involved with the metaphysical issues of existentialism, phenomenalism, and structuralism, reveals these interests in language and concepts that do not easily permit its hypotheses to be scientifically tested, a prerequisite for any American classification.", "PMID": 382875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5891", "title": "Women in midlife: decisions, rewards, and conflicts related to work and careers.", "content": "The author discusses the role of an occupation in the psychic economy of women in midlife and the diagnostic and therapeutic function of attention to work-related issues. Clinical examples are grouped according to commonly encountered patterns as these result from prevous developmental choices and as they show some of the possible repercussions during the middle years. In psychotherapy with midlife women it is important to address work-related issues in terms of the interplay among previous development, age-specific factors, and social realities and changes as well as neurotic factors.", "contents": "Women in midlife: decisions, rewards, and conflicts related to work and careers. The author discusses the role of an occupation in the psychic economy of women in midlife and the diagnostic and therapeutic function of attention to work-related issues. Clinical examples are grouped according to commonly encountered patterns as these result from prevous developmental choices and as they show some of the possible repercussions during the middle years. In psychotherapy with midlife women it is important to address work-related issues in terms of the interplay among previous development, age-specific factors, and social realities and changes as well as neurotic factors.", "PMID": 382876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5892", "title": "The comparative efficacy of buspirone and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety.", "content": "In this double-blind study, 56 adult psychoneurotic outpatients with a primary diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were randomly assigned to receive buspirone (N = 18), diazepam (N = 20), or placebo (N = 18) over a four-week period. A battery of tests administered weekly indicated that buspirone, a new agent not chemically related to any currently marketed drugs, was as effective an antianxiety agent as diazepam and produced no more and perhaps fewer side effects. Buspirone showed excellent antidepressant effects as well. If further studies confirm the authors' findings and determine that buspirone does not result in tolerance and addiction, it would be more advantageous than the benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety.", "contents": "The comparative efficacy of buspirone and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety. In this double-blind study, 56 adult psychoneurotic outpatients with a primary diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were randomly assigned to receive buspirone (N = 18), diazepam (N = 20), or placebo (N = 18) over a four-week period. A battery of tests administered weekly indicated that buspirone, a new agent not chemically related to any currently marketed drugs, was as effective an antianxiety agent as diazepam and produced no more and perhaps fewer side effects. Buspirone showed excellent antidepressant effects as well. If further studies confirm the authors' findings and determine that buspirone does not result in tolerance and addiction, it would be more advantageous than the benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety.", "PMID": 382878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5893", "title": "The health impact of restricting public funds for abortion. October 10, 1977--June 10, 1978.", "content": "The Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia implemented an eight-month prospective surveillance system in 24 hospitals distributed among states with and without public funding for abortion. Out of 3,157 visits for abortion-related complications, only 10 women gave a history of non-physician or self-induced abortion and none were Medicaid recipients. The small number of hospitals located in non-funded states and the smaller numbers of women served in these hospitals than in the funded states limited the power of out study. Women living along the Texas-Mexico border appeared more likely to have complications after illegal abortions than women from other areas of the country.", "contents": "The health impact of restricting public funds for abortion. October 10, 1977--June 10, 1978. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia implemented an eight-month prospective surveillance system in 24 hospitals distributed among states with and without public funding for abortion. Out of 3,157 visits for abortion-related complications, only 10 women gave a history of non-physician or self-induced abortion and none were Medicaid recipients. The small number of hospitals located in non-funded states and the smaller numbers of women served in these hospitals than in the funded states limited the power of out study. Women living along the Texas-Mexico border appeared more likely to have complications after illegal abortions than women from other areas of the country.", "PMID": 382880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5894", "title": "Shotgun arterial injuries of the extremities.", "content": "Even though shotgun injuries are often grouped with gunshot wounds, the former are ballistically and clinically far different from gunshot wounds. Two groups of patients with shotgun and gunshot wounds of the extremities, respectively, were compared with regard to clinical features. Although the vascular wound was the most dramatic aspect in both groups of patients, associated injuries, especially to the nerves and bones, played a significant role in the ultimate rehabilitation of the patients with shotgun wounds. Shotgun injuries more frequently required the use of saphenous vein grafts than did gunshot wounds. The infection and amputation rates were much higher in patients with shotgun wounds than in those with gunshot wounds. Patients with shotgun injuries of the extremities often required secondary reconstructive procedures such as tendon transfer or bone and joint fusion. Despite these measures the outlook for the ultimate rehabilitation of the extremity after shotgun injury was dismal, whereas after gunshot wounds complete rehabilitation was the rule.", "contents": "Shotgun arterial injuries of the extremities. Even though shotgun injuries are often grouped with gunshot wounds, the former are ballistically and clinically far different from gunshot wounds. Two groups of patients with shotgun and gunshot wounds of the extremities, respectively, were compared with regard to clinical features. Although the vascular wound was the most dramatic aspect in both groups of patients, associated injuries, especially to the nerves and bones, played a significant role in the ultimate rehabilitation of the patients with shotgun wounds. Shotgun injuries more frequently required the use of saphenous vein grafts than did gunshot wounds. The infection and amputation rates were much higher in patients with shotgun wounds than in those with gunshot wounds. Patients with shotgun injuries of the extremities often required secondary reconstructive procedures such as tendon transfer or bone and joint fusion. Despite these measures the outlook for the ultimate rehabilitation of the extremity after shotgun injury was dismal, whereas after gunshot wounds complete rehabilitation was the rule.", "PMID": 382886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5895", "title": "Osteoradionecrosis of the thoracic wall and its surgical management.", "content": "Four patients with disabling radiation defects of the chest involving skeletal and soft tissues were successfully treated with a one stage breast flap. Closure of the defect resulted after an uncomplicated and safe operation. Safety and reduced morbidity are hallmarks of the breast flap repair for this difficult problem. Although alternative methods can be used, the preparation of staged flaps and postoperative problems in major myocutaneous flaps increase the risk of such therapy and the hospital stay for these elderly, debilitated patients. The low morbidity of this one stage flap with a minimal hospital stay make this treatment a very viable and appealing alternative for patients whose long-term prognosis is exceedingly poor.", "contents": "Osteoradionecrosis of the thoracic wall and its surgical management. Four patients with disabling radiation defects of the chest involving skeletal and soft tissues were successfully treated with a one stage breast flap. Closure of the defect resulted after an uncomplicated and safe operation. Safety and reduced morbidity are hallmarks of the breast flap repair for this difficult problem. Although alternative methods can be used, the preparation of staged flaps and postoperative problems in major myocutaneous flaps increase the risk of such therapy and the hospital stay for these elderly, debilitated patients. The low morbidity of this one stage flap with a minimal hospital stay make this treatment a very viable and appealing alternative for patients whose long-term prognosis is exceedingly poor.", "PMID": 382888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5896", "title": "Penicillin hypersensitivity. Determination and classification of anti-penicillin antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti-pencillin antibodies of the several Ig classes is described. The results of the ELISA in 350 sera of patients suspected of penicillin hypersensitivity are compared with those of the haemagglutination test. In 105 sera penicillin-specific IgM and/or IgG was demonstrated with the ELISA, the HA test being positive in 49 of these 105 sera. However , in another 14 sera IgM anti-penicillin antibodies could be shown only with the HA. In 10 sera penicillin-specific IgE was demonstrated with the ELISA, only four of these being also positive with the RAST. IgE was always found in combination with IgG and/or IgM. The positive correlation of the ELISA and the RAST with the intracutaneous test on penicillolypolylysine was 26.9% and 15.4% respectively. The ELISA is a simple and reproducible method for the detection of anti-penicillin antibodies, being more sensitive than the HA and the RAST.", "contents": "Penicillin hypersensitivity. Determination and classification of anti-penicillin antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti-pencillin antibodies of the several Ig classes is described. The results of the ELISA in 350 sera of patients suspected of penicillin hypersensitivity are compared with those of the haemagglutination test. In 105 sera penicillin-specific IgM and/or IgG was demonstrated with the ELISA, the HA test being positive in 49 of these 105 sera. However , in another 14 sera IgM anti-penicillin antibodies could be shown only with the HA. In 10 sera penicillin-specific IgE was demonstrated with the ELISA, only four of these being also positive with the RAST. IgE was always found in combination with IgG and/or IgM. The positive correlation of the ELISA and the RAST with the intracutaneous test on penicillolypolylysine was 26.9% and 15.4% respectively. The ELISA is a simple and reproducible method for the detection of anti-penicillin antibodies, being more sensitive than the HA and the RAST.", "PMID": 382902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5897", "title": "Clinical and biochemical evaluations of premedicants. A double-blind assessment of clobazam, a new 1,5 benzodiazepine.", "content": "Clobazam is a new 1,5 benzodiazepine which differs from the 1,4 benzodiazepines such as diazepam, in that it displays a wide separation of its tranquillising or anxiolytic effects from impairment of cortical arousal and psychomotor performance. Its potential advantages as a premedicant for day-case or outpatient surgery were evaluated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study in female patients undergoing minor day surgery. Anxiety reduction was evaluated clinically and by means of plasma cortisol estimations. The clinical evaluation, using an established portocol, did not differentiate either active drug from placebo or between the active drugs; the cortisol results permitted opposing conclusions depending on the statistical approach used. Potential fallacies inherent in the methodology current used for evaluating premedicant drugs are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical evaluations of premedicants. A double-blind assessment of clobazam, a new 1,5 benzodiazepine. Clobazam is a new 1,5 benzodiazepine which differs from the 1,4 benzodiazepines such as diazepam, in that it displays a wide separation of its tranquillising or anxiolytic effects from impairment of cortical arousal and psychomotor performance. Its potential advantages as a premedicant for day-case or outpatient surgery were evaluated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study in female patients undergoing minor day surgery. Anxiety reduction was evaluated clinically and by means of plasma cortisol estimations. The clinical evaluation, using an established portocol, did not differentiate either active drug from placebo or between the active drugs; the cortisol results permitted opposing conclusions depending on the statistical approach used. Potential fallacies inherent in the methodology current used for evaluating premedicant drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 382906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5898", "title": "Atropine and hyoscine.", "content": "The drugs atropine and hyoscine are reviewed in the context of their use by anaesthetists. The results of recent studies are stressed and guidelines given for use of these drugs in modern anaesthetic practice.", "contents": "Atropine and hyoscine. The drugs atropine and hyoscine are reviewed in the context of their use by anaesthetists. The results of recent studies are stressed and guidelines given for use of these drugs in modern anaesthetic practice.", "PMID": 382907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5899", "title": "Morphology of experimental spina bifida in the chick embryo.", "content": "Open malformations of the central nervous system may involve the brain or spinal cord, or both. Preliminary experiments in which a window was cut in the shell overlying early chick embryos (with removal of 2 ml of albumen) produced a range of neural and non-neural malformations. Exposure of Stage 5--10 embryos at 26 hours of incubation produced open brain and cord defects. Embryos were recovered at 11--12 days for gross examination. Open cord defects in 12 day experimental embryos could be divided morphologically into 2 types. One group showed an everted symmetrical plaque of neural tissue. In the other group the cord defect was more irregular, partly covered by skin, and often combined with rump and trunk defects. Skeletal staining showed that vertebral lesions increased in severity in a cranio-caudal sequence. Spina bifida occulta was found in the cervical and upper thoracic regions; spina bifida manifesta, associated with open cord defects, occurred from the lower thoracic to the sacral regions; vertebral deletions were almost confined to the caudal region. Spina bifida manifesta at the site of open cord defects also showed 2 distinct patterns. Regular cord defects were associated with regular spinal defects, showing loss of spinous processes, reduction of laminae and eversion of the pedicles. Irregular cord defects were associated with more irregular spinal defects showing vertebral deletions or fusions, rumplessness, and pelvic reduction. Neither group, however, showed local kyphosis or scoliosis. Early neurogenesis in the avian and human embryos is very similar with development of the spinal cord from neural plate and tail bud materials which fuse in an overlap zone. These experimental defects in the chick embryo, separable into regular and irregular types thus provide a useful model for investigation of the embryogenesis of spina bifida.", "contents": "Morphology of experimental spina bifida in the chick embryo. Open malformations of the central nervous system may involve the brain or spinal cord, or both. Preliminary experiments in which a window was cut in the shell overlying early chick embryos (with removal of 2 ml of albumen) produced a range of neural and non-neural malformations. Exposure of Stage 5--10 embryos at 26 hours of incubation produced open brain and cord defects. Embryos were recovered at 11--12 days for gross examination. Open cord defects in 12 day experimental embryos could be divided morphologically into 2 types. One group showed an everted symmetrical plaque of neural tissue. In the other group the cord defect was more irregular, partly covered by skin, and often combined with rump and trunk defects. Skeletal staining showed that vertebral lesions increased in severity in a cranio-caudal sequence. Spina bifida occulta was found in the cervical and upper thoracic regions; spina bifida manifesta, associated with open cord defects, occurred from the lower thoracic to the sacral regions; vertebral deletions were almost confined to the caudal region. Spina bifida manifesta at the site of open cord defects also showed 2 distinct patterns. Regular cord defects were associated with regular spinal defects, showing loss of spinous processes, reduction of laminae and eversion of the pedicles. Irregular cord defects were associated with more irregular spinal defects showing vertebral deletions or fusions, rumplessness, and pelvic reduction. Neither group, however, showed local kyphosis or scoliosis. Early neurogenesis in the avian and human embryos is very similar with development of the spinal cord from neural plate and tail bud materials which fuse in an overlap zone. These experimental defects in the chick embryo, separable into regular and irregular types thus provide a useful model for investigation of the embryogenesis of spina bifida.", "PMID": 382909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5900", "title": "Mitochondrion-secretory granules complexes in pancreatic islet B-cells.", "content": "Mitochondrion-Secretory Granule Complexes (MSGC) are present in rodent pancreatic islet B-cells, characteristically showing fusion of mitochondria and secretory granules, absence of granule membrane and external mitochondrial membrane at place of contact, often invagination of internal mitochondrial membrane at place of contact forming an electron lucent space directly continuous with the \"halo\" of the secretory granules, and occurrence of potassium pyroantimonate precipitates in either or both of mitochondria and secretory granules. The MSGC are believed to possess functional significance, possibly playing a role in translocation of ions between mitochondria and secretory granules in the B-cells.", "contents": "Mitochondrion-secretory granules complexes in pancreatic islet B-cells. Mitochondrion-Secretory Granule Complexes (MSGC) are present in rodent pancreatic islet B-cells, characteristically showing fusion of mitochondria and secretory granules, absence of granule membrane and external mitochondrial membrane at place of contact, often invagination of internal mitochondrial membrane at place of contact forming an electron lucent space directly continuous with the \"halo\" of the secretory granules, and occurrence of potassium pyroantimonate precipitates in either or both of mitochondria and secretory granules. The MSGC are believed to possess functional significance, possibly playing a role in translocation of ions between mitochondria and secretory granules in the B-cells.", "PMID": 382910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5901", "title": "Development of T and B cell areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of the rat.", "content": "In the present study the early development of peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, popliteal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches) is described in terms of homing patterns of T and B cells, demonstrated with immunohistoperoxidatic detection of characteristic membrane antigen in normal rats and with routine histology in neonatally thymectomized rats. In the first days after birth the peripheral lymphoid organs are almost exclusively populated by T cells. After neonatal thymectomy lymphocytes appear in the dome areas of Peyer's patches from four to six days after birth, in mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes lymphocytes are found in the outer cortex from day 6 and day 8 respectively and in the marginal zone of the spleen from eight days onwards. These lymphocytes showed no membrane staining when reacted for T antigen with immunohistoperoxidatic techniques. The morphological evidence for considering Peyer's patches of rats as central inductive sites for the generation of B cells is poor. The discrepancy in the order of appearance of T and B cell (sub)populations in spleen compartments in normal ontogenetic development and lethally irradiated, stem cell reconstituted animals is discussed.", "contents": "Development of T and B cell areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of the rat. In the present study the early development of peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, popliteal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches) is described in terms of homing patterns of T and B cells, demonstrated with immunohistoperoxidatic detection of characteristic membrane antigen in normal rats and with routine histology in neonatally thymectomized rats. In the first days after birth the peripheral lymphoid organs are almost exclusively populated by T cells. After neonatal thymectomy lymphocytes appear in the dome areas of Peyer's patches from four to six days after birth, in mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes lymphocytes are found in the outer cortex from day 6 and day 8 respectively and in the marginal zone of the spleen from eight days onwards. These lymphocytes showed no membrane staining when reacted for T antigen with immunohistoperoxidatic techniques. The morphological evidence for considering Peyer's patches of rats as central inductive sites for the generation of B cells is poor. The discrepancy in the order of appearance of T and B cell (sub)populations in spleen compartments in normal ontogenetic development and lethally irradiated, stem cell reconstituted animals is discussed.", "PMID": 382912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5902", "title": "Structure of Retzius lines in partially demineralized human enamel.", "content": "Human third molars were partially demineralized in an acid-alcohol solution and embedded in Epon 812. Six-micron sections were cut from regions of the cervical enamel exhibiting prominent Retzius lines. The plastic was removed from the specimens by microincineration and were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The most prominent structural feature seen along the Retzius lines was the cervical translocation of some of the prisms. The scanning electron microscopic images also suggested that prisms were translocating in the transverse plane of the tooth. A series of pores, which appeared to be empty, were observed in association with the translocations occurring along the Retzius lines.", "contents": "Structure of Retzius lines in partially demineralized human enamel. Human third molars were partially demineralized in an acid-alcohol solution and embedded in Epon 812. Six-micron sections were cut from regions of the cervical enamel exhibiting prominent Retzius lines. The plastic was removed from the specimens by microincineration and were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The most prominent structural feature seen along the Retzius lines was the cervical translocation of some of the prisms. The scanning electron microscopic images also suggested that prisms were translocating in the transverse plane of the tooth. A series of pores, which appeared to be empty, were observed in association with the translocations occurring along the Retzius lines.", "PMID": 382913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5903", "title": "Comparison of anesthesia with diazepam and ketamine vs. morphine in patients undergoing heart-valve replacement.", "content": "Because of its analgesic and amnesic effects, ketamine has potential advantages as a primary agent for patients undergoing open-heart surgery. However, the undesirable positive inotropic and chronotropic effects associated with ketamine have deterred its use. Diazepam pretreatment appears to block these unwanted effects. Sixteen randomly selected patients were given a combination of diazepam, 0.4 mg/kg, followed by ketamine, 2 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. The authors compared the circulatory responses to induction, intubation, and operation with those obtained in a matched group of patients who received morphine, 3 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. All patients underwent mitral- or aortic-valve replacement. Circulatory responses were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and rate-pressure product increased significantly with intubation of the trachea, incision of the skin, and sternotomy. The incidences of hypertension, hypotension, and arrhythmias, and the need for inotropic drugs were not significantly different between the two groups. No intraoperative awareness occurred in either group. It is concluded that diazepam-ketamine anesthesia is a satisfactory alternative to morphine anesthesia for patient undergoing heart-valve replacement.", "contents": "Comparison of anesthesia with diazepam and ketamine vs. morphine in patients undergoing heart-valve replacement. Because of its analgesic and amnesic effects, ketamine has potential advantages as a primary agent for patients undergoing open-heart surgery. However, the undesirable positive inotropic and chronotropic effects associated with ketamine have deterred its use. Diazepam pretreatment appears to block these unwanted effects. Sixteen randomly selected patients were given a combination of diazepam, 0.4 mg/kg, followed by ketamine, 2 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. The authors compared the circulatory responses to induction, intubation, and operation with those obtained in a matched group of patients who received morphine, 3 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. All patients underwent mitral- or aortic-valve replacement. Circulatory responses were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and rate-pressure product increased significantly with intubation of the trachea, incision of the skin, and sternotomy. The incidences of hypertension, hypotension, and arrhythmias, and the need for inotropic drugs were not significantly different between the two groups. No intraoperative awareness occurred in either group. It is concluded that diazepam-ketamine anesthesia is a satisfactory alternative to morphine anesthesia for patient undergoing heart-valve replacement.", "PMID": 382914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5904", "title": "Immuno-enzymatic study of IgG subclasses specific for allergen in house dust immediate hypersensitivity.", "content": "Investigation of the serum-specific IgE by the RAST technique and of the four specific subclasses of IgG in house dust allergy by an immuno-enzymatic assay was made among healthy control subjects, non-treated atopic patients and hyposensitized patients. There was evidence that the titer of specific IgE remains high in the treated patients regardless of their improvement or non-improvement clinically. A good prognostic significance, however, correlates with a low specific IgG4 titer in the serum, but the pathogenic significance of IgG4 cannot be determined until these immunoglobulins can be studied on the membrances of circulating basophils of hyposensitized patients.", "contents": "Immuno-enzymatic study of IgG subclasses specific for allergen in house dust immediate hypersensitivity. Investigation of the serum-specific IgE by the RAST technique and of the four specific subclasses of IgG in house dust allergy by an immuno-enzymatic assay was made among healthy control subjects, non-treated atopic patients and hyposensitized patients. There was evidence that the titer of specific IgE remains high in the treated patients regardless of their improvement or non-improvement clinically. A good prognostic significance, however, correlates with a low specific IgG4 titer in the serum, but the pathogenic significance of IgG4 cannot be determined until these immunoglobulins can be studied on the membrances of circulating basophils of hyposensitized patients.", "PMID": 382920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5905", "title": "Indirect fluorescent antibody test in occult dirofilariasis.", "content": "Indirect fluorescent antibody titers to Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria (IFA-mf) and peripheral eosinophilia were recorded from 15 to 52 months in ten experimentally infected dogs with occult dirofilariasis (heartworm infection without microfilaremia). Five dogs which were experimentally sensitized with D immitis microfilaria did not exhibit microfilaremia after inoculation with infective-stage larvae. In three other dogs, microfilaremia suddenly ceased after 4 to 7 months. In these three dogs, antimicrofilarial antibodies were detectable by IFA-mf test as soon as microfilaremia ended. In the remaining two dogs, which exhibited spontaneous occult dirofilariasis, antibodies were detected at the end of the prepatent period of 6 months. The presence of adult worms was confirmed by angiocardiography. Significant IFA=mf titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) persisted after successful treatment with an adulticide. Reinfection of treated dogs reestablished occult dirofilarasis. Eosinophilia was present in all dogs and peaked at about 3, 6, and 9 months after they were inoculated with infective-stage larvae. At necropsy, the ten dogs harbored gravid, reproducing adult worms in the heart and pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "Indirect fluorescent antibody test in occult dirofilariasis. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers to Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria (IFA-mf) and peripheral eosinophilia were recorded from 15 to 52 months in ten experimentally infected dogs with occult dirofilariasis (heartworm infection without microfilaremia). Five dogs which were experimentally sensitized with D immitis microfilaria did not exhibit microfilaremia after inoculation with infective-stage larvae. In three other dogs, microfilaremia suddenly ceased after 4 to 7 months. In these three dogs, antimicrofilarial antibodies were detectable by IFA-mf test as soon as microfilaremia ended. In the remaining two dogs, which exhibited spontaneous occult dirofilariasis, antibodies were detected at the end of the prepatent period of 6 months. The presence of adult worms was confirmed by angiocardiography. Significant IFA=mf titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) persisted after successful treatment with an adulticide. Reinfection of treated dogs reestablished occult dirofilarasis. Eosinophilia was present in all dogs and peaked at about 3, 6, and 9 months after they were inoculated with infective-stage larvae. At necropsy, the ten dogs harbored gravid, reproducing adult worms in the heart and pulmonary arteries.", "PMID": 382922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5906", "title": "A rapid and simplified technique for the assay of chicken hemolytic complement.", "content": "The technique described is a modification of a qualitative hemolytic radial diffusion technique. The test involves the use of sensitized sheep erythrocytes that have been incorporated into agarose. Tube dilutions were made of chicken serum and samples of each dilution were placed into wells cut in the agarose. The test is quantitative for hemolytic complement in that the highest dilution showing visible hemolysis of sensitized erythrocytes in agarose is determined to be the endpoint for that serum sample. The test as compared with the standard tube assay was determined to be less sensitive by approximately one dilution. The advantages of speed, simplicity, and cost more than offset the decrease in sensitivity of the test.", "contents": "A rapid and simplified technique for the assay of chicken hemolytic complement. The technique described is a modification of a qualitative hemolytic radial diffusion technique. The test involves the use of sensitized sheep erythrocytes that have been incorporated into agarose. Tube dilutions were made of chicken serum and samples of each dilution were placed into wells cut in the agarose. The test is quantitative for hemolytic complement in that the highest dilution showing visible hemolysis of sensitized erythrocytes in agarose is determined to be the endpoint for that serum sample. The test as compared with the standard tube assay was determined to be less sensitive by approximately one dilution. The advantages of speed, simplicity, and cost more than offset the decrease in sensitivity of the test.", "PMID": 382923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5907", "title": "Cyclic release of luteinizing hormone and the effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone injection in Asiatic elephants.", "content": "Cyclic changes in serum concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) were observed throughout the estrous cycle of Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus). The increase in serum LH was correlated with a slight increase in serum estradiol concentration and the onset of behavioral heat (willingness to mate). In a second series of studies, injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after 3 days of estrone administration induced an increase in serum LH. These studies indicate that the Asiatic elephant exhibits a cyclic LH release that can be experimentally induced by estrone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone administration.", "contents": "Cyclic release of luteinizing hormone and the effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone injection in Asiatic elephants. Cyclic changes in serum concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) were observed throughout the estrous cycle of Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus). The increase in serum LH was correlated with a slight increase in serum estradiol concentration and the onset of behavioral heat (willingness to mate). In a second series of studies, injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after 3 days of estrone administration induced an increase in serum LH. These studies indicate that the Asiatic elephant exhibits a cyclic LH release that can be experimentally induced by estrone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone administration.", "PMID": 382924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5908", "title": "Potentiation of lymphocyte mitogenic responses to concanavalin A by antigen-activated peripheral blood monocytes.", "content": "Purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated monocytes derived from Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized cattle significantly potentiated lymphocyte mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (conA), as measured by incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA. Monocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of PPD, washed thoroughly, and mixed with purified lymphocytes; various doses of conA were added to these cultures, and the cultures were incubated for 4 days and assayed for DNA synthesis. The lymphocyte mitogenic responses to suboptimal, buy not optimal, doses of conA were significantly enhanced by the presence of PPD-activated monocytes from M bovis-sensitized cattle. Treatment nonsensitized cattle with PPD did not result in any significant enhancement of conA-induced lymphocyte mitogenic responses at any dose of conA tested.", "contents": "Potentiation of lymphocyte mitogenic responses to concanavalin A by antigen-activated peripheral blood monocytes. Purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated monocytes derived from Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized cattle significantly potentiated lymphocyte mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (conA), as measured by incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA. Monocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of PPD, washed thoroughly, and mixed with purified lymphocytes; various doses of conA were added to these cultures, and the cultures were incubated for 4 days and assayed for DNA synthesis. The lymphocyte mitogenic responses to suboptimal, buy not optimal, doses of conA were significantly enhanced by the presence of PPD-activated monocytes from M bovis-sensitized cattle. Treatment nonsensitized cattle with PPD did not result in any significant enhancement of conA-induced lymphocyte mitogenic responses at any dose of conA tested.", "PMID": 382926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5909", "title": "Endotoxin absorption in hay-fed and lactic acidotic sheep.", "content": "Absorption of endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated in hay-fed and lactic acidotic sheep duodenally infused with 10 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin, and in lactic acidotic sheep not infused. The effect of abomasal fluid on biological activity of endotoxin was also evaluated. Leukopenia was the criterion used for detecting endotoxemia. Absorption of endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract was not detected in either hay-fed or lactic acidotic sheep. Endotoxin appeared to maintain its activity after incubation with abomasal fluid, and the presence of endogenous endotoxin in abomasal contents was indicated. The results indicate that endotoxin of alimentary origin may not be involved in the lactic acidosis syndrome in ruminants.", "contents": "Endotoxin absorption in hay-fed and lactic acidotic sheep. Absorption of endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated in hay-fed and lactic acidotic sheep duodenally infused with 10 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin, and in lactic acidotic sheep not infused. The effect of abomasal fluid on biological activity of endotoxin was also evaluated. Leukopenia was the criterion used for detecting endotoxemia. Absorption of endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract was not detected in either hay-fed or lactic acidotic sheep. Endotoxin appeared to maintain its activity after incubation with abomasal fluid, and the presence of endogenous endotoxin in abomasal contents was indicated. The results indicate that endotoxin of alimentary origin may not be involved in the lactic acidosis syndrome in ruminants.", "PMID": 382927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5910", "title": "Transmissible antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolated from random-source cats purchased for use in research.", "content": "Salmonella isolates from random-source cats designated for use in research were examined for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of plasmids containing R factors. The serotypes studied were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium, S anatum, S enteritidis, and S bredeney. Eighty percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The greatest frequency of resistance was to streptomycin. The majority of the salmonella isolates transferred all or a part of their antibiotic resistance to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient. Thermosensitive R factors were found in two S typhimurium isolates.", "contents": "Transmissible antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolated from random-source cats purchased for use in research. Salmonella isolates from random-source cats designated for use in research were examined for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of plasmids containing R factors. The serotypes studied were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium, S anatum, S enteritidis, and S bredeney. Eighty percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The greatest frequency of resistance was to streptomycin. The majority of the salmonella isolates transferred all or a part of their antibiotic resistance to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient. Thermosensitive R factors were found in two S typhimurium isolates.", "PMID": 382928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5911", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity of hyperpepsinogenemic I and normopepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "In a search for a genetic marker of duodenal ulcer, we measured serum pepsinogen I levels in 168 ulcer patients and 151 of their clinically normal siblings. The ulcer patients tended to have either hyperpepsinogenemia I (pepsinogen I, greater than or equal to 100 ng/mL) or a normal level on a familial basis. Further evidence supporting this separation was the finding that the mean serum pepsinogen I level in the clinically normal siblings of the hyperpepsinogenemic patients was 91.2 ng/mL, significantly higher than the mean level (63.1 ng/mL) in the normal siblings of the normopepsinogenemic I patients. In the hyperpepsinogenemic I families the results of segregation analysis of an elevated pepsinogen I were consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance of this trait. The genetic basis of normopepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer was also shown by the familial aggregation of this disorder. These data provide direct evidence for genetic heterogeneity of duodenal ulcer disease.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity of hyperpepsinogenemic I and normopepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer disease. In a search for a genetic marker of duodenal ulcer, we measured serum pepsinogen I levels in 168 ulcer patients and 151 of their clinically normal siblings. The ulcer patients tended to have either hyperpepsinogenemia I (pepsinogen I, greater than or equal to 100 ng/mL) or a normal level on a familial basis. Further evidence supporting this separation was the finding that the mean serum pepsinogen I level in the clinically normal siblings of the hyperpepsinogenemic patients was 91.2 ng/mL, significantly higher than the mean level (63.1 ng/mL) in the normal siblings of the normopepsinogenemic I patients. In the hyperpepsinogenemic I families the results of segregation analysis of an elevated pepsinogen I were consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance of this trait. The genetic basis of normopepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer was also shown by the familial aggregation of this disorder. These data provide direct evidence for genetic heterogeneity of duodenal ulcer disease.", "PMID": 382934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5912", "title": "A familial occurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "A family was recently studied in which two brothers with identical HLA serotypes had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. One of the two had a normal bronchogram. A field investigation of the family residence showed that a barn was the probable source of the organism causing disease in these patients. Immunologic characterization of the family members showed a broad spectrum of response to the environmental exposure.", "contents": "A familial occurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. A family was recently studied in which two brothers with identical HLA serotypes had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. One of the two had a normal bronchogram. A field investigation of the family residence showed that a barn was the probable source of the organism causing disease in these patients. Immunologic characterization of the family members showed a broad spectrum of response to the environmental exposure.", "PMID": 382935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5913", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "We analyzed serum from six patients with pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma for the presence of circulating immune complexes. These levels were correlated with the pulmonary histopathology and immunofluorescence findings. Levels of circulating immune complexes were elevated in five subjects. All of the subjects had an active cellular histology. Immunofluorescent studies showed granular deposits of IgG and complement (C3) in alveolar walls and blood vessels in all five patients. One subject had no detectable circulating immune complexes and showed a predominantly fibrotic pattern by light microscopy. In addition, immunofluorescence in this patient also showed no immunoglobulin or complement deposition within the lung tissue. These findings show that circulating immune complexlike activity is present in patients with cellular disease and suggest that their formation or deposition, or both, may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma. We analyzed serum from six patients with pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma for the presence of circulating immune complexes. These levels were correlated with the pulmonary histopathology and immunofluorescence findings. Levels of circulating immune complexes were elevated in five subjects. All of the subjects had an active cellular histology. Immunofluorescent studies showed granular deposits of IgG and complement (C3) in alveolar walls and blood vessels in all five patients. One subject had no detectable circulating immune complexes and showed a predominantly fibrotic pattern by light microscopy. In addition, immunofluorescence in this patient also showed no immunoglobulin or complement deposition within the lung tissue. These findings show that circulating immune complexlike activity is present in patients with cellular disease and suggest that their formation or deposition, or both, may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "PMID": 382936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5914", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the United States.", "content": "After approximately 5 years of clinical use in Great Britain and other European countries, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in fixed-dose combination was introduced into the United States in 1973. As a result of sequential blockade in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, the antimicrobial activity of the combination exceeds that of either agent alone. Although the drug is approved for use in only chronic urinary-tract infection, otitis media, shigellosis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, many experimental clinical trials suggest that this agent may be useful in a number of other infectious disorders. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally well tolerated even with long-term administration, but its potential for hematologic toxicity and nephrotoxicity must be monitored.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the United States. After approximately 5 years of clinical use in Great Britain and other European countries, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in fixed-dose combination was introduced into the United States in 1973. As a result of sequential blockade in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, the antimicrobial activity of the combination exceeds that of either agent alone. Although the drug is approved for use in only chronic urinary-tract infection, otitis media, shigellosis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, many experimental clinical trials suggest that this agent may be useful in a number of other infectious disorders. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally well tolerated even with long-term administration, but its potential for hematologic toxicity and nephrotoxicity must be monitored.", "PMID": 382938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5915", "title": "UCLA conference. Circulating immune complexes: their immunochemistry, detection, and importance.", "content": "The size and molecular composition of circulating immune complexes depend on various factors, including the concentrations and valences of antigens and antibodies and the antigen-antibody ratio. The composition and biological properties of circulating immune complexes, in turn, influence their fate in vivo as well as the likelihood of their detection by various assays. Several assays clearly detect circulating immune complexes, but no single assay has yet been shown to be the most sensitive and the most specific for the entire spectrum of circulating immune complexes. Assays correlate poorly with each other, but this may be desirable if we are to determine which circulating immune complexes have diagnostic, prognostic, or pathogenic importance. Circulating immune complexes are found in numerous rheumatologic disorders and infectious diseases. Their presence in the circulation statistically correlates with disease activity; however, the assays currently used have limited value for diagnosing or aiding in therapeutic decisions. Nevertheless, the future holds promise for such uses.", "contents": "UCLA conference. Circulating immune complexes: their immunochemistry, detection, and importance. The size and molecular composition of circulating immune complexes depend on various factors, including the concentrations and valences of antigens and antibodies and the antigen-antibody ratio. The composition and biological properties of circulating immune complexes, in turn, influence their fate in vivo as well as the likelihood of their detection by various assays. Several assays clearly detect circulating immune complexes, but no single assay has yet been shown to be the most sensitive and the most specific for the entire spectrum of circulating immune complexes. Assays correlate poorly with each other, but this may be desirable if we are to determine which circulating immune complexes have diagnostic, prognostic, or pathogenic importance. Circulating immune complexes are found in numerous rheumatologic disorders and infectious diseases. Their presence in the circulation statistically correlates with disease activity; however, the assays currently used have limited value for diagnosing or aiding in therapeutic decisions. Nevertheless, the future holds promise for such uses.", "PMID": 382939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5916", "title": "Coronary artery spasm.", "content": "Coronary artery spasm is an important pathogenetic mechanism in some forms of myocardial ischemic disease. Factors that may be important in the genesis of spasm include the autonomic nervous system, prostaglandins, endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and the calcium availability to the contractile apparatus. Spasm results in myocardial ischemia with attendant chest pain and electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes; it is the primary pathogenetic mechanism in Prinzmetal's variant angina and has been found in association with classic angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction. Diagnosis of coronary artery spasm is firmly made only by coronary angiography. Treatment includes the use of both short- and long-acting nitrates and the slow-channel blocking agents such as verapamil, nifedipine, and perhexiline.", "contents": "Coronary artery spasm. Coronary artery spasm is an important pathogenetic mechanism in some forms of myocardial ischemic disease. Factors that may be important in the genesis of spasm include the autonomic nervous system, prostaglandins, endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and the calcium availability to the contractile apparatus. Spasm results in myocardial ischemia with attendant chest pain and electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes; it is the primary pathogenetic mechanism in Prinzmetal's variant angina and has been found in association with classic angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction. Diagnosis of coronary artery spasm is firmly made only by coronary angiography. Treatment includes the use of both short- and long-acting nitrates and the slow-channel blocking agents such as verapamil, nifedipine, and perhexiline.", "PMID": 382940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5917", "title": "Interferons: rationale for clinical trials in neoplastic disease.", "content": "Interferons, cell glycoproteins synthesized in response to viral infections and various nonviral inducers, have proved therapeutically effective for viral infections in experimental models and in humans. Current evidence suggests interferons may also prove effective as antitumor agents in humans. Potent effects on cellular function result from interferons. Cell surface structure and enzyme levels are altered. Immunologic responses thought to be important in tumor immunity are augmented. Interferons have antiproliferative effects on the replication of normal and neoplastic cells. Interferons are effective in animals against tumors of both viral and nonviral origin. Clinical trials in cancer have been limited by the availability and cost of human interferons. However, results in small numbers of patients have been encouraging. This paper review experimental and clinical findings regarding the rationale for use of interferons in neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Interferons: rationale for clinical trials in neoplastic disease. Interferons, cell glycoproteins synthesized in response to viral infections and various nonviral inducers, have proved therapeutically effective for viral infections in experimental models and in humans. Current evidence suggests interferons may also prove effective as antitumor agents in humans. Potent effects on cellular function result from interferons. Cell surface structure and enzyme levels are altered. Immunologic responses thought to be important in tumor immunity are augmented. Interferons have antiproliferative effects on the replication of normal and neoplastic cells. Interferons are effective in animals against tumors of both viral and nonviral origin. Clinical trials in cancer have been limited by the availability and cost of human interferons. However, results in small numbers of patients have been encouraging. This paper review experimental and clinical findings regarding the rationale for use of interferons in neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 382941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5918", "title": "Loss of plasmid-mediated resistance after conversion of a group B streptococcus strain to a stable cell wall deficient variant.", "content": "A group B streptococcus strain carrying plasmid DNA determining resistance to several drugs was converted by penicillin to cell wall (CW) defective and then to CW deficient variants (L-forms). The stable CW deficient variants became susceptible to antibiotics in study. Dye-buoyant density analysis of the DNA of CW deficient variants showed that the loss of antibiotic resistance was associated with the loss of extrachromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Loss of plasmid-mediated resistance after conversion of a group B streptococcus strain to a stable cell wall deficient variant. A group B streptococcus strain carrying plasmid DNA determining resistance to several drugs was converted by penicillin to cell wall (CW) defective and then to CW deficient variants (L-forms). The stable CW deficient variants became susceptible to antibiotics in study. Dye-buoyant density analysis of the DNA of CW deficient variants showed that the loss of antibiotic resistance was associated with the loss of extrachromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 382949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5919", "title": "[Gas-liquid chromatography of non-volatile fatty acid produced by \"Yersinia enterocolitica\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolic products (non-volatile fatty acids) of 24 strains belonging to four Yersinia enterocolitica groups (typical, sucrose negative, rhamnose positive, melibiose and rhamnose positive) were examined by gas liquid chromatography. All strains produced lactic, pyruvic and succinic acids. This technique did not allow any classification for taxonomic purpose. The evolution of lactic and succinic acid production was monitored for 72 h in shaked and non-shaked cultures. The concentration of both acids increased in the first 24 h, then decreased and increased again after 38 h. Shaked culture produced a lesser amount of lactic acid than did non-shaked culture. Only traces of succinic acid were detected in shaked culture. The quantities of metabolic products of the four strains grown in five media were significantly different. These observations suggest that the composition of the medium, the bacterial growth, inoculum size, incubation technique and the incubation time are important factors in metabolic production by aeroanerobic bacteria. Only constant results in the face of such varying factors could be of taxonomic value.", "contents": "[Gas-liquid chromatography of non-volatile fatty acid produced by \"Yersinia enterocolitica\" (author's transl)]. The metabolic products (non-volatile fatty acids) of 24 strains belonging to four Yersinia enterocolitica groups (typical, sucrose negative, rhamnose positive, melibiose and rhamnose positive) were examined by gas liquid chromatography. All strains produced lactic, pyruvic and succinic acids. This technique did not allow any classification for taxonomic purpose. The evolution of lactic and succinic acid production was monitored for 72 h in shaked and non-shaked cultures. The concentration of both acids increased in the first 24 h, then decreased and increased again after 38 h. Shaked culture produced a lesser amount of lactic acid than did non-shaked culture. Only traces of succinic acid were detected in shaked culture. The quantities of metabolic products of the four strains grown in five media were significantly different. These observations suggest that the composition of the medium, the bacterial growth, inoculum size, incubation technique and the incubation time are important factors in metabolic production by aeroanerobic bacteria. Only constant results in the face of such varying factors could be of taxonomic value.", "PMID": 382950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5920", "title": "Immunogenic complexes obtained from Salmonella typhi-murium and Salmonella typhi Ty2 by the bacterial acetone powder method.", "content": "An immunogenic complex was isolated from Salmonella typhi-murium and another one from Salmonella typhi Ty2. Both were prepared by the bacterial acetone powder method which eliminated the cell wall, the DNA almost completely and the membrane phospholipids. The complexes were denominated \"New Vaccines\". The S. typhi-murium new vaccine induced, even at doses of 0.5 microgram dry weight per mouse, a high degree of protection against the challenge of the virulent microorganism. By immunoelectrophoresis, 21 antigen-antibody systems could be detected, two of them corresponding to O antigens. The S. typhi Ty2 new vaccine induced better protection than the standard vaccine (heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine) when both vaccines were compared in the relative potency test. Moreover, the new vaccine had very low toxicity when inoculated in humans at doses of 1 microgram dry weight, able to elicite a high antibody titre (1/1,790 mean of 10 sera) in 75% of the tested population, estimated by the complement fixation test. In contrast, the standard vaccine induced a low antibody titre (1/222, mean of 5 sera) in 50% of the humans inoculated with 1 X 10(8) bacterial cells. The new vaccine did not induce undesirable effects whereas the standard vaccine induced an important inflammatory process in 100% of the cases, with intense local pain in 67% after 24 h post-first inoculation as well as other less severe symptoms.", "contents": "Immunogenic complexes obtained from Salmonella typhi-murium and Salmonella typhi Ty2 by the bacterial acetone powder method. An immunogenic complex was isolated from Salmonella typhi-murium and another one from Salmonella typhi Ty2. Both were prepared by the bacterial acetone powder method which eliminated the cell wall, the DNA almost completely and the membrane phospholipids. The complexes were denominated \"New Vaccines\". The S. typhi-murium new vaccine induced, even at doses of 0.5 microgram dry weight per mouse, a high degree of protection against the challenge of the virulent microorganism. By immunoelectrophoresis, 21 antigen-antibody systems could be detected, two of them corresponding to O antigens. The S. typhi Ty2 new vaccine induced better protection than the standard vaccine (heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine) when both vaccines were compared in the relative potency test. Moreover, the new vaccine had very low toxicity when inoculated in humans at doses of 1 microgram dry weight, able to elicite a high antibody titre (1/1,790 mean of 10 sera) in 75% of the tested population, estimated by the complement fixation test. In contrast, the standard vaccine induced a low antibody titre (1/222, mean of 5 sera) in 50% of the humans inoculated with 1 X 10(8) bacterial cells. The new vaccine did not induce undesirable effects whereas the standard vaccine induced an important inflammatory process in 100% of the cases, with intense local pain in 67% after 24 h post-first inoculation as well as other less severe symptoms.", "PMID": 382951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5921", "title": "Interaction of Mycobacterium leprae and mycobacteriophage D29.", "content": "This study of the interaction between Mycobacterium leprae and the mycobacteriophage D29 showed that the viruses caused a patchy damage of cell wall structure and the accumulation in the host of internal crystalline structures. Whether the observed ultrastructural alterations were caused by the replication of D29 was not clear. Mitomycin C also caused the accumulation of crystalline structures in M. leprae.", "contents": "Interaction of Mycobacterium leprae and mycobacteriophage D29. This study of the interaction between Mycobacterium leprae and the mycobacteriophage D29 showed that the viruses caused a patchy damage of cell wall structure and the accumulation in the host of internal crystalline structures. Whether the observed ultrastructural alterations were caused by the replication of D29 was not clear. Mitomycin C also caused the accumulation of crystalline structures in M. leprae.", "PMID": 382947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5922", "title": "[Fate of orally administered antibiotic sensitive \"Escherichia coli\" in the intestine of the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "In an intensive care unit, 14 newborns, without antibiotic intake, received orally 1 ml of culture broth from an antibiotic-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli marked with resistance to sodium azide. The purpose was to study the fate of the E. coli administered and to determine whether an interaction was obtained between that strain and antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in the gut flora. In 3 infants the strain administered developed and was the only enterobacterium excreted during the first week; in 4 others the strain was recovered during one week or more, in quantities greater than 10(6)/g of stools. In 6 others, the strain appeared for less than one week, and/or in quantity less than 10(6)/g of stools. In 1 child the strain could not be recovered at all. These data show what is obtained in \"holoxenic\" newborns in spite of challenge with many other bacteria. They have been obtained with an ubiquitus E. coli and can be used as a control for further studies.", "contents": "[Fate of orally administered antibiotic sensitive \"Escherichia coli\" in the intestine of the newborn (author's transl)]. In an intensive care unit, 14 newborns, without antibiotic intake, received orally 1 ml of culture broth from an antibiotic-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli marked with resistance to sodium azide. The purpose was to study the fate of the E. coli administered and to determine whether an interaction was obtained between that strain and antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in the gut flora. In 3 infants the strain administered developed and was the only enterobacterium excreted during the first week; in 4 others the strain was recovered during one week or more, in quantities greater than 10(6)/g of stools. In 6 others, the strain appeared for less than one week, and/or in quantity less than 10(6)/g of stools. In 1 child the strain could not be recovered at all. These data show what is obtained in \"holoxenic\" newborns in spite of challenge with many other bacteria. They have been obtained with an ubiquitus E. coli and can be used as a control for further studies.", "PMID": 382948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5923", "title": "Animal obesities.", "content": "Genetically or experimentally-produced (e.g. via lesions of the hypothalamus) obese animals have several common features such as increased hepatic lipogenesis (resulting in fat infiltration) and increased hepatic lipoprotein secretion, together, with increased adipose tissue lipogenesis. These abnormalities appear to be related primarily to hyperinsulinemia as they are reversed to or toward normal when hyperinsulinemia is corrected or, conversely, as they develop concomitantly with hyperinsulinemia. In the liver (ob/ob mice), another defect can be demonstrated, i.e. a decreased hepatic insulin clearance. This defect is also related to hyperinsulinemia and is markedly reduced upon normalizing hyperinsulinemia of obese mice. Hyperinsulinemia may thus be a key feature of the obesity syndromes, and bring about most of the abnormalities noted, including the subsequent state of insulin resistance known to exist in obese animals. The etiology of hyperinsulinemia of genetically obese animals is still unknown. Among the possible mechanisms one should cite possible primary dysfunction of the pancreas, possible primary dysregulation, by the hypothalamus, of overall endocrine pancreas activity.", "contents": "Animal obesities. Genetically or experimentally-produced (e.g. via lesions of the hypothalamus) obese animals have several common features such as increased hepatic lipogenesis (resulting in fat infiltration) and increased hepatic lipoprotein secretion, together, with increased adipose tissue lipogenesis. These abnormalities appear to be related primarily to hyperinsulinemia as they are reversed to or toward normal when hyperinsulinemia is corrected or, conversely, as they develop concomitantly with hyperinsulinemia. In the liver (ob/ob mice), another defect can be demonstrated, i.e. a decreased hepatic insulin clearance. This defect is also related to hyperinsulinemia and is markedly reduced upon normalizing hyperinsulinemia of obese mice. Hyperinsulinemia may thus be a key feature of the obesity syndromes, and bring about most of the abnormalities noted, including the subsequent state of insulin resistance known to exist in obese animals. The etiology of hyperinsulinemia of genetically obese animals is still unknown. Among the possible mechanisms one should cite possible primary dysfunction of the pancreas, possible primary dysregulation, by the hypothalamus, of overall endocrine pancreas activity.", "PMID": 382957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5924", "title": "Beta-lipotropin precursor of beta-MSH and beta-endorphin.", "content": "The molecule beta-lipotropin, composed of 91 amino acids (beta-LPH 1-91) has gained considerable importance in recent years. Its double role as the precursor of beta-MSH (beta-LPH 41-58) and beta-endorphin (beta-LPH 61-91) makes this peptide unique in its kind. Results are presented on the role of this molecule and on the complete characterization of two morphine-like peptides from human and sheep pituitaries. The structure-activity relationship of opiate activity is analyzed by scanning for this biological activity of many tryptic and CNBr fragments of beta-lipotropin. The unequivocal localization of one of the important synthesis sites of beta-endorphin in the pituitary neurointermediate lobe is presented. A peptide with partial sequence Met1, Leu8,15 and Lys6,11, 27, 29, 33 has been biosynthesized in large quantities and its ubiquitous nature and conservation of sequence speaks for its importance and possible presence in many living cells. This polypeptide was subsequently identified as ubiquitin, a non-histone fragment of the nuclear protein A-24.", "contents": "Beta-lipotropin precursor of beta-MSH and beta-endorphin. The molecule beta-lipotropin, composed of 91 amino acids (beta-LPH 1-91) has gained considerable importance in recent years. Its double role as the precursor of beta-MSH (beta-LPH 41-58) and beta-endorphin (beta-LPH 61-91) makes this peptide unique in its kind. Results are presented on the role of this molecule and on the complete characterization of two morphine-like peptides from human and sheep pituitaries. The structure-activity relationship of opiate activity is analyzed by scanning for this biological activity of many tryptic and CNBr fragments of beta-lipotropin. The unequivocal localization of one of the important synthesis sites of beta-endorphin in the pituitary neurointermediate lobe is presented. A peptide with partial sequence Met1, Leu8,15 and Lys6,11, 27, 29, 33 has been biosynthesized in large quantities and its ubiquitous nature and conservation of sequence speaks for its importance and possible presence in many living cells. This polypeptide was subsequently identified as ubiquitin, a non-histone fragment of the nuclear protein A-24.", "PMID": 382958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5925", "title": "[The problem of \"Duhring-Brocq's\" disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Inquiry in the french dermatological main centers and a survey of the literature suggest that the once described as Duhring-Brocq disease in children, may refer to three distinct bullous diseases. Taking in account clinical features, photon and electron-microscopical data, investigation for basement membrane antibodies, search for intestinal villous atrophy, effectiveness of dapsone or sulfapyridine, it is indeed possible to distinguish:1) bullous pemphigoid (very rarely); 2) dermatitis herpetiformis (not frequently), those two affections being similar to adult forms; 3) benign chronic bullous dermatitis of childhood. This last child specific disease, is the most frequently observed. Its clinical features are comparable to pemphigoids, but histopathology and immunology data are different. Its response to dapsone of sulfapyridine and to free gluten diet is note perfect and not constant, but its evolution is spontaneously favorable after a few years.", "contents": "[The problem of \"Duhring-Brocq's\" disease in children (author's transl)]. Inquiry in the french dermatological main centers and a survey of the literature suggest that the once described as Duhring-Brocq disease in children, may refer to three distinct bullous diseases. Taking in account clinical features, photon and electron-microscopical data, investigation for basement membrane antibodies, search for intestinal villous atrophy, effectiveness of dapsone or sulfapyridine, it is indeed possible to distinguish:1) bullous pemphigoid (very rarely); 2) dermatitis herpetiformis (not frequently), those two affections being similar to adult forms; 3) benign chronic bullous dermatitis of childhood. This last child specific disease, is the most frequently observed. Its clinical features are comparable to pemphigoids, but histopathology and immunology data are different. Its response to dapsone of sulfapyridine and to free gluten diet is note perfect and not constant, but its evolution is spontaneously favorable after a few years.", "PMID": 382960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5926", "title": "[Cell cycle time of normal epidermis, psoriasis and some epidermal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell kinetic of human epidermis has been studied with different techniques of labeling by 3H-thymidine. A review of the literature for human epidermis, psoriasis and some epidermal tumors has been performed and discussed in the light of our own studies. If the cell cycle time seems to be slightly shorter in epidermal tumors in comparison to normal epidermis, this doesn't constitute the fundamental characteristic of the neoplastic lesions. Indeed the most specific alteration in the cell cycle parameters for precancerous and cancerous tissue is a lengthening of the S phase duration. This modification of the DNA synthesis time is perhaps of reflection of the depressed state of the chromatin of neoplastic tissues.", "contents": "[Cell cycle time of normal epidermis, psoriasis and some epidermal tumors (author's transl)]. Cell kinetic of human epidermis has been studied with different techniques of labeling by 3H-thymidine. A review of the literature for human epidermis, psoriasis and some epidermal tumors has been performed and discussed in the light of our own studies. If the cell cycle time seems to be slightly shorter in epidermal tumors in comparison to normal epidermis, this doesn't constitute the fundamental characteristic of the neoplastic lesions. Indeed the most specific alteration in the cell cycle parameters for precancerous and cancerous tissue is a lengthening of the S phase duration. This modification of the DNA synthesis time is perhaps of reflection of the depressed state of the chromatin of neoplastic tissues.", "PMID": 382963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5927", "title": "Fifth Daniel C. Baker Jr. Memorial Lecture. Resident education: past, present and to where.", "content": "The specialties in medicine and surgery developed slowly during the later 19th century and the early decades of this century. The American boards were the focal points for sponsoring specialty societies through which these developments occurred. The resident review committees have also played an important role. Otolaryngology resident education has developed into a progressively structured educational experience so that presently otolaryngology resident education is a broad experience in head and neck oncology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, otology, laryngology, rhinology, allergy and immunology, bronchoesophagology, teaching and research. Resident education is not static. The year of 1978 can be noted as the year of change, for the Resident Review Committee in Otolaryngology recommended that resident education be of five years in duration, one year being in surgery, three years in otolaryngology and one year being elective as to content. Such programming can be highly structured to meet a candidate's present and future needs in manpower, superspecialization and general otolaryngology. In this system superspecialization can and will be recognized and awarded through channels already established in otolaryngology. Manpower and general otolaryngology will also profit.", "contents": "Fifth Daniel C. Baker Jr. Memorial Lecture. Resident education: past, present and to where. The specialties in medicine and surgery developed slowly during the later 19th century and the early decades of this century. The American boards were the focal points for sponsoring specialty societies through which these developments occurred. The resident review committees have also played an important role. Otolaryngology resident education has developed into a progressively structured educational experience so that presently otolaryngology resident education is a broad experience in head and neck oncology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, otology, laryngology, rhinology, allergy and immunology, bronchoesophagology, teaching and research. Resident education is not static. The year of 1978 can be noted as the year of change, for the Resident Review Committee in Otolaryngology recommended that resident education be of five years in duration, one year being in surgery, three years in otolaryngology and one year being elective as to content. Such programming can be highly structured to meet a candidate's present and future needs in manpower, superspecialization and general otolaryngology. In this system superspecialization can and will be recognized and awarded through channels already established in otolaryngology. Manpower and general otolaryngology will also profit.", "PMID": 382959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5928", "title": "The aetiology of colonic suture-line recurrence.", "content": "Cell viability studies have been performed on human desquamated colonic cancer cells obtained by both in-vivo and ex-vivo techniques, and on desquamated colonic cancer cells from an experimental animal model. There was no evidence of cell viability and I conclude that the hypothesis that suture-line recurrence occurs as a result of the implantation of desquamated tumour cells is of questionable validity. Field change in the colonic mucosa has been studied by examining the reactions of the mucosubstances in the goblet cells. A potential correlation between transitional mucosa at the anastomosis and the development of suture-line recurrence was found and warrants further study. The clinical problem has been investigated by the clinicopathological study of 16 patients developing suture-line recurrence in an attempt to discern the aetiology of each. In all but one the recurrence was due to incomplete excision of cancer or, in one instance, a second primary growth.", "contents": "The aetiology of colonic suture-line recurrence. Cell viability studies have been performed on human desquamated colonic cancer cells obtained by both in-vivo and ex-vivo techniques, and on desquamated colonic cancer cells from an experimental animal model. There was no evidence of cell viability and I conclude that the hypothesis that suture-line recurrence occurs as a result of the implantation of desquamated tumour cells is of questionable validity. Field change in the colonic mucosa has been studied by examining the reactions of the mucosubstances in the goblet cells. A potential correlation between transitional mucosa at the anastomosis and the development of suture-line recurrence was found and warrants further study. The clinical problem has been investigated by the clinicopathological study of 16 patients developing suture-line recurrence in an attempt to discern the aetiology of each. In all but one the recurrence was due to incomplete excision of cancer or, in one instance, a second primary growth.", "PMID": 382965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5929", "title": "Transposition of muscle flaps for covering exposed bone in the leg.", "content": "A muscle transposition technique for reconstruction of soft tissue loss and skin defects with exposed bone in the leg is described. Reconstruction with muscle flaps and freee skin grafts is a reliable and convenient one-stage operation. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were used to cover the upper and middle third of the leg. The method was used in 13 patients, and there were 3 failures in the series because of the impaired vascularity of the injuried leg. In 7 cases, including one failure, the soft tissue injury was associated with compound fractures. No functional disability was observed in the leg, ankle or foot after successful transposition of the muscle flap.", "contents": "Transposition of muscle flaps for covering exposed bone in the leg. A muscle transposition technique for reconstruction of soft tissue loss and skin defects with exposed bone in the leg is described. Reconstruction with muscle flaps and freee skin grafts is a reliable and convenient one-stage operation. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were used to cover the upper and middle third of the leg. The method was used in 13 patients, and there were 3 failures in the series because of the impaired vascularity of the injuried leg. In 7 cases, including one failure, the soft tissue injury was associated with compound fractures. No functional disability was observed in the leg, ankle or foot after successful transposition of the muscle flap.", "PMID": 382970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5930", "title": "[Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using the E.L.I.S.A. test (author's transl)].", "content": "An immunoenzymatic test, the E.L.I.S.A. test is used to diagnose human Strongyloidiasis. First results show that this reaction can complete other investigational methods already in use to diagnose this affection, i.e. coproanalysis and intradermal reactions, both in epidemiological studies and individual cases. In addition, the test is a good means of assessing the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using the E.L.I.S.A. test (author's transl)]. An immunoenzymatic test, the E.L.I.S.A. test is used to diagnose human Strongyloidiasis. First results show that this reaction can complete other investigational methods already in use to diagnose this affection, i.e. coproanalysis and intradermal reactions, both in epidemiological studies and individual cases. In addition, the test is a good means of assessing the effectiveness of treatment.", "PMID": 382964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5931", "title": "Tracheo-arterial erosion complicating tracheostomy.", "content": "Tracheo-arterial erosion occurred in 5 cases out of 816 tracheostomized patients, i.e. an incidence of 0.6%. The complication is serious and is nearly always fatal. In one case, treatment was successful, but the other four patients died as a result of massive haemorrhage. On the basis of these cases the factors leading to this complication and the possibilities of treatment are discussed. In one case the main cause of innominate artery erosion was the low lying tracheostomy. This patient was rapidly resuscitated, the blood volume was restored, bleeding controlled by direct finger pressure on the innominate artery and an emergency operation was performed immediately. The innominate artery was excluded from circulation and bypassed with an autogenous venous graft. The patient recovered and is doing well after a follow-up of two and half years.", "contents": "Tracheo-arterial erosion complicating tracheostomy. Tracheo-arterial erosion occurred in 5 cases out of 816 tracheostomized patients, i.e. an incidence of 0.6%. The complication is serious and is nearly always fatal. In one case, treatment was successful, but the other four patients died as a result of massive haemorrhage. On the basis of these cases the factors leading to this complication and the possibilities of treatment are discussed. In one case the main cause of innominate artery erosion was the low lying tracheostomy. This patient was rapidly resuscitated, the blood volume was restored, bleeding controlled by direct finger pressure on the innominate artery and an emergency operation was performed immediately. The innominate artery was excluded from circulation and bypassed with an autogenous venous graft. The patient recovered and is doing well after a follow-up of two and half years.", "PMID": 382971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5932", "title": "[Gonadotropic activity in cultured hypophyses. 1. Adult male rats].", "content": "Adenohypophysial tissue of adult male rats was cultivated for 15 days, in order to eliminate influence from rats other organs, and to obtain a stable spontaneous gonadotropins release in culture medium. It was then stimulated from 15th to 25th day of culture with LH-RH and/or testosterone. LH-RH-induced effects : 2 to 6 times increased LH release, and 2 times increased FSH release, declined from 15th to 25th day, suggesting a loss of receptivity to the stimulating hormone. Testosterone had two direct effects on adenohypophysis : first, when added alone to the culture medium, it did not inhibited LH release and stimulated (x2) FSH release; second, it partially inhibited gonadotropin response to LH-RH.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic activity in cultured hypophyses. 1. Adult male rats]. Adenohypophysial tissue of adult male rats was cultivated for 15 days, in order to eliminate influence from rats other organs, and to obtain a stable spontaneous gonadotropins release in culture medium. It was then stimulated from 15th to 25th day of culture with LH-RH and/or testosterone. LH-RH-induced effects : 2 to 6 times increased LH release, and 2 times increased FSH release, declined from 15th to 25th day, suggesting a loss of receptivity to the stimulating hormone. Testosterone had two direct effects on adenohypophysis : first, when added alone to the culture medium, it did not inhibited LH release and stimulated (x2) FSH release; second, it partially inhibited gonadotropin response to LH-RH.", "PMID": 382972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5933", "title": "[Gonadotropin activity of newborn rat adenohypophysial tissue in culture compared to that of adult rats (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been suggested that low circulating levels of androgens and gonadotropins found in impubertal subjects is due to a low -- setted feed-back regulation system, i.e. sensitivity of that system is higher than that of adult subjects. Cultures of adenohypophysial tissue of 2 to 6 days old male rats were performed and gonadotropins release compared to that obtained from similarly conducted adult male rats pituitary cultures (previous paper). Newborn rat hypophysis was more sensitive to factors stimulating LH release (LH-RH) and FSH release (testosterone). In contrast, testosterone inhibition of gonadotropins response to LH-RH was similar to that of adult tissue. Since trophic factors influence could not be totally excluded, it was concluded that pituitary tissue does not show marked variation of sensitivity with age.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin activity of newborn rat adenohypophysial tissue in culture compared to that of adult rats (author's transl)]. It has been suggested that low circulating levels of androgens and gonadotropins found in impubertal subjects is due to a low -- setted feed-back regulation system, i.e. sensitivity of that system is higher than that of adult subjects. Cultures of adenohypophysial tissue of 2 to 6 days old male rats were performed and gonadotropins release compared to that obtained from similarly conducted adult male rats pituitary cultures (previous paper). Newborn rat hypophysis was more sensitive to factors stimulating LH release (LH-RH) and FSH release (testosterone). In contrast, testosterone inhibition of gonadotropins response to LH-RH was similar to that of adult tissue. Since trophic factors influence could not be totally excluded, it was concluded that pituitary tissue does not show marked variation of sensitivity with age.", "PMID": 382973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5934", "title": "Transmission of chronic spongiform encephalopathy with kuru plaques from humans to small rodents.", "content": "An unusual case of spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted directly from a human to rats and mice. After serial passages, incubation periods were shortened to about six months in rats and four months in mice. Clinical symptoms were similar in rats and mice, including ruffled fur, arched back, bradykinesia, and hind limb paralysis. Pathologically, a spongy state, proliferation of astrocytes, and neuronal changes were observed. Electron microscopic observation of the parietal cortex of rats and mice disclosed many membrane-bound vacuoles in the neuropil, predominantly in dendrites. In the pons of mice, intramyelinic vacuoles and accumulation of extracellular fluid were prominent. The clinicopathological symptoms of the affected animals resembled those in other experimental spongiform encephalopathies, especially scrapie.", "contents": "Transmission of chronic spongiform encephalopathy with kuru plaques from humans to small rodents. An unusual case of spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted directly from a human to rats and mice. After serial passages, incubation periods were shortened to about six months in rats and four months in mice. Clinical symptoms were similar in rats and mice, including ruffled fur, arched back, bradykinesia, and hind limb paralysis. Pathologically, a spongy state, proliferation of astrocytes, and neuronal changes were observed. Electron microscopic observation of the parietal cortex of rats and mice disclosed many membrane-bound vacuoles in the neuropil, predominantly in dendrites. In the pons of mice, intramyelinic vacuoles and accumulation of extracellular fluid were prominent. The clinicopathological symptoms of the affected animals resembled those in other experimental spongiform encephalopathies, especially scrapie.", "PMID": 382976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5935", "title": "Viroimmunoenzymoassay for detection of anti-penicilloyl antibodies and penicilloyl residues: comparison of results obtained by radio-, viro- and enzymoimmunoassay.", "content": "A new technic named viroimmunoenzymoassay is described. The principle is the same as the classical viroimmunoassay which uses as tracer a bacteriophage bound covalently to an hapten. Immuno-specific neutralization of these modified bacteriophages by an hapten antiserum allows to detect and to test hapten antibodies or the haptens with a great sensitivity. In the new technic the visualization of the bacterial lysis is estimated by measure of the amount of beta-galactosidase which is released into the medium by Escherichia coli BB bacteria. These are previously induced by isopropyl thiogalactoside or lactose. The method is applied to the assay of penicilloyl groups bound covalently with another molecule, and its performances are compared with three other classical immunological methods: the radio-, enzymo- and viroimmunoassay.", "contents": "Viroimmunoenzymoassay for detection of anti-penicilloyl antibodies and penicilloyl residues: comparison of results obtained by radio-, viro- and enzymoimmunoassay. A new technic named viroimmunoenzymoassay is described. The principle is the same as the classical viroimmunoassay which uses as tracer a bacteriophage bound covalently to an hapten. Immuno-specific neutralization of these modified bacteriophages by an hapten antiserum allows to detect and to test hapten antibodies or the haptens with a great sensitivity. In the new technic the visualization of the bacterial lysis is estimated by measure of the amount of beta-galactosidase which is released into the medium by Escherichia coli BB bacteria. These are previously induced by isopropyl thiogalactoside or lactose. The method is applied to the assay of penicilloyl groups bound covalently with another molecule, and its performances are compared with three other classical immunological methods: the radio-, enzymo- and viroimmunoassay.", "PMID": 382975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5936", "title": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by p-hydroxybenzoic acid n-alkyl esters.", "content": "Twelve straight-chain esters, C(5) to C(14), C(16), and C(18), of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were prepared, and their melting points, solubilities in water at 25 degrees C, infrared spectra, dissociation constants (pK(a)), and activities against Clostridium botulinum were determined. These studies also included four commercial straight-chain esters, C(1) to C(4). The most potent activity was exhibited by undecyl and dodecyl esters, which are about 300 times as active as sodium nitrite. Quadratic and cubic equations were developed correlating the activity with pK(a) values and chain length of the esters, respectively.", "contents": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by p-hydroxybenzoic acid n-alkyl esters. Twelve straight-chain esters, C(5) to C(14), C(16), and C(18), of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were prepared, and their melting points, solubilities in water at 25 degrees C, infrared spectra, dissociation constants (pK(a)), and activities against Clostridium botulinum were determined. These studies also included four commercial straight-chain esters, C(1) to C(4). The most potent activity was exhibited by undecyl and dodecyl esters, which are about 300 times as active as sodium nitrite. Quadratic and cubic equations were developed correlating the activity with pK(a) values and chain length of the esters, respectively.", "PMID": 383010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5937", "title": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary infections.", "content": "A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined. Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 mug/ml and 100% at 4 mug/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 mug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary infections. A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined. Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 mug/ml and 100% at 4 mug/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 mug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.", "PMID": 383011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5938", "title": "Inhibition of transpeptidase activity in Escherichia coli by thienamycin.", "content": "Thienamycin was shown to be a more potent inhibitor than ampicillin of the enzyme peptidoglycan transpeptidase from Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Inhibition of transpeptidase activity in Escherichia coli by thienamycin. Thienamycin was shown to be a more potent inhibitor than ampicillin of the enzyme peptidoglycan transpeptidase from Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 383012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5939", "title": "Rapid, simple enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin is described. The assay is accurate and specific and needs only simple equipment.", "contents": "Rapid, simple enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin. An enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin is described. The assay is accurate and specific and needs only simple equipment.", "PMID": 383013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5940", "title": "In vitro model simulating the form of exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs encountered in infection.", "content": "A new model, which is designed to investigate the in vitro activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration-time curves, is described. The antibiotic is allowed to diffuse through a membrane into a bacterial culture until a peak level is reached; the antibiotic is then removed by flow-assisted back diffusion. With this arrangement it is possible to expose bacteria to a changing concentration of drug while maintaining a constant volume of bacterial culture. Preliminary studies were carried out to investigate the response of a strain of Escherichia coli to gentamicin. The results indicate that bacteria surviving exposure to concentrations of gentamicin similar to those obtained during therapy may exhibit an increase in resistance to the antibiotic.", "contents": "In vitro model simulating the form of exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs encountered in infection. A new model, which is designed to investigate the in vitro activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration-time curves, is described. The antibiotic is allowed to diffuse through a membrane into a bacterial culture until a peak level is reached; the antibiotic is then removed by flow-assisted back diffusion. With this arrangement it is possible to expose bacteria to a changing concentration of drug while maintaining a constant volume of bacterial culture. Preliminary studies were carried out to investigate the response of a strain of Escherichia coli to gentamicin. The results indicate that bacteria surviving exposure to concentrations of gentamicin similar to those obtained during therapy may exhibit an increase in resistance to the antibiotic.", "PMID": 383014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5941", "title": "Mode of action of the azasteroid antibiotic 15-aza-24 methylene-d-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol in Ustilago maydis.", "content": "Ustilago maydis sporidia treated with 0.1 mug of azasterol (15-aza-24-methylene-d-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol) per ml appeared branched and vacuolated after 6 h of incubation. Sporidial multiplication, dry weight increase, and synthesis of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid were only slightly or moderately inhibited during the initial 3 h of incubation. An increase of free fatty acids was observed in lipid extracts of treated sporidia after incubation for 3 h or more. Ergosterol synthesis was completely inhibited within 1 h and there was a gradual decline of ergosterol content during 6 h which was accompanied by an accumulation of the sterol intermediate ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. The results indicate that toxicity of the azasterol results from specific inhibition of the reduction of the sterol C-14(15) double bond. A triarimol-tolerant strain of Cladosporium cucumerinum was tolerant to the azasterol, but an imazalil-tolerant strain of Aspergillus nidulans was not.", "contents": "Mode of action of the azasteroid antibiotic 15-aza-24 methylene-d-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol in Ustilago maydis. Ustilago maydis sporidia treated with 0.1 mug of azasterol (15-aza-24-methylene-d-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol) per ml appeared branched and vacuolated after 6 h of incubation. Sporidial multiplication, dry weight increase, and synthesis of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid were only slightly or moderately inhibited during the initial 3 h of incubation. An increase of free fatty acids was observed in lipid extracts of treated sporidia after incubation for 3 h or more. Ergosterol synthesis was completely inhibited within 1 h and there was a gradual decline of ergosterol content during 6 h which was accompanied by an accumulation of the sterol intermediate ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. The results indicate that toxicity of the azasterol results from specific inhibition of the reduction of the sterol C-14(15) double bond. A triarimol-tolerant strain of Cladosporium cucumerinum was tolerant to the azasterol, but an imazalil-tolerant strain of Aspergillus nidulans was not.", "PMID": 383015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5942", "title": "Morphological changes of Escherichia coli induced by bicyclomycin.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies with Escherichia coli revealed that bicyclomycin inhibits septum formation and converts the cells to filamentous forms. The antibiotic induced high undulation and numerous blebs of the outer membrane. Sometimes cytoplasmic contents leaked into the lumen of the bleb through a disrupted region of the membrane. Breakage of the outer membrane or blebs led to cell lysis. Electron-dense masses of amorphous material and vesicles were found in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Morphological changes of Escherichia coli induced by bicyclomycin. Electron microscopic studies with Escherichia coli revealed that bicyclomycin inhibits septum formation and converts the cells to filamentous forms. The antibiotic induced high undulation and numerous blebs of the outer membrane. Sometimes cytoplasmic contents leaked into the lumen of the bleb through a disrupted region of the membrane. Breakage of the outer membrane or blebs led to cell lysis. Electron-dense masses of amorphous material and vesicles were found in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 383016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5943", "title": "Review of the current possibilities for arterial embolization in urology.", "content": "Selective arterial embolization in urology is a new technique used in the management of a variety of urologic diseases. In the review of the literature on this subject the indications, techniques and materials used, and the complications are discussed.", "contents": "Review of the current possibilities for arterial embolization in urology. Selective arterial embolization in urology is a new technique used in the management of a variety of urologic diseases. In the review of the literature on this subject the indications, techniques and materials used, and the complications are discussed.", "PMID": 383022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5944", "title": "Effects of pethidine and its antagonists on the newborn.", "content": "Nalorphine and naloxone were compared as to their effectiveness as pethidine antagonists. 85 infants were divided into a control group containing 19 newborn babies whose mothers did not receive pethidine and the babies received no antagonist, and three groups in which the mothers all received pethidine and the babies had either no antagonist (24), nalorphine IV (16), or naloxone IV (26). All the babies were assessed by measuring their neurobehavioural states and respiratory functions. A further 12 newborn babies had naloxone plasma levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Although standard doses of nalorphine effectively antagonised the depressive effect on respiration induced by pethidine, there was a pronounced and undesirable excitatory agonist action. Naloxone was not observed to have any agonist activity, but the recommended IV dose (0.01 mg/kg) had only a slight and delayed antagonist action as measured by respiratory function tests. A more rapid and improved antagonism was noted after this dose was doubled (0.02 mg/kg). The plasma elimination-phase half-life of naloxone after intravenous cord injection was about 3 hours.20", "contents": "Effects of pethidine and its antagonists on the newborn. Nalorphine and naloxone were compared as to their effectiveness as pethidine antagonists. 85 infants were divided into a control group containing 19 newborn babies whose mothers did not receive pethidine and the babies received no antagonist, and three groups in which the mothers all received pethidine and the babies had either no antagonist (24), nalorphine IV (16), or naloxone IV (26). All the babies were assessed by measuring their neurobehavioural states and respiratory functions. A further 12 newborn babies had naloxone plasma levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Although standard doses of nalorphine effectively antagonised the depressive effect on respiration induced by pethidine, there was a pronounced and undesirable excitatory agonist action. Naloxone was not observed to have any agonist activity, but the recommended IV dose (0.01 mg/kg) had only a slight and delayed antagonist action as measured by respiratory function tests. A more rapid and improved antagonism was noted after this dose was doubled (0.02 mg/kg). The plasma elimination-phase half-life of naloxone after intravenous cord injection was about 3 hours.20", "PMID": 383023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5945", "title": "Comparison of IV salbutamol with IV aminophylline in the treatment of severe, acute asthma in childhood.", "content": "A double-blind test to compare IV aminophylline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute, uncontrolled asthma showed that both drugs were equally effective during the first 24 hours. Salbutamol caused a relative tachycardia. Hydrocortisone was given after 2 hours, but did not appear to affect the rate of recovery.", "contents": "Comparison of IV salbutamol with IV aminophylline in the treatment of severe, acute asthma in childhood. A double-blind test to compare IV aminophylline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute, uncontrolled asthma showed that both drugs were equally effective during the first 24 hours. Salbutamol caused a relative tachycardia. Hydrocortisone was given after 2 hours, but did not appear to affect the rate of recovery.", "PMID": 383024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5946", "title": "The recruitment of inflammatory cells using the skin-window technique.", "content": "The chemotaxis of inflammatory cells induced by the skin-window technique using IgD as cytotaxigen or cytotaxinogen was studied in 16 patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Six patients with leg ulcer served as controls. By means of this method the recruitment of inflammatory cells with receptors for IgD could be shown.", "contents": "The recruitment of inflammatory cells using the skin-window technique. The chemotaxis of inflammatory cells induced by the skin-window technique using IgD as cytotaxigen or cytotaxinogen was studied in 16 patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Six patients with leg ulcer served as controls. By means of this method the recruitment of inflammatory cells with receptors for IgD could be shown.", "PMID": 383025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5947", "title": "Evidence for cell-mediated autoimmunity in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from 4 of 5 patients diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and 6 of 7 patients diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid (BP) demonstrated specific cell-mediated immunity by the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the presence of autologous epidermal saline extracts. Clinical treatment of these patients with immunosuppressive agents resulted in a state of unresponsiveness of their lymphoid cells to similar concentrations of the antigen. Controls consisted of lymphoid cells from patients with bullous burns or various drug allergies which failed to show significant MIF production in the presence of autologous skin extract. These studies suggest that both PV and BP patients posses cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to their own autologous tissue antigens and this CMI may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "contents": "Evidence for cell-mediated autoimmunity in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Lymphoid cells from 4 of 5 patients diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and 6 of 7 patients diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid (BP) demonstrated specific cell-mediated immunity by the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the presence of autologous epidermal saline extracts. Clinical treatment of these patients with immunosuppressive agents resulted in a state of unresponsiveness of their lymphoid cells to similar concentrations of the antigen. Controls consisted of lymphoid cells from patients with bullous burns or various drug allergies which failed to show significant MIF production in the presence of autologous skin extract. These studies suggest that both PV and BP patients posses cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to their own autologous tissue antigens and this CMI may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "PMID": 383026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5948", "title": "The treatment of recurrent malignant pleural effusion.", "content": "Effective control of a recurrent malignant pleural effusion can greatly improve the quality of life of the cancer patient. At least a dozen different techniques have been advocated for controlling this common complication of malignant disease. The present review collects and examines the clinical results of all techniques designed to treat this problem. The pathophysiology and diagnostic evaluation of the effusion are also discussed. On the basis of comparisons involving effectiveness, morbidity, and convenience, we recommend intrapleurally administered tetracycline with thoracostomy drainage as the technique of choice. Instillation of a talc suspension with thoracostomy drainage is also a safe and effective technique and should be employed when tetracycline fails or is contraindicated.", "contents": "The treatment of recurrent malignant pleural effusion. Effective control of a recurrent malignant pleural effusion can greatly improve the quality of life of the cancer patient. At least a dozen different techniques have been advocated for controlling this common complication of malignant disease. The present review collects and examines the clinical results of all techniques designed to treat this problem. The pathophysiology and diagnostic evaluation of the effusion are also discussed. On the basis of comparisons involving effectiveness, morbidity, and convenience, we recommend intrapleurally administered tetracycline with thoracostomy drainage as the technique of choice. Instillation of a talc suspension with thoracostomy drainage is also a safe and effective technique and should be employed when tetracycline fails or is contraindicated.", "PMID": 383031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5949", "title": "Therapeutic value of anticonvulsant drugs in poisonings with an organophosphate.", "content": "Therapeutic effects of phenytoin, pentobarbital, diazepam, trimethadione and phensuximide given as an adjuvant to atropine and obidoxime in fluostigmine intoxication were studied in the rat. It was stated that only trimethadione significantly elevated the LD50 value for fluostigmine in animals treated with atropine and obidoxime. None of the tested anticonvulsants raised the LD10 value above the LD90 value in animals treated only with atropine and obidoxime.", "contents": "Therapeutic value of anticonvulsant drugs in poisonings with an organophosphate. Therapeutic effects of phenytoin, pentobarbital, diazepam, trimethadione and phensuximide given as an adjuvant to atropine and obidoxime in fluostigmine intoxication were studied in the rat. It was stated that only trimethadione significantly elevated the LD50 value for fluostigmine in animals treated with atropine and obidoxime. None of the tested anticonvulsants raised the LD10 value above the LD90 value in animals treated only with atropine and obidoxime.", "PMID": 383032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5950", "title": "Antihypertensive comparison of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide for black patients.", "content": "Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide were compared for treatment of black patients with mild to moderate hypertension in a randomized, open-label, crossover study design. Hydrochlorothiazide produced a significantly greater fall in mean arterial (24.7 vs 16.0 mm Hg, P less than .01) and diastolic (17.3 vs 10.1 mm Hg, P less than .01) blood pressure (BP) in 16 patients. Addition of methyldopa in nine patients produced a significantly greater fall in mean arterial (38.8 vs 31.9 mm Hg, P less than .05) and diastolic (28.9 vs 23.4 mm Hg, P less than .05) BP with hydrochlorothiazide vs furosemide. Renin status was categorized before and after treatment. Patients with low and normal renin activity were equally responsive to both diuretics. Hydrochlorothiazide caused a greater reduction in plasma potassium (0.26 mEg/L). Serum parathyroid hormone was not chronically elevated with furosemide. In this study, hydrochlorothiazide was more effective than furosemide for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in black patients; renin classification did not predict diuretic responsiveness.", "contents": "Antihypertensive comparison of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide for black patients. Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide were compared for treatment of black patients with mild to moderate hypertension in a randomized, open-label, crossover study design. Hydrochlorothiazide produced a significantly greater fall in mean arterial (24.7 vs 16.0 mm Hg, P less than .01) and diastolic (17.3 vs 10.1 mm Hg, P less than .01) blood pressure (BP) in 16 patients. Addition of methyldopa in nine patients produced a significantly greater fall in mean arterial (38.8 vs 31.9 mm Hg, P less than .05) and diastolic (28.9 vs 23.4 mm Hg, P less than .05) BP with hydrochlorothiazide vs furosemide. Renin status was categorized before and after treatment. Patients with low and normal renin activity were equally responsive to both diuretics. Hydrochlorothiazide caused a greater reduction in plasma potassium (0.26 mEg/L). Serum parathyroid hormone was not chronically elevated with furosemide. In this study, hydrochlorothiazide was more effective than furosemide for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in black patients; renin classification did not predict diuretic responsiveness.", "PMID": 383033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5951", "title": "[The importance of mammography for the determination of tumor size in stage classification of breast cancer according to the TNM system (5-years-results) (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of mammography upon stage classification according to the TNM system is evaluated in 590 breast cancer patients. By using tumour size measured on the radiograph instead of the tumour diameter determined by palpation it was possible to reclassify a significant proportion of cases in stage III. As much as 23% (52/228) of cases of stage III could correctly be grouped into stage II or I. The prognostic significance of this change is evident from the 5-year survival rates. The cases, removed from stage III by correction of the tumour size, show the same 5-year survival rates (65%) as cases primarily classified into stage I (64%) and II (63%). In view of these results we do recommend the use of mammography for stage classification, because it allows correction with prognostic significance.", "contents": "[The importance of mammography for the determination of tumor size in stage classification of breast cancer according to the TNM system (5-years-results) (author's transl)]. The influence of mammography upon stage classification according to the TNM system is evaluated in 590 breast cancer patients. By using tumour size measured on the radiograph instead of the tumour diameter determined by palpation it was possible to reclassify a significant proportion of cases in stage III. As much as 23% (52/228) of cases of stage III could correctly be grouped into stage II or I. The prognostic significance of this change is evident from the 5-year survival rates. The cases, removed from stage III by correction of the tumour size, show the same 5-year survival rates (65%) as cases primarily classified into stage I (64%) and II (63%). In view of these results we do recommend the use of mammography for stage classification, because it allows correction with prognostic significance.", "PMID": 383036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5952", "title": "[Valuation of autologous bone marrow transplantation in radio- and chemotherapy of malignant tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper discusses the prerequisites of bone marrow autotransplantation performed as part of cancer therapy, the emphasis being on the condition of the patient, the facilities available to the institution for the treatment of cancer patients, the biology of the tumour, and the present possibilities of carrying out what is called superdose cancer therapy. The practical performance of a bone marrow autograft is based upon the withdrawal of bone marrow with indefinite vital stem cell preservation by deep cooling at a time when the tumour has not yet led to bone marrow metastasizing. The conserved bone marrow is used, in subsequent radiological and/or cytostatic superdose therapy, as a reserve in the case of extreme damage to hematopoiesis. The discussion of the current status of this method and the prospects for its general use reflects the whole spectrum of the problems associated with the most favorable procedure to be used, the type of superdose therapy to be employed, the time of regrafting, and the accurate assessment of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Valuation of autologous bone marrow transplantation in radio- and chemotherapy of malignant tumours (author's transl)]. This paper discusses the prerequisites of bone marrow autotransplantation performed as part of cancer therapy, the emphasis being on the condition of the patient, the facilities available to the institution for the treatment of cancer patients, the biology of the tumour, and the present possibilities of carrying out what is called superdose cancer therapy. The practical performance of a bone marrow autograft is based upon the withdrawal of bone marrow with indefinite vital stem cell preservation by deep cooling at a time when the tumour has not yet led to bone marrow metastasizing. The conserved bone marrow is used, in subsequent radiological and/or cytostatic superdose therapy, as a reserve in the case of extreme damage to hematopoiesis. The discussion of the current status of this method and the prospects for its general use reflects the whole spectrum of the problems associated with the most favorable procedure to be used, the type of superdose therapy to be employed, the time of regrafting, and the accurate assessment of the results obtained.", "PMID": 383037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5953", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of ledakrin.", "content": "The influence of the cytostatic drug Ledakrin on immunologic induction of PF and RF cells was studied. In low doses, the drug had a negligibly small effect on the numbers of PFC and RFC, but in high doses nearly entirely prevented their appearance. Cells producing IgM were more susceptible to this action than IgG-producing cells. Absence of a linear relation between the dose of the drug and its action was noteworthy. Drug-induced immunosuppression occured in \"all-or-none\" fashion. The possibility of oncostatic effect without interfering with the immunologic system is discussed.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of ledakrin. The influence of the cytostatic drug Ledakrin on immunologic induction of PF and RF cells was studied. In low doses, the drug had a negligibly small effect on the numbers of PFC and RFC, but in high doses nearly entirely prevented their appearance. Cells producing IgM were more susceptible to this action than IgG-producing cells. Absence of a linear relation between the dose of the drug and its action was noteworthy. Drug-induced immunosuppression occured in \"all-or-none\" fashion. The possibility of oncostatic effect without interfering with the immunologic system is discussed.", "PMID": 383038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5954", "title": "Practical aspects of selection of streptomyces mutants.", "content": "The methods of industrial strains selection on the basis of some regulatory mechanisms are presented. The selection of the producing S. erythreus mutants exhibiting higher activity for transformation of erythromycin C to erythromycin A is one of the examples for the practical use of the presented method. Some new techniques including isotopic methods are presented.", "contents": "Practical aspects of selection of streptomyces mutants. The methods of industrial strains selection on the basis of some regulatory mechanisms are presented. The selection of the producing S. erythreus mutants exhibiting higher activity for transformation of erythromycin C to erythromycin A is one of the examples for the practical use of the presented method. Some new techniques including isotopic methods are presented.", "PMID": 383039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5955", "title": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. Antifungal properties of antibiotic WR-142 FPG.", "content": "Antifungal activity of antibiotic Wr-142 FPG was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Candida and Rhodotorula was 0.1 microgram/ml (preparation I) and 0.003 microgram/ml (preparation II). In vivo, experiments were carried out with model of subacute candidiasis in BALB mice. The criteria for antifungal activity of Wr-142 FPG were based on survival time of infected animals and numbers of live C. albicans cells in the kidneys and spleen of animals infected and treated with the antibiotics. Even a single intraperitoneal injection of Wr-142 FPG in mice with subacute candidiosis decidedly in prolonged survival time. Antibiotic Wr-142 injected subcutaneously on five consecutive days diminished the numbers of C. albicans cells, or even eliminated them entirely from the kidneys and spleens of the mice.", "contents": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. Antifungal properties of antibiotic WR-142 FPG. Antifungal activity of antibiotic Wr-142 FPG was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Candida and Rhodotorula was 0.1 microgram/ml (preparation I) and 0.003 microgram/ml (preparation II). In vivo, experiments were carried out with model of subacute candidiasis in BALB mice. The criteria for antifungal activity of Wr-142 FPG were based on survival time of infected animals and numbers of live C. albicans cells in the kidneys and spleen of animals infected and treated with the antibiotics. Even a single intraperitoneal injection of Wr-142 FPG in mice with subacute candidiosis decidedly in prolonged survival time. Antibiotic Wr-142 injected subcutaneously on five consecutive days diminished the numbers of C. albicans cells, or even eliminated them entirely from the kidneys and spleens of the mice.", "PMID": 383040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5956", "title": "[Solitary bone cysts of the ulna (author's transl)].", "content": "The solitary bone cysts occurs most frequently in the upper humerus and femur in 75% of the cases, and it is very seldom located in the ulna, in 0.5--1.5%. This report deals with the treatment results of two children, five and six years old, suffering from solitary bone cysts of the lower end of the ulna. In one case a subtotal resection of the cyst was carried out and the defect was bridged with an autologous iliac bone graft. In the other case the patient was treated by curettage, and the defect was filled in with an autologous bone graft and cancellous bone out of the tibia. In both cases complete cure of the tumorlike lesion was obtained and no loss of function or deformity of the forearm was observed 12 and 16 years after operation. In the X-ray picture at that time there was no alteration on the length, form or structure of the bone.", "contents": "[Solitary bone cysts of the ulna (author's transl)]. The solitary bone cysts occurs most frequently in the upper humerus and femur in 75% of the cases, and it is very seldom located in the ulna, in 0.5--1.5%. This report deals with the treatment results of two children, five and six years old, suffering from solitary bone cysts of the lower end of the ulna. In one case a subtotal resection of the cyst was carried out and the defect was bridged with an autologous iliac bone graft. In the other case the patient was treated by curettage, and the defect was filled in with an autologous bone graft and cancellous bone out of the tibia. In both cases complete cure of the tumorlike lesion was obtained and no loss of function or deformity of the forearm was observed 12 and 16 years after operation. In the X-ray picture at that time there was no alteration on the length, form or structure of the bone.", "PMID": 383041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5957", "title": "[Usage of feeding yeast \"Fermosin\" grown on mineral oil distillate in animal nutrition. 2. Digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin feeding yeast on broilers (chickens) and fattening pigs].", "content": "The digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin was tested on pigs and the following values were ascertained: organic matter=86%, crude protein=89% and N-free extractives=83%. The net energy ascertained on the basis of the content of nutrients and the digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin amounts to 617 energetic feed units for pigs/kg dry matter. The true digestibility of the amino acids of Fermosin was determined on pigs and chicken. For lysin the true digestibility was ascertained as 95% (pigs) and 73% (Broilers). Due to the different digestion abilities of the two animal species, corresponding differences in the digestibility of the other amino acids were found as well.", "contents": "[Usage of feeding yeast \"Fermosin\" grown on mineral oil distillate in animal nutrition. 2. Digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin feeding yeast on broilers (chickens) and fattening pigs]. The digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin was tested on pigs and the following values were ascertained: organic matter=86%, crude protein=89% and N-free extractives=83%. The net energy ascertained on the basis of the content of nutrients and the digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin amounts to 617 energetic feed units for pigs/kg dry matter. The true digestibility of the amino acids of Fermosin was determined on pigs and chicken. For lysin the true digestibility was ascertained as 95% (pigs) and 73% (Broilers). Due to the different digestion abilities of the two animal species, corresponding differences in the digestibility of the other amino acids were found as well.", "PMID": 383044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5958", "title": "Mutagenic activity of cytostatic methyl hydrazones with different strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Experiments are performed to ascertain the mutagenic properties of four new cytostatic methyl-hydrazones in the Ames test using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium. As could be demonstrated all four hydrazones are mutagenic per se without a metabolic activation through rat liver microsomes (S-9 fraction). Whereas the beta-chloroethyl hydrazones B1 and B2 cause a base-pair substitution with the strains TA100 and TA1535 the methyl-hydrazones EB4 and CyB4 both cause base-pair substitution with TA100 and frameshift mutation with TA98. At both strains the mutagenic activity of Cy84 ist powerful. Furthermore, no relation could be detected between the mutagenic properties of the methyl-hydrazones and their alkylating behaviour on 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of cytostatic methyl hydrazones with different strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Experiments are performed to ascertain the mutagenic properties of four new cytostatic methyl-hydrazones in the Ames test using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium. As could be demonstrated all four hydrazones are mutagenic per se without a metabolic activation through rat liver microsomes (S-9 fraction). Whereas the beta-chloroethyl hydrazones B1 and B2 cause a base-pair substitution with the strains TA100 and TA1535 the methyl-hydrazones EB4 and CyB4 both cause base-pair substitution with TA100 and frameshift mutation with TA98. At both strains the mutagenic activity of Cy84 ist powerful. Furthermore, no relation could be detected between the mutagenic properties of the methyl-hydrazones and their alkylating behaviour on 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine.", "PMID": 383045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5959", "title": "Salmonella meningitis. Occurrence in an adult.", "content": "Salmonella meningitis is predominantly a disease of infants. An adult patient is described who had meningitis due to S typhimurium following a traumatic fracture of the first lumbar vertebra. A review of previous cases of Salmonella meningitis in adults revealed a predominance of infection due to S typhi prior to 1940 with a variety of other serotypes isolated since then. Only one of nine patients survived prior to the antibiotic era, but three of five patients with Salmonella meningitis since 1940 have survived.", "contents": "Salmonella meningitis. Occurrence in an adult. Salmonella meningitis is predominantly a disease of infants. An adult patient is described who had meningitis due to S typhimurium following a traumatic fracture of the first lumbar vertebra. A review of previous cases of Salmonella meningitis in adults revealed a predominance of infection due to S typhi prior to 1940 with a variety of other serotypes isolated since then. Only one of nine patients survived prior to the antibiotic era, but three of five patients with Salmonella meningitis since 1940 have survived.", "PMID": 383048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5960", "title": "Cryotherapy of Pseudomonas keratitis and scleritis.", "content": "Three cases of perforated Pseudomonas corneal ulcers with scleral extension were treated with keratoplasty and cryotherapy to the remaining cornea and sclera. All three cases showed dramatic improvement. Cryotherapy of Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs has been shown to be effective. Pseudomonas organisms seem to be susceptible to cryotherapy in vivo; there is no effect in vitro. Cryotherapy may prove to be a new tool in the treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of Pseudomonas keratitis and scleritis. Three cases of perforated Pseudomonas corneal ulcers with scleral extension were treated with keratoplasty and cryotherapy to the remaining cornea and sclera. All three cases showed dramatic improvement. Cryotherapy of Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs has been shown to be effective. Pseudomonas organisms seem to be susceptible to cryotherapy in vivo; there is no effect in vitro. Cryotherapy may prove to be a new tool in the treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis.", "PMID": 383051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5961", "title": "[Toxoplasma gondii: indirect immunofluorescence diagnosis in swine in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil].", "content": "The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in apparently healthy swine from Botucatu and from S\u00e3o Paulo industrial abattoir was assessed through the indirect immunofluorescence test using blood smears collected in filter paper. 225 (22.5%) of the 1000 samples examined were reagent with titles varying between 1:20 and 1:640.", "contents": "[Toxoplasma gondii: indirect immunofluorescence diagnosis in swine in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil]. The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in apparently healthy swine from Botucatu and from S\u00e3o Paulo industrial abattoir was assessed through the indirect immunofluorescence test using blood smears collected in filter paper. 225 (22.5%) of the 1000 samples examined were reagent with titles varying between 1:20 and 1:640.", "PMID": 383046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5962", "title": "[Anti-toxoplasma antibodies in bovine serums in Jaboticabal County; S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil].", "content": "Sera of 204 cows in Jaboticabal, S.P., Brazil were examined by indirect immunofluorescent test for detecting anti-Toxoplasma antibody. Assuming titers from 1:64 as indicative of toxoplasmic infection it was observed 32.3% of positive reactions. The antibody titers even to 1:256 represented 7.8% of the reacting animals. The serological titers varied from 1:64 to 1:256. No clinical story could be correlated with the reacting animals and no isolation was performed.", "contents": "[Anti-toxoplasma antibodies in bovine serums in Jaboticabal County; S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil]. Sera of 204 cows in Jaboticabal, S.P., Brazil were examined by indirect immunofluorescent test for detecting anti-Toxoplasma antibody. Assuming titers from 1:64 as indicative of toxoplasmic infection it was observed 32.3% of positive reactions. The antibody titers even to 1:256 represented 7.8% of the reacting animals. The serological titers varied from 1:64 to 1:256. No clinical story could be correlated with the reacting animals and no isolation was performed.", "PMID": 383047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5963", "title": "Frontalis suspension in congenital ptosis using a polyfilament, cable-type suture.", "content": "Fifty-five frontalis sling procedures were performed with use of 4--0 polyfilament, cable-type ophthalmic suture (Supramid Extra) as the material for suspension. Recurrences numbered 16, recorded through a follow-up period of one to ten years. Trauma accounted for five recurrences. A pattern of gradual droop of the lid operated on became most obvious between six and ten years postoperatively and accounted for six of seven recurrences during this period. These findings suggest that this suture material is a poor alternative to fascia lata for permanent frontalis suspension in patients with congenital ptosis and should be used only in unusual circumstances, or when a temporary procedure is indicated.", "contents": "Frontalis suspension in congenital ptosis using a polyfilament, cable-type suture. Fifty-five frontalis sling procedures were performed with use of 4--0 polyfilament, cable-type ophthalmic suture (Supramid Extra) as the material for suspension. Recurrences numbered 16, recorded through a follow-up period of one to ten years. Trauma accounted for five recurrences. A pattern of gradual droop of the lid operated on became most obvious between six and ten years postoperatively and accounted for six of seven recurrences during this period. These findings suggest that this suture material is a poor alternative to fascia lata for permanent frontalis suspension in patients with congenital ptosis and should be used only in unusual circumstances, or when a temporary procedure is indicated.", "PMID": 383053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5964", "title": "Juri flap procedure for the treatment of baldness. Two-year experience.", "content": "I report a two-year experience using Juri procedure of transferring twice-delayed parietal-occipital flaps to balding areas of the scalp. These operations allow massive transfer of genetically determined permanent hair to the cosmetically deficient areas of the scalp, whether the condition of baldness is the result of injury or hereditary factors. These procedures require careful thought in planning the hairline and necessitate minor secondary procedures to achieve the most satisfactory results. I discuss concepts for the design of the flap, and describe modifications in the surgical techniques as compared with a previous report. The Juri operation, although extensive, gives the greatest amount of hair transfer in the shortest period of time and has resulted in satisfactory cosmetic results in all patients operated on.", "contents": "Juri flap procedure for the treatment of baldness. Two-year experience. I report a two-year experience using Juri procedure of transferring twice-delayed parietal-occipital flaps to balding areas of the scalp. These operations allow massive transfer of genetically determined permanent hair to the cosmetically deficient areas of the scalp, whether the condition of baldness is the result of injury or hereditary factors. These procedures require careful thought in planning the hairline and necessitate minor secondary procedures to achieve the most satisfactory results. I discuss concepts for the design of the flap, and describe modifications in the surgical techniques as compared with a previous report. The Juri operation, although extensive, gives the greatest amount of hair transfer in the shortest period of time and has resulted in satisfactory cosmetic results in all patients operated on.", "PMID": 383056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5965", "title": "The healing of wounds and scar formation under the influence of a tissue adhesion system with fibrinogen, thrombin, and coagulation factor XIII.", "content": "The present paper reports the central role of fibrin (and specifically its pre-stage, fibrinogen), thrombin and coagulation factor XIII in wound healing and scar formation. The significance of these three factors had led to the development of a tissue adhesion system on a physiological basis, which can be applied in widely varying areas of surgery. The adhesive allows the exact, flat adaptation of the wound edges and thus promotes flawless scar formation. Two case reports complete the exposition.", "contents": "The healing of wounds and scar formation under the influence of a tissue adhesion system with fibrinogen, thrombin, and coagulation factor XIII. The present paper reports the central role of fibrin (and specifically its pre-stage, fibrinogen), thrombin and coagulation factor XIII in wound healing and scar formation. The significance of these three factors had led to the development of a tissue adhesion system on a physiological basis, which can be applied in widely varying areas of surgery. The adhesive allows the exact, flat adaptation of the wound edges and thus promotes flawless scar formation. Two case reports complete the exposition.", "PMID": 383057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5966", "title": "[Clinical observations in electric stimulation of the ear (author's transl)].", "content": "For 20 years direct electrical stimulation has been used in cases of severe bilateral hearing loss or complete deafness to mediate acoustic percepts. The relevant literature is reviewed. While these attempts were initially thought to be unphysiological and unsuited for transferring speech, acoustic sensations were successfully conveyed even with the very simple unichannel electrodes through percutaneous signal transfer. Patients fitted with such simple systems were able to hear and distinguish environmental noise and speech, their lip reading as well as their speech improved. Speech discrimination was, however, impossible with such simple implants both on theoretical grounds and in practical terms, because frequency analysis is exclusively based on periodicity (up to 400 Hz). Designing bipolar multichannel electrodes which, when introduced into the scala tympani or the modiolus, produce discrete stimulation of several circumscribed groups of nerve fibers, was the logical consequence of earlier attempts along these lines, Implantation of these systems can be done along the transmeatal, meato-mastoidal or mastoidal approach. The electrodes can be implanted in bundles through the round window or into the modiolus; they can, however, also be introduced individually through several drill holes in the promontory for placement in the scala tympani and vestibuli. This produces a far more differentiated stimulation simulating a tonotopic pattern of stimuli. In addition to periodicity, the place principle can thus be utilized for frequency coding. While their dynamic range is rather poor (15 to 30 dB at best), multichannel systems, in theory, offer substantially more favorable conditions for speech intelligibility. Since current knowledge of speech coding is, however, inadequate, the degree of intelligibility obtainable is still insufficient for everyday life. Inspite of this flaw, such implants as are available today substantially benefit the patients, who are able to establish acoustic communications with their environment by distinguishing environmental noise from speech, to discriminate between male and female voices, to recognize musical rhythms and even to understand a few words. Indications for the implantation of prostheses, the requisite conditions and postoperative training programs are discussed. While cochlear implants are still experimental, they appear to be reasonably justified in selected cases, since they have been well tolerated by all patients treated sofar without causing any complications and since many of the data obtainable can only be collected in humans. It is, however, essential that experimental implantation be exclusively dealt with by specialized teams, which should evaluate such data as are available and translate them into practice as soon as possible. A routine impantation of hearing prostheses is currently unwarranted.", "contents": "[Clinical observations in electric stimulation of the ear (author's transl)]. For 20 years direct electrical stimulation has been used in cases of severe bilateral hearing loss or complete deafness to mediate acoustic percepts. The relevant literature is reviewed. While these attempts were initially thought to be unphysiological and unsuited for transferring speech, acoustic sensations were successfully conveyed even with the very simple unichannel electrodes through percutaneous signal transfer. Patients fitted with such simple systems were able to hear and distinguish environmental noise and speech, their lip reading as well as their speech improved. Speech discrimination was, however, impossible with such simple implants both on theoretical grounds and in practical terms, because frequency analysis is exclusively based on periodicity (up to 400 Hz). Designing bipolar multichannel electrodes which, when introduced into the scala tympani or the modiolus, produce discrete stimulation of several circumscribed groups of nerve fibers, was the logical consequence of earlier attempts along these lines, Implantation of these systems can be done along the transmeatal, meato-mastoidal or mastoidal approach. The electrodes can be implanted in bundles through the round window or into the modiolus; they can, however, also be introduced individually through several drill holes in the promontory for placement in the scala tympani and vestibuli. This produces a far more differentiated stimulation simulating a tonotopic pattern of stimuli. In addition to periodicity, the place principle can thus be utilized for frequency coding. While their dynamic range is rather poor (15 to 30 dB at best), multichannel systems, in theory, offer substantially more favorable conditions for speech intelligibility. Since current knowledge of speech coding is, however, inadequate, the degree of intelligibility obtainable is still insufficient for everyday life. Inspite of this flaw, such implants as are available today substantially benefit the patients, who are able to establish acoustic communications with their environment by distinguishing environmental noise from speech, to discriminate between male and female voices, to recognize musical rhythms and even to understand a few words. Indications for the implantation of prostheses, the requisite conditions and postoperative training programs are discussed. While cochlear implants are still experimental, they appear to be reasonably justified in selected cases, since they have been well tolerated by all patients treated sofar without causing any complications and since many of the data obtainable can only be collected in humans. It is, however, essential that experimental implantation be exclusively dealt with by specialized teams, which should evaluate such data as are available and translate them into practice as soon as possible. A routine impantation of hearing prostheses is currently unwarranted.", "PMID": 383059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5967", "title": "Galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency in the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus; marsupialia): a model system for gene therapy studies.", "content": "The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) was found to be deficient for galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase (GPUT). This species could be used therefore for studies of gene therapy techniques. An improved GPUT assay procedure was developed. It was found that phage particles injected intravenously remain in the blood of kangaroos until the particles are removed by the reticuloendothelial system or, if this system is overloaded, the particles are inactivated by the immune system four days later. No effective transgenosis was detected of the bacterial gal operon contained in the phage used.", "contents": "Galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency in the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus; marsupialia): a model system for gene therapy studies. The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) was found to be deficient for galactose-1 phosphate uridyl transferase (GPUT). This species could be used therefore for studies of gene therapy techniques. An improved GPUT assay procedure was developed. It was found that phage particles injected intravenously remain in the blood of kangaroos until the particles are removed by the reticuloendothelial system or, if this system is overloaded, the particles are inactivated by the immune system four days later. No effective transgenosis was detected of the bacterial gal operon contained in the phage used.", "PMID": 383061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5968", "title": "[Physiological basis for a cochlear prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "For the attempt to develop a cochlear prosthesis, which allows some understanding of speech, it seems--at least for the first attempts--to be appropriate to mimic natural conditions as far as possible. The auditory nerve contains about 30,000 afferent fibres. Qualitatively, their behavior is similar but quantitative measures show considerably differences (2.3). Nothing certain can be said at present however about the spiral fibres originating from the outer hair cells. The quantitative differences between single afferents concern tuning, frequency selectivity, thresholds, intensity functions and--of particular interest for electrical stimulation--differences in timing of the activity pattern, brought about by differences in travelling time along the cochlear duct (2.3). The time differences seen in the activity pattern of different fibres are in the order of several ms (2.3.6;2.3.7). Actionpotentials elicited by natural acoustic stimuli show probabilistic behavior, that is they are not strictly determined. It is obvious that with artificial electrical stimulation not every surviving single fibre can be selectively stimulated. An electrode will always stimulate a group of fibres simultaneously. With any conceivable electrical stimulation all fibres in the suprathreshold region of the electrode will be synchronously activated (3.2); a fundamental difference to the natural situation. To estimate the number of channels, necessary to stimulate the auditory nerve with sufficient accuracy to allow speech perception we consider some psychoacoustic data. These have shown that the auditory system possesses the ability to differentiate a great number of different pitches, but on the other hand it is capable of integrating different frequency areas to a so called critical bandwidth. Sound energy falling into one critical bandwidth is integrated to a uniform auditory sensation. If one is to integrate various fibres of the auditory nerve to one channel of stimulation it seems to be adequate to use the critical bandwidth as a measure (3.1). According to this criterion 15 channels would have to be introduced into the speech region of the cochlea. This would allow 1.2 mm of cochlear length for each channel. Perfect electrical separation of the channels is required. Considering the severe distortions in neuronal activity pattern, introduced by electrical stimulation in comparison to the natural conditions it is not clear even whether the number given would be sufficient. On the other hand, current spreading would appear to prohibit any higher electrode density. As far as coding of sound parameters within one channel is concerned it is proposed that full use should be made of frequency analysis according to the place principle. In respect to coding of periodicity and loudness it is proposed to approach natural conditions as far as possible (3.3). Here delay times between the individual channels and a probabilistic character of the stimuli should be introduced to avoid dominance of periodicity pitch...", "contents": "[Physiological basis for a cochlear prosthesis (author's transl)]. For the attempt to develop a cochlear prosthesis, which allows some understanding of speech, it seems--at least for the first attempts--to be appropriate to mimic natural conditions as far as possible. The auditory nerve contains about 30,000 afferent fibres. Qualitatively, their behavior is similar but quantitative measures show considerably differences (2.3). Nothing certain can be said at present however about the spiral fibres originating from the outer hair cells. The quantitative differences between single afferents concern tuning, frequency selectivity, thresholds, intensity functions and--of particular interest for electrical stimulation--differences in timing of the activity pattern, brought about by differences in travelling time along the cochlear duct (2.3). The time differences seen in the activity pattern of different fibres are in the order of several ms (2.3.6;2.3.7). Actionpotentials elicited by natural acoustic stimuli show probabilistic behavior, that is they are not strictly determined. It is obvious that with artificial electrical stimulation not every surviving single fibre can be selectively stimulated. An electrode will always stimulate a group of fibres simultaneously. With any conceivable electrical stimulation all fibres in the suprathreshold region of the electrode will be synchronously activated (3.2); a fundamental difference to the natural situation. To estimate the number of channels, necessary to stimulate the auditory nerve with sufficient accuracy to allow speech perception we consider some psychoacoustic data. These have shown that the auditory system possesses the ability to differentiate a great number of different pitches, but on the other hand it is capable of integrating different frequency areas to a so called critical bandwidth. Sound energy falling into one critical bandwidth is integrated to a uniform auditory sensation. If one is to integrate various fibres of the auditory nerve to one channel of stimulation it seems to be adequate to use the critical bandwidth as a measure (3.1). According to this criterion 15 channels would have to be introduced into the speech region of the cochlea. This would allow 1.2 mm of cochlear length for each channel. Perfect electrical separation of the channels is required. Considering the severe distortions in neuronal activity pattern, introduced by electrical stimulation in comparison to the natural conditions it is not clear even whether the number given would be sufficient. On the other hand, current spreading would appear to prohibit any higher electrode density. As far as coding of sound parameters within one channel is concerned it is proposed that full use should be made of frequency analysis according to the place principle. In respect to coding of periodicity and loudness it is proposed to approach natural conditions as far as possible (3.3). Here delay times between the individual channels and a probabilistic character of the stimuli should be introduced to avoid dominance of periodicity pitch...", "PMID": 383060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5969", "title": "The treatment of breast cancer in a French anticancer centre.", "content": "The complete protocol for the treatment of breast cancer at the Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France, is presented. Treatment is carried out by a multidisciplinary committee dealing with nearly one thousand new breast cancers annually. The protocol is based on initial classification by the T.N.M. system and by characteristics indicating \"aggressive biological behaviour\". Patients are separated into three broad groups for which the mainstays of treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The rationale and results of the protocol are presented.", "contents": "The treatment of breast cancer in a French anticancer centre. The complete protocol for the treatment of breast cancer at the Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France, is presented. Treatment is carried out by a multidisciplinary committee dealing with nearly one thousand new breast cancers annually. The protocol is based on initial classification by the T.N.M. system and by characteristics indicating \"aggressive biological behaviour\". Patients are separated into three broad groups for which the mainstays of treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The rationale and results of the protocol are presented.", "PMID": 383065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5970", "title": "Neutralization tests for dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses by the focus reduction method using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase staining.", "content": "Neutralization tests were made on 4 types of dengue (DEN) virus and Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus by incubation of serially diluted antisera and constant amounts of the viruses and then focus assay of surviving virus infectivity with peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) staining. Neutralization reactions were virtually completed in 2 hr on incubation of serum-virus mixtures at 28 C. A straight regression line was obtained on a probit chart by plotting the focus reduction rates at various dilutions of a given serum against the logarithm of the serum dilution used in the test. The slopes of the probit regression lines for the neutralization for DEN types 1 and 3 were similar, but differed somewhat from those for DEN type 2 and type 4. The slope of the line for JE virus was quite different from those for DEN viruses. Using these relations, the fifty percent focus reduction titer (FR50) of neutralizing antibodies of a given serum could be estimated from the focus reduction rates at several dilutions of the test serum when the latter was between 25-75% of the value of the control.", "contents": "Neutralization tests for dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses by the focus reduction method using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase staining. Neutralization tests were made on 4 types of dengue (DEN) virus and Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus by incubation of serially diluted antisera and constant amounts of the viruses and then focus assay of surviving virus infectivity with peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) staining. Neutralization reactions were virtually completed in 2 hr on incubation of serum-virus mixtures at 28 C. A straight regression line was obtained on a probit chart by plotting the focus reduction rates at various dilutions of a given serum against the logarithm of the serum dilution used in the test. The slopes of the probit regression lines for the neutralization for DEN types 1 and 3 were similar, but differed somewhat from those for DEN type 2 and type 4. The slope of the line for JE virus was quite different from those for DEN viruses. Using these relations, the fifty percent focus reduction titer (FR50) of neutralizing antibodies of a given serum could be estimated from the focus reduction rates at several dilutions of the test serum when the latter was between 25-75% of the value of the control.", "PMID": 383069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5971", "title": "Action of human pepsins 1,2,3 and 5 on the oxidized B-chain of insulin.", "content": "Human pepsins 1 and 2 attack the B-chain of oxidized insulin at pH 1.7 at the same bonds as does human pepsin 3. At pH 3.5, pepsins 1 and 2 attack insulin B-chain at essentially the same bonds as at pH 1.7, but more slowly. For all three enzymes, the first bond to be hydrolysed is Phe(25)-Tyr(26), followed simultaneously by Glu(13)-Ala(14), Leu(15)-Tyr(16) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17). Human pepsin 5, however, attacks Phe(24)-Phe(25) first of all, followed by Leu(15)-Tyr(16) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17). The results suggest that each pepsin has only one active site. Acid hydrolysis indicates that the sites of enzymic cleavage are not bonds with an inherent instability at low pH.", "contents": "Action of human pepsins 1,2,3 and 5 on the oxidized B-chain of insulin. Human pepsins 1 and 2 attack the B-chain of oxidized insulin at pH 1.7 at the same bonds as does human pepsin 3. At pH 3.5, pepsins 1 and 2 attack insulin B-chain at essentially the same bonds as at pH 1.7, but more slowly. For all three enzymes, the first bond to be hydrolysed is Phe(25)-Tyr(26), followed simultaneously by Glu(13)-Ala(14), Leu(15)-Tyr(16) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17). Human pepsin 5, however, attacks Phe(24)-Phe(25) first of all, followed by Leu(15)-Tyr(16) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17). The results suggest that each pepsin has only one active site. Acid hydrolysis indicates that the sites of enzymic cleavage are not bonds with an inherent instability at low pH.", "PMID": 383071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5972", "title": "The specificity of some pig and human pepsins towards synthetic peptide substrates.", "content": "1. The peptidase activities of pig pepsins A and C and human pepsin and gastricsin were compared. 2. The peptides studied had the general formula A Leu Val-His-B. Hydrolysis at 37 degrees C and pH 2.07 occurred at the amino side of the leucine residue for all the enzymes and all the peptides. 3. When A was Ac-Ala the peptides were hydrolysed under these conditions slowly by pig pepsin C only. 4. Pig pepsin A and human pepsin were unable to hydrolyse the tyrosine-containing peptides under the conditions tested. Gastricsin (human pepsin C) had about one-third of the activity of pig pepsin C with these substrates. 5. The increase in the rate of hydrolysis caused by the extension of the chain by a single alanine residue was most marked for pig pepsin A and human pepsin.", "contents": "The specificity of some pig and human pepsins towards synthetic peptide substrates. 1. The peptidase activities of pig pepsins A and C and human pepsin and gastricsin were compared. 2. The peptides studied had the general formula A Leu Val-His-B. Hydrolysis at 37 degrees C and pH 2.07 occurred at the amino side of the leucine residue for all the enzymes and all the peptides. 3. When A was Ac-Ala the peptides were hydrolysed under these conditions slowly by pig pepsin C only. 4. Pig pepsin A and human pepsin were unable to hydrolyse the tyrosine-containing peptides under the conditions tested. Gastricsin (human pepsin C) had about one-third of the activity of pig pepsin C with these substrates. 5. The increase in the rate of hydrolysis caused by the extension of the chain by a single alanine residue was most marked for pig pepsin A and human pepsin.", "PMID": 383072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5973", "title": "Effect of fixation time on measurement of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate pools in the rat embyro.", "content": "Values for the concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in rat embryos on day 12 of gestation, determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography, were artifactually two to three times as high in embryos fixed by cooling in ice/water followed by freezing on solid CO2, in 20s, as in those more rapidly/fixed in liquid N2, in 1 s.", "contents": "Effect of fixation time on measurement of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate pools in the rat embyro. Values for the concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in rat embryos on day 12 of gestation, determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography, were artifactually two to three times as high in embryos fixed by cooling in ice/water followed by freezing on solid CO2, in 20s, as in those more rapidly/fixed in liquid N2, in 1 s.", "PMID": 383073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5974", "title": "Increase in fibronectin in the deep dermis of involved skin in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "The distribution and amount of fibronectin in both involved and uninvolved skin from scleroderma patients and controls were compared by indirect immunofluorescence. A marked increase in fibronectin was found in the deep dermis of involved scleroderma skin, while the subepidermal papillary regions of all specimens revealed little variation in fibronectin content. The districution of the accumulated fibronectin appeared to parallel that of the accumulated collagen in the involved reticular dermis.", "contents": "Increase in fibronectin in the deep dermis of involved skin in progressive systemic sclerosis. The distribution and amount of fibronectin in both involved and uninvolved skin from scleroderma patients and controls were compared by indirect immunofluorescence. A marked increase in fibronectin was found in the deep dermis of involved scleroderma skin, while the subepidermal papillary regions of all specimens revealed little variation in fibronectin content. The districution of the accumulated fibronectin appeared to parallel that of the accumulated collagen in the involved reticular dermis.", "PMID": 383087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5975", "title": "[Enzyme-immunoassay. New techniques for the photometric laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "Enzyme-immunoassays (EIA) are a further development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing enzymes instead of radionuclides as labels. This advance makes it possible also for the photometric laboratory to determine substances at extremely low concentrations. Heterogeneous EIA, mainly named ELISA (enzyme linked immunsorbent assay), are based on the same reaction principles as the analogous RIA. A characteristic feature is the bound-free separation, which is effected primarily by means of solid-phase techniques. The most sophisticated of these -- the solid-phase tube technique -- lets the immunological reaction take place on the inside wall of the reaction vial; the separation step is accomplished by simply emptying the vial. Heterogeneous EIA have a universal range of applications, from the determination of small haptens to the determination of macromolecular particles. Homogeneous EIA have so far been used only for the determination of haptenes. They require no bound-free separation step. The change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-haptene-antibody reaction is proportional to the concentration of the haptene. In homogeneous assay systems, the photometric measurement is susceptible to interference by constituents of the sample material, whereas heterogeneous methods do not suffer from this disadvantage because the indicator reaction proceeds in an aqueous medium after the separation step.", "contents": "[Enzyme-immunoassay. New techniques for the photometric laboratory (author's transl)]. Enzyme-immunoassays (EIA) are a further development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing enzymes instead of radionuclides as labels. This advance makes it possible also for the photometric laboratory to determine substances at extremely low concentrations. Heterogeneous EIA, mainly named ELISA (enzyme linked immunsorbent assay), are based on the same reaction principles as the analogous RIA. A characteristic feature is the bound-free separation, which is effected primarily by means of solid-phase techniques. The most sophisticated of these -- the solid-phase tube technique -- lets the immunological reaction take place on the inside wall of the reaction vial; the separation step is accomplished by simply emptying the vial. Heterogeneous EIA have a universal range of applications, from the determination of small haptens to the determination of macromolecular particles. Homogeneous EIA have so far been used only for the determination of haptenes. They require no bound-free separation step. The change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-haptene-antibody reaction is proportional to the concentration of the haptene. In homogeneous assay systems, the photometric measurement is susceptible to interference by constituents of the sample material, whereas heterogeneous methods do not suffer from this disadvantage because the indicator reaction proceeds in an aqueous medium after the separation step.", "PMID": 383090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5976", "title": "[Principles of controlled trials (author's transl)].", "content": "Wrong interpretations of the results of experimental trials on animals and of clinical studies block up scientific progress in medicine and withhold the best possible treatment from the patient. They are caused by concomitant influences independent of or dependent on treatment. Such bias is avoided only by designing \"controlled trials\". Their definition and principles are discussed here. In clinical drug research these principles can almost always be brought into concordance with the demands of medical ethics.", "contents": "[Principles of controlled trials (author's transl)]. Wrong interpretations of the results of experimental trials on animals and of clinical studies block up scientific progress in medicine and withhold the best possible treatment from the patient. They are caused by concomitant influences independent of or dependent on treatment. Such bias is avoided only by designing \"controlled trials\". Their definition and principles are discussed here. In clinical drug research these principles can almost always be brought into concordance with the demands of medical ethics.", "PMID": 383091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5977", "title": "[Restrictions and methodological considerations of multicenter trials (author's transl)].", "content": "Multicenter or cooperative trials should be initially evaluated for efficacy using criteria that in some way measure the degree to which the various centers are coordinated. The fundamental limitations of these studies can be traced to the inadequacy of coordination among the centers taking part in the trial. Whereas the structural homogeneity of the patient groups can be achieved by stratification and randomization within the centers, the organisational effort to prevent observer variation between centers is often underestimated. In this case the selection of the centers has a great bearing. More specifically their representativeness plays an important part in the interpretation of the apparent differences between the centers.", "contents": "[Restrictions and methodological considerations of multicenter trials (author's transl)]. Multicenter or cooperative trials should be initially evaluated for efficacy using criteria that in some way measure the degree to which the various centers are coordinated. The fundamental limitations of these studies can be traced to the inadequacy of coordination among the centers taking part in the trial. Whereas the structural homogeneity of the patient groups can be achieved by stratification and randomization within the centers, the organisational effort to prevent observer variation between centers is often underestimated. In this case the selection of the centers has a great bearing. More specifically their representativeness plays an important part in the interpretation of the apparent differences between the centers.", "PMID": 383092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5978", "title": "[Experimental design in phase I (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Clinical pharmacology has its domain during phase I. The formalisation of phase I is not very advanced. Sometimes it is argued that the design of experiments during that phase is unnecessary. Just the opposite is true. Trying a new substance for the first time in man poses a special necessity for the design of experiments in a scientific context. Phase I is described in a formal way. The design of experiments with a single subject -- the first one to be exposed to a new substance -- is described. Finally Latin squares are dealt with as a useful tool for phase I.", "contents": "[Experimental design in phase I (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Clinical pharmacology has its domain during phase I. The formalisation of phase I is not very advanced. Sometimes it is argued that the design of experiments during that phase is unnecessary. Just the opposite is true. Trying a new substance for the first time in man poses a special necessity for the design of experiments in a scientific context. Phase I is described in a formal way. The design of experiments with a single subject -- the first one to be exposed to a new substance -- is described. Finally Latin squares are dealt with as a useful tool for phase I.", "PMID": 383093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5979", "title": "[Errors in clinical data collection (author's transl)].", "content": "In the design of clinical trials the collection of the routine data is often not sufficiently defined. Numerous mistakes may occur in the registration of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, body weight, circumferences. The mistakes have to be prevented by standardization. In particular the intake of drugs especially during long-term medication has to be supervised.", "contents": "[Errors in clinical data collection (author's transl)]. In the design of clinical trials the collection of the routine data is often not sufficiently defined. Numerous mistakes may occur in the registration of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, body weight, circumferences. The mistakes have to be prevented by standardization. In particular the intake of drugs especially during long-term medication has to be supervised.", "PMID": 383095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5980", "title": "[Neuroleptic infusion therapy with high-dosed fluphenazine (author's transl)].", "content": "19 chronic schizophrenics who had previously been resistant to various neuroleptic treatment regimens, were given extemely high doses (ca. 300-500 mg daily) of fluphenazine. 2 infusions were given in the morning and in the afternoon. Therapy results, possible side effects and the transition to oral and i.m. (depot) modes of application are discussed. The above-mentioned extemely high doses of fluphenazine appear to be contra-indicated in depressive states and in cases of latent organic brain changes. Psychiatric state hospitals would be able to carry out this form of treatment in a special unit for \"intensive care\" in connection with appropriate social rehabilitative methods.", "contents": "[Neuroleptic infusion therapy with high-dosed fluphenazine (author's transl)]. 19 chronic schizophrenics who had previously been resistant to various neuroleptic treatment regimens, were given extemely high doses (ca. 300-500 mg daily) of fluphenazine. 2 infusions were given in the morning and in the afternoon. Therapy results, possible side effects and the transition to oral and i.m. (depot) modes of application are discussed. The above-mentioned extemely high doses of fluphenazine appear to be contra-indicated in depressive states and in cases of latent organic brain changes. Psychiatric state hospitals would be able to carry out this form of treatment in a special unit for \"intensive care\" in connection with appropriate social rehabilitative methods.", "PMID": 383096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5981", "title": "[Extrapyamidal side-effects with 1-day dosage of haloperidol (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double blind study, 30 in-patients (14 females, 16 males, ranging in the age from 18 to 55) suffering from an acute paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, were treated with haloperidol for 30 days. 13 patients (3-day group) received 3 times a day 3 mg haloperidol (at 8 a.m., 12 a.m,, 5 p.m.) and 17 patients received 9 mg haloperidol only in the evening (9 p.m., 1-day group). Placebo instead of medication was given at the same time to the control group. Every 5 days the following assessments were performed: AMP 3 and 4, Webster and Simpson rating scales, handwriting tests according to Haase and psychometric tests according to Schoppe. In the 1-day dosage group the amount of anticholinergics were significantly reduced (2.4 mg biperiden/day compared to 4.6 mg/day in the 3-day group). The 1 daily application of neuroleptics is useful in treating acute psychosis. This treatment schedule has the advantages of sedation during the night, reduction of side-effects during the day, simpler and cheaper application form and induction of social activity.", "contents": "[Extrapyamidal side-effects with 1-day dosage of haloperidol (author's transl)]. In a double blind study, 30 in-patients (14 females, 16 males, ranging in the age from 18 to 55) suffering from an acute paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, were treated with haloperidol for 30 days. 13 patients (3-day group) received 3 times a day 3 mg haloperidol (at 8 a.m., 12 a.m,, 5 p.m.) and 17 patients received 9 mg haloperidol only in the evening (9 p.m., 1-day group). Placebo instead of medication was given at the same time to the control group. Every 5 days the following assessments were performed: AMP 3 and 4, Webster and Simpson rating scales, handwriting tests according to Haase and psychometric tests according to Schoppe. In the 1-day dosage group the amount of anticholinergics were significantly reduced (2.4 mg biperiden/day compared to 4.6 mg/day in the 3-day group). The 1 daily application of neuroleptics is useful in treating acute psychosis. This treatment schedule has the advantages of sedation during the night, reduction of side-effects during the day, simpler and cheaper application form and induction of social activity.", "PMID": 383097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5982", "title": "[The incidence of abnormal EEG patterns with clozapine therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "During treatment with clozapine 59% of 127 patients showed abnormal EEGs. Remarkable are paroxysmal disturbances with sharp waves and/or SW-pattern in ca. 13%. Generalized tonic-clonic convulsive cereberal seizures were observed only twice.", "contents": "[The incidence of abnormal EEG patterns with clozapine therapy (author's transl)]. During treatment with clozapine 59% of 127 patients showed abnormal EEGs. Remarkable are paroxysmal disturbances with sharp waves and/or SW-pattern in ca. 13%. Generalized tonic-clonic convulsive cereberal seizures were observed only twice.", "PMID": 383098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5983", "title": "[Pharmacogenic depressive syndromes in the course of schizophrenic psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluphenazine decanoate treatment causes significantly more depressive syndromes than does placebo. These depressions are primarily pharmacogenic. Depending on the intensity of symptoms patients are handicapped up to suicidal risk. Prophylactical treatment with neuroleptics, which is of great help in many cases, needs careful handling of individual dosage. In case depressive symptoms appear, first and best therapy is to reduce or even discontinue the application of the neuroleptic, later antiparkinsonian drugs should be added (or increased). Only when this regimen is unsuccessful or too slow, thymoleptics should be given carefully and temporarily. -- A schematized long-term neuroleptic treatment often causes needless inconvenience to the patients. Psychiatrists should use the spectrum of psychopharmacological drugs carefully, not only to bring a vita minima without relapse to the formerly schizophrenic patient but to help him live a life worth living after psychosis.", "contents": "[Pharmacogenic depressive syndromes in the course of schizophrenic psychoses (author's transl)]. Fluphenazine decanoate treatment causes significantly more depressive syndromes than does placebo. These depressions are primarily pharmacogenic. Depending on the intensity of symptoms patients are handicapped up to suicidal risk. Prophylactical treatment with neuroleptics, which is of great help in many cases, needs careful handling of individual dosage. In case depressive symptoms appear, first and best therapy is to reduce or even discontinue the application of the neuroleptic, later antiparkinsonian drugs should be added (or increased). Only when this regimen is unsuccessful or too slow, thymoleptics should be given carefully and temporarily. -- A schematized long-term neuroleptic treatment often causes needless inconvenience to the patients. Psychiatrists should use the spectrum of psychopharmacological drugs carefully, not only to bring a vita minima without relapse to the formerly schizophrenic patient but to help him live a life worth living after psychosis.", "PMID": 383099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5984", "title": "[Fluphenazine dihydrochloride--a multicenter trial on 660 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Selected patients were treated with fluphenazine dihydrochloride. Summarizing the studies 51 investigators from 32 hospitals conducted, permits only a relative statement because, without doubt, also various additional social and psychotherapeutical treatments were employed. The findings, however, emphasize the authors' personal judgements considering fluphenazine dihydrochloride a qualified drug for psychiatric emergency cases and also particularly for the treatment of acute schizophrenic episodes. On account of the broadly disseminated identical findings about fluphenazine dihydrochloride further studies are being planned to which a scientific standard can be applied.", "contents": "[Fluphenazine dihydrochloride--a multicenter trial on 660 patients (author's transl)]. Selected patients were treated with fluphenazine dihydrochloride. Summarizing the studies 51 investigators from 32 hospitals conducted, permits only a relative statement because, without doubt, also various additional social and psychotherapeutical treatments were employed. The findings, however, emphasize the authors' personal judgements considering fluphenazine dihydrochloride a qualified drug for psychiatric emergency cases and also particularly for the treatment of acute schizophrenic episodes. On account of the broadly disseminated identical findings about fluphenazine dihydrochloride further studies are being planned to which a scientific standard can be applied.", "PMID": 383100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5985", "title": "[Additional treatment to lithium prophylaxis of affective psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten endogenous-depressive patients under lithium maintenance therapy participated in a group behaviour therapy program for the modification of behavioural problems that are typical for this group of patients. The problem intensity as measured individually through a \"problem barometer\" as well as the score on the Pt-scale of the MMPI were reduced significantly over the ten treatment sessions. Concurrently, patients' self image regarding depressive components and social resonance improved. The effects were still present after a 3-month follow-up period. It is concluded that in lithium treated patients behaviour therapy methods can be used in the modification of typical behaviour disorders.", "contents": "[Additional treatment to lithium prophylaxis of affective psychoses (author's transl)]. Ten endogenous-depressive patients under lithium maintenance therapy participated in a group behaviour therapy program for the modification of behavioural problems that are typical for this group of patients. The problem intensity as measured individually through a \"problem barometer\" as well as the score on the Pt-scale of the MMPI were reduced significantly over the ten treatment sessions. Concurrently, patients' self image regarding depressive components and social resonance improved. The effects were still present after a 3-month follow-up period. It is concluded that in lithium treated patients behaviour therapy methods can be used in the modification of typical behaviour disorders.", "PMID": 383101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5986", "title": "[Routine EEG examinations accompanying lithium therapy over two years (author's transl)].", "content": "In 15 lithium-treated psychotic patients, the following variables were examined over two years at 6-monthly intervals; seru lithium levels, serum electrolytes, thyroid function, urinary creatinine and urea, and clinical EEG. The mean serum lithium level was 0.64 mval/l and did not change during the two years. When compared to the pretreatment EEG, visual analysis did not indicate any specific potentials, focal signs, or asymmetrical phenomena such as have been reported in the literature. Only at the beginning of treatment could a small increase in unspecific, abnormal changes be demonstrated, which, however, decreased during the following 18-month period of investigation.", "contents": "[Routine EEG examinations accompanying lithium therapy over two years (author's transl)]. In 15 lithium-treated psychotic patients, the following variables were examined over two years at 6-monthly intervals; seru lithium levels, serum electrolytes, thyroid function, urinary creatinine and urea, and clinical EEG. The mean serum lithium level was 0.64 mval/l and did not change during the two years. When compared to the pretreatment EEG, visual analysis did not indicate any specific potentials, focal signs, or asymmetrical phenomena such as have been reported in the literature. Only at the beginning of treatment could a small increase in unspecific, abnormal changes be demonstrated, which, however, decreased during the following 18-month period of investigation.", "PMID": 383102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5987", "title": "Accelerated remission of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with EMD 21657. Double-blind clinical and psychometric trials.", "content": "The efficacy of EMD 21657--a derivative of a pyritinol metabolite--on the alcoholic orangic brain syndrome (OBS)) was investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. 19 patients received 3X300 mg EMD, 21 patients 3X1 drag\u00e9e placebo throughout 6 weeks. The two groups did not differ as to age, sex, weight, height, alcohol anamnesis and IQ. Investigations were carried out before and at the end of the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks of drug treatment. While an overall evaluation by doctor and patient at the end of the therapy did not reveal any signficant differences, it was found by means of the global score and OBS score that the OBS improved under both substances, but significantly more so with EMD. Psychometric analysis demonstrated that EMD was superior to placebo in regard to general, associative and numeric memory, concentration and attention variability, psychomotor activity, affect and mood, while the Benton test and attention showed opposite findings. Side effects were observed more under EMD than placebo therapy and consisted of temporary headaches and dizziness. Our findings demonstrated that EMD 21657 has pronounced nootropic and some thymotropic effects.", "contents": "Accelerated remission of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with EMD 21657. Double-blind clinical and psychometric trials. The efficacy of EMD 21657--a derivative of a pyritinol metabolite--on the alcoholic orangic brain syndrome (OBS)) was investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. 19 patients received 3X300 mg EMD, 21 patients 3X1 drag\u00e9e placebo throughout 6 weeks. The two groups did not differ as to age, sex, weight, height, alcohol anamnesis and IQ. Investigations were carried out before and at the end of the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks of drug treatment. While an overall evaluation by doctor and patient at the end of the therapy did not reveal any signficant differences, it was found by means of the global score and OBS score that the OBS improved under both substances, but significantly more so with EMD. Psychometric analysis demonstrated that EMD was superior to placebo in regard to general, associative and numeric memory, concentration and attention variability, psychomotor activity, affect and mood, while the Benton test and attention showed opposite findings. Side effects were observed more under EMD than placebo therapy and consisted of temporary headaches and dizziness. Our findings demonstrated that EMD 21657 has pronounced nootropic and some thymotropic effects.", "PMID": 383103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5988", "title": "[Piracetam and vigilance. A study of EEG changes and clinical effects in gerontopsychiatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The electroencephalographic and clinical effects of piracetam were studied in a group of 11 hospitalized gerontopsychiatric patients treated with a daily dosage of 4.8 g for 8--13 months. The EEG was evaluated by power spectral analysis, followed by a principal component analysis of frequency parameters. The statistical analysis of the resulting factor scores shows that piracetam induces significant EEG changes: decrease of slow frequencies, augmentation and acceleration of alpha-activity and increase of beta-activity. These EEG changes, indicating an increase in vigilance, correspond clinically to an improvement of communicative behavior and cognitive functioning.", "contents": "[Piracetam and vigilance. A study of EEG changes and clinical effects in gerontopsychiatric patients (author's transl)]. The electroencephalographic and clinical effects of piracetam were studied in a group of 11 hospitalized gerontopsychiatric patients treated with a daily dosage of 4.8 g for 8--13 months. The EEG was evaluated by power spectral analysis, followed by a principal component analysis of frequency parameters. The statistical analysis of the resulting factor scores shows that piracetam induces significant EEG changes: decrease of slow frequencies, augmentation and acceleration of alpha-activity and increase of beta-activity. These EEG changes, indicating an increase in vigilance, correspond clinically to an improvement of communicative behavior and cognitive functioning.", "PMID": 383104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5989", "title": "[Bactericidal kinetics of cefazolin, cefoxitin and amikacin alone and in combination (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefazolin, cefoxitin und amikacin alone and in combination was determined via membrane filtration against E. coli (n = 2), K. pneumoniae (n = 2) and of cefoxitin and amikacin against Proteus vulgaris (n = 1). Therapeutically achievable concentrations of cefazolin (10 micrograms/ml), cefoxitin (10 micrograms/ml) and amikacin (10 micrograms/ml) lead to a rapid bactericidal effect against all of our strains. The combination of cefazolin (10 micrograms/ml) and amikactin (5 micrograms/ml) and cefoxitin (10 micrograms/ml and amikacin (5 micrograms/ml) was synergistic against only one of the 2 K. pneumoniae strains. Cefoxitin and amikacin were antagonistic against the P. vulgaris strain but synergistic against both E. coli strains.", "contents": "[Bactericidal kinetics of cefazolin, cefoxitin and amikacin alone and in combination (author's transl)]. The in vitro activity of cefazolin, cefoxitin und amikacin alone and in combination was determined via membrane filtration against E. coli (n = 2), K. pneumoniae (n = 2) and of cefoxitin and amikacin against Proteus vulgaris (n = 1). Therapeutically achievable concentrations of cefazolin (10 micrograms/ml), cefoxitin (10 micrograms/ml) and amikacin (10 micrograms/ml) lead to a rapid bactericidal effect against all of our strains. The combination of cefazolin (10 micrograms/ml) and amikactin (5 micrograms/ml) and cefoxitin (10 micrograms/ml and amikacin (5 micrograms/ml) was synergistic against only one of the 2 K. pneumoniae strains. Cefoxitin and amikacin were antagonistic against the P. vulgaris strain but synergistic against both E. coli strains.", "PMID": 383106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5990", "title": "Comparative study of the clinical effects of vincamine + glycerol versus glycerol + placebo in the acute phase of stroke.", "content": "The treatment of the acute phase of stroke creates a difficult problem to the clinician. The presently used drugs lead to controversial results. The progress in knowledge of the pathogenesis of cerebral damage underlines the determinant role of the metabolic deficits in the ischemic areas. The effect on the clinical symptomatology of patients in the acute phase of stroke was studied during a double-blind comparative clinical trial with an alcaloid of Vinca minor (Pervincamine) which acts favorably against disturbances of oxydative glucose metabolism and of cerebral microcirculation. 20 patients divided into two homogeneous groups received during 5 days either Pervincamine (4 ampoules of 3 ml = 60 mg vincamine p.d.) + glycerol, or glycerol + placebo administered by i.v. infusion. Clinically the results indicate a greater improvement of the neurological status (objectivated by a neurological scale) with vincamine treatment than with placebo. Statistically the analysis confirms the highly significant effect of vincamine on motility of lower and upper limbs (p less than 0.02) and the significant effect on cranial nerves (homonymous hemianopsia and conjugated deviation of eyes) (p less than 0.05) and on the sphincter control level (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparative study of the clinical effects of vincamine + glycerol versus glycerol + placebo in the acute phase of stroke. The treatment of the acute phase of stroke creates a difficult problem to the clinician. The presently used drugs lead to controversial results. The progress in knowledge of the pathogenesis of cerebral damage underlines the determinant role of the metabolic deficits in the ischemic areas. The effect on the clinical symptomatology of patients in the acute phase of stroke was studied during a double-blind comparative clinical trial with an alcaloid of Vinca minor (Pervincamine) which acts favorably against disturbances of oxydative glucose metabolism and of cerebral microcirculation. 20 patients divided into two homogeneous groups received during 5 days either Pervincamine (4 ampoules of 3 ml = 60 mg vincamine p.d.) + glycerol, or glycerol + placebo administered by i.v. infusion. Clinically the results indicate a greater improvement of the neurological status (objectivated by a neurological scale) with vincamine treatment than with placebo. Statistically the analysis confirms the highly significant effect of vincamine on motility of lower and upper limbs (p less than 0.02) and the significant effect on cranial nerves (homonymous hemianopsia and conjugated deviation of eyes) (p less than 0.05) and on the sphincter control level (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 383107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5991", "title": "A controlled study of the analgetic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer pain.", "content": "With a subjective response technique the analgetic activity of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents which greatly differ in kinetics is compared. The double-blind cross-over trial was carried out in 18 patients of both sexes suffering from pain due to malignant tumours who received single doses of 200 mg indoprofen and 250 mg naproxen p.o. Both compounds were efficacious and there was no difference in the duration of their activity in spite of the great difference between their half-lives.", "contents": "A controlled study of the analgetic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer pain. With a subjective response technique the analgetic activity of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents which greatly differ in kinetics is compared. The double-blind cross-over trial was carried out in 18 patients of both sexes suffering from pain due to malignant tumours who received single doses of 200 mg indoprofen and 250 mg naproxen p.o. Both compounds were efficacious and there was no difference in the duration of their activity in spite of the great difference between their half-lives.", "PMID": 383108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5992", "title": "[Dedo and Fishman technique for laryngeal release in cervical tracheal reconstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report two cases of tracheal tumor operated with laryngeal release and tracheal mobilization following Dedo and Fishman. They discuss the indications and describe this technical procedure which has proved successful in obtaining a suture without traction also for 4 cm sleeve resection of trachea.", "contents": "[Dedo and Fishman technique for laryngeal release in cervical tracheal reconstruction (author's transl)]. The Authors report two cases of tracheal tumor operated with laryngeal release and tracheal mobilization following Dedo and Fishman. They discuss the indications and describe this technical procedure which has proved successful in obtaining a suture without traction also for 4 cm sleeve resection of trachea.", "PMID": 383110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5993", "title": "[A tissue bank: aspects concerning its promotion and organization (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of continued improvement in the production of artificial tissues, there are still many instances where replacement of the damaged part by a natural tissue grafts would be preferable. It is to satisfy this requirement that tissue banding has been developed. In this paper a brief description of the preparation of tissue grafts currently being carried out in the Yorkshire Regional Tissue Bank is given and the philosophy of tissue banking from a financial and scientifical point of view is explained.", "contents": "[A tissue bank: aspects concerning its promotion and organization (author's transl)]. In spite of continued improvement in the production of artificial tissues, there are still many instances where replacement of the damaged part by a natural tissue grafts would be preferable. It is to satisfy this requirement that tissue banding has been developed. In this paper a brief description of the preparation of tissue grafts currently being carried out in the Yorkshire Regional Tissue Bank is given and the philosophy of tissue banking from a financial and scientifical point of view is explained.", "PMID": 383111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5994", "title": "[Bacampicillin, a new semisynthetic antibiotic for oral administration in the treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report the results obtained administering 2.4 g/die of bacampicillin in a group of 30 patients suffering from both primary and secondary infections of the genito-urinary tracts. The antibiotic displayed excellent tolerability and therapeutic effectiveness, determining in almost all the treated cases either the resolution or, at least, significant improvement of the inflammatory course; only two patients, as a matter of fact, showed mild side effects.", "contents": "[Bacampicillin, a new semisynthetic antibiotic for oral administration in the treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. The Authors report the results obtained administering 2.4 g/die of bacampicillin in a group of 30 patients suffering from both primary and secondary infections of the genito-urinary tracts. The antibiotic displayed excellent tolerability and therapeutic effectiveness, determining in almost all the treated cases either the resolution or, at least, significant improvement of the inflammatory course; only two patients, as a matter of fact, showed mild side effects.", "PMID": 383112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5995", "title": "Atherosclerosis in lemmings and voles fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet.", "content": "Two species of lemmings and two species of voles were fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet for several months. Clethrionomys rutilus had a moderate (2x) rise in serum cholesterol while Microtus oeconomus had a marked increase (5x); Dicrostonyx stevensoni and Dicrostonyx rubricatus had extreme increases (8x and 11x, respectively). Typical lesions of atherosclerosis were observed in all species, but D. rubricatus had significantly more severe lesions. Hepatic fatty infiltration was the principal pathologic lesion found besides atherosclerosis in those test rodents which died spontaneously.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis in lemmings and voles fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet. Two species of lemmings and two species of voles were fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet for several months. Clethrionomys rutilus had a moderate (2x) rise in serum cholesterol while Microtus oeconomus had a marked increase (5x); Dicrostonyx stevensoni and Dicrostonyx rubricatus had extreme increases (8x and 11x, respectively). Typical lesions of atherosclerosis were observed in all species, but D. rubricatus had significantly more severe lesions. Hepatic fatty infiltration was the principal pathologic lesion found besides atherosclerosis in those test rodents which died spontaneously.", "PMID": 383113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5996", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in a case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome.", "content": "A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome is described in a 54-year-old Caucasian male. He had calcific aortic valve disease and dilatation of the ascending aorta. An aortic valve replacement was performed using a Starr prosthesis.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in a case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome. A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome is described in a 54-year-old Caucasian male. He had calcific aortic valve disease and dilatation of the ascending aorta. An aortic valve replacement was performed using a Starr prosthesis.", "PMID": 383121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5997", "title": "Marrow autotransplantation accelerates haematological recovery in patients with malignant melanoma treated with high-dose melphalan.", "content": "In a Phase I study, melphalan 140 mg/m2 was administered to 8 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. Marrow was removed from the patients immediately before melphalan administration and returned i.v. 8 h later. Studies on marrow culture and melphalan pharmacokinetics predicted that this was a safe time to administer non-cryopreserved marrow. Four patients received lower doses of i.v. melphalan without autologous marrow. In the group receiving autologous marrow the time for recovery of peripheral-blood granulocytes to 800/mm2 or greater was significantly less (P = 0.01) than in those not receiving marrow. In 7 patients the tumour showed evidence of response to the drug and there was 1 complete remission. This treatment deserves investigation in patients with tumours more sensitive to drugs than melanoma.", "contents": "Marrow autotransplantation accelerates haematological recovery in patients with malignant melanoma treated with high-dose melphalan. In a Phase I study, melphalan 140 mg/m2 was administered to 8 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. Marrow was removed from the patients immediately before melphalan administration and returned i.v. 8 h later. Studies on marrow culture and melphalan pharmacokinetics predicted that this was a safe time to administer non-cryopreserved marrow. Four patients received lower doses of i.v. melphalan without autologous marrow. In the group receiving autologous marrow the time for recovery of peripheral-blood granulocytes to 800/mm2 or greater was significantly less (P = 0.01) than in those not receiving marrow. In 7 patients the tumour showed evidence of response to the drug and there was 1 complete remission. This treatment deserves investigation in patients with tumours more sensitive to drugs than melanoma.", "PMID": 383125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5998", "title": "A statistical study of sarcoma complicating Paget's disease of bone in three countries.", "content": "Details of sex, age at presentation and anatomical site of sarcoma complicating Paget's disease of bone were recorded from the literature for white patients in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States over the period 1978--77. Evidence is presented to suggest that sex and tumour-site distributions are free from bias, except possibly for the skull. There was a male predominance for all sites except the skull, where the odds ratio of sarcoma compared with other locations is more than twice as high for females as for males. No national differences emerged in the sex ratio of patients. In Australia a latitudinal effect was observed. Whereas the percentage of males with uncomplicated Paget's disease was essentially constant, those with sarcoma showed a decrease with increase in latitude from Queensland to Victoria. This was attributable to tumours of the skull. Patients with bone involvement above the waist were significantly younger than those with affected feet, legs or pelvic girdle.", "contents": "A statistical study of sarcoma complicating Paget's disease of bone in three countries. Details of sex, age at presentation and anatomical site of sarcoma complicating Paget's disease of bone were recorded from the literature for white patients in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States over the period 1978--77. Evidence is presented to suggest that sex and tumour-site distributions are free from bias, except possibly for the skull. There was a male predominance for all sites except the skull, where the odds ratio of sarcoma compared with other locations is more than twice as high for females as for males. No national differences emerged in the sex ratio of patients. In Australia a latitudinal effect was observed. Whereas the percentage of males with uncomplicated Paget's disease was essentially constant, those with sarcoma showed a decrease with increase in latitude from Queensland to Victoria. This was attributable to tumours of the skull. Patients with bone involvement above the waist were significantly younger than those with affected feet, legs or pelvic girdle.", "PMID": 383126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_5999", "title": "Dihydrocholesterol-induced gallstones in the rabbit: evidence that bile acids cause gallbladder epithelial injury.", "content": "Rabbits fed a diet containing 0.75% dihydrocholesterol for 7 days develop bile acid allodeoxycholic (ADCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) stones in the gallbladder. In this model, inflammatory changes in the gallbladder mucosa are often observed even before stones are formed. Within 3 days of the lithogenic diet, abnormalities of platelet function were detectable. Platelet aggregation upon addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was impaired. At the same time the red cells became crenated and developed thorny spicules (echinocytes). This morphological changes was associated with intracellular dehydration and excessive loss of potassium. These changes coincided with a rise in serum ADCA and DCA and preceded a slow rise in serum cholesterol. In vitro incubation studies also suggested that the bile acids had probably caused membrane injury to the platelets and red cells. It is concluded that changes in the bile ADCA and DCA probably induce gallbladder epithelial injury in this model of experimental cholelithiasis.", "contents": "Dihydrocholesterol-induced gallstones in the rabbit: evidence that bile acids cause gallbladder epithelial injury. Rabbits fed a diet containing 0.75% dihydrocholesterol for 7 days develop bile acid allodeoxycholic (ADCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) stones in the gallbladder. In this model, inflammatory changes in the gallbladder mucosa are often observed even before stones are formed. Within 3 days of the lithogenic diet, abnormalities of platelet function were detectable. Platelet aggregation upon addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was impaired. At the same time the red cells became crenated and developed thorny spicules (echinocytes). This morphological changes was associated with intracellular dehydration and excessive loss of potassium. These changes coincided with a rise in serum ADCA and DCA and preceded a slow rise in serum cholesterol. In vitro incubation studies also suggested that the bile acids had probably caused membrane injury to the platelets and red cells. It is concluded that changes in the bile ADCA and DCA probably induce gallbladder epithelial injury in this model of experimental cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 383127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6000", "title": "Lactoperoxidase activity in guinea-pig milk and saliva: correlation in milk of lactoperoxidase with bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in guinea-pig milk and saliva has been investigated in sows suckling normal young, and young orally infected with Escherichia coli. There was a 5-fold increase in activity in milk during the 3--4 weeks of lactation; infection of the young did not alter this. There was no comparable increase in lactoperoxidase activity of saliva during this same period, either in the infected or non-infected group. The antibacterial activity of milk from sows suckling normal young increased with the lactoperoxidase, and this bactericidal activity could be reversed by LPO inhibitors such as penicillamine and cysteine but not by addition of sufficient iron to saturate the lactoferrin. In milk from sows suckling infected young, bacteriostatic activity occurring in samples from about 14 days after infection needed iron or both iron and penicillamine (or cysteine) for reversal, indicating that both the antibody-lactoferrin system and the LPO system may be involved in the infected state.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase activity in guinea-pig milk and saliva: correlation in milk of lactoperoxidase with bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. The lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in guinea-pig milk and saliva has been investigated in sows suckling normal young, and young orally infected with Escherichia coli. There was a 5-fold increase in activity in milk during the 3--4 weeks of lactation; infection of the young did not alter this. There was no comparable increase in lactoperoxidase activity of saliva during this same period, either in the infected or non-infected group. The antibacterial activity of milk from sows suckling normal young increased with the lactoperoxidase, and this bactericidal activity could be reversed by LPO inhibitors such as penicillamine and cysteine but not by addition of sufficient iron to saturate the lactoferrin. In milk from sows suckling infected young, bacteriostatic activity occurring in samples from about 14 days after infection needed iron or both iron and penicillamine (or cysteine) for reversal, indicating that both the antibody-lactoferrin system and the LPO system may be involved in the infected state.", "PMID": 383128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6001", "title": "Successful maintenance immunotherapy by BCG of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas: results of a controlled trial.", "content": "Forty-eight patients less than 65 years old, suffering non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas with one or more criteria of poor prognosis, were priorly placed in complete remission by an association of chemo + radio + chemotherapy. They were then randomized to receive either BCG in weekly scarifications for 3 years or no further treatment. Five patients were excluded (four after pathological reassessment); 43 are thus evaluable. There were 13 relapses out of 23 control patients and three relapses out of 20 treated patients (0.01 less than P less than 0.025). This difference is more distinct for clinical stages I and II (0.01 less than P less than 0.025) than for stages III and IV (not significant). Eight patients died in the control group whereas there was only one death in the treated group (0.025 less than P less than 0.05). These results indicate than BCG is useful in maintaining remission in about 40% of the cases and also in increasing their survival, especially in patients with clinical stages I or II.", "contents": "Successful maintenance immunotherapy by BCG of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas: results of a controlled trial. Forty-eight patients less than 65 years old, suffering non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas with one or more criteria of poor prognosis, were priorly placed in complete remission by an association of chemo + radio + chemotherapy. They were then randomized to receive either BCG in weekly scarifications for 3 years or no further treatment. Five patients were excluded (four after pathological reassessment); 43 are thus evaluable. There were 13 relapses out of 23 control patients and three relapses out of 20 treated patients (0.01 less than P less than 0.025). This difference is more distinct for clinical stages I and II (0.01 less than P less than 0.025) than for stages III and IV (not significant). Eight patients died in the control group whereas there was only one death in the treated group (0.025 less than P less than 0.05). These results indicate than BCG is useful in maintaining remission in about 40% of the cases and also in increasing their survival, especially in patients with clinical stages I or II.", "PMID": 383133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6002", "title": "Detection and quantification of platelet-bound antibodies with immunoperoxidase.", "content": "The use of immunocytochemical techniques enables one to quantify antibodies bound to cell membranes. We have tested the platelets of subjects with immune thrombocytopenic purpura by this method. The washed platelets were incubated in the presence of antiglobulin conjugated with an equimolar amount of peroxidase. The fixed peroxidase was revealed and quantified by an enzymatic reaction using orthodianizidine-H2O2. From the results the number of immunoglobulin molecules per platelet was calculated. The test was calibrated so as to eliminate non-specific fixation of the reagent. Under these conditions the platelets of subjects with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura bound a much large amount of detectable immunoglobulin (800-21 000 molecules per platelet) than those of normal subjects (235 +/- 74 sites per platelet) or subjects with non-immune thrombocytopenia (395 +/- 203 molecules per platelet).", "contents": "Detection and quantification of platelet-bound antibodies with immunoperoxidase. The use of immunocytochemical techniques enables one to quantify antibodies bound to cell membranes. We have tested the platelets of subjects with immune thrombocytopenic purpura by this method. The washed platelets were incubated in the presence of antiglobulin conjugated with an equimolar amount of peroxidase. The fixed peroxidase was revealed and quantified by an enzymatic reaction using orthodianizidine-H2O2. From the results the number of immunoglobulin molecules per platelet was calculated. The test was calibrated so as to eliminate non-specific fixation of the reagent. Under these conditions the platelets of subjects with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura bound a much large amount of detectable immunoglobulin (800-21 000 molecules per platelet) than those of normal subjects (235 +/- 74 sites per platelet) or subjects with non-immune thrombocytopenia (395 +/- 203 molecules per platelet).", "PMID": 383134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6003", "title": "Surgical management of carcinoma of eyelids and periorbital skin.", "content": "An appraisal of a personal series of 115 unselected and surgically treated cutaneous cancers of palpebral region is presented. Histological confirmation of the diagnosis and adequacy of excision was obtained for all lesions. Seven of the 8 patients with doubtful clearance were successfully treated with further surgery very soon. Complications were few, the incidence of reoperations low, and cosmetic as well as functional results were mostly satisfactory. Tumour recurred in 1 case (0.87%). Two patients had a poor cosmetic result. Seventy-nine cases (69%) were treated as day cases under local anaesthesia even for major repairs like full-thickness reconstruction of two-thirds of the lower eyelid and repairs with large full-thickness skin grafts of up to 20 x 55 mm by a new simple technique of graft fixation. The use of longer-acting local anaesthetics in oculoplastic surgery is described. Attention is drawn to the dangers of using direct wound closure for repair.", "contents": "Surgical management of carcinoma of eyelids and periorbital skin. An appraisal of a personal series of 115 unselected and surgically treated cutaneous cancers of palpebral region is presented. Histological confirmation of the diagnosis and adequacy of excision was obtained for all lesions. Seven of the 8 patients with doubtful clearance were successfully treated with further surgery very soon. Complications were few, the incidence of reoperations low, and cosmetic as well as functional results were mostly satisfactory. Tumour recurred in 1 case (0.87%). Two patients had a poor cosmetic result. Seventy-nine cases (69%) were treated as day cases under local anaesthesia even for major repairs like full-thickness reconstruction of two-thirds of the lower eyelid and repairs with large full-thickness skin grafts of up to 20 x 55 mm by a new simple technique of graft fixation. The use of longer-acting local anaesthetics in oculoplastic surgery is described. Attention is drawn to the dangers of using direct wound closure for repair.", "PMID": 383135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6004", "title": "A ptosis repair of aponeurotic defects by the posterior approach.", "content": "A simple posterior approach operation for correcting ptosis due to a disinsertion of the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle is presented. M\u00fcller's muscle is restored to its normal length. Pull-out sutures are used which give some postoperative control of eyelid level and allow the procedure to be done under general anaesthesia if required.", "contents": "A ptosis repair of aponeurotic defects by the posterior approach. A simple posterior approach operation for correcting ptosis due to a disinsertion of the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle is presented. M\u00fcller's muscle is restored to its normal length. Pull-out sutures are used which give some postoperative control of eyelid level and allow the procedure to be done under general anaesthesia if required.", "PMID": 383136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6005", "title": "Hydrogen transfer in catalysis by adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase.", "content": "Studies [bachovchin, W. W., et al. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2218] of the mechanism of inactivation of adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase have led to the development of a general method to describe the kinetics of a reaction pathway containing a reservoir of mobile hydrogen. Analysis by this method of catalytic rate measurements for mixtures of 1,2-propanediol and 1,1-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol supports a mechanism involving an intermediate with three equivalent hydrogens, in which hydrogen transfer from this intermediate to product is the major rate-contributing step. Other results using tritium as a trace label [essenberg, M. K., et al. (1971) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 1242] are considered in light of these deuterium isotope studies.", "contents": "Hydrogen transfer in catalysis by adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase. Studies [bachovchin, W. W., et al. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2218] of the mechanism of inactivation of adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase have led to the development of a general method to describe the kinetics of a reaction pathway containing a reservoir of mobile hydrogen. Analysis by this method of catalytic rate measurements for mixtures of 1,2-propanediol and 1,1-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol supports a mechanism involving an intermediate with three equivalent hydrogens, in which hydrogen transfer from this intermediate to product is the major rate-contributing step. Other results using tritium as a trace label [essenberg, M. K., et al. (1971) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 1242] are considered in light of these deuterium isotope studies.", "PMID": 383139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6006", "title": "Isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Steady-state kinetic analysis.", "content": "A steady-state kinetic analysis was conducted of the overall aminoacylation reaction catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The patterns of Lineweaver-Burk plots obtained indicated that tRNA adds to the enzyme only after isoleucyl adenylate formation and pyrophosphate release. These kinetic patterns were consistent with the bi-uni-uni-bi Ping Pong mechanism generally accepted for this aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, but they could also be accommodated by a mechanism in which a second molecule of L-isoleucine added to the enzyme between isoleucyl adenylate formation and aminoacylation of tRNA [Fersht, A.R., & Kaethner, M.M. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 818]. The values of the kinetic parameters favor the latter mechanism. The results of this kinetic analysis indicated that the affinity of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase for Mg.ATP was enhanced upon binding of L-isoleucine and vice versa. It also indicated that the affinity of the enzyme for L-isoleucine is decreased upon binding tRNA and vice versa. The values of dissociation constants calculated for each of the substrates by this study generally compared well with those determined by other authors using a variety of kinetic and equilibrium methods.", "contents": "Isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Steady-state kinetic analysis. A steady-state kinetic analysis was conducted of the overall aminoacylation reaction catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The patterns of Lineweaver-Burk plots obtained indicated that tRNA adds to the enzyme only after isoleucyl adenylate formation and pyrophosphate release. These kinetic patterns were consistent with the bi-uni-uni-bi Ping Pong mechanism generally accepted for this aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, but they could also be accommodated by a mechanism in which a second molecule of L-isoleucine added to the enzyme between isoleucyl adenylate formation and aminoacylation of tRNA [Fersht, A.R., & Kaethner, M.M. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 818]. The values of the kinetic parameters favor the latter mechanism. The results of this kinetic analysis indicated that the affinity of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase for Mg.ATP was enhanced upon binding of L-isoleucine and vice versa. It also indicated that the affinity of the enzyme for L-isoleucine is decreased upon binding tRNA and vice versa. The values of dissociation constants calculated for each of the substrates by this study generally compared well with those determined by other authors using a variety of kinetic and equilibrium methods.", "PMID": 383140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6007", "title": "Isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Competitive inhibition with respect to transfer ribonucleic acid by blue dextran.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of blue dextran and a small dye molecule derived from it (F3GA-OH) on the steady-state reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli isoleucy-tRNA synthetase have been studied. Blue dextran gave uncompetitive inhibition with respect to Mg.ATP, mixed inhibition with respect to L-isoleucine, and competitive inhibition with respect to tRNA. The small dye molecule (F3GA-OH) was also competitive with respect to tRNA. These inhibition patterns were not consistent with the bi-uni-uni-bi Ping Pong mechanism generally accepted for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. They were consistent with a mechanism in which a second L-isoleucine is bound after isoleucyl-AMP synthesis and before transfer of the isoleucyl moiety to tRNA. Enzyme-bound L-isoleucine lowered the affinity of the enzyme for blue dextran approximately fivefold, a value comparable to the ninefold lowering of the enzyme's affinity for tRNA upon binding L-isoleucine. The affinity of the synthetase for F3GA-OH (K1 = 1.0 X 10(-7) M) is approximately fivefold higher than its affinity for blue dextran (K1 = 5.3 X 10(-7) M). These results indicate that blue dextran and its derivatives may be useful for kinetic and physical studies of polynucleotide binding sites on proteins as well as NAD and ATP sites.", "contents": "Isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Competitive inhibition with respect to transfer ribonucleic acid by blue dextran. The inhibitory effects of blue dextran and a small dye molecule derived from it (F3GA-OH) on the steady-state reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli isoleucy-tRNA synthetase have been studied. Blue dextran gave uncompetitive inhibition with respect to Mg.ATP, mixed inhibition with respect to L-isoleucine, and competitive inhibition with respect to tRNA. The small dye molecule (F3GA-OH) was also competitive with respect to tRNA. These inhibition patterns were not consistent with the bi-uni-uni-bi Ping Pong mechanism generally accepted for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. They were consistent with a mechanism in which a second L-isoleucine is bound after isoleucyl-AMP synthesis and before transfer of the isoleucyl moiety to tRNA. Enzyme-bound L-isoleucine lowered the affinity of the enzyme for blue dextran approximately fivefold, a value comparable to the ninefold lowering of the enzyme's affinity for tRNA upon binding L-isoleucine. The affinity of the synthetase for F3GA-OH (K1 = 1.0 X 10(-7) M) is approximately fivefold higher than its affinity for blue dextran (K1 = 5.3 X 10(-7) M). These results indicate that blue dextran and its derivatives may be useful for kinetic and physical studies of polynucleotide binding sites on proteins as well as NAD and ATP sites.", "PMID": 383141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6008", "title": "Studies of yeast phenylalanine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid backbone structure in solution by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "Approximately 17 diester phosphates from the backbone structure of yeast tRNAPhe give rise to phosphorus resonances, which are resolved in its 31P NMR spectrum. To localize these diester phosphates within the tRNA structure, 31P NMR spectra of several chemically or enzymatically modified yeast tRNAPhe species were recorded. To this end selective modifications were performed in the anticodon, the DHU, and the T psi C loop. Modifications, performed in different loop regions, give rise to perturbation of different characteristic 31P resonances. The 31P spectra were correlated with the corresponding 1H NMR spectra of the ring N hydrogen-bonded protons and interpreted in view of the X-ray results obtained on yeast tRNAPhe. It is concluded that the diester phosphate groups, which experience an unusual shift, can be accounted for in the X-ray structure in terms of hydrogen-bonded phosphates groups and diester phosphates with a diester geometry, deviating from the normal double-helical conformation.", "contents": "Studies of yeast phenylalanine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid backbone structure in solution by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Approximately 17 diester phosphates from the backbone structure of yeast tRNAPhe give rise to phosphorus resonances, which are resolved in its 31P NMR spectrum. To localize these diester phosphates within the tRNA structure, 31P NMR spectra of several chemically or enzymatically modified yeast tRNAPhe species were recorded. To this end selective modifications were performed in the anticodon, the DHU, and the T psi C loop. Modifications, performed in different loop regions, give rise to perturbation of different characteristic 31P resonances. The 31P spectra were correlated with the corresponding 1H NMR spectra of the ring N hydrogen-bonded protons and interpreted in view of the X-ray results obtained on yeast tRNAPhe. It is concluded that the diester phosphate groups, which experience an unusual shift, can be accounted for in the X-ray structure in terms of hydrogen-bonded phosphates groups and diester phosphates with a diester geometry, deviating from the normal double-helical conformation.", "PMID": 383144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6009", "title": "Mechanism of action of D-serine dehydratase. Identification of a transient intermediate.", "content": "Static absorbance measurements of D-serine dehydratase from Escherichia coli taken at 2 degrees C show that during the steady-state course of D-serine conversion the absorption maximum of the Schiff base of the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) is shifted from 415 to 442 nm. Furthermore, the progress curve of intermediates was monitored by stopped-flow techniques at wavelengths ranging from 320 to 500 nm. A point by point construction of successive spectra from these stopped-flow traces at various time intervals after the start of reaction resulted in a series of consecutive spectra exhibiting two isobestic points at 353 and 419 nm. The half-time of the absorbance changes occurring at 330 and 455 nm was found to be 6.5 ms, suggesting the observation of a single, enzyme-bound intermediate. The spectral data with substrate and inhibitors provide evidence that the intermediate is the Schiff base of alpha-aminoacrylate and pyridoxal-P. The proposed assignment is strongly supported by experiments of apodehydratase with transient-state analogues which exhibit a similar absorbance shift on binding to apoenzyme. Moreover, these results suggest that the phosphate group of the substrate--pyridoxal-P complex serves as the main anchoring point during catalysis. A reaction mechanism of the D-serine dehydratase is presented.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of D-serine dehydratase. Identification of a transient intermediate. Static absorbance measurements of D-serine dehydratase from Escherichia coli taken at 2 degrees C show that during the steady-state course of D-serine conversion the absorption maximum of the Schiff base of the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) is shifted from 415 to 442 nm. Furthermore, the progress curve of intermediates was monitored by stopped-flow techniques at wavelengths ranging from 320 to 500 nm. A point by point construction of successive spectra from these stopped-flow traces at various time intervals after the start of reaction resulted in a series of consecutive spectra exhibiting two isobestic points at 353 and 419 nm. The half-time of the absorbance changes occurring at 330 and 455 nm was found to be 6.5 ms, suggesting the observation of a single, enzyme-bound intermediate. The spectral data with substrate and inhibitors provide evidence that the intermediate is the Schiff base of alpha-aminoacrylate and pyridoxal-P. The proposed assignment is strongly supported by experiments of apodehydratase with transient-state analogues which exhibit a similar absorbance shift on binding to apoenzyme. Moreover, these results suggest that the phosphate group of the substrate--pyridoxal-P complex serves as the main anchoring point during catalysis. A reaction mechanism of the D-serine dehydratase is presented.", "PMID": 383145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6010", "title": "High-resolution phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Melting curves and relaxation effects.", "content": "In a continuation of our studies on structural effects on the 31P chemical shifts of nucleic acids, we present 31P NMR spectra of yeast phenylalanine tRNA in the presence and absence of Mg2+. Superconducting field (146 MHz) and 32-MHz 31P NMR spectra reveal approximately 15 nonhelical diester signals spread over approximately 7 ppm besides the downfield terminal 3'-phosphate monoester. In the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, most scattered and main cluster signals do not shift between 22--66 degrees C, thus supporting our earlier hypothesis that 31P chemical shifts are sensitive to phosphate ester torsional and bond angles. At 70 degrees C, all of the signals merge into a single random coil conformation signal. Similar effects are observed in the absence of Mg2+ except that the transition melting temperature is approximately 20 degrees C lower. Measured spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times reveal another lower temperature transition besides the thermal denaturation process. A number of the scattered peaks are shifted (0.2--1.7 ppm) and broadened between 22 and 66 degrees C in the presence of Mg2+ as a result of this conformational transition between two intact tertiary structures. The loss of the scattered peaks in the absence of Mg2+ occurs in the temperature range expected for melting of a tertiary structure. An attempt to simulate the 31P spectra of tRNA Phe based upon the X-ray crystallographically determined phosphate ester torsional agles supports the suggestion that the large shifts in the scattered peaks are due to bond angle distortions in the tertiary structure.", "contents": "High-resolution phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Melting curves and relaxation effects. In a continuation of our studies on structural effects on the 31P chemical shifts of nucleic acids, we present 31P NMR spectra of yeast phenylalanine tRNA in the presence and absence of Mg2+. Superconducting field (146 MHz) and 32-MHz 31P NMR spectra reveal approximately 15 nonhelical diester signals spread over approximately 7 ppm besides the downfield terminal 3'-phosphate monoester. In the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, most scattered and main cluster signals do not shift between 22--66 degrees C, thus supporting our earlier hypothesis that 31P chemical shifts are sensitive to phosphate ester torsional and bond angles. At 70 degrees C, all of the signals merge into a single random coil conformation signal. Similar effects are observed in the absence of Mg2+ except that the transition melting temperature is approximately 20 degrees C lower. Measured spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times reveal another lower temperature transition besides the thermal denaturation process. A number of the scattered peaks are shifted (0.2--1.7 ppm) and broadened between 22 and 66 degrees C in the presence of Mg2+ as a result of this conformational transition between two intact tertiary structures. The loss of the scattered peaks in the absence of Mg2+ occurs in the temperature range expected for melting of a tertiary structure. An attempt to simulate the 31P spectra of tRNA Phe based upon the X-ray crystallographically determined phosphate ester torsional agles supports the suggestion that the large shifts in the scattered peaks are due to bond angle distortions in the tertiary structure.", "PMID": 383146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6011", "title": "Comparison of the effects of increased intracellular calcium and antidiuretic hormone on active sodium transport in frog skin. A study with the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "The addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (1 microM) to the inside solution of the frog skin resulted in an approx. 40% transient increase in the active influx of Na+ and ionic conductance, which decayed to an approx. 13% steady-state stimulation after 1--2 h. A23187 had no effect from the outside solution. A23187's stimulatory action is most likely the result of the ionophore's ability to increase intracellular Ca2+. This contention is supported by the following experimental results: (1) reintroduction of Ca2+ into a Ca2+-free inner solution stimulated Na+ transport only in the presence of A23187: (2) Mg2+ would not mimic these effects, and (3) EGTA in the inner solution would inhibit the A23187 response. The stimulation of active transport and ionic conductances elicited by A23187 were found to be very similar to those caused by antidiuretic hormone. Several lines of evidence suggest that A23187 may by-pass steps in the normal antidiuretic hormone stimulatory process: (1) A23187 and antidiuretic hormone are apparently non-additive; (2) A23187 acts three times faster than antidiuretic hormone; (3) A23187 stimulates antidiuretic hormone-insensitive frog skins, and (4) results from other laboratories indicate that A23187 does not increase cyclic AMP concentrations. It is speculated that an increase in free intracellular Ca2+ may be a step in the normal antidiuretic hormone stimulatory process. This increase in intracellular Ca2+ may in turn stimulate active sodium transport by increasing the Na+ permeability of the outer 'rate-limiting' membrane.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of increased intracellular calcium and antidiuretic hormone on active sodium transport in frog skin. A study with the calcium ionophore A23187. The addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (1 microM) to the inside solution of the frog skin resulted in an approx. 40% transient increase in the active influx of Na+ and ionic conductance, which decayed to an approx. 13% steady-state stimulation after 1--2 h. A23187 had no effect from the outside solution. A23187's stimulatory action is most likely the result of the ionophore's ability to increase intracellular Ca2+. This contention is supported by the following experimental results: (1) reintroduction of Ca2+ into a Ca2+-free inner solution stimulated Na+ transport only in the presence of A23187: (2) Mg2+ would not mimic these effects, and (3) EGTA in the inner solution would inhibit the A23187 response. The stimulation of active transport and ionic conductances elicited by A23187 were found to be very similar to those caused by antidiuretic hormone. Several lines of evidence suggest that A23187 may by-pass steps in the normal antidiuretic hormone stimulatory process: (1) A23187 and antidiuretic hormone are apparently non-additive; (2) A23187 acts three times faster than antidiuretic hormone; (3) A23187 stimulates antidiuretic hormone-insensitive frog skins, and (4) results from other laboratories indicate that A23187 does not increase cyclic AMP concentrations. It is speculated that an increase in free intracellular Ca2+ may be a step in the normal antidiuretic hormone stimulatory process. This increase in intracellular Ca2+ may in turn stimulate active sodium transport by increasing the Na+ permeability of the outer 'rate-limiting' membrane.", "PMID": 383148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6012", "title": "The effect of altered ergosterol content on the transport of various amino acids in Candida albicans.", "content": "Candida albicans cells have low levels of ergosterol when grown in ascorbic acid-supplemented media. When cells are grown in hydroquinone-supplemented media, the ergosterol levels became higher as compared to normal cells. The uptake of lysine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, methionine and serine is reduced in hydroquinone-supplemented cells. In contrast to hydroquinone-supplemented cells, the rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids are higher in ascorbic acid-supplemented cells. Nystatin-resistant isolates of C. albicans with low ergosterol contents also exhibit an increased rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids. The uptake of phenylalanine and leucine remained unaffected by such a change in ergosterol levels brought about by different supplementation of the media. The results demonstrate a correlation between ergosterol levels and amino acids uptake. Contrary to various reports, the rate of K+ efflux does not seem to correlate with the amino acid uptake in C. albicans cells.", "contents": "The effect of altered ergosterol content on the transport of various amino acids in Candida albicans. Candida albicans cells have low levels of ergosterol when grown in ascorbic acid-supplemented media. When cells are grown in hydroquinone-supplemented media, the ergosterol levels became higher as compared to normal cells. The uptake of lysine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, methionine and serine is reduced in hydroquinone-supplemented cells. In contrast to hydroquinone-supplemented cells, the rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids are higher in ascorbic acid-supplemented cells. Nystatin-resistant isolates of C. albicans with low ergosterol contents also exhibit an increased rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids. The uptake of phenylalanine and leucine remained unaffected by such a change in ergosterol levels brought about by different supplementation of the media. The results demonstrate a correlation between ergosterol levels and amino acids uptake. Contrary to various reports, the rate of K+ efflux does not seem to correlate with the amino acid uptake in C. albicans cells.", "PMID": 383149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6013", "title": "An inducible proline transport system in Candida albicans.", "content": "1. When Candida albicans cells were preincubated with proline or grown in the presence of proline as the sole nitrogen source they exhibited a rapid increase in the influx of proline (the inducible transport system). 2. The induction appeared to be specific for proline and also demonstrated in other Candida species. 3. Both the inducible and constitutive proline uptake systems exhibited similar characteristic features. 4. The nature of the inducer for proline uptake in C. albicans appeared to be free proline. 5. The development of the inducible proline transport system was dependent on concomitant synthesis of RNA and protein and the induction was not affected by glucose or any other carbon sources used.", "contents": "An inducible proline transport system in Candida albicans. 1. When Candida albicans cells were preincubated with proline or grown in the presence of proline as the sole nitrogen source they exhibited a rapid increase in the influx of proline (the inducible transport system). 2. The induction appeared to be specific for proline and also demonstrated in other Candida species. 3. Both the inducible and constitutive proline uptake systems exhibited similar characteristic features. 4. The nature of the inducer for proline uptake in C. albicans appeared to be free proline. 5. The development of the inducible proline transport system was dependent on concomitant synthesis of RNA and protein and the induction was not affected by glucose or any other carbon sources used.", "PMID": 383150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6014", "title": "Variant forms of matrix protein in Escherichia coli B/r bearing N plasmids.", "content": "Plasmids of the N incompatibility group have been found to decrease or virtually eliminate the synthesis of the 36,500 dalton outer membrane matrix protein of their Escherichia coli B/r hosts (Iyer, R. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 470, 258--272 and Iyer, R., Darby, V. and Holland, I.B. (1978) FEBS Lett. 85, 127--132) or modify its composition. Although the 34,000 dalton tol G protein is slightly increased in some strains, it is identical in composition to the homologous protein from the plasmidless host. In three of five N+ strains the synthesis of the modified matrix proteins depends on the temperature of cultivation of the strains in which they occur. The alterations to the matrix proteins are non-identical and do not affect the expression of several plasmid-coded functions including those of sensitivity to the N plasmid-specific filamentous bacteriophage IKe (Khatoon, H. and Iyer, R. (1971) Can. J. Microbiol. 17, 669--675), or their interbacterial transfer via conjugation to appropriate recipient strains. Thus, although the significance of the variant matrix proteins in N+ strains with respect to plasmid-mediated functions remains unclear, N plasmids nevertheless provide a convenient system which might be used to elucidate the events that precede the insertion of this protein into the outer membrane of E. coli B/r hosts.", "contents": "Variant forms of matrix protein in Escherichia coli B/r bearing N plasmids. Plasmids of the N incompatibility group have been found to decrease or virtually eliminate the synthesis of the 36,500 dalton outer membrane matrix protein of their Escherichia coli B/r hosts (Iyer, R. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 470, 258--272 and Iyer, R., Darby, V. and Holland, I.B. (1978) FEBS Lett. 85, 127--132) or modify its composition. Although the 34,000 dalton tol G protein is slightly increased in some strains, it is identical in composition to the homologous protein from the plasmidless host. In three of five N+ strains the synthesis of the modified matrix proteins depends on the temperature of cultivation of the strains in which they occur. The alterations to the matrix proteins are non-identical and do not affect the expression of several plasmid-coded functions including those of sensitivity to the N plasmid-specific filamentous bacteriophage IKe (Khatoon, H. and Iyer, R. (1971) Can. J. Microbiol. 17, 669--675), or their interbacterial transfer via conjugation to appropriate recipient strains. Thus, although the significance of the variant matrix proteins in N+ strains with respect to plasmid-mediated functions remains unclear, N plasmids nevertheless provide a convenient system which might be used to elucidate the events that precede the insertion of this protein into the outer membrane of E. coli B/r hosts.", "PMID": 383151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6015", "title": "Resolution of the coenzyme B-12-dependent dehydratases of Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter freundii.", "content": "Diol dehydratase (1,2-propanediol hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.28) and glycerol dehydratase (glycerol hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.30) are shown to be distinct, separable enzymes that occur individually or together in different strains of Klebsiella sp. Anaerobic growth with propan-1,2-diol induces diol dehydratase alone, whereas glycerol fermentation induces both enzymes in K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 and in Citrobacter freundii NCIB 3735. The dehydratases can be resolved by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis or separated by anion-exchange chromatography alone. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation failed to distinguish the enzymes and indicated a molecular weight of 1.9 . 10(5) for both. The enzymes can be assayed individually, even when present in the same crude extract, using the 67-fold difference in their Km values for coenzyme B-12. For both enzymes inactivation kinetics are observed with glycerol as substrated, and monovalent cations influence both the inactivation rate and catalytic rate of the reaction.", "contents": "Resolution of the coenzyme B-12-dependent dehydratases of Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter freundii. Diol dehydratase (1,2-propanediol hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.28) and glycerol dehydratase (glycerol hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.30) are shown to be distinct, separable enzymes that occur individually or together in different strains of Klebsiella sp. Anaerobic growth with propan-1,2-diol induces diol dehydratase alone, whereas glycerol fermentation induces both enzymes in K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 and in Citrobacter freundii NCIB 3735. The dehydratases can be resolved by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis or separated by anion-exchange chromatography alone. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation failed to distinguish the enzymes and indicated a molecular weight of 1.9 . 10(5) for both. The enzymes can be assayed individually, even when present in the same crude extract, using the 67-fold difference in their Km values for coenzyme B-12. For both enzymes inactivation kinetics are observed with glycerol as substrated, and monovalent cations influence both the inactivation rate and catalytic rate of the reaction.", "PMID": 383154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6016", "title": "Purification and characterization of the extracellular proteinase of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The extracellular proteinase produced by a depressed strain of Serratia marcescens ATCC 25419 was purified and characterized. This produces more than 10-times the amount of extracellular proteinase produced by other strains of Serratia tested. The purified enzyme was prepared from the culture supernatant by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme has an so20,w of 3.95 and is a monomer of molecular weight 51,900. The proteinase has a broad pH optimum in the alkaline range with a maximum at pH 9.5. The enzyme will utilize a number of proteins as substrate. The products of digestion are primarily in the size range of tripeptides to hexapeptides. Peptides containing a sensitive bond and a minimum size of size amino acids are hydrolyzed. The proteinase is inhibited by chelating agents but unaffected by sulfhydryl or serine reagents and is devoid of esterase activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the extracellular proteinase of Serratia marcescens. The extracellular proteinase produced by a depressed strain of Serratia marcescens ATCC 25419 was purified and characterized. This produces more than 10-times the amount of extracellular proteinase produced by other strains of Serratia tested. The purified enzyme was prepared from the culture supernatant by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme has an so20,w of 3.95 and is a monomer of molecular weight 51,900. The proteinase has a broad pH optimum in the alkaline range with a maximum at pH 9.5. The enzyme will utilize a number of proteins as substrate. The products of digestion are primarily in the size range of tripeptides to hexapeptides. Peptides containing a sensitive bond and a minimum size of size amino acids are hydrolyzed. The proteinase is inhibited by chelating agents but unaffected by sulfhydryl or serine reagents and is devoid of esterase activity.", "PMID": 383155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6017", "title": "Age-dependent increase in the formation of prostaglandin I2 by intact and homogenised aortae from the developing spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The prostaglandin I2 biosynthetic capacity of aortae from spontaneously hypertensive rats of various ages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months) was investigated. An age-dependent increase in enzyme activity was observed reaching maximum by three months of age which correlated well with the age- related increase in the systolic blood pressure. These results support our notion that the enhanced aortic synthesis of the potent vasodepressor prostaglandin I2 by the spontaneously hypertensive rat likely represents an adaptive mechanism for the attenuation of the sustained elevation in blood pressure in this animal model.", "contents": "Age-dependent increase in the formation of prostaglandin I2 by intact and homogenised aortae from the developing spontaneously hypertensive rat. The prostaglandin I2 biosynthetic capacity of aortae from spontaneously hypertensive rats of various ages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months) was investigated. An age-dependent increase in enzyme activity was observed reaching maximum by three months of age which correlated well with the age- related increase in the systolic blood pressure. These results support our notion that the enhanced aortic synthesis of the potent vasodepressor prostaglandin I2 by the spontaneously hypertensive rat likely represents an adaptive mechanism for the attenuation of the sustained elevation in blood pressure in this animal model.", "PMID": 383156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6018", "title": "Comparison between the in vivo rate of metabolism of prostaglandin I2 and its blood-pressure-lowering response after intravenous administration in the rat.", "content": "Intravenous bolus injection of prostaglandin I2 in the Inactin-anaesthetised rat produces a slow dose-dependant vasodepression which reaches maximum approximately 15 s. after injection. Administration of 9 beta-[3H1]-prostaglandin I2 by the same route followed by serial arterial sampling and TLC analysis revealed a slow conversion into one less polar metabolite starting after 20 s and reaching 40% by two minutes in the circulation. These experiments indicate that prostaglandin I2 survives pulmonary transit for a sufficiently long time to elicit a biological action. Thus its continuous systemic vascular synthesis could play an important role in the control of hypertension.", "contents": "Comparison between the in vivo rate of metabolism of prostaglandin I2 and its blood-pressure-lowering response after intravenous administration in the rat. Intravenous bolus injection of prostaglandin I2 in the Inactin-anaesthetised rat produces a slow dose-dependant vasodepression which reaches maximum approximately 15 s. after injection. Administration of 9 beta-[3H1]-prostaglandin I2 by the same route followed by serial arterial sampling and TLC analysis revealed a slow conversion into one less polar metabolite starting after 20 s and reaching 40% by two minutes in the circulation. These experiments indicate that prostaglandin I2 survives pulmonary transit for a sufficiently long time to elicit a biological action. Thus its continuous systemic vascular synthesis could play an important role in the control of hypertension.", "PMID": 383157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6019", "title": "Cord factor (trehalose-6-6'-dimycolate) of in vivo-derived Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "Harvests of Mycobacterium lepraemurium obtained from livers of moribund infected mice yielded M. lepraemurium cell walls that were extracted with solvent to provide crude M. lepraemurium cell wall lipids. By solvent fractionation and chromatography on DEAE cellulose and cellulose, a cord factor-like glycolipids contaminated with mycoside C was obtained. Additional solvent treatment provided the purified glycolipid, which was identified as 6,6'-trehalose dimycolate, by infrared and chromatographic comparison with authentic samples from M. tuberculosis, by identification of trehalose and specific mycolates of M. lepraemurium, and by permethylation analysis. This constitutes the first unequivocal identification of cord factor as a product of in vivo-derived mycobacteria.", "contents": "Cord factor (trehalose-6-6'-dimycolate) of in vivo-derived Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Harvests of Mycobacterium lepraemurium obtained from livers of moribund infected mice yielded M. lepraemurium cell walls that were extracted with solvent to provide crude M. lepraemurium cell wall lipids. By solvent fractionation and chromatography on DEAE cellulose and cellulose, a cord factor-like glycolipids contaminated with mycoside C was obtained. Additional solvent treatment provided the purified glycolipid, which was identified as 6,6'-trehalose dimycolate, by infrared and chromatographic comparison with authentic samples from M. tuberculosis, by identification of trehalose and specific mycolates of M. lepraemurium, and by permethylation analysis. This constitutes the first unequivocal identification of cord factor as a product of in vivo-derived mycobacteria.", "PMID": 383158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6020", "title": "Catabolite inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Catabolite inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was studied in yeast spheroplasts using 0.9 M mannitol or 0.6 M potassium chloride as the osmotic support. In the presence of potassium chloride the rate of catabolite inactivation was nearly the same as that occurring in intact yeast cells under different conditions of incubation. However, in the presence of mannitol, catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts was prevented. The mannitol inhibition of catabolite inactivation was released by addition of ammonium or phosphate ions. At a concentration of 0.3 M ammonium or 0.06 M phosphate ions, the maximum rate of catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts suspended in mannitol was achieved and was comparable with that observed in spheroplasts incubated in 0.6 M potassium chloride as the osmotic stabilizer. Sodium sulfate (0.04 and 0.4 M) or potassium chloride (0.06 and 0.6 M) did not release the mannitol inhibition of catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts. In intact yeast cells, 0.9 M mannitol, 0.08 M ammonium or 0.1 M phosphate ions did not influence the rate of catabolite inactivation. The nature of the effect of mannitol, ammonium and phosphate ions on catabolite inactivation in yeast spheroplasts is discussed.", "contents": "Catabolite inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Catabolite inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was studied in yeast spheroplasts using 0.9 M mannitol or 0.6 M potassium chloride as the osmotic support. In the presence of potassium chloride the rate of catabolite inactivation was nearly the same as that occurring in intact yeast cells under different conditions of incubation. However, in the presence of mannitol, catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts was prevented. The mannitol inhibition of catabolite inactivation was released by addition of ammonium or phosphate ions. At a concentration of 0.3 M ammonium or 0.06 M phosphate ions, the maximum rate of catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts suspended in mannitol was achieved and was comparable with that observed in spheroplasts incubated in 0.6 M potassium chloride as the osmotic stabilizer. Sodium sulfate (0.04 and 0.4 M) or potassium chloride (0.06 and 0.6 M) did not release the mannitol inhibition of catabolite inactivation in spheroplasts. In intact yeast cells, 0.9 M mannitol, 0.08 M ammonium or 0.1 M phosphate ions did not influence the rate of catabolite inactivation. The nature of the effect of mannitol, ammonium and phosphate ions on catabolite inactivation in yeast spheroplasts is discussed.", "PMID": 383159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6021", "title": "Degradation of proteins in steady-state cultures of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The degradation of proteins in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells grown under steady-state conditions in a glucose-limited chemostat. During the first 24 h, approximately 25% of pulse-labeled proteins were degraded and after 72 h up to 58% of the proteins were broken down. To examine the stability of subcellular components steady-state cultures were labeled with an initial pulse of [14C]leucine, 24 h were allowed for turnover of these proteins, and the cells were then labeled with a short pulse of [3H]leucine. By this double-label protocol, the labile proteins were preferentially labeled with [H]leucine and had high 3H/14C ratios, while the more stable proteins had lower 3//14C ratios. The 3/-labeled proteins were degraded approximately five times as rapidly as the 14C-labeled proteins in exponentially growing cells. The relative stability of subcellular fractions was determined by comparing their 3H/14C ratios to the ratio of the cells at harvest. The soluble fraction contained the most labile proteins, while the ribosomal and membrane fractions were at least as stable as the average cell protein.", "contents": "Degradation of proteins in steady-state cultures of Escherichia coli. The degradation of proteins in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells grown under steady-state conditions in a glucose-limited chemostat. During the first 24 h, approximately 25% of pulse-labeled proteins were degraded and after 72 h up to 58% of the proteins were broken down. To examine the stability of subcellular components steady-state cultures were labeled with an initial pulse of [14C]leucine, 24 h were allowed for turnover of these proteins, and the cells were then labeled with a short pulse of [3H]leucine. By this double-label protocol, the labile proteins were preferentially labeled with [H]leucine and had high 3H/14C ratios, while the more stable proteins had lower 3//14C ratios. The 3/-labeled proteins were degraded approximately five times as rapidly as the 14C-labeled proteins in exponentially growing cells. The relative stability of subcellular fractions was determined by comparing their 3H/14C ratios to the ratio of the cells at harvest. The soluble fraction contained the most labile proteins, while the ribosomal and membrane fractions were at least as stable as the average cell protein.", "PMID": 383160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6022", "title": "Dynamics of glucose-induced plasma insulin increase in the rat fetus at different stages of gestation. Effects of maternal hypothermia and fetal decapitation.", "content": "The effect of glucose on the release of insulin from the pancreas of 19.5- to 21.5-day-old rat fetuses has been studied in utero. Fetal hyperglycemia was induced by a square-wave glucose infusion into pregnant rats over a period of 150 min. The infusion of glucose raised the fetal blood glucose concentration to that of the mother and induced a rapid increase of plasma insulin levels on day 19.5 of gestation. There was a progressive rise of the insulin response as the gestation proceeded, with an increase of the two phases of the hormonal secretion. Maternal hypothermia induced by pentobarbital anesthesia decreased markedly the insulin response to hyperglycemia in the mothers and their fetuses. In fetuses decapitated on day 18.5 and studied on day 21.5, the increase of plasma insulin concentration after a 1-hour hyperglycemia was similar to that in the littermate control fetuses.", "contents": "Dynamics of glucose-induced plasma insulin increase in the rat fetus at different stages of gestation. Effects of maternal hypothermia and fetal decapitation. The effect of glucose on the release of insulin from the pancreas of 19.5- to 21.5-day-old rat fetuses has been studied in utero. Fetal hyperglycemia was induced by a square-wave glucose infusion into pregnant rats over a period of 150 min. The infusion of glucose raised the fetal blood glucose concentration to that of the mother and induced a rapid increase of plasma insulin levels on day 19.5 of gestation. There was a progressive rise of the insulin response as the gestation proceeded, with an increase of the two phases of the hormonal secretion. Maternal hypothermia induced by pentobarbital anesthesia decreased markedly the insulin response to hyperglycemia in the mothers and their fetuses. In fetuses decapitated on day 18.5 and studied on day 21.5, the increase of plasma insulin concentration after a 1-hour hyperglycemia was similar to that in the littermate control fetuses.", "PMID": 383163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6023", "title": "Kinetics of changes in lymphoid organ weight and the cellular composition under leukosis of the latter, inoculated with different amounts of cells.", "content": "The authors studied the kinetic pattern of weight change in lymph glands, spleen, thymus, and their cellular composition during the development of mouse reticulosarcomatosis and Shvets' leukosis when the transplant contained different numbers of tumor cells. They found that during the development of reticulosarcomatosis, the weight of lymph glands and their content of lymphocytes and plasmocytes undergo enormous changes; the weight of the spleen and its content of lymphocytes increase gradually while the kinetic curve of plasma cell changes presents two maxima. During the development of Shvets' leukosis, the weight of spleen and lymph glands and their lymphocyte content change enormously while the number of plasmocytes rises exponentially. In every case, the authors determined a definite dependence of the reaction of lymphoid organs on the size of the transplantate.", "contents": "Kinetics of changes in lymphoid organ weight and the cellular composition under leukosis of the latter, inoculated with different amounts of cells. The authors studied the kinetic pattern of weight change in lymph glands, spleen, thymus, and their cellular composition during the development of mouse reticulosarcomatosis and Shvets' leukosis when the transplant contained different numbers of tumor cells. They found that during the development of reticulosarcomatosis, the weight of lymph glands and their content of lymphocytes and plasmocytes undergo enormous changes; the weight of the spleen and its content of lymphocytes increase gradually while the kinetic curve of plasma cell changes presents two maxima. During the development of Shvets' leukosis, the weight of spleen and lymph glands and their lymphocyte content change enormously while the number of plasmocytes rises exponentially. In every case, the authors determined a definite dependence of the reaction of lymphoid organs on the size of the transplantate.", "PMID": 383161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6024", "title": "Dopamine receptor stimulating agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In this article, the clinical actions of the principal dopamine receptor stimulating agents (apomorphine and its derivatives; piribedil, rye-ergot derivatives) are discussed on the basis of their biochemical and pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Dopamine receptor stimulating agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this article, the clinical actions of the principal dopamine receptor stimulating agents (apomorphine and its derivatives; piribedil, rye-ergot derivatives) are discussed on the basis of their biochemical and pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 383169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6025", "title": "Vacuolar pool of magnesium in cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cereviciae.", "content": "Cytochemical analysis and the fluorescence spectra of yeast cells indicate the existence of a vacuolar pool of magnesium and manganese in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was suggested that the tonoplast of yeast cells contains a system of transport of Mg++ and cations of divalent metals, which participates in the regulation of the level of these ions in the cytosol.", "contents": "Vacuolar pool of magnesium in cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cereviciae. Cytochemical analysis and the fluorescence spectra of yeast cells indicate the existence of a vacuolar pool of magnesium and manganese in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was suggested that the tonoplast of yeast cells contains a system of transport of Mg++ and cations of divalent metals, which participates in the regulation of the level of these ions in the cytosol.", "PMID": 383162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6026", "title": "Osteopetrosis reconsidered as a curable immune disorder.", "content": "Osteopetrosis is a unique model for investigating osteoclast formation from lymphocytes and more precisely from T-lymphocytes. In the pathogenesis of this condition, a thymic impairement must be postulated. The cure of several osteopetrotic animal mutants and an infant suffering from juvenile malignant osteopetrosis by injecting normal marrow are the first examples of the successful management of a bone disorder by cell injection.", "contents": "Osteopetrosis reconsidered as a curable immune disorder. Osteopetrosis is a unique model for investigating osteoclast formation from lymphocytes and more precisely from T-lymphocytes. In the pathogenesis of this condition, a thymic impairement must be postulated. The cure of several osteopetrotic animal mutants and an infant suffering from juvenile malignant osteopetrosis by injecting normal marrow are the first examples of the successful management of a bone disorder by cell injection.", "PMID": 383170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6027", "title": "Adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. (A randomized trial comparing radio-chemotherapy and radio-chemotherapy combined with the methanol extraction residue of BCG, MER).", "content": "Fifty-three patients with colorectal cancer Dukes' B2 and C were randomized after surgery. One group was treated by radio-and/or chemotherapy and the second by radio-and/or chemotherapy and MER. After 24 and 36 months a significant longer disease free interval, lower recurrence rate and better survival was found in the group treated by radio-chemo- and immunotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated and there were few local side effects from the MER injections. The long time efficacy of this adjuvant treatment whether it increases the cure rate or only delays recurrence does require longer follow-up.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. (A randomized trial comparing radio-chemotherapy and radio-chemotherapy combined with the methanol extraction residue of BCG, MER). Fifty-three patients with colorectal cancer Dukes' B2 and C were randomized after surgery. One group was treated by radio-and/or chemotherapy and the second by radio-and/or chemotherapy and MER. After 24 and 36 months a significant longer disease free interval, lower recurrence rate and better survival was found in the group treated by radio-chemo- and immunotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated and there were few local side effects from the MER injections. The long time efficacy of this adjuvant treatment whether it increases the cure rate or only delays recurrence does require longer follow-up.", "PMID": 383171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6028", "title": "Haemostasis during transvesical prostatic adenomectomy. A controlled trial on the effect of drugs with antifibrinolytic and thrombin-like activities.", "content": "Blood loss, plasma fibrinolytic activity, prothrombin, P.T.T., and fibrinogen plasma levels were measured in 30 patients subjected to transvesical adenomectomy. These parameters were evaluated during 7 consecutive days after the operation. Ten patients received the antifibrinolytic substance (AMCHA), ten patients received Bothrops Jararaca venom extract, and ten patients served as controls. The results show that the coagulating fraction of Bothrops Jararaca snake venom reduces intraoperative bleeding without influencing the haemostatic balance. Postoperative haematuria could be reduced by antifibrinolytic agents.", "contents": "Haemostasis during transvesical prostatic adenomectomy. A controlled trial on the effect of drugs with antifibrinolytic and thrombin-like activities. Blood loss, plasma fibrinolytic activity, prothrombin, P.T.T., and fibrinogen plasma levels were measured in 30 patients subjected to transvesical adenomectomy. These parameters were evaluated during 7 consecutive days after the operation. Ten patients received the antifibrinolytic substance (AMCHA), ten patients received Bothrops Jararaca venom extract, and ten patients served as controls. The results show that the coagulating fraction of Bothrops Jararaca snake venom reduces intraoperative bleeding without influencing the haemostatic balance. Postoperative haematuria could be reduced by antifibrinolytic agents.", "PMID": 383174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6029", "title": "Havelock Ellis and his 'Studies in the psychology of sex'.", "content": "The life of Havelock Ellis is described; his personality and life experiences are related to the writing of his major work. Important sections of the 'Studies' are summarized and their relevance to contemporary sexology is emphasized.", "contents": "Havelock Ellis and his 'Studies in the psychology of sex'. The life of Havelock Ellis is described; his personality and life experiences are related to the writing of his major work. Important sections of the 'Studies' are summarized and their relevance to contemporary sexology is emphasized.", "PMID": 383186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6030", "title": "Randomised trial comparing buprenorphine and diamorphine for chest pain in suspected myocardial infarction.", "content": "Buprenorphine, a new powerful analgesic agent, was used to treat chest pain in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Initial studies showed no significant changes in systemic or pulmonary artery blood pressure or in heart rate after intravenous buprenorphine. Sublingual buprenorphine also appeared effective in relieving pain, but its onset of action was considerably delayed compared with the intravenous route. A randomised double-blind controlled trial of equivalent doses of buprenorphine and diamorphine showed no significant difference between the drugs in terms of pain relief and duration of action. The occurrence of nausea, vomiting, and other side effects was similar in the two groups. The onset of action of buprenorphine was slightly but significantly slower than that of diamorphine. Since buprenorphine seems to be comparable with diamorphine in action and is not a controlled drug, it may prove useful in both general and hospital practice.", "contents": "Randomised trial comparing buprenorphine and diamorphine for chest pain in suspected myocardial infarction. Buprenorphine, a new powerful analgesic agent, was used to treat chest pain in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Initial studies showed no significant changes in systemic or pulmonary artery blood pressure or in heart rate after intravenous buprenorphine. Sublingual buprenorphine also appeared effective in relieving pain, but its onset of action was considerably delayed compared with the intravenous route. A randomised double-blind controlled trial of equivalent doses of buprenorphine and diamorphine showed no significant difference between the drugs in terms of pain relief and duration of action. The occurrence of nausea, vomiting, and other side effects was similar in the two groups. The onset of action of buprenorphine was slightly but significantly slower than that of diamorphine. Since buprenorphine seems to be comparable with diamorphine in action and is not a controlled drug, it may prove useful in both general and hospital practice.", "PMID": 383195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6031", "title": "Preparation of beta-cells from fetal bovine pancreas: characterization of insulin biosynthetic activity.", "content": "Dispersed cell preparations enriched in beta-cells were obtained by collagenase digestion of fetal bovine pancreas and separation by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. These cells actively incorporated [3H]leucine into proinsulin and insulin. Incubation of these cells in the presence of the arginine analogue, L-canavanine, resulted in the inhibition of conversion of newly formed proinsulin to insulin and the appearance of a radioactive component of molecular weight 11,000-12,000. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into this component was detected in the presence of canavanine, an event not observed in control incubation. Canavanine thus induced the formation of a component possessing molecular weight and compositional properties expected for preproinsulin. Further characterization of cellular products by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a highly labeled band corresponding to molecular weight 18,000-20,000 which might be involved in insulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Preparation of beta-cells from fetal bovine pancreas: characterization of insulin biosynthetic activity. Dispersed cell preparations enriched in beta-cells were obtained by collagenase digestion of fetal bovine pancreas and separation by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. These cells actively incorporated [3H]leucine into proinsulin and insulin. Incubation of these cells in the presence of the arginine analogue, L-canavanine, resulted in the inhibition of conversion of newly formed proinsulin to insulin and the appearance of a radioactive component of molecular weight 11,000-12,000. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into this component was detected in the presence of canavanine, an event not observed in control incubation. Canavanine thus induced the formation of a component possessing molecular weight and compositional properties expected for preproinsulin. Further characterization of cellular products by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a highly labeled band corresponding to molecular weight 18,000-20,000 which might be involved in insulin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 383231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6032", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins on secretion of glucagon and insulin by the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The secretion of both glucagon and insulin by the isolated perfused rat pancreas was significantly stimulated by 10(-7) M PGH2. Experiments to show that the stimulated secretion was mediated by conversion of PGH2 to TXA2 or TXB2 revealed no correlation between the amount of secretion and the amount of thromboxane formed. Conversion of PGH2 with a crude platelet thromboxane synthase preparation caused a progressive loss of ability to secret insulin, whereas the capacity to stimulate release of glucagon remained at about one-half the maximal level. This relatively stable and selective secretagogue action on the alpha-cells appeared to be due to the formation of PGD2 by the platelet preparation. Direct administration of PGD2 confirmed this interpretation and showed clearly that this prostaglandin is a potent secretagogue for glucagon with little activity in stimulating the release of insulin. Our results have shown high and relatively equal stimulation of secretion by alpha- and beta-cells with exogenous PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGH2, little or no secretion by either cell type with TXA2, TXB2, or PGI2, and a unique selective stimulatory action of PGD2 upon the alpha-cell.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins on secretion of glucagon and insulin by the perfused rat pancreas. The secretion of both glucagon and insulin by the isolated perfused rat pancreas was significantly stimulated by 10(-7) M PGH2. Experiments to show that the stimulated secretion was mediated by conversion of PGH2 to TXA2 or TXB2 revealed no correlation between the amount of secretion and the amount of thromboxane formed. Conversion of PGH2 with a crude platelet thromboxane synthase preparation caused a progressive loss of ability to secret insulin, whereas the capacity to stimulate release of glucagon remained at about one-half the maximal level. This relatively stable and selective secretagogue action on the alpha-cells appeared to be due to the formation of PGD2 by the platelet preparation. Direct administration of PGD2 confirmed this interpretation and showed clearly that this prostaglandin is a potent secretagogue for glucagon with little activity in stimulating the release of insulin. Our results have shown high and relatively equal stimulation of secretion by alpha- and beta-cells with exogenous PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGH2, little or no secretion by either cell type with TXA2, TXB2, or PGI2, and a unique selective stimulatory action of PGD2 upon the alpha-cell.", "PMID": 383232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6033", "title": "Dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K12: involvement of a binding protein in the translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the outer membrane of the cell envelope.", "content": "We have previously found that the dicarboxylate transport system in Escherichia coli K12 is an active transport system and that at least one binding protein and two cytoplasmic membrane transport components are involved in the uptake of dicarboxylic acids. Recently, through surface labelling studies, some dicarboxylate binding proteins were found to be exposed on the cell surface. In the present paper, we demonstrate that the dicarboxylate transport component located in the outer membrane can be inactivated by two different kinds of nonpenetrating inhibitors, viz. proteases, and diazosulfanilic acid. These inhibitors seem to act on the dicarboxylate binding protein. By adding this protein to inactivated cells or to transport-negative mutants, we have succeeded in reconstituting the dicarboxylate transport system. These findings suggest that the dicarboxylate binding protein found on the cell surface plays an essential role in the translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the outer membrane.", "contents": "Dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K12: involvement of a binding protein in the translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the outer membrane of the cell envelope. We have previously found that the dicarboxylate transport system in Escherichia coli K12 is an active transport system and that at least one binding protein and two cytoplasmic membrane transport components are involved in the uptake of dicarboxylic acids. Recently, through surface labelling studies, some dicarboxylate binding proteins were found to be exposed on the cell surface. In the present paper, we demonstrate that the dicarboxylate transport component located in the outer membrane can be inactivated by two different kinds of nonpenetrating inhibitors, viz. proteases, and diazosulfanilic acid. These inhibitors seem to act on the dicarboxylate binding protein. By adding this protein to inactivated cells or to transport-negative mutants, we have succeeded in reconstituting the dicarboxylate transport system. These findings suggest that the dicarboxylate binding protein found on the cell surface plays an essential role in the translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the outer membrane.", "PMID": 383233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6034", "title": "Microtubules, colchicine, and lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "We have studied the time course of disassembly of microtubules of resting and stimulated mouse lymphocytes caused by the drug colchicine, as well as the effect of this compound on DNA and RNA synthesis of human and mouse lymphocytes. Fine-structure studies with the electron microscope showed a great increase in number of microtubules resulting from stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by the mitogenic lectin Con A. The presence of a network of microtubules was demonstrated in resting lymphocytes by use of the technique of immunofluorescence; this technique was not effective for the study of the microtubules of stimulated lymphocytes in the blast stage. The disappearance of microtubular networks in some cells (approximately 25%) was caused by the protocol of colchicine treatment used in many laboratories (30 min at 10(6) M); a 6- to 8-h treatment was required to cause all cells to lose their microtubules. It is indicated in these findings that there is need for extreme caution in implicating microtubule disruption as the cause of certain colchicine effects, such as that on the Con A-induced inhibition of receptor-ligand migration. The addition of colchicine to stimulated cells at varying times of culture caused marked inhibition of DNA synthesis provided that sufficient time (approximately 20 h for maximum inhibition) elapsed between addition of the drug to the stimulated culture and assay of DNA synthesis. Our data on the time course of inhibition of DNA synthesis by alpha-methyl mannoside (alpha MM) and by colchicine do not exclude the possibility that the latter compound may act partially by affecting the commitment of stimulated lymphocytes to DNA synthesis but they show that it can inhibit well after commitment is complete. The later the time of assay of thymidine incorporation, the more disparate were the curves relating the effects of alpha MM and colchicine to DNA synthesis of human cells. In the case of mouse splenic lymphocytes, there was no resemblance between the time course of the alpha MM and of the colchicine effects. Synthesis of RNA after 12 h of culture of stimulated human lymphocytes was also sensitive to colchicine.", "contents": "Microtubules, colchicine, and lymphocyte blastogenesis. We have studied the time course of disassembly of microtubules of resting and stimulated mouse lymphocytes caused by the drug colchicine, as well as the effect of this compound on DNA and RNA synthesis of human and mouse lymphocytes. Fine-structure studies with the electron microscope showed a great increase in number of microtubules resulting from stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by the mitogenic lectin Con A. The presence of a network of microtubules was demonstrated in resting lymphocytes by use of the technique of immunofluorescence; this technique was not effective for the study of the microtubules of stimulated lymphocytes in the blast stage. The disappearance of microtubular networks in some cells (approximately 25%) was caused by the protocol of colchicine treatment used in many laboratories (30 min at 10(6) M); a 6- to 8-h treatment was required to cause all cells to lose their microtubules. It is indicated in these findings that there is need for extreme caution in implicating microtubule disruption as the cause of certain colchicine effects, such as that on the Con A-induced inhibition of receptor-ligand migration. The addition of colchicine to stimulated cells at varying times of culture caused marked inhibition of DNA synthesis provided that sufficient time (approximately 20 h for maximum inhibition) elapsed between addition of the drug to the stimulated culture and assay of DNA synthesis. Our data on the time course of inhibition of DNA synthesis by alpha-methyl mannoside (alpha MM) and by colchicine do not exclude the possibility that the latter compound may act partially by affecting the commitment of stimulated lymphocytes to DNA synthesis but they show that it can inhibit well after commitment is complete. The later the time of assay of thymidine incorporation, the more disparate were the curves relating the effects of alpha MM and colchicine to DNA synthesis of human cells. In the case of mouse splenic lymphocytes, there was no resemblance between the time course of the alpha MM and of the colchicine effects. Synthesis of RNA after 12 h of culture of stimulated human lymphocytes was also sensitive to colchicine.", "PMID": 383234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6035", "title": "Purification and properties of a citrate-binding transport component, the C protein of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium was shown to contain a citrate-binding protein (C protein) which was purified to homogeneity from the periplasmic fraction released by cold osmotic shock. The protein is dimeric, has an apparent molecular weight of 28 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.1. Sodium ions were required for optimum substrate binding, however, the divalent cations Zn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ were inhibitory. The C protein was relatively stable but sensitive to various detergents and chaotropic agents. Approximately one citrate molecule was bound per molecule of protein and citrate binding (Kd = 1-2.6 microM) was strongly competitively inhibited by DL-isocitrate and DL-fluorocitrate but not by other carboxylates. Neither succinate, glutamate, nor acetate were bound to the C protein. No apparent enzyme activity was associated with this protein. A concomitant reduction in the level of binding protein and in citrate transport activity occurred in osmotically shocked cells as well as with L-malate- or succinate-grown cells. Fluorocitrate-resistant mutants were simultaneously defective in citrate transport, citrate binding, and production of cross-reacting material. One transport-defective mutant did produce citrate binding protein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a citrate-binding transport component, the C protein of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium was shown to contain a citrate-binding protein (C protein) which was purified to homogeneity from the periplasmic fraction released by cold osmotic shock. The protein is dimeric, has an apparent molecular weight of 28 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.1. Sodium ions were required for optimum substrate binding, however, the divalent cations Zn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ were inhibitory. The C protein was relatively stable but sensitive to various detergents and chaotropic agents. Approximately one citrate molecule was bound per molecule of protein and citrate binding (Kd = 1-2.6 microM) was strongly competitively inhibited by DL-isocitrate and DL-fluorocitrate but not by other carboxylates. Neither succinate, glutamate, nor acetate were bound to the C protein. No apparent enzyme activity was associated with this protein. A concomitant reduction in the level of binding protein and in citrate transport activity occurred in osmotically shocked cells as well as with L-malate- or succinate-grown cells. Fluorocitrate-resistant mutants were simultaneously defective in citrate transport, citrate binding, and production of cross-reacting material. One transport-defective mutant did produce citrate binding protein.", "PMID": 383235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6036", "title": "Purification and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.", "content": "Factor EF-P is a nonribosomal (soluble) protein of Escherichia coli that stimulates peptide bond synthesis when certain aminoacyl-tRNA analogues are used. The purification of this protein to apparent homogeneity is described here. EF-P has a molecular weight of about 21 000, a Stokes radius of 27 A (1A = 0.1 nm), and a frictional coefficient of 1.48, suggesting an asymmetric structure. By this and a number of other criteria, EF-P is a new factor that controls peptide bond formation during protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Purification and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada. Factor EF-P is a nonribosomal (soluble) protein of Escherichia coli that stimulates peptide bond synthesis when certain aminoacyl-tRNA analogues are used. The purification of this protein to apparent homogeneity is described here. EF-P has a molecular weight of about 21 000, a Stokes radius of 27 A (1A = 0.1 nm), and a frictional coefficient of 1.48, suggesting an asymmetric structure. By this and a number of other criteria, EF-P is a new factor that controls peptide bond formation during protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 383236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6037", "title": "Aspartate transcarbamoylase: loss of homotropic but not heterotropic interactions upon modification of the catalytic subunit with a bifunctional reagent.", "content": "The role of conformational changes in the allosteric mechanism of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli was studied by reacting the isolated catalytic subunit with the bifunctional reagent tartryl diazide. Two derivatives differing moderately in substrate affinity were obtained depending on whether the reaction was conducted in the presence or absence of the substrate analogue succinate and carbamoyl phosphate. The modification was not accompanied by aggregation or dissociation. The modified catalytic subunits retained the ability to reassociate with unmodified regulatory subunits and produced hybrids similar in size to the native enzyme. These hybrids were appreciably sensitive to the allosteric effectors ATP and CTP but unlike native enzyme showed no cooperativity in substrate binding. The Michaelis constants of these hybrids for aspartate were intermediate between that of the isolated catalytic subunit and that of the relaxed state. Activation by ATP was caused by a reduction in Km to the value characteristic of the relaxed state whereas CTP inhibited by lowering the Vmax. The properties of the hybrids are strikingly similar to the modified enzyme obtained by Kerbiriou and Herv\u00e9 from cells grown in the presence of 2-thiouracil. However, the crucial modifications are found in the regulatory subunits of the enzyme studied by these authors whereas they are located in the catalytic subunits of the hybrids reported here. Our results suggest that interactions between the catalytic and regulatory subunits have considerable effects on the state of the substrate binding sites in the native enzyme.", "contents": "Aspartate transcarbamoylase: loss of homotropic but not heterotropic interactions upon modification of the catalytic subunit with a bifunctional reagent. The role of conformational changes in the allosteric mechanism of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli was studied by reacting the isolated catalytic subunit with the bifunctional reagent tartryl diazide. Two derivatives differing moderately in substrate affinity were obtained depending on whether the reaction was conducted in the presence or absence of the substrate analogue succinate and carbamoyl phosphate. The modification was not accompanied by aggregation or dissociation. The modified catalytic subunits retained the ability to reassociate with unmodified regulatory subunits and produced hybrids similar in size to the native enzyme. These hybrids were appreciably sensitive to the allosteric effectors ATP and CTP but unlike native enzyme showed no cooperativity in substrate binding. The Michaelis constants of these hybrids for aspartate were intermediate between that of the isolated catalytic subunit and that of the relaxed state. Activation by ATP was caused by a reduction in Km to the value characteristic of the relaxed state whereas CTP inhibited by lowering the Vmax. The properties of the hybrids are strikingly similar to the modified enzyme obtained by Kerbiriou and Herv\u00e9 from cells grown in the presence of 2-thiouracil. However, the crucial modifications are found in the regulatory subunits of the enzyme studied by these authors whereas they are located in the catalytic subunits of the hybrids reported here. Our results suggest that interactions between the catalytic and regulatory subunits have considerable effects on the state of the substrate binding sites in the native enzyme.", "PMID": 383237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6038", "title": "Purification and characterization of membrane-bound fumarate reductase from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli.", "content": "Fumarate reductase has been purified 100-fold to 95% homogeneity from the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, grown anaerobically on a defined medium containing glycerol plus fumarate. Optimal solubilization of total membrane protein and fumarate reductase activity occurred with nonionic detergents having a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) number near 13 and we routinely solubilized the enzyme with Triton X-100 (HLB number = 13.5). Membrane enzyme extracts were fractionated by hydrophobic-exchange chromatography on phenyl Sepharose CL-4B to yield purified enzyme. The enzyme whether membrane bound, in Triton extracts, or purified, had an apparent Km near 0.42 mM. Two peptides with molecular weights of 70 000 and 24 000, predent in 1:1 molar ratios, were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis to coincide with enzyme activity. A minimal native molecular weight of 100 000 was calculated for fumarate reductase by Stephacryl S-200 gel filtration in the presence of sodium cholate. This would indicate that the enzyme is a dimer. The purified enzyme has low, but measurable, succinate dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of membrane-bound fumarate reductase from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Fumarate reductase has been purified 100-fold to 95% homogeneity from the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, grown anaerobically on a defined medium containing glycerol plus fumarate. Optimal solubilization of total membrane protein and fumarate reductase activity occurred with nonionic detergents having a hydrophobic-lipophilic balance (HLB) number near 13 and we routinely solubilized the enzyme with Triton X-100 (HLB number = 13.5). Membrane enzyme extracts were fractionated by hydrophobic-exchange chromatography on phenyl Sepharose CL-4B to yield purified enzyme. The enzyme whether membrane bound, in Triton extracts, or purified, had an apparent Km near 0.42 mM. Two peptides with molecular weights of 70 000 and 24 000, predent in 1:1 molar ratios, were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis to coincide with enzyme activity. A minimal native molecular weight of 100 000 was calculated for fumarate reductase by Stephacryl S-200 gel filtration in the presence of sodium cholate. This would indicate that the enzyme is a dimer. The purified enzyme has low, but measurable, succinate dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 383238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6039", "title": "Elucidation of the quaternary structure of reversibly immobilized alkaline phosphatase derivatives.", "content": "Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase has been reversibly immobilized on Sepharose CL-4B through two different methods, both based on a disulfide linkage, under conditions selected to favour the coupling of the enzyme to the solid support through one covalent linkage. The quaternary structure of the reversibly immobilized subunit, produced by dissociation of the matrix-bound dimer, was examined by cross-linking with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate. Following release from the solid support, the protein was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis demonstrating the presence of a sufficient amount of dimeric structures in the immobilized subunit preparation to account for all the enzyme activity observed in this sample. These results suggest that the subunit of alkaline phosphatase may be catalytically inactive. This approach to studying the quaternary structure of immobilized subunit derivatives offers the opportunity to directly determine the homogeneity and structure of matrix-bound 'monomer' preparations and is particularly useful in determining if low levels of catalytic activity observed in some immobilized subunit populations are due to the presence of contaminating oligomeric structures.", "contents": "Elucidation of the quaternary structure of reversibly immobilized alkaline phosphatase derivatives. Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase has been reversibly immobilized on Sepharose CL-4B through two different methods, both based on a disulfide linkage, under conditions selected to favour the coupling of the enzyme to the solid support through one covalent linkage. The quaternary structure of the reversibly immobilized subunit, produced by dissociation of the matrix-bound dimer, was examined by cross-linking with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate. Following release from the solid support, the protein was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis demonstrating the presence of a sufficient amount of dimeric structures in the immobilized subunit preparation to account for all the enzyme activity observed in this sample. These results suggest that the subunit of alkaline phosphatase may be catalytically inactive. This approach to studying the quaternary structure of immobilized subunit derivatives offers the opportunity to directly determine the homogeneity and structure of matrix-bound 'monomer' preparations and is particularly useful in determining if low levels of catalytic activity observed in some immobilized subunit populations are due to the presence of contaminating oligomeric structures.", "PMID": 383239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6040", "title": "The rep mutation. VI. Purification and properties of the Escherichia coli rep protein, DNA helicase III.", "content": "The protein product of the rep gene of Escherichia coli is required for the replication of certain bacteriophage genomes (phi X174, fd, P2) and for the normal replication of E. coli DNA. We have used a specialized transducing phage, lambda p rep+, which complements the defect of rep mutants, to identify the rep protein. The rep protein has been purified from cells infected with lambda p rep+ phage; it has a molecular weight of about 70 000 and appears similar to the protein found in normal cells. Stimulation of phi X174 replicative form DNA synthesis in vitro was observed when highly purified rep protein was supplied to a cell extract derived from phi X-infected E. coli rep cells and supplemented with replicative form DNA. The purified protein has a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity and is capable of sensitizing duplex DNA to nucleases specific for single-stranded DNA. For this reason we propose the enzyme be called DNA helicase III. We infer that the rep protein uses the energy of hydrolysis of ATP to separate the strands of duplex DNA; the E. coli DNA binding protein need not be present. The rep3 mutant appeared to make a limited amount of active rep protein.", "contents": "The rep mutation. VI. Purification and properties of the Escherichia coli rep protein, DNA helicase III. The protein product of the rep gene of Escherichia coli is required for the replication of certain bacteriophage genomes (phi X174, fd, P2) and for the normal replication of E. coli DNA. We have used a specialized transducing phage, lambda p rep+, which complements the defect of rep mutants, to identify the rep protein. The rep protein has been purified from cells infected with lambda p rep+ phage; it has a molecular weight of about 70 000 and appears similar to the protein found in normal cells. Stimulation of phi X174 replicative form DNA synthesis in vitro was observed when highly purified rep protein was supplied to a cell extract derived from phi X-infected E. coli rep cells and supplemented with replicative form DNA. The purified protein has a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity and is capable of sensitizing duplex DNA to nucleases specific for single-stranded DNA. For this reason we propose the enzyme be called DNA helicase III. We infer that the rep protein uses the energy of hydrolysis of ATP to separate the strands of duplex DNA; the E. coli DNA binding protein need not be present. The rep3 mutant appeared to make a limited amount of active rep protein.", "PMID": 383240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6041", "title": "A novel assay for endonucleases acting at apurinic sites and its use in measuring AP endonuclease activity in repair-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A quick and convenient assay for depurination and AP endonuclease activities has been developed. (The term 'AP endonuclease' refers to a nuclease that acts on apurinic and probably apyrimidinic sites on DNA.) It is based on the observation that different topological forms of DNA, such as open circular DNA and covalently closed circular DNA, bind different amounts of the fluorescent intercalator ethidium bromide, and can therefore be distinguished by their fluorescence. This assay has been used to measure AP endonuclease activity in 22 repair-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All 22 had normal or nearly normal AP endonuclease activity. The AP endonuclease activity was partially characterized.", "contents": "A novel assay for endonucleases acting at apurinic sites and its use in measuring AP endonuclease activity in repair-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A quick and convenient assay for depurination and AP endonuclease activities has been developed. (The term 'AP endonuclease' refers to a nuclease that acts on apurinic and probably apyrimidinic sites on DNA.) It is based on the observation that different topological forms of DNA, such as open circular DNA and covalently closed circular DNA, bind different amounts of the fluorescent intercalator ethidium bromide, and can therefore be distinguished by their fluorescence. This assay has been used to measure AP endonuclease activity in 22 repair-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All 22 had normal or nearly normal AP endonuclease activity. The AP endonuclease activity was partially characterized.", "PMID": 383241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6042", "title": "Cross sensitivity of mutator strains to physical and chemical mutagens.", "content": "Ten different mutator strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for cross sensitivity to two alkylaitng agents, ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), to determine if any of them are defective in the repair systems which normally deal with damage caused by these agents. For one of the mutators, namely mut2-1, it was shown by genetic analysis that mutator activity and MMS sensitivity are both controlled by the same gene. Two mutants, mut2-1 and mut7-1, were found to be sensitive to MMS but normal to ultraviolet and gamma-rays. Another group is represented by mut1, mut6 and mut8 which are not sensitive to any of the mutagens tested so far. Mutator strain mut2-1 was also shown not to be significantly altered for levels of UV-induced forward and reverse mutations. These observations lend support to the idea of multiple repair systems that deal with DNA damage caused by different agents and also show that mutator activity can often result from the loss of normal cellular repair systems.", "contents": "Cross sensitivity of mutator strains to physical and chemical mutagens. Ten different mutator strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for cross sensitivity to two alkylaitng agents, ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), to determine if any of them are defective in the repair systems which normally deal with damage caused by these agents. For one of the mutators, namely mut2-1, it was shown by genetic analysis that mutator activity and MMS sensitivity are both controlled by the same gene. Two mutants, mut2-1 and mut7-1, were found to be sensitive to MMS but normal to ultraviolet and gamma-rays. Another group is represented by mut1, mut6 and mut8 which are not sensitive to any of the mutagens tested so far. Mutator strain mut2-1 was also shown not to be significantly altered for levels of UV-induced forward and reverse mutations. These observations lend support to the idea of multiple repair systems that deal with DNA damage caused by different agents and also show that mutator activity can often result from the loss of normal cellular repair systems.", "PMID": 383242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6043", "title": "Reduction of sensitivity to ultraviolet light in excision-deficient Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA.", "content": "Mutants with increased resistance to UV light were isolated from Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. Most of these isolates were designated as true or partial revertants of the uvrA- mutation. However, one class of mutants showed only a moderate increase in resistance to UV. The gene responsible for this phenotypic change is closely linked to the lac locus and has been designated the suuA gene (suppressor of uvrA).", "contents": "Reduction of sensitivity to ultraviolet light in excision-deficient Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. Mutants with increased resistance to UV light were isolated from Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. Most of these isolates were designated as true or partial revertants of the uvrA- mutation. However, one class of mutants showed only a moderate increase in resistance to UV. The gene responsible for this phenotypic change is closely linked to the lac locus and has been designated the suuA gene (suppressor of uvrA).", "PMID": 383243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6044", "title": "Lethal zygosis in recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Use of nonselective medium for plating cells following mating has revealed that Rec recipient strains of E. coli may be killed as a result of conjugation. Sensitivity of RecA-, RecB-, and RecC- recipients increases with ratio of donor: recipient cells in mating mixtures and with time of mating. A Rec+ recipient shows no lethal zygosis in these experiments performed without aeration. Cell contact does not seem to be responsible for the sensitivity of Rec- strains, since lethality is prevented when cell contact is permitted but DNA transfer is not. Thus, an event(s) occuring subsequent to entry of donor DNA appears to cause lethality in Rec- recipients.", "contents": "Lethal zygosis in recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. Use of nonselective medium for plating cells following mating has revealed that Rec recipient strains of E. coli may be killed as a result of conjugation. Sensitivity of RecA-, RecB-, and RecC- recipients increases with ratio of donor: recipient cells in mating mixtures and with time of mating. A Rec+ recipient shows no lethal zygosis in these experiments performed without aeration. Cell contact does not seem to be responsible for the sensitivity of Rec- strains, since lethality is prevented when cell contact is permitted but DNA transfer is not. Thus, an event(s) occuring subsequent to entry of donor DNA appears to cause lethality in Rec- recipients.", "PMID": 383244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6045", "title": "Tryptophan-requiring parental strains yield Salmonella typhimurium x Escherichia coli hybrid recombinants with functional tryptophan operons.", "content": "Crosses between an Escherichia coli Hfr trp strain and three Salmonella typhimurium F- trp strains produced some trp+ hybrids in which the tryptophan operon is composed of genes from both parental species.", "contents": "Tryptophan-requiring parental strains yield Salmonella typhimurium x Escherichia coli hybrid recombinants with functional tryptophan operons. Crosses between an Escherichia coli Hfr trp strain and three Salmonella typhimurium F- trp strains produced some trp+ hybrids in which the tryptophan operon is composed of genes from both parental species.", "PMID": 383245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6046", "title": "Purification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and comparison of polypeptide composition of different isolates.", "content": "Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was partially purified by freon extraction of infected CHSE-214 cells and concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation of virus from the medium. Both methods resulted in virus concentrates that could be further purified by two CsCl gradient centrifugations with little loss of infectivity. A Recovery of 80 to 100% of the virus infectivity was obtained and over 100-fold concentration of viral infectivity was achieved by these methods. This purification was used to compare 10 isolates of IPN virus with regard to their physiochemical properties by electron microscopy, buoyant density in CsCl, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified virions. Electron-microscopic observations showed that the virus isolates were identical in that they were isometric, hexagonal in profile, and had a particle diameter of 71 nm. The buoyant densities of the virus isolates in CsCl were found to be 1.33 g/ml. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the virus isolates revealed the presence of three polypeptides of molecular weight 50, 30, and 27 x 10(3) designated as VP50, VP30, and VP27, respectively.", "contents": "Purification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and comparison of polypeptide composition of different isolates. Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was partially purified by freon extraction of infected CHSE-214 cells and concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation of virus from the medium. Both methods resulted in virus concentrates that could be further purified by two CsCl gradient centrifugations with little loss of infectivity. A Recovery of 80 to 100% of the virus infectivity was obtained and over 100-fold concentration of viral infectivity was achieved by these methods. This purification was used to compare 10 isolates of IPN virus with regard to their physiochemical properties by electron microscopy, buoyant density in CsCl, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified virions. Electron-microscopic observations showed that the virus isolates were identical in that they were isometric, hexagonal in profile, and had a particle diameter of 71 nm. The buoyant densities of the virus isolates in CsCl were found to be 1.33 g/ml. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the virus isolates revealed the presence of three polypeptides of molecular weight 50, 30, and 27 x 10(3) designated as VP50, VP30, and VP27, respectively.", "PMID": 383246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6047", "title": "A simple method for the inactivation of St. Louis encephalitis virus preparations for immunofluorescent microscopy.", "content": "A study was made of different treatments for the inactivation of St. Louis encephalitis virus in smears prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. Treatment of infected cells with 0.3% betapropiolactone at 56 degrees C for 40 min resulted in an inactivated virus suitable for immunofluorescence studies.", "contents": "A simple method for the inactivation of St. Louis encephalitis virus preparations for immunofluorescent microscopy. A study was made of different treatments for the inactivation of St. Louis encephalitis virus in smears prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. Treatment of infected cells with 0.3% betapropiolactone at 56 degrees C for 40 min resulted in an inactivated virus suitable for immunofluorescence studies.", "PMID": 383247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6048", "title": "Effects of some platinum IV complexes on cell division of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A comparison was made of the effects of cis-tetrachlorodiaminoplatinum (IV) (cis-TCDPt), rans-TCDPt), and hexachloroplatinum (HCP) on growth and cell division of Escherichia coli strains D21 and D22. At or below 40 microgram/mL, cis-TCDPt inhibited cell division but not growth, DNA, or protein synthesis, although areas of increased electron density could be demonstrated in treated cells. In contrast, 40 microgram/mL of trans-TCDPt or HCP inhibited growth. Trans-TCDPt-treated cells developed condensed nucleoids; HCP-treated cells showed no obvious cytological changes to correlate with growth inhibition. Combination of cis-TCDPt with nalidixic acid, both at one-half the lowest filament-forming concentrations, resulted in formation of filaments, suggesting an additive effect. Combination of cis-TCDPt followed by ampicillin on E. coli B/r resulted in single bulges near the center of the filaments. Cis-TCDPt could therefore inhibit an initial step in the septation sequence, possibly at the level of the regulation of the hydrolytic enzymes. Whether cis-TCDPt exerts its effect by interreaction with DNA or with a membrane target is still uncertain.", "contents": "Effects of some platinum IV complexes on cell division of Escherichia coli. A comparison was made of the effects of cis-tetrachlorodiaminoplatinum (IV) (cis-TCDPt), rans-TCDPt), and hexachloroplatinum (HCP) on growth and cell division of Escherichia coli strains D21 and D22. At or below 40 microgram/mL, cis-TCDPt inhibited cell division but not growth, DNA, or protein synthesis, although areas of increased electron density could be demonstrated in treated cells. In contrast, 40 microgram/mL of trans-TCDPt or HCP inhibited growth. Trans-TCDPt-treated cells developed condensed nucleoids; HCP-treated cells showed no obvious cytological changes to correlate with growth inhibition. Combination of cis-TCDPt with nalidixic acid, both at one-half the lowest filament-forming concentrations, resulted in formation of filaments, suggesting an additive effect. Combination of cis-TCDPt followed by ampicillin on E. coli B/r resulted in single bulges near the center of the filaments. Cis-TCDPt could therefore inhibit an initial step in the septation sequence, possibly at the level of the regulation of the hydrolytic enzymes. Whether cis-TCDPt exerts its effect by interreaction with DNA or with a membrane target is still uncertain.", "PMID": 383248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6049", "title": "Aged-related physiological studies comparing Candida albicans chlamydospores to yeasts.", "content": "From electron-microscopical observations, a decreased metabolic activity in 3-day-old Candida albicans chlamydospores was suggested, and progressive deterioration in chlamydospores aged 2-8 months was shown. Oxygen utilization by chlamydospore-pseudomycelium (CSP) preparations was less than that by yeast, while 3-day-old CSP preparations used significantly less O2 than 24-h CSP preparations. Amino acid incorporation was greater in yeast than in CSP preparations. Leucine incorporation by 20-h yeasts was twice that of 5-day yeasts and 5 times that of 20-h and 5-day CSP. Amino acid decarboxylation was similar in yeasts and CSP and was determined by end-product analyses to be via amino acid oxidase. Light microscopy autoradiography of [14C]leucine incorporation demonstrated that the metabolic activity in CSP preparations was due to the young growing tips of the pseudomycelium and not to mature chlamydospores. Yeasts did not take up trypan blue could be stained if first autoclaved or treated with 10% acid or 10% base. Young chlamydospores grown in the presence of trypan blue developed unstained and became permeable to the dye at 2 1/2 days. These data suggest that chlamydospores of C. albicans do not function in the classical role attributed to spores; i.e., mature chlamydospores cannot germinate, but rather age, deteriorate, and die.", "contents": "Aged-related physiological studies comparing Candida albicans chlamydospores to yeasts. From electron-microscopical observations, a decreased metabolic activity in 3-day-old Candida albicans chlamydospores was suggested, and progressive deterioration in chlamydospores aged 2-8 months was shown. Oxygen utilization by chlamydospore-pseudomycelium (CSP) preparations was less than that by yeast, while 3-day-old CSP preparations used significantly less O2 than 24-h CSP preparations. Amino acid incorporation was greater in yeast than in CSP preparations. Leucine incorporation by 20-h yeasts was twice that of 5-day yeasts and 5 times that of 20-h and 5-day CSP. Amino acid decarboxylation was similar in yeasts and CSP and was determined by end-product analyses to be via amino acid oxidase. Light microscopy autoradiography of [14C]leucine incorporation demonstrated that the metabolic activity in CSP preparations was due to the young growing tips of the pseudomycelium and not to mature chlamydospores. Yeasts did not take up trypan blue could be stained if first autoclaved or treated with 10% acid or 10% base. Young chlamydospores grown in the presence of trypan blue developed unstained and became permeable to the dye at 2 1/2 days. These data suggest that chlamydospores of C. albicans do not function in the classical role attributed to spores; i.e., mature chlamydospores cannot germinate, but rather age, deteriorate, and die.", "PMID": 383250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6050", "title": "Method for the rapid screening of cellulolytic streptomycetes and their mutants.", "content": "A method for the rapid screening of cellulolytic streptomycetes and their mutants is reported. The technique consists of a plate assay on media containing filter paper fibres as cellulose substrate. The cellulolytic activity is detected and measured by the formation of clearing zones around the streptomycete colonies. The sensitivity of the method is increased considerably by subjecting the plates to an additional incubation period at 43 degrees C in the presence of a buffer at pH 5.3. by replicating these colonies on other Petri plates containing the appropriate media, it is possible to assess rapidly, not only the degree of catabolic repression of the cellulase production by glucose, but also, in a semiquantitative way, the amount of enzymes produced.", "contents": "Method for the rapid screening of cellulolytic streptomycetes and their mutants. A method for the rapid screening of cellulolytic streptomycetes and their mutants is reported. The technique consists of a plate assay on media containing filter paper fibres as cellulose substrate. The cellulolytic activity is detected and measured by the formation of clearing zones around the streptomycete colonies. The sensitivity of the method is increased considerably by subjecting the plates to an additional incubation period at 43 degrees C in the presence of a buffer at pH 5.3. by replicating these colonies on other Petri plates containing the appropriate media, it is possible to assess rapidly, not only the degree of catabolic repression of the cellulase production by glucose, but also, in a semiquantitative way, the amount of enzymes produced.", "PMID": 383252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6051", "title": "A critical analysis of the classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was proposed almost a quarter century ago, before the advent of modern immunology. This classification, which is based entirely on morphologic features, has proved its clinical usefulness. In light of recent scientific advances, however, its terminology is not appropriate. Five new classifications have been proposed recently, each claiming to have more merit than the others. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze and evaluate these newly proposed classifications to determine which classification is conceptually and scientifically acceptable as well as clinically useful. The results of the study show that there are more similarities than differences among the Rappaport. Lukes and Collins, Dorfman, British, and WHO classifications; the Kiel classification, however, is fundamentally different (Tables 8, 9, 11). None of these classifications can be used in its proposed form. Based on the analysis of these classifications, a compromise working classification is proposed which incorporates the relevant concepts and terminology from the Rappaport, Berard, Dorfman, WHO, and Lukes and Collins classifications (Tables 15, 16). The proposed compromise classification is an attempt to reconcile the various classifications, and to stimulate others to offer modifications which may bring about a final solution to the problem of classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "A critical analysis of the classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was proposed almost a quarter century ago, before the advent of modern immunology. This classification, which is based entirely on morphologic features, has proved its clinical usefulness. In light of recent scientific advances, however, its terminology is not appropriate. Five new classifications have been proposed recently, each claiming to have more merit than the others. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze and evaluate these newly proposed classifications to determine which classification is conceptually and scientifically acceptable as well as clinically useful. The results of the study show that there are more similarities than differences among the Rappaport. Lukes and Collins, Dorfman, British, and WHO classifications; the Kiel classification, however, is fundamentally different (Tables 8, 9, 11). None of these classifications can be used in its proposed form. Based on the analysis of these classifications, a compromise working classification is proposed which incorporates the relevant concepts and terminology from the Rappaport, Berard, Dorfman, WHO, and Lukes and Collins classifications (Tables 15, 16). The proposed compromise classification is an attempt to reconcile the various classifications, and to stimulate others to offer modifications which may bring about a final solution to the problem of classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "PMID": 383253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6052", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial comparing the use of adriamycin to that of Vinblastine.", "content": "Two regimens of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer were compared in a randomized controlled fashion. Regimen 1 consisted of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CVMF). Regimen 2 consisted of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CAMF). The patient population consisted of both black and white postmenopausal females who had not received any prior chemotherapy. Objective responses were observed in 25/57 patients treated with CVMF and in 28/51 patients treated with CAMF. Neither race nor choice of chemotherapeutic regimen affected prognosis, although there were differences in the pattern of metastatic involvement between the two racial groups. The median duration of survival of patients who responded to therapy has not yet been reached but will be in excess of 12 months.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial comparing the use of adriamycin to that of Vinblastine. Two regimens of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer were compared in a randomized controlled fashion. Regimen 1 consisted of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CVMF). Regimen 2 consisted of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CAMF). The patient population consisted of both black and white postmenopausal females who had not received any prior chemotherapy. Objective responses were observed in 25/57 patients treated with CVMF and in 28/51 patients treated with CAMF. Neither race nor choice of chemotherapeutic regimen affected prognosis, although there were differences in the pattern of metastatic involvement between the two racial groups. The median duration of survival of patients who responded to therapy has not yet been reached but will be in excess of 12 months.", "PMID": 383254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6053", "title": "Ftorafur, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Ftorafur is a 5-fluorouracil analogue which is slowly metabolized to 5-FU, resulting in prolonged therapeutic levels of this latter drug. Ninety-one evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with Ftorafur, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (ACFTOR-BCG), in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the program or decrease its myelosuppressive toxicity. The results of this trial were compared to those previously reported with the combination of 5-FU, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (FAC-BCG). Overall objective response rates were 65% and 76% for ACFTOR-BCG and FAC-BCG, respectively. Durations of response were 12 months and 14 months for ACFTOR-BCG and FAC-BCG (p = 0.53). The median survival of responders was 22 and 23.9 months, respectively. Substantial toxicity was observed with Ftorafur: nausea and vomiting severe enough to cause weight loss was observed in a substantially higher fraction of the patients treated with this drug than with 5-FU. Other side-effects, which were not observed with the 5-FU combination, were somnolence, dizziness, personality changes, tremor, ataxia, and confusion. No differences in myelosuppressive toxicity were observed between the two combinations, and the incidence of infectious complications was identical. The combination of Ftorafur, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG did not offer any advantages with respect to increased effectiveness or reduced toxicity over the FAC-BCG regimen in breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Ftorafur, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ftorafur is a 5-fluorouracil analogue which is slowly metabolized to 5-FU, resulting in prolonged therapeutic levels of this latter drug. Ninety-one evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with Ftorafur, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (ACFTOR-BCG), in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the program or decrease its myelosuppressive toxicity. The results of this trial were compared to those previously reported with the combination of 5-FU, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (FAC-BCG). Overall objective response rates were 65% and 76% for ACFTOR-BCG and FAC-BCG, respectively. Durations of response were 12 months and 14 months for ACFTOR-BCG and FAC-BCG (p = 0.53). The median survival of responders was 22 and 23.9 months, respectively. Substantial toxicity was observed with Ftorafur: nausea and vomiting severe enough to cause weight loss was observed in a substantially higher fraction of the patients treated with this drug than with 5-FU. Other side-effects, which were not observed with the 5-FU combination, were somnolence, dizziness, personality changes, tremor, ataxia, and confusion. No differences in myelosuppressive toxicity were observed between the two combinations, and the incidence of infectious complications was identical. The combination of Ftorafur, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG did not offer any advantages with respect to increased effectiveness or reduced toxicity over the FAC-BCG regimen in breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 383255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6054", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: an ultrastructural study correlating morphology with immunologic cell type.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were performed on 40 B-cell and 14 T-cell lymphomas of non-Hodgkin's type (NHL). Most B-cell lymphomas were comprised of neoplastic cells with morphologic features compatible with a follicular center cell origin. Dendritic reticulum cells and their desmosome-associated processes, characteristic of germinal centers, were observed in all 11 cases of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and in one of two cases of nodular \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, but were not identified in the lymphomas with a diffuse growth pattern. Desmosomes were observed between dendritic reticulum cells and were not found between lymphoid cells. Large neoplastic cells comprising lymphomas of \"histiocytic,\" mixed lymphocytic \"histiocytic,\" and \"undifferentiated\" types were characterized ultrastructurally and immunologically as lymphoid cells. Malignant lymphomas of well and moderately well differentiated lymphocytic types (7 cases) revealed B-cell markers, and represented a distinct homogenous group of neoplasms, with electron microscopic features most closely resembling follicular cuff lymphocytes. T-cell malignancies included lymphoblastic lymphomas (3 cases), large cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphomas (4 cases), lymphoepithelioid cell (\"Lennert's\") lymphomas (2 cases), mycosis fungoides (3 cases) and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (2 cases). A consistent finding in the T-cell proliferations was the presence of small and/or large lymphoid cells with extremely irregular and/or convoluted nuclei, which occurred in varying proportions and with variable degrees of nuclear complexity. The nuclear irregularity evident in the neoplastic T cells was distinguishable from that observed for lymphoid cells of B-cell lymphomas. In comparing the cytoplasmic features of the T- and B-cell neoplasms ultrastructurally, the only distinguishing feature was the presence of well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, i.e., plasmacytoid features, predictive of a B cell origin.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: an ultrastructural study correlating morphology with immunologic cell type. Ultrastructural studies were performed on 40 B-cell and 14 T-cell lymphomas of non-Hodgkin's type (NHL). Most B-cell lymphomas were comprised of neoplastic cells with morphologic features compatible with a follicular center cell origin. Dendritic reticulum cells and their desmosome-associated processes, characteristic of germinal centers, were observed in all 11 cases of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and in one of two cases of nodular \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, but were not identified in the lymphomas with a diffuse growth pattern. Desmosomes were observed between dendritic reticulum cells and were not found between lymphoid cells. Large neoplastic cells comprising lymphomas of \"histiocytic,\" mixed lymphocytic \"histiocytic,\" and \"undifferentiated\" types were characterized ultrastructurally and immunologically as lymphoid cells. Malignant lymphomas of well and moderately well differentiated lymphocytic types (7 cases) revealed B-cell markers, and represented a distinct homogenous group of neoplasms, with electron microscopic features most closely resembling follicular cuff lymphocytes. T-cell malignancies included lymphoblastic lymphomas (3 cases), large cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphomas (4 cases), lymphoepithelioid cell (\"Lennert's\") lymphomas (2 cases), mycosis fungoides (3 cases) and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (2 cases). A consistent finding in the T-cell proliferations was the presence of small and/or large lymphoid cells with extremely irregular and/or convoluted nuclei, which occurred in varying proportions and with variable degrees of nuclear complexity. The nuclear irregularity evident in the neoplastic T cells was distinguishable from that observed for lymphoid cells of B-cell lymphomas. In comparing the cytoplasmic features of the T- and B-cell neoplasms ultrastructurally, the only distinguishing feature was the presence of well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, i.e., plasmacytoid features, predictive of a B cell origin.", "PMID": 383256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6055", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a study of the evolution of the disease based upon 92 autopsied cases.", "content": "The evolution of the disease process in 92 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been analyzed by comparing the initial histopathologic material with that obtained at autopsy. The distribution of lymphoma did not differ substantially among the subtypes, but the gross appearance of the lesions was different among certain subtypes, particularly between the \"small cell\" and \"large cell\" types. The diffuse lymphomas showed a remarkable constancy of subtype in the same patient, whereas the nodular lymphomas showed a high frequency of change to a diffuse pattern and/or a larger cell type. Diffuse histiocytic lymphomas with plasmacytoid features showed a striking propensity for involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. The occurrence and significance of bizarre pleomorphic giant cells, epithelioid histiocytes, a \"starry-sky\" pattern, erythrophagocytosis, hemosiderosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis are reported. All patients received anti-lymphomatous chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. A second malignancy was observed in 8 patients. Thirteen patients showed no residual lymphoma at autopsy. The cause of death was considered to be related to lymphoma in all 92 patients; 67 had infections identified.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a study of the evolution of the disease based upon 92 autopsied cases. The evolution of the disease process in 92 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been analyzed by comparing the initial histopathologic material with that obtained at autopsy. The distribution of lymphoma did not differ substantially among the subtypes, but the gross appearance of the lesions was different among certain subtypes, particularly between the \"small cell\" and \"large cell\" types. The diffuse lymphomas showed a remarkable constancy of subtype in the same patient, whereas the nodular lymphomas showed a high frequency of change to a diffuse pattern and/or a larger cell type. Diffuse histiocytic lymphomas with plasmacytoid features showed a striking propensity for involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. The occurrence and significance of bizarre pleomorphic giant cells, epithelioid histiocytes, a \"starry-sky\" pattern, erythrophagocytosis, hemosiderosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis are reported. All patients received anti-lymphomatous chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. A second malignancy was observed in 8 patients. Thirteen patients showed no residual lymphoma at autopsy. The cause of death was considered to be related to lymphoma in all 92 patients; 67 had infections identified.", "PMID": 383257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6056", "title": "Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): a light and ultrastructural study of two cases.", "content": "Olfactory neuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm with a varied biological behavior. Its clinical course is unpredictable and there is no correlation between its microscopic features and biological behavior. The present study deals with light and ultrastructural characteristics of two cases of olfactory neuroblastoma of the nasal cavity. In one patient, the definitive diagnosis was established on the basis of ultrastructural features of the lesion. The most consistent fine structural findings were the presence of intracytoplasmic densecored neurosecretory granules, \"true\" and \"pseudo-\" rosettes, and the neuritic processes emanating from the tumor cells. On the basis of their biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics, olfactory neuroblastomas are similar to neuroblastomas arising from the adrenals or sympathetic nervous system. These findings, therefore, support the hypothesis that olfactory neuroblastomas are most likely of neural crest origin and thus belong to a group of neoplasms collectively known as \"apudomas\" or neurocristomas. The literature review strongly favors combined surgery and postradiation as the most effective treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): a light and ultrastructural study of two cases. Olfactory neuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm with a varied biological behavior. Its clinical course is unpredictable and there is no correlation between its microscopic features and biological behavior. The present study deals with light and ultrastructural characteristics of two cases of olfactory neuroblastoma of the nasal cavity. In one patient, the definitive diagnosis was established on the basis of ultrastructural features of the lesion. The most consistent fine structural findings were the presence of intracytoplasmic densecored neurosecretory granules, \"true\" and \"pseudo-\" rosettes, and the neuritic processes emanating from the tumor cells. On the basis of their biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics, olfactory neuroblastomas are similar to neuroblastomas arising from the adrenals or sympathetic nervous system. These findings, therefore, support the hypothesis that olfactory neuroblastomas are most likely of neural crest origin and thus belong to a group of neoplasms collectively known as \"apudomas\" or neurocristomas. The literature review strongly favors combined surgery and postradiation as the most effective treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 383258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6057", "title": "Histological transformation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a prospective study.", "content": "Forty-three lymph node biopsies were performed prior to retreatment in 30 unselected patients who had relapsed following chemotherapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low grade histological type. Eight patients (27%) showed unequivocal evidence of transformation to a high grade variety of lymphoma. These included 4 out of 21 cases originally having had follicular lymphoma and 4 out of 9 cases having had diffuse lymphoma. In 2 further patients with follicular lymphoma, relapse was diagnosed following examination of the bone marrow and in one the tumor had clearly transformed. In 5 of the transformed lymphomas the cell type was predominantly centroblastic, in 2 immunoblastic and in the remaining 2 centrocytic (anaplastic). Five of the 9 cases developing high grade lymphoma have died after a median interval of 5 months from transformation, whereas only 3 of 23 cases showing no change are dead. In 4 patients low grade lymphoma persisted in the bone marrow at the time of nodal transformation. The clinical circumstances at the time of rebiopsy were unhelpful in predicting transformation.", "contents": "Histological transformation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a prospective study. Forty-three lymph node biopsies were performed prior to retreatment in 30 unselected patients who had relapsed following chemotherapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low grade histological type. Eight patients (27%) showed unequivocal evidence of transformation to a high grade variety of lymphoma. These included 4 out of 21 cases originally having had follicular lymphoma and 4 out of 9 cases having had diffuse lymphoma. In 2 further patients with follicular lymphoma, relapse was diagnosed following examination of the bone marrow and in one the tumor had clearly transformed. In 5 of the transformed lymphomas the cell type was predominantly centroblastic, in 2 immunoblastic and in the remaining 2 centrocytic (anaplastic). Five of the 9 cases developing high grade lymphoma have died after a median interval of 5 months from transformation, whereas only 3 of 23 cases showing no change are dead. In 4 patients low grade lymphoma persisted in the bone marrow at the time of nodal transformation. The clinical circumstances at the time of rebiopsy were unhelpful in predicting transformation.", "PMID": 383259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6058", "title": "Idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia: incidence and risk factors for leukemic transformation.", "content": "The clinical course of 29 patients with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia studied by us was reviewed. Four patients developed acute leukemia. We were able to find 27 out of 268 cases of idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia reported in the literature which terminated in acute leukemia. Nine of these were well described. The overall incidence of acute leukemia is 10%. In an attempt to identify the risk factors for the development of acute leukemia, the clinical and laboratory features of this group of thirteen well-described cases which terminated in acute leukemia were compared to the remaining 25 of our cases which did not undergo leukemic transformation. The patients who died of acute leukemia tended to have a more severe anemia, a lower reticulocyte count, and increased transfusion requirement, and thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytosis appears to be a relatively good prognostic sign.", "contents": "Idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia: incidence and risk factors for leukemic transformation. The clinical course of 29 patients with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia studied by us was reviewed. Four patients developed acute leukemia. We were able to find 27 out of 268 cases of idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia reported in the literature which terminated in acute leukemia. Nine of these were well described. The overall incidence of acute leukemia is 10%. In an attempt to identify the risk factors for the development of acute leukemia, the clinical and laboratory features of this group of thirteen well-described cases which terminated in acute leukemia were compared to the remaining 25 of our cases which did not undergo leukemic transformation. The patients who died of acute leukemia tended to have a more severe anemia, a lower reticulocyte count, and increased transfusion requirement, and thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytosis appears to be a relatively good prognostic sign.", "PMID": 383260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6059", "title": "Rationale and experimental design for the VA Cooperative Study of Anticoagulation (Warfarin) in the Treatment of Cancer.", "content": "Anticoagulants have been demonstrated to reduce tumor growth in certain experimental animal systems. Inhibition of clot formation interferes with tumor growth and spread while enhancement of coagulation promotes tumor growth and spread. The fact that the coagulation mechanism is commonly activated in human malignancy together with preliminary reports of therapeutic efficacy of anticoagulants suggests that the coagulation mechanism may be of pathophysiologic significance also in the growth of human tumors. A VA Cooperative Study has been established to test the hypothesis that warfarin anticoagulation will modify the course of malignancy in man. The purpose of this paper is to present the rationale and experimental design for this study with emphasis on management of anticoagulant administration in cancer patients. This paper serves as the basis for forthcoming reports of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of warfarin in human malignancy.", "contents": "Rationale and experimental design for the VA Cooperative Study of Anticoagulation (Warfarin) in the Treatment of Cancer. Anticoagulants have been demonstrated to reduce tumor growth in certain experimental animal systems. Inhibition of clot formation interferes with tumor growth and spread while enhancement of coagulation promotes tumor growth and spread. The fact that the coagulation mechanism is commonly activated in human malignancy together with preliminary reports of therapeutic efficacy of anticoagulants suggests that the coagulation mechanism may be of pathophysiologic significance also in the growth of human tumors. A VA Cooperative Study has been established to test the hypothesis that warfarin anticoagulation will modify the course of malignancy in man. The purpose of this paper is to present the rationale and experimental design for this study with emphasis on management of anticoagulant administration in cancer patients. This paper serves as the basis for forthcoming reports of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of warfarin in human malignancy.", "PMID": 383261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6060", "title": "Mesenteric occlusive lesion and ileal carcinoids.", "content": "Occlusion of mesenteric vessels due to fibrosis and adventitial elastosis complicated ileal carcinoids and resulted in infarction of bowel in two patients. Synovial sarcoma antedated the carcinoid syndrome in one patient who died; carcinoma of the breast was discovered one year after hemicolectomy in the other. This rare mesenteric occlusive lesion is associated exclusively with ileal carcinoids; it is poorly recognized and the mortality is high.", "contents": "Mesenteric occlusive lesion and ileal carcinoids. Occlusion of mesenteric vessels due to fibrosis and adventitial elastosis complicated ileal carcinoids and resulted in infarction of bowel in two patients. Synovial sarcoma antedated the carcinoid syndrome in one patient who died; carcinoma of the breast was discovered one year after hemicolectomy in the other. This rare mesenteric occlusive lesion is associated exclusively with ileal carcinoids; it is poorly recognized and the mortality is high.", "PMID": 383262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6061", "title": "Mesenchymal tumors associated with hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Hypoglycemia secondary to malignant tumors is rare. Mesenchymal tumors of nonpancreatic origin are the most common tumors associated with the hypoglycemia syndrome, and the clinical features of 115 reported cases are reviewed. The major anatomic distributions of the tumors are thoracic (30%) abdominal (65%), and uncommon locations (less than 5%). Approximately 50% of the tumors were resectable (59 patients), and in 60% the surgical procedure was curative. In the remaining 40% local recurrence predominated related to site of tumor and presence of contiguous organ invasion. The application of multimodality adjuvant therapy for hypoglycemia associated mesenchymal tumors should be based on an understanding of the natural history of the tumor.", "contents": "Mesenchymal tumors associated with hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature. Hypoglycemia secondary to malignant tumors is rare. Mesenchymal tumors of nonpancreatic origin are the most common tumors associated with the hypoglycemia syndrome, and the clinical features of 115 reported cases are reviewed. The major anatomic distributions of the tumors are thoracic (30%) abdominal (65%), and uncommon locations (less than 5%). Approximately 50% of the tumors were resectable (59 patients), and in 60% the surgical procedure was curative. In the remaining 40% local recurrence predominated related to site of tumor and presence of contiguous organ invasion. The application of multimodality adjuvant therapy for hypoglycemia associated mesenchymal tumors should be based on an understanding of the natural history of the tumor.", "PMID": 383263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6062", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases.", "content": "An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma presenting in a pericardial effusion following trauma and preceding acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by 8 months is presented. Five additional cases of granulocytic sarcoma preceding leukemia collected by the author are also tabulated. Granulocytic sarcoma in a nonautopsy population of myelogenous leukemic patients was found to be 2.9%. When presenting in an extramedullary site, especially preceding peripheral blood and bone marrow manifestations of leukemia, a misdiagnosis of histiocytic lymphoma may result. In questionable cases, other techniques including the naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate stain, touch imprints, immunoperoxidase stain for lysozyme, and electron microscopy should be utilized. Although only a small series, the most recent cases have shown induction/remission and survival characteristics of AML patients without granulocytic sarcoma.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases. An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma presenting in a pericardial effusion following trauma and preceding acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by 8 months is presented. Five additional cases of granulocytic sarcoma preceding leukemia collected by the author are also tabulated. Granulocytic sarcoma in a nonautopsy population of myelogenous leukemic patients was found to be 2.9%. When presenting in an extramedullary site, especially preceding peripheral blood and bone marrow manifestations of leukemia, a misdiagnosis of histiocytic lymphoma may result. In questionable cases, other techniques including the naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate stain, touch imprints, immunoperoxidase stain for lysozyme, and electron microscopy should be utilized. Although only a small series, the most recent cases have shown induction/remission and survival characteristics of AML patients without granulocytic sarcoma.", "PMID": 383264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6063", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of orbital and adnexal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "An analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the orbital structures was performed at the University of Iowa between 1937 and 1975. Sixteen cases of primary orbital lymphoma were diagnosed. Histopathologic reclassification according to the Rappaport scheme and the clinical course of each histologic sub-category was described. There were 5 patients with reactive hyperplasia, 2 patients with well-differentiated lymphoid proliferation with Dutcher bodies which were also felt to be reactive, 3 patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, 4 patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and 2 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. It was concluded that the Rappaport classification is applicable to orbital lymphoid tumors and that those lymphomas which do present as primary tumors should be staged as one would stage the same histologic category of lymphoma presenting in other sites. Radiation therapy appears to be an effective treatment for local control; however, patients with primary orbital lymphoma should undergo observation for systemic disease similar to patients with lymphoma presenting in other sites. Excisional biopsy is recommended to facilitate precise classification.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of orbital and adnexal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the orbital structures was performed at the University of Iowa between 1937 and 1975. Sixteen cases of primary orbital lymphoma were diagnosed. Histopathologic reclassification according to the Rappaport scheme and the clinical course of each histologic sub-category was described. There were 5 patients with reactive hyperplasia, 2 patients with well-differentiated lymphoid proliferation with Dutcher bodies which were also felt to be reactive, 3 patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, 4 patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and 2 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. It was concluded that the Rappaport classification is applicable to orbital lymphoid tumors and that those lymphomas which do present as primary tumors should be staged as one would stage the same histologic category of lymphoma presenting in other sites. Radiation therapy appears to be an effective treatment for local control; however, patients with primary orbital lymphoma should undergo observation for systemic disease similar to patients with lymphoma presenting in other sites. Excisional biopsy is recommended to facilitate precise classification.", "PMID": 383265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6064", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Twelve cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia or one of its variants are reported. An additional 33 cases from the literature are reviewed. The mean interval between the diagnosis of lymphoma and acute leukemia is 5.2 years. In 5 patients the two diseases occurred simultaneously or within 6 months of each other. All but 10 of the 45 patients received radiation therapy for their lymphoma. Nine patients had either total nodal or total body irradiation or both. Eight patients received chemotherapy alone. No patient was untreated. Survival after the diagnosis of acute leukemia ranged from 3 days to 14 months, with a median of 3 months. Four patients achieved complete hematological remission following antileukemic therapy. Acute leukemia is estimated to occur in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York State with a 37-fold increased frequency over the expected number. Although acute leukemia may occur in a higher than expected frequency in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma because of an increased risk of a second neoplasm in patients with a primary tumor, it seems more likely that the acute leukemia may be related to the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administered to treat the lymphoma. Late death from leukemia after chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic remission of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is preferable to morbidity and/or early death from untreated or inadequately treated lymphoma.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Twelve cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia or one of its variants are reported. An additional 33 cases from the literature are reviewed. The mean interval between the diagnosis of lymphoma and acute leukemia is 5.2 years. In 5 patients the two diseases occurred simultaneously or within 6 months of each other. All but 10 of the 45 patients received radiation therapy for their lymphoma. Nine patients had either total nodal or total body irradiation or both. Eight patients received chemotherapy alone. No patient was untreated. Survival after the diagnosis of acute leukemia ranged from 3 days to 14 months, with a median of 3 months. Four patients achieved complete hematological remission following antileukemic therapy. Acute leukemia is estimated to occur in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York State with a 37-fold increased frequency over the expected number. Although acute leukemia may occur in a higher than expected frequency in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma because of an increased risk of a second neoplasm in patients with a primary tumor, it seems more likely that the acute leukemia may be related to the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administered to treat the lymphoma. Late death from leukemia after chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic remission of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is preferable to morbidity and/or early death from untreated or inadequately treated lymphoma.", "PMID": 383266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6065", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region: case report and review of literature.", "content": "This is a case report of an endodermal sinus tumor occurring in the pineal region of a 14-year-old boy who died 4 weeks after surgery and irradiation. Germ cell tumors of this type demonstrate a selective overgrowth of yolk sac endoderm associated with extraembryonic mesoblast and arise preferentially in the gonads of young children. This tumor in the pineal region is rare and carries a grave prognosis as in other extragonadal sites. A summary of previously reported cases is also presented.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region: case report and review of literature. This is a case report of an endodermal sinus tumor occurring in the pineal region of a 14-year-old boy who died 4 weeks after surgery and irradiation. Germ cell tumors of this type demonstrate a selective overgrowth of yolk sac endoderm associated with extraembryonic mesoblast and arise preferentially in the gonads of young children. This tumor in the pineal region is rare and carries a grave prognosis as in other extragonadal sites. A summary of previously reported cases is also presented.", "PMID": 383267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6066", "title": "Esthesioneuroblastoma.", "content": "Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon tumor of neural crest origin arising in the nasal cavity. Since 1966, 97 cases have been reported in the world literature. In this report an analysis is presented of the following aspects of these 97 patients: age and sex distribution, disease staging, treatment results, interval to recurrence, and survival. Staging was according to a system proposed by Kadish et al. There is a bimodal age distribution with peaks in age groups 11-20 years and 51-60 years. Prognosis is favorable in early stage disease (A and B) with 3-year crude survivals of 88.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Stage C patients have a poor prognosis, with 52.9% surviving 3 years. Treatment consisted of radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of radiotherapy and surgery. In stage A, prognosis is favorable in all three treatment groups with one 1 of 24 patients dying of recurrent disease. In stage B, recurrence rates and 3-year survivals are also similar in the three treatment groups. Thus, single modality treatment is as effective as combined treatment for early stage disease. Local recurrence is the predominant site of failure occurring in 68% of recurrences. The overall crude survival for the 97 patients was 95.4%, while the determinate survival (corrected for intercurrent disease) was 70.8%.", "contents": "Esthesioneuroblastoma. Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon tumor of neural crest origin arising in the nasal cavity. Since 1966, 97 cases have been reported in the world literature. In this report an analysis is presented of the following aspects of these 97 patients: age and sex distribution, disease staging, treatment results, interval to recurrence, and survival. Staging was according to a system proposed by Kadish et al. There is a bimodal age distribution with peaks in age groups 11-20 years and 51-60 years. Prognosis is favorable in early stage disease (A and B) with 3-year crude survivals of 88.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Stage C patients have a poor prognosis, with 52.9% surviving 3 years. Treatment consisted of radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of radiotherapy and surgery. In stage A, prognosis is favorable in all three treatment groups with one 1 of 24 patients dying of recurrent disease. In stage B, recurrence rates and 3-year survivals are also similar in the three treatment groups. Thus, single modality treatment is as effective as combined treatment for early stage disease. Local recurrence is the predominant site of failure occurring in 68% of recurrences. The overall crude survival for the 97 patients was 95.4%, while the determinate survival (corrected for intercurrent disease) was 70.8%.", "PMID": 383268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6067", "title": "Carcinoma arising in the wall of congenital bile duct cysts.", "content": "The incidence of carcinoma arising in the wall of the congenital bile duct cysts is much higher than previously assumed. The authors report 4 such cases of primary and secondary carcinomas and review their clinical features through the similar 59 cases in the literature. Of the 63 cases, the average age was much younger, at least several decades, compared with cases of extra-hepatic carcinoma without bile duct cysts. The female-male ratio was 2.5:1. Racial preponderance was also observed, namely, the majority were Japanese. Additionally, many patients previously received various internal drainage procedures, especially choledochocystoduodenostomy. As the treatment, primary excision of the extrahepatic bile duct cyst seems to give the best results because it can avoid ascending cholangitis and prevent development of carcinoma. However, carcinoma still can arise in the intrahepatic bile duct cyst, which cannot be removed at the present time.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in the wall of congenital bile duct cysts. The incidence of carcinoma arising in the wall of the congenital bile duct cysts is much higher than previously assumed. The authors report 4 such cases of primary and secondary carcinomas and review their clinical features through the similar 59 cases in the literature. Of the 63 cases, the average age was much younger, at least several decades, compared with cases of extra-hepatic carcinoma without bile duct cysts. The female-male ratio was 2.5:1. Racial preponderance was also observed, namely, the majority were Japanese. Additionally, many patients previously received various internal drainage procedures, especially choledochocystoduodenostomy. As the treatment, primary excision of the extrahepatic bile duct cyst seems to give the best results because it can avoid ascending cholangitis and prevent development of carcinoma. However, carcinoma still can arise in the intrahepatic bile duct cyst, which cannot be removed at the present time.", "PMID": 383269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6068", "title": "Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the jejunum.", "content": "We report on an 89-year-old female admitted with signs of intestinal obstruction in whom three independent adenocarcinomas of the proximal jejunum were found. Multiple foci of pyloric gland metaplasia, glandular hyperplasia and dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, and several varieties of adenocarcinoma were identified on microscopic examination of 14 cm of excised jejunum. Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is extremely rare. We are not aware of any case harboring the complex changes described herein.", "contents": "Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the jejunum. We report on an 89-year-old female admitted with signs of intestinal obstruction in whom three independent adenocarcinomas of the proximal jejunum were found. Multiple foci of pyloric gland metaplasia, glandular hyperplasia and dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, and several varieties of adenocarcinoma were identified on microscopic examination of 14 cm of excised jejunum. Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is extremely rare. We are not aware of any case harboring the complex changes described herein.", "PMID": 383270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6069", "title": "Pleural effusion in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Two patients with multiple myeloma are described in whom an unusual complication developed: pleural effusion containing myeloma cells. There are 7 previously reported cases of myeloma in the English literature with this type of effusion. Pleural effusion in myeloma may be due to plasma cell infiltration of the pleura, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, nephrotic syndrome, and second neoplasms. In view of these multiple etiologies, diagnostic thoracentesis should be performed in order to treat the effusion appropriately.", "contents": "Pleural effusion in multiple myeloma. Two patients with multiple myeloma are described in whom an unusual complication developed: pleural effusion containing myeloma cells. There are 7 previously reported cases of myeloma in the English literature with this type of effusion. Pleural effusion in myeloma may be due to plasma cell infiltration of the pleura, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, nephrotic syndrome, and second neoplasms. In view of these multiple etiologies, diagnostic thoracentesis should be performed in order to treat the effusion appropriately.", "PMID": 383271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6070", "title": "A randomized comparison of two dosage schedules of methyl CCNU: three-week versus six-week treatments.", "content": "Two dose schedules of methyl CCNU were compared for drug effect and toxicity. One hundred thirteen patients were stratified by tumor site, performance status, and prior chemotherapy and randomized to 100 mg/m2 q 3 wk or 200 mg/m2 q 6 wk orally. Response rates were similar (12% vs. 18%, respectively, in the major tumor sub-types studied) and survival was equivalent. Hematologic toxicity, however, was significantly different, with earlier time to the most severe blood count depressions, more frequent occurrence of severe depression, and a larger percentage of patients requiring dosage reduction on the 6-week regimen. We conclude that the 3-week regimen is superior due to its improved tolerance and is recommended especially for combination drug therapy.", "contents": "A randomized comparison of two dosage schedules of methyl CCNU: three-week versus six-week treatments. Two dose schedules of methyl CCNU were compared for drug effect and toxicity. One hundred thirteen patients were stratified by tumor site, performance status, and prior chemotherapy and randomized to 100 mg/m2 q 3 wk or 200 mg/m2 q 6 wk orally. Response rates were similar (12% vs. 18%, respectively, in the major tumor sub-types studied) and survival was equivalent. Hematologic toxicity, however, was significantly different, with earlier time to the most severe blood count depressions, more frequent occurrence of severe depression, and a larger percentage of patients requiring dosage reduction on the 6-week regimen. We conclude that the 3-week regimen is superior due to its improved tolerance and is recommended especially for combination drug therapy.", "PMID": 383272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6071", "title": "CVP-remission-maintenance in stage I or II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: preliminary results of a randomized study.", "content": "The effect of adjuvant combination chemotherapy when given to non-laparotomized patients in remission after radiotherapy in stage I or II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was studied in a prospective randomized multicenter study. Locally extended field radiotherapy was given to a target absorbed dose of 40 Gy in 20 fractions. Fifty-five patients who were in complete remission 6 weeks after conclusion of radiotherapy were randomized to either no further therapy or to 9 cycles of CVP (cyclophosphamide + vincristine + prednisolone). The relapse-free survival at 30 months was 41% for patients without and 86% for patients with adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.02). The survival was the same for both treatment arms, being 90% at 30 months. Fifteen patients have relapsed, 14 of them with extensions and 1 with a recurrence within the radiation target volume. Analysis of subgroups showed that adjuvant chemotherapy in the present series significantly prolonged the relapse-free survival in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.", "contents": "CVP-remission-maintenance in stage I or II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: preliminary results of a randomized study. The effect of adjuvant combination chemotherapy when given to non-laparotomized patients in remission after radiotherapy in stage I or II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was studied in a prospective randomized multicenter study. Locally extended field radiotherapy was given to a target absorbed dose of 40 Gy in 20 fractions. Fifty-five patients who were in complete remission 6 weeks after conclusion of radiotherapy were randomized to either no further therapy or to 9 cycles of CVP (cyclophosphamide + vincristine + prednisolone). The relapse-free survival at 30 months was 41% for patients without and 86% for patients with adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.02). The survival was the same for both treatment arms, being 90% at 30 months. Fifteen patients have relapsed, 14 of them with extensions and 1 with a recurrence within the radiation target volume. Analysis of subgroups showed that adjuvant chemotherapy in the present series significantly prolonged the relapse-free survival in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.", "PMID": 383273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6072", "title": "1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of premenopausal patients with primary breast cancer: lack of association of disease-free survival with depression of ovarian function. National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers.", "content": "Breast cancer patients participating in a prospective randomized clinical trial who were less than or equal to 49 years of age, had positive axillary nodes, and who received prolonged 1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) as an adjuvant to mastectomy continue (after 4 years) to demonstrate a significantly greater disease-free survival (p = .007) than do patients who received placebo. Benefit was achieved in patients who were less than or equal to 39 years as well as those who were 40-49 years of age. Those in the younger age group showed a greater improvement in disease-free survival at 4 years relative to their controls (32% vs. 69%; p = .01) than did those in the older age group (48% vs. 61%; p = .09). When patients were examined relative to their nodal status, a highly favorable effect was found to have been achieved with L-PAM in those with 1-3 positive nodes (54% vs. 86%; p = .006). Results indicate that both age groups were benefited. When considered over time, they demonstrate that a relatively greater effect was achieved in the younger women. While L-PAM failed to significantly alter the disease-free survival of those with greater than or equal to 4 positive nodes a slightly better effect was achieved in the group less than or equal to 39 years. Since adjuvant chemotherapy has been found to be more effective in premenopausal than postmenopausal women, it has been presumed that decreased ovarian function, as a result of the chemotherapy, is responsible for the findings. To support or repudiate that concept, information regarding serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2), as well as menstrual function, has been obtained from women receiving L-PAM or L-PAM plus 5-FU therapy. In contrast to findings relative to disease-free survival, ovarian function and menses were most affected in patients 40-49 years of age. Amenorrhea occurred in 73% of patients in that age group and in only 22% of those less than or equal to 39 years (p less than .001). Similarly, a significant increase in LH and FSH and a decrease in E2, all indicative of ovarian suppression, was observed only in the older group of patients. Thus, it is concluded that while ovarian suppression may account for some of the adjuvant chemotherapeutic effect in premenopausal women, the dichotomy of findings in younger and older premenopausal women relative to therapeutic response and ovarian function indicates that other factors could be responsible.", "contents": "1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of premenopausal patients with primary breast cancer: lack of association of disease-free survival with depression of ovarian function. National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers. Breast cancer patients participating in a prospective randomized clinical trial who were less than or equal to 49 years of age, had positive axillary nodes, and who received prolonged 1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) as an adjuvant to mastectomy continue (after 4 years) to demonstrate a significantly greater disease-free survival (p = .007) than do patients who received placebo. Benefit was achieved in patients who were less than or equal to 39 years as well as those who were 40-49 years of age. Those in the younger age group showed a greater improvement in disease-free survival at 4 years relative to their controls (32% vs. 69%; p = .01) than did those in the older age group (48% vs. 61%; p = .09). When patients were examined relative to their nodal status, a highly favorable effect was found to have been achieved with L-PAM in those with 1-3 positive nodes (54% vs. 86%; p = .006). Results indicate that both age groups were benefited. When considered over time, they demonstrate that a relatively greater effect was achieved in the younger women. While L-PAM failed to significantly alter the disease-free survival of those with greater than or equal to 4 positive nodes a slightly better effect was achieved in the group less than or equal to 39 years. Since adjuvant chemotherapy has been found to be more effective in premenopausal than postmenopausal women, it has been presumed that decreased ovarian function, as a result of the chemotherapy, is responsible for the findings. To support or repudiate that concept, information regarding serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2), as well as menstrual function, has been obtained from women receiving L-PAM or L-PAM plus 5-FU therapy. In contrast to findings relative to disease-free survival, ovarian function and menses were most affected in patients 40-49 years of age. Amenorrhea occurred in 73% of patients in that age group and in only 22% of those less than or equal to 39 years (p less than .001). Similarly, a significant increase in LH and FSH and a decrease in E2, all indicative of ovarian suppression, was observed only in the older group of patients. Thus, it is concluded that while ovarian suppression may account for some of the adjuvant chemotherapeutic effect in premenopausal women, the dichotomy of findings in younger and older premenopausal women relative to therapeutic response and ovarian function indicates that other factors could be responsible.", "PMID": 383274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6073", "title": "Phase I-II study of ftorafur and methyl-CCNU in advanced colorectal cancer.", "content": "The combination of Ftorafur (NSC-148958) and methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441) was evaluated in 36 patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The principle toxicities encountered were myelosuppression, gastrointestinal, and neurological. There were no complete responses and only 5/34 (14.7%) patients achieved a partial response. Methyl-CCNU and Ftorafur does not appear to be an effective combination in advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "contents": "Phase I-II study of ftorafur and methyl-CCNU in advanced colorectal cancer. The combination of Ftorafur (NSC-148958) and methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441) was evaluated in 36 patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The principle toxicities encountered were myelosuppression, gastrointestinal, and neurological. There were no complete responses and only 5/34 (14.7%) patients achieved a partial response. Methyl-CCNU and Ftorafur does not appear to be an effective combination in advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "PMID": 383275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6074", "title": "Cyclophosphamide plus 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) with or without Corynebacterium parvum in metastatic malignant melanoma.", "content": "One hundred twenty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were randomized to receive either cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2 IV, on day 1 plus DTIC 200 mg/m2 IV days 1 through 5, or the same chemotherapy plus C. parvum 5 mg/m2 IV on day 8 and day 15. Therapy was repeated every 21 days. Although responses were observed in 13.8% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC versus 25.5% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC plus C. parvum, the median duration of remission was 15.6 weeks on chemotherapy and 13.0 weeks on chemotherapy plus C. parvum. Furthermore, survival was similar on both regimens (6.1 months versus 5.7 months, respectively). Favorable prognostic factors included metastatic disease confined to skin or lymph nodes (33% responses), performance status greater than 70% (24% response rate), and administration of three or more courses of chemotherapy (31% response rate). The dose limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, which was equal on both regimens. Chills and fever were common in response to C. parvum, and, rarely hypotension, cyanosis, or immune nephritis was observed. The addition of C. parvum to chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide plus DTIC is not recommended.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide plus 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) with or without Corynebacterium parvum in metastatic malignant melanoma. One hundred twenty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were randomized to receive either cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2 IV, on day 1 plus DTIC 200 mg/m2 IV days 1 through 5, or the same chemotherapy plus C. parvum 5 mg/m2 IV on day 8 and day 15. Therapy was repeated every 21 days. Although responses were observed in 13.8% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC versus 25.5% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC plus C. parvum, the median duration of remission was 15.6 weeks on chemotherapy and 13.0 weeks on chemotherapy plus C. parvum. Furthermore, survival was similar on both regimens (6.1 months versus 5.7 months, respectively). Favorable prognostic factors included metastatic disease confined to skin or lymph nodes (33% responses), performance status greater than 70% (24% response rate), and administration of three or more courses of chemotherapy (31% response rate). The dose limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, which was equal on both regimens. Chills and fever were common in response to C. parvum, and, rarely hypotension, cyanosis, or immune nephritis was observed. The addition of C. parvum to chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide plus DTIC is not recommended.", "PMID": 383276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6075", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 2. Tissue localization and correlation with plasma antigen concentration.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed on the tumors of 241 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Positive tissue staining indicative of a CEA concentration of at least 3 microgram/gm was present in 154 tumors (63%) as opposed to 0 of 30 specimens of normal cervix (p less than .001). Plasma CEA values were obtained at the time of tissue staining on all patients. Plasma CEA concentration was related more directly to total tumor burden (tumor CEA content x extent of disease) than to tumor CEA concentration alone. Progressively rising plasma CEA levels predicted recurrent disease in over 80% of patients whose tumors stained positively for CEA. In contrast, serial plasma CEA values correlated positively with clinical disease status in only 28% of patients whose tumors were devoid of CEA. Immunoperoxidase staining of tissue specimens identifies those patients whose tumors contain high levels of CEA and who therefore should benefit most from subsequent plasma antigen determinations.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 2. Tissue localization and correlation with plasma antigen concentration. Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed on the tumors of 241 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Positive tissue staining indicative of a CEA concentration of at least 3 microgram/gm was present in 154 tumors (63%) as opposed to 0 of 30 specimens of normal cervix (p less than .001). Plasma CEA values were obtained at the time of tissue staining on all patients. Plasma CEA concentration was related more directly to total tumor burden (tumor CEA content x extent of disease) than to tumor CEA concentration alone. Progressively rising plasma CEA levels predicted recurrent disease in over 80% of patients whose tumors stained positively for CEA. In contrast, serial plasma CEA values correlated positively with clinical disease status in only 28% of patients whose tumors were devoid of CEA. Immunoperoxidase staining of tissue specimens identifies those patients whose tumors contain high levels of CEA and who therefore should benefit most from subsequent plasma antigen determinations.", "PMID": 383277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6076", "title": "Effective dose of L-asparaginase for induction of remission in previously treated children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group.", "content": "L-Asparaginase, in the dose of greater than or equal to 6000 IU/sq m three times weekly, was demonstrated to be an effective agent in reinduction of remissions in childhood leukemia. Four hundred thirteen children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were treated with L-asparaginase. Doses i.m. ranged from 300 to 12,000 IU/sq m. None of the patients had received prior asparaginase therapy. 6-Mercaptopurine was given p.o. concurrently. All of the patients had experienced several previous relapses, and their disease was not responsive to 6-mercaptopurine. L-Asparaginase was found to be effective in reinducing remissions at the following rates: 9.5% for 300 IU/sq m; 35.1% for 3,000 IU/sq m; 53.5% for 6,000 IU/sq m; and 62.5% for 12,000 IU/sq m. The drug was given three times weekly for four weeks. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 6.5% of patients.", "contents": "Effective dose of L-asparaginase for induction of remission in previously treated children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group. L-Asparaginase, in the dose of greater than or equal to 6000 IU/sq m three times weekly, was demonstrated to be an effective agent in reinduction of remissions in childhood leukemia. Four hundred thirteen children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were treated with L-asparaginase. Doses i.m. ranged from 300 to 12,000 IU/sq m. None of the patients had received prior asparaginase therapy. 6-Mercaptopurine was given p.o. concurrently. All of the patients had experienced several previous relapses, and their disease was not responsive to 6-mercaptopurine. L-Asparaginase was found to be effective in reinducing remissions at the following rates: 9.5% for 300 IU/sq m; 35.1% for 3,000 IU/sq m; 53.5% for 6,000 IU/sq m; and 62.5% for 12,000 IU/sq m. The drug was given three times weekly for four weeks. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 6.5% of patients.", "PMID": 383278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6077", "title": "Production of fibronectin by human epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "Human epithelial cell lines derived from both carcinomatous and nomalignant tissues were characterized with respect to the presence and distribution of fibronectin by immunofluorescence microscopy. In cell lines derived from nonmalignant tissues or from primary carcinomas, fibronectin was found predominantly in an extracellular matrix. In contrast, cell lines derived from metastatic carcinomas displayed very little or no fibronectin. Metabolic labeling studies indicated that a positive line synthesized fibronectin de novo rather than absorbing the protein from the media. Negative lines neither synthesized fibronectin nor secreted it into the culture fluid, suggesting that they were not producing fibronectin. Evidence is presented that cells in culture change their properties after extensive subculture since a small amount of fibronectin in an extracellular matrix was observed after extensive subculture of two metastatic lines that were originally negative.", "contents": "Production of fibronectin by human epithelial cells in culture. Human epithelial cell lines derived from both carcinomatous and nomalignant tissues were characterized with respect to the presence and distribution of fibronectin by immunofluorescence microscopy. In cell lines derived from nonmalignant tissues or from primary carcinomas, fibronectin was found predominantly in an extracellular matrix. In contrast, cell lines derived from metastatic carcinomas displayed very little or no fibronectin. Metabolic labeling studies indicated that a positive line synthesized fibronectin de novo rather than absorbing the protein from the media. Negative lines neither synthesized fibronectin nor secreted it into the culture fluid, suggesting that they were not producing fibronectin. Evidence is presented that cells in culture change their properties after extensive subculture since a small amount of fibronectin in an extracellular matrix was observed after extensive subculture of two metastatic lines that were originally negative.", "PMID": 383280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6078", "title": "Funding impact of the National Cancer Act and beyond.", "content": "During the seven years following passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971, the appropriation for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) was increased by nearly $700 million. A major effect of the Act has been increased funding for grants-in-aid, which rose from $93 million in fiscal year (FY) 1970 to over $416 million in FY 1978. Grants programs account for over 60% of the total N.  CI extramural research budget and are divided into four broad categories; research; training (including fellowships); cancer control; and construction. For the first 4 years following passage of the Act, funding for all grants programs increased dramatically. However, growth began to slow in 1976, and the deceleration is continuing. Total NCI obligations for FY 1978 increased at a rate of 7% (as opposed to an increase of 20.3% in FY 1975), which merely managed to keep pace with the estimated Biomedical Inflation Factor of 6.8%. Traditional grants have more than doubled in average cost over the past 10 years, a growth attributable to inflation, more sophisticated and expensive equipment and supplies, and, in some cases, more ambitious projects. The principal types of research grants include: traditional, investigator-initiated research; program projects, a team approach directed toward a common goal; and \"core\" support used to fund administrative and shared equipment costs of cancer centers. In FY 1977, the actual number of traditional grants awarded declined for the first time in 7 years, while the number of applications for both new and renewal grants increased at an unprecedented rate. Coincidentally, the number of traditional grants awarded this fiscal year increased by 4%, enabling the figure to exactly match that in 1978. While support for traditional grants has remained in the forefront of NCI funding, money for program projects and core support has increased at a greater rate in recent years. However, unlike the years immediately following the Act, emphasis is now being placed on core support (which increased by 9.4% in FY 1978) and program project grants (up 5.1%), as opposed to the exploratory grants necessary to initiate cancer centers. Funds allocated for construction in the wake of the Act are now being reduced, as the pace of development of new centers begins to slow. Although the number of grant awards has decreased, young investigators (35 years old or younger) continued to receiving a significant share of NCI funds, and, in fact, are faring better than older investigators in terms of recommendation, previously referred to as \"approval,\" and award rates. Awards to foreign scientists increased steadily after the Act, achieving their greatest dollar increase ever in FY 1977; in FY 1978, however, they declined by more than 6%. As part of the NCI reorganization plan instituted by NCI Director Arthur C...", "contents": "Funding impact of the National Cancer Act and beyond. During the seven years following passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971, the appropriation for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) was increased by nearly $700 million. A major effect of the Act has been increased funding for grants-in-aid, which rose from $93 million in fiscal year (FY) 1970 to over $416 million in FY 1978. Grants programs account for over 60% of the total N.  CI extramural research budget and are divided into four broad categories; research; training (including fellowships); cancer control; and construction. For the first 4 years following passage of the Act, funding for all grants programs increased dramatically. However, growth began to slow in 1976, and the deceleration is continuing. Total NCI obligations for FY 1978 increased at a rate of 7% (as opposed to an increase of 20.3% in FY 1975), which merely managed to keep pace with the estimated Biomedical Inflation Factor of 6.8%. Traditional grants have more than doubled in average cost over the past 10 years, a growth attributable to inflation, more sophisticated and expensive equipment and supplies, and, in some cases, more ambitious projects. The principal types of research grants include: traditional, investigator-initiated research; program projects, a team approach directed toward a common goal; and \"core\" support used to fund administrative and shared equipment costs of cancer centers. In FY 1977, the actual number of traditional grants awarded declined for the first time in 7 years, while the number of applications for both new and renewal grants increased at an unprecedented rate. Coincidentally, the number of traditional grants awarded this fiscal year increased by 4%, enabling the figure to exactly match that in 1978. While support for traditional grants has remained in the forefront of NCI funding, money for program projects and core support has increased at a greater rate in recent years. However, unlike the years immediately following the Act, emphasis is now being placed on core support (which increased by 9.4% in FY 1978) and program project grants (up 5.1%), as opposed to the exploratory grants necessary to initiate cancer centers. Funds allocated for construction in the wake of the Act are now being reduced, as the pace of development of new centers begins to slow. Although the number of grant awards has decreased, young investigators (35 years old or younger) continued to receiving a significant share of NCI funds, and, in fact, are faring better than older investigators in terms of recommendation, previously referred to as \"approval,\" and award rates. Awards to foreign scientists increased steadily after the Act, achieving their greatest dollar increase ever in FY 1977; in FY 1978, however, they declined by more than 6%. As part of the NCI reorganization plan instituted by NCI Director Arthur C...", "PMID": 383282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6079", "title": "Chemical characterization of 465 known or suspected carcinogens and their correlation with mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium system.", "content": "Since chemicals exhibiting mutagenic activity pose a potential hazard to their users, there is increasing acceptance of mutagenicity testing as an integral part of a premarketing toxicological evaluation of chemicals. In vitro testing has gained much notoriety as quick and relatively inexpensive means to assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals. However, the innovative use of microsomes to simulate metabolism has not changed the fact that in vitro activation cannot duplicate faithfully the metabolism that occurs in vivo. This shortcoming will express itself by the production of false negatives and possibly false positives during mutagenicity screening. This assertion is also borne out by a reanalysis of the ability of known animal carcinogens to cause mutations in the generally recognized premier in vitro system, the Salmonella-S-9 system. Although previous studies have suggested that a high percentage (greater than 85%) of all carcinogens will be mutagenic in this system, with no indication that false negatives are associated with certain chemical types, these findings are of uncertain practical value due to the limited number of chemical types that were considered. An analysis of 465 compounds with known or suspected carcinogenic activity indicates that about 58% have been adequately tested in Salmonella, that the testing has concentrated on certain chemical types and has neglected others, and that some categories of carcinogens exhibit individual correlations that are unsatisfactorily low by any standard. Poorly detected categories of carcinogens include: azonaphthols; carbamyls and thiocarbamyls; phenyls; benzodioxoles; polychlorinated aromatics, cyclics, and aliphatics; steroids; antimetabolites; and symmetrical hydrazines. Nonstandard procedures are necessary to optimize the testing of chemicals that are bactericidal, that are volatile, or that cross-link DNA. False negatives appear to arise for two reasons: an inability to devise an in vitro activation system that can be reliably used in a standard way; and an inability to detect the entire spectrum of mutational events that can lead to the induction of cancer.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of 465 known or suspected carcinogens and their correlation with mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium system. Since chemicals exhibiting mutagenic activity pose a potential hazard to their users, there is increasing acceptance of mutagenicity testing as an integral part of a premarketing toxicological evaluation of chemicals. In vitro testing has gained much notoriety as quick and relatively inexpensive means to assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals. However, the innovative use of microsomes to simulate metabolism has not changed the fact that in vitro activation cannot duplicate faithfully the metabolism that occurs in vivo. This shortcoming will express itself by the production of false negatives and possibly false positives during mutagenicity screening. This assertion is also borne out by a reanalysis of the ability of known animal carcinogens to cause mutations in the generally recognized premier in vitro system, the Salmonella-S-9 system. Although previous studies have suggested that a high percentage (greater than 85%) of all carcinogens will be mutagenic in this system, with no indication that false negatives are associated with certain chemical types, these findings are of uncertain practical value due to the limited number of chemical types that were considered. An analysis of 465 compounds with known or suspected carcinogenic activity indicates that about 58% have been adequately tested in Salmonella, that the testing has concentrated on certain chemical types and has neglected others, and that some categories of carcinogens exhibit individual correlations that are unsatisfactorily low by any standard. Poorly detected categories of carcinogens include: azonaphthols; carbamyls and thiocarbamyls; phenyls; benzodioxoles; polychlorinated aromatics, cyclics, and aliphatics; steroids; antimetabolites; and symmetrical hydrazines. Nonstandard procedures are necessary to optimize the testing of chemicals that are bactericidal, that are volatile, or that cross-link DNA. False negatives appear to arise for two reasons: an inability to devise an in vitro activation system that can be reliably used in a standard way; and an inability to detect the entire spectrum of mutational events that can lead to the induction of cancer.", "PMID": 383284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6080", "title": "Toxicity of intrapleural Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin treatment in animals.", "content": "The toxicity of intrapleural Tice strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection was tested in hamsters. Doses above 10(6) colony-forming units caused significant systemic infection, which could be controlled with conventional antituberculosis therapy. Living BCG in the pleural space did not prevent the healing of bronchial or vascular closures after pulmonary resection. Prophylactic intrapleural BCG (10(6) colony-forming units) significantly reduced tumor growth in the lungs of mice following i.v. injection of 5 x 10(5) syngeneic sarcoma cells. These animal experiments suggest that intrapleural BCG may be administered in the pleural space after lung resection in limited doses if followed by a complementary course of antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Toxicity of intrapleural Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin treatment in animals. The toxicity of intrapleural Tice strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection was tested in hamsters. Doses above 10(6) colony-forming units caused significant systemic infection, which could be controlled with conventional antituberculosis therapy. Living BCG in the pleural space did not prevent the healing of bronchial or vascular closures after pulmonary resection. Prophylactic intrapleural BCG (10(6) colony-forming units) significantly reduced tumor growth in the lungs of mice following i.v. injection of 5 x 10(5) syngeneic sarcoma cells. These animal experiments suggest that intrapleural BCG may be administered in the pleural space after lung resection in limited doses if followed by a complementary course of antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 383285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6081", "title": "A Phase 1 study of high doses of aminopterin with leucovorin rescue in patients with advanced metastatic tumors.", "content": "We have conducted a Phase 1 study of aminopterin (AMT) with leucovorin (LV) in 17 patients. AMT was administered by bolus injection every 7 to 14 days in dosages from 25 to 425 mg/sq m. LV rescue was instituted at 24 hr and continued for 48 to 72 hr. At dosages above 50 mg/sq m, we observed nephrotoxicity defined as greater than or equal to a 25% increase in serum creatinine 24 hr after AMT administration, but its incidence was not strictly dose related. Urinary alkalinization and volume expansion appeared to reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxic drug courses were associated with 24-hr plasma AMT levels [3.6 +/- 2.0 (S.D.) X 10(-6) M] which were significantly higher than nonnephrotoxic courses (1.6 +/- 1.0 x 10(-6) M) (p less than 0.05). In nonnephrotoxic courses, serum elimination pharmacokinetics appeared to be biphasic with a t1/2 alpha of 1.08 +/- 0.01 hr and t1/2 beta of 12.31 +/- 0.06 hr. Systemic toxicity (myelosuppression and mucositis) could be prevented in patients with impaired AMT clearance by the administration of LV at an increased dose rate. In several courses, systemic toxicity occurred in spite of apparently normal plasma clearance, suggesting that 24-hr plasma levels may not accurately reflect intracellular drug effects. Cytokinetic studies on bone marrow aspirates allowed determination of the rescue effect of LV and may prove useful in predicting marrow protection.", "contents": "A Phase 1 study of high doses of aminopterin with leucovorin rescue in patients with advanced metastatic tumors. We have conducted a Phase 1 study of aminopterin (AMT) with leucovorin (LV) in 17 patients. AMT was administered by bolus injection every 7 to 14 days in dosages from 25 to 425 mg/sq m. LV rescue was instituted at 24 hr and continued for 48 to 72 hr. At dosages above 50 mg/sq m, we observed nephrotoxicity defined as greater than or equal to a 25% increase in serum creatinine 24 hr after AMT administration, but its incidence was not strictly dose related. Urinary alkalinization and volume expansion appeared to reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxic drug courses were associated with 24-hr plasma AMT levels [3.6 +/- 2.0 (S.D.) X 10(-6) M] which were significantly higher than nonnephrotoxic courses (1.6 +/- 1.0 x 10(-6) M) (p less than 0.05). In nonnephrotoxic courses, serum elimination pharmacokinetics appeared to be biphasic with a t1/2 alpha of 1.08 +/- 0.01 hr and t1/2 beta of 12.31 +/- 0.06 hr. Systemic toxicity (myelosuppression and mucositis) could be prevented in patients with impaired AMT clearance by the administration of LV at an increased dose rate. In several courses, systemic toxicity occurred in spite of apparently normal plasma clearance, suggesting that 24-hr plasma levels may not accurately reflect intracellular drug effects. Cytokinetic studies on bone marrow aspirates allowed determination of the rescue effect of LV and may prove useful in predicting marrow protection.", "PMID": 383286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6082", "title": "A comparative clinical and immunological assessment of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin versus placebo in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Eighty-four patients with advanced cancer refractory to conventional therapeutic modalities were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to one of three intradermal treatment regimens: \"high\"-dose methanol extraction residue fraction of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER) (2.0 mg); \"low\"-dose MER (0.5 mg); or 0.9% NaCl solution placebo. Toxicity, consisting primarily of cutaneous inflammation and ulceration, was limited to patients receiving MER and was most severe with the high-dose regimen. Pretreatment clinical and immunological parameters were comparable between patient groups. Although a significant number of patients had increases in various immune parameters according to the criteria used, there was no appearent advantage to MER given in either dosage schedule compared to placebo. Patient survival was not affected by either MER regimen compared to placebo. This investigation failed to demonstrate any significant clinical or immunological benefit from MER given in two dosage regimens in patients with advanced cancer with the laboratory methodology used and emphasizes the importance of appropriate controls in evaluating immunostimulants in humans.", "contents": "A comparative clinical and immunological assessment of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin versus placebo in patients with advanced cancer. Eighty-four patients with advanced cancer refractory to conventional therapeutic modalities were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to one of three intradermal treatment regimens: \"high\"-dose methanol extraction residue fraction of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER) (2.0 mg); \"low\"-dose MER (0.5 mg); or 0.9% NaCl solution placebo. Toxicity, consisting primarily of cutaneous inflammation and ulceration, was limited to patients receiving MER and was most severe with the high-dose regimen. Pretreatment clinical and immunological parameters were comparable between patient groups. Although a significant number of patients had increases in various immune parameters according to the criteria used, there was no appearent advantage to MER given in either dosage schedule compared to placebo. Patient survival was not affected by either MER regimen compared to placebo. This investigation failed to demonstrate any significant clinical or immunological benefit from MER given in two dosage regimens in patients with advanced cancer with the laboratory methodology used and emphasizes the importance of appropriate controls in evaluating immunostimulants in humans.", "PMID": 383287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6083", "title": "Concentration of fibronectin in plasma of tumor-bearing mice and synthesis by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "In the present paper we have studied: (a) the concentration of fibronectin (FN) in plasma and in ascitic fluid of mice at different times after inoculation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; (b) the ability of Ehrlich ascites cells to synthesize and release FN; and (c) the localization of FN in Ehrlich ascites cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. It was found that (a) 4 to 5 days after inoculation of the tumor, the plasma concentration of FN was significantly higher [1.7 +/- 0.07% (S.E.) of total plasma protein] than that in the normal control mice (0.8 +/- 0.035); (b) FN is present in the ascitic fluid in all phases of tumor growth; (c) Ehrlich ascites cells cultured in vitro synthesize and release large amounts of FN in the culture medium; and (d) only about 1 to 2% of the tumor cells show a very small amount of FN, and this is mostly in the area of cell-cell contact.", "contents": "Concentration of fibronectin in plasma of tumor-bearing mice and synthesis by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. In the present paper we have studied: (a) the concentration of fibronectin (FN) in plasma and in ascitic fluid of mice at different times after inoculation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; (b) the ability of Ehrlich ascites cells to synthesize and release FN; and (c) the localization of FN in Ehrlich ascites cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. It was found that (a) 4 to 5 days after inoculation of the tumor, the plasma concentration of FN was significantly higher [1.7 +/- 0.07% (S.E.) of total plasma protein] than that in the normal control mice (0.8 +/- 0.035); (b) FN is present in the ascitic fluid in all phases of tumor growth; (c) Ehrlich ascites cells cultured in vitro synthesize and release large amounts of FN in the culture medium; and (d) only about 1 to 2% of the tumor cells show a very small amount of FN, and this is mostly in the area of cell-cell contact.", "PMID": 383288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6084", "title": "Mutagenicity of the naturally occurring carcinogen cycasin and synthetic methylazoxymethanol conjugates in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The aglycone methylazoxymethanol of the naturally occurring carcinogenic glucoside, cycasin, has previously been shown to be mutagenic, but cycasin per se has not. In this work, cycasin was demonstrated to be mutagenic using a modification of the Ames Salmonella test in which it was preincubated with beta-glucosidase and the tester strain in liquid medium. The mutagenicity of cycasin to six histine-depedent Salmonella strains varied considerably with strain HisG46 being the most susceptible. Methylazoxymethyl-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid, which also is nonmutagenic per se, similarly became mutagenic when preincubated with beta-glucuronidase. Methylazoxymethyl acetate, which is slightly mutagenic by the Ames standard pour plate method, became highly mutagenic on preincubation. The mutagenicity of free methylazoxymethanol was confirmed, and a linear dose-response relationship was observed. The common conditions required for activation of nonmutagenic methylazoxymethanol conjugates, the glucoside cycasin and methylazoxymethyl-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid, are 90-min preincubation at 30 degrees, pH 6.5, with an appropriate hydrolase and Salmonella typhimurium HisG46.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of the naturally occurring carcinogen cycasin and synthetic methylazoxymethanol conjugates in Salmonella typhimurium. The aglycone methylazoxymethanol of the naturally occurring carcinogenic glucoside, cycasin, has previously been shown to be mutagenic, but cycasin per se has not. In this work, cycasin was demonstrated to be mutagenic using a modification of the Ames Salmonella test in which it was preincubated with beta-glucosidase and the tester strain in liquid medium. The mutagenicity of cycasin to six histine-depedent Salmonella strains varied considerably with strain HisG46 being the most susceptible. Methylazoxymethyl-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid, which also is nonmutagenic per se, similarly became mutagenic when preincubated with beta-glucuronidase. Methylazoxymethyl acetate, which is slightly mutagenic by the Ames standard pour plate method, became highly mutagenic on preincubation. The mutagenicity of free methylazoxymethanol was confirmed, and a linear dose-response relationship was observed. The common conditions required for activation of nonmutagenic methylazoxymethanol conjugates, the glucoside cycasin and methylazoxymethyl-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid, are 90-min preincubation at 30 degrees, pH 6.5, with an appropriate hydrolase and Salmonella typhimurium HisG46.", "PMID": 383289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6085", "title": "Phase I evaluation of tetrahydrouridine combined with cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "In conventional clinical use, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is rapidly deaminated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase to the nontoxic compound uracil arabinoside. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) effectively inhibits this enzymatic degradation but is by itself nontoxic. This study demonstrates that concomitant administration of THU markedly increases the myelosuppressive potency of ara-C. When 25 or 50 mg/kg of THU iv and 0.1--0.2 mg/kg of ara-C iv are given daily x 5 days, they produce moderate-to-severe leukopenia and mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia. A dose of 25 mg/kg of THU with 0.1 mg/kg of ara-C iv daily x 5 days appears appropriate for phase II studies; it produces myelosuppression equivalent to that produced by 3 mg/kg/day x 5 days of ara-C alone. No toxicity occurred with this combination that would not have been expected from ara-C given alone in an equitoxic dose. Although THU and ara-C produced a reduction in peripheral blood and bone marrow blast cells in eight of nine patients with acute leukemia, bone marrow remission did not occur in any of these heavily pretreated patients.", "contents": "Phase I evaluation of tetrahydrouridine combined with cytosine arabinoside. In conventional clinical use, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is rapidly deaminated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase to the nontoxic compound uracil arabinoside. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) effectively inhibits this enzymatic degradation but is by itself nontoxic. This study demonstrates that concomitant administration of THU markedly increases the myelosuppressive potency of ara-C. When 25 or 50 mg/kg of THU iv and 0.1--0.2 mg/kg of ara-C iv are given daily x 5 days, they produce moderate-to-severe leukopenia and mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia. A dose of 25 mg/kg of THU with 0.1 mg/kg of ara-C iv daily x 5 days appears appropriate for phase II studies; it produces myelosuppression equivalent to that produced by 3 mg/kg/day x 5 days of ara-C alone. No toxicity occurred with this combination that would not have been expected from ara-C given alone in an equitoxic dose. Although THU and ara-C produced a reduction in peripheral blood and bone marrow blast cells in eight of nine patients with acute leukemia, bone marrow remission did not occur in any of these heavily pretreated patients.", "PMID": 383291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6086", "title": "High-dose BCNU therapy with autologous bone marrow infusion: preliminary observations.", "content": "Nine patients with solid malignancies and extensive prior treatment received high-dose BCNU therapy (600--750 mg/m2) with autologous bone marrow support; following this treatment hematopoietic recovery was studied. The only significant nonhematopoietic toxicity was a probable case of BCNU-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient who had received massive amounts of prior chemotherapy and chest irradiation. The marrow aspirations prior to cryopreservations had revealed a hypoplastic marrow in four of nine patients. Despite using marrow exposed to prior chemotherapy, neutropenia beyond Day 40 after BCNU therapy was not observed in any patient. One patient did not develop neutropenia of less than 1.5 X 10(9) cells/liter and five patients did not develop neutropenia of less than 0.5 X 10(9) cells/liter. A partial response was observed in one patient and less than partial responses were observed in two other patients. Autologous bone marrow infusion may modify the neutropenia of high-dose BCNU therapy.", "contents": "High-dose BCNU therapy with autologous bone marrow infusion: preliminary observations. Nine patients with solid malignancies and extensive prior treatment received high-dose BCNU therapy (600--750 mg/m2) with autologous bone marrow support; following this treatment hematopoietic recovery was studied. The only significant nonhematopoietic toxicity was a probable case of BCNU-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient who had received massive amounts of prior chemotherapy and chest irradiation. The marrow aspirations prior to cryopreservations had revealed a hypoplastic marrow in four of nine patients. Despite using marrow exposed to prior chemotherapy, neutropenia beyond Day 40 after BCNU therapy was not observed in any patient. One patient did not develop neutropenia of less than 1.5 X 10(9) cells/liter and five patients did not develop neutropenia of less than 0.5 X 10(9) cells/liter. A partial response was observed in one patient and less than partial responses were observed in two other patients. Autologous bone marrow infusion may modify the neutropenia of high-dose BCNU therapy.", "PMID": 383292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6087", "title": "Normal metyrapone response after 1 month of high-dose methylprednisolone in cancer patients: a phase I study.", "content": "A dose of 125 mg of methylprednisolone was given iv each morning for 28 days to six patients with cancer. The posttreatment mean AM/PM serum cortisol (hydrocortisone) level of 19.55/11.27 microgram/dl showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) diurnal rhythm and did not differ from the pretreatment level (19.28/11.85 microgram/dl). The response to metyrapone (750 mg orally, every 4 hours X six doses) was assessed in five of the six patients before and after treatment. No abnormally low Compound S (11-deoxycortisol) levels were observed. The mean serum Compound S level (15.30 microgram/dl) achieved after treatment did not differ significantly from the pretreatment mean level (20.24 microgram/dl, P greater than 0.1). No adverse clinical effects were observed during or after this steroid treatment. Since significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression has not been demonstrated, this regimen appears to be safe for use in controlled studies of clinical efficacy.", "contents": "Normal metyrapone response after 1 month of high-dose methylprednisolone in cancer patients: a phase I study. A dose of 125 mg of methylprednisolone was given iv each morning for 28 days to six patients with cancer. The posttreatment mean AM/PM serum cortisol (hydrocortisone) level of 19.55/11.27 microgram/dl showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) diurnal rhythm and did not differ from the pretreatment level (19.28/11.85 microgram/dl). The response to metyrapone (750 mg orally, every 4 hours X six doses) was assessed in five of the six patients before and after treatment. No abnormally low Compound S (11-deoxycortisol) levels were observed. The mean serum Compound S level (15.30 microgram/dl) achieved after treatment did not differ significantly from the pretreatment mean level (20.24 microgram/dl, P greater than 0.1). No adverse clinical effects were observed during or after this steroid treatment. Since significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression has not been demonstrated, this regimen appears to be safe for use in controlled studies of clinical efficacy.", "PMID": 383293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6088", "title": "Mass-spectral studies of isomeric D-ribofuranosylribitol disaccharides from the capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K 100.", "content": "Two isomeric-D-ribofuranosylribitols, derived from capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K 100, were methylated or acetylated, and the products analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The marked difference in the mass spectra of the methyl ethers of these disaccharides allowed clear distinction between 1- and 2-O-D-ribofuranosylribitol was characteristic for this disaccharide; its isomer, the (1 leads to 2)-linked species, has a base peak at m/e 57. The difference in the base peaks is attributable to fragmentation of the methylated ribitol, as both spectra display common ions characteristic of the methylated D-ribofuranosyl group. For the acetylated disaccharides, the mass spectra displayed common ions characteristic of the acetylated D-ribofuranosyl group. However, no ions similar to those found for the methylated ribitol allowed ready differentiation between the two acetates. Instead, their spectra displayed similar ions, differing somewhat in relative abundance; the M-1 ion, m/e 577, was obtained for both. Comparison of the relative abundance of m/e 139, 259, and 303 in the spectra of the two acetates did allow distinction between them.", "contents": "Mass-spectral studies of isomeric D-ribofuranosylribitol disaccharides from the capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K 100. Two isomeric-D-ribofuranosylribitols, derived from capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K 100, were methylated or acetylated, and the products analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The marked difference in the mass spectra of the methyl ethers of these disaccharides allowed clear distinction between 1- and 2-O-D-ribofuranosylribitol was characteristic for this disaccharide; its isomer, the (1 leads to 2)-linked species, has a base peak at m/e 57. The difference in the base peaks is attributable to fragmentation of the methylated ribitol, as both spectra display common ions characteristic of the methylated D-ribofuranosyl group. For the acetylated disaccharides, the mass spectra displayed common ions characteristic of the acetylated D-ribofuranosyl group. However, no ions similar to those found for the methylated ribitol allowed ready differentiation between the two acetates. Instead, their spectra displayed similar ions, differing somewhat in relative abundance; the M-1 ion, m/e 577, was obtained for both. Comparison of the relative abundance of m/e 139, 259, and 303 in the spectra of the two acetates did allow distinction between them.", "PMID": 383295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6089", "title": "A new method for the estimation of cell cycle phases.", "content": "A method is described, which is applicable to cell renewal systems with an anatomical structure in which all cell locations may be uniquely mapped. Its use is demonstrated on the rat incisor inner enamel epithelium, which forms a one cell thick column in the sagittally sectioned tooth. Cells born in the apical part of the column migrate toward the distal end of the tooth, where they mature. As the cells migrate along the column, they traverse the various cell cycle phases. The present study has been designed to estimate the probability of a cell being in a given phase; all cells touching the basement membrane were numbered, and the number of cells separating any two cells was taken as a measure of distance. Since generally all cells move in one direction (lateral cell migration may occur), it is possible to solve the problem with the aid of functions describing the renewal counting stochastic process in which cell distance serves as an independent variable. The method predicts labelled cell and mitotic rates which agree with those estimated in the usual way. It was then utilized to estimate the fraction of cells in G2.", "contents": "A new method for the estimation of cell cycle phases. A method is described, which is applicable to cell renewal systems with an anatomical structure in which all cell locations may be uniquely mapped. Its use is demonstrated on the rat incisor inner enamel epithelium, which forms a one cell thick column in the sagittally sectioned tooth. Cells born in the apical part of the column migrate toward the distal end of the tooth, where they mature. As the cells migrate along the column, they traverse the various cell cycle phases. The present study has been designed to estimate the probability of a cell being in a given phase; all cells touching the basement membrane were numbered, and the number of cells separating any two cells was taken as a measure of distance. Since generally all cells move in one direction (lateral cell migration may occur), it is possible to solve the problem with the aid of functions describing the renewal counting stochastic process in which cell distance serves as an independent variable. The method predicts labelled cell and mitotic rates which agree with those estimated in the usual way. It was then utilized to estimate the fraction of cells in G2.", "PMID": 383299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6090", "title": "Localization of cells producting thyroid stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland of the domestic drake.", "content": "Cells binding anti-bovine TASH beta serum were found exclusively in the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the drake using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex unlabelled antibody method. The specificity of the binding of the anti-serum to TSH cells was established by relating the morphology and relative abundance of immunochemically stained cells to the TSH content of the adenohypophysis after experimentally altering the activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. The TSH activity of the adenohypophysis was assessed indirectly, by the weight of the thyroid glands, and directly, by bioassay. As determined by bioassay, the TSH content of the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis was much greater than that of the caudal lobe. Compared with control drakes, immunochemically stained cells in birds fed a goitrogen, methimazole, seemed to be enlarged and were closer together, while the stained cells in drakes injected with thyroxine were shrunken and less intensely stained. The TSH content of the adenohypophysis was increased in drakes fed methimazole. Castration did not alter the TSH content of the adenohypophysis or change the morphology of immunochemically stained cells. These observations suggest that in the drake: 1) anti-bovine TSH beta serum binds specifically to TSH cells; 2) the TSH cells occur in the rostral and not in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis; and 3) the activity of TSH cells is not inhibited by the feedback effects of gonadal steroids.", "contents": "Localization of cells producting thyroid stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland of the domestic drake. Cells binding anti-bovine TASH beta serum were found exclusively in the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the drake using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex unlabelled antibody method. The specificity of the binding of the anti-serum to TSH cells was established by relating the morphology and relative abundance of immunochemically stained cells to the TSH content of the adenohypophysis after experimentally altering the activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. The TSH activity of the adenohypophysis was assessed indirectly, by the weight of the thyroid glands, and directly, by bioassay. As determined by bioassay, the TSH content of the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis was much greater than that of the caudal lobe. Compared with control drakes, immunochemically stained cells in birds fed a goitrogen, methimazole, seemed to be enlarged and were closer together, while the stained cells in drakes injected with thyroxine were shrunken and less intensely stained. The TSH content of the adenohypophysis was increased in drakes fed methimazole. Castration did not alter the TSH content of the adenohypophysis or change the morphology of immunochemically stained cells. These observations suggest that in the drake: 1) anti-bovine TSH beta serum binds specifically to TSH cells; 2) the TSH cells occur in the rostral and not in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis; and 3) the activity of TSH cells is not inhibited by the feedback effects of gonadal steroids.", "PMID": 383300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6091", "title": "Effects of isoproterenol on the dense core and perigranular membrane of atrial specific granules.", "content": "Following subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO), atrial cells present a large number of partly degranulated or completely clear \"specific granules\" enclosed by an intact membrane. Such profiles were never encountered in normal controls and might suggest ISO-induced release of a secretory product. Permeability of perigranular membrane was tested using the extracellular macromolecular tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Reaction product was entirely absent within granules of atrial cells in which the sarcolemma was made permeable to HRP molecules by the ISO injections. This seemed to be the case even in heavily labelled cells in which the peroxidase had penetrated the mitochondrial membranes. In atrial cells impermeable to the tracer, the specific granules closely apposed to the sarcolemma were always HRP-negative. The release mechanism of a possible secretory substance from the specific granules is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of isoproterenol on the dense core and perigranular membrane of atrial specific granules. Following subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO), atrial cells present a large number of partly degranulated or completely clear \"specific granules\" enclosed by an intact membrane. Such profiles were never encountered in normal controls and might suggest ISO-induced release of a secretory product. Permeability of perigranular membrane was tested using the extracellular macromolecular tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Reaction product was entirely absent within granules of atrial cells in which the sarcolemma was made permeable to HRP molecules by the ISO injections. This seemed to be the case even in heavily labelled cells in which the peroxidase had penetrated the mitochondrial membranes. In atrial cells impermeable to the tracer, the specific granules closely apposed to the sarcolemma were always HRP-negative. The release mechanism of a possible secretory substance from the specific granules is discussed.", "PMID": 383301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6092", "title": "Cyclic changes in the ovary of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, with special reference to sites of steroidogenesis.", "content": "In the maturation cycle of ovaries of cultured rainbow trout, three periods can be distinguished: (1) a period of ovulation and previtellogenesis (January-May), (2) a period of exogenous vitellogenesis (May-November/December), and (3) a period of maturation of oocytes (November/December-January). Enzyme cytochemical and electron microscopical data indicate that stroma cells (i.e., interstitial cells and special theca cells) and granulosa cells represent sources of steroids. Steroidogenesis in stroma cells is found throughout the annual cycle, reaching a peak activity in January and February. Weak steroidogenic activity is observed in the granulosa cells of exogenous vitellogenic follicles and young postovulatory follicles. Possible functions of steroids secreted by stroma cells and granulosa cells are discussed.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the ovary of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, with special reference to sites of steroidogenesis. In the maturation cycle of ovaries of cultured rainbow trout, three periods can be distinguished: (1) a period of ovulation and previtellogenesis (January-May), (2) a period of exogenous vitellogenesis (May-November/December), and (3) a period of maturation of oocytes (November/December-January). Enzyme cytochemical and electron microscopical data indicate that stroma cells (i.e., interstitial cells and special theca cells) and granulosa cells represent sources of steroids. Steroidogenesis in stroma cells is found throughout the annual cycle, reaching a peak activity in January and February. Weak steroidogenic activity is observed in the granulosa cells of exogenous vitellogenic follicles and young postovulatory follicles. Possible functions of steroids secreted by stroma cells and granulosa cells are discussed.", "PMID": 383302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6093", "title": "Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species.", "content": "The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species. In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined. Vasocative intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species. In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.", "contents": "Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species. The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species. In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined. Vasocative intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species. In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.", "PMID": 383303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6094", "title": "Non-random nature of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced alterations of DNA template capacity.", "content": "Male rats were fed a diet containing 0.03% (w/w) 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and their hepatic DNA was isolated and transcribed with E. coli RNA polymerase. Ingestion of the carcinogen-containing diet for 4 days substantially reduced the template capacity of the isolated DNA. This reduction in template capacity was due to an apparent decreased RNA chain size (up to 50%), with no significant changes in initiation or re-initiation of RNA synthesis. This premature termination of RNA synthesis was accompanied, in some instances, by a reduced rate of RNA chain elongation. When the rats were returned to a basal diet for 7 days following 4 days of AAF ingestion, template capacity and RNA chain size returned to control values. Fractionation of hepatic chromatin on a glycerol gradient revealed that inhibition of DNA template capacity occurs on portions exhibiting characteristics of expressed, as well as those with characteristics of repressed, segments of the genome. In contrast, the DNA isolated from a small, highly condensed chromatin fraction (15% of total chromatin-DNA) showed no significant reduction in total template capacity. Analysis of the fidelity of RNA synthesis on this DNA template was performed by determining the rate of addition of individual nucleotide triphosphates to a growing RNA chain. Large reductions in the rates of adenosine and uridine polymerization were observed while no changes in guanosine or cytidine polymerization were found. This suggests the presence of functionally significant carcinogen-induced modifications of adenine. The inhibition in the rate of adenosine and uridine polymerization was reversed when the animals were placed on a basal diet after AAF ingestion.", "contents": "Non-random nature of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced alterations of DNA template capacity. Male rats were fed a diet containing 0.03% (w/w) 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and their hepatic DNA was isolated and transcribed with E. coli RNA polymerase. Ingestion of the carcinogen-containing diet for 4 days substantially reduced the template capacity of the isolated DNA. This reduction in template capacity was due to an apparent decreased RNA chain size (up to 50%), with no significant changes in initiation or re-initiation of RNA synthesis. This premature termination of RNA synthesis was accompanied, in some instances, by a reduced rate of RNA chain elongation. When the rats were returned to a basal diet for 7 days following 4 days of AAF ingestion, template capacity and RNA chain size returned to control values. Fractionation of hepatic chromatin on a glycerol gradient revealed that inhibition of DNA template capacity occurs on portions exhibiting characteristics of expressed, as well as those with characteristics of repressed, segments of the genome. In contrast, the DNA isolated from a small, highly condensed chromatin fraction (15% of total chromatin-DNA) showed no significant reduction in total template capacity. Analysis of the fidelity of RNA synthesis on this DNA template was performed by determining the rate of addition of individual nucleotide triphosphates to a growing RNA chain. Large reductions in the rates of adenosine and uridine polymerization were observed while no changes in guanosine or cytidine polymerization were found. This suggests the presence of functionally significant carcinogen-induced modifications of adenine. The inhibition in the rate of adenosine and uridine polymerization was reversed when the animals were placed on a basal diet after AAF ingestion.", "PMID": 383307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6095", "title": "A nitroindanedione mast cell stabiliser in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a controlled trial.", "content": "An orally absorbed mast cell stabiliser (BRL-10833) has been compared with placebo in a double-blind controlled trial in twenty-five patients with ulcerative colitis; patients received each treatment for one month. There was no significant clinical improvement in symptoms or sigmoidoscopic findings with the drug but there was significant improvement in the histological appearance of rectal biopsies during active treatment.", "contents": "A nitroindanedione mast cell stabiliser in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a controlled trial. An orally absorbed mast cell stabiliser (BRL-10833) has been compared with placebo in a double-blind controlled trial in twenty-five patients with ulcerative colitis; patients received each treatment for one month. There was no significant clinical improvement in symptoms or sigmoidoscopic findings with the drug but there was significant improvement in the histological appearance of rectal biopsies during active treatment.", "PMID": 383311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6096", "title": "Incidence of immediate sensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus in a North American asthmatic population.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis might be less frequent in North America because the incidence of immediate sensitivity by asthmatics to A. fumigatus is less. In order to check this hypothesis, 200 asthmatics were skin tested with two extracts of A. fumigatus which had been shown to produce positive reactions in fifty patients who had allergic aspergillosis. Of the asthmatics, 21.5% reacted to the commercial extract by prick testing and 39% by intradermal testing. Using an extract kindly provided by Professor Pepys, 19.5% reacted to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and 31.5% to 10 mg/ml. By the prick method, 21.5% reacted to both extracts. Specific IgE was measured with one of the extracts and a good correlation (r = 0.48) was found with the size of the prick reaction. The increase in specific IgE was reflected in the increase of total IgE (r = 0.84). The authors conclude that the incidence of immediate sensitivity to A. fumigatus in asthmatic patients in North America is at least equal to that found in the U.K.", "contents": "Incidence of immediate sensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus in a North American asthmatic population. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis might be less frequent in North America because the incidence of immediate sensitivity by asthmatics to A. fumigatus is less. In order to check this hypothesis, 200 asthmatics were skin tested with two extracts of A. fumigatus which had been shown to produce positive reactions in fifty patients who had allergic aspergillosis. Of the asthmatics, 21.5% reacted to the commercial extract by prick testing and 39% by intradermal testing. Using an extract kindly provided by Professor Pepys, 19.5% reacted to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and 31.5% to 10 mg/ml. By the prick method, 21.5% reacted to both extracts. Specific IgE was measured with one of the extracts and a good correlation (r = 0.48) was found with the size of the prick reaction. The increase in specific IgE was reflected in the increase of total IgE (r = 0.84). The authors conclude that the incidence of immediate sensitivity to A. fumigatus in asthmatic patients in North America is at least equal to that found in the U.K.", "PMID": 383312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6097", "title": "[Changes in fluorescent antibodies in experimental bilharziasis with S. mansoni and S. haematobium in mice. Comparison of the results obtained using homologous and heterologous antigens].", "content": "Fluorescent antischistosomiasis antibodies appear earlier in mice infected by 150/200 cercariae than in those who only received 20. The use of a homologous antigen in mice infected by S. mansoni or S. haematobium allows earlier and more important responses. The infections by S. haematobium seem to determinate in mice a more important immune responsiveness. Is it a specific parasitic manifestation (S. mansoni being better adapted to rodents?).", "contents": "[Changes in fluorescent antibodies in experimental bilharziasis with S. mansoni and S. haematobium in mice. Comparison of the results obtained using homologous and heterologous antigens]. Fluorescent antischistosomiasis antibodies appear earlier in mice infected by 150/200 cercariae than in those who only received 20. The use of a homologous antigen in mice infected by S. mansoni or S. haematobium allows earlier and more important responses. The infections by S. haematobium seem to determinate in mice a more important immune responsiveness. Is it a specific parasitic manifestation (S. mansoni being better adapted to rodents?).", "PMID": 383309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6098", "title": "Selective inhibitory effect of porcine follicular fluid on follicle stimulating hormone secretion in anterior pituitary cells in culture.", "content": "Incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells in culture with porcine follicular fluid (treated with charcoal to remove steroids) led to a marked inhibition of spontaneous FSH release while no effect was observed on basal LH secretion. The inhibitory effect of follicular fluid was, however, less specific on LHRH-induced gonadotropin release. Although more potent on FSH than LH release, a significant inhibition of LH release induced by the neurohormone was also observed. This inhibitory activity is mainly associated with material of MW greater than or equal to 10,000 daltons.", "contents": "Selective inhibitory effect of porcine follicular fluid on follicle stimulating hormone secretion in anterior pituitary cells in culture. Incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells in culture with porcine follicular fluid (treated with charcoal to remove steroids) led to a marked inhibition of spontaneous FSH release while no effect was observed on basal LH secretion. The inhibitory effect of follicular fluid was, however, less specific on LHRH-induced gonadotropin release. Although more potent on FSH than LH release, a significant inhibition of LH release induced by the neurohormone was also observed. This inhibitory activity is mainly associated with material of MW greater than or equal to 10,000 daltons.", "PMID": 383315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6099", "title": "[Schistosoma mansoni and haematobium antisera tested by homologous and heterologous antigens. Comparison of the results obtained by indirect immunofluorescence technic].", "content": "The study of anti Schistosoma mansoni and anti Schistosoma haematobium sera by homologous and heterologous antigen shows that Schistosoma haematobium has an immunogenic strength as good as that of Schistosoma mansoni. The joint use of the two antigens can be useful in epidemiologic investigations in Africa so as to track down seats of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium and the prevalence of the infection.", "contents": "[Schistosoma mansoni and haematobium antisera tested by homologous and heterologous antigens. Comparison of the results obtained by indirect immunofluorescence technic]. The study of anti Schistosoma mansoni and anti Schistosoma haematobium sera by homologous and heterologous antigen shows that Schistosoma haematobium has an immunogenic strength as good as that of Schistosoma mansoni. The joint use of the two antigens can be useful in epidemiologic investigations in Africa so as to track down seats of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium and the prevalence of the infection.", "PMID": 383310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6100", "title": "Comparison of long-acting analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in man.", "content": "Currently, LHRH, when used therapeutically, is given by parenteral injection every 8 h. We have looked at the release of LH and FSH induced by five analogues of LHRH and compared this with gonadotrophin release after synthetic LHRH. The analogues were substituted in position 6 or in positions 6 and 10 and were given intravenously, intranasally or subcutaneously in three separate studies. After intravenous administration of 100 micrograms, all analogues caused greater release of LH and FSH than did synthetic LHRH. Given intranasally in a dose of 500 micrograms, three of the four analogues tested caused greater LH and FSH release than did LHRH. With tryptophan substitution in position 6 (D-TRP6-LHRH), mean LH levels in five subjects were still above the normal range 24 h after a single intranasal dose. The intranasal administration of selected analogues of LHRH has great potential in the treatment of conditions associated with deficient gonadotrophin secretion, provided that pituitary overstimulation, which may eventually lead to a decrease in LH and FSH output by the anterior pituitary, is avoided.", "contents": "Comparison of long-acting analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in man. Currently, LHRH, when used therapeutically, is given by parenteral injection every 8 h. We have looked at the release of LH and FSH induced by five analogues of LHRH and compared this with gonadotrophin release after synthetic LHRH. The analogues were substituted in position 6 or in positions 6 and 10 and were given intravenously, intranasally or subcutaneously in three separate studies. After intravenous administration of 100 micrograms, all analogues caused greater release of LH and FSH than did synthetic LHRH. Given intranasally in a dose of 500 micrograms, three of the four analogues tested caused greater LH and FSH release than did LHRH. With tryptophan substitution in position 6 (D-TRP6-LHRH), mean LH levels in five subjects were still above the normal range 24 h after a single intranasal dose. The intranasal administration of selected analogues of LHRH has great potential in the treatment of conditions associated with deficient gonadotrophin secretion, provided that pituitary overstimulation, which may eventually lead to a decrease in LH and FSH output by the anterior pituitary, is avoided.", "PMID": 383316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6101", "title": "Oestrogen modulation of gonadotrophin and prolactin release in women with anovulation and their responses to clomiphene.", "content": "An LHRH test was performed before and at both 44 and 92 h after the administration of 2.5 mg oestradiol benzoate in eleven patients with hyperprolactinaemia, eight with idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea and seven with oligomenorrhoea. The basal serum hormone concentrations and the responses to LHRH were compared with the same tests performed on ten normal subjects during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4--6). Mean basal concentrations of oestradiol in each group of patients and oestrone in those with hyperprolactinaemia were significantly lower than in the normal subjects. The mean concentration of prolactin in women with secondary amenorrhoea remained lower than in the normal women throught the tests (P less than 0.05). The LH and FSH responses to LHRH before oestrogen in patients with hyperprolactinaemia and of FSH in those with secondary amenorrhoea, were greater than in the normal subjects (P less than 0.001). After oestrogen treatment the responses were similar in all groups except in those with oligomenorrhoea where LH and FSH responses at 44 h (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively) and LH responses at 92 h (P less than 0.01) were lower than in normal controls. The responses at 92 h in all groups were greater than at 44 h (amplification) but the amplification at 92 h and at 44 h compared to the pre-treatment responses, tended to be lower in each group of patients compared to the normal controls. In the hyperprolactinaemic group of patients there was a negative correlation between the basal prolactin concentration and the gonadotrophin amplifications at 92 h (P less than 0.01), and a positive correlation between the basal oestrone levels and the amplifications at 92 h (P less than 0.01). The results of the oestrogen amplification test in eleven of the non-hyperprolactinaemic anovular patients were compared with the ovulatory response to 100 mg clomiphene given for 5 days. Six showed a normal oestrogen amplification and they all ovulated. Two patients failed to show greater amplification at 92 than at 44 h and required human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) as well as clomiphene to ovulate. The other three showed a diminished LH amplification at 92 h; they required 200 mg clomiphene and showed a prolonged follicular phase. The responses of the hyperprolactinaemic patients to clomiphene were poor and there was a negative correlation between prolactin concentration and oestrogen production (P less than 0.01). All ten hyperprolactinaemic patients treated with bromocriptine ovulated and eight conceived. The oestrogen amplification test appears to have some value in predicting the subsequent response to clomiphene in non-hyperprolactinaemic anovular women.", "contents": "Oestrogen modulation of gonadotrophin and prolactin release in women with anovulation and their responses to clomiphene. An LHRH test was performed before and at both 44 and 92 h after the administration of 2.5 mg oestradiol benzoate in eleven patients with hyperprolactinaemia, eight with idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea and seven with oligomenorrhoea. The basal serum hormone concentrations and the responses to LHRH were compared with the same tests performed on ten normal subjects during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4--6). Mean basal concentrations of oestradiol in each group of patients and oestrone in those with hyperprolactinaemia were significantly lower than in the normal subjects. The mean concentration of prolactin in women with secondary amenorrhoea remained lower than in the normal women throught the tests (P less than 0.05). The LH and FSH responses to LHRH before oestrogen in patients with hyperprolactinaemia and of FSH in those with secondary amenorrhoea, were greater than in the normal subjects (P less than 0.001). After oestrogen treatment the responses were similar in all groups except in those with oligomenorrhoea where LH and FSH responses at 44 h (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively) and LH responses at 92 h (P less than 0.01) were lower than in normal controls. The responses at 92 h in all groups were greater than at 44 h (amplification) but the amplification at 92 h and at 44 h compared to the pre-treatment responses, tended to be lower in each group of patients compared to the normal controls. In the hyperprolactinaemic group of patients there was a negative correlation between the basal prolactin concentration and the gonadotrophin amplifications at 92 h (P less than 0.01), and a positive correlation between the basal oestrone levels and the amplifications at 92 h (P less than 0.01). The results of the oestrogen amplification test in eleven of the non-hyperprolactinaemic anovular patients were compared with the ovulatory response to 100 mg clomiphene given for 5 days. Six showed a normal oestrogen amplification and they all ovulated. Two patients failed to show greater amplification at 92 than at 44 h and required human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) as well as clomiphene to ovulate. The other three showed a diminished LH amplification at 92 h; they required 200 mg clomiphene and showed a prolonged follicular phase. The responses of the hyperprolactinaemic patients to clomiphene were poor and there was a negative correlation between prolactin concentration and oestrogen production (P less than 0.01). All ten hyperprolactinaemic patients treated with bromocriptine ovulated and eight conceived. The oestrogen amplification test appears to have some value in predicting the subsequent response to clomiphene in non-hyperprolactinaemic anovular women.", "PMID": 383317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6102", "title": "Immunological changes observed in indeterminate and lepromatous leprosy patients and Mitsuda-negative contacts after the inoculation of a mixture of Mycobacterium leprae and BCG.", "content": "This investigation was carried out to study the possibility of eliciting favourable immunological changes in small groups of Mitsuda-negative patients with indeterminate leprosy, lepromatous patients who were bacteriologically negative after prolonged treatment with sulphones, and in Mitsuda-negative contacts by means of stimulation with a mixture of autoclaved tissues from Mycobacterium leprae-infected armadillos and living BCG. A radical change was observed in the specific immunological activity of the indeterminate group, all of whom initially had occasional bacilli in cutaneous nerves in biopsies taken from hypopigmented spots, and in the persistently Mitsuda-negative contacts. The 48 hr and 30 day reactions to lepromin, the 48 hr reaction to supernatant antigen from lepromin, the test for bacillary clearence and in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTT) to M. leprae from human and armadillo lesions all became positive. Of the lepromatous patients studied, only one became positive to all the criteria mentioned above. In the others, the 48 hr reaction to supernatant antigen, the LTT to antigen from a humn source, and the clearance test remained negative, while the Fernandez and Mitsuda reactions became positive. These results are discussed in terms of the possible use of this stimulation procedure in the prevention and immunotherapy of leprosy.", "contents": "Immunological changes observed in indeterminate and lepromatous leprosy patients and Mitsuda-negative contacts after the inoculation of a mixture of Mycobacterium leprae and BCG. This investigation was carried out to study the possibility of eliciting favourable immunological changes in small groups of Mitsuda-negative patients with indeterminate leprosy, lepromatous patients who were bacteriologically negative after prolonged treatment with sulphones, and in Mitsuda-negative contacts by means of stimulation with a mixture of autoclaved tissues from Mycobacterium leprae-infected armadillos and living BCG. A radical change was observed in the specific immunological activity of the indeterminate group, all of whom initially had occasional bacilli in cutaneous nerves in biopsies taken from hypopigmented spots, and in the persistently Mitsuda-negative contacts. The 48 hr and 30 day reactions to lepromin, the 48 hr reaction to supernatant antigen from lepromin, the test for bacillary clearence and in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTT) to M. leprae from human and armadillo lesions all became positive. Of the lepromatous patients studied, only one became positive to all the criteria mentioned above. In the others, the 48 hr reaction to supernatant antigen, the LTT to antigen from a humn source, and the clearance test remained negative, while the Fernandez and Mitsuda reactions became positive. These results are discussed in terms of the possible use of this stimulation procedure in the prevention and immunotherapy of leprosy.", "PMID": 383331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6103", "title": "Affinity for measles virus anti-haemolysin of a residual immunoglobulin M in sera of some patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "HEp2 cells persistently infected with measles virus were treated with trypsin to remove haemagglutinin (HA) and examined unfixed or fixed in acetone by fluorescent antibody methods, comparing those sera specific for structural antigens of the virus. Staining patterns combined with the blocking of specific immunofluorescence indicated that IgG specific for measles virus haemolysin could be recognized in multiple sclerosis (MS) sera and that in some sera from which rheumatoid factor had been removed, a residual IgM (MS-IgM) was absorbed to measles virus-infected cells and showed the same specificity in blocking tests as measles virus anti-haemolysin. MS-IgM could be removed from sera by absorption with latex particles coated with human IgG and would seem to be anti-globulin with preferential affinity for anti-haemolysin.", "contents": "Affinity for measles virus anti-haemolysin of a residual immunoglobulin M in sera of some patients with multiple sclerosis. HEp2 cells persistently infected with measles virus were treated with trypsin to remove haemagglutinin (HA) and examined unfixed or fixed in acetone by fluorescent antibody methods, comparing those sera specific for structural antigens of the virus. Staining patterns combined with the blocking of specific immunofluorescence indicated that IgG specific for measles virus haemolysin could be recognized in multiple sclerosis (MS) sera and that in some sera from which rheumatoid factor had been removed, a residual IgM (MS-IgM) was absorbed to measles virus-infected cells and showed the same specificity in blocking tests as measles virus anti-haemolysin. MS-IgM could be removed from sera by absorption with latex particles coated with human IgG and would seem to be anti-globulin with preferential affinity for anti-haemolysin.", "PMID": 383332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6104", "title": "Interactions between IgM antiglobulins and IgG antinuclear antibodies. Some aspects of D-penicillamine activities.", "content": "In this report we describe an in vitro masking action of IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) towards IgG antinuclear antibodies (IgG-ANA) which can be recovered by using D-penicillamine (DP) as an unmasking agent. The mechanism of this masking effect was elucidated by using smears of rat free nucleus as substrate, instead of the classical rat liver cryostat sections technique. It was postulated that the 'inhibition' of IgG-ANA by IgM-RF may be due to the formation of high molecular weight complexes (HMWC); this would be the same in vivo. Allowing the formation of HMWC which can be removed from the circulation, IgM-RF may have a protective effect by preventing or minimizing systemic lesions. Therefore, IgM-RF may be considered as a defence response against potentially noxious ANA or antigen-antibody complexes. Induced nephropathy and the high frequency of detection of ANA observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated by DP may be the result of the dissociating effect of this drug on HMWC, in which the activity of pre-existing ANA is hidden when rat liver sections are used for its detection.", "contents": "Interactions between IgM antiglobulins and IgG antinuclear antibodies. Some aspects of D-penicillamine activities. In this report we describe an in vitro masking action of IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) towards IgG antinuclear antibodies (IgG-ANA) which can be recovered by using D-penicillamine (DP) as an unmasking agent. The mechanism of this masking effect was elucidated by using smears of rat free nucleus as substrate, instead of the classical rat liver cryostat sections technique. It was postulated that the 'inhibition' of IgG-ANA by IgM-RF may be due to the formation of high molecular weight complexes (HMWC); this would be the same in vivo. Allowing the formation of HMWC which can be removed from the circulation, IgM-RF may have a protective effect by preventing or minimizing systemic lesions. Therefore, IgM-RF may be considered as a defence response against potentially noxious ANA or antigen-antibody complexes. Induced nephropathy and the high frequency of detection of ANA observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated by DP may be the result of the dissociating effect of this drug on HMWC, in which the activity of pre-existing ANA is hidden when rat liver sections are used for its detection.", "PMID": 383333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6105", "title": "The effects of Brescia-Cimino fistulas and cardiac function in transplanted pediatric patients.", "content": "The cardiac hemodynamic effects of patent Brescia Cimino fistulas were assessed using non-invasive techniques in 10 pediatric patients who had undergone successful renal cadaveric transplantation. All had hemoglobin levels above 11 g/dl and had serum creatinine values of less than 1.5 mg/dl. Studies were done prior to and after temporary fistula occlusion to assess the effect of fistula patency on parameters of cardiac function. Values obtained prior to fistula occlusion were compared to those obtained in a normal control population. It was noted that though fistula patency did significantly alter cardiac function, changes were such that fistula patency could be safely maintained. It was also noted that the difference in cardiac index prior to and after occlusion provided a good assessment of fistula flow.", "contents": "The effects of Brescia-Cimino fistulas and cardiac function in transplanted pediatric patients. The cardiac hemodynamic effects of patent Brescia Cimino fistulas were assessed using non-invasive techniques in 10 pediatric patients who had undergone successful renal cadaveric transplantation. All had hemoglobin levels above 11 g/dl and had serum creatinine values of less than 1.5 mg/dl. Studies were done prior to and after temporary fistula occlusion to assess the effect of fistula patency on parameters of cardiac function. Values obtained prior to fistula occlusion were compared to those obtained in a normal control population. It was noted that though fistula patency did significantly alter cardiac function, changes were such that fistula patency could be safely maintained. It was also noted that the difference in cardiac index prior to and after occlusion provided a good assessment of fistula flow.", "PMID": 383336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6106", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephritis in congenital syphilis.", "content": "The glomerulonephritis of congenital syphilis is thought to be immune-complex mediated. We describe a case of C. S. in whom the only manifestation was a glomerulonephritis. Immunopathogenic studies allowed the identification of treponemal antigen in glomeruli. The elution of immunoglobulins from renal tissue showed that glomerular deposits contained antitreponemal antibodies. Cryoglobulins with antitreponemal activity were also isolated from the patient's serum.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephritis in congenital syphilis. The glomerulonephritis of congenital syphilis is thought to be immune-complex mediated. We describe a case of C. S. in whom the only manifestation was a glomerulonephritis. Immunopathogenic studies allowed the identification of treponemal antigen in glomeruli. The elution of immunoglobulins from renal tissue showed that glomerular deposits contained antitreponemal antibodies. Cryoglobulins with antitreponemal activity were also isolated from the patient's serum.", "PMID": 383337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6107", "title": "The bone inductive capacity of various bone transplanting materials used for treatment of experimental bone defects.", "content": "The bone defect repairing capacities of autogenous cancellous bone (ACB), decalcified bone (DB), autodigested \"low-antigenic\" bone matrix (LBM) and preserved bone (PB) were tested in experimental defects in rabbit scapulae. The healing of the defects was most effective with ACB transplants as judged by roentgenologic and microscopic studies. The DB and LBM transplants caused states of healing comparable to each other, and the PB transplants showed the least satisfactory results in this experiment. The ACB, DB and LBM transplants caused bone induction, which resulted in the formation of new bone, subsequent resorption of the transplanted material and rapid reshaping of the callus. The PB transplants caused no bone induction; only some growth of callus on the edges of the defect was observed and pieces of the transplanted material were seen as late as 10 weeks after the operation as dead particles encapsulated by fibrous tissue. The infiltrations of inflammatory cells around the PB transplants indicated a considerable host versus graft reaction whereas this reaction was less with the other materials tested.", "contents": "The bone inductive capacity of various bone transplanting materials used for treatment of experimental bone defects. The bone defect repairing capacities of autogenous cancellous bone (ACB), decalcified bone (DB), autodigested \"low-antigenic\" bone matrix (LBM) and preserved bone (PB) were tested in experimental defects in rabbit scapulae. The healing of the defects was most effective with ACB transplants as judged by roentgenologic and microscopic studies. The DB and LBM transplants caused states of healing comparable to each other, and the PB transplants showed the least satisfactory results in this experiment. The ACB, DB and LBM transplants caused bone induction, which resulted in the formation of new bone, subsequent resorption of the transplanted material and rapid reshaping of the callus. The PB transplants caused no bone induction; only some growth of callus on the edges of the defect was observed and pieces of the transplanted material were seen as late as 10 weeks after the operation as dead particles encapsulated by fibrous tissue. The infiltrations of inflammatory cells around the PB transplants indicated a considerable host versus graft reaction whereas this reaction was less with the other materials tested.", "PMID": 383339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6108", "title": "Lumbosacral fusion using internal fixation with a spinous process for the graft: a review of 50 patients with a five-year maximum follow-up.", "content": "During a 5 year period 50 patients with chronic low back pain, with or without sciatica due to a proven lumbosacral disk lesion, underwent a spinal fusion using the Boucher method of screw fixation of the facet joints. The L-4 spinous process was excised and fashioned into an H-shape to act as the bone graft between the spinous processes so avoiding an iliac crest incision. Thus blood loss and operating time were substantially diminished. The screws maintain fixation for an 8-week period during which time the graft is \"taking.\" Being inserted with spinous processes distracted about 1 cm the screws and the graft take the load off the painful posterior part of the annulus, and in addition, the distraction of the spinous processes enlarges the intervertebral foramina by about 1 cm thus making subsequent foraminal stenosis unlikely. Loosening of the screws after incorporation of the graft was observed in some cases, but was not considered to be clinically significant. Spinal fusion using screws for internal fixation including indications and contraindications requires careful consideration of operative technique, postoperative management and complications. The clinical evolution of 86% of the patients was rated good or fair from a clinical standpoint; 86% showed a fusion; 14% demonstrated a pseudarthrosis. Three of the 7 pseudarthrotic patients had a good clinical result. The other 4 had only a fair clinical result. Nine of the 14 patients with fair clinical results had a fusion radiologically; all 7 of the clinically unimproved had a fusion. Since the graft is placed at least 1 cm dorsal to the laminae, spinal cancal stenosis is extremely unlikely.", "contents": "Lumbosacral fusion using internal fixation with a spinous process for the graft: a review of 50 patients with a five-year maximum follow-up. During a 5 year period 50 patients with chronic low back pain, with or without sciatica due to a proven lumbosacral disk lesion, underwent a spinal fusion using the Boucher method of screw fixation of the facet joints. The L-4 spinous process was excised and fashioned into an H-shape to act as the bone graft between the spinous processes so avoiding an iliac crest incision. Thus blood loss and operating time were substantially diminished. The screws maintain fixation for an 8-week period during which time the graft is \"taking.\" Being inserted with spinous processes distracted about 1 cm the screws and the graft take the load off the painful posterior part of the annulus, and in addition, the distraction of the spinous processes enlarges the intervertebral foramina by about 1 cm thus making subsequent foraminal stenosis unlikely. Loosening of the screws after incorporation of the graft was observed in some cases, but was not considered to be clinically significant. Spinal fusion using screws for internal fixation including indications and contraindications requires careful consideration of operative technique, postoperative management and complications. The clinical evolution of 86% of the patients was rated good or fair from a clinical standpoint; 86% showed a fusion; 14% demonstrated a pseudarthrosis. Three of the 7 pseudarthrotic patients had a good clinical result. The other 4 had only a fair clinical result. Nine of the 14 patients with fair clinical results had a fusion radiologically; all 7 of the clinically unimproved had a fusion. Since the graft is placed at least 1 cm dorsal to the laminae, spinal cancal stenosis is extremely unlikely.", "PMID": 383340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6109", "title": "A new surgical approach in the treatment of depressed lateral condylar fractures of the tibia.", "content": "Surgical repair of 18 fractures of the laterotibial condyle was performed by a surgical technique combining features of several standard procedures. Complete lateral exposure of the tibial articular surface is obtained through resection of its fibular head. Anatomical reduction is obtained under direct vision. The lateral meniscus is usually preserved and bony reduction is maintained by cancellous and cortical bone graft reinforced with internal fixation.", "contents": "A new surgical approach in the treatment of depressed lateral condylar fractures of the tibia. Surgical repair of 18 fractures of the laterotibial condyle was performed by a surgical technique combining features of several standard procedures. Complete lateral exposure of the tibial articular surface is obtained through resection of its fibular head. Anatomical reduction is obtained under direct vision. The lateral meniscus is usually preserved and bony reduction is maintained by cancellous and cortical bone graft reinforced with internal fixation.", "PMID": 383341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6110", "title": "Degradation of bone matrix morphogenetic activity by pulverization.", "content": "The yield of new bone from implants of pulverized demineralized whole matrix and bone matrix gelatin declines as the particle size decreases in diameter below 125 microns. The corresponding increase in surface area and mechanically-induced free radicals is associated with an increase in solubility of bone matrix proteins. These changes in physiocochemical properties and the concomitant reduction in bone yield suggest that prolonged pulverization denatures a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).", "contents": "Degradation of bone matrix morphogenetic activity by pulverization. The yield of new bone from implants of pulverized demineralized whole matrix and bone matrix gelatin declines as the particle size decreases in diameter below 125 microns. The corresponding increase in surface area and mechanically-induced free radicals is associated with an increase in solubility of bone matrix proteins. These changes in physiocochemical properties and the concomitant reduction in bone yield suggest that prolonged pulverization denatures a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).", "PMID": 383342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6111", "title": "Experimental reaming of the proximal femur and acrylic cement implantation: vascular and histologic effects.", "content": "The technique of microangiography and correlated histology was used, in experiments on the proximal femora of mature mongrel dogs, to study the effects of simple medullary reaming and of reaming followed by insertion of acrylic cement. The hip joints were not disturbed. A segment of Steinmann pin, representing the stem of a hip prosthesis, was inserted into the cement as it was polymerizing. The most significant results, after reaming alone, were devascularization and apparent necrosis of large areas of the cortex of the subtrochanteric femoral diaphysis. Full recovery was observed in 6 months. However, when acrylic cement was introduced following the reaming, extensive necrosis of the inner layers of the diaphyseal cortex was still present after a year, when the observations were terminated. The presence of necrosis of bone was judged by the lack of visible osteocytes in the lacunae. After the devascularization caused by filling the diaphyseal medulla with acrylic cement, the apparently necrotic cortex was revitalized without osteoclasia. That is in contrast to the results in another study in which osteoclasia and osteoneogenesis were required to restore cortex with empty cell lacunae. This raises the question of dormant osteonecrosis in contrast to total osteonecrosis. These studies show, in thin histologic preparations, acrylic bone cement in situ in the tissues. A fibrous membrane was found at the cement-bone interface in most areas. It was thicker in the diaphysis than in the metaphysis. The physiologic effects of acrylic cement implantation are considered to be likely factors in the loosening which is observed clinically when the femoral components of hip prostheses are under protracted stress.", "contents": "Experimental reaming of the proximal femur and acrylic cement implantation: vascular and histologic effects. The technique of microangiography and correlated histology was used, in experiments on the proximal femora of mature mongrel dogs, to study the effects of simple medullary reaming and of reaming followed by insertion of acrylic cement. The hip joints were not disturbed. A segment of Steinmann pin, representing the stem of a hip prosthesis, was inserted into the cement as it was polymerizing. The most significant results, after reaming alone, were devascularization and apparent necrosis of large areas of the cortex of the subtrochanteric femoral diaphysis. Full recovery was observed in 6 months. However, when acrylic cement was introduced following the reaming, extensive necrosis of the inner layers of the diaphyseal cortex was still present after a year, when the observations were terminated. The presence of necrosis of bone was judged by the lack of visible osteocytes in the lacunae. After the devascularization caused by filling the diaphyseal medulla with acrylic cement, the apparently necrotic cortex was revitalized without osteoclasia. That is in contrast to the results in another study in which osteoclasia and osteoneogenesis were required to restore cortex with empty cell lacunae. This raises the question of dormant osteonecrosis in contrast to total osteonecrosis. These studies show, in thin histologic preparations, acrylic bone cement in situ in the tissues. A fibrous membrane was found at the cement-bone interface in most areas. It was thicker in the diaphysis than in the metaphysis. The physiologic effects of acrylic cement implantation are considered to be likely factors in the loosening which is observed clinically when the femoral components of hip prostheses are under protracted stress.", "PMID": 383344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6112", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of phenytoin.", "content": "Phenytoin is a relatively insoluble weak acid, usually administered as the sodium salt. Bioavailability is dependent upon particle size and problems of generic inequivalence have therefore arisen, particularly in Scandinavia. The drug has a moderately large volume of distribution and is approximately 90% bound to plasma proteins. Clinically important displacement can be caused by bilirubin and several drugs, particularly sodium valproate, which is often combined with phenytoin. Displacement will lower the total serum concentration but will little affect the free drug concentration. The metabolism of phenytoin to the major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(phenylhydantoin, is saturable, giving rise to a non linear dose-serum concentration relationship. Therefore, the dose range compatible with a therapeutic serum concentration is narrow within subjects, and monitoring serum concentrations is of particular value in dosage tailoring. In renal failure, the binding of phenytoin to plasma proteins is reduced and therefore a lower range of serum drug concentrations is compatible with therapeutic control. In liver disease, binding may also be impaired but delayed metabolism may occur in addition. During pregnancy the serum concentration may fall progressively as pregnancy advances, probably due to an increased rate of metabolism. Phenytoin readily crosses the placenta, and is metabolised rapidly by the neonate exposed in utero.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Phenytoin is a relatively insoluble weak acid, usually administered as the sodium salt. Bioavailability is dependent upon particle size and problems of generic inequivalence have therefore arisen, particularly in Scandinavia. The drug has a moderately large volume of distribution and is approximately 90% bound to plasma proteins. Clinically important displacement can be caused by bilirubin and several drugs, particularly sodium valproate, which is often combined with phenytoin. Displacement will lower the total serum concentration but will little affect the free drug concentration. The metabolism of phenytoin to the major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(phenylhydantoin, is saturable, giving rise to a non linear dose-serum concentration relationship. Therefore, the dose range compatible with a therapeutic serum concentration is narrow within subjects, and monitoring serum concentrations is of particular value in dosage tailoring. In renal failure, the binding of phenytoin to plasma proteins is reduced and therefore a lower range of serum drug concentrations is compatible with therapeutic control. In liver disease, binding may also be impaired but delayed metabolism may occur in addition. During pregnancy the serum concentration may fall progressively as pregnancy advances, probably due to an increased rate of metabolism. Phenytoin readily crosses the placenta, and is metabolised rapidly by the neonate exposed in utero.", "PMID": 383353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6113", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen measurement to evaluate drug effects.", "content": "The evaluation of pharmacologic effects in perinatal medicine is dependent on our clinical methods for measurement and monitoring of the mother, the fetus, and the newborn infant. The development of a noninvasive continuous method of measuring PO2, the transcutaneous PO2 electrode, has greatly enhanced the ability to assess effects of drugs on the cardiorespiratory system. During labor, diazepam and meperidine have been documented to cause respiratory depression and significant decreases in PO2. The advantageous effect of epidural anesthesia on the oxygen-cardiorespirogram of mothers in labor has also been demonstrated. Both fetal and maternal tcPO2 have been successfully assessed during the administration of peridural catheter anesthesia (carticaine) and during suppression of labor with fenoterol. In the newborn infant, monitoring of tcPO2 has been helpful in assessing the residual effects of drugs administered during labor and delivery, in prescribing the appropriate and safe dose of oxygen, and in defining the effects of theophylline on the oxygen-cardiorespirogram. We have also demonstrated the effect of furosemide on PO2 in the treatment of pulmonary edema accompanying bronchopulmonary dysplasia and of indomethacin for the management of patent ductus arteriosus. Use of tcPO2 measurements for clinical pharmacologic evaluation is a promising addition to our research techniques.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen measurement to evaluate drug effects. The evaluation of pharmacologic effects in perinatal medicine is dependent on our clinical methods for measurement and monitoring of the mother, the fetus, and the newborn infant. The development of a noninvasive continuous method of measuring PO2, the transcutaneous PO2 electrode, has greatly enhanced the ability to assess effects of drugs on the cardiorespiratory system. During labor, diazepam and meperidine have been documented to cause respiratory depression and significant decreases in PO2. The advantageous effect of epidural anesthesia on the oxygen-cardiorespirogram of mothers in labor has also been demonstrated. Both fetal and maternal tcPO2 have been successfully assessed during the administration of peridural catheter anesthesia (carticaine) and during suppression of labor with fenoterol. In the newborn infant, monitoring of tcPO2 has been helpful in assessing the residual effects of drugs administered during labor and delivery, in prescribing the appropriate and safe dose of oxygen, and in defining the effects of theophylline on the oxygen-cardiorespirogram. We have also demonstrated the effect of furosemide on PO2 in the treatment of pulmonary edema accompanying bronchopulmonary dysplasia and of indomethacin for the management of patent ductus arteriosus. Use of tcPO2 measurements for clinical pharmacologic evaluation is a promising addition to our research techniques.", "PMID": 383358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6114", "title": "Noninvasive monitoring of intracranial pressure: a new approach for neonatal clinical pharmacology.", "content": "Measurements taken with the pressure-activated fiberoptic sensor should provide better insight into the relative usefulness of various agents such as glycerol and corticosteroids in the reduction of intracranial pressure. It is also useful in monitoring pressure changes during asphyxia-hypoxia, convulsions, and anesthesia, and in demonstrating the effects of drugs such as furosemide on intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Noninvasive monitoring of intracranial pressure: a new approach for neonatal clinical pharmacology. Measurements taken with the pressure-activated fiberoptic sensor should provide better insight into the relative usefulness of various agents such as glycerol and corticosteroids in the reduction of intracranial pressure. It is also useful in monitoring pressure changes during asphyxia-hypoxia, convulsions, and anesthesia, and in demonstrating the effects of drugs such as furosemide on intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 383359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6115", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte balance in very low birth weight infants.", "content": "Correct fluid and electrolyte concentrations are essential to reduce mortality in critically ill infants. The authors list considerations in calculating the necessary maintenance volumes and emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of data and a review and retabulation every eight hours, because requirements vary from one infant to the other, and in the same infant under different circumstances.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte balance in very low birth weight infants. Correct fluid and electrolyte concentrations are essential to reduce mortality in critically ill infants. The authors list considerations in calculating the necessary maintenance volumes and emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of data and a review and retabulation every eight hours, because requirements vary from one infant to the other, and in the same infant under different circumstances.", "PMID": 383360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6116", "title": "Chloramphenicol and the neonate--1979 view.", "content": "In a therapeutic tragedy perhaps even more widespread than the thalidomide disaster, untold lives were lost between 1949 and 1958 through the administration of inappropriate doses of chloramphenicol to newborn infants. Sensitive assays of blood levels of chloramphenicol now available make it possible to employ this useful antibiotic avoiding its toxic effects. The author reviews accumulated knowledge about chloramphenicol in the newborn infant.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol and the neonate--1979 view. In a therapeutic tragedy perhaps even more widespread than the thalidomide disaster, untold lives were lost between 1949 and 1958 through the administration of inappropriate doses of chloramphenicol to newborn infants. Sensitive assays of blood levels of chloramphenicol now available make it possible to employ this useful antibiotic avoiding its toxic effects. The author reviews accumulated knowledge about chloramphenicol in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 383361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6117", "title": "In utero opiate dependence and sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Infants born to smoking, alcoholic, and drug-dependent women appear to suffer increased prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, vascular changes, and hypoxic episodes as a result of decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood, depression with overdose, and withdrawal symptoms. The author reviews these associations and suggests further research to clarify their role in the sudden infant death syndrome.", "contents": "In utero opiate dependence and sudden infant death syndrome. Infants born to smoking, alcoholic, and drug-dependent women appear to suffer increased prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, vascular changes, and hypoxic episodes as a result of decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood, depression with overdose, and withdrawal symptoms. The author reviews these associations and suggests further research to clarify their role in the sudden infant death syndrome.", "PMID": 383362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6118", "title": "Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in liver disease.", "content": "Among the corticosteroids, prednisone is the most commonly used in the treatment of chronic active liver disease. However, its pharmacokinetics have only recently been investigated. Prednisone is effectively absorbed and converted to its active therapeutic derivative, prednisolone, in healthy volunteers and in patients with liver disease; the bioavailability of oral prednisone approximates 100% of an intravenous dose and is comparable after administration of either prednisone or prednisolone. Patients with liver disease and hypoalbuminaemia are more likely to suffer major side effects of prednisone as a consequence of decreased protein binding and delayed clearance of prednisolone. Dosage in such patients should be reduced in accordance with serum albumin concentration.", "contents": "Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in liver disease. Among the corticosteroids, prednisone is the most commonly used in the treatment of chronic active liver disease. However, its pharmacokinetics have only recently been investigated. Prednisone is effectively absorbed and converted to its active therapeutic derivative, prednisolone, in healthy volunteers and in patients with liver disease; the bioavailability of oral prednisone approximates 100% of an intravenous dose and is comparable after administration of either prednisone or prednisolone. Patients with liver disease and hypoalbuminaemia are more likely to suffer major side effects of prednisone as a consequence of decreased protein binding and delayed clearance of prednisolone. Dosage in such patients should be reduced in accordance with serum albumin concentration.", "PMID": 383357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6119", "title": "Influence of drug exposure of the father on perinatal outcome.", "content": "Initial skepticism that paternally administered drugs could damage the developing fetus has given way to concern that lead, narcotics, ethanol, anticonvulsants, anesthetic gases, caffeine, or cigarette smoke ingested at the time of conception might damage sperm or sperm motility or have indirect effects resulting in an increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Influence of drug exposure of the father on perinatal outcome. Initial skepticism that paternally administered drugs could damage the developing fetus has given way to concern that lead, narcotics, ethanol, anticonvulsants, anesthetic gases, caffeine, or cigarette smoke ingested at the time of conception might damage sperm or sperm motility or have indirect effects resulting in an increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 383363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6120", "title": "Gilbert's syndrome and drug metabolism.", "content": "Gilbert's syndrome is an inherited disorder which is characterised by unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. In patients with Gilbert's syndrome, both bilirubin clearance and in vitro hepatic microsomal uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity are reduced. In addition, there is evidence suggesting impaired hepatic uptake of bilirubin in Gilbert's syndrome. Glucuronidation of a number of substrates appears to be impaired in Gilbert's syndrome, but the significance of the reported changes in oxidation and acetylation are less clear.", "contents": "Gilbert's syndrome and drug metabolism. Gilbert's syndrome is an inherited disorder which is characterised by unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. In patients with Gilbert's syndrome, both bilirubin clearance and in vitro hepatic microsomal uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity are reduced. In addition, there is evidence suggesting impaired hepatic uptake of bilirubin in Gilbert's syndrome. Glucuronidation of a number of substrates appears to be impaired in Gilbert's syndrome, but the significance of the reported changes in oxidation and acetylation are less clear.", "PMID": 383356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6121", "title": "Use of serum creatinine concentrations to determine renal function.", "content": "Serum creatinine concentrations are widely used clinically as an index of renal function. In stable normal or reduced renal function they are determined by the rate of creatinine production and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and, during changing renal function, also by the apparent volume of distribution of creatinine. These determinants of serum creatinine concentrations, however, are affected by age, sex and body weight. The rate of creatinine production is proportional to body weight, and it decreases with age and is slower in females than in males. The endogenous creatinine clearance decreases with age and is lower in females than in males. The apparent volume of distribution of creatinine is equal to the total body water, which is proportional to body weight, and it decreases with age and is lower in females than in males. The individual relationships between the determinants of serum creatinine concentrations and age, sex, and body weight on the relationship between normal and reduced renal function and serum creatinine concentrations are illustrated by simulations. Equations are derived to predict endogenous creatinine clearance from serum creatinine concentrations, and a nomogram is presented for determining relative renal function from serum creatinine concentrations, which take into account the age, sex and body weight of the individual patient. It is recommended for rapid clinical evaluation of stable normal or reduced renal function. When rapid changes are expected clinically, however, it is recommended to use a mid urine collection period serum creatinine sample for creatinine clearance determination.", "contents": "Use of serum creatinine concentrations to determine renal function. Serum creatinine concentrations are widely used clinically as an index of renal function. In stable normal or reduced renal function they are determined by the rate of creatinine production and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and, during changing renal function, also by the apparent volume of distribution of creatinine. These determinants of serum creatinine concentrations, however, are affected by age, sex and body weight. The rate of creatinine production is proportional to body weight, and it decreases with age and is slower in females than in males. The endogenous creatinine clearance decreases with age and is lower in females than in males. The apparent volume of distribution of creatinine is equal to the total body water, which is proportional to body weight, and it decreases with age and is lower in females than in males. The individual relationships between the determinants of serum creatinine concentrations and age, sex, and body weight on the relationship between normal and reduced renal function and serum creatinine concentrations are illustrated by simulations. Equations are derived to predict endogenous creatinine clearance from serum creatinine concentrations, and a nomogram is presented for determining relative renal function from serum creatinine concentrations, which take into account the age, sex and body weight of the individual patient. It is recommended for rapid clinical evaluation of stable normal or reduced renal function. When rapid changes are expected clinically, however, it is recommended to use a mid urine collection period serum creatinine sample for creatinine clearance determination.", "PMID": 383355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6122", "title": "Effect of drugs on intrauterine growth.", "content": "Although the teratogenic potential of maternally administered drugs is well known, their stimulation of intrauterine growth retardation may be equally deleterious. Possible adverse effects of propranolol, steroids, anticonvulsants, tranquilizers, and maternal smoking and drinking are discussed. Questions of fetal development and maternal management are considered in light of their interference with the mechanism of growth regulation.", "contents": "Effect of drugs on intrauterine growth. Although the teratogenic potential of maternally administered drugs is well known, their stimulation of intrauterine growth retardation may be equally deleterious. Possible adverse effects of propranolol, steroids, anticonvulsants, tranquilizers, and maternal smoking and drinking are discussed. Questions of fetal development and maternal management are considered in light of their interference with the mechanism of growth regulation.", "PMID": 383364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6123", "title": "Development pharmacokinetics of the posterior pituitary hormones.", "content": "Arginine vasotocin, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin play a critical role in the stimulation of labor and delivery and in salt and water homeostasis in the newborn infant. The authors present information on their chemistry, secretion, and metabolism, and discuss the clinical effects upon target organs of their presence or absence.", "contents": "Development pharmacokinetics of the posterior pituitary hormones. Arginine vasotocin, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin play a critical role in the stimulation of labor and delivery and in salt and water homeostasis in the newborn infant. The authors present information on their chemistry, secretion, and metabolism, and discuss the clinical effects upon target organs of their presence or absence.", "PMID": 383365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6124", "title": "Methylxanthines in apnea of prematurity.", "content": "Caffeine and theophylline are effective in the treatment of apnea in the newborn infant. Controlled studies of efficacy and comparative efficacy and studies of toxicity are visibly lacking. Both drugs exert their anti-apneic activity by stimulation of the respiratory center. Both drugs are eliminated from the baby slowly (caffeine even slower than theophylline) and doses should be adjusted accordingly. Neonates excrete caffeine largely unchanged and they methylate theophylline to caffeine significantly. Caffeine seems preferable to theophylline because of its wider therapeutic index, ease of administration (i.e., given once per day), lesser fluctuation in plasma concentration owing to longer half-life, potent central respirogenic effect, and fewer peripheral side effects. Areas of concern and feasible research have been discussed.", "contents": "Methylxanthines in apnea of prematurity. Caffeine and theophylline are effective in the treatment of apnea in the newborn infant. Controlled studies of efficacy and comparative efficacy and studies of toxicity are visibly lacking. Both drugs exert their anti-apneic activity by stimulation of the respiratory center. Both drugs are eliminated from the baby slowly (caffeine even slower than theophylline) and doses should be adjusted accordingly. Neonates excrete caffeine largely unchanged and they methylate theophylline to caffeine significantly. Caffeine seems preferable to theophylline because of its wider therapeutic index, ease of administration (i.e., given once per day), lesser fluctuation in plasma concentration owing to longer half-life, potent central respirogenic effect, and fewer peripheral side effects. Areas of concern and feasible research have been discussed.", "PMID": 383366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6125", "title": "Effects of an orally active converting-enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, on pressor responses to angiotensin administered into the brain ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Two hours after oral feeding of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats with the converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 (1 and 10 mg/kg), an increase of angiotensin I plasma concentrations from 892 +/- 113 to 1660 +/- 167 and 2951 +/- 405 pg/ml was observed. 2. Administration of SQ 14225 with the drinking fluid overnight suppressed the pressor responses to intravenous angiotensin I, although the blood pressure increase after intravenous angiotensin II was not altered in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. No change of pressor effects after injections of angiotensin I and II into the brain ventricles was observed after oral SQ 14225. 3. Intracerebroventricular infusions of SQ 14225 in spontaneously hypertensive rats abolished the central pressor responses to angiotensin I. 4. The results show that SQ 14225 effectively blocked the conversion of endogenous and exogenous angiotensin I into angiotensin II in plasma, and the conversion of exogenous angiotensin I in brain. Under the conditions studied, SQ 14225 does not cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Effects of an orally active converting-enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, on pressor responses to angiotensin administered into the brain ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Two hours after oral feeding of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats with the converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 (1 and 10 mg/kg), an increase of angiotensin I plasma concentrations from 892 +/- 113 to 1660 +/- 167 and 2951 +/- 405 pg/ml was observed. 2. Administration of SQ 14225 with the drinking fluid overnight suppressed the pressor responses to intravenous angiotensin I, although the blood pressure increase after intravenous angiotensin II was not altered in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. No change of pressor effects after injections of angiotensin I and II into the brain ventricles was observed after oral SQ 14225. 3. Intracerebroventricular infusions of SQ 14225 in spontaneously hypertensive rats abolished the central pressor responses to angiotensin I. 4. The results show that SQ 14225 effectively blocked the conversion of endogenous and exogenous angiotensin I into angiotensin II in plasma, and the conversion of exogenous angiotensin I in brain. Under the conditions studied, SQ 14225 does not cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 383371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6126", "title": "Subcellular fractionation studies of the intestinal mucosa in congenital sucrase--isomaltase deficiency.", "content": "1. Jejunal biopsy specimens from three children with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were assayed for disaccharidase activity and were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation with enzymic microanalysis. 2. By use of the highly sensitive fluorigenic modification of the disaccharidase assay, brush-border sucrase and isomaltase activities were depressed but nevertheless detectable in each child. 3. Apart from the expected decrease in brush-border alpha-glucosidase activity, the other enterocyte marker-enzyme activities were normal. 4. There were no abnormalities in the enterocytes of any child on analytical subcellular fractionation or on electron microsocopy.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation studies of the intestinal mucosa in congenital sucrase--isomaltase deficiency. 1. Jejunal biopsy specimens from three children with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were assayed for disaccharidase activity and were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation with enzymic microanalysis. 2. By use of the highly sensitive fluorigenic modification of the disaccharidase assay, brush-border sucrase and isomaltase activities were depressed but nevertheless detectable in each child. 3. Apart from the expected decrease in brush-border alpha-glucosidase activity, the other enterocyte marker-enzyme activities were normal. 4. There were no abnormalities in the enterocytes of any child on analytical subcellular fractionation or on electron microsocopy.", "PMID": 383373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6127", "title": "Nosology and therapy of mental illness in Ayurveda.", "content": "Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is described in Atharva Veda and in subsequent treatises by Charak, Susrut, and Vagbhatt, containing the details of etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of afflictions in humans and animals. The science of mental disorders (Bhoot-Vidya) describes extensively conditions from mild anger and greed to severe psychoses. This paper presents a synoptic overview comparing the clinical conditions described in Ayurveda with clinical conditions described in the Internationl Classification of Diseases. The symbiotic relationship between 'psyche' and 'soma' was recognised in Ayurveda, attributing the highest importance to psychic energy as the propulsive power of creation--the original force. According to Vedic concepts, personality is composed of three elements (gunas): i. Satva (pure qualities), ii. Rajas (pleasure-seeking propensities and emotions), iii. Tamas (animal-like behavioural tendencies leading to deterioration). Abnormalities result from the excess of Tomas and Rajas. The main therapies are i. suggestion, auto-suggestion, hynotism, assurance, persuasion, and ritualistic therapy; ii. transferring of symptoms; iii. confession, penance, and sacrifice; iv. use of natural elements; v. medicine and endocrine therapies; and vi. tantic and yogic practices.", "contents": "Nosology and therapy of mental illness in Ayurveda. Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is described in Atharva Veda and in subsequent treatises by Charak, Susrut, and Vagbhatt, containing the details of etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of afflictions in humans and animals. The science of mental disorders (Bhoot-Vidya) describes extensively conditions from mild anger and greed to severe psychoses. This paper presents a synoptic overview comparing the clinical conditions described in Ayurveda with clinical conditions described in the Internationl Classification of Diseases. The symbiotic relationship between 'psyche' and 'soma' was recognised in Ayurveda, attributing the highest importance to psychic energy as the propulsive power of creation--the original force. According to Vedic concepts, personality is composed of three elements (gunas): i. Satva (pure qualities), ii. Rajas (pleasure-seeking propensities and emotions), iii. Tamas (animal-like behavioural tendencies leading to deterioration). Abnormalities result from the excess of Tomas and Rajas. The main therapies are i. suggestion, auto-suggestion, hynotism, assurance, persuasion, and ritualistic therapy; ii. transferring of symptoms; iii. confession, penance, and sacrifice; iv. use of natural elements; v. medicine and endocrine therapies; and vi. tantic and yogic practices.", "PMID": 383394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6128", "title": "The Islamic psycho-social approach to alcoholism.", "content": "Alcoholism in Islamic countries has such a low incidence that it is not yet considered a serious public health problem of the Moslem states. The reason is that the precepts of Islam succeeded in reducing alcoholic dependence, and offer a unique example in prohibiting this social evil.", "contents": "The Islamic psycho-social approach to alcoholism. Alcoholism in Islamic countries has such a low incidence that it is not yet considered a serious public health problem of the Moslem states. The reason is that the precepts of Islam succeeded in reducing alcoholic dependence, and offer a unique example in prohibiting this social evil.", "PMID": 383396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6129", "title": "[Karl Kraus and psychiatry. An assay].", "content": "This essay deals with Karl Kraus' polemics against psychiatry; not only orthodox psychiatry but also psychoanalysis, which at that time was gaining in importance. The introduction is an appreciation of Kraus' significance for the German speaking civilization. Then the two cases, Louis von Sachsen and Prof. Beer, are discussed in relationship to Kraus' polemics against forensic psychiatry, for in these cases  forensic psychiatry was in danger of losing its claim of being scientific and of becoming a supporter of the vested interests or an advocate of sexual repression. It is then attempted to show how aphorisms with universal validity arise out of topical polemics. Kraus' position in relation to Freud and his school is discussed. We try to demonstrate that the similarity in opinion that H. Marcuse assumed about the significance of a sexual economy can only be a superficial one, especially as it relates to sublimation as a mainspring of civilization. Also Kraus' critique of the inferiority complex is delved into. Concluding, we touch upon attempts at interpreting Kraus' work and personality from a psychoanalytical standpoint. Here the term 'narcissistic personality' is discussed.", "contents": "[Karl Kraus and psychiatry. An assay]. This essay deals with Karl Kraus' polemics against psychiatry; not only orthodox psychiatry but also psychoanalysis, which at that time was gaining in importance. The introduction is an appreciation of Kraus' significance for the German speaking civilization. Then the two cases, Louis von Sachsen and Prof. Beer, are discussed in relationship to Kraus' polemics against forensic psychiatry, for in these cases  forensic psychiatry was in danger of losing its claim of being scientific and of becoming a supporter of the vested interests or an advocate of sexual repression. It is then attempted to show how aphorisms with universal validity arise out of topical polemics. Kraus' position in relation to Freud and his school is discussed. We try to demonstrate that the similarity in opinion that H. Marcuse assumed about the significance of a sexual economy can only be a superficial one, especially as it relates to sublimation as a mainspring of civilization. Also Kraus' critique of the inferiority complex is delved into. Concluding, we touch upon attempts at interpreting Kraus' work and personality from a psychoanalytical standpoint. Here the term 'narcissistic personality' is discussed.", "PMID": 383397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6130", "title": "Bacterial infection in relation to pain and irregular bleeding in women using IUD.", "content": "Pain and metrorrhagia in women using IUDs are often the reason for removing the IUD. In 54 women where the IUD was removed, uterine fluid for bacteriologic cultures was taken from the removed IUD. There was a correlation between positive cultures and symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia. Spotty bleeding caused by microtraumata and increased fibrinolytic activity of the IUD might thus consitute a substrate for bacterial invasion resulting in endometritis and in turn increased bleeding and pain. In 18 male consorts of females with positive cultures, asymptomatic bacteriospermia was found. Treatment offered alleviated symptoms. Removal of the IUD need thus not be necessary.", "contents": "Bacterial infection in relation to pain and irregular bleeding in women using IUD. Pain and metrorrhagia in women using IUDs are often the reason for removing the IUD. In 54 women where the IUD was removed, uterine fluid for bacteriologic cultures was taken from the removed IUD. There was a correlation between positive cultures and symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia. Spotty bleeding caused by microtraumata and increased fibrinolytic activity of the IUD might thus consitute a substrate for bacterial invasion resulting in endometritis and in turn increased bleeding and pain. In 18 male consorts of females with positive cultures, asymptomatic bacteriospermia was found. Treatment offered alleviated symptoms. Removal of the IUD need thus not be necessary.", "PMID": 383399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6131", "title": "Neural and chemical control of abomasal secretion in sheep.", "content": "Abomasal secretion has been collected from Grosskopftype pouches prepared in five adult Karrakul ewes. Feeding caused a marked increase in volume, acidity and pepsin activity, whereas these factors were reduced by starvation. Both insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve supply to the pouch increased the volume, total acid and pepsin secretion. It is concluded that vagal activity is an important factor in the control of abomasal secretion in sheep.", "contents": "Neural and chemical control of abomasal secretion in sheep. Abomasal secretion has been collected from Grosskopftype pouches prepared in five adult Karrakul ewes. Feeding caused a marked increase in volume, acidity and pepsin activity, whereas these factors were reduced by starvation. Both insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve supply to the pouch increased the volume, total acid and pepsin secretion. It is concluded that vagal activity is an important factor in the control of abomasal secretion in sheep.", "PMID": 383400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6132", "title": "Ventilator modifications for intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "content": "A Loosko MK2 ventilator has been modified to provide IMV in newborns. IMV rate can be varied from 3-60/min. The minimum inspiration period can be theoretically as low as 0.1 sec. This modification in neonatal mechanical ventilation has been shown to be economically feasible.", "contents": "Ventilator modifications for intermittent mandatory ventilation. A Loosko MK2 ventilator has been modified to provide IMV in newborns. IMV rate can be varied from 3-60/min. The minimum inspiration period can be theoretically as low as 0.1 sec. This modification in neonatal mechanical ventilation has been shown to be economically feasible.", "PMID": 383401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6133", "title": "Cardiac blood pool imaging: a review.", "content": "The field of cardiac blood pool imaging has been reviewed. The radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals used for this purpose have been discussed. Data related to the radiation exposure from these agents were presented and compared with the radiation exposure of a conventional contrast angiogram. Application of cardiac blood pool imaging to the qualitative evaluation of pericardial effusions, cogenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and cardiac shunts have been discussed. Quantitative methods for measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricle ejection fraction, left ventricle end-diastolic volume, percent mitral valve regurgitation, and Qp:Qs flow ratios in both right-to-left and left-to-right shunts were presented in detail. Where possible, correlation with contrast angiographic findings was given. Newly developed techniques of ECG gating of cardiac images were also described in detail. This description has included applications of these techniques for evaluation of regions of myocardial dyskinesis and to quantitation of left ventricle diastolic volume, ejection fraction, time between ejection onset and peak systolic flow, ejection duration, and peak circumferential fiber shortening. Once again, these were correlated with contrast angiography where possible. It is concluded that cardiac blood pool imaging is a useful procedure capable of yielding good qualitative and quantitative results in a wide variety of clinical cardiac diseases and that these results compare favorably with those obtained by contrast angiography. Although there are limitations in the present techniques, solutions to at least some of these limitations are possible. Because of its simplicity, safety, and low cost relative to cardiac catheterization, more widespread use of these procedures is urged.", "contents": "Cardiac blood pool imaging: a review. The field of cardiac blood pool imaging has been reviewed. The radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals used for this purpose have been discussed. Data related to the radiation exposure from these agents were presented and compared with the radiation exposure of a conventional contrast angiogram. Application of cardiac blood pool imaging to the qualitative evaluation of pericardial effusions, cogenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and cardiac shunts have been discussed. Quantitative methods for measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricle ejection fraction, left ventricle end-diastolic volume, percent mitral valve regurgitation, and Qp:Qs flow ratios in both right-to-left and left-to-right shunts were presented in detail. Where possible, correlation with contrast angiographic findings was given. Newly developed techniques of ECG gating of cardiac images were also described in detail. This description has included applications of these techniques for evaluation of regions of myocardial dyskinesis and to quantitation of left ventricle diastolic volume, ejection fraction, time between ejection onset and peak systolic flow, ejection duration, and peak circumferential fiber shortening. Once again, these were correlated with contrast angiography where possible. It is concluded that cardiac blood pool imaging is a useful procedure capable of yielding good qualitative and quantitative results in a wide variety of clinical cardiac diseases and that these results compare favorably with those obtained by contrast angiography. Although there are limitations in the present techniques, solutions to at least some of these limitations are possible. Because of its simplicity, safety, and low cost relative to cardiac catheterization, more widespread use of these procedures is urged.", "PMID": 383402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6134", "title": "The differential diagnosis of the unilateral small kidney.", "content": "Although it is frequently possible to determine the cause of an unilateral small kidney, there are cases where the renal damage is so advanced, or the interference to growth and maturation so extensive, that the etiology cannot be established. High-dose urography with tomography during the nephrographic phase are required for a confident diagnosis. Ureteral compression should be used to improve calyceal visualization. This technique can be adapted for children. Complementary diagnostic procedures are often needed, both in adults and in children. We cannot emphasize enough the need for clinical correlation and comparision with previous examinations.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of the unilateral small kidney. Although it is frequently possible to determine the cause of an unilateral small kidney, there are cases where the renal damage is so advanced, or the interference to growth and maturation so extensive, that the etiology cannot be established. High-dose urography with tomography during the nephrographic phase are required for a confident diagnosis. Ureteral compression should be used to improve calyceal visualization. This technique can be adapted for children. Complementary diagnostic procedures are often needed, both in adults and in children. We cannot emphasize enough the need for clinical correlation and comparision with previous examinations.", "PMID": 383403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6135", "title": "Current status of mammography.", "content": "Great progress has been made in recent years in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer; however, breast cancer continues to be the most common and lethal cancer in women today. Early diagnosis is essential in order for treatment to be given before the tumor spreads beyond the breast. The radiation risks of mammography have been greatly reduced with the use of newer low-dose techniques, and the benefits of mammography have increased because of a better understanding of the natural history of breast cancer, as well as improved methods of treatment. Radiologists must continue to take an active role in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Continued research is needed in order to improve screening methods and to develop newer, noninvasive techniques.", "contents": "Current status of mammography. Great progress has been made in recent years in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer; however, breast cancer continues to be the most common and lethal cancer in women today. Early diagnosis is essential in order for treatment to be given before the tumor spreads beyond the breast. The radiation risks of mammography have been greatly reduced with the use of newer low-dose techniques, and the benefits of mammography have increased because of a better understanding of the natural history of breast cancer, as well as improved methods of treatment. Radiologists must continue to take an active role in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Continued research is needed in order to improve screening methods and to develop newer, noninvasive techniques.", "PMID": 383404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6136", "title": "The characterization and functional significance of plasma membrane Fc Receptors.", "content": "The importance of various components of the plasma membrane in the generation of the immune response has long been recognized. The identification and characterization of functional membrane receptors are essential for an understanding of the molecular basis of the immune response. The Fc receptor can be operationally defined as a site on the plasma membrane which is capable of binding the Fc portion of IgG. The Fc receptor has been reported on both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types. The functional significance of the receptor on these cell populations, as well as the biochemistry of the receptor, is not well established and is currently an important area of investigation. In this review, the Fc receptor will be discussed, primarily in human and murine lymphoid and macrophage cell populations, as a model of membrane immunoreceptors. The review will be divided into four sections. In the first section, consideration will be given to the binding assays used to study Fc receptor-ligand interactions and the class and subclass specificity of the receptor. The possibility of receptor-receptor interaction and quantitation of receptor sites will be discussed. The second phase of the review will be concerned with the fractionation and biochemistry of this receptor system, emphasizing the differences reported in receptor composition from different cell sources. In the third section of the review, the biologic significance of the receptor will be examined. The importance of the Fc receptor in opsonization and phagocytosis by mononuclear phagogytes, B-cell activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, and the possible relationship of Fc receptors to the histocompatibility-linked immune response genes will be discussed. Finally, in the fourth section, the possible mechanisms of receptor regulation will be considered. Cell fusion experiments which have been performed and the expression of receptor activity on the hybrid cell clones will be discussed. Receptor regulation at the physiologic level will include the effects of cyclic nucleotide levels and cell cycle on receptor expression. It is the intent of this review to provide a detailed analysis of the Fc receptor and to emphasize its importance in microbiology, cell biology, and immunology.", "contents": "The characterization and functional significance of plasma membrane Fc Receptors. The importance of various components of the plasma membrane in the generation of the immune response has long been recognized. The identification and characterization of functional membrane receptors are essential for an understanding of the molecular basis of the immune response. The Fc receptor can be operationally defined as a site on the plasma membrane which is capable of binding the Fc portion of IgG. The Fc receptor has been reported on both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types. The functional significance of the receptor on these cell populations, as well as the biochemistry of the receptor, is not well established and is currently an important area of investigation. In this review, the Fc receptor will be discussed, primarily in human and murine lymphoid and macrophage cell populations, as a model of membrane immunoreceptors. The review will be divided into four sections. In the first section, consideration will be given to the binding assays used to study Fc receptor-ligand interactions and the class and subclass specificity of the receptor. The possibility of receptor-receptor interaction and quantitation of receptor sites will be discussed. The second phase of the review will be concerned with the fractionation and biochemistry of this receptor system, emphasizing the differences reported in receptor composition from different cell sources. In the third section of the review, the biologic significance of the receptor will be examined. The importance of the Fc receptor in opsonization and phagocytosis by mononuclear phagogytes, B-cell activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, and the possible relationship of Fc receptors to the histocompatibility-linked immune response genes will be discussed. Finally, in the fourth section, the possible mechanisms of receptor regulation will be considered. Cell fusion experiments which have been performed and the expression of receptor activity on the hybrid cell clones will be discussed. Receptor regulation at the physiologic level will include the effects of cyclic nucleotide levels and cell cycle on receptor expression. It is the intent of this review to provide a detailed analysis of the Fc receptor and to emphasize its importance in microbiology, cell biology, and immunology.", "PMID": 383405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6137", "title": "Cellular antimicrobial immunity.", "content": "Acquired resistance to infectious disease may be expressed by a predominantly humoral or a cellular mechanism or, more frequently, by a combination of the two. The cellular interactions which are responsible for the induction of the immune response in the skin, lung, intestinal mucosa, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva, and peritoneal cavity are discussed and the role of living or dead vaccines in the induction of acquired resistance is outlined. The host response involves three different cell types: the phagocytic cell (polymorphs or macrophages), the thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte, and the thymus-independent (B) lymphocyte-plasma cell line. The normal unstimulated phagocytic cell is capable of killing most nonpathogenic bacteria that gain entry to the tissues. However, the presence of opsonic antibodies and activated macrophages is required to eliminate the pathogenic intracellular parasites. Such immunological activation involves the presence of sensitized T-lymphocytes in the lesion. The cellular response is also characterized by the simultaneous development of a state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), along with the antimicrobial CMI response. A rising humoral response normally develops subsequently. Killed bacterial cells (except when incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant) induce the humoral response without the CMI reaction so that such vaccines are not able to fully protect the host against the naturally acquired disease. With the development of cell fractionation methods as well as the identification of distinctive cell surface markers, suspensions of B- and T-cells and macrophages can now be prepared for use in increasingly sophisticated transfer and reconstitution studies. The role of the different cell types in the expression of humoral and cellular immunity has been determined, and the effect of various immunopotentiating and immunosuppressive regimens on the immune system as a whole has been evaluated quantitatively. These studies have led to an appreciation of the role played by suppressor B- and T-cells in the interplay of both humoral and cellular components of the host defense system during the development of immune tolerance, desensitization, anergy, autoimmunity, and the expression of an anamnestic immune response following reinfection.", "contents": "Cellular antimicrobial immunity. Acquired resistance to infectious disease may be expressed by a predominantly humoral or a cellular mechanism or, more frequently, by a combination of the two. The cellular interactions which are responsible for the induction of the immune response in the skin, lung, intestinal mucosa, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva, and peritoneal cavity are discussed and the role of living or dead vaccines in the induction of acquired resistance is outlined. The host response involves three different cell types: the phagocytic cell (polymorphs or macrophages), the thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte, and the thymus-independent (B) lymphocyte-plasma cell line. The normal unstimulated phagocytic cell is capable of killing most nonpathogenic bacteria that gain entry to the tissues. However, the presence of opsonic antibodies and activated macrophages is required to eliminate the pathogenic intracellular parasites. Such immunological activation involves the presence of sensitized T-lymphocytes in the lesion. The cellular response is also characterized by the simultaneous development of a state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), along with the antimicrobial CMI response. A rising humoral response normally develops subsequently. Killed bacterial cells (except when incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant) induce the humoral response without the CMI reaction so that such vaccines are not able to fully protect the host against the naturally acquired disease. With the development of cell fractionation methods as well as the identification of distinctive cell surface markers, suspensions of B- and T-cells and macrophages can now be prepared for use in increasingly sophisticated transfer and reconstitution studies. The role of the different cell types in the expression of humoral and cellular immunity has been determined, and the effect of various immunopotentiating and immunosuppressive regimens on the immune system as a whole has been evaluated quantitatively. These studies have led to an appreciation of the role played by suppressor B- and T-cells in the interplay of both humoral and cellular components of the host defense system during the development of immune tolerance, desensitization, anergy, autoimmunity, and the expression of an anamnestic immune response following reinfection.", "PMID": 383406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6138", "title": "The buried horizontal mattress suture.", "content": "The buried horizontal mattress suture (BHMS) is a new tension suture technique using synthetic absorbable polyglactin 910 suture. When used in minor surgery of the trunk and extremities, this technique eliminates significant suture marking.", "contents": "The buried horizontal mattress suture. The buried horizontal mattress suture (BHMS) is a new tension suture technique using synthetic absorbable polyglactin 910 suture. When used in minor surgery of the trunk and extremities, this technique eliminates significant suture marking.", "PMID": 383409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6139", "title": "Pigmentary correction of piebaldism by autografts. II. Pathomechanism and pigment spread in piebaldism.", "content": "Human piebaldism is an expression of neural crest component abnormality that is classically inherited dominantly and is probably heterogeneous genetically. Though usually a stable cutaneous condition, spontaneous pigmentation in hypomelanotic tracts is known. Here, pigmented skin around the axilla was transplanted to hypomelanotic areas in two patients with piebaldism. The cutaneous autografts, whether full-thickness punch grafts, split-thickness shave grafts, or epidermal suction grafts, retained their capacity of pigmentation. Moreover, there was spread of pigmentation around the grafts. Strategic placement of cutaneous autografts in the most conspicuous hypomelanotic areas of piebald persons can improve their appearance.", "contents": "Pigmentary correction of piebaldism by autografts. II. Pathomechanism and pigment spread in piebaldism. Human piebaldism is an expression of neural crest component abnormality that is classically inherited dominantly and is probably heterogeneous genetically. Though usually a stable cutaneous condition, spontaneous pigmentation in hypomelanotic tracts is known. Here, pigmented skin around the axilla was transplanted to hypomelanotic areas in two patients with piebaldism. The cutaneous autografts, whether full-thickness punch grafts, split-thickness shave grafts, or epidermal suction grafts, retained their capacity of pigmentation. Moreover, there was spread of pigmentation around the grafts. Strategic placement of cutaneous autografts in the most conspicuous hypomelanotic areas of piebald persons can improve their appearance.", "PMID": 383410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6140", "title": "Intraoral blue nevus--a review.", "content": "The clinical characteristics and appearance of the intraoral blue nevus are reviewed herein. The histogenesis, histologic appearance, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this uncommon oral lesion are also discussed.", "contents": "Intraoral blue nevus--a review. The clinical characteristics and appearance of the intraoral blue nevus are reviewed herein. The histogenesis, histologic appearance, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this uncommon oral lesion are also discussed.", "PMID": 383411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6141", "title": "The routine use of positive end-expiratory pressure after open heart surgery.", "content": "Because atelectasis of the left lower lobe is a frequent complication of open heart surgery, we evaluated the efficacy of routine therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to prevent this complication. Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to either a group receiving therapy with PEEP (ten patients) or to a group with no PEEP (14 patients). The two groups could not be distinguished by age, weight, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the ratio of FEV1 over the forced vital capacity, the time on the pump, the units of blood transfused, the tidal volume, or the hours of mechanical ventilation. There was no significant roentgenographic difference between the two groups in either the degree or frequency of left lower lobe atelectasis. While the arterial-alveolar ratios tended to improve over time in those patients receiving therapy with PEEP, this improvement was not clinically significant. No complications were encountered with the use of PEEP. We conclude that the routine use of PEEP following open heart surgery is safe but offers no advantage over standard ventilatory techniques.", "contents": "The routine use of positive end-expiratory pressure after open heart surgery. Because atelectasis of the left lower lobe is a frequent complication of open heart surgery, we evaluated the efficacy of routine therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to prevent this complication. Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to either a group receiving therapy with PEEP (ten patients) or to a group with no PEEP (14 patients). The two groups could not be distinguished by age, weight, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the ratio of FEV1 over the forced vital capacity, the time on the pump, the units of blood transfused, the tidal volume, or the hours of mechanical ventilation. There was no significant roentgenographic difference between the two groups in either the degree or frequency of left lower lobe atelectasis. While the arterial-alveolar ratios tended to improve over time in those patients receiving therapy with PEEP, this improvement was not clinically significant. No complications were encountered with the use of PEEP. We conclude that the routine use of PEEP following open heart surgery is safe but offers no advantage over standard ventilatory techniques.", "PMID": 383417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6142", "title": "Combined action of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim against clinically-isolated sulphonamide-resistant bacteria.", "content": "42 strains of gram-negative bacteria, isolated from clinical material, resistant to trimethoprim (TM), sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) or both, have been tested for synergistic sensitivity to TM + SMZ. The combination showed no synergy against strains 'highly resistant' to SMZ (MIC greater than 1 mg/ml). Indifference was invariably observed. However, synergy was seen with strains 'moderately resistant' to SMZ (MIC 100--1,000 microgram/ml). Our results indicate that present techniques for the testing of urinary tract isolates for sensitivity to co-trimoxazole need revision.", "contents": "Combined action of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim against clinically-isolated sulphonamide-resistant bacteria. 42 strains of gram-negative bacteria, isolated from clinical material, resistant to trimethoprim (TM), sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) or both, have been tested for synergistic sensitivity to TM + SMZ. The combination showed no synergy against strains 'highly resistant' to SMZ (MIC greater than 1 mg/ml). Indifference was invariably observed. However, synergy was seen with strains 'moderately resistant' to SMZ (MIC 100--1,000 microgram/ml). Our results indicate that present techniques for the testing of urinary tract isolates for sensitivity to co-trimoxazole need revision.", "PMID": 383418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6143", "title": "Cyclacillin: in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Cyclacillin at 50 microgram/ml inhibited streptococci (100%), shigella (72%), and Bacteroides (B) fragilis ss fragilis (84%). At 100 microgram/ml it inhibited proteus (75%), B. fragilis (86%), and E. coli (50%). Cyclacillin was more effective than ampicillin against beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae. The activity of cyclacillin was found to be more enhanced when tested in nutrient agar and Mueller-Hinton agar than in brain heart infusion agar.", "contents": "Cyclacillin: in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cyclacillin at 50 microgram/ml inhibited streptococci (100%), shigella (72%), and Bacteroides (B) fragilis ss fragilis (84%). At 100 microgram/ml it inhibited proteus (75%), B. fragilis (86%), and E. coli (50%). Cyclacillin was more effective than ampicillin against beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae. The activity of cyclacillin was found to be more enhanced when tested in nutrient agar and Mueller-Hinton agar than in brain heart infusion agar.", "PMID": 383419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6144", "title": "Advances and disappointments, indications and restrictions regarding HLA-matched corneal grafts in high risk cases.", "content": "54 corneas, 49 high risk cases and 5 low risk cases, were grafted with HLA-matched donor material. The importance of antigen compatibility especially in high risk cases is demonstrated. The percentage of irreversible rejections and reversible rejections in this group is markedly smaller as compared with our own \"at random\" material and the \"at random\" material of other authors. The follow-up period is 3--21 months.", "contents": "Advances and disappointments, indications and restrictions regarding HLA-matched corneal grafts in high risk cases. 54 corneas, 49 high risk cases and 5 low risk cases, were grafted with HLA-matched donor material. The importance of antigen compatibility especially in high risk cases is demonstrated. The percentage of irreversible rejections and reversible rejections in this group is markedly smaller as compared with our own \"at random\" material and the \"at random\" material of other authors. The follow-up period is 3--21 months.", "PMID": 383426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6145", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of complications in the follow-up period after corneal transplantation.", "content": "Corneal transplantations are usually performed in Eye Clinics. The patient's own ophthalmologist usually performs the follow-up examinations because the patients often live a long way from the Clinic. It is very important that these ophthalmologists can diagnose the complications which may occur in the follow-up period and know how to treat them. The complications considered are: glaucoma, marginal infiltrations, epithelial defects suture infections, wound dehiscence, disturbances of the tear-film and recurrent herpes. Special mention is made of the rejection reaction. This has been recognized for a long time and has received increasing attention in recent years. Both local and general noxae can act as trigger and set off a rejection reaction. Epithelial, endothelial and uveal forms of rejection reaction are recognized. The sooner the immune reaction is recognized and the correct therapy started, the greater the change that graft will become clear again.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of complications in the follow-up period after corneal transplantation. Corneal transplantations are usually performed in Eye Clinics. The patient's own ophthalmologist usually performs the follow-up examinations because the patients often live a long way from the Clinic. It is very important that these ophthalmologists can diagnose the complications which may occur in the follow-up period and know how to treat them. The complications considered are: glaucoma, marginal infiltrations, epithelial defects suture infections, wound dehiscence, disturbances of the tear-film and recurrent herpes. Special mention is made of the rejection reaction. This has been recognized for a long time and has received increasing attention in recent years. Both local and general noxae can act as trigger and set off a rejection reaction. Epithelial, endothelial and uveal forms of rejection reaction are recognized. The sooner the immune reaction is recognized and the correct therapy started, the greater the change that graft will become clear again.", "PMID": 383427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6146", "title": "Glutathione peroxidase: fact and fiction.", "content": "The present knowledge of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase is briefly reviewed: GSH peroxidase has a molecular weight of about 85,000, consists of four apparently-identical subunits and contains four g atom of selenium/mol. The enzyme-bound selenium can undergo a substrate-induced redox change and is obviously essential for activity. In accordance with the assumption that a selenol group is reversibly oxidized during catalysis, ping-pong kinetics are observed. Limiting maximum velocities and Michaelis constants, indicating the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, are not detectable. The enzyme is highly specific for GSH but reacts with many hydroperoxides. It can be deduced from the kinetic analysis of GSH peroxidase that in physiological conditions removal of hydroperoxide is largely independent of fluctuations in the cellular concentration of GSH. However, the system will abruptly collapse if the rate of hydroperoxide formation exceeds that of regeneration of GSH. By these considerations, the pathophysiological manifestation of disorders in GSH metabolism and pentose-phosphate shunt may be explained. With regard to its low specificity for hydroperoxides, GSH peroxidase could be involved in various metabolic events such as H2O2 removal in compartments low in catalase, hydroperoxide-mediated mutagenesis, protection of unsaturated lipids in biomembranes, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and regulation of prostacyclin formation.", "contents": "Glutathione peroxidase: fact and fiction. The present knowledge of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase is briefly reviewed: GSH peroxidase has a molecular weight of about 85,000, consists of four apparently-identical subunits and contains four g atom of selenium/mol. The enzyme-bound selenium can undergo a substrate-induced redox change and is obviously essential for activity. In accordance with the assumption that a selenol group is reversibly oxidized during catalysis, ping-pong kinetics are observed. Limiting maximum velocities and Michaelis constants, indicating the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, are not detectable. The enzyme is highly specific for GSH but reacts with many hydroperoxides. It can be deduced from the kinetic analysis of GSH peroxidase that in physiological conditions removal of hydroperoxide is largely independent of fluctuations in the cellular concentration of GSH. However, the system will abruptly collapse if the rate of hydroperoxide formation exceeds that of regeneration of GSH. By these considerations, the pathophysiological manifestation of disorders in GSH metabolism and pentose-phosphate shunt may be explained. With regard to its low specificity for hydroperoxides, GSH peroxidase could be involved in various metabolic events such as H2O2 removal in compartments low in catalase, hydroperoxide-mediated mutagenesis, protection of unsaturated lipids in biomembranes, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and regulation of prostacyclin formation.", "PMID": 383423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6147", "title": "Gene clusters and the HLA system.", "content": "The major human histocompatibility, or HLA system, is now known to include a number of closely linked loci controlling cell surface specificities, components of the complement system and immune response. Three loci, HLA-A, B and C, control serological determinants found on nearly all cells; a fourth locus, HLA-D, codes for determinants controlling the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction that are present only on B lymphocytes and monocytes. The products of the HLA-A, B and C loci are very similar to each other, as expected if they have arisen by duplication from a common ancestor. The HLA-D products however, show no homology with these and each in turn is different from the complement components (C2, C4 and Bf) coded for in the HLA region. If this complex genetic region has arisen by a series of duplications, one must explain how four different structural gene products can arise from a single duplicated nucleic acid sequence. Different proteins could be translated from the same nucleotide sequence through the use either of different reading frames or of different, not necessarily adjacent, parts of a sequence in different combinations. It seems likely that the general organization of the genetic material of higher organisms is into clusters of duplicated genes like the HLA region and that the numbers of such clusters, rather than the number of individual genes, reflects the genetic complexity of higher organisms.", "contents": "Gene clusters and the HLA system. The major human histocompatibility, or HLA system, is now known to include a number of closely linked loci controlling cell surface specificities, components of the complement system and immune response. Three loci, HLA-A, B and C, control serological determinants found on nearly all cells; a fourth locus, HLA-D, codes for determinants controlling the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction that are present only on B lymphocytes and monocytes. The products of the HLA-A, B and C loci are very similar to each other, as expected if they have arisen by duplication from a common ancestor. The HLA-D products however, show no homology with these and each in turn is different from the complement components (C2, C4 and Bf) coded for in the HLA region. If this complex genetic region has arisen by a series of duplications, one must explain how four different structural gene products can arise from a single duplicated nucleic acid sequence. Different proteins could be translated from the same nucleotide sequence through the use either of different reading frames or of different, not necessarily adjacent, parts of a sequence in different combinations. It seems likely that the general organization of the genetic material of higher organisms is into clusters of duplicated genes like the HLA region and that the numbers of such clusters, rather than the number of individual genes, reflects the genetic complexity of higher organisms.", "PMID": 383424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6148", "title": "[Contact eczema caused by 1,4-bis-chloromethylbenzene].", "content": "Approximately 3 days of contact to 1,4-bis-chloromethylbenzene of a 24-year old chemistry student led to a bullous contact eczema within approx. 10 days. Patch tests with the substance proved definitely positive. A weak reaction also occurred with 1,4-bis-mercaptomethylbenzene, for the synthesis of which the chloromethyl derivative had been synthesized.", "contents": "[Contact eczema caused by 1,4-bis-chloromethylbenzene]. Approximately 3 days of contact to 1,4-bis-chloromethylbenzene of a 24-year old chemistry student led to a bullous contact eczema within approx. 10 days. Patch tests with the substance proved definitely positive. A weak reaction also occurred with 1,4-bis-mercaptomethylbenzene, for the synthesis of which the chloromethyl derivative had been synthesized.", "PMID": 383436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6149", "title": "[A prospective multi-centre study of the response of metastatic gastrointestinal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective, multi-centre, randomized study of 109 patients with metastatic gastro-intestinal adenocarcinomas the response rate, survival time and side-effects of two drug combinations, carmustin +5-fluorouracil and carmustin + ftorafur, were compared (same carmustin dosage in both groups). Response to the treatment was 32.7% in those receiving carmustin +5-fluorouracil, 26.3% in those on carmustin + ftorafur. This difference occurred among the 42 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (33.3% compared with 25%), as well as in 11 with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and in 56 with colorectal adenocarcinoma (32.1% and 28.6%). Median survival time for 5-fluorouracil + carmustin was 330 days, double that for ftorafur + carmustin (163 days). Bone-marrow toxicity (leukopenia, thrombopenia) was below 10% for both drug combinations. Alopecia occurred in only a few patients. Gastro-intestinal toxicity was common (20% and 18.5%, respectively), but there was no difference between the two groups. The somewhat lower effectiveness of ftorafur compared with 5-fluorouracil was probably due to the deliberately smaller dosage of the former.", "contents": "[A prospective multi-centre study of the response of metastatic gastrointestinal tumours (author's transl)]. In a prospective, multi-centre, randomized study of 109 patients with metastatic gastro-intestinal adenocarcinomas the response rate, survival time and side-effects of two drug combinations, carmustin +5-fluorouracil and carmustin + ftorafur, were compared (same carmustin dosage in both groups). Response to the treatment was 32.7% in those receiving carmustin +5-fluorouracil, 26.3% in those on carmustin + ftorafur. This difference occurred among the 42 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (33.3% compared with 25%), as well as in 11 with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and in 56 with colorectal adenocarcinoma (32.1% and 28.6%). Median survival time for 5-fluorouracil + carmustin was 330 days, double that for ftorafur + carmustin (163 days). Bone-marrow toxicity (leukopenia, thrombopenia) was below 10% for both drug combinations. Alopecia occurred in only a few patients. Gastro-intestinal toxicity was common (20% and 18.5%, respectively), but there was no difference between the two groups. The somewhat lower effectiveness of ftorafur compared with 5-fluorouracil was probably due to the deliberately smaller dosage of the former.", "PMID": 383437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6150", "title": "[The use of organic bone matrix as material for direct pulp capping].", "content": "The effect of bone matrix soaked in thyrocalcitonin on vitally amputated pulp was studied in beagle dogs with light and electron microscopy. All treated teeth were vital after eight weeks; the area of implantation was densely populated with cells. Formation of hard tissue differing from normal dentinogenesis had begun.", "contents": "[The use of organic bone matrix as material for direct pulp capping]. The effect of bone matrix soaked in thyrocalcitonin on vitally amputated pulp was studied in beagle dogs with light and electron microscopy. All treated teeth were vital after eight weeks; the area of implantation was densely populated with cells. Formation of hard tissue differing from normal dentinogenesis had begun.", "PMID": 383464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6151", "title": "[Visual tracking disorders in schizophrenia. Review of the literature and methodological considerations].", "content": "Since Holzman expressed the hypothesis that eye-tracking dysfunctions might be a genetic indicator of schizophrenia, the researches on the performances of schizophrenics in eye-tacking tasks have been numerous. The correlation between the results of all these researches leaves little doubt on the existence of eye-tacking dysfunctions in schizophrenics. But these distrubances must be precised. Up to now, the studies have used tests that were too complex in their interpretation (pendulum test) and they have been limited to a global appreciation of eye-tacking. To take into account the psychological parameters that may interfere with success in this type of tests, the coming researches should focus on elementary eye-motor activities.", "contents": "[Visual tracking disorders in schizophrenia. Review of the literature and methodological considerations]. Since Holzman expressed the hypothesis that eye-tracking dysfunctions might be a genetic indicator of schizophrenia, the researches on the performances of schizophrenics in eye-tacking tasks have been numerous. The correlation between the results of all these researches leaves little doubt on the existence of eye-tacking dysfunctions in schizophrenics. But these distrubances must be precised. Up to now, the studies have used tests that were too complex in their interpretation (pendulum test) and they have been limited to a global appreciation of eye-tacking. To take into account the psychological parameters that may interfere with success in this type of tests, the coming researches should focus on elementary eye-motor activities.", "PMID": 383465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6152", "title": "Immunohistochemical visualizations of prolactin, growth hormone, and a substance resembling placental lactogen in the in situ and ectopic pituitary in the hamster.", "content": "The effects of transplanting neonatal adenohypophyseal tissue into the hamster cheek pouch on the presence of intracellular materials related to PRL in the allografts were examined using immunohistochemistry. In situ pituitary and placental tissue were used as control. Cells with antirat PRL-reactive sites were scarce in the grafts, and radioimmunoassayable serum PRL was not detectable in hypophysectomized hosts with grafts. Antirat GH- and antihuman placental lactogen (hPL)-reactive sites were visualized in the grafts and in situ pituitary tissue. Intracellular material in hamster placental tissue was visualized with anti-hPL only. Results of various immunohistochemical procedures using in situ pituitary tissue and antirat GH and anti-hPL antisera indicated that three cell types could exist: 1) a cell type visualized with only antirat GH, 2) a cell type visualized with only anti-hPL, and 3) a cell type, the most frequently observed, visualized with both antisera. The physiological significance of this intracellular product, which resembles hPL and perhaps hamster PL immunologically, in hamster adenohypophyseal cells is unknown. Additionally, our data indicate that the ectopic site for pituitary transplantation in the hamster may influence the cell types present in the grafts.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical visualizations of prolactin, growth hormone, and a substance resembling placental lactogen in the in situ and ectopic pituitary in the hamster. The effects of transplanting neonatal adenohypophyseal tissue into the hamster cheek pouch on the presence of intracellular materials related to PRL in the allografts were examined using immunohistochemistry. In situ pituitary and placental tissue were used as control. Cells with antirat PRL-reactive sites were scarce in the grafts, and radioimmunoassayable serum PRL was not detectable in hypophysectomized hosts with grafts. Antirat GH- and antihuman placental lactogen (hPL)-reactive sites were visualized in the grafts and in situ pituitary tissue. Intracellular material in hamster placental tissue was visualized with anti-hPL only. Results of various immunohistochemical procedures using in situ pituitary tissue and antirat GH and anti-hPL antisera indicated that three cell types could exist: 1) a cell type visualized with only antirat GH, 2) a cell type visualized with only anti-hPL, and 3) a cell type, the most frequently observed, visualized with both antisera. The physiological significance of this intracellular product, which resembles hPL and perhaps hamster PL immunologically, in hamster adenohypophyseal cells is unknown. Additionally, our data indicate that the ectopic site for pituitary transplantation in the hamster may influence the cell types present in the grafts.", "PMID": 383468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6153", "title": "Cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic stimulation of prostaglandin release by dog thyroid in vitro.", "content": "Dog thyroid slices released in their incubation medium prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-F2 alpha, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2), as measured by direct RIA. This release could be inhibited by indomethacin and naproxen, indicating that it corresponded to a neosynthesis. Carbamylcholine (2--100 microns) stimulated the release of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and TxB2, whereas epinephrine (20 microns to 1 nM) enhanced the release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha but had no effect on TxB2. These stimulations were inhibited by atropine and dihydroergocryptine, respectively, suggesting that a muscarinic and an alpha-adrenergic receptor were involved. The ionophore A23187 reproduced these stimulations, and the stimulatory effects of carbamylcholine and epinephrine were inhibited in the absence of exogenous Ca++ and after EGTA depletion. Ca++ thus appears as a major regulator of PG production in the thyroid. TSH (0.06--10 MU/ml) and dibutyryl cAMP had no effect on the release of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or TxB2 by dog thyroid in vitro.", "contents": "Cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic stimulation of prostaglandin release by dog thyroid in vitro. Dog thyroid slices released in their incubation medium prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-F2 alpha, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2), as measured by direct RIA. This release could be inhibited by indomethacin and naproxen, indicating that it corresponded to a neosynthesis. Carbamylcholine (2--100 microns) stimulated the release of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and TxB2, whereas epinephrine (20 microns to 1 nM) enhanced the release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha but had no effect on TxB2. These stimulations were inhibited by atropine and dihydroergocryptine, respectively, suggesting that a muscarinic and an alpha-adrenergic receptor were involved. The ionophore A23187 reproduced these stimulations, and the stimulatory effects of carbamylcholine and epinephrine were inhibited in the absence of exogenous Ca++ and after EGTA depletion. Ca++ thus appears as a major regulator of PG production in the thyroid. TSH (0.06--10 MU/ml) and dibutyryl cAMP had no effect on the release of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or TxB2 by dog thyroid in vitro.", "PMID": 383470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6154", "title": "Inhibition by iodide of the cholinergic stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in dog thyroid.", "content": "Iodide is shown to inhibit the cholinergic stimulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) synthesis in dog thyroid slices. The inibitory effect of iodide was already detectable at 1 micron and reached its maximal level at 10 microns. At this concentration, iodide inhibited the carbamylcholine-stimulated release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha by 59% and 73%, respectively (eight experiments). The effect of iodide was neither immediate nor rapidly reversed after a change of incubation medium. The unstimulated release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and the stimulation by epinephrine and ionophore A23187 were not modified by iodide in concentrations up to 0.1 mM. The effect of iodide was suppressed in the presence of methimazole (0.1 mM) but not NaClO4 (2 mM). Iodid (0.1 mM) did not inhibit the stimulation by carbamylcholine of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 release by rat pancreas in vitro. These data demonstrate a new action of iodide on the thyroid and establish a link among iodide metabolism, PG synthesis, and cholinergic action in the dog thyroid.", "contents": "Inhibition by iodide of the cholinergic stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in dog thyroid. Iodide is shown to inhibit the cholinergic stimulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) synthesis in dog thyroid slices. The inibitory effect of iodide was already detectable at 1 micron and reached its maximal level at 10 microns. At this concentration, iodide inhibited the carbamylcholine-stimulated release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha by 59% and 73%, respectively (eight experiments). The effect of iodide was neither immediate nor rapidly reversed after a change of incubation medium. The unstimulated release of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and the stimulation by epinephrine and ionophore A23187 were not modified by iodide in concentrations up to 0.1 mM. The effect of iodide was suppressed in the presence of methimazole (0.1 mM) but not NaClO4 (2 mM). Iodid (0.1 mM) did not inhibit the stimulation by carbamylcholine of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 release by rat pancreas in vitro. These data demonstrate a new action of iodide on the thyroid and establish a link among iodide metabolism, PG synthesis, and cholinergic action in the dog thyroid.", "PMID": 383471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6155", "title": "Immunohistochemical interaction on antisera to HCG and its subunits with chorionic tissue of early gestation.", "content": "Immunohistochemical localization of hCG and its subunits in chorionic tissue of early gestation was carried out. Antibodies to purified hCG and its subunits were obtained by using these agents for immunization according to the small doses method. The antibody titers and specificities were examined by B/T and standard curves in homologous radioimmunoassay system. The tissue preparations were stained both by a direct and by an indirect method utilizing these antisera and observing the specimens under a fluorescent microscope. The results were as follows. 1) With the anti-hCG staining, fluorescence was observed in the syncytiotrophoblasts as reported previously while the cytotrophoblast were stained slightly. 2) with the anti-hCG-beta staining, the fluorescence was almost identical with that of hCG and showed a more distinct pattern. 3) with the anti-hCG-alpha staining, the fluorescence was found both in the syncytio- and cytotrophoblasts concurrently. Fluorescence of the latter cells was recognized as due to free alpha-subunit because cytotrophoblast was scarcely stained with anti-hCG and anti-hCG-beta.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical interaction on antisera to HCG and its subunits with chorionic tissue of early gestation. Immunohistochemical localization of hCG and its subunits in chorionic tissue of early gestation was carried out. Antibodies to purified hCG and its subunits were obtained by using these agents for immunization according to the small doses method. The antibody titers and specificities were examined by B/T and standard curves in homologous radioimmunoassay system. The tissue preparations were stained both by a direct and by an indirect method utilizing these antisera and observing the specimens under a fluorescent microscope. The results were as follows. 1) With the anti-hCG staining, fluorescence was observed in the syncytiotrophoblasts as reported previously while the cytotrophoblast were stained slightly. 2) with the anti-hCG-beta staining, the fluorescence was almost identical with that of hCG and showed a more distinct pattern. 3) with the anti-hCG-alpha staining, the fluorescence was found both in the syncytio- and cytotrophoblasts concurrently. Fluorescence of the latter cells was recognized as due to free alpha-subunit because cytotrophoblast was scarcely stained with anti-hCG and anti-hCG-beta.", "PMID": 383472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6156", "title": "A genetically diabetic model \"KK-CAy mice\" for a pharmacological assay.", "content": "A genetically diabetic model, KK-CAy mice which were bred by mating female KK mice (aa, BB, cc) with male KK-CAy mice (Aya, BB, CC) was studied on the usefulness as a tool for a pharmacological assay. Body weights of KK-CAy mice increased more rapidly than those of control mice, KK-C. When the body weights of male KK-CAy mice reached about 30 g 10 weeks after birth, their blood glucose levels increased. Severe hyperglycemia (over 300 mg/100 ml) was often observed in the males, but not in the females. Glucose tolerance in the KK-CAy mice was more markedly impaired than that in the control mice. The increase in blood FFA level correlated with the increase in body weight on both KK-CAy mice and the controls. On hyperinsulinemia observed, the ratio of plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level to blood glucose level in the male mice was lower than that seen in the female mice. On hyperglucagonemia observed, elevation of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was more remarkable in the males than in the females. Morphological study showed insular degranulation only in the males. Since the dose-dependent insulin-induced falling was observed on blood glucose level in nonfasted KK-CAy mice, they could be used as a feasible tool for an assay of antidiabetic drugs.", "contents": "A genetically diabetic model \"KK-CAy mice\" for a pharmacological assay. A genetically diabetic model, KK-CAy mice which were bred by mating female KK mice (aa, BB, cc) with male KK-CAy mice (Aya, BB, CC) was studied on the usefulness as a tool for a pharmacological assay. Body weights of KK-CAy mice increased more rapidly than those of control mice, KK-C. When the body weights of male KK-CAy mice reached about 30 g 10 weeks after birth, their blood glucose levels increased. Severe hyperglycemia (over 300 mg/100 ml) was often observed in the males, but not in the females. Glucose tolerance in the KK-CAy mice was more markedly impaired than that in the control mice. The increase in blood FFA level correlated with the increase in body weight on both KK-CAy mice and the controls. On hyperinsulinemia observed, the ratio of plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level to blood glucose level in the male mice was lower than that seen in the female mice. On hyperglucagonemia observed, elevation of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was more remarkable in the males than in the females. Morphological study showed insular degranulation only in the males. Since the dose-dependent insulin-induced falling was observed on blood glucose level in nonfasted KK-CAy mice, they could be used as a feasible tool for an assay of antidiabetic drugs.", "PMID": 383473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6157", "title": "Alloxan inhibits glucose oxidation in the pancreatic islets.", "content": "The effects of alloxan on glucose oxidation and the protection by anomers of D-glucose from alloxan inhibition of glucose oxidation in the pancreatic islets were investigated using in vitro incubation of rat isolated islets. The pretreatment by alloxan (5-30 mg/dl) for 6 minutes inhibits significantly 14CO2 formation from 14C-U-D-glucose (10 mM) and the addition of alpha-anomer of D-glucose (8.3 mM) to alloxan (20 mg/dl) completely reverses alloxan inhibition of glucose oxidation. These findings seem to be incompatible with the recent view that alloxan acts at the glucose receptor on the plasma membrane of pancreatic beta-cells without affecting glucose metabolism in the pancreatic islets.", "contents": "Alloxan inhibits glucose oxidation in the pancreatic islets. The effects of alloxan on glucose oxidation and the protection by anomers of D-glucose from alloxan inhibition of glucose oxidation in the pancreatic islets were investigated using in vitro incubation of rat isolated islets. The pretreatment by alloxan (5-30 mg/dl) for 6 minutes inhibits significantly 14CO2 formation from 14C-U-D-glucose (10 mM) and the addition of alpha-anomer of D-glucose (8.3 mM) to alloxan (20 mg/dl) completely reverses alloxan inhibition of glucose oxidation. These findings seem to be incompatible with the recent view that alloxan acts at the glucose receptor on the plasma membrane of pancreatic beta-cells without affecting glucose metabolism in the pancreatic islets.", "PMID": 383474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6158", "title": "Effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, in nomal men.", "content": "Effects of an orally active angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, on the actions of angiotensin I (AI) infused intravenously for 120 to 390 min were studied in 5 normal men. When 20 ng/kg/min of AI infusion was started immediately after a single oral administration of 100 mg of SQ 14225, a significant rise in blood pressure (BP) was observed for the first 15 min, but BP began to fall from 17 min and returned to the pretreatment level at 45 min. This BP level continued at least to 120 min and in one subject to 180 min. In this subject BP began to rise again from 185 min and reached the level of 15 min at 390 min. Plasma AI level increased gradually from 45 min. At 15 min plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased and plasma aldosterone (PA) increased, but then PRA began to increase and PA began to decrease. At 120 min the values of PRA and PA were similar to the pretreatment values. In one subject plasma AI and PRA began to decrease and PA began to increase after 120 or 180 min. On the other hand, in the 5 men sole AI infusion caused a continued BP rise, PRA decrease and PA increase, and sole SQ 14225 administration caused increases in plasma AI and PRA and a decrease in PA but no BP change. From these results it was concluded that complete blockade and partial inhibition of AI conversion by 100 mg of oral SQ 14225 lasted for about 2.5 and 6.5 hr, respectively and that BP rise, PRA suppression and aldosterone stimulation after AI infusion were entirely due to the actions of angiotensin II converted from AI.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, in nomal men. Effects of an orally active angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, on the actions of angiotensin I (AI) infused intravenously for 120 to 390 min were studied in 5 normal men. When 20 ng/kg/min of AI infusion was started immediately after a single oral administration of 100 mg of SQ 14225, a significant rise in blood pressure (BP) was observed for the first 15 min, but BP began to fall from 17 min and returned to the pretreatment level at 45 min. This BP level continued at least to 120 min and in one subject to 180 min. In this subject BP began to rise again from 185 min and reached the level of 15 min at 390 min. Plasma AI level increased gradually from 45 min. At 15 min plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased and plasma aldosterone (PA) increased, but then PRA began to increase and PA began to decrease. At 120 min the values of PRA and PA were similar to the pretreatment values. In one subject plasma AI and PRA began to decrease and PA began to increase after 120 or 180 min. On the other hand, in the 5 men sole AI infusion caused a continued BP rise, PRA decrease and PA increase, and sole SQ 14225 administration caused increases in plasma AI and PRA and a decrease in PA but no BP change. From these results it was concluded that complete blockade and partial inhibition of AI conversion by 100 mg of oral SQ 14225 lasted for about 2.5 and 6.5 hr, respectively and that BP rise, PRA suppression and aldosterone stimulation after AI infusion were entirely due to the actions of angiotensin II converted from AI.", "PMID": 383475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6159", "title": "Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1-5 benzodiazepine, in man.", "content": "Clobazam is a benzodiazepine with special molecular structure (its nitrogen radicals are in positions 1 and 5, rather than 1 and 4 as in all other antiepileptic benzodiazepines), and it is rapidly effective--in a matter of hours or within a few days--against all varieties of epileptic seizures in 52% of subjects treated with it. Its effects are relatively mild. Unfortunately, its outstanding antiepileptic properties are exhausted after only a few weeks in one-third of all cases. The authors discuss the potential significance of this phenomenon, and stress the urgent need for intensive study of the basic mechanism governing exhaustion of the antiepileptic properties of the benzodiazepines in general and clobazam in particular.", "contents": "Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1-5 benzodiazepine, in man. Clobazam is a benzodiazepine with special molecular structure (its nitrogen radicals are in positions 1 and 5, rather than 1 and 4 as in all other antiepileptic benzodiazepines), and it is rapidly effective--in a matter of hours or within a few days--against all varieties of epileptic seizures in 52% of subjects treated with it. Its effects are relatively mild. Unfortunately, its outstanding antiepileptic properties are exhausted after only a few weeks in one-third of all cases. The authors discuss the potential significance of this phenomenon, and stress the urgent need for intensive study of the basic mechanism governing exhaustion of the antiepileptic properties of the benzodiazepines in general and clobazam in particular.", "PMID": 383476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6160", "title": "Possible modification of scar tissue by biochemical methods.", "content": "This paper reviews some of the biochemical modifications involved in fibrous tissue formation and discusses possible ways of controlling fibrosis in clinical conditions. The lathyritic agents, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) and penicillamine, appear in certain situations to be able to control fibrosis by blocking the biosynthesis of collagen. There are no compounds that are yet known which are capable of reversing pre-existing fibrosis and future research may perhaps be more profitably directed towards the stimulation of collagen catabolism rather than the inhibition of its synthesis.", "contents": "Possible modification of scar tissue by biochemical methods. This paper reviews some of the biochemical modifications involved in fibrous tissue formation and discusses possible ways of controlling fibrosis in clinical conditions. The lathyritic agents, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) and penicillamine, appear in certain situations to be able to control fibrosis by blocking the biosynthesis of collagen. There are no compounds that are yet known which are capable of reversing pre-existing fibrosis and future research may perhaps be more profitably directed towards the stimulation of collagen catabolism rather than the inhibition of its synthesis.", "PMID": 383477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6161", "title": "Fixation of skin grafts in the horse using stainless steel staples.", "content": "Three horses with a chronic wound on the distal part of a leg were treated successfully by grafting. Small split skin grafts were fixed onto pieces of adhesive tape. The tape pieces were spread over and fixed to the granulation surface with stainless steel staples. A tight pressure bandage including strongly compressed cellular rubber was then applied over the wound. The combination of staple fixation and strong pressure proved effective in immobilising the skin graft. It was stressed that a firm covering of granulation tissue was a prerequisite for success and therefore the technique should not be used for fresh wounds.", "contents": "Fixation of skin grafts in the horse using stainless steel staples. Three horses with a chronic wound on the distal part of a leg were treated successfully by grafting. Small split skin grafts were fixed onto pieces of adhesive tape. The tape pieces were spread over and fixed to the granulation surface with stainless steel staples. A tight pressure bandage including strongly compressed cellular rubber was then applied over the wound. The combination of staple fixation and strong pressure proved effective in immobilising the skin graft. It was stressed that a firm covering of granulation tissue was a prerequisite for success and therefore the technique should not be used for fresh wounds.", "PMID": 383478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6162", "title": "The mechanics of wound healing.", "content": "This paper discusses the factors which affect the healing of wounds at the tissue and organ levels. It covers some of the problems which complicate the sequence of healing and considers the mechanisms involved in regeneration and repair of tissues. The factors associated with the stimulus and sequence of healing and their interactions are also reviewed.", "contents": "The mechanics of wound healing. This paper discusses the factors which affect the healing of wounds at the tissue and organ levels. It covers some of the problems which complicate the sequence of healing and considers the mechanisms involved in regeneration and repair of tissues. The factors associated with the stimulus and sequence of healing and their interactions are also reviewed.", "PMID": 383479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6163", "title": "Collagen in normal and abnormal tissues.", "content": "Despite being a very widespread protein, collagen is an unusual molecule possessing a great tensile strength conferred by a rope-like structure and intermolecular crosslinks. Our current knowledge of the biosynthesis of collagen is providing some insights into certain diseases of connective tissue and is also helping us to understand the healing processes of wounds and diseased tissues.", "contents": "Collagen in normal and abnormal tissues. Despite being a very widespread protein, collagen is an unusual molecule possessing a great tensile strength conferred by a rope-like structure and intermolecular crosslinks. Our current knowledge of the biosynthesis of collagen is providing some insights into certain diseases of connective tissue and is also helping us to understand the healing processes of wounds and diseased tissues.", "PMID": 383480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6164", "title": "Outer membrane proteins of smooth and rough strains of Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "The outer membranes of the smooth Proteus mirabilis S1959 strain and its rough R13, R110, R51 and R45 mutants were isolated by sonication of the cells and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The outer membrane of the rough strains had a lower density than that of their parent smooth strain, but the protein-to-phospholipid ratios were the same. The electrophoretic patterns of outer membrane polypeptides of the S and R strains in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gels were identical, with two major polypeptide bands, C1 and C2 (Mr 39,000 and 38,000) predominating. The C1 polypeptide band was a heat-modifiable polypeptide, which migrated as a band at Mr 33,000 when membranes were solubilized at 37 degrees C or 50 degrees C, and at Mr 39,000 when solubilization was at 100 degrees C. Susceptibility of outer membrane polypeptides to proteolytic digestion was found to be higher in isolated outer membrane preparations of the rough strains than in the smooth strain, suggesting that the availability of the polypeptide chains to proteolytic activity depends on the length of the polysaccharide chains of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Outer membrane proteins of smooth and rough strains of Proteus mirabilis. The outer membranes of the smooth Proteus mirabilis S1959 strain and its rough R13, R110, R51 and R45 mutants were isolated by sonication of the cells and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The outer membrane of the rough strains had a lower density than that of their parent smooth strain, but the protein-to-phospholipid ratios were the same. The electrophoretic patterns of outer membrane polypeptides of the S and R strains in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gels were identical, with two major polypeptide bands, C1 and C2 (Mr 39,000 and 38,000) predominating. The C1 polypeptide band was a heat-modifiable polypeptide, which migrated as a band at Mr 33,000 when membranes were solubilized at 37 degrees C or 50 degrees C, and at Mr 39,000 when solubilization was at 100 degrees C. Susceptibility of outer membrane polypeptides to proteolytic digestion was found to be higher in isolated outer membrane preparations of the rough strains than in the smooth strain, suggesting that the availability of the polypeptide chains to proteolytic activity depends on the length of the polysaccharide chains of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 383481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6165", "title": "External and internal forms of yeast aminopeptidase II.", "content": "1. Intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyze the hydrolysis of various aminopeptidase substrates. This activity is not due to permeation of substrates and products but exerted by an external enzyme. 2. From its substrate specificity and the effects of pH and inhibitors the enzyme was identified as aminopeptidase II. 3. About 40% of total aminopeptidase II activity is detectable with untreated exponentially growing cells. Up to two thirds of the external enzyme is released into the medium during enzymic digestion of the cell wall, while little enzyme is liberated by osmotic shock. Membrane preparations contained only small amounts of aminopeptidase II; thus, the localization of the external enzyme appears to be similar to that of the so-called 'periplasmic' yeast hydrolases. 4. By cytochemical methods the presence of aminopeptidase II in the cell envelope was visualized. 5. In contrast to aminopeptidase II, yeast dipeptidase is an entirely intracellular enzyme.", "contents": "External and internal forms of yeast aminopeptidase II. 1. Intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyze the hydrolysis of various aminopeptidase substrates. This activity is not due to permeation of substrates and products but exerted by an external enzyme. 2. From its substrate specificity and the effects of pH and inhibitors the enzyme was identified as aminopeptidase II. 3. About 40% of total aminopeptidase II activity is detectable with untreated exponentially growing cells. Up to two thirds of the external enzyme is released into the medium during enzymic digestion of the cell wall, while little enzyme is liberated by osmotic shock. Membrane preparations contained only small amounts of aminopeptidase II; thus, the localization of the external enzyme appears to be similar to that of the so-called 'periplasmic' yeast hydrolases. 4. By cytochemical methods the presence of aminopeptidase II in the cell envelope was visualized. 5. In contrast to aminopeptidase II, yeast dipeptidase is an entirely intracellular enzyme.", "PMID": 383482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6166", "title": "Peptide bond formation stimulated by protein synthesis factor EF-P depends on the aminoacyl moiety of the acceptor.", "content": "Elongation factor EF-P is a soluble protein that stimulates peptide bond synthesis catalyzed by the 50-S ribosomal subunit. This factor was previously identified and characterized based on its ability to promote the synthesis of formylmethionine-puromycin. In the present work, we tested the ability of EF-P to promote peptide bond synthesis between ribosome-bound fMet-tRNA and several analogues of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA, i.e. the cytidylyl(3'-5')-[2'(3')-O-L-aminoacyladenosines]. EF-P promoted synthesis to the greatest extent with certain acceptors which were otherwise inefficient in the peptidyl transferase reaction. This activity of EF-P could not be replaced by the other soluble proteins known to be involved in polypeptide synthesis, such as EF-Tu, EF-Ts and EF-G. One role of EF-P in protein synthesis may be to allow peptide bond synthesis to occur more efficiently with some aminoacyl-tRNAs that are poor acceptors for the ribosomal peptidyl transferase.", "contents": "Peptide bond formation stimulated by protein synthesis factor EF-P depends on the aminoacyl moiety of the acceptor. Elongation factor EF-P is a soluble protein that stimulates peptide bond synthesis catalyzed by the 50-S ribosomal subunit. This factor was previously identified and characterized based on its ability to promote the synthesis of formylmethionine-puromycin. In the present work, we tested the ability of EF-P to promote peptide bond synthesis between ribosome-bound fMet-tRNA and several analogues of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA, i.e. the cytidylyl(3'-5')-[2'(3')-O-L-aminoacyladenosines]. EF-P promoted synthesis to the greatest extent with certain acceptors which were otherwise inefficient in the peptidyl transferase reaction. This activity of EF-P could not be replaced by the other soluble proteins known to be involved in polypeptide synthesis, such as EF-Tu, EF-Ts and EF-G. One role of EF-P in protein synthesis may be to allow peptide bond synthesis to occur more efficiently with some aminoacyl-tRNAs that are poor acceptors for the ribosomal peptidyl transferase.", "PMID": 383483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6167", "title": "Effect of high-dose prednisone on renal hemodynamics of normal and transplanted dog kidneys.", "content": "The effect of prednisone therapy on renal hemodynamics was studied in normal, autotransplanted as well as homotransplanted dog kidneys. After intravenous administration of prednisone (8 and 16 mg/kg/min) the total blood flow decreased and vascular resistance increased significantly. This effect was more pronounced if the drug was directly injected into the arteria renalis. The same changes were observed in autotransplanted and homotransplanted kidneys and in kidneys in rejection. Our results suggest that high dosage of prednisone decreases the renal blood flow and this adverse effect has to be considered in the therapy. The administration of the drug directly into the arteria renalis may have to be avoided.", "contents": "Effect of high-dose prednisone on renal hemodynamics of normal and transplanted dog kidneys. The effect of prednisone therapy on renal hemodynamics was studied in normal, autotransplanted as well as homotransplanted dog kidneys. After intravenous administration of prednisone (8 and 16 mg/kg/min) the total blood flow decreased and vascular resistance increased significantly. This effect was more pronounced if the drug was directly injected into the arteria renalis. The same changes were observed in autotransplanted and homotransplanted kidneys and in kidneys in rejection. Our results suggest that high dosage of prednisone decreases the renal blood flow and this adverse effect has to be considered in the therapy. The administration of the drug directly into the arteria renalis may have to be avoided.", "PMID": 383484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6168", "title": "Hematopoiesis of hereditarily asplenic-athymic (lasat) mice.", "content": "The hematopoiesis of athymic-asplenic (lasat) mice was compared with that of normal, asplenic, and athymic littermates with the same strain background. Erythrocyte blood volume, number and survival time were normal when related to the body weight of the animals. Peripheral blood showed leukopenia with absolute and relative lymphopenia, resembling the athymic rather than the asplenic pattern. The bone marrow was hypocellular as a consequence of a decrease in both lymphocytes and erythroid precursors, while thrombocytopoiesis and granulcytopoiesis-monocytopoiesis were essentially normal. Although the percentile value of femoral stem cells was high, their absolute number was, in fact, reduced by 35% as a result of the bone marrow hypocellularity. When lasat bone marrow cells were injected into normal, lethally irradiated mice, a rapid erythropoietic recovery was observed, whereas the restoration of the granlocytic compartment was impaired. It was concluded that: 1) lasat mice depict a normal hematopoiesis in spite of the congenital absence of the thymus and the spleen; 2) bone marrow stem cells may be defective when administered to lethally irradiated hosts; and 3) the athymic status predominates over the asplenic one.", "contents": "Hematopoiesis of hereditarily asplenic-athymic (lasat) mice. The hematopoiesis of athymic-asplenic (lasat) mice was compared with that of normal, asplenic, and athymic littermates with the same strain background. Erythrocyte blood volume, number and survival time were normal when related to the body weight of the animals. Peripheral blood showed leukopenia with absolute and relative lymphopenia, resembling the athymic rather than the asplenic pattern. The bone marrow was hypocellular as a consequence of a decrease in both lymphocytes and erythroid precursors, while thrombocytopoiesis and granulcytopoiesis-monocytopoiesis were essentially normal. Although the percentile value of femoral stem cells was high, their absolute number was, in fact, reduced by 35% as a result of the bone marrow hypocellularity. When lasat bone marrow cells were injected into normal, lethally irradiated mice, a rapid erythropoietic recovery was observed, whereas the restoration of the granlocytic compartment was impaired. It was concluded that: 1) lasat mice depict a normal hematopoiesis in spite of the congenital absence of the thymus and the spleen; 2) bone marrow stem cells may be defective when administered to lethally irradiated hosts; and 3) the athymic status predominates over the asplenic one.", "PMID": 383486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6169", "title": "Post-capillary venules of the mouse lymphatic tissues with special reference to the distribution of their endothelial IgG.", "content": "Post-capillary venules (PCV) of the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were studied in frozen sections stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to demonstrate their endothelium-associated IgG in DBA/2 mice rendered T-lymphocyte depleted with anti-theta- and anti-thymus-globulins. Three types of IgG-distribution (luminal, intraendothelial and basement membrane, types I, II and III, respectively), each confined to one of the three PCV grades (graded on the basis of the endothelial cell height), could be distinguished. The PCV grades, on the other hand, were closely correlated with the degree of T-lymphocyte depletion. The significance of this intimate relationship between the IgG-distribution pattern and the PVC grades was discussed in regard to the T-lymphocyte recirculation. A hypothesis was presented describing the presumed sequence of events involved in the passage of T-lymphocytes through the endothelium of the PCV which is the crucial step in their recirculation from blood of the lymphatic tissue.", "contents": "Post-capillary venules of the mouse lymphatic tissues with special reference to the distribution of their endothelial IgG. Post-capillary venules (PCV) of the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were studied in frozen sections stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to demonstrate their endothelium-associated IgG in DBA/2 mice rendered T-lymphocyte depleted with anti-theta- and anti-thymus-globulins. Three types of IgG-distribution (luminal, intraendothelial and basement membrane, types I, II and III, respectively), each confined to one of the three PCV grades (graded on the basis of the endothelial cell height), could be distinguished. The PCV grades, on the other hand, were closely correlated with the degree of T-lymphocyte depletion. The significance of this intimate relationship between the IgG-distribution pattern and the PVC grades was discussed in regard to the T-lymphocyte recirculation. A hypothesis was presented describing the presumed sequence of events involved in the passage of T-lymphocytes through the endothelium of the PCV which is the crucial step in their recirculation from blood of the lymphatic tissue.", "PMID": 383490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6170", "title": "A morphological study in germfree mice (Salmonella infection).", "content": "The morphological manifestation of the intestinal infections of Salmonella typhimurium by the intestine rolled method in both conventional DKI and germfree mice have been investigated in our laboratory. In the conventional mice, the morphological manifestation of intestinal infection shows no difference from the general features of infection, while in the germfree mice, the manifestation is characterized by the so-called non-reactive necrotizing enteritis without cellular reaction. When infection in the germfree mice occurs, some state of immunological insufficiency should be taken into consideration. In infections of germfree mice it is difficult to consider the immunological or the allergic reaction which is expected in the conventional mice. In addition, the direct influences of bacteria such as endotoxin must be taken into consideration as another possibility, but the very limited localized lesions, as seen in this experiment cannot always be suggested to be due to the direct influence of bacteria or intoxication. Though there are many problems to be solved in the future, we are now able to state a kind of mechanism similar to that of Shwartzman's phenomenon cannot be ignored in the infection in newborns or in immunologically immature animals.", "contents": "A morphological study in germfree mice (Salmonella infection). The morphological manifestation of the intestinal infections of Salmonella typhimurium by the intestine rolled method in both conventional DKI and germfree mice have been investigated in our laboratory. In the conventional mice, the morphological manifestation of intestinal infection shows no difference from the general features of infection, while in the germfree mice, the manifestation is characterized by the so-called non-reactive necrotizing enteritis without cellular reaction. When infection in the germfree mice occurs, some state of immunological insufficiency should be taken into consideration. In infections of germfree mice it is difficult to consider the immunological or the allergic reaction which is expected in the conventional mice. In addition, the direct influences of bacteria such as endotoxin must be taken into consideration as another possibility, but the very limited localized lesions, as seen in this experiment cannot always be suggested to be due to the direct influence of bacteria or intoxication. Though there are many problems to be solved in the future, we are now able to state a kind of mechanism similar to that of Shwartzman's phenomenon cannot be ignored in the infection in newborns or in immunologically immature animals.", "PMID": 383491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6171", "title": "The effects of short-term exposure to crowding stress on the pancreatic islets morphology and glycemia in mice.", "content": "Behavior, pancreatic islets morphology and plasma glucose levels of male mice exposed for 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours to crowding stress were investigated. The crowding induced an intense turmoil state associated with enhanced irritability and aggressiveness among the specimens of all experimental groups. Violent fights occurred especially in the first 4--6 hours, generally with the death of 1--2 individuals from each group. The changes recorded in the pancreatic islets affected first (2 hours) exclusively the insulin-producing cells, and in subsequent intervals they progressively expanded over all cell types. The changes occurred during the experiment in all islet cell types; however the B-cells showed by far the most pronounced alterations irrespective of the studied time interval. Most changes suggested the stimulation of the entire gland secretory activity, but particularly of B-cells, which was also proved by low glycemia values recorded at 3 of the 4 crowding time intervals. On the other hand, some alterations, occurring first at 24 hours, were regarded as signs of a moderate B-cells secretory hypoactivity; they may partly support the slight hyperglycemia obtained at this time interval. The significance of the above short-term observations in the induction of glycoregulation disturbances, diabetes included, as well as the presumably mediation role of adrenal-cortex and -medulla hormones under stress conditions are discussed and correlated with findings reported in literature.", "contents": "The effects of short-term exposure to crowding stress on the pancreatic islets morphology and glycemia in mice. Behavior, pancreatic islets morphology and plasma glucose levels of male mice exposed for 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours to crowding stress were investigated. The crowding induced an intense turmoil state associated with enhanced irritability and aggressiveness among the specimens of all experimental groups. Violent fights occurred especially in the first 4--6 hours, generally with the death of 1--2 individuals from each group. The changes recorded in the pancreatic islets affected first (2 hours) exclusively the insulin-producing cells, and in subsequent intervals they progressively expanded over all cell types. The changes occurred during the experiment in all islet cell types; however the B-cells showed by far the most pronounced alterations irrespective of the studied time interval. Most changes suggested the stimulation of the entire gland secretory activity, but particularly of B-cells, which was also proved by low glycemia values recorded at 3 of the 4 crowding time intervals. On the other hand, some alterations, occurring first at 24 hours, were regarded as signs of a moderate B-cells secretory hypoactivity; they may partly support the slight hyperglycemia obtained at this time interval. The significance of the above short-term observations in the induction of glycoregulation disturbances, diabetes included, as well as the presumably mediation role of adrenal-cortex and -medulla hormones under stress conditions are discussed and correlated with findings reported in literature.", "PMID": 383492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6172", "title": "Fluorophores as visualization aides in agar growth media.", "content": "A survey of 26 fluorophores revealed 5 which were non-inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and produced low background and high colony fluorescence.", "contents": "Fluorophores as visualization aides in agar growth media. A survey of 26 fluorophores revealed 5 which were non-inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and produced low background and high colony fluorescence.", "PMID": 383493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6173", "title": "Effects of cortisone and thyroxine on intestinal trehalase activity in infant mouse.", "content": "Cortisone acetate (25 microgram/g b.wt/day) administration to 8-day-old suckling mice induces a premature increase of trehalase activity along the entire small intestine. On the other hand, thyroxine (1 microgram/g b.wt/day) in unable to provoke a precocious increase of trehalase activity. Trehalase appears to be the only brush border membrane disaccharidase controlled solely by glucocorticoid hormones during the postnatal maturation of the intestine.", "contents": "Effects of cortisone and thyroxine on intestinal trehalase activity in infant mouse. Cortisone acetate (25 microgram/g b.wt/day) administration to 8-day-old suckling mice induces a premature increase of trehalase activity along the entire small intestine. On the other hand, thyroxine (1 microgram/g b.wt/day) in unable to provoke a precocious increase of trehalase activity. Trehalase appears to be the only brush border membrane disaccharidase controlled solely by glucocorticoid hormones during the postnatal maturation of the intestine.", "PMID": 383494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6174", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine.", "content": "Antimicrobial activity of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol is described. Effect of the length of alkyl chain and the substitution in the connecting chain on this activity was studied.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine. Antimicrobial activity of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol is described. Effect of the length of alkyl chain and the substitution in the connecting chain on this activity was studied.", "PMID": 383495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6175", "title": "An immunological approach to cell separation of the central nervous system.", "content": "In this paper I review the various steps of development required for an immunological approach to cell separation. Key points include choice of brain region, isolation procedure, ligand selection, functional assays for separated cell population, and selection of separation procedure. I review briefly some results we have obtained using cerebellar cell populations isolated from 10-day-mice.", "contents": "An immunological approach to cell separation of the central nervous system. In this paper I review the various steps of development required for an immunological approach to cell separation. Key points include choice of brain region, isolation procedure, ligand selection, functional assays for separated cell population, and selection of separation procedure. I review briefly some results we have obtained using cerebellar cell populations isolated from 10-day-mice.", "PMID": 383514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6176", "title": "Analysis of inherited epilepsy using single locus mutations in mice.", "content": "The neurological expression of mutations at defined gene loci in isogenic mice provides a singular opportunity to investigate the developmental pathophysiology of inherited central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Analysis of the single locus mutants that are currently available shows that CNS diseases that include spontaneous seizures as symptoms can be inherited as simple recessive traits. Mutant gene dose is highly correlated with the spontaneous occurrence of seizures. Single gene defects at one of multiple chromosomal loci may give rise to similar epileptic patterns. One mutation, tottering (tg, chromosome 8, recessive) produces in young mice a focal motor seizure pattern with a somatotopic progression, and behavioral absence seizures accompanied by abnormal bursts of bilaterally synchronous, spike-wave discharges in the electrocorticogram. Spontaneous electrographic and clinical seizures of this general pattern bear close resemblance to common forms of human epilepsy. Defined alterations in restricted neuronal pathways of the mouse brain produced by single locus mutations can be used to infer general principles of inherited epileptogenesis, and may provide specific biological test systems for the development of more selective chemical antagonists of seizure activity.", "contents": "Analysis of inherited epilepsy using single locus mutations in mice. The neurological expression of mutations at defined gene loci in isogenic mice provides a singular opportunity to investigate the developmental pathophysiology of inherited central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Analysis of the single locus mutants that are currently available shows that CNS diseases that include spontaneous seizures as symptoms can be inherited as simple recessive traits. Mutant gene dose is highly correlated with the spontaneous occurrence of seizures. Single gene defects at one of multiple chromosomal loci may give rise to similar epileptic patterns. One mutation, tottering (tg, chromosome 8, recessive) produces in young mice a focal motor seizure pattern with a somatotopic progression, and behavioral absence seizures accompanied by abnormal bursts of bilaterally synchronous, spike-wave discharges in the electrocorticogram. Spontaneous electrographic and clinical seizures of this general pattern bear close resemblance to common forms of human epilepsy. Defined alterations in restricted neuronal pathways of the mouse brain produced by single locus mutations can be used to infer general principles of inherited epileptogenesis, and may provide specific biological test systems for the development of more selective chemical antagonists of seizure activity.", "PMID": 383515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6177", "title": "[Changes in carbohydrate digestion enzymes and liver glycogen during heat adaptation].", "content": "Adult white rats were exposed daily during 30 days to 2-hour heating (40--41 degrees)--adaptation, and then were transferred to ordinary temperature conditions at 25--27 degrees--desadaptation. The initial period of adaptation revealed a decrease of the liver glycogen content and a relatively constant level of glycemia. A considerable activation of the carbohydrate digestion enzyme systems followed this lowering of energy resources. Metabolic regulatory mechanisms seem to take part in this activation which plays an adaptive role in maintenance of constant glycemia level under these stressful conditions.", "contents": "[Changes in carbohydrate digestion enzymes and liver glycogen during heat adaptation]. Adult white rats were exposed daily during 30 days to 2-hour heating (40--41 degrees)--adaptation, and then were transferred to ordinary temperature conditions at 25--27 degrees--desadaptation. The initial period of adaptation revealed a decrease of the liver glycogen content and a relatively constant level of glycemia. A considerable activation of the carbohydrate digestion enzyme systems followed this lowering of energy resources. Metabolic regulatory mechanisms seem to take part in this activation which plays an adaptive role in maintenance of constant glycemia level under these stressful conditions.", "PMID": 383523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6178", "title": "The phagocytosis of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "This in vitro study investigates the phagocytosis and killing rate of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Suspensions of C. albicans blastospores and germ tubes were incubated for 60 and 150 min with a neutrophil suspension. The rate of phagocytosis was found to be 92 +/- 3% for blastospores, but only 9.5 +/- 2.5% for germ tubes. The candidacidal activity rate was 29 +/- 6% for blastospores, but only 5.5 +/- 1.5% for germ tubes. Electronmicroscopically, cytoplasmic and plasma membrane alterations of phagocytized yeast cells lying in phagosomes were observed. Short germ tubes surrounded by a phagosomal membrane were found in neutrophils. Older, longer germ tubes were seen in an extracellular position. Usually, several neutrophils were adjacent to these long tubes. Obviously phagocytosis could not take place owing to the size of the germ tubes. The findings indicate that the transition of the yeast phase to the mycelium phase in a case of Candida infection may be a mechanism enabling the parasite to escape phagocytosis by the host.", "contents": "The phagocytosis of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This in vitro study investigates the phagocytosis and killing rate of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Suspensions of C. albicans blastospores and germ tubes were incubated for 60 and 150 min with a neutrophil suspension. The rate of phagocytosis was found to be 92 +/- 3% for blastospores, but only 9.5 +/- 2.5% for germ tubes. The candidacidal activity rate was 29 +/- 6% for blastospores, but only 5.5 +/- 1.5% for germ tubes. Electronmicroscopically, cytoplasmic and plasma membrane alterations of phagocytized yeast cells lying in phagosomes were observed. Short germ tubes surrounded by a phagosomal membrane were found in neutrophils. Older, longer germ tubes were seen in an extracellular position. Usually, several neutrophils were adjacent to these long tubes. Obviously phagocytosis could not take place owing to the size of the germ tubes. The findings indicate that the transition of the yeast phase to the mycelium phase in a case of Candida infection may be a mechanism enabling the parasite to escape phagocytosis by the host.", "PMID": 383529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6179", "title": "Circulating antibodies in malignant melanoma patients.", "content": "Sera from 46 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) in different clinical stages and from 25 healthy blood donors were studied by an indirect conventional immunofluorescent technique (IIT) and by an immunofluorescent complement-fixation test (ICFT). No specific and reliable serological reactivity could be demonstrated against autologous and homologous MM and other nonmalignant pigmented tissues. An increased incidence of diffused antinuclear (ANA; 41%) and cytoplasmic epidermal cell autoantibodies (A-CYT; 71%) was observed in the patients by IIT. Statistical evaluation of the results gave significant values in the chi 2 test in patients for ANA (chi 2 = 5.2061; p less than 0.05) and for A-CYT (chi 2 = 8.9176; p less than 0.01) versus age-matched controls. Thyroid microsomal, gastric parietal cell, smooth muscle and mitochondria autoantibodies were, respectively, detected in 4.3, 4.3, 4.3 and 0% of patients' sera.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies in malignant melanoma patients. Sera from 46 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) in different clinical stages and from 25 healthy blood donors were studied by an indirect conventional immunofluorescent technique (IIT) and by an immunofluorescent complement-fixation test (ICFT). No specific and reliable serological reactivity could be demonstrated against autologous and homologous MM and other nonmalignant pigmented tissues. An increased incidence of diffused antinuclear (ANA; 41%) and cytoplasmic epidermal cell autoantibodies (A-CYT; 71%) was observed in the patients by IIT. Statistical evaluation of the results gave significant values in the chi 2 test in patients for ANA (chi 2 = 5.2061; p less than 0.05) and for A-CYT (chi 2 = 8.9176; p less than 0.01) versus age-matched controls. Thyroid microsomal, gastric parietal cell, smooth muscle and mitochondria autoantibodies were, respectively, detected in 4.3, 4.3, 4.3 and 0% of patients' sera.", "PMID": 383530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6180", "title": "Lichenoid dermatitis due to chlorpromazine phototoxicity.", "content": "A 75-year-old woman had lichenoid and bullous lesions in the sun-exposed areas. She had a history of cerebral embolism and received chlorpromazine (CPZ) until consultation at our clinic. Patch tests with CPZ were negative, but photopatch tests were positive at relatively high concentrations of CPZ and ultraviolet light radiation sites of 310, 340 and 370 nm. Rapid improvement of the lesions occurred upon discontinuation of CPZ and the avoidance of exposure to sunlight. From these results, the patient was considered to show lichenoid eruptions due to CPZ phototoxicity rather than photoallergy.", "contents": "Lichenoid dermatitis due to chlorpromazine phototoxicity. A 75-year-old woman had lichenoid and bullous lesions in the sun-exposed areas. She had a history of cerebral embolism and received chlorpromazine (CPZ) until consultation at our clinic. Patch tests with CPZ were negative, but photopatch tests were positive at relatively high concentrations of CPZ and ultraviolet light radiation sites of 310, 340 and 370 nm. Rapid improvement of the lesions occurred upon discontinuation of CPZ and the avoidance of exposure to sunlight. From these results, the patient was considered to show lichenoid eruptions due to CPZ phototoxicity rather than photoallergy.", "PMID": 383531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6181", "title": "[Manifestation of a malignant lymphoma of high grade malignancy in the terminal stage of mycosis fungoides. Enzyme-cytochemical and immunocytological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a patient with mycosis fungoides, in whom after a long course the disease developed rapidly into a malignant lymphoma of high grade malignancy. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytomorphological and enzyme-cytochemical methods (demonstration of hydrolytic enzymes in cryostat sections, cutaneous smears and cell suspensions extracted from skin lesions), as well as by immunocytological methods (differentiation of lymphocyte sub-populations). In the tumour stage of mycosis fungoides, a polymorphous infiltrate composed of lymphocytoid and monocytoid cells prevailed, while a proliferation of lymphoblastic cells was present in the terminal stage of the disease. These cells showed no longer the properties of mature lymphocytes and differed also in their enzyme-cytochemical pattern.", "contents": "[Manifestation of a malignant lymphoma of high grade malignancy in the terminal stage of mycosis fungoides. Enzyme-cytochemical and immunocytological investigations (author's transl)]. Report on a patient with mycosis fungoides, in whom after a long course the disease developed rapidly into a malignant lymphoma of high grade malignancy. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytomorphological and enzyme-cytochemical methods (demonstration of hydrolytic enzymes in cryostat sections, cutaneous smears and cell suspensions extracted from skin lesions), as well as by immunocytological methods (differentiation of lymphocyte sub-populations). In the tumour stage of mycosis fungoides, a polymorphous infiltrate composed of lymphocytoid and monocytoid cells prevailed, while a proliferation of lymphoblastic cells was present in the terminal stage of the disease. These cells showed no longer the properties of mature lymphocytes and differed also in their enzyme-cytochemical pattern.", "PMID": 383532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6182", "title": "Immunological and histopathological studies in a case of pyodermia vegetans Hallopeau.", "content": "In a case of pyodermia (pemphigus) vegetans Hallopeau, modern investigations were performed. Direct immunofluorescent (IF) study of specimens taken from verrucous vegetations failed to reveal the presence of IgG deposits in the intercellular spaces as well IgA and IgG deposits at the epidermal-dermal junction. Indirect IF examination of circulating pemphigus antibodies gave a negative result. Histopathological study did not show the presence of acantholysis. The studies which were carried out indicated that pemphigus vegetans Hallopeau should not be associated with the pemphigus group.", "contents": "Immunological and histopathological studies in a case of pyodermia vegetans Hallopeau. In a case of pyodermia (pemphigus) vegetans Hallopeau, modern investigations were performed. Direct immunofluorescent (IF) study of specimens taken from verrucous vegetations failed to reveal the presence of IgG deposits in the intercellular spaces as well IgA and IgG deposits at the epidermal-dermal junction. Indirect IF examination of circulating pemphigus antibodies gave a negative result. Histopathological study did not show the presence of acantholysis. The studies which were carried out indicated that pemphigus vegetans Hallopeau should not be associated with the pemphigus group.", "PMID": 383533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6183", "title": "Immunohistochemistry in lichen planus.", "content": "An immunohistochemical study has been undertaken on 25 biopsy specmens taken from lichen planus lesions, using antisera against human fibrin, immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 (B1C/B1A) complement component. The findings of the present research are discussed and evaluated in relation to the problem of the etiopathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry in lichen planus. An immunohistochemical study has been undertaken on 25 biopsy specmens taken from lichen planus lesions, using antisera against human fibrin, immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 (B1C/B1A) complement component. The findings of the present research are discussed and evaluated in relation to the problem of the etiopathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 383534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6184", "title": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro capability of complement fixation by pemphigus antibodies.", "content": "Using complement immunofluorescence, the capability of complement fixation by bound antibodies in pemphigus lesional skin was compared with circulating intercellular antibodies of complement-fixing type in the same patient. Five lesional skin samples from 6 patients, containing bound IgG, gave positive binding of complement (C3) supplied from fresh guinea pig serum, while only one serum sample showed complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies in the circulation. These results support the view that complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies are rapidly localized to the skin and play a role on the production of acantholysis.", "contents": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro capability of complement fixation by pemphigus antibodies. Using complement immunofluorescence, the capability of complement fixation by bound antibodies in pemphigus lesional skin was compared with circulating intercellular antibodies of complement-fixing type in the same patient. Five lesional skin samples from 6 patients, containing bound IgG, gave positive binding of complement (C3) supplied from fresh guinea pig serum, while only one serum sample showed complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies in the circulation. These results support the view that complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies are rapidly localized to the skin and play a role on the production of acantholysis.", "PMID": 383536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6185", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of a rifampicin- trimethoprim combination (Rifaprim) and cotrimoxazole in patients with chronic urinary tract infections.", "content": "A controlled clinical trial of Rifaprim (rifampicin 600 mg plus trimethoprim 160 mg, in a single daily dose at 10 p.m.) and cotrimoxazole (two tablets b.i.d.) was carried out in two groups of twenty-one patients, each with chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections. Both treatments lasted 10 days. At the first follow-up, 3-11 days after the end of treatment, bacteriological failure was observed in two Rifaprim patients and in four contrimoxazole patients. Clinical improvement with sterile urine or markedly reduced bacterial count was observed in nineteen. Rifaprim patients and in fifteen cases of the other group. Mild allergic phenomena were observed in three Rifaprim patients, but they did not require discontinuation of treatment; anorexia was complained of by a cotrimoxazole patient. Rifaprim appears a valuable alternative in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infection, mainly because it reduces or abolishes the risk of emergence of resistance.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of a rifampicin- trimethoprim combination (Rifaprim) and cotrimoxazole in patients with chronic urinary tract infections. A controlled clinical trial of Rifaprim (rifampicin 600 mg plus trimethoprim 160 mg, in a single daily dose at 10 p.m.) and cotrimoxazole (two tablets b.i.d.) was carried out in two groups of twenty-one patients, each with chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections. Both treatments lasted 10 days. At the first follow-up, 3-11 days after the end of treatment, bacteriological failure was observed in two Rifaprim patients and in four contrimoxazole patients. Clinical improvement with sterile urine or markedly reduced bacterial count was observed in nineteen. Rifaprim patients and in fifteen cases of the other group. Mild allergic phenomena were observed in three Rifaprim patients, but they did not require discontinuation of treatment; anorexia was complained of by a cotrimoxazole patient. Rifaprim appears a valuable alternative in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infection, mainly because it reduces or abolishes the risk of emergence of resistance.", "PMID": 383553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6186", "title": "Effect of norepinephrine on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in isolated perifused rat islets.", "content": "The rate of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion was measured from isolated rat islets maintained in a perifusion system. The effect of norepinephrine (NE) was simultaneously determined on the release rate of all three hormones. Norepinephrine was employed at an acute dose of 10 micrometers and in graded doses from 1 nM to 10 micrometers in the presence of high (22 mM) and low (1.4 mM) glucose conditions, insulin secretion was maximally inhibited at 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly depressed at 100 mM NE concentration. Under both high and low glucose conditions, glucagon release was maximally stimulated at 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly elevated at 10 nM NE concentration. Under high and low glucose conditions, somatostatin release was inhibited by 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly depressed at 100 nM NE concentration. During the initial maximal stimulation of glucagon, NE inhibition of somatostatin and insulin was prevented, possibly by the high level of glucagon released. A paracrine effect of glucagon on beta and delta cells is proposed.", "contents": "Effect of norepinephrine on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in isolated perifused rat islets. The rate of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion was measured from isolated rat islets maintained in a perifusion system. The effect of norepinephrine (NE) was simultaneously determined on the release rate of all three hormones. Norepinephrine was employed at an acute dose of 10 micrometers and in graded doses from 1 nM to 10 micrometers in the presence of high (22 mM) and low (1.4 mM) glucose conditions, insulin secretion was maximally inhibited at 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly depressed at 100 mM NE concentration. Under both high and low glucose conditions, glucagon release was maximally stimulated at 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly elevated at 10 nM NE concentration. Under high and low glucose conditions, somatostatin release was inhibited by 10 micrometers NE concentration and was significantly depressed at 100 nM NE concentration. During the initial maximal stimulation of glucagon, NE inhibition of somatostatin and insulin was prevented, possibly by the high level of glucagon released. A paracrine effect of glucagon on beta and delta cells is proposed.", "PMID": 383555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6187", "title": "A study of glucagonomas by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence.", "content": "Five tumors associated with the complete glucagonoma syndrome, as well as a series of glucagon-cell adenomas from three patients without this syndrome, were investigated by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence. All tumors associated with the syndrome were large, from 3 to 35 cm along the major axis, and three of them were proved to be malignant. No common histologic arrangement of tumor cells was apparent for the five neoplasms examined. Immunofluorescent staining for glucagon and glicentin was carried out: while most cells were negative, a varying number of scattered cells were positive with both antisera in all tumors except one; three tumors contained more glicentin- than glucagon-immunoreactive cells. Moreover, three tumors were multihormonal, witn cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and/or insulin. Ultrastructurally, the secretory granules of cells from these tumors were not typical of those found in A-cells from adult human islets. The glucagon-cell tumors from patients without the syndrome were benign, usually multiple, and were small, with diameters from 0.5 mm to 1 cm. In most cases, the cells from these neoplasms arranged in a characteristic pattern (ribbonlike or \"gyriform\"). In most tumors, the majority of cells showed both glucagon and glicentin immunofluorescence and the ultrastructural appearance of their secretory granules was similar to that of normal islet A-cells. From the morphologic point of view, therefore, cells from tumors not associated with the glucagonoma syndrome resemble normal glucagon cells more closely than those from tumors associated with the syndrome.", "contents": "A study of glucagonomas by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Five tumors associated with the complete glucagonoma syndrome, as well as a series of glucagon-cell adenomas from three patients without this syndrome, were investigated by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence. All tumors associated with the syndrome were large, from 3 to 35 cm along the major axis, and three of them were proved to be malignant. No common histologic arrangement of tumor cells was apparent for the five neoplasms examined. Immunofluorescent staining for glucagon and glicentin was carried out: while most cells were negative, a varying number of scattered cells were positive with both antisera in all tumors except one; three tumors contained more glicentin- than glucagon-immunoreactive cells. Moreover, three tumors were multihormonal, witn cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and/or insulin. Ultrastructurally, the secretory granules of cells from these tumors were not typical of those found in A-cells from adult human islets. The glucagon-cell tumors from patients without the syndrome were benign, usually multiple, and were small, with diameters from 0.5 mm to 1 cm. In most cases, the cells from these neoplasms arranged in a characteristic pattern (ribbonlike or \"gyriform\"). In most tumors, the majority of cells showed both glucagon and glicentin immunofluorescence and the ultrastructural appearance of their secretory granules was similar to that of normal islet A-cells. From the morphologic point of view, therefore, cells from tumors not associated with the glucagonoma syndrome resemble normal glucagon cells more closely than those from tumors associated with the syndrome.", "PMID": 383556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6188", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of mucosal B lymphocytes in bile reflux gastritis.", "content": "Intracelluar immunofluorescence staining was used to identify lymphoid cells from human gastric mucosa. Staining of serial sections for each of the five classes of immunoglobulin-containing cells revealed the presence of all classes. Their relative frequencies in the antral mucosae of 30 patients with bile reflux gastritis were 51% IgA, 16% IgM, 18.5% IgG, 2.5% IgD and 12% IgE. The mucosae of 15 control subjects showed 75% IgA, 8% IgM, 15% IgG, 1% IgD and 1% IgE and the mucosae of 30 patients with inflammatory gastritis without bile reflux revealed 67% IgA, 6.5% IgM, 22.5% IgG, 1.5% IgD and 2.5% IgE. These features suggest that allergy participates in the physiopathology of bile reflux gastritis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of mucosal B lymphocytes in bile reflux gastritis. Intracelluar immunofluorescence staining was used to identify lymphoid cells from human gastric mucosa. Staining of serial sections for each of the five classes of immunoglobulin-containing cells revealed the presence of all classes. Their relative frequencies in the antral mucosae of 30 patients with bile reflux gastritis were 51% IgA, 16% IgM, 18.5% IgG, 2.5% IgD and 12% IgE. The mucosae of 15 control subjects showed 75% IgA, 8% IgM, 15% IgG, 1% IgD and 1% IgE and the mucosae of 30 patients with inflammatory gastritis without bile reflux revealed 67% IgA, 6.5% IgM, 22.5% IgG, 1.5% IgD and 2.5% IgE. These features suggest that allergy participates in the physiopathology of bile reflux gastritis.", "PMID": 383559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6189", "title": "Modulation of human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase activity by prostacyclin.", "content": "Prostacyclin, its stable metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 were tested on the adenylate cyclase system in human gastric mucosa. All three compounds were able to activate human cyclase. Saturating concentrations of prostacyclin, prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (each 0.28 mM) increased the enzyme activity 3.0 and 1.6 fold, respectively. The concentrations of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 required to produce half maximal activation were in the same range. Prostacyclin is an efficient stimulator of human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Modulation of human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase activity by prostacyclin. Prostacyclin, its stable metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 were tested on the adenylate cyclase system in human gastric mucosa. All three compounds were able to activate human cyclase. Saturating concentrations of prostacyclin, prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (each 0.28 mM) increased the enzyme activity 3.0 and 1.6 fold, respectively. The concentrations of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 required to produce half maximal activation were in the same range. Prostacyclin is an efficient stimulator of human gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 383560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6190", "title": "Simultaneous expression of two different types of intermediate sized filaments in mouse keratinocytes proliferating in vitro.", "content": "The intermediate-sized filaments present in epidermal keratinocytes derived from mouse skin and in an established cell line (HEL) derived from spontaneous transformation of murine keratinocytes grown in vitro, have been examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies directed against subunit proteins of different classes of intermediate-sized filaments, as well as by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal preparations highly enriched in intermediate-sized filaments. The keratinocytes derived from neonatal skin, which are capable of only limited replication in vitro, show only a single type of intermediate-sized filaments, i.e., the tonofibril-like arrays of filaments containing prekeratin. HEL cells, which proliferate indefinitely in vitro, retain the tonofilament-like structures typical of differentiated epidermal cells but in addition display intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin type, i.e., the filament system typically found in mesenchymal and mesenchyme-derived cells. We discuss the possibility that (i) the advent of vimentin-type filaments in epidermal cells in culture is related either to the transformed state or the in vitro growth conditions as such and (ii) other differentiated epithelial cells proliferating in vitro may have more than one system of intermediate-sized filaments.", "contents": "Simultaneous expression of two different types of intermediate sized filaments in mouse keratinocytes proliferating in vitro. The intermediate-sized filaments present in epidermal keratinocytes derived from mouse skin and in an established cell line (HEL) derived from spontaneous transformation of murine keratinocytes grown in vitro, have been examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies directed against subunit proteins of different classes of intermediate-sized filaments, as well as by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal preparations highly enriched in intermediate-sized filaments. The keratinocytes derived from neonatal skin, which are capable of only limited replication in vitro, show only a single type of intermediate-sized filaments, i.e., the tonofibril-like arrays of filaments containing prekeratin. HEL cells, which proliferate indefinitely in vitro, retain the tonofilament-like structures typical of differentiated epidermal cells but in addition display intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin type, i.e., the filament system typically found in mesenchymal and mesenchyme-derived cells. We discuss the possibility that (i) the advent of vimentin-type filaments in epidermal cells in culture is related either to the transformed state or the in vitro growth conditions as such and (ii) other differentiated epithelial cells proliferating in vitro may have more than one system of intermediate-sized filaments.", "PMID": 383562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6191", "title": "[Electrophoresis mobility inhibition test (emt) in immunological early diagnosis of gynaecological malignomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophoresis mobility inhibition test (EMT) was employed in the examination of a total of 74 woman patients with various gynaecological malignomas, 50 women with non-malignant diseases and 41 healthy female controls. In the group of patients with  malignoma, 78.4% of the test results agreed with the histological diagnosis, 21.6% of the results were false negative. In the group of patients with benign diseases, 78.0% of the test results were correct, whereas 22.0% were false-positive. One false-positive test result was seen among the healthy controls. Extensive tumour growth, chronic infections and virus diseases seem to falsify the test result. Significance, perspectives and limitations of this test system within the framework of tumour diagnosis, are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophoresis mobility inhibition test (emt) in immunological early diagnosis of gynaecological malignomas (author's transl)]. The electrophoresis mobility inhibition test (EMT) was employed in the examination of a total of 74 woman patients with various gynaecological malignomas, 50 women with non-malignant diseases and 41 healthy female controls. In the group of patients with  malignoma, 78.4% of the test results agreed with the histological diagnosis, 21.6% of the results were false negative. In the group of patients with benign diseases, 78.0% of the test results were correct, whereas 22.0% were false-positive. One false-positive test result was seen among the healthy controls. Extensive tumour growth, chronic infections and virus diseases seem to falsify the test result. Significance, perspectives and limitations of this test system within the framework of tumour diagnosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 383565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6192", "title": "[The relevance of \"family-oriented obstetrics\" and its consequences for the maternity hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "By inventing the \"rooming in\", the organisational prerequisites for the undisyurbed early mother--child relationship, which is of fateful relevance for the newborn, are provided. Since part of the responsibility for the child is transferred to the mother already in the hospital, an adequate instruction is necessary. Thus, a change is taking place pertaining to the tasks of the nursing personnel. In an inquiry made on 950 female patients, the social-psychological aspects of the \"romming in\" were examined and evaluated. The joint accommodation of mother and child ought to be available on request for approximately 50% of the delivered women. During the night the newborns should be taken to the nursery. This meets with the needs of many women for undisturbed rest during the night despite \"rooming in\" and also with the necessity for control of the newborns by the nursing staff. The general judgment of the patients on a clinic cannot be changed essentially by the invention of \"rooming in\". This is depending to a great extent on various other factors.", "contents": "[The relevance of \"family-oriented obstetrics\" and its consequences for the maternity hospital (author's transl)]. By inventing the \"rooming in\", the organisational prerequisites for the undisyurbed early mother--child relationship, which is of fateful relevance for the newborn, are provided. Since part of the responsibility for the child is transferred to the mother already in the hospital, an adequate instruction is necessary. Thus, a change is taking place pertaining to the tasks of the nursing personnel. In an inquiry made on 950 female patients, the social-psychological aspects of the \"romming in\" were examined and evaluated. The joint accommodation of mother and child ought to be available on request for approximately 50% of the delivered women. During the night the newborns should be taken to the nursery. This meets with the needs of many women for undisturbed rest during the night despite \"rooming in\" and also with the necessity for control of the newborns by the nursing staff. The general judgment of the patients on a clinic cannot be changed essentially by the invention of \"rooming in\". This is depending to a great extent on various other factors.", "PMID": 383566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6193", "title": "[Effect of radiosensitivity gene irradiation and genotype on yeast cytoduction].", "content": "Effects of gamma- and UV-irradiation of one parent on progenies of yeast crosses are studied. In the crosses of the type: p+ a alc4 X p-alpha ade2 (alc4--nuclear respiration deficiency) zygotic colonies (white) and haploid p+ cytoductant colonies (red) were scored. The irradiation of p+ parent increases the cytoductant frequency up to 17%. When both parents are radiation-sensitive (xrs1, allelic to rad54), the frequency of cytoduction reaches 90%. Crosses p+xrs1 X p-xrs+ or p+xrs+ X p-xrs1 are similar to crosses of wild types. The same results were observed in the case of xrs4 mutants as well as for UV-irradiation. In the progenies of crosses irradiated p+ a alc4 (xrs+ or xrs1) X non-irradiated p-alpha ade2 ura (xrs+ or xrs1) the genotype of red colonies was analysed: in most cases (82.3%-99.8%) they were p+ alpha ade2 ura, that was true haploid cytoductants. It is concluded that irradiation induces particular damages of yeast nuclei leading to a block of normal karyogamy and thus to a cytoductant formation. The highest frequency of cytoduction was observed in crosses of radiosensitive mutants.", "contents": "[Effect of radiosensitivity gene irradiation and genotype on yeast cytoduction]. Effects of gamma- and UV-irradiation of one parent on progenies of yeast crosses are studied. In the crosses of the type: p+ a alc4 X p-alpha ade2 (alc4--nuclear respiration deficiency) zygotic colonies (white) and haploid p+ cytoductant colonies (red) were scored. The irradiation of p+ parent increases the cytoductant frequency up to 17%. When both parents are radiation-sensitive (xrs1, allelic to rad54), the frequency of cytoduction reaches 90%. Crosses p+xrs1 X p-xrs+ or p+xrs+ X p-xrs1 are similar to crosses of wild types. The same results were observed in the case of xrs4 mutants as well as for UV-irradiation. In the progenies of crosses irradiated p+ a alc4 (xrs+ or xrs1) X non-irradiated p-alpha ade2 ura (xrs+ or xrs1) the genotype of red colonies was analysed: in most cases (82.3%-99.8%) they were p+ alpha ade2 ura, that was true haploid cytoductants. It is concluded that irradiation induces particular damages of yeast nuclei leading to a block of normal karyogamy and thus to a cytoductant formation. The highest frequency of cytoduction was observed in crosses of radiosensitive mutants.", "PMID": 383569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6194", "title": "[Genetic control of the formation of plasmid F'. I. Effect of recA- and seg-2 mutations in an Hfr donor strain on the character of plasmid F' formation].", "content": "Assuming the similarity of the processes of illegitimate recombination, such as deletion formation, with the process of F' plasmid formation, we have undertaken the study of the influence of recA- and seg- alleles of Hfr donor on the F' plasmid formation. The data obtained demonstrate the strong influence of donor genotype on the frequency of F' plasmid formation and on the nature of F' plasmids formed, thus demonstrating that the most of F' plasmids have been formed via recombination in Hfr donor cells. The recA- mutation decreased the total yield of F' plasmids selected using both proximal and distal Hfr markers and affected drastically the distribution of the F' plasmids inheriting different proximal unselected markers. The existence of recA-dependent and recA-independent modes of F' plasmid formation was demonstrated. The Escherichia coli chromosome contains regions which involve preferentially in recA-dependent (between proA and gal, and clockwise from gal) or recA-independent (between leu and proA, and the region counterclockwise from argE) recombination. The seg-2 mutation causes only partial block of both recA-dependent and recA-independent recombination pathways, however it causes dramatic decrease of genetic exchanges leading to the formation of the type II F' plasmids. Both seg- and recA- mutations decrease the frequency of the formation of Tra+ F' transconjugants. The percent of Tra- transconjugants, which remain sensitive to MS2 and Q beta donor specific phages, also drops significantly under the influence of the recA- and seg- alleles. Thus, the recombination involving the F structure in wild type strains and seg- mutants occures preferentially in the points of F outside the regions essential for transfer and sensitivity to male specific phages, while in recA- and recA-ges- strains the points inside these regions (tra operon) frequently involved in F' plasmid looping out. There exist more strict correlation between the fertility and sensitivity to phage Q beta than to phage MS2.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the formation of plasmid F'. I. Effect of recA- and seg-2 mutations in an Hfr donor strain on the character of plasmid F' formation]. Assuming the similarity of the processes of illegitimate recombination, such as deletion formation, with the process of F' plasmid formation, we have undertaken the study of the influence of recA- and seg- alleles of Hfr donor on the F' plasmid formation. The data obtained demonstrate the strong influence of donor genotype on the frequency of F' plasmid formation and on the nature of F' plasmids formed, thus demonstrating that the most of F' plasmids have been formed via recombination in Hfr donor cells. The recA- mutation decreased the total yield of F' plasmids selected using both proximal and distal Hfr markers and affected drastically the distribution of the F' plasmids inheriting different proximal unselected markers. The existence of recA-dependent and recA-independent modes of F' plasmid formation was demonstrated. The Escherichia coli chromosome contains regions which involve preferentially in recA-dependent (between proA and gal, and clockwise from gal) or recA-independent (between leu and proA, and the region counterclockwise from argE) recombination. The seg-2 mutation causes only partial block of both recA-dependent and recA-independent recombination pathways, however it causes dramatic decrease of genetic exchanges leading to the formation of the type II F' plasmids. Both seg- and recA- mutations decrease the frequency of the formation of Tra+ F' transconjugants. The percent of Tra- transconjugants, which remain sensitive to MS2 and Q beta donor specific phages, also drops significantly under the influence of the recA- and seg- alleles. Thus, the recombination involving the F structure in wild type strains and seg- mutants occures preferentially in the points of F outside the regions essential for transfer and sensitivity to male specific phages, while in recA- and recA-ges- strains the points inside these regions (tra operon) frequently involved in F' plasmid looping out. There exist more strict correlation between the fertility and sensitivity to phage Q beta than to phage MS2.", "PMID": 383570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6195", "title": "[Enhanced UV sensitivity of Escherichia coli strain uvrA crp].", "content": "UV-sensitivity and UV-induced mutability to tryptophan independence has been studied in isogenic crp, cya, crp+, uvrA crp and uvrA crp+ strains of Escherichia coli. crp and cya strains are found to have the same UV-sensitivity as an isogenic wild type strain. UV-sensitivity of uvrA crp strain seems to be one-two orders increased as compared with the sensitivity exhibited by the uvrA - crp+ strain. The yield of UV-induced revertants is slightly higher in crp, cya and uvrA crp strains than in the wild type cells. The existence of cap-dependent inducible error-free repair pathway is supposed due to the data obtained.", "contents": "[Enhanced UV sensitivity of Escherichia coli strain uvrA crp]. UV-sensitivity and UV-induced mutability to tryptophan independence has been studied in isogenic crp, cya, crp+, uvrA crp and uvrA crp+ strains of Escherichia coli. crp and cya strains are found to have the same UV-sensitivity as an isogenic wild type strain. UV-sensitivity of uvrA crp strain seems to be one-two orders increased as compared with the sensitivity exhibited by the uvrA - crp+ strain. The yield of UV-induced revertants is slightly higher in crp, cya and uvrA crp strains than in the wild type cells. The existence of cap-dependent inducible error-free repair pathway is supposed due to the data obtained.", "PMID": 383571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6196", "title": "Prolonged incubation in calcium chloride improves the competence of Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells are 4--6 times more transformable and 20--30 times more competent after 24 h incubation in cold calcium chloride than immediately after calcium chloride treatment. With 24-h-old competent cells we obtained routinely 2 . 10(7) transformants per microgram of pBR322 DNA, and transformed over 20% of viable cells.", "contents": "Prolonged incubation in calcium chloride improves the competence of Escherichia coli cells. Escherichia coli cells are 4--6 times more transformable and 20--30 times more competent after 24 h incubation in cold calcium chloride than immediately after calcium chloride treatment. With 24-h-old competent cells we obtained routinely 2 . 10(7) transformants per microgram of pBR322 DNA, and transformed over 20% of viable cells.", "PMID": 383576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6197", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of proteins coding for mobilisation functions of ColE1 and transposition functions of Tn3.", "content": "A hybrid plasmid, pJC74, carrying the large (3.35 Md) EcoRI-PstI fragment of ColE1, the 1.3 and 1.8 Md PstI fragments of plasmid R1 drd19 (containing a part of Tn3 and known to specify transpostion functions), and a part of gamma bacteriophage DNA carrying the fused cohesive ends of gamma (cos) was constructed. Supercoiled DNA of pJC74 and a series of deletions (series pJC75) were used in a cell-free coupled transcription-translation system. Analysis of the proteins produced allowed the identification of a 28 to 30 kd protein and/or a 3 kd protein responsible for mobilisation of the plasmids in sex-factor-promoted conjugation. Furthermore, three protein bands of 12, 12.5 and 13 kd were correlated with the presence of a portion of the Tn3 transposon previously shown to code for transposition functions which can complement in trans. These latter and the 30 kd beta-lactamase were the only proteins identified as Tn3-specific by comparison of ColE1 with RSF2124.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of proteins coding for mobilisation functions of ColE1 and transposition functions of Tn3. A hybrid plasmid, pJC74, carrying the large (3.35 Md) EcoRI-PstI fragment of ColE1, the 1.3 and 1.8 Md PstI fragments of plasmid R1 drd19 (containing a part of Tn3 and known to specify transpostion functions), and a part of gamma bacteriophage DNA carrying the fused cohesive ends of gamma (cos) was constructed. Supercoiled DNA of pJC74 and a series of deletions (series pJC75) were used in a cell-free coupled transcription-translation system. Analysis of the proteins produced allowed the identification of a 28 to 30 kd protein and/or a 3 kd protein responsible for mobilisation of the plasmids in sex-factor-promoted conjugation. Furthermore, three protein bands of 12, 12.5 and 13 kd were correlated with the presence of a portion of the Tn3 transposon previously shown to code for transposition functions which can complement in trans. These latter and the 30 kd beta-lactamase were the only proteins identified as Tn3-specific by comparison of ColE1 with RSF2124.", "PMID": 383577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6198", "title": "Restriction map, partial cloning and localization of 9S and 12S kinetoplast RNA genes on the maxicircle component of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae.", "content": "We have constructed a restriction map of the maxicircle component of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae for the enzymes EcoRI, Bam HI, HaeIII, HpaII, SalI, BglII and HindIII. The 9 and 12S kinetoplast RNAs were localized on this map. Two fragments of this maxicircle molecule were cloned in the bacterial plasmid, pBR322, including a 4.4 . 10(6) dalton EcoRI/BamHI fragment which contains the 9 and 12S RNA genes.", "contents": "Restriction map, partial cloning and localization of 9S and 12S kinetoplast RNA genes on the maxicircle component of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae. We have constructed a restriction map of the maxicircle component of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae for the enzymes EcoRI, Bam HI, HaeIII, HpaII, SalI, BglII and HindIII. The 9 and 12S kinetoplast RNAs were localized on this map. Two fragments of this maxicircle molecule were cloned in the bacterial plasmid, pBR322, including a 4.4 . 10(6) dalton EcoRI/BamHI fragment which contains the 9 and 12S RNA genes.", "PMID": 383578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6199", "title": "Plasmids with temperature-dependent copy number for amplification of cloned genes and their products.", "content": "Miniplasmids (pKN402 and pKN410) were isolated from runaway-replication mutants of plasmid R1. At 30 degrees C these miniplasmids are present in 20--50 copies per cell of Escherichia coli, whereas at temperatures above 35 degrees C the plasmids replicate without copy number control during 2--3 h. At the end of this period plasmid DNA amounts to about 75% of the total DNA. During the gene amplification, growth and protein synthesis continue at normal rate leading to a drastic amplification of plasmid gene products. Plasmids pKN402 (4.6 Md) and pKN410 (10 Md) have single restriction sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII; in addition plamid pKN410 has a single BamHI site and carries ampicillin resistance. The plasmids can therefore be used as cloning vectors. Several genes were cloned into these vectors using the EcoRI sites; chromosomal as well as plasmid-coded beta-lactamase was found to be amplified up to 400-fold after thermal induction of the runaway replication. Vectors of this temperature-dependent class will be useful in the production of large quantities of genes and gene products. These plasmids have lost their mobilization capacity. Runaway replication is lethal to the host bacteria in rich media. These two properties contribute to the safe use of the plasmids as cloning vehicles.", "contents": "Plasmids with temperature-dependent copy number for amplification of cloned genes and their products. Miniplasmids (pKN402 and pKN410) were isolated from runaway-replication mutants of plasmid R1. At 30 degrees C these miniplasmids are present in 20--50 copies per cell of Escherichia coli, whereas at temperatures above 35 degrees C the plasmids replicate without copy number control during 2--3 h. At the end of this period plasmid DNA amounts to about 75% of the total DNA. During the gene amplification, growth and protein synthesis continue at normal rate leading to a drastic amplification of plasmid gene products. Plasmids pKN402 (4.6 Md) and pKN410 (10 Md) have single restriction sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII; in addition plamid pKN410 has a single BamHI site and carries ampicillin resistance. The plasmids can therefore be used as cloning vectors. Several genes were cloned into these vectors using the EcoRI sites; chromosomal as well as plasmid-coded beta-lactamase was found to be amplified up to 400-fold after thermal induction of the runaway replication. Vectors of this temperature-dependent class will be useful in the production of large quantities of genes and gene products. These plasmids have lost their mobilization capacity. Runaway replication is lethal to the host bacteria in rich media. These two properties contribute to the safe use of the plasmids as cloning vehicles.", "PMID": 383579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6200", "title": "Expression of the yeast galactokinase gene in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the genes for three of the enzymes involved in galactose metabolism are tightly linked near the centromere of chromosome II (Douglas and Hawthorne, 1964). However, the molecular mechanisms which control the expression of these genes are not well understood. A DNA fragment containing at least one of these yeast genes, the galactokinase gene (gal1), has been joined to the bacterial plasmid pBR322 and maintained in an Escherichia coli strain that carries a deletion in its own galactokinase gene, galK. The presence of the yeast gene was demonstrated by (i) complementation of the E. coli galactokinase deletion, (ii) by hybridization of the cloned DNA fragment to restriction enzyme digests of total yeast DNA and (iii) by assaying for yeast galactokinase activity in bacterial cell extracts. The yeast DNA fragment is 4700 base pairs long, and enables the host E. coli K-12 strain to grow in minimal medium containing galactose as the sole carbon source with a generation time of 14.3 h. The yeast galactokinase activity in the bacterial extracts is 0.7% of the bacterial galactokinase activity found in wild-type E. coli fully induced with fucose.", "contents": "Expression of the yeast galactokinase gene in Escherichia coli. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the genes for three of the enzymes involved in galactose metabolism are tightly linked near the centromere of chromosome II (Douglas and Hawthorne, 1964). However, the molecular mechanisms which control the expression of these genes are not well understood. A DNA fragment containing at least one of these yeast genes, the galactokinase gene (gal1), has been joined to the bacterial plasmid pBR322 and maintained in an Escherichia coli strain that carries a deletion in its own galactokinase gene, galK. The presence of the yeast gene was demonstrated by (i) complementation of the E. coli galactokinase deletion, (ii) by hybridization of the cloned DNA fragment to restriction enzyme digests of total yeast DNA and (iii) by assaying for yeast galactokinase activity in bacterial cell extracts. The yeast DNA fragment is 4700 base pairs long, and enables the host E. coli K-12 strain to grow in minimal medium containing galactose as the sole carbon source with a generation time of 14.3 h. The yeast galactokinase activity in the bacterial extracts is 0.7% of the bacterial galactokinase activity found in wild-type E. coli fully induced with fucose.", "PMID": 383580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6201", "title": "Plasma renin, renin substrate and angiotensin II changes following experimental endotoxinaemia.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of endotoxin (B. coli, 1.5 mg/kg intravenously) on plasma renin concentration (PRC), renin substrate (PRSC), and angiotensin II (AT II) was studied in rats over a period of 48 hours. All determinations were performed by specific radioimmunoassay. Six and nine hours following endotoxin administration, renin secretion was decreased, whereas at 48 hours a slight increase in the PRC was found. In contrast, a three-fold elevation of the PRSC occurred during the first 24 hour period, attributable to a stimulation of the hepatic biosynthesis as result of corticosterone oversecretion. According to the observed changes in PRC and PRSC, AT II remains unchanged after six and nine hours, whereas a significant increase was detected after 24 and 48 hours. Based on the actual AT II level, the findings emphasize that in the rat the RAS does participate in the later stages of endotoxin stress only.", "contents": "Plasma renin, renin substrate and angiotensin II changes following experimental endotoxinaemia. The effect of a single dose of endotoxin (B. coli, 1.5 mg/kg intravenously) on plasma renin concentration (PRC), renin substrate (PRSC), and angiotensin II (AT II) was studied in rats over a period of 48 hours. All determinations were performed by specific radioimmunoassay. Six and nine hours following endotoxin administration, renin secretion was decreased, whereas at 48 hours a slight increase in the PRC was found. In contrast, a three-fold elevation of the PRSC occurred during the first 24 hour period, attributable to a stimulation of the hepatic biosynthesis as result of corticosterone oversecretion. According to the observed changes in PRC and PRSC, AT II remains unchanged after six and nine hours, whereas a significant increase was detected after 24 and 48 hours. Based on the actual AT II level, the findings emphasize that in the rat the RAS does participate in the later stages of endotoxin stress only.", "PMID": 383593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6202", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy and pineal incubation medium and sonicates on insulin release by isolated pancreatic islets in vitro.", "content": "The present studies were designed to investigate the mechanism of previously-reported nocturnal hyperinsulinemia in the pinealectomized rat. Isolated islets were obtained from anesthetized control, sham-pinealectomized and pinealectomized rats, with 5 rats per surgical groups, during the early dark phase of the daily lightdark cycle. Batches of 3 islets each were incubated in various combinations of 2, 10 or 30 mM glucose with control buffer, medium in which cerebral cortex or pineal glands had previously been incubated for 2 hours, or sonicates of these same tissues. Insulin released into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. A significant hypersecretion of insulin was demonstrable in the islets from the pinealectomized animals. A stimulatory effect of both pineal medium and sonicates upon insulin release was similarly observed. Neither of these effects displayed an interaction with the concentration of glucose in the islet incubation medium and they, therefore, appear to be mediated by a mechanism which operates independently of stimulation by glucose. These results indicate that the rat pineal gland can exert direct effects upon insulin release from the islets, possibly through a humoral route. Further studies are in progress to characterize the nature and mode of action of the insulinotropic agent present in and released from the pineal gland.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy and pineal incubation medium and sonicates on insulin release by isolated pancreatic islets in vitro. The present studies were designed to investigate the mechanism of previously-reported nocturnal hyperinsulinemia in the pinealectomized rat. Isolated islets were obtained from anesthetized control, sham-pinealectomized and pinealectomized rats, with 5 rats per surgical groups, during the early dark phase of the daily lightdark cycle. Batches of 3 islets each were incubated in various combinations of 2, 10 or 30 mM glucose with control buffer, medium in which cerebral cortex or pineal glands had previously been incubated for 2 hours, or sonicates of these same tissues. Insulin released into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. A significant hypersecretion of insulin was demonstrable in the islets from the pinealectomized animals. A stimulatory effect of both pineal medium and sonicates upon insulin release was similarly observed. Neither of these effects displayed an interaction with the concentration of glucose in the islet incubation medium and they, therefore, appear to be mediated by a mechanism which operates independently of stimulation by glucose. These results indicate that the rat pineal gland can exert direct effects upon insulin release from the islets, possibly through a humoral route. Further studies are in progress to characterize the nature and mode of action of the insulinotropic agent present in and released from the pineal gland.", "PMID": 383595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6203", "title": "Secretion of glucagon and insulin in hypophysectomized rats: effect of tolbutamide.", "content": "Normal and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats, fed ad libitum, received intraperitoneal injections of tolbutamide (75 mg/kg/day) or of saline for 6 weeks. 24 h after the last injection, blood samples were taken for glucose, insulin and glucagon determinations. In normal rats, tolbutamide treatment did not alter serum glucose, insulin and glucagon, although it suppressed the secretion of insulin and glucagon by the pancreatic islets. In hypox rats, tolbutamide decreased serum glucose and insulin, elevated serum glucagon and stimulated the secretion of glucagon, but not that of insulin by the pancreatic islets. In addition, tolbutamide treatment increased the glucagon response to arginine in normal, but not in hypox rats. The serum glucose response to arginine was decreased by tolbutamide treatment and by hypophysectomy and, thus, appeared independent of the glucagon rise or preexisting glucagon level. We conclude that tolbutamide treatment decreased the secretion of glucagon and insulin in normal rats and stimulated that of glucagon in hypox rats, perhaps because of the low levels of insulin in the serum and in the pancreas of the latter. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the pancreatic action of tolbutamide is influenced by the pituitary.", "contents": "Secretion of glucagon and insulin in hypophysectomized rats: effect of tolbutamide. Normal and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats, fed ad libitum, received intraperitoneal injections of tolbutamide (75 mg/kg/day) or of saline for 6 weeks. 24 h after the last injection, blood samples were taken for glucose, insulin and glucagon determinations. In normal rats, tolbutamide treatment did not alter serum glucose, insulin and glucagon, although it suppressed the secretion of insulin and glucagon by the pancreatic islets. In hypox rats, tolbutamide decreased serum glucose and insulin, elevated serum glucagon and stimulated the secretion of glucagon, but not that of insulin by the pancreatic islets. In addition, tolbutamide treatment increased the glucagon response to arginine in normal, but not in hypox rats. The serum glucose response to arginine was decreased by tolbutamide treatment and by hypophysectomy and, thus, appeared independent of the glucagon rise or preexisting glucagon level. We conclude that tolbutamide treatment decreased the secretion of glucagon and insulin in normal rats and stimulated that of glucagon in hypox rats, perhaps because of the low levels of insulin in the serum and in the pancreas of the latter. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the pancreatic action of tolbutamide is influenced by the pituitary.", "PMID": 383597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6204", "title": "Planning process a powerful tool.", "content": "Although business and industry have been involved with the planning process for some time, hospitals have only recently realized the powerful tool that the process represents.", "contents": "Planning process a powerful tool. Although business and industry have been involved with the planning process for some time, hospitals have only recently realized the powerful tool that the process represents.", "PMID": 383598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6205", "title": "Identification of mouse mammary adipose cells by membrane antigens.", "content": "Antisera produced to mammary adipose cells from midpregnant BALC/c females can be used to distinguish mammary adipose cells from mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts. The mammary adipose membrane antigen detected by indirect immunofluorescence was found in adipose cells from (a) mammary glands of virgin, midpregnant and lactating mice; (b) mammary fat pads that had been surgically cleared of glandular elements; and (c) epididymis. In all tissues, this cell-surface antigen was removed by the enzymatic action used to dissociate the cells from the tissues and was shown to be fully restored when cells were cultured for 48 hr.", "contents": "Identification of mouse mammary adipose cells by membrane antigens. Antisera produced to mammary adipose cells from midpregnant BALC/c females can be used to distinguish mammary adipose cells from mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts. The mammary adipose membrane antigen detected by indirect immunofluorescence was found in adipose cells from (a) mammary glands of virgin, midpregnant and lactating mice; (b) mammary fat pads that had been surgically cleared of glandular elements; and (c) epididymis. In all tissues, this cell-surface antigen was removed by the enzymatic action used to dissociate the cells from the tissues and was shown to be fully restored when cells were cultured for 48 hr.", "PMID": 383606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6206", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of malaria. Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum as antigen for the indirect immune of fluorescence test (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples of malaria patients were investigated by the IIFT with P. berghei antigen (from mice) and P. falciparum antigen (from in vitro cultures). Both antigens were useful principally and produced approximately identical results. P. falciparum antigen produced mostly higher titres than P. berghei antigen. In cases of lack of homologous malaria antigen it can be suitable to use an antibody-free P. berghei antigen for the IIFT, especially in cases of epidemiological studies. For the individual clinical diagnosis titres of 1:64 are significant.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of malaria. Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum as antigen for the indirect immune of fluorescence test (author's transl)]. Serum samples of malaria patients were investigated by the IIFT with P. berghei antigen (from mice) and P. falciparum antigen (from in vitro cultures). Both antigens were useful principally and produced approximately identical results. P. falciparum antigen produced mostly higher titres than P. berghei antigen. In cases of lack of homologous malaria antigen it can be suitable to use an antibody-free P. berghei antigen for the IIFT, especially in cases of epidemiological studies. For the individual clinical diagnosis titres of 1:64 are significant.", "PMID": 383607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6207", "title": "The antinflammatory effects of glucocorticosteroids. A brief review of the literature.", "content": "The effects of glucocorticosteroids on immune and inflammatory responses are reviewed. The steroids seem to change the number or function of cell receptors for regulating agents, so that in areas of inflammation: (a) blood vessels dilate less, (b) lymphocytes proliferate less, (c) all leukocytes infiltrate less, (d) macrophages become less activated (digesting and secreting less), and (e) fibroblasts produce less collagen and ground substance. In addition, the corticosteroids seem to alter the response of cells to various signals from their receptors by affecting the prostaglandin system, cyclic nucleotides, and perhaps other internal mediators.", "contents": "The antinflammatory effects of glucocorticosteroids. A brief review of the literature. The effects of glucocorticosteroids on immune and inflammatory responses are reviewed. The steroids seem to change the number or function of cell receptors for regulating agents, so that in areas of inflammation: (a) blood vessels dilate less, (b) lymphocytes proliferate less, (c) all leukocytes infiltrate less, (d) macrophages become less activated (digesting and secreting less), and (e) fibroblasts produce less collagen and ground substance. In addition, the corticosteroids seem to alter the response of cells to various signals from their receptors by affecting the prostaglandin system, cyclic nucleotides, and perhaps other internal mediators.", "PMID": 383608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6208", "title": "Specific absorption of human serum albumin, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin G with selected strains of group A and G streptococci.", "content": "Five gram-positive bacterial strains were selected for absorption studies of human serum samples. Strain AR1 (group A, M-type 1) and G148 (group G), with strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding capacities, and strain AW43 (group A, M-type 60), binding both IgA1 and IgA2, were compared with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I and with Staphylococcus epidermidis L603. Both AR1 and G148 were capable of completely absorbing out serum IgG. In contrast, S. aureus Cowan I left a fraction unabsorbed, as expected from its known lack of IgG3 binding. Strain AW43 absorbed out all serum IgA, using a 10-microliter bacterial pellet for 20 microliter of serum. Serum IgM levels were slightly reduced by S. aureus Cowan I absorption. On the basis of the experiments, a bacterial mixture was designed consisting of S. aureus Cowan I and group A streptococcus strains AR1 and AW43, with absorption characteristics suitable for use in discriminating between early IgM and late IgG and IgA immune responses in routine serological work. A new type of bacteria-mammalian protein binding was discovered. Human serum albumin was completely absorbed out by strain G148 and to a lesser extent by strain AR1 and AW43. S. aureus Cowan I and S. epidermidis were negative. The binding capacity of G148 for albumin equalled that of Cowan I for IgG. The binding pattern of albumin to the strains was different from those of IgG, IgA, IgM, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, or aggregated beta 2-microglobulin and therefore seems to represent another type of bacterial-mammalian interaction with a specific albumin receptor on the surface of streptococci.", "contents": "Specific absorption of human serum albumin, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin G with selected strains of group A and G streptococci. Five gram-positive bacterial strains were selected for absorption studies of human serum samples. Strain AR1 (group A, M-type 1) and G148 (group G), with strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding capacities, and strain AW43 (group A, M-type 60), binding both IgA1 and IgA2, were compared with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I and with Staphylococcus epidermidis L603. Both AR1 and G148 were capable of completely absorbing out serum IgG. In contrast, S. aureus Cowan I left a fraction unabsorbed, as expected from its known lack of IgG3 binding. Strain AW43 absorbed out all serum IgA, using a 10-microliter bacterial pellet for 20 microliter of serum. Serum IgM levels were slightly reduced by S. aureus Cowan I absorption. On the basis of the experiments, a bacterial mixture was designed consisting of S. aureus Cowan I and group A streptococcus strains AR1 and AW43, with absorption characteristics suitable for use in discriminating between early IgM and late IgG and IgA immune responses in routine serological work. A new type of bacteria-mammalian protein binding was discovered. Human serum albumin was completely absorbed out by strain G148 and to a lesser extent by strain AR1 and AW43. S. aureus Cowan I and S. epidermidis were negative. The binding capacity of G148 for albumin equalled that of Cowan I for IgG. The binding pattern of albumin to the strains was different from those of IgG, IgA, IgM, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, or aggregated beta 2-microglobulin and therefore seems to represent another type of bacterial-mammalian interaction with a specific albumin receptor on the surface of streptococci.", "PMID": 383609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6209", "title": "Effects of age, ambient temperature, and heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin on intestinal transit in infant mice.", "content": "Some interrelationships among age, ambient temperature, intestinal transit, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection were studied in an infant mouse model. The transit of dye in the small intestine was accelerated during the response to heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin. Transit in the small intestine of normal mice accelerated with increased age (from less than 17 h to 8 days old) and accelerated with increased ambient temperature (from 25 to 37 degrees C). Transit was more rapid in the jejunum than in the ileum throughout the range of experimental conditions studied. E. coli strains that do not produce any of the pili known facilitate intestinal colonization were cleared from the small intestine more rapidly at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. This clearance was thought to be due to accelerated transit at the higher temperature. In contrast, a strain of E. coli that produces K99 (pili previously shown to facilitate intestinal colonization in other species) was not cleared from the small intestine and colonized more intensively at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Intensified colonization by this strain was thought to be due to increased production of K99 at the higher temperature. It was suggested that sluggish intestinal transit may also be characteristic of the neonates of other species and be one of the factors predisposing them to intestinal colonization by enteropathogens. It was speculated that this predisposition may be enhanced if the neonates are chilled. However, the effect of ambient temperature on intestinal transit in homeothermic neonates such as pigs, calves, and humans may be different from that in mice because neonatal mice are poikilothermic.", "contents": "Effects of age, ambient temperature, and heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin on intestinal transit in infant mice. Some interrelationships among age, ambient temperature, intestinal transit, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection were studied in an infant mouse model. The transit of dye in the small intestine was accelerated during the response to heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin. Transit in the small intestine of normal mice accelerated with increased age (from less than 17 h to 8 days old) and accelerated with increased ambient temperature (from 25 to 37 degrees C). Transit was more rapid in the jejunum than in the ileum throughout the range of experimental conditions studied. E. coli strains that do not produce any of the pili known facilitate intestinal colonization were cleared from the small intestine more rapidly at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. This clearance was thought to be due to accelerated transit at the higher temperature. In contrast, a strain of E. coli that produces K99 (pili previously shown to facilitate intestinal colonization in other species) was not cleared from the small intestine and colonized more intensively at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Intensified colonization by this strain was thought to be due to increased production of K99 at the higher temperature. It was suggested that sluggish intestinal transit may also be characteristic of the neonates of other species and be one of the factors predisposing them to intestinal colonization by enteropathogens. It was speculated that this predisposition may be enhanced if the neonates are chilled. However, the effect of ambient temperature on intestinal transit in homeothermic neonates such as pigs, calves, and humans may be different from that in mice because neonatal mice are poikilothermic.", "PMID": 383610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6210", "title": "Comparison of assay of coliform enterotoxins by conventional techniques versus in vivo intestinal perfusion.", "content": "Thirty-six strains of coliform bacteria were tested for enterotoxigenicity both by conventional assays, including the Y-1 adrenal and Chinese hamster ovary cell assays for heat-labile toxin and the suckling mouse assay for heat-stable toxin, and by determining the ability of graded concentrations of ultrafiltrate high- or low-molecular-weight toxin preparations to induce water secretion during in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. The ultrafiltrates of all 18 strains isolated from persons with infectious diarrheal disease, including seven of Escherichia coli, seven of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and four of Enterobacter cloacae, contained one (nine strains) or two (nine strains) potent toxin fractions (resembling either heat-labile or heat-stable toxin in terms of apparent molecular weight and heat lability characteristics) that induced water secretion at perfusion concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less. Unconcentrated broth filtrates of five of the E. coli strains and two of Klebsiella reacted positively in one or more of the conventional assay systems. Concentrated ultrafiltrates from two strains that were negative in the in vitro assays for heat-labile toxin were tested and also proved to be inactive in these test systems. None of 18 strains isolated from control sources produced, in the ultrafiltrates, enterotoxins capable of inducing water secretion at low concentrations, and none reacted positively in the conventional assays. These results indicate that some strains of coliform bacteria elaborate potent toxin materials that are capable of inducing water secretion and can be detected by perfusion of concentrated ultrafiltrates but not by conventional assay systems for enterotoxigenicity. Whether this represents quantitative or qualitative differences between the toxin materials that stimulate these different test systems remains to be established.", "contents": "Comparison of assay of coliform enterotoxins by conventional techniques versus in vivo intestinal perfusion. Thirty-six strains of coliform bacteria were tested for enterotoxigenicity both by conventional assays, including the Y-1 adrenal and Chinese hamster ovary cell assays for heat-labile toxin and the suckling mouse assay for heat-stable toxin, and by determining the ability of graded concentrations of ultrafiltrate high- or low-molecular-weight toxin preparations to induce water secretion during in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. The ultrafiltrates of all 18 strains isolated from persons with infectious diarrheal disease, including seven of Escherichia coli, seven of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and four of Enterobacter cloacae, contained one (nine strains) or two (nine strains) potent toxin fractions (resembling either heat-labile or heat-stable toxin in terms of apparent molecular weight and heat lability characteristics) that induced water secretion at perfusion concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less. Unconcentrated broth filtrates of five of the E. coli strains and two of Klebsiella reacted positively in one or more of the conventional assay systems. Concentrated ultrafiltrates from two strains that were negative in the in vitro assays for heat-labile toxin were tested and also proved to be inactive in these test systems. None of 18 strains isolated from control sources produced, in the ultrafiltrates, enterotoxins capable of inducing water secretion at low concentrations, and none reacted positively in the conventional assays. These results indicate that some strains of coliform bacteria elaborate potent toxin materials that are capable of inducing water secretion and can be detected by perfusion of concentrated ultrafiltrates but not by conventional assay systems for enterotoxigenicity. Whether this represents quantitative or qualitative differences between the toxin materials that stimulate these different test systems remains to be established.", "PMID": 383611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6211", "title": "Pyruvate oxidation by Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of Treponema pallidum catalyzed the decarboxylation of pyruvate. This activity was suppressed at low O2 tensions and appeared to be coenzyme A independent. Pyruvate decarboxylation was inorganic phosphate dependent, and evidence suggested that acetyl phosphate was a product. Oxygen was consumed, and data indicated that H2O2 was produced. These results indicated that the overall oxidation of pyruvate was: pyruvate + O2 + inorganic phosphate leads to CO2 + acetyl phosphate + H2O2. Phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase activities were also observed in the cell-free extracts and could catalyze formation of acetyl coenzyme A and adenosine 5'-triphosphate, respectively, from acetyl phosphate.", "contents": "Pyruvate oxidation by Treponema pallidum. Cell-free extracts of Treponema pallidum catalyzed the decarboxylation of pyruvate. This activity was suppressed at low O2 tensions and appeared to be coenzyme A independent. Pyruvate decarboxylation was inorganic phosphate dependent, and evidence suggested that acetyl phosphate was a product. Oxygen was consumed, and data indicated that H2O2 was produced. These results indicated that the overall oxidation of pyruvate was: pyruvate + O2 + inorganic phosphate leads to CO2 + acetyl phosphate + H2O2. Phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase activities were also observed in the cell-free extracts and could catalyze formation of acetyl coenzyme A and adenosine 5'-triphosphate, respectively, from acetyl phosphate.", "PMID": 383612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6212", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity responses in mice and guinea pigs to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum cytoplasmic proteins.", "content": "Antigenic relationships between Mycobacterium vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum, and M. leprae were examined in mice and guinea pigs injected with M. vaccae or M. nonchromogenicum suspensions. The growth of both organisms in outbred ICR and four inbred mouse strains was followed up to 30 days. M. nonchromogenicum persisted in the livers and spleens of the inbred mice substantially better than did the M. vaccae population in the same mouse strains. A translucent colony variant of M. vaccae isolated from the opossum survived in vivo better than the opaque colony isolated from opossums and cattle. Persistence of M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum was not markedly increased in T-cell-depleted (nude) mice. Normal mice infected with increasing numbers of M. vaccae did not develop delayed-type hypersensitivity to the homologous M. vaccae cytoplasmic protein antigen. When heat-killed M. vaccae were incorporated into Freund adjuvant, both mice and guinea pigs developed delayed hypersensitivity to cytoplasmic antigens prepared from M. vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum and M. vaccae vaccines cross-sensitized guinea pigs to the M. leprae cytoplasmic antigens.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity responses in mice and guinea pigs to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum cytoplasmic proteins. Antigenic relationships between Mycobacterium vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum, and M. leprae were examined in mice and guinea pigs injected with M. vaccae or M. nonchromogenicum suspensions. The growth of both organisms in outbred ICR and four inbred mouse strains was followed up to 30 days. M. nonchromogenicum persisted in the livers and spleens of the inbred mice substantially better than did the M. vaccae population in the same mouse strains. A translucent colony variant of M. vaccae isolated from the opossum survived in vivo better than the opaque colony isolated from opossums and cattle. Persistence of M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum was not markedly increased in T-cell-depleted (nude) mice. Normal mice infected with increasing numbers of M. vaccae did not develop delayed-type hypersensitivity to the homologous M. vaccae cytoplasmic protein antigen. When heat-killed M. vaccae were incorporated into Freund adjuvant, both mice and guinea pigs developed delayed hypersensitivity to cytoplasmic antigens prepared from M. vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum and M. vaccae vaccines cross-sensitized guinea pigs to the M. leprae cytoplasmic antigens.", "PMID": 383613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6213", "title": "Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: role of immunoglobulin G in phagocytosis by macrophages.", "content": "The role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) as an opsonin in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages was investigated. Labeling with 125I showed that IgG isolated from normal human serum bound to non-encapsulated C. neoformans. Furthermore, IgG-opsonized cryptococci were agglutinated by anti-serum to IgG heavy chains, indicating that normal human serum contains antibody that will bind to the yeast surface. The IgG isolated from normal serum accounted for all opsonizing activity found in normal human serum, since differences were not noted between the opsonizing activities of whole serum, heat-inactivated serum and purified IgG when these opsonins were compared at equivalent concentrations of IgG. Phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized cryptococci was inhibited by anti-macrophage IgG, a reagent known to block Fc-mediated attachment and ingestion, and by pepsin digestion of opsonizing IgG. Thus, IgG opsonization is an Fc-dependent process. Opsonizing IgG appears to play its major role during the attachment phase of phagocytosis, since antimacrophage IgG blocked attachment of cryptococci to macrophages but could not block ingestion of IgG-opsonized cryptococci that had been allowed to attach to macrophages. Ingestion of opsonized cryptococci was not blocked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a reagent known to block Fc-mediated ingestion, thus confirming that IgG has a primary role in attachment and suggesting that ingestion is mediated by a process that is not Fc dependent.", "contents": "Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: role of immunoglobulin G in phagocytosis by macrophages. The role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) as an opsonin in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages was investigated. Labeling with 125I showed that IgG isolated from normal human serum bound to non-encapsulated C. neoformans. Furthermore, IgG-opsonized cryptococci were agglutinated by anti-serum to IgG heavy chains, indicating that normal human serum contains antibody that will bind to the yeast surface. The IgG isolated from normal serum accounted for all opsonizing activity found in normal human serum, since differences were not noted between the opsonizing activities of whole serum, heat-inactivated serum and purified IgG when these opsonins were compared at equivalent concentrations of IgG. Phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized cryptococci was inhibited by anti-macrophage IgG, a reagent known to block Fc-mediated attachment and ingestion, and by pepsin digestion of opsonizing IgG. Thus, IgG opsonization is an Fc-dependent process. Opsonizing IgG appears to play its major role during the attachment phase of phagocytosis, since antimacrophage IgG blocked attachment of cryptococci to macrophages but could not block ingestion of IgG-opsonized cryptococci that had been allowed to attach to macrophages. Ingestion of opsonized cryptococci was not blocked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a reagent known to block Fc-mediated ingestion, thus confirming that IgG has a primary role in attachment and suggesting that ingestion is mediated by a process that is not Fc dependent.", "PMID": 383614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6214", "title": "Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: masking of immunoglobulin G by cryptococcal polysaccharide.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that attachment of non-encapsulated cryptococci to macrophages is highly dependent on opsonizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and that cryptococcal polysaccharide inhibits the attachment phase of phagocytosis. We investigated various mechanisms by which cryptococcal polysaccharide might interfere with the opsonizing action of IgG. Cryptococcal polysaccharide did not appreciably prevent binding of opsonizing IgG to the yeast. Furthermore, cryptococcal polysaccharide acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the opsonizing action of IgG. These experiments suggested that cell wall-bound IgG is masked in some manner such that it is unable to participate in Fc-mediated phagocytosis. This appeared to be the case, since cryptococcal polysaccharode inhibited agglutination of IgG-opsonized yeast cells by antiserum to IgG. There was good dose-response correlation between the amount of polysaccharide needed to inhibit phagocytosis of non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans and the amount of polysaccharide needed to prevent agglutination of IgG-opsonized cryptococci by antiserum to IgG. The ability of cryptococcal polysaccharide to prevent agglutination of IgG-opsonized cryptococci by antiserum to IgG was lost if dextran, a substance known to enhance agglutination of several particles, was incorporated into the medium.", "contents": "Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: masking of immunoglobulin G by cryptococcal polysaccharide. Previous studies have shown that attachment of non-encapsulated cryptococci to macrophages is highly dependent on opsonizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and that cryptococcal polysaccharide inhibits the attachment phase of phagocytosis. We investigated various mechanisms by which cryptococcal polysaccharide might interfere with the opsonizing action of IgG. Cryptococcal polysaccharide did not appreciably prevent binding of opsonizing IgG to the yeast. Furthermore, cryptococcal polysaccharide acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the opsonizing action of IgG. These experiments suggested that cell wall-bound IgG is masked in some manner such that it is unable to participate in Fc-mediated phagocytosis. This appeared to be the case, since cryptococcal polysaccharode inhibited agglutination of IgG-opsonized yeast cells by antiserum to IgG. There was good dose-response correlation between the amount of polysaccharide needed to inhibit phagocytosis of non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans and the amount of polysaccharide needed to prevent agglutination of IgG-opsonized cryptococci by antiserum to IgG. The ability of cryptococcal polysaccharide to prevent agglutination of IgG-opsonized cryptococci by antiserum to IgG was lost if dextran, a substance known to enhance agglutination of several particles, was incorporated into the medium.", "PMID": 383615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6215", "title": "Cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen for detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity in cryptococcosis.", "content": "Previous studies on a cryptococcal culture filtrate (CneF) antigen have shown that the antigen is useful in detecting delayed-type hypersensitivity and that it is specific for Cryptococcus. This study further defined one more parameter of specificity, showing that the CneF antigen does not elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in Cryptococcus albidus-sensitized guinea pigs. When the crude CneF antigen was subjected to ultrafiltration fractionation, the skin test active components were found to be in the 50,000 or greater molecular weight range fraction. The concentrated retentates of the XM50 ultrafiltration membrane were more sensitive antigens than the crude CneF antigens. Further fractionation of the XM50 retentate using 3% acrylamide gel electrophoresis separated the antigen into two bands. One band, the P fraction, migrated only a short distance into the gel; the fraction was carbohydrate-like and did not elicit significant skin test responses in sensitized guinea pigs. The other band, G fraction, appeared with the tracking dye, was glycoprotein-like, and elicited significantly positive skin tests in sensitized guinea pigs. G fractions prepared using three different serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans elicited similar size indurations when used in skin testing guinea pigs sensitized with either the homologous serotype isolated of C. neoformans or the heterologous serotype isolate.", "contents": "Cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen for detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity in cryptococcosis. Previous studies on a cryptococcal culture filtrate (CneF) antigen have shown that the antigen is useful in detecting delayed-type hypersensitivity and that it is specific for Cryptococcus. This study further defined one more parameter of specificity, showing that the CneF antigen does not elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in Cryptococcus albidus-sensitized guinea pigs. When the crude CneF antigen was subjected to ultrafiltration fractionation, the skin test active components were found to be in the 50,000 or greater molecular weight range fraction. The concentrated retentates of the XM50 ultrafiltration membrane were more sensitive antigens than the crude CneF antigens. Further fractionation of the XM50 retentate using 3% acrylamide gel electrophoresis separated the antigen into two bands. One band, the P fraction, migrated only a short distance into the gel; the fraction was carbohydrate-like and did not elicit significant skin test responses in sensitized guinea pigs. The other band, G fraction, appeared with the tracking dye, was glycoprotein-like, and elicited significantly positive skin tests in sensitized guinea pigs. G fractions prepared using three different serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans elicited similar size indurations when used in skin testing guinea pigs sensitized with either the homologous serotype isolated of C. neoformans or the heterologous serotype isolate.", "PMID": 383616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6216", "title": "Capsular K1 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: relationship to virulence in newborn rats and resistance to phagocytosis.", "content": "The virulence of Escherichia coli strains for newborn rats was related to opsonic requirements of the strains, sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum, and K1 capsular polysaccharide content. K1 E. coli strains were more virulent than non-K1 strains after intraperitoneal injection in newborn rats (P less than 0.05) and were more resistant to phagocytosis than non-K1 strains when the classical complement pathway was blocked with Mg-ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (P less than 0.0005). Sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum was similar among K1 and non-K1 E. coli strains. Two groups of K1 E. coli strains were defined on the basis of opsonic requirements. Group I strains were efficiently opsonized by the alternative complement pathway, while group II strains required the classical complement pathway for opsonization. Group I strains had less detectable K1 polysaccharide in the washed whole cell fraction than group II strains (10.3 versus 18.9 microgram of K1 polysaccharide per 10(10) colony-forming units) and were less virulent than group II strains (mortality, 44 versus 77%, P less than 0.05). The K1 capsular polysaccharide appears to play an important role in determining virulence in newborn rats and opsonic requirements of these strains, but does not contribute to the sensitivity of strains to the bactericidal activity of serum.", "contents": "Capsular K1 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: relationship to virulence in newborn rats and resistance to phagocytosis. The virulence of Escherichia coli strains for newborn rats was related to opsonic requirements of the strains, sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum, and K1 capsular polysaccharide content. K1 E. coli strains were more virulent than non-K1 strains after intraperitoneal injection in newborn rats (P less than 0.05) and were more resistant to phagocytosis than non-K1 strains when the classical complement pathway was blocked with Mg-ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (P less than 0.0005). Sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum was similar among K1 and non-K1 E. coli strains. Two groups of K1 E. coli strains were defined on the basis of opsonic requirements. Group I strains were efficiently opsonized by the alternative complement pathway, while group II strains required the classical complement pathway for opsonization. Group I strains had less detectable K1 polysaccharide in the washed whole cell fraction than group II strains (10.3 versus 18.9 microgram of K1 polysaccharide per 10(10) colony-forming units) and were less virulent than group II strains (mortality, 44 versus 77%, P less than 0.05). The K1 capsular polysaccharide appears to play an important role in determining virulence in newborn rats and opsonic requirements of these strains, but does not contribute to the sensitivity of strains to the bactericidal activity of serum.", "PMID": 383617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6217", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of BCG: effects of adjuvant disease, lymphocyte subpopulations, and homing of thoracic duct cells in rats.", "content": "Administration of BCG by various dosage schedules suppressed adjuvant disease in rats. BCG administration produced an initial increase, followed by a depression, of the phytohemagglutinin response of purified blood lymphocytes. An increase in absolute and relative numbers of bursa-equivalent (B)-cells followed BCG administration, concurrent with a decrease in the phytohemagglutinin responsiveness. With adjuvant alone, there was a diminution in phytohemagglutinin response and an increase in number of B-cells; the latter occurred immediately after adjuvant injection and also when the generalized disease appeared. When both BCG and adjvant were present, parallel increases of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness and B-cell numbers resulted. The pattern of tissue localization of radioactively labeled thoracic duct cells from normal or BCG-treated donors given to normal, BCG-treated, adjuvant-injected, and BCG-treated + adjuvant-injected syngeneic recipients indicated significantly greater homing to the thymus and decreased localization to the bone marrow when BCG had been given to either donors or recipients. When labeled thymus cells were used, only the decreased bone marrow localization was noted. These observations suggest that the suppressive effect of BCG may be mediated through modification of the lymphocyte recirculation pattern, possibly resulting from alterations in lymphocyte recognition sites.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of BCG: effects of adjuvant disease, lymphocyte subpopulations, and homing of thoracic duct cells in rats. Administration of BCG by various dosage schedules suppressed adjuvant disease in rats. BCG administration produced an initial increase, followed by a depression, of the phytohemagglutinin response of purified blood lymphocytes. An increase in absolute and relative numbers of bursa-equivalent (B)-cells followed BCG administration, concurrent with a decrease in the phytohemagglutinin responsiveness. With adjuvant alone, there was a diminution in phytohemagglutinin response and an increase in number of B-cells; the latter occurred immediately after adjuvant injection and also when the generalized disease appeared. When both BCG and adjvant were present, parallel increases of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness and B-cell numbers resulted. The pattern of tissue localization of radioactively labeled thoracic duct cells from normal or BCG-treated donors given to normal, BCG-treated, adjuvant-injected, and BCG-treated + adjuvant-injected syngeneic recipients indicated significantly greater homing to the thymus and decreased localization to the bone marrow when BCG had been given to either donors or recipients. When labeled thymus cells were used, only the decreased bone marrow localization was noted. These observations suggest that the suppressive effect of BCG may be mediated through modification of the lymphocyte recirculation pattern, possibly resulting from alterations in lymphocyte recognition sites.", "PMID": 383618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6218", "title": "Endotoxin toxicity in rats with 6-sulfanilamidoindazole arthritis.", "content": "Seven oral administrations of 6-sulfanilamidoindazole (6-SAI) to 10- to 12-month-old rats sensitized the animals to endotoxin, with dosages as small as 2.5 microgram causing death in 80% of animals. Endotoxin in a dosage of 3,000 microgram was not lethal for nonmedicated control animals. 6-SAI-treated 1-month-old rats were not as sensitive to endotoxin as aged animals. The sulfonamide-induced sensitivity to endotoxin could not be passively transferred and could not be explained by blockade of the reticuloendothelial system or impairment of endotoxin detoxification. 6-SAI administration was associated with both depletion of liver glycogen and lowering of blood glucose concentration without changes in blood lactic acid concentration. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of shock and death as evidenced by: (i) concomitant decreases in plasma fibrinogen concentration and elevations in fibrin degradation products after endotoxin challenge; (ii) protection against lethal actions of endotoxin by pretreatment with heparin. Treatment of 6-SAI-medicated rats with glucocorticoids before endotoxin challenge protected the animals against lethal doses of endotoxin and prevented deposition of fibrin thrombi in the glomerular capillaries.", "contents": "Endotoxin toxicity in rats with 6-sulfanilamidoindazole arthritis. Seven oral administrations of 6-sulfanilamidoindazole (6-SAI) to 10- to 12-month-old rats sensitized the animals to endotoxin, with dosages as small as 2.5 microgram causing death in 80% of animals. Endotoxin in a dosage of 3,000 microgram was not lethal for nonmedicated control animals. 6-SAI-treated 1-month-old rats were not as sensitive to endotoxin as aged animals. The sulfonamide-induced sensitivity to endotoxin could not be passively transferred and could not be explained by blockade of the reticuloendothelial system or impairment of endotoxin detoxification. 6-SAI administration was associated with both depletion of liver glycogen and lowering of blood glucose concentration without changes in blood lactic acid concentration. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of shock and death as evidenced by: (i) concomitant decreases in plasma fibrinogen concentration and elevations in fibrin degradation products after endotoxin challenge; (ii) protection against lethal actions of endotoxin by pretreatment with heparin. Treatment of 6-SAI-medicated rats with glucocorticoids before endotoxin challenge protected the animals against lethal doses of endotoxin and prevented deposition of fibrin thrombi in the glomerular capillaries.", "PMID": 383619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6219", "title": "Galactomannan antigenemia in invasive aspergillosis.", "content": "Galactomannan (GM) extracted from mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus with cold dilute alkali reacted with antiserum specific for an antigen that circulated in invasive aspergillosis in rabbits and humans. The GM was purified by its affinity for concanavalin A and was separated from a nonantigenic glucan by gel permeation on Sephacryl S-200. The GM molecular weight of between 25,000 to 75,000 was smaller than the antigen present in infected rabbit serum which was retained by an ultrafiltration membrane that had a nominal molecular weight limit of 125,000. The ratio of galactose to mannose present in GM was 1:1.17. The serological activity of GM was stable to boiling but labile to 0.01 N HCl, implicating galactofuranose as an antigenic determinant. Analysis of purified GM by methylation-gas chromatography suggested a structure consisting of a 1 leads to 6-linked mannan backbone with oligogalactoside side chains 3 units long, terminating in galactofuranose. The presence of mannose as a side chain component was also inferred. Another antigen of A. fumigatus, which did not bind to concanavalin A, was isolated after tandem chromatography on diethylaminoethyl- and carboxymethyl-Sephadex and was identified as a galactan. The galactan inhibited the immune precipitation of GM was specific antiserum.", "contents": "Galactomannan antigenemia in invasive aspergillosis. Galactomannan (GM) extracted from mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus with cold dilute alkali reacted with antiserum specific for an antigen that circulated in invasive aspergillosis in rabbits and humans. The GM was purified by its affinity for concanavalin A and was separated from a nonantigenic glucan by gel permeation on Sephacryl S-200. The GM molecular weight of between 25,000 to 75,000 was smaller than the antigen present in infected rabbit serum which was retained by an ultrafiltration membrane that had a nominal molecular weight limit of 125,000. The ratio of galactose to mannose present in GM was 1:1.17. The serological activity of GM was stable to boiling but labile to 0.01 N HCl, implicating galactofuranose as an antigenic determinant. Analysis of purified GM by methylation-gas chromatography suggested a structure consisting of a 1 leads to 6-linked mannan backbone with oligogalactoside side chains 3 units long, terminating in galactofuranose. The presence of mannose as a side chain component was also inferred. Another antigen of A. fumigatus, which did not bind to concanavalin A, was isolated after tandem chromatography on diethylaminoethyl- and carboxymethyl-Sephadex and was identified as a galactan. The galactan inhibited the immune precipitation of GM was specific antiserum.", "PMID": 383620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6220", "title": "Immunological behavior after mycobacterial infection in selected lines of mice with high or low antibody responses.", "content": "Resistance and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in the Biozzi high and low lines of mice which were genetically selected for their responses to heterologous erythrocytes have been found to be related to the innate ability of nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organisms during the first two weeks after infection and to their ability to mount specific and nonspecific immune responses. High antibody-producer mice were more capable of expressing cell-mediated immune parameters than low antibody-producer mice. A direct relationship was observed between the ability of bacteria (BCG vaccine) to multiply inside the reticuloendothelial system and the development of cell-mediated immunity, as measured by the delayed local reaction at the injection site, the lymphoproliferative response in the draining nodes, the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity, the acquired resistance, and the adjuvant effect after BCG inoculation. In high line mice, apart from the inability of their macrophages to inhibit the early growth of bacteria, their lymphocytes in spleen and thymus were more capable of being stimulated in vitro by varying concentrations of living BCG. The data presented in this report are compatible with the hypothesis that a group of genes segregated in each line during the selective breeding controls the innate microbicidal activity.", "contents": "Immunological behavior after mycobacterial infection in selected lines of mice with high or low antibody responses. Resistance and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in the Biozzi high and low lines of mice which were genetically selected for their responses to heterologous erythrocytes have been found to be related to the innate ability of nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organisms during the first two weeks after infection and to their ability to mount specific and nonspecific immune responses. High antibody-producer mice were more capable of expressing cell-mediated immune parameters than low antibody-producer mice. A direct relationship was observed between the ability of bacteria (BCG vaccine) to multiply inside the reticuloendothelial system and the development of cell-mediated immunity, as measured by the delayed local reaction at the injection site, the lymphoproliferative response in the draining nodes, the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity, the acquired resistance, and the adjuvant effect after BCG inoculation. In high line mice, apart from the inability of their macrophages to inhibit the early growth of bacteria, their lymphocytes in spleen and thymus were more capable of being stimulated in vitro by varying concentrations of living BCG. The data presented in this report are compatible with the hypothesis that a group of genes segregated in each line during the selective breeding controls the innate microbicidal activity.", "PMID": 383621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6221", "title": "Virulence of Escherichia coli in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in mice.", "content": "Differences in nephropathogenicity between Escherichia coli strains were studied by following the kinetics of the viable count in the mouse kidney during 8 h after intravenous injection. Assuming as a reference point that at zero time 0.1% of the inoculum was lodged in the kidney, we found that strains fell into three main groups with different behavior patterns: in group I, the viable count fell and remained low; in group II, the viable count first fell and then rose after 4 h, reaching the level of the reference point within 8 h; in group III, the viable count rose rapidly and remained high. The kinetics of the viable counts were also studied in blood, spleen, and liver: group I and II strains behaved similarly; only in the kidney did group II strains show higher counts than group I strains. These data suggest that group II strains are specifically virulent for the mouse kidney. Group III strains also gave higher viable counts in blood and spleen but comparable counts in the liver, suggesting that group III strains are more generally virulent. Fifty percent lethal dose measurements confirmed the conclusion that group I strains are avirulent and group III strains are the most virulent. Possible relationships between behavior pattern and serotype are discussed.", "contents": "Virulence of Escherichia coli in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in mice. Differences in nephropathogenicity between Escherichia coli strains were studied by following the kinetics of the viable count in the mouse kidney during 8 h after intravenous injection. Assuming as a reference point that at zero time 0.1% of the inoculum was lodged in the kidney, we found that strains fell into three main groups with different behavior patterns: in group I, the viable count fell and remained low; in group II, the viable count first fell and then rose after 4 h, reaching the level of the reference point within 8 h; in group III, the viable count rose rapidly and remained high. The kinetics of the viable counts were also studied in blood, spleen, and liver: group I and II strains behaved similarly; only in the kidney did group II strains show higher counts than group I strains. These data suggest that group II strains are specifically virulent for the mouse kidney. Group III strains also gave higher viable counts in blood and spleen but comparable counts in the liver, suggesting that group III strains are more generally virulent. Fifty percent lethal dose measurements confirmed the conclusion that group I strains are avirulent and group III strains are the most virulent. Possible relationships between behavior pattern and serotype are discussed.", "PMID": 383622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6222", "title": "[Experience with sisomicin in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Sisomicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is especially effective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. It has a bactericidal action. Although sisomicin is similar to the other aminoglycoside antibiotics, there is not complete cross-resistance to them. Our own pharmacokinetic investigations showed that a dose of 2--3 mg/kg body weight of sisomicin twice daily is necessary in the neonatal period. Infants should be given 2.5 mg/kg body weight three times daily, and school children 1.5--20 mg/kg body weight, likewise three times daily. Excretion of sisomicin in the urine is lower in children than in adults, amounting within 24 hours to only 10--20% in newborns, and 30--40% in school-children. Sisomicin induces excretion of some enzymes in higher quantities from the tubular part of the kidneys, especially alaninaminopeptidase. A report is given on 58 patients, especially newborns and prematures, who were treated for about seven days with sisomicin. The results obtained with a wide variety of infections (such as omphalitis, aspiration of amniotic fluid with broncho-pneumonia, phlegmons of the galea, and also pyelonephritis and mucoviscidosis with pulmonary complications) can be described as good, with a success rate of 85%. On only seven occasions were insignificant transitory side-effects, such as slight increase in transaminases, toxic-allergic exanthema and pain in the region in injection, observed.", "contents": "[Experience with sisomicin in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Sisomicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is especially effective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. It has a bactericidal action. Although sisomicin is similar to the other aminoglycoside antibiotics, there is not complete cross-resistance to them. Our own pharmacokinetic investigations showed that a dose of 2--3 mg/kg body weight of sisomicin twice daily is necessary in the neonatal period. Infants should be given 2.5 mg/kg body weight three times daily, and school children 1.5--20 mg/kg body weight, likewise three times daily. Excretion of sisomicin in the urine is lower in children than in adults, amounting within 24 hours to only 10--20% in newborns, and 30--40% in school-children. Sisomicin induces excretion of some enzymes in higher quantities from the tubular part of the kidneys, especially alaninaminopeptidase. A report is given on 58 patients, especially newborns and prematures, who were treated for about seven days with sisomicin. The results obtained with a wide variety of infections (such as omphalitis, aspiration of amniotic fluid with broncho-pneumonia, phlegmons of the galea, and also pyelonephritis and mucoviscidosis with pulmonary complications) can be described as good, with a success rate of 85%. On only seven occasions were insignificant transitory side-effects, such as slight increase in transaminases, toxic-allergic exanthema and pain in the region in injection, observed.", "PMID": 383623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6223", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis: review of searches for an infectious cause. Part I.", "content": "No distinctive pattern has yet emerged from the accumulated mass of results that would provide a generally acceptable hypothesis of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. A number of immunologic aberrations have been described, but there has been no identification of a key immunologic defect that might link together the various components of the immune response into an agreed pattern. The possibility of a persistent antigenic stimulus arising from an infection cannot be confirmed or refuted. If a virus is involved, it would seem more likely to be a \"slow\" virus rather than a commonly recognized form, but there is no strong candidate of this type in view. Despite the fact that mycoplasmas are undoubtedly arthritogenic in other species, their role as an etiologic agent in rheumatoid arthritis has not been proven. The idea that bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan may provide a persistent stimulus has much to offer, but it is not possible at this stage to accept peptidoglycan as a recognized etiologic factor. This suggestion will, however, indoubtedly stimulate much further investigation.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis: review of searches for an infectious cause. Part I. No distinctive pattern has yet emerged from the accumulated mass of results that would provide a generally acceptable hypothesis of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. A number of immunologic aberrations have been described, but there has been no identification of a key immunologic defect that might link together the various components of the immune response into an agreed pattern. The possibility of a persistent antigenic stimulus arising from an infection cannot be confirmed or refuted. If a virus is involved, it would seem more likely to be a \"slow\" virus rather than a commonly recognized form, but there is no strong candidate of this type in view. Despite the fact that mycoplasmas are undoubtedly arthritogenic in other species, their role as an etiologic agent in rheumatoid arthritis has not been proven. The idea that bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan may provide a persistent stimulus has much to offer, but it is not possible at this stage to accept peptidoglycan as a recognized etiologic factor. This suggestion will, however, indoubtedly stimulate much further investigation.", "PMID": 383624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6224", "title": "Hemodynamic, mechanical and renal effects during \"apneic oxygenation\" with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, at different levels of intrapulmonary pressure in lambs.", "content": "It has been shown that apneic oxygenation can be safely performed for many days when metabolic carbon dioxide is removed by an extracorporeal membrane lung, and 100% oxygen is supplied directly into the trachea to keep the intrapulmonary pressure at 5 cm. H2O. The study was designed to find \"best intrapulmonary pressure (IP)\", analogous to \"best PEEP\" during continuous positive pressure ventilation. In the present study we have shown that when IP was progressively raised from 5cm H2O to 20 cm H2O the PaO2 rose significantly due to progressive decrease in QVA/Q. A linear positive correlation was found between CO and QVA/Q. There was a negative correlation between QVA/Q and FRC. Total static lung compliance and FRC increased significantly at 15--20 cm H2O IP. There was no significant change in urinary flow, urea and creatinine clearances. We conclude that in apneic oxygenation a more \"optimal IP\" is attained at an IP pressure of 20 cm H2O than at 5 cm H2O.", "contents": "Hemodynamic, mechanical and renal effects during \"apneic oxygenation\" with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, at different levels of intrapulmonary pressure in lambs. It has been shown that apneic oxygenation can be safely performed for many days when metabolic carbon dioxide is removed by an extracorporeal membrane lung, and 100% oxygen is supplied directly into the trachea to keep the intrapulmonary pressure at 5 cm. H2O. The study was designed to find \"best intrapulmonary pressure (IP)\", analogous to \"best PEEP\" during continuous positive pressure ventilation. In the present study we have shown that when IP was progressively raised from 5cm H2O to 20 cm H2O the PaO2 rose significantly due to progressive decrease in QVA/Q. A linear positive correlation was found between CO and QVA/Q. There was a negative correlation between QVA/Q and FRC. Total static lung compliance and FRC increased significantly at 15--20 cm H2O IP. There was no significant change in urinary flow, urea and creatinine clearances. We conclude that in apneic oxygenation a more \"optimal IP\" is attained at an IP pressure of 20 cm H2O than at 5 cm H2O.", "PMID": 383627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6225", "title": "Remote densitometric analysis of stenotic lesions.", "content": "In conventional densitometric evaluation of stenoses the digitized angiogram is displayed on a multi-grey-level scope to facilitate operator interaction. With a remote terminal, linked to the computer with regular telephone lines, such display is unacceptably slow. To circumvent this difficulty, the projection of the original image is used for interactions through a sonic pen digitizer interfaced to the computer. A coordinate system can be defined on the projected image, in addition to the blood vessel segment to be analyzed by the operator. The computer can retrieve these features on the stored-pre-digitized image to carry out the quantitative evaluation of the stenosis. This method reduces the time of analysis and allows several institutions to share the same computing facility.", "contents": "Remote densitometric analysis of stenotic lesions. In conventional densitometric evaluation of stenoses the digitized angiogram is displayed on a multi-grey-level scope to facilitate operator interaction. With a remote terminal, linked to the computer with regular telephone lines, such display is unacceptably slow. To circumvent this difficulty, the projection of the original image is used for interactions through a sonic pen digitizer interfaced to the computer. A coordinate system can be defined on the projected image, in addition to the blood vessel segment to be analyzed by the operator. The computer can retrieve these features on the stored-pre-digitized image to carry out the quantitative evaluation of the stenosis. This method reduces the time of analysis and allows several institutions to share the same computing facility.", "PMID": 383629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6226", "title": "Computer image analysis of kidney histopathological sections.", "content": "Human renal histological sections have been photographed on a black and white transparency and digitized. The digitizing camera, an image dissector, converts a 2 cm2 picture into 400 x 400 numbers each representing the grey level value of sampled point. The grey levels are represented in the computer by number ranging between 0-255. In this scale 'O' stands for black and 255, for white. The program provides 2 grey level thresholds, which outline a window through which the picture is scanned. Only structures, whose grey level value lies in the window range, are taken into consideration. The thresholds are set during digitization from the console switches. Image analysis is performed on-line in real time.", "contents": "Computer image analysis of kidney histopathological sections. Human renal histological sections have been photographed on a black and white transparency and digitized. The digitizing camera, an image dissector, converts a 2 cm2 picture into 400 x 400 numbers each representing the grey level value of sampled point. The grey levels are represented in the computer by number ranging between 0-255. In this scale 'O' stands for black and 255, for white. The program provides 2 grey level thresholds, which outline a window through which the picture is scanned. Only structures, whose grey level value lies in the window range, are taken into consideration. The thresholds are set during digitization from the console switches. Image analysis is performed on-line in real time.", "PMID": 383630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6227", "title": "Indirect leukocyte migration assay in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Leukocytes from 72 melanoma patients and 75 control donors were examined in a two-stage (indirect) leukocyte migration assay, using formalin-fixed melanoma cells (FMC) and control, normal or non-melanoma tumour cells (FCC) as the source of antigen. Inhibitory supernatants were produced significantly more often by cultures of melanoma leukocytes and FMC than by melanoma leukocytes and FCC or control leukocytes and FMC or FCC. Reactive leukocytes were most frequently derived from stage II patients (65%), followed by stage I patients with tumour present (58%), stage III patients (29%) and stage I patients without detectable tumour (20%). The likelihood that a melanoma patient's leukocytes would react increased progressively with the number of different FMC preparations tested. A similar, though less steep increase in reactivity was seen with control donor leukocytes and different FMC preparations. No significant increase in reaction frequency was seen with melanoma or control leukocytes exposed to increasing numbers of different FCC preparations. Significant discrimination between melanoma patients' and control donors' leukocytes was achieved with FMC from both primary and metastatic tumours. Concordance of positivity or negativity was seen in 60% of concurrent one-stage and two-stage leukocyte migration assays.", "contents": "Indirect leukocyte migration assay in patients with malignant melanoma. Leukocytes from 72 melanoma patients and 75 control donors were examined in a two-stage (indirect) leukocyte migration assay, using formalin-fixed melanoma cells (FMC) and control, normal or non-melanoma tumour cells (FCC) as the source of antigen. Inhibitory supernatants were produced significantly more often by cultures of melanoma leukocytes and FMC than by melanoma leukocytes and FCC or control leukocytes and FMC or FCC. Reactive leukocytes were most frequently derived from stage II patients (65%), followed by stage I patients with tumour present (58%), stage III patients (29%) and stage I patients without detectable tumour (20%). The likelihood that a melanoma patient's leukocytes would react increased progressively with the number of different FMC preparations tested. A similar, though less steep increase in reactivity was seen with control donor leukocytes and different FMC preparations. No significant increase in reaction frequency was seen with melanoma or control leukocytes exposed to increasing numbers of different FCC preparations. Significant discrimination between melanoma patients' and control donors' leukocytes was achieved with FMC from both primary and metastatic tumours. Concordance of positivity or negativity was seen in 60% of concurrent one-stage and two-stage leukocyte migration assays.", "PMID": 383631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6228", "title": "Personality characteristics of heroin addicts: a review of the empirical literature with critique--part II.", "content": "This paper is the second part of a two-part series reviewing the empirical literature on personality characteristics of heroin addicts. It focuses on MMPI-based studies, personality differences between addict subgroups, and changes during the addiction cycle and following treatment. Several personality characteristics of heroin addicts have been consistently validated experimentally, but it is impossible to determine whether these traits comprise the \"addictive personality\" and predated drug use, or whether they are the result of drug addiction. Most research in this area has proceeded without the benefit of a theoretical premise on which to generate hypotheses and build models of heroin addiction. It is recommended that more study-based research occur that tests postulates.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of heroin addicts: a review of the empirical literature with critique--part II. This paper is the second part of a two-part series reviewing the empirical literature on personality characteristics of heroin addicts. It focuses on MMPI-based studies, personality differences between addict subgroups, and changes during the addiction cycle and following treatment. Several personality characteristics of heroin addicts have been consistently validated experimentally, but it is impossible to determine whether these traits comprise the \"addictive personality\" and predated drug use, or whether they are the result of drug addiction. Most research in this area has proceeded without the benefit of a theoretical premise on which to generate hypotheses and build models of heroin addiction. It is recommended that more study-based research occur that tests postulates.", "PMID": 383632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6229", "title": "Free radical reactions with proteins and enzymes: the inactivation of pepsin.", "content": "The reactions of free radicals produced by ionizing radiation with pepsin have been studied by steady-state inactivation measurements and by pulse radiolysis. In de-aerated solutions thehydroxyl radical has been found to be the most efficient of the primary free radicals generated from water in causing inactivation. The reactions of the more selective oxidizing inorganic radical anions Br2-. and (SCN)2-., with pepsin have also beenexamined. In the case of the thiocyanate radical anion (SCN)2-., the inactivation efficiency is found to depend on SCN- concentration, an effect shown to arise from a reversible redox reaction involving the tryptophan and (SCN)2-. radicals. The results demonstrate that tryptophan residue plays an essential role in the enzyme activity of pepsin.", "contents": "Free radical reactions with proteins and enzymes: the inactivation of pepsin. The reactions of free radicals produced by ionizing radiation with pepsin have been studied by steady-state inactivation measurements and by pulse radiolysis. In de-aerated solutions thehydroxyl radical has been found to be the most efficient of the primary free radicals generated from water in causing inactivation. The reactions of the more selective oxidizing inorganic radical anions Br2-. and (SCN)2-., with pepsin have also beenexamined. In the case of the thiocyanate radical anion (SCN)2-., the inactivation efficiency is found to depend on SCN- concentration, an effect shown to arise from a reversible redox reaction involving the tryptophan and (SCN)2-. radicals. The results demonstrate that tryptophan residue plays an essential role in the enzyme activity of pepsin.", "PMID": 383634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6230", "title": "Influence of unsaturated fatty acids, membrane fluidity and oxygenation on the survival of an E. coli fatty acid auxotroph following gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Escherichia coli K1060, a fatty acid auxotroph unable to either synthesize or degrade unsaturated fatty acids (uFAs), was used to study the effect of membrane fluidity on survival after exposure to ionizing radiation. Using this strain of E. coli, significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of the membrane have been produced and verified by gas chromatography. Linolenic, oleic, elaidic and palmitelaidic acids were the uFAs used. Survival above the transition temperature (Tt) (liquid crystal in equilibrium gel) was comparable for these fatty-acid-supplemented membranes after exposure to gamma-irradiation, whereas gamma-irradiation below Tt resulted ina significant decrease in survival. An oxygen enhancement effect was observed for each experimental condition employed.", "contents": "Influence of unsaturated fatty acids, membrane fluidity and oxygenation on the survival of an E. coli fatty acid auxotroph following gamma-irradiation. Escherichia coli K1060, a fatty acid auxotroph unable to either synthesize or degrade unsaturated fatty acids (uFAs), was used to study the effect of membrane fluidity on survival after exposure to ionizing radiation. Using this strain of E. coli, significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of the membrane have been produced and verified by gas chromatography. Linolenic, oleic, elaidic and palmitelaidic acids were the uFAs used. Survival above the transition temperature (Tt) (liquid crystal in equilibrium gel) was comparable for these fatty-acid-supplemented membranes after exposure to gamma-irradiation, whereas gamma-irradiation below Tt resulted ina significant decrease in survival. An oxygen enhancement effect was observed for each experimental condition employed.", "PMID": 383635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6231", "title": "Human trabecular cells. I. Establishment in tissue culture and growth characteristics.", "content": "After a careful dissection of trabecular tissue from recent postmortem specimens, human trabecular cells were established in tissue culture with 250 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME), and 10% human serum. These conditions have allowed propagation of human trabecular cells for a number of passages at high density without apparent cellular degeneration. FGF increased the rate of cell division and the plating efficiency for trabecular cells but was not needed after cells had achieved confluency. Human trabecular cells had a pattern of growth which differed from human corneal keratocytes and human corneal endothelial cells compared at a similar passage. Propagation of human trabecular cells in vitro may provide a valuable source of experimental material to study the functional aspects of these cells which line the trabecular meshwork.", "contents": "Human trabecular cells. I. Establishment in tissue culture and growth characteristics. After a careful dissection of trabecular tissue from recent postmortem specimens, human trabecular cells were established in tissue culture with 250 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME), and 10% human serum. These conditions have allowed propagation of human trabecular cells for a number of passages at high density without apparent cellular degeneration. FGF increased the rate of cell division and the plating efficiency for trabecular cells but was not needed after cells had achieved confluency. Human trabecular cells had a pattern of growth which differed from human corneal keratocytes and human corneal endothelial cells compared at a similar passage. Propagation of human trabecular cells in vitro may provide a valuable source of experimental material to study the functional aspects of these cells which line the trabecular meshwork.", "PMID": 383640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6232", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy and the surface morphology of human leukocytes: current status.", "content": "This illustrated review summarizes the current status of knowledge relating to the surface morphology of leukocytes as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Problems of SEM interpretation and controversial issues are discussed. In addition, this report briefly reviews the factors that are known to influence the surface architecture of these cells and summarizes SEM findings in the leukemias.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy and the surface morphology of human leukocytes: current status. This illustrated review summarizes the current status of knowledge relating to the surface morphology of leukocytes as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Problems of SEM interpretation and controversial issues are discussed. In addition, this report briefly reviews the factors that are known to influence the surface architecture of these cells and summarizes SEM findings in the leukemias.", "PMID": 383645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6233", "title": "Immunocytochemical studies of human myeloma cells by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Demonstration of atypical plasma cells in bone marrow and extramedullary sites is the conventional cytological criterion for the diagnosis of human myeloma and assessment of its development. By immunocytochemical methods, it is possible to demonstrate in the blood of myeloma patients the occurrence of mononuclear cells, which manufacture and express idiotypic determinants (Id+) of the patient's own myeloma protein. These circulating Id+ cells have a polymorphic ultrastructure ranging from that of atypical lymphocytes to lymphoblastic-lymphoplasmacytoid and plasmacytoid cells. Our observations in several patients indicate that monitoring the blood levels of Id+ and Ig+ cells is a sensitive probe for following the development of the disease.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical studies of human myeloma cells by light and electron microscopy. Demonstration of atypical plasma cells in bone marrow and extramedullary sites is the conventional cytological criterion for the diagnosis of human myeloma and assessment of its development. By immunocytochemical methods, it is possible to demonstrate in the blood of myeloma patients the occurrence of mononuclear cells, which manufacture and express idiotypic determinants (Id+) of the patient's own myeloma protein. These circulating Id+ cells have a polymorphic ultrastructure ranging from that of atypical lymphocytes to lymphoblastic-lymphoplasmacytoid and plasmacytoid cells. Our observations in several patients indicate that monitoring the blood levels of Id+ and Ig+ cells is a sensitive probe for following the development of the disease.", "PMID": 383646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6234", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopy and immunocytochemistry in pathology, with special reference to immunoglobulin-producing cells.", "content": "The advantage of immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM) is that it allows the simultaneous detection of surface and internal cell components. The immunoperoxidase method is often more suitable than immunoferritin. There are no major difficulties in staining surface antigens by immuno-EM, provided sufficient amounts of pure antibodies are available for coupling to peroxidase. Prior fixation of cells, with faxatives that preserve the antigenicity of surface components, avoids ligand-induced alterations of the surface components. It is believed that, unlike the surface, intracellular antigens are difficult to stain by immuno-EM because of the poor penetration of conjugates into fixed cells; thus, various technical approaches have been proposed by workers involved in tissue immuno-EM. In fact, the method that we initially devised for the surface staining of fixed cell suspensions has proved to detect specifically intracellular immunoglobulins in B cells obtained from patients with proliferative diseases. Thus, conjugates do penetrate into fixed cells, although by an unknown mechanism. On this basis, it is possible to study both surface and intracellular immunoglobulins at the EM level and to determine the precise localization synthesis.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopy and immunocytochemistry in pathology, with special reference to immunoglobulin-producing cells. The advantage of immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM) is that it allows the simultaneous detection of surface and internal cell components. The immunoperoxidase method is often more suitable than immunoferritin. There are no major difficulties in staining surface antigens by immuno-EM, provided sufficient amounts of pure antibodies are available for coupling to peroxidase. Prior fixation of cells, with faxatives that preserve the antigenicity of surface components, avoids ligand-induced alterations of the surface components. It is believed that, unlike the surface, intracellular antigens are difficult to stain by immuno-EM because of the poor penetration of conjugates into fixed cells; thus, various technical approaches have been proposed by workers involved in tissue immuno-EM. In fact, the method that we initially devised for the surface staining of fixed cell suspensions has proved to detect specifically intracellular immunoglobulins in B cells obtained from patients with proliferative diseases. Thus, conjugates do penetrate into fixed cells, although by an unknown mechanism. On this basis, it is possible to study both surface and intracellular immunoglobulins at the EM level and to determine the precise localization synthesis.", "PMID": 383647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6235", "title": "The present status of imaging of the gallbladder.", "content": "Oral cholecystography is still the basic modality for the diagnosis of gallbladder disease. Now, for the first time since the introduction of this procedure in 1924, this status is being challenged by another diagnostic technique, ultrasonography of the gall bladder. Ultrasound studies have major advantages over conventional cholecystography. These are sufficiently important that it can be safely predicted that ultrasonography will eventually become the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating the gallbladder. Just as the use of colonoscopy has provoked a new analysis of the barium enema examination in the evaluation of the colon, the introduction of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder has revealed the fact that false-negative oral cholecystograms are not rare. Before ultrasonography this information was unobtainable, because of the surgeon's proper reluctance to perform a cholecystectomy in patients with normal oral cholecystograms. Indeed, the availability of an accurate alternate diagnostic procedure has stimulated a reevaluation of other difficulties associated with oral cholecystography. These include problems involved with non-visualization and impaired visualization of the gallbladder after a single dose of contrast material, misunderstandings concerning the uses of oral cholecystography compared to those for intravenous cholangiography and uncertainty regarding the value of cholecystokinin cholecystography in the diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the oral cholecystographic contrast agents has been long overdue, considering the extensive use of these compounds in clinical practice for more than 50 years. However, information on this subject has finally reached a stage where the data can be applied to ensure that cholecystography is done with maximun efficiency and safety and with the least radiation exposure. The purpose of this report is to review the problems involved with imaging of the gallbladder by oral cholecystography and to discuss the indications, interpretation and accuracy of gallbladder imaging with ultrasonography. Data concerning the use of computerized tomography for evaluation of the gallbladder are still preliminary but are discussed.", "contents": "The present status of imaging of the gallbladder. Oral cholecystography is still the basic modality for the diagnosis of gallbladder disease. Now, for the first time since the introduction of this procedure in 1924, this status is being challenged by another diagnostic technique, ultrasonography of the gall bladder. Ultrasound studies have major advantages over conventional cholecystography. These are sufficiently important that it can be safely predicted that ultrasonography will eventually become the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating the gallbladder. Just as the use of colonoscopy has provoked a new analysis of the barium enema examination in the evaluation of the colon, the introduction of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder has revealed the fact that false-negative oral cholecystograms are not rare. Before ultrasonography this information was unobtainable, because of the surgeon's proper reluctance to perform a cholecystectomy in patients with normal oral cholecystograms. Indeed, the availability of an accurate alternate diagnostic procedure has stimulated a reevaluation of other difficulties associated with oral cholecystography. These include problems involved with non-visualization and impaired visualization of the gallbladder after a single dose of contrast material, misunderstandings concerning the uses of oral cholecystography compared to those for intravenous cholangiography and uncertainty regarding the value of cholecystokinin cholecystography in the diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the oral cholecystographic contrast agents has been long overdue, considering the extensive use of these compounds in clinical practice for more than 50 years. However, information on this subject has finally reached a stage where the data can be applied to ensure that cholecystography is done with maximun efficiency and safety and with the least radiation exposure. The purpose of this report is to review the problems involved with imaging of the gallbladder by oral cholecystography and to discuss the indications, interpretation and accuracy of gallbladder imaging with ultrasonography. Data concerning the use of computerized tomography for evaluation of the gallbladder are still preliminary but are discussed.", "PMID": 383643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6236", "title": "The utilization of xeroradiography for radiography of cross-section of thin cadaveric slices.", "content": "Although xeroradiography has had many medical applications, its utilization and the advantages it offers in the study of cadaveric sections has not previously been fully explored. It was our purpose to determine possible advantages or disadvantages this modality might have for this purpose. The edge enhancement which xeroradiography allows is a distinct advantage since the various anatomic structures become more clearly defined. On the other hand, the hollow viscera and the lumina of blood vessels are not enhanced, but rather blend with the walls of these \"hollow\" structures. Also, there is some loss of detail in the depiction of some of the glandular structures, such as the seminal vesicles. An artist's assistance to define these by comparison with the gross specimen gives us an optimum result. An x-ray enhanced image is thereby attained which exceeds the usual line drawing or artist's depiction of the cross-sectional specimen, and both can be similarly labeled for study.", "contents": "The utilization of xeroradiography for radiography of cross-section of thin cadaveric slices. Although xeroradiography has had many medical applications, its utilization and the advantages it offers in the study of cadaveric sections has not previously been fully explored. It was our purpose to determine possible advantages or disadvantages this modality might have for this purpose. The edge enhancement which xeroradiography allows is a distinct advantage since the various anatomic structures become more clearly defined. On the other hand, the hollow viscera and the lumina of blood vessels are not enhanced, but rather blend with the walls of these \"hollow\" structures. Also, there is some loss of detail in the depiction of some of the glandular structures, such as the seminal vesicles. An artist's assistance to define these by comparison with the gross specimen gives us an optimum result. An x-ray enhanced image is thereby attained which exceeds the usual line drawing or artist's depiction of the cross-sectional specimen, and both can be similarly labeled for study.", "PMID": 383644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6237", "title": "[Cosmus Conrad Cuno (1652-1745) on a human ectoparasite: the head louse].", "content": "Cosmus Conrad Cuno, a less well known optician and inventor of microscopes from the second half of the 17th century, published in 1734 at Augsburg his Observationes durch dessen verfertigte Microscopia where along with various observations he communicated salient details pertaining to the biology of the head louse.", "contents": "[Cosmus Conrad Cuno (1652-1745) on a human ectoparasite: the head louse]. Cosmus Conrad Cuno, a less well known optician and inventor of microscopes from the second half of the 17th century, published in 1734 at Augsburg his Observationes durch dessen verfertigte Microscopia where along with various observations he communicated salient details pertaining to the biology of the head louse.", "PMID": 383656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6238", "title": "Consecutive demonstration of catecholamines and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase within the same specimen.", "content": "A combined method was developed for characterization and differentiation of catecholamines in neuron populations containing more than one catecholamine, e.g. dopamine and norepinephrine. Its application to small intensely fluorescent (SIF-) cell clusters in sympathetic ganglia allows the successive demonstration of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by indirect immunofluorescence within the same tissue section. Applying this technique to an example, two types of SIF-cells were demonstrated in the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion.", "contents": "Consecutive demonstration of catecholamines and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase within the same specimen. A combined method was developed for characterization and differentiation of catecholamines in neuron populations containing more than one catecholamine, e.g. dopamine and norepinephrine. Its application to small intensely fluorescent (SIF-) cell clusters in sympathetic ganglia allows the successive demonstration of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by indirect immunofluorescence within the same tissue section. Applying this technique to an example, two types of SIF-cells were demonstrated in the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion.", "PMID": 383661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6239", "title": "Gut-type glucagon immunoreactivity in nerves of the rat brain.", "content": "Nerve fibers reacting with antisera demonstrating gut-type glucagon were numerous in certain areas of hypothalamus and thalamus but absent from neocortex and hippocampus. They did not react with glucagon antisera specific for pancreatic type glucagon. Immunoreactive cell bodies were not observed.", "contents": "Gut-type glucagon immunoreactivity in nerves of the rat brain. Nerve fibers reacting with antisera demonstrating gut-type glucagon were numerous in certain areas of hypothalamus and thalamus but absent from neocortex and hippocampus. They did not react with glucagon antisera specific for pancreatic type glucagon. Immunoreactive cell bodies were not observed.", "PMID": 383662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6240", "title": "Calcium, zinc and other elements in islet and exocrine tissue of the rat pancreas as measured by histochemical methods and electron-probe micro-analysis, Effects of fasting and tolbutamide.", "content": "Fasting for 24 or 72 h causes a strong decrease of pancreatic islet calcium content as detected by glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil), (GBHA). There is strong evidence that GBHA only detects ionized calcium and not total calcium (Wolters et al., 1979). Fasting does not influence the zinc content as detected by dithizone (DZN), and aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) staining intensity is only slightly decreased. After degranulation of islets by tolbutamide (which reduced the insulin content of the pancreas to 10% of the control value) the staining intensities of GBHA, DZN and AF were strongly depressed. Calcium (as well as other elements) were also measured by electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA). It appeared that 24 or 72 h of fasting did neither affect the total content of Ca nor of Na, P, S, and K of the islets significantly. In exocrine tissue the Ca content increased gradually as a result of fasting. Thus, after 72 h of fasting the Ca content was 25% higher than in fed controls. On the other hand after 72 h of fasting the K content appeared to be decreased. EPMA revealed that after degranulation of islets the Ca content decreased markedly (35%). S appeared to be decreased by only 14%, whereas the content of the other elements was not changed. The results show that GBHA-detectable Ca is only a part of EPMA-detectable Ca. The GBHA-Ca \"pool\" which contains ionized Ca, is subjected to changes when the animals are fasted, the total Ca content as measured by EPMA does not change. Thus, at least two distinguishable pools of Ca exist within the islets (GBHA-detectable and not-GBHA-detectable). It is suggested that as a result of fasting Ca passes from one pool to another.", "contents": "Calcium, zinc and other elements in islet and exocrine tissue of the rat pancreas as measured by histochemical methods and electron-probe micro-analysis, Effects of fasting and tolbutamide. Fasting for 24 or 72 h causes a strong decrease of pancreatic islet calcium content as detected by glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil), (GBHA). There is strong evidence that GBHA only detects ionized calcium and not total calcium (Wolters et al., 1979). Fasting does not influence the zinc content as detected by dithizone (DZN), and aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) staining intensity is only slightly decreased. After degranulation of islets by tolbutamide (which reduced the insulin content of the pancreas to 10% of the control value) the staining intensities of GBHA, DZN and AF were strongly depressed. Calcium (as well as other elements) were also measured by electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA). It appeared that 24 or 72 h of fasting did neither affect the total content of Ca nor of Na, P, S, and K of the islets significantly. In exocrine tissue the Ca content increased gradually as a result of fasting. Thus, after 72 h of fasting the Ca content was 25% higher than in fed controls. On the other hand after 72 h of fasting the K content appeared to be decreased. EPMA revealed that after degranulation of islets the Ca content decreased markedly (35%). S appeared to be decreased by only 14%, whereas the content of the other elements was not changed. The results show that GBHA-detectable Ca is only a part of EPMA-detectable Ca. The GBHA-Ca \"pool\" which contains ionized Ca, is subjected to changes when the animals are fasted, the total Ca content as measured by EPMA does not change. Thus, at least two distinguishable pools of Ca exist within the islets (GBHA-detectable and not-GBHA-detectable). It is suggested that as a result of fasting Ca passes from one pool to another.", "PMID": 383663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6241", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in mouse kidney.", "content": "The distribution of renin in mouse kidney was examined in immunohistochemical studies by using an antiserum against pure mouse submaxillary renin and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. At antibody dilutions from 1:10(4) to 1:10(6), renin was found in high concentrations in the epitheloid cells of the vasa afferentia and, in lower concentrations, in the wall of some of the vasa efferentia. Renin was also detected in most of the interlobular arteries. Mesangial cells and Goormaghtigh cells were always free of specific staining. At high antiserum concentrations (i.e., dilutions from 1:10(2) to 1:10(4)) specific reaction product was also observed in the apical part of proximal tubule cells. This staining may represent filtered and pinocytozed renin.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in mouse kidney. The distribution of renin in mouse kidney was examined in immunohistochemical studies by using an antiserum against pure mouse submaxillary renin and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. At antibody dilutions from 1:10(4) to 1:10(6), renin was found in high concentrations in the epitheloid cells of the vasa afferentia and, in lower concentrations, in the wall of some of the vasa efferentia. Renin was also detected in most of the interlobular arteries. Mesangial cells and Goormaghtigh cells were always free of specific staining. At high antiserum concentrations (i.e., dilutions from 1:10(2) to 1:10(4)) specific reaction product was also observed in the apical part of proximal tubule cells. This staining may represent filtered and pinocytozed renin.", "PMID": 383664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6242", "title": "Comparative investigation of the mixed aggregation immunocytochemical technique and the indirect peroxidase technique for the detection of prostate specific acid phosphatase in paraffin or paraplast sections.", "content": "The results obtained with the indirect peroxidase technique for the identification of prostate specific acid phosphatase in formalin fixed, paraffin or paraplast embedded autopsy material are compared with the results obtained with the mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique. When using a monospecific antiserum the former technique is prefered. However, when a monospecific antiserum is not available, one has to balance the advantages of the mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique against the disadvantages of having to prepare a monospecific antiserum, necessary for the indirect peroxidase technique. Both methods appeared positive in 20 prostatic carcinomas and in 36 metastases of prostatic carcinomas. In the epithelium of the seminal vesicles and in osteoclasts no acid phosphatase could be detected with the antiserum. A comparison of both techniques, as well as different types of preincubation to diminish nonspecific background staining are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative investigation of the mixed aggregation immunocytochemical technique and the indirect peroxidase technique for the detection of prostate specific acid phosphatase in paraffin or paraplast sections. The results obtained with the indirect peroxidase technique for the identification of prostate specific acid phosphatase in formalin fixed, paraffin or paraplast embedded autopsy material are compared with the results obtained with the mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique. When using a monospecific antiserum the former technique is prefered. However, when a monospecific antiserum is not available, one has to balance the advantages of the mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique against the disadvantages of having to prepare a monospecific antiserum, necessary for the indirect peroxidase technique. Both methods appeared positive in 20 prostatic carcinomas and in 36 metastases of prostatic carcinomas. In the epithelium of the seminal vesicles and in osteoclasts no acid phosphatase could be detected with the antiserum. A comparison of both techniques, as well as different types of preincubation to diminish nonspecific background staining are discussed.", "PMID": 383665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6243", "title": "Effect of fixation on the antigenicity of human lactoferrin in paraffin-embedded tissues and cytocentrifuged cell smears.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase techniques were used to study the preservation of the antigenicity of human lactoferrin (LF) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and various exocrine glandular cells in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and cytocentrifuged cell smears. Tissues fixed in Carnoy's fluid in contrast to other fixatives used, showed good preservation of LF antigenicity irrespective of the fixation time. Cell smears fixed in Carnoy's fluid showed diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for LF, although morphologic integrity was poorly preserved. Granular cytoplasmic staining for LF with no staining of nuclei was seen in cell smears fixed in buffered formol acetone for 2--10 min. The nature of nuclear LF staining and future applications of the present methods are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of fixation on the antigenicity of human lactoferrin in paraffin-embedded tissues and cytocentrifuged cell smears. Immunoperoxidase techniques were used to study the preservation of the antigenicity of human lactoferrin (LF) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and various exocrine glandular cells in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and cytocentrifuged cell smears. Tissues fixed in Carnoy's fluid in contrast to other fixatives used, showed good preservation of LF antigenicity irrespective of the fixation time. Cell smears fixed in Carnoy's fluid showed diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for LF, although morphologic integrity was poorly preserved. Granular cytoplasmic staining for LF with no staining of nuclei was seen in cell smears fixed in buffered formol acetone for 2--10 min. The nature of nuclear LF staining and future applications of the present methods are discussed.", "PMID": 383666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6244", "title": "[Hearing results following tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Tympanoplasty can produce a stable hearing improvement in many patients with chronically inflamed ears. In our series of patients, severe damage to the inner ear following surgery occurred in 3% patients and was associated with a hearing loss of greater than 15 dB. Complete hearing loss occurred in 0.2% of the patients reviewed. In patients with an intact ossicular chain, simple myringoplasty is associated with the best results. Loss of the stapedial arches affects the postoperative air-bone gap most significantly, while loss of the manubrium mallei or the creation of a radical mastoid cavity are additional negative factors. Extent or localization of ossicular fixation has no direct influence on hearing results when appropriate ossicular reconstruction is performed.", "contents": "[Hearing results following tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. Tympanoplasty can produce a stable hearing improvement in many patients with chronically inflamed ears. In our series of patients, severe damage to the inner ear following surgery occurred in 3% patients and was associated with a hearing loss of greater than 15 dB. Complete hearing loss occurred in 0.2% of the patients reviewed. In patients with an intact ossicular chain, simple myringoplasty is associated with the best results. Loss of the stapedial arches affects the postoperative air-bone gap most significantly, while loss of the manubrium mallei or the creation of a radical mastoid cavity are additional negative factors. Extent or localization of ossicular fixation has no direct influence on hearing results when appropriate ossicular reconstruction is performed.", "PMID": 383667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6245", "title": "[Echinococcus cysticus infections in the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusual case of Echinococcus cysticus infection of the neck, face and skull is reported. The disease was misdiagnosed for several years as tuberculosis of the lymph nodes and consequently incorrectly treated. Definitive therapy required radical surgery.", "contents": "[Echinococcus cysticus infections in the head and neck (author's transl)]. An unusual case of Echinococcus cysticus infection of the neck, face and skull is reported. The disease was misdiagnosed for several years as tuberculosis of the lymph nodes and consequently incorrectly treated. Definitive therapy required radical surgery.", "PMID": 383668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6246", "title": "The McCannel suture: a bimanual technique.", "content": "The bimanual technique utilizing the iris manipulator and a full air bubble allows excellent control of anterior chamber depth and IOL position. It also minimizes the risk of trauma to the underlying lens, posterior capsule or vitreous during placement of iris sutures; and its use may prevent the tragedy of severe endothelial damage during insertion of the McCannel suture.", "contents": "The McCannel suture: a bimanual technique. The bimanual technique utilizing the iris manipulator and a full air bubble allows excellent control of anterior chamber depth and IOL position. It also minimizes the risk of trauma to the underlying lens, posterior capsule or vitreous during placement of iris sutures; and its use may prevent the tragedy of severe endothelial damage during insertion of the McCannel suture.", "PMID": 383669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6247", "title": "Development of culture vessel for sterility testing of bandages and other medical devices.", "content": "A cylindrical glass culture vessel equipped with a vented nylon closure was developed and evaluated for sterility testing. The sterility testing cylinder (STC), made in 2 sizes, accommodates 250 or 400 mL culture broth. A tight-fitting, skirted nylon cap protects the upper part of the cylinder, and a membrane filter in a recessed opening allows venting during autoclaving and ensures sterility during removal and replacement of the cap. The configuration of the vessel in terms of the opening size and ratio of the horizontal to vertical cross section provides depths desirable for testing many shapes of medical devices, including elongated and narrow ones, without excessive waste of medium. They are easy to charge with medium, and to autoclave, store, inoculate, and observe for growth.", "contents": "Development of culture vessel for sterility testing of bandages and other medical devices. A cylindrical glass culture vessel equipped with a vented nylon closure was developed and evaluated for sterility testing. The sterility testing cylinder (STC), made in 2 sizes, accommodates 250 or 400 mL culture broth. A tight-fitting, skirted nylon cap protects the upper part of the cylinder, and a membrane filter in a recessed opening allows venting during autoclaving and ensures sterility during removal and replacement of the cap. The configuration of the vessel in terms of the opening size and ratio of the horizontal to vertical cross section provides depths desirable for testing many shapes of medical devices, including elongated and narrow ones, without excessive waste of medium. They are easy to charge with medium, and to autoclave, store, inoculate, and observe for growth.", "PMID": 383682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6248", "title": "Small arrays of electron-dense cylinders in Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "Electron microscopy of unstained Escherichia coli cells from cultures kept near 0 degrees C after incubation at 37 degrees C revealed small areas of geometrically arranged electron-dense cylinders. Their morphology, organization, and occurrence are described.", "contents": "Small arrays of electron-dense cylinders in Escherichia coli cells. Electron microscopy of unstained Escherichia coli cells from cultures kept near 0 degrees C after incubation at 37 degrees C revealed small areas of geometrically arranged electron-dense cylinders. Their morphology, organization, and occurrence are described.", "PMID": 383683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6249", "title": "New tool for studying interactions of components of ribonucleic acid polymerase: rifampin-dependent mutants.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli showing a rifampin-dependent phenotype were isolated from cells of strain CP78 mutagenized with ethyl methane sulfonate or nitrosoguanidine when an antibiotic underlay technique was used. The mutants varied greatly in their rifampin requirement. The minimum necessary concentration ranged from 1 to 50 micrograms/ml. The mutants could be divided into four phenotypic classes. These dependent mutants and their revertants should be a useful tool for probing interactions between the component polypeptides of ribonucleic acid polymerase and for studying the linkage of transcription with other cellular processes.", "contents": "New tool for studying interactions of components of ribonucleic acid polymerase: rifampin-dependent mutants. Mutants of Escherichia coli showing a rifampin-dependent phenotype were isolated from cells of strain CP78 mutagenized with ethyl methane sulfonate or nitrosoguanidine when an antibiotic underlay technique was used. The mutants varied greatly in their rifampin requirement. The minimum necessary concentration ranged from 1 to 50 micrograms/ml. The mutants could be divided into four phenotypic classes. These dependent mutants and their revertants should be a useful tool for probing interactions between the component polypeptides of ribonucleic acid polymerase and for studying the linkage of transcription with other cellular processes.", "PMID": 383684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6250", "title": "Effect of transcription on RecBC- and RecF-mediated recombination within the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Recombination between tryptophan gene mutations within the trp operon was determined among transductants for an outside linked cysB marker under conditions of repression and derepression. These studies, carried out with recipient strains utilizing the RecBC or RecF pathway, or a combination of these pathways of recombination, demonstrate that transcription of trp genes as regulated by the trp repressor has no significant effect on RecBC- or RecF-mediated recombination within the trp operon.", "contents": "Effect of transcription on RecBC- and RecF-mediated recombination within the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli K-12. Recombination between tryptophan gene mutations within the trp operon was determined among transductants for an outside linked cysB marker under conditions of repression and derepression. These studies, carried out with recipient strains utilizing the RecBC or RecF pathway, or a combination of these pathways of recombination, demonstrate that transcription of trp genes as regulated by the trp repressor has no significant effect on RecBC- or RecF-mediated recombination within the trp operon.", "PMID": 383685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6251", "title": "his-Linked hydrogen sulfide locus of Salmonella typhimurium and its expression in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A his-linked H2S locus of Salmonella typhimurium has been further defined by direct isolation of H2S mutants. Expression of this locus in Escherichia coli has been demonstrated.", "contents": "his-Linked hydrogen sulfide locus of Salmonella typhimurium and its expression in Escherichia coli. A his-linked H2S locus of Salmonella typhimurium has been further defined by direct isolation of H2S mutants. Expression of this locus in Escherichia coli has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 383686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6252", "title": "Interaction between mutant alleles of araC of the Escherichia coli B/r L-arabinose operon.", "content": "Strains were constructed that contain mutational alterations affecting two distinct functional domains within the araC gene protein. The araCi (catabolite repression insensitivity) and araCh (catabolite repression hypersensitivity) mutations were used to alter the catabolite repression sensitivity domain, and mutation to D-fucose resistance was used to alter the inducer binding domain. araCh, D-fucose-resistant double mutants never exhibited constitutive ara operon expression, whereas all of the araCi, D-fucose-resistant double mutants did exhibit constitutivity. When L-arabinose was used as an inducer, most of the double mutants exhibited the sensitivity to catabolite repression associated with the araCi or araCh mutation. However, when D-fucose was used as an inducer, changes in sensitivity to catabolite repression were observed that were attributed to interactions between the two protein domains. The roles of catabolite activator protein and araC gene protein in the induction of the araBAD operon were discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between mutant alleles of araC of the Escherichia coli B/r L-arabinose operon. Strains were constructed that contain mutational alterations affecting two distinct functional domains within the araC gene protein. The araCi (catabolite repression insensitivity) and araCh (catabolite repression hypersensitivity) mutations were used to alter the catabolite repression sensitivity domain, and mutation to D-fucose resistance was used to alter the inducer binding domain. araCh, D-fucose-resistant double mutants never exhibited constitutive ara operon expression, whereas all of the araCi, D-fucose-resistant double mutants did exhibit constitutivity. When L-arabinose was used as an inducer, most of the double mutants exhibited the sensitivity to catabolite repression associated with the araCi or araCh mutation. However, when D-fucose was used as an inducer, changes in sensitivity to catabolite repression were observed that were attributed to interactions between the two protein domains. The roles of catabolite activator protein and araC gene protein in the induction of the araBAD operon were discussed.", "PMID": 383687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6253", "title": "Growth-rate-dependent alteration of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The levels of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are subject to metabolic regulation; they increased three- to fivefold with increasing growth rate.", "contents": "Growth-rate-dependent alteration of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in Escherichia coli K-12. The levels of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are subject to metabolic regulation; they increased three- to fivefold with increasing growth rate.", "PMID": 383688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6254", "title": "The ends of Tn10 are not IS3.", "content": "By heteroduplex and hybridization analysis we showed that the inverted repetition (here called IS10) at the ends of the translocatable tetracycline resistance element Tn10 is not IS3, as had previously been reported by Ptashne and Cohen (J. Bacteriol. 122:776--781, 1975). Further analysis confirmed the homology between IS3 and the alpha beta sequence of F and demonstrated that IS10 was not present in the genomes of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 or Escherichia coli K-12.", "contents": "The ends of Tn10 are not IS3. By heteroduplex and hybridization analysis we showed that the inverted repetition (here called IS10) at the ends of the translocatable tetracycline resistance element Tn10 is not IS3, as had previously been reported by Ptashne and Cohen (J. Bacteriol. 122:776--781, 1975). Further analysis confirmed the homology between IS3 and the alpha beta sequence of F and demonstrated that IS10 was not present in the genomes of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 or Escherichia coli K-12.", "PMID": 383689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6255", "title": "Two Escherichia coli chromosomal cistrons, sfrA and sfrB, which are needed for expression of F factor tra functions.", "content": "Twelve mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated which carry chromosomal mutations that exhibit pleiotropic effects on the expression of F factor tra cistrons. F pilus synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid transfer, and surface exclusion are all inhibited. Six of the mutants carry sfrA mutations, and six carry sfrB mutations. sfrA and sfrB are cistrons mapping near thr and metE, respectively. Several F-like plasmids are dependent on sfrA and on sfrB for expression of tra cistrons. Plasmids of incompatibility groups C and S are only dependent on sfrB,and other conjugative plasmids are dependent on neither. sfrB mutations also result in changes in certain cell envelope properties, including change sensitivity to certain bacteriophages which use lipopolysaccharide as a receptor, synthesis of nonfunctional flagella, and altered sensitivity to antibiotics.", "contents": "Two Escherichia coli chromosomal cistrons, sfrA and sfrB, which are needed for expression of F factor tra functions. Twelve mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated which carry chromosomal mutations that exhibit pleiotropic effects on the expression of F factor tra cistrons. F pilus synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid transfer, and surface exclusion are all inhibited. Six of the mutants carry sfrA mutations, and six carry sfrB mutations. sfrA and sfrB are cistrons mapping near thr and metE, respectively. Several F-like plasmids are dependent on sfrA and on sfrB for expression of tra cistrons. Plasmids of incompatibility groups C and S are only dependent on sfrB,and other conjugative plasmids are dependent on neither. sfrB mutations also result in changes in certain cell envelope properties, including change sensitivity to certain bacteriophages which use lipopolysaccharide as a receptor, synthesis of nonfunctional flagella, and altered sensitivity to antibiotics.", "PMID": 383690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6256", "title": "Escherichia coli murein-DD-endopeptidase insensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "A novel endopeptidase degrading the peptide cross-links in sacculi has been isolated from Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30,000 and, in contrast to already known enzymes of similar specificity, remains fully active in the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, it is exceptional in being inhibited by single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and by some polynucleotides. The possible role of the enzyme in cell division is discussed.", "contents": "Escherichia coli murein-DD-endopeptidase insensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics. A novel endopeptidase degrading the peptide cross-links in sacculi has been isolated from Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30,000 and, in contrast to already known enzymes of similar specificity, remains fully active in the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, it is exceptional in being inhibited by single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and by some polynucleotides. The possible role of the enzyme in cell division is discussed.", "PMID": 383691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6257", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants unable to induce the adaptive response to simple alkylating agents.", "content": "When Esherichia coli cells are exposed to a low level of simple alkylating agents, they induce the adaptive response which renders them more resistant to the killing and the mutagenic effects of the same or other alkylating agents. This paper describes the isolation of one strain that was deficient in mutagenic adaptation and five that were deficient in both mutagenic and killing adaptation, confirming previous suggestions that killing and mutagenic adaptation are, at least to some extent, separable. These six strains have been called Ada mutants. They were more sensitive to the killing and mutagenic effects of N-methy-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) than the unadapted Ada+ parent. Thus, the adaptation pathway is responsible for circumventing some alkylation-induced damage even in cells that are preinduced. The increase in mutation frequency seen in Ada cells treated with MNNG was the same whether the cells were lexA+ or lexA, showing that the extra mutations found in Ada- strains do not depend upon the SOS pathway. Ada strains accumulated more O6-methyl guanine lesions than the Ada+ parent on prolonged exposure to MNNG, and this supports the idea that O6-methyl guanine is the most important lesion for MNNG-induced mutagenesis. The ada mutations have been shown to map in the 47 to 53-min region of the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants unable to induce the adaptive response to simple alkylating agents. When Esherichia coli cells are exposed to a low level of simple alkylating agents, they induce the adaptive response which renders them more resistant to the killing and the mutagenic effects of the same or other alkylating agents. This paper describes the isolation of one strain that was deficient in mutagenic adaptation and five that were deficient in both mutagenic and killing adaptation, confirming previous suggestions that killing and mutagenic adaptation are, at least to some extent, separable. These six strains have been called Ada mutants. They were more sensitive to the killing and mutagenic effects of N-methy-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) than the unadapted Ada+ parent. Thus, the adaptation pathway is responsible for circumventing some alkylation-induced damage even in cells that are preinduced. The increase in mutation frequency seen in Ada cells treated with MNNG was the same whether the cells were lexA+ or lexA, showing that the extra mutations found in Ada- strains do not depend upon the SOS pathway. Ada strains accumulated more O6-methyl guanine lesions than the Ada+ parent on prolonged exposure to MNNG, and this supports the idea that O6-methyl guanine is the most important lesion for MNNG-induced mutagenesis. The ada mutations have been shown to map in the 47 to 53-min region of the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 383692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6258", "title": "Incompatibility group P-1 bla+ plasmids do not increase penicillin resistance of Pseudomonas acidovorans.", "content": "Incompatibility group P-1 plasmids with the bla+ genotype were transferred from various Escherichia coli strains to Pseudomonas acidovorans strain 29. When resistance to ampicillin was used as the criterion, none of these plasmids appeared able to express their Bla+ phenotype in this host. When the plasmids were subsequently transferred back from these ampicillin-sensitive P. acdiovorans transcipients to E. coli strains, it was found that the Bla+ phenotype was again expressed. Although beta-lactamase was not detected in cultures of P. acidovorans transcipients, macroiodometric determinations of beta-lactamase activity made on broken cell suspensions revealed that beta-lactamase was indeed synthesized. It was concluded that P. acidovorans strain 29 allows expression of the bla gene within the cell but that this organism is unable to excrete the enzyme.", "contents": "Incompatibility group P-1 bla+ plasmids do not increase penicillin resistance of Pseudomonas acidovorans. Incompatibility group P-1 plasmids with the bla+ genotype were transferred from various Escherichia coli strains to Pseudomonas acidovorans strain 29. When resistance to ampicillin was used as the criterion, none of these plasmids appeared able to express their Bla+ phenotype in this host. When the plasmids were subsequently transferred back from these ampicillin-sensitive P. acdiovorans transcipients to E. coli strains, it was found that the Bla+ phenotype was again expressed. Although beta-lactamase was not detected in cultures of P. acidovorans transcipients, macroiodometric determinations of beta-lactamase activity made on broken cell suspensions revealed that beta-lactamase was indeed synthesized. It was concluded that P. acidovorans strain 29 allows expression of the bla gene within the cell but that this organism is unable to excrete the enzyme.", "PMID": 383693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6259", "title": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants altered in calcium/proton antiport activity.", "content": "Mutants sensitive to growth inhibition by CaCl2 were found to have alterations in calcium uptake in everted membrane vesicles. These mutations map at different loci on the Escherichia coli chromosomes. A mutation at the calA locus results in vesicles which have two- to threefold higher levels of uptake activity than vesicles from wild-type cells. The calA mutation is phenotypically expressed as increased sensitivity to CaCl2 in a strain also harboring a mutation in the corA locus, which is involved in Mg2+ transport. The calA locus maps very close to purA and cycA at about min 97. The calB mutation results both in sensitivity to CaCl2 at pH 5.6 and in vesicles with diminished calcium transport capability. The CalB phenotype is also expressed only in a corA genetic background; the calB locus appears to map very near, yet separately from, the calA locus. When the cor+ allele is present, calA and calB mutations still result in a defect in calcium transport in vesicles. In addition, both calC and calD mutations result in vesicles with impaired calcium transport activity. calC is cotransducible with kdp and nagA, whereas calD is cotransducible with proC.", "contents": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants altered in calcium/proton antiport activity. Mutants sensitive to growth inhibition by CaCl2 were found to have alterations in calcium uptake in everted membrane vesicles. These mutations map at different loci on the Escherichia coli chromosomes. A mutation at the calA locus results in vesicles which have two- to threefold higher levels of uptake activity than vesicles from wild-type cells. The calA mutation is phenotypically expressed as increased sensitivity to CaCl2 in a strain also harboring a mutation in the corA locus, which is involved in Mg2+ transport. The calA locus maps very close to purA and cycA at about min 97. The calB mutation results both in sensitivity to CaCl2 at pH 5.6 and in vesicles with diminished calcium transport capability. The CalB phenotype is also expressed only in a corA genetic background; the calB locus appears to map very near, yet separately from, the calA locus. When the cor+ allele is present, calA and calB mutations still result in a defect in calcium transport in vesicles. In addition, both calC and calD mutations result in vesicles with impaired calcium transport activity. calC is cotransducible with kdp and nagA, whereas calD is cotransducible with proC.", "PMID": 383694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6260", "title": "Protein K: a new major outer membrane protein found in encapsulated Escherichia coli.", "content": "The protein composition of purified outer membranes of 47 Escherichia coli strains was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Of 33 encapsulated strains, all contained an outer membrane protein distinguishable from previously reported proteins. The 14 non-encapsulated strains with one exception lacked this protein. Because of its apparent association with encapsulation (K antigen) we have named it K protein. The protein was purified nearly to homogeneity by chromatography in the presence of detergents, and its composition was determined. Its amino acid composition does not differ significantly from that reported for protein I, another E. coli major outer membrane protein. Furthermore, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of protein K indicates that it is related to protein I.", "contents": "Protein K: a new major outer membrane protein found in encapsulated Escherichia coli. The protein composition of purified outer membranes of 47 Escherichia coli strains was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Of 33 encapsulated strains, all contained an outer membrane protein distinguishable from previously reported proteins. The 14 non-encapsulated strains with one exception lacked this protein. Because of its apparent association with encapsulation (K antigen) we have named it K protein. The protein was purified nearly to homogeneity by chromatography in the presence of detergents, and its composition was determined. Its amino acid composition does not differ significantly from that reported for protein I, another E. coli major outer membrane protein. Furthermore, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of protein K indicates that it is related to protein I.", "PMID": 383695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6261", "title": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid isolated from Salmonella typhimurium: absence of the intact 23S species.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated by four distinct methods and from a variety of Salmonella typhimurium strains lacked intact 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). On sucrose gradients which minimize aggregation, the vast majority of S. typhimurium rRNA sedimented as a 16S peak with a 14S shoulder. RNA from this region of the gradient was resolved into three discrete bands by electrophoresis in formamide. Two very minor S. typhimurium RNA peaks were resolved at 21S and 10S on sucrose gradients, and each peak formed discrete bands in electrophoresis. It is concluded that if S. typhimurium does possess an intact 23S rRNA species, this species is extremely \"labile.\" The absence of isolatable S. typhimurium 23S rRNA possibly reflected in vivo processing of the rRNA before isolation. Under certain conditions, S. typhimurium rRNA formed discrete aggregates which sedimented similarly to intact Escherichia coli 23S rRNA.", "contents": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid isolated from Salmonella typhimurium: absence of the intact 23S species. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated by four distinct methods and from a variety of Salmonella typhimurium strains lacked intact 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). On sucrose gradients which minimize aggregation, the vast majority of S. typhimurium rRNA sedimented as a 16S peak with a 14S shoulder. RNA from this region of the gradient was resolved into three discrete bands by electrophoresis in formamide. Two very minor S. typhimurium RNA peaks were resolved at 21S and 10S on sucrose gradients, and each peak formed discrete bands in electrophoresis. It is concluded that if S. typhimurium does possess an intact 23S rRNA species, this species is extremely \"labile.\" The absence of isolatable S. typhimurium 23S rRNA possibly reflected in vivo processing of the rRNA before isolation. Under certain conditions, S. typhimurium rRNA formed discrete aggregates which sedimented similarly to intact Escherichia coli 23S rRNA.", "PMID": 383696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6262", "title": "Cistrons encoding Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin.", "content": "The structure and products of the two cistrons encoding the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) were studied. The LT deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) region had been isolated as part of a DNA fragment from the plasmid P307, and this fragment was joined to the cloning vector pBR313. Deletion mutations of various lengths were introduced into the LT DNA region and into the adjacent DNA sequences. Analysis of the deletions indicated that the maximum size of the LT DNA region was 1.2 x 10(6) daltons. Two proteins of 11,500 daltons and 25,500 daltons had been shown to be encoded by the LT DNA region. The functions of these LT gene products were investigated. The 11,500-dalton protein had an adsorption activity for Y-1 adrenal cells, and this protein was shown to form aggregates of four or five monomers. The 25,500-dalton protein was shown to have an adenylate cyclase-activating activity. The two cistrons encoding for each of the LT proteins have been located on a genetic map of the LT DNA region. Both cistrons are probably transcribed from the same promoter.", "contents": "Cistrons encoding Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin. The structure and products of the two cistrons encoding the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) were studied. The LT deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) region had been isolated as part of a DNA fragment from the plasmid P307, and this fragment was joined to the cloning vector pBR313. Deletion mutations of various lengths were introduced into the LT DNA region and into the adjacent DNA sequences. Analysis of the deletions indicated that the maximum size of the LT DNA region was 1.2 x 10(6) daltons. Two proteins of 11,500 daltons and 25,500 daltons had been shown to be encoded by the LT DNA region. The functions of these LT gene products were investigated. The 11,500-dalton protein had an adsorption activity for Y-1 adrenal cells, and this protein was shown to form aggregates of four or five monomers. The 25,500-dalton protein was shown to have an adenylate cyclase-activating activity. The two cistrons encoding for each of the LT proteins have been located on a genetic map of the LT DNA region. Both cistrons are probably transcribed from the same promoter.", "PMID": 383697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6263", "title": "Metabolic suppressors of trimethoprim and ultraviolet light sensitivities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad6 mutants.", "content": "Dominant mutations at two newly identified loci, designated SRS1 and SRS2, that metabolically suppress the trimethoprim sensitivity of rad6 and rad18 strains, have been isolated from trimethoprim-resistant mutants arising spontaneously in rad6-1 rad18-2 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The SRS2 mutations also efficiently suppress the ultraviolet light sensitivity of the parent strains. They do not, however, suppress their sensitivity to ionizing radiation or their deficiency with respect to induced mutagenesis and sporulation. Such observations support the hypothesis that RAD6-dependent activities can be separated into two functionally distinct groups: a group of error-free repair activities that are responsible for a large amount of the radiation resistance of wild-type strains and also for their resistance to trimethoprim, and a group of error-prone activities that are responsible for induced mutagenesis and are also important in sporulation, but which account at best for only a very small amount of wild-type recovery.", "contents": "Metabolic suppressors of trimethoprim and ultraviolet light sensitivities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad6 mutants. Dominant mutations at two newly identified loci, designated SRS1 and SRS2, that metabolically suppress the trimethoprim sensitivity of rad6 and rad18 strains, have been isolated from trimethoprim-resistant mutants arising spontaneously in rad6-1 rad18-2 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The SRS2 mutations also efficiently suppress the ultraviolet light sensitivity of the parent strains. They do not, however, suppress their sensitivity to ionizing radiation or their deficiency with respect to induced mutagenesis and sporulation. Such observations support the hypothesis that RAD6-dependent activities can be separated into two functionally distinct groups: a group of error-free repair activities that are responsible for a large amount of the radiation resistance of wild-type strains and also for their resistance to trimethoprim, and a group of error-prone activities that are responsible for induced mutagenesis and are also important in sporulation, but which account at best for only a very small amount of wild-type recovery.", "PMID": 383698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6264", "title": "Two mutations which affect the barrier function of the Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane.", "content": "Two genetically distinct classes of novobiocin-supersensitive mutants were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. One class, given the phenotypic name NbsA, lies at 10 min on the E. coli chromosome. The order of the genes in this region, based on transductional analyses, is proC NbsA plsA purE. The second, NbsB, lies at 80 min. The order of the genes in this region, based on transduction analyses, is xyl cysE NbsB pyrE. Both classes of mutants show increased sensitivity to hydrophobic drugs but are different: NbsA cells tend to be more sensitive to cationic agents, whereas NbsB cells show the opposite tendency. The sole detectable biochemical alteration in NbsA strain is greater than 90% reduction in the phosphate content of the lipid A region of the lipopolysaccharide. The NbsB mutation results in lipopolysaccharide that contains primarily the stereoisomer D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, rather than L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, and which contains very little of the distal sugars. Since NbsA strains have apparently normal outer membrane proteins and total cellular phospholipids, changes solely in lipopolysaccharide can increase permeability to certain hydrophobic antibiotics. Complementation studies indicate that the NbsA marker is probably allelic with acrA. In addition, the NbsB marker is genetically and phenotypically similar to the rfaD locus of Salmonella typhimurium. For this reason, the phenotypic designations NbsA and NbsB have been changed to the genotypic designations acrA and rfaD, respectively.", "contents": "Two mutations which affect the barrier function of the Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane. Two genetically distinct classes of novobiocin-supersensitive mutants were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. One class, given the phenotypic name NbsA, lies at 10 min on the E. coli chromosome. The order of the genes in this region, based on transductional analyses, is proC NbsA plsA purE. The second, NbsB, lies at 80 min. The order of the genes in this region, based on transduction analyses, is xyl cysE NbsB pyrE. Both classes of mutants show increased sensitivity to hydrophobic drugs but are different: NbsA cells tend to be more sensitive to cationic agents, whereas NbsB cells show the opposite tendency. The sole detectable biochemical alteration in NbsA strain is greater than 90% reduction in the phosphate content of the lipid A region of the lipopolysaccharide. The NbsB mutation results in lipopolysaccharide that contains primarily the stereoisomer D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, rather than L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, and which contains very little of the distal sugars. Since NbsA strains have apparently normal outer membrane proteins and total cellular phospholipids, changes solely in lipopolysaccharide can increase permeability to certain hydrophobic antibiotics. Complementation studies indicate that the NbsA marker is probably allelic with acrA. In addition, the NbsB marker is genetically and phenotypically similar to the rfaD locus of Salmonella typhimurium. For this reason, the phenotypic designations NbsA and NbsB have been changed to the genotypic designations acrA and rfaD, respectively.", "PMID": 383699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6265", "title": "Oxalurate transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Oxalurate, the gratuitous inducer of the allantoin degradative enzymes, was taken into the cell by an energy-dependent active transport system with an apparent Km of 1.2 mM. Efflux of previously accumulated oxalurate was rapid, with a half-life of about 2 min. The oxalurate uptake system appears to be both constitutively produced and insensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. The latter observations suggest that failure of oxalurate to bring about induction of allophanate hydrolase in cultures growing under repressive conditions does not result from inducer exclusion, but rather from repression of dur1,2 gene expression.", "contents": "Oxalurate transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oxalurate, the gratuitous inducer of the allantoin degradative enzymes, was taken into the cell by an energy-dependent active transport system with an apparent Km of 1.2 mM. Efflux of previously accumulated oxalurate was rapid, with a half-life of about 2 min. The oxalurate uptake system appears to be both constitutively produced and insensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. The latter observations suggest that failure of oxalurate to bring about induction of allophanate hydrolase in cultures growing under repressive conditions does not result from inducer exclusion, but rather from repression of dur1,2 gene expression.", "PMID": 383700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6266", "title": "Specificity in formation of type II F' plasmids.", "content": "Eight new F' plasmids derived from Hfr strains in which F is integrated at the chromosomal element alpha 3 beta 3 have been isolated and subjected to restriction enzyme, hybridization, and electron microscope heteroduplex analysis. Plasmids carrying extensive amounts of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid were produced even though they were obtained by selection for transfer of lac, which is closely linked to F in the parental Hfr strains. Seven plasmids were type II Flac+ proC+ purE+ plasmids, and one was a type I Flac+ proC+ plasmid. Five of the Flac+ proC+ purE+ plasmids contain approximately 284 kilobases of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid, which is identical for all five within the resolution of the restriction enzyme analysis. Theses results indicate that type II F' plasmids are the predominant tra+ F' type from this region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and that the recombination events leading to formation of these plasmids exhibit site specificity.", "contents": "Specificity in formation of type II F' plasmids. Eight new F' plasmids derived from Hfr strains in which F is integrated at the chromosomal element alpha 3 beta 3 have been isolated and subjected to restriction enzyme, hybridization, and electron microscope heteroduplex analysis. Plasmids carrying extensive amounts of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid were produced even though they were obtained by selection for transfer of lac, which is closely linked to F in the parental Hfr strains. Seven plasmids were type II Flac+ proC+ purE+ plasmids, and one was a type I Flac+ proC+ plasmid. Five of the Flac+ proC+ purE+ plasmids contain approximately 284 kilobases of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid, which is identical for all five within the resolution of the restriction enzyme analysis. Theses results indicate that type II F' plasmids are the predominant tra+ F' type from this region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and that the recombination events leading to formation of these plasmids exhibit site specificity.", "PMID": 383701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6267", "title": "Mutation spoT of Escherichia coli increases expression of the histidine operon deleted for the attenuator.", "content": "F'-episomes carrying the Salmonella typhimurium wild-type or attenuator-deleted histidine (his) operons were introduced into Escherichia coli strains containing relA or spoT single and double mutations known to affect guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 3'-triphosphate 5'-diphosphate (pppGpp) levels. Expression of the his operon and expression of the gene for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd) were measured during balanced growth in amino acid-rich and minimal media. The data were consistent with the interpretation that ppGpp is a positive effector of his operon expression, whereas pppGpp is not an essential effector. The conclusion that his operon expression is maximally stimulated at a lower than maximum intracellular ppGpp concentration was further confirmed. Neither ppGpp nor pppGpp appeared to influence gnd gene expression. The metabolic regulation of the E. coli his operon was found to be similar to the ppGpp-meidated metabolic regulation of the S. typhimurium his operon.", "contents": "Mutation spoT of Escherichia coli increases expression of the histidine operon deleted for the attenuator. F'-episomes carrying the Salmonella typhimurium wild-type or attenuator-deleted histidine (his) operons were introduced into Escherichia coli strains containing relA or spoT single and double mutations known to affect guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 3'-triphosphate 5'-diphosphate (pppGpp) levels. Expression of the his operon and expression of the gene for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd) were measured during balanced growth in amino acid-rich and minimal media. The data were consistent with the interpretation that ppGpp is a positive effector of his operon expression, whereas pppGpp is not an essential effector. The conclusion that his operon expression is maximally stimulated at a lower than maximum intracellular ppGpp concentration was further confirmed. Neither ppGpp nor pppGpp appeared to influence gnd gene expression. The metabolic regulation of the E. coli his operon was found to be similar to the ppGpp-meidated metabolic regulation of the S. typhimurium his operon.", "PMID": 383702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6268", "title": "Trazodone, a new antidepressant: efficacy and safety in endogenous depression.", "content": "The effectiveness of trazodone was assessed over a 4-week period under double-blind conditions. Twenty-eight inpatients with a diagnosis of endogenous depression received either trazodone, imipramine, or placebo. Trazodone was significantly better than placebo and frequently better than imipramine according to analyses of the results of the Hamilton Psychiatric Scale for Depression, severity of illness and clinical global improvement ratings, and the Global Ward Behavior Scale. Significant improvement was evident in the trazodone group by the end of the first week of therapy, particularly in those symptoms associated with depression and accompanying anxiety. There were fewer side effects with trazodone than with imipramine.", "contents": "Trazodone, a new antidepressant: efficacy and safety in endogenous depression. The effectiveness of trazodone was assessed over a 4-week period under double-blind conditions. Twenty-eight inpatients with a diagnosis of endogenous depression received either trazodone, imipramine, or placebo. Trazodone was significantly better than placebo and frequently better than imipramine according to analyses of the results of the Hamilton Psychiatric Scale for Depression, severity of illness and clinical global improvement ratings, and the Global Ward Behavior Scale. Significant improvement was evident in the trazodone group by the end of the first week of therapy, particularly in those symptoms associated with depression and accompanying anxiety. There were fewer side effects with trazodone than with imipramine.", "PMID": 383704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6269", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Effect of proteolytic modification on the catalytic and regulatory propties.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Escherichia coli W was treated with ten proteases, and the effects of the treatments on the enzyme activity and sensitivity to effectors were investigated. Proteases such as trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, papain, and subtilisin inactivated the enzyme, whereas elastase, carboxypeptidase Y and leucine aminopeptidase had no effect on the enzyme activity. Elastase and carboxypeptidase Y, however, inactivated the enzyme in the presence of 1 m urea. Subtilisin and alpha-chymotrypsin caused not only inactivation of the enzyme but also a significant desensitization to the effectors. DL-Phospholactate, a potent competitive inhibitor, markedly protected the enzyme from inactivation by subtilisin but did not protect it from desensitization to the effectors. Acetyl-CoA, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, and GTP-the allosteric activators--protected the enzyme from subtilisin inactivation, while laurate, the other allosteric activator, accelerated the inactivation. These activators did not protect the enzyme from desensitization to themselves. In contrast, modification with subtilisin in the present of l-aspartate, the allosteric inhibitor, caused an apparent transient activation of the enzyme. The enzyme modified in the presence of L-aspartate retained its sensitivity to L-aspartate, but the sensitivities to the other effectors were reduced to about one-half their initial values. Based on these results, a possible mode of desensitization of the enzyme by subtilisin modification and the possible existence of a multiplicity of conformational states of the enzyme, induced upon binding with the various effectors, are discussed.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Effect of proteolytic modification on the catalytic and regulatory propties. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Escherichia coli W was treated with ten proteases, and the effects of the treatments on the enzyme activity and sensitivity to effectors were investigated. Proteases such as trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, papain, and subtilisin inactivated the enzyme, whereas elastase, carboxypeptidase Y and leucine aminopeptidase had no effect on the enzyme activity. Elastase and carboxypeptidase Y, however, inactivated the enzyme in the presence of 1 m urea. Subtilisin and alpha-chymotrypsin caused not only inactivation of the enzyme but also a significant desensitization to the effectors. DL-Phospholactate, a potent competitive inhibitor, markedly protected the enzyme from inactivation by subtilisin but did not protect it from desensitization to the effectors. Acetyl-CoA, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, and GTP-the allosteric activators--protected the enzyme from subtilisin inactivation, while laurate, the other allosteric activator, accelerated the inactivation. These activators did not protect the enzyme from desensitization to themselves. In contrast, modification with subtilisin in the present of l-aspartate, the allosteric inhibitor, caused an apparent transient activation of the enzyme. The enzyme modified in the presence of L-aspartate retained its sensitivity to L-aspartate, but the sensitivities to the other effectors were reduced to about one-half their initial values. Based on these results, a possible mode of desensitization of the enzyme by subtilisin modification and the possible existence of a multiplicity of conformational states of the enzyme, induced upon binding with the various effectors, are discussed.", "PMID": 383705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6270", "title": "Purification and properties of glyoxylate reductase I from baker's yeast.", "content": "The purification and properties of NADPH-linked glyoxylate reductase [EC 1. 1. 1. 79] from baker's yeast were studied. Two active fractions (peak I and peak II) were isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The peak I fraction was purified to homogeneity by the criteria of disc gel electrophoresis and tentatively designated glyoxylate reductase I. Its molecular weight was calculated to be 31,000 from gel filtration measurements. The enzyme reduced glyoxylate 7 times faster than hydroxypyruvate and was specific for NADPH. The enzyme showed optimum activity between pH 5.5 and 7.2. The Michaelis constants for glyoxylate and NADPH were found to be 13 mM and 4 microM, respectively. The enzymic activity was not significantly affected by anions, except for nitrate and iodide, which were inhibitory.", "contents": "Purification and properties of glyoxylate reductase I from baker's yeast. The purification and properties of NADPH-linked glyoxylate reductase [EC 1. 1. 1. 79] from baker's yeast were studied. Two active fractions (peak I and peak II) were isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The peak I fraction was purified to homogeneity by the criteria of disc gel electrophoresis and tentatively designated glyoxylate reductase I. Its molecular weight was calculated to be 31,000 from gel filtration measurements. The enzyme reduced glyoxylate 7 times faster than hydroxypyruvate and was specific for NADPH. The enzyme showed optimum activity between pH 5.5 and 7.2. The Michaelis constants for glyoxylate and NADPH were found to be 13 mM and 4 microM, respectively. The enzymic activity was not significantly affected by anions, except for nitrate and iodide, which were inhibitory.", "PMID": 383706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6271", "title": "Distribution of phospholipid molecular species in outer and cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 contained a smaller proportion of phospholipid molecular species with two unsaturated fatty acyl chains than did the cytoplasmic membrane. Proportions of phospholipid molecular species in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes changed in response to temperature changes. As the temperature increased, the content of 1-palmitoyl-2-cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoyl species increased. Translocation of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic membrane to the outer membrane and synthesis of various molecular species were observed.", "contents": "Distribution of phospholipid molecular species in outer and cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli. The outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 contained a smaller proportion of phospholipid molecular species with two unsaturated fatty acyl chains than did the cytoplasmic membrane. Proportions of phospholipid molecular species in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes changed in response to temperature changes. As the temperature increased, the content of 1-palmitoyl-2-cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoyl species increased. Translocation of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic membrane to the outer membrane and synthesis of various molecular species were observed.", "PMID": 383707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6272", "title": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. IV. Interaction of maltose receptor with a membrane-bound chemosensing component.", "content": "Highly purified maltose receptor of Escherichia coli was bound to Sepharose 4B via a long spacer and affinity chromatography was performed to isolate the membrane-bound proteins having affinity for the maltose receptor. The experiments were carried out either in the presence of maltose or in the absence of maltose and the proteins absorbed on the mattix were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the maltose receptor interacted with the product of tar gene, one of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, only in the presence of maltose.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. IV. Interaction of maltose receptor with a membrane-bound chemosensing component. Highly purified maltose receptor of Escherichia coli was bound to Sepharose 4B via a long spacer and affinity chromatography was performed to isolate the membrane-bound proteins having affinity for the maltose receptor. The experiments were carried out either in the presence of maltose or in the absence of maltose and the proteins absorbed on the mattix were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the maltose receptor interacted with the product of tar gene, one of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, only in the presence of maltose.", "PMID": 383708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6273", "title": "Studies on the function of two adjacent N6,N6-dimethyladenosines near the 3' end of 16 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli. II. The effect of the absence of the methyl groups on initiation of protein biosynthesis.", "content": "The effect of the presence or absence of methyl groups on the N6 atoms of two adjacent adenosines near the 3' end of 16 S rTNA of Escherichia coli on initiation of protein biosynthesis has been studied using wild type (methylated) and kasugamycin-resistant (unmethylated) E. coli ribosomes (see preceding paper (Poldermans, B., Goosen, N., and Van Knippenberg, P. H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9085--9089)). Conditions of pH, temperature, and ionic strength at which binding of fMet-tRNA to ribosomes proceeds maximally are the same for wild type and mutant ribosomes. Mg2+- and factor-dependent dissociation of ribosomes as well as the association of the subunits is also the same for methylated and unmethylated ribosomes. Binding of fMet-tRNA to wild type and to mutant 70 S ribosomes requires the same amount of the three initiation factors. However, optimal fMet-tRNA binding to unmethylated 30 S ribosomes needs more of initiation factor 3 than does binding to methylated 30 S ribosomes, provided that initiation factor 1 is absent. This difference is completely abolished when mutant 30 S ribosomes are methylated using purified methylase from the wild type strain and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine.", "contents": "Studies on the function of two adjacent N6,N6-dimethyladenosines near the 3' end of 16 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli. II. The effect of the absence of the methyl groups on initiation of protein biosynthesis. The effect of the presence or absence of methyl groups on the N6 atoms of two adjacent adenosines near the 3' end of 16 S rTNA of Escherichia coli on initiation of protein biosynthesis has been studied using wild type (methylated) and kasugamycin-resistant (unmethylated) E. coli ribosomes (see preceding paper (Poldermans, B., Goosen, N., and Van Knippenberg, P. H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9085--9089)). Conditions of pH, temperature, and ionic strength at which binding of fMet-tRNA to ribosomes proceeds maximally are the same for wild type and mutant ribosomes. Mg2+- and factor-dependent dissociation of ribosomes as well as the association of the subunits is also the same for methylated and unmethylated ribosomes. Binding of fMet-tRNA to wild type and to mutant 70 S ribosomes requires the same amount of the three initiation factors. However, optimal fMet-tRNA binding to unmethylated 30 S ribosomes needs more of initiation factor 3 than does binding to methylated 30 S ribosomes, provided that initiation factor 1 is absent. This difference is completely abolished when mutant 30 S ribosomes are methylated using purified methylase from the wild type strain and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine.", "PMID": 383711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6274", "title": "Kinetics of the utilization of medium and long chain fatty acids by mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the fadL gene.", "content": "Experiments were performed to assess the role of the fadL gene in Escherichia coli. These studies have revealed that this organism requires a functional fadL gene in order to (i) transport optimally the fatty acids C10 to C18:1 into the cell, (ii) optimally grow on and oxidize C10 to C18:1 fatty acids, and (iii) incorporate efficiently C12 to C18:1 fatty acids into its membrane phospholipids. A defect in the fadL gene does not prevent E. coli from optimally utilizing fatty acids with chain lengths less than 10 carbon atoms. These results suggest that the fadL gene governs a transport component(s) which is required for the optimal transport of fatty acids with chain lengths greater than 9 carbon atoms.", "contents": "Kinetics of the utilization of medium and long chain fatty acids by mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the fadL gene. Experiments were performed to assess the role of the fadL gene in Escherichia coli. These studies have revealed that this organism requires a functional fadL gene in order to (i) transport optimally the fatty acids C10 to C18:1 into the cell, (ii) optimally grow on and oxidize C10 to C18:1 fatty acids, and (iii) incorporate efficiently C12 to C18:1 fatty acids into its membrane phospholipids. A defect in the fadL gene does not prevent E. coli from optimally utilizing fatty acids with chain lengths less than 10 carbon atoms. These results suggest that the fadL gene governs a transport component(s) which is required for the optimal transport of fatty acids with chain lengths greater than 9 carbon atoms.", "PMID": 383713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6275", "title": "Isolation of recombinant plasmids bearing cDNA to hen ovomucoid and lysozyme mRNAs.", "content": "A large library of hen oviduct cDNA-pCR1 recombinant plasmids has been established in Escherichia coli X1776. From this library, ovomucoid cDNA and lysozyme cDNA-bearing plasmids have been identified. One of these plasmids, pMu7, yielded the sequence of the 3'-untranslated region of ovomucoid mRNA.", "contents": "Isolation of recombinant plasmids bearing cDNA to hen ovomucoid and lysozyme mRNAs. A large library of hen oviduct cDNA-pCR1 recombinant plasmids has been established in Escherichia coli X1776. From this library, ovomucoid cDNA and lysozyme cDNA-bearing plasmids have been identified. One of these plasmids, pMu7, yielded the sequence of the 3'-untranslated region of ovomucoid mRNA.", "PMID": 383714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6276", "title": "Bone ingrowth and stress shielding with a porous surface coated fracture fixation plate.", "content": "The extent of bone remodelling under metal fixation plates attached to bone by (i) normal screw fixation and (ii) bone ingrowth into a porous metallic surface underlayer sintered to the metal plate was investigated. Extensive bone remodelling was observed under the integrally bonded porous surface layered plate. This remodelling could be attributed to the more extensive stress transfer from bone to metal plate because of the good bone-to-implant bonding. The importance of stress shielding with high stiffness implants is demonstrated.", "contents": "Bone ingrowth and stress shielding with a porous surface coated fracture fixation plate. The extent of bone remodelling under metal fixation plates attached to bone by (i) normal screw fixation and (ii) bone ingrowth into a porous metallic surface underlayer sintered to the metal plate was investigated. Extensive bone remodelling was observed under the integrally bonded porous surface layered plate. This remodelling could be attributed to the more extensive stress transfer from bone to metal plate because of the good bone-to-implant bonding. The importance of stress shielding with high stiffness implants is demonstrated.", "PMID": 383716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6277", "title": "Osteonecrosis after renal transplantation in children.", "content": "Osteonecrosis occurred in nine of thirty-six children following renal transplantation. The distal femoral condyle was the most common location but the femoral head was the most symptomatic and required total hip replacement in three of five patients. Total steroid dosage did not correlate with the development of osteonecrosis. There were no cases of osteonecrosis in patients under the skeletal age of ten years or in patients who did not have rejection reactions. In three children non-progressive focal lesions developed, similar to those of osteochondritis dissecans.", "contents": "Osteonecrosis after renal transplantation in children. Osteonecrosis occurred in nine of thirty-six children following renal transplantation. The distal femoral condyle was the most common location but the femoral head was the most symptomatic and required total hip replacement in three of five patients. Total steroid dosage did not correlate with the development of osteonecrosis. There were no cases of osteonecrosis in patients under the skeletal age of ten years or in patients who did not have rejection reactions. In three children non-progressive focal lesions developed, similar to those of osteochondritis dissecans.", "PMID": 383717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6278", "title": "Plate fixation versus conservative treatment of tibial shaft fractures. A randomized trial.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients with displaced fractures of the tibial shaft were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with AO-plate fixation and the other with conservative methods. Strictly conservative treatment failed in two patients because of the interposition of muscles. Comparison of the groups showed that a longer duration of hospital stay was needed in the AO-plate group, and there were also more complications in that group. However, the median healing time was shorter and the anatomical end results were better than in the conservatively treated patients. Closed longitudinal fractures were found to be suitable and open fractures, unsuitable for AO-plate fixation. In the group that was treated conservatively most fractures that healed in malalignment were located in the distal third of the tibial shaft.", "contents": "Plate fixation versus conservative treatment of tibial shaft fractures. A randomized trial. One hundred consecutive patients with displaced fractures of the tibial shaft were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with AO-plate fixation and the other with conservative methods. Strictly conservative treatment failed in two patients because of the interposition of muscles. Comparison of the groups showed that a longer duration of hospital stay was needed in the AO-plate group, and there were also more complications in that group. However, the median healing time was shorter and the anatomical end results were better than in the conservatively treated patients. Closed longitudinal fractures were found to be suitable and open fractures, unsuitable for AO-plate fixation. In the group that was treated conservatively most fractures that healed in malalignment were located in the distal third of the tibial shaft.", "PMID": 383719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6279", "title": "Inheritance and spondylolisthesis: a radiographic family survey.", "content": "A radiographic suvey has been carried out of 147 first-degree relatives of forty-seven patients treated in Edinburgh for spondylolisthesis of the fifth lumbar vertebra; twelve patients had the dysplastic (congenital) type and thirty-five an isthmic defect. The survey identified 19 per cent of relatives with spondylolysis, and index patients with each type of spondylolisthesis had relatives with the opposite type. Index patients with the dysplastic form had a higher proportion of affected relatives (33 per cent) than had those with the isthmic type (15 per cent), but both figures were significantly in excess of the estimated frequency for the general population of under 1 per cent and 5 per cent respectively. Spina bifida occulta at the fifth lumbar or first sacral level or both, and lumbosacral segmental defects were commoner amongst all individuals with spondylolysis than amongst unaffected relatives (dysplastic form 94 per cent, isthmic type 32 per cent, unaffected relatives 7 per cent). However, there was no single instance of a neural tube defect (anencephaly, spina bifida with or without meningocele, other generalised vertebral anomalies or spinal dysraphism) amongst 826 first-, second- or third-degree relatives. It is concluded that the developmental defects of the vertebrae associated with spondylolysis are not aetiologically related to the neural tube defects. The one in three risk of spondylolysis to near relatives of patients with the dysplastic form of spondylolisthesis is emphasised in order that the deformity in their sibs and children can be recognised at any early age.", "contents": "Inheritance and spondylolisthesis: a radiographic family survey. A radiographic suvey has been carried out of 147 first-degree relatives of forty-seven patients treated in Edinburgh for spondylolisthesis of the fifth lumbar vertebra; twelve patients had the dysplastic (congenital) type and thirty-five an isthmic defect. The survey identified 19 per cent of relatives with spondylolysis, and index patients with each type of spondylolisthesis had relatives with the opposite type. Index patients with the dysplastic form had a higher proportion of affected relatives (33 per cent) than had those with the isthmic type (15 per cent), but both figures were significantly in excess of the estimated frequency for the general population of under 1 per cent and 5 per cent respectively. Spina bifida occulta at the fifth lumbar or first sacral level or both, and lumbosacral segmental defects were commoner amongst all individuals with spondylolysis than amongst unaffected relatives (dysplastic form 94 per cent, isthmic type 32 per cent, unaffected relatives 7 per cent). However, there was no single instance of a neural tube defect (anencephaly, spina bifida with or without meningocele, other generalised vertebral anomalies or spinal dysraphism) amongst 826 first-, second- or third-degree relatives. It is concluded that the developmental defects of the vertebrae associated with spondylolysis are not aetiologically related to the neural tube defects. The one in three risk of spondylolysis to near relatives of patients with the dysplastic form of spondylolisthesis is emphasised in order that the deformity in their sibs and children can be recognised at any early age.", "PMID": 383720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6280", "title": "Binding of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to the presynaptic membrane in the central nervous system.", "content": "Large synaptosome fractions were isolated from the cerebellar and cerebral cortices of rats and were incubated with Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin in vitro. The binding of the neurotoxin to the synapses was observed by electron microscopy, using the double-sandwich immunocytochemical method. Botulinum neurotoxin was preferentially bound to the presynaptic membrane in the large synaptosome fraction. The binding regions for the neurotoxin were localized on both the extrajunctional and junctional areas of the presynaptic membranes and appeared as patches of various sizes. However, they did not exist on the postsynaptic membranes. Botulinum neurotoxin is proposed to be a useful analytical tool for understanding the characteristics of the presynaptic membranes in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Binding of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to the presynaptic membrane in the central nervous system. Large synaptosome fractions were isolated from the cerebellar and cerebral cortices of rats and were incubated with Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin in vitro. The binding of the neurotoxin to the synapses was observed by electron microscopy, using the double-sandwich immunocytochemical method. Botulinum neurotoxin was preferentially bound to the presynaptic membrane in the large synaptosome fraction. The binding regions for the neurotoxin were localized on both the extrajunctional and junctional areas of the presynaptic membranes and appeared as patches of various sizes. However, they did not exist on the postsynaptic membranes. Botulinum neurotoxin is proposed to be a useful analytical tool for understanding the characteristics of the presynaptic membranes in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 383721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6281", "title": "Isolation of the pericellular matrix of human fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The pericellular matrix of human fibroblast cultures was isolated, using sequential extraction with sodium deoxycholate and hypotonic buffer in the presence of protease inhibitor. The matrix attached to the growth substratum had a \"sackcloth-like\" structure as seen by phase contrast, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy, and it had a vaguely filamentous ultrastructure similar to that seen in intact cell layers. The matrix consisted of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate as the major glycosaminoglycan components and fibronectin and procollagen as major polypeptides as shown by metabolic labeling, gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and collagenase digestion. This pericellular matrix can be regarded as an in vitro equivalent of the loose connective tissue matrix.", "contents": "Isolation of the pericellular matrix of human fibroblast cultures. The pericellular matrix of human fibroblast cultures was isolated, using sequential extraction with sodium deoxycholate and hypotonic buffer in the presence of protease inhibitor. The matrix attached to the growth substratum had a \"sackcloth-like\" structure as seen by phase contrast, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy, and it had a vaguely filamentous ultrastructure similar to that seen in intact cell layers. The matrix consisted of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate as the major glycosaminoglycan components and fibronectin and procollagen as major polypeptides as shown by metabolic labeling, gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and collagenase digestion. This pericellular matrix can be regarded as an in vitro equivalent of the loose connective tissue matrix.", "PMID": 383722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6282", "title": "Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice. Test of associations among loss of cell-surface fibronectin, anchorage independence, and tumor-forming ability.", "content": "Fibronectin (FN; also called large external transformation-sensitive [LETS] protein or cell-surface protein [CSP]) is a large cell-surface glycoprotein that is frequently observed to be either absent or greatly reduced on the surfaces of malignant cells grown in vitro. Because FN may be a useful molecular marker of cellular malignancy, we have carried out an extensive screening to test the specific association among the degree of expression of FN, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity in the athymic nude mouse. A variety of diploid cell strains and established cell lines were tested for the expression of surface FN by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit antisera against human cold insoluble globulin, rodent plasma FN, or chicken cell-surface FN. Concomitantly, the cells were assayed for tumor formation in nude mice and for the ability to form colonies in methylcellulose. Tumorigenic cells often showed very low surface fluorescence, confirming earlier reports. However, many highly tumorigenic fibroblast lines from several species stained strongly with all three antisera. In contrast, the anchorage-independent phenotype was nearly always associated with tumorigenicity in approximately 35 cell lines examined in this study. In another series of experiments, FN-positive but anchorage-independent cells were grown as tumors in nude mice and then reintroduced into culture. In five of the six tumor-derived cell lines, cell-surface FN was not significantly reduced; one such cell line showed very little surface FN. Our data thus indicate that the loss of cell-surface FN is not a necessary step in the process of malignant transformation and that the growth of FN-positive cells as tumors does not require a prior selection in vivo for FN-negative subpopulations.", "contents": "Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice. Test of associations among loss of cell-surface fibronectin, anchorage independence, and tumor-forming ability. Fibronectin (FN; also called large external transformation-sensitive [LETS] protein or cell-surface protein [CSP]) is a large cell-surface glycoprotein that is frequently observed to be either absent or greatly reduced on the surfaces of malignant cells grown in vitro. Because FN may be a useful molecular marker of cellular malignancy, we have carried out an extensive screening to test the specific association among the degree of expression of FN, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity in the athymic nude mouse. A variety of diploid cell strains and established cell lines were tested for the expression of surface FN by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit antisera against human cold insoluble globulin, rodent plasma FN, or chicken cell-surface FN. Concomitantly, the cells were assayed for tumor formation in nude mice and for the ability to form colonies in methylcellulose. Tumorigenic cells often showed very low surface fluorescence, confirming earlier reports. However, many highly tumorigenic fibroblast lines from several species stained strongly with all three antisera. In contrast, the anchorage-independent phenotype was nearly always associated with tumorigenicity in approximately 35 cell lines examined in this study. In another series of experiments, FN-positive but anchorage-independent cells were grown as tumors in nude mice and then reintroduced into culture. In five of the six tumor-derived cell lines, cell-surface FN was not significantly reduced; one such cell line showed very little surface FN. Our data thus indicate that the loss of cell-surface FN is not a necessary step in the process of malignant transformation and that the growth of FN-positive cells as tumors does not require a prior selection in vivo for FN-negative subpopulations.", "PMID": 383723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6283", "title": "Role of tropomyosin in actin filament formation in embryonic salamander heart cells.", "content": "Recessive mutant gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum embryos causes a failure of the heart to function even though initial heart development appears normal. An analysis of the constituent proteins of normal and mutant hearts by SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that actin (43,000 daltons) is present in almost normal amounts, while myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) is somewhat reduced in mutants. Both SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence studies reveal that tropomyosin is abundant in normal hearts, but very much reduced in mutants. Electron microscope studies of normal hearts show numerous well-organized myofibrils. Although mutant cardiomyocytes contain a few 60- and 150-A filaments, organized sacromeres are absent. Instead, amorphous proteinaceous collections are prominent. Previously reported heavy meromyosin (HMM)-binding experiments on glycerinated hearts demonstrate that most of the actin is contained within the amorphous collections in a nonfilamentous state, and the addition of HMM causes polymerization into F actin (Lemanski et al., 1976, J. Cell. Biol. 68:375-388). In the present study, glycerol-extracted hearts are incubated with tropomyosin, purified from rabbit or chicken skeletal muscle. This treatment causes the amorphous collections to disappear, and large numbers of distinct thin actin (60- to 80-A) filaments are seen in their place. Negative staining experiments corroborate this observation. These results suggest that the nonfilamentous actin located in the amorphous collections of mutant heart cells is induced to form into filaments with the addition of tropomyosin.", "contents": "Role of tropomyosin in actin filament formation in embryonic salamander heart cells. Recessive mutant gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum embryos causes a failure of the heart to function even though initial heart development appears normal. An analysis of the constituent proteins of normal and mutant hearts by SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that actin (43,000 daltons) is present in almost normal amounts, while myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) is somewhat reduced in mutants. Both SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence studies reveal that tropomyosin is abundant in normal hearts, but very much reduced in mutants. Electron microscope studies of normal hearts show numerous well-organized myofibrils. Although mutant cardiomyocytes contain a few 60- and 150-A filaments, organized sacromeres are absent. Instead, amorphous proteinaceous collections are prominent. Previously reported heavy meromyosin (HMM)-binding experiments on glycerinated hearts demonstrate that most of the actin is contained within the amorphous collections in a nonfilamentous state, and the addition of HMM causes polymerization into F actin (Lemanski et al., 1976, J. Cell. Biol. 68:375-388). In the present study, glycerol-extracted hearts are incubated with tropomyosin, purified from rabbit or chicken skeletal muscle. This treatment causes the amorphous collections to disappear, and large numbers of distinct thin actin (60- to 80-A) filaments are seen in their place. Negative staining experiments corroborate this observation. These results suggest that the nonfilamentous actin located in the amorphous collections of mutant heart cells is induced to form into filaments with the addition of tropomyosin.", "PMID": 383724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6284", "title": "Expression of microtubule networks in normal cells, transformed cells, and their hybrids.", "content": "Microtubules play an important role in several cellular functions including cellular architecture and chromosome movement in cell division. Tubulin which polymerizes to form mictobules can be purified to homogeneity and used to raised antisera. Antisera prepared against porcine or chicken tubulin reacts well with mammalian tubulin. We have examined normal and transformed cells of mouse and human origin for microtubules by indirect immunofluorescence methods. Extensive networks of microtubules (MN) are easily detectable in normal and some transformed cells. The fixation procedure employed and the morphology and the cellular attachment properties seem to determine the ease of detection of MN in these cells. Cells derived from tumors and exhibiting several transformed phenotypes contained MN comparable to those of normal cells. Hybrids between transformed mouse cells and normal human cells were examined. They showed a variability in morphology, but all contained MN. These hybrids exhibited several transformed phenotypes. We conclude that in the cell lines we have examined there is no correlation between the transformed phenotypes and the organization of tubulin.", "contents": "Expression of microtubule networks in normal cells, transformed cells, and their hybrids. Microtubules play an important role in several cellular functions including cellular architecture and chromosome movement in cell division. Tubulin which polymerizes to form mictobules can be purified to homogeneity and used to raised antisera. Antisera prepared against porcine or chicken tubulin reacts well with mammalian tubulin. We have examined normal and transformed cells of mouse and human origin for microtubules by indirect immunofluorescence methods. Extensive networks of microtubules (MN) are easily detectable in normal and some transformed cells. The fixation procedure employed and the morphology and the cellular attachment properties seem to determine the ease of detection of MN in these cells. Cells derived from tumors and exhibiting several transformed phenotypes contained MN comparable to those of normal cells. Hybrids between transformed mouse cells and normal human cells were examined. They showed a variability in morphology, but all contained MN. These hybrids exhibited several transformed phenotypes. We conclude that in the cell lines we have examined there is no correlation between the transformed phenotypes and the organization of tubulin.", "PMID": 383725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6285", "title": "Changing patterns of plasma membrane-associated filaments during the initial phases of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence.", "content": "By utilizing a combination of several ultrastructural techniques, we have been able to demonstrate differences in filament organization on the adherent plasma membranes of spreading and mobile PMN as well as within the extending lamellipodia. To follow the subplasmalemmal filaments of this small amoeboid cell during these kinetic events, we sheared off the upper portions of cells onto glass and carbon surfaces for 30 s--5 min. The exposed adherent membranes were immediately fixed and processed for high-resolution SEM or TEM. Whole cells were also examined by phase contrast microscopy, SEM, and oriented thin sections. Observed by SEM, the inner surface of nonadherent PMN membranes is free of filaments, but within 30 s of attachment to the substrate a three-dimensional, interlocking network of globular projections and radiating microfilaments--i.e., a subplasmalemmal filament complex--is consistently demonstrable (with or without postfixation in OsO4). Seen by TEM, extending lamellipodia contain a felt of filamentous and finely granular material, distinct from the golbule/filament complex of the adjacent adherent membrane. In the spread cell, this golbule-filament complex covers the entire lower membrane and increases in filament-density over the next 2--3 min. By 3--5 min after plating, as the PMN rounds up before the initiation of amoeboid movements, another pattern emerges--circumferential bands of anastomosing filament bundles in which thick, short filaments resembling myosin are found. This work provides structural evidence on the organization of polymerized contractile elements associated with the plasma membrane during cellular adherence.", "contents": "Changing patterns of plasma membrane-associated filaments during the initial phases of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence. By utilizing a combination of several ultrastructural techniques, we have been able to demonstrate differences in filament organization on the adherent plasma membranes of spreading and mobile PMN as well as within the extending lamellipodia. To follow the subplasmalemmal filaments of this small amoeboid cell during these kinetic events, we sheared off the upper portions of cells onto glass and carbon surfaces for 30 s--5 min. The exposed adherent membranes were immediately fixed and processed for high-resolution SEM or TEM. Whole cells were also examined by phase contrast microscopy, SEM, and oriented thin sections. Observed by SEM, the inner surface of nonadherent PMN membranes is free of filaments, but within 30 s of attachment to the substrate a three-dimensional, interlocking network of globular projections and radiating microfilaments--i.e., a subplasmalemmal filament complex--is consistently demonstrable (with or without postfixation in OsO4). Seen by TEM, extending lamellipodia contain a felt of filamentous and finely granular material, distinct from the golbule/filament complex of the adjacent adherent membrane. In the spread cell, this golbule-filament complex covers the entire lower membrane and increases in filament-density over the next 2--3 min. By 3--5 min after plating, as the PMN rounds up before the initiation of amoeboid movements, another pattern emerges--circumferential bands of anastomosing filament bundles in which thick, short filaments resembling myosin are found. This work provides structural evidence on the organization of polymerized contractile elements associated with the plasma membrane during cellular adherence.", "PMID": 383726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6286", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of muscle fiber types by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "In a fast-twitch muscle, three types of fibers (red, intermediate, and white) can be distinguished on the basis of mitochondrial content. Red fibers, identified by abundant mitochondria, can be further differentiated on the basis of a positive or negative response to antibodies specific for white (\"fast\") myosin. Because there is also a difference in Z-line width among fibers of the same muscle, the possibility existed that the two red fibers, which differ in type of myosin, might also differ in dimensions of the Z line. We therefore examined, with the electron microscope, fibers which had been exposed to antibody against white myosin. In those fibers which react with the antibody, an electron-opaque band is evident in the H-band region, thereby distinguishing reactive from unreactive fibers. The red fiber can now be subdivided on the basis of a positive or negative response to anti-white myosin visualized directly with the electron microscope. Both categories of red fibers (\"fast\" and \"slow\") have wide Z lines, and thus are distinguished from white and intermediate fibers, which react with the antibody but which have narrow Z lines. On the basis of combined immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics, four types of fibers can be recognized in a single muscle. Moreover, it is demonstrated here that a wide Z line does not necessarily imply a slow speed of contraction.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of muscle fiber types by immunocytochemistry. In a fast-twitch muscle, three types of fibers (red, intermediate, and white) can be distinguished on the basis of mitochondrial content. Red fibers, identified by abundant mitochondria, can be further differentiated on the basis of a positive or negative response to antibodies specific for white (\"fast\") myosin. Because there is also a difference in Z-line width among fibers of the same muscle, the possibility existed that the two red fibers, which differ in type of myosin, might also differ in dimensions of the Z line. We therefore examined, with the electron microscope, fibers which had been exposed to antibody against white myosin. In those fibers which react with the antibody, an electron-opaque band is evident in the H-band region, thereby distinguishing reactive from unreactive fibers. The red fiber can now be subdivided on the basis of a positive or negative response to anti-white myosin visualized directly with the electron microscope. Both categories of red fibers (\"fast\" and \"slow\") have wide Z lines, and thus are distinguished from white and intermediate fibers, which react with the antibody but which have narrow Z lines. On the basis of combined immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics, four types of fibers can be recognized in a single muscle. Moreover, it is demonstrated here that a wide Z line does not necessarily imply a slow speed of contraction.", "PMID": 383727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6287", "title": "Localization of an endogenous lectin in chicken liver, intestine, and pancreas.", "content": "Extracts of adult chicken liver, pancreas, and intestine contain high levels of a lectin which appears to be identical to one previously purified from embryonic chick muscle. This lectin is virtually absent from adult muscle, but is highly concentrated in cells lining liver sinusoids, intestinal goblet cells, and the extracellular spaces surrounding pancreatic acini. These findings suggest that the lectin may play different roles in different tissues and at different times in the life of a chicken.", "contents": "Localization of an endogenous lectin in chicken liver, intestine, and pancreas. Extracts of adult chicken liver, pancreas, and intestine contain high levels of a lectin which appears to be identical to one previously purified from embryonic chick muscle. This lectin is virtually absent from adult muscle, but is highly concentrated in cells lining liver sinusoids, intestinal goblet cells, and the extracellular spaces surrounding pancreatic acini. These findings suggest that the lectin may play different roles in different tissues and at different times in the life of a chicken.", "PMID": 383728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6288", "title": "Redistribution of intermediate filament subunits during skeletal myogenesis and maturation in vitro.", "content": "The distribution of intermediate filament (IF) subunits during maturation of skeletal myotubes in vitro was examined by immunofluorescence, using antibodies against two different types of chick IF subunits: (a) 58-kdalton subunits of fibroblasts (anti-58K), and (b) 55-kdalton subunits of smooth muscle (anti-55K). Anti-58K bound to a filament network in replicating presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts, as well as in immature myotubes. The distribution in immature myotubes was in longitudinal filaments throughout the cytoplasm. With maturation, staining of myotubes by anti-58K diminished and eventually disappeared. Anti-55K selectively stained myotubes, and the fluorescence localization underwent a drastic change in distribution with maturation--from dense, longitudinal filaments in immature myotubes to a cross-striated distribution in mature myotubes that was associated with the I--Z region of myofibrils. However, the emergence of a cross-striated anti-55K pattern did not coincide temperally with the emergence of striated myofibrils, but occurred over a period of days thereafter.", "contents": "Redistribution of intermediate filament subunits during skeletal myogenesis and maturation in vitro. The distribution of intermediate filament (IF) subunits during maturation of skeletal myotubes in vitro was examined by immunofluorescence, using antibodies against two different types of chick IF subunits: (a) 58-kdalton subunits of fibroblasts (anti-58K), and (b) 55-kdalton subunits of smooth muscle (anti-55K). Anti-58K bound to a filament network in replicating presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts, as well as in immature myotubes. The distribution in immature myotubes was in longitudinal filaments throughout the cytoplasm. With maturation, staining of myotubes by anti-58K diminished and eventually disappeared. Anti-55K selectively stained myotubes, and the fluorescence localization underwent a drastic change in distribution with maturation--from dense, longitudinal filaments in immature myotubes to a cross-striated distribution in mature myotubes that was associated with the I--Z region of myofibrils. However, the emergence of a cross-striated anti-55K pattern did not coincide temperally with the emergence of striated myofibrils, but occurred over a period of days thereafter.", "PMID": 383729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6289", "title": "Arrest of cell membrane movements by in vitro incubation with polycation reversed by polyanion.", "content": "A total arrest of cell membrane movement occurred after incubation for 2 h of cultured fibroblasts with the polycation DEAE-dextran. The immobilized cells resumed normal membrane undulations after exposure for 5 min to the polyanion dextran-sulphate. The influence of DEAE-dextran on the electrophoretic mobility, which was seen after 10 min of incubation was also erased by a subsequent incubation with dextran-sulphate. No influence on growth of the culture was seen.", "contents": "Arrest of cell membrane movements by in vitro incubation with polycation reversed by polyanion. A total arrest of cell membrane movement occurred after incubation for 2 h of cultured fibroblasts with the polycation DEAE-dextran. The immobilized cells resumed normal membrane undulations after exposure for 5 min to the polyanion dextran-sulphate. The influence of DEAE-dextran on the electrophoretic mobility, which was seen after 10 min of incubation was also erased by a subsequent incubation with dextran-sulphate. No influence on growth of the culture was seen.", "PMID": 383730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6290", "title": "The effect of local anaesthetics and barbiturates on myogenesis and myotube integrity in rat skeletal muscle cultures.", "content": "Several cationic anaesthetics and barbiturates including bupivacaine, lignocaine and pentobarbital reversibly inhibit myoblast fusion in rat primary muscle cultures. The same drugs also cause disruption of myotube structure, which is normally complete within 2 h; fusion of myoblasts and reformation of myotubes takes place on removal of the drugs. The disruption of myotubes caused by tertiary amine anaesthetics observed in vitro appears to mimic muscle fibre disruption caused by the same drugs in vivo. The effects of temperature, culture age, medium constitution and calcium flux on anaesthetic-induced myotube breakdown have been examined.", "contents": "The effect of local anaesthetics and barbiturates on myogenesis and myotube integrity in rat skeletal muscle cultures. Several cationic anaesthetics and barbiturates including bupivacaine, lignocaine and pentobarbital reversibly inhibit myoblast fusion in rat primary muscle cultures. The same drugs also cause disruption of myotube structure, which is normally complete within 2 h; fusion of myoblasts and reformation of myotubes takes place on removal of the drugs. The disruption of myotubes caused by tertiary amine anaesthetics observed in vitro appears to mimic muscle fibre disruption caused by the same drugs in vivo. The effects of temperature, culture age, medium constitution and calcium flux on anaesthetic-induced myotube breakdown have been examined.", "PMID": 383731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6291", "title": "Cell-to-substratum contacts in living cells: a direct correlation between interference-reflexion and indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against actin and alpha-actinin.", "content": "Rat mammary cells growing on glass coverslips were photographed first using interference-reflexion microscopy and then after processing for indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to actin or to alpha-actinin. A comparison of the images of the same cell given by the 2 microscopical procedures indicates that the focal contacts between the cell and the substratum correspond to distal ends of microfilament bundles, and the these bundles are only in limited areas close to the substratum. The focal contracts are rich in alpha-actinin which has been proposed as a membrane-anchorage protein for microfilament bundles. Use of stereo immunofluorescence microscopy allows a direct comparison between the interference-reflexion image, and the underside of the cell after staining with antibodies to actin or alpha-actinin.", "contents": "Cell-to-substratum contacts in living cells: a direct correlation between interference-reflexion and indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against actin and alpha-actinin. Rat mammary cells growing on glass coverslips were photographed first using interference-reflexion microscopy and then after processing for indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to actin or to alpha-actinin. A comparison of the images of the same cell given by the 2 microscopical procedures indicates that the focal contacts between the cell and the substratum correspond to distal ends of microfilament bundles, and the these bundles are only in limited areas close to the substratum. The focal contracts are rich in alpha-actinin which has been proposed as a membrane-anchorage protein for microfilament bundles. Use of stereo immunofluorescence microscopy allows a direct comparison between the interference-reflexion image, and the underside of the cell after staining with antibodies to actin or alpha-actinin.", "PMID": 383732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6292", "title": "A morphological study of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and rat eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages in vitro.", "content": "The interaction between trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and purified rat eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages has been studied. Macrophages induced by dextran, became infected and the parasites multiplied as amastigotes, eventually being released as trypomastigotes into the medium. Eosinophils show an antibody-dependent phagocytosis, while neutrophil phagocytosis is enhanced by antibody. Electron microscopy showed that once inside the granulocyte phagosome, the trypomastigotes transform to amastigotes as a prelude to degeneration. This occurs as material apparently of granule origin accumulates in the phagosome. Eosinophils have the capacity to eject incompletely degenerated amastigotes into the medium. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to previous time-lapse cinematography studies of the lysis of chick erythrocytes by eosinophils, and reports that eosinophils release granule contents by means of a secretory vesicle.", "contents": "A morphological study of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and rat eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages in vitro. The interaction between trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and purified rat eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages has been studied. Macrophages induced by dextran, became infected and the parasites multiplied as amastigotes, eventually being released as trypomastigotes into the medium. Eosinophils show an antibody-dependent phagocytosis, while neutrophil phagocytosis is enhanced by antibody. Electron microscopy showed that once inside the granulocyte phagosome, the trypomastigotes transform to amastigotes as a prelude to degeneration. This occurs as material apparently of granule origin accumulates in the phagosome. Eosinophils have the capacity to eject incompletely degenerated amastigotes into the medium. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to previous time-lapse cinematography studies of the lysis of chick erythrocytes by eosinophils, and reports that eosinophils release granule contents by means of a secretory vesicle.", "PMID": 383733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6293", "title": "Capping of variable antigen on Trypanosoma brucei, and its immunological and biological significance.", "content": "Pathogenic trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation, whereby the glycoprotein molecules constituting the cell coat are changed, the parasite thus evading the host's immune response. On application of homologous antiserum in indirect immunofluorescence to a given variable antigen type of Trypanosoma brucei, the surface variable antigen moves to the flagellar pocket region, which overlies the Golgi apparatus. This redistribution, or capping, is temperature-dependent, occurring at 37 degrees C but not at 0-4 degree C. Patching does not occur at either temperature. Immediately after capping no homologous or heterologous variable antigen, or host plasma or blood cell antigens, can be detected by immunofluorescence on the cell surface outside the cap; only trypanosome membrane common antigens can be found. It seems unlikely for two reasons that this antibody-induced redistribution is relevant to antigenic variation. Capping of the coat requires the indirect, rather than the direct, immunofluorescent method; a single layer of antibody, in nature, would appear to be ineffective. Also, capping of variable antigen of one type is followed within 3 h by appearance of antigen of the same, and not another, type. The necessity for 2 antibody layers is usually thought of as meaning that the individual molecules of the cell surface antigen are spaced further apart than the binding sites of an individual antibody molecule, so that the necessary cross-linked lattice cannot be formed, but on T. brucei the surface variable antigen molecules are very closely packed. It is proposed that one layer of antibody is ineffective for steric reasons; the dimensions of the exposed face of each variable antigen molecule may not permit the binding of more than one molecule of immunoglobulin, or perhaps the antigen molecules are so closely packed that most of the antigenic determinants are hidden from antibodies. To test this hypothesis, an attempt was made to cap variable antigen on trypanosomes transforming in vitro from the bloodstream to the procyclic (insect midgut) stage; such forms have a much less densely packed surface coat. Patching was observed, indicative of lattice formation, but these trypanosomes did not survive the in vitro manipulation long enough to permit any possible capping. T. brucei differs structurally from most other eukaryotic cells. It has no detectable microfilaments under the plasma membrane, except at the desmosomes in the region of flagellar binding, and it also has a pellicular cortex of microtubules. Capping of its surface antigen would appear then to differ from that on mammalian cells, either in the cellular components involved or in that specialized areas of the plasma membrane are involved.", "contents": "Capping of variable antigen on Trypanosoma brucei, and its immunological and biological significance. Pathogenic trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation, whereby the glycoprotein molecules constituting the cell coat are changed, the parasite thus evading the host's immune response. On application of homologous antiserum in indirect immunofluorescence to a given variable antigen type of Trypanosoma brucei, the surface variable antigen moves to the flagellar pocket region, which overlies the Golgi apparatus. This redistribution, or capping, is temperature-dependent, occurring at 37 degrees C but not at 0-4 degree C. Patching does not occur at either temperature. Immediately after capping no homologous or heterologous variable antigen, or host plasma or blood cell antigens, can be detected by immunofluorescence on the cell surface outside the cap; only trypanosome membrane common antigens can be found. It seems unlikely for two reasons that this antibody-induced redistribution is relevant to antigenic variation. Capping of the coat requires the indirect, rather than the direct, immunofluorescent method; a single layer of antibody, in nature, would appear to be ineffective. Also, capping of variable antigen of one type is followed within 3 h by appearance of antigen of the same, and not another, type. The necessity for 2 antibody layers is usually thought of as meaning that the individual molecules of the cell surface antigen are spaced further apart than the binding sites of an individual antibody molecule, so that the necessary cross-linked lattice cannot be formed, but on T. brucei the surface variable antigen molecules are very closely packed. It is proposed that one layer of antibody is ineffective for steric reasons; the dimensions of the exposed face of each variable antigen molecule may not permit the binding of more than one molecule of immunoglobulin, or perhaps the antigen molecules are so closely packed that most of the antigenic determinants are hidden from antibodies. To test this hypothesis, an attempt was made to cap variable antigen on trypanosomes transforming in vitro from the bloodstream to the procyclic (insect midgut) stage; such forms have a much less densely packed surface coat. Patching was observed, indicative of lattice formation, but these trypanosomes did not survive the in vitro manipulation long enough to permit any possible capping. T. brucei differs structurally from most other eukaryotic cells. It has no detectable microfilaments under the plasma membrane, except at the desmosomes in the region of flagellar binding, and it also has a pellicular cortex of microtubules. Capping of its surface antigen would appear then to differ from that on mammalian cells, either in the cellular components involved or in that specialized areas of the plasma membrane are involved.", "PMID": 383734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6294", "title": "Transfer of mouse nuclear envelope specific proteins to nuclei of chick erythrocytes during reactivation in heterokaryons with mouse A9 cells.", "content": "When chick erythrocyte nuclei are introduced into the cytoplasm of mouse A9 cells by cell fusion, proteins present in a fraction of the mouse nuclear envelope begin to appear in the envelope of the chick erythrocyte. The protein uptake was examined using antisera raised in chickens against the 3 major polypeptides of the nuclear pore complex-fibrous lamina fraction from rat liver nuclei. In indirect immunofluorescence studies these antisera give a strong envelope-specific staining with various mammalian but not chicken cells. Eighteen hours after cell fusion the first murine antigens can be observed in the erythrocyte nucleus. Two days after cell fusion the vast majority of the erythrocyte nuclei in cell hybrids contain some antigen and by 3 days the fluorescence of the reactivated erythrocyte nuclei reaches a level comparable to that of the mouse A9 nuclei. The rate of appearance of fluorescence in the chick nuclei depends upon the ratio of A9 cytoplasm to chick nuclei. Antigen uptake by the erythrocyte envelope is inhibited when protein synthesis is blocked suggesting that synthesis of mouse antigen, rather than a redistribution, determines the velocity or erythrocyte envelope reactivation. The early uptake of nucleospecific protein into the reactivating chick erythrocyte may not require any alteration in the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Transfer of mouse nuclear envelope specific proteins to nuclei of chick erythrocytes during reactivation in heterokaryons with mouse A9 cells. When chick erythrocyte nuclei are introduced into the cytoplasm of mouse A9 cells by cell fusion, proteins present in a fraction of the mouse nuclear envelope begin to appear in the envelope of the chick erythrocyte. The protein uptake was examined using antisera raised in chickens against the 3 major polypeptides of the nuclear pore complex-fibrous lamina fraction from rat liver nuclei. In indirect immunofluorescence studies these antisera give a strong envelope-specific staining with various mammalian but not chicken cells. Eighteen hours after cell fusion the first murine antigens can be observed in the erythrocyte nucleus. Two days after cell fusion the vast majority of the erythrocyte nuclei in cell hybrids contain some antigen and by 3 days the fluorescence of the reactivated erythrocyte nuclei reaches a level comparable to that of the mouse A9 nuclei. The rate of appearance of fluorescence in the chick nuclei depends upon the ratio of A9 cytoplasm to chick nuclei. Antigen uptake by the erythrocyte envelope is inhibited when protein synthesis is blocked suggesting that synthesis of mouse antigen, rather than a redistribution, determines the velocity or erythrocyte envelope reactivation. The early uptake of nucleospecific protein into the reactivating chick erythrocyte may not require any alteration in the nuclear envelope.", "PMID": 383735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6295", "title": "[Effect of commonly practiced manoeuvres in vascular microsurgery. Study under the scanning electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied in 100 Wistar rats the manoeuvres that may commonly be carried out during vascular microanastomosis of diameter less than 3 mm (aorta and posterior vena cava): clamping for 30 to 45 minutes, bipolar electrocoagulation of the collateral arteries, more or less marked pinching of the vascular wall. The risk of thrombosis seems all the greater when: --the surgeon is inexperienced: viz. trauma with the forceps, parietal tears at the level of the stitches, two many threads passed for hemostasis (all these factors accentuate the fibrinoid and platelet deposits); --bipolar electrocoagulation of a collateral artery applied too close to the vessel to be anastomosed (less than 1 mm.)The formation of a smooth and regular fibrinous pseudo-intima appears within 48 to 72 hours which may explain the elective onset of thromboses before this delay.", "contents": "[Effect of commonly practiced manoeuvres in vascular microsurgery. Study under the scanning electron microscope (author's transl)]. The authors studied in 100 Wistar rats the manoeuvres that may commonly be carried out during vascular microanastomosis of diameter less than 3 mm (aorta and posterior vena cava): clamping for 30 to 45 minutes, bipolar electrocoagulation of the collateral arteries, more or less marked pinching of the vascular wall. The risk of thrombosis seems all the greater when: --the surgeon is inexperienced: viz. trauma with the forceps, parietal tears at the level of the stitches, two many threads passed for hemostasis (all these factors accentuate the fibrinoid and platelet deposits); --bipolar electrocoagulation of a collateral artery applied too close to the vessel to be anastomosed (less than 1 mm.)The formation of a smooth and regular fibrinous pseudo-intima appears within 48 to 72 hours which may explain the elective onset of thromboses before this delay.", "PMID": 383736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6296", "title": "Effect of LRH on gonadotropin secretion in newborn male infants.", "content": "The concentrations of LH and FSH were measured in eight male newborn babies, aged 4-6 h, before and after the administration of 25 micrograms synthetic LHR. A comparison was performed with six control newborns receiving normal saline. Both LH and FSH rose significantly in all subjects after LHR administration. Their values were significantly higher than those observed during the control study. These data demonstrate sensitivity of the pituitary gonadotropes to synthetic LHR and a pubertal-type response to LH in the early hours of human life.", "contents": "Effect of LRH on gonadotropin secretion in newborn male infants. The concentrations of LH and FSH were measured in eight male newborn babies, aged 4-6 h, before and after the administration of 25 micrograms synthetic LHR. A comparison was performed with six control newborns receiving normal saline. Both LH and FSH rose significantly in all subjects after LHR administration. Their values were significantly higher than those observed during the control study. These data demonstrate sensitivity of the pituitary gonadotropes to synthetic LHR and a pubertal-type response to LH in the early hours of human life.", "PMID": 383738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6297", "title": "beta-Endorphin in the human pancreas.", "content": "Using a specific antiserum, beta-endorphin was quantitated in 8 human pancreas obtained at autopsy by radioimmunoassay and localized by immunocytochemistry. The mean (+/- SE) concentration of beta-endorphin in pancreatic extracts of 5 non-diabetic adults was 13.5 +/- 9.8 ng/gm with a range of 2.1 to 52.8 ng/gm of tissue. Pancreatic beta-endorphin concentration in two premature infants were within the range found in adults. In one diabetic pancreas, there was no measurable beta-endorphin. Specific beta-endorphin immunofluorescence is localized within the pancreatic islets. This finding suggests that beta-endorphin may participate in intraislet regulation of pancreatic hormone secretion.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin in the human pancreas. Using a specific antiserum, beta-endorphin was quantitated in 8 human pancreas obtained at autopsy by radioimmunoassay and localized by immunocytochemistry. The mean (+/- SE) concentration of beta-endorphin in pancreatic extracts of 5 non-diabetic adults was 13.5 +/- 9.8 ng/gm with a range of 2.1 to 52.8 ng/gm of tissue. Pancreatic beta-endorphin concentration in two premature infants were within the range found in adults. In one diabetic pancreas, there was no measurable beta-endorphin. Specific beta-endorphin immunofluorescence is localized within the pancreatic islets. This finding suggests that beta-endorphin may participate in intraislet regulation of pancreatic hormone secretion.", "PMID": 383740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6298", "title": "Pulsatile subcutaneous nocturnal administration of GnRH by portable infusion pump in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: initiation of gonadotropin responsiveness.", "content": "GnRH was administered subcutaneously in hourly pulses for 10 consecutive nights to two immature males with Kallmann's Syndrome using a portable, battery-operated infusion pump adapted for home use. Pulsatile GnRH produced a progressive increase in urinary gonadotropin excretion, a significant increase in mean basal plasma FSH, pulsatile LH release, and an increased LH response to a standard 3 hour GnRH infusion test. One subject developed a striking increment in plasma testosterone in response to GnRH pulses, as well as a biphasic LH response to the 3 hour infusion.", "contents": "Pulsatile subcutaneous nocturnal administration of GnRH by portable infusion pump in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: initiation of gonadotropin responsiveness. GnRH was administered subcutaneously in hourly pulses for 10 consecutive nights to two immature males with Kallmann's Syndrome using a portable, battery-operated infusion pump adapted for home use. Pulsatile GnRH produced a progressive increase in urinary gonadotropin excretion, a significant increase in mean basal plasma FSH, pulsatile LH release, and an increased LH response to a standard 3 hour GnRH infusion test. One subject developed a striking increment in plasma testosterone in response to GnRH pulses, as well as a biphasic LH response to the 3 hour infusion.", "PMID": 383741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6299", "title": "Evaluation of the modified API 20C system for identification of clinically important yeasts.", "content": "The modified API 20C system (Analytab Products, Inc.) containing 19 carbohydrate assimilation tests was used to identify stock cultures of clinical isolates and routine clinical isolates from the Mayo Clinic mycology laboratory. The system provided correct identifications for 96% of the 505 organisms tested. The API 20C represents a commercial system useful for the identification of yeasts from clinical specimens. Although reliable, it is not a complete system and must be used in conjunction with microscopic morphological features for definitive identification. Since the system requires 72 h for identification, it is not designed for the rapid presumptive identification of such organisms as Cryptococcus neoformans; other biochemical tests must be used for this purpose.", "contents": "Evaluation of the modified API 20C system for identification of clinically important yeasts. The modified API 20C system (Analytab Products, Inc.) containing 19 carbohydrate assimilation tests was used to identify stock cultures of clinical isolates and routine clinical isolates from the Mayo Clinic mycology laboratory. The system provided correct identifications for 96% of the 505 organisms tested. The API 20C represents a commercial system useful for the identification of yeasts from clinical specimens. Although reliable, it is not a complete system and must be used in conjunction with microscopic morphological features for definitive identification. Since the system requires 72 h for identification, it is not designed for the rapid presumptive identification of such organisms as Cryptococcus neoformans; other biochemical tests must be used for this purpose.", "PMID": 383742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6300", "title": "Methods for serotyping nasopharyngeal isolates of Haemophilus influenzae: slide agglutination, Quellung reaction, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and antiserum agar.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal isolates of H. influenzae were typed by the slide agglutination test, the Quelling reaction, the latex agglutination test, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, and the antiserum agar test. These tests gave essentially comparable results, with countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination being slightly more sensitive. Cross-reactive problems encountered with latex agglutination and the expense of performing countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis or the antiserum agar test made these tests less practical than the slide agglutination test to identify single strains that were already isolated. The Quellung reaction and slide agglutination were the most rapid tests used to type an organism. For mass screening of multiple samples, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was the simplest technique. The antiserum agar test was slow but was the best technique to screen nasopharyngeal swab cultures to identify the presence of any encapsulated strains in the mixed flora. Whether any of the above techniques were as sensitive as the immunofluorescence test was not evaluated in this study.", "contents": "Methods for serotyping nasopharyngeal isolates of Haemophilus influenzae: slide agglutination, Quellung reaction, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and antiserum agar. Nasopharyngeal isolates of H. influenzae were typed by the slide agglutination test, the Quelling reaction, the latex agglutination test, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, and the antiserum agar test. These tests gave essentially comparable results, with countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination being slightly more sensitive. Cross-reactive problems encountered with latex agglutination and the expense of performing countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis or the antiserum agar test made these tests less practical than the slide agglutination test to identify single strains that were already isolated. The Quellung reaction and slide agglutination were the most rapid tests used to type an organism. For mass screening of multiple samples, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was the simplest technique. The antiserum agar test was slow but was the best technique to screen nasopharyngeal swab cultures to identify the presence of any encapsulated strains in the mixed flora. Whether any of the above techniques were as sensitive as the immunofluorescence test was not evaluated in this study.", "PMID": 383743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6301", "title": "Detection of Legionella pneumonophila antigen in urine by enzyme-linked immunospecific assay.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunospecific assay \"sandwich\" technique was developed for detecting soluble antigen from the Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila). With this technique, antigen was detected in urine specimens from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with heat-killed Legionnaires disease bacteria and in urine specimens from three of four patients who attended the American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976. Urine from a fifth pneumonia patient who attended the Eucharistic Congress (but who was a dubious seroconverter) was negative. Presumably, the test could also be used for detecting antigen in sputum or respiratory aspirates, but this has not been tried to date.", "contents": "Detection of Legionella pneumonophila antigen in urine by enzyme-linked immunospecific assay. An enzyme-linked immunospecific assay \"sandwich\" technique was developed for detecting soluble antigen from the Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila). With this technique, antigen was detected in urine specimens from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with heat-killed Legionnaires disease bacteria and in urine specimens from three of four patients who attended the American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976. Urine from a fifth pneumonia patient who attended the Eucharistic Congress (but who was a dubious seroconverter) was negative. Presumably, the test could also be used for detecting antigen in sputum or respiratory aspirates, but this has not been tried to date.", "PMID": 383744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6302", "title": "Practical method to facilitate estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva.", "content": "A method was developed to facilitate the estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva. Saliva-contaminated wodden spatulas were pressed directly against an elevated agar plate containing a selective medium. The results were compared with the number of S. mutans per 1 ml of paraffin-stimulated saliva. It was shown that the spatula method gave a good estimation of the level of S. mutans infection. The incubation was also made in expired air instead of 95% N2-5% CO2. The outgrowth was in good agreement with that after conventional incubation. The method is useful in epidemiological studies or in selecting persons at a high caries risk, and when ordinary saliva sampling cannot be done, for example in small children. Compared with conventional saliva sampling, this method requires less time and material at sampling as well as at the laboratory.", "contents": "Practical method to facilitate estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva. A method was developed to facilitate the estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva. Saliva-contaminated wodden spatulas were pressed directly against an elevated agar plate containing a selective medium. The results were compared with the number of S. mutans per 1 ml of paraffin-stimulated saliva. It was shown that the spatula method gave a good estimation of the level of S. mutans infection. The incubation was also made in expired air instead of 95% N2-5% CO2. The outgrowth was in good agreement with that after conventional incubation. The method is useful in epidemiological studies or in selecting persons at a high caries risk, and when ordinary saliva sampling cannot be done, for example in small children. Compared with conventional saliva sampling, this method requires less time and material at sampling as well as at the laboratory.", "PMID": 383745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6303", "title": "Reliability of a single urine culture in establishing diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adult males.", "content": "Fifty-nine asymptomatic men without catheters of ileal-loop bladders, who were attending a urology clinic and were incidentally discovered to have 100,000 or more Enterobacteriaceae per ml (\"significant bacteriuria\") in a clean voided urine sample, were prospectively evaluated. To identify these 59 patients, 5,876 urine samples, collected exclusively from men, had been subjected to quantitation and identification. A repeat urine culture performed on these patients invariably confirmed the results of the initial culture. The reproducibility of a single urine culture containing significant bacteriuria occurred independently of the tissue source of infection, as determined by the antibody-coated-bacteria immunofluorescence test. We conclude that a single urine culture obtained from a cooperative man can establish the diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "contents": "Reliability of a single urine culture in establishing diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adult males. Fifty-nine asymptomatic men without catheters of ileal-loop bladders, who were attending a urology clinic and were incidentally discovered to have 100,000 or more Enterobacteriaceae per ml (\"significant bacteriuria\") in a clean voided urine sample, were prospectively evaluated. To identify these 59 patients, 5,876 urine samples, collected exclusively from men, had been subjected to quantitation and identification. A repeat urine culture performed on these patients invariably confirmed the results of the initial culture. The reproducibility of a single urine culture containing significant bacteriuria occurred independently of the tissue source of infection, as determined by the antibody-coated-bacteria immunofluorescence test. We conclude that a single urine culture obtained from a cooperative man can establish the diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "PMID": 383746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6304", "title": "Comparison of three methods for identification of pathogenic Neisseria species.", "content": "A radiometric procedure was compared with the Minitek and Cystine Trypticase Agar sugar degradation methods for identification of 113 Neisseria species (58 Neisseria meningitidis, 51 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2 Neisseria lactamica, 2 Neisseria sicca). Identification of meningococci and gonococci was confirmed by agglutination and fluorescent antibody techniques, respectively. The Minitek method identified 97% of meningococci, 92% of gonococci, and 100% of other Neisseria after 4 h of incubation. The radiometric (Bactec) procedure identified 100% of gonococci and 100% of miscellaneous Neisseria after 3 h, but problems were encountered with meningococci: 45% of the later strains yielded index values for fructose between 20 and 28 (recommended negative cut-off point, less than 20), with strongly positive (greater than 100) glucose and maltose and negative o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside reactions in all 58 strains. The Cystine Trypticase Agar method identified 91% of meningococci, 90% of gonococci, and 100% of other Neisseria after 24 to 48 h. Prolongation of the Cystine Trypticase Agar incubation period led to abnormal lactose/sucrose reactions in some meningococci and gonococci. Radiometric and Minitek systems are more accurate and convenient than Cystine Trypticase Agar techniques, but, on the basis of these results, radiometric fructose sensitivity levels for meningococci need reevaluation.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods for identification of pathogenic Neisseria species. A radiometric procedure was compared with the Minitek and Cystine Trypticase Agar sugar degradation methods for identification of 113 Neisseria species (58 Neisseria meningitidis, 51 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2 Neisseria lactamica, 2 Neisseria sicca). Identification of meningococci and gonococci was confirmed by agglutination and fluorescent antibody techniques, respectively. The Minitek method identified 97% of meningococci, 92% of gonococci, and 100% of other Neisseria after 4 h of incubation. The radiometric (Bactec) procedure identified 100% of gonococci and 100% of miscellaneous Neisseria after 3 h, but problems were encountered with meningococci: 45% of the later strains yielded index values for fructose between 20 and 28 (recommended negative cut-off point, less than 20), with strongly positive (greater than 100) glucose and maltose and negative o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside reactions in all 58 strains. The Cystine Trypticase Agar method identified 91% of meningococci, 90% of gonococci, and 100% of other Neisseria after 24 to 48 h. Prolongation of the Cystine Trypticase Agar incubation period led to abnormal lactose/sucrose reactions in some meningococci and gonococci. Radiometric and Minitek systems are more accurate and convenient than Cystine Trypticase Agar techniques, but, on the basis of these results, radiometric fructose sensitivity levels for meningococci need reevaluation.", "PMID": 383747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6305", "title": "Comparison of Micro-ID and API 20E systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The Micro-ID 4-h identification system for Enterobacteriaceae was compared to the API 20E overnight method, using 230 fresh clinical isolates and 74 stock cultures. Agreement was 97.8% for the clinical isolates and 93.2% for the stock cultures. Eighty-seven percent of primary culture plates containing gram-negative rods yielded sufficient growth to perform the 4-h Micro-ID identification on the same day the organisms were isolated.", "contents": "Comparison of Micro-ID and API 20E systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The Micro-ID 4-h identification system for Enterobacteriaceae was compared to the API 20E overnight method, using 230 fresh clinical isolates and 74 stock cultures. Agreement was 97.8% for the clinical isolates and 93.2% for the stock cultures. Eighty-seven percent of primary culture plates containing gram-negative rods yielded sufficient growth to perform the 4-h Micro-ID identification on the same day the organisms were isolated.", "PMID": 383748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6306", "title": "Evidence for the synthesis and release of strongly immunosuppressive, noncytotoxic substances by Streptococcus intermedius.", "content": "Products secreted by Streptococcus intermedius were studied for their effects on the immune response. Three different preparations of crude extracellular products from S. intermedius (CEP-Si) were found to have powerful suppressor activity in vitro as shown by inhibition of human lymphocyte proliferation (uptake of [3H]thymidine) and protein synthesis in response to a wide variety of stimulants, including mitogens and antigens, and suppression of plaque formation by human cells in response to sheep erythrocytes. CEP-Si was noncytotoxic, because cells incubated with high concentrations of CEP-Si and subsequently washed were viable and recovered their ability to respond to mitogens, and because leukocyte migration was not inhibited by CEP-Si, nor was the release of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor from sensitized lymphocytes. The possibility of antigen or mitogen competition was excluded. The effects of CEP-Si in vitro were time dependent and did not require the presence of monocytes. Cells pretreated with CEP-Si and then washed suppressed plaque formation by fresh autologous cells in highly stimulated cultures. CEP-Si injected into C57BL/6 mice also strongly suppressed their immune response to sheep erythrocytes, and the in vivo suppression was correlated with the effects of CEP-Si in vitro.", "contents": "Evidence for the synthesis and release of strongly immunosuppressive, noncytotoxic substances by Streptococcus intermedius. Products secreted by Streptococcus intermedius were studied for their effects on the immune response. Three different preparations of crude extracellular products from S. intermedius (CEP-Si) were found to have powerful suppressor activity in vitro as shown by inhibition of human lymphocyte proliferation (uptake of [3H]thymidine) and protein synthesis in response to a wide variety of stimulants, including mitogens and antigens, and suppression of plaque formation by human cells in response to sheep erythrocytes. CEP-Si was noncytotoxic, because cells incubated with high concentrations of CEP-Si and subsequently washed were viable and recovered their ability to respond to mitogens, and because leukocyte migration was not inhibited by CEP-Si, nor was the release of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor from sensitized lymphocytes. The possibility of antigen or mitogen competition was excluded. The effects of CEP-Si in vitro were time dependent and did not require the presence of monocytes. Cells pretreated with CEP-Si and then washed suppressed plaque formation by fresh autologous cells in highly stimulated cultures. CEP-Si injected into C57BL/6 mice also strongly suppressed their immune response to sheep erythrocytes, and the in vivo suppression was correlated with the effects of CEP-Si in vitro.", "PMID": 383749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6307", "title": "Clinical evaluation of hypnotic drugs: contributions from sleep laboratory studies.", "content": "The most thorough and clinically relevant approach to hypnotic drug evaluation is one that balances the strengths and weaknesses of clinical trials and sleep laboratory evaluations. Advantages of clinical trials include the ability to evaluate large numbers of subjects and specific target groups and to thoroughly assess and quantify a drug's side effects, whereas sleep laboratory studies are very limited in all of these areas. Sleep laboratory studies however provide a rigorous, precise, and comprehensive profile of a drug's activity since there is more control over experimental variables and measurements are objective as well as continuous throughout the night. These benefits offset the shortcomings of clinical trials, which include a lack of objective measurements, less control over experimental variables, failure to evaluate a drug's effectiveness with continued use, and inattention to drug interaction and withdrawal effect. Several basic principles derived from sleep laboratory findings have been incorporated into both the clinical trials and sleep laboratory evaluations recommended in the new FDA Guidelines for the Clinical Evaluation of Hypnotic Drugs. These principles include provision for adequate baseline and withdrawal periods, use of multiple consecutive drug nights to assess a drug's effectiveness with continued use, and inclusion of an adequate washout period when a cross-over design is used. The guidelines do not emphasize either clinical trials or sleep laboratory studies at the expense of each other, but rather stress their complementary utilization.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of hypnotic drugs: contributions from sleep laboratory studies. The most thorough and clinically relevant approach to hypnotic drug evaluation is one that balances the strengths and weaknesses of clinical trials and sleep laboratory evaluations. Advantages of clinical trials include the ability to evaluate large numbers of subjects and specific target groups and to thoroughly assess and quantify a drug's side effects, whereas sleep laboratory studies are very limited in all of these areas. Sleep laboratory studies however provide a rigorous, precise, and comprehensive profile of a drug's activity since there is more control over experimental variables and measurements are objective as well as continuous throughout the night. These benefits offset the shortcomings of clinical trials, which include a lack of objective measurements, less control over experimental variables, failure to evaluate a drug's effectiveness with continued use, and inattention to drug interaction and withdrawal effect. Several basic principles derived from sleep laboratory findings have been incorporated into both the clinical trials and sleep laboratory evaluations recommended in the new FDA Guidelines for the Clinical Evaluation of Hypnotic Drugs. These principles include provision for adequate baseline and withdrawal periods, use of multiple consecutive drug nights to assess a drug's effectiveness with continued use, and inclusion of an adequate washout period when a cross-over design is used. The guidelines do not emphasize either clinical trials or sleep laboratory studies at the expense of each other, but rather stress their complementary utilization.", "PMID": 383750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6308", "title": "Immunopathologic and histologic studies on skin from pemphigus patients in tissue culture.", "content": "Explants of skin from patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus taken in the active stages of the disease had in vivo bound IgG in the intercellular area. After 24-48 h incubation of these explants in normal sera acantholytic bullae developed above the stratum basale, thus indicating that the bound IgG is probably in vivo bound pemphigus antibody. In both cases, skin from the inactive stage of the disease contained no in vivo bound pemphigus antibodies. Explants of these skin specimens failed to develop acantholysis in culture.", "contents": "Immunopathologic and histologic studies on skin from pemphigus patients in tissue culture. Explants of skin from patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus taken in the active stages of the disease had in vivo bound IgG in the intercellular area. After 24-48 h incubation of these explants in normal sera acantholytic bullae developed above the stratum basale, thus indicating that the bound IgG is probably in vivo bound pemphigus antibody. In both cases, skin from the inactive stage of the disease contained no in vivo bound pemphigus antibodies. Explants of these skin specimens failed to develop acantholysis in culture.", "PMID": 383751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6309", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of basement membrane collagen in normal human skin and in psoriasis.", "content": "Antibodies prepared against the collagen C-chain derived from human placenta specifically strain the epidermal basement membrane of normal human skin as well as the basement membrane surrounding the skin appendages and capillaries. Using the antibodies, it was observed that all basement membranes in untreated psoriatic plaques appear fragmented and separted into several layers. The results suggest that psoriatic lesions are associated with a general loss of basement membrane integrity which may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of basement membrane collagen in normal human skin and in psoriasis. Antibodies prepared against the collagen C-chain derived from human placenta specifically strain the epidermal basement membrane of normal human skin as well as the basement membrane surrounding the skin appendages and capillaries. Using the antibodies, it was observed that all basement membranes in untreated psoriatic plaques appear fragmented and separted into several layers. The results suggest that psoriatic lesions are associated with a general loss of basement membrane integrity which may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 383753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6310", "title": "Immunotherapy of melanoma.", "content": "Malignant melanoma is a disease characterized by clinical evidence of host defense, possibly immunologically mediated. It is a disease which tends to be refractory to both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has been used in three phases of the disease. 1. Intralesional immunotherapy with a nonspecific immune adjuvant in patients with local intradermal or soft tissue recurrence. This treatment produces approximately 15% regression of both injected and uninjected lesions, and about 60% regression of injected lesions only. Both clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that this regression is immunologically mediated. 2. Patients with surgical removal of all clinically demonstrable tumor, either primary disease alone or regional node recurrence, active nonspecific, and specific, immunotherapy has been used in an adjuvant setting. There is considerable controversy about the benefits accruing to such immunotherapy, but most large scale prospective and randomized studies have suggested that if benefit does result it is modest in degree and probably cannot be measured in terms of increase in cure rate. 3. Immunotherapy has also been used as a nonspecific active adjuvant to single drug or polychemotherapy in patients with disseminated melanoma. Whereas complete response rate may be slightly increased by this maneuver there is no convincing evidence that immunotherapy markedly increases the total objective response rate to polychemotherapy, and survival is only marginally superior when immunotherapy is added to chemotherapy in this setting. Further studies need to be done with active specific immunotherapy with tumor cell membrane extracts; as an adjuvant in patients with minimal body burden of tumor cells; and to study the inaction between chemotherapy and immunotherapy in this disease. Furthermore, studies of chemically defined fractions of either bacterial cell wall or tumor cell extracts must be evaluated both in terms of their ability to augment cell mediated immune responses in the melanoma patient, and also in terms of their ability to induce objective benefit for the patient. The possible use of immunotherapy in patients with primary melanoma has been briefly explored but needs further study. Possible additive effects with radiotherapy and immunotherapy should also be looked at in this disease utilizing high dose fractions and other new forms of radiotherapeutic technique.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of melanoma. Malignant melanoma is a disease characterized by clinical evidence of host defense, possibly immunologically mediated. It is a disease which tends to be refractory to both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has been used in three phases of the disease. 1. Intralesional immunotherapy with a nonspecific immune adjuvant in patients with local intradermal or soft tissue recurrence. This treatment produces approximately 15% regression of both injected and uninjected lesions, and about 60% regression of injected lesions only. Both clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that this regression is immunologically mediated. 2. Patients with surgical removal of all clinically demonstrable tumor, either primary disease alone or regional node recurrence, active nonspecific, and specific, immunotherapy has been used in an adjuvant setting. There is considerable controversy about the benefits accruing to such immunotherapy, but most large scale prospective and randomized studies have suggested that if benefit does result it is modest in degree and probably cannot be measured in terms of increase in cure rate. 3. Immunotherapy has also been used as a nonspecific active adjuvant to single drug or polychemotherapy in patients with disseminated melanoma. Whereas complete response rate may be slightly increased by this maneuver there is no convincing evidence that immunotherapy markedly increases the total objective response rate to polychemotherapy, and survival is only marginally superior when immunotherapy is added to chemotherapy in this setting. Further studies need to be done with active specific immunotherapy with tumor cell membrane extracts; as an adjuvant in patients with minimal body burden of tumor cells; and to study the inaction between chemotherapy and immunotherapy in this disease. Furthermore, studies of chemically defined fractions of either bacterial cell wall or tumor cell extracts must be evaluated both in terms of their ability to augment cell mediated immune responses in the melanoma patient, and also in terms of their ability to induce objective benefit for the patient. The possible use of immunotherapy in patients with primary melanoma has been briefly explored but needs further study. Possible additive effects with radiotherapy and immunotherapy should also be looked at in this disease utilizing high dose fractions and other new forms of radiotherapeutic technique.", "PMID": 383755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6311", "title": "The future of dental specialization: policy issues.", "content": "There has been a shift in the fundamental values placed by society on its health care system, as reflected by public insistence on greater accountability, a more influential role in policy decisions, and a more effective use of system resources. This change in values will profoundly influence the future of dental specialization. The role of the generalist, expanding as a result of various public and internal pressure, will shape the future role of the specialist more than anything else. No new dental specialties are likely to emerge, but there will be changes in emphasis and consolidation among the specialties. Graduate dental education will require a reorganization and a variety of sharing arrangements for its survival. Some form of demonstrating continuing competence will be required for maintenance of specialty status.", "contents": "The future of dental specialization: policy issues. There has been a shift in the fundamental values placed by society on its health care system, as reflected by public insistence on greater accountability, a more influential role in policy decisions, and a more effective use of system resources. This change in values will profoundly influence the future of dental specialization. The role of the generalist, expanding as a result of various public and internal pressure, will shape the future role of the specialist more than anything else. No new dental specialties are likely to emerge, but there will be changes in emphasis and consolidation among the specialties. Graduate dental education will require a reorganization and a variety of sharing arrangements for its survival. Some form of demonstrating continuing competence will be required for maintenance of specialty status.", "PMID": 383762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6312", "title": "Correction of a defect on the dorsum of the nose.", "content": "A particular defect on the dorsum of the nose, which was traumatically incurred, was successfully corrected after two previous failures.", "contents": "Correction of a defect on the dorsum of the nose. A particular defect on the dorsum of the nose, which was traumatically incurred, was successfully corrected after two previous failures.", "PMID": 383764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6313", "title": "Quality and standards--the dietitian's heritage. 16th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture.", "content": "Since 1917, when The American Dietetic Association was founded, dietitians have been charged with accountability for defining and maintaining quality and standards related to food. This heritage continues to be a challenge to the profession. With current methods of food production, processing, preparation, and distribution, and varied and changing consumer preferences and demands, the need for monitoring the effect of these changes on quality as it relates to improving the nutrition of people is critical. Quality must be defined with regard for values and goals for individual situations and under varying circumstances. Standards by which that specific quality can be measured need to be described. Tian's heritage\" their \"hallmark\" of quality.", "contents": "Quality and standards--the dietitian's heritage. 16th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture. Since 1917, when The American Dietetic Association was founded, dietitians have been charged with accountability for defining and maintaining quality and standards related to food. This heritage continues to be a challenge to the profession. With current methods of food production, processing, preparation, and distribution, and varied and changing consumer preferences and demands, the need for monitoring the effect of these changes on quality as it relates to improving the nutrition of people is critical. Quality must be defined with regard for values and goals for individual situations and under varying circumstances. Standards by which that specific quality can be measured need to be described. Tian's heritage\" their \"hallmark\" of quality.", "PMID": 383768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6314", "title": "Fissure sealants in primary molars: retention of colored sealants with variable etch times, at twelve months.", "content": "There is no significant difference in sealant retention on primary molars etched for sixty seconds or for 120 seconds, twelve months after application. No caries was found on any sealed surface. Decreasing the etch-time for primary molars has been found to decrease the chance of contamination, during etching. Additionally, the shorter etch-time was far more acceptable to three and four-year-old children. This study is part of a continuing investigation of the retention, caries-reduction and overall cost-effectiveness of sealing permanent and primary teeth in children.", "contents": "Fissure sealants in primary molars: retention of colored sealants with variable etch times, at twelve months. There is no significant difference in sealant retention on primary molars etched for sixty seconds or for 120 seconds, twelve months after application. No caries was found on any sealed surface. Decreasing the etch-time for primary molars has been found to decrease the chance of contamination, during etching. Additionally, the shorter etch-time was far more acceptable to three and four-year-old children. This study is part of a continuing investigation of the retention, caries-reduction and overall cost-effectiveness of sealing permanent and primary teeth in children.", "PMID": 383759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6315", "title": "Overview of extended wear contact lenses.", "content": "Extended wear of contact lenses is an attractive alternative to daily wear regimens. Immediate application has been for therapeutic purposes. Recently, cosmetic investigations have occurred, primarily outside of the United States. Regardless of the application, extended wear requires careful patient selection, fitting and post-fitting care to insure that ocular integrity has not been disturbed.", "contents": "Overview of extended wear contact lenses. Extended wear of contact lenses is an attractive alternative to daily wear regimens. Immediate application has been for therapeutic purposes. Recently, cosmetic investigations have occurred, primarily outside of the United States. Regardless of the application, extended wear requires careful patient selection, fitting and post-fitting care to insure that ocular integrity has not been disturbed.", "PMID": 383769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6316", "title": "The effect of tooth preparation on the retention of stainless steel crowns.", "content": "Preparations maintaining the greatest amount of buccal and lingual tooth structure were the most retentive. Cement significantly increased the retention capacity of all preparations. Mechanical retention did not contribute significantly to the separation-resistance of the stainless steel crown. Factors other than retention may be of greater importance to the clinical success of stainless steel crowns.", "contents": "The effect of tooth preparation on the retention of stainless steel crowns. Preparations maintaining the greatest amount of buccal and lingual tooth structure were the most retentive. Cement significantly increased the retention capacity of all preparations. Mechanical retention did not contribute significantly to the separation-resistance of the stainless steel crown. Factors other than retention may be of greater importance to the clinical success of stainless steel crowns.", "PMID": 383760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6317", "title": "Metatarsal lengthening by use of autogenous bone graft and internal wire compression fixation: a preliminary report.", "content": "As a preliminary report, our paper is designed to show another procedure to be used by podiatrists in lengthening metatarsals by the use of an autogenous bone graft. The procedure described should be considered when metatarsal length problems arise. Discussed were the basic physiologic properties of grafting, and the actual procedure of doing these grafts.", "contents": "Metatarsal lengthening by use of autogenous bone graft and internal wire compression fixation: a preliminary report. As a preliminary report, our paper is designed to show another procedure to be used by podiatrists in lengthening metatarsals by the use of an autogenous bone graft. The procedure described should be considered when metatarsal length problems arise. Discussed were the basic physiologic properties of grafting, and the actual procedure of doing these grafts.", "PMID": 383771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6318", "title": "The incidence of aseptic necrosis of the talus following traumatic injuries: a review of the literature.", "content": "Fracture of the talus is uncommon, and although it may never be encountered, the knowledge of such occurrences, their treatment, and sequelae should be known by every podiatrist. Aseptic necrosis is a complication that can occur as a result of any trauma to the talus. This might be due to surgical manipulation as in the case of the triple arthrodesis or subtalar arthrodesis, or outside injury due to crushing or rotational injuries.", "contents": "The incidence of aseptic necrosis of the talus following traumatic injuries: a review of the literature. Fracture of the talus is uncommon, and although it may never be encountered, the knowledge of such occurrences, their treatment, and sequelae should be known by every podiatrist. Aseptic necrosis is a complication that can occur as a result of any trauma to the talus. This might be due to surgical manipulation as in the case of the triple arthrodesis or subtalar arthrodesis, or outside injury due to crushing or rotational injuries.", "PMID": 383774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6319", "title": "Superficial ulcer treatment utilizing hyperbaric oxygen and porcine skin grafts.", "content": "Ulceration due to any etiology is a diagnostic and treatment challenge to podiatric practitioners as well as our medical colleagues. The use of porcine skin grafts as an adjunct to hyperbaric oxygen is discussed here as a treatment alternative.", "contents": "Superficial ulcer treatment utilizing hyperbaric oxygen and porcine skin grafts. Ulceration due to any etiology is a diagnostic and treatment challenge to podiatric practitioners as well as our medical colleagues. The use of porcine skin grafts as an adjunct to hyperbaric oxygen is discussed here as a treatment alternative.", "PMID": 383775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6320", "title": "The Swanson arthroplasty of the great toe: a prospective study.", "content": "A brief history and the evolution of the Swanson implant hemi-arthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal joint introduces this small series of cases. Preoperative criteria, surgical technique, and results are presented along with the follow-up. Long term follow-up suggests that there are some additional complications to this especially in cases of arthritis associated with systemic diseases.", "contents": "The Swanson arthroplasty of the great toe: a prospective study. A brief history and the evolution of the Swanson implant hemi-arthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal joint introduces this small series of cases. Preoperative criteria, surgical technique, and results are presented along with the follow-up. Long term follow-up suggests that there are some additional complications to this especially in cases of arthritis associated with systemic diseases.", "PMID": 383776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6321", "title": "Demonstration of alpha 1-antitrypsin by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded hepatic and pancreatic tissue.", "content": "Studies were performed in an attempt to improve current immunohistological techniques for the demonstration of alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The unwanted fluorescence (UF) commonly occurring in such procedures was found to be effectively eliminated by immunoadsorption of A1AT antisera with human serum lacking A1AT (Pi-null phenotype) coupled in solid phase to glutaraldehyde-activated aminohexyl-Sepharose 4B. Specificity of the antisera for A1AT was established by subsequent solid phase immunoadsorption against normal human serum bound to AH-Sepharose 4B. Using these techniques, immunoreactive A1AT was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in liver biopsies obtained from patients with Z and MZ serum phenotypes, and in the cytoplasm of normal pancreatic islet cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of alpha 1-antitrypsin by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded hepatic and pancreatic tissue. Studies were performed in an attempt to improve current immunohistological techniques for the demonstration of alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The unwanted fluorescence (UF) commonly occurring in such procedures was found to be effectively eliminated by immunoadsorption of A1AT antisera with human serum lacking A1AT (Pi-null phenotype) coupled in solid phase to glutaraldehyde-activated aminohexyl-Sepharose 4B. Specificity of the antisera for A1AT was established by subsequent solid phase immunoadsorption against normal human serum bound to AH-Sepharose 4B. Using these techniques, immunoreactive A1AT was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in liver biopsies obtained from patients with Z and MZ serum phenotypes, and in the cytoplasm of normal pancreatic islet cells.", "PMID": 383819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6322", "title": "Heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "During the past 10 to 15 years immunoassays have gained acceptance as the methods of choice in the diagnosis of a number of disease states. At present the immunodiagnostic techniques employed range from radioimmunoassay for haptens through immunofluorescence for autoimmune diseases to complement fixation for viral infections. All of these assays have their own individual limitations such as: safety, short shelf life and sensitivity. The development of enzyme immunoassays, in particular enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has led to a substantial literature which offers the view that enzyme immunoassays provide a safe, sensitive and specific alternative to standard methods for the detection of antibodies or antigens. The application of heterogeneous enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the quantitation of haptens, macromolecular antigens and antibodies is reviewed.", "contents": "Heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay. During the past 10 to 15 years immunoassays have gained acceptance as the methods of choice in the diagnosis of a number of disease states. At present the immunodiagnostic techniques employed range from radioimmunoassay for haptens through immunofluorescence for autoimmune diseases to complement fixation for viral infections. All of these assays have their own individual limitations such as: safety, short shelf life and sensitivity. The development of enzyme immunoassays, in particular enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has led to a substantial literature which offers the view that enzyme immunoassays provide a safe, sensitive and specific alternative to standard methods for the detection of antibodies or antigens. The application of heterogeneous enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the quantitation of haptens, macromolecular antigens and antibodies is reviewed.", "PMID": 383822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6323", "title": "Immunohistologic studies of lymphomas. New methodology yields new information and poses new problems.", "content": "There occur tumors corresponding to almost all kinds of normal tissues, and clearly our classification of tumors will run parallel with our classification of normal tissues.", "contents": "Immunohistologic studies of lymphomas. New methodology yields new information and poses new problems. There occur tumors corresponding to almost all kinds of normal tissues, and clearly our classification of tumors will run parallel with our classification of normal tissues.", "PMID": 383824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6324", "title": "Diagnostic applications of an immunoperoxidase method in hematopathology.", "content": "The diagnostic usefulness and reliability, in particular in relation to methodologic problems and limitations, of an immunoperoxidase method are discussed, based upon an initial 3-yr experience with more than 400 cases. It has been found necessary to employ certain control preparations in each study case in order to avoid interpretational errors which can derive from variation in distribution of plasma proteins, in preservation of immunoreactivity with different fixatives, and in nonspecific binding of antiserum. The method is suitable for detection of immunoglobulin components only among lymphoid cells corresponding to late stages in the (B-cell) sequence of transformation. One case has been identified in which the results of the method are inconsistent with additional data, that of large cell neoplasm of apparent epithelial nature with a monotypic immunoglobulin staining pattern. Cytoplasmic lysozyme was present in a variety of different disease processes, including adenocarcinoma and granulocytic, monocytic, and histiocytic proliferations.", "contents": "Diagnostic applications of an immunoperoxidase method in hematopathology. The diagnostic usefulness and reliability, in particular in relation to methodologic problems and limitations, of an immunoperoxidase method are discussed, based upon an initial 3-yr experience with more than 400 cases. It has been found necessary to employ certain control preparations in each study case in order to avoid interpretational errors which can derive from variation in distribution of plasma proteins, in preservation of immunoreactivity with different fixatives, and in nonspecific binding of antiserum. The method is suitable for detection of immunoglobulin components only among lymphoid cells corresponding to late stages in the (B-cell) sequence of transformation. One case has been identified in which the results of the method are inconsistent with additional data, that of large cell neoplasm of apparent epithelial nature with a monotypic immunoglobulin staining pattern. Cytoplasmic lysozyme was present in a variety of different disease processes, including adenocarcinoma and granulocytic, monocytic, and histiocytic proliferations.", "PMID": 383825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6325", "title": "Considerations for establishing the validity of immunocytological studies.", "content": "Immunocytology has wide spread applications for localizing tissue antigens, as evidenced by the recent exploitation of this technique in biological studies. Documenting the immunological specificity of the staining reaction is one of the most important technical considerations in validating the accrued data in immunocytological studies. The purpose of this report is to discuss and emphasize the need for conducting physiological studies in addition to the traditional immunological method and specificity controls. The ability of antibodies to bind molecules other than those molecules used as the immunizing material is a well documented fact. Hypothetically, preabsorption of the primary antibody with its specific antigen, could reduce subsequent binding of this antibody to a cross reactive tissue antigen, thus providing false confirmation of staining validity. The results of our experience with a cross reacting system in addition to other previously reported examples are discussed.", "contents": "Considerations for establishing the validity of immunocytological studies. Immunocytology has wide spread applications for localizing tissue antigens, as evidenced by the recent exploitation of this technique in biological studies. Documenting the immunological specificity of the staining reaction is one of the most important technical considerations in validating the accrued data in immunocytological studies. The purpose of this report is to discuss and emphasize the need for conducting physiological studies in addition to the traditional immunological method and specificity controls. The ability of antibodies to bind molecules other than those molecules used as the immunizing material is a well documented fact. Hypothetically, preabsorption of the primary antibody with its specific antigen, could reduce subsequent binding of this antibody to a cross reactive tissue antigen, thus providing false confirmation of staining validity. The results of our experience with a cross reacting system in addition to other previously reported examples are discussed.", "PMID": 383826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6326", "title": "Dopamine receptor sites in the anterior pituitary.", "content": "An immunocytochemical method was developed to visualize dopamine receptor sites on dispersed anterior pituitary cells of the rat. Dopamine receptors were labeled with the antagonist haloperidol. Some cells were incubated with haloperidol and a 100-fold excess of the potent antagonist D-butaclamol to determine nonspecific binding. The labeled sites were stained with an antibody against haloperidol and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. PAP complexes which served as markers for dopamine binding sites appeared on the outer plasmalemmal surface of the vast majority of mammotrophs. PAP complexes attached to the inner surface of endocytotic vesicle membrane suggested internalization of receptor-rich portions of the plasmalemma. Some gonadotrophs and somatotrophs were specifically stained to a lesser extent. However, high receptor site density and internalization of PAP complexes were never observed on cell types other than mammotrophs. The presence of dopamine receptors on the plasmalemma of mammotrophs provides strong additional evidence that dopamine acts upon these cells as a prolactin inhibitory hormone.", "contents": "Dopamine receptor sites in the anterior pituitary. An immunocytochemical method was developed to visualize dopamine receptor sites on dispersed anterior pituitary cells of the rat. Dopamine receptors were labeled with the antagonist haloperidol. Some cells were incubated with haloperidol and a 100-fold excess of the potent antagonist D-butaclamol to determine nonspecific binding. The labeled sites were stained with an antibody against haloperidol and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. PAP complexes which served as markers for dopamine binding sites appeared on the outer plasmalemmal surface of the vast majority of mammotrophs. PAP complexes attached to the inner surface of endocytotic vesicle membrane suggested internalization of receptor-rich portions of the plasmalemma. Some gonadotrophs and somatotrophs were specifically stained to a lesser extent. However, high receptor site density and internalization of PAP complexes were never observed on cell types other than mammotrophs. The presence of dopamine receptors on the plasmalemma of mammotrophs provides strong additional evidence that dopamine acts upon these cells as a prolactin inhibitory hormone.", "PMID": 383827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6327", "title": "Identification of immunoreactive sites in bovine parathyroid cells to antibodies raised against the NH2-terminal sequence of parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The NH2-terminal sequence of bovine parathyroid hormone (1-84) was localized with different immunocytochemical methods on the light and electron microscopic level in bovine parathyroid glands and in isolated bovine parathyroid parenchymal cells. The peroxidase labeled staphylococcal protein A and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method were found to be advantageous for light and electron microscopic localization, respectively. Reaction product was found light microscopically in the cytoplasma of the parenchymal cells and electron microscopically largely over the secretion granules of the parenchymal cells. The immunoreactive sites were subsequently identified to represent only intact parathyroid hormone (1-84) by gel electrophoresis derived enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.", "contents": "Identification of immunoreactive sites in bovine parathyroid cells to antibodies raised against the NH2-terminal sequence of parathyroid hormone. The NH2-terminal sequence of bovine parathyroid hormone (1-84) was localized with different immunocytochemical methods on the light and electron microscopic level in bovine parathyroid glands and in isolated bovine parathyroid parenchymal cells. The peroxidase labeled staphylococcal protein A and the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method were found to be advantageous for light and electron microscopic localization, respectively. Reaction product was found light microscopically in the cytoplasma of the parenchymal cells and electron microscopically largely over the secretion granules of the parenchymal cells. The immunoreactive sites were subsequently identified to represent only intact parathyroid hormone (1-84) by gel electrophoresis derived enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.", "PMID": 383828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6328", "title": "A quantitative immunoperoxidase procedure employing energy dispersive x-ray analysis.", "content": "A method is described for substituting gold for osmium as a marker in the unlabeled antibody technique. The gold marker can be detected in the light or electron microscope. The gold-labeled reaction product can be detected in lower concentrations than osmium and can be used as the basis for quantitating antigen concentrations in cells and tissues with the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray analysis.", "contents": "A quantitative immunoperoxidase procedure employing energy dispersive x-ray analysis. A method is described for substituting gold for osmium as a marker in the unlabeled antibody technique. The gold marker can be detected in the light or electron microscope. The gold-labeled reaction product can be detected in lower concentrations than osmium and can be used as the basis for quantitating antigen concentrations in cells and tissues with the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray analysis.", "PMID": 383829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6329", "title": "Immunocytochemical studies of the evolution of islet hormones.", "content": "By using both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedures to detect cells producing the four islet hormones, supplemented by biochemical, biological, and radioimmunological assays of tissue extracts, it has been shown that insulin seems to be the most original hormone, apparently occurring already in invertebrates in cells of open type in the alimentary tract mucosa. Insulin cells also predominate in the first islet organ, namely that of the cyclostomes. The order of appearance in the endocrine pancreas during the subsequent evolution is: somatostatin; glucagon; and the pancreatic polypeptide. Even in lower vertebrates pancreatic polypeptide cells occur in those parts of the pancreas situated in close proximity to the gut.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical studies of the evolution of islet hormones. By using both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedures to detect cells producing the four islet hormones, supplemented by biochemical, biological, and radioimmunological assays of tissue extracts, it has been shown that insulin seems to be the most original hormone, apparently occurring already in invertebrates in cells of open type in the alimentary tract mucosa. Insulin cells also predominate in the first islet organ, namely that of the cyclostomes. The order of appearance in the endocrine pancreas during the subsequent evolution is: somatostatin; glucagon; and the pancreatic polypeptide. Even in lower vertebrates pancreatic polypeptide cells occur in those parts of the pancreas situated in close proximity to the gut.", "PMID": 383830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6330", "title": "The rise and fall of the baby's bottle.", "content": "As the traditional practice of breast-feeding and later weaning of babies slowly regains popularity in Europe and America, the Third World is just getting used to the idea of bottle-feeding and early weaning. Infant food manufacturers have been indicted for irresponsible marketing of their products, but they are not totally responsible for the present situation. The author examines the origins and development of bottle-feeding, and argues that the present polarisation of views can only be resolved by cooperation between the antagonists.", "contents": "The rise and fall of the baby's bottle. As the traditional practice of breast-feeding and later weaning of babies slowly regains popularity in Europe and America, the Third World is just getting used to the idea of bottle-feeding and early weaning. Infant food manufacturers have been indicted for irresponsible marketing of their products, but they are not totally responsible for the present situation. The author examines the origins and development of bottle-feeding, and argues that the present polarisation of views can only be resolved by cooperation between the antagonists.", "PMID": 383835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6331", "title": "Delayed advent of stringent, non-H-2 genetic regulation of the antibody response to a protein antigen.", "content": "The role of non-H-2 gene(s) in the control of the antibody response to three lysozymes was investigated. Upon secondary challenge, A/J (H-2a) mice generated at least a 25-fold greater anti-lysozyme plaque-forming cell response than did B10.A (H-2a) mice. Nearly equal, strong peak primary responses, predominantly IgG in nature, were obtained from both A/J and B10.A mice after a single challenge with lysozyme in complete Freund's adjuvant. However, clear differences in responses are seen within 5 days after the peak primary plaque-forming response and by day 28 at the serum antibody level. B10.A mice never equal their primary responses, whereas A/J mice demonstrate positive immune memory. It appears that a non-H-2 gene(s) that regulates the overall antibody level to a protein antigen becomes manifest only after an initial antibody response.", "contents": "Delayed advent of stringent, non-H-2 genetic regulation of the antibody response to a protein antigen. The role of non-H-2 gene(s) in the control of the antibody response to three lysozymes was investigated. Upon secondary challenge, A/J (H-2a) mice generated at least a 25-fold greater anti-lysozyme plaque-forming cell response than did B10.A (H-2a) mice. Nearly equal, strong peak primary responses, predominantly IgG in nature, were obtained from both A/J and B10.A mice after a single challenge with lysozyme in complete Freund's adjuvant. However, clear differences in responses are seen within 5 days after the peak primary plaque-forming response and by day 28 at the serum antibody level. B10.A mice never equal their primary responses, whereas A/J mice demonstrate positive immune memory. It appears that a non-H-2 gene(s) that regulates the overall antibody level to a protein antigen becomes manifest only after an initial antibody response.", "PMID": 383837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6332", "title": "Sensitivity of long-standing xenografts of rat hearts to humoral antibodies.", "content": "Long-standing rat skin xenografts on immunosuppressed mice are known to become insensitive to destruction by mouse anti-rat serum. Our present experiments demonstrate that long-standing primarily vascularized rat-to-mouse cardiac xenografts, unlike skin, remain fully sensitive to antiserum-mediated destruction, even in mice also bearing a long-standing skin graft that is resistant to antiserum. It appears that skin grafts become resistant to antiserum-mediated destruction because of extensive replacement of the endothelium by cells of host origin. The hearts remain sensitive to antiserum since such an extensive endothelial replacement would not occur as readily in these whole organ grafts.", "contents": "Sensitivity of long-standing xenografts of rat hearts to humoral antibodies. Long-standing rat skin xenografts on immunosuppressed mice are known to become insensitive to destruction by mouse anti-rat serum. Our present experiments demonstrate that long-standing primarily vascularized rat-to-mouse cardiac xenografts, unlike skin, remain fully sensitive to antiserum-mediated destruction, even in mice also bearing a long-standing skin graft that is resistant to antiserum. It appears that skin grafts become resistant to antiserum-mediated destruction because of extensive replacement of the endothelium by cells of host origin. The hearts remain sensitive to antiserum since such an extensive endothelial replacement would not occur as readily in these whole organ grafts.", "PMID": 383839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6333", "title": "Tissue distribution of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in normal and IgA-deficient chickens.", "content": "A reverse hemolytic plaque assay was employed to enumerate lymphoid cells actively secreting either immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, or IgM in the small intestine, lungs, and lymphoid organs of normal and IgA-deficient chickens. In normal birds, intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes were proportionately richest in cells secreting IgG and IgA whereas the bone marrow was richest in IgM-secreting cells. The highest ratio of IgA to IgG secreting cells was also found in the lamina propria lymphocytes of the intestine (0.9), followed by the IgA to IgG ratios in the intestinal epithelium (0.31), and the lungs (0.19). The IgA to IgG ratios in the bone marrow (0.08) and the spleen (0.02) were considerably lower. Thus, both the intestine and the lungs were relatively enriched in cells actively secreting IgA. These IgA-secreting cells are the likely source of the IgA found in such quantities in intestinal and respiratory secretions. The tissue distribution of Ig-secreting cells was also studied in two generations of birds with experimentally induced IgA deficiency. There was a striking diminution of IgA-secreting cells in all tissues, including the intestine and lungs, whereas cells secreting IgG and IgM were normal or increased. The lack of IgA-secreting cells in these birds represents the effects of donor suppressor T cells having specificity for IgA.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in normal and IgA-deficient chickens. A reverse hemolytic plaque assay was employed to enumerate lymphoid cells actively secreting either immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, or IgM in the small intestine, lungs, and lymphoid organs of normal and IgA-deficient chickens. In normal birds, intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes were proportionately richest in cells secreting IgG and IgA whereas the bone marrow was richest in IgM-secreting cells. The highest ratio of IgA to IgG secreting cells was also found in the lamina propria lymphocytes of the intestine (0.9), followed by the IgA to IgG ratios in the intestinal epithelium (0.31), and the lungs (0.19). The IgA to IgG ratios in the bone marrow (0.08) and the spleen (0.02) were considerably lower. Thus, both the intestine and the lungs were relatively enriched in cells actively secreting IgA. These IgA-secreting cells are the likely source of the IgA found in such quantities in intestinal and respiratory secretions. The tissue distribution of Ig-secreting cells was also studied in two generations of birds with experimentally induced IgA deficiency. There was a striking diminution of IgA-secreting cells in all tissues, including the intestine and lungs, whereas cells secreting IgG and IgM were normal or increased. The lack of IgA-secreting cells in these birds represents the effects of donor suppressor T cells having specificity for IgA.", "PMID": 383841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6334", "title": "An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for progesterone in horse plasma.", "content": "A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of progesterone is described. Antibody against 11-OH-hemisuccinate-BSA is bound to polystyrene tubes. 11-OH-hemisuccinyl-beta-D-galactosidase is used as enzyme-coupled antigen and methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as substrate. Concentrations down to 0.156 ng/ml plasm or amounts of 93 pg/tube are detectable. Probit analysis gave a linear relationship between log concentration and percentage of binding. A comparison of EIA and radioimmunoassay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.81. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to estimate progesterone levels in plasma.", "contents": "An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for progesterone in horse plasma. A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of progesterone is described. Antibody against 11-OH-hemisuccinate-BSA is bound to polystyrene tubes. 11-OH-hemisuccinyl-beta-D-galactosidase is used as enzyme-coupled antigen and methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as substrate. Concentrations down to 0.156 ng/ml plasm or amounts of 93 pg/tube are detectable. Probit analysis gave a linear relationship between log concentration and percentage of binding. A comparison of EIA and radioimmunoassay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.81. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to estimate progesterone levels in plasma.", "PMID": 383843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6335", "title": "An alternative method of expressing results of lymphocyte transformation experiments.", "content": "The use of counts per minute, disintegrations per minute and stimulated index as a means of expressing lymphocyte transformation is discussed. An alternative method is proposed, namely, that the degree of transformation is more effectively measured by the difference in incorporation of nucleoprotein base by stimulated as compared with unstimulated cultures expressed in moles uptake of base per unit number of lymphocytes.", "contents": "An alternative method of expressing results of lymphocyte transformation experiments. The use of counts per minute, disintegrations per minute and stimulated index as a means of expressing lymphocyte transformation is discussed. An alternative method is proposed, namely, that the degree of transformation is more effectively measured by the difference in incorporation of nucleoprotein base by stimulated as compared with unstimulated cultures expressed in moles uptake of base per unit number of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 383845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6336", "title": "In vitro induction of cytotoxic effector cells against human neoplasms. I. Sensitization conditions and effect of cryopreservation on the induction and expression of cytotoxic responses to allogeneic leukemia cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors were sensitized in vitro against allogeneic human acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cells by means of an unidirectional mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture (MLTC) technique. The cytotoxic responsiveness of the sensitized lymphocytes, as determined in vitro by the 51Cr-release assay, varied among individual lymphocyte donors and was greatly dependent on the sensitization culture conditions. Induction of cytotoxic effector cells was augmented appreciably by adding to the cultures minute amounts of the immunopotentiating agent MER-BCG. Responding lymphocytes and stimulating leukemia cells cryopreserved for several weeks in liquid nitrogen were as effective as fresh cells in generating effector lymphocytes; the cytotoxic capacity of already sensitized lymphocytes was fully retained by cryopreservation. The implications of these findings for possible clinical employment of in vitro sensitized lymphocytes in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro induction of cytotoxic effector cells against human neoplasms. I. Sensitization conditions and effect of cryopreservation on the induction and expression of cytotoxic responses to allogeneic leukemia cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors were sensitized in vitro against allogeneic human acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cells by means of an unidirectional mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture (MLTC) technique. The cytotoxic responsiveness of the sensitized lymphocytes, as determined in vitro by the 51Cr-release assay, varied among individual lymphocyte donors and was greatly dependent on the sensitization culture conditions. Induction of cytotoxic effector cells was augmented appreciably by adding to the cultures minute amounts of the immunopotentiating agent MER-BCG. Responding lymphocytes and stimulating leukemia cells cryopreserved for several weeks in liquid nitrogen were as effective as fresh cells in generating effector lymphocytes; the cytotoxic capacity of already sensitized lymphocytes was fully retained by cryopreservation. The implications of these findings for possible clinical employment of in vitro sensitized lymphocytes in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 383844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6337", "title": "Lymphocyte cultures with small numbers of cells.", "content": "Prior experience with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes indicated a need to develop methods for culturing small numbers of cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were obtained from 20 normal volunteers. Standard microcultures using 100 X 10(3) PBL/0.2 ml and cultures with 50, 25 and 12.5 X 10(3) in 0.1 ml or 0.2 ml were established in RPMI 1640 with autologous plasma. These cultures were incubated with PHA (1--30 microgram) for 3, 4 and 5 days, pulsed with [3H]thymidine and harvested. In unstimulated cultures, cpm declined linearly with decreasing cell numbers. Standard cultures (100 X 10(3) PBL/0.2 ml) had maximal PHA stimulation (80,916 +/- 6394) at day 3 with 30 microgram PHA. Other 0.2 ml cultures had lower cpm. By culturing 25 X 10(3) PBL in 0.1 ml for 3 days cpm were 82,874 +/- 6875 with 30 microgram PHA and 77,153 +/- 6022 with 15 microgram PHA and were similar to standard cultures. Similar cpm were seen with 12.5 X 10(3) PBL in 0.1 ml after 4 days with 30 micrograms of PHA (80,838 +/- 6674) and with 15 micrograms of PHA (72,860 +/- 6243), and also after 5 days with 30 micrograms of PHA (86,703 +/- 6732) and with 15 micrograms of PHA (74,066 +/- 6388). The maximal response (126,578 +/- 6580) was seen with 25 X 10(3) PBL/0.1 ml at day 4 with 30 micrograms of PHA. By decreasing culture volume to 0.1 ml and increasing time, the number of cells necessary to give PHA responses similar to standard cultures can be reduced by 75--88%.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cultures with small numbers of cells. Prior experience with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes indicated a need to develop methods for culturing small numbers of cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were obtained from 20 normal volunteers. Standard microcultures using 100 X 10(3) PBL/0.2 ml and cultures with 50, 25 and 12.5 X 10(3) in 0.1 ml or 0.2 ml were established in RPMI 1640 with autologous plasma. These cultures were incubated with PHA (1--30 microgram) for 3, 4 and 5 days, pulsed with [3H]thymidine and harvested. In unstimulated cultures, cpm declined linearly with decreasing cell numbers. Standard cultures (100 X 10(3) PBL/0.2 ml) had maximal PHA stimulation (80,916 +/- 6394) at day 3 with 30 microgram PHA. Other 0.2 ml cultures had lower cpm. By culturing 25 X 10(3) PBL in 0.1 ml for 3 days cpm were 82,874 +/- 6875 with 30 microgram PHA and 77,153 +/- 6022 with 15 microgram PHA and were similar to standard cultures. Similar cpm were seen with 12.5 X 10(3) PBL in 0.1 ml after 4 days with 30 micrograms of PHA (80,838 +/- 6674) and with 15 micrograms of PHA (72,860 +/- 6243), and also after 5 days with 30 micrograms of PHA (86,703 +/- 6732) and with 15 micrograms of PHA (74,066 +/- 6388). The maximal response (126,578 +/- 6580) was seen with 25 X 10(3) PBL/0.1 ml at day 4 with 30 micrograms of PHA. By decreasing culture volume to 0.1 ml and increasing time, the number of cells necessary to give PHA responses similar to standard cultures can be reduced by 75--88%.", "PMID": 383846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6338", "title": "The H-2 histocompatibility system and lymphocyte adhesion: interaction modulation factor involvement.", "content": "The effects of thymocyte interaction modulation factor on the adhesion of mouse allogeneic thymocytes and B-cells are reported. This glycoprotein, produced by short term cultures of thymocytes, has already been described as reducing the adhesion of syngeneic B-cells, leucocytes and macrophages. Adhesion was measured in suspension culture using the collision efficiency method. This paper reports that: 1. In addition to the syngeneic effect of thymocyte IMF in reducing adhesion of certain unlike cell types there is also an allogeneic effect in which an allogeneic T-IMF will diminish the adhesion of a thymocyte population, or still further reduce the adhesion of a B-cell population than would a syngeneic T-IMF. 2. Thymocyte IMFs were prepared from different congenic strains and tested on the adhesion of syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes. When factor and cells were syngeneic or matched at any H-2 locus except H-2 D there was no effect on adhesion since it remained at the same value as in controls in their own IMF. But whenever factor and cells were mismatched at H-2 D there was a marked diminution in the adhesion of the cells. 3. Antibodies raised against specific thymocyte IMFs could be used to detect the presence of T-IMF binding to the surface of cells by immunofluorescence or immune cytolysis. These systems show that the antibodies against thymocyte IMF can be used to type the H-2 D type of a cell and that these factors are present at the surface of thymocytes and certain other cell types. They confirm that the thymocyte IMF is either in H-2 D product or is closely associated with H-2 D locus in its binding and action. They also show that the T-IMF antigen on non-lymphocytic types is produced by T-cells or thymocytes. 4. The general relevance of these results is discussed in relation to cell recognition phenomena.", "contents": "The H-2 histocompatibility system and lymphocyte adhesion: interaction modulation factor involvement. The effects of thymocyte interaction modulation factor on the adhesion of mouse allogeneic thymocytes and B-cells are reported. This glycoprotein, produced by short term cultures of thymocytes, has already been described as reducing the adhesion of syngeneic B-cells, leucocytes and macrophages. Adhesion was measured in suspension culture using the collision efficiency method. This paper reports that: 1. In addition to the syngeneic effect of thymocyte IMF in reducing adhesion of certain unlike cell types there is also an allogeneic effect in which an allogeneic T-IMF will diminish the adhesion of a thymocyte population, or still further reduce the adhesion of a B-cell population than would a syngeneic T-IMF. 2. Thymocyte IMFs were prepared from different congenic strains and tested on the adhesion of syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes. When factor and cells were syngeneic or matched at any H-2 locus except H-2 D there was no effect on adhesion since it remained at the same value as in controls in their own IMF. But whenever factor and cells were mismatched at H-2 D there was a marked diminution in the adhesion of the cells. 3. Antibodies raised against specific thymocyte IMFs could be used to detect the presence of T-IMF binding to the surface of cells by immunofluorescence or immune cytolysis. These systems show that the antibodies against thymocyte IMF can be used to type the H-2 D type of a cell and that these factors are present at the surface of thymocytes and certain other cell types. They confirm that the thymocyte IMF is either in H-2 D product or is closely associated with H-2 D locus in its binding and action. They also show that the T-IMF antigen on non-lymphocytic types is produced by T-cells or thymocytes. 4. The general relevance of these results is discussed in relation to cell recognition phenomena.", "PMID": 383848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6339", "title": "Ro 20-1724: an agent that significantly improves psoriatic lesions in double-blind clinical trials.", "content": "Two double-blind studies comparing the effectiveness of the cyclic nucleotide-altering agent (4-[3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl]-2-imidazolidinone) (Ro 20-1724) vs vehicle have demonstrated that this compound can improve psoriatic lesions. Although Ro 20-1724 was not as effective as intensive occlusive treatment of psoriatic lesions with 0.025% triamcinolone acetonide, Ro 20-1724 had no adverse systemic or cutaneous effects. Ro 20-1724 and other cyclic nucleotide-altering agents may have therapeutic potential in the future treatment of psoriasis.", "contents": "Ro 20-1724: an agent that significantly improves psoriatic lesions in double-blind clinical trials. Two double-blind studies comparing the effectiveness of the cyclic nucleotide-altering agent (4-[3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl]-2-imidazolidinone) (Ro 20-1724) vs vehicle have demonstrated that this compound can improve psoriatic lesions. Although Ro 20-1724 was not as effective as intensive occlusive treatment of psoriatic lesions with 0.025% triamcinolone acetonide, Ro 20-1724 had no adverse systemic or cutaneous effects. Ro 20-1724 and other cyclic nucleotide-altering agents may have therapeutic potential in the future treatment of psoriasis.", "PMID": 383851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6340", "title": "Purification of a mannan from Candida albicans which activates serum complement.", "content": "Candida species activate complement by the alternative pathway, induce leukocyte migration and, when applied epicutaneously, cause epidermal microabscesses of neutrophils in man and experimental animals. Complement activation by C. albicans appears to be a property of the cell wall. To biochemically identify the complement-activating constituent(s) of C. albicans, an ethyleneglycol extract of growth phase blastospores was prepared. Acid hydrolysis and neutral sugar analysis revealed mannose (82%), fucose (7%), and glucose (11%). The soluble, mannose-rich cell wall polysaccharide of C. albicans activates serum complement via the alternative pathway, induces neutrophil chemotaxis and is antigenically reactive with antisera to C. albicans. This constituent exhibits in vitro endotoxin-like activity as measured by Limulus lysate gelation, but is nonpyrogenic in rabbits. The extracts produced precipitin lines in double immunodiffusion studies against serum from patients with invasive candidiasis and rabbit antisera to mycelial and blastospore preparations of C. albicans, but not against normal serum. Thus, pathogenic properties and reactive phenomenon of C. albicans are in part attributable to a cell wall polysaccharide, mannan.", "contents": "Purification of a mannan from Candida albicans which activates serum complement. Candida species activate complement by the alternative pathway, induce leukocyte migration and, when applied epicutaneously, cause epidermal microabscesses of neutrophils in man and experimental animals. Complement activation by C. albicans appears to be a property of the cell wall. To biochemically identify the complement-activating constituent(s) of C. albicans, an ethyleneglycol extract of growth phase blastospores was prepared. Acid hydrolysis and neutral sugar analysis revealed mannose (82%), fucose (7%), and glucose (11%). The soluble, mannose-rich cell wall polysaccharide of C. albicans activates serum complement via the alternative pathway, induces neutrophil chemotaxis and is antigenically reactive with antisera to C. albicans. This constituent exhibits in vitro endotoxin-like activity as measured by Limulus lysate gelation, but is nonpyrogenic in rabbits. The extracts produced precipitin lines in double immunodiffusion studies against serum from patients with invasive candidiasis and rabbit antisera to mycelial and blastospore preparations of C. albicans, but not against normal serum. Thus, pathogenic properties and reactive phenomenon of C. albicans are in part attributable to a cell wall polysaccharide, mannan.", "PMID": 383852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6341", "title": "Sebaceous gland differentiation: II. The isolation, separation and characterization of cells from the mouse preputial gland.", "content": "Viable cells have been isolated, by enzyme digestion, from mouse preputial glands and have been separated, by isopycnic centrifugation, into populations of different buoyant densities. The separated cells have been evaluated by morphological and biochemical criteria to assess the success of the separation procedure in terms of the stage of differentiation of each cell population. Use of Ficoll as gradient medium for the isopycnic centrifugation proved unsuccessful, but good separations were obtained when Metrizamide was used. The separated cells from the Metrizamide gradient were shown to be in different stages of differentiation. Techniques are described for the special handling of these cells as well as suitable assay procedures. Some of the properties of the separated cells are described.", "contents": "Sebaceous gland differentiation: II. The isolation, separation and characterization of cells from the mouse preputial gland. Viable cells have been isolated, by enzyme digestion, from mouse preputial glands and have been separated, by isopycnic centrifugation, into populations of different buoyant densities. The separated cells have been evaluated by morphological and biochemical criteria to assess the success of the separation procedure in terms of the stage of differentiation of each cell population. Use of Ficoll as gradient medium for the isopycnic centrifugation proved unsuccessful, but good separations were obtained when Metrizamide was used. The separated cells from the Metrizamide gradient were shown to be in different stages of differentiation. Techniques are described for the special handling of these cells as well as suitable assay procedures. Some of the properties of the separated cells are described.", "PMID": 383853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6342", "title": "Susceptibility of Escherichia coli K1 to four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful for treatment of neonatal meningitis.", "content": "The synergy of four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful in the treatment of neonatal meningitis was examined with 19 strains of Escherichia coli K1. The effect on antimicrobial activity of changes in E. coli concentration and in pH to values similar to those of cerebrospinal fluid from infected neonates was also assessed. The degree of synergy, assessed by checkerboard agar dilution of the antimicrobial agents in combination with gentamicin, decreased in the following order: trimethoprim, cefamandole, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. Significant variation in activity against different strains of E. coli was not observed. In broth dilution tests, the individual antimicrobial agents, but not the combinations, were notably less active at pH 7.00 with an inoculum of 10(7) cfu/ml than at pH 7.40 with 10(5) cfu/ml. Bactericidal activities of the beta-lactam and trimethoprim combinations were similar. Chloramphenicol antagonized the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and of ampicillin plus gentamicin.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Escherichia coli K1 to four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful for treatment of neonatal meningitis. The synergy of four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful in the treatment of neonatal meningitis was examined with 19 strains of Escherichia coli K1. The effect on antimicrobial activity of changes in E. coli concentration and in pH to values similar to those of cerebrospinal fluid from infected neonates was also assessed. The degree of synergy, assessed by checkerboard agar dilution of the antimicrobial agents in combination with gentamicin, decreased in the following order: trimethoprim, cefamandole, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. Significant variation in activity against different strains of E. coli was not observed. In broth dilution tests, the individual antimicrobial agents, but not the combinations, were notably less active at pH 7.00 with an inoculum of 10(7) cfu/ml than at pH 7.40 with 10(5) cfu/ml. Bactericidal activities of the beta-lactam and trimethoprim combinations were similar. Chloramphenicol antagonized the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and of ampicillin plus gentamicin.", "PMID": 383854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6343", "title": "Treatment of experimental nocardiosis in mice: comparison of amikacin and sulfonamide.", "content": "Recent in vitro susceptibility studies have shown that amikacin inhibits more than 90% of isolates of Nocardia. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of treatment with amikacin or sulfonamides on infection caused by Nocardia asteroides with the use of murine models. In an acute lethality model in which infection was induced by intraperitoneal injection, 13 (45%) of 29 mice that had been treated with amikacin survived, in comparison to zero of 39 untreated animals in the control group and one of 39 mice that had been treated with sulfadiazine (P less than 0.001 for amikacin). When infected with a strain of N. asteroides that was resistant to amikacin, all mice that were treated with amikacin and all untreated mice died. Drug therapy was also evaluated in a chronic infection model, in which abscesses were produced by an intraperitoneal injection of N. asteroides in saline. Treatment with either amikacin (P less than 0.001) or sulfonamide (P less than 0.02) for two to three weeks significantly increased the rate of resolution of these abscesses. These murine models demonstrate that amikacin has in vivo activity against Nocardia and may be potentially useful in the treatment of human disease.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental nocardiosis in mice: comparison of amikacin and sulfonamide. Recent in vitro susceptibility studies have shown that amikacin inhibits more than 90% of isolates of Nocardia. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of treatment with amikacin or sulfonamides on infection caused by Nocardia asteroides with the use of murine models. In an acute lethality model in which infection was induced by intraperitoneal injection, 13 (45%) of 29 mice that had been treated with amikacin survived, in comparison to zero of 39 untreated animals in the control group and one of 39 mice that had been treated with sulfadiazine (P less than 0.001 for amikacin). When infected with a strain of N. asteroides that was resistant to amikacin, all mice that were treated with amikacin and all untreated mice died. Drug therapy was also evaluated in a chronic infection model, in which abscesses were produced by an intraperitoneal injection of N. asteroides in saline. Treatment with either amikacin (P less than 0.001) or sulfonamide (P less than 0.02) for two to three weeks significantly increased the rate of resolution of these abscesses. These murine models demonstrate that amikacin has in vivo activity against Nocardia and may be potentially useful in the treatment of human disease.", "PMID": 383855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6344", "title": "Effects of glucose and amino acids on insulin, glucagon and zymogen granule size of foetal rat pancreas grown in organ culture.", "content": "Foetal rat pancreatic rudiments explanted on day 14 of gestation were grown for 6 days in organ culture in medium containing glucose (5.5(1G) or 16.5(3G)mmol/l) and amino acids at the 'physiological' (1AA) or seven times the 'physiological' (7AA) concentration. Cultures were also performed in medium to which zinc sulphate had been added at 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/l concentration. At the end of the period of culture the diameters of insulin, glucagon and zymogen granule profiles in the rudiments were compared with those in normal 20-day foetal pancreas by quantitative morphology. The beta cell volume, the number of granules per beta cell, the insulin granular volume fraction and the area of insulin granule core and halo were also measured under selected experimental conditions. Zymogen granule profiles were largest in vivo, intermediate in diameter when grown in 1G x 7AA medium and smallest in 1G x 1AA medium. The mean diameter of glucagon granule profiles remained constant for growth in vivo, in 1G x 7AA medium. Insulin granule profiles were largest in 1G x 1AA medium or in 1G x 7AA medium, smallest in 3G x 1AA mdeium and of intermediate diameter in vivo. Amino-acid enrichment increased the diameter of insulin granules and glucose enrichment decreased it. The addition of zinc to the culture medium had no effect on insulin granule diameter. In 1G x 7AA cultures the beta cells were of similar size to those in vivo, but there were 29% fewer insulin granules per cell. The increased size of the insulin granules in 1G x 7AA cultures resulted in the insulin granule volume fraction in 1G x 7AA being 17.6 compared with 10.8% in vivo. Insulin granule cores were made larger by amino-acid enrichment of the culture medium but they were unaffected by glucose. The haloes were larger in 7AA medium and smaller in 3G medium. Glucose and amino-acid enrichment had a significant interaction on halo area, the mean area in 3G x 7AA medium being less than would have been expected from the summation of the effects of the two conditions.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and amino acids on insulin, glucagon and zymogen granule size of foetal rat pancreas grown in organ culture. Foetal rat pancreatic rudiments explanted on day 14 of gestation were grown for 6 days in organ culture in medium containing glucose (5.5(1G) or 16.5(3G)mmol/l) and amino acids at the 'physiological' (1AA) or seven times the 'physiological' (7AA) concentration. Cultures were also performed in medium to which zinc sulphate had been added at 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/l concentration. At the end of the period of culture the diameters of insulin, glucagon and zymogen granule profiles in the rudiments were compared with those in normal 20-day foetal pancreas by quantitative morphology. The beta cell volume, the number of granules per beta cell, the insulin granular volume fraction and the area of insulin granule core and halo were also measured under selected experimental conditions. Zymogen granule profiles were largest in vivo, intermediate in diameter when grown in 1G x 7AA medium and smallest in 1G x 1AA medium. The mean diameter of glucagon granule profiles remained constant for growth in vivo, in 1G x 7AA medium. Insulin granule profiles were largest in 1G x 1AA medium or in 1G x 7AA medium, smallest in 3G x 1AA mdeium and of intermediate diameter in vivo. Amino-acid enrichment increased the diameter of insulin granules and glucose enrichment decreased it. The addition of zinc to the culture medium had no effect on insulin granule diameter. In 1G x 7AA cultures the beta cells were of similar size to those in vivo, but there were 29% fewer insulin granules per cell. The increased size of the insulin granules in 1G x 7AA cultures resulted in the insulin granule volume fraction in 1G x 7AA being 17.6 compared with 10.8% in vivo. Insulin granule cores were made larger by amino-acid enrichment of the culture medium but they were unaffected by glucose. The haloes were larger in 7AA medium and smaller in 3G medium. Glucose and amino-acid enrichment had a significant interaction on halo area, the mean area in 3G x 7AA medium being less than would have been expected from the summation of the effects of the two conditions.", "PMID": 383871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6345", "title": "Possible priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the anterior pituitary gland in the Japanese quail and the stimulation of secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "After the i.m. injection of 10 micrograms synthetic LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) into Japanese quail the levels of LH and FSH in plasma rose significantly within 2 min. The increased level of LH declined rapidly but that of FSH was maintained for the duration of the experiment. To determine whether the anterior pituitary gland is primed by LH-RH a double injection schedule was adopted. It would appear that, while endogenous LH-RH may prime the avian pituitary gland slightly, synthetic LH-RH is ineffective.", "contents": "Possible priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the anterior pituitary gland in the Japanese quail and the stimulation of secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. After the i.m. injection of 10 micrograms synthetic LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) into Japanese quail the levels of LH and FSH in plasma rose significantly within 2 min. The increased level of LH declined rapidly but that of FSH was maintained for the duration of the experiment. To determine whether the anterior pituitary gland is primed by LH-RH a double injection schedule was adopted. It would appear that, while endogenous LH-RH may prime the avian pituitary gland slightly, synthetic LH-RH is ineffective.", "PMID": 383872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6346", "title": "Concanavalin A binding to amphibian embryo and effect on morphogenesis.", "content": "The effect of Concanavalin A (Con A) on morphogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii has been studied. Embryos were incubated with various concentrations of the lectin for a period of 6 days. Three stages of development were examined, late blastula, young gastrula and late gastrula. In the presence of the lectin at a concentration of 200, 150 or 100 micrograms/ml morphogenic movements were delayed, altered and finally blocked. At lower concentrations, 50 or 25 microgram/ml, there was a slight delay in gastrulation, but in some cases development was normal. These findings indicate that Con A exerted an inhibitory effect on amphibian morphogenesis and there is evidence that the lectin effect was concentration dependent. The effects of Con A were specific since they were totally inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (0.05 M). The viability of the 24 h lectin-treated embryos was demonstrated by washing experiments. Labelled Con A binding to the embryos was investigated before and after discarding the vitelline membrane. The results suggest a direct interaction between Con A and the cell surface and this was confirmed by using fluorescein isothiocyanate Con A.", "contents": "Concanavalin A binding to amphibian embryo and effect on morphogenesis. The effect of Concanavalin A (Con A) on morphogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii has been studied. Embryos were incubated with various concentrations of the lectin for a period of 6 days. Three stages of development were examined, late blastula, young gastrula and late gastrula. In the presence of the lectin at a concentration of 200, 150 or 100 micrograms/ml morphogenic movements were delayed, altered and finally blocked. At lower concentrations, 50 or 25 microgram/ml, there was a slight delay in gastrulation, but in some cases development was normal. These findings indicate that Con A exerted an inhibitory effect on amphibian morphogenesis and there is evidence that the lectin effect was concentration dependent. The effects of Con A were specific since they were totally inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (0.05 M). The viability of the 24 h lectin-treated embryos was demonstrated by washing experiments. Labelled Con A binding to the embryos was investigated before and after discarding the vitelline membrane. The results suggest a direct interaction between Con A and the cell surface and this was confirmed by using fluorescein isothiocyanate Con A.", "PMID": 383873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6347", "title": "Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. I. Retransplantation of (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys into secondary AS recipients.", "content": "Long survival of (AS X AUG)F1 rat kidney allografts in AS recipients was induced by passive enhancement with AS anti-AUG antiserum at the time of grafting. After 1-3 mo, the kidney allografts were transferred to second AS recipients, either naive or sensitized against AUG tissue. Naive second recipients did not reject the grafts acutely and failed to mount T-dependent immunity against AUG targets. When later challenged with spleen cells carrying the AUG haplotype, the naive second AS recipients showed strong IgM, IgG, and cytotoxic T-cell responses after grafting, and the kidneys were rapidly destroyed by immune rejection in all but one rat. It is concluded that long-surviving kidney allografts fail to activate helper T cells and induce in naive second recipients the same state of unresponsiveness observed in the first recipient.", "contents": "Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. I. Retransplantation of (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys into secondary AS recipients. Long survival of (AS X AUG)F1 rat kidney allografts in AS recipients was induced by passive enhancement with AS anti-AUG antiserum at the time of grafting. After 1-3 mo, the kidney allografts were transferred to second AS recipients, either naive or sensitized against AUG tissue. Naive second recipients did not reject the grafts acutely and failed to mount T-dependent immunity against AUG targets. When later challenged with spleen cells carrying the AUG haplotype, the naive second AS recipients showed strong IgM, IgG, and cytotoxic T-cell responses after grafting, and the kidneys were rapidly destroyed by immune rejection in all but one rat. It is concluded that long-surviving kidney allografts fail to activate helper T cells and induce in naive second recipients the same state of unresponsiveness observed in the first recipient.", "PMID": 383874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6348", "title": "Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. II. Retransplantation of (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys from AS primary recipients into (AS X WF)F1 secondary hosts.", "content": "Long surviving, passively enhanced (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys carried by AS recipients were retransplanted into (AS X WF)F1 second hosts. Acute graft rejection did not occur. Only one of six secondary recipients mounted a significant T-dependent IgG lymphocytotoxic antibody response. In all six, generation of cytotoxic T cells was markedly slower and depressed. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that kidney parenchyma, although carrying major histocompatibility complex specificity is able to induce T-independent but not T-dependent alloimmunity. A corollary is that passenger cells are responsible for exciting the T-dependent allimmune response normally observed after grafing. The practical difficulty of eliminating all T-dependent immunogenicity from (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys was emphasized by the observation that a 3-d residence in an intermediate AS recipient was insufficient time to prevent acute graft rejection after retransplantation.", "contents": "Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. II. Retransplantation of (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys from AS primary recipients into (AS X WF)F1 secondary hosts. Long surviving, passively enhanced (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys carried by AS recipients were retransplanted into (AS X WF)F1 second hosts. Acute graft rejection did not occur. Only one of six secondary recipients mounted a significant T-dependent IgG lymphocytotoxic antibody response. In all six, generation of cytotoxic T cells was markedly slower and depressed. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that kidney parenchyma, although carrying major histocompatibility complex specificity is able to induce T-independent but not T-dependent alloimmunity. A corollary is that passenger cells are responsible for exciting the T-dependent allimmune response normally observed after grafing. The practical difficulty of eliminating all T-dependent immunogenicity from (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys was emphasized by the observation that a 3-d residence in an intermediate AS recipient was insufficient time to prevent acute graft rejection after retransplantation.", "PMID": 383875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6349", "title": "Distribution of mast-cell precursors in hematopoeitic and lymphopoietic tissues of mice.", "content": "Two experimental systems were used to investigate the origin of precursor cells which differentiate into tissue mast cells in vivo. (a) Increase of mast cell number was examined in the skin, stomach, cecum, and mesentery of genetically mast cell-depleted WBB6F1 (WB X C57BL/6)-W/WV mice after the injection of various hematolymphoid cells of congenic +/+ mice. (b) Appearance of mast cells with giant granules was studied in irradiated C57BL/6-+/+ mice after the injection of lymphoid cells of C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ (beige, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) mice. Concentrations of mast cell precursors in the thymus, lymph node and Peyer's patch were less than 0.1% of the concentration in the bone marrow. Neither treatment of donor bone marrow cells with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement nor thymectomy of the recipient mice affects the development of mast cells in the skin, stomach, cecum, and mesentery. Moreover, the number of mast cells increased to normal level when the skin of WBB6F1-W/WV mice was grafted on the back of nude athymic (BALB/c-nu/nu) mice. These results indicate that mast cell precursors are derived from hematopoietic tissues rather than lymphopoetic ones and that the differentiation of the precursor cells does not depend on T lymphocytes or the thymus.", "contents": "Distribution of mast-cell precursors in hematopoeitic and lymphopoietic tissues of mice. Two experimental systems were used to investigate the origin of precursor cells which differentiate into tissue mast cells in vivo. (a) Increase of mast cell number was examined in the skin, stomach, cecum, and mesentery of genetically mast cell-depleted WBB6F1 (WB X C57BL/6)-W/WV mice after the injection of various hematolymphoid cells of congenic +/+ mice. (b) Appearance of mast cells with giant granules was studied in irradiated C57BL/6-+/+ mice after the injection of lymphoid cells of C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ (beige, Chediak-Higashi syndrome) mice. Concentrations of mast cell precursors in the thymus, lymph node and Peyer's patch were less than 0.1% of the concentration in the bone marrow. Neither treatment of donor bone marrow cells with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement nor thymectomy of the recipient mice affects the development of mast cells in the skin, stomach, cecum, and mesentery. Moreover, the number of mast cells increased to normal level when the skin of WBB6F1-W/WV mice was grafted on the back of nude athymic (BALB/c-nu/nu) mice. These results indicate that mast cell precursors are derived from hematopoietic tissues rather than lymphopoetic ones and that the differentiation of the precursor cells does not depend on T lymphocytes or the thymus.", "PMID": 383876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6350", "title": "Hybrid resistance to EL-4 lymphoma cells. I. Characterization of natural killer cells that lyse EL-4 cells and their distinction from marrow-dependent natural killer cells.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) cells from nonimmunized mice capable of lysing EL-4 (C57BL/6 strain H-2b) tissue culture-adapted lymphoma cells have been analyzed and compared with NK cells which lyse YAC-1 (A-strain, H-2a) lymphoma cells. A correlation was seen in the ability of inbred and B6D2F1 mice to reject C57BL/6 (B6) bone-marrow grafts and the ability of their spleen cells to lyse EL-4 cells in vitro. This suggests that hybrid or hemopoietic histocompatibility antigens, (Hh-1b), relevant in the rejection of B6 stem cells may also be the relevant target structures for the anti-EL-4 NK cells. Certain features of these NK cells are similar to the NK cells reactive against YAC-1 cells. Both types of NK cells are present in athymic nude mice, are not affected by treatment with anti-immunoglobulin plus complement, and are not depleted by techniques that remove macrophages. NK activity against both targets is stimulated 3 d after injection of Corynebacterium parvum, and 24 h after challenge with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Hydrocortisone acetate and cyclophosphamide lead to reduction of NK activity within 2-3 d after administration. However, the anti-YAC and anti-EL-4 NK reactivities differed in several important respects. Treatment of mice with 89Sr, the bone-seeking isotope, to deplete marrow-dependent cells, depleted the anti-YAC-1 but not anti-EL-4 cell functions. Anti-EL-4 NK cells were unaffected by silica particles in vivo or in vitro; the NK cells reactive to EL-4 cells matured functionally much earlier in life (5 d of age) and the function did not decline with age. Irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic marrow or spleen cells developed functional NK cells against EL-4 targets before they developed anti-YAC-1 NK cells in their spleen. Thus anti-EL-4 NK cells that express hybrid resistance in vitro appear to differ from anti-YAC-1 NK cells and do not require an intact marrow microenvironment for functional differentiation. Despite differences in the NK-cell types involved in the lysis of YAC-1 and EL-4 cells, these two tumor cells share certain common determinants. This was ascertained both by cold competition and by utilization of YAC-1 and EL-4 cell monolayers as immunoadsorbents. We conclude that Hh-1b is the common antigen present in EL-4 and YAC-1 cells, because B6D2F1 anti-B6 (anti-Hh-1b) cytotoxic T lymphocytes lysed both the tumor cells. Our data suggest that Hh-1b antigen is recognized by both types of NK cells, but that additional determinants must be present on YAC-1 cells. Two models of NK cell lysis compatible with the data are presented.", "contents": "Hybrid resistance to EL-4 lymphoma cells. I. Characterization of natural killer cells that lyse EL-4 cells and their distinction from marrow-dependent natural killer cells. Natural killer (NK) cells from nonimmunized mice capable of lysing EL-4 (C57BL/6 strain H-2b) tissue culture-adapted lymphoma cells have been analyzed and compared with NK cells which lyse YAC-1 (A-strain, H-2a) lymphoma cells. A correlation was seen in the ability of inbred and B6D2F1 mice to reject C57BL/6 (B6) bone-marrow grafts and the ability of their spleen cells to lyse EL-4 cells in vitro. This suggests that hybrid or hemopoietic histocompatibility antigens, (Hh-1b), relevant in the rejection of B6 stem cells may also be the relevant target structures for the anti-EL-4 NK cells. Certain features of these NK cells are similar to the NK cells reactive against YAC-1 cells. Both types of NK cells are present in athymic nude mice, are not affected by treatment with anti-immunoglobulin plus complement, and are not depleted by techniques that remove macrophages. NK activity against both targets is stimulated 3 d after injection of Corynebacterium parvum, and 24 h after challenge with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Hydrocortisone acetate and cyclophosphamide lead to reduction of NK activity within 2-3 d after administration. However, the anti-YAC and anti-EL-4 NK reactivities differed in several important respects. Treatment of mice with 89Sr, the bone-seeking isotope, to deplete marrow-dependent cells, depleted the anti-YAC-1 but not anti-EL-4 cell functions. Anti-EL-4 NK cells were unaffected by silica particles in vivo or in vitro; the NK cells reactive to EL-4 cells matured functionally much earlier in life (5 d of age) and the function did not decline with age. Irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic marrow or spleen cells developed functional NK cells against EL-4 targets before they developed anti-YAC-1 NK cells in their spleen. Thus anti-EL-4 NK cells that express hybrid resistance in vitro appear to differ from anti-YAC-1 NK cells and do not require an intact marrow microenvironment for functional differentiation. Despite differences in the NK-cell types involved in the lysis of YAC-1 and EL-4 cells, these two tumor cells share certain common determinants. This was ascertained both by cold competition and by utilization of YAC-1 and EL-4 cell monolayers as immunoadsorbents. We conclude that Hh-1b is the common antigen present in EL-4 and YAC-1 cells, because B6D2F1 anti-B6 (anti-Hh-1b) cytotoxic T lymphocytes lysed both the tumor cells. Our data suggest that Hh-1b antigen is recognized by both types of NK cells, but that additional determinants must be present on YAC-1 cells. Two models of NK cell lysis compatible with the data are presented.", "PMID": 383877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6351", "title": "Effects of immobilized immune complexes on Fc- and complement-receptor function in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "We have examined the Fc- and complement-receptor function of resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages plated on surfaces coated with rabbit antibody-antigen complexes and with complement. We derive four major conclusions from these studies. (a) The trypsin-resistant Fc receptors of resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages are completely modulated when these cells are plated on rabbit antibody-antigen complexes. Residual Fc receptor activity is a result of the incomplete modulation of trypsin-sensitive IgG2a receptors. (b) The complement receptors of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, but not of resident macrophages, are modulated when these cells are plated on complement-coated surfaces. The capacity of the two cell types to modulate their complement receptors is correlated with their ability to ingest complement-coated erythrocytes. (c) The complement and Fc receptors of both types of macrophages move independently of one another. (d) Complement masks the Fc segments of IgG in immune complexes thereby rendering them ineffective as ligands for macrophage Fc receptors.", "contents": "Effects of immobilized immune complexes on Fc- and complement-receptor function in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. We have examined the Fc- and complement-receptor function of resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages plated on surfaces coated with rabbit antibody-antigen complexes and with complement. We derive four major conclusions from these studies. (a) The trypsin-resistant Fc receptors of resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages are completely modulated when these cells are plated on rabbit antibody-antigen complexes. Residual Fc receptor activity is a result of the incomplete modulation of trypsin-sensitive IgG2a receptors. (b) The complement receptors of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, but not of resident macrophages, are modulated when these cells are plated on complement-coated surfaces. The capacity of the two cell types to modulate their complement receptors is correlated with their ability to ingest complement-coated erythrocytes. (c) The complement and Fc receptors of both types of macrophages move independently of one another. (d) Complement masks the Fc segments of IgG in immune complexes thereby rendering them ineffective as ligands for macrophage Fc receptors.", "PMID": 383878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6352", "title": "[Artificial endocrine pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "16 years ago Kadish (1963) Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Org. 9, 363--367) published his first pioneering experiments with an extracorporal blood glucose regulating machine. These experiments were fundamental to the development of an artificial endocrine pancreas that replaces the natural regulator of the blood glucose. Enormous improvements have been done as far as analytical and computer technology and algorithms are concerned. Satisfactory but time-limited insulin therapy of problematic diabetics is feasable and benefical. However, in spite of a very great miniaturization of the analytical device, of the computer system, or of the insulin delivery pump, we are still far away from a durable, or at least long-term implantation of an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "[Artificial endocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. 16 years ago Kadish (1963) Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Org. 9, 363--367) published his first pioneering experiments with an extracorporal blood glucose regulating machine. These experiments were fundamental to the development of an artificial endocrine pancreas that replaces the natural regulator of the blood glucose. Enormous improvements have been done as far as analytical and computer technology and algorithms are concerned. Satisfactory but time-limited insulin therapy of problematic diabetics is feasable and benefical. However, in spite of a very great miniaturization of the analytical device, of the computer system, or of the insulin delivery pump, we are still far away from a durable, or at least long-term implantation of an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 383880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6353", "title": "Augmentation of macrophage complement receptor function in vitro. I. Characterization of the cellular interactions required for the generation of a T-lymphocyte product that enhances macrophage complement receptor function.", "content": "The function of complement receptors of mouse peritoneal macrophages was converted in vitro from mediating only attachment of macrophage complement receptor function was achieved by treating freshly explanted macrophages with supernates from cultures containing T lymphocytes and appropriately triggered macrophages. Fc receptor-mediated phagocyctosis by macrophages was required for the production of active supernates, for neither ingestion via the cells' complement receptors nor ingestion via nonimmunologic means was a sufficient stimulus for the macrophages' participation in the generation of supernatant activity. Fc receptor-triggered macrophages interacted by a contact dependent, but histocompatibility independent, mechanism with T lymphocytes, thereby signalling the lymphocytes to elaborate the active product. The possible significance of enhanced macrophage complement receptor function in inflammation, host defense against microbial pathogens, immune complex disease, and neoplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Augmentation of macrophage complement receptor function in vitro. I. Characterization of the cellular interactions required for the generation of a T-lymphocyte product that enhances macrophage complement receptor function. The function of complement receptors of mouse peritoneal macrophages was converted in vitro from mediating only attachment of macrophage complement receptor function was achieved by treating freshly explanted macrophages with supernates from cultures containing T lymphocytes and appropriately triggered macrophages. Fc receptor-mediated phagocyctosis by macrophages was required for the production of active supernates, for neither ingestion via the cells' complement receptors nor ingestion via nonimmunologic means was a sufficient stimulus for the macrophages' participation in the generation of supernatant activity. Fc receptor-triggered macrophages interacted by a contact dependent, but histocompatibility independent, mechanism with T lymphocytes, thereby signalling the lymphocytes to elaborate the active product. The possible significance of enhanced macrophage complement receptor function in inflammation, host defense against microbial pathogens, immune complex disease, and neoplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 383879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6354", "title": "[Algorithm for extracorporal blood glucose regulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A control mechanism is described, based on a simple proportional/differential regulation. The calculation takes one minute and it takes into account glucose degradation, insulin half life in vivo, and the delay between blood sampling and insulin action on the blood glucose value. This is repeated continuously every minute (short time mode) or every 5 minutes or more (long time mode), depending on the rate of change of the blood glucose. Operator decision is based on digitally converted tables, which are analogous to the graph of proportional control, and on glucose equivalent tables, which give the insulin effect on glucose as a function of time.", "contents": "[Algorithm for extracorporal blood glucose regulation (author's transl)]. A control mechanism is described, based on a simple proportional/differential regulation. The calculation takes one minute and it takes into account glucose degradation, insulin half life in vivo, and the delay between blood sampling and insulin action on the blood glucose value. This is repeated continuously every minute (short time mode) or every 5 minutes or more (long time mode), depending on the rate of change of the blood glucose. Operator decision is based on digitally converted tables, which are analogous to the graph of proportional control, and on glucose equivalent tables, which give the insulin effect on glucose as a function of time.", "PMID": 383881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6355", "title": "[Determination of thyroxine in serum by a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay: results of a joint trial].", "content": "This paper describes the evaluation of a heterologous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of total thyroxine in serum by a group of seven clinical chemical laboratories. The test follows the principles of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and uses peroxidase as a marker. The evaluation of analytical reliability yielded the following results within the analytical range from 39 unto 322 nmol/l: 1. Within-batch precision ranged from 3.1 unto 10.4% (coefficient of variation) with single analyses. 2. Between-batch precision ranged from 3.7 unto 20.4% with single analyses. 3. Between-laboratories precision ranged from 5.4 unto 6.8%. 4. Pure thyroxine, added to serum or thyroxine-free serum, gave recoveries between 93 and 120%. 5. Analysis of control sera gave results essentially comparable to the assigned values based upon radioimmunoassays. 6. Analysis of 288 clinical sera gave slightly higher results by the enzyme immunoassay than by the analogous radioimmunoassay from the same manufacturer. 7. Comparison with other methods of analysis (radioimmunoassays, competitive protein ligand assays, hormonal iodine assay) yielded partly comparable, partly higher results. 8. Comparison with the homogenous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) led to comparable results. 9. Interference due to hyperlipemia or hemolysis was not observed. 10. There might be an interference in hyperbilirubinaemic sera, due to an as yet unknown factor. With respect to practicability the ELISA-test compares favourably with the analogous solid phase radioimmunoassay. The main differences are the absence of radioactive material and a longer shelf-live of reagents. Following the manual procedure the time taken to perform the enzyme immunoassay is slightly longer than for the analogous radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Determination of thyroxine in serum by a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay: results of a joint trial]. This paper describes the evaluation of a heterologous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of total thyroxine in serum by a group of seven clinical chemical laboratories. The test follows the principles of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and uses peroxidase as a marker. The evaluation of analytical reliability yielded the following results within the analytical range from 39 unto 322 nmol/l: 1. Within-batch precision ranged from 3.1 unto 10.4% (coefficient of variation) with single analyses. 2. Between-batch precision ranged from 3.7 unto 20.4% with single analyses. 3. Between-laboratories precision ranged from 5.4 unto 6.8%. 4. Pure thyroxine, added to serum or thyroxine-free serum, gave recoveries between 93 and 120%. 5. Analysis of control sera gave results essentially comparable to the assigned values based upon radioimmunoassays. 6. Analysis of 288 clinical sera gave slightly higher results by the enzyme immunoassay than by the analogous radioimmunoassay from the same manufacturer. 7. Comparison with other methods of analysis (radioimmunoassays, competitive protein ligand assays, hormonal iodine assay) yielded partly comparable, partly higher results. 8. Comparison with the homogenous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) led to comparable results. 9. Interference due to hyperlipemia or hemolysis was not observed. 10. There might be an interference in hyperbilirubinaemic sera, due to an as yet unknown factor. With respect to practicability the ELISA-test compares favourably with the analogous solid phase radioimmunoassay. The main differences are the absence of radioactive material and a longer shelf-live of reagents. Following the manual procedure the time taken to perform the enzyme immunoassay is slightly longer than for the analogous radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 383882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6356", "title": "Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for determination of thyroxine (EMIT, ENZYMUN) and of thyroxine binding index.", "content": "An evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for determination of thyroxine in serum (EMIT ABA thyroxine assay, Syva Corp., ENZYMUN assay thyroxine, Boehringer Mannheim) and of thyroxine binding index (ENZYMUN assay TBI1), Boehringer Mannheim) is presented. The precision of the enzyme immunoassays was adequate (coefficients of variation ranged from day to day with EMIT from 3--11% and with ENZYMUN from 4--11%). Both assays are specific and easy to perform. About 20 unknown samples can be analyzed in duplicate by EMIT within 60 minutes and by ENZYMUN within 250 minutes. A comparison of the results obtained by enzyme immunoassays and radioimmunoassay in a series of about 100 patients showed a good correlation between both methods. The precision of the ENZYMUN TBI assay was adequate (coefficient of variation from day to day 4.9%) and the thyroxine/TBI-ratio correlated well with the thyroxine/TBG-ratio.", "contents": "Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for determination of thyroxine (EMIT, ENZYMUN) and of thyroxine binding index. An evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for determination of thyroxine in serum (EMIT ABA thyroxine assay, Syva Corp., ENZYMUN assay thyroxine, Boehringer Mannheim) and of thyroxine binding index (ENZYMUN assay TBI1), Boehringer Mannheim) is presented. The precision of the enzyme immunoassays was adequate (coefficients of variation ranged from day to day with EMIT from 3--11% and with ENZYMUN from 4--11%). Both assays are specific and easy to perform. About 20 unknown samples can be analyzed in duplicate by EMIT within 60 minutes and by ENZYMUN within 250 minutes. A comparison of the results obtained by enzyme immunoassays and radioimmunoassay in a series of about 100 patients showed a good correlation between both methods. The precision of the ENZYMUN TBI assay was adequate (coefficient of variation from day to day 4.9%) and the thyroxine/TBI-ratio correlated well with the thyroxine/TBG-ratio.", "PMID": 383883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6357", "title": "Strategies for diagnosing vaginitis.", "content": "Detailed history, physical examination, laboratory, and follow-up data were obtained from 821 patients presenting to a primary care clinic over an 18-month period with the symptoms of vaginal infection or urinary tract infection (UTI). Information useful in deciding when to perform a vaginal examination, when to obtain various types of cultures, and when to perform microscopic examination of a saline suspension or Gram stain is presented. Of particular interest were the findings that patients with dysuria more commonly have vaginitis than UTI, the superiority of a saline examination to other means of diagnosing yeast vaginitis, and the rarity of a positive trichomonas preparation when the vaginal discharge had a curd-like appearance.", "contents": "Strategies for diagnosing vaginitis. Detailed history, physical examination, laboratory, and follow-up data were obtained from 821 patients presenting to a primary care clinic over an 18-month period with the symptoms of vaginal infection or urinary tract infection (UTI). Information useful in deciding when to perform a vaginal examination, when to obtain various types of cultures, and when to perform microscopic examination of a saline suspension or Gram stain is presented. Of particular interest were the findings that patients with dysuria more commonly have vaginitis than UTI, the superiority of a saline examination to other means of diagnosing yeast vaginitis, and the rarity of a positive trichomonas preparation when the vaginal discharge had a curd-like appearance.", "PMID": 383884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6358", "title": "Hyperactivity: a current assessment.", "content": "Hyperactivity in children is frequently overdiagnosed and inappropriately managed. When a syndrome of hyperactive behavior associated with learning difficulties is established, aggressive multifaceted management is indicated. Many possible etiologies have been suggested, but none of these has yet been proven. It may well be that more than one etiology exists and that many children have multiple factors contributing to their illness. None of the nontraditional therapies recently receiving attention, such as the Feingold diet, have had any proven benefit, although scattered anecdotal reports and some recent controlled trials suggest that some nontraditional therapies may be of limited value in some children. The most important consideration in therapy is that of defining specific problem areas for each individual child and assuring that each is dealt with appropriately. Caution must be exercised to avoid the pitfall of using drugs as the sole modality of treatment. Finally, parental education must never be overlooked.", "contents": "Hyperactivity: a current assessment. Hyperactivity in children is frequently overdiagnosed and inappropriately managed. When a syndrome of hyperactive behavior associated with learning difficulties is established, aggressive multifaceted management is indicated. Many possible etiologies have been suggested, but none of these has yet been proven. It may well be that more than one etiology exists and that many children have multiple factors contributing to their illness. None of the nontraditional therapies recently receiving attention, such as the Feingold diet, have had any proven benefit, although scattered anecdotal reports and some recent controlled trials suggest that some nontraditional therapies may be of limited value in some children. The most important consideration in therapy is that of defining specific problem areas for each individual child and assuring that each is dealt with appropriately. Caution must be exercised to avoid the pitfall of using drugs as the sole modality of treatment. Finally, parental education must never be overlooked.", "PMID": 383885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6359", "title": "Patterns of mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmids.", "content": "R plasmids R40a, Rip69, R447b, R769 belonging to incompatibility groups A-C, M, N, V, respectively, were investigated for chromosomal mobilizing ability in Proteus mirabilis. Plasmids R40a, Rip69 and R447b mediated polarized transfer of markers in a clockwise direction from origins near tyr-1, metF and ser-2, respectively, on the linkage map. The recovery frequency per donor cell of proximal markers approached 1 x 10(-4) for these three plasmids and the efficiency of chromosomal transfer was higher than that of the previously studied plasmid D. The plasmid-guided chromosomal trajectories overlap and it was possible to complement results obtained with plasmid D to assemble a time-of-entry chromosomal map and directly establish the circularity of the linkage group. The map comprises a length of 93 min in terms of transfer time. Plasmid R769 had a different pattern of chromosome transfer. This plasmid produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 4 x 10(-6) per donor. It effected multiple and more or less simultaneous entry of markers and produced recombination over lengths of chromosome rarely corresponding to more than 10 min on the linkage map.", "contents": "Patterns of mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmids. R plasmids R40a, Rip69, R447b, R769 belonging to incompatibility groups A-C, M, N, V, respectively, were investigated for chromosomal mobilizing ability in Proteus mirabilis. Plasmids R40a, Rip69 and R447b mediated polarized transfer of markers in a clockwise direction from origins near tyr-1, metF and ser-2, respectively, on the linkage map. The recovery frequency per donor cell of proximal markers approached 1 x 10(-4) for these three plasmids and the efficiency of chromosomal transfer was higher than that of the previously studied plasmid D. The plasmid-guided chromosomal trajectories overlap and it was possible to complement results obtained with plasmid D to assemble a time-of-entry chromosomal map and directly establish the circularity of the linkage group. The map comprises a length of 93 min in terms of transfer time. Plasmid R769 had a different pattern of chromosome transfer. This plasmid produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 4 x 10(-6) per donor. It effected multiple and more or less simultaneous entry of markers and produced recombination over lengths of chromosome rarely corresponding to more than 10 min on the linkage map.", "PMID": 383888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6360", "title": "Pleiotropic aspartate taxis and serine taxis mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants that at one time were thought to be specifically defective in taxis toward aspartate and related amino acids (tar mutants) or specifically defective in taxis toward serine and related amino acids (tar mutants) are now shown to be pleiotropic in their defects. The tar mutants also lack taxis toward maltose and away from Co2+ and Ni2+. The tsr mutants are altered in their response to a variety of repellents. Double mutants (tar tsr) fail in nearly all chemotactic responses. The tar and tsr mutants provide evidence for two complementary, converging pathways of information flow: certain chemoreceptors feed information into the tar pathway and others into the tsr pathway. The tar and tsr products have been shown to be two different sets of methylated proteins.", "contents": "Pleiotropic aspartate taxis and serine taxis mutants of Escherichia coli. Mutants that at one time were thought to be specifically defective in taxis toward aspartate and related amino acids (tar mutants) or specifically defective in taxis toward serine and related amino acids (tar mutants) are now shown to be pleiotropic in their defects. The tar mutants also lack taxis toward maltose and away from Co2+ and Ni2+. The tsr mutants are altered in their response to a variety of repellents. Double mutants (tar tsr) fail in nearly all chemotactic responses. The tar and tsr mutants provide evidence for two complementary, converging pathways of information flow: certain chemoreceptors feed information into the tar pathway and others into the tsr pathway. The tar and tsr products have been shown to be two different sets of methylated proteins.", "PMID": 383889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6361", "title": "Isolation by differential and zonal centrifugation of minicells segregated by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Minicells segregated from Escherichia coli chi925 carrying a drug-resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Minicells purified in this way were capable of donating the plasmid to nucleated cells. They also incorporated thymidine, uridine and methionine into macromolecules. Methods are described for purification of plasmid-containing minicells on a scale large enough to allow isolation of DNA, DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in sufficient quantities for studies of enzymes involved in replication and transcription of plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Isolation by differential and zonal centrifugation of minicells segregated by Escherichia coli. Minicells segregated from Escherichia coli chi925 carrying a drug-resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Minicells purified in this way were capable of donating the plasmid to nucleated cells. They also incorporated thymidine, uridine and methionine into macromolecules. Methods are described for purification of plasmid-containing minicells on a scale large enough to allow isolation of DNA, DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in sufficient quantities for studies of enzymes involved in replication and transcription of plasmid DNA.", "PMID": 383890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6362", "title": "The pools of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal ribonucleic acids during relaxed control of Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr, rel met rns).", "content": "The soluble fraction extracted from Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr, rel met rns) during early and late times of phenotypic and genotypic induced relaxed control have been examined for the possible accumulation of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and rRNA species during this time of unbalanced macromolecular synthesis. Ribosomal proteins and rRNA species were not found to accumulate within the soluble fraction at any time during this period of relaxed control; even after the typical rRNA accumulation had ceased, r-proteins did not accumulate. It is concluded, from these and related observations, that the r-proteins and rRNA species known to be produced during relaxation must immediately associate to form the unusual ribonucleoprotein particles (e.g. 'relaxed particles' and 'chloramphenicol particles') characteristic of periods of relaxed control. Since r-proteins do not accumulate even when net RNA accumulation halts, it appears that some elements of the normal, basic co-ordination between rRNA and r-protein synthesis/stability persist even during relaxed control.", "contents": "The pools of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal ribonucleic acids during relaxed control of Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr, rel met rns). The soluble fraction extracted from Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr, rel met rns) during early and late times of phenotypic and genotypic induced relaxed control have been examined for the possible accumulation of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and rRNA species during this time of unbalanced macromolecular synthesis. Ribosomal proteins and rRNA species were not found to accumulate within the soluble fraction at any time during this period of relaxed control; even after the typical rRNA accumulation had ceased, r-proteins did not accumulate. It is concluded, from these and related observations, that the r-proteins and rRNA species known to be produced during relaxation must immediately associate to form the unusual ribonucleoprotein particles (e.g. 'relaxed particles' and 'chloramphenicol particles') characteristic of periods of relaxed control. Since r-proteins do not accumulate even when net RNA accumulation halts, it appears that some elements of the normal, basic co-ordination between rRNA and r-protein synthesis/stability persist even during relaxed control.", "PMID": 383893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6363", "title": "Differences between the anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferases of Salmonella typhimurium strains LT2 and LT7.", "content": "The anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferases (PRT), coded by the second structural gene (trpB) of the tryptophan (trp) operon in strains LT2 and LT7 of Salmonella typhimurium, differ from each other in a number of parameters. These include the apparent Km values for their substrates anthranilic acid and 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, thermostability, sensitivity to substrate inhibition by anthranilic acid, as well as end-product inhibition by tryptophan and specific activity. The PRT of strain LT7 further differs from that of strain LT2 in that its apparent Km for 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate is three to seven times higher when associated with anthranilate synthase in the enzyme complex which catalyses the first two steps of tryptophan biosynthesis than in its free uncomplexed form, which the PRT of strain LT2 shows the same apparent Km for this substrate in both its free and complexed forms. These results confirm and extend the finding of Stuttard (1975) that strains LT2 and LT7 differ genetically form each other at a single site within region II of the trpB gene.", "contents": "Differences between the anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferases of Salmonella typhimurium strains LT2 and LT7. The anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferases (PRT), coded by the second structural gene (trpB) of the tryptophan (trp) operon in strains LT2 and LT7 of Salmonella typhimurium, differ from each other in a number of parameters. These include the apparent Km values for their substrates anthranilic acid and 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, thermostability, sensitivity to substrate inhibition by anthranilic acid, as well as end-product inhibition by tryptophan and specific activity. The PRT of strain LT7 further differs from that of strain LT2 in that its apparent Km for 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate is three to seven times higher when associated with anthranilate synthase in the enzyme complex which catalyses the first two steps of tryptophan biosynthesis than in its free uncomplexed form, which the PRT of strain LT2 shows the same apparent Km for this substrate in both its free and complexed forms. These results confirm and extend the finding of Stuttard (1975) that strains LT2 and LT7 differ genetically form each other at a single site within region II of the trpB gene.", "PMID": 383894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6364", "title": "Studies on the interaction of Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium lepraemurium with mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "When polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) elicited in mice were infected with Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium lepraemurium, phagosome-lysosome fusion occurred with both species. This contrasts with the situation in macrophages where phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhibited by M. microti but not M. lepraemurium. No evidence was found for killing of M. microti or M. lepraemurium when the bacteria were isolated from PMN and their viability tested in cell-free medium or macrophages.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction of Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium lepraemurium with mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes. When polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) elicited in mice were infected with Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium lepraemurium, phagosome-lysosome fusion occurred with both species. This contrasts with the situation in macrophages where phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhibited by M. microti but not M. lepraemurium. No evidence was found for killing of M. microti or M. lepraemurium when the bacteria were isolated from PMN and their viability tested in cell-free medium or macrophages.", "PMID": 383895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6365", "title": "High and low toxin production by a non-toxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type C following infection with type C phages of different passage history.", "content": "Toxin production in Clostridium botulinum types C and D is governed by specific bacteriophages. Prior passages of a phage controlling type C toxin production caused subsequently lysogenized bacteria to become variably toxigenic. This appears to be one of the causes of the decrease in toxigenicity which is common in some type C and D strains. The morphology of bacteria was also changed from rod-shaped to filamentous by infection with a successively propagated phage.", "contents": "High and low toxin production by a non-toxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type C following infection with type C phages of different passage history. Toxin production in Clostridium botulinum types C and D is governed by specific bacteriophages. Prior passages of a phage controlling type C toxin production caused subsequently lysogenized bacteria to become variably toxigenic. This appears to be one of the causes of the decrease in toxigenicity which is common in some type C and D strains. The morphology of bacteria was also changed from rod-shaped to filamentous by infection with a successively propagated phage.", "PMID": 383896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6366", "title": "Host modification of chlamydiae: differential infectivity for cell monolayers of chlamydiae grown in eggs and monolayers.", "content": "Cell monolayer-grown chlamydiae (CGO) differed from egg-grown organisms (EGO) in their increased spontaneous infectivity relative to centrifuge-assisted infectivity for monolayers. For each population spontaneous: centrifuge-assisted infectivity ratios were constant over a wide dose range. Spontaneous infection increased linearly with time and could not be exhausted from either population by prolonged adsorption; there was no change in infectivity ratios in residual supernatants. Further, one passage of EGO through monolayers gave CGO with stable infectivity properties not increased by further cell passage yet reverting on a single passage in eggs. Spontaneous infection of monolayers with EGO gave progeny with the same infectivity ratios as monolayers infected with EGO by centrifugation. The change in properties following EGO infection of monolayers occurred prior to natural release from cells. We conclude that EGO and CGO are two phenotypically distinct, homogeneous populations. The two infection modes are not properties of subpopulations within EGO and CGO. The relationship of these observations on chlamydiae to other possible host-imposed phenomena is considered.", "contents": "Host modification of chlamydiae: differential infectivity for cell monolayers of chlamydiae grown in eggs and monolayers. Cell monolayer-grown chlamydiae (CGO) differed from egg-grown organisms (EGO) in their increased spontaneous infectivity relative to centrifuge-assisted infectivity for monolayers. For each population spontaneous: centrifuge-assisted infectivity ratios were constant over a wide dose range. Spontaneous infection increased linearly with time and could not be exhausted from either population by prolonged adsorption; there was no change in infectivity ratios in residual supernatants. Further, one passage of EGO through monolayers gave CGO with stable infectivity properties not increased by further cell passage yet reverting on a single passage in eggs. Spontaneous infection of monolayers with EGO gave progeny with the same infectivity ratios as monolayers infected with EGO by centrifugation. The change in properties following EGO infection of monolayers occurred prior to natural release from cells. We conclude that EGO and CGO are two phenotypically distinct, homogeneous populations. The two infection modes are not properties of subpopulations within EGO and CGO. The relationship of these observations on chlamydiae to other possible host-imposed phenomena is considered.", "PMID": 383898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6367", "title": "Host modification of chlamydiae: presence of an egg antigen on the surface of chlamydiae grown in the chick embryo.", "content": "Egg-grown chlamydiae (EGO) have a yolk sac antigen assoicated with their surface which is absent from cell monolayer-grown organisms (CGO). EGO infectivity was specifically neutralized by rabbit antiserum to normal yolk sac; CGO infectivity, before or after incubation with normal yolk sac material, was not neutralized. Treatment of EGO with Clostridium welchii culture filtrate, containing phospholipase C, abolished spontaneous infectivity for monolayers and neutralization by anti-yolk sac antiserum but did not affect centrifuge-assisted infectivity. The possible significance of host antigen on the chlamydial surface is considered.", "contents": "Host modification of chlamydiae: presence of an egg antigen on the surface of chlamydiae grown in the chick embryo. Egg-grown chlamydiae (EGO) have a yolk sac antigen assoicated with their surface which is absent from cell monolayer-grown organisms (CGO). EGO infectivity was specifically neutralized by rabbit antiserum to normal yolk sac; CGO infectivity, before or after incubation with normal yolk sac material, was not neutralized. Treatment of EGO with Clostridium welchii culture filtrate, containing phospholipase C, abolished spontaneous infectivity for monolayers and neutralization by anti-yolk sac antiserum but did not affect centrifuge-assisted infectivity. The possible significance of host antigen on the chlamydial surface is considered.", "PMID": 383899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6368", "title": "Transduction of fimbriation demonstrating common ancestry in FIRN strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The production of fimbriate (Fim+) recombinants was observed in transductional crosses between different pairs of wild-type strains of different biotypes of Salmonella typhimurium. Fim+ recombinants were readily produced in transductions from Fim+ donor strains to Fim- recipient strains and, less frequently, between some pairs of Fim- strains, for example, between almost any strain of the firn biogroup (Fim- Inl- Rha- Bxyl-) and many strains of the non-FIRN Fim- biogroup. None of numerous crosses between different pairs of FIRN strains gave Fim+ recombinants, suggesting that the fim mutation was present at the same intragenic site in all FIRN strains. FIRN strains are thought to have descended from a single ancestral FIRN bacterium which originated by a series of mutations from a strain of the common biotype 1a (Fim+ Inl+ Rha+ Bxyl+). Two FIRN-like (Fim- Inl+ Rha- Bxyl-) strains that did not yield Fim+ recombinants in crosses with FIRN strains were probably wild-type Inl+ mutants from FIRN strains.", "contents": "Transduction of fimbriation demonstrating common ancestry in FIRN strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The production of fimbriate (Fim+) recombinants was observed in transductional crosses between different pairs of wild-type strains of different biotypes of Salmonella typhimurium. Fim+ recombinants were readily produced in transductions from Fim+ donor strains to Fim- recipient strains and, less frequently, between some pairs of Fim- strains, for example, between almost any strain of the firn biogroup (Fim- Inl- Rha- Bxyl-) and many strains of the non-FIRN Fim- biogroup. None of numerous crosses between different pairs of FIRN strains gave Fim+ recombinants, suggesting that the fim mutation was present at the same intragenic site in all FIRN strains. FIRN strains are thought to have descended from a single ancestral FIRN bacterium which originated by a series of mutations from a strain of the common biotype 1a (Fim+ Inl+ Rha+ Bxyl+). Two FIRN-like (Fim- Inl+ Rha- Bxyl-) strains that did not yield Fim+ recombinants in crosses with FIRN strains were probably wild-type Inl+ mutants from FIRN strains.", "PMID": 383900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6369", "title": "Location of binding sites on common type 1 fimbriae from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Common type 1 fimbriae were isolated from Escherichia coli and their length distribution profile was determined before and after treatment with ultrasound. As fimbriae were shortened, so their haemagglutinating capacity decreased, but their ability to bind to erythrocytes did not decrease to the same extent. Isolated fimbriae did not agglutinate inside-out vesicles prepared from horse erythrocytes or liposomes, suggesting that the binding mechanism was not based on non-specific hydrophobic interactions. The results support a lateral rather than a terminal location for the fimbrial binding site responsible for haemagglutination.", "contents": "Location of binding sites on common type 1 fimbriae from Escherichia coli. Common type 1 fimbriae were isolated from Escherichia coli and their length distribution profile was determined before and after treatment with ultrasound. As fimbriae were shortened, so their haemagglutinating capacity decreased, but their ability to bind to erythrocytes did not decrease to the same extent. Isolated fimbriae did not agglutinate inside-out vesicles prepared from horse erythrocytes or liposomes, suggesting that the binding mechanism was not based on non-specific hydrophobic interactions. The results support a lateral rather than a terminal location for the fimbrial binding site responsible for haemagglutination.", "PMID": 383901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6370", "title": "Salmonella phage glycanases: substrate specificity of the phage P22 endo-rhamnosidase.", "content": "Interaction between phage P22 and phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides from sensitive Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups A, B and Di results in hydrolysis of the alpha-L-rhamnosyl linkages within the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain. These O-antigens have identical structures except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxy-hexosyl group linked to O-3 of the D-mannosyl residue. Removal of the dideoxysugar, or periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction of the L-rhamnosyl residue made the O chain resistant to the endo-rhamnosidase. Substitution of the D-galactosyl residue at O-4, but not at O-6, with an alpha-D-glucosyl group was compatible with hydrolysis. A number of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri lipo- or capsular polysaccharides containing chain L-rhamnosyl residues were tested but none was sensitive to the P22 endo-rhamnosidase. The substrate specificity of the endo-rhamnosidase parallels the lytic specificity of the phage which suggests that the initial step in phage P22 infection is a P22 tail enzyme O-antigen substrate interaction. The main product of the hydrolysate was octa-, dodeca- and hexadecasaccharides. Treatment of phage FO resistant smooth strains of S. typhimurium with P22 tails removed O polysaccharide chains and made previously 'hidden' FO receptors accessible to the phage.", "contents": "Salmonella phage glycanases: substrate specificity of the phage P22 endo-rhamnosidase. Interaction between phage P22 and phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides from sensitive Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups A, B and Di results in hydrolysis of the alpha-L-rhamnosyl linkages within the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain. These O-antigens have identical structures except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxy-hexosyl group linked to O-3 of the D-mannosyl residue. Removal of the dideoxysugar, or periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction of the L-rhamnosyl residue made the O chain resistant to the endo-rhamnosidase. Substitution of the D-galactosyl residue at O-4, but not at O-6, with an alpha-D-glucosyl group was compatible with hydrolysis. A number of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri lipo- or capsular polysaccharides containing chain L-rhamnosyl residues were tested but none was sensitive to the P22 endo-rhamnosidase. The substrate specificity of the endo-rhamnosidase parallels the lytic specificity of the phage which suggests that the initial step in phage P22 infection is a P22 tail enzyme O-antigen substrate interaction. The main product of the hydrolysate was octa-, dodeca- and hexadecasaccharides. Treatment of phage FO resistant smooth strains of S. typhimurium with P22 tails removed O polysaccharide chains and made previously 'hidden' FO receptors accessible to the phage.", "PMID": 383902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6371", "title": "Hemolysis-in-gel test in immunity surveys and diagnosis of rubella.", "content": "The hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) technique was adapted for rubella antibody determinations. Use of sucrose gradient purified virus and its coupling with CrCl3 to chicken erythrocytes resulted in gel plates that could be stored for several weeks and were suitable for reproducible antibody determinations. In a serological survey of young healthy adults the HIG values (range less than 2--13 mm) were in close correlation to those obtained by the HI test (less than 10 5o 320). The Hig test seems well suited for screening the need of vaccination. Seronegative sera (HIG less than 2,HI less than 10) gave without heat inactivation hemolysis zones ranging from 4 to 6.5 mm. Although the present rubella HIG test did not measure IgM antibodies, the test, by virtue of its accuracy and sensitivity--extending to antibody levels corresponding to HI titers 2--10--provides a simpler and more rapid means for diagnosis of rubella infections than the conventional HI and CF tests.", "contents": "Hemolysis-in-gel test in immunity surveys and diagnosis of rubella. The hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) technique was adapted for rubella antibody determinations. Use of sucrose gradient purified virus and its coupling with CrCl3 to chicken erythrocytes resulted in gel plates that could be stored for several weeks and were suitable for reproducible antibody determinations. In a serological survey of young healthy adults the HIG values (range less than 2--13 mm) were in close correlation to those obtained by the HI test (less than 10 5o 320). The Hig test seems well suited for screening the need of vaccination. Seronegative sera (HIG less than 2,HI less than 10) gave without heat inactivation hemolysis zones ranging from 4 to 6.5 mm. Although the present rubella HIG test did not measure IgM antibodies, the test, by virtue of its accuracy and sensitivity--extending to antibody levels corresponding to HI titers 2--10--provides a simpler and more rapid means for diagnosis of rubella infections than the conventional HI and CF tests.", "PMID": 383903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6372", "title": "Hepatitis B core antibody in volunteer blood donors: comparison of radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "The results of a pilot study on the prevalence of anti-HBc in HBsAg negative volunteer blood donors are presented. Two techniques for anti-HBc determination were compared--radioimmunoassay (RIA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). In a panel of 56 sera with known HBV markers, RIA was found to be significantly more sensitive than IF, and both techniques were specific. Out of 2,000 HBsAg negative blood donor sera tested by RIA, 46 (2.3%) were found positive for anti-HBc. In 24/24 sera, the specificity of the anti-HBc was confirmed. Also 37/46 (80.4%) anti-HBc positives were found positive for anti-HBs, leaving 9/2,000 (0.4%) blood donors positive only for anti-HBc. It is concluded that it would be premature to advocate the introduction of anti-HBc as a routine screening test of blood donors.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core antibody in volunteer blood donors: comparison of radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. The results of a pilot study on the prevalence of anti-HBc in HBsAg negative volunteer blood donors are presented. Two techniques for anti-HBc determination were compared--radioimmunoassay (RIA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). In a panel of 56 sera with known HBV markers, RIA was found to be significantly more sensitive than IF, and both techniques were specific. Out of 2,000 HBsAg negative blood donor sera tested by RIA, 46 (2.3%) were found positive for anti-HBc. In 24/24 sera, the specificity of the anti-HBc was confirmed. Also 37/46 (80.4%) anti-HBc positives were found positive for anti-HBs, leaving 9/2,000 (0.4%) blood donors positive only for anti-HBc. It is concluded that it would be premature to advocate the introduction of anti-HBc as a routine screening test of blood donors.", "PMID": 383904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6373", "title": "Effect of acute stress on the absorption and distribution of zinc and on Zn-metallothionein production in the liver of the chick.", "content": "A study has been made of the effects of chloroform inhalation, Escherichia coli endotoxin injection and hydrocortisone injection on the absorption of a single intragastric dose of 65Zn by the chick. Injection of hydrocortisone increased the absorption of the 65Zn by 30-55% in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks. The influence of chloroform and endotoxin was less consistent; the former treatment only increased 65Zn absorption and endotoxin was less consistent; the former treatment only increased 65Zn absorption in Zn-supplemented chicks fed ad libitum whereas endotoxin only increased that in Zn-supplemented chicks on a restricted food intake. Injection of endotoxin increased the hepatic uptake of the absorbed 65Zn in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks, whereas hydrocortisone had a similar effect in the Zn-supplemented birds only. Chloroform inhalation increased hepatic 65Zn uptake in Zn-deficient chicks only. The increase in hepatic Zn concentrations in the stressed chicks was mainly associated with a protein in the cytosol identified as metallothionein. Both endotoxin and hydrocortisone decreased total plasma Zn concentrations in Zn-supplemented and Zn-deficient chicks; chloroform decreased plasma 65Zn content only.", "contents": "Effect of acute stress on the absorption and distribution of zinc and on Zn-metallothionein production in the liver of the chick. A study has been made of the effects of chloroform inhalation, Escherichia coli endotoxin injection and hydrocortisone injection on the absorption of a single intragastric dose of 65Zn by the chick. Injection of hydrocortisone increased the absorption of the 65Zn by 30-55% in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks. The influence of chloroform and endotoxin was less consistent; the former treatment only increased 65Zn absorption and endotoxin was less consistent; the former treatment only increased 65Zn absorption in Zn-supplemented chicks fed ad libitum whereas endotoxin only increased that in Zn-supplemented chicks on a restricted food intake. Injection of endotoxin increased the hepatic uptake of the absorbed 65Zn in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks, whereas hydrocortisone had a similar effect in the Zn-supplemented birds only. Chloroform inhalation increased hepatic 65Zn uptake in Zn-deficient chicks only. The increase in hepatic Zn concentrations in the stressed chicks was mainly associated with a protein in the cytosol identified as metallothionein. Both endotoxin and hydrocortisone decreased total plasma Zn concentrations in Zn-supplemented and Zn-deficient chicks; chloroform decreased plasma 65Zn content only.", "PMID": 383905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6374", "title": "Neurosurgery at the crossroads: leadership role of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The 1979 AANS presidential address.", "content": "The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) reviews the formative history of the major neurosurgical societies, together with their agreement to consolidate their efforts in the joint AANS. As a united group, the Association has been effective in carrying out relations with other professional organizations and with government. Long-range planning is being pursued steadily to increase the role of organized neurosurgery in maintenance of, and improvement in, patient care, education, and research.", "contents": "Neurosurgery at the crossroads: leadership role of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The 1979 AANS presidential address. The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) reviews the formative history of the major neurosurgical societies, together with their agreement to consolidate their efforts in the joint AANS. As a united group, the Association has been effective in carrying out relations with other professional organizations and with government. Long-range planning is being pursued steadily to increase the role of organized neurosurgery in maintenance of, and improvement in, patient care, education, and research.", "PMID": 383910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6375", "title": "Anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion. An experimental study using a synthetic tricalcium phosphate.", "content": "This study evaluates the histological and histochemical changes and osteogenicity of Synthos (tricalcium phosphate ceramic) implanted in the cervical intervertebral space. The cervical vertebrae from C-3 to C-6 were exposed in 20 dogs, and discectomy was performed at the third and fifth spaces. A dowel of Synthos was inserted into the third space, and a piece of fresh autologous graft from the humerus was inserted into the fifth space. The animals were divided into five groups with four animals in each. Four animals were sacrificed at each of 3, 6, 12, 18, and 22 weeks after the procedure. The C-3 to C-6 vertebrae were removed en bloc. One-half of each specimen was processed for histological examination of bone development, while the other half was processed for the two-color fluorescent labeling technique of Suzuki and Matthews for determination of osteogenesis at the time of operation and sacrifice. Various degrees of compression of the Synthos dowel were noted, with anterior and/or posterior displacement of the implant in 70% of the cases. Results indicate that the Synthos implant was biochemically and biomechanically unacceptable for the purposes of this investigation.", "contents": "Anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion. An experimental study using a synthetic tricalcium phosphate. This study evaluates the histological and histochemical changes and osteogenicity of Synthos (tricalcium phosphate ceramic) implanted in the cervical intervertebral space. The cervical vertebrae from C-3 to C-6 were exposed in 20 dogs, and discectomy was performed at the third and fifth spaces. A dowel of Synthos was inserted into the third space, and a piece of fresh autologous graft from the humerus was inserted into the fifth space. The animals were divided into five groups with four animals in each. Four animals were sacrificed at each of 3, 6, 12, 18, and 22 weeks after the procedure. The C-3 to C-6 vertebrae were removed en bloc. One-half of each specimen was processed for histological examination of bone development, while the other half was processed for the two-color fluorescent labeling technique of Suzuki and Matthews for determination of osteogenesis at the time of operation and sacrifice. Various degrees of compression of the Synthos dowel were noted, with anterior and/or posterior displacement of the implant in 70% of the cases. Results indicate that the Synthos implant was biochemically and biomechanically unacceptable for the purposes of this investigation.", "PMID": 383911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6376", "title": "Iliac crest fracture after removal of two bone plugs for anterior cervical fusion. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which the iliac crest fractured following removal of two bone plugs. The plugs had been removed for use in a double cervical vertebral body fusion operation by the method of Cloward.", "contents": "Iliac crest fracture after removal of two bone plugs for anterior cervical fusion. Case report. A case is reported in which the iliac crest fractured following removal of two bone plugs. The plugs had been removed for use in a double cervical vertebral body fusion operation by the method of Cloward.", "PMID": 383912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6377", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of starch granules of double- and triple-mutants containing amylose-extender, waxy, sugary-1, sugary-2 and dull genes of maize inbred OH43 (Zea mays L.) to amylase.", "content": "Starch granules were prepared from 14 double- and 26 triple-mutants containing amylose-extender (ae), 14 double- and 18 triple-mutants containing waxy (wx), 15 double- and 20 triple-mutants containing sugary-1 (su1), 13 double- and 23 triple-mutants containing sugary-2 (su2), and 14 double- and 19 triple-mutants containing dull (du) of maize inbred Oh43 (Zea mays L.). The relative susceptibilities of these starch granules to fungal glucoamylase were determined and the starch granules were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A commercial normal maize starch was used as a control. Starch granules of the double- and triple-mutants containing su1 and su2 were digested two to eight times faster than normal. The ae gene reduced susceptibility and seems to be epistatic to su1 and su2. Starch granules of the double- and triple-mutants containing wx were digested about two times faster than normal and those containing shrunken-2 (sh2) were digested 1.2 to eight times faster than normal. Starch granules of triple-mutant combinations with opaque-2 (o2) showed digestion properties which were comparable to those of their respective monopaque double-mutant counterpart.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of starch granules of double- and triple-mutants containing amylose-extender, waxy, sugary-1, sugary-2 and dull genes of maize inbred OH43 (Zea mays L.) to amylase. Starch granules were prepared from 14 double- and 26 triple-mutants containing amylose-extender (ae), 14 double- and 18 triple-mutants containing waxy (wx), 15 double- and 20 triple-mutants containing sugary-1 (su1), 13 double- and 23 triple-mutants containing sugary-2 (su2), and 14 double- and 19 triple-mutants containing dull (du) of maize inbred Oh43 (Zea mays L.). The relative susceptibilities of these starch granules to fungal glucoamylase were determined and the starch granules were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A commercial normal maize starch was used as a control. Starch granules of the double- and triple-mutants containing su1 and su2 were digested two to eight times faster than normal. The ae gene reduced susceptibility and seems to be epistatic to su1 and su2. Starch granules of the double- and triple-mutants containing wx were digested about two times faster than normal and those containing shrunken-2 (sh2) were digested 1.2 to eight times faster than normal. Starch granules of triple-mutant combinations with opaque-2 (o2) showed digestion properties which were comparable to those of their respective monopaque double-mutant counterpart.", "PMID": 383915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6378", "title": "Cellular survival of human marrow during placement of marrow-cancellous bone grafts.", "content": "The survival of human marrow cells during the placement of marrow-cancellous bone grafts was studied by three independent viability assays. Marrow cells are resistant cells able to survive the surgical harvest from the ilium. Salt solutions such as normal saline solution and 5% dextrose in water (D5W) were superior to tissue culture medium, the serum of the patients, and several other solutions in supporting the survival of the graft cells. High survival rates of marrow cells stored in normal saline solution and D5W for four hours or less established that 95% to 100% live cells can be transplanted even with long delays between harvest and placement of the graft.", "contents": "Cellular survival of human marrow during placement of marrow-cancellous bone grafts. The survival of human marrow cells during the placement of marrow-cancellous bone grafts was studied by three independent viability assays. Marrow cells are resistant cells able to survive the surgical harvest from the ilium. Salt solutions such as normal saline solution and 5% dextrose in water (D5W) were superior to tissue culture medium, the serum of the patients, and several other solutions in supporting the survival of the graft cells. High survival rates of marrow cells stored in normal saline solution and D5W for four hours or less established that 95% to 100% live cells can be transplanted even with long delays between harvest and placement of the graft.", "PMID": 383921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6379", "title": "Timing, results, and complications of mandibular reconstructive surgery: report of 32 cases.", "content": "Sufficient information concerning the difficulties encountered in reconstructive surgery is rarely provided in the literature. This study, which was performed on 32 patients, points out a high rate of complication; major and minor complications were encountered in 68.8% of the patients. Benign and traumatic lesions caused the fewest problems. Malignant lesions, particularly those receiving radiotherapy, had the greatest incidence of complications. Successful reconstruction was accomplished in 75% of the cases. The use of a corticocancellous autogenous graft is suggested in selected cases of malignant disease.", "contents": "Timing, results, and complications of mandibular reconstructive surgery: report of 32 cases. Sufficient information concerning the difficulties encountered in reconstructive surgery is rarely provided in the literature. This study, which was performed on 32 patients, points out a high rate of complication; major and minor complications were encountered in 68.8% of the patients. Benign and traumatic lesions caused the fewest problems. Malignant lesions, particularly those receiving radiotherapy, had the greatest incidence of complications. Successful reconstruction was accomplished in 75% of the cases. The use of a corticocancellous autogenous graft is suggested in selected cases of malignant disease.", "PMID": 383922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6380", "title": "Suppressed responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in girls with unsustained isosexual precocity.", "content": "Eleven girls, ages 10/12 to 76/12 years, were evaluated because of early and rapid breast development. Initial clinical presentations and serum gonadotropin or estradiol determinations did not differentiate patient types. However, patients could be divided into two groups based on their responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Group A consisted of seven girls with suppressed or prepubertail-type responses, and Group B consisted of four girls with pubertal or adult-type responses. Subsequent evaluation revealed that Group A patients had intermittent or unsustained isosexual precocity, whereas Group B patients had isiopathic prococious puberty. During initial evaluation, increased serum or urinary estrogen values were noted in ten of ten patients who were studied. The greatest serum E2 values (162 and 117 pg/ml) were noted in two Group A patients; three months and two years later, those patients had normal prepubertal responses to GnRH and serum E2 values of less than 4 and 14 pg/ml, respectively. Unsustained sexual precocoity in girls may be secondary to autonomous ovarian production of estrogens, and the GnRH test may be useful in evaluation of girls with isosexual precocity.", "contents": "Suppressed responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in girls with unsustained isosexual precocity. Eleven girls, ages 10/12 to 76/12 years, were evaluated because of early and rapid breast development. Initial clinical presentations and serum gonadotropin or estradiol determinations did not differentiate patient types. However, patients could be divided into two groups based on their responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Group A consisted of seven girls with suppressed or prepubertail-type responses, and Group B consisted of four girls with pubertal or adult-type responses. Subsequent evaluation revealed that Group A patients had intermittent or unsustained isosexual precocity, whereas Group B patients had isiopathic prococious puberty. During initial evaluation, increased serum or urinary estrogen values were noted in ten of ten patients who were studied. The greatest serum E2 values (162 and 117 pg/ml) were noted in two Group A patients; three months and two years later, those patients had normal prepubertal responses to GnRH and serum E2 values of less than 4 and 14 pg/ml, respectively. Unsustained sexual precocoity in girls may be secondary to autonomous ovarian production of estrogens, and the GnRH test may be useful in evaluation of girls with isosexual precocity.", "PMID": 383928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6381", "title": "Familial nesidioblastosis: severe neonatal hypoglycemia in two families.", "content": "Severe neonatal hypoglycemia with pathologic findings of diffuse nesidoblastosis of the pancreas is described in five children of both sexes from two families with unaffected parents. This appears to represent an autosomal recessive disorder of pancreatic development. Despite extensive testing, the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism was difficult in the index case of each family and delayed definitive treatment. Medical therapy with steroids and diazoxide was unsuccessful; pancreatectomy was required to treat persistent hypoglycemia. An abnormality of circulating glucagon found in one child with this disorder suggested that hyperinsulinism may not be the sole hormonal imbalance present, but rather that this disease is one of generalized disturbance of islet cell function. The history of severe, persistent neonatal hypoglycemia in an older sibling should lead the physician to investigate subsequent children for the presence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Familial nesidioblastosis: severe neonatal hypoglycemia in two families. Severe neonatal hypoglycemia with pathologic findings of diffuse nesidoblastosis of the pancreas is described in five children of both sexes from two families with unaffected parents. This appears to represent an autosomal recessive disorder of pancreatic development. Despite extensive testing, the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism was difficult in the index case of each family and delayed definitive treatment. Medical therapy with steroids and diazoxide was unsuccessful; pancreatectomy was required to treat persistent hypoglycemia. An abnormality of circulating glucagon found in one child with this disorder suggested that hyperinsulinism may not be the sole hormonal imbalance present, but rather that this disease is one of generalized disturbance of islet cell function. The history of severe, persistent neonatal hypoglycemia in an older sibling should lead the physician to investigate subsequent children for the presence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 383929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6382", "title": "Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages in culture.", "content": "Synchronous development of the erythrocytic stages of a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in culture was accomplished by suspending cultured parasites in 5% D-sorbitol and subsequent reintroduction into culture. Immediately after sorbitol treatment, cultures consisted mainly of single and multiple ring-form infections. At the same time, varying degrees of lysis of erythrocytes infected with the more mature stages of the parasite was evident. Approximately 95% of the parasites were in the ring stage of development at 48 and 96 hr after sorbitol treatment-likewise, a high percentage of trophozoite and schizont stages was observed at 24, 72, and 120 hr. D-Mannitol produced similar, selective, lytic effects.", "contents": "Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages in culture. Synchronous development of the erythrocytic stages of a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in culture was accomplished by suspending cultured parasites in 5% D-sorbitol and subsequent reintroduction into culture. Immediately after sorbitol treatment, cultures consisted mainly of single and multiple ring-form infections. At the same time, varying degrees of lysis of erythrocytes infected with the more mature stages of the parasite was evident. Approximately 95% of the parasites were in the ring stage of development at 48 and 96 hr after sorbitol treatment-likewise, a high percentage of trophozoite and schizont stages was observed at 24, 72, and 120 hr. D-Mannitol produced similar, selective, lytic effects.", "PMID": 383936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6383", "title": "Steroids and bag and mask ventilation in the treatment of acute epiglottitis.", "content": "A non-instrumentation treatment protocol for acute epiglottitis that features the use of dexamethasone to reduce edema and positive pressure ventilation by bag and mark to support ventilation, if needed, has been used in 40 cases, 1974--1977, with no mortality. The presence of the airway specialist (pediatric surgeon) in the Intensive Care Unit with the patient further assured the airway. The importance of having a protocol in place that is workable for the specific local circumstances of each institution is emphasized.", "contents": "Steroids and bag and mask ventilation in the treatment of acute epiglottitis. A non-instrumentation treatment protocol for acute epiglottitis that features the use of dexamethasone to reduce edema and positive pressure ventilation by bag and mark to support ventilation, if needed, has been used in 40 cases, 1974--1977, with no mortality. The presence of the airway specialist (pediatric surgeon) in the Intensive Care Unit with the patient further assured the airway. The importance of having a protocol in place that is workable for the specific local circumstances of each institution is emphasized.", "PMID": 383937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6384", "title": "The government and the inguinal hernia.", "content": "Our review of the incidence of inguinal hernias in children based on socioeconomic differences and their risk of incarceration with its subsequent complications, was prompted by a governmental decision to disallow elective herniorrhaphy in children over 1 yr of age. The review showed the following: The risk of incarceration, the failure of preoperative reduction and the potential gonadal injury is more than three times as high in the poor child, usually covered by Medicaid. Since operative and postoperative complications increase proportional to the incidence of incarcertain, the denial of an elective herniorrhaphy endangers the life of a child. Since the increased hospitalization after incarceration also increases the financial expenditure, this rule is not only medically but also economically unsound. This review suggests that unilateral governmental health care decisions, especially those aimed at cost containment, should be carefully scrutinized to determine what price not only the society, but the patient has to pay for the \"cost containment\". We feel that the price of the denial of a herniorrhaphy is too high.", "contents": "The government and the inguinal hernia. Our review of the incidence of inguinal hernias in children based on socioeconomic differences and their risk of incarceration with its subsequent complications, was prompted by a governmental decision to disallow elective herniorrhaphy in children over 1 yr of age. The review showed the following: The risk of incarceration, the failure of preoperative reduction and the potential gonadal injury is more than three times as high in the poor child, usually covered by Medicaid. Since operative and postoperative complications increase proportional to the incidence of incarcertain, the denial of an elective herniorrhaphy endangers the life of a child. Since the increased hospitalization after incarceration also increases the financial expenditure, this rule is not only medically but also economically unsound. This review suggests that unilateral governmental health care decisions, especially those aimed at cost containment, should be carefully scrutinized to determine what price not only the society, but the patient has to pay for the \"cost containment\". We feel that the price of the denial of a herniorrhaphy is too high.", "PMID": 383938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6385", "title": "Periosteal activation and root demineralization associated with the horizontal sliding flap.", "content": "A sliding flap technique for covering denuded root associated with periosteal activation and root demineralization \"in situ\" was described. The possible biological mechanisms involved were discussed. Two clinical cases were presented illustrating the successful results that can be achieved.", "contents": "Periosteal activation and root demineralization associated with the horizontal sliding flap. A sliding flap technique for covering denuded root associated with periosteal activation and root demineralization \"in situ\" was described. The possible biological mechanisms involved were discussed. Two clinical cases were presented illustrating the successful results that can be achieved.", "PMID": 383941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6386", "title": "Comparison of healing following periodontal surgery with and without dressings in humans.", "content": "Seven patients with chronic moderate to severe generalized periodontitis requiring periodontal flap surgery were selected for study. Internally beveled full thickness, apically positioned flaps with osseous recontouring were performed in 20 quadrants. Half the quadrants received a noneugenol dressing, and the other half were left undressed. Fluid Index, Gingival Index, inflammatory index, pocket depth and patient comfort were studied up to 16 weeks postoperatively. Results showed no difference in these parameters between quadrants where periodontal dressings were or were not used following surgery. The patients reported more pain and discomfort and the pain and discomfort was more severe postoperatively when the dressing was used. The results of this study suggest that a surgical dressing serves no useful purpose when periodontal flap surgery is performed.", "contents": "Comparison of healing following periodontal surgery with and without dressings in humans. Seven patients with chronic moderate to severe generalized periodontitis requiring periodontal flap surgery were selected for study. Internally beveled full thickness, apically positioned flaps with osseous recontouring were performed in 20 quadrants. Half the quadrants received a noneugenol dressing, and the other half were left undressed. Fluid Index, Gingival Index, inflammatory index, pocket depth and patient comfort were studied up to 16 weeks postoperatively. Results showed no difference in these parameters between quadrants where periodontal dressings were or were not used following surgery. The patients reported more pain and discomfort and the pain and discomfort was more severe postoperatively when the dressing was used. The results of this study suggest that a surgical dressing serves no useful purpose when periodontal flap surgery is performed.", "PMID": 383942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6387", "title": "The histopathogenesis of acute ulcerative gingivitis.", "content": "The present study was a preliminary histological and immunofluorescent investigation of the edge of the ulcer in acute ulcerative gingivitis. The results of this study show that the lesion is dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, with plasma cells present in the deeper parts. The epithelium on the edge shows widening of the intercellular spaces with destruction of the epithelial cells, accompanied by a heavy infiltrate of PMNs. Both IgG and C3 could be demonstrated between these epithelial cells, although the present study could not establish whether this represented immune complex deposition. The histopathogenesis of AUG therefore seems to involve a PMN infiltration of the epithelium, with subsequent destruction of the epithelium, probably due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes. The presence of the PMNs within the epithelium may involve direct bacterial chemotaxis and/or the activation of complement via the classical or alternative pathways.", "contents": "The histopathogenesis of acute ulcerative gingivitis. The present study was a preliminary histological and immunofluorescent investigation of the edge of the ulcer in acute ulcerative gingivitis. The results of this study show that the lesion is dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, with plasma cells present in the deeper parts. The epithelium on the edge shows widening of the intercellular spaces with destruction of the epithelial cells, accompanied by a heavy infiltrate of PMNs. Both IgG and C3 could be demonstrated between these epithelial cells, although the present study could not establish whether this represented immune complex deposition. The histopathogenesis of AUG therefore seems to involve a PMN infiltration of the epithelium, with subsequent destruction of the epithelium, probably due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes. The presence of the PMNs within the epithelium may involve direct bacterial chemotaxis and/or the activation of complement via the classical or alternative pathways.", "PMID": 383943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6388", "title": "The evaluation of the periotron.", "content": "These preliminary investigations seem to indicate that the periotron may be useful in assessment of the presence of gingival inflammation in the clinical periodontal pockets. Successive recordings of the same volume varied from 5 to 11%. Data from the periotron showed a high correlation with increased known volumes of fluid and with assessment of gingival inflammation using the GI. Assessment with the periotron varied with the dissipation constant of fluids. Since the dissipation constant of gingival fluid varied among individuals, this constant must be evaluated when the instrument is used in clinical and research efforts.", "contents": "The evaluation of the periotron. These preliminary investigations seem to indicate that the periotron may be useful in assessment of the presence of gingival inflammation in the clinical periodontal pockets. Successive recordings of the same volume varied from 5 to 11%. Data from the periotron showed a high correlation with increased known volumes of fluid and with assessment of gingival inflammation using the GI. Assessment with the periotron varied with the dissipation constant of fluids. Since the dissipation constant of gingival fluid varied among individuals, this constant must be evaluated when the instrument is used in clinical and research efforts.", "PMID": 383944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6389", "title": "MMPI results of male candidates for transsexual surgery.", "content": "The MMPI was administered to a group of 27 male transsexual candidates for sex change surgery, and their test results were compared with those of 24 male kidney transplant surgical candidates and 26 males suspected of having a psychophysiological disorder. The data revealed a notable absence of psychopathology among the transsexuals as well as the kidney patients, while the psychophysiological patients showed the expected elevations in the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales. The results were in keeping with previous research of male-to-female sex change candidates that reject the notion that transsexuals invariably suffer major emotional disturbance.", "contents": "MMPI results of male candidates for transsexual surgery. The MMPI was administered to a group of 27 male transsexual candidates for sex change surgery, and their test results were compared with those of 24 male kidney transplant surgical candidates and 26 males suspected of having a psychophysiological disorder. The data revealed a notable absence of psychopathology among the transsexuals as well as the kidney patients, while the psychophysiological patients showed the expected elevations in the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales. The results were in keeping with previous research of male-to-female sex change candidates that reject the notion that transsexuals invariably suffer major emotional disturbance.", "PMID": 383946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6390", "title": "Structural biochemistry XIII: Synthesis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone modification [Trp8]-LH-RH.", "content": "A fragment condensation method was utilized for synthesis of the Trp8-substituted luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). tert-Butoxycarbonyl protection was employed for the alpha-amino positions, and benzyl protection was used for the phenol group of Tyr and the imidazole nitrogen of His. Peptide bond-forming reactions were performed using N-hydroxysuccinimide (for Trp), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride, or mixed carbonic anhydride methods. Biological evaluation of [Trp8]-LH-RH indicated no luteinizing hormone-releasing activity or inhibition of luteinizing hormone release over the dose ranges studied.", "contents": "Structural biochemistry XIII: Synthesis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone modification [Trp8]-LH-RH. A fragment condensation method was utilized for synthesis of the Trp8-substituted luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). tert-Butoxycarbonyl protection was employed for the alpha-amino positions, and benzyl protection was used for the phenol group of Tyr and the imidazole nitrogen of His. Peptide bond-forming reactions were performed using N-hydroxysuccinimide (for Trp), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride, or mixed carbonic anhydride methods. Biological evaluation of [Trp8]-LH-RH indicated no luteinizing hormone-releasing activity or inhibition of luteinizing hormone release over the dose ranges studied.", "PMID": 383947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6391", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins and stimulated gastric secretion in the cat: the effect of various secretory inhibitors.", "content": "1. The effects of cimetidine, somatostatin and atropine upon the outputs of acid, pepsin, prostaglandins (PG) E and F in gastric juice secreted in response to i.v. infusions of pentagastrin and histamine (H) have been studied in the conscious gastric fistula cat. 2. At constant rate infusions secretion of PGE occurs and follows a similar pattern to that of gastric acid. However the ratio of H:PGE varies considerably and to an extent inexplicable in terms of assay variation. 3. Inhibition of acid output is matched by inhibition of the output of PGE, but changes in concentration of PGE suggest this is a volume related phenomenon. 4. It is concluded that gastric juice PGE is most unlikely to have a regulatory effect upon acid secretion.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins and stimulated gastric secretion in the cat: the effect of various secretory inhibitors. 1. The effects of cimetidine, somatostatin and atropine upon the outputs of acid, pepsin, prostaglandins (PG) E and F in gastric juice secreted in response to i.v. infusions of pentagastrin and histamine (H) have been studied in the conscious gastric fistula cat. 2. At constant rate infusions secretion of PGE occurs and follows a similar pattern to that of gastric acid. However the ratio of H:PGE varies considerably and to an extent inexplicable in terms of assay variation. 3. Inhibition of acid output is matched by inhibition of the output of PGE, but changes in concentration of PGE suggest this is a volume related phenomenon. 4. It is concluded that gastric juice PGE is most unlikely to have a regulatory effect upon acid secretion.", "PMID": 383948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6392", "title": "Diuresis from left atrial receptors: effect of plasma on the secretion of the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus.", "content": "1. Stimulation of left atrial receptors by distension of a balloon in the lumen of the left atrium of anaesthetized dogs was shown to result in an increase in urine flow. Plasma samples obtained from these dogs during control periods and during periods of stimulation were applied to the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. 2. It was found that the tubules suspended in test plasma secreted at a significantly lower rate than those suspended in control plasma. 3. These differences were also evident in extracts of plasma prepared using the solvent n-butanol. 4. Cutting or cooling the cervical vagi abolished these differences along with the increase in urine flow. It is argued that this preparation of the Malpighian tubule of Rhodnius prolixus could be used as a means of detecting the diuretic agent responsible for the increase in urine flow.", "contents": "Diuresis from left atrial receptors: effect of plasma on the secretion of the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. 1. Stimulation of left atrial receptors by distension of a balloon in the lumen of the left atrium of anaesthetized dogs was shown to result in an increase in urine flow. Plasma samples obtained from these dogs during control periods and during periods of stimulation were applied to the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. 2. It was found that the tubules suspended in test plasma secreted at a significantly lower rate than those suspended in control plasma. 3. These differences were also evident in extracts of plasma prepared using the solvent n-butanol. 4. Cutting or cooling the cervical vagi abolished these differences along with the increase in urine flow. It is argued that this preparation of the Malpighian tubule of Rhodnius prolixus could be used as a means of detecting the diuretic agent responsible for the increase in urine flow.", "PMID": 383951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6393", "title": "Tissue response to posterior denture base-type pontics.", "content": "Several factors have been presented that must be evaluated when selecting an appropriate posterior pontic design. Because of the controversy that exists with regard to using posterior denture base pontics, a long-span fixed partial denture was followed for 14 months. Results indicate that tissue health can be maintained, while tissue proliferation is inevitable. There is no one posterior pontic design that can be used to satisfy all requirements. Optimal pontic design can be accomplished only if each situation is evaluated on an individual basis and an appropriate design selected. Further controlled longitudinal clinical research of pontic design is mandatory for expansion of the ability to predict optimal prognosis.", "contents": "Tissue response to posterior denture base-type pontics. Several factors have been presented that must be evaluated when selecting an appropriate posterior pontic design. Because of the controversy that exists with regard to using posterior denture base pontics, a long-span fixed partial denture was followed for 14 months. Results indicate that tissue health can be maintained, while tissue proliferation is inevitable. There is no one posterior pontic design that can be used to satisfy all requirements. Optimal pontic design can be accomplished only if each situation is evaluated on an individual basis and an appropriate design selected. Further controlled longitudinal clinical research of pontic design is mandatory for expansion of the ability to predict optimal prognosis.", "PMID": 383958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6394", "title": "Casting a gold alloy to embedded precision attachment metals.", "content": "The technique for casting a gold alloy to embedded attachment metals has been described. The joints of gold alloy cast to commercially available attachment metals were examined with a metallurgic and a scanning electron microscope. The investigation indicated that an uninterrupted gapless joint is possible, and that some diffusion occular along the interfaces with some attachment metals. In view of these findings, it is concluded that this technique can be recommended as a dental laboratory procedure.", "contents": "Casting a gold alloy to embedded precision attachment metals. The technique for casting a gold alloy to embedded attachment metals has been described. The joints of gold alloy cast to commercially available attachment metals were examined with a metallurgic and a scanning electron microscope. The investigation indicated that an uninterrupted gapless joint is possible, and that some diffusion occular along the interfaces with some attachment metals. In view of these findings, it is concluded that this technique can be recommended as a dental laboratory procedure.", "PMID": 383959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6395", "title": "Stress analysis of disjunct removable partial dentures.", "content": "The (1) tooth-supported, (2) ridge-supported, and (3) tooth- and ridge-supported variations of the disjunct removable partial denture were studied. When testing loads were applied to three sites, bilaterally and unilaterally, it was found that the stresses were highest when the removable partial framework was tooth-support. No significant difference was recorded between the ridge-supported partial denture and the tooth- and ridge-supported partial framework. Further refinement of the pinsleeve mechanism may be necessary to effect better control over the distributions of the stresses.", "contents": "Stress analysis of disjunct removable partial dentures. The (1) tooth-supported, (2) ridge-supported, and (3) tooth- and ridge-supported variations of the disjunct removable partial denture were studied. When testing loads were applied to three sites, bilaterally and unilaterally, it was found that the stresses were highest when the removable partial framework was tooth-support. No significant difference was recorded between the ridge-supported partial denture and the tooth- and ridge-supported partial framework. Further refinement of the pinsleeve mechanism may be necessary to effect better control over the distributions of the stresses.", "PMID": 383960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6396", "title": "Pitting corrosion for retaining acrylic resin facings.", "content": "1. Pitting corrosion provides undercuts suitable for retaining a resin facing. 2. Using a cathode with a proper shape, pits were uniformly distributed on the surface of a metal casting. The size of pits varies, depending on the time of pitting treatment. 3. The retentive pits were excellent in both retentive strength and marginal sealing when compared with spherical powder and beads.", "contents": "Pitting corrosion for retaining acrylic resin facings. 1. Pitting corrosion provides undercuts suitable for retaining a resin facing. 2. Using a cathode with a proper shape, pits were uniformly distributed on the surface of a metal casting. The size of pits varies, depending on the time of pitting treatment. 3. The retentive pits were excellent in both retentive strength and marginal sealing when compared with spherical powder and beads.", "PMID": 383961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6397", "title": "Effectiveness of porcelain repair systems.", "content": "The study indicates that the repair system using a bonding agent with acrylic resin is significantly stronger than the repair system using a specific composite resin. On the basis of this study, the acrylic resin repair system has the best potential for clinical success in porcelain-to-porcelain repairs.", "contents": "Effectiveness of porcelain repair systems. The study indicates that the repair system using a bonding agent with acrylic resin is significantly stronger than the repair system using a specific composite resin. On the basis of this study, the acrylic resin repair system has the best potential for clinical success in porcelain-to-porcelain repairs.", "PMID": 383962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6398", "title": "Evaluation of resin die materials.", "content": "Some mechanical properties, physical characteristics, and manipulative features of three resin-based die materials were assessed. Advantages afforded by the strength and hardness of the test materials were overshadowed by relatively long setting times, incompatability with certain impression materials, and polymerization shrinkage. All dies aged beyond 24 hours were found to be unsuitable for use in precision fixed phosthodontic procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of resin die materials. Some mechanical properties, physical characteristics, and manipulative features of three resin-based die materials were assessed. Advantages afforded by the strength and hardness of the test materials were overshadowed by relatively long setting times, incompatability with certain impression materials, and polymerization shrinkage. All dies aged beyond 24 hours were found to be unsuitable for use in precision fixed phosthodontic procedures.", "PMID": 383963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6399", "title": "Carbon-coated subperiosteal dental implants for fixed and movable prostheses.", "content": "Subperiosteal dental implants are not intended to replace conventional dentistry but provide an alternative method of treatment for the patient who cannot otherwise tolerate a dental prosthesis. Success can be achieved in the maxillae and in the mandible without the risk of serious complications. There are good prospects for a long-term favorable prognosis when appropriate surgical and prosthodontic criteria are observed.", "contents": "Carbon-coated subperiosteal dental implants for fixed and movable prostheses. Subperiosteal dental implants are not intended to replace conventional dentistry but provide an alternative method of treatment for the patient who cannot otherwise tolerate a dental prosthesis. Success can be achieved in the maxillae and in the mandible without the risk of serious complications. There are good prospects for a long-term favorable prognosis when appropriate surgical and prosthodontic criteria are observed.", "PMID": 383964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6400", "title": "Nonfunctional and functional occlusal contacts: a review of the literature.", "content": "A review of the literature on occlusal contacts emphasizes the following points. 1. Contacts in centric occlusion do not correspond to any ideal occlusal diagram. 2. Canine protection and group function appear to correspond to two successive states of the evolving dentition under the effect of abrasion. In most lateral occlusions, two maxillary teeth, of which one is the canine, are involved. 3. During mastication, tooth contacts exist. They occur most often during a sliding movement in which the direction and the origin are variable. This justifies the concept of an occlusal field of mastication. 4. During unilateral mastication, the chewing of the food is performed by working as well as nonworking contact. This imposes the distinction between the chewing and nonchewing sides (functional) and the working and nonworking sides (kinematic). 5. Centric occlusion is the occlusion most often used during mastication. It is also the occlusion for which the masticatory forces are the greatest. 6. The bibliographic data concerning occlusal contracts during swallowing are largely contradictory. It nevertheless seems that the occlusal contacts obey laws nearly the same as those governing the occlusal contact during mastication (sliding on an occlusal field of deglutition, and the importance of centric occlusion).", "contents": "Nonfunctional and functional occlusal contacts: a review of the literature. A review of the literature on occlusal contacts emphasizes the following points. 1. Contacts in centric occlusion do not correspond to any ideal occlusal diagram. 2. Canine protection and group function appear to correspond to two successive states of the evolving dentition under the effect of abrasion. In most lateral occlusions, two maxillary teeth, of which one is the canine, are involved. 3. During mastication, tooth contacts exist. They occur most often during a sliding movement in which the direction and the origin are variable. This justifies the concept of an occlusal field of mastication. 4. During unilateral mastication, the chewing of the food is performed by working as well as nonworking contact. This imposes the distinction between the chewing and nonchewing sides (functional) and the working and nonworking sides (kinematic). 5. Centric occlusion is the occlusion most often used during mastication. It is also the occlusion for which the masticatory forces are the greatest. 6. The bibliographic data concerning occlusal contracts during swallowing are largely contradictory. It nevertheless seems that the occlusal contacts obey laws nearly the same as those governing the occlusal contact during mastication (sliding on an occlusal field of deglutition, and the importance of centric occlusion).", "PMID": 383965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6401", "title": "The cosmetic overdenture.", "content": "A technique has been described to show how a deviated midline, missing lateral incisor, and diastema were corrected with a cosmetic overdenture for a patient who is a professionl model. Irreversible procedures were unnecessary on an otherwise acceptable and functional dentition.", "contents": "The cosmetic overdenture. A technique has been described to show how a deviated midline, missing lateral incisor, and diastema were corrected with a cosmetic overdenture for a patient who is a professionl model. Irreversible procedures were unnecessary on an otherwise acceptable and functional dentition.", "PMID": 383966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6402", "title": "Border molding in mandibular denture impressions.", "content": "A modification of the border molding technique for lower dentures has been presented to increase the accuracy of this procedure.", "contents": "Border molding in mandibular denture impressions. A modification of the border molding technique for lower dentures has been presented to increase the accuracy of this procedure.", "PMID": 383967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6403", "title": "Simplified method for removing intraradicular posts.", "content": "A technique for post removal prior to endodontic or restorative retreatment procedures has been presented. This simplified procedure is not only highly efficient, but also reduces or eliminates risks encountered in other treatment modalities.", "contents": "Simplified method for removing intraradicular posts. A technique for post removal prior to endodontic or restorative retreatment procedures has been presented. This simplified procedure is not only highly efficient, but also reduces or eliminates risks encountered in other treatment modalities.", "PMID": 383968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6404", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum in culture: improved continuous flow method.", "content": "A new design of flow vessel provides a method for continuous culture of P. falciparum in a settled layer of human erythrocytes with a slow flow of culture medium over them. The parasitemia is kept fluctuating from approximately 1%, just after addition of fresh erythrocytes, to approximately 10%, 2 or 3 days later. Each vessel provides each week 3 harvests, each containing approximately 0.6--1 X 10(9) parasites.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum in culture: improved continuous flow method. A new design of flow vessel provides a method for continuous culture of P. falciparum in a settled layer of human erythrocytes with a slow flow of culture medium over them. The parasitemia is kept fluctuating from approximately 1%, just after addition of fresh erythrocytes, to approximately 10%, 2 or 3 days later. Each vessel provides each week 3 harvests, each containing approximately 0.6--1 X 10(9) parasites.", "PMID": 383969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6405", "title": "Observations on gametogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum from continuous culture.", "content": "Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum were produced in continuous cultures but eventually declined in numbers after 3--4 months in vitro. Their development progressed in a consistent pattern, from small rounded, through triangular, to ellipsoidal, and finally after 8 days to crescentic forms. Morphologic maturity occurred at 8--9 days, but the gametocytes would not exflagellate in vitro, even after 14--18 days of development. Thus, current culture methods cannot produce a continuous supply of functional gametes for further studies.", "contents": "Observations on gametogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum from continuous culture. Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum were produced in continuous cultures but eventually declined in numbers after 3--4 months in vitro. Their development progressed in a consistent pattern, from small rounded, through triangular, to ellipsoidal, and finally after 8 days to crescentic forms. Morphologic maturity occurred at 8--9 days, but the gametocytes would not exflagellate in vitro, even after 14--18 days of development. Thus, current culture methods cannot produce a continuous supply of functional gametes for further studies.", "PMID": 383970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6406", "title": "Oestrus, time of ovulation, ovulation rate and conception rate in progestagen-treated ewes given Gn-RH, Gn-TH analogues and gonadotrophins.", "content": "The influence of Gn-RH, hCG and a PMSG-hCG mixture (PG600) on the time of ovulation, ovulation rate and on the occurrence of oestrus in ewes treated with progestagen-impregnated sponges for 12 days examined. The effects of Gn-RH analogues on plasma LH, oestrus, ovulation and conception rate were also investigated. Six separate experiments were carried out. When 50 micrograms Gn-RH were given 24 h after sponge removal ovulation occurred in 44--46% of ewes within 24 h and in all ewes by 34 h. Gn-RH was a more potent ovulation synchronizer than hCG. Both hCG and PG600 reduced the incidence of overt oestrus. Gn-RH also had this effect in ewes treated during February and May but not in August and September. Gn-RH analogues given 2 days before sponge removal significantly increased ovulation rate. The display of oestrus was not affected in ewes treated 2 days before sponge removal but was suppressed in 43-69% of ewes treated with an analogue at the time of sponge removal. Ovulation occurred in 50-62% of ewes within 30-35 h of injection of Gn-RH analogues, regardless of the time of their administration. The release of LH in response to one analogue was not influenced by the presence of the progestagen-impregnated sponge in the vagina. When given a Gn-RH analogue 2 days before sponge removal or at the time of sponge removal 63 and 62% of mated ewes became pregnant compared with 70% of control ewes.", "contents": "Oestrus, time of ovulation, ovulation rate and conception rate in progestagen-treated ewes given Gn-RH, Gn-TH analogues and gonadotrophins. The influence of Gn-RH, hCG and a PMSG-hCG mixture (PG600) on the time of ovulation, ovulation rate and on the occurrence of oestrus in ewes treated with progestagen-impregnated sponges for 12 days examined. The effects of Gn-RH analogues on plasma LH, oestrus, ovulation and conception rate were also investigated. Six separate experiments were carried out. When 50 micrograms Gn-RH were given 24 h after sponge removal ovulation occurred in 44--46% of ewes within 24 h and in all ewes by 34 h. Gn-RH was a more potent ovulation synchronizer than hCG. Both hCG and PG600 reduced the incidence of overt oestrus. Gn-RH also had this effect in ewes treated during February and May but not in August and September. Gn-RH analogues given 2 days before sponge removal significantly increased ovulation rate. The display of oestrus was not affected in ewes treated 2 days before sponge removal but was suppressed in 43-69% of ewes treated with an analogue at the time of sponge removal. Ovulation occurred in 50-62% of ewes within 30-35 h of injection of Gn-RH analogues, regardless of the time of their administration. The release of LH in response to one analogue was not influenced by the presence of the progestagen-impregnated sponge in the vagina. When given a Gn-RH analogue 2 days before sponge removal or at the time of sponge removal 63 and 62% of mated ewes became pregnant compared with 70% of control ewes.", "PMID": 383975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6407", "title": "Oestrous and ovarian activity in a female jaguar (Panthera onca).", "content": "The mean +/- s.e.m. duration of oestrus was 12.0 +/- 1.0 days (n = 7) and the oestrous cycle length was 47.2 +/- 5.4 days (n = 6) for a captive jaguar. Ovulation did not occur spontaneously, but was induced by treatment with hCG or LH-RH.", "contents": "Oestrous and ovarian activity in a female jaguar (Panthera onca). The mean +/- s.e.m. duration of oestrus was 12.0 +/- 1.0 days (n = 7) and the oestrous cycle length was 47.2 +/- 5.4 days (n = 6) for a captive jaguar. Ovulation did not occur spontaneously, but was induced by treatment with hCG or LH-RH.", "PMID": 383976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6408", "title": "Differential release of LH and FSH in cyclic mares in response to synthetic Gn-RH.", "content": "Mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle were given a single intravenous injection of 0.5 mg synthetic Gn-RH. The mean area of the induced LH peak was significantly less at mid-cycle (Day 10-11) than at any other time. The mean height of the LH peak above preinjection concentration was greater at late oestrus and early cycle (Day 5-6) than at mid-cycle and early oestrus. There were no significant different in mean FSH responses. The LH:FSH ratio for both height and area of induced peaks was significantly less at mid-cycle than at other times of injection. These results suggest that one releasing hormone could cause the release of both FSH and LH in the normal cyclic mare.", "contents": "Differential release of LH and FSH in cyclic mares in response to synthetic Gn-RH. Mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle were given a single intravenous injection of 0.5 mg synthetic Gn-RH. The mean area of the induced LH peak was significantly less at mid-cycle (Day 10-11) than at any other time. The mean height of the LH peak above preinjection concentration was greater at late oestrus and early cycle (Day 5-6) than at mid-cycle and early oestrus. There were no significant different in mean FSH responses. The LH:FSH ratio for both height and area of induced peaks was significantly less at mid-cycle than at other times of injection. These results suggest that one releasing hormone could cause the release of both FSH and LH in the normal cyclic mare.", "PMID": 383977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6409", "title": "Effect of suppression of plasma prolactin on ovulation, plasma gonadotrophins and corpus luteum function in LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes.", "content": "Nineteen Scottish Blackface ewes were given LH-RH (3 X 30 micrograms i.v., 90-min intervals) during anoestrus when prolactin levels were elevated. Plasma levels of prolactin were suppressed with CB 154 (twice daily, i.m.) on Days -5 to 0 (N = 5), 0 to +5 (N = 5) or -5 to +5 (N = 5) around the day of LH-RH treatment (Day 0). Control animals (N = 4) received saline on Days -5 to +5. Nine animals ovulated forming corpora lutea as judged by laparoscopy on Day +7. No difference in FSH or LH levels was found between treatments and ovulations occurred equally in all treatment groups. Progesterone levels were less than ng/ml in all animals up to Day 14. It is concluded that short-term suppression of prolactin does not affect the incidence of ovulation or corpus luteum progesterone production in LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes.", "contents": "Effect of suppression of plasma prolactin on ovulation, plasma gonadotrophins and corpus luteum function in LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes. Nineteen Scottish Blackface ewes were given LH-RH (3 X 30 micrograms i.v., 90-min intervals) during anoestrus when prolactin levels were elevated. Plasma levels of prolactin were suppressed with CB 154 (twice daily, i.m.) on Days -5 to 0 (N = 5), 0 to +5 (N = 5) or -5 to +5 (N = 5) around the day of LH-RH treatment (Day 0). Control animals (N = 4) received saline on Days -5 to +5. Nine animals ovulated forming corpora lutea as judged by laparoscopy on Day +7. No difference in FSH or LH levels was found between treatments and ovulations occurred equally in all treatment groups. Progesterone levels were less than ng/ml in all animals up to Day 14. It is concluded that short-term suppression of prolactin does not affect the incidence of ovulation or corpus luteum progesterone production in LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes.", "PMID": 383978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6410", "title": "Further investigation of the antiovulatory effects of the antiprogestational steroid RMI 12,936 in the rat.", "content": "Inhibition of ovulation by RMI 12,936 was associated with suppression of the pro-oestrous peak of hypothalamic dopamine. The antiovulatory effect was not reversed by administration of oestrogen, was partly reversed by progesterone and was fully reversed by oestrogen and progesterone. Hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH, known to be reduced by RMI 12,936, remained low when ovulation was restored by steroid treatment. Administration of oestrogen did not restore the pro-oestrous peak of hypothalamic dopamine and ovulation was not induced following administration of L-DOPA in RMI 12,936-treated animals. It was concluded that RMI 12,936 is antioestrogenic as well as antiprogestational, that oestrogen is necessary for induction of full hypothalamic-hypophysial responsiveness to progesterone and that a hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway may have a non-essential role in the control of ovulation possibly associated with increasing hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH.", "contents": "Further investigation of the antiovulatory effects of the antiprogestational steroid RMI 12,936 in the rat. Inhibition of ovulation by RMI 12,936 was associated with suppression of the pro-oestrous peak of hypothalamic dopamine. The antiovulatory effect was not reversed by administration of oestrogen, was partly reversed by progesterone and was fully reversed by oestrogen and progesterone. Hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH, known to be reduced by RMI 12,936, remained low when ovulation was restored by steroid treatment. Administration of oestrogen did not restore the pro-oestrous peak of hypothalamic dopamine and ovulation was not induced following administration of L-DOPA in RMI 12,936-treated animals. It was concluded that RMI 12,936 is antioestrogenic as well as antiprogestational, that oestrogen is necessary for induction of full hypothalamic-hypophysial responsiveness to progesterone and that a hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway may have a non-essential role in the control of ovulation possibly associated with increasing hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH.", "PMID": 383979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6411", "title": "Induction of follicular development and ovulation in seasonally acyclic mares using gonadotrophin-releasing hormones and progesterone.", "content": "Deeply acyclic (seasonally anovulatory) mares were treated with GnRH or a GnRH analogue to induce follicular development and ovulation. Courses of GnRH (3--4) were administered at approximately 10-day intervals to reproduce the gonadotrophin surges which precede ovulation in the normal cycle. Exogenous progesterone was administered in an attempt to reproduce the luteal phase pattern. Induced serum FSH concentrations were comparable to those causing follicular development in the normal cycle, but induced LH levels were lower and of shorter duration than those of the periovulatory surge. Three of 4 mares treated with GnRH appeared to ovulate, but did not establish CL. Nine of 10 mares given GnRH analogue also developed follicles during the final treatment course, as did mares treated with progesterone only, while only 1 of 5 untreated control mares showed any ovarian development. Failure to induce final follicular maturation and CL development by this treatment regimen may be due to an inadequate LH surge at the time of the expected ovulation associated with the low preovulatory oestradiol-17 beta surge, possibly caused by the preceding FSH stimulation being inadequate or inappropriate. Progesterone treatment increased baseline FSH concentrations in GnRH-treated mares, and also stimulated follicular development in mares not treated with GnRH, indicating a possible role for progesterone in folliculogenesis and, indirectly, ovulation.", "contents": "Induction of follicular development and ovulation in seasonally acyclic mares using gonadotrophin-releasing hormones and progesterone. Deeply acyclic (seasonally anovulatory) mares were treated with GnRH or a GnRH analogue to induce follicular development and ovulation. Courses of GnRH (3--4) were administered at approximately 10-day intervals to reproduce the gonadotrophin surges which precede ovulation in the normal cycle. Exogenous progesterone was administered in an attempt to reproduce the luteal phase pattern. Induced serum FSH concentrations were comparable to those causing follicular development in the normal cycle, but induced LH levels were lower and of shorter duration than those of the periovulatory surge. Three of 4 mares treated with GnRH appeared to ovulate, but did not establish CL. Nine of 10 mares given GnRH analogue also developed follicles during the final treatment course, as did mares treated with progesterone only, while only 1 of 5 untreated control mares showed any ovarian development. Failure to induce final follicular maturation and CL development by this treatment regimen may be due to an inadequate LH surge at the time of the expected ovulation associated with the low preovulatory oestradiol-17 beta surge, possibly caused by the preceding FSH stimulation being inadequate or inappropriate. Progesterone treatment increased baseline FSH concentrations in GnRH-treated mares, and also stimulated follicular development in mares not treated with GnRH, indicating a possible role for progesterone in folliculogenesis and, indirectly, ovulation.", "PMID": 383982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6412", "title": "Localization of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized pony mares by season.", "content": "Fifteen Pony mares, ovariectomized during the previous summer, were randomly assigned to three seasonal treatment groups, winter, spring and summer (N = 5). At the designated season, the animals were killed and hypothalamic areas were collected and assayed by radioimmunoassay for gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activity. The hypothalamic areas were sectioned into 54 5-mm cubes to determine the sites of GnRH storage. Maximum immunoreactive GnRH activity was located in an oblique pattern extending from the arcuate nucleus-median eminence area to the anterior hypothalamic area dorsally and anteriorly. While total hypothalamic GnRH concentrations were not significantly different among seasons (P greater than 0.05), there was a trend towards increasing concentrations in the summer season. Distribution of GnRH activity was significantly different among seasons (P less than 0.05), the change in distribution occurring in the ventral to dorsal plane, as well as anteriorly to posteriorly.", "contents": "Localization of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized pony mares by season. Fifteen Pony mares, ovariectomized during the previous summer, were randomly assigned to three seasonal treatment groups, winter, spring and summer (N = 5). At the designated season, the animals were killed and hypothalamic areas were collected and assayed by radioimmunoassay for gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activity. The hypothalamic areas were sectioned into 54 5-mm cubes to determine the sites of GnRH storage. Maximum immunoreactive GnRH activity was located in an oblique pattern extending from the arcuate nucleus-median eminence area to the anterior hypothalamic area dorsally and anteriorly. While total hypothalamic GnRH concentrations were not significantly different among seasons (P greater than 0.05), there was a trend towards increasing concentrations in the summer season. Distribution of GnRH activity was significantly different among seasons (P less than 0.05), the change in distribution occurring in the ventral to dorsal plane, as well as anteriorly to posteriorly.", "PMID": 383983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6413", "title": "Interaction of oestradiol and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on LH release in the mare.", "content": "Acyclic mare given oestradiol for 3 days to simulate the preovulatory plasma oestradiol surge showed a non-significant 37% decrease in plasma LH during treatment. When GnRH analogue injections were given with oestradiol on Days 1--3, oestradiol had no effect on each GnRH-induced LH increase, but LH increases were more prolonged following subsequent GnRH injections on Days 4--7 when oestradiol was no longer being given. A much greater prolongation of LH release occurred when the course of GnRH injections was commenced after oestradiol treatment ceased; the LH response was almost identical to the prolonged periovulatory LH surge of the normal cycle. Therefore, it appears that the timing of the oestradiol surge, in relation to other hormonal events, is critical in inducing the uniquely prolonged periovulatory LH surge of the mare.", "contents": "Interaction of oestradiol and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on LH release in the mare. Acyclic mare given oestradiol for 3 days to simulate the preovulatory plasma oestradiol surge showed a non-significant 37% decrease in plasma LH during treatment. When GnRH analogue injections were given with oestradiol on Days 1--3, oestradiol had no effect on each GnRH-induced LH increase, but LH increases were more prolonged following subsequent GnRH injections on Days 4--7 when oestradiol was no longer being given. A much greater prolongation of LH release occurred when the course of GnRH injections was commenced after oestradiol treatment ceased; the LH response was almost identical to the prolonged periovulatory LH surge of the normal cycle. Therefore, it appears that the timing of the oestradiol surge, in relation to other hormonal events, is critical in inducing the uniquely prolonged periovulatory LH surge of the mare.", "PMID": 383984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6414", "title": "Effects of synchronization and frequency in insemination on fertility.", "content": "Fifty-four normally cycling, non-lactating mares were given 2 injections (i.m.) of PGF-2 alpha (10 mg) 14 days apart without regard to stage of the oestrous cycle. At 19 days after the first PGF-2 alpha treatment, a single i.m. injection of either hCG (3300 i.u.) or a GnRH-analogue (500 micrograms) was administered. Each mare was inseminated with 100 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa at one of the following frequencies: once only on Day 20; every other day during oestrus or at least on Days 19 and 21; or daily during oestrus or at least on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22. Eighteen control mares received saline injections on Days 0 and 14, and were inseminated either on the 4th day of oestrus or every other day or daily beginning on the 2nd day of oestrus. More (P greater than 0.05) PGF-2 alpha treated mares displayed their 1st day of oestrus on Days 14 to 20 than control mares (80.6 versus 27.8%). During cycle 1, fewer (P greater than 0.05) treated mares became pregnant compared to controls; 38.9, 25.0 and 66.7% for PGF-2 alpha + hCG, PGF-2 alpha + GnRH-A and control mares, respectively. After three cycles, the pregnancy rates for mares inseminated every other day or daily were higher (P less than 0.05) than mares inseminated only once during oestrus (88.9 and 88.2 versus 64.7%).", "contents": "Effects of synchronization and frequency in insemination on fertility. Fifty-four normally cycling, non-lactating mares were given 2 injections (i.m.) of PGF-2 alpha (10 mg) 14 days apart without regard to stage of the oestrous cycle. At 19 days after the first PGF-2 alpha treatment, a single i.m. injection of either hCG (3300 i.u.) or a GnRH-analogue (500 micrograms) was administered. Each mare was inseminated with 100 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa at one of the following frequencies: once only on Day 20; every other day during oestrus or at least on Days 19 and 21; or daily during oestrus or at least on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22. Eighteen control mares received saline injections on Days 0 and 14, and were inseminated either on the 4th day of oestrus or every other day or daily beginning on the 2nd day of oestrus. More (P greater than 0.05) PGF-2 alpha treated mares displayed their 1st day of oestrus on Days 14 to 20 than control mares (80.6 versus 27.8%). During cycle 1, fewer (P greater than 0.05) treated mares became pregnant compared to controls; 38.9, 25.0 and 66.7% for PGF-2 alpha + hCG, PGF-2 alpha + GnRH-A and control mares, respectively. After three cycles, the pregnancy rates for mares inseminated every other day or daily were higher (P less than 0.05) than mares inseminated only once during oestrus (88.9 and 88.2 versus 64.7%).", "PMID": 383985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6415", "title": "The bacteriological culture of equine uterine contents, in-vitro sensitivity of organisms isolated and interpretation.", "content": "A total of 19 pathogenic bacterial species was isolated from uterine swabs of 498 out of 1539 mares over 4 years. The swabs were taken by 5 veterinary clinicians using 2 different techniques. Bacterial contamination during swabbing was minimized by scrupulous attention to cleansing of the external genitalia and the perineal area, and in the handling of the culture specimen. The most prevalent organisms isolated were beta-haemolytic streptococcus (39%), Escherichia coli (27%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%). Interpretation of microbiological findings correlated well with clinical findings when number of organisms isolated and endometrial cytology were considered. The use of a bacterial transport medium combined with sophisticated culture methods reflects a more accurate picture of the uterine microflora than can be obtained by previous techniques. Streptococci isolated were uniformly sensitive to penicillins. The sensitivity of E. coli and K. pneumoniae towards chloramphenicol, gentamicin and polymyxin was nearly 100%. The selection of an appropriate antibacterial agent depends upon sensitivity, pharmacological action, genital tract status and cost. This study shows that a Gram stain of uterine cytology can be used to diagnose quickly and select an appropriate antibiotic for treatment prior to culture results if sufficient numbers of organisms are present.", "contents": "The bacteriological culture of equine uterine contents, in-vitro sensitivity of organisms isolated and interpretation. A total of 19 pathogenic bacterial species was isolated from uterine swabs of 498 out of 1539 mares over 4 years. The swabs were taken by 5 veterinary clinicians using 2 different techniques. Bacterial contamination during swabbing was minimized by scrupulous attention to cleansing of the external genitalia and the perineal area, and in the handling of the culture specimen. The most prevalent organisms isolated were beta-haemolytic streptococcus (39%), Escherichia coli (27%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%). Interpretation of microbiological findings correlated well with clinical findings when number of organisms isolated and endometrial cytology were considered. The use of a bacterial transport medium combined with sophisticated culture methods reflects a more accurate picture of the uterine microflora than can be obtained by previous techniques. Streptococci isolated were uniformly sensitive to penicillins. The sensitivity of E. coli and K. pneumoniae towards chloramphenicol, gentamicin and polymyxin was nearly 100%. The selection of an appropriate antibacterial agent depends upon sensitivity, pharmacological action, genital tract status and cost. This study shows that a Gram stain of uterine cytology can be used to diagnose quickly and select an appropriate antibiotic for treatment prior to culture results if sufficient numbers of organisms are present.", "PMID": 383986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6416", "title": "Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from the urogenital tract of experimentally infected mares.", "content": "K. pneumoniae capsule type 68 infused into the uterus of 4 mares was recovered up to 15 weeks after inoculation. The insertion of a tampon for 10 min was more effective than a swab technique in detecting the organism in the uterus. The clitoral fossa and the urethral orifice when sampled by the swab technique were also found to be infected for a comparable period. K. pneumoniae was isolated from the clitoral specimens more often and more consistently than from either urethral or uterine specimens.", "contents": "Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from the urogenital tract of experimentally infected mares. K. pneumoniae capsule type 68 infused into the uterus of 4 mares was recovered up to 15 weeks after inoculation. The insertion of a tampon for 10 min was more effective than a swab technique in detecting the organism in the uterus. The clitoral fossa and the urethral orifice when sampled by the swab technique were also found to be infected for a comparable period. K. pneumoniae was isolated from the clitoral specimens more often and more consistently than from either urethral or uterine specimens.", "PMID": 383987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6417", "title": "Contagious equine metritis--outbreak of the disease in Kentucky and laboratory methods for diagnosing the disease.", "content": "Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was initially reported during the 1977 breeding season in England (Crowhurst, 1977) and Ireland (Timoney, Ward & Kelly, 1977. The disease has also been diagnosed in France and Australia (Huges, Bryden & MacDonald, 1978). The first occurrence of CEM in the United States followed the importation or 2 stallions from France late in 1977 which resulted in an outbreak early in the 1978 breeding season (Swerczek, 1978). Mares usually develop clinical signs of CEM 8--10 days after being covered by an infected stallion, when a copious, greyish discharge is seen. Other mares may not show any outward signs of disease, but may have a shortened dioestrous period. Many mares recover spontaneously from the disease, but a small proportion become carriers of the CEM organism. The stallion does not show any clinical signs of disease, but remains a carrier. In this paper we recommend various laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of CEM in mares and stallions.", "contents": "Contagious equine metritis--outbreak of the disease in Kentucky and laboratory methods for diagnosing the disease. Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was initially reported during the 1977 breeding season in England (Crowhurst, 1977) and Ireland (Timoney, Ward & Kelly, 1977. The disease has also been diagnosed in France and Australia (Huges, Bryden & MacDonald, 1978). The first occurrence of CEM in the United States followed the importation or 2 stallions from France late in 1977 which resulted in an outbreak early in the 1978 breeding season (Swerczek, 1978). Mares usually develop clinical signs of CEM 8--10 days after being covered by an infected stallion, when a copious, greyish discharge is seen. Other mares may not show any outward signs of disease, but may have a shortened dioestrous period. Many mares recover spontaneously from the disease, but a small proportion become carriers of the CEM organism. The stallion does not show any clinical signs of disease, but remains a carrier. In this paper we recommend various laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of CEM in mares and stallions.", "PMID": 383988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6418", "title": "Endometrial histology and post-partum mares treated with progesterone and synthetic GnRH (AY-24,031).", "content": "Foal heat was significantly delayed in 15 Thoroughbred and Quarter-horse mares by 200 mg progesterone in oil from Days 5--14 post partum. Nine of these mares subsequently received daily i.v. injections of 2 mg of a synthetic GnRH preparation (AY-24,031) from Day 2 of the progesterone-delayed oestrus but this treatment did not significantly shorten oestrus or hasten ovulation. Uterine biopsies taken on Day 15 post partum from all the mares showed a mixed endometrial morphology having both oestrous and dioestrous characteristics. There was an increased proliferation of endometrial glands in these animals at the time of ovulation compared to control mares having a normal foal heat.", "contents": "Endometrial histology and post-partum mares treated with progesterone and synthetic GnRH (AY-24,031). Foal heat was significantly delayed in 15 Thoroughbred and Quarter-horse mares by 200 mg progesterone in oil from Days 5--14 post partum. Nine of these mares subsequently received daily i.v. injections of 2 mg of a synthetic GnRH preparation (AY-24,031) from Day 2 of the progesterone-delayed oestrus but this treatment did not significantly shorten oestrus or hasten ovulation. Uterine biopsies taken on Day 15 post partum from all the mares showed a mixed endometrial morphology having both oestrous and dioestrous characteristics. There was an increased proliferation of endometrial glands in these animals at the time of ovulation compared to control mares having a normal foal heat.", "PMID": 383989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6419", "title": "An analysis of stallion fertility rates (foals born alive) from the breeding documents of the Landgest\u00fct Celle over a 158-year period.", "content": "An evaluation of the foaling rate achieved in the Hannoverian breed in Germany between 1815 and 1973 showed that during this period no improvement of the reproductive rate was achieved. The decennial foaling percentage remained within 50--60% except for those decades which included the two World Wars and their aftermaths. The annual foaling percentage remained maximal until the number of mares covered/stallion rose above 80 and it also remained high throughout the reproductive life of the stallion. Only in the oldest stallion (32 years) was there a significant lowering of fertility.", "contents": "An analysis of stallion fertility rates (foals born alive) from the breeding documents of the Landgest\u00fct Celle over a 158-year period. An evaluation of the foaling rate achieved in the Hannoverian breed in Germany between 1815 and 1973 showed that during this period no improvement of the reproductive rate was achieved. The decennial foaling percentage remained within 50--60% except for those decades which included the two World Wars and their aftermaths. The annual foaling percentage remained maximal until the number of mares covered/stallion rose above 80 and it also remained high throughout the reproductive life of the stallion. Only in the oldest stallion (32 years) was there a significant lowering of fertility.", "PMID": 383990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6420", "title": "Microphotometric techniques in intravital microcirculatory studies.", "content": "Intravital microscopic techniques were developed in order to measure plasma proteins: (1) circulating in the streaming blood of microcirculatory vessels of the exposed rat mesentery, (2) permeating the vessel wall, and (3) moving through the perivascular interstitial tissue. By means of the ultramicrospectrophotometry, the absorbance of proteins containing aromatic amino acids at 280 nm is measured. Absolute amounts of proteins in the range of picograms are measured in a circular measuring field with a diameter of 17 micrometers. Problems of calibration and of unspecific light scattering are discussed. The scanning microfluorometry makes use of the fluorescent labelling of the plasma proteins. Interstitial tissue with a capillary vessel containing labelled proteins is measured at high speed. A motor-driven object stage synchronized with a measuring system uses scanning lines to traverse the tissue. The data are then processed by a computer. In this way we get continuous quantitative information about the dynamics of protein permeability, starting from time zero. The measuring of the fluorescence intensity and the speed of the fluorometric system are further improved by a computerized 10 kHz scanning device.", "contents": "Microphotometric techniques in intravital microcirculatory studies. Intravital microscopic techniques were developed in order to measure plasma proteins: (1) circulating in the streaming blood of microcirculatory vessels of the exposed rat mesentery, (2) permeating the vessel wall, and (3) moving through the perivascular interstitial tissue. By means of the ultramicrospectrophotometry, the absorbance of proteins containing aromatic amino acids at 280 nm is measured. Absolute amounts of proteins in the range of picograms are measured in a circular measuring field with a diameter of 17 micrometers. Problems of calibration and of unspecific light scattering are discussed. The scanning microfluorometry makes use of the fluorescent labelling of the plasma proteins. Interstitial tissue with a capillary vessel containing labelled proteins is measured at high speed. A motor-driven object stage synchronized with a measuring system uses scanning lines to traverse the tissue. The data are then processed by a computer. In this way we get continuous quantitative information about the dynamics of protein permeability, starting from time zero. The measuring of the fluorescence intensity and the speed of the fluorometric system are further improved by a computerized 10 kHz scanning device.", "PMID": 383993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6421", "title": "Inhibition of 2-fluorenamine-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium by vitamin A.", "content": "Vitamin A alcohol (retinol) completely inhibited the mutagenicity of the carcinogen 2-fluorenamine (2-FA) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 when the mutagen was activated by liver microsomes from CFN rats. The mutagenicity of 2-FA activated by 9,000Xg rat liver supernatant S9 was inhibited by retinol to a lesser degree. The decline in the number of his+ revertants was not an artifact due to bacterial killing, inasmuch as retinol was not toxic to the bacteria at levels that totally inhibited mutagenesis by 2-FA. Mutagenesis induced by adriamycin, an antibiotic that does not require metabolic activation for mutagenic potential, was unaffected by vitamin A. These results indicate that retinoids inhibit the metabolic activation of some chemical carcinogens to forms that can interact with DNA. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retinoids may exert anticancer activity by inhibiting carcinogen activation, thereby inhibiting tumor induction. In addition to the more widely accepted role of retinoids in modulating the proliferation of epithelially derived neoplasms.", "contents": "Inhibition of 2-fluorenamine-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium by vitamin A. Vitamin A alcohol (retinol) completely inhibited the mutagenicity of the carcinogen 2-fluorenamine (2-FA) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 when the mutagen was activated by liver microsomes from CFN rats. The mutagenicity of 2-FA activated by 9,000Xg rat liver supernatant S9 was inhibited by retinol to a lesser degree. The decline in the number of his+ revertants was not an artifact due to bacterial killing, inasmuch as retinol was not toxic to the bacteria at levels that totally inhibited mutagenesis by 2-FA. Mutagenesis induced by adriamycin, an antibiotic that does not require metabolic activation for mutagenic potential, was unaffected by vitamin A. These results indicate that retinoids inhibit the metabolic activation of some chemical carcinogens to forms that can interact with DNA. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retinoids may exert anticancer activity by inhibiting carcinogen activation, thereby inhibiting tumor induction. In addition to the more widely accepted role of retinoids in modulating the proliferation of epithelially derived neoplasms.", "PMID": 384006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6422", "title": "Concentration-dependent mutation by alkylating agents in human lymphoblasts and Salmonella typhimurium: N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane and beta-propiolactone.", "content": "The toxic and mutagenic effects of the alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNUT) and beta-propiolactone (BPL) were quantitatively measured in human lymphoblasts and Salmonella typhimurium. Forward mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance was measured in the human lymphoblasts, and forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance was measured in the bacterial cells after equigenerational (1.5 doubling times) exposures. In both systems, the induced mutant fraction rose linearly as a function of concentration for BPL and was biphasic for MNUT. The responses of the two assay systems to eight alkylating agents were compared. The exposure of the cells to each alkylating agent was calculated as exposure concentration multiplied by the time of exposure, and allowance was made for the decomposition of the alkylating agents during exposure (integral exposure). Human cells were 2.5--13 times more sensitive than was S. typhimurium to the alkylating agents methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, propyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, and MNUT. S. typhimurium cells were three times more sensitive to butyl methanesulfonate and 25 times more sensitive to BPL than were human cells.", "contents": "Concentration-dependent mutation by alkylating agents in human lymphoblasts and Salmonella typhimurium: N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane and beta-propiolactone. The toxic and mutagenic effects of the alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNUT) and beta-propiolactone (BPL) were quantitatively measured in human lymphoblasts and Salmonella typhimurium. Forward mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance was measured in the human lymphoblasts, and forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance was measured in the bacterial cells after equigenerational (1.5 doubling times) exposures. In both systems, the induced mutant fraction rose linearly as a function of concentration for BPL and was biphasic for MNUT. The responses of the two assay systems to eight alkylating agents were compared. The exposure of the cells to each alkylating agent was calculated as exposure concentration multiplied by the time of exposure, and allowance was made for the decomposition of the alkylating agents during exposure (integral exposure). Human cells were 2.5--13 times more sensitive than was S. typhimurium to the alkylating agents methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, propyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, and MNUT. S. typhimurium cells were three times more sensitive to butyl methanesulfonate and 25 times more sensitive to BPL than were human cells.", "PMID": 384009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6423", "title": "Biochemical markers of central nervous system tumors measured in cerebrospinal fluid and their potential use in diagnosis and patient management: a review.", "content": "The concept of tumor markers was reviewed, and the potential uses of markers of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and methods for their evaluation were discussed. Markers examined included lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, the polyamines, desmosterol, and several other enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and immunologic markers. Data collated from the clinical studies surveyed showed isocitrate dehydrogenase, desmosterol, and the polyamines to have the greatest potential utility in the diagnosis of CNS tumors.", "contents": "Biochemical markers of central nervous system tumors measured in cerebrospinal fluid and their potential use in diagnosis and patient management: a review. The concept of tumor markers was reviewed, and the potential uses of markers of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and methods for their evaluation were discussed. Markers examined included lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, the polyamines, desmosterol, and several other enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and immunologic markers. Data collated from the clinical studies surveyed showed isocitrate dehydrogenase, desmosterol, and the polyamines to have the greatest potential utility in the diagnosis of CNS tumors.", "PMID": 384010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6424", "title": "Assay for mutagenicity of bile in Sprague-Dawley rats treated subcutaneously with intestinal carcinogens.", "content": "To investigate the mode of action of sc injected intestinal carcinogens, the mutagenicity assay of bile collected from noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats treated sc with carcinogens was conducted in the presence and absence of beta-glucuronidase. The bile samples from rats inoculated with 4-aminobiphenyl were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 only in the presence of beta-glucuronidase, whereas those from the 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-treated rats did not require the enzyme for mutagenicity toward strain TA100. On the contrary, the assays with S. typhimurium G46 and TA100 of bile from rats inoculated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, or methylazoxymethanol acetate failed to reveal mutagenicity whether beta-glucuronidase was added or not, though these carcinogens were highly mutagenic for strain G46 in the Salmonella-microsome mutagenicity test and/or in the host-mediated assay.", "contents": "Assay for mutagenicity of bile in Sprague-Dawley rats treated subcutaneously with intestinal carcinogens. To investigate the mode of action of sc injected intestinal carcinogens, the mutagenicity assay of bile collected from noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats treated sc with carcinogens was conducted in the presence and absence of beta-glucuronidase. The bile samples from rats inoculated with 4-aminobiphenyl were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 only in the presence of beta-glucuronidase, whereas those from the 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-treated rats did not require the enzyme for mutagenicity toward strain TA100. On the contrary, the assays with S. typhimurium G46 and TA100 of bile from rats inoculated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, or methylazoxymethanol acetate failed to reveal mutagenicity whether beta-glucuronidase was added or not, though these carcinogens were highly mutagenic for strain G46 in the Salmonella-microsome mutagenicity test and/or in the host-mediated assay.", "PMID": 384011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6425", "title": "Correlation between natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor targets in the mouse. II. Characterization of the effector cells.", "content": "Direct comparison of the effector cells mediating natural killer (NK) activity against mouse tumor cells and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against mouse tumor target cells coated with alloantisera indicated that NK cells and K-cells (effector cells mediating ADCC) may belong to the same subpopulation of lymphocytes, but they have a different mechanism of killing. Effector cells mediating NK activity and ADCC were nonadherent, nonphagocytic Fc receptor-bearing cells that sediment at 3.5-4.5 mm/hour. Treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum in the absence of complement resulted in an increase of NK activity, whereas this treatment caused a substantial loss in ADCC. Both NK activity and ADCC were equally sensitive to the in vivo or in vitro effects of X-irridiation. In vivo inoculations of high doses of hydrocortisone resulted in a reduction of NK activity, but ADCC was not affected. NK cells were trypsin-sensitive, with a profound decrease in the cytolytic activity being observed in a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. The activity, however, could be recovered after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Trypsin treatment did not inhibit ADCC as measured by the 18-hour assay.", "contents": "Correlation between natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor targets in the mouse. II. Characterization of the effector cells. Direct comparison of the effector cells mediating natural killer (NK) activity against mouse tumor cells and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against mouse tumor target cells coated with alloantisera indicated that NK cells and K-cells (effector cells mediating ADCC) may belong to the same subpopulation of lymphocytes, but they have a different mechanism of killing. Effector cells mediating NK activity and ADCC were nonadherent, nonphagocytic Fc receptor-bearing cells that sediment at 3.5-4.5 mm/hour. Treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum in the absence of complement resulted in an increase of NK activity, whereas this treatment caused a substantial loss in ADCC. Both NK activity and ADCC were equally sensitive to the in vivo or in vitro effects of X-irridiation. In vivo inoculations of high doses of hydrocortisone resulted in a reduction of NK activity, but ADCC was not affected. NK cells were trypsin-sensitive, with a profound decrease in the cytolytic activity being observed in a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. The activity, however, could be recovered after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Trypsin treatment did not inhibit ADCC as measured by the 18-hour assay.", "PMID": 384012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6426", "title": "Control of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli: control of bacteriophage Q beta coat protein synthesis after energy source shift-down.", "content": "Escherichia coli Q13 was infected with bacteriophage Q beta and subjected to energy source shift-down (from glucose-minimal to succinate-minimal medium) 20 min after infection. Production of progeny phage was about fourfold slower in down-shifted cultures than in the cultures in glucose medium. Shift-down did not affect the rate of phage RNA replication, as measured by the rate of incorporation of [14C]uracil in the presence of rifampin, with appropriate correction for the reduced entry of exogenous uracil into the UTP pool. Phage coat protein synthesis was three- to sixfold slower in down-shifted cells than in exponentially growing cells, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polypeptide chain propagation rate in infected cells was unaffected by the down-shift. Thus, the reduced production of progeny phage in down-shifted cells appears to result from control of phage protein synthesis at the level of initiation of translation. The reduction in the rate of Q beta coat protein synthesis is comparable to the previously described reduction in the rate of synthesis of total E. coli protein and of beta-galactosidase, implying that the mechanism which inhibits translation in down-shifted cells is neither messenger specific nor specific for 5' proximal cistrons. The intracellular ATP pool size was nearly constant after shift-down; general energy depletion is thus not a predominant factor. The GTP pool, by contrast, declined by about 40%. Also, ppGpp did not accumulate in down-shifted, infected cells in the presence of rifampin, indicating that ppGpp is not the primary effector of this translational inhibition.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli: control of bacteriophage Q beta coat protein synthesis after energy source shift-down. Escherichia coli Q13 was infected with bacteriophage Q beta and subjected to energy source shift-down (from glucose-minimal to succinate-minimal medium) 20 min after infection. Production of progeny phage was about fourfold slower in down-shifted cultures than in the cultures in glucose medium. Shift-down did not affect the rate of phage RNA replication, as measured by the rate of incorporation of [14C]uracil in the presence of rifampin, with appropriate correction for the reduced entry of exogenous uracil into the UTP pool. Phage coat protein synthesis was three- to sixfold slower in down-shifted cells than in exponentially growing cells, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polypeptide chain propagation rate in infected cells was unaffected by the down-shift. Thus, the reduced production of progeny phage in down-shifted cells appears to result from control of phage protein synthesis at the level of initiation of translation. The reduction in the rate of Q beta coat protein synthesis is comparable to the previously described reduction in the rate of synthesis of total E. coli protein and of beta-galactosidase, implying that the mechanism which inhibits translation in down-shifted cells is neither messenger specific nor specific for 5' proximal cistrons. The intracellular ATP pool size was nearly constant after shift-down; general energy depletion is thus not a predominant factor. The GTP pool, by contrast, declined by about 40%. Also, ppGpp did not accumulate in down-shifted, infected cells in the presence of rifampin, indicating that ppGpp is not the primary effector of this translational inhibition.", "PMID": 384018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6427", "title": "Growth and DNA synthesis of bacteriophage phi x174 in a dnaP mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "phi X174am3trD, a temperature-resistant mutant of bacteriophage phi X174am3, exhibited a reduced ability to grow in a dnaP mutant, Escherichia coli KM107, at the restrictive temperature (43 degrees C). Under conditions at which the dnaP gene function was inactivated, the amount and the rate of phi X174am3trD DNA synthesis were reduced. The efficiency of phage attachment to E. coli KM107 at 43 degrees C was the same as to the parental strain, E. coli KD4301, but phage eclipse and phage DNA penetration were inhibited in E. coli KM107 at 43 degrees C. It is suggested that the dnaP gene product, which is necessary for the initiation of host DNA replication, participates in the conversion of attached phages to eclipsed particles and in phage DNA penetration in vivo in normal infection.", "contents": "Growth and DNA synthesis of bacteriophage phi x174 in a dnaP mutant of Escherichia coli. phi X174am3trD, a temperature-resistant mutant of bacteriophage phi X174am3, exhibited a reduced ability to grow in a dnaP mutant, Escherichia coli KM107, at the restrictive temperature (43 degrees C). Under conditions at which the dnaP gene function was inactivated, the amount and the rate of phi X174am3trD DNA synthesis were reduced. The efficiency of phage attachment to E. coli KM107 at 43 degrees C was the same as to the parental strain, E. coli KD4301, but phage eclipse and phage DNA penetration were inhibited in E. coli KM107 at 43 degrees C. It is suggested that the dnaP gene product, which is necessary for the initiation of host DNA replication, participates in the conversion of attached phages to eclipsed particles and in phage DNA penetration in vivo in normal infection.", "PMID": 384019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6428", "title": "Prophage substitution and prophage loss from superinfected Escherichia coli recA(P1) lysogens.", "content": "It is shown that the plasmid prophage P1 can be displaced by a superinfecting P1 phage in Escherichia coli recA(P1) lysogens. Six widely separated phage markers were used to distinguish between residual recombination and total substitution. It is further shown that superinfection of recA lysogens can lead to loss of both phage (curing). These two phenomena, previously reported in Rec+ strains, are thus independent of host recombination and may result from perturbations of some function involved in plasmid maintenance.", "contents": "Prophage substitution and prophage loss from superinfected Escherichia coli recA(P1) lysogens. It is shown that the plasmid prophage P1 can be displaced by a superinfecting P1 phage in Escherichia coli recA(P1) lysogens. Six widely separated phage markers were used to distinguish between residual recombination and total substitution. It is further shown that superinfection of recA lysogens can lead to loss of both phage (curing). These two phenomena, previously reported in Rec+ strains, are thus independent of host recombination and may result from perturbations of some function involved in plasmid maintenance.", "PMID": 384020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6429", "title": "Host cell DNA chain initiation protein requirements for replication of bacteriophage G4 replicative-form DNA.", "content": "Bacteriophages G4ev1 and G4bs1 are simple temperature-resistant derivatives of wild-type G4 as demonstrated by restriction endonuclease analyses. The rate of replication of the duplex replicative-form DNA of these phages was normal in dnaB and dnaC mutants of the host, whereas the rate was markedly reduced in a dnaG host mutant at the restrictive temperature. We conclude that G4 duplex DNA replication requires the host cell dnaG protein, but not the dnaB and dnaC proteins. The reasons for the differences between our conclusions and those based on previously published data are documented and discussed.", "contents": "Host cell DNA chain initiation protein requirements for replication of bacteriophage G4 replicative-form DNA. Bacteriophages G4ev1 and G4bs1 are simple temperature-resistant derivatives of wild-type G4 as demonstrated by restriction endonuclease analyses. The rate of replication of the duplex replicative-form DNA of these phages was normal in dnaB and dnaC mutants of the host, whereas the rate was markedly reduced in a dnaG host mutant at the restrictive temperature. We conclude that G4 duplex DNA replication requires the host cell dnaG protein, but not the dnaB and dnaC proteins. The reasons for the differences between our conclusions and those based on previously published data are documented and discussed.", "PMID": 384021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6430", "title": "Protein induced by bacteriophage T4 which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage mutants.", "content": "A protein induced by wild-type T4 phage which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage (with mutations in gene ndd) was identified by polacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein was synthesized at maximum rate at 3 to 6 min after infection. It had a molecular weight of 15,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was associated with sedimentable fractions of the cell from which it can be dissociated with 1 M guanidine-hydrochloride. The dissociated protein can be partly recovered in a form soluble in dilute buffer after partial purification and dialysis. The occurrence of this protein in a particulate cell fraction is of interest because of the postulated role of the bacterial cell membrane in nuclear disruption.", "contents": "Protein induced by bacteriophage T4 which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage mutants. A protein induced by wild-type T4 phage which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage (with mutations in gene ndd) was identified by polacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein was synthesized at maximum rate at 3 to 6 min after infection. It had a molecular weight of 15,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was associated with sedimentable fractions of the cell from which it can be dissociated with 1 M guanidine-hydrochloride. The dissociated protein can be partly recovered in a form soluble in dilute buffer after partial purification and dialysis. The occurrence of this protein in a particulate cell fraction is of interest because of the postulated role of the bacterial cell membrane in nuclear disruption.", "PMID": 384022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6431", "title": "Butorphanol and meperidine compared in patients with acute ureteral colic.", "content": "Pain relief was evaluated in 81 patients with acute ureteral colic and the confirmed presence of a calculus. A randomized double-blind comparison of intramuscular 2 and 4 mg. butorphanol and 80 mg. meperidine was used. Pain intensity and pain relief were evaluated at half hour and hourly intervals for 4 hours. A 2 mg. dose of butorphanol was found to be analgesically equivalent to 80 mg. meperidine, while a 4 mg. dose of butorphanol was found to be more effective than 80 mg. meperidine and 2 mg. butorphanol. Each patient received up to 2 doses of analgesic medication when necessary. There was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects among treatments. One patient had visual hallucinations after a 2 mg. dose of butorphanol, possibly owing to its antagonistic activity to significant narcotic experience given previously at another hospital. There was no other evidence of toxicity with butorphanol. It was found to be a safe, effective and wall tolerated drug for the treatment of ureteral colic and is recommended in place of narcotics.", "contents": "Butorphanol and meperidine compared in patients with acute ureteral colic. Pain relief was evaluated in 81 patients with acute ureteral colic and the confirmed presence of a calculus. A randomized double-blind comparison of intramuscular 2 and 4 mg. butorphanol and 80 mg. meperidine was used. Pain intensity and pain relief were evaluated at half hour and hourly intervals for 4 hours. A 2 mg. dose of butorphanol was found to be analgesically equivalent to 80 mg. meperidine, while a 4 mg. dose of butorphanol was found to be more effective than 80 mg. meperidine and 2 mg. butorphanol. Each patient received up to 2 doses of analgesic medication when necessary. There was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects among treatments. One patient had visual hallucinations after a 2 mg. dose of butorphanol, possibly owing to its antagonistic activity to significant narcotic experience given previously at another hospital. There was no other evidence of toxicity with butorphanol. It was found to be a safe, effective and wall tolerated drug for the treatment of ureteral colic and is recommended in place of narcotics.", "PMID": 384024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6432", "title": "A double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in patients having transrectal needle biopsy of the prostate.", "content": "We studied 89 men undergoing transrectal prostatic biopsies to determine the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in preventing postoperative fever, bacteremia and bacteriuria. Of the patients who received placebo temperatures of 37.6C or more occurred in 18%, bacteremia in 70% and bacteriuria in 21%. Most cases of bacteremia were caused by anaerobic organisms and were asymptomatic. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole did not reduce the frequency of fever or bacteremia but did produce a significant reduction  in bacteriuria (0 versus 21%, p equals 0.008).", "contents": "A double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in patients having transrectal needle biopsy of the prostate. We studied 89 men undergoing transrectal prostatic biopsies to determine the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in preventing postoperative fever, bacteremia and bacteriuria. Of the patients who received placebo temperatures of 37.6C or more occurred in 18%, bacteremia in 70% and bacteriuria in 21%. Most cases of bacteremia were caused by anaerobic organisms and were asymptomatic. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole did not reduce the frequency of fever or bacteremia but did produce a significant reduction  in bacteriuria (0 versus 21%, p equals 0.008).", "PMID": 384025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6433", "title": "Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and common loons (Gavia immer) in Florida.", "content": "Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. were found in double-crested cormorants and common loons in Florida. Single or multiple resistance occurred in all Salmonella agona isolates from cormorants, primarily to ampicillin, sulfonamids, streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin. Similar patterns of resistance were found in S. agona isolates from common loons. In addition, isolates of S. Saint paul from loons were found resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin, while 2 of 7 isolates of S. infantis were resistant to tetracycline only.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and common loons (Gavia immer) in Florida. Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. were found in double-crested cormorants and common loons in Florida. Single or multiple resistance occurred in all Salmonella agona isolates from cormorants, primarily to ampicillin, sulfonamids, streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin. Similar patterns of resistance were found in S. agona isolates from common loons. In addition, isolates of S. Saint paul from loons were found resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin, while 2 of 7 isolates of S. infantis were resistant to tetracycline only.", "PMID": 384026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6434", "title": "A study of two species of fish inoculated with spruce budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus.", "content": "Preliminary studies conducted on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and white suckers (Castostomus commersoni) exposed to spruce budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus revealed minor histopathologic changes in various organs of each fish which were interpreted as not being significant. However, an evaluation (mean values) of the total changes in groups of fish suggested that a relationship may exist in the suckers exposed to either purified polyhedra or virions. A more extensive and definitive study must be done before any conclusions are warranted.", "contents": "A study of two species of fish inoculated with spruce budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Preliminary studies conducted on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and white suckers (Castostomus commersoni) exposed to spruce budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus revealed minor histopathologic changes in various organs of each fish which were interpreted as not being significant. However, an evaluation (mean values) of the total changes in groups of fish suggested that a relationship may exist in the suckers exposed to either purified polyhedra or virions. A more extensive and definitive study must be done before any conclusions are warranted.", "PMID": 384027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6435", "title": "Serratia marcescens bacteremia from contaminated pressure transducers.", "content": "Primary Serratia marcescens bacteremia developed in 17 patients in an intensive care unit after exposure to pressure monitoring devices. A study showed that all of the transducer heads were contaminated with S marcescens, and prospective culturing of 110 pressure monitoring lines disclosed a 24% rate of contamination with the same organism. Hand contamination occurs at the time the equipment is initially assembled; in five of eight trials, transmission was shown experimentally to occur by direct inoculation of open ports. Routine disinfection of the transducer heads with glutaraldehyde not only effectively decontaminated all pressure monitoring lines in use, but also controlled the outbreak.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens bacteremia from contaminated pressure transducers. Primary Serratia marcescens bacteremia developed in 17 patients in an intensive care unit after exposure to pressure monitoring devices. A study showed that all of the transducer heads were contaminated with S marcescens, and prospective culturing of 110 pressure monitoring lines disclosed a 24% rate of contamination with the same organism. Hand contamination occurs at the time the equipment is initially assembled; in five of eight trials, transmission was shown experimentally to occur by direct inoculation of open ports. Routine disinfection of the transducer heads with glutaraldehyde not only effectively decontaminated all pressure monitoring lines in use, but also controlled the outbreak.", "PMID": 384037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6436", "title": "A mass dissection technique for determining infectivity rate of filariasis vectors.", "content": "A mass dissection method is described using an apparatus with a 55 mesh cotton sieve (244 micron pore size), which proved efficient in detecting the infectivity rate of bancroftian filariasis in Culex p. fatigans. A recovery rate of more than 98% was obtained after one hour's settling when a known number of infective larvae was released through the sieve. In the comparative tests of individual- and mass-dissection of mosquitos from the same origin, the number of infective larvae recovered in the mass dissection was almost the same as that in individual dissection. By manual centrifuging of the saline solution, it is possible to concentrate larvae at the bottom of the sedimentation tube.", "contents": "A mass dissection technique for determining infectivity rate of filariasis vectors. A mass dissection method is described using an apparatus with a 55 mesh cotton sieve (244 micron pore size), which proved efficient in detecting the infectivity rate of bancroftian filariasis in Culex p. fatigans. A recovery rate of more than 98% was obtained after one hour's settling when a known number of infective larvae was released through the sieve. In the comparative tests of individual- and mass-dissection of mosquitos from the same origin, the number of infective larvae recovered in the mass dissection was almost the same as that in individual dissection. By manual centrifuging of the saline solution, it is possible to concentrate larvae at the bottom of the sedimentation tube.", "PMID": 384057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6437", "title": "Restrospective correlation of clinical and histologic findings of 189 exchanged kidneys.", "content": "Tissues samples from 189 unsuccessful renal allografts, 47 recovered at autopsy and the others removed surgically, were examined histologically by light microscopy. Tissues samples were obtained from cadaver kidneys that had been exchanged regionally for transplantation. Each allograft tissue sample was rated as to extent of pathologic changes denoting rejection and was classified accordingly. Surgical and autopsy reports, as well as clinical data, were then obtained and these were compared with the retrospective pathologic findings of this study. Our pathologic findings agreed with the original pathologic diagnosis as to presence or absence of rejection changes in 180 cases, but disagreed with the clinical diagnosis of rejection in 28 of the 63 cases with minimal or no histologic evidence of rejection. There was less disagreement with the clinical diagnosis for the 87 cases with histologic evidence of rejection which had been judged as sufficient to cause allograft loss, 70 having been clinically diagnosed as rejected. Disagreement occurred most often where the allograft had never functioned or had been lost within 3 months. Retrospective analysis did not disclose any association between rejection histology and preformed antibodies or length of kidney perfusion time. Sufficient allografts appeared to have been lost for reasons other than rejection to cast doubt on the validity of interpreting renal allograft data only by graft survival statistics.", "contents": "Restrospective correlation of clinical and histologic findings of 189 exchanged kidneys. Tissues samples from 189 unsuccessful renal allografts, 47 recovered at autopsy and the others removed surgically, were examined histologically by light microscopy. Tissues samples were obtained from cadaver kidneys that had been exchanged regionally for transplantation. Each allograft tissue sample was rated as to extent of pathologic changes denoting rejection and was classified accordingly. Surgical and autopsy reports, as well as clinical data, were then obtained and these were compared with the retrospective pathologic findings of this study. Our pathologic findings agreed with the original pathologic diagnosis as to presence or absence of rejection changes in 180 cases, but disagreed with the clinical diagnosis of rejection in 28 of the 63 cases with minimal or no histologic evidence of rejection. There was less disagreement with the clinical diagnosis for the 87 cases with histologic evidence of rejection which had been judged as sufficient to cause allograft loss, 70 having been clinically diagnosed as rejected. Disagreement occurred most often where the allograft had never functioned or had been lost within 3 months. Retrospective analysis did not disclose any association between rejection histology and preformed antibodies or length of kidney perfusion time. Sufficient allografts appeared to have been lost for reasons other than rejection to cast doubt on the validity of interpreting renal allograft data only by graft survival statistics.", "PMID": 384068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6438", "title": "Historical development of saralasin.", "content": "The research environment in which saralasin was discovered has been described, and illustrations of the rationale which contributed to its synthesis, selection for development, and eventual development have been presented. As an example, the synthesis of [Sar1, Val5, Ala8]-AII (P113, saralasin) was an attempt to make an AII antagonist which would be resistant to metabolism by aminopeptidases. Subsequent evaluation, however, indicated that the substitution of sarcosine had not only protected against aminopeptidase degradation but unexpectedly also had greatly increased the octapeptide's affinity for vascular smooth muscle receptors. Finally, the laboratory demonstration of saralasin as a potential therapeutic and diagnostic entity and the clinical confirmation of use of saralasin in hypertensive patients are reviewed.", "contents": "Historical development of saralasin. The research environment in which saralasin was discovered has been described, and illustrations of the rationale which contributed to its synthesis, selection for development, and eventual development have been presented. As an example, the synthesis of [Sar1, Val5, Ala8]-AII (P113, saralasin) was an attempt to make an AII antagonist which would be resistant to metabolism by aminopeptidases. Subsequent evaluation, however, indicated that the substitution of sarcosine had not only protected against aminopeptidase degradation but unexpectedly also had greatly increased the octapeptide's affinity for vascular smooth muscle receptors. Finally, the laboratory demonstration of saralasin as a potential therapeutic and diagnostic entity and the clinical confirmation of use of saralasin in hypertensive patients are reviewed.", "PMID": 384071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6439", "title": "[Mushroom poisoning in childhood].", "content": "The authors describe frequency and importance of poisoning by Amanita phalloides. There are demonstrated the different toxins and their biochemical properties. The typical clinical symptoms of the intoxication by Amanita phalloides with vourse in two phases (1. gastrointestinal phase, 2. hepatonephrotic phase) are shown. The possibilities of diagnostic and differentialdiagnostic and the problems of therapy are discussed. It is pointed out, that in a modern treatment there must be given Penicillin-G-Natrium in high dosage as early as possible, also in cases of questionableness. Hemodialysis is only of effect till 40 hours after ingestion of Amanita.", "contents": "[Mushroom poisoning in childhood]. The authors describe frequency and importance of poisoning by Amanita phalloides. There are demonstrated the different toxins and their biochemical properties. The typical clinical symptoms of the intoxication by Amanita phalloides with vourse in two phases (1. gastrointestinal phase, 2. hepatonephrotic phase) are shown. The possibilities of diagnostic and differentialdiagnostic and the problems of therapy are discussed. It is pointed out, that in a modern treatment there must be given Penicillin-G-Natrium in high dosage as early as possible, also in cases of questionableness. Hemodialysis is only of effect till 40 hours after ingestion of Amanita.", "PMID": 384072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6440", "title": "[Retinal detachment surgery: Incidence and causes of silicone sponge implant rejection].", "content": "In 51 patients with retinal detachments silicone sponge implants have been applicated. In 9 of these cases (17,6%) the implants had to be removed 3 weeks to 16 months postoperatively because of inflammatory reactions. The influence of these complications on the healing of the retinal detachment is considered as relatively unimportant. In light- and electron-microscopic examinations we could establish that the reactions are mainly caused by infections (which primarily spread within the caves of the sponge implants). Chronic infections caused by so-called apathogenic bacteria are more frequent than acute infections by so-called pathogenic micro-organisms. A foreign body reaction could be proved only in one case, in which the sponge was loosened and displaced. Defence reactions against the foreign body material probably develop only if mechanical irritation of the tissue is caused by the sponge material.", "contents": "[Retinal detachment surgery: Incidence and causes of silicone sponge implant rejection]. In 51 patients with retinal detachments silicone sponge implants have been applicated. In 9 of these cases (17,6%) the implants had to be removed 3 weeks to 16 months postoperatively because of inflammatory reactions. The influence of these complications on the healing of the retinal detachment is considered as relatively unimportant. In light- and electron-microscopic examinations we could establish that the reactions are mainly caused by infections (which primarily spread within the caves of the sponge implants). Chronic infections caused by so-called apathogenic bacteria are more frequent than acute infections by so-called pathogenic micro-organisms. A foreign body reaction could be proved only in one case, in which the sponge was loosened and displaced. Defence reactions against the foreign body material probably develop only if mechanical irritation of the tissue is caused by the sponge material.", "PMID": 384073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6441", "title": "[Reduced production of aqueous humor in Fuch's corneal dystrophy].", "content": "Fuchs' corneal dystrophy is associated with a reduced production of the aqueous humor, as can be established via tonography. The trophopathy and cornea guttata caused thereby are prerequisites for the production of Fuchs' corneal dystrophy. The aqueous humor production should be examined before keratoplasty, since the prognosis is questionable if the production is low. If no improvement of visual acuity can be excepted, keratoplasty should not be performed, since pain has also been relieved by means of intracorneal acrylate implantates.", "contents": "[Reduced production of aqueous humor in Fuch's corneal dystrophy]. Fuchs' corneal dystrophy is associated with a reduced production of the aqueous humor, as can be established via tonography. The trophopathy and cornea guttata caused thereby are prerequisites for the production of Fuchs' corneal dystrophy. The aqueous humor production should be examined before keratoplasty, since the prognosis is questionable if the production is low. If no improvement of visual acuity can be excepted, keratoplasty should not be performed, since pain has also been relieved by means of intracorneal acrylate implantates.", "PMID": 384074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6442", "title": "[Artificial lens implantations of Medallion - lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the surgical technique of artificial lens implantations extra- and intracapsularly. Only the original Medallion -lens for flexible suture fixation and the \"slotted\" Medallion - lens for steel suture fixation will be described with brief mention of Platina clip lens for extra-capsular surgery, the Small incision lens, the Three loop lens and the Boomerang lens.", "contents": "[Artificial lens implantations of Medallion - lenses (author's transl)]. Description of the surgical technique of artificial lens implantations extra- and intracapsularly. Only the original Medallion -lens for flexible suture fixation and the \"slotted\" Medallion - lens for steel suture fixation will be described with brief mention of Platina clip lens for extra-capsular surgery, the Small incision lens, the Three loop lens and the Boomerang lens.", "PMID": 384076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6443", "title": "Identification of a low moleculr weight IgM antibody with treponema pallidum specificity in sera of patients with chronic syphilis.", "content": "A low-molecular (8S) treponema-specific IgM antibody was isolated by means of Sephadex 200 G gel filtration and/or sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation in 78 of 4,120 sera of patients who had been identified to have had syphilis. The IgM specificity can be shown by indirect immunofluorescence using a mu-chain specific antiserum. The low molecular IgM (LMW-IgM) antibodies are not identical with the 19S-IgM as demonstrated in studies with gel filtration and sucrose gradient methods. They are not identical neither with 7S IgG or IgA. Neither the presence of antinuclear nor rheumatic factor could be shown in the LMW-IgM fraction. In most of the patients with LMW-IgM antibody, there existed a treponema infection of late latency.", "contents": "Identification of a low moleculr weight IgM antibody with treponema pallidum specificity in sera of patients with chronic syphilis. A low-molecular (8S) treponema-specific IgM antibody was isolated by means of Sephadex 200 G gel filtration and/or sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation in 78 of 4,120 sera of patients who had been identified to have had syphilis. The IgM specificity can be shown by indirect immunofluorescence using a mu-chain specific antiserum. The low molecular IgM (LMW-IgM) antibodies are not identical with the 19S-IgM as demonstrated in studies with gel filtration and sucrose gradient methods. They are not identical neither with 7S IgG or IgA. Neither the presence of antinuclear nor rheumatic factor could be shown in the LMW-IgM fraction. In most of the patients with LMW-IgM antibody, there existed a treponema infection of late latency.", "PMID": 384079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6444", "title": "[On the history of intraocular lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review on the world-wide and Swiss history of the three generations of intraocular lenses is recorded: the implantation of posterior and anterior chamber lenses is completely given up in Switzerland. Prepupillary 2- and 4-loop-lenses of the Binkhorst type are used at the Lucerne Eye Hospital since 1973. A major brakethrough of artificial lens'implantation in Switzerland is expected in 1979.", "contents": "[On the history of intraocular lenses (author's transl)]. A short review on the world-wide and Swiss history of the three generations of intraocular lenses is recorded: the implantation of posterior and anterior chamber lenses is completely given up in Switzerland. Prepupillary 2- and 4-loop-lenses of the Binkhorst type are used at the Lucerne Eye Hospital since 1973. A major brakethrough of artificial lens'implantation in Switzerland is expected in 1979.", "PMID": 384078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6445", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: acquired immunity against infection and activation of infection by immunosuppressive treatment.", "content": "The correlation between serum antibody titre and resistance to challenge infection with Bacillus piliformis was studied in naturally infected mice, in experimentally infected but recovered mice, and in mice treated with antigen prepared from infected livers. Irrespective of the way in which the antibodies were acquired resistance to infection was found to be related to the immunofluorescence antibody titre found. Experimentally infected but recovered mice, as well as rats with persistent antibodies to Bacillus piliformis, were given prednisolone in order to activate a possible persistent infection. Bacillus piliformis was detected in the rats, but not in the mice.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: acquired immunity against infection and activation of infection by immunosuppressive treatment. The correlation between serum antibody titre and resistance to challenge infection with Bacillus piliformis was studied in naturally infected mice, in experimentally infected but recovered mice, and in mice treated with antigen prepared from infected livers. Irrespective of the way in which the antibodies were acquired resistance to infection was found to be related to the immunofluorescence antibody titre found. Experimentally infected but recovered mice, as well as rats with persistent antibodies to Bacillus piliformis, were given prednisolone in order to activate a possible persistent infection. Bacillus piliformis was detected in the rats, but not in the mice.", "PMID": 384085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6446", "title": "Is encephalitozoonosis a zoonosis?", "content": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi has often been cited as a human pathogen although few cases (of disease) have been described in the literature. A discussion of these cases suggests that this microsporidium should not be regarded as a pathogen of man.", "contents": "Is encephalitozoonosis a zoonosis? Encephalitozoon cuniculi has often been cited as a human pathogen although few cases (of disease) have been described in the literature. A discussion of these cases suggests that this microsporidium should not be regarded as a pathogen of man.", "PMID": 384086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6447", "title": "Surgical technique to reduce the risks of heart block following closure of ventricular septal defect in atrioventricular discordance.", "content": "Traumatic heart block remains a major concern after ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure in patients with atrioventricular discordance. A technique of closing the VSD, placing the suture line on the morphologically right side of the septum without opening the systemic ventricle, is described. This was used in 13 consecutive patients. The VSD was closed through the right atrium in eight patients, the left ventricle in three patients, the right atrium and the left ventricle in one patient, and through the right ventricle in one patient with atrioventricular disordance and ventriculo-arterial concordance. All patients were in sinus rhythm preoperatively, two exhibited atrioventricular dissociation before intracardiac manipulation began, and 11 patients were in sinus rhythm postoperatively. No major arrhythmia could be attributed to the closure of the VSD.", "contents": "Surgical technique to reduce the risks of heart block following closure of ventricular septal defect in atrioventricular discordance. Traumatic heart block remains a major concern after ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure in patients with atrioventricular discordance. A technique of closing the VSD, placing the suture line on the morphologically right side of the septum without opening the systemic ventricle, is described. This was used in 13 consecutive patients. The VSD was closed through the right atrium in eight patients, the left ventricle in three patients, the right atrium and the left ventricle in one patient, and through the right ventricle in one patient with atrioventricular disordance and ventriculo-arterial concordance. All patients were in sinus rhythm preoperatively, two exhibited atrioventricular dissociation before intracardiac manipulation began, and 11 patients were in sinus rhythm postoperatively. No major arrhythmia could be attributed to the closure of the VSD.", "PMID": 384092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6448", "title": "Guidelines for safely opening a previous sternotomy incision.", "content": "Operations through a previous sternotomy incision are associated with significant hazards, including cardiac injury, excessive hemorrhage during and after cardiopulmonary bypass, and postoperative sternal instability. A technique for safely opening previous sternotomy incisions has been developed at New York University Medical Center which has proved satisfactory in over 150 patients. It has been demonstrated repeatedly to be free of the serious and often lethal intraoperative and postoperative complications previously associated with this procedure.", "contents": "Guidelines for safely opening a previous sternotomy incision. Operations through a previous sternotomy incision are associated with significant hazards, including cardiac injury, excessive hemorrhage during and after cardiopulmonary bypass, and postoperative sternal instability. A technique for safely opening previous sternotomy incisions has been developed at New York University Medical Center which has proved satisfactory in over 150 patients. It has been demonstrated repeatedly to be free of the serious and often lethal intraoperative and postoperative complications previously associated with this procedure.", "PMID": 384093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6449", "title": "Restoration of impaired immune functions in aging animals. II. Effect of mercaptoethanol in enhancing the reduced primary antibody responsiveness in vitro.", "content": "The enhancing effect of 2-ME on the in vitro primary antibody forming capacity of young and old spleen cells from 5 different strains and hybrids was investigated by assessing the number of antibody-forming cells in response to sheep RBC stimulation. The following results were obtained: (1) the optimum concentration of 2-ME is 5 x 10(-5) M; (2) the best time to expose cultures to 2-ME is on day 0 together with the antigen, although days 3 and 4 were equally as effective with young but not old spleen cells; (3) 2-ME can enhance slightly the time of peak antibody response, but this appears to be strain dependent; (4) in response to antigenic stimulation over a 10,000-fold range in antidgen dose, antibody response by cultures exposed to it; (5) 2-ME is comparable to, or better than, those which had been exposed to it; (5) 2-ME is effective in enhancing antibody response because it probably promotes proliferation and transformation, as well as protects dividing cells which otherwise could not survive the culture conditions; (6) the relative number of viable cells detected on the third day of culture after antigen stimulation can be used in predicting with a reasonable accuracy (pie 2, 0.94) the magnitude of peak antibody response, which is detected normally about 2 days later; (7) 2-ME enhances antibody response of young spleen cells by about 30%, but is quite variable depending upon the genetic strain, varying from a low of --20% with random bred CV1 cells to a high of 100% with inbred C57B1 cells; (8) the enhancing effect of 2-ME on old spleen cells is much more impressive, being more that 10 times greater than on young spleen cells (i.e., 500 vs. 30%), although it too is quite variable, ranging from a low of 85% with C3H cells to a high of about 1100% with C57BL cells; (9) the enhancing effect of 2-ME on limiting numbers of spleen cells is most impressive, as judged by the relative magnitude of response by limiting (3 x 10(6)) and optimum numbers (10 x 10(6)) of young and old spleen cells and by the frequency of antibody response of cultures with limiting and optimum numbers of cells exposed to 2-ME was 23 and 3 times greater than that not exposed to 2-ME, respectively; and with old spleen cells, it was 30 and 12 times greater. In terms of the frequency of antibody responding cultures with limiting numbers of young spleen cells (3 x 10(6)), 77% responded in absence of 2-ME, whereas 100% of the cultures responded in the presence of 2-ME. The effect of 2-ME on cultures containing limiting numbers of old spleen cells was much more striking, for, in contrast to only 9% of the cultures responding in the absence of 2-ME, 78% responded in the presence of 2-ME.", "contents": "Restoration of impaired immune functions in aging animals. II. Effect of mercaptoethanol in enhancing the reduced primary antibody responsiveness in vitro. The enhancing effect of 2-ME on the in vitro primary antibody forming capacity of young and old spleen cells from 5 different strains and hybrids was investigated by assessing the number of antibody-forming cells in response to sheep RBC stimulation. The following results were obtained: (1) the optimum concentration of 2-ME is 5 x 10(-5) M; (2) the best time to expose cultures to 2-ME is on day 0 together with the antigen, although days 3 and 4 were equally as effective with young but not old spleen cells; (3) 2-ME can enhance slightly the time of peak antibody response, but this appears to be strain dependent; (4) in response to antigenic stimulation over a 10,000-fold range in antidgen dose, antibody response by cultures exposed to it; (5) 2-ME is comparable to, or better than, those which had been exposed to it; (5) 2-ME is effective in enhancing antibody response because it probably promotes proliferation and transformation, as well as protects dividing cells which otherwise could not survive the culture conditions; (6) the relative number of viable cells detected on the third day of culture after antigen stimulation can be used in predicting with a reasonable accuracy (pie 2, 0.94) the magnitude of peak antibody response, which is detected normally about 2 days later; (7) 2-ME enhances antibody response of young spleen cells by about 30%, but is quite variable depending upon the genetic strain, varying from a low of --20% with random bred CV1 cells to a high of 100% with inbred C57B1 cells; (8) the enhancing effect of 2-ME on old spleen cells is much more impressive, being more that 10 times greater than on young spleen cells (i.e., 500 vs. 30%), although it too is quite variable, ranging from a low of 85% with C3H cells to a high of about 1100% with C57BL cells; (9) the enhancing effect of 2-ME on limiting numbers of spleen cells is most impressive, as judged by the relative magnitude of response by limiting (3 x 10(6)) and optimum numbers (10 x 10(6)) of young and old spleen cells and by the frequency of antibody response of cultures with limiting and optimum numbers of cells exposed to 2-ME was 23 and 3 times greater than that not exposed to 2-ME, respectively; and with old spleen cells, it was 30 and 12 times greater. In terms of the frequency of antibody responding cultures with limiting numbers of young spleen cells (3 x 10(6)), 77% responded in absence of 2-ME, whereas 100% of the cultures responded in the presence of 2-ME. The effect of 2-ME on cultures containing limiting numbers of old spleen cells was much more striking, for, in contrast to only 9% of the cultures responding in the absence of 2-ME, 78% responded in the presence of 2-ME.", "PMID": 384104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6450", "title": "Age-associated changes in T-B cell cooperation demonstrated by the allogeneic effect.", "content": "The allogeneic effect results in an increase in the number of antibody-producing cells (PFC) when the allogeneically stimulated lymphoid cells and the antibody-producing cells are from young individuals. This increase depends on the interaction of allogeneically stimulated T-cells and precursor plasma cells (B-cells). Age-associated deficiencies in these two cell populations were studied in these experiments by use of allogeneically stimulated T-cells from old donors or responding B-cells from old recipients. These experiments showed that lymphocytes from 20-month-old mice were capable of inducing an increase in PFC in young recipients. However, the allogeneic effect was ineffectual in 12-month-old mice. These data suggest that the T-helper function is equally capable in mice 4 to 20 months old, but that the B-cell is not as effectively recruited. The possible causes for limited B-cell recruitment are discussed.", "contents": "Age-associated changes in T-B cell cooperation demonstrated by the allogeneic effect. The allogeneic effect results in an increase in the number of antibody-producing cells (PFC) when the allogeneically stimulated lymphoid cells and the antibody-producing cells are from young individuals. This increase depends on the interaction of allogeneically stimulated T-cells and precursor plasma cells (B-cells). Age-associated deficiencies in these two cell populations were studied in these experiments by use of allogeneically stimulated T-cells from old donors or responding B-cells from old recipients. These experiments showed that lymphocytes from 20-month-old mice were capable of inducing an increase in PFC in young recipients. However, the allogeneic effect was ineffectual in 12-month-old mice. These data suggest that the T-helper function is equally capable in mice 4 to 20 months old, but that the B-cell is not as effectively recruited. The possible causes for limited B-cell recruitment are discussed.", "PMID": 384105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6451", "title": "An index of accessibility for ambulatory health services.", "content": "This paper discusses an Index developed and used to measure accessibility to health services provided on an outpatient basis at the Kaiser Community Health Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. The Index is based on four levels of urgency or severity of illness and on the waiting times to get entry into the system. The parameters of the Index, initially established by task force members, were tested on a sample basis against the judgments of Kaiser outpatient facility users and finally refined through the consensus-seeking Delphi technique using a panel representing Kaiser members, gatekeepers, physicians and administrators. The actual times required to gain accessibility in the various process stages and in the various departments were obtained through simulated requests for appointments, by monitoring telephone calls to the various gate-keeping stations, by direct observations, and by the use of a telephone traffic computer. The paper discusses the Index developed, the data collection methodologies, and the data analyses performed.", "contents": "An index of accessibility for ambulatory health services. This paper discusses an Index developed and used to measure accessibility to health services provided on an outpatient basis at the Kaiser Community Health Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. The Index is based on four levels of urgency or severity of illness and on the waiting times to get entry into the system. The parameters of the Index, initially established by task force members, were tested on a sample basis against the judgments of Kaiser outpatient facility users and finally refined through the consensus-seeking Delphi technique using a panel representing Kaiser members, gatekeepers, physicians and administrators. The actual times required to gain accessibility in the various process stages and in the various departments were obtained through simulated requests for appointments, by monitoring telephone calls to the various gate-keeping stations, by direct observations, and by the use of a telephone traffic computer. The paper discusses the Index developed, the data collection methodologies, and the data analyses performed.", "PMID": 384106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6452", "title": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome type II due to diffuse hyperplasia of the pancreatic islet cells (author's transl)].", "content": "A 58-year-old patient with hypergastrinemia (basal and after stimulation by means of protein food, calcium, glucagon, and secretin), acid hypersecretion, recurrent anastomotic ulcer, gastrocolonic fistula, steatorrhea, and malabsortion (hypocalcemia, hypocholesterolemia and a rather elevated 5-HIAA) is reported. The definite preoperative diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was established after the intravenous secretin test (75 U) which produced a significant stimulation peak 5 minutes after being injected. The possible existence of a multiple endocrine adenomatosis syndrome type I was discarded. During the operation no pancreatic or extrapancreatic macroscopic tumor was found. A total gastrectomy, transverse colectomy, splenectomy, and subtotal pancreatic resection were performed; Rosanow's techniques was used to re-established the gastrointestinal continuity. The morphological study of the excised pancreatic tissue showed a diffuse hyperplasia of the Langerhans islet cells; indirect immunofluorescence in the presence of antigastrin antibodies was faintly positive and difficult to evaluate. However, gastrin levels clearly decrease after the operation may be because the inhibitory effect of total gastrectomy or because of the partial pancreatectomy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of tyrocalcitonine onthe pre- and postoperative gastrin levels measured by radioimmunoassay could be verified. For the moment the importance of this test in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and especially in the diagnosis of ZES-type II, is not known.", "contents": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome type II due to diffuse hyperplasia of the pancreatic islet cells (author's transl)]. A 58-year-old patient with hypergastrinemia (basal and after stimulation by means of protein food, calcium, glucagon, and secretin), acid hypersecretion, recurrent anastomotic ulcer, gastrocolonic fistula, steatorrhea, and malabsortion (hypocalcemia, hypocholesterolemia and a rather elevated 5-HIAA) is reported. The definite preoperative diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was established after the intravenous secretin test (75 U) which produced a significant stimulation peak 5 minutes after being injected. The possible existence of a multiple endocrine adenomatosis syndrome type I was discarded. During the operation no pancreatic or extrapancreatic macroscopic tumor was found. A total gastrectomy, transverse colectomy, splenectomy, and subtotal pancreatic resection were performed; Rosanow's techniques was used to re-established the gastrointestinal continuity. The morphological study of the excised pancreatic tissue showed a diffuse hyperplasia of the Langerhans islet cells; indirect immunofluorescence in the presence of antigastrin antibodies was faintly positive and difficult to evaluate. However, gastrin levels clearly decrease after the operation may be because the inhibitory effect of total gastrectomy or because of the partial pancreatectomy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of tyrocalcitonine onthe pre- and postoperative gastrin levels measured by radioimmunoassay could be verified. For the moment the importance of this test in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and especially in the diagnosis of ZES-type II, is not known.", "PMID": 384107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6453", "title": "[Legionnaires' disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Legionnaires' disease was diagnosed in Spain for the first time, we have considered it of interest to review the subject and to bring it up to date as much as possible. Legionnaires' disease is an infectious illness which principally affects people in the fifth decade of life and which has been diagnosed in different countries in the world, including Spain. The etiologic agent is a Gram-negative bacteria, which does not grow in the normal culture media and which requires special stains for its identification. Clinically the disease presents as an atypical pneumonia accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms and hyponatremia as a characteristic laboratory finding. It appears with greater frequency during the summer season in an epidemic form, although isolated cases have been reported during the entire year. It is potentially a very severe condition, and the mortality rate has been calculated at 15--20 percent. A definite diagnosis requires the isolation of the etiologic agent: directly, by stain (direct immunofluorescence, Dieterle's silver stain), isolation and culture in an enriched media (Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with Iso-Vitalex and hemoglobin), or indirectly by serologic methods (indirect immunofluorescence). Eryhtromycin is the antibiotic of choice with or without the association of another antibiotic of wider spectrum.", "contents": "[Legionnaires' disease (author's transl)]. Since Legionnaires' disease was diagnosed in Spain for the first time, we have considered it of interest to review the subject and to bring it up to date as much as possible. Legionnaires' disease is an infectious illness which principally affects people in the fifth decade of life and which has been diagnosed in different countries in the world, including Spain. The etiologic agent is a Gram-negative bacteria, which does not grow in the normal culture media and which requires special stains for its identification. Clinically the disease presents as an atypical pneumonia accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms and hyponatremia as a characteristic laboratory finding. It appears with greater frequency during the summer season in an epidemic form, although isolated cases have been reported during the entire year. It is potentially a very severe condition, and the mortality rate has been calculated at 15--20 percent. A definite diagnosis requires the isolation of the etiologic agent: directly, by stain (direct immunofluorescence, Dieterle's silver stain), isolation and culture in an enriched media (Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with Iso-Vitalex and hemoglobin), or indirectly by serologic methods (indirect immunofluorescence). Eryhtromycin is the antibiotic of choice with or without the association of another antibiotic of wider spectrum.", "PMID": 384108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6454", "title": "[Adquired epidermolysis bullosa. Immunopathological and ultrastructural studies].", "content": "A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) in a 64 year old man is reported. The direct immunofluorescence showed a positive lineal anti IgG basement membrane on the affected skin (blisters and provocation tests) and on the univolved healthy skin. The electron microscopic studies showed a \"dermolysis\". In this patient it was not possible to find any pathological association. The EBA is usually associated with different processus but, sometimes, it could be isolated. Probably this clinicopathological field includes diverse badly delimited entities.", "contents": "[Adquired epidermolysis bullosa. Immunopathological and ultrastructural studies]. A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) in a 64 year old man is reported. The direct immunofluorescence showed a positive lineal anti IgG basement membrane on the affected skin (blisters and provocation tests) and on the univolved healthy skin. The electron microscopic studies showed a \"dermolysis\". In this patient it was not possible to find any pathological association. The EBA is usually associated with different processus but, sometimes, it could be isolated. Probably this clinicopathological field includes diverse badly delimited entities.", "PMID": 384109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6455", "title": "[Metabolic studies in brothers affected by alcaptonuria (ochronosis)].", "content": "The case of two brothers affected by alcaptonurie is reported. The activity of the homogenthisycasa enzyme has been determined by the material obtained through percutaneous biopsy. Concentrations of the aminoacids producing fenilalanina and thiroxina in their parents' blood have been investigated, the tests showing lack of liver enzyme and normal concentration of the amount of aminoacids in blood. Some aspects of skin lesion have been briefly reported and methods for treatment presented.", "contents": "[Metabolic studies in brothers affected by alcaptonuria (ochronosis)]. The case of two brothers affected by alcaptonurie is reported. The activity of the homogenthisycasa enzyme has been determined by the material obtained through percutaneous biopsy. Concentrations of the aminoacids producing fenilalanina and thiroxina in their parents' blood have been investigated, the tests showing lack of liver enzyme and normal concentration of the amount of aminoacids in blood. Some aspects of skin lesion have been briefly reported and methods for treatment presented.", "PMID": 384110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6456", "title": "[Non hereditary porokeratosis of Mibelli].", "content": "After a short review of the literature on the clinical and histopathological features of PM, 66 cases of the disease observed in the past 14 years at the IPO Dermatology Deparment are presented. They are compared with the previously mentioned case reports, particularly the ones published in the portuguese literature. The existance of two forms of the disease is suggested, and the differences between them specified. Treatment is considered, with special emphasis on the cases with a small number of lesions.", "contents": "[Non hereditary porokeratosis of Mibelli]. After a short review of the literature on the clinical and histopathological features of PM, 66 cases of the disease observed in the past 14 years at the IPO Dermatology Deparment are presented. They are compared with the previously mentioned case reports, particularly the ones published in the portuguese literature. The existance of two forms of the disease is suggested, and the differences between them specified. Treatment is considered, with special emphasis on the cases with a small number of lesions.", "PMID": 384111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6457", "title": "[Jorge Lobo disease. Study of 2 cases with disseminated lesions and plantar invasion].", "content": "The Author describes two cases of Jorge Lobo's disease, with disseminated lesions and plantar invasion, originating from Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre and Manaus, state of Amazonas. In both cases, the disease was of long duration, 30 and 55 years respectively. In the second patient described the disease began 9 years before Jorge Lobo described this condition. In spite of the duration of the illness in this patient 76 years of age, he was in good physical condition without any apparent suggesting dissemination of the mycosis.", "contents": "[Jorge Lobo disease. Study of 2 cases with disseminated lesions and plantar invasion]. The Author describes two cases of Jorge Lobo's disease, with disseminated lesions and plantar invasion, originating from Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre and Manaus, state of Amazonas. In both cases, the disease was of long duration, 30 and 55 years respectively. In the second patient described the disease began 9 years before Jorge Lobo described this condition. In spite of the duration of the illness in this patient 76 years of age, he was in good physical condition without any apparent suggesting dissemination of the mycosis.", "PMID": 384112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6458", "title": "[Netherton-Comel's syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of the so-called Netherton's syndrome are described and the relevant literature is reviewed. On the author's opinion there exists no relationship between the disease and ichthyosiform dermatoses. It fits more adequately in the group of the \"G\u00e9nodermatoses \u00e9ryth\u00e9mato-desquamatives circin\u00e9es variables\" of Bazex and Dupr\u00e9. The syndrome is characterized by the association of two tipical clinical features: \"Trichorrhexis invaginata\", reported by Netherton and the \"Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa\", described by Comel. The authors propose therefore the eponymous designation of \"Syndrome of Netherton-Comel\". As there exists no link with the group of the ichthyosiform dermatoses, the authors suggest the name of \"Dyskeratosis figurata variabilis\" for the disease described described by Comel.", "contents": "[Netherton-Comel's syndrome]. Two cases of the so-called Netherton's syndrome are described and the relevant literature is reviewed. On the author's opinion there exists no relationship between the disease and ichthyosiform dermatoses. It fits more adequately in the group of the \"G\u00e9nodermatoses \u00e9ryth\u00e9mato-desquamatives circin\u00e9es variables\" of Bazex and Dupr\u00e9. The syndrome is characterized by the association of two tipical clinical features: \"Trichorrhexis invaginata\", reported by Netherton and the \"Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa\", described by Comel. The authors propose therefore the eponymous designation of \"Syndrome of Netherton-Comel\". As there exists no link with the group of the ichthyosiform dermatoses, the authors suggest the name of \"Dyskeratosis figurata variabilis\" for the disease described described by Comel.", "PMID": 384113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6459", "title": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum].", "content": "Three cases of Erythema Elevatum Diutinum are reported and a revision of the literature about this subject is made. The authors described extensively the general and cutaneous clinical picture. They precise the histological characteristics and mention other dermatological proceses from which this entity must be differentiated. Finally the ethiology and treatment of this clinical picture are discussed.", "contents": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum]. Three cases of Erythema Elevatum Diutinum are reported and a revision of the literature about this subject is made. The authors described extensively the general and cutaneous clinical picture. They precise the histological characteristics and mention other dermatological proceses from which this entity must be differentiated. Finally the ethiology and treatment of this clinical picture are discussed.", "PMID": 384114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6460", "title": "[Anatomical function of the small intestine (malabsorption syndrome) in dermatological diseases].", "content": "Fifty patients with various long lasting skin diseases were examined. Past history and digestive-nutritional symptoms were recorded. Two or three samples of distal duodenum, elimination of fecal fat and d-xylose absortion test were intended to be performed in all patients, but this coincident parameters were obtained in only 35 patients. Twenty two of these patients were classified as abnormal by 1 of the 3 investigations (62,85%), and 9 (25,71%) were abnormal by 2 criteria. In addition to these usual studies, vit B12 and folic acid absortion were tested in 12 and 23 cases respectively. Distribution does not allow for comparison of the \"sensibility\" of such tests with the forementioned ones. While only 2 of the 12 patients showed defective absorption of B12, 8 of 22 cases presented with defect of absorption of folic acid. Of this last group, 5 were cases of eritrodermia (the test was performed in 6 cases with this diagnosis). In the total series of 50 cases, including those not thoroughly studied, 27 (54%) presented at least with one abnormal study. These observations point to the possible frequency of intestinal absorption alterations, in several skin diseases, though of moderate degree and pertaining to variable absorption functions. They validate the prosecution of the study, with the aim of clarifying the etio-pathogenesis of some dermatological entities and trying to contribute to their therapy.", "contents": "[Anatomical function of the small intestine (malabsorption syndrome) in dermatological diseases]. Fifty patients with various long lasting skin diseases were examined. Past history and digestive-nutritional symptoms were recorded. Two or three samples of distal duodenum, elimination of fecal fat and d-xylose absortion test were intended to be performed in all patients, but this coincident parameters were obtained in only 35 patients. Twenty two of these patients were classified as abnormal by 1 of the 3 investigations (62,85%), and 9 (25,71%) were abnormal by 2 criteria. In addition to these usual studies, vit B12 and folic acid absortion were tested in 12 and 23 cases respectively. Distribution does not allow for comparison of the \"sensibility\" of such tests with the forementioned ones. While only 2 of the 12 patients showed defective absorption of B12, 8 of 22 cases presented with defect of absorption of folic acid. Of this last group, 5 were cases of eritrodermia (the test was performed in 6 cases with this diagnosis). In the total series of 50 cases, including those not thoroughly studied, 27 (54%) presented at least with one abnormal study. These observations point to the possible frequency of intestinal absorption alterations, in several skin diseases, though of moderate degree and pertaining to variable absorption functions. They validate the prosecution of the study, with the aim of clarifying the etio-pathogenesis of some dermatological entities and trying to contribute to their therapy.", "PMID": 384115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6461", "title": "Effects of physical training and cardiorespiratory physical fitness on exercise-heat tolerance: recent observations.", "content": "Most authors agree that physical training in a cool environment improves tolerance to exercise in the heat and the rate of heat acclimatization, but the extent or degree of improvement remains controversial. The best improvement in heat tolerance for men is associated with intensive interval or continuous training at a training intensity greater than 50% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) for 8-12 weeks; the Vo2max should be increased 15-20%. Far less is known about the appropriate type, intensity and duration of endurance training associated with improved exercise-heat tolerance in women. The major benefits of physical training appear to apply to both short term (less than 2 hrs) or long term (greater than 2 hrs) exercise-heat exposures for men. Generally, individuals with high Vo2max values (previously trained and endurance athletes) are at an advantage in the heat. Utilization of proper physical training appears to produce about 50% of the total adjustment resulting from heat acclimatization, while increased fitness is associated with greater retention of acclimatization in cool environments. Female athletes appear somewhat better able to tolerate exercise in hot environments than nonathletic females while differences between highly trained females and males do not appear as dramatic as once thought.", "contents": "Effects of physical training and cardiorespiratory physical fitness on exercise-heat tolerance: recent observations. Most authors agree that physical training in a cool environment improves tolerance to exercise in the heat and the rate of heat acclimatization, but the extent or degree of improvement remains controversial. The best improvement in heat tolerance for men is associated with intensive interval or continuous training at a training intensity greater than 50% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) for 8-12 weeks; the Vo2max should be increased 15-20%. Far less is known about the appropriate type, intensity and duration of endurance training associated with improved exercise-heat tolerance in women. The major benefits of physical training appear to apply to both short term (less than 2 hrs) or long term (greater than 2 hrs) exercise-heat exposures for men. Generally, individuals with high Vo2max values (previously trained and endurance athletes) are at an advantage in the heat. Utilization of proper physical training appears to produce about 50% of the total adjustment resulting from heat acclimatization, while increased fitness is associated with greater retention of acclimatization in cool environments. Female athletes appear somewhat better able to tolerate exercise in hot environments than nonathletic females while differences between highly trained females and males do not appear as dramatic as once thought.", "PMID": 384134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6462", "title": "Effects of exercise in the heat on predisposition to heatstroke.", "content": "This article reviews briefly the historical origins for both the cardiovascular and neural-anhidrotic concepts of heatstroke pathophysiology. It describes how deemphasis of the role of anhidrosis as the primary cause of heatstroke has resulted in: (a) an increased acceptance of animal models for heatstroke research; (b) further evidence that rigid reliance on the classic heatstroke symptoms (coma, anhidrosis, and a fever over 106 degrees F) can result in underdiagnosis; and (c) new research consistant with the hypothesis that exhaustive physical effort, by worsening circulatory collapse and metabolic acidosis predisposes tissue to hyperthermic injury and, as a result, substantially lowers the threshold for heatstroke injury and mortality. Thus, a new hypothesis combining the essential features of both direct thermal injury and cardiovascular origins of heatstroke pathophysiology may be necessary.", "contents": "Effects of exercise in the heat on predisposition to heatstroke. This article reviews briefly the historical origins for both the cardiovascular and neural-anhidrotic concepts of heatstroke pathophysiology. It describes how deemphasis of the role of anhidrosis as the primary cause of heatstroke has resulted in: (a) an increased acceptance of animal models for heatstroke research; (b) further evidence that rigid reliance on the classic heatstroke symptoms (coma, anhidrosis, and a fever over 106 degrees F) can result in underdiagnosis; and (c) new research consistant with the hypothesis that exhaustive physical effort, by worsening circulatory collapse and metabolic acidosis predisposes tissue to hyperthermic injury and, as a result, substantially lowers the threshold for heatstroke injury and mortality. Thus, a new hypothesis combining the essential features of both direct thermal injury and cardiovascular origins of heatstroke pathophysiology may be necessary.", "PMID": 384135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6463", "title": "[Immunothermistor unit].", "content": "An immunotermistor has been devised for studying immunological reactions. It includes a probe pack, a measuring pack and an automatic potentiometer. The adoption of analogue integral microcircuits enabled the authors to make a unit with high reliability, small size and mass. The error in assessing immunological reaction parameters does not exceed 5%.", "contents": "[Immunothermistor unit]. An immunotermistor has been devised for studying immunological reactions. It includes a probe pack, a measuring pack and an automatic potentiometer. The adoption of analogue integral microcircuits enabled the authors to make a unit with high reliability, small size and mass. The error in assessing immunological reaction parameters does not exceed 5%.", "PMID": 384137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6464", "title": "Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis and Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "The originally dismal prognosis associated with anti-GBM Ab-mediated GN and Goodpasture's syndrome may be changing as we recognize a broader spectrum of disease, improve general supportive care, and improve specific treatment. Immunosuppressive therapy, if started early in the course of disease, may prevent or allow recovery from renal failure and may also result in cessation of recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage in most patients with this form of Goodpasture's syndrome. The administration of pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids intravenously can result in cessation of and dramatic recovery from severe pulmonary hemorrhage and obviate the need for emergency bilateral nephrectomy. Plasmaspheresis may represent a useful therapeutic procedure for the immediate and long term reduction in amounts of circulating anti-GBM Ab, but the definition of its true value and role awaits completion of controlled, prospective trials. Immunosuppressive therapy, with or without plasmapheresis, can reduce quantities of anti-GBM Ab in serum to undetectable levels without nephrectomy. Thus, it is likely, but not proven, that nephrectomy can be discontinued as a routine pretransplantation procedure in patients with anti-GBM Ab mediated GN. Finally, in patients who suffer irreversible renal failure, renal transplantation can be successfully undertaken with minimal risk of recurrent disease, when circulating anti-GBM Ab becomes undetectable.", "contents": "Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis and Goodpasture's syndrome. The originally dismal prognosis associated with anti-GBM Ab-mediated GN and Goodpasture's syndrome may be changing as we recognize a broader spectrum of disease, improve general supportive care, and improve specific treatment. Immunosuppressive therapy, if started early in the course of disease, may prevent or allow recovery from renal failure and may also result in cessation of recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage in most patients with this form of Goodpasture's syndrome. The administration of pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids intravenously can result in cessation of and dramatic recovery from severe pulmonary hemorrhage and obviate the need for emergency bilateral nephrectomy. Plasmaspheresis may represent a useful therapeutic procedure for the immediate and long term reduction in amounts of circulating anti-GBM Ab, but the definition of its true value and role awaits completion of controlled, prospective trials. Immunosuppressive therapy, with or without plasmapheresis, can reduce quantities of anti-GBM Ab in serum to undetectable levels without nephrectomy. Thus, it is likely, but not proven, that nephrectomy can be discontinued as a routine pretransplantation procedure in patients with anti-GBM Ab mediated GN. Finally, in patients who suffer irreversible renal failure, renal transplantation can be successfully undertaken with minimal risk of recurrent disease, when circulating anti-GBM Ab becomes undetectable.", "PMID": 384140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6465", "title": "[Cardiac rhythm analyzer based on the 15 VSM-5 program-controlled calculator].", "content": "Automatic analysis of the cardiac rhythm recorded through electrodes connected in various lead patterns can be carried out with a measuring and calculating complex, based on a program controlled calculator provided with the program for the rhythm analysis. The functional basis of this complex is a block controlling the information input, and it is described comprehensively.", "contents": "[Cardiac rhythm analyzer based on the 15 VSM-5 program-controlled calculator]. Automatic analysis of the cardiac rhythm recorded through electrodes connected in various lead patterns can be carried out with a measuring and calculating complex, based on a program controlled calculator provided with the program for the rhythm analysis. The functional basis of this complex is a block controlling the information input, and it is described comprehensively.", "PMID": 384138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6466", "title": "Identification of the C. coli dnaK (groPC756) gene product.", "content": "The E. coli dnaK (groPC756) gene product is essential for bacteriophage lambda DNA replication. Bacterial DNA segments carrying this gene have been cloned onto a bacteriophage lambda vector. The product of the dnaK gene has been identified on SDS polyacrylamide gels after infection of UV-irradiated E. coli cells. The dnaK gene codes for a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 93,000-Mr. Transducing phages carrying amber mutations in the dnaK gene fail to induce the synthesis of the 93,000-Mr polypeptide chain upon infection of sup+ bacteria, but do so upon infection of supF bacteria. E coli carrying the dnaK756 mutation are, in addition, temperature sensitive for growth at 43 degrees C. It is shown that the dnaK756 mutation results in an overproduction of the dnaK gene product at that temperature.", "contents": "Identification of the C. coli dnaK (groPC756) gene product. The E. coli dnaK (groPC756) gene product is essential for bacteriophage lambda DNA replication. Bacterial DNA segments carrying this gene have been cloned onto a bacteriophage lambda vector. The product of the dnaK gene has been identified on SDS polyacrylamide gels after infection of UV-irradiated E. coli cells. The dnaK gene codes for a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 93,000-Mr. Transducing phages carrying amber mutations in the dnaK gene fail to induce the synthesis of the 93,000-Mr polypeptide chain upon infection of sup+ bacteria, but do so upon infection of supF bacteria. E coli carrying the dnaK756 mutation are, in addition, temperature sensitive for growth at 43 degrees C. It is shown that the dnaK756 mutation results in an overproduction of the dnaK gene product at that temperature.", "PMID": 384143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6467", "title": "[Automatic 2-wave length cytophotometer with a calculator].", "content": "The described microscope photometer is intended for determination of biologically active substances in stained cells. It consists of a photometric attachment to a standard microscope, a measuring device and a block for digital data processing with a calculator 15 BCM-5 or a microcalculator (Formula: see text). The model with the microcalculator is described in detail.", "contents": "[Automatic 2-wave length cytophotometer with a calculator]. The described microscope photometer is intended for determination of biologically active substances in stained cells. It consists of a photometric attachment to a standard microscope, a measuring device and a block for digital data processing with a calculator 15 BCM-5 or a microcalculator (Formula: see text). The model with the microcalculator is described in detail.", "PMID": 384136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6468", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of small ColE1 derivatives: structure of the regions essential for autonomous replication and colicin E1 immunity.", "content": "A small ColE1 derivative, pAO2, which replicates like the original ColE1 and confers immunity to colicin E1 on its host cell has been constructed from a quarter region of ColE1 DNA (Oka, 1978). The entire nucleotide sequence of pAO2 (1,613 base pairs) was determined based on its fine cleavage map. The sequence of a similar plasmid, pAO3, carrying additional 70 base pairs was also deduced. The sequence in the region covering the replication initiation site on these plasmids was consistent with those reported for ColE1 by Tomizawa et al. (1977) and by Bastia (1977). DNA sequences indispensable for autonomous replication were examined by constructing plasmids from various restriction fragments of pAO2 DNA. As a result, a region of 436 base pairs was found to contain sufficient information to permit replication. The occurrence of initiation and termination codons and of the ribosome-binding sequence on pAO2 DNA suggests that a polypeptide chain consisting of 113 amino acid residues may be encoded by the region in which the colicin E1 immunity gene has been mapped.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of small ColE1 derivatives: structure of the regions essential for autonomous replication and colicin E1 immunity. A small ColE1 derivative, pAO2, which replicates like the original ColE1 and confers immunity to colicin E1 on its host cell has been constructed from a quarter region of ColE1 DNA (Oka, 1978). The entire nucleotide sequence of pAO2 (1,613 base pairs) was determined based on its fine cleavage map. The sequence of a similar plasmid, pAO3, carrying additional 70 base pairs was also deduced. The sequence in the region covering the replication initiation site on these plasmids was consistent with those reported for ColE1 by Tomizawa et al. (1977) and by Bastia (1977). DNA sequences indispensable for autonomous replication were examined by constructing plasmids from various restriction fragments of pAO2 DNA. As a result, a region of 436 base pairs was found to contain sufficient information to permit replication. The occurrence of initiation and termination codons and of the ribosome-binding sequence on pAO2 DNA suggests that a polypeptide chain consisting of 113 amino acid residues may be encoded by the region in which the colicin E1 immunity gene has been mapped.", "PMID": 384144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6469", "title": "Isolation and restriction mapping of plasmids containing ribosomal DNA sequences from the rrn B cistron of E. coli.", "content": "Recombinant plasmids containing the entire 16S RNA gene from the rrn B cistron of E. coli inserted in Col E1 and pBR322 plasmid vectors have been constructed. These plasmids have been mapped using several restriction endonucleases as well as by DNA-RNA hybridization. These maps reveal previously undetected restriction sites in the rrn B cistron and in Col E1 plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Isolation and restriction mapping of plasmids containing ribosomal DNA sequences from the rrn B cistron of E. coli. Recombinant plasmids containing the entire 16S RNA gene from the rrn B cistron of E. coli inserted in Col E1 and pBR322 plasmid vectors have been constructed. These plasmids have been mapped using several restriction endonucleases as well as by DNA-RNA hybridization. These maps reveal previously undetected restriction sites in the rrn B cistron and in Col E1 plasmid DNA.", "PMID": 384145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6470", "title": "Thymidine sensitivity of certain strains of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "In studies on thymineless death in Escherichia coli K12, it was noted that certain thymine requiring mutants were inhibited by thymidine. The pattern of inhibition varied with the conditions and media employed. Accumulation of deoxyribose-5-phosphate as a possible reason for inhibition is ruled out since the strains are deoB- (formerly drm-) and synthesize deoxyriboaldolase constitutively. We report this inhibition to alert investigators who study thymidine metabolism or use thymidine to label the DNA.", "contents": "Thymidine sensitivity of certain strains of Escherichia coli K12. In studies on thymineless death in Escherichia coli K12, it was noted that certain thymine requiring mutants were inhibited by thymidine. The pattern of inhibition varied with the conditions and media employed. Accumulation of deoxyribose-5-phosphate as a possible reason for inhibition is ruled out since the strains are deoB- (formerly drm-) and synthesize deoxyriboaldolase constitutively. We report this inhibition to alert investigators who study thymidine metabolism or use thymidine to label the DNA.", "PMID": 384146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6471", "title": "Regulation of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast. I. In search of a relaxation of stringency.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine if mitochondrial rRNA synthesis in yeast is regulated by general cellular stringent control mechanism. Those variables affecting the relaxation of a cycloheximide-induced stringent response as a result of medium-shift-down or tyrosine limitation include: 1) the stage of cell growth, 2) carbon source, 3) strain differences and, 4) integrity of the cell wall. The extent of phenotypic relaxation decreased or was eliminated entirely in a strain dependent manner as cells entered stationary phase of growth or by growth of cells on galactose or in osmotically stabilized spheroplast cultures. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial RNA species were extracted from regrowing spheroplast cultures subjected to different experimental regimens and analyzed by electrophoresis on 2.5% polyacrylamide gels. Relative rates of synthesis were determined in pulse experiments and normalized by double-label procedures to longterm label material. Tyrosine starvation was found to inhibit synthesis of the large and small rRNA species of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNAs to about 5-20% of the control values. Chloramphenicol inhibits mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNA synthesis to 60-80% of control; however, chloramphenicol addition does not relax the stringent inhibition of either class of rRNAs. Cycloheximide addition results in 70-80% inhibition of synthesis of both cellular speceis of rRNAs. As noted above, cycloheximide does not relax the stringent response of cytoplasmic rRNA synthesis in spheroplasts, and also does not relax the stringent inhibition of mitochondrial rRNA synthesis. From these studies, we conclude that both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNA synthesis share common control mechanisms related to regulation of protein synthesis by shift-down or amino acid limitation.", "contents": "Regulation of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast. I. In search of a relaxation of stringency. Studies were undertaken to determine if mitochondrial rRNA synthesis in yeast is regulated by general cellular stringent control mechanism. Those variables affecting the relaxation of a cycloheximide-induced stringent response as a result of medium-shift-down or tyrosine limitation include: 1) the stage of cell growth, 2) carbon source, 3) strain differences and, 4) integrity of the cell wall. The extent of phenotypic relaxation decreased or was eliminated entirely in a strain dependent manner as cells entered stationary phase of growth or by growth of cells on galactose or in osmotically stabilized spheroplast cultures. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial RNA species were extracted from regrowing spheroplast cultures subjected to different experimental regimens and analyzed by electrophoresis on 2.5% polyacrylamide gels. Relative rates of synthesis were determined in pulse experiments and normalized by double-label procedures to longterm label material. Tyrosine starvation was found to inhibit synthesis of the large and small rRNA species of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNAs to about 5-20% of the control values. Chloramphenicol inhibits mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNA synthesis to 60-80% of control; however, chloramphenicol addition does not relax the stringent inhibition of either class of rRNAs. Cycloheximide addition results in 70-80% inhibition of synthesis of both cellular speceis of rRNAs. As noted above, cycloheximide does not relax the stringent response of cytoplasmic rRNA synthesis in spheroplasts, and also does not relax the stringent inhibition of mitochondrial rRNA synthesis. From these studies, we conclude that both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNA synthesis share common control mechanisms related to regulation of protein synthesis by shift-down or amino acid limitation.", "PMID": 384147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6472", "title": "Multiple fusion of protoplasts in Saccharomyces yeasts.", "content": "Fusion of protoplasts prepared from haploid strains of Saccharomyces yeasts having identical mating type was induced with the aid of polyethylene glycol. Stable fusion products were isolated by complementation of the auxotrophic markers. Of 64 isolates derived by protoplast fusion between two different haploid strains having alpha mating type, 35 fusion products were estimated from their cell volumes to be diploid, 13 to be triploid and 16 to be tetraploid. The isolates showing tetraploid cell size were thought to have resulted from fusion of three protoplasts of one strain and one protoplast of the other (three-to-one fusion) or from two-to-two fusion. In protoplast fusion of three different haploid strains having alpha mating type, all four possible phenotypes of fusion product were recovered. Fusion products of three different protoplasts were obtained in much lower frequency (2.1 x 10(-6)) than those of two different protoplasts (1.2 x 10(-5) to 1.4 x 10(-4)) in the three other combinations. Genetic analyses revealed that triploid fusion products were formed by protoplast fusion of two different strains as well as of three different strains.", "contents": "Multiple fusion of protoplasts in Saccharomyces yeasts. Fusion of protoplasts prepared from haploid strains of Saccharomyces yeasts having identical mating type was induced with the aid of polyethylene glycol. Stable fusion products were isolated by complementation of the auxotrophic markers. Of 64 isolates derived by protoplast fusion between two different haploid strains having alpha mating type, 35 fusion products were estimated from their cell volumes to be diploid, 13 to be triploid and 16 to be tetraploid. The isolates showing tetraploid cell size were thought to have resulted from fusion of three protoplasts of one strain and one protoplast of the other (three-to-one fusion) or from two-to-two fusion. In protoplast fusion of three different haploid strains having alpha mating type, all four possible phenotypes of fusion product were recovered. Fusion products of three different protoplasts were obtained in much lower frequency (2.1 x 10(-6)) than those of two different protoplasts (1.2 x 10(-5) to 1.4 x 10(-4)) in the three other combinations. Genetic analyses revealed that triploid fusion products were formed by protoplast fusion of two different strains as well as of three different strains.", "PMID": 384149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6473", "title": "Use of RP4-prime plasmids constructed in vitro to promote a polarized transfer of the chromosome in Escherichia coli and Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "RP4-prime plasmids containing chromosomal fragments of either Escherichia coli or Rhizobium meliloti were constructed in vitro. When introduced into E. coli or R. meliloti respectively, they promoted a polarized transfer of the chromosome as demonstrated either by the gradient of transfer of various markers or by the study of the genetic constitution of recombinants. In E. coli, mobilization was shown to be dependent upon the presence of a functional rec A system. Inheritance of markers was due to their integration into the chromosome of the recipient as shown by the need for a functional rec A system in the recipient E. coli or by mobilization of recessive markers in R. meliloti. The system described could be applied to genetic mapping in any Gram negative bacteria.", "contents": "Use of RP4-prime plasmids constructed in vitro to promote a polarized transfer of the chromosome in Escherichia coli and Rhizobium meliloti. RP4-prime plasmids containing chromosomal fragments of either Escherichia coli or Rhizobium meliloti were constructed in vitro. When introduced into E. coli or R. meliloti respectively, they promoted a polarized transfer of the chromosome as demonstrated either by the gradient of transfer of various markers or by the study of the genetic constitution of recombinants. In E. coli, mobilization was shown to be dependent upon the presence of a functional rec A system. Inheritance of markers was due to their integration into the chromosome of the recipient as shown by the need for a functional rec A system in the recipient E. coli or by mobilization of recessive markers in R. meliloti. The system described could be applied to genetic mapping in any Gram negative bacteria.", "PMID": 384151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6474", "title": "Mitochondrial activity of 2,6-diaminopurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "2,6-diaminpurine (DAP) selectively inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast cells with concomitant failure of cells to grow in non-fermentable (yeast extract, glycerol) medium. The selectivity was pronounced in all strains tested (15) nearly all of which were able to grow in yeast extract, glucose medium containing 5 mg/ml DAP (maximum solubility) whereas growth was arrested in all strains at 250-500 microgram/ml DAP in the glycerol medium. The inhibition was reversed by further addition of adenine to the culture medium. RNA synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was depressed by DAP suggesting that the analogue affected RNA polymerase activity. There was no evidence of nuclear mutagenicity by DAP but resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and oligomycin was induced by the drug. Genetic evidence, although limited, indicated that the resistance mutations were cytoplasmic. The mitochondrial petite mutation was also induced by DAP but only at comparatively high concentrations. The mutagenic effects were seen only in the glycerol medium.", "contents": "Mitochondrial activity of 2,6-diaminopurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2,6-diaminpurine (DAP) selectively inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast cells with concomitant failure of cells to grow in non-fermentable (yeast extract, glycerol) medium. The selectivity was pronounced in all strains tested (15) nearly all of which were able to grow in yeast extract, glucose medium containing 5 mg/ml DAP (maximum solubility) whereas growth was arrested in all strains at 250-500 microgram/ml DAP in the glycerol medium. The inhibition was reversed by further addition of adenine to the culture medium. RNA synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was depressed by DAP suggesting that the analogue affected RNA polymerase activity. There was no evidence of nuclear mutagenicity by DAP but resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and oligomycin was induced by the drug. Genetic evidence, although limited, indicated that the resistance mutations were cytoplasmic. The mitochondrial petite mutation was also induced by DAP but only at comparatively high concentrations. The mutagenic effects were seen only in the glycerol medium.", "PMID": 384152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6475", "title": "Regulation of the L-arabinose operon in strains of Escherichia coli containing ColE1-ara hybrid plasmids.", "content": "Hybrid plasmids were constructed from fragments of F'ara episomes formed by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and a linear form of the plasmid ColE1 created by cleavage with EcoRI. Hybrid plasmids were constructed containing the entire ara region or the ara region with various parts deleted. E. coli K12 host strains were constructed which contained different deletions of the ara region. The hybrid plasmids were transferred to those strains whose ara deletion complemented that of the plasmid. The initial differential rates of synthesis of L-arabinose isomerase, the product of the araA gene, were determined for the Ara+, plasmid containing strains. These studies demonstrated that strains containing delta(araOIBA)718 produce elevated levels of araC protein, suggesting the araC promoter has been altered by this deletion. Evidence is also presented which suggests that araC protein activates the ara-BAD operon to higher levels when it is present in cis rather than trans. Amplification of the products of the cloned genes is observed when compared to haploid levels in some cases.", "contents": "Regulation of the L-arabinose operon in strains of Escherichia coli containing ColE1-ara hybrid plasmids. Hybrid plasmids were constructed from fragments of F'ara episomes formed by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and a linear form of the plasmid ColE1 created by cleavage with EcoRI. Hybrid plasmids were constructed containing the entire ara region or the ara region with various parts deleted. E. coli K12 host strains were constructed which contained different deletions of the ara region. The hybrid plasmids were transferred to those strains whose ara deletion complemented that of the plasmid. The initial differential rates of synthesis of L-arabinose isomerase, the product of the araA gene, were determined for the Ara+, plasmid containing strains. These studies demonstrated that strains containing delta(araOIBA)718 produce elevated levels of araC protein, suggesting the araC promoter has been altered by this deletion. Evidence is also presented which suggests that araC protein activates the ara-BAD operon to higher levels when it is present in cis rather than trans. Amplification of the products of the cloned genes is observed when compared to haploid levels in some cases.", "PMID": 384153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6476", "title": "Studies of colicin induction with an imm- col+ mutant of the plasmid colicin E1.", "content": "A mutant of a derivative of the colicin E1 plasmid has been isolated that does not confer immunity to colicin E1 on its host (imm-) although it is still capable of producing colicin (col+). Cells carrying the col+, imm- plasmid are capable of forming colonies and grow best in liquid culture in the presence of trypsin. The induction of colicin synthesis by ultraviolet light has been analysed using this mutant plasmid. The results suggest that a) the expression of the col+ gene may be delayed for many generations after the inducing stimulus, b) although induced cells are usually killed they can reproduce and c) the capacity to produce colicin can be propagated and segregated into the progeny of an induced cell.", "contents": "Studies of colicin induction with an imm- col+ mutant of the plasmid colicin E1. A mutant of a derivative of the colicin E1 plasmid has been isolated that does not confer immunity to colicin E1 on its host (imm-) although it is still capable of producing colicin (col+). Cells carrying the col+, imm- plasmid are capable of forming colonies and grow best in liquid culture in the presence of trypsin. The induction of colicin synthesis by ultraviolet light has been analysed using this mutant plasmid. The results suggest that a) the expression of the col+ gene may be delayed for many generations after the inducing stimulus, b) although induced cells are usually killed they can reproduce and c) the capacity to produce colicin can be propagated and segregated into the progeny of an induced cell.", "PMID": 384154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6477", "title": "Decreased transfer of pyrimidine dimers from parental to daughter DNA strands in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli deficient in DNA polymerase III.", "content": "The number of pyrimidine dimers (sites sensitive to UV-endonuclease from M. luteus) transferred at 43 degrees to daughter DNA strands during postreplication repair in UV-irradiated E. coli uvr A polCts was found to be decreased as compared to that after repair at 32 degrees. This indicates the involvement of DNA polymerase III in the sister DNA recombination in UV-irradiated E. coli.", "contents": "Decreased transfer of pyrimidine dimers from parental to daughter DNA strands in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli deficient in DNA polymerase III. The number of pyrimidine dimers (sites sensitive to UV-endonuclease from M. luteus) transferred at 43 degrees to daughter DNA strands during postreplication repair in UV-irradiated E. coli uvr A polCts was found to be decreased as compared to that after repair at 32 degrees. This indicates the involvement of DNA polymerase III in the sister DNA recombination in UV-irradiated E. coli.", "PMID": 384155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6478", "title": "Posttranslational regulation of repressible acid phosphatase in yeast.", "content": "On the basis of genetic data it has been suggested that repressible acid phosphatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a control circuit involving operator-repressor mechanisms (Toh-e et al., 1978). We measured no significant difference in the amount of translatable mRNA of repressed and derepressed cells in the reticulocyte in vitro translation system. We find a 25 fold difference in specific enzyme activity in repressed versus derepressed cells whereas the amount of 35S-methionine labelled enzyme protein as measured by antibody precipitation varies only 2-3 fold. This argues for posttranslational regulation of preexisting inactive acid phosphatase. Minor regulatory effects at the transcriptional or translational level cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Posttranslational regulation of repressible acid phosphatase in yeast. On the basis of genetic data it has been suggested that repressible acid phosphatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a control circuit involving operator-repressor mechanisms (Toh-e et al., 1978). We measured no significant difference in the amount of translatable mRNA of repressed and derepressed cells in the reticulocyte in vitro translation system. We find a 25 fold difference in specific enzyme activity in repressed versus derepressed cells whereas the amount of 35S-methionine labelled enzyme protein as measured by antibody precipitation varies only 2-3 fold. This argues for posttranslational regulation of preexisting inactive acid phosphatase. Minor regulatory effects at the transcriptional or translational level cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 384156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6479", "title": "Product induction of purine hydroxylase II in Asperigillus nidulans.", "content": "By the use of a mutation, hxB-20, that eliminates purine hydroxylase II activity but retains cross-reacting material and an ancillary NADH dehydrogenase activity, it has been established that 6-hydroxynicotinic acid rather than nicotinic acid, is the true inducer of purine hydroxylase II.", "contents": "Product induction of purine hydroxylase II in Asperigillus nidulans. By the use of a mutation, hxB-20, that eliminates purine hydroxylase II activity but retains cross-reacting material and an ancillary NADH dehydrogenase activity, it has been established that 6-hydroxynicotinic acid rather than nicotinic acid, is the true inducer of purine hydroxylase II.", "PMID": 384157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6480", "title": "Genetic analysis of a mutation affecting ribosomal protein S1 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Ribosomal protein S1 from a newly isolated Escherichia coli mutant has a molecular weight of about 54,000 which is smaller than the wild type S1 (M.W. 65,000). The isoelectric points of the smaller and the wild type S1 species are similar in the gel electrophoresis system of O'Farrell (1975). Genetic analyses by Hfr conjugation and P1 phage transduction indicate that the mutation affecting S1 (rpsA) is located close to the serC gene [20 min on the E. coli genetic map of Bachmann et al. (1976)], with a co-transduction frequency of 61%. The most probable gene order is serC-rpsA-cmlB.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of a mutation affecting ribosomal protein S1 in Escherichia coli. Ribosomal protein S1 from a newly isolated Escherichia coli mutant has a molecular weight of about 54,000 which is smaller than the wild type S1 (M.W. 65,000). The isoelectric points of the smaller and the wild type S1 species are similar in the gel electrophoresis system of O'Farrell (1975). Genetic analyses by Hfr conjugation and P1 phage transduction indicate that the mutation affecting S1 (rpsA) is located close to the serC gene [20 min on the E. coli genetic map of Bachmann et al. (1976)], with a co-transduction frequency of 61%. The most probable gene order is serC-rpsA-cmlB.", "PMID": 384158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6481", "title": "Characterization of 10S RNA: a new stable rna molecule from Escherichia coli.", "content": "When cells of Escherichia coli are labeled with 32Pi for long periods of time and the cell content is subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, an RNA band appears which is about 10S in size. This band seems to contain three conformers. After treatment with formamide only a single band appears in this region of the gel, which contains 550 nucleotides as determined from its mobility. The complexity of the fingerprint of this material, after digestion with T1-RNase, is in agreement with the size as determined by the mobility, this confirming that indeed it is a single molecule. Composition of the T1-oligonucleotides was determined by digesting the T1-generated oligonucleotides with pancreatic RNase and T2-RNase. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of these digestions suggest that 10S RNA contains 609 nucleotides. The molecule contains, besides the four regular bases, one copy per molecule of the modified base pseudouridine. 10S RNA cannot be processed by cell extracts to tRNA-sized molecules and does not bind significantly to ribosomes, hence it is unlikely to be a tRNA precursor or an mRNA.", "contents": "Characterization of 10S RNA: a new stable rna molecule from Escherichia coli. When cells of Escherichia coli are labeled with 32Pi for long periods of time and the cell content is subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, an RNA band appears which is about 10S in size. This band seems to contain three conformers. After treatment with formamide only a single band appears in this region of the gel, which contains 550 nucleotides as determined from its mobility. The complexity of the fingerprint of this material, after digestion with T1-RNase, is in agreement with the size as determined by the mobility, this confirming that indeed it is a single molecule. Composition of the T1-oligonucleotides was determined by digesting the T1-generated oligonucleotides with pancreatic RNase and T2-RNase. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of these digestions suggest that 10S RNA contains 609 nucleotides. The molecule contains, besides the four regular bases, one copy per molecule of the modified base pseudouridine. 10S RNA cannot be processed by cell extracts to tRNA-sized molecules and does not bind significantly to ribosomes, hence it is unlikely to be a tRNA precursor or an mRNA.", "PMID": 384159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6482", "title": "Toxic and mutagenic effects of carcinogens on the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Nineteen haploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains were used to assess the relative growth inhibitory potencies on fermentable vs. non-fermentable media of a collection of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals. The majority of carcinogens were distinctly more potent on the non-fermentable (glycerol) medium, where mitochrondrial function is required for growth, than on the fermentable medium, where it is not. The anti-mitochondrial selectivity indicated by these growth tests was much slighter for the non-carcinogens. Similarly most carcinogens induced the cytoplasmic petite mutation whereas the non-carcinogens did not. Five carcinogens which were tested impaired the development of cytochromes aa3 and b in glucose cultures. Six carcinogens, when tested, inhibited growth on three fermentable sugars, the utilisation of which requires mitochondrial function. Out of five carcinogens which were examined, four suppressed the surface-dependent phenomenon of fluocculence in a flocculating strain of yeast, at concentrations primarily affecting the mitochondrial system; the fifth had a similar but less pronounced effect.", "contents": "Toxic and mutagenic effects of carcinogens on the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nineteen haploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains were used to assess the relative growth inhibitory potencies on fermentable vs. non-fermentable media of a collection of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals. The majority of carcinogens were distinctly more potent on the non-fermentable (glycerol) medium, where mitochrondrial function is required for growth, than on the fermentable medium, where it is not. The anti-mitochondrial selectivity indicated by these growth tests was much slighter for the non-carcinogens. Similarly most carcinogens induced the cytoplasmic petite mutation whereas the non-carcinogens did not. Five carcinogens which were tested impaired the development of cytochromes aa3 and b in glucose cultures. Six carcinogens, when tested, inhibited growth on three fermentable sugars, the utilisation of which requires mitochondrial function. Out of five carcinogens which were examined, four suppressed the surface-dependent phenomenon of fluocculence in a flocculating strain of yeast, at concentrations primarily affecting the mitochondrial system; the fifth had a similar but less pronounced effect.", "PMID": 384160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6483", "title": "Assembly of ribosomal subunits affected in a ribosomal mutant of E. coli having an altered L22 protein.", "content": "In this article we describe some in vivo properties of a coldsensitive ribosomal mutant from Escherichia coli. The mutation affects the rplV gene which is the structural gene of ribosomal protein L22. Our work shows that at 22 degrees C, the biosynthesis of both ribosomal subunits and the maturation processing of 15S and 23S ribosomal RNA are impaired. Integration of our results in a general model of in vivo ribosomal assembly in E. coli is presented.", "contents": "Assembly of ribosomal subunits affected in a ribosomal mutant of E. coli having an altered L22 protein. In this article we describe some in vivo properties of a coldsensitive ribosomal mutant from Escherichia coli. The mutation affects the rplV gene which is the structural gene of ribosomal protein L22. Our work shows that at 22 degrees C, the biosynthesis of both ribosomal subunits and the maturation processing of 15S and 23S ribosomal RNA are impaired. Integration of our results in a general model of in vivo ribosomal assembly in E. coli is presented.", "PMID": 384161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6484", "title": "Overlapping sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae nifDNA cloned and characterized.", "content": "A HindIII (17.0 kb) and an EcoR1 restriction fragment (6.9 kb) of Klebsiella pneumoniae nif DNA were cloned on two small amplifiable plasmids, pCM1 and pSA30 respectively. These plasmids between them carry 14 of the 15 known Klebsiella nif genes. The operon for the three structural genes for nitrogenase, nifpHDK, is carried on pSA30: four and five of the remaining six operons are on pCRA37 and pCM1 respectively. All of the nif genes were assigned to endonuclease restriction fragments of DNA using the Southern blotting technique (Southern, 1975) with total DNA of nif insertion mutants and radioactive plasmid DNA which contained cloned nif DNA sequences. Their locations were consistent with the genetic map of nif genes. The estimated size of the nif gene cluster was 24 kb.", "contents": "Overlapping sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae nifDNA cloned and characterized. A HindIII (17.0 kb) and an EcoR1 restriction fragment (6.9 kb) of Klebsiella pneumoniae nif DNA were cloned on two small amplifiable plasmids, pCM1 and pSA30 respectively. These plasmids between them carry 14 of the 15 known Klebsiella nif genes. The operon for the three structural genes for nitrogenase, nifpHDK, is carried on pSA30: four and five of the remaining six operons are on pCRA37 and pCM1 respectively. All of the nif genes were assigned to endonuclease restriction fragments of DNA using the Southern blotting technique (Southern, 1975) with total DNA of nif insertion mutants and radioactive plasmid DNA which contained cloned nif DNA sequences. Their locations were consistent with the genetic map of nif genes. The estimated size of the nif gene cluster was 24 kb.", "PMID": 384162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6485", "title": "Tandem and inverted repeats of arginine genes in Escherichia coli: structural and evolutionary considerations.", "content": "Duplications of arg genes produced in the Rec+ and in the recA genetic backgrounds are shown by heteroduplex analysis to be strictly tandem at the level of resolution of this technique. The formation of these particular rearrangements therefore does not require the inclusion of transposons or other sequences of an appreciable size in their final structure. Duplications of short segments (about 2,000 nucleotides) appear unexpectedly stable when compared with duplications of longer segments (about 10,000 nucleotides). One of the structures analyzed displays two inversely repeated argE genes rearranged into an artificial divergent operon. The bearing of this observation on the origin of bipolar operons, of \"mirror-image\" map symmetries and on the production of inverted repeats in general, is discussed.", "contents": "Tandem and inverted repeats of arginine genes in Escherichia coli: structural and evolutionary considerations. Duplications of arg genes produced in the Rec+ and in the recA genetic backgrounds are shown by heteroduplex analysis to be strictly tandem at the level of resolution of this technique. The formation of these particular rearrangements therefore does not require the inclusion of transposons or other sequences of an appreciable size in their final structure. Duplications of short segments (about 2,000 nucleotides) appear unexpectedly stable when compared with duplications of longer segments (about 10,000 nucleotides). One of the structures analyzed displays two inversely repeated argE genes rearranged into an artificial divergent operon. The bearing of this observation on the origin of bipolar operons, of \"mirror-image\" map symmetries and on the production of inverted repeats in general, is discussed.", "PMID": 384163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6486", "title": "Do the tightly linked structural genes for nitrate and nitrite reductases in Aspergillus nidulans form an operon? Evidence from an insertional translocation which separates them.", "content": "Previous work (Rand and Arst, 1977) led to the proposal that the nis-5 mutation results in a new low activity promoter for niiA, the structural gene for nitrite reductase in Aspergillus nidulans. Expression of niiA via this promoter differs from expression of niiA via its normal promoter/initiator in that expression by the new promoter is not subject to nitrate induction or ammonium repression. nis-5 reduces but does not abolish niiA expression mediated by the normal promoter/initiator. In this work we show that nis-5 is associated with and is probably identical to a non-reciprocal translocation in which a considerable portion of the centromere proximal region of the right arm of linkage group II is inserted into linkage group VIII between niiA and niaD, the tightly linked, probably contiguous structural genes for nitrate reductase. This implies that niiA, along with its normal promots yet unidentified by its normal role. Further, it indicates that niiA is transcribed from the niaD-proximal side. As niiA and niaD are separated by a large number of unrelated genes in nis-5 strains, we can safely conclude that expression of niiA does not occur solely by synthesis of a messenger which carries a niaD as well as a niiA transcript. Clearly, niiA and niaD do not form an operon for which a di- (or poly-) cistronic messenger by the only transcript. This is consistent with other experimental evidence which shows that the syntheses of nitrate and nitrite reductases are not coordinately regulated. Nevertheless, all of these data would also be consistent with a model in which niiA and niaD form an operon-type structure having overlapping transcripts, one being di- (or poly-) cistronic and including both niiA and niaD and another being monocistronic for niiA. The reduced niiA expression mediated by the normal promoter/initiator in nis-5 strains could be a consequence of the functioning or positioning of the new linkage group II niiA promoter. An alternative, but not mutually exclusive, explanation would be that the insertional translocation prevents synthesis of a niiA niaD dicistronic transcript so that only that component of niiA expression which is due to a monocistronic niiA messenger can be induced by nitrate (and nitrite) in nis-5 strains. The apparently low activity of the new linkage group II promoter in comparison to the normal niiA promoter/initiator might betoken considerable efficiency of the latter rather than any particular lack of efficiency of the former. In addition, this work has involved extensive new mapping in linkage group II, including both mitotic mapping of the centromere and meiotic mapping of previously unlocated markers. A series of crosses in cluding genotype combinations both heterozygous and homozygous for nis-5 has been used to map the break-points and orientation of the translocation. As one break-point is closer to the centromere of linkage group II than the most centromere proximal identified gene on the same (i.e...", "contents": "Do the tightly linked structural genes for nitrate and nitrite reductases in Aspergillus nidulans form an operon? Evidence from an insertional translocation which separates them. Previous work (Rand and Arst, 1977) led to the proposal that the nis-5 mutation results in a new low activity promoter for niiA, the structural gene for nitrite reductase in Aspergillus nidulans. Expression of niiA via this promoter differs from expression of niiA via its normal promoter/initiator in that expression by the new promoter is not subject to nitrate induction or ammonium repression. nis-5 reduces but does not abolish niiA expression mediated by the normal promoter/initiator. In this work we show that nis-5 is associated with and is probably identical to a non-reciprocal translocation in which a considerable portion of the centromere proximal region of the right arm of linkage group II is inserted into linkage group VIII between niiA and niaD, the tightly linked, probably contiguous structural genes for nitrate reductase. This implies that niiA, along with its normal promots yet unidentified by its normal role. Further, it indicates that niiA is transcribed from the niaD-proximal side. As niiA and niaD are separated by a large number of unrelated genes in nis-5 strains, we can safely conclude that expression of niiA does not occur solely by synthesis of a messenger which carries a niaD as well as a niiA transcript. Clearly, niiA and niaD do not form an operon for which a di- (or poly-) cistronic messenger by the only transcript. This is consistent with other experimental evidence which shows that the syntheses of nitrate and nitrite reductases are not coordinately regulated. Nevertheless, all of these data would also be consistent with a model in which niiA and niaD form an operon-type structure having overlapping transcripts, one being di- (or poly-) cistronic and including both niiA and niaD and another being monocistronic for niiA. The reduced niiA expression mediated by the normal promoter/initiator in nis-5 strains could be a consequence of the functioning or positioning of the new linkage group II niiA promoter. An alternative, but not mutually exclusive, explanation would be that the insertional translocation prevents synthesis of a niiA niaD dicistronic transcript so that only that component of niiA expression which is due to a monocistronic niiA messenger can be induced by nitrate (and nitrite) in nis-5 strains. The apparently low activity of the new linkage group II promoter in comparison to the normal niiA promoter/initiator might betoken considerable efficiency of the latter rather than any particular lack of efficiency of the former. In addition, this work has involved extensive new mapping in linkage group II, including both mitotic mapping of the centromere and meiotic mapping of previously unlocated markers. A series of crosses in cluding genotype combinations both heterozygous and homozygous for nis-5 has been used to map the break-points and orientation of the translocation. As one break-point is closer to the centromere of linkage group II than the most centromere proximal identified gene on the same (i.e...", "PMID": 384164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6487", "title": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. I. Genetic map of the malK-lamB operon.", "content": "A series of deletions, Mu insertions and point mutations affecting the malK-lamB operon have been isolated. They were used to establish a deletion map of this operon, which could be divided in 27 intervals, with 16 in malK and 11 in lamB. One interesting feature of this map is the lack of randomness in the distribution of Mu insertions in the lamB gene; by using data published elsewhere on the physical length of the deletion intervals it can be concluded that about 25% of these Mu insertions are clustered in a segment representing 2 to 8% of the gene. This map is presently being used to study the biosynthesis, structure, and function of the lamB product, which is an outer membrane protein involved in the transport of maltose and maltodextrin, and which in addition constitutes the receptor for phage lambda.", "contents": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. I. Genetic map of the malK-lamB operon. A series of deletions, Mu insertions and point mutations affecting the malK-lamB operon have been isolated. They were used to establish a deletion map of this operon, which could be divided in 27 intervals, with 16 in malK and 11 in lamB. One interesting feature of this map is the lack of randomness in the distribution of Mu insertions in the lamB gene; by using data published elsewhere on the physical length of the deletion intervals it can be concluded that about 25% of these Mu insertions are clustered in a segment representing 2 to 8% of the gene. This map is presently being used to study the biosynthesis, structure, and function of the lamB product, which is an outer membrane protein involved in the transport of maltose and maltodextrin, and which in addition constitutes the receptor for phage lambda.", "PMID": 384166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6488", "title": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. III. Correlation of the genetic map with the restriction map.", "content": "A correlation between the genetic and physical maps of the malB region was obtained by performing a restriction cleavage analysis of DNA's carrying various genetically characterized malB deletions. This also allowed to localize the boundaries between malF and malE, malE and malK, mal K and lamB on the restriction map. The genetic map is not grossly distorted with respect to the physical map.", "contents": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. III. Correlation of the genetic map with the restriction map. A correlation between the genetic and physical maps of the malB region was obtained by performing a restriction cleavage analysis of DNA's carrying various genetically characterized malB deletions. This also allowed to localize the boundaries between malF and malE, malE and malK, mal K and lamB on the restriction map. The genetic map is not grossly distorted with respect to the physical map.", "PMID": 384168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6489", "title": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. II. Genetic map of the malE,F,G operon.", "content": "Starting with a strain containing a malK-lacZ fusion, a series of lambda plaque-forming phages which carry varying amounts of the malE,F operon have been isolated. We have used these phages to construct a deletion map of the malE,F operon. The construction of this deletion map has led to the identification of a new gene, malG. The malG gene is located distal to malF. The malG gene product is a protein required for the active transport of maltose and maltodextrins.", "contents": "Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. II. Genetic map of the malE,F,G operon. Starting with a strain containing a malK-lacZ fusion, a series of lambda plaque-forming phages which carry varying amounts of the malE,F operon have been isolated. We have used these phages to construct a deletion map of the malE,F operon. The construction of this deletion map has led to the identification of a new gene, malG. The malG gene is located distal to malF. The malG gene product is a protein required for the active transport of maltose and maltodextrins.", "PMID": 384167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6490", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a spontaneous \"petite\" mutant of yeast.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the repeat unit of the mitochondrial genome of a spontaneous petite mutant of S. cerevisiae is reported. The sequence provides direct information on the AT-spacers and GC-clusters of the mitochondrial genome of yeast.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a spontaneous \"petite\" mutant of yeast. The nucleotide sequence of the repeat unit of the mitochondrial genome of a spontaneous petite mutant of S. cerevisiae is reported. The sequence provides direct information on the AT-spacers and GC-clusters of the mitochondrial genome of yeast.", "PMID": 384171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6491", "title": "Var1 is associated with the small ribosomal subunit of mitochondrial ribosomes in yeast.", "content": "We show that the mitochondrial protein known as Var1 is identical with the ribosome-associated protein previously identified as a product of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Although indirect evidence suggests that Var1 is not involved in ribosome biosynthesis, a definite conclusion has to await further investigation.", "contents": "Var1 is associated with the small ribosomal subunit of mitochondrial ribosomes in yeast. We show that the mitochondrial protein known as Var1 is identical with the ribosome-associated protein previously identified as a product of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Although indirect evidence suggests that Var1 is not involved in ribosome biosynthesis, a definite conclusion has to await further investigation.", "PMID": 384172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6492", "title": "Tetracyclines and host defence mechanisms. Doxycyclinepolymethaphosphate sodium complex (DMSC) compared to doxycycline with regard to influence on some host defence mechanisms.", "content": "A new doxycycline preparation, doxycycline polymethaphosphate sodium complex (DMSC), was compared to doxycycline in a cross-over study on six volunteers. The serum levels attained were of the same magnitude, but DMSC was shown to influence the serum bactericidal effect to a lesser degree. In vitro investigations of the influence on chemotaxis showed that DMSC even in high concentrations did not interfere with the spontaneous or induced migration to the same extent as doxycycline.", "contents": "Tetracyclines and host defence mechanisms. Doxycyclinepolymethaphosphate sodium complex (DMSC) compared to doxycycline with regard to influence on some host defence mechanisms. A new doxycycline preparation, doxycycline polymethaphosphate sodium complex (DMSC), was compared to doxycycline in a cross-over study on six volunteers. The serum levels attained were of the same magnitude, but DMSC was shown to influence the serum bactericidal effect to a lesser degree. In vitro investigations of the influence on chemotaxis showed that DMSC even in high concentrations did not interfere with the spontaneous or induced migration to the same extent as doxycycline.", "PMID": 384173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6493", "title": "Reliability of thermal transitions for characterizing DNA from micro-organisms.", "content": "Data from thermal transitions were evaluated for their usefulness in detecting similarities in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of micro-organisms. Levels of reproducibility were determined for thermal transition analysis; methods of purification of DNA and the solvents, pH, and temperature intervals used during thermal transitions did not greatly affect the reproducibility of the values obtained. The shape of the thermal transition curve is a stable property of a given kind of DNA, and this property can be described quantitatively and with satisfactory precision.", "contents": "Reliability of thermal transitions for characterizing DNA from micro-organisms. Data from thermal transitions were evaluated for their usefulness in detecting similarities in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of micro-organisms. Levels of reproducibility were determined for thermal transition analysis; methods of purification of DNA and the solvents, pH, and temperature intervals used during thermal transitions did not greatly affect the reproducibility of the values obtained. The shape of the thermal transition curve is a stable property of a given kind of DNA, and this property can be described quantitatively and with satisfactory precision.", "PMID": 384174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6494", "title": "Decreased conjugation efficiency by Fla-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 bearing F-like plasmids.", "content": "Fla-, Pil-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 were found to have decreased transfer efficiency of F-like resistance plasmids as compared to the parent strains. This was accompanied by decreased production of conjugation pili and decreased resistance level to some, but not all, of the antibiotics to which resistance was conferred. There was no reduction in pilus production or transfer efficiency in any of the mutants when the plasmid was F'gal. This host-mediated influence on conjugation pilus production is discussed with reference to a possible loss of cell envelope integrity which causes the simultaneous loss of all cellular appendage structures.", "contents": "Decreased conjugation efficiency by Fla-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 bearing F-like plasmids. Fla-, Pil-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 were found to have decreased transfer efficiency of F-like resistance plasmids as compared to the parent strains. This was accompanied by decreased production of conjugation pili and decreased resistance level to some, but not all, of the antibiotics to which resistance was conferred. There was no reduction in pilus production or transfer efficiency in any of the mutants when the plasmid was F'gal. This host-mediated influence on conjugation pilus production is discussed with reference to a possible loss of cell envelope integrity which causes the simultaneous loss of all cellular appendage structures.", "PMID": 384175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6495", "title": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 1 The exponential law.", "content": "An apparatus designed to study the growth rates of surface colonies in constant conditions, i.e. not affected by nutrient diffusion as in a closed Petri dish, is described. In contrast to classical experiments in closed systems, an exponential growth of colony radius is obtained for a period of more than 72 h. Nutrient concentration gradients are shown to be eliminated by analytical techniques.", "contents": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 1 The exponential law. An apparatus designed to study the growth rates of surface colonies in constant conditions, i.e. not affected by nutrient diffusion as in a closed Petri dish, is described. In contrast to classical experiments in closed systems, an exponential growth of colony radius is obtained for a period of more than 72 h. Nutrient concentration gradients are shown to be eliminated by analytical techniques.", "PMID": 384176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6496", "title": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 2 The effect of ethanol.", "content": "The effect of feed alcohol in an apparatus designed to study growth rates of surface colonies in constant nutrient conditions was studied. The results obtained indicate that departure from exponential growth in normal conditions is due to accumulation of alcohol in the system.", "contents": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 2 The effect of ethanol. The effect of feed alcohol in an apparatus designed to study growth rates of surface colonies in constant nutrient conditions was studied. The results obtained indicate that departure from exponential growth in normal conditions is due to accumulation of alcohol in the system.", "PMID": 384177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6497", "title": "Effectiveness of instructional computers in teaching basic medical sciences.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based PLATO IV basic medical science lessons. Effectiveness was operationalized in terms of increased performance on basic medical science examinations for those medical students who had used the lessons when compared to those students who had not. Usage of the PLATO lessons was quantified as 'minutes of use' of the relevant lessons. Data were gathered in 1976-77 from first-year medical students at two sites, both under the auspices of one college of medicine. Usage of PLATO lessons and subsequent performance on three subtests from three different examinations were analysed. The findings from the current study offer encouragement that use of PLATO basic medical science materials contribute to increased performance on subsequent examinations.", "contents": "Effectiveness of instructional computers in teaching basic medical sciences. The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based PLATO IV basic medical science lessons. Effectiveness was operationalized in terms of increased performance on basic medical science examinations for those medical students who had used the lessons when compared to those students who had not. Usage of the PLATO lessons was quantified as 'minutes of use' of the relevant lessons. Data were gathered in 1976-77 from first-year medical students at two sites, both under the auspices of one college of medicine. Usage of PLATO lessons and subsequent performance on three subtests from three different examinations were analysed. The findings from the current study offer encouragement that use of PLATO basic medical science materials contribute to increased performance on subsequent examinations.", "PMID": 384184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6498", "title": "Vincristine and prednisone vs vincristine, L-asparaginase, and prednisone for second remission induction of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children.", "content": "Second remission induction rates for vincristine and prednisone alone (VP) and vincristine, L-asparaginase, and prednisone (VLP) are compared for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. No evidence of a significant difference between the second induction complete remission rate for VP (78.6%) and VLP (73.7%) was found. Duration of first remission and prognostic group at initial diagnosis (defined on the basis of age and white blood count at initial diagnosis) are shown to be significant prognostic factors for second remission induction; and three second remission induction risk groups are defined on the basis of these two factors. Periodic reinforcement with prednisone in first remission does not appear to lower second induction complete response (CR) rates for VP. There was no evidence of a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of severe toxicity between the VP and VLP regimens.", "contents": "Vincristine and prednisone vs vincristine, L-asparaginase, and prednisone for second remission induction of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. Second remission induction rates for vincristine and prednisone alone (VP) and vincristine, L-asparaginase, and prednisone (VLP) are compared for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. No evidence of a significant difference between the second induction complete remission rate for VP (78.6%) and VLP (73.7%) was found. Duration of first remission and prognostic group at initial diagnosis (defined on the basis of age and white blood count at initial diagnosis) are shown to be significant prognostic factors for second remission induction; and three second remission induction risk groups are defined on the basis of these two factors. Periodic reinforcement with prednisone in first remission does not appear to lower second induction complete response (CR) rates for VP. There was no evidence of a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of severe toxicity between the VP and VLP regimens.", "PMID": 384187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6499", "title": "Treatment of advanced head and neck cancer by means of radiation therapy plus chemotherapy--a randomised trial.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with advanced head and neck cancer were entered into a randomised trial comparing radical radiation therapy to the primary tumour and associated lymph node areas with a combination of radiation therapy plus chemotherapy. The distribution of tumour types and stages was similar in the two treatment groups. The response rates to radiation therapy alone (50% complete plus parital response) and to radiation therapy plus chemotherapy (60% complete plus partial response) were not significantly different. However, a significant difference in survival was found between the two groups. The median duration of survival for the patients treated by means of radiation therapy alone was 18 weeks; that for the combined therapy was 36 weeks. The combination of radical radiation therapy plus intermittent high-dose chemotherapy was well tolerated and appears to be an approach that warrants further trial.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced head and neck cancer by means of radiation therapy plus chemotherapy--a randomised trial. Fifty-eight patients with advanced head and neck cancer were entered into a randomised trial comparing radical radiation therapy to the primary tumour and associated lymph node areas with a combination of radiation therapy plus chemotherapy. The distribution of tumour types and stages was similar in the two treatment groups. The response rates to radiation therapy alone (50% complete plus parital response) and to radiation therapy plus chemotherapy (60% complete plus partial response) were not significantly different. However, a significant difference in survival was found between the two groups. The median duration of survival for the patients treated by means of radiation therapy alone was 18 weeks; that for the combined therapy was 36 weeks. The combination of radical radiation therapy plus intermittent high-dose chemotherapy was well tolerated and appears to be an approach that warrants further trial.", "PMID": 384188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6500", "title": "[Comparative study of the protein makeup in diploid and haploid forms of Saccharomyces and Pichia].", "content": "The rates of growth, biomass accumulation, and electrophoretic spectra of mobile cytoplasmic proteins were studied with nonisogenous haploid and diploid cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia guilliermondii as well as with isogenous haploid-diploid pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pinus. On a mineral medium with glucose, differences in these parameters in various yeast strains were found to be due to the genotype of a strain rather than to ploidy: nonisogenous haploid and diploid cultures displayed considerable and random variability of these properties while no differences were found in isogenous haploid-diploid pairs. Studies on solubility of protein fractions in various solvents made it possible to reveal differences connected with ploidy, namely: both in nonisogenous and isogenous haploid-diploid systems, the content of the water-soluble fraction decreased in diploid cultures.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the protein makeup in diploid and haploid forms of Saccharomyces and Pichia]. The rates of growth, biomass accumulation, and electrophoretic spectra of mobile cytoplasmic proteins were studied with nonisogenous haploid and diploid cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia guilliermondii as well as with isogenous haploid-diploid pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pinus. On a mineral medium with glucose, differences in these parameters in various yeast strains were found to be due to the genotype of a strain rather than to ploidy: nonisogenous haploid and diploid cultures displayed considerable and random variability of these properties while no differences were found in isogenous haploid-diploid pairs. Studies on solubility of protein fractions in various solvents made it possible to reveal differences connected with ploidy, namely: both in nonisogenous and isogenous haploid-diploid systems, the content of the water-soluble fraction decreased in diploid cultures.", "PMID": 384183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6501", "title": "E. coli galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase: N-terminal and C-terminal sequences.", "content": "A modified procedure for the purification of E. coli galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (E.C. 2.7.6.12) was developed which reproducibly gives pure enzyme. The purified enzyme was shown to be a dimeric protein with a subunit molecular weight of 41,000 and its amino acid composition and content of free sulfhydryl groups were determined. The N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were found to be NH2-thr-gln-phe-asn-pro-val-asp and -ser(val leu)-ala-COOH respectively. This N-terminal sequence allowed the identification of the start of the transferase gene in the DNA sequence determined by GRINDLEY. Furthermore it appears to define a nine base intercistronic region between the epimerase and transferase genes.", "contents": "E. coli galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase: N-terminal and C-terminal sequences. A modified procedure for the purification of E. coli galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (E.C. 2.7.6.12) was developed which reproducibly gives pure enzyme. The purified enzyme was shown to be a dimeric protein with a subunit molecular weight of 41,000 and its amino acid composition and content of free sulfhydryl groups were determined. The N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were found to be NH2-thr-gln-phe-asn-pro-val-asp and -ser(val leu)-ala-COOH respectively. This N-terminal sequence allowed the identification of the start of the transferase gene in the DNA sequence determined by GRINDLEY. Furthermore it appears to define a nine base intercistronic region between the epimerase and transferase genes.", "PMID": 384209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6502", "title": "The development of a \"Microtitre\" fluctuation test for the detection of indirect mutagens, and its use in the evaluation of mixed enzyme induction of the liver.", "content": "The \"Microtitre\" Fluctuation test recently introduced for the detection of direct mutagens has been adapted for the detection of indirect mutagens through the incorporation of an \"S9-mix\" metabolic system. It compares favourably with Greens' original method for the detection of a range of chemical mutagens. The technique has been employed in the evaluation of mixed enzyme induction using phenobarbitone and beta-naphthoflavone (benzoflavone), as a safe substitute for Aroclor-1254. The post-mitchondrial preparations from rats induced with the combined inducers had a similar \"metabolic competence\" to those derived from Aroclor induced animals. Such a combination would therefore provide a useful alternative to Aroclor-1254 for routine screening. It was found that the level of \"S9\" present in the metabolic system greatly affected the quantitative mutagenic response. This varied considerably from chemical to chemical and underlined the need for such preliminary investigations in routine screening.", "contents": "The development of a \"Microtitre\" fluctuation test for the detection of indirect mutagens, and its use in the evaluation of mixed enzyme induction of the liver. The \"Microtitre\" Fluctuation test recently introduced for the detection of direct mutagens has been adapted for the detection of indirect mutagens through the incorporation of an \"S9-mix\" metabolic system. It compares favourably with Greens' original method for the detection of a range of chemical mutagens. The technique has been employed in the evaluation of mixed enzyme induction using phenobarbitone and beta-naphthoflavone (benzoflavone), as a safe substitute for Aroclor-1254. The post-mitchondrial preparations from rats induced with the combined inducers had a similar \"metabolic competence\" to those derived from Aroclor induced animals. Such a combination would therefore provide a useful alternative to Aroclor-1254 for routine screening. It was found that the level of \"S9\" present in the metabolic system greatly affected the quantitative mutagenic response. This varied considerably from chemical to chemical and underlined the need for such preliminary investigations in routine screening.", "PMID": 384211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6503", "title": "Relative effectiveness of the 300--320 NM spectral region on sunlight for the production of primary lethal damage in E. coli cells.", "content": "Cell inactivation by sunlight exposure has been studied in E. coli CSR 603 (uvrA recA phr), a K12 derivative which is deficient in all known repair systems. Under suitable conditions, unfiltered sunlight inactivates these cells to 10(-3) survival within 30 sec. The effects of unfiltered sunlight have been compared with those of sunlight filtered through 1-cm layers of aqueous caffeine solutions ranging in concentration from 1 to 20 mg/ml. In the wavelength region of solar emission below 320 nm, which is most critical for DNA damage, the transmission of these liquid filters changes from 10 to 90% within 8-nm intervals. Thus our results permit minimum estimates for the fraction of lethal lesions produced by the solar spectrum below certain wavelenghts. In an experiment analyzed in this manner more than 80% of primary lethal lesions are caused by wavelengths less than 321 nm, and more than 50% by wavelengths less than 306 nm, while the contribution of wavelengths greater than 380 nm to primary lethal damage is below 1%.", "contents": "Relative effectiveness of the 300--320 NM spectral region on sunlight for the production of primary lethal damage in E. coli cells. Cell inactivation by sunlight exposure has been studied in E. coli CSR 603 (uvrA recA phr), a K12 derivative which is deficient in all known repair systems. Under suitable conditions, unfiltered sunlight inactivates these cells to 10(-3) survival within 30 sec. The effects of unfiltered sunlight have been compared with those of sunlight filtered through 1-cm layers of aqueous caffeine solutions ranging in concentration from 1 to 20 mg/ml. In the wavelength region of solar emission below 320 nm, which is most critical for DNA damage, the transmission of these liquid filters changes from 10 to 90% within 8-nm intervals. Thus our results permit minimum estimates for the fraction of lethal lesions produced by the solar spectrum below certain wavelenghts. In an experiment analyzed in this manner more than 80% of primary lethal lesions are caused by wavelengths less than 321 nm, and more than 50% by wavelengths less than 306 nm, while the contribution of wavelengths greater than 380 nm to primary lethal damage is below 1%.", "PMID": 384213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6504", "title": "Mutation induction by thymine deprivation in Escherichia coli B/R. II. Mutation in the repressed and derepressed tryptophan operon.", "content": "True Trp+ reversions are induced by thymine deprivation in cells with repressed trp operons as efficiently as in derepressed cells. At least part of the mutations are fixed during thymine starvation, i.e. in the absence of net DNA synthesis. The hypothesis is put forward that thymineless mutagenesis is due to repair-replication under limited concentrations of 5'-dTTP, performed by an inducible error-prone \"DNA-polymerizing activity\" on single-strand gaps.", "contents": "Mutation induction by thymine deprivation in Escherichia coli B/R. II. Mutation in the repressed and derepressed tryptophan operon. True Trp+ reversions are induced by thymine deprivation in cells with repressed trp operons as efficiently as in derepressed cells. At least part of the mutations are fixed during thymine starvation, i.e. in the absence of net DNA synthesis. The hypothesis is put forward that thymineless mutagenesis is due to repair-replication under limited concentrations of 5'-dTTP, performed by an inducible error-prone \"DNA-polymerizing activity\" on single-strand gaps.", "PMID": 384214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6505", "title": "Mechanism of the lethal and mutagenic effects of phenoxyacetic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "MCPA and salicylic acid, two compounds with similar structures and almost the same dissociation pattern, were tested for lethal and mutagenic effects on, and uptake by, cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain rad18. The results obtained with the two compounds were similar, suggesting a common mechanism of action. It is proposed that they act by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions within the cell, so that killing and mutation occur. Mutations were induced only when killing reached 95--99%. The compounds are considered weak mutagens for yeast cells. The methyl ester of MCPA also induced killing and reverse mutation, but only at concentrations about 100 times higher than for the undissociated acid. MCPA methyl ester did not increase the number of revertants in the Salmonella/liver microsome test. It is suggested that the effects of the methyl ester of MCPA depends on the ester being hydrolysed to the acid by yeast cells and the liver microsome preparation.", "contents": "Mechanism of the lethal and mutagenic effects of phenoxyacetic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MCPA and salicylic acid, two compounds with similar structures and almost the same dissociation pattern, were tested for lethal and mutagenic effects on, and uptake by, cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain rad18. The results obtained with the two compounds were similar, suggesting a common mechanism of action. It is proposed that they act by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions within the cell, so that killing and mutation occur. Mutations were induced only when killing reached 95--99%. The compounds are considered weak mutagens for yeast cells. The methyl ester of MCPA also induced killing and reverse mutation, but only at concentrations about 100 times higher than for the undissociated acid. MCPA methyl ester did not increase the number of revertants in the Salmonella/liver microsome test. It is suggested that the effects of the methyl ester of MCPA depends on the ester being hydrolysed to the acid by yeast cells and the liver microsome preparation.", "PMID": 384215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6506", "title": "Mutagenicity of 8-ethoxycaffeine in vitro. Induction of point mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test and of sister-chromatid exchanges as well as chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO line).", "content": "The caffeine derivative 8-ethoxycaffeine (EOC) was tested in 3 different test systems in vitro. Each experiment was carried out with and without S9 mix. Incubation temperatures were 20 and 37 degrees C. (1) In the Salmonella/microsome test, EOC behaved as a pro-mutagen in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535. No mutagenic activity was found in experiments without S9 mix. The influence of temperature was negligible. The mutagenic activity of EOC depended mainly on the mammals used to prepare the S9 fraction and on the agents given to them to induce liver enzymes. (2) EOC did not induce sister-chromatid exchanges in cell cultures, either at 20 or at 37 degrees C. (3) On the other hand, EOC induced chromosomal aberrations when the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C without S9 mix.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of 8-ethoxycaffeine in vitro. Induction of point mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test and of sister-chromatid exchanges as well as chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO line). The caffeine derivative 8-ethoxycaffeine (EOC) was tested in 3 different test systems in vitro. Each experiment was carried out with and without S9 mix. Incubation temperatures were 20 and 37 degrees C. (1) In the Salmonella/microsome test, EOC behaved as a pro-mutagen in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535. No mutagenic activity was found in experiments without S9 mix. The influence of temperature was negligible. The mutagenic activity of EOC depended mainly on the mammals used to prepare the S9 fraction and on the agents given to them to induce liver enzymes. (2) EOC did not induce sister-chromatid exchanges in cell cultures, either at 20 or at 37 degrees C. (3) On the other hand, EOC induced chromosomal aberrations when the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C without S9 mix.", "PMID": 384216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6507", "title": "Spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli strains lacking 6-methyladenine residues in their DNA: an altered mutational spectrum in dam- mutants.", "content": "The mutational spectrum at the lacI locus in a dam-4 strain of Escherichia coli was examined. The observed 20-fold increase in spontaneous mutagenesis in a dam- strain was found to be due to base substitutions, primarily transitions, which had increased 140-fold. Using the trpE997 mutation it was found that the dam mutations also resulted in an increase in frameshift mutagenesis. The mutational spectrum of dam- strains was similar to that found with strains carrying the mutH, mutL, mutS and uvrE mutations thought to result in a defect in the repair of mismatched bases. These results are taken to be consistent with, and to support the hypothesis that, dam- strains are deficient in a post-replicative error-avoidance pathway which allows the directed elimination of mismatch lesions by a mechanism in which parental strands are recognized by their level of DNA methylation.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli strains lacking 6-methyladenine residues in their DNA: an altered mutational spectrum in dam- mutants. The mutational spectrum at the lacI locus in a dam-4 strain of Escherichia coli was examined. The observed 20-fold increase in spontaneous mutagenesis in a dam- strain was found to be due to base substitutions, primarily transitions, which had increased 140-fold. Using the trpE997 mutation it was found that the dam mutations also resulted in an increase in frameshift mutagenesis. The mutational spectrum of dam- strains was similar to that found with strains carrying the mutH, mutL, mutS and uvrE mutations thought to result in a defect in the repair of mismatched bases. These results are taken to be consistent with, and to support the hypothesis that, dam- strains are deficient in a post-replicative error-avoidance pathway which allows the directed elimination of mismatch lesions by a mechanism in which parental strands are recognized by their level of DNA methylation.", "PMID": 384219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6508", "title": "Repair promoted by plasmid pKM101 is different from SOS repair.", "content": "In E. coli K12 bacteria carrying plasmid pKM101, prophage lambda was induced at UV doses higher than in plasmid-less parental bacteria. UV-induced reactivation per se was less effective. Bacteria with pKM101 showed no alteration in their division cycle. Plasmid pKM101 coded for a constitutive error-prone repair different from the inducible error-prone repair called SOS repair. Plasmid pKM101 protected E. coli bacteria from UV damage but slightly sensitized them to X-ray lesions. Protection against UV damage was effective in mutant bacteria deficient in DNA excision-repair provided that the recA, lexA and uvrE genes were functional. Survival of phages lambda and S13 after UV irradiation was enhanced in bacteria carrying plasmid pKM101; phage lambda mutagenesis was also increased. Plasmid pKM101 repaired potentially lethal DNA lesions, although wild-type DNA sequences may not necessarily be restored; hence the mutations observed are the traces of the original DNA lesions.", "contents": "Repair promoted by plasmid pKM101 is different from SOS repair. In E. coli K12 bacteria carrying plasmid pKM101, prophage lambda was induced at UV doses higher than in plasmid-less parental bacteria. UV-induced reactivation per se was less effective. Bacteria with pKM101 showed no alteration in their division cycle. Plasmid pKM101 coded for a constitutive error-prone repair different from the inducible error-prone repair called SOS repair. Plasmid pKM101 protected E. coli bacteria from UV damage but slightly sensitized them to X-ray lesions. Protection against UV damage was effective in mutant bacteria deficient in DNA excision-repair provided that the recA, lexA and uvrE genes were functional. Survival of phages lambda and S13 after UV irradiation was enhanced in bacteria carrying plasmid pKM101; phage lambda mutagenesis was also increased. Plasmid pKM101 repaired potentially lethal DNA lesions, although wild-type DNA sequences may not necessarily be restored; hence the mutations observed are the traces of the original DNA lesions.", "PMID": 384220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6509", "title": "DNA--benzo[a]pyrene adducts formed in a Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis assay system.", "content": "The DNA adducts formed in Salmonella typhimurium when bacteria are incubated with radioactive benzo[a]pyrene and liver microsomal enzymes from several sources has been investigated. When enzyme preparations from Aroclor I254 or 3-methylcholanthrene induced C57BL/6N (B6) mice were used to mediate activation, the predominant product was an adduct between the 10 position of 7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and the N-2 position of deoxyguanosine. Similar results were obtained with human liver and with Aroclor-induced rat-liver enzyme preparations. This adduct is also the major DNA product previously found when human tissues or certain rodent cells were incubated with benzo[a]pyrene. On the other hand, when activation of benzo[a]pyrene was mediated by a phenobarbital-induced B6 mouse-liver enzyme preparation, the extent of binding was quite low and the profile of DNA adducts in S. typhimurium DNA was quite different. Thus, under appropriate conditions, the activation and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene inthe microsome mediated S. typhimurium mutagenesis assay generally resembles that seen in intact mammalian cells. Caution must be exercised, however, in the choice of microsome-activation systems.", "contents": "DNA--benzo[a]pyrene adducts formed in a Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis assay system. The DNA adducts formed in Salmonella typhimurium when bacteria are incubated with radioactive benzo[a]pyrene and liver microsomal enzymes from several sources has been investigated. When enzyme preparations from Aroclor I254 or 3-methylcholanthrene induced C57BL/6N (B6) mice were used to mediate activation, the predominant product was an adduct between the 10 position of 7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and the N-2 position of deoxyguanosine. Similar results were obtained with human liver and with Aroclor-induced rat-liver enzyme preparations. This adduct is also the major DNA product previously found when human tissues or certain rodent cells were incubated with benzo[a]pyrene. On the other hand, when activation of benzo[a]pyrene was mediated by a phenobarbital-induced B6 mouse-liver enzyme preparation, the extent of binding was quite low and the profile of DNA adducts in S. typhimurium DNA was quite different. Thus, under appropriate conditions, the activation and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene inthe microsome mediated S. typhimurium mutagenesis assay generally resembles that seen in intact mammalian cells. Caution must be exercised, however, in the choice of microsome-activation systems.", "PMID": 384221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6510", "title": "Mutagenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sodium azide activated in barley.", "content": "Concentrated dialysate of the extract prepared from barley seeds treated with sodium azide increased up to 100--200 times the frequency of forward mutations to cycloheximide resistance in the excision-deficient UV-sensitive heploid strain rad2-5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when applied to growing cells in complete medium at pH 4.2. Only a slight increase of mutation frequency (less than 4 times) was found in the haploid RAD+ strain treated in the same way as well as in haploid RAD+ and rad2-5 strains treated directly by sodium azide. In contrast with the barley-activated sodium azide, UV irradiation was more effective in the induction of cycloheximide resistance in the RAD+ strain than in the RAD2-5 mutant. The dialysate from azide-treated barley seeds, applied at both pH 4.2 and pH 9, also significantly increased the frequency of locus-specific suppressor mutations to isoleucine independence and -- to a lesser extent -- reversions and/or gene conversions in the trp5 locus in growing cells of the diploid strain D7. The dialysate was also mutagenic in resting cells of strains D7 and rad2-5 but with lower effectiveness.", "contents": "Mutagenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sodium azide activated in barley. Concentrated dialysate of the extract prepared from barley seeds treated with sodium azide increased up to 100--200 times the frequency of forward mutations to cycloheximide resistance in the excision-deficient UV-sensitive heploid strain rad2-5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when applied to growing cells in complete medium at pH 4.2. Only a slight increase of mutation frequency (less than 4 times) was found in the haploid RAD+ strain treated in the same way as well as in haploid RAD+ and rad2-5 strains treated directly by sodium azide. In contrast with the barley-activated sodium azide, UV irradiation was more effective in the induction of cycloheximide resistance in the RAD+ strain than in the RAD2-5 mutant. The dialysate from azide-treated barley seeds, applied at both pH 4.2 and pH 9, also significantly increased the frequency of locus-specific suppressor mutations to isoleucine independence and -- to a lesser extent -- reversions and/or gene conversions in the trp5 locus in growing cells of the diploid strain D7. The dialysate was also mutagenic in resting cells of strains D7 and rad2-5 but with lower effectiveness.", "PMID": 384222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6511", "title": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Methyl methanesulphonate and diepoxybutane.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methyl methanesulphonate and diepoxybutane produced efficiently lethal, as well as mutagenic, damage in nuclear DNA. However, in the same conditions, these agents did not induce cytoplasmic petite mutations and poorly induced point mutations (resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol) in mitochondrial DNA. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Methyl methanesulphonate and diepoxybutane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methyl methanesulphonate and diepoxybutane produced efficiently lethal, as well as mutagenic, damage in nuclear DNA. However, in the same conditions, these agents did not induce cytoplasmic petite mutations and poorly induced point mutations (resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol) in mitochondrial DNA. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 384223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6512", "title": "Enumeration of 6-thioguanine-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in man as a potential test for somatic cell mutations arising in vivo.", "content": "An autoradiographic method to enumerate variant 6-thiogunanine-resistant (TGr) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) that occur in vivo in man is described. Variant cells are detected in PBL cultures stimulated to tritiated thymidine (3HTdr) incorporation in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of TG. Cells with the naturally-occurring Lesch--Nyhan (LN) mutation served as prototype-variant cells. PBLs from a LN hemizygous male were found to be resistant to TG inhibition of PHA-stimulated 3HTdr in corporation in vitro while a LN heterozygous female was found to be a mosaic with 2/1000 PBLs resistant to 2 X 10(-4) M TG. Experiments with artificial mixtures of LN and normal PBLs showed that the LN cells were virtually all detectable even when present in low frequency (10(-5)). TGr PBLs were found in healthy non-LN individuals at median frequencies of 1.0 X 10(-4) and 1.1 X 10(-4) when determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG and 2 X 10(-4) M TG respectively. Their frequencies were not age-related. TGr PBL-variant frequencies (Vf's) were determined in 47 cancer patients who were being treated with cytotoxic agents that are known to be mutagens. The median TGr PBL Vf determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG in cancer patients was 2.2 X 10(-4) while, when determined at 2 X 10(-4) M TG, it was 8.5 X 10(-4). The distribution of Vf's for the treated cancer-patient group differed from that for the normal control group in that more than half of the treated cancer patients had TGr PBL Vf's greater than the highest seen for controls. Unlike those of the normal controls, the TGr PBL Vf's of treated cancer patients differed if determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG and 2 X 10(-4) M TG, a behavior that suggested partial resistance and mimicked that seen with LN TGr PBLs. PBLs resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAPr) were not found in two individuals, although the TGr PBL Vf was elevated in one. TGr PBL Vf's were greatly elevated under conditions of in vivo selection in patients receiving purine-analogue immunosuppressive therapy. The TGr PBL enumerative assay system is presented as one of potential value to detect somatic cell mutations occurring in vivo in man.", "contents": "Enumeration of 6-thioguanine-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in man as a potential test for somatic cell mutations arising in vivo. An autoradiographic method to enumerate variant 6-thiogunanine-resistant (TGr) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) that occur in vivo in man is described. Variant cells are detected in PBL cultures stimulated to tritiated thymidine (3HTdr) incorporation in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of TG. Cells with the naturally-occurring Lesch--Nyhan (LN) mutation served as prototype-variant cells. PBLs from a LN hemizygous male were found to be resistant to TG inhibition of PHA-stimulated 3HTdr in corporation in vitro while a LN heterozygous female was found to be a mosaic with 2/1000 PBLs resistant to 2 X 10(-4) M TG. Experiments with artificial mixtures of LN and normal PBLs showed that the LN cells were virtually all detectable even when present in low frequency (10(-5)). TGr PBLs were found in healthy non-LN individuals at median frequencies of 1.0 X 10(-4) and 1.1 X 10(-4) when determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG and 2 X 10(-4) M TG respectively. Their frequencies were not age-related. TGr PBL-variant frequencies (Vf's) were determined in 47 cancer patients who were being treated with cytotoxic agents that are known to be mutagens. The median TGr PBL Vf determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG in cancer patients was 2.2 X 10(-4) while, when determined at 2 X 10(-4) M TG, it was 8.5 X 10(-4). The distribution of Vf's for the treated cancer-patient group differed from that for the normal control group in that more than half of the treated cancer patients had TGr PBL Vf's greater than the highest seen for controls. Unlike those of the normal controls, the TGr PBL Vf's of treated cancer patients differed if determined at 2 X 10(-3) M TG and 2 X 10(-4) M TG, a behavior that suggested partial resistance and mimicked that seen with LN TGr PBLs. PBLs resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAPr) were not found in two individuals, although the TGr PBL Vf was elevated in one. TGr PBL Vf's were greatly elevated under conditions of in vivo selection in patients receiving purine-analogue immunosuppressive therapy. The TGr PBL enumerative assay system is presented as one of potential value to detect somatic cell mutations occurring in vivo in man.", "PMID": 384224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6513", "title": "Reversal of sodium-azide mutagenicity by liver preparations and by gastric juice.", "content": "Sodium azide was found to be mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium by inducing base-pair substitutions that were not enhanced by pKM101 plasmid (R factor). However, the mutagenicity of sodium azide was decreased by enzyme proteins contained in rat-liver post-mitochondrial fractions, depending on the NADPH-generating system. Pre-incubation with human gastric juice also decreased azide mutagenicity. These metabolic effects might explain the conflicting nature of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity tests reported in the literature. Laboratory reagents containing 0.1% sodium azide as a preservative showed the expected patterns of mutagenicity and of metabolic deactivation, and no aspecific interaction could be detected between azide and the various components, including proteins, of the reagents tested.", "contents": "Reversal of sodium-azide mutagenicity by liver preparations and by gastric juice. Sodium azide was found to be mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium by inducing base-pair substitutions that were not enhanced by pKM101 plasmid (R factor). However, the mutagenicity of sodium azide was decreased by enzyme proteins contained in rat-liver post-mitochondrial fractions, depending on the NADPH-generating system. Pre-incubation with human gastric juice also decreased azide mutagenicity. These metabolic effects might explain the conflicting nature of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity tests reported in the literature. Laboratory reagents containing 0.1% sodium azide as a preservative showed the expected patterns of mutagenicity and of metabolic deactivation, and no aspecific interaction could be detected between azide and the various components, including proteins, of the reagents tested.", "PMID": 384225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6514", "title": "Mutagens in the feces of 3 South-African populations at different levels of risk for colon cancer.", "content": "The incidence of mutagens in the feces of 3 South-African populations at different risk levels for colon cancer has been determined. Lyophilized fecal samples were extracted with ether and the mutagenicity of the extracts determined using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. 19% of the samples from urban white South-Africans, a population at a high risk for colon cancer, were mutagenic using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. This incidence was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than the incidence of mutagen excretion in the low-risk populations of urban blacks (2%) and rural blacks (0%). This pattern was also obtained using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The incidence of mutagen excretion for urban whites was 10%, as compared to 5% and 2% for urban and rural blacks, respectively.", "contents": "Mutagens in the feces of 3 South-African populations at different levels of risk for colon cancer. The incidence of mutagens in the feces of 3 South-African populations at different risk levels for colon cancer has been determined. Lyophilized fecal samples were extracted with ether and the mutagenicity of the extracts determined using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. 19% of the samples from urban white South-Africans, a population at a high risk for colon cancer, were mutagenic using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. This incidence was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than the incidence of mutagen excretion in the low-risk populations of urban blacks (2%) and rural blacks (0%). This pattern was also obtained using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The incidence of mutagen excretion for urban whites was 10%, as compared to 5% and 2% for urban and rural blacks, respectively.", "PMID": 384227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6515", "title": "Methodology for the testing of food dyes for genotoxic activity: experiments with red 2G (C.I. 18050).", "content": "A methodology for investigating genotoxicity of food colours using the fluctuation and DNA-repair assays with bacteria is described. In addition, a liquid repair test, developed to permit incorporation of microsomes and the quantitative estimation of cell viability, has been characterised with a number of positive control agents. Results obtained in these systems suggest that the food colour Red 2G induces repairable DNA damage and base-substitution mutation, but only in the presence of a rat-liver microsomal preparation. The significance of the data in the light of other toxicological information is discussed.", "contents": "Methodology for the testing of food dyes for genotoxic activity: experiments with red 2G (C.I. 18050). A methodology for investigating genotoxicity of food colours using the fluctuation and DNA-repair assays with bacteria is described. In addition, a liquid repair test, developed to permit incorporation of microsomes and the quantitative estimation of cell viability, has been characterised with a number of positive control agents. Results obtained in these systems suggest that the food colour Red 2G induces repairable DNA damage and base-substitution mutation, but only in the presence of a rat-liver microsomal preparation. The significance of the data in the light of other toxicological information is discussed.", "PMID": 384228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6516", "title": "The L-arabinose-resistance test with Salmonella typhimurium strain SV3 selects forward mutations at several ara genes.", "content": "A new assay has been described for mutagenicity testing using an L-arabinose-sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The test strain SV3 and several L-arabinose-resistant mutants selected therefrom are characterized in the present study by 3 different criteria: inhibition of growth by L-arabinose, accumulation of keto-sugars, and activities of the enzymes involved in L-arabinose catabolism. Strain SV3 (ara-531) shows high levels of inducible L-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) and L-ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16) activities, but is deficient in L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.4), the enzyme encoded in Escherichia coli by gene D in the araBAD operon. Addition of L-arabinose to SV3 growing in glycerol or casamino acids stops growth. D-Glucose only partially reverses this inhibition. Reversion of the ara-531 mutation restores different levels of epimerase activity and resistance to L-arabinose. However, the great majority of the L-arabinose-resistant mutants do not utilize L-arabinose. The physiological and enzymatic properties of these L-arabinose non-utilizing mutants suggest that L-arabinose resistance is due to forward mutations in at least 3 other genes, araA, araB and araC, blocking steps prior to L-ribulose 5-phosphate accumulation.", "contents": "The L-arabinose-resistance test with Salmonella typhimurium strain SV3 selects forward mutations at several ara genes. A new assay has been described for mutagenicity testing using an L-arabinose-sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The test strain SV3 and several L-arabinose-resistant mutants selected therefrom are characterized in the present study by 3 different criteria: inhibition of growth by L-arabinose, accumulation of keto-sugars, and activities of the enzymes involved in L-arabinose catabolism. Strain SV3 (ara-531) shows high levels of inducible L-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) and L-ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16) activities, but is deficient in L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.4), the enzyme encoded in Escherichia coli by gene D in the araBAD operon. Addition of L-arabinose to SV3 growing in glycerol or casamino acids stops growth. D-Glucose only partially reverses this inhibition. Reversion of the ara-531 mutation restores different levels of epimerase activity and resistance to L-arabinose. However, the great majority of the L-arabinose-resistant mutants do not utilize L-arabinose. The physiological and enzymatic properties of these L-arabinose non-utilizing mutants suggest that L-arabinose resistance is due to forward mutations in at least 3 other genes, araA, araB and araC, blocking steps prior to L-ribulose 5-phosphate accumulation.", "PMID": 384229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6517", "title": "Statistical tests for recessive lethal-carriers.", "content": "This paper presents a statistical method for testing whether a male mouse is a recessive lethal-carrier. The analysis is based on a back-cross experiment in which the male mouse is mated with some of his daughters. The numbers of total implantations and intrauterine deaths in each litter are recorded. It is assumed that, conditional on the number of total implantations, the number of intrauterine deaths follows a binomial distribution. Using computer-simulated experimentation it is shown that the proposed statistical method, which is sensitive to the pattern of intrauterine death rates, is more powerful than a test based only on the total number of implant deaths. The proposed test requires relatively simple calculations and can be used for a wide range of values of total implantations and background implant mortality rates. For computer-simulated experiments, there was no practical difference between the empirical error rate and the nominal error rate.", "contents": "Statistical tests for recessive lethal-carriers. This paper presents a statistical method for testing whether a male mouse is a recessive lethal-carrier. The analysis is based on a back-cross experiment in which the male mouse is mated with some of his daughters. The numbers of total implantations and intrauterine deaths in each litter are recorded. It is assumed that, conditional on the number of total implantations, the number of intrauterine deaths follows a binomial distribution. Using computer-simulated experimentation it is shown that the proposed statistical method, which is sensitive to the pattern of intrauterine death rates, is more powerful than a test based only on the total number of implant deaths. The proposed test requires relatively simple calculations and can be used for a wide range of values of total implantations and background implant mortality rates. For computer-simulated experiments, there was no practical difference between the empirical error rate and the nominal error rate.", "PMID": 384230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6518", "title": "Platinum(II) complexes generate frame-shift mutations in test strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "cis-Diamminodichloroplatinum(II) (cis-PDD) and diaquoethylenediamineplatinum(II) induce histidine revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (frame-shift mutation) and TA100 (base-pair substitution mutation). A linear dose--response relationship is found with cis-PDD acting on TA98 and TA100. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 are not sensitive to the mutagenic action of cis-PDD. All 5 strains are sensitive to the toxic effect of cis-PDD. Platinum(II) complexes induce mutations (frame-shift or base-pair substitution) only in strains carrying the R-factor plasmid.", "contents": "Platinum(II) complexes generate frame-shift mutations in test strains of Salmonella typhimurium. cis-Diamminodichloroplatinum(II) (cis-PDD) and diaquoethylenediamineplatinum(II) induce histidine revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (frame-shift mutation) and TA100 (base-pair substitution mutation). A linear dose--response relationship is found with cis-PDD acting on TA98 and TA100. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 are not sensitive to the mutagenic action of cis-PDD. All 5 strains are sensitive to the toxic effect of cis-PDD. Platinum(II) complexes induce mutations (frame-shift or base-pair substitution) only in strains carrying the R-factor plasmid.", "PMID": 384231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6519", "title": "Recombinogenicity and mutagenicity of saccharin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Diploid yeast grown in the presence of a commercial lot of saccharin exhibited reproducible, dose-dependent increases in intergenic and intragenic recombination, and mutation. Cells grew to nearly the same titer in media without saccharin and containing 2 or 20 mg saccharin/ml, although cell viability was somewhat reduced in saccharin-containing media. At the high test dose of 100 mg/ml, titers and cell viability were more markedly lowered. Differences between this study and previous (negative) tests of saccharin in yeast are described.", "contents": "Recombinogenicity and mutagenicity of saccharin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diploid yeast grown in the presence of a commercial lot of saccharin exhibited reproducible, dose-dependent increases in intergenic and intragenic recombination, and mutation. Cells grew to nearly the same titer in media without saccharin and containing 2 or 20 mg saccharin/ml, although cell viability was somewhat reduced in saccharin-containing media. At the high test dose of 100 mg/ml, titers and cell viability were more markedly lowered. Differences between this study and previous (negative) tests of saccharin in yeast are described.", "PMID": 384232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6520", "title": "Derivatives of side-chain hydroxylated nitrosamines direct acting mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Methyl-(beta-tosyloxyethyl)nitrosamine and 3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-oxadiazolium tosylate are potent direct acting mutagens in the Ames assay, as is N-nitrosoprolinyl tosylate. These compounds are derived from beta-hydroxylated nitrosamines. The closely related methyl-(gamma-tosyloxypropyl)nitrosamine is not mutagenic without activation. These data are consistent with the chemical behavior of these substances, which suggest that suitable derivatives of beta-hydroxylated nitrosamines, such as O-sulfates, may be direct-acting biological alkylating agents.", "contents": "Derivatives of side-chain hydroxylated nitrosamines direct acting mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium. Methyl-(beta-tosyloxyethyl)nitrosamine and 3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-oxadiazolium tosylate are potent direct acting mutagens in the Ames assay, as is N-nitrosoprolinyl tosylate. These compounds are derived from beta-hydroxylated nitrosamines. The closely related methyl-(gamma-tosyloxypropyl)nitrosamine is not mutagenic without activation. These data are consistent with the chemical behavior of these substances, which suggest that suitable derivatives of beta-hydroxylated nitrosamines, such as O-sulfates, may be direct-acting biological alkylating agents.", "PMID": 384234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6521", "title": "Testing of some permitted food colours for the induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast.", "content": "12 permitted food colours in use were screened for geno-toxicity. Mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the end-point. Each food colour was tested in stationary-phase as well as log-phase cells but without microsomal activation. These food colours did not cause any increase in mitotic gene conversion in diploid yeast BZ 34.", "contents": "Testing of some permitted food colours for the induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast. 12 permitted food colours in use were screened for geno-toxicity. Mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the end-point. Each food colour was tested in stationary-phase as well as log-phase cells but without microsomal activation. These food colours did not cause any increase in mitotic gene conversion in diploid yeast BZ 34.", "PMID": 384235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6522", "title": "Mutagenic effects of cadmium on mammalian oocyte chromosomes.", "content": "When female golden hamsters were treated with cadmium chloride at the oogenesis stages of diakinesis/metaphase I to metaphase II, oocytes with the chromosomal complements of hyperhaploidy and diploidy, as well as oocytes at the anaphase-I stage, were observed. Oocytes of this species were especially sensitive to cadmium. Chromosome analysis of metaphase-II oocytes seems to be a useful method for the screening of mutagenicity of environmental contaminants in mammalian germ cells in vivo.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of cadmium on mammalian oocyte chromosomes. When female golden hamsters were treated with cadmium chloride at the oogenesis stages of diakinesis/metaphase I to metaphase II, oocytes with the chromosomal complements of hyperhaploidy and diploidy, as well as oocytes at the anaphase-I stage, were observed. Oocytes of this species were especially sensitive to cadmium. Chromosome analysis of metaphase-II oocytes seems to be a useful method for the screening of mutagenicity of environmental contaminants in mammalian germ cells in vivo.", "PMID": 384236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6523", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in patients treated with penicillamine.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were performed on bone-marrow cells from 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with penicillamine. One of the patients was studied while developing a granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The findings show that penicillamine had no chromosome-damaging effect as estimated by the micronucleus test and by the number of structural chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in patients treated with penicillamine. Cytogenetic studies were performed on bone-marrow cells from 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with penicillamine. One of the patients was studied while developing a granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The findings show that penicillamine had no chromosome-damaging effect as estimated by the micronucleus test and by the number of structural chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 384237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6524", "title": "Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. A controlled trial.", "content": "One hundred and fifty patients with advanced cancer participated in a controlled double-blind study to evaluate the effects of high-dose vitamin C on symptoms and survival. Patients were divided randomly into a group that received vitamin C (10 g per day) and one that received a comparably flavored lactose placebo. Sixty evaluable patients received vitamin C and 63 received a placebo. Both groups were similar in age, sex, site of primary tumor, performance score, tumor grade and previous chemotherapy. The two groups showed no appreciable difference in changes in symptoms, performance status, appetite or weight. The median survival for all patients was about seven weeks, and the survival curves essentially overlapped. In this selected group of patients, we were unable to show a therapeutic benefit of high-dose vitamin C treatment.", "contents": "Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. A controlled trial. One hundred and fifty patients with advanced cancer participated in a controlled double-blind study to evaluate the effects of high-dose vitamin C on symptoms and survival. Patients were divided randomly into a group that received vitamin C (10 g per day) and one that received a comparably flavored lactose placebo. Sixty evaluable patients received vitamin C and 63 received a placebo. Both groups were similar in age, sex, site of primary tumor, performance score, tumor grade and previous chemotherapy. The two groups showed no appreciable difference in changes in symptoms, performance status, appetite or weight. The median survival for all patients was about seven weeks, and the survival curves essentially overlapped. In this selected group of patients, we were unable to show a therapeutic benefit of high-dose vitamin C treatment.", "PMID": 384241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6525", "title": "Financing graduate medical education.", "content": "The direct costs of residency training in the United States are over $1 billion per year. These educational programs have been organized predominantly around hospital services and supported by hospital revenues. Pressure has been increasing to reduce the rate of increase in hospital expenditures or costs or both. This article describes alternative methods for financing graduate medical education. Debate over the current sources of financing reveals several troublesome issues: the presence of residents allegedly decreases the productivity of professionals and leads to overusage of ancillary services, proposed methods to pay for faculty salaries and services have created confusion and concern, and the financing of ambulatory-care training has been insufficient and poorly coordinated. The medical-education community must resolve these professional and educational problems so that financing issues can be debated and properly defended.", "contents": "Financing graduate medical education. The direct costs of residency training in the United States are over $1 billion per year. These educational programs have been organized predominantly around hospital services and supported by hospital revenues. Pressure has been increasing to reduce the rate of increase in hospital expenditures or costs or both. This article describes alternative methods for financing graduate medical education. Debate over the current sources of financing reveals several troublesome issues: the presence of residents allegedly decreases the productivity of professionals and leads to overusage of ancillary services, proposed methods to pay for faculty salaries and services have created confusion and concern, and the financing of ambulatory-care training has been insufficient and poorly coordinated. The medical-education community must resolve these professional and educational problems so that financing issues can be debated and properly defended.", "PMID": 384245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6526", "title": "Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis.", "content": "Acute deep-vein thrombosis is usually treated with intravenous heparin for a number of days, then with oral anticoagulants for weeks to months. We have compared adjusted-dose warfarin sodium with fixed low-dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of recurrent deep-vein thrombosis. Sixty-eight patients with acute deep-vein thrombosis confirmed by venography were treated with intravenous heparin and then randomized to secondary prophylaxis. Nine of 35 patients receiving subcutaneous heparin, but none of 33 receiving warfarin sodium, had new episodes of objectively documented venous thromboembolism (P = 0.001). Seven patients on warfarin sodium experienced bleeding complications (of which four were major), as compared with no patients receiving subcutaneous heparin (P less than 0.005). Thus, adjusted-dose warfarin sodium is more effective than low-dose subcutaneous heparin in preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism, but its use is accompanied by a significant risk of bleeding.", "contents": "Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. Acute deep-vein thrombosis is usually treated with intravenous heparin for a number of days, then with oral anticoagulants for weeks to months. We have compared adjusted-dose warfarin sodium with fixed low-dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of recurrent deep-vein thrombosis. Sixty-eight patients with acute deep-vein thrombosis confirmed by venography were treated with intravenous heparin and then randomized to secondary prophylaxis. Nine of 35 patients receiving subcutaneous heparin, but none of 33 receiving warfarin sodium, had new episodes of objectively documented venous thromboembolism (P = 0.001). Seven patients on warfarin sodium experienced bleeding complications (of which four were major), as compared with no patients receiving subcutaneous heparin (P less than 0.005). Thus, adjusted-dose warfarin sodium is more effective than low-dose subcutaneous heparin in preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism, but its use is accompanied by a significant risk of bleeding.", "PMID": 384248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6527", "title": "Detection of circulating antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus in sera of mice and rabbits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Circulating antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus was demonstrated in the sera of experimentally infected, cortisone-treated mice and rabbits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA), confirming earlier results where fungal antigen had been detected by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Peaks of detection of circulating antigen by CIE and micro-ELISA in mice were not simultaneous suggesting that the nature of the predominant antigens may have altered during the course of infection. CIE failed to detect fungal antigen in infected rabbits whereas micro-ELISA monitored antigenemia until death. Both CIE and micro-ELISA demonstrated the rapid clearance of intravenously inoculated Aspergillus-antigen from the rabbit circulation.", "contents": "Detection of circulating antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus in sera of mice and rabbits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Circulating antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus was demonstrated in the sera of experimentally infected, cortisone-treated mice and rabbits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA), confirming earlier results where fungal antigen had been detected by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Peaks of detection of circulating antigen by CIE and micro-ELISA in mice were not simultaneous suggesting that the nature of the predominant antigens may have altered during the course of infection. CIE failed to detect fungal antigen in infected rabbits whereas micro-ELISA monitored antigenemia until death. Both CIE and micro-ELISA demonstrated the rapid clearance of intravenously inoculated Aspergillus-antigen from the rabbit circulation.", "PMID": 384254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6528", "title": "Prevalence of pathogenic fungi in the toe-webs and toe-nails of diabetic patients.", "content": "100 diabetic and 100 diabetes-free patients were mycologically examined for the presence of pathogenic fungi in their toe-webs and toe-nails. While there were clinical signs of presumed mycotic infection in 73 of the diabetic and in 66 of the non-diabetic subjects, the examination of the KOH-treated specimens revealed fungal elements in only 70 of the former and in 53 of the latter group. Isolation of the causative agent was possible in 57 of the diabetic patients (T. rubrum in 46%, C. albicans in 31%, T. mentagrophytes in 21% and E. floccosum in 3%) and in 40 of the control group (T. rubrum 57,5%, T. mentagrophytes 35%, C. albicans 5%, E. floccosum 2,5%). An interesting correlation was observed between the level of blood sugar and the percentage of positive fungal findings, the patients with more than 3000 mg/ml being 100% afected. C. albicans was found in a lower percentage in non-diabetic patients. The in vitro test of the sensitivity of the isolated organisms to the antidiabetic drugs, received by the patients, showed no significant anti-fungal activity.", "contents": "Prevalence of pathogenic fungi in the toe-webs and toe-nails of diabetic patients. 100 diabetic and 100 diabetes-free patients were mycologically examined for the presence of pathogenic fungi in their toe-webs and toe-nails. While there were clinical signs of presumed mycotic infection in 73 of the diabetic and in 66 of the non-diabetic subjects, the examination of the KOH-treated specimens revealed fungal elements in only 70 of the former and in 53 of the latter group. Isolation of the causative agent was possible in 57 of the diabetic patients (T. rubrum in 46%, C. albicans in 31%, T. mentagrophytes in 21% and E. floccosum in 3%) and in 40 of the control group (T. rubrum 57,5%, T. mentagrophytes 35%, C. albicans 5%, E. floccosum 2,5%). An interesting correlation was observed between the level of blood sugar and the percentage of positive fungal findings, the patients with more than 3000 mg/ml being 100% afected. C. albicans was found in a lower percentage in non-diabetic patients. The in vitro test of the sensitivity of the isolated organisms to the antidiabetic drugs, received by the patients, showed no significant anti-fungal activity.", "PMID": 384255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6529", "title": "Comparison of the growth of virulent and attenuated strains of Candida albicans in the kidneys of normal and cortison-treated mice by chitin assay.", "content": "Candida albicans strain 22114 was avirulent for mice compared with strain 19321 in that, administered intravenously, 10(6) blastospores of 22114 failed to kill whereas 10(6) blastospores of 19321 produced 100% mortality. Cortisone treatment rendered mice susceptible to killing by 22114. Chitin assay showed that cortisone stimulated the growth of both strains in the mouse kidney. Growth of 19321 was increased up to five-fold and 22114 up to forty-fold. The strains may have differential susceptibility to cortisone-sensitive host defences which control fungal growth in vivo.", "contents": "Comparison of the growth of virulent and attenuated strains of Candida albicans in the kidneys of normal and cortison-treated mice by chitin assay. Candida albicans strain 22114 was avirulent for mice compared with strain 19321 in that, administered intravenously, 10(6) blastospores of 22114 failed to kill whereas 10(6) blastospores of 19321 produced 100% mortality. Cortisone treatment rendered mice susceptible to killing by 22114. Chitin assay showed that cortisone stimulated the growth of both strains in the mouse kidney. Growth of 19321 was increased up to five-fold and 22114 up to forty-fold. The strains may have differential susceptibility to cortisone-sensitive host defences which control fungal growth in vivo.", "PMID": 384256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6530", "title": "Prenatal exposure to chemical carcinogens and its effect on subsequent generations.", "content": "That exposure of pregnant animals to chemical carcinogens results in the occurrence of tumors in the progeny is well documented. Evidence has been accumulated on at least 38 chemicals pertaining to different chemical groups. The experimental evidence was followed by observations in humans regarding the increased risk of cancer in daughters of women who received stilbestrol during pregnancy. Additional experimental evidence is accumulating on the possibility that exposure during pregnancy results in an increased incidence of tumors for more than one generation of untreated descendants. Studies done on mice with DMBA and on rats with MNU and ENU showed that exposure to the carcinogens during pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of tumors in animals of the first generation and in an increased incidence of tumors at specific sites in untreated animals of the second and third generations.", "contents": "Prenatal exposure to chemical carcinogens and its effect on subsequent generations. That exposure of pregnant animals to chemical carcinogens results in the occurrence of tumors in the progeny is well documented. Evidence has been accumulated on at least 38 chemicals pertaining to different chemical groups. The experimental evidence was followed by observations in humans regarding the increased risk of cancer in daughters of women who received stilbestrol during pregnancy. Additional experimental evidence is accumulating on the possibility that exposure during pregnancy results in an increased incidence of tumors for more than one generation of untreated descendants. Studies done on mice with DMBA and on rats with MNU and ENU showed that exposure to the carcinogens during pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of tumors in animals of the first generation and in an increased incidence of tumors at specific sites in untreated animals of the second and third generations.", "PMID": 384260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6531", "title": "Perinatal viral carcinogenesis: the role of immunity.", "content": "The perinatal period cumulates conditions favorable to carcinogenesis that comprise high cellular multiplication rates, unstable homeostasis, and immune incompetence. The placenta allows the passage of various antigens including oncogenic viruses that have immunogenic or tolerogenic effects on the fetus. According to the structural type in different species, the placenta also transfers a diversity of maternal antibodies that protect efficiently the unborn progeny. However, in the postnatal period, the infant deprived of maternal antibodies and still incompetent to produce sufficient levels of immunoglobulins is highly susceptible to viral carcinogenesis. In an experimental system, newborn rats were totally protected against viral leukemogenesis by prenatal immunization of mothers with either live or inactivated leukemia virus. The routes of transfer and the comparative efficiency of serum and milk immunoglobulins of different classes to neutralize the virus were examined. The passage of antibodies under conditions of maternal immunosuppression was also studied.", "contents": "Perinatal viral carcinogenesis: the role of immunity. The perinatal period cumulates conditions favorable to carcinogenesis that comprise high cellular multiplication rates, unstable homeostasis, and immune incompetence. The placenta allows the passage of various antigens including oncogenic viruses that have immunogenic or tolerogenic effects on the fetus. According to the structural type in different species, the placenta also transfers a diversity of maternal antibodies that protect efficiently the unborn progeny. However, in the postnatal period, the infant deprived of maternal antibodies and still incompetent to produce sufficient levels of immunoglobulins is highly susceptible to viral carcinogenesis. In an experimental system, newborn rats were totally protected against viral leukemogenesis by prenatal immunization of mothers with either live or inactivated leukemia virus. The routes of transfer and the comparative efficiency of serum and milk immunoglobulins of different classes to neutralize the virus were examined. The passage of antibodies under conditions of maternal immunosuppression was also studied.", "PMID": 384261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6532", "title": "Transplacental and neonatal induction of neurogenic tumors in mice: comparison with related species and with human pediatric neoplasms.", "content": "The literature on chemical induction and natural occurrence of neurogenic tumors in mice and some unpublished data from our laboratories are reviewed. Neurogenic tumors are a minor component of the total tumorigenic response of mice to alkylating agents such as ENU and MNU. In comparison with rats, a given dose of ENU induces a much lower incidence of neurogenic tumors in mice, and the mean latency is much longer than in rats. Although most neurogenic tumors induced by ENU in mice by either transplacental or direct postnatal exposure are of glial or Schwann cell origin, as in rats, and occur most frequently in the cerebrum or cranial nerves, respectively, medulloblastomas of the cerebellum also occur in treated mice. Transplacental and neonatal exposure to ENU were much more effective in inducing neurogenic tumors than treatment later in life. Ependymomas were not seen in mice, although they are common in ENU-treated rats. Neuroblastoma of the adrenal medulla, a common human pediatric tumor, has not been induced to either species, but it does occur spontaneously in mice. The induction by ENU of medulloblastomas demonstrates that this rodent equivalent of an embryonal tumor of the human nervous system can result from exposure to exogenous chemical agents.", "contents": "Transplacental and neonatal induction of neurogenic tumors in mice: comparison with related species and with human pediatric neoplasms. The literature on chemical induction and natural occurrence of neurogenic tumors in mice and some unpublished data from our laboratories are reviewed. Neurogenic tumors are a minor component of the total tumorigenic response of mice to alkylating agents such as ENU and MNU. In comparison with rats, a given dose of ENU induces a much lower incidence of neurogenic tumors in mice, and the mean latency is much longer than in rats. Although most neurogenic tumors induced by ENU in mice by either transplacental or direct postnatal exposure are of glial or Schwann cell origin, as in rats, and occur most frequently in the cerebrum or cranial nerves, respectively, medulloblastomas of the cerebellum also occur in treated mice. Transplacental and neonatal exposure to ENU were much more effective in inducing neurogenic tumors than treatment later in life. Ependymomas were not seen in mice, although they are common in ENU-treated rats. Neuroblastoma of the adrenal medulla, a common human pediatric tumor, has not been induced to either species, but it does occur spontaneously in mice. The induction by ENU of medulloblastomas demonstrates that this rodent equivalent of an embryonal tumor of the human nervous system can result from exposure to exogenous chemical agents.", "PMID": 384262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6533", "title": "Neoplastic response of mouse tissues during perinatal age periods and its significance in chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "A series of studies pertaining to perinatal carcinogenesis have been reviewed. Their main objective was development and definition of a sensitivity biologic model for carcinogenicity screening. Data were summarized on factors modifying the carcinogenic response of various tissues following transplacental, neonatal-infant, or adult exposure of (B57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ)F1 mice to a single administration of ENU. In addition, tumor response of mice treated during specific perinatal age periods with DEN, BP, aflatoxin B1, benzidine . 2HCl, DDT, dieldrin, and safrole were analyzed. The results revealed that the age of the animals at the time of carcinogenic exposure has been the most effective modulator of carcinogenesis in liver, lung, stomach, ovary, and lymphoreticular tissues. Infancy proved to be the most susceptible period to carcinogenesis as demonstrated by a great variety of tissues that responded to treatment and the incidence of tumors which developed. Depending on the nature of carcinogen, variation in organ sites undergoing carcinogenesis was considerable, apparently due to difference in their enzymatic competence to activate and metabolize the agent. Thus a single treatment with ENU, a spontaneously activated type of procarcinogen, induced 59 primary types of tumors in 22 tissues. In contrast, treatment of infants by procarcinogens requiring enzymatic activation led to development of tumors only at a limited number of tissue sites. However, regardless of the type of carcinogen used, the liver consistently responded with development of tumors. Detailed morphologic and biologic evaluations of the induced liver tumors demonstrated in addition to the benign neoplastic variety, the presence of the frank malignant tumors. The character of tumors was dependent not only on carcinogenicity of the agent used but also on the age of mice at the time of carcinogenic treatment. Perinatally induced primary liver tumors showed greater tendency to metastasize and were more readily transplantable into an isogeneic host than those induced at later age periods. Data showed the advantage of prenatal and/or postnatal treatment in combination of life-long exposures to test agents as a more sensitive bioassay system in comparison with solely postweaning treatment. Because the early age period is the most sensitivity life phase to carcinogenesis, it appears to be a good model for prescreening various potential carcinogens, especially when only small amounts of test substances are available. The importance of the proper relationship of such bioassay to the other test systems regarding assessment of potential human risk has been emphasized.", "contents": "Neoplastic response of mouse tissues during perinatal age periods and its significance in chemical carcinogenesis. A series of studies pertaining to perinatal carcinogenesis have been reviewed. Their main objective was development and definition of a sensitivity biologic model for carcinogenicity screening. Data were summarized on factors modifying the carcinogenic response of various tissues following transplacental, neonatal-infant, or adult exposure of (B57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ)F1 mice to a single administration of ENU. In addition, tumor response of mice treated during specific perinatal age periods with DEN, BP, aflatoxin B1, benzidine . 2HCl, DDT, dieldrin, and safrole were analyzed. The results revealed that the age of the animals at the time of carcinogenic exposure has been the most effective modulator of carcinogenesis in liver, lung, stomach, ovary, and lymphoreticular tissues. Infancy proved to be the most susceptible period to carcinogenesis as demonstrated by a great variety of tissues that responded to treatment and the incidence of tumors which developed. Depending on the nature of carcinogen, variation in organ sites undergoing carcinogenesis was considerable, apparently due to difference in their enzymatic competence to activate and metabolize the agent. Thus a single treatment with ENU, a spontaneously activated type of procarcinogen, induced 59 primary types of tumors in 22 tissues. In contrast, treatment of infants by procarcinogens requiring enzymatic activation led to development of tumors only at a limited number of tissue sites. However, regardless of the type of carcinogen used, the liver consistently responded with development of tumors. Detailed morphologic and biologic evaluations of the induced liver tumors demonstrated in addition to the benign neoplastic variety, the presence of the frank malignant tumors. The character of tumors was dependent not only on carcinogenicity of the agent used but also on the age of mice at the time of carcinogenic treatment. Perinatally induced primary liver tumors showed greater tendency to metastasize and were more readily transplantable into an isogeneic host than those induced at later age periods. Data showed the advantage of prenatal and/or postnatal treatment in combination of life-long exposures to test agents as a more sensitive bioassay system in comparison with solely postweaning treatment. Because the early age period is the most sensitivity life phase to carcinogenesis, it appears to be a good model for prescreening various potential carcinogens, especially when only small amounts of test substances are available. The importance of the proper relationship of such bioassay to the other test systems regarding assessment of potential human risk has been emphasized.", "PMID": 384263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6534", "title": "Developmental mechanism of estrogen-induced irreversible changes in the mouse cervicovaginal epithelium.", "content": "Neonatal female mice of the NMRI strain, given injections of 17 beta-estradiol or DES, were studied with respect to immediate effects and those that appeared in the animal's adult stage. With the estrogen dose used (5 micrograms daily), proliferation of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper part of the m\u00fcllerian vagina was inhibited. This resulted in the occurrence of regions containing an RCE in the uterine cervix and upper vagina of adult animals instead of the normal squamous epithelium. Later, the RCE developed into adenosis; subsequently, suspected malignant changes were seen. Besides the morphologic differences compared with control animals, neonatal estrogen treatment resulted in changes in the amount of CVA. Compared with controls, the amount of CVA was high in the superficial mucified vaginal cells of neonatally DES-treated mice, subsequently castrated and given estrogen as adults. The RCE had a low level of CVA. An interaction of estradiol and prolactin was important for the CVA level. Neonatal estrogen treatment may result in persistent changes in the regulation of plasma prolactin. A comparison is made between the estrogen-induced changes in mice and the DES effects in the female offspring of women exposed to DES during pregnancy. The importance of the mouse model for the study of the relevance of estrogen-induced, irreversible changes and other factors in the development of human clear cell adenocarcinomas in the vagina and cervix is stressed.", "contents": "Developmental mechanism of estrogen-induced irreversible changes in the mouse cervicovaginal epithelium. Neonatal female mice of the NMRI strain, given injections of 17 beta-estradiol or DES, were studied with respect to immediate effects and those that appeared in the animal's adult stage. With the estrogen dose used (5 micrograms daily), proliferation of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the upper part of the m\u00fcllerian vagina was inhibited. This resulted in the occurrence of regions containing an RCE in the uterine cervix and upper vagina of adult animals instead of the normal squamous epithelium. Later, the RCE developed into adenosis; subsequently, suspected malignant changes were seen. Besides the morphologic differences compared with control animals, neonatal estrogen treatment resulted in changes in the amount of CVA. Compared with controls, the amount of CVA was high in the superficial mucified vaginal cells of neonatally DES-treated mice, subsequently castrated and given estrogen as adults. The RCE had a low level of CVA. An interaction of estradiol and prolactin was important for the CVA level. Neonatal estrogen treatment may result in persistent changes in the regulation of plasma prolactin. A comparison is made between the estrogen-induced changes in mice and the DES effects in the female offspring of women exposed to DES during pregnancy. The importance of the mouse model for the study of the relevance of estrogen-induced, irreversible changes and other factors in the development of human clear cell adenocarcinomas in the vagina and cervix is stressed.", "PMID": 384264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6535", "title": "Clinical genetics and pediatric neoplasms: pathogenetic and etiologic perspectives.", "content": "Clinical and genetic aspects of pediatric neoplasms were reviewed from pathogenetic and etiologic perspectives. Developmental principles and phenomena common to several tumors and tumor syndromes were identified, summarized, and critically evaluated. Their enumeration may be useful in future cancer research. No single hypothesis on the cause and pathogenesis of cancer appears to apply to all disorders. We believe that multiple causes and pathways lead to the phenotype \"cancer\" and that in particular the pathogenetic relationship between tissue dysplasias and cancers deserves increased attention.", "contents": "Clinical genetics and pediatric neoplasms: pathogenetic and etiologic perspectives. Clinical and genetic aspects of pediatric neoplasms were reviewed from pathogenetic and etiologic perspectives. Developmental principles and phenomena common to several tumors and tumor syndromes were identified, summarized, and critically evaluated. Their enumeration may be useful in future cancer research. No single hypothesis on the cause and pathogenesis of cancer appears to apply to all disorders. We believe that multiple causes and pathways lead to the phenotype \"cancer\" and that in particular the pathogenetic relationship between tissue dysplasias and cancers deserves increased attention.", "PMID": 384265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6536", "title": "Metabolites of diethylstilboestrol induce sister chromatid exchange in human cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Diethylstilboesterol (DES) is one of the few substances for which a clear association with carcinogenicity has been established in man. Nevertheless, it is still widely used, mainly as a cheap oestrogen to increase the slaughter weight of beef, but in spite of this it is not known if residues in the meat or metabolites excreted by the cattle are hazardous to man. It is also unknown whether there is a threshold dose below which DES is harmless. A threshold might be expected if a hormonal mechanism of carcinogensis rather than metabolic activation to an electrophically reactive species operats. This possibility was supported by the observations that DES, in contrast to most other carcinogens, failed to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test or malignant transformations of eukaryotic cells in culture. It is also disturbing that DES, one of the few known human carcinogens was negative in these two most widely used short-term tests introduced as fast early-earning system for potential carcinogens. We now report that DES is positive in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, a short-term test for which a high correlation with the carcinogenicity of the compounds tested has been observed. Moreover, we show that metabolic activation was involved. Two different pathways leading to metabolites much more active in SCE induction than DES itself ('proximate agents') were established.", "contents": "Metabolites of diethylstilboestrol induce sister chromatid exchange in human cultured fibroblasts. Diethylstilboesterol (DES) is one of the few substances for which a clear association with carcinogenicity has been established in man. Nevertheless, it is still widely used, mainly as a cheap oestrogen to increase the slaughter weight of beef, but in spite of this it is not known if residues in the meat or metabolites excreted by the cattle are hazardous to man. It is also unknown whether there is a threshold dose below which DES is harmless. A threshold might be expected if a hormonal mechanism of carcinogensis rather than metabolic activation to an electrophically reactive species operats. This possibility was supported by the observations that DES, in contrast to most other carcinogens, failed to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test or malignant transformations of eukaryotic cells in culture. It is also disturbing that DES, one of the few known human carcinogens was negative in these two most widely used short-term tests introduced as fast early-earning system for potential carcinogens. We now report that DES is positive in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, a short-term test for which a high correlation with the carcinogenicity of the compounds tested has been observed. Moreover, we show that metabolic activation was involved. Two different pathways leading to metabolites much more active in SCE induction than DES itself ('proximate agents') were established.", "PMID": 384267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6537", "title": "Effect of methylene blue and thiol oxidants on pancreatic islet GSH/GSSG ratios and tolbutamide mediated insulin release in vitro.", "content": "Methylene blue (an oxidant of NADPH), diamide (an oxidant of glutathion-SH [GSH]) and tertbutyl hydroperoxide (a substrate of glutathione peroxidase) significantly decreased the GSH content of pancreatic rat islets and decreased their GSH/GSSG ratio. They also significantly depressed the single peak insulin response to tolbutamide by the isolated perfused pancreas as well as its synergistic action with glucose in isolated pancreatic islets. These results suggest that the effect of tolbutamide alone and its synergistic action with glucose could depend on the islet NADPH and GSH. In addition it appears that augmentation of tolbutamide action by glucose in insulin release is mediated by the provision of additional NADPH and GSH through glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of methylene blue and thiol oxidants on pancreatic islet GSH/GSSG ratios and tolbutamide mediated insulin release in vitro. Methylene blue (an oxidant of NADPH), diamide (an oxidant of glutathion-SH [GSH]) and tertbutyl hydroperoxide (a substrate of glutathione peroxidase) significantly decreased the GSH content of pancreatic rat islets and decreased their GSH/GSSG ratio. They also significantly depressed the single peak insulin response to tolbutamide by the isolated perfused pancreas as well as its synergistic action with glucose in isolated pancreatic islets. These results suggest that the effect of tolbutamide alone and its synergistic action with glucose could depend on the islet NADPH and GSH. In addition it appears that augmentation of tolbutamide action by glucose in insulin release is mediated by the provision of additional NADPH and GSH through glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 384269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6538", "title": "Effect of peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis and kidney transplantation on blood platelet function. I. Platelet aggregation by ADP and epinephrine.", "content": "Quantitation of the thrombocytopathy of uraemics may be one useful way of evaluating forms of therapy. 24 patients treated by haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis at two different times had platelet aggregation studies whose parameters were compared with those of 24 normal persons, 5 successful transplants or 13 untreated uraemics. Renal transplantation and peritoneal dialysis improved platelet function. The haemodialysis procedure itself impaired platelet function: this was not due to heparin.", "contents": "Effect of peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis and kidney transplantation on blood platelet function. I. Platelet aggregation by ADP and epinephrine. Quantitation of the thrombocytopathy of uraemics may be one useful way of evaluating forms of therapy. 24 patients treated by haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis at two different times had platelet aggregation studies whose parameters were compared with those of 24 normal persons, 5 successful transplants or 13 untreated uraemics. Renal transplantation and peritoneal dialysis improved platelet function. The haemodialysis procedure itself impaired platelet function: this was not due to heparin.", "PMID": 384281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6539", "title": "Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption with proteinuria. Renal biopsy study.", "content": "Percutaneous renal biopsy were performed on 5 patients with selective vitamin B12 malabsorption of whom 3 had proteinuria. Light microscopy showed slight prominence of the mesangial areas but otherwise the findings were normal. Electron microscopy showed increased mesangial matrix, thickening of the basement membrane at the mesangial areas and dark mesangial deposit. Light flocculent subendothelial material, moon craters, membranous convoluted structures, extracellular round particles and occasional intracellular microtubular inclusions were also seen in the glomeruli. The tubular basement membrane appeared thickened around a few tubules, showing membranous vesicular debris and convoluted structures. The capsular membrane also showed vesicular debris. On immunohistochemical examination the glomerular deposits contained immunoglobulins but not complement - an argument against their immunological nature. Deposits were seen only in patients who had been on inadequate treatment for years before the biopsy. Adequate treatment after correct diagnosis decreased the amount of deposits. Proteinuria did not apparently depend on the presence of glomerular deposits.", "contents": "Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption with proteinuria. Renal biopsy study. Percutaneous renal biopsy were performed on 5 patients with selective vitamin B12 malabsorption of whom 3 had proteinuria. Light microscopy showed slight prominence of the mesangial areas but otherwise the findings were normal. Electron microscopy showed increased mesangial matrix, thickening of the basement membrane at the mesangial areas and dark mesangial deposit. Light flocculent subendothelial material, moon craters, membranous convoluted structures, extracellular round particles and occasional intracellular microtubular inclusions were also seen in the glomeruli. The tubular basement membrane appeared thickened around a few tubules, showing membranous vesicular debris and convoluted structures. The capsular membrane also showed vesicular debris. On immunohistochemical examination the glomerular deposits contained immunoglobulins but not complement - an argument against their immunological nature. Deposits were seen only in patients who had been on inadequate treatment for years before the biopsy. Adequate treatment after correct diagnosis decreased the amount of deposits. Proteinuria did not apparently depend on the presence of glomerular deposits.", "PMID": 384282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6540", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis associated glomerulopathy.", "content": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurologic disease associated with chronic measles infection. We have assessed renal function parameters and renal biopsy details in 14 patients with SSPE. All had normal renal function. However, 9 had microscopic hematuria. 9 patients had focal segmental mesangial proliferation and 5 had capillary wall thickening with deposits visible by light microscopy. 13 patients had glomerular C3 deposition and 4 had IgG deposits. SSPE is a disease caused by chronic viral infection, in which nephritogenic complex formation may occur.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis associated glomerulopathy. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurologic disease associated with chronic measles infection. We have assessed renal function parameters and renal biopsy details in 14 patients with SSPE. All had normal renal function. However, 9 had microscopic hematuria. 9 patients had focal segmental mesangial proliferation and 5 had capillary wall thickening with deposits visible by light microscopy. 13 patients had glomerular C3 deposition and 4 had IgG deposits. SSPE is a disease caused by chronic viral infection, in which nephritogenic complex formation may occur.", "PMID": 384283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6541", "title": "Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sickness.", "content": "The present study is an extensive systematic immunofluorescence and labelled electron microscopic investigation of chronic rat serum sickness brains. It is specifically directed at discerning effects of chronic serum sickness upon the zonulae occludentes of both the choroid plexus epithelium and the intra-cerebral endothelium. Although the choroid plexus is a known site of complex entrapment in systemic immune complex disorders, comprehensive immune studies of the CNS parenchymal vasculature have not yet been reported in either experimental or spontaneous immune complex disease. We examined by direct immunofluorescence techniques over 70 blocks of experimental chronic serum sickness brains taken from 16 animals with severe glomerular disease and found them to be uniformly negative for the presence of immune deposits. No horseradish peroxidase was seen beyond the restricting zonulae occludentes of either the choroid plexus or the cerebral endothelium in tissue from three serious affected animals. These structural barriers retained their integrity despite the extensive circulation and deposition of complexes and complement induced in the experimental model and the associated release of vasoactive substances.", "contents": "Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sickness. The present study is an extensive systematic immunofluorescence and labelled electron microscopic investigation of chronic rat serum sickness brains. It is specifically directed at discerning effects of chronic serum sickness upon the zonulae occludentes of both the choroid plexus epithelium and the intra-cerebral endothelium. Although the choroid plexus is a known site of complex entrapment in systemic immune complex disorders, comprehensive immune studies of the CNS parenchymal vasculature have not yet been reported in either experimental or spontaneous immune complex disease. We examined by direct immunofluorescence techniques over 70 blocks of experimental chronic serum sickness brains taken from 16 animals with severe glomerular disease and found them to be uniformly negative for the presence of immune deposits. No horseradish peroxidase was seen beyond the restricting zonulae occludentes of either the choroid plexus or the cerebral endothelium in tissue from three serious affected animals. These structural barriers retained their integrity despite the extensive circulation and deposition of complexes and complement induced in the experimental model and the associated release of vasoactive substances.", "PMID": 384287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6542", "title": "Use of anal sphincter electromyography during operations on the conus medullaris and sacral nerve roots.", "content": "The mechanical activity of the anal sphincter can be translated into electrical activity and recorded on graph paper or an oscilloscope. The activity of the anal sphincter may be extrapolated to activity of the external urethral sphincter because both are striated muscles innervated by the pudendal nerve that arises from S-2, S-3, and S-4. Stimulation of these nerves causes contraction of the sphincter muscles, and a deflection of the recording device occurs. This technique was employed intraoperatively in monitoring operations on the conus medullaris and sacral nerve roots in 10 patients with spinal dysraphism (age range, 3 weeks to 15 years). Their diagnoses were tethered conus, 4; lipomeningocele, 3; spinal hamartoma, 1; syringocele, 1; and sacral arachnoiditis, 1. With general anesthesia, and the patient in the prone position, an electrode-containing anal plug was inserted or two needle electrodes were inserted into the anal sphincter muscle. The electrodes were connected to the electromyography recording stylus of the urodynamic bladder diagnostic unit. During the spinal operation, whenever a structure could not be identified clearly, it was stimulated with the disposable electrical stimulator and, if oscillations of the stylus occurred (indicating contraction of the anal sphincter), the structure was preserved. This technique permitted spinal operations in these 10 patients without changes in neurological or urological function.", "contents": "Use of anal sphincter electromyography during operations on the conus medullaris and sacral nerve roots. The mechanical activity of the anal sphincter can be translated into electrical activity and recorded on graph paper or an oscilloscope. The activity of the anal sphincter may be extrapolated to activity of the external urethral sphincter because both are striated muscles innervated by the pudendal nerve that arises from S-2, S-3, and S-4. Stimulation of these nerves causes contraction of the sphincter muscles, and a deflection of the recording device occurs. This technique was employed intraoperatively in monitoring operations on the conus medullaris and sacral nerve roots in 10 patients with spinal dysraphism (age range, 3 weeks to 15 years). Their diagnoses were tethered conus, 4; lipomeningocele, 3; spinal hamartoma, 1; syringocele, 1; and sacral arachnoiditis, 1. With general anesthesia, and the patient in the prone position, an electrode-containing anal plug was inserted or two needle electrodes were inserted into the anal sphincter muscle. The electrodes were connected to the electromyography recording stylus of the urodynamic bladder diagnostic unit. During the spinal operation, whenever a structure could not be identified clearly, it was stimulated with the disposable electrical stimulator and, if oscillations of the stylus occurred (indicating contraction of the anal sphincter), the structure was preserved. This technique permitted spinal operations in these 10 patients without changes in neurological or urological function.", "PMID": 384288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6543", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "CSF dynamics were determined as a function of intracranial pressure in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Servocontrolled variable rate lumbar infusions were used to determine net CSF-absorptive capacities and resting pressures in 10 patients; serial studies were done in 5 of the patients. Nearly all of the patients had abnormally low CSF-absorptive capacities. On the other hand, marked elevations in resting pressure were not a constant feature of the disease. Concurrent changes in the cerebrovascular bed could introduce errors into this manometric determination of CSF dynamics; the significance of this potential artifact is examined. The results of this study suggest that the CSF compartment may be of etiological importance in the pathophysiology of pseudotumor cerebri.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. CSF dynamics were determined as a function of intracranial pressure in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Servocontrolled variable rate lumbar infusions were used to determine net CSF-absorptive capacities and resting pressures in 10 patients; serial studies were done in 5 of the patients. Nearly all of the patients had abnormally low CSF-absorptive capacities. On the other hand, marked elevations in resting pressure were not a constant feature of the disease. Concurrent changes in the cerebrovascular bed could introduce errors into this manometric determination of CSF dynamics; the significance of this potential artifact is examined. The results of this study suggest that the CSF compartment may be of etiological importance in the pathophysiology of pseudotumor cerebri.", "PMID": 384290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6544", "title": "[Stereotaxic ventroposteromedial thalamotomy in the treatment. Clinical observations and physiopathological considerations].", "content": "In 6 patients the authors performed stereotaxic ventroposteromedial thalamotomy for abolition or reduction of pain. The operation produced lesions in the centrum medianum and parasfascicular nucleus. In 2 cases unilateral operation was performed contralaterally to the side of pain, in the remaining cases the operation was done bilaterally as a one-step procedure. Postoperative follow demonstrated that in 1 case improvement was completely absent, in 4 initial good effect was transient and pain returned after several weeks and in only 1 patient very good effect persists for over 12 months. In the light of these experiences and a survey of the pertinent literature the authors reach the conclusion that limited stereotatic lesion of the so called non-specific pain-transmitting thalamic nuclei produces permanent abolition or alleviation of pain in few cases only. The pathophysiology of pain is discussed in the light of these data.", "contents": "[Stereotaxic ventroposteromedial thalamotomy in the treatment. Clinical observations and physiopathological considerations]. In 6 patients the authors performed stereotaxic ventroposteromedial thalamotomy for abolition or reduction of pain. The operation produced lesions in the centrum medianum and parasfascicular nucleus. In 2 cases unilateral operation was performed contralaterally to the side of pain, in the remaining cases the operation was done bilaterally as a one-step procedure. Postoperative follow demonstrated that in 1 case improvement was completely absent, in 4 initial good effect was transient and pain returned after several weeks and in only 1 patient very good effect persists for over 12 months. In the light of these experiences and a survey of the pertinent literature the authors reach the conclusion that limited stereotatic lesion of the so called non-specific pain-transmitting thalamic nuclei produces permanent abolition or alleviation of pain in few cases only. The pathophysiology of pain is discussed in the light of these data.", "PMID": 384284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6545", "title": "Kidney donation: needs and possibilities.", "content": "The need for cadaver kidney donors far surpasses the present supply. The subject of how to increase the number of donors is extremely complex, involving not only the medical issue of determination of brain death, but also philosophical, religious, legal, political, psychological, and economic considerations and the opinions of leaders and lay groups. It now seems that the physician can rapidly and unequivocally ascertain brain death, that the law not only recognizes this but can facilitate organ retrieval, that adequate numbers of potential donors should be available, and that both the public and physicians generally favor retrieval. Our survey of patients seeking aid in the emergency room revealed that 19% had signed the donor statement on their driving license. Of the neurosurgeons and neurologists who responded to a questionnaire, 74% had requested donation and 37% had obtained permission for organ retrieval. Review of our case material revealed that 60% of individuals with head injuries alone who were hospitalized for over 3 days were suitable donors. Of the 54 kidneys retrieved during a 6-month period, 49 (90%) were transplanted. Because most potential donors come to the attention of neurosurgeons and neurologists and because it seems ethically appropriate for physicians to consider transplantation when death is certain, we suggest that an organized effort be undertaken to develop a liaison with transplantation services to facilitate the process of obtaining adequate numbers of cadaver kidneys.", "contents": "Kidney donation: needs and possibilities. The need for cadaver kidney donors far surpasses the present supply. The subject of how to increase the number of donors is extremely complex, involving not only the medical issue of determination of brain death, but also philosophical, religious, legal, political, psychological, and economic considerations and the opinions of leaders and lay groups. It now seems that the physician can rapidly and unequivocally ascertain brain death, that the law not only recognizes this but can facilitate organ retrieval, that adequate numbers of potential donors should be available, and that both the public and physicians generally favor retrieval. Our survey of patients seeking aid in the emergency room revealed that 19% had signed the donor statement on their driving license. Of the neurosurgeons and neurologists who responded to a questionnaire, 74% had requested donation and 37% had obtained permission for organ retrieval. Review of our case material revealed that 60% of individuals with head injuries alone who were hospitalized for over 3 days were suitable donors. Of the 54 kidneys retrieved during a 6-month period, 49 (90%) were transplanted. Because most potential donors come to the attention of neurosurgeons and neurologists and because it seems ethically appropriate for physicians to consider transplantation when death is certain, we suggest that an organized effort be undertaken to develop a liaison with transplantation services to facilitate the process of obtaining adequate numbers of cadaver kidneys.", "PMID": 384291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6546", "title": "Isolation of influenza virus from muscle in myoglobinuric polymyositis.", "content": "We report the first isolation of influenza virus from muscle in a man with myoglobinuria and acute polymyositis. Influenza virus was isolated from cultures of Madin Darby bovine kidney and primary rhesus monkey kidney cells inoculated with muscle homogenates in the presence of trypsin; the virus was identified by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies using influenza B/Lee antiserum. Viral plaque assay was performed with Madin Darby canine cells. Viral antigen was also detected by specific immunofluorescence in muscle, and myxovirus-like particles were seen in subsarcolemmal vacuoles by electronmicroscopy. The pathologic findings were similar to those of childhood dermatomyositis, except for a large proportion of necrotic muscle fibers. The evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of influenzal polymyositis in this patient involved direct viral infection of muscle.", "contents": "Isolation of influenza virus from muscle in myoglobinuric polymyositis. We report the first isolation of influenza virus from muscle in a man with myoglobinuria and acute polymyositis. Influenza virus was isolated from cultures of Madin Darby bovine kidney and primary rhesus monkey kidney cells inoculated with muscle homogenates in the presence of trypsin; the virus was identified by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies using influenza B/Lee antiserum. Viral plaque assay was performed with Madin Darby canine cells. Viral antigen was also detected by specific immunofluorescence in muscle, and myxovirus-like particles were seen in subsarcolemmal vacuoles by electronmicroscopy. The pathologic findings were similar to those of childhood dermatomyositis, except for a large proportion of necrotic muscle fibers. The evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of influenzal polymyositis in this patient involved direct viral infection of muscle.", "PMID": 384294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6547", "title": "Studies in aging of the brain: IV. Familial Alzheimer disease: Relation to transmissible dementia, aneuploidy, and microtubular defects.", "content": "Alzheimer disease was transmitted in a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant trait in three families. This brings to 50 the number of such families reported. In one of our families, one patient had histologically confirmed Alzheimer disease, whereas her sister had proved spongiform encephalopathy. Other data suggest a link between familial Alzheimer disease and transmissible dementia. Alzheimer disease is associated with abnormal neurofibrillary structures, Down syndrome, and abnormal numbers of chromosomes in lymphocytes (aneuploidy). These observations are consistent with a disorder in the physiology of tubular-filamentous structures involving different cell types.", "contents": "Studies in aging of the brain: IV. Familial Alzheimer disease: Relation to transmissible dementia, aneuploidy, and microtubular defects. Alzheimer disease was transmitted in a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant trait in three families. This brings to 50 the number of such families reported. In one of our families, one patient had histologically confirmed Alzheimer disease, whereas her sister had proved spongiform encephalopathy. Other data suggest a link between familial Alzheimer disease and transmissible dementia. Alzheimer disease is associated with abnormal neurofibrillary structures, Down syndrome, and abnormal numbers of chromosomes in lymphocytes (aneuploidy). These observations are consistent with a disorder in the physiology of tubular-filamentous structures involving different cell types.", "PMID": 384295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6548", "title": "Isolated bilateral oculomotor paresis due to lymphoma.", "content": "A patient with histiocytic lymphoma developed bilateral oculomotor nerve palsies, sparing the pupils. At postmortem examination, there was lymphomatous infiltration in the oculomotor nerves. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with lymphoma to manifest these isolated findings.", "contents": "Isolated bilateral oculomotor paresis due to lymphoma. A patient with histiocytic lymphoma developed bilateral oculomotor nerve palsies, sparing the pupils. At postmortem examination, there was lymphomatous infiltration in the oculomotor nerves. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with lymphoma to manifest these isolated findings.", "PMID": 384296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6549", "title": "[The complement fixation test in leishmaniasis. Comparison between an antigen extracted from leishmania cultures and one extracted from BCG].", "content": "A comparison between a BCG antigen and various batches of an antigen extracted at different times from leishmania cultures in the fixation of complement reaction is reported. A better response was obtained with BCG (further confirmation on a larger series is being sought), whereas the leishmania antigens were difficult to prepare and their batch titres were not constant.", "contents": "[The complement fixation test in leishmaniasis. Comparison between an antigen extracted from leishmania cultures and one extracted from BCG]. A comparison between a BCG antigen and various batches of an antigen extracted at different times from leishmania cultures in the fixation of complement reaction is reported. A better response was obtained with BCG (further confirmation on a larger series is being sought), whereas the leishmania antigens were difficult to prepare and their batch titres were not constant.", "PMID": 384298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6550", "title": "Energy balances in obese mice.", "content": "According to most existing theories, the regulation of energy balance is achieved by control of energy intake. This study was undertaken to find out whether there was control of energy output as well. Food intake, energy balance and the feed efficiency of weanling female mice made obese with injections of gold-thioglucose and monosodium glutamate indicate that the obesity is primarly due to an increased energetic efficiency, and suggest that the hypothalamus plays a role in controlling energy output. In the case of treatment with MSG, a relative obesity was observed, i.e. an increase in body fat without any change in body weight. This indicates that the CNS centres for the regulation of body weight and body fat are probably not the same. It is suggested that MSG obesity will be a suitable model for comparative studies of body weight and the regulation of fat content. It is concluded that chemically induced obesity is due more to a lower metabolic rate than to an elevated food intake.", "contents": "Energy balances in obese mice. According to most existing theories, the regulation of energy balance is achieved by control of energy intake. This study was undertaken to find out whether there was control of energy output as well. Food intake, energy balance and the feed efficiency of weanling female mice made obese with injections of gold-thioglucose and monosodium glutamate indicate that the obesity is primarly due to an increased energetic efficiency, and suggest that the hypothalamus plays a role in controlling energy output. In the case of treatment with MSG, a relative obesity was observed, i.e. an increase in body fat without any change in body weight. This indicates that the CNS centres for the regulation of body weight and body fat are probably not the same. It is suggested that MSG obesity will be a suitable model for comparative studies of body weight and the regulation of fat content. It is concluded that chemically induced obesity is due more to a lower metabolic rate than to an elevated food intake.", "PMID": 384301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6551", "title": "Fetal cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "Fetal cardiac arrhythmias have been classified and the current literature reviewed. Emphasis is placed on antepartum diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The incidence of congenital heart disease varies with the type of arrhythmia. The differential diagnosis of fetal cardiac arrhythmias and management are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal cardiac arrhythmias. Fetal cardiac arrhythmias have been classified and the current literature reviewed. Emphasis is placed on antepartum diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The incidence of congenital heart disease varies with the type of arrhythmia. The differential diagnosis of fetal cardiac arrhythmias and management are discussed.", "PMID": 384305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6552", "title": "Effect of different fixatives on the localization of human melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence.", "content": "This study was designed to study the effect of different fixatives on melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence. Two postautoimmune antimelanoma sera were tested on two human malignant melanoma cell lines fixed with different fixatives by indirect immunofluorescence. Ethanol, methanol, formalin, trichloroacetic acid and acetone gave sharp membrane fluorescence. Minimal to moderate cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with acetone but none with the others. Formalin gave the highest membrane fluorescent antibody titers at 1/512. Isopentane and isooctane yielded bright cytoplasmic fluorescence. Weak diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with glutaraldehyde. Fluorescence was completely abrogated by paraformaldehyde. No fluorescence was seen with four nonimmunized melanoma sera and phosphate-buffered saline when used as controls. It can be concluded that different fluorescent patterns were seen on melanoma cells when different fixatives were used.", "contents": "Effect of different fixatives on the localization of human melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence. This study was designed to study the effect of different fixatives on melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence. Two postautoimmune antimelanoma sera were tested on two human malignant melanoma cell lines fixed with different fixatives by indirect immunofluorescence. Ethanol, methanol, formalin, trichloroacetic acid and acetone gave sharp membrane fluorescence. Minimal to moderate cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with acetone but none with the others. Formalin gave the highest membrane fluorescent antibody titers at 1/512. Isopentane and isooctane yielded bright cytoplasmic fluorescence. Weak diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with glutaraldehyde. Fluorescence was completely abrogated by paraformaldehyde. No fluorescence was seen with four nonimmunized melanoma sera and phosphate-buffered saline when used as controls. It can be concluded that different fluorescent patterns were seen on melanoma cells when different fixatives were used.", "PMID": 384307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6553", "title": "Immuno-electron microscopic localization of a choriogonadotropin-like antigen in cancer-associated bacteria.", "content": "The presence of choriogonadotropin-like material and its intimate association with the membranes of the wall of bacteria isolated from cancer patients, has been demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy utilizing the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeled antibody technique. The bacteria were an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a carcinoma of colon, and ATCC 25559 strain of Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobic microorganism originally isolated from a rectal tumor.", "contents": "Immuno-electron microscopic localization of a choriogonadotropin-like antigen in cancer-associated bacteria. The presence of choriogonadotropin-like material and its intimate association with the membranes of the wall of bacteria isolated from cancer patients, has been demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy utilizing the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeled antibody technique. The bacteria were an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a carcinoma of colon, and ATCC 25559 strain of Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobic microorganism originally isolated from a rectal tumor.", "PMID": 384308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6554", "title": "Astigmatism and the Flieringa ring.", "content": "Routine use of a Flieringa ring in conjunction with a large corneal section for intracapsular or extracapsular surgery facilitates more accurate wound closure and can significantly decrease the amount of postoperative astigmatism.", "contents": "Astigmatism and the Flieringa ring. Routine use of a Flieringa ring in conjunction with a large corneal section for intracapsular or extracapsular surgery facilitates more accurate wound closure and can significantly decrease the amount of postoperative astigmatism.", "PMID": 384311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6555", "title": "Maintenance of mydriasis with topical indomethacin during and after penetrating keratoplasty in the rabbit.", "content": "The use of indomethacin eyedrops, 0.5%, in combination with topical atropine and phenylephrine, prior to and immediately following an 8-mm penetrating keratoplasty in rabbits maintains maximal pupillary dilation. With this technique, we achieved clear grafts without synechiae in virtually every instance.", "contents": "Maintenance of mydriasis with topical indomethacin during and after penetrating keratoplasty in the rabbit. The use of indomethacin eyedrops, 0.5%, in combination with topical atropine and phenylephrine, prior to and immediately following an 8-mm penetrating keratoplasty in rabbits maintains maximal pupillary dilation. With this technique, we achieved clear grafts without synechiae in virtually every instance.", "PMID": 384312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6556", "title": "Astigmatic considerations in corneal graft.", "content": "Some fictions about astigmatism should be dispelled: 1) Sutures determine astigmatism. They do not. 2) The size of the graft is contributory to astigmatism. It is not contributory. 3) Anterior or posterior cutting of the graft makes no difference. It does make a difference. 4) Same size trephine can be used to cut graft and recipient opening. Not when graft is cut from posterior surface or significant flattening will result. 5) A small cutting error is of no consequence. A small cutting error can cause a great deal of astigmatism. Tissue factors are paramount. Sutures must maintain wound apposition primarily. Posterior cutting requires a larger diameter trephine. A one-half-mm cutting error can cause an astigmatism of five diopters. Excessive corneal astigmatism, when it does occur, can be controlled by corneal wedge resection. The surgical keratometer identifies and limits surgical and suture-induced errors. Success in microsurgical keratoplasty can no longer be defined only as a clear graft. It must include also minimal or no residual optical error.", "contents": "Astigmatic considerations in corneal graft. Some fictions about astigmatism should be dispelled: 1) Sutures determine astigmatism. They do not. 2) The size of the graft is contributory to astigmatism. It is not contributory. 3) Anterior or posterior cutting of the graft makes no difference. It does make a difference. 4) Same size trephine can be used to cut graft and recipient opening. Not when graft is cut from posterior surface or significant flattening will result. 5) A small cutting error is of no consequence. A small cutting error can cause a great deal of astigmatism. Tissue factors are paramount. Sutures must maintain wound apposition primarily. Posterior cutting requires a larger diameter trephine. A one-half-mm cutting error can cause an astigmatism of five diopters. Excessive corneal astigmatism, when it does occur, can be controlled by corneal wedge resection. The surgical keratometer identifies and limits surgical and suture-induced errors. Success in microsurgical keratoplasty can no longer be defined only as a clear graft. It must include also minimal or no residual optical error.", "PMID": 384313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6557", "title": "Indications, complications and prognosis for repeat penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A review of 47 repeat penetrating keratoplasties in 29 eyes showed the most frequent indications to be Fuchs' dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, and keratoconus. The most common postoperative complications were edema, glaucoma, and vascularization. Ninety other surgical procedures were performed in 26 of the 29 eyes. Final vision was no worse than 20/300 in 26% of the group. It is suggested that repeat grafting should be continued in the absence of contraindications.", "contents": "Indications, complications and prognosis for repeat penetrating keratoplasty. A review of 47 repeat penetrating keratoplasties in 29 eyes showed the most frequent indications to be Fuchs' dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, and keratoconus. The most common postoperative complications were edema, glaucoma, and vascularization. Ninety other surgical procedures were performed in 26 of the 29 eyes. Final vision was no worse than 20/300 in 26% of the group. It is suggested that repeat grafting should be continued in the absence of contraindications.", "PMID": 384314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6558", "title": "Dacryocystorhinostomy: a modification of the Dupuy-Dutemps operation.", "content": "In a series of 112 cases, dacryocystorhinostomy with direct anterior and posterior flap anastomosis has produced a success rate of 94%. Modifications from the original procedure described by Dupuy-Dutemps include preparation of the lacrimal sac flaps and preplacement of the sutures prior to the osteotomy which facilitates accurate identification and approximation with the nasal flaps. Adaptic gauze impregnated with polysporin ointment is packed into the rhinostomy site and out to the anterior nares to maintain patency and minimize clot and membrane formation. Common canalicular stenosis must be recognized and treated with silicone intubation to prevent failure in an otherwise correctable situation.", "contents": "Dacryocystorhinostomy: a modification of the Dupuy-Dutemps operation. In a series of 112 cases, dacryocystorhinostomy with direct anterior and posterior flap anastomosis has produced a success rate of 94%. Modifications from the original procedure described by Dupuy-Dutemps include preparation of the lacrimal sac flaps and preplacement of the sutures prior to the osteotomy which facilitates accurate identification and approximation with the nasal flaps. Adaptic gauze impregnated with polysporin ointment is packed into the rhinostomy site and out to the anterior nares to maintain patency and minimize clot and membrane formation. Common canalicular stenosis must be recognized and treated with silicone intubation to prevent failure in an otherwise correctable situation.", "PMID": 384315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6559", "title": "Skin tumors and trephines.", "content": "Outmoded glaucoma and corneal trephines may be used to obtain incisional and excisional biopsies from eyelid lesions. The wounds created in doing the incisional biopsy are ignored and those created by doing excisions are closed by grafts using the same trephine.", "contents": "Skin tumors and trephines. Outmoded glaucoma and corneal trephines may be used to obtain incisional and excisional biopsies from eyelid lesions. The wounds created in doing the incisional biopsy are ignored and those created by doing excisions are closed by grafts using the same trephine.", "PMID": 384316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6560", "title": "The \"disposable\" flap: a modified fornix flap for corneal retraction during cataract surgery.", "content": "A simple and rapid method to facilitate corneal retraction with a fornix-based conjunctival flap is described. The procedure eliminates the need for placement of a corneal traction suture during cataract surgery and lens implantation.", "contents": "The \"disposable\" flap: a modified fornix flap for corneal retraction during cataract surgery. A simple and rapid method to facilitate corneal retraction with a fornix-based conjunctival flap is described. The procedure eliminates the need for placement of a corneal traction suture during cataract surgery and lens implantation.", "PMID": 384317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6561", "title": "Successful argon laser sclerostomy for glaucoma.", "content": "A sclerostomy was produced in a case of chronic angle-closure glaucoma using the Argon laser. A filtering bleb was present two years postoperatively and pressure was normalized.", "contents": "Successful argon laser sclerostomy for glaucoma. A sclerostomy was produced in a case of chronic angle-closure glaucoma using the Argon laser. A filtering bleb was present two years postoperatively and pressure was normalized.", "PMID": 384319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6562", "title": "The eyebrow graft.", "content": "The full-thickness eyebrow graft constitutes a valuable technique in restoring resected or devitalized brow tissue. Proper brow appearance may be obtained with this technique.", "contents": "The eyebrow graft. The full-thickness eyebrow graft constitutes a valuable technique in restoring resected or devitalized brow tissue. Proper brow appearance may be obtained with this technique.", "PMID": 384320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6563", "title": "Tarsal grafting for correction of cicatricial entropion.", "content": "A technique of tarsal grafting was used as a simple yet effective procedure for the correction of upper-lid cicatricial entropion. A tarsal graft, 3 to 4 mm in height, excised from the superior tarsus of the donor upper eyelid and placed in a marginal tarsotomy, vertically expands the posterior lamella of the involved lid. This graft also provides a base for suture fixation of the everted lid margin. One case of unilateral cicatricial entropion corrected with a contralateral tarsal graft and one case of bilateral cicatricial entropion corrected by ipsilateral tarsal grafting demonstrate results obtained with this technique. Functional and cosmetically satisfactory results have been achieved with this technique. No recurrence of cicatricial entropion has been noted. With this procedure, tarsus provides excellent graft material for correction of the eyelid deformities associated with cicatricial entropion.", "contents": "Tarsal grafting for correction of cicatricial entropion. A technique of tarsal grafting was used as a simple yet effective procedure for the correction of upper-lid cicatricial entropion. A tarsal graft, 3 to 4 mm in height, excised from the superior tarsus of the donor upper eyelid and placed in a marginal tarsotomy, vertically expands the posterior lamella of the involved lid. This graft also provides a base for suture fixation of the everted lid margin. One case of unilateral cicatricial entropion corrected with a contralateral tarsal graft and one case of bilateral cicatricial entropion corrected by ipsilateral tarsal grafting demonstrate results obtained with this technique. Functional and cosmetically satisfactory results have been achieved with this technique. No recurrence of cicatricial entropion has been noted. With this procedure, tarsus provides excellent graft material for correction of the eyelid deformities associated with cicatricial entropion.", "PMID": 384321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6564", "title": "Intraocular pressure after aphakic penetrating keratoplasty \"through-and-through\" suturing.", "content": "Our clinical study was designed to determine whether \"through-and-through\" corneal sutures would prevent the postoperative intraocular pressure rise that occurs in 70% of aphakic eyes after uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty. Twenty-five aphakic patients received the same operative procedure except that the corneal buttons of ten of them were sutured into place with \"through-and-through\" sutures. The intraocular pressures of patients with the \"through-and-through\" sutures were significantly lower than those of the other patients during the entire postoperative course.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure after aphakic penetrating keratoplasty \"through-and-through\" suturing. Our clinical study was designed to determine whether \"through-and-through\" corneal sutures would prevent the postoperative intraocular pressure rise that occurs in 70% of aphakic eyes after uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty. Twenty-five aphakic patients received the same operative procedure except that the corneal buttons of ten of them were sutured into place with \"through-and-through\" sutures. The intraocular pressures of patients with the \"through-and-through\" sutures were significantly lower than those of the other patients during the entire postoperative course.", "PMID": 384322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6565", "title": "Wedge resection in host cornea to correct post-keratoplasty astigmatism.", "content": "The obvious problem with surgery of this nature is that the amount of wedge to be removed is partially guess work. Doctor Troutman's keratoscope attachment to his microscope is very helpful. I have tried thermokeratoplasty in a very similar case, but the disadvantages of pain, ulceration, vascularization, and considerable return to pre-burn K readings have made me abandon this technique. If there is an obvious override, then the keratoplasty wound itself must be revised in the usual manner. However, for the present, when a graft looks perfect but the K readings reveal otherwise, a judicious wedge resection between graft and limbus (location being in the flattest meridian) would appear to be a most reasonable operation.", "contents": "Wedge resection in host cornea to correct post-keratoplasty astigmatism. The obvious problem with surgery of this nature is that the amount of wedge to be removed is partially guess work. Doctor Troutman's keratoscope attachment to his microscope is very helpful. I have tried thermokeratoplasty in a very similar case, but the disadvantages of pain, ulceration, vascularization, and considerable return to pre-burn K readings have made me abandon this technique. If there is an obvious override, then the keratoplasty wound itself must be revised in the usual manner. However, for the present, when a graft looks perfect but the K readings reveal otherwise, a judicious wedge resection between graft and limbus (location being in the flattest meridian) would appear to be a most reasonable operation.", "PMID": 384323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6566", "title": "A new microsurgical corneal trephine.", "content": "A new corneal trephine has been described which allows the surgeon to see the circumference of the cutting edge, as well as most of the cornea, lens and iris, while looking through the operating microscope. The trephine has a 3-mm cutting ring supported by an open \"branding iron\" structure.", "contents": "A new microsurgical corneal trephine. A new corneal trephine has been described which allows the surgeon to see the circumference of the cutting edge, as well as most of the cornea, lens and iris, while looking through the operating microscope. The trephine has a 3-mm cutting ring supported by an open \"branding iron\" structure.", "PMID": 384324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6567", "title": "Analgesia for operative dentistry: a comparison of acupuncture and placebo.", "content": "Fifty-one volunteer patients participated in a study to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture as an analgesic for operative dentistry. For the twenty-six patients randomly assigned to an acupuncture group, needles were inserted through specially designed holders into the Ho-Ku points, located between the first and second metacarpals. An acupuncture pulse generator provided electrical current. For the twenty-five patients in a placebo group, the identical needle and holder arrangement was used. When inserted, however, the needles became embedded in plastic on the undersurface of the holders and did not touch the skin of the patient or receive any electrical stimulation. The patients and dentists were blind to this procedural variation. Analysis of ratings and responses indicated no differences in findings for the acupuncture and placebo procedures, with both having 100% success and high levels of patient acceptance. Since there was no electric current or penetration of the skin in the placebo group, the findings suggest that the successful use of acupuncture for restorative dentistry may be due to psychological and/or placebo effects in combination with a possible diminished need for analgesia because of the modern use of the high-speed drill.", "contents": "Analgesia for operative dentistry: a comparison of acupuncture and placebo. Fifty-one volunteer patients participated in a study to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture as an analgesic for operative dentistry. For the twenty-six patients randomly assigned to an acupuncture group, needles were inserted through specially designed holders into the Ho-Ku points, located between the first and second metacarpals. An acupuncture pulse generator provided electrical current. For the twenty-five patients in a placebo group, the identical needle and holder arrangement was used. When inserted, however, the needles became embedded in plastic on the undersurface of the holders and did not touch the skin of the patient or receive any electrical stimulation. The patients and dentists were blind to this procedural variation. Analysis of ratings and responses indicated no differences in findings for the acupuncture and placebo procedures, with both having 100% success and high levels of patient acceptance. Since there was no electric current or penetration of the skin in the placebo group, the findings suggest that the successful use of acupuncture for restorative dentistry may be due to psychological and/or placebo effects in combination with a possible diminished need for analgesia because of the modern use of the high-speed drill.", "PMID": 384325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6568", "title": "Effect of temperature change on the sealing properties of Cavit and Cavit G.", "content": "Sixty recently extracted intact anterior teeth were filled with Cavit G or Cavit. They were examined for dye penetration at room temperature and subjected to temperature change. Under the test conditions Cavit G and Cavit were resistant to penetration by aqueous methylene blue dye.", "contents": "Effect of temperature change on the sealing properties of Cavit and Cavit G. Sixty recently extracted intact anterior teeth were filled with Cavit G or Cavit. They were examined for dye penetration at room temperature and subjected to temperature change. Under the test conditions Cavit G and Cavit were resistant to penetration by aqueous methylene blue dye.", "PMID": 384326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6569", "title": "Detection of immune complexes in human dental periapical lesions by anticomplement immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "Twenty-five human dental periapical lesions were obtained. The lesions were frozen, sectioned, and examined for the presence of immune complexes by employing an anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) technique. Twenty-three of the periapical specimens were positive for antigen-antibody complexes. No staining was noted in the two lesions that were histologically diagnosed as periapical scar tissue.", "contents": "Detection of immune complexes in human dental periapical lesions by anticomplement immunofluorescence technique. Twenty-five human dental periapical lesions were obtained. The lesions were frozen, sectioned, and examined for the presence of immune complexes by employing an anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) technique. Twenty-three of the periapical specimens were positive for antigen-antibody complexes. No staining was noted in the two lesions that were histologically diagnosed as periapical scar tissue.", "PMID": 384328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6570", "title": "Ischemic diseases of the large intestine.", "content": "The blood flow within the walls of the digestive tract must be sufficient to maintain its structural and functional integrity. All episodes of vascular insufficiency cause ischemic damage to the organ and carry the threat of diffuse or focal necrosis. Certain forms of ischemic colitis or proctitis arise from episodes of reduced peripheric or splanchnic blood flow; indeed, those that do not culminate in necorsis of the colonic wall are more frequently caused by hemodynamic disorders than by vascular occlusions. The crisis is often mitigated by the development of collateral circulation, which is nevertheless of rather meager quality, such that the patients are very vulnerable to subsequent slight changes in cardiac output. Necrotic, gangrenous ischemic colitis arises from a combination of occlusive damage to the arteries and general hemodynamic disturbances. The vascular insufficiency might be slight or severe, temporary or long-lasting, localized or diffuse. In addition, the attack occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora that may be highly pathogenic. Thus infection complicates and aggravates the ischemic damage, with the result that the gangrenous aspect of the lesions tends to hide their ischemic origin. Indeed, the variability of the manifestations of the disease represents one of its primary characteristics and is a function of the different causative factors. A knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the splanchnic circulation and its hemodynamics is essential for a full appreciation of the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and for the adoption of the aggressive approach necessary to improve the poor prognosis of ischemic diseases of the colon and rectum. The salient points have been stressed in the present chapter. The features of the different forms of the disease have been described, together with the necessary medical treatment and the indications for surgical for surgical intervention. In the relatively rare cases where operation is necessary, the tactics and techniques have been described. All treatment should be based on (a) constant, prolonged intensive care; (b) precise monitoring of any change in status; and (c) rapid excision of any necrotic (often gangrenous) tissue. Ischemic colitis is most likely to occur in elderly patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, but it is not excluded in younger individuals. It is a frequent entity and is potentially lethal. Although its clinical, radiological, and anatomical characteristics permit its classification as a separate disease, it is often confused with other disorders of the colon. Although the abdominal surgeon is most likely to be concerned with this disease, the vascular surgeon who attacks the lower aorta should always be on the lookout for possible occurrences of segmentary ischemia of the distal colon as a result of his intervention.", "contents": "Ischemic diseases of the large intestine. The blood flow within the walls of the digestive tract must be sufficient to maintain its structural and functional integrity. All episodes of vascular insufficiency cause ischemic damage to the organ and carry the threat of diffuse or focal necrosis. Certain forms of ischemic colitis or proctitis arise from episodes of reduced peripheric or splanchnic blood flow; indeed, those that do not culminate in necorsis of the colonic wall are more frequently caused by hemodynamic disorders than by vascular occlusions. The crisis is often mitigated by the development of collateral circulation, which is nevertheless of rather meager quality, such that the patients are very vulnerable to subsequent slight changes in cardiac output. Necrotic, gangrenous ischemic colitis arises from a combination of occlusive damage to the arteries and general hemodynamic disturbances. The vascular insufficiency might be slight or severe, temporary or long-lasting, localized or diffuse. In addition, the attack occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora that may be highly pathogenic. Thus infection complicates and aggravates the ischemic damage, with the result that the gangrenous aspect of the lesions tends to hide their ischemic origin. Indeed, the variability of the manifestations of the disease represents one of its primary characteristics and is a function of the different causative factors. A knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the splanchnic circulation and its hemodynamics is essential for a full appreciation of the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and for the adoption of the aggressive approach necessary to improve the poor prognosis of ischemic diseases of the colon and rectum. The salient points have been stressed in the present chapter. The features of the different forms of the disease have been described, together with the necessary medical treatment and the indications for surgical for surgical intervention. In the relatively rare cases where operation is necessary, the tactics and techniques have been described. All treatment should be based on (a) constant, prolonged intensive care; (b) precise monitoring of any change in status; and (c) rapid excision of any necrotic (often gangrenous) tissue. Ischemic colitis is most likely to occur in elderly patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, but it is not excluded in younger individuals. It is a frequent entity and is potentially lethal. Although its clinical, radiological, and anatomical characteristics permit its classification as a separate disease, it is often confused with other disorders of the colon. Although the abdominal surgeon is most likely to be concerned with this disease, the vascular surgeon who attacks the lower aorta should always be on the lookout for possible occurrences of segmentary ischemia of the distal colon as a result of his intervention.", "PMID": 384338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6571", "title": "Electron microscopy of adipose tissue tumors: comparative features of hibernomas, myxoid and pleomorphic liposarcomas.", "content": "Two hibernomas, 16 myxoid, and eight pleomorphic liposarcomas were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Neoplastic cells in hibernomas and the type I cells--adipocytes--in myxoid liposarcomas consistently display abundant lipid droplet populations and prominent basal lamina deposition. Despite some variability in their distribution, these features clearly pertain to the mature and/or maturing characteristics of brown and white adipose cells. On the other hand, the more primitive type II cells of myxoid liposarcomas display highly variable, and occasionally absent, lipid droplet populations and basal lamina deposition. Moreover, the type II cells may also display other features such as prominent cytoplasmic filaments and rough endoplasmic reticulum that, while not characteristic of typical adipose cells, are still consistent with the more primitive mesenchymal cells from which they are assumed to derive. The cells of pleomorphic liposarcomas exhibit a variable lipid droplet population and apparently total absence of basal lamina deposition. Moreover, they often display atypical cell junctions that are neither characteristic for adipose cells nor for the \"primitive reticular cells\" from which adipocytes presumably derive. These observations would suggest that some \"high grade\" sarcomas may no be truly \"undifferentiated\"; rather, they may often display structural characteristics indicative of multiple as well as variable lines of differentiation. Therefore, classifications of such tumors based on quantitatively limited observations may not truly reflect their evident complexities.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of adipose tissue tumors: comparative features of hibernomas, myxoid and pleomorphic liposarcomas. Two hibernomas, 16 myxoid, and eight pleomorphic liposarcomas were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Neoplastic cells in hibernomas and the type I cells--adipocytes--in myxoid liposarcomas consistently display abundant lipid droplet populations and prominent basal lamina deposition. Despite some variability in their distribution, these features clearly pertain to the mature and/or maturing characteristics of brown and white adipose cells. On the other hand, the more primitive type II cells of myxoid liposarcomas display highly variable, and occasionally absent, lipid droplet populations and basal lamina deposition. Moreover, the type II cells may also display other features such as prominent cytoplasmic filaments and rough endoplasmic reticulum that, while not characteristic of typical adipose cells, are still consistent with the more primitive mesenchymal cells from which they are assumed to derive. The cells of pleomorphic liposarcomas exhibit a variable lipid droplet population and apparently total absence of basal lamina deposition. Moreover, they often display atypical cell junctions that are neither characteristic for adipose cells nor for the \"primitive reticular cells\" from which adipocytes presumably derive. These observations would suggest that some \"high grade\" sarcomas may no be truly \"undifferentiated\"; rather, they may often display structural characteristics indicative of multiple as well as variable lines of differentiation. Therefore, classifications of such tumors based on quantitatively limited observations may not truly reflect their evident complexities.", "PMID": 384339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6572", "title": "Histopathologic changes and the immune response within the jejunal mucosa in infants and children.", "content": "Jejunal biopsies obtained from 45 children referred for a variety of clinical conditions were examined histologically and by standard immunofluorescence methods. The number of plasma cells was recorded per \"mucosal tissue unit\". The results showed that most of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) counts in infants under 3 yr with normal mucosa were low and that there was a rise in the number of IgA plasma cells starting after this age. Despite this, under pathologic conditions (partial villous atrophy with increased inflammatory cell infiltration--PVA) a significant rise in IgA plasma cells occurred in all age groups. Patients with coeliac disease tended to show the highest IgA as well as IgM plasma cell counts. In all other patients, IgM counts did not change significantly with age or histologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Histopathologic changes and the immune response within the jejunal mucosa in infants and children. Jejunal biopsies obtained from 45 children referred for a variety of clinical conditions were examined histologically and by standard immunofluorescence methods. The number of plasma cells was recorded per \"mucosal tissue unit\". The results showed that most of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) counts in infants under 3 yr with normal mucosa were low and that there was a rise in the number of IgA plasma cells starting after this age. Despite this, under pathologic conditions (partial villous atrophy with increased inflammatory cell infiltration--PVA) a significant rise in IgA plasma cells occurred in all age groups. Patients with coeliac disease tended to show the highest IgA as well as IgM plasma cell counts. In all other patients, IgM counts did not change significantly with age or histologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 384350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6573", "title": "The effect of human colostrum on neutrophil function.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized in human colostrum via heat stable opsonins and the classic complement pathway, but colostrum lacked capacity to opsonize E. coli via the alternative pathway. There was no bacteriostatic activity against serum sensitive E. coli strains, although specific antibodies against the strains were present. Neutrophils suspended in colostrum had normal chemotaxis and this was not altered by treating the colostrum with HCl.", "contents": "The effect of human colostrum on neutrophil function. Strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized in human colostrum via heat stable opsonins and the classic complement pathway, but colostrum lacked capacity to opsonize E. coli via the alternative pathway. There was no bacteriostatic activity against serum sensitive E. coli strains, although specific antibodies against the strains were present. Neutrophils suspended in colostrum had normal chemotaxis and this was not altered by treating the colostrum with HCl.", "PMID": 384351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6574", "title": "Immunogenetic bases of congenital malformations: association of HLA-B27 with spina bifida.", "content": "A random sample of 46 families with single and multiple cases of spina bifida has been selected from families referred to the Institute of Pediatrics for genetic counseling. This sample constituted a group of 92 patients and 102 offspring: 41 normal, 46 with spina bifida, and 13 with spina bifida occulta. Routine HLA typing was performed on the parents and their children. For each case, 13 HLA specifities from locus A and 15 from locus B were determined. Segregation analysis in families showed excellent agreement with the expected values. HLA gene frequencies in the affected children as compared with a control population of 240 normal adults, revealed significantly higher frequency for HLA-B27 allele: chi 2 = 11.9515, P (corrected for the number of alleles) less than 0.028. A significant relative risk of spina bifida development for a given HLA-B27 antigen was 2.7. In view of the presented results, routine HLA typing might be recommended for genetic counseling as a new tool for identification of high risk families.", "contents": "Immunogenetic bases of congenital malformations: association of HLA-B27 with spina bifida. A random sample of 46 families with single and multiple cases of spina bifida has been selected from families referred to the Institute of Pediatrics for genetic counseling. This sample constituted a group of 92 patients and 102 offspring: 41 normal, 46 with spina bifida, and 13 with spina bifida occulta. Routine HLA typing was performed on the parents and their children. For each case, 13 HLA specifities from locus A and 15 from locus B were determined. Segregation analysis in families showed excellent agreement with the expected values. HLA gene frequencies in the affected children as compared with a control population of 240 normal adults, revealed significantly higher frequency for HLA-B27 allele: chi 2 = 11.9515, P (corrected for the number of alleles) less than 0.028. A significant relative risk of spina bifida development for a given HLA-B27 antigen was 2.7. In view of the presented results, routine HLA typing might be recommended for genetic counseling as a new tool for identification of high risk families.", "PMID": 384353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6575", "title": "Biochemical alterations in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin encephalopathy: a review.", "content": "This review article discusses some current questions concerning the measurement of bilirubin in the blood of newborn infants and the relationship of these blood parameters to the biochemical defects responsible for bilirubin encephalopathy. A discussion of numerous theories, which have been put forth to explain the specific biochemical mechanism by which bilirubin acts on brain metabolism, demonstrates that presently there is no unequivocal explanation for the molecular events leading to bilirubin encephalopathy.", "contents": "Biochemical alterations in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin encephalopathy: a review. This review article discusses some current questions concerning the measurement of bilirubin in the blood of newborn infants and the relationship of these blood parameters to the biochemical defects responsible for bilirubin encephalopathy. A discussion of numerous theories, which have been put forth to explain the specific biochemical mechanism by which bilirubin acts on brain metabolism, demonstrates that presently there is no unequivocal explanation for the molecular events leading to bilirubin encephalopathy.", "PMID": 384355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6576", "title": "Fever and survival in the rat. The effect of enhancing fever.", "content": "To study the effect of fever on infectious disease in a mammal, rats, partially restrained by an antirotatory device and with chronically implanted preoptic thermodes, were injected with Salmonella enteritidis and, in some of them, the hypothalamus was then continuously cooled to enhance the febrile response. All animals developed a fever that peaked 2 days after the infection, reaching 40.9 +/- 0.2 (SD) degrees C in the nine hypothalamic cooled and only 39.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C in the 13 control animals (P less than 0.001). All the hypothalamic cooled animals died within 8 days of infection, whereas only 23% of the controls had died after 28 days of infection (P = 0.0006). When the hypothalamus was continuously cooled in five uninfected animals, rectal temperature increased to 40.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C but 24 h later it had decreased to 39.6 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.025). This decrease in body temperature suggests that the hypothalamic thermosensors had partially lost their effectiveness. It is concluded that cooling the hypothalamus increases the mortality rate in rats infected with S. enteritidis and that this effect could be mediated by the high body temperature or by the concomitant metabolic and endocrine responses thus induced.", "contents": "Fever and survival in the rat. The effect of enhancing fever. To study the effect of fever on infectious disease in a mammal, rats, partially restrained by an antirotatory device and with chronically implanted preoptic thermodes, were injected with Salmonella enteritidis and, in some of them, the hypothalamus was then continuously cooled to enhance the febrile response. All animals developed a fever that peaked 2 days after the infection, reaching 40.9 +/- 0.2 (SD) degrees C in the nine hypothalamic cooled and only 39.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C in the 13 control animals (P less than 0.001). All the hypothalamic cooled animals died within 8 days of infection, whereas only 23% of the controls had died after 28 days of infection (P = 0.0006). When the hypothalamus was continuously cooled in five uninfected animals, rectal temperature increased to 40.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C but 24 h later it had decreased to 39.6 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.025). This decrease in body temperature suggests that the hypothalamic thermosensors had partially lost their effectiveness. It is concluded that cooling the hypothalamus increases the mortality rate in rats infected with S. enteritidis and that this effect could be mediated by the high body temperature or by the concomitant metabolic and endocrine responses thus induced.", "PMID": 384358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6577", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial structural genes for cysteine-tRNA and histidine-tRNA of yeast.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA that contains the structural genes for a cysteine-tRNA and a histidine-tRNA. The genes are approximately 85 bp apart, they do not contain intervening sequences or sequences coding for the 3'-CCA terminus and they are surrounded by nearly pure AT segments. The tRNAs deduced are very AT-rich, 74 and 75 nucleotides long, respectively, and contain one or more unusual features not found in tRNAs from other sources.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial structural genes for cysteine-tRNA and histidine-tRNA of yeast. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA that contains the structural genes for a cysteine-tRNA and a histidine-tRNA. The genes are approximately 85 bp apart, they do not contain intervening sequences or sequences coding for the 3'-CCA terminus and they are surrounded by nearly pure AT segments. The tRNAs deduced are very AT-rich, 74 and 75 nucleotides long, respectively, and contain one or more unusual features not found in tRNAs from other sources.", "PMID": 384365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6578", "title": "Characterizing wild-type and mutant promoters of the tetracycline resistance gene in pBR313.", "content": "By employing a system of RNA polymerase binding and restriction endonuclease digestion, we demonstrate that the region in and around the Hind III site of pBR313 and pBR322 is the promoter for the tetracycline (Tc) resistance gene(s). Furthermore, it is shown that this region was transferred intact from pSC101 during the construction of the latter plasmids. The in vitro insertion of a few base pairs at the Hind III site produces a series of \"down\" promoter mutations in which the level of in vivo Tc resistance is reduced. Sequence analysis of the various promoter mutations revealed significant base pair rearrangements in the region between -40 and -12 of the promoter. While these base alterations do not appear to affect the firm binding of RNA polymerase, they do affect the ability of mutant promoters to initiate transcription. These observations suggest that the region from -40 to -12, previously designated as the \"recognition region\", is actually involved in the process of initiation of transcription.", "contents": "Characterizing wild-type and mutant promoters of the tetracycline resistance gene in pBR313. By employing a system of RNA polymerase binding and restriction endonuclease digestion, we demonstrate that the region in and around the Hind III site of pBR313 and pBR322 is the promoter for the tetracycline (Tc) resistance gene(s). Furthermore, it is shown that this region was transferred intact from pSC101 during the construction of the latter plasmids. The in vitro insertion of a few base pairs at the Hind III site produces a series of \"down\" promoter mutations in which the level of in vivo Tc resistance is reduced. Sequence analysis of the various promoter mutations revealed significant base pair rearrangements in the region between -40 and -12 of the promoter. While these base alterations do not appear to affect the firm binding of RNA polymerase, they do affect the ability of mutant promoters to initiate transcription. These observations suggest that the region from -40 to -12, previously designated as the \"recognition region\", is actually involved in the process of initiation of transcription.", "PMID": 384366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6579", "title": "Characterization of an improved in vitro DNA replication system for Escherichia coli plasmids.", "content": "A modified in vitro replication system has been characterized and used to catalogue the host proteins required for the replication of plasmid RSF1030. These extracts differ from systems described previously in that endogenous DNA is removed. Replication in vitro therefore requires an exogenouos RSF1030. Synthesis in the in vitro system faithfully mimics in vivo replication with respect to the products synthesized, effects of specific inhibitors, and requirements for RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase I. In addition, we find that proteins encoded by dnaB, dnaC, dnaG, dnaI, dnaP and polC (DNA polymerase III), are required for in vitro plasmid synthesis. The product of dnaA is not required. Extracts prepared from E. coli mutants deficient in in vitro replication can be complemented by addition of purified proteins or of extracts carrying the wild type protein.", "contents": "Characterization of an improved in vitro DNA replication system for Escherichia coli plasmids. A modified in vitro replication system has been characterized and used to catalogue the host proteins required for the replication of plasmid RSF1030. These extracts differ from systems described previously in that endogenous DNA is removed. Replication in vitro therefore requires an exogenouos RSF1030. Synthesis in the in vitro system faithfully mimics in vivo replication with respect to the products synthesized, effects of specific inhibitors, and requirements for RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase I. In addition, we find that proteins encoded by dnaB, dnaC, dnaG, dnaI, dnaP and polC (DNA polymerase III), are required for in vitro plasmid synthesis. The product of dnaA is not required. Extracts prepared from E. coli mutants deficient in in vitro replication can be complemented by addition of purified proteins or of extracts carrying the wild type protein.", "PMID": 384367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6580", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy--the nine month experiment.", "content": "The writer presents a personal experience of caring for the pregnant diabetic. During a 27 year period (1951-1977) 328 women were treated in 649 pregnancies (668 infants). There was no maternal death. The overall perinatal loss was 9.1%. The Caesarean section rate was only 23%. In recent years a policy of intensely strict control of diabetes has improved foetal survival. It is suggested that this may represent objective evidence that strict control of diabetes has long term benefits.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy--the nine month experiment. The writer presents a personal experience of caring for the pregnant diabetic. During a 27 year period (1951-1977) 328 women were treated in 649 pregnancies (668 infants). There was no maternal death. The overall perinatal loss was 9.1%. The Caesarean section rate was only 23%. In recent years a policy of intensely strict control of diabetes has improved foetal survival. It is suggested that this may represent objective evidence that strict control of diabetes has long term benefits.", "PMID": 384384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6581", "title": "[Compression method throughout the ages].", "content": "The compressive method was practiced instinctively in farthest antiquity. Its development in Western Europe over the past two centuries may be artificially divided into 3 phases. The first phase, which belongs to the prehistory of Phlebology, includes two notable facts: the start of ambulatory compression in London around 1800, and the interest that the French school immediately showed in this discovery. However, this measure was soon abandoned, since around 1880, in the Paris hospitals, ulcers of the leg were being treated by mercury plasters and rest in bed. The second phase--1900 to about 1950--is marked by the empirical development of the compressive method, mainly in chronic phlebopathies. The synergic effect of walking is definitively established; the treatment of deep-set phlebites by ambulatory compression is discovered by H. Fischer in Germany and then in France by L. Nard. Beginning in 1950, this empirical data is both spread by the new Phleboloby Societies, and submitted to rigorous scientific study. Clinicians (especially H. R. Van der Mollen), assisted by physicists, physiologists and biologists, establish the laws of \"therapeutic counter-pressure\" and transpose them in the textile industry. New materials facilitate the use of elastic pressure. Underestimated or little known by most physicians, ambulatory elastocompression remains for Phlobologists a fundamental therapy. At a time when sedentary living and excess use of drugs are being widely denounced, it still has a promising future.", "contents": "[Compression method throughout the ages]. The compressive method was practiced instinctively in farthest antiquity. Its development in Western Europe over the past two centuries may be artificially divided into 3 phases. The first phase, which belongs to the prehistory of Phlebology, includes two notable facts: the start of ambulatory compression in London around 1800, and the interest that the French school immediately showed in this discovery. However, this measure was soon abandoned, since around 1880, in the Paris hospitals, ulcers of the leg were being treated by mercury plasters and rest in bed. The second phase--1900 to about 1950--is marked by the empirical development of the compressive method, mainly in chronic phlebopathies. The synergic effect of walking is definitively established; the treatment of deep-set phlebites by ambulatory compression is discovered by H. Fischer in Germany and then in France by L. Nard. Beginning in 1950, this empirical data is both spread by the new Phleboloby Societies, and submitted to rigorous scientific study. Clinicians (especially H. R. Van der Mollen), assisted by physicists, physiologists and biologists, establish the laws of \"therapeutic counter-pressure\" and transpose them in the textile industry. New materials facilitate the use of elastic pressure. Underestimated or little known by most physicians, ambulatory elastocompression remains for Phlobologists a fundamental therapy. At a time when sedentary living and excess use of drugs are being widely denounced, it still has a promising future.", "PMID": 384412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6582", "title": "Preoperative magnification angiography of donor and recipient sites for clinical free transfer of flaps or digits.", "content": "Based on the 14 free flap transfers we present with full survival, we recommend peroperative magnification angiography of both the recipient and donor sites. In our hands, this type of preoperative assessment seems to increase the margin of safety.", "contents": "Preoperative magnification angiography of donor and recipient sites for clinical free transfer of flaps or digits. Based on the 14 free flap transfers we present with full survival, we recommend peroperative magnification angiography of both the recipient and donor sites. In our hands, this type of preoperative assessment seems to increase the margin of safety.", "PMID": 384430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6583", "title": "Use of a sliding flap from the abdomen to provide cover in breast reconstructions.", "content": "A method of breast reconstruction after mastectomy, using wide undermining of the chest and abdominal skin and advancement of the latter upward to create a pocket, is described. A double-lumen silicone prosthesis is inserted to create the mound, and various methods for nipple-areolar construction are described. The method has been in use for 20 years, and it has been quite satisfactory when the deficiency in the chest wall cover is not too large.", "contents": "Use of a sliding flap from the abdomen to provide cover in breast reconstructions. A method of breast reconstruction after mastectomy, using wide undermining of the chest and abdominal skin and advancement of the latter upward to create a pocket, is described. A double-lumen silicone prosthesis is inserted to create the mound, and various methods for nipple-areolar construction are described. The method has been in use for 20 years, and it has been quite satisfactory when the deficiency in the chest wall cover is not too large.", "PMID": 384431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6584", "title": "Leg repairs with an island flap from the dorsum of the foot, based on the anterior tibial vessels.", "content": "We report 20 chronic leg ulcers successfully treated by rotating an anterior tibial flap, which is a modification of the dorsalis pedis flap. The sizes of the flaps ranged from 6 x 6 cm up to 15 x 13 cm; the largest ones are not recommended, for fear of development of persistent lymphedema of the foot. These flaps are dissected upward through the leg and pedicled on the anterior tibial vessels, so they can be rotated to any site on the anterior, lateral, or medial side of the leg.", "contents": "Leg repairs with an island flap from the dorsum of the foot, based on the anterior tibial vessels. We report 20 chronic leg ulcers successfully treated by rotating an anterior tibial flap, which is a modification of the dorsalis pedis flap. The sizes of the flaps ranged from 6 x 6 cm up to 15 x 13 cm; the largest ones are not recommended, for fear of development of persistent lymphedema of the foot. These flaps are dissected upward through the leg and pedicled on the anterior tibial vessels, so they can be rotated to any site on the anterior, lateral, or medial side of the leg.", "PMID": 384432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6585", "title": "Rate of skin blood flow in various regions of the body.", "content": "Skin blood flow was measured by local clearance of 133Xe, and skin temperature was measured by medical thermography in various parts of the body. 1. A significant linear decrease in skin blood flow was observed with increasing age in the deltoid region. 2. The skin blood flow in the facial and pectoral areas was considerably higher than in the deltoid region. 3. The skin blood flow in the posterior cervical, lateral thoracic, lateral abdominal, and gluteal sites was less than in the deltoid region.", "contents": "Rate of skin blood flow in various regions of the body. Skin blood flow was measured by local clearance of 133Xe, and skin temperature was measured by medical thermography in various parts of the body. 1. A significant linear decrease in skin blood flow was observed with increasing age in the deltoid region. 2. The skin blood flow in the facial and pectoral areas was considerably higher than in the deltoid region. 3. The skin blood flow in the posterior cervical, lateral thoracic, lateral abdominal, and gluteal sites was less than in the deltoid region.", "PMID": 384433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6586", "title": "A transpositional skin flap for release of volar contractures of a finger at the MP joint.", "content": "We describe a finger flap which, in properly selected patients, and with careful planning of the incision design, has been useful for covering small defects over the volar aspects of the MP joint. The donor site can be closed without skin grafting.", "contents": "A transpositional skin flap for release of volar contractures of a finger at the MP joint. We describe a finger flap which, in properly selected patients, and with careful planning of the incision design, has been useful for covering small defects over the volar aspects of the MP joint. The donor site can be closed without skin grafting.", "PMID": 384434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6587", "title": "Attempts to increase the surviving length in skin flaps by a moist environment.", "content": "A method of raising a random patterns flap on the back of a rat was used to study the relationship between the surviving length and distance of dye penetration. It was found that the intraoperative dye distance was an accurate predictor of survival length in the Control Group. The effects of dressing were evaluated against the controls. An apparently significant increase in the survival length (beyond the dye distance) was seen with the \"tunnel procedure\" we used. It is suggested that a moist environment will favor survival of that portion of a flap where necrosis is usually seen when no dressing is used.", "contents": "Attempts to increase the surviving length in skin flaps by a moist environment. A method of raising a random patterns flap on the back of a rat was used to study the relationship between the surviving length and distance of dye penetration. It was found that the intraoperative dye distance was an accurate predictor of survival length in the Control Group. The effects of dressing were evaluated against the controls. An apparently significant increase in the survival length (beyond the dye distance) was seen with the \"tunnel procedure\" we used. It is suggested that a moist environment will favor survival of that portion of a flap where necrosis is usually seen when no dressing is used.", "PMID": 384435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6588", "title": "Hypospadias repair with subcutaneous suture and tissue adhesive for surface closure.", "content": "A combination of a running P.G.A. subcutaneous suture, reinforced by butyl-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for surface bonding of the skin, has enabled us to reduce our rate of fistula formation by about 50 percent in hypospdias repairs by the Denis Browne two-stage or the Horton-Devine one-stage procedure.", "contents": "Hypospadias repair with subcutaneous suture and tissue adhesive for surface closure. A combination of a running P.G.A. subcutaneous suture, reinforced by butyl-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for surface bonding of the skin, has enabled us to reduce our rate of fistula formation by about 50 percent in hypospdias repairs by the Denis Browne two-stage or the Horton-Devine one-stage procedure.", "PMID": 384436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6589", "title": "Prevention of necrosis in island myocutaneous flaps in the pig by treatment with isoxsuprine.", "content": "Experimental gracilis myocutaneous flaps were designed in the pig which consistently resulted in 81 cm2 of surviving tissue and 194 cm2 of necrotic tissue. When these same flaps were raised in animals treated for two weeks preoperatively and 6 days postoperatively with isoxsuprine, there was 100 percent survival in all (8) flaps.", "contents": "Prevention of necrosis in island myocutaneous flaps in the pig by treatment with isoxsuprine. Experimental gracilis myocutaneous flaps were designed in the pig which consistently resulted in 81 cm2 of surviving tissue and 194 cm2 of necrotic tissue. When these same flaps were raised in animals treated for two weeks preoperatively and 6 days postoperatively with isoxsuprine, there was 100 percent survival in all (8) flaps.", "PMID": 384437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6590", "title": "Repair of a lower leg defect with an ipsilateral gracilis myocutaneous flap.", "content": "We report the use of a gracilis myocutaneous flap from the same thigh to repair a defect of the lower leg. This could be a useful alternative in well selected cases.", "contents": "Repair of a lower leg defect with an ipsilateral gracilis myocutaneous flap. We report the use of a gracilis myocutaneous flap from the same thigh to repair a defect of the lower leg. This could be a useful alternative in well selected cases.", "PMID": 384440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6591", "title": "Moral treatment reconsidered: some sociological comments on an episode in the history of British psychiatry.", "content": "A reappraisal is offered of the precise sense in which the introduction of moral treatment at the end of the eighteenth century marked a decisive shift in our characteristic ways of responding to and coping with the mentally disturbed. Some connections are explored between this new approach to the 'mad' and larger social movements and processes.", "contents": "Moral treatment reconsidered: some sociological comments on an episode in the history of British psychiatry. A reappraisal is offered of the precise sense in which the introduction of moral treatment at the end of the eighteenth century marked a decisive shift in our characteristic ways of responding to and coping with the mentally disturbed. Some connections are explored between this new approach to the 'mad' and larger social movements and processes.", "PMID": 384444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6592", "title": "Survival on home haemodialysis: its relationship with physical symptomatology, psychosocial background and psychiatric morbidity.", "content": "An entire group of 32 home dialysis patients from one hospital renal unit was assessed for psychiatric morbidity on a standardized interview of proven reliability. A rating of physical symptomatology and an enquiry into the childhood and psychosocial background were made at the same time. Psychiatric morbidity, physical symptomatology and a history of good relationships with both natural parents in childhood were inter-related. They were all related to survival on haemodialysis 3 1/2 years later. Survival was also associated with a coping spouse and full-time employment or housework by the patient. These findings are discussed in the light of current concepts of the psychosocial setting for physical illness.", "contents": "Survival on home haemodialysis: its relationship with physical symptomatology, psychosocial background and psychiatric morbidity. An entire group of 32 home dialysis patients from one hospital renal unit was assessed for psychiatric morbidity on a standardized interview of proven reliability. A rating of physical symptomatology and an enquiry into the childhood and psychosocial background were made at the same time. Psychiatric morbidity, physical symptomatology and a history of good relationships with both natural parents in childhood were inter-related. They were all related to survival on haemodialysis 3 1/2 years later. Survival was also associated with a coping spouse and full-time employment or housework by the patient. These findings are discussed in the light of current concepts of the psychosocial setting for physical illness.", "PMID": 384445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6593", "title": "Effects of relaxation therapy on cardiac performance and sympathetic activity in patients with organic heart disease.", "content": "Six patients, with surgically implanted tantalum myocardial markers, were trained in deep muscle relaxation therapy. Analysis of individual responses and group means of blood pressure and ventricular dimensions during relaxation showed a decrease in plasma norepinephrine levels and indices of myocardial contractility compared to the control state. Heart rate changes in individuals during relaxation were directly correlated with changes in plasma norepinephrine levels, although group means for heart rate did not change significantly between control and relaxation periods. Base-line plasma norepinephrine levels were directly correlated with systolic blood pressure and were inveresly correlated with a measure of myocardial contractility. These data suggest that physiological changes during relaxation may be mediated through the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Effects of relaxation therapy on cardiac performance and sympathetic activity in patients with organic heart disease. Six patients, with surgically implanted tantalum myocardial markers, were trained in deep muscle relaxation therapy. Analysis of individual responses and group means of blood pressure and ventricular dimensions during relaxation showed a decrease in plasma norepinephrine levels and indices of myocardial contractility compared to the control state. Heart rate changes in individuals during relaxation were directly correlated with changes in plasma norepinephrine levels, although group means for heart rate did not change significantly between control and relaxation periods. Base-line plasma norepinephrine levels were directly correlated with systolic blood pressure and were inveresly correlated with a measure of myocardial contractility. These data suggest that physiological changes during relaxation may be mediated through the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 384447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6594", "title": "Changing concepts in psychosomatic theory. I. Historical analysis.", "content": "Psychosomatic medicine has utilized static, linear, two-dimensional models in attempting to identify a causative relationship between psychosocially conceptualized events and biologically conceptualized ones. This has led to inherent difficulties that are logistically unresolvable. For example, the different language systems lend themselves to overlap with the possibility of addressing themselves to describing manifestations of the same phenomenon from dissimilar conceptual orientations. The problem is further complicated by attempting to link these together in a temporal sequence suggesting a causal relationship. We have ignored both feedback processes in terms of a sequential process modifying a preceding one and the possibility that a reverse order of relationships might explain some processes. In our quest for specificity, we have ignored that disease states are not static ones any more than is life but change over time, suggesting that alterations will occur in the original relationships proposed among our different systems of conceptualization. Among the remedies suggested for a reordering of our thinking are: (a) a revision of linear unidirectional causative models to cyclical bidirectional models; (b) a reformulation of two-dimensional temporal linear relationships toward three-dimensional spherical ones which overlap in time; (c) the relating of these aspects not to each other but to a third factor, common to the three which remains to be identified; (d) the development of a language that bridges the psychological, social and biological.", "contents": "Changing concepts in psychosomatic theory. I. Historical analysis. Psychosomatic medicine has utilized static, linear, two-dimensional models in attempting to identify a causative relationship between psychosocially conceptualized events and biologically conceptualized ones. This has led to inherent difficulties that are logistically unresolvable. For example, the different language systems lend themselves to overlap with the possibility of addressing themselves to describing manifestations of the same phenomenon from dissimilar conceptual orientations. The problem is further complicated by attempting to link these together in a temporal sequence suggesting a causal relationship. We have ignored both feedback processes in terms of a sequential process modifying a preceding one and the possibility that a reverse order of relationships might explain some processes. In our quest for specificity, we have ignored that disease states are not static ones any more than is life but change over time, suggesting that alterations will occur in the original relationships proposed among our different systems of conceptualization. Among the remedies suggested for a reordering of our thinking are: (a) a revision of linear unidirectional causative models to cyclical bidirectional models; (b) a reformulation of two-dimensional temporal linear relationships toward three-dimensional spherical ones which overlap in time; (c) the relating of these aspects not to each other but to a third factor, common to the three which remains to be identified; (d) the development of a language that bridges the psychological, social and biological.", "PMID": 384448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6595", "title": "Psychopathology and psychotherapy in chronic physically ill patients.", "content": "Within the scope of psychosomatic medicine somato-psychic diseases are of great importance theoretically as well as practically, especially in view of problems dealing with the patient's attitude toward his illness and his coping with the disease. Among the somato-psychic illnesses chronic physical diseases are of primary interest. The knowledge of their general and specific psychological and psychopathological symptoms are of great importance for a better understanding of these patients and in view of a favourable direction in therapy. This is demonstrated in the form of extracts with three groups of the chronic physically ill: (1) hemophiliacs; (2) patients on regular hemodialysis treatment and following renal transplantation, and (3) diabetics.", "contents": "Psychopathology and psychotherapy in chronic physically ill patients. Within the scope of psychosomatic medicine somato-psychic diseases are of great importance theoretically as well as practically, especially in view of problems dealing with the patient's attitude toward his illness and his coping with the disease. Among the somato-psychic illnesses chronic physical diseases are of primary interest. The knowledge of their general and specific psychological and psychopathological symptoms are of great importance for a better understanding of these patients and in view of a favourable direction in therapy. This is demonstrated in the form of extracts with three groups of the chronic physically ill: (1) hemophiliacs; (2) patients on regular hemodialysis treatment and following renal transplantation, and (3) diabetics.", "PMID": 384449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6596", "title": "Psychosomatic medicine: some past and current concepts.", "content": "Recognition of the body-mind dilemma goes back to antiquity. Growth in medical knowledge has produced an ever increasing emphasis on physiological deviations and somatic pathology--which too often is not accompanied by sufficient attention to the total patients. Psychosomatics is now the term often used by those who believe that illness in man is not usually caused by a single etiological agent. The American Psychosomatic Society succeeded in correlating biological processes with psychodynamics. The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine had its roots in the belief that psychosomatic medicine belonged to all of medicine. Its goals were to close the gap between medicine and psychiatry. The Japanese Psychosomatic Society chose the best of both in setting its goals. Dunbar's personality profiles and Alexander's concept of specific conflicts are reviewed. Depression is seen to be a common core. Further correlations between depression and psychosomatic illness are evidenced by the work of Greene, Schmale and Engel. The contributions of Nemiah and Sifneos are reviewed. Many psychosomatic patients are noted to be incapable of expressing adequate feelings, which may account for the frequent failure of classical psychoanalytic techniques. The history of research is also reviewed. The role of biochemistry, neurophysiology and psychopharmacology in the understanding and management of psychosomatic problems is examined.", "contents": "Psychosomatic medicine: some past and current concepts. Recognition of the body-mind dilemma goes back to antiquity. Growth in medical knowledge has produced an ever increasing emphasis on physiological deviations and somatic pathology--which too often is not accompanied by sufficient attention to the total patients. Psychosomatics is now the term often used by those who believe that illness in man is not usually caused by a single etiological agent. The American Psychosomatic Society succeeded in correlating biological processes with psychodynamics. The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine had its roots in the belief that psychosomatic medicine belonged to all of medicine. Its goals were to close the gap between medicine and psychiatry. The Japanese Psychosomatic Society chose the best of both in setting its goals. Dunbar's personality profiles and Alexander's concept of specific conflicts are reviewed. Depression is seen to be a common core. Further correlations between depression and psychosomatic illness are evidenced by the work of Greene, Schmale and Engel. The contributions of Nemiah and Sifneos are reviewed. Many psychosomatic patients are noted to be incapable of expressing adequate feelings, which may account for the frequent failure of classical psychoanalytic techniques. The history of research is also reviewed. The role of biochemistry, neurophysiology and psychopharmacology in the understanding and management of psychosomatic problems is examined.", "PMID": 384450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6597", "title": "Materialism and spiritualism: the dualistic way of Western thinking.", "content": "Ever since the beginning of Western philosophy in ancient Greece there have been two fundamental approaches to life in general: materialism and spiritualism. In the Renaissance this basic question came into discussion again. In the 19th century the real fight began. On the one hand we have had the materialistic 'leftists', namely Marx, with the political consequence of the Russian revolution. On the other hand we had Kierkegaard, Bergson, etc. searching for the fundamental facts in human life, enabling us to survive in dignity. The moment has come, where we must see that human emotion is by far more important in the question of life and death, namely in psychosomatic illness, than all the riches of the world.", "contents": "Materialism and spiritualism: the dualistic way of Western thinking. Ever since the beginning of Western philosophy in ancient Greece there have been two fundamental approaches to life in general: materialism and spiritualism. In the Renaissance this basic question came into discussion again. In the 19th century the real fight began. On the one hand we have had the materialistic 'leftists', namely Marx, with the political consequence of the Russian revolution. On the other hand we had Kierkegaard, Bergson, etc. searching for the fundamental facts in human life, enabling us to survive in dignity. The moment has come, where we must see that human emotion is by far more important in the question of life and death, namely in psychosomatic illness, than all the riches of the world.", "PMID": 384451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6598", "title": "East and West.", "content": "Western psychotherapy is very rationalistic, and especially psychoanalysis regarding the suppression of desire as the cause of neurosis. On the contrary Japanese psychotherapy explains neurosis as the imbalance which is the weak point of human nature. I would like to compare Western and Eastern psychotherapeutic backgrounds.", "contents": "East and West. Western psychotherapy is very rationalistic, and especially psychoanalysis regarding the suppression of desire as the cause of neurosis. On the contrary Japanese psychotherapy explains neurosis as the imbalance which is the weak point of human nature. I would like to compare Western and Eastern psychotherapeutic backgrounds.", "PMID": 384452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6599", "title": "[Effect on the administration of LHRH on LH and prolactin plasma levels in adult female rats ovariectomized and maintained in constant light (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of prolonged periods of constant lighting on the plasma levels of LH and prolactin in adult female rats has been studied. No differences in either hormones are observed between intact animals under constant light of under a 12 hr (controls) darkness schedule. After ovariectomy LH values increase on both experimental conditions, with higher levels in the control group (p less than 0.01). After ovariectomy, a similar pattern is observed in animals under constant light, or under a 12 hr light darkness schedule, in the decrease of prolactin levels and in the increase of plasma LH levels after LHRH administration (100-1,000 ng). The stress induced by experimental manipulation, ether anesthesia and saline injection elevates plasma prolactin in both groups. LHRH administration blocks this response.", "contents": "[Effect on the administration of LHRH on LH and prolactin plasma levels in adult female rats ovariectomized and maintained in constant light (author's transl)]. The influence of prolonged periods of constant lighting on the plasma levels of LH and prolactin in adult female rats has been studied. No differences in either hormones are observed between intact animals under constant light of under a 12 hr (controls) darkness schedule. After ovariectomy LH values increase on both experimental conditions, with higher levels in the control group (p less than 0.01). After ovariectomy, a similar pattern is observed in animals under constant light, or under a 12 hr light darkness schedule, in the decrease of prolactin levels and in the increase of plasma LH levels after LHRH administration (100-1,000 ng). The stress induced by experimental manipulation, ether anesthesia and saline injection elevates plasma prolactin in both groups. LHRH administration blocks this response.", "PMID": 384483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6600", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after endotoxin infusion into the common bile duct of rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Endotoxin from E. coli was infused into the distally ligated common bile duct of rabbits under the static pressure of 25 cm H2O. Fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer complexes, antithrombin III, leukocyte and platelet counts were estimated before, and 2, 4, and 6 h after endotoxin infusion. All parameters were found significantly changed 2 h after endotoxin infusion. While fibrinogen level, AT III, leukocyte and platelet counts decreased after the endotoxin infusion the amount of SFMC increased. The change of hematological parameters showed a pattern characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In accordance with this microclots in the glomeruli of the kidneys could be demonstrated in all endotoxin-treated animals by pathological study. The findings suggest that by endotoxin infusion into the common bile duct, as a focal origin, DIC can be produced.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after endotoxin infusion into the common bile duct of rabbits (author's transl)]. Endotoxin from E. coli was infused into the distally ligated common bile duct of rabbits under the static pressure of 25 cm H2O. Fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer complexes, antithrombin III, leukocyte and platelet counts were estimated before, and 2, 4, and 6 h after endotoxin infusion. All parameters were found significantly changed 2 h after endotoxin infusion. While fibrinogen level, AT III, leukocyte and platelet counts decreased after the endotoxin infusion the amount of SFMC increased. The change of hematological parameters showed a pattern characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In accordance with this microclots in the glomeruli of the kidneys could be demonstrated in all endotoxin-treated animals by pathological study. The findings suggest that by endotoxin infusion into the common bile duct, as a focal origin, DIC can be produced.", "PMID": 384487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6601", "title": "Comparison of gastric secretory response in man to duodenal and jejunal liver extract perfusion.", "content": "The stomachs of six healthy volunteers were intubated with a Levine tube. In addition, a thin polyethylene tube was placed in the proximal jejunum or in the proximal duodenum. After a 1-h period with no perfusion the intestine was perfused for 2 h with 7% liver extract (LE) (pH 5.5; 380 MOsm/kg water) at a rate of 100 ml/h. In control tests 200 ml of 0.9% physiologic saline solution were used as perfusate. Reflux to the stomach was determined by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. Plasma gastrin, gastric acid, and pepsin levels were measured in 15-min periods. During perfusion of the proximal jejunum only pepsin outputs were increased significantly. During duodenal perfusion of LE, gastric acid and pepsin outputs were increased to 31% and 73% of maximal pentagastrin stimulation, respectively. Controls showed no changes in gastric secretion. Plasma gastrin levels were not elevated after jejunal or duodenal perfusion. These results confirm that the intestinal phase of gastric secretory stimulation does exist in humans. Furthermore, it appears that the major portion of this stimulation originates from the duodenum and is not gastrin-dependent.", "contents": "Comparison of gastric secretory response in man to duodenal and jejunal liver extract perfusion. The stomachs of six healthy volunteers were intubated with a Levine tube. In addition, a thin polyethylene tube was placed in the proximal jejunum or in the proximal duodenum. After a 1-h period with no perfusion the intestine was perfused for 2 h with 7% liver extract (LE) (pH 5.5; 380 MOsm/kg water) at a rate of 100 ml/h. In control tests 200 ml of 0.9% physiologic saline solution were used as perfusate. Reflux to the stomach was determined by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. Plasma gastrin, gastric acid, and pepsin levels were measured in 15-min periods. During perfusion of the proximal jejunum only pepsin outputs were increased significantly. During duodenal perfusion of LE, gastric acid and pepsin outputs were increased to 31% and 73% of maximal pentagastrin stimulation, respectively. Controls showed no changes in gastric secretion. Plasma gastrin levels were not elevated after jejunal or duodenal perfusion. These results confirm that the intestinal phase of gastric secretory stimulation does exist in humans. Furthermore, it appears that the major portion of this stimulation originates from the duodenum and is not gastrin-dependent.", "PMID": 384500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6602", "title": "Peptidergic and adrenergic innervation of pancreatic ganglia.", "content": "Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of nerves showing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), enkephalin, and COOH-terminal gastrin/CCK immunoreactivity in the feline pancreas. Most peptide-containing nerve fibers are detected in ganglia of the pancreas, where they appear to innervate the ganglionic cell bodies. Adrenergic nerve fibers are also detected in pancreatic ganglia. The peptidergic and adrenergic nerves are only occasionally detected in the vicinity of pancreatic exocrine cells. VIP, SP, enkephalin, and gastrin/CCK exert strong effects on the secretory functions of the pancreas. Our results suggest that that ganglia may represent an important physiological site of action for these peptides and for norepinephrine.", "contents": "Peptidergic and adrenergic innervation of pancreatic ganglia. Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of nerves showing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), enkephalin, and COOH-terminal gastrin/CCK immunoreactivity in the feline pancreas. Most peptide-containing nerve fibers are detected in ganglia of the pancreas, where they appear to innervate the ganglionic cell bodies. Adrenergic nerve fibers are also detected in pancreatic ganglia. The peptidergic and adrenergic nerves are only occasionally detected in the vicinity of pancreatic exocrine cells. VIP, SP, enkephalin, and gastrin/CCK exert strong effects on the secretory functions of the pancreas. Our results suggest that that ganglia may represent an important physiological site of action for these peptides and for norepinephrine.", "PMID": 384501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6603", "title": "Substance P and enteroglucagon-like immunoreactivity in argentaffin and argyrophil midgut carcinoid tumours.", "content": "The presence of serotonin, substance P and enteroglucagon was investigated in 8 argentaffin and argyrophil midgut carcinoid tumours. All tumours were argentaffin and displayed formalin-induced fluorescence indicating a content of serotonin. In addition, all 8 tumours showed substance P immunoreactivity and 7 of them enteroglucagon immunoreactivity. The results indicate that the midgut carcinoid tumours are as a rule multihormonal.", "contents": "Substance P and enteroglucagon-like immunoreactivity in argentaffin and argyrophil midgut carcinoid tumours. The presence of serotonin, substance P and enteroglucagon was investigated in 8 argentaffin and argyrophil midgut carcinoid tumours. All tumours were argentaffin and displayed formalin-induced fluorescence indicating a content of serotonin. In addition, all 8 tumours showed substance P immunoreactivity and 7 of them enteroglucagon immunoreactivity. The results indicate that the midgut carcinoid tumours are as a rule multihormonal.", "PMID": 384502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6604", "title": "Spontaneous argyrophil cell carcinoid in the glandular stomach: immunohistochemical study of gastric endocrine cells in normal and tumour-bearing mastomys.", "content": "Endocrine tumours (argyrophil cell carcinoids) are frequent in the oxyntic mucosa of mastomys. The tumour is notable for its high histamine content and for its high histidine decarboxylase activity. The tumour is thought to arise from the histamine-storing, enterochromaffin-like cells of the oxyntic mucosa. They are of two ultrastructurally distinguishable types, ECL cells and A-like cells, both of which have been demonstrated in the tumour. Identical cells have been demonstrated in the oxyntic mucosa of the rat; there is much evidence that in this species the functional activity and the number of these cells are determined by the serum gastrin concentration. However, tumours have never been found to arise from these cells in the rat. As an initial step in an attempt to explain the formation of the gastric endocrine tumour in the mastomys we examined the distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in the mastomys stomach. Gastrin cells in the antrum of mastomys seemed to occur in about the same frequency as in the antrum of rat and mouse. 5-HT-storing enterochromaffin cells, however, were considerably more numerous in the mastomys, whereas the somatostatin cells in the antrum were fewer. The number of enterochromaffin-like cells and somatostratin cells in the oxyntic mucosa of mastomys was much lower than in the rat and mouse. Once developed, the gastric endocrine tumour seems to reduce the antral gastrin cell number; the larger the tumour the greater the reduction.", "contents": "Spontaneous argyrophil cell carcinoid in the glandular stomach: immunohistochemical study of gastric endocrine cells in normal and tumour-bearing mastomys. Endocrine tumours (argyrophil cell carcinoids) are frequent in the oxyntic mucosa of mastomys. The tumour is notable for its high histamine content and for its high histidine decarboxylase activity. The tumour is thought to arise from the histamine-storing, enterochromaffin-like cells of the oxyntic mucosa. They are of two ultrastructurally distinguishable types, ECL cells and A-like cells, both of which have been demonstrated in the tumour. Identical cells have been demonstrated in the oxyntic mucosa of the rat; there is much evidence that in this species the functional activity and the number of these cells are determined by the serum gastrin concentration. However, tumours have never been found to arise from these cells in the rat. As an initial step in an attempt to explain the formation of the gastric endocrine tumour in the mastomys we examined the distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in the mastomys stomach. Gastrin cells in the antrum of mastomys seemed to occur in about the same frequency as in the antrum of rat and mouse. 5-HT-storing enterochromaffin cells, however, were considerably more numerous in the mastomys, whereas the somatostatin cells in the antrum were fewer. The number of enterochromaffin-like cells and somatostratin cells in the oxyntic mucosa of mastomys was much lower than in the rat and mouse. Once developed, the gastric endocrine tumour seems to reduce the antral gastrin cell number; the larger the tumour the greater the reduction.", "PMID": 384503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6605", "title": "Continued experimental study on the pathogenesis of sporadic bacteriuria in the rat.", "content": "An experimental model implying ligature of the left ureter in the rat has previously (1977) been described by the author. The same model has been used in the experiments which are presented in this paper. The aim has been to study further the hematogenous seeding of bacteria to the hydronephrotic left kidney. The experiments seem to confirm the author's view that sporadic hematogenous infection with intestinal bacteria occasionally takes place and can be demonstrated by this method. Intravenous injection of E. coli showed that the minimal kidney infecting dose amounted to 0.5 ml E. coli 10(6) bacteria per ml. The author found considerable increase of sporadic infection after splenectomy and partial liver resection.", "contents": "Continued experimental study on the pathogenesis of sporadic bacteriuria in the rat. An experimental model implying ligature of the left ureter in the rat has previously (1977) been described by the author. The same model has been used in the experiments which are presented in this paper. The aim has been to study further the hematogenous seeding of bacteria to the hydronephrotic left kidney. The experiments seem to confirm the author's view that sporadic hematogenous infection with intestinal bacteria occasionally takes place and can be demonstrated by this method. Intravenous injection of E. coli showed that the minimal kidney infecting dose amounted to 0.5 ml E. coli 10(6) bacteria per ml. The author found considerable increase of sporadic infection after splenectomy and partial liver resection.", "PMID": 384509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6606", "title": "The patterns of peripheral plasma renin concentration in the early post-renal-transplant period.", "content": "Serial determinations of peripheral plasma renin concentration (PRC) were performed in 11 kidney transplant recipients during the early post-transplant period. In 5 recipients with late onset of graft function, PRC values were increased during the anuric phase and, subsequently, PRC values declined in every during restoration of graft function. In 4 recipients with an acute renal allograft reaction, PRC values were increased at the onset of the allograft reaction in 3 with hypertension whereas PRC values were normal in one normotensive recipient. Subsequently, PRC normalized in the hypertensives coincident with increasing body weights. In 2 recipients with an uncomplicated course and with a normal graft function immediately after transplantation and throughout the study period, PRC values were constantly normal. The results indicate that acute anuria in the early phase after kidney transplantation is associated with an increased release of renin. The results also suggest that an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system may be counterbalanced by sodium and fluid retention in hypertension following an acute renal allograft reaction.", "contents": "The patterns of peripheral plasma renin concentration in the early post-renal-transplant period. Serial determinations of peripheral plasma renin concentration (PRC) were performed in 11 kidney transplant recipients during the early post-transplant period. In 5 recipients with late onset of graft function, PRC values were increased during the anuric phase and, subsequently, PRC values declined in every during restoration of graft function. In 4 recipients with an acute renal allograft reaction, PRC values were increased at the onset of the allograft reaction in 3 with hypertension whereas PRC values were normal in one normotensive recipient. Subsequently, PRC normalized in the hypertensives coincident with increasing body weights. In 2 recipients with an uncomplicated course and with a normal graft function immediately after transplantation and throughout the study period, PRC values were constantly normal. The results indicate that acute anuria in the early phase after kidney transplantation is associated with an increased release of renin. The results also suggest that an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system may be counterbalanced by sodium and fluid retention in hypertension following an acute renal allograft reaction.", "PMID": 384510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6607", "title": "[Immunosuppression, bone marrow infusion and low dose androgens, successful therapy of severe aplastic anemia].", "content": "18 patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) but without an HLA-identical sibling were treated by antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) followed by infusion of marrow cells from a semi-compatible family donor. 13 of these received low dose androgens after ALG: 11 (85%) achieved stable remission without transfusion requirement. One patient relapsed after 4 months, one patient with only partial remission died from infection. None of the 4 patients who did not receive androgens after ALG achieved remission. ALG, marrow and low-dose androgens represent a promising therapy for SAA and can be favorably compared with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "[Immunosuppression, bone marrow infusion and low dose androgens, successful therapy of severe aplastic anemia]. 18 patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) but without an HLA-identical sibling were treated by antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) followed by infusion of marrow cells from a semi-compatible family donor. 13 of these received low dose androgens after ALG: 11 (85%) achieved stable remission without transfusion requirement. One patient relapsed after 4 months, one patient with only partial remission died from infection. None of the 4 patients who did not receive androgens after ALG achieved remission. ALG, marrow and low-dose androgens represent a promising therapy for SAA and can be favorably compared with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 384511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6608", "title": "Heterogeneity of vertebrate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay and chromatography analyses of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) have demonstrated the presence of LHRH-like immunoreactive peptides in a wide range of vertebrates. Contrary to previous reports, the molecule differs in various vertebrates. Avian, reptilian, and teleostean LHRH's are chemically distinct from the mammalian peptide but are in themselves indistinguishable. However, amphibian LHRH appears to be identical to the mammalian peptide. These findings have interesting evolutionary implications.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of vertebrate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Radioimmunoassay and chromatography analyses of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) have demonstrated the presence of LHRH-like immunoreactive peptides in a wide range of vertebrates. Contrary to previous reports, the molecule differs in various vertebrates. Avian, reptilian, and teleostean LHRH's are chemically distinct from the mammalian peptide but are in themselves indistinguishable. However, amphibian LHRH appears to be identical to the mammalian peptide. These findings have interesting evolutionary implications.", "PMID": 384514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6609", "title": "Interactions of complement with the red-cell membrane.", "content": "Interactions of the complement components with the red-cell membrane are, as delineated, many and complex. Much is known about the nature of the complement components that take part in these interactions, but relatively little is known about the membrane or the components of the membrane with which they interact. Such understanding will be essential if we are to be able to explain the great resistance to complement lysis shown by normal red cells or the abnormalities that result in increased or decreased interacition of complement with abnormal red cells.", "contents": "Interactions of complement with the red-cell membrane. Interactions of the complement components with the red-cell membrane are, as delineated, many and complex. Much is known about the nature of the complement components that take part in these interactions, but relatively little is known about the membrane or the components of the membrane with which they interact. Such understanding will be essential if we are to be able to explain the great resistance to complement lysis shown by normal red cells or the abnormalities that result in increased or decreased interacition of complement with abnormal red cells.", "PMID": 384519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6610", "title": "Granulocyte aggregation as a manifestation of membrane interactions with complement: possible role in leukocyte margination, microvascular occlusion, and endothelial damage.", "content": "Activation products of the terminal complement cascade potently affect granulocyte function, inducing, for example, their migration toward (chemotaxis), and adherence to (opsonization), microbes, and stimulating their production of microbicidal oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion, and the like. We present studies that demonstrate that a C5-derived peptide, probably C5a, is a potent promoter of granulocyte and monocyte adhesion to endothelium (margination) and, in addition, causes granulocyte autoaggregation in vitro and in vivo. Although possibly beneficial by producing phagocyte clumps to mechanically entrap unwanted microbes, such aggregates may be deleterious, particularly if sustained, especially in the lung.", "contents": "Granulocyte aggregation as a manifestation of membrane interactions with complement: possible role in leukocyte margination, microvascular occlusion, and endothelial damage. Activation products of the terminal complement cascade potently affect granulocyte function, inducing, for example, their migration toward (chemotaxis), and adherence to (opsonization), microbes, and stimulating their production of microbicidal oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion, and the like. We present studies that demonstrate that a C5-derived peptide, probably C5a, is a potent promoter of granulocyte and monocyte adhesion to endothelium (margination) and, in addition, causes granulocyte autoaggregation in vitro and in vivo. Although possibly beneficial by producing phagocyte clumps to mechanically entrap unwanted microbes, such aggregates may be deleterious, particularly if sustained, especially in the lung.", "PMID": 384520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6611", "title": "Platelet-endothelial cell interactions.", "content": "We are in an era in which there has been a rapid accumulation of new information about the endothelium and the interactions of platelets with the vessel wall. The decade of the 70s could aptly be designated as the \"prostaglandin and endothelium period.\" One can only speculate that the future will be equally interesting and challenging. It is quite possible that discoveries of congenital and acquired defects of the endothelium will parallel those already described for the platelet and coagulation factors. What is currently looked upon today as a baffling and frustrating case of resistant thrombosis by the clinician may be unraveled tomorrow by the talented and creative investigator who can develop better approaches to the study of the endothelium and platelet interactions with the vessel wall.", "contents": "Platelet-endothelial cell interactions. We are in an era in which there has been a rapid accumulation of new information about the endothelium and the interactions of platelets with the vessel wall. The decade of the 70s could aptly be designated as the \"prostaglandin and endothelium period.\" One can only speculate that the future will be equally interesting and challenging. It is quite possible that discoveries of congenital and acquired defects of the endothelium will parallel those already described for the platelet and coagulation factors. What is currently looked upon today as a baffling and frustrating case of resistant thrombosis by the clinician may be unraveled tomorrow by the talented and creative investigator who can develop better approaches to the study of the endothelium and platelet interactions with the vessel wall.", "PMID": 384523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6612", "title": "Penetrating keratoplasty using McCarey-Kaufman preserved corneal tissue.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive penetrating keratoplasties, using suitable donor corneas stored in modified tissue culture medium (M-K medium), were performed by a single surgeon over a 21-month period. Two hundred consecutive cultures of the donor corneosclearl rims for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi, done immediately after surgery, yielded 25 positive cultures for aerobic and anerobic bacteria and three for fungi. No clinical infections nor primary donor failures were encountered with patients after one to 21 months of follow-up. Preservation of excised corneas by trained technicians, under rigidly sterile, laminar-flow, tissue culture conditions appears to be a convenient, safe, and effective method of corneal preservation which permits elective keratoplasty.", "contents": "Penetrating keratoplasty using McCarey-Kaufman preserved corneal tissue. Two hundred consecutive penetrating keratoplasties, using suitable donor corneas stored in modified tissue culture medium (M-K medium), were performed by a single surgeon over a 21-month period. Two hundred consecutive cultures of the donor corneosclearl rims for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi, done immediately after surgery, yielded 25 positive cultures for aerobic and anerobic bacteria and three for fungi. No clinical infections nor primary donor failures were encountered with patients after one to 21 months of follow-up. Preservation of excised corneas by trained technicians, under rigidly sterile, laminar-flow, tissue culture conditions appears to be a convenient, safe, and effective method of corneal preservation which permits elective keratoplasty.", "PMID": 384538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6613", "title": "Nutrition in pregnancy--1978.", "content": "Nutrition in pregnancy is receiving increased emphasis with the reports of adverse effects of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs on the outcome of pregnancy. Numerous articles concerning nutrition in pregnancy have appeared in the lay press. Almost daily a new method of weight reduction appears as a panacea for a weight conscious public. Both the woman and her physician may be confused, since during the last 40 years women have been starved, told to eat no meat, to eat red meat, or to eat ad lib because there should be no limit on weight gain during pregnancy. Can the practitioner with little formal education in nutrition identify the woman likely to be nutritionally at risk? If identified what should they be counseled regarding weight gain in pregnancy? Reasons for the changes in attitude about nutrition in pregnancy are reviewed herein, and methods of identifying the woman nutritionally at risk are presented. The importance of grouping women into underweight, normal weight, and overweight categories and of making individualized weight gain recommendations are discussed.", "contents": "Nutrition in pregnancy--1978. Nutrition in pregnancy is receiving increased emphasis with the reports of adverse effects of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs on the outcome of pregnancy. Numerous articles concerning nutrition in pregnancy have appeared in the lay press. Almost daily a new method of weight reduction appears as a panacea for a weight conscious public. Both the woman and her physician may be confused, since during the last 40 years women have been starved, told to eat no meat, to eat red meat, or to eat ad lib because there should be no limit on weight gain during pregnancy. Can the practitioner with little formal education in nutrition identify the woman likely to be nutritionally at risk? If identified what should they be counseled regarding weight gain in pregnancy? Reasons for the changes in attitude about nutrition in pregnancy are reviewed herein, and methods of identifying the woman nutritionally at risk are presented. The importance of grouping women into underweight, normal weight, and overweight categories and of making individualized weight gain recommendations are discussed.", "PMID": 384539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6614", "title": "The effect of prednisolone on red cell survival in patients with falciparum malaria.", "content": "Radioisotope red-cell survival studies were carried out in 20 patients with falciparum malaria following quinine therapy. The mean parasite clearance time of the patients receiving quinine sulfate was 49 hours and those of the patients receiving quinine sulfate and prednisolone was 46 hours. The red-cell survival was correlated with the initial hematocrit level in both groups but the daily dose of 40 mg prednisolone did not mitigate the red cell survival.", "contents": "The effect of prednisolone on red cell survival in patients with falciparum malaria. Radioisotope red-cell survival studies were carried out in 20 patients with falciparum malaria following quinine therapy. The mean parasite clearance time of the patients receiving quinine sulfate was 49 hours and those of the patients receiving quinine sulfate and prednisolone was 46 hours. The red-cell survival was correlated with the initial hematocrit level in both groups but the daily dose of 40 mg prednisolone did not mitigate the red cell survival.", "PMID": 384543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6615", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies of quinine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand.", "content": "Forty-four patients with falciparum malaria were studied. Nine patients were given quinine orally at a daily dose of 1.5 gm base for a period of 14 days. The mean parasite clearance in all 9 patients was 3.3 days, and none had recrudescence in follow-up examinations for 31 days. The in vivo study of these 9 patients showed sensitivity to quinine which correlated with the in vitro test, with concentration of quinine base 2.5-5.8 microgram/ml of blood that inhibited the maturation of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. The results of the in vitro test of 35 patients showed concentrations of quinine base 2.1-5.4 microgram/ml of blood were able to inhibit the maturation of P. falciparum parasites. Therefore, these studies indicate that Plasmodium falciparum are still sensitive to quinine and quinine remains to be the drug of choice for the treatment of falciparum malaria in Thailand.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies of quinine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand. Forty-four patients with falciparum malaria were studied. Nine patients were given quinine orally at a daily dose of 1.5 gm base for a period of 14 days. The mean parasite clearance in all 9 patients was 3.3 days, and none had recrudescence in follow-up examinations for 31 days. The in vivo study of these 9 patients showed sensitivity to quinine which correlated with the in vitro test, with concentration of quinine base 2.5-5.8 microgram/ml of blood that inhibited the maturation of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. The results of the in vitro test of 35 patients showed concentrations of quinine base 2.1-5.4 microgram/ml of blood were able to inhibit the maturation of P. falciparum parasites. Therefore, these studies indicate that Plasmodium falciparum are still sensitive to quinine and quinine remains to be the drug of choice for the treatment of falciparum malaria in Thailand.", "PMID": 384545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6616", "title": "Clinical profile of diarrhoea at Ramathibodi Hospital during 1977.", "content": "Restrospective clinical profile of diarrhoeal disease in children admitted to the Pediatric Department, Ramathibodi Hospital during January to December 1977 was studied. A total of 144 medical records (55.6%) could be analysed; Rectal swab culture yielded enteropathogenic organisms in 47.2% of the cases consisting of 26.3% Salmonella, 16.0% sero typing positive E. coli and 3.5% Shigella. Clinical presentation of each group was presented which with the exception of neurological symptoms was in concordant with previous observations of several authors. Convulsion was more frequent in the Salmonella group, although dehydration and frebuency of stools were less severe. These cases seem to be highly infectious and tend to be more chronic with recurrences. It could be seen in all age group. Shigella was seen in infants 6 months old and older. Isolation of Rota-virus was not done, in none specific diarrhoeal groups (52.8%) many of which might have been due to Rota-virus. White blood count and differential count were of little value in differential diagnosis of the aetiology. Stool examination was helpful especially in Shigellosis and E. coli but there were no characteristic findings in Salmonella and non-specific groups. The overall mortality rate was 4.1%.", "contents": "Clinical profile of diarrhoea at Ramathibodi Hospital during 1977. Restrospective clinical profile of diarrhoeal disease in children admitted to the Pediatric Department, Ramathibodi Hospital during January to December 1977 was studied. A total of 144 medical records (55.6%) could be analysed; Rectal swab culture yielded enteropathogenic organisms in 47.2% of the cases consisting of 26.3% Salmonella, 16.0% sero typing positive E. coli and 3.5% Shigella. Clinical presentation of each group was presented which with the exception of neurological symptoms was in concordant with previous observations of several authors. Convulsion was more frequent in the Salmonella group, although dehydration and frebuency of stools were less severe. These cases seem to be highly infectious and tend to be more chronic with recurrences. It could be seen in all age group. Shigella was seen in infants 6 months old and older. Isolation of Rota-virus was not done, in none specific diarrhoeal groups (52.8%) many of which might have been due to Rota-virus. White blood count and differential count were of little value in differential diagnosis of the aetiology. Stool examination was helpful especially in Shigellosis and E. coli but there were no characteristic findings in Salmonella and non-specific groups. The overall mortality rate was 4.1%.", "PMID": 384546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6617", "title": "Polyhydramnios associated with congenital pancreatic cysts and asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. A case report.", "content": "The antenatal ultrasonic detection of congenital pancreatic cysts is described in a case of polyhydramnios associated with fetal asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. The formation of polyhydramnios is discussed.", "contents": "Polyhydramnios associated with congenital pancreatic cysts and asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. A case report. The antenatal ultrasonic detection of congenital pancreatic cysts is described in a case of polyhydramnios associated with fetal asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. The formation of polyhydramnios is discussed.", "PMID": 384563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6618", "title": "Global and regional assessment of cardiac performance by ECG-gated radionuclide blood pool imaging.", "content": "A non-invasive method for evaluation of regional and global ventricular function by ECG-gated radionuclide blood pool imaging was developed. Cinematic image display is a sensitive method for evaluating wall motion to detect regional ventricular abnormalities and chamber size. A value of r = 0,86 and 0,85 was found for both fixed and variable area radionuclide methods when these ejection fraction values were correlated with cardio-angiographic ejection fraction values in normal subjects and in patients with myocardial infarction. The fixed area method underestimated the ejection fraction in patients with mitra valve stenosis, but this problem can be overcome with the variable area method. The technique developed cannot be used in patients with severe arrhythmias (r = 0,49 and 0,44).", "contents": "Global and regional assessment of cardiac performance by ECG-gated radionuclide blood pool imaging. A non-invasive method for evaluation of regional and global ventricular function by ECG-gated radionuclide blood pool imaging was developed. Cinematic image display is a sensitive method for evaluating wall motion to detect regional ventricular abnormalities and chamber size. A value of r = 0,86 and 0,85 was found for both fixed and variable area radionuclide methods when these ejection fraction values were correlated with cardio-angiographic ejection fraction values in normal subjects and in patients with myocardial infarction. The fixed area method underestimated the ejection fraction in patients with mitra valve stenosis, but this problem can be overcome with the variable area method. The technique developed cannot be used in patients with severe arrhythmias (r = 0,49 and 0,44).", "PMID": 384565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6619", "title": "Isolation of UV-sensitive variants of human FL cells by a viral suicide method.", "content": "A new method (viral suicide method) for the isolation of UV-sensitive mutants is described. Colonies of mutagenized human FL cells were infected with UV-irradiated Herpes simplex viruses and surviving ones which seemed to be deficient in host cell reactivation (HCR) were examined for their UV sensitivity. Nineteen of 238 clones examined were sensitive to UV irradiation at the time of the isolation. After recloning, four of these clones have been studied and two (UVS-1 and UVS-2) of them are stable in their UV sensitivity for 4 months in culture. UV sensitivity of UVS-1, UVS-2, and the parental FL cells are as follows: the extrapolation numbers (n) are 2.2, 2.1, and 1.8 and mean lethal doses (D0) are 2.9, 3.7, and 7.8 J/m2 for UVS-1, UVS-2, and the parental FL cells, respectively- They are no more sensitive than FL cells to X-irradiation. The ability of HCR in UVS-2 cells is apparently lower than that in FL cells, whereas UVS-1 cells are the same as FL cells in the ability.", "contents": "Isolation of UV-sensitive variants of human FL cells by a viral suicide method. A new method (viral suicide method) for the isolation of UV-sensitive mutants is described. Colonies of mutagenized human FL cells were infected with UV-irradiated Herpes simplex viruses and surviving ones which seemed to be deficient in host cell reactivation (HCR) were examined for their UV sensitivity. Nineteen of 238 clones examined were sensitive to UV irradiation at the time of the isolation. After recloning, four of these clones have been studied and two (UVS-1 and UVS-2) of them are stable in their UV sensitivity for 4 months in culture. UV sensitivity of UVS-1, UVS-2, and the parental FL cells are as follows: the extrapolation numbers (n) are 2.2, 2.1, and 1.8 and mean lethal doses (D0) are 2.9, 3.7, and 7.8 J/m2 for UVS-1, UVS-2, and the parental FL cells, respectively- They are no more sensitive than FL cells to X-irradiation. The ability of HCR in UVS-2 cells is apparently lower than that in FL cells, whereas UVS-1 cells are the same as FL cells in the ability.", "PMID": 384567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6620", "title": "A simple method for decreasing the toxicity of polyethylene glycol in mammalian cell hybridization.", "content": "The yield of hybrid colonies after fusion of mammalian cells with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is increased if the cells are fused in Ca2+-free medium, and kept in Ca2+-free medium for at least 15 min after fusion. The protective effect of Ca2+-free medium is much more obvious when Baker PEG is used than when fusion is carried out with Koch-Light PEG. The increased yield of hybrid colonies is shown to be due to a reduced toxicity rather than to an increased efficiency of cell fusion. These improvements have been found to apply to a variety of cell lines, and also when cell fusion is carried out in suspension. This technique should be particularly useful in studies on mammalian cell hybridization using cell lines that are particularly sensitive to the toxic effect of PEG.", "contents": "A simple method for decreasing the toxicity of polyethylene glycol in mammalian cell hybridization. The yield of hybrid colonies after fusion of mammalian cells with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is increased if the cells are fused in Ca2+-free medium, and kept in Ca2+-free medium for at least 15 min after fusion. The protective effect of Ca2+-free medium is much more obvious when Baker PEG is used than when fusion is carried out with Koch-Light PEG. The increased yield of hybrid colonies is shown to be due to a reduced toxicity rather than to an increased efficiency of cell fusion. These improvements have been found to apply to a variety of cell lines, and also when cell fusion is carried out in suspension. This technique should be particularly useful in studies on mammalian cell hybridization using cell lines that are particularly sensitive to the toxic effect of PEG.", "PMID": 384568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6621", "title": "Precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma.", "content": "A case of precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma is presented. Concentrations of plasma LH and FSH, testosterone and its derivatives were found to be elevated. Circadian rhythms of LH were also observed. After removal of the mass, plasma LH and FHS concentrations declined to nearly half the preoperative levels.", "contents": "Precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma. A case of precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma is presented. Concentrations of plasma LH and FSH, testosterone and its derivatives were found to be elevated. Circadian rhythms of LH were also observed. After removal of the mass, plasma LH and FHS concentrations declined to nearly half the preoperative levels.", "PMID": 384570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6622", "title": "Results of a prospective randomized study of hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil versus intravenous 5-fluorouracil in patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A Central Oncology Group study.", "content": "In a controlled, prospectively randomized trial, 74 patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer were randomized to either intra-arterial hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or systemic chemotherapy with 5-FU. In 61 acceptable patients, there was no significant difference in terms of response rate, time to progression, duration of the response, and survival rate. Though the response rate for the intra-arterial infusion arm was slightly higher than for the systemic arm, the difference was not significant, and the intra-arterial infusion arm was associated with a greater incidence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, in addition to complications of femoral-arterial thrombosis, bleeding, and infection at the catheter site not seen in patients treated by systemic chemotherapy. Patients with an objective response to chemotherapy on either treatment arm survived twice as long as the nonresponders. Long-term survival in one patient, 77 months, can occasionally be achieved in patients with hepatic metastases.", "contents": "Results of a prospective randomized study of hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil versus intravenous 5-fluorouracil in patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A Central Oncology Group study. In a controlled, prospectively randomized trial, 74 patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer were randomized to either intra-arterial hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or systemic chemotherapy with 5-FU. In 61 acceptable patients, there was no significant difference in terms of response rate, time to progression, duration of the response, and survival rate. Though the response rate for the intra-arterial infusion arm was slightly higher than for the systemic arm, the difference was not significant, and the intra-arterial infusion arm was associated with a greater incidence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, in addition to complications of femoral-arterial thrombosis, bleeding, and infection at the catheter site not seen in patients treated by systemic chemotherapy. Patients with an objective response to chemotherapy on either treatment arm survived twice as long as the nonresponders. Long-term survival in one patient, 77 months, can occasionally be achieved in patients with hepatic metastases.", "PMID": 384574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6623", "title": "Cimetidine for kidney transplantation: experimental observations.", "content": "H2-histamine receptor antagonists may augment delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of cimetidine, a H2-histamine receptor antagonist, was assessed in renal allografts in dogs. The animals in the control group (I) (n = 5) received a renal transplant and moderate immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone. The dogs in the experimental group (II) (n = 8) were given cimetidine in two doses (300/150 mg, twice daily). Group III (n = 4) dogs were not operated upon and received all drugs in full dosage in order to test any direct toxic effect on normal kidneys. Biweekly gastric analysis, hemoglobin, white blood count, and daily serum creatinine were monitored. The dogs in group II that received the higher dose of cimetidine rejected the transplant earlier (mean survival, 20.4 days) than the dogs in the control group (mean survival, 37.8 days). No direct toxic effect from the drug was demonstrated in the control nontransplanted group. Cimetidine in high doses suppressed both basal and host stimulation secretion of gastric acid. In summary, the finding of increased rejection episodes and diminished survival after kidney transplantation in moderately immunosuppressed dogs that received cimetidine indicates that the use of this drug in transplantation is probably not safe until more is known about the immunological mechanisms involved in this situation.", "contents": "Cimetidine for kidney transplantation: experimental observations. H2-histamine receptor antagonists may augment delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of cimetidine, a H2-histamine receptor antagonist, was assessed in renal allografts in dogs. The animals in the control group (I) (n = 5) received a renal transplant and moderate immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone. The dogs in the experimental group (II) (n = 8) were given cimetidine in two doses (300/150 mg, twice daily). Group III (n = 4) dogs were not operated upon and received all drugs in full dosage in order to test any direct toxic effect on normal kidneys. Biweekly gastric analysis, hemoglobin, white blood count, and daily serum creatinine were monitored. The dogs in group II that received the higher dose of cimetidine rejected the transplant earlier (mean survival, 20.4 days) than the dogs in the control group (mean survival, 37.8 days). No direct toxic effect from the drug was demonstrated in the control nontransplanted group. Cimetidine in high doses suppressed both basal and host stimulation secretion of gastric acid. In summary, the finding of increased rejection episodes and diminished survival after kidney transplantation in moderately immunosuppressed dogs that received cimetidine indicates that the use of this drug in transplantation is probably not safe until more is known about the immunological mechanisms involved in this situation.", "PMID": 384575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6624", "title": "Clinical specular microscopy.", "content": "Clinical specular microscopy (CSM) has recently been introduced as a means of qualitative and quantitative examination of the human corneal endothelium at high magnification. With the aid of CSM, a decline in endothelial cell density with age has been documented and several endothelial abnormalities from disease or trauma can be detected. Donor material for corneal grafting can be examined by CSM and keratoplasty procedures can be designed to decrease endothelial damage. Cataract surgical procedures can cause endothelial cell loss. According to most studies, intracapsular extraction causes less cell loss than does phacoemulsification, and cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) insertion causes the greatest loss. Cell loss from IOL can be minimized by decreasing lens-corneal contact. Elevated intraocular pressure may lead to endothelial cell loss, as may therapy with epinephrine. Endothelial toxicity of other drugs and solutions can be studied by CSM. While long term studies are necessary to correlate the morphologic changes detected by CSM with future endothelial function, shortterm studies can be helpful in developing medical and surgical techniques that minimize corneal endothelial trauma.", "contents": "Clinical specular microscopy. Clinical specular microscopy (CSM) has recently been introduced as a means of qualitative and quantitative examination of the human corneal endothelium at high magnification. With the aid of CSM, a decline in endothelial cell density with age has been documented and several endothelial abnormalities from disease or trauma can be detected. Donor material for corneal grafting can be examined by CSM and keratoplasty procedures can be designed to decrease endothelial damage. Cataract surgical procedures can cause endothelial cell loss. According to most studies, intracapsular extraction causes less cell loss than does phacoemulsification, and cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) insertion causes the greatest loss. Cell loss from IOL can be minimized by decreasing lens-corneal contact. Elevated intraocular pressure may lead to endothelial cell loss, as may therapy with epinephrine. Endothelial toxicity of other drugs and solutions can be studied by CSM. While long term studies are necessary to correlate the morphologic changes detected by CSM with future endothelial function, shortterm studies can be helpful in developing medical and surgical techniques that minimize corneal endothelial trauma.", "PMID": 384572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6625", "title": "Study of immunoglobulins in pleura and pleural effusions.", "content": "The protein concentration of 35 pleural effusions was compared with that in the serum. The ratio of the pleural and serum concentration of albumin, IgG, IgA, and IgM is always below unity and appears to have no diagnostic value. However, the ratio of the concentration of these proteins was inversely related to their molecular weight. The underlying mechanism in malignant and inflammatory effusions appear similar and is in keeping with a diffusion process. Immunofluorescent staining of the pleura suggests the intercellular passage of the proteins through the mesothelial barrier.", "contents": "Study of immunoglobulins in pleura and pleural effusions. The protein concentration of 35 pleural effusions was compared with that in the serum. The ratio of the pleural and serum concentration of albumin, IgG, IgA, and IgM is always below unity and appears to have no diagnostic value. However, the ratio of the concentration of these proteins was inversely related to their molecular weight. The underlying mechanism in malignant and inflammatory effusions appear similar and is in keeping with a diffusion process. Immunofluorescent staining of the pleura suggests the intercellular passage of the proteins through the mesothelial barrier.", "PMID": 384578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6626", "title": "Resistance to infection of the external eye: the role of tears.", "content": "The external eye is continuously exposed to an environment containing potentially pathogenic microorganisms. One of the mechanisms which protects the eye from infection is the tear layer. We review the current knowledge of those antimicrobial substances known to be present in tears and the role they might play in preventing infection. These substances include lysozyme, lactoferrin, beta-lysin, and the antibody-complement system of proteins.", "contents": "Resistance to infection of the external eye: the role of tears. The external eye is continuously exposed to an environment containing potentially pathogenic microorganisms. One of the mechanisms which protects the eye from infection is the tear layer. We review the current knowledge of those antimicrobial substances known to be present in tears and the role they might play in preventing infection. These substances include lysozyme, lactoferrin, beta-lysin, and the antibody-complement system of proteins.", "PMID": 384573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6627", "title": "[Bovine tuberculosis in a cat (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, radiographical and bacteriological findings in a Siamese cat with bovine tuberculosis, are reported. In addition, the various forms of feline tuberculosis as well as the diagnostic procedures are reviewed.", "contents": "[Bovine tuberculosis in a cat (author's transl)]. The clinical, radiographical and bacteriological findings in a Siamese cat with bovine tuberculosis, are reported. In addition, the various forms of feline tuberculosis as well as the diagnostic procedures are reviewed.", "PMID": 384599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6628", "title": "A sensitive and specific enzymeimmunoassay for serum testosterone.", "content": "A very sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for testosterone was developed using testosterone-penicillinase conjugate and an antibody to testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the fact that estradiol-17 beta, estrone, estriol, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and cortisone were ineffective in crossreacting with testosterone while dihydrotestosterone was 8 times less crossreactive as compared to testosterone. The minimum detectable amount of testosterone was 10-15 pg per assay tube. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for samples containing 0.3-6ng/ml of testosterone were 6-8% and 8-10%, respectively. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.97) was observed between serum testosterone values obtained by enzymeimmunoassay and radioimmunoassay. The levels of testosterone in the sera of normal men and women and those in hypogonadal males following stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin determined by this enzymeimmunoassay appear similar to those reported by other investigators.", "contents": "A sensitive and specific enzymeimmunoassay for serum testosterone. A very sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for testosterone was developed using testosterone-penicillinase conjugate and an antibody to testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the fact that estradiol-17 beta, estrone, estriol, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and cortisone were ineffective in crossreacting with testosterone while dihydrotestosterone was 8 times less crossreactive as compared to testosterone. The minimum detectable amount of testosterone was 10-15 pg per assay tube. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for samples containing 0.3-6ng/ml of testosterone were 6-8% and 8-10%, respectively. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.97) was observed between serum testosterone values obtained by enzymeimmunoassay and radioimmunoassay. The levels of testosterone in the sera of normal men and women and those in hypogonadal males following stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin determined by this enzymeimmunoassay appear similar to those reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 384612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6629", "title": "[Criteria for determination of the periodontal value in secondary displacement of teeth in the partially edentulous mouth--a study of 3000 cases].", "content": "On the basis of findings in more than 3,000 individuals, the author indicates signs of periodontal resistance and insufficiency in case of partial edentulousness which may assist in rendering finding-oriented, rehabilitation-minded, prosthetic care.", "contents": "[Criteria for determination of the periodontal value in secondary displacement of teeth in the partially edentulous mouth--a study of 3000 cases]. On the basis of findings in more than 3,000 individuals, the author indicates signs of periodontal resistance and insufficiency in case of partial edentulousness which may assist in rendering finding-oriented, rehabilitation-minded, prosthetic care.", "PMID": 384613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6630", "title": "[Improvement of therapeutic results with cast partial prostheses].", "content": "The requirements for a cast partial denture with a serviceability of many years (6-8 years) are: finding-oriented therapy, exact preparation of the remaining teeth, periodontal-prophylactic shaping of the base and appropriate after-care. The different criteria are presented.", "contents": "[Improvement of therapeutic results with cast partial prostheses]. The requirements for a cast partial denture with a serviceability of many years (6-8 years) are: finding-oriented therapy, exact preparation of the remaining teeth, periodontal-prophylactic shaping of the base and appropriate after-care. The different criteria are presented.", "PMID": 384615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6631", "title": "Reticuloendothelial function in human renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) were determined, by measuring the plasma clearance rate of 125I-labelled microaggregated human serum albumin and the increase in plasma metabolites of this test substance, in patients with chronic renal failure and in renal transplant recipients at different times after transplantation. All transplant recipients received triple immunosuppressive therapy consisting of azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte globulin. The intravascular clearance of microaggregated albumin was significantly depressed in patients when tested at 1 to 12 days (P less than 0.001), 1 to 4 months (P less than 0.02), and 6 to 9 months (P less than 0.001) after transplantation compared to pretransplantation. The 1- to 3-year transplant survivors had a normal RES phagocytosis. Furthermore, the metabolic RES function in all groups of transplant recipients except the group of patients tested at 1 to 4 months after transplantation was significantly impaired compared to pretransplantation. Administration of antilymphocyte globulin and extremely high daily doses of steroids were probably responsible for the significant depression in the RES functions recorded immediately post-transplantation. The further development of the phagocytic ability of the RES was shown to be correlated to the cumulative dose of steroids given over the last 12 months. The azathioprine regime seemed to have no influence on the RES functions.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial function in human renal allograft recipients. The phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) were determined, by measuring the plasma clearance rate of 125I-labelled microaggregated human serum albumin and the increase in plasma metabolites of this test substance, in patients with chronic renal failure and in renal transplant recipients at different times after transplantation. All transplant recipients received triple immunosuppressive therapy consisting of azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte globulin. The intravascular clearance of microaggregated albumin was significantly depressed in patients when tested at 1 to 12 days (P less than 0.001), 1 to 4 months (P less than 0.02), and 6 to 9 months (P less than 0.001) after transplantation compared to pretransplantation. The 1- to 3-year transplant survivors had a normal RES phagocytosis. Furthermore, the metabolic RES function in all groups of transplant recipients except the group of patients tested at 1 to 4 months after transplantation was significantly impaired compared to pretransplantation. Administration of antilymphocyte globulin and extremely high daily doses of steroids were probably responsible for the significant depression in the RES functions recorded immediately post-transplantation. The further development of the phagocytic ability of the RES was shown to be correlated to the cumulative dose of steroids given over the last 12 months. The azathioprine regime seemed to have no influence on the RES functions.", "PMID": 384618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6632", "title": "Macrophage electrophoretic mobility test as sensitive probe of transplantation immunity in mice.", "content": "Transplantation immunity was examined in mouse H-2- and non-H-2-disparate strain combinations by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) assay. Lymph node cells from the recipients rejecting histoincompatible skin grafts were incubated in the presence of solubilized histocompatibility antigens prepared from spleens of the grafts donors. Product(s) of lymphocyte-antigen interaction in appropriate combinations (sensitized lymphocytes with the sensitizing antigen) significantly diminished the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig macrophages in all of the histoincompatible strain combinations examined. The data indicate that transplantation immunity in mice can be detected by the MEM assay.", "contents": "Macrophage electrophoretic mobility test as sensitive probe of transplantation immunity in mice. Transplantation immunity was examined in mouse H-2- and non-H-2-disparate strain combinations by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) assay. Lymph node cells from the recipients rejecting histoincompatible skin grafts were incubated in the presence of solubilized histocompatibility antigens prepared from spleens of the grafts donors. Product(s) of lymphocyte-antigen interaction in appropriate combinations (sensitized lymphocytes with the sensitizing antigen) significantly diminished the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig macrophages in all of the histoincompatible strain combinations examined. The data indicate that transplantation immunity in mice can be detected by the MEM assay.", "PMID": 384619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6633", "title": "The immediately vascularized skin allograft.", "content": "A model for immediate vascularization of skin was devised to examine one of the possible explanations for the differential survival rates of transplants of freely grafted skin and organs, i.e., the increased vulnerability of skin to early ischemic necrosis prior to revascularization. Female Fischer (F) rat skin was transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of tolerant female Lewis (LEW) recipients. This skin healed in and initially appeared to be normal grossly and microscopically. In 27 rats, after 30 days, the composite grafts were excised, and immediately transplanted by means of vascular anastomosis into normal LEW recipients (syngeneic to the kidney portion of the graft and allogeneic to the skin). For 5 days after transplantation of the composite graft, the skin appeared to be normal with minimal or no inflammation in a panel of 11 recipients. From the 6th to 11th day, an active rejection reaction developed at the skin-kidney interface in a panel of six rats. In 10 rats, in which the composite grafts remained in their secondary hosts for 12 to 21 days, rejection of the skin was complete. The renal portion of all composite grafts appeared to be normal histologically. All recipients of composite grafts rejected subsequent orthotopic F skin grafts in an accelerated manner, with median survival times of 8.2 +/- 0.3 days compared to 11.5 +/- 0.7 days in untreated F leads to LEW controls, demonstrating that the skin on the composite graft was fully immunogenic. These results demonstrate that immediately vascularized skin allografts between rats compatible at the major Ag-B1 locus will still be rejected within 2 weeks compared to survivals of up to 48 weeks in renal allografts in the same histocompatibility combinations, suggesting that anatomical factors are not sufficient to account for the differences in survival times between skin and solid organs.", "contents": "The immediately vascularized skin allograft. A model for immediate vascularization of skin was devised to examine one of the possible explanations for the differential survival rates of transplants of freely grafted skin and organs, i.e., the increased vulnerability of skin to early ischemic necrosis prior to revascularization. Female Fischer (F) rat skin was transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of tolerant female Lewis (LEW) recipients. This skin healed in and initially appeared to be normal grossly and microscopically. In 27 rats, after 30 days, the composite grafts were excised, and immediately transplanted by means of vascular anastomosis into normal LEW recipients (syngeneic to the kidney portion of the graft and allogeneic to the skin). For 5 days after transplantation of the composite graft, the skin appeared to be normal with minimal or no inflammation in a panel of 11 recipients. From the 6th to 11th day, an active rejection reaction developed at the skin-kidney interface in a panel of six rats. In 10 rats, in which the composite grafts remained in their secondary hosts for 12 to 21 days, rejection of the skin was complete. The renal portion of all composite grafts appeared to be normal histologically. All recipients of composite grafts rejected subsequent orthotopic F skin grafts in an accelerated manner, with median survival times of 8.2 +/- 0.3 days compared to 11.5 +/- 0.7 days in untreated F leads to LEW controls, demonstrating that the skin on the composite graft was fully immunogenic. These results demonstrate that immediately vascularized skin allografts between rats compatible at the major Ag-B1 locus will still be rejected within 2 weeks compared to survivals of up to 48 weeks in renal allografts in the same histocompatibility combinations, suggesting that anatomical factors are not sufficient to account for the differences in survival times between skin and solid organs.", "PMID": 384620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6634", "title": "Allogeneic red blood cells fail to induce haemagglutinating antibodies or cellular alloimmunity in rats and are immunosuppressive.", "content": "Purified rat red blood cells, which express the A region antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with which anti-RT-1 (H-1; Ag-B) haemagglutinins combine, fail to stimulate the production of either haemagglutinating antibodies or cellular immunity in allogeneic hosts. Allogeneic red blood cells may in appropriate circumstances be mildly immunosuppressive. Intraperitoneally injected allogeneic red blood cells persist in the host circulation for several weeks. The immune response to skin allografts does not accelerate the destruction of circulating donor strain red blood cells, although the administration of alloantiserum with a high haemagglutinin titre can do so. The manner in which allogeneic red blood cells effect immunosuppression is unknown. Approximately 75% of the red blood cells administered i.v. to nonimmune allogeneic hosts are destroyed, by mechanisms unknown, during the first 6 days after injection. By contrast, about one-half of this number of red blood cells are destroyed by syngeneic hosts during the same period. Red blood cells and platelets in rodents are probably similar in expressing A region (rats) or K-D region (mice) antigens of the MHC, in being nonimmunogenic by themselves and in their capacity for effecting limited immunosuppression. If human platelets have similar attributes, the administration of platelets bearing the appropriate HLA-A, B, and C antigens might be a useful adjunct to conventional immunosuppression in the management of allografts in man. Likewise, the platelet component of blood transfusions might account for their beneficial effect in some renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "Allogeneic red blood cells fail to induce haemagglutinating antibodies or cellular alloimmunity in rats and are immunosuppressive. Purified rat red blood cells, which express the A region antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with which anti-RT-1 (H-1; Ag-B) haemagglutinins combine, fail to stimulate the production of either haemagglutinating antibodies or cellular immunity in allogeneic hosts. Allogeneic red blood cells may in appropriate circumstances be mildly immunosuppressive. Intraperitoneally injected allogeneic red blood cells persist in the host circulation for several weeks. The immune response to skin allografts does not accelerate the destruction of circulating donor strain red blood cells, although the administration of alloantiserum with a high haemagglutinin titre can do so. The manner in which allogeneic red blood cells effect immunosuppression is unknown. Approximately 75% of the red blood cells administered i.v. to nonimmune allogeneic hosts are destroyed, by mechanisms unknown, during the first 6 days after injection. By contrast, about one-half of this number of red blood cells are destroyed by syngeneic hosts during the same period. Red blood cells and platelets in rodents are probably similar in expressing A region (rats) or K-D region (mice) antigens of the MHC, in being nonimmunogenic by themselves and in their capacity for effecting limited immunosuppression. If human platelets have similar attributes, the administration of platelets bearing the appropriate HLA-A, B, and C antigens might be a useful adjunct to conventional immunosuppression in the management of allografts in man. Likewise, the platelet component of blood transfusions might account for their beneficial effect in some renal allograft recipients.", "PMID": 384621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6635", "title": "Chicken anti-rat lymphocyte globulin: dose response study and determination of strain-specific alloantibody.", "content": "Chicken anti-rat lymphocyte globulin (CARLG) is a new and uniquely specific immunosuppressant for which the mechanisms of immunosuppressive action are not yet known. This study defines its in vivo therapeutic dose range and in vitro allospecificity. A dose response study, using CARLG or normal chicken globulin (NCG), as the sole immunosuppressant, was conducted in Lewis (Ag-B1) recipients of Buffalo (Ag-B6) rat cardiac allografts. Groups of Lewis recipients were treated with 175 mg of NCG per kg or 30, 100, 175, or 300 mg of CARLG per kg for the first 8 post-transplant days. Doses of 175 and 300 mg of CARLG per kg resulted in significantly longer (P less than 0.01) prolongation of graft survival than doses of 30 and 100 mg of CARLG per kg, which were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) in their ability to prolong graft survival than a dose of 175 mg of NCG per kg. In vitro and in vivo absorption studies revealed that CARLG does not contain strain-specific alloantibody. When Lewis lymphoid cells were used to absorb, in vitro, a batch of CARLG produced with Brown Norway (Ag-B3) lymphoid cells as immunogen, all antibody activity toward Brown Norway cells as quantitated by a two-stage lymphocytotoxicity assay was completely removed. In another experiment, a preparation of CARLG, produced using Buffalo lymphoid cells as immunogen, underwent in vivo absorption as a result of i.v. injection into Lewis rats. Serum levels of CARLG-binding activity to Lewis or Buffalo lymphoid cells were quantitated in vitro at intervals after injection by an isotopic antiglobulin assay. Lewis rat tissues were able to remove completely serum CARLG-binding activity toward Buffalo antigens. A mechanism of action for CARLG derived from these observations is proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Chicken anti-rat lymphocyte globulin: dose response study and determination of strain-specific alloantibody. Chicken anti-rat lymphocyte globulin (CARLG) is a new and uniquely specific immunosuppressant for which the mechanisms of immunosuppressive action are not yet known. This study defines its in vivo therapeutic dose range and in vitro allospecificity. A dose response study, using CARLG or normal chicken globulin (NCG), as the sole immunosuppressant, was conducted in Lewis (Ag-B1) recipients of Buffalo (Ag-B6) rat cardiac allografts. Groups of Lewis recipients were treated with 175 mg of NCG per kg or 30, 100, 175, or 300 mg of CARLG per kg for the first 8 post-transplant days. Doses of 175 and 300 mg of CARLG per kg resulted in significantly longer (P less than 0.01) prolongation of graft survival than doses of 30 and 100 mg of CARLG per kg, which were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) in their ability to prolong graft survival than a dose of 175 mg of NCG per kg. In vitro and in vivo absorption studies revealed that CARLG does not contain strain-specific alloantibody. When Lewis lymphoid cells were used to absorb, in vitro, a batch of CARLG produced with Brown Norway (Ag-B3) lymphoid cells as immunogen, all antibody activity toward Brown Norway cells as quantitated by a two-stage lymphocytotoxicity assay was completely removed. In another experiment, a preparation of CARLG, produced using Buffalo lymphoid cells as immunogen, underwent in vivo absorption as a result of i.v. injection into Lewis rats. Serum levels of CARLG-binding activity to Lewis or Buffalo lymphoid cells were quantitated in vitro at intervals after injection by an isotopic antiglobulin assay. Lewis rat tissues were able to remove completely serum CARLG-binding activity toward Buffalo antigens. A mechanism of action for CARLG derived from these observations is proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 384623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6636", "title": "Fetal bone grafts do not elicit allograft rejection because of protecting anti-Ia alloantibodies. Implications to the immune survival of fetuses in allogeneic mothers.", "content": "In a previous study we showed that allografts of BN fetal bone, unlike allografts of adult bone, are not rejected by allogeneic recipients of the Lewis strain in spite of the existence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) incompatibility between donors and hosts. In the present study, we analyzed the relationships existing between the host and fetal tissue that determine graft survival. We found that (1) the fetal BN graft, unlike adult grafts, induces in Lewis recipients a vigorous humoral response consisting mainly in the production of IgG antibody that seems to be directed against antigens of Ia-like specificities. (2) The BN rats are genetically defective in their capacity to respond to determinants and thus are not capable of producing anti-Ia antibodies; in accordance, Lewis fetal bone grafts are rejected by the BN recipients. (3) Chondrocytes isolated from fetal mouse bones do express Ia antigenic determinants. We suggest that the survival of an allogeneic fetal graft in an immunologically intact recipient depends on an active and selective immune response directed against the Ia components associated with the MHC on the embryonic and fetal cells. On the basis of these notions, we propose that the capacity of Ia determinants expressed on cells of the embryo, to elicit anti-Ia and IgG alloantibodies in the pregnant mother, determines the capacity of the embryo to escape rejection by the histoincompatible mother.", "contents": "Fetal bone grafts do not elicit allograft rejection because of protecting anti-Ia alloantibodies. Implications to the immune survival of fetuses in allogeneic mothers. In a previous study we showed that allografts of BN fetal bone, unlike allografts of adult bone, are not rejected by allogeneic recipients of the Lewis strain in spite of the existence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) incompatibility between donors and hosts. In the present study, we analyzed the relationships existing between the host and fetal tissue that determine graft survival. We found that (1) the fetal BN graft, unlike adult grafts, induces in Lewis recipients a vigorous humoral response consisting mainly in the production of IgG antibody that seems to be directed against antigens of Ia-like specificities. (2) The BN rats are genetically defective in their capacity to respond to determinants and thus are not capable of producing anti-Ia antibodies; in accordance, Lewis fetal bone grafts are rejected by the BN recipients. (3) Chondrocytes isolated from fetal mouse bones do express Ia antigenic determinants. We suggest that the survival of an allogeneic fetal graft in an immunologically intact recipient depends on an active and selective immune response directed against the Ia components associated with the MHC on the embryonic and fetal cells. On the basis of these notions, we propose that the capacity of Ia determinants expressed on cells of the embryo, to elicit anti-Ia and IgG alloantibodies in the pregnant mother, determines the capacity of the embryo to escape rejection by the histoincompatible mother.", "PMID": 384624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6637", "title": "Neonatal septicaemia in Benin City, Nigeria. A review of 74 cases.", "content": "Seventy four cases of neonatal septicaemia seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) over a 3-year period were analysed. The incidence was 6.1 per 1,000 live births. Fifty five percent of the infants were low birth weight. The predisposing perinatal problems were asphyxia, prolonged rupture of membrane and peripartum maternal fever. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most important aetiologic pathogens; both of which were associated with a high mortality rate. The overall mortality rate was 41.5%. On the basis of the organisms isolated and their sensitivity patterns, it is suggested that the initial treatment for neonatal septicaemia should include cloxacillin and gentamycin.", "contents": "Neonatal septicaemia in Benin City, Nigeria. A review of 74 cases. Seventy four cases of neonatal septicaemia seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) over a 3-year period were analysed. The incidence was 6.1 per 1,000 live births. Fifty five percent of the infants were low birth weight. The predisposing perinatal problems were asphyxia, prolonged rupture of membrane and peripartum maternal fever. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most important aetiologic pathogens; both of which were associated with a high mortality rate. The overall mortality rate was 41.5%. On the basis of the organisms isolated and their sensitivity patterns, it is suggested that the initial treatment for neonatal septicaemia should include cloxacillin and gentamycin.", "PMID": 384626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6638", "title": "Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. II. Changes in microfilaraemia in a rural population some years after first examination.", "content": "The population of eleven villages in the savanna area in Upper Lofa in the hinterland of Liberia was investigated in 1973 and 1976/77 for infections with microfilariae of Wucheria bancrofti. From a total of 1255 persons examined in 1973 16,3% were microfilaria carriers and in 1976/77 17,9% out of 1356 inhabitants were microfilaria positive. To obtain informations on the change of microfilaraemia in individuals, emphasis was laid in 1976/77 on the identification of those persons, who had been examined already in 1973. From 477 persons examined in both surveys 78 proved to be infected with microfilariae and 348 were microfilaria negative in both examinations. 35 inhabitants were microfilaria positive only in 1976/77 and 18 persons showed microfilariae in the blood samples only in 1973. The median density of microfilariae of the microfilaria carriers examined in 1973 and 1976/77 increased little but statistically significantly within a period of about three years.", "contents": "Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. II. Changes in microfilaraemia in a rural population some years after first examination. The population of eleven villages in the savanna area in Upper Lofa in the hinterland of Liberia was investigated in 1973 and 1976/77 for infections with microfilariae of Wucheria bancrofti. From a total of 1255 persons examined in 1973 16,3% were microfilaria carriers and in 1976/77 17,9% out of 1356 inhabitants were microfilaria positive. To obtain informations on the change of microfilaraemia in individuals, emphasis was laid in 1976/77 on the identification of those persons, who had been examined already in 1973. From 477 persons examined in both surveys 78 proved to be infected with microfilariae and 348 were microfilaria negative in both examinations. 35 inhabitants were microfilaria positive only in 1976/77 and 18 persons showed microfilariae in the blood samples only in 1973. The median density of microfilariae of the microfilaria carriers examined in 1973 and 1976/77 increased little but statistically significantly within a period of about three years.", "PMID": 384627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6639", "title": "The serodiagnosis of chronic fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) using a fluorescent-antibody technique with single and multiple whole-fluke antigens.", "content": "Sera from cattle with single or mixed infections of Fasciola gigantica. Dicrocoelium hospes, Schistosoma bovis and paramphistomes were examined for fluorescent antibodies. Cross-reacting antibodies of the heterologous flukes were easily detected by using cryostat sections with whole-fluke-antigen of all three flukes. The presence of F. gigantica antibodies in a cattle herd was tested at two monthly intervals in order to establish the occurrence of chronic fascioliasis. The lack of significant differences in antibody levels of infected, treated and uninfected cattle however showed that herd antibody levels are not very useful to detect chronic Fasciola infections.", "contents": "The serodiagnosis of chronic fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) using a fluorescent-antibody technique with single and multiple whole-fluke antigens. Sera from cattle with single or mixed infections of Fasciola gigantica. Dicrocoelium hospes, Schistosoma bovis and paramphistomes were examined for fluorescent antibodies. Cross-reacting antibodies of the heterologous flukes were easily detected by using cryostat sections with whole-fluke-antigen of all three flukes. The presence of F. gigantica antibodies in a cattle herd was tested at two monthly intervals in order to establish the occurrence of chronic fascioliasis. The lack of significant differences in antibody levels of infected, treated and uninfected cattle however showed that herd antibody levels are not very useful to detect chronic Fasciola infections.", "PMID": 384628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6640", "title": "[Malaria plasmodia in the mouse. Parasitization of mature and immature erythrocytes by Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmodium berghei parasites (strain K173) in mice with developing immunity changed to a variant type with increased resistance against antibodies and enhanced invasion of mature erythrocytes; on passages in normal mice this variant type retransformed to the normal type (Kretschmar 1964). On detailed study, parasites of the variant type showed a markedly decreased predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, leading to slowed multiplication during prepatency, increased invasion of mature erythrocytes and rapidly fatal course of the infection. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes remained unaltered in the variant type. In presence of antibodies many parasites invaded mature erythrocytes even in blood with high concentrations of immature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium yoelii (strain 17X) showed very high predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, only slight lowering of immature erythrocyte concentration and low parasitization of mature erythrocytes. Parasites with altered preference for polychromatophilic erythrocytes were not observed in animals with parasitemia relapsing after spontaneous disappearance of the primary parasitemia or after injection of antiserum. It is suggested that in a variant of Plasmodium yoelii with high invasion of mature erythrocytes (Yoeli et al. 1975), the decisive virulence factor might be a lowered predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes is less marked in Plasmodium yoelii than in Plasmodium berghei. In presence of antibodies more parasites invade mature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium chabaudi showed an appreciable preference for invasion of immature erythrocytes. Moreover, significantly more multiply parasitized mature and immature erythrocytes were found than would have been produced by random invasion of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Malaria plasmodia in the mouse. Parasitization of mature and immature erythrocytes by Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi (author's transl)]. Plasmodium berghei parasites (strain K173) in mice with developing immunity changed to a variant type with increased resistance against antibodies and enhanced invasion of mature erythrocytes; on passages in normal mice this variant type retransformed to the normal type (Kretschmar 1964). On detailed study, parasites of the variant type showed a markedly decreased predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, leading to slowed multiplication during prepatency, increased invasion of mature erythrocytes and rapidly fatal course of the infection. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes remained unaltered in the variant type. In presence of antibodies many parasites invaded mature erythrocytes even in blood with high concentrations of immature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium yoelii (strain 17X) showed very high predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, only slight lowering of immature erythrocyte concentration and low parasitization of mature erythrocytes. Parasites with altered preference for polychromatophilic erythrocytes were not observed in animals with parasitemia relapsing after spontaneous disappearance of the primary parasitemia or after injection of antiserum. It is suggested that in a variant of Plasmodium yoelii with high invasion of mature erythrocytes (Yoeli et al. 1975), the decisive virulence factor might be a lowered predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes is less marked in Plasmodium yoelii than in Plasmodium berghei. In presence of antibodies more parasites invade mature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium chabaudi showed an appreciable preference for invasion of immature erythrocytes. Moreover, significantly more multiply parasitized mature and immature erythrocytes were found than would have been produced by random invasion of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 384629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6641", "title": "[State of the contractile apparatus during the development of a pathological process in the muscles. II. The effect of Ca2+ on the morphology of spreading necrosis caused by UV light].", "content": "Using phase-contrast technique and electron microscopy, a study was made of morphological changes of contractile system of striated muscle fibre during the spreading necrosis caused by ultraviolet light damage. It has been shown that the degree of manifestation of destructive changes in the contractile system depends upon Ca2+-ion concentration. The ultrastructural study of the damage region, under condition of muscle fibre stretching, made it possible to reveal the initial stages of formation of this pathological process. A possible contribution of intracellular membranous structures in spreading the destructive process along the muscle fibre is discussed.", "contents": "[State of the contractile apparatus during the development of a pathological process in the muscles. II. The effect of Ca2+ on the morphology of spreading necrosis caused by UV light]. Using phase-contrast technique and electron microscopy, a study was made of morphological changes of contractile system of striated muscle fibre during the spreading necrosis caused by ultraviolet light damage. It has been shown that the degree of manifestation of destructive changes in the contractile system depends upon Ca2+-ion concentration. The ultrastructural study of the damage region, under condition of muscle fibre stretching, made it possible to reveal the initial stages of formation of this pathological process. A possible contribution of intracellular membranous structures in spreading the destructive process along the muscle fibre is discussed.", "PMID": 384630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6642", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of yeast cell inactivation under the action of UHF radiation].", "content": "A particular case of the earlier suggested probability model of the action of electromagnetic irradiation on the cell is described. The model has been used for the quantitative analysis of inactivation forms and survival curves of yeast cells of different strains exposed by electromagnetic field of SHF-range. The results of calculation and experimental data show that the probability model is suitable for both qualitative and quantitative description of different cell responses to SHF-irradiation.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of yeast cell inactivation under the action of UHF radiation]. A particular case of the earlier suggested probability model of the action of electromagnetic irradiation on the cell is described. The model has been used for the quantitative analysis of inactivation forms and survival curves of yeast cells of different strains exposed by electromagnetic field of SHF-range. The results of calculation and experimental data show that the probability model is suitable for both qualitative and quantitative description of different cell responses to SHF-irradiation.", "PMID": 384631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6643", "title": "Mechanisms of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Most urinary tract infections begin as a cystitis secondary to decreased host resistance brought on by disruption of tissue integrity or a decrease in blood supply to the bladder. In the female, infrequent voiding and the uninhibited bladder are the most common causes of urinary tract infection and are best treated by healthy voiding regimens; while in the male, structural and functional obstructive uropathy are most often associated with urinary tract infection and are alleviated by lowering the high intravesical pressures via surgical or medical measures. The concept that host resistance is the determinant of infection rather than the organism has permitted the use of clean, intermittent self-catheterization; clean intermittent self-dilatation; and transurethral diverticulectomy in the therapy of a host of urologic disease syndromes.", "contents": "Mechanisms of urinary tract infection. Most urinary tract infections begin as a cystitis secondary to decreased host resistance brought on by disruption of tissue integrity or a decrease in blood supply to the bladder. In the female, infrequent voiding and the uninhibited bladder are the most common causes of urinary tract infection and are best treated by healthy voiding regimens; while in the male, structural and functional obstructive uropathy are most often associated with urinary tract infection and are alleviated by lowering the high intravesical pressures via surgical or medical measures. The concept that host resistance is the determinant of infection rather than the organism has permitted the use of clean, intermittent self-catheterization; clean intermittent self-dilatation; and transurethral diverticulectomy in the therapy of a host of urologic disease syndromes.", "PMID": 384642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6644", "title": "Comparative study of cefaclor and amoxicillin in treatment of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Cefaclor or amoxicillin was given to 51 randomly assigned patients with urinary tract infections. Inclusion in the study required two pretreatment urine cultures yielding the same organism (susceptible to both antibiotics) in concentrations greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml. Both drugs were administered as 250 mg. orally every eight hours for ten days. Cefaclor was given to 27 patients and amoxicillin to 24. Most patients in both groups had negative urine cultures at five to nine days and four to six weeks following therapy. One patient in each group was unsuccessfully treated. Relapse or reinfection occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups. Both antibiotics were well tolerated. minimal inhibiting concentrations (MICS) of cefaclor, amoxicillin, cephradine, and cephalexin were determined by an agar dilution technique for the 44 available pretreatment isolates (41 Escherichia coli and 3 Proteus mirabilis). Mean MICs (micrograms./ml., +/- SD) were 2.2 +/- 1.4 for cefaclor, 4.4 +/- 2.0 with amoxicillin, 8.1 +/- 4.2 for cephradine, and 5.7 +/- 3.0 with cephalexin. Cefaclor is highly active in vitro against those gram-negative bacteria which are commonly isolated from urine. Cefaclor is as effective as amoxicillin when administered three times daily for the treatment of urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Comparative study of cefaclor and amoxicillin in treatment of urinary tract infection. Cefaclor or amoxicillin was given to 51 randomly assigned patients with urinary tract infections. Inclusion in the study required two pretreatment urine cultures yielding the same organism (susceptible to both antibiotics) in concentrations greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml. Both drugs were administered as 250 mg. orally every eight hours for ten days. Cefaclor was given to 27 patients and amoxicillin to 24. Most patients in both groups had negative urine cultures at five to nine days and four to six weeks following therapy. One patient in each group was unsuccessfully treated. Relapse or reinfection occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups. Both antibiotics were well tolerated. minimal inhibiting concentrations (MICS) of cefaclor, amoxicillin, cephradine, and cephalexin were determined by an agar dilution technique for the 44 available pretreatment isolates (41 Escherichia coli and 3 Proteus mirabilis). Mean MICs (micrograms./ml., +/- SD) were 2.2 +/- 1.4 for cefaclor, 4.4 +/- 2.0 with amoxicillin, 8.1 +/- 4.2 for cephradine, and 5.7 +/- 3.0 with cephalexin. Cefaclor is highly active in vitro against those gram-negative bacteria which are commonly isolated from urine. Cefaclor is as effective as amoxicillin when administered three times daily for the treatment of urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 384643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6645", "title": "Epididymitis as cause of antibody-coated bacteria in urine.", "content": "The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) immunofluorescence test has emerged as the preferred noninvasive technique to distinguish reliably between pyelonephritis and cystitis. Investigators have recently correlated a positive test with chronic bacterial prostatitis and cystitis complicating a bladder tumor or stone. We present data that appear to prove that acute bacterial epididymitis associated with bacteriuria can also evoke a positive ACB determination.", "contents": "Epididymitis as cause of antibody-coated bacteria in urine. The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) immunofluorescence test has emerged as the preferred noninvasive technique to distinguish reliably between pyelonephritis and cystitis. Investigators have recently correlated a positive test with chronic bacterial prostatitis and cystitis complicating a bladder tumor or stone. We present data that appear to prove that acute bacterial epididymitis associated with bacteriuria can also evoke a positive ACB determination.", "PMID": 384644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6646", "title": "Monitoring for bacteriuria in spinal cord-injured patients on intermittent catheterization. Dip-slide culture technique.", "content": "Spinal cord-injured patients on intermittent catheterization underwent careful scrutiny of daily bacteriuria using the dip-slide culture technique. Comparison with conventional bacteriologic streaked plates revealed good correlation for quantitating low-density bacteria as well as 10(5) organisms. The technique serves as a useful tool in screening for urinary tract infection among patients with neurogenic bladder.", "contents": "Monitoring for bacteriuria in spinal cord-injured patients on intermittent catheterization. Dip-slide culture technique. Spinal cord-injured patients on intermittent catheterization underwent careful scrutiny of daily bacteriuria using the dip-slide culture technique. Comparison with conventional bacteriologic streaked plates revealed good correlation for quantitating low-density bacteria as well as 10(5) organisms. The technique serves as a useful tool in screening for urinary tract infection among patients with neurogenic bladder.", "PMID": 384645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6647", "title": "Intestinal defence of the neonatal pig: interrelationship of gut and mammary function providing surface immunity against colibacillosis.", "content": "The neonatal requirements for maternal passive immunity and the lactation immunobiology with regard to sow immunisation for neonatal protection are reviewed. A vaccination protocol which combines oral and parenteral antigen administration to produce antibody activity mediated mainly by IgM is described. Its efficacy in affording protection to neonatal piglets was tested against a lethal oral infection with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli \"Abbottstown\". Piglets suckled on vaccinated or non-vaccinated sows were exposed to an infective challenge in the gastrointestinal tract and the relative pathology in test and control groups observed over the neonatal period. Death ensued in 76 per cent of piglets suckled on control sows and 26 per cent of piglets suckled on sows vaccinated by two intramuscular injections. Litters suckled on orally vaccinated sows were able to resist a similar infective challenge, there being only one fatality out of 42 piglets.", "contents": "Intestinal defence of the neonatal pig: interrelationship of gut and mammary function providing surface immunity against colibacillosis. The neonatal requirements for maternal passive immunity and the lactation immunobiology with regard to sow immunisation for neonatal protection are reviewed. A vaccination protocol which combines oral and parenteral antigen administration to produce antibody activity mediated mainly by IgM is described. Its efficacy in affording protection to neonatal piglets was tested against a lethal oral infection with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli \"Abbottstown\". Piglets suckled on vaccinated or non-vaccinated sows were exposed to an infective challenge in the gastrointestinal tract and the relative pathology in test and control groups observed over the neonatal period. Death ensued in 76 per cent of piglets suckled on control sows and 26 per cent of piglets suckled on sows vaccinated by two intramuscular injections. Litters suckled on orally vaccinated sows were able to resist a similar infective challenge, there being only one fatality out of 42 piglets.", "PMID": 384652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6648", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of esophageal cancer by using mathematical decision rules].", "content": "It is suggested to use the medico-mathematical \"decisive rules\" for the differential diagnosis of esophageal cancer in non-specialized medical institutions. As the first step the examination cards were written, based on the data of 1195 patients with verified diagnosis. The \"decisive rules\" were worked out basing on the examination cards of 597 patients (in 267--esophageal cancer and in 330--benign lesions: cardiospasm, benign tumors, cysts, burn and scarring strictures, esophagitis, diverticulum). The suggested \"decisive rules\" using 63 and 87 clinical signs were tested elsewhere for a retrospective diagnosis in 167 patients. Using the \"decisive rules\" with 63 clinical signs esophageal cancer was recognized in 96% of cases, non-cancer--in 92%, while using 87 signs--in 92 and 94% accordingly. The rule comprising 63 signs-questions is recommended for practical purposes.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of esophageal cancer by using mathematical decision rules]. It is suggested to use the medico-mathematical \"decisive rules\" for the differential diagnosis of esophageal cancer in non-specialized medical institutions. As the first step the examination cards were written, based on the data of 1195 patients with verified diagnosis. The \"decisive rules\" were worked out basing on the examination cards of 597 patients (in 267--esophageal cancer and in 330--benign lesions: cardiospasm, benign tumors, cysts, burn and scarring strictures, esophagitis, diverticulum). The suggested \"decisive rules\" using 63 and 87 clinical signs were tested elsewhere for a retrospective diagnosis in 167 patients. Using the \"decisive rules\" with 63 clinical signs esophageal cancer was recognized in 96% of cases, non-cancer--in 92%, while using 87 signs--in 92 and 94% accordingly. The rule comprising 63 signs-questions is recommended for practical purposes.", "PMID": 384664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6649", "title": "[Ultraviolet-induced effect of N-nitrosamines on the in vitro parameters of DNA fusion].", "content": "The results of studies have shown the UV-induced decrease of melting temperatures of the DNA of E. coli and chick erythrocytes under the influence of simple N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NDPA). Either UV or nitrosoamines separately failed to effect the DNA, or their action was insignificant. It is suggested that this effect may be partly due to the action of UV on DNA.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet-induced effect of N-nitrosamines on the in vitro parameters of DNA fusion]. The results of studies have shown the UV-induced decrease of melting temperatures of the DNA of E. coli and chick erythrocytes under the influence of simple N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NDPA). Either UV or nitrosoamines separately failed to effect the DNA, or their action was insignificant. It is suggested that this effect may be partly due to the action of UV on DNA.", "PMID": 384665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6650", "title": "[Echoscopy in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions].", "content": "Echograms obtained with a national apparatus UDA-871 were examined in 150 patients including 41 cases with primary hepatic cancer, 29--with metastases and 14--with echinococcosis. Echograms aid in differentiating nodular, massive (and also diffuse) and cavitary forms of primary hepatic cancer.", "contents": "[Echoscopy in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions]. Echograms obtained with a national apparatus UDA-871 were examined in 150 patients including 41 cases with primary hepatic cancer, 29--with metastases and 14--with echinococcosis. Echograms aid in differentiating nodular, massive (and also diffuse) and cavitary forms of primary hepatic cancer.", "PMID": 384667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6651", "title": "[Immunofluorescence method of determining HBc-antibodies in the blood sera of serum hepatitis type B patients].", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent procedure was used to examine blood sera from 68 patients with serum hepatitis having HBsAg. HBcAb were found in 85% of the specimens. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of autopsy livers pretreated with enzyme and containing HBcAg in hepatocyte nuclei were shown to be a useful tissue substrate. HBcAb were found in patients in a wave-like manner. The presence of HBcAb was found to be connected with the active phase of serum hepatitis.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence method of determining HBc-antibodies in the blood sera of serum hepatitis type B patients]. The indirect immunofluorescent procedure was used to examine blood sera from 68 patients with serum hepatitis having HBsAg. HBcAb were found in 85% of the specimens. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of autopsy livers pretreated with enzyme and containing HBcAg in hepatocyte nuclei were shown to be a useful tissue substrate. HBcAb were found in patients in a wave-like manner. The presence of HBcAb was found to be connected with the active phase of serum hepatitis.", "PMID": 384674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6652", "title": "[Autologous cancellous bone grafting in rabbits using a fibrinogen adhesive system (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in remodelling of autologous cancellous bone after reimplantation using a fibrinogen adhesive system (FAS) consisting of highly concentrated fibrinogen, thrombin and factor XIII were investigated in 23 rabbits. A 5 x 6 mm sized piece of bone was removed from the iliac crest and reimplanted in the same place with and without FAS. Histological, tetracycline fluorescence and radiological evaluation were carried out after 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The control group (without FAS) showed considerable breakdown of the bony trabeculae due to regression of the osteocytes in the centre of the reimplanted bone after 3 weeks, whereas in the FAS group bone was being built on to the vital trabeculae. After 6 weeks the reimplant in the FAS group was still clearly advanced in relation to the non-FAS group. The difference had almost disappeared after 9 weeks. Acceleration of remodelling and lack of regression of the osteocytes in the centre of autologous reimplants after the use of FAS indicates an earlier recommencement of nutrition as compared with the control group. New bone formation in autologous reimplants was clearly accelerated by the use of FAS.", "contents": "[Autologous cancellous bone grafting in rabbits using a fibrinogen adhesive system (author's transl)]. The changes in remodelling of autologous cancellous bone after reimplantation using a fibrinogen adhesive system (FAS) consisting of highly concentrated fibrinogen, thrombin and factor XIII were investigated in 23 rabbits. A 5 x 6 mm sized piece of bone was removed from the iliac crest and reimplanted in the same place with and without FAS. Histological, tetracycline fluorescence and radiological evaluation were carried out after 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The control group (without FAS) showed considerable breakdown of the bony trabeculae due to regression of the osteocytes in the centre of the reimplanted bone after 3 weeks, whereas in the FAS group bone was being built on to the vital trabeculae. After 6 weeks the reimplant in the FAS group was still clearly advanced in relation to the non-FAS group. The difference had almost disappeared after 9 weeks. Acceleration of remodelling and lack of regression of the osteocytes in the centre of autologous reimplants after the use of FAS indicates an earlier recommencement of nutrition as compared with the control group. New bone formation in autologous reimplants was clearly accelerated by the use of FAS.", "PMID": 384681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6653", "title": "[Causes and consequences of long term consumption of phenacetin-containing analgesics, from the urologist's point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last two decades reports concerning analgesic nephropathies have been presented from most industrial countries. Today, there is no doubt concerning a causal association between long-term consumption of analgesics and renal failure. In a group of 274 urological patients, the reasons and consequences of long-term intake of phenacetin-containing compounds are herewith demonstrated. The reason for chronic consumption of analgesics is mainly headache, due to psychosomatic causes which had not been adequately treated. After an average latency period of 20 years, renal (papillary necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis) and extrarenal manifestations appeared. Despite slow progression and low gradient symptoms, severe alterations could be determined at the first examination. Course and prognosis primarily depend on a successful cessation of analgesics and the elimination of the accompanying infection. In the last decade, an increase of transitional cell carcinoma induced by analgesics has been observed. 22 of our patients presented a tumor of the urothelium (i.e. 8%). A further increase of these specific cases is expected.", "contents": "[Causes and consequences of long term consumption of phenacetin-containing analgesics, from the urologist's point of view (author's transl)]. In the last two decades reports concerning analgesic nephropathies have been presented from most industrial countries. Today, there is no doubt concerning a causal association between long-term consumption of analgesics and renal failure. In a group of 274 urological patients, the reasons and consequences of long-term intake of phenacetin-containing compounds are herewith demonstrated. The reason for chronic consumption of analgesics is mainly headache, due to psychosomatic causes which had not been adequately treated. After an average latency period of 20 years, renal (papillary necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis) and extrarenal manifestations appeared. Despite slow progression and low gradient symptoms, severe alterations could be determined at the first examination. Course and prognosis primarily depend on a successful cessation of analgesics and the elimination of the accompanying infection. In the last decade, an increase of transitional cell carcinoma induced by analgesics has been observed. 22 of our patients presented a tumor of the urothelium (i.e. 8%). A further increase of these specific cases is expected.", "PMID": 384682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6654", "title": "[Disorders of the arterial blood supply in the upper extremities].", "content": "Arteriopathies of the upper half of the body may lead to considerable functional disturbances of the arm and severe deficits on the part of the central nervous system. Due to good comparison they scarcely cause or do not cause any complaints in a no unconsiderable part. The clinical material consisting of 4,162 patients from five annual courses had in 9.2% occlusion and stenoses localized in the supraaortic and brachial region. The in most cases systemic angiopathy here explains the frequently combined appearance with arterial processes in the pelvic and the leg region. According to the height of the occlusion we clinically differ types of carotis, shoulder girdle, upper arm and peripheral-acral obliteration, which in each case show differences concerning frequency, age of manifestation, etiology, distribution of sex and clinical degree of severity. The angiological basic diagnostics is based on the inspection, palpation of the arteries, auscultation of the vessels, bilateral measuring of the blood pressure after Riva-Rocci and functional examinations, such as fist closure test and Allen test, as well as clinical proofs or exclusions of neurovascular syndromes of the shoulder girdle. The special apparative angiological methods comprise the oscillo-, rheo- and vein occlusion plethysmography, the Doppler ultrasound technique, estimations of the ophthalmic pressure, isotopic methods and angiographic exploration. --The individual angiological examination methods are of different importance according to the height localisation of the angioorganopathy. --The incomplete syndrome of the aortic arch is taken into consideration. In short the author adopts a definite attitude to the demands of therapy.", "contents": "[Disorders of the arterial blood supply in the upper extremities]. Arteriopathies of the upper half of the body may lead to considerable functional disturbances of the arm and severe deficits on the part of the central nervous system. Due to good comparison they scarcely cause or do not cause any complaints in a no unconsiderable part. The clinical material consisting of 4,162 patients from five annual courses had in 9.2% occlusion and stenoses localized in the supraaortic and brachial region. The in most cases systemic angiopathy here explains the frequently combined appearance with arterial processes in the pelvic and the leg region. According to the height of the occlusion we clinically differ types of carotis, shoulder girdle, upper arm and peripheral-acral obliteration, which in each case show differences concerning frequency, age of manifestation, etiology, distribution of sex and clinical degree of severity. The angiological basic diagnostics is based on the inspection, palpation of the arteries, auscultation of the vessels, bilateral measuring of the blood pressure after Riva-Rocci and functional examinations, such as fist closure test and Allen test, as well as clinical proofs or exclusions of neurovascular syndromes of the shoulder girdle. The special apparative angiological methods comprise the oscillo-, rheo- and vein occlusion plethysmography, the Doppler ultrasound technique, estimations of the ophthalmic pressure, isotopic methods and angiographic exploration. --The individual angiological examination methods are of different importance according to the height localisation of the angioorganopathy. --The incomplete syndrome of the aortic arch is taken into consideration. In short the author adopts a definite attitude to the demands of therapy.", "PMID": 384690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6655", "title": "[Long-term course of aortic arch syndrome caused by arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The course of the extracranially conditioned cerebrovascular disease is characterized by a worse prognosis in comparison with the average population of the GDR (11 years older) and by increased cardiovascular complication rate (every fifth patient suffered a myocardial infarction, every fourth patient suffered an apoplexy). Younger age of manifestation and increasing number of concomitant diseases form the basis of a course which is altogether endangered by complications, which, however, compared with peripheral and coronary arteriosclerosis, is more favourable. Operative reconstruction of the path of a vessel leads to an enduring improvement of the picture of the complaint. The total prognosis corresponds to the so-called spontaneous course. Under permanent treatment with anticoagulants a retardation of the general progressing of arteriosclerosis and improvement of the survival rates is to be proved.", "contents": "[Long-term course of aortic arch syndrome caused by arteriosclerosis]. The course of the extracranially conditioned cerebrovascular disease is characterized by a worse prognosis in comparison with the average population of the GDR (11 years older) and by increased cardiovascular complication rate (every fifth patient suffered a myocardial infarction, every fourth patient suffered an apoplexy). Younger age of manifestation and increasing number of concomitant diseases form the basis of a course which is altogether endangered by complications, which, however, compared with peripheral and coronary arteriosclerosis, is more favourable. Operative reconstruction of the path of a vessel leads to an enduring improvement of the picture of the complaint. The total prognosis corresponds to the so-called spontaneous course. Under permanent treatment with anticoagulants a retardation of the general progressing of arteriosclerosis and improvement of the survival rates is to be proved.", "PMID": 384691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6656", "title": "[Stimulation for a \"personal history of behavior modification\" as well as further thoughts].", "content": "The intention of this article is not to make a contribution to the historical analysis of the complex structure of conditions which eventually led to the development of the many techniques of Behavior Modification. Due to the increasing interests -- especially recently -- for the real and true fathers, grand-fathers and great-grandfathers of Behavior Modification this article tries to provide a first concept of a \"Personality-History of Behavior Modification\". In other words; it is the very first attempt to take Eysenck's demand seriously: \"Credits should be given where it is due.\" (Eysenck 1975 b, S. 72.).", "contents": "[Stimulation for a \"personal history of behavior modification\" as well as further thoughts]. The intention of this article is not to make a contribution to the historical analysis of the complex structure of conditions which eventually led to the development of the many techniques of Behavior Modification. Due to the increasing interests -- especially recently -- for the real and true fathers, grand-fathers and great-grandfathers of Behavior Modification this article tries to provide a first concept of a \"Personality-History of Behavior Modification\". In other words; it is the very first attempt to take Eysenck's demand seriously: \"Credits should be given where it is due.\" (Eysenck 1975 b, S. 72.).", "PMID": 384694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6657", "title": "[Primary manifestations of immunoblastic lymphoma in the area of a resected lymphedema].", "content": "A patient's trauma in childhood leads to a chronic lymphoedema requiring a Charles' operation in adult life. Eight years following the operation the primary manifestation of a malignant lymphoma is observed within the operated lymphoedema. The aetiology of the tumour remains unknown.", "contents": "[Primary manifestations of immunoblastic lymphoma in the area of a resected lymphedema]. A patient's trauma in childhood leads to a chronic lymphoedema requiring a Charles' operation in adult life. Eight years following the operation the primary manifestation of a malignant lymphoma is observed within the operated lymphoedema. The aetiology of the tumour remains unknown.", "PMID": 384700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6658", "title": "[Pathomorphology and indications in plastic surgery of the breast].", "content": "The pathohistological features of two breasts with implants coated with polyurethane are described.--The first case with an implant of 4 months shows a capsule with cellular collagen tissue and triangular and rectangular polyurethane particles with foreign body reactions. The second case, an autopsy of a female artist, revealed a mammary augmentation in both breasts in situ. The prothesis were surrounded by a regular capsule tissue without inflammation.--The different reactions in the connective tissue of the breasts surrounding the implants are described: Silicone implants by Cronin and polyurethane coated implants by Ashley. Complications of breast prothesis are discussed. The constrictive fibrosis is initiated by local chronic inflammation and foreign body reactions. The subcutaneous mastectomy with implantation of prothesis is performed today in cases of fibrocystic diseases with atypical epithelial proliferations, in cases with recurrend fibrocystic disease, with non-invasive ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma in situ. The subcutaneous mastectomy is therefore a prophylactic and a therapeutic method.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology and indications in plastic surgery of the breast]. The pathohistological features of two breasts with implants coated with polyurethane are described.--The first case with an implant of 4 months shows a capsule with cellular collagen tissue and triangular and rectangular polyurethane particles with foreign body reactions. The second case, an autopsy of a female artist, revealed a mammary augmentation in both breasts in situ. The prothesis were surrounded by a regular capsule tissue without inflammation.--The different reactions in the connective tissue of the breasts surrounding the implants are described: Silicone implants by Cronin and polyurethane coated implants by Ashley. Complications of breast prothesis are discussed. The constrictive fibrosis is initiated by local chronic inflammation and foreign body reactions. The subcutaneous mastectomy with implantation of prothesis is performed today in cases of fibrocystic diseases with atypical epithelial proliferations, in cases with recurrend fibrocystic disease, with non-invasive ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma in situ. The subcutaneous mastectomy is therefore a prophylactic and a therapeutic method.", "PMID": 384701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6659", "title": "[Cancellous bone grafting for fingers and metacarpus].", "content": "Bone grafting using cancellous bone is a reliable method treating fresh and old fractures. In the period 1974-1977 the Department of Plastic Surgery of the University Hospital \"Bergmannsheil Bochum\" treated 39 cases of finger- and metacarpal-bone injuries and bone diseases successfully by cancellous bone grafting. Indications, technique and results of our methods are described.", "contents": "[Cancellous bone grafting for fingers and metacarpus]. Bone grafting using cancellous bone is a reliable method treating fresh and old fractures. In the period 1974-1977 the Department of Plastic Surgery of the University Hospital \"Bergmannsheil Bochum\" treated 39 cases of finger- and metacarpal-bone injuries and bone diseases successfully by cancellous bone grafting. Indications, technique and results of our methods are described.", "PMID": 384702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6660", "title": "[Antiseptics and aseptics in changing times].", "content": "The history of wound healing is a series of errors not to be understood today. Historical aspects of anti- and aseptis are dealt with; the merits of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and Robert Koch are stressed; conclusions for the time being are drawn.", "contents": "[Antiseptics and aseptics in changing times]. The history of wound healing is a series of errors not to be understood today. Historical aspects of anti- and aseptis are dealt with; the merits of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and Robert Koch are stressed; conclusions for the time being are drawn.", "PMID": 384713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6661", "title": "[Necrectomy in full thickness burns (author's transl)].", "content": "54 necrectomies of 10 to 25% have been performed in full thickness burns covering up to 50% body surface. The optimal time for the procedure is between the 5th to 9th day after the accident. The loss of blood is considerable and should be substituted during the operation. After removing the necrotic tissue the wound surface should be immediately covered with autogenous oder homogenous skin using the mesh graft technique. Necrectomy is a very traumatising operation and its extent has limitations depending on the patient's age.", "contents": "[Necrectomy in full thickness burns (author's transl)]. 54 necrectomies of 10 to 25% have been performed in full thickness burns covering up to 50% body surface. The optimal time for the procedure is between the 5th to 9th day after the accident. The loss of blood is considerable and should be substituted during the operation. After removing the necrotic tissue the wound surface should be immediately covered with autogenous oder homogenous skin using the mesh graft technique. Necrectomy is a very traumatising operation and its extent has limitations depending on the patient's age.", "PMID": 384714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6662", "title": "[Meralgia paraesthetica (author's transl)].", "content": "For transplantation of autologous bone the chips are mostly taken from the crista iliaca respectively the os ileum. Besides haematoma and seroma sometimes a specific kind of pain follows the operation. 5 patients with this neuralgia out of a total of 84 were observed.", "contents": "[Meralgia paraesthetica (author's transl)]. For transplantation of autologous bone the chips are mostly taken from the crista iliaca respectively the os ileum. Besides haematoma and seroma sometimes a specific kind of pain follows the operation. 5 patients with this neuralgia out of a total of 84 were observed.", "PMID": 384715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6663", "title": "[Continuous cervix measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique has been devised for high-continuity recording of cervical dilatation during labour. The measuring principle is based on Hall's effect. The sensor is superior to conventional methods by its smaller dimensions and weight and the possibility of on-line processing. The new method is used in conjunction with cardiotocography to test the action of medicaments upon cervical behaviour and labour.", "contents": "[Continuous cervix measurement (author's transl)]. A new technique has been devised for high-continuity recording of cervical dilatation during labour. The measuring principle is based on Hall's effect. The sensor is superior to conventional methods by its smaller dimensions and weight and the possibility of on-line processing. The new method is used in conjunction with cardiotocography to test the action of medicaments upon cervical behaviour and labour.", "PMID": 384716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6664", "title": "[Survey of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria using the cross product ratio].", "content": "Antibiotic resistance pattern in clinical isolates of selected gram-negative bacteria at Groote Schuur Hospital during two three-month periods with a ten year interval were investigated. The antibiotic resistance is represented by means of the cross product, or odds ratio, using the log-linear model. This was found to be a simple method of monitoring the change or increase of antibiotic resistance, and enabled an overall analysis, catering for antibiotic and organism effects, to be performed", "contents": "[Survey of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria using the cross product ratio]. Antibiotic resistance pattern in clinical isolates of selected gram-negative bacteria at Groote Schuur Hospital during two three-month periods with a ten year interval were investigated. The antibiotic resistance is represented by means of the cross product, or odds ratio, using the log-linear model. This was found to be a simple method of monitoring the change or increase of antibiotic resistance, and enabled an overall analysis, catering for antibiotic and organism effects, to be performed", "PMID": 384718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6665", "title": "Leptospires colonial variations.", "content": "Six of 12 relatively freshly isolated and museum strains representing serovars mozdok, monjakov, kazakhstanica I and patoc were heterogeneous in colonia morphology. Recloned colonial variants of one and the same heterogeneous population did not exhibit any differences in antigenic properties in cross reactions of microagglutination and absorption of agglutinins. Along with it among the clones with various colonial types of the two relatively freshly isolated strains of serovar mozdok distinctions in virulence (LD50) for hamsters were marked. Moreover for the clones one of them differences in the level of renal infection (ID50) and in morphology of the cells (hooked and straight) were found. In a solid Tween-80 albumin medium in populations of two colonial variants (serovars monjakov and kazakhstanica I) colonial mutants appeared without any changes in antigenic properties, virulence and cell morphology with frequency of 10-9-10-8 per one bacterium per one generation.", "contents": "Leptospires colonial variations. Six of 12 relatively freshly isolated and museum strains representing serovars mozdok, monjakov, kazakhstanica I and patoc were heterogeneous in colonia morphology. Recloned colonial variants of one and the same heterogeneous population did not exhibit any differences in antigenic properties in cross reactions of microagglutination and absorption of agglutinins. Along with it among the clones with various colonial types of the two relatively freshly isolated strains of serovar mozdok distinctions in virulence (LD50) for hamsters were marked. Moreover for the clones one of them differences in the level of renal infection (ID50) and in morphology of the cells (hooked and straight) were found. In a solid Tween-80 albumin medium in populations of two colonial variants (serovars monjakov and kazakhstanica I) colonial mutants appeared without any changes in antigenic properties, virulence and cell morphology with frequency of 10-9-10-8 per one bacterium per one generation.", "PMID": 384719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6666", "title": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenicity of tetanus spores regarding eucaryotic cell systems (author's transl)].", "content": "After injection of known numbers of viable tumour cells admixed with tetanus spores into the subcutaneous tissue between the shoulder blades the sigmoidal tetanus lethality curves of mice can be quantitatively analysed following the underlying growth of tetanus clostridia and tumour cells. We suggest that the \"driving force\" for exponential clostridial growth and toxin synthesis are oxygen-consuming clones of tumour cells. Our experimental data are in good accordance with a stochastic mathematical model which allows for computing the cloning probability of one single spore on the basis of a 1-mitosis-1-clostridium division-principle.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenicity of tetanus spores regarding eucaryotic cell systems (author's transl)]. After injection of known numbers of viable tumour cells admixed with tetanus spores into the subcutaneous tissue between the shoulder blades the sigmoidal tetanus lethality curves of mice can be quantitatively analysed following the underlying growth of tetanus clostridia and tumour cells. We suggest that the \"driving force\" for exponential clostridial growth and toxin synthesis are oxygen-consuming clones of tumour cells. Our experimental data are in good accordance with a stochastic mathematical model which allows for computing the cloning probability of one single spore on the basis of a 1-mitosis-1-clostridium division-principle.", "PMID": 384720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6667", "title": "The detection of nasal carriers of salmonella and other enterobacteria amongst young farm animals.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to detect the presence of Salmonella nasal carriers amongst young farm animals (Cow-calves, buffalo-calves, lambs, kids, piglets and foals) on farms having a previous history of Salmonellosis. Salmonella could be isolated from nasal swabs of 1.2% of the cow-calves and 2.9% of the piglets studied but not from other young animals. Isolated strains included S. typhimurium and S. weltevreden from cow-calves and piglets, respectively. Other members of family Enterobacriacteeae isolated from nasal passages of these animals were: E. coli (O106:H27 and O153:H12), Serratia rubidiae, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. One of the Citrobacter strains from piglet faeces which appear to be a new Citrobacter serotype had Salmonella 45(1), 45(3), 45(5) 'O' antigens. The results indicated that the upper respiratory tract of animals carried Salmonella and other potentially pathogenic enterobacteria which might contribute to the spread of corresponding infections among man and animals.", "contents": "The detection of nasal carriers of salmonella and other enterobacteria amongst young farm animals. An investigation was conducted to detect the presence of Salmonella nasal carriers amongst young farm animals (Cow-calves, buffalo-calves, lambs, kids, piglets and foals) on farms having a previous history of Salmonellosis. Salmonella could be isolated from nasal swabs of 1.2% of the cow-calves and 2.9% of the piglets studied but not from other young animals. Isolated strains included S. typhimurium and S. weltevreden from cow-calves and piglets, respectively. Other members of family Enterobacriacteeae isolated from nasal passages of these animals were: E. coli (O106:H27 and O153:H12), Serratia rubidiae, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. One of the Citrobacter strains from piglet faeces which appear to be a new Citrobacter serotype had Salmonella 45(1), 45(3), 45(5) 'O' antigens. The results indicated that the upper respiratory tract of animals carried Salmonella and other potentially pathogenic enterobacteria which might contribute to the spread of corresponding infections among man and animals.", "PMID": 384721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6668", "title": "[Seasonal and periodic rhythms of infectious diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The causes of epidemics are plainly not the pathogens alone as was initially assumed by Koch's school, predisposition and constitution of the population proved to be equally important. Ever since ancient times problems linked with the \"constitutio epidemica\" have been topical; the \"physis\", the \"natura hominis\" and the invironment of man play an increasingly important role in the symptomatology of disease, as can be gathered from such early documents as the \"Corpus hippocraticum\". Fracastoro distinguished between contagious and non-contagious epidemics. The casual organisms were considered to be miasmas -- noxious emanations -- or \"contagia\" i.e. likewise toxic substances. Questions concerning the origin of these miasmas turned attention to the environment (air, soil, water) and even led to astrological medicine. Not until the Renaissance were attempts made to differentiate the usual global words for epidemic, such as \"loimos\", \"lues\" and \"pestis\" with the result that a symptom was used more and more to designate a disease. For example, the symptom fever led to the designation \"three-day fever\" or \"four-day fever\", \"typhus fever\". This terminology made a differential diagnosis difficult to establish, thwarted selection measures to check epidemics and the medical world was thus helpless in explaining the causal agents and the phenomena of epidemics. This is illustrated by some epidemiological examples (ergotism, scurvy, yellow fever, English sweat, diphtheria and malaria). In this connection the \"morbus novus\", the transformation of the pathogen and the change of the pathogen is discussed. Many questions still left unanswered regarding the seasonal incidence, the fluctuation and disappearance of epidemics over decades or even centuries lead more frequently to sociomedical considerations with respect to the victims of epidemics, their predisposition, constitution and environment exposure term \"hospital gangrene\" with the modern term \"hospitalism\", we are not dealing with a transformation but a change of the pathogen. The impressive effects produced by antibiotics resulted in carelessness and along with the unprecedented advances in medicine and engineering we forgot to bear in mind that almost all great steps forward have an adverse side. Hygiene and practical medicine have only made a modest beginning in establishing the contact which should indeed be a matter of course in the hospital.", "contents": "[Seasonal and periodic rhythms of infectious diseases (author's transl)]. The causes of epidemics are plainly not the pathogens alone as was initially assumed by Koch's school, predisposition and constitution of the population proved to be equally important. Ever since ancient times problems linked with the \"constitutio epidemica\" have been topical; the \"physis\", the \"natura hominis\" and the invironment of man play an increasingly important role in the symptomatology of disease, as can be gathered from such early documents as the \"Corpus hippocraticum\". Fracastoro distinguished between contagious and non-contagious epidemics. The casual organisms were considered to be miasmas -- noxious emanations -- or \"contagia\" i.e. likewise toxic substances. Questions concerning the origin of these miasmas turned attention to the environment (air, soil, water) and even led to astrological medicine. Not until the Renaissance were attempts made to differentiate the usual global words for epidemic, such as \"loimos\", \"lues\" and \"pestis\" with the result that a symptom was used more and more to designate a disease. For example, the symptom fever led to the designation \"three-day fever\" or \"four-day fever\", \"typhus fever\". This terminology made a differential diagnosis difficult to establish, thwarted selection measures to check epidemics and the medical world was thus helpless in explaining the causal agents and the phenomena of epidemics. This is illustrated by some epidemiological examples (ergotism, scurvy, yellow fever, English sweat, diphtheria and malaria). In this connection the \"morbus novus\", the transformation of the pathogen and the change of the pathogen is discussed. Many questions still left unanswered regarding the seasonal incidence, the fluctuation and disappearance of epidemics over decades or even centuries lead more frequently to sociomedical considerations with respect to the victims of epidemics, their predisposition, constitution and environment exposure term \"hospital gangrene\" with the modern term \"hospitalism\", we are not dealing with a transformation but a change of the pathogen. The impressive effects produced by antibiotics resulted in carelessness and along with the unprecedented advances in medicine and engineering we forgot to bear in mind that almost all great steps forward have an adverse side. Hygiene and practical medicine have only made a modest beginning in establishing the contact which should indeed be a matter of course in the hospital.", "PMID": 384722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6669", "title": "[Travellers' diarrhoea. I. Field study on frequency and causes in German tourists (author's transl)].", "content": "Even after successful localization of dangerous epidemics, infectious diseases represent a troublesome accompaniment of growing tourism to warm countries. Classical pathogens of diarrhoea are subjected to a worldwide control network to prevent this disease at least from being spread. Close surveillance has shown that, additionally, less clearly defined pathogens exist which affect a high percentage of tourists and cause a usually harmless but nevertheless often very annoying diarrhoea. In a tropic insular state a field study was carried out with voluntary assistance of German flight passengers in order to investigate the qualitative and quanitative importance of travellers' diarrhoea and to supplement American observations mainly gained in Mexico. In a first study we found that pathogens were detected only in six out of 173 stool samples: the pathogens were Salmonellae which had caused clinical symptoms in two cases only. With respect to diarrhoea with different origin which affected some 20 per cent of our examinees we will inquire into the importance of E. coli as pathogen, which is generally classified harmless but liable to interfere considerably with holidays and recreation.", "contents": "[Travellers' diarrhoea. I. Field study on frequency and causes in German tourists (author's transl)]. Even after successful localization of dangerous epidemics, infectious diseases represent a troublesome accompaniment of growing tourism to warm countries. Classical pathogens of diarrhoea are subjected to a worldwide control network to prevent this disease at least from being spread. Close surveillance has shown that, additionally, less clearly defined pathogens exist which affect a high percentage of tourists and cause a usually harmless but nevertheless often very annoying diarrhoea. In a tropic insular state a field study was carried out with voluntary assistance of German flight passengers in order to investigate the qualitative and quanitative importance of travellers' diarrhoea and to supplement American observations mainly gained in Mexico. In a first study we found that pathogens were detected only in six out of 173 stool samples: the pathogens were Salmonellae which had caused clinical symptoms in two cases only. With respect to diarrhoea with different origin which affected some 20 per cent of our examinees we will inquire into the importance of E. coli as pathogen, which is generally classified harmless but liable to interfere considerably with holidays and recreation.", "PMID": 384723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6670", "title": "[The influence of short-term lead exposure on the bacterial clearance of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiments describe the effects of short-term application of low concentrations of lead on the elimination of bacteria in the lungs of laboratory animals. On five subsequent days over a period of three weeks female mice of the NMRI strain were exposed for one and three hours, respectively, to a lead aerosol (mean concentration 13,14 micrograms/m3 lead chloride). Then the animals inhaled FITC labeled non pathogenic bacteria of the species Serratia marcescens. The lungs of the animals examined were analyzed for: a) free fluorescent bacteria in the pulmonary tissue, in the alveoles, bronchioles and bronchi; b) phagocytising alveolar macrophages; c) non-phagocytising alveolar macrophages. The following results have been established: 1. Under the given test conditions a three hour inhalation of lead chloride induces a significant reduction in the elimination of the bacteria. A one hour inhalation causes differences between the mean values of the test group and a control group on nearly all the days of experiments. On the 10th, 13th and 14th day of inhalation a signifcant difference between both groups could be established. The number of bacteria fluctuates largely from one day of test to the next, including a weekly rhythm. 2. Comparing the test group with the control group with respect to the parameters \"phagocytising alveolar macrophages\" and \"free bacteria\" as well, one can notice for the one hour lead chloride inhalation particularly high numbers obtained on weekends. The number of phagocytising alveolar macrophages tends to increase after a one hour lead chloride inhalation period during the third week of the experiment. This indicates a reactive increase of phagocytosis stimulated by the increased uptake of bacteria. Contrary after a three hour inhalation period of lead chloride during the third week from the 11th to the 15th day of testing, no further reactive increase in the number of phagocytising alveolar macrophages can be established. . A comparison of the number of non phagocytising alveolar macrophages did not reveal any differences between the mean values of the test groups for one hour and three hour inhalations compared to the control groups.", "contents": "[The influence of short-term lead exposure on the bacterial clearance of the lung (author's transl)]. The experiments describe the effects of short-term application of low concentrations of lead on the elimination of bacteria in the lungs of laboratory animals. On five subsequent days over a period of three weeks female mice of the NMRI strain were exposed for one and three hours, respectively, to a lead aerosol (mean concentration 13,14 micrograms/m3 lead chloride). Then the animals inhaled FITC labeled non pathogenic bacteria of the species Serratia marcescens. The lungs of the animals examined were analyzed for: a) free fluorescent bacteria in the pulmonary tissue, in the alveoles, bronchioles and bronchi; b) phagocytising alveolar macrophages; c) non-phagocytising alveolar macrophages. The following results have been established: 1. Under the given test conditions a three hour inhalation of lead chloride induces a significant reduction in the elimination of the bacteria. A one hour inhalation causes differences between the mean values of the test group and a control group on nearly all the days of experiments. On the 10th, 13th and 14th day of inhalation a signifcant difference between both groups could be established. The number of bacteria fluctuates largely from one day of test to the next, including a weekly rhythm. 2. Comparing the test group with the control group with respect to the parameters \"phagocytising alveolar macrophages\" and \"free bacteria\" as well, one can notice for the one hour lead chloride inhalation particularly high numbers obtained on weekends. The number of phagocytising alveolar macrophages tends to increase after a one hour lead chloride inhalation period during the third week of the experiment. This indicates a reactive increase of phagocytosis stimulated by the increased uptake of bacteria. Contrary after a three hour inhalation period of lead chloride during the third week from the 11th to the 15th day of testing, no further reactive increase in the number of phagocytising alveolar macrophages can be established. . A comparison of the number of non phagocytising alveolar macrophages did not reveal any differences between the mean values of the test groups for one hour and three hour inhalations compared to the control groups.", "PMID": 384725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6671", "title": "[Investigation on the presence of salmonella in drinking water from water supplies and distribution systems in Togo (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteriological drinking water examination of samples from water works and wells as well as from their distribution systems revealed that from 26 samples, where Salmonella organisms could be isolated, in 16 cases E. coli- and coliforms could not be found and that in 9 of these cases even the colony count was below 100 colonies per ml at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C incubation temperature. The common reasons for such contaminations are technical deficiencies, mostly faulty well-heads or broken covers of reservoirs. Rainbow lizzards (Agama agama), very common in these regions, can thus easily gain access to wells and reservoirs and pollute the groundwater. Rainbow lizzards do not posses a constant and uniform microbial flora of the intestine. Among lizzards which excrete Salmonella organisms in great numbers, relatively often individuals could be found which harbour either no E. coli- and/or coliforms at all or only in very reduced numbers. In the light of these results an efficient primary protection of all water supplies by a secure covering of well-heads and reservoirs in particular seems to be of paramount importance in tropical countries. This is very much in contrast to the situation most commonly seen in these areas. The necessary measures would have to be accompanied and supplemented by alterations of the installations in the house where the creation of open reservoirs must be avoided.", "contents": "[Investigation on the presence of salmonella in drinking water from water supplies and distribution systems in Togo (author's transl)]. Bacteriological drinking water examination of samples from water works and wells as well as from their distribution systems revealed that from 26 samples, where Salmonella organisms could be isolated, in 16 cases E. coli- and coliforms could not be found and that in 9 of these cases even the colony count was below 100 colonies per ml at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C incubation temperature. The common reasons for such contaminations are technical deficiencies, mostly faulty well-heads or broken covers of reservoirs. Rainbow lizzards (Agama agama), very common in these regions, can thus easily gain access to wells and reservoirs and pollute the groundwater. Rainbow lizzards do not posses a constant and uniform microbial flora of the intestine. Among lizzards which excrete Salmonella organisms in great numbers, relatively often individuals could be found which harbour either no E. coli- and/or coliforms at all or only in very reduced numbers. In the light of these results an efficient primary protection of all water supplies by a secure covering of well-heads and reservoirs in particular seems to be of paramount importance in tropical countries. This is very much in contrast to the situation most commonly seen in these areas. The necessary measures would have to be accompanied and supplemented by alterations of the installations in the house where the creation of open reservoirs must be avoided.", "PMID": 384726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6672", "title": "Micrococcaceae isolated from meat and dairy products (taxonomic study).", "content": "149 Micrococcaceae strains (35 reference strains and 114 strains isolated from meat and dairy products) have been studied using 61 biochemical microtests. Numerical taxonomy has distinguished two main biochemical groups which may be characterized by their varying ability to use heteroside compounds. -- A small number of biochemical tests in each group enable the differentiation of 17 taxa corresponding to diverse origins. The wild strains of Micrococcaceae found in foods are very different from reference strains in collections. -- With regard to the present study, it seems that a central biotype exists which may be represented by the taxa 13, 14, 15 and 16 in Fig. 1. -- Given this central biotype, various biochemical differences may be considered as ecological adaptability. Group I corresponds to meat orgin -- Taxa No. 1, 2, correspond to collection strains -- Taxon No. 12 corresponds to cheese origin -- Taxa No. 8, 9 and 10 correspond to milk origin.", "contents": "Micrococcaceae isolated from meat and dairy products (taxonomic study). 149 Micrococcaceae strains (35 reference strains and 114 strains isolated from meat and dairy products) have been studied using 61 biochemical microtests. Numerical taxonomy has distinguished two main biochemical groups which may be characterized by their varying ability to use heteroside compounds. -- A small number of biochemical tests in each group enable the differentiation of 17 taxa corresponding to diverse origins. The wild strains of Micrococcaceae found in foods are very different from reference strains in collections. -- With regard to the present study, it seems that a central biotype exists which may be represented by the taxa 13, 14, 15 and 16 in Fig. 1. -- Given this central biotype, various biochemical differences may be considered as ecological adaptability. Group I corresponds to meat orgin -- Taxa No. 1, 2, correspond to collection strains -- Taxon No. 12 corresponds to cheese origin -- Taxa No. 8, 9 and 10 correspond to milk origin.", "PMID": 384727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6673", "title": "[Restoring the continuity of severed peripheral nerves. Indications and surgical technics].", "content": "The detailed literature is critically examined, especially with regard to the questions of the time of the operation, technique of the intervention, use of transplantation, suture under tension, etc. The author recommends the following operating tactics: (I) Smoothly separated nerves without any defects or larger side-injuries are subject to primary care. Mono- to oligofascicular nerves are loosely coapted by epineural sutures; the protruding contents are not excised. For polyfascicular nerves one uses endofascicular guiding sutures and coaptation by epineural sutures. In case of a clear group structure, interfascicular coaption is used. (2) Early secondary care according to plan gets to the stumps from the healthy material and uses interfascicular transplantation for every tension occurring. In case of polyfascicular nerves without group structure, the corresponding sectors are connected with each other. (3) The late secondary care follows the rules for the early secondary care. (4) Re-operations are carried out if regeneration does not set in, testing is mainly carried out by means of the Hoffmann-Tinel sign. Sometimes intraneural neurolysis will be sufficient in these cases; more often than not, parts of the whole cross-section must be resected or bridged again by transplantation.", "contents": "[Restoring the continuity of severed peripheral nerves. Indications and surgical technics]. The detailed literature is critically examined, especially with regard to the questions of the time of the operation, technique of the intervention, use of transplantation, suture under tension, etc. The author recommends the following operating tactics: (I) Smoothly separated nerves without any defects or larger side-injuries are subject to primary care. Mono- to oligofascicular nerves are loosely coapted by epineural sutures; the protruding contents are not excised. For polyfascicular nerves one uses endofascicular guiding sutures and coaptation by epineural sutures. In case of a clear group structure, interfascicular coaption is used. (2) Early secondary care according to plan gets to the stumps from the healthy material and uses interfascicular transplantation for every tension occurring. In case of polyfascicular nerves without group structure, the corresponding sectors are connected with each other. (3) The late secondary care follows the rules for the early secondary care. (4) Re-operations are carried out if regeneration does not set in, testing is mainly carried out by means of the Hoffmann-Tinel sign. Sometimes intraneural neurolysis will be sufficient in these cases; more often than not, parts of the whole cross-section must be resected or bridged again by transplantation.", "PMID": 384728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6674", "title": "[The hypophysis and haemoblastoses].", "content": "In necropsies of 165 patients with malignant haemoblastoses, infiltrates in the pituitary were found in 38 cases (23%). The most frequent occurrence was found in lymphoblastic leucosis (33.3%) and in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (29%). Hypophyseal manifestations were found in 21% for myoblastic leucosis and in 5.5% in case of Hodgkin lymphomas. As regards the location, the capsula showed an affection of 55.2%, the anterior and posterior lobes together one of 21.1%, the neurohypophysis one of 15.8% and the anterior lobe one of 7.9%. There are different opinions with regard to the development: exclusively metastatic processes or local formation of the infiltrates. The latter opinion is favoured by the frequent detection of cells of exemplary haemopoiesis between the Dorsum sellae and the outer layer of the hypophyseal capsule (Stratum periostale) in patients without haemoblastosis as well as by the fact that in half of the patients the clinical picture of meningosis leucotica only developed in the stage of haematological full remission, that is, when there were no longer any blastomatous cells in the blood.", "contents": "[The hypophysis and haemoblastoses]. In necropsies of 165 patients with malignant haemoblastoses, infiltrates in the pituitary were found in 38 cases (23%). The most frequent occurrence was found in lymphoblastic leucosis (33.3%) and in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (29%). Hypophyseal manifestations were found in 21% for myoblastic leucosis and in 5.5% in case of Hodgkin lymphomas. As regards the location, the capsula showed an affection of 55.2%, the anterior and posterior lobes together one of 21.1%, the neurohypophysis one of 15.8% and the anterior lobe one of 7.9%. There are different opinions with regard to the development: exclusively metastatic processes or local formation of the infiltrates. The latter opinion is favoured by the frequent detection of cells of exemplary haemopoiesis between the Dorsum sellae and the outer layer of the hypophyseal capsule (Stratum periostale) in patients without haemoblastosis as well as by the fact that in half of the patients the clinical picture of meningosis leucotica only developed in the stage of haematological full remission, that is, when there were no longer any blastomatous cells in the blood.", "PMID": 384729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6675", "title": "Gastrin response to insulin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Fasting gastrinemia in cirrhotics (48.35 +/- 2.77 pg/ml) was higher than in normal controls (32.93 +/- 0.75 pg/ml; P less than 0.001). After insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the mean increase of gastrin above basal level was 42.29 +/- 1.92 pg/ml in controls and 10.85 +/- 5.05 pg/ml in cirrhosis (P less than 0.001). BAO was 2.53 +/- 0.36 mEq/h in controls and 0.42 +/- 0.004 mEq/h in cirrhotics (P less than 0.001). After i.v. insulin, TAO was 8.42 +/- 0.72 mEq/h in controls and 3.06 +/- 0.26 mEq/h in cirrhotics (P less than 0.001). The authors suggest that the lack of an adequate gastrin and acid response to the hypoglycemic stimulus in cirrhotics might be accounted for by a decreased insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Gastrin response to insulin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Fasting gastrinemia in cirrhotics (48.35 +/- 2.77 pg/ml) was higher than in normal controls (32.93 +/- 0.75 pg/ml; P less than 0.001). After insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the mean increase of gastrin above basal level was 42.29 +/- 1.92 pg/ml in controls and 10.85 +/- 5.05 pg/ml in cirrhosis (P less than 0.001). BAO was 2.53 +/- 0.36 mEq/h in controls and 0.42 +/- 0.004 mEq/h in cirrhotics (P less than 0.001). After i.v. insulin, TAO was 8.42 +/- 0.72 mEq/h in controls and 3.06 +/- 0.26 mEq/h in cirrhotics (P less than 0.001). The authors suggest that the lack of an adequate gastrin and acid response to the hypoglycemic stimulus in cirrhotics might be accounted for by a decreased insulin sensitivity.", "PMID": 384737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6676", "title": "Postoperative arterial oxygen tension after peroperative PEEP-ventilation.", "content": "Forty otherwise healthy patients (29 women and 11 men), undergoing elective cholecystectomy, were randomly allocated to be ventilated during the operation either with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 1 kPa (10 cmH2O) (PEEP group) or with intermittent positive pressure ventilation without PEEP (control group). During the operation the mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in the PEEP group increased from 14.6 to 16.5 kPa, while no changes occurred in the control group (13.5 and 13.6 kPa). On the first postoperative day, PaO2 decreased by 12% of the preoperative values in the PEEP group; the decrease was 20% in the control group. On the third postoperative day, the PaO2 in the control group was still 9% below the preoperative values, but on the fifth day, both groups had reached their preoperative PaO2 values. In the postoperative period, no statistically significant difference in PaO2 could be demonstrated between the groups. Determinations of the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second showed no difference between the groups pre- or postoperatively. The present study demonstrated no clinically relevant beneficial effect of peroperative PEEP ventilation on the postoperative arterial hypoxaemia after an upper abdominal laparotomy.", "contents": "Postoperative arterial oxygen tension after peroperative PEEP-ventilation. Forty otherwise healthy patients (29 women and 11 men), undergoing elective cholecystectomy, were randomly allocated to be ventilated during the operation either with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 1 kPa (10 cmH2O) (PEEP group) or with intermittent positive pressure ventilation without PEEP (control group). During the operation the mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in the PEEP group increased from 14.6 to 16.5 kPa, while no changes occurred in the control group (13.5 and 13.6 kPa). On the first postoperative day, PaO2 decreased by 12% of the preoperative values in the PEEP group; the decrease was 20% in the control group. On the third postoperative day, the PaO2 in the control group was still 9% below the preoperative values, but on the fifth day, both groups had reached their preoperative PaO2 values. In the postoperative period, no statistically significant difference in PaO2 could be demonstrated between the groups. Determinations of the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second showed no difference between the groups pre- or postoperatively. The present study demonstrated no clinically relevant beneficial effect of peroperative PEEP ventilation on the postoperative arterial hypoxaemia after an upper abdominal laparotomy.", "PMID": 384738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6677", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages responding to challenge by bacillus Calmette-Guerin.", "content": "The present investigation examined the morphological characteristics of epiplexus macrophages following a single intracisternal injection of the antigen, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Three days following injection of BCG (0.5 - 4.0 X 10(8) viable microorganisms), mongrel dogs were perfused with buffered aldehydes. The choroid plexus of the lateral and third ventricles was removed and routinely prepared for scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Choroid plexuses from normal animals (no BCG injection) were similarly prepared. Macrophages of normal animals possessed smooth cell surfaces with usually one to three cytoplasmic processes. Following BCG injection, a 10-fold increase in the epiplex macrophage population was observed. Furthermore, the majority of these cells presented an abundance of cell surface microappendages; including blebs, ruffles and microvilli. Cell processes and microvilli frequently mediated contacts between widely separated macrophages. These associations may play a role in the initiation and/or maintenance of the cellular immune response to BCG.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages responding to challenge by bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The present investigation examined the morphological characteristics of epiplexus macrophages following a single intracisternal injection of the antigen, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Three days following injection of BCG (0.5 - 4.0 X 10(8) viable microorganisms), mongrel dogs were perfused with buffered aldehydes. The choroid plexus of the lateral and third ventricles was removed and routinely prepared for scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Choroid plexuses from normal animals (no BCG injection) were similarly prepared. Macrophages of normal animals possessed smooth cell surfaces with usually one to three cytoplasmic processes. Following BCG injection, a 10-fold increase in the epiplex macrophage population was observed. Furthermore, the majority of these cells presented an abundance of cell surface microappendages; including blebs, ruffles and microvilli. Cell processes and microvilli frequently mediated contacts between widely separated macrophages. These associations may play a role in the initiation and/or maintenance of the cellular immune response to BCG.", "PMID": 384740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6678", "title": "Uncommon case of type II glycogenosis.", "content": "The authors report an uncommon case of type II glycogenosis. An 8-year-old boy developed a slow progressive myopathy. Biopsy of skeletal muscle showed scarce lesions under the optic microscope but in 50% of the fibers the presence of vacuoles filled with glycogen under the electron microscope. Ultrastructural analysis of fibroblasts in culture showed numerous vacuoles filled with glycogen, characteristic of type II glycogenosis. Enzymatic analysis revealed that acid-alpha-glucosidase activity was normal in muscle tissues but deeply deficient in leukocytes and fibroblasts in culture. This is, as far as we know, the first case with such a discrepancy in the distribution of the enzymatic activity, and it underlines the necessity of investigating several tissues in atypical cases.", "contents": "Uncommon case of type II glycogenosis. The authors report an uncommon case of type II glycogenosis. An 8-year-old boy developed a slow progressive myopathy. Biopsy of skeletal muscle showed scarce lesions under the optic microscope but in 50% of the fibers the presence of vacuoles filled with glycogen under the electron microscope. Ultrastructural analysis of fibroblasts in culture showed numerous vacuoles filled with glycogen, characteristic of type II glycogenosis. Enzymatic analysis revealed that acid-alpha-glucosidase activity was normal in muscle tissues but deeply deficient in leukocytes and fibroblasts in culture. This is, as far as we know, the first case with such a discrepancy in the distribution of the enzymatic activity, and it underlines the necessity of investigating several tissues in atypical cases.", "PMID": 384741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6679", "title": "Complications of cerclage.", "content": "The published results of cervical cerclage are almost invariably good and there is little mention of complications. Forty per cent of 52 pregnancies, with 38 early \"prophylactic\" and 14 late \"therapeutic\" operations, ended after 260 days' gestation. In 73 per cent a viable infant was born. The most frequent complication was premature rupture of the membranes (12 cases) followed by slipping suture (7) and premature delivery (6). Intra-uterine infection was fairly common. The implications and possible causes of this high rate of complications are discussed.", "contents": "Complications of cerclage. The published results of cervical cerclage are almost invariably good and there is little mention of complications. Forty per cent of 52 pregnancies, with 38 early \"prophylactic\" and 14 late \"therapeutic\" operations, ended after 260 days' gestation. In 73 per cent a viable infant was born. The most frequent complication was premature rupture of the membranes (12 cases) followed by slipping suture (7) and premature delivery (6). Intra-uterine infection was fairly common. The implications and possible causes of this high rate of complications are discussed.", "PMID": 384742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6680", "title": "The unilateral vestibular hypofunction.", "content": "The presentation of the report \"THE UNILATERAL VESTIBULAR HYPOFUNCTION\" has been placed in the scope of the treatment technique, which resulted from the findings and experiences of the author could obtain by his investigations in the clinical cases with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. After having emphasized some main concepts concerning correct evaluation of unilateral hypofunction, which is the central theme of the report, the author indicates how these experiences led him to the conception of this treatment technique: THE VESTIBULAR HABITUATION TRAINING. It is intended for this category of dizzy patients, who usually were so resistant to be alleviated from their dizziness, viz. the cases with provoked or positional dizziness. The fundamental bases of this treatment are exposed. A survey of the literature concerning the various concepts and techniques of vestibular revalidation is followed by the description of the personal technique and the presentation of the first results.", "contents": "The unilateral vestibular hypofunction. The presentation of the report \"THE UNILATERAL VESTIBULAR HYPOFUNCTION\" has been placed in the scope of the treatment technique, which resulted from the findings and experiences of the author could obtain by his investigations in the clinical cases with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. After having emphasized some main concepts concerning correct evaluation of unilateral hypofunction, which is the central theme of the report, the author indicates how these experiences led him to the conception of this treatment technique: THE VESTIBULAR HABITUATION TRAINING. It is intended for this category of dizzy patients, who usually were so resistant to be alleviated from their dizziness, viz. the cases with provoked or positional dizziness. The fundamental bases of this treatment are exposed. A survey of the literature concerning the various concepts and techniques of vestibular revalidation is followed by the description of the personal technique and the presentation of the first results.", "PMID": 384744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6681", "title": "Electron microscopy of treponemes subjected to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. I. Comparison of immunoimmobilized cells and control cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells of T. pallidum Nichols subjected to the TPI test was studied in negatively stained specimens. Cells incubated in basal medium to which was added either human syphilis serum or heated guineapig serum (GPS) showed a normal morphology. This was also the cause for cells incubated with basal medium to which was added either human syphilis serum and heated GPS or normal human serum and unheated GPS. By dark-field microscopy cells obtained from these different incubation mixtures were found to be motile. In contrast, cells incubated in basal medium to which was added human syphilis serum and unheated GPS were all immobilized, and in the electron microscope they presented a morphology strikingly different from that of normal cells. The immunoimmobilized cells were swollen and their surface was completely covered with a layer of fuzzy material. The nature of this material and its possible role in rendering the treponemes immobile is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of treponemes subjected to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. I. Comparison of immunoimmobilized cells and control cells. The ultrastructure of cells of T. pallidum Nichols subjected to the TPI test was studied in negatively stained specimens. Cells incubated in basal medium to which was added either human syphilis serum or heated guineapig serum (GPS) showed a normal morphology. This was also the cause for cells incubated with basal medium to which was added either human syphilis serum and heated GPS or normal human serum and unheated GPS. By dark-field microscopy cells obtained from these different incubation mixtures were found to be motile. In contrast, cells incubated in basal medium to which was added human syphilis serum and unheated GPS were all immobilized, and in the electron microscope they presented a morphology strikingly different from that of normal cells. The immunoimmobilized cells were swollen and their surface was completely covered with a layer of fuzzy material. The nature of this material and its possible role in rendering the treponemes immobile is discussed.", "PMID": 384745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6682", "title": "Demonstration of the non-identity between the Fc receptor for human IgG from group A streptococci type 15 and M protein, peptidoglycan and the group specific carbohydrate.", "content": "After electrophoresis of an alkaline extract of type 15 group A streptococci, three main precipitation lines were obtained in diffusion experiments against commercial human polyclonal IgG (lines 1, 2 and 3). Nineteen of 23 sera (83%) from apparently healthy human individuals gave line 3, while 6 of them (26%) gave line 1. The sera giving line 1 did also give line 3. Line 2 was obtained with 2 sera only, also giving lines 1 and 3. Line 3 was caused by a streptococcal Fc-receptor for human IgG, since the line could be displaced by addition of Fc-fragments, but not Fab-fragments of pooled human IgG. Line 1 was shown to be different from line 3, since (1) line 1 was suppressed in contrast to line 3 on absorption of a human serum or commercial polyclonal human IgG with S. aureus; and (2), line 1 was suppressed by Fab-fragments but not Fc-fragments of polyclonal human IgG. Line 2 could be inhibited by addition of peptidoglycan to commercial polyclonal human IgG or a human serum investigated. Another line, 4, obtained in diffusion experiments involving electrophoretically separated alkaline extract of type 15 group A streptococci was type-specific as shown by rabbit antisera to streptococci type M1, M8, M15, and T44, and disappeared on trypsinization of the extract. The component responsible for line 4 in the streptococcal extract, judged to be type-specific M protein, had a mobility different from the component responsible for line 3 in electrophoresis.", "contents": "Demonstration of the non-identity between the Fc receptor for human IgG from group A streptococci type 15 and M protein, peptidoglycan and the group specific carbohydrate. After electrophoresis of an alkaline extract of type 15 group A streptococci, three main precipitation lines were obtained in diffusion experiments against commercial human polyclonal IgG (lines 1, 2 and 3). Nineteen of 23 sera (83%) from apparently healthy human individuals gave line 3, while 6 of them (26%) gave line 1. The sera giving line 1 did also give line 3. Line 2 was obtained with 2 sera only, also giving lines 1 and 3. Line 3 was caused by a streptococcal Fc-receptor for human IgG, since the line could be displaced by addition of Fc-fragments, but not Fab-fragments of pooled human IgG. Line 1 was shown to be different from line 3, since (1) line 1 was suppressed in contrast to line 3 on absorption of a human serum or commercial polyclonal human IgG with S. aureus; and (2), line 1 was suppressed by Fab-fragments but not Fc-fragments of polyclonal human IgG. Line 2 could be inhibited by addition of peptidoglycan to commercial polyclonal human IgG or a human serum investigated. Another line, 4, obtained in diffusion experiments involving electrophoretically separated alkaline extract of type 15 group A streptococci was type-specific as shown by rabbit antisera to streptococci type M1, M8, M15, and T44, and disappeared on trypsinization of the extract. The component responsible for line 4 in the streptococcal extract, judged to be type-specific M protein, had a mobility different from the component responsible for line 3 in electrophoresis.", "PMID": 384746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6683", "title": "Endotoxin and prostaglandin fever of newborn guinea pigs at different ambient temperatures.", "content": "At an ambient temperature (Ta) of 30 degrees C, injection of 0.2 micrograms E. coli endotoxin into the lateral cerebral ventricle (icv) of three-day-old or younger guinea pigs was followed by a biphasic febrile rise in body temperature (Tc) and oxygen consumption (VO2), interrupted by a transient fall. At Ta 20 degrees C the change in Tc and VO2 was still biphasic, the first rise was similar as that seen at Ta 30 degrees C, but the subsequent fall was more pronounced. Thus, Tc became lower than before endotoxin and remained below the pre-injection level during and after the second rise. Injection of 10 ng PGE1 icv caused sustained monophasic hyperthermia at both Ta-s. Icv injection of 0.9% NaCl did not affect Tc and VO2 at either Ta. Accordingly, prostaglandins might contribute to, but cannot account for, the whole febrile response to endotoxin.", "contents": "Endotoxin and prostaglandin fever of newborn guinea pigs at different ambient temperatures. At an ambient temperature (Ta) of 30 degrees C, injection of 0.2 micrograms E. coli endotoxin into the lateral cerebral ventricle (icv) of three-day-old or younger guinea pigs was followed by a biphasic febrile rise in body temperature (Tc) and oxygen consumption (VO2), interrupted by a transient fall. At Ta 20 degrees C the change in Tc and VO2 was still biphasic, the first rise was similar as that seen at Ta 30 degrees C, but the subsequent fall was more pronounced. Thus, Tc became lower than before endotoxin and remained below the pre-injection level during and after the second rise. Injection of 10 ng PGE1 icv caused sustained monophasic hyperthermia at both Ta-s. Icv injection of 0.9% NaCl did not affect Tc and VO2 at either Ta. Accordingly, prostaglandins might contribute to, but cannot account for, the whole febrile response to endotoxin.", "PMID": 384747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6684", "title": "[The anodically moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of Gram negative bacteria. Protection of mice by immunization with ATA (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice are protected against lethal doses of Salmonella typhi-murium by vaccination with ATA extracted from Providencia. No protective effect is observed when the S. typhi-murium strains are enterotoxigenic. Thus protection is antibacterial, but not antitoxic.", "contents": "[The anodically moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of Gram negative bacteria. Protection of mice by immunization with ATA (author's transl)]. Mice are protected against lethal doses of Salmonella typhi-murium by vaccination with ATA extracted from Providencia. No protective effect is observed when the S. typhi-murium strains are enterotoxigenic. Thus protection is antibacterial, but not antitoxic.", "PMID": 384750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6685", "title": "Effect of deep freezing on the result of blood cultures.", "content": "From citrated blood samples left to stand in the deep freeze at -20 degrees C for 12--14 hr prior to culturing, Staphylococcus aureus was recovered more effectively than from the control cultures.", "contents": "Effect of deep freezing on the result of blood cultures. From citrated blood samples left to stand in the deep freeze at -20 degrees C for 12--14 hr prior to culturing, Staphylococcus aureus was recovered more effectively than from the control cultures.", "PMID": 384751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6686", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the re-endothelialization of the carotid end-to-side anastomosis in the rat.", "content": "A carotid end-to-side anastomosis was made on 25 male Wistar rats (mean weight 197.8 g). At different time intervals, from 0 to 21 days after the operation, the animals were sacrificed. The anastomosis was exposed, the aorta was cannulated, and the animals were perfused at a constant pressure of 80 mm Hg with a 2 1/2% glutaraldehyde solution. The anastomoses were taken out for further SEM and light microscopic (LM) study. The SEM results indicate that after the acute platelet-fibrin reaction in the first 48 hours the suture line itself becomes reendothelialized after 4 days. On the stitches, however, (EthilonR 11 X 0, 2871 G, BV7 needle) after two days a cellular population was seen, consisting of leucocytes transforming into flattened cells. The morphology of these cells and their role in the regeneration of endothelium is discussed. This study gives evidence to the possibility of a blood-borne genesis of endothelial cells in vivo.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the re-endothelialization of the carotid end-to-side anastomosis in the rat. A carotid end-to-side anastomosis was made on 25 male Wistar rats (mean weight 197.8 g). At different time intervals, from 0 to 21 days after the operation, the animals were sacrificed. The anastomosis was exposed, the aorta was cannulated, and the animals were perfused at a constant pressure of 80 mm Hg with a 2 1/2% glutaraldehyde solution. The anastomoses were taken out for further SEM and light microscopic (LM) study. The SEM results indicate that after the acute platelet-fibrin reaction in the first 48 hours the suture line itself becomes reendothelialized after 4 days. On the stitches, however, (EthilonR 11 X 0, 2871 G, BV7 needle) after two days a cellular population was seen, consisting of leucocytes transforming into flattened cells. The morphology of these cells and their role in the regeneration of endothelium is discussed. This study gives evidence to the possibility of a blood-borne genesis of endothelial cells in vivo.", "PMID": 384753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6687", "title": "Opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis: a review of traditional neuroradiological diagnosis (82 cases, 1951--1976).", "content": "A retrospective appraisal of traditional neuroradiological techniques (such as direct r\u00f6ntgenograms, cerebral angiography RISA-cisternography, and pneumo-cisterno-encephalography, as opposed to the \"new\" technique of computer-assisted tomography) was carried out in a series of 82 cases of opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, all surgically verified. It is concluded that none of these examinations can provide a reliable diagnosis of opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, which preoperatively can only be a tentative diagnosis that becomes final only when confirmed by surgical findings. In the presence of certain progressive neuro-ophthalmological symptoms and signs, a negative neuro-radiological investigation should not deter the neurosurgeon from exploring the chiasmatic region. Computer-assisted tomography, of which the authors have no personal experience in these cases, may hold the future answer to the diagnostic problem.", "contents": "Opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis: a review of traditional neuroradiological diagnosis (82 cases, 1951--1976). A retrospective appraisal of traditional neuroradiological techniques (such as direct r\u00f6ntgenograms, cerebral angiography RISA-cisternography, and pneumo-cisterno-encephalography, as opposed to the \"new\" technique of computer-assisted tomography) was carried out in a series of 82 cases of opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, all surgically verified. It is concluded that none of these examinations can provide a reliable diagnosis of opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, which preoperatively can only be a tentative diagnosis that becomes final only when confirmed by surgical findings. In the presence of certain progressive neuro-ophthalmological symptoms and signs, a negative neuro-radiological investigation should not deter the neurosurgeon from exploring the chiasmatic region. Computer-assisted tomography, of which the authors have no personal experience in these cases, may hold the future answer to the diagnostic problem.", "PMID": 384755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6688", "title": "The magazine picture collage: its clinical use and validity as an assessment device.", "content": "To contribute to an understanding of the magazine picture collage as a clinical assessment device, experienced psychiatric staff from various disciplines were asked to distinguish the collages of hospitalized psychiatric patients from those of paired controls, to note whatever descriptive and dynamic features about the individual that could be inferred from the collage, and to document what specific aspects of the collage were used in drawing the inferences. The raters, on the basis of the collage, were not able to distinguish the patients from the controls but were able to derive highly accurate inferences. The results were taken to indicate that, while the collage is best used as a means of assessing psychological processes as contrasted with assigning a diagnosis or predicting behavior, more rigorous research is needed to relate collage factors to personality factors.", "contents": "The magazine picture collage: its clinical use and validity as an assessment device. To contribute to an understanding of the magazine picture collage as a clinical assessment device, experienced psychiatric staff from various disciplines were asked to distinguish the collages of hospitalized psychiatric patients from those of paired controls, to note whatever descriptive and dynamic features about the individual that could be inferred from the collage, and to document what specific aspects of the collage were used in drawing the inferences. The raters, on the basis of the collage, were not able to distinguish the patients from the controls but were able to derive highly accurate inferences. The results were taken to indicate that, while the collage is best used as a means of assessing psychological processes as contrasted with assigning a diagnosis or predicting behavior, more rigorous research is needed to relate collage factors to personality factors.", "PMID": 384776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6689", "title": "The physiological consequences of wearing industrial respirators: a review.", "content": "The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, published in 1963, has as its primary source of physiological background the work of Silverman and co-workers performed during World War II. The adoption of permanent OSHA standards governing work tasks requiring workers to use respirators has created a need for further evaluation of the physiological effects of wearing a respirator. This review was undertaken to meet the need of an in-depth evaluation of the currently available psychophysiological data. It was concluded that it was of the utmost importance to develop a physiological and psychological medical screening examination to determine the capability of the worker to use a respirator.", "contents": "The physiological consequences of wearing industrial respirators: a review. The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, published in 1963, has as its primary source of physiological background the work of Silverman and co-workers performed during World War II. The adoption of permanent OSHA standards governing work tasks requiring workers to use respirators has created a need for further evaluation of the physiological effects of wearing a respirator. This review was undertaken to meet the need of an in-depth evaluation of the currently available psychophysiological data. It was concluded that it was of the utmost importance to develop a physiological and psychological medical screening examination to determine the capability of the worker to use a respirator.", "PMID": 384779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6690", "title": "Stresses involved in wearing PVC supplied-air suits: a review.", "content": "A side effect of the growth and development of industrial technology is the ever increasing number of hostile environments encountered by man. This situation has resulted in the development of impermeable clothing as a barrier protection against the external environment. Unfortunately, although specific government standards concerning the design and engineering requirements of the impermeable suit have been stated, little or no standardized evaluation of the majority of available suits has been attempted. This review was undertaken to provide an in-depth summary of the physiological effects of a PVC protective suit while working. It was concluded that it was necessary to develop a standardized performance test to determine the protective and stressful characteristics of the individual manufacturer's designed suit. Recommendations of specific criteria for the test were obtained.", "contents": "Stresses involved in wearing PVC supplied-air suits: a review. A side effect of the growth and development of industrial technology is the ever increasing number of hostile environments encountered by man. This situation has resulted in the development of impermeable clothing as a barrier protection against the external environment. Unfortunately, although specific government standards concerning the design and engineering requirements of the impermeable suit have been stated, little or no standardized evaluation of the majority of available suits has been attempted. This review was undertaken to provide an in-depth summary of the physiological effects of a PVC protective suit while working. It was concluded that it was necessary to develop a standardized performance test to determine the protective and stressful characteristics of the individual manufacturer's designed suit. Recommendations of specific criteria for the test were obtained.", "PMID": 384781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6691", "title": "Alimentary hypoglycemia: a new appraisal.", "content": "The clinical evaluation and the results of oral glucose tolerance tests in patients with alimentary hypoglycemia, reported previously or studied as part of our group of 24 patients with this disorder, suggest that alimentary hypoglycemia may differ from other reactive hypoglycemias in clinical presentation and importance. Unlike other reactive hypoglycemias, alimentary hypoglycemia may be associated with severe or permanent neuropsychiatric complications. Subtle, \"neuroglycopenic\" symptoms of hypoglycemia may occur, instead of \"typical,\" \"adrenergic\" symptoms. Glucose ingestion, by causing early hyperglycemia and provoking the release of insulinotropic enteric hormones appears responsible for this disorder. Therefore, therapy with diets low in simple sugar, but unrestricted in complex carbohydrate and fiber are now advocated.", "contents": "Alimentary hypoglycemia: a new appraisal. The clinical evaluation and the results of oral glucose tolerance tests in patients with alimentary hypoglycemia, reported previously or studied as part of our group of 24 patients with this disorder, suggest that alimentary hypoglycemia may differ from other reactive hypoglycemias in clinical presentation and importance. Unlike other reactive hypoglycemias, alimentary hypoglycemia may be associated with severe or permanent neuropsychiatric complications. Subtle, \"neuroglycopenic\" symptoms of hypoglycemia may occur, instead of \"typical,\" \"adrenergic\" symptoms. Glucose ingestion, by causing early hyperglycemia and provoking the release of insulinotropic enteric hormones appears responsible for this disorder. Therefore, therapy with diets low in simple sugar, but unrestricted in complex carbohydrate and fiber are now advocated.", "PMID": 384782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6692", "title": "A comparative study of greek and chinese alchemy.", "content": "According to an herbal cult of immortality in China, about 200 B.C., certain plants could make man immortal. Greek alchemy, the earliest record of which dated about 200 A.D., presents a similar version, was originally Chinese and was introduced by the Arabs who brought herbal drugs of longevity to Alexandria. The name of these drugs, Chin-I, dialectal Kim-Iya, was Arabicized as Kimiya and transliterated Chemeia by the Copts. Other terms were later influenced by Indians (Chumeia, 100 A.D.) and more directly by the Chinese (Chrusozomion, 200 A.D.). The 3 terms signify herbal elixirs of gold and the art related to them. Both early Chinese and Greek alchemies were not concerned with the making of bullion gold. In China the development of alchemy has been ruled by two theories: first, as like makes like, a perennial plant can make human life perennial: likewise, certain substances can prolong human life as they are rich in Life-force or Soul-content. From here, Blood was equated to Soul and later Redness to Soul. Jade, Cinnabar and eventually gold, more precisely Red-gold or Cinnabar-gold, a colloidal gold, became the ideal drug of immortality. Finally, alchemy can be defined as the art of making metal colloids as panaceae.", "contents": "A comparative study of greek and chinese alchemy. According to an herbal cult of immortality in China, about 200 B.C., certain plants could make man immortal. Greek alchemy, the earliest record of which dated about 200 A.D., presents a similar version, was originally Chinese and was introduced by the Arabs who brought herbal drugs of longevity to Alexandria. The name of these drugs, Chin-I, dialectal Kim-Iya, was Arabicized as Kimiya and transliterated Chemeia by the Copts. Other terms were later influenced by Indians (Chumeia, 100 A.D.) and more directly by the Chinese (Chrusozomion, 200 A.D.). The 3 terms signify herbal elixirs of gold and the art related to them. Both early Chinese and Greek alchemies were not concerned with the making of bullion gold. In China the development of alchemy has been ruled by two theories: first, as like makes like, a perennial plant can make human life perennial: likewise, certain substances can prolong human life as they are rich in Life-force or Soul-content. From here, Blood was equated to Soul and later Redness to Soul. Jade, Cinnabar and eventually gold, more precisely Red-gold or Cinnabar-gold, a colloidal gold, became the ideal drug of immortality. Finally, alchemy can be defined as the art of making metal colloids as panaceae.", "PMID": 384783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6693", "title": "Myelomatous pleural effusion: clinical course and immunologic characterization of the pleural fluid cells.", "content": "Multiple myeloma is a disease that infrequently involves nonreticuloendothelial tissues and rarely causes pleural effusion. A 59-year-old woman had pleural effusion as the major manifestation of multiple myeloma. Light microscopy of her pleural fluid with Wright stained preparations showed all cells to be bizarre and often multinucleated plasmacytes. Electron microscopy confirmed these results. Intracellular immunofluorescence revealed IgG-kappa immunoglobulin (Ig) in greater than 90% of these cells. Surface immunofluorescence using anti-Ig sera was seen on less than 5% of the pleural fluid cells. 3H leucine incorporation into Ig in vitro was measured for these cells, and secretory curves were obtained that have the typical secretory kinetics of bone marrow plasmacytes. This demonstrates that such cells are viable and are able to synthesize and release immunoglobulin. Treatment of our patient with prednisone, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide resulted in symptomatic improvement and complete resolution of her pleural effusion. Pleural effusion is an unusual but important complication of multiple myeloma and does not necessarily carry the grave prognosis implied in previous reports.", "contents": "Myelomatous pleural effusion: clinical course and immunologic characterization of the pleural fluid cells. Multiple myeloma is a disease that infrequently involves nonreticuloendothelial tissues and rarely causes pleural effusion. A 59-year-old woman had pleural effusion as the major manifestation of multiple myeloma. Light microscopy of her pleural fluid with Wright stained preparations showed all cells to be bizarre and often multinucleated plasmacytes. Electron microscopy confirmed these results. Intracellular immunofluorescence revealed IgG-kappa immunoglobulin (Ig) in greater than 90% of these cells. Surface immunofluorescence using anti-Ig sera was seen on less than 5% of the pleural fluid cells. 3H leucine incorporation into Ig in vitro was measured for these cells, and secretory curves were obtained that have the typical secretory kinetics of bone marrow plasmacytes. This demonstrates that such cells are viable and are able to synthesize and release immunoglobulin. Treatment of our patient with prednisone, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide resulted in symptomatic improvement and complete resolution of her pleural effusion. Pleural effusion is an unusual but important complication of multiple myeloma and does not necessarily carry the grave prognosis implied in previous reports.", "PMID": 384784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6694", "title": "Gastroenteritis due to enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and invasive Escherichia coli: A review.", "content": "Escherichia coli that produce diarrhea can be divided into three groups: 1) enteropathogenic, 2) enterotoxigenic, and 3) enteroinvasive. The mechanism of disease production by enteropathogenic E. coli is unknown, but these strains are not presently known to be inherently pathogenic, although they may be important as a cause of gastroenteritis in infants. The two known mechanisms of disease production are elaboration of enterotoxin and mucosal invasion. Heat-labile toxin-producing E. coli are the main cause of diarrhea in travelers while heat-stable toxin-producing E. coli are a cause of scours among new-born swine and cattle. Enteroinvasive E. coli have not been shown to be an important cause of diarrhea in the United States. Enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and enteroinvasive E. coli that currently are associated with diarrhea worldwide may each consist of relatively few serotypes different from those associated with out-breaks of diarrhea in the past. This implies a possible new role for sero-typing of E. coli.", "contents": "Gastroenteritis due to enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and invasive Escherichia coli: A review. Escherichia coli that produce diarrhea can be divided into three groups: 1) enteropathogenic, 2) enterotoxigenic, and 3) enteroinvasive. The mechanism of disease production by enteropathogenic E. coli is unknown, but these strains are not presently known to be inherently pathogenic, although they may be important as a cause of gastroenteritis in infants. The two known mechanisms of disease production are elaboration of enterotoxin and mucosal invasion. Heat-labile toxin-producing E. coli are the main cause of diarrhea in travelers while heat-stable toxin-producing E. coli are a cause of scours among new-born swine and cattle. Enteroinvasive E. coli have not been shown to be an important cause of diarrhea in the United States. Enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and enteroinvasive E. coli that currently are associated with diarrhea worldwide may each consist of relatively few serotypes different from those associated with out-breaks of diarrhea in the past. This implies a possible new role for sero-typing of E. coli.", "PMID": 384789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6695", "title": "Determination of serum hCG levels by radioreceptor assay in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "The radioreceptorassay (RRA) has been used for measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in sera from 751 individuals. The RRA is shown to be sensitive (98 percent) and specific (99.8 percent) in detecting hCG in a wide variety of conditions, including normal pregnancy and threatened or missed abortions. As a rapid qualitative or semiquantitative assay for hCG, the RRA is a valuable adjunct in the laboratory to less sensitive tests for hCG. Variation among different quantitative assays for hCG is examined, and it is concluded that the same assay system should be used for monitoring hCG LEvels in a single individual over a period of time in order to avoid inconsistent results. Application of the quantitative RRA for hCG in detecting the midcycle luteinizing hormone surge in infertility is also presented.", "contents": "Determination of serum hCG levels by radioreceptor assay in the clinical laboratory. The radioreceptorassay (RRA) has been used for measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in sera from 751 individuals. The RRA is shown to be sensitive (98 percent) and specific (99.8 percent) in detecting hCG in a wide variety of conditions, including normal pregnancy and threatened or missed abortions. As a rapid qualitative or semiquantitative assay for hCG, the RRA is a valuable adjunct in the laboratory to less sensitive tests for hCG. Variation among different quantitative assays for hCG is examined, and it is concluded that the same assay system should be used for monitoring hCG LEvels in a single individual over a period of time in order to avoid inconsistent results. Application of the quantitative RRA for hCG in detecting the midcycle luteinizing hormone surge in infertility is also presented.", "PMID": 384790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6696", "title": "A short history of human genetics in the USA.", "content": "The practicing physician discovered human genetics primarily as a result of two events. The use of the atomic bomb generated a vast amount of attention because of the fear of genetic hazards of radiation. Next, the discovery that the Down syndrome resulted from the presence of an extra chromosome finally focused the vision of the medical profession on human genetics as an area of importance in disease. It was also necessary that the erroneous fatalism about the impossibility of treating genetic diseases had to diminish before medicine would find human genetics attractive for research in therapeutic techniques. All of these things have come to pass and human genetics cannot help but enjoy a distinguished and extremely useful future.", "contents": "A short history of human genetics in the USA. The practicing physician discovered human genetics primarily as a result of two events. The use of the atomic bomb generated a vast amount of attention because of the fear of genetic hazards of radiation. Next, the discovery that the Down syndrome resulted from the presence of an extra chromosome finally focused the vision of the medical profession on human genetics as an area of importance in disease. It was also necessary that the erroneous fatalism about the impossibility of treating genetic diseases had to diminish before medicine would find human genetics attractive for research in therapeutic techniques. All of these things have come to pass and human genetics cannot help but enjoy a distinguished and extremely useful future.", "PMID": 384792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6697", "title": "An association between chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "An association between chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma previously has not been reported in adults. We describe a woman with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia documented by chest roentgenogram, elevated total eosinophil count, and transbronchial biopsy demonstrating eosinophilic pneumonitis. The illness was controlled with corticosteroids for ten months after which time lymphadenopathy appeared and diffuse, histiocytic lymphoma was diagnosed.", "contents": "An association between chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and histiocytic lymphoma. An association between chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma previously has not been reported in adults. We describe a woman with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia documented by chest roentgenogram, elevated total eosinophil count, and transbronchial biopsy demonstrating eosinophilic pneumonitis. The illness was controlled with corticosteroids for ten months after which time lymphadenopathy appeared and diffuse, histiocytic lymphoma was diagnosed.", "PMID": 384791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6698", "title": "Ocular toxoplasmosis in wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus).", "content": "We initiated a pathologic investigation of ocular disease in wallabies. Of 21 animals examined, the eyes were investigated histologically in 11; in four of these animals the brains were also available for section and the sera were investigated in three. In ten animals only sera were received. Histologic studies showed bilateral or unilateral cataract in five animals. Eight animals, with or without cataracts, showed various degrees of keratitis, uveitis, choroidoretinitis, or endophthalmitis. In three animals Toxoplasma cysts were found within the retina or brain, or both. Of the 13 cases examined serologically 11 were positive for toxoplasmosis; three reached high titers.", "contents": "Ocular toxoplasmosis in wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). We initiated a pathologic investigation of ocular disease in wallabies. Of 21 animals examined, the eyes were investigated histologically in 11; in four of these animals the brains were also available for section and the sera were investigated in three. In ten animals only sera were received. Histologic studies showed bilateral or unilateral cataract in five animals. Eight animals, with or without cataracts, showed various degrees of keratitis, uveitis, choroidoretinitis, or endophthalmitis. In three animals Toxoplasma cysts were found within the retina or brain, or both. Of the 13 cases examined serologically 11 were positive for toxoplasmosis; three reached high titers.", "PMID": 384800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6699", "title": "Keratoplasty in Fuchs' dystrophy and bullous keratopathy.", "content": "We studied the results in six cases of penetrating keratoplasty in Fuchs' dystrophy and bullous keratopathy. The prognosis has improved considerably in the last decade because of the advances and improvements in the fields of anesthesia, new drugs, better instrumentation, more refined surgical techniques performed under microscopic control, more meticulous selection of the graft, better knowledge of biologic mechanisms, and progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of complications.", "contents": "Keratoplasty in Fuchs' dystrophy and bullous keratopathy. We studied the results in six cases of penetrating keratoplasty in Fuchs' dystrophy and bullous keratopathy. The prognosis has improved considerably in the last decade because of the advances and improvements in the fields of anesthesia, new drugs, better instrumentation, more refined surgical techniques performed under microscopic control, more meticulous selection of the graft, better knowledge of biologic mechanisms, and progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of complications.", "PMID": 384801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6700", "title": "Instrumentation and techniques for corneal microsurgery.", "content": "We developed two additions to a new system of microsurgery for corneal cutting and grafting: a 10-mm contact lens corneal cutter and a stereotaxic donor disk chuck and frame.", "contents": "Instrumentation and techniques for corneal microsurgery. We developed two additions to a new system of microsurgery for corneal cutting and grafting: a 10-mm contact lens corneal cutter and a stereotaxic donor disk chuck and frame.", "PMID": 384802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6701", "title": "Current techniques of adjustable strabismus surgery.", "content": "Adjustable strabismus surgical procedures provide the opportunity to reposition a surgically altered muscle position, which is often necessary for nonaverage cases of strabismus correction. The usual surgical procedure is extended into the postoperative period (same hospitalization) so that the surgeon may satisfactorily monitor the total end result (by cover test and rotations) at the time of adjustment. Adjustable techniques should be considered whenever a desired goal is unlikely to be reached in one surgical session. Recent technical improvements allow satisfactory globe position control during the adjustment stage for ease of recession or resection adjustment. Globe stabilization is attained during surgery and the postoperative adjustment by means of a scleral loop handle, placed near the corneoscleral limbus. Millimeters of adjustment are easily estimated by means of a sliding suture knot technique.", "contents": "Current techniques of adjustable strabismus surgery. Adjustable strabismus surgical procedures provide the opportunity to reposition a surgically altered muscle position, which is often necessary for nonaverage cases of strabismus correction. The usual surgical procedure is extended into the postoperative period (same hospitalization) so that the surgeon may satisfactorily monitor the total end result (by cover test and rotations) at the time of adjustment. Adjustable techniques should be considered whenever a desired goal is unlikely to be reached in one surgical session. Recent technical improvements allow satisfactory globe position control during the adjustment stage for ease of recession or resection adjustment. Globe stabilization is attained during surgery and the postoperative adjustment by means of a scleral loop handle, placed near the corneoscleral limbus. Millimeters of adjustment are easily estimated by means of a sliding suture knot technique.", "PMID": 384803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6702", "title": "A decision-making schema for the detection of glaucoma.", "content": "A schema is proposed for management of optometrical patients who may have glaucoma or any of 22 risk factors of glaucoma. The assessment system has established decision points and management pathways based on risk factors in glaucoma which employ only clinical procedures appropriate to current optometrical practice. This schema is particularly designed to permit diagnosis of early angle-closure glaucoma while the disease is in the symptomless phase, prior to chronic elevation of intraocular pressure and the development of damage to the optic disc and visual fields. A recommendation is made for inclusion of the Van Herick test as routine and in the assessment of patients entering the schema. Gonioscopy should form part of the diagnostic workup, but an alternative pathway is established for use when this technique is omitted.", "contents": "A decision-making schema for the detection of glaucoma. A schema is proposed for management of optometrical patients who may have glaucoma or any of 22 risk factors of glaucoma. The assessment system has established decision points and management pathways based on risk factors in glaucoma which employ only clinical procedures appropriate to current optometrical practice. This schema is particularly designed to permit diagnosis of early angle-closure glaucoma while the disease is in the symptomless phase, prior to chronic elevation of intraocular pressure and the development of damage to the optic disc and visual fields. A recommendation is made for inclusion of the Van Herick test as routine and in the assessment of patients entering the schema. Gonioscopy should form part of the diagnostic workup, but an alternative pathway is established for use when this technique is omitted.", "PMID": 384805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6703", "title": "A selected review of current retinal research and study.", "content": "This paper presents a digest of 50 retinal research projects reported in one British and two American journals from July 1976 through June 1977. The articles reviewed report recent developments pertaining to effects of excessive light on retinal tissue in newborn rats, pathogenesis of cotton-wool spots, control of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes, infections, macular diseases, variations in retinal pigment epithelium, and retinal detachment.", "contents": "A selected review of current retinal research and study. This paper presents a digest of 50 retinal research projects reported in one British and two American journals from July 1976 through June 1977. The articles reviewed report recent developments pertaining to effects of excessive light on retinal tissue in newborn rats, pathogenesis of cotton-wool spots, control of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes, infections, macular diseases, variations in retinal pigment epithelium, and retinal detachment.", "PMID": 384806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6704", "title": "Immunologic reaction of psychotic patients to fractions of gluten.", "content": "Production of a leukocyte migration inhibition factor by peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to challenge with gluten fractions was studied in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses compared with normal individuals and with children and adolescents with celiac disease. The schizophrenic and other psychotic patients could be subdivided into two groups, one that responded in the leukocyte migration inhibition factor test as the celiac patients did and one that responded as the normal control subjects did. The psychotic and schizophrenic patients did not show any evidence of malabsorption. The authors speculate that gluten may be involved in biological processes in the brain in certain psychotic individuals.", "contents": "Immunologic reaction of psychotic patients to fractions of gluten. Production of a leukocyte migration inhibition factor by peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to challenge with gluten fractions was studied in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses compared with normal individuals and with children and adolescents with celiac disease. The schizophrenic and other psychotic patients could be subdivided into two groups, one that responded in the leukocyte migration inhibition factor test as the celiac patients did and one that responded as the normal control subjects did. The psychotic and schizophrenic patients did not show any evidence of malabsorption. The authors speculate that gluten may be involved in biological processes in the brain in certain psychotic individuals.", "PMID": 384809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6705", "title": "Factors associated with increased dental care utilization in five urban, low-income areas.", "content": "Survey data were used to measure change in dental utilization in five urban low-income areas as a result of increased financial (Medicaid) and facility (community health centers) access to dental care. The average annual dental visit between the baseline and follow-up surveys showed a dramatic increase in four of the five survey areas. With the exception of Roxbury, Massachusetts, where the rate was already high in the earlier survey, the dental visit rate in the remaining areas increased 33 to 80 per cent compared to an increase of only 7 per cent nationally between 1969 and 1975. Both CHC and Medicaid programs made important contributions to increased dental care. Among persons who saw a dentist in the year in these areas, 25 per cent reported CHC as their usual source of dental care and 46 per cent reported that their dental care costs in the year were borne by Medicaid. In spite of recent increases, however, the average annual dental visit rate was only 1.0 in the five areas compared to 1.6 nationally, which is 60 per cent higher. The generally low dental utilization levels among persons covered by Medicaid or served by CHCs may indicate that much of the increased dental utilization which occurred in these areas was limited to taking care of existing dental problems while neglecting preventive dental care.", "contents": "Factors associated with increased dental care utilization in five urban, low-income areas. Survey data were used to measure change in dental utilization in five urban low-income areas as a result of increased financial (Medicaid) and facility (community health centers) access to dental care. The average annual dental visit between the baseline and follow-up surveys showed a dramatic increase in four of the five survey areas. With the exception of Roxbury, Massachusetts, where the rate was already high in the earlier survey, the dental visit rate in the remaining areas increased 33 to 80 per cent compared to an increase of only 7 per cent nationally between 1969 and 1975. Both CHC and Medicaid programs made important contributions to increased dental care. Among persons who saw a dentist in the year in these areas, 25 per cent reported CHC as their usual source of dental care and 46 per cent reported that their dental care costs in the year were borne by Medicaid. In spite of recent increases, however, the average annual dental visit rate was only 1.0 in the five areas compared to 1.6 nationally, which is 60 per cent higher. The generally low dental utilization levels among persons covered by Medicaid or served by CHCs may indicate that much of the increased dental utilization which occurred in these areas was limited to taking care of existing dental problems while neglecting preventive dental care.", "PMID": 384810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6706", "title": "Cohort maternal mortality: New York, 1917-1972.", "content": "Data on New York State maternal mortality, 1917-1972, are analyzed and show that the cohort patterns of age-specific maternal mortality are mainly a reflection of the pattern of period declines in age-specific maternal mortality.", "contents": "Cohort maternal mortality: New York, 1917-1972. Data on New York State maternal mortality, 1917-1972, are analyzed and show that the cohort patterns of age-specific maternal mortality are mainly a reflection of the pattern of period declines in age-specific maternal mortality.", "PMID": 384811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6707", "title": "Ascaris and growth rates: a randomized trial of treatment.", "content": "Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian preschool children were randomly assigned to levamisole or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one-year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children treated with levamisole than in those receiving placebo (p = .03). The rate of height gain was no different for treatment and placebo groups.", "contents": "Ascaris and growth rates: a randomized trial of treatment. Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian preschool children were randomly assigned to levamisole or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one-year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children treated with levamisole than in those receiving placebo (p = .03). The rate of height gain was no different for treatment and placebo groups.", "PMID": 384815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6708", "title": "The role of hemoglobins C, S, and Nbalt in the inhibition of malaria parasite development in vitro.", "content": "The host cell competence of hemoglobin C (HbC)-containing erythrocytes for Plasmodium falciparum was studied by in vitro culture. HbC homozygous red cells did not support the growth of the intracellular parasite. Heterozygous cells, however, were competent. In addition, HbC increased the resistance of sicle cell hemoglobin (HbS) red cells when present in the double heterozygote, SC, cultured at low oxygen tension. This effect most likely resulted from the ability of HbC to enhance the sickling of HbS-containing red cells. Oxygenated SC cells were indistinguishable from normal and AS cells in host cell competence. Another double heterozygote, SNBalt, showed decreased sickling and decreased resistance to malaria parasite growth. The evolutionary significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The role of hemoglobins C, S, and Nbalt in the inhibition of malaria parasite development in vitro. The host cell competence of hemoglobin C (HbC)-containing erythrocytes for Plasmodium falciparum was studied by in vitro culture. HbC homozygous red cells did not support the growth of the intracellular parasite. Heterozygous cells, however, were competent. In addition, HbC increased the resistance of sicle cell hemoglobin (HbS) red cells when present in the double heterozygote, SC, cultured at low oxygen tension. This effect most likely resulted from the ability of HbC to enhance the sickling of HbS-containing red cells. Oxygenated SC cells were indistinguishable from normal and AS cells in host cell competence. Another double heterozygote, SNBalt, showed decreased sickling and decreased resistance to malaria parasite growth. The evolutionary significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 384816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6709", "title": "Demonstration of dengue antibody complexes on the surface of platelets from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "By the direct immunofluorescent technic, dengue antigen, human immunoglobulins, and beta 1C globulin were detectable on the surfaces of platelet suspensions from 48% of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. The percentages of positive-staining platelets were not related to the severity of thrombocytopenia, which was marked on the day after the patient developed shock or subsidence of fever. It is suggested that an immunologic mechanism is one of the factors associated with the thrombocytopenia caused by increased platelet destruction.", "contents": "Demonstration of dengue antibody complexes on the surface of platelets from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. By the direct immunofluorescent technic, dengue antigen, human immunoglobulins, and beta 1C globulin were detectable on the surfaces of platelet suspensions from 48% of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. The percentages of positive-staining platelets were not related to the severity of thrombocytopenia, which was marked on the day after the patient developed shock or subsidence of fever. It is suggested that an immunologic mechanism is one of the factors associated with the thrombocytopenia caused by increased platelet destruction.", "PMID": 384817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6710", "title": "Drug-resistant falciparum malaria among the Mayongong Indians in the Brazilian Amazon.", "content": "In April of 1977 an outbreak of falciparum malaria occurred among the Mayongong Indians, located at Uauaris in the Territory of Roraima, Brazil. Blood specimens from 157 Indians were examined for Plasmodium; 62 were found to be infected. In three cases the infection was not cured with chloroquine but responded favorably to the drug combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (Fansidar).", "contents": "Drug-resistant falciparum malaria among the Mayongong Indians in the Brazilian Amazon. In April of 1977 an outbreak of falciparum malaria occurred among the Mayongong Indians, located at Uauaris in the Territory of Roraima, Brazil. Blood specimens from 157 Indians were examined for Plasmodium; 62 were found to be infected. In three cases the infection was not cured with chloroquine but responded favorably to the drug combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (Fansidar).", "PMID": 384818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6711", "title": "Pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap: a new flap in head and neck reconstruction.", "content": "The pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap described by Ariyan has great potential in single stage reconstructions of the head and neck. The advantages of the flap are greater length, improved vascularity, bulk, and one-stage reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects. The flap was used successfully in eight patients to reconstruct large defects in the head and neck area. Experience to date indicates that this flap has greater versatility than the deltopectoral flap in one-stage head and neck reconstructions.", "contents": "Pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap: a new flap in head and neck reconstruction. The pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap described by Ariyan has great potential in single stage reconstructions of the head and neck. The advantages of the flap are greater length, improved vascularity, bulk, and one-stage reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects. The flap was used successfully in eight patients to reconstruct large defects in the head and neck area. Experience to date indicates that this flap has greater versatility than the deltopectoral flap in one-stage head and neck reconstructions.", "PMID": 384821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6712", "title": "Use of microvascular flaps including free osteocutaneous flaps in reconstruction after composite resection for radiation-recurrent oral cancer.", "content": "Fourteen patients underwent microsurgical free flap procedures for reconstruction after composite resection of radiation-recurrent oral cancer. The use of attached metatarsal bone in nine patients for mandibular reconstruction is in our view a significant advance in this field. Two failures occurred, one due to sepsis and one to delayed thrombosis. Our experience indicates that this procedure deserves a place in the surgical treatment of patients afflicted with oral malignancy.", "contents": "Use of microvascular flaps including free osteocutaneous flaps in reconstruction after composite resection for radiation-recurrent oral cancer. Fourteen patients underwent microsurgical free flap procedures for reconstruction after composite resection of radiation-recurrent oral cancer. The use of attached metatarsal bone in nine patients for mandibular reconstruction is in our view a significant advance in this field. Two failures occurred, one due to sepsis and one to delayed thrombosis. Our experience indicates that this procedure deserves a place in the surgical treatment of patients afflicted with oral malignancy.", "PMID": 384822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6713", "title": "Experimental fibrogenesis: enhancement by chronic ethanol administration.", "content": "The authors have presented a new, simple, and reproducible model of fibrogenesis and have shown that chronic alcohol treatment clearly stimulates the production of fibrous tissue in this model.", "contents": "Experimental fibrogenesis: enhancement by chronic ethanol administration. The authors have presented a new, simple, and reproducible model of fibrogenesis and have shown that chronic alcohol treatment clearly stimulates the production of fibrous tissue in this model.", "PMID": 384829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6714", "title": "The photochemical action spectrum of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system.", "content": "The inhibition of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) by carbon monoxide (CO) can be reversed by illumination with lights of differing wavelengths. The authors determined the efficiency of this reversal as a function of the illuminating light. Maximum efficiency was obtained in the wavelength band around 440-450 nm, which is near the absorption of the reduced cytochrome-P-450-carbon monoxide complex. When the experiment was repeated with microsomes prepared from ethanol-fed rats, the wavelength for maximum efficiency shifted towards higher values.", "contents": "The photochemical action spectrum of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. The inhibition of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) by carbon monoxide (CO) can be reversed by illumination with lights of differing wavelengths. The authors determined the efficiency of this reversal as a function of the illuminating light. Maximum efficiency was obtained in the wavelength band around 440-450 nm, which is near the absorption of the reduced cytochrome-P-450-carbon monoxide complex. When the experiment was repeated with microsomes prepared from ethanol-fed rats, the wavelength for maximum efficiency shifted towards higher values.", "PMID": 384830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6715", "title": "Effect of disulfiram on cognition, subjective response, and cortical-event-related potentials in nonalcoholic subjects.", "content": "The effect of 0.5 g of disulfiram per day for 2 wk on a battery of cognitive and cortical-event-related potential tasks was studied in healthy, nonalcoholic volunteers.", "contents": "Effect of disulfiram on cognition, subjective response, and cortical-event-related potentials in nonalcoholic subjects. The effect of 0.5 g of disulfiram per day for 2 wk on a battery of cognitive and cortical-event-related potential tasks was studied in healthy, nonalcoholic volunteers.", "PMID": 384831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6716", "title": "Disulfiram-induced disturbances in hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "content": "This report indicates that disulfiram at clinically useful doses is capable of altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function of normal men.", "contents": "Disulfiram-induced disturbances in hypothalamic-pituitary function. This report indicates that disulfiram at clinically useful doses is capable of altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function of normal men.", "PMID": 384832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6717", "title": "The metabolism of zinc and selenium in cirrhotic patients during six weeks of zinc ingestion.", "content": "Zinc metabolism in cirrhotic patients was studied, indicating some improvement that did not alter the abnormalities of zinc metabolism significantly and showed no evidence of correlation of abnormalities with the clinical improvement or lack thereof in the patients studied.", "contents": "The metabolism of zinc and selenium in cirrhotic patients during six weeks of zinc ingestion. Zinc metabolism in cirrhotic patients was studied, indicating some improvement that did not alter the abnormalities of zinc metabolism significantly and showed no evidence of correlation of abnormalities with the clinical improvement or lack thereof in the patients studied.", "PMID": 384833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6718", "title": "Influence of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation on hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cell function.", "content": "This report evaluates the influence of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation on various facets of liver function as well as induction of hepatic and pulmonary pathology in rats. Chronic ethanol inhalation is associated with minimal hepatic dysfunction, but pronounced induction of metabolic tolerance.", "contents": "Influence of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation on hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cell function. This report evaluates the influence of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation on various facets of liver function as well as induction of hepatic and pulmonary pathology in rats. Chronic ethanol inhalation is associated with minimal hepatic dysfunction, but pronounced induction of metabolic tolerance.", "PMID": 384834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6719", "title": "Similarity of effects of alcohol and sensory stimulation in post-alcoholics and controls.", "content": "Derived from the hypothesis that many alcoholics would experience autonomic \"arousal\" and craving for alcohol under conditions of high sensory stimulation, this study does not support prior findings.", "contents": "Similarity of effects of alcohol and sensory stimulation in post-alcoholics and controls. Derived from the hypothesis that many alcoholics would experience autonomic \"arousal\" and craving for alcohol under conditions of high sensory stimulation, this study does not support prior findings.", "PMID": 384835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6720", "title": "Result of a low-cost follow-up study of discharged alcoholics.", "content": "This paper describes a simple procedure for determining which variables in treatment programs are related to treatment outcome.", "contents": "Result of a low-cost follow-up study of discharged alcoholics. This paper describes a simple procedure for determining which variables in treatment programs are related to treatment outcome.", "PMID": 384836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6721", "title": "Genetics and alcoholism simulacra.", "content": "The author explores the role of genetic techniques in developing simulacra for eventual use as models in alcoholism research.", "contents": "Genetics and alcoholism simulacra. The author explores the role of genetic techniques in developing simulacra for eventual use as models in alcoholism research.", "PMID": 384837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6722", "title": "A method for the determination of \"free\" acetaldehyde in plasma.", "content": "A new method for measuring \"free\" acetaldehyde in plasma, the author's procedure avoids the precipitation of protein and almost completely eliminates the spontaneous formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol.", "contents": "A method for the determination of \"free\" acetaldehyde in plasma. A new method for measuring \"free\" acetaldehyde in plasma, the author's procedure avoids the precipitation of protein and almost completely eliminates the spontaneous formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol.", "PMID": 384838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6723", "title": "Normocapnic anaesthesia with trichloroethylene for intraocular surgery.", "content": "Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry in twelve patients undergoing lens extraction showed that a normocapnic anaesthetic technique using 0.4% trichloroethylene with controlled ventilation of the lungs (IPPV) with large tidal volumes (14 ml/kg) reduced IOP by 13--20%. There was only a small reduction in arterial pressure. Normocapnia was easy to achieve by use of the single-limb co-axial Penlon (Bain type) anaesthetic breathing circuit in conjunction with an electrically-driven, small and inexpensive lung ventilator. The anaesthetic technique described using trichloroethylene is suitable for lens extraction surgery when it is desired to avoid a halothane anaesthetic for any reason.", "contents": "Normocapnic anaesthesia with trichloroethylene for intraocular surgery. Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry in twelve patients undergoing lens extraction showed that a normocapnic anaesthetic technique using 0.4% trichloroethylene with controlled ventilation of the lungs (IPPV) with large tidal volumes (14 ml/kg) reduced IOP by 13--20%. There was only a small reduction in arterial pressure. Normocapnia was easy to achieve by use of the single-limb co-axial Penlon (Bain type) anaesthetic breathing circuit in conjunction with an electrically-driven, small and inexpensive lung ventilator. The anaesthetic technique described using trichloroethylene is suitable for lens extraction surgery when it is desired to avoid a halothane anaesthetic for any reason.", "PMID": 384840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6724", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "A description of the pathology, clinical presentation and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is given together with the results obtained in Newcastle during the last seven years. Some suggestions are made for improved management.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A description of the pathology, clinical presentation and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is given together with the results obtained in Newcastle during the last seven years. Some suggestions are made for improved management.", "PMID": 384841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6725", "title": "[Experimental studies about the origin of the \"wedge-blood\" in partially atelectatic lungs of mongrel dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "We measured in 8 experimental studies the oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure in systemic arterial, mixed venous and wedge-blood. The results were: 1. In healthy mongrel dogs with controlled intermittent and continuous positive pressure ventilation (FIO2 0,21 and 1,0) paO2 greater than pwO2 greater than pvO2 and pwCO2 less than paCO2 less than pvCO2. 2. During experimentally produced left-sided atelectasis of the lung and positioning of the catheter in the pulmonary artery a) in the ventilated lung we found pwO2 greater than paO2 greater than pvO2 and pwCO2 less than paCO2 less than pvCO2 b) in the atelectatic lung we found paO2 greater than pwO2 greater than pvO2 and paCO2 less than pwCO2 less than pvCO2. According to these findings the sample of highly saturated mixed venous blood from a catheter in the pulmonary artery should be a hint that pulmonary capillary blood is mixed with central venous blood.", "contents": "[Experimental studies about the origin of the \"wedge-blood\" in partially atelectatic lungs of mongrel dogs (author's transl)]. We measured in 8 experimental studies the oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure in systemic arterial, mixed venous and wedge-blood. The results were: 1. In healthy mongrel dogs with controlled intermittent and continuous positive pressure ventilation (FIO2 0,21 and 1,0) paO2 greater than pwO2 greater than pvO2 and pwCO2 less than paCO2 less than pvCO2. 2. During experimentally produced left-sided atelectasis of the lung and positioning of the catheter in the pulmonary artery a) in the ventilated lung we found pwO2 greater than paO2 greater than pvO2 and pwCO2 less than paCO2 less than pvCO2 b) in the atelectatic lung we found paO2 greater than pwO2 greater than pvO2 and paCO2 less than pwCO2 less than pvCO2. According to these findings the sample of highly saturated mixed venous blood from a catheter in the pulmonary artery should be a hint that pulmonary capillary blood is mixed with central venous blood.", "PMID": 384842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6726", "title": "[I.M.V.-ventilation-techniques. Special considerations and problems of their application (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical significance of I.M.V.-technique with or without C.P.A.P. are shown. The influence of different I.M.V.-technique on spontaneous respiration and lung ventilation is analyzed. Patient-synchronized techniques especially S.-I.M.V. or E.S.-I.M.V. prooved to be superior. Respiratory-physiological and technical recommendation for I.M.V.-arrangements are given and common devices of the literature analyzed. By these examples individual as well as commercially available devices can be critically evaluated for practical use and safety.", "contents": "[I.M.V.-ventilation-techniques. Special considerations and problems of their application (author's transl)]. The clinical significance of I.M.V.-technique with or without C.P.A.P. are shown. The influence of different I.M.V.-technique on spontaneous respiration and lung ventilation is analyzed. Patient-synchronized techniques especially S.-I.M.V. or E.S.-I.M.V. prooved to be superior. Respiratory-physiological and technical recommendation for I.M.V.-arrangements are given and common devices of the literature analyzed. By these examples individual as well as commercially available devices can be critically evaluated for practical use and safety.", "PMID": 384843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6727", "title": "Instrument sterilization in orthodontic offices.", "content": "1. Three different quaternary ammonium compound solutions remained bactericidal against specific vegetative bacteria in three orthodontic offices over a ten day working period. However, no spore formers or viruses were tested. 2. Bacterial contaminants were cultured on pliers and scalers at the chair at least once in each of three orthodontic offices sampled twice a day for ten working days. 3. Sampled chairside instruments wiped with an alcohol sponge only, between patients, were contaminated an excessive 32.5% of the time, too frequently to be seriously considered for routine disinfection of pliers. 4. Chairside instruments, sampled regardless of other means of disinfection or sterilization used, were contaminated from 3.5 to 15% of the time. Therefore, storage and handling of orthodontic instruments must be evaluated and upgraded to prevent recontamination of previously sterilized instruments. 5. Staff personnel need courses in sterilization and disinfection procedures to prevent cross contamination from patient to patient and to protect themselves. These courses should be related specifically to orthodontic practice procedures.", "contents": "Instrument sterilization in orthodontic offices. 1. Three different quaternary ammonium compound solutions remained bactericidal against specific vegetative bacteria in three orthodontic offices over a ten day working period. However, no spore formers or viruses were tested. 2. Bacterial contaminants were cultured on pliers and scalers at the chair at least once in each of three orthodontic offices sampled twice a day for ten working days. 3. Sampled chairside instruments wiped with an alcohol sponge only, between patients, were contaminated an excessive 32.5% of the time, too frequently to be seriously considered for routine disinfection of pliers. 4. Chairside instruments, sampled regardless of other means of disinfection or sterilization used, were contaminated from 3.5 to 15% of the time. Therefore, storage and handling of orthodontic instruments must be evaluated and upgraded to prevent recontamination of previously sterilized instruments. 5. Staff personnel need courses in sterilization and disinfection procedures to prevent cross contamination from patient to patient and to protect themselves. These courses should be related specifically to orthodontic practice procedures.", "PMID": 384851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6728", "title": "[Therapy of fungal septicemia and bounds (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of therapy in 26 cases of fungal septicemia occurring in a 2,471 patients population with 169 septicemia, over a 9 year period in a surgical intensive care service. An analysis of the etiology, clinical and paraclinical factors confirms the notions classically described in the literature. Three points are particularly insisted upon: 1) The effectiveness of preventive measures; 2) The monitoring of the therapy and its tolerance by means of a simple protocol; 3) The eventual possibility of an haematologic toxicity by flucytosine, the primary and secondary resistances to this anti-fungal agent. The strict application of preventive measures seems to reduce the incidence of fungal septicemia but not to eradicate them. The prognosis of these states remains grave.", "contents": "[Therapy of fungal septicemia and bounds (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of therapy in 26 cases of fungal septicemia occurring in a 2,471 patients population with 169 septicemia, over a 9 year period in a surgical intensive care service. An analysis of the etiology, clinical and paraclinical factors confirms the notions classically described in the literature. Three points are particularly insisted upon: 1) The effectiveness of preventive measures; 2) The monitoring of the therapy and its tolerance by means of a simple protocol; 3) The eventual possibility of an haematologic toxicity by flucytosine, the primary and secondary resistances to this anti-fungal agent. The strict application of preventive measures seems to reduce the incidence of fungal septicemia but not to eradicate them. The prognosis of these states remains grave.", "PMID": 384848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6729", "title": "[Anesthesia for primary excision and grafting in the severely burned patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Through a retrospective study of 81 anaesthesias for primary excision with immediate grafting (performed within the first 72 hours after burning), the authors, using in most of the cases an anaesthetic procedure including neuroleptanalgesia and nitrous oxyde, with controlled ventilation, tried to determine: --the incidence of such a type of anaesthesia on the patient condition, --the period during which anaesthetic risk is the least. Studies of hemodynamic, respiratory and thermic changes, related with anaesthesia, and a study of coagulation changes, related with surgical procedure, have been performed. It appears that neuroleptanalgesia is a method available for primary excision with immediate grafting and that the elective period for anaesthesia and surgical procedure is situated within 12 hours after burning.", "contents": "[Anesthesia for primary excision and grafting in the severely burned patient (author's transl)]. Through a retrospective study of 81 anaesthesias for primary excision with immediate grafting (performed within the first 72 hours after burning), the authors, using in most of the cases an anaesthetic procedure including neuroleptanalgesia and nitrous oxyde, with controlled ventilation, tried to determine: --the incidence of such a type of anaesthesia on the patient condition, --the period during which anaesthetic risk is the least. Studies of hemodynamic, respiratory and thermic changes, related with anaesthesia, and a study of coagulation changes, related with surgical procedure, have been performed. It appears that neuroleptanalgesia is a method available for primary excision with immediate grafting and that the elective period for anaesthesia and surgical procedure is situated within 12 hours after burning.", "PMID": 384849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6730", "title": "Candida tropicalis: a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients.", "content": "Of 89 consecutive patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies or undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 60 were colonized with Candida albicans and 25 with C. tropicalis. However, of the 18 disseminated infections caused by Candida species, 15 infections in 14 patients were caused by C. tropicalis and only three infections in three patients by C. albicans. The setting in which the infection occurred, skin lesions, polyarthralgias, or polymyalgias, and the unexplained deterioration of renal function were features suggestive of the diagnosis. Defervescence occurred in 10 of the 14 treated patients with C. tropicalis infections in 1 to 6 d (mean, 2.5 d) after initiation of therapy, even though all continued to be granulocytopenic. Resolution occurred in eight of the 15 C. tropicalis infections. In one case outcome was indeterminate, four patients died due to the infection, and two died from other causes but with the infection unresolved.", "contents": "Candida tropicalis: a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Of 89 consecutive patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies or undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 60 were colonized with Candida albicans and 25 with C. tropicalis. However, of the 18 disseminated infections caused by Candida species, 15 infections in 14 patients were caused by C. tropicalis and only three infections in three patients by C. albicans. The setting in which the infection occurred, skin lesions, polyarthralgias, or polymyalgias, and the unexplained deterioration of renal function were features suggestive of the diagnosis. Defervescence occurred in 10 of the 14 treated patients with C. tropicalis infections in 1 to 6 d (mean, 2.5 d) after initiation of therapy, even though all continued to be granulocytopenic. Resolution occurred in eight of the 15 C. tropicalis infections. In one case outcome was indeterminate, four patients died due to the infection, and two died from other causes but with the infection unresolved.", "PMID": 384857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6731", "title": "Recurrent urinary tract infections in men. Characteristics and response to therapy.", "content": "All men with recurrent urinary tract infections entered into a study had a positive antibody-coated bacteria test, and 52% had evidence for prostate infection. Escherichia coli infection was present in 74% and urinary tract symptoms in 57% of those randomized. Thirty-eight patients were randomized in a double-blind clinical trial to receive either 10d of treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or a 12-week course of the drug. The cure rate in patients receiving 12 weeks of therapy (nine of 15) was higher than that in patients receiving a single 10-d course (three of 15); difference was marginally significant (P = 0.06). Recurrences were usually with the same organism, and most (78%) occurred within 4 weeks of discontinuing therapy. This study indicates that a standard 10-d course of therapy usually fails to cure men with recurrent urinary tract infections with a positive antibody-coated bacteria test.", "contents": "Recurrent urinary tract infections in men. Characteristics and response to therapy. All men with recurrent urinary tract infections entered into a study had a positive antibody-coated bacteria test, and 52% had evidence for prostate infection. Escherichia coli infection was present in 74% and urinary tract symptoms in 57% of those randomized. Thirty-eight patients were randomized in a double-blind clinical trial to receive either 10d of treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or a 12-week course of the drug. The cure rate in patients receiving 12 weeks of therapy (nine of 15) was higher than that in patients receiving a single 10-d course (three of 15); difference was marginally significant (P = 0.06). Recurrences were usually with the same organism, and most (78%) occurred within 4 weeks of discontinuing therapy. This study indicates that a standard 10-d course of therapy usually fails to cure men with recurrent urinary tract infections with a positive antibody-coated bacteria test.", "PMID": 384858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6732", "title": "Hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation: natural history and pathophysiology.", "content": "Twenty-five patients had their lipid profile monitored sequentially for up to 3 years post-transplant. All patients had a good graft function throughout the study. Forty-four percent remained hypertriglyceridemic. The lipid level was not due to diet or excessive weight gain. Triglyceride turnover studies showed that overproduction was the predominant defect in patients receiving massive steroids to reverse rejection and in stable long-term recipients. Repeat metabolic investigations in the latter group, after changing to alternate-day, equal-dose steroid therapy showed improvement in both the absolute triglyceride concentration and the triglyceride production rate. The correlation observed between basal insulin level and triglyceride concentration suggests the drug may act through this hormone, stimulating hepatic triglyceride production. A change to alternate-day steroid therapy should be considered in post-transplant patients who are hyperlipemic while receiving minimal daily prednisone therapy.", "contents": "Hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation: natural history and pathophysiology. Twenty-five patients had their lipid profile monitored sequentially for up to 3 years post-transplant. All patients had a good graft function throughout the study. Forty-four percent remained hypertriglyceridemic. The lipid level was not due to diet or excessive weight gain. Triglyceride turnover studies showed that overproduction was the predominant defect in patients receiving massive steroids to reverse rejection and in stable long-term recipients. Repeat metabolic investigations in the latter group, after changing to alternate-day, equal-dose steroid therapy showed improvement in both the absolute triglyceride concentration and the triglyceride production rate. The correlation observed between basal insulin level and triglyceride concentration suggests the drug may act through this hormone, stimulating hepatic triglyceride production. A change to alternate-day steroid therapy should be considered in post-transplant patients who are hyperlipemic while receiving minimal daily prednisone therapy.", "PMID": 384859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6733", "title": "Molecular genetics of human hemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "Molecular analysis of normal and abnormal human globin genes and their gene products has recently provided information on the precise genetic events that result in hemoglobinopathies. In the case of structurally abnormal hemoglobins, the following mechanisms can be invoked: single nucleotide base substitutions leading to amino acid replacement or chain termination variants; nucleotide deletions (or additions) leading to deletion and frameshift variants; and nonhomologous crossing over leading to the production of fused globin chains. The molecular basis of the thalassemia syndromes, disorders characterized by absent or decreased synthesis of alpha- or beta-globin chains, is quite heterogeneous. In some cases globin gene deletions have been demonstrated; whereas in others there is probably either a defect in globin gene transcription or a defect in nuclear globin messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, mRNA transport or globin mRNA stability. In one form of beta(0)-thalassemia a nonsense mutation has recently been demonstrated, and other cases are also associated with some as yet undetermined functional abnormality of beta-globin mRNA.", "contents": "Molecular genetics of human hemoglobin synthesis. Molecular analysis of normal and abnormal human globin genes and their gene products has recently provided information on the precise genetic events that result in hemoglobinopathies. In the case of structurally abnormal hemoglobins, the following mechanisms can be invoked: single nucleotide base substitutions leading to amino acid replacement or chain termination variants; nucleotide deletions (or additions) leading to deletion and frameshift variants; and nonhomologous crossing over leading to the production of fused globin chains. The molecular basis of the thalassemia syndromes, disorders characterized by absent or decreased synthesis of alpha- or beta-globin chains, is quite heterogeneous. In some cases globin gene deletions have been demonstrated; whereas in others there is probably either a defect in globin gene transcription or a defect in nuclear globin messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, mRNA transport or globin mRNA stability. In one form of beta(0)-thalassemia a nonsense mutation has recently been demonstrated, and other cases are also associated with some as yet undetermined functional abnormality of beta-globin mRNA.", "PMID": 384860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6734", "title": "[Theoretical analysis of potential variations of \"Escherichia coli\" K12 cultures in presence of an electron carrier (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen consumption and reductive hydrogenation of lipoic acid, linked to the exponential growth of Escherichia coli in a \"minimal\" medium containing a non-limiting amount of glucose, produce reproducible and intelligible variations of the electric potential between a gold electrode and a reference electrode. A simple quasi-stationary mathematical model leads to analytical expressions of the electric potential in function of the experimental conditions and of time. The effects of active or passive transport of lipoic acid are distinguishable. An experimental method results in detecting and following bacterial activity.", "contents": "[Theoretical analysis of potential variations of \"Escherichia coli\" K12 cultures in presence of an electron carrier (author's transl)]. Oxygen consumption and reductive hydrogenation of lipoic acid, linked to the exponential growth of Escherichia coli in a \"minimal\" medium containing a non-limiting amount of glucose, produce reproducible and intelligible variations of the electric potential between a gold electrode and a reference electrode. A simple quasi-stationary mathematical model leads to analytical expressions of the electric potential in function of the experimental conditions and of time. The effects of active or passive transport of lipoic acid are distinguishable. An experimental method results in detecting and following bacterial activity.", "PMID": 384868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6735", "title": "[Phage-typing modifications induced by in vitro transfer of R plasmids. II. -- Phage-typing of Shigella sonnei (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-two antibiotic resistance plasmids and twelve metabolic plasmids have been transferred to a strain of Shigella sonnei. The phage-typing modifications have been investigated after transfer of the different above described plasmids. Eleven of the R plasmids and five of the metabolic plasmids affect phage sensitivity. These modifications are not specific for any compatibility group.", "contents": "[Phage-typing modifications induced by in vitro transfer of R plasmids. II. -- Phage-typing of Shigella sonnei (author's transl)]. Forty-two antibiotic resistance plasmids and twelve metabolic plasmids have been transferred to a strain of Shigella sonnei. The phage-typing modifications have been investigated after transfer of the different above described plasmids. Eleven of the R plasmids and five of the metabolic plasmids affect phage sensitivity. These modifications are not specific for any compatibility group.", "PMID": 384862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6736", "title": "[Risk of contamination by pipetting bacterial culture broth with \"Pasteur pipettes\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experiments have shown that the cotton plug located at the top end of a \"Pasteur pipette\" allows aerosol to escape upon aspiration of a bacterial culture broth and may be the cause of contamination. In the following, we propose the use of a bacteriological filter system which insures greater safety.", "contents": "[Risk of contamination by pipetting bacterial culture broth with \"Pasteur pipettes\" (author's transl)]. Our experiments have shown that the cotton plug located at the top end of a \"Pasteur pipette\" allows aerosol to escape upon aspiration of a bacterial culture broth and may be the cause of contamination. In the following, we propose the use of a bacteriological filter system which insures greater safety.", "PMID": 384869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6737", "title": "[The various functions of steroids on the yeast metabolism in grape must during fermentation: the notion of survival factor (author's transl)].", "content": "The physiological effects of steroids supplied to the yeasts in grape must is complicated. These substances may function as inhibitors, as growth factors or survival factors. The steroids have a \"survival factor\" action when they act on aerobically cultivated yeasts, fermenting under anaerobic conditions, in grape must of high sugar concentration. In this case, the substances have no effect on the cellular multiplication but they maintain viability and fermentation activity in the resting cells. Consequently, a greater quantity of sugar is consumed and the content of secondary products is modified by the end of the fermentation. Certain growth conditions during fermentation affect the survival factor action of steroids: high temperature, low pH, vitamin deficiency, low amount of inoculum, insufficient aeration, excessive sugar concentration.", "contents": "[The various functions of steroids on the yeast metabolism in grape must during fermentation: the notion of survival factor (author's transl)]. The physiological effects of steroids supplied to the yeasts in grape must is complicated. These substances may function as inhibitors, as growth factors or survival factors. The steroids have a \"survival factor\" action when they act on aerobically cultivated yeasts, fermenting under anaerobic conditions, in grape must of high sugar concentration. In this case, the substances have no effect on the cellular multiplication but they maintain viability and fermentation activity in the resting cells. Consequently, a greater quantity of sugar is consumed and the content of secondary products is modified by the end of the fermentation. Certain growth conditions during fermentation affect the survival factor action of steroids: high temperature, low pH, vitamin deficiency, low amount of inoculum, insufficient aeration, excessive sugar concentration.", "PMID": 384864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6738", "title": "[Production of interferon after infection by various doses of \"Plasmodium berghei\" in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Groups of mice were inoculated with either low or high intraperitoneal doses of Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes (PIE). The course of infection was observed daily by counting new PIE which appeared in the red blood cells (RBC) of infected mice. At the same time, circulating interferon (IF) was tested. When low doses of infecting PIE were used (400 per mouse), circulating IF was first detected on the 5th day after inoculation. It increased to a maximal rate, when 5% of RBC were affected. It disappeared on the 8th day despite of a continuous rise of PIE. With high doses of PIE (60,000 per mouse), IF was detected on the 3rd day, when only 0.5% of RBC were parasitized. The maximal rate was observed on the 5th day when 20% of the RBC were affected. It disappeared on the 7th day, though the PIE rate would continue to rise. Treatment of mice by chloroquine (0.01 per g), at the time of first PIE appearance after Plasmodium infection, rapidly reduced the amount of PIE. In this case, no IF production was observed. Splenectomy resulted in an increased resistance of mice to the lethal effect of Plasmodium infection. IF production in such splenectomized mice was less important than in control. It was concluded that P. berghei was a good inducer of circulating IF at the beginning of the active disease, soon after infection. The fact was proven by the striking lowering effect of chloroquine and splenectomy that both reduced Plasmodium development and IF production.", "contents": "[Production of interferon after infection by various doses of \"Plasmodium berghei\" in mice (author's transl)]. Groups of mice were inoculated with either low or high intraperitoneal doses of Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes (PIE). The course of infection was observed daily by counting new PIE which appeared in the red blood cells (RBC) of infected mice. At the same time, circulating interferon (IF) was tested. When low doses of infecting PIE were used (400 per mouse), circulating IF was first detected on the 5th day after inoculation. It increased to a maximal rate, when 5% of RBC were affected. It disappeared on the 8th day despite of a continuous rise of PIE. With high doses of PIE (60,000 per mouse), IF was detected on the 3rd day, when only 0.5% of RBC were parasitized. The maximal rate was observed on the 5th day when 20% of the RBC were affected. It disappeared on the 7th day, though the PIE rate would continue to rise. Treatment of mice by chloroquine (0.01 per g), at the time of first PIE appearance after Plasmodium infection, rapidly reduced the amount of PIE. In this case, no IF production was observed. Splenectomy resulted in an increased resistance of mice to the lethal effect of Plasmodium infection. IF production in such splenectomized mice was less important than in control. It was concluded that P. berghei was a good inducer of circulating IF at the beginning of the active disease, soon after infection. The fact was proven by the striking lowering effect of chloroquine and splenectomy that both reduced Plasmodium development and IF production.", "PMID": 384870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6739", "title": "Serological diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever.", "content": "Complement fixation and indirect micro-immunofluorescence (IF) tests were compared for specificity and sensitivity in detection of antibodies against Rickettsia conorii, in acute and convalescent human sera. Purified particulate rickettsial antigens were used. Good agreement between these two tests was found. Use of specific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera in parallel IF tests made it possible to differentiate between recent and past infections.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever. Complement fixation and indirect micro-immunofluorescence (IF) tests were compared for specificity and sensitivity in detection of antibodies against Rickettsia conorii, in acute and convalescent human sera. Purified particulate rickettsial antigens were used. Good agreement between these two tests was found. Use of specific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera in parallel IF tests made it possible to differentiate between recent and past infections.", "PMID": 384863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6740", "title": "[Numeration of bacteria in seawater: variability and dubiousness (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors tried to determine some factors of incertitude in the anlaysis of the bacterial contamination of seawater. Such analysis depends on the reliability of the methods used for bacterial numeration, and on the heterogeneity of water in the investigated area. The general numeration of organisms (GNO) and the numeration of coliforms (NC) were taken into account. The turbidity of the sample, and the operator's manner were shown to be factors of variation for the GNO. An interaction between the operator and the amount of the anlaysed sample seemed to influence NC. In a natural environment, variations with time were the most important. They were partly due to hydrological and meteorological fluctuations, but sometimes seemed to be random. During a day cycle, the bacterial contamination trended to decrease when the solar radiance was maximum. Influence of short scale variations in the location of sampling was generally random, yet with a slight increase of contamination in the more stagnant waters.", "contents": "[Numeration of bacteria in seawater: variability and dubiousness (author's transl)]. Authors tried to determine some factors of incertitude in the anlaysis of the bacterial contamination of seawater. Such analysis depends on the reliability of the methods used for bacterial numeration, and on the heterogeneity of water in the investigated area. The general numeration of organisms (GNO) and the numeration of coliforms (NC) were taken into account. The turbidity of the sample, and the operator's manner were shown to be factors of variation for the GNO. An interaction between the operator and the amount of the anlaysed sample seemed to influence NC. In a natural environment, variations with time were the most important. They were partly due to hydrological and meteorological fluctuations, but sometimes seemed to be random. During a day cycle, the bacterial contamination trended to decrease when the solar radiance was maximum. Influence of short scale variations in the location of sampling was generally random, yet with a slight increase of contamination in the more stagnant waters.", "PMID": 384865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6741", "title": "Bilateral optic neuropathy due to combined ethambutol and isoniazid treatment.", "content": "The case of a 40-year-old patient who underwent an unsuccessful cadaver kidney transplantation and was treated with ethambutol and isoniazid is reported. A bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy with an unusual central bitemporal hemianopic scotoma was found. Ethambutol was stopped and only small improvement of the visual acuity followed. Isoniazid was discontinued later, followed by a dramatic improvement in the visual acuity. The hazards of optic nerve toxicity due to ethambutol are known. We emphasize the potential danger in the use of ethambutol and isoniazid.", "contents": "Bilateral optic neuropathy due to combined ethambutol and isoniazid treatment. The case of a 40-year-old patient who underwent an unsuccessful cadaver kidney transplantation and was treated with ethambutol and isoniazid is reported. A bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy with an unusual central bitemporal hemianopic scotoma was found. Ethambutol was stopped and only small improvement of the visual acuity followed. Isoniazid was discontinued later, followed by a dramatic improvement in the visual acuity. The hazards of optic nerve toxicity due to ethambutol are known. We emphasize the potential danger in the use of ethambutol and isoniazid.", "PMID": 384871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6742", "title": "[Micromethod for rabies antibody detection by immunoenzymatic assay with Staphylococcus protein A (author's transl)].", "content": "The rabies virus and its glycoprotein are used as antigens in a microimmunoenzymatic assay (IEA). Human rabies antibodies are detected and titrated using anti-human antibodies and staphylococcus protein A conjugated to peroxidase. Several mammal antirabies sera are tested by this method with protein A. The results are compared to those obtained by seroneutralization in mice, which is the standard method for rabies antibody detection.", "contents": "[Micromethod for rabies antibody detection by immunoenzymatic assay with Staphylococcus protein A (author's transl)]. The rabies virus and its glycoprotein are used as antigens in a microimmunoenzymatic assay (IEA). Human rabies antibodies are detected and titrated using anti-human antibodies and staphylococcus protein A conjugated to peroxidase. Several mammal antirabies sera are tested by this method with protein A. The results are compared to those obtained by seroneutralization in mice, which is the standard method for rabies antibody detection.", "PMID": 384866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6743", "title": "[Genetics of hereditary cutaneous diseases associated with digestive tract involvement].", "content": "Most of cutaneous hereditary diseases are associated with digestive symptoms but only four groups have a predominated digestive symptomatology: I. Hereditary disease with intestinal polyposis. II. Vascular dysplasias with intestinal haemorrhage. III. Connective tissue discover in hereditary diseases. IV. Acrodermatitis enteropathica with diarrhoea. Though very different with one another, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Gardner's syndrome are transmitted according to autosomal dominant trait. Only bi- or unigenic origin is still controversed. Rendu-Osler's disease and blue rubber bled naevus also transmit according to autosomal dominant trait. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is very likely transmitted according to autosomal recessivity. But the main forms of Ehlers-Danlos disease are autosomal dominant conditions, the other form being either autosomal recessive or sex-linked (type V). Acrodermatitis enteropathica is transmitted according to autosomal recessivity but the gene has a very variable penetrance so that the mutations are very common.", "contents": "[Genetics of hereditary cutaneous diseases associated with digestive tract involvement]. Most of cutaneous hereditary diseases are associated with digestive symptoms but only four groups have a predominated digestive symptomatology: I. Hereditary disease with intestinal polyposis. II. Vascular dysplasias with intestinal haemorrhage. III. Connective tissue discover in hereditary diseases. IV. Acrodermatitis enteropathica with diarrhoea. Though very different with one another, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Gardner's syndrome are transmitted according to autosomal dominant trait. Only bi- or unigenic origin is still controversed. Rendu-Osler's disease and blue rubber bled naevus also transmit according to autosomal dominant trait. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is very likely transmitted according to autosomal recessivity. But the main forms of Ehlers-Danlos disease are autosomal dominant conditions, the other form being either autosomal recessive or sex-linked (type V). Acrodermatitis enteropathica is transmitted according to autosomal recessivity but the gene has a very variable penetrance so that the mutations are very common.", "PMID": 384873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6744", "title": "[Spectacle-frame acanthoma. Review of the literature and histopathological diagnosis versus chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of spectacle-frame acanthoma are reported; four were retro-auricular (three unilateral; one bilateral) and one was present on the left side of the nose. Clinical aspects of the lesions are described by the light of all the other cases that have been previously reported in the literature. Histopathological features are compared to those encountered in chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis for which a frictional origin may also be suspected. In the vast majority of cases, spontaneous resolution is obtained when responsible spectacle frames are removed whereas a few lesions persist indefinitely despite of the fact that corrective measures are applied, on the contrary to what has been reported in previous papers. Apart from removing spectacles, these few cases needed surgical excision for a complete cure. Anatomo-clinical confrontations seem to indicate that those persistent lesions are completely fissured acanthomas.", "contents": "[Spectacle-frame acanthoma. Review of the literature and histopathological diagnosis versus chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (author's transl)]. Five cases of spectacle-frame acanthoma are reported; four were retro-auricular (three unilateral; one bilateral) and one was present on the left side of the nose. Clinical aspects of the lesions are described by the light of all the other cases that have been previously reported in the literature. Histopathological features are compared to those encountered in chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis for which a frictional origin may also be suspected. In the vast majority of cases, spontaneous resolution is obtained when responsible spectacle frames are removed whereas a few lesions persist indefinitely despite of the fact that corrective measures are applied, on the contrary to what has been reported in previous papers. Apart from removing spectacles, these few cases needed surgical excision for a complete cure. Anatomo-clinical confrontations seem to indicate that those persistent lesions are completely fissured acanthomas.", "PMID": 384877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6745", "title": "[Bowen disease of the nail apparatus. Report of 5 cases and review of the 20 cases of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of Bowen disease of the nail apparatus were studied and the 20 cases published to date reviewed. The lesion was characterized by either periungual redness with scaling and erosions, whitish cuticle, hyperkeratotic or papilomatous process, fissure or crusted ulcer in the lateral nail fold or the nail bed with eventual partial or total destruction of the nail plate and sometimes soreness on the pressure. The key of the diagnosis is the histological picture, identical with that of Bowen diseases of other skin areas. Among the 25 cases, Bowen disease was found mainly in males (20 out of 25 patients) on the left fingers (17 out of 25 finger lesions) with particular involvement of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd finger nail. Hallux was concerned twice. The clinical picture can be protean and mimic verrucae, onychomycosis, paronychia, eczema, pyogenic granuloma, verrucous tuberculosis, subungual exostosis, glomus tumor, dermatitis vegetans, amelanotic malignant melanoma, kerato-acanthoma and of course squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment of choice is complete removal of the tumor by plastic surgery otherwise microscopically controlled excision following chemical fixation (Mohs) or fresh tissue technique.", "contents": "[Bowen disease of the nail apparatus. Report of 5 cases and review of the 20 cases of the literature (author's transl)]. Five cases of Bowen disease of the nail apparatus were studied and the 20 cases published to date reviewed. The lesion was characterized by either periungual redness with scaling and erosions, whitish cuticle, hyperkeratotic or papilomatous process, fissure or crusted ulcer in the lateral nail fold or the nail bed with eventual partial or total destruction of the nail plate and sometimes soreness on the pressure. The key of the diagnosis is the histological picture, identical with that of Bowen diseases of other skin areas. Among the 25 cases, Bowen disease was found mainly in males (20 out of 25 patients) on the left fingers (17 out of 25 finger lesions) with particular involvement of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd finger nail. Hallux was concerned twice. The clinical picture can be protean and mimic verrucae, onychomycosis, paronychia, eczema, pyogenic granuloma, verrucous tuberculosis, subungual exostosis, glomus tumor, dermatitis vegetans, amelanotic malignant melanoma, kerato-acanthoma and of course squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment of choice is complete removal of the tumor by plastic surgery otherwise microscopically controlled excision following chemical fixation (Mohs) or fresh tissue technique.", "PMID": 384878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6746", "title": "[Nucleolar, homogeneous and peripheral fluorescence of epidermal nuclei in direct immunofluorescence: 4 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition on direct immunofluorescence of covered normal skin was found in two patients with scleroderma and high serum concentrations of antibody to nucleolar antigen. Epidermal homogeneous and peripheral IgG deposition was also observed in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antinuclear antibody of homogeneous staining pattern, but without antibody to extractable nuclear antigen. Epidermal nuclear IgG deposition in a speckled, nucleolar, homogeneous or peripheral pattern appears to correlate with high titer serum antinuclear antibody giving on immunofluorescence the same staining pattern. These immunopathologic findings cannot be considered as being specific of a subset of connective tissue disease.", "contents": "[Nucleolar, homogeneous and peripheral fluorescence of epidermal nuclei in direct immunofluorescence: 4 cases (author's transl)]. Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition on direct immunofluorescence of covered normal skin was found in two patients with scleroderma and high serum concentrations of antibody to nucleolar antigen. Epidermal homogeneous and peripheral IgG deposition was also observed in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antinuclear antibody of homogeneous staining pattern, but without antibody to extractable nuclear antigen. Epidermal nuclear IgG deposition in a speckled, nucleolar, homogeneous or peripheral pattern appears to correlate with high titer serum antinuclear antibody giving on immunofluorescence the same staining pattern. These immunopathologic findings cannot be considered as being specific of a subset of connective tissue disease.", "PMID": 384881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6747", "title": "Clinical implications of cell function in osteogenesis. A reappraisal of bone-graft surgery.", "content": "Although fresh cancellous bone autografts are considered to be the best material for clinical bone grafting, there are times when there is insufficient, or it is undesirable to use this source, for the bone replacement required. There is a need for a 'bone bank'. On the basis of printed reports, clinical observation, and experimental studies it is argued that bone formation can be stimulated and controlled using easily prepared and stored 'bone-bank' materials in combination with living cells from the recipient requiring bone formation.", "contents": "Clinical implications of cell function in osteogenesis. A reappraisal of bone-graft surgery. Although fresh cancellous bone autografts are considered to be the best material for clinical bone grafting, there are times when there is insufficient, or it is undesirable to use this source, for the bone replacement required. There is a need for a 'bone bank'. On the basis of printed reports, clinical observation, and experimental studies it is argued that bone formation can be stimulated and controlled using easily prepared and stored 'bone-bank' materials in combination with living cells from the recipient requiring bone formation.", "PMID": 384883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6748", "title": "The muscle content and contractile capability of the common bile duct.", "content": "The supraduodenal portion of the human and canine common bile duct has been shown by indirect immunofluorescent staining with anti-actin sera to contain scattered bundles of smooth muscle arranged predominantly in a longitudinal direction with respect to the axis of the bile duct. Isolated strips of canine common bile duct in vitro can contact in response to stimulation with cholecystokinin. The force of contraction in a longitudinal direction is about three times that in a transverse direction but only 3% of that produced by isolated gallbladder strips. There appears to be a roughly proportional relationship between the amount of muscle demonstrated and the force of contraction in response to cholecystokinin.", "contents": "The muscle content and contractile capability of the common bile duct. The supraduodenal portion of the human and canine common bile duct has been shown by indirect immunofluorescent staining with anti-actin sera to contain scattered bundles of smooth muscle arranged predominantly in a longitudinal direction with respect to the axis of the bile duct. Isolated strips of canine common bile duct in vitro can contact in response to stimulation with cholecystokinin. The force of contraction in a longitudinal direction is about three times that in a transverse direction but only 3% of that produced by isolated gallbladder strips. There appears to be a roughly proportional relationship between the amount of muscle demonstrated and the force of contraction in response to cholecystokinin.", "PMID": 384884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6749", "title": "[Visceral mycosis of tropical freshwater fishes (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen cases of a systemic mycosis in ornamental fresh-water tropical fishes are recorded. Clinical signs, cystic lesions in the liver and spleen, recall those of an infection by the fungus Ichthyophonus, or Ichthyosporidium hoferi. The possibility that the fresh-water fishes' parasite might be of a different species is discussed. Morphological aspects of the yeast-like fungus in culture are described.", "contents": "[Visceral mycosis of tropical freshwater fishes (author's transl)]. Fourteen cases of a systemic mycosis in ornamental fresh-water tropical fishes are recorded. Clinical signs, cystic lesions in the liver and spleen, recall those of an infection by the fungus Ichthyophonus, or Ichthyosporidium hoferi. The possibility that the fresh-water fishes' parasite might be of a different species is discussed. Morphological aspects of the yeast-like fungus in culture are described.", "PMID": 384882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6750", "title": "[Experimental protective action of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combination with methyluracil and pyrogenal].", "content": "Efficacy of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combinations with methyluracyl and pyrogenal in experimental Coli infections was studied. The antibiotics were administered an hour after the infection. Methyluracyl and pyrogenal were used according to 2 schemes. Scheme No. I: the drug is used daily for 7 days in increasing doses, the last dose is administered 24 hours before the infection. Scheme No. 2: the drug is used once at the moment of the infection. The methyluracyl doses were: 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 mg and 5 mg and 5 mg per a mouse during the following 4 days. The pyrrogenal doses were: 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 and 35 minimum pyrogenic doses. 5 mg of methyluracyl and 35 minimum pyrogenic doses of pyrogenal were used according to scheme No. 2. The most pronounced increase in the efficacy of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combination was observed in the animals treated simultaneously with methyluracyl and pyrogenal according to scheme No. 1. The efficacy of kanamycin and ampicillin increased 3 and 2.68 times respectively. ED50 of kanamycin and ampicillin used in combination in the animals treated with methyluracyl and pyrogenal was lowered 4 and 2.9 times respectively as compared to that in the animal groups treated only with the antibiotic combination and 21 and 15.2 times respectively when the antibiotics were used alone. Sanation of the animal organs was also rather successful. A single administration of methyluracyl and pyrogenal simultaneously with the infection (scheme No. 2) had a lower effect on the efficacy.", "contents": "[Experimental protective action of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combination with methyluracil and pyrogenal]. Efficacy of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combinations with methyluracyl and pyrogenal in experimental Coli infections was studied. The antibiotics were administered an hour after the infection. Methyluracyl and pyrogenal were used according to 2 schemes. Scheme No. I: the drug is used daily for 7 days in increasing doses, the last dose is administered 24 hours before the infection. Scheme No. 2: the drug is used once at the moment of the infection. The methyluracyl doses were: 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 mg and 5 mg and 5 mg per a mouse during the following 4 days. The pyrrogenal doses were: 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 and 35 minimum pyrogenic doses. 5 mg of methyluracyl and 35 minimum pyrogenic doses of pyrogenal were used according to scheme No. 2. The most pronounced increase in the efficacy of kanamycin, ampicillin and their combination was observed in the animals treated simultaneously with methyluracyl and pyrogenal according to scheme No. 1. The efficacy of kanamycin and ampicillin increased 3 and 2.68 times respectively. ED50 of kanamycin and ampicillin used in combination in the animals treated with methyluracyl and pyrogenal was lowered 4 and 2.9 times respectively as compared to that in the animal groups treated only with the antibiotic combination and 21 and 15.2 times respectively when the antibiotics were used alone. Sanation of the animal organs was also rather successful. A single administration of methyluracyl and pyrogenal simultaneously with the infection (scheme No. 2) had a lower effect on the efficacy.", "PMID": 384892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6751", "title": "[Effect of prodigiozan and pyrimidine derivatives on the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy of experimental infections].", "content": "The effect of prodigiozan and pyrimidine derivatives, such as methyluracyl, oxymetacyl and 2-methyl-4-amino-6-hydroxypyrimidine on the efficiency of antibiotic therapy of experimental infections caused by Staph. aures and E. Coli under conditions of immune depression due to levomycetin, prednisolone, 6-mercaptopurine and ionizing radiation was studied. The effect of prodigiozan on the efficiency of the antibiotic treatment of staphylococcal infection in the presence of the immune depression due to 6-mercatopurine, levomycetin and prednisolone was higher than that of pyrimidines. The combined use of prodigiozan and pyrimidines usually was not more effective than the use of every drug alone. The efficiency of the drugs in radiation disease was the same. After prednisolone administration prodigiozan increased the host resistance to the infection without the antibiotic use.", "contents": "[Effect of prodigiozan and pyrimidine derivatives on the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy of experimental infections]. The effect of prodigiozan and pyrimidine derivatives, such as methyluracyl, oxymetacyl and 2-methyl-4-amino-6-hydroxypyrimidine on the efficiency of antibiotic therapy of experimental infections caused by Staph. aures and E. Coli under conditions of immune depression due to levomycetin, prednisolone, 6-mercaptopurine and ionizing radiation was studied. The effect of prodigiozan on the efficiency of the antibiotic treatment of staphylococcal infection in the presence of the immune depression due to 6-mercatopurine, levomycetin and prednisolone was higher than that of pyrimidines. The combined use of prodigiozan and pyrimidines usually was not more effective than the use of every drug alone. The efficiency of the drugs in radiation disease was the same. After prednisolone administration prodigiozan increased the host resistance to the infection without the antibiotic use.", "PMID": 384893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6752", "title": "Importance of medium in demonstrating penicillin tolerance by group B streptococci.", "content": "A total of 30 clinical isolates of group B streptococci were studied for penicillin tolerance in vitro. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of penicillin were determined simultaneously in three test media which have been used for group B streptococci, tryptose phosphate, Mueller-Hinton, and Todd-Hewitt broths, using a logarithmic-phase inoculum of 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the three media did not differ significantly. However, minimal bactericidal concentrations were significantly higher in tryptose phosphate broth (mean, 1.04 mug/ml) than in Mueller-Hinton broth (0.22 mug/ml) or Todd-Hewitt broth (0.15 mug/ml). Similarly, ratios of minimal bactericidal to minimal inhibitory concentrations were significantly greater in tryptose phosphate broth than in Mueller-Hinton or Todd-Hewitt broth. After incubation in tryptose phosphate broth for an additional 24 h, the minimal bactericidal concentration consistently fell to levels which were only twice or equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration. This study illustrates the importance of the medium in the demonstration of penicillin tolerance and of controlling laboratory variables in the susceptibility testing of group B streptococci with penicillin.", "contents": "Importance of medium in demonstrating penicillin tolerance by group B streptococci. A total of 30 clinical isolates of group B streptococci were studied for penicillin tolerance in vitro. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of penicillin were determined simultaneously in three test media which have been used for group B streptococci, tryptose phosphate, Mueller-Hinton, and Todd-Hewitt broths, using a logarithmic-phase inoculum of 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the three media did not differ significantly. However, minimal bactericidal concentrations were significantly higher in tryptose phosphate broth (mean, 1.04 mug/ml) than in Mueller-Hinton broth (0.22 mug/ml) or Todd-Hewitt broth (0.15 mug/ml). Similarly, ratios of minimal bactericidal to minimal inhibitory concentrations were significantly greater in tryptose phosphate broth than in Mueller-Hinton or Todd-Hewitt broth. After incubation in tryptose phosphate broth for an additional 24 h, the minimal bactericidal concentration consistently fell to levels which were only twice or equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration. This study illustrates the importance of the medium in the demonstration of penicillin tolerance and of controlling laboratory variables in the susceptibility testing of group B streptococci with penicillin.", "PMID": 384895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6753", "title": "Persistence of plasmid-carrying tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in a married couple, one of whom was receiving antibiotics.", "content": "This paper describes an extension to an earlier account of the coliform flora carried by a married couple, one of whom was taking tetracycline for prolonged periods. The latter phase of this study was notable for the following: first, certain tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli O antigen types persisted in one of the participants for several weeks after tetracycline was withdrawn; second, a course of ampicillin led to replacement of the tetracycline-resistant flora by one that was ampicillin resistant, but the end of the ampicillin course led to the reappearance of the tetracycline-resistant line, even though no tetracycline was being taken; and third, the tetracycline-sensitive O75 E. coli, which appeared toward the end of the survey, had not lost their plasmid but carried a derivative in which the tetracycline resistance gene(s) had been inactivated by the insertion of an extra piece of deoxyribonucleic acid with a molecular weight of about 1 megadalton.", "contents": "Persistence of plasmid-carrying tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in a married couple, one of whom was receiving antibiotics. This paper describes an extension to an earlier account of the coliform flora carried by a married couple, one of whom was taking tetracycline for prolonged periods. The latter phase of this study was notable for the following: first, certain tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli O antigen types persisted in one of the participants for several weeks after tetracycline was withdrawn; second, a course of ampicillin led to replacement of the tetracycline-resistant flora by one that was ampicillin resistant, but the end of the ampicillin course led to the reappearance of the tetracycline-resistant line, even though no tetracycline was being taken; and third, the tetracycline-sensitive O75 E. coli, which appeared toward the end of the survey, had not lost their plasmid but carried a derivative in which the tetracycline resistance gene(s) had been inactivated by the insertion of an extra piece of deoxyribonucleic acid with a molecular weight of about 1 megadalton.", "PMID": 384896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6754", "title": "Decrease of drug resistance in Salmonella in the Netherlands.", "content": "Since 1974, tetracycline resistance in salmonellae of human and porcine origin has decreased nation-wide in The Netherlands. This decrease has coincided with the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds.", "contents": "Decrease of drug resistance in Salmonella in the Netherlands. Since 1974, tetracycline resistance in salmonellae of human and porcine origin has decreased nation-wide in The Netherlands. This decrease has coincided with the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds.", "PMID": 384897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6755", "title": "Comparison of EC broth and medium A-1 for the recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen shucked snow crab.", "content": "Two variations of the multiple-tube fermentation technique were used to enumerate fecal coliforms in commercially processed, frozen crab meat. These were the EC confirmation test and a more rapid method that requires medium A-1. The method with medium A-1 was more specific than the EC confirmation test for detecting Escherichia coli type 1. E. coli was isolated from 84% of the positive medium A-1 tubes, whereas it was isolated from only 64% of the positive tubes of EC broth. When samples of crab meat were inoculated with known amounts of E. coli, better estimates of the known numbers were obtained by the medium A-1 method. Several species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from cultures in EC broth. These belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia. Apparently these strains were naturally adapted to growth at an elevated temperature because the majority were able to grow at 44.5 degrees C when retested in EC broth. Fewer species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from medium A-1. Those that were isolated belonged to the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter.", "contents": "Comparison of EC broth and medium A-1 for the recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen shucked snow crab. Two variations of the multiple-tube fermentation technique were used to enumerate fecal coliforms in commercially processed, frozen crab meat. These were the EC confirmation test and a more rapid method that requires medium A-1. The method with medium A-1 was more specific than the EC confirmation test for detecting Escherichia coli type 1. E. coli was isolated from 84% of the positive medium A-1 tubes, whereas it was isolated from only 64% of the positive tubes of EC broth. When samples of crab meat were inoculated with known amounts of E. coli, better estimates of the known numbers were obtained by the medium A-1 method. Several species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from cultures in EC broth. These belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia. Apparently these strains were naturally adapted to growth at an elevated temperature because the majority were able to grow at 44.5 degrees C when retested in EC broth. Fewer species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from medium A-1. Those that were isolated belonged to the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter.", "PMID": 384899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6756", "title": "Evidence that bacteria can form new cells in airborne particles.", "content": "Serratia marcescens incubated for 8 h at 31 degrees C in a chemically defined medium contained in shake flasks was aerosolized into rotating-drum aerosol chambers at 30 degrees C and saturated humidity. Cells furnished tryptone (Difco) and glycerol just before aerosolization increased (in viable numbers and countable cells) almost twofold within 1 to 2 h after becoming airborne, whereas cells not furnished additional tryptone decreased in viable numbers at a faster rate than the number of particles removed by gravitational settling. Limited tests with a Coulter Counter showed that cell volume changes occurred in growing cells that did not occur in the nongrowing population.", "contents": "Evidence that bacteria can form new cells in airborne particles. Serratia marcescens incubated for 8 h at 31 degrees C in a chemically defined medium contained in shake flasks was aerosolized into rotating-drum aerosol chambers at 30 degrees C and saturated humidity. Cells furnished tryptone (Difco) and glycerol just before aerosolization increased (in viable numbers and countable cells) almost twofold within 1 to 2 h after becoming airborne, whereas cells not furnished additional tryptone decreased in viable numbers at a faster rate than the number of particles removed by gravitational settling. Limited tests with a Coulter Counter showed that cell volume changes occurred in growing cells that did not occur in the nongrowing population.", "PMID": 384900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6757", "title": "Comparison of Limulus assay, standard plate count, and total coliform count for microbiological assessment of renovated wastewater.", "content": "The Limulus endotoxin assay was compared to the standard plate count and total coliform count for assessment of the bacteriological quality of reclaimed wastewater. A total of 48 water samples from an advanced waste treatment plant in Dallas, Tex. were examined by the three techniques. Limulus assays were technically simpler to perform and provided results much sooner than conventional culture methods. However, the endotoxin values did not correlate extremely well with determinations of viable bacterial numbers. This lack of correlation may have been due to alterations in the normal ratio of viable gram-negative cells to endotoxin caused by water reclamation procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of Limulus assay, standard plate count, and total coliform count for microbiological assessment of renovated wastewater. The Limulus endotoxin assay was compared to the standard plate count and total coliform count for assessment of the bacteriological quality of reclaimed wastewater. A total of 48 water samples from an advanced waste treatment plant in Dallas, Tex. were examined by the three techniques. Limulus assays were technically simpler to perform and provided results much sooner than conventional culture methods. However, the endotoxin values did not correlate extremely well with determinations of viable bacterial numbers. This lack of correlation may have been due to alterations in the normal ratio of viable gram-negative cells to endotoxin caused by water reclamation procedures.", "PMID": 384901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6758", "title": "Repair detection procedure for enumeration of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments.", "content": "The repair detection procedure of Speck et al. (Appl. Microbiol. 29:549-550, 1975) was adapted for the enumeration of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in seafood and environmental samples. Samples were pour plated with Trypticase soy agar, followed by a 1- to 2-h incubation to effect repair; the plates were then overlaid with the selective medium and incubated. Violet red bile agar and an incubation temperature of 45 degrees C were used as the selective conditions for fecal coliforms, and KF streptococcal agar was used for the enumeration of enterococci. The method was more efficient than the standard most-probable-number method for fecal coliform enumeration and also allowed enumeration of the injured cells, which might have remained undetected when selective medium in the most-probable-number method was used. The repair detection method effectively recovered the injured portion of the population of enterococci capable of growing on KF streptococcal agar. The repair enumeration method was not suitable for coliforms in marine samples because associative marine bacteria mimicked coliforms in violet red bile agar plates incubated at 35 degrees C. The marine bacteria did not grow at 45 degrees C and therefore did not interfere with fecal coliform enumeration.", "contents": "Repair detection procedure for enumeration of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments. The repair detection procedure of Speck et al. (Appl. Microbiol. 29:549-550, 1975) was adapted for the enumeration of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in seafood and environmental samples. Samples were pour plated with Trypticase soy agar, followed by a 1- to 2-h incubation to effect repair; the plates were then overlaid with the selective medium and incubated. Violet red bile agar and an incubation temperature of 45 degrees C were used as the selective conditions for fecal coliforms, and KF streptococcal agar was used for the enumeration of enterococci. The method was more efficient than the standard most-probable-number method for fecal coliform enumeration and also allowed enumeration of the injured cells, which might have remained undetected when selective medium in the most-probable-number method was used. The repair detection method effectively recovered the injured portion of the population of enterococci capable of growing on KF streptococcal agar. The repair enumeration method was not suitable for coliforms in marine samples because associative marine bacteria mimicked coliforms in violet red bile agar plates incubated at 35 degrees C. The marine bacteria did not grow at 45 degrees C and therefore did not interfere with fecal coliform enumeration.", "PMID": 384902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6759", "title": "Effect of reducing agents on oxidation-reduction potential and the outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores.", "content": "Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) levels were measured and standardized to pH (Eh7) for Trypticase soy broth containing various concentrations of reducing agents. Prereduced Trypticase soy broth with no added reducing agents exhibited a potential of -141 mV. Ascorbic acid at 0.2 to 0.005% and sodium thioglycolate at concentrations below 0.05% produced an Eh7 higher than the prereduced Trypticase soy broth containing no added reducing agents. The addition of cysteine hydrochloride,2-mercaptoethanol, and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate to prereduced Trypticase soy broth resulted in a reduction of Eh7 compared to the system without added reducing agents. The order of relative reducing intensity (from highest to lowest) for the reducing agents when comparing molar concentration was: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate,2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Optimal growth of the test organism occurred at low Eh7 and low concentration of the reducing agents. A direct correlation existed between growth of the test organism and -Eh7 x -log concentration of the reducing agent.", "contents": "Effect of reducing agents on oxidation-reduction potential and the outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores. Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) levels were measured and standardized to pH (Eh7) for Trypticase soy broth containing various concentrations of reducing agents. Prereduced Trypticase soy broth with no added reducing agents exhibited a potential of -141 mV. Ascorbic acid at 0.2 to 0.005% and sodium thioglycolate at concentrations below 0.05% produced an Eh7 higher than the prereduced Trypticase soy broth containing no added reducing agents. The addition of cysteine hydrochloride,2-mercaptoethanol, and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate to prereduced Trypticase soy broth resulted in a reduction of Eh7 compared to the system without added reducing agents. The order of relative reducing intensity (from highest to lowest) for the reducing agents when comparing molar concentration was: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate,2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Optimal growth of the test organism occurred at low Eh7 and low concentration of the reducing agents. A direct correlation existed between growth of the test organism and -Eh7 x -log concentration of the reducing agent.", "PMID": 384903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6760", "title": "Sodium nitrite and sorbic acid effects on Clostridium botulinum spore germination and total microbial growth in chicken frankfurter emulsions during temperature abuse.", "content": "Samples of (i) a control or of (ii) sodium nitrite-containing or (iii) sorbic acid-containing, mechanically deboned chicken meat frankfurter-type emulsions inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores, or a combination of ii and iii, were temperature abuse at 27 degrees C. Spore germination and total microbial growth were followed and examined at specified times and until toxic samples were detected. The spores germinated within 3 days in both control and nitrite (20, 40 and 156 micrograms/g) treatments. Sorbic acid (0.2%) alone or in combination with nitrite (20, 40, and 156 micrograms/g) significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited spore germinations. No significant germination was recorded until toxic samples were detected. A much longer incubation period was necessary for toxin to be formed in nitrite-sorbic acid combination treatments as contrasted with controls or nitrite and sorbic acid used individually. Total growth was not affected by the presence of nitrite, whereas sorbic acid appeared to depress it. Possible mechanisms explaining the effects of nitrite and sorbic acid on spore germination and growth are postulated.", "contents": "Sodium nitrite and sorbic acid effects on Clostridium botulinum spore germination and total microbial growth in chicken frankfurter emulsions during temperature abuse. Samples of (i) a control or of (ii) sodium nitrite-containing or (iii) sorbic acid-containing, mechanically deboned chicken meat frankfurter-type emulsions inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores, or a combination of ii and iii, were temperature abuse at 27 degrees C. Spore germination and total microbial growth were followed and examined at specified times and until toxic samples were detected. The spores germinated within 3 days in both control and nitrite (20, 40 and 156 micrograms/g) treatments. Sorbic acid (0.2%) alone or in combination with nitrite (20, 40, and 156 micrograms/g) significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited spore germinations. No significant germination was recorded until toxic samples were detected. A much longer incubation period was necessary for toxin to be formed in nitrite-sorbic acid combination treatments as contrasted with controls or nitrite and sorbic acid used individually. Total growth was not affected by the presence of nitrite, whereas sorbic acid appeared to depress it. Possible mechanisms explaining the effects of nitrite and sorbic acid on spore germination and growth are postulated.", "PMID": 384904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6761", "title": "Mutagenic activity of Fusarium moniliforme isolates in the Salmonella typhimurium assay.", "content": "A total of 33 isolates of Fusarium moniliforme from several food or feed crops were grown on sterile cracked corn, and chloroform-isopropanol extracts were assayed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system by using tester strain TA98 or TA100 or both. Extracts of 21 (64%) of the isolates assayed against TA100 were mutagenic. Activities of seven of these extracts were increased markedly with incorporation of the liver homogenate (S-9) into the assay. Seven (33%) of the isolates assayed against TA98 were weakly active, with the liver homogenate having little effect on reversion rates.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of Fusarium moniliforme isolates in the Salmonella typhimurium assay. A total of 33 isolates of Fusarium moniliforme from several food or feed crops were grown on sterile cracked corn, and chloroform-isopropanol extracts were assayed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system by using tester strain TA98 or TA100 or both. Extracts of 21 (64%) of the isolates assayed against TA100 were mutagenic. Activities of seven of these extracts were increased markedly with incorporation of the liver homogenate (S-9) into the assay. Seven (33%) of the isolates assayed against TA98 were weakly active, with the liver homogenate having little effect on reversion rates.", "PMID": 384905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6762", "title": "Comparison of bacterial populations of the pig cecum and colon based upon enumeration with specific energy sources.", "content": "Concentrations of bacteria in the ceca and colons of pigs were measured by determinations of colony counts on rumen fluid-based media in anaerobic roll tubes. With our most complete medium (medium CCA), the mean colony count of cecal samples from 20 pigs was 2.37 X 10(10) +/- 1.0 X 10(10) (+/- standard deviation)/g (wet weight). The mean number of bacteria attached to or associated with cecal epithelial tissues from three pigs on medium CCA was 2.67 X 10(7) +/- 0.81 X 10(7)/cm2 of tissue. The proportions of gut bacterial populations able to use various energy substrates were estimated on the basis of relative colony counts. The following substrates are listed in descending order of their capacity to support growth of cecal bacteria: glucose, starch, cellobiose, xylose, Trypticase, gastric mucin from swine, mannitol, glycerol, and lactate. The effect of diet upon this distribution was not examined. The relative proportions of bacteria from a given population that were able to grow on various selective media were used as population profiles. Comparisons of populations in this way indicated that differences could be detected between (i) populations from the cecum of littermate pigs, (ii) populations from the cecum and colon of the same pig, and (iii) populations in the lumen of the cecum as compared with populations associated with cecal mucosa.", "contents": "Comparison of bacterial populations of the pig cecum and colon based upon enumeration with specific energy sources. Concentrations of bacteria in the ceca and colons of pigs were measured by determinations of colony counts on rumen fluid-based media in anaerobic roll tubes. With our most complete medium (medium CCA), the mean colony count of cecal samples from 20 pigs was 2.37 X 10(10) +/- 1.0 X 10(10) (+/- standard deviation)/g (wet weight). The mean number of bacteria attached to or associated with cecal epithelial tissues from three pigs on medium CCA was 2.67 X 10(7) +/- 0.81 X 10(7)/cm2 of tissue. The proportions of gut bacterial populations able to use various energy substrates were estimated on the basis of relative colony counts. The following substrates are listed in descending order of their capacity to support growth of cecal bacteria: glucose, starch, cellobiose, xylose, Trypticase, gastric mucin from swine, mannitol, glycerol, and lactate. The effect of diet upon this distribution was not examined. The relative proportions of bacteria from a given population that were able to grow on various selective media were used as population profiles. Comparisons of populations in this way indicated that differences could be detected between (i) populations from the cecum of littermate pigs, (ii) populations from the cecum and colon of the same pig, and (iii) populations in the lumen of the cecum as compared with populations associated with cecal mucosa.", "PMID": 384906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6763", "title": "Propagation of ribonucleic acid coliphages in gnotobiotic mice.", "content": "To clarify the propagation cycle of bacteriophages in their natural habitats, we tested whether animals could support ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage propagation in their intestines, using germfree mice as the test animal. Propagation of four different antigenic types of RNA phages was tested. No detectable propagation or colonization of RNA phages was observed either in germfree mice or in gnotobiotic mice infected with the F- strain of Escherichia coli. Propagation or colonization was observed when RNA phages were orally introduced into gnotobiotic mice harboring the F+ or F' strain of E. coli. These results were consistent with data for in vitro propagation experiments. Fecal titers of phages were monitored over 24 to 98 days and were found to vary from 10(5) to 10(11) plaque-forming units per g of feces. Streptomycin administration gradually led to the disappearance of bacteria and, concomitantly, the RNA phages. Phages recovered from gnotobiotic mice feces included some of novel antigenic types. The bacterial isolates recovered from gnotobiotic mice harboring F+ bacteria included the original F+ strain, strains which had become F-, and some which had become inefficient hosts for the propagation of RNA phages.", "contents": "Propagation of ribonucleic acid coliphages in gnotobiotic mice. To clarify the propagation cycle of bacteriophages in their natural habitats, we tested whether animals could support ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage propagation in their intestines, using germfree mice as the test animal. Propagation of four different antigenic types of RNA phages was tested. No detectable propagation or colonization of RNA phages was observed either in germfree mice or in gnotobiotic mice infected with the F- strain of Escherichia coli. Propagation or colonization was observed when RNA phages were orally introduced into gnotobiotic mice harboring the F+ or F' strain of E. coli. These results were consistent with data for in vitro propagation experiments. Fecal titers of phages were monitored over 24 to 98 days and were found to vary from 10(5) to 10(11) plaque-forming units per g of feces. Streptomycin administration gradually led to the disappearance of bacteria and, concomitantly, the RNA phages. Phages recovered from gnotobiotic mice feces included some of novel antigenic types. The bacterial isolates recovered from gnotobiotic mice harboring F+ bacteria included the original F+ strain, strains which had become F-, and some which had become inefficient hosts for the propagation of RNA phages.", "PMID": 384907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6764", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the \"double-sandwich\" technique was utilized to determine Clostridium botulinum type E toxin. With this technique, about 80 mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses of toxin could be detected. Cross-reaction was hardly observed with C. botulinum type A and B toxins. No cross-reaction was observed with culture supernatants of C. botulinum type C or other Clostridium strains. In all probability this was due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared aginst the toxic component of type E toxin.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the \"double-sandwich\" technique was utilized to determine Clostridium botulinum type E toxin. With this technique, about 80 mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses of toxin could be detected. Cross-reaction was hardly observed with C. botulinum type A and B toxins. No cross-reaction was observed with culture supernatants of C. botulinum type C or other Clostridium strains. In all probability this was due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared aginst the toxic component of type E toxin.", "PMID": 384908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6765", "title": "New prodigiosin-like pigment from Alteromonas rubra.", "content": "The red prodigiosin-like pigment from Alteromonas rubra was shown to be a mixture of prodigiosin (pigment 1) and a new cyclic isomer (pigment 2). The new structure was elucidated by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Careful examinations of the prodigiosins produced by Serratia marcescens, Vibrio psychoerythrus, and an unidentified red bacterium (LL-100-6) failed to disclose any of the new pigment, pigment 2.", "contents": "New prodigiosin-like pigment from Alteromonas rubra. The red prodigiosin-like pigment from Alteromonas rubra was shown to be a mixture of prodigiosin (pigment 1) and a new cyclic isomer (pigment 2). The new structure was elucidated by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Careful examinations of the prodigiosins produced by Serratia marcescens, Vibrio psychoerythrus, and an unidentified red bacterium (LL-100-6) failed to disclose any of the new pigment, pigment 2.", "PMID": 384909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6766", "title": "Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats.", "content": "Continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining. Positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the L. pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics.", "contents": "Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats. Continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining. Positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the L. pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics.", "PMID": 384910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6767", "title": "Bullous dermatosis and systemic lupus erythematosus in a 15-year-old boy.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy had a bullous eruption suggestive of bullous pemphigoid and established systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Direct immunofluorescence studies of the bullae and adjacent skin revealed the linear deposition of IgG and complement localized to the basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence examination of the serum failed to reveal circulating basement membrane zone antibodies. The differential diagnosis of the bullous eruption is reviewed, and the problem of diagnosis in cases of coexistent bullous disease and SLE is discussed.", "contents": "Bullous dermatosis and systemic lupus erythematosus in a 15-year-old boy. A 15-year-old boy had a bullous eruption suggestive of bullous pemphigoid and established systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Direct immunofluorescence studies of the bullae and adjacent skin revealed the linear deposition of IgG and complement localized to the basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence examination of the serum failed to reveal circulating basement membrane zone antibodies. The differential diagnosis of the bullous eruption is reviewed, and the problem of diagnosis in cases of coexistent bullous disease and SLE is discussed.", "PMID": 384917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6768", "title": "Physiological responses of the newborn infant to resuscitation.", "content": "Lung ventilation, endotracheal, and intraoesophageal pressures were measured during standard resuscitation of 20 asphyxiated babies born by caesarean section. The most common response to resuscitation was the production of a large positive intraoesphageal pressure. An opening pressure greater than 2.0 kPa was required to expand the lungs of most of these babies. The need for resuscitation was associated with prolonged maternal anaesthesia before delivery.", "contents": "Physiological responses of the newborn infant to resuscitation. Lung ventilation, endotracheal, and intraoesophageal pressures were measured during standard resuscitation of 20 asphyxiated babies born by caesarean section. The most common response to resuscitation was the production of a large positive intraoesphageal pressure. An opening pressure greater than 2.0 kPa was required to expand the lungs of most of these babies. The need for resuscitation was associated with prolonged maternal anaesthesia before delivery.", "PMID": 384919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6769", "title": "Comparative trial of manual and mechanical percussion technique with gravity-assisted bronchial drainage in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Chest physiotherapy still remains one of the most important aspects in the treatment of chest complications of cystic fibrosis. A mechanical device that allows the patient with cystic fibrosis to do his own chest physiotherapy will be of great benefit if it is as effective as manual percussion. 14 patients with cystic fibrosis using mechanical and manual percussion physiotherapy were studied by measuring sputum volumes, and FEV and FVC. Results with mechanical percussor were as good as with the manual percussor and, therefore, it would be reasonable for the older patient to use the former on his own.", "contents": "Comparative trial of manual and mechanical percussion technique with gravity-assisted bronchial drainage in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest physiotherapy still remains one of the most important aspects in the treatment of chest complications of cystic fibrosis. A mechanical device that allows the patient with cystic fibrosis to do his own chest physiotherapy will be of great benefit if it is as effective as manual percussion. 14 patients with cystic fibrosis using mechanical and manual percussion physiotherapy were studied by measuring sputum volumes, and FEV and FVC. Results with mechanical percussor were as good as with the manual percussor and, therefore, it would be reasonable for the older patient to use the former on his own.", "PMID": 384920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6770", "title": "Metabolic inhibition of plaque-forming cells: comparison of human rheumatoid-factor-producing cells with mouse anti-sheep erythrocyte-producing cells.", "content": "While rheumatoid-factor-producing haemolytic plaque-forming cells (RF--PFC) of the human peripheral blood were easily inhibited by cycloheximide, mouse spleen cells immune to sheep red cells (anti-SRC PFC) were inhibited only after prolonged preincubation in the drug. The RF--PFC were easily inhibited by propranolol, while the anti-SRC PFC were not at all inhibited. Vinblastine inhibited both systems equally. These differences are taken to suggest that the RF--PFC have very little preformed antibody in them and therefore depend upon active protein synthesis for their demonstration. In contrast, anti-SRC PFC, which may be predominantly mature plasma cells, generally need no new protein synthesis for their demonstration because of increased quantities of preformed antibody. A possible mechanism is that RF--PFC may represent primarily RF-specific B cells, the RF of which is released by surface immunoglobulin shedding and therefore susceptible to membrane stabilising agents such as propranolol.", "contents": "Metabolic inhibition of plaque-forming cells: comparison of human rheumatoid-factor-producing cells with mouse anti-sheep erythrocyte-producing cells. While rheumatoid-factor-producing haemolytic plaque-forming cells (RF--PFC) of the human peripheral blood were easily inhibited by cycloheximide, mouse spleen cells immune to sheep red cells (anti-SRC PFC) were inhibited only after prolonged preincubation in the drug. The RF--PFC were easily inhibited by propranolol, while the anti-SRC PFC were not at all inhibited. Vinblastine inhibited both systems equally. These differences are taken to suggest that the RF--PFC have very little preformed antibody in them and therefore depend upon active protein synthesis for their demonstration. In contrast, anti-SRC PFC, which may be predominantly mature plasma cells, generally need no new protein synthesis for their demonstration because of increased quantities of preformed antibody. A possible mechanism is that RF--PFC may represent primarily RF-specific B cells, the RF of which is released by surface immunoglobulin shedding and therefore susceptible to membrane stabilising agents such as propranolol.", "PMID": 384930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6771", "title": "The antiperinuclear factor. 1. The diagnostic significance of the antiperinuclear factor for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In 1964 Nienhuis and Mandema reported the presence of antibodies against cytoplasmic granules in buccal mucosal cells in the serum of 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although they reported a good specificity for RA of these so-called antiperinuclear antibodies (APF), their results never threatened the monopoly of the rheumatoid factor as a serological tool for the diagnosis of RA. A re-evaluation with improved immunofluorescence methods showed a frequency of the APF of 78% in 103 patients with RA. The latex test and the Waaler-Rose test were positive in only 70% and 58% respectively of these patients. Only 15% of the RA patients were negative for all 3 tests. Thus, 40% of patients who were seronegative by the traditional methods gave a positive result on performance of the APF test. The high sensitivity of the APF test was combined with a good specificity, for the frequency in patients with other autoimmune diseases or degenerative joint disease and in healthy subjects was low. For the serodiagnosis of RA it seems best to combine the use of the APF test with one for rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "The antiperinuclear factor. 1. The diagnostic significance of the antiperinuclear factor for rheumatoid arthritis. In 1964 Nienhuis and Mandema reported the presence of antibodies against cytoplasmic granules in buccal mucosal cells in the serum of 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although they reported a good specificity for RA of these so-called antiperinuclear antibodies (APF), their results never threatened the monopoly of the rheumatoid factor as a serological tool for the diagnosis of RA. A re-evaluation with improved immunofluorescence methods showed a frequency of the APF of 78% in 103 patients with RA. The latex test and the Waaler-Rose test were positive in only 70% and 58% respectively of these patients. Only 15% of the RA patients were negative for all 3 tests. Thus, 40% of patients who were seronegative by the traditional methods gave a positive result on performance of the APF test. The high sensitivity of the APF test was combined with a good specificity, for the frequency in patients with other autoimmune diseases or degenerative joint disease and in healthy subjects was low. For the serodiagnosis of RA it seems best to combine the use of the APF test with one for rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 384931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6772", "title": "Patterns of induced variation in the morphology, hyaluronic acid secretion, and lysosomal enzyme activity of cultured human synovial cells.", "content": "In contrast with newly isolated cells or early primary cultures, synovial cell lines in standardised growth conditions assume a rather uniform fibroblast-like appearance. However, 2 distinct variations in the cytological pattern can be induced at this stage. The first is characterised primarily by increased numbers of small phase-dense organelles that show the distinctive fluorescence of lysosomes after supravital staining, and are interspersed with vacuoles. The associated functional changes include increased enzyme activity and decreased net synthesis of hyaluronic acid. This variation can be induced by exposure to indigestible neutral sugars, adenosine, or its 5' nucleotides. The second variation consists of a striking reorganisation of cytoplasm by condensation into dense ridges or a dendritic network of processes. It is accompanied by increased hyaluronic acid secretion and is induced by agents that enhance intracellular activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, such as dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cholera enterotoxin. It appears possible to direct differentiation in synovial cell lines to correspond at least in part with the presumed functions of the different cell types in the parent tissue. The 2 patterns may be useful markers to correlate with other aspects of synovial cell function in vitro.", "contents": "Patterns of induced variation in the morphology, hyaluronic acid secretion, and lysosomal enzyme activity of cultured human synovial cells. In contrast with newly isolated cells or early primary cultures, synovial cell lines in standardised growth conditions assume a rather uniform fibroblast-like appearance. However, 2 distinct variations in the cytological pattern can be induced at this stage. The first is characterised primarily by increased numbers of small phase-dense organelles that show the distinctive fluorescence of lysosomes after supravital staining, and are interspersed with vacuoles. The associated functional changes include increased enzyme activity and decreased net synthesis of hyaluronic acid. This variation can be induced by exposure to indigestible neutral sugars, adenosine, or its 5' nucleotides. The second variation consists of a striking reorganisation of cytoplasm by condensation into dense ridges or a dendritic network of processes. It is accompanied by increased hyaluronic acid secretion and is induced by agents that enhance intracellular activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, such as dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cholera enterotoxin. It appears possible to direct differentiation in synovial cell lines to correspond at least in part with the presumed functions of the different cell types in the parent tissue. The 2 patterns may be useful markers to correlate with other aspects of synovial cell function in vitro.", "PMID": 384932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6773", "title": "Effects of carrageenin on human synovial cells in vitro: morphology, hyaluronic acid production, growth, and the lysosomal system.", "content": "Some in-vitro effects of the arthritogenic polysaccharide carrageenin were studied on cells from human synovium. Synovial cells were isolated from intact human knee joints, and cell lines were developed by passaging with trypsin. Carrageenin was ingested by the cells but did not significantly affect cell growth, numbers of lysosomes, intracellular lysosomal enzyme activity (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase), or release of lysosomal enzyme from cells. Carrageenin produced a reduction in net hyaluronic acid synthesis. It also induced a striking morphological change in a high proportion of synovial cells, characterised by increased spreading over the culture surface and apparent condensation of the cytoplasm into a pattern of ridges. Nonrheumatoid and rheumatoid synovial cells behaved similarly to one another.", "contents": "Effects of carrageenin on human synovial cells in vitro: morphology, hyaluronic acid production, growth, and the lysosomal system. Some in-vitro effects of the arthritogenic polysaccharide carrageenin were studied on cells from human synovium. Synovial cells were isolated from intact human knee joints, and cell lines were developed by passaging with trypsin. Carrageenin was ingested by the cells but did not significantly affect cell growth, numbers of lysosomes, intracellular lysosomal enzyme activity (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase), or release of lysosomal enzyme from cells. Carrageenin produced a reduction in net hyaluronic acid synthesis. It also induced a striking morphological change in a high proportion of synovial cells, characterised by increased spreading over the culture surface and apparent condensation of the cytoplasm into a pattern of ridges. Nonrheumatoid and rheumatoid synovial cells behaved similarly to one another.", "PMID": 384933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6774", "title": "[Congenital rubella. Present knowledge and perspectives (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with features and problems of congenital rubella and perspectives in the prevention of this infection. We discussed the factors determining whether or not the maternal infection will involve the fetus, the pathogenesis and the clinical aspects of congenital rubella, the epidemiological importance of infected infants who may be contagious for long periods of time, the problems encountered in diagnosis. The efficacy of the active immunization programs, the data available in the literature on inadvertent vaccination of pregnant women, the restriction in the prophylactic use of immunoglobulins are also reported. The great importance of the premarital serological test for women is stressed.", "contents": "[Congenital rubella. Present knowledge and perspectives (author's transl)]. This paper deals with features and problems of congenital rubella and perspectives in the prevention of this infection. We discussed the factors determining whether or not the maternal infection will involve the fetus, the pathogenesis and the clinical aspects of congenital rubella, the epidemiological importance of infected infants who may be contagious for long periods of time, the problems encountered in diagnosis. The efficacy of the active immunization programs, the data available in the literature on inadvertent vaccination of pregnant women, the restriction in the prophylactic use of immunoglobulins are also reported. The great importance of the premarital serological test for women is stressed.", "PMID": 384934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6775", "title": "[Candida infections in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "A complete review of the candidiasis dealing with taxonomy and morphology of the fungus and with epidemiology, experimental pathogenicity, immunology, mode of transmission, pathologic features, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.", "contents": "[Candida infections in humans (author's transl)]. A complete review of the candidiasis dealing with taxonomy and morphology of the fungus and with epidemiology, experimental pathogenicity, immunology, mode of transmission, pathologic features, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 384935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6776", "title": "[R factors influence on motility of \"E. coli\" and \"S. typhimurium\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence on the motility of E. coli and S. typhimurium strains by several R factors has been studied; both classes of inhibiting and stimulating R factors have been detected; the plasmidic effect on the motility can be inverted by transfer to another carrier strain.", "contents": "[R factors influence on motility of \"E. coli\" and \"S. typhimurium\" (author's transl)]. Influence on the motility of E. coli and S. typhimurium strains by several R factors has been studied; both classes of inhibiting and stimulating R factors have been detected; the plasmidic effect on the motility can be inverted by transfer to another carrier strain.", "PMID": 384937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6777", "title": "Management of perforating colon trauma: randomization between primary closure and exteriorization.", "content": "During a 44 month trial, 268 patients with wounds of the colon were entered into a prospective, randomized, nonblinded study. Consideration for primary closure demanded that: preoperative shock was never profound, blood loss was less than 20% of estimated normal volume, no more than two intra-abdominal organ systems had been injured, fecal contamination was minimal, operation was begun within eight hours, and wounds of colon and abdominal wall were never so destructive as to require resection. Once such criteria had been satisfied, colon wound management was dictated by last digit in the randomly assigned hospital number; odd indicated primary closure; even, exteriorization of the wound or primary closure with protection by a proximal vent. Results obtained in 139 determinant patients eligible for randomization revealed that primary closure (67 patients) had a lower infection rate of the incision (48% vs S7%, p > 0.05) and a still lower infection rate for the abdomen proper (15% vs 29%, p < 0.05) on comparison to the 72 patients with a randomized colostomy. Morbidity otherwise for the randomized colostomy was tenfold greater than if a primary closure had been performed. Average postoperative stay was six days longer (p < 0.01) if a colostomy had been created, exclusive of subsequent hospitalization for colostomy closure; while the total extra cost for management of the colon wound by colostomy was approximately $2,700.00. Although immediate mortalities were identical, one late death occurred following colostomy closure. These data not only confirm the safety of primary closure for colon wounds in selected cases, but also indicate that such should become the preferred method of treatment whenever specific criteria have been met.", "contents": "Management of perforating colon trauma: randomization between primary closure and exteriorization. During a 44 month trial, 268 patients with wounds of the colon were entered into a prospective, randomized, nonblinded study. Consideration for primary closure demanded that: preoperative shock was never profound, blood loss was less than 20% of estimated normal volume, no more than two intra-abdominal organ systems had been injured, fecal contamination was minimal, operation was begun within eight hours, and wounds of colon and abdominal wall were never so destructive as to require resection. Once such criteria had been satisfied, colon wound management was dictated by last digit in the randomly assigned hospital number; odd indicated primary closure; even, exteriorization of the wound or primary closure with protection by a proximal vent. Results obtained in 139 determinant patients eligible for randomization revealed that primary closure (67 patients) had a lower infection rate of the incision (48% vs S7%, p > 0.05) and a still lower infection rate for the abdomen proper (15% vs 29%, p < 0.05) on comparison to the 72 patients with a randomized colostomy. Morbidity otherwise for the randomized colostomy was tenfold greater than if a primary closure had been performed. Average postoperative stay was six days longer (p < 0.01) if a colostomy had been created, exclusive of subsequent hospitalization for colostomy closure; while the total extra cost for management of the colon wound by colostomy was approximately $2,700.00. Although immediate mortalities were identical, one late death occurred following colostomy closure. These data not only confirm the safety of primary closure for colon wounds in selected cases, but also indicate that such should become the preferred method of treatment whenever specific criteria have been met.", "PMID": 384941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6778", "title": "[Serological diagnosis of hydatid disease with indirect immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) method is compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) in 44 cases of active hydatidosis established at operation (30 cysts of the liver, 9 cysts of the lung and 5 extra-hepatic and extra-pulmonary cysts). The sensitivities of the IP and IFI tests were 88.6% and 63.6%, respectively. The IP test is easy, specific and very sensitive.", "contents": "[Serological diagnosis of hydatid disease with indirect immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods (author's transl)]. Indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) method is compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) in 44 cases of active hydatidosis established at operation (30 cysts of the liver, 9 cysts of the lung and 5 extra-hepatic and extra-pulmonary cysts). The sensitivities of the IP and IFI tests were 88.6% and 63.6%, respectively. The IP test is easy, specific and very sensitive.", "PMID": 384939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6779", "title": "Induction of unresponsiveness to major transplantable organs in adult mammals: a recapitulation of ontogeny by irradiation and bone marrow replacement.", "content": "Transplantation of renal allografts obtained from prospectively selected genotypically DLA-identical donors into supralethally irradiated dogs reconstituted with their own stored bone marrow has produced a state of unresponsiveness to these kidneys in the recipients. Eleven of 18 kidneys transplanted at 12 hours after marrow replacement currently survive with normal function and maintain life in the recipients for 757, 800, 825, 978, 1062, 1092, 1136, 1282, 1373, 1380, and 1381 days, respectively. Similar results occurred in eight of 13 allografts transplanted at 28 hours after marrow replacement, which currently survive for 349, 363, 377, 407,436,470, 485, and 513 days, respectively, and in eight of 13 kidneys grafted at 36 hours after marrow replacement, which are surviving for 197, 247, 298, 324, 337, 396, 443, and 472 days, respectively. Achievement of optimal results is dependent on the specific timing and sequence of each procedure. Only four of 16 recipients of kidneys transplanted at the time of marrow replacement were unresponsive to their allografts. Similarly, only five of 19 recipients of kidneys placed in irradiated dogs at 40 hours before marrow replacement accepted such allografts. When kidney transplants were placed into the recipients 20 hours before removal of marrow, irradiation, and reconstitution with stored marrow, only three of 21 dogs became unresponsive to such ailografts. In five of 12 instances, the recipients were also unresponsive to skin allografts obtained from their respective kidney donors. Such skin grafts currently survive for 606, 673, 687, 701, and 708 days, respectively. The remaining seven skin grafts were rejected at 28, 39,42, 84, 90, 92, and 115 days, respectively. Second- and third-set skin grafts from the same kidney donor were rejected by six of these dogs at 19, 20, 21, 29, 29, and 30 days, and at 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, and 27 days, respectively. Rejection of these skin grafts had no detectable effect on the function and survival of kidney allografts from the same source. Seven of eight skin grafts obtained from other DLA-identical donors were rejected at 13,14,16,25,28,38, and 84 days, respectively; one allograft continues to survive for 708 days. Eleven DLA-incompatible skin allografts placed on the recipients at the same time were rejected within 11-20 days. Supralethal total body irradiation and bone marrow replacement can establish in the adult canine host a privileged phase of immunological reactivity during which exposure to alloantigens produces specific long-term unresponsiveness rather than sensitization. The use of stored autologous rather than allogeneic bone marrow for reconstitution of the irradiated recipient eliminates the hazards of GVH complication usually associated with this procedure. This consideration and the apparent capacity of the tolerant host to maintain a long-term state of unresponsiveness without any further immunosuppressive therapy point to the potential relevance of the results to human transplantation.", "contents": "Induction of unresponsiveness to major transplantable organs in adult mammals: a recapitulation of ontogeny by irradiation and bone marrow replacement. Transplantation of renal allografts obtained from prospectively selected genotypically DLA-identical donors into supralethally irradiated dogs reconstituted with their own stored bone marrow has produced a state of unresponsiveness to these kidneys in the recipients. Eleven of 18 kidneys transplanted at 12 hours after marrow replacement currently survive with normal function and maintain life in the recipients for 757, 800, 825, 978, 1062, 1092, 1136, 1282, 1373, 1380, and 1381 days, respectively. Similar results occurred in eight of 13 allografts transplanted at 28 hours after marrow replacement, which currently survive for 349, 363, 377, 407,436,470, 485, and 513 days, respectively, and in eight of 13 kidneys grafted at 36 hours after marrow replacement, which are surviving for 197, 247, 298, 324, 337, 396, 443, and 472 days, respectively. Achievement of optimal results is dependent on the specific timing and sequence of each procedure. Only four of 16 recipients of kidneys transplanted at the time of marrow replacement were unresponsive to their allografts. Similarly, only five of 19 recipients of kidneys placed in irradiated dogs at 40 hours before marrow replacement accepted such allografts. When kidney transplants were placed into the recipients 20 hours before removal of marrow, irradiation, and reconstitution with stored marrow, only three of 21 dogs became unresponsive to such ailografts. In five of 12 instances, the recipients were also unresponsive to skin allografts obtained from their respective kidney donors. Such skin grafts currently survive for 606, 673, 687, 701, and 708 days, respectively. The remaining seven skin grafts were rejected at 28, 39,42, 84, 90, 92, and 115 days, respectively. Second- and third-set skin grafts from the same kidney donor were rejected by six of these dogs at 19, 20, 21, 29, 29, and 30 days, and at 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, and 27 days, respectively. Rejection of these skin grafts had no detectable effect on the function and survival of kidney allografts from the same source. Seven of eight skin grafts obtained from other DLA-identical donors were rejected at 13,14,16,25,28,38, and 84 days, respectively; one allograft continues to survive for 708 days. Eleven DLA-incompatible skin allografts placed on the recipients at the same time were rejected within 11-20 days. Supralethal total body irradiation and bone marrow replacement can establish in the adult canine host a privileged phase of immunological reactivity during which exposure to alloantigens produces specific long-term unresponsiveness rather than sensitization. The use of stored autologous rather than allogeneic bone marrow for reconstitution of the irradiated recipient eliminates the hazards of GVH complication usually associated with this procedure. This consideration and the apparent capacity of the tolerant host to maintain a long-term state of unresponsiveness without any further immunosuppressive therapy point to the potential relevance of the results to human transplantation.", "PMID": 384942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6780", "title": "Thoracic duct fistula and renal transplantation.", "content": "Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) was established for 21-115 days in 40 kidney recipients with an average removal per patient day of 4.7 1 lymph and 1.88 billion cells. Cellular and humoral immunity were depressed. TDD and immunosuppressive drugs were started at transplantation in 35 recipients of cross-match negative grafts. Although the results were better than in precedent non-TDD controls, eight patients rejected their grafts before a full TDD effect, and three of the eight developed predominantly anti-B lymphocyte cytotoxic antibodies which were probably responsible for positive cross-matches with their next donors. With continuing TDD, all eight patients had good initial function after early retransplantation. In five more \"nontransplantable\" patients with performed cytotoxic antibodies, TDD was started 30-56 days before transplantation. In these five pretreated patients, antibodies persisted with positive antidonor cross-matches. Hyperacute rejection occurred repeatedly in two patients with high anti-T (and anti-B) titers, but was surmounted in three patients with lower titers. From the clinical and immunologic data, we have concluded that TDD should be used for pretreatment of all cases with or without prior antibodies, and have suggested an adjustable management plan that takes into account new developments in antibody monitoring.", "contents": "Thoracic duct fistula and renal transplantation. Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) was established for 21-115 days in 40 kidney recipients with an average removal per patient day of 4.7 1 lymph and 1.88 billion cells. Cellular and humoral immunity were depressed. TDD and immunosuppressive drugs were started at transplantation in 35 recipients of cross-match negative grafts. Although the results were better than in precedent non-TDD controls, eight patients rejected their grafts before a full TDD effect, and three of the eight developed predominantly anti-B lymphocyte cytotoxic antibodies which were probably responsible for positive cross-matches with their next donors. With continuing TDD, all eight patients had good initial function after early retransplantation. In five more \"nontransplantable\" patients with performed cytotoxic antibodies, TDD was started 30-56 days before transplantation. In these five pretreated patients, antibodies persisted with positive antidonor cross-matches. Hyperacute rejection occurred repeatedly in two patients with high anti-T (and anti-B) titers, but was surmounted in three patients with lower titers. From the clinical and immunologic data, we have concluded that TDD should be used for pretreatment of all cases with or without prior antibodies, and have suggested an adjustable management plan that takes into account new developments in antibody monitoring.", "PMID": 384943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6781", "title": "[Comparative study of the different media of enrichment and isolation for the identification of enteric pathogens (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, were compared several media in use in diagnostic laboratory for the isolation of enteric pathogens. The AA. have remarked the efficiency of Bacto-Selenite F and of Bacto-TT Broth Base Hajna, for the enrichment; it is suggested the use of Bacto Agar and of Bacto-Hektoen Enteric Agar for the isolation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the different media of enrichment and isolation for the identification of enteric pathogens (author's transl)]. In the present study, were compared several media in use in diagnostic laboratory for the isolation of enteric pathogens. The AA. have remarked the efficiency of Bacto-Selenite F and of Bacto-TT Broth Base Hajna, for the enrichment; it is suggested the use of Bacto Agar and of Bacto-Hektoen Enteric Agar for the isolation.", "PMID": 384940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6782", "title": "Ten year experience with renal transplantation in juvenile onset diabetics.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1978, 305 juvenile onset diabetic patients with uremia and 462 nondiabetic uremic patients of similar age received primary renal allografts at the University of Minnesota. Two hundred eight of the diabetic patients are alive and 190 have functioning renal grafts three months to ten years after transplantation. Cumulative patient survival rates at two years for diabetic recipients of kidneys from HLA identical siblings, other related and cadaver donors are 90, 73 and 68%, respectively, the corresponding graft functional survival rates are 90, 67 and 55%. For nondiabetic patients receiving kidneys from the same donor categories the corresponding patient survival rates are 97, 86 and 75%, while the graft functional survival rates are 94, 77 and 64%. The differences in patient and graft survival between diabetic and nondiabetic recipients are statistically significant only for the patients receiving grafts from HLA-nonidentical related donors. For all recipients under the age of 30, there are no statistically significant differences in patient and graft survival. Regardless of the age of the patient or the source of the kidney, the survival of diabetic patients treated with transplantation at our institution is better than the use of chronic hemodialysis, alone. Technical complications do not occur more frequently in diabetic transplant recipients. Cardiovascular disease is responsible for most of the late deaths in these diabetic patients. Amputations of digits or extremities have been required in 15% of the diabetic patients. On the positive side, the vision of 88% of these recipients remained stable or had improved visual acuity, and 82% of the diabetic patients were actively rehabilitated after transplantation. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal failure in diabetic patients, just as it is for most uremic patients.", "contents": "Ten year experience with renal transplantation in juvenile onset diabetics. Between 1968 and 1978, 305 juvenile onset diabetic patients with uremia and 462 nondiabetic uremic patients of similar age received primary renal allografts at the University of Minnesota. Two hundred eight of the diabetic patients are alive and 190 have functioning renal grafts three months to ten years after transplantation. Cumulative patient survival rates at two years for diabetic recipients of kidneys from HLA identical siblings, other related and cadaver donors are 90, 73 and 68%, respectively, the corresponding graft functional survival rates are 90, 67 and 55%. For nondiabetic patients receiving kidneys from the same donor categories the corresponding patient survival rates are 97, 86 and 75%, while the graft functional survival rates are 94, 77 and 64%. The differences in patient and graft survival between diabetic and nondiabetic recipients are statistically significant only for the patients receiving grafts from HLA-nonidentical related donors. For all recipients under the age of 30, there are no statistically significant differences in patient and graft survival. Regardless of the age of the patient or the source of the kidney, the survival of diabetic patients treated with transplantation at our institution is better than the use of chronic hemodialysis, alone. Technical complications do not occur more frequently in diabetic transplant recipients. Cardiovascular disease is responsible for most of the late deaths in these diabetic patients. Amputations of digits or extremities have been required in 15% of the diabetic patients. On the positive side, the vision of 88% of these recipients remained stable or had improved visual acuity, and 82% of the diabetic patients were actively rehabilitated after transplantation. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal failure in diabetic patients, just as it is for most uremic patients.", "PMID": 384944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6783", "title": "Alimentary tract complications after renal transplantation.", "content": "A computer analysis of post renal transplantation gastrointestinal problems was performed to identify important associated clinical factors. Thirty-seven per cent of all transplant recipients developed one or more significant problems. Hemorrhage, nondiverticular intestinal perforation, and esophagitis occurred most frequently in hospitalized patients. Pancreatitis, diverticulitis, and gastroduodenal perforation occurred characteristically in long-term survivors with well functioning allografts. Eleven of 32 HLA identical recipients treated with maintenance corticosteroids during stable kidney function developed gastrointestinal disease while only one of 13 HLA identical recipients not given maintenance steroids developed a problem, which strongly suggests a causal role for steroids in the development of late complications. The association of preexisting peptic ulcer and diverticular disease with hemorrhage and perforation supports previous recommendations that documented peptic ulcer disease or diverticulitis should be corrected surgically prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Alimentary tract complications after renal transplantation. A computer analysis of post renal transplantation gastrointestinal problems was performed to identify important associated clinical factors. Thirty-seven per cent of all transplant recipients developed one or more significant problems. Hemorrhage, nondiverticular intestinal perforation, and esophagitis occurred most frequently in hospitalized patients. Pancreatitis, diverticulitis, and gastroduodenal perforation occurred characteristically in long-term survivors with well functioning allografts. Eleven of 32 HLA identical recipients treated with maintenance corticosteroids during stable kidney function developed gastrointestinal disease while only one of 13 HLA identical recipients not given maintenance steroids developed a problem, which strongly suggests a causal role for steroids in the development of late complications. The association of preexisting peptic ulcer and diverticular disease with hemorrhage and perforation supports previous recommendations that documented peptic ulcer disease or diverticulitis should be corrected surgically prior to transplantation.", "PMID": 384945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6784", "title": "Obliteration of esophageal varices by PTP: a follow-up of 43 patients.", "content": "The percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization (PTP) with selective obliteration of the coronary vein and/or the short gastric veins in treating bleeding esophageal varices was introduced in 1974. In order to prevent recanalization of the vessels Bucrylate (isobutyl-2-cyano-acrylate) has been used in 43 patients 55 times during a period of 34 months (October 1975 to July 1978). The obliterative treatment was followed by rebleeding in 35% of the cases and continued bleeding occurred in two patients. Fourteen patients were treated on 16 occasions during acute bleedings, and five of these (36%) died within two months from a portal vein thrombosis caused by the obliterative procedure. Because of these findings PTP with obliteration of the veins feeding the esophageal varices is not recommended as an elective way of treatment. It should only be used in the acute bleeding patient when transesophageal sclerosering therapy, continuous vasopressin infusion and balloon tamponade have failed. Fifty-six per cent of the patients acutely treated stopped bleeding for more than one week, thus avoiding an emergency shunt or devascularization operation which are associated with a high mortality rate.", "contents": "Obliteration of esophageal varices by PTP: a follow-up of 43 patients. The percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization (PTP) with selective obliteration of the coronary vein and/or the short gastric veins in treating bleeding esophageal varices was introduced in 1974. In order to prevent recanalization of the vessels Bucrylate (isobutyl-2-cyano-acrylate) has been used in 43 patients 55 times during a period of 34 months (October 1975 to July 1978). The obliterative treatment was followed by rebleeding in 35% of the cases and continued bleeding occurred in two patients. Fourteen patients were treated on 16 occasions during acute bleedings, and five of these (36%) died within two months from a portal vein thrombosis caused by the obliterative procedure. Because of these findings PTP with obliteration of the veins feeding the esophageal varices is not recommended as an elective way of treatment. It should only be used in the acute bleeding patient when transesophageal sclerosering therapy, continuous vasopressin infusion and balloon tamponade have failed. Fifty-six per cent of the patients acutely treated stopped bleeding for more than one week, thus avoiding an emergency shunt or devascularization operation which are associated with a high mortality rate.", "PMID": 384946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6785", "title": "Effect of diazepam on serum testosterone and the ventral prostate gland in male rats.", "content": "A study was initiated to investigate the effect of diazepam on serum testosterone and testosterone-sensitive tissues in male rats. Diazepam was administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days. When compared with an equally matched group of control male rats, this dose of diazepam was associated with a significant reduction in both the weight of the ventral prostrate of treated rats and the serum testosterone levels. These changes were not associated with alterations in serum LH and FSH and the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone content. Since diazepam does not interfere with the radioimmunoassay of testosterone, it is suggested that the above observations were biologically induced via direct suppression of the interstitial cells of the testis.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on serum testosterone and the ventral prostate gland in male rats. A study was initiated to investigate the effect of diazepam on serum testosterone and testosterone-sensitive tissues in male rats. Diazepam was administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days. When compared with an equally matched group of control male rats, this dose of diazepam was associated with a significant reduction in both the weight of the ventral prostrate of treated rats and the serum testosterone levels. These changes were not associated with alterations in serum LH and FSH and the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone content. Since diazepam does not interfere with the radioimmunoassay of testosterone, it is suggested that the above observations were biologically induced via direct suppression of the interstitial cells of the testis.", "PMID": 384947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6786", "title": "Effect of a 5'-substituted adenosine analogue (744c96) on insulin and glucagon release in isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The effect of adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide) (744-96), a highly vasoactive adenosine analogue, was investigated on insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The compound inhibited glucose-induced insulin release in a dose-dependent manner (concentration range 10(-8) to 10(-5 M). No effect of 744-96 was observed on basal or on arginine-induced glucagon release. By contrast, 744-96 (5 microgram/kg i.v.) produced a significant increase in plasma glucagon and glucose levels in normal as well as in reserpinized rats. The observed failure to promote glucagon release from isolated islets may be attributable to the isolation procedure, to a release of glucagon in vivo from non-pancreatic stores, or to a non-specific effect of 744-96 on glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Effect of a 5'-substituted adenosine analogue (744c96) on insulin and glucagon release in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The effect of adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide) (744-96), a highly vasoactive adenosine analogue, was investigated on insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The compound inhibited glucose-induced insulin release in a dose-dependent manner (concentration range 10(-8) to 10(-5 M). No effect of 744-96 was observed on basal or on arginine-induced glucagon release. By contrast, 744-96 (5 microgram/kg i.v.) produced a significant increase in plasma glucagon and glucose levels in normal as well as in reserpinized rats. The observed failure to promote glucagon release from isolated islets may be attributable to the isolation procedure, to a release of glucagon in vivo from non-pancreatic stores, or to a non-specific effect of 744-96 on glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 384948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6787", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in platelet-vessel wall interaction.", "content": "Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and tranylcypromine, a PGI2 synthetase inhibitor, in topical superfusion over an arterial segment respectively decrease and increase ADP-induced local white platelet thrombus formation. Superfusion of the arterial segment with PGI2 demonstrates a dose-response related inhibition of ADP-induced thrombosis.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in platelet-vessel wall interaction. Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and tranylcypromine, a PGI2 synthetase inhibitor, in topical superfusion over an arterial segment respectively decrease and increase ADP-induced local white platelet thrombus formation. Superfusion of the arterial segment with PGI2 demonstrates a dose-response related inhibition of ADP-induced thrombosis.", "PMID": 384949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6788", "title": "Facilitation of bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced seizures by sodium valproate in rats.", "content": "Paralysed rats anaesthetized with urethane or halothane were injected with bicuculline or picrotoxin at doses which induced seizure activity in the EEG. Sodium valproate (50--1200 mg/kg) or saline was injected i.p. and its effect on the amplitude and duration of the seizures was measured. The seizures induced by either convulsant were increased significantly by doses of valproate greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg. The sites of action of the drugs in the brain, and the possible transmitter mechanisms involved, are discussed.", "contents": "Facilitation of bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced seizures by sodium valproate in rats. Paralysed rats anaesthetized with urethane or halothane were injected with bicuculline or picrotoxin at doses which induced seizure activity in the EEG. Sodium valproate (50--1200 mg/kg) or saline was injected i.p. and its effect on the amplitude and duration of the seizures was measured. The seizures induced by either convulsant were increased significantly by doses of valproate greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg. The sites of action of the drugs in the brain, and the possible transmitter mechanisms involved, are discussed.", "PMID": 384951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6789", "title": "Renal transplantation in the amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever. Experience in ten cases.", "content": "Ten patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and histologically confirmed amyloidosis received cadaver kidney transplants for treatment of terminal renal disease. Colchicine, 1 mg daily, was included in the routine postoperative regimen from 1974 for amyloidotic patients. Graft and patient survival were compared with ten nonamyloidotic recipients of renal grafts matched for age, sex, type of allograft, and HLA compatibility. In the FMF group, five of ten grafts have survived from 20 to 64 months; in the control group, six of ten. While only recipients with functioning grafts survived in the FMF group, patient survival in the control group is eight of ten after one year. In all five FMF survivors, graft function is satisfactory, proteinuria is absent, and blood creatinine levels are normal. Amyloid involvement of an allograft was documented 16 months after transplantation in the only patient whose maintenance colchicine dosage had been reduced to 0.5 mg daily.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in the amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever. Experience in ten cases. Ten patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and histologically confirmed amyloidosis received cadaver kidney transplants for treatment of terminal renal disease. Colchicine, 1 mg daily, was included in the routine postoperative regimen from 1974 for amyloidotic patients. Graft and patient survival were compared with ten nonamyloidotic recipients of renal grafts matched for age, sex, type of allograft, and HLA compatibility. In the FMF group, five of ten grafts have survived from 20 to 64 months; in the control group, six of ten. While only recipients with functioning grafts survived in the FMF group, patient survival in the control group is eight of ten after one year. In all five FMF survivors, graft function is satisfactory, proteinuria is absent, and blood creatinine levels are normal. Amyloid involvement of an allograft was documented 16 months after transplantation in the only patient whose maintenance colchicine dosage had been reduced to 0.5 mg daily.", "PMID": 384952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6790", "title": "Covalent linkage of lipoprotein to peptidoglycan is not essential for outer membrane stability in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Isolated rigis layers from Proteus mirabilis harvested at different growth phases were degraded by endo-N-acetylmuramidase from Chalaropsis B, and the degradation products were investigated. The results show the complete absence of covalently linked lipoprotein in exponential-phase cultures. Stationary cells, however, possess covalently linked lipoprotein in amounts similar to those found in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium during all growth phases. The overall peptidoglycan structure did not change during transition from logarithmic to stationary growth. Implications of these findings for the organization of the outer membrane are discussed.", "contents": "Covalent linkage of lipoprotein to peptidoglycan is not essential for outer membrane stability in Proteus mirabilis. Isolated rigis layers from Proteus mirabilis harvested at different growth phases were degraded by endo-N-acetylmuramidase from Chalaropsis B, and the degradation products were investigated. The results show the complete absence of covalently linked lipoprotein in exponential-phase cultures. Stationary cells, however, possess covalently linked lipoprotein in amounts similar to those found in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium during all growth phases. The overall peptidoglycan structure did not change during transition from logarithmic to stationary growth. Implications of these findings for the organization of the outer membrane are discussed.", "PMID": 384953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6791", "title": "Relaxed mutants of Serratia marcescens SM-6. Biochemical traits and relevance of the rel+ allele for the formation of exoenzymes.", "content": "Serratia marcescens SM-6 when starved for a required amino acid stops synthesizing protein and RNA and accumulates two nucleotides which co-chromatograph with ppGpp and pppGpp. These features are characteristic of bacterial strains with stringent RNA control (rel+). Two independent mutants were isolated which resemble relaxed (relA) mutants of Escherichia coli; they continue to synthesize RNA and accumulate neither ppGpp nor pppGpp when deprived of the required amino acid. The extracellular enzyme activities (nuclease, protease, lipase) of the relaxed mutants are about the same as those of the parental stringent strain when studied under standard growth conditions. Exoenzyme-deficient (nuc;prt) and exoenzyme-hyperproducing (nucsu) mutants were isolated from both stringent and relaxed strains of S. marcencens SM-6 and no change of the cellular ability to form ppGpp and pppGpp could be observed. From these results it appears that the formation of exoenzymes of S. marcescens SM-6 is independent of stringent/relaxed RNA control.", "contents": "Relaxed mutants of Serratia marcescens SM-6. Biochemical traits and relevance of the rel+ allele for the formation of exoenzymes. Serratia marcescens SM-6 when starved for a required amino acid stops synthesizing protein and RNA and accumulates two nucleotides which co-chromatograph with ppGpp and pppGpp. These features are characteristic of bacterial strains with stringent RNA control (rel+). Two independent mutants were isolated which resemble relaxed (relA) mutants of Escherichia coli; they continue to synthesize RNA and accumulate neither ppGpp nor pppGpp when deprived of the required amino acid. The extracellular enzyme activities (nuclease, protease, lipase) of the relaxed mutants are about the same as those of the parental stringent strain when studied under standard growth conditions. Exoenzyme-deficient (nuc;prt) and exoenzyme-hyperproducing (nucsu) mutants were isolated from both stringent and relaxed strains of S. marcencens SM-6 and no change of the cellular ability to form ppGpp and pppGpp could be observed. From these results it appears that the formation of exoenzymes of S. marcescens SM-6 is independent of stringent/relaxed RNA control.", "PMID": 384954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6792", "title": "[The adolescent confronted with hemodialysis and transplantation, psychological problems and developmental factors].", "content": "A study has been undertaken of the psychological problems of more than 250 adolescents and young adults with chronic renal failure in a dialysis and transplantation programme. The centre provided treatment and helped the patients to adapt to their illness. As the illness is of indefinite duration observations could be made of the course and the outcome. The individuals reaction to different forms of treatment, the possible final outcome and the institution were studied.", "contents": "[The adolescent confronted with hemodialysis and transplantation, psychological problems and developmental factors]. A study has been undertaken of the psychological problems of more than 250 adolescents and young adults with chronic renal failure in a dialysis and transplantation programme. The centre provided treatment and helped the patients to adapt to their illness. As the illness is of indefinite duration observations could be made of the course and the outcome. The individuals reaction to different forms of treatment, the possible final outcome and the institution were studied.", "PMID": 384955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6793", "title": "Serendipity in biological psychiatry--a myth?", "content": "It is often stated that major biological treatments in psychiatry were discovered by accident or serendipity. Tracing the history of the concept of serendipity, we find that serendipity has been subjected to greatly divergent interpretations. According to the current usage, it is a discovery in which chance was a necessary and/or sufficient condition. With this definition, none of the discoveries of major biological treatments in psychiatry can be labeled serendipitous. The necessary factors common to these discoveries were creative minds that were variably influenced by the zeitgeist and that were persistent in their search for answers. Another important prerequisite was the availability of crucial basic knowledge of many related sciences. We conclude that chance cannot substitute for long-term research and that the latter is the most likely way to lead to valuable discoveries.", "contents": "Serendipity in biological psychiatry--a myth? It is often stated that major biological treatments in psychiatry were discovered by accident or serendipity. Tracing the history of the concept of serendipity, we find that serendipity has been subjected to greatly divergent interpretations. According to the current usage, it is a discovery in which chance was a necessary and/or sufficient condition. With this definition, none of the discoveries of major biological treatments in psychiatry can be labeled serendipitous. The necessary factors common to these discoveries were creative minds that were variably influenced by the zeitgeist and that were persistent in their search for answers. Another important prerequisite was the availability of crucial basic knowledge of many related sciences. We conclude that chance cannot substitute for long-term research and that the latter is the most likely way to lead to valuable discoveries.", "PMID": 384956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6794", "title": "Exploratory psychotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis. Twelve hundred years ago.", "content": "Twelve hundred years ago, Jasaliq, a Persian physician, treated a patient who was suffering from psoriasis. Although psoriasis was not clearly differentiated from leprosy in the West until the 1840s, it was clinically described and differentiated as a separate entity in Persia in the eighth century AD. In this case history reported in one of the oldest Persian texts, Chahar Maqala, written in 1155 AD, the physician formulated a dynamic relationship between the outbreak of psoriasis in his patient and the existence of severe interpersonal conflicts. In treating his patient, he skillfully used therapeutic modalities that are now prevalent in exploratory and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The techniques of developing a therapeutic alliance, therapeutic confrontation, clarification, dynamic interpretation, and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts are in accord with our present concepts of exploratory and dynamic psychotherapy.", "contents": "Exploratory psychotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis. Twelve hundred years ago. Twelve hundred years ago, Jasaliq, a Persian physician, treated a patient who was suffering from psoriasis. Although psoriasis was not clearly differentiated from leprosy in the West until the 1840s, it was clinically described and differentiated as a separate entity in Persia in the eighth century AD. In this case history reported in one of the oldest Persian texts, Chahar Maqala, written in 1155 AD, the physician formulated a dynamic relationship between the outbreak of psoriasis in his patient and the existence of severe interpersonal conflicts. In treating his patient, he skillfully used therapeutic modalities that are now prevalent in exploratory and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The techniques of developing a therapeutic alliance, therapeutic confrontation, clarification, dynamic interpretation, and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts are in accord with our present concepts of exploratory and dynamic psychotherapy.", "PMID": 384957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6795", "title": "Plasmodium berghei--infected mice. Focal glomerulonephritis in hyperimmune state.", "content": "Twenty-one male Swiss albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(5) Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected cells. Twenty-four mice were used as a noninfected control group. On the tenth day after infection, three mice were killed and the remainder were treated with chloroquine phosphate (0.025% solution) given orally. The dosage was subsequently adjusted to keep the parasitemia below 5%. Eighteen of the controls received the same chloroquine dosage. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was seen from day 10 of infection up to two months after treatment. Granular deposits of immune complex were seen in all glomeruli. At the end of third month and thereafter, all experimental mice were in a hyperimmune state, and the kidneys showed the characteristic of focal glomerulonephritis resembling some types of human focal glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Plasmodium berghei--infected mice. Focal glomerulonephritis in hyperimmune state. Twenty-one male Swiss albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(5) Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected cells. Twenty-four mice were used as a noninfected control group. On the tenth day after infection, three mice were killed and the remainder were treated with chloroquine phosphate (0.025% solution) given orally. The dosage was subsequently adjusted to keep the parasitemia below 5%. Eighteen of the controls received the same chloroquine dosage. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was seen from day 10 of infection up to two months after treatment. Granular deposits of immune complex were seen in all glomeruli. At the end of third month and thereafter, all experimental mice were in a hyperimmune state, and the kidneys showed the characteristic of focal glomerulonephritis resembling some types of human focal glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 384958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6796", "title": "Electron-dense subepithelial glomerular deposits in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura syndrome.", "content": "A case of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP) with renal lesions is presented. The clinical, laboratory, and morphologic findings revealed features commonly described in HSP. A renal biopsy revealed diffuse, generalized, proliferative glomerulonephritis. The unusual findings in this case were numerous electron-dense subepithelial deposits (\"humps\") and a few small intramembranous deposits in the glomerular capillaries without deposits in the mesangium, mimicking those of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The electron-dense deposits were well correlated with deposits of IgG, IgA, C3, C4, C1q, and fibrin-fibrinogen demonstrated by immunofluorescent microscopy.", "contents": "Electron-dense subepithelial glomerular deposits in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura syndrome. A case of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP) with renal lesions is presented. The clinical, laboratory, and morphologic findings revealed features commonly described in HSP. A renal biopsy revealed diffuse, generalized, proliferative glomerulonephritis. The unusual findings in this case were numerous electron-dense subepithelial deposits (\"humps\") and a few small intramembranous deposits in the glomerular capillaries without deposits in the mesangium, mimicking those of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The electron-dense deposits were well correlated with deposits of IgG, IgA, C3, C4, C1q, and fibrin-fibrinogen demonstrated by immunofluorescent microscopy.", "PMID": 384959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6797", "title": "Primary excision and grafting of burns located over an open fracture.", "content": "Early excision of the burn, immediate autografting, reduction of the fracture, and stabilization with a plaster-of-paris cast is offered as an alternative method for managing burns with associated long-bone fractures. The opportunity to excise and immediately autograft a burn wound requires rethinking of the entire problem of burns associated with a fracture.", "contents": "Primary excision and grafting of burns located over an open fracture. Early excision of the burn, immediate autografting, reduction of the fracture, and stabilization with a plaster-of-paris cast is offered as an alternative method for managing burns with associated long-bone fractures. The opportunity to excise and immediately autograft a burn wound requires rethinking of the entire problem of burns associated with a fracture.", "PMID": 384962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6798", "title": "A clinical and laboratory evaluation of a polyurethane foam: a new donor site dressing.", "content": "A polyurethane foam (Lyofoam) has been reported to accelerate epithelization of a wound. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy as a donor-site dressing for thermally injured patients. Thus, partial-thickness injuries were made in ten pigs and covered with Lyofoam, Xeroform, Telfa, Scarlet Red, and fine-mesh gauze. Gross and histologic examinations failed to show accelerated healing under the Lyofoam dressing but did show that Scarlet Red covered donor sites healed the fastest. On clinical evaluation, nine patients only showed that Lyofoam separated earlier from the underlying wound but there was no evidence to suggest that the wound was more mature than that covered with fine-mesh gauze.", "contents": "A clinical and laboratory evaluation of a polyurethane foam: a new donor site dressing. A polyurethane foam (Lyofoam) has been reported to accelerate epithelization of a wound. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy as a donor-site dressing for thermally injured patients. Thus, partial-thickness injuries were made in ten pigs and covered with Lyofoam, Xeroform, Telfa, Scarlet Red, and fine-mesh gauze. Gross and histologic examinations failed to show accelerated healing under the Lyofoam dressing but did show that Scarlet Red covered donor sites healed the fastest. On clinical evaluation, nine patients only showed that Lyofoam separated earlier from the underlying wound but there was no evidence to suggest that the wound was more mature than that covered with fine-mesh gauze.", "PMID": 384963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6799", "title": "Lung expansion, airway pressure transmission, and positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Transmission of airway pressure to the intrapleural space and change in functional residual capacity by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were measured in ten anesthetized swine. Measurements and calculations were performed with varying lung and chest wall compliances. When both compliances were normal, approximately half of the applied airway pressure was transmitted. Aspiration of hydrochloric acid reduced lung compliance approximately fourfold and decreased airway pressure transmission. Increased thoracic compliance also reduced airway pressure transmission. When acid aspiration reduced lung compliance and sternotomy simultaneously increased thoracic compliance, pressure transmission was maximally reduced. Decreases in either thoracic or lung compliance reduced the volume-expanding effects of PEEP. Positive end-expiratory pressure was least effective when thoracic and lung compliances were reduced simultaneously. Careful assessment of both lung and thoracic compliances may be helpful in treating patients requiring elevated airway pressure.", "contents": "Lung expansion, airway pressure transmission, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Transmission of airway pressure to the intrapleural space and change in functional residual capacity by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were measured in ten anesthetized swine. Measurements and calculations were performed with varying lung and chest wall compliances. When both compliances were normal, approximately half of the applied airway pressure was transmitted. Aspiration of hydrochloric acid reduced lung compliance approximately fourfold and decreased airway pressure transmission. Increased thoracic compliance also reduced airway pressure transmission. When acid aspiration reduced lung compliance and sternotomy simultaneously increased thoracic compliance, pressure transmission was maximally reduced. Decreases in either thoracic or lung compliance reduced the volume-expanding effects of PEEP. Positive end-expiratory pressure was least effective when thoracic and lung compliances were reduced simultaneously. Careful assessment of both lung and thoracic compliances may be helpful in treating patients requiring elevated airway pressure.", "PMID": 384964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6800", "title": "Attempted enhancement in patients undergoing renal allotransplantation: lack of long-term sensitization.", "content": "It seems timely and pertinent to review the long-term follow-up of four patients who were deliberately exposed before transplant to donor antigens in an \"enhancement\" protocol. Not only were there no adverse effects observed, but three of the four patients never had an identifiable rejection episode. One of the successful allograft recipients had cytotoxic antibodies to his donor's cells. These appear to have been cold, T- and B-cell-reactive antibodies of doubtful significance. Both long-term surviving recipients showed weakness in degree of mitogenesis in mixed culture of donor and recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which does not appear to be related to a macrophage defect but may be related to a lack of active rosette-forming T cells.", "contents": "Attempted enhancement in patients undergoing renal allotransplantation: lack of long-term sensitization. It seems timely and pertinent to review the long-term follow-up of four patients who were deliberately exposed before transplant to donor antigens in an \"enhancement\" protocol. Not only were there no adverse effects observed, but three of the four patients never had an identifiable rejection episode. One of the successful allograft recipients had cytotoxic antibodies to his donor's cells. These appear to have been cold, T- and B-cell-reactive antibodies of doubtful significance. Both long-term surviving recipients showed weakness in degree of mitogenesis in mixed culture of donor and recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which does not appear to be related to a macrophage defect but may be related to a lack of active rosette-forming T cells.", "PMID": 384965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6801", "title": "Urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients.", "content": "In 65 kidney transplant recipients who were followed up for a mean period of 14.7 months, the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), and how the incidence was affected by length of graft survival, age, HLA-A and HLA-B matches, complications, duration of Foley catheter use, and other aspects, were examined. The total incidence of infection included an unexpectedly high rate of late infections. The incidence was found to be statistically increased with nephrectomy, splenectomy, recatheterization, and age older than 40 years. There was no correlation noted with graft source, antigen match, graft loss, or previous history of UTI. A group of patients with persistent UTI was noted and an inability to suppress UTI with long-term therapy with antibiotics was found. The asymptomatic nature of most of the UTIs confirmed the need for frequent periodic cultures of urine in the immunosuppressed patient.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients. In 65 kidney transplant recipients who were followed up for a mean period of 14.7 months, the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), and how the incidence was affected by length of graft survival, age, HLA-A and HLA-B matches, complications, duration of Foley catheter use, and other aspects, were examined. The total incidence of infection included an unexpectedly high rate of late infections. The incidence was found to be statistically increased with nephrectomy, splenectomy, recatheterization, and age older than 40 years. There was no correlation noted with graft source, antigen match, graft loss, or previous history of UTI. A group of patients with persistent UTI was noted and an inability to suppress UTI with long-term therapy with antibiotics was found. The asymptomatic nature of most of the UTIs confirmed the need for frequent periodic cultures of urine in the immunosuppressed patient.", "PMID": 384966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6802", "title": "Basic requirements of pancreatic mass for transplantation.", "content": "In canine pancreas autografts, more than 20% (30% to 40%) of the pancreatic mass (body and distal head or proximal tail) is required for the establishment of a satisfactory endocrine response. Transplantation of 20% of the pancreatic mass did not result in an adequate restoration of the endocrine function. We believe that this study gives a practical answer to the question of how much pancreatic mass is necessary for the establishment of normal functional response after transplantation. This autotransplantation model precludes the determination of the content and volume of transplanted pancreatic islets. Thus, our model indicates the requirements of the pancreatic mass of the specific anatomic areas that were transplanted, but does not indicate the actual amount of transplanted islets.", "contents": "Basic requirements of pancreatic mass for transplantation. In canine pancreas autografts, more than 20% (30% to 40%) of the pancreatic mass (body and distal head or proximal tail) is required for the establishment of a satisfactory endocrine response. Transplantation of 20% of the pancreatic mass did not result in an adequate restoration of the endocrine function. We believe that this study gives a practical answer to the question of how much pancreatic mass is necessary for the establishment of normal functional response after transplantation. This autotransplantation model precludes the determination of the content and volume of transplanted pancreatic islets. Thus, our model indicates the requirements of the pancreatic mass of the specific anatomic areas that were transplanted, but does not indicate the actual amount of transplanted islets.", "PMID": 384967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6803", "title": "The carcinogenicity of lead.", "content": "The potential for lead to cause neoplasm in animals and man is reviewed. A multitude of studies indicate that principally renal tumours may be produced by various forms of inorganic lead in small rodents. No human study either of an epidemiological form or of a case report in industrial, agricultural or community medicine has proven that lead may cause cancer in man.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity of lead. The potential for lead to cause neoplasm in animals and man is reviewed. A multitude of studies indicate that principally renal tumours may be produced by various forms of inorganic lead in small rodents. No human study either of an epidemiological form or of a case report in industrial, agricultural or community medicine has proven that lead may cause cancer in man.", "PMID": 384969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6804", "title": "IgM fluorescence antibodies in sera of pregnant women exposed to rubella.", "content": "A high per cent of false positive results for rubella virus IgM antibodies determined by immune fluorescence were detected in sera of pregnant women. After absorption with Staphylococcus suspension, Cowan 1 strain, and aggregates of human immunoglobulins, the false positive reactions due to IgM antiimmunoglobulin were eliminated.", "contents": "IgM fluorescence antibodies in sera of pregnant women exposed to rubella. A high per cent of false positive results for rubella virus IgM antibodies determined by immune fluorescence were detected in sera of pregnant women. After absorption with Staphylococcus suspension, Cowan 1 strain, and aggregates of human immunoglobulins, the false positive reactions due to IgM antiimmunoglobulin were eliminated.", "PMID": 384970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6805", "title": "[Origin of fibroblasts and macrophages of skin wound granulation tissue].", "content": "By the method of thymidine autoradiography and fluorescing antibodies, the origin of cells participating in healing the experimentally produced wounds was investigated. 3H-thymidine was administered a day before the production of the wounds. 14C-thymidine was injected impulsively 1 h before the material was fixed 1,3 and 8 days after the trauma. The analysis of the autographs demonstrated that during wound healing the cell-precursors of macrophages and fibroblasts migrate from beyond the limits of the connective tissue. By means of the fluorescing antibodies in mouse radiation xenogenic chimaeras it was demonstrated that macrophages and fibroblasts participating in wound healing take their origin from the donor's elements, that is, are of bone marrow origin.", "contents": "[Origin of fibroblasts and macrophages of skin wound granulation tissue]. By the method of thymidine autoradiography and fluorescing antibodies, the origin of cells participating in healing the experimentally produced wounds was investigated. 3H-thymidine was administered a day before the production of the wounds. 14C-thymidine was injected impulsively 1 h before the material was fixed 1,3 and 8 days after the trauma. The analysis of the autographs demonstrated that during wound healing the cell-precursors of macrophages and fibroblasts migrate from beyond the limits of the connective tissue. By means of the fluorescing antibodies in mouse radiation xenogenic chimaeras it was demonstrated that macrophages and fibroblasts participating in wound healing take their origin from the donor's elements, that is, are of bone marrow origin.", "PMID": 384974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6806", "title": "[Stereologic analysis of the thyroid gland (review of methods)].", "content": "The most important stereological methods applied for quantitative morphologic investigation of the thyroid gland are considered: estimation of relative volumes of the organ's components, of follicular surface, of follicular surface/volume ratio, of number of cells and follicles per volume unit and in the whole organ, their distribution according to their size. The main formulae are presented and the most effective ways in application of stereological of stereological methods for investigation of normal and pathological gland in men and animals are described.", "contents": "[Stereologic analysis of the thyroid gland (review of methods)]. The most important stereological methods applied for quantitative morphologic investigation of the thyroid gland are considered: estimation of relative volumes of the organ's components, of follicular surface, of follicular surface/volume ratio, of number of cells and follicles per volume unit and in the whole organ, their distribution according to their size. The main formulae are presented and the most effective ways in application of stereological of stereological methods for investigation of normal and pathological gland in men and animals are described.", "PMID": 384976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6807", "title": "[Endothelial barrier, foam cells and lipoprotein metabolism in arterial walls (based on experimental arteriosclerosis in rabbits)].", "content": "The features of impaired permeability of endothelium and increased pinocytosis of endothelial cells in developing experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits are described on the basis of electron microscopy findings. Foam cells of various degrees of vacuolation were recovered from the tissue of atherosclerotic aorta by enzymatic treatment. The stages of smooth muscle cell transformation into foam cells were followed. An analysis of morphological changes occurring in foam cells in response to lipids is given. Interactions of intracellular lipid vacuoles with lysosomes are analysed. Possible causes and modes of impairment of the structure and function of aorta cells in experimental atherosclerosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Endothelial barrier, foam cells and lipoprotein metabolism in arterial walls (based on experimental arteriosclerosis in rabbits)]. The features of impaired permeability of endothelium and increased pinocytosis of endothelial cells in developing experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits are described on the basis of electron microscopy findings. Foam cells of various degrees of vacuolation were recovered from the tissue of atherosclerotic aorta by enzymatic treatment. The stages of smooth muscle cell transformation into foam cells were followed. An analysis of morphological changes occurring in foam cells in response to lipids is given. Interactions of intracellular lipid vacuoles with lysosomes are analysed. Possible causes and modes of impairment of the structure and function of aorta cells in experimental atherosclerosis are discussed.", "PMID": 384977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6808", "title": "The pregnant epileptic: a review and recommendations.", "content": "The major concerns in the pregnant epileptic patient are loss of seizure control and the teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs on the fetus. Loss of seizure control is usually caused by a progressive decline of antiepileptic plasma levels throughout pregnancy. This decline can be prevented by monthly dose adjustments based on plasma level determinations. Although infant malformations are a more prevalent outcome of the pregnancies of epileptics than of nonepileptics, the role of antiepileptic drugs in teratogenicity is not fully established. Only trimethadione has been convincingly linked to fetal malformation. Recommendations for the management of epilepsy in pregnancy are made.", "contents": "The pregnant epileptic: a review and recommendations. The major concerns in the pregnant epileptic patient are loss of seizure control and the teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs on the fetus. Loss of seizure control is usually caused by a progressive decline of antiepileptic plasma levels throughout pregnancy. This decline can be prevented by monthly dose adjustments based on plasma level determinations. Although infant malformations are a more prevalent outcome of the pregnancies of epileptics than of nonepileptics, the role of antiepileptic drugs in teratogenicity is not fully established. Only trimethadione has been convincingly linked to fetal malformation. Recommendations for the management of epilepsy in pregnancy are made.", "PMID": 384980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6809", "title": "Meiges disease: a clinical form of facial convulsion, bilateral and medial.", "content": "In 1910 the French neurologist Henry Meige described in detail a disorder characterized chiefly by symmetric dystonic spasms of the facial muscles, which he called \"spasm facial median.\" Cases with this disorder are rare, and frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. We report here a translation of Meige's original description of \"spasm facial median.\" We hope that this translation will make it easier to recognize and diagnose this disorder and that it will stimulate greater interest in this unusual syndrome.", "contents": "Meiges disease: a clinical form of facial convulsion, bilateral and medial. In 1910 the French neurologist Henry Meige described in detail a disorder characterized chiefly by symmetric dystonic spasms of the facial muscles, which he called \"spasm facial median.\" Cases with this disorder are rare, and frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. We report here a translation of Meige's original description of \"spasm facial median.\" We hope that this translation will make it easier to recognize and diagnose this disorder and that it will stimulate greater interest in this unusual syndrome.", "PMID": 384981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6810", "title": "Disappearance of Kayser-Fleischer rings after liver transplantation.", "content": "Kayser-Fleischer rings were observed in a 14-year-old boy with progressive liver disease. Laboratory data supported a diagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). Therapy with chelating agents was initiated, but discontinued because of side reactions. Successful liver homotransplantation was performed. The Kayser-Fleischer rings gradually faded and had completely disappeared by six years postoperatively.", "contents": "Disappearance of Kayser-Fleischer rings after liver transplantation. Kayser-Fleischer rings were observed in a 14-year-old boy with progressive liver disease. Laboratory data supported a diagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). Therapy with chelating agents was initiated, but discontinued because of side reactions. Successful liver homotransplantation was performed. The Kayser-Fleischer rings gradually faded and had completely disappeared by six years postoperatively.", "PMID": 384982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6811", "title": "Interferometric visual acuity testing in anterior segment disease.", "content": "Preoperative and posteroperative visual acuities for Landolt ring targets and for a grating target of comparable retinal illuminance produced by two-beam interference were assessed in patients with anterior segment disease. Good preoperative interferometric acuities (6/12 or better) were found in over half of the cases in which Landolt acuities were 6/90 or worse. In general, good preoperative interferometric acuities were predictive of good postoperative Landolt acuities. However, poor interferometric acuities in patients with opacified media did not preclude good Landolt acuities postoperatively. We conclude that interferometric acuity testing can provide valuable information about potential macular resolution capacity in some cases. Both the strengths and weaknesses of interferometric acuity testing must be appreciated for successful application.", "contents": "Interferometric visual acuity testing in anterior segment disease. Preoperative and posteroperative visual acuities for Landolt ring targets and for a grating target of comparable retinal illuminance produced by two-beam interference were assessed in patients with anterior segment disease. Good preoperative interferometric acuities (6/12 or better) were found in over half of the cases in which Landolt acuities were 6/90 or worse. In general, good preoperative interferometric acuities were predictive of good postoperative Landolt acuities. However, poor interferometric acuities in patients with opacified media did not preclude good Landolt acuities postoperatively. We conclude that interferometric acuity testing can provide valuable information about potential macular resolution capacity in some cases. Both the strengths and weaknesses of interferometric acuity testing must be appreciated for successful application.", "PMID": 384983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6812", "title": "Suspending sutures in blepharoplasty.", "content": "Lateral canthopexy using permanent suspending sutures to shorten the lateral canthal tendon helps prevent scleral show, increased sloping of the upper lid, and inferomedial displacement of the lateral canthus following lower lid blepharoplasty. While these complications usually are prevented by flap suspension techniques, in which more skin is excised above and lateral to the commissure than below it, sutures running from the inferomedial part of the lateral canthal tendon to its superolateral aspect and to periosteum just inside the orbit still further reduce the tendency toward the complications mentioned. We report technical aspects and results. After several years of clinical experience, we have the impression that the technique is a useful adjunct, even though it may produce more swelling and inflammation and a longer recuperative period.", "contents": "Suspending sutures in blepharoplasty. Lateral canthopexy using permanent suspending sutures to shorten the lateral canthal tendon helps prevent scleral show, increased sloping of the upper lid, and inferomedial displacement of the lateral canthus following lower lid blepharoplasty. While these complications usually are prevented by flap suspension techniques, in which more skin is excised above and lateral to the commissure than below it, sutures running from the inferomedial part of the lateral canthal tendon to its superolateral aspect and to periosteum just inside the orbit still further reduce the tendency toward the complications mentioned. We report technical aspects and results. After several years of clinical experience, we have the impression that the technique is a useful adjunct, even though it may produce more swelling and inflammation and a longer recuperative period.", "PMID": 384985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6813", "title": "Implants of Supramid, Proplast, Plasti-Pore, and Silastic.", "content": "Four types of synthetic materials were implanted in 54 rabbits: Supramid, Proplast, Plasti-Pore, and Silastic. Each material was implanted into the auricle and concomitantly into the subdermis of the face. Postoperative assessment was every one to three days, while killing was done at six weeks, six months, and one year postoperatively for microscopic evaluation. Supramid mesh contains black pigment, which became incorporated within the histiocytes and giant cells around the implanted mesh by six weeks; at one year, the soft tissues were pigmented microscopically. Proplast was not extruded despite an intense and persistent histiocytic and giant-cell reaction; its black color constituted a major drawback for implantation beneath thin skin. The Plasti-Pore used in these studies was rigid and somewhat difficult to sculpture, and it induced a persistent but minor cellular reaction. Silastic was easily displaced.", "contents": "Implants of Supramid, Proplast, Plasti-Pore, and Silastic. Four types of synthetic materials were implanted in 54 rabbits: Supramid, Proplast, Plasti-Pore, and Silastic. Each material was implanted into the auricle and concomitantly into the subdermis of the face. Postoperative assessment was every one to three days, while killing was done at six weeks, six months, and one year postoperatively for microscopic evaluation. Supramid mesh contains black pigment, which became incorporated within the histiocytes and giant cells around the implanted mesh by six weeks; at one year, the soft tissues were pigmented microscopically. Proplast was not extruded despite an intense and persistent histiocytic and giant-cell reaction; its black color constituted a major drawback for implantation beneath thin skin. The Plasti-Pore used in these studies was rigid and somewhat difficult to sculpture, and it induced a persistent but minor cellular reaction. Silastic was easily displaced.", "PMID": 384986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6814", "title": "The psychological treatment of cancer: the patient's confusion of the time for living with the time for dying.", "content": "It has been shown that it is possible to influence cancer growth by a form of intensive meditation, although it is not yet established whether it can be influenced to the point of cure. In working with these patients it has been observed that the course of the illness has often been influenced by the patient's confusion of the biologically appropriate time for living and the time for dying. Without recourse to any formal psychotherapy, the family physician aware of this reaction may be able to enhance the immune defences and increase the quality of life of such patients.", "contents": "The psychological treatment of cancer: the patient's confusion of the time for living with the time for dying. It has been shown that it is possible to influence cancer growth by a form of intensive meditation, although it is not yet established whether it can be influenced to the point of cure. In working with these patients it has been observed that the course of the illness has often been influenced by the patient's confusion of the biologically appropriate time for living and the time for dying. Without recourse to any formal psychotherapy, the family physician aware of this reaction may be able to enhance the immune defences and increase the quality of life of such patients.", "PMID": 384987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6815", "title": "Relationship between thermogenic drinking and plasma renin activity in the rat.", "content": "The spontaneous water intake of rats increases when they are transferred abruptly from a cold (5 degrees C) to a neutral (25 degrees C) environment. This has been termed thermogenic drinking. Treatment of cold-acclimated rats with SQ 14,225, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, at 10-50 mg/kg of body weight prior to removal from cold, inhibited the thermogenic drinking response in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma for determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) was obtained by cardiac puncture from methoxyflurane anesthetized rats maintained chronically at both 25 degrees and 5 degrees C. In addition, plasma was obtained from cold-acclimated rats 15 min after removal from 5 degrees to 25 degrees C. PRA values were 2.2 +/- 0.4 (S.E.) ng/ml/h for control rats; 1.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml/h for cold-acclimated rats and 8.5 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/h for cold-acclimated rats removed from cold for 15 min. Thus, PRA was significantly increased in rats removed acutely from cold. These data suggest that thermogenic drinking may be mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Relationship between thermogenic drinking and plasma renin activity in the rat. The spontaneous water intake of rats increases when they are transferred abruptly from a cold (5 degrees C) to a neutral (25 degrees C) environment. This has been termed thermogenic drinking. Treatment of cold-acclimated rats with SQ 14,225, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, at 10-50 mg/kg of body weight prior to removal from cold, inhibited the thermogenic drinking response in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma for determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) was obtained by cardiac puncture from methoxyflurane anesthetized rats maintained chronically at both 25 degrees and 5 degrees C. In addition, plasma was obtained from cold-acclimated rats 15 min after removal from 5 degrees to 25 degrees C. PRA values were 2.2 +/- 0.4 (S.E.) ng/ml/h for control rats; 1.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml/h for cold-acclimated rats and 8.5 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/h for cold-acclimated rats removed from cold for 15 min. Thus, PRA was significantly increased in rats removed acutely from cold. These data suggest that thermogenic drinking may be mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 384990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6816", "title": "Evaluation of several methods of detecting salmonellae in groups of chickens.", "content": "Chickens exposed experimentally to Salmonella agona, S. blockley, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. typhimurium were tested serologically by microagglutination and microantiglobulin procedures and culturally by cloacal swabs and environmental samples. Chicks infected at one day old yielded the highest level of positive cloacal swab cultures, whereas exposure of older birds gave maximal serologic titers. Recovery of salmonella from environmental samples is dependent on a number of factors, including excretion rate by the population and survival rate of salmonellae in the environment. Serologic titers persisted after salmonellae could no longer be isolated from cloacal swabs or environmental samples. The possibility of false-positive serologic reactions was explored in two groups of chickens, one exposed to other Enterobacteriaceae, and one composed of eight specific-pathogen-free flocks. Occasional serologic microantiglobulin titers were observed only in the latter group. Extensive culturing of the environment from these flocks had negative results.", "contents": "Evaluation of several methods of detecting salmonellae in groups of chickens. Chickens exposed experimentally to Salmonella agona, S. blockley, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. typhimurium were tested serologically by microagglutination and microantiglobulin procedures and culturally by cloacal swabs and environmental samples. Chicks infected at one day old yielded the highest level of positive cloacal swab cultures, whereas exposure of older birds gave maximal serologic titers. Recovery of salmonella from environmental samples is dependent on a number of factors, including excretion rate by the population and survival rate of salmonellae in the environment. Serologic titers persisted after salmonellae could no longer be isolated from cloacal swabs or environmental samples. The possibility of false-positive serologic reactions was explored in two groups of chickens, one exposed to other Enterobacteriaceae, and one composed of eight specific-pathogen-free flocks. Occasional serologic microantiglobulin titers were observed only in the latter group. Extensive culturing of the environment from these flocks had negative results.", "PMID": 384988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6817", "title": "Prevalence of certain antibodies to selected disease-causing agents in wild turkeys in Texas.", "content": "In Texas in 1976 and 1977, Rio Grande turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) from seven counties and Eastern turkeys (M. g. silvestris) from one county were tested for antibodies to selected poultry pathogens. Standardized serological tests disclosed reactors to Salmonella pullorum (2.4%), S. typhimurium (2.3%), and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4.8%). There were no reactors to Newcastle disease virus or Chlamydia psittaci. Prevalence of M. gallisepticum antibody in wild turkeys was significantly higher for counties with commercial turkey operations than for counties lacking domestic turkeys, whereas the incidence of S. pullorum and S. typhimurium did not differ significantly.", "contents": "Prevalence of certain antibodies to selected disease-causing agents in wild turkeys in Texas. In Texas in 1976 and 1977, Rio Grande turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) from seven counties and Eastern turkeys (M. g. silvestris) from one county were tested for antibodies to selected poultry pathogens. Standardized serological tests disclosed reactors to Salmonella pullorum (2.4%), S. typhimurium (2.3%), and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4.8%). There were no reactors to Newcastle disease virus or Chlamydia psittaci. Prevalence of M. gallisepticum antibody in wild turkeys was significantly higher for counties with commercial turkey operations than for counties lacking domestic turkeys, whereas the incidence of S. pullorum and S. typhimurium did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 384989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6818", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate consumption by bacterial arginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases.", "content": "ATP consumption by arginyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus has been investigated by the firefly luciferin--luciferase assay. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli utilizes ATP only for aminocylation of tRNA with a 1:1 stoicheiometry. In contrast, we have shown an adenosine triphosphatase activity of arginyl-tRNA synthetase from B. stearothermophilus in the absence of tRNAArg. Dowex chromatography revealed the formation of ADP by the thermophile enzyme; under aminoacylation conditions, AMP was also formed in amounts stoicheiometric with arginyl-tRNA formation.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate consumption by bacterial arginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases. ATP consumption by arginyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus has been investigated by the firefly luciferin--luciferase assay. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli utilizes ATP only for aminocylation of tRNA with a 1:1 stoicheiometry. In contrast, we have shown an adenosine triphosphatase activity of arginyl-tRNA synthetase from B. stearothermophilus in the absence of tRNAArg. Dowex chromatography revealed the formation of ADP by the thermophile enzyme; under aminoacylation conditions, AMP was also formed in amounts stoicheiometric with arginyl-tRNA formation.", "PMID": 384995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6819", "title": "Thiamin biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Origin of carbon-2 of the thiazole moiety.", "content": "Radioactivity from [2-14C]glycine enters C-2 of the thiazole moiety of thiamin and no other site, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strains A.T.C.C. 24903 and 39916, H.J. Bunker). Radioactivity from L-[Me-14C]methionine or from DL-[2-14C]tyrosine does not enter thiamin.", "contents": "Thiamin biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Origin of carbon-2 of the thiazole moiety. Radioactivity from [2-14C]glycine enters C-2 of the thiazole moiety of thiamin and no other site, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strains A.T.C.C. 24903 and 39916, H.J. Bunker). Radioactivity from L-[Me-14C]methionine or from DL-[2-14C]tyrosine does not enter thiamin.", "PMID": 384994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6820", "title": "Metabolism and insulin-releasing capabilities of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine in isolated rat islets.", "content": "The ability of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine to stimulate insulin secretion from perifused rat islets and the suitability of these hexoses to be metabolized in a static incubation was studied under various conditions. N-Acetylglucosamine alone stimulated insulin release with a threshold of 10 mM, with half-maximal effect at approx. 16 mM, and maximally at 20 mM. With higher concentrations stimulation was slightly diminished. Release caused by 20 mM-N-acetylglucosamine was unaffected by 30 mM-mannoheptulose, but was blocked by 2-deoxyglucose or iodoacetate (1 mM). At moderate concentrations, (2.75--20 mM), the metabolism of N-acetyl[1-3H]glucosamine was similar to that of [1-3H]glucose and secretion rates paralleled the corresponding rates of metabolism with these hexoses. Glucosamine (27.5 mM) alone weakly stimulated insulin secretion, which was unaltered by 30 mM-mannoheptulose but blocked by 2-deoxyglucose or iodoacetate. A lower rate of [1-3H]glucosamine metabolism appeared to account for its weaker stimulatory efficacy. Insulin release caused by 27.5 mM-glucosamine or 27.5 mM-N-acetylglucosamine in the presence of basal (2.75 mM) glucose was accurately predicted based on the summed metabolic rates of these compounds. The data strengthen the theory proposing that metabolites or cofactors generated during metabolism are essential for triggering insulin secretion.", "contents": "Metabolism and insulin-releasing capabilities of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine in isolated rat islets. The ability of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine to stimulate insulin secretion from perifused rat islets and the suitability of these hexoses to be metabolized in a static incubation was studied under various conditions. N-Acetylglucosamine alone stimulated insulin release with a threshold of 10 mM, with half-maximal effect at approx. 16 mM, and maximally at 20 mM. With higher concentrations stimulation was slightly diminished. Release caused by 20 mM-N-acetylglucosamine was unaffected by 30 mM-mannoheptulose, but was blocked by 2-deoxyglucose or iodoacetate (1 mM). At moderate concentrations, (2.75--20 mM), the metabolism of N-acetyl[1-3H]glucosamine was similar to that of [1-3H]glucose and secretion rates paralleled the corresponding rates of metabolism with these hexoses. Glucosamine (27.5 mM) alone weakly stimulated insulin secretion, which was unaltered by 30 mM-mannoheptulose but blocked by 2-deoxyglucose or iodoacetate. A lower rate of [1-3H]glucosamine metabolism appeared to account for its weaker stimulatory efficacy. Insulin release caused by 27.5 mM-glucosamine or 27.5 mM-N-acetylglucosamine in the presence of basal (2.75 mM) glucose was accurately predicted based on the summed metabolic rates of these compounds. The data strengthen the theory proposing that metabolites or cofactors generated during metabolism are essential for triggering insulin secretion.", "PMID": 384996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6821", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of protein synthesis by selenodiglutathione.", "content": "Amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from rat liver has previously been found to be inhibited by GSSeSG (selenodiglutathione). In the present experiments the effect of GSSeSG on protein synthesis in 3T3-f cells, on growth and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli, and on amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from E. coli, was studied. GSSeSG inhibits the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein by 3T3-f cells. This inhibition cannot be reversed by removing GSSeSG and is correlated with the uptake of GSSeSG. Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and oxidized glutathione had no inhibitory effect in this system. [3H]Uridine or [3H]thymidine incorporation into RNA or DNA was not inhibited, indicating that the primary action of GSSeSG was on protein synthesis. GSSeSG did not influence the growth of E. coli in a synthetic medium, although enhanced amino acid incorporation was observed. In the cell-free system derived from E. coli, amino acid incorporation was not changed by GSSeSG, indicating that elongation factor G, in contrast to elongation factor 2 of mammalian cell systems, is not blocked by GSSeSG.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of protein synthesis by selenodiglutathione. Amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from rat liver has previously been found to be inhibited by GSSeSG (selenodiglutathione). In the present experiments the effect of GSSeSG on protein synthesis in 3T3-f cells, on growth and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli, and on amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from E. coli, was studied. GSSeSG inhibits the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein by 3T3-f cells. This inhibition cannot be reversed by removing GSSeSG and is correlated with the uptake of GSSeSG. Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and oxidized glutathione had no inhibitory effect in this system. [3H]Uridine or [3H]thymidine incorporation into RNA or DNA was not inhibited, indicating that the primary action of GSSeSG was on protein synthesis. GSSeSG did not influence the growth of E. coli in a synthetic medium, although enhanced amino acid incorporation was observed. In the cell-free system derived from E. coli, amino acid incorporation was not changed by GSSeSG, indicating that elongation factor G, in contrast to elongation factor 2 of mammalian cell systems, is not blocked by GSSeSG.", "PMID": 384997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6822", "title": "Defective calcium handling and insulin release in islets from diabetic Chinese hamsters.", "content": "In pancreatic islets from normal Chinese hamsters preloaded with 45Ca2+, glucose-induced biphasic insulin release was associated with increased 45Ca2+ efflux; islets from diabetic hamsters showed decreased insulin release and no increase in 45Ca2+ efflux. The lack of stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux persisted even when glucose-induced insulin release was potentiated by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Since glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake by diabetic islets was not impaired, a defect in intracellular Ca2+ handling may be involved in the defective insulin release of the diabetic Chinese hamster.", "contents": "Defective calcium handling and insulin release in islets from diabetic Chinese hamsters. In pancreatic islets from normal Chinese hamsters preloaded with 45Ca2+, glucose-induced biphasic insulin release was associated with increased 45Ca2+ efflux; islets from diabetic hamsters showed decreased insulin release and no increase in 45Ca2+ efflux. The lack of stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux persisted even when glucose-induced insulin release was potentiated by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Since glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake by diabetic islets was not impaired, a defect in intracellular Ca2+ handling may be involved in the defective insulin release of the diabetic Chinese hamster.", "PMID": 384998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6823", "title": "Localization of the heparin-releasable lipase in situ in the rat liver.", "content": "Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy were used for the localization of the heparin-releasable lipase in situ in the rat liver. The lipase is located exclusively on the liver endothelial cells. No labelling could be detected on the parenchymal of Kupffer cells, or in the livers of heparin-pretreated animals. The physiological significance of the endothelial localization of the hepatic lipase is discussed.", "contents": "Localization of the heparin-releasable lipase in situ in the rat liver. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy were used for the localization of the heparin-releasable lipase in situ in the rat liver. The lipase is located exclusively on the liver endothelial cells. No labelling could be detected on the parenchymal of Kupffer cells, or in the livers of heparin-pretreated animals. The physiological significance of the endothelial localization of the hepatic lipase is discussed.", "PMID": 384999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6824", "title": "[Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on plasma protein binding of corticosterones (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAD) as well as substances with different spectra of pharmacological action were investigated with regard to the influence on binding of corticosterone to plasma protein in rats after repeated oral administration. At pharmacologically active doses, NSAD cause a time and dose dependent increase in rat plasma of the corticosterone fraction which can be ultra-filtrated. The effect on corticosterone binding to plasma protein largely parallels the antiinflammatory efficacy of the NSAD. This does not occur by a mere displacement of corticosterone from the plasma protein binding, but is apparently the consequence of a qualitative and/or quantitative change of the binding proteins. Organic acids, cytostatic or other drugs which strongly bind to plasma protein do not show any corresponding influence on the corticosterone binding to plasma protein under comparable conditions. The increase of the fraction of corticosterone which can be ultra-filtrated effected by the NSAD accelerates the excretion of corticosterone into the bile of rats. The phenomenon of decrease in binding of corticosteroids to plasma protein is discussed with respect to its importance for the mode of action of the NSAD.", "contents": "[Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on plasma protein binding of corticosterones (author's transl)]. A series of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAD) as well as substances with different spectra of pharmacological action were investigated with regard to the influence on binding of corticosterone to plasma protein in rats after repeated oral administration. At pharmacologically active doses, NSAD cause a time and dose dependent increase in rat plasma of the corticosterone fraction which can be ultra-filtrated. The effect on corticosterone binding to plasma protein largely parallels the antiinflammatory efficacy of the NSAD. This does not occur by a mere displacement of corticosterone from the plasma protein binding, but is apparently the consequence of a qualitative and/or quantitative change of the binding proteins. Organic acids, cytostatic or other drugs which strongly bind to plasma protein do not show any corresponding influence on the corticosterone binding to plasma protein under comparable conditions. The increase of the fraction of corticosterone which can be ultra-filtrated effected by the NSAD accelerates the excretion of corticosterone into the bile of rats. The phenomenon of decrease in binding of corticosteroids to plasma protein is discussed with respect to its importance for the mode of action of the NSAD.", "PMID": 385004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6825", "title": "[Methods of determination and theoretical principles of the serum protein binding of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey is given of the methods applied in the determination of protein binding (electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, gel-filtration, ultracentrifugation, dialysis and microbiological plate test). Basing on our own investigations as well as on papers by other authors the possibilities of errors and limitations of the methods are discussed. The protein binding is reversible and can be explained by the law of mass action. By the representation of the test results according to Scatchard plot it is possible to ascertain the number of the binding groups of the albumin molecule and the equilibrium constant of the reaction. Based on these results the affinity (free reaction, energy) of the protein binding can be calculated. The protein binding can be described especially in therapeutical concentration rather well by the Freundlich isothermal curve. The binding powers which cause the protein binding are discussed. The examination of various substance groups, such as sulphonamides, antibiotics and steroid hormones has shown that the hydrophobic binding plays the main role in the binding of drugs to albumin. As an example of an ionogenic binding the binding or aminoglycosides to alubmin is discussed.", "contents": "[Methods of determination and theoretical principles of the serum protein binding of drugs (author's transl)]. A survey is given of the methods applied in the determination of protein binding (electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, gel-filtration, ultracentrifugation, dialysis and microbiological plate test). Basing on our own investigations as well as on papers by other authors the possibilities of errors and limitations of the methods are discussed. The protein binding is reversible and can be explained by the law of mass action. By the representation of the test results according to Scatchard plot it is possible to ascertain the number of the binding groups of the albumin molecule and the equilibrium constant of the reaction. Based on these results the affinity (free reaction, energy) of the protein binding can be calculated. The protein binding can be described especially in therapeutical concentration rather well by the Freundlich isothermal curve. The binding powers which cause the protein binding are discussed. The examination of various substance groups, such as sulphonamides, antibiotics and steroid hormones has shown that the hydrophobic binding plays the main role in the binding of drugs to albumin. As an example of an ionogenic binding the binding or aminoglycosides to alubmin is discussed.", "PMID": 385005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6826", "title": "[Optically active barbiturates. Synthesis, configuration and pharmacological effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Optically active N-alkylated barbiturates are synthesized from disubstituted cyanoacetates. The configuration of the synthesized compounds is determined by chemical and chiroptical procedures and by X-ray analysis. In animals the barbiturates show a different anesthetic activity, in some cases the CNS activity is opposed, one enantiomer is anesthetically active, the other is a convulsive agent. In their pharmacokinetic behaviour the enantiomers show remarkable differences.", "contents": "[Optically active barbiturates. Synthesis, configuration and pharmacological effects (author's transl)]. Optically active N-alkylated barbiturates are synthesized from disubstituted cyanoacetates. The configuration of the synthesized compounds is determined by chemical and chiroptical procedures and by X-ray analysis. In animals the barbiturates show a different anesthetic activity, in some cases the CNS activity is opposed, one enantiomer is anesthetically active, the other is a convulsive agent. In their pharmacokinetic behaviour the enantiomers show remarkable differences.", "PMID": 385006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6827", "title": "Bactericidal activity of cefazedone.", "content": "Distinct bactericidal activity of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) could be demonstrated in 2 Staphylococcus aureus and 3 Escherichia coli strains. The effect was less in 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis. Whereas the activity in serum and bile was higher than in nutrient broth, the bactericidal activity in urine was less pronounced. The combination of cefazedone and gentamicin proved to be bactericidal in low concentrations.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of cefazedone. Distinct bactericidal activity of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) could be demonstrated in 2 Staphylococcus aureus and 3 Escherichia coli strains. The effect was less in 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis. Whereas the activity in serum and bile was higher than in nutrient broth, the bactericidal activity in urine was less pronounced. The combination of cefazedone and gentamicin proved to be bactericidal in low concentrations.", "PMID": 385008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6828", "title": "Investigations on the effectiveness of cefazedone in experimental E. coli pyelonephritis.", "content": "The therapeutic effectiveness of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephazolin, cephacetrile and cephalothin was compared in the test model of estradiol-induced E. coli pyelonephritis in the rat. Cefazedone and cephazolin were similar in effect. The relations between results of treatment and microbiological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the cephalosporins tested are discussed.", "contents": "Investigations on the effectiveness of cefazedone in experimental E. coli pyelonephritis. The therapeutic effectiveness of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephazolin, cephacetrile and cephalothin was compared in the test model of estradiol-induced E. coli pyelonephritis in the rat. Cefazedone and cephazolin were similar in effect. The relations between results of treatment and microbiological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the cephalosporins tested are discussed.", "PMID": 385009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6829", "title": "Antibiotic activity of cefazedone in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "The new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) has been tested for antibacterial activity in the infection and therapy model of acute E. coli pyelonephritis in rats. The reference substance was cephalothin. The tests showed a superiority of cefazedone which, however, could not be clearly confirmed by the significance test. Owing to its favourable pharmacokinetics in combination with good antibacterial activity, cefazedone can be added to the cephalosporins considered for use in clinical practice, especially so as the statistics for 1977 show that the causative agents of pyelonephritis which these drugs can often combat effectively are present in the majority of the urine strains: E. coli accounted for 45%, enterococci for 18%, and Proteus for 15% out of a total number of 6100 urine strains.", "contents": "Antibiotic activity of cefazedone in experimental pyelonephritis. The new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) has been tested for antibacterial activity in the infection and therapy model of acute E. coli pyelonephritis in rats. The reference substance was cephalothin. The tests showed a superiority of cefazedone which, however, could not be clearly confirmed by the significance test. Owing to its favourable pharmacokinetics in combination with good antibacterial activity, cefazedone can be added to the cephalosporins considered for use in clinical practice, especially so as the statistics for 1977 show that the causative agents of pyelonephritis which these drugs can often combat effectively are present in the majority of the urine strains: E. coli accounted for 45%, enterococci for 18%, and Proteus for 15% out of a total number of 6100 urine strains.", "PMID": 385010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6830", "title": "New aspects of cell membrane radiobiology and their impact on radiation protection.", "content": "Recent developments in the field of the membrane biology of eukaryotic cells have revived relevant radiobiological studies. The supramolecular structures of membranes built up by the various chemical components that ensure certain functions and connections of the cells seem to react sensitively to ionizing radiations. Data concerning those radiation-induced alterations that reflect changes of such features and functions as surface charges, membrane-bound enzyme activities and receptor functions are reviewed. As the new concepts arising from the results obtained so far may have consequences in the theory and practice of radiation protection, a few areas are mentioned where the impact of the relevant accumulated knowledge might be expected to result in practical applications.", "contents": "New aspects of cell membrane radiobiology and their impact on radiation protection. Recent developments in the field of the membrane biology of eukaryotic cells have revived relevant radiobiological studies. The supramolecular structures of membranes built up by the various chemical components that ensure certain functions and connections of the cells seem to react sensitively to ionizing radiations. Data concerning those radiation-induced alterations that reflect changes of such features and functions as surface charges, membrane-bound enzyme activities and receptor functions are reviewed. As the new concepts arising from the results obtained so far may have consequences in the theory and practice of radiation protection, a few areas are mentioned where the impact of the relevant accumulated knowledge might be expected to result in practical applications.", "PMID": 385011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6831", "title": "Evaluation of microhaemagglutination assay to determine treponemal antibodies in CSF.", "content": "The microhaemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies (MHA:TP-CSF), the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL-CSF), and the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-CSF) tests were used to detect treponemal antibodies in 3157 samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with syphilis, with neurological, metabolic, or immunological disorders, and with undetermined diagnoses. An agreement of 99.5% between the results of the MHA:TP-CSF and FTA-CSF tests was obtained for all the CSF samples whereas that of only 95.5% was obtained for samples from the known case of syphilis. The MHA:TP-CSF test is simple, economical, rapid, and specific but not as sensitive as the FTA-CSF test.", "contents": "Evaluation of microhaemagglutination assay to determine treponemal antibodies in CSF. The microhaemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies (MHA:TP-CSF), the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL-CSF), and the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-CSF) tests were used to detect treponemal antibodies in 3157 samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with syphilis, with neurological, metabolic, or immunological disorders, and with undetermined diagnoses. An agreement of 99.5% between the results of the MHA:TP-CSF and FTA-CSF tests was obtained for all the CSF samples whereas that of only 95.5% was obtained for samples from the known case of syphilis. The MHA:TP-CSF test is simple, economical, rapid, and specific but not as sensitive as the FTA-CSF test.", "PMID": 385012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6832", "title": "False-positive test results for syphilis in relatives of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In a family of nine members, two had systemic lupus erythematosus and seven positive serological test results for syphilis. None of the affected subjects had a history or physical signs of syphilis, but two had positive results to the Treponema pallidum immobilisation test. The explanation for these findings is not known, but possibily they were all false-positive reactions.", "contents": "False-positive test results for syphilis in relatives of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. In a family of nine members, two had systemic lupus erythematosus and seven positive serological test results for syphilis. None of the affected subjects had a history or physical signs of syphilis, but two had positive results to the Treponema pallidum immobilisation test. The explanation for these findings is not known, but possibily they were all false-positive reactions.", "PMID": 385013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6833", "title": "[Research on surface antigens with immunofluorescence on enterobiopsies of patients with hepatitis B].", "content": "ABsAg surface antigen was detected, on enterobiopsies at duodenal level by means of Crosby capsule, in 12 subjects with various types of hepatitis B and in 2 control subjects, by means of immunofluorescence. The antigen was present in the duodenal mucosa of a certain number of subjects with hepatitis: this case-list included subjects with a tendency to relapse or with a poor chronic course notwithstanding the treatment. Some interpretative hypotheses are set forth.", "contents": "[Research on surface antigens with immunofluorescence on enterobiopsies of patients with hepatitis B]. ABsAg surface antigen was detected, on enterobiopsies at duodenal level by means of Crosby capsule, in 12 subjects with various types of hepatitis B and in 2 control subjects, by means of immunofluorescence. The antigen was present in the duodenal mucosa of a certain number of subjects with hepatitis: this case-list included subjects with a tendency to relapse or with a poor chronic course notwithstanding the treatment. Some interpretative hypotheses are set forth.", "PMID": 385020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6834", "title": "Cultures from thymus and liver cells and blood lymphocytes for chromosome analysis in human abortions.", "content": "The authors propose a rapid method for chromosome studies in human abortions as a supplementary or alternative method to embryonic tissue cultures. Cultures were set up from fetal lymphocytes and thymus and liver cells. 72 hours was the longest time necessary to obtain suitable chromosome preparations. A very high rate of success was obtained in the 28 cases studied.", "contents": "Cultures from thymus and liver cells and blood lymphocytes for chromosome analysis in human abortions. The authors propose a rapid method for chromosome studies in human abortions as a supplementary or alternative method to embryonic tissue cultures. Cultures were set up from fetal lymphocytes and thymus and liver cells. 72 hours was the longest time necessary to obtain suitable chromosome preparations. A very high rate of success was obtained in the 28 cases studied.", "PMID": 385021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6835", "title": "[Mother and child sharing the same room and breast feeding].", "content": "The author analyzes the existing relationship among breast feeding and socioeconomical level and degree of instruction of the mother. He also describes the causes for the interruption of breast feeding in a maternity where rooming-in existed. He stressed the importance of the motivation to the mother for breast feeding and the independence between levels of instruction and frequency of breast feeding.", "contents": "[Mother and child sharing the same room and breast feeding]. The author analyzes the existing relationship among breast feeding and socioeconomical level and degree of instruction of the mother. He also describes the causes for the interruption of breast feeding in a maternity where rooming-in existed. He stressed the importance of the motivation to the mother for breast feeding and the independence between levels of instruction and frequency of breast feeding.", "PMID": 385016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6836", "title": "[Levamisol in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections].", "content": "Levamisole, a widely used antihelminthic drug, possesses immunotropic properties. It has been proved that children with recurrent infections of the respiratory tract who were given the drug, were capable of preventing the repetition of the infections. Twenty-seven (27) children with recurrent urinary tract infections without structural malformations were studied and in all of them, a diminished cellular immunity was detected (blastic transformation of lymphocytes, rosettes of T lymphocytes and the skin tests). The drug was administered in doses of 2.5 mg/k/day, twice a week, for eight months. During the period of study, in 21 children repetition of the infections were not detected and in 13, a significant improvement of the cellular immunity was achieved. In some children it was possible to prove a rise of the IgA secretary in the urine.", "contents": "[Levamisol in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections]. Levamisole, a widely used antihelminthic drug, possesses immunotropic properties. It has been proved that children with recurrent infections of the respiratory tract who were given the drug, were capable of preventing the repetition of the infections. Twenty-seven (27) children with recurrent urinary tract infections without structural malformations were studied and in all of them, a diminished cellular immunity was detected (blastic transformation of lymphocytes, rosettes of T lymphocytes and the skin tests). The drug was administered in doses of 2.5 mg/k/day, twice a week, for eight months. During the period of study, in 21 children repetition of the infections were not detected and in 13, a significant improvement of the cellular immunity was achieved. In some children it was possible to prove a rise of the IgA secretary in the urine.", "PMID": 385017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6837", "title": "A comparison of the effects of labetalol, bendrofluazide and their combination in hypertension.", "content": "1 Bendrofluazide (10 mg/day) or labetalol (300 mg and 600 mg/day) produced significant reductions in lying, standing, and post-exercise blood pressure in ten hypertensives. 2 Active treatments were approximately equivalent in anti-hypertensive effect. However, comparing lying and standing determinations, labetalol (600 mg/day) produced significantly greater additional postural falls in systolic blood pressure than during placebo or bendrofluazide treatment. 3 Systolic blood pressure rose after exercise during placebo or bendrofluazide treatment. However, on labetalol, mean changes in systolic blood pressure after exercise were negative and significantly different from those seen on placebo. 4 Greater reductions in lying and post-exercise systolic blood pressure were produced by combination treatment than by either individual drug. Additional postural and exercise-related falls in systolic blood pressure tended to be smaller with combination treatment than during treatment with labetalol alone. 5 Labetalol significantly reduced lying, standing, or post-exercise heart rate by comparison with placebo or bendrofluazide. 6 Labetalol significantly reduced lying, standing, or post-exercise heart rate by comparison with placebo or bendrofluazide. 6 Labetalol moderately reduced plasma renin activity, whereas bendrofluazide caused marked elevation. The effect of bendrofluazide predominated during combination treatment.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of labetalol, bendrofluazide and their combination in hypertension. 1 Bendrofluazide (10 mg/day) or labetalol (300 mg and 600 mg/day) produced significant reductions in lying, standing, and post-exercise blood pressure in ten hypertensives. 2 Active treatments were approximately equivalent in anti-hypertensive effect. However, comparing lying and standing determinations, labetalol (600 mg/day) produced significantly greater additional postural falls in systolic blood pressure than during placebo or bendrofluazide treatment. 3 Systolic blood pressure rose after exercise during placebo or bendrofluazide treatment. However, on labetalol, mean changes in systolic blood pressure after exercise were negative and significantly different from those seen on placebo. 4 Greater reductions in lying and post-exercise systolic blood pressure were produced by combination treatment than by either individual drug. Additional postural and exercise-related falls in systolic blood pressure tended to be smaller with combination treatment than during treatment with labetalol alone. 5 Labetalol significantly reduced lying, standing, or post-exercise heart rate by comparison with placebo or bendrofluazide. 6 Labetalol significantly reduced lying, standing, or post-exercise heart rate by comparison with placebo or bendrofluazide. 6 Labetalol moderately reduced plasma renin activity, whereas bendrofluazide caused marked elevation. The effect of bendrofluazide predominated during combination treatment.", "PMID": 385023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6838", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a new antihypertensive vasodilating agent PR--G 138 Cl.", "content": "1 The cardiovascular effects of a new substance (PR--G 138) with vasodilating action were analysed in 12 patients with moderately severe essential hypertension on a 60 mEq sodium diet in a metabolic ward. To prevent tachycardia, propranolol 40 mg four times daily was given during the control period until blood pressure (BP) was stabilized, and continued throughout the study. 2 The compound was effective in every patient except one, who also was resistant to hydrallazine and diazoxide. Mean arterial pressure was lowered from a mean control value of 121 +/- 11 supine and 118 +/- 13 standing to 98 +/- 18 and 95+/- 15 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) respectively after a single oral dosage of 5 to 15 mg PR--G 138. The effect was maximal after 1--2 h and lasted up to 6 h. 3 With adequate dosage, there was no orthostatic reaction. Pulse rate and plasma renin activity did not rise during PR--G 138 treatment, and cardiac output increased only slightly, doubtlessly as a result of the propranolol therapy. In most patients 5 mg of the drug was sufficient to cause a drop of BP to normal levels. Exercise tolerance (bicycle ergometry) was constant or improved during drug action. One patient complained of headache, but no other side effects were seen provided that propranolol was taken when the drug was given. During 3 months treatments on an out-patient basis the effect was sustained in four of eight patients. No toxic effects have been noticed.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a new antihypertensive vasodilating agent PR--G 138 Cl. 1 The cardiovascular effects of a new substance (PR--G 138) with vasodilating action were analysed in 12 patients with moderately severe essential hypertension on a 60 mEq sodium diet in a metabolic ward. To prevent tachycardia, propranolol 40 mg four times daily was given during the control period until blood pressure (BP) was stabilized, and continued throughout the study. 2 The compound was effective in every patient except one, who also was resistant to hydrallazine and diazoxide. Mean arterial pressure was lowered from a mean control value of 121 +/- 11 supine and 118 +/- 13 standing to 98 +/- 18 and 95+/- 15 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) respectively after a single oral dosage of 5 to 15 mg PR--G 138. The effect was maximal after 1--2 h and lasted up to 6 h. 3 With adequate dosage, there was no orthostatic reaction. Pulse rate and plasma renin activity did not rise during PR--G 138 treatment, and cardiac output increased only slightly, doubtlessly as a result of the propranolol therapy. In most patients 5 mg of the drug was sufficient to cause a drop of BP to normal levels. Exercise tolerance (bicycle ergometry) was constant or improved during drug action. One patient complained of headache, but no other side effects were seen provided that propranolol was taken when the drug was given. During 3 months treatments on an out-patient basis the effect was sustained in four of eight patients. No toxic effects have been noticed.", "PMID": 385024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6839", "title": "A single dose comparison of piretanide and bumetanide in congestive cardiac failure.", "content": "1 This study has compared the diuresis produced by a single oral administration of 6 mg piretanide, 9 mg piretanide and 1 mg bumetanide in a group of nine patients with cardiac failure using a balanced randomized design. 2 The natriuresis and kaliuresis produced in the first 6 h after administration of piretanide 9 mg and bumetanide 1 mg were similar. Piretanide 6 mg produced a lesser response. 3 There was evidence of sodium and water conservation following the diuresis for up to 48 h with all three treatments. 4 The patterns of urate and calcium excretion were similar for the two diuretics.", "contents": "A single dose comparison of piretanide and bumetanide in congestive cardiac failure. 1 This study has compared the diuresis produced by a single oral administration of 6 mg piretanide, 9 mg piretanide and 1 mg bumetanide in a group of nine patients with cardiac failure using a balanced randomized design. 2 The natriuresis and kaliuresis produced in the first 6 h after administration of piretanide 9 mg and bumetanide 1 mg were similar. Piretanide 6 mg produced a lesser response. 3 There was evidence of sodium and water conservation following the diuresis for up to 48 h with all three treatments. 4 The patterns of urate and calcium excretion were similar for the two diuretics.", "PMID": 385025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6840", "title": "A human testicular teratoma serially transplanted in immune-deprived mice.", "content": "Serial transplantation of an HCG-producing human testicular teratoma in immune-deprived mice is described. The xenografted tumour was compared to the tumour of origin in histology, immunohistochemistry (using an immune peroxidase technique to localize HCG) autoradiography, marker production and growth rate. It is concluded that the xenograft retained the characteristics of the original tumour with the exception of a reduction in HCG-producing elements at transplantation beyond 5 serial passages.", "contents": "A human testicular teratoma serially transplanted in immune-deprived mice. Serial transplantation of an HCG-producing human testicular teratoma in immune-deprived mice is described. The xenografted tumour was compared to the tumour of origin in histology, immunohistochemistry (using an immune peroxidase technique to localize HCG) autoradiography, marker production and growth rate. It is concluded that the xenograft retained the characteristics of the original tumour with the exception of a reduction in HCG-producing elements at transplantation beyond 5 serial passages.", "PMID": 385030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6841", "title": "Amyloid in basal cell carcinomas.", "content": "Stromal or intratumour deposits of amyloid were found in thirty of forty-six randomly selected basal cell carcinomas. Amyloid was found less often in histologically aggressive tumours than in other sub-types. Immunoglobulins, predominantly IgM, were demonstrated in all but one of these thirty cases, corresponding to the distribution of the amyloid deposits. Electron microscopy revealed 'early' amyloid in one case which showed numerous stromal IgM bodies on immunofluorescence but no evidence of amyloid by routine histochemical methods.", "contents": "Amyloid in basal cell carcinomas. Stromal or intratumour deposits of amyloid were found in thirty of forty-six randomly selected basal cell carcinomas. Amyloid was found less often in histologically aggressive tumours than in other sub-types. Immunoglobulins, predominantly IgM, were demonstrated in all but one of these thirty cases, corresponding to the distribution of the amyloid deposits. Electron microscopy revealed 'early' amyloid in one case which showed numerous stromal IgM bodies on immunofluorescence but no evidence of amyloid by routine histochemical methods.", "PMID": 385032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6842", "title": "Identification of tertiary base pair resonances in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The low-field hydrogen-bond ring NH proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) related to yeast tRNAPhe have been examined in detail. Several resonances are sensitive to magnesium ion and temperature, suggesting that they are derived from tertiary base pairs. These same resonances cannot be attributed to cloverleaf base pairs as shown by experimental assignment and ring current shift calculation of the secondary base pair resonances. The crystal structure of yeast tRNAPhe reveals at least six tertiary base pairs involving ring NH hydrogen bonds, which we conclude are responsible for the extra resonances observed in the low-field NMR spectrum. In several tRNAs with the same tertiary folding potential and dihydrouridine helix sequence as yeast tRNAPhe, the extra resonances from tertiary base pairs are observed at the same position in the spectrum.", "contents": "Identification of tertiary base pair resonances in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of transfer ribonucleic acid. The low-field hydrogen-bond ring NH proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) related to yeast tRNAPhe have been examined in detail. Several resonances are sensitive to magnesium ion and temperature, suggesting that they are derived from tertiary base pairs. These same resonances cannot be attributed to cloverleaf base pairs as shown by experimental assignment and ring current shift calculation of the secondary base pair resonances. The crystal structure of yeast tRNAPhe reveals at least six tertiary base pairs involving ring NH hydrogen bonds, which we conclude are responsible for the extra resonances observed in the low-field NMR spectrum. In several tRNAs with the same tertiary folding potential and dihydrouridine helix sequence as yeast tRNAPhe, the extra resonances from tertiary base pairs are observed at the same position in the spectrum.", "PMID": 385039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6843", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of AU tertiary resonances.", "content": "The hydrogen-bonded ring NH nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) species have been examined with particular emphasis on the extreme low-field portion. Betwen --13.8 and --15 ppm there are two extra resonances which are not derived from cloverleaf base pairs. A combined approach involving undermodified tRNAs, chemical modification, and hairpin fragment studies has assigned the T54--A58 resonance at --14.3 ppm in yeast tRNAPhe and Escherichia coli tRNA1 Val., the U8--A14 resonance has been assigned at --14.3 ppm, and the s4U8--A14 resonance in bacterial tRNAs has been assigned at --14.9 ppm. The T54--A58 resonance shifts between --14.3. and --13.8 ppm depending on the surrounding nucleotide sequence in the ribothymidine loop.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of AU tertiary resonances. The hydrogen-bonded ring NH nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) species have been examined with particular emphasis on the extreme low-field portion. Betwen --13.8 and --15 ppm there are two extra resonances which are not derived from cloverleaf base pairs. A combined approach involving undermodified tRNAs, chemical modification, and hairpin fragment studies has assigned the T54--A58 resonance at --14.3 ppm in yeast tRNAPhe and Escherichia coli tRNA1 Val., the U8--A14 resonance has been assigned at --14.3 ppm, and the s4U8--A14 resonance in bacterial tRNAs has been assigned at --14.9 ppm. The T54--A58 resonance shifts between --14.3. and --13.8 ppm depending on the surrounding nucleotide sequence in the ribothymidine loop.", "PMID": 385040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6844", "title": "Paramagnetic ion effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of the 15--48 tertiary resonance.", "content": "We have studied the effects of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions on the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of pure class 1 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) species. With 1.2 mM tRNA in the presence of 15 mM MgCl2 discrete paramagnetic effects were observed for Co2+ at concentrations in the range 0.02--0.1 mM and for Mn2+ in the range 0.002--0.01 mM, indicating fast exchange of these cations with tRNA. Both of these cations paramagnetically relax the s4U8--A14 resonance as well as other resonances from proximal base pairs. The Co2+ site appears to be the same site on G15 which was observed crystallographically [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315-328]; the initially occupied tight Mn2+ site is the cation site involving the phosphate of U8. There are three base pairs within 10 A of both sites, namely, G15--C48, A14--s4U8, and C13--G22; this has led to the assignment of the G15--C48 and C13--G22 resonances in the NMR spectrum [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315--328; Holbrook, S. R., Sussman, J. L., Warrant, R. W., Church, G. M., & Kim, Sung-Hou (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2811--2820; Quigley, G. J., Teeter, M. M., & Rich, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 64--68].", "contents": "Paramagnetic ion effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of the 15--48 tertiary resonance. We have studied the effects of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions on the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of pure class 1 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) species. With 1.2 mM tRNA in the presence of 15 mM MgCl2 discrete paramagnetic effects were observed for Co2+ at concentrations in the range 0.02--0.1 mM and for Mn2+ in the range 0.002--0.01 mM, indicating fast exchange of these cations with tRNA. Both of these cations paramagnetically relax the s4U8--A14 resonance as well as other resonances from proximal base pairs. The Co2+ site appears to be the same site on G15 which was observed crystallographically [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315-328]; the initially occupied tight Mn2+ site is the cation site involving the phosphate of U8. There are three base pairs within 10 A of both sites, namely, G15--C48, A14--s4U8, and C13--G22; this has led to the assignment of the G15--C48 and C13--G22 resonances in the NMR spectrum [Jack, A., Ladner, J. E., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., & Klug, A. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 111, 315--328; Holbrook, S. R., Sussman, J. L., Warrant, R. W., Church, G. M., & Kim, Sung-Hou (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2811--2820; Quigley, G. J., Teeter, M. M., & Rich, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 64--68].", "PMID": 385041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6845", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the tertiary folding of transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of the 7-methylguanosine resonance.", "content": "Analysis of the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several class 1 D4V5 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) species containing 7-methylguanosine in their variable loops reveals a set of six to seven tertiary base pair resonances, one of which is always located at ca. --13.4 ppm. Other tRNA species which do not contain 7-methyl-guanosine do not contain the tertiary resonance at --13.4 ppm. Chemical removal of 7-methylguanosine from several tRNAs containing the same dihydrouridine (DHU) helix sequence as yeast tRNAPhe results in the loss of the --13.4-ppm tertiary resonance. In the initiator methionine tRNA, which contains a different DHU helix sequence, the 7-methylguanosine hydrogen bond has been assigned at --14.55 ppm by chemical removal of this residue. In these experiments the aromatic C8H proton of 7-methylguanosine was also assigned (--9.1 ppm). The unexpectedly low-field position of the 7-methylguanosine resonance is explained by the deshielding effect of the delocalized positive charge in this nucleoside.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the tertiary folding of transfer ribonucleic acid: assignment of the 7-methylguanosine resonance. Analysis of the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several class 1 D4V5 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) species containing 7-methylguanosine in their variable loops reveals a set of six to seven tertiary base pair resonances, one of which is always located at ca. --13.4 ppm. Other tRNA species which do not contain 7-methyl-guanosine do not contain the tertiary resonance at --13.4 ppm. Chemical removal of 7-methylguanosine from several tRNAs containing the same dihydrouridine (DHU) helix sequence as yeast tRNAPhe results in the loss of the --13.4-ppm tertiary resonance. In the initiator methionine tRNA, which contains a different DHU helix sequence, the 7-methylguanosine hydrogen bond has been assigned at --14.55 ppm by chemical removal of this residue. In these experiments the aromatic C8H proton of 7-methylguanosine was also assigned (--9.1 ppm). The unexpectedly low-field position of the 7-methylguanosine resonance is explained by the deshielding effect of the delocalized positive charge in this nucleoside.", "PMID": 385042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6846", "title": "In vivo studies on the incorporation of microinjected acidic proteins of the large ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli and artermia salina into oocyte ribosomes from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Tritium-labeled acidic proteins from the large ribosomal subunit of Artermia salina or Escherichia coli were microinjected into the cytoplasm of stage IV/V oocytes from Xenopus laevis. eL12 from the large ribosomal subunit of A. salina but not L7/L12 or L7/L12--L10 from E. coli is specifically incorporated into 60S ribosomal subunits of oocytes. This incorporation is not significantly inhibited by actinomycin D. Incorporation of eL12 into the 60S subunits occurs in enucleated oocytes, suggesting that active ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis and ribosome assembly as well are not prerequired for this reaction. Apparently the incorporation proceeds via an exchange reaction between a free cytoplasmic pool of eL12 and ribosomal eL12.", "contents": "In vivo studies on the incorporation of microinjected acidic proteins of the large ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli and artermia salina into oocyte ribosomes from Xenopus laevis. Tritium-labeled acidic proteins from the large ribosomal subunit of Artermia salina or Escherichia coli were microinjected into the cytoplasm of stage IV/V oocytes from Xenopus laevis. eL12 from the large ribosomal subunit of A. salina but not L7/L12 or L7/L12--L10 from E. coli is specifically incorporated into 60S ribosomal subunits of oocytes. This incorporation is not significantly inhibited by actinomycin D. Incorporation of eL12 into the 60S subunits occurs in enucleated oocytes, suggesting that active ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis and ribosome assembly as well are not prerequired for this reaction. Apparently the incorporation proceeds via an exchange reaction between a free cytoplasmic pool of eL12 and ribosomal eL12.", "PMID": 385044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6847", "title": "Peptidyl transfer ribonucleic acid hydrolase activity of proteinase k.", "content": "Proteinase k, a seryl-protease obtained from Tritirachium album, is able to specifically hydrolyze N-blocked aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). The blocked amino acid is released, and the tRNA molecule remains able to be recharged by its cogante amino acid. Aminoacyl-tRNAs are highly resistant to hydrolysis by the protease. This activity is not due to contamination of the protease preparation. A commercial protease from Streptomyces griseus displayed a similar activity, while trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain unspecifically hydrolyzed all charged tRNAs tested. The characteristics of the hydrolysis performed by proteinase k closely resemble the peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase activity described in different cells as a scavenger for the peptidyl-tRNA that eventually falls from the polysomes. Out results warn about a hasty identification of any N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity in the cytoplasm as an independent peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.", "contents": "Peptidyl transfer ribonucleic acid hydrolase activity of proteinase k. Proteinase k, a seryl-protease obtained from Tritirachium album, is able to specifically hydrolyze N-blocked aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). The blocked amino acid is released, and the tRNA molecule remains able to be recharged by its cogante amino acid. Aminoacyl-tRNAs are highly resistant to hydrolysis by the protease. This activity is not due to contamination of the protease preparation. A commercial protease from Streptomyces griseus displayed a similar activity, while trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain unspecifically hydrolyzed all charged tRNAs tested. The characteristics of the hydrolysis performed by proteinase k closely resemble the peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase activity described in different cells as a scavenger for the peptidyl-tRNA that eventually falls from the polysomes. Out results warn about a hasty identification of any N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity in the cytoplasm as an independent peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.", "PMID": 385046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6848", "title": "A single amino acid substitution in a histidine-transport protein drastically alters its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Mutation hisJ5625 has altered the histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium such that histidine transport is impaired, even though binding of histidine by the J protein is unimpaired [Kustu, S.G., & Ames, G.F. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6976--6983]. We have determined by protein analytical methods that the only effect of this mutation has been the substitution of a cysteine residue for an arginine at a site in the interior of the polypeptide chain. This arginine residue is therefore potentially essential for the transport function of the protein. The mutant protein migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis more slowly than the wild type protein, as if its molecular weight were greater by as much as 2000. Since this behavior is apparently due to a single amino acid replacement, a molecular weight difference even between two closely related proteins should not be inferred solely on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "A single amino acid substitution in a histidine-transport protein drastically alters its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutation hisJ5625 has altered the histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium such that histidine transport is impaired, even though binding of histidine by the J protein is unimpaired [Kustu, S.G., & Ames, G.F. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6976--6983]. We have determined by protein analytical methods that the only effect of this mutation has been the substitution of a cysteine residue for an arginine at a site in the interior of the polypeptide chain. This arginine residue is therefore potentially essential for the transport function of the protein. The mutant protein migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis more slowly than the wild type protein, as if its molecular weight were greater by as much as 2000. Since this behavior is apparently due to a single amino acid replacement, a molecular weight difference even between two closely related proteins should not be inferred solely on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 385047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6849", "title": "Thallous ion is accumulated by potassium transport systems in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The accumulation of 204T1+ by Escherichia coli occurs primarily via either of two K+ transport systems called Kdp and TrkA. T1+ influx is inhibited and T1+ efflux is stimulated by the addition of K+ to the assay medium. Mutants defective in both the Kdp and TrkA systems accumulate little T1+. Uptake of triphenylmethylphosphonium, a lipid-soluble cation whose distribution is widely used to estimate the membrane electrical potential in bacteria, occurs to about the same extent in mutants that accumulate little T1+ as in strains that accumulate T1+ to high levels. These findings indicate that T1+ may be useful as a probe of bacterial K+ transport systems but is not a reliable indicator of the membrane electrical potential in E. coli.", "contents": "Thallous ion is accumulated by potassium transport systems in Escherichia coli. The accumulation of 204T1+ by Escherichia coli occurs primarily via either of two K+ transport systems called Kdp and TrkA. T1+ influx is inhibited and T1+ efflux is stimulated by the addition of K+ to the assay medium. Mutants defective in both the Kdp and TrkA systems accumulate little T1+. Uptake of triphenylmethylphosphonium, a lipid-soluble cation whose distribution is widely used to estimate the membrane electrical potential in bacteria, occurs to about the same extent in mutants that accumulate little T1+ as in strains that accumulate T1+ to high levels. These findings indicate that T1+ may be useful as a probe of bacterial K+ transport systems but is not a reliable indicator of the membrane electrical potential in E. coli.", "PMID": 385048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6850", "title": "Isolation and characterization of fourteen ribosomal proteins from small subunits of yeast.", "content": "A method for preparation of a large amount of ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Ti-15 zonal rotor is described. The proteins of the small subunits (ca. 50 000 A260 units) were separated into 22 fractions by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. Fourteen proteins were then purified from the ten chromatographic fractions by filtration through Sephadex G-100 or Sephacryl S--200. The isolated proteins are YP 6, YP 7, YP 9, YP 12, YP 14', YP 14'', YP 28, YP 38, YP 45, YP 50, YP 52, YP 58, YP 63, and YP 70. The molecular weight and amino acid compositions of these proteins are presented.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of fourteen ribosomal proteins from small subunits of yeast. A method for preparation of a large amount of ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Ti-15 zonal rotor is described. The proteins of the small subunits (ca. 50 000 A260 units) were separated into 22 fractions by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. Fourteen proteins were then purified from the ten chromatographic fractions by filtration through Sephadex G-100 or Sephacryl S--200. The isolated proteins are YP 6, YP 7, YP 9, YP 12, YP 14', YP 14'', YP 28, YP 38, YP 45, YP 50, YP 52, YP 58, YP 63, and YP 70. The molecular weight and amino acid compositions of these proteins are presented.", "PMID": 385049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6851", "title": "Internal motions in myosin.", "content": "High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) measurements were made on myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), myosin subfragment 1 (S1), light meromyosin (LMM), and actin. A strong signal from amino acid side chains undergoing motions too fast to be accounted for by simple rotations of groups on a rigid backbone was obtained from myosin. Comparison of myosin, HMM, S1, and LMM showed that the mobile region is located almost entirely in S1 and accounts for approximately 22% of its structure. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP analogues had no measurable effect on the S1 spectrum. Actin, on the other hand, quenched the internal motions of S1. When S1 was titrated with actin, an association was obtained which was in agreement with other measured values. The actin effect was reversed by adding magnesium pyrophosphate (MgPPi) or adenyl-5'-yl imidophosphate (MgAMPPNP). Quantitative treatment of the broad signals from myosin and its subfragments substantiated the existence of two flexible regions in myosin. The highly mobile portion of myosin may be located in the \"swivel\" between S1 and the rest of myosin or in the actin binding site or in both. These possibilites are discussed, and a new possible mechanism for muscle cross bridge elasticity is proposed.", "contents": "Internal motions in myosin. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) measurements were made on myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), myosin subfragment 1 (S1), light meromyosin (LMM), and actin. A strong signal from amino acid side chains undergoing motions too fast to be accounted for by simple rotations of groups on a rigid backbone was obtained from myosin. Comparison of myosin, HMM, S1, and LMM showed that the mobile region is located almost entirely in S1 and accounts for approximately 22% of its structure. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP analogues had no measurable effect on the S1 spectrum. Actin, on the other hand, quenched the internal motions of S1. When S1 was titrated with actin, an association was obtained which was in agreement with other measured values. The actin effect was reversed by adding magnesium pyrophosphate (MgPPi) or adenyl-5'-yl imidophosphate (MgAMPPNP). Quantitative treatment of the broad signals from myosin and its subfragments substantiated the existence of two flexible regions in myosin. The highly mobile portion of myosin may be located in the \"swivel\" between S1 and the rest of myosin or in the actin binding site or in both. These possibilites are discussed, and a new possible mechanism for muscle cross bridge elasticity is proposed.", "PMID": 385050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6852", "title": "Covalent cross-linking of transfer ribonucleic acid to the ribosomal P site. Mechanism and site of reaction in transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The covalent cross-linking of unmodified Escherichia coli N-acetylvalyl-tRNA to the 16S RNA of Escherichia coli ribosomes upon near-UV irradiation previously reported by us [Schwartz, I., & Ofengand, J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2524--2530] has been studied further. Up to 70% of the unmodified tRNA, nonenzymatically bound to tight-couple ribosomes at 7 mM Mg2+, could be cross-linked by 310--335-nm light. Covalent attachment was solely to the 16S RNA. It was dependent upon both irradiation and the presence of mRNA but was unaffected by the presence or absence of 4-thiouridine in the tRNA. The kinetics of cross-linking showed single-hit behavior. Twofold more cross-linking was obtained w-th tight-couple ribosomes than with salt-washed particles. Puromycin treatment after irradiation released the bound N-acetyl[3H]valine, demonstrating that the tRNA was covalently bound at the P site and that irradiation and covalent linking did not affect the peptidyl transferase reaction. Cross-linking was unaffected by the presence of O2, argon, ascorbate (1 mM), or mercaptoethanol (10 mM). Prephotolysis of a mixture of tRNA and ribosomes in the absence of puly(U2,G) did not block subsequent cross-linking in its presence nor did it generate any long-lived chemically reactive species. There was a strong tRNA specificity. E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ser and Bacillus subtilis tRNAVal and tRNAThr could be cross-linked, but E. coli tRNA2Val, 5-fluorouracil-substituted tRNA1Val, tRNAPhe, or tRNAFMet could not. By sequence comparison of the reactive and nonreactive tRNAs, the site of attachment in the tRNA was deduced to be the 5'-anticodon base, cmo5U, or ,o5U in all of the reactive tRNAs. The attachment site in 16S RNA is described in the accompanying paper [Zimmerman, R. A., Gates, S. M., Schwartz, I., & Ofengand, J. (1979) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)]. The link between tRNA and 16S RNA is either direct or involves mRNA bases at most two nucleotides apart since use of the trinucleotide GpUpU in place of poly(U2,G) to direct the binding and cross-linking of N-acetylvalyl-tRNA to the P site did not affect either the rate or yield of cross-linking. Both B. subtilis tRNAVal (mo5U) and E. coli tRNA1Val (cmo5U) gave the same rate and yield of cross-linking when directed by the trinucleotide GpUpU. Therefore, the presence of the charged carboxyl group in the cmo5U-containing tRNA apparently does not markedly perturb the orientation of this base with respect to its reaction partner in the 16S RNA. The cross-linking of AcVal-tRNA only takes place from the P site. At 75 mM KCl and 75 mM NH4Cl, less than 0.4% cross-linking was found at the A site, while 55.5% was obtained at the P site. However, when the salt concentration was lowered to 50 mM NH4Cl, 5% cross-linking to the A site was detected, compared to 49% at the P site. Thus, a simple change in the ionic strength of the incubation mixture was able to alter the affinity labeling pattern of the ribosome.", "contents": "Covalent cross-linking of transfer ribonucleic acid to the ribosomal P site. Mechanism and site of reaction in transfer ribonucleic acid. The covalent cross-linking of unmodified Escherichia coli N-acetylvalyl-tRNA to the 16S RNA of Escherichia coli ribosomes upon near-UV irradiation previously reported by us [Schwartz, I., & Ofengand, J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2524--2530] has been studied further. Up to 70% of the unmodified tRNA, nonenzymatically bound to tight-couple ribosomes at 7 mM Mg2+, could be cross-linked by 310--335-nm light. Covalent attachment was solely to the 16S RNA. It was dependent upon both irradiation and the presence of mRNA but was unaffected by the presence or absence of 4-thiouridine in the tRNA. The kinetics of cross-linking showed single-hit behavior. Twofold more cross-linking was obtained w-th tight-couple ribosomes than with salt-washed particles. Puromycin treatment after irradiation released the bound N-acetyl[3H]valine, demonstrating that the tRNA was covalently bound at the P site and that irradiation and covalent linking did not affect the peptidyl transferase reaction. Cross-linking was unaffected by the presence of O2, argon, ascorbate (1 mM), or mercaptoethanol (10 mM). Prephotolysis of a mixture of tRNA and ribosomes in the absence of puly(U2,G) did not block subsequent cross-linking in its presence nor did it generate any long-lived chemically reactive species. There was a strong tRNA specificity. E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ser and Bacillus subtilis tRNAVal and tRNAThr could be cross-linked, but E. coli tRNA2Val, 5-fluorouracil-substituted tRNA1Val, tRNAPhe, or tRNAFMet could not. By sequence comparison of the reactive and nonreactive tRNAs, the site of attachment in the tRNA was deduced to be the 5'-anticodon base, cmo5U, or ,o5U in all of the reactive tRNAs. The attachment site in 16S RNA is described in the accompanying paper [Zimmerman, R. A., Gates, S. M., Schwartz, I., & Ofengand, J. (1979) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)]. The link between tRNA and 16S RNA is either direct or involves mRNA bases at most two nucleotides apart since use of the trinucleotide GpUpU in place of poly(U2,G) to direct the binding and cross-linking of N-acetylvalyl-tRNA to the P site did not affect either the rate or yield of cross-linking. Both B. subtilis tRNAVal (mo5U) and E. coli tRNA1Val (cmo5U) gave the same rate and yield of cross-linking when directed by the trinucleotide GpUpU. Therefore, the presence of the charged carboxyl group in the cmo5U-containing tRNA apparently does not markedly perturb the orientation of this base with respect to its reaction partner in the 16S RNA. The cross-linking of AcVal-tRNA only takes place from the P site. At 75 mM KCl and 75 mM NH4Cl, less than 0.4% cross-linking was found at the A site, while 55.5% was obtained at the P site. However, when the salt concentration was lowered to 50 mM NH4Cl, 5% cross-linking to the A site was detected, compared to 49% at the P site. Thus, a simple change in the ionic strength of the incubation mixture was able to alter the affinity labeling pattern of the ribosome.", "PMID": 385051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6853", "title": "Circular dichroism anisotrophy of DNA with different modifications at N7 of guanine.", "content": "The complexex DNA-Ag1+, DNA-Cu1+, protonated DNA and DNA methylated at N7 of guanine were oriented by pumping the solutions through a multicapillary cell in the direction of a light beam. The CD components along the DNA axis, delta epsilon parallel, and normal to it, 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, were calculated from the CD spectra of the oriented samples by the method of Chung and Holzwarth, (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 92, 449--466. It was shown that in most cases, except that of the protonated DNA, the degree of orientation was only slightly less than that for pure DNA. This demonstrated the absence of aggregation and of appreciable denaturation. In all cases the modifications of DNA give rise to a negative component 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, whose magnitude increased as the extent of modification increased. From both the CD spectra of non-oriented samples and the absorption spectra, an inference is drawn that Ag1+ and Cu1+ are attached to the same site as CH3 groups i.e., to the N7 atom of guanine. Proton transfer along the H-bond from the N1 atom of G to the N3 atom of the complementary cytosine is suggested to be a result of the modifications, although the case of H+-DNA may differ from the others. Based on the CD spectra for the anisotropic components, delta epsilon parallel and 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, it is proposed that ligand binding is accompanied by winding of the DNA helix.", "contents": "Circular dichroism anisotrophy of DNA with different modifications at N7 of guanine. The complexex DNA-Ag1+, DNA-Cu1+, protonated DNA and DNA methylated at N7 of guanine were oriented by pumping the solutions through a multicapillary cell in the direction of a light beam. The CD components along the DNA axis, delta epsilon parallel, and normal to it, 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, were calculated from the CD spectra of the oriented samples by the method of Chung and Holzwarth, (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 92, 449--466. It was shown that in most cases, except that of the protonated DNA, the degree of orientation was only slightly less than that for pure DNA. This demonstrated the absence of aggregation and of appreciable denaturation. In all cases the modifications of DNA give rise to a negative component 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, whose magnitude increased as the extent of modification increased. From both the CD spectra of non-oriented samples and the absorption spectra, an inference is drawn that Ag1+ and Cu1+ are attached to the same site as CH3 groups i.e., to the N7 atom of guanine. Proton transfer along the H-bond from the N1 atom of G to the N3 atom of the complementary cytosine is suggested to be a result of the modifications, although the case of H+-DNA may differ from the others. Based on the CD spectra for the anisotropic components, delta epsilon parallel and 2 delta epsilon perpendicular, it is proposed that ligand binding is accompanied by winding of the DNA helix.", "PMID": 385054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6854", "title": "Optimization of conditions for the in vitro formation of hybrid DNA molecules by DNA ligase.", "content": "Conditions for the ligation with T4 induced DNA ligase of two DNA molecules via their complementary sticky ends have been established which lead preferentially to the formation of hybrid molecules. This is demonstrated with two combinations of parent molecules varying greatly in their relative molecular weights. In one case the intact hybrid molecule could be directly isolated. In addition a DNA dependent quantitative electrophoretic assay for DNA ligase activity is described which does not need a radioactively labeled substrate. The ligation procedure has been shown to be useful in molecular cloning experiments.", "contents": "Optimization of conditions for the in vitro formation of hybrid DNA molecules by DNA ligase. Conditions for the ligation with T4 induced DNA ligase of two DNA molecules via their complementary sticky ends have been established which lead preferentially to the formation of hybrid molecules. This is demonstrated with two combinations of parent molecules varying greatly in their relative molecular weights. In one case the intact hybrid molecule could be directly isolated. In addition a DNA dependent quantitative electrophoretic assay for DNA ligase activity is described which does not need a radioactively labeled substrate. The ligation procedure has been shown to be useful in molecular cloning experiments.", "PMID": 385055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6855", "title": "Action of thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analog, on protein synthesizing systems.", "content": "Thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid, or beta-thiaproline, is a proline analog in which the beta methylene group of proline is substituted by a sulfur atom. It has been deomonstrated that beta-thiaproline is activated and transferred to tRNAPro by Escherichia coli and rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and inhibits proline incorporation into polypeptides in protein synthesizing systems from E. coli, rat liver or rabbit reticulocytes. In mammalian systems beta-thiaproline inhibits also leucine incorporation; in rabbit reticulocyte lysate it inhibits ribosome run-off. Both these effects may be explained by the fact that beta-thiaproline once incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain impairs its further elongation, as shown by experiments made with puromycin. All tests were performed in comparison with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, or gamma-thiaproline, another proline analog having the gamma methylene group substituted by a sulfur atom; it was shown that in all the reactions studied both compounds act as competitive inhibitors of proline. Some differences in the effects of the two analogs have been evidenced: in almost all the reactions and mainly in the whole protein synthesizing systems, beta-thiaproline shows an higher inhibitory activity.", "contents": "Action of thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analog, on protein synthesizing systems. Thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid, or beta-thiaproline, is a proline analog in which the beta methylene group of proline is substituted by a sulfur atom. It has been deomonstrated that beta-thiaproline is activated and transferred to tRNAPro by Escherichia coli and rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and inhibits proline incorporation into polypeptides in protein synthesizing systems from E. coli, rat liver or rabbit reticulocytes. In mammalian systems beta-thiaproline inhibits also leucine incorporation; in rabbit reticulocyte lysate it inhibits ribosome run-off. Both these effects may be explained by the fact that beta-thiaproline once incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain impairs its further elongation, as shown by experiments made with puromycin. All tests were performed in comparison with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, or gamma-thiaproline, another proline analog having the gamma methylene group substituted by a sulfur atom; it was shown that in all the reactions studied both compounds act as competitive inhibitors of proline. Some differences in the effects of the two analogs have been evidenced: in almost all the reactions and mainly in the whole protein synthesizing systems, beta-thiaproline shows an higher inhibitory activity.", "PMID": 385056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6856", "title": "Enzyme-enzyme interaction and the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The technique of affinity chromatography has been used to demonstrate that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine in Escherichia coli undergo reversible interactions. Thus it has been shown that the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (aromatic-amino-acid: 2-oxoglutarate amino-transferase, EC 2.6.1.57) reacts specifically with chorismate mutaseprephenate dehydrogenase (chorismate pyruvate mutase, EC 5.4.99.5 and prephenate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.3.1.12) in the absence of reactants and with chorimate mutase-prephenatedehydratase (prephenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating), EC 4.2.1.51) in the presence of phyenylpyruvate. Tyrosine causes dissociation of the aminotransferase: mutasedehydrogenase complex while dissociation of the aminotransferase-mutasedehydratase complex occurs on omission of phenylpyruvate. Only the active form of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase participates in complex formation.", "contents": "Enzyme-enzyme interaction and the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in Escherichia coli. The technique of affinity chromatography has been used to demonstrate that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine in Escherichia coli undergo reversible interactions. Thus it has been shown that the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (aromatic-amino-acid: 2-oxoglutarate amino-transferase, EC 2.6.1.57) reacts specifically with chorismate mutaseprephenate dehydrogenase (chorismate pyruvate mutase, EC 5.4.99.5 and prephenate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.3.1.12) in the absence of reactants and with chorimate mutase-prephenatedehydratase (prephenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating), EC 4.2.1.51) in the presence of phyenylpyruvate. Tyrosine causes dissociation of the aminotransferase: mutasedehydrogenase complex while dissociation of the aminotransferase-mutasedehydratase complex occurs on omission of phenylpyruvate. Only the active form of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase participates in complex formation.", "PMID": 385057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6857", "title": "Isolation and characterization of porcine beta-casein.", "content": "Porcine beta-casein was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The protein had a molecular weight of 24 900 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 in guanidine-HCl. Its amino acid composition differed from bovine beta-casein especia-ly in respect to serine, alanine and leucine. In common with bovine beta-casein the N-terminal amino acid was arginine; the C-terminal was either alanine or valine, while the C-terminal of bovine beta-casein is valine. At any temperature porcine beta-casein was more sensitive to Ca2+ than bovine beta-casein, while at a fixed Ca2+ concentration porcine beta-casein aggregated at a lower temperature than bovine beta-casein. Porcine beta-casein was susceptible to hydrolysis by calf chymosin but the proteolytic specificity differed from that of calf chymosin on bovine beta-casein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of porcine beta-casein. Porcine beta-casein was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The protein had a molecular weight of 24 900 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 in guanidine-HCl. Its amino acid composition differed from bovine beta-casein especia-ly in respect to serine, alanine and leucine. In common with bovine beta-casein the N-terminal amino acid was arginine; the C-terminal was either alanine or valine, while the C-terminal of bovine beta-casein is valine. At any temperature porcine beta-casein was more sensitive to Ca2+ than bovine beta-casein, while at a fixed Ca2+ concentration porcine beta-casein aggregated at a lower temperature than bovine beta-casein. Porcine beta-casein was susceptible to hydrolysis by calf chymosin but the proteolytic specificity differed from that of calf chymosin on bovine beta-casein.", "PMID": 385058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6858", "title": "Quaternary structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. Measurement of distances by fluorescence energy transfer.", "content": "Distances between the subunits in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (core and holo enzyme) and the rifamycin binding site have been determined using the nonradiative energy transfer technique. The appropriate donor and acceptor labels have been chosen in order to optimize the spectral overlap and maximize the energy transfer. Spacer linked derivatives of rifamycin SV possessing nitrobenzo-oxadiazole groups (energy acceptor) were synthesized for this purpose. The donor label, acetylaminoethylaminonaphthalene sulfonate, was introduced into the intact enzyme, and the subunits were separated. Enzyme molecules selectively labelled on one kind of subunit were produced by mixed reconstitution techniques employing labelled and non labelled subunits. The labelled beta'-subunit could not be prepared in sufficient amounts. Energy transfer distances between the enzyme-bound rifamycin derivative and the subunits were determined to be approximately 5.9 nm for sigma, 7.2 nm for alpha 2 and 6.1 nm for beta.", "contents": "Quaternary structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. Measurement of distances by fluorescence energy transfer. Distances between the subunits in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (core and holo enzyme) and the rifamycin binding site have been determined using the nonradiative energy transfer technique. The appropriate donor and acceptor labels have been chosen in order to optimize the spectral overlap and maximize the energy transfer. Spacer linked derivatives of rifamycin SV possessing nitrobenzo-oxadiazole groups (energy acceptor) were synthesized for this purpose. The donor label, acetylaminoethylaminonaphthalene sulfonate, was introduced into the intact enzyme, and the subunits were separated. Enzyme molecules selectively labelled on one kind of subunit were produced by mixed reconstitution techniques employing labelled and non labelled subunits. The labelled beta'-subunit could not be prepared in sufficient amounts. Energy transfer distances between the enzyme-bound rifamycin derivative and the subunits were determined to be approximately 5.9 nm for sigma, 7.2 nm for alpha 2 and 6.1 nm for beta.", "PMID": 385059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6859", "title": "Shape of proteins S3 and S17 from the small subunit of Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "The shapes of proteins S3 and S17 purified from the 30 S subunit of Escherichia coli A19 were studied by hydrodynamic methods. The proteins have s020,w values of 2.1 +/- 0.1 S and 1.2 +/- 0.1 S and D020,w values of 7.4 +/- 0.5 . 10(-7) cm2/s and 11.4 +/- 0.6 . 10(-7) cm2/s. The respective molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium are 25 800 +/- 500 and 9900 +/- 300. The intrinsic viscosity values for the two proteins are 5.8 +/- 0.3 ml/g and 4.2 +/- 0.2 ml/g. From these hydrodynamic parameters a slightly elongated shape for S3 and a globular shape for S17 have been concluded.", "contents": "Shape of proteins S3 and S17 from the small subunit of Escherichia coli ribosome. The shapes of proteins S3 and S17 purified from the 30 S subunit of Escherichia coli A19 were studied by hydrodynamic methods. The proteins have s020,w values of 2.1 +/- 0.1 S and 1.2 +/- 0.1 S and D020,w values of 7.4 +/- 0.5 . 10(-7) cm2/s and 11.4 +/- 0.6 . 10(-7) cm2/s. The respective molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium are 25 800 +/- 500 and 9900 +/- 300. The intrinsic viscosity values for the two proteins are 5.8 +/- 0.3 ml/g and 4.2 +/- 0.2 ml/g. From these hydrodynamic parameters a slightly elongated shape for S3 and a globular shape for S17 have been concluded.", "PMID": 385060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6860", "title": "Stimulation of dehydrogenase synthesis by cadmium in a cadmium-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The activity of dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was estimated by reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. By the adaptation of yeast to cadmium, the high activity of dehydrogenase was observed. Furthermore, the activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-resistant cells was increased by growing in medium containing CdSO4. However, the activity of dehydrogenase was inhibited by the addition of CdSO4 to the reaction mixture. The activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-sensitive cells was increased slightly by incubation with low concentrations of CdSO4. High activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-resistant cells was completely negated by the addition of cycloheximide to the incubation medium. The increase of dehydrogenase activity is due partly to de novo synthesis of protein.", "contents": "Stimulation of dehydrogenase synthesis by cadmium in a cadmium-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activity of dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was estimated by reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. By the adaptation of yeast to cadmium, the high activity of dehydrogenase was observed. Furthermore, the activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-resistant cells was increased by growing in medium containing CdSO4. However, the activity of dehydrogenase was inhibited by the addition of CdSO4 to the reaction mixture. The activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-sensitive cells was increased slightly by incubation with low concentrations of CdSO4. High activity of dehydrogenase in Cd-resistant cells was completely negated by the addition of cycloheximide to the incubation medium. The increase of dehydrogenase activity is due partly to de novo synthesis of protein.", "PMID": 385061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6861", "title": "The primary structure of ribosomal protein S7 from E. coli strains K and B.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins S7 from 30S subunits of Escherichia coli strains K and B differ extensively in their aminoacid compositions. The experimental details which led to the determination of the complete primary structures of proteins S7K and S7B are presented. Protein S7K consists of a single polypeptide chain of 177 aminoacids giving a calculated molecular weight of 19, 732, whereas protein S7B has 153 residues which amount to a molecular weight of 17,131. Aminoacid sequences were determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation of the intact proteins in a modified Beckman sequenator and sequencing of peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin. Staphylococcus aureus protease, thermolysin and pepsin, either by solid-phase Edman degradation or by dansyl-Edman degradation. Additional information about the primary structure was derived from peptides resulting from chemical cleavages of the protein by 2-(2-nitrophenyl-sulphenyl)-3-methyl 3' bromoindolenine at its tryptophanyl bonds and by cyanogen bromide at its methionyl bonds leading to large fragments. The mutational event occurring between S7B and S7K was characterized. Protein S7K contains an additional sequence of 24 aminoacids at its C-terminal end. The aminoacid sequence of both proteins S7K and S7B was compared to the published sequences of the other ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli and predictions for the secondary structure of these proteins were made.", "contents": "The primary structure of ribosomal protein S7 from E. coli strains K and B. Ribosomal proteins S7 from 30S subunits of Escherichia coli strains K and B differ extensively in their aminoacid compositions. The experimental details which led to the determination of the complete primary structures of proteins S7K and S7B are presented. Protein S7K consists of a single polypeptide chain of 177 aminoacids giving a calculated molecular weight of 19, 732, whereas protein S7B has 153 residues which amount to a molecular weight of 17,131. Aminoacid sequences were determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation of the intact proteins in a modified Beckman sequenator and sequencing of peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin. Staphylococcus aureus protease, thermolysin and pepsin, either by solid-phase Edman degradation or by dansyl-Edman degradation. Additional information about the primary structure was derived from peptides resulting from chemical cleavages of the protein by 2-(2-nitrophenyl-sulphenyl)-3-methyl 3' bromoindolenine at its tryptophanyl bonds and by cyanogen bromide at its methionyl bonds leading to large fragments. The mutational event occurring between S7B and S7K was characterized. Protein S7K contains an additional sequence of 24 aminoacids at its C-terminal end. The aminoacid sequence of both proteins S7K and S7B was compared to the published sequences of the other ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli and predictions for the secondary structure of these proteins were made.", "PMID": 385062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6862", "title": "[Dehydrogenases reducing NAD+ in the presence of D (-) 3- phosphoglycerate in mycobacteria (BCG, H37Ra, M. phlei)].", "content": "Referring to the elution volume on a Sephadex G-150 column only one specific peak is obtained, the same for the BCG, H37Ra and Mycobacterium phlei strains grown on Sauton synthetic medium. Some properties of these partially purified dehydrogenases are studied (conservation and dialysis in media of different salt concentrations, equilibrium constant, Km, heat stability). All enzyme preparations from tubercle bacilli (BCG, H37Ra) are readily inactivated by heat and are very unstable in solutions of low ionic strength. In contrast, under the same experimental conditions, all enzyme samples from M. phlei are, comparatively, much more stable towards these factors [heat, salt (potassium phosphate, NaCl) concentration].", "contents": "[Dehydrogenases reducing NAD+ in the presence of D (-) 3- phosphoglycerate in mycobacteria (BCG, H37Ra, M. phlei)]. Referring to the elution volume on a Sephadex G-150 column only one specific peak is obtained, the same for the BCG, H37Ra and Mycobacterium phlei strains grown on Sauton synthetic medium. Some properties of these partially purified dehydrogenases are studied (conservation and dialysis in media of different salt concentrations, equilibrium constant, Km, heat stability). All enzyme preparations from tubercle bacilli (BCG, H37Ra) are readily inactivated by heat and are very unstable in solutions of low ionic strength. In contrast, under the same experimental conditions, all enzyme samples from M. phlei are, comparatively, much more stable towards these factors [heat, salt (potassium phosphate, NaCl) concentration].", "PMID": 385063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6863", "title": "The existence and neurobiological significance of neuronal and glial forms of the glycolytic enzyme enolase.", "content": "The isoenzymes of the glycolytic enzyme enolase have been separated and purified. The structural and functional properties of two brain enolases are described. Immunocytochemical techniques have established that one brain enolase is restricted to neuronal cells (neuron-specific enolase, NSE) while the other is localized in glial cells (nonneuronal enolase, NNE). The brain enolases, therefore, represent the first example of functional markers for neuronal and glial cell types in brain. The two enzymes are structurally distinct with the evidence establishing that they are products of separate genes. Functionally, the neuronal enolase has been demonstrated to be uniquely stable to concentrations of chloride salts that rapidly inactivate the glial enzyme. NSE may therefore represent an adaptation of this enzyme that is specifically suited to the neuronal milieu. A specific radioimmunoassay is described for NNE and NSE with the studies reported indicating that neuronal enzyme levels vary considerably when different brain areas are compared, suggesting a relationship between functional activity and levels of NSE. In addition to being a marker for neuronal cells, NSE has also been found to be present in various glands. The cells of the APUD series (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells) in the pituitary, adrenal medulla, pineal, thyroid, and pancreas have been shown to contain NSE. NSE is, therefore, also a marker for these neuronlike endocrine cells since they are the only cells other than neurons that contain this protein.", "contents": "The existence and neurobiological significance of neuronal and glial forms of the glycolytic enzyme enolase. The isoenzymes of the glycolytic enzyme enolase have been separated and purified. The structural and functional properties of two brain enolases are described. Immunocytochemical techniques have established that one brain enolase is restricted to neuronal cells (neuron-specific enolase, NSE) while the other is localized in glial cells (nonneuronal enolase, NNE). The brain enolases, therefore, represent the first example of functional markers for neuronal and glial cell types in brain. The two enzymes are structurally distinct with the evidence establishing that they are products of separate genes. Functionally, the neuronal enolase has been demonstrated to be uniquely stable to concentrations of chloride salts that rapidly inactivate the glial enzyme. NSE may therefore represent an adaptation of this enzyme that is specifically suited to the neuronal milieu. A specific radioimmunoassay is described for NNE and NSE with the studies reported indicating that neuronal enzyme levels vary considerably when different brain areas are compared, suggesting a relationship between functional activity and levels of NSE. In addition to being a marker for neuronal cells, NSE has also been found to be present in various glands. The cells of the APUD series (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells) in the pituitary, adrenal medulla, pineal, thyroid, and pancreas have been shown to contain NSE. NSE is, therefore, also a marker for these neuronlike endocrine cells since they are the only cells other than neurons that contain this protein.", "PMID": 385064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6864", "title": "The early outgrowth of catecholaminergic fibers and the development of the nucleus of the locus coeruleus in tissue culture of newborn mice in Leighton tubes.", "content": "A simple and reliable method of sampling explants from the nucleus of the Locus Coeruleus of newborn mice and their cultivation in Leighton tubes is described. This technique reliably provides cultures available for experiments lasting, at least, ten days. The cells of the nucleus of the Locus Coeruleus and newly formed norepinephrine-containing fibers are demonstrated by fluorescence histochemistry together with pharmacological tests. Their morphological characteristics before and after fixation and staining are described. Electron microscopy confirmed the healthy condition of these cultures.", "contents": "The early outgrowth of catecholaminergic fibers and the development of the nucleus of the locus coeruleus in tissue culture of newborn mice in Leighton tubes. A simple and reliable method of sampling explants from the nucleus of the Locus Coeruleus of newborn mice and their cultivation in Leighton tubes is described. This technique reliably provides cultures available for experiments lasting, at least, ten days. The cells of the nucleus of the Locus Coeruleus and newly formed norepinephrine-containing fibers are demonstrated by fluorescence histochemistry together with pharmacological tests. Their morphological characteristics before and after fixation and staining are described. Electron microscopy confirmed the healthy condition of these cultures.", "PMID": 385071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6865", "title": "Lecithin: cholesterol-acyl-transferase (LCAT) activity in renal allograft patients. Preliminary report.", "content": "LCAT activity is impaired in chronic renal failure. Our data show that LCAT activity is restored in successful renal transplant patients. Hence, relationship between kidney and LCAT activity can be postulated, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully clarified.", "contents": "Lecithin: cholesterol-acyl-transferase (LCAT) activity in renal allograft patients. Preliminary report. LCAT activity is impaired in chronic renal failure. Our data show that LCAT activity is restored in successful renal transplant patients. Hence, relationship between kidney and LCAT activity can be postulated, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully clarified.", "PMID": 385072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6866", "title": "Apparent identity of mechanisms of genetic resistance to marrow transplantation and natural killer cell activity.", "content": "Because the phenomenon of in vitro lysis of lymphoma cells by spleen natural killer (NK) cells bears genetic and effector cell resemblances to genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation, they were compared for additional known unique characteristics of the latter phenomenon. Like GR to BMT, NK cell activity first appeared abruptly at about 3 weeks of post-natal age; was radioresistant to 1 100 R whole body irradiation, but was quantitatively diminished by higher exposures or delay of test post-irradiation; was suppressed by pretreatment with either cyclophosphamide, carrageenan, silica particles, anti-bone marrow serum or anti-thymus serum. The many unique identical characteristics of these two effector mechanisms indicates that they represent two manifestations of the same basic phenomenon of natural immunity. This is in accord with other data indicating that GR to BMT is directed at Hh antigens which, like TL antigens, may in some mouse strains appear on both leukemic cells and normal hemopoietic cells.", "contents": "Apparent identity of mechanisms of genetic resistance to marrow transplantation and natural killer cell activity. Because the phenomenon of in vitro lysis of lymphoma cells by spleen natural killer (NK) cells bears genetic and effector cell resemblances to genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation, they were compared for additional known unique characteristics of the latter phenomenon. Like GR to BMT, NK cell activity first appeared abruptly at about 3 weeks of post-natal age; was radioresistant to 1 100 R whole body irradiation, but was quantitatively diminished by higher exposures or delay of test post-irradiation; was suppressed by pretreatment with either cyclophosphamide, carrageenan, silica particles, anti-bone marrow serum or anti-thymus serum. The many unique identical characteristics of these two effector mechanisms indicates that they represent two manifestations of the same basic phenomenon of natural immunity. This is in accord with other data indicating that GR to BMT is directed at Hh antigens which, like TL antigens, may in some mouse strains appear on both leukemic cells and normal hemopoietic cells.", "PMID": 385073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6867", "title": "Comparison of van 't Hoff and calorimetrically determined enthalpies of binding of N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate to E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the values obtained by direct calorimetric measurements and van 't Hoff analysis, under similar conditions, for the enthalpy of binding of the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) to E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase and its catalytic subunit. In the case of the catalytic subunit, data were obtained at both saturating and non-saturating concentrations of L-Asp, and at two ionic strengths. Despite a 1000-fold difference in protein concentrations, and the obligatory omission of carbamyl phosphate in the calorimetric experiments, the values obtained by the two methods are shown to agree to within 15% when appropriate corrections are made. These results suggest that subunit dissociation is not a significant factor at the low protein concentrations used in the van 't Hoff analysis, and, conversely, that aggregation of the protein is negligible at the high protein concentrations used in the calorimetric experiments. They also imply that, at pH 8.3, the enthalpic difference between the two conformational states of the enzyme which exist in the presence and absence of substrates is less than 2.5 kcal/mol. In addition, the trends in the three sets of data for the catalytic subunit indicate that ionic bonds are involved in binding PALA to the active site, and that non-productive binding by L-Asp is negligible under these experimental conditions.", "contents": "Comparison of van 't Hoff and calorimetrically determined enthalpies of binding of N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate to E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase. A comparison has been made of the values obtained by direct calorimetric measurements and van 't Hoff analysis, under similar conditions, for the enthalpy of binding of the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) to E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase and its catalytic subunit. In the case of the catalytic subunit, data were obtained at both saturating and non-saturating concentrations of L-Asp, and at two ionic strengths. Despite a 1000-fold difference in protein concentrations, and the obligatory omission of carbamyl phosphate in the calorimetric experiments, the values obtained by the two methods are shown to agree to within 15% when appropriate corrections are made. These results suggest that subunit dissociation is not a significant factor at the low protein concentrations used in the van 't Hoff analysis, and, conversely, that aggregation of the protein is negligible at the high protein concentrations used in the calorimetric experiments. They also imply that, at pH 8.3, the enthalpic difference between the two conformational states of the enzyme which exist in the presence and absence of substrates is less than 2.5 kcal/mol. In addition, the trends in the three sets of data for the catalytic subunit indicate that ionic bonds are involved in binding PALA to the active site, and that non-productive binding by L-Asp is negligible under these experimental conditions.", "PMID": 385074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6868", "title": "Simultaneous determination of n-hexane, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in biological tissues by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative method is reported for the determination of n-hexane, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in biological tissues by stable isotope dilution using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. n-[2H14]Hexane, 2-[2H5]hexanone and 2,5-[2H10]hexanedione are used as the isotopic diluents. After tissue homogenization and extraction of the three compounds in the presence of the deuterated internal standards, analysis is carried out in a single gas chromatographic injection by selected ion monitoring. Principal advantages of the technique are the ease of sample handling, rapidity of analysis and low limits of detection. The methodology is used to determine the organ distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of n-hexane to 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in rats following inhalation exposure.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of n-hexane, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in biological tissues by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A quantitative method is reported for the determination of n-hexane, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in biological tissues by stable isotope dilution using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. n-[2H14]Hexane, 2-[2H5]hexanone and 2,5-[2H10]hexanedione are used as the isotopic diluents. After tissue homogenization and extraction of the three compounds in the presence of the deuterated internal standards, analysis is carried out in a single gas chromatographic injection by selected ion monitoring. Principal advantages of the technique are the ease of sample handling, rapidity of analysis and low limits of detection. The methodology is used to determine the organ distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of n-hexane to 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione in rats following inhalation exposure.", "PMID": 385075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6869", "title": "Immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells using carrageenan as matrix.", "content": "Conditions for the gelation k-carrageenan, which is a new polymer for immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells, were investigated in detail. k-Carrageenan was easily induced to gel by contact with metal ions, amines, amino acid derivatives, and water-miscible organic solvents. By using this property of k-carrageenan, the immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells was investigated. Several kinds of enzymes and microbial cells were easily immobilized with high enzyme activities. Immobilized preparations were easily tailor-made to various shape such as cube, bead, and membrane. The obtained immobilized preparations were stable, and columns packed with them were used for continuous enzyme reaction for a long period. Their operational stabilities were enhanced by hardening with glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine.", "contents": "Immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells using carrageenan as matrix. Conditions for the gelation k-carrageenan, which is a new polymer for immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells, were investigated in detail. k-Carrageenan was easily induced to gel by contact with metal ions, amines, amino acid derivatives, and water-miscible organic solvents. By using this property of k-carrageenan, the immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells was investigated. Several kinds of enzymes and microbial cells were easily immobilized with high enzyme activities. Immobilized preparations were easily tailor-made to various shape such as cube, bead, and membrane. The obtained immobilized preparations were stable, and columns packed with them were used for continuous enzyme reaction for a long period. Their operational stabilities were enhanced by hardening with glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine.", "PMID": 385076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6870", "title": "Alternate method of calculating the free-energy change accompanying the growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen) on three substrates.", "content": "A method is described for determining the free energy of formation of the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen) that are formed as the result of anaerobic growth on glucose, and aerobic growth on glucose and ethanol. The method is based on the direct relationship that exists between the enthalpy changes and the free-energy changes that accompany the oxidation of 1 g cellular material formed during these growth reactions and the degree of reduction of the same material. When the results of these calculations are used together with the free energies of formation of the reactants and of other products of a given growth reaction, it becomes possible to calculate the free-energy change accompanying this reaction. These free-energy changes are in excellent agreement with those calculated by another method based on the hypothesis that the free-energy change accompanying the conversion of the substrate plus other reactants into cellular material plus other products is equal to zero.", "contents": "Alternate method of calculating the free-energy change accompanying the growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen) on three substrates. A method is described for determining the free energy of formation of the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen) that are formed as the result of anaerobic growth on glucose, and aerobic growth on glucose and ethanol. The method is based on the direct relationship that exists between the enthalpy changes and the free-energy changes that accompany the oxidation of 1 g cellular material formed during these growth reactions and the degree of reduction of the same material. When the results of these calculations are used together with the free energies of formation of the reactants and of other products of a given growth reaction, it becomes possible to calculate the free-energy change accompanying this reaction. These free-energy changes are in excellent agreement with those calculated by another method based on the hypothesis that the free-energy change accompanying the conversion of the substrate plus other reactants into cellular material plus other products is equal to zero.", "PMID": 385077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6871", "title": "The use of stero\u00efd hormone receptors in the treatment of human breast cancer: a review.", "content": "Basic research into the mechanisms of steroid hormone action in breast cancer has led to significant advances in our understanding and treatment of this disease. The hypothesis that measurement of estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer tissue might be useful in predicting the endocrine dependence of a tumor has been proven to be correct. The absence of ER connotes hormone independence and precludes a trial of endocrine therapy. Tumors selected for hormonal treatment on the basis of a positive ER respond to endocrine therapy at nearly twice the rate of those chosen by clinical criteria alone. However, a third of ER positive tumors fail to respond. Recently, research has been directed toward increasing the accuracy of the assay in the ER positive group. The concentration of ER in the tumor and the measurement of progesterone receptor (PgR) appear to improve the predictive accuracy of the test. The ER status of primary breast cancer is also a marker for the length of time to recurrence after mastectomy and for ultimate patient survival. Thus, in addition to its importance in the selection of treatment for advanced disease, the ER assay may also prove valuable in planning new adjuvant treatment strategies.", "contents": "The use of stero\u00efd hormone receptors in the treatment of human breast cancer: a review. Basic research into the mechanisms of steroid hormone action in breast cancer has led to significant advances in our understanding and treatment of this disease. The hypothesis that measurement of estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer tissue might be useful in predicting the endocrine dependence of a tumor has been proven to be correct. The absence of ER connotes hormone independence and precludes a trial of endocrine therapy. Tumors selected for hormonal treatment on the basis of a positive ER respond to endocrine therapy at nearly twice the rate of those chosen by clinical criteria alone. However, a third of ER positive tumors fail to respond. Recently, research has been directed toward increasing the accuracy of the assay in the ER positive group. The concentration of ER in the tumor and the measurement of progesterone receptor (PgR) appear to improve the predictive accuracy of the test. The ER status of primary breast cancer is also a marker for the length of time to recurrence after mastectomy and for ultimate patient survival. Thus, in addition to its importance in the selection of treatment for advanced disease, the ER assay may also prove valuable in planning new adjuvant treatment strategies.", "PMID": 385079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6872", "title": "[Spontaneous transformation and long term culture of foetal mouse glial cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cell lines originated from foetal mouse brain were maintained in vitro for more than two years. The morphology of most of these cultures suggests their glial character. This is corroborated, for some lines, by the presence of specific glial protein (Glial fibrillary acidic protein, or GFAP). Five out of these lines remained not transplantable in animals during all the experiments. However one of them went through a spontaneous transformation at the eleventh population doubling. This culture, after transformation remained glial and when injected in animals, induced GFAP containing tumors.", "contents": "[Spontaneous transformation and long term culture of foetal mouse glial cells (author's transl)]. Six cell lines originated from foetal mouse brain were maintained in vitro for more than two years. The morphology of most of these cultures suggests their glial character. This is corroborated, for some lines, by the presence of specific glial protein (Glial fibrillary acidic protein, or GFAP). Five out of these lines remained not transplantable in animals during all the experiments. However one of them went through a spontaneous transformation at the eleventh population doubling. This culture, after transformation remained glial and when injected in animals, induced GFAP containing tumors.", "PMID": 385080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6873", "title": "[Malignant lymphomas in Burgundy, France (1976--1977): a new approach using computerized pathological diagnoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathology laboratories in the Burgundy region have recently been equipped with mini-computers using the same software and working method. This report brings together their histological records, stored on magnetic discs, and describes the first results of this regional data base. Malignant lymphomas were chosen as a pilot study and evaluated between January 1976 and December 1977. After a brief presentation of the method, 246 cases of malignant lymphoma are analysed: 95 of Hodgkins disease, 103 of non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma of the nodes and 48 cases of extranodal non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma. The distribution of patients in terms of sex and ten year age groups is analysed, together with the various incidence rates for a year in Burgundy and in its four administrative units (Cote-d'Or, Nievre, Saone-et-Loire and Yonne).", "contents": "[Malignant lymphomas in Burgundy, France (1976--1977): a new approach using computerized pathological diagnoses (author's transl)]. Pathology laboratories in the Burgundy region have recently been equipped with mini-computers using the same software and working method. This report brings together their histological records, stored on magnetic discs, and describes the first results of this regional data base. Malignant lymphomas were chosen as a pilot study and evaluated between January 1976 and December 1977. After a brief presentation of the method, 246 cases of malignant lymphoma are analysed: 95 of Hodgkins disease, 103 of non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma of the nodes and 48 cases of extranodal non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma. The distribution of patients in terms of sex and ten year age groups is analysed, together with the various incidence rates for a year in Burgundy and in its four administrative units (Cote-d'Or, Nievre, Saone-et-Loire and Yonne).", "PMID": 385081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6874", "title": "[Transitional tumours of urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "An overall survey of the transitional epithelium of the bladder and its carcinomas. This study is based upon the recent literature, in particular the considerable contribution of scanner electron microscopy. a) The transitional epithelium has the reputation of having a simple structure and even behaviour. In fact, it is complex with highly specialised surface cells. It has marked powers of regeneration after aggressions of various types. b) Tumours of the transitional epithelium are defined in relation to rupture of the basal lamina. Invasive carcinomas are classified according to their histological stage of penetration, their pure or partially metaplasic type and their degree defined according to the criteria of Broders. There exists a correlation between these three types of evaluation. Non-invasive carcinomas are either papillary--putting into question the reality of benign bladder papilloma--or flat mucosal and then often associated closely or at a distance with an invasive carcinoma. c) Abnormal regeneration, dysplasia or hyperplasia as a result of aggressions of different types or developing in isolation represent a high risk histologically, implying the need for careful follow-up and surveillance. d) Histopathological study of urothelial or transitional tumours is simple in operative specimens but difficult in biopsies. It requires close cooperation between surgeons and pathologists to ensure correct orientation of the fragments.", "contents": "[Transitional tumours of urinary bladder (author's transl)]. An overall survey of the transitional epithelium of the bladder and its carcinomas. This study is based upon the recent literature, in particular the considerable contribution of scanner electron microscopy. a) The transitional epithelium has the reputation of having a simple structure and even behaviour. In fact, it is complex with highly specialised surface cells. It has marked powers of regeneration after aggressions of various types. b) Tumours of the transitional epithelium are defined in relation to rupture of the basal lamina. Invasive carcinomas are classified according to their histological stage of penetration, their pure or partially metaplasic type and their degree defined according to the criteria of Broders. There exists a correlation between these three types of evaluation. Non-invasive carcinomas are either papillary--putting into question the reality of benign bladder papilloma--or flat mucosal and then often associated closely or at a distance with an invasive carcinoma. c) Abnormal regeneration, dysplasia or hyperplasia as a result of aggressions of different types or developing in isolation represent a high risk histologically, implying the need for careful follow-up and surveillance. d) Histopathological study of urothelial or transitional tumours is simple in operative specimens but difficult in biopsies. It requires close cooperation between surgeons and pathologists to ensure correct orientation of the fragments.", "PMID": 385082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6875", "title": "Library school education for medical librarianship.", "content": "This paper reviews the current situation in library school education for medical librarianship in the United States and Canada based on information from a questionnaire sent to teachers of courses in medical librarianship in accredited library schools. Since 1939, when the first course devoted entirely to medical librarianship was offered at Columbia University, courses have been introduced into the curricula of at least forty-seven of the ALA-accredited library schools. In 1978 there were seventy courses available through forty-seven library schools. Possibilities for specialization in medical librarianship are examined. Course content is reviewed. Implications of the MLA certification examination for library school courses are explored.", "contents": "Library school education for medical librarianship. This paper reviews the current situation in library school education for medical librarianship in the United States and Canada based on information from a questionnaire sent to teachers of courses in medical librarianship in accredited library schools. Since 1939, when the first course devoted entirely to medical librarianship was offered at Columbia University, courses have been introduced into the curricula of at least forty-seven of the ALA-accredited library schools. In 1978 there were seventy courses available through forty-seven library schools. Possibilities for specialization in medical librarianship are examined. Course content is reviewed. Implications of the MLA certification examination for library school courses are explored.", "PMID": 385086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6876", "title": "Residency selection process: description and annotated bibliography.", "content": "Specialty and residency training choices of medical students will affect the quality, mode, and geographic location of their future practice; the importance of such choices should not be underestimated. Medical school librarians have largely ignored the opportunity to interact with both medical students and medical school officials in providing sources needed to assist these career decisions, and for the most part students and administrators have ignored the opportunity to utilize the medical library in this process. This article presents an overview of the processes and procedures in which third- and fourth-year medical students are involved in selecting specialty and residency training, and provides a detailed description of the resources which the medical student should consult in order to make thoughtful, informed career decisions. The article urges medical school advisers and medical librarians to work as partners in providing information on specialty and residency selection to medical students.", "contents": "Residency selection process: description and annotated bibliography. Specialty and residency training choices of medical students will affect the quality, mode, and geographic location of their future practice; the importance of such choices should not be underestimated. Medical school librarians have largely ignored the opportunity to interact with both medical students and medical school officials in providing sources needed to assist these career decisions, and for the most part students and administrators have ignored the opportunity to utilize the medical library in this process. This article presents an overview of the processes and procedures in which third- and fourth-year medical students are involved in selecting specialty and residency training, and provides a detailed description of the resources which the medical student should consult in order to make thoughtful, informed career decisions. The article urges medical school advisers and medical librarians to work as partners in providing information on specialty and residency selection to medical students.", "PMID": 385087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6877", "title": "Assessment of patients for psychotherapy.", "content": "Factors in the patient which have been commonly cited by therapists as relevant in assessment for psychotherapy are examined as well as the research done on them. These factors are discussed under four categories: (a) factors related to the illness, (b) personal factors related to the treatment, (c) personal factors not directly associated with the illness and (d) current life circumstances. Research on methods of assessing patient suitability is discussed together with an account of the reasons for the rather disappointing contribution of systematic research.", "contents": "Assessment of patients for psychotherapy. Factors in the patient which have been commonly cited by therapists as relevant in assessment for psychotherapy are examined as well as the research done on them. These factors are discussed under four categories: (a) factors related to the illness, (b) personal factors related to the treatment, (c) personal factors not directly associated with the illness and (d) current life circumstances. Research on methods of assessing patient suitability is discussed together with an account of the reasons for the rather disappointing contribution of systematic research.", "PMID": 385092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6878", "title": "Premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind controlled trial of progesterone and placebo.", "content": "Patients with premenstrual syndrome recorded their symptoms daily using menstrual distress questionnaires. These were analysed by a least mean square method of fitting sine waves. After recording an untreated cycle, patients were given progesterone 200 mg b.d. and placebo in a double-blind crossover manner; 75 per cent of patients were then given progesterone 400 mg b.d. and placebo in a similar manner. Treated cycles were rated by both daily menstrual distress questionnaires and retrospective self-assessment. Both rating methods showed there was no significant difference between progesterone and placebo in reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and in the majority of cases placebo was more effective, although never significantly so.", "contents": "Premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind controlled trial of progesterone and placebo. Patients with premenstrual syndrome recorded their symptoms daily using menstrual distress questionnaires. These were analysed by a least mean square method of fitting sine waves. After recording an untreated cycle, patients were given progesterone 200 mg b.d. and placebo in a double-blind crossover manner; 75 per cent of patients were then given progesterone 400 mg b.d. and placebo in a similar manner. Treated cycles were rated by both daily menstrual distress questionnaires and retrospective self-assessment. Both rating methods showed there was no significant difference between progesterone and placebo in reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and in the majority of cases placebo was more effective, although never significantly so.", "PMID": 385093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6879", "title": "Controlled studies of the acute antidepressant effects of lithium.", "content": "In two randomized double-blind controlled trials on 63 depressed female in-patients subject to recurrent affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar manic-depressive psychosis) lithium was shown to have major acute antidepressant effects. At the end of three weeks lithium produced more uniform improvement than did imipramine; lithium in combination with tryptophan (in the form of Optimax) was superior to tryptophan alone--the latter drug having no discernible antidepressant activity in this group of patients. Lithium did not produce an antidepressant effect until the second and third week of both trials.", "contents": "Controlled studies of the acute antidepressant effects of lithium. In two randomized double-blind controlled trials on 63 depressed female in-patients subject to recurrent affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar manic-depressive psychosis) lithium was shown to have major acute antidepressant effects. At the end of three weeks lithium produced more uniform improvement than did imipramine; lithium in combination with tryptophan (in the form of Optimax) was superior to tryptophan alone--the latter drug having no discernible antidepressant activity in this group of patients. Lithium did not produce an antidepressant effect until the second and third week of both trials.", "PMID": 385094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6880", "title": "Wound sepsis following gastrointestinal surgery: a comparison of topical and two-dose systemic cephradine.", "content": "A prospective study of the effect of the route of administration of prophylactic antibiotic on the wound infection rate following gastrointestinal surgery was performed. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: group 1 received no form of antibiotic prophylaxis; group 2 received 1 g of cephradine applied topically to the wound at closure; group 3 received 1 g of cephradine intravenously at induction of anaesthesia and a further intravenous dose of 500 mg 4 h later. Wound infections occurred in 12 of 83 patients in the control group (14.5 per cent), in 6 of the 83 patients in the group who received topical antibiotic (7.2 per cent) and in 3 of the 82 patients who received systemic antibiotics (3.6 per cent). Only the group who received systemic antibiotic showed a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of wound infections compared with the control group (P = 0.03).", "contents": "Wound sepsis following gastrointestinal surgery: a comparison of topical and two-dose systemic cephradine. A prospective study of the effect of the route of administration of prophylactic antibiotic on the wound infection rate following gastrointestinal surgery was performed. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: group 1 received no form of antibiotic prophylaxis; group 2 received 1 g of cephradine applied topically to the wound at closure; group 3 received 1 g of cephradine intravenously at induction of anaesthesia and a further intravenous dose of 500 mg 4 h later. Wound infections occurred in 12 of 83 patients in the control group (14.5 per cent), in 6 of the 83 patients in the group who received topical antibiotic (7.2 per cent) and in 3 of the 82 patients who received systemic antibiotics (3.6 per cent). Only the group who received systemic antibiotic showed a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of wound infections compared with the control group (P = 0.03).", "PMID": 385095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6881", "title": "Leucocyte ascorbate levels and postoperative deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Forty-four general surgical patients were included in a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled trial of ascorbic acid (500 mg b.d.) or placebo for 7 days before operation. This was to test the hypothesis that vitamin C may reduce the instance of deep venous thrombosis postoperatively. Venous blood samples were taken before entering the trial, just immediately before surgery, on the day of operation and on three further occasions at 3-day intervals postoperatively for leucocyte ascorbic acid concentration (LAC). Venous thrombosis was diagnosed using the 125I-fibrinogen test and the leg scans interpreted by Roberts' criteria. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT between the treatment and placebo groups. In those with DVT (n = 23) the mean LAC on the day of operation was not significantly different from that in those without DVT. However, on the sixth and ninth postoperative days LAC levels were significantly lower in the DVT group. These results suggest that the administration of ascorbic acid preoperatively does not reduce the incidence of DVT, but a striking decrease in the LAC levels in the DVT patients is in keeping with the hypothesis that the initial event in the pathogenesis of DVT is adherence of leucocytes to the venous endothelium.", "contents": "Leucocyte ascorbate levels and postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Forty-four general surgical patients were included in a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled trial of ascorbic acid (500 mg b.d.) or placebo for 7 days before operation. This was to test the hypothesis that vitamin C may reduce the instance of deep venous thrombosis postoperatively. Venous blood samples were taken before entering the trial, just immediately before surgery, on the day of operation and on three further occasions at 3-day intervals postoperatively for leucocyte ascorbic acid concentration (LAC). Venous thrombosis was diagnosed using the 125I-fibrinogen test and the leg scans interpreted by Roberts' criteria. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT between the treatment and placebo groups. In those with DVT (n = 23) the mean LAC on the day of operation was not significantly different from that in those without DVT. However, on the sixth and ninth postoperative days LAC levels were significantly lower in the DVT group. These results suggest that the administration of ascorbic acid preoperatively does not reduce the incidence of DVT, but a striking decrease in the LAC levels in the DVT patients is in keeping with the hypothesis that the initial event in the pathogenesis of DVT is adherence of leucocytes to the venous endothelium.", "PMID": 385096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6882", "title": "Cimetidine in treatment of reflux oesophagitis with peptic stricture.", "content": "Twenty patients with reflux oesophagitis causing a tight peptic oesophageal stricture entered a randomised double-blind crossover trial in which they received cimetidine, 1.6 g daily, and matching placebo each for six months. The gross endoscopic appearances of oesophagitis, though not the grades of histopathological changes, showed significant improvement during treatment with cimetidine. The need for dilatation of the strictures, however, was not reduced.", "contents": "Cimetidine in treatment of reflux oesophagitis with peptic stricture. Twenty patients with reflux oesophagitis causing a tight peptic oesophageal stricture entered a randomised double-blind crossover trial in which they received cimetidine, 1.6 g daily, and matching placebo each for six months. The gross endoscopic appearances of oesophagitis, though not the grades of histopathological changes, showed significant improvement during treatment with cimetidine. The need for dilatation of the strictures, however, was not reduced.", "PMID": 385100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6883", "title": "Copulatory behavior and the initiation of pregnancy in California voles (Microtus californicus).", "content": "The copulatory behavior of Microtus californicus and its effect on pregnancy initiation were examined in two experiments. In experiment 1 18 males and 18 females which had received exogenous hormones participated in 54 tests of copulatory behavior, each continued to a satiety criterion of 30 min with no copulations. The basic pattern involved no lock, intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation possible on a single insertion and multiple ejaculation. Ejaculation frequency ranged from 1 to 5, with a mean of 2.2. In experiment 2, it was found that all females receiving satiety tests of copulatory behavior while in male-induced estrus ovulated and became pregnant. Whereas all 10 females receiving one ejaculation ovulated, only 60% became pregnant. Thus, it appears that copulation beyond one ejaculation functions in increasing the likelihood of pregnancy. By comparing different species of Microtus it is proposed that copulatory patterns in which males persist for many thrusts and ejaculations may have evolved in conjunction with ornate penile morphology, large litter sizes, and high stimulus requirements for the initiation of ovulation and a funtional luteal phase.", "contents": "Copulatory behavior and the initiation of pregnancy in California voles (Microtus californicus). The copulatory behavior of Microtus californicus and its effect on pregnancy initiation were examined in two experiments. In experiment 1 18 males and 18 females which had received exogenous hormones participated in 54 tests of copulatory behavior, each continued to a satiety criterion of 30 min with no copulations. The basic pattern involved no lock, intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation possible on a single insertion and multiple ejaculation. Ejaculation frequency ranged from 1 to 5, with a mean of 2.2. In experiment 2, it was found that all females receiving satiety tests of copulatory behavior while in male-induced estrus ovulated and became pregnant. Whereas all 10 females receiving one ejaculation ovulated, only 60% became pregnant. Thus, it appears that copulation beyond one ejaculation functions in increasing the likelihood of pregnancy. By comparing different species of Microtus it is proposed that copulatory patterns in which males persist for many thrusts and ejaculations may have evolved in conjunction with ornate penile morphology, large litter sizes, and high stimulus requirements for the initiation of ovulation and a funtional luteal phase.", "PMID": 385105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6884", "title": "Descending pathways of the nucleus of the optic tract in the rat.", "content": "The descending pathways of the nucleus of the optic tract (pars lateralis) (NOTL) in the rat were examined in Nauta-Gygax impregnated sections and further confirmed by the horseradish peroxidase labeling technique. Following stereotactic lesions in the NOTL, visual cortex, and superior colliculus, projections which orginate in the NOTL were identified by elimination of the tectofugal and tectopetal fibers of the superior colliculus. The descending fibers from the NOTL appeared to be organized into three bundles. (1) The NOTL-contralateral NOTL fibers, which connect bilateral NOTLs through a part of the posterior commissure. (2) The NOTL-nucleus tegmenti pontis and inferior olivary nucleus fibers, which project to the ventromedial part of the nucleus tegmenti pontis and the dorsal cap of the inferior olivary nucleus, ipsilaterally to the NOTL. (3) The NOTL-pontine nuclei fibers, which terminate within the medial one-third of the pars lateralis of the ipsilateral pontine nuclei with topical relations.", "contents": "Descending pathways of the nucleus of the optic tract in the rat. The descending pathways of the nucleus of the optic tract (pars lateralis) (NOTL) in the rat were examined in Nauta-Gygax impregnated sections and further confirmed by the horseradish peroxidase labeling technique. Following stereotactic lesions in the NOTL, visual cortex, and superior colliculus, projections which orginate in the NOTL were identified by elimination of the tectofugal and tectopetal fibers of the superior colliculus. The descending fibers from the NOTL appeared to be organized into three bundles. (1) The NOTL-contralateral NOTL fibers, which connect bilateral NOTLs through a part of the posterior commissure. (2) The NOTL-nucleus tegmenti pontis and inferior olivary nucleus fibers, which project to the ventromedial part of the nucleus tegmenti pontis and the dorsal cap of the inferior olivary nucleus, ipsilaterally to the NOTL. (3) The NOTL-pontine nuclei fibers, which terminate within the medial one-third of the pars lateralis of the ipsilateral pontine nuclei with topical relations.", "PMID": 385106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6885", "title": "Topographical origin and ganglion cell type of the retino-pulvinar projection in the cat.", "content": "In order to examine the pattern of the retino-pulvinar projection in the cat, the existence of which has been recently demonstrated using autoradiographic fiber tracing technique, a small amount of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the lateral part of the pulvinar nucleus at various rostocaudal levels. The retrogradely labeled ganglion cells were analyzed in terms of their topographical location and cell size, as seen inretinal whole mounts. The results were compared with those obtained following injections into the lateral geniculate nucleus. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the retina bilaterally after injections of HRP into the pulvinar nucleus. Pulvinar injections produced labeling of retinal cells in the nasal half of the retina contralaterally, and in the temporal half ipsilaterally. The labeled cells were diffusely distributed in a retinotopically organized fashion. The representation of the area centralis in the retino-pulvinar projection is displaced rostrally as compared with the retino-geniculate projection. All labeled cells after pulvinar injections were medium to small size and no large cells were encountered.", "contents": "Topographical origin and ganglion cell type of the retino-pulvinar projection in the cat. In order to examine the pattern of the retino-pulvinar projection in the cat, the existence of which has been recently demonstrated using autoradiographic fiber tracing technique, a small amount of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the lateral part of the pulvinar nucleus at various rostocaudal levels. The retrogradely labeled ganglion cells were analyzed in terms of their topographical location and cell size, as seen inretinal whole mounts. The results were compared with those obtained following injections into the lateral geniculate nucleus. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the retina bilaterally after injections of HRP into the pulvinar nucleus. Pulvinar injections produced labeling of retinal cells in the nasal half of the retina contralaterally, and in the temporal half ipsilaterally. The labeled cells were diffusely distributed in a retinotopically organized fashion. The representation of the area centralis in the retino-pulvinar projection is displaced rostrally as compared with the retino-geniculate projection. All labeled cells after pulvinar injections were medium to small size and no large cells were encountered.", "PMID": 385107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6886", "title": "Basal forebrain facilitation of reflex swallowing in the cat.", "content": "In adult cats anaesthetized with urethane, electrical and chemical stimulation of the basal forebrain facilitated reflex swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. A systematic stereotaxic mapping study using electrical stimulation revealed that the facilitatory sites were distributed along the course of the ansa peduncularis, specifically its rostral forebrain and hypothalamic components associated with the anterior amygdalar area, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. By means of acute discrete radiofrequency lesions, the descending pathways mediating facilitatory influences from the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala to the brain stem were found to traverse the lateral hypothalamus. Ventral tegmental facilitatory sites in the midbrain are likely to be associated with these descending pathways; however, there is evidence for independent participation of this region of the brain in the control of swallowing. Chemical stimulation by means of microinjections of dopamine and apomorphine into the amygdala and nucleus accumbens also enhanced reflex swallowing. It is concluded that the results of this investigation implicate the basal forebrain as a site of integration of viscero-olfacto-gustatory information needed for the enactment of ingestive behaviour.", "contents": "Basal forebrain facilitation of reflex swallowing in the cat. In adult cats anaesthetized with urethane, electrical and chemical stimulation of the basal forebrain facilitated reflex swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. A systematic stereotaxic mapping study using electrical stimulation revealed that the facilitatory sites were distributed along the course of the ansa peduncularis, specifically its rostral forebrain and hypothalamic components associated with the anterior amygdalar area, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. By means of acute discrete radiofrequency lesions, the descending pathways mediating facilitatory influences from the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala to the brain stem were found to traverse the lateral hypothalamus. Ventral tegmental facilitatory sites in the midbrain are likely to be associated with these descending pathways; however, there is evidence for independent participation of this region of the brain in the control of swallowing. Chemical stimulation by means of microinjections of dopamine and apomorphine into the amygdala and nucleus accumbens also enhanced reflex swallowing. It is concluded that the results of this investigation implicate the basal forebrain as a site of integration of viscero-olfacto-gustatory information needed for the enactment of ingestive behaviour.", "PMID": 385108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6887", "title": "Cell-type-specific markers for distinguishing and studying neurons and the major classes of glial cells in culture.", "content": "We have used 4 cell-type-specific markers to identify individual glial and neuronal cells in dissociated cell cultures of neonatal rat sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), optic nerve, cerebellum, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Schwann cells were identified with antibodies against rat neural antigen-1 (Ran-1), neurons with tetanus toxin, astrocytes with antibody against the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and oligodendrocytes with antibody against galactocerebroside. All of these ligands react with cell surface molecules except for anti-GFAP antibody which binds to intracellular glial filaments. Using two-fluorochrome immunofluorescence we have studied the distribution of various glycoproteins and glycolipids on these 4 major neural cell types in short-term cultures. We have found that (1) although Ran-1 is expressed on glial and neuronal tumours, it was not found on normal astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or neurons; (2) Thy-1 was present on fibroblasts and some neurons but not on the majority of leptomeningeal cells or on oligodendrocytes or astrocytes in short-term cultures (however, it was expressed on some astrocytes in longer term cultures); (3) the 'large external transformation sensitive' (LETS) protein could be detected on fibroblasts and leptomeningeal cells but not on neurons or glial cells; (4) GM1 was present on all neurons, most oligodendrocytes and approx. 50% of other cell types; sulfatide and GM3 were only detectable on oligodendrocytes, while globoside was only found on some neurons. In addition, we were able to identify putative microglial cells by the presence of cell surface receptors for IgG and by their phagocytic activity; they did not express and of the cell-type-specific defining markers.", "contents": "Cell-type-specific markers for distinguishing and studying neurons and the major classes of glial cells in culture. We have used 4 cell-type-specific markers to identify individual glial and neuronal cells in dissociated cell cultures of neonatal rat sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), optic nerve, cerebellum, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Schwann cells were identified with antibodies against rat neural antigen-1 (Ran-1), neurons with tetanus toxin, astrocytes with antibody against the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and oligodendrocytes with antibody against galactocerebroside. All of these ligands react with cell surface molecules except for anti-GFAP antibody which binds to intracellular glial filaments. Using two-fluorochrome immunofluorescence we have studied the distribution of various glycoproteins and glycolipids on these 4 major neural cell types in short-term cultures. We have found that (1) although Ran-1 is expressed on glial and neuronal tumours, it was not found on normal astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or neurons; (2) Thy-1 was present on fibroblasts and some neurons but not on the majority of leptomeningeal cells or on oligodendrocytes or astrocytes in short-term cultures (however, it was expressed on some astrocytes in longer term cultures); (3) the 'large external transformation sensitive' (LETS) protein could be detected on fibroblasts and leptomeningeal cells but not on neurons or glial cells; (4) GM1 was present on all neurons, most oligodendrocytes and approx. 50% of other cell types; sulfatide and GM3 were only detectable on oligodendrocytes, while globoside was only found on some neurons. In addition, we were able to identify putative microglial cells by the presence of cell surface receptors for IgG and by their phagocytic activity; they did not express and of the cell-type-specific defining markers.", "PMID": 385109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6888", "title": "Identification, characterization and stereotaxic mapping of intraneuronal alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive peptides in discrete regions of the rat brain.", "content": "A highly specific antibody to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was used to histochemically localize and biochemically identify and quantitate alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and cell bodies of the rat brain. alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity was contained in fibers throughout the brain. The distribution of alpha-MSH was determined by immunocytochemistry as well as by radioimmunoassay combined with microdissection techniques. High concentrations of alpha-MSH were contained in the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis, the median eminence and the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, dorsomedial, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Moderate alpha-MSH concentrations were noted in the amygdala, septum, central gray, dorsal raphe, and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Cell bodies containing alpha-MSH were observed only in the arcuate nucleus. The alpha-MSH-like compound in brain had similar immunochemical and electrophoretic properties of standard alpha-MSH but high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity was comprised of one major and two minor components. The major immunoreactive peak had an identical retention time as alpha-MSH and therefore may be chemically identical to alpha-MSH. The similar retention times and immunoreactivity of the other two compounds suggest a similarity in size and structure to alpha-MSH. These observations demonstrate that fibers containing alpha-MSH emanate from the arcuate nucleus to innervate many other regions of the rat brain.", "contents": "Identification, characterization and stereotaxic mapping of intraneuronal alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive peptides in discrete regions of the rat brain. A highly specific antibody to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was used to histochemically localize and biochemically identify and quantitate alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and cell bodies of the rat brain. alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity was contained in fibers throughout the brain. The distribution of alpha-MSH was determined by immunocytochemistry as well as by radioimmunoassay combined with microdissection techniques. High concentrations of alpha-MSH were contained in the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis, the median eminence and the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, dorsomedial, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Moderate alpha-MSH concentrations were noted in the amygdala, septum, central gray, dorsal raphe, and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Cell bodies containing alpha-MSH were observed only in the arcuate nucleus. The alpha-MSH-like compound in brain had similar immunochemical and electrophoretic properties of standard alpha-MSH but high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity was comprised of one major and two minor components. The major immunoreactive peak had an identical retention time as alpha-MSH and therefore may be chemically identical to alpha-MSH. The similar retention times and immunoreactivity of the other two compounds suggest a similarity in size and structure to alpha-MSH. These observations demonstrate that fibers containing alpha-MSH emanate from the arcuate nucleus to innervate many other regions of the rat brain.", "PMID": 385110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6889", "title": "Theories of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "content": "Selective destruction of the noradrenaline systems in the rat brain using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been found to cause resistance to extinction in a number of behavioural situations. Several theories concerning the behavioural mechanism altered by the lesion, and hence about the role of noradrenaline in normal brain functioning, are proposed and evaluated. Theories suggesting a role for noradrenaline in activity, perseveration, internal inhibition, frustrative non-reward, motivation, or secondary reinforcement, fail to explain all the available evidence and direct tests of each theory fails to support its predictions. A model which suggests that noreadrenaline is involved in attentional behaviour, specifically in filtering out or learning to ignore irrelevant environmental stimuli, is successful in explaining all available data and direct tests of the lesioned rats' attentional capacity serve to confirm many of the predictions of an attentional theory of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "contents": "Theories of the dorsal bundle extinction effect. Selective destruction of the noradrenaline systems in the rat brain using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been found to cause resistance to extinction in a number of behavioural situations. Several theories concerning the behavioural mechanism altered by the lesion, and hence about the role of noradrenaline in normal brain functioning, are proposed and evaluated. Theories suggesting a role for noradrenaline in activity, perseveration, internal inhibition, frustrative non-reward, motivation, or secondary reinforcement, fail to explain all the available evidence and direct tests of each theory fails to support its predictions. A model which suggests that noreadrenaline is involved in attentional behaviour, specifically in filtering out or learning to ignore irrelevant environmental stimuli, is successful in explaining all available data and direct tests of the lesioned rats' attentional capacity serve to confirm many of the predictions of an attentional theory of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "PMID": 385111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6890", "title": "Sets of neurons in somatic cerebral cortex of the cat and their ontogeny.", "content": "The process of set formation is briefly reviewed and five monothetic schemes for classification of neurons in the somatic cerebral cortex are described. Criteria for evaluation of neuronal sets are presented and applied to the five different monothetic classification schemes. Classification by size and distribution of peripheral receptive fields orders existing data on cortical neurons better than classification by possession of an axon in the pyramidal tract, by modality, by lability of receptive field, or by 'lemniscal properties'; however, no monothetic scheme orders all the data. A useful polythetic scheme, using s and m terminology is suggested. The ontogeny of the cerebral cortex is reviewed in detail. It is suggested that sa neurons are Golgi type II neurons while m neurons are Golgi type I neurons. The hypothesis is presented that wide-field or m neurons develop and are recognizable before small-field or sa neurons in ontogeny. Evidence regarding this hypothesis is indirect, often conflicting, but suggestive that the hypothesis may be correct. The idea that m neurons may also be phylogenetically older than sa neurons is presented and shown to be consistent with ontogenetic data and interpretations.", "contents": "Sets of neurons in somatic cerebral cortex of the cat and their ontogeny. The process of set formation is briefly reviewed and five monothetic schemes for classification of neurons in the somatic cerebral cortex are described. Criteria for evaluation of neuronal sets are presented and applied to the five different monothetic classification schemes. Classification by size and distribution of peripheral receptive fields orders existing data on cortical neurons better than classification by possession of an axon in the pyramidal tract, by modality, by lability of receptive field, or by 'lemniscal properties'; however, no monothetic scheme orders all the data. A useful polythetic scheme, using s and m terminology is suggested. The ontogeny of the cerebral cortex is reviewed in detail. It is suggested that sa neurons are Golgi type II neurons while m neurons are Golgi type I neurons. The hypothesis is presented that wide-field or m neurons develop and are recognizable before small-field or sa neurons in ontogeny. Evidence regarding this hypothesis is indirect, often conflicting, but suggestive that the hypothesis may be correct. The idea that m neurons may also be phylogenetically older than sa neurons is presented and shown to be consistent with ontogenetic data and interpretations.", "PMID": 385112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6891", "title": "Awareness, muscle relaxants and balanced anaesthesia.", "content": "The incidence of awareness during insufficient anaesthesia is reported to be one per cent. It is usually due to the use of muscle relaxants, a balanced technique and the lightest possible depth of anaesthesia. Increased incidences were noted in open-heart surgery, during intubation-endoscopy procedures and in caesarean delivery patients. Experiences of awareness are disturbing to patients, who are usually benefited by a sympathetic and forthright explanation of the event. Fourteen representative cases of the problem are reported. Since no adequate sign or test exists for detection of awareness during very light anaesthesia or with associated paralysis, more meticulous attention is required in using relaxants or the balanced technique. Greater anaesthetic supplementation and reduction in the use of relaxants are recommended to halt the recurrence of this most serious anaesthetic problem.", "contents": "Awareness, muscle relaxants and balanced anaesthesia. The incidence of awareness during insufficient anaesthesia is reported to be one per cent. It is usually due to the use of muscle relaxants, a balanced technique and the lightest possible depth of anaesthesia. Increased incidences were noted in open-heart surgery, during intubation-endoscopy procedures and in caesarean delivery patients. Experiences of awareness are disturbing to patients, who are usually benefited by a sympathetic and forthright explanation of the event. Fourteen representative cases of the problem are reported. Since no adequate sign or test exists for detection of awareness during very light anaesthesia or with associated paralysis, more meticulous attention is required in using relaxants or the balanced technique. Greater anaesthetic supplementation and reduction in the use of relaxants are recommended to halt the recurrence of this most serious anaesthetic problem.", "PMID": 385118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6892", "title": "Bacterial filters - are they necessary on anaesthetic machines?", "content": "At the Vancouver General Hospital the effectiveness of the system for decontamination of anaesthetic equipment was evaluated to determine the need for bacterial filters on anaesthetic machines. Two groups of patients were studied. Group I consisted of 33 patients, none of whom had clinical symptoms of respiratory tract disease. Group II consisted of 17 patients who had lower respiratory tract secretions. In the latter group 16 had chronic bronchitis and had cystic fibrosis. Of 550 bacterial cultures taken from the anaesthetic equipment immediately before and after anaesthesia in our 50 patients, only five yielded a growth of non-pathogenic bacteria. The results of this study indicate that bacterial colonization of anaesthetic equipment is of a low order and is adequately controlled by pasteurization even after use in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease. The use of bacterial filters does not appear justified if a strict regimen of cleaning and pasteurization is followed.", "contents": "Bacterial filters - are they necessary on anaesthetic machines? At the Vancouver General Hospital the effectiveness of the system for decontamination of anaesthetic equipment was evaluated to determine the need for bacterial filters on anaesthetic machines. Two groups of patients were studied. Group I consisted of 33 patients, none of whom had clinical symptoms of respiratory tract disease. Group II consisted of 17 patients who had lower respiratory tract secretions. In the latter group 16 had chronic bronchitis and had cystic fibrosis. Of 550 bacterial cultures taken from the anaesthetic equipment immediately before and after anaesthesia in our 50 patients, only five yielded a growth of non-pathogenic bacteria. The results of this study indicate that bacterial colonization of anaesthetic equipment is of a low order and is adequately controlled by pasteurization even after use in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease. The use of bacterial filters does not appear justified if a strict regimen of cleaning and pasteurization is followed.", "PMID": 385119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6893", "title": "Simple apparatus for blocking small animal brains.", "content": "A modification of previously described devices for blocking small animal brains is presented. The apparatus is easily constructed and allows for blocking at varous angles of both fixed and unfixed tissue of most small laboratory animals.", "contents": "Simple apparatus for blocking small animal brains. A modification of previously described devices for blocking small animal brains is presented. The apparatus is easily constructed and allows for blocking at varous angles of both fixed and unfixed tissue of most small laboratory animals.", "PMID": 385114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6894", "title": "Prenatal immunization against experimental enteric colibacillosis in piglets.", "content": "To establish a model for the study of prenatal immunization against enteric colibacillosis a proportion of the litters of seven sows were immunized in utero 18 to 22 days before term by intra-amniotic and intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli antigen and the litters challenged at birth with either homologous or heterologous strains. Protection against homologous challenge was demonstrated in some but not all vaccinated piglets. The study was severely compromised by the occurrence of intrauterine death in a significant proportion of vaccinated piglets.", "contents": "Prenatal immunization against experimental enteric colibacillosis in piglets. To establish a model for the study of prenatal immunization against enteric colibacillosis a proportion of the litters of seven sows were immunized in utero 18 to 22 days before term by intra-amniotic and intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli antigen and the litters challenged at birth with either homologous or heterologous strains. Protection against homologous challenge was demonstrated in some but not all vaccinated piglets. The study was severely compromised by the occurrence of intrauterine death in a significant proportion of vaccinated piglets.", "PMID": 385121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6895", "title": "Studies on experimental enteric salmonellosis in ponies.", "content": "Clinical, bacteriological, serological and haematological observations were made on 13 adult ponies orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission. The clinical responses in inoculated ponies included pyrexia lasting four days and neutropaenia during the first five days after inoculation followed by a neutrophilia. Pyrexia and neutropaenia was associated with maximal shedding of organisms in the rectal faeces. Changes in the character of the faeces occurred between one and two days after inoculation and appeared to be associated with the serological response. Serological responses occurred in all the infected ponies except one. At necropsy, of the 14 ponies with positive cultures in the colon, seven had negative cultures in the rectal faeces. Serological studies performed on 43 clinically normal horses indicated a correlation between age and salmonella agglutination titre.", "contents": "Studies on experimental enteric salmonellosis in ponies. Clinical, bacteriological, serological and haematological observations were made on 13 adult ponies orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission. The clinical responses in inoculated ponies included pyrexia lasting four days and neutropaenia during the first five days after inoculation followed by a neutrophilia. Pyrexia and neutropaenia was associated with maximal shedding of organisms in the rectal faeces. Changes in the character of the faeces occurred between one and two days after inoculation and appeared to be associated with the serological response. Serological responses occurred in all the infected ponies except one. At necropsy, of the 14 ponies with positive cultures in the colon, seven had negative cultures in the rectal faeces. Serological studies performed on 43 clinically normal horses indicated a correlation between age and salmonella agglutination titre.", "PMID": 385122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6896", "title": "The effects of repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides to ponies.", "content": "Repeated exposure of ponies in Escherichia coli endotoxin resulted in attenuation of the packed cell volume, beta-glucuronidase, capillary refill time and neutrophil responses usually accompanying endotoxin administration. An overall decrease in severity of clinical response including reduced mortality was also apparent in ponies with repeated endotoxin exposure. Modification of the febrile response was not observed in any of the experimental groups.", "contents": "The effects of repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides to ponies. Repeated exposure of ponies in Escherichia coli endotoxin resulted in attenuation of the packed cell volume, beta-glucuronidase, capillary refill time and neutrophil responses usually accompanying endotoxin administration. An overall decrease in severity of clinical response including reduced mortality was also apparent in ponies with repeated endotoxin exposure. Modification of the febrile response was not observed in any of the experimental groups.", "PMID": 385123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6897", "title": "Local lymphokine production in ocular inflammatory diseases.", "content": "We took samples of the aqueous humour and subretinal fluid from 12 patients suffering from various types of ocular inflammation. The presence of leucocyte migration inhibition factor in these fluids was determined using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Our results indicated that this test differentiated ocular inflammatory reactions due to cell mediated immunity from those due to other mechanisms.", "contents": "Local lymphokine production in ocular inflammatory diseases. We took samples of the aqueous humour and subretinal fluid from 12 patients suffering from various types of ocular inflammation. The presence of leucocyte migration inhibition factor in these fluids was determined using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Our results indicated that this test differentiated ocular inflammatory reactions due to cell mediated immunity from those due to other mechanisms.", "PMID": 385124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6898", "title": "Increase in the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobial agents in the presence of Candida albicans.", "content": "In experiments with mixed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans both in the absence and in the presence of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), we have observed that (1) there is an inhibition of S. aureus growth in mixed cultures with C. albicans in media supplemented with 1 microgram/mL of 5-fc and that 5-FC has no effect on staphylococci in pure cultures; (2) this inhibition occurred with clinically isolated and laboratory strains and could be reversed by specific metabolites; (3) Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by filtrates of C. albicans cultures treated with 5-FC and this seemed to be favored by some C. albicans filterable product which can affect the cell wall and the permeability of the staphylococcal cells since they become sensitive to 5-FC; (4) nine other commonly used antimicrobials showed an increased inhibitory activity against S. aureus in mixed cultures with C. albicans; and (5) there is a decrease in the number of precipitating antigens of S. aureus and of the activity of alpha toxin when this species was grown with both C. albicans and 5-FC. Our results indicate that the susceptibility of some species to antimicrobials could be significantly modified in the presence of other species. One cannot exclude that a similar phenomenon could happen in hosts under treatment with antibiotics against infection.", "contents": "Increase in the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobial agents in the presence of Candida albicans. In experiments with mixed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans both in the absence and in the presence of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), we have observed that (1) there is an inhibition of S. aureus growth in mixed cultures with C. albicans in media supplemented with 1 microgram/mL of 5-fc and that 5-FC has no effect on staphylococci in pure cultures; (2) this inhibition occurred with clinically isolated and laboratory strains and could be reversed by specific metabolites; (3) Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by filtrates of C. albicans cultures treated with 5-FC and this seemed to be favored by some C. albicans filterable product which can affect the cell wall and the permeability of the staphylococcal cells since they become sensitive to 5-FC; (4) nine other commonly used antimicrobials showed an increased inhibitory activity against S. aureus in mixed cultures with C. albicans; and (5) there is a decrease in the number of precipitating antigens of S. aureus and of the activity of alpha toxin when this species was grown with both C. albicans and 5-FC. Our results indicate that the susceptibility of some species to antimicrobials could be significantly modified in the presence of other species. One cannot exclude that a similar phenomenon could happen in hosts under treatment with antibiotics against infection.", "PMID": 385127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6899", "title": "Structural and biochemical examination of ghosts derived from a deep rough (heptose-deficient lipopolysaccharide) strain and a smooth strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Outer membrane derived 'ghosts' can be readily generated from both smooth and deep rough (heptose-deficient LPS) strains of Escherichia coli 08. MORPHOlogical and biochemical studies confirmed that 'ghosts' of both strains are composed of protein (four major proteins), LPS, and phospholipid (cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine) in the form of a single membrane of roughly the same shape as intact normal cells. The ghost membrane cleaves only slightly in freeze-etch preparations of ghosts derived from the smooth strain as compared to the extensive cleavage plane of ghosts derived from the rough strain. The asymmetrical distribution of ghost proteins was visualized, by critical point drying and shadowing with platinum, as a relatively smooth outer surface with some discernible particles (10-15 nm) and an extremely particulate inner surface (10-15-mm particles. Ghosts derived from the smooth strain retained their structure following chloroform-methanol extraction, while ghosts derived from the rough strain fragmented with chloroform-methanol extraction. Evidence is presented that LPS-protein interactions as well as protein-protein interactions are significant in maintaining the ghost structure.", "contents": "Structural and biochemical examination of ghosts derived from a deep rough (heptose-deficient lipopolysaccharide) strain and a smooth strain of Escherichia coli. Outer membrane derived 'ghosts' can be readily generated from both smooth and deep rough (heptose-deficient LPS) strains of Escherichia coli 08. MORPHOlogical and biochemical studies confirmed that 'ghosts' of both strains are composed of protein (four major proteins), LPS, and phospholipid (cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine) in the form of a single membrane of roughly the same shape as intact normal cells. The ghost membrane cleaves only slightly in freeze-etch preparations of ghosts derived from the smooth strain as compared to the extensive cleavage plane of ghosts derived from the rough strain. The asymmetrical distribution of ghost proteins was visualized, by critical point drying and shadowing with platinum, as a relatively smooth outer surface with some discernible particles (10-15 nm) and an extremely particulate inner surface (10-15-mm particles. Ghosts derived from the smooth strain retained their structure following chloroform-methanol extraction, while ghosts derived from the rough strain fragmented with chloroform-methanol extraction. Evidence is presented that LPS-protein interactions as well as protein-protein interactions are significant in maintaining the ghost structure.", "PMID": 385128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6900", "title": "The influence of cations on the permeability of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium and other gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The high sensitivity of rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, S. minnesota, and Escherichia coli 08 (i.e. with defects in the carbohydrate core of the lipopolysaccharide) to several antibiotics and to the dye gentian violet could be substantially reduced by the addition of cations (Mg2+, Na+) into the growth medium. One heptoseless mutant of S. typhimurium (chemotype Re) and its isogenic smooth parent strain were studied in more detail. The uptake of gentian violet was about 20% in the smooth strain, about 60% in the Re strain grown without additional cations, but decreased to about 15% in the same strain, when cations had been present during growth. In all cases, almost 50% of the gentian violet taken up by the cells was membrane-bound. The total membranes of the Re strain grown in nutrient broth without additional Mg2+ ions were reduced in the 36K and 34K major outer membrane proteins compared with the smooth strain; when grown with added cations the Re total membranes (and even whole cells) did not revert to the protein pattern of the smooth strain.", "contents": "The influence of cations on the permeability of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium and other gram-negative bacteria. The high sensitivity of rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, S. minnesota, and Escherichia coli 08 (i.e. with defects in the carbohydrate core of the lipopolysaccharide) to several antibiotics and to the dye gentian violet could be substantially reduced by the addition of cations (Mg2+, Na+) into the growth medium. One heptoseless mutant of S. typhimurium (chemotype Re) and its isogenic smooth parent strain were studied in more detail. The uptake of gentian violet was about 20% in the smooth strain, about 60% in the Re strain grown without additional cations, but decreased to about 15% in the same strain, when cations had been present during growth. In all cases, almost 50% of the gentian violet taken up by the cells was membrane-bound. The total membranes of the Re strain grown in nutrient broth without additional Mg2+ ions were reduced in the 36K and 34K major outer membrane proteins compared with the smooth strain; when grown with added cations the Re total membranes (and even whole cells) did not revert to the protein pattern of the smooth strain.", "PMID": 385129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6901", "title": "Outgrowth and sporulation studies on Clostridium botulinum type E: influence of isoleucine.", "content": "A defined medium (CDM) is described which supported growth and sporulation of type E strains of Clostridium botulinum, but not sporulation of other serotypes of C. botulinum or C. sporogenes. As compared to growth in complex medium, spore outgrowth was delayed and both the growth rate and the cell yield was reduced. However, efficiency of sporulation of the type E MSpt strain in a chemically defined medium (CDM) was the same as that in complex medium and, in fact, sporulation was nearly synchronous and completed within 3 h of the first appearance of phase-bright endospores, compared with completion in 9 h in TPGY. Growth studies with CDM, from which single amino acids were omitted, showed that isoleucine was essential for outgrowth of heat-activated spores of the MSp+ strain, whereas valine was required for that of the Ts-25 mutant. Radioactive isoleucine was incorporated by germinating MSp+ spores at an earlier stage and at a more rapid rate than labelled methionine or mixed amino acids. Uptake studies showed that isoleucine accumulated in a prominent acid-soluble pool during outgrowth, a period when its incorporation into protein was not evident. The results suggest that the isoleucine may be required for a purpose other than protein synthesis during outgrowth.", "contents": "Outgrowth and sporulation studies on Clostridium botulinum type E: influence of isoleucine. A defined medium (CDM) is described which supported growth and sporulation of type E strains of Clostridium botulinum, but not sporulation of other serotypes of C. botulinum or C. sporogenes. As compared to growth in complex medium, spore outgrowth was delayed and both the growth rate and the cell yield was reduced. However, efficiency of sporulation of the type E MSpt strain in a chemically defined medium (CDM) was the same as that in complex medium and, in fact, sporulation was nearly synchronous and completed within 3 h of the first appearance of phase-bright endospores, compared with completion in 9 h in TPGY. Growth studies with CDM, from which single amino acids were omitted, showed that isoleucine was essential for outgrowth of heat-activated spores of the MSp+ strain, whereas valine was required for that of the Ts-25 mutant. Radioactive isoleucine was incorporated by germinating MSp+ spores at an earlier stage and at a more rapid rate than labelled methionine or mixed amino acids. Uptake studies showed that isoleucine accumulated in a prominent acid-soluble pool during outgrowth, a period when its incorporation into protein was not evident. The results suggest that the isoleucine may be required for a purpose other than protein synthesis during outgrowth.", "PMID": 385130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6902", "title": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with sodium valproate: clinical, pharmacological, and biochemical observations.", "content": "Because there is biochemical evidence of decreased GABAergic function in Parkinson's disease, sodium valproate, an inhibitor of GABA catabolism, was administered to eight Parkinsonian patients. Valproate treatment did not significantly alter any Parkinsonian feature, but tended to increase the dyskinesia in the \"on-off\" patients. The increased dyskinesias were not a result of altered peripheral metabolism of L-dopa. Despite obtaining high plasma levels of valproate, no consistent alteration of CSF GABA levels could be demonstrated. Thus, in these patients, an effect of valproate on GABA metabolism is unproven, and in turn, the role of GABA in Parkinsonism and dyskinesia uncertain.", "contents": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with sodium valproate: clinical, pharmacological, and biochemical observations. Because there is biochemical evidence of decreased GABAergic function in Parkinson's disease, sodium valproate, an inhibitor of GABA catabolism, was administered to eight Parkinsonian patients. Valproate treatment did not significantly alter any Parkinsonian feature, but tended to increase the dyskinesia in the \"on-off\" patients. The increased dyskinesias were not a result of altered peripheral metabolism of L-dopa. Despite obtaining high plasma levels of valproate, no consistent alteration of CSF GABA levels could be demonstrated. Thus, in these patients, an effect of valproate on GABA metabolism is unproven, and in turn, the role of GABA in Parkinsonism and dyskinesia uncertain.", "PMID": 385131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6903", "title": "The use of baclofen in treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Baclofen was used in a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled trial to treat spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). While on Baclofen, patients obtained a significant (p less than 0.001) reduction in spasticity compared to controls. The drug was particularly effective in alleviating flexor and extensors spasms, as well as their associated pain. Side effects were common in this study, but were usually well tolerated by the patients. The commonest side effects were sedation, nausea and vomiting. There were no changes in hepatic, renal, or hematological function in any patients. Increase weakness due to loss of spasticity for support was also a fairly common complaint. The drug seems best indicated in patients in whom spasticity is not required for support or other activities of daily living. Careful monitoring of the patient is essential for effective use of this drug.", "contents": "The use of baclofen in treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Baclofen was used in a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled trial to treat spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). While on Baclofen, patients obtained a significant (p less than 0.001) reduction in spasticity compared to controls. The drug was particularly effective in alleviating flexor and extensors spasms, as well as their associated pain. Side effects were common in this study, but were usually well tolerated by the patients. The commonest side effects were sedation, nausea and vomiting. There were no changes in hepatic, renal, or hematological function in any patients. Increase weakness due to loss of spasticity for support was also a fairly common complaint. The drug seems best indicated in patients in whom spasticity is not required for support or other activities of daily living. Careful monitoring of the patient is essential for effective use of this drug.", "PMID": 385132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6904", "title": "Roles for insulin and glucagon in the development of ruminant ketosis -- a review.", "content": "Ketonemia can be a physiological response to a reduction in dietary intake. It also may occur when energy demands exceed the energy intake. Normally, alimentary ketogenesis is the major source of ketone bodies in ruminants. During ketonemia there is increased hepatic ketone body production. During physiological ketosis, the mobilization of free fatty acids is inadequate to support a high rate of hepatic ketogenesis. However, during clinical ketosis, the hormonal status (low insulin, high glucagon/insulin ratio) in combination with hypoglycemia promotes excessive lipid mobilization and a greater hepatic removal of fatty acids and switches the liver to a higher rate of ketogenesis. The low insulin, furthermore, can impair maximal ketone body utilization, thus exacerbating the hyperketonemia.", "contents": "Roles for insulin and glucagon in the development of ruminant ketosis -- a review. Ketonemia can be a physiological response to a reduction in dietary intake. It also may occur when energy demands exceed the energy intake. Normally, alimentary ketogenesis is the major source of ketone bodies in ruminants. During ketonemia there is increased hepatic ketone body production. During physiological ketosis, the mobilization of free fatty acids is inadequate to support a high rate of hepatic ketogenesis. However, during clinical ketosis, the hormonal status (low insulin, high glucagon/insulin ratio) in combination with hypoglycemia promotes excessive lipid mobilization and a greater hepatic removal of fatty acids and switches the liver to a higher rate of ketogenesis. The low insulin, furthermore, can impair maximal ketone body utilization, thus exacerbating the hyperketonemia.", "PMID": 385136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6905", "title": "Free flying sparrows as carriers of salmonellosis.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from nine of 60 wild sparrows trapped in the Guelph area. While this organism was isolated from birds trapped at several different locations, the highest prevalence was in sparrows trapped in close proximity to an animal clinic. The significance of these findings in relation to human and animal salmonellosis is discussed.", "contents": "Free flying sparrows as carriers of salmonellosis. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from nine of 60 wild sparrows trapped in the Guelph area. While this organism was isolated from birds trapped at several different locations, the highest prevalence was in sparrows trapped in close proximity to an animal clinic. The significance of these findings in relation to human and animal salmonellosis is discussed.", "PMID": 385137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6906", "title": "Action of amyloglucosidase on oxidised amylose.", "content": "The Michaelis constant and maximal velocity of alpha-amylase-free amyloglucosidase decrease with increasing periodate oxidation of amylose. These kinetic features have been explained on the basis of competitive inhibition by the oxidised non-reducing end of the (1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucan chain with the active centres of the enzyme. A kinetic model is proposed to demonstrate this special kind of inhibition where the concentration of inhibitor is directly proportional to the substrate concentration. The experimental data fitted this model, and the plots of 1/Km and 1/V against the ratio of oxidised/unoxidised non-reducing end-groups were straight lines.", "contents": "Action of amyloglucosidase on oxidised amylose. The Michaelis constant and maximal velocity of alpha-amylase-free amyloglucosidase decrease with increasing periodate oxidation of amylose. These kinetic features have been explained on the basis of competitive inhibition by the oxidised non-reducing end of the (1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucan chain with the active centres of the enzyme. A kinetic model is proposed to demonstrate this special kind of inhibition where the concentration of inhibitor is directly proportional to the substrate concentration. The experimental data fitted this model, and the plots of 1/Km and 1/V against the ratio of oxidised/unoxidised non-reducing end-groups were straight lines.", "PMID": 385140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6907", "title": "A computerised dichromatic earpiece densitometer for the measurement of cardiac output.", "content": "This study assesses a precalibrated dichromatic earpiece densitometer and microprocessor for the measurement of cardiac output by indocyanine green dye dilution. The measured cardiac output is compared with values of cardiac output simultaneously determined using a cuvette densitometer. The microprocessor computation of cardiac output agreed very closely with the cardiac output determined by manual calculation from the same dye dilution curves (standard deviation +/- 1.47%). The reproducibility of the earpiece densitometer (standard deviation +/- 5.2%) was virtually identical to that of the cuvette densitometer (+/- 5.3%). In a comparison of earpiece and cuvette densitometers for 60 measurements of cardiac output following pulmonary arterial injection of dye and for 50 measurements following femoral venous injection of dye, correlation coefficients were 0.83 and 0.78 and the standard deviations of the differences of simultaneous measurements were 7.2% and 8.3% respectively. The instrument offers an accurate reproducible and relatively noninvasive technique for measuring cardiac output.", "contents": "A computerised dichromatic earpiece densitometer for the measurement of cardiac output. This study assesses a precalibrated dichromatic earpiece densitometer and microprocessor for the measurement of cardiac output by indocyanine green dye dilution. The measured cardiac output is compared with values of cardiac output simultaneously determined using a cuvette densitometer. The microprocessor computation of cardiac output agreed very closely with the cardiac output determined by manual calculation from the same dye dilution curves (standard deviation +/- 1.47%). The reproducibility of the earpiece densitometer (standard deviation +/- 5.2%) was virtually identical to that of the cuvette densitometer (+/- 5.3%). In a comparison of earpiece and cuvette densitometers for 60 measurements of cardiac output following pulmonary arterial injection of dye and for 50 measurements following femoral venous injection of dye, correlation coefficients were 0.83 and 0.78 and the standard deviations of the differences of simultaneous measurements were 7.2% and 8.3% respectively. The instrument offers an accurate reproducible and relatively noninvasive technique for measuring cardiac output.", "PMID": 385143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6908", "title": "Electron microscopical-immunocytochemical evidence of ecdysteroids in the prothoracic gland of Galleria mellonella.", "content": "Fixation of prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella with a solution containing saponin permits immunocytochemical staining of the entire gland. By this means ecdysteroids were demonstrated electron microscopically to be present in the hyaloplasm and microtubules.", "contents": "Electron microscopical-immunocytochemical evidence of ecdysteroids in the prothoracic gland of Galleria mellonella. Fixation of prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella with a solution containing saponin permits immunocytochemical staining of the entire gland. By this means ecdysteroids were demonstrated electron microscopically to be present in the hyaloplasm and microtubules.", "PMID": 385145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6909", "title": "Indicator dilution curves in the diagnosis of D-transposition of the great arteries in infancy.", "content": "Paired right and left atrial indicator dilution curves performed in a series of 17 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) were reviewed. Taken together, the patterns obtained from patients who had trivial mixing between the pulmonary and systemic circulations were distinctive and easily recognizable. In the presence of substantial degrees of intracardiac mixing, however, the paired curves recorded become virtually identical and cannot be distinguished from curves recorded from patients with other forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease characterized by obligatory admixture. Thus paired atrial dye curves demonstrate a high degree of diagnostic specificity for the infant with D-TGA at greatest risk, normally those with a small intracardiac shunt. Such a procedure should facilitate early balloon atrial septostomy and obviate deterioration in the infant's condition due to prolonged catheter manipulation and/or angiography.", "contents": "Indicator dilution curves in the diagnosis of D-transposition of the great arteries in infancy. Paired right and left atrial indicator dilution curves performed in a series of 17 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) were reviewed. Taken together, the patterns obtained from patients who had trivial mixing between the pulmonary and systemic circulations were distinctive and easily recognizable. In the presence of substantial degrees of intracardiac mixing, however, the paired curves recorded become virtually identical and cannot be distinguished from curves recorded from patients with other forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease characterized by obligatory admixture. Thus paired atrial dye curves demonstrate a high degree of diagnostic specificity for the infant with D-TGA at greatest risk, normally those with a small intracardiac shunt. Such a procedure should facilitate early balloon atrial septostomy and obviate deterioration in the infant's condition due to prolonged catheter manipulation and/or angiography.", "PMID": 385146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6910", "title": "Replication of each copy of the yeast 2 micron DNA plasmid occurs during the S phase.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 50-100 copies per cell of a circular plasmid called 2 micron DNA. Replication of this DNA was studied in two ways. The distribution of replication events among 2 micron DNA molecules was examined by density transfer experiments with asynchronous cultures. The data show that 2 micron DNA replication is similar to chromosomal DNA replication: essentially all 2 micron duplexes were of hybrid density at one cell doubling after the density transfer, with the majority having one fully dense strand and one fully light strand. The results show that replication of 2 micron DNA occurs by a semiconservative mechanism where each of the plasmid molecules replicates once each cell cycle. 2 micron DNA is the only known example of a multiple-copy, extrachromosomal DNA in which every molecule replicates in each cell cycle. Quantitative analysis of the data indicates that 2 micron DNA replication is limited to a fraction of the cell cycle. The period in the cell cycle when 2 micron DNA replicates was examined directly with synchronous cell cultures. Synchronization was accomplished by sequentially arresting cells in G1 phase using the yeast pheromone alpha-factor and incubating at the restrictive temperature for a cell cycle (cdc 7) mutant. Replication was monitored by adding 3H-uracil to cells previously labeled with 14C-uracil, and determining the 3H/14C ratio for purified DNA species. 2 micron DNA replication did not occur during the G1 arrest periods. However, the population of 2 micron DNA doubled during the synchronous S phase at the permissive temperature, with most of the replication occurring in the first third of S phase. Our results indicate that a mechanism exists which insures that the origin of replication of each 2 micron DNA molecule is activated each S phase. As with chromosomal DNA, further activation is prevented until the next cell cycle. We propose that the mechanism which controls the replication initiation of each 2 micron DNA molecule is identical to that which controls the initiation of chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Replication of each copy of the yeast 2 micron DNA plasmid occurs during the S phase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 50-100 copies per cell of a circular plasmid called 2 micron DNA. Replication of this DNA was studied in two ways. The distribution of replication events among 2 micron DNA molecules was examined by density transfer experiments with asynchronous cultures. The data show that 2 micron DNA replication is similar to chromosomal DNA replication: essentially all 2 micron duplexes were of hybrid density at one cell doubling after the density transfer, with the majority having one fully dense strand and one fully light strand. The results show that replication of 2 micron DNA occurs by a semiconservative mechanism where each of the plasmid molecules replicates once each cell cycle. 2 micron DNA is the only known example of a multiple-copy, extrachromosomal DNA in which every molecule replicates in each cell cycle. Quantitative analysis of the data indicates that 2 micron DNA replication is limited to a fraction of the cell cycle. The period in the cell cycle when 2 micron DNA replicates was examined directly with synchronous cell cultures. Synchronization was accomplished by sequentially arresting cells in G1 phase using the yeast pheromone alpha-factor and incubating at the restrictive temperature for a cell cycle (cdc 7) mutant. Replication was monitored by adding 3H-uracil to cells previously labeled with 14C-uracil, and determining the 3H/14C ratio for purified DNA species. 2 micron DNA replication did not occur during the G1 arrest periods. However, the population of 2 micron DNA doubled during the synchronous S phase at the permissive temperature, with most of the replication occurring in the first third of S phase. Our results indicate that a mechanism exists which insures that the origin of replication of each 2 micron DNA molecule is activated each S phase. As with chromosomal DNA, further activation is prevented until the next cell cycle. We propose that the mechanism which controls the replication initiation of each 2 micron DNA molecule is identical to that which controls the initiation of chromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 385147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6911", "title": "Actomyosin organisation for adhesion, spreading, growth and movement in chick fibroblasts.", "content": "Examination of the actomyosin structures and their relation to adhesion, movement and growth in the first fibroblasts migrating from chick heart explants shows striking differences with fibroblasts adapted to grow in culture. The latter have focal adhesions which seem to immobilize them for anchorage-dependent growth, rather than facilitate their movement. The fibroblasts specialized for movement from the explants, though equally well spread, make contact with substratum through extensive areas of relatively unspecialized membrane, have less well developed stress fibres and a low growth rate.", "contents": "Actomyosin organisation for adhesion, spreading, growth and movement in chick fibroblasts. Examination of the actomyosin structures and their relation to adhesion, movement and growth in the first fibroblasts migrating from chick heart explants shows striking differences with fibroblasts adapted to grow in culture. The latter have focal adhesions which seem to immobilize them for anchorage-dependent growth, rather than facilitate their movement. The fibroblasts specialized for movement from the explants, though equally well spread, make contact with substratum through extensive areas of relatively unspecialized membrane, have less well developed stress fibres and a low growth rate.", "PMID": 385152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6912", "title": "[Autochthonous malaria and malarian liver. Apropos of 1 case].", "content": "Report of the case of a patient, store-keeper at the Roissy airport, suffering from an autochtonous primo-invasion falciparum malaria. The clinical symptoms were hectic fever and painful hepatomegalia, followed 14 days after by  a typical tertian fever. All investigations being negative, a laparoscopy was carried out, which showed a black liver, and a biopsy demonstrated the malaria pigment in K\u00fcpffer cells. Malaria was confirmed by the study of a blood smear. This diagnostic hypothesis had not been raised, because of the absence of any epidemiologic argument. It seems necessary to think of autochthonous malaria among the etiologies of prolonged summer fevers in people living or working in the neighbourhood of airports, the more so that the frequency of this peculiar mode of contamination should logically increase.", "contents": "[Autochthonous malaria and malarian liver. Apropos of 1 case]. Report of the case of a patient, store-keeper at the Roissy airport, suffering from an autochtonous primo-invasion falciparum malaria. The clinical symptoms were hectic fever and painful hepatomegalia, followed 14 days after by  a typical tertian fever. All investigations being negative, a laparoscopy was carried out, which showed a black liver, and a biopsy demonstrated the malaria pigment in K\u00fcpffer cells. Malaria was confirmed by the study of a blood smear. This diagnostic hypothesis had not been raised, because of the absence of any epidemiologic argument. It seems necessary to think of autochthonous malaria among the etiologies of prolonged summer fevers in people living or working in the neighbourhood of airports, the more so that the frequency of this peculiar mode of contamination should logically increase.", "PMID": 385159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6913", "title": "[Comparative study of immunoenzyme technics, ELISA and on formed antigens, in the immunologic diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis].", "content": "The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis is described, comparatively with the immunoperoxidase technique using blood streamforms of Trypanosoma brucei as antigen. Practical aspects for measuring the amount of antibody in serum samples from infected rabbits and from patients with african sleeping sickness are discussed. ELISA does offer important advantages over the other method used namely: -- quantitative estimates are possible, -- it bends itself readily to large scale series, owing the fact that it can be fully automatic. These qualities will be turned to full account when the different classes of antibodies present in trypanosomiasis suffers can be examined by means of specific antigenic fractions.", "contents": "[Comparative study of immunoenzyme technics, ELISA and on formed antigens, in the immunologic diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis]. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis is described, comparatively with the immunoperoxidase technique using blood streamforms of Trypanosoma brucei as antigen. Practical aspects for measuring the amount of antibody in serum samples from infected rabbits and from patients with african sleeping sickness are discussed. ELISA does offer important advantages over the other method used namely: -- quantitative estimates are possible, -- it bends itself readily to large scale series, owing the fact that it can be fully automatic. These qualities will be turned to full account when the different classes of antibodies present in trypanosomiasis suffers can be examined by means of specific antigenic fractions.", "PMID": 385160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6914", "title": "Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect by computer analysis of the M-mode echocardiogram.", "content": "Left ventricular function in 53 patients with secundum atrial septal defect was assessed by computer-assisted analysis of the left ventricular echocardiogram and by cardiac catheterization. The patients were divided into two groups, those younger and those older than 60 years, to investigate the effect of aging on left ventricular function. Cavity size was significantly smaller than normal (p less than 0.01) and septal motion was abnormal in 86%, but values for cardiac index, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, left ventricular filling rate, and duration of rapid filling were normal in both groups. Regional dynamics assessed in terms of peak rates of systolic thickening and diastolic thinning of the septum and posterior wall were also normal in both groups. We concluded that, although left ventricular minor dimensions are small, and septal motion is reversed in the majority of patients with atrial septal defect, left ventricular function is normal, and it does not appear to deteriorate with increased age, pulmonary hypertension, or the presence of right ventricular failure. The abnormal septal motion appears to be compensated for by enhanced septal and posterior wall percentage thickening.", "contents": "Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect by computer analysis of the M-mode echocardiogram. Left ventricular function in 53 patients with secundum atrial septal defect was assessed by computer-assisted analysis of the left ventricular echocardiogram and by cardiac catheterization. The patients were divided into two groups, those younger and those older than 60 years, to investigate the effect of aging on left ventricular function. Cavity size was significantly smaller than normal (p less than 0.01) and septal motion was abnormal in 86%, but values for cardiac index, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, left ventricular filling rate, and duration of rapid filling were normal in both groups. Regional dynamics assessed in terms of peak rates of systolic thickening and diastolic thinning of the septum and posterior wall were also normal in both groups. We concluded that, although left ventricular minor dimensions are small, and septal motion is reversed in the majority of patients with atrial septal defect, left ventricular function is normal, and it does not appear to deteriorate with increased age, pulmonary hypertension, or the presence of right ventricular failure. The abnormal septal motion appears to be compensated for by enhanced septal and posterior wall percentage thickening.", "PMID": 385167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6915", "title": "[Indirect immunofluorescence in the therapeutic surveillance of trypanosomiasis (preliminary note)].", "content": "The authors have studied the evolution of fluorescent antibodies in the serum and the C. S. F. of treated Sleeping Sickness patients regularly examined when coming to Brazzaville for their periodical controls. They have observed more than 200 patients who were followed during three years. The authors demonstrated that curing patients show the following particularities: -- serum becomes negative less rapidly than C. S. F., -- delay of negativation of the serum varies according to the stage of the disease, -- the C. S. F. positive in fluorescence becomes negative in less than twelve months. On the other hand, relapsing patients show some striking differences, such as: -- C. S. F. remains always strongly fluorescent positive, -- the serology remains positive too, but can present some fluctuations. Some very particular cases such as \"nuclear fluorescence only\" or discrepancy between IFAT and clinico-parasitological data are then analysed. From a practical point of view, it appears that, as often as not, the evolution of fluorescent antibodies in serum and in C. S. F. allows to prognose either the cure or the relapse less than one year after treatment.", "contents": "[Indirect immunofluorescence in the therapeutic surveillance of trypanosomiasis (preliminary note)]. The authors have studied the evolution of fluorescent antibodies in the serum and the C. S. F. of treated Sleeping Sickness patients regularly examined when coming to Brazzaville for their periodical controls. They have observed more than 200 patients who were followed during three years. The authors demonstrated that curing patients show the following particularities: -- serum becomes negative less rapidly than C. S. F., -- delay of negativation of the serum varies according to the stage of the disease, -- the C. S. F. positive in fluorescence becomes negative in less than twelve months. On the other hand, relapsing patients show some striking differences, such as: -- C. S. F. remains always strongly fluorescent positive, -- the serology remains positive too, but can present some fluctuations. Some very particular cases such as \"nuclear fluorescence only\" or discrepancy between IFAT and clinico-parasitological data are then analysed. From a practical point of view, it appears that, as often as not, the evolution of fluorescent antibodies in serum and in C. S. F. allows to prognose either the cure or the relapse less than one year after treatment.", "PMID": 385161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6916", "title": "[Comparative study of the value of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium antigens in the indirect immunofluorescent reaction applied to the diagnosis of rectal S. intercalatum bilharziasis].", "content": "A comparative study of the value of antigenic sections of S. mansoni and S. haematobium in indirect immunofluorescence applied to the diagnosis of S. intercalatum rectal bilharziosis (in 66 cases) shows that far better results are obtained with S. haematobium antigen (83,3 0/0 positive reactions with higher titers dilution) than with S. mansoni (33,3 0/0 positive reactions).", "contents": "[Comparative study of the value of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium antigens in the indirect immunofluorescent reaction applied to the diagnosis of rectal S. intercalatum bilharziasis]. A comparative study of the value of antigenic sections of S. mansoni and S. haematobium in indirect immunofluorescence applied to the diagnosis of S. intercalatum rectal bilharziosis (in 66 cases) shows that far better results are obtained with S. haematobium antigen (83,3 0/0 positive reactions with higher titers dilution) than with S. mansoni (33,3 0/0 positive reactions).", "PMID": 385162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6917", "title": "[Filarian elephantiasis in French Polynesia (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica). Health study on 274 subjects. I Epidemiological and Clinical aspects].", "content": "Twenty-five years after the fight started against Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in French Polynesia and which was based upon mass chimiotherapy by diethylcarbamazine (Banocide), a survey realized in 1975 and 1976 among 274 patients with elephantiasis allows us to give precise details of the local clinical and epidemiological aspects. Since 1950 the number of clinical cases varies along with the parasitological incidence, but with a certain delay which is explained by the late and irreversible elephantiasis characteristics. The overall prevalence is actually low. However the occurrence of new cases, although very rare, is still possible. Among sick patients the lymphangitic crisis frequency whose aspect lead to evoke a bacterial participation, is low. Women are less frequently and less severely involved than men. Localisations are essentially restricted to the lower limbs. Several limbs are involved in approximately 50 0/0 of the cases. The scrotum involvement is rare, the one of the breast is found only once. Among men we can notice a 33 0/0 incidence of associated hydroceles. A past history of chyluria is not rare.", "contents": "[Filarian elephantiasis in French Polynesia (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica). Health study on 274 subjects. I Epidemiological and Clinical aspects]. Twenty-five years after the fight started against Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in French Polynesia and which was based upon mass chimiotherapy by diethylcarbamazine (Banocide), a survey realized in 1975 and 1976 among 274 patients with elephantiasis allows us to give precise details of the local clinical and epidemiological aspects. Since 1950 the number of clinical cases varies along with the parasitological incidence, but with a certain delay which is explained by the late and irreversible elephantiasis characteristics. The overall prevalence is actually low. However the occurrence of new cases, although very rare, is still possible. Among sick patients the lymphangitic crisis frequency whose aspect lead to evoke a bacterial participation, is low. Women are less frequently and less severely involved than men. Localisations are essentially restricted to the lower limbs. Several limbs are involved in approximately 50 0/0 of the cases. The scrotum involvement is rare, the one of the breast is found only once. Among men we can notice a 33 0/0 incidence of associated hydroceles. A past history of chyluria is not rare.", "PMID": 385163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6918", "title": "[Filarian elephantiasis in French Polynesia (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica). II. Biological aspects].", "content": "Realized in French Polynesia among 274 patients with elephantiasis, this survey studied the microfilaremia, the eosinophily, the immunoglobulin titers and the antifilarian antibodies (done by passive hemagglutination) for Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Patients with elephantiasis seldom have circulating microfilariae in their blood. Hypereosinophily is frequent but rarely high. It is similar to the one patients with microfilaremia. There is a trend towards neutropenia during lymphangitic crisis that occur on an elephantiasis limb. The IgE titer is clearly increased, the IgG one is lesser elevated. The mean values are identical to those encoutered among microfilariae asymptomatic cariers. On the other hand the serodiagnosis is more frequently positive among elephantiasic patients.", "contents": "[Filarian elephantiasis in French Polynesia (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica). II. Biological aspects]. Realized in French Polynesia among 274 patients with elephantiasis, this survey studied the microfilaremia, the eosinophily, the immunoglobulin titers and the antifilarian antibodies (done by passive hemagglutination) for Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Patients with elephantiasis seldom have circulating microfilariae in their blood. Hypereosinophily is frequent but rarely high. It is similar to the one patients with microfilaremia. There is a trend towards neutropenia during lymphangitic crisis that occur on an elephantiasis limb. The IgE titer is clearly increased, the IgG one is lesser elevated. The mean values are identical to those encoutered among microfilariae asymptomatic cariers. On the other hand the serodiagnosis is more frequently positive among elephantiasic patients.", "PMID": 385164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6919", "title": "Pitfalls to avoid when comparing CK-MB fractionation by antibody inhibition reaction and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography.", "content": "1. We compare the Roche ion-exchange column chromatography and the Merck antibody inhibition reaction for CK-MB fractionation in 51 sera. Measurements of total CK and CK-MB activities must be done under the same conditions for each method in order to correlate the results. 2. A decisional value must be used for the interpretation of CK-MB results. We have used 10% for the inhibition assay and 3% for the chromatography procedure. The use of a percentage should be preferred to use of CK-MB activity alone. 3. When the % of CK-MB was established for the 51 patients only 4 results disagreed between the two methods. Three of these could be explained by a lack of sensitivity of the column chromatography procedure. 4. The antibody assay produces reliable results. Since CK-BB and CK-MB are simultaneously measured, the method is therefore prone to interference by CK-BB when present in serum. The assay is greatly affected by the presence of adenylate kinase in serum. It is not necessary to run a serum blank with this procedure when the serum in pre-incubated for 7 minutes with the reagents. 5. The Roche method also produces reliable results but offers less sensitivity when total CK remains in the normal range. The procedure is much less affected by the presence of adenylate kinase.", "contents": "Pitfalls to avoid when comparing CK-MB fractionation by antibody inhibition reaction and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. 1. We compare the Roche ion-exchange column chromatography and the Merck antibody inhibition reaction for CK-MB fractionation in 51 sera. Measurements of total CK and CK-MB activities must be done under the same conditions for each method in order to correlate the results. 2. A decisional value must be used for the interpretation of CK-MB results. We have used 10% for the inhibition assay and 3% for the chromatography procedure. The use of a percentage should be preferred to use of CK-MB activity alone. 3. When the % of CK-MB was established for the 51 patients only 4 results disagreed between the two methods. Three of these could be explained by a lack of sensitivity of the column chromatography procedure. 4. The antibody assay produces reliable results. Since CK-BB and CK-MB are simultaneously measured, the method is therefore prone to interference by CK-BB when present in serum. The assay is greatly affected by the presence of adenylate kinase in serum. It is not necessary to run a serum blank with this procedure when the serum in pre-incubated for 7 minutes with the reagents. 5. The Roche method also produces reliable results but offers less sensitivity when total CK remains in the normal range. The procedure is much less affected by the presence of adenylate kinase.", "PMID": 385170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6920", "title": "Oral orthopedics and movement of maxillary segments. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study.", "content": "An infant with a complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate underwent maxillary expansion treatment using an oral orthopedic appliance. Movement of the maxillary bone segments was studied by means of metallic implants and roentgen stereophotogrammetry, and intra-oral changes were recorded by measuring transverse dimensions on casts. Expansion treatment had almost no influence on the positions of the maxillary segments, and movements of the segments showed little agreement with measures on casts. The findings suggest that the appropriate use of the term oral orthopedics and the evaluation of treatment effects would benefit from evaluating the movement of the segments by methods other than measurements of casts.", "contents": "Oral orthopedics and movement of maxillary segments. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study. An infant with a complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate underwent maxillary expansion treatment using an oral orthopedic appliance. Movement of the maxillary bone segments was studied by means of metallic implants and roentgen stereophotogrammetry, and intra-oral changes were recorded by measuring transverse dimensions on casts. Expansion treatment had almost no influence on the positions of the maxillary segments, and movements of the segments showed little agreement with measures on casts. The findings suggest that the appropriate use of the term oral orthopedics and the evaluation of treatment effects would benefit from evaluating the movement of the segments by methods other than measurements of casts.", "PMID": 385171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6921", "title": "Fluorescence polarization immunoassay for cortisol.", "content": "A fluorescence polarization immunoassay for serum cortisol was established using cortisol 21-amine which was readily coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The proposed method is sufficiently sensitive, reliable, specific and simple for routine determination of serum cortisol. The assay is rapid, without separation of antibody-bound and free ligands. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 1.5 ng/tube and the measurable range was from 1.5 to 100 micrograms/dl. There was a good correlation between values obtained from radioimmunoassay and the proposed method.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization immunoassay for cortisol. A fluorescence polarization immunoassay for serum cortisol was established using cortisol 21-amine which was readily coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The proposed method is sufficiently sensitive, reliable, specific and simple for routine determination of serum cortisol. The assay is rapid, without separation of antibody-bound and free ligands. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 1.5 ng/tube and the measurable range was from 1.5 to 100 micrograms/dl. There was a good correlation between values obtained from radioimmunoassay and the proposed method.", "PMID": 385172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6922", "title": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy: 45Ca exchange in cultured skin fibroblasts and the effect of calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "Calcium exchange was studied in skin fibroblasts cultured from eight subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, four with Limb Girdle dystrophy and eight normal controls using 45Ca. No difference was found in the time course of calcium exchange between the groups, nor in the level of 45Ca when maximal exchange had occurred. Treatment of the cultures with the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in higher levels of calcium exchange over a 2-H period. The increase was similar in the cultures from the 3 patient groups studied.", "contents": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy: 45Ca exchange in cultured skin fibroblasts and the effect of calcium ionophore A23187. Calcium exchange was studied in skin fibroblasts cultured from eight subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, four with Limb Girdle dystrophy and eight normal controls using 45Ca. No difference was found in the time course of calcium exchange between the groups, nor in the level of 45Ca when maximal exchange had occurred. Treatment of the cultures with the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in higher levels of calcium exchange over a 2-H period. The increase was similar in the cultures from the 3 patient groups studied.", "PMID": 385173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6923", "title": "Hypotrypsinaemia in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma trypsin concentrations were measured in 403 fasting diabetics and 106 healthy controls. Basal trypsin concentrations in the normal subjects were 88 +/- 6 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.). Mean plasma trypsin concentrations in diabetics treated with diet alone (n = 74) were 45 +/- 2 ng/ml, while in a group of young (less than 35 years, n = 88) insulin-dependent diabetics, they were very low at 29 +/- 2 ng/ml and these levels were inversely related to insulin dosage. The findings may help in the understanding of the pathophysiological changes in the exocrine pancreas in the diabetic state and may also shed some light on the physiological interrelationship between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Hypotrypsinaemia in diabetes mellitus. Plasma trypsin concentrations were measured in 403 fasting diabetics and 106 healthy controls. Basal trypsin concentrations in the normal subjects were 88 +/- 6 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.). Mean plasma trypsin concentrations in diabetics treated with diet alone (n = 74) were 45 +/- 2 ng/ml, while in a group of young (less than 35 years, n = 88) insulin-dependent diabetics, they were very low at 29 +/- 2 ng/ml and these levels were inversely related to insulin dosage. The findings may help in the understanding of the pathophysiological changes in the exocrine pancreas in the diabetic state and may also shed some light on the physiological interrelationship between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 385175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6924", "title": "Action of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylases on maltooligosaccharides: evaluation of kinetic parameters.", "content": "The kinetic studies on the reactions of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylases with several maltooligosaccharides (maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose) were carried out. The susceptibility to hydrolysis with human pancreatic alpha-amylase decreased in the order of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltotetraose, and maltoheptaose, while with human salivary alpha-amylase maltopentaose was hydrolysed slightly slower than maltohexaose but fairly faster than maltotetraose or maltoheptaose from a viewpoint of the rates of reactions based on the amount of substrate changed. The relative rates of production of substrates, utilized in the coupled yeast alpha-glucosidase reaction, increased in the order of maltoheptaose, maltohexaose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose with human pancreatic alpha-amylase, while with human salivary alpha-amylase in the order of maltoheptaose, maltotetraose, maltohexaose, and maltopentaose. Thus, maltopentaose was considered to be the best substrate over maltotetraose, maltohexaose or maltoheptaose for the alpha-glucosidase coupled method of alpha-amylase determination.", "contents": "Action of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylases on maltooligosaccharides: evaluation of kinetic parameters. The kinetic studies on the reactions of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylases with several maltooligosaccharides (maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose) were carried out. The susceptibility to hydrolysis with human pancreatic alpha-amylase decreased in the order of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltotetraose, and maltoheptaose, while with human salivary alpha-amylase maltopentaose was hydrolysed slightly slower than maltohexaose but fairly faster than maltotetraose or maltoheptaose from a viewpoint of the rates of reactions based on the amount of substrate changed. The relative rates of production of substrates, utilized in the coupled yeast alpha-glucosidase reaction, increased in the order of maltoheptaose, maltohexaose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose with human pancreatic alpha-amylase, while with human salivary alpha-amylase in the order of maltoheptaose, maltotetraose, maltohexaose, and maltopentaose. Thus, maltopentaose was considered to be the best substrate over maltotetraose, maltohexaose or maltoheptaose for the alpha-glucosidase coupled method of alpha-amylase determination.", "PMID": 385176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6925", "title": "The acquisition of antigens in the intercellular substance of mouse skin by schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Serum from patients suffering from the autoimmune skin disease pemphigus vulgaris has been used to demonstrate the presence of intercellular substance (ICS) on the surface of these chistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni which has penetrated mouse skin in vitro or during a percutaneous infection. ICS was absent from mechanically transformed schistosomula or those formed in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Schistosomula which penetrated mouse skin rapidly in vitro acquired very little of the ICS. It was found during a percutaneous infection that schistosomula recovered from the skin after 10 min had no detectable ICS, while those recovered after 2 hr and 24 hr gained increasing quantities of the material. It is concluded that schistosomula which are delayed in their exit from the skin acquire more ICS. However, this material must be shed during subsequent migration since schistosomula from lung and liver, and 7-week-old worms do not posses it. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "The acquisition of antigens in the intercellular substance of mouse skin by schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. Serum from patients suffering from the autoimmune skin disease pemphigus vulgaris has been used to demonstrate the presence of intercellular substance (ICS) on the surface of these chistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni which has penetrated mouse skin in vitro or during a percutaneous infection. ICS was absent from mechanically transformed schistosomula or those formed in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Schistosomula which penetrated mouse skin rapidly in vitro acquired very little of the ICS. It was found during a percutaneous infection that schistosomula recovered from the skin after 10 min had no detectable ICS, while those recovered after 2 hr and 24 hr gained increasing quantities of the material. It is concluded that schistosomula which are delayed in their exit from the skin acquire more ICS. However, this material must be shed during subsequent migration since schistosomula from lung and liver, and 7-week-old worms do not posses it. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 385180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6926", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies on the occurrence and localization of the CEA-related biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I) in normal human gastrointestinal tissues.", "content": "Biliary glycoprotein, I(BGP I) is a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cross-reactive glycoprotein of normal human bile. Its occurrence and localization was studied in normal human gastrointestinal tissues by means of direct immunofluorescence using immunadsorbent purified BGP I antibodies with high selectivity for BGP I, as compared to CEA and 'non-specific cross-reacting antigen' (NCA). As controls fluorescein-labelled CEA and NCA were used. Specific BGP I fluorescence was only found in the biliary tract, i.e. in bile canaliculi, in the lumen of large bile ducts and on the surface of the gall bladder mucosa. No fluorescence was found in the hepatocytes or in the cells lining larger bile ducts or the gall bladder. Fluorescence probably due to cross-reaction with NCA was obtained in the cytoplasm of macrophages in different organs and on the surface of bowel epithelium.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies on the occurrence and localization of the CEA-related biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I) in normal human gastrointestinal tissues. Biliary glycoprotein, I(BGP I) is a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cross-reactive glycoprotein of normal human bile. Its occurrence and localization was studied in normal human gastrointestinal tissues by means of direct immunofluorescence using immunadsorbent purified BGP I antibodies with high selectivity for BGP I, as compared to CEA and 'non-specific cross-reacting antigen' (NCA). As controls fluorescein-labelled CEA and NCA were used. Specific BGP I fluorescence was only found in the biliary tract, i.e. in bile canaliculi, in the lumen of large bile ducts and on the surface of the gall bladder mucosa. No fluorescence was found in the hepatocytes or in the cells lining larger bile ducts or the gall bladder. Fluorescence probably due to cross-reaction with NCA was obtained in the cytoplasm of macrophages in different organs and on the surface of bowel epithelium.", "PMID": 385181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6927", "title": "Antibody production and DNA synthesis of human lymphocyte subpopulations induced by PPD tuberculin.", "content": "Purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin was found to induce antibody secretion and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes from blood, spleen, tonsil and lymph node. Antibody secretion was measured as plaque-forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) coupled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in a haemolysis-in-gel assay. Peak antibody secretion by 100 micrograms/ml of PPD was usually seen on day 6 for blood lymphocytes, and varied from day 3 to day 6 for spleen cells. Peak DNA synthesis for blood lymphocytes stimulated by various concentrations of PPD ranged from day 4 to day 7. The highest number of PFC in tonsil and spleen cells was induced by PPD compared to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria Cowan 1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Antibody secretion by PPD was not affected when phagocytic cells were removed by iron treatment. PPD stimulated a higher DNA synthesis in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of T and B cells than in enriched T or B cell suspensions. PPD did not induce PFC in B cells enriched by the removal of sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC). However, more PFC were stimulated by PPD in enriched E-RFC compared to unseparated lymphocytes, which may indicate that most of the FITC-SRBC reactive B cells also form rosettes with SRBC.", "contents": "Antibody production and DNA synthesis of human lymphocyte subpopulations induced by PPD tuberculin. Purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin was found to induce antibody secretion and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes from blood, spleen, tonsil and lymph node. Antibody secretion was measured as plaque-forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) coupled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in a haemolysis-in-gel assay. Peak antibody secretion by 100 micrograms/ml of PPD was usually seen on day 6 for blood lymphocytes, and varied from day 3 to day 6 for spleen cells. Peak DNA synthesis for blood lymphocytes stimulated by various concentrations of PPD ranged from day 4 to day 7. The highest number of PFC in tonsil and spleen cells was induced by PPD compared to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria Cowan 1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Antibody secretion by PPD was not affected when phagocytic cells were removed by iron treatment. PPD stimulated a higher DNA synthesis in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of T and B cells than in enriched T or B cell suspensions. PPD did not induce PFC in B cells enriched by the removal of sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC). However, more PFC were stimulated by PPD in enriched E-RFC compared to unseparated lymphocytes, which may indicate that most of the FITC-SRBC reactive B cells also form rosettes with SRBC.", "PMID": 385183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6928", "title": "Locating salmonella resistance gene on mouse chromosome 1.", "content": "The inherited resistance of inbred mouse strains to Salmonella typhimurium injected subcutaneously has been reported to be controlled primarily by a single gene designated Ity. Resistant mice have the dominant allele Ityr and sensitive mice are homozygous for the recessive allele Itys. This paper describes studies undertaken to locate the gene using readily distinguishable phenotypes as chromosome markers. Appropriate F1 backcross and F2 generations of hybrids between resistant and susceptible inbred strains of mice, with or without the particular phenotypic markers, were tested both for susceptibility to salmonella sci and presence of the marker. Independent segregation of the characteristics eliminated all chromosomes except Chromosome 1. C57L mice resistant to S. typhimurium, Ityr Ityr and leaden, ln ln, located on Chromosome 1, were crossed with BALB/c mice sensitive to S. typhimurium and non-leaden. In the F2 generation mice, ln always segregated with Ityr. The presence of only one leaden mouse sensitive to S. typhimurium out of sixty leaden F2 mice tested linked Ityr closely with ln on Chromosome 1. This result will be of use in further experiments with hybrid populations by enabling us to predetermine resistance or sensitivity to S. typhimurium without infecting the mice, so permitting experiments on the nature of the inheritance in unsensitized mice.", "contents": "Locating salmonella resistance gene on mouse chromosome 1. The inherited resistance of inbred mouse strains to Salmonella typhimurium injected subcutaneously has been reported to be controlled primarily by a single gene designated Ity. Resistant mice have the dominant allele Ityr and sensitive mice are homozygous for the recessive allele Itys. This paper describes studies undertaken to locate the gene using readily distinguishable phenotypes as chromosome markers. Appropriate F1 backcross and F2 generations of hybrids between resistant and susceptible inbred strains of mice, with or without the particular phenotypic markers, were tested both for susceptibility to salmonella sci and presence of the marker. Independent segregation of the characteristics eliminated all chromosomes except Chromosome 1. C57L mice resistant to S. typhimurium, Ityr Ityr and leaden, ln ln, located on Chromosome 1, were crossed with BALB/c mice sensitive to S. typhimurium and non-leaden. In the F2 generation mice, ln always segregated with Ityr. The presence of only one leaden mouse sensitive to S. typhimurium out of sixty leaden F2 mice tested linked Ityr closely with ln on Chromosome 1. This result will be of use in further experiments with hybrid populations by enabling us to predetermine resistance or sensitivity to S. typhimurium without infecting the mice, so permitting experiments on the nature of the inheritance in unsensitized mice.", "PMID": 385184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6929", "title": "Antigenic competition between horse and sheep red blood cells as a hormone-dependent phenomenon.", "content": "Various mechanisms for understanding antigenic competition have been proposed, such as macrophage availability, suppressor cells and their soluble products. In view of the regulatory function of some hormones on the immune system, the role of immunosuppressive adrenal corticosteroids in antigenic competition was investigated. When horse red blood cells (HRBC) were injected into rats a five-fold increase in corticosterone blood levels was measured by day 6 and a strong decrease was noted on day 11. In animals injected with HRBC and on day 6 with a second antigen (sheep red blood cells, SRBC), the corticosteroid level was high on day 11. Such high levels are immunosuppressive. To impede such increases in adrenal hormone levels, rats were adrenalectomized. Adrenalectomized or sham-operated animals receiving SRBC only showed no difference in plaque-forming cell (PFC) numbers. All sham-operated rats injected first with HRBC and 5 days later with SRBC showed the expected antigenic competition. Adrenalectomized rats also injected with both antigens sequentially had a five fold increase in number of PFC when compared with the sham-operated controls which had received both antigens. A detailed analysis of these data revealed that a proportion of adrenalectomized animals had PFC numbers within the normal range. In vitro, hydrocortisone enhances the response of spleen cells when only one antigen (SRBC) is present. Prior addition of the unrelated antigen (HRBC) impedes this enhancement. Thus, in a hydrocortisone-enriched culture medium, the presence of the first antigen can interfere with the immune response to the second unrelated antigen, mimicking in vitro a condition of antigenic competition. These findings indicate that hormones may have a role in antigenic competition.", "contents": "Antigenic competition between horse and sheep red blood cells as a hormone-dependent phenomenon. Various mechanisms for understanding antigenic competition have been proposed, such as macrophage availability, suppressor cells and their soluble products. In view of the regulatory function of some hormones on the immune system, the role of immunosuppressive adrenal corticosteroids in antigenic competition was investigated. When horse red blood cells (HRBC) were injected into rats a five-fold increase in corticosterone blood levels was measured by day 6 and a strong decrease was noted on day 11. In animals injected with HRBC and on day 6 with a second antigen (sheep red blood cells, SRBC), the corticosteroid level was high on day 11. Such high levels are immunosuppressive. To impede such increases in adrenal hormone levels, rats were adrenalectomized. Adrenalectomized or sham-operated animals receiving SRBC only showed no difference in plaque-forming cell (PFC) numbers. All sham-operated rats injected first with HRBC and 5 days later with SRBC showed the expected antigenic competition. Adrenalectomized rats also injected with both antigens sequentially had a five fold increase in number of PFC when compared with the sham-operated controls which had received both antigens. A detailed analysis of these data revealed that a proportion of adrenalectomized animals had PFC numbers within the normal range. In vitro, hydrocortisone enhances the response of spleen cells when only one antigen (SRBC) is present. Prior addition of the unrelated antigen (HRBC) impedes this enhancement. Thus, in a hydrocortisone-enriched culture medium, the presence of the first antigen can interfere with the immune response to the second unrelated antigen, mimicking in vitro a condition of antigenic competition. These findings indicate that hormones may have a role in antigenic competition.", "PMID": 385185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6930", "title": "Hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in the liver of hepatitis B patients.", "content": "Single liver biopsies from 102 clinically diagnosed hepatitis patients were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), complement and immunoglobulin deposition, and for their capacity to fix human complement in vitro. Of the sixty-five HBsAg positive livers, fifty-three were histologically diagnosed as chronic hepatitis, three as acute hepatitis, five as acute hepatitis with signs of transition to chronicity, and four as 'near normal liver'. In the group with chronic hepatitis, HGcAg was observed in thirty-nine livers, all of which also had HBsAg. Thirty-five of these thirty-nine cases also had the ability to fix complement in vitro in the hepatocyte nuclei and/or cytoplasm. Of these thirty-five cases, twenty-nine were positive for immunoglobulin deposition on the nuclei. All of these cases had antibody to HBcAg in the blood, but only five had anti-HBs. The frequency of in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition was higher in active forms of the disease, such as chronic aggressive hepatitis and active cirrhosis, than in non-active disease such as chronic persistent hepatitis and mild cirrhosis. By the application of double fluorescent staining techniques, complement fixation was observed in some HBcAg-positive nuclei. In the 'near normal liver' cases there was no intrahepatic accumulation of HBcAg, and despite the presence of anti-HBc in the blood, in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition were both absent. The group of three HBsAg ositive 'acute hepatitis with signs of transition to chronicity' cases behaved similarly to those with chronic aggressive hepatitis and had circulating anti-HBc, in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition in the hepatocytes. None had circulating anti-HBs. In the group sith HBs-positive acute hepatitis, anti-HGc in the blood was the only other evidence of hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in the liver of hepatitis B patients. Single liver biopsies from 102 clinically diagnosed hepatitis patients were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), complement and immunoglobulin deposition, and for their capacity to fix human complement in vitro. Of the sixty-five HBsAg positive livers, fifty-three were histologically diagnosed as chronic hepatitis, three as acute hepatitis, five as acute hepatitis with signs of transition to chronicity, and four as 'near normal liver'. In the group with chronic hepatitis, HGcAg was observed in thirty-nine livers, all of which also had HBsAg. Thirty-five of these thirty-nine cases also had the ability to fix complement in vitro in the hepatocyte nuclei and/or cytoplasm. Of these thirty-five cases, twenty-nine were positive for immunoglobulin deposition on the nuclei. All of these cases had antibody to HBcAg in the blood, but only five had anti-HBs. The frequency of in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition was higher in active forms of the disease, such as chronic aggressive hepatitis and active cirrhosis, than in non-active disease such as chronic persistent hepatitis and mild cirrhosis. By the application of double fluorescent staining techniques, complement fixation was observed in some HBcAg-positive nuclei. In the 'near normal liver' cases there was no intrahepatic accumulation of HBcAg, and despite the presence of anti-HBc in the blood, in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition were both absent. The group of three HBsAg ositive 'acute hepatitis with signs of transition to chronicity' cases behaved similarly to those with chronic aggressive hepatitis and had circulating anti-HBc, in vitro complement fixation and immunoglobulin deposition in the hepatocytes. None had circulating anti-HBs. In the group sith HBs-positive acute hepatitis, anti-HGc in the blood was the only other evidence of hepatitis B virus infection.", "PMID": 385186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6931", "title": "Human transfer factor in vitro. II. Augmentation of the secretion of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by leucocyte dialysate and by its components L-serine and glycine.", "content": "The effect of human transfer factor (TF) or its components L-serine and/or glycine in tuberculin (PPD), or leucoagglutinin (LA) induced leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) secretion was studied. Augmentation of LIF secretion was seen with low concentration ( = 0.078 g/l) of TF when lymphocytes were cultured in minimum essential medium for suspension cultures (MEM-S), a culture medium lacking L-serine and glycine. High concentrations (0.3125-5.0 g/l dry weight) of TF were inhibitory in MEM-S. In RPMI 1640, a culture medium containing L-serine and glycine, TF was either inhibitory or had no effect. The combination of L-serine and glycine, at concentrations equivalent or lower than the optimum of TF, had an augmenting effect on LIF secretion identical to that of TF, but no inhibition at higher concentrations was seen. The results indicate that human TF contains components which have suppressive or augmenting effects on LIF secretion in vitro. The augmenting effect may be mainly due to L-serine and glycine and thus not related to TF's activity in vivo.", "contents": "Human transfer factor in vitro. II. Augmentation of the secretion of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by leucocyte dialysate and by its components L-serine and glycine. The effect of human transfer factor (TF) or its components L-serine and/or glycine in tuberculin (PPD), or leucoagglutinin (LA) induced leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) secretion was studied. Augmentation of LIF secretion was seen with low concentration ( = 0.078 g/l) of TF when lymphocytes were cultured in minimum essential medium for suspension cultures (MEM-S), a culture medium lacking L-serine and glycine. High concentrations (0.3125-5.0 g/l dry weight) of TF were inhibitory in MEM-S. In RPMI 1640, a culture medium containing L-serine and glycine, TF was either inhibitory or had no effect. The combination of L-serine and glycine, at concentrations equivalent or lower than the optimum of TF, had an augmenting effect on LIF secretion identical to that of TF, but no inhibition at higher concentrations was seen. The results indicate that human TF contains components which have suppressive or augmenting effects on LIF secretion in vitro. The augmenting effect may be mainly due to L-serine and glycine and thus not related to TF's activity in vivo.", "PMID": 385187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6932", "title": "Immunochemical characteristics of antibodies to DNA in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "To investigate the suggestion that qualitative immunochemical characteristics of antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) may be of importance in the pathogenesis of nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we used the Crithidia luciliae (CL) immunofluorescence test to determine the titre, immunoglobulin (Ig) class and complement-fixing activity of anti-DNA in thirty-five patients with active SLE. Eighteen of these patients had active lupus nephritis (Group I) and the remaining seventeen had no clinical evidence of renal involvement (Group II). Anti-DNA was detected in twenty-eight patients, and was present more frequently and in higher titre (P less than 0.01) in Group I than in Group II. Anti-DNA of all three Ig classes studied (IgG, IgM and IgA) was present in twenty-three out of twenty-eight cases. The ratio of IgG to IgM anti-DNA did not differ in the two groups of patients. Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in thirteen patients in Group I and five patients in Group II. The titre of complement-fixing activity was strongly correlated with titre of anti-DNA. DNA-binding capacity was also determined in these by a millipore filter (MF) assay. A highly significant correlation between DNA binding by MF and CL was found in Group I patients, while no correlation was found in Group II patients. These findings suggest that (1) anti-DNA with specificity for determinants found in CL, presumably native DNA, are more highly correlated with the presence of active renal lupus than are antibodies directed toward other DNA determinants, and (2) the major characteristic of anti-DNA found to be associated with nephritis was quantity of antibody. Most patients had anti-DNA of all Ig classes regardless of the presence of renal disease. Complement-fixing activity of anti-DNA could not be related to the occurrence of renal disease independently of anti-DNA titre.", "contents": "Immunochemical characteristics of antibodies to DNA in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. To investigate the suggestion that qualitative immunochemical characteristics of antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) may be of importance in the pathogenesis of nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we used the Crithidia luciliae (CL) immunofluorescence test to determine the titre, immunoglobulin (Ig) class and complement-fixing activity of anti-DNA in thirty-five patients with active SLE. Eighteen of these patients had active lupus nephritis (Group I) and the remaining seventeen had no clinical evidence of renal involvement (Group II). Anti-DNA was detected in twenty-eight patients, and was present more frequently and in higher titre (P less than 0.01) in Group I than in Group II. Anti-DNA of all three Ig classes studied (IgG, IgM and IgA) was present in twenty-three out of twenty-eight cases. The ratio of IgG to IgM anti-DNA did not differ in the two groups of patients. Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in thirteen patients in Group I and five patients in Group II. The titre of complement-fixing activity was strongly correlated with titre of anti-DNA. DNA-binding capacity was also determined in these by a millipore filter (MF) assay. A highly significant correlation between DNA binding by MF and CL was found in Group I patients, while no correlation was found in Group II patients. These findings suggest that (1) anti-DNA with specificity for determinants found in CL, presumably native DNA, are more highly correlated with the presence of active renal lupus than are antibodies directed toward other DNA determinants, and (2) the major characteristic of anti-DNA found to be associated with nephritis was quantity of antibody. Most patients had anti-DNA of all Ig classes regardless of the presence of renal disease. Complement-fixing activity of anti-DNA could not be related to the occurrence of renal disease independently of anti-DNA titre.", "PMID": 385188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6933", "title": "Viral infections and IgM autoantibodies to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments.", "content": "Seventy-four out of 113 sera from patients with infectious hepatitis, chickenpox, measles and mumps reacted with both smooth muscle and cytoplasmic filaments in cultured fibroblasts and neuroblastoma. Five out of eighty-five control sera also reacted in this way. That the cytoplasmic structures are intermediate filaments was suggested by their rearrangement into coils of perinuclear filaments in colchicine- or vinblastine-treated fibroblasts, but not in cytochalasin B-treated cells. The idenity of these structures was confirmed by the demonstration that the same structures reacted with the post-viral sera and a rabbit and human anti-intermediate filament antibody. Immunoabsorption studies showed that twenty-seven out of thirty-two positive sera were neutralised by skeletin, the intermediate filament protein from smooth muscle. In all but one of the sera, the antibody was IgM. Antibody titres fell in the second specimen in eleven out of fourteen pairs of acute and convalescent sera. The association between viral infections and autoantibodies suggest that production of antibodies suggests that production of antibody to intermediate filaments may be initiated by viruses.", "contents": "Viral infections and IgM autoantibodies to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. Seventy-four out of 113 sera from patients with infectious hepatitis, chickenpox, measles and mumps reacted with both smooth muscle and cytoplasmic filaments in cultured fibroblasts and neuroblastoma. Five out of eighty-five control sera also reacted in this way. That the cytoplasmic structures are intermediate filaments was suggested by their rearrangement into coils of perinuclear filaments in colchicine- or vinblastine-treated fibroblasts, but not in cytochalasin B-treated cells. The idenity of these structures was confirmed by the demonstration that the same structures reacted with the post-viral sera and a rabbit and human anti-intermediate filament antibody. Immunoabsorption studies showed that twenty-seven out of thirty-two positive sera were neutralised by skeletin, the intermediate filament protein from smooth muscle. In all but one of the sera, the antibody was IgM. Antibody titres fell in the second specimen in eleven out of fourteen pairs of acute and convalescent sera. The association between viral infections and autoantibodies suggest that production of antibodies suggests that production of antibody to intermediate filaments may be initiated by viruses.", "PMID": 385189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6934", "title": "Detection and analysis of human granulocyte--monocyte precursors using semi-solid cultures.", "content": "The in vitro cloning of haemopoietic precursors is a rapidly growing field. The data reviewed above and the current practical applications of the techniques can be expected to increase quite rapidly in the next decade. Despite the technical problems of tissue culture and the special problems associated with culturing human cells, it is clear that these procedures can be effectively applied at the clinical level. The value of the data obtained will vary directly with the quality of the culture techniques. Any centre undertaking these techniques must be prepared to properly equip the culture laboratory, appoint a full-time staff member for the work and maintain a constant surveillance of the quality of the culture work.", "contents": "Detection and analysis of human granulocyte--monocyte precursors using semi-solid cultures. The in vitro cloning of haemopoietic precursors is a rapidly growing field. The data reviewed above and the current practical applications of the techniques can be expected to increase quite rapidly in the next decade. Despite the technical problems of tissue culture and the special problems associated with culturing human cells, it is clear that these procedures can be effectively applied at the clinical level. The value of the data obtained will vary directly with the quality of the culture techniques. Any centre undertaking these techniques must be prepared to properly equip the culture laboratory, appoint a full-time staff member for the work and maintain a constant surveillance of the quality of the culture work.", "PMID": 385197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6935", "title": "Regional muscle transposition for rehabilitation of the paralyzed face.", "content": "Masseter and temporalis muscle transpositions may be considered in cases of longstanding facial paralysis and in the congenital absence of the facial nerve or muscles. The basic advantage of this technique is the introduction of a large volume of living and dynamic muscle into the face. Additional advantages include simplicity, the support provided, enhancement of the possibility of myoneurotization, and no loss of other significant function. In many instances, facial movement improves for a period of approximately two years, and the long-range effect would suggest some degree of rehabilitation of the facial muscles. Our combined experience with over 100 muscle transpositions indicates the efficacy and success of this technique in selected patients.", "contents": "Regional muscle transposition for rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Masseter and temporalis muscle transpositions may be considered in cases of longstanding facial paralysis and in the congenital absence of the facial nerve or muscles. The basic advantage of this technique is the introduction of a large volume of living and dynamic muscle into the face. Additional advantages include simplicity, the support provided, enhancement of the possibility of myoneurotization, and no loss of other significant function. In many instances, facial movement improves for a period of approximately two years, and the long-range effect would suggest some degree of rehabilitation of the facial muscles. Our combined experience with over 100 muscle transpositions indicates the efficacy and success of this technique in selected patients.", "PMID": 385211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6936", "title": "Nerve suture and grafting to restore the extratemporal facial nerve.", "content": "A concept for dealing with extratemporal lesions of the facial nerve is based on cadaver studies performed by Meissl. In spite of plexiform arrangement and fiber exchange, areas and fascicle groups can be differentiated within the cross section of the facial nerve which contain a great percentage of the fibers supplying a certain muscle group. An attempt should be made to unite the corresponding parts by direct coaptation, or, if nerve defect exists, by nerve grafts.", "contents": "Nerve suture and grafting to restore the extratemporal facial nerve. A concept for dealing with extratemporal lesions of the facial nerve is based on cadaver studies performed by Meissl. In spite of plexiform arrangement and fiber exchange, areas and fascicle groups can be differentiated within the cross section of the facial nerve which contain a great percentage of the fibers supplying a certain muscle group. An attempt should be made to unite the corresponding parts by direct coaptation, or, if nerve defect exists, by nerve grafts.", "PMID": 385212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6937", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in pregnancy and labour.", "content": "Few of the articles published on antibiotics and pregnancy are concerned with pharmacokinetics. It is particularly difficult to evaluate possible alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters that may be due to pregnancy. Most data available have been obtained in connection with abortion or delivery. Such data may not be representative for pregnancy as such. Marked changes in most organ systems, particularly in renal function, but in composition and amounts of body fluids as well, make it likely that several pharmacokinetic parameters change, possibly gradually as pregnancy progresses. Accumulated data for several beta-lactam antibiotics, and also for aminoglycosides indicate that antibiotics eliminated mainly by renal excretion will produce lower levels in serum or plasma in pregnant women than in other individuals. Also, the half-life of certain antibiotics in serum is shorter during pregnancy. Transplacental passage occurs for all antibiotics according to the physicochemical properties of the drug. Bolus injections to a pregnant woman are more efficient than continuous infusion in producing high levels of antibiotic in fetal serum and amniotic fluid. Fetal tissue levels are higher following multiple doses than after a single dose. Lower serum levels of antibiotics in pregnant women than in other individuals following the same dosage will be unsatisfactory as micr-organisms are less likely to be affected.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in pregnancy and labour. Few of the articles published on antibiotics and pregnancy are concerned with pharmacokinetics. It is particularly difficult to evaluate possible alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters that may be due to pregnancy. Most data available have been obtained in connection with abortion or delivery. Such data may not be representative for pregnancy as such. Marked changes in most organ systems, particularly in renal function, but in composition and amounts of body fluids as well, make it likely that several pharmacokinetic parameters change, possibly gradually as pregnancy progresses. Accumulated data for several beta-lactam antibiotics, and also for aminoglycosides indicate that antibiotics eliminated mainly by renal excretion will produce lower levels in serum or plasma in pregnant women than in other individuals. Also, the half-life of certain antibiotics in serum is shorter during pregnancy. Transplacental passage occurs for all antibiotics according to the physicochemical properties of the drug. Bolus injections to a pregnant woman are more efficient than continuous infusion in producing high levels of antibiotic in fetal serum and amniotic fluid. Fetal tissue levels are higher following multiple doses than after a single dose. Lower serum levels of antibiotics in pregnant women than in other individuals following the same dosage will be unsatisfactory as micr-organisms are less likely to be affected.", "PMID": 385210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6938", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics.", "content": "The introduction of the new long acting local anaesthetics, bupivacaine and etidocaine, has stimulated an expansion of interest in regional anaesthesia, particularly for obstetrical applications and pain therapy.  System toxicity following injection of local anesthetics occurs albeit infrequently, and tentative correlations have been made between the onset of CNS and cardiovascular effects and circulating drug concentrations in both adults and neonates. Amongst other factors, interpretation of these relationships depends upon blood distribution and plasma binding of the agents, sampling sites and acid-base balance. The disposition kinetics and placental transfer of the amide type agents have been well characterised. In adults their clearance is almost entirely hepatic but in neonates an increase in the renal component is, in part, a reflection of the immaturity of some of the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. Ester type agents are rapidly hydrolysed by plasma pseudocholinesterase and this has led to a preference for chloroprocaine in some obstetric procedures. Major determinants of the systemic absorption of the agents after perineural administration include their physicochemical and vasoactive properties, perfusion and tissue binding at the site of injection and whether or not adrenaline has been added. In respect of blood drug concentrations achieved after various regional anaesthetic procedures, the margin of systemic safety appears to favour bupivacaine and etidocaine compared to shorter acting analogues such as lignocaine and mepivacaine. The time course of local anaesthetic remaining at the site of injection has been calculated following intravenous regional anaesthesia and peridural block. This has allowed prediction of the local and systemic accumulation of the drugs following contined dosage. Blood concentrations of local anaesthetics after perineural injection are not closely related to age, weight or pregnancy but may be influenced by diseases associated with haemodynamic changes and by other drugs given at or around the time of regional blockade.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. The introduction of the new long acting local anaesthetics, bupivacaine and etidocaine, has stimulated an expansion of interest in regional anaesthesia, particularly for obstetrical applications and pain therapy.  System toxicity following injection of local anesthetics occurs albeit infrequently, and tentative correlations have been made between the onset of CNS and cardiovascular effects and circulating drug concentrations in both adults and neonates. Amongst other factors, interpretation of these relationships depends upon blood distribution and plasma binding of the agents, sampling sites and acid-base balance. The disposition kinetics and placental transfer of the amide type agents have been well characterised. In adults their clearance is almost entirely hepatic but in neonates an increase in the renal component is, in part, a reflection of the immaturity of some of the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. Ester type agents are rapidly hydrolysed by plasma pseudocholinesterase and this has led to a preference for chloroprocaine in some obstetric procedures. Major determinants of the systemic absorption of the agents after perineural administration include their physicochemical and vasoactive properties, perfusion and tissue binding at the site of injection and whether or not adrenaline has been added. In respect of blood drug concentrations achieved after various regional anaesthetic procedures, the margin of systemic safety appears to favour bupivacaine and etidocaine compared to shorter acting analogues such as lignocaine and mepivacaine. The time course of local anaesthetic remaining at the site of injection has been calculated following intravenous regional anaesthesia and peridural block. This has allowed prediction of the local and systemic accumulation of the drugs following contined dosage. Blood concentrations of local anaesthetics after perineural injection are not closely related to age, weight or pregnancy but may be influenced by diseases associated with haemodynamic changes and by other drugs given at or around the time of regional blockade.", "PMID": 385208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6939", "title": "A computer program for the morphometric analysis of cell profiles.", "content": "A computer program which yields values for the volumes, surface areas, and volume/surface area ratios of cell profiles is described for use on a desktop calculator (minicomputer). This program uses standard morphometric procedures, and incorporates data obtained from electron micrographs at two levels of sampling. The main program yields values for the 'average cell volume' at the tissue level of sampling. Two options at the cellular level of sampling are also included which yield values for the volumes, surface areas and volume/surface area ratios for the organelles. The first option allows an analysis of 'whole cells' containing equatorial profiles through the nucleus, while the second option permits a 'fractional' approach using segments of the cells. Finally, some of the advantages of the two options are discussed.", "contents": "A computer program for the morphometric analysis of cell profiles. A computer program which yields values for the volumes, surface areas, and volume/surface area ratios of cell profiles is described for use on a desktop calculator (minicomputer). This program uses standard morphometric procedures, and incorporates data obtained from electron micrographs at two levels of sampling. The main program yields values for the 'average cell volume' at the tissue level of sampling. Two options at the cellular level of sampling are also included which yield values for the volumes, surface areas and volume/surface area ratios for the organelles. The first option allows an analysis of 'whole cells' containing equatorial profiles through the nucleus, while the second option permits a 'fractional' approach using segments of the cells. Finally, some of the advantages of the two options are discussed.", "PMID": 385241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6940", "title": "Software development of the EMI head scanner.", "content": "A method has been developed to run the general purpose operating system RDOS on the same disc of the head scanner computer as is used for scanner software and data. This made it possible to develop additional software in high level programming language for image processing, based on original image data on the disc. All new images produced by the program are stored on the disc in the same format as the original images. This makes it possible to handle processed images exactly as the original ones and to do multiple operations. The following processing has been included in the program so far: subtraction, smoothing, density profiles, vertical reconstructions, magnification and labelling. A set of operator commands has been developed which are very similar to the ordinary commands for the scanner, which makes the program to appear being a direct extension of the standard scanner software.", "contents": "Software development of the EMI head scanner. A method has been developed to run the general purpose operating system RDOS on the same disc of the head scanner computer as is used for scanner software and data. This made it possible to develop additional software in high level programming language for image processing, based on original image data on the disc. All new images produced by the program are stored on the disc in the same format as the original images. This makes it possible to handle processed images exactly as the original ones and to do multiple operations. The following processing has been included in the program so far: subtraction, smoothing, density profiles, vertical reconstructions, magnification and labelling. A set of operator commands has been developed which are very similar to the ordinary commands for the scanner, which makes the program to appear being a direct extension of the standard scanner software.", "PMID": 385242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6941", "title": "A three-year clinical trial with levonorgestrel silastic implants.", "content": "Silastic implants containing the progestin, levonorgestrel, were tested as long-term contraceptives in 101 women. After three full years of exposure and 2,998 woman-months of use, no pregnancies had occurred. The continuation rates were 87% at 12 months, 79% at 24 months and 66% at 36 months. The most important side effect was excessive or irregular bleeding during the first year. No treatment was offered for this side effect other than vitamins and iron or change of method, with the exception of 3 cases where ethinyl estradiol was used one time for 2 weeks each. Bleeding disturbances led 8 patients to ask for removal of implants. Other side effects were headache, acne and lower abdominal pain. Blood and urine analysis tested 17 different parameters and all but plasma cortisol remained within normal limits throughout the study. A general tendency toward lowered cortisol values was observed and two subjects had more than one value below the normal limit for the population during the study. Glucose tolerance tests during the second year were abnormal in two women with familial diabetes but they returned to normal values spontaneously at the next test. It is concluded that levonorgestrel implants offer effective protection against pregnancy during the first three years of continuous use. Their acceptability and few side effects justify larger trials, especially if treatment of bleeding irregularities is introduced.", "contents": "A three-year clinical trial with levonorgestrel silastic implants. Silastic implants containing the progestin, levonorgestrel, were tested as long-term contraceptives in 101 women. After three full years of exposure and 2,998 woman-months of use, no pregnancies had occurred. The continuation rates were 87% at 12 months, 79% at 24 months and 66% at 36 months. The most important side effect was excessive or irregular bleeding during the first year. No treatment was offered for this side effect other than vitamins and iron or change of method, with the exception of 3 cases where ethinyl estradiol was used one time for 2 weeks each. Bleeding disturbances led 8 patients to ask for removal of implants. Other side effects were headache, acne and lower abdominal pain. Blood and urine analysis tested 17 different parameters and all but plasma cortisol remained within normal limits throughout the study. A general tendency toward lowered cortisol values was observed and two subjects had more than one value below the normal limit for the population during the study. Glucose tolerance tests during the second year were abnormal in two women with familial diabetes but they returned to normal values spontaneously at the next test. It is concluded that levonorgestrel implants offer effective protection against pregnancy during the first three years of continuous use. Their acceptability and few side effects justify larger trials, especially if treatment of bleeding irregularities is introduced.", "PMID": 385243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6942", "title": "Cirrhotic hyperglobulinemia: increased rates of immunoglobulin synthesis by circulating lymphoid cells.", "content": "We have measured immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by circulating lymphoid cells of 20 patients with cirrhotic hyperglobulinemia (CH) and 20 age-matched controls. We used specific anti-Ig antisera to precipitate Ig synthesized from [14C] amino acid precursors in 13 controls and employed an electroimmunoassay of the \"rocket\" type to measure Ig elaborated by cultured cells in 4 patient-control pairs. In addition, we studied 3 patient-control pairs by absorption of elaborated Ig onto an anti-Ig-coated solid phase, bromoacetylcellulose. The synthetic index (SI; the ratio of Ig synthesis by a CH patient and a control) was elevated in every case. Mean SI by coprecipitation was 7.2 +/- 5.4 (mean +/- SD), by rocket\" 7.3 +/- 3.0 for IgG and 2.2 +/- 0.8 for IgA, and by immunoabsorption 13.8 +/- 8.4 for IgG. Three cirrhotic nonhyperglobulinemic patient-control pairs showed a mean SI of 1.0 +/- 0.1. CH and control populations showed equal numbers of membrane Ig-positive B lymphocytes by immunofluorescence. We conclude that (1) peripheral blood lymphoid cells are appropriate for study of differences in Ig synthetic capacity among individuals; (2) CH is associated with increased in vitro Ig synthesis; and (3) CH lymphocytes may be an appropriate cell population for the study of control mechanisms in Ig synthesis.", "contents": "Cirrhotic hyperglobulinemia: increased rates of immunoglobulin synthesis by circulating lymphoid cells. We have measured immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by circulating lymphoid cells of 20 patients with cirrhotic hyperglobulinemia (CH) and 20 age-matched controls. We used specific anti-Ig antisera to precipitate Ig synthesized from [14C] amino acid precursors in 13 controls and employed an electroimmunoassay of the \"rocket\" type to measure Ig elaborated by cultured cells in 4 patient-control pairs. In addition, we studied 3 patient-control pairs by absorption of elaborated Ig onto an anti-Ig-coated solid phase, bromoacetylcellulose. The synthetic index (SI; the ratio of Ig synthesis by a CH patient and a control) was elevated in every case. Mean SI by coprecipitation was 7.2 +/- 5.4 (mean +/- SD), by rocket\" 7.3 +/- 3.0 for IgG and 2.2 +/- 0.8 for IgA, and by immunoabsorption 13.8 +/- 8.4 for IgG. Three cirrhotic nonhyperglobulinemic patient-control pairs showed a mean SI of 1.0 +/- 0.1. CH and control populations showed equal numbers of membrane Ig-positive B lymphocytes by immunofluorescence. We conclude that (1) peripheral blood lymphoid cells are appropriate for study of differences in Ig synthetic capacity among individuals; (2) CH is associated with increased in vitro Ig synthesis; and (3) CH lymphocytes may be an appropriate cell population for the study of control mechanisms in Ig synthesis.", "PMID": 385258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6943", "title": "Metoclopramide therapy in patients with delayed gastric emptying: a randomized, double-blind study.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with delayed gastric emptying as measured by an abnormal barium \"burger\" were treated with metoclopramide in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Five had diabetic gastroparesis, four had undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and 19 were idiopathic. Patients received either metoclopramide or placebo for a three-week period and symptoms were scored prestudy, at weekly intervals, and at termination of the study. Ten of 17 patients on metoclopramide and four of 14 on placebo decreased their symptom score to a level below entry criteria, indicating a significant metoclopramide effect when compared to placebo. The mean total sumptom score for the metoclopramide group was 18.4 prestudy and 7.2 poststudy while for placebo was 19.1 prestudy and 12.9 poststudy. Although improvement on placebo was significant, these patients were still symptomatic. The improvement on metoclopramide was significantly greater than the improvement on placebo. Metoclopramide is an effective agent in treating the symptom complex of delayed gastric emptying.", "contents": "Metoclopramide therapy in patients with delayed gastric emptying: a randomized, double-blind study. Twenty-eight patients with delayed gastric emptying as measured by an abnormal barium \"burger\" were treated with metoclopramide in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Five had diabetic gastroparesis, four had undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and 19 were idiopathic. Patients received either metoclopramide or placebo for a three-week period and symptoms were scored prestudy, at weekly intervals, and at termination of the study. Ten of 17 patients on metoclopramide and four of 14 on placebo decreased their symptom score to a level below entry criteria, indicating a significant metoclopramide effect when compared to placebo. The mean total sumptom score for the metoclopramide group was 18.4 prestudy and 7.2 poststudy while for placebo was 19.1 prestudy and 12.9 poststudy. Although improvement on placebo was significant, these patients were still symptomatic. The improvement on metoclopramide was significantly greater than the improvement on placebo. Metoclopramide is an effective agent in treating the symptom complex of delayed gastric emptying.", "PMID": 385260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6944", "title": "Randomized double-masked trial of sodium oxyferriscorbone for the treatment of gastric ulcers.", "content": "A double-blind 4-week trial of sodium oxyferriscorbone versus placebo (distilled water) was conducted in 46 outpatients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcer. Ulcer healing occurred in 15 of 20 patients receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone (75%) and in 7 of 20 patients receiving placebo (35%). Patients receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone experienced less pain and required less antacid than those receiving placebo (P less than 0.05). Side effects were reported in 12 patients, 7 while receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone and 5 while receiving placebo. Six patients did not complete the study due to ulcer complications. Routine laboratory tests revealed no persistent abnormalities that could be related to the treatment. Five placebo-treated patients that were therapeutic failures were switched to sodium oxyferriscorbone and healing was observed within 3 weeks. It is concluded that sodium oxyferriscorbone is effective in enhancing healing of gastric ulcers.", "contents": "Randomized double-masked trial of sodium oxyferriscorbone for the treatment of gastric ulcers. A double-blind 4-week trial of sodium oxyferriscorbone versus placebo (distilled water) was conducted in 46 outpatients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcer. Ulcer healing occurred in 15 of 20 patients receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone (75%) and in 7 of 20 patients receiving placebo (35%). Patients receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone experienced less pain and required less antacid than those receiving placebo (P less than 0.05). Side effects were reported in 12 patients, 7 while receiving sodium oxyferriscorbone and 5 while receiving placebo. Six patients did not complete the study due to ulcer complications. Routine laboratory tests revealed no persistent abnormalities that could be related to the treatment. Five placebo-treated patients that were therapeutic failures were switched to sodium oxyferriscorbone and healing was observed within 3 weeks. It is concluded that sodium oxyferriscorbone is effective in enhancing healing of gastric ulcers.", "PMID": 385261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6945", "title": "Contribution of environmental factors to variability in human drug metabolism.", "content": "Drug metabolism in 96 London factory and office workers has been studied after simultaneous single doses of antipyrine (phenazone) and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Metabolic clearance of both drugs was significantly greater in subjects eating meat more than once a week than in those who ate meat less frequently. The precise contribution of diet could not be clearly defined since 90% of \"meat-eaters\" were European while all except one of the \"vegetarians\" were Asian. Clearance of both drugs increased with both alcohol and cigarette consumption. Regular intake of coffee and/or tea had a similar effect but, in the case of paracetamol, this did not attain statistical significance. Antipyrine clearance was lower among women who took the oral contraceptive pill than among those who did not, while paracetamol clearance was not significantly different. These findings may have implications for the use of drugs which are administered regularly in order to achieve steady-state plasma and tissue concentrations.", "contents": "Contribution of environmental factors to variability in human drug metabolism. Drug metabolism in 96 London factory and office workers has been studied after simultaneous single doses of antipyrine (phenazone) and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Metabolic clearance of both drugs was significantly greater in subjects eating meat more than once a week than in those who ate meat less frequently. The precise contribution of diet could not be clearly defined since 90% of \"meat-eaters\" were European while all except one of the \"vegetarians\" were Asian. Clearance of both drugs increased with both alcohol and cigarette consumption. Regular intake of coffee and/or tea had a similar effect but, in the case of paracetamol, this did not attain statistical significance. Antipyrine clearance was lower among women who took the oral contraceptive pill than among those who did not, while paracetamol clearance was not significantly different. These findings may have implications for the use of drugs which are administered regularly in order to achieve steady-state plasma and tissue concentrations.", "PMID": 385271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6946", "title": "Influence of cigarette smoking on drug metabolism in man.", "content": "The pervasiveness of tobacco use in our society and the frequency of altered disposition of many common therapeutic and recreational drugs in smokers makes it apparent that the smoking habit should be considered as one of the primary sources of drug interactions in man. Each scientific report dealing with drug disposition should list the smoking status of the subjects studied as smoking should be included as a basic characteristic of each subject along with age, race, body weight, and presence and type of disease. Most of the experimental work in human and animal systems indicates that the dominant effect of smoking is enhanced disposition caused by induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. The primary causal agents are probably the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which are potent and persistent in tissues. There are numerous examples of both an increased metabolism rate and absence of an effect of smoking on drug disposition in man. This selectivity is consistent with the known inductive effects of P-448 stimulators in animal systems. Studies with theophylline have demonstrated that both tobacco and marijuana markedly alter its clearance in man. However, smoking is only one of numerous factors which can perturb hepatic biotransformation as patient surveillance studies show that age and cardiac and liver disease may be of greater importance in actual patients undergoing therapy.", "contents": "Influence of cigarette smoking on drug metabolism in man. The pervasiveness of tobacco use in our society and the frequency of altered disposition of many common therapeutic and recreational drugs in smokers makes it apparent that the smoking habit should be considered as one of the primary sources of drug interactions in man. Each scientific report dealing with drug disposition should list the smoking status of the subjects studied as smoking should be included as a basic characteristic of each subject along with age, race, body weight, and presence and type of disease. Most of the experimental work in human and animal systems indicates that the dominant effect of smoking is enhanced disposition caused by induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. The primary causal agents are probably the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which are potent and persistent in tissues. There are numerous examples of both an increased metabolism rate and absence of an effect of smoking on drug disposition in man. This selectivity is consistent with the known inductive effects of P-448 stimulators in animal systems. Studies with theophylline have demonstrated that both tobacco and marijuana markedly alter its clearance in man. However, smoking is only one of numerous factors which can perturb hepatic biotransformation as patient surveillance studies show that age and cardiac and liver disease may be of greater importance in actual patients undergoing therapy.", "PMID": 385272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6947", "title": "Penfluridol: a neuroleptic drug designed for long duration of action.", "content": "1. Penfluridol is a unique, long-acting, oral neuroleptic belonging to the diphenylbutylpiperidines. The synthesis of penfluridol represented the result of a well-planned scientific search for a highly lipophilic compound structurally related to haloperidol and pimozide. 2. Because of its unusual lipophilicity, penfluridol distributes extensively in fatty tissues following oral administration. This depot effect produces a very slow release of drug from the tissues, and results in a very long duration of activity. 3. Penfluridol is extensively metabolized by oxidative N-dealkylation to afford, as isolated metabolites, the beta-glucuronide conjugate of the diphenylbutyric acid derivative A1 and the unconjugated basic piperidine moiety B1. It is assumed, at this time, that the pharmacological activity is attributable to the parent compound. 4. When administered clinically at oral doses of 20 to 100 mg/week, penfluridol has been found to be an effective antipsychotic agent. This frequency of dosing is consistent with the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in man, and does not appear to result in any inappropriate accumulation of the drug in patients. Wide variations in steady-state levels and plasma elimination half-life have been observed in patient populations.", "contents": "Penfluridol: a neuroleptic drug designed for long duration of action. 1. Penfluridol is a unique, long-acting, oral neuroleptic belonging to the diphenylbutylpiperidines. The synthesis of penfluridol represented the result of a well-planned scientific search for a highly lipophilic compound structurally related to haloperidol and pimozide. 2. Because of its unusual lipophilicity, penfluridol distributes extensively in fatty tissues following oral administration. This depot effect produces a very slow release of drug from the tissues, and results in a very long duration of activity. 3. Penfluridol is extensively metabolized by oxidative N-dealkylation to afford, as isolated metabolites, the beta-glucuronide conjugate of the diphenylbutyric acid derivative A1 and the unconjugated basic piperidine moiety B1. It is assumed, at this time, that the pharmacological activity is attributable to the parent compound. 4. When administered clinically at oral doses of 20 to 100 mg/week, penfluridol has been found to be an effective antipsychotic agent. This frequency of dosing is consistent with the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in man, and does not appear to result in any inappropriate accumulation of the drug in patients. Wide variations in steady-state levels and plasma elimination half-life have been observed in patient populations.", "PMID": 385274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6948", "title": "Health aspects of chloroform--a review.", "content": "First prepared in 1831, chloroform was initially employed as an \"ideal\" anesthetic. Chloroform was later found to cause heart and liver damage and, with the discovery of safer agents, lost importance as a medical anesthetic. Today chloroform is used primarily as a solvent in industry, in the production of antibiotics, as a cleaning agent, and as an ingredient in pharmaceutical and veterinary formulations. A recent report issued by the National Cancer Institute implicates chloroform as a carcinogen in laboratory rodents. These findings, in conjunction with enforcement of the Delaney Clause have generated renewed interest in chemicals such as chloroform which are not only used in a variety of industrial applications, but which are also available to the general public in a number of food and cosmetic products.", "contents": "Health aspects of chloroform--a review. First prepared in 1831, chloroform was initially employed as an \"ideal\" anesthetic. Chloroform was later found to cause heart and liver damage and, with the discovery of safer agents, lost importance as a medical anesthetic. Today chloroform is used primarily as a solvent in industry, in the production of antibiotics, as a cleaning agent, and as an ingredient in pharmaceutical and veterinary formulations. A recent report issued by the National Cancer Institute implicates chloroform as a carcinogen in laboratory rodents. These findings, in conjunction with enforcement of the Delaney Clause have generated renewed interest in chemicals such as chloroform which are not only used in a variety of industrial applications, but which are also available to the general public in a number of food and cosmetic products.", "PMID": 385279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6949", "title": "Comparison of the relative mutagenic activity for eight antineoplastic drugs in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and TK+/- mouse lymphoma assays.", "content": "Eight antineoplastic drugs were evaluated for their ability to induce mutation in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and the TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay. Dose response data were utilized to determine the relative potency of each of these drugs. They were then ranked based on this information. Vincristine, the most potent compound tested in the mouse lymphoma assay, was not active in the Salmonella assay, nor were DTIC and Methotrexate. Excluding these compounds from the comparison ranking, we found that the only difference in the order between the Ames and lymphoma assays was between Daunomycin and Adriamycin. Daunomycin was most potent in the Ames assay, compounds was reversed in the mouse lymphoma assay. This observation of relative activity is of interest because it underscores the ability to extrapolate between microbial and mammalian test systems, provided one keeps in mind the differences associated with chromosome structure and modes of segregation in these two cell types. Furthermore, it is suggested that relative potency ranking may provide prospective insight into expectations of risk for human populations exposed to these drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of the relative mutagenic activity for eight antineoplastic drugs in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and TK+/- mouse lymphoma assays. Eight antineoplastic drugs were evaluated for their ability to induce mutation in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and the TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay. Dose response data were utilized to determine the relative potency of each of these drugs. They were then ranked based on this information. Vincristine, the most potent compound tested in the mouse lymphoma assay, was not active in the Salmonella assay, nor were DTIC and Methotrexate. Excluding these compounds from the comparison ranking, we found that the only difference in the order between the Ames and lymphoma assays was between Daunomycin and Adriamycin. Daunomycin was most potent in the Ames assay, compounds was reversed in the mouse lymphoma assay. This observation of relative activity is of interest because it underscores the ability to extrapolate between microbial and mammalian test systems, provided one keeps in mind the differences associated with chromosome structure and modes of segregation in these two cell types. Furthermore, it is suggested that relative potency ranking may provide prospective insight into expectations of risk for human populations exposed to these drugs.", "PMID": 385280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6950", "title": "Dextranomer: a review of its general properties and therapeutic efficacy.", "content": "Dextranomer is a hydrophilic dextran polymer advocated as a 'cleansing agent' for various types of exudating wounds or ulcers, including stasis (venous) ulcers and decubitus ulcers. It appears to exert its effect by a capillary action which absorbs wound exudate, as well as wound debris and micro-organisms, into the dextranomer beads or into the spaces between the beads, thus removing such products from the wound surface. Dextranomer is an aid to wound or ulcer management, and does not directly affect tissue repair in such ulcers, but as with other 'cleansing' agents or techniques, removal of debris (and possibly micro-organisms) from the wound could be expected to promote natural healing. Reports of its effectiveness in open studies, often in patients with seemingly resistant lesions, have been encouraging. Similarly, in comparative trials results have usually favoured dextranomer, but a clear indication of the relative efficacy and benefits as compared with other treatments used for exudating lesions has not yet emerged. Further well designed comparative studies are needed to provide such information.", "contents": "Dextranomer: a review of its general properties and therapeutic efficacy. Dextranomer is a hydrophilic dextran polymer advocated as a 'cleansing agent' for various types of exudating wounds or ulcers, including stasis (venous) ulcers and decubitus ulcers. It appears to exert its effect by a capillary action which absorbs wound exudate, as well as wound debris and micro-organisms, into the dextranomer beads or into the spaces between the beads, thus removing such products from the wound surface. Dextranomer is an aid to wound or ulcer management, and does not directly affect tissue repair in such ulcers, but as with other 'cleansing' agents or techniques, removal of debris (and possibly micro-organisms) from the wound could be expected to promote natural healing. Reports of its effectiveness in open studies, often in patients with seemingly resistant lesions, have been encouraging. Similarly, in comparative trials results have usually favoured dextranomer, but a clear indication of the relative efficacy and benefits as compared with other treatments used for exudating lesions has not yet emerged. Further well designed comparative studies are needed to provide such information.", "PMID": 385281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6951", "title": "Immunological distinction between neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic proteins by mouse antisera and their immunohistological characterization.", "content": "Antisera were raised in mice to the presumed protein subunits of the two types of 100 A filaments in nervous tissue, glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and neurofilament (NF) protein. These antisera detect a pronounced antigenic distinction between these two proteins. Antiserum to GFA protein reacts only with astroglial cells and is therefore similar to antisera prepared in rabbits. Mouse antiserum to NF protein reacts with neurons and their processes known to be rich in 100 A filaments. Postsynaptic densities do not detectably react with anti-NF antiserum when assayed by the indirect immunoperoxidase method and studied at the electron microscopic level. The two antisera do not react with actin, myosin oe nervous system, NF protein is immunohistologically detectable at embryonic day 13 (the earliest stage tested). GFA protein is not detectable with this method during embryonal development but becomes apparent only at early postnatal ages. In several species (rabbit, rat, chicken, fish, turtle, and frog) anti-NF protein antiserum only reacts with neurons, and anti-GFA protein antiserum stains glia exclusively. On the surface of trypsin-dissociated, single liver cerebellar cells from 7-day-old mice, each antiserum detects antigenic specificities which are cross-reactive with its corresponding antigen.", "contents": "Immunological distinction between neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic proteins by mouse antisera and their immunohistological characterization. Antisera were raised in mice to the presumed protein subunits of the two types of 100 A filaments in nervous tissue, glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and neurofilament (NF) protein. These antisera detect a pronounced antigenic distinction between these two proteins. Antiserum to GFA protein reacts only with astroglial cells and is therefore similar to antisera prepared in rabbits. Mouse antiserum to NF protein reacts with neurons and their processes known to be rich in 100 A filaments. Postsynaptic densities do not detectably react with anti-NF antiserum when assayed by the indirect immunoperoxidase method and studied at the electron microscopic level. The two antisera do not react with actin, myosin oe nervous system, NF protein is immunohistologically detectable at embryonic day 13 (the earliest stage tested). GFA protein is not detectable with this method during embryonal development but becomes apparent only at early postnatal ages. In several species (rabbit, rat, chicken, fish, turtle, and frog) anti-NF protein antiserum only reacts with neurons, and anti-GFA protein antiserum stains glia exclusively. On the surface of trypsin-dissociated, single liver cerebellar cells from 7-day-old mice, each antiserum detects antigenic specificities which are cross-reactive with its corresponding antigen.", "PMID": 385282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6952", "title": "[The mandibular position and the masticatory surface complex in rehabilitations with total prostheses].", "content": "The construction principles for a complete denture were discussed in terms of the jaw relation and the masticatory surface complex with special reference to the conservation and preservation of the prosthetic support material. The habitual, neuromuscularly determined, position is recommended as a starting position of the mandible for the construction of this alignment; intraoral, central rod analysis of the support is helpful for the determination. When the lateral teeth are aligned, masticatory stability should be considered. The occluding surfaces therefore should be reduced, and the occlusal cusps determined according to the transversal interval of the crests for the maxilla and the mandible. In terms of the occlusion (articulation) concept, the biomechanical demands shold be determined on the basis of unobstructed sliding movements; a completely balanced occlusion seems to be the most advantageous in spite of certain disadvantages. The desired goal may be achieved with a unilaterally balanced occlusion. Based on previous experience, canine guidance as articulation concept has proved to be less suitable since symmetrical stress is unobtainable with at least one crest.", "contents": "[The mandibular position and the masticatory surface complex in rehabilitations with total prostheses]. The construction principles for a complete denture were discussed in terms of the jaw relation and the masticatory surface complex with special reference to the conservation and preservation of the prosthetic support material. The habitual, neuromuscularly determined, position is recommended as a starting position of the mandible for the construction of this alignment; intraoral, central rod analysis of the support is helpful for the determination. When the lateral teeth are aligned, masticatory stability should be considered. The occluding surfaces therefore should be reduced, and the occlusal cusps determined according to the transversal interval of the crests for the maxilla and the mandible. In terms of the occlusion (articulation) concept, the biomechanical demands shold be determined on the basis of unobstructed sliding movements; a completely balanced occlusion seems to be the most advantageous in spite of certain disadvantages. The desired goal may be achieved with a unilaterally balanced occlusion. Based on previous experience, canine guidance as articulation concept has proved to be less suitable since symmetrical stress is unobtainable with at least one crest.", "PMID": 385285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6953", "title": "[Determination and position of the masticatory surface complex and clinically necessary corrections (with special regard to Fehr's calotte articulation)].", "content": "The individual calotte articulation recommended by C. U. Fehr in 1947 has been used at the Free University of W. Berlin for clinical teaching since this time. The following studies were described and/or recalled and contrasted with other methods for determining position: 1. Studies of Grabert mandibular posture compared with the Ivo-Tray model. 2. Stoebe's studies of calottes with various radii, 3. Eichner's and Schmitthelm's  roentgencinematographic studies, 4. Reese's study of biting force, 5. Husemann's comparison of different relational determinations, 6. Sauer's study of the success of reocclusion. Based on the clinical results and also the results of difficult comparative studies. we see no reason to depart from functional determination of relation using calotte-shaped, curved wax walls. Clinical example of the grinding surface complex, which is part of the method, guarantees construction of the complete denture within the range of tissue adaptation. No elaborate apparatuses are required. Even complicated tracing methods do not eliminate the possibility of additional work (e.g., removal of pressure areas, reocclusion).", "contents": "[Determination and position of the masticatory surface complex and clinically necessary corrections (with special regard to Fehr's calotte articulation)]. The individual calotte articulation recommended by C. U. Fehr in 1947 has been used at the Free University of W. Berlin for clinical teaching since this time. The following studies were described and/or recalled and contrasted with other methods for determining position: 1. Studies of Grabert mandibular posture compared with the Ivo-Tray model. 2. Stoebe's studies of calottes with various radii, 3. Eichner's and Schmitthelm's  roentgencinematographic studies, 4. Reese's study of biting force, 5. Husemann's comparison of different relational determinations, 6. Sauer's study of the success of reocclusion. Based on the clinical results and also the results of difficult comparative studies. we see no reason to depart from functional determination of relation using calotte-shaped, curved wax walls. Clinical example of the grinding surface complex, which is part of the method, guarantees construction of the complete denture within the range of tissue adaptation. No elaborate apparatuses are required. Even complicated tracing methods do not eliminate the possibility of additional work (e.g., removal of pressure areas, reocclusion).", "PMID": 385286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6954", "title": "[Masticatory surface complex and stress on the prosthesis bed].", "content": "The reproducibility of a calotte-shaped movement with the Dentatus articulator was reported. A calotte mounted in the upper part of the articulator was read by a electronic pointer mounted in the lower part of the articulator during lateral excursions. It was shown that calotte-shaped movements are reproducible with an accuracy of 60 mu and that the condyle path inclincation and incisal guidance are more important than the Bennett angle.", "contents": "[Masticatory surface complex and stress on the prosthesis bed]. The reproducibility of a calotte-shaped movement with the Dentatus articulator was reported. A calotte mounted in the upper part of the articulator was read by a electronic pointer mounted in the lower part of the articulator during lateral excursions. It was shown that calotte-shaped movements are reproducible with an accuracy of 60 mu and that the condyle path inclincation and incisal guidance are more important than the Bennett angle.", "PMID": 385287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6955", "title": "[Reproducibility of the jaw relation record].", "content": "The jaw relations in edentulous patients were determined with the use of the gotic arch and wax bite blocks. To compare the different methods interchangeable tracing devices and wax registrations were used. This apparatus was alternatingly used by various investigators, but with the same base plate. A quick and reliable survey of the results was possible with this experimental procedure. Our study confirmed the superior reproducibility of the graphic method with centrally supported needle.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of the jaw relation record]. The jaw relations in edentulous patients were determined with the use of the gotic arch and wax bite blocks. To compare the different methods interchangeable tracing devices and wax registrations were used. This apparatus was alternatingly used by various investigators, but with the same base plate. A quick and reliable survey of the results was possible with this experimental procedure. Our study confirmed the superior reproducibility of the graphic method with centrally supported needle.", "PMID": 385288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6956", "title": "[The so-called \"Camper's\" plane as a reference plane for the construction of artificial sets of teeth].", "content": "Various reference points given in the literature use Camper's plane as an analogous plane for the occlusal plane. The original assumption that both planes run parallel to each other could not be confirmed. The measured angular deviations between both planes do not differ appreciably, regardless of the reference point or the examination method. It therefore was suggested that the teeth be aligned according to the plane: arbitrary hinge axis point - subnasal (AG-SN plane). A re-evaluation of more than 100 subjects with complete dentition showed an average angular deviation of 3.87 degrees with the occlusal plane.", "contents": "[The so-called \"Camper's\" plane as a reference plane for the construction of artificial sets of teeth]. Various reference points given in the literature use Camper's plane as an analogous plane for the occlusal plane. The original assumption that both planes run parallel to each other could not be confirmed. The measured angular deviations between both planes do not differ appreciably, regardless of the reference point or the examination method. It therefore was suggested that the teeth be aligned according to the plane: arbitrary hinge axis point - subnasal (AG-SN plane). A re-evaluation of more than 100 subjects with complete dentition showed an average angular deviation of 3.87 degrees with the occlusal plane.", "PMID": 385289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6957", "title": "[Theoretical physical thoughts on the masticatory stability of complete dentures].", "content": "On the basis of physical-theoretical representations, the standard parameters and influencial dimensions for occlusally stable tooth alignment with complete dentures were explained, and suggestions were given for a statistically favorable construction of the grinding surfaces.", "contents": "[Theoretical physical thoughts on the masticatory stability of complete dentures]. On the basis of physical-theoretical representations, the standard parameters and influencial dimensions for occlusally stable tooth alignment with complete dentures were explained, and suggestions were given for a statistically favorable construction of the grinding surfaces.", "PMID": 385290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6958", "title": "[The effect of the arrangement of the artificial sets of teeth on the physical stability of total protheses].", "content": "The effect of masticatory forces within and outside the stable stress-bearing areas of the complete upper denture on the pressure gradient and the flow of saliva into the space under the prosthesis were demonstrated with standardized tests. It was shown that masticatory stress within the stable area led to a continual increase in pressure in the space under the prosthesis. Masticatory force outside the stable area led to a decrease in pressure and an equalization of pressure in this space as well as dislocation and tilting of the complete denture. Due to masticatory force outside the stable area, the shape of the ridge influences the stability of the complete denture.", "contents": "[The effect of the arrangement of the artificial sets of teeth on the physical stability of total protheses]. The effect of masticatory forces within and outside the stable stress-bearing areas of the complete upper denture on the pressure gradient and the flow of saliva into the space under the prosthesis were demonstrated with standardized tests. It was shown that masticatory stress within the stable area led to a continual increase in pressure in the space under the prosthesis. Masticatory force outside the stable area led to a decrease in pressure and an equalization of pressure in this space as well as dislocation and tilting of the complete denture. Due to masticatory force outside the stable area, the shape of the ridge influences the stability of the complete denture.", "PMID": 385291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6959", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of prosthetic rehabilitation of the reduced dentition].", "content": "The initial findings are crucial for determining the time and the extent of possible prosthetic treatment. The patients to be fitted with a prosthesis are divided into several groups, on the basis of the present state and the reaction of the masticatory organ to external irritation, into resistant and insufficient states. The topography (not the number) of abutment teeth, the relationship of the edentulous parts of the jaw to the number of remaining teeth, the extent and the course of future prosthetic surfaces, the possibility of the equilibrium and distribution of force, the antagonistic relationship of the teeth with each other and hygienic factors limit the prosthetic possibilities. The free-end saddle represents a particular problem in the fitting of a dental prosthesis; its variant forms are discussed and, on the basis of many years of successful controls, the possibility and the limitations for the fitting of prostheses were pointed out.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of prosthetic rehabilitation of the reduced dentition]. The initial findings are crucial for determining the time and the extent of possible prosthetic treatment. The patients to be fitted with a prosthesis are divided into several groups, on the basis of the present state and the reaction of the masticatory organ to external irritation, into resistant and insufficient states. The topography (not the number) of abutment teeth, the relationship of the edentulous parts of the jaw to the number of remaining teeth, the extent and the course of future prosthetic surfaces, the possibility of the equilibrium and distribution of force, the antagonistic relationship of the teeth with each other and hygienic factors limit the prosthetic possibilities. The free-end saddle represents a particular problem in the fitting of a dental prosthesis; its variant forms are discussed and, on the basis of many years of successful controls, the possibility and the limitations for the fitting of prostheses were pointed out.", "PMID": 385292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6960", "title": "[The functional capability of removable partial dentures in various classifications of reduced dentitions].", "content": "Based on the functional capability of the prosthesis, 462 removable partial dentures worn by 351 patients were grouped into five classifications (according to the topographical distribution of the remaining teeth E. K\u00f6rber, K. Eichner and V. L. Steffel, and according to the number of remaining teeth per jaw). A statistical evaluation of the data showed that the Steffel classification provided the most reliable prognostic indications for the expected functional state.", "contents": "[The functional capability of removable partial dentures in various classifications of reduced dentitions]. Based on the functional capability of the prosthesis, 462 removable partial dentures worn by 351 patients were grouped into five classifications (according to the topographical distribution of the remaining teeth E. K\u00f6rber, K. Eichner and V. L. Steffel, and according to the number of remaining teeth per jaw). A statistical evaluation of the data showed that the Steffel classification provided the most reliable prognostic indications for the expected functional state.", "PMID": 385293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6961", "title": "[The dimensions of cast bar dentures].", "content": "The influence of the moment of inertia on the periodontal alterations developing in abutment teeth was determined in 181 cast sublingual partial bar dentures after an average of 4 1/2 years. A significant influence could not be established. A considerable increase in the degree of loosening and/or pocket depth was observed when the dimensions were too small. It therefore is recommended that the minimal dimensions of the sublingual bars with segmental profile should not be less than 3.2 mm in height and 1.6 mm in width.", "contents": "[The dimensions of cast bar dentures]. The influence of the moment of inertia on the periodontal alterations developing in abutment teeth was determined in 181 cast sublingual partial bar dentures after an average of 4 1/2 years. A significant influence could not be established. A considerable increase in the degree of loosening and/or pocket depth was observed when the dimensions were too small. It therefore is recommended that the minimal dimensions of the sublingual bars with segmental profile should not be less than 3.2 mm in height and 1.6 mm in width.", "PMID": 385294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6962", "title": "[Caries in supporting teeth with and without crowns].", "content": "On the basis of 1718 teeth in 212 patients fitted with removable partial dentures, it was established that the frequency of caries in uncontrolled noncrowned abutment teeth for partial dentures was twice as high and the number of extractions three times as high as in the control group. The special risk for abutment teeth was effectively reduced by using artificial crowns. The concept of crowning abutment teeth is discussed.", "contents": "[Caries in supporting teeth with and without crowns]. On the basis of 1718 teeth in 212 patients fitted with removable partial dentures, it was established that the frequency of caries in uncontrolled noncrowned abutment teeth for partial dentures was twice as high and the number of extractions three times as high as in the control group. The special risk for abutment teeth was effectively reduced by using artificial crowns. The concept of crowning abutment teeth is discussed.", "PMID": 385295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6963", "title": "Agonist (ovulation induction) and post-coital contraceptive properties of [D-Ala6] and [D-Trp6]-LHRH series.", "content": "Seven derivatives of LH-RH, representing the [D-Ala6] or [D-Trp6] series, with or without a Fujino modification, were evaluated for ovulation-inducing (agonist and post-coital contraceptive activity in rats. Six of these analogues had a high degree of agonist and pregnancy-terminating potency. In general, several modifications can result in a particular series of composite molecules that possess a biologic potency greater than each of its predecessors; this correlation of structure with activity was more consistent in the [D-Ala6]-series than in the [D-Trp6]-series. The relationship between structural modifications, resistance to enzyme degradation (based on literature reports) and increased biologic potency is discussed.", "contents": "Agonist (ovulation induction) and post-coital contraceptive properties of [D-Ala6] and [D-Trp6]-LHRH series. Seven derivatives of LH-RH, representing the [D-Ala6] or [D-Trp6] series, with or without a Fujino modification, were evaluated for ovulation-inducing (agonist and post-coital contraceptive activity in rats. Six of these analogues had a high degree of agonist and pregnancy-terminating potency. In general, several modifications can result in a particular series of composite molecules that possess a biologic potency greater than each of its predecessors; this correlation of structure with activity was more consistent in the [D-Ala6]-series than in the [D-Trp6]-series. The relationship between structural modifications, resistance to enzyme degradation (based on literature reports) and increased biologic potency is discussed.", "PMID": 385297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6964", "title": "Evaluation of in vitro incubation systems for the study of gonadotropin release.", "content": "A detailed study was undertaken in order to determine if a pituitary-half incubation system were a suitable model for the study of anterior pituitary response to estradiol and LHRH. Considerable variation in the gonadotropin content of randomized pituitary halves was observed. Much less variation was found in matched halves. During the initial thirty minutes incubation of pituitary halves, a large spontaneous release of gonadotropins was observed. Time course secretion studies indicated that by four hours incubation, in the presence of 50 ng/ml LHRH, cumulative secretion of LH and FSH had far exceeded that of controls. Elevations in both cumulative secretion and rate of secretion were evident within 15-30 minutes of incubation. Regardless of LHRH dose, only 2-4% of either gonadotropin was secreted. Estradiol in the range of 10, 100, 500, 1,000 and 50,000 pg/ml had no significant effect on pituitary response to LHRH or on basal release, tissue levels or total gonadotropin. Based on these results, it was concluded that while the pituitary-half incubation system may be suitable for studying LHRH induced gonadotropin secretion, it is apparently of insufficient sensitivity to allow the collection of meaningful data concerning the effects of estradiol alone on gonadotropin secretion or estradiol modulation of LHRH induced gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Evaluation of in vitro incubation systems for the study of gonadotropin release. A detailed study was undertaken in order to determine if a pituitary-half incubation system were a suitable model for the study of anterior pituitary response to estradiol and LHRH. Considerable variation in the gonadotropin content of randomized pituitary halves was observed. Much less variation was found in matched halves. During the initial thirty minutes incubation of pituitary halves, a large spontaneous release of gonadotropins was observed. Time course secretion studies indicated that by four hours incubation, in the presence of 50 ng/ml LHRH, cumulative secretion of LH and FSH had far exceeded that of controls. Elevations in both cumulative secretion and rate of secretion were evident within 15-30 minutes of incubation. Regardless of LHRH dose, only 2-4% of either gonadotropin was secreted. Estradiol in the range of 10, 100, 500, 1,000 and 50,000 pg/ml had no significant effect on pituitary response to LHRH or on basal release, tissue levels or total gonadotropin. Based on these results, it was concluded that while the pituitary-half incubation system may be suitable for studying LHRH induced gonadotropin secretion, it is apparently of insufficient sensitivity to allow the collection of meaningful data concerning the effects of estradiol alone on gonadotropin secretion or estradiol modulation of LHRH induced gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 385298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6965", "title": "Bombesin stimulates the release of insulin and glucagon, but not pancreatic somatostatin, from the isolated perfused dog pancreas.", "content": "Synthetic bombesin, perfused in the isolated canine pancreas at a rate of 340-380 ng/min for 10 min, elicited a 4-fold rise in insulin to a peak at 2 min; a rapid decline followed discontinuation of bombesin. Glucagon rose by 50% to a peak at 6 min, but remained elevated after discontinuation of the bombesin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was not significantly affected by perfusion with bombesin.", "contents": "Bombesin stimulates the release of insulin and glucagon, but not pancreatic somatostatin, from the isolated perfused dog pancreas. Synthetic bombesin, perfused in the isolated canine pancreas at a rate of 340-380 ng/min for 10 min, elicited a 4-fold rise in insulin to a peak at 2 min; a rapid decline followed discontinuation of bombesin. Glucagon rose by 50% to a peak at 6 min, but remained elevated after discontinuation of the bombesin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was not significantly affected by perfusion with bombesin.", "PMID": 385299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6966", "title": "Mode of gonadotropin secretion in infantile female rats and the role of estrogen in feedback regulation.", "content": "The temporal aspects of gonadotropin release were studied in infantile (14-day-old) female rats. Blood samples were collected using vena cava cannulae at 10-, 15-, 20-, or 30-min intervals and assayed for either LH alone or for both LH and FSH. Within individual animals, blood LH levels exhibited a degree of variability suggestive of a pulsatile release of the hormone. Wide fluctuations in circulating FSH were also observed, indicating that FSH might also be secreted in a pulsatile manner. Peak values for both gonadotropins were 2- to 5-fold higher than baseline levels. The majority of pups exhibited a nonrhythmic release of hormones. In some animals, LH and FSH appeared to be secreted in a temporally coincident manner. Administration of LHRH to cannulated pups evoked a simultaneous discharge of both gonadotropins. To determine whether endogenous 17 beta-estradiol (E2) plays a physiological role in the control of LH secretion in infantile rats, circulating LH levels were monitored in cannulated pups which had been treated twice daily with anti-E2 serum for 4 days. Passive immunization to E2 did not affect pulsatile LH  secretion. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that in infantile female rats, LH is secreted in a pulsatile manner which is independent of E2 feedback regulation.", "contents": "Mode of gonadotropin secretion in infantile female rats and the role of estrogen in feedback regulation. The temporal aspects of gonadotropin release were studied in infantile (14-day-old) female rats. Blood samples were collected using vena cava cannulae at 10-, 15-, 20-, or 30-min intervals and assayed for either LH alone or for both LH and FSH. Within individual animals, blood LH levels exhibited a degree of variability suggestive of a pulsatile release of the hormone. Wide fluctuations in circulating FSH were also observed, indicating that FSH might also be secreted in a pulsatile manner. Peak values for both gonadotropins were 2- to 5-fold higher than baseline levels. The majority of pups exhibited a nonrhythmic release of hormones. In some animals, LH and FSH appeared to be secreted in a temporally coincident manner. Administration of LHRH to cannulated pups evoked a simultaneous discharge of both gonadotropins. To determine whether endogenous 17 beta-estradiol (E2) plays a physiological role in the control of LH secretion in infantile rats, circulating LH levels were monitored in cannulated pups which had been treated twice daily with anti-E2 serum for 4 days. Passive immunization to E2 did not affect pulsatile LH  secretion. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that in infantile female rats, LH is secreted in a pulsatile manner which is independent of E2 feedback regulation.", "PMID": 385300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6967", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of an energy-dependent process in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release by rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "The involvement of an energy-dependent process in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-(GnRH) stimulated LH release in the anterior pituitary has been examined. Inhibitors of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation inhibited stimulation by GnRH of LH release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Iodoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH release, and this inhibition was not overcome by the addition of pyruvate. Similarly carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, and sodium azide, an inhibitor of electron transport, decreased ATP levels, enhanced lactate accumulation, and inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH release. These studies demonstrate that inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation with metabolic inhibitors lead to inhibition of GnRH-stimulated LH release. Based on these results, it is postulated that GnRH-stimuoated LH release is dependent on an energy-dependent process.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of an energy-dependent process in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release by rat anterior pituitary. The involvement of an energy-dependent process in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-(GnRH) stimulated LH release in the anterior pituitary has been examined. Inhibitors of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation inhibited stimulation by GnRH of LH release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Iodoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH release, and this inhibition was not overcome by the addition of pyruvate. Similarly carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, and sodium azide, an inhibitor of electron transport, decreased ATP levels, enhanced lactate accumulation, and inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH release. These studies demonstrate that inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation with metabolic inhibitors lead to inhibition of GnRH-stimulated LH release. Based on these results, it is postulated that GnRH-stimuoated LH release is dependent on an energy-dependent process.", "PMID": 385302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6968", "title": "Chronic effects of [D-Trp6,Pro9-NEt]luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the male rat.", "content": "Chronic administration of a potent LRF agonist, [D-Trp6,Pro9-NEt]LFR (A), to intact adult male rats induced a dose-related decrease in testicular and accessory organ weights, diminished production of testosterone (T), and disrupted tubular morphology, indicative of suppression of spermatogenesis. Transient elevations of plasma progesterone levels and a marked reduction of PRL secretion were also observed in A-treated rats. The effects of A on testicular weights, T levels, and seminiferous tubule morphology were already apparent 3 days after the first injection. Administration of A was equally effective when administered daily or at 1- to 4-day intervals in lowering steroid levels and testicular weights. After a 1-week daily exposure to A, seminal vesicles and prostate weights as well as T levels returned to control values within 1--2 weeks. Testicular weights, however, were still depressed 4 weeks after cessation of treatment, and germinal epithelium was disrupted in 30--40% of the tubules. Measurement of T and LH plasma levels after each daily injection of A indicated a blunting of succeeding A-induced elevations of LH and T, which lasted up to 72 h after a single administration of A. The observation that cultured pituitary cells repeatedly exposed to A showed a similar blunting of LRF-induced LH elevation suggests that the decrease in pituitary responsiveness was not exclusively due to steroid feedback. Administration of T propionate to A-treated intact rats was unable to restore normal testicular weights and seminiferous tubule morphology, whereas in hypophysectomized rats, T propionate maintained qualitatively normal spermatogenesis even in the presence of A. These results coupled with the observation that high levels of hCG and PMS gonadotropin had effects similar to those of A on the tubular morphology of intact rats suggest the importance of pituitary secretion in mediating the deleterious effects of A on reproductive functions in the male rat.", "contents": "Chronic effects of [D-Trp6,Pro9-NEt]luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the male rat. Chronic administration of a potent LRF agonist, [D-Trp6,Pro9-NEt]LFR (A), to intact adult male rats induced a dose-related decrease in testicular and accessory organ weights, diminished production of testosterone (T), and disrupted tubular morphology, indicative of suppression of spermatogenesis. Transient elevations of plasma progesterone levels and a marked reduction of PRL secretion were also observed in A-treated rats. The effects of A on testicular weights, T levels, and seminiferous tubule morphology were already apparent 3 days after the first injection. Administration of A was equally effective when administered daily or at 1- to 4-day intervals in lowering steroid levels and testicular weights. After a 1-week daily exposure to A, seminal vesicles and prostate weights as well as T levels returned to control values within 1--2 weeks. Testicular weights, however, were still depressed 4 weeks after cessation of treatment, and germinal epithelium was disrupted in 30--40% of the tubules. Measurement of T and LH plasma levels after each daily injection of A indicated a blunting of succeeding A-induced elevations of LH and T, which lasted up to 72 h after a single administration of A. The observation that cultured pituitary cells repeatedly exposed to A showed a similar blunting of LRF-induced LH elevation suggests that the decrease in pituitary responsiveness was not exclusively due to steroid feedback. Administration of T propionate to A-treated intact rats was unable to restore normal testicular weights and seminiferous tubule morphology, whereas in hypophysectomized rats, T propionate maintained qualitatively normal spermatogenesis even in the presence of A. These results coupled with the observation that high levels of hCG and PMS gonadotropin had effects similar to those of A on the tubular morphology of intact rats suggest the importance of pituitary secretion in mediating the deleterious effects of A on reproductive functions in the male rat.", "PMID": 385303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6969", "title": "Pentosephosphate shunt activity of rat pancreatic islets: its dependence on glucose concentration.", "content": "Although several attempts have been made to establish a relationship between glucose concentration and pentosephosphate shunt (PPS) activity of pancreatic islets in vitro, no such relationship has been found. Recently it has been shown that exogenous insulin, when added in vitro, inhibited islet PPS activity. Since it was possible that the failure to detect such a relationship was due to insulin released into the incubation medium, we reinvestigated the subject, introducing GPAIS (guinea pig antiinsulin serum) to bind insulin in the medium. When five islets were incubated with 16.7 mM glucose for 90 min, the absolute rate as well as the percentage of islet PPS activity were found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the presence of GPAIS than in its absence. In the presence of GPAIS, the absolute rate and the percentage of islet PPS activity increased in a dose-related manner (18, 43, and 124 pmol/five islets.90 min and 2.3%, 3.2%, 9.4%, respectively) when the glucose concentration was raised from 5.6 to 11.1 and 16.7 mM. Our data, therefore, indicate that the activity of islet PPS activity in vitro depends on the concentration of glucose, provided that insulin does not accumulate in the incubation medium. This suggests that PPS activity might play a role in glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, whether the PPS contributes to the secretory mechanism by producing a signal for insulin secretion or by forming cofactors required by the secretory mechanism remains to be established.", "contents": "Pentosephosphate shunt activity of rat pancreatic islets: its dependence on glucose concentration. Although several attempts have been made to establish a relationship between glucose concentration and pentosephosphate shunt (PPS) activity of pancreatic islets in vitro, no such relationship has been found. Recently it has been shown that exogenous insulin, when added in vitro, inhibited islet PPS activity. Since it was possible that the failure to detect such a relationship was due to insulin released into the incubation medium, we reinvestigated the subject, introducing GPAIS (guinea pig antiinsulin serum) to bind insulin in the medium. When five islets were incubated with 16.7 mM glucose for 90 min, the absolute rate as well as the percentage of islet PPS activity were found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the presence of GPAIS than in its absence. In the presence of GPAIS, the absolute rate and the percentage of islet PPS activity increased in a dose-related manner (18, 43, and 124 pmol/five islets.90 min and 2.3%, 3.2%, 9.4%, respectively) when the glucose concentration was raised from 5.6 to 11.1 and 16.7 mM. Our data, therefore, indicate that the activity of islet PPS activity in vitro depends on the concentration of glucose, provided that insulin does not accumulate in the incubation medium. This suggests that PPS activity might play a role in glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, whether the PPS contributes to the secretory mechanism by producing a signal for insulin secretion or by forming cofactors required by the secretory mechanism remains to be established.", "PMID": 385305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6970", "title": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses: aetiological studies: responses to intradermal and inhalation antigenic challenge.", "content": "Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus were identified as common causes of respiratory hypersensitivity in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rye grass pollen and an Actinomycete evoked respiratory allergy in a few horses. Not infrequently, individual horses were found to have respiratory hypersensitivity to two or more antigens. The methods used to examine for allergy were intradermal testing and inhalation challenge with environmental antigens. An intradermal test using an M faeni extract was demonstrated to be suitable for diagnostic use in horses previously accurately diagnosed as suffering from COPD. In contrast, the A fumigatus antigen used proved unsatisfactory for such a purpose. Skin reaction to M faeni and A fumigatus extracts by horses affected with COPD indicated that the hypersensitivity was a dual one--a weak response shortly after injection followed by an Arthus-like response 4 to 8 hours later. As a parameter for monitoring responses to inhalation challenge, maximum intrathoracic pressure change (max delta Ppl) proved satisfactory, whereas changes in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) did not.", "contents": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses: aetiological studies: responses to intradermal and inhalation antigenic challenge. Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus were identified as common causes of respiratory hypersensitivity in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rye grass pollen and an Actinomycete evoked respiratory allergy in a few horses. Not infrequently, individual horses were found to have respiratory hypersensitivity to two or more antigens. The methods used to examine for allergy were intradermal testing and inhalation challenge with environmental antigens. An intradermal test using an M faeni extract was demonstrated to be suitable for diagnostic use in horses previously accurately diagnosed as suffering from COPD. In contrast, the A fumigatus antigen used proved unsatisfactory for such a purpose. Skin reaction to M faeni and A fumigatus extracts by horses affected with COPD indicated that the hypersensitivity was a dual one--a weak response shortly after injection followed by an Arthus-like response 4 to 8 hours later. As a parameter for monitoring responses to inhalation challenge, maximum intrathoracic pressure change (max delta Ppl) proved satisfactory, whereas changes in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) did not.", "PMID": 385306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6971", "title": "50-S subunit from Escherichia coli ribosomes. Isolation of active ribosomal proteins and protein complexes.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of highly purified proteins from the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. All the proteins from the large subunit could be isolated with the exception of L14, L26, L31 and L34. The isolated proteins are functionally active in reconstituted particles. The method consists of successive NH4Cl/EtOH and LiCl washing steps, which split off distinct groups of proteins from the ribosome. The protein groups are further separated by a combination of gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) and ion-exchange chromatography (carboxymethylcellulose) in the presence of 6 M urea, at neutral pH and 4 degrees C. The purity of the proteins was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition, ten protein complexes were isolated and identified.", "contents": "50-S subunit from Escherichia coli ribosomes. Isolation of active ribosomal proteins and protein complexes. A method is described for the isolation of highly purified proteins from the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. All the proteins from the large subunit could be isolated with the exception of L14, L26, L31 and L34. The isolated proteins are functionally active in reconstituted particles. The method consists of successive NH4Cl/EtOH and LiCl washing steps, which split off distinct groups of proteins from the ribosome. The protein groups are further separated by a combination of gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) and ion-exchange chromatography (carboxymethylcellulose) in the presence of 6 M urea, at neutral pH and 4 degrees C. The purity of the proteins was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition, ten protein complexes were isolated and identified.", "PMID": 385308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6972", "title": "The binding of non-cognate Tyr-tRNATyr to poly(uridylic acid)-programmed Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The poly(U)-dependent binding of Tyr-tRNATyr to Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied using a highly purified system. Binding is maximal at 10 mM magnesium acetate (up to 0.7 molecule Tyr-tRNATyr/ribosome), and requires the presence of elongation factor (EF) T (a mixture of EF-Ts and EF-Tu), GTP, NH4+ ions and an aminoglycoside antibiotic (streptomycin, neomycin B, kanamycin B or gentamicin C1a). Under limiting and up to saturating concentrations of EF-T, one molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed per molecule of Tyr-tRNATyr bound, suggesting that 'proof-reading' mechanisms involving the hydrolysis of GTP are inoperative in the presence of the antibiotics. Binding of Tyr-tRNATyr apparently takes place at the ribosomal acceptor site, since peptide bonds are readily formed with N-acetyl-Phe-tRNA prebound to the ribosomal donor site. In contrast to Phe-tRNAPhe binding, Tyr-tRNATyr binding is impaired by the omission of the 50-S subunit, the replacement of GTP by its non-hydrolyzable analogs guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate and guanyl-5'-yl iminodiphosphonate, and also by the presence of the antibiotic streptogramin A. This suggests that the correct interaction of Tyr-tRNATyr with the peptidyl transferase centre is essential for the stability of this ligand on the ribosome. Moreover, the aminoglycoside antibiotics are also necessary, even after the binding reaction is complete, to maintain Tyr-tRNATyr on the ribosome.", "contents": "The binding of non-cognate Tyr-tRNATyr to poly(uridylic acid)-programmed Escherichia coli ribosomes. The poly(U)-dependent binding of Tyr-tRNATyr to Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied using a highly purified system. Binding is maximal at 10 mM magnesium acetate (up to 0.7 molecule Tyr-tRNATyr/ribosome), and requires the presence of elongation factor (EF) T (a mixture of EF-Ts and EF-Tu), GTP, NH4+ ions and an aminoglycoside antibiotic (streptomycin, neomycin B, kanamycin B or gentamicin C1a). Under limiting and up to saturating concentrations of EF-T, one molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed per molecule of Tyr-tRNATyr bound, suggesting that 'proof-reading' mechanisms involving the hydrolysis of GTP are inoperative in the presence of the antibiotics. Binding of Tyr-tRNATyr apparently takes place at the ribosomal acceptor site, since peptide bonds are readily formed with N-acetyl-Phe-tRNA prebound to the ribosomal donor site. In contrast to Phe-tRNAPhe binding, Tyr-tRNATyr binding is impaired by the omission of the 50-S subunit, the replacement of GTP by its non-hydrolyzable analogs guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate and guanyl-5'-yl iminodiphosphonate, and also by the presence of the antibiotic streptogramin A. This suggests that the correct interaction of Tyr-tRNATyr with the peptidyl transferase centre is essential for the stability of this ligand on the ribosome. Moreover, the aminoglycoside antibiotics are also necessary, even after the binding reaction is complete, to maintain Tyr-tRNATyr on the ribosome.", "PMID": 385309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6973", "title": "Lack of correlation between affinity of the tRNA for the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and aminoacylation capacity as studied with modified tRNAPhe.", "content": "The interactions of several modified yeast tRNAPhe [tRNAPhe lacking 7-methylguanine; a fragment comprising about 3/4 of the whole molecule: tRNAPhe (18--76); tRNAPhe (18--76) lacking 7-methylguanine] with yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase were studied. Upon excision of the 5'-quarter of the tRNAPhe molecule, the residual fragment still tightly binds to the synthetase, but can no longer by aminoacylated. Surprisingly, upon removal of the 7-methylguanine base at position 46 in this fragment, althought the affinity drops by a factor 10, a significant aminoacylation is restored. These results are discussed in terms of molecular flexibility and a model is proposed for tRNA-enzyme interaction, involving multisite recognition.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between affinity of the tRNA for the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and aminoacylation capacity as studied with modified tRNAPhe. The interactions of several modified yeast tRNAPhe [tRNAPhe lacking 7-methylguanine; a fragment comprising about 3/4 of the whole molecule: tRNAPhe (18--76); tRNAPhe (18--76) lacking 7-methylguanine] with yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase were studied. Upon excision of the 5'-quarter of the tRNAPhe molecule, the residual fragment still tightly binds to the synthetase, but can no longer by aminoacylated. Surprisingly, upon removal of the 7-methylguanine base at position 46 in this fragment, althought the affinity drops by a factor 10, a significant aminoacylation is restored. These results are discussed in terms of molecular flexibility and a model is proposed for tRNA-enzyme interaction, involving multisite recognition.", "PMID": 385310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6974", "title": "Irreversible inactivation of pyruvate decarboxylase in the presence of substrate and an oxidant. An example of paracatalytic enzyme inactivation.", "content": "Pyruvate decarboxylase from yeast is progressively inactivated in the presence of pyruvate and an extrinsic oxidant such as 2,6-dichloroindophenol or hexacyanoferrate(III). The inactivation is linked to the oxidation of the hydroxyethylthiamine diphosphate intermediate to acetate. Removal of low-molecular compounds by gel filtration does not reactivate the enzyme. The rate of inactivation obeys saturation kinetics with respect to substrate concentration and is independent of enzyme concentration. In analogy to the paracatalytic inactivation of other enzymes forming oxidizable carbanion intermediates [Christen, P. (1977) Methods Enzymol.46, 48--54], the oxidation of enzyme-bound hydroxyethylthiamine diphosphate is thought to generate a transiently reactive intermediate which, without being released from the enzyme, covalently modifies a group at or near the active site. Reconstitution experiments indicate that the protein rather than the coenzyme moiety is modified.", "contents": "Irreversible inactivation of pyruvate decarboxylase in the presence of substrate and an oxidant. An example of paracatalytic enzyme inactivation. Pyruvate decarboxylase from yeast is progressively inactivated in the presence of pyruvate and an extrinsic oxidant such as 2,6-dichloroindophenol or hexacyanoferrate(III). The inactivation is linked to the oxidation of the hydroxyethylthiamine diphosphate intermediate to acetate. Removal of low-molecular compounds by gel filtration does not reactivate the enzyme. The rate of inactivation obeys saturation kinetics with respect to substrate concentration and is independent of enzyme concentration. In analogy to the paracatalytic inactivation of other enzymes forming oxidizable carbanion intermediates [Christen, P. (1977) Methods Enzymol.46, 48--54], the oxidation of enzyme-bound hydroxyethylthiamine diphosphate is thought to generate a transiently reactive intermediate which, without being released from the enzyme, covalently modifies a group at or near the active site. Reconstitution experiments indicate that the protein rather than the coenzyme moiety is modified.", "PMID": 385313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6975", "title": "Studies on a proteinase B mutant of yeast.", "content": "Yeast mutant lacking proteinase B activity have been isolated [Wolf, D. H. and Ehmann, C. (1978) FEBS Lett. 92, 121--124]. One of these mutants (HP232) is characterized in detail. Absence of the vacuolar localized enzyme is confirmed by checking for proteinase B activity in isolated mutant vacuoles. Defective proteinase B activity segregates 2:2 in meiotic tetrads. The mutation is shown to be recessive. Mutant proteinase B activity is not only absent against the synthetic substrate. Azocoll, but also against the physiological substrate pre-chitin synthetase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The mutant shows normal vegetative growth, a phenomenon not consistent with the idea that proteinase B might be the activating principle of chitin synthetase zymogen in vivo. Fluorescence microscopy shows normal chitin insertion. Enzymes underlying carbon-catabolite inactivation in wild-type cells (a mechanism proposed to be possibly triggered by proteinase B) such as cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and isocitrate lyase, are inactivated also in the mutant. NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, which is found to be inactivated in glucose-starved wild-type cells, proceeds normally in the mutant. Mutant cells show more than 40% reduced protein degradation under starvation conditions. Sporulating diploids, homozygous for proteinase B absence, also exhibit an approximately 40% reduced protein degradation as compared to homozygous wild-type diploids or diploids heterozygous for the mutant gene. The time of the appearance of the first ascospores of diploid cells, homozygous for proteinase B deficiency, is delayed about 50% and sporulation frequency is reduced to about the same extent as compared to homozygous wild-type diploids or diploids heterozygous for the mutant gene.", "contents": "Studies on a proteinase B mutant of yeast. Yeast mutant lacking proteinase B activity have been isolated [Wolf, D. H. and Ehmann, C. (1978) FEBS Lett. 92, 121--124]. One of these mutants (HP232) is characterized in detail. Absence of the vacuolar localized enzyme is confirmed by checking for proteinase B activity in isolated mutant vacuoles. Defective proteinase B activity segregates 2:2 in meiotic tetrads. The mutation is shown to be recessive. Mutant proteinase B activity is not only absent against the synthetic substrate. Azocoll, but also against the physiological substrate pre-chitin synthetase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The mutant shows normal vegetative growth, a phenomenon not consistent with the idea that proteinase B might be the activating principle of chitin synthetase zymogen in vivo. Fluorescence microscopy shows normal chitin insertion. Enzymes underlying carbon-catabolite inactivation in wild-type cells (a mechanism proposed to be possibly triggered by proteinase B) such as cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and isocitrate lyase, are inactivated also in the mutant. NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, which is found to be inactivated in glucose-starved wild-type cells, proceeds normally in the mutant. Mutant cells show more than 40% reduced protein degradation under starvation conditions. Sporulating diploids, homozygous for proteinase B absence, also exhibit an approximately 40% reduced protein degradation as compared to homozygous wild-type diploids or diploids heterozygous for the mutant gene. The time of the appearance of the first ascospores of diploid cells, homozygous for proteinase B deficiency, is delayed about 50% and sporulation frequency is reduced to about the same extent as compared to homozygous wild-type diploids or diploids heterozygous for the mutant gene.", "PMID": 385314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6976", "title": "Protein . nucleic-acid reaction kinetics. Theoretical analysis of the binding reaction between DNA and RNA polymerase.", "content": "This paper presents methods developed in order to analyze experimental results concerning the binding of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to DNA at high and at low DNA concentrations, using the filter retention assay. The basis hypotheses, under which the mathematical expressions for describing the kinetics of binding are derived, are as follows. (a) At low DNA concentration: equivalence and independence of the specific binding sites; first-order dependence of the binding reaction on both DNA and protein concentration. (b) At high DNA concentration: equivalence and independence of the non-specific binding sites; no direct transfer or one-dimensional sliding of the protein along the DNA. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results at high DNA concentration will allow one to determine the relative value of the rates of binding of RNA polymerase to different promoters (between 1 and 2 in T5 DNA). Binding experiments performed at low DNA concentration are reported in this paper: these results and the analysis which is reported allow one to determine the value of the rate constant of formation of non-filterable complexes for the system fd DNA (replicative form) . RNA-polymerase (kappa a = 3.3 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 in 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M MgCl2).", "contents": "Protein . nucleic-acid reaction kinetics. Theoretical analysis of the binding reaction between DNA and RNA polymerase. This paper presents methods developed in order to analyze experimental results concerning the binding of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to DNA at high and at low DNA concentrations, using the filter retention assay. The basis hypotheses, under which the mathematical expressions for describing the kinetics of binding are derived, are as follows. (a) At low DNA concentration: equivalence and independence of the specific binding sites; first-order dependence of the binding reaction on both DNA and protein concentration. (b) At high DNA concentration: equivalence and independence of the non-specific binding sites; no direct transfer or one-dimensional sliding of the protein along the DNA. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results at high DNA concentration will allow one to determine the relative value of the rates of binding of RNA polymerase to different promoters (between 1 and 2 in T5 DNA). Binding experiments performed at low DNA concentration are reported in this paper: these results and the analysis which is reported allow one to determine the value of the rate constant of formation of non-filterable complexes for the system fd DNA (replicative form) . RNA-polymerase (kappa a = 3.3 X 10(8) M-1 s-1 in 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M MgCl2).", "PMID": 385315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6977", "title": "Reconstitution of active 30-S ribosomal subunits in vitro using heat-denatured 16-S rRNA.", "content": "30-S ribosomal subunits which have been reconstituted using heat-denatured 16-S rRNA can participate in the synthesis of lysosyme in vitro. Therefore all the information contributed by 16-S rRNA to the reconstitution process is carried in the primary sequence of this RNA. The specific protein-synthesizing activity of 30-S subunits reconstituted from 30-S subunit proteins and heat-denatured 16-S rRNA is about one third of that observed if unheated 16-S rRNA is used and is comparable to the activity of 30-S particles isolated after dissociation of 70-S ribosomes in the presence of 0.1 mM Mg2+.", "contents": "Reconstitution of active 30-S ribosomal subunits in vitro using heat-denatured 16-S rRNA. 30-S ribosomal subunits which have been reconstituted using heat-denatured 16-S rRNA can participate in the synthesis of lysosyme in vitro. Therefore all the information contributed by 16-S rRNA to the reconstitution process is carried in the primary sequence of this RNA. The specific protein-synthesizing activity of 30-S subunits reconstituted from 30-S subunit proteins and heat-denatured 16-S rRNA is about one third of that observed if unheated 16-S rRNA is used and is comparable to the activity of 30-S particles isolated after dissociation of 70-S ribosomes in the presence of 0.1 mM Mg2+.", "PMID": 385316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6978", "title": "Isolation of plasmid-protein complexes from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of complexes between pMB9 plasmids and protein from Escherichia coli which are stable during centrifugation on sucrose gradients and are not destroyed in the presence of competitor DNA. The proteins in these complexes have been analysed by dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only 10 polypeptide species are found in significant quantities, many of which are bound to both the plasmid and host DNA. We have also detected the presence of one protein which binds to a specific DNA sequence inserted in the plasmid.", "contents": "Isolation of plasmid-protein complexes from Escherichia coli. A procedure is described for the isolation of complexes between pMB9 plasmids and protein from Escherichia coli which are stable during centrifugation on sucrose gradients and are not destroyed in the presence of competitor DNA. The proteins in these complexes have been analysed by dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only 10 polypeptide species are found in significant quantities, many of which are bound to both the plasmid and host DNA. We have also detected the presence of one protein which binds to a specific DNA sequence inserted in the plasmid.", "PMID": 385318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6979", "title": "On the binding of tRNA to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "The fixation of tRNA to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been investigated. Bound and free tRNA have been separated and quantified after filtration through cellulose nitrate filters, centrifugation or sucrose gradients or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. We detect no differences between the fixation of E. coli fMet-tRNAfMet, Met-tRNAmMet or uncharged unfractionated tRNA to RNA polymerase. Tight complexes, with a long residence time, are formed between core enzyme and tRNA with a dissociation constant of less than 1 nM. Complexes exist between tRNA and both monomer and dimer forms of the core enzyme. In the monomer complex, one tRNA is bound per alpha 2 beta beta' unit, whereas in the dimer complex only 0.5 tRNA molecule is fixed per alpha 2 beta beta' unit. In contrast to the core enzyme, very little tRNA fixes tightly to the holoenzyme at salt concentrations greater than 80 mM. At lower salt concentrations tRNA fixation results in a loss of sigma subunit from the holo enzyme to the resulting core enzyme where it binds tightly. DNA fixation reduces the binding of tRNA to RNA polymerase and tRNA fixation reduces the binding of DNA. However, binding of DNA to polymerase is not competitive with binding of tRNA, and ternary complexes between RNA polymerase, DNA and tRNA are shown to exist. Our results are discussed in relation to other studies concerning the effects of tRNA upon RNA polymerase.", "contents": "On the binding of tRNA to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The fixation of tRNA to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been investigated. Bound and free tRNA have been separated and quantified after filtration through cellulose nitrate filters, centrifugation or sucrose gradients or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. We detect no differences between the fixation of E. coli fMet-tRNAfMet, Met-tRNAmMet or uncharged unfractionated tRNA to RNA polymerase. Tight complexes, with a long residence time, are formed between core enzyme and tRNA with a dissociation constant of less than 1 nM. Complexes exist between tRNA and both monomer and dimer forms of the core enzyme. In the monomer complex, one tRNA is bound per alpha 2 beta beta' unit, whereas in the dimer complex only 0.5 tRNA molecule is fixed per alpha 2 beta beta' unit. In contrast to the core enzyme, very little tRNA fixes tightly to the holoenzyme at salt concentrations greater than 80 mM. At lower salt concentrations tRNA fixation results in a loss of sigma subunit from the holo enzyme to the resulting core enzyme where it binds tightly. DNA fixation reduces the binding of tRNA to RNA polymerase and tRNA fixation reduces the binding of DNA. However, binding of DNA to polymerase is not competitive with binding of tRNA, and ternary complexes between RNA polymerase, DNA and tRNA are shown to exist. Our results are discussed in relation to other studies concerning the effects of tRNA upon RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 385319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6980", "title": "Iron supply of Escherichia coli with polymer-bound ferricrocin.", "content": "Uptake of ferric iron from ferricrocin was studied in Escherichia coli using a polymer-coupled ferricrocin that was unable to penetrate into the cell. Ferricrocinyl polyethylene glycol succinate (Mr 7000 -- 8500) promoted growth of E. coli K-12 AB2847 aroB under iron-limiting conditions. In iron-starved cells, uptake of 55Fe could be demonstrated; the amount of iron accumulated amounted to 10% of that observed with free ferricrocin. The iron supply by ferricrocin bound to polyethylene glycol was strictly dependent upon the functions expressed by the tonA and the tonB genes, as was the iron uptake promoted by free ferricrocin. Polymer-bound ferricrocin protected cells against colicin M and phage T5 by competition for the common tonA-coded outer membrane receptor protein. In addition, the rate of iron transport via the negatively charged ferricrocinyl succinate was as fast as via the neutral ferricrocin molecule. No ligand was found associated with the cells. Penetration of chelator beyond receptor is not necessary for siderophore-mediated iron uptake. It is concluded that sufficient amounts of iron can be released from the polymer complex to satisfy growth requirements.", "contents": "Iron supply of Escherichia coli with polymer-bound ferricrocin. Uptake of ferric iron from ferricrocin was studied in Escherichia coli using a polymer-coupled ferricrocin that was unable to penetrate into the cell. Ferricrocinyl polyethylene glycol succinate (Mr 7000 -- 8500) promoted growth of E. coli K-12 AB2847 aroB under iron-limiting conditions. In iron-starved cells, uptake of 55Fe could be demonstrated; the amount of iron accumulated amounted to 10% of that observed with free ferricrocin. The iron supply by ferricrocin bound to polyethylene glycol was strictly dependent upon the functions expressed by the tonA and the tonB genes, as was the iron uptake promoted by free ferricrocin. Polymer-bound ferricrocin protected cells against colicin M and phage T5 by competition for the common tonA-coded outer membrane receptor protein. In addition, the rate of iron transport via the negatively charged ferricrocinyl succinate was as fast as via the neutral ferricrocin molecule. No ligand was found associated with the cells. Penetration of chelator beyond receptor is not necessary for siderophore-mediated iron uptake. It is concluded that sufficient amounts of iron can be released from the polymer complex to satisfy growth requirements.", "PMID": 385320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6981", "title": "Intermediate-sized filaments present in Sertoli cells are of the vimentin type.", "content": "The cytoplasmic structure of Sertoli cells of rat testes has been studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Sertoli cells contain numerous intermediate-sized (7-11 nm) filaments which form a meshwork extending throughout the whole cytoplasm. Often the frequency of such filaments appears especially high in juxtanuclear and cortical regions, including the apical recesses containing the spermatids. Examination of frozen sections of testes by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using guinea pig antibodies to prekeratin and vimentin has shown the absence of intermediate-sized filaments of the cytokeratin type in all cells of the testes but the presence of filaments of the vimentin type in Sertoli cells as well as in cells of the interstitial space. These results show that the intermediate-sized filaments, abundant in Sertoli cells, are of the vimentin type. In addition we conclude that the \"germ epithelium\" differs from others true epithelia by the absence of cytokeratin filaments and typical desmosomes and, in Sertoli cells, the presence of vimentin filaments, suggestive of a mesenchymal character or derivation.", "contents": "Intermediate-sized filaments present in Sertoli cells are of the vimentin type. The cytoplasmic structure of Sertoli cells of rat testes has been studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Sertoli cells contain numerous intermediate-sized (7-11 nm) filaments which form a meshwork extending throughout the whole cytoplasm. Often the frequency of such filaments appears especially high in juxtanuclear and cortical regions, including the apical recesses containing the spermatids. Examination of frozen sections of testes by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using guinea pig antibodies to prekeratin and vimentin has shown the absence of intermediate-sized filaments of the cytokeratin type in all cells of the testes but the presence of filaments of the vimentin type in Sertoli cells as well as in cells of the interstitial space. These results show that the intermediate-sized filaments, abundant in Sertoli cells, are of the vimentin type. In addition we conclude that the \"germ epithelium\" differs from others true epithelia by the absence of cytokeratin filaments and typical desmosomes and, in Sertoli cells, the presence of vimentin filaments, suggestive of a mesenchymal character or derivation.", "PMID": 385322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6982", "title": "Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease: analysis of EEG and evoked potentials under basal conditions and neuroactive drugs.", "content": "EEG and evoked potential (EP) recordings of a female (aged 70) affected with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (JCD) are reported. A comparison of neurophysiological tests under basal conditions and pharmacological stimulation with methylphenidate, diazepam and piracetam was performed. Diazepam and methylphenidate produced a flattening of triphasic complexes and changes in background activity; piracetam did not seem to influence the abnormal brain bioelectrical environment. The authors conclude that EEG and EP abnormalities in JCD can be ascribed to two separate and interacting sources: (1) exaggerated massive excitatory input coming from a deep thalamic pace-maker throughout the diffuse projecting system, and (2) lack of inhibitory intracortical mechanisms.", "contents": "Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease: analysis of EEG and evoked potentials under basal conditions and neuroactive drugs. EEG and evoked potential (EP) recordings of a female (aged 70) affected with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (JCD) are reported. A comparison of neurophysiological tests under basal conditions and pharmacological stimulation with methylphenidate, diazepam and piracetam was performed. Diazepam and methylphenidate produced a flattening of triphasic complexes and changes in background activity; piracetam did not seem to influence the abnormal brain bioelectrical environment. The authors conclude that EEG and EP abnormalities in JCD can be ascribed to two separate and interacting sources: (1) exaggerated massive excitatory input coming from a deep thalamic pace-maker throughout the diffuse projecting system, and (2) lack of inhibitory intracortical mechanisms.", "PMID": 385323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6983", "title": "Cardiac output distribution after left colon anastomosis in the rat.", "content": "Resection and anastomosis of the left colon result in an aysmmetric breakdown of preexisting collagen in the colonic wall during the first days of healing. Suture technique influences this reaction. To study the regional blood flow in the colon after resection and anastomosis a tracer microsphere technique was used for determination of the cardiac output distribution in four groups of rats: unoperated and sham-operated controls and rats with left colon anastomosis sutured either by continuous or interrupted sutures. There were no differences in the organ distribution of caridac output between unoperated and sham-operated controls. Left colon resection and anastomosis led to an increased regional blood flow in the colon, which was most marked proximal to the anastomosis and furthermore more pronounced in animals with anastomosis made of continuous suture than in those made of interrupted sutures. Further, resection and anastomosis resulted in an increased cardiac output distribution to the visceral organs. The visceral increase was most pronounced in animals with continuous suture. This increase was predominantly observed in the kidneys and in the colon. The latter is interpreted as being due to an increased metabolic demand induced by resection and anastomosis.", "contents": "Cardiac output distribution after left colon anastomosis in the rat. Resection and anastomosis of the left colon result in an aysmmetric breakdown of preexisting collagen in the colonic wall during the first days of healing. Suture technique influences this reaction. To study the regional blood flow in the colon after resection and anastomosis a tracer microsphere technique was used for determination of the cardiac output distribution in four groups of rats: unoperated and sham-operated controls and rats with left colon anastomosis sutured either by continuous or interrupted sutures. There were no differences in the organ distribution of caridac output between unoperated and sham-operated controls. Left colon resection and anastomosis led to an increased regional blood flow in the colon, which was most marked proximal to the anastomosis and furthermore more pronounced in animals with anastomosis made of continuous suture than in those made of interrupted sutures. Further, resection and anastomosis resulted in an increased cardiac output distribution to the visceral organs. The visceral increase was most pronounced in animals with continuous suture. This increase was predominantly observed in the kidneys and in the colon. The latter is interpreted as being due to an increased metabolic demand induced by resection and anastomosis.", "PMID": 385324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6984", "title": "Controlled blocking of hepatic artery flow with enzymatically degradable microspheres combined with oncolytic drugs.", "content": "A new method for intermittent hepatic arterial flow arrest has been used in combination with intraarterial 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) for the treatment of secondary liver neoplasms in 12 patients. Polysaccharide microspheres with a half-life of 1 h were infused together with 5-Fu via a percutaneously introduced catheter into the hepatic artery. There were no significant side effects to the treatment. Clinical effects and overall survival were comparable to those of hepatic artery ligation.", "contents": "Controlled blocking of hepatic artery flow with enzymatically degradable microspheres combined with oncolytic drugs. A new method for intermittent hepatic arterial flow arrest has been used in combination with intraarterial 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) for the treatment of secondary liver neoplasms in 12 patients. Polysaccharide microspheres with a half-life of 1 h were infused together with 5-Fu via a percutaneously introduced catheter into the hepatic artery. There were no significant side effects to the treatment. Clinical effects and overall survival were comparable to those of hepatic artery ligation.", "PMID": 385325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6985", "title": "Platelet-activating factor and macrophages. I. Evidence for the release from rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages and not from mastocytes.", "content": "Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator of anaphylaxis, released from basophils of several mammalian species, that aggregates platelets and releases their vasoactive amines. The ionophore A23 187 induced the release of PAF from rat and mouse peritoneal cells, a mixed cell population that was fractionated using 5--15% Ficoll gradients and adherence to plastic petri dishes. PAF was associated with large, acid phosphatase-containing, adherent mononuclear cells. Mastocytes did not release PAF but released histamine by the action of ionophore or 48/80; they could not be held responsible for inactivation of PAF or inhibition of the PAF-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that, besides blood basophils, peritoneal macrophages are a likely source for PAF, a result that adds a new important function to the macrophage:aggregation of platelets and liberation of their inflammatory and vasoactive substances.", "contents": "Platelet-activating factor and macrophages. I. Evidence for the release from rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages and not from mastocytes. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator of anaphylaxis, released from basophils of several mammalian species, that aggregates platelets and releases their vasoactive amines. The ionophore A23 187 induced the release of PAF from rat and mouse peritoneal cells, a mixed cell population that was fractionated using 5--15% Ficoll gradients and adherence to plastic petri dishes. PAF was associated with large, acid phosphatase-containing, adherent mononuclear cells. Mastocytes did not release PAF but released histamine by the action of ionophore or 48/80; they could not be held responsible for inactivation of PAF or inhibition of the PAF-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that, besides blood basophils, peritoneal macrophages are a likely source for PAF, a result that adds a new important function to the macrophage:aggregation of platelets and liberation of their inflammatory and vasoactive substances.", "PMID": 385330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6986", "title": "Hypotensive and renovascular actions of 6-keto-prostaglandin E1, a metabolite of prostacyclin.", "content": "Either intra-aortic or intravenous injections of a stable prostaglandin metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 (6-keto-PGE1), caused similar dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and reductions in renovascular resistance in the anesthetized rat. The threshold dose was 0.3 microgram/kg. A maximum hypotensive effect occured at 10 micrograms/kg, but renal blood flow was further reduced by a dose of 30 microgram/kg. 6-keto-PGE1, like prostacyclin, could be a circulating hormone.", "contents": "Hypotensive and renovascular actions of 6-keto-prostaglandin E1, a metabolite of prostacyclin. Either intra-aortic or intravenous injections of a stable prostaglandin metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 (6-keto-PGE1), caused similar dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and reductions in renovascular resistance in the anesthetized rat. The threshold dose was 0.3 microgram/kg. A maximum hypotensive effect occured at 10 micrograms/kg, but renal blood flow was further reduced by a dose of 30 microgram/kg. 6-keto-PGE1, like prostacyclin, could be a circulating hormone.", "PMID": 385331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6987", "title": "The effects of captopril (SQ 14,225) on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in the anesthetized guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of captopril (SQ 14,225) a potent inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE: kininase II) on the bronchoconstrictor response to bradykinin was studied in the anesthetized guinea pig. The i.v. administration of captopril caused a profound long lasting hypotension without affecting pulmonary resistance or dynamic compliance. Similarly, the i.v. administration of bradykinin caused small increases in pulmonary resistance and decreases in dynamic compliance which were not altered by the administration of captopril. However, after beta-receptor blockade with propranolol, bradykinin-induced changes in resistance and compliance were enhanced; additional captopril administration further potentiated the bradykinin effects. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin antagonized the bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in beta-blocked animals and its potentiation by captopril. In the isolated perfused guinea pig lung, bradykinin caused a dose dependent release of a prostaglandin-like substance which was significantly increased by captopril and antagonized by indomethacin. These results suggest that bradykinin causes a prostaglandin-mediated bronchoconstriction. Captopril, a potent inhibitor of ACE, prevents the degradation of bradykinin thus potentiating the bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction, an effect observed in intact animals only in the absence of pulmonary beta-receptor activation.", "contents": "The effects of captopril (SQ 14,225) on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in the anesthetized guinea pig. The effect of captopril (SQ 14,225) a potent inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE: kininase II) on the bronchoconstrictor response to bradykinin was studied in the anesthetized guinea pig. The i.v. administration of captopril caused a profound long lasting hypotension without affecting pulmonary resistance or dynamic compliance. Similarly, the i.v. administration of bradykinin caused small increases in pulmonary resistance and decreases in dynamic compliance which were not altered by the administration of captopril. However, after beta-receptor blockade with propranolol, bradykinin-induced changes in resistance and compliance were enhanced; additional captopril administration further potentiated the bradykinin effects. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin antagonized the bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in beta-blocked animals and its potentiation by captopril. In the isolated perfused guinea pig lung, bradykinin caused a dose dependent release of a prostaglandin-like substance which was significantly increased by captopril and antagonized by indomethacin. These results suggest that bradykinin causes a prostaglandin-mediated bronchoconstriction. Captopril, a potent inhibitor of ACE, prevents the degradation of bradykinin thus potentiating the bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction, an effect observed in intact animals only in the absence of pulmonary beta-receptor activation.", "PMID": 385332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6988", "title": "Electroanatomy of tectal efferent connections related to eye movements in the horizontal plane.", "content": "1. Excitatory and inhibitory oligosynaptic pathways from the superior colliculus (CS) to ocular motoneurons engaged in horizontal eye movements were investigated in cats using acute and chronic brain stem transections in combination with intracellular recordings. 2. Isolation of the medial ponto-bulbar tegmentum from vestibular nuclei and adjacent lateral tegmental structures did not impair short-latency EPSPs and IPSPs induced by collicular stimulation in lateral rectus motoneurons (LR-MNs). On the contrary, responses were enhanced after chronic de-efferentation of vestibular nuclei. This suggests compensatory synaptic rearrangement in the tecto-reticulo-abducens pathways. 3. Midsagittal mesencephalic transections eliminated not only crossed excitatory but also ipsilateral inhibitory CS action on LR-MNs indicating that underlying pathways undergo decussation within the midbrain. 4. Midsagittal transections at different pontine and bulbar levels were performed to locate the second decussation of the inhibitory pathway. Ipsilateral IPSPs were eliminated only by deep lesions extending for about 1.5 mm rostral and caudal to the 6th nuclei. 5. Investigation of medial rectus motoneurons (MR-MNs) revealed two types of excitatory responses to CS-stimulation: (a) di- or trisynaptic EPSPs characterized by a fast rising phase and pronounced frequency potentiation; (b) slowly rising EPSPs displaying little or no frequency potentiation. 'Fast' EPSPs were abolished by all types of pontine lesions interrupting transmission through the contralateral 'abducens region' and may thus be relayed by internuclear neurons within or adjacent to the 6th nucleus. 'Slow' EPSPs persisted after transverse sections at midpontine and rostral pontine levels. 6. The trajectory of tectofugal inhibitory pathway to MR-MNs could not be followed due to a marked suppression of IPSPs under pentobarbital anesthesia. Persistence of IPSPs in LR-MNs under same conditions indicated that reciprocal inhibition of LR- and MR-MNs is mediated by different populations of inhibitory interneurons.", "contents": "Electroanatomy of tectal efferent connections related to eye movements in the horizontal plane. 1. Excitatory and inhibitory oligosynaptic pathways from the superior colliculus (CS) to ocular motoneurons engaged in horizontal eye movements were investigated in cats using acute and chronic brain stem transections in combination with intracellular recordings. 2. Isolation of the medial ponto-bulbar tegmentum from vestibular nuclei and adjacent lateral tegmental structures did not impair short-latency EPSPs and IPSPs induced by collicular stimulation in lateral rectus motoneurons (LR-MNs). On the contrary, responses were enhanced after chronic de-efferentation of vestibular nuclei. This suggests compensatory synaptic rearrangement in the tecto-reticulo-abducens pathways. 3. Midsagittal mesencephalic transections eliminated not only crossed excitatory but also ipsilateral inhibitory CS action on LR-MNs indicating that underlying pathways undergo decussation within the midbrain. 4. Midsagittal transections at different pontine and bulbar levels were performed to locate the second decussation of the inhibitory pathway. Ipsilateral IPSPs were eliminated only by deep lesions extending for about 1.5 mm rostral and caudal to the 6th nuclei. 5. Investigation of medial rectus motoneurons (MR-MNs) revealed two types of excitatory responses to CS-stimulation: (a) di- or trisynaptic EPSPs characterized by a fast rising phase and pronounced frequency potentiation; (b) slowly rising EPSPs displaying little or no frequency potentiation. 'Fast' EPSPs were abolished by all types of pontine lesions interrupting transmission through the contralateral 'abducens region' and may thus be relayed by internuclear neurons within or adjacent to the 6th nucleus. 'Slow' EPSPs persisted after transverse sections at midpontine and rostral pontine levels. 6. The trajectory of tectofugal inhibitory pathway to MR-MNs could not be followed due to a marked suppression of IPSPs under pentobarbital anesthesia. Persistence of IPSPs in LR-MNs under same conditions indicated that reciprocal inhibition of LR- and MR-MNs is mediated by different populations of inhibitory interneurons.", "PMID": 385333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6989", "title": "Septo-hippocampal connections and the hippocampal theta rhythm.", "content": "Recordings were made of spontaneous hippocampal theta activity in free-moving rats, before and after a variety of lesions. Three recording sites were used to monitor activity in the dorsal hippocampus, the ventral hippocampus, or close to the site of the hippocampal flexure. Electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal area or the dorso-lateral septal area; surgical transections were made of the fimbria or dorso-medial area of the fornix. Following lesions restricted to the medial septal area, theta was abolished throughout the hippocampus; after lesions restricted to the dorso-lateral septal area theta was retained. Fimbria lesions abolished it in the dorsal, but not the ventral, hippocampus. In some subjects the hippocampal formation was subsequently stained for cholinesterase: cholinesterase staining loss was generally associated with theta loss, but this was not clear at the flexure recording site. It was confirmed that theta is dependent upon the integrity of the medial septal area. It was concluded that damage to hippocampal afferents from the septum does abolish theta, while damaging the feedback efferents does not.", "contents": "Septo-hippocampal connections and the hippocampal theta rhythm. Recordings were made of spontaneous hippocampal theta activity in free-moving rats, before and after a variety of lesions. Three recording sites were used to monitor activity in the dorsal hippocampus, the ventral hippocampus, or close to the site of the hippocampal flexure. Electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal area or the dorso-lateral septal area; surgical transections were made of the fimbria or dorso-medial area of the fornix. Following lesions restricted to the medial septal area, theta was abolished throughout the hippocampus; after lesions restricted to the dorso-lateral septal area theta was retained. Fimbria lesions abolished it in the dorsal, but not the ventral, hippocampus. In some subjects the hippocampal formation was subsequently stained for cholinesterase: cholinesterase staining loss was generally associated with theta loss, but this was not clear at the flexure recording site. It was confirmed that theta is dependent upon the integrity of the medial septal area. It was concluded that damage to hippocampal afferents from the septum does abolish theta, while damaging the feedback efferents does not.", "PMID": 385334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6990", "title": "Studies on experimental ancylostomiasis: transfer of acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum in mice through sensitized thymus and bone marrow cells.", "content": "An attempt has been made to transfer acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum infective larvae from infected Swiss albino female mice to nonimmune, isologous recipients of same sex, through immunized thymus and bone marrow cells. Immunized cells from donors infected with a single high dose of 1000 larvae were found to be more immunocompetent than cells from donors infected with a single, but low dose of 500 larvae.", "contents": "Studies on experimental ancylostomiasis: transfer of acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum in mice through sensitized thymus and bone marrow cells. An attempt has been made to transfer acquired immunity to Ancylostoma caninum infective larvae from infected Swiss albino female mice to nonimmune, isologous recipients of same sex, through immunized thymus and bone marrow cells. Immunized cells from donors infected with a single high dose of 1000 larvae were found to be more immunocompetent than cells from donors infected with a single, but low dose of 500 larvae.", "PMID": 385336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6991", "title": "The home observation assessment method (HOAM): real-time naturalistic observation of families in their homes.", "content": "The Home Observation Assessment Method (HOAM) is a new method developed to carry out objective coding of family interaction over extended time periods in a home setting. It is a computer-compatible coding system that permits on-line data reduction of interactional variables emphasizing contextual and structural dimensions of family behavior. To date, the HOAM has been applied to the study of 31 families observed for a total of over 250 sessions. Initial analysis of data from these sessions indicates that coder reliability is high and that the HOAM successfully measures dimensions of family behavior independent of architectural aspects of the home setting. Preliminary findings also indicate that although families differ dramatically along the interactional dimensions measured by the HOAM, all families studied spent remarkably little time in decision-making behavior, suggesting that behavior in the home is predominantly \"maintenance-oriented.\"", "contents": "The home observation assessment method (HOAM): real-time naturalistic observation of families in their homes. The Home Observation Assessment Method (HOAM) is a new method developed to carry out objective coding of family interaction over extended time periods in a home setting. It is a computer-compatible coding system that permits on-line data reduction of interactional variables emphasizing contextual and structural dimensions of family behavior. To date, the HOAM has been applied to the study of 31 families observed for a total of over 250 sessions. Initial analysis of data from these sessions indicates that coder reliability is high and that the HOAM successfully measures dimensions of family behavior independent of architectural aspects of the home setting. Preliminary findings also indicate that although families differ dramatically along the interactional dimensions measured by the HOAM, all families studied spent remarkably little time in decision-making behavior, suggesting that behavior in the home is predominantly \"maintenance-oriented.\"", "PMID": 385337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6992", "title": "Participation of brain stimulation reward substrates in memory: anatomical and biochemical evidence.", "content": "On the basis of the pioneering leads provided by James Olds, brain stimulation reward has been shown to be a) derived from specific anatomical locations, b) influenced by psychotropic drugs, and c) functionally related to feeding behavior and sexual activity. These results recommend the view that it is worthwhile to understand, not necessarily the curious intracranial self-stimulation behavior itself, but the physiological function of the substrate revealed by the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) technique. I have suggested that certain components of the brain stimulation reward system may function as a memory consolidation system. In view of the biological specificity of brain reinforcement pathways, I suggest the hypothesis that activity in the mesocortical dopaminergic brain stimulation reward pathways participates in the memory consolidation process. Consequent to activity in such anatomical systems, phosphorylation of band F in the frontal cortex is altered. Thus, intracranial self-stimulation pathways are considered to play a role in memory formation by providing a biochemical residual following learning.", "contents": "Participation of brain stimulation reward substrates in memory: anatomical and biochemical evidence. On the basis of the pioneering leads provided by James Olds, brain stimulation reward has been shown to be a) derived from specific anatomical locations, b) influenced by psychotropic drugs, and c) functionally related to feeding behavior and sexual activity. These results recommend the view that it is worthwhile to understand, not necessarily the curious intracranial self-stimulation behavior itself, but the physiological function of the substrate revealed by the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) technique. I have suggested that certain components of the brain stimulation reward system may function as a memory consolidation system. In view of the biological specificity of brain reinforcement pathways, I suggest the hypothesis that activity in the mesocortical dopaminergic brain stimulation reward pathways participates in the memory consolidation process. Consequent to activity in such anatomical systems, phosphorylation of band F in the frontal cortex is altered. Thus, intracranial self-stimulation pathways are considered to play a role in memory formation by providing a biochemical residual following learning.", "PMID": 385350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6993", "title": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation and stimulation escape in relation to feeding and mating.", "content": "This review begins with James Olds' discovery that self-stimulation at various brain sites can be influenced by food intake or androgen treatment. It then describes our research designed to reveal the functional significance of self-stimulation. The evidence suggests that lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation is controlled by many of the same factors that control feeding. We believe this control is exerted by at least two neural mechanisms. One is the classical, medial hypothalamic satiety system. Another is an adrenergic system ascending from the midbrain to the lateral hypothalamus. Damage to either one can disinhibit self-stimulation and feeding, thus contributing to obesity. Some of our studies use rats with two electrodes, one that induces feeding and one that induces mating. There are two response levers in the test cage, one for self-stimulation and one for escape from automatic stimulation. With the feeding electrode, rats self-stimulated less and escaped more after a meal than before. The same shift occurred after an anorectic dose of insulin or the commercial appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine. With the sex electrode the shift from reward to aversion occurred after ejaculation. The review ends with credit to James Olds for pioneering this line of research into the neuropsychology of reinforcement.", "contents": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation and stimulation escape in relation to feeding and mating. This review begins with James Olds' discovery that self-stimulation at various brain sites can be influenced by food intake or androgen treatment. It then describes our research designed to reveal the functional significance of self-stimulation. The evidence suggests that lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation is controlled by many of the same factors that control feeding. We believe this control is exerted by at least two neural mechanisms. One is the classical, medial hypothalamic satiety system. Another is an adrenergic system ascending from the midbrain to the lateral hypothalamus. Damage to either one can disinhibit self-stimulation and feeding, thus contributing to obesity. Some of our studies use rats with two electrodes, one that induces feeding and one that induces mating. There are two response levers in the test cage, one for self-stimulation and one for escape from automatic stimulation. With the feeding electrode, rats self-stimulated less and escaped more after a meal than before. The same shift occurred after an anorectic dose of insulin or the commercial appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine. With the sex electrode the shift from reward to aversion occurred after ejaculation. The review ends with credit to James Olds for pioneering this line of research into the neuropsychology of reinforcement.", "PMID": 385351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6994", "title": "The significance of clinical assessment of brain tissue oxygenation in different pathological conditions: an overview.", "content": "The development of methods of measurement of brain oxygenation in man is reviewed and the possible clinical potential of some new and established laboratory techniques is evaluated. Advantages and problems associated with the various approaches are considered together with the difficulties that are encountered in interpretation of data obtained and the factors that may increase such difficulties. It is concluded that invasive techniques that can only be used intraoperatively are of limited value but may be helpful in confirming the edges of ischemic areas or the restoration of adequate local blood flow. Chronically implanted devices have been useful in detecting epileptic foci and in evaluation of anesthetic regimes in patients with brain lesions. Infrared spectroscopy may offer possibilities for noninvasive whole brain monitoring in patients, but the method lacks resolution.", "contents": "The significance of clinical assessment of brain tissue oxygenation in different pathological conditions: an overview. The development of methods of measurement of brain oxygenation in man is reviewed and the possible clinical potential of some new and established laboratory techniques is evaluated. Advantages and problems associated with the various approaches are considered together with the difficulties that are encountered in interpretation of data obtained and the factors that may increase such difficulties. It is concluded that invasive techniques that can only be used intraoperatively are of limited value but may be helpful in confirming the edges of ischemic areas or the restoration of adequate local blood flow. Chronically implanted devices have been useful in detecting epileptic foci and in evaluation of anesthetic regimes in patients with brain lesions. Infrared spectroscopy may offer possibilities for noninvasive whole brain monitoring in patients, but the method lacks resolution.", "PMID": 385352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6995", "title": "Prolonged amenorrhea and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Of 106 consecutive women referred for secondary amenorrhea of more than 1 year's duration, 65 were diagnosed as having functional amenorrhea. Of these 65, 29 had amenorrhea directly following discontinuation of oral contraceptives (OC group) and 36 had never used oral contraceptives (NOC group). There was no difference in the incidence of prior menstrual irregularity in either group. Similarly, there was no difference in the resting serum estrone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin levels between the OC and NOC groups. Nor was there a difference between the OC and NOC groups in response to medroxyprogesterone acetate, clomiphene citrate, or luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Of 106 patients, 17 were proven to have prolactinomas. Eight patients had a prior history of OC use, whereas nine did not. With the exception of elevated serum prolactin levels, there were no significant differences in biochemical tests or history of oral contraceptive use between the prolactinoma group and patients with prolonged \"functional\" amenorrhea (OC plus NOC groups). The lack of historical or biochemical difference between the OC and NOC subjects indicates homogeneity between groups, and does not support the existence of a \"postpill\" syndrome.", "contents": "Prolonged amenorrhea and oral contraceptives. Of 106 consecutive women referred for secondary amenorrhea of more than 1 year's duration, 65 were diagnosed as having functional amenorrhea. Of these 65, 29 had amenorrhea directly following discontinuation of oral contraceptives (OC group) and 36 had never used oral contraceptives (NOC group). There was no difference in the incidence of prior menstrual irregularity in either group. Similarly, there was no difference in the resting serum estrone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin levels between the OC and NOC groups. Nor was there a difference between the OC and NOC groups in response to medroxyprogesterone acetate, clomiphene citrate, or luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Of 106 patients, 17 were proven to have prolactinomas. Eight patients had a prior history of OC use, whereas nine did not. With the exception of elevated serum prolactin levels, there were no significant differences in biochemical tests or history of oral contraceptive use between the prolactinoma group and patients with prolonged \"functional\" amenorrhea (OC plus NOC groups). The lack of historical or biochemical difference between the OC and NOC subjects indicates homogeneity between groups, and does not support the existence of a \"postpill\" syndrome.", "PMID": 385358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6996", "title": "Extrahypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF): release of immunoreactive LRF in vitro.", "content": "The human placenta in vitro releases luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) which is immunologically indistinguishable from hypothalamic LRF. The release of LRF by placental tissue increased during the 4 days of culture and exceeded the original tissue content more than 5-fold. These data suggest that the human placenta may synthesize an LRF molecule immunologically identical with hypothalamic LRF.", "contents": "Extrahypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF): release of immunoreactive LRF in vitro. The human placenta in vitro releases luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) which is immunologically indistinguishable from hypothalamic LRF. The release of LRF by placental tissue increased during the 4 days of culture and exceeded the original tissue content more than 5-fold. These data suggest that the human placenta may synthesize an LRF molecule immunologically identical with hypothalamic LRF.", "PMID": 385360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6997", "title": "Effect of D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia.", "content": "Four men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia were tested with acute intravenous injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and D-leucine-6-LH-RH-ethylamide (D-L eu-6-LH-RH-EA) with a 1-week interval. Each patient was then treated with this drug for 60 days and tested again after this period with an intravenous injection of D-L eu-6-LH-RH-EA. The administration of LH-RH resulted in a significant increase in the LH level in only one patient and in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone increases in none. The analog D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA resulted in significant increases in LH levels in two patients, in FSH levels in three, and in testosterone levels in one. Results obtained after treatment were closely similar to those observed before treatment. Clinical improvement in terms of increased libido, erection, pubic hair growth, and testicular size was observed. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA could be useful in the treatment of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a possibility deserving further studies.", "contents": "Effect of D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Four men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia were tested with acute intravenous injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and D-leucine-6-LH-RH-ethylamide (D-L eu-6-LH-RH-EA) with a 1-week interval. Each patient was then treated with this drug for 60 days and tested again after this period with an intravenous injection of D-L eu-6-LH-RH-EA. The administration of LH-RH resulted in a significant increase in the LH level in only one patient and in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone increases in none. The analog D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA resulted in significant increases in LH levels in two patients, in FSH levels in three, and in testosterone levels in one. Results obtained after treatment were closely similar to those observed before treatment. Clinical improvement in terms of increased libido, erection, pubic hair growth, and testicular size was observed. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA could be useful in the treatment of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a possibility deserving further studies.", "PMID": 385362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6998", "title": "[Contribution of I. M. Sechenov to the development of respiratory physiology and biophysics].", "content": "Analysis of I. M. Sechenov's scientific heritage, of the data cited in his \"Autobiographic Notes\", and of his contemporaries' memoirs showed that problems of physiology and biophysics of respiration closely followed the problems of central nervous system and psychology in the scientist's creative work. The principle of resumed vacuum is shown to have major significance for extraction of the blood gases and invention of absorptiometer underlying further modifications of the model. I. M. Sechenov's studies in binding of CO2 by different blood components and saline solutions, in interrelationship of oxygen binding by erythrocytes and output of carbonic acid, in solubility of carbonic acid in water, as well as other problems studied by the eminent Russian physiologist, are reviewed.", "contents": "[Contribution of I. M. Sechenov to the development of respiratory physiology and biophysics]. Analysis of I. M. Sechenov's scientific heritage, of the data cited in his \"Autobiographic Notes\", and of his contemporaries' memoirs showed that problems of physiology and biophysics of respiration closely followed the problems of central nervous system and psychology in the scientist's creative work. The principle of resumed vacuum is shown to have major significance for extraction of the blood gases and invention of absorptiometer underlying further modifications of the model. I. M. Sechenov's studies in binding of CO2 by different blood components and saline solutions, in interrelationship of oxygen binding by erythrocytes and output of carbonic acid, in solubility of carbonic acid in water, as well as other problems studied by the eminent Russian physiologist, are reviewed.", "PMID": 385367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_6999", "title": "Technical aspects of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test in transplantation immunity.", "content": "Transplantation immunity against a product of the D-region of mouse H-2 gene complex was examined by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility assay. The results obtained with the MEM assay depended upon selection of the guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages used for measurements. The macrophages 16--20 micrometers in diameter and containing liquid paraffin droplets were best suited for electrophoretic mobility measurements. The cells, containing liquid paraffin droplets but smaller than 16 micrometers in diameter, were affected by lymphocyte-antigen interaction product(s) much less. The increasing antigen concentration resulted in a sharp rise of macrophage percentage slowing from zero but reached a plateau value. The critical number of lymph node cells for a significant response was not less than 10(5) cells and there was a direct relationship between the number of lymphocytes and the magnitude of the response.", "contents": "Technical aspects of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test in transplantation immunity. Transplantation immunity against a product of the D-region of mouse H-2 gene complex was examined by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility assay. The results obtained with the MEM assay depended upon selection of the guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages used for measurements. The macrophages 16--20 micrometers in diameter and containing liquid paraffin droplets were best suited for electrophoretic mobility measurements. The cells, containing liquid paraffin droplets but smaller than 16 micrometers in diameter, were affected by lymphocyte-antigen interaction product(s) much less. The increasing antigen concentration resulted in a sharp rise of macrophage percentage slowing from zero but reached a plateau value. The critical number of lymph node cells for a significant response was not less than 10(5) cells and there was a direct relationship between the number of lymphocytes and the magnitude of the response.", "PMID": 385372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7000", "title": "Decrease in the ability of bone marrow CFUs to produce macroscopic colonies of haematopoietic tissue in the spleens of partially irradiated young rats.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on Wistar rats aged from 3--5 weeks, in order to determine the repopulation capacity of bone marrow CFUs after total body and partial body irradiation. CFUs were derived either from the own marrow, or from bone marrow of isologous donors. In totally irradiated hosts, macroscopic spleen colonies were formed after transplantation of both autologous and isologous marrow cells, whereas no visible colonies were detectable in partially irradiated rats, in spite of an increased haematopoietic activity of the spleen and higher concentration of circulating CFUs. Intravenous application of trypsin resulted in an increase in the number of CFUs in peripheral blood in both intact and partially irradiated rats. CFUs derived from bone marrow of PBR rats form MSC only when transplanted into isologous TBR recipients, but not at autorepopulation. The possibility is discussed that a repressor is released from unirradiated bone marrow of young rats which inhibits the colony-forming capacity of migrating CFUs.", "contents": "Decrease in the ability of bone marrow CFUs to produce macroscopic colonies of haematopoietic tissue in the spleens of partially irradiated young rats. Experiments were carried out on Wistar rats aged from 3--5 weeks, in order to determine the repopulation capacity of bone marrow CFUs after total body and partial body irradiation. CFUs were derived either from the own marrow, or from bone marrow of isologous donors. In totally irradiated hosts, macroscopic spleen colonies were formed after transplantation of both autologous and isologous marrow cells, whereas no visible colonies were detectable in partially irradiated rats, in spite of an increased haematopoietic activity of the spleen and higher concentration of circulating CFUs. Intravenous application of trypsin resulted in an increase in the number of CFUs in peripheral blood in both intact and partially irradiated rats. CFUs derived from bone marrow of PBR rats form MSC only when transplanted into isologous TBR recipients, but not at autorepopulation. The possibility is discussed that a repressor is released from unirradiated bone marrow of young rats which inhibits the colony-forming capacity of migrating CFUs.", "PMID": 385373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7001", "title": "[Levuroses appearing in cases of severe burns].", "content": "The preconditions for the development of systemic mycoses, mainly levuroses, caused by opportunistic organisms are particularly favorable in the severely burned patients: on the one hand as a consequence of suppression of immunity, on the other hand by the overgrowth of these fungi in the digestive tract as a side-effect of the antibacterial chemotherapy which is necessary for the treatment of the original disease. Since such mycoses are usually very severe, mostly life endangering, their prophylaxis and early diagnosis are highly important. The aspects and measurements, most important in this connection, are discussed on the basis of our experience.", "contents": "[Levuroses appearing in cases of severe burns]. The preconditions for the development of systemic mycoses, mainly levuroses, caused by opportunistic organisms are particularly favorable in the severely burned patients: on the one hand as a consequence of suppression of immunity, on the other hand by the overgrowth of these fungi in the digestive tract as a side-effect of the antibacterial chemotherapy which is necessary for the treatment of the original disease. Since such mycoses are usually very severe, mostly life endangering, their prophylaxis and early diagnosis are highly important. The aspects and measurements, most important in this connection, are discussed on the basis of our experience.", "PMID": 385379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7002", "title": "[Actinomycetales in cutaneous pathology].", "content": "After discussing the classification of the Actinomycetales, the authors give a detailed description of the epidemiology and particularly of the clinical features of cutaneous diseases induced by genera such as Actinomyces, Norcardia and Streptomyces. Histopathological and immunological studies, together with laboratory and differential diagnostics, are also examined. In the last section, present therapeutic treatments are briefly outlined.", "contents": "[Actinomycetales in cutaneous pathology]. After discussing the classification of the Actinomycetales, the authors give a detailed description of the epidemiology and particularly of the clinical features of cutaneous diseases induced by genera such as Actinomyces, Norcardia and Streptomyces. Histopathological and immunological studies, together with laboratory and differential diagnostics, are also examined. In the last section, present therapeutic treatments are briefly outlined.", "PMID": 385380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7003", "title": "[Opportunistic fungi as producers of gray colonies and mycetomata].", "content": "Madurella grisea Mackinnon, Ferrada and Montemayor, 1949, is not the unique species that produces gray colonies and black-grained mycetomata. Perhaps, it is not one species, because its grains and colonies may be confounded with those of several species that can be distinguished through their fertile structures. I take this opportunity to compare some characters of Pyrenochaeta romeroi, Phoma-Phillosticta sp., Chaetosphaeronema larense, Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii, Plendomus avramii and of another aleurisopores Dematiacea with those assigned to Madurella grisea. The need is stressed for the search, the introduction and the divulgation of new methods fostering the formation of disseminating structures (pycnidospores in this case), in order to ensure the proper specification of the agent in every case of mycetoma.", "contents": "[Opportunistic fungi as producers of gray colonies and mycetomata]. Madurella grisea Mackinnon, Ferrada and Montemayor, 1949, is not the unique species that produces gray colonies and black-grained mycetomata. Perhaps, it is not one species, because its grains and colonies may be confounded with those of several species that can be distinguished through their fertile structures. I take this opportunity to compare some characters of Pyrenochaeta romeroi, Phoma-Phillosticta sp., Chaetosphaeronema larense, Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii, Plendomus avramii and of another aleurisopores Dematiacea with those assigned to Madurella grisea. The need is stressed for the search, the introduction and the divulgation of new methods fostering the formation of disseminating structures (pycnidospores in this case), in order to ensure the proper specification of the agent in every case of mycetoma.", "PMID": 385381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7004", "title": "[Fungal maxillary sinusitis].", "content": "Since 1969, 600 patients suffering from maxillary sinusitis have been systematically controlled clinically as well as mycologically. We discovered 81 cases of maxillary sinusitis (13,4%). Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans  were the most frequently isolated fungi. Three clinical forms could be distinguished: (1) a muco-purulent form (35 cases); (2) a budding and/or caseous form (22 cases), and (3) a pseudotumoral form (24 cases). 42 patients treated with a 1% econazol (base) solution were healed.", "contents": "[Fungal maxillary sinusitis]. Since 1969, 600 patients suffering from maxillary sinusitis have been systematically controlled clinically as well as mycologically. We discovered 81 cases of maxillary sinusitis (13,4%). Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans  were the most frequently isolated fungi. Three clinical forms could be distinguished: (1) a muco-purulent form (35 cases); (2) a budding and/or caseous form (22 cases), and (3) a pseudotumoral form (24 cases). 42 patients treated with a 1% econazol (base) solution were healed.", "PMID": 385382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7005", "title": "[Experimental aspergillosis in mice].", "content": "The experimentally induced aspergillosis of mice is discussed as a useful parameter for the screening of new antimycotics. There are important differences between this test model and aspergillus infections in humans. Mice must be infected intravenously with more than 10(6) spores of Aspergillus fumigatus to provoke multiple abscess formation in the kidneys which induces an acute, lethal course of infection. Intratracheal administration of 2 x 10(6) spores did not evoke any symptoms. The therapeutic efficacy of several antimycotics was examined; amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine and BAY h 4364--as the only imidazole-derivative--proved to be effective.", "contents": "[Experimental aspergillosis in mice]. The experimentally induced aspergillosis of mice is discussed as a useful parameter for the screening of new antimycotics. There are important differences between this test model and aspergillus infections in humans. Mice must be infected intravenously with more than 10(6) spores of Aspergillus fumigatus to provoke multiple abscess formation in the kidneys which induces an acute, lethal course of infection. Intratracheal administration of 2 x 10(6) spores did not evoke any symptoms. The therapeutic efficacy of several antimycotics was examined; amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine and BAY h 4364--as the only imidazole-derivative--proved to be effective.", "PMID": 385383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7006", "title": "[Recent progress in immunologic technics for the diagnosis of systemic mycoses].", "content": "The new immunological techniques used for the diagnosis of systemic mycoses are very specific. Purified antigens are now available and new methods allow the detection of various classes of specific antibodies. Precipitation tests, such as bidimensional electrophoresis and electroimmunodiffusion, are compared with passive agglutination tests; radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassays are analyzed. The value and utilization of cellular immunity and various other tests are discussed.", "contents": "[Recent progress in immunologic technics for the diagnosis of systemic mycoses]. The new immunological techniques used for the diagnosis of systemic mycoses are very specific. Purified antigens are now available and new methods allow the detection of various classes of specific antibodies. Precipitation tests, such as bidimensional electrophoresis and electroimmunodiffusion, are compared with passive agglutination tests; radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassays are analyzed. The value and utilization of cellular immunity and various other tests are discussed.", "PMID": 385384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7007", "title": "[Enzyme cytochemical and immunocytological differentiation of infiltrative cells in the skin in mycosis fungoides].", "content": "In 4 patients with mycosis fungoides in the praemycotic, infiltrative and tumour stage of the disease, a differentiation and functional characterization of the infiltrate cells, obtained from cell suspensions and cutaneous smears, was carried out by means of enzyme cytochemical and immunological methods. The lymphocyte-associated acid esterase is considered to be a marker for mature T-cell populations. Apart from monocytes and histiocytes, acid esterase-positive small lymphocytoid cells with T-cell properties are found in the praenycotic stage. In the tumour stage, large lymphocytoid cells become increasingly prevalent, they show no acid esterase activity, but an intracytoplasmatic-localized reaction in the acid phosphatase activity. On the basis of the cytochemical pattern, it is assumed that these cells represent proliferating lymphoblasts.", "contents": "[Enzyme cytochemical and immunocytological differentiation of infiltrative cells in the skin in mycosis fungoides]. In 4 patients with mycosis fungoides in the praemycotic, infiltrative and tumour stage of the disease, a differentiation and functional characterization of the infiltrate cells, obtained from cell suspensions and cutaneous smears, was carried out by means of enzyme cytochemical and immunological methods. The lymphocyte-associated acid esterase is considered to be a marker for mature T-cell populations. Apart from monocytes and histiocytes, acid esterase-positive small lymphocytoid cells with T-cell properties are found in the praenycotic stage. In the tumour stage, large lymphocytoid cells become increasingly prevalent, they show no acid esterase activity, but an intracytoplasmatic-localized reaction in the acid phosphatase activity. On the basis of the cytochemical pattern, it is assumed that these cells represent proliferating lymphoblasts.", "PMID": 385385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7008", "title": "Clinical trial of Debrisan in superficial ulceration.", "content": "A total of thirty cases of sacral ana leg uleration, burns, and infected sinuses were treated with Debrisan in glycerine (4/1 v/v), after removal of adherent necrotic tissue surgically. The preparation was effective in cleansing the wound, in most cases reducing the bacterial colonization, and lessening the local inflammation and oedema. Production of healthy granulation tissue resulted and the lesions healed faster than expected. One-third of the lesions failed to respond to treatment, and the reasons for this are discussed. With some patient selection, this preparation proved to be valuable in the treatment of superficial ulcers and surgical wounds, in those lesions with sufficient exudate to enable Debrisan to act.", "contents": "Clinical trial of Debrisan in superficial ulceration. A total of thirty cases of sacral ana leg uleration, burns, and infected sinuses were treated with Debrisan in glycerine (4/1 v/v), after removal of adherent necrotic tissue surgically. The preparation was effective in cleansing the wound, in most cases reducing the bacterial colonization, and lessening the local inflammation and oedema. Production of healthy granulation tissue resulted and the lesions healed faster than expected. One-third of the lesions failed to respond to treatment, and the reasons for this are discussed. With some patient selection, this preparation proved to be valuable in the treatment of superficial ulcers and surgical wounds, in those lesions with sufficient exudate to enable Debrisan to act.", "PMID": 385397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7009", "title": "A comparative clinical trial of diflunisal and ibuprofen in the control of pain in osteoarthritis.", "content": "A randomized double-blind study in ambulatory patients with osteoarthritis of hip and/or knee was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of diflunisal 500 mg daily with ibuprofen 1200 mg daily, and a period of 8 weeks. Thirty-five patients participated in the study. The results revealed no significant differences between the treatment groups with regard to the efficacy parameters.", "contents": "A comparative clinical trial of diflunisal and ibuprofen in the control of pain in osteoarthritis. A randomized double-blind study in ambulatory patients with osteoarthritis of hip and/or knee was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of diflunisal 500 mg daily with ibuprofen 1200 mg daily, and a period of 8 weeks. Thirty-five patients participated in the study. The results revealed no significant differences between the treatment groups with regard to the efficacy parameters.", "PMID": 385398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7010", "title": "A controlled comparative trial of mianserin and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety states in psychiatric out-patients.", "content": "Forty psychiatric out-patients with primary anxiety entered a double-blind trial comparing 2 weeks of treatment with mianserin 30--60 mg daily or diazepam 15--30 mg daily, followed by 2 weeks of single-blind placebo administration. Both drugs were effective anti-anxiety agents, but mianserin was significantly superior in efficacy as measured by the Physician's Global Rating of Severity of Illness. No differences between treatments were apparent using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. There was no significant differences in terms of side-effects and both drugs increased anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation over baseline values. With one exception in the mianserin group, all patients who entered placebo treatment became worse.", "contents": "A controlled comparative trial of mianserin and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety states in psychiatric out-patients. Forty psychiatric out-patients with primary anxiety entered a double-blind trial comparing 2 weeks of treatment with mianserin 30--60 mg daily or diazepam 15--30 mg daily, followed by 2 weeks of single-blind placebo administration. Both drugs were effective anti-anxiety agents, but mianserin was significantly superior in efficacy as measured by the Physician's Global Rating of Severity of Illness. No differences between treatments were apparent using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. There was no significant differences in terms of side-effects and both drugs increased anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation over baseline values. With one exception in the mianserin group, all patients who entered placebo treatment became worse.", "PMID": 385399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7011", "title": "A placebo controlled, double-blind evaluation of levamisole in the reduction of the frequency, duration and severity of attacks in children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.", "content": "In a double-blind placebo controlled study of levamisole in the treatment of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (URI) eighty-six patients took part. Medication was given once a week, in a single body-weight adjusted dose. The children treated with levamisole had a statistically significantly reduced incidence of episodes of infection which were severe, less prolonged and required less antibiotics. No side-effects were reported.", "contents": "A placebo controlled, double-blind evaluation of levamisole in the reduction of the frequency, duration and severity of attacks in children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. In a double-blind placebo controlled study of levamisole in the treatment of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (URI) eighty-six patients took part. Medication was given once a week, in a single body-weight adjusted dose. The children treated with levamisole had a statistically significantly reduced incidence of episodes of infection which were severe, less prolonged and required less antibiotics. No side-effects were reported.", "PMID": 385400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7012", "title": "The clinical effect of ketotifen in bronchial asthma.", "content": "A therapeutical trial using ketotifen, a prophylactic agent for the long-term treatment of bronchial asthma, was undertaken. Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 33 years and suffering from bronchial asthma for six months to 20 years (mean 8.6 years) were treated for three months. Ketotifen demonstrated good results in alleviating the impact of the disease on the asthmatic patient. The lowering of the frequency of asthmatic attacks, their duration and the degree of dyspnoea was accompanied by a normalization of lung function parameters. An analysis of further respiratory investigations showed that the best results are to be obtained in the uncomplicated asthmatic. The need for the prophylactic treatment of asthma with an agent such as ketotifen is stressed, as only in this way can irreversible changes be prevented.", "contents": "The clinical effect of ketotifen in bronchial asthma. A therapeutical trial using ketotifen, a prophylactic agent for the long-term treatment of bronchial asthma, was undertaken. Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 33 years and suffering from bronchial asthma for six months to 20 years (mean 8.6 years) were treated for three months. Ketotifen demonstrated good results in alleviating the impact of the disease on the asthmatic patient. The lowering of the frequency of asthmatic attacks, their duration and the degree of dyspnoea was accompanied by a normalization of lung function parameters. An analysis of further respiratory investigations showed that the best results are to be obtained in the uncomplicated asthmatic. The need for the prophylactic treatment of asthma with an agent such as ketotifen is stressed, as only in this way can irreversible changes be prevented.", "PMID": 385401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7013", "title": "Injectable depot corticosteroid therapy in hay fever.", "content": "Forty-two patients with stable hay fever were treated with injections of long-acting corticosteroids. They were randomly assigned to either 2 ml of betamethasone dipropionate + betamethasone phosphate (Diprospan) or 2 ml of methylprednisolone acetate (Depomedrol). Eye and nose symptoms were evaluated according to a four-step scale of weekly intervals. Both steroids were highly efficacious in reducing the symptoms with maximal effect one week after injection and slow diminution during subsequent weeks. However, Diprospan showed a significantly better effect than Depomedrol on all symptoms. It is concluded that depot injectable formulations of corticosteroids are a useful therapeutical alternative in hay fever.", "contents": "Injectable depot corticosteroid therapy in hay fever. Forty-two patients with stable hay fever were treated with injections of long-acting corticosteroids. They were randomly assigned to either 2 ml of betamethasone dipropionate + betamethasone phosphate (Diprospan) or 2 ml of methylprednisolone acetate (Depomedrol). Eye and nose symptoms were evaluated according to a four-step scale of weekly intervals. Both steroids were highly efficacious in reducing the symptoms with maximal effect one week after injection and slow diminution during subsequent weeks. However, Diprospan showed a significantly better effect than Depomedrol on all symptoms. It is concluded that depot injectable formulations of corticosteroids are a useful therapeutical alternative in hay fever.", "PMID": 385402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7014", "title": "Appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas.", "content": "The gestational time of appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas was examined. Immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) is detected in antral, duodenal and pancreatic extracts of a 7.0-cm (crown-heel length) fetus. More IRG is extracted from the duodenum than the antrum. Duodenal IRG concentration from fetuses of 16.0--26.0 cm are higher than younger fetal and adult concentrations. Antral IRG concentrations are one tenth of the adult contents. Very small IRG concentrations are present in the human fetal pancreas. Gastrin immunohistochemical staining is positive first in duodenal (6.5-cm fetus) and later in antral (12.5-cm fetus) mucosa; pancreatic tissue is negative for gastrin immunohistochemistry. Type IV cells are encountered in antral and duodenal mucosa of 4.0-cm fetuses; other endocrine cells appear with fetal growth. Not until much later in gestation (21.0 cm) do typical G cells appear. These results suggest that early in fetal life gastrin is produced by the type IV cell. Somatostatin immunohistochemical staining is positive in stomach, duodenum and pancreas in 6.5-cm fetuses. Immature D cells are found in antral and duodenal mucosa of 5.0-cm fetuses and mature D cells in 11.0-cm fetuses.", "contents": "Appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas. The gestational time of appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas was examined. Immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) is detected in antral, duodenal and pancreatic extracts of a 7.0-cm (crown-heel length) fetus. More IRG is extracted from the duodenum than the antrum. Duodenal IRG concentration from fetuses of 16.0--26.0 cm are higher than younger fetal and adult concentrations. Antral IRG concentrations are one tenth of the adult contents. Very small IRG concentrations are present in the human fetal pancreas. Gastrin immunohistochemical staining is positive first in duodenal (6.5-cm fetus) and later in antral (12.5-cm fetus) mucosa; pancreatic tissue is negative for gastrin immunohistochemistry. Type IV cells are encountered in antral and duodenal mucosa of 4.0-cm fetuses; other endocrine cells appear with fetal growth. Not until much later in gestation (21.0 cm) do typical G cells appear. These results suggest that early in fetal life gastrin is produced by the type IV cell. Somatostatin immunohistochemical staining is positive in stomach, duodenum and pancreas in 6.5-cm fetuses. Immature D cells are found in antral and duodenal mucosa of 5.0-cm fetuses and mature D cells in 11.0-cm fetuses.", "PMID": 385403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7015", "title": "Effect of 2-deoxyglucose on [32P] phosphate and insulin release from perifused rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "The effect of 2-deoxyglucose on glucose mediated insulin and [32P]phosphate release was studied by perifusion of isolated rat pancreatic islets. When islets were perifused with media containing 2.8 mmol/l glucose and 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for 60 minutes and then exposed to media containing 8.3 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose and 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for the next 15 minutes, insulin release at either glucose concentration was prompt but blunted. Similarly, islets preincubated (90 min) with [32P] orthophosphate, then perifused with 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for 75 min and stimulated by either 8.3 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose for the final 15 minutes or 2-deoxyglucose exposure demonstrated obtundation of [32P]phosphate release. Perifusion of islets with 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose alone induced no heightened 32P efflux. These studies suggest that 2-deoxyglucose affects initial events in stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose mediated insulin release.", "contents": "Effect of 2-deoxyglucose on [32P] phosphate and insulin release from perifused rat pancreatic islets. The effect of 2-deoxyglucose on glucose mediated insulin and [32P]phosphate release was studied by perifusion of isolated rat pancreatic islets. When islets were perifused with media containing 2.8 mmol/l glucose and 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for 60 minutes and then exposed to media containing 8.3 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose and 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for the next 15 minutes, insulin release at either glucose concentration was prompt but blunted. Similarly, islets preincubated (90 min) with [32P] orthophosphate, then perifused with 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose for 75 min and stimulated by either 8.3 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose for the final 15 minutes or 2-deoxyglucose exposure demonstrated obtundation of [32P]phosphate release. Perifusion of islets with 20 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose alone induced no heightened 32P efflux. These studies suggest that 2-deoxyglucose affects initial events in stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose mediated insulin release.", "PMID": 385404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7016", "title": "Interactions of alpha-ketoisocaproate, glucose and arginine in the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The effects of alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC, 10 mmol/l) on glucagon and insulin release were studied in the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. The experiments were performed at low glucose concentration (3.3 mmol/l) in the absence or presence of arginine (10 mmol/l). In all the experiments KIC induced a marked and not rapidly reversible inhibition of glucagon release. This inhibition was more pronounced in the absence (76 percent) than presence of arginine (61 percent). These inhibitory patterns closely duplicated those which were seen in parallel experiments which included a rise in the concentration of glucose (from 3.3 to 11.1 mmol/l). KIC was also a potent stimulator of insulin release. The results are compatible with the view that the intracellular metabolism of KIC and glucose plays an essential role in the regulation of glucagon release by exogenous substrates.", "contents": "Interactions of alpha-ketoisocaproate, glucose and arginine in the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the perfused rat pancreas. The effects of alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC, 10 mmol/l) on glucagon and insulin release were studied in the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. The experiments were performed at low glucose concentration (3.3 mmol/l) in the absence or presence of arginine (10 mmol/l). In all the experiments KIC induced a marked and not rapidly reversible inhibition of glucagon release. This inhibition was more pronounced in the absence (76 percent) than presence of arginine (61 percent). These inhibitory patterns closely duplicated those which were seen in parallel experiments which included a rise in the concentration of glucose (from 3.3 to 11.1 mmol/l). KIC was also a potent stimulator of insulin release. The results are compatible with the view that the intracellular metabolism of KIC and glucose plays an essential role in the regulation of glucagon release by exogenous substrates.", "PMID": 385405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7017", "title": "Early functional and morphologic vascular renal consequences of the diabetic state.", "content": "Renal hyperfunction and hypertrophy are characteristic findings in the early diabetic state, both in diabetes mellitus and in experimental diabetes. A number of structure-function relationships and their likely mechanisms are discussed. The metabolically induced hypertrophy of glomerular capillaries possibly plays a central role. Its cause is not known, but recent results on its time-course emphasize the probable long-term consequences of the irreversibility of the accumulation of basement membrane material.", "contents": "Early functional and morphologic vascular renal consequences of the diabetic state. Renal hyperfunction and hypertrophy are characteristic findings in the early diabetic state, both in diabetes mellitus and in experimental diabetes. A number of structure-function relationships and their likely mechanisms are discussed. The metabolically induced hypertrophy of glomerular capillaries possibly plays a central role. Its cause is not known, but recent results on its time-course emphasize the probable long-term consequences of the irreversibility of the accumulation of basement membrane material.", "PMID": 385406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7018", "title": "Immunogenicity of a killed E. coli 0111:K58 vaccine administered orally to children.", "content": "A killed E. coli 0111:K58 vaccine was administered by the oral route to 16 children ranging from 3 months to 7 years of age. The antibody response was measured at different times after the vaccination through the titration of agglutinating antibodies in serum and in fecal extracts, and the detection of specific IgA immunoglobulins in the intestinal content. All vaccines developed antibody response detectable both inserum and in fecal samples. Coproantibodies tended to appear earlier and to attain higher titers than circulating antibodies; they were all least in part IgA immunoglobulins, since the content of specific IgA in the fecal extracts was proportional to the agglutinating titer.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of a killed E. coli 0111:K58 vaccine administered orally to children. A killed E. coli 0111:K58 vaccine was administered by the oral route to 16 children ranging from 3 months to 7 years of age. The antibody response was measured at different times after the vaccination through the titration of agglutinating antibodies in serum and in fecal extracts, and the detection of specific IgA immunoglobulins in the intestinal content. All vaccines developed antibody response detectable both inserum and in fecal samples. Coproantibodies tended to appear earlier and to attain higher titers than circulating antibodies; they were all least in part IgA immunoglobulins, since the content of specific IgA in the fecal extracts was proportional to the agglutinating titer.", "PMID": 385407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7019", "title": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of fosfomycin].", "content": "We have studied the \"in vitro\" antibacterial activity of phosphonomycin against 93 freshly isolated bacterial strains. Phosphonomycin posses a good activity mainly against Gram positive bacteria. A marked increase in the antibacterial activity \"in vitro\" is obtained when phosphonomycin is combined with other antibitoics having a similar mechanism of action (i.e. inhibition of cell-wall synthesis). We have also determined the frequency of phosphonomycin-resistant mutants in some of the strains tested for antibacterial activity. High frequency of resistant strains have found in Klebsiella spp.", "contents": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of fosfomycin]. We have studied the \"in vitro\" antibacterial activity of phosphonomycin against 93 freshly isolated bacterial strains. Phosphonomycin posses a good activity mainly against Gram positive bacteria. A marked increase in the antibacterial activity \"in vitro\" is obtained when phosphonomycin is combined with other antibitoics having a similar mechanism of action (i.e. inhibition of cell-wall synthesis). We have also determined the frequency of phosphonomycin-resistant mutants in some of the strains tested for antibacterial activity. High frequency of resistant strains have found in Klebsiella spp.", "PMID": 385409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7020", "title": "Intramural hematoma of the small intestine presenting with major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "We report a case of an anticoagulated patient presenting with a massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and a palpable abdominal mass, demonstrated to be an intramural hematoma of the jejunum. Approximately two-thirds of intramural hematomas of the small intestine are preceded by abdominal trauma with the remainder associated with pancreatic disease, alcoholism, unknown causes, or clotting defects. Spontaneous occurrence of intramural hemorrhage is uncommon. Of the varied clinical presentations, gastrointestinal bleeding, previously thought unusual, is seen in 30% of cases, although major hemorrhage is rare. Conversely, reports of intramural hematoma of the small intestine as a case of major gastrointestinal bleeding has not been recognized. A review of the literature follows, and the authors stress that abdominal trauma should raise the possibility of an intramural hematoma of the small bowel.", "contents": "Intramural hematoma of the small intestine presenting with major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Case report and review of the literature. We report a case of an anticoagulated patient presenting with a massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and a palpable abdominal mass, demonstrated to be an intramural hematoma of the jejunum. Approximately two-thirds of intramural hematomas of the small intestine are preceded by abdominal trauma with the remainder associated with pancreatic disease, alcoholism, unknown causes, or clotting defects. Spontaneous occurrence of intramural hemorrhage is uncommon. Of the varied clinical presentations, gastrointestinal bleeding, previously thought unusual, is seen in 30% of cases, although major hemorrhage is rare. Conversely, reports of intramural hematoma of the small intestine as a case of major gastrointestinal bleeding has not been recognized. A review of the literature follows, and the authors stress that abdominal trauma should raise the possibility of an intramural hematoma of the small bowel.", "PMID": 385414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7021", "title": "[Effect of the carbon/nitrogen ratio on the antibiotic activity of prodigiosin].", "content": "The antibacterical activity of prodigiosin varies according to the C/N ratio in the cultural media for S. marcescens. In organic media, as nutrient agar, peptone or soytone, the optimal ratio lies between 4 and 5, and higher values are required for \"mineral media\" where the nitrogen source is essentially an ammonium salt. The separate C source would be probably used as \"acetate source\" for the synthesis of the terminal alkylpyrrole.", "contents": "[Effect of the carbon/nitrogen ratio on the antibiotic activity of prodigiosin]. The antibacterical activity of prodigiosin varies according to the C/N ratio in the cultural media for S. marcescens. In organic media, as nutrient agar, peptone or soytone, the optimal ratio lies between 4 and 5, and higher values are required for \"mineral media\" where the nitrogen source is essentially an ammonium salt. The separate C source would be probably used as \"acetate source\" for the synthesis of the terminal alkylpyrrole.", "PMID": 385408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7022", "title": "Changes in mammalian sperm morphology after X-ray and chemical exposures.", "content": "Sperm head morphology in mammals provides a unique approach to quantiating the effects of environmental agents on the germ cells. In unperturbed male mice, the sperm of each genotype can be reproducibly characterized by the shape of the head, the overall percent of sperm with head-shape abnormalities and the types of shape abnormalities seen. Genetic studies show that sperm shape is highly heritable, and that the fraction of abnormal sperm is controlled by a multitude of autosomal factors plus probably involvement of the sex chromosomes.--Exposure to ionizing radiation or certain chemical agents in vivo leads to dosage-dependent increase in the fraction of sperm with head-shape abnormalities. These results are documented in numerous mammalian species, including man. Evidence from mouse studies suggests that in general sperm shape is affected by those agents considered to be mutagenic. Since sperm samples are easily obtained and sperm morphology is rapidly quantitated, these observations suggest that sperm morphology in the mouse may be an applicable screen for environmental effects on germ cells. Changes in sperm are also seen in the offspring of male mice exposed to irradiation or a chemical alkylating agent. Preliminary evidence suggests that these changes represent heritable sperm shape abnormalities that can be further transmitted to subsequent generations.--The problems of determining the genetic implications of induced sperm abnormalities in exposed males are discussed. It is suggested that sperm morphology testing may have a direct application in man.", "contents": "Changes in mammalian sperm morphology after X-ray and chemical exposures. Sperm head morphology in mammals provides a unique approach to quantiating the effects of environmental agents on the germ cells. In unperturbed male mice, the sperm of each genotype can be reproducibly characterized by the shape of the head, the overall percent of sperm with head-shape abnormalities and the types of shape abnormalities seen. Genetic studies show that sperm shape is highly heritable, and that the fraction of abnormal sperm is controlled by a multitude of autosomal factors plus probably involvement of the sex chromosomes.--Exposure to ionizing radiation or certain chemical agents in vivo leads to dosage-dependent increase in the fraction of sperm with head-shape abnormalities. These results are documented in numerous mammalian species, including man. Evidence from mouse studies suggests that in general sperm shape is affected by those agents considered to be mutagenic. Since sperm samples are easily obtained and sperm morphology is rapidly quantitated, these observations suggest that sperm morphology in the mouse may be an applicable screen for environmental effects on germ cells. Changes in sperm are also seen in the offspring of male mice exposed to irradiation or a chemical alkylating agent. Preliminary evidence suggests that these changes represent heritable sperm shape abnormalities that can be further transmitted to subsequent generations.--The problems of determining the genetic implications of induced sperm abnormalities in exposed males are discussed. It is suggested that sperm morphology testing may have a direct application in man.", "PMID": 385431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7023", "title": "Isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis combined as a method for defining new point mutations in the mouse.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis is a method that allows the survey of the expression of an enormous number of genes in one organism when this method is used for separation of complex protein solutions from the tissue of the organism (protein-mapping method). This makes it possible to use this method for developing a test system aiming at the detection of newly induced or spontaneous point mutations in mammals. A large number of loci could be tested on a relatively small number of individuals. The protein-mapping method was used for the separation of mouse tissue extracts containing soluble proteins or total cell proteins. Several modifications of the method are described. The applicability of this method for defining genetic differences of proteins was demonstrated by an investigation of different strains of mice. Thereafter, a mutagenicity test was initiated with the protein-mapping method. Mice were treated with methyl-nitroso-urea as a potential mutagenic substance and the fetuses of the F1 generation were investigated. Preliminary results suggest that new point mutations were detected with this method.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis combined as a method for defining new point mutations in the mouse. Isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis is a method that allows the survey of the expression of an enormous number of genes in one organism when this method is used for separation of complex protein solutions from the tissue of the organism (protein-mapping method). This makes it possible to use this method for developing a test system aiming at the detection of newly induced or spontaneous point mutations in mammals. A large number of loci could be tested on a relatively small number of individuals. The protein-mapping method was used for the separation of mouse tissue extracts containing soluble proteins or total cell proteins. Several modifications of the method are described. The applicability of this method for defining genetic differences of proteins was demonstrated by an investigation of different strains of mice. Thereafter, a mutagenicity test was initiated with the protein-mapping method. Mice were treated with methyl-nitroso-urea as a potential mutagenic substance and the fetuses of the F1 generation were investigated. Preliminary results suggest that new point mutations were detected with this method.", "PMID": 385434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7024", "title": "In vivo somatic mutation systems in the mouse.", "content": "In an effort to meet the need for a fast and cheap in vivo prescreen for inherited mammalian point mutations, a somatic forward-mutation method, originally developed in an X-ray experiment, has more recently been tested in work with chemical mutagens. The method makes use of coat-color mutations because (a) the gene product is usually locally expressed, (b) mosaics can be detected with minimal effort, and (c) opportunities for making comparison with induction of germinal point mutations are greatest.--Following treatment of embryos that are heterozygous at specific coat-color loci, various induced genetic changes can result in expression of the recessive (RS) in clones derived from \"mutant\" melanocyte precursor cells. However, other events, such as decrease in the number of precursor cells, or disturbed differentiation, can also result in spots, which with careful classification can usually be distinguished from RS's on the basis of their location and color. When this is done, the relative RS frequencies for a series of compounds at least roughly parallel the relative spermatogonial mutation rates. The fact that easily measurable (though low) RS rates are obtained with compounds that have yielded negative results in spermatogonial tests is not surprising in view of the fact that RS's can be caused by several mechanisms besides point mutation.--In spite of the parallelism observed in one laboratory, the usefulness of the in vivo somatic mutation method as a prescreen could come to be doubted because of major discrepancies between results of similar experiments at different laboratories. However, it appears probable that at least some of these discrepancies are due to failure to discriminate between spots that probably resulted from melanocyte insufficiency and spots that resulted from expression of the recessive.--Reverse somatic mutation systems can potentially avoid some of the pitfalls of forward mutation systems. Such system are still in developmental stages.", "contents": "In vivo somatic mutation systems in the mouse. In an effort to meet the need for a fast and cheap in vivo prescreen for inherited mammalian point mutations, a somatic forward-mutation method, originally developed in an X-ray experiment, has more recently been tested in work with chemical mutagens. The method makes use of coat-color mutations because (a) the gene product is usually locally expressed, (b) mosaics can be detected with minimal effort, and (c) opportunities for making comparison with induction of germinal point mutations are greatest.--Following treatment of embryos that are heterozygous at specific coat-color loci, various induced genetic changes can result in expression of the recessive (RS) in clones derived from \"mutant\" melanocyte precursor cells. However, other events, such as decrease in the number of precursor cells, or disturbed differentiation, can also result in spots, which with careful classification can usually be distinguished from RS's on the basis of their location and color. When this is done, the relative RS frequencies for a series of compounds at least roughly parallel the relative spermatogonial mutation rates. The fact that easily measurable (though low) RS rates are obtained with compounds that have yielded negative results in spermatogonial tests is not surprising in view of the fact that RS's can be caused by several mechanisms besides point mutation.--In spite of the parallelism observed in one laboratory, the usefulness of the in vivo somatic mutation method as a prescreen could come to be doubted because of major discrepancies between results of similar experiments at different laboratories. However, it appears probable that at least some of these discrepancies are due to failure to discriminate between spots that probably resulted from melanocyte insufficiency and spots that resulted from expression of the recessive.--Reverse somatic mutation systems can potentially avoid some of the pitfalls of forward mutation systems. Such system are still in developmental stages.", "PMID": 385437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7025", "title": "Quantitative characters of potential value in studying mutagenesis.", "content": "The use of polygenic characters in testing for mutagenicity appears promising. Characters chosen should be easily measured and highly heritable, with a reasonable proportion of the genetic variance being of the additive type, as this implies that polygenic mutations affecting the character would be detectable in the heterozygous state. Changes in such characters may arise as a result of pleiotropic effects of major gene mutations that affect early steps in metabolic pathways.--No single character is likely to be entirely satisfactory; rather a diverse group of biochemical, anatomical and physiological characters, including growth and behavior, should be studied. Mandible shape appears to be particularly promising. The characters may be analysed simultaneously using multivariate techniques. Special attention should be paid to the detection of outliers, which may then be investigated by more classical methods for the presence of mutants. Thus, easily measured, highly heritable polygenic characters may be useful in screening animals for the presence of mutations.", "contents": "Quantitative characters of potential value in studying mutagenesis. The use of polygenic characters in testing for mutagenicity appears promising. Characters chosen should be easily measured and highly heritable, with a reasonable proportion of the genetic variance being of the additive type, as this implies that polygenic mutations affecting the character would be detectable in the heterozygous state. Changes in such characters may arise as a result of pleiotropic effects of major gene mutations that affect early steps in metabolic pathways.--No single character is likely to be entirely satisfactory; rather a diverse group of biochemical, anatomical and physiological characters, including growth and behavior, should be studied. Mandible shape appears to be particularly promising. The characters may be analysed simultaneously using multivariate techniques. Special attention should be paid to the detection of outliers, which may then be investigated by more classical methods for the presence of mutants. Thus, easily measured, highly heritable polygenic characters may be useful in screening animals for the presence of mutations.", "PMID": 385438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7026", "title": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis (DNA repair) in the germ cells of male mice--its role in the study of mammalian mutagenesis.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) has been found to occur in vivo in specific meiotic and postmeiotic germ cell stages of male mice after mutagen treatment. Techniques and problems involved in measuring UDS are discussed, including the administration of tritium-labeled thymidine ([3H]dT) and mutagens, and the detection of UDS using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and autoradiography. The sensitivity of detection of UDS in the male germ cells is compared to that of other genetic end points, and the possible role of UDS in the actual repair of genetic damage is considered. Possible areas for future research on the role of UDS in repair of genetic damage in the mouse are suggested.", "contents": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis (DNA repair) in the germ cells of male mice--its role in the study of mammalian mutagenesis. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) has been found to occur in vivo in specific meiotic and postmeiotic germ cell stages of male mice after mutagen treatment. Techniques and problems involved in measuring UDS are discussed, including the administration of tritium-labeled thymidine ([3H]dT) and mutagens, and the detection of UDS using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and autoradiography. The sensitivity of detection of UDS in the male germ cells is compared to that of other genetic end points, and the possible role of UDS in the actual repair of genetic damage is considered. Possible areas for future research on the role of UDS in repair of genetic damage in the mouse are suggested.", "PMID": 385441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7027", "title": "An assay for histocompatibility gene mutations in mice.", "content": "A method used for detecting histocompatibility gene mutations by tailskin graft tests in mice is described. Advantages and disadvantages are found for this assay system. The results of published work point to some interesting features of the H-gene mutational event, but also leave many questions yet to be answered.", "contents": "An assay for histocompatibility gene mutations in mice. A method used for detecting histocompatibility gene mutations by tailskin graft tests in mice is described. Advantages and disadvantages are found for this assay system. The results of published work point to some interesting features of the H-gene mutational event, but also leave many questions yet to be answered.", "PMID": 385442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7028", "title": "Cytological methods for the study of meiotic properties in mice.", "content": "Cytological methods now available produce excellent preparations of many of the meiotic stages in both male and female mice. Large samples of these stages can be obtained from males, limited samples from females. Some of these stages are useful for the identification of structural heterozygosity. As yet, the potentially valuable stage of pachytene can be used only for looking at specific chromosome bivalents and cannot be used for extensive genome analysis. The later stages of diakinesis and first metaphase have proved most rewarding for study and have enabled us to identify the meiotic configurations resulting from several different kinds of translocations and from paracentric inversions. It is possible, however, that many smaller rearrangements between and within chromosomes escape detection.", "contents": "Cytological methods for the study of meiotic properties in mice. Cytological methods now available produce excellent preparations of many of the meiotic stages in both male and female mice. Large samples of these stages can be obtained from males, limited samples from females. Some of these stages are useful for the identification of structural heterozygosity. As yet, the potentially valuable stage of pachytene can be used only for looking at specific chromosome bivalents and cannot be used for extensive genome analysis. The later stages of diakinesis and first metaphase have proved most rewarding for study and have enabled us to identify the meiotic configurations resulting from several different kinds of translocations and from paracentric inversions. It is possible, however, that many smaller rearrangements between and within chromosomes escape detection.", "PMID": 385446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7029", "title": "Regulatory mutants at the his1 locus of yeast.", "content": "The his1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for phosphoribosyl transferase, an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in histidine biosynthesis. Mutants that specifically alter the feedback regulatory function were isolated by selecting his1 prototrophic revertants that overproduce and excrete histidine. The prototrophs were obtained from diploids homoallelic for his1--7 and heterozygous for the flanking markers thr3 and arg6. Among six independently derived mutant isolates, three distinct levels of histidine excretion were detected. The mutants were shown to be second-site alterations mapping at the his1 locus by recovery of the original auxotrophic parental alleles. The double mutants, HIS1--7e, are dominant with respect to catalytic function but recessive in regulatory function. When removed from this his1--7 background, the mutant regulatory site (HIS1-e) still confers prototrophy but not histidine excretion. To yield the excretion phenotype, the primary and altered secondary sites are required in cis array. Differences in histidine excretion levels correlate with resistance to the histidine analogue, triazoalanine.", "contents": "Regulatory mutants at the his1 locus of yeast. The his1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for phosphoribosyl transferase, an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in histidine biosynthesis. Mutants that specifically alter the feedback regulatory function were isolated by selecting his1 prototrophic revertants that overproduce and excrete histidine. The prototrophs were obtained from diploids homoallelic for his1--7 and heterozygous for the flanking markers thr3 and arg6. Among six independently derived mutant isolates, three distinct levels of histidine excretion were detected. The mutants were shown to be second-site alterations mapping at the his1 locus by recovery of the original auxotrophic parental alleles. The double mutants, HIS1--7e, are dominant with respect to catalytic function but recessive in regulatory function. When removed from this his1--7 background, the mutant regulatory site (HIS1-e) still confers prototrophy but not histidine excretion. To yield the excretion phenotype, the primary and altered secondary sites are required in cis array. Differences in histidine excretion levels correlate with resistance to the histidine analogue, triazoalanine.", "PMID": 385447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7030", "title": "A cluster of three genes responsible for allantoin degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae unable to utilize allantoin as sole nitrogen source were isolated and divided into three groups on the basis of their biochemical and genetic characteristics. The three loci associated with these mutant classes were designated dal1 (allantoinase minus), dal2 (allantoicase minus) and dal4 (allantoin transport minus). All three loci are located in a cluster that is proximal to the lys1 locus on the right arm of chromosome IX. The gene order and intergenic distances were estimated to be: dal1--2.5 cM--dal4--1.9cM--dal2--4.6cM-lys1.", "contents": "A cluster of three genes responsible for allantoin degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae unable to utilize allantoin as sole nitrogen source were isolated and divided into three groups on the basis of their biochemical and genetic characteristics. The three loci associated with these mutant classes were designated dal1 (allantoinase minus), dal2 (allantoicase minus) and dal4 (allantoin transport minus). All three loci are located in a cluster that is proximal to the lys1 locus on the right arm of chromosome IX. The gene order and intergenic distances were estimated to be: dal1--2.5 cM--dal4--1.9cM--dal2--4.6cM-lys1.", "PMID": 385448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7031", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation-sensitive strains of yeast. III. rev3 mutant strains.", "content": "The role of the REV3 gene function in UV-induced mutagensis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been examined by determining the reversion of 12 well-defined cyc1 mutations in diploid strains homozygous for the rev3--1 or rev3--3 allele. The 12 cyc1 alleles include one ochre, one amber, four initiation, two proline missense, and four frameshift mutations. We find that the rev3 mutations reduce the frequency of UV-induced reversion of all of the cyc1 alleles, though different classes of alleles respond to a different extent. These results imply that the REV3 gene function is required for the production of a wide variety of mutational events, though probably not all, and show that each of the three REV loci have different mutational phenotypes. Such diverse phenotypes are not predicted by the unitary model for bacterial mutagenesis (CAILLET-FAUQUET, DEFAIS and RADMAN 1977; WITKIN 1976), suggesting that this is at best an incomplete description of eukaryotic mutagenesis.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation-sensitive strains of yeast. III. rev3 mutant strains. The role of the REV3 gene function in UV-induced mutagensis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been examined by determining the reversion of 12 well-defined cyc1 mutations in diploid strains homozygous for the rev3--1 or rev3--3 allele. The 12 cyc1 alleles include one ochre, one amber, four initiation, two proline missense, and four frameshift mutations. We find that the rev3 mutations reduce the frequency of UV-induced reversion of all of the cyc1 alleles, though different classes of alleles respond to a different extent. These results imply that the REV3 gene function is required for the production of a wide variety of mutational events, though probably not all, and show that each of the three REV loci have different mutational phenotypes. Such diverse phenotypes are not predicted by the unitary model for bacterial mutagenesis (CAILLET-FAUQUET, DEFAIS and RADMAN 1977; WITKIN 1976), suggesting that this is at best an incomplete description of eukaryotic mutagenesis.", "PMID": 385449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7032", "title": "[Protective action of colicinogenic factor Ib-P9 on Escherichia coli cells defective in known repair functions after ultraviolet irradiation].", "content": "The presence of the plasmid colicinogenic factor Ib-P9 in Escherichia coli wild type cells is shown to increase bacterial survival after UV irradiation and the action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The ability of the plasmid to cause the UV protection is observed in uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, polA, recB, recF E. coli strains, but the plasmid does not restore the UV resistance of the mutant cells to the wild type level. The protective effect of the plasmid CoI Ib-P9 depends on the recA+lexA+ genotype of the cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis (amino acid starvation) before and after UV irradiation does not prevent the UV protection by ColIb-P9. The nature of the plasmid-associated repair functions is discussed.", "contents": "[Protective action of colicinogenic factor Ib-P9 on Escherichia coli cells defective in known repair functions after ultraviolet irradiation]. The presence of the plasmid colicinogenic factor Ib-P9 in Escherichia coli wild type cells is shown to increase bacterial survival after UV irradiation and the action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The ability of the plasmid to cause the UV protection is observed in uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, polA, recB, recF E. coli strains, but the plasmid does not restore the UV resistance of the mutant cells to the wild type level. The protective effect of the plasmid CoI Ib-P9 depends on the recA+lexA+ genotype of the cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis (amino acid starvation) before and after UV irradiation does not prevent the UV protection by ColIb-P9. The nature of the plasmid-associated repair functions is discussed.", "PMID": 385450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7033", "title": "Duodenal endocrine cells in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Using immunohistochemical techniques we studied duodenal biopsies from 18 patients with coeliac disease and 24 patients with normal duodenal morphology. We had access to antisera against the following gastrointestinal peptides: cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), gastrin-17, glucagon-enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic peptide (PP), secretin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The somatostatin, GIP, CCK, and glucagon cells were increased in number in coeliac disease. The number of motilin cells was slightly increased, while secretin cells were reduced. Cells storing gastrin-17, substance P, or neurotensin were rare in all patients regardless of diagnosis. No PP immunoreactive cells were found and VIP was localised to neurons only. In biopsies from patients having a mucosa with ridging of villi the number of the various endocrine cell types did not differ from that in the control group.", "contents": "Duodenal endocrine cells in adult coeliac disease. Using immunohistochemical techniques we studied duodenal biopsies from 18 patients with coeliac disease and 24 patients with normal duodenal morphology. We had access to antisera against the following gastrointestinal peptides: cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), gastrin-17, glucagon-enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic peptide (PP), secretin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The somatostatin, GIP, CCK, and glucagon cells were increased in number in coeliac disease. The number of motilin cells was slightly increased, while secretin cells were reduced. Cells storing gastrin-17, substance P, or neurotensin were rare in all patients regardless of diagnosis. No PP immunoreactive cells were found and VIP was localised to neurons only. In biopsies from patients having a mucosa with ridging of villi the number of the various endocrine cell types did not differ from that in the control group.", "PMID": 385455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7034", "title": "Randomised trial of steroid therapy in acute liver failure. Report from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).", "content": "A randomised, un-blinded clinical trial of hydrocortisate treatment in acute liver failure was carried out by 17 European centres. During a four year period 40 patients entered the study, 26 in the steroid group and 14 in the control group. The groups were found to be comparable, and the survival was 12 and 14%, respectively. A number of clinical and laboratory data, particularly HBsAg-positivity, appeared to carry some prognostic information, irrespective of treatment, but statistical significance was not achieved. Pooling of the present results with those from relevant published reports indicates a significant negative effect of steroid treatment in acute liver failure (P less than 0.2).", "contents": "Randomised trial of steroid therapy in acute liver failure. Report from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). A randomised, un-blinded clinical trial of hydrocortisate treatment in acute liver failure was carried out by 17 European centres. During a four year period 40 patients entered the study, 26 in the steroid group and 14 in the control group. The groups were found to be comparable, and the survival was 12 and 14%, respectively. A number of clinical and laboratory data, particularly HBsAg-positivity, appeared to carry some prognostic information, irrespective of treatment, but statistical significance was not achieved. Pooling of the present results with those from relevant published reports indicates a significant negative effect of steroid treatment in acute liver failure (P less than 0.2).", "PMID": 385456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7035", "title": "Double-blind randomised clinical trial of a pepsin-inhibitory pentapeptide (pepstatin) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In a double-blind randomised clinical trial a specific inhibition of peptic activity with a pentapeptide, pepstatin, had no significant advantage over placebo in the ulcer healing and symptomatology of duodenal ulcer. Thus, the inhibition of pepsin in human gastric juice does not appear to have a major influence on the healing of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Double-blind randomised clinical trial of a pepsin-inhibitory pentapeptide (pepstatin) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. In a double-blind randomised clinical trial a specific inhibition of peptic activity with a pentapeptide, pepstatin, had no significant advantage over placebo in the ulcer healing and symptomatology of duodenal ulcer. Thus, the inhibition of pepsin in human gastric juice does not appear to have a major influence on the healing of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 385457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7036", "title": "Double-blind controlled trial of cimetidine in the healing of gastric ulcer.", "content": "Sixty patients with gastric ulcers were treated for four weeks with either 1 g cimetidine per day or with identical tablets containing lactose. The healing rate, assessed by endoscopy, was 23 out of 35 (66%) in the patients given cimetidine and 13 out of 25 (52%) in those given placebo. The difference between the groups is not significant. During each of the four weeks of the study the cimetidine group experienced significantly fewer attacks of pain and consumed less antacids than the placebo treated patients.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled trial of cimetidine in the healing of gastric ulcer. Sixty patients with gastric ulcers were treated for four weeks with either 1 g cimetidine per day or with identical tablets containing lactose. The healing rate, assessed by endoscopy, was 23 out of 35 (66%) in the patients given cimetidine and 13 out of 25 (52%) in those given placebo. The difference between the groups is not significant. During each of the four weeks of the study the cimetidine group experienced significantly fewer attacks of pain and consumed less antacids than the placebo treated patients.", "PMID": 385458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7037", "title": "Some clinical and theoretical aspects on prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "The present article discusses two aspects on prostaglandins, both related to the control of uterine contractility. One concerns a clinical problem, induction of abortion, and argues in favor of systemic instead of intrauterine administration of prostaglandins and the choice of E instead of F analogues. The other relates to the stimulatory effect on the myometrium of some recently detected endogenous prostaglandins. The discussion regarding the endogenous control of myometrial contractility has so far exclusively been focused upon the classical prostaglandins. It is, however, felt that substances like PGH2, PGI2 and thromboxane A2 may play a significant role in the regulation of uterine activity.", "contents": "Some clinical and theoretical aspects on prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology. The present article discusses two aspects on prostaglandins, both related to the control of uterine contractility. One concerns a clinical problem, induction of abortion, and argues in favor of systemic instead of intrauterine administration of prostaglandins and the choice of E instead of F analogues. The other relates to the stimulatory effect on the myometrium of some recently detected endogenous prostaglandins. The discussion regarding the endogenous control of myometrial contractility has so far exclusively been focused upon the classical prostaglandins. It is, however, felt that substances like PGH2, PGI2 and thromboxane A2 may play a significant role in the regulation of uterine activity.", "PMID": 385459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7038", "title": "Surgical correction of the hand in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (polydysplastic type) is a rare congenital skin anomaly which, in the hands, because they are exposed to repeated trauma, results in a severe \"mitten\"-like deformity. Functional benefit was obtained in three patients by separation of the digits and application of split-thickness grafts. Wolfe grafts or \"split-off\" (epidermis) grafts. Arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joints and filleting of the little finger to provide a flap which could be turned in to the palm, resulted in an improvement in hand function.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the hand in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (polydysplastic type) is a rare congenital skin anomaly which, in the hands, because they are exposed to repeated trauma, results in a severe \"mitten\"-like deformity. Functional benefit was obtained in three patients by separation of the digits and application of split-thickness grafts. Wolfe grafts or \"split-off\" (epidermis) grafts. Arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joints and filleting of the little finger to provide a flap which could be turned in to the palm, resulted in an improvement in hand function.", "PMID": 385461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7039", "title": "Management of the viable soft tissue cover in degloving injuries.", "content": "A new method of management of pure degloving injuries has been presented. Return of the distally based flap to its bed without longitudinal tension, use of a temporary biological dressing to protect exposed structures, and early, delayed repair of the residual defect are suggested. The improved survival of the flap and earlier rehabilitation of the patient have been gratifying.", "contents": "Management of the viable soft tissue cover in degloving injuries. A new method of management of pure degloving injuries has been presented. Return of the distally based flap to its bed without longitudinal tension, use of a temporary biological dressing to protect exposed structures, and early, delayed repair of the residual defect are suggested. The improved survival of the flap and earlier rehabilitation of the patient have been gratifying.", "PMID": 385462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7040", "title": "Eikenella corrodents infection of the hand.", "content": "The clinical presentation and course of two patients with Eikenella corrodens infection of the hand is recorded. This recently recognised organism must not be regarded as a harmless commensal and should be differentiated from the Bacteroides group because of its resistance to clindamycin. Radical surgical debridement is the most important aspect of therapy.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodents infection of the hand. The clinical presentation and course of two patients with Eikenella corrodens infection of the hand is recorded. This recently recognised organism must not be regarded as a harmless commensal and should be differentiated from the Bacteroides group because of its resistance to clindamycin. Radical surgical debridement is the most important aspect of therapy.", "PMID": 385463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7041", "title": "New omomyid primates (Haplorhini, Tarsiiformes) from middle Eocene rocks of west-central Hot Springs County, Wyoming.", "content": "Three new genera and four new species of omomyid primates constitute the first record of the Primates from upland middle Eocene rocks of Wyoming. One of these, Strigorhysis, gen. nov., possesses broadly basined molars with highly crenulated enamel which probably indicates a good deal of tough vegetable matter in its diet. Each of the new genera could have descended from known Wasatchian or early middle Eocene anaptomorphines: Aycrossia, gen. nov., is a plausible derivative of Tetonius or Chlororhysis; Strigorhysis, gen. nov., is most similar to Absarokius noctivagus; and Gazinius, gen. nov., most closely resembles Absarokius and Anaptomorphus. The anaptomorphines were probably equally as diverse as the better documented omomyines in the middle Eocene, but may have preferred upland environments at the margins of the Tertiary basins of the Rocky Mountain Interior.", "contents": "New omomyid primates (Haplorhini, Tarsiiformes) from middle Eocene rocks of west-central Hot Springs County, Wyoming. Three new genera and four new species of omomyid primates constitute the first record of the Primates from upland middle Eocene rocks of Wyoming. One of these, Strigorhysis, gen. nov., possesses broadly basined molars with highly crenulated enamel which probably indicates a good deal of tough vegetable matter in its diet. Each of the new genera could have descended from known Wasatchian or early middle Eocene anaptomorphines: Aycrossia, gen. nov., is a plausible derivative of Tetonius or Chlororhysis; Strigorhysis, gen. nov., is most similar to Absarokius noctivagus; and Gazinius, gen. nov., most closely resembles Absarokius and Anaptomorphus. The anaptomorphines were probably equally as diverse as the better documented omomyines in the middle Eocene, but may have preferred upland environments at the margins of the Tertiary basins of the Rocky Mountain Interior.", "PMID": 385468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7042", "title": "[Primary small-intestinal neoplasms. Discussion of own experiences and of the literature].", "content": "There is a relatively long delay in diagnosis of malignant tumors of the small bowel and operation is often carried out too late. These tumors cause symptoms in about 90% of the cases (according to our own experiences in 20 of 21 cases). In the discussion of the symptoms there is a description given that might be a help for \"earlier thinking of it\". Anamnesis and exploratory laparotomy are of paramount importance for the diagnosis in time. Operation carried  out in time leeds to a relatively favourable prognosis. Out of 5 patients who did not have metastases at the time of operation there are 3 alive for longer than 8 years post operationem. From the German literature of the past 10 years (288 cases) the following data were subsumized in a table: radical resection, operation mortality, 5-year-survival, delay of diagnosis, ileus/perforation, diagnosis by barium studies of the small bowel.", "contents": "[Primary small-intestinal neoplasms. Discussion of own experiences and of the literature]. There is a relatively long delay in diagnosis of malignant tumors of the small bowel and operation is often carried out too late. These tumors cause symptoms in about 90% of the cases (according to our own experiences in 20 of 21 cases). In the discussion of the symptoms there is a description given that might be a help for \"earlier thinking of it\". Anamnesis and exploratory laparotomy are of paramount importance for the diagnosis in time. Operation carried  out in time leeds to a relatively favourable prognosis. Out of 5 patients who did not have metastases at the time of operation there are 3 alive for longer than 8 years post operationem. From the German literature of the past 10 years (288 cases) the following data were subsumized in a table: radical resection, operation mortality, 5-year-survival, delay of diagnosis, ileus/perforation, diagnosis by barium studies of the small bowel.", "PMID": 385470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7043", "title": "[The perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. Clinical aspects and diagnosis as well as treatment and results].", "content": "Reviewing our cases from 1960-1978 an increasing rate of perforation in gastroduodenal ulcers is registered. The perforation-rate of all treated ulcers is 17%. The most important data of anamnesis and clinical findings are analyzed. The diagnosis was correct preoperatively in 93,5%. The diagnosis has to be established as soon as possible, as the prognosis depends on surgical therapy in due time. General state, duration of anamnesis and the severity of peritonitis are criteria for deciding on suture of the perforated ulcer or resection therapy. Both--suture and resection--show identical late results, if indication was correct. The lethality in patients with a perforated ulcer is high and depends on duration of perforation, age and general state of the patient as well as severity of peritonitis. In our collective lethality was 26%. The good early results after resection therapy are depending on the selected collective and on the fact, that resection therapy is performed under better circumstances than suture.", "contents": "[The perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. Clinical aspects and diagnosis as well as treatment and results]. Reviewing our cases from 1960-1978 an increasing rate of perforation in gastroduodenal ulcers is registered. The perforation-rate of all treated ulcers is 17%. The most important data of anamnesis and clinical findings are analyzed. The diagnosis was correct preoperatively in 93,5%. The diagnosis has to be established as soon as possible, as the prognosis depends on surgical therapy in due time. General state, duration of anamnesis and the severity of peritonitis are criteria for deciding on suture of the perforated ulcer or resection therapy. Both--suture and resection--show identical late results, if indication was correct. The lethality in patients with a perforated ulcer is high and depends on duration of perforation, age and general state of the patient as well as severity of peritonitis. In our collective lethality was 26%. The good early results after resection therapy are depending on the selected collective and on the fact, that resection therapy is performed under better circumstances than suture.", "PMID": 385471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7044", "title": "[Historical reminiscences: the schizophrenic psychosis of the Empress of Mexico (author's transl)].", "content": "Quite a number of reports have been published on psychotic developments in the mental make-up of kings and rulers, especially during the past century. Particularly remarkable is the great interest which has been evinced to date on the fate of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. On the other hand, the tragedy of the Belgian Princess Charlotte, who was Empress of Mexico for a few years by the side of her husband, Maximilian of Austria, is hardly known. I could not find anything about her in psychiatric literature, but there are numerous biographical hints in books on history dealing with the dramatic episode of the short-lived Mexican empire. I found some of the most essential information on the personality and psychosis of Empress Charlotte in the book written by Countess H. de Reinach-Foussemagne. The following description is necessarily sketchy and should be considered as a preliminary report to a more comprehensive interpretation of Charlotte's personality.", "contents": "[Historical reminiscences: the schizophrenic psychosis of the Empress of Mexico (author's transl)]. Quite a number of reports have been published on psychotic developments in the mental make-up of kings and rulers, especially during the past century. Particularly remarkable is the great interest which has been evinced to date on the fate of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. On the other hand, the tragedy of the Belgian Princess Charlotte, who was Empress of Mexico for a few years by the side of her husband, Maximilian of Austria, is hardly known. I could not find anything about her in psychiatric literature, but there are numerous biographical hints in books on history dealing with the dramatic episode of the short-lived Mexican empire. I found some of the most essential information on the personality and psychosis of Empress Charlotte in the book written by Countess H. de Reinach-Foussemagne. The following description is necessarily sketchy and should be considered as a preliminary report to a more comprehensive interpretation of Charlotte's personality.", "PMID": 385472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7045", "title": "The identification of 'casein' in human breast cancer.", "content": "A retrospective study of ninety-six cases of breast cancer was carried out to determine the prognostic values of a casein immunolocalization technique. This was performed using an indirect immunofluorescence method with antisera raised in rabbits to pooled human casein. Fluorescence positivity was graded according to its intensity and distribution. The pathology of each tumour was studied and the tumour type, histological grade and tissue response assessed. The relationship between these observations and the casein content of the tumour was studied. In addition the correlation between casein content and age, menopausal state, clinical staging and survival was investigated. The incidence of casein positivity in our series was 50% with approximately half of the positive cases showing strong fluorescence. There was a relationship between casein content and the age of the patients, with casein being more frequently found in tumours from younger patients. Tumours with a high casein content, in general, show a poorer survival than the group as a whole. This difference in survival was most marked in the first eight years after operation and restricted to those tumours in clinical stage I and histological grade I. The presence of casein in the tumours did not appear to be related to the other factors examined.", "contents": "The identification of 'casein' in human breast cancer. A retrospective study of ninety-six cases of breast cancer was carried out to determine the prognostic values of a casein immunolocalization technique. This was performed using an indirect immunofluorescence method with antisera raised in rabbits to pooled human casein. Fluorescence positivity was graded according to its intensity and distribution. The pathology of each tumour was studied and the tumour type, histological grade and tissue response assessed. The relationship between these observations and the casein content of the tumour was studied. In addition the correlation between casein content and age, menopausal state, clinical staging and survival was investigated. The incidence of casein positivity in our series was 50% with approximately half of the positive cases showing strong fluorescence. There was a relationship between casein content and the age of the patients, with casein being more frequently found in tumours from younger patients. Tumours with a high casein content, in general, show a poorer survival than the group as a whole. This difference in survival was most marked in the first eight years after operation and restricted to those tumours in clinical stage I and histological grade I. The presence of casein in the tumours did not appear to be related to the other factors examined.", "PMID": 385473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7046", "title": "Immunohistochemical identification of renal lysozyme during allograft rejection in man.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase staining method was used to identify lysozyme in biopsy or transplantectomy specimens of human renal allografts during reversible and irreversible rejection of the grafts. Proximal tubules in apparently functioning nephrons showed lysozyme staining. In irreversibly rejected grafts, infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes in and near peritubular and glomerular capillaries also stained intensely for lysozyme. In acute necrotizing arteritis, lysozyme-positive cells (mononuclear phagocytes) infiltrated the blood vessel wall. The presence of infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells in the transplant was consistent with poor graft survival. The variation in lysozyme staining of proximal tubular cells apparently was a reflection of the differences in the reabsorption capacity of the tubular cells, attributable to the tubular dysfunction of renal allografts. The infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells probably contribute to the increased urinary excretion of lysozyme during acute rejection.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical identification of renal lysozyme during allograft rejection in man. An immunoperoxidase staining method was used to identify lysozyme in biopsy or transplantectomy specimens of human renal allografts during reversible and irreversible rejection of the grafts. Proximal tubules in apparently functioning nephrons showed lysozyme staining. In irreversibly rejected grafts, infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes in and near peritubular and glomerular capillaries also stained intensely for lysozyme. In acute necrotizing arteritis, lysozyme-positive cells (mononuclear phagocytes) infiltrated the blood vessel wall. The presence of infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells in the transplant was consistent with poor graft survival. The variation in lysozyme staining of proximal tubular cells apparently was a reflection of the differences in the reabsorption capacity of the tubular cells, attributable to the tubular dysfunction of renal allografts. The infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells probably contribute to the increased urinary excretion of lysozyme during acute rejection.", "PMID": 385474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7047", "title": "M.A. turned M.D. heads HEW's quality bureau.", "content": "Helen Smits, M.D., one of the few women to head a federal health bureaucracy, looks for ways to improve the quality, while reducing the cost, of health care.", "contents": "M.A. turned M.D. heads HEW's quality bureau. Helen Smits, M.D., one of the few women to head a federal health bureaucracy, looks for ways to improve the quality, while reducing the cost, of health care.", "PMID": 385475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7048", "title": "Corporate approach lends control over complex environment.", "content": "Strategic corporate planning offers hospitals a tool for dealing with an uncertain future, an increasingly complex environment, and an accelerated rate of change. Through corporate planning, the institution can capture opportunities, maximize its potential, and control its destiny.", "contents": "Corporate approach lends control over complex environment. Strategic corporate planning offers hospitals a tool for dealing with an uncertain future, an increasingly complex environment, and an accelerated rate of change. Through corporate planning, the institution can capture opportunities, maximize its potential, and control its destiny.", "PMID": 385476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7049", "title": "Planning ensures local and referral care for remote rural area.", "content": "Remote, rural populations need at least some inpatient services to be provided within their communities. Replacement of an obsolete small, rural hospital in Alaska shows how planning can ensure provision of hospital services locally and through referral.", "contents": "Planning ensures local and referral care for remote rural area. Remote, rural populations need at least some inpatient services to be provided within their communities. Replacement of an obsolete small, rural hospital in Alaska shows how planning can ensure provision of hospital services locally and through referral.", "PMID": 385477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7050", "title": "Concanavalin a: modification of kidney graft immunogenicity in a double transplant model.", "content": "This study determines the effectiveness of flush graft pretreatment with concanavalin A (Con A) in minimally immunosuppressed recipients receiving double kidney transplantation. Significant prolongation of survival was seen when both kidneys from the same unrelated donor were treated with Con A, when both kidneys from different unrelated donors were treated with Con A, or when the allogeneic kidney was treated with Con A, and the syngeneic kidney was untreated. There was no significant prolongation in kidney allograft survival when one of the two allogeneic kidneys was treated with Con A, whether they came from the same, or different donors. If only the syngeneic kidney was treated with Con A and no treatment was given to the allogeneic kidney, also no prolongation of survival was observed. Thus, this study fully agrees with previous data indicating that Con A is not acting by systemic immunosuppression, but by local changes that modify the kidney immunogenicity. The theoretical implications associated with the prolongation of graft survival after flush pretreatment with Con A are activation of suppressor T cells, enhancement, physico-chemical modifications of the cell membrane and/or others.", "contents": "Concanavalin a: modification of kidney graft immunogenicity in a double transplant model. This study determines the effectiveness of flush graft pretreatment with concanavalin A (Con A) in minimally immunosuppressed recipients receiving double kidney transplantation. Significant prolongation of survival was seen when both kidneys from the same unrelated donor were treated with Con A, when both kidneys from different unrelated donors were treated with Con A, or when the allogeneic kidney was treated with Con A, and the syngeneic kidney was untreated. There was no significant prolongation in kidney allograft survival when one of the two allogeneic kidneys was treated with Con A, whether they came from the same, or different donors. If only the syngeneic kidney was treated with Con A and no treatment was given to the allogeneic kidney, also no prolongation of survival was observed. Thus, this study fully agrees with previous data indicating that Con A is not acting by systemic immunosuppression, but by local changes that modify the kidney immunogenicity. The theoretical implications associated with the prolongation of graft survival after flush pretreatment with Con A are activation of suppressor T cells, enhancement, physico-chemical modifications of the cell membrane and/or others.", "PMID": 385487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7051", "title": "Modulation of the susceptibility of inbred and outbred rats to arthritis induced by cell walls of group A streptococci.", "content": "Inbred Buffalo rats were resistant to the induction of experimental arthritis induced by systemic injection of cell wall fragments in a crude whole-cell sonic extract of group A streptococci. This was in contrast to the susceptibility of outbred Sprague-Dawley and certain other inbred strains. Preliminary breeding studies indicated that genetic control of resistance of susceptibility is multigenic. When Buffalo rats were infected with a saline suspension of isolated cell wall fragments, chronic remittent arthritis developed. Suspension of isolated cell wall fragments, chronic remittent arthritis developed. Suspension of the isolated cell walls in the supernatant fraction of group A streptococci solubilized by sonication eliminated the arthropathogenicity in Buffalo rats. Thus, a component separable from the cell wall fraction can modulate the arthropathogenicity of cell walls in rats, but the effect depends upon the genetic background of the rat. The antibody response of Buffalo rats to the polysaccharide antigen of cell walls was also affected by the supernatant fraction of sonicated group A streptococci.", "contents": "Modulation of the susceptibility of inbred and outbred rats to arthritis induced by cell walls of group A streptococci. Inbred Buffalo rats were resistant to the induction of experimental arthritis induced by systemic injection of cell wall fragments in a crude whole-cell sonic extract of group A streptococci. This was in contrast to the susceptibility of outbred Sprague-Dawley and certain other inbred strains. Preliminary breeding studies indicated that genetic control of resistance of susceptibility is multigenic. When Buffalo rats were infected with a saline suspension of isolated cell wall fragments, chronic remittent arthritis developed. Suspension of isolated cell wall fragments, chronic remittent arthritis developed. Suspension of the isolated cell walls in the supernatant fraction of group A streptococci solubilized by sonication eliminated the arthropathogenicity in Buffalo rats. Thus, a component separable from the cell wall fraction can modulate the arthropathogenicity of cell walls in rats, but the effect depends upon the genetic background of the rat. The antibody response of Buffalo rats to the polysaccharide antigen of cell walls was also affected by the supernatant fraction of sonicated group A streptococci.", "PMID": 385498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7052", "title": "Relationship of hemagglutination to other biological properties of serologically classified isolates of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The ability of 170 serologically classified strains of Escherichia coli to agglutinate human erythrocytes was examined. Erythrocytes of blood group A were more sensitive indicators of this property than were those of groups B or O. The predominant receptor was shown to be mannose containing; however, an additional receptor was found in two of nine strains studied. Natural mannose-like inhibitors were not found in unconcentrated urine obtained from 12 humans. Isolates from the urine or blood of patients with infections agglutinated erythrocytes significantly more frequently than did isolates from feces. Urine isolates of 10 common serogroups and isolates of less common serogroups did not differ in their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes. Among isolates from the urine of patients with infections, the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes did not correlate with either the serogroup of the strain or the clinical syndrome of the patient. Of the several other biological properties that were examined, only the production of colicins showed a significant association with the ability to agglutinate human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Relationship of hemagglutination to other biological properties of serologically classified isolates of Escherichia coli. The ability of 170 serologically classified strains of Escherichia coli to agglutinate human erythrocytes was examined. Erythrocytes of blood group A were more sensitive indicators of this property than were those of groups B or O. The predominant receptor was shown to be mannose containing; however, an additional receptor was found in two of nine strains studied. Natural mannose-like inhibitors were not found in unconcentrated urine obtained from 12 humans. Isolates from the urine or blood of patients with infections agglutinated erythrocytes significantly more frequently than did isolates from feces. Urine isolates of 10 common serogroups and isolates of less common serogroups did not differ in their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes. Among isolates from the urine of patients with infections, the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes did not correlate with either the serogroup of the strain or the clinical syndrome of the patient. Of the several other biological properties that were examined, only the production of colicins showed a significant association with the ability to agglutinate human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 385499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7053", "title": "Effect of estrogen and testosterone on the gastric secretion of rats and conscious rabbits.", "content": "Shay rats and conscious rabbits were used to study the effect of sex hormones on gastric secretion. Daily injections of estradiol-di propionate and testosterone-propionate were given separately to each set of animals, while the control animals received solvent alone for the same duration of time. Estrogen inhibited gastric acid output but augmented the mucus secretion as evidenced by increased hexosamine and fucose contents; and testosterone had the reverse effects. The effect of estrogen was more potent that of testosterone. An inverse relationship between gastric acid and mucus secretion has been noted. Peptic activity varied independently of the acid output. These hormones seemed to vary the acid output by modifying the composition of mucus secretion.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen and testosterone on the gastric secretion of rats and conscious rabbits. Shay rats and conscious rabbits were used to study the effect of sex hormones on gastric secretion. Daily injections of estradiol-di propionate and testosterone-propionate were given separately to each set of animals, while the control animals received solvent alone for the same duration of time. Estrogen inhibited gastric acid output but augmented the mucus secretion as evidenced by increased hexosamine and fucose contents; and testosterone had the reverse effects. The effect of estrogen was more potent that of testosterone. An inverse relationship between gastric acid and mucus secretion has been noted. Peptic activity varied independently of the acid output. These hormones seemed to vary the acid output by modifying the composition of mucus secretion.", "PMID": 385496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7054", "title": "Experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis: prevention of mortality not preventable by antibiotics alone.", "content": "Outbred Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or intravenously with one 90 to 100% lethal dose of Escherichia coli O:18, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. After carefully timed intervals, aminoglycoside antibiotics were begun at dosages nnd intervals predetermined to constitute optimal therapy. With progressive increases in delay of antibiotic therapy, mortality rates increased progressively from 0% to 90 to 100%. Standardized models of infection were developed by selecting delay periods before initiating antibiotic therapy such that 50 to 70% mortalities resulted. Utilizing these models, agents with reputed anti-endotoxin activity were administered concomitantly with the delayed antibiotic therapy to determine if any could prevent gram-negative septic mortality no longer preventable by the antibiotics alone. The following were observed: (i) adrenal corticosteroids prevented mortality that was no longer preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotics alone. The following were preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy alone; (ii) specific antisera also did so, provided anaphylaxis was circumvented; (iii) in one model (P. mirabilis), such protection by adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum could be additive; (iv) adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum acted synergistically with the aminoglycoside antibiotics--no protection was achieved by delayed administration of the steroids or antiserum alone; (v) timing was crucial--the synergistic protective activity of adrenal corticosteroids and of specific antiserum with aminoglycosides declined rapidly as infection progressed; (vi) cyclophosphamide pretreatment markedly impaired the synergistic protective activity of specific antiserum and of adrenal corticosteroids with aminoglycosides; (vii) no reputed anti-endotoxin agents other than adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum proved capable of preventing mortality not preventable by aminoglycoside antibiotics alone. These included antisera to rough mutant Enterobacteriaceae of Rc, Rd, and Re chemotypes, anticoagulants (heparin), ascorbic acid, antiproteolytic agents (aprotinin), alpha adrenergic blockers (phenoxybenzamine), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate, indomethacin), nicotinamide, glucose, and insulin-glucose-potassium mixtures.", "contents": "Experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis: prevention of mortality not preventable by antibiotics alone. Outbred Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or intravenously with one 90 to 100% lethal dose of Escherichia coli O:18, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. After carefully timed intervals, aminoglycoside antibiotics were begun at dosages nnd intervals predetermined to constitute optimal therapy. With progressive increases in delay of antibiotic therapy, mortality rates increased progressively from 0% to 90 to 100%. Standardized models of infection were developed by selecting delay periods before initiating antibiotic therapy such that 50 to 70% mortalities resulted. Utilizing these models, agents with reputed anti-endotoxin activity were administered concomitantly with the delayed antibiotic therapy to determine if any could prevent gram-negative septic mortality no longer preventable by the antibiotics alone. The following were observed: (i) adrenal corticosteroids prevented mortality that was no longer preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotics alone. The following were preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy alone; (ii) specific antisera also did so, provided anaphylaxis was circumvented; (iii) in one model (P. mirabilis), such protection by adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum could be additive; (iv) adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum acted synergistically with the aminoglycoside antibiotics--no protection was achieved by delayed administration of the steroids or antiserum alone; (v) timing was crucial--the synergistic protective activity of adrenal corticosteroids and of specific antiserum with aminoglycosides declined rapidly as infection progressed; (vi) cyclophosphamide pretreatment markedly impaired the synergistic protective activity of specific antiserum and of adrenal corticosteroids with aminoglycosides; (vii) no reputed anti-endotoxin agents other than adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum proved capable of preventing mortality not preventable by aminoglycoside antibiotics alone. These included antisera to rough mutant Enterobacteriaceae of Rc, Rd, and Re chemotypes, anticoagulants (heparin), ascorbic acid, antiproteolytic agents (aprotinin), alpha adrenergic blockers (phenoxybenzamine), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate, indomethacin), nicotinamide, glucose, and insulin-glucose-potassium mixtures.", "PMID": 385500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7055", "title": "Bactericidal activity of fractionated granule contents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: antagonism of granule cationic proteins by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Granule extracts from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were prepared with 0.2 M (pH 4.0) acetate. A fraction (valley AB) with distinctive bactericidal activity against cell wall mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was obtained after fractionation of the granule extracts by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The smooth parent LT-2 strain was less sensitive to the bactericidal action. Susceptibility of the rough mutants to bactericidal action increased as sugar residues decreased in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Re greater than Rd2 greater than Rd1 greater than Rc greater than Ra). Cationic protein(s) responsible for bactericidal activity could be selectively removed from the fraction by absorption with whole LT-2 cells or purified LPS. Loss of cationic protein species was confirmed by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified LPS from LT-2 or the deep rough mutant TA2168 inhibited the antimicrobial activity of the killing fraction in in vitro assays. A minor protein species (vAB1) from the valley AB fraction had an apparent molecular weight of 36,000 to 37,000 and represented a major bactericidal activity of the fraction. Small amounts of the isolated vAB1 protein were bactericidal for the smooth parent LT-2 strain.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of fractionated granule contents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: antagonism of granule cationic proteins by lipopolysaccharide. Granule extracts from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were prepared with 0.2 M (pH 4.0) acetate. A fraction (valley AB) with distinctive bactericidal activity against cell wall mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was obtained after fractionation of the granule extracts by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The smooth parent LT-2 strain was less sensitive to the bactericidal action. Susceptibility of the rough mutants to bactericidal action increased as sugar residues decreased in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Re greater than Rd2 greater than Rd1 greater than Rc greater than Ra). Cationic protein(s) responsible for bactericidal activity could be selectively removed from the fraction by absorption with whole LT-2 cells or purified LPS. Loss of cationic protein species was confirmed by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified LPS from LT-2 or the deep rough mutant TA2168 inhibited the antimicrobial activity of the killing fraction in in vitro assays. A minor protein species (vAB1) from the valley AB fraction had an apparent molecular weight of 36,000 to 37,000 and represented a major bactericidal activity of the fraction. Small amounts of the isolated vAB1 protein were bactericidal for the smooth parent LT-2 strain.", "PMID": 385501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7056", "title": "Role of Escherichia coli K capsular antigens during complement activation, C3 fixation, and opsonization.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains with K capsular polysaccharides are relatively resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in contrast to E. coli strains without K antigens. This inhibition of phagocytosis is related to an impaired recognition of the K+ strains by the phagocytes due to ineffective opsonization. All five strains without K antigens were readily phagocytized after opsonization in 5% normal serum, compared with no uptake of the K+ strains. Evidence is presented that the decreased opsonization of the K+ strains in normal serum is caused by a low rate of complement activation of the strains, with subsequent absence of C3b fixation or C3d fixation or both to the cell wall of the bacteria. After removal of the K+ antigens by heating of a K+ E. coli strain, the strain was able to activate complement, to bind C3b or C3d or both, and to become opsonized. Complement was then activated via the classical and alternative pathways, which was comparable to the complement consumption by K- E. coli.", "contents": "Role of Escherichia coli K capsular antigens during complement activation, C3 fixation, and opsonization. Escherichia coli strains with K capsular polysaccharides are relatively resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in contrast to E. coli strains without K antigens. This inhibition of phagocytosis is related to an impaired recognition of the K+ strains by the phagocytes due to ineffective opsonization. All five strains without K antigens were readily phagocytized after opsonization in 5% normal serum, compared with no uptake of the K+ strains. Evidence is presented that the decreased opsonization of the K+ strains in normal serum is caused by a low rate of complement activation of the strains, with subsequent absence of C3b fixation or C3d fixation or both to the cell wall of the bacteria. After removal of the K+ antigens by heating of a K+ E. coli strain, the strain was able to activate complement, to bind C3b or C3d or both, and to become opsonized. Complement was then activated via the classical and alternative pathways, which was comparable to the complement consumption by K- E. coli.", "PMID": 385502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7057", "title": "Microbial ecological basis of infant botulism as studied with germfree mice.", "content": "The possible role of the indigenous intestinal microflora in the toxicoinfection of human infant botulism was studied with adult germfree mice. Intraintestinal botulinum monoassociation was consistently produced when mice were fed 10 C. botulinum type A  spores. Control germfree mice became enterically infected when placed in the same isolator with, but separated from, animals that had been fed spores. When transferred into a room holding a colony of normal mice, the highly susceptible gnotobiotes became resistant to challenge of 10(5) spores after about 3 days of the conventionalizing exposure. The findings are interpreted as evidence that enteric botulinum infection occurs in human infants whose intestinal tract has not yet been colonized by bacteria which are indigenous to adults and prevent growth of C. botulinum. Intestinal monoassociation could not be developed in germfree infant mice younger than 7 days.", "contents": "Microbial ecological basis of infant botulism as studied with germfree mice. The possible role of the indigenous intestinal microflora in the toxicoinfection of human infant botulism was studied with adult germfree mice. Intraintestinal botulinum monoassociation was consistently produced when mice were fed 10 C. botulinum type A  spores. Control germfree mice became enterically infected when placed in the same isolator with, but separated from, animals that had been fed spores. When transferred into a room holding a colony of normal mice, the highly susceptible gnotobiotes became resistant to challenge of 10(5) spores after about 3 days of the conventionalizing exposure. The findings are interpreted as evidence that enteric botulinum infection occurs in human infants whose intestinal tract has not yet been colonized by bacteria which are indigenous to adults and prevent growth of C. botulinum. Intestinal monoassociation could not be developed in germfree infant mice younger than 7 days.", "PMID": 385503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7058", "title": "Systemic and gastrointestinal candidiasis of infant mice after intragastric challenge.", "content": "Systemic and gastrointestinal infection can be established in infant mice after intragastric challenge with Candida albicans. Differences in virulence of the six strains tested were noted. As early as 3 h after infection, some but not all livers, spleens, and kidneys contained C. albicans, but the peak number of colony-forming units in these organs was seen at 6 h. The early colonization of the organs could not be attributed to aspiration of the inoculum since about 90% of lungs and livers tested yielded no colony-forming units at 10 to 15 min postinfection. In animals with systemic infections, lungs, livers, kidneys, and spleens showed similar numbers of colony-forming units within the organs during the first 6 h postinfection- and then the number declined progressively up to 72 h. The gastrointestinal tract was colonized throughout a 20-day period of study. Counts made at intervals beyond day 1 yielded between 10(5) and 10(6) colony-forming units in the stomach, ileum, and cecum. Preparatory techniques for scanning electron microscopy preserved the yeast, intestinal mucus layer, and epithelial surface and made it possible to visualize the association between the pathogen and host tissues within the digestive tract.", "contents": "Systemic and gastrointestinal candidiasis of infant mice after intragastric challenge. Systemic and gastrointestinal infection can be established in infant mice after intragastric challenge with Candida albicans. Differences in virulence of the six strains tested were noted. As early as 3 h after infection, some but not all livers, spleens, and kidneys contained C. albicans, but the peak number of colony-forming units in these organs was seen at 6 h. The early colonization of the organs could not be attributed to aspiration of the inoculum since about 90% of lungs and livers tested yielded no colony-forming units at 10 to 15 min postinfection. In animals with systemic infections, lungs, livers, kidneys, and spleens showed similar numbers of colony-forming units within the organs during the first 6 h postinfection- and then the number declined progressively up to 72 h. The gastrointestinal tract was colonized throughout a 20-day period of study. Counts made at intervals beyond day 1 yielded between 10(5) and 10(6) colony-forming units in the stomach, ileum, and cecum. Preparatory techniques for scanning electron microscopy preserved the yeast, intestinal mucus layer, and epithelial surface and made it possible to visualize the association between the pathogen and host tissues within the digestive tract.", "PMID": 385504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7059", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in mice. Determination of the low IgA level in AKR mice by an irradiation-resistant factor.", "content": "A comparison was made between the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in H-2 compatible AKR and C3H mice. The IgG1 and especially the IgA level in preleukemic AKR mice was much lower than in age-matched C3H mice, while the IgM concentration was hardly different for AKR and C3H. Lethally irradiated AKR and C3H mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow (BM) cells showed a return to serum Ig levels which are normal for these strains. In AKR mice reconstituted with C3H BM cells low IgA levels were observed. On the other hand, in C3H mice reconstituted with AKR BM cells high quantities of IgA appeared, showing the AKR allotype. It is concluded that the low serum IgA concentration in AKR mice is not a reflection of a genetically determined inability of the B cell line to produce IgA, but rather a manifestation of a genetically determined capability to prevent IgA synthesis.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in mice. Determination of the low IgA level in AKR mice by an irradiation-resistant factor. A comparison was made between the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in H-2 compatible AKR and C3H mice. The IgG1 and especially the IgA level in preleukemic AKR mice was much lower than in age-matched C3H mice, while the IgM concentration was hardly different for AKR and C3H. Lethally irradiated AKR and C3H mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow (BM) cells showed a return to serum Ig levels which are normal for these strains. In AKR mice reconstituted with C3H BM cells low IgA levels were observed. On the other hand, in C3H mice reconstituted with AKR BM cells high quantities of IgA appeared, showing the AKR allotype. It is concluded that the low serum IgA concentration in AKR mice is not a reflection of a genetically determined inability of the B cell line to produce IgA, but rather a manifestation of a genetically determined capability to prevent IgA synthesis.", "PMID": 385505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7060", "title": "Persistent clonotypes associated with group A streptococcal polysaccharide antibody response in man.", "content": "Elevated anti-streptococcal group A polysaccharide antibodies are present in the sera of acute rheumatic fever patients. Analytical isoelectric focusing of sera taken in the acute phase of the disease and sequentially for up to 2 years later reveals a stable clonotype pattern of anti-group A polysaccharide antibodies. In addition, with reinfection and recurrence of the rheumatic fever, the same clonotype pattern of antibodies is present. This finding indicates that naturally acquired immunity is associated with persistence of clonotype expression.", "contents": "Persistent clonotypes associated with group A streptococcal polysaccharide antibody response in man. Elevated anti-streptococcal group A polysaccharide antibodies are present in the sera of acute rheumatic fever patients. Analytical isoelectric focusing of sera taken in the acute phase of the disease and sequentially for up to 2 years later reveals a stable clonotype pattern of anti-group A polysaccharide antibodies. In addition, with reinfection and recurrence of the rheumatic fever, the same clonotype pattern of antibodies is present. This finding indicates that naturally acquired immunity is associated with persistence of clonotype expression.", "PMID": 385506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7061", "title": "Effects of on-line symptom-processing on history-taking and diagnosis--a simulation study.", "content": "Techniques for computer-assisted diagnosis have been largely confined to off-line use, and there has been little examination of their potential role directly in the clinical setting. It is argued that the potential benefits of on-line diagnostic aids are considerable. A major barrier to such developments is uncertainty that the practical use of an on-line system would lead to the improvements in diagnostic effectiveness that more conventional off-line systems have already demonstrated. A series of studies in which clinicians took the histories of computer-simulated 'patients' presenting with dyspepsia, and formed diagnoses on the basis of these histories with and without computer assistance, suggested that diagnostic effectiveness may be greatly improved with on-line computer assistance. Some reasons for this improvement are discussed and it is concluded that the clinician and the on-line computer bring different but complementary types of knowledge to the diagnostic task. Though many practical questions remain to be answered the findings establish the principle of on-line symptom processing.", "contents": "Effects of on-line symptom-processing on history-taking and diagnosis--a simulation study. Techniques for computer-assisted diagnosis have been largely confined to off-line use, and there has been little examination of their potential role directly in the clinical setting. It is argued that the potential benefits of on-line diagnostic aids are considerable. A major barrier to such developments is uncertainty that the practical use of an on-line system would lead to the improvements in diagnostic effectiveness that more conventional off-line systems have already demonstrated. A series of studies in which clinicians took the histories of computer-simulated 'patients' presenting with dyspepsia, and formed diagnoses on the basis of these histories with and without computer assistance, suggested that diagnostic effectiveness may be greatly improved with on-line computer assistance. Some reasons for this improvement are discussed and it is concluded that the clinician and the on-line computer bring different but complementary types of knowledge to the diagnostic task. Though many practical questions remain to be answered the findings establish the principle of on-line symptom processing.", "PMID": 385507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7062", "title": "Algebraic framework of an optimization problem in diagnosis.", "content": "A formal analysis of an optimization problem in medical diagnosis is presented. The mathematical model of the diagnostic process corresponds in this work to an abstract machine definition which is based on the following sets and functions: Set of possible pathological states (diseases) of a patient, set of diagnostic tests (examination methods), set of all possible results of the tests (symptoms and signs), function which chooses successive tests, function performing a test (i.e., assigning to a given test its result), function assigning to each symptom a certain subset of the set of diseases. For a given abstract machine a class of pairs of graphs is formed; their analysis leads to the identification of a class of pairs of subgraphs which corresponds to an optimized diagnostic procedure. The optimization consists of a comparison of the distances between the initial and terminal vertices of the graphs and of a choice of a shortest route to a final diagnosis. For the considered class of pairs of subgraphs a mathematical model of the optimized diagnostic process is reconstructed.", "contents": "Algebraic framework of an optimization problem in diagnosis. A formal analysis of an optimization problem in medical diagnosis is presented. The mathematical model of the diagnostic process corresponds in this work to an abstract machine definition which is based on the following sets and functions: Set of possible pathological states (diseases) of a patient, set of diagnostic tests (examination methods), set of all possible results of the tests (symptoms and signs), function which chooses successive tests, function performing a test (i.e., assigning to a given test its result), function assigning to each symptom a certain subset of the set of diseases. For a given abstract machine a class of pairs of graphs is formed; their analysis leads to the identification of a class of pairs of subgraphs which corresponds to an optimized diagnostic procedure. The optimization consists of a comparison of the distances between the initial and terminal vertices of the graphs and of a choice of a shortest route to a final diagnosis. For the considered class of pairs of subgraphs a mathematical model of the optimized diagnostic process is reconstructed.", "PMID": 385508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7063", "title": "Computer-aided medical diagnosis: literature review.", "content": "The difficulty of the medical diagnostic task and the advantages of the computer as an aid in this task are discussed. The general strategy and structure of any computer-aided system is presented, and the relationship of diagnostic accuracy to key variables involved in the development, test and use of a computer-aided diagnostic system is examined. These variables include: the computer algorithm, the source of the information used to develop the data base, the number and type of diseases under investigation, the number and type of indicants used, the source of the test sample, and the source of the validated diagnosis. A table of 58 empirically tested computer-aided medical diagnostic systems is presented; each system is summarised in relation to the variables mentioned above and diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Computer-aided medical diagnosis: literature review. The difficulty of the medical diagnostic task and the advantages of the computer as an aid in this task are discussed. The general strategy and structure of any computer-aided system is presented, and the relationship of diagnostic accuracy to key variables involved in the development, test and use of a computer-aided diagnostic system is examined. These variables include: the computer algorithm, the source of the information used to develop the data base, the number and type of diseases under investigation, the number and type of indicants used, the source of the test sample, and the source of the validated diagnosis. A table of 58 empirically tested computer-aided medical diagnostic systems is presented; each system is summarised in relation to the variables mentioned above and diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 385509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7064", "title": "Analysis of clinical laboratory data by biplot methods using a three-dimensional display: discrimination of renal stone-patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The biplot technique is a very useful graphical method to display the relationships between row and column characteristics in two-way tables. This method is applicable as long as the rank-2 approximation explains a large part (e.g. 95%) of the whole variability. However, since in large tables only a rank-3 approximation will yield such a high degree of explanation, a three-dimensional biplot technique has been introduced, using a 3d-screen as a matter of presentation of clinical laboratory data. The value of such a procedure is illustrated using as a clinical example a patient population with recurrent renal stone formation due either to primary hyperparathyroidism or to idiopathic hypercalciuria.", "contents": "Analysis of clinical laboratory data by biplot methods using a three-dimensional display: discrimination of renal stone-patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and primary hyperparathyroidism. The biplot technique is a very useful graphical method to display the relationships between row and column characteristics in two-way tables. This method is applicable as long as the rank-2 approximation explains a large part (e.g. 95%) of the whole variability. However, since in large tables only a rank-3 approximation will yield such a high degree of explanation, a three-dimensional biplot technique has been introduced, using a 3d-screen as a matter of presentation of clinical laboratory data. The value of such a procedure is illustrated using as a clinical example a patient population with recurrent renal stone formation due either to primary hyperparathyroidism or to idiopathic hypercalciuria.", "PMID": 385510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7065", "title": "Cell surface sialylation of glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids in cultured metastatic variant RNA-virus transformed non-producer BALB/c 3T3 cell lines.", "content": "The sialic acid composition and the display of cell surface sialyl components of several metastatic variant RNA-virus-transformed non-producer BALB/c 3T3 have been studied in culture. The following observations have been made concerning the sialyl components in these lines: (1) the compositions of whole-cell total, protein-bound and lipid-bound sialic acid were not appreciably different; (2) the surface sialic acid studied using the neuraminidase-galactose oxidase method and metabolic labelling followed by neuraminidase hydrolysis showed a positive correlation with the metastatic properties of these lines; (3) the degree of surface sialylation determined by galactose oxidase--sodium borotritide labelling of neuraminidase-treated and untreated cells revealed that 44--89% of exposed galactose and/or N-acetyl galactosamine residues of total cell-surface saccharides were sialylated in highly and intermediately metastatic lines as compared with 11-30% in the poorly and non-metastatic lines; (4) the cell surface glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids contributed equally well in their degree of sialylation and there was a positive correlation with the metastatic properties of the cells in vivo; (5) the cell surface proteins labelled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination technique, followed by gel electrophoresis, showed some minor differences between metastatic variant lines. However, glycoproteins detected by the galactose oxidase labelling of neuraminidase-treated and untreated cells showed major differences in composition between the metastatic variant lines. The study of four highly metastatic lines has shown that the cells of these lines were enriched in several sialyl-glycoproteins, whereas three non tumorigenic lines and two poorly metastatic or non-metastatic lines contained unsialylated glycoproteins. The results indicate an enhancement of the degree of sialylation of surface glycoconjugates accompanying the metastatic process in RNA-virus-transformed mouse lines.", "contents": "Cell surface sialylation of glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids in cultured metastatic variant RNA-virus transformed non-producer BALB/c 3T3 cell lines. The sialic acid composition and the display of cell surface sialyl components of several metastatic variant RNA-virus-transformed non-producer BALB/c 3T3 have been studied in culture. The following observations have been made concerning the sialyl components in these lines: (1) the compositions of whole-cell total, protein-bound and lipid-bound sialic acid were not appreciably different; (2) the surface sialic acid studied using the neuraminidase-galactose oxidase method and metabolic labelling followed by neuraminidase hydrolysis showed a positive correlation with the metastatic properties of these lines; (3) the degree of surface sialylation determined by galactose oxidase--sodium borotritide labelling of neuraminidase-treated and untreated cells revealed that 44--89% of exposed galactose and/or N-acetyl galactosamine residues of total cell-surface saccharides were sialylated in highly and intermediately metastatic lines as compared with 11-30% in the poorly and non-metastatic lines; (4) the cell surface glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids contributed equally well in their degree of sialylation and there was a positive correlation with the metastatic properties of the cells in vivo; (5) the cell surface proteins labelled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination technique, followed by gel electrophoresis, showed some minor differences between metastatic variant lines. However, glycoproteins detected by the galactose oxidase labelling of neuraminidase-treated and untreated cells showed major differences in composition between the metastatic variant lines. The study of four highly metastatic lines has shown that the cells of these lines were enriched in several sialyl-glycoproteins, whereas three non tumorigenic lines and two poorly metastatic or non-metastatic lines contained unsialylated glycoproteins. The results indicate an enhancement of the degree of sialylation of surface glycoconjugates accompanying the metastatic process in RNA-virus-transformed mouse lines.", "PMID": 385511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7066", "title": "Rapid release of fibronectin from human lung fibroblasts by biologically active phorbol esters.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay technique has been used to study the effects of several phorbol esters on their ability to release fibronectin from cultured human lung fibroblasts into medium. The biologically active phorbol esters studied rapidly released fibronectin from cells into medium, with concomitant changes in the cellular morphology within 2 h. The quantity of fibronectin released was dose-, time- and promoter-dependent. The earliest release of fibronectin was seen within 30 min of onset of the incubation. Alterations in membrane topology elicited by phorbol esters appear to be responsible for the rapid release of fibronectin molecules from cells into the medium.", "contents": "Rapid release of fibronectin from human lung fibroblasts by biologically active phorbol esters. A sensitive radioimmunoassay technique has been used to study the effects of several phorbol esters on their ability to release fibronectin from cultured human lung fibroblasts into medium. The biologically active phorbol esters studied rapidly released fibronectin from cells into medium, with concomitant changes in the cellular morphology within 2 h. The quantity of fibronectin released was dose-, time- and promoter-dependent. The earliest release of fibronectin was seen within 30 min of onset of the incubation. Alterations in membrane topology elicited by phorbol esters appear to be responsible for the rapid release of fibronectin molecules from cells into the medium.", "PMID": 385512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7067", "title": "The value of a sensitive assay of carcino-placental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) in the follow-up of gynecological cancers.", "content": "Using a sensitive enzyme immunoassay, carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) was determined in sera of 1266 patients with gyneocological cancers. All these patients were referred after initial surgical treatment elsewhere. There were 95 patients with evidence of disease at the time of the study and 1171 without evidence of disease. Of the 95 patients with active disease, 47 were treated for ovarian carcinoma, 36 for carcinoma of the cervix and 12 for endometrial carcinoma. Raised levels of CPAP were seen in 40% of patients with ovarian carcinoma, in 22% with carcinoma of the cervix and in 41% in the small group with endometrial carcinoma. In patients without evidence of disease, raised levels of CPAP were seen in 12% of patients with carcinoma of the cervix, in 6% of endometrial carcinoma and only in 2% of patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Therefore it was considered that in the latter group CPAP studies would prove of some value. In the group of patients with carcinoma of the ovary and evidence of disease, raised levels of CPAP were seen almost exclusively in patients with epithelial tumors. It is considered that CPAP may be of value as a tumor marker in this group of patients. When compared with CEA, CPAP tends to give fewer false positives and correlates better with the presence of disease.", "contents": "The value of a sensitive assay of carcino-placental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) in the follow-up of gynecological cancers. Using a sensitive enzyme immunoassay, carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) was determined in sera of 1266 patients with gyneocological cancers. All these patients were referred after initial surgical treatment elsewhere. There were 95 patients with evidence of disease at the time of the study and 1171 without evidence of disease. Of the 95 patients with active disease, 47 were treated for ovarian carcinoma, 36 for carcinoma of the cervix and 12 for endometrial carcinoma. Raised levels of CPAP were seen in 40% of patients with ovarian carcinoma, in 22% with carcinoma of the cervix and in 41% in the small group with endometrial carcinoma. In patients without evidence of disease, raised levels of CPAP were seen in 12% of patients with carcinoma of the cervix, in 6% of endometrial carcinoma and only in 2% of patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Therefore it was considered that in the latter group CPAP studies would prove of some value. In the group of patients with carcinoma of the ovary and evidence of disease, raised levels of CPAP were seen almost exclusively in patients with epithelial tumors. It is considered that CPAP may be of value as a tumor marker in this group of patients. When compared with CEA, CPAP tends to give fewer false positives and correlates better with the presence of disease.", "PMID": 385513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7068", "title": "C. parvum treatment of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin.", "content": "C. parvum (Wellcome CN6134) has been examined for suppression of a range of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin. With five tumours (three mammary carcinomas and two fibrosarcomas) growth of comparatively high cell inocula (with respect to the minimum for growth in control rats) was suppressed by admixture with the vaccine. Equivalent dry weights of Glaxo, Pasteur or Connaught BCGs were relatively ineffective. Intralesional injection of C. parvum into three three established tumours (two mammary carcinomas and one fibrosarcoma) retarded development of only one, the mmamary carcinoma Sp4. With three mammary carcinomas and one fibrosarcoma, active specific immune stimulation with vaccines of viable or irradiated cells admixed with C. parvum was again consistently effective only with carcinoma Sp4, and this tumour was also susceptible to intradermal but not intravenous treatment with C. parvum alone.", "contents": "C. parvum treatment of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin. C. parvum (Wellcome CN6134) has been examined for suppression of a range of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin. With five tumours (three mammary carcinomas and two fibrosarcomas) growth of comparatively high cell inocula (with respect to the minimum for growth in control rats) was suppressed by admixture with the vaccine. Equivalent dry weights of Glaxo, Pasteur or Connaught BCGs were relatively ineffective. Intralesional injection of C. parvum into three three established tumours (two mammary carcinomas and one fibrosarcoma) retarded development of only one, the mmamary carcinoma Sp4. With three mammary carcinomas and one fibrosarcoma, active specific immune stimulation with vaccines of viable or irradiated cells admixed with C. parvum was again consistently effective only with carcinoma Sp4, and this tumour was also susceptible to intradermal but not intravenous treatment with C. parvum alone.", "PMID": 385514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7069", "title": "The transfer of care: U.S. mental health policy since World War II.", "content": "Recent criticism of mental health policy has raised many questions about the so-called \"mental health revolution.\" Following World War II, the federal government and the growing mental health lobby planned the first nationally oriented system of psychiatric treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention. The rapidly expanding National Institute of Mental Health coordinated that policy, particularly through its Community Mental Health Centers program. Custodial state hospitals were depopulated and their patients \"dumped\" in nursing and boarding homes, which now constitute the largest arena for and most expensive form of psychaitric care. While there has been some progress in decreasing the hospital population and in improving conditions, as well as in providing services to certain people who otherwise would never receive them, failures have been more dominant. Admission and readmission rates have climbed precipitously. Unplanned hospital discharge has led to hundreds of thousands of ex-patients living in dangerous, nontherapeutic nursing homes were the main concern is profit. They, and many others, are maintained on psychiatric drugs, another source of profit as well as a dangerous technology. Community mental health programs have maintained psychiatry's traditional class, race, and sex biases, and have incurred widespread intrusion into communities. This article shows that such problems are part of an interconnected system in which the driving forces are fiscal crisis, ideological justifications for dumping patients, attempts to pass responsibility from state governments to federal and local bodies, restrictions on government and insurance reimbursements, the free enterprise economics of the nursing home and drug industries, and the professionalist practices of the mental health field.", "contents": "The transfer of care: U.S. mental health policy since World War II. Recent criticism of mental health policy has raised many questions about the so-called \"mental health revolution.\" Following World War II, the federal government and the growing mental health lobby planned the first nationally oriented system of psychiatric treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention. The rapidly expanding National Institute of Mental Health coordinated that policy, particularly through its Community Mental Health Centers program. Custodial state hospitals were depopulated and their patients \"dumped\" in nursing and boarding homes, which now constitute the largest arena for and most expensive form of psychaitric care. While there has been some progress in decreasing the hospital population and in improving conditions, as well as in providing services to certain people who otherwise would never receive them, failures have been more dominant. Admission and readmission rates have climbed precipitously. Unplanned hospital discharge has led to hundreds of thousands of ex-patients living in dangerous, nontherapeutic nursing homes were the main concern is profit. They, and many others, are maintained on psychiatric drugs, another source of profit as well as a dangerous technology. Community mental health programs have maintained psychiatry's traditional class, race, and sex biases, and have incurred widespread intrusion into communities. This article shows that such problems are part of an interconnected system in which the driving forces are fiscal crisis, ideological justifications for dumping patients, attempts to pass responsibility from state governments to federal and local bodies, restrictions on government and insurance reimbursements, the free enterprise economics of the nursing home and drug industries, and the professionalist practices of the mental health field.", "PMID": 385515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7070", "title": "Partial inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H mice immunized with cell wall skeletons.", "content": "C3H mice stimulated with M. lepraemurium cell wall skeletons (LM-CWS) were challenged with viable M. lepraemurium, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to picryl chloride was measured. In one type of experiment the mice were challenged at the time when stimulation of cell-mediated resistance by means of LM-CWS was undertaken. The major purpose was to investigate principles pertaining to immunotherapy. In contrast to the loss of a detectable DTH response to picryl chloride, development of murine leprosy was partially suppressed. In the second type of experiment the mice were stimulated with oil-attached LM-CWS seven weeks before challenge with M. lepraemurium. Findings were: a) that nonspecific DTH as measured by sensitization and challenge with picryl chloride was activated before the infection with M. lepraemurium and b) that the DTH which developed was associated with partial protection against the growth of lepromata. The murine leprosy which developed in C3H mice stimulated with LM-CWS was progressive after some delay.", "contents": "Partial inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H mice immunized with cell wall skeletons. C3H mice stimulated with M. lepraemurium cell wall skeletons (LM-CWS) were challenged with viable M. lepraemurium, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to picryl chloride was measured. In one type of experiment the mice were challenged at the time when stimulation of cell-mediated resistance by means of LM-CWS was undertaken. The major purpose was to investigate principles pertaining to immunotherapy. In contrast to the loss of a detectable DTH response to picryl chloride, development of murine leprosy was partially suppressed. In the second type of experiment the mice were stimulated with oil-attached LM-CWS seven weeks before challenge with M. lepraemurium. Findings were: a) that nonspecific DTH as measured by sensitization and challenge with picryl chloride was activated before the infection with M. lepraemurium and b) that the DTH which developed was associated with partial protection against the growth of lepromata. The murine leprosy which developed in C3H mice stimulated with LM-CWS was progressive after some delay.", "PMID": 385517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7071", "title": "Evaluation of antihemorrhagic activity of V. F.", "content": "In the prophylaxis of surgical interventions performed in the Dental Clinic for dental avulsions under general anesthesia, the V. F. (peptides deriving from the enzymatic degradation of bovine Factor VIII) has been shown to be particularly active in the reduction of the quantity of blood lost per tooth, corresponding to a reduction in blood loss of an average of 40% to 45%. The \"double blind\" experiment confirmed a significant hemostatic capacity of the preparation. V. F. in extremely small doses (1 mg/day) divided into two daily, oral administrations, isn't toxic, isn't habit forming and doesn't provoke immunological reactions. On the basis of its positive characteristics (diminution of blood lost without alteration of the parameters of coagulation or platelet aggregation), V. F. seems to be the preparation of choice for the treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis not accompanied by coagulation defect, and also as a preventive measure in minor surgical interventions where small vessels are involved and hemostasis cannot be achieved surgically.", "contents": "Evaluation of antihemorrhagic activity of V. F. In the prophylaxis of surgical interventions performed in the Dental Clinic for dental avulsions under general anesthesia, the V. F. (peptides deriving from the enzymatic degradation of bovine Factor VIII) has been shown to be particularly active in the reduction of the quantity of blood lost per tooth, corresponding to a reduction in blood loss of an average of 40% to 45%. The \"double blind\" experiment confirmed a significant hemostatic capacity of the preparation. V. F. in extremely small doses (1 mg/day) divided into two daily, oral administrations, isn't toxic, isn't habit forming and doesn't provoke immunological reactions. On the basis of its positive characteristics (diminution of blood lost without alteration of the parameters of coagulation or platelet aggregation), V. F. seems to be the preparation of choice for the treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis not accompanied by coagulation defect, and also as a preventive measure in minor surgical interventions where small vessels are involved and hemostasis cannot be achieved surgically.", "PMID": 385518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7072", "title": "Synthesis of model compounds relevant to the active-site-directed inactivation of L-asparaginase by 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline.", "content": "Earlier work has shown that 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline (DONV) irreversibly inactivates the L-asparaginase from E. coli by formation of a covalent bond in the region of the active site. Model compounds have been prepared to study this acid-labile covalent bond tentatively assigned to a serine or possibly a threonine residue in a decapeptide isolated from 14C-DONV-inactivated enzyme. Appropriately blocked DONV was found to alkylate methanol, and the hydroxyl function of blocked serine or threonine in the presence of boron trifluoride. The labile beta-ketoethers thus formed were reduced to the more stable beta-hydroxyethers. Facile lactonization of these 5-substituted-4-hydroxy-L-norvalines was observed. The diastereoisomers of both the lactonized and open forms of 5-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-norvaline and related 4-hydroxy-L-2-amino acids of similar length were distinguishable on the amino acid analyzer. The beta-hydroxyethers derived from serine and threonine were hydrolyzed with acid and yielded the expected cleavage products. When the beta-ketoether was reduced by sodium borohydride prior to deblocking, in addition to the beta-hydroxyether, N-blocked amino alcohols were also formed, yielding a complex mixture of products.", "contents": "Synthesis of model compounds relevant to the active-site-directed inactivation of L-asparaginase by 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline. Earlier work has shown that 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline (DONV) irreversibly inactivates the L-asparaginase from E. coli by formation of a covalent bond in the region of the active site. Model compounds have been prepared to study this acid-labile covalent bond tentatively assigned to a serine or possibly a threonine residue in a decapeptide isolated from 14C-DONV-inactivated enzyme. Appropriately blocked DONV was found to alkylate methanol, and the hydroxyl function of blocked serine or threonine in the presence of boron trifluoride. The labile beta-ketoethers thus formed were reduced to the more stable beta-hydroxyethers. Facile lactonization of these 5-substituted-4-hydroxy-L-norvalines was observed. The diastereoisomers of both the lactonized and open forms of 5-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-norvaline and related 4-hydroxy-L-2-amino acids of similar length were distinguishable on the amino acid analyzer. The beta-hydroxyethers derived from serine and threonine were hydrolyzed with acid and yielded the expected cleavage products. When the beta-ketoether was reduced by sodium borohydride prior to deblocking, in addition to the beta-hydroxyether, N-blocked amino alcohols were also formed, yielding a complex mixture of products.", "PMID": 385521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7073", "title": "Dextranomer in dermatologic conditions.", "content": "Dextranomer, a high molecular weight dextran derivative, was evaluated in 43 patients, and found to be the treatment of choice for decubitus ulcers. It is useful in most leg ulcers and cutaneous wounds, and can aid in the nursing care of terminal patients with gangrene or uclerating carcinoma. Dextranomer hastens the postoperative course in dermabrasion patients. Although patients with bacterial infection show no change with dextranomer, it is useful in hastening the resolution of herpes simplex and herpes zoster lesions.", "contents": "Dextranomer in dermatologic conditions. Dextranomer, a high molecular weight dextran derivative, was evaluated in 43 patients, and found to be the treatment of choice for decubitus ulcers. It is useful in most leg ulcers and cutaneous wounds, and can aid in the nursing care of terminal patients with gangrene or uclerating carcinoma. Dextranomer hastens the postoperative course in dermabrasion patients. Although patients with bacterial infection show no change with dextranomer, it is useful in hastening the resolution of herpes simplex and herpes zoster lesions.", "PMID": 385520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7074", "title": "Real-time digital K-edge subtraction fluoroscopy.", "content": "We report in vitro and in vivo trials of K-edge fluoroscopy, by which iodine contrast concentration is displayed live, with tissue and bone images suppressed, free of patient-motion artifacts. Iodine and cerium, 125 and 225 mg/cm2 respectively, filter alternate TV fields of cine-pulsed 50 KVP x-rays. Weighted subtraction of successive TV fields isolates the iodine image and simultaneously minimizes artifacts. Digital techniques are used in real time. At our present x-ray tube limit, 500 mA instantaneous current, the patient exposure is 180 mR/sec and quantum mottle limits the image quality. Integrating four successive difference images provides a compromise between mottle and smoothly moving displays. Cardiovascular images of a 17-kg dog, using 1 ml/kg Renografin-60 injected into a foreleg vein, show that a 15-cm chest thickness is our present practical maximum. This method may be useful in diagnosing cardiovascular anomalies in infants without catheterization or suspension of breathing.", "contents": "Real-time digital K-edge subtraction fluoroscopy. We report in vitro and in vivo trials of K-edge fluoroscopy, by which iodine contrast concentration is displayed live, with tissue and bone images suppressed, free of patient-motion artifacts. Iodine and cerium, 125 and 225 mg/cm2 respectively, filter alternate TV fields of cine-pulsed 50 KVP x-rays. Weighted subtraction of successive TV fields isolates the iodine image and simultaneously minimizes artifacts. Digital techniques are used in real time. At our present x-ray tube limit, 500 mA instantaneous current, the patient exposure is 180 mR/sec and quantum mottle limits the image quality. Integrating four successive difference images provides a compromise between mottle and smoothly moving displays. Cardiovascular images of a 17-kg dog, using 1 ml/kg Renografin-60 injected into a foreleg vein, show that a 15-cm chest thickness is our present practical maximum. This method may be useful in diagnosing cardiovascular anomalies in infants without catheterization or suspension of breathing.", "PMID": 385547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7075", "title": "Computerized fluoroscopy techniques for intravenous study of cardiac chamber dynamics.", "content": "A computerized fluoroscopy system which was recently developed in our laboratories permits image contrast increases of 8-16 relative to conventional image intensifer fluoroscopy and permits study of canine and human ventricular wall motion using peripheral intravenous injections. Two time-dependent image subtraction algorithms are illustrated in connection with observation of artificially infarcted dog hearts. The first algorithm produces a display analogous to direct ventriculography using catheterization. The second displays regions of dyskinetic motion as anomalous image grey shades.", "contents": "Computerized fluoroscopy techniques for intravenous study of cardiac chamber dynamics. A computerized fluoroscopy system which was recently developed in our laboratories permits image contrast increases of 8-16 relative to conventional image intensifer fluoroscopy and permits study of canine and human ventricular wall motion using peripheral intravenous injections. Two time-dependent image subtraction algorithms are illustrated in connection with observation of artificially infarcted dog hearts. The first algorithm produces a display analogous to direct ventriculography using catheterization. The second displays regions of dyskinetic motion as anomalous image grey shades.", "PMID": 385548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7076", "title": "A stereotactic head frame for use with CT body scanners.", "content": "A prototype stereotactic head frame has been constructed for use in conjunction with a computed tomographic (CT) body scanner. Interactive software has been developed to allow target delineation using a standard CT scanner computer and image display console. The mathematic equations fundamental to this software are described. In preliminary experiments, it has been demonstrated that this frame can accurately direct a probe to an appropriately delineated target in a series of CT scans. A theoretic method for determining accuracy is presented; results suggest that this system represents a significant improvement over classic methods of neurosurgical stereotactic localization.", "contents": "A stereotactic head frame for use with CT body scanners. A prototype stereotactic head frame has been constructed for use in conjunction with a computed tomographic (CT) body scanner. Interactive software has been developed to allow target delineation using a standard CT scanner computer and image display console. The mathematic equations fundamental to this software are described. In preliminary experiments, it has been demonstrated that this frame can accurately direct a probe to an appropriately delineated target in a series of CT scans. A theoretic method for determining accuracy is presented; results suggest that this system represents a significant improvement over classic methods of neurosurgical stereotactic localization.", "PMID": 385549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7077", "title": "A selective radioenzymatic assay for the determination of octopamine and phenylethanolamine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Preliminary results in human and experimental hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous determination of phenylethanolamine and octopamine in biological fluids is described. It is derived from the radioenzymatic assay originally described by Molinoff et al. (1969) and subsequently modified by Saavedra (1974). The enzymatic reaction is based upon the methylation of phenylethanolamine and octopamine by phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase using 14C-S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. The N-methyl derivatives of the two amines are separately extracted and estimated. Selectivity is increased by optimization of extraction and evaporation and by subsequent extraction of the two compounds. Phenylethanolamine and octopamine levels were determined in plasma of human subjects and in plasma and CSF of dogs. The levels were found significantly elevated both in human and experimental hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "A selective radioenzymatic assay for the determination of octopamine and phenylethanolamine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Preliminary results in human and experimental hepatic encephalopathy. A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous determination of phenylethanolamine and octopamine in biological fluids is described. It is derived from the radioenzymatic assay originally described by Molinoff et al. (1969) and subsequently modified by Saavedra (1974). The enzymatic reaction is based upon the methylation of phenylethanolamine and octopamine by phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase using 14C-S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. The N-methyl derivatives of the two amines are separately extracted and estimated. Selectivity is increased by optimization of extraction and evaporation and by subsequent extraction of the two compounds. Phenylethanolamine and octopamine levels were determined in plasma of human subjects and in plasma and CSF of dogs. The levels were found significantly elevated both in human and experimental hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 385550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7078", "title": "[Conservative surgery of spontaneous rupture of renal grafts].", "content": "17 cases of spontaneous rupture of renal allografts were noted after 285 renal transplantations performed during the years 1967-1978. All ruptures occurred within the first two weeks after transplantation. Acute rejection, combined with hypertension, dialysis and/or anticoagulation seem to be the main etiological factors of graft rupture. Due to severe hemorrhage surgical exploration had to be performed in 15 patients. While removal of the graft was necessary in 4 patients the kidney could be preserved by tamponade and suture in 11 patients. 5 patients later lost their graft, due to chronic rejection, while 8 patients (6 of the 15 patients who needed surgical exploration) currently have satisfactory graft function.", "contents": "[Conservative surgery of spontaneous rupture of renal grafts]. 17 cases of spontaneous rupture of renal allografts were noted after 285 renal transplantations performed during the years 1967-1978. All ruptures occurred within the first two weeks after transplantation. Acute rejection, combined with hypertension, dialysis and/or anticoagulation seem to be the main etiological factors of graft rupture. Due to severe hemorrhage surgical exploration had to be performed in 15 patients. While removal of the graft was necessary in 4 patients the kidney could be preserved by tamponade and suture in 11 patients. 5 patients later lost their graft, due to chronic rejection, while 8 patients (6 of the 15 patients who needed surgical exploration) currently have satisfactory graft function.", "PMID": 385559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7079", "title": "[Long-term observations on different methods of nephropexy].", "content": "In 29 patients with nephroptosis two different methods of nephropexy were compared; nephropexy using sutures passing through the parenchyma (n = 16) and nephropexy using tissue adhesives (n = 13). The first group was mobilized 3.5 days after operation, whereas the second group was mobilized one day after operation. On later follow-up 79% of the patients had no or minor complaints. Those patients who had the same disturbances as preoperatively had all been treated by nephropexy using sutures passing through the parenchyma. In 56% of this group radiological recurrence was seen, whereas in the group using tissue adhesives there was only 8% radiological recurrence. We think therefore that the nephroxepy using tissue adhesive is the simplest and least traumatic method.", "contents": "[Long-term observations on different methods of nephropexy]. In 29 patients with nephroptosis two different methods of nephropexy were compared; nephropexy using sutures passing through the parenchyma (n = 16) and nephropexy using tissue adhesives (n = 13). The first group was mobilized 3.5 days after operation, whereas the second group was mobilized one day after operation. On later follow-up 79% of the patients had no or minor complaints. Those patients who had the same disturbances as preoperatively had all been treated by nephropexy using sutures passing through the parenchyma. In 56% of this group radiological recurrence was seen, whereas in the group using tissue adhesives there was only 8% radiological recurrence. We think therefore that the nephroxepy using tissue adhesive is the simplest and least traumatic method.", "PMID": 385560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7080", "title": "Browplasty as an adjunct to rhinoplasty.", "content": "Brow modifications are discussed with respect to their role as aids in achieving certain aesthetic effects when rhinoplasty is being performed. If a deep nasofrontal angle should not be brought forward, reduction of the brow may be indicated. If the nasofrontal angle should not be retrodisplaced to deepen a shallow angle, brow augmentation may prove helpful in separating the nose from the forehead or in making the nose appear shorter in the vertical dimension. Augmentation and reduction browplastic techniques are discussed, and selected methods are illustrated. Some involve additional resection of frontal bone or procerus muscle at the time of nasal-hump removal. Others employ grafts of bone and/or cartilage removed from the nose at the time of septorhinoplasty. The versatile aesthetic surgeon should be capable of changing all structures adjacent to the nose. Certain difficult cosmetic problems are best treated by directing appropriate attention to these structures and to the nose rather than by concentrating on the nose alone. That the brow is one of these important abutting landmarks is demonstrated.", "contents": "Browplasty as an adjunct to rhinoplasty. Brow modifications are discussed with respect to their role as aids in achieving certain aesthetic effects when rhinoplasty is being performed. If a deep nasofrontal angle should not be brought forward, reduction of the brow may be indicated. If the nasofrontal angle should not be retrodisplaced to deepen a shallow angle, brow augmentation may prove helpful in separating the nose from the forehead or in making the nose appear shorter in the vertical dimension. Augmentation and reduction browplastic techniques are discussed, and selected methods are illustrated. Some involve additional resection of frontal bone or procerus muscle at the time of nasal-hump removal. Others employ grafts of bone and/or cartilage removed from the nose at the time of septorhinoplasty. The versatile aesthetic surgeon should be capable of changing all structures adjacent to the nose. Certain difficult cosmetic problems are best treated by directing appropriate attention to these structures and to the nose rather than by concentrating on the nose alone. That the brow is one of these important abutting landmarks is demonstrated.", "PMID": 385555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7081", "title": "[Treatment of ureteral obstruction and urinary fistulas after kidney transplantation].", "content": "In 285 renal transplantations, performed during the years 1967-1978, 6 ureteral obstructions (2,1%) and 15 urinary fistulas (5,3%) were observed. Ureteral obstructions occurred in the late phase after transplantation and were caused by strictures at the uretero-vesical anastomosis (two patients), compression of the ureter by enlarged kidney during rejection (one patient) resp. lymphocele (one patient) and strictures at the pyelo-ureteral junction (two patients). Satisfactory results were achieved by surgical treatment in all patients. Urinary fistulas occurred in the early postoperative phase. Two vesical, 12 vesico-ureteral and one calyceal fistula were observed. 7 fistulas (1 vesical, 6 vesico-ureteral) closed spontaneously after temporary drainage of the bladder. 8 fistulas were repaired surgically. While satisfactory results were obtained in 13 patients, two patients died due to infection and sepsis after reoccurrence of fistulas.", "contents": "[Treatment of ureteral obstruction and urinary fistulas after kidney transplantation]. In 285 renal transplantations, performed during the years 1967-1978, 6 ureteral obstructions (2,1%) and 15 urinary fistulas (5,3%) were observed. Ureteral obstructions occurred in the late phase after transplantation and were caused by strictures at the uretero-vesical anastomosis (two patients), compression of the ureter by enlarged kidney during rejection (one patient) resp. lymphocele (one patient) and strictures at the pyelo-ureteral junction (two patients). Satisfactory results were achieved by surgical treatment in all patients. Urinary fistulas occurred in the early postoperative phase. Two vesical, 12 vesico-ureteral and one calyceal fistula were observed. 7 fistulas (1 vesical, 6 vesico-ureteral) closed spontaneously after temporary drainage of the bladder. 8 fistulas were repaired surgically. While satisfactory results were obtained in 13 patients, two patients died due to infection and sepsis after reoccurrence of fistulas.", "PMID": 385561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7082", "title": "[Experiences with clindamycin in orthopedic surgery and traumatology].", "content": "60 cases of orthopedic surgery and traumatology were treated 64 times altogether with an average dose of clindamycin of 3 X 300 mg/day. 40 patients were given clindamycin as preventive treatment. 12 patients were treated for acute infections of the locomotor system and other 8 patients 12 times for chronic osteitis. In the group having received preventive trqatment, infection occurred bu 1 out of 40 patients. As to the 12 cases of acute infections, 10 recovered, 1 improved and 1 patient got worse. Concerning the 12 treatments of 8 patients with chronic osteitis, in 1 case the inactivation of the infection was obtained. 9 cases showed significant improvement whereas in 2 cases an aggravation was noticed. In 5 patients the following side effects occurred: 2 cases of allergic exanthema, 2 cases of mild diarrhoe and 1 case of pyrosis. This study shows that clindamycin is an antibiotic with a broad field of application in orthopedic surgery.", "contents": "[Experiences with clindamycin in orthopedic surgery and traumatology]. 60 cases of orthopedic surgery and traumatology were treated 64 times altogether with an average dose of clindamycin of 3 X 300 mg/day. 40 patients were given clindamycin as preventive treatment. 12 patients were treated for acute infections of the locomotor system and other 8 patients 12 times for chronic osteitis. In the group having received preventive trqatment, infection occurred bu 1 out of 40 patients. As to the 12 cases of acute infections, 10 recovered, 1 improved and 1 patient got worse. Concerning the 12 treatments of 8 patients with chronic osteitis, in 1 case the inactivation of the infection was obtained. 9 cases showed significant improvement whereas in 2 cases an aggravation was noticed. In 5 patients the following side effects occurred: 2 cases of allergic exanthema, 2 cases of mild diarrhoe and 1 case of pyrosis. This study shows that clindamycin is an antibiotic with a broad field of application in orthopedic surgery.", "PMID": 385562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7083", "title": "Cytochemical localization of lectin labeled vesicles in GERL region of hepatoma ascites cells.", "content": "The fate of lectin labeled internalized plasma membrane in the ascites tumor form of the Chang rat hepatoma growing under in vivo and in vitro conditions was investigated cytochemically. Ascites cells were incubated in Convanavalin A (Con A) and horseradish peroxidase (PO), either with or without prior glutaraldehyde fixation and subsequently treated with 3',3-diaminobenzidine. In cells fixed before Con-A-PO labeling the reaction product was localized as a continuous and even layer upon the external surface of the plasma membrane. If unfixed cells were treated with Con A, coupled with PO at 4 degrees C and reincubated in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C for varying periods of time, the Con-A-PO layer was of irregular thickness. In as little as 15 min of reincubation endocytotic vesicles containing PO positive material were closely associated with GERL components of the Golgi Apparatus. Localization of acid phosphatase (ACPase) within GERL vesicles, similar in size and location to those containing Con-A-PO reaction product, indicates that the Con-A-PO labeled vesicles may be a component of the Golgi apparatus in hepatoma cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of lectin labeled vesicles in GERL region of hepatoma ascites cells. The fate of lectin labeled internalized plasma membrane in the ascites tumor form of the Chang rat hepatoma growing under in vivo and in vitro conditions was investigated cytochemically. Ascites cells were incubated in Convanavalin A (Con A) and horseradish peroxidase (PO), either with or without prior glutaraldehyde fixation and subsequently treated with 3',3-diaminobenzidine. In cells fixed before Con-A-PO labeling the reaction product was localized as a continuous and even layer upon the external surface of the plasma membrane. If unfixed cells were treated with Con A, coupled with PO at 4 degrees C and reincubated in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C for varying periods of time, the Con-A-PO layer was of irregular thickness. In as little as 15 min of reincubation endocytotic vesicles containing PO positive material were closely associated with GERL components of the Golgi Apparatus. Localization of acid phosphatase (ACPase) within GERL vesicles, similar in size and location to those containing Con-A-PO reaction product, indicates that the Con-A-PO labeled vesicles may be a component of the Golgi apparatus in hepatoma cells.", "PMID": 385567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7084", "title": "Mitochondrial calcium of intact and mechanically damaged bone and cartilage cells studied with K-pyroantimonate.", "content": "Cellular cation was localized with K-pyroantimonate osmium fixation in whole fetal mouse metatarsal bones and in deliberately mechanically damaged specimens. X-ray microprobe analysis of ultrathin sections showed a positive correlation between the concentration of Ca (and Sb) and the amount of electron-dense precipitate. In non-damaged osteoblasts and growth-plate chondrocytes dense precipitate had accumulated along the plasmalemma and the mitochondrial membranes, whereas damaged cells showed the precipitate on round granules in the mitochondrial matrix but not on membranes. Intermediate stages between these two patterns were also found. In a non-calcifying tissue such as liver no membrane-bound precipitate was found in intact cells. However, damaged liver cells showed precipitate-containing mitochondrial granules similar to those in damaged bone cells, but only after incubation of the damaged tissue for 1 h in a Ca-containing balanced salt solution. Freezing of fresh whole bones in liquid N2 before fixation in K-pyroantimonate osmium did not change the precipitate pattern in the damaged cells, but in intact cells it produced a random distribution of precipitate unrelated to membranes. The results are compared with those obtained in other studies on the subcellular localization of calcium and in biochemical studies on membrane versus matrix loading in calcium-accumulating isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Mitochondrial calcium of intact and mechanically damaged bone and cartilage cells studied with K-pyroantimonate. Cellular cation was localized with K-pyroantimonate osmium fixation in whole fetal mouse metatarsal bones and in deliberately mechanically damaged specimens. X-ray microprobe analysis of ultrathin sections showed a positive correlation between the concentration of Ca (and Sb) and the amount of electron-dense precipitate. In non-damaged osteoblasts and growth-plate chondrocytes dense precipitate had accumulated along the plasmalemma and the mitochondrial membranes, whereas damaged cells showed the precipitate on round granules in the mitochondrial matrix but not on membranes. Intermediate stages between these two patterns were also found. In a non-calcifying tissue such as liver no membrane-bound precipitate was found in intact cells. However, damaged liver cells showed precipitate-containing mitochondrial granules similar to those in damaged bone cells, but only after incubation of the damaged tissue for 1 h in a Ca-containing balanced salt solution. Freezing of fresh whole bones in liquid N2 before fixation in K-pyroantimonate osmium did not change the precipitate pattern in the damaged cells, but in intact cells it produced a random distribution of precipitate unrelated to membranes. The results are compared with those obtained in other studies on the subcellular localization of calcium and in biochemical studies on membrane versus matrix loading in calcium-accumulating isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 385568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7085", "title": "The triple procedure; combined penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and lens implantation.", "content": "Results of combined keratoplasty, extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation (triple procedure) are reported for 67 eyes having at least 12 months follow-up. The average age of the patients was 73; the majority were female with a pre-op diagnosis of Fuchs's dystrophy. Post-op visual acuities were 20/40 or better in 72% of the eyes. No implants were removed and only one eye required regrafting. The discission rate was 32%; discissions were usually performed a year post-op. We feel the favorable results are due to uniform use of microsurgical extracapsular catarat extraction at the time of surgery with good capsular fixation of the lens implant.", "contents": "The triple procedure; combined penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and lens implantation. Results of combined keratoplasty, extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation (triple procedure) are reported for 67 eyes having at least 12 months follow-up. The average age of the patients was 73; the majority were female with a pre-op diagnosis of Fuchs's dystrophy. Post-op visual acuities were 20/40 or better in 72% of the eyes. No implants were removed and only one eye required regrafting. The discission rate was 32%; discissions were usually performed a year post-op. We feel the favorable results are due to uniform use of microsurgical extracapsular catarat extraction at the time of surgery with good capsular fixation of the lens implant.", "PMID": 385571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7086", "title": "Psychiatric presentation of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.", "content": "A case of presenile dementia, which on a post-mortem examination proved to be due to Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease, is described. The most dramatic early clinical feature was that of hysterical aphonia, temporarily removable by hypnotic suggestion. Anxiety symptoms and irritability also occurred early on, followed by a transient hallucinatory psychosis. The hysterical features persisted throughout. In view of the lack of dementing features or neurological signs, a psychogenic diagnosis was repeatedly made by several neurologists. This case illustrates the fact that primary hysterical neurotic features almost never occur for the first time in mid-life.", "contents": "Psychiatric presentation of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. A case of presenile dementia, which on a post-mortem examination proved to be due to Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease, is described. The most dramatic early clinical feature was that of hysterical aphonia, temporarily removable by hypnotic suggestion. Anxiety symptoms and irritability also occurred early on, followed by a transient hallucinatory psychosis. The hysterical features persisted throughout. In view of the lack of dementing features or neurological signs, a psychogenic diagnosis was repeatedly made by several neurologists. This case illustrates the fact that primary hysterical neurotic features almost never occur for the first time in mid-life.", "PMID": 385584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7087", "title": "Sodium valproate in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Recent findings suggest that tardive dyskinesia may involve GABA-ergic influences in addition to dopaminergic receptor hypersensitivity and relative cholinergic hypofunction. Sodium valproate, which may increase brain GABA, moderately recuded tardive dyskinesia with doses of 900--3000 mg/day, as measured by a tremorgraph and rating scales. There was no correlation between dosage, blood levels, or clinical response. Although the symptoms were not completely controlled, valproate and other GABA-ergic agents may be useful compounds in studying and treating tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in tardive dyskinesia. Recent findings suggest that tardive dyskinesia may involve GABA-ergic influences in addition to dopaminergic receptor hypersensitivity and relative cholinergic hypofunction. Sodium valproate, which may increase brain GABA, moderately recuded tardive dyskinesia with doses of 900--3000 mg/day, as measured by a tremorgraph and rating scales. There was no correlation between dosage, blood levels, or clinical response. Although the symptoms were not completely controlled, valproate and other GABA-ergic agents may be useful compounds in studying and treating tardive dyskinesia.", "PMID": 385585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7088", "title": "Mutations in putative intervening sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of yeast produce abnormal cytochrome b polypeptides.", "content": "The apoprotein of yeast cytochrome b is translated on mitochondrial ribosomes and coded for by a split gene which is located in the COB-BOX region on mitochondrial DNA. With the aid of an antibody against cytochrome b, we identified the cytochrome b-cross-reacting polypeptides of respiration-deficient mutants mapping either in coding or intervening sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Most mutations in the coding regions caused the accumulation of a single apocytochrome b fragment whose apparent molecular weight (12,000 to 26,600) depended on the map position of the mutation. In contrast, mutations in putative intervening sequences often led to multiple new polypeptides immunologically related to apocytochrome b. Some of these abnormal polypeptides were considerably larger than wild type apocytochrome b. This suggests that mutations in intervening sequences can thus generate aberrant polypeptide products.", "contents": "Mutations in putative intervening sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of yeast produce abnormal cytochrome b polypeptides. The apoprotein of yeast cytochrome b is translated on mitochondrial ribosomes and coded for by a split gene which is located in the COB-BOX region on mitochondrial DNA. With the aid of an antibody against cytochrome b, we identified the cytochrome b-cross-reacting polypeptides of respiration-deficient mutants mapping either in coding or intervening sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Most mutations in the coding regions caused the accumulation of a single apocytochrome b fragment whose apparent molecular weight (12,000 to 26,600) depended on the map position of the mutation. In contrast, mutations in putative intervening sequences often led to multiple new polypeptides immunologically related to apocytochrome b. Some of these abnormal polypeptides were considerably larger than wild type apocytochrome b. This suggests that mutations in intervening sequences can thus generate aberrant polypeptide products.", "PMID": 385586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7089", "title": "ilvU, a locus in Escherichia coli affecting the derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of tRNAIle and tRNAVal.", "content": "A mutation in the ilvU locus of Escherichia coli has led to a complex phenotype that included resistance to thiaisoleucine, a loss of derepressibility of isoleucyl tRNA synthetase, and an alteration of the RPC-5 chromatographic profile of the branched-chain aminoacyl-tRNA's. The alterations were manifest in an increase in the amount of Species 2 of both tRNAIle and tRNAVal at the expense of Species 1. A similar alteration, but independent of (and additive to) that caused by the ilvU mutation, was observed upon limitation of either isoleucine or valine. The shift in profile caused by limitation was also independent of the reduced growth rate or the derepression of the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes that also result from limitation. During chloramphenicol treatment nearly all tRNAIle and tRNAVal formed appears as species 2. Upon recovery from chloramphenicol, Species 2 of both acceptors are converted to Species 1. It is proposed that the ilvU product not only allows derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase but also retards the conversion of tRNA2Ile to tRNA1Ile and that of tRNA2Val to tRNA1Val. The mutated ilvU loci abolish the derepression and are more efficient in retarding the conversion.", "contents": "ilvU, a locus in Escherichia coli affecting the derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of tRNAIle and tRNAVal. A mutation in the ilvU locus of Escherichia coli has led to a complex phenotype that included resistance to thiaisoleucine, a loss of derepressibility of isoleucyl tRNA synthetase, and an alteration of the RPC-5 chromatographic profile of the branched-chain aminoacyl-tRNA's. The alterations were manifest in an increase in the amount of Species 2 of both tRNAIle and tRNAVal at the expense of Species 1. A similar alteration, but independent of (and additive to) that caused by the ilvU mutation, was observed upon limitation of either isoleucine or valine. The shift in profile caused by limitation was also independent of the reduced growth rate or the derepression of the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes that also result from limitation. During chloramphenicol treatment nearly all tRNAIle and tRNAVal formed appears as species 2. Upon recovery from chloramphenicol, Species 2 of both acceptors are converted to Species 1. It is proposed that the ilvU product not only allows derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase but also retards the conversion of tRNA2Ile to tRNA1Ile and that of tRNA2Val to tRNA1Val. The mutated ilvU loci abolish the derepression and are more efficient in retarding the conversion.", "PMID": 385587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7090", "title": "Thioredoxin catalyzes the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol and dihydrolipoamide.", "content": "Thioredoxin from Escherichia coli was shown to catalyze the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol. A quantitative assay was developed which measures the rate of insulin reduction spectrophotometrically at 650 nm as turbidity formation from the precipitation of the free insulin B chain. Thioredoxin, at 5 microM concentration, accelerated the reaction between 0.130 mM insulin and 1.0 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7 around 20-fold. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.5. Thioredoxins from E. coli and calf liver showed similar specific activities. Stopped flow fluorescence measurements of the rate of reduction of thioredoxin-S2 by dithiothreitol showed a second order rate constant of 1647 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.2. This is between 10(2) to 10(3) times larger than the reaction between insulin or linear model disulfides and dithiothreitol. It is consistent with a ping-pong mechanism of thioredoxin catalysis since reduced thioredoxin is known to react very fast with insulin. Thioredoxin also catalyzed lipoamide-dependent reduction of the insulin disulfides in a coupled system with NADH, lipoamide, and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The fast spontaneous reaction between dihydrolipoamide and thioredoxin-S2 provides a mechanism for NADH or pyruvate-dependent disulfide reduction. The implication of the dithiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity of thioredoxin for the regulation of enzyme activities by thiol oxidation-reduction control is discussed.", "contents": "Thioredoxin catalyzes the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol and dihydrolipoamide. Thioredoxin from Escherichia coli was shown to catalyze the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol. A quantitative assay was developed which measures the rate of insulin reduction spectrophotometrically at 650 nm as turbidity formation from the precipitation of the free insulin B chain. Thioredoxin, at 5 microM concentration, accelerated the reaction between 0.130 mM insulin and 1.0 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7 around 20-fold. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.5. Thioredoxins from E. coli and calf liver showed similar specific activities. Stopped flow fluorescence measurements of the rate of reduction of thioredoxin-S2 by dithiothreitol showed a second order rate constant of 1647 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.2. This is between 10(2) to 10(3) times larger than the reaction between insulin or linear model disulfides and dithiothreitol. It is consistent with a ping-pong mechanism of thioredoxin catalysis since reduced thioredoxin is known to react very fast with insulin. Thioredoxin also catalyzed lipoamide-dependent reduction of the insulin disulfides in a coupled system with NADH, lipoamide, and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The fast spontaneous reaction between dihydrolipoamide and thioredoxin-S2 provides a mechanism for NADH or pyruvate-dependent disulfide reduction. The implication of the dithiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity of thioredoxin for the regulation of enzyme activities by thiol oxidation-reduction control is discussed.", "PMID": 385588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7091", "title": "Membrane receptors for aspartate and serine in bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "High affinity binding sites for serine and aspartate have been characterized in membranes from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Greater than 80% of these sites have been identified as chemotaxis receptors. Mutants lacking binding sites for these amino acids have been shown to have corresponding defects in taxis. The substrate specificity of each of the receptors in Salmonella is very high; most analogs of serine and aspartate do not bind to these receptor sites and do not affect chemotaxis. The transport of these amino acids is apparently not related to chemotaxis. At least 2500 serine receptors and 1200 aspartate receptors with dissociation constants of about 5 microM are present in the membrane fraction of logarithmically growing cells.", "contents": "Membrane receptors for aspartate and serine in bacterial chemotaxis. High affinity binding sites for serine and aspartate have been characterized in membranes from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Greater than 80% of these sites have been identified as chemotaxis receptors. Mutants lacking binding sites for these amino acids have been shown to have corresponding defects in taxis. The substrate specificity of each of the receptors in Salmonella is very high; most analogs of serine and aspartate do not bind to these receptor sites and do not affect chemotaxis. The transport of these amino acids is apparently not related to chemotaxis. At least 2500 serine receptors and 1200 aspartate receptors with dissociation constants of about 5 microM are present in the membrane fraction of logarithmically growing cells.", "PMID": 385590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7092", "title": "Identification of the amino acid residues of proteins S5 and S8 adjacent to each other in the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomal subunits are reacted with protein-protein bifunctional reagents, a number of protein pairs as well as aggregates containing three or more ribosomal proteins are formed. In the present study we have purified one of the protein pairs obtained by reaction of 30 S ribosomal subunits with either radioactive or nonradioactive dimethylsuberimidate. Following molecular weight determination and ammonolysis, the pair was shown to consist of ribosomal proteins S5 and S8. The \"native\" structure of the complex was surmised from its capacity to be reconstituted into a biologically active 30 S ribosomal subunit. From peptide maps and primary structure determination of various peptides it was demonstrated that the cross-linking bond between ribosomal proteins S5 and S8 involves primarily the residues Lys-93 of protein S8 and the COOH-terminal lysine (Lys-166) of ribosomal protein S5. This result is substantiated by the finding that a mutant carrying an altered S5 lacking the COOH-terminal lysine yields a greatly reduced amount of S5-S8 cross-link. In addition to the points of cross-linking it was found that Lys-30, Lys-68, and Lys-86 of S8 and Lys-5 of S5 react with dimethylsuberimidate, indicating that these residues are available for reaction and suggesting their topographical localization on the ribosomal surface.", "contents": "Identification of the amino acid residues of proteins S5 and S8 adjacent to each other in the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. When Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomal subunits are reacted with protein-protein bifunctional reagents, a number of protein pairs as well as aggregates containing three or more ribosomal proteins are formed. In the present study we have purified one of the protein pairs obtained by reaction of 30 S ribosomal subunits with either radioactive or nonradioactive dimethylsuberimidate. Following molecular weight determination and ammonolysis, the pair was shown to consist of ribosomal proteins S5 and S8. The \"native\" structure of the complex was surmised from its capacity to be reconstituted into a biologically active 30 S ribosomal subunit. From peptide maps and primary structure determination of various peptides it was demonstrated that the cross-linking bond between ribosomal proteins S5 and S8 involves primarily the residues Lys-93 of protein S8 and the COOH-terminal lysine (Lys-166) of ribosomal protein S5. This result is substantiated by the finding that a mutant carrying an altered S5 lacking the COOH-terminal lysine yields a greatly reduced amount of S5-S8 cross-link. In addition to the points of cross-linking it was found that Lys-30, Lys-68, and Lys-86 of S8 and Lys-5 of S5 react with dimethylsuberimidate, indicating that these residues are available for reaction and suggesting their topographical localization on the ribosomal surface.", "PMID": 385591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7093", "title": "The primary structure of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding, as well as the flanking noncoding regions, of a yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene was determined. Both the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences are extremely AT-rich and regions of partial dyad symmetry are present immediately adjacent to the 5' and 3' ends of the translated portion of the gene. The sequence AAUAAA is present in the 3' noncoding region of this gene and is a part of an extensive region of dyad symmetry which is structurally related to the 3'-terminal portion of both procaryotic mRNAs, as well as some eukaryotic mRNAs. The coding region of this gene does not contain intervening sequences. Establishment of the primary structure of this glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene provides a basis for further studies involving in vitro mutation of the gene and subsequent analysis of gene expression in vivo.", "contents": "The primary structure of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding, as well as the flanking noncoding regions, of a yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene was determined. Both the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences are extremely AT-rich and regions of partial dyad symmetry are present immediately adjacent to the 5' and 3' ends of the translated portion of the gene. The sequence AAUAAA is present in the 3' noncoding region of this gene and is a part of an extensive region of dyad symmetry which is structurally related to the 3'-terminal portion of both procaryotic mRNAs, as well as some eukaryotic mRNAs. The coding region of this gene does not contain intervening sequences. Establishment of the primary structure of this glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene provides a basis for further studies involving in vitro mutation of the gene and subsequent analysis of gene expression in vivo.", "PMID": 385592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7094", "title": "Biosynthesis of yeast glycoproteins. Processing of the oligosaccharides transferred from dolichol derivatives.", "content": "The oligosaccharides previously bound to dolichol diphosphate were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells incubated with [U-14C]glucose. Five compounds were obtained that migrated with RGlucose of 0.100, 0.120, 0.145, 0.180, and 0.215 on paper chromatography. All of them contained mannose and 2 N-acetylhexosamine residues. The substances that migrated with the three lower RGlucose values had, in addition, glucose units. The structure of the oligosacchardies was very similar if not identical with that of the oligosaccharides isolated from the dolichol diphosphate derivatives synthesized \"in vitro\" by yeast or rat liver particulate preparations or \"in vivo\" by dog thyroid or rat liver slices as judged by their migration on paper chromatography, monosaccharide composition, and degradation compounds produced by alpha-mannosidase treatment or acetolysis. The oligosaccharides previously bound to asparagine residues in proteins were isolated from yeast cells which had been pulsed with [U-14C]glucose and chased with medium containing the unlabeled monosaccharide. The samples taken after very short pulses contained four oligosaccharides that migrated with RGlucose of 0.100, 0.120, 0.145, and 0.180 on paper chromatography. The first three compounds contained glucose, mannose, and 2 N-acetylhexosamine residues whereas the one that migrated with a RGlucose of 0.180 was devoid of the former monosaccharide. Samples taken after short chase periods revealed that the compounds that migrated with the lower RGlucose values gradually disappeared and were converted to the oligosaccharide with the higher RGlucose value was they lost their glucose residues. Similar analysis as those mentioned above showed that the structures of these compounds were similar to those of the dolichol diphosphate-bound oligosaccharides. Samples taken after longer chase periods revealed that the oligosaccharide that migrated with a RGlucose of 0.180 was subsequently either enlarged by the addition of more mannose residues or trimmed to smaller sizes.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of yeast glycoproteins. Processing of the oligosaccharides transferred from dolichol derivatives. The oligosaccharides previously bound to dolichol diphosphate were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells incubated with [U-14C]glucose. Five compounds were obtained that migrated with RGlucose of 0.100, 0.120, 0.145, 0.180, and 0.215 on paper chromatography. All of them contained mannose and 2 N-acetylhexosamine residues. The substances that migrated with the three lower RGlucose values had, in addition, glucose units. The structure of the oligosacchardies was very similar if not identical with that of the oligosaccharides isolated from the dolichol diphosphate derivatives synthesized \"in vitro\" by yeast or rat liver particulate preparations or \"in vivo\" by dog thyroid or rat liver slices as judged by their migration on paper chromatography, monosaccharide composition, and degradation compounds produced by alpha-mannosidase treatment or acetolysis. The oligosaccharides previously bound to asparagine residues in proteins were isolated from yeast cells which had been pulsed with [U-14C]glucose and chased with medium containing the unlabeled monosaccharide. The samples taken after very short pulses contained four oligosaccharides that migrated with RGlucose of 0.100, 0.120, 0.145, and 0.180 on paper chromatography. The first three compounds contained glucose, mannose, and 2 N-acetylhexosamine residues whereas the one that migrated with a RGlucose of 0.180 was devoid of the former monosaccharide. Samples taken after short chase periods revealed that the compounds that migrated with the lower RGlucose values gradually disappeared and were converted to the oligosaccharide with the higher RGlucose value was they lost their glucose residues. Similar analysis as those mentioned above showed that the structures of these compounds were similar to those of the dolichol diphosphate-bound oligosaccharides. Samples taken after longer chase periods revealed that the oligosaccharide that migrated with a RGlucose of 0.180 was subsequently either enlarged by the addition of more mannose residues or trimmed to smaller sizes.", "PMID": 385594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7095", "title": "High resolution thermal denaturation analyses of small sequenced DNA restriction fragments containing Escherichia coli lactose genetic control loci.", "content": "Differential melting curves are reported for four DNA restriction fragments (789, 301, 203, and 95 base pairs in length) spanning the lactose control region. All but the smallest melt with two or more subtransitions. Maps are proposed which identify the positions of regions of different thermal stability in the sequences. The sizes of regions comprising subtransitions range from 60 to 200 base pairs. An analysis is made of the cooperativity exhibited between regions in the sequence. The effect on the shape of the differential melting curves of Na+ between 10 mM and 0.5 M as well as that of Mg2+ and glycerol has been determined. An 81-bp-long sequence of unusual thermal stability occurs at the lactose promoter. Its TM change, resulting from the above change in salt concentration, is out of step by 1.5 degree C with the neighboring DNA sequence. The potential biological significance of this behavior is discussed.", "contents": "High resolution thermal denaturation analyses of small sequenced DNA restriction fragments containing Escherichia coli lactose genetic control loci. Differential melting curves are reported for four DNA restriction fragments (789, 301, 203, and 95 base pairs in length) spanning the lactose control region. All but the smallest melt with two or more subtransitions. Maps are proposed which identify the positions of regions of different thermal stability in the sequences. The sizes of regions comprising subtransitions range from 60 to 200 base pairs. An analysis is made of the cooperativity exhibited between regions in the sequence. The effect on the shape of the differential melting curves of Na+ between 10 mM and 0.5 M as well as that of Mg2+ and glycerol has been determined. An 81-bp-long sequence of unusual thermal stability occurs at the lactose promoter. Its TM change, resulting from the above change in salt concentration, is out of step by 1.5 degree C with the neighboring DNA sequence. The potential biological significance of this behavior is discussed.", "PMID": 385595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7096", "title": "Structural studies of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Membrane-derived oligosaccharides are a novel class of glucose-containing oligosaccharides found in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative organisms (Schulman, H., AND Kennedy, E.P. (1979) J. Bacteriol. 137, 686-688). Previous work has shown that these oligosaccharides contain sn-1-glycero-P and smaller amounts of phosphoethanolamine, derived from membrane phospholipids, attached to position 6 of certain of the glucose residues. The structure of the parent oligosaccharides (obtained by reduction with borohydride followed by alkaline hydrolysis) has now been studied. The oligosaccharide was permethylated, followed by hydrolysis and conversion of the products to methylated glucitol acetates, which were then analyzed and identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The membrane oligosaccharides contain 10 to 12 D-glucopyranoside residues/mol, linked solely by 1 yields 2 and 1 yields 6 bonds. They are highly branched structures, with four nonreducing termini per mol. Glucose units at the branch points are doubly substituted at positions 2 and 6. The low specific rotation of the oligosaccharide (+8.3 degrees) indicates that the glycosidic bonds are predominantly or entirely beta.", "contents": "Structural studies of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli. Membrane-derived oligosaccharides are a novel class of glucose-containing oligosaccharides found in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative organisms (Schulman, H., AND Kennedy, E.P. (1979) J. Bacteriol. 137, 686-688). Previous work has shown that these oligosaccharides contain sn-1-glycero-P and smaller amounts of phosphoethanolamine, derived from membrane phospholipids, attached to position 6 of certain of the glucose residues. The structure of the parent oligosaccharides (obtained by reduction with borohydride followed by alkaline hydrolysis) has now been studied. The oligosaccharide was permethylated, followed by hydrolysis and conversion of the products to methylated glucitol acetates, which were then analyzed and identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The membrane oligosaccharides contain 10 to 12 D-glucopyranoside residues/mol, linked solely by 1 yields 2 and 1 yields 6 bonds. They are highly branched structures, with four nonreducing termini per mol. Glucose units at the branch points are doubly substituted at positions 2 and 6. The low specific rotation of the oligosaccharide (+8.3 degrees) indicates that the glycosidic bonds are predominantly or entirely beta.", "PMID": 385596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7097", "title": "The hydrodynamic shape, conformation, and molecular model of Escherichia coli ribosomal 5 S RNA.", "content": "The structure of ribosomal 5 S RNA has been examined using several physical biochemical techniques. Hydrodynamic measurements yield a s020,omega and [eta] of 5.5 x 10(-13) x and 6.9 ml/g, respectively. Other parameters calculated from these values indicate the shape of 5 S RNA is consistent with that of a prolate ellipsoid 160 A in length and 32 A wide. Sedimentation equilibrium results show that 5 S RNA exists as a monomer in the reconstitution buffer with an apparent molecular weight of 44,000. Ultraviolet absorption difference spectra show that approximately 75% of the bases in 5 S RNA are involved in base pairing, and of these base pairs 70% are G-C and 30% are A-U. These results on the overall shape and secondary structure of 5 S RNA have been incorporated with the results of other investigators as to the possible location of single-stranded and double-stranded helical regions, and a molecular model for 5 S RNA is proposed. The molecular model consists of three double helices in the shape of a prolate ellipsoid, with two of the double helical regions at one end of the molecule. The structure is consistent with the available data on the structure and function of 5 S RNA and bears similarity to the molecular model proposed by Osterberg et al. ((1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 481-487) based on small angle x-ray scattering results and the secondary structure proposed by Madison ((1968) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 37, 131-148).", "contents": "The hydrodynamic shape, conformation, and molecular model of Escherichia coli ribosomal 5 S RNA. The structure of ribosomal 5 S RNA has been examined using several physical biochemical techniques. Hydrodynamic measurements yield a s020,omega and [eta] of 5.5 x 10(-13) x and 6.9 ml/g, respectively. Other parameters calculated from these values indicate the shape of 5 S RNA is consistent with that of a prolate ellipsoid 160 A in length and 32 A wide. Sedimentation equilibrium results show that 5 S RNA exists as a monomer in the reconstitution buffer with an apparent molecular weight of 44,000. Ultraviolet absorption difference spectra show that approximately 75% of the bases in 5 S RNA are involved in base pairing, and of these base pairs 70% are G-C and 30% are A-U. These results on the overall shape and secondary structure of 5 S RNA have been incorporated with the results of other investigators as to the possible location of single-stranded and double-stranded helical regions, and a molecular model for 5 S RNA is proposed. The molecular model consists of three double helices in the shape of a prolate ellipsoid, with two of the double helical regions at one end of the molecule. The structure is consistent with the available data on the structure and function of 5 S RNA and bears similarity to the molecular model proposed by Osterberg et al. ((1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 481-487) based on small angle x-ray scattering results and the secondary structure proposed by Madison ((1968) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 37, 131-148).", "PMID": 385597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7098", "title": "The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction in Escherichia coli.", "content": "This study is an attempt to relate in vivo use of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction in Escherichia coli with the characteristics of the enzyme determined in vitro. 1) The enzyme was obtained pure by affinity chromatography and kinetically characterized; as already known, ATP and fructose-1,6-P2 were inhibitors. 2) A series of isogenic strains were made in which in vivo use of thereaction might differ, e.g. a wild type strain versus a mutant lacking 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase, as grown on gluconate; a phosphoglucose isomerase mutant grown on glucose or glycerol. 3) The in vivo rate of use of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction was determined from measurements of growth rate and yield and from the specific activity of alanine after growth in 1-14C-labeled substrates. 4) The intracellular concentrations of 6-phosphogluconate, NADP+, fructose-1,6-P2, and ATP were measured for the strains in growth on several carbon sources. 5) The metabolite concentrations were used for assay of the enzyme in vitro. The results allow one to calculate how fast the reaction would function in vivo if ATP and fructose-1,6-P2 were its important effectors and if the in vitro assay conditions apply in vivo. The predicted in vivo rates ranged down to as low as one-tenth of the actual rates, and, accordingly, one cannot yet draw firm conclusions about how the reaction is actually controlled in vivo.", "contents": "The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction in Escherichia coli. This study is an attempt to relate in vivo use of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction in Escherichia coli with the characteristics of the enzyme determined in vitro. 1) The enzyme was obtained pure by affinity chromatography and kinetically characterized; as already known, ATP and fructose-1,6-P2 were inhibitors. 2) A series of isogenic strains were made in which in vivo use of thereaction might differ, e.g. a wild type strain versus a mutant lacking 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase, as grown on gluconate; a phosphoglucose isomerase mutant grown on glucose or glycerol. 3) The in vivo rate of use of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction was determined from measurements of growth rate and yield and from the specific activity of alanine after growth in 1-14C-labeled substrates. 4) The intracellular concentrations of 6-phosphogluconate, NADP+, fructose-1,6-P2, and ATP were measured for the strains in growth on several carbon sources. 5) The metabolite concentrations were used for assay of the enzyme in vitro. The results allow one to calculate how fast the reaction would function in vivo if ATP and fructose-1,6-P2 were its important effectors and if the in vitro assay conditions apply in vivo. The predicted in vivo rates ranged down to as low as one-tenth of the actual rates, and, accordingly, one cannot yet draw firm conclusions about how the reaction is actually controlled in vivo.", "PMID": 385598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7099", "title": "In vivo methylation of prokaryotic elongation factor Tu.", "content": "In Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is methylated as shown by its incorporation of labeled methyl residues from [methyl-3H]methionine. Analysis of the nature of the methyl-containing residues by protein hydrolysis, followed by paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis showed that both mono- and dimethyllysine are present. Eighty per cent of the EF-Tu molecules are methylated if methylation occurs at a unique lysine residue. The EF-Tu fraction which is not methylated is still able to accept methyl groups, as shown by methylation of approximately 10% of the EF-Tu after addition of chloramphenicol (D-(-)-threo-2,2-dichloro-N-[beta-hydroxy-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-o-nitrophenethyl] acetamide) to inhibit further protein synthesis. There is no evidence of turnover of the methyl residues. We attempted to separate the methylated from the nonmethylated form of EF-Tu by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, but were unable to do so.", "contents": "In vivo methylation of prokaryotic elongation factor Tu. In Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is methylated as shown by its incorporation of labeled methyl residues from [methyl-3H]methionine. Analysis of the nature of the methyl-containing residues by protein hydrolysis, followed by paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis showed that both mono- and dimethyllysine are present. Eighty per cent of the EF-Tu molecules are methylated if methylation occurs at a unique lysine residue. The EF-Tu fraction which is not methylated is still able to accept methyl groups, as shown by methylation of approximately 10% of the EF-Tu after addition of chloramphenicol (D-(-)-threo-2,2-dichloro-N-[beta-hydroxy-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-o-nitrophenethyl] acetamide) to inhibit further protein synthesis. There is no evidence of turnover of the methyl residues. We attempted to separate the methylated from the nonmethylated form of EF-Tu by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, but were unable to do so.", "PMID": 385603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7100", "title": "Precursor maltose-binding protein is active in binding substrate.", "content": "Precursor maltose-binding protein synthesized in vitro was shown to be active in binding maltose by affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Precursor maltose-binding protein is active in binding substrate. Precursor maltose-binding protein synthesized in vitro was shown to be active in binding maltose by affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 385604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7101", "title": "Application of the principles of enzyme kinetics to clonal growth rate assays: an approach for delineating interactions among growth promoting agents.", "content": "The interaction of mitogenic factors on a single cell type and the comparative activity of a given factor in diverse cell types have been studied by applying the principles of Michaelis-Menten kinetics to clonal growth data. Such comparisons are facilitated by derivation of two parameters; Km mitogen, the mitogen concentration that gives half-maximal clonal growth and a theoretical maximal growth rate, RMAX T. Both parameters are analogous to the Km and VMAX as applied to enzymatic reactions. Use of these parameters permits meaningful comparisons between cells with different growth rates. Using kinetic analysis of dose-response data, we found that normal human epithelial cells require 200 times more fetal bovine serum protein (FBSP) than a malignant line to multiply at their respective half-maximal rates. Further, the Km FBSP of normal cells was reduced to that of the malignant line by the inclusion of growth factors (EGF or FGF, and hydrocortisone) in the medium. On the other hand, even though greater levels of serum were required when growth factors and hydrocortisone were not present, their inclusion did not alter RMAX T. Interactions between mitogenic factors were shown to be unidirectional. Although EGF reduced the Km FBSP, FBSP did not change the Km EGF. The same type of analysis revealed that hydrocortisone, which potentiated the mitogenic activity of EGF did not change the Km EGF. Kinetic analysis of cell growth should prove useful in studies on the relation between growth and tumor promotion as well as in the evaluation of growth-inhibiting chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Application of the principles of enzyme kinetics to clonal growth rate assays: an approach for delineating interactions among growth promoting agents. The interaction of mitogenic factors on a single cell type and the comparative activity of a given factor in diverse cell types have been studied by applying the principles of Michaelis-Menten kinetics to clonal growth data. Such comparisons are facilitated by derivation of two parameters; Km mitogen, the mitogen concentration that gives half-maximal clonal growth and a theoretical maximal growth rate, RMAX T. Both parameters are analogous to the Km and VMAX as applied to enzymatic reactions. Use of these parameters permits meaningful comparisons between cells with different growth rates. Using kinetic analysis of dose-response data, we found that normal human epithelial cells require 200 times more fetal bovine serum protein (FBSP) than a malignant line to multiply at their respective half-maximal rates. Further, the Km FBSP of normal cells was reduced to that of the malignant line by the inclusion of growth factors (EGF or FGF, and hydrocortisone) in the medium. On the other hand, even though greater levels of serum were required when growth factors and hydrocortisone were not present, their inclusion did not alter RMAX T. Interactions between mitogenic factors were shown to be unidirectional. Although EGF reduced the Km FBSP, FBSP did not change the Km EGF. The same type of analysis revealed that hydrocortisone, which potentiated the mitogenic activity of EGF did not change the Km EGF. Kinetic analysis of cell growth should prove useful in studies on the relation between growth and tumor promotion as well as in the evaluation of growth-inhibiting chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 385606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7102", "title": "[Original removing technique of the kidneys for transplantation. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The depicted procedure minimizes the hazards of aggressive manipulations, and excludes any possibility of so-called \"warm ischaemia\". The kidneys are flushed out in situ with cool pulsatile perfusion through an aortic cannula. Kidneys, aorta and inferior vena cava are then removed en-bloc without interrupting the perfusion, and preserved in Collins' solution at 4 degrees C. After a 6 to 19 hour storage time, one of the kidneys is transplanted on another dog, while the second one is submitted to histological examination. Nine transplantations were carried out, followed in 7 cases with a most satisfactory diuresis resuming, and with urinary ionic levels, as well as daily urea output, normalization within 48 hours. Histologic examination showed an unaffected glomerular apparatus, but some mild tubular lesions.", "contents": "[Original removing technique of the kidneys for transplantation. An experimental study (author's transl)]. The depicted procedure minimizes the hazards of aggressive manipulations, and excludes any possibility of so-called \"warm ischaemia\". The kidneys are flushed out in situ with cool pulsatile perfusion through an aortic cannula. Kidneys, aorta and inferior vena cava are then removed en-bloc without interrupting the perfusion, and preserved in Collins' solution at 4 degrees C. After a 6 to 19 hour storage time, one of the kidneys is transplanted on another dog, while the second one is submitted to histological examination. Nine transplantations were carried out, followed in 7 cases with a most satisfactory diuresis resuming, and with urinary ionic levels, as well as daily urea output, normalization within 48 hours. Histologic examination showed an unaffected glomerular apparatus, but some mild tubular lesions.", "PMID": 385608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7103", "title": "[Removal of human kidneys under \"in situ\" hypothermia by aortic and caval cannulations. Technique and first clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "After dissection and cannulation of aorta and vena cava, the kidneys are washed out \"in situ\" with a cooling perfusion, avoiding any possibility of so-called warm ischaemia. The kidneys and their vessels, still attached to aorta and vena cava, are then en bloc removed, which enables a satisfactory preparation of the vessels for subsequent anastomosis to be performed. After an experimental study [6], four kidneys were removed according to this procedure, and transplanted after an average cold-storage time of 23 hours. Diuresis recovery was immediate, and normalization of serum creatinin, and of urinary sodium and potassium levels, was achieved within 6 days.", "contents": "[Removal of human kidneys under \"in situ\" hypothermia by aortic and caval cannulations. Technique and first clinical results (author's transl)]. After dissection and cannulation of aorta and vena cava, the kidneys are washed out \"in situ\" with a cooling perfusion, avoiding any possibility of so-called warm ischaemia. The kidneys and their vessels, still attached to aorta and vena cava, are then en bloc removed, which enables a satisfactory preparation of the vessels for subsequent anastomosis to be performed. After an experimental study [6], four kidneys were removed according to this procedure, and transplanted after an average cold-storage time of 23 hours. Diuresis recovery was immediate, and normalization of serum creatinin, and of urinary sodium and potassium levels, was achieved within 6 days.", "PMID": 385610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7104", "title": "[180 cases of umbilical hernia repaired in a new way (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe a new method for the cutaneous repair of umbilical hernias. The cut of the skin makes two flaps suppressing the navel which is generally salient. After the aponevrotic repair which is made by vertical suture with slowly resorbable material, the repair of the two cutaneous flaps builds a new navel which aspect is very close to the natural one. This method has been used once with complete satisfaction, for the repair of an omphalocel.", "contents": "[180 cases of umbilical hernia repaired in a new way (author's transl)]. We describe a new method for the cutaneous repair of umbilical hernias. The cut of the skin makes two flaps suppressing the navel which is generally salient. After the aponevrotic repair which is made by vertical suture with slowly resorbable material, the repair of the two cutaneous flaps builds a new navel which aspect is very close to the natural one. This method has been used once with complete satisfaction, for the repair of an omphalocel.", "PMID": 385611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7105", "title": "Low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: a model of human pubertal development.", "content": "Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa were studied to determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) could induce the hormonal changes which occur during normal puberty. Three amenorrheic patients were studied at low body weight (less than 70% ideal BW). All three patients were prepubertal, as evidenced by immature LH and FSH responses to a standard GnRH test (2.5 micrograms/kg BW) and the absence of spontaneous LH peaks both during the day and during sleep. Low doses of GnRH (0.025--0.05 microgram/kg), aimed at producing peak plasma GnRH values of approximately 200 pg/ml, were given by iv bolus injection every 2 h for 5 days. Plasma responses of FSH, LH, and estradiol were measured by RIA. Preinjected FSH values rose rapidly to plateau (range, 15--30 mIU/ml) on the second to third day before falling despite the continued administration of GnRH. In contrast, plasma LH and estradiol increased gradually throughout the 5 days of injections. Acute FSH responses to GnRH initially exceeded those of LH but subsequently decreased, whereas LH increments increased progressively after the first 36 h of injections. The 5 days of low dose GnRH pulses induced maturation of the hormone responses to the standard GnRH test, so that LH release exceeded that of FSH at the completion of the study. These changes in the patterns of FSH and LH secretion are similar to those seen during normal puberty in girls and during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The results demonstrate a changing pattern of pituitary response to physiological administration of GnRH and indicate that the changes in gonadotropin secretion during normal puberty are consistent with the effects of the single decapeptide GnRH.", "contents": "Low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: a model of human pubertal development. Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa were studied to determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) could induce the hormonal changes which occur during normal puberty. Three amenorrheic patients were studied at low body weight (less than 70% ideal BW). All three patients were prepubertal, as evidenced by immature LH and FSH responses to a standard GnRH test (2.5 micrograms/kg BW) and the absence of spontaneous LH peaks both during the day and during sleep. Low doses of GnRH (0.025--0.05 microgram/kg), aimed at producing peak plasma GnRH values of approximately 200 pg/ml, were given by iv bolus injection every 2 h for 5 days. Plasma responses of FSH, LH, and estradiol were measured by RIA. Preinjected FSH values rose rapidly to plateau (range, 15--30 mIU/ml) on the second to third day before falling despite the continued administration of GnRH. In contrast, plasma LH and estradiol increased gradually throughout the 5 days of injections. Acute FSH responses to GnRH initially exceeded those of LH but subsequently decreased, whereas LH increments increased progressively after the first 36 h of injections. The 5 days of low dose GnRH pulses induced maturation of the hormone responses to the standard GnRH test, so that LH release exceeded that of FSH at the completion of the study. These changes in the patterns of FSH and LH secretion are similar to those seen during normal puberty in girls and during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The results demonstrate a changing pattern of pituitary response to physiological administration of GnRH and indicate that the changes in gonadotropin secretion during normal puberty are consistent with the effects of the single decapeptide GnRH.", "PMID": 385613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7106", "title": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis.", "content": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of 49 of 1,110 patients who had pharyngitis. Compared with patients whose throat cultures were negative for beta-hemolytic streptococci, those harboring group B were more likely to have enlarged tonsils (P less than 0.001), exudate (P less than 0.02), and tender enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes (P less than 0.01). Group B should not necessarily be dismissed as a nonpathogen when identified in the pharynx of patients with exudative pharyngitis; laboratories which report beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates from the pharynx only as group A or non-group A should be encouraged to perform definitive group identification of all beta-hemolytic isolates to further evaluate the role of other streptococcal groups as the causative agents for pharyngitis.", "contents": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis. Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of 49 of 1,110 patients who had pharyngitis. Compared with patients whose throat cultures were negative for beta-hemolytic streptococci, those harboring group B were more likely to have enlarged tonsils (P less than 0.001), exudate (P less than 0.02), and tender enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes (P less than 0.01). Group B should not necessarily be dismissed as a nonpathogen when identified in the pharynx of patients with exudative pharyngitis; laboratories which report beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates from the pharynx only as group A or non-group A should be encouraged to perform definitive group identification of all beta-hemolytic isolates to further evaluate the role of other streptococcal groups as the causative agents for pharyngitis.", "PMID": 385614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7107", "title": "Biotyping of Escherichia coli by a simple multiple-inoculation agar plate technique.", "content": "A nine-test system using multiple-inoculation agar plates for biotyping of Escherichia coli is described. Testing of 959 strains resulted in 78 biotypes. On repeated testing, 96% of 182 strains had identical biotypes or differed by only one test. This system provides satisfactory differentiation among strains and is reproducible. Precise standardization of inoculum size is not required. Multiple inoculation allows time and cost-efficient testing of large numbers of strains.", "contents": "Biotyping of Escherichia coli by a simple multiple-inoculation agar plate technique. A nine-test system using multiple-inoculation agar plates for biotyping of Escherichia coli is described. Testing of 959 strains resulted in 78 biotypes. On repeated testing, 96% of 182 strains had identical biotypes or differed by only one test. This system provides satisfactory differentiation among strains and is reproducible. Precise standardization of inoculum size is not required. Multiple inoculation allows time and cost-efficient testing of large numbers of strains.", "PMID": 385615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7108", "title": "Use of an immunoperoxidase method for identification of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) slide test was evaluated for the laboratory identification of Bacteroides fragilis. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G-peroxidase conjugate with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole as the peroxidase substrate. Ninety-one percent of 44 B. fragilis strains tested were IP positive (3+ to 4+ reactions) with greater than or equal to 1:160 dilutions of rabbit antiserum produced against whole cells of B. fragilis ATCC 23745. The antiserum was species specific. No cross-reactions were observed with 35 Bacteroides strains of other species or with a variety of facultative or aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Four B. fragilis strains were IP negative. One of these (VPI 2393) was the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology group II reference strain. The other three were clinical isolates. IP-negative and representative IP-positive strains were tested for DNA homology with the type strains for DNA homology groups I and II (VPI 2553 and VPI 2393). Two of the three clinical isolates were classified as DNA homology group II, and the remaining strain was classified as a group I. Capsular material known to be unique to B. fragilis was common to both DNA homology groups as indicated by reactions with purified anticapsular antiserum. The IP technique provides a suitable alternative to fluorescent microscopy for the rapid immunological identification of B. fragilis.", "contents": "Use of an immunoperoxidase method for identification of Bacteroides fragilis. An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) slide test was evaluated for the laboratory identification of Bacteroides fragilis. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G-peroxidase conjugate with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole as the peroxidase substrate. Ninety-one percent of 44 B. fragilis strains tested were IP positive (3+ to 4+ reactions) with greater than or equal to 1:160 dilutions of rabbit antiserum produced against whole cells of B. fragilis ATCC 23745. The antiserum was species specific. No cross-reactions were observed with 35 Bacteroides strains of other species or with a variety of facultative or aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Four B. fragilis strains were IP negative. One of these (VPI 2393) was the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology group II reference strain. The other three were clinical isolates. IP-negative and representative IP-positive strains were tested for DNA homology with the type strains for DNA homology groups I and II (VPI 2553 and VPI 2393). Two of the three clinical isolates were classified as DNA homology group II, and the remaining strain was classified as a group I. Capsular material known to be unique to B. fragilis was common to both DNA homology groups as indicated by reactions with purified anticapsular antiserum. The IP technique provides a suitable alternative to fluorescent microscopy for the rapid immunological identification of B. fragilis.", "PMID": 385616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7109", "title": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the micro-ID system versus API 20E and conventional media.", "content": "The Micro-ID system for rapid (4 h) identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated by testing 433 enteric bacilli and 9 other gram-negative bacilli. Each isolate was identified with conventional tubed media and was also tested in the Micro-ID and API 20E systems. The overall accuracy of both systems was 97%. Micro-ID tests for the Voges-Proskauer reaction, indole and H2S production, and ornithine and lysine decarboxylase all demonstrated a 97 to 99% correlation with conventional methods. Only 86% of the Micro-ID urease tests agreed with Christenson urea agar. Two inoculum densities were tested in Micro-ID panels, with 157 stock cultures. Over 90% of the tests were unaffected by changes in inoculum density. Tests with four control strains suggested that the Micro-ID system was more reproducible when a light inoculum was used. The Micro-ID system was found to be a very convenient method for rapid, accurate, and precise identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the micro-ID system versus API 20E and conventional media. The Micro-ID system for rapid (4 h) identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated by testing 433 enteric bacilli and 9 other gram-negative bacilli. Each isolate was identified with conventional tubed media and was also tested in the Micro-ID and API 20E systems. The overall accuracy of both systems was 97%. Micro-ID tests for the Voges-Proskauer reaction, indole and H2S production, and ornithine and lysine decarboxylase all demonstrated a 97 to 99% correlation with conventional methods. Only 86% of the Micro-ID urease tests agreed with Christenson urea agar. Two inoculum densities were tested in Micro-ID panels, with 157 stock cultures. Over 90% of the tests were unaffected by changes in inoculum density. Tests with four control strains suggested that the Micro-ID system was more reproducible when a light inoculum was used. The Micro-ID system was found to be a very convenient method for rapid, accurate, and precise identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 385617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7110", "title": "Practical technique for quantitating anaerobic bacteria in tissue specimens.", "content": "Quantitative bacteriology has considerable influence on the care and management of surgical wounds. Heretofore, these techniques have been limited to measurements of aerobic bacteria. A technique is reported herein which permits quantitation of obligately anaerobic bacteria in tissue specimens. This technique is easily reproduced in any clinical laboratory and eliminates the need for expensive anaerobic chambers.", "contents": "Practical technique for quantitating anaerobic bacteria in tissue specimens. Quantitative bacteriology has considerable influence on the care and management of surgical wounds. Heretofore, these techniques have been limited to measurements of aerobic bacteria. A technique is reported herein which permits quantitation of obligately anaerobic bacteria in tissue specimens. This technique is easily reproduced in any clinical laboratory and eliminates the need for expensive anaerobic chambers.", "PMID": 385618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7111", "title": "[Lymphatico-venous experimental anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the pioneer work of Nielubowicz et Olszewski successful anastomoses have been caried out between lymphnodes and veins in experiments and in the clinic as well. The creation of patent anastomoses between lymphatic trunks and veins still present many problems, primarily due to the small size of the lymphatic vessels. The microsurgical technique permits the authors to overcome these difficulties. End-to-side anastomosis between lymphatic trunk and the superficial femoral vein was carried out - using stereo microscopic - on rabbits, with a modification of Cordeiro's and Degni's technique; a longitudinally divided plastic catheter was introduced into the vein and the lymphatic trunk was pulled into the lumen and fixed to the upper venous wall with one suture. End-to-end anastomosis was created between lymphatic trunk and the superficial femoral vein or one of it's branches with a technique using a small piece of plastic catheter, which was introduced into the lymphatic trunk on one side and to the vein on the other side in order to prevent the transfixation of the vessels wall. Interrupted 11/0 atraumatic sutures were used to create the anastomosis. With both of these methods patent anatomosis can be carried out between lymphatic trunks and veins.", "contents": "[Lymphatico-venous experimental anastomosis (author's transl)]. Since the pioneer work of Nielubowicz et Olszewski successful anastomoses have been caried out between lymphnodes and veins in experiments and in the clinic as well. The creation of patent anastomoses between lymphatic trunks and veins still present many problems, primarily due to the small size of the lymphatic vessels. The microsurgical technique permits the authors to overcome these difficulties. End-to-side anastomosis between lymphatic trunk and the superficial femoral vein was carried out - using stereo microscopic - on rabbits, with a modification of Cordeiro's and Degni's technique; a longitudinally divided plastic catheter was introduced into the vein and the lymphatic trunk was pulled into the lumen and fixed to the upper venous wall with one suture. End-to-end anastomosis was created between lymphatic trunk and the superficial femoral vein or one of it's branches with a technique using a small piece of plastic catheter, which was introduced into the lymphatic trunk on one side and to the vein on the other side in order to prevent the transfixation of the vessels wall. Interrupted 11/0 atraumatic sutures were used to create the anastomosis. With both of these methods patent anatomosis can be carried out between lymphatic trunks and veins.", "PMID": 385612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7112", "title": "Quantitative assay of soluble beta-hemolytic streptococcal antigens via an immunochemical turbidimetric method with a spectrophotometer.", "content": "Soluble, group A, B, C, and G beta-hemolytic streptococcal antigens were successfully identified in a prototype spectrophotometric system by an immunochemical turbidimetric assay. Any spectrophotometic system which can take a zero reading followed by a second reading 2 or more min later can be used for the assay. Maximum absorbance was obtained near a wavelength of 340 nm. A wide range of linearity between antigen concentration and absorbance was observed at some antibody dilutions, resulting in a simple assay which can be used to quantitate amounts of antigen in solution. Minimal cross-reactions that present no problem in interpretation was observed. Simulated emergency samples were solubilized and assayed for group A and B bacteria within 3 h of colony recognition. Reproducibility of the absorbance resulting from the antibody-antigen reaction was great, with low coefficients of variation over a period of 50 days. The simplicity of the assay solutions, requiring only antisera and a buffer, and the accessibility to high levels of quality control are among the greatest assets of the technique to clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of soluble beta-hemolytic streptococcal antigens via an immunochemical turbidimetric method with a spectrophotometer. Soluble, group A, B, C, and G beta-hemolytic streptococcal antigens were successfully identified in a prototype spectrophotometric system by an immunochemical turbidimetric assay. Any spectrophotometic system which can take a zero reading followed by a second reading 2 or more min later can be used for the assay. Maximum absorbance was obtained near a wavelength of 340 nm. A wide range of linearity between antigen concentration and absorbance was observed at some antibody dilutions, resulting in a simple assay which can be used to quantitate amounts of antigen in solution. Minimal cross-reactions that present no problem in interpretation was observed. Simulated emergency samples were solubilized and assayed for group A and B bacteria within 3 h of colony recognition. Reproducibility of the absorbance resulting from the antibody-antigen reaction was great, with low coefficients of variation over a period of 50 days. The simplicity of the assay solutions, requiring only antisera and a buffer, and the accessibility to high levels of quality control are among the greatest assets of the technique to clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 385619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7113", "title": "Reticulate bodies as single antigen in Chlamydia trachomatis serology with microimmunofluorescence.", "content": "Formalin-fixed, purified reticulate bodies (RB) of Chlamydia trachomatis immunotype C/TW-3/OT were used as a serological test antigen in the microimmunofluorescence test. The sensitivity and specificity of the RB antigen were compared to elementary bodies (EB) used as antigens in the detection of C. trachomatis antibodies in human sera by microimmunofluorescence. RB reacted with all known C. trachomatis immunotypes with the same sensitivity as the homotypic EB. In routine serology with sera and endocervical secretions, the RB antigen had a sensitivity similar to that of the EB in detecting serum antibodies, endocervical secretion antibodies, and antibodies of immunoglobulin M and G classes. No false-positive reactions were detected with control sera. All positive reactions showed type-specific antibodies against an EB immunotype. RB seemed to demonstrate chlamydial group reactivity; sera from 10 psittacosis patients diagnosed clinically and serologically by complement fixation showed five positive, three equivocal, and two negative reactions. By immunofluorescence, RB appeared as distinct rings demonstrating uniform peripheral surface fluorescence at their rims. The EB appeared as pinpoint-sized dots. C/TW-3/OT RB used as a single test anitgen should provide a simple and sensitive serological assay for the detection of C. trachomatis antibody.", "contents": "Reticulate bodies as single antigen in Chlamydia trachomatis serology with microimmunofluorescence. Formalin-fixed, purified reticulate bodies (RB) of Chlamydia trachomatis immunotype C/TW-3/OT were used as a serological test antigen in the microimmunofluorescence test. The sensitivity and specificity of the RB antigen were compared to elementary bodies (EB) used as antigens in the detection of C. trachomatis antibodies in human sera by microimmunofluorescence. RB reacted with all known C. trachomatis immunotypes with the same sensitivity as the homotypic EB. In routine serology with sera and endocervical secretions, the RB antigen had a sensitivity similar to that of the EB in detecting serum antibodies, endocervical secretion antibodies, and antibodies of immunoglobulin M and G classes. No false-positive reactions were detected with control sera. All positive reactions showed type-specific antibodies against an EB immunotype. RB seemed to demonstrate chlamydial group reactivity; sera from 10 psittacosis patients diagnosed clinically and serologically by complement fixation showed five positive, three equivocal, and two negative reactions. By immunofluorescence, RB appeared as distinct rings demonstrating uniform peripheral surface fluorescence at their rims. The EB appeared as pinpoint-sized dots. C/TW-3/OT RB used as a single test anitgen should provide a simple and sensitive serological assay for the detection of C. trachomatis antibody.", "PMID": 385620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7114", "title": "Evaluation of the new API 20C strip for yeast identification against a conventional method.", "content": "The new API 20C yeast identification system together with appropriate microscopic morphology determinations achieved a 97% correlation with a rapid conventional method. Whereas a group composed of Candida, Torulopsis, Saccharomyces, and Rhodotorula was identified with ease (98% overall correlation), a second group, containing Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Geotrichum species, appeared to give the system the most difficulty (90% correlation). Within this group particular difficulty was encountered in identifying varieties of Cryptococcus albidus, C. terreus, C. laurentii, Trichosporon beigelli, and Geotrichum spp. as to species. The API 20C system should be incubated the full 72 h prescribed by the manufacturer. However, when used in conjunction with appropriate morphological tests, presumptive identifications of some Candida and Torulopsis species may be made at 24 to 48 h. To facilitate identifications of the more difficult group of yeasts, ancillary tests for determining nitrate reductase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities should be considered as additions to the strip. Incorporating the phenol oxidase test would be especially important for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast which should be identified as quickly and as accurately as possible. The API 20C system with computer assistance has proved to be an easy-to-inoculate, versatile, and fairly rapid method of yeast identification, giving results comparable to those obtained by conventional methodologies.", "contents": "Evaluation of the new API 20C strip for yeast identification against a conventional method. The new API 20C yeast identification system together with appropriate microscopic morphology determinations achieved a 97% correlation with a rapid conventional method. Whereas a group composed of Candida, Torulopsis, Saccharomyces, and Rhodotorula was identified with ease (98% overall correlation), a second group, containing Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Geotrichum species, appeared to give the system the most difficulty (90% correlation). Within this group particular difficulty was encountered in identifying varieties of Cryptococcus albidus, C. terreus, C. laurentii, Trichosporon beigelli, and Geotrichum spp. as to species. The API 20C system should be incubated the full 72 h prescribed by the manufacturer. However, when used in conjunction with appropriate morphological tests, presumptive identifications of some Candida and Torulopsis species may be made at 24 to 48 h. To facilitate identifications of the more difficult group of yeasts, ancillary tests for determining nitrate reductase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities should be considered as additions to the strip. Incorporating the phenol oxidase test would be especially important for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast which should be identified as quickly and as accurately as possible. The API 20C system with computer assistance has proved to be an easy-to-inoculate, versatile, and fairly rapid method of yeast identification, giving results comparable to those obtained by conventional methodologies.", "PMID": 385621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7115", "title": "Rapid selective urease test for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "A rapid simplified screening method that selectively detected the urease activity of 99.6% of 286 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans within 15 min was developed for use in clinical microbiology laboratories.", "contents": "Rapid selective urease test for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. A rapid simplified screening method that selectively detected the urease activity of 99.6% of 286 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans within 15 min was developed for use in clinical microbiology laboratories.", "PMID": 385622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7116", "title": "Evaluation of anaerobic incubation for recovery of group A streptococci from throat cultures.", "content": "No statistical differences were found in the recovery of group A streptococci from throat culture specimens after overnight incubation of blood agar plates in 5% CO2 compared with anaerobiosis. Anaerobic incubation required many more subcultures and resulted in considerably greater technical time and expense.", "contents": "Evaluation of anaerobic incubation for recovery of group A streptococci from throat cultures. No statistical differences were found in the recovery of group A streptococci from throat culture specimens after overnight incubation of blood agar plates in 5% CO2 compared with anaerobiosis. Anaerobic incubation required many more subcultures and resulted in considerably greater technical time and expense.", "PMID": 385623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7117", "title": "Long-term sotalol therapy in patients with arrhythmias.", "content": "Sotalol is a pure beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. The present study was divided into a first and second therapy period. A total of 38 patients with atrial or ventricular arrhythmias were included in the first therapy period. After a drug-free period of approximately two months, 14 of the 38 patients entered the second therapy period and were given oral sotalol. During the two treatment periods, oral sotalol was given in doses ranging from 40 to 480 mg/day for 0.5 to 11 months in the first period and for four to nine months in the second period. Oral sotalol decreased or abolished arrhythmias in 92 per cent of the patients in the first therapy period and in all the patients in the second therapy period. Minor side effects occurred in two patients. Sotalol possesses a unique class III antiarrhythmic action. The electrophysiological profile is different from other beta-adrenergic blocking agents in that sotalol prolongs the duration of the intracellularly recorded action potential. This property may contribute to the antiarrhythmic efficacy demonstrated with sotalol.", "contents": "Long-term sotalol therapy in patients with arrhythmias. Sotalol is a pure beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. The present study was divided into a first and second therapy period. A total of 38 patients with atrial or ventricular arrhythmias were included in the first therapy period. After a drug-free period of approximately two months, 14 of the 38 patients entered the second therapy period and were given oral sotalol. During the two treatment periods, oral sotalol was given in doses ranging from 40 to 480 mg/day for 0.5 to 11 months in the first period and for four to nine months in the second period. Oral sotalol decreased or abolished arrhythmias in 92 per cent of the patients in the first therapy period and in all the patients in the second therapy period. Minor side effects occurred in two patients. Sotalol possesses a unique class III antiarrhythmic action. The electrophysiological profile is different from other beta-adrenergic blocking agents in that sotalol prolongs the duration of the intracellularly recorded action potential. This property may contribute to the antiarrhythmic efficacy demonstrated with sotalol.", "PMID": 385638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7118", "title": "Further observations on hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture.", "content": "The growth of the processes of dissociated hippocampal neurons from 18- to 20-day-old rat fetuses has been studied in vitro using a method that permits cells to be maintained at relatively low plating densities for periods up to three weeks (Banker and Cowan, '77). Most of the cells are spherical or ovoid when they first attach to the substratum (either polylysine or collagen) but within 24 to 48 hours they begin to put out processes, and by the end of the first week in culture a significant proportion (approximately 45%) come to resemble normal pyramidal cells with a more-or-less triangular shaped soma, a single dominant dendrite-like process emerging from the apex of the soma, and several \"basal dendrites\" arising from the opposite pole of the cell. Comparisons of the lengths of these dendrite-like processes with those of hippocampal cells in the brains of animals sacrificed on the fourth post-natal day and impregnated by a variant of the Golgi-Cox method, indicate that in some cases the rate of process formation in vitro approximates that in vivo and that the general form of the neurons is remarkably like that of immature pyramidal cells. After a week in culture a second type of process can be recognized. These tend to be finer than those we have identified as dendrites; they are relatively uniform in diameter, frequently give off branches at right angles, and in the electron microscope can be seen to form synapses upon the larger processes and cell somata. These axon-like processes differ from the axons of normal pyramidal cells in two important respects: (i) most commonly they arise from one of the dendritic processes, including, on occasion, the putative \"apical\" dendrites, and only rarely from the base of the perikaryon; (ii) there may be two or more such processes from a single cell. The thicker, tapering processes can be shown (after incubation in 3H-uridine) to contain large amounts of RNA; newly-synthesized RNA does not extend into the finer, axon-like processes.", "contents": "Further observations on hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture. The growth of the processes of dissociated hippocampal neurons from 18- to 20-day-old rat fetuses has been studied in vitro using a method that permits cells to be maintained at relatively low plating densities for periods up to three weeks (Banker and Cowan, '77). Most of the cells are spherical or ovoid when they first attach to the substratum (either polylysine or collagen) but within 24 to 48 hours they begin to put out processes, and by the end of the first week in culture a significant proportion (approximately 45%) come to resemble normal pyramidal cells with a more-or-less triangular shaped soma, a single dominant dendrite-like process emerging from the apex of the soma, and several \"basal dendrites\" arising from the opposite pole of the cell. Comparisons of the lengths of these dendrite-like processes with those of hippocampal cells in the brains of animals sacrificed on the fourth post-natal day and impregnated by a variant of the Golgi-Cox method, indicate that in some cases the rate of process formation in vitro approximates that in vivo and that the general form of the neurons is remarkably like that of immature pyramidal cells. After a week in culture a second type of process can be recognized. These tend to be finer than those we have identified as dendrites; they are relatively uniform in diameter, frequently give off branches at right angles, and in the electron microscope can be seen to form synapses upon the larger processes and cell somata. These axon-like processes differ from the axons of normal pyramidal cells in two important respects: (i) most commonly they arise from one of the dendritic processes, including, on occasion, the putative \"apical\" dendrites, and only rarely from the base of the perikaryon; (ii) there may be two or more such processes from a single cell. The thicker, tapering processes can be shown (after incubation in 3H-uridine) to contain large amounts of RNA; newly-synthesized RNA does not extend into the finer, axon-like processes.", "PMID": 385643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7119", "title": "Once-a-day treatment with sotalol and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Eighteen patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension were treated, after a run-in period of placebo for three weeks, with a combination of 160 mg sotalol and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide for three months. Fifteen patients responded well and, after one month of treatment, had a sustained diastolic blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg. Additional treatment reduced the blood pressure even further during the second month, with a significant fall in blood pressure after the first month of treatment. The degree of severity of the hypertension did not seem to have an effect on blood pressure response to treatment. Serum potassium values decreased significantly during treatment. They remained within the normal range, and no clinical symptoms of hypokalemia were observed. One patient developed hyperuricemia and had to be withdrawn from the study.", "contents": "Once-a-day treatment with sotalol and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. Eighteen patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension were treated, after a run-in period of placebo for three weeks, with a combination of 160 mg sotalol and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide for three months. Fifteen patients responded well and, after one month of treatment, had a sustained diastolic blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg. Additional treatment reduced the blood pressure even further during the second month, with a significant fall in blood pressure after the first month of treatment. The degree of severity of the hypertension did not seem to have an effect on blood pressure response to treatment. Serum potassium values decreased significantly during treatment. They remained within the normal range, and no clinical symptoms of hypokalemia were observed. One patient developed hyperuricemia and had to be withdrawn from the study.", "PMID": 385641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7120", "title": "In vivo effect of oral environment on etched enamel: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "After etching the enamel in teeth of young children with 50% buffered phosphoric acid and allowing the teeth to remain in the oral environment for a few months, an irregular enamel surface similar to the morphology of recently etched enamel was noted by means of scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the enamel surfaces were covered with plaque. Accordingly, observations by other authors, that etched human enamel takes on a normal appearance after short exposure in the oral cavity, could not be confirmed. However, when the surface of the etched enamel was pumiced, the enamel reacquired both the shine and appearance of non-etched enamel.", "contents": "In vivo effect of oral environment on etched enamel: a scanning electron microscopic study. After etching the enamel in teeth of young children with 50% buffered phosphoric acid and allowing the teeth to remain in the oral environment for a few months, an irregular enamel surface similar to the morphology of recently etched enamel was noted by means of scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the enamel surfaces were covered with plaque. Accordingly, observations by other authors, that etched human enamel takes on a normal appearance after short exposure in the oral cavity, could not be confirmed. However, when the surface of the etched enamel was pumiced, the enamel reacquired both the shine and appearance of non-etched enamel.", "PMID": 385647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7121", "title": "Character of the hard tooth tissue-polymer bond. I. Study of the interaction of calcium phosphate with N-phenylglycine and with N-phenylglycine-glycidyl methacrylate adduct.", "content": "A model investigation was carried out to establish the chemical character of the bond between hard tooth tissues and polymeric materials. The interaction of NPG and NPG-GMA with Ca3(PO4)2 and 45Ca3(PO4)2 was studied in aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic solutions. It was shown that NPG and NPG-GMA react in solution with Ca ions which are in equilibrium with calcium phosphate. The reaction proceeds more intensively in aqueous-alcoholic medium due to its ionic character. The IR spectra of the reaction products show the presence of NPG-GMA calcium salt.", "contents": "Character of the hard tooth tissue-polymer bond. I. Study of the interaction of calcium phosphate with N-phenylglycine and with N-phenylglycine-glycidyl methacrylate adduct. A model investigation was carried out to establish the chemical character of the bond between hard tooth tissues and polymeric materials. The interaction of NPG and NPG-GMA with Ca3(PO4)2 and 45Ca3(PO4)2 was studied in aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic solutions. It was shown that NPG and NPG-GMA react in solution with Ca ions which are in equilibrium with calcium phosphate. The reaction proceeds more intensively in aqueous-alcoholic medium due to its ionic character. The IR spectra of the reaction products show the presence of NPG-GMA calcium salt.", "PMID": 385648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7122", "title": "Character of the hard tooth tissue-polymer bond. II. Study of the interaction of human tooth enamel and dentin with N-phenylglycine-glycidyl methacrylate adduct.", "content": "The interaction of powdered human tooth enamel and dentin with NPG-GMA was studied in alcoholic and alcoholic-aqueous solutions. The reaction produces ionized carboxylic groups capable of forming ionic bonds between the calcium ions in the tooth enamel or dentin and NPG-GMA.", "contents": "Character of the hard tooth tissue-polymer bond. II. Study of the interaction of human tooth enamel and dentin with N-phenylglycine-glycidyl methacrylate adduct. The interaction of powdered human tooth enamel and dentin with NPG-GMA was studied in alcoholic and alcoholic-aqueous solutions. The reaction produces ionized carboxylic groups capable of forming ionic bonds between the calcium ions in the tooth enamel or dentin and NPG-GMA.", "PMID": 385649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7123", "title": "Bonding of acrylic resins to dentin with 2-cyanoacrylate esters.", "content": "Strength and durability of the dentin-acrylic resin joint cemented with 2-cyanoacrylate esters were studied. Maximum adhesion is obtained with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate after 1% acid pretreatment of the dentin. Hydrolytic stability is somewhat improved by addition of polymer to the adhesive or coating around the joint.", "contents": "Bonding of acrylic resins to dentin with 2-cyanoacrylate esters. Strength and durability of the dentin-acrylic resin joint cemented with 2-cyanoacrylate esters were studied. Maximum adhesion is obtained with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate after 1% acid pretreatment of the dentin. Hydrolytic stability is somewhat improved by addition of polymer to the adhesive or coating around the joint.", "PMID": 385650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7124", "title": "Strain gauge transduction of lip and jaw motion in the midsagittal plane: refinement of a prototype system.", "content": "This paper describes the design refinements made in an earlier prototype system for transducing lip and jaw movements in the midsagittal plane. Major improvements over the prototype system included: reduced transducer loading, improved two-dimensional separation and resolution, elimination of possible artifacts due to lateral-medial or rotational movement, electrical isolation of the subject from the transducer, increased capability to transduce movements of children as well as adults, and an accessory instrument for orienting the transducers with reference to defined anatomical planes.", "contents": "Strain gauge transduction of lip and jaw motion in the midsagittal plane: refinement of a prototype system. This paper describes the design refinements made in an earlier prototype system for transducing lip and jaw movements in the midsagittal plane. Major improvements over the prototype system included: reduced transducer loading, improved two-dimensional separation and resolution, elimination of possible artifacts due to lateral-medial or rotational movement, electrical isolation of the subject from the transducer, increased capability to transduce movements of children as well as adults, and an accessory instrument for orienting the transducers with reference to defined anatomical planes.", "PMID": 385662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7125", "title": "Clinical trials of intraoral dental xeroradiography.", "content": "A new dental xeroradiographic processor was clinically tested. In comparison with conventional radiographs, xeroradiographs often showed more anatomic detail of teeth and bone and required approximately half the exposure time. These characteristics, the speed of operation and the added features for convenience, suggest that xeroradiography may be important to dental radiography in the future.", "contents": "Clinical trials of intraoral dental xeroradiography. A new dental xeroradiographic processor was clinically tested. In comparison with conventional radiographs, xeroradiographs often showed more anatomic detail of teeth and bone and required approximately half the exposure time. These characteristics, the speed of operation and the added features for convenience, suggest that xeroradiography may be important to dental radiography in the future.", "PMID": 385665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7126", "title": "Indications for orthodontic-prosthodontic collaboration in dental treatment.", "content": "In dental practice, combined plans of orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment are underused. Indications for a collaborative effort include preservation of integrity of the dental arch, biomechanical factors, limitations in design of prostheses, esthetic appearance, periodontal considerations, prevention of malocclusion, and better retention of position of teeth.", "contents": "Indications for orthodontic-prosthodontic collaboration in dental treatment. In dental practice, combined plans of orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment are underused. Indications for a collaborative effort include preservation of integrity of the dental arch, biomechanical factors, limitations in design of prostheses, esthetic appearance, periodontal considerations, prevention of malocclusion, and better retention of position of teeth.", "PMID": 385666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7127", "title": "Importance of combined periodontal and acid-etch composite treatment in restoration of anterior teeth and periodontal health.", "content": "Severely fractured, hypoplastic, and carious mandibular anterior teeth in a 17-year-old patient precluded the ability to use adequate methods of control of plaque. With simple, inexpensive techniques, periodontal health was restored and a functional and esthetic occlusion was provided. This treatment plan was accomplished with minimal risk of injuring the pulps of the teeth.", "contents": "Importance of combined periodontal and acid-etch composite treatment in restoration of anterior teeth and periodontal health. Severely fractured, hypoplastic, and carious mandibular anterior teeth in a 17-year-old patient precluded the ability to use adequate methods of control of plaque. With simple, inexpensive techniques, periodontal health was restored and a functional and esthetic occlusion was provided. This treatment plan was accomplished with minimal risk of injuring the pulps of the teeth.", "PMID": 385667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7128", "title": "Review of methods for removing cast gold restorations.", "content": "Most techniques and devices described for crown removal, in one way or another, destroy the integrity of today's precision cast crowns. There were only three techniques described that do not require drilling a hole, cutting a notch or slot, clamping with claws or jaws, prying with instruments, or grasping with forceps and pliers. These are the copper band filled with cement, the coping of cold-curing acrylic resin, and the Richwil crown remover. The safest and least traumatic of all crown removal devices and techniques is to cut a slot and pry the crown loose. Although the crown is destroyed, damage to the tooth is avoided.", "contents": "Review of methods for removing cast gold restorations. Most techniques and devices described for crown removal, in one way or another, destroy the integrity of today's precision cast crowns. There were only three techniques described that do not require drilling a hole, cutting a notch or slot, clamping with claws or jaws, prying with instruments, or grasping with forceps and pliers. These are the copper band filled with cement, the coping of cold-curing acrylic resin, and the Richwil crown remover. The safest and least traumatic of all crown removal devices and techniques is to cut a slot and pry the crown loose. Although the crown is destroyed, damage to the tooth is avoided.", "PMID": 385668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7129", "title": "Dentists' incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: 1952 to 1976. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research.", "content": "Throughout the 20-year period from 1952 to 1972, dentists' net incomes, adjusted for inflation, increased and provided greater monetary rewards to the practice of dentistry. Evidence discloses a close association between the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes and the general level of economic activity (measured by the GNP inconstant dollars). Dentists are not immune to temporary recessions. The period from 1972 to 1974, with the imposed fee guidelines of Nixon's Economic Stabilization Act, was unusual. With effective fee guidelines during the latter two phases coupled with freely fluctuating input prices, dentists were caught in an income squeeze. During 1972 to 1974, the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes fell at a rate of 10.1% per year as the price index of practice costs outpaced dentists' fees. After the Economic Stabilization Act expired in 1974, trends returned to normal. Dentists' net incomes increased at rates consistent with changes in the GNP and dentists' fees increased slightly faster than the \"Price Index of Cost of Conducting a Dental Practice.\"", "contents": "Dentists' incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: 1952 to 1976. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research. Throughout the 20-year period from 1952 to 1972, dentists' net incomes, adjusted for inflation, increased and provided greater monetary rewards to the practice of dentistry. Evidence discloses a close association between the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes and the general level of economic activity (measured by the GNP inconstant dollars). Dentists are not immune to temporary recessions. The period from 1972 to 1974, with the imposed fee guidelines of Nixon's Economic Stabilization Act, was unusual. With effective fee guidelines during the latter two phases coupled with freely fluctuating input prices, dentists were caught in an income squeeze. During 1972 to 1974, the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes fell at a rate of 10.1% per year as the price index of practice costs outpaced dentists' fees. After the Economic Stabilization Act expired in 1974, trends returned to normal. Dentists' net incomes increased at rates consistent with changes in the GNP and dentists' fees increased slightly faster than the \"Price Index of Cost of Conducting a Dental Practice.\"", "PMID": 385669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7130", "title": "Voluntary dental laboratory certification program. Council on Prosthetic Services and Dental Laboratory Relations.", "content": "Laboratory certification does not offer concrete guarantees of consistent high quality of products or services. It does, however, identify, for the dental profession, a competency and acceptability factor on which to base a predication of performance by the laboratory. Also, laboratory certification establishes a framework within which the dental laboratory industry can work to continue upgrading its facilities and personnel, demonstrates the concern of certified laboratories for continuing competence, and indicates to government and third-party payers a willingness to develop standards endorsed by the industry.", "contents": "Voluntary dental laboratory certification program. Council on Prosthetic Services and Dental Laboratory Relations. Laboratory certification does not offer concrete guarantees of consistent high quality of products or services. It does, however, identify, for the dental profession, a competency and acceptability factor on which to base a predication of performance by the laboratory. Also, laboratory certification establishes a framework within which the dental laboratory industry can work to continue upgrading its facilities and personnel, demonstrates the concern of certified laboratories for continuing competence, and indicates to government and third-party payers a willingness to develop standards endorsed by the industry.", "PMID": 385670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7131", "title": "Medical views of depression in the elderly: historical notes.", "content": "Ancient Greek and Roman physicians recognized the high prevalence of depressive illness in old age and began to differentiate the major mental syndromes of the elderly. Greek humoral theory connected black bile, melancholia and old age, and this formulation dominated medical thinking until the seventeenth century. Beginning with the Enlightenment and continuing throughout most of the nineteenth century, physicians spurned the idea that old age and depression were linked, or tended to view depression as evidence of brain decay. Although twentieth century studies have confirmed that depression in the elderly is a common illness, usually self-limiting and rarely coexisting with dementia, these views have been incompletely incorporated into modern medical practice.", "contents": "Medical views of depression in the elderly: historical notes. Ancient Greek and Roman physicians recognized the high prevalence of depressive illness in old age and began to differentiate the major mental syndromes of the elderly. Greek humoral theory connected black bile, melancholia and old age, and this formulation dominated medical thinking until the seventeenth century. Beginning with the Enlightenment and continuing throughout most of the nineteenth century, physicians spurned the idea that old age and depression were linked, or tended to view depression as evidence of brain decay. Although twentieth century studies have confirmed that depression in the elderly is a common illness, usually self-limiting and rarely coexisting with dementia, these views have been incompletely incorporated into modern medical practice.", "PMID": 385691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7132", "title": "Rapid slide technique with dextranomer beads for bacteriologic assessment of wounds in the elderly: comparison with quantitative biopsy method.", "content": "A rapid slide technique to provide quantitative bacteriologic assessment of wounds in elderly and debilitated patients is described. It involves the use of material from dextranomer-bead (Debrisan) wound dressings to replace tissue biopsy for deciding when a wound is ready for closure or when a specific therapy is no longer efficacious. In 27 patients an 81 percent correlation was demonstrated between the bacterial count as determined by the new method and that determined by the more complicated tissue biopsy.", "contents": "Rapid slide technique with dextranomer beads for bacteriologic assessment of wounds in the elderly: comparison with quantitative biopsy method. A rapid slide technique to provide quantitative bacteriologic assessment of wounds in elderly and debilitated patients is described. It involves the use of material from dextranomer-bead (Debrisan) wound dressings to replace tissue biopsy for deciding when a wound is ready for closure or when a specific therapy is no longer efficacious. In 27 patients an 81 percent correlation was demonstrated between the bacterial count as determined by the new method and that determined by the more complicated tissue biopsy.", "PMID": 385692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7133", "title": "The nation's children: do federal programs provide adequate eye/vision care?", "content": "Government involvement in child health programs is traced from the 1910 White House Conference on Children to current federal programs. This paper discussed the provisions, problems and anticipated changes in four of the leading federal programs offering eye/vision care.", "contents": "The nation's children: do federal programs provide adequate eye/vision care? Government involvement in child health programs is traced from the 1910 White House Conference on Children to current federal programs. This paper discussed the provisions, problems and anticipated changes in four of the leading federal programs offering eye/vision care.", "PMID": 385693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7134", "title": "Visual development.", "content": "This paper summarizes the postnatal development of the visual system in a format that separates the various parts and functions into Input Components, Transmitting Components, Integrative Mechanisms, and Visually Induced Cognitive Behaviour. This treatment of a number of studies and philosophies that comprise the field of infants' vision indicates that most components and mechanisms are fully operative by the end of the second year of life.", "contents": "Visual development. This paper summarizes the postnatal development of the visual system in a format that separates the various parts and functions into Input Components, Transmitting Components, Integrative Mechanisms, and Visually Induced Cognitive Behaviour. This treatment of a number of studies and philosophies that comprise the field of infants' vision indicates that most components and mechanisms are fully operative by the end of the second year of life.", "PMID": 385694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7135", "title": "[Implantation of intraocular lens in keratoplasty with cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A combined operation a) keratoplasty; b) cataract extraction; c) iridocapsular implant must be advised when a corneal opacity and a cataract require both a surgical treatment. Six months after surgery, functional results are good in 4 cases/5.", "contents": "[Implantation of intraocular lens in keratoplasty with cataract extraction (author's transl)]. A combined operation a) keratoplasty; b) cataract extraction; c) iridocapsular implant must be advised when a corneal opacity and a cataract require both a surgical treatment. Six months after surgery, functional results are good in 4 cases/5.", "PMID": 385697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7136", "title": "Effects of estrogen on 3H-leucine uptake by the hypothalamus and pituitary: correlation with hypothalamic and serum LHRH and LH.", "content": "An injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 microgram/rat) to ovariectomized rats suppressed serum LH levels 2, 4, 8 and 24 h later; serum LHRH levels were unaltered but the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was significantly elevated at 24 h. EB treatment also modified the sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH administration: a rapid decrease at 4 h followed by an augmentation in LH release at 8 and 24 h. 3H-Leucine incorporation into proteins of the pituitary and neural tissues was unaffected for 4 h following EB treatment at the time when serum LH and the responsiveness of the pituitary to LHRH were clearly depressed. However, a marked increase in 3H-leucine incorporation into the proteins of the pituitary alone occurred at 8, 16 and 24 h after EB treatment, coincident with the enhanced pituitary sensitivity to LHRH. These studies showed that estrogen promoted storage of LHRH in the MBH and alteration in protein metabolism may be an important initial step in the estrogen-induced augmentation of the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on 3H-leucine uptake by the hypothalamus and pituitary: correlation with hypothalamic and serum LHRH and LH. An injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 microgram/rat) to ovariectomized rats suppressed serum LH levels 2, 4, 8 and 24 h later; serum LHRH levels were unaltered but the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was significantly elevated at 24 h. EB treatment also modified the sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH administration: a rapid decrease at 4 h followed by an augmentation in LH release at 8 and 24 h. 3H-Leucine incorporation into proteins of the pituitary and neural tissues was unaffected for 4 h following EB treatment at the time when serum LH and the responsiveness of the pituitary to LHRH were clearly depressed. However, a marked increase in 3H-leucine incorporation into the proteins of the pituitary alone occurred at 8, 16 and 24 h after EB treatment, coincident with the enhanced pituitary sensitivity to LHRH. These studies showed that estrogen promoted storage of LHRH in the MBH and alteration in protein metabolism may be an important initial step in the estrogen-induced augmentation of the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH.", "PMID": 385701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7137", "title": "Adrenal and gonadal steroids and pituitary response to LHRH in girls. II. Precocious puberty.", "content": "Three baby girls between 22 and 30 months of age, presenting with isosexual idiopathic precocious puberty apparently not due to any organic cause, were studied. Basal levels of plasma steroids of adrenal and gonadal origin, circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol, and pituitary response to 25 microgram of LHRH were evaluated. All cases were characterized by high levels of plasma gonadotropins and by a marked response to exogenous LHRH. Normal cortisol circadia rhythm was found in all cases, one of which characterized by slightly raised plasma values. The other adrenal steroids were all higher than those expected for the chronological age, corresponding to those of 5-6 years old girls. On the other hand, steroids of both adrenal and ovarian (A, T) or mainly ovarian origin (E2) and DHT were all found to be higher than those normally reported in girls at stage 2 of sexual development. These data indicate a hypersecretion of gonadotropins in idiopathic isosexual precocious puberty, with a marked gonadal steroidogenetic response. The secretion of adrenal androgens does not appear to have an important role in the etiology of this condition.", "contents": "Adrenal and gonadal steroids and pituitary response to LHRH in girls. II. Precocious puberty. Three baby girls between 22 and 30 months of age, presenting with isosexual idiopathic precocious puberty apparently not due to any organic cause, were studied. Basal levels of plasma steroids of adrenal and gonadal origin, circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol, and pituitary response to 25 microgram of LHRH were evaluated. All cases were characterized by high levels of plasma gonadotropins and by a marked response to exogenous LHRH. Normal cortisol circadia rhythm was found in all cases, one of which characterized by slightly raised plasma values. The other adrenal steroids were all higher than those expected for the chronological age, corresponding to those of 5-6 years old girls. On the other hand, steroids of both adrenal and ovarian (A, T) or mainly ovarian origin (E2) and DHT were all found to be higher than those normally reported in girls at stage 2 of sexual development. These data indicate a hypersecretion of gonadotropins in idiopathic isosexual precocious puberty, with a marked gonadal steroidogenetic response. The secretion of adrenal androgens does not appear to have an important role in the etiology of this condition.", "PMID": 385702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7138", "title": "[Keratoplasty. Urgent treatment of the corneal perforation (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen keratoplasties (15 perforating, 1 lamellar) were performed on 12 perforated corneas and on 2 eyes threatened by imminent corneal perforation. The causal disease was metaherpetic k\u00e9ratitis (6 cases), chronic and recurrent ulcers (4 cases), acute keratoconus (1 case) and corneal traumas (3 cases). Enucleation has been avoided and the anterior chamber was restored in all the cases, with or without anterior synechiae. One case only developed ocular hypertension which was cured by fistulisation. Architectonic results are satisfying in all the cases. Recuperation of visual functions is possible only in the most favourable cases. It is indicated to perform keratoplasty before the perforation when this one seems unavoidable and to consider this surgical procedrue as an emergency when the cornea is perforated.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty. Urgent treatment of the corneal perforation (author's transl)]. Sixteen keratoplasties (15 perforating, 1 lamellar) were performed on 12 perforated corneas and on 2 eyes threatened by imminent corneal perforation. The causal disease was metaherpetic k\u00e9ratitis (6 cases), chronic and recurrent ulcers (4 cases), acute keratoconus (1 case) and corneal traumas (3 cases). Enucleation has been avoided and the anterior chamber was restored in all the cases, with or without anterior synechiae. One case only developed ocular hypertension which was cured by fistulisation. Architectonic results are satisfying in all the cases. Recuperation of visual functions is possible only in the most favourable cases. It is indicated to perform keratoplasty before the perforation when this one seems unavoidable and to consider this surgical procedrue as an emergency when the cornea is perforated.", "PMID": 385700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7139", "title": "[Value of perforating keratoplasty in the treatment of chronic oedemas of the cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 75 cases of chronic diffuse or central oedemas of the cornea were treated, and the modern techniques of perforating keratoplasty used gave 68% of good anatomical results for all the various etiologies taken together. Prognosis varies according to whether there is one or many etiological factors. In \"simple\" cases with a single etiopathogenic mechanism, 88% of good anatomical results were obtained and the patient has a 50% chance of recuperating visual acuity from 5 to 10/10 Pa2. In \"complex\" cases, or when surgical treatment of the oedema had been previously attempted, only 30% of good anatomical results were obtained and there is a 60% chance of not helping the patient in any way.", "contents": "[Value of perforating keratoplasty in the treatment of chronic oedemas of the cornea (author's transl)]. A total of 75 cases of chronic diffuse or central oedemas of the cornea were treated, and the modern techniques of perforating keratoplasty used gave 68% of good anatomical results for all the various etiologies taken together. Prognosis varies according to whether there is one or many etiological factors. In \"simple\" cases with a single etiopathogenic mechanism, 88% of good anatomical results were obtained and the patient has a 50% chance of recuperating visual acuity from 5 to 10/10 Pa2. In \"complex\" cases, or when surgical treatment of the oedema had been previously attempted, only 30% of good anatomical results were obtained and there is a 60% chance of not helping the patient in any way.", "PMID": 385699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7140", "title": "Pituitary response to LHRH during the puerperium in women.", "content": "Five breast-feeding women received 100 mug synthetic LHRH at between 19 and 58 days post-partum. One subject was treated twice. LH and FSH responses were monitored using radioimmunoassay. In four women treated at 19,21,29 and 51 days post-partum, the FSH response was greater than the LH response which was absent altogether in three of these women. In two women who were treated at 52 and 58 days both LH and FSH levels was elevated with the LH response being greater than the FSH response. This change in the pattern of pituitary response is considered in relation to the post-partum anovulatory condition.", "contents": "Pituitary response to LHRH during the puerperium in women. Five breast-feeding women received 100 mug synthetic LHRH at between 19 and 58 days post-partum. One subject was treated twice. LH and FSH responses were monitored using radioimmunoassay. In four women treated at 19,21,29 and 51 days post-partum, the FSH response was greater than the LH response which was absent altogether in three of these women. In two women who were treated at 52 and 58 days both LH and FSH levels was elevated with the LH response being greater than the FSH response. This change in the pattern of pituitary response is considered in relation to the post-partum anovulatory condition.", "PMID": 385705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7141", "title": "Maximum allowable cost: can the government control drug costs?", "content": "In 1973 the federal government moved to limit drug reimbursement to providers in federally sponsored or supported programs, to the lowest cost at which the drug is generally and consistently available unless a difference in therapeutic effect can be demonstrated between the brand name and generic drug. This paper examines the political evolution and rationale for this program and explores the issues surrounding the ongoing controversy regarding publicly financed programs offering drug benefits. The authors speculate that the government's first attempt to control prices of pharmaceuticals, prior to enactment of some form of national health insurance, if successful, will call forth pharmaceutical industry strategies which could negate program benefits.", "contents": "Maximum allowable cost: can the government control drug costs? In 1973 the federal government moved to limit drug reimbursement to providers in federally sponsored or supported programs, to the lowest cost at which the drug is generally and consistently available unless a difference in therapeutic effect can be demonstrated between the brand name and generic drug. This paper examines the political evolution and rationale for this program and explores the issues surrounding the ongoing controversy regarding publicly financed programs offering drug benefits. The authors speculate that the government's first attempt to control prices of pharmaceuticals, prior to enactment of some form of national health insurance, if successful, will call forth pharmaceutical industry strategies which could negate program benefits.", "PMID": 385712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7142", "title": "Statistical and other data-analytic techniques for the evaluation researcher: an identification, classification, and description of methods and resources.", "content": "The goal of any social/health intervention program is to improve the lot of the people it is designed to serve. Of critical importance is the development and implementation of programs able to achieve such a goal is evaluation research (ER)--a process representing an interface between the generic notion of evaluation and the rigor of social research methodology. The evaluation researcher should be familiar with, and be capable of using, any of a number of (statistical and non-statistical) data-analytic techniques. The objectives of this discussion, therefore, are to (1) identify, categorize, and briefly describe statistical and other data-analytic techniques of potential use to the evaluation researchers; and (2) identify currently available resources, i.e., texts, books of readings, monographs, etc., that offer discussions and analyses of these techniques. It is hoped that such an exposition will lead to a wider understanding, acceptance, and use of these procedures, which can only enhance the quality of subsequent program policy- and decisionmaking.", "contents": "Statistical and other data-analytic techniques for the evaluation researcher: an identification, classification, and description of methods and resources. The goal of any social/health intervention program is to improve the lot of the people it is designed to serve. Of critical importance is the development and implementation of programs able to achieve such a goal is evaluation research (ER)--a process representing an interface between the generic notion of evaluation and the rigor of social research methodology. The evaluation researcher should be familiar with, and be capable of using, any of a number of (statistical and non-statistical) data-analytic techniques. The objectives of this discussion, therefore, are to (1) identify, categorize, and briefly describe statistical and other data-analytic techniques of potential use to the evaluation researchers; and (2) identify currently available resources, i.e., texts, books of readings, monographs, etc., that offer discussions and analyses of these techniques. It is hoped that such an exposition will lead to a wider understanding, acceptance, and use of these procedures, which can only enhance the quality of subsequent program policy- and decisionmaking.", "PMID": 385713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7143", "title": "[The importance of Lancefield Group B streptococci (S. agalactiae) in gynaecology and obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "A bacteriological study of 10,962 vaginal swabs has made it possible to work out the percentage of women who are carriers of Group B streptococci in their vaginas. The count varies between 9.43 and 17.25 per cent according to the different populations that were studied. Serotyping of the strains of 1,030 vaginal specimens was carried out and it was found that serotypes II and III predominated. We have been able to study 27 strains responsible for infection in the early neonatal period such as septicaemia or meningitis at the same time as we were studying the vaginal flora. The distribution of the serotypes illustrates a predominance of types 1c and III in 70 per cent of cases. Contamination between the mother and the child is obvious but in 95 per cent of cases the strain isolated in the infected child was of the same serotype as that which was isolated in the mother. Group B streptococci are still very sensitive to antibiotics and particularly to the penicillins. It does seem to us to be unrealistic to treat with antibiotics prophylactically in pregnancy. On the other hand careful attention to the newborn and careful bacteriological study of multiple specimens taken from the skin and the orifices gives easy screening for the germ and the possibility of treating infants that are grossly contaminated.", "contents": "[The importance of Lancefield Group B streptococci (S. agalactiae) in gynaecology and obstetrics (author's transl)]. A bacteriological study of 10,962 vaginal swabs has made it possible to work out the percentage of women who are carriers of Group B streptococci in their vaginas. The count varies between 9.43 and 17.25 per cent according to the different populations that were studied. Serotyping of the strains of 1,030 vaginal specimens was carried out and it was found that serotypes II and III predominated. We have been able to study 27 strains responsible for infection in the early neonatal period such as septicaemia or meningitis at the same time as we were studying the vaginal flora. The distribution of the serotypes illustrates a predominance of types 1c and III in 70 per cent of cases. Contamination between the mother and the child is obvious but in 95 per cent of cases the strain isolated in the infected child was of the same serotype as that which was isolated in the mother. Group B streptococci are still very sensitive to antibiotics and particularly to the penicillins. It does seem to us to be unrealistic to treat with antibiotics prophylactically in pregnancy. On the other hand careful attention to the newborn and careful bacteriological study of multiple specimens taken from the skin and the orifices gives easy screening for the germ and the possibility of treating infants that are grossly contaminated.", "PMID": 385708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7144", "title": "[Cancer of the endometrium. The evaluation of high risk cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiology of cancer of the endometrium has been reviewed by going through the literature in order to find a high risk category. A particular type seems to be discernable: obestiy, endometrial hyperplasia, and the contribution of endogenous or exogenous oestrogens and lack of progesterone are the most marked elements. These factors for cancer of the endometrium are similar to those for cancer of the breast. It has been astonishing to find that these two hormone dependent cancers have a very similar background.", "contents": "[Cancer of the endometrium. The evaluation of high risk cases (author's transl)]. The epidemiology of cancer of the endometrium has been reviewed by going through the literature in order to find a high risk category. A particular type seems to be discernable: obestiy, endometrial hyperplasia, and the contribution of endogenous or exogenous oestrogens and lack of progesterone are the most marked elements. These factors for cancer of the endometrium are similar to those for cancer of the breast. It has been astonishing to find that these two hormone dependent cancers have a very similar background.", "PMID": 385709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7145", "title": "[Vesico-uterine fistulae after Caesarean operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The vesico-uterine fistulae represent 4 per cent of all urogenital fistulae. They are rare and are found almost always after Caesarean operation. We have been able to find in the literature 110 vesico-uterine fistulae after Caesarean operation. They very rarely fail to be diagnosed if careful post-operative examination is made and the majority of them are discovered in the year following delivery. Urinary incontinence is the most common reason for consultation. More uncommon is amenorrhoea with menstruation through the bladder. Incontinent women are under constant threat of ascending urinary tract infection. Finally these women, whether they are incontinent or amenorrhoeic, are sterile. Their fertility remains diminished even after surgical cure of the fistula. The only treatment for those who complain of the condition is surgery. It should be undertaken after a careful gynaecological and urological assessment.", "contents": "[Vesico-uterine fistulae after Caesarean operation (author's transl)]. The vesico-uterine fistulae represent 4 per cent of all urogenital fistulae. They are rare and are found almost always after Caesarean operation. We have been able to find in the literature 110 vesico-uterine fistulae after Caesarean operation. They very rarely fail to be diagnosed if careful post-operative examination is made and the majority of them are discovered in the year following delivery. Urinary incontinence is the most common reason for consultation. More uncommon is amenorrhoea with menstruation through the bladder. Incontinent women are under constant threat of ascending urinary tract infection. Finally these women, whether they are incontinent or amenorrhoeic, are sterile. Their fertility remains diminished even after surgical cure of the fistula. The only treatment for those who complain of the condition is surgery. It should be undertaken after a careful gynaecological and urological assessment.", "PMID": 385710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7146", "title": "Comparison of the protective efficacies of the live vaccine RIT 4025 and an inactivated vaccine against a natural heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 infection.", "content": "A clinical trial was initiated in South Africa before the winter season of 1976. The study involved 253 volunteers divided into three groups of vaccinees and one control group. Two groups of vaccinees were inoculated with either one or two doses at 2 weeks' interval (10(7.2) EID 50/dose) of the RIT 4025 live recombinant strain [A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2) serotype] and one group received one injection of an inactivated vaccine [A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2), 360 i.u., A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2), 300 i.u. and B/Hong Kong/8/73, 300 i.u./dose]. The serum antihaemagglutinin antibody responses against the heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 strain as measured by the single radial haemolysis test were satisfactory and not statistically different in all groups of vaccinees. On the other hand, the antineuraminidase antibody response was better in the group receiving the killed vaccine. At the end of the influenza season, A/Victoria/3/75 infections were confirmed serologically. Only 12% of the infections were symptomatic. The infection rate was significantly reduced in the live vaccine groups, whereas in the killed vaccine group the percentage of infection was lower but not significantly different from that in the placebo group.", "contents": "Comparison of the protective efficacies of the live vaccine RIT 4025 and an inactivated vaccine against a natural heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 infection. A clinical trial was initiated in South Africa before the winter season of 1976. The study involved 253 volunteers divided into three groups of vaccinees and one control group. Two groups of vaccinees were inoculated with either one or two doses at 2 weeks' interval (10(7.2) EID 50/dose) of the RIT 4025 live recombinant strain [A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2) serotype] and one group received one injection of an inactivated vaccine [A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2), 360 i.u., A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2), 300 i.u. and B/Hong Kong/8/73, 300 i.u./dose]. The serum antihaemagglutinin antibody responses against the heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 strain as measured by the single radial haemolysis test were satisfactory and not statistically different in all groups of vaccinees. On the other hand, the antineuraminidase antibody response was better in the group receiving the killed vaccine. At the end of the influenza season, A/Victoria/3/75 infections were confirmed serologically. Only 12% of the infections were symptomatic. The infection rate was significantly reduced in the live vaccine groups, whereas in the killed vaccine group the percentage of infection was lower but not significantly different from that in the placebo group.", "PMID": 385764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7147", "title": "Clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, London.", "content": "Sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, Islington, London. Of these, 15 (25%) contained Clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated. Early British soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained Cl. botulinum (type A or B). Although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the Market site was the result of faecal contamination by a small proportion of the many millions of farm animals brought there from elsewhere. The distribution of Clostridium tetani was uneven, but of 18 soil samples taken from one area of the Market site, 16 (89%) were positive.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, London. Sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, Islington, London. Of these, 15 (25%) contained Clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated. Early British soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained Cl. botulinum (type A or B). Although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the Market site was the result of faecal contamination by a small proportion of the many millions of farm animals brought there from elsewhere. The distribution of Clostridium tetani was uneven, but of 18 soil samples taken from one area of the Market site, 16 (89%) were positive.", "PMID": 385765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7148", "title": "[The antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid with a correlation between zinc phosphorus concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibacterial activity of 22 amniotic fluids collected at different stage of pregnancy have been tested against different types of staphylococci: 209 P, 2961 and Escherichia Coli OMS and 83. At the same time zinc and phosphorus concentration in these fluids have been measured. 77 p. 100 of those fluids present an antibacterial activity, but no correlation has been found with their concentration in zinc and phosphorus. Probably this activity is multifactorial and further studies need to be done to identify the factor or factors responsible for that antibacterial activity.", "contents": "[The antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid with a correlation between zinc phosphorus concentrations (author's transl)]. Antibacterial activity of 22 amniotic fluids collected at different stage of pregnancy have been tested against different types of staphylococci: 209 P, 2961 and Escherichia Coli OMS and 83. At the same time zinc and phosphorus concentration in these fluids have been measured. 77 p. 100 of those fluids present an antibacterial activity, but no correlation has been found with their concentration in zinc and phosphorus. Probably this activity is multifactorial and further studies need to be done to identify the factor or factors responsible for that antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 385707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7149", "title": "[Bret's plastic operation on the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of our results with those in the literature confirms that Bret's plastic operation on the uterus is valuable in the cure of septate uterus with two cavities in infertile patients who have had several spontaneous abortions. In spite of this it is advisable to take care to select cases and to be guided by the classical indications for plastic operation on the uterus. The number of abortions (more than 2) is the major criterion but it is often difficult to confirm that the infertility which results is due to the malformation and not to associated pathology. The problem is even more complex when it is a question of sterility rather than repeated abortions.", "contents": "[Bret's plastic operation on the uterus (author's transl)]. A comparison of our results with those in the literature confirms that Bret's plastic operation on the uterus is valuable in the cure of septate uterus with two cavities in infertile patients who have had several spontaneous abortions. In spite of this it is advisable to take care to select cases and to be guided by the classical indications for plastic operation on the uterus. The number of abortions (more than 2) is the major criterion but it is often difficult to confirm that the infertility which results is due to the malformation and not to associated pathology. The problem is even more complex when it is a question of sterility rather than repeated abortions.", "PMID": 385711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7150", "title": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. III. The activity and stability of early, transitional and mature human milk collected locally.", "content": "Milk from 150 local mothers has been assayed for bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant indicator strains of Escherichia coli. Activity is greatest in colostrum which is active directly against all strains of E. coli. One week after delivery of the baby, milk is active against the milk-sensitive strain and becomes active against the milk-resistant strain in the presence of physiological amounts of bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. This activity decreases within 2--4 days on keeping milk unheated at 4 degrees C but is preserved for at least 4 months and often up to 2 years in milk heated to 56 degrees C then stored at 4 degrees C or in milk frozen, unheated, at -28 degrees C provided it is not repeatedly thawed and frozen. Later lactation milks are usually indistinguishable in activity from 1-week post-partum milk but may be less stable on storage particularly if frozen. Lyophyilization in vacuo preserves activity of early-lactation milk for at least 6 months. Heating milk to above 65 degrees C causes a progressive loss of activity which can be partially restored by adding bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. Iron abolishes the activity of milk and reduces that of colostrum.", "contents": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. III. The activity and stability of early, transitional and mature human milk collected locally. Milk from 150 local mothers has been assayed for bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant indicator strains of Escherichia coli. Activity is greatest in colostrum which is active directly against all strains of E. coli. One week after delivery of the baby, milk is active against the milk-sensitive strain and becomes active against the milk-resistant strain in the presence of physiological amounts of bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. This activity decreases within 2--4 days on keeping milk unheated at 4 degrees C but is preserved for at least 4 months and often up to 2 years in milk heated to 56 degrees C then stored at 4 degrees C or in milk frozen, unheated, at -28 degrees C provided it is not repeatedly thawed and frozen. Later lactation milks are usually indistinguishable in activity from 1-week post-partum milk but may be less stable on storage particularly if frozen. Lyophyilization in vacuo preserves activity of early-lactation milk for at least 6 months. Heating milk to above 65 degrees C causes a progressive loss of activity which can be partially restored by adding bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. Iron abolishes the activity of milk and reduces that of colostrum.", "PMID": 385766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7151", "title": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. IV. The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk.", "content": "Bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains of Escherichia coli is reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation. Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity. The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody for E. coli is present in milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains and in some other Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. salmonella; it cross reacts with the antigen in others, e.g. proteus and enterobacter. The antibody is therefore likely to be present in all human milk as a result of the normal commensal gut flora and with widespread activity.", "contents": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. IV. The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk. Bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains of Escherichia coli is reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation. Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity. The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody for E. coli is present in milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains and in some other Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. salmonella; it cross reacts with the antigen in others, e.g. proteus and enterobacter. The antibody is therefore likely to be present in all human milk as a result of the normal commensal gut flora and with widespread activity.", "PMID": 385767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7152", "title": "Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products in the home.", "content": "One thousand, nine hundred and seventy-seven pharmaceutical products used in the home were examined for microbial contamination. Viable micro-organisms were recovered from 14.0% of samples. Medicines used in the home are apparently not exposed to the same opportunities for contamination as those used in hospital.", "contents": "Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products in the home. One thousand, nine hundred and seventy-seven pharmaceutical products used in the home were examined for microbial contamination. Viable micro-organisms were recovered from 14.0% of samples. Medicines used in the home are apparently not exposed to the same opportunities for contamination as those used in hospital.", "PMID": 385768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7153", "title": "The effect on the virulence and infectivity of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum of acquiring antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious outbreaks of disease.", "content": "Antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious epidemics, including those responsible for epidemics of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever and dysentery in Central America, were transferred to a strain of Salmonella typhimurium and of Salmonella gallinarum. The virulence and infectivity of these R(+) forms were then compared with the R(-) parent forms in orally inoculated chickens.None of the R(+) forms were more virulent than their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates they produced were either the same as or less than that of their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates were not increased by feeding the chickens on diets containing antibiotics against which the plasmids provided resistance.The removal of the plasmids from some R(+) forms of decreased virulence was not accompanied by any alteration in virulence, indicating that they were less virulent mutants of the parent strain that had conjugated preferentially. In other cases their virulence was increased, indicating that the very possession of the plasmid was involved in their decreased virulence. Of four forms of the S. gallinarum strain harbouring the plasmid that had been incriminated in the Central American dysentery outbreak, one was as virulent as the parent R(-) form and the other three were less virulent. Preferential conjugation by an avirulent mutant was responsible for the lack of virulence of one of them but the very possession of the plasmid appeared responsible for the decreased virulence of the other two. The decreased virulence of de-repressed F(+) and I(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain was increased to that of repressed F(+) form and of the parent form by plasmid removal.Organisms of the R(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain were not excreted in larger amounts or for longer periods of time by infected chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent form were. Neither did organisms of the R(+) forms of this strain or the S. gallinarum strain spread more rapidly or more extensively from infected chickens to in-contact chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent forms did. When antibiotics against which the infecting R(+) organisms provided resistance were included in the diet of these chickens the R(+) organisms were usually excreted in greater amounts, for longer periods of time and spread more rapidly and more extensively from the infected chickens to the in-contact chickens.", "contents": "The effect on the virulence and infectivity of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum of acquiring antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious outbreaks of disease. Antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious epidemics, including those responsible for epidemics of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever and dysentery in Central America, were transferred to a strain of Salmonella typhimurium and of Salmonella gallinarum. The virulence and infectivity of these R(+) forms were then compared with the R(-) parent forms in orally inoculated chickens.None of the R(+) forms were more virulent than their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates they produced were either the same as or less than that of their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates were not increased by feeding the chickens on diets containing antibiotics against which the plasmids provided resistance.The removal of the plasmids from some R(+) forms of decreased virulence was not accompanied by any alteration in virulence, indicating that they were less virulent mutants of the parent strain that had conjugated preferentially. In other cases their virulence was increased, indicating that the very possession of the plasmid was involved in their decreased virulence. Of four forms of the S. gallinarum strain harbouring the plasmid that had been incriminated in the Central American dysentery outbreak, one was as virulent as the parent R(-) form and the other three were less virulent. Preferential conjugation by an avirulent mutant was responsible for the lack of virulence of one of them but the very possession of the plasmid appeared responsible for the decreased virulence of the other two. The decreased virulence of de-repressed F(+) and I(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain was increased to that of repressed F(+) form and of the parent form by plasmid removal.Organisms of the R(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain were not excreted in larger amounts or for longer periods of time by infected chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent form were. Neither did organisms of the R(+) forms of this strain or the S. gallinarum strain spread more rapidly or more extensively from infected chickens to in-contact chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent forms did. When antibiotics against which the infecting R(+) organisms provided resistance were included in the diet of these chickens the R(+) organisms were usually excreted in greater amounts, for longer periods of time and spread more rapidly and more extensively from the infected chickens to the in-contact chickens.", "PMID": 385769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7154", "title": "The distribution of plasmids determining citrate utilization in citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli from humans, domestic animals, feral birds and environments.", "content": "Sixty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli were isolated from human, domestic animal, feral bird and environmental sources. With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates were identified as typical E. coli by their biochemical reactions. The transmission of the ability to utilize citrate on Simmons' citrate agar was demonstrated in 53 (79.1%) out of the 67 citrate-positive E. coli variants obtained from various sources. Drug resistance determinants and citrate utilizing character were co-transmitted into E. coli K-12 by conjugation among citrate-positive E. coli isolates carrying R plasmids except for that isolated from horses. The other characters (haemolysin or colicin production, raffinose or sucrose fermentation) were not transmitted together with the citrate utilizing character. These facts suggested that the structural gene responsible for citrate utilizing ability in citrate-positive variants of E. coli was located on a conjugative plasmid.", "contents": "The distribution of plasmids determining citrate utilization in citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli from humans, domestic animals, feral birds and environments. Sixty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli were isolated from human, domestic animal, feral bird and environmental sources. With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates were identified as typical E. coli by their biochemical reactions. The transmission of the ability to utilize citrate on Simmons' citrate agar was demonstrated in 53 (79.1%) out of the 67 citrate-positive E. coli variants obtained from various sources. Drug resistance determinants and citrate utilizing character were co-transmitted into E. coli K-12 by conjugation among citrate-positive E. coli isolates carrying R plasmids except for that isolated from horses. The other characters (haemolysin or colicin production, raffinose or sucrose fermentation) were not transmitted together with the citrate utilizing character. These facts suggested that the structural gene responsible for citrate utilizing ability in citrate-positive variants of E. coli was located on a conjugative plasmid.", "PMID": 385770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7155", "title": "A solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of African swine fever virus antigen and antibody.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Experiments showed it to be reproducible and able to detect limiting antigen concentrations of 50--500 HAD50/ml. The assay was more sensitive than those used at present to detect ASFV antibody and it is suggested that it might be of great diagnostic use in countries where African swine fever has recently appeared.", "contents": "A solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of African swine fever virus antigen and antibody. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Experiments showed it to be reproducible and able to detect limiting antigen concentrations of 50--500 HAD50/ml. The assay was more sensitive than those used at present to detect ASFV antibody and it is suggested that it might be of great diagnostic use in countries where African swine fever has recently appeared.", "PMID": 385771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7156", "title": "Murine B cell leukemia (BCL1): organ distribution and kinetics of growth as determined by fluorescence analysis with an anti-idiotypic antibody.", "content": "The life history of a transplantable B cell leukemia (BCL1) that arose spontaneously in a BALB/c mouse is described. Animals bearing this tumor live from 2 to 4 months in apparently good health despite massive splenomegaly and leukemia. Antibody to the idiotype or gamma light chain of the tumor IgM was used in conjunction with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter to identify tumor cells in the BCL1-bearing mice. The results suggest that these cells multiply and differentiate in the spleen and subsequently emigrate to the blood. Tumor cells do not recirculate as evidenced by their failure to enter the thoracic duct or to infiltrate lymph nodes to a significant extent. During tumor growth, a population of T cell blasts appears that may be involved with an immune response against the tumor.", "contents": "Murine B cell leukemia (BCL1): organ distribution and kinetics of growth as determined by fluorescence analysis with an anti-idiotypic antibody. The life history of a transplantable B cell leukemia (BCL1) that arose spontaneously in a BALB/c mouse is described. Animals bearing this tumor live from 2 to 4 months in apparently good health despite massive splenomegaly and leukemia. Antibody to the idiotype or gamma light chain of the tumor IgM was used in conjunction with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter to identify tumor cells in the BCL1-bearing mice. The results suggest that these cells multiply and differentiate in the spleen and subsequently emigrate to the blood. Tumor cells do not recirculate as evidenced by their failure to enter the thoracic duct or to infiltrate lymph nodes to a significant extent. During tumor growth, a population of T cell blasts appears that may be involved with an immune response against the tumor.", "PMID": 385772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7157", "title": "Functional characterization of mouse T lymphocytes with IgM-Fc receptors. I. Studies on ADCC and helper cell function.", "content": "The function of mouse T lymphocytes with receptors for IgM-Fc was analyzed by using immunofluorescence and a column separation method. The cellular uptake of FITC-IgM was inhibited with unlabeled Fc5 mu. IgM-FcR+ cells were active in ADCC against IgM-sensitized target cells, but not against IgG-coated target cells. The cells mediating ADCC with IgM antibody were shown to be distinct and physically separable from those mediating ADCC with IgG antibody. Helper T lymphocytes for humoral antibody formation in a hapten-carrier system were shown to be IgM-FcR+ and Fc-IgG-.", "contents": "Functional characterization of mouse T lymphocytes with IgM-Fc receptors. I. Studies on ADCC and helper cell function. The function of mouse T lymphocytes with receptors for IgM-Fc was analyzed by using immunofluorescence and a column separation method. The cellular uptake of FITC-IgM was inhibited with unlabeled Fc5 mu. IgM-FcR+ cells were active in ADCC against IgM-sensitized target cells, but not against IgG-coated target cells. The cells mediating ADCC with IgM antibody were shown to be distinct and physically separable from those mediating ADCC with IgG antibody. Helper T lymphocytes for humoral antibody formation in a hapten-carrier system were shown to be IgM-FcR+ and Fc-IgG-.", "PMID": 385773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7158", "title": "Maturation of bursal stem cells within allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment: acquisition of postbursal maturity.", "content": "Differentiation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment was compared. Bursal stem cells were transplanted into CY-treated 4-day-old recipients and permitted to differentiate in these hosts for 6 weeks. Their maturity degree was thereafter assessed by transplanting them into secondary recipients by using morphologic and functional criteria. As the secondary recipients 4-day-old CY-treated or CY-treated and surgically bursectomized chicks were used. The results obtained demonstrate that bursal stem cells develop to mature postbursal cells also within an allogeneic bursa. They also indicate that although the interaction of different lymphoid cells requires histocompatibility, the interaction between stromal cells in the bursa and lymphoid progenitors is not genetically restricted.", "contents": "Maturation of bursal stem cells within allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment: acquisition of postbursal maturity. Differentiation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment was compared. Bursal stem cells were transplanted into CY-treated 4-day-old recipients and permitted to differentiate in these hosts for 6 weeks. Their maturity degree was thereafter assessed by transplanting them into secondary recipients by using morphologic and functional criteria. As the secondary recipients 4-day-old CY-treated or CY-treated and surgically bursectomized chicks were used. The results obtained demonstrate that bursal stem cells develop to mature postbursal cells also within an allogeneic bursa. They also indicate that although the interaction of different lymphoid cells requires histocompatibility, the interaction between stromal cells in the bursa and lymphoid progenitors is not genetically restricted.", "PMID": 385775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7159", "title": "Surface Ig isotypes on cells responding to lipopolysaccharide by IgM and IgG secretion.", "content": "Using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), we have investigated the Ig isotypes present on murine B cells, which can be polyclonally activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in low cell density cultures. The LPS response was partly inhibited as a result of staining with anti-IgD and anti-IgM reagents, but not with anti-IgG reagents. The IgM+, IgD+, or IgG- fractionated cell populations gave both an IgM and an IgG response comparable to controls, whereas the response of the IgM-, IgD- cells was 5- to 20-fold lower. IgG- cells separated 1 day after LPS stimulation could still mount an IgM and IgG response indistinguishable from controls at the peak of the response. It is concluded that IgM+, IgD+, IgG- cells constitute the major LPS-sensitive cell population in the low cell density culture system and that IgG is not a necessary cell surface isotype for precursors of IgG-secreting cells.", "contents": "Surface Ig isotypes on cells responding to lipopolysaccharide by IgM and IgG secretion. Using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), we have investigated the Ig isotypes present on murine B cells, which can be polyclonally activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in low cell density cultures. The LPS response was partly inhibited as a result of staining with anti-IgD and anti-IgM reagents, but not with anti-IgG reagents. The IgM+, IgD+, or IgG- fractionated cell populations gave both an IgM and an IgG response comparable to controls, whereas the response of the IgM-, IgD- cells was 5- to 20-fold lower. IgG- cells separated 1 day after LPS stimulation could still mount an IgM and IgG response indistinguishable from controls at the peak of the response. It is concluded that IgM+, IgD+, IgG- cells constitute the major LPS-sensitive cell population in the low cell density culture system and that IgG is not a necessary cell surface isotype for precursors of IgG-secreting cells.", "PMID": 385776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7160", "title": "Mobility and density of AgB, \"Ia\", and Fc receptors on the surface of lymphocytes from young and old rats.", "content": "Analysis of spleen cell populations from old Lewis rats (greater than 24 months) and from young Lewis rats (3 to 4 months) in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that with aging there is a loss of brightly stained Ia and Fc receptor- (FcR) positive cells. The density of AgB, Ia, and FcR was diminished on the surface of cells from old rats. The rate of capping of all three membrane proteins was slower on cells from old rats. Colchicine treatment allows capping of AgB with a single ligand only in young rats. Fluorescence photobleach recovery experiments (FPR) show that the fluidity of the lymphocyte membrane from old rats is diminished and the lateral diffusion of AgB is decreased. The colchicine and FPR experiments suggest that the changes in capping in old rats are due to, in part, alterations in membrane fluidity and cytoskeletal function.", "contents": "Mobility and density of AgB, \"Ia\", and Fc receptors on the surface of lymphocytes from young and old rats. Analysis of spleen cell populations from old Lewis rats (greater than 24 months) and from young Lewis rats (3 to 4 months) in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that with aging there is a loss of brightly stained Ia and Fc receptor- (FcR) positive cells. The density of AgB, Ia, and FcR was diminished on the surface of cells from old rats. The rate of capping of all three membrane proteins was slower on cells from old rats. Colchicine treatment allows capping of AgB with a single ligand only in young rats. Fluorescence photobleach recovery experiments (FPR) show that the fluidity of the lymphocyte membrane from old rats is diminished and the lateral diffusion of AgB is decreased. The colchicine and FPR experiments suggest that the changes in capping in old rats are due to, in part, alterations in membrane fluidity and cytoskeletal function.", "PMID": 385777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7161", "title": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. III. Selective unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ macrophages to the lipid A differentiation signal.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from the endotoxin-unresponsive C3H/HeJ substrain of mice were entirely refractory to activation in vitro by protein-free LPS, a defect that was not overcome by co-culture of spleen cells from the responder C3H/St substrain with LPS resistant C3H/HeJ macrophages. The defect in responsiveness appears confined to the lipid A activation signal since C3H/HeJ macrophages were fully activated after in vitro treatment by lipid A protein (LAP)--LPS complex, isolated LAP, and BCG. Moreover, after exposure to allogeneic tumor cells in vivo, C3H/HeJ macrophages were cytotoxic for tumor target cells in vitro. By contrast, macrophages from the responder C3H/St strain were fully activated by protein-free LPS to become cytolytic for tumor cells in vitro. C3H/HeJ macrophages, therefore, exhibit a highly selective defect characterized by unresponsiveness to the lipid A activation signal of protein-free LPS and resistance to the toxic effects of high concentrations of LPS that were lethal to the responder C3H/St strain.", "contents": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. III. Selective unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ macrophages to the lipid A differentiation signal. Peritoneal macrophages from the endotoxin-unresponsive C3H/HeJ substrain of mice were entirely refractory to activation in vitro by protein-free LPS, a defect that was not overcome by co-culture of spleen cells from the responder C3H/St substrain with LPS resistant C3H/HeJ macrophages. The defect in responsiveness appears confined to the lipid A activation signal since C3H/HeJ macrophages were fully activated after in vitro treatment by lipid A protein (LAP)--LPS complex, isolated LAP, and BCG. Moreover, after exposure to allogeneic tumor cells in vivo, C3H/HeJ macrophages were cytotoxic for tumor target cells in vitro. By contrast, macrophages from the responder C3H/St strain were fully activated by protein-free LPS to become cytolytic for tumor cells in vitro. C3H/HeJ macrophages, therefore, exhibit a highly selective defect characterized by unresponsiveness to the lipid A activation signal of protein-free LPS and resistance to the toxic effects of high concentrations of LPS that were lethal to the responder C3H/St strain.", "PMID": 385780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7162", "title": "A cell surface antigen, TER, expressed by embryos and germ cells.", "content": "An antiserum prepared in rabbits against the C3HeB/FeJ mouse ovarian teratocarcinoma E6496 was absorbed in vivo in C3HeB/FeJ mice. This absored antiserum identified an antigen, denoted TER, that is present on sperm, ova, embryonic germ cells, and cells of the early mouse embryo. TER was absent from all adult somatic cells tested, but found on several murine tumors.", "contents": "A cell surface antigen, TER, expressed by embryos and germ cells. An antiserum prepared in rabbits against the C3HeB/FeJ mouse ovarian teratocarcinoma E6496 was absorbed in vivo in C3HeB/FeJ mice. This absored antiserum identified an antigen, denoted TER, that is present on sperm, ova, embryonic germ cells, and cells of the early mouse embryo. TER was absent from all adult somatic cells tested, but found on several murine tumors.", "PMID": 385782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7163", "title": "Effect of protease pretreatment on immunomorphologic demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface antigen in conventional paraffin-embedded liver biopsy material: quantitative evaluation.", "content": "The effect of protease pretreatment on the demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface antigen by immunofluorescence (IF) and the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique (PAP) in conventionally processed (formalin-fixed, paraffin-emmbedded) liver biopsy material was quantitatively assessed by microphotometry. Protease digestion significantly enhances the intensity of specific staining by both methods, and, in addition, suppresses non-specific background fluorescence. The sensitivity of the immunomorphologic test is significantly enhanced, and antigen in low amounts, for example hepatitis-B-surface antigen associated with liver cell membrane ('membrane' staining), is easily detected.", "contents": "Effect of protease pretreatment on immunomorphologic demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface antigen in conventional paraffin-embedded liver biopsy material: quantitative evaluation. The effect of protease pretreatment on the demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface antigen by immunofluorescence (IF) and the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique (PAP) in conventionally processed (formalin-fixed, paraffin-emmbedded) liver biopsy material was quantitatively assessed by microphotometry. Protease digestion significantly enhances the intensity of specific staining by both methods, and, in addition, suppresses non-specific background fluorescence. The sensitivity of the immunomorphologic test is significantly enhanced, and antigen in low amounts, for example hepatitis-B-surface antigen associated with liver cell membrane ('membrane' staining), is easily detected.", "PMID": 385783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7164", "title": "Red cell-linked antibody assay for detection of antigenic markers on cell surfaces.", "content": "A direct method for demonstrating antigenic markers on cell surface has been developed which makes use of the ability of bovine red blood cells coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (ES) to binding IgG antibody without agglutinating. Red cell-linked rabbit IgG antibody reagents (ESA) were prepared in this way, and Ig-, IgM- and Thy-1-bearing mouse spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes were identified by a rosette assay.", "contents": "Red cell-linked antibody assay for detection of antigenic markers on cell surfaces. A direct method for demonstrating antigenic markers on cell surface has been developed which makes use of the ability of bovine red blood cells coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (ES) to binding IgG antibody without agglutinating. Red cell-linked rabbit IgG antibody reagents (ESA) were prepared in this way, and Ig-, IgM- and Thy-1-bearing mouse spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes were identified by a rosette assay.", "PMID": 385784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7165", "title": "Direct tissue isoelectric focusing in agarose.", "content": "We are isoelectric focusing small amounts of tissues placed directly on electroendosmosis-free agarose gels instead of using the saline extracts of tissue homogenates. More numerous proteins are extracted during isoelectric focusing of the solid tissues than present in the same tissues.", "contents": "Direct tissue isoelectric focusing in agarose. We are isoelectric focusing small amounts of tissues placed directly on electroendosmosis-free agarose gels instead of using the saline extracts of tissue homogenates. More numerous proteins are extracted during isoelectric focusing of the solid tissues than present in the same tissues.", "PMID": 385785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7166", "title": "A micro method for enumerating T and B cells in mouse peripheral blood.", "content": "A micro method has been devised to assess T and B cells in mouse peripheral blood. This technique permits simultaneous determination of B lymphocytes and monocytes. T lymphocytes are determined by a cytotoxicity assay. Tests require only 0.2 ml of whole blood and avoid the loss of certain cell populations secondary to flotation separation techniques. Percentages of IgM and IgG bearing B lymphocytes, Thy-1 bearing T lymphocytes as well as monocytes in mouse peripheral blood were determined in a total of 50 mice of 11 different strains.", "contents": "A micro method for enumerating T and B cells in mouse peripheral blood. A micro method has been devised to assess T and B cells in mouse peripheral blood. This technique permits simultaneous determination of B lymphocytes and monocytes. T lymphocytes are determined by a cytotoxicity assay. Tests require only 0.2 ml of whole blood and avoid the loss of certain cell populations secondary to flotation separation techniques. Percentages of IgM and IgG bearing B lymphocytes, Thy-1 bearing T lymphocytes as well as monocytes in mouse peripheral blood were determined in a total of 50 mice of 11 different strains.", "PMID": 385786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7167", "title": "A rapid, inexpensive and easily quantified assay for phagocytosis and microbicidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to develop a technique to quantitate the phagocytic and intracellular microbicidal activity in different populations of phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils and macrophages. Elicited peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages as well as alveolar macrophages and adherent splenic macrophages were used as representative cell types. The method to assess intracellular killing was based upon dye uptake and concentration by a dead micro-organism; methylene blue was used as the indicator dye and the test organism was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phagocytosis was measured by counting, microscopically, the number of ingested yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) within the neutrophils or macrophages. A number of killed yeast, i.e., those which took up the dye, were readily visualized. The temporal pattern of phagocytosis and killing was determined concurrently. Splenic macrophages demonstrated the slowest phagocytic activity whereas neutrophils and alveolar macrophages manifested a similar phagocytic activity. Peritoneal macrophages exhibited a continuous increase in activity throughout the test period. Microbicidal activity was similar for all 4 cells types. The new technique for measuring phagocytosis and killing provides a rapid, inexpensive and easily quantified assay for assessing discrete phagocytic cell functions.", "contents": "A rapid, inexpensive and easily quantified assay for phagocytosis and microbicidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils. The objective of the present study was to develop a technique to quantitate the phagocytic and intracellular microbicidal activity in different populations of phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils and macrophages. Elicited peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages as well as alveolar macrophages and adherent splenic macrophages were used as representative cell types. The method to assess intracellular killing was based upon dye uptake and concentration by a dead micro-organism; methylene blue was used as the indicator dye and the test organism was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phagocytosis was measured by counting, microscopically, the number of ingested yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) within the neutrophils or macrophages. A number of killed yeast, i.e., those which took up the dye, were readily visualized. The temporal pattern of phagocytosis and killing was determined concurrently. Splenic macrophages demonstrated the slowest phagocytic activity whereas neutrophils and alveolar macrophages manifested a similar phagocytic activity. Peritoneal macrophages exhibited a continuous increase in activity throughout the test period. Microbicidal activity was similar for all 4 cells types. The new technique for measuring phagocytosis and killing provides a rapid, inexpensive and easily quantified assay for assessing discrete phagocytic cell functions.", "PMID": 385788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7168", "title": "Genetic control of anti-DNP response to DNP-BSA given by continuous infusion technique.", "content": "Ten inbred strains of mice were administrated with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) at a dose of 30 or 300 microgram/day by continuous infusion technique. Anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) in their spleens were assayed 10 to 12 days after the beginning of the infusion. NZB, BALB/c, C3H/He and NC strains were high responders to both doses of DNP-BSA. KK, SII and TES strains were low responders at both doses. SJL/J, C57B1/6 and DDD strains were intermediate responders: the antibody response was low to the dose of 30 microgram/day, and high to the dose of 300 microgram/day. Breeding tests between high responder BALB/c and intermediate responder DDD mice indicated that the immune response was largely controlled by a gene linked to the H-2 complex. Similar studies with high responder NZB and low responder TES mice suggested an involvement of a few genes: at least one of the controlling genes may be linked to the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Genetic control of anti-DNP response to DNP-BSA given by continuous infusion technique. Ten inbred strains of mice were administrated with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) at a dose of 30 or 300 microgram/day by continuous infusion technique. Anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) in their spleens were assayed 10 to 12 days after the beginning of the infusion. NZB, BALB/c, C3H/He and NC strains were high responders to both doses of DNP-BSA. KK, SII and TES strains were low responders at both doses. SJL/J, C57B1/6 and DDD strains were intermediate responders: the antibody response was low to the dose of 30 microgram/day, and high to the dose of 300 microgram/day. Breeding tests between high responder BALB/c and intermediate responder DDD mice indicated that the immune response was largely controlled by a gene linked to the H-2 complex. Similar studies with high responder NZB and low responder TES mice suggested an involvement of a few genes: at least one of the controlling genes may be linked to the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 385789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7169", "title": "[Application of 4-META on adhesive opaque resin. (Part 1) Adhesive strength and the stability (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical devices, which has been conventionally used for retaining thermo-setting acrylic resin veneers possesses disadvantage of poor marginal sealing and requires rather complicated procedure applying on the metal casting. An application of adhesive resins to overcome these disadvantages was studied. Adhesive opaque resin consisted of MMA, epoxy acrylate, TiO2 and adhesive monomer 4-META was prepared and the adhesive bonding strength between the opaque resin and Ni-Cr alloy which is for crown and bridge works, was measured. As the results, the opaque resin applied on the metal casting with proper surface treatment showed an excellent adhesive bonding strength of 260 kg/cm2. This value did not decreased even after subjected to 300 time thermal cyclings (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C). After a three months immersion in water at 37 degrees C, adhesive bonding strength decreased slightly to 190 kg/cm2.", "contents": "[Application of 4-META on adhesive opaque resin. (Part 1) Adhesive strength and the stability (author's transl)]. Mechanical devices, which has been conventionally used for retaining thermo-setting acrylic resin veneers possesses disadvantage of poor marginal sealing and requires rather complicated procedure applying on the metal casting. An application of adhesive resins to overcome these disadvantages was studied. Adhesive opaque resin consisted of MMA, epoxy acrylate, TiO2 and adhesive monomer 4-META was prepared and the adhesive bonding strength between the opaque resin and Ni-Cr alloy which is for crown and bridge works, was measured. As the results, the opaque resin applied on the metal casting with proper surface treatment showed an excellent adhesive bonding strength of 260 kg/cm2. This value did not decreased even after subjected to 300 time thermal cyclings (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C). After a three months immersion in water at 37 degrees C, adhesive bonding strength decreased slightly to 190 kg/cm2.", "PMID": 385794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7170", "title": "Physicians and the dying: a historical sketch.", "content": "The tradition fo Western medicine established during the period of classical antiquity and extending through the early modern period encouraged the physician to avoid or to refuse to treat the seriously and/or terminally ill patient. The cultural environment and general attitudes toward death and dying helped to maintain this practice. Since the nineteenth century, however, the physician has increasingly accepted more responsibility, until he has become the central figure in management of the terminally ill patient. This paper examines the evolution of the relationship between the physician and the dying patient with the intention of illuminating various factors which helped to determine that relationship.", "contents": "Physicians and the dying: a historical sketch. The tradition fo Western medicine established during the period of classical antiquity and extending through the early modern period encouraged the physician to avoid or to refuse to treat the seriously and/or terminally ill patient. The cultural environment and general attitudes toward death and dying helped to maintain this practice. Since the nineteenth century, however, the physician has increasingly accepted more responsibility, until he has become the central figure in management of the terminally ill patient. This paper examines the evolution of the relationship between the physician and the dying patient with the intention of illuminating various factors which helped to determine that relationship.", "PMID": 385803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7171", "title": "The origin of yolk-DNA in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Xenopus laevis serum and plasma was found to contain an average of 25 microgram DNA/ml. Isolated X. laevis oocytes incubated in medium containing 25 microgram DNA/ml labeled with either 125I, 32P or 14C and from three different sources (bovine, E. coli and X. laevis), incorporated the label at an average rate of 0.11 ng.mm-2.hr-1. Sucrose gradient fractionation of oocytes revealed that 40-75% of the acid-precipitable label incorporated was associated with the yolk platelets. Additional incubations of oocytes in unlabeled medium demonstrated that the DNA incorporated into the yolk platelets was undergoing turnover; only 20% of the yolk-associated DNA was still present after a one-week incubation. Our data suggest that yolk-DNA arises by the adventitious uptake of DNA present in the maternal serum by vitellogenic oocytes.", "contents": "The origin of yolk-DNA in Xenopus laevis. Xenopus laevis serum and plasma was found to contain an average of 25 microgram DNA/ml. Isolated X. laevis oocytes incubated in medium containing 25 microgram DNA/ml labeled with either 125I, 32P or 14C and from three different sources (bovine, E. coli and X. laevis), incorporated the label at an average rate of 0.11 ng.mm-2.hr-1. Sucrose gradient fractionation of oocytes revealed that 40-75% of the acid-precipitable label incorporated was associated with the yolk platelets. Additional incubations of oocytes in unlabeled medium demonstrated that the DNA incorporated into the yolk platelets was undergoing turnover; only 20% of the yolk-associated DNA was still present after a one-week incubation. Our data suggest that yolk-DNA arises by the adventitious uptake of DNA present in the maternal serum by vitellogenic oocytes.", "PMID": 385804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7172", "title": "Serologic diagnosis of human infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: comparative evaluation of seven methods.", "content": "The aim of this work was to compare different procedures for the serodiagnosis of human infections with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and to single out those which are both reliable and practicable. By the use of 46 sera from as many persons who had undergone infection with this virus either some time in the past or very recently and of 26 control sera, seven methods were evaluated. For making a rapid diagnosis soon after infection, determination of antibody by the immunofluorescence procedure appears to be the method of choice. Of equal reliability, though less easy to perform, is demonstration of sensitizing antibody by a plaque reduction assay, this procedure having the additional advantage of detecting antibody many years after infection, probably for life. For the demonstration of neutralizing antibody, three of four methods which were analyzed in this study gave the expected information, two employing mice, one employing cell cultures for the determination of residual infectivity. Neutralizing antibody was found to appear relatively late after infection and cannot, therefore, be recommended for the demonstration of seroconversion early in covalescence. This antibody, however, persists for many years, presumably lifelong, and is well suited to detect infections with this virus if they have occurred in the more distant past. Based on previous observations by ourselves and others, as well as on the work reported here, the complement fixation test appears to be of little value for the serological diagnosis of infection with LCM virus.", "contents": "Serologic diagnosis of human infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: comparative evaluation of seven methods. The aim of this work was to compare different procedures for the serodiagnosis of human infections with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and to single out those which are both reliable and practicable. By the use of 46 sera from as many persons who had undergone infection with this virus either some time in the past or very recently and of 26 control sera, seven methods were evaluated. For making a rapid diagnosis soon after infection, determination of antibody by the immunofluorescence procedure appears to be the method of choice. Of equal reliability, though less easy to perform, is demonstration of sensitizing antibody by a plaque reduction assay, this procedure having the additional advantage of detecting antibody many years after infection, probably for life. For the demonstration of neutralizing antibody, three of four methods which were analyzed in this study gave the expected information, two employing mice, one employing cell cultures for the determination of residual infectivity. Neutralizing antibody was found to appear relatively late after infection and cannot, therefore, be recommended for the demonstration of seroconversion early in covalescence. This antibody, however, persists for many years, presumably lifelong, and is well suited to detect infections with this virus if they have occurred in the more distant past. Based on previous observations by ourselves and others, as well as on the work reported here, the complement fixation test appears to be of little value for the serological diagnosis of infection with LCM virus.", "PMID": 385806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7173", "title": "Single case study. Diazepam (Valium) detoxification.", "content": "In the chronic abuser, diazepam (Valium) withdrawal can be a protracted event. In this report a case is presented of a 37-year-old Caucasian female who had been ingesting 60 to 80 mg of diazepam daily for 8 years. Twelve days following discontinuation of the drug, the patient continued to experience diarrhea, restlessness, emotional lability, and anxiety. Serial blood levels of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were acquired and found to yield significant levels of desmethyldiazepam for 21 days and greater than trace amounts for 30 days. The results were interpreted as consistent with the slow release of the drug from peripheral storage sites. The prolonged period needed for detoxification in this patient raises important question regarding the appropriate length of hospitalization or close supervision required to withdraw the diazepam addict.", "contents": "Single case study. Diazepam (Valium) detoxification. In the chronic abuser, diazepam (Valium) withdrawal can be a protracted event. In this report a case is presented of a 37-year-old Caucasian female who had been ingesting 60 to 80 mg of diazepam daily for 8 years. Twelve days following discontinuation of the drug, the patient continued to experience diarrhea, restlessness, emotional lability, and anxiety. Serial blood levels of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were acquired and found to yield significant levels of desmethyldiazepam for 21 days and greater than trace amounts for 30 days. The results were interpreted as consistent with the slow release of the drug from peripheral storage sites. The prolonged period needed for detoxification in this patient raises important question regarding the appropriate length of hospitalization or close supervision required to withdraw the diazepam addict.", "PMID": 385807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7174", "title": "The role of blood-brain barrier transport of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids in the regulation of substrate-limited pathways of brain amino acid metabolism.", "content": "Many pathways of essential neutral amino acid metabolism in the CNS are influenced by precursor availability. Since the delivery of circulating amino acids to brain cells is primarily controlled by the rate of amino acid transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), pathways of brain amino acid metaboliransport system. The Km of BBB transport is in the 0.1--0.6 mM range, which approximates the physiologic plasma levels and forms the basis of the unusual sensitivity of the brain to competition effects on neutral amino acid transport. Unlike the brain, the Km of amino acid transport into other organs is in the 1--10 mM range or greater, which frees these tissues from competition effects in the physiologic range of plasma amino acids. Tryptophan circulates 80--90% bound to albumin; however, the capacity/affinity ratio of the BBB neutral amino acid transport system exceeds the capacity/affinity ratio of albumin binding of tryptophan, which enables the carrier to strip tryptophan off albumin as it traverses the brain capillary. The activity of the BBB neutral amino acid transport system is probably not modulated by insulin, but is influenced by changes in thyroid hormone status; the transport system is also induced in states of hepatic encephalopathy and this induction process is the primary cause of the increased brain tryptophan and serotonin levels in cirrhosis.", "contents": "The role of blood-brain barrier transport of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids in the regulation of substrate-limited pathways of brain amino acid metabolism. Many pathways of essential neutral amino acid metabolism in the CNS are influenced by precursor availability. Since the delivery of circulating amino acids to brain cells is primarily controlled by the rate of amino acid transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), pathways of brain amino acid metaboliransport system. The Km of BBB transport is in the 0.1--0.6 mM range, which approximates the physiologic plasma levels and forms the basis of the unusual sensitivity of the brain to competition effects on neutral amino acid transport. Unlike the brain, the Km of amino acid transport into other organs is in the 1--10 mM range or greater, which frees these tissues from competition effects in the physiologic range of plasma amino acids. Tryptophan circulates 80--90% bound to albumin; however, the capacity/affinity ratio of the BBB neutral amino acid transport system exceeds the capacity/affinity ratio of albumin binding of tryptophan, which enables the carrier to strip tryptophan off albumin as it traverses the brain capillary. The activity of the BBB neutral amino acid transport system is probably not modulated by insulin, but is influenced by changes in thyroid hormone status; the transport system is also induced in states of hepatic encephalopathy and this induction process is the primary cause of the increased brain tryptophan and serotonin levels in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 385809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7175", "title": "Reinnervation following guanethidine-induced sympathectomy of adult rats.", "content": "The reinnervation of various tissues by autonomic neurons has been studied in adult rats which had been sympathectomized by chronic guanethidine treatment (30 or 60 mg/kg/day for 8--15 weeks). In the heart, iris, ileum, mesentery, vas deferens and epididymis, fluorescence histochemistry reveals an almost complete disappearance of adrenergic fibres which is very longlasting. Even after 63 weeks few fluorescent fibres can be seen in these tissues and the density of innervation is not increased by incubation in alpha-methylnoradrenaline. The superior cervical ganglion represents an exception; large numbers of fluorescent fibres but few fluorescent ganglion cells were apparent during recovery. Axon counts carried out by electron microscopy on the vas deferens showed that after recovery for one year the number of axons was similar to that of controls; however, the pattern of innervation was abnormal, small granular vesicles were rarely seen and there was little uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine. On the basis of this evidence and of some pharmacological data it is suggested that there is a limited reinnervation by adrenergic axons accompanied by a great increase in the number of non-adrenergic, possibly cholinergic, axons.", "contents": "Reinnervation following guanethidine-induced sympathectomy of adult rats. The reinnervation of various tissues by autonomic neurons has been studied in adult rats which had been sympathectomized by chronic guanethidine treatment (30 or 60 mg/kg/day for 8--15 weeks). In the heart, iris, ileum, mesentery, vas deferens and epididymis, fluorescence histochemistry reveals an almost complete disappearance of adrenergic fibres which is very longlasting. Even after 63 weeks few fluorescent fibres can be seen in these tissues and the density of innervation is not increased by incubation in alpha-methylnoradrenaline. The superior cervical ganglion represents an exception; large numbers of fluorescent fibres but few fluorescent ganglion cells were apparent during recovery. Axon counts carried out by electron microscopy on the vas deferens showed that after recovery for one year the number of axons was similar to that of controls; however, the pattern of innervation was abnormal, small granular vesicles were rarely seen and there was little uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine. On the basis of this evidence and of some pharmacological data it is suggested that there is a limited reinnervation by adrenergic axons accompanied by a great increase in the number of non-adrenergic, possibly cholinergic, axons.", "PMID": 385811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7176", "title": "The consequences of diaphragmatic muscle fatigue in the newborn infant.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that diaphragmatic muscle fatigue can be diagnosed in infants from spectral frequency analysis of the surface diaphragmatic electromyogram. This requires a digital computer, but the analysis takes several days. Spectral frequency changes, however, can be accurately reflected by band pass filtering and expressing the ratio of high-frequency power to low-frequency power. A fall in this ratio of greater than 20% indicates muscle fatigue. Using a simple analog device to obtain this ratio permits the results to be immediately available; we have used this method to study weaning from mechanical ventilators in ten infants. With a successful weaning step there is no significant change in the ratio, whereas an unsuccessful weaning step invariably leads to a decrease in the ratio of greater than 20%, which precedes CO2 retention and clinical deterioration. These data indicate that diaphragmatic muscle fatigue plays an important role in the infant's response to lung disease. Monitoring of the high/low frequency ratio may be helpful in weaning infants from assisted ventilation.", "contents": "The consequences of diaphragmatic muscle fatigue in the newborn infant. We have previously demonstrated that diaphragmatic muscle fatigue can be diagnosed in infants from spectral frequency analysis of the surface diaphragmatic electromyogram. This requires a digital computer, but the analysis takes several days. Spectral frequency changes, however, can be accurately reflected by band pass filtering and expressing the ratio of high-frequency power to low-frequency power. A fall in this ratio of greater than 20% indicates muscle fatigue. Using a simple analog device to obtain this ratio permits the results to be immediately available; we have used this method to study weaning from mechanical ventilators in ten infants. With a successful weaning step there is no significant change in the ratio, whereas an unsuccessful weaning step invariably leads to a decrease in the ratio of greater than 20%, which precedes CO2 retention and clinical deterioration. These data indicate that diaphragmatic muscle fatigue plays an important role in the infant's response to lung disease. Monitoring of the high/low frequency ratio may be helpful in weaning infants from assisted ventilation.", "PMID": 385813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7177", "title": "Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children.", "content": "Intravenous TMP-SMZ was used to treat 19 infectious episodes in 18 patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 13 years. Thirteen patients with various soft tissue or skeletal infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Acinetobacter anitratus were successfully treated. Three children with four episodes of CSF shunt infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci were treated successfully also. The only treatment failures were in two newborn infants with enteric gram-negative bacterial ventriculitis. TMP-SMZ was given at a daily dose of 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, every six hours. The drug was administered intravenously for a mean duration of 10 days (range 4 to 32); in 11 patients this was followed by oral administration for a mean of nine days (range 2 to 18). Half-life of TMP after intravenous administration was 5 1/4 hours; that of SMA was 8 1/2 hours. Levels determined three to four days after starting therapy were generally higher than levels obtained at corresponding times after the first dose. CSF/blood TMP and SMA ratios, determined in four patients, were 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Side effects were observed in 14 patients, and neutropenia was the most common adverse reaction. Intravenous TMP-SMZ is an effective antimicrobic agent in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms. The frequent side effects, although reversible and of no major clinical consequence, suggest that future use of TMP-SMZ should be monitored closely.", "contents": "Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children. Intravenous TMP-SMZ was used to treat 19 infectious episodes in 18 patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 13 years. Thirteen patients with various soft tissue or skeletal infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Acinetobacter anitratus were successfully treated. Three children with four episodes of CSF shunt infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci were treated successfully also. The only treatment failures were in two newborn infants with enteric gram-negative bacterial ventriculitis. TMP-SMZ was given at a daily dose of 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, every six hours. The drug was administered intravenously for a mean duration of 10 days (range 4 to 32); in 11 patients this was followed by oral administration for a mean of nine days (range 2 to 18). Half-life of TMP after intravenous administration was 5 1/4 hours; that of SMA was 8 1/2 hours. Levels determined three to four days after starting therapy were generally higher than levels obtained at corresponding times after the first dose. CSF/blood TMP and SMA ratios, determined in four patients, were 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Side effects were observed in 14 patients, and neutropenia was the most common adverse reaction. Intravenous TMP-SMZ is an effective antimicrobic agent in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms. The frequent side effects, although reversible and of no major clinical consequence, suggest that future use of TMP-SMZ should be monitored closely.", "PMID": 385814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7178", "title": "Periodontal therapy in humans. I. Microbiological and clinical effects of a single course of periodontal scaling and root planing, and of adjunctive tetracycline therapy.", "content": "The present results showed that maarked and long-lasting changes in the subgingival microflora associated with periodontal disease could be achieved by a single course of periodontal treatment. Immediately following therapy, the total number of subgingival organisms decreased 10- to 100-fold and the proportions of cultivable  Gram negative organisms and anaerobic organisms generally decreased 3- to 4-fold or more. After treatment, most periodontal pockets were populated by a scant microflora predominated by facultative Actinomyces and Streptococcus species. The kinetics of the subgingival bacterial recolonization revealed that the total cell counts and the proportions of spirochetes and Capnocytophaga species did not reach their pretreatment levels even after 6 months. Other Gram negative anaerobic species returned to pretreatment proportions after 3 to 6 months. Several Gram positive species exhibited higher posttreatment than pretreatment proportions throughout the 6 months study. The microbiological shifts paralleled significant changes in the clinical status of the periodontal tissues. Following therapy, the periodontal pocket depths decreased generally 1 to 4 mm, the gingival inflammatory index, the gingival fluid flow, and the suppurative index were generally lower, and nine of 33 test pockets examined showed apposition of alveolar bone. The microbiological and clinical changes described were exhibited by two patients treated with periodontal scaling and root planing alone and by two patients treated with the adjunctive use of systemic tetracycline therapy. In two other patients, mechanical periodontal therapy only slightly reduced the total number of subgingival organisms and the proportions of spirochetes and other Gram negative anaerobic rods. A shift in the subgingival microbial composition was achieved in these two patients after tetracycline therapy. The following model for treatment of periodontal disease is proposed: (1) Conventional therapy including thorough periodontal scaling and root planing; (2) Monitoring the subgingival flora and the clinical course; and (3) Use of antimicrobial therapy in refractory cases. Further studies are needed to develop means for rapid identification of refractory patients, and to determine the optimal antimicrobial agent, the optimal route of administration, and the optimal dosage regime.", "contents": "Periodontal therapy in humans. I. Microbiological and clinical effects of a single course of periodontal scaling and root planing, and of adjunctive tetracycline therapy. The present results showed that maarked and long-lasting changes in the subgingival microflora associated with periodontal disease could be achieved by a single course of periodontal treatment. Immediately following therapy, the total number of subgingival organisms decreased 10- to 100-fold and the proportions of cultivable  Gram negative organisms and anaerobic organisms generally decreased 3- to 4-fold or more. After treatment, most periodontal pockets were populated by a scant microflora predominated by facultative Actinomyces and Streptococcus species. The kinetics of the subgingival bacterial recolonization revealed that the total cell counts and the proportions of spirochetes and Capnocytophaga species did not reach their pretreatment levels even after 6 months. Other Gram negative anaerobic species returned to pretreatment proportions after 3 to 6 months. Several Gram positive species exhibited higher posttreatment than pretreatment proportions throughout the 6 months study. The microbiological shifts paralleled significant changes in the clinical status of the periodontal tissues. Following therapy, the periodontal pocket depths decreased generally 1 to 4 mm, the gingival inflammatory index, the gingival fluid flow, and the suppurative index were generally lower, and nine of 33 test pockets examined showed apposition of alveolar bone. The microbiological and clinical changes described were exhibited by two patients treated with periodontal scaling and root planing alone and by two patients treated with the adjunctive use of systemic tetracycline therapy. In two other patients, mechanical periodontal therapy only slightly reduced the total number of subgingival organisms and the proportions of spirochetes and other Gram negative anaerobic rods. A shift in the subgingival microbial composition was achieved in these two patients after tetracycline therapy. The following model for treatment of periodontal disease is proposed: (1) Conventional therapy including thorough periodontal scaling and root planing; (2) Monitoring the subgingival flora and the clinical course; and (3) Use of antimicrobial therapy in refractory cases. Further studies are needed to develop means for rapid identification of refractory patients, and to determine the optimal antimicrobial agent, the optimal route of administration, and the optimal dosage regime.", "PMID": 385821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7179", "title": "Lyophilized bone allografts in periodontal intraosseous defects.", "content": "Nine patients with 10 pairs of intraosseous periodontal defects were treated. Most of the patients had identical bilateral lesions (referred to as \"mirror-image\" defects). In each pair, one of the defects was randomly selected and treated as a flap and currettage control whereas the other defect was grafted with freeze-dried cortical powdered allografts of bone. Evaluation was based on radiographs, photographs, and measurements taken during both the initial surgery and at reentry approximately 1 year after transplantation. Control procedures (flap and curettage) demonstrated the same amount of osseous regeneration as that seen with the graft procedure. The amount of osseous regeneration demonstrated with the grafting procedures agreed with previously published studies. Evaluation revealed that (1) an autologous control such as incorporated in the \"mirrow-image\" design of this study is probably the most valid experimental model available for evaluating the clinical effectiveness of any human periodontal grafting procedures; (2) the effectiveness of freeze-dried cortical powdered bone allografts in human periodontal osseous defects is questionable and needs additional study; and (3) nongrafting procedures may be more effective in generating new attachments or reattachments in human periodontal osseous defects than previously believed.", "contents": "Lyophilized bone allografts in periodontal intraosseous defects. Nine patients with 10 pairs of intraosseous periodontal defects were treated. Most of the patients had identical bilateral lesions (referred to as \"mirror-image\" defects). In each pair, one of the defects was randomly selected and treated as a flap and currettage control whereas the other defect was grafted with freeze-dried cortical powdered allografts of bone. Evaluation was based on radiographs, photographs, and measurements taken during both the initial surgery and at reentry approximately 1 year after transplantation. Control procedures (flap and curettage) demonstrated the same amount of osseous regeneration as that seen with the graft procedure. The amount of osseous regeneration demonstrated with the grafting procedures agreed with previously published studies. Evaluation revealed that (1) an autologous control such as incorporated in the \"mirrow-image\" design of this study is probably the most valid experimental model available for evaluating the clinical effectiveness of any human periodontal grafting procedures; (2) the effectiveness of freeze-dried cortical powdered bone allografts in human periodontal osseous defects is questionable and needs additional study; and (3) nongrafting procedures may be more effective in generating new attachments or reattachments in human periodontal osseous defects than previously believed.", "PMID": 385822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7180", "title": "Methods of altering crestal levels. Clinical case reports.", "content": "Selected cases have been presented using different techniques to alter crestal levels. Self Regeneration or Autogenous bone grafts have been most successful in cases of three-wall and two-wall infrabony lesions. When a hemiseptal lesion occurs on the mesial of a tooth an uprighting procedure can be accomplished. When there is an adjacent tooth a forced eruption technique using orthodontic forces can be used. A surgical elevation technique has been presented which also has shown positive changes in bony topography.", "contents": "Methods of altering crestal levels. Clinical case reports. Selected cases have been presented using different techniques to alter crestal levels. Self Regeneration or Autogenous bone grafts have been most successful in cases of three-wall and two-wall infrabony lesions. When a hemiseptal lesion occurs on the mesial of a tooth an uprighting procedure can be accomplished. When there is an adjacent tooth a forced eruption technique using orthodontic forces can be used. A surgical elevation technique has been presented which also has shown positive changes in bony topography.", "PMID": 385823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7181", "title": "Suppression of inflammation and bone resorption by indomethacin during experimental periodontitis in dogs.", "content": "1. The placement of cotton floss ligatures in a position apical to the gingival margin of premolars and molars in young dogs induced an acute inflammatory reaction in the periodontal tissues resulting in loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. 2. Bone resorption could be observed histologically within 7 days, and radiographically within 2 to 3 weeks after ligature placement. 3. Daily administration of indomethacin interfered with the periodontal tissue response to ligature placement. Indomethacin was shown to (i) delay the onset and to suppress the magnitude of the acute inflammatory reaction, and (ii) decrease the degree of alveolar bone resorption.", "contents": "Suppression of inflammation and bone resorption by indomethacin during experimental periodontitis in dogs. 1. The placement of cotton floss ligatures in a position apical to the gingival margin of premolars and molars in young dogs induced an acute inflammatory reaction in the periodontal tissues resulting in loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. 2. Bone resorption could be observed histologically within 7 days, and radiographically within 2 to 3 weeks after ligature placement. 3. Daily administration of indomethacin interfered with the periodontal tissue response to ligature placement. Indomethacin was shown to (i) delay the onset and to suppress the magnitude of the acute inflammatory reaction, and (ii) decrease the degree of alveolar bone resorption.", "PMID": 385824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7182", "title": "The experimental induction of \"functionally\" oriented fibers attached to cementum.", "content": "Decalcified autogenous bone induced the least amount of new bone yet observed. It also apparently helped to induce the formation of functionally oriented connective tissue fibers attached to cementum. Clinical trials are indicated.", "contents": "The experimental induction of \"functionally\" oriented fibers attached to cementum. Decalcified autogenous bone induced the least amount of new bone yet observed. It also apparently helped to induce the formation of functionally oriented connective tissue fibers attached to cementum. Clinical trials are indicated.", "PMID": 385825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7183", "title": "Combined orthodontic-periodontal treatment of an infrabony defect. A case report.", "content": "A case presentation involving the combined orthodontic-periodontic treatment of a distally inclined mandibular left central incisor with a mesial infrabony defect is reported. Treatment was performed in three phases: (a) the tooth was moved upright (b) periodontal surgery with osseous grafting of the infrabony defect was then performed; and (c) the operative site was reentered 5 months later. The patient was followed and soft and hard tissue changes were documented for 12 months from time of initiation of treatment.", "contents": "Combined orthodontic-periodontal treatment of an infrabony defect. A case report. A case presentation involving the combined orthodontic-periodontic treatment of a distally inclined mandibular left central incisor with a mesial infrabony defect is reported. Treatment was performed in three phases: (a) the tooth was moved upright (b) periodontal surgery with osseous grafting of the infrabony defect was then performed; and (c) the operative site was reentered 5 months later. The patient was followed and soft and hard tissue changes were documented for 12 months from time of initiation of treatment.", "PMID": 385827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7184", "title": "Inhibition of external pancreatic secretion by intracolonic and intraileal infusions in the cat.", "content": "1. Infusions of oleic acid into the colon or the distal part of the ileum in anaesthetized cats inhibits secretion of water and amylase by the pancreas, stimulated by secretin and pancreozymin. Intraileal infusions of other non-water-soluble substances or hypertonic solutions can also inhibit the pancreas. 2. As inhibition can be produced after extrinsic denervation of the pancreas and gut, it must in part be humorally mediated. 3. Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of acid and pepsin is also inhibited by the intraileal infusions, but the inhibition of acid secretion is less than that of pancreatic secretion. 4. It is suggested that the physiological counterpart of the inhibitory effects induced by the infusion of non-physiological solutions into the colon or ileum is an inhibition of pancreatic secretion brought about by the cessation of intestinal absorption, which marks the completion of the post-prandial digestive process.", "contents": "Inhibition of external pancreatic secretion by intracolonic and intraileal infusions in the cat. 1. Infusions of oleic acid into the colon or the distal part of the ileum in anaesthetized cats inhibits secretion of water and amylase by the pancreas, stimulated by secretin and pancreozymin. Intraileal infusions of other non-water-soluble substances or hypertonic solutions can also inhibit the pancreas. 2. As inhibition can be produced after extrinsic denervation of the pancreas and gut, it must in part be humorally mediated. 3. Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of acid and pepsin is also inhibited by the intraileal infusions, but the inhibition of acid secretion is less than that of pancreatic secretion. 4. It is suggested that the physiological counterpart of the inhibitory effects induced by the infusion of non-physiological solutions into the colon or ileum is an inhibition of pancreatic secretion brought about by the cessation of intestinal absorption, which marks the completion of the post-prandial digestive process.", "PMID": 385833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7185", "title": "Pancreotone, an inhibitor of pancreatic secretion in extracts of ileal and colonic mucosa.", "content": "1. Pancreotone is a polypeptide material obtained from ileal and colonic mucosa by extraction with alcohol and subsequent precipitation by bile salts. 2. In anaesthetized cats in inhibits the actions of secretin on the pancreas, and of pancreozymin on the pancreas and gall-bladder. 3. Pancreotone has a less powerful inhibitory action on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. 4. The actions of pancreotone resemble the inhibitory effects on the pancreas and stomach of intraileal and intracolonic infusions of oleic acid and other substances in cats with the vagal and splanchnic nerves cut. Pancreotone may be the humoral mediator of these inhibitory effects. 5. A possible relationship between the actions of pancreotone and somatostatin on the stomach, and of pancreotone and pancreatic polypeptide on the pancreas, is discussed.", "contents": "Pancreotone, an inhibitor of pancreatic secretion in extracts of ileal and colonic mucosa. 1. Pancreotone is a polypeptide material obtained from ileal and colonic mucosa by extraction with alcohol and subsequent precipitation by bile salts. 2. In anaesthetized cats in inhibits the actions of secretin on the pancreas, and of pancreozymin on the pancreas and gall-bladder. 3. Pancreotone has a less powerful inhibitory action on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. 4. The actions of pancreotone resemble the inhibitory effects on the pancreas and stomach of intraileal and intracolonic infusions of oleic acid and other substances in cats with the vagal and splanchnic nerves cut. Pancreotone may be the humoral mediator of these inhibitory effects. 5. A possible relationship between the actions of pancreotone and somatostatin on the stomach, and of pancreotone and pancreatic polypeptide on the pancreas, is discussed.", "PMID": 385834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7186", "title": "Physical-chemical aspects of denture retention and stability: a review of the literature.", "content": "The physical-chemical mechanism of retention of dentures is a highly complex one. A review of the literature suggests in addition that retention also is a personal phenomenon under the control of numerous factors. Chief among the factors involved in the retention of a well-adapted denture are the forces related to the wetting of the denture and of the mucosal surfaces and the cohesive or intermolecular characteristics of the saliva. The ill-fitting denture most often results from an increase of variation in the denture-mucosa interspace, probably due to bone resorption rather than to any major changes in the physical-chemical factors.", "contents": "Physical-chemical aspects of denture retention and stability: a review of the literature. The physical-chemical mechanism of retention of dentures is a highly complex one. A review of the literature suggests in addition that retention also is a personal phenomenon under the control of numerous factors. Chief among the factors involved in the retention of a well-adapted denture are the forces related to the wetting of the denture and of the mucosal surfaces and the cohesive or intermolecular characteristics of the saliva. The ill-fitting denture most often results from an increase of variation in the denture-mucosa interspace, probably due to bone resorption rather than to any major changes in the physical-chemical factors.", "PMID": 385837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7187", "title": "Minimizing postinsertion problems: a procedure for removable partial denture placement.", "content": "A procedure for removable partial denture placement has been described. This procedure involves correction of pressure spots and overextensions, harmonizing of occlusion, and patient home-care instructions. Use of this procedure does not eliminate the need for postinsertion observations. Postinsertion adjustments, however, may be minimized by careful attention to each step at the placement visit.", "contents": "Minimizing postinsertion problems: a procedure for removable partial denture placement. A procedure for removable partial denture placement has been described. This procedure involves correction of pressure spots and overextensions, harmonizing of occlusion, and patient home-care instructions. Use of this procedure does not eliminate the need for postinsertion observations. Postinsertion adjustments, however, may be minimized by careful attention to each step at the placement visit.", "PMID": 385838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7188", "title": "Conservative alternative to full esthetic crowns.", "content": "Several alternatives to full esthetic crowns have been presented. Preparation techniques and factors to be used in patient selection have been discussed for using all-metal esthetic retainers. Problems that arise from the indiscriminate use of full-coverage crowns must not be overlooked. Adjunctive esthetic retainers such as pinledges, three-quarter crowns, and inlays can be used to provide a functional, conservative alternative to full crowns while maintaining maximum esthetics.", "contents": "Conservative alternative to full esthetic crowns. Several alternatives to full esthetic crowns have been presented. Preparation techniques and factors to be used in patient selection have been discussed for using all-metal esthetic retainers. Problems that arise from the indiscriminate use of full-coverage crowns must not be overlooked. Adjunctive esthetic retainers such as pinledges, three-quarter crowns, and inlays can be used to provide a functional, conservative alternative to full crowns while maintaining maximum esthetics.", "PMID": 385840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7189", "title": "Biogeometric guide to groove placement on three-quarter crown preparations.", "content": "An attempt has been made to establish a practical guide to placing the grooves on a three-quarter crown which fulfills biologic, mechanical, and structural requirements. It is our intention to refine and adjust groove placement to biologic and practical limitations in the hopes of ending some of the confusion and difficulty in partial veneer preparations.", "contents": "Biogeometric guide to groove placement on three-quarter crown preparations. An attempt has been made to establish a practical guide to placing the grooves on a three-quarter crown which fulfills biologic, mechanical, and structural requirements. It is our intention to refine and adjust groove placement to biologic and practical limitations in the hopes of ending some of the confusion and difficulty in partial veneer preparations.", "PMID": 385841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7190", "title": "Reactive force distributions for teeth when loaded singly and when used as fixed partial denture abutments.", "content": "1. A finite element model was devised to examine mechanical responses of the periodontium to loads applied to the model in vertical, oblique, and horizontal directions for an individual tooth having varied alveolar levels, splinted teeth, and a cantilever type of fixed partial denture. 2. Forces applied to the teeth are balanced by stresses generated within the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone. 3. It was substantiated that the teeth were evolved to carry axial types of loads, since stresses on the periodontium were smaller than those obtained for oblique or horizontal types of loads. Axial types of loads produce compressive stresses on the periodontium; oblique or horizontal types of loads produce zones of compressive and tensile stresses. 4. Mechanically, splinting teeth is a desirable procedure. 5. A cantilever type of fixed partial denture should have at least two abutments. It should not be used to replace more than one tooth.", "contents": "Reactive force distributions for teeth when loaded singly and when used as fixed partial denture abutments. 1. A finite element model was devised to examine mechanical responses of the periodontium to loads applied to the model in vertical, oblique, and horizontal directions for an individual tooth having varied alveolar levels, splinted teeth, and a cantilever type of fixed partial denture. 2. Forces applied to the teeth are balanced by stresses generated within the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone. 3. It was substantiated that the teeth were evolved to carry axial types of loads, since stresses on the periodontium were smaller than those obtained for oblique or horizontal types of loads. Axial types of loads produce compressive stresses on the periodontium; oblique or horizontal types of loads produce zones of compressive and tensile stresses. 4. Mechanically, splinting teeth is a desirable procedure. 5. A cantilever type of fixed partial denture should have at least two abutments. It should not be used to replace more than one tooth.", "PMID": 385842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7191", "title": "Identification of fracture zones in porcelain-veneered-to-metal bond test specimens by ESCA analysis.", "content": "The ESCA technique provides a useful approach to identifying probable sites of fracture initiation in ceramic-fused-to-metal systems in which the analyzed fracture area is 1 mm2 or larger. The primary disadvantages of this technique include high equipment cost, the need for meticulous removal of superficial oxide layers formed at room temperature, and susceptibility to surface contamination by carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. From this study the following may be concluded: 1. Judgment of the composition of any fracture surface (except that which occurs exclusively in porcelain) by naked-eye examination or optical microscopic inspection may be erroneous. 2. Generalizations on the nature of adherence zone failures for nonprecious allow-ceramic systems should not be made in the absence of fracture surface or adherence zone composition data determined by means of an acceptable analytical technique. 3. It appears unlikely that fractures originating in one of the regions of the adherence zone will have a composition analysis identical to that of metal, metal oxide, or bonding agent standards, since considerable interdiffusion or chemical interaction between these regions will have altered the original chemical compositions.", "contents": "Identification of fracture zones in porcelain-veneered-to-metal bond test specimens by ESCA analysis. The ESCA technique provides a useful approach to identifying probable sites of fracture initiation in ceramic-fused-to-metal systems in which the analyzed fracture area is 1 mm2 or larger. The primary disadvantages of this technique include high equipment cost, the need for meticulous removal of superficial oxide layers formed at room temperature, and susceptibility to surface contamination by carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. From this study the following may be concluded: 1. Judgment of the composition of any fracture surface (except that which occurs exclusively in porcelain) by naked-eye examination or optical microscopic inspection may be erroneous. 2. Generalizations on the nature of adherence zone failures for nonprecious allow-ceramic systems should not be made in the absence of fracture surface or adherence zone composition data determined by means of an acceptable analytical technique. 3. It appears unlikely that fractures originating in one of the regions of the adherence zone will have a composition analysis identical to that of metal, metal oxide, or bonding agent standards, since considerable interdiffusion or chemical interaction between these regions will have altered the original chemical compositions.", "PMID": 385843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7192", "title": "The grinding efficiency of diamond burs.", "content": "Deterioration of round diamond burs during 8 minutes of operation was found to be more pronounced for burs with low particle densities than for burs with high particle density. No definitive relationship was found between the initial grinding rate and initial particle density.", "contents": "The grinding efficiency of diamond burs. Deterioration of round diamond burs during 8 minutes of operation was found to be more pronounced for burs with low particle densities than for burs with high particle density. No definitive relationship was found between the initial grinding rate and initial particle density.", "PMID": 385844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7193", "title": "Prosthodontic principles in surgical planning for maxillary and mandibular resection patients.", "content": "Discussion between the surgeon and prosthodontist on surgical planning is important. It is necessary that they each be aware of the other's problems. Only in this way can continuity be established between surgical and prosthetic procedures. This will provide a maximum level of treatment for the maxillofacial patients, thereby returning them to society most expeditiously.", "contents": "Prosthodontic principles in surgical planning for maxillary and mandibular resection patients. Discussion between the surgeon and prosthodontist on surgical planning is important. It is necessary that they each be aware of the other's problems. Only in this way can continuity be established between surgical and prosthetic procedures. This will provide a maximum level of treatment for the maxillofacial patients, thereby returning them to society most expeditiously.", "PMID": 385845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7194", "title": "Plastic stopping--update.", "content": "Dura Seal powder and liquid and Dura Lay liquid acrylic resin materials have many uses. Methods for using these acrylic resin materials for copings, functionally generated paths, fitting crowns to clasps, centric relation stops, temporary fixed partial dentures, and porcelain additions have been described.", "contents": "Plastic stopping--update. Dura Seal powder and liquid and Dura Lay liquid acrylic resin materials have many uses. Methods for using these acrylic resin materials for copings, functionally generated paths, fitting crowns to clasps, centric relation stops, temporary fixed partial dentures, and porcelain additions have been described.", "PMID": 385847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7195", "title": "Relationship of the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors.", "content": "The average distance between the most anterior point of the maxillary central incisors and the most posterior point of the incisive papilla was 12.454 mm with a standard deviation of 3.867 mm. This distance was measured when these two points were projected on a plane which was parallel to the reference plane formed by the tips of three interdental papillae; i.e., the papilla between two central incisors (A), between the first and second molars on the right side (R), and on the left side (L). The average error incurred due to inconsistency of the method employed was less than 3% or less than 0.372 mm for the position of the central incisor. It is believed that the application of this anatomic relation can provide a reliable point for arranging and checking the position of the anterior maxillary teeth for complete dentures.", "contents": "Relationship of the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors. The average distance between the most anterior point of the maxillary central incisors and the most posterior point of the incisive papilla was 12.454 mm with a standard deviation of 3.867 mm. This distance was measured when these two points were projected on a plane which was parallel to the reference plane formed by the tips of three interdental papillae; i.e., the papilla between two central incisors (A), between the first and second molars on the right side (R), and on the left side (L). The average error incurred due to inconsistency of the method employed was less than 3% or less than 0.372 mm for the position of the central incisor. It is believed that the application of this anatomic relation can provide a reliable point for arranging and checking the position of the anterior maxillary teeth for complete dentures.", "PMID": 385848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7196", "title": "Clinical progress of sealed and unsealed caries. Part I: Depth changes and bacterial counts.", "content": "1. A method for measuring depth changes in carious lesions has been developed. 2. A method for estimating bacterial viability in the study lesions has been developed. 3. Sealed cavities showed little or no change in depth over a 1-year period. 4. Open lesions showed a significant increase in depth as compared to sealed lesions. 5. Elimination or marked decrease in viable organisms under the sealant occurred.", "contents": "Clinical progress of sealed and unsealed caries. Part I: Depth changes and bacterial counts. 1. A method for measuring depth changes in carious lesions has been developed. 2. A method for estimating bacterial viability in the study lesions has been developed. 3. Sealed cavities showed little or no change in depth over a 1-year period. 4. Open lesions showed a significant increase in depth as compared to sealed lesions. 5. Elimination or marked decrease in viable organisms under the sealant occurred.", "PMID": 385850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7197", "title": "Comparison of the retentive strength of two cast gold pin techniques.", "content": "The retention contributed by the use of pins with gold castings can be substantially increased by the technique of placing a threaded pin in the dentin and making a casting with a threaded receptacle to fit the pin. The basis for the improvement is the greater retention of threaded pins to dentin compared to that of smooth, cemented pins that are part of the casting. The limitation on the retention achieved with the new technique is the cohesive strength of the cement. Zinc phosphate cement provided the highest retention, and EBA and polycarboxylate cements provided lower and similar retention when threaded pins were cemented to threaded receptacles.", "contents": "Comparison of the retentive strength of two cast gold pin techniques. The retention contributed by the use of pins with gold castings can be substantially increased by the technique of placing a threaded pin in the dentin and making a casting with a threaded receptacle to fit the pin. The basis for the improvement is the greater retention of threaded pins to dentin compared to that of smooth, cemented pins that are part of the casting. The limitation on the retention achieved with the new technique is the cohesive strength of the cement. Zinc phosphate cement provided the highest retention, and EBA and polycarboxylate cements provided lower and similar retention when threaded pins were cemented to threaded receptacles.", "PMID": 385851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7198", "title": "The quality of restorative dental care.", "content": "This study investigated the quality of restorative care in a group of health center employees. With limitations in sample size, representativeness of the sample, and methods of measuring quality clearly recognized, the results of the study suggest that significant improvements in the quality of amalgams, synthetic restorations, crowns, fixed partial denture abutments, and pontics will probably require advances in the science and technology of dentistry and modifications in the present system for delivering dental care. The impact of a quality review system is unlikely to affect the care provided by the majority of dentists. Quality review should play a role in monitoring the services fo the small percentage of dentists whose care is very inadequate. Admittedly, these conclusions are speculative and are not based on a large body of experimental information. Nevertheless, the evidence that is available is suggestive, and the development of a national policy to monitor the quality of dental care must consider what can be reasonably achieved with a quality assurance system.", "contents": "The quality of restorative dental care. This study investigated the quality of restorative care in a group of health center employees. With limitations in sample size, representativeness of the sample, and methods of measuring quality clearly recognized, the results of the study suggest that significant improvements in the quality of amalgams, synthetic restorations, crowns, fixed partial denture abutments, and pontics will probably require advances in the science and technology of dentistry and modifications in the present system for delivering dental care. The impact of a quality review system is unlikely to affect the care provided by the majority of dentists. Quality review should play a role in monitoring the services fo the small percentage of dentists whose care is very inadequate. Admittedly, these conclusions are speculative and are not based on a large body of experimental information. Nevertheless, the evidence that is available is suggestive, and the development of a national policy to monitor the quality of dental care must consider what can be reasonably achieved with a quality assurance system.", "PMID": 385852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7199", "title": "A simplified approach to the complete porcelain margin.", "content": "The technique described produces a metal-ceramic crown exhibiting excellent esthetic qualities and marginal accuracy superior to that achieved on the cast metal margin. A platinum foil apron or refractory dies are not necessary. A precise shoulder preparation, preferably with two master dies, is required. A chamfer with a bevel, a shoulder with a bevel, or chamfer preparations are not suited to this technique. Quantitative evaluation using a measuring microscope showed that a marginal gap on a crown fabricated on an International Bureau of Standards crown die measured 6 microns at the porcelain shoulder and from 17 to 34 microns on a gold margin of the same crown. On a prepared-tooth, rubber-base compression densite die, the marginal gap on the porcelain shoulder was 10 microns.", "contents": "A simplified approach to the complete porcelain margin. The technique described produces a metal-ceramic crown exhibiting excellent esthetic qualities and marginal accuracy superior to that achieved on the cast metal margin. A platinum foil apron or refractory dies are not necessary. A precise shoulder preparation, preferably with two master dies, is required. A chamfer with a bevel, a shoulder with a bevel, or chamfer preparations are not suited to this technique. Quantitative evaluation using a measuring microscope showed that a marginal gap on a crown fabricated on an International Bureau of Standards crown die measured 6 microns at the porcelain shoulder and from 17 to 34 microns on a gold margin of the same crown. On a prepared-tooth, rubber-base compression densite die, the marginal gap on the porcelain shoulder was 10 microns.", "PMID": 385853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7200", "title": "A radiographic technique for examination of internal defects in metal frameworks.", "content": "A technique is presented which allows the dentist to evaluate metal restorations using a standard clinical radiographic machine. This technique eliminates the additional time and expense involved in using a commercial laboratory.", "contents": "A radiographic technique for examination of internal defects in metal frameworks. A technique is presented which allows the dentist to evaluate metal restorations using a standard clinical radiographic machine. This technique eliminates the additional time and expense involved in using a commercial laboratory.", "PMID": 385854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7201", "title": "Ultrastructural damage to the malaria parasite in the sickled cell.", "content": "The process by which malaria parasites are killed in sickled erythrocytes was studied by electron microscopy. In vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum in sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) homozygous (SS) and heterozygous (SA) red cells were deoxygenated for up to 6 h and fixed under anaerobic conditions. Parasites in SS cells appeared to be disrupted by intrusions of needle-like deoxyHbS aggregates; disintegration of cytoplasm and membranes followed. In SA red cells, the parasites were generally not disrupted. Instead, extensive vacuolization occurred, a sign of metabolic inhibition. The resistance of HbS gene carriers to malaria results partly from these causes of intracellular parasite death.", "contents": "Ultrastructural damage to the malaria parasite in the sickled cell. The process by which malaria parasites are killed in sickled erythrocytes was studied by electron microscopy. In vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum in sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) homozygous (SS) and heterozygous (SA) red cells were deoxygenated for up to 6 h and fixed under anaerobic conditions. Parasites in SS cells appeared to be disrupted by intrusions of needle-like deoxyHbS aggregates; disintegration of cytoplasm and membranes followed. In SA red cells, the parasites were generally not disrupted. Instead, extensive vacuolization occurred, a sign of metabolic inhibition. The resistance of HbS gene carriers to malaria results partly from these causes of intracellular parasite death.", "PMID": 385855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7202", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of malaria sporozoites: antibody-induced changes of the pellicular membrane.", "content": "Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, before and after incubation with immune serum, were studied after freeze-fracture by electron microscopy. There were evenly distributed numerous intramembranous particles (IMP) on the P face of the outer membrane. The E face of the plasma membrane had fewer IMP than its P face. The E face of the intermediate membrane had few IMP and also linear arrays of slightly raised ridges running the length of the parasite. The P face of the intermediate membrane had many IMP aligned along the long axis of the sporozoite. On the P face of the inner membrane, IMP were arranged in very distinct rows conforming to the long axis of the parasite; the E face of this membrane had a few randomly distributed IMP. A prominent change in the sporozoite incubated in immune serum was the appearance of a layer of aggregated particles around the parasite. The P face of the plasma membrane had several clear areas devoid of IMP and IMP aggregates. No changes were seen in the other fractured faces of the pellicle. These observations suggest that immune serum acts only on the P face of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of malaria sporozoites: antibody-induced changes of the pellicular membrane. Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, before and after incubation with immune serum, were studied after freeze-fracture by electron microscopy. There were evenly distributed numerous intramembranous particles (IMP) on the P face of the outer membrane. The E face of the plasma membrane had fewer IMP than its P face. The E face of the intermediate membrane had few IMP and also linear arrays of slightly raised ridges running the length of the parasite. The P face of the intermediate membrane had many IMP aligned along the long axis of the sporozoite. On the P face of the inner membrane, IMP were arranged in very distinct rows conforming to the long axis of the parasite; the E face of this membrane had a few randomly distributed IMP. A prominent change in the sporozoite incubated in immune serum was the appearance of a layer of aggregated particles around the parasite. The P face of the plasma membrane had several clear areas devoid of IMP and IMP aggregates. No changes were seen in the other fractured faces of the pellicle. These observations suggest that immune serum acts only on the P face of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 385856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7203", "title": "Acetate oxidation by bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi had a substantial increase in respiration in the presence of acetate. Oxidation of acetate took place via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and involved an antimycin A-sensitive respiratory pathway. Oxygen uptake in the presence of acetate was a sensitive to antimycin A inhibition as was CO2 production. There was a 6--7% residual O2 uptake which was not inhibited by high antimycin concentrations. Human anti-T. cruzi sera had no effect on oxygen uptake.", "contents": "Acetate oxidation by bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi had a substantial increase in respiration in the presence of acetate. Oxidation of acetate took place via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and involved an antimycin A-sensitive respiratory pathway. Oxygen uptake in the presence of acetate was a sensitive to antimycin A inhibition as was CO2 production. There was a 6--7% residual O2 uptake which was not inhibited by high antimycin concentrations. Human anti-T. cruzi sera had no effect on oxygen uptake.", "PMID": 385857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7204", "title": "The effect of gold salts on the phagocytic activity of synovial macrophages in organ culture.", "content": "The effect of the gold salt, gold sodium thioglucose, has been studied on the phagocytic activity of tissue macrophages in synovium excised from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and maintained as explants in organ culture. Specimens of synovial membrane were taken for culture from synovial tissue excised from the knee joints of 22 patients with RA undergoing surgery and 14 menisectomy controls. Glass coverslips coated with yeast were placed on the synovium and the specimens maintained in organ culture. The phagocytic activity was assessed by counting the percentage of macrophages containing yeast on the coverslip removed after 24 hr in culture. The effect of gold salts was assessed by adding gold sodium thioglucose at concentrations of 3 and 30 microgram/ml to the medium, and using sodium thioglucose as an additional control. Results (means %) indicated significantly higher phagocytic activity in RA macrophages (68.6) compared with controls (40.1), p smaller than or equal to 0.001. Gold thioglucose significantly suppressed phagocytosis at 3 microgram/ml (48.0) p smaller than 0.01, and at 30 microgram/ml (47.7) p smaller than 0.02 in RA but had not effect on control synovium. Sodium thioglucose had no significant effect on phagocytosis at either concentration on RA synovium.", "contents": "The effect of gold salts on the phagocytic activity of synovial macrophages in organ culture. The effect of the gold salt, gold sodium thioglucose, has been studied on the phagocytic activity of tissue macrophages in synovium excised from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and maintained as explants in organ culture. Specimens of synovial membrane were taken for culture from synovial tissue excised from the knee joints of 22 patients with RA undergoing surgery and 14 menisectomy controls. Glass coverslips coated with yeast were placed on the synovium and the specimens maintained in organ culture. The phagocytic activity was assessed by counting the percentage of macrophages containing yeast on the coverslip removed after 24 hr in culture. The effect of gold salts was assessed by adding gold sodium thioglucose at concentrations of 3 and 30 microgram/ml to the medium, and using sodium thioglucose as an additional control. Results (means %) indicated significantly higher phagocytic activity in RA macrophages (68.6) compared with controls (40.1), p smaller than or equal to 0.001. Gold thioglucose significantly suppressed phagocytosis at 3 microgram/ml (48.0) p smaller than 0.01, and at 30 microgram/ml (47.7) p smaller than 0.02 in RA but had not effect on control synovium. Sodium thioglucose had no significant effect on phagocytosis at either concentration on RA synovium.", "PMID": 385874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7205", "title": "Gold excretion and retention during auranofin treatment: a preliminary report.", "content": "Auranofin, an oral gold compound, was administered to 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis using 2 dosage schedules (3 mg or 1 mg twice daily for 8 weeks, and then once daily for 18 weeks). In addition to outpatient clinic monitoring, all patients were admitted to a metabolic ward for 3 days for collection of 24 hr daily urine and feces. Gold content of excreta was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Seventy-three per cent of the administered gold was recovered in the urine and feces of patients receiving 3 mg b.i.d., and all the gold was recovered in those taking 1 mg b.i.d. Ninety-five per cent of the recovered gold was in the feces and 5% was in the urine. These findings contrast with those observed during intramuscular (gold sodium thiomalate) chrysotherapy: 40% of the injected dose was recovered, 70% in urine, 30% in feces. Less tissue gold retention occurred with oral gold than with parenteral therapy. Following 20 weeks of auranofin (6 mg/day) chrysotherapy approximately 66 mg of gold was retained. By comparison, 300 mg of gold was retained after injectable gold sodium thiomalate treatment. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Gold excretion and retention during auranofin treatment: a preliminary report. Auranofin, an oral gold compound, was administered to 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis using 2 dosage schedules (3 mg or 1 mg twice daily for 8 weeks, and then once daily for 18 weeks). In addition to outpatient clinic monitoring, all patients were admitted to a metabolic ward for 3 days for collection of 24 hr daily urine and feces. Gold content of excreta was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Seventy-three per cent of the administered gold was recovered in the urine and feces of patients receiving 3 mg b.i.d., and all the gold was recovered in those taking 1 mg b.i.d. Ninety-five per cent of the recovered gold was in the feces and 5% was in the urine. These findings contrast with those observed during intramuscular (gold sodium thiomalate) chrysotherapy: 40% of the injected dose was recovered, 70% in urine, 30% in feces. Less tissue gold retention occurred with oral gold than with parenteral therapy. Following 20 weeks of auranofin (6 mg/day) chrysotherapy approximately 66 mg of gold was retained. By comparison, 300 mg of gold was retained after injectable gold sodium thiomalate treatment. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 385875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7206", "title": "Gold and modulation of the immune response.", "content": "The effects of gold on immune responses are reviewed. Gold salts used therapeutically can be followed by a decline in serum immunoglobulin levels, and rheumatoid factor titers in rheumatoid arthritis; in pemphigus there is similarly a drop in anti-epithelial antibody titers. Gold inhibits stimulation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Gold inhibits the activation of the classical and alternate complement pathways. Gold compounds inhibit numerous cell-mediated immune responses to various mitogens and antigens. Inhibition may be due to the effect of gold on macrophages acting as helper cell in these reactions. Auranofin is a new oral compound which seems to be particularly potent in its immuno-regulatory actions; it differs from other gold compounds in its pharmacokinetics, and in the nature of its ligand. Gold has also been reported to enhance certain immune reactions. The extent of the immuno-regulatory effects of gold in vivo is unknown, and the relation of these effects to its therapeutic actions remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Gold and modulation of the immune response. The effects of gold on immune responses are reviewed. Gold salts used therapeutically can be followed by a decline in serum immunoglobulin levels, and rheumatoid factor titers in rheumatoid arthritis; in pemphigus there is similarly a drop in anti-epithelial antibody titers. Gold inhibits stimulation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Gold inhibits the activation of the classical and alternate complement pathways. Gold compounds inhibit numerous cell-mediated immune responses to various mitogens and antigens. Inhibition may be due to the effect of gold on macrophages acting as helper cell in these reactions. Auranofin is a new oral compound which seems to be particularly potent in its immuno-regulatory actions; it differs from other gold compounds in its pharmacokinetics, and in the nature of its ligand. Gold has also been reported to enhance certain immune reactions. The extent of the immuno-regulatory effects of gold in vivo is unknown, and the relation of these effects to its therapeutic actions remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 385876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7207", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of peptide antagonists of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone).", "content": "A series of des-His2 octa- and nonapeptide analogues of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) with modifications in the 1 and 6 positions, and in some instances the 10 position, has been prepared. Some of these analogues are potent inhibitors of luliberin in vitro and in vivo. The use of ultraviolet absorption measurements for evaluating peptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan is described. An efficient synthesis of O-methyl-d-tyrosine is reported.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of peptide antagonists of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone). A series of des-His2 octa- and nonapeptide analogues of luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) with modifications in the 1 and 6 positions, and in some instances the 10 position, has been prepared. Some of these analogues are potent inhibitors of luliberin in vitro and in vivo. The use of ultraviolet absorption measurements for evaluating peptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan is described. An efficient synthesis of O-methyl-d-tyrosine is reported.", "PMID": 385877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7208", "title": "Hypothesis: that rheumatoid arthritis will disappear.", "content": "The first unequivocally clear description of rheumatoid arthritis occurred in 1800. It is possible, however, that the disease existed in earlier times and that Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (circa 980-1055) was a sufferer. The disease is common today in all races throughout the world. The features of rheumatoid arthritis are consistent with its being an infection, perhaps a slow-virus infection. On the basis of behaviour of other bacterial and viral infections, it is possible that we may now expect the current pandemic to disappear. Perhaps by the end of the next century it will be mild and rare or even non-existent.", "contents": "Hypothesis: that rheumatoid arthritis will disappear. The first unequivocally clear description of rheumatoid arthritis occurred in 1800. It is possible, however, that the disease existed in earlier times and that Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (circa 980-1055) was a sufferer. The disease is common today in all races throughout the world. The features of rheumatoid arthritis are consistent with its being an infection, perhaps a slow-virus infection. On the basis of behaviour of other bacterial and viral infections, it is possible that we may now expect the current pandemic to disappear. Perhaps by the end of the next century it will be mild and rare or even non-existent.", "PMID": 385872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7209", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of ftorafur metabolites. 3'- and 4'-hydroxyftorafur.", "content": "Four isomers of ftorafur were synthesized as authentic samples of possible ftorafur (FT) metabolites. 2,3-Dihydrofuran was treated with perbenzoic acid in MeOH to give 2-methoxy-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, which upon treatment with Ac2O/pyridine yielded the key intermediate 2-methoxy-3-acetoxytetrahydrofuran. The other intermediate, 2-ethoxy-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran, was prepared by acid hydrolysis (HCl/50% EtOH) of 1,1-diethoxy-3,4-dihydroxybutane, followed by acetylation (Ac2O/pyridine). Treatment of 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-5-fluorouracil with either 2-methoxy-3-acetoxytetrahydrofuran or 2-ethoxy-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran in 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature using SnCl4 as catalyst afforded cis- and trans-3'-OAc-FT or 4'-OAc-FT, respectively. However, trans-3'-OAc-FT and cis-4'-OAc-FT were the major condensation products. In each case, separation of these cis and trans isomers was achieved by silica gel column chromatography. Treatment of 3'- or 4'-OAc-FT with NH3/CH3OH at 5 degrees C overnight yielded the described hydroxylated FT. Both trans-3'-OH-FT and cis-4'-OH-FT showed no significant activity against L1210 up to 100 mg/kg. These two agents produced an inhibitory effect on HeLa cell growth equal to that of ftorafur, with ID50 = 200 MICROGRAMS/KG.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of ftorafur metabolites. 3'- and 4'-hydroxyftorafur. Four isomers of ftorafur were synthesized as authentic samples of possible ftorafur (FT) metabolites. 2,3-Dihydrofuran was treated with perbenzoic acid in MeOH to give 2-methoxy-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, which upon treatment with Ac2O/pyridine yielded the key intermediate 2-methoxy-3-acetoxytetrahydrofuran. The other intermediate, 2-ethoxy-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran, was prepared by acid hydrolysis (HCl/50% EtOH) of 1,1-diethoxy-3,4-dihydroxybutane, followed by acetylation (Ac2O/pyridine). Treatment of 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-5-fluorouracil with either 2-methoxy-3-acetoxytetrahydrofuran or 2-ethoxy-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran in 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature using SnCl4 as catalyst afforded cis- and trans-3'-OAc-FT or 4'-OAc-FT, respectively. However, trans-3'-OAc-FT and cis-4'-OAc-FT were the major condensation products. In each case, separation of these cis and trans isomers was achieved by silica gel column chromatography. Treatment of 3'- or 4'-OAc-FT with NH3/CH3OH at 5 degrees C overnight yielded the described hydroxylated FT. Both trans-3'-OH-FT and cis-4'-OH-FT showed no significant activity against L1210 up to 100 mg/kg. These two agents produced an inhibitory effect on HeLa cell growth equal to that of ftorafur, with ID50 = 200 MICROGRAMS/KG.", "PMID": 385879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7210", "title": "Oxaprozin: a once-daily treatment regimen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The development of oxaprozin provided an opportunity to evaluate the control of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by a drug that can be administered once daily. A double-blind 12-week evaluation suggested comparable efficacy between 1,200 mg oxaprozin given as a single daily dose and 3,900 mg ASA given in 4 equally divided doses. A lower incidence of side effects was noted in the oxaprozin group. An open 6-month study substantiated the efficacy and safety of oxaprozin.", "contents": "Oxaprozin: a once-daily treatment regimen in rheumatoid arthritis. The development of oxaprozin provided an opportunity to evaluate the control of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by a drug that can be administered once daily. A double-blind 12-week evaluation suggested comparable efficacy between 1,200 mg oxaprozin given as a single daily dose and 3,900 mg ASA given in 4 equally divided doses. A lower incidence of side effects was noted in the oxaprozin group. An open 6-month study substantiated the efficacy and safety of oxaprozin.", "PMID": 385873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7211", "title": "Anticandidal activity of 5-fluorocytosine-peptide conjugates.", "content": "An approach to the development of new anticandidal drugs is described that employs peptides as carriers of toxic agents into cells. 5-Flurorcytosine (5-FC) was chosen as a toxic agent with which to prepare 5-FC-peptide conjugates as models to test the carrier proposal. Model compounds were synthesized and then tested for antiyeast activity against S. Cerevisiae 9763, C. albicans 1-V, C. albicans WD 18-4, and C. Krusei 1-T. The 5-FC derivatives showed antiyeast activity comparable to 5-FC in all strains except C. krusei 1-T, in which case the compounds were less active. The solution stabilities of 5-FC conjugates at 37 degrees C were tested in the same growth medium used for susceptibility testing. The results indicated a range of stabilities where the half-life (t1/2) = 0.3--17.6 h. These results and those obtained in the susceptibility testing suggest extracellular hydrolysis and indicate that the type of linkage used to conjugate 5-FC to peptides will not provide appropriate compounds to evaluate the peptide-carrier concept.", "contents": "Anticandidal activity of 5-fluorocytosine-peptide conjugates. An approach to the development of new anticandidal drugs is described that employs peptides as carriers of toxic agents into cells. 5-Flurorcytosine (5-FC) was chosen as a toxic agent with which to prepare 5-FC-peptide conjugates as models to test the carrier proposal. Model compounds were synthesized and then tested for antiyeast activity against S. Cerevisiae 9763, C. albicans 1-V, C. albicans WD 18-4, and C. Krusei 1-T. The 5-FC derivatives showed antiyeast activity comparable to 5-FC in all strains except C. krusei 1-T, in which case the compounds were less active. The solution stabilities of 5-FC conjugates at 37 degrees C were tested in the same growth medium used for susceptibility testing. The results indicated a range of stabilities where the half-life (t1/2) = 0.3--17.6 h. These results and those obtained in the susceptibility testing suggest extracellular hydrolysis and indicate that the type of linkage used to conjugate 5-FC to peptides will not provide appropriate compounds to evaluate the peptide-carrier concept.", "PMID": 385880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7212", "title": "Sexes of affected cases in sibships containing two or more members with anencephaly or spina bifida.", "content": "A study has been made of the sexes of the affected within sibships containing two or more members with anencephaly or spina bifida (ASB). There is no clear evidence for variation between ASB-prone women in their propensity to bear affected cases of one sex rather than the other. It is suggested that the point should be regarded as open until further data have settled the issue.", "contents": "Sexes of affected cases in sibships containing two or more members with anencephaly or spina bifida. A study has been made of the sexes of the affected within sibships containing two or more members with anencephaly or spina bifida (ASB). There is no clear evidence for variation between ASB-prone women in their propensity to bear affected cases of one sex rather than the other. It is suggested that the point should be regarded as open until further data have settled the issue.", "PMID": 385881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7213", "title": "A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: a review.", "content": "This review brings together studies dealing with factors that affect participation in screening, referral, and treatment for high blood pressure (HBP). Community-based screening programs are examined first, in order to describe the changing and the current distribution of hypertensives as \"unaware,\" untreated, treated but uncontrolled, and controlled by treatment. Factors influencing this distribution are examined. Next, data on referral, acceptance of treatment, and staying in treatment are discussed, with a special reference to intervention studies. The review then brings in the broader social science literature on the psychosocial dynamics of health-maintaining and risk-reducing behaviors. The article concludes with an interpretive summary and some suggestions for further action.", "contents": "A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: a review. This review brings together studies dealing with factors that affect participation in screening, referral, and treatment for high blood pressure (HBP). Community-based screening programs are examined first, in order to describe the changing and the current distribution of hypertensives as \"unaware,\" untreated, treated but uncontrolled, and controlled by treatment. Factors influencing this distribution are examined. Next, data on referral, acceptance of treatment, and staying in treatment are discussed, with a special reference to intervention studies. The review then brings in the broader social science literature on the psychosocial dynamics of health-maintaining and risk-reducing behaviors. The article concludes with an interpretive summary and some suggestions for further action.", "PMID": 385886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7214", "title": "The interaction of nutrition and infection: a succinct review.", "content": "Malnutrition combined with susceptibility to infection threatens the health and survival of a large portion of the world's population. Of the many components of the host-parasite relation, nutrition has not received the attention it deserves. There has been increasing activity in recent years on the elucidation of the role nutritional factors play in the behavior of both host and parasite.This paper reviews the effects vitamins exert on the course of parasitic infections.", "contents": "The interaction of nutrition and infection: a succinct review. Malnutrition combined with susceptibility to infection threatens the health and survival of a large portion of the world's population. Of the many components of the host-parasite relation, nutrition has not received the attention it deserves. There has been increasing activity in recent years on the elucidation of the role nutritional factors play in the behavior of both host and parasite.This paper reviews the effects vitamins exert on the course of parasitic infections.", "PMID": 385894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7215", "title": "Effects of repeated exposures to peak concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone on resistance to streptococcal pneumonia.", "content": "Exposures to various mixtures of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) reduced the resistance of mice to streptococcal pneumonia as evidenced by increased mortality rates and shortened survival time. Daily 3-h exposures (5 d/wk) for 2--6 mo to an air pollutant mixture consisting of 940 microgram/m3 (0.5 ppm) NO2 and 196 microgram/m3 (0.1 ppm) O3 were most effective in reducing the resistance to infection. The decrease in resistance to the infection occurred sooner than the mice continued to be exposed to the air pollutants instead of clean air for 14 d after the respiratory challenge with Streptococcus pyogenes aerosol. After 3 mo of exposure to the pollutant mixture, there was some decrease in the ability of mice to clear inhalated streptococci from their lungs. At the same time the total cell count in the fluid lavaged from the lungs of mice was markedly reduced, as were the viability and phagocytic activity of the alveolar macrophages. Exposure to the pollutants combined with challenge with Streptococcus aerosol resulted in marked morphological changes in lung tissues as seen by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Effects of repeated exposures to peak concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone on resistance to streptococcal pneumonia. Exposures to various mixtures of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) reduced the resistance of mice to streptococcal pneumonia as evidenced by increased mortality rates and shortened survival time. Daily 3-h exposures (5 d/wk) for 2--6 mo to an air pollutant mixture consisting of 940 microgram/m3 (0.5 ppm) NO2 and 196 microgram/m3 (0.1 ppm) O3 were most effective in reducing the resistance to infection. The decrease in resistance to the infection occurred sooner than the mice continued to be exposed to the air pollutants instead of clean air for 14 d after the respiratory challenge with Streptococcus pyogenes aerosol. After 3 mo of exposure to the pollutant mixture, there was some decrease in the ability of mice to clear inhalated streptococci from their lungs. At the same time the total cell count in the fluid lavaged from the lungs of mice was markedly reduced, as were the viability and phagocytic activity of the alveolar macrophages. Exposure to the pollutants combined with challenge with Streptococcus aerosol resulted in marked morphological changes in lung tissues as seen by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 385895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7216", "title": "Carcinogenicity of toxaphene: a review.", "content": "Toxaphene is highly carcinogenic in rats and mice. Toxaphene induced malignant neoplasms of the liver in rats. Neoplasms at all sites, as well as malignant neoplasms, were increased in male and female rats ingesting toxaphene. Sarcomas were found more often in male rats and carcinomas in female rats. Neoplasms of the endocrine organs were also increased in male and female toxaphene-treated rats. The incidence of neoplasms of the reproductive system was increased in female rats, as was the incidence of mammary gland neoplasms in male rats. Toxic changes in male rats given toxaphene included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney and atrophy of the testes. Toxaphene induced malignant neoplasms of the liver in male and female mice. The incidence of malignant neoplasms at all sites was also increased. In addition to hepatic neoplasms, male mice had leukemia or lymphosarcoma and females had sarcomas of the uterus.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of toxaphene: a review. Toxaphene is highly carcinogenic in rats and mice. Toxaphene induced malignant neoplasms of the liver in rats. Neoplasms at all sites, as well as malignant neoplasms, were increased in male and female rats ingesting toxaphene. Sarcomas were found more often in male rats and carcinomas in female rats. Neoplasms of the endocrine organs were also increased in male and female toxaphene-treated rats. The incidence of neoplasms of the reproductive system was increased in female rats, as was the incidence of mammary gland neoplasms in male rats. Toxic changes in male rats given toxaphene included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney and atrophy of the testes. Toxaphene induced malignant neoplasms of the liver in male and female mice. The incidence of malignant neoplasms at all sites was also increased. In addition to hepatic neoplasms, male mice had leukemia or lymphosarcoma and females had sarcomas of the uterus.", "PMID": 385896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7217", "title": "Muscle flap with simultaneous mesh skin graft for skin defects of the lower leg.", "content": "Since 1974 we have performed muscle flap transposition (myoplasty) for the treatment of a skin loss of the lower leg with associated exposure of the bone. In order that the operative treatment may be completed in one stage, mesh skin graft was done simultaneously with muscle transfer. Twelve cases so far have been treated successfully by this procedure, the mesh skin graft taking well on the muscle flap.", "contents": "Muscle flap with simultaneous mesh skin graft for skin defects of the lower leg. Since 1974 we have performed muscle flap transposition (myoplasty) for the treatment of a skin loss of the lower leg with associated exposure of the bone. In order that the operative treatment may be completed in one stage, mesh skin graft was done simultaneously with muscle transfer. Twelve cases so far have been treated successfully by this procedure, the mesh skin graft taking well on the muscle flap.", "PMID": 385904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7218", "title": "Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients.", "content": "The high morbidity after severe thermal insult is believed to be related partially to a resultant decrease in immunocompetence. We tested the ability of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin (Con A) to stimulate lymphocyte transformation in 17 patients with moderate to severe thermal injury (greater than 25% BSA). The patients acted as their own controls and the per cent change in their mitogen response was measured over time. Eight acutely burned patients who subsequently developed severe sepsis (Group I) had decreased ability (mean, 12% of normal) to proliferate in response to PHA, and six of these died of severe sepsis. The depressed response appeared 4 to 7 days postinjury and predated clinical evidence of sepsis by 2 to 4 days. Cells from four patients who had mild infectious complications (Group II) demonstrated greatly augmented mitogen responses (mean + 243%) approximately 7 to 10 days postinjury. Five burn patients whose clinical course was sepsis free (Group III) exhibited only minimal changes in their mitogen responses (mean +30%). Although the Con A responses of the patients' cells corresponded less to their pathology, Group I patients whose cells exhibited depressed PHA responsiveness also had diminished Con A responses. Group II patients' cells also showed increases in Con A-induced stimulation. Group III patients, who had only slightly augmented PHA responses, had minimal decreases of the Con A-induced lymphocyte transformation. Many severely burned patients develop septicemia as a result of their large wound surfaces. The appearance of decreases in mitogen-induced proliferation, however, appears to characterize those patients who will be unable to handle the septic challenge.", "contents": "Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients. The high morbidity after severe thermal insult is believed to be related partially to a resultant decrease in immunocompetence. We tested the ability of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin (Con A) to stimulate lymphocyte transformation in 17 patients with moderate to severe thermal injury (greater than 25% BSA). The patients acted as their own controls and the per cent change in their mitogen response was measured over time. Eight acutely burned patients who subsequently developed severe sepsis (Group I) had decreased ability (mean, 12% of normal) to proliferate in response to PHA, and six of these died of severe sepsis. The depressed response appeared 4 to 7 days postinjury and predated clinical evidence of sepsis by 2 to 4 days. Cells from four patients who had mild infectious complications (Group II) demonstrated greatly augmented mitogen responses (mean + 243%) approximately 7 to 10 days postinjury. Five burn patients whose clinical course was sepsis free (Group III) exhibited only minimal changes in their mitogen responses (mean +30%). Although the Con A responses of the patients' cells corresponded less to their pathology, Group I patients whose cells exhibited depressed PHA responsiveness also had diminished Con A responses. Group II patients' cells also showed increases in Con A-induced stimulation. Group III patients, who had only slightly augmented PHA responses, had minimal decreases of the Con A-induced lymphocyte transformation. Many severely burned patients develop septicemia as a result of their large wound surfaces. The appearance of decreases in mitogen-induced proliferation, however, appears to characterize those patients who will be unable to handle the septic challenge.", "PMID": 385911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7219", "title": "Efficacy of tangential excision and immediate autografting of deep second-degree burns of the hand.", "content": "Fifty patients, with 71 hands affected by deep dermal burns, underwent tangetial excision and immediate autografting at a mean of the fifth postburn day. Assessment of the group at 6 weeks showed an 8% mortality, good hand function in 50%, fair function in 18%, and poor function in 24%. The total group was partitioned into patients with burns of 40% or less and those with burns of greater than 40% of body surface. The former group had significantly better hand function than the latter. Early tangetial excision with immediate autografting of deep dermal hand burns is recommedned for almost all patients with small to moderate thermal cutaneous injury. However, only after careful evaluation should patients with large, life-threatening thermal injuries be selected for this procedure.", "contents": "Efficacy of tangential excision and immediate autografting of deep second-degree burns of the hand. Fifty patients, with 71 hands affected by deep dermal burns, underwent tangetial excision and immediate autografting at a mean of the fifth postburn day. Assessment of the group at 6 weeks showed an 8% mortality, good hand function in 50%, fair function in 18%, and poor function in 24%. The total group was partitioned into patients with burns of 40% or less and those with burns of greater than 40% of body surface. The former group had significantly better hand function than the latter. Early tangetial excision with immediate autografting of deep dermal hand burns is recommedned for almost all patients with small to moderate thermal cutaneous injury. However, only after careful evaluation should patients with large, life-threatening thermal injuries be selected for this procedure.", "PMID": 385912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7220", "title": "Liquid propane cold injury: a clinicopathologic and experimental study.", "content": "A case of liquid propane cold injury is described. This injury was produced by evaporative heat loss, without ignition, from skin and underlying tissues. The cutaneous appearance was that of a flame burn but underlying deep tissue damage was present. Acute vascular compromise and progressive wound sepsis were complications which required surgical intervention. A liquid propane animal model was created which defined the pathophysiology of the clinical injury. The potential for this injury exists wherever volatile liquified gases are used.", "contents": "Liquid propane cold injury: a clinicopathologic and experimental study. A case of liquid propane cold injury is described. This injury was produced by evaporative heat loss, without ignition, from skin and underlying tissues. The cutaneous appearance was that of a flame burn but underlying deep tissue damage was present. Acute vascular compromise and progressive wound sepsis were complications which required surgical intervention. A liquid propane animal model was created which defined the pathophysiology of the clinical injury. The potential for this injury exists wherever volatile liquified gases are used.", "PMID": 385913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7221", "title": "Can postmarketing surveillance help to effect optimal drug therapy?", "content": "Postmarketing drug surveillance (PMS) assesses the epidemiology of drug use and monitors beneficial or harmful effects of drugs following marketing. If used systematically, PMS can substantially improve drug therapy in the United States. This can be accomplished by generating information on drug use and effects otherwise unavailable, by enabling a more efficient drug approval process, and by educating drug prescribers. However, to be successful, any PMS system will need a good deal of input from such prescribers.", "contents": "Can postmarketing surveillance help to effect optimal drug therapy? Postmarketing drug surveillance (PMS) assesses the epidemiology of drug use and monitors beneficial or harmful effects of drugs following marketing. If used systematically, PMS can substantially improve drug therapy in the United States. This can be accomplished by generating information on drug use and effects otherwise unavailable, by enabling a more efficient drug approval process, and by educating drug prescribers. However, to be successful, any PMS system will need a good deal of input from such prescribers.", "PMID": 385922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7222", "title": "Clinical trials in vaccination with leukemia associated antigens in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Vaccination with purified leukemia associated antigens (LAA) was performed in sixty adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who were admitted to Medical City, Yermok Hospital, Alshaab Hospital, Altefelalarabie Hospital, Basrah Hospital, Mosul Hospital, Althawra Hospital and Samaon Hospital. LAA were prepared from leukemic cells, using hypotonic lysis and low frequency sonication, followed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or column chromatography. Five doses were given intradermally, after discontinuation of the maintenance therapy. Clinical and immunological studies were done prevaccination and used to evaluate the effect of this vaccine. The patients were randomized into two groups: one group included 32 patients who received LAA alone and the other group included 28 patients who received LAA with BCG-cell wall skeleton as an adjuvant. Control groups of patients were also randomized into two subgroups: one subgroup included 30 patients who did not receive any kind of immunotherapy, the other subgroup included 30 patients who received BCG-cell wall skeleton only. All the LAA vaccinated groups showed increased blastogenic response to LAA most pronounced on day 22 and afterwards. There was increased response to non-specific mitogens after vaccination, especially after the 63rd day. All the vaccinated groups showed increased skin reactivity to LAA after vaccination. Fifty-seven of these patients had an initial weak reaction but it became more marked after vaccination. There was a correlation between the blastogenic responses and skin test reactivity to the clinical course. All the nonvaccinated group and those who were given BCG-cell wall skeleton alone died within 9 weeks (range 7--11 weeks) after discontinued chemotherapy making the survival range from 23--40 weeks (median of 29 weeks), in contrast all the vaccinated groups who received LAA alone or in combination with three BCG-cell wall skeleton doses are in complete unmaintained remission ranging in survival from 58 weeks to 74 weeks (median value is 63 weeks).", "contents": "Clinical trials in vaccination with leukemia associated antigens in acute myelogenous leukemia. Vaccination with purified leukemia associated antigens (LAA) was performed in sixty adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who were admitted to Medical City, Yermok Hospital, Alshaab Hospital, Altefelalarabie Hospital, Basrah Hospital, Mosul Hospital, Althawra Hospital and Samaon Hospital. LAA were prepared from leukemic cells, using hypotonic lysis and low frequency sonication, followed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or column chromatography. Five doses were given intradermally, after discontinuation of the maintenance therapy. Clinical and immunological studies were done prevaccination and used to evaluate the effect of this vaccine. The patients were randomized into two groups: one group included 32 patients who received LAA alone and the other group included 28 patients who received LAA with BCG-cell wall skeleton as an adjuvant. Control groups of patients were also randomized into two subgroups: one subgroup included 30 patients who did not receive any kind of immunotherapy, the other subgroup included 30 patients who received BCG-cell wall skeleton only. All the LAA vaccinated groups showed increased blastogenic response to LAA most pronounced on day 22 and afterwards. There was increased response to non-specific mitogens after vaccination, especially after the 63rd day. All the vaccinated groups showed increased skin reactivity to LAA after vaccination. Fifty-seven of these patients had an initial weak reaction but it became more marked after vaccination. There was a correlation between the blastogenic responses and skin test reactivity to the clinical course. All the nonvaccinated group and those who were given BCG-cell wall skeleton alone died within 9 weeks (range 7--11 weeks) after discontinued chemotherapy making the survival range from 23--40 weeks (median of 29 weeks), in contrast all the vaccinated groups who received LAA alone or in combination with three BCG-cell wall skeleton doses are in complete unmaintained remission ranging in survival from 58 weeks to 74 weeks (median value is 63 weeks).", "PMID": 385948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7223", "title": "Immunoassay with fluorescein-labelled antigens--device of a method and its clinical application.", "content": "A simple, sensitive, highly reproducible method for assay of antibodies using fluorescein-labelled antigens according to the method by Farr is described. We measured titers of anti-BSA antibodies and antigen binding capacity of sera in BSA immunized rabbits by fluorometric assay with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled BSA, and obtained highly reproducible and quantitative results. The resultd times more sensitive than the results from single radial immunodiffusion. FITC-labelled double or single stranded calf thymus DNA was incubated with sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and New Zealand Black mice. Both anti-double and single stranded DNA antibodies were detected in sera of systemic lupus erythematosus, but only anti-single stranded DNA antibodies in sera of New Zealand Black mice.", "contents": "Immunoassay with fluorescein-labelled antigens--device of a method and its clinical application. A simple, sensitive, highly reproducible method for assay of antibodies using fluorescein-labelled antigens according to the method by Farr is described. We measured titers of anti-BSA antibodies and antigen binding capacity of sera in BSA immunized rabbits by fluorometric assay with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled BSA, and obtained highly reproducible and quantitative results. The resultd times more sensitive than the results from single radial immunodiffusion. FITC-labelled double or single stranded calf thymus DNA was incubated with sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and New Zealand Black mice. Both anti-double and single stranded DNA antibodies were detected in sera of systemic lupus erythematosus, but only anti-single stranded DNA antibodies in sera of New Zealand Black mice.", "PMID": 385949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7224", "title": "[Surgical treatment of complications of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Complications of myocardial infarction in the form of aneurysm of the heart, mitral incompetence and ventricular septal defect cause considerable changes in intracardiac hemodynamics which lead to severe disturbances in the circulation system in different periods after myocardial infarction. The timely and properly made diagnosis allows the prognostic severity of the complication to be appraised and the optimum therapeutic tactics determined. The given classifications of this pathological conditions promote a differential approach in considering the indications and contraindications in each case. Analysis of 312 operations shows that correction of the abnormality under conditions of extra-corporeal circulation in combination with direct myocardial revascularization is the most adequate intervention.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of complications of myocardial infarct]. Complications of myocardial infarction in the form of aneurysm of the heart, mitral incompetence and ventricular septal defect cause considerable changes in intracardiac hemodynamics which lead to severe disturbances in the circulation system in different periods after myocardial infarction. The timely and properly made diagnosis allows the prognostic severity of the complication to be appraised and the optimum therapeutic tactics determined. The given classifications of this pathological conditions promote a differential approach in considering the indications and contraindications in each case. Analysis of 312 operations shows that correction of the abnormality under conditions of extra-corporeal circulation in combination with direct myocardial revascularization is the most adequate intervention.", "PMID": 385962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7225", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the myocardial contractile indices of the left ventricle in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The indices of hemodynamics and myocardial contractility rate (end diastolic and end systolic volumes, ejection fraction, average rate of shortening of circumferential fibres, and average normalized rate of systolic ejection) were studied in 44 patients with ischemic heart disease to appraise the informative value of each parameter and reveal myocardial dysfunction. Calculations were done on an electronic computer system. The data obtained were compared with the findings in practically healthy persons. It was found that increase of the residual volume is the first sign of disturbed myocardial contractility and correlates well with the extent and volume of impaired contractility of the left ventricular segments. A decrease of the ejection fraction is noted only with an increase of the residual volume, the degree of the decrease correlating most closely with the degree of the decrease of the rate indices. The number and localization of the affected segments of the left ventricular wall have an effect on the contractile function of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the myocardial contractile indices of the left ventricle in ischemic heart disease]. The indices of hemodynamics and myocardial contractility rate (end diastolic and end systolic volumes, ejection fraction, average rate of shortening of circumferential fibres, and average normalized rate of systolic ejection) were studied in 44 patients with ischemic heart disease to appraise the informative value of each parameter and reveal myocardial dysfunction. Calculations were done on an electronic computer system. The data obtained were compared with the findings in practically healthy persons. It was found that increase of the residual volume is the first sign of disturbed myocardial contractility and correlates well with the extent and volume of impaired contractility of the left ventricular segments. A decrease of the ejection fraction is noted only with an increase of the residual volume, the degree of the decrease correlating most closely with the degree of the decrease of the rate indices. The number and localization of the affected segments of the left ventricular wall have an effect on the contractile function of the myocardium.", "PMID": 385966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7226", "title": "Biosynthesis of basement membrane matrix by isolated rat renal glomeruli.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactive precursors into the extracellular basement membrane matrix has been investigated in a purified preparation of isolated rat kidney glomeruli. Using deoxycholate extraction of isolated glomeruli which were incubated with radioactively labeled amino acids and carbohydrates, as an assay system for the measurement of incorporation of basement membrane precursors into intact deoxycholate insoluble basement membrane material, we demonstrated the in vitro biosynthesis of this structure. The assay system minimized the possibility of contamination of the isolated labeled basement membrane with labeled cell membrane fragments which may occur with the standard isolation procedures involving sonication and centrifugation. A linear incorporation of labeled proline, lysine, glycine, glucosamine, and galactose into glomerular basement membrane was shown. Basement membrane synthesis was inhibited by metabolic poisons and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as by inhibitors of collagen synthesis, but not by colchicine, an inhibitor of collagen secretion. Rhe appearance of 14C-hydroxyproline in the basement membrane matrix was negligible during the first 4 hours of incubation and rose only to 1% of the total proline counts thereafter. The results are consistent with the characterization of glomerular basement membrane synthesis and deposition as a two component system comprising a rapidly synthesized and deposited noncollagenous glycoprotein component(s) and a collagenous component which is only deposited after a delay of 4 to 6 hours.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of basement membrane matrix by isolated rat renal glomeruli. The incorporation of radioactive precursors into the extracellular basement membrane matrix has been investigated in a purified preparation of isolated rat kidney glomeruli. Using deoxycholate extraction of isolated glomeruli which were incubated with radioactively labeled amino acids and carbohydrates, as an assay system for the measurement of incorporation of basement membrane precursors into intact deoxycholate insoluble basement membrane material, we demonstrated the in vitro biosynthesis of this structure. The assay system minimized the possibility of contamination of the isolated labeled basement membrane with labeled cell membrane fragments which may occur with the standard isolation procedures involving sonication and centrifugation. A linear incorporation of labeled proline, lysine, glycine, glucosamine, and galactose into glomerular basement membrane was shown. Basement membrane synthesis was inhibited by metabolic poisons and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as by inhibitors of collagen synthesis, but not by colchicine, an inhibitor of collagen secretion. Rhe appearance of 14C-hydroxyproline in the basement membrane matrix was negligible during the first 4 hours of incubation and rose only to 1% of the total proline counts thereafter. The results are consistent with the characterization of glomerular basement membrane synthesis and deposition as a two component system comprising a rapidly synthesized and deposited noncollagenous glycoprotein component(s) and a collagenous component which is only deposited after a delay of 4 to 6 hours.", "PMID": 385967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7227", "title": "[Orbital aspergillosis--a contribution to its diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with a case report, the mycological diagnosis and treatment of orbital aspergillosis are reviewed. In a 59-year-old male patient an exophthalmus on the right side could be diagnosed as aspergillosis spreading from the corresponding sinus maxillaris into retro- and peri-orbicular regions, after other causes had been excluded by differential diagnosis. In a biopsy specimen from the retrobulbar tumor, a fungal granuloma was found which, histologically and by isolation of the fungus, could be identified as an infection by A. fumigatus. Because of the good visus of the right eye, no exenteratio orbitae but an enoral revision of the sinus maxillaris, ethmoidal bone, and bottom of orbita was performed.--By infusions of amphotericin B and local washings with pimaricin (natamycin) in the sinus maxillaris and the region of the operation, a complete healing of the mycotic process was achieved.--Since 1 1/2 years, the patient has not had a relaps. This success of therapy was possible by exemplary cooperation of otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, pathologists and microbiologists.--In view of the prophylaxis of such infections, recent contributions to the epidemiology of aspergillosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Orbital aspergillosis--a contribution to its diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. In connection with a case report, the mycological diagnosis and treatment of orbital aspergillosis are reviewed. In a 59-year-old male patient an exophthalmus on the right side could be diagnosed as aspergillosis spreading from the corresponding sinus maxillaris into retro- and peri-orbicular regions, after other causes had been excluded by differential diagnosis. In a biopsy specimen from the retrobulbar tumor, a fungal granuloma was found which, histologically and by isolation of the fungus, could be identified as an infection by A. fumigatus. Because of the good visus of the right eye, no exenteratio orbitae but an enoral revision of the sinus maxillaris, ethmoidal bone, and bottom of orbita was performed.--By infusions of amphotericin B and local washings with pimaricin (natamycin) in the sinus maxillaris and the region of the operation, a complete healing of the mycotic process was achieved.--Since 1 1/2 years, the patient has not had a relaps. This success of therapy was possible by exemplary cooperation of otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, pathologists and microbiologists.--In view of the prophylaxis of such infections, recent contributions to the epidemiology of aspergillosis are discussed.", "PMID": 385968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7228", "title": "The clinical and physiological aspects of tuftsin deficiency syndromes exhibiting defective phagocytosis.", "content": "The tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) stimulates phagocytosis by blood neutrophilic granulocytes and tissue macrophages in a highly specific manner. Tuftsin is cleaved off the carrier gamma-globulin molecule as the free active form by two enzymes. One of these is in the spleen and the other on the outer membrane of the phagocyte. Congenital tuftsin deficiency usually arises when the peptide is mutated to an inactive peptide. The acquired type occurs if the spleen function is curtailed by removal or disease. Tuftsin deficiency is manifested by severe recurrent infections involving primarily the skin, lymph nodes and lungs. Therapy is limited to gamma-globulin injection along with appropriate chemotherapy.", "contents": "The clinical and physiological aspects of tuftsin deficiency syndromes exhibiting defective phagocytosis. The tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) stimulates phagocytosis by blood neutrophilic granulocytes and tissue macrophages in a highly specific manner. Tuftsin is cleaved off the carrier gamma-globulin molecule as the free active form by two enzymes. One of these is in the spleen and the other on the outer membrane of the phagocyte. Congenital tuftsin deficiency usually arises when the peptide is mutated to an inactive peptide. The acquired type occurs if the spleen function is curtailed by removal or disease. Tuftsin deficiency is manifested by severe recurrent infections involving primarily the skin, lymph nodes and lungs. Therapy is limited to gamma-globulin injection along with appropriate chemotherapy.", "PMID": 385971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7229", "title": "[Acute leukemia in multiple myeloma: case histories, a review of the literature and assessment of the incidence].", "content": "The results of a follow-up study of 112 patients with multiple myeloma are presented. Three of these patients developed acute leukaemia during the respective period of clinical observation (maximum: 11 years)--one case of acute myeloblastic leukaemia, myelomonocytic leukaemia and erythroleukaemia, respectively. For estimating the incidence of acute leukaemia in the presence of multiple myeloma an extended life table method was applied. On the basis of our data this method gave a probability of 5.9% for a patient to develop acute leukaemia at any time after the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. In a statistical discussion this result is considered to confirm the assumption of a highly increased AL-risk in patients with multiple myeloma. In a survey of the literature some important data of 100 cases with the association acute leukaemia--multiple myeloma are reported.", "contents": "[Acute leukemia in multiple myeloma: case histories, a review of the literature and assessment of the incidence]. The results of a follow-up study of 112 patients with multiple myeloma are presented. Three of these patients developed acute leukaemia during the respective period of clinical observation (maximum: 11 years)--one case of acute myeloblastic leukaemia, myelomonocytic leukaemia and erythroleukaemia, respectively. For estimating the incidence of acute leukaemia in the presence of multiple myeloma an extended life table method was applied. On the basis of our data this method gave a probability of 5.9% for a patient to develop acute leukaemia at any time after the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. In a statistical discussion this result is considered to confirm the assumption of a highly increased AL-risk in patients with multiple myeloma. In a survey of the literature some important data of 100 cases with the association acute leukaemia--multiple myeloma are reported.", "PMID": 385972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7230", "title": "Computer-assisted morphometric analysis for three-dimensional cell shape.", "content": "Quantitative, morphometric analysis of 3-dimensional cell shape may prove to be a valuable adjunct to scanning electron microscopy and to the evaluation of epithelial transport phenomena. Therefore, to facilitate the wider use of cell shape analysis, a computer-assisted technique has been developed to supplement or replace the usually tedious and otherwise limited manual techniques previously available. The computer programs described here have been designed to run in a small laboratory computer, do not require a large amount of operator time, and are shown to provide an accuracy and efficiency not practical with manual procedures.", "contents": "Computer-assisted morphometric analysis for three-dimensional cell shape. Quantitative, morphometric analysis of 3-dimensional cell shape may prove to be a valuable adjunct to scanning electron microscopy and to the evaluation of epithelial transport phenomena. Therefore, to facilitate the wider use of cell shape analysis, a computer-assisted technique has been developed to supplement or replace the usually tedious and otherwise limited manual techniques previously available. The computer programs described here have been designed to run in a small laboratory computer, do not require a large amount of operator time, and are shown to provide an accuracy and efficiency not practical with manual procedures.", "PMID": 385977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7231", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of fibronectin in the human kidney.", "content": "Fibronectin is a glycoprotein shown previously to be present on the surfaces of cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids. Its distribution in the human kidney was evaluated by immunofluorescence methods studying 65 renal biopsies with a variety of pathologic disorders. Fibronectin was found in the mesangium of the normal kidney and increased proportionately in the disease states characterized by mesangial expansion. It was visualized in glomerular capillary loops in some biopsies with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and membranous nephropathy. Additionally, fibronectin was detected in glomerular crescents, diabetic nodules, vascular thrombi, glomerular sclerosis, and variably in the interstitium.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of fibronectin in the human kidney. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein shown previously to be present on the surfaces of cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids. Its distribution in the human kidney was evaluated by immunofluorescence methods studying 65 renal biopsies with a variety of pathologic disorders. Fibronectin was found in the mesangium of the normal kidney and increased proportionately in the disease states characterized by mesangial expansion. It was visualized in glomerular capillary loops in some biopsies with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and membranous nephropathy. Additionally, fibronectin was detected in glomerular crescents, diabetic nodules, vascular thrombi, glomerular sclerosis, and variably in the interstitium.", "PMID": 385978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7232", "title": "[Current concepts concerning the genesis of vestibulo-vegetative disorders in weightlessness].", "content": "The up-to-date hypotheses of the genesis of vestibulo-vegetative disorders in weightlessness are taken under critical analysis. Preference is given to the concept which attaches greatest importance to the changes in stereotyped interactions of analyzers responsible for space perception. It is, however, emphasized that neither hypothesis can account for all the phenomena seen in crewmembers in orbital flight. It is, therefore, indicated that mechanisms of vestibulo-vegetative disorders need further study. It is believed that the most promising line of research is to study the role of endogenous factors determining individual variations of motion sickness susceptibility.", "contents": "[Current concepts concerning the genesis of vestibulo-vegetative disorders in weightlessness]. The up-to-date hypotheses of the genesis of vestibulo-vegetative disorders in weightlessness are taken under critical analysis. Preference is given to the concept which attaches greatest importance to the changes in stereotyped interactions of analyzers responsible for space perception. It is, however, emphasized that neither hypothesis can account for all the phenomena seen in crewmembers in orbital flight. It is, therefore, indicated that mechanisms of vestibulo-vegetative disorders need further study. It is believed that the most promising line of research is to study the role of endogenous factors determining individual variations of motion sickness susceptibility.", "PMID": 385976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7233", "title": "The alcoholic personality. A reanalysis of the literature.", "content": "A review of the literature suggests that the concept of \"the alcoholic personality\" might be usefully broken down into two concepts--a clinical alcoholic personality and a prealcoholic personality.", "contents": "The alcoholic personality. A reanalysis of the literature. A review of the literature suggests that the concept of \"the alcoholic personality\" might be usefully broken down into two concepts--a clinical alcoholic personality and a prealcoholic personality.", "PMID": 385996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7234", "title": "Anaplastic cardcinoma of the thyroid in a population irradiated for Hodgkin Disease, 1910--1960.", "content": "Post-irradiation carcinoma of the thyroid is usually histologically well-differentiated. In general, those subjects who developed carcinoma had been exposed to low-to-moderate doses of irradiation for benign conditions. We reviewed the charts of 520 patients with Hodgkin's disease seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, and found 2 cases of anaplastic carcinoma amongst other thyroidal abnormalities. The existing reports of post-irradiation carcinoma are reviewed and suggestions are made for the management of heavily irradiated, potentially cured patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Anaplastic cardcinoma of the thyroid in a population irradiated for Hodgkin Disease, 1910--1960. Post-irradiation carcinoma of the thyroid is usually histologically well-differentiated. In general, those subjects who developed carcinoma had been exposed to low-to-moderate doses of irradiation for benign conditions. We reviewed the charts of 520 patients with Hodgkin's disease seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, and found 2 cases of anaplastic carcinoma amongst other thyroidal abnormalities. The existing reports of post-irradiation carcinoma are reviewed and suggestions are made for the management of heavily irradiated, potentially cured patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 385997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7235", "title": "Simple method for measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution after cardiac operation.", "content": "Cardiac output by the thermodilution technique was measured by a new No. 2 Fr. transthoracic (2F-TT) thermistor catheter placed at cardiac operation into the pulmonary artery directly through the right ventricular outflow tract. Cold (0 degree C) 5% dextrose in water (D5W) was used as indicator and injected through a percutaneously placed central venous pressure (CVP) catheter in the jugular vein. Comparison to the No. 7 Fr. Swan-Ganz (7F-SG) catheter demonstrated a close correlation (r = 0.87) and almost identical mean thermodilution cardiac output values during 530 determinations in 10 patients. No difficulty was experienced in insertion or removal of the 2F-TT catheter and no bleeding complications were noted. Experiments in six dogs showed that variation in position of the tip of the CVP catheter within the superior vena caval venous system and right atrium was not a critical factor in measurement of thermodilution cardiac output. The thermodilution cardiac output technique in general and the ease of insertion, as well as the small size of the 2F-TT catheter, should make this method especially advantageous in infants and small children.", "contents": "Simple method for measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution after cardiac operation. Cardiac output by the thermodilution technique was measured by a new No. 2 Fr. transthoracic (2F-TT) thermistor catheter placed at cardiac operation into the pulmonary artery directly through the right ventricular outflow tract. Cold (0 degree C) 5% dextrose in water (D5W) was used as indicator and injected through a percutaneously placed central venous pressure (CVP) catheter in the jugular vein. Comparison to the No. 7 Fr. Swan-Ganz (7F-SG) catheter demonstrated a close correlation (r = 0.87) and almost identical mean thermodilution cardiac output values during 530 determinations in 10 patients. No difficulty was experienced in insertion or removal of the 2F-TT catheter and no bleeding complications were noted. Experiments in six dogs showed that variation in position of the tip of the CVP catheter within the superior vena caval venous system and right atrium was not a critical factor in measurement of thermodilution cardiac output. The thermodilution cardiac output technique in general and the ease of insertion, as well as the small size of the 2F-TT catheter, should make this method especially advantageous in infants and small children.", "PMID": 385998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7236", "title": "Swaddling then, there and now: historical, anthropological and current practices.", "content": "Swaddling is an ancient practice which has been used for many reasons in almost every country in the world. Some current investigators have noted that the inhibition of movement by swaddling seems to quiet irritable babies and this might be a useful nursing intervention.", "contents": "Swaddling then, there and now: historical, anthropological and current practices. Swaddling is an ancient practice which has been used for many reasons in almost every country in the world. Some current investigators have noted that the inhibition of movement by swaddling seems to quiet irritable babies and this might be a useful nursing intervention.", "PMID": 385999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7237", "title": "Age-related changes in immune function of rats and the effect of long-term hypophysectomy.", "content": "The effect of age on the ability of rats to raise antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and on the number of IgM plaque-forming cells in the spleen was investigated. An age-related decline in both parameters was observed. Additionally, the possibility that long-term hypophysectomy coupled with minimal replacement therapy might result in a delay and/or reversal of the age-related decline in immune function was studied. It was observed that long-term hypophysectomized rats responded better to immunization with sheep erythrocytes than did their age-matched unoperated littermates. The possible relationship of this to aging is discussed.", "contents": "Age-related changes in immune function of rats and the effect of long-term hypophysectomy. The effect of age on the ability of rats to raise antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and on the number of IgM plaque-forming cells in the spleen was investigated. An age-related decline in both parameters was observed. Additionally, the possibility that long-term hypophysectomy coupled with minimal replacement therapy might result in a delay and/or reversal of the age-related decline in immune function was studied. It was observed that long-term hypophysectomized rats responded better to immunization with sheep erythrocytes than did their age-matched unoperated littermates. The possible relationship of this to aging is discussed.", "PMID": 386005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7238", "title": "Pathology: the evolution of a specialty in American medicine.", "content": "The historical evolution of pathology as a full-time specialty in medicine is viewed as a response of pathologists to changes in the level and pattern of demand for their services. The development and decline of morphologic pathology, changes in academic pathology and the evolution of clinical pathology from a medical specialty to an industry with an extensive division of labor are all examined in this perspective. It is shown that pathology as a medical specialty is most successful within a limited range of demand, neither too low to support full-time specialization nor too high to lead to deprofessionalization through routinization of the work activities of pathologists.", "contents": "Pathology: the evolution of a specialty in American medicine. The historical evolution of pathology as a full-time specialty in medicine is viewed as a response of pathologists to changes in the level and pattern of demand for their services. The development and decline of morphologic pathology, changes in academic pathology and the evolution of clinical pathology from a medical specialty to an industry with an extensive division of labor are all examined in this perspective. It is shown that pathology as a medical specialty is most successful within a limited range of demand, neither too low to support full-time specialization nor too high to lead to deprofessionalization through routinization of the work activities of pathologists.", "PMID": 386008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7239", "title": "[Antibiotic treatment of pneumococcal meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumococcal meningitis, which represents the third in frequency among the purulent forms of meningitis, continues to be, in spite of antibiotic therapy, a serious problem due to its high mortality rate, which reaches 50 per cent in patients of advanced age. The antibiotic treatment of choice is penicillin G, using chloramphenicol as the substitute antibiotic and the cephalosporins in other instances. This article is a review of the cases of pneumococcal meningitis which were admitted to our hospital in the period between 1969-1977, placing especial stress on the therapy followed. Our experience in the treatment of 28 patients affected with this condition indicates therapeutic success in 45 per cent of the cases treated with penicillin G, and a rate of 70 per cent using cephaloridine. In view of these results we believe that cephaloridine should be considered an important alternative antibiotic in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis.", "contents": "[Antibiotic treatment of pneumococcal meningitis (author's transl)]. Pneumococcal meningitis, which represents the third in frequency among the purulent forms of meningitis, continues to be, in spite of antibiotic therapy, a serious problem due to its high mortality rate, which reaches 50 per cent in patients of advanced age. The antibiotic treatment of choice is penicillin G, using chloramphenicol as the substitute antibiotic and the cephalosporins in other instances. This article is a review of the cases of pneumococcal meningitis which were admitted to our hospital in the period between 1969-1977, placing especial stress on the therapy followed. Our experience in the treatment of 28 patients affected with this condition indicates therapeutic success in 45 per cent of the cases treated with penicillin G, and a rate of 70 per cent using cephaloridine. In view of these results we believe that cephaloridine should be considered an important alternative antibiotic in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis.", "PMID": 386009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7240", "title": "[Early ureteral complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Ureteral complications occurred in 23 cases after 225 renal transplantations. The complications consisted of 17 urinary fistulas and 6 stenoses of the ureter. Fourteen of the urinary fistulas were successfully treated by conservative management. Two transplants were lost secondary to operation because of ureteral obstruction. Factors contributing to ureteral leakage were the technique of ureteral anastomosis, the handling of the donor ureter during donor nephrectomy and possibly ureteral necrosis by rejection crises. Ureteral stenosis and rejection crisis may have the same symptoms. Urinary fistulas can easily be observed by the urine extravasation. The treatment of urinary fistulas can be managed only by replacing the suprapubical drainage. The stenosis of ureter with subsequent deterioration of graft function needs an operation with the danger of loss of the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "[Early ureteral complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Ureteral complications occurred in 23 cases after 225 renal transplantations. The complications consisted of 17 urinary fistulas and 6 stenoses of the ureter. Fourteen of the urinary fistulas were successfully treated by conservative management. Two transplants were lost secondary to operation because of ureteral obstruction. Factors contributing to ureteral leakage were the technique of ureteral anastomosis, the handling of the donor ureter during donor nephrectomy and possibly ureteral necrosis by rejection crises. Ureteral stenosis and rejection crisis may have the same symptoms. Urinary fistulas can easily be observed by the urine extravasation. The treatment of urinary fistulas can be managed only by replacing the suprapubical drainage. The stenosis of ureter with subsequent deterioration of graft function needs an operation with the danger of loss of the transplanted kidney.", "PMID": 386012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7241", "title": "Use of an interactive teaching program to teach medical workers, about MUMPS programming.", "content": "The MUMPS computer language is widely and increasingly used for medical applications. It is useful for medical students and others in the medical environment to have an understanding of such languages that can help them perform their jobs well. The author is therefore making available an interactive teaching program to instruct such people in the MUMPS computer language. Use of the teaching program is reported for 19 novice MUMPS programmers and compared with results for two experienced programmers. Free-text comments by the novices emphasize areas in which they had difficulty. There is a considerable variation in the mean time taken by the novices to answer the questions, and in the number of questions repeated because of erroneous answers. Most novices found the teaching program very helpful. A copy of the Standard MUMPS teaching program and the QUEST driver on which it is based has been sent to 24 institutions, including six in Europe and one in Japan, for further use.", "contents": "Use of an interactive teaching program to teach medical workers, about MUMPS programming. The MUMPS computer language is widely and increasingly used for medical applications. It is useful for medical students and others in the medical environment to have an understanding of such languages that can help them perform their jobs well. The author is therefore making available an interactive teaching program to instruct such people in the MUMPS computer language. Use of the teaching program is reported for 19 novice MUMPS programmers and compared with results for two experienced programmers. Free-text comments by the novices emphasize areas in which they had difficulty. There is a considerable variation in the mean time taken by the novices to answer the questions, and in the number of questions repeated because of erroneous answers. Most novices found the teaching program very helpful. A copy of the Standard MUMPS teaching program and the QUEST driver on which it is based has been sent to 24 institutions, including six in Europe and one in Japan, for further use.", "PMID": 386010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7242", "title": "An interactive computer program to teach and investigate diagnostic processing.", "content": "An interactive computer program designed to present information about a patient taken from a history, physical examination and investigations is described. The application and advantages of the technique for the purposes of teaching and investigating medical (diagnostic) problem-solving are briefly discussed.", "contents": "An interactive computer program to teach and investigate diagnostic processing. An interactive computer program designed to present information about a patient taken from a history, physical examination and investigations is described. The application and advantages of the technique for the purposes of teaching and investigating medical (diagnostic) problem-solving are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 386011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7243", "title": "Modelling in biomechanics: an overview.", "content": "The state of the art in biomechanical modelling is reviewed with specific reference being made to physical and mathematical idealizations of the human body and its segments. Scale models and anthropomorphic dummies which fall within the physical category are discussed briefly. Mathematical models which are much more prevalent and virtually synonymous with computer simulation models are then considered in two major classifications: deformable element and rigid body representations. The former include lumped parameter, discrete parameter, finite element and continuum models and are commonly used to represent the vertebral column. Examples of rigid body models of the total body response and inertial parameter variety are outlined. Finally, topics relating directly to the construction of sport and locomotion models are discussed. These include considerations for developing a static or dynamic model, utilizing Newtonian or Lagrangian equations of motion, and dealing with indeterminate systems.", "contents": "Modelling in biomechanics: an overview. The state of the art in biomechanical modelling is reviewed with specific reference being made to physical and mathematical idealizations of the human body and its segments. Scale models and anthropomorphic dummies which fall within the physical category are discussed briefly. Mathematical models which are much more prevalent and virtually synonymous with computer simulation models are then considered in two major classifications: deformable element and rigid body representations. The former include lumped parameter, discrete parameter, finite element and continuum models and are commonly used to represent the vertebral column. Examples of rigid body models of the total body response and inertial parameter variety are outlined. Finally, topics relating directly to the construction of sport and locomotion models are discussed. These include considerations for developing a static or dynamic model, utilizing Newtonian or Lagrangian equations of motion, and dealing with indeterminate systems.", "PMID": 386021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7244", "title": "[Possibilities of using lasers in medical endoscopy].", "content": "The article presents a review and analysis of publications dealing with laser use in endoscopy. Construction of light guides and laser-endoscope models are discussed intended for bleeding coagulation, neoplasm destruction and stimulation of regenerative processes in pathologically changed tissues.", "contents": "[Possibilities of using lasers in medical endoscopy]. The article presents a review and analysis of publications dealing with laser use in endoscopy. Construction of light guides and laser-endoscope models are discussed intended for bleeding coagulation, neoplasm destruction and stimulation of regenerative processes in pathologically changed tissues.", "PMID": 386023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7245", "title": "Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance interaction in diabetes: estimation of their relative contribution by feedback analysis from basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations.", "content": "The liver and beta cells function in a negative feedback loop, which appears to have a predominant role in regulating both the basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. The degree of basal hyperglycemia in diabetes probably provides a bioassay of both the effect of a reduction in insulin secretory capacity and the degree of insulin resistance. A mathematic model of the interaction of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance has been constructed, based on the known response characteristics of the beta cells to glucose, and of plasma glucose and insulin control of hepatic and peripherpal glucose flux. The degree to which beta cell deficiency increases basal plasma glucose reflects the hyperbolic shape of the normal insulin secretory response to different glucose concentrations. The height of basal plasma insulin is a function of the degree of insulin resistance. From the basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, the model provides an estimate of the degree to which both beta cell deficiency and insulin resistance contribute to diabetes. The predictions arising from the model are in accord with experimental data in man and in animals. In normal-weight diabetics who do not have increased insulin resistance, the model predicts that more than 85% of beta cell function has to be lost for the basal plasma glucose to rise to 6 mmol/liter, but a further 5%--10% loss increases the basal plasma glucose to over 10 mmol/liter. In a third of a consecutive series of 65 newly presenting, uncomplicated diabetics, both normal weight and obese, the analysis from the model suggested that insulin resistance, rather than beta cell deficit, was the predominant feature.", "contents": "Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance interaction in diabetes: estimation of their relative contribution by feedback analysis from basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. The liver and beta cells function in a negative feedback loop, which appears to have a predominant role in regulating both the basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. The degree of basal hyperglycemia in diabetes probably provides a bioassay of both the effect of a reduction in insulin secretory capacity and the degree of insulin resistance. A mathematic model of the interaction of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance has been constructed, based on the known response characteristics of the beta cells to glucose, and of plasma glucose and insulin control of hepatic and peripherpal glucose flux. The degree to which beta cell deficiency increases basal plasma glucose reflects the hyperbolic shape of the normal insulin secretory response to different glucose concentrations. The height of basal plasma insulin is a function of the degree of insulin resistance. From the basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, the model provides an estimate of the degree to which both beta cell deficiency and insulin resistance contribute to diabetes. The predictions arising from the model are in accord with experimental data in man and in animals. In normal-weight diabetics who do not have increased insulin resistance, the model predicts that more than 85% of beta cell function has to be lost for the basal plasma glucose to rise to 6 mmol/liter, but a further 5%--10% loss increases the basal plasma glucose to over 10 mmol/liter. In a third of a consecutive series of 65 newly presenting, uncomplicated diabetics, both normal weight and obese, the analysis from the model suggested that insulin resistance, rather than beta cell deficit, was the predominant feature.", "PMID": 386029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7246", "title": "Isolation and characterization of DNA repetitions carrying the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A ColEl hybrid plasmid, pNUl, carrying the amp operon coding for chromosomal beta-lactamase was isolated from the Clarke and Carbon collection and physically mapped. The physical location of ampC within this plasmid was further deduced by in vitro cloning. By reciprocal recombination between pNUl and chromosome of two unstable beta-lactamase hyperproducing E. coli K-12 mutants a large plasmid from each mutant was obtained. The respective plasmid was physically mapped and found to contain five and two repeated DNA segments. The repetitions within each plasmid were equal in size, 9,800 bp and 11,900 bp respectively and were organized in tandem. The end points of the repeats were different in the two plasmids but shared a DNA segment carrying the ampC gene. The chromosomal DNA of the beta-lactamase hyperproducing E. coli mutants were found to contain an amplified DNA segment equal in size to the repeated unit found in the respective plasmid. The data shows that up to 10 identical repeats organized in tandem can be generated by a normal mutation frequency in E. coli.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of DNA repetitions carrying the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene of Escherichia coli K-12. A ColEl hybrid plasmid, pNUl, carrying the amp operon coding for chromosomal beta-lactamase was isolated from the Clarke and Carbon collection and physically mapped. The physical location of ampC within this plasmid was further deduced by in vitro cloning. By reciprocal recombination between pNUl and chromosome of two unstable beta-lactamase hyperproducing E. coli K-12 mutants a large plasmid from each mutant was obtained. The respective plasmid was physically mapped and found to contain five and two repeated DNA segments. The repetitions within each plasmid were equal in size, 9,800 bp and 11,900 bp respectively and were organized in tandem. The end points of the repeats were different in the two plasmids but shared a DNA segment carrying the ampC gene. The chromosomal DNA of the beta-lactamase hyperproducing E. coli mutants were found to contain an amplified DNA segment equal in size to the repeated unit found in the respective plasmid. The data shows that up to 10 identical repeats organized in tandem can be generated by a normal mutation frequency in E. coli.", "PMID": 386030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7247", "title": "Relief of polarity in E. coli depleted of 30S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Escherichia coli was depleted of ribosomes by a thermal shock at 47 degrees C which quantitatively destroyed the 30S ribosomal subunits. During recovery in minimal medium at 30 degrees C RNA is synthesized while protein synthesis resumes only after about 90 min. It is shown that lac mRNA is synthesized in the complete absence of ribosomal activity and hence RNA synthesis is not coupled to protein synthesis. Lac mRNA from a series of lac nonsense mutants was examined in both heated and untreated cells. It was found that the polar effect of nonsense mutation is relieved in the absence of ribosomes and that this relief is due to the synthesis of larger mRNA molecules. Since Rho remained active in thermally treated cells, premature termination at secondary signals within the lac operon must also depend on the presence of active ribosomes.", "contents": "Relief of polarity in E. coli depleted of 30S ribosomal subunits. Escherichia coli was depleted of ribosomes by a thermal shock at 47 degrees C which quantitatively destroyed the 30S ribosomal subunits. During recovery in minimal medium at 30 degrees C RNA is synthesized while protein synthesis resumes only after about 90 min. It is shown that lac mRNA is synthesized in the complete absence of ribosomal activity and hence RNA synthesis is not coupled to protein synthesis. Lac mRNA from a series of lac nonsense mutants was examined in both heated and untreated cells. It was found that the polar effect of nonsense mutation is relieved in the absence of ribosomes and that this relief is due to the synthesis of larger mRNA molecules. Since Rho remained active in thermally treated cells, premature termination at secondary signals within the lac operon must also depend on the presence of active ribosomes.", "PMID": 386031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7248", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of lac mRNA in E. coli depleted of 30S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Escherichia coli was depleted of active ribosomes by a thermal shock at 47 degrees C which quantitatively destroyed the 30S ribosomal subunits. During recovery, RNA is synthesized while protein synthesis resumes only after about 90 minutes. It is shown that lac mRNA is synthesized in the complete absence of ribosomal activity and hence RNA synthesis is not coupled to protein synthesis. Transcription time and average transcript length were slightly less than in untreated cells. lac mRNA was degraded much more slowly in bacteria depleted of ribosomes. In E. coli W both functional half life (T 1/2 = 28 min vs. 2.25 in untreated cells) and chemical stability. The analysis of rna and pnp mutants showed that polynucleotide phosphorylase is involved in lac mRNA degradation in heat treated cells but that RNase I is not. The functional T 1/2 was increased in pnp mutants and was 95 min during the recovery period. The rate of chemical decay is so slow that the half-life cannot be accurately determined.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of lac mRNA in E. coli depleted of 30S ribosomal subunits. Escherichia coli was depleted of active ribosomes by a thermal shock at 47 degrees C which quantitatively destroyed the 30S ribosomal subunits. During recovery, RNA is synthesized while protein synthesis resumes only after about 90 minutes. It is shown that lac mRNA is synthesized in the complete absence of ribosomal activity and hence RNA synthesis is not coupled to protein synthesis. Transcription time and average transcript length were slightly less than in untreated cells. lac mRNA was degraded much more slowly in bacteria depleted of ribosomes. In E. coli W both functional half life (T 1/2 = 28 min vs. 2.25 in untreated cells) and chemical stability. The analysis of rna and pnp mutants showed that polynucleotide phosphorylase is involved in lac mRNA degradation in heat treated cells but that RNase I is not. The functional T 1/2 was increased in pnp mutants and was 95 min during the recovery period. The rate of chemical decay is so slow that the half-life cannot be accurately determined.", "PMID": 386032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7249", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in in vitro RNA polymerase B(II) activity.", "content": "Two hundred strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae temperature sensitive for RNA synthesis were selected and screened in crude extracts for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities. One strain was isolated which had only residual in vitro RNA polymerase B activity. In normal growth conditions total RNA, poly A+ RNA and protein synthesis were indistinguishable from those of the wild type strain at 23 degrees C and after shift to 37 degrees C. A temperature sensitive phenotype was detected only when rpoB containing strains were grown in adverse conditions. The mutant character showed mendelian segregation and was coexpressed with the wild type character in heterozygous diploids. Residual enzyme activity was characterised in crude extracts using synthetic polymers and natural templates in different ionic conditions.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in in vitro RNA polymerase B(II) activity. Two hundred strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae temperature sensitive for RNA synthesis were selected and screened in crude extracts for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities. One strain was isolated which had only residual in vitro RNA polymerase B activity. In normal growth conditions total RNA, poly A+ RNA and protein synthesis were indistinguishable from those of the wild type strain at 23 degrees C and after shift to 37 degrees C. A temperature sensitive phenotype was detected only when rpoB containing strains were grown in adverse conditions. The mutant character showed mendelian segregation and was coexpressed with the wild type character in heterozygous diploids. Residual enzyme activity was characterised in crude extracts using synthetic polymers and natural templates in different ionic conditions.", "PMID": 386033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7250", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 51: biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting the mitochondrial ribosome by conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "An examination of the effect of the aminoglycoside antibiotics paromomycin and neomycin on mitochondrial ribosome function in yeast has been made. Both antibiotics are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria. With isolated mitochondrial ribosomes programmed with polyuridylic acid (poly U), the drugs are shown to inhibit polyphenylalanine synthesis at moderately high concentrations (above 100 microgram/ml). At lower concentrations (about 10 microgram/ml), paromomycin and neomycin cause a 2-3 fold stimulation in the extent of misreading of the UUU codons in poly U, over and above the significant level of misreading catalyzed by the ribosomes in the absence of drugs. Comparative studies have been made between a paromomycin sensitive strain D585-11C and a mutant strain 4810P carrying the par l-r mutation in mtDNA, which leads to high resistance to both paromomycin and neomycin in vivo. A high level of resistance to these antibiotics is observed in strain 4810P at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Whilst the degree of resistance of isolated mitochondrial ribosomes from strain 4810P judged by the inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by paromomycin and neomycin is not extensive, studies on misreading of the poly U message promoted by these drugs demonstrate convincingly the altered properties of mitochondrial ribosomes from the mutant strain 4810P. These ribosomes show resistance to the stimulation of misreading of the codon UUU brought about by paromomycin and neomycin in wild-type mitochondrial ribosomes. Although strain 4810P was originally isolated as being resistant to paromomycin, in all the in vitro amino acid incorporation systems tested here, the 4810P mitochondrial ribosomes show a higher degree of resistance to neomycin than to paromomycin. It is concluded that the parl-r mutation in strain 4810P affects a component of the mitochondrial ribosome, possibly by altering the 15S rRNA or a protein of the small ribosomal subunit. The further elucidation of the functions in the ribosomes that are modified by the parl-r mutation was hampered by the inability of current preparations of yeast mitochondrial ribosomes to translate efficiently natural messenger RNAs from the several sources tested.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 51: biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting the mitochondrial ribosome by conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. An examination of the effect of the aminoglycoside antibiotics paromomycin and neomycin on mitochondrial ribosome function in yeast has been made. Both antibiotics are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria. With isolated mitochondrial ribosomes programmed with polyuridylic acid (poly U), the drugs are shown to inhibit polyphenylalanine synthesis at moderately high concentrations (above 100 microgram/ml). At lower concentrations (about 10 microgram/ml), paromomycin and neomycin cause a 2-3 fold stimulation in the extent of misreading of the UUU codons in poly U, over and above the significant level of misreading catalyzed by the ribosomes in the absence of drugs. Comparative studies have been made between a paromomycin sensitive strain D585-11C and a mutant strain 4810P carrying the par l-r mutation in mtDNA, which leads to high resistance to both paromomycin and neomycin in vivo. A high level of resistance to these antibiotics is observed in strain 4810P at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Whilst the degree of resistance of isolated mitochondrial ribosomes from strain 4810P judged by the inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by paromomycin and neomycin is not extensive, studies on misreading of the poly U message promoted by these drugs demonstrate convincingly the altered properties of mitochondrial ribosomes from the mutant strain 4810P. These ribosomes show resistance to the stimulation of misreading of the codon UUU brought about by paromomycin and neomycin in wild-type mitochondrial ribosomes. Although strain 4810P was originally isolated as being resistant to paromomycin, in all the in vitro amino acid incorporation systems tested here, the 4810P mitochondrial ribosomes show a higher degree of resistance to neomycin than to paromomycin. It is concluded that the parl-r mutation in strain 4810P affects a component of the mitochondrial ribosome, possibly by altering the 15S rRNA or a protein of the small ribosomal subunit. The further elucidation of the functions in the ribosomes that are modified by the parl-r mutation was hampered by the inability of current preparations of yeast mitochondrial ribosomes to translate efficiently natural messenger RNAs from the several sources tested.", "PMID": 386034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7251", "title": "Post-translational modification of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S6.", "content": "Escherichia coli has multiple forms of ribosomal protein S6, differing in number of glutamyl resideus at the C-terminal end. Three forms are revealed when crude cell extracts are fractionated by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique. Pulse-chase experiments show that the shortest and most alkaline form of S6 is the first to appear. In about one doubling time this form reaches equilibrium with the two other forms of S6, implicating the existence of an enzyme, which adds glutamic acid residues to S6. We show that the relative levels of these three S6 forms are not affected by the growth rate of the culture.", "contents": "Post-translational modification of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S6. Escherichia coli has multiple forms of ribosomal protein S6, differing in number of glutamyl resideus at the C-terminal end. Three forms are revealed when crude cell extracts are fractionated by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique. Pulse-chase experiments show that the shortest and most alkaline form of S6 is the first to appear. In about one doubling time this form reaches equilibrium with the two other forms of S6, implicating the existence of an enzyme, which adds glutamic acid residues to S6. We show that the relative levels of these three S6 forms are not affected by the growth rate of the culture.", "PMID": 386035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7252", "title": "Restriction enzyme analysis of the plasmid ColIb DNA.", "content": "Plasmid ColIb (61.5 Mdal) was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII. The DNA digestion products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.2% agarose gels. There were identified 22 fragments of ColIb DNA generated by the endonuclease EcoRI and 21 fragments produced by HindIII. Molecular weights of the fragments were estimated. The total molecular weight of the fragments generated by EcoRI was 61.42 Mdal and for HindIII fragments 62.79 Mdal.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme analysis of the plasmid ColIb DNA. Plasmid ColIb (61.5 Mdal) was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII. The DNA digestion products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.2% agarose gels. There were identified 22 fragments of ColIb DNA generated by the endonuclease EcoRI and 21 fragments produced by HindIII. Molecular weights of the fragments were estimated. The total molecular weight of the fragments generated by EcoRI was 61.42 Mdal and for HindIII fragments 62.79 Mdal.", "PMID": 386036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7253", "title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in the maturation of ribosomal RNA.", "content": "Slow-growing mutants were isolated after mutagenesis of the osmotic-sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae VY1160. The isolated mutants in rich media have generation times from 300 to 400 min at 30 degrees C. Studies on the biosynthesis of rRNAX have shown, that the processing of 37S pre-rRNA in 6 of the slow-growing mutants occurs 3 to 4 times slower than in the parental strain. These mutants with decreased rate of rRNA maturation are of two different types. In some of them the processing of both 37S and 27S pre-rRNA is slowed down, while the mutants from the second group are acharacterized by a specific inhibition of the step 27S pre-rRNA leads to 25S rRNA. Experiments in which the synthesis of macromolecules was studied, have shown that in the mutants and in the parental strain, RNA and proteins are synthesized at comparable rates. Preliminary results suggest that the decreased rate of rRNA processing in three of the isolated mutants might be due to an insufficient function of the enzymes involved in the maturation of rRNA.", "contents": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in the maturation of ribosomal RNA. Slow-growing mutants were isolated after mutagenesis of the osmotic-sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae VY1160. The isolated mutants in rich media have generation times from 300 to 400 min at 30 degrees C. Studies on the biosynthesis of rRNAX have shown, that the processing of 37S pre-rRNA in 6 of the slow-growing mutants occurs 3 to 4 times slower than in the parental strain. These mutants with decreased rate of rRNA maturation are of two different types. In some of them the processing of both 37S and 27S pre-rRNA is slowed down, while the mutants from the second group are acharacterized by a specific inhibition of the step 27S pre-rRNA leads to 25S rRNA. Experiments in which the synthesis of macromolecules was studied, have shown that in the mutants and in the parental strain, RNA and proteins are synthesized at comparable rates. Preliminary results suggest that the decreased rate of rRNA processing in three of the isolated mutants might be due to an insufficient function of the enzymes involved in the maturation of rRNA.", "PMID": 386037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7254", "title": "Deletions, insertions and rearrangements affecting rpoB gene expression.", "content": "Through cloning and deletion experiments on ColEl hybrids the rpoB gene (Rifr) was located on a physical restriction map; RNA polymerase binding studies showed no binding site within the structural gene. The genetic data and RNA polymerase binding studies lead to the conclusion that rp/L and rpoB are dependent upon a common promoter.", "contents": "Deletions, insertions and rearrangements affecting rpoB gene expression. Through cloning and deletion experiments on ColEl hybrids the rpoB gene (Rifr) was located on a physical restriction map; RNA polymerase binding studies showed no binding site within the structural gene. The genetic data and RNA polymerase binding studies lead to the conclusion that rp/L and rpoB are dependent upon a common promoter.", "PMID": 386038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7255", "title": "The effects of an Escherichia coli dnaAts mutation on the replication of the plasmids colE1 pSC101, R100.1 and RTF-TC.", "content": "The rate of replication of the plasmids colE1, pSC101, R100.1 and pAR132 (an RTF-TC derivative of the drug resistance factor R100.1) has been investigated directly by DNA:DNA hybridization. These rates have been compared, in a dnaAts strain, to that of various markers of the host chromosome at permissive and non-permissive temperatures. Chromosome initiation in the dnaAts strain stops rapidly after a shift to the non-permissive temperature, but plasmids R100.1 and pAR132 do not seem to be affected directly and continue replication for some time. The colE1 replication rate undergoes a large increase after the temperature shift, followed by a rapid decrease to a very low level 25 min after the shift. In contrast pSC101 replication stops immediately after the shift. ColE1 is able to replicate in an integratively suppressed dnaAts strain at 42 degrees C whereas pSC101 stops replication immediately under these conditions. We conclude that R100.1 and its derivative RTF-TC can replicate without a functional dnaA product; that colE1, while affected by a shift in temperature in a dnaAts strain, does not directly require dnaA; and that the plasmid pSC101 has an absolute requirement for dnaA. The absolute requirement of pSC101 for dnaA in the integratively suppressed Hfr strain provides a useful system for further investigation of the dnaA function.", "contents": "The effects of an Escherichia coli dnaAts mutation on the replication of the plasmids colE1 pSC101, R100.1 and RTF-TC. The rate of replication of the plasmids colE1, pSC101, R100.1 and pAR132 (an RTF-TC derivative of the drug resistance factor R100.1) has been investigated directly by DNA:DNA hybridization. These rates have been compared, in a dnaAts strain, to that of various markers of the host chromosome at permissive and non-permissive temperatures. Chromosome initiation in the dnaAts strain stops rapidly after a shift to the non-permissive temperature, but plasmids R100.1 and pAR132 do not seem to be affected directly and continue replication for some time. The colE1 replication rate undergoes a large increase after the temperature shift, followed by a rapid decrease to a very low level 25 min after the shift. In contrast pSC101 replication stops immediately after the shift. ColE1 is able to replicate in an integratively suppressed dnaAts strain at 42 degrees C whereas pSC101 stops replication immediately under these conditions. We conclude that R100.1 and its derivative RTF-TC can replicate without a functional dnaA product; that colE1, while affected by a shift in temperature in a dnaAts strain, does not directly require dnaA; and that the plasmid pSC101 has an absolute requirement for dnaA. The absolute requirement of pSC101 for dnaA in the integratively suppressed Hfr strain provides a useful system for further investigation of the dnaA function.", "PMID": 386040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7256", "title": "Genetic analysis of the inter-relationship between plasmid replication and incompatibility.", "content": "The relationship between replication control and plasmid incompatibility has been investigated using a composite replicon, pPM1, which consists of the pSC101 plasmid ligated to another small multicopy plasmid, RSF1050. Since pPM1 can utilise the replication system of either of the two functionally distinct components, propagation of the composite plasmid can occur in the presence of a mutation of one of its moieties. Such mutants are detected by their inability to rescue the composite plasmid under conditions not permissive for replication of the other moiety. Mutations in incompatibility functions can be detected by the failure of the composite replicon to exclude co-existing plasmids carrying a replication system identical to the one on pPM1. The inability of the composite plasmid to replicate at 42 degrees in a host synthesizing temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase I, which is required by the RSF1050 replication system, was used to isolate pPM1 mutants defective in replication of the pSC101 component. Mutants defective in the incompatibility functions of pSC101 were obtained by selecting derivatives that allow the stable coexistence of a second pSC101 replicon in the same cell. Analysis of these two classes of mutants indicates that plasmids selected for defective pSC101 replication ability nervertheless retain pSC101 incompatibility. In contrast, plasmid mutants that have lost incompatibility functions were found always to be defective in replication ability.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the inter-relationship between plasmid replication and incompatibility. The relationship between replication control and plasmid incompatibility has been investigated using a composite replicon, pPM1, which consists of the pSC101 plasmid ligated to another small multicopy plasmid, RSF1050. Since pPM1 can utilise the replication system of either of the two functionally distinct components, propagation of the composite plasmid can occur in the presence of a mutation of one of its moieties. Such mutants are detected by their inability to rescue the composite plasmid under conditions not permissive for replication of the other moiety. Mutations in incompatibility functions can be detected by the failure of the composite replicon to exclude co-existing plasmids carrying a replication system identical to the one on pPM1. The inability of the composite plasmid to replicate at 42 degrees in a host synthesizing temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase I, which is required by the RSF1050 replication system, was used to isolate pPM1 mutants defective in replication of the pSC101 component. Mutants defective in the incompatibility functions of pSC101 were obtained by selecting derivatives that allow the stable coexistence of a second pSC101 replicon in the same cell. Analysis of these two classes of mutants indicates that plasmids selected for defective pSC101 replication ability nervertheless retain pSC101 incompatibility. In contrast, plasmid mutants that have lost incompatibility functions were found always to be defective in replication ability.", "PMID": 386041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7257", "title": "A dnaB analog ban, specified by bacteriophage P1: genetic and physiological evidence for functional analogy and interactions between the two products.", "content": "Bacteriophage P1 has been shown previously to determine a product ban that can substitute in DNA replication for the protein specified by cis-tron dnaB of Escherichia coli. However, ban product furnished by P1 bac prophage (ban constitutive) substitutes only poorly for DNA replication in the absence of dnaB product in a strain bearing an unsuppressed amber mutation, dnaB266, as shown by the cryosensitivity of the dnaB266 (P1 bac) lysogen and its unability to support lambda growth. An additional mutation (termed crr) in the P1 bac prophage has been obtained which confers cryoresistance to the sup+ dnaB266 (P1 bac crr) lysogen and restores its ability to support lambda growth. ban product produced in P1 bac crr lysogen fulfills all dnaB roles in vivo, especially in the various instances in which ban product expressed in P1 bac lysogens does not. The ban product is expressed constitutively in P1 crr prophage. The crr-1 mutation is tightly linied to the bac-1 and ban-1 mutations and is dominant over crr+. The nature of the crr mutation is discussed: two hypotheses are considered, that of a mutation in the ban gene rendering the ban product more active or that of a site mutation in the ban operon increasing the level of ban expression. Expression of ban product (wild type or altered) leads to interactions with the variously altered dnaB product. Both positive and negative interactions are described. Genetic results presented here suggest that ban and dnaB subunits interact to form hybrid dnaB-like molecules; the average composition of which depends on the relative quantities of ban and dnaB subunits in the cell.", "contents": "A dnaB analog ban, specified by bacteriophage P1: genetic and physiological evidence for functional analogy and interactions between the two products. Bacteriophage P1 has been shown previously to determine a product ban that can substitute in DNA replication for the protein specified by cis-tron dnaB of Escherichia coli. However, ban product furnished by P1 bac prophage (ban constitutive) substitutes only poorly for DNA replication in the absence of dnaB product in a strain bearing an unsuppressed amber mutation, dnaB266, as shown by the cryosensitivity of the dnaB266 (P1 bac) lysogen and its unability to support lambda growth. An additional mutation (termed crr) in the P1 bac prophage has been obtained which confers cryoresistance to the sup+ dnaB266 (P1 bac crr) lysogen and restores its ability to support lambda growth. ban product produced in P1 bac crr lysogen fulfills all dnaB roles in vivo, especially in the various instances in which ban product expressed in P1 bac lysogens does not. The ban product is expressed constitutively in P1 crr prophage. The crr-1 mutation is tightly linied to the bac-1 and ban-1 mutations and is dominant over crr+. The nature of the crr mutation is discussed: two hypotheses are considered, that of a mutation in the ban gene rendering the ban product more active or that of a site mutation in the ban operon increasing the level of ban expression. Expression of ban product (wild type or altered) leads to interactions with the variously altered dnaB product. Both positive and negative interactions are described. Genetic results presented here suggest that ban and dnaB subunits interact to form hybrid dnaB-like molecules; the average composition of which depends on the relative quantities of ban and dnaB subunits in the cell.", "PMID": 386042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7258", "title": "A new pleiotropic bacteriophage P1 mutation, bof, affecting c1 repression activity, the expression of plasmid incompatibility and the expression of certain constitutive prophage genes.", "content": "In bacteriophage P1 an amber mutation in a new gene, bof, has been isolated. The bof-1 phage mutant exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype; bof product is non-essential, and acts as a positive modulator. In P1 bac-1 mutants, in which a dnaB analog product, ban, is expressed constitutively, the bof product activates ban expression both in the prophage state and in lytic growth: P1 bof bac prophages have a reduced ban activity and in lytic growth P1 bof bac phages show a lower ban activity than P1 wild type. This effect on ban activity is observed specifically in P1 bac-1 mutants; it is not mediated by the c1 repressor of the lytic functions (repressor of the ban operon) since this effect occurs even if the phage carries a heat sensitive c1 repressor. Thus we concluded that the bac mutation put the ban operon under an abnormal, unknown control, modulated by the bof product. P1 bof lysogens show an increased immunity to superinfecting P1 phage and are affected in their inducibility properties; in the presence of the altered c1-100 repressor, bof product is required for maintenance of lysogeny, as shown by the induction of P1 c1-100 bof-1 lysogens at 30 degrees. P1 bof superinfecting phage can be established together with a resident P1 bof prophage in a recA host, unlike P1 wild type which cannot form double lysogens. P1 bof double lysogens are unstable and segregate one or the other prophage. P1 Cm bof and P1 Km bof lysogens show higher levels of antibiotic resistance than the corresponding bof+ lysogens. The bof gene has been mapped, in an interval defined by P1 prophage deletion end points, far from both ban and c1. All bof phenotypes are reversed by single mutations.", "contents": "A new pleiotropic bacteriophage P1 mutation, bof, affecting c1 repression activity, the expression of plasmid incompatibility and the expression of certain constitutive prophage genes. In bacteriophage P1 an amber mutation in a new gene, bof, has been isolated. The bof-1 phage mutant exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype; bof product is non-essential, and acts as a positive modulator. In P1 bac-1 mutants, in which a dnaB analog product, ban, is expressed constitutively, the bof product activates ban expression both in the prophage state and in lytic growth: P1 bof bac prophages have a reduced ban activity and in lytic growth P1 bof bac phages show a lower ban activity than P1 wild type. This effect on ban activity is observed specifically in P1 bac-1 mutants; it is not mediated by the c1 repressor of the lytic functions (repressor of the ban operon) since this effect occurs even if the phage carries a heat sensitive c1 repressor. Thus we concluded that the bac mutation put the ban operon under an abnormal, unknown control, modulated by the bof product. P1 bof lysogens show an increased immunity to superinfecting P1 phage and are affected in their inducibility properties; in the presence of the altered c1-100 repressor, bof product is required for maintenance of lysogeny, as shown by the induction of P1 c1-100 bof-1 lysogens at 30 degrees. P1 bof superinfecting phage can be established together with a resident P1 bof prophage in a recA host, unlike P1 wild type which cannot form double lysogens. P1 bof double lysogens are unstable and segregate one or the other prophage. P1 Cm bof and P1 Km bof lysogens show higher levels of antibiotic resistance than the corresponding bof+ lysogens. The bof gene has been mapped, in an interval defined by P1 prophage deletion end points, far from both ban and c1. All bof phenotypes are reversed by single mutations.", "PMID": 386043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7259", "title": "Construction of an HpaI and HindII plasmid vector allowing direct selection of transformants harboring recombinant plasmids.", "content": "The construction of the vector plasmid PKN80 is described, which can be used as HpaI or HindII cloning vehicle with direct selection on transformants harboring hybrid plasmids. pKN80 carries the EcoRI.C fragment of phage Mu DNA coding for a killing function which is efficiently expressed upon transformation of pKN80 into Mu-sensitive bacteria. Cloning of DNA fragments at the single HpaI site of pKN80 results in insertional inactivation of the killing function. Whereas religated pKN80 molecules yielded only a few transformants, the transformation efficiency had been increased by a factor of at least ten when HpaI fagments of lambda DNA were added to the linearized vector prior to ligation. More than 90% of the transformants tested containted hybrid plasmids.", "contents": "Construction of an HpaI and HindII plasmid vector allowing direct selection of transformants harboring recombinant plasmids. The construction of the vector plasmid PKN80 is described, which can be used as HpaI or HindII cloning vehicle with direct selection on transformants harboring hybrid plasmids. pKN80 carries the EcoRI.C fragment of phage Mu DNA coding for a killing function which is efficiently expressed upon transformation of pKN80 into Mu-sensitive bacteria. Cloning of DNA fragments at the single HpaI site of pKN80 results in insertional inactivation of the killing function. Whereas religated pKN80 molecules yielded only a few transformants, the transformation efficiency had been increased by a factor of at least ten when HpaI fagments of lambda DNA were added to the linearized vector prior to ligation. More than 90% of the transformants tested containted hybrid plasmids.", "PMID": 386044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7260", "title": "Failure of response of menopausal vasomotor symptoms to clonidine.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial of clonidine failed to show any effect of the drug on menopausal vasomotor symptoms. A significant placebo effect was observed, the effect being greater in those with long-standing symptoms and a high neurotic index.", "contents": "Failure of response of menopausal vasomotor symptoms to clonidine. A double-blind crossover trial of clonidine failed to show any effect of the drug on menopausal vasomotor symptoms. A significant placebo effect was observed, the effect being greater in those with long-standing symptoms and a high neurotic index.", "PMID": 386045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7261", "title": "Picro-mercuro-formol: a fixative for histochemical studies.", "content": "The mixture of saturated solutions of pieric acid and mercuric chloride in the ratio of 9:9 forms a versatile fixative when added with 2 parts of 40% formaldehyde. It works satisfactorily with a number of histochemical reagents and even histological staining methods. The fixative may be applied for various types of tissue.", "contents": "Picro-mercuro-formol: a fixative for histochemical studies. The mixture of saturated solutions of pieric acid and mercuric chloride in the ratio of 9:9 forms a versatile fixative when added with 2 parts of 40% formaldehyde. It works satisfactorily with a number of histochemical reagents and even histological staining methods. The fixative may be applied for various types of tissue.", "PMID": 386046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7262", "title": "Quantitative image analysis: applications using sequential transformations.", "content": "The theoretical foundations of quantitative image analysis and its implementation in the Leitz T.A.S. have been discussed in the preceeding paper [4]. Especially the Mathematical Morphology and its recent developments have been pointed out. Sequential image transformations are a new approach of morphological analysis. Elementary transform steps, which are hardwired in the device, performed in specific sequences, which are implemented as macroinstructions in the programming language have proven to be a very useful tool in image analysis. A specific sequence of elementary steps will be referred to as morphological function. This new approach will be illustrated by four general examples: analysis of fibers, computing the number of edges for metallic grains, separation of overlapping cells, analysis of minerals which occur free and locked to another one.", "contents": "Quantitative image analysis: applications using sequential transformations. The theoretical foundations of quantitative image analysis and its implementation in the Leitz T.A.S. have been discussed in the preceeding paper [4]. Especially the Mathematical Morphology and its recent developments have been pointed out. Sequential image transformations are a new approach of morphological analysis. Elementary transform steps, which are hardwired in the device, performed in specific sequences, which are implemented as macroinstructions in the programming language have proven to be a very useful tool in image analysis. A specific sequence of elementary steps will be referred to as morphological function. This new approach will be illustrated by four general examples: analysis of fibers, computing the number of edges for metallic grains, separation of overlapping cells, analysis of minerals which occur free and locked to another one.", "PMID": 386047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7263", "title": "A concept for stereological investigation of rat kidney.", "content": "An attempt is presented to adapt sampling procedures for stereological investigation of rat kidney. The proposed experimental design considers the zonal construction, in particular the structural and osmotic features of this organ. Every zone is treated as an own entity inregard to sample collection. In order to uncover possibly existing preferential orientation of structures the application of two mutually perpendicular section planes is recommended. Furthermore a method is described to determine absolute volumes and surface of structural components.", "contents": "A concept for stereological investigation of rat kidney. An attempt is presented to adapt sampling procedures for stereological investigation of rat kidney. The proposed experimental design considers the zonal construction, in particular the structural and osmotic features of this organ. Every zone is treated as an own entity inregard to sample collection. In order to uncover possibly existing preferential orientation of structures the application of two mutually perpendicular section planes is recommended. Furthermore a method is described to determine absolute volumes and surface of structural components.", "PMID": 386048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7264", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of exosporium from spores of a highly sporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type A.", "content": "Homogeneous fragments of exosporium were isolated and purified from mature spores of a highly sporogenic mutant derived from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L. The exosporium was composed of three lamellae and showed a hexagonal array when negatively stained. The hexagonal array of isolated exosporium was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, dithiothreitol, and proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, pronase, and nagarse, except for pepsin. The hexagonal array was partially disintegrated with 5 M guanidine-HCl and almost completely disrupted with 8 M urea in combination with 1% mercaptoethanol under alkaline conditions. The purified exosporium fraction was composed mainly of protein (69.1%) and lipids (13.8%). A small amount of amino sugars (2.5%) was present, but neutral sugars could not be detected. The exosporium protein had a predominantly acidic amino acid composition accompanied by low levels of cystine, methionine, and histidine.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of exosporium from spores of a highly sporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type A. Homogeneous fragments of exosporium were isolated and purified from mature spores of a highly sporogenic mutant derived from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L. The exosporium was composed of three lamellae and showed a hexagonal array when negatively stained. The hexagonal array of isolated exosporium was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, dithiothreitol, and proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, pronase, and nagarse, except for pepsin. The hexagonal array was partially disintegrated with 5 M guanidine-HCl and almost completely disrupted with 8 M urea in combination with 1% mercaptoethanol under alkaline conditions. The purified exosporium fraction was composed mainly of protein (69.1%) and lipids (13.8%). A small amount of amino sugars (2.5%) was present, but neutral sugars could not be detected. The exosporium protein had a predominantly acidic amino acid composition accompanied by low levels of cystine, methionine, and histidine.", "PMID": 386051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7265", "title": "Membrane glycoproteins shed in defence of the cells of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The cells lining the gastrointestinal tract are exposed to various potentially harmful agents, including plant lectins and microorganisms. It is proposed that glycoproteins within the mucus layer of the gut protect against these agents. A hypothesis is presented that membrane glycoproteins are shed and, within the mucus close to the cell surface, block the binding of lectins or attachment of microorganisms to membrane receptors. A model is presented that demonstrates that such blocking can be achieved by soluble glycoproteins. The implications of this hypothesis in health and disease are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane glycoproteins shed in defence of the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. The cells lining the gastrointestinal tract are exposed to various potentially harmful agents, including plant lectins and microorganisms. It is proposed that glycoproteins within the mucus layer of the gut protect against these agents. A hypothesis is presented that membrane glycoproteins are shed and, within the mucus close to the cell surface, block the binding of lectins or attachment of microorganisms to membrane receptors. A model is presented that demonstrates that such blocking can be achieved by soluble glycoproteins. The implications of this hypothesis in health and disease are discussed.", "PMID": 386056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7266", "title": "Efficacy of atenolol and oxprenolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension. A comparison.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with mild to moderate arterial hypertension were treated \"double-blind\" with either atenolol of oxprenolol. Placebo was given for four weeks before the beta-blocking drugs were administered. Atenolol was given in doses of either 50 mg twice a day, 100 mg twice a day or 100 mg once a day for periods of four weeks. Oxprenolol was given in doses of either 80 mg or 160 mg twice a day for the same duration. Patients were assessed at the end of each four-week period. The mean blood pressure and pulse rate did not vary significantly for the two different dose regimens at which each drug was administered. There was no statistical difference between the reduction of systolic blood pressure produced by the two drugs, but there was a significant difference in the reduction in diastolic blood pressure in favour of atenolol (P less than 0.05 supine; P less than 0.01 erect). A single, 100-mg daily dose of atenolol was just as effective as 50 mg or 100 mg twice a day. Similarly, an 80 mg twice a day dose of oxprenolol was just as effective as that of 160 mg twice a day. Side effects for each drug were not statistically different from those recorded with placebo.", "contents": "Efficacy of atenolol and oxprenolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension. A comparison. Twenty-seven patients with mild to moderate arterial hypertension were treated \"double-blind\" with either atenolol of oxprenolol. Placebo was given for four weeks before the beta-blocking drugs were administered. Atenolol was given in doses of either 50 mg twice a day, 100 mg twice a day or 100 mg once a day for periods of four weeks. Oxprenolol was given in doses of either 80 mg or 160 mg twice a day for the same duration. Patients were assessed at the end of each four-week period. The mean blood pressure and pulse rate did not vary significantly for the two different dose regimens at which each drug was administered. There was no statistical difference between the reduction of systolic blood pressure produced by the two drugs, but there was a significant difference in the reduction in diastolic blood pressure in favour of atenolol (P less than 0.05 supine; P less than 0.01 erect). A single, 100-mg daily dose of atenolol was just as effective as 50 mg or 100 mg twice a day. Similarly, an 80 mg twice a day dose of oxprenolol was just as effective as that of 160 mg twice a day. Side effects for each drug were not statistically different from those recorded with placebo.", "PMID": 386061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7267", "title": "Labetalol and bendrofluazide: comparison of their antihypertensive effects.", "content": "A randomized double-blind crossover trial of labetalol, bendrofluazide and placebo was carried out in 18 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The reduction in blood pressure observed with labetalol and bendrofluazide was similar. The plasma levels of labetalol showed a significant correlation with changes in blood pressure (r = 0.07; P less than 0.021); and plasma level determinations of this drug may be of value in the management of patients who receive antihypertensive agents.", "contents": "Labetalol and bendrofluazide: comparison of their antihypertensive effects. A randomized double-blind crossover trial of labetalol, bendrofluazide and placebo was carried out in 18 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The reduction in blood pressure observed with labetalol and bendrofluazide was similar. The plasma levels of labetalol showed a significant correlation with changes in blood pressure (r = 0.07; P less than 0.021); and plasma level determinations of this drug may be of value in the management of patients who receive antihypertensive agents.", "PMID": 386062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7268", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis.", "content": "Twenty-two adult patients with active endoscopically proven reflux oesophagitis entered a double-blind trial of treatment with either cimetidine (1 g/day) or placebo. A repeat endoscopy was carried out at eight weeks after the beginning of treatment on 19 of the patients. The mucosa appeared macroscopically normal at eight weeks in 81.8% of the cimetidine-treated patients, while 90% of patients were described histologically as having a normal or unremarkable mucosa. The results in placebo-treated patients were 55.6% and 44.4% respectively. The cimetidine-treated patients consumed significantly less antacids than the placebo-treated patients, and the over all assessment of their well-being was significantly better (90.9% patient satisfaction with treatment in the cimetidine group compared to 18.2% in the placebo group). Two patients in the placebo group did not complete the trial due to continuing severity of their symptoms, while none in the cimetidine group felt that their condition had remained static or was worse.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Twenty-two adult patients with active endoscopically proven reflux oesophagitis entered a double-blind trial of treatment with either cimetidine (1 g/day) or placebo. A repeat endoscopy was carried out at eight weeks after the beginning of treatment on 19 of the patients. The mucosa appeared macroscopically normal at eight weeks in 81.8% of the cimetidine-treated patients, while 90% of patients were described histologically as having a normal or unremarkable mucosa. The results in placebo-treated patients were 55.6% and 44.4% respectively. The cimetidine-treated patients consumed significantly less antacids than the placebo-treated patients, and the over all assessment of their well-being was significantly better (90.9% patient satisfaction with treatment in the cimetidine group compared to 18.2% in the placebo group). Two patients in the placebo group did not complete the trial due to continuing severity of their symptoms, while none in the cimetidine group felt that their condition had remained static or was worse.", "PMID": 386063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7269", "title": "[Carbohydrate-reduced diet and metabolism: about the influence of a 4-weeks isocaloric fat-rich, carbohydrate-reduced diet on body weight and metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of a 4-weeks carbohydrate-reduced, fat-rich diet on 9 slightly overweighted men was investigated. Caloric and protein intake remained unchanged. 70% were fat, 20% carbohydrates. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerids, serumproteins, urea, uric acid, sodium and potassium were measured in rest. At a 60 minutes bicycle ergometer test glucose, triglycerids, free fatty acids and glycerol were registrated before and after 20 and 60 minutes work. The intensity was 70% of the maximal oxygen uptake. These were the most important results: (1) Body weight decreased continuously. One of the causes is an elevated heat production. (2) Serum-protein and -glucose remained unchanged. Cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced. Serum-urea, -sodium and -potassium diminished continually. On the contrary, uric acid raised over the normal range. (3) Work performance was reduced for 20%. (4) Hypoglycemic values did not appear. The oxidation of fat by the working muscles, and fat mobilisation increased by a fat-rich diet.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate-reduced diet and metabolism: about the influence of a 4-weeks isocaloric fat-rich, carbohydrate-reduced diet on body weight and metabolism (author's transl)]. The influence of a 4-weeks carbohydrate-reduced, fat-rich diet on 9 slightly overweighted men was investigated. Caloric and protein intake remained unchanged. 70% were fat, 20% carbohydrates. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerids, serumproteins, urea, uric acid, sodium and potassium were measured in rest. At a 60 minutes bicycle ergometer test glucose, triglycerids, free fatty acids and glycerol were registrated before and after 20 and 60 minutes work. The intensity was 70% of the maximal oxygen uptake. These were the most important results: (1) Body weight decreased continuously. One of the causes is an elevated heat production. (2) Serum-protein and -glucose remained unchanged. Cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced. Serum-urea, -sodium and -potassium diminished continually. On the contrary, uric acid raised over the normal range. (3) Work performance was reduced for 20%. (4) Hypoglycemic values did not appear. The oxidation of fat by the working muscles, and fat mobilisation increased by a fat-rich diet.", "PMID": 386065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7270", "title": "Glucocorticoid hormone action: an overview.", "content": "An overview of glucocorticoid action is presented including aspects of historic, clinical, and physiologic interest. Despite the diversity of effects, glucocorticoid hormone action at the cellular level simplifies to a rather universal model that involves binding to a soluble receptor, followed by interaction of the complex with the chromatin and modification of gene expression. This unitary concept has important implications in pathology, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Finally, a definition of a glucocorticoid in terms of its receptor is presented, which we feel is better than the traditional terminology based on specific biological effects. It is hoped that this review will also provide the reader with a framework in which the various contributions in the Monograph can be integrated.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid hormone action: an overview. An overview of glucocorticoid action is presented including aspects of historic, clinical, and physiologic interest. Despite the diversity of effects, glucocorticoid hormone action at the cellular level simplifies to a rather universal model that involves binding to a soluble receptor, followed by interaction of the complex with the chromatin and modification of gene expression. This unitary concept has important implications in pathology, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Finally, a definition of a glucocorticoid in terms of its receptor is presented, which we feel is better than the traditional terminology based on specific biological effects. It is hoped that this review will also provide the reader with a framework in which the various contributions in the Monograph can be integrated.", "PMID": 386083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7271", "title": "Factors influencing association of glucocorticoid receptor-steroid complexes with nuclei, chromatin, and DNA: interpretation of binding data.", "content": "Attempts to reconstruct, in a test tube, the steroid-hormone system of a responsive cell are fraught with enumerable difficulties. In this chapter I have attempted to point out some of the factors that affect receptor-steroid complexes and their interactions with acceptors. In most cases there is a quantitative influence of these factors on the level of steroid complex binding to acceptors. In some cases, selected experimental designs that neglect these factors and methods of presenting the observed data may lead to artifactual conclusions. Several of these problems should disappear when the prospect of pure receptor-steroid complexes [127, 147, 150, 181, 247, 248] becomes a common occurrence. Nevertheless much has already been learned about the interactions of complexes with acceptors, which in turn have been used to help formulate models of steroid-hormone action.", "contents": "Factors influencing association of glucocorticoid receptor-steroid complexes with nuclei, chromatin, and DNA: interpretation of binding data. Attempts to reconstruct, in a test tube, the steroid-hormone system of a responsive cell are fraught with enumerable difficulties. In this chapter I have attempted to point out some of the factors that affect receptor-steroid complexes and their interactions with acceptors. In most cases there is a quantitative influence of these factors on the level of steroid complex binding to acceptors. In some cases, selected experimental designs that neglect these factors and methods of presenting the observed data may lead to artifactual conclusions. Several of these problems should disappear when the prospect of pure receptor-steroid complexes [127, 147, 150, 181, 247, 248] becomes a common occurrence. Nevertheless much has already been learned about the interactions of complexes with acceptors, which in turn have been used to help formulate models of steroid-hormone action.", "PMID": 386084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7272", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors and effects in human lymphoid and leukemic cells.", "content": "A variety of human leukopathic diseases including human acute lymphoblastic leukemia are responsive to glucocorticoids in a varying proportion of cases. We identified specific glucocorticoid receptors in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Their presence or absence was well correlated with both in vivo and in vitro responsiveness of these target cells to glucocorticoids. These data suggest that knowledge of glucocorticoid receptor status in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia may aid in selecting patients for therapy. Furthermore, these receptors exhibit significant quantitative differences in various subtypes of human leukemia, with null-cell lymphoblastic leukemia having approximately three times the mean number of receptors per cell as T-cell leukemias. These differences in receptor levels are associated with major differences in complete remission duration independent of other prognosticators of response such as patient age, white count, and cell surface markers. Specific receptors for glucocorticoids can also be identified in normal human peripheral blood monocyte fractions including unpurified peripheral blood lymphocytes, T, and non-T subcomponents of circulating lymphocytes and circulating monocytes. By criteria of quantity, of binding affinity, and specificity, these receptors appear to be similar to other classical glucocorticoid receptors. Receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes may be induced threefold on a per cell basis by treatment with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. This is associated with a marked increase in glucocorticoid responsiveness.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors and effects in human lymphoid and leukemic cells. A variety of human leukopathic diseases including human acute lymphoblastic leukemia are responsive to glucocorticoids in a varying proportion of cases. We identified specific glucocorticoid receptors in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Their presence or absence was well correlated with both in vivo and in vitro responsiveness of these target cells to glucocorticoids. These data suggest that knowledge of glucocorticoid receptor status in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia may aid in selecting patients for therapy. Furthermore, these receptors exhibit significant quantitative differences in various subtypes of human leukemia, with null-cell lymphoblastic leukemia having approximately three times the mean number of receptors per cell as T-cell leukemias. These differences in receptor levels are associated with major differences in complete remission duration independent of other prognosticators of response such as patient age, white count, and cell surface markers. Specific receptors for glucocorticoids can also be identified in normal human peripheral blood monocyte fractions including unpurified peripheral blood lymphocytes, T, and non-T subcomponents of circulating lymphocytes and circulating monocytes. By criteria of quantity, of binding affinity, and specificity, these receptors appear to be similar to other classical glucocorticoid receptors. Receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes may be induced threefold on a per cell basis by treatment with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. This is associated with a marked increase in glucocorticoid responsiveness.", "PMID": 386086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7273", "title": "Variations in cellular sensitivity to glucocorticoids: observations and mechanisms.", "content": "The spectrum of physiological, pathological, and genetic variations in sensitivity to glucocorticoids is reviewed. The receptor for these hormones is common to most mammalian tissues, and yet the responses are widely divergent. Although there may be differences in the receptors to account for some of this diversity, it is likely that it is largely due to cellular programming not involving the receptors. In addition to the intertissue differences in sensitivity, it is also clear that intra-tissue differences occur. The greatest amount of information has been accumulated with lymphoid cell systems and there are sensitivity differences to specific responses such as cell killing or effects on immunological functions. In these systems, there can be major variations in either the extent of the response (e. g., from mild growth inhibition to cellular killing) or whether any effect is observed. Further, dose requirements for certain responses can vary by several orders of magnitude. Within a given tissue there may be developmental changes in sensitivity that are not due to obvious changes in the receptor, and decreased sensitivity with aging that in some cases has been associated with changes in receptor binding activity. Finally, the cellular sensitivity can either be influenced by hormones and other factors that affect the ability of the glucocorticoid to elicit a particular response (in a synergistic or antagonistic manner), or the same function regulated by the glucocorticoid can be inducible by the steroid, appearing some time after administration of the steroid and disappearing after steroid removal. Genetic variations in sensitivity to glucocorticoids also occur. In humans these may be generalized, affecting glucocorticoid action in all responsive tissues, and could be important in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Perhaps the most striking genetic alterations, however, are observed in cultured lymphoid and fibroblastic cells and in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells ordinarily growth inhibited or killed by the glucocorticoid. Mutant cell lines arise that are highly resistant and most of these have abnormalities in the glucocorticoid receptor. In some cases binding activity is totally lost, easily expalining the resistance. In other cases, there is a more modest reduction in binding or a change in receptor properties that give it increased or decreased nuclear and DNA binding activity. An analysis of these cell lines suggests that many of the defects are in some receptor property presently not understood that makes the receptor ineffective rather than the defect being due to the quantitative changes in receptor levels detected. The frequency of emergence of steroid-resistant cells can vary widely from about 10(-5) in S49 cells to less than 10(-8) in certain thymic cell lines...", "contents": "Variations in cellular sensitivity to glucocorticoids: observations and mechanisms. The spectrum of physiological, pathological, and genetic variations in sensitivity to glucocorticoids is reviewed. The receptor for these hormones is common to most mammalian tissues, and yet the responses are widely divergent. Although there may be differences in the receptors to account for some of this diversity, it is likely that it is largely due to cellular programming not involving the receptors. In addition to the intertissue differences in sensitivity, it is also clear that intra-tissue differences occur. The greatest amount of information has been accumulated with lymphoid cell systems and there are sensitivity differences to specific responses such as cell killing or effects on immunological functions. In these systems, there can be major variations in either the extent of the response (e. g., from mild growth inhibition to cellular killing) or whether any effect is observed. Further, dose requirements for certain responses can vary by several orders of magnitude. Within a given tissue there may be developmental changes in sensitivity that are not due to obvious changes in the receptor, and decreased sensitivity with aging that in some cases has been associated with changes in receptor binding activity. Finally, the cellular sensitivity can either be influenced by hormones and other factors that affect the ability of the glucocorticoid to elicit a particular response (in a synergistic or antagonistic manner), or the same function regulated by the glucocorticoid can be inducible by the steroid, appearing some time after administration of the steroid and disappearing after steroid removal. Genetic variations in sensitivity to glucocorticoids also occur. In humans these may be generalized, affecting glucocorticoid action in all responsive tissues, and could be important in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Perhaps the most striking genetic alterations, however, are observed in cultured lymphoid and fibroblastic cells and in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells ordinarily growth inhibited or killed by the glucocorticoid. Mutant cell lines arise that are highly resistant and most of these have abnormalities in the glucocorticoid receptor. In some cases binding activity is totally lost, easily expalining the resistance. In other cases, there is a more modest reduction in binding or a change in receptor properties that give it increased or decreased nuclear and DNA binding activity. An analysis of these cell lines suggests that many of the defects are in some receptor property presently not understood that makes the receptor ineffective rather than the defect being due to the quantitative changes in receptor levels detected. The frequency of emergence of steroid-resistant cells can vary widely from about 10(-5) in S49 cells to less than 10(-8) in certain thymic cell lines...", "PMID": 386087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7274", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors.", "content": "Glucocorticoid receptors are found in most mammalian tissues and have been studied in detail in a number of tissue culture systems. With cells that have not been exposed to steroids, the receptors are found in the cytoplasmic fraction from which they can be isolated and studied. Methods for studying glucocorticoid receptors depend on their high-affinity specific binding of radioactive steroids. The reversible interaction is intracellular. It follows Michaelian kinetics, at least in cell-free cytosol, and involves a thermodynamically homogeneous population of about 10 000 sites per cell. The receptor is an asymmetric, slightly acidic protein of about 100 000 daltons. It is very labile, especially in the unbound form. Binding activity depends on the integrity of thiol groups and perhaps on phosphorylation of amino acid residues. Although indirect, the evidence is overwhelmingly convincing that this protein is the physiologic glucocorticoid receptor. The time-kinetics of binding and dissociation are consistent with the sequence of events in glucocorticoid action. Various steroid analogs display binding characteristics predictable from their glucocorticoid activity. Loss of the binding protein from certain cultured cell lines is accompanied by unresponsiveness to glucocorticoids. The extensive tissue distribution of receptors parallels the extensive role of glucocorticoids in regulation. Finally, there is a strong correlation between nuclear binding of receptors and nuclear effects of the steroid. The glucocorticoid receptor can be distinguished from other glucocorticoid-binding proteins, based on their steroid specificity and physicochemical properties. There is no clear-cut demonstration that the receptor differs from tissue to tissue, and it is in fact very similar in various species. Unlike in other systems, receptor concentration does not seem to be regulated by its ligand or by other hormones. However, certain cases of hypo- as well as hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids appear to result from changes at the receptor level. The data indicate that the receptor can exist in inactive and active forms. The former predominate in the absence of steroid or when an angatonist is bound. Glucocorticoid agonists bind the active form, allowing it to be \"activated\" and subsequently bound to the nucleus. All of the receptors in isolated cytosol do not appear to be available for immediate occupancy by an agonist and this may be due to the time required for conversion of the receptors from inactive to active forms. The correlations between receptor binding and the glucocorticoid response indicate that the receptor is a rate-limiting factor in the magnitude and kinetics of the response, and this finding has important implications regarding mechanisms.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors. Glucocorticoid receptors are found in most mammalian tissues and have been studied in detail in a number of tissue culture systems. With cells that have not been exposed to steroids, the receptors are found in the cytoplasmic fraction from which they can be isolated and studied. Methods for studying glucocorticoid receptors depend on their high-affinity specific binding of radioactive steroids. The reversible interaction is intracellular. It follows Michaelian kinetics, at least in cell-free cytosol, and involves a thermodynamically homogeneous population of about 10 000 sites per cell. The receptor is an asymmetric, slightly acidic protein of about 100 000 daltons. It is very labile, especially in the unbound form. Binding activity depends on the integrity of thiol groups and perhaps on phosphorylation of amino acid residues. Although indirect, the evidence is overwhelmingly convincing that this protein is the physiologic glucocorticoid receptor. The time-kinetics of binding and dissociation are consistent with the sequence of events in glucocorticoid action. Various steroid analogs display binding characteristics predictable from their glucocorticoid activity. Loss of the binding protein from certain cultured cell lines is accompanied by unresponsiveness to glucocorticoids. The extensive tissue distribution of receptors parallels the extensive role of glucocorticoids in regulation. Finally, there is a strong correlation between nuclear binding of receptors and nuclear effects of the steroid. The glucocorticoid receptor can be distinguished from other glucocorticoid-binding proteins, based on their steroid specificity and physicochemical properties. There is no clear-cut demonstration that the receptor differs from tissue to tissue, and it is in fact very similar in various species. Unlike in other systems, receptor concentration does not seem to be regulated by its ligand or by other hormones. However, certain cases of hypo- as well as hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids appear to result from changes at the receptor level. The data indicate that the receptor can exist in inactive and active forms. The former predominate in the absence of steroid or when an angatonist is bound. Glucocorticoid agonists bind the active form, allowing it to be \"activated\" and subsequently bound to the nucleus. All of the receptors in isolated cytosol do not appear to be available for immediate occupancy by an agonist and this may be due to the time required for conversion of the receptors from inactive to active forms. The correlations between receptor binding and the glucocorticoid response indicate that the receptor is a rate-limiting factor in the magnitude and kinetics of the response, and this finding has important implications regarding mechanisms.", "PMID": 386089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7275", "title": "Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids.", "content": "1. Regulation of gluconeogenic substrate supply and modulation of the gluconeogenic pathway in the liver are both important in the control of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids. 2. Adrenal deficiency decreases the release of gluconeogenic and other amino acids from skeletal muscle during starvation. The effect is reversed by glucocorticoid replacement. The changes in amino acid release are accompanied by similar alterations in tissue amino acid levels and are not explained by alterations in net protein breakdown. Glucocorticoids do not alter protein catabolism and cause a small inhibition of protein synthesis. The biochemical alterations underlying the changes in amino acid metabolism induced by these steroids remain to be elucidated. Glucocorticoids may also regulate the supply of gluconeogenic substrates through permissive effects on the lipolytic action of catecholamines and other hormones in adipose tissue and on the glycogenolytic action of catecholamines on skeletal muscle. 3. Glucocorticoids are required for the increases in gluconeogenesis in starvation and diabetes. Part of their action is exerted directly on the liver and appears to involve modulation of P-enlopyruvate carboxykinase levels. Glucocorticoids increase the synthesis of this enzyme apparently through effects at the level of transcription. 4. Glucocorticoids exert permissive effects on the stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver by glucagon and epinephrine. The steroids are not required for cAMP generation or protein kinase activation by these hormones, but appear to act by maintaining the responsiveness of certain enzymes to the effects of the cAMP and alpha-adrenergic systems. It is proposed that this involves the maintenance of a normal intracellular ionic environment.", "contents": "Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids. 1. Regulation of gluconeogenic substrate supply and modulation of the gluconeogenic pathway in the liver are both important in the control of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids. 2. Adrenal deficiency decreases the release of gluconeogenic and other amino acids from skeletal muscle during starvation. The effect is reversed by glucocorticoid replacement. The changes in amino acid release are accompanied by similar alterations in tissue amino acid levels and are not explained by alterations in net protein breakdown. Glucocorticoids do not alter protein catabolism and cause a small inhibition of protein synthesis. The biochemical alterations underlying the changes in amino acid metabolism induced by these steroids remain to be elucidated. Glucocorticoids may also regulate the supply of gluconeogenic substrates through permissive effects on the lipolytic action of catecholamines and other hormones in adipose tissue and on the glycogenolytic action of catecholamines on skeletal muscle. 3. Glucocorticoids are required for the increases in gluconeogenesis in starvation and diabetes. Part of their action is exerted directly on the liver and appears to involve modulation of P-enlopyruvate carboxykinase levels. Glucocorticoids increase the synthesis of this enzyme apparently through effects at the level of transcription. 4. Glucocorticoids exert permissive effects on the stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver by glucagon and epinephrine. The steroids are not required for cAMP generation or protein kinase activation by these hormones, but appear to act by maintaining the responsiveness of certain enzymes to the effects of the cAMP and alpha-adrenergic systems. It is proposed that this involves the maintenance of a normal intracellular ionic environment.", "PMID": 386091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7276", "title": "Glucocorticoids and the plasma membrane.", "content": "Glucocorticoids affect the composition and function of the plasma membrane in a variety of cell types. Cultured rat hepatoma (HTC) cells in tissue culture provide an excellent model system for analysis of such effects. In these cells, dexamethasone rapidly and dramatically inhibits the influx of amino acids sharing the A or alanine-preferring transport system. Inhibition is half-maximal within 2 h, and maximal after 6 h incubation with the hormone. The inhibition is rapidly reversed by insulin, and more slowly by removing the steroid. Microtubules and microfilaments are not apparently involved in this hormonal effect, but continuous protein synthesis is required for the glucocorticoid inhibition of transport. Dexamethasone also decreases the number of microvilli on the surface of HTC cells, increases their adhesiveness to a substratum, and dramatically decreases the production of plasminogen activator, but it does not affect the growth rate or plating efficiency of the cells. Variant cell lines stably resistant to dexamethasone inhibition of plasminogen activator production have been isolated using an agar-fibrin overlay technique to detect protease production by individual colonies of HTC cells. The hormonal resistance to inhibition of protease production is associated witha  maintenance of inducibility of other glucocorticoid-regulated functions and therefore is not apparently secondary to abnormal or absent glucocorticoid receptor, but due to a lesion in a later step in hormone action specific for plasminogen activator. Combined genetic and biochemical analysis of such dexamethasone-resistant variants should facilitate study of the hormonal regulation of specific membrane phenotypes and of the role of proteases in this regulation.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and the plasma membrane. Glucocorticoids affect the composition and function of the plasma membrane in a variety of cell types. Cultured rat hepatoma (HTC) cells in tissue culture provide an excellent model system for analysis of such effects. In these cells, dexamethasone rapidly and dramatically inhibits the influx of amino acids sharing the A or alanine-preferring transport system. Inhibition is half-maximal within 2 h, and maximal after 6 h incubation with the hormone. The inhibition is rapidly reversed by insulin, and more slowly by removing the steroid. Microtubules and microfilaments are not apparently involved in this hormonal effect, but continuous protein synthesis is required for the glucocorticoid inhibition of transport. Dexamethasone also decreases the number of microvilli on the surface of HTC cells, increases their adhesiveness to a substratum, and dramatically decreases the production of plasminogen activator, but it does not affect the growth rate or plating efficiency of the cells. Variant cell lines stably resistant to dexamethasone inhibition of plasminogen activator production have been isolated using an agar-fibrin overlay technique to detect protease production by individual colonies of HTC cells. The hormonal resistance to inhibition of protease production is associated witha  maintenance of inducibility of other glucocorticoid-regulated functions and therefore is not apparently secondary to abnormal or absent glucocorticoid receptor, but due to a lesion in a later step in hormone action specific for plasminogen activator. Combined genetic and biochemical analysis of such dexamethasone-resistant variants should facilitate study of the hormonal regulation of specific membrane phenotypes and of the role of proteases in this regulation.", "PMID": 386092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7277", "title": "Glucocorticoids and lysosomes.", "content": "Steroids in general and glucocorticoids in particular affect lysosomes in various ways. The explanation of these effects remains in dispute, however. Theories include the view that steroids interact directly with lysosomal membranes, that steroids provoke induced changes in lysosomes, and that classical steroid receptors originate in lysosomes. Experiments pertaining to these views are discussed, particularly with respect to steroid specificity and tissue specificity of effects and to dose-response considerations.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and lysosomes. Steroids in general and glucocorticoids in particular affect lysosomes in various ways. The explanation of these effects remains in dispute, however. Theories include the view that steroids interact directly with lysosomal membranes, that steroids provoke induced changes in lysosomes, and that classical steroid receptors originate in lysosomes. Experiments pertaining to these views are discussed, particularly with respect to steroid specificity and tissue specificity of effects and to dose-response considerations.", "PMID": 386093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7278", "title": "Structure and conformation of glucocorticoids.", "content": "The approaches currently available for determining the structure and conformation of glucocorticoids are reviewed. We discuss the optimization of steroid geometry based on the relative molecular energy calculated by a Westheimer equation. This method permits an extensive description of steroid molecules in a state free of external constraints and which can be assumed to correspond to the minimum internal energy. The structures, conformations, surface areas, and volumes of fifteen steroid molecules that interact with the glucocorticoid receptor have been studied. The basic structure of the A ring is a 1 alpha,2 beta-half-chair, whatever the substitutions. Rings B and C are semi-rigid chairs virtually uninfluenced by substituent groups. In contrast, the shape of the D ring depends on the nature and environment of the substituents. As to the fundamental conformation of the side chain, the steroids fall into two categories, depending on the pressure of a 17-hydroxyl group. For a given molecule, the energy changes associated with conformations of the side chain other than that corresponding to the minimum energy have also been explored. The hypothesis is formulated that receptor binding requires a particular conformation of the side chain. Finally, the overall shape of the molecule can be influenced by the summation of minor but numerous changes brought about by various substitutions, such as 11 beta-hydroxyl, which increases the convexity of the molecule. These investigations should help in elucidating structure-activity relationships for glucocorticoids. They may improve our knowledge of the interaction between these hormones and their receptor and of the molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid action.", "contents": "Structure and conformation of glucocorticoids. The approaches currently available for determining the structure and conformation of glucocorticoids are reviewed. We discuss the optimization of steroid geometry based on the relative molecular energy calculated by a Westheimer equation. This method permits an extensive description of steroid molecules in a state free of external constraints and which can be assumed to correspond to the minimum internal energy. The structures, conformations, surface areas, and volumes of fifteen steroid molecules that interact with the glucocorticoid receptor have been studied. The basic structure of the A ring is a 1 alpha,2 beta-half-chair, whatever the substitutions. Rings B and C are semi-rigid chairs virtually uninfluenced by substituent groups. In contrast, the shape of the D ring depends on the nature and environment of the substituents. As to the fundamental conformation of the side chain, the steroids fall into two categories, depending on the pressure of a 17-hydroxyl group. For a given molecule, the energy changes associated with conformations of the side chain other than that corresponding to the minimum energy have also been explored. The hypothesis is formulated that receptor binding requires a particular conformation of the side chain. Finally, the overall shape of the molecule can be influenced by the summation of minor but numerous changes brought about by various substitutions, such as 11 beta-hydroxyl, which increases the convexity of the molecule. These investigations should help in elucidating structure-activity relationships for glucocorticoids. They may improve our knowledge of the interaction between these hormones and their receptor and of the molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid action.", "PMID": 386094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7279", "title": "[Structural changes in clinical pediatrics with special reference to small departments (author's transl)].", "content": "Changing facts and developments in clinical pediatrics in Germany during the past years have been analysed and discussed. Facts which altered the quantity and quality of clinical pediatrics are demonstrated by own observations, and informations collected from all pediatric departments in the FRG and West-Berlin. The need for sufficient numbers of staff to meet with the changing and intensified tasks of clinical pediatrics is emphasized.", "contents": "[Structural changes in clinical pediatrics with special reference to small departments (author's transl)]. Changing facts and developments in clinical pediatrics in Germany during the past years have been analysed and discussed. Facts which altered the quantity and quality of clinical pediatrics are demonstrated by own observations, and informations collected from all pediatric departments in the FRG and West-Berlin. The need for sufficient numbers of staff to meet with the changing and intensified tasks of clinical pediatrics is emphasized.", "PMID": 386097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7280", "title": "Mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene after metabolic activation by hepatic 9000 g supernatants or intact hepatocytes.", "content": "The activating capacities of isolated rat hepatocytes and 9000 g supernatant from these cells with respect to the mutagenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were investigated. No mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene was found with the cell-mediated assay, unless the hepatocytes were disrupted after pre-incubation with benzo[a]pyrene or the intracellular glutathione content was reduced. It is suggested that a retention of active metabolites and an effective detoxication may account for the absence of mutagenic response.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene after metabolic activation by hepatic 9000 g supernatants or intact hepatocytes. The activating capacities of isolated rat hepatocytes and 9000 g supernatant from these cells with respect to the mutagenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were investigated. No mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene was found with the cell-mediated assay, unless the hepatocytes were disrupted after pre-incubation with benzo[a]pyrene or the intracellular glutathione content was reduced. It is suggested that a retention of active metabolites and an effective detoxication may account for the absence of mutagenic response.", "PMID": 386101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7281", "title": "Effect of X-irradiation on frameshift and missense mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In cell populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae homogeneous for sensitivity to X-irradiation, induction of base insertions/deletions and base substitutions was quantitatively analyzed in a reversion system. The repair mechanisms phenotypically unexpressed in the sensitive cell fraction and fully operating in resistant cells did not affect point mutations of either type.", "contents": "Effect of X-irradiation on frameshift and missense mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In cell populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae homogeneous for sensitivity to X-irradiation, induction of base insertions/deletions and base substitutions was quantitatively analyzed in a reversion system. The repair mechanisms phenotypically unexpressed in the sensitive cell fraction and fully operating in resistant cells did not affect point mutations of either type.", "PMID": 386103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7282", "title": "Antagonism by propidium of petite induction by ethidium and ethidium azide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Propidium, a phenanthridinium dye similar to ethidium, did not induce petite mutations in non-growing yeast cells in contrast to ethidium. Combined exposure to ethidium and an excess of propidium for periods up to 2 h resulted in the expected petite induction expressed after subsequent plating on growth medium. As incubation was continued with propidium, the numbers of petites declined on subsequent plating whether the drug had been added before, during, or after the mutagenic treatment by ethidium. Propidium decreased petite induction by the monoazide analog of ethidium when applied before but not after photolytic attachment of the drug.", "contents": "Antagonism by propidium of petite induction by ethidium and ethidium azide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Propidium, a phenanthridinium dye similar to ethidium, did not induce petite mutations in non-growing yeast cells in contrast to ethidium. Combined exposure to ethidium and an excess of propidium for periods up to 2 h resulted in the expected petite induction expressed after subsequent plating on growth medium. As incubation was continued with propidium, the numbers of petites declined on subsequent plating whether the drug had been added before, during, or after the mutagenic treatment by ethidium. Propidium decreased petite induction by the monoazide analog of ethidium when applied before but not after photolytic attachment of the drug.", "PMID": 386104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7283", "title": "A recA-dependent mutator of Escherichia coli K12: method of isolation and initial characterization.", "content": "A number of mutator strains of E. coli were isolated using histochemical techniques which allow the identification of a single mutator colony on agar plates with as many as 2000 colonies. Several mutators isolated in this way were found by P1-mediated transduction to map to the proA--proB region of the E. coli chromosome. The map position of these mutators is very close to that of the conditional mutator, mutD. However, in contrast to mutD, one of these newly isolated mutators was suppressed in a thermosensitive recA strain at 43 degrees C, but not at 30 degrees C. This mutator mutation has been named mut-8. Besides being dependent upon recA, mut-8 is also dependent upon growth in enriched medium for the expression of its mutator activity. The mutator activity of mut-8 was found to be recessive to the wild-type allele.", "contents": "A recA-dependent mutator of Escherichia coli K12: method of isolation and initial characterization. A number of mutator strains of E. coli were isolated using histochemical techniques which allow the identification of a single mutator colony on agar plates with as many as 2000 colonies. Several mutators isolated in this way were found by P1-mediated transduction to map to the proA--proB region of the E. coli chromosome. The map position of these mutators is very close to that of the conditional mutator, mutD. However, in contrast to mutD, one of these newly isolated mutators was suppressed in a thermosensitive recA strain at 43 degrees C, but not at 30 degrees C. This mutator mutation has been named mut-8. Besides being dependent upon recA, mut-8 is also dependent upon growth in enriched medium for the expression of its mutator activity. The mutator activity of mut-8 was found to be recessive to the wild-type allele.", "PMID": 386105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7284", "title": "The mutagenicity of nitrosamides in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "34 nitrosamides (10 nitrosoalkylcarbamates, 2 nitrosoalkylnitroguanidines, 12 nitrosoalkylureas, 6 substituted nitrosoalkylureas, and 4 cyclic nitrosoalkylureas) were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella. All were direct-acting mutagens of varying potency.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of nitrosamides in Salmonella typhimurium. 34 nitrosamides (10 nitrosoalkylcarbamates, 2 nitrosoalkylnitroguanidines, 12 nitrosoalkylureas, 6 substituted nitrosoalkylureas, and 4 cyclic nitrosoalkylureas) were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella. All were direct-acting mutagens of varying potency.", "PMID": 386106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7285", "title": "In vivo conversion of sodium azide to a stable mutagenic metabolite in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 and G46 strains growing in minimal medium supplemented with sodium azide produce a stable mutagenic metabolite which is not azide. The production of this metabolite is restricted to the log phase of bacteria grown in the presence of azide. The metabolite is highly mutagenic in DNA-repair defective base-substitution strains TA1530 and TA1535, but ineffective in frameshift strains TA1538 and TA1537. The metabolite induces mutations in resting cells of the TA1530 strain.", "contents": "In vivo conversion of sodium azide to a stable mutagenic metabolite in Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 and G46 strains growing in minimal medium supplemented with sodium azide produce a stable mutagenic metabolite which is not azide. The production of this metabolite is restricted to the log phase of bacteria grown in the presence of azide. The metabolite is highly mutagenic in DNA-repair defective base-substitution strains TA1530 and TA1535, but ineffective in frameshift strains TA1538 and TA1537. The metabolite induces mutations in resting cells of the TA1530 strain.", "PMID": 386107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7286", "title": "Mutagenic cholesterol preparations.", "content": "Naturally air-aged commercial samples of USP or reagent-grade cholesterol contain components which are mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA1538 and TA98. These mutagenic components are associated with the polar cholesterol autoxidation products, but identity of the mutagenic components has not been achieved. Pure crystalline nonmutagenic cholestrol free from autoxidation products becomes mutagenic towards these strains upon heating at 70 degrees in air or following exposure to 60 Co gamma-radiation.", "contents": "Mutagenic cholesterol preparations. Naturally air-aged commercial samples of USP or reagent-grade cholesterol contain components which are mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA1538 and TA98. These mutagenic components are associated with the polar cholesterol autoxidation products, but identity of the mutagenic components has not been achieved. Pure crystalline nonmutagenic cholestrol free from autoxidation products becomes mutagenic towards these strains upon heating at 70 degrees in air or following exposure to 60 Co gamma-radiation.", "PMID": 386108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7287", "title": "Mutagenicity evaluation of the two antimalarial agents chloroquine and mefloquine, using a bacterial fluctuation test.", "content": "The two antimalarial agents chloroquine and mefloquine have been tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538. Chloroquine was found to revert strain TA1537 at concentrations of 100 and 250 micrograms/ml, most likely due to intercalation. No mutagenicity was found with mefloquine at concentrations up to 2.5 micrograms/ml, neither without nor with metabolic activation by Ca2+-precipitated rat liver microsomes. Higher concentrations of mefloquine and chloroquine inactivated the bacteria.", "contents": "Mutagenicity evaluation of the two antimalarial agents chloroquine and mefloquine, using a bacterial fluctuation test. The two antimalarial agents chloroquine and mefloquine have been tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538. Chloroquine was found to revert strain TA1537 at concentrations of 100 and 250 micrograms/ml, most likely due to intercalation. No mutagenicity was found with mefloquine at concentrations up to 2.5 micrograms/ml, neither without nor with metabolic activation by Ca2+-precipitated rat liver microsomes. Higher concentrations of mefloquine and chloroquine inactivated the bacteria.", "PMID": 386109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7288", "title": "Genetic toxicity of procarbazine in bacteria and yeast.", "content": "Procarbazine [N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylhydrazino)-p-toluamide hydrochloride] is used to treat Hodgkin's disease. This compound was tested in vitro without and with S10 fraction from mice liver (microsomal assay) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7, Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA98, TA100, TA1535) and in vivo in Swiss albino mice (host-mediated assay) using D7. Procarbazine, without S10 fraction, is highly toxic and induced mitotic crossover, gene conversion, and reverse mutation in D7. It had a toxic effect on all the Salmonella strains; but did not induce reverse mutations at the histidine loci. Procarbazine, with S10 fraction, was less toxic and did not induce genetic effects in yeast or Salmonella. In the host-mediated assay, no genetic effects were seen.", "contents": "Genetic toxicity of procarbazine in bacteria and yeast. Procarbazine [N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylhydrazino)-p-toluamide hydrochloride] is used to treat Hodgkin's disease. This compound was tested in vitro without and with S10 fraction from mice liver (microsomal assay) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7, Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA98, TA100, TA1535) and in vivo in Swiss albino mice (host-mediated assay) using D7. Procarbazine, without S10 fraction, is highly toxic and induced mitotic crossover, gene conversion, and reverse mutation in D7. It had a toxic effect on all the Salmonella strains; but did not induce reverse mutations at the histidine loci. Procarbazine, with S10 fraction, was less toxic and did not induce genetic effects in yeast or Salmonella. In the host-mediated assay, no genetic effects were seen.", "PMID": 386110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7289", "title": "Genetic effects of hydralazine.", "content": "Hydralazine and its acetone condensation product (ACP) were found to induce base-pair substitution mutations in the Salmonella/microsomal activation test system and to display genetic toxicity in the PolA+/A- test system. Incubation with a rat-liver microsomal fraction did not affect the genetic toxicity of either compound. Other derivatives of hydralazine, including the major metabolite, 3-hydroxy-methyl-s-triazolo-[3,4a]phthalazine, did not yield any evidence of genetic toxicity nor were they metabolically convertible to a toxic product. Therefore, individuals who convert hydralazine to MTP slowly, the \"slow acetylators\", would be expected to be at risk.", "contents": "Genetic effects of hydralazine. Hydralazine and its acetone condensation product (ACP) were found to induce base-pair substitution mutations in the Salmonella/microsomal activation test system and to display genetic toxicity in the PolA+/A- test system. Incubation with a rat-liver microsomal fraction did not affect the genetic toxicity of either compound. Other derivatives of hydralazine, including the major metabolite, 3-hydroxy-methyl-s-triazolo-[3,4a]phthalazine, did not yield any evidence of genetic toxicity nor were they metabolically convertible to a toxic product. Therefore, individuals who convert hydralazine to MTP slowly, the \"slow acetylators\", would be expected to be at risk.", "PMID": 386111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7290", "title": "Dominant lethal assay of some hair-dye components in random-bred male rats.", "content": "Male rats were exposed to maximally tolerated doses of 5 hair-dye components in a dominant lethal test. Each component was tested at 3 dosage levels with 15 random-bred male rats per level. The highest dose, selected on the basis of subacute toxicity testing, generally reduced weight gains without being lethal. Freshly prepared solutions were injected i.p. at 1 ml/kg 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Rats injected with dimethylsulfoxide and triethylenemelamine served as solvent and positive controls, respectively. A majority of rats survived the treatment at the levels tested and were mated to two virgin females each per week for 2 weeks. The females were sacrificed at midterm of pregnancy and examined for live and dead implants. Dominant lethality was evaluated on the basis of 4 criteria: dead implants per pregnant female, dead implants per total implants, proportion of females with one or more dead implants, and proportion of females with two or more dead implants. 2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate and 2,5-diaminoanisole sulfate produced negative responses, whereas m-phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine induced weak dominant lethality in the first trial. On retesting these weakly positive components, both m-phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine produced negative responses.", "contents": "Dominant lethal assay of some hair-dye components in random-bred male rats. Male rats were exposed to maximally tolerated doses of 5 hair-dye components in a dominant lethal test. Each component was tested at 3 dosage levels with 15 random-bred male rats per level. The highest dose, selected on the basis of subacute toxicity testing, generally reduced weight gains without being lethal. Freshly prepared solutions were injected i.p. at 1 ml/kg 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Rats injected with dimethylsulfoxide and triethylenemelamine served as solvent and positive controls, respectively. A majority of rats survived the treatment at the levels tested and were mated to two virgin females each per week for 2 weeks. The females were sacrificed at midterm of pregnancy and examined for live and dead implants. Dominant lethality was evaluated on the basis of 4 criteria: dead implants per pregnant female, dead implants per total implants, proportion of females with one or more dead implants, and proportion of females with two or more dead implants. 2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate and 2,5-diaminoanisole sulfate produced negative responses, whereas m-phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine induced weak dominant lethality in the first trial. On retesting these weakly positive components, both m-phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine produced negative responses.", "PMID": 386112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7291", "title": "Mutagenic activity of thiram in Ames tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of thiram was investigated in 4 histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA100, TA1538, TA98) with and without activation by liver microsomes. In strains TA1535 and TA100, thiram induces mutations without metabolic activation. The presence of rat-liver microsome fraction, cysteine or glutathione abolish its mutagenic activity in these strains. In contrast, thiram requires metabolic activation for the expression of its mutagenic activity in TA1538 and TA98 strains. The compounds containing the sulphydryl group abolish mutagenic activity of thiram in these strains, too.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of thiram in Ames tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The mutagenic activity of thiram was investigated in 4 histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA100, TA1538, TA98) with and without activation by liver microsomes. In strains TA1535 and TA100, thiram induces mutations without metabolic activation. The presence of rat-liver microsome fraction, cysteine or glutathione abolish its mutagenic activity in these strains. In contrast, thiram requires metabolic activation for the expression of its mutagenic activity in TA1538 and TA98 strains. The compounds containing the sulphydryl group abolish mutagenic activity of thiram in these strains, too.", "PMID": 386113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7292", "title": "Opportunistic lung infection due to \"Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent\".", "content": "Eight immunosuppressed patients had pneumonia due to Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent (PPA), a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacterium cultivatable only in embryonated eggs and guinea pigs and distinct from Legionella pneumophila. The diagnosis was established by isolation of the agent from lung or visualization of the organism in lung tissue. The clinical presentations, radiographic abnormalities and pathology were not specific. The most consistent feature associated with the disease was the recent institution of daily high-dose corticosteriod therapy in all patients. Five of the eight patients died despite broad-spectrum antibiotic and antituberculous therapy. Anti-microbial activity against PPA was demonstrated for sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim, for rifampin and for erythromycin with an egg-protection assay. Serologic studies with an indirect fluorescent-antibody technic suggested that seroconversion or high titers may be a sensitive test for PPA disease. PPA appears to be a newly recognized cause of life-threatening bacterial pneumonia in immunosupressed patients.", "contents": "Opportunistic lung infection due to \"Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent\". Eight immunosuppressed patients had pneumonia due to Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent (PPA), a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacterium cultivatable only in embryonated eggs and guinea pigs and distinct from Legionella pneumophila. The diagnosis was established by isolation of the agent from lung or visualization of the organism in lung tissue. The clinical presentations, radiographic abnormalities and pathology were not specific. The most consistent feature associated with the disease was the recent institution of daily high-dose corticosteriod therapy in all patients. Five of the eight patients died despite broad-spectrum antibiotic and antituberculous therapy. Anti-microbial activity against PPA was demonstrated for sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim, for rifampin and for erythromycin with an egg-protection assay. Serologic studies with an indirect fluorescent-antibody technic suggested that seroconversion or high titers may be a sensitive test for PPA disease. PPA appears to be a newly recognized cause of life-threatening bacterial pneumonia in immunosupressed patients.", "PMID": 386116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7293", "title": "Opportunistic pneumonia: a clinicopathological study of five cases caused by an unidentified acid-fast bacterium.", "content": "Five patients had opportunistic pulmonary infection caused by acid-fast bacilli, unusual clinical presentations and a unique pathological picture. Clinically, these cases mimicked septic pulmonary emboli or bacterial pneumonia. The infection was temporally related to high-dose corticosteroid therapy, given for renal-transplant rejection in four patients and for therapy of lymphocytic lymphoma in one. Histologic sections of lung-biopsy or autopsy material showed an acute suppurative pneumonia with dense alveolar infiltration by neutrophils, without granuloma formation or caseous necrosis. Predominantly intracellular acid-fast bacilli were present. The organism failed to grow in culture on routine bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial mediums. This unusual and possibly new acid-fast organism is a probable cause of suppurative pneumonia in impaired hosts receiving corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Opportunistic pneumonia: a clinicopathological study of five cases caused by an unidentified acid-fast bacterium. Five patients had opportunistic pulmonary infection caused by acid-fast bacilli, unusual clinical presentations and a unique pathological picture. Clinically, these cases mimicked septic pulmonary emboli or bacterial pneumonia. The infection was temporally related to high-dose corticosteroid therapy, given for renal-transplant rejection in four patients and for therapy of lymphocytic lymphoma in one. Histologic sections of lung-biopsy or autopsy material showed an acute suppurative pneumonia with dense alveolar infiltration by neutrophils, without granuloma formation or caseous necrosis. Predominantly intracellular acid-fast bacilli were present. The organism failed to grow in culture on routine bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial mediums. This unusual and possibly new acid-fast organism is a probable cause of suppurative pneumonia in impaired hosts receiving corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 386117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7294", "title": "Failure of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy to improve patency of grafts after coronary-artery bypass: a controlled, randomized study.", "content": "Fifty patients who underwent aortocoronary saphenous-vein bypass-graft surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to determine the effects of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy on graft patency. Twenty-four patients served as controls; 13 patients received aspirin (325 mg three times a day) and dipyridamole (75 mg three times a day); and 13 patients received closely regulated warfarin therapy. Medications were begun on the third post-operative day. Six months after surgery, all patients underwent coronary angiography to assess graft patency. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in various clinical, hemodynamic and angios, 27 of 33 grafts (82 per cent) with aspirin and dipyridamole and 29 of 37 grafts (78 per cent) with warfarin (P less than 0.5), all patients had at least one patent graft. Postoperative treatment either with aspirin and dipyridamole or with warfarin failed to improve the patency of the grafts.", "contents": "Failure of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy to improve patency of grafts after coronary-artery bypass: a controlled, randomized study. Fifty patients who underwent aortocoronary saphenous-vein bypass-graft surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to determine the effects of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy on graft patency. Twenty-four patients served as controls; 13 patients received aspirin (325 mg three times a day) and dipyridamole (75 mg three times a day); and 13 patients received closely regulated warfarin therapy. Medications were begun on the third post-operative day. Six months after surgery, all patients underwent coronary angiography to assess graft patency. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in various clinical, hemodynamic and angios, 27 of 33 grafts (82 per cent) with aspirin and dipyridamole and 29 of 37 grafts (78 per cent) with warfarin (P less than 0.5), all patients had at least one patent graft. Postoperative treatment either with aspirin and dipyridamole or with warfarin failed to improve the patency of the grafts.", "PMID": 386118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7295", "title": "Cyclic oscillations of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in human beings.", "content": "In a study of whether oscillations in plasma glucose and insulin occur in human beings, plasma samples were taken at one-minute intervals from 10 normal subjects for periods lasting between one and two hours. In five subjects the basal plasma insulin concentrations cycled regularly, with a mean period of 13 minutes and mean amplitude of 1.6 mU per liter (11.5 pmol per liter). A concurrent plasma glucose cycle was demonstrated, with a mean amplitude (after averaging to minimize random error) of 0.05 mmol per liter (1 mg per decliter). The average plasma glucose cycle was two minutes in advance of the plasma insulin. In the subjects with less regular plasma insulin cycles, a similar plasma glucose rise was demonstrated two minutes before the insulin rise. These phase relations are compatible with the presence of a negative-feedback loop between the liver and pancreatic beta cells that regulates both basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, although the cyclic beta-cell secretion could be independent of plasma glucose.", "contents": "Cyclic oscillations of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in human beings. In a study of whether oscillations in plasma glucose and insulin occur in human beings, plasma samples were taken at one-minute intervals from 10 normal subjects for periods lasting between one and two hours. In five subjects the basal plasma insulin concentrations cycled regularly, with a mean period of 13 minutes and mean amplitude of 1.6 mU per liter (11.5 pmol per liter). A concurrent plasma glucose cycle was demonstrated, with a mean amplitude (after averaging to minimize random error) of 0.05 mmol per liter (1 mg per decliter). The average plasma glucose cycle was two minutes in advance of the plasma insulin. In the subjects with less regular plasma insulin cycles, a similar plasma glucose rise was demonstrated two minutes before the insulin rise. These phase relations are compatible with the presence of a negative-feedback loop between the liver and pancreatic beta cells that regulates both basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, although the cyclic beta-cell secretion could be independent of plasma glucose.", "PMID": 386121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7296", "title": "Cimetidine for anastomotic ulcers after partial gastrectomy. A randomized controlled trial.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind multicenter trial, 15 outpatients with endoscopically proved anastomotic ulceration after Billroth I or Billroth II partial gastrectomy received cimetidine, 1 g daily over eight weeks, or a placebo. All patients also received antiacid. The ulcer healed completely in all seven cimetidine-treated patients and in one of the eight placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.01). Ulcers not healed during the double-blind phase of the trial were all subsequently healed on open cimetidine treatment. There was a trend toward improvement of daytime symptoms in favor of cimetidine (P = 0.06), and nighttime symptoms were significantly relieved during the initial four weeks of cimetidine treatment P = 0.02). We conclude that cimetidine, 1 g daily, promotes healing of anastomotic ulcers after partial gastrectomy.", "contents": "Cimetidine for anastomotic ulcers after partial gastrectomy. A randomized controlled trial. In a randomized double-blind multicenter trial, 15 outpatients with endoscopically proved anastomotic ulceration after Billroth I or Billroth II partial gastrectomy received cimetidine, 1 g daily over eight weeks, or a placebo. All patients also received antiacid. The ulcer healed completely in all seven cimetidine-treated patients and in one of the eight placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.01). Ulcers not healed during the double-blind phase of the trial were all subsequently healed on open cimetidine treatment. There was a trend toward improvement of daytime symptoms in favor of cimetidine (P = 0.06), and nighttime symptoms were significantly relieved during the initial four weeks of cimetidine treatment P = 0.02). We conclude that cimetidine, 1 g daily, promotes healing of anastomotic ulcers after partial gastrectomy.", "PMID": 386125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7297", "title": "Effect of amphotericin B on the metabolism of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Action of amphotericin B on the growth and metabolism of Aspergillus fumigatus has been investigated. The fungus proved to be very sensitive to amphotericin B, showing complete inhibition of growth at 0.5 units/ml. Amphotericin B suppressed the exogenous and endogenous respiration and glycolysis of A. fumigatus as well as the assimilation of various glycolysis and TCA cycle intermediates. Addition of cations and cholesterol failed to reverse the action of amphotericin B. The treated mycelium released a variety of cellular constituents and it is inferred that the antibiotic effects the permeability of A. fumigatus cells. In experiments with 32P labelled mycelium phosphorus compounds leached out in concentrations which were dependent on the antibiotic dose, period of contact, incubation temperature and metabolic state of the fungus.", "contents": "Effect of amphotericin B on the metabolism of Aspergillus fumigatus. Action of amphotericin B on the growth and metabolism of Aspergillus fumigatus has been investigated. The fungus proved to be very sensitive to amphotericin B, showing complete inhibition of growth at 0.5 units/ml. Amphotericin B suppressed the exogenous and endogenous respiration and glycolysis of A. fumigatus as well as the assimilation of various glycolysis and TCA cycle intermediates. Addition of cations and cholesterol failed to reverse the action of amphotericin B. The treated mycelium released a variety of cellular constituents and it is inferred that the antibiotic effects the permeability of A. fumigatus cells. In experiments with 32P labelled mycelium phosphorus compounds leached out in concentrations which were dependent on the antibiotic dose, period of contact, incubation temperature and metabolic state of the fungus.", "PMID": 386128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7298", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in mice infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi.", "content": "Time course of cellular and humoral immune responses in mice infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi was investigated by using an antigen prepared from culture filtrate of this fungus. Mice were infected by intravenous injection with yeast-like cells of the fungus. Viable fungus was recovered from the brain of the infected mice until the 36th day after inoculation, and from the other organs examined until 14th to 16th day. Inflammatory lesions were observed in the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and intestine during the first 30 days after inoculation. Macrophage migration inhibition factor response in these mice was insignificant until 8 days after inoculation. A significant response was developed at day 10 and persisted until day 63. This response returned negative by 95 days after inoculation. Lymphocyte transformation response of these mice was negative until 4 days after inoculation. At day 6 blastogenic index increased to 1.5, and at day 10, 14 and 16 the indices were 1.8, 2.4 and 1.7 respectively. Precipitin response to this fungus could not be detected in these mice until 16 days after inoculation, Positive results were obtained at day 21 and lasted until 51 days after inoculation. The precipitin titers, however, did not exceed one fold in any of these mice.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in mice infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Time course of cellular and humoral immune responses in mice infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi was investigated by using an antigen prepared from culture filtrate of this fungus. Mice were infected by intravenous injection with yeast-like cells of the fungus. Viable fungus was recovered from the brain of the infected mice until the 36th day after inoculation, and from the other organs examined until 14th to 16th day. Inflammatory lesions were observed in the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and intestine during the first 30 days after inoculation. Macrophage migration inhibition factor response in these mice was insignificant until 8 days after inoculation. A significant response was developed at day 10 and persisted until day 63. This response returned negative by 95 days after inoculation. Lymphocyte transformation response of these mice was negative until 4 days after inoculation. At day 6 blastogenic index increased to 1.5, and at day 10, 14 and 16 the indices were 1.8, 2.4 and 1.7 respectively. Precipitin response to this fungus could not be detected in these mice until 16 days after inoculation, Positive results were obtained at day 21 and lasted until 51 days after inoculation. The precipitin titers, however, did not exceed one fold in any of these mice.", "PMID": 386129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7299", "title": "Population changes induced in Candida albicans by nalidixic acid.", "content": "Cells of Candida albicans plated on media containing nalidixic acid (Nal) either die, adapt physiologically to Nal-tolerance or mutate ot Nal-resistance. The fraction of a population exhibiting each response depends on the growth phase of cells when plated and their nitrogen and carbon nutrition and growth temperatures before and after plating. Nal induces Nal-resistant mutants in very high frequency but only at 37 C on plates containing i) glucose as primary carbon source and ii) adenine, a sulfur amino acid or a representative of the glutamic acid family of amino acids. Nal does not affect either forward mutation to caffeine-resistance or reverse mutation from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy. Nal-resistant mutants produce minute colonies on N-ALfree medium, respire oxidatively and are unusually sensitive to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. They revert spontaneously to wild type at very high rates but can be propagated indefinitely in the absence of Nal by serial selection and replating of minute colonies. Cellular inactivation and induction of Nal-resistant mutants are greatly affected by specific inhibitors of mitochondrial macromolecular syntheses. The presence of chloramphenicol or erythromycin during exposure to Nal prevents cell death and mutation but has no effect on adaptation to Nal-tolerance. Growth on acriflavin or ethidium bromide enhances resistance of cells to inactivation when subsequently plated on Nal containing media. It is concluded that Nal-induced cellular inactivation and mutation to Nal-resistance, but not adaptation to Nal-tolerance, result from damages to the mitochondrion which are fixed or promoted by macromolecular syntheses within the mitochondrion. Implications of these findings for the therapeutic use of Nal are discussed.", "contents": "Population changes induced in Candida albicans by nalidixic acid. Cells of Candida albicans plated on media containing nalidixic acid (Nal) either die, adapt physiologically to Nal-tolerance or mutate ot Nal-resistance. The fraction of a population exhibiting each response depends on the growth phase of cells when plated and their nitrogen and carbon nutrition and growth temperatures before and after plating. Nal induces Nal-resistant mutants in very high frequency but only at 37 C on plates containing i) glucose as primary carbon source and ii) adenine, a sulfur amino acid or a representative of the glutamic acid family of amino acids. Nal does not affect either forward mutation to caffeine-resistance or reverse mutation from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy. Nal-resistant mutants produce minute colonies on N-ALfree medium, respire oxidatively and are unusually sensitive to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. They revert spontaneously to wild type at very high rates but can be propagated indefinitely in the absence of Nal by serial selection and replating of minute colonies. Cellular inactivation and induction of Nal-resistant mutants are greatly affected by specific inhibitors of mitochondrial macromolecular syntheses. The presence of chloramphenicol or erythromycin during exposure to Nal prevents cell death and mutation but has no effect on adaptation to Nal-tolerance. Growth on acriflavin or ethidium bromide enhances resistance of cells to inactivation when subsequently plated on Nal containing media. It is concluded that Nal-induced cellular inactivation and mutation to Nal-resistance, but not adaptation to Nal-tolerance, result from damages to the mitochondrion which are fixed or promoted by macromolecular syntheses within the mitochondrion. Implications of these findings for the therapeutic use of Nal are discussed.", "PMID": 386130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7300", "title": "Directive segregation in the basis of colE1 plasmid incompatibility.", "content": "Incompatibility between colE1 plasmids in Escherichia coli can be explained by competition for a limited number of replication sites. These sites ensure directive segregation of plasmids to daughter cells on cell division. The number of sites can be more than one only if a linear segregation mechanism is postulated.", "contents": "Directive segregation in the basis of colE1 plasmid incompatibility. Incompatibility between colE1 plasmids in Escherichia coli can be explained by competition for a limited number of replication sites. These sites ensure directive segregation of plasmids to daughter cells on cell division. The number of sites can be more than one only if a linear segregation mechanism is postulated.", "PMID": 386132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7301", "title": "Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone.", "content": "DNA coding for human growth hormone was constructed by using chemically synthesised DNA in conjunction with enzymatically prepared cDNA. This 'hybrid' gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the lac promoter. A polypeptide was produced having the size and immunological properties characteristic of mature human growth hormone.", "contents": "Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone. DNA coding for human growth hormone was constructed by using chemically synthesised DNA in conjunction with enzymatically prepared cDNA. This 'hybrid' gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the lac promoter. A polypeptide was produced having the size and immunological properties characteristic of mature human growth hormone.", "PMID": 386136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7302", "title": "Captopril (SQ 14225) depresses drinking and aldosterone in rats lacking vasopressin.", "content": "Angiotensin II is dipsogenic, and vasopressin (ADH) regulates renal water excretion. Together, these hormones govern overall mammalian water balance. The Brattleboro rat with inherited diabetes insipidus (DI) lacks ADH and is therefore a convenient model with which to elucidate mechanisms regulating water metabolism. In the present studies, angiotensin II has also been removed from DI rats by the administration of an inhibitor (captopril, SQ 14225; D-2-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-L-proline) of the enzyme which converts angiotensin I, the relatively inert component of the renin-angiotensin system, to angiotensin II, the biologically active substance. SQ 14225 reduced the drinking rates, and after 6 days lowered peripheral plasma aldosterone concentrations were associated with hyperkalaemia. We conclude that the polydipsia of diabetes insipidus partly results from elevated plasma renin activities and angiotensin II concentrations seen in this syndrome. Further, the apparent hypoaldosteronism of DI Brattleboro rats reflects differences in both tissue usage of the steroid and adrenocortical sensitivities associated with polyuria, hyperosmolarity and possibly potassium wasting.", "contents": "Captopril (SQ 14225) depresses drinking and aldosterone in rats lacking vasopressin. Angiotensin II is dipsogenic, and vasopressin (ADH) regulates renal water excretion. Together, these hormones govern overall mammalian water balance. The Brattleboro rat with inherited diabetes insipidus (DI) lacks ADH and is therefore a convenient model with which to elucidate mechanisms regulating water metabolism. In the present studies, angiotensin II has also been removed from DI rats by the administration of an inhibitor (captopril, SQ 14225; D-2-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-L-proline) of the enzyme which converts angiotensin I, the relatively inert component of the renin-angiotensin system, to angiotensin II, the biologically active substance. SQ 14225 reduced the drinking rates, and after 6 days lowered peripheral plasma aldosterone concentrations were associated with hyperkalaemia. We conclude that the polydipsia of diabetes insipidus partly results from elevated plasma renin activities and angiotensin II concentrations seen in this syndrome. Further, the apparent hypoaldosteronism of DI Brattleboro rats reflects differences in both tissue usage of the steroid and adrenocortical sensitivities associated with polyuria, hyperosmolarity and possibly potassium wasting.", "PMID": 386137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7303", "title": "The importance of Ca2+-mediated phospholipase A2 activation for stimulus-evoked PGE2-release from rabbit splenic capsular strips.", "content": "Rabbit splenic capsular strips released PGE2 when contracted by noradrenaline. Contraction as well as PGE2-release were Ca2+-dependent. In the presence of Ca2+ the ionophore A 23187 induced a long lasting contraction and a vigorous PGE2-release. In Ca2+-free medium the ionophore was ineffective. Introduction of Ca2+ to splenic strips preincubated with the ionophore in the absence of Ca2+ reinstalled contracture and PGE2-release. The PGE2-release induced induced by the PG-precursor arachidonic acid was Ca2+-independent. Addition of phospholipase A to splenic strips elicited a strong PGE2-release. These results indicate, that the first step of stimulus evoked PG-release is the Ca2+-mediated activation of phospholipase A2. This enzyme liberates from membrane bound phospholipids C-20-fatty acids, which then serve as substrates for the PG-synthetizing enzymes. Therefore the rate limiting step in stimulus-evoked PG-release seems to be rather the phospholipase A2 activity than the state of activation of one of the PG-synthetizing enzymes.", "contents": "The importance of Ca2+-mediated phospholipase A2 activation for stimulus-evoked PGE2-release from rabbit splenic capsular strips. Rabbit splenic capsular strips released PGE2 when contracted by noradrenaline. Contraction as well as PGE2-release were Ca2+-dependent. In the presence of Ca2+ the ionophore A 23187 induced a long lasting contraction and a vigorous PGE2-release. In Ca2+-free medium the ionophore was ineffective. Introduction of Ca2+ to splenic strips preincubated with the ionophore in the absence of Ca2+ reinstalled contracture and PGE2-release. The PGE2-release induced induced by the PG-precursor arachidonic acid was Ca2+-independent. Addition of phospholipase A to splenic strips elicited a strong PGE2-release. These results indicate, that the first step of stimulus evoked PG-release is the Ca2+-mediated activation of phospholipase A2. This enzyme liberates from membrane bound phospholipids C-20-fatty acids, which then serve as substrates for the PG-synthetizing enzymes. Therefore the rate limiting step in stimulus-evoked PG-release seems to be rather the phospholipase A2 activity than the state of activation of one of the PG-synthetizing enzymes.", "PMID": 386140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7304", "title": "Membranous nephropathy: a radioimmunologic search for anti-renal tubular epithelial antibodies and circulating immune complexes.", "content": "In an effort to elucidate immunopathogenic of membranous nephropathy (MN), freshly collected sera from patients with biopsy proven MN were assayed of circulating immune complexes (ICs) by the Raji cell method and for anti-renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antibodies by a newly established radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by indirect immunofluorescence. 6 of 26 MN patients tested by the Raji cell assay had detectable circulating ICs. However, 5 of these 6 patients had other medical conditions which might also explain the IC reactivity. 29 MN patients and 11 patients with other glomerular diseases had no demonstrable circulating anti-RTE antibodies. This study suggests that if RTE antigens possess a nephritogenic potential for man it is probably only rarely expressed. The inconstant detection of circulating immune complexes in idiopathic MN raises an speculation as to their immunopathogenic significance.", "contents": "Membranous nephropathy: a radioimmunologic search for anti-renal tubular epithelial antibodies and circulating immune complexes. In an effort to elucidate immunopathogenic of membranous nephropathy (MN), freshly collected sera from patients with biopsy proven MN were assayed of circulating immune complexes (ICs) by the Raji cell method and for anti-renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antibodies by a newly established radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by indirect immunofluorescence. 6 of 26 MN patients tested by the Raji cell assay had detectable circulating ICs. However, 5 of these 6 patients had other medical conditions which might also explain the IC reactivity. 29 MN patients and 11 patients with other glomerular diseases had no demonstrable circulating anti-RTE antibodies. This study suggests that if RTE antigens possess a nephritogenic potential for man it is probably only rarely expressed. The inconstant detection of circulating immune complexes in idiopathic MN raises an speculation as to their immunopathogenic significance.", "PMID": 386150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7305", "title": "A detailed analysis of the 1-hour posttransplant renal biopsy. Its value in predicting future outcome of kidney transplants.", "content": "A detailed histological assessment of the 1-hour posttransplant biopsy has been made in 65 cadaver and related renal transplants. There was a lack of correlation between the numbers of polymorphonoclear leucocytes per glomerulus, the prescence and severity of thrombi, vascular changes, interstitial scars, the presence of absence of immune deposits, and the renal function of the patients at 90, 180 and 365 days. The only positive findings was a statistically significant correlation between the glomerular tamponade at 90 days and the renal function. This was not borne out at 180 and 365 days.", "contents": "A detailed analysis of the 1-hour posttransplant renal biopsy. Its value in predicting future outcome of kidney transplants. A detailed histological assessment of the 1-hour posttransplant biopsy has been made in 65 cadaver and related renal transplants. There was a lack of correlation between the numbers of polymorphonoclear leucocytes per glomerulus, the prescence and severity of thrombi, vascular changes, interstitial scars, the presence of absence of immune deposits, and the renal function of the patients at 90, 180 and 365 days. The only positive findings was a statistically significant correlation between the glomerular tamponade at 90 days and the renal function. This was not borne out at 180 and 365 days.", "PMID": 386151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7306", "title": "Skin muscle biopsy in patients with various nephropathies.", "content": "Skin-muscle and kidney biopsy specimens were obtained from 43 patients with glomerulonephritis and from 5 normal subjects. 14 of the 43 patients had mesangial IgA nephropathy and in 12 the immunofluorescence study of skin-muscle biopsy showed IgA deposits. Ultrastructural research performed on 4 of these patients showed some electron-dense deposits on the walls of the muscular capillaries or in the perivascular connective tissue which could represent the immune aggregates. The remaining 29 patients had nonsystemic chronic glomerulonephritis with various immune deposits; only in 7 of these patients was the immunofluorescence study positive. The said study suggests that immunofluorescence examination of skin-muscle biopsy specimens could be diagnostically important.", "contents": "Skin muscle biopsy in patients with various nephropathies. Skin-muscle and kidney biopsy specimens were obtained from 43 patients with glomerulonephritis and from 5 normal subjects. 14 of the 43 patients had mesangial IgA nephropathy and in 12 the immunofluorescence study of skin-muscle biopsy showed IgA deposits. Ultrastructural research performed on 4 of these patients showed some electron-dense deposits on the walls of the muscular capillaries or in the perivascular connective tissue which could represent the immune aggregates. The remaining 29 patients had nonsystemic chronic glomerulonephritis with various immune deposits; only in 7 of these patients was the immunofluorescence study positive. The said study suggests that immunofluorescence examination of skin-muscle biopsy specimens could be diagnostically important.", "PMID": 386152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7307", "title": "Renal 'salt wasting' despite apparently normal renal, adrenal and central nervous system function.", "content": "The inability of the kidney to conserve sodium appropriately in response to a restricted sodium intake is reported in a subject who had entirely normal renal and adrenal function and no evidence of central nervous system disease. Subsequent transplantation of his left kidney to his son afforded a unique opportunity to assess renal sodium conservation in each kidney separately: both the patient and his son were unable to achieve balance in response to dietary sodium restriction after transplantation, indicating that the sodium wasting was due to a process intrinsic to both kidneys. The assessment of intrarenal hemodynamics with xenon-133 washout prior to nephrectomy provided insight into the role of intrarenal hemodynamics in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in man. The xenon washout curve failed to disclose an identifiable second most rapid exponential (CII). This finding, in concert with previous studies demonstrating that diuretic agents with a primary action in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle caused a marked slowing of CII flow, raises the possibility that limited perfusion in the outer medulla of the kidney may be rate-limiting for sodium conservation in man.", "contents": "Renal 'salt wasting' despite apparently normal renal, adrenal and central nervous system function. The inability of the kidney to conserve sodium appropriately in response to a restricted sodium intake is reported in a subject who had entirely normal renal and adrenal function and no evidence of central nervous system disease. Subsequent transplantation of his left kidney to his son afforded a unique opportunity to assess renal sodium conservation in each kidney separately: both the patient and his son were unable to achieve balance in response to dietary sodium restriction after transplantation, indicating that the sodium wasting was due to a process intrinsic to both kidneys. The assessment of intrarenal hemodynamics with xenon-133 washout prior to nephrectomy provided insight into the role of intrarenal hemodynamics in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in man. The xenon washout curve failed to disclose an identifiable second most rapid exponential (CII). This finding, in concert with previous studies demonstrating that diuretic agents with a primary action in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle caused a marked slowing of CII flow, raises the possibility that limited perfusion in the outer medulla of the kidney may be rate-limiting for sodium conservation in man.", "PMID": 386154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7308", "title": "Assessment of Brescia-Cimino fistula blood flow rates in pediatric patients.", "content": "Blood flow rates were measured using an isotopic dilution method in the main drainage segments of Brescia-Cimino arteriovenous fistulas in 9 pediatric patients who had undergone successful renal transplantation, 3 patients on hemodialysis and 2 patients with end-stage renal disease. Blood flow rates varied from 68 to 882 ml/min. The possibility that such high flow rates may have deleterious effects on limb growth, cosmetic appearance and cardiac function without any benefit to the patient is discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of Brescia-Cimino fistula blood flow rates in pediatric patients. Blood flow rates were measured using an isotopic dilution method in the main drainage segments of Brescia-Cimino arteriovenous fistulas in 9 pediatric patients who had undergone successful renal transplantation, 3 patients on hemodialysis and 2 patients with end-stage renal disease. Blood flow rates varied from 68 to 882 ml/min. The possibility that such high flow rates may have deleterious effects on limb growth, cosmetic appearance and cardiac function without any benefit to the patient is discussed.", "PMID": 386155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7309", "title": "Steroid-cyclophosphamide pretreatment of kidney allograft donors. A control study.", "content": "34 cadaveric donor grafts were randomized in a blind study of the effect of pretreatment of 5 g each of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide on kidney graft outcome. There was no difference in overall survival or functioning after 3, 6 or 12 months between grafts from pretreated (33 kidneys) or control (29 kidneys) cadaveric donors. In addition, this pretreatment protocol did not modify the recipient immune response against B-lymphocyte alloantigens which developed in unsuccessful transplants. Our data, thus, neither confirm the high rate of kidney graft survival attributed to cadaveric donor treatment nor the supposition that treatment is effective in suppressing recipient antidonor B-lymphocyte antibodies.", "contents": "Steroid-cyclophosphamide pretreatment of kidney allograft donors. A control study. 34 cadaveric donor grafts were randomized in a blind study of the effect of pretreatment of 5 g each of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide on kidney graft outcome. There was no difference in overall survival or functioning after 3, 6 or 12 months between grafts from pretreated (33 kidneys) or control (29 kidneys) cadaveric donors. In addition, this pretreatment protocol did not modify the recipient immune response against B-lymphocyte alloantigens which developed in unsuccessful transplants. Our data, thus, neither confirm the high rate of kidney graft survival attributed to cadaveric donor treatment nor the supposition that treatment is effective in suppressing recipient antidonor B-lymphocyte antibodies.", "PMID": 386157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7310", "title": "Dipropylacetate and hyperglycinemia.", "content": "Hyperglycinemia was induced by dipropylacetate (DPA) (dose 14-41 mg/kg per day) in 10 Finnish epileptic patients with neurologically disabling diseases of various kinds. When comparing the levels of glycine in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine from the patients with 10 otherwise comparable patients, and normal values there was a fourfold excretion of glycine in urine. All the treated patients had elevated CSF (49 +/- 23 mumol/l) and plasma (475 +/- 76 mumol/l) glycine concentrations. The plasma/CSF glycine ratio was not influenced by the treatment. In comparison with corresponding values in nonketotic hyperglycinemia and ketotic hyperglycinemia, this condition probably arises in a manner similar to secondary hyperglycinemia in organic aciduria. DPA probably influences metabolism in a way similar to some metabolites of amino acids in organic acidurias.", "contents": "Dipropylacetate and hyperglycinemia. Hyperglycinemia was induced by dipropylacetate (DPA) (dose 14-41 mg/kg per day) in 10 Finnish epileptic patients with neurologically disabling diseases of various kinds. When comparing the levels of glycine in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine from the patients with 10 otherwise comparable patients, and normal values there was a fourfold excretion of glycine in urine. All the treated patients had elevated CSF (49 +/- 23 mumol/l) and plasma (475 +/- 76 mumol/l) glycine concentrations. The plasma/CSF glycine ratio was not influenced by the treatment. In comparison with corresponding values in nonketotic hyperglycinemia and ketotic hyperglycinemia, this condition probably arises in a manner similar to secondary hyperglycinemia in organic aciduria. DPA probably influences metabolism in a way similar to some metabolites of amino acids in organic acidurias.", "PMID": 386163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7311", "title": "[Markers of type B viral hepatitis].", "content": "The discovery of Australian antigen (HBsAg) has led to an increasing deal of knowledges about the virus of type B hepatitis (HBV); several markers of HBV have been detected and are becoming disposable for clinical and epidemiological purposes. The HBsAg is carried by 3 types of particulate structures discovered by electron microscopy as small spherical particles having diameter around 22 nm, long filaments and spherical particles having an overall diameter of the 42 nm (Dane-particle) with an electron-dense core. Dane-particle core contains circular double-stranded DNA molecules and an enzyme, the DNA polymerase. At present, Dane-particle is thought to represent the HBV, having properties consistent with those of a complete virus. Four antigen/antibody systems related to viral type B hepatitis have been discovered; they have been designated with the following nomenclature: HBsAg/anti-HBs, HBcAg/anti-HBc, HBeAg/anti-HBe, epilon antigen/anti epilson. The availability of the HBV markers for clinical purposes will permit a better understanding of the sequence of the biological reactions as well as of the clinical and epidemiological features concerning this viral infection: incubation period, acute disease, resolution, chronic carrier state, actively or passively immunized subject, persistent or subsided infectivity, prognosis.", "contents": "[Markers of type B viral hepatitis]. The discovery of Australian antigen (HBsAg) has led to an increasing deal of knowledges about the virus of type B hepatitis (HBV); several markers of HBV have been detected and are becoming disposable for clinical and epidemiological purposes. The HBsAg is carried by 3 types of particulate structures discovered by electron microscopy as small spherical particles having diameter around 22 nm, long filaments and spherical particles having an overall diameter of the 42 nm (Dane-particle) with an electron-dense core. Dane-particle core contains circular double-stranded DNA molecules and an enzyme, the DNA polymerase. At present, Dane-particle is thought to represent the HBV, having properties consistent with those of a complete virus. Four antigen/antibody systems related to viral type B hepatitis have been discovered; they have been designated with the following nomenclature: HBsAg/anti-HBs, HBcAg/anti-HBc, HBeAg/anti-HBe, epilon antigen/anti epilson. The availability of the HBV markers for clinical purposes will permit a better understanding of the sequence of the biological reactions as well as of the clinical and epidemiological features concerning this viral infection: incubation period, acute disease, resolution, chronic carrier state, actively or passively immunized subject, persistent or subsided infectivity, prognosis.", "PMID": 386166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7312", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in multiple myeloma and bronchial cancer].", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of peripheral lymphocytes was studied in normal subjects and patients with myeloma and bronchial carcinoma. Distinct differences in anodic mobility were noted between the sub-populations in all three groups. Total lymphocyte migration was significantly slower in the two tumour groups.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in multiple myeloma and bronchial cancer]. The electrophoretic mobility of peripheral lymphocytes was studied in normal subjects and patients with myeloma and bronchial carcinoma. Distinct differences in anodic mobility were noted between the sub-populations in all three groups. Total lymphocyte migration was significantly slower in the two tumour groups.", "PMID": 386169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7313", "title": "[The hyperaminoacidurias with special reference to cystinuria].", "content": "Increased urinary excretion of free amino acids is a sign which requires determination of the underlying cause. Physiological aspects of tubular transport with emphasis on the role played by transport proteins or carriers are briefly discussed. Subsequently we present a resumptive classification. In prerenal hyperaminoaciduria the urinary excretion of amino acids just reflects the error in amino acid metabolism. Depending on tubular reabsorption of the amino acid involved in the metabolic error three types can be distinguished: the overflow, the competitive and the non-threshold hyperaminoacidurias. Renal hyperaminoaciduria can either be specific for individual or group-related amino acids, or generalized involving all amino acids. With the exception of classical cystinuria the various hyperaminoacidurias have more theoretical than clinical importance. Generalized hyperaminoaciduria is always a symptom of severe tubular disturbance which can be produced by various metabolic diseases, intoxications or deficiency states. Finally we present our experience in the treatment of cystinuria with mercaptopropionyl-glycine.", "contents": "[The hyperaminoacidurias with special reference to cystinuria]. Increased urinary excretion of free amino acids is a sign which requires determination of the underlying cause. Physiological aspects of tubular transport with emphasis on the role played by transport proteins or carriers are briefly discussed. Subsequently we present a resumptive classification. In prerenal hyperaminoaciduria the urinary excretion of amino acids just reflects the error in amino acid metabolism. Depending on tubular reabsorption of the amino acid involved in the metabolic error three types can be distinguished: the overflow, the competitive and the non-threshold hyperaminoacidurias. Renal hyperaminoaciduria can either be specific for individual or group-related amino acids, or generalized involving all amino acids. With the exception of classical cystinuria the various hyperaminoacidurias have more theoretical than clinical importance. Generalized hyperaminoaciduria is always a symptom of severe tubular disturbance which can be produced by various metabolic diseases, intoxications or deficiency states. Finally we present our experience in the treatment of cystinuria with mercaptopropionyl-glycine.", "PMID": 386173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7314", "title": "A new simple technique for the identification of antibodies against double stranded DNA: preliminary communication.", "content": "A new, simplified assay for detecting double stranded DNA antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using fixed human metaphase chromosomes as substrate is described. The technique has the advantage of ease of preparation, clarity of reading, specificity for double stranded DNA and apparently greater sensitivity than immunofluorescent assays currently available. Thirty of 92 systemic lupus erythematosus sera were found to have double stranded DNA antibodies using the metaphase preparation, compared with 23 positive sera detected with the Crithidia luciliae technique. No double stranded DNA antibodies were detected in 90 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The human metaphase chromosome assay could replace existing techniques for identification of double stranded DNA antibodies.", "contents": "A new simple technique for the identification of antibodies against double stranded DNA: preliminary communication. A new, simplified assay for detecting double stranded DNA antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using fixed human metaphase chromosomes as substrate is described. The technique has the advantage of ease of preparation, clarity of reading, specificity for double stranded DNA and apparently greater sensitivity than immunofluorescent assays currently available. Thirty of 92 systemic lupus erythematosus sera were found to have double stranded DNA antibodies using the metaphase preparation, compared with 23 positive sera detected with the Crithidia luciliae technique. No double stranded DNA antibodies were detected in 90 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The human metaphase chromosome assay could replace existing techniques for identification of double stranded DNA antibodies.", "PMID": 386186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7315", "title": "Captopril and propranolol in mild and moderate essential hypertension: preliminary report.", "content": "A randomised open trial was carried out to test the efficacy and safety of Captopril and propranolol in 20 patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension. Mild and moderate was defined as a resting supine diastolic pressure of 100 to 120mmHg at the end of a placebo period. Patients were then randomised into Captopril (12) or propranolol (8) group. After a four-week dose ranging period, they were maintained on the treatment drug, or, if still uncontrolled, the other drug was added. The patients showed good overall blood pressure response to both treatment regimes. Three patients in the Captopril group developed a rash. The significance of the effectiveness in essential hypertension of a drug which acts to block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is discussed.", "contents": "Captopril and propranolol in mild and moderate essential hypertension: preliminary report. A randomised open trial was carried out to test the efficacy and safety of Captopril and propranolol in 20 patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension. Mild and moderate was defined as a resting supine diastolic pressure of 100 to 120mmHg at the end of a placebo period. Patients were then randomised into Captopril (12) or propranolol (8) group. After a four-week dose ranging period, they were maintained on the treatment drug, or, if still uncontrolled, the other drug was added. The patients showed good overall blood pressure response to both treatment regimes. Three patients in the Captopril group developed a rash. The significance of the effectiveness in essential hypertension of a drug which acts to block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is discussed.", "PMID": 386192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7316", "title": "Radiocolloids in the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "content": "Though radiocolloids have been used for over twenty years in the treatment of ovarian cancer, no comprehensive review of the literature exists. This review incorporates the historical development of radiocolloids, discusses the physical properties and physics of the two commonly used colloids, radioactive gold (Au-198) and radioactive phosphorus (P-32), discusses instillation and distribution of intraperitoneally administered P-32, and reviews result of treatment. The conclusions reached from this review are that Au-198 is a very different radiocolloid than P-32; that the dose of clinically used P-32 is determined from an empirically determined dose of Au-198; and that the dose of 100 mCi to 150 mCi of Au-198 yields significantly greater radiation than 10 mCi to 15 mCi of P-32. The complications associated with Au-198 are results of a possibly excessive dose, with a significant gamma component, delivered over a shorter period of time. It is clear that in greater than 99% of distintegrations each beta particle is associated with a gamma component. The review of the literature also shows that no propsective randomized well controlled study has indicated the effectiveness of P-32 over other treatment modalities. The clinical applicability of P-32 awaits prospective randomized trials and the ability to accurately determine dose and dose-distribution in-vivo.", "contents": "Radiocolloids in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Though radiocolloids have been used for over twenty years in the treatment of ovarian cancer, no comprehensive review of the literature exists. This review incorporates the historical development of radiocolloids, discusses the physical properties and physics of the two commonly used colloids, radioactive gold (Au-198) and radioactive phosphorus (P-32), discusses instillation and distribution of intraperitoneally administered P-32, and reviews result of treatment. The conclusions reached from this review are that Au-198 is a very different radiocolloid than P-32; that the dose of clinically used P-32 is determined from an empirically determined dose of Au-198; and that the dose of 100 mCi to 150 mCi of Au-198 yields significantly greater radiation than 10 mCi to 15 mCi of P-32. The complications associated with Au-198 are results of a possibly excessive dose, with a significant gamma component, delivered over a shorter period of time. It is clear that in greater than 99% of distintegrations each beta particle is associated with a gamma component. The review of the literature also shows that no propsective randomized well controlled study has indicated the effectiveness of P-32 over other treatment modalities. The clinical applicability of P-32 awaits prospective randomized trials and the ability to accurately determine dose and dose-distribution in-vivo.", "PMID": 386194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7317", "title": "Control of perinatal infection by traditional preventive measures.", "content": "A 9-year review of nosocomial infections occurring in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of a major teaching hospital demonstrated the dramatic effect of strict asepsis and isolation on postoperative infection rates. With rigidly enforced preventive measures and without the use of prophylactic antibiotics, the rates of wound infection and endometritis and the relative prevalence of gram-negative aerobic organisms cultured from these infections could be reduced substantially. The role of anerobes in these infections was not established, since adequate techniques for the accurate diagnosis of anaerobic infection were not available at the time of this study. The relative importance of the numerous infection-control measures used is unclear. It is apparent, however, that by implementing all traditional methods of asepsis, virtually all types of nosocomial infection could be controlled, and the increased prevalence of gram-negative infections observed during the past decades could be reversed.", "contents": "Control of perinatal infection by traditional preventive measures. A 9-year review of nosocomial infections occurring in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of a major teaching hospital demonstrated the dramatic effect of strict asepsis and isolation on postoperative infection rates. With rigidly enforced preventive measures and without the use of prophylactic antibiotics, the rates of wound infection and endometritis and the relative prevalence of gram-negative aerobic organisms cultured from these infections could be reduced substantially. The role of anerobes in these infections was not established, since adequate techniques for the accurate diagnosis of anaerobic infection were not available at the time of this study. The relative importance of the numerous infection-control measures used is unclear. It is apparent, however, that by implementing all traditional methods of asepsis, virtually all types of nosocomial infection could be controlled, and the increased prevalence of gram-negative infections observed during the past decades could be reversed.", "PMID": 386195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7318", "title": "Trophoblast growth in the lungs of mice.", "content": "Trophoblast giant cells grow from ectoplacental cones of 7 1/2 days' gestation that are implanted in the lung from the surface, intrabronchially, or via the circulation. When blastocysts of 3 1/2 days' gestation are implanted in lung, their behavior varies according to the route of implantation and the ages of the recipient mice. Blastocysts produced trophoblast giant cells when implanted in the bronchial tree. Trophoblast giant cells were not seen in adult lungs when blastocysts were introduced via the circulation. However, they were seen in 12-day-old mice injected in the same way 10 days previously. Something is apparently liberated from adult lung vessels which interacts with the blastocyst or zona pellucida and causes rapid degeneration of trophoblast. Experiments designed to extract this agent are in progress in the hope that the agent may be useful in the treatment of human trophoblastic disease.", "contents": "Trophoblast growth in the lungs of mice. Trophoblast giant cells grow from ectoplacental cones of 7 1/2 days' gestation that are implanted in the lung from the surface, intrabronchially, or via the circulation. When blastocysts of 3 1/2 days' gestation are implanted in lung, their behavior varies according to the route of implantation and the ages of the recipient mice. Blastocysts produced trophoblast giant cells when implanted in the bronchial tree. Trophoblast giant cells were not seen in adult lungs when blastocysts were introduced via the circulation. However, they were seen in 12-day-old mice injected in the same way 10 days previously. Something is apparently liberated from adult lung vessels which interacts with the blastocyst or zona pellucida and causes rapid degeneration of trophoblast. Experiments designed to extract this agent are in progress in the hope that the agent may be useful in the treatment of human trophoblastic disease.", "PMID": 386196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7319", "title": "Spontaneous feminization and menstrual function developing during puberty in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "An 18-year-old patient with Turner's syndrome presented with cyclical vaginal bleeding and spontaneous development of secondary sexual characteristics. She demonstrated classic features of Turner's phenotype, and a culture of blood lymphocytes revealed a 45,XO karyotype. The patient's plasma and urinary estrogen concentrations were similar to those in normal adult women in the late proliferative phase. In contrast, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were elevated to values seen in postmenopausal women. Dynamic testing revealed no estrogen response to human menopausal gonadotropin (/MG) and a paradoxical fall in estrogen after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) resulted in an exaggerated response of both gonadotropins. Dilatation and curettage revealed endometrial hyperplasia, and a laparotomy revealed the presence of 2 gonadlike structures. The histologic diagnosis was lutein cyst. Karyotyping of lymphocytes, skin from the abdominal incision, and tissue from both gonadal structures revealed a 45,XO karyotype without evidence of mosaicism.", "contents": "Spontaneous feminization and menstrual function developing during puberty in Turner's syndrome. An 18-year-old patient with Turner's syndrome presented with cyclical vaginal bleeding and spontaneous development of secondary sexual characteristics. She demonstrated classic features of Turner's phenotype, and a culture of blood lymphocytes revealed a 45,XO karyotype. The patient's plasma and urinary estrogen concentrations were similar to those in normal adult women in the late proliferative phase. In contrast, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were elevated to values seen in postmenopausal women. Dynamic testing revealed no estrogen response to human menopausal gonadotropin (/MG) and a paradoxical fall in estrogen after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) resulted in an exaggerated response of both gonadotropins. Dilatation and curettage revealed endometrial hyperplasia, and a laparotomy revealed the presence of 2 gonadlike structures. The histologic diagnosis was lutein cyst. Karyotyping of lymphocytes, skin from the abdominal incision, and tissue from both gonadal structures revealed a 45,XO karyotype without evidence of mosaicism.", "PMID": 386197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7320", "title": "Mechanism of single-stitch failure of tubal ligation: a morphologic appraisal.", "content": "The widespread demand for a simple, safe, and reversible sterilization procedure has attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers. A simple ligation with a single suture of nonabsorbable linen, involving a very small segment of tube (1 mm) in the isthmic portion about 1 cm from the isthmic ampullary junction, was used in 463 multiparous women. Of the 363 cases followed for a period of 1--3 years, there have been 52 failures. In 10 unsuccessful cases total abdominal bilateral salpingectomy was performed, and a detailed histologic study of these 20 tubes was instituted in an attempt to understand the mechanics of failure of the single-stitch technique. This is the first such study to be reported.", "contents": "Mechanism of single-stitch failure of tubal ligation: a morphologic appraisal. The widespread demand for a simple, safe, and reversible sterilization procedure has attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers. A simple ligation with a single suture of nonabsorbable linen, involving a very small segment of tube (1 mm) in the isthmic portion about 1 cm from the isthmic ampullary junction, was used in 463 multiparous women. Of the 363 cases followed for a period of 1--3 years, there have been 52 failures. In 10 unsuccessful cases total abdominal bilateral salpingectomy was performed, and a detailed histologic study of these 20 tubes was instituted in an attempt to understand the mechanics of failure of the single-stitch technique. This is the first such study to be reported.", "PMID": 386198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7321", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the spermatozoids of the pulmonate molluscs, Trichia hispida and succinea putris].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of spermatozoa of hermaphroditic land molluscs Trichia hispida and Succinea putris has shown that the general pattern of their structure is similar. At the same time differences were found in the fine structure of acrosome, centriolar region (neck) and mitochondrial derivate (accessory nucleus). The mitochondrial derivate of spermatozoa of both the species contains three secondary spirals of varying length (vs. one-two in other species of pulmonate molluscs).", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the spermatozoids of the pulmonate molluscs, Trichia hispida and succinea putris]. The ultrastructural study of spermatozoa of hermaphroditic land molluscs Trichia hispida and Succinea putris has shown that the general pattern of their structure is similar. At the same time differences were found in the fine structure of acrosome, centriolar region (neck) and mitochondrial derivate (accessory nucleus). The mitochondrial derivate of spermatozoa of both the species contains three secondary spirals of varying length (vs. one-two in other species of pulmonate molluscs).", "PMID": 386200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7322", "title": "[Ligandin localization in the gonadal cells of rats at various stages of ontogeny].", "content": "Ligandin, a protein binding some carcinogens, steroids and other substances in the rat liver, has been found by means of indirect immunofluorescence in the gonad cells of different types: embryonic and mature Leidig cells in testes, ovarian thecal cells at the maturation stages (theca interna, atretic follicles and interstitial cells) and luteal cells of corpus luteum at pregnancy. Ligandin is found, thus, in cells which belong to various lines of cell differentiation. The functional role of ligandin is discussed.", "contents": "[Ligandin localization in the gonadal cells of rats at various stages of ontogeny]. Ligandin, a protein binding some carcinogens, steroids and other substances in the rat liver, has been found by means of indirect immunofluorescence in the gonad cells of different types: embryonic and mature Leidig cells in testes, ovarian thecal cells at the maturation stages (theca interna, atretic follicles and interstitial cells) and luteal cells of corpus luteum at pregnancy. Ligandin is found, thus, in cells which belong to various lines of cell differentiation. The functional role of ligandin is discussed.", "PMID": 386201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7323", "title": "[Influence of the age of the recipient on the manifestation of the effect of allogeneic inhibition].", "content": "The expression of allogenic inhibition was studied when transplanting 10(5) cells of bone marrow of C57BL mice to the lethally irradiated recipients (CBA X C57BL) F1 of different age (2 to 11 months). In the control experiments the bone marrow cells at the same dose were introduced to the lethally irradiated syngenic (C57BL) mice. The most pronounced inhibition of the parental stem cells proliferation was registered in 2 months old recipients F1 (4.7 times), it was somewhat weakened in 3 months old and animal in 4--11 months old recipients (1.1 to 1.8 times). The thymectomy of adult recipients F1 did not eliminate the expression of allogenic inhibition.", "contents": "[Influence of the age of the recipient on the manifestation of the effect of allogeneic inhibition]. The expression of allogenic inhibition was studied when transplanting 10(5) cells of bone marrow of C57BL mice to the lethally irradiated recipients (CBA X C57BL) F1 of different age (2 to 11 months). In the control experiments the bone marrow cells at the same dose were introduced to the lethally irradiated syngenic (C57BL) mice. The most pronounced inhibition of the parental stem cells proliferation was registered in 2 months old recipients F1 (4.7 times), it was somewhat weakened in 3 months old and animal in 4--11 months old recipients (1.1 to 1.8 times). The thymectomy of adult recipients F1 did not eliminate the expression of allogenic inhibition.", "PMID": 386202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7324", "title": "Modified Wheeler orbicularis overlap procedure for senile entropion.", "content": "Senile entropion is a condition involving the lower lid due to aging. Surgical correction has been directed to either increasing the vertical or horizontal tension on the tarsus. While all are good, each has its shortcomings with resultant recurrences. The procedure we are presenting is a combination of features which has given us the least recurrence rate. These include horizontal shortening of skin and orbicularis muscle and positioning of orbicularis straps so as to prevent their riding up on the tarsus. Figures illustrating the procedure in detail as well as pre and postoperative photos are shown.", "contents": "Modified Wheeler orbicularis overlap procedure for senile entropion. Senile entropion is a condition involving the lower lid due to aging. Surgical correction has been directed to either increasing the vertical or horizontal tension on the tarsus. While all are good, each has its shortcomings with resultant recurrences. The procedure we are presenting is a combination of features which has given us the least recurrence rate. These include horizontal shortening of skin and orbicularis muscle and positioning of orbicularis straps so as to prevent their riding up on the tarsus. Figures illustrating the procedure in detail as well as pre and postoperative photos are shown.", "PMID": 386205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7325", "title": "Repair of total and subtotal symblepharons.", "content": "Large adhesions between a globe and an eyelid reform after surgical sectioning. Techniques to prevent reattachment have relied on mucosal grafts or plastic shields to prevent opposing raw surfaces from touching each other. A procedure is described using neither graft nor plastic shells which enables the traumatized surfaces to be opposed to uninjured mucosa until healing has been completed. This procedure makes use of techniques which are usually employed to repair other kinds of ophthalmic problems: after the symblepharon is dissected from the cornea, it is used to form the inner surface of the lid; Beta radiation is applied and bare sclera is not covered; the globe is then rotated with traction sutures and tethered to the lateral canthus until spontaneous epithelialization is achieved.", "contents": "Repair of total and subtotal symblepharons. Large adhesions between a globe and an eyelid reform after surgical sectioning. Techniques to prevent reattachment have relied on mucosal grafts or plastic shields to prevent opposing raw surfaces from touching each other. A procedure is described using neither graft nor plastic shells which enables the traumatized surfaces to be opposed to uninjured mucosa until healing has been completed. This procedure makes use of techniques which are usually employed to repair other kinds of ophthalmic problems: after the symblepharon is dissected from the cornea, it is used to form the inner surface of the lid; Beta radiation is applied and bare sclera is not covered; the globe is then rotated with traction sutures and tethered to the lateral canthus until spontaneous epithelialization is achieved.", "PMID": 386206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7326", "title": "Mechanical ectropion repair using tarsal rotation sutures.", "content": "Chronic mechanical ectropion may persist despite elimination of its causal factors. Four such cases are presented in which traditional surgical management was not appropriate. Instead, tarsal rotation sutures were applied, eliminating the ectropion and deepening the inferior fornix in each case. This technique is presented in detail, along with a discussion of its mechanical principle which establishes the infraorbital rim as the center of rotation of the eyelid, anchoring the sutures and placing an inward torque on the tarsal plate.", "contents": "Mechanical ectropion repair using tarsal rotation sutures. Chronic mechanical ectropion may persist despite elimination of its causal factors. Four such cases are presented in which traditional surgical management was not appropriate. Instead, tarsal rotation sutures were applied, eliminating the ectropion and deepening the inferior fornix in each case. This technique is presented in detail, along with a discussion of its mechanical principle which establishes the infraorbital rim as the center of rotation of the eyelid, anchoring the sutures and placing an inward torque on the tarsal plate.", "PMID": 386207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7327", "title": "Epidemiology, microbiology and management of otitis media.", "content": "Epidemiologic studies indicate that the maximum incidence of otitis media (OM) occurs 6 to 24 months of age. Features associated significantly with recurrent OM include sex (males greater than females), race (white greater than black) and having a sibling with recurrent OM. Persistence of middle ear effusion (MEE) following acute OM is frequent; 40% of children have MEE one month after onset of OM. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most frequent organisms isolated from MEE of children with acute OM. Viruses and mycoplasma are uncommonly present in MEE. Therapy of acute OM includes antibiotics active against the two major organisms. Appropriate management of recurrent episodes of OM or persistent MEE is unclear but current studies include use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents and a multitype pneumococcal vaccine.", "contents": "Epidemiology, microbiology and management of otitis media. Epidemiologic studies indicate that the maximum incidence of otitis media (OM) occurs 6 to 24 months of age. Features associated significantly with recurrent OM include sex (males greater than females), race (white greater than black) and having a sibling with recurrent OM. Persistence of middle ear effusion (MEE) following acute OM is frequent; 40% of children have MEE one month after onset of OM. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most frequent organisms isolated from MEE of children with acute OM. Viruses and mycoplasma are uncommonly present in MEE. Therapy of acute OM includes antibiotics active against the two major organisms. Appropriate management of recurrent episodes of OM or persistent MEE is unclear but current studies include use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents and a multitype pneumococcal vaccine.", "PMID": 386213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7328", "title": "Current advances in perinatal medicine.", "content": "The enhancement of pulmonary maturation with the resultant ability to prevent hyaline membrane disease has given rise to the use of a number of drugs experimentally including corticosteroids, thyroxine, aminophylline, heroin, and several suggested others for this purpose. In clinical use to date only the corticosteroids have been widely utilized in man but it is clear that these agents are capable of effecting an advancement in the maturation of the surfactant system of the lung and a subsequent reduction in the incidence of severity of hyaline membrane disease. However, all agents which act by the enhancement of maturation also carry with them a resultant arrest to replication of tissues and there have been demonstrable effects on both the lung and possibly the brain of the organisms to whom these agents have been administreted. In this connection it is, therefore, important to realize that the advantages gained from these agents may be counterbalanced by disadvantages from their usage and that a reasoned and careful approach in each individual case is mandatory when use of such agents is considered. Experimental and clinical studies suggest the possibility that Vitamin E acting as a free radical scavenger may be important in the prevention of oxygen toxicity both to the eye (retrolental fibroplasia) as well as ameliorating the oxygen component of the destructive effects of respirator lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). The action of Vitamin E under these circumstances is not dependent upon its actual quantitative level in the plasma of premature infants but in utilization to its excess. Although phototherapy has been universally and widely used since 1958, precise studies of its mechanism of action have not been revealing. Recent work has suggested that following exposure to photoirradiation, bilirubin in its unconjugated form can be seen to appear in the excretory bile ducts suggesting the transport of unconjugated bilirubin through the liver. More recent evidence has also suggested that this occurrence is the result of internal rotation following light exposure of one of the double bonded rings which effectively converts the molecule from a lipid soluble to a water soluble and thereby excretable form. These studies would not only account for an appropriate explanation of the quantitative reduction in bilirubin observed but carry with them the other important consideration that the amount of light exposure necessary to accomplish this is strikingly less than the previously considered photooxidation reaction. The clinical implications of these findings may suggest a reevaluation of the quanta of light which has been used for purposes of phototherapy to date.", "contents": "Current advances in perinatal medicine. The enhancement of pulmonary maturation with the resultant ability to prevent hyaline membrane disease has given rise to the use of a number of drugs experimentally including corticosteroids, thyroxine, aminophylline, heroin, and several suggested others for this purpose. In clinical use to date only the corticosteroids have been widely utilized in man but it is clear that these agents are capable of effecting an advancement in the maturation of the surfactant system of the lung and a subsequent reduction in the incidence of severity of hyaline membrane disease. However, all agents which act by the enhancement of maturation also carry with them a resultant arrest to replication of tissues and there have been demonstrable effects on both the lung and possibly the brain of the organisms to whom these agents have been administreted. In this connection it is, therefore, important to realize that the advantages gained from these agents may be counterbalanced by disadvantages from their usage and that a reasoned and careful approach in each individual case is mandatory when use of such agents is considered. Experimental and clinical studies suggest the possibility that Vitamin E acting as a free radical scavenger may be important in the prevention of oxygen toxicity both to the eye (retrolental fibroplasia) as well as ameliorating the oxygen component of the destructive effects of respirator lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). The action of Vitamin E under these circumstances is not dependent upon its actual quantitative level in the plasma of premature infants but in utilization to its excess. Although phototherapy has been universally and widely used since 1958, precise studies of its mechanism of action have not been revealing. Recent work has suggested that following exposure to photoirradiation, bilirubin in its unconjugated form can be seen to appear in the excretory bile ducts suggesting the transport of unconjugated bilirubin through the liver. More recent evidence has also suggested that this occurrence is the result of internal rotation following light exposure of one of the double bonded rings which effectively converts the molecule from a lipid soluble to a water soluble and thereby excretable form. These studies would not only account for an appropriate explanation of the quantitative reduction in bilirubin observed but carry with them the other important consideration that the amount of light exposure necessary to accomplish this is strikingly less than the previously considered photooxidation reaction. The clinical implications of these findings may suggest a reevaluation of the quanta of light which has been used for purposes of phototherapy to date.", "PMID": 386215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7329", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adolescent girls: II. Screening methods.", "content": "Of 500 asymptomatic adolescent girls who were screened for bacteriuria by three methods-dipslide (Uricult), dipstrip (Microstix-3 reagent strips), and home nitrite test (Microstix-Nitrite reagent strips)-eight cases (1.6%) were detected: 6/8 by dipslide and dipstrip; 5/8 by nitrite testing. The false-positive-rate (greater than 10(4) colonies/ml) of the dipslide test was 6.4%, and the dipstrip test, 2.8%. A history of vaginal discharge was not associated with \"contaminated\" specimens. False-positive nitrite tests were reported by 0.6% of the patients who returned the postcards. Overall, 70.4% of the patients returned the postcards for the home nitrite test. The patients were divided by method of payment (Medicaid vs non-Medicaid) in order to provide an approximation of socioeconomic status; non-Medicaid patients were significantly more likely to return postcards than Medicaid patients (75.8% vs 63.7%). Of the group reporting previous urinary tract infection, 79% of both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients returned postcards, suggesting that a prior experience with the diagnosis increased compliance with a home test.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adolescent girls: II. Screening methods. Of 500 asymptomatic adolescent girls who were screened for bacteriuria by three methods-dipslide (Uricult), dipstrip (Microstix-3 reagent strips), and home nitrite test (Microstix-Nitrite reagent strips)-eight cases (1.6%) were detected: 6/8 by dipslide and dipstrip; 5/8 by nitrite testing. The false-positive-rate (greater than 10(4) colonies/ml) of the dipslide test was 6.4%, and the dipstrip test, 2.8%. A history of vaginal discharge was not associated with \"contaminated\" specimens. False-positive nitrite tests were reported by 0.6% of the patients who returned the postcards. Overall, 70.4% of the patients returned the postcards for the home nitrite test. The patients were divided by method of payment (Medicaid vs non-Medicaid) in order to provide an approximation of socioeconomic status; non-Medicaid patients were significantly more likely to return postcards than Medicaid patients (75.8% vs 63.7%). Of the group reporting previous urinary tract infection, 79% of both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients returned postcards, suggesting that a prior experience with the diagnosis increased compliance with a home test.", "PMID": 386236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7330", "title": "Modern management of tetanus neonatorum.", "content": "Five infants with neonatal tetanus were managed with neuromuscular blockade and positive pressure ventilation. All survived. Tetanus was frequently confused with neonatal seizures at time of presentation. All infants were delivered at home. Mean age of onset of symptoms of poor suck, hypertonicity, and generalized spasms was 5.4 days with hospital admission at 6.4 days. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 34 days. Although hospital management of tetanus neonatorum may be expected to have a satisfactory outcome, it represents a costly and complex approach to a preventable disease.", "contents": "Modern management of tetanus neonatorum. Five infants with neonatal tetanus were managed with neuromuscular blockade and positive pressure ventilation. All survived. Tetanus was frequently confused with neonatal seizures at time of presentation. All infants were delivered at home. Mean age of onset of symptoms of poor suck, hypertonicity, and generalized spasms was 5.4 days with hospital admission at 6.4 days. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 34 days. Although hospital management of tetanus neonatorum may be expected to have a satisfactory outcome, it represents a costly and complex approach to a preventable disease.", "PMID": 386237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7331", "title": "[Successes of modern malariology].", "content": "Malariological situation analysis in the USSR and world over testifies to increasing malaria incidence particularly in the countries where earlier it was almost fully eradicated. Malaria epidemics in these countries (posteradication epidemics) is a new phenomenon in malariology. Temporary success of the global campaign of malaria eradication has led to a deadlock in malariology which during the past 10 years is being successfully overcome. Achievements of modern malariology are reviewed in the article on three levels of the host-parasite relationships: a cell, organism and population. Particular significance of the research in malaria vaccines is emphasized.", "contents": "[Successes of modern malariology]. Malariological situation analysis in the USSR and world over testifies to increasing malaria incidence particularly in the countries where earlier it was almost fully eradicated. Malaria epidemics in these countries (posteradication epidemics) is a new phenomenon in malariology. Temporary success of the global campaign of malaria eradication has led to a deadlock in malariology which during the past 10 years is being successfully overcome. Achievements of modern malariology are reviewed in the article on three levels of the host-parasite relationships: a cell, organism and population. Particular significance of the research in malaria vaccines is emphasized.", "PMID": 386234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7332", "title": "Impaired cell-mediated immune response in patients with congenital rubella: correlation with gestational age at time of infection.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation, interferon, and leukocyte migration inhibition factor synthesis were studied in purified lymphocyte cultures for 20 children with congenital rubella and 18 healthy children (seven susceptible and 11 immune to rubella). Lymphocyte transformation after phytophemagglutinin stimulation was significantly lower in children with congenital rubella as compared to healthy controls. Responses to purified rubella virus were absent in the susceptible controls and absent or at least two times lower in congenital rubella children than in immune controls. After purified rubella virus stimulation, leukocyte migration inhibition factor production was detected in all immune controls, but in none of the susceptible controls,  or the congenital rubella-infected children. The results varied with gestational age of intrauterine infection: the impairment of cellular immune response, both after phytohemagglutinin or rubella virus stimulation, was more severe in the children infected in the first two months than in the latter stages of gestation.", "contents": "Impaired cell-mediated immune response in patients with congenital rubella: correlation with gestational age at time of infection. Lymphocyte transformation, interferon, and leukocyte migration inhibition factor synthesis were studied in purified lymphocyte cultures for 20 children with congenital rubella and 18 healthy children (seven susceptible and 11 immune to rubella). Lymphocyte transformation after phytophemagglutinin stimulation was significantly lower in children with congenital rubella as compared to healthy controls. Responses to purified rubella virus were absent in the susceptible controls and absent or at least two times lower in congenital rubella children than in immune controls. After purified rubella virus stimulation, leukocyte migration inhibition factor production was detected in all immune controls, but in none of the susceptible controls,  or the congenital rubella-infected children. The results varied with gestational age of intrauterine infection: the impairment of cellular immune response, both after phytohemagglutinin or rubella virus stimulation, was more severe in the children infected in the first two months than in the latter stages of gestation.", "PMID": 386238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7333", "title": "Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in group B streptococcal disease.", "content": "Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was used for the detection of group- and type-specific antigens in the body fluids of 61 infants from St. Louis and Indiana with group B streptococcal infections. Urine concentrated using an Amicon filter yielded the highest percentage of positive results; 81% were positive in the St Louis group. When three body fluids (urine, CSF, and blood) were available, at least one was positive for group B streptococcus in 95% of the cases. This study demonstrates the applicability of this test in a tertiary care facility (St Louis) and in smaller hospitals (Indiana) with access to central laboratory.", "contents": "Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in group B streptococcal disease. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was used for the detection of group- and type-specific antigens in the body fluids of 61 infants from St. Louis and Indiana with group B streptococcal infections. Urine concentrated using an Amicon filter yielded the highest percentage of positive results; 81% were positive in the St Louis group. When three body fluids (urine, CSF, and blood) were available, at least one was positive for group B streptococcus in 95% of the cases. This study demonstrates the applicability of this test in a tertiary care facility (St Louis) and in smaller hospitals (Indiana) with access to central laboratory.", "PMID": 386239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7334", "title": "Comparison of urinary lactic dehydrogenase with antibody-coated bacteria in the urine sediment as means of localizing the site of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Two noninvasive methods of localizing the site of urinary tract infection, urinary lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and antibody coating of bacteria in the urinary sediment, have been prospectively compared with the bladder washout technique in a series of children with urinary tract infection. Fifteen children had infection localized in the upper tract. Urinary LDH isoenzymes correctly localized the infection in 14 children; however, the infection was correctly localized by the antibody coating of bacteria in only eight patients (P less than .02). Fourteen children had lower tract infection by the bladder washout technique. Urinary LDH isoenzymes localized the infection in all 14 children, whereas the antibody coating correctly localized the infection in ten children (P less than .05). This study shows the urinary LDH isoenzyme pattern to be a more accurate technique than the detection of antibody-coated bacteria for localizing the site of urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Comparison of urinary lactic dehydrogenase with antibody-coated bacteria in the urine sediment as means of localizing the site of urinary tract infection. Two noninvasive methods of localizing the site of urinary tract infection, urinary lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and antibody coating of bacteria in the urinary sediment, have been prospectively compared with the bladder washout technique in a series of children with urinary tract infection. Fifteen children had infection localized in the upper tract. Urinary LDH isoenzymes correctly localized the infection in 14 children; however, the infection was correctly localized by the antibody coating of bacteria in only eight patients (P less than .02). Fourteen children had lower tract infection by the bladder washout technique. Urinary LDH isoenzymes localized the infection in all 14 children, whereas the antibody coating correctly localized the infection in ten children (P less than .05). This study shows the urinary LDH isoenzyme pattern to be a more accurate technique than the detection of antibody-coated bacteria for localizing the site of urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 386240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7335", "title": "Nephritis in children and young adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal urinary sediment.", "content": "One male and seven female patients (aged 6 to 26 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), normal urinalyses, and normal biochemical tests of renal function, had renal biopsies to determine if significant nephropathy existed. Several had active SLE in other body systems at the time, either clinically or as evidenced by low serum complement and high native DNA antibody levels. The renal biopsy specimens were studied by light, fluorescent antibody, and electron microscopy. Three patients had a generalized segmental, two had a focal segmental, and one had a generalized diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. In addition, one patient had minimal glomerular findings with interstitial inflammation. All eight patients were found to have moderate immune complex deposition by immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy studies. The absence of clinical renal involvement in patients with SLE does not preclude ongoing active and \"silent\" glomerular damage with moderately severe proliferative changes.", "contents": "Nephritis in children and young adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal urinary sediment. One male and seven female patients (aged 6 to 26 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), normal urinalyses, and normal biochemical tests of renal function, had renal biopsies to determine if significant nephropathy existed. Several had active SLE in other body systems at the time, either clinically or as evidenced by low serum complement and high native DNA antibody levels. The renal biopsy specimens were studied by light, fluorescent antibody, and electron microscopy. Three patients had a generalized segmental, two had a focal segmental, and one had a generalized diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. In addition, one patient had minimal glomerular findings with interstitial inflammation. All eight patients were found to have moderate immune complex deposition by immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy studies. The absence of clinical renal involvement in patients with SLE does not preclude ongoing active and \"silent\" glomerular damage with moderately severe proliferative changes.", "PMID": 386241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7336", "title": "The occurrence of salmonella in waste water from Danish slaughterhouses. A quantitative study.", "content": "In waste water from 11 slaughterhouses, the occurrence of salmonellas were followed continually during a whole week. Thirty-eight samples out of 66 were contaminated. The mean concentrations of salmonellas varied between 0.9 and 668 per 100 ml. Only 4 different serotypes were found viz., S. agona, S. indiana, S. senftenberg, and S. typhimurium. This distribution of serotypes is incompatible with epidemiological data from humans, animals, and feed-stuffs. It is suggested that certain serotypes of Salmonella may become established in sewage systems of slaughterhouses or that propagation of salmonellas may take place in the sewer rats. In one particular plant, large numbers of S. senftenberg were found during the whole period of sampling. It is pointed out that discharge of such heavily polluted waste water into water courses may constitute a public health hazard if the recipient is used for irrigation of vegetables or pastures.", "contents": "The occurrence of salmonella in waste water from Danish slaughterhouses. A quantitative study. In waste water from 11 slaughterhouses, the occurrence of salmonellas were followed continually during a whole week. Thirty-eight samples out of 66 were contaminated. The mean concentrations of salmonellas varied between 0.9 and 668 per 100 ml. Only 4 different serotypes were found viz., S. agona, S. indiana, S. senftenberg, and S. typhimurium. This distribution of serotypes is incompatible with epidemiological data from humans, animals, and feed-stuffs. It is suggested that certain serotypes of Salmonella may become established in sewage systems of slaughterhouses or that propagation of salmonellas may take place in the sewer rats. In one particular plant, large numbers of S. senftenberg were found during the whole period of sampling. It is pointed out that discharge of such heavily polluted waste water into water courses may constitute a public health hazard if the recipient is used for irrigation of vegetables or pastures.", "PMID": 386253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7337", "title": "[Bacterial infections in renal homotransplant recipients. Results of regular bacteriological controls (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacterial infections were studied in 51 immunosuppression kidney transplant recipients. Eighty infectious episodes occured in the first six post-transplantation months. Forty percent of these episodes were nonfebrile, detected during the routine bacteriological follow-up examination. Out of these 80 bacterial infections, 59 were localized (47 in the urinary tract, nine in the surgical wound and three in the lungs) and 21 had spread. Neutopenia occured in 13 patients, in association with septicaemia in eight of them. Usually septicaemia appeared before neutropenia. In 12 cases, infectious episodes (10 septicaemias and two localized infections) and transplant failure were closely related. The bacterial strains responsible for these infections were essentially: Staphylococcus spp (39), Streptococcus spp (14), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9), Escherichia coli (9). Most of the localized infections cleared up when treated with a specific antibiotic. Seven failures of antibiotic treatment were observed in 21 cases of generalized infections. The importance of regular post-transplantation bacteriological check-up in detecting and treating infectious complications in graft recipients must be emphasized.", "contents": "[Bacterial infections in renal homotransplant recipients. Results of regular bacteriological controls (author's transl)]. Bacterial infections were studied in 51 immunosuppression kidney transplant recipients. Eighty infectious episodes occured in the first six post-transplantation months. Forty percent of these episodes were nonfebrile, detected during the routine bacteriological follow-up examination. Out of these 80 bacterial infections, 59 were localized (47 in the urinary tract, nine in the surgical wound and three in the lungs) and 21 had spread. Neutopenia occured in 13 patients, in association with septicaemia in eight of them. Usually septicaemia appeared before neutropenia. In 12 cases, infectious episodes (10 septicaemias and two localized infections) and transplant failure were closely related. The bacterial strains responsible for these infections were essentially: Staphylococcus spp (39), Streptococcus spp (14), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9), Escherichia coli (9). Most of the localized infections cleared up when treated with a specific antibiotic. Seven failures of antibiotic treatment were observed in 21 cases of generalized infections. The importance of regular post-transplantation bacteriological check-up in detecting and treating infectious complications in graft recipients must be emphasized.", "PMID": 386255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7338", "title": "[Drug-induced active hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug-induced active hepatitis is rare. The three main drugs incriminated are oxyphenisatine, alphamethyldopa and isoniazid. Despite the histological appearance suggestive of chronic active hepatitis, such forms of hepatitis, and in particular those due to alphamethyldopa and isonizid, follow an acute rather than a chronic course. The course is usually rapidly favourable when the responsible drug is stopped, provided the histological lesions are not those of multilobar necrosis or cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Drug-induced active hepatitis (author's transl)]. Drug-induced active hepatitis is rare. The three main drugs incriminated are oxyphenisatine, alphamethyldopa and isoniazid. Despite the histological appearance suggestive of chronic active hepatitis, such forms of hepatitis, and in particular those due to alphamethyldopa and isonizid, follow an acute rather than a chronic course. The course is usually rapidly favourable when the responsible drug is stopped, provided the histological lesions are not those of multilobar necrosis or cirrhosis.", "PMID": 386256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7339", "title": "Measurements of paralytic shellfish poisons. A review of biological and chemical procedures.", "content": "Paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) are derivatives of a tetrahydropurine base, which includes saxitoxin, 1-hydroxy saxitoxin, and 11-hydroxy saxitoxin sulfate. These compounds are produced by Gonyaulax catenella and other dinoflagellate species, and the algal toxins (phycotoxins) contaminate shellfish during the filter-feeding process performed by the bivalve molluscs. Increased incidence of algal blooms and outbreaks of PSP food poisonings have been encountered in recent years, resulting in a demand for closely monitoring of shellfish for these toxins. The existing biological and chemical procedures for analysis are reviewed. The mouse bioassay is commonly used in routine analysis, but is nonspecific. Several of the chemical procedures are specific and more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. The disadvantage, however, seems to be that not all known PSP compounds can be quantitiatively measured by any single chemical procedure.", "contents": "Measurements of paralytic shellfish poisons. A review of biological and chemical procedures. Paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) are derivatives of a tetrahydropurine base, which includes saxitoxin, 1-hydroxy saxitoxin, and 11-hydroxy saxitoxin sulfate. These compounds are produced by Gonyaulax catenella and other dinoflagellate species, and the algal toxins (phycotoxins) contaminate shellfish during the filter-feeding process performed by the bivalve molluscs. Increased incidence of algal blooms and outbreaks of PSP food poisonings have been encountered in recent years, resulting in a demand for closely monitoring of shellfish for these toxins. The existing biological and chemical procedures for analysis are reviewed. The mouse bioassay is commonly used in routine analysis, but is nonspecific. Several of the chemical procedures are specific and more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. The disadvantage, however, seems to be that not all known PSP compounds can be quantitiatively measured by any single chemical procedure.", "PMID": 386250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7340", "title": "[Tubo-uterin implantation: microsurgical technic (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen tubo-uterin implantations for endometriosis of the horn and infertility have been carried out. They have been made with microsugery with a reversed transcornual T access. The setting of a retractor pushing off the edges of the uterin muscle allows the removing of the pathological zone, allows also not to hurt the vascularisation during the dissection of the nodule, and allows also to suture edge to edge the tube to the uterus under microsurgical control. This original process allows a new setting up of the continuity (Ten permeabilities cheked with hysterography 2 pregnancies and 2 obstructions among 14 cases after a passing of less than 1 year).", "contents": "[Tubo-uterin implantation: microsurgical technic (author's transl)]. Fourteen tubo-uterin implantations for endometriosis of the horn and infertility have been carried out. They have been made with microsugery with a reversed transcornual T access. The setting of a retractor pushing off the edges of the uterin muscle allows the removing of the pathological zone, allows also not to hurt the vascularisation during the dissection of the nodule, and allows also to suture edge to edge the tube to the uterus under microsurgical control. This original process allows a new setting up of the continuity (Ten permeabilities cheked with hysterography 2 pregnancies and 2 obstructions among 14 cases after a passing of less than 1 year).", "PMID": 386257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7341", "title": "[Shock. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "Shock is defined as a secondary condition constituting a complication to a primary disease of which more than 100 are recorded in the literature. Shock is characterized by prolonged circulatory inadequacy leading to insufficient tissue perfusion and cell death. According to etiology shock is classified into three main groups: hypovolemic, vasogenic and cardiogenic shock. Taking hypovolemic shock as a model the pathgenesis of shock is presented. Hypovolemia acts on the baroreceptors giving rise to a sympatho-adrenal response resulting in increased vasoconstriction, which again leads to viscerocutaneous ischemia. This phase is known as the ischemic anoxic or centralized shock phase. Without treatment this phase develops into the second socalled stagnant anoxic or paralytic shock phase. \"Irreversible shock\" is discussed. The pathogenesis of vasogenic and cardiogenic shock is mentioned and compared with hypovolemic shock. It is emphasized that the sympatho-adrenal response is the central and common feature in every shock development. Special reference is made to septic shock with its outstanding circulatory conditions (arteriovenous shunting). Lacticacidemia and metabolic acidosis are described as the most important metabolic alterations in shock. With reference to pathenesis the main clinical symptoms of shock are presented: increased heart rate, initially pale later hyperemic, congested and terminally cyanotic mucosae, increased capillary filling time, cold skin and low body temperature. All these signs are related to the sympatho-adrenal response. It is pointed out that the patient in shock is depressed. Inevitably the primary disease will modify the shock symptoms. Hyperemia with edema, hemorrhages and thrombosis in organs and tissues are morphological manifestations of shock. Later microscopically detectable degenerative and necrotic alterations develop, and there are signs of intravascular coagulation (hyaline thrombi and spheres). Due to the rather nonspecific macroscopic alterations a post mortem shock diagnosis necessitates for completion histology and/or a clinical shock diagnosis. Some of the most important shock-provoking primary diseases dealt with in veterinary practice are mentioned along with their possible shock pathogenesis. Referring to the shock pathogenesis the therapy is discussed. The first and indispensable therapeutical measure in treating shock per se is increasing the circulating blood volume, Balanced electrolyte solutions are preferred. Examples of composition, doses (up to 80--200 ml/kg body weight) and infusion rate (initially 15--30 ml/kg body weight during the first 10--20 min., then quantum satis) are given.", "contents": "[Shock. A review (author's transl)]. Shock is defined as a secondary condition constituting a complication to a primary disease of which more than 100 are recorded in the literature. Shock is characterized by prolonged circulatory inadequacy leading to insufficient tissue perfusion and cell death. According to etiology shock is classified into three main groups: hypovolemic, vasogenic and cardiogenic shock. Taking hypovolemic shock as a model the pathgenesis of shock is presented. Hypovolemia acts on the baroreceptors giving rise to a sympatho-adrenal response resulting in increased vasoconstriction, which again leads to viscerocutaneous ischemia. This phase is known as the ischemic anoxic or centralized shock phase. Without treatment this phase develops into the second socalled stagnant anoxic or paralytic shock phase. \"Irreversible shock\" is discussed. The pathogenesis of vasogenic and cardiogenic shock is mentioned and compared with hypovolemic shock. It is emphasized that the sympatho-adrenal response is the central and common feature in every shock development. Special reference is made to septic shock with its outstanding circulatory conditions (arteriovenous shunting). Lacticacidemia and metabolic acidosis are described as the most important metabolic alterations in shock. With reference to pathenesis the main clinical symptoms of shock are presented: increased heart rate, initially pale later hyperemic, congested and terminally cyanotic mucosae, increased capillary filling time, cold skin and low body temperature. All these signs are related to the sympatho-adrenal response. It is pointed out that the patient in shock is depressed. Inevitably the primary disease will modify the shock symptoms. Hyperemia with edema, hemorrhages and thrombosis in organs and tissues are morphological manifestations of shock. Later microscopically detectable degenerative and necrotic alterations develop, and there are signs of intravascular coagulation (hyaline thrombi and spheres). Due to the rather nonspecific macroscopic alterations a post mortem shock diagnosis necessitates for completion histology and/or a clinical shock diagnosis. Some of the most important shock-provoking primary diseases dealt with in veterinary practice are mentioned along with their possible shock pathogenesis. Referring to the shock pathogenesis the therapy is discussed. The first and indispensable therapeutical measure in treating shock per se is increasing the circulating blood volume, Balanced electrolyte solutions are preferred. Examples of composition, doses (up to 80--200 ml/kg body weight) and infusion rate (initially 15--30 ml/kg body weight during the first 10--20 min., then quantum satis) are given.", "PMID": 386252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7342", "title": "The effect of protein-binding on the excretion of three sulphonamide preparations in the milk of dairy cows, examined by chemical and microbiological methods.", "content": "The relationship between the protein-binding of sulphonamides and their excretion in the milk of dairy cows was studied using three preparations commercially available in Finland. After a preparations containing sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine was given intravenously to dairy cows the drugs were excreted into milk to a greater extent than in the case of sulfamethoxypyridazine and especially of sulfaphenazole given similarly. An inverse relationship was found between the degree of protein-binding in the serum and the excretion into milk. The antimicrobially active concentrations of sulphonamides in serum and milk persisted for less than 24 hours when the doses recommended by the manufacturers were used. From a pharmacological point of view the sulfadiazine-sulfadimidine combination seems to be the drug of choice. Although no traces of sulphonamides were detected 48 hours after the dosing, the question of milk residues could not be answered because the minimum detection level of the methods used in the study was approximately 1 microgram/ml. The IDF standard method for the detection of penicillin in milk is not suitable for the detection of sulphonamide residues in milk.", "contents": "The effect of protein-binding on the excretion of three sulphonamide preparations in the milk of dairy cows, examined by chemical and microbiological methods. The relationship between the protein-binding of sulphonamides and their excretion in the milk of dairy cows was studied using three preparations commercially available in Finland. After a preparations containing sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine was given intravenously to dairy cows the drugs were excreted into milk to a greater extent than in the case of sulfamethoxypyridazine and especially of sulfaphenazole given similarly. An inverse relationship was found between the degree of protein-binding in the serum and the excretion into milk. The antimicrobially active concentrations of sulphonamides in serum and milk persisted for less than 24 hours when the doses recommended by the manufacturers were used. From a pharmacological point of view the sulfadiazine-sulfadimidine combination seems to be the drug of choice. Although no traces of sulphonamides were detected 48 hours after the dosing, the question of milk residues could not be answered because the minimum detection level of the methods used in the study was approximately 1 microgram/ml. The IDF standard method for the detection of penicillin in milk is not suitable for the detection of sulphonamide residues in milk.", "PMID": 386251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7343", "title": "[The localisation of urinary tract infections using the tetrazolium nitroblue test (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the value of the tetrazolium nitroblue test (TNB) in the localisation of urinary tract infections, the authors performed this test in 33 patients with a urinary tract infection and in 20 control children suffering from no bacterial infection. The 33 infected children were divided into three groups on the basis of clinical and bacteriological criteria (dysuria, frequency, fever, abdominal pain, inflammatory syndrome, immunofluorescence of bacteriuria, serum antibody levels): -- group A (8 children): upper urinary infection -- group B (14 children): lower urinary infection -- group C (11 children): urinary infection of undetermined site. The number and percentage of TNB positive polynuclears was significantly higher in the children of group A than in the children of group B (p 0.001). By contrast there was no significant difference between the results obtained: in the non-infected control group and in group B -- in group A and group C. These results, confirming a previous study by Bjorksten and de Chateau, show the value of the TNB test in the localisation of urinary tract infection in the child.", "contents": "[The localisation of urinary tract infections using the tetrazolium nitroblue test (author's transl)]. In order to study the value of the tetrazolium nitroblue test (TNB) in the localisation of urinary tract infections, the authors performed this test in 33 patients with a urinary tract infection and in 20 control children suffering from no bacterial infection. The 33 infected children were divided into three groups on the basis of clinical and bacteriological criteria (dysuria, frequency, fever, abdominal pain, inflammatory syndrome, immunofluorescence of bacteriuria, serum antibody levels): -- group A (8 children): upper urinary infection -- group B (14 children): lower urinary infection -- group C (11 children): urinary infection of undetermined site. The number and percentage of TNB positive polynuclears was significantly higher in the children of group A than in the children of group B (p 0.001). By contrast there was no significant difference between the results obtained: in the non-infected control group and in group B -- in group A and group C. These results, confirming a previous study by Bjorksten and de Chateau, show the value of the TNB test in the localisation of urinary tract infection in the child.", "PMID": 386259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7344", "title": "[Aorto-coronary venous bypass. The value of microsurgical techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of microsurgical techniques to myocardial revascularisation surgery by aorto-coronary venous bypass makes it possible to extend the indications for operation to patients with severe coronary lesions, generally considered to be unsuitable. A technique of vascular suture in two layers combined with a widening angioplasty is described. Their value is illustrated by the blood flow studies and the clinical results in 66 bypass performed on 32 patients.", "contents": "[Aorto-coronary venous bypass. The value of microsurgical techniques (author's transl)]. The application of microsurgical techniques to myocardial revascularisation surgery by aorto-coronary venous bypass makes it possible to extend the indications for operation to patients with severe coronary lesions, generally considered to be unsuitable. A technique of vascular suture in two layers combined with a widening angioplasty is described. Their value is illustrated by the blood flow studies and the clinical results in 66 bypass performed on 32 patients.", "PMID": 386260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7345", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-native desoxyribonucleic acid antibodies: clinical and laboratory comparison of the results given by two methods of detection (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous application of two methods for the detection of anti-native DNA antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence on DNA fibres and Farr's radioimmunological method with native DNA labelled C14) to 53 serum samples from 32 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) indicated a certain number of discordances between the results obtained. Correlations between clinical and laboratory findings were found, such that certains types of anti-native DNA antibodies (n) may be specific to certain clinical manifestations of SLE: a good correlation was seen between She fixation of anti-C14 nDNA and the titre of IF anti-nDNA in the group of SLE with renal involvement, but was not found in the group of SLE with central nervous system involvement. There was no parallel between the course of renal involvement and anti-nDNA antibody titres, without treatment being directly responsible. The significance of the presence or absence of anti-DNA antibodies with the two methods of detection used is not of any single significance. Several types of anti-nDNA antibodies are present in a given specimen of lupus serum. Certain anti-nDNA antibodies are not detected or are at the limit of a positive result in the presence of neurological manifestations. From a practical standpoint, the use of several laboratory tests is desirable for the possible investigation of SLE.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-native desoxyribonucleic acid antibodies: clinical and laboratory comparison of the results given by two methods of detection (author's transl)]. Simultaneous application of two methods for the detection of anti-native DNA antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence on DNA fibres and Farr's radioimmunological method with native DNA labelled C14) to 53 serum samples from 32 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) indicated a certain number of discordances between the results obtained. Correlations between clinical and laboratory findings were found, such that certains types of anti-native DNA antibodies (n) may be specific to certain clinical manifestations of SLE: a good correlation was seen between She fixation of anti-C14 nDNA and the titre of IF anti-nDNA in the group of SLE with renal involvement, but was not found in the group of SLE with central nervous system involvement. There was no parallel between the course of renal involvement and anti-nDNA antibody titres, without treatment being directly responsible. The significance of the presence or absence of anti-DNA antibodies with the two methods of detection used is not of any single significance. Several types of anti-nDNA antibodies are present in a given specimen of lupus serum. Certain anti-nDNA antibodies are not detected or are at the limit of a positive result in the presence of neurological manifestations. From a practical standpoint, the use of several laboratory tests is desirable for the possible investigation of SLE.", "PMID": 386262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7346", "title": "[Artificial pancreas: clinical and therapeutic value in 11 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluctuations in blood glucose levels which occur in the brittle diabetic explain the difficulty of blood glucose control by insulin therapy as used at the present time. The artificial endocrine pancreas is a bedside device capable of maintaining blood sugar value within a normal range by the administration of adequate amounts of insulin or glucose given at the optimal time. The glycemic control of 11 brittle diabetics is improved during the 5 days after a 24 hour connection with the AEP. A better determination of adequate subcutaneous doses of insulin, based on the circadian insulin profile infused by the artificial endocrine pancreas, achieved the improvement of glycemia. Glucagon profile preceeding, during and after AEP is also discussed. Using a method of two injections daily of a mixture acterapid and semi-lente, as a general rule it is found that approximately fifty per cent of the dose must be given in the acterapid form. Glucagon value decreases during the 24 h artificial endocrine pancreas. This is suggestive of a possible role of hyperglucagonemia in brittle diabetes.", "contents": "[Artificial pancreas: clinical and therapeutic value in 11 patients (author's transl)]. Fluctuations in blood glucose levels which occur in the brittle diabetic explain the difficulty of blood glucose control by insulin therapy as used at the present time. The artificial endocrine pancreas is a bedside device capable of maintaining blood sugar value within a normal range by the administration of adequate amounts of insulin or glucose given at the optimal time. The glycemic control of 11 brittle diabetics is improved during the 5 days after a 24 hour connection with the AEP. A better determination of adequate subcutaneous doses of insulin, based on the circadian insulin profile infused by the artificial endocrine pancreas, achieved the improvement of glycemia. Glucagon profile preceeding, during and after AEP is also discussed. Using a method of two injections daily of a mixture acterapid and semi-lente, as a general rule it is found that approximately fifty per cent of the dose must be given in the acterapid form. Glucagon value decreases during the 24 h artificial endocrine pancreas. This is suggestive of a possible role of hyperglucagonemia in brittle diabetes.", "PMID": 386266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7347", "title": "Rapid print-readout technique for sequencing of RNA's containing modified nucleotides.", "content": "A rapid, simple, and highly sensitive method for sequence analysis of RNA was developed, which consists of the following steps: (i) controlled hydrolysis of the RNA by brief heating in water; (ii) (32P)-labeling of 5'-hydroxyl groups of the fragments produced in (i); (iii) resolution of labeled fragments by size on polyacrylamide gels giving the familiar \"ladder\"; (iv) contact transfer (\"print\") of the ladder from the gel to a PEI-cellulose thin layer; (v) in situ treatment of the ladder with RNase T2 resulting in the release of 5'-(32P)-labeled nucleoside-3',5' diphosphates; (vi) contact transfer and thin-layer separation of (32P)-labeled nucleotides on PEI-cellulose in ammonium sulfate and ammonium formate solvents; (vii) autoradiography. The chromatographic behavior of the 4 major and 18 modified nucleotides was determined. The positions of major and modified nucleotides in the sequence can be read directly from the separation patterns displayed on X-ray film. As this is the only sequencing method presently available that allows one to display and identify directly the positions in the RNA chain of major and modified nucleotides, no additional procedures are required to analyze the latter.", "contents": "Rapid print-readout technique for sequencing of RNA's containing modified nucleotides. A rapid, simple, and highly sensitive method for sequence analysis of RNA was developed, which consists of the following steps: (i) controlled hydrolysis of the RNA by brief heating in water; (ii) (32P)-labeling of 5'-hydroxyl groups of the fragments produced in (i); (iii) resolution of labeled fragments by size on polyacrylamide gels giving the familiar \"ladder\"; (iv) contact transfer (\"print\") of the ladder from the gel to a PEI-cellulose thin layer; (v) in situ treatment of the ladder with RNase T2 resulting in the release of 5'-(32P)-labeled nucleoside-3',5' diphosphates; (vi) contact transfer and thin-layer separation of (32P)-labeled nucleotides on PEI-cellulose in ammonium sulfate and ammonium formate solvents; (vii) autoradiography. The chromatographic behavior of the 4 major and 18 modified nucleotides was determined. The positions of major and modified nucleotides in the sequence can be read directly from the separation patterns displayed on X-ray film. As this is the only sequencing method presently available that allows one to display and identify directly the positions in the RNA chain of major and modified nucleotides, no additional procedures are required to analyze the latter.", "PMID": 386273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7348", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of starfish initiator tRNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of starfish ovary initiator tRNA was determined to be pA-G-C-A-G-A-G-U-m1G-m2G-C-G-C-A-G-U-G-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-G-C-U-G-G-G-C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A-C-C-C-A-G-A-G-m7G-D-m5C-C-G-A-G-G-A-psi-C-G-m1A-A-A-C-C-U-C-G-C-U-C-U-G-C-U-A-C-C-AOH. The sequence was determined by a combination of the two different post-labeling techniques. Two-dimensional cellulose thin-layer chromatography was adopted for analysis of 5'-terminal nucleotides of tRNA fragments produced by formamide treatment. The nucleotide sequence of starfish initiator tRNA is very similar to that of mammalian cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs, but has seven different nucleotide residues and two modifications: residue 55 is psi instead of U, and residue 26 is unmodified G instead of m2G.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of starfish initiator tRNA. The nucleotide sequence of starfish ovary initiator tRNA was determined to be pA-G-C-A-G-A-G-U-m1G-m2G-C-G-C-A-G-U-G-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-G-C-U-G-G-G-C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A-C-C-C-A-G-A-G-m7G-D-m5C-C-G-A-G-G-A-psi-C-G-m1A-A-A-C-C-U-C-G-C-U-C-U-G-C-U-A-C-C-AOH. The sequence was determined by a combination of the two different post-labeling techniques. Two-dimensional cellulose thin-layer chromatography was adopted for analysis of 5'-terminal nucleotides of tRNA fragments produced by formamide treatment. The nucleotide sequence of starfish initiator tRNA is very similar to that of mammalian cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs, but has seven different nucleotide residues and two modifications: residue 55 is psi instead of U, and residue 26 is unmodified G instead of m2G.", "PMID": 386274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7349", "title": "Binding of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins to 23S RNA under reconstitution conditions for the 50S subunit.", "content": "The RNA binding capacity of 50S proteins from E. coli ribosomes has been tested under improved conditions; purified proteins active in reconstitution assays were used, and the binding was studied under the conditions of the total reconstitution procedure for the 50S subunit. The results are: 1) Interaction of 23S RNA was found with 17 proteins, namely L1, L2, L3, L4, L7/L12, L9, L10, L11, L15, L16, L17, L18, L20, L22, L23, L24 and L29. 2) The proteins L1, L2, L3, L4, L9, L23 and L24 bound to 23S RNA at a level of about one copy per RNA molecule, whereas L20 could bind more than one copy (no saturation was observed at 1.8 copies per 23S RNA), and the other proteins bound 0.2--0.6 copies per RNA. 3) L1, L3, L7/L12 showed a slight binding to 16S RNA, L26 (identical with S20) strong binding to 16S RNA. 4) The binding of L2, L7/L12, L10, L11, L15, L16 and L18 was preparation sensitive, i.e. the binding ability changed notably from preparation to preparation. 5) All proteins bound equally well to 23S RNA in presence of 4 and 20 mM Mg2+, respectively, except L2, L3, L4, L7/L12, L9, L10, L15, L16 and L18, which bound less strongly at 20 mM than at 4 mM Mg2+.", "contents": "Binding of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins to 23S RNA under reconstitution conditions for the 50S subunit. The RNA binding capacity of 50S proteins from E. coli ribosomes has been tested under improved conditions; purified proteins active in reconstitution assays were used, and the binding was studied under the conditions of the total reconstitution procedure for the 50S subunit. The results are: 1) Interaction of 23S RNA was found with 17 proteins, namely L1, L2, L3, L4, L7/L12, L9, L10, L11, L15, L16, L17, L18, L20, L22, L23, L24 and L29. 2) The proteins L1, L2, L3, L4, L9, L23 and L24 bound to 23S RNA at a level of about one copy per RNA molecule, whereas L20 could bind more than one copy (no saturation was observed at 1.8 copies per 23S RNA), and the other proteins bound 0.2--0.6 copies per RNA. 3) L1, L3, L7/L12 showed a slight binding to 16S RNA, L26 (identical with S20) strong binding to 16S RNA. 4) The binding of L2, L7/L12, L10, L11, L15, L16 and L18 was preparation sensitive, i.e. the binding ability changed notably from preparation to preparation. 5) All proteins bound equally well to 23S RNA in presence of 4 and 20 mM Mg2+, respectively, except L2, L3, L4, L7/L12, L9, L10, L15, L16 and L18, which bound less strongly at 20 mM than at 4 mM Mg2+.", "PMID": 386275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7350", "title": "Isolation of a single polypeptide leucyl-tRNA synthetase from bakers' yeast.", "content": "A single polypeptide of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS) has been purified from budding bakers' yeast by a modification of the procedure published earlier. On denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis LRS was one band corresponding to molecular weight of 120,000 +/- 5,000 daltons. Variable amounts of LRS with a similar molecular weight but which dissociated into equal subunits of 58,000 were also isolated. The affinities (KM) for substrates for this form of the enzyme were similar to those previously reported for the dimeric form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Isolation of a single polypeptide leucyl-tRNA synthetase from bakers' yeast. A single polypeptide of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS) has been purified from budding bakers' yeast by a modification of the procedure published earlier. On denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis LRS was one band corresponding to molecular weight of 120,000 +/- 5,000 daltons. Variable amounts of LRS with a similar molecular weight but which dissociated into equal subunits of 58,000 were also isolated. The affinities (KM) for substrates for this form of the enzyme were similar to those previously reported for the dimeric form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 386276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7351", "title": "Release of 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened from damaged DNA by a DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Double-stranded DNA containing 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened, i.e. 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamido-pyrimidine residues, may be prepared by treatment of DNA with dimethyl sulfate followed by prolonged incubation at pH 11.4. These substituted formamidopyrimidine residues are actively removed from DNA by a DNA glycosylase present in E. coli cell extracts. The enz;me shows no apparent cofactor requirement and has a molecular weight of about 30 000. The release of ring-opened 7-methyl-guanine residues is due to a previously unrecognized activity, different from the three known E. coli DNA glycosylases that release uracil, 3-methyladenine, and hypoxanthine from DNA. This enzyme may serve to repair a major secondary alkylation product in DNA. In addition, it may remove nonmethylated purines, whose imidazole rings have been opened, from X-irradiated DNA.", "contents": "Release of 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened from damaged DNA by a DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli. Double-stranded DNA containing 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened, i.e. 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamido-pyrimidine residues, may be prepared by treatment of DNA with dimethyl sulfate followed by prolonged incubation at pH 11.4. These substituted formamidopyrimidine residues are actively removed from DNA by a DNA glycosylase present in E. coli cell extracts. The enz;me shows no apparent cofactor requirement and has a molecular weight of about 30 000. The release of ring-opened 7-methyl-guanine residues is due to a previously unrecognized activity, different from the three known E. coli DNA glycosylases that release uracil, 3-methyladenine, and hypoxanthine from DNA. This enzyme may serve to repair a major secondary alkylation product in DNA. In addition, it may remove nonmethylated purines, whose imidazole rings have been opened, from X-irradiated DNA.", "PMID": 386277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7352", "title": "Polynucleotide-protein interactions in the translation system. Identification of proteins interacting with tRNA in the A- and P-sites of E. coli ribosomes.", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation (lambda = 254 nm) of ternary complexes of E. coli 70 S ribosomes with poly(U) and either Phe-tRNAPhe (in the A-site) or NAcPhe-tRNAPhe (in the P-site) effectively induces covalent linking of tRNA with a limited number of ribosomal proteins. The data obtained indicate that in both sites tRNA is in contact with proteins of both 30 S and 50 S subunits (S5, S7, S9, S10, L2, L6 and L16 proteins in the A-site and S7, S9, S11, L2, L4, L7/L12 and L27 proteins in the P-site). Similar sets of proteins are in contact with total aminoacyl-tRNA and N-acetylaminoacyl-tRNA. However, here no contacts of tRNA in the P-site with the S7 and L25/S17 proteins were revealed, whereas in the A-site total aminoacyl-tRNA contacts L7/L12. Proteins S9, L2 and, probably, S7 and L7/L12 are common to both sites.", "contents": "Polynucleotide-protein interactions in the translation system. Identification of proteins interacting with tRNA in the A- and P-sites of E. coli ribosomes. Ultraviolet irradiation (lambda = 254 nm) of ternary complexes of E. coli 70 S ribosomes with poly(U) and either Phe-tRNAPhe (in the A-site) or NAcPhe-tRNAPhe (in the P-site) effectively induces covalent linking of tRNA with a limited number of ribosomal proteins. The data obtained indicate that in both sites tRNA is in contact with proteins of both 30 S and 50 S subunits (S5, S7, S9, S10, L2, L6 and L16 proteins in the A-site and S7, S9, S11, L2, L4, L7/L12 and L27 proteins in the P-site). Similar sets of proteins are in contact with total aminoacyl-tRNA and N-acetylaminoacyl-tRNA. However, here no contacts of tRNA in the P-site with the S7 and L25/S17 proteins were revealed, whereas in the A-site total aminoacyl-tRNA contacts L7/L12. Proteins S9, L2 and, probably, S7 and L7/L12 are common to both sites.", "PMID": 386278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7353", "title": "Site specific enzymatic cleavage of RNA.", "content": "The hybridization of a DNA oligonucleotide a specific tetramer or longer) will direct a cleavage by RNase H (EC 3.1.4.34) to a specific site in RNA. The resulting fragments can then be labeled at their 5' or 3' ends, purified, and sequenced directly. This procedure is demonstrated with two RNA molecules of known sequence: 5.8S rRNA from yeast (158 nucleotides) and satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) RNA (1240 nucleotides).", "contents": "Site specific enzymatic cleavage of RNA. The hybridization of a DNA oligonucleotide a specific tetramer or longer) will direct a cleavage by RNase H (EC 3.1.4.34) to a specific site in RNA. The resulting fragments can then be labeled at their 5' or 3' ends, purified, and sequenced directly. This procedure is demonstrated with two RNA molecules of known sequence: 5.8S rRNA from yeast (158 nucleotides) and satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) RNA (1240 nucleotides).", "PMID": 386279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7354", "title": "Specific fluorescent labeling of 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine located in the anticodon of tRNATyr isolated from E. coli mutant.", "content": "Under-modified E. coli tRNATyr that contains 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine in place of Q nucleoside can be chemically modified by dansyl chloride under neutral conditions. Fluorescent labelling specifically occurred only in the 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine moiety. The modified tRNATyr was found to be active both in aminoacylation and in binding to ribosomes.", "contents": "Specific fluorescent labeling of 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine located in the anticodon of tRNATyr isolated from E. coli mutant. Under-modified E. coli tRNATyr that contains 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine in place of Q nucleoside can be chemically modified by dansyl chloride under neutral conditions. Fluorescent labelling specifically occurred only in the 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine moiety. The modified tRNATyr was found to be active both in aminoacylation and in binding to ribosomes.", "PMID": 386280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7355", "title": "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the human growth hormone structural gene.", "content": "An almost complete cDNA copy of human growth hormone has been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence confirms the known protein sequence and predicts the sequence of a precursor region of 26 amino acids. We have compared the nucleotide sequence to that for the homolgous proteins, rat growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin (Seeburg et al. and Shine et al., Nature 270, 486 (1977)). There appears to be evolutionary conservation of mRNA sequence features not related to protein structure.", "contents": "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the human growth hormone structural gene. An almost complete cDNA copy of human growth hormone has been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence confirms the known protein sequence and predicts the sequence of a precursor region of 26 amino acids. We have compared the nucleotide sequence to that for the homolgous proteins, rat growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin (Seeburg et al. and Shine et al., Nature 270, 486 (1977)). There appears to be evolutionary conservation of mRNA sequence features not related to protein structure.", "PMID": 386281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7356", "title": "Sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the inverted repeats from the yeast 2 micrometer plasmid.", "content": "A sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the 600 base inverted repeats and non-repeated flanking regions has been determined in the type A yeast 2 micrometers plasmid cloned in pMB9. Methods are described for applying the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing procedure to DNA fragments labelled at the 3'-end using a T4-polymerase exchange/repair reaction and for sequencing 5'-end labelled fragments using dideoxy-nucleotides as chain terminators in the presence of E. coli DNA polymerase (nach Klenow). A notable feature of the sequence is its unusual content of symmetry elements. In one region of 140 nucleotides, 137 are involved in a complex arrangement of direct and inverted repeats linked by palindromic sequences.", "contents": "Sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the inverted repeats from the yeast 2 micrometer plasmid. A sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the 600 base inverted repeats and non-repeated flanking regions has been determined in the type A yeast 2 micrometers plasmid cloned in pMB9. Methods are described for applying the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing procedure to DNA fragments labelled at the 3'-end using a T4-polymerase exchange/repair reaction and for sequencing 5'-end labelled fragments using dideoxy-nucleotides as chain terminators in the presence of E. coli DNA polymerase (nach Klenow). A notable feature of the sequence is its unusual content of symmetry elements. In one region of 140 nucleotides, 137 are involved in a complex arrangement of direct and inverted repeats linked by palindromic sequences.", "PMID": 386282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7357", "title": "Studies on gene control regions XII. The functional significance of a lac operator constitutive mutation.", "content": "The functional significance of a lac operator constitutive mutation has been determined. The transition adenine-thymine to guanine-cytosine was shown to be a constitutive mutation simply because thymine contains the functionally important 5-methyl group whereas cytosine does not. The remainder of the base pair is of no consequence. The experimental approach was to synthesize various modified operators containing cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, and 5-bromocytosine. The synthetic operator containing a guanine-cytosine base pair displays an eightfold reduction in stability with lac repressor whereas the operator containing 5-methylcytosine binds repressor at least as tightly as does the wild type sequence. Results published previously have shown that a similar decrease in stability of the repressor-operator complex can be obtained simply by substituting uracil for thymine or by inverting the base pair to thymine-adenine. All these results taken together implicate the thymine 5-methyl as the only important functional group recognized by the lac repressor at this base pair. Further confirmation of this conclusion was obtained by substitution of 5-bromocytosine and 5-bromouracil at this base pair. Both altered the stability of the repressor-operator complex by about the same percent suggesting that the bromine atom was the important determinant of complex stability for 5-bromopyrimidine analogs.", "contents": "Studies on gene control regions XII. The functional significance of a lac operator constitutive mutation. The functional significance of a lac operator constitutive mutation has been determined. The transition adenine-thymine to guanine-cytosine was shown to be a constitutive mutation simply because thymine contains the functionally important 5-methyl group whereas cytosine does not. The remainder of the base pair is of no consequence. The experimental approach was to synthesize various modified operators containing cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, and 5-bromocytosine. The synthetic operator containing a guanine-cytosine base pair displays an eightfold reduction in stability with lac repressor whereas the operator containing 5-methylcytosine binds repressor at least as tightly as does the wild type sequence. Results published previously have shown that a similar decrease in stability of the repressor-operator complex can be obtained simply by substituting uracil for thymine or by inverting the base pair to thymine-adenine. All these results taken together implicate the thymine 5-methyl as the only important functional group recognized by the lac repressor at this base pair. Further confirmation of this conclusion was obtained by substitution of 5-bromocytosine and 5-bromouracil at this base pair. Both altered the stability of the repressor-operator complex by about the same percent suggesting that the bromine atom was the important determinant of complex stability for 5-bromopyrimidine analogs.", "PMID": 386283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7358", "title": "The synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using RNA ligase.", "content": "T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the addition of a single deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (Hinton et al. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5091). We have determined improved conditions for this reaction which give yields equal to or greater than 85% when any of five common deoxyribonucleoside bisphosphate (pdAp, pdCp, pdGp, pdTp, or pdUp) are added to dA(PDA)4. A low ATP concentration, which is constantly maintained by a regeneration system composed of phosphocreatine, creatine kinase, and myokinase, contributes to the attainment of high yields. The addition of RNase A and spermine also enhances the rates and yields of the reactions. These conditions facilitate the use of RNA ligase as a reagent for the stepwise synthesis of DNA of defined sequence.", "contents": "The synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using RNA ligase. T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the addition of a single deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (Hinton et al. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5091). We have determined improved conditions for this reaction which give yields equal to or greater than 85% when any of five common deoxyribonucleoside bisphosphate (pdAp, pdCp, pdGp, pdTp, or pdUp) are added to dA(PDA)4. A low ATP concentration, which is constantly maintained by a regeneration system composed of phosphocreatine, creatine kinase, and myokinase, contributes to the attainment of high yields. The addition of RNase A and spermine also enhances the rates and yields of the reactions. These conditions facilitate the use of RNA ligase as a reagent for the stepwise synthesis of DNA of defined sequence.", "PMID": 386284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7359", "title": "Binding of magnesium ions and ethidium bromide: comparison of ribosomes and free ribosomal RNA.", "content": "Comparative studies of free ribosomal RNA and ribosomes were made with two probes, Mg++ ions and ethidium bromide, which interact with RNA in different ways. Mg++. E. coli 16 S rRNA and 30 S ribosomes were equilibrated with four different buffers. Equilibration required several days at 4 degrees and several hours at 37 degrees. In all buffers ribosomes bound more Mg than free rRNA, the difference sometimes reaching 20--30%. Ribosomes were more resistant than free rRNA to heat denaturation and their denaturation was more highly cooperative. Ribosomes that bound more Mg++ had higher denaturation temperatures. Ethidium bromide. Fluorescence enhancement studies of ethidium intercalation showed the free 16 S rRNA to have 50--80 binding sites per molecule. A large fraction of these sites were present and accessible in the ribosome, but their ethidium-binding constants were reduced by an order of magnitude. In addition, free rRNA contained a small number of very strong binding sites that were virtually absent in the ribosomes.", "contents": "Binding of magnesium ions and ethidium bromide: comparison of ribosomes and free ribosomal RNA. Comparative studies of free ribosomal RNA and ribosomes were made with two probes, Mg++ ions and ethidium bromide, which interact with RNA in different ways. Mg++. E. coli 16 S rRNA and 30 S ribosomes were equilibrated with four different buffers. Equilibration required several days at 4 degrees and several hours at 37 degrees. In all buffers ribosomes bound more Mg than free rRNA, the difference sometimes reaching 20--30%. Ribosomes were more resistant than free rRNA to heat denaturation and their denaturation was more highly cooperative. Ribosomes that bound more Mg++ had higher denaturation temperatures. Ethidium bromide. Fluorescence enhancement studies of ethidium intercalation showed the free 16 S rRNA to have 50--80 binding sites per molecule. A large fraction of these sites were present and accessible in the ribosome, but their ethidium-binding constants were reduced by an order of magnitude. In addition, free rRNA contained a small number of very strong binding sites that were virtually absent in the ribosomes.", "PMID": 386285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7360", "title": "The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli: substrate-induced protection against its thermal inactivation.", "content": "The substrates-induced protection against the heat-inactivation of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase has been investigated. tRNAGlu and ATP protect efficiently the enzyme, whereas glutamate does not. In the presence of tRNAGlu, glutamate induces an additional protection to that given by the tRNAGlu alone. A weak synergism was observed between ATP and tRNAGlu, whereas no synergism was detected between ATP and glutamate. These results suggest that tRNAGlu and ATP, but not glutamate are able to bind to the free enzyme form; glutamate binds only to the Enzyme.tRNAGlu and to the Enzyme.tRNAGlu.ATP complexes. The presence of the three substrates induces a higher stabilization of the enzyme than that expected from the protection observed for the various other substrates combinations, suggesting the existence of a marked synergism between the three substrates against the heat-inactivation of the enzyme. The protection constants determined from this study are similar to the dissociation constants determined by direct binding experiments and to the Km values determined kinetically.", "contents": "The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli: substrate-induced protection against its thermal inactivation. The substrates-induced protection against the heat-inactivation of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase has been investigated. tRNAGlu and ATP protect efficiently the enzyme, whereas glutamate does not. In the presence of tRNAGlu, glutamate induces an additional protection to that given by the tRNAGlu alone. A weak synergism was observed between ATP and tRNAGlu, whereas no synergism was detected between ATP and glutamate. These results suggest that tRNAGlu and ATP, but not glutamate are able to bind to the free enzyme form; glutamate binds only to the Enzyme.tRNAGlu and to the Enzyme.tRNAGlu.ATP complexes. The presence of the three substrates induces a higher stabilization of the enzyme than that expected from the protection observed for the various other substrates combinations, suggesting the existence of a marked synergism between the three substrates against the heat-inactivation of the enzyme. The protection constants determined from this study are similar to the dissociation constants determined by direct binding experiments and to the Km values determined kinetically.", "PMID": 386286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7361", "title": "Determination of the recognition sites of cytosine DNA-methylases from Escherichia coli SK.", "content": "Two different cytosine DNA-methylases, NI and GII, are present in Escherichia coli SK. The GII methylase recognizes the five-member symmetric sequence: 5'...NpCpCpApGpGpN...3'. This sequence is identical with the recognition site of the hsp II type determined by RII plasmid but, in contrast to RII methylase, the GII enzyme methylates cytosine located on the 5' side of the site. By analogy with the isoshizomery of the restricting endonucleases, RII and GII DNA methylaeses may be called isomethymers which recognize the same site but methylate different bases. Since the phage of the SK and hsp II phenotypes is effectively restricted in respective cells it may be assumed that the isomethymeric modification does not provide any protection against the corresponding restrictases. NI methylase recognizes the five-member symmetric site which represents an inverted sequence of the GII site: 5'...NpGpGpApCpCpN...3'. In this case cytosine at the 3'-end of the recognition site is methylated.", "contents": "Determination of the recognition sites of cytosine DNA-methylases from Escherichia coli SK. Two different cytosine DNA-methylases, NI and GII, are present in Escherichia coli SK. The GII methylase recognizes the five-member symmetric sequence: 5'...NpCpCpApGpGpN...3'. This sequence is identical with the recognition site of the hsp II type determined by RII plasmid but, in contrast to RII methylase, the GII enzyme methylates cytosine located on the 5' side of the site. By analogy with the isoshizomery of the restricting endonucleases, RII and GII DNA methylaeses may be called isomethymers which recognize the same site but methylate different bases. Since the phage of the SK and hsp II phenotypes is effectively restricted in respective cells it may be assumed that the isomethymeric modification does not provide any protection against the corresponding restrictases. NI methylase recognizes the five-member symmetric site which represents an inverted sequence of the GII site: 5'...NpGpGpApCpCpN...3'. In this case cytosine at the 3'-end of the recognition site is methylated.", "PMID": 386287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7362", "title": "Introductory address: lessons to be learned from high altitude.", "content": "A historical account of the important landmarks in man's experience with the high altitude environment is followed by comments on the important stages in the understanding of its physiological effects. The work of The Mount Logan High Altitude Physiology Study on acute mountain sickness is reviewed from its inception in 1967 until the present.", "contents": "Introductory address: lessons to be learned from high altitude. A historical account of the important landmarks in man's experience with the high altitude environment is followed by comments on the important stages in the understanding of its physiological effects. The work of The Mount Logan High Altitude Physiology Study on acute mountain sickness is reviewed from its inception in 1967 until the present.", "PMID": 386292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7363", "title": "[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung into the innominate vein (author's transl)].", "content": "From 5 cases of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung into the innominate vein, it has been thought of interest to situate this type of venous anomaly among the partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage classification. It is revealed in 2 different ways. In adults, this malformation sets the problem of the diagnosis of an abnormal chest Xray, without symptom. In children, this vascular abnormality is discovered during the exploration of a congenital cardiopathy which causes the main symptoms. Embryological data are reviewed and statistics of frequency which lead to show that this type of partial anomalous venous drainage is often misunderstood, particularly with regard to anomalous venous drainage of the right lung.", "contents": "[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung into the innominate vein (author's transl)]. From 5 cases of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung into the innominate vein, it has been thought of interest to situate this type of venous anomaly among the partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage classification. It is revealed in 2 different ways. In adults, this malformation sets the problem of the diagnosis of an abnormal chest Xray, without symptom. In children, this vascular abnormality is discovered during the exploration of a congenital cardiopathy which causes the main symptoms. Embryological data are reviewed and statistics of frequency which lead to show that this type of partial anomalous venous drainage is often misunderstood, particularly with regard to anomalous venous drainage of the right lung.", "PMID": 386293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7364", "title": "[Comparative study of the titre of circulating antibodies and the results of the iodine radioisotope indication test of the thyroid gland in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis].", "content": "A total of 293 patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis were observed. The circulating antibody titre to thyroglobulin was determined and 131I-radioindication of the thyroid gland was made in 65 patients. The mentioned studies were diagnostically informative in the complex examination of patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the titre of circulating antibodies and the results of the iodine radioisotope indication test of the thyroid gland in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis]. A total of 293 patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis were observed. The circulating antibody titre to thyroglobulin was determined and 131I-radioindication of the thyroid gland was made in 65 patients. The mentioned studies were diagnostically informative in the complex examination of patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.", "PMID": 386296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7365", "title": "[Glomerular filtration and vascular permeability in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Renal function (glomerular filtration) and vascular permeability were studied in 89 patients with diabetes mellitus by means of labeled renotropic compounds. There was a direct relationship between the reduced glomerular filtration, severity and duration of the disease, condition of compensation, age and body weight of diabetic patients, and the presence of diabetic vascular lesions. Vascular permeability proved to be increased in the form of diabetes mellitus and in patients with marked renal pathology.", "contents": "[Glomerular filtration and vascular permeability in diabetes mellitus]. Renal function (glomerular filtration) and vascular permeability were studied in 89 patients with diabetes mellitus by means of labeled renotropic compounds. There was a direct relationship between the reduced glomerular filtration, severity and duration of the disease, condition of compensation, age and body weight of diabetic patients, and the presence of diabetic vascular lesions. Vascular permeability proved to be increased in the form of diabetes mellitus and in patients with marked renal pathology.", "PMID": 386295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7366", "title": "Association of central nervous system sarcoma with familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Familial polyposis of the colon is associated with an increased incidence in other parts of the body of benign and malignant, soft and hard connective tissue tumours. Clinical details and autopsy findings are reported in a 35-year-old man with familial polyposis who died from reticulum cell sarcoma (microglioma) involving his brain stem and upper spinal cord. While other central nervous system malignancy has been reported in association with familial polyposis, a sarcomatous tumour has not been previously described. In the clinical assessment of patients with familial polyposis the possibility should be considered of associated tumours in extracolonic sites, including the central nervous system.", "contents": "Association of central nervous system sarcoma with familial polyposis coli. Familial polyposis of the colon is associated with an increased incidence in other parts of the body of benign and malignant, soft and hard connective tissue tumours. Clinical details and autopsy findings are reported in a 35-year-old man with familial polyposis who died from reticulum cell sarcoma (microglioma) involving his brain stem and upper spinal cord. While other central nervous system malignancy has been reported in association with familial polyposis, a sarcomatous tumour has not been previously described. In the clinical assessment of patients with familial polyposis the possibility should be considered of associated tumours in extracolonic sites, including the central nervous system.", "PMID": 386305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7367", "title": "Sodium valproate: dose-plasma level relationships and interdose fluctuations.", "content": "Individual dose-plasma level relationships were studied in 14 chronically treated epileptics, 10 of whom were concomitantly receiving other anticonvulsants besides valproate. Linear regression analysis showed each individual relationship to be linear with correlation co-efficients ranging from 0.9137 to 0.9997. A considerable inter-individual variation was found to exist in the slopes of the regression lines (range: 0.86 to 5.72). This may be the consequence of differences in absorption characteristics and metabolic handling of the drug. The results indicate that a proportional rise in plasma sodium valproate levels can be expected following dosage increments in an individual patient. Hourly plasma sodium valproate measurements for 6 hours between 2 successive doses, in the same group of patients, showed that the mean percentage change in post-dose peak plasma levels was 44.5%, and range from 20.7 to 153.5%. Plasma levels returned to values close to pre-dose starting levels 6 hours after the administration of a dose. The large degree of inter-dose fluctuation between doses indicates that it is preferable to use pre-dose plasma sodium valproate levels to guide the clinical management of epileptic patients.", "contents": "Sodium valproate: dose-plasma level relationships and interdose fluctuations. Individual dose-plasma level relationships were studied in 14 chronically treated epileptics, 10 of whom were concomitantly receiving other anticonvulsants besides valproate. Linear regression analysis showed each individual relationship to be linear with correlation co-efficients ranging from 0.9137 to 0.9997. A considerable inter-individual variation was found to exist in the slopes of the regression lines (range: 0.86 to 5.72). This may be the consequence of differences in absorption characteristics and metabolic handling of the drug. The results indicate that a proportional rise in plasma sodium valproate levels can be expected following dosage increments in an individual patient. Hourly plasma sodium valproate measurements for 6 hours between 2 successive doses, in the same group of patients, showed that the mean percentage change in post-dose peak plasma levels was 44.5%, and range from 20.7 to 153.5%. Plasma levels returned to values close to pre-dose starting levels 6 hours after the administration of a dose. The large degree of inter-dose fluctuation between doses indicates that it is preferable to use pre-dose plasma sodium valproate levels to guide the clinical management of epileptic patients.", "PMID": 386306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7368", "title": "An evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "22 patients entered a double-blind trial to test the efficacy of bromocriptine therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease already established on conventional levodopa therapy. 3 patients on placebo withdrew when no improvement occurred and control became complicated. 4 patients on active drug withdrew because of various symptoms, but in only 1 case were these (nausea and vomiting) thought to be a real drug effect. Of the 15 patients who completed the trial, 9 were on active drug and 6 were on placebo. Although more than half the patients in each group were subjectively improved, measurement scales of functional disability and physical examination revealed no significant change in either group. Side effects encountered included nausea, dyskinesiae and hallucinations. It is concluded that bromocriptine does not offer any additional benefit in most patients with Parkinson's disease who are well stabilised on levodopa therapy, but may have a place in those patients who encounter side effects due to fluctuations in serum and tissue levels of levodopa.", "contents": "An evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 22 patients entered a double-blind trial to test the efficacy of bromocriptine therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease already established on conventional levodopa therapy. 3 patients on placebo withdrew when no improvement occurred and control became complicated. 4 patients on active drug withdrew because of various symptoms, but in only 1 case were these (nausea and vomiting) thought to be a real drug effect. Of the 15 patients who completed the trial, 9 were on active drug and 6 were on placebo. Although more than half the patients in each group were subjectively improved, measurement scales of functional disability and physical examination revealed no significant change in either group. Side effects encountered included nausea, dyskinesiae and hallucinations. It is concluded that bromocriptine does not offer any additional benefit in most patients with Parkinson's disease who are well stabilised on levodopa therapy, but may have a place in those patients who encounter side effects due to fluctuations in serum and tissue levels of levodopa.", "PMID": 386307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7369", "title": "A review of some aspects of the pharmacology of levodopa.", "content": "Levodopa has become established as the treatment of choice in Parkinson's disease. It is adsorbed by an active mechanism from the small bowel. Its pharmacological activity depends upon the formation of dopamine and possibly other metabolites. Its beneficial effect in Parkinson's disease probably depends upon temporarily restoring the ability of degenerating nigro-striatal cells to release dopamine. Its main side effect, that of dyskinesia, may reflect a direct action of dopamine on striatal receptors. Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors reduce the incidence of levodopa-induced nausea, probably by lowering the concentration of dopamine in the area postrema. The introduction of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is generally regarded as one of the uncommon examples in medicine where effective therapy has resulted from systematic research rather than seredipity. As our knowledge of the pharmacology of levodopa grows, we may be forced to admit that perhaps the right drug was chosen for the wrong reasons.", "contents": "A review of some aspects of the pharmacology of levodopa. Levodopa has become established as the treatment of choice in Parkinson's disease. It is adsorbed by an active mechanism from the small bowel. Its pharmacological activity depends upon the formation of dopamine and possibly other metabolites. Its beneficial effect in Parkinson's disease probably depends upon temporarily restoring the ability of degenerating nigro-striatal cells to release dopamine. Its main side effect, that of dyskinesia, may reflect a direct action of dopamine on striatal receptors. Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors reduce the incidence of levodopa-induced nausea, probably by lowering the concentration of dopamine in the area postrema. The introduction of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is generally regarded as one of the uncommon examples in medicine where effective therapy has resulted from systematic research rather than seredipity. As our knowledge of the pharmacology of levodopa grows, we may be forced to admit that perhaps the right drug was chosen for the wrong reasons.", "PMID": 386308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7370", "title": "Major factors affecting cadaver renal transplant outcome in a single center.", "content": "In this center, 3 major factors have favorably improved cadaver renal allograft survival rates. The good risk recipient has been associated with a better graft survival and lower mortality. This factor cannot easily be controlled because of an increasing percentage of poor risk recipients awaiting transplantation in most major centers. Recipient blood transfusions administered both before transplantation and at the operating table have led to a better allograft survival in our center. Cadaver donor genotyping with haplotype matching of donor-recipient pairs has resulted in an improved graft survival. As sharing of kidneys between centers becomes more common, it is encouraging to note that one method of preservation is not superior to the other.", "contents": "Major factors affecting cadaver renal transplant outcome in a single center. In this center, 3 major factors have favorably improved cadaver renal allograft survival rates. The good risk recipient has been associated with a better graft survival and lower mortality. This factor cannot easily be controlled because of an increasing percentage of poor risk recipients awaiting transplantation in most major centers. Recipient blood transfusions administered both before transplantation and at the operating table have led to a better allograft survival in our center. Cadaver donor genotyping with haplotype matching of donor-recipient pairs has resulted in an improved graft survival. As sharing of kidneys between centers becomes more common, it is encouraging to note that one method of preservation is not superior to the other.", "PMID": 386315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7371", "title": "Epidemic renal transplant rejection associated with influenza A victoria.", "content": "1) IAV infection seems to trigger acute renal allograft rejection frequently, especially in the first few months post-transplant, and these rejections are severe with a high rate of ultimate graft loss; 2) seroconversion occurred in most cases despite high dose steroids; 3) the course of IAV was prolonged and associated with a high incidence of complications in patients on high dose steroids.", "contents": "Epidemic renal transplant rejection associated with influenza A victoria. 1) IAV infection seems to trigger acute renal allograft rejection frequently, especially in the first few months post-transplant, and these rejections are severe with a high rate of ultimate graft loss; 2) seroconversion occurred in most cases despite high dose steroids; 3) the course of IAV was prolonged and associated with a high incidence of complications in patients on high dose steroids.", "PMID": 386316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7372", "title": "Detection of antidonor antibody: advantages of fibroblast target cells.", "content": "Donor specific alloantibody was monitored in 40 kidney transplants for 3 most post-transplant. Two 51Cr release assays were used: complement-dependent lysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Fibroblast, lymphocyte, and lymphoblast target cells were all tested whenever possible. Antibody was detected in only 6 of 22 patients who achieved satisfactory function (creatinine less than 3 at 3 mos), but in 15 of 18 patients who had an unfavorable outcome (return to dialysis or creatinine greater than 3 at 3 mos). The association of antifibroblast antibody with poor function was particularly striking: in the 33 patients in whom donor fibroblasts were tested, none of 20 with good function had detectable antibody, whereas 10 of 16 with graft loss or poor function had detectable antibody. Studies with mouse fibroblasts indicated that the association of antifibroblast antibody with graft destruction may be explainable in terms of selective expression of various alloantigens on fibroblasts.", "contents": "Detection of antidonor antibody: advantages of fibroblast target cells. Donor specific alloantibody was monitored in 40 kidney transplants for 3 most post-transplant. Two 51Cr release assays were used: complement-dependent lysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Fibroblast, lymphocyte, and lymphoblast target cells were all tested whenever possible. Antibody was detected in only 6 of 22 patients who achieved satisfactory function (creatinine less than 3 at 3 mos), but in 15 of 18 patients who had an unfavorable outcome (return to dialysis or creatinine greater than 3 at 3 mos). The association of antifibroblast antibody with poor function was particularly striking: in the 33 patients in whom donor fibroblasts were tested, none of 20 with good function had detectable antibody, whereas 10 of 16 with graft loss or poor function had detectable antibody. Studies with mouse fibroblasts indicated that the association of antifibroblast antibody with graft destruction may be explainable in terms of selective expression of various alloantigens on fibroblasts.", "PMID": 386320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7373", "title": "The correlation of kidney transplant survival with lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity on B cell targets.", "content": "A LMC micromethod using specific B lymphocyte target cells labeled with a fluorescent dye has been developed to select matched donors and recipients for kidney allotransplantation. The fluorescence of the B lymphocyte target cells was 85% or less of control levels in 9 of 28 patients. In 8 of these 9 hosts graft loss occurred. Nineteen sets of target cells showed 90-95% of control fluorescence. Only 5 of these recipients lost their transplants (p less than 0.01). The fluorescent LMC test correlates with successful renal transplant outcome when the target cells are purified B cells.", "contents": "The correlation of kidney transplant survival with lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity on B cell targets. A LMC micromethod using specific B lymphocyte target cells labeled with a fluorescent dye has been developed to select matched donors and recipients for kidney allotransplantation. The fluorescence of the B lymphocyte target cells was 85% or less of control levels in 9 of 28 patients. In 8 of these 9 hosts graft loss occurred. Nineteen sets of target cells showed 90-95% of control fluorescence. Only 5 of these recipients lost their transplants (p less than 0.01). The fluorescent LMC test correlates with successful renal transplant outcome when the target cells are purified B cells.", "PMID": 386322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7374", "title": "Retransplantation in children.", "content": "Evaluation of 75 cadaver donor retransplants revealed that the primary factor influencing allograft survival is patient responsiveness as reflected by sensitization with preformed cytotoxic antibodies. Actuarial allograft survival rates for nonpresensitized (less than 5%) and moderately presensitized (5-50%) recipients were significantly (p less than 0.001) better than those of highly presensitized (greater than 50%) recipients. Although HLA antigen histocompatibility did not have a statistically significant effect on retransplant outcome, it appeared to influence allograft survival in the highly presensitized recipient. An approach to the management of children who lose an initial or subsequent allograft is indicated by these data.", "contents": "Retransplantation in children. Evaluation of 75 cadaver donor retransplants revealed that the primary factor influencing allograft survival is patient responsiveness as reflected by sensitization with preformed cytotoxic antibodies. Actuarial allograft survival rates for nonpresensitized (less than 5%) and moderately presensitized (5-50%) recipients were significantly (p less than 0.001) better than those of highly presensitized (greater than 50%) recipients. Although HLA antigen histocompatibility did not have a statistically significant effect on retransplant outcome, it appeared to influence allograft survival in the highly presensitized recipient. An approach to the management of children who lose an initial or subsequent allograft is indicated by these data.", "PMID": 386324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7375", "title": "Isolation and mapping of plasmids containing the Salmonella typhimurium origin of DNA replication.", "content": "A purified EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragment that determines resistance to kanamycin and is incapable of self-replication was used to select autonomously replicating fragments from an EcoRI digest of a Salmonella typhimurium F' plasmid containing the chromosomal region believed to include the S. typhimurium origin of DNA replication. Both the F factor and S. typhimurium chromosome replication origins were cloned by this procedure. The EcoRI fragmentment containing the S. typhimurium origin of replication is 19.4 kilobase pairs long and includes functional asp+ and uncB+ genes. Restriction endonuclease analysis of deletions obtained from the S. typhimurium origin plasmid indicated that the replication origin (ori region) is contained within a 3.3-kilobase pair region. Comparison with Escherichia coli origin plasmids shows colinearity of gene arrangement on the chromosomes in this region and suggests that some, but not all, regions of the nucleotide sequence in the origin region may be conserved (identical) in these two bacterial species.", "contents": "Isolation and mapping of plasmids containing the Salmonella typhimurium origin of DNA replication. A purified EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragment that determines resistance to kanamycin and is incapable of self-replication was used to select autonomously replicating fragments from an EcoRI digest of a Salmonella typhimurium F' plasmid containing the chromosomal region believed to include the S. typhimurium origin of DNA replication. Both the F factor and S. typhimurium chromosome replication origins were cloned by this procedure. The EcoRI fragmentment containing the S. typhimurium origin of replication is 19.4 kilobase pairs long and includes functional asp+ and uncB+ genes. Restriction endonuclease analysis of deletions obtained from the S. typhimurium origin plasmid indicated that the replication origin (ori region) is contained within a 3.3-kilobase pair region. Comparison with Escherichia coli origin plasmids shows colinearity of gene arrangement on the chromosomes in this region and suggests that some, but not all, regions of the nucleotide sequence in the origin region may be conserved (identical) in these two bacterial species.", "PMID": 386330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7376", "title": "Real-time solvent exchange studies of the imino and amino protons of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA by Fourier transform NMR.", "content": "Real-time solvent exchange measurements using Fourier transform NMR at 270 MHz are presented. By means of the fast gel filtration column techniques originally developed for tritium exchange experiments, we were able to replace the solvent of a tRNA sample from an 1H2O to an 2H2O buffer and obtain a useful spectrum in 2-5 min. At 15 degrees C, there are 5 +/- 1 lowfield (-11 to -15 ppm relative to 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate) imino protons with exchange half times of minutes to hours. In addition, the m7G-46 C(8) proton and several amino protons are observed to exchange with similar rates. Analogous studies on unfractionated yeast tRNA suggest that such a class of slowly exchanging imino protons is present in several tRNAs, and that the activation energy for exchange is small [[approximatley 5 kcal/mol (21 kJ/mol)]. We speculate that these imino resonances arise from D-stem protons and that their slow exchange reflects stabilization by the numerous tertiary interactions involving this stem and the Mg2+ bound at the P-10 bend.", "contents": "Real-time solvent exchange studies of the imino and amino protons of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA by Fourier transform NMR. Real-time solvent exchange measurements using Fourier transform NMR at 270 MHz are presented. By means of the fast gel filtration column techniques originally developed for tritium exchange experiments, we were able to replace the solvent of a tRNA sample from an 1H2O to an 2H2O buffer and obtain a useful spectrum in 2-5 min. At 15 degrees C, there are 5 +/- 1 lowfield (-11 to -15 ppm relative to 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate) imino protons with exchange half times of minutes to hours. In addition, the m7G-46 C(8) proton and several amino protons are observed to exchange with similar rates. Analogous studies on unfractionated yeast tRNA suggest that such a class of slowly exchanging imino protons is present in several tRNAs, and that the activation energy for exchange is small [[approximatley 5 kcal/mol (21 kJ/mol)]. We speculate that these imino resonances arise from D-stem protons and that their slow exchange reflects stabilization by the numerous tertiary interactions involving this stem and the Mg2+ bound at the P-10 bend.", "PMID": 386331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7377", "title": "Steroid treatment for routine immunosuppression in cadaver renal transplantation. A survey of hospitals.", "content": "A review of data from 22 hospitals in the U.S. and Canada, comprised of information on 1700 kidney transplant patients, shows a consistent pattern with respect to usage of steroids both as routine treatment and for rejection episodes. High doses are associated with greater patient mortality. Graft survival is also adversely affected by very high doses, but only in the immediate post-transplant period. Our data suggest that for optimal graft and patient survival the dosage of steroids should be less than 150 mg/day of methylprednisolone on days 1-3, less than 50 mg/day of prednisone on days 4-21, less than 30 mg/day on days 22-30, and less than 20 mg/day between one mo and one yr.", "contents": "Steroid treatment for routine immunosuppression in cadaver renal transplantation. A survey of hospitals. A review of data from 22 hospitals in the U.S. and Canada, comprised of information on 1700 kidney transplant patients, shows a consistent pattern with respect to usage of steroids both as routine treatment and for rejection episodes. High doses are associated with greater patient mortality. Graft survival is also adversely affected by very high doses, but only in the immediate post-transplant period. Our data suggest that for optimal graft and patient survival the dosage of steroids should be less than 150 mg/day of methylprednisolone on days 1-3, less than 50 mg/day of prednisone on days 4-21, less than 30 mg/day on days 22-30, and less than 20 mg/day between one mo and one yr.", "PMID": 386327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7378", "title": "Physical map of the recA gene.", "content": "We have cloned the recA gene of Echerichia coli K12 and some of its restriction fragments on the plasmid cloning vehicle pBR322. The recA gene was mapped with regard to the restriction sites of EcoRI, BamHI, Pst I, Hha I, Hae III, HinfI, and Taq I restriction endonucleases. The recA promoter was localized by the binding of RNA polymerase to restriction fragments. The initiation point of transcription of recA mRNA and the direction of transcription were determined from in vitro transcription of recA gene fragments and from analysis of the polypeptides made in maxicells that contain plasmids carrying only part of the recA gene.", "contents": "Physical map of the recA gene. We have cloned the recA gene of Echerichia coli K12 and some of its restriction fragments on the plasmid cloning vehicle pBR322. The recA gene was mapped with regard to the restriction sites of EcoRI, BamHI, Pst I, Hha I, Hae III, HinfI, and Taq I restriction endonucleases. The recA promoter was localized by the binding of RNA polymerase to restriction fragments. The initiation point of transcription of recA mRNA and the direction of transcription were determined from in vitro transcription of recA gene fragments and from analysis of the polypeptides made in maxicells that contain plasmids carrying only part of the recA gene.", "PMID": 386332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7379", "title": "Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and thymines in the lac UV5 promoter.", "content": "I have identified those 5 positions of thymines in the lac UV5 promoter that lie close to bound Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). Although ultraviolet irradiation of DNA with 5-bromouracil substituted in place of thymine normally cleaves the DNA at the bromouracils, a protein bound to the DNA can perturb these cleavages at those locations at which the protein lies close to the bromine. In the lac promoter most of these contacts lie in three regions. Four contacts lie in the region where transcription initiates; four lie in the \"Pribnow box,\" which is located about 10 base pairs upstream from the initiation site; and three more lie in the \"-35 region,\" located about 35 base pairs upstream from the initiation site. The \"Pribnow box\" and the \"-35 region\" are regions whose sequences are partially conserved between promoters and in which most promoter mutations are located; thus, contacts in these two regions probably represent sites of sequence-specific recognition by RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and thymines in the lac UV5 promoter. I have identified those 5 positions of thymines in the lac UV5 promoter that lie close to bound Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). Although ultraviolet irradiation of DNA with 5-bromouracil substituted in place of thymine normally cleaves the DNA at the bromouracils, a protein bound to the DNA can perturb these cleavages at those locations at which the protein lies close to the bromine. In the lac promoter most of these contacts lie in three regions. Four contacts lie in the region where transcription initiates; four lie in the \"Pribnow box,\" which is located about 10 base pairs upstream from the initiation site; and three more lie in the \"-35 region,\" located about 35 base pairs upstream from the initiation site. The \"Pribnow box\" and the \"-35 region\" are regions whose sequences are partially conserved between promoters and in which most promoter mutations are located; thus, contacts in these two regions probably represent sites of sequence-specific recognition by RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 386333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7380", "title": "Evidence from ultraviolet absorbance measurements for a codon-induced conformational change in lysine tRNA from  Escherichia coli.", "content": "From experiments with equilibrium dialysis it was concluded earlier that formation of the codon-anticodon complex triggers a conformational change in the tertiary structure of tRNAPhe from Escherichia coli. A similar conformational transition is demonstrated here in the poly(A)/tRNALys system. C-G-A or C-G-A-A was used as a probe for the conformational transition in tRNA. These probes bound to tRNAPhe and tRNALys more strongly in the presence of the corresponding codons than in the absence. In order to verify these data by an independent method, the decrease in absorbance at 300 nm that occurs on formation of the codon-anticodon complex in tRNALys (which contains 2-thio-5-methylaminomethyluridine, s2mam5U) was used. The binding constants for formation of A3 . tRNALys (Ka = 2.4 . 10(4) M-1) and A4 . tRNALys (Ka = 2.5 . 10(5) M-1) are very close to those obtained by equilibrium dialysis. In the presence of C-G-A the apparent binding constant of A3 to tRNA was raised 10-fold to 2.5 . 10(-5) M-1. It was calculated that the constant for the binding of C-G-A to the binary complex A3 . tRNALys is approximately 2 . 10(4) M-1, whereas binding to the free tRNA is lower than 10(3) M-1. Under appropriate conditions binding of A3 to tRNALys can be induced directly by the addition of C-G-A. These data demonstrate that codon-anticodon complex formation induces a conformational change in the tRNA that as a consequence allows the binding of a trinucleoside diphosphate, presumably to the T-psi-G region.", "contents": "Evidence from ultraviolet absorbance measurements for a codon-induced conformational change in lysine tRNA from  Escherichia coli. From experiments with equilibrium dialysis it was concluded earlier that formation of the codon-anticodon complex triggers a conformational change in the tertiary structure of tRNAPhe from Escherichia coli. A similar conformational transition is demonstrated here in the poly(A)/tRNALys system. C-G-A or C-G-A-A was used as a probe for the conformational transition in tRNA. These probes bound to tRNAPhe and tRNALys more strongly in the presence of the corresponding codons than in the absence. In order to verify these data by an independent method, the decrease in absorbance at 300 nm that occurs on formation of the codon-anticodon complex in tRNALys (which contains 2-thio-5-methylaminomethyluridine, s2mam5U) was used. The binding constants for formation of A3 . tRNALys (Ka = 2.4 . 10(4) M-1) and A4 . tRNALys (Ka = 2.5 . 10(5) M-1) are very close to those obtained by equilibrium dialysis. In the presence of C-G-A the apparent binding constant of A3 to tRNA was raised 10-fold to 2.5 . 10(-5) M-1. It was calculated that the constant for the binding of C-G-A to the binary complex A3 . tRNALys is approximately 2 . 10(4) M-1, whereas binding to the free tRNA is lower than 10(3) M-1. Under appropriate conditions binding of A3 to tRNALys can be induced directly by the addition of C-G-A. These data demonstrate that codon-anticodon complex formation induces a conformational change in the tRNA that as a consequence allows the binding of a trinucleoside diphosphate, presumably to the T-psi-G region.", "PMID": 386334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7381", "title": "Subunit stoichiometry and molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The molar ratio of the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli was found to be 1.8:1.7:1[pyruvate decarboxylase (E1):dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2):dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)]. This ratio was determined by measuring the Coomassie blue staining of the constituent enzymes after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The above ratio is the average of four separate experiments with two different enzyme preparations. The average molecular weights of the individual enzymes were found to be 96,000, 76,000, and 55,000 for E1, E2, and E3, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate/8 M urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by column chromatography in 6 M guanidine . HCl. The molecular weight of E2 was reduced to 33,000-36,000 after extensive reduction and alkylation with iodoacetamide. The molecular weights of the complex, E1, and E3 were found to be 4,800,000, 182,000, and 104,000, respectively, with low-angle laser light scattering. Both E1 and E3 are dimeric under the conditions employed. If octahedral symmetry is assumed for the E2 core, a polypeptide chain ratio of 24:24:12 (E1:E2:E3) is in good agreement with the measured molar ratio of component enzymes and the molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "contents": "Subunit stoichiometry and molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli. The molar ratio of the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli was found to be 1.8:1.7:1[pyruvate decarboxylase (E1):dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2):dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)]. This ratio was determined by measuring the Coomassie blue staining of the constituent enzymes after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The above ratio is the average of four separate experiments with two different enzyme preparations. The average molecular weights of the individual enzymes were found to be 96,000, 76,000, and 55,000 for E1, E2, and E3, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate/8 M urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by column chromatography in 6 M guanidine . HCl. The molecular weight of E2 was reduced to 33,000-36,000 after extensive reduction and alkylation with iodoacetamide. The molecular weights of the complex, E1, and E3 were found to be 4,800,000, 182,000, and 104,000, respectively, with low-angle laser light scattering. Both E1 and E3 are dimeric under the conditions employed. If octahedral symmetry is assumed for the E2 core, a polypeptide chain ratio of 24:24:12 (E1:E2:E3) is in good agreement with the measured molar ratio of component enzymes and the molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "PMID": 386335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7382", "title": "Initiator tRNAs have a unique anticodon loop conformation.", "content": "Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have been labeled with 32P at the 5' end and subjected to S1 nuclease digestion. The products were analyzed by high-resolution gel electrophoresis. Three initiator tRNAs and six chain-elongating tRNAs were examined. S1 nuclease cleaved Escherichia coli tRNAfMet, yeast tRNAfMet, and mammalian tRNAfMet at the same two positions in the anticodon loop. In contrast, S1 nuclease cleaved the anticodon loop of E. coli tRNAmMet, yeast tRNAmMet, yeast tRNAPhe, Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNAPhe, E. coli tRNA2Glu, and E. coli tRNATrp (su+) at four positions generally, except where a modified nucleotide in the wobble position inhibited the enzyme. The marked contrast between these cleavage patterns suggests a different conformation for the anticodon loops of these two classes of tRNA molecules. It is suggested that the specialized conformation in the anticodon loop of initiator tRNAs may be due to a special sequence of GC base pairs in the adjoining anticodon stem.", "contents": "Initiator tRNAs have a unique anticodon loop conformation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have been labeled with 32P at the 5' end and subjected to S1 nuclease digestion. The products were analyzed by high-resolution gel electrophoresis. Three initiator tRNAs and six chain-elongating tRNAs were examined. S1 nuclease cleaved Escherichia coli tRNAfMet, yeast tRNAfMet, and mammalian tRNAfMet at the same two positions in the anticodon loop. In contrast, S1 nuclease cleaved the anticodon loop of E. coli tRNAmMet, yeast tRNAmMet, yeast tRNAPhe, Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNAPhe, E. coli tRNA2Glu, and E. coli tRNATrp (su+) at four positions generally, except where a modified nucleotide in the wobble position inhibited the enzyme. The marked contrast between these cleavage patterns suggests a different conformation for the anticodon loops of these two classes of tRNA molecules. It is suggested that the specialized conformation in the anticodon loop of initiator tRNAs may be due to a special sequence of GC base pairs in the adjoining anticodon stem.", "PMID": 386336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7383", "title": "Molecular cloning and partial characterization of delta-crystallin cDNA sequences in a bacterial plasmid.", "content": "Double-stranded cDNA synthesized from delta-crystallin mRNA isolated from lens fiber cells of 15-day-old embryonic chicken was cloned in Escherichia coli chi 1776 in the Pst I site of the plasmid pBR322 by using the oligo(dC) . oligo(dG) joining procedure. Twelve Amps Tetr transformants contained sequences complementary to purified delta-crystallin [32P]cDNA. One of the recombinant clones (p delta Cr-2) had an insert of 1241 +/- 240 base pairs, as judged by R-looping analysis with purified delta-crystallin mRNA. The inserted cDNA represents at least 69% of the delta-crystallin coding sequences. p delta Cr-2 was further characterized by restriction analysis, protection of delta-crystallin [3H]cDNA from digestion by S1 nuclease, and hybrid-mediated arrest of delta-crystallin mRNA translation in vitro. p delta Cr-2 provides an invaluable probe for additional analysis of the primary structure, gene organization, and regulated synthesis of delta-crystallin, the principal protein synthesized during lens differentiation in the chicken embryo.", "contents": "Molecular cloning and partial characterization of delta-crystallin cDNA sequences in a bacterial plasmid. Double-stranded cDNA synthesized from delta-crystallin mRNA isolated from lens fiber cells of 15-day-old embryonic chicken was cloned in Escherichia coli chi 1776 in the Pst I site of the plasmid pBR322 by using the oligo(dC) . oligo(dG) joining procedure. Twelve Amps Tetr transformants contained sequences complementary to purified delta-crystallin [32P]cDNA. One of the recombinant clones (p delta Cr-2) had an insert of 1241 +/- 240 base pairs, as judged by R-looping analysis with purified delta-crystallin mRNA. The inserted cDNA represents at least 69% of the delta-crystallin coding sequences. p delta Cr-2 was further characterized by restriction analysis, protection of delta-crystallin [3H]cDNA from digestion by S1 nuclease, and hybrid-mediated arrest of delta-crystallin mRNA translation in vitro. p delta Cr-2 provides an invaluable probe for additional analysis of the primary structure, gene organization, and regulated synthesis of delta-crystallin, the principal protein synthesized during lens differentiation in the chicken embryo.", "PMID": 386337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7384", "title": "Entrapment of a bacterial plasmid in phospholipid vesicles: potential for gene transfer.", "content": "Entrapment of pBR322 DNA within liposomes was demonstrated by (i) its comigration with liposomes on Sepharose 4B columns, (ii) resistance of its biological activity to DNase digestion, and (iii) identification of plasmid DNA on agarose gels after lipid extraction. The biological activity of the liposome-entrapped plasmid was determined by transformation assays. The incubation of intact liposomes, containing entrapped pBR322, with competent Escherichia coli cells in the standard transformation mixture resulted in the appearance of tetracycline-resistant colonies at a frequency of 1% of the control frequency. Importantly, this frequency was unaffected by the addition of DNase to the incubation mixture, whereas transformation by free pBR322 DNA was totally eliminated after treatment with DNase.", "contents": "Entrapment of a bacterial plasmid in phospholipid vesicles: potential for gene transfer. Entrapment of pBR322 DNA within liposomes was demonstrated by (i) its comigration with liposomes on Sepharose 4B columns, (ii) resistance of its biological activity to DNase digestion, and (iii) identification of plasmid DNA on agarose gels after lipid extraction. The biological activity of the liposome-entrapped plasmid was determined by transformation assays. The incubation of intact liposomes, containing entrapped pBR322, with competent Escherichia coli cells in the standard transformation mixture resulted in the appearance of tetracycline-resistant colonies at a frequency of 1% of the control frequency. Importantly, this frequency was unaffected by the addition of DNase to the incubation mixture, whereas transformation by free pBR322 DNA was totally eliminated after treatment with DNase.", "PMID": 386338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7385", "title": "Ten-nanometer filaments and mitosis: maintenance of structural continuity in dividing endothelial cells.", "content": "By indirect immunofluorescence the behavior of the 10-nm filaments was studied at various stages of mitosis in guinea pig vascular endothelial cells. Interphase cells contain a ring of 10-nm filaments that encircles the nucleus and is maintained in a plane parallel to the substrate. During prophase and metaphase the cells round up and the 10-nm filament ring becomes wavy though still a closed structure. As anaphase progresses the ring then elongates into a rectangle that contains the spindle apparatus and chromosomes. In late telophase, cytokinesis cleaves the 10-nm filaments into crescents at the site of the contractile ring. These crescents then close into rings in the daughter cells. If cytokinesis is inhibited with 5 microgram of cytochalasin B per ml, then cleavage of the 10-nm filaments is blocked and the daughter nuclei remain surrounded by the parent ring. At no point during mitosis does the array of 10-nm filaments undergo major disassembly. These results indicate that, in contrast to the other major cytoplasmic structures, ventral microfilament bundles and cytoplasmic microtubules, which disassemble and reassemble during mitosis, 10-nm filaments remain intact throughout this process. The possibility is discussed that these filaments may function in transport of organelles and structural proteins, and provide the daughter cells with topological information about placement and assembly of these elements within the microtrabecular lattice.", "contents": "Ten-nanometer filaments and mitosis: maintenance of structural continuity in dividing endothelial cells. By indirect immunofluorescence the behavior of the 10-nm filaments was studied at various stages of mitosis in guinea pig vascular endothelial cells. Interphase cells contain a ring of 10-nm filaments that encircles the nucleus and is maintained in a plane parallel to the substrate. During prophase and metaphase the cells round up and the 10-nm filament ring becomes wavy though still a closed structure. As anaphase progresses the ring then elongates into a rectangle that contains the spindle apparatus and chromosomes. In late telophase, cytokinesis cleaves the 10-nm filaments into crescents at the site of the contractile ring. These crescents then close into rings in the daughter cells. If cytokinesis is inhibited with 5 microgram of cytochalasin B per ml, then cleavage of the 10-nm filaments is blocked and the daughter nuclei remain surrounded by the parent ring. At no point during mitosis does the array of 10-nm filaments undergo major disassembly. These results indicate that, in contrast to the other major cytoplasmic structures, ventral microfilament bundles and cytoplasmic microtubules, which disassemble and reassemble during mitosis, 10-nm filaments remain intact throughout this process. The possibility is discussed that these filaments may function in transport of organelles and structural proteins, and provide the daughter cells with topological information about placement and assembly of these elements within the microtrabecular lattice.", "PMID": 386339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7386", "title": "Occurrence of crossed strand-exchange forms in yeast DNA during meiosis.", "content": "The crossed strand-exchange form (Holliday structure, half chiasma) has been predicted as an intermediate in the genetic recombination of eukaryotes. We report here the detection of this form in the yeast plasmid, 2-micron DNA, isolated during meiosis. Physical mapping has previously suggested that two forms of 2-micron DNA arise because of recombination between inverted repeat regions. After appropriate digestion with restriction endonuclease, a crossed strand-exchange form intermediate in this recombination would yield an X-shaped form resistant to loss by branch migration because of nonhomology in sequences flanking the region of homology. We first generated this X-shaped form artificially by reannealing melted restriction fragments of 2-micron DNA. This enabled us to develop a procedure for the physical separation of the X-shaped form by agarose gel electrophoresis. We then used this electrophoretic procedure to isolate a naturally occurring form of identical structure from the 2-micron DNA of meiotic cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the exchange junction had the expected configuration of strands and indicated that the junction occurred within the region of homology.", "contents": "Occurrence of crossed strand-exchange forms in yeast DNA during meiosis. The crossed strand-exchange form (Holliday structure, half chiasma) has been predicted as an intermediate in the genetic recombination of eukaryotes. We report here the detection of this form in the yeast plasmid, 2-micron DNA, isolated during meiosis. Physical mapping has previously suggested that two forms of 2-micron DNA arise because of recombination between inverted repeat regions. After appropriate digestion with restriction endonuclease, a crossed strand-exchange form intermediate in this recombination would yield an X-shaped form resistant to loss by branch migration because of nonhomology in sequences flanking the region of homology. We first generated this X-shaped form artificially by reannealing melted restriction fragments of 2-micron DNA. This enabled us to develop a procedure for the physical separation of the X-shaped form by agarose gel electrophoresis. We then used this electrophoretic procedure to isolate a naturally occurring form of identical structure from the 2-micron DNA of meiotic cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the exchange junction had the expected configuration of strands and indicated that the junction occurred within the region of homology.", "PMID": 386340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7387", "title": "Detection of substance P in the central nervous system by a monoclonal antibody.", "content": "Peptides with transmitter-like characteristics are being found in many brain areas. The application of immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay methods has contributed much to the clarification of these neuronal systems. Here we report the development of a rat monoclonal antibody produced by a hybrid myeloma and its application to the study of one of these peptides, substance P. The hybrid clone, isolated after fusion of mouse myeloma cells with hyperimmune rat spleen cells, allowed us to obtain a standardized and permanent source of monoclonal substance P antibodies in a culture cell system. This antibody recognizes the COOH-terminal part of substance P in radioimmunoassay down to 10-20 fmol. It does not crossreact with other known mammalian brain peptides tested. By immunofluorescence the antibody was shown to bind specifically and with a remarkably low background to nerve terminals and cell bodies located in clearly defined nuclear organizations of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Detection of substance P in the central nervous system by a monoclonal antibody. Peptides with transmitter-like characteristics are being found in many brain areas. The application of immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay methods has contributed much to the clarification of these neuronal systems. Here we report the development of a rat monoclonal antibody produced by a hybrid myeloma and its application to the study of one of these peptides, substance P. The hybrid clone, isolated after fusion of mouse myeloma cells with hyperimmune rat spleen cells, allowed us to obtain a standardized and permanent source of monoclonal substance P antibodies in a culture cell system. This antibody recognizes the COOH-terminal part of substance P in radioimmunoassay down to 10-20 fmol. It does not crossreact with other known mammalian brain peptides tested. By immunofluorescence the antibody was shown to bind specifically and with a remarkably low background to nerve terminals and cell bodies located in clearly defined nuclear organizations of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 386341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7388", "title": "Sequential cleavage of proinsulin by human pancreatic kallikrein and a human pancreatic kininase.", "content": "A pancreatic endopeptidase localized to the beta-cells of the pancreas by immunohistochemical techniques has been purified to homogeneity by following its functional and antigenic characteristics as a glandular kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.8). The enzyme gave a single stained band on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis which corresponded in location with the kinin-generating activity eluted from a replicate gel, was of 54,000 molecular weight by gel filtration, was devoid of caseinolytic activity, elicited a monospecific antiserum in a rabbit, and gave a line of complete identity with a single constituent in pancreatic extract, crude urine, and purified urokallikrein when analyzed with monospecific antibody to urokallikrein. The pancreatic glandular kallikrein generated three cleavage products of increasing anodal mobility from bovine and porcine proinsulin, and the presence of pancreatic kininase or bovine carboxypeptidase B increased the quantity of these products. Although the conversion products did not correspond to diarginyl- and monoarginylinsulin, the product of intermediate mobility was also obtained when proinsulin was treated with a low concentration of trypsin in the presence of kininase. The most rapidly migrating product did correspond to desalanylinsulin in the reference standard. Kininase alone had no action on proinsulin, and aprotinin prevented cleavage by kallikrein alone or in combination with kininase. Although the chemical structure of the proinsulin cleavage products has not been established, human pancreatic kallikrein is considered a putative activator of proinsulin because of its location in the beta-cell, its preferential action on proinsulin and kininogen as compared to azocasein, and its capacity to generate insulin intermediate products that are further modified by human pancreatic kininase or bovine carboxypeptidase B.", "contents": "Sequential cleavage of proinsulin by human pancreatic kallikrein and a human pancreatic kininase. A pancreatic endopeptidase localized to the beta-cells of the pancreas by immunohistochemical techniques has been purified to homogeneity by following its functional and antigenic characteristics as a glandular kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.8). The enzyme gave a single stained band on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis which corresponded in location with the kinin-generating activity eluted from a replicate gel, was of 54,000 molecular weight by gel filtration, was devoid of caseinolytic activity, elicited a monospecific antiserum in a rabbit, and gave a line of complete identity with a single constituent in pancreatic extract, crude urine, and purified urokallikrein when analyzed with monospecific antibody to urokallikrein. The pancreatic glandular kallikrein generated three cleavage products of increasing anodal mobility from bovine and porcine proinsulin, and the presence of pancreatic kininase or bovine carboxypeptidase B increased the quantity of these products. Although the conversion products did not correspond to diarginyl- and monoarginylinsulin, the product of intermediate mobility was also obtained when proinsulin was treated with a low concentration of trypsin in the presence of kininase. The most rapidly migrating product did correspond to desalanylinsulin in the reference standard. Kininase alone had no action on proinsulin, and aprotinin prevented cleavage by kallikrein alone or in combination with kininase. Although the chemical structure of the proinsulin cleavage products has not been established, human pancreatic kallikrein is considered a putative activator of proinsulin because of its location in the beta-cell, its preferential action on proinsulin and kininogen as compared to azocasein, and its capacity to generate insulin intermediate products that are further modified by human pancreatic kininase or bovine carboxypeptidase B.", "PMID": 386342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7389", "title": "A DNA primase specified by I-like plasmids.", "content": "An enzyme has been isolated from Escherichia coli strains harboring the I-like plasmid R64drd11, which is capable of initiating DNA synthesis on the circular, single-stranded DNA of phages phi X174, fd, and G4. In the conversion of these templates to duplex forms in vitro, the enzyme can substitute for the functions of E. coli dna B-dnaB-dnaC-dnaG proteins, E. coli RNA polymerase, and E. coli dnaG protein, respectively. The enzyme requires all four ribonucleoside triphosphates for optimal activity, although a combination of ATP, CTP, and GTP can almost completely satisfy the rNTP requirement. The enzyme appears to cooperate specifically with DNA polymerases III because single-stranded DNA-dependent synthesis takes place in extracts deficient in DNA polymerases I and II but not in extracts from a dnaZ mutant. Highly purified enzyme preparations consist mostly of two major polypeptides, Mr 140,000 and 180,000, when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides cosediment with the enzyme activity through a glycerol gradient with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S. DNA priming activity in extracts of E. coli strains harboring the mutant plasmids R64drd11 or ColIdrd1, which are derepressed in functions of conjugational DNA transfer, severalfold higher than the activity from strains carrying the corresponding wild-type plasmid. This correlation suggests that the enzyme may play a role in conjugational DNA synthesis.", "contents": "A DNA primase specified by I-like plasmids. An enzyme has been isolated from Escherichia coli strains harboring the I-like plasmid R64drd11, which is capable of initiating DNA synthesis on the circular, single-stranded DNA of phages phi X174, fd, and G4. In the conversion of these templates to duplex forms in vitro, the enzyme can substitute for the functions of E. coli dna B-dnaB-dnaC-dnaG proteins, E. coli RNA polymerase, and E. coli dnaG protein, respectively. The enzyme requires all four ribonucleoside triphosphates for optimal activity, although a combination of ATP, CTP, and GTP can almost completely satisfy the rNTP requirement. The enzyme appears to cooperate specifically with DNA polymerases III because single-stranded DNA-dependent synthesis takes place in extracts deficient in DNA polymerases I and II but not in extracts from a dnaZ mutant. Highly purified enzyme preparations consist mostly of two major polypeptides, Mr 140,000 and 180,000, when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides cosediment with the enzyme activity through a glycerol gradient with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S. DNA priming activity in extracts of E. coli strains harboring the mutant plasmids R64drd11 or ColIdrd1, which are derepressed in functions of conjugational DNA transfer, severalfold higher than the activity from strains carrying the corresponding wild-type plasmid. This correlation suggests that the enzyme may play a role in conjugational DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 386343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7390", "title": "Permeabilization of cells for studies on the biochemistry of bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "The cell membranes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli have been made permeable in order to introduce S-adenosylmethionine into the cell for study of the course of methylation. A series of protein bands in the Mr 60,000 region were methylated, the specific bands and the extent of methylation depending on the attractant used. The change in levels of methylation was essentially the same as the in vivo responses, indicating that the permeabilization procedure maintains the relative relationships of the cellular proteins. A shift in intensity of the methylated bands occurred over time, indicating that a sequential process is involved in the methylation of these proteins. The permeabilization technique appears to offer major advantages in tracing the biochemical processes of the behavioral system.", "contents": "Permeabilization of cells for studies on the biochemistry of bacterial chemotaxis. The cell membranes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli have been made permeable in order to introduce S-adenosylmethionine into the cell for study of the course of methylation. A series of protein bands in the Mr 60,000 region were methylated, the specific bands and the extent of methylation depending on the attractant used. The change in levels of methylation was essentially the same as the in vivo responses, indicating that the permeabilization procedure maintains the relative relationships of the cellular proteins. A shift in intensity of the methylated bands occurred over time, indicating that a sequential process is involved in the methylation of these proteins. The permeabilization technique appears to offer major advantages in tracing the biochemical processes of the behavioral system.", "PMID": 386344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7391", "title": "Isolation of a condensed, intracellular form of the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have initiated an investigation of the proteins bound in vivo to the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by examining its intracellular form. To isolate 2-micrometer DNA without disturbing proteins bound to the plasmid, an extract was prepared from a strain lacking mitochondrial DNA and the nuclear chromatin was removed from the extract by centrifugation. When the DNA in this extract was sedimented through a sucrose gradient containing 0.15 M NaCl, plasmid DNA had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 70. This S value is greater than the S value of 25 for naked, superhelical 2-micrometer DNA. Cosedimenting with the DNA were proteins of the same size as the histone proteins associated with yeast nuclear chromatin. Digestion of the plasmid DNA with micrococcal nuclease and electrophoresis of the resulting DNA fragments revealed that segments of discrete sizes are protected from degradation. Examination of the plasmid DNA protein complex by electron microscopy showed nucleosome structures. We conclude that 2-micron DNA exists as a condensed chromosome body within the cell.", "contents": "Isolation of a condensed, intracellular form of the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have initiated an investigation of the proteins bound in vivo to the 2-micrometer DNA plasmid found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by examining its intracellular form. To isolate 2-micrometer DNA without disturbing proteins bound to the plasmid, an extract was prepared from a strain lacking mitochondrial DNA and the nuclear chromatin was removed from the extract by centrifugation. When the DNA in this extract was sedimented through a sucrose gradient containing 0.15 M NaCl, plasmid DNA had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 70. This S value is greater than the S value of 25 for naked, superhelical 2-micrometer DNA. Cosedimenting with the DNA were proteins of the same size as the histone proteins associated with yeast nuclear chromatin. Digestion of the plasmid DNA with micrococcal nuclease and electrophoresis of the resulting DNA fragments revealed that segments of discrete sizes are protected from degradation. Examination of the plasmid DNA protein complex by electron microscopy showed nucleosome structures. We conclude that 2-micron DNA exists as a condensed chromosome body within the cell.", "PMID": 386345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7392", "title": "Communication between dissimilar subunits in aspartate transcarbamoylase: effect of inhibitor and activator on the conformation of the catalytic polypeptide chains.", "content": "Although local, direct effects of ligand binding to proteins are readily differentiated conceptually from gross, indirect conformational changes in regions of the protein remote from the site of binding, it has been difficult experimentally to distinguish between them. In oligomeric proteins, for example, the binding of ligands to one chain may cause a conformational change in the unliganded chains, but many physical chemical probes are not sufficiently discriminating to demonstrate where the change occurred. Evidence has been lacking as to whether the inhibitor, CTP, or the activator, ATP, in binding to the regulatory chains of the allosteric enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase; carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) causes a conformational change that is propagated throughout the enzyme to the catalytic chains. To demonstrate this \"communication\" of effects of binding at one site on the conformation of other polypeptide chains, we constructed molecules containing native regulatory subunits and enzymically active nitrated catalytic subunits having one sensitive nitrotyrosyl chromophore per polypeptide chain. These hybrid molecules exhibited the characteristic regulatory properties of the native enzyme. Upon the addition of CTP the population of molecules was shifted toward the constrained or T state, as shown by the change in the sedimentation coefficient and the altered enzyme kinetics. Moreover, there was a decrease in absorbance at 430 nm due to the altered environment of the nitrated catalytic polypeptide chains. In contrast, ATP caused a shift toward the relaxed or R conformation, and the absorbance due to the nitrotyrosyl residues was increased. Different types of experiments indicated that the modified enzyme molecules are in a preexisting equilibrium that is perturbed by CTP or ATP; the resulting conformational changes in the nitrated catalytic subunits are detected by opposite alterations in their absorbance spectrum.", "contents": "Communication between dissimilar subunits in aspartate transcarbamoylase: effect of inhibitor and activator on the conformation of the catalytic polypeptide chains. Although local, direct effects of ligand binding to proteins are readily differentiated conceptually from gross, indirect conformational changes in regions of the protein remote from the site of binding, it has been difficult experimentally to distinguish between them. In oligomeric proteins, for example, the binding of ligands to one chain may cause a conformational change in the unliganded chains, but many physical chemical probes are not sufficiently discriminating to demonstrate where the change occurred. Evidence has been lacking as to whether the inhibitor, CTP, or the activator, ATP, in binding to the regulatory chains of the allosteric enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase; carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) causes a conformational change that is propagated throughout the enzyme to the catalytic chains. To demonstrate this \"communication\" of effects of binding at one site on the conformation of other polypeptide chains, we constructed molecules containing native regulatory subunits and enzymically active nitrated catalytic subunits having one sensitive nitrotyrosyl chromophore per polypeptide chain. These hybrid molecules exhibited the characteristic regulatory properties of the native enzyme. Upon the addition of CTP the population of molecules was shifted toward the constrained or T state, as shown by the change in the sedimentation coefficient and the altered enzyme kinetics. Moreover, there was a decrease in absorbance at 430 nm due to the altered environment of the nitrated catalytic polypeptide chains. In contrast, ATP caused a shift toward the relaxed or R conformation, and the absorbance due to the nitrotyrosyl residues was increased. Different types of experiments indicated that the modified enzyme molecules are in a preexisting equilibrium that is perturbed by CTP or ATP; the resulting conformational changes in the nitrated catalytic subunits are detected by opposite alterations in their absorbance spectrum.", "PMID": 386346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7393", "title": "Amino acid sequence and physicochemical similarities between streptococcal M protein and mammalian tropomyosin.", "content": "The amino-terminal sequences of two peptides of type 24 streptococcal M protein show similarities with that of rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin, having up to 40% identical residues and probabilities of occurring by chance as low as P less than 10(-5). In addition, a hexapeptide (Glu-Ala-Glu-Lys-Ala-Ala) that is found five times in the M24 protein was shown to be identical to a sequence in tropomyosin. Similarities are also seen in the amino acid compositions and physicochemical properties of the two proteins. The amino-terminal sequences of peptides from another bacterial surface protein, staphylococcal protein A, are highly correlated with segments of two other myofibrillar proteins, rabbit actin (P less than 10(-7)) and rabbit myosin A1 light chain (P less than 10(-6)). The data presented suggest that a close structural relationship exists between mammalian muscle proteins and the biologically active surface proteins of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, the correlation between sequences in M protein and tropomyosin represents direct evidence of a structural similarity at a molecular level between a streptococcal protein and a mammalian muscle component and may therefore prove relevant to the pathogenicity of the streptococcus.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence and physicochemical similarities between streptococcal M protein and mammalian tropomyosin. The amino-terminal sequences of two peptides of type 24 streptococcal M protein show similarities with that of rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin, having up to 40% identical residues and probabilities of occurring by chance as low as P less than 10(-5). In addition, a hexapeptide (Glu-Ala-Glu-Lys-Ala-Ala) that is found five times in the M24 protein was shown to be identical to a sequence in tropomyosin. Similarities are also seen in the amino acid compositions and physicochemical properties of the two proteins. The amino-terminal sequences of peptides from another bacterial surface protein, staphylococcal protein A, are highly correlated with segments of two other myofibrillar proteins, rabbit actin (P less than 10(-7)) and rabbit myosin A1 light chain (P less than 10(-6)). The data presented suggest that a close structural relationship exists between mammalian muscle proteins and the biologically active surface proteins of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, the correlation between sequences in M protein and tropomyosin represents direct evidence of a structural similarity at a molecular level between a streptococcal protein and a mammalian muscle component and may therefore prove relevant to the pathogenicity of the streptococcus.", "PMID": 386347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7394", "title": "Reconstitution of RNase P activity from inactive RNA and protein.", "content": "RNase P preparations from Escherichia coli can be separated into RNA and protein by chromatography, in buffers containing 7 M urea, on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex, or CM-Sephadex columns. Neither RNA nor protein components alone exhibits any RNase activity. RNase P activity can be reconstituted by mixing separated RNA and protein components in buffer containing 7M urea followed by dialysis of this mixture to remove the urea. Of several purified RNAs tried, only M2 RNA, the RNA species found in purified RNase P, is active in the reconstitution experiments.", "contents": "Reconstitution of RNase P activity from inactive RNA and protein. RNase P preparations from Escherichia coli can be separated into RNA and protein by chromatography, in buffers containing 7 M urea, on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex, or CM-Sephadex columns. Neither RNA nor protein components alone exhibits any RNase activity. RNase P activity can be reconstituted by mixing separated RNA and protein components in buffer containing 7M urea followed by dialysis of this mixture to remove the urea. Of several purified RNAs tried, only M2 RNA, the RNA species found in purified RNase P, is active in the reconstitution experiments.", "PMID": 386349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7395", "title": "Ribosome structure: localization of 3' end of RNA in small subunit by immunoelectronmicroscopy.", "content": "The 3' end of the RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli has been modified by oxidation with sodium periodate and conjugation with the (mono) dinitrophenyl derivative of ethylenediamine. Antibodies, induced with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, interact with the modified ribosomal subunits. Electron micrographs of negatively stained antibody-subunit complexes show individual ribosomal subunits to which a single antibody molecule is bound and subunit dimers cross-linked by an IgG molecule. The modified 3' terminus has been localized to a single site on the upper portion of the platform region of the 30S subunit. This location is consistent with earlier placements of proteins that react with the 3' end of the RNA.", "contents": "Ribosome structure: localization of 3' end of RNA in small subunit by immunoelectronmicroscopy. The 3' end of the RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli has been modified by oxidation with sodium periodate and conjugation with the (mono) dinitrophenyl derivative of ethylenediamine. Antibodies, induced with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, interact with the modified ribosomal subunits. Electron micrographs of negatively stained antibody-subunit complexes show individual ribosomal subunits to which a single antibody molecule is bound and subunit dimers cross-linked by an IgG molecule. The modified 3' terminus has been localized to a single site on the upper portion of the platform region of the 30S subunit. This location is consistent with earlier placements of proteins that react with the 3' end of the RNA.", "PMID": 386348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7396", "title": "Insertion and turnover of macrophage plasma membrane proteins.", "content": "The composition, insertion, and turnover of externally disposed proteins on the macrophage plasma membrane were analyzed. Cells labeled with [35S]methionine were incubated with the nonpermeant reagent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to introduce the trinitrophenyl moiety on free amino groups of externally oriented membrane proteins. The cells were then incubated with rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl IgG and the immune complexes formed with the trinitrophenyl-proteins were isolated from detergent lysates of the cells by using fixed Staphylococcus aureus as the immunoadsorbent. Proteins isolated by this method were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The interval between the release of newly synthesized proteins from ribosomes and their appearance at the cell surface, where they became accessible to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, was studied in pulse-chase experiments. The \"transit\" time of four major membrane glycoproteins (48,000--310,000 Mr) ranged from 36 to 55 min and their appearance on the cell surface occurred in a relatively synchronous fashion. The turnover of most proteins of molecular weight above 50,000 was very slow (t1/2 greater than 80 hr) and was rather synchronous. Two exceptions were the 310,000 Mr protein, which was lost with a t1/2 = 21 hr, and a major glycoprotein (Mr 48,000), which exhibited more complex kinetics. Although the overall turnover of surface proteins was biphasic in nature, the rapid phase of protein loss was largely due to low molecular weight species.", "contents": "Insertion and turnover of macrophage plasma membrane proteins. The composition, insertion, and turnover of externally disposed proteins on the macrophage plasma membrane were analyzed. Cells labeled with [35S]methionine were incubated with the nonpermeant reagent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to introduce the trinitrophenyl moiety on free amino groups of externally oriented membrane proteins. The cells were then incubated with rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl IgG and the immune complexes formed with the trinitrophenyl-proteins were isolated from detergent lysates of the cells by using fixed Staphylococcus aureus as the immunoadsorbent. Proteins isolated by this method were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The interval between the release of newly synthesized proteins from ribosomes and their appearance at the cell surface, where they became accessible to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, was studied in pulse-chase experiments. The \"transit\" time of four major membrane glycoproteins (48,000--310,000 Mr) ranged from 36 to 55 min and their appearance on the cell surface occurred in a relatively synchronous fashion. The turnover of most proteins of molecular weight above 50,000 was very slow (t1/2 greater than 80 hr) and was rather synchronous. Two exceptions were the 310,000 Mr protein, which was lost with a t1/2 = 21 hr, and a major glycoprotein (Mr 48,000), which exhibited more complex kinetics. Although the overall turnover of surface proteins was biphasic in nature, the rapid phase of protein loss was largely due to low molecular weight species.", "PMID": 386350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7397", "title": "High-frequency transformation of yeast by plasmids containing the cloned yeast ARG4 gene.", "content": "Hybrid ColE1 plasmids, containing cloned DNA from the yeast ARG4 region [e.g., pYe(arg4)1], transform yeast arg4 mutants to ARG4(+) with a frequency of 10(-4) (about 10(3) transformants per mug of plasmid DNA) and can replicate autonomously without integrating into the yeast genome. The yeast transformants are genetically unstable when grown on nonselective medium, but can be readily grown and maintained on minimal medium lacking arginine. The existence of unintegrated replicating plasmid DNA in the yeast transformants was demonstrated by Southern gel hybridization and by transformation of Escherichia coli argH mutants with DNA preparations from yeast transformants and subsequent recovery of intact plasmid DNA from the bacterial transformants. Plasmid DNAs recovered from the E. coli-yeast-E. coli \"shuttle\" remain essentially unchanged, as judged by DNA restriction fragment patterns. Some plasmid mutations leading to increased efficiency of expression of the ARG4 gene in E. coli do not appear to affect expression of the cloned ARG4 gene in yeast. Appropriate derivatives of these ARG4 plasmids are of potential usefulness as vectors for cloning genes in yeast and for studying the mechanism of yeast DNA replication.", "contents": "High-frequency transformation of yeast by plasmids containing the cloned yeast ARG4 gene. Hybrid ColE1 plasmids, containing cloned DNA from the yeast ARG4 region [e.g., pYe(arg4)1], transform yeast arg4 mutants to ARG4(+) with a frequency of 10(-4) (about 10(3) transformants per mug of plasmid DNA) and can replicate autonomously without integrating into the yeast genome. The yeast transformants are genetically unstable when grown on nonselective medium, but can be readily grown and maintained on minimal medium lacking arginine. The existence of unintegrated replicating plasmid DNA in the yeast transformants was demonstrated by Southern gel hybridization and by transformation of Escherichia coli argH mutants with DNA preparations from yeast transformants and subsequent recovery of intact plasmid DNA from the bacterial transformants. Plasmid DNAs recovered from the E. coli-yeast-E. coli \"shuttle\" remain essentially unchanged, as judged by DNA restriction fragment patterns. Some plasmid mutations leading to increased efficiency of expression of the ARG4 gene in E. coli do not appear to affect expression of the cloned ARG4 gene in yeast. Appropriate derivatives of these ARG4 plasmids are of potential usefulness as vectors for cloning genes in yeast and for studying the mechanism of yeast DNA replication.", "PMID": 386351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7398", "title": "Immunotitration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in various physiological states.", "content": "The immunotitration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase [CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], the major regulatory enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, by HMG-CoA reductase antiserum is described. This technique provides the advantage that one can rapidly measure relative changes in both enzyme concentration and enzyme activity in different physiological states by using enzyme samples all the way from crude liver microsomes to purified enzyme. Regarding the diurnal rhythm of HMG-CoA reductase, the major difference noted between animals killed near the middle of the dark period (D 4.5) compared to animals killed near the middle of the light period (L 4.5) was in the concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase present, rather than in the activity of the enzyme, with substantially more enzyme found near mid-dark. Cholestyramine treatment resulted in both an increased concentration of HMG-CoA reductase and a catalytically more active enzyme. On the other hand, cholesterol feeding resulted in both a decreased concentration of HMG-CoA reductase and a catalytically less active enzyme.", "contents": "Immunotitration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in various physiological states. The immunotitration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase [CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], the major regulatory enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, by HMG-CoA reductase antiserum is described. This technique provides the advantage that one can rapidly measure relative changes in both enzyme concentration and enzyme activity in different physiological states by using enzyme samples all the way from crude liver microsomes to purified enzyme. Regarding the diurnal rhythm of HMG-CoA reductase, the major difference noted between animals killed near the middle of the dark period (D 4.5) compared to animals killed near the middle of the light period (L 4.5) was in the concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase present, rather than in the activity of the enzyme, with substantially more enzyme found near mid-dark. Cholestyramine treatment resulted in both an increased concentration of HMG-CoA reductase and a catalytically more active enzyme. On the other hand, cholesterol feeding resulted in both a decreased concentration of HMG-CoA reductase and a catalytically less active enzyme.", "PMID": 386352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7399", "title": "Unstable transpositions of his4 in yeast.", "content": "Unstable transpositions in yeast have been selected in which the his4C gene from chromosome III is inserted into chromosome XII. This event is associated with the generation of a recessive lethal mutation, resulting from the integration of his4C into an essential gene. Strains with these transpositions are viable as diploids or aneuploids for chromosome XII. The event that generates the transpositions does not lead reciprocally to a deletion on chromosome III, implying that synthesis of a new copy of his4C and subsequent transposition may have occurred. The his4C transpositions are unstable and give rise to C- segregants at a high frequency, as a result of either precise excision of the his4C gene (restoring function of the gene into which insertion had occurred) or chromosome loss.", "contents": "Unstable transpositions of his4 in yeast. Unstable transpositions in yeast have been selected in which the his4C gene from chromosome III is inserted into chromosome XII. This event is associated with the generation of a recessive lethal mutation, resulting from the integration of his4C into an essential gene. Strains with these transpositions are viable as diploids or aneuploids for chromosome XII. The event that generates the transpositions does not lead reciprocally to a deletion on chromosome III, implying that synthesis of a new copy of his4C and subsequent transposition may have occurred. The his4C transpositions are unstable and give rise to C- segregants at a high frequency, as a result of either precise excision of the his4C gene (restoring function of the gene into which insertion had occurred) or chromosome loss.", "PMID": 386353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7400", "title": "Identification and characterization of a self-regulated repressor of translocation of the Tn3 element.", "content": "Gene fusions that bring expression of the lacZ gene under control of transcriptional and trnaslational signals within the transposable element Tn3 have been used to study regulation of Tn3-specified proteins. A gene encoding a 21,355-Mr peptide that represses translocation of Tn3 and acts at the level oquenced; amber, missense, and cis-dominant (operator-constitutive) point mutations in this gene have been isolated and characterized.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of a self-regulated repressor of translocation of the Tn3 element. Gene fusions that bring expression of the lacZ gene under control of transcriptional and trnaslational signals within the transposable element Tn3 have been used to study regulation of Tn3-specified proteins. A gene encoding a 21,355-Mr peptide that represses translocation of Tn3 and acts at the level oquenced; amber, missense, and cis-dominant (operator-constitutive) point mutations in this gene have been isolated and characterized.", "PMID": 386354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7401", "title": "Enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma.", "content": "By using the Coons indirect immunofluorescence technique, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity with a granular localization was observed in human adrenal medullary gland cells and pheochromocytomas. In two of the tumors and in a few adrenal gland cells, a somatostatin-like peptide could also be identified. Catecholamine cell types were visualized on adjacent sections with antisera to the synthesizing enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [DBH; dopamine beta-monooxygenase; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1] and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT; noradrenalin N-methyltransferase; S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.28). In the normal adrenal medulla more DBH- than PNMT-immunoreactive gland cells were observed. In the adrenal pheochromocytoma both DBH- and PNMT-positive cells were seen, whereas the two extra-adrenal tumors contained only DBH. These findings correlated well with plasma catecholamine measurements. Finally, enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were observed in a sympathetic ganglion extirpated together with one of the tumors.", "contents": "Enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma. By using the Coons indirect immunofluorescence technique, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity with a granular localization was observed in human adrenal medullary gland cells and pheochromocytomas. In two of the tumors and in a few adrenal gland cells, a somatostatin-like peptide could also be identified. Catecholamine cell types were visualized on adjacent sections with antisera to the synthesizing enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [DBH; dopamine beta-monooxygenase; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1] and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT; noradrenalin N-methyltransferase; S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.28). In the normal adrenal medulla more DBH- than PNMT-immunoreactive gland cells were observed. In the adrenal pheochromocytoma both DBH- and PNMT-positive cells were seen, whereas the two extra-adrenal tumors contained only DBH. These findings correlated well with plasma catecholamine measurements. Finally, enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were observed in a sympathetic ganglion extirpated together with one of the tumors.", "PMID": 386355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7402", "title": "Formation and involution of Mallory bodies (\"alcoholic hyalin\") in murine and human liver revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to prekeratin.", "content": "Antibodies raised against prekeratin intensely and specifically stain, in immunofluorescence microscopy, Mallory bodies (\"alcoholic hyalin\") present in livers of human alcoholics and griseofulyin-treated mice. The high sensitivity of this method allows the identification of small distinct cytoplasmic structures that are observed during early stages of Mallory body formation, especially frequent in the perinuclear cytoplasm, as well as during stages of Mallory body disintegration and disappearance, such as after withdrawal of the drug. In the latter situation, the prekeratin-containing small particles exhibit a characteristic pattern of arrangement in the hepatocyte periphery. Electron microscopy illustrates that such small bodies are heap-like aggregates of typical Mallory body filaments. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to isolated prekeratin polypeptides from bovine hoof or muzzle epidermis show that Mallory body filaments, in particular those in human liver, are immunologically more closely related to prekeratin of tonofilaments from living epidermal cells (stratum spinosum). The data indicate that Mallory bodies contain a pathologic form of prekeratin-like material. They also suggest that disorders of cytoskeletal structures of the intermediate-sized filament class are associated with specific diseases and can be visualized and characterized by immunofluorescence microscopy by using antibodies to constitutive proteins of such filaments.", "contents": "Formation and involution of Mallory bodies (\"alcoholic hyalin\") in murine and human liver revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to prekeratin. Antibodies raised against prekeratin intensely and specifically stain, in immunofluorescence microscopy, Mallory bodies (\"alcoholic hyalin\") present in livers of human alcoholics and griseofulyin-treated mice. The high sensitivity of this method allows the identification of small distinct cytoplasmic structures that are observed during early stages of Mallory body formation, especially frequent in the perinuclear cytoplasm, as well as during stages of Mallory body disintegration and disappearance, such as after withdrawal of the drug. In the latter situation, the prekeratin-containing small particles exhibit a characteristic pattern of arrangement in the hepatocyte periphery. Electron microscopy illustrates that such small bodies are heap-like aggregates of typical Mallory body filaments. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to isolated prekeratin polypeptides from bovine hoof or muzzle epidermis show that Mallory body filaments, in particular those in human liver, are immunologically more closely related to prekeratin of tonofilaments from living epidermal cells (stratum spinosum). The data indicate that Mallory bodies contain a pathologic form of prekeratin-like material. They also suggest that disorders of cytoskeletal structures of the intermediate-sized filament class are associated with specific diseases and can be visualized and characterized by immunofluorescence microscopy by using antibodies to constitutive proteins of such filaments.", "PMID": 386356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7403", "title": "Simple cannula for repeated intracerebral drug administration in rats.", "content": "A simply constructed cannulation system for chronic implantation in rats is described. The guide cannula, stylet and injection cannula are all made from stainless steel tubing, require litte time to construct, and are designed for minimum brain damage and atraumatic infusion into unanesthetized rats.", "contents": "Simple cannula for repeated intracerebral drug administration in rats. A simply constructed cannulation system for chronic implantation in rats is described. The guide cannula, stylet and injection cannula are all made from stainless steel tubing, require litte time to construct, and are designed for minimum brain damage and atraumatic infusion into unanesthetized rats.", "PMID": 386363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7404", "title": "Action of propranolol in mania: comparison of effects of the d- and the l-stereoisomer.", "content": "The antimanic action of high doses of the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol was investigated by the use of a double-blind placebo controlled ABA design. For comparison, the d-stereoisomer (which is practically devoid of beta-blocking activity) was used. 6 trials were performed with d-propranolol, 6 trials with the racemic mixture. From dose-effect relations one can conclude that the d-stereoisomer is about half as effective against manic syndromes as the racemic mixture. From this finding it can be concluded that the antimanic action of propranolol is at least partially due to a mechanism independent of its beta-blocking action.", "contents": "Action of propranolol in mania: comparison of effects of the d- and the l-stereoisomer. The antimanic action of high doses of the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol was investigated by the use of a double-blind placebo controlled ABA design. For comparison, the d-stereoisomer (which is practically devoid of beta-blocking activity) was used. 6 trials were performed with d-propranolol, 6 trials with the racemic mixture. From dose-effect relations one can conclude that the d-stereoisomer is about half as effective against manic syndromes as the racemic mixture. From this finding it can be concluded that the antimanic action of propranolol is at least partially due to a mechanism independent of its beta-blocking action.", "PMID": 386388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7405", "title": "Clinical profile and serum concentration of viloxazine as compared to amitriptyline.", "content": "The antidepressive effect of viloxazine (300 mg/d) was investigated during three weeks in 41 patients with depressive syndromes requiring drug-treatment against amitriptyline (150 mg/d), using a controlled double-blind design. Viloxazine differs from amitriptyline by selective inhibition of norepinephrine re-uptake, whereas amitriptyline acts also on serotonin re-uptake. Psychopathological changes were documented by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Bf-S (v. Zerssen), the AMDP-System, and videotaped recordings. Besides routine clinical-chemical tests, the serum concentrations of viloxazine and partly of amitriptyline were determined. Repeated EEG-recordings were evaluated by spectral analysis. The number of global responders and non-responders -- defined according to the final HDRS-scores -- was equally distributed between the two drug-groups. The AMDP-evaluation suggests that viloxazin has a somewhat more marked and more rapid effect on symptoms of retardation, whereas amitriptyline acts predominantly on depressive mood, disturbances of sleep and vital feelings. The EEG-profile of both drugs was similar to the spectral changes seen under tricyclic antidepressants, through only the viloxazine-induced changes reached statistical significance on the 10th and 20th day, the variability of the EEG-recordings being greater in the amitriptyline group. The viloxazine blood levels showed a remarkably low inter- and intraindividual variance. Steady state was reached at day 5 at the latest. Amitriptyline serum concentrations still increased between the 10th and the 21st day. The average blood concentration of viloxazine was higher in the responder- than in the non-responder-group.", "contents": "Clinical profile and serum concentration of viloxazine as compared to amitriptyline. The antidepressive effect of viloxazine (300 mg/d) was investigated during three weeks in 41 patients with depressive syndromes requiring drug-treatment against amitriptyline (150 mg/d), using a controlled double-blind design. Viloxazine differs from amitriptyline by selective inhibition of norepinephrine re-uptake, whereas amitriptyline acts also on serotonin re-uptake. Psychopathological changes were documented by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Bf-S (v. Zerssen), the AMDP-System, and videotaped recordings. Besides routine clinical-chemical tests, the serum concentrations of viloxazine and partly of amitriptyline were determined. Repeated EEG-recordings were evaluated by spectral analysis. The number of global responders and non-responders -- defined according to the final HDRS-scores -- was equally distributed between the two drug-groups. The AMDP-evaluation suggests that viloxazin has a somewhat more marked and more rapid effect on symptoms of retardation, whereas amitriptyline acts predominantly on depressive mood, disturbances of sleep and vital feelings. The EEG-profile of both drugs was similar to the spectral changes seen under tricyclic antidepressants, through only the viloxazine-induced changes reached statistical significance on the 10th and 20th day, the variability of the EEG-recordings being greater in the amitriptyline group. The viloxazine blood levels showed a remarkably low inter- and intraindividual variance. Steady state was reached at day 5 at the latest. Amitriptyline serum concentrations still increased between the 10th and the 21st day. The average blood concentration of viloxazine was higher in the responder- than in the non-responder-group.", "PMID": 386390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7406", "title": "Prediction of lofepramine-response in depression based on response to partial sleep deprivation.", "content": "The improvement of depression after partial sleep deprivation in the second half of the night (sd) is tested for its predictory power for the therapeutical efficacy of pharmacotherapy with lofepramine. In a group of 15 patients with depression, we found that in contradiction to the findings of Wirz-Justice and collaborators (1976), the velocity of the antidepressive effect of sd has no predictive value. On the other hand, the amount of depression improvement after sd is of predictive value. This is independent of the time of occurrence of the improvement peak after sd. An improvement of more than 35% measured in the Bf-S or in the H.DRS on the first or the second day after sd is highly predictive for a good response to three weeks of 210 mg lofepramine per day (p = .05).", "contents": "Prediction of lofepramine-response in depression based on response to partial sleep deprivation. The improvement of depression after partial sleep deprivation in the second half of the night (sd) is tested for its predictory power for the therapeutical efficacy of pharmacotherapy with lofepramine. In a group of 15 patients with depression, we found that in contradiction to the findings of Wirz-Justice and collaborators (1976), the velocity of the antidepressive effect of sd has no predictive value. On the other hand, the amount of depression improvement after sd is of predictive value. This is independent of the time of occurrence of the improvement peak after sd. An improvement of more than 35% measured in the Bf-S or in the H.DRS on the first or the second day after sd is highly predictive for a good response to three weeks of 210 mg lofepramine per day (p = .05).", "PMID": 386391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7407", "title": "[Differential indication of trimipramine - results of a controlled multiclinical study].", "content": "The antidepressants trimipramine and imipramine were compared within the framework of a multiclinical study performed under the conditions of a controlled clinical experiment. There has been found a time-different remission of affective und psychomotoric symptoms. The panthymoleptic action of trimipramine and other antidepressants is discussed with reference to these results. Trimipramine influences psychotic states, especially if in depression anxiety is combined with agitation, also in hypochondriac forms of depression.", "contents": "[Differential indication of trimipramine - results of a controlled multiclinical study]. The antidepressants trimipramine and imipramine were compared within the framework of a multiclinical study performed under the conditions of a controlled clinical experiment. There has been found a time-different remission of affective und psychomotoric symptoms. The panthymoleptic action of trimipramine and other antidepressants is discussed with reference to these results. Trimipramine influences psychotic states, especially if in depression anxiety is combined with agitation, also in hypochondriac forms of depression.", "PMID": 386397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7408", "title": "[Dr. John Rittmeister - neurologist and resistance fighter].", "content": "He was born in Hamburg on 21st August 1898 and beheaded in the Pl\u00f6tzensee penitentiary on 13th May 1943. Our colleague was a personality combining professional striving and political commitment into a dialectic unity. The more important biographic data are given, the co-operation in the Schulze-Boysen-Harnack organisation is described as far as it has become known, and Rittmeister's scientific works are mentioned.", "contents": "[Dr. John Rittmeister - neurologist and resistance fighter]. He was born in Hamburg on 21st August 1898 and beheaded in the Pl\u00f6tzensee penitentiary on 13th May 1943. Our colleague was a personality combining professional striving and political commitment into a dialectic unity. The more important biographic data are given, the co-operation in the Schulze-Boysen-Harnack organisation is described as far as it has become known, and Rittmeister's scientific works are mentioned.", "PMID": 386398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7409", "title": "[In memory of C.L. Kahlbaum].", "content": "The author wants to refer to C.-L. Kahlbaum, to one of the important German neurologists and psychiatrists. The life of Kahlbaum and his scientific results have been described in brief. Of especial value with regard to the treatise of the author is, that he knows both parts of the interior and exterior of the hospital of Kahlbaum of that time existing till now and the documents of the archives of the town of G\u00f6rlitz. The importance and necessity of knowledge and investigation of psychiatrical tradition have been shown in this treatise.", "contents": "[In memory of C.L. Kahlbaum]. The author wants to refer to C.-L. Kahlbaum, to one of the important German neurologists and psychiatrists. The life of Kahlbaum and his scientific results have been described in brief. Of especial value with regard to the treatise of the author is, that he knows both parts of the interior and exterior of the hospital of Kahlbaum of that time existing till now and the documents of the archives of the town of G\u00f6rlitz. The importance and necessity of knowledge and investigation of psychiatrical tradition have been shown in this treatise.", "PMID": 386399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7410", "title": "Induction of mutations by photodynamic action of thiopyronine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The induction of cytoplasmic and nuclear mutations by the photodynamic action of thiopyronine is demonstrated in a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has been isolated as a photodynamic sensitive mutant. No significant increase in corresponding mutation frequencies could be observed in a strain resistant to photodynamic inactivation by thiopyronine.", "contents": "Induction of mutations by photodynamic action of thiopyronine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The induction of cytoplasmic and nuclear mutations by the photodynamic action of thiopyronine is demonstrated in a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has been isolated as a photodynamic sensitive mutant. No significant increase in corresponding mutation frequencies could be observed in a strain resistant to photodynamic inactivation by thiopyronine.", "PMID": 386415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7411", "title": "[Critical evaluation of penitentiary treatment in a comparison of normal and mentally ill prisoners].", "content": "The literature on the treatment in regard of criminals, normal or mentally unbalanced, has been particularly abundant in recent years. The present work reviews some of it, with a view to establishing some evaluation criteria in respect of treatment, in its practical implementation and at the level of scientific research in the sector. In the first part of this work, starting from recent and drastic criticisms on treatment, that point out the inefficacy of it in respect of a decrease in the relapsation rate, an analysis is carried out, on the basis of the latest research work, of the methods of execution and of the results obtained by the various treatment methodologies applied; also highlighted are the weak spots that still exist, at the level of methodological approach, in the scientific research sector, as well as the poor integration existing between the latter and administrative structures of the criminal execution setup. The second part of the work chiefly deals with of the psychiatric features of the treatment vis-\u00e0-vis normal or mentally unbalanced convicts; as it is pointed out, psychiatric treatment is confronted with special difficulties in its intramural application, owing to the ever existing conflicting views between the experts and the administrative setup; the efficacy and the possibility of implementation are pinpointed, of some therapeutic treatment methodologies (individual psychotherapy--group psychotherapy--group counseling). A picture emerges therefrom that is by far less alarming than the initial assumption: the practical application of the treatment may be improved and made more effective, whilst the r\u00f4le psychiatry must acquire in the work towards the rehabilitation of the criminal, must be necessarily defined.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of penitentiary treatment in a comparison of normal and mentally ill prisoners]. The literature on the treatment in regard of criminals, normal or mentally unbalanced, has been particularly abundant in recent years. The present work reviews some of it, with a view to establishing some evaluation criteria in respect of treatment, in its practical implementation and at the level of scientific research in the sector. In the first part of this work, starting from recent and drastic criticisms on treatment, that point out the inefficacy of it in respect of a decrease in the relapsation rate, an analysis is carried out, on the basis of the latest research work, of the methods of execution and of the results obtained by the various treatment methodologies applied; also highlighted are the weak spots that still exist, at the level of methodological approach, in the scientific research sector, as well as the poor integration existing between the latter and administrative structures of the criminal execution setup. The second part of the work chiefly deals with of the psychiatric features of the treatment vis-\u00e0-vis normal or mentally unbalanced convicts; as it is pointed out, psychiatric treatment is confronted with special difficulties in its intramural application, owing to the ever existing conflicting views between the experts and the administrative setup; the efficacy and the possibility of implementation are pinpointed, of some therapeutic treatment methodologies (individual psychotherapy--group psychotherapy--group counseling). A picture emerges therefrom that is by far less alarming than the initial assumption: the practical application of the treatment may be improved and made more effective, whilst the r\u00f4le psychiatry must acquire in the work towards the rehabilitation of the criminal, must be necessarily defined.", "PMID": 386413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7412", "title": "The hemodynamic significance of massive pneumopericardium in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical and experimental observations.", "content": "Radiographic and clinical data were evaluated in 12 preterm infants with pneumopericardium complicating ventilator therapy of respiratory distress syndrome. Eight infants had massive or tension pneumopericardium, reflected by bradycardia, hypotension, and cyanosis of abrupt onset; cardiac size decreased dramatically but returned to approximately the former size after aspiration of the pneumopericardium. In puppies, pneumopericardium large enought to reduce heart size by 32 +/- 3% caused decreased mean arterial pressure (-22 +/- 7%) and right ventricular peak systolic pressure (-11 +/- 2%) and increased right ventricular diastolic and intrapericardial pressures. These findings suggest that pneumopericardium per se causes severe hemodynamic compromise. When it is large enought to reduce heart size, drastic circulatory impairment is produced and pericardiocentesis should be performed immediately.", "contents": "The hemodynamic significance of massive pneumopericardium in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical and experimental observations. Radiographic and clinical data were evaluated in 12 preterm infants with pneumopericardium complicating ventilator therapy of respiratory distress syndrome. Eight infants had massive or tension pneumopericardium, reflected by bradycardia, hypotension, and cyanosis of abrupt onset; cardiac size decreased dramatically but returned to approximately the former size after aspiration of the pneumopericardium. In puppies, pneumopericardium large enought to reduce heart size by 32 +/- 3% caused decreased mean arterial pressure (-22 +/- 7%) and right ventricular peak systolic pressure (-11 +/- 2%) and increased right ventricular diastolic and intrapericardial pressures. These findings suggest that pneumopericardium per se causes severe hemodynamic compromise. When it is large enought to reduce heart size, drastic circulatory impairment is produced and pericardiocentesis should be performed immediately.", "PMID": 386417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7413", "title": "Evaluation of acute post-transplant renal failure by ultrasound.", "content": "Autotransplantation of the kidney was performed in seven adult mongrel dogs. A model of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was developed by subjecting the kidney to warm ischemia (37 degrees C) for 40 to 60 minutes. Serial ultrasound examinations were performed every 12 hours until the animal died or was killed. Sonographic findings were correlated with laboratory and histological data. Throughout the course of ATN, the characteristic normal echo pattern of the kidney remained unchanged in six of seven dogs. In one animal there were changes in the renal cortex, while the medullary pyramids showed no alteration from the base-line study. This contrasts with extensive abnormalities found during rejection.", "contents": "Evaluation of acute post-transplant renal failure by ultrasound. Autotransplantation of the kidney was performed in seven adult mongrel dogs. A model of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was developed by subjecting the kidney to warm ischemia (37 degrees C) for 40 to 60 minutes. Serial ultrasound examinations were performed every 12 hours until the animal died or was killed. Sonographic findings were correlated with laboratory and histological data. Throughout the course of ATN, the characteristic normal echo pattern of the kidney remained unchanged in six of seven dogs. In one animal there were changes in the renal cortex, while the medullary pyramids showed no alteration from the base-line study. This contrasts with extensive abnormalities found during rejection.", "PMID": 386418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7414", "title": "Hook and snare technique for intravascular retrieval.", "content": "A combination of the hook catheter and snare techniques for retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies is described. Using this method, removal time was shortened and the procedure simplified.", "contents": "Hook and snare technique for intravascular retrieval. A combination of the hook catheter and snare techniques for retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies is described. Using this method, removal time was shortened and the procedure simplified.", "PMID": 386419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7415", "title": "Dual actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the rat pregnant uterus.", "content": "Using strips of rat pregnant uterus, treated with indomethacin to suppress spontaneous contractility, the oxytocic activity of prostacyclin was compared with other prostaglandins. A prostacyclin concentration of 32 ng/ml elicited uterine contractions in all experiments. In this respect prostacyclin was 80 times more active than 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha but less active than PGE2 or PGF2 alpha. Apart from a direct stimulant effect, prostacyclin also exhibited an indirect potentiating action. In threshold concentrations prostacyclin caused a 3-fold potentiation of threshold doses of oxytocin. A lesser 1.5-fold potentiation of PGE2 alpha was also observed. The implications of these findings in relation to prostacyclin playing a role in parturition are discussed.", "contents": "Dual actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the rat pregnant uterus. Using strips of rat pregnant uterus, treated with indomethacin to suppress spontaneous contractility, the oxytocic activity of prostacyclin was compared with other prostaglandins. A prostacyclin concentration of 32 ng/ml elicited uterine contractions in all experiments. In this respect prostacyclin was 80 times more active than 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha but less active than PGE2 or PGF2 alpha. Apart from a direct stimulant effect, prostacyclin also exhibited an indirect potentiating action. In threshold concentrations prostacyclin caused a 3-fold potentiation of threshold doses of oxytocin. A lesser 1.5-fold potentiation of PGE2 alpha was also observed. The implications of these findings in relation to prostacyclin playing a role in parturition are discussed.", "PMID": 386426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7416", "title": "The major product of PGG2 metabolism by aortic microsomes is 6, 15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha.", "content": "Incubations of PGG2 with aortic microsomes yielded two products which were not formed in boiled enzyme control, one of which was 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha. The major metabolite was identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6,15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha. Thus, unlike PGH2, PGG2 is probably converted to 15-hydroperoxy PGI2 which subsequently decomposes to 6, 15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha.", "contents": "The major product of PGG2 metabolism by aortic microsomes is 6, 15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha. Incubations of PGG2 with aortic microsomes yielded two products which were not formed in boiled enzyme control, one of which was 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha. The major metabolite was identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6,15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha. Thus, unlike PGH2, PGG2 is probably converted to 15-hydroperoxy PGI2 which subsequently decomposes to 6, 15-dioxo-PGF1 alpha.", "PMID": 386427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7417", "title": "Metabolism of prostacyclin. III. Urinary metabolite profile of 6-keto PGF1 alpha in rat.", "content": "The in vivo metabolism of 6-keto PGF1 alpha was investigated in rats. Following continuous intravenous infusion for 14 days the urinary metabolites were isolated and identified. A substantial amount of unchanged 6-keto PGF1 alpha was recovered in the urine. The metabolic pattern very closely resembles that of PGI2 in rats. Metabolites were found which represented 15-dehydrogenation, beta-oxidation, omega and omega-1-hydroxylation and oxidation. Previous work showed that 6-keto PGF1 alpha is very poorly oxidized by 15-PGDH. We administered 15-[H3]-PGI2 and 15-[H3]-6-keto PGF1 alpha to rats and measured urinary tritiated water as an index for in vivo 15-PGDH activity. The results showed that PGI2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha were both oxidized to the 15-keto product, although the rate of oxidation of PGI2 was greater than that of 6-keto PGF1 alpha. We concluded that the administered PGI2 was oxidized by 15-PGDH before hydrolysis to 6-keto PGF1 alpha. A portion of the dose is probably hydrolzyed before 15-dehydrogenation.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostacyclin. III. Urinary metabolite profile of 6-keto PGF1 alpha in rat. The in vivo metabolism of 6-keto PGF1 alpha was investigated in rats. Following continuous intravenous infusion for 14 days the urinary metabolites were isolated and identified. A substantial amount of unchanged 6-keto PGF1 alpha was recovered in the urine. The metabolic pattern very closely resembles that of PGI2 in rats. Metabolites were found which represented 15-dehydrogenation, beta-oxidation, omega and omega-1-hydroxylation and oxidation. Previous work showed that 6-keto PGF1 alpha is very poorly oxidized by 15-PGDH. We administered 15-[H3]-PGI2 and 15-[H3]-6-keto PGF1 alpha to rats and measured urinary tritiated water as an index for in vivo 15-PGDH activity. The results showed that PGI2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha were both oxidized to the 15-keto product, although the rate of oxidation of PGI2 was greater than that of 6-keto PGF1 alpha. We concluded that the administered PGI2 was oxidized by 15-PGDH before hydrolysis to 6-keto PGF1 alpha. A portion of the dose is probably hydrolzyed before 15-dehydrogenation.", "PMID": 386428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7418", "title": "Beneficial actions of prostacyclin in traumatic shock.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) infused at a rate of 350 ng/kg/min significantly increased survival time in rats subjected to Noble-Collip drug trauma from 2.7 +/- 0.3 to 4.6 +/- 0.2 h (p less than 0.01) compared with traumatized rats given only the vehicle (Tris buffer). Moreover, PGI2 treated rats exhibited significantly lower circulating cathepsin D and myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities, indicative of lower lysosomal disruption and lower toxic factor formation. PGI2 induced vasodilation in rats as well as these other protective effects.", "contents": "Beneficial actions of prostacyclin in traumatic shock. Prostacyclin (PGI2) infused at a rate of 350 ng/kg/min significantly increased survival time in rats subjected to Noble-Collip drug trauma from 2.7 +/- 0.3 to 4.6 +/- 0.2 h (p less than 0.01) compared with traumatized rats given only the vehicle (Tris buffer). Moreover, PGI2 treated rats exhibited significantly lower circulating cathepsin D and myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities, indicative of lower lysosomal disruption and lower toxic factor formation. PGI2 induced vasodilation in rats as well as these other protective effects.", "PMID": 386429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7419", "title": "Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of prostaglandins I2, E2, F2 alpha and indomethacin on blood pressure in the rat.", "content": "The effects of intraventricularly administered prostaglandins I2 (PGI2), E2 (PGE2), F2alpha (PGF2 alpha) and indomethacin on systemic blood pressure were investigated in conscious rats. PGI2 (1.25--10 micrograms/kg) decreased blood pressure in a dose-related manner, whereas PGE2 (100--1000 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased blood pressure. Both PGF2 alpha (0.31--20 micrograms/kg) and indomethacin (0.625--40 micrograms/kg) had no effects on blood pressure. These results indicate that intraventricular injection of PGI2 or PGE2 can induce significant changes in blood pressure, while endogenous prostaglandins synthesized in the brain seem to play a minor role in direct regulation of systemic blood pressure in the rat.", "contents": "Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of prostaglandins I2, E2, F2 alpha and indomethacin on blood pressure in the rat. The effects of intraventricularly administered prostaglandins I2 (PGI2), E2 (PGE2), F2alpha (PGF2 alpha) and indomethacin on systemic blood pressure were investigated in conscious rats. PGI2 (1.25--10 micrograms/kg) decreased blood pressure in a dose-related manner, whereas PGE2 (100--1000 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased blood pressure. Both PGF2 alpha (0.31--20 micrograms/kg) and indomethacin (0.625--40 micrograms/kg) had no effects on blood pressure. These results indicate that intraventricular injection of PGI2 or PGE2 can induce significant changes in blood pressure, while endogenous prostaglandins synthesized in the brain seem to play a minor role in direct regulation of systemic blood pressure in the rat.", "PMID": 386430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7420", "title": "Arachidonic acid causes lysis of human platelets in an artificial medium: protection by plasma.", "content": "Addition of 1 or 2 mM of arachidonic acid (AA) to a washed platelet suspension (WPS) resulted in an instantaneous rise of light transmission (LT) in the platelet aggreagameter. The LT curves showed no evidence ofshape change patterns and the recording pen showed no fluctuations. This rise of LT was not affected by the absence of CaCl2, or the presence of PGI2 or ASA. However, LT curves, showing shape change patterns and with pen fluctuations, were obtained when plasma, serum or albumin was included in the test system. These latter form of LT curves were also obtained in WPS samples exposed to lower concentrations of AA. Electron microscopic examination of these samples revealed varying degrees of lysis of every platelet in WPS exposed to 1 mM of AA. Numerous lyzed platelets were also found in samples either exposed to 0.5 mM of AA in the absence of added plasma, serum or albumin, or exposed to 1 mM of AA in the presence of 5% of added plasma or 2.5 mg/ml albumin. The LT curves of these samples showed shape change patterns and pen fluctuations. These results indicate a pitfall of relying on platelet aggregometry alone in the study of certain AA-induced responses of washed platelets.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid causes lysis of human platelets in an artificial medium: protection by plasma. Addition of 1 or 2 mM of arachidonic acid (AA) to a washed platelet suspension (WPS) resulted in an instantaneous rise of light transmission (LT) in the platelet aggreagameter. The LT curves showed no evidence ofshape change patterns and the recording pen showed no fluctuations. This rise of LT was not affected by the absence of CaCl2, or the presence of PGI2 or ASA. However, LT curves, showing shape change patterns and with pen fluctuations, were obtained when plasma, serum or albumin was included in the test system. These latter form of LT curves were also obtained in WPS samples exposed to lower concentrations of AA. Electron microscopic examination of these samples revealed varying degrees of lysis of every platelet in WPS exposed to 1 mM of AA. Numerous lyzed platelets were also found in samples either exposed to 0.5 mM of AA in the absence of added plasma, serum or albumin, or exposed to 1 mM of AA in the presence of 5% of added plasma or 2.5 mg/ml albumin. The LT curves of these samples showed shape change patterns and pen fluctuations. These results indicate a pitfall of relying on platelet aggregometry alone in the study of certain AA-induced responses of washed platelets.", "PMID": 386431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7421", "title": "[Localization of a gene responsible for ozone sensitivity in Escherichia coli].", "content": "A gene, ozrC, responsible for sensitivity to ozone in Escherichia coli, was localized on the E. coli chromosome between argEH and metA by means of analysis of cotransduction frequencies of the gene ozrC with certain gene markers in the malB region of the chromosome.", "contents": "[Localization of a gene responsible for ozone sensitivity in Escherichia coli]. A gene, ozrC, responsible for sensitivity to ozone in Escherichia coli, was localized on the E. coli chromosome between argEH and metA by means of analysis of cotransduction frequencies of the gene ozrC with certain gene markers in the malB region of the chromosome.", "PMID": 386438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7422", "title": "[An extensive bleeding burn followed by recovery in a hemophiliac].", "content": "In a patient with Haemophillia A, of the medium type, suffering from a third degree infected burn of the right lower limb grafting with free sliced skin created a bleeding surface of approximately 1 500 sq. sm. size. Detected, investigated, prepared, followed up and corrected in an efficient manner the patient recovered fully at 9 days after surgery without any complications.", "contents": "[An extensive bleeding burn followed by recovery in a hemophiliac]. In a patient with Haemophillia A, of the medium type, suffering from a third degree infected burn of the right lower limb grafting with free sliced skin created a bleeding surface of approximately 1 500 sq. sm. size. Detected, investigated, prepared, followed up and corrected in an efficient manner the patient recovered fully at 9 days after surgery without any complications.", "PMID": 386439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7423", "title": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha and cardiovascular system: review of studies conducted in dogs.", "content": "The study was designed to investigate the effect of PGF2 alpha on the arterial, cardiac and venous system and the respiration of dogs. PGF2 alpha was administered in single, graded doses as well as by i.v. perfusion. In addition, PGF2 alpha was given intra-arterially into the common carotid artery, by inhalation and by infiltration into the barosensitive zone of the carotid sinus. The interaction by drugs acting on ganglia, the catecholamine stores and the muscarinic, histaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and purinergic junctions, and by drugs with depressive effects at the prostaglandin receptors, also were studied. We have shown that PGF2 alpha exhibits direct, reflexes and modulator effects.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha and cardiovascular system: review of studies conducted in dogs. The study was designed to investigate the effect of PGF2 alpha on the arterial, cardiac and venous system and the respiration of dogs. PGF2 alpha was administered in single, graded doses as well as by i.v. perfusion. In addition, PGF2 alpha was given intra-arterially into the common carotid artery, by inhalation and by infiltration into the barosensitive zone of the carotid sinus. The interaction by drugs acting on ganglia, the catecholamine stores and the muscarinic, histaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and purinergic junctions, and by drugs with depressive effects at the prostaglandin receptors, also were studied. We have shown that PGF2 alpha exhibits direct, reflexes and modulator effects.", "PMID": 386452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7424", "title": "Studies on the mode of action of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC), a novel type of antineoplastic agent.", "content": "Partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC), a representative member of the \"antitemplate\" class of novel chemotherapeutic agents, is a potent inhibitor of the E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It inhibited 50% of the enzymic reaction at a concentration of 6 micrometers. Kinetic studies indicated that MPC had no effect on the chain elongation of the transcription process, but it appeared to inhibit the initiation of RNA synthtesis presumably by competing with the DNA template for binding to the RNA polymerase. Binding studies, using a gel filtration method, showed that MPC and the RNA polymerase formed a stable complex which was not dissociated by 0.3 M NaCl. It is inferred that mixed disulfide linkage(s) might have been formed between the enzyme and MPC. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of action of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC), a novel type of antineoplastic agent. Partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC), a representative member of the \"antitemplate\" class of novel chemotherapeutic agents, is a potent inhibitor of the E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It inhibited 50% of the enzymic reaction at a concentration of 6 micrometers. Kinetic studies indicated that MPC had no effect on the chain elongation of the transcription process, but it appeared to inhibit the initiation of RNA synthtesis presumably by competing with the DNA template for binding to the RNA polymerase. Binding studies, using a gel filtration method, showed that MPC and the RNA polymerase formed a stable complex which was not dissociated by 0.3 M NaCl. It is inferred that mixed disulfide linkage(s) might have been formed between the enzyme and MPC. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 386453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7425", "title": "Donor- and organ-specific evaluation of antibodies eluted from canine lung allografts rejected by immunosuppressively treated and untreated recipients.", "content": "Using elution techniques, the humoral lung allograft rejection in immunosuppressively treated versus untreated recipients is analyzed at the donor organ specific level. The antibodies were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by elution of lung graft bound immunoglobulins and by testing the eluates against donor lung antigen using passive hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence. By correlating the results in those assays, a considerable amount of humoral anti-donor lung antibodies could be proved only in dogs not treated immunosuppressively, and there was no accordance with the results of direct immunofluorescence by quantification. The difference in the organ-bound antibodies between immunosuppressively treated and untreated lung grafts seems to be remarkable because of a similar mononuclear infiltration. Thus, enabling a specific improvement of some previous speculations about the lung-specific humoral alloimmune reaction, this type of rejection seems to be similar to rather stereotypical allograft rejection, but may be modified by a standard immunosuppression with methylprednisolone and azathioprine.", "contents": "Donor- and organ-specific evaluation of antibodies eluted from canine lung allografts rejected by immunosuppressively treated and untreated recipients. Using elution techniques, the humoral lung allograft rejection in immunosuppressively treated versus untreated recipients is analyzed at the donor organ specific level. The antibodies were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by elution of lung graft bound immunoglobulins and by testing the eluates against donor lung antigen using passive hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence. By correlating the results in those assays, a considerable amount of humoral anti-donor lung antibodies could be proved only in dogs not treated immunosuppressively, and there was no accordance with the results of direct immunofluorescence by quantification. The difference in the organ-bound antibodies between immunosuppressively treated and untreated lung grafts seems to be remarkable because of a similar mononuclear infiltration. Thus, enabling a specific improvement of some previous speculations about the lung-specific humoral alloimmune reaction, this type of rejection seems to be similar to rather stereotypical allograft rejection, but may be modified by a standard immunosuppression with methylprednisolone and azathioprine.", "PMID": 386454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7426", "title": "[Effects of different levels of PEEP on PaO2, PaCO2, shunt and static compliance in A.R.D.S. (author's transl)].", "content": "This study points out that in acute respiratory distress syndrome, the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) had in every case the same action on functional residual capacity and static lung compliance. However its results on PaO2, PaCO2 and circulation are often different from patient to patient according also to the different levels of PEEP. The level of optimal PEEP is that which opens the largest number of alveoli; it is better defined by the value of PaO2 on 100% oxygen than by static compliance.", "contents": "[Effects of different levels of PEEP on PaO2, PaCO2, shunt and static compliance in A.R.D.S. (author's transl)]. This study points out that in acute respiratory distress syndrome, the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) had in every case the same action on functional residual capacity and static lung compliance. However its results on PaO2, PaCO2 and circulation are often different from patient to patient according also to the different levels of PEEP. The level of optimal PEEP is that which opens the largest number of alveoli; it is better defined by the value of PaO2 on 100% oxygen than by static compliance.", "PMID": 386448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7427", "title": "Intensive therapy of acute hepatic insufficiency in dogs by heterotopic liver allotransplant.", "content": "The efficacy of heterotopic liver transplantation to support life and to correct metabolic disturbances in the presence of acute hepatic failure was tested in 70 dogs. Acute hepatic failure was induced by two-stage ischaemic damage to the animals' livers and by biliary obstruction. The donor liver was stored for 3 h by the method of intermittent perfusion. The graft was placed in the right paravertebral gutter. The inflow was arterial only. No immunosuppressive agents were administered. During the postoperative period the main biochemical indices decreased and returned to almost normal values by the fourth day. The auxiliary liver was able to correct the clotting of blood. There was significant regression of encephalopathy, which was confirmed by encephalographic monitoring. Special attention was paid to the adaptation of the stored graft after revascularization. Resuscitation from hepatic failure and subsequent survival of transplanted animals confirmed the significant therapeutic effect of heterotopic allotransplant.", "contents": "Intensive therapy of acute hepatic insufficiency in dogs by heterotopic liver allotransplant. The efficacy of heterotopic liver transplantation to support life and to correct metabolic disturbances in the presence of acute hepatic failure was tested in 70 dogs. Acute hepatic failure was induced by two-stage ischaemic damage to the animals' livers and by biliary obstruction. The donor liver was stored for 3 h by the method of intermittent perfusion. The graft was placed in the right paravertebral gutter. The inflow was arterial only. No immunosuppressive agents were administered. During the postoperative period the main biochemical indices decreased and returned to almost normal values by the fourth day. The auxiliary liver was able to correct the clotting of blood. There was significant regression of encephalopathy, which was confirmed by encephalographic monitoring. Special attention was paid to the adaptation of the stored graft after revascularization. Resuscitation from hepatic failure and subsequent survival of transplanted animals confirmed the significant therapeutic effect of heterotopic allotransplant.", "PMID": 386455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7428", "title": "[Optimal positive and expiratory pressure in adult respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "We defined a new optimal positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The optimal PEEP is the one which allows to obtain a PaO2 greater than or equal to 400 mmHg and/or an intrapulmonary shunt less than or equal to 15 p. cent, the cardiac output being held constant. 14 cases of ARDS have been treated by this method with encouraging results. The earlier optimal PEEP was applied, the more effective it was.", "contents": "[Optimal positive and expiratory pressure in adult respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)]. We defined a new optimal positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The optimal PEEP is the one which allows to obtain a PaO2 greater than or equal to 400 mmHg and/or an intrapulmonary shunt less than or equal to 15 p. cent, the cardiac output being held constant. 14 cases of ARDS have been treated by this method with encouraging results. The earlier optimal PEEP was applied, the more effective it was.", "PMID": 386449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7429", "title": "[Functional approach to asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "The different pulmonary function tests which enable the diagnosis of asthma and its functional criterium, reversible bronchial obstruction, are reviewed. It is our opinion that in epidemiology where the diagnosis should be made \"on the spot\" in a simple, rapid and non-aggressive manner, the most appropriate tests are the following: the FEV1 or other forced expiration parameters, to which could be added the measurements of closing volume, the slope of phase III, and/or flow-volume curves using two gas mixtures. The modifiers of bronchomotricity could confirm the reversible nature of the bronchial obstruction.", "contents": "[Functional approach to asthma (author's transl)]. The different pulmonary function tests which enable the diagnosis of asthma and its functional criterium, reversible bronchial obstruction, are reviewed. It is our opinion that in epidemiology where the diagnosis should be made \"on the spot\" in a simple, rapid and non-aggressive manner, the most appropriate tests are the following: the FEV1 or other forced expiration parameters, to which could be added the measurements of closing volume, the slope of phase III, and/or flow-volume curves using two gas mixtures. The modifiers of bronchomotricity could confirm the reversible nature of the bronchial obstruction.", "PMID": 386451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7430", "title": "[The metastatic potential of primary central nervous tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomical and clinical findings in 9 cases of primary brain tumors with metastases within (7 cases) or outside of (2 cases) the nervous system are reported. A review of the published literature revealed 248 cases of histologically-confirmed central nervous system tumors with metastases outside of the nervous system. These secondary sites are seen more frequently in adult males. Their frequency, in descending order, was gliomas (39,5 p. 100), meningeal tumors and sarcomas (28,2 p. 100), neuronal tumors (14,1 p. 100), lymphoma-microgliomas (12,5 p. 100), pineal body tumors (4 p. 100), and melanomas (1,6 p. 100). Ten cases out of 248 developed through a shunt. Nineteen cases were discovered without any surgical operation. There are still many unknown factors concerning their pathogenesis. It appears, however, than in some series of patients the prolongation of the survival-rate and the late effects of surgical operation are positive factors for metastatic dissemination.", "contents": "[The metastatic potential of primary central nervous tumours (author's transl)]. Anatomical and clinical findings in 9 cases of primary brain tumors with metastases within (7 cases) or outside of (2 cases) the nervous system are reported. A review of the published literature revealed 248 cases of histologically-confirmed central nervous system tumors with metastases outside of the nervous system. These secondary sites are seen more frequently in adult males. Their frequency, in descending order, was gliomas (39,5 p. 100), meningeal tumors and sarcomas (28,2 p. 100), neuronal tumors (14,1 p. 100), lymphoma-microgliomas (12,5 p. 100), pineal body tumors (4 p. 100), and melanomas (1,6 p. 100). Ten cases out of 248 developed through a shunt. Nineteen cases were discovered without any surgical operation. There are still many unknown factors concerning their pathogenesis. It appears, however, than in some series of patients the prolongation of the survival-rate and the late effects of surgical operation are positive factors for metastatic dissemination.", "PMID": 386461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7431", "title": "Advances in plasmatic fractions used in blood transfusion.", "content": "I tried to give a bird's eye view of some of the intriguing recent advances in the production and clinical use of albumin, immunoglobulins, coagulation factors, protease inhibitors and plasma enzyme preparations. I aimed to put into the limelight of my lecture the basic differences between the reaction of plasma proteins in solutions in the test tube or on model surfaces in vitro as opposed to the well-balanced intricate protein-protein and cell membrane-plasma protein interactions in vivo. In the light of these recent advances we have to reassess the biological properties, structural and functional integrity of our plasma protein preparations. In spite of technical and regulatory difficulties new fractionation techniques have to break through. Especially gentle techniques which do not denature proteins are badly needed. Purified albumin with an adequate fatty acid content seems to be the safest and therapeutically most useful preparation among the albumin containing fractions. PPF and even albumin are, however, not so safe as we have thought. There is an urgent need to fight more intensively against their unjustified use. There is a growing need for specific immunoglobulins, coagulation factors, protease inhibitors and therapeutically useful enzyme preparations.", "contents": "Advances in plasmatic fractions used in blood transfusion. I tried to give a bird's eye view of some of the intriguing recent advances in the production and clinical use of albumin, immunoglobulins, coagulation factors, protease inhibitors and plasma enzyme preparations. I aimed to put into the limelight of my lecture the basic differences between the reaction of plasma proteins in solutions in the test tube or on model surfaces in vitro as opposed to the well-balanced intricate protein-protein and cell membrane-plasma protein interactions in vivo. In the light of these recent advances we have to reassess the biological properties, structural and functional integrity of our plasma protein preparations. In spite of technical and regulatory difficulties new fractionation techniques have to break through. Especially gentle techniques which do not denature proteins are badly needed. Purified albumin with an adequate fatty acid content seems to be the safest and therapeutically most useful preparation among the albumin containing fractions. PPF and even albumin are, however, not so safe as we have thought. There is an urgent need to fight more intensively against their unjustified use. There is a growing need for specific immunoglobulins, coagulation factors, protease inhibitors and therapeutically useful enzyme preparations.", "PMID": 386471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7432", "title": "[Arteriographic findings in a Schipper's fracture at the shaft of the femur (author's transl)].", "content": "This report on a Schipper's fracture at the shaft of the femur in a twelve-year old boy is preceded by a systematic tabulation of the various non-traumatic types of fracture and a general synopsis of stress fractures. At the time of a first exacerbation of pain which had been persisting for several weeks, the x-ray film showed periostal callus formation and a discrete, transverse zone of increased density. Four weeks later, this zone had widened, the central region showing a fine, tape-like translucence. The arteriogram showed a local increase in the number of vessels in the vicinity of the stress fracture.", "contents": "[Arteriographic findings in a Schipper's fracture at the shaft of the femur (author's transl)]. This report on a Schipper's fracture at the shaft of the femur in a twelve-year old boy is preceded by a systematic tabulation of the various non-traumatic types of fracture and a general synopsis of stress fractures. At the time of a first exacerbation of pain which had been persisting for several weeks, the x-ray film showed periostal callus formation and a discrete, transverse zone of increased density. Four weeks later, this zone had widened, the central region showing a fine, tape-like translucence. The arteriogram showed a local increase in the number of vessels in the vicinity of the stress fracture.", "PMID": 386474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7433", "title": "[Value of immunofluorescent methods for the diagnosis of inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Following their use of immunofluorescent methods for establishing a diagnosis in about fifteen cases of mainly inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa, the authors discuss the procedures used and their value in buccal bullous diseases, and also in lupus erythematosus, lichen, and aphthosis.", "contents": "[Value of immunofluorescent methods for the diagnosis of inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa (author's transl)]. Following their use of immunofluorescent methods for establishing a diagnosis in about fifteen cases of mainly inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa, the authors discuss the procedures used and their value in buccal bullous diseases, and also in lupus erythematosus, lichen, and aphthosis.", "PMID": 386475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7434", "title": "[Craniofacial trauma. Value and methods of early treatment. 70 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The two essential problems posed by craniofacial trauma are assessed in the light of 70 collected cases. Firstly, the \"time\" of treatment. Immediate surgery by two teams, neurosurgical and maxillofacial, may be justified in the presence of craniocerebral lesions. This occurs rarely. The cranial problem is often explored during the first 3 or 4 days and with the exception of certain cases of immediate or delayed coma, maxillofacial treatment may be undertaken early. The treatment of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae remains controversial. Secondly, the surgical technique. Accent is placed upon two points which are still discussed : cutaneous phase and bone phase in open trauma ; reconstruction of the cranial level and the facial mass by fixation using plates or steel wire, bone grafts or inert materials, with in particular surgery for fractures of the floor of the orbit in all cases. A number of clinical cases suggest that suitability of eclectism in this surgical approach to craniofacial trauma.", "contents": "[Craniofacial trauma. Value and methods of early treatment. 70 cases (author's transl)]. The two essential problems posed by craniofacial trauma are assessed in the light of 70 collected cases. Firstly, the \"time\" of treatment. Immediate surgery by two teams, neurosurgical and maxillofacial, may be justified in the presence of craniocerebral lesions. This occurs rarely. The cranial problem is often explored during the first 3 or 4 days and with the exception of certain cases of immediate or delayed coma, maxillofacial treatment may be undertaken early. The treatment of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae remains controversial. Secondly, the surgical technique. Accent is placed upon two points which are still discussed : cutaneous phase and bone phase in open trauma ; reconstruction of the cranial level and the facial mass by fixation using plates or steel wire, bone grafts or inert materials, with in particular surgery for fractures of the floor of the orbit in all cases. A number of clinical cases suggest that suitability of eclectism in this surgical approach to craniofacial trauma.", "PMID": 386476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7435", "title": "Dissociation of the intrinsic factor--vitamin B12 complex by bile: contributing factor to B12 malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "Human bile incubated with vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor in human gastric juice will effectively dissociate this complex, and the vitamin will transfer to non-intrinsic factor unsaturated binding protein(s) contained in bile. Preincubation of the bile with pancreatic enzymes, particularly trypsin, and pepsin, decreases this effect of bile on the intrinsic factor--vitamin B12 complex by digesting the unsaturated binder(s) in the bile. These studies help explain why there is malabsorption of tracer amounts of vitamin B12 in some patients with pancreatic insufficiency, and why this abnormality is correctable by the administration of pancreatic extract.", "contents": "Dissociation of the intrinsic factor--vitamin B12 complex by bile: contributing factor to B12 malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency. Human bile incubated with vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor in human gastric juice will effectively dissociate this complex, and the vitamin will transfer to non-intrinsic factor unsaturated binding protein(s) contained in bile. Preincubation of the bile with pancreatic enzymes, particularly trypsin, and pepsin, decreases this effect of bile on the intrinsic factor--vitamin B12 complex by digesting the unsaturated binder(s) in the bile. These studies help explain why there is malabsorption of tracer amounts of vitamin B12 in some patients with pancreatic insufficiency, and why this abnormality is correctable by the administration of pancreatic extract.", "PMID": 386477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7436", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the gastric mucosa after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by the three-layer bridge immunoperoxidase technique in gastric biopsy specimens taken from 49 patients, 13--20 years after partial gastrectomy. Routine histological examination revealed various degrees of chronic atrophic gastritis in all patients. A positive CEA reaction was found in 6 out of 9 with malignant or premalignant mucosal changes and in 4 out of 40 without these changes. In two cases of carcinoma the biopsies revealed a positive CEA reaction. In 4 patients with carcinoma diagnosed 1--2 years after the first examination the initial nonmalignant biopsies were CEA-positive in one case. All biopsies from mucosa with severe dysplasia and adenomatous polyps were CEA-positive. Four patients without malignant or premalignant changes in the gastric mucosa had CEA-positive biopsies. No carcinoma has been found in these patients at re-examinations after 1 year. The results indicate that the occurrence of immunohistochemically detectable CEA may be associated with malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa. The value of this method in screening patients at increased risk of gastric carcinoma will be further explored.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the gastric mucosa after partial gastrectomy. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by the three-layer bridge immunoperoxidase technique in gastric biopsy specimens taken from 49 patients, 13--20 years after partial gastrectomy. Routine histological examination revealed various degrees of chronic atrophic gastritis in all patients. A positive CEA reaction was found in 6 out of 9 with malignant or premalignant mucosal changes and in 4 out of 40 without these changes. In two cases of carcinoma the biopsies revealed a positive CEA reaction. In 4 patients with carcinoma diagnosed 1--2 years after the first examination the initial nonmalignant biopsies were CEA-positive in one case. All biopsies from mucosa with severe dysplasia and adenomatous polyps were CEA-positive. Four patients without malignant or premalignant changes in the gastric mucosa had CEA-positive biopsies. No carcinoma has been found in these patients at re-examinations after 1 year. The results indicate that the occurrence of immunohistochemically detectable CEA may be associated with malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa. The value of this method in screening patients at increased risk of gastric carcinoma will be further explored.", "PMID": 386478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7437", "title": "Effect of IgM fractions with or without rheumatoid factor activity on antigen-antibody reactions.", "content": "The effect of isolated IgM fractions, with or without rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, on reactions between human albumin and rabbit anti-human albumin, human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgG, and tetanus toxoid and human anti-tetanus toxoid was assessed in the antigen excess zone. RF-active fractions increased and RF-negative IgM fractions decreased the amount of free antigen. The immune complexes that were affected by RF IgM fractions differed in composition from those affected by normal IgM fractions.", "contents": "Effect of IgM fractions with or without rheumatoid factor activity on antigen-antibody reactions. The effect of isolated IgM fractions, with or without rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, on reactions between human albumin and rabbit anti-human albumin, human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgG, and tetanus toxoid and human anti-tetanus toxoid was assessed in the antigen excess zone. RF-active fractions increased and RF-negative IgM fractions decreased the amount of free antigen. The immune complexes that were affected by RF IgM fractions differed in composition from those affected by normal IgM fractions.", "PMID": 386481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7438", "title": "The effects of pharmacologic agents on immune-complex-induced redistribution of B-lymphocyte Fc receptors.", "content": "The effects of pharmacologic agents on the immune-complex-induced redistribution of B-lymphocyte Fc receptors (and, as a control, the anti-Ig induced redistribution of surface Ig) were examined. Immune-complex-induced capping of B-cell Fc receptors was moderately to markedly inhibited by the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, the Ca++ ionophore A23187, and the local anaesthetic lidocaine but was only slightly inhibited by cytochalasin B alone and was not inhibited by colchicine alone. Inhibition of capping was not due to the inhibition of binding of immune complexes to the B-lymphocytes or to decreased cell viability since these effects were absent. Preformed immune complex-Fc receptor caps were disrupted by A23187, lidocaine, and the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, but not by either colchicine or cytochalasin B alone. The effects of the pharmacologic agents were similar for Fc receptors and surface Ig in all cases. These results suggest that ligand bound Fc receptors are affected by cytoskeletal structures and that the ligand-induced redistribution of two distinct B lymphocyte surface receptors (fc receptors and surface Ig) occurs by similar or identical mechanisms.", "contents": "The effects of pharmacologic agents on immune-complex-induced redistribution of B-lymphocyte Fc receptors. The effects of pharmacologic agents on the immune-complex-induced redistribution of B-lymphocyte Fc receptors (and, as a control, the anti-Ig induced redistribution of surface Ig) were examined. Immune-complex-induced capping of B-cell Fc receptors was moderately to markedly inhibited by the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, the Ca++ ionophore A23187, and the local anaesthetic lidocaine but was only slightly inhibited by cytochalasin B alone and was not inhibited by colchicine alone. Inhibition of capping was not due to the inhibition of binding of immune complexes to the B-lymphocytes or to decreased cell viability since these effects were absent. Preformed immune complex-Fc receptor caps were disrupted by A23187, lidocaine, and the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, but not by either colchicine or cytochalasin B alone. The effects of the pharmacologic agents were similar for Fc receptors and surface Ig in all cases. These results suggest that ligand bound Fc receptors are affected by cytoskeletal structures and that the ligand-induced redistribution of two distinct B lymphocyte surface receptors (fc receptors and surface Ig) occurs by similar or identical mechanisms.", "PMID": 386482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7439", "title": "Mouse erythrocyte rosette formation by human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Lymphoid cell lines have been studied with respect to mouse erythrocyte rosette formation, a marker for B cells. Cells from six B-cell lines out of fifteen tested were able to form mouse erythrocyte rosettes. When this capacity was studied after neuraminidase pretreatment of the cells, it defined three groups of B lymphoid cell lines according to their reactivity. However, these groups could not be correlated to any of the other B-cell markers, and especially mouse erythrocyte rosette formation appeared unrelated to the class of the immunoglobulin present on the cell surface. Non B-cell lines were never found to form such rosettes. The capacity of B-cell lines to form mouse erythrocyte rosette was further demonstrated to be relatively insensitive to trypsin treatment, and results are presented suggesting some degree of cell cycle dependency of the expression of this marker.", "contents": "Mouse erythrocyte rosette formation by human lymphoid cell lines. Lymphoid cell lines have been studied with respect to mouse erythrocyte rosette formation, a marker for B cells. Cells from six B-cell lines out of fifteen tested were able to form mouse erythrocyte rosettes. When this capacity was studied after neuraminidase pretreatment of the cells, it defined three groups of B lymphoid cell lines according to their reactivity. However, these groups could not be correlated to any of the other B-cell markers, and especially mouse erythrocyte rosette formation appeared unrelated to the class of the immunoglobulin present on the cell surface. Non B-cell lines were never found to form such rosettes. The capacity of B-cell lines to form mouse erythrocyte rosette was further demonstrated to be relatively insensitive to trypsin treatment, and results are presented suggesting some degree of cell cycle dependency of the expression of this marker.", "PMID": 386483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7440", "title": "In situ effector mechanisms in rat kidney allograft rejection. III. Kinetics of the inflammatory response and generation of donor-directed killer cells.", "content": "We have isolated and identified the infiltrating inflammatory cells from rejecting rat kidney allografts. The first host cells to appear in the graft, already a few hours after the transplantation, are monocytes and lymphocytes. Both T and B lymphocytes contribute to the infiltrate: at early stages of rejection most of the infiltrating lymphocytes have the high electrophoretic mobility of (resting) T cells, whereas later during the rejection most of the infiltrating lymphocytes display the slow mobility of (resting) B cells. The blast response follows 2 days after the influx of lymphocytes. The (B) plasmablast response takes place somewhat earlier and is higher in magnitude than the (T) lymphoblast response. Macrophages appear 1.5 days after the influx of monocytes. The inflammatory cells proliferate rapidly: after 1 h of pulse-labelling with 3H-TdR in vivo up to 24% of the infiltrating leucocytes are labelled. Most labelled cells are blast cells or lymphocytes, although a small but distinct population of labelled monocytes is also detected in situ. The in situ blast and proliferative responses precede the corresponding responses in the host central lymphatic system, i.e. spleen, blood and lymph nodes. The inflammatory leucocytes are isolated from the allograft parenchymal cells via 1 g velocity sedimentation. They are strongly and specifically cytotoxic in the 6 h 51Cr release assay to donor-derived lymphoid target cells in vitro. The peak in situ cytotoxic activity in the graft takes place already on day 5 after the transplantation, whereas in the central lymphatic system the cytotoxic cells are detected later and peak values are obtained only after the activity in situ has declined. The findings emphasize the role of the graft as the site of sensitization of kidney transplantation (peripheral sensitization) and the complex nature of the inflammatory response responsible for allograft rejection.", "contents": "In situ effector mechanisms in rat kidney allograft rejection. III. Kinetics of the inflammatory response and generation of donor-directed killer cells. We have isolated and identified the infiltrating inflammatory cells from rejecting rat kidney allografts. The first host cells to appear in the graft, already a few hours after the transplantation, are monocytes and lymphocytes. Both T and B lymphocytes contribute to the infiltrate: at early stages of rejection most of the infiltrating lymphocytes have the high electrophoretic mobility of (resting) T cells, whereas later during the rejection most of the infiltrating lymphocytes display the slow mobility of (resting) B cells. The blast response follows 2 days after the influx of lymphocytes. The (B) plasmablast response takes place somewhat earlier and is higher in magnitude than the (T) lymphoblast response. Macrophages appear 1.5 days after the influx of monocytes. The inflammatory cells proliferate rapidly: after 1 h of pulse-labelling with 3H-TdR in vivo up to 24% of the infiltrating leucocytes are labelled. Most labelled cells are blast cells or lymphocytes, although a small but distinct population of labelled monocytes is also detected in situ. The in situ blast and proliferative responses precede the corresponding responses in the host central lymphatic system, i.e. spleen, blood and lymph nodes. The inflammatory leucocytes are isolated from the allograft parenchymal cells via 1 g velocity sedimentation. They are strongly and specifically cytotoxic in the 6 h 51Cr release assay to donor-derived lymphoid target cells in vitro. The peak in situ cytotoxic activity in the graft takes place already on day 5 after the transplantation, whereas in the central lymphatic system the cytotoxic cells are detected later and peak values are obtained only after the activity in situ has declined. The findings emphasize the role of the graft as the site of sensitization of kidney transplantation (peripheral sensitization) and the complex nature of the inflammatory response responsible for allograft rejection.", "PMID": 386484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7441", "title": "[Specific position of physical therapy in psychiatry].", "content": "It is pointed out that in modern psychiatry physical therapy has to be integrated as therapeutic tool beside psychopharmacology, verbal psychotherapy and occupational therapy. The expression physical therapy is used here in a large sense. As an example endogenous depression is chosen to show which conditions are necessary when using physical therapy in a rational way. Concerning the other groups of psychiatric disorders it was referred in the book \"Physikalische Therapie in der Psychiatrie\" (\"physical therapy in psychiatry\").", "contents": "[Specific position of physical therapy in psychiatry]. It is pointed out that in modern psychiatry physical therapy has to be integrated as therapeutic tool beside psychopharmacology, verbal psychotherapy and occupational therapy. The expression physical therapy is used here in a large sense. As an example endogenous depression is chosen to show which conditions are necessary when using physical therapy in a rational way. Concerning the other groups of psychiatric disorders it was referred in the book \"Physikalische Therapie in der Psychiatrie\" (\"physical therapy in psychiatry\").", "PMID": 386485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7442", "title": "[Music therapy, its indications, goals and possibilities].", "content": "After a short historical introduction the author presents an overview on the various methods used in music therapy with respect to their goals and their limits. There are quite different forms of receptive and active music therapy in individual and group therapy. Finally, the author describes the evolution of two cases of individual music therapy.", "contents": "[Music therapy, its indications, goals and possibilities]. After a short historical introduction the author presents an overview on the various methods used in music therapy with respect to their goals and their limits. There are quite different forms of receptive and active music therapy in individual and group therapy. Finally, the author describes the evolution of two cases of individual music therapy.", "PMID": 386488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7443", "title": "[Senile plaques, neuro-fibrillar degeneration and other associated cerebral lesions (morphology and pathogenetic theory].", "content": "A brief review about present knowledge on morphology of brain degenerative alterations in the elderly, their topography, their correlations and the various pathogenic theories. The particular pathoclisis of some areas is reported, i.e. the pathoclisis of some hippocampal areas for neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, the pathoclisis of the IVth layer of calcarinian cortex for dyshoric angiopathia. These morphological pecularities must be correlated to more recent data concerning alterations of neurotransmitters and their enzymes.", "contents": "[Senile plaques, neuro-fibrillar degeneration and other associated cerebral lesions (morphology and pathogenetic theory]. A brief review about present knowledge on morphology of brain degenerative alterations in the elderly, their topography, their correlations and the various pathogenic theories. The particular pathoclisis of some areas is reported, i.e. the pathoclisis of some hippocampal areas for neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, the pathoclisis of the IVth layer of calcarinian cortex for dyshoric angiopathia. These morphological pecularities must be correlated to more recent data concerning alterations of neurotransmitters and their enzymes.", "PMID": 386490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7444", "title": "[History of the Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of Basel].", "content": "On the fourth of June 1923 the Psychiatric out-patient clinic was opened in the city of Basle as an administratively affiliated, but locally separated department of the Psychiatric University Hospital. The first head of the Psychiatric out-patient clinic was Jakob Klaesi, who was a head-physician in the Friedmatt at the same time. The life and work of the various directors of the out-patient clinic are mentioned. Developmental tendencies in the Psychiatric out-patient clinic--which moved 1977 into the general Hospital (Kantonsspital)--and the various diagnoses with the course of time are discussed.", "contents": "[History of the Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of Basel]. On the fourth of June 1923 the Psychiatric out-patient clinic was opened in the city of Basle as an administratively affiliated, but locally separated department of the Psychiatric University Hospital. The first head of the Psychiatric out-patient clinic was Jakob Klaesi, who was a head-physician in the Friedmatt at the same time. The life and work of the various directors of the out-patient clinic are mentioned. Developmental tendencies in the Psychiatric out-patient clinic--which moved 1977 into the general Hospital (Kantonsspital)--and the various diagnoses with the course of time are discussed.", "PMID": 386491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7445", "title": "Prolapsed lumbar disc treated with intramuscularly administered dexamethasonephosphate. A prospectively planned, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in 52 patients.", "content": "Prompted by previously results of systemic steroid treatment of symptoms of prolapsed lumbar disc, which appeared to be promising, dexamethasone phosphate was tested in a controlled, double-blind clinical study. 52 patients were included in the study: 25 received dexamethasone phosphate, 24 received placebo and 3 patients dropped out. Upon termination of the study the two groups were found to be comparable as to age, sex, duration of symptoms and degree of heavy work. We were not able to demonstrate any effect of dexamethasone phosphate on the following parameters pain, paraesthesia, paresismuscular weakness, disturbances of reflexes, and Laseque. Nor was there any difference in the length of hospitalization.", "contents": "Prolapsed lumbar disc treated with intramuscularly administered dexamethasonephosphate. A prospectively planned, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in 52 patients. Prompted by previously results of systemic steroid treatment of symptoms of prolapsed lumbar disc, which appeared to be promising, dexamethasone phosphate was tested in a controlled, double-blind clinical study. 52 patients were included in the study: 25 received dexamethasone phosphate, 24 received placebo and 3 patients dropped out. Upon termination of the study the two groups were found to be comparable as to age, sex, duration of symptoms and degree of heavy work. We were not able to demonstrate any effect of dexamethasone phosphate on the following parameters pain, paraesthesia, paresismuscular weakness, disturbances of reflexes, and Laseque. Nor was there any difference in the length of hospitalization.", "PMID": 386492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7446", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. III. Quantitative measurements of the quality of survival. A prospective randomized study of the result of therapy in inoperable patients with localized disease.", "content": "Fifty-four bronchial carcinoma patients in clinico-anatomical stages 1-3 of the disease (localized disease) were randomly assigned to groups for radiotherapy, cyclophosphamide and placebo treatment, respectively. The results were assessed by the survival time and the quality of survival. The median survival time was 6.7 months for radiotherapy, 12.4 months for cyclophosphamide and 11.3 months for placebo. The median total sum of vitagram points was 44.5 for radiotherapy, 90.2 for cyclophosphamide and 81.8 for placebo. When calculated per month, the median sum of vitagram points was 6.2 for radiotherapy, 6.6 for cyclophosphamide and 7.0 for placebo. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups with respect to average survival time and and average vitagram point sums.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. III. Quantitative measurements of the quality of survival. A prospective randomized study of the result of therapy in inoperable patients with localized disease. Fifty-four bronchial carcinoma patients in clinico-anatomical stages 1-3 of the disease (localized disease) were randomly assigned to groups for radiotherapy, cyclophosphamide and placebo treatment, respectively. The results were assessed by the survival time and the quality of survival. The median survival time was 6.7 months for radiotherapy, 12.4 months for cyclophosphamide and 11.3 months for placebo. The median total sum of vitagram points was 44.5 for radiotherapy, 90.2 for cyclophosphamide and 81.8 for placebo. When calculated per month, the median sum of vitagram points was 6.2 for radiotherapy, 6.6 for cyclophosphamide and 7.0 for placebo. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups with respect to average survival time and and average vitagram point sums.", "PMID": 386494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7447", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus--clinical aspects and laboratory findings].", "content": "In a retrospective multicenter study 106 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis were analyzed who had had the disease for an average of 8.6 years, and from whom an average of 8 sera were tested within 3 years for current immunologic parameters. Cumulative clinical data showed arthropathies in 86% of the patients, exanthema (67%), cytopenia (58%), and involvement of the kidney (45%), lung (43%) and heart (24%). In at least 1 serum per patient the following immune abnormalities were found: antinuclear antibodies (98%), anti-native DNA (92%), low C3 (71%), low C4 (82%), circulated immunocomplexes (70%) and cold lymphocytotoxins (46%). A clinical score and an immunological score was introduced and the two items were compared: the immune data from a single serum do not provide long-range prognostic information. The present disease state is best reflected by the total immune score, C3 and C4 with, however, many exceptions. Within the disease course of some SLE patients, periods were observed during which no pathological immune serologic data are measureable. This phenomenon may pose diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus--clinical aspects and laboratory findings]. In a retrospective multicenter study 106 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis were analyzed who had had the disease for an average of 8.6 years, and from whom an average of 8 sera were tested within 3 years for current immunologic parameters. Cumulative clinical data showed arthropathies in 86% of the patients, exanthema (67%), cytopenia (58%), and involvement of the kidney (45%), lung (43%) and heart (24%). In at least 1 serum per patient the following immune abnormalities were found: antinuclear antibodies (98%), anti-native DNA (92%), low C3 (71%), low C4 (82%), circulated immunocomplexes (70%) and cold lymphocytotoxins (46%). A clinical score and an immunological score was introduced and the two items were compared: the immune data from a single serum do not provide long-range prognostic information. The present disease state is best reflected by the total immune score, C3 and C4 with, however, many exceptions. Within the disease course of some SLE patients, periods were observed during which no pathological immune serologic data are measureable. This phenomenon may pose diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 386495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7448", "title": "Cold lymphocytotoxins in connective tissue disorders.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with various connective tissue disorders, 5 relatives of patients and 26 members of staff from the Centre for Rheumatic Diseases were studied for the presence in their sera of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Antibodies were found in 71 percent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 27 per cent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 0 per cent of the small group of relatives and 3.8 per cent of the controls. Absorption studies did not show T or B specificity of the antibodies. The control group, working in close proximity to the patients or their sera did not show any increased incidence of antibodies as compared to control groups of other studies. Red blood cell anti I or HI was found in the sera of 28 per cent of those with cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies. No correlation was found between the presence of the antibodies and number of blood transfusions or pregnancies, increasing age, R3 titre or antinuclear factor.", "contents": "Cold lymphocytotoxins in connective tissue disorders. Sixty-eight patients with various connective tissue disorders, 5 relatives of patients and 26 members of staff from the Centre for Rheumatic Diseases were studied for the presence in their sera of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Antibodies were found in 71 percent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 27 per cent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 0 per cent of the small group of relatives and 3.8 per cent of the controls. Absorption studies did not show T or B specificity of the antibodies. The control group, working in close proximity to the patients or their sera did not show any increased incidence of antibodies as compared to control groups of other studies. Red blood cell anti I or HI was found in the sera of 28 per cent of those with cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies. No correlation was found between the presence of the antibodies and number of blood transfusions or pregnancies, increasing age, R3 titre or antinuclear factor.", "PMID": 386498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7449", "title": "Antibacterial prophylaxis--a clinician's view.", "content": "The principles of antibacterial prophylaxis and its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed. Controlled trials have shown chemoprophylaxis to be beneficial notably in preventing recurrences of rheumatic carditis and urinary infections and in controlling sepsis after cardiac and hip joint surgery and mid thigh amputations. The recently introduced metronidazole prophylaxis for gastrointestinal and gynaecological operations appears highly effective. The use of prophylaxis is briefly discussed in other situations where its value is less certain or where, in the author's opinion, it is contraindicated.", "contents": "Antibacterial prophylaxis--a clinician's view. The principles of antibacterial prophylaxis and its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed. Controlled trials have shown chemoprophylaxis to be beneficial notably in preventing recurrences of rheumatic carditis and urinary infections and in controlling sepsis after cardiac and hip joint surgery and mid thigh amputations. The recently introduced metronidazole prophylaxis for gastrointestinal and gynaecological operations appears highly effective. The use of prophylaxis is briefly discussed in other situations where its value is less certain or where, in the author's opinion, it is contraindicated.", "PMID": 386502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7450", "title": "Overview of some aspects of occurrence, formation and analysis of nitrosamines.", "content": "This review principally addresses a number of aspects of the occurrence and formation of the nitrosamines, highlighting principal areas of potential concern ranging from the spectrum of nitrosatable moieties found in the environment (e.g., secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, ureas, carbamates and guanidines), specific examples of nitrosamines found in food, alcoholic beverages, feed (and their significance for carcinogenesis bioassays), air and water. The factors influencing in vitro and in vivo nitrosation and the evidence for the latter in man are also discussed. Additionally, germane areas of the analysis of nitrosamines are reviewed with a focus on the major areas of concern and requirements of extreme sensitivity and selectivity in addition to the problems of artifacts in the analytical procedures.", "contents": "Overview of some aspects of occurrence, formation and analysis of nitrosamines. This review principally addresses a number of aspects of the occurrence and formation of the nitrosamines, highlighting principal areas of potential concern ranging from the spectrum of nitrosatable moieties found in the environment (e.g., secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, ureas, carbamates and guanidines), specific examples of nitrosamines found in food, alcoholic beverages, feed (and their significance for carcinogenesis bioassays), air and water. The factors influencing in vitro and in vivo nitrosation and the evidence for the latter in man are also discussed. Additionally, germane areas of the analysis of nitrosamines are reviewed with a focus on the major areas of concern and requirements of extreme sensitivity and selectivity in addition to the problems of artifacts in the analytical procedures.", "PMID": 386508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7451", "title": "Heparin: an old drug with a new paradigm.", "content": "Recent studies have shown that heparin is a biochemical representative of a distinct class of compounds known as linear anionic polyelectrolytes. Members of this class are mixtures of individual highly negatively charged chains that show a wide spectrum of specific reactions with biologically active proteins. Upon administration, heparin chains enter a cellular pool and effectively prevent thrombosis by increasing the electronegative potential of the vessel wall. Anticoagulant activity is an unusual feature of a few heparin chains and appears to play a minor role in many clinical uses and in physiological and pathological responses.", "contents": "Heparin: an old drug with a new paradigm. Recent studies have shown that heparin is a biochemical representative of a distinct class of compounds known as linear anionic polyelectrolytes. Members of this class are mixtures of individual highly negatively charged chains that show a wide spectrum of specific reactions with biologically active proteins. Upon administration, heparin chains enter a cellular pool and effectively prevent thrombosis by increasing the electronegative potential of the vessel wall. Anticoagulant activity is an unusual feature of a few heparin chains and appears to play a minor role in many clinical uses and in physiological and pathological responses.", "PMID": 386509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7452", "title": "Antibodies to sporozoites: their frequent occurrence in individuals living in an area of hyperendemic malaria.", "content": "Serum samples from 158 West Africans were tested for antibodies against sporozoites, the vector stage of the malaria parasite. Antibodies specific for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected by means of the circumsporozoite precipitation assay and indirect immunofluorescence. More than 90 percent of the serum samples from adults gave positive immunofluorescent reactions against falciparum sporozoites, whereas most of the samples from children gave low or negative reactions.", "contents": "Antibodies to sporozoites: their frequent occurrence in individuals living in an area of hyperendemic malaria. Serum samples from 158 West Africans were tested for antibodies against sporozoites, the vector stage of the malaria parasite. Antibodies specific for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected by means of the circumsporozoite precipitation assay and indirect immunofluorescence. More than 90 percent of the serum samples from adults gave positive immunofluorescent reactions against falciparum sporozoites, whereas most of the samples from children gave low or negative reactions.", "PMID": 386511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7453", "title": "Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway.", "content": "Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were treated in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium with ten different membrane-active toxins. In all cases more than half the cells were killed in 1 to 6 hours in the presence but not in the absence of extracellular calcium. An effect of calcium on the primary mechanism of membrane injury by any of the agents cannot be implicated. Viability, as determined by trypan blue exclusion correlated well with other indices of viability such as plating efficiency and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. It is concluded that the cells are killed by processes that involve at least two steps. In each type of injury, disruption of the integrity of the plasma membrane by widely differing mechanisms is followed by a common functional consequence involving extracellular calcium, and most likely representing an influx of calcium across the damaged plasma membrane and down a steep concentration gradient. This later step represents, or at least initiates, a final common pathway for the toxic death of these cells.", "contents": "Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway. Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were treated in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium with ten different membrane-active toxins. In all cases more than half the cells were killed in 1 to 6 hours in the presence but not in the absence of extracellular calcium. An effect of calcium on the primary mechanism of membrane injury by any of the agents cannot be implicated. Viability, as determined by trypan blue exclusion correlated well with other indices of viability such as plating efficiency and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. It is concluded that the cells are killed by processes that involve at least two steps. In each type of injury, disruption of the integrity of the plasma membrane by widely differing mechanisms is followed by a common functional consequence involving extracellular calcium, and most likely representing an influx of calcium across the damaged plasma membrane and down a steep concentration gradient. This later step represents, or at least initiates, a final common pathway for the toxic death of these cells.", "PMID": 386513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7454", "title": "Rapid killing of single neurons by irradiation of intracellularly injected dye.", "content": "A simple technique for rapidly killing all or part of single neurons consists of filling the cell with Lucifer Yellow CH and irradiating all or part of it with intense blue light. Such treatment kills the irradiated part of the cell within a few minutes. Adjacent cells are not affected.", "contents": "Rapid killing of single neurons by irradiation of intracellularly injected dye. A simple technique for rapidly killing all or part of single neurons consists of filling the cell with Lucifer Yellow CH and irradiating all or part of it with intense blue light. Such treatment kills the irradiated part of the cell within a few minutes. Adjacent cells are not affected.", "PMID": 386514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7455", "title": "Rheumatic syndromes in endocrine disease.", "content": "It is not widely appreciated that endocrine disease may present primarily as rheumatic syndromes, sometimes spectacular in onset, more commonly insidious and subtle, making their true recognition difficult. The underlying hormonal, biochemical, and metabolic events have understandable reflection in the structure and function of bone, joint, and muscle.", "contents": "Rheumatic syndromes in endocrine disease. It is not widely appreciated that endocrine disease may present primarily as rheumatic syndromes, sometimes spectacular in onset, more commonly insidious and subtle, making their true recognition difficult. The underlying hormonal, biochemical, and metabolic events have understandable reflection in the structure and function of bone, joint, and muscle.", "PMID": 386520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7456", "title": "Pharmacology of the neonate.", "content": "Drugs need not necessarily be administered directly to the neonate, but may reach the newborn infant as a result of drug administration to the mother during gestation, at parturition, or during the course of lactation. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the neonate are discussed. Differences between the neonate and the adult in this regard are outlined. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of specific drugs to which the neonate may be exposed are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacology of the neonate. Drugs need not necessarily be administered directly to the neonate, but may reach the newborn infant as a result of drug administration to the mother during gestation, at parturition, or during the course of lactation. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the neonate are discussed. Differences between the neonate and the adult in this regard are outlined. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of specific drugs to which the neonate may be exposed are discussed.", "PMID": 386526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7457", "title": "Rudolf Virchow and Heinrich Schliemann. An essay on the friendship of two great men.", "content": "This essay briefly relates the great friendship between two great men whose origins and curricula vitae differed exceedingly, but whose common scientific interest in archaeology was to unite them closely. Virchow, a medical doctor, and Schliemann, a doctor of science, were able eventually to secure safekeeping for the Trojan treasure discovered by Schliemann, whose contributions to the culture of our Western civilization have not been surpassed. What has happened to the Trojan treasure since the occupation of Berlin is a question still unanswered.", "contents": "Rudolf Virchow and Heinrich Schliemann. An essay on the friendship of two great men. This essay briefly relates the great friendship between two great men whose origins and curricula vitae differed exceedingly, but whose common scientific interest in archaeology was to unite them closely. Virchow, a medical doctor, and Schliemann, a doctor of science, were able eventually to secure safekeeping for the Trojan treasure discovered by Schliemann, whose contributions to the culture of our Western civilization have not been surpassed. What has happened to the Trojan treasure since the occupation of Berlin is a question still unanswered.", "PMID": 386527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7458", "title": "The diabetic foot.", "content": "Modern thought regarding the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of the 'diabetic foot' is reviewed. The interplay of the triad of ischaemia, neuropathy and infection is emphasized throughout. Management is directed at maintaining or providing a pain-free, working foot.", "contents": "The diabetic foot. Modern thought regarding the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of the 'diabetic foot' is reviewed. The interplay of the triad of ischaemia, neuropathy and infection is emphasized throughout. Management is directed at maintaining or providing a pain-free, working foot.", "PMID": 386529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7459", "title": "In defence of ancient bloodletting.", "content": "The ancients used bloodletting extensively in infectious and other diseases. When recent work on iron and bacterial infection is taken into account, it is possible to argue that bloodletting, which reduced plasma iron and transferrin saturation, might have been of value in increasing resistance to infection by bacteria or plasmodia. Galen's bloodletting methods are summarized, and their probable effect on plasma iron is considered. The ancient physicans who had no specific remedies for infection whatsoever, may well have been justified in making responsible use of bloodletting, both for the treatment and for the prophylaxis of infectious disease.", "contents": "In defence of ancient bloodletting. The ancients used bloodletting extensively in infectious and other diseases. When recent work on iron and bacterial infection is taken into account, it is possible to argue that bloodletting, which reduced plasma iron and transferrin saturation, might have been of value in increasing resistance to infection by bacteria or plasmodia. Galen's bloodletting methods are summarized, and their probable effect on plasma iron is considered. The ancient physicans who had no specific remedies for infection whatsoever, may well have been justified in making responsible use of bloodletting, both for the treatment and for the prophylaxis of infectious disease.", "PMID": 386531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7460", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis-induced urethritis in female partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "The rate of isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from cervical and urethral specimens from 99 culture-positive female partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis who were attending a gynecological outpatient clinic was correlated with the clinical status of the women. The agent was recovered from both sites in 46 women, from the cervix only in 28, and from the urethra only in 25 women. Urethral symptoms were reported by 38 (54%) of those with positive urethral cultures, as compared with six (21%) of those with positive cervical cultures only (P less than 0.01). Significant bacteriuria was found in only three patients with urethral symptoms; two of them had negative urethral cultures for C. trachomatis. Frequencies of cervicitis, rises in titer of antibody, and geometric mean titers of immunofluorescent antibody to C. trachomatis did not differ significantly among the three groups.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis-induced urethritis in female partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis. The rate of isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from cervical and urethral specimens from 99 culture-positive female partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis who were attending a gynecological outpatient clinic was correlated with the clinical status of the women. The agent was recovered from both sites in 46 women, from the cervix only in 28, and from the urethra only in 25 women. Urethral symptoms were reported by 38 (54%) of those with positive urethral cultures, as compared with six (21%) of those with positive cervical cultures only (P less than 0.01). Significant bacteriuria was found in only three patients with urethral symptoms; two of them had negative urethral cultures for C. trachomatis. Frequencies of cervicitis, rises in titer of antibody, and geometric mean titers of immunofluorescent antibody to C. trachomatis did not differ significantly among the three groups.", "PMID": 386533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7461", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to Treponema pallidum.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed for the detection of antibodies to Treponema pallidum. The source of antigen used was T. pallidum (Nichols strain), which was specifically bound to the solid phase by use of rabbit antibody to T. pallidum (Nichols strain). The solid-phase system for this RIA test is the well of a microtiter plate. Preliminary data suggest that the RIA procedure is sensitive and specific and might be a useful addition to the research tools and serologic tests used in the study and diagnosis of syphilis.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to Treponema pallidum. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed for the detection of antibodies to Treponema pallidum. The source of antigen used was T. pallidum (Nichols strain), which was specifically bound to the solid phase by use of rabbit antibody to T. pallidum (Nichols strain). The solid-phase system for this RIA test is the well of a microtiter plate. Preliminary data suggest that the RIA procedure is sensitive and specific and might be a useful addition to the research tools and serologic tests used in the study and diagnosis of syphilis.", "PMID": 386532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7462", "title": "Comparison of ampicillin plus probenecid with amoxicillin plus probenecid for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea.", "content": "The efficacy of 3 g of amoxicillin plus 1 g of probenecid was compared with the efficacy of 3.5 g of ampicillin plus 1 g of probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. In a clinical trial no therapeutic failure was seen among 60 patients who were treated with the former regimen. The combination of ampicillin plus probenecid resulted in two therapeutic failures (3.6%) among the 55 patients given it. It was concluded that amoxicillin plus probenecid is as effective as ampicillin plus probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea.", "contents": "Comparison of ampicillin plus probenecid with amoxicillin plus probenecid for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. The efficacy of 3 g of amoxicillin plus 1 g of probenecid was compared with the efficacy of 3.5 g of ampicillin plus 1 g of probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. In a clinical trial no therapeutic failure was seen among 60 patients who were treated with the former regimen. The combination of ampicillin plus probenecid resulted in two therapeutic failures (3.6%) among the 55 patients given it. It was concluded that amoxicillin plus probenecid is as effective as ampicillin plus probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea.", "PMID": 386534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7463", "title": "Lung bacterial clearance following pulmonary contusion.", "content": "Bacterial infections frequently,complicate pulmonary contusion and are the leading cause of death in such patients. This study evaluated the effects of pulmonary contusion alone and contusion associated with other factors on the ability to clear aerosolized bacteria from the lung. Lung bacterial clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in animals with isolated pulmonary contusion, or contusion associated with blood loss, rapid crystalloid infusion, or steroid administration. An isolated pulmonary contusion produced no impairment of the ability of the contused lung to clear either gram-negative or gram-positive organisms. The addition of acute blood loss and crystalloid infusion resulted in decreased clearance from the contused lung; steroid administration caused a marked depression in lung bacterial clearance from the noninjured lung as well. The canine model described allowed for study of regional differences in bacterial clearance. The data presented support several conclusions; (1) the contused lung is not more susceptible to bacterial infection than the normal lung: (2) acute blood loss renders the contused lung less able to clear bacteria; (3) crystalloid infusion markedly depresses lung bacterial clearance; and (4) steroids have a deleterious antibacterial effect on both contused and noncontused lungs.", "contents": "Lung bacterial clearance following pulmonary contusion. Bacterial infections frequently,complicate pulmonary contusion and are the leading cause of death in such patients. This study evaluated the effects of pulmonary contusion alone and contusion associated with other factors on the ability to clear aerosolized bacteria from the lung. Lung bacterial clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in animals with isolated pulmonary contusion, or contusion associated with blood loss, rapid crystalloid infusion, or steroid administration. An isolated pulmonary contusion produced no impairment of the ability of the contused lung to clear either gram-negative or gram-positive organisms. The addition of acute blood loss and crystalloid infusion resulted in decreased clearance from the contused lung; steroid administration caused a marked depression in lung bacterial clearance from the noninjured lung as well. The canine model described allowed for study of regional differences in bacterial clearance. The data presented support several conclusions; (1) the contused lung is not more susceptible to bacterial infection than the normal lung: (2) acute blood loss renders the contused lung less able to clear bacteria; (3) crystalloid infusion markedly depresses lung bacterial clearance; and (4) steroids have a deleterious antibacterial effect on both contused and noncontused lungs.", "PMID": 386541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7464", "title": "Splenorrhaphy: changing concepts for the traumatized spleen.", "content": "Established doctrine dictating splenectomy for the traumatized spleen has come under considerable critism since the report of fatal postsplenectomy sepsis by King and Shumacher in 1952. With expanding knowledge of immunologic and physiologic function, splenectomized persons have been proven at risk in different areas, but the most important impetus for splenic preservation has been the observation of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis. Several reports have confirmed this concern, with a documented increase in morbidity and death of splenectomized patients of 50 to 200 times the normal. Successful results with surgical repair of traumatized spleens have been reported, experimentally and clinically proving excellent healing capabilities. It is not uncommon to frequently find little if any active bleeding with such injuries; in fact, even significant bleeding can be controlled with splenic salvage. Several different techniques to accomplish this have been reported. These are reviewed, two new successful and previously unreported techniques are outlined in detail, and statistical information supporting the use of these techniques is presented.", "contents": "Splenorrhaphy: changing concepts for the traumatized spleen. Established doctrine dictating splenectomy for the traumatized spleen has come under considerable critism since the report of fatal postsplenectomy sepsis by King and Shumacher in 1952. With expanding knowledge of immunologic and physiologic function, splenectomized persons have been proven at risk in different areas, but the most important impetus for splenic preservation has been the observation of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis. Several reports have confirmed this concern, with a documented increase in morbidity and death of splenectomized patients of 50 to 200 times the normal. Successful results with surgical repair of traumatized spleens have been reported, experimentally and clinically proving excellent healing capabilities. It is not uncommon to frequently find little if any active bleeding with such injuries; in fact, even significant bleeding can be controlled with splenic salvage. Several different techniques to accomplish this have been reported. These are reviewed, two new successful and previously unreported techniques are outlined in detail, and statistical information supporting the use of these techniques is presented.", "PMID": 386543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7465", "title": "Detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is presented for the detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces. False-positive reactions were not observed with K99-negative strains and with several viral antigens. Only bovine coronavirus caused slight positive reactions which could be eliminated by a blocking test. As compared with the conventional procedure for the detection of the K99 antigen, ELISA seemed to be a least as sensitive and had the advantage that samples could be stored at --20 degrees C before testing. In addition many samples could be handled at the same time and the results became available quickly. By carrying out the assay as a blocking test, specific antibody against K99 in serum or colostrum could be detected and titrated.", "contents": "Detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is presented for the detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces. False-positive reactions were not observed with K99-negative strains and with several viral antigens. Only bovine coronavirus caused slight positive reactions which could be eliminated by a blocking test. As compared with the conventional procedure for the detection of the K99 antigen, ELISA seemed to be a least as sensitive and had the advantage that samples could be stored at --20 degrees C before testing. In addition many samples could be handled at the same time and the results became available quickly. By carrying out the assay as a blocking test, specific antibody against K99 in serum or colostrum could be detected and titrated.", "PMID": 386563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7466", "title": "The immune response to vasectomy and its relation to the HLA system.", "content": "We examined 188 men who had undergone vasectomy up to 6 years previously and, for comparative purposes, 100 men who were about to undergo the operation. Blood specimens were available from a total of 283 men. Sperm antibody assays using immunofluorescence, microagglutination, and microimmobilization confirmed that the prevalance of several types of antibody is higher after vasectomy. Immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies appeared to be the most important. Trends in antibody prevalence according to the time after the operation were analyzed. Screening against lymphocytes and lymphoid lines showed that the anti-sperm activity of era was not related to anti-HLA or anti-Ia activity. Associations were examined between different types of sperm antibody, and between these antibodies and autoantibodies to other antigens. When antibody prevalence was studied in relation to HLA types, the HLA antigen A28 was found to be strongly associated with production of head agglutinating antibody (and immobilizing and immunofluorescent equatorial antibodies) after vasectomy. This is one of the first clear-cut examples of antibody production associated with the HLA system.", "contents": "The immune response to vasectomy and its relation to the HLA system. We examined 188 men who had undergone vasectomy up to 6 years previously and, for comparative purposes, 100 men who were about to undergo the operation. Blood specimens were available from a total of 283 men. Sperm antibody assays using immunofluorescence, microagglutination, and microimmobilization confirmed that the prevalance of several types of antibody is higher after vasectomy. Immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies appeared to be the most important. Trends in antibody prevalence according to the time after the operation were analyzed. Screening against lymphocytes and lymphoid lines showed that the anti-sperm activity of era was not related to anti-HLA or anti-Ia activity. Associations were examined between different types of sperm antibody, and between these antibodies and autoantibodies to other antigens. When antibody prevalence was studied in relation to HLA types, the HLA antigen A28 was found to be strongly associated with production of head agglutinating antibody (and immobilizing and immunofluorescent equatorial antibodies) after vasectomy. This is one of the first clear-cut examples of antibody production associated with the HLA system.", "PMID": 386565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7467", "title": "Effects of desensitization on different kinds of in vitro PPD-induced response of lymph node lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs rendered hypersensitive to tuberculin 2 to 3 weeks (early stage) or 10 to 14 weeks (late stage) after sensitization with complete Freund's adjuvant could be completely desensitized by a single or double injections of a sufficient amount of PPD (purified protein derivative). Lymph node cells from such desensitized animals 48 to 72 hr after the challenge showed a considerable reduction of the ability to produce blastogenic factor and skin reactive factor upon PPD-stimulation, whereas the macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity remained still unaffected. As regards antigen-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, lymph node cells from animals desensitized in the late stage after sensitization showed no substantial reduction in the degree of enhanced DNA synthesis upon PPD-stimulation, although the desensitization in the early stage resulted in a significant loss of this activity. These results suggest the possibility that desensitizing challenge does not bring about a uniform and regular effect on every lymphocyte subpopulations relevant to different functions and, in addition, indicate that there are some exceptions to the compartmentalization concept of antigen-reactive lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effects of desensitization on different kinds of in vitro PPD-induced response of lymph node lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. Guinea pigs rendered hypersensitive to tuberculin 2 to 3 weeks (early stage) or 10 to 14 weeks (late stage) after sensitization with complete Freund's adjuvant could be completely desensitized by a single or double injections of a sufficient amount of PPD (purified protein derivative). Lymph node cells from such desensitized animals 48 to 72 hr after the challenge showed a considerable reduction of the ability to produce blastogenic factor and skin reactive factor upon PPD-stimulation, whereas the macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity remained still unaffected. As regards antigen-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, lymph node cells from animals desensitized in the late stage after sensitization showed no substantial reduction in the degree of enhanced DNA synthesis upon PPD-stimulation, although the desensitization in the early stage resulted in a significant loss of this activity. These results suggest the possibility that desensitizing challenge does not bring about a uniform and regular effect on every lymphocyte subpopulations relevant to different functions and, in addition, indicate that there are some exceptions to the compartmentalization concept of antigen-reactive lymphocytes.", "PMID": 386567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7468", "title": "Prolonged survival time of allogeneic skin grafts in host pretreated with somatic cell hybrids and prednisolone.", "content": "By applying somatic cell hybrids to transplantation immunity, the prolongation of survival time of mouse skin allografts was investigated. The hybrid cells (LJ) were made by cell fusion between L cells derived from C3H/He mouse and JLS-V9 cells derived from BALB/c mouse with UV-irradiated Sendai viruses. Skin grafts from female (C3H/He . JmsX BALB/c . Slc) F1 donors were transplanted to male BALB/c . Slc. The survival of the transplant in BALB/c pretreated with the LJ cells and prednisolone showed a significant prolongation, compared with that in animals pretreated with only prednisolone or the LJ cells. The mean survival time and standard deviation of the grafts in mice injected with 1 X 10(5) LJ cells i.v. 4 days before the grafting, and subsequently treated with prednisolone 50 mg/kg i.p. 1 day before and at the time of the grafting were 17.3 +/- 2.2 days. Controls were 9.2 +/- 0.4 days. The mechanisms of prolongation of skin grafts were discussed in terms of cell-mediated immunity and humoral factors. Somatic cell hybrids are useful, not only for inducing immunological enhancement, but also for studying the function of major histocompatibility antigens in cellular immunity and can be applied to clinical organ transplantation.", "contents": "Prolonged survival time of allogeneic skin grafts in host pretreated with somatic cell hybrids and prednisolone. By applying somatic cell hybrids to transplantation immunity, the prolongation of survival time of mouse skin allografts was investigated. The hybrid cells (LJ) were made by cell fusion between L cells derived from C3H/He mouse and JLS-V9 cells derived from BALB/c mouse with UV-irradiated Sendai viruses. Skin grafts from female (C3H/He . JmsX BALB/c . Slc) F1 donors were transplanted to male BALB/c . Slc. The survival of the transplant in BALB/c pretreated with the LJ cells and prednisolone showed a significant prolongation, compared with that in animals pretreated with only prednisolone or the LJ cells. The mean survival time and standard deviation of the grafts in mice injected with 1 X 10(5) LJ cells i.v. 4 days before the grafting, and subsequently treated with prednisolone 50 mg/kg i.p. 1 day before and at the time of the grafting were 17.3 +/- 2.2 days. Controls were 9.2 +/- 0.4 days. The mechanisms of prolongation of skin grafts were discussed in terms of cell-mediated immunity and humoral factors. Somatic cell hybrids are useful, not only for inducing immunological enhancement, but also for studying the function of major histocompatibility antigens in cellular immunity and can be applied to clinical organ transplantation.", "PMID": 386568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7469", "title": "[Impression taking in the edentulous mouth with special regard to closed mouth impression with simultaneous determination of the jaw relation].", "content": "In view of the increase in mean life expectancy and in the need for care in the gerostomatological sphere, more attention must be paid to such methods which optimize the construction of full dentures from the anatomico-pathological viewpoint, exert a rationalizing effect, and are likely to improve the success rate in the treatment of edentulous patients. The method of closed mouth impression and simultaneous determination of the jaw relation refers to well-proved principles of impression making, considers new findings concerning the determination of the jaw relation, incorporates modern materials and instruments, and forms the system character of clinico-technological measures.", "contents": "[Impression taking in the edentulous mouth with special regard to closed mouth impression with simultaneous determination of the jaw relation]. In view of the increase in mean life expectancy and in the need for care in the gerostomatological sphere, more attention must be paid to such methods which optimize the construction of full dentures from the anatomico-pathological viewpoint, exert a rationalizing effect, and are likely to improve the success rate in the treatment of edentulous patients. The method of closed mouth impression and simultaneous determination of the jaw relation refers to well-proved principles of impression making, considers new findings concerning the determination of the jaw relation, incorporates modern materials and instruments, and forms the system character of clinico-technological measures.", "PMID": 386578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7470", "title": "Effects of HLA-A and B matching on success of cadaver grafts at a single center.", "content": "The effect of HLA matching on the success of cadaver renal allografts was examined utilizing computerized multifactoral analysis in a large single renal transplant center. One hundred ninety-one consecutive cadaver transplant recipients (from January 1968 to August 1975) were followed from 2 1/2 to 9 years. During the period surveyed we had not utilized the tissue typing results in a prospective manner to select recipients. The data presented attest to the beneficial effect of utilizing well matched cadaver grafts. HLA matching of two or more antigens results in significantly superior 2- and 4-year patient survival and graft function compared to results for cadaver kidneys matched for zero and one HLA antigen. The results are not greatly influenced when age, sex, or time of transplant are controlled. The importance of tissue typing is particularly clear if higher doses of antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) are administered. The risk inherent in advancing recipient age is markedly reduced by better transplant matches. Graft function is also superior in the diabetic patients receiving good HLA matches, but there are too few patients to make these results statistically significant.", "contents": "Effects of HLA-A and B matching on success of cadaver grafts at a single center. The effect of HLA matching on the success of cadaver renal allografts was examined utilizing computerized multifactoral analysis in a large single renal transplant center. One hundred ninety-one consecutive cadaver transplant recipients (from January 1968 to August 1975) were followed from 2 1/2 to 9 years. During the period surveyed we had not utilized the tissue typing results in a prospective manner to select recipients. The data presented attest to the beneficial effect of utilizing well matched cadaver grafts. HLA matching of two or more antigens results in significantly superior 2- and 4-year patient survival and graft function compared to results for cadaver kidneys matched for zero and one HLA antigen. The results are not greatly influenced when age, sex, or time of transplant are controlled. The importance of tissue typing is particularly clear if higher doses of antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) are administered. The risk inherent in advancing recipient age is markedly reduced by better transplant matches. Graft function is also superior in the diabetic patients receiving good HLA matches, but there are too few patients to make these results statistically significant.", "PMID": 386581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7471", "title": "Cross-reactive antibodies against human cultured B cells and bovine erythrocytes in human renal transplantation sera.", "content": "Sera of 58 recipients of renal allografts were studied for the presence of antibodies against cell cultures of human B lymphoid cell lines (B-LCL) and bovine erythrocytes (BRBC). Cytotoxic anti-B-LCL antibodies were found in 13% of the sera from recipients with the grafts and in 67% of the sera obtained after removal of the rejected grafts. Most of these sera also contained BRBC lysins of high titers. Absorption studies showed that the anti-B-LCL antibodies are directed against antigens shared by BRBC and that they can be absorbed with corresponding graft tissues. The specificity of BRBC lysins found in some of the transplantation sera was shown to be similar to that of Hanutziu-Deicher antibodies.", "contents": "Cross-reactive antibodies against human cultured B cells and bovine erythrocytes in human renal transplantation sera. Sera of 58 recipients of renal allografts were studied for the presence of antibodies against cell cultures of human B lymphoid cell lines (B-LCL) and bovine erythrocytes (BRBC). Cytotoxic anti-B-LCL antibodies were found in 13% of the sera from recipients with the grafts and in 67% of the sera obtained after removal of the rejected grafts. Most of these sera also contained BRBC lysins of high titers. Absorption studies showed that the anti-B-LCL antibodies are directed against antigens shared by BRBC and that they can be absorbed with corresponding graft tissues. The specificity of BRBC lysins found in some of the transplantation sera was shown to be similar to that of Hanutziu-Deicher antibodies.", "PMID": 386583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7472", "title": "Privileged status of the subcutaneous site for skin allografts in rats.", "content": "Evidence is presented that in rats the subcutaneous site can extend privilege to both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible (FI X DA)F1 leads to FI and MHC-compatible LEW leads to FI skin allografts, approximately doubling the median survival time of similar grafts transplanted orthotopically. Unlike graft dosage, \"gene\" dosage was an important variable in that grafts from (FI X DA)F1 donors significantly outlived those from DA strain donors. Prior splenectomy of the hosts did not prejudice the capacity of their subcutaneous sites to extend privilege. It was found that the hemagglutinin response incited by subcutaneous grafts was significantly delayed compared with that evoked by similar grafts transplanted orthotopically or intraperitoneally. This observation, coupled with our inability to demonstrate the passage of India ink to regional lymph nodes after its injection into the dermis of established subcutaneous grafts of syngenic skin, is consistent with the concept that poor endowment of the subcutaneous milieu with both blood and lymph vessels is the principal factor underlying its hospitality to allografts.", "contents": "Privileged status of the subcutaneous site for skin allografts in rats. Evidence is presented that in rats the subcutaneous site can extend privilege to both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible (FI X DA)F1 leads to FI and MHC-compatible LEW leads to FI skin allografts, approximately doubling the median survival time of similar grafts transplanted orthotopically. Unlike graft dosage, \"gene\" dosage was an important variable in that grafts from (FI X DA)F1 donors significantly outlived those from DA strain donors. Prior splenectomy of the hosts did not prejudice the capacity of their subcutaneous sites to extend privilege. It was found that the hemagglutinin response incited by subcutaneous grafts was significantly delayed compared with that evoked by similar grafts transplanted orthotopically or intraperitoneally. This observation, coupled with our inability to demonstrate the passage of India ink to regional lymph nodes after its injection into the dermis of established subcutaneous grafts of syngenic skin, is consistent with the concept that poor endowment of the subcutaneous milieu with both blood and lymph vessels is the principal factor underlying its hospitality to allografts.", "PMID": 386584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7473", "title": "Immune responses to organ allografts. II. Decreased B cell responses to cardiac allografts in rats pretreated with enhancing, suppressor cell, or T lymphocyte depletion protocols.", "content": "Primarily vascularized LBN cardiac allografts transplanted to LEW rats are rejected 6 to 8 days after transplantation. Immunoperoxidase stains for cells producing immunoglobulin (Ig) demonstrate a proliferation of Ig-containing immunoblasts in the splenic red pulp (RP) and peripheral periarterial sheath (PAS) within 2 days after transplantation. These immunoblasts differentiate into plasma cells that triple the RP volume by the time of rejection. By 14 days, the plasma cells are replaced by mitotically active large and small lymphocytes with no demonstrable cytoplasmic Ig. Splenic Ig production is followed by a venous vasculitis in the graft and by the appearance of circulating cytotoxic antibodies 5 days after grafting. Three biological methods of prolonging cardiac graft survival were found to derange this sequence of immunological reactions at different stages. Enhancement by antigen and antibody pretreatment of the recipient elicited a premature production of Ig that subsided and was not reinitiated by cardiac transplantation. Transfer of suppression with thymocytes from enhanced cardiac recipients temporarily inhibited differentiation of splenic B cells into immunoblasts and plasma cells. T cell depletion by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution also decreased the plasma cell response, possibly by removing helper cells required to switch IgM production to IgG. These studies reemphasize the importance of Ig production in the complex interaction of immune reactions leading to acute rejection of organ transplants.", "contents": "Immune responses to organ allografts. II. Decreased B cell responses to cardiac allografts in rats pretreated with enhancing, suppressor cell, or T lymphocyte depletion protocols. Primarily vascularized LBN cardiac allografts transplanted to LEW rats are rejected 6 to 8 days after transplantation. Immunoperoxidase stains for cells producing immunoglobulin (Ig) demonstrate a proliferation of Ig-containing immunoblasts in the splenic red pulp (RP) and peripheral periarterial sheath (PAS) within 2 days after transplantation. These immunoblasts differentiate into plasma cells that triple the RP volume by the time of rejection. By 14 days, the plasma cells are replaced by mitotically active large and small lymphocytes with no demonstrable cytoplasmic Ig. Splenic Ig production is followed by a venous vasculitis in the graft and by the appearance of circulating cytotoxic antibodies 5 days after grafting. Three biological methods of prolonging cardiac graft survival were found to derange this sequence of immunological reactions at different stages. Enhancement by antigen and antibody pretreatment of the recipient elicited a premature production of Ig that subsided and was not reinitiated by cardiac transplantation. Transfer of suppression with thymocytes from enhanced cardiac recipients temporarily inhibited differentiation of splenic B cells into immunoblasts and plasma cells. T cell depletion by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution also decreased the plasma cell response, possibly by removing helper cells required to switch IgM production to IgG. These studies reemphasize the importance of Ig production in the complex interaction of immune reactions leading to acute rejection of organ transplants.", "PMID": 386586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7474", "title": "Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on hematological recovery after total body irradiation and autologous marrow infusion in dogs.", "content": "To test the effect of the combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) on hematological recovery after bone marrow transplantation, dogs were conditioned with 1,200 R total body irradiation and then infused with autologous marrow. Twenty dogs were given TMP-SMX at doses equivalent to 10, 20, or 40 mg TMP/kg/day beginning on the day of marrow infusion and continued until the granulocyte count reached 10(3)/mul; in addition, one-half of the dogs received methotrexate, 0.4 mg/kg on days 1, 3, 6, and 11 and then weekly until termination of the study. Granulocyte and platelet changes were compared to those of dogs given 1,200 R, autologous marrow infusion, and no TMP-SMX. Dogs given 10 and 20 mg TMP/kg/day had normal granulocyte and platelet recovery after irradiation. Dogs given 40 mg TMP/kg/day showed a significant delay in granulocyte recovery and mildly delayed platelet recovery. This suggests that TMP-SMX in prophylactic doses (5 mg TMP/kg/day) can be given safely to human patients immediately after allogeneic marrow transplantation and thus probably prevent even very early cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and possibly bacterial infections as well.", "contents": "Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on hematological recovery after total body irradiation and autologous marrow infusion in dogs. To test the effect of the combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) on hematological recovery after bone marrow transplantation, dogs were conditioned with 1,200 R total body irradiation and then infused with autologous marrow. Twenty dogs were given TMP-SMX at doses equivalent to 10, 20, or 40 mg TMP/kg/day beginning on the day of marrow infusion and continued until the granulocyte count reached 10(3)/mul; in addition, one-half of the dogs received methotrexate, 0.4 mg/kg on days 1, 3, 6, and 11 and then weekly until termination of the study. Granulocyte and platelet changes were compared to those of dogs given 1,200 R, autologous marrow infusion, and no TMP-SMX. Dogs given 10 and 20 mg TMP/kg/day had normal granulocyte and platelet recovery after irradiation. Dogs given 40 mg TMP/kg/day showed a significant delay in granulocyte recovery and mildly delayed platelet recovery. This suggests that TMP-SMX in prophylactic doses (5 mg TMP/kg/day) can be given safely to human patients immediately after allogeneic marrow transplantation and thus probably prevent even very early cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and possibly bacterial infections as well.", "PMID": 386587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7475", "title": "5-Fuorouracil cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Two cases of 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity, resulting in one patient in myocardial infarction, are described. A review of the literature confirms that cardiotoxicity is a rare but genuine complication of 5-fluorouracil treatment; the cardiotoxic effect seems to range from mild angina without persistent electrocardiographic changes to severe myocardial infarction. No factors predictive of this complication were identified. The authors therefore feel it is advisable to stop 5-fluorouracil treatment when precordial pain occurs, even if the ECG (after angina) is normal, since angina can in some cases result in myocardial infarction.", "contents": "5-Fuorouracil cardiotoxicity. Two cases of 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity, resulting in one patient in myocardial infarction, are described. A review of the literature confirms that cardiotoxicity is a rare but genuine complication of 5-fluorouracil treatment; the cardiotoxic effect seems to range from mild angina without persistent electrocardiographic changes to severe myocardial infarction. No factors predictive of this complication were identified. The authors therefore feel it is advisable to stop 5-fluorouracil treatment when precordial pain occurs, even if the ECG (after angina) is normal, since angina can in some cases result in myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 386594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7476", "title": "[Determination of auto-antibodies against spermatozoa after vasectomy and epididymectomy by indirect immunofluorescence (author's transl)].", "content": "As a result of successful recanalization of the vas deferens, a low pregnancy rate has been observed. The formation of auto-antibodies is considered as cause. In vasectomized and epididymectomized rats, the presence of auto-antibodies against spermatozoa was proven by indirect immunofluorescence. After uni- and/or bilateral obstruction of the vasa, the formation of antibodies against spermatozoa takes place which - after 2 months - proves to be permanent for 9 months, then showing a decreased titre. An animal model is presented suitable for the study of immunological processes in unilateral gonadal diseases.", "contents": "[Determination of auto-antibodies against spermatozoa after vasectomy and epididymectomy by indirect immunofluorescence (author's transl)]. As a result of successful recanalization of the vas deferens, a low pregnancy rate has been observed. The formation of auto-antibodies is considered as cause. In vasectomized and epididymectomized rats, the presence of auto-antibodies against spermatozoa was proven by indirect immunofluorescence. After uni- and/or bilateral obstruction of the vasa, the formation of antibodies against spermatozoa takes place which - after 2 months - proves to be permanent for 9 months, then showing a decreased titre. An animal model is presented suitable for the study of immunological processes in unilateral gonadal diseases.", "PMID": 386595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7477", "title": "[Twenty years of urology in a children's hospital (1954--1974). Together with an epicrisis of 101 children with bilateral anomalies of the urinary passages, operated on in the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "This work encompasses a 20-year period, during which a urologist spent an important part of his time in a children's hospital, because of his conviction that attemps at effective treatment of urinary passage anomalies in childhood have a chance only when treatment is begun as early as possible. A report is presented on 101 children with bilateral, severe urinary passage anomalies, who were operated on in the first year of life, with the goal of early, total correction. The following experiences are of general significance: 1. The earlier the symptoms -- in 90% of cases, pyuria -- the more severe are the findings. -- 2. Males are primarily affected, here at a ratio of 7:3. As a result, pyuria in infants must be explained urologically, particularly when it occurs in males. -- This report is a plea for early, total correction and against periodic urinary drainage. Results show a 50% decrease in infections, flow disturbances, and biochemical changes, as well as a postoperative burst of growth also in 50% of cases. Cinematographic examinations show normal peristalsis even after skeletization and drastic reduction of a megaureter. The mortality was 9%, in the first year of life, 6%. Surprisingly, the result was not influenced by the presence or absence of reflux, but rather by stigmas and inferior development. Reflux had probably already played its fateful part in this severe bilateral disease, so that antireflux plastic surgery loses its prophylactic value. Compared with reports of experiences with periodic urinary drainage, our aim is to disprove the argument that, in difficult cases, total correction is dangerous: on the contrary, our results are better and coincide with the experiences of Hendren. Although Bischoff did not live to see the results of this work, in retrospect, our results bear out his pioneering concepts and ideas.", "contents": "[Twenty years of urology in a children's hospital (1954--1974). Together with an epicrisis of 101 children with bilateral anomalies of the urinary passages, operated on in the first year of life (author's transl)]. This work encompasses a 20-year period, during which a urologist spent an important part of his time in a children's hospital, because of his conviction that attemps at effective treatment of urinary passage anomalies in childhood have a chance only when treatment is begun as early as possible. A report is presented on 101 children with bilateral, severe urinary passage anomalies, who were operated on in the first year of life, with the goal of early, total correction. The following experiences are of general significance: 1. The earlier the symptoms -- in 90% of cases, pyuria -- the more severe are the findings. -- 2. Males are primarily affected, here at a ratio of 7:3. As a result, pyuria in infants must be explained urologically, particularly when it occurs in males. -- This report is a plea for early, total correction and against periodic urinary drainage. Results show a 50% decrease in infections, flow disturbances, and biochemical changes, as well as a postoperative burst of growth also in 50% of cases. Cinematographic examinations show normal peristalsis even after skeletization and drastic reduction of a megaureter. The mortality was 9%, in the first year of life, 6%. Surprisingly, the result was not influenced by the presence or absence of reflux, but rather by stigmas and inferior development. Reflux had probably already played its fateful part in this severe bilateral disease, so that antireflux plastic surgery loses its prophylactic value. Compared with reports of experiences with periodic urinary drainage, our aim is to disprove the argument that, in difficult cases, total correction is dangerous: on the contrary, our results are better and coincide with the experiences of Hendren. Although Bischoff did not live to see the results of this work, in retrospect, our results bear out his pioneering concepts and ideas.", "PMID": 386596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7478", "title": "Urologic microsurgery--current perspectives: I. Vasovasostomy.", "content": "Microsurgical procedures are receiving increased attention in urology, and claims of improved results of vasovasostomy performed with operating microscope have been made. This review examines the available results, sometimes conflicting, of both macro- and microsurgical methods of vasovasostomy. The weight of the data leads to the conclusion that improved results of vasovasostomy will occur with the use of the operating microscope regardless of the type of anastomosis performed because increased appreciation of the detail of the small vasal lumen is afforded by optical magnification.", "contents": "Urologic microsurgery--current perspectives: I. Vasovasostomy. Microsurgical procedures are receiving increased attention in urology, and claims of improved results of vasovasostomy performed with operating microscope have been made. This review examines the available results, sometimes conflicting, of both macro- and microsurgical methods of vasovasostomy. The weight of the data leads to the conclusion that improved results of vasovasostomy will occur with the use of the operating microscope regardless of the type of anastomosis performed because increased appreciation of the detail of the small vasal lumen is afforded by optical magnification.", "PMID": 386597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7479", "title": "Antireflux ureteroileal anastomosis: experimental technique.", "content": "A technique for ureteroileal anastomosis with an antireflux extraluminal seromuscular ureteral tunnel was evaluated in 9 dogs. Evidence will be presented to show that this approach is effective in preventing reflux while preserving the integrity of the renal units.", "contents": "Antireflux ureteroileal anastomosis: experimental technique. A technique for ureteroileal anastomosis with an antireflux extraluminal seromuscular ureteral tunnel was evaluated in 9 dogs. Evidence will be presented to show that this approach is effective in preventing reflux while preserving the integrity of the renal units.", "PMID": 386598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7480", "title": "Hemodilution -- new clothes for an anemic emperor.", "content": "This review deals with the rationale for the use of hemodilution in patients not subjected to open heart surgery. The claim for an optimum of circulatory oxygen transport at 30% hematocrit has been disproved; hemodilution thus simply means acute normovolemic anemia. Accordingly, it generates a cardiovascular strain and particularly jeopardizes cerebral and myocardial oxygen supply. Potentially serious clinical side effects have been reported. Hemodilution should therefore not be carried beyong the lower normal range for the hemoglobin or hematocrit level, i.e. 12--12.5 g% or 35--36%.", "contents": "Hemodilution -- new clothes for an anemic emperor. This review deals with the rationale for the use of hemodilution in patients not subjected to open heart surgery. The claim for an optimum of circulatory oxygen transport at 30% hematocrit has been disproved; hemodilution thus simply means acute normovolemic anemia. Accordingly, it generates a cardiovascular strain and particularly jeopardizes cerebral and myocardial oxygen supply. Potentially serious clinical side effects have been reported. Hemodilution should therefore not be carried beyong the lower normal range for the hemoglobin or hematocrit level, i.e. 12--12.5 g% or 35--36%.", "PMID": 386607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7481", "title": "Preparation of factor VIII-deficient plasma by immunoadsorption.", "content": "An immunoadsorbent was prepared by coupling rabbit and human antibodies against human factor VIII to Sepharose CL-2B. The resulting insoluble antibodies completely removed factor VIII and fibrinogen from normal human citrate plasma. Other coagulation factors were satisfactorily recovered in the eluted plasma. Following addition of fibrinogen, the factor VIII-deficient plasma was used for calibration of the one-stage factor VIII assay and compared with the hemophilic plasma. Parallel straight lines were obtained in the log-log plot against VIII:C, indicating that the artificial reagent can be used as a substitute for hemophilic plasma in determination of factor VIII procoagulant activity. The immunoadsorbent can be regenerated and repeatedly used for affinity chromatography binding of factor VIII.", "contents": "Preparation of factor VIII-deficient plasma by immunoadsorption. An immunoadsorbent was prepared by coupling rabbit and human antibodies against human factor VIII to Sepharose CL-2B. The resulting insoluble antibodies completely removed factor VIII and fibrinogen from normal human citrate plasma. Other coagulation factors were satisfactorily recovered in the eluted plasma. Following addition of fibrinogen, the factor VIII-deficient plasma was used for calibration of the one-stage factor VIII assay and compared with the hemophilic plasma. Parallel straight lines were obtained in the log-log plot against VIII:C, indicating that the artificial reagent can be used as a substitute for hemophilic plasma in determination of factor VIII procoagulant activity. The immunoadsorbent can be regenerated and repeatedly used for affinity chromatography binding of factor VIII.", "PMID": 386608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7482", "title": "The occurrence of antibody markers of hepatitis B virus infection in an HBsAg-negative blood donor population.", "content": "Anti HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HBe were tested in blood donors negative for HBsAg by radio- and enzyme-immunoassay. In this population 6.4% of the donors were positive for at least one type of antibody to HBV: 4.0% for anti-HBs, 2.3% for anti-HBc and 4.3% for anti-HBe. Two sera (0.2%) were exclusively positive for anti-HBc, eight sera (2.2%) were weakly positive only for anti-HBe. Further studies of the infectivity of such samples might be of interest.", "contents": "The occurrence of antibody markers of hepatitis B virus infection in an HBsAg-negative blood donor population. Anti HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HBe were tested in blood donors negative for HBsAg by radio- and enzyme-immunoassay. In this population 6.4% of the donors were positive for at least one type of antibody to HBV: 4.0% for anti-HBs, 2.3% for anti-HBc and 4.3% for anti-HBe. Two sera (0.2%) were exclusively positive for anti-HBc, eight sera (2.2%) were weakly positive only for anti-HBe. Further studies of the infectivity of such samples might be of interest.", "PMID": 386609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7483", "title": "The influence of ionic strength and incubation time on the sensitivity of methods using papainized red cells.", "content": "The sensitivity of a combination of various papain methods with normal and low ionic strength (lis) of the serum-cell mixture for the detection of red cell antibodies was tested after varying periods of incubation of the mixture. The mixture was centrifuged before reading when the period of incubation was short. The maximum sensitivity without centrifugation was always reached after a period of 60 min. With a longer incubation the sensitivity decreased. A sensitivity that equalled the maximum sensitivity without centrifugation could be obtained after only 10 min of incubation, if it was followed by a centrifugation before reading. Lis consistently increased the sensitivity of the papain methods, especially after 45--60 min of incubation.", "contents": "The influence of ionic strength and incubation time on the sensitivity of methods using papainized red cells. The sensitivity of a combination of various papain methods with normal and low ionic strength (lis) of the serum-cell mixture for the detection of red cell antibodies was tested after varying periods of incubation of the mixture. The mixture was centrifuged before reading when the period of incubation was short. The maximum sensitivity without centrifugation was always reached after a period of 60 min. With a longer incubation the sensitivity decreased. A sensitivity that equalled the maximum sensitivity without centrifugation could be obtained after only 10 min of incubation, if it was followed by a centrifugation before reading. Lis consistently increased the sensitivity of the papain methods, especially after 45--60 min of incubation.", "PMID": 386610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7484", "title": "[Insulin metabolism and its interaction with specific cytoplasmic membrane receptors of the liver in alloxan diabetes in rats].", "content": "Biosynthesis of insulin, its degradation in liver tissue and binding with specific receptors of cytoplasmic membranes were studied in rats with alloxage diabetes and in normal state. Content of sugar was approximately 372 +/- 25 mg/100 ml of blood in animals, treated with alloxane within 5 days, as compared with 83 +/- 7 mg of sugar per 100 ml of blood in the control group; content of insulin was also decreased in blood plasma to 12.1 +/- +/- 2.0 mU/ml as compared with 49.8 +/- 3.8 mU/ml controls. In rats with alloxane diabetes biosynthesis of insulin was increased, its degradation in liver tissue was lowered and binding of insulin with specific receptors of liver c itoplasmic membranes was elevated. The decreased degradation of the hormone together with deficiency in its formation, even though the rate of its synthesis and binding with receptors were increased, served as a compensatory mechanism due to impairment of a considerable part of beta-cells on ba\u00e0kground of the alloxane treatment.", "contents": "[Insulin metabolism and its interaction with specific cytoplasmic membrane receptors of the liver in alloxan diabetes in rats]. Biosynthesis of insulin, its degradation in liver tissue and binding with specific receptors of cytoplasmic membranes were studied in rats with alloxage diabetes and in normal state. Content of sugar was approximately 372 +/- 25 mg/100 ml of blood in animals, treated with alloxane within 5 days, as compared with 83 +/- 7 mg of sugar per 100 ml of blood in the control group; content of insulin was also decreased in blood plasma to 12.1 +/- +/- 2.0 mU/ml as compared with 49.8 +/- 3.8 mU/ml controls. In rats with alloxane diabetes biosynthesis of insulin was increased, its degradation in liver tissue was lowered and binding of insulin with specific receptors of liver c itoplasmic membranes was elevated. The decreased degradation of the hormone together with deficiency in its formation, even though the rate of its synthesis and binding with receptors were increased, served as a compensatory mechanism due to impairment of a considerable part of beta-cells on ba\u00e0kground of the alloxane treatment.", "PMID": 386605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7485", "title": "HLA, DRW (IA-like) and additional surface antigens expressed on adenoid T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Pregnancy sera were found to react differently when screened simultaneously with adenoid and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from the same individual. Some of the reactions were attributed to the higher sensitivity of adenoid lymphocytes to a low titer HLA or Ia antibody, while others were shown to be due to the expression of DRw (Ia-like) antigens on both T and B lymphocytes separated from adenoids. Positive reactions specific to adenoid lymphocytes, or manifested only following anti-beta2-microglobulin (a-beta2-m) treatment, suggest the presence of antigens other than HLA or Ia on the cell membrane. Unmasking of antigenic sites by the a-beta2-m capping process and rearrangement of the membrane structure may also contribute to the observed phenomena.", "contents": "HLA, DRW (IA-like) and additional surface antigens expressed on adenoid T and B lymphocytes. Pregnancy sera were found to react differently when screened simultaneously with adenoid and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from the same individual. Some of the reactions were attributed to the higher sensitivity of adenoid lymphocytes to a low titer HLA or Ia antibody, while others were shown to be due to the expression of DRw (Ia-like) antigens on both T and B lymphocytes separated from adenoids. Positive reactions specific to adenoid lymphocytes, or manifested only following anti-beta2-microglobulin (a-beta2-m) treatment, suggest the presence of antigens other than HLA or Ia on the cell membrane. Unmasking of antigenic sites by the a-beta2-m capping process and rearrangement of the membrane structure may also contribute to the observed phenomena.", "PMID": 386611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7486", "title": "Role of blood transfusions and pregnancies in kidney transplantation.", "content": "A retrospective study in 71 cadaver renal transplant patients showed a significantly better 2-year graft survival rate (62%) in patients who received pretransplant transfusions or who were parous than in nontransfused patients or patients who have not been pregnant (29%). The beneficial influence of blood transfusion and of pregnancy is thus confirmed. An additive effect of blood transfuion and pregnancy is suggested by the results of this study.", "contents": "Role of blood transfusions and pregnancies in kidney transplantation. A retrospective study in 71 cadaver renal transplant patients showed a significantly better 2-year graft survival rate (62%) in patients who received pretransplant transfusions or who were parous than in nontransfused patients or patients who have not been pregnant (29%). The beneficial influence of blood transfusion and of pregnancy is thus confirmed. An additive effect of blood transfuion and pregnancy is suggested by the results of this study.", "PMID": 386612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7487", "title": "Evaluation of the 'Mason' (continuous-thaw-siphon) method for cryoprecipitate production.", "content": "A comparison was made of the factor VIII recovery in cryoprecipitate made by the continuous-thaw-siphon technique of Mason [1], by our routine method of overnight thawing at 4 degrees C and by a fast-thaw method. The siphon method resulted in a mean recovery of 71% of the factor VIII. This is at least double the yield obtained by the routine method and could not be solely attributed to the faster processing as cryoprecipitate prepared by the fast-thaw method gave a factor VIII yield of 53%, which was significantly less than the Mason product. This product also contained increased amounts of factor VIII-related antigen and fibrinogen. Characterisation of the thaw-siphon cryoprecipitate factor VII by gel filtration, electrophoretic mobility, stability and measurement of isoagglutinin titre did not reveal any significant qualitative differences from cryoprecipitate produced by other methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of the 'Mason' (continuous-thaw-siphon) method for cryoprecipitate production. A comparison was made of the factor VIII recovery in cryoprecipitate made by the continuous-thaw-siphon technique of Mason [1], by our routine method of overnight thawing at 4 degrees C and by a fast-thaw method. The siphon method resulted in a mean recovery of 71% of the factor VIII. This is at least double the yield obtained by the routine method and could not be solely attributed to the faster processing as cryoprecipitate prepared by the fast-thaw method gave a factor VIII yield of 53%, which was significantly less than the Mason product. This product also contained increased amounts of factor VIII-related antigen and fibrinogen. Characterisation of the thaw-siphon cryoprecipitate factor VII by gel filtration, electrophoretic mobility, stability and measurement of isoagglutinin titre did not reveal any significant qualitative differences from cryoprecipitate produced by other methods.", "PMID": 386613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7488", "title": "[Principles of differential immunodiagnostics in tuberculosis and other pulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "When differential diagnostics between tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, bronchial carcinoma and non-specific pulmonary diseases is not possible with clinical and laboratory methods, diagnosis may be often put by the aid of immunological methods. Differential diagnostics, usually, has not to delimit all these diseases one from another. In most cases it is necessary to differ only between two of these diseases, tuberculosis versus sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or bronchial carcinoma, tuberculosis or non-specific lung disease. By the aid of antibody determination (against streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci), determination of Ig and of immunological tests patterns of values for differential diagnostics between these groups of diseases can be elaborated and are shown in this paper.", "contents": "[Principles of differential immunodiagnostics in tuberculosis and other pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. When differential diagnostics between tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, bronchial carcinoma and non-specific pulmonary diseases is not possible with clinical and laboratory methods, diagnosis may be often put by the aid of immunological methods. Differential diagnostics, usually, has not to delimit all these diseases one from another. In most cases it is necessary to differ only between two of these diseases, tuberculosis versus sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or bronchial carcinoma, tuberculosis or non-specific lung disease. By the aid of antibody determination (against streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci), determination of Ig and of immunological tests patterns of values for differential diagnostics between these groups of diseases can be elaborated and are shown in this paper.", "PMID": 386622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7489", "title": "[Animal experiments on the detection of an exposure to \"chemical mace\" (author's transl)].", "content": "To answer the question whether a negative result of gas chromatographic blood analysis for components of chemical mace proves that no or at most only slight tear gas exposure can have occurred, animal experiments were carried out. In the blood of 10 guinea pigs, which were exposed to the contents of chemical mace for 1--6 h, the solvants 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluorethane (freon 113) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane could easily be detected--even 23 h after the end of exposure or after a storage of the blood samples for 18 weeks--whereas the lacrimator chloracetophenone (CN) could not be found at all. In vitro experiments showed that CN relatively quickly reacts with components of blood. Therefore, blood samples should be analyzed for CN after withdrawal as soon as possible. In case of inhalation of the contents of chemical mace, i.e., after the comparatively mildest form of CN application, most probably no traces of the lacrimator at all can pass into the blood due to the quick reaction of CN with proteins of the respiratory surface of the lung.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the detection of an exposure to \"chemical mace\" (author's transl)]. To answer the question whether a negative result of gas chromatographic blood analysis for components of chemical mace proves that no or at most only slight tear gas exposure can have occurred, animal experiments were carried out. In the blood of 10 guinea pigs, which were exposed to the contents of chemical mace for 1--6 h, the solvants 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluorethane (freon 113) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane could easily be detected--even 23 h after the end of exposure or after a storage of the blood samples for 18 weeks--whereas the lacrimator chloracetophenone (CN) could not be found at all. In vitro experiments showed that CN relatively quickly reacts with components of blood. Therefore, blood samples should be analyzed for CN after withdrawal as soon as possible. In case of inhalation of the contents of chemical mace, i.e., after the comparatively mildest form of CN application, most probably no traces of the lacrimator at all can pass into the blood due to the quick reaction of CN with proteins of the respiratory surface of the lung.", "PMID": 386641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7490", "title": "[A screening radioimmunoassay for 1,4-benzodiazepines in human blood, serum, and urine using anti-oxazepam-hemisuccinate-antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the determination of oxazepam and other 1,4-benzodiazepines in human blood serum and urine (e.g., diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, chlorazepate). For serum a 1:10 dilution, for urine a 1:100 dilution is recommended. Blood and hemolyzed samples need prior extraction by Amberlite XAD-2. The antisera were raised by immunizing \"White New Zealand\"-rabbits with an oxazepam-3-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin conjugate. Using 0.1 ml serum dilution the sensitivity is 0.01 mg/l per tube. Especially higher concentrations show a tendency toward underestimation. Being not limited to a single 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, the specificity of the antisera is also suitable for a screening analysis. Compared to thin-layer chromatographic analysis of urine this assay shows improved sensitivity (0.05--0.1 mg/l in 0.1 ml of a 1:100 dilution = 1 microliter of urine). For forensic investigations, an analysis in the sequence of urine-RIA, blood/serum-RIA, blood/serum-\"electron-capture\"-gas-liquid chromatography (ECD-GLC) seems to be a helpful approach. Blood levels of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam determined by RIA and GLC after extraction are in satisfactory agreement.", "contents": "[A screening radioimmunoassay for 1,4-benzodiazepines in human blood, serum, and urine using anti-oxazepam-hemisuccinate-antibodies (author's transl)]. A simple and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the determination of oxazepam and other 1,4-benzodiazepines in human blood serum and urine (e.g., diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, chlorazepate). For serum a 1:10 dilution, for urine a 1:100 dilution is recommended. Blood and hemolyzed samples need prior extraction by Amberlite XAD-2. The antisera were raised by immunizing \"White New Zealand\"-rabbits with an oxazepam-3-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin conjugate. Using 0.1 ml serum dilution the sensitivity is 0.01 mg/l per tube. Especially higher concentrations show a tendency toward underestimation. Being not limited to a single 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, the specificity of the antisera is also suitable for a screening analysis. Compared to thin-layer chromatographic analysis of urine this assay shows improved sensitivity (0.05--0.1 mg/l in 0.1 ml of a 1:100 dilution = 1 microliter of urine). For forensic investigations, an analysis in the sequence of urine-RIA, blood/serum-RIA, blood/serum-\"electron-capture\"-gas-liquid chromatography (ECD-GLC) seems to be a helpful approach. Blood levels of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam determined by RIA and GLC after extraction are in satisfactory agreement.", "PMID": 386642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7491", "title": "Circadian rhythms: influences of internal and external factors on the period measured in constant conditions.", "content": "The article reviews most of the data available on the period tau of freerunning circadian rhythms, measured in constant conditions. Emphasis is placed on the effects of light intensity and ambient temperature on tau, with references to influences of other external as well as internal factors. In the introduction, examples are given of spontaneous and induced variations in tau and its dependence on the experimental history. The discussion concentrates largely on results obtained from arthropods and vertebrates.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms: influences of internal and external factors on the period measured in constant conditions. The article reviews most of the data available on the period tau of freerunning circadian rhythms, measured in constant conditions. Emphasis is placed on the effects of light intensity and ambient temperature on tau, with references to influences of other external as well as internal factors. In the introduction, examples are given of spontaneous and induced variations in tau and its dependence on the experimental history. The discussion concentrates largely on results obtained from arthropods and vertebrates.", "PMID": 386643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7492", "title": "[System for cultivation of bacteria to follow up gas production (author's transl)].", "content": "The construction, workwise and handling of a system for cultivation of bacteria to follow up gas production is described.", "contents": "[System for cultivation of bacteria to follow up gas production (author's transl)]. The construction, workwise and handling of a system for cultivation of bacteria to follow up gas production is described.", "PMID": 386645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7493", "title": "[Standardization of measuring technique and documentation in traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "Standardized clinical measuring methods, development of uniform measuring instruments, standardization of the measuring technique have internationally been accepted. This covers especially the measurement of length, girth, distance and joint mobility as well as their recording.", "contents": "[Standardization of measuring technique and documentation in traumatology (author's transl)]. Standardized clinical measuring methods, development of uniform measuring instruments, standardization of the measuring technique have internationally been accepted. This covers especially the measurement of length, girth, distance and joint mobility as well as their recording.", "PMID": 386647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7494", "title": "[Radiation-borne changes to vaginal and portio epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiotherapy of cervix carcinoma may cause radiation-borne reactive cell changes to epithelial cells of the vagina and portio which are sizeable but harmless. However, postradiation dysplasia with damage to the DNA and RNA is a genuine dysplasia and may be a precancerous condition. It is cytologically characterised by impairment of the nucleocytoplasmatic ratio as well as by hyperchromia and heterochromia of nuclei. Statistically secured correlation with recurrent carcinomas was established only for severe types with aneuploid DNA in the nuclei.", "contents": "[Radiation-borne changes to vaginal and portio epithelium (author's transl)]. Radiotherapy of cervix carcinoma may cause radiation-borne reactive cell changes to epithelial cells of the vagina and portio which are sizeable but harmless. However, postradiation dysplasia with damage to the DNA and RNA is a genuine dysplasia and may be a precancerous condition. It is cytologically characterised by impairment of the nucleocytoplasmatic ratio as well as by hyperchromia and heterochromia of nuclei. Statistically secured correlation with recurrent carcinomas was established only for severe types with aneuploid DNA in the nuclei.", "PMID": 386648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7495", "title": "[Bacteriological aspects of trichomonal vaginitis (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis was made of the vaginal flora of 25 gynaecological patients with acute trichomomal vaginitis, with the view to elucidating the bacteriological situation. Eighty-four isolates, an average of 3.4 per patient, were taken and included a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. - Obligate anaerobic species, such as bacteriodes and peptostreptococci, with susceptibility to metronidazole were among the predominant pathogens. - The differentiated susceptibility of the most common bacteria to antibiotics may yield information useful to therapy in the case of aggravated infection.", "contents": "[Bacteriological aspects of trichomonal vaginitis (author's transl)]. An analysis was made of the vaginal flora of 25 gynaecological patients with acute trichomomal vaginitis, with the view to elucidating the bacteriological situation. Eighty-four isolates, an average of 3.4 per patient, were taken and included a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. - Obligate anaerobic species, such as bacteriodes and peptostreptococci, with susceptibility to metronidazole were among the predominant pathogens. - The differentiated susceptibility of the most common bacteria to antibiotics may yield information useful to therapy in the case of aggravated infection.", "PMID": 386649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7496", "title": "[Applicability of ultrasonic B-scan diagnosis to localisation of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (author's transl)].", "content": "The types Dana super and Copper T intra-uterine devices (IUD) were reliably localised by ultrasonic B-scanning in 100 patients. Five dislocalisations were recorded and one erroneous interpretation in a case of uterus myomatosus. The method was found to be applicable to screening test and is recommended particularly for the following cases: clinically undetectable thread, following insertion, before removal of IUD, and in early pregnancy by the tenth gestational week.", "contents": "[Applicability of ultrasonic B-scan diagnosis to localisation of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (author's transl)]. The types Dana super and Copper T intra-uterine devices (IUD) were reliably localised by ultrasonic B-scanning in 100 patients. Five dislocalisations were recorded and one erroneous interpretation in a case of uterus myomatosus. The method was found to be applicable to screening test and is recommended particularly for the following cases: clinically undetectable thread, following insertion, before removal of IUD, and in early pregnancy by the tenth gestational week.", "PMID": 386650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7497", "title": "[Recurrent Sonne dysentery morbidity caused by Shigella of varying enzymatic types].", "content": "The proportion of repeated cases of dysentery caused by Sh. sonnei does not exceed 3.59% of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases of this infection. The frequency of reinfection depended on the enzymatic type of the causative agent. The rarest cases of reinfection were those occurring after the primary infection with Sh. sonnei, biochemical type 2, whereas the most frequent after the primary infection with Sh. sonnei, type 3. Reinfection with heterologous Sh. sonnei was registered mostly 6-12 months after the primary infection, and with homologous Sh. sonnei after a 1 year and later.", "contents": "[Recurrent Sonne dysentery morbidity caused by Shigella of varying enzymatic types]. The proportion of repeated cases of dysentery caused by Sh. sonnei does not exceed 3.59% of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases of this infection. The frequency of reinfection depended on the enzymatic type of the causative agent. The rarest cases of reinfection were those occurring after the primary infection with Sh. sonnei, biochemical type 2, whereas the most frequent after the primary infection with Sh. sonnei, type 3. Reinfection with heterologous Sh. sonnei was registered mostly 6-12 months after the primary infection, and with homologous Sh. sonnei after a 1 year and later.", "PMID": 386653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7498", "title": "[Evaluation of the state of the nonspecific resistance of the body in children in an organized collective].", "content": "Nonspecific body resistance was evaluated by 2 methods: the surface autoflora of the skin and the degree of autoimmune reaction were determined. An increase in the number of microorganisms in the autoflora (more than 40 colonies on the impression) and the number of cells secreting antibodies against autoerythrocytes suggested a decrease in body resistance against bacterial and viral infections (increased morbidity rate for respiratory and pyoinflammatory infections). The above methods make it possible to detect the weakest children in closed institutions and to carry out observation of such children with the implementation of the necessary prophylactic measures.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the state of the nonspecific resistance of the body in children in an organized collective]. Nonspecific body resistance was evaluated by 2 methods: the surface autoflora of the skin and the degree of autoimmune reaction were determined. An increase in the number of microorganisms in the autoflora (more than 40 colonies on the impression) and the number of cells secreting antibodies against autoerythrocytes suggested a decrease in body resistance against bacterial and viral infections (increased morbidity rate for respiratory and pyoinflammatory infections). The above methods make it possible to detect the weakest children in closed institutions and to carry out observation of such children with the implementation of the necessary prophylactic measures.", "PMID": 386654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7499", "title": "[Comparative study of modifications in the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent methods of detecting human tissue immunoglobulins].", "content": "The comparison of the data obtained by using different modifications of the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent methods for detecting immunoglobulins in intestinal tissues was made. The direct immunoperoxidase method was shown to allow the quantitative study of immunoglobulin-containing cells. The direct immunoperidase method was found to be technically simpler, but the indirect and complex peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods proved to be more sensitive.", "contents": "[Comparative study of modifications in the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent methods of detecting human tissue immunoglobulins]. The comparison of the data obtained by using different modifications of the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent methods for detecting immunoglobulins in intestinal tissues was made. The direct immunoperoxidase method was shown to allow the quantitative study of immunoglobulin-containing cells. The direct immunoperidase method was found to be technically simpler, but the indirect and complex peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods proved to be more sensitive.", "PMID": 386656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7500", "title": "[Blocking action of the soluble H-2 antigens and H-2 antibody isolated by various methods and mouse immune lymphocytes].", "content": "The treatment of tumour and lymphoid cells of mice with 3M KC1 solution having high ionic strength, nonionic detergent and by subsequent freeze-thawing resulted in obtaining serologically active H-2 antigen preparation capable of specifically blocking the cytotoxicity of H-2 antisera. The antigenic activity of the preparations thus obtained depended on the source from which they were isolated (spleen cells and their membrane fragments proved to be the best source), on the degree of maturity of tumor cells and the degree of purification of the preparation, as well as on the methods of solubilization. The blocking action of soluble H-2 antigens on the cytotoxicity of immune lymphocytes depended on the method used for isslating these antigens. The interaction of immune lymphocytes and H-2 antisera with soluble antigens was probably effected by different mechanisms.", "contents": "[Blocking action of the soluble H-2 antigens and H-2 antibody isolated by various methods and mouse immune lymphocytes]. The treatment of tumour and lymphoid cells of mice with 3M KC1 solution having high ionic strength, nonionic detergent and by subsequent freeze-thawing resulted in obtaining serologically active H-2 antigen preparation capable of specifically blocking the cytotoxicity of H-2 antisera. The antigenic activity of the preparations thus obtained depended on the source from which they were isolated (spleen cells and their membrane fragments proved to be the best source), on the degree of maturity of tumor cells and the degree of purification of the preparation, as well as on the methods of solubilization. The blocking action of soluble H-2 antigens on the cytotoxicity of immune lymphocytes depended on the method used for isslating these antigens. The interaction of immune lymphocytes and H-2 antisera with soluble antigens was probably effected by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 386657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7501", "title": "[Susceptibility and sensitivity of the Siberian lemming and Middendorff's vole to leptospirae of the grippotyphosa serogroup].", "content": "Siberian lemmings and Middendorf's voles were found to be susceptible to infection caused by Leptospira of the Grippotyphosa serogroup after the intraperitoneal injection of Leptospira culture, the application of the culture or infected urine to the skin, as well as after Leptospira-carrying animals were placed together with the animals to be infected. The infectious sensitivity of these animals to Leptospira was not high: leptospiruria was observed for 1-3 weeks; in some of the voles leptospiruria was slightly pronounced, whereas other voles had a great number of Leptospira in urine. Antibodies appeared in the blood on day 5 after infection, and their titers increased till days 61-63. In no case could Leptospira be isolated from the kidneys of the animals killed on days 61-83 of the experiment.", "contents": "[Susceptibility and sensitivity of the Siberian lemming and Middendorff's vole to leptospirae of the grippotyphosa serogroup]. Siberian lemmings and Middendorf's voles were found to be susceptible to infection caused by Leptospira of the Grippotyphosa serogroup after the intraperitoneal injection of Leptospira culture, the application of the culture or infected urine to the skin, as well as after Leptospira-carrying animals were placed together with the animals to be infected. The infectious sensitivity of these animals to Leptospira was not high: leptospiruria was observed for 1-3 weeks; in some of the voles leptospiruria was slightly pronounced, whereas other voles had a great number of Leptospira in urine. Antibodies appeared in the blood on day 5 after infection, and their titers increased till days 61-63. In no case could Leptospira be isolated from the kidneys of the animals killed on days 61-83 of the experiment.", "PMID": 386660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7502", "title": "[Seasonal problems of bacterial dysentery in the Dagestan ASSR].", "content": "During the period of 1959-1973 bacterial dysentery showed high morbidity rate in Daghestan in all seasons, this tendency existing both in urban and rural areas. The peculiarity of the monthly distribution of dysentery cases, observed all over the repulic, was the shift of the morbidity peak from August to September-October, and in some years even to November; this could be clearly observed from the analysis of the material as a whole and from the analysis of dysentery morbidity rates in rural and urban areas separately. This rise in dysentery morbidity rate in August--September might be due to the reassembling of children at various institutions after their mass return from summer resorts in the country, as well as to thhe influx of new children to cr\u00e8ches and kindergartens. Moreover, as the period of August--September is the bathing and fruit-harvesting season in Daghestan, a rise in morbidity rate in these months was obviously caused by the unsatisfactory level of sanitation and hygiene due to an acute deficiency of water.", "contents": "[Seasonal problems of bacterial dysentery in the Dagestan ASSR]. During the period of 1959-1973 bacterial dysentery showed high morbidity rate in Daghestan in all seasons, this tendency existing both in urban and rural areas. The peculiarity of the monthly distribution of dysentery cases, observed all over the repulic, was the shift of the morbidity peak from August to September-October, and in some years even to November; this could be clearly observed from the analysis of the material as a whole and from the analysis of dysentery morbidity rates in rural and urban areas separately. This rise in dysentery morbidity rate in August--September might be due to the reassembling of children at various institutions after their mass return from summer resorts in the country, as well as to thhe influx of new children to cr\u00e8ches and kindergartens. Moreover, as the period of August--September is the bathing and fruit-harvesting season in Daghestan, a rise in morbidity rate in these months was obviously caused by the unsatisfactory level of sanitation and hygiene due to an acute deficiency of water.", "PMID": 386661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7503", "title": "[Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in HBS-Ag carriers].", "content": "The presence of HBs--Ag in the blood was established in 1.8% of practically healthy persons, in 29.7% of virus hepatitis patients and in 86.0% of serum hepatitis patients. The immunological study of clinically healthy HBs--Ag carriers revealed a statistically significant decrease in the number of T and B lymphocytes and an increased level of serum IgA, IgM and IgG in the blood. Among donors, 7.6% were found to have lymphocytes sensitized to HBs--Ag and 15.4% were found to have lymphocytes sensitized to liver antigen, while for HBs--Ag carriers these data were 62.5% and 50%, respectively.", "contents": "[Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in HBS-Ag carriers]. The presence of HBs--Ag in the blood was established in 1.8% of practically healthy persons, in 29.7% of virus hepatitis patients and in 86.0% of serum hepatitis patients. The immunological study of clinically healthy HBs--Ag carriers revealed a statistically significant decrease in the number of T and B lymphocytes and an increased level of serum IgA, IgM and IgG in the blood. Among donors, 7.6% were found to have lymphocytes sensitized to HBs--Ag and 15.4% were found to have lymphocytes sensitized to liver antigen, while for HBs--Ag carriers these data were 62.5% and 50%, respectively.", "PMID": 386665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7504", "title": "[Cholesterol synthesis by several strains of Escherichia].", "content": "The results of the study of lipids in the media used for growing different Escherichia strains are presented. Donor plasma with carbon-labeled sodium acetate was used as culture medium. Those strains which induced an increase in cholesterol content in the medium after 48-hour incubation were considered cholesterin-synthetizing. During the growth of these strains the radioactive marker became incorporated into the lipids accumulated in the medium: phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids. The degree of this incorporation depended on the dose of labeled sodium acetate and the amount of the inoculated culture. Cholesterol-synthetizing activity of Escherichia is characteristic of only freshly isolated strains.", "contents": "[Cholesterol synthesis by several strains of Escherichia]. The results of the study of lipids in the media used for growing different Escherichia strains are presented. Donor plasma with carbon-labeled sodium acetate was used as culture medium. Those strains which induced an increase in cholesterol content in the medium after 48-hour incubation were considered cholesterin-synthetizing. During the growth of these strains the radioactive marker became incorporated into the lipids accumulated in the medium: phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids. The degree of this incorporation depended on the dose of labeled sodium acetate and the amount of the inoculated culture. Cholesterol-synthetizing activity of Escherichia is characteristic of only freshly isolated strains.", "PMID": 386666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7505", "title": "[Effectiveness of oral immunization of white mice with a complex S. typhimurium antigen].", "content": "The protective properties of hydroxylamine preparation obtained from a virulent strain of S. typhimurium were studied in experiments with natural infection after a single oral immunization. The new data obtained in these experiments suggest that the treatment of bacteria with hydroxylamine allows to produce the preparation which, when administered orally, has the immunizing dose only 20 times as great as its immunizing dose for subcutaneous administration. The action of gastric juice on hydroxylamine preparation, as well as the duration and specificity of immunity induced by the oral administration of this preparation were studied. The oral administration of some adjuvants was found to make it possible to considerably decrease the effective dose of the vaccine.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of oral immunization of white mice with a complex S. typhimurium antigen]. The protective properties of hydroxylamine preparation obtained from a virulent strain of S. typhimurium were studied in experiments with natural infection after a single oral immunization. The new data obtained in these experiments suggest that the treatment of bacteria with hydroxylamine allows to produce the preparation which, when administered orally, has the immunizing dose only 20 times as great as its immunizing dose for subcutaneous administration. The action of gastric juice on hydroxylamine preparation, as well as the duration and specificity of immunity induced by the oral administration of this preparation were studied. The oral administration of some adjuvants was found to make it possible to considerably decrease the effective dose of the vaccine.", "PMID": 386669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7506", "title": "[Effects of electric stimulation and destruction of the centrum medianum of the optic thalamus in patients with akinetic forms of parkinsonism].", "content": "Results of electrostimulation and destruction of the median centre of the thalamus in 15 patients with parkinsonism and in 7 patients with uncontrollable pain are presented. Reactions of activation and inhibition in the psychoemotional, somatic and vegetosensory spheres in response to the stimulation are described. Data on bioelectrical activity changes in the cortex of the large hemispheres are presented. Special studies of the effect of the median centre destruction on the muscular tone and tremor were carried out. In the akinetic forms of parkinsonism the effect of reactivation after the median centre destruction was found to be of little clinical importance.", "contents": "[Effects of electric stimulation and destruction of the centrum medianum of the optic thalamus in patients with akinetic forms of parkinsonism]. Results of electrostimulation and destruction of the median centre of the thalamus in 15 patients with parkinsonism and in 7 patients with uncontrollable pain are presented. Reactions of activation and inhibition in the psychoemotional, somatic and vegetosensory spheres in response to the stimulation are described. Data on bioelectrical activity changes in the cortex of the large hemispheres are presented. Special studies of the effect of the median centre destruction on the muscular tone and tremor were carried out. In the akinetic forms of parkinsonism the effect of reactivation after the median centre destruction was found to be of little clinical importance.", "PMID": 386671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7507", "title": "Effect of preoperative oral administration of oxytetracycline and neomycin on postoperative infectious complications in cases of cancer coli-recti.", "content": "A prospective randomized study on the effects of Enterobiotic (oxytetracycline + neomycin) given per os to patients operated upon electively and curatively for carcinoma coli and recti is presented. 75 patients were treated and 66 were controls. A highly significant reduction of peroperative total and Gram-negative bacterial growth from the bowel was registered and a probably significant reduction of anaerobic bacterial growth. In the whole material a highly significant lower incidence of wound sepsis and intra-abdominal infectious complications occurred in the treated group, compared with the control group. This applies also to the resection material, while the difference is of probable significance in the excision group. 13 of 66 patients died, 8 of septic complications, all in the non-treated group. There was no mortality in the pretreated group. The difference between the noninfected and the infected patient groups was significant as regards the preoperative intraluminal total growth of bacteria and the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. The subsequent non-infected patients show a significantly increased number of cultures not showing any growth of bacteria. No negative side effects of Enterobiotic therapy were noted.", "contents": "Effect of preoperative oral administration of oxytetracycline and neomycin on postoperative infectious complications in cases of cancer coli-recti. A prospective randomized study on the effects of Enterobiotic (oxytetracycline + neomycin) given per os to patients operated upon electively and curatively for carcinoma coli and recti is presented. 75 patients were treated and 66 were controls. A highly significant reduction of peroperative total and Gram-negative bacterial growth from the bowel was registered and a probably significant reduction of anaerobic bacterial growth. In the whole material a highly significant lower incidence of wound sepsis and intra-abdominal infectious complications occurred in the treated group, compared with the control group. This applies also to the resection material, while the difference is of probable significance in the excision group. 13 of 66 patients died, 8 of septic complications, all in the non-treated group. There was no mortality in the pretreated group. The difference between the noninfected and the infected patient groups was significant as regards the preoperative intraluminal total growth of bacteria and the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. The subsequent non-infected patients show a significantly increased number of cultures not showing any growth of bacteria. No negative side effects of Enterobiotic therapy were noted.", "PMID": 386675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7508", "title": "Thromboembolism after elective and post-traumatic hip surgery--a controlled prophylactic trial with dextran 70 and low-dose heparin.", "content": "A prospective randomized controlled study has been undertaken to evaluate two different prophylactic treatments against postoperative thromboembolic complications after hip surgery. Patients with hip fracture (77) and patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty (213) were separately randomized into one of three groups: control, dextran 70, or low-dose heparin. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in both groups with the 125I-fibrinogen test and pulmonary perfusion defects in the arthroplasty group with a combination of pulmonary X-ray and perfusion scintigraphy. The frequency of thrombosis was significantly higher in untreated hip fracture patients than in untreated arthroplasty patients. In hip fracture patients both treatments significantly reduced the frequency of thrombosis. Only dextran reduced the frequency of major thrombosis and in the heparin group one fatal pulmonary embolism occurred. After elective hip surgery the overall frequency of thrombosis was not influenced by the two treatments, but with dextran 70 thigh thrombi were reduced and with low-dose heparin the frequency of bilateral thrombosis was reduced. Two patients in the control group died of pulmonary embolism, but the frequency of pulmonary perfusion defects was not influenced by the treatment. Bleeding and transfusions were the same in the three groups.", "contents": "Thromboembolism after elective and post-traumatic hip surgery--a controlled prophylactic trial with dextran 70 and low-dose heparin. A prospective randomized controlled study has been undertaken to evaluate two different prophylactic treatments against postoperative thromboembolic complications after hip surgery. Patients with hip fracture (77) and patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty (213) were separately randomized into one of three groups: control, dextran 70, or low-dose heparin. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in both groups with the 125I-fibrinogen test and pulmonary perfusion defects in the arthroplasty group with a combination of pulmonary X-ray and perfusion scintigraphy. The frequency of thrombosis was significantly higher in untreated hip fracture patients than in untreated arthroplasty patients. In hip fracture patients both treatments significantly reduced the frequency of thrombosis. Only dextran reduced the frequency of major thrombosis and in the heparin group one fatal pulmonary embolism occurred. After elective hip surgery the overall frequency of thrombosis was not influenced by the two treatments, but with dextran 70 thigh thrombi were reduced and with low-dose heparin the frequency of bilateral thrombosis was reduced. Two patients in the control group died of pulmonary embolism, but the frequency of pulmonary perfusion defects was not influenced by the treatment. Bleeding and transfusions were the same in the three groups.", "PMID": 386676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7509", "title": "The prophylaxis of septic complications in colo-rectal surgery. A controlled trial of metronidazole and oxytetracycline.", "content": "The prophylactic effect of systemic metronidazole on infectious complications following elective colo-rectal surgery was compared with the prophylactic effect of oxytetracycline. Allocation to receive metronidazole or oxytetracycline was random. A total of 137 patients were accepted for the trial, 67 receiving metronidazole and 70 oxytetracycline. The numbers of abdominal wound infections, intra-abdominal infections, fever and deaths were few in both groups, and the differences statistically insignificant. Clinically significant side effects of the antimicrobial agents were not observed. The influence of the antimicrobial agents on colonic flora was also studied. No significant difference in the effect on colonic anaerobic flora was demonstrated, whereas the aerobic flora was significantly suppressed by oxytetracycline. It is concluded that systemic metronidazole, although acting solely on the anaerobic flora, is as effective as oxytetracycline in preventing postoperative infectious complications following elective colo-rectal surgery. The prophylactic use of metronidazole is advocated.", "contents": "The prophylaxis of septic complications in colo-rectal surgery. A controlled trial of metronidazole and oxytetracycline. The prophylactic effect of systemic metronidazole on infectious complications following elective colo-rectal surgery was compared with the prophylactic effect of oxytetracycline. Allocation to receive metronidazole or oxytetracycline was random. A total of 137 patients were accepted for the trial, 67 receiving metronidazole and 70 oxytetracycline. The numbers of abdominal wound infections, intra-abdominal infections, fever and deaths were few in both groups, and the differences statistically insignificant. Clinically significant side effects of the antimicrobial agents were not observed. The influence of the antimicrobial agents on colonic flora was also studied. No significant difference in the effect on colonic anaerobic flora was demonstrated, whereas the aerobic flora was significantly suppressed by oxytetracycline. It is concluded that systemic metronidazole, although acting solely on the anaerobic flora, is as effective as oxytetracycline in preventing postoperative infectious complications following elective colo-rectal surgery. The prophylactic use of metronidazole is advocated.", "PMID": 386677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7510", "title": "Role of phagocytic cells in host defence in relation to trauma--a brief review.", "content": "Present evidence available support a relationship between phagocytic cell function and survival from various types of trauma, e.g. burn, traumatic shock, and haemorrhage. Both polymorphonuclear phagocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) participating in the body's host defence are of crucial importance in preventing post-traumatic infections by microorganisms. The role of macrophages constituting the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in relation to trauma is paid special attention in this review. Deficit in a humoral opsonic glycoprotein (alpha 2 SB glycoprotein) important for reticuloendothelial phagocytosis is described in various types of traumatic injuries, and the role of RES in relation to pulmonary insufficiency is finally summarized.", "contents": "Role of phagocytic cells in host defence in relation to trauma--a brief review. Present evidence available support a relationship between phagocytic cell function and survival from various types of trauma, e.g. burn, traumatic shock, and haemorrhage. Both polymorphonuclear phagocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) participating in the body's host defence are of crucial importance in preventing post-traumatic infections by microorganisms. The role of macrophages constituting the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in relation to trauma is paid special attention in this review. Deficit in a humoral opsonic glycoprotein (alpha 2 SB glycoprotein) important for reticuloendothelial phagocytosis is described in various types of traumatic injuries, and the role of RES in relation to pulmonary insufficiency is finally summarized.", "PMID": 386678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7511", "title": "Gonadotropin-release upon intravenous administration of a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in females with increased plasma-androgens.", "content": "D-Ser-(TBU)3-EA10-LH-RH, an analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) with prolonged action evokes in normal male and female subjects a qualitatively different secretory pattern of LH, as peak levels are reached between 30 and 60 min in males and between 120 and 240 min in females. Females with increased production of adrenal androgens due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (off substitution therapy; N=8), idiopathic hirsutism (N=1) and adrenocortical carcinoma (N=2) present upon the administration of the LH-RH-analogue with a secretory pattern of LH and FSH which is qualitatively identical with that of normal female subjects, whereas the response of LH in these patients differs from that seen in normal males. Pre-treatment with dexamethasone did not induce any qualitative changes in the secretory response of LH and FSH upon the LH-RH-analogue in patients with increased endogenous production of adrenal androgens. A larger pool and/or a more pronounced de novosynthesis of LH, which apparently is not altered by increased levels of adrenal andorgens, may be the cause of the more pronounced and prolonged increase of LH in female subjects following the administration of the LH-RH-analogue.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-release upon intravenous administration of a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in females with increased plasma-androgens. D-Ser-(TBU)3-EA10-LH-RH, an analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) with prolonged action evokes in normal male and female subjects a qualitatively different secretory pattern of LH, as peak levels are reached between 30 and 60 min in males and between 120 and 240 min in females. Females with increased production of adrenal androgens due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (off substitution therapy; N=8), idiopathic hirsutism (N=1) and adrenocortical carcinoma (N=2) present upon the administration of the LH-RH-analogue with a secretory pattern of LH and FSH which is qualitatively identical with that of normal female subjects, whereas the response of LH in these patients differs from that seen in normal males. Pre-treatment with dexamethasone did not induce any qualitative changes in the secretory response of LH and FSH upon the LH-RH-analogue in patients with increased endogenous production of adrenal androgens. A larger pool and/or a more pronounced de novosynthesis of LH, which apparently is not altered by increased levels of adrenal andorgens, may be the cause of the more pronounced and prolonged increase of LH in female subjects following the administration of the LH-RH-analogue.", "PMID": 386679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7512", "title": "Inhibitory effects on gonadotrophin secretion and gonadal function in men during chronic treatment with a potent stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue.", "content": "Long-term treatment with the potent and long-acting stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was given to 4 healthy men to study its effects on pituitary gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function. Five micrograms of the LRH agonist was self-administered sc once daily over 17 weeks. Weekly basal blood samples were obtained for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolacting (PRL) and testosterone. The gonadotrophin responses to the LRH analogue were also determined during the treatment period. LRH tests were performed after treatment. Seminal fluid specimens were collected during and after treatment. A reduction of the basal serum gonadotrophin and testosterone levels were observed during the treatment period. The FSH and LH responses to the analogue were also diminished. After discontinuation of treatment the gonadotrophin and testosterone concentrations returned to pre-treatment levels within a week. The PRL levels and the seminal fluid specimens did not show any significant changes during the study period. The results suggest that chronic treatment with D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men. It seems likely that the reduced testosterone level is secondary to the diminished gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects on gonadotrophin secretion and gonadal function in men during chronic treatment with a potent stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Long-term treatment with the potent and long-acting stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was given to 4 healthy men to study its effects on pituitary gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function. Five micrograms of the LRH agonist was self-administered sc once daily over 17 weeks. Weekly basal blood samples were obtained for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolacting (PRL) and testosterone. The gonadotrophin responses to the LRH analogue were also determined during the treatment period. LRH tests were performed after treatment. Seminal fluid specimens were collected during and after treatment. A reduction of the basal serum gonadotrophin and testosterone levels were observed during the treatment period. The FSH and LH responses to the analogue were also diminished. After discontinuation of treatment the gonadotrophin and testosterone concentrations returned to pre-treatment levels within a week. The PRL levels and the seminal fluid specimens did not show any significant changes during the study period. The results suggest that chronic treatment with D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men. It seems likely that the reduced testosterone level is secondary to the diminished gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 386680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7513", "title": "Effects of active and passive immunization with LH-RH on gonadotrophin secretion and reproductive function in female rats.", "content": "In order to get information about the physiological role played by LH-RH in the regulation of tonic and phasic secretion of gonadotrophins, and about the existence of FSH-RH distinct from LH-RH, we attempted to neutralize endogenous LH-RH by passive and active immunization with LH-RH in female rats. Anti-LH-RH serum prevented pre-ovulatory gonadotrophin surges at proestrus and ovulation, and it suppressed gonadotrophin increase induced by oestradiol benzoate or progesterone in ovariectomized rats. Elevated serum gonadotrophin concentrations in long-term ovariectomized rats were lowered by anti-LH-RH serum injection. The decrease in FSH levels was less than that in LH levels. Serum FSH rose without significant changes in serum LH level for 6 h after ovariectomy on pro-oestrus or dioestrus. The post-ovariectomy rise of FSH was not suppressed by the anti-LH-RH serum which was enought to inhibit serum LH to undetectable levels. Active immunization with LH-RH resulted in decreasing LH levels but failed to alter FSH levels in both serum and pituitary. Seven out of 10 rats immunized with LH-RH became constantly di-oestrous. The weights of anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus of the LH-RH immunized rats were significantly smaller than those of BSA immunized controls. Ovaries of LH-RH immunized rats contained few fresh corpora lutea. These results indicate that LH-RH plays a significant role in the control of both plastic and tonic secretion of LH and FSH. The existence of FSH-RH distinct from LH-RH or mechanism which specially controls the basal FSH secretion is indicated.", "contents": "Effects of active and passive immunization with LH-RH on gonadotrophin secretion and reproductive function in female rats. In order to get information about the physiological role played by LH-RH in the regulation of tonic and phasic secretion of gonadotrophins, and about the existence of FSH-RH distinct from LH-RH, we attempted to neutralize endogenous LH-RH by passive and active immunization with LH-RH in female rats. Anti-LH-RH serum prevented pre-ovulatory gonadotrophin surges at proestrus and ovulation, and it suppressed gonadotrophin increase induced by oestradiol benzoate or progesterone in ovariectomized rats. Elevated serum gonadotrophin concentrations in long-term ovariectomized rats were lowered by anti-LH-RH serum injection. The decrease in FSH levels was less than that in LH levels. Serum FSH rose without significant changes in serum LH level for 6 h after ovariectomy on pro-oestrus or dioestrus. The post-ovariectomy rise of FSH was not suppressed by the anti-LH-RH serum which was enought to inhibit serum LH to undetectable levels. Active immunization with LH-RH resulted in decreasing LH levels but failed to alter FSH levels in both serum and pituitary. Seven out of 10 rats immunized with LH-RH became constantly di-oestrous. The weights of anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus of the LH-RH immunized rats were significantly smaller than those of BSA immunized controls. Ovaries of LH-RH immunized rats contained few fresh corpora lutea. These results indicate that LH-RH plays a significant role in the control of both plastic and tonic secretion of LH and FSH. The existence of FSH-RH distinct from LH-RH or mechanism which specially controls the basal FSH secretion is indicated.", "PMID": 386681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7514", "title": "LH and testosterone release in developing bulls following LH-RH treatment. Effect of gonadectomy and chronic testosterone propionate pre-treatment.", "content": "LH and testosterone release after LH-RH treatment was studied in male calves from 1 week to 8 months of age. Total LH release, LH peak values and duration of the discharge increased from 1 week to 4 months of age by 406, 453 and 110%, respectively. Significant decreases of 54, 48 and 24% were observed at 6 months of age compared to 4 months of age. This was followed by steep increases in those variables of 344, 129 and 69% at 8 months compared to 4 months. A testosterone response following an LH increase was first seen at 4 months of age when a weak discharge occurred in 2 out of 5 calves. In older calves strong and LH-correlated testosterone responses were always observed. In a second experiment the LH response to LH-RH was studied in 6 months old calves castrated 2 months previously. The total LH response was 61% greater than in intact controls. When animals were castrated and pre-treated briefly with testosterone propionate the response was increased by 183% and the time to reach the LH peak was increased by 360%. From these and other results a synthesis of endocrine events during the first year of life is proposed. In particular it seems that the period between 4 and 8 months of age is crucial since interactions between steroid feedback and pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH change and eventually reach an equilibrium.", "contents": "LH and testosterone release in developing bulls following LH-RH treatment. Effect of gonadectomy and chronic testosterone propionate pre-treatment. LH and testosterone release after LH-RH treatment was studied in male calves from 1 week to 8 months of age. Total LH release, LH peak values and duration of the discharge increased from 1 week to 4 months of age by 406, 453 and 110%, respectively. Significant decreases of 54, 48 and 24% were observed at 6 months of age compared to 4 months of age. This was followed by steep increases in those variables of 344, 129 and 69% at 8 months compared to 4 months. A testosterone response following an LH increase was first seen at 4 months of age when a weak discharge occurred in 2 out of 5 calves. In older calves strong and LH-correlated testosterone responses were always observed. In a second experiment the LH response to LH-RH was studied in 6 months old calves castrated 2 months previously. The total LH response was 61% greater than in intact controls. When animals were castrated and pre-treated briefly with testosterone propionate the response was increased by 183% and the time to reach the LH peak was increased by 360%. From these and other results a synthesis of endocrine events during the first year of life is proposed. In particular it seems that the period between 4 and 8 months of age is crucial since interactions between steroid feedback and pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH change and eventually reach an equilibrium.", "PMID": 386682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7515", "title": "Dynamic changes in hypothalamic LH-RH levels associated with the ovarian steroid-induced gonadotrophin surge.", "content": "Pro-oestrous-type LH surges were induced by treating ovariectomized rats (day 0) with either oestradiol benzoate (OeB, 40 micrograms/rat) or oestrogen (10 micrograms/rat followed by progesterone (4 mg/rat, day 2, OeBP). To characterize the temporal changes associated with the LH surge on day 2, LH-RH levels in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the pre-optic area (POA) were analyzed by RIA in rats sacrified at hourly intervals between 10.00--19.00 h. Following these treatments the LH-RH content of POA fluctuated somewhat but no definite pattern was observed. In OeB rats, the MBH LH-RH levels were unchanged through the initial LH surge period (13.00--15.00 h) declining significantly, as in the OeBP group, near the end of the surge period (19:00 h). However, in OeBP rats, the MBH LH-RH contents decreased at 14.00 h and these were followed by markedly elevated levels between 15.00--17.00 h coincident with maximal increments in serum LH. The OeBP group alone showed a surge of serum FSH.", "contents": "Dynamic changes in hypothalamic LH-RH levels associated with the ovarian steroid-induced gonadotrophin surge. Pro-oestrous-type LH surges were induced by treating ovariectomized rats (day 0) with either oestradiol benzoate (OeB, 40 micrograms/rat) or oestrogen (10 micrograms/rat followed by progesterone (4 mg/rat, day 2, OeBP). To characterize the temporal changes associated with the LH surge on day 2, LH-RH levels in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the pre-optic area (POA) were analyzed by RIA in rats sacrified at hourly intervals between 10.00--19.00 h. Following these treatments the LH-RH content of POA fluctuated somewhat but no definite pattern was observed. In OeB rats, the MBH LH-RH levels were unchanged through the initial LH surge period (13.00--15.00 h) declining significantly, as in the OeBP group, near the end of the surge period (19:00 h). However, in OeBP rats, the MBH LH-RH contents decreased at 14.00 h and these were followed by markedly elevated levels between 15.00--17.00 h coincident with maximal increments in serum LH. The OeBP group alone showed a surge of serum FSH.", "PMID": 386683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7516", "title": "Effect of rapid variation of renal function on plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in man.", "content": "Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) and parathyroid hormone (iPTH) have been measured sequentially in 6 patients following successful renal transplantation (RT) and in 3 patients during the recovery phase of acute renal failure (ARF). iCT and iPTH returned to normal values within a few days when glomerular filtration improved; both hormones rose in cases of acute graft rejection. Unlike iPTH iCT did not follow closely the variations of creatinine, iCT even rising before creatinine in one graft rejection. These observations could possibly be explained by a dissociation between the renal metabolism of iCT and the glomerular filtration.", "contents": "Effect of rapid variation of renal function on plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in man. Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) and parathyroid hormone (iPTH) have been measured sequentially in 6 patients following successful renal transplantation (RT) and in 3 patients during the recovery phase of acute renal failure (ARF). iCT and iPTH returned to normal values within a few days when glomerular filtration improved; both hormones rose in cases of acute graft rejection. Unlike iPTH iCT did not follow closely the variations of creatinine, iCT even rising before creatinine in one graft rejection. These observations could possibly be explained by a dissociation between the renal metabolism of iCT and the glomerular filtration.", "PMID": 386684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7517", "title": "Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion during alpha-adrenergic blockade in three different species.", "content": "It has recently been suggested from experiments in dogs that somatostatin suppresses insulin release via a stimulation of the inhibitory alpha-adrenoceptors of the pancreatic B-cell. The effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine was therefore studied in three different species; the rat, the cat and the mouse. It was found that somatostatin significantly depressed insulin release during alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in all three species. In the rat, infusion of somatostatin at a dose of 0.3 microgram/kg/min decreased basal plasma insulin concentration by 92%. In the presence of phentolamine, the same dose of somatostatin lowered plasma insulin by 85%. In the cat, a similar infusion of somatostatin lowered basal plasma insulin concentration by 87%, but its depressive effect during alpha-adrenergic blockade was comparatively less pronounced (68%) than in the rat. In the mouse, a single iv injection of somatostatin induced a short-lasting depression of plasma insulin concentration during alpha-adrenergic blockade. From these results it seems unlikely that somatostatin should inhibit insulin release simply by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors on the B-cell. It cannot be ruled out, however, that a more complex interaction exists between somatostatin and the sympatho-adrenal system with regard to the control of insulin secretion.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion during alpha-adrenergic blockade in three different species. It has recently been suggested from experiments in dogs that somatostatin suppresses insulin release via a stimulation of the inhibitory alpha-adrenoceptors of the pancreatic B-cell. The effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine was therefore studied in three different species; the rat, the cat and the mouse. It was found that somatostatin significantly depressed insulin release during alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in all three species. In the rat, infusion of somatostatin at a dose of 0.3 microgram/kg/min decreased basal plasma insulin concentration by 92%. In the presence of phentolamine, the same dose of somatostatin lowered plasma insulin by 85%. In the cat, a similar infusion of somatostatin lowered basal plasma insulin concentration by 87%, but its depressive effect during alpha-adrenergic blockade was comparatively less pronounced (68%) than in the rat. In the mouse, a single iv injection of somatostatin induced a short-lasting depression of plasma insulin concentration during alpha-adrenergic blockade. From these results it seems unlikely that somatostatin should inhibit insulin release simply by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors on the B-cell. It cannot be ruled out, however, that a more complex interaction exists between somatostatin and the sympatho-adrenal system with regard to the control of insulin secretion.", "PMID": 386685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7518", "title": "LH-secretory responses caused by continuous infusion of LH-RH in pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "The LH-secretory response (LH-S.R.), caused by (standard) infusion of LH-RH, was estimated throughout pseudopregnancy (PSP) as well as on dioestrus - 1 and - 2 of the 4-day oestrous cycle. The LH-S.R. was judged according to 3 parameters: (1) mean maximal plasma LH concentration (\"height\", expressed in ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma), (2) mean area under the curve (AUC, expressed in \"area units\"), and (3) a composite, dimensionless, parameter: RQ (\"response quotient\"), defined as height/AUC. This latter parameter informs on the shape of the curve. The LH-S.R.'s on day 1 of PSP and dioestrus-1 were both relatively low (about 350 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma) and characterized by the same RQ about 12). On days 2, 5, 7 and 9 of PSP the LH-S.R.'s were essentially the same and appeard to have characteristics of the LH-S.R.'s of both PSP-1 and dioestrus-1 (RQ) and dioestrus-2 (height; about 1000 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma). From day 10 on the LH-S.R.'s became increasingly higher (PSP 11: about 1900 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma; PSP 12: about 3300 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma) and steeper (RQ equals about 22). At the end of PSP the spontaneous LH-surges were measured. These appeared to be very high if compared to those which are generated in 4-day cyclic rats (about 5800 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma). The results indicate that a period of PSP is not simply an ovulatory cycle of which the dioestrous phase is extended by about a week and it is suggested that \"active\" corpora lutea secrete, next to progesterone, substances which play a key role in the regulation of the secretion of LH in the course of PSP.", "contents": "LH-secretory responses caused by continuous infusion of LH-RH in pseudopregnant rats. The LH-secretory response (LH-S.R.), caused by (standard) infusion of LH-RH, was estimated throughout pseudopregnancy (PSP) as well as on dioestrus - 1 and - 2 of the 4-day oestrous cycle. The LH-S.R. was judged according to 3 parameters: (1) mean maximal plasma LH concentration (\"height\", expressed in ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma), (2) mean area under the curve (AUC, expressed in \"area units\"), and (3) a composite, dimensionless, parameter: RQ (\"response quotient\"), defined as height/AUC. This latter parameter informs on the shape of the curve. The LH-S.R.'s on day 1 of PSP and dioestrus-1 were both relatively low (about 350 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma) and characterized by the same RQ about 12). On days 2, 5, 7 and 9 of PSP the LH-S.R.'s were essentially the same and appeard to have characteristics of the LH-S.R.'s of both PSP-1 and dioestrus-1 (RQ) and dioestrus-2 (height; about 1000 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma). From day 10 on the LH-S.R.'s became increasingly higher (PSP 11: about 1900 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma; PSP 12: about 3300 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma) and steeper (RQ equals about 22). At the end of PSP the spontaneous LH-surges were measured. These appeared to be very high if compared to those which are generated in 4-day cyclic rats (about 5800 ng LH-RP-1/ml plasma). The results indicate that a period of PSP is not simply an ovulatory cycle of which the dioestrous phase is extended by about a week and it is suggested that \"active\" corpora lutea secrete, next to progesterone, substances which play a key role in the regulation of the secretion of LH in the course of PSP.", "PMID": 386686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7519", "title": "A possible role of corpora lutea with regard to oestrogen-induced changes in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH.", "content": "The effect of oestradiol benzoate (OeB; 3 micrograms sc) on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses was investigated in: (1) long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats; (2) intact (i.e. sham-OVX) and 24 h-OVX persistent oestrous (PO) rats (intact PO rats do not possess corpora lutea); (3) intact and 24 h-OVX cyclic (dioestrous) rats (intact cyclic rats possess \"not-activated\" corpora lutea), and (4) intact and 24 h-OVX phase-2-pseudopregnant (phase-2-PSP) rats (phase 2 of PSP lasts from day 2 to day 10. Experiments were performed on days 7--8. Intact phase-2-PSP rats possess \"activated\" corpora lutea). A \"positive\" effect of OeB was observed in: (1) long-term OVX rats; (2) intact and 24 h-OVX PO rats; (3) 24 h-OVX cyclic rats and (4) 24 h-OVX phase-2-PSP rats. In intact cyclic and phase-2-PSP rats OeB was completely ineffective. From these observations it is concluded that only in the absence of corpora lutea OeB can exert a \"positive\" effect on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses. Ovariectomy alone, however, may have a negative impact on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses. This holds for PO- and phase-3-PSP rats (phase 3 of PSP begins once the corpora lutea come to lysis, i.e. on or shortly before day 10, and lasts until the end of PSP), but not for phase-2-PSP rats. In cyclic rats, on the other hand, ovariectomy performed on dioestrus-1 \"only\" interferes with the normal development of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH and this can be nullified by OeB. Our observations suggest that (1) relatively long-acting products of corpora lutea \"stabilize\" (phase-2-PSP rats), c.q. limit the (almost certainly oestrogen-dependent) development of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH (cyclic and phase-3-PSP rats); (2) in ovariectomized rats the influence of these products vanishes and that (3) this results in a situation in which OeB can become effective. It is also suggested that in the course of the ovulatory cycle and phase 3 of PSP a similar disappearance of corpora luteal products occurs \"spontaneously\" as a result of the process of luteolysis with as a consequence that the pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH, under the influence of endogenous oestrogens, develops continuously until, on pro-oestrus, an LH-surge occurs. Evidence is presented that the corpora luteal products, postulated in this paper, are not identical to progesterone.", "contents": "A possible role of corpora lutea with regard to oestrogen-induced changes in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH. The effect of oestradiol benzoate (OeB; 3 micrograms sc) on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses was investigated in: (1) long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats; (2) intact (i.e. sham-OVX) and 24 h-OVX persistent oestrous (PO) rats (intact PO rats do not possess corpora lutea); (3) intact and 24 h-OVX cyclic (dioestrous) rats (intact cyclic rats possess \"not-activated\" corpora lutea), and (4) intact and 24 h-OVX phase-2-pseudopregnant (phase-2-PSP) rats (phase 2 of PSP lasts from day 2 to day 10. Experiments were performed on days 7--8. Intact phase-2-PSP rats possess \"activated\" corpora lutea). A \"positive\" effect of OeB was observed in: (1) long-term OVX rats; (2) intact and 24 h-OVX PO rats; (3) 24 h-OVX cyclic rats and (4) 24 h-OVX phase-2-PSP rats. In intact cyclic and phase-2-PSP rats OeB was completely ineffective. From these observations it is concluded that only in the absence of corpora lutea OeB can exert a \"positive\" effect on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses. Ovariectomy alone, however, may have a negative impact on LH-RH-induced LH-secretory responses. This holds for PO- and phase-3-PSP rats (phase 3 of PSP begins once the corpora lutea come to lysis, i.e. on or shortly before day 10, and lasts until the end of PSP), but not for phase-2-PSP rats. In cyclic rats, on the other hand, ovariectomy performed on dioestrus-1 \"only\" interferes with the normal development of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH and this can be nullified by OeB. Our observations suggest that (1) relatively long-acting products of corpora lutea \"stabilize\" (phase-2-PSP rats), c.q. limit the (almost certainly oestrogen-dependent) development of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH (cyclic and phase-3-PSP rats); (2) in ovariectomized rats the influence of these products vanishes and that (3) this results in a situation in which OeB can become effective. It is also suggested that in the course of the ovulatory cycle and phase 3 of PSP a similar disappearance of corpora luteal products occurs \"spontaneously\" as a result of the process of luteolysis with as a consequence that the pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH, under the influence of endogenous oestrogens, develops continuously until, on pro-oestrus, an LH-surge occurs. Evidence is presented that the corpora luteal products, postulated in this paper, are not identical to progesterone.", "PMID": 386687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7520", "title": "Suppression of prolactin secretion by lisuride throughout the menstrual cycle and in hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders.", "content": "Normally menstruating volunteers as well as patients with hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders were treated with lisuride hydrogen maleate (200 micrograms b.i.d.), an ergoline derivative with dopaminergic properties. Within 3 h after an oral dose of 200 micrograms lisuride, PRL levels decreased significantly in all subjects to a plateau which lasted up to 3 h. Thereafter a gradual increase of serum PRL was noted. In the normally menstruating volunteers lisuride treatment did not result in any significant change of gonadotrophin or of sex steroid secretion, while both, basal as well as metoclopramide (MTCL) stimulated PRL release were significantly diminished. The inhibition of PRL secretion in patients with short luteal phases resulted in an increase of luteal progesterone output. In both treated groups ovulation occurred 1 to 5 days earlier in cycles on lisuride than in control cycles. LF-RH/MTCL tests performed in the patient bearing a pituitary prolactinoma before and after lisuride treatment revealed a continuous increase of pituitary LH pools, while PRL secretion decreased under lisuride therapy. Subsequently ovulation and menstruation occurred. The data presented demonstrate that lisuride is a potent inhibitor of PRL secretion and has proven its clinical usefulness for treatment of hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders. Application of lisuride resulted in an increase of luteal progesterone secretion in previously demonstrated corpus luteum insufficiency as well as in restoration of normal cyclical feedback mechanisms in tumorous hyperprolactinaemic anovulation. The MTCL-PRL stimulation test is suitable to monitor PRL suppression during lisuride treatment, while LH-RH testing reveals the effectiveness of lisuride by demonstrating an increase of pituitary gonadotrophin pools.", "contents": "Suppression of prolactin secretion by lisuride throughout the menstrual cycle and in hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders. Normally menstruating volunteers as well as patients with hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders were treated with lisuride hydrogen maleate (200 micrograms b.i.d.), an ergoline derivative with dopaminergic properties. Within 3 h after an oral dose of 200 micrograms lisuride, PRL levels decreased significantly in all subjects to a plateau which lasted up to 3 h. Thereafter a gradual increase of serum PRL was noted. In the normally menstruating volunteers lisuride treatment did not result in any significant change of gonadotrophin or of sex steroid secretion, while both, basal as well as metoclopramide (MTCL) stimulated PRL release were significantly diminished. The inhibition of PRL secretion in patients with short luteal phases resulted in an increase of luteal progesterone output. In both treated groups ovulation occurred 1 to 5 days earlier in cycles on lisuride than in control cycles. LF-RH/MTCL tests performed in the patient bearing a pituitary prolactinoma before and after lisuride treatment revealed a continuous increase of pituitary LH pools, while PRL secretion decreased under lisuride therapy. Subsequently ovulation and menstruation occurred. The data presented demonstrate that lisuride is a potent inhibitor of PRL secretion and has proven its clinical usefulness for treatment of hyperprolactinaemic menstrual disorders. Application of lisuride resulted in an increase of luteal progesterone secretion in previously demonstrated corpus luteum insufficiency as well as in restoration of normal cyclical feedback mechanisms in tumorous hyperprolactinaemic anovulation. The MTCL-PRL stimulation test is suitable to monitor PRL suppression during lisuride treatment, while LH-RH testing reveals the effectiveness of lisuride by demonstrating an increase of pituitary gonadotrophin pools.", "PMID": 386688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7521", "title": "[Presence of antisinusoid antibodies in alcoholic hepatitis. Its probable pathogenic implications].", "content": "In nine patients with histological diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, in-situ deposition of autologous immunoglobulins (IgG, Iga, IgM) were investigated by inmmuno fluorescent techniques (IF). In three patients a linear fluorescent pattern was seen on the sinusoidal walls. The bound inmunoglobulins could be eluted by treatment with low pH buffers. In the same patients circulating antibodies against liver structures were investigated by indirect IF using normal murine or human liver as targets. In the same patients showing bound immunoglobulins in their liver, curculating antibodies against human sinusoids and not against murine liver could be found. On the basis of these findings the probable pathogenetic role of immune mechanism in alcoholic liver damage is discussed.", "contents": "[Presence of antisinusoid antibodies in alcoholic hepatitis. Its probable pathogenic implications]. In nine patients with histological diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, in-situ deposition of autologous immunoglobulins (IgG, Iga, IgM) were investigated by inmmuno fluorescent techniques (IF). In three patients a linear fluorescent pattern was seen on the sinusoidal walls. The bound inmunoglobulins could be eluted by treatment with low pH buffers. In the same patients circulating antibodies against liver structures were investigated by indirect IF using normal murine or human liver as targets. In the same patients showing bound immunoglobulins in their liver, curculating antibodies against human sinusoids and not against murine liver could be found. On the basis of these findings the probable pathogenetic role of immune mechanism in alcoholic liver damage is discussed.", "PMID": 386689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7522", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on gastric secretion of hypovolemic rats].", "content": "Gastric secretion was checked in two groups of rats with pyloric ligature and experimental hypovolemia subjecting one of the groups to acute hypoxia; in this group there was significant decrease in volume, acid and pepsin secretion and potassium concentration in gastric contents. In gastric mucosa pepsinogen was increased. We wish to emphasise in these changes, the importance of water and hypoxia in electrolytic balance.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on gastric secretion of hypovolemic rats]. Gastric secretion was checked in two groups of rats with pyloric ligature and experimental hypovolemia subjecting one of the groups to acute hypoxia; in this group there was significant decrease in volume, acid and pepsin secretion and potassium concentration in gastric contents. In gastric mucosa pepsinogen was increased. We wish to emphasise in these changes, the importance of water and hypoxia in electrolytic balance.", "PMID": 386690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7523", "title": "[Comparative study of the gastric response in rats with pyloric ligation -- normovolemic rats and rats made hypovolemic by acute hemorrhage -- subjected to hypoxia].", "content": "Gastric secretion was studied in two groups of rats in which pyloric ligature was made according to Dai's method. Both groups were put in a hypopressure chamber. One of the groups was normovolemic. The other group was made hypovolemic by acute bleeding. The following parameters were checked in gastire contents: volumen, acid and pepsin secretion, U.P./g. of stomach, chloride, potassium and sodium; in gastric mucosa total U.P. and pepsinogen concentration were measured. In the rats subjected to acute hypovolemia and hypoxia it was found a significant decrease in acid secretion, chloride and potassium mEq/1; there were no statistically significant changes in volume, pepsin secretion; U.P./g. of stomach and sodium mEq/1. Total U. P. and U.P./. of stomach increased in the gastirc mucosa.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the gastric response in rats with pyloric ligation -- normovolemic rats and rats made hypovolemic by acute hemorrhage -- subjected to hypoxia]. Gastric secretion was studied in two groups of rats in which pyloric ligature was made according to Dai's method. Both groups were put in a hypopressure chamber. One of the groups was normovolemic. The other group was made hypovolemic by acute bleeding. The following parameters were checked in gastire contents: volumen, acid and pepsin secretion, U.P./g. of stomach, chloride, potassium and sodium; in gastric mucosa total U.P. and pepsinogen concentration were measured. In the rats subjected to acute hypovolemia and hypoxia it was found a significant decrease in acid secretion, chloride and potassium mEq/1; there were no statistically significant changes in volume, pepsin secretion; U.P./g. of stomach and sodium mEq/1. Total U. P. and U.P./. of stomach increased in the gastirc mucosa.", "PMID": 386691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7524", "title": "Efficient treatment of gastric ulcer with proglumide (Milid) in outpatients (double blind trial).", "content": "Eleven male and five female gastric ulcer outpatients as well as twenty eight male and seven female duodenal ulcer outpatients received Proglumide (1200 mg/day) or magnesiumtrisilicate (1320 mg/day) in a prospective double blind study. The sizes of the ulcers were assessed by endoscopy before and after 4 weeks therapy. A complete healing of gastric ulcers was observed in 75% (n = 8) of the patients receiving Proglumide and 25% (n = 8) of the antacid treated controls (p less than 0.05; x2 test). The healed area was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger in the Proglumide 91 mm2) than in the anticida group (23 mm2). In addition, the half time of the ulcer-healing was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter in the Proglumide treated patients (18 days and 26 days respectively). There was no significant effect of the drug on the duodenal ulcers. The spontaneous healing rate was 61% in the antacid (n = 18) and 59% in the Proglumide treated (n = 17) patients. The drug does not effect the basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion nor the serum gastrin concentration. No side effects on blood pressure, blood cell count, transaminases or blood glucose concentrations could be observed.", "contents": "Efficient treatment of gastric ulcer with proglumide (Milid) in outpatients (double blind trial). Eleven male and five female gastric ulcer outpatients as well as twenty eight male and seven female duodenal ulcer outpatients received Proglumide (1200 mg/day) or magnesiumtrisilicate (1320 mg/day) in a prospective double blind study. The sizes of the ulcers were assessed by endoscopy before and after 4 weeks therapy. A complete healing of gastric ulcers was observed in 75% (n = 8) of the patients receiving Proglumide and 25% (n = 8) of the antacid treated controls (p less than 0.05; x2 test). The healed area was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger in the Proglumide 91 mm2) than in the anticida group (23 mm2). In addition, the half time of the ulcer-healing was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter in the Proglumide treated patients (18 days and 26 days respectively). There was no significant effect of the drug on the duodenal ulcers. The spontaneous healing rate was 61% in the antacid (n = 18) and 59% in the Proglumide treated (n = 17) patients. The drug does not effect the basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion nor the serum gastrin concentration. No side effects on blood pressure, blood cell count, transaminases or blood glucose concentrations could be observed.", "PMID": 386697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7525", "title": "Double blind comparison between cimetidine and gefarnate in cases of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Thirty outpatients suffering from duodenal ulcer of recent onset were given cimetidine 1 g/day or gefarnate 250 mg/day for 6 weeks in a double blind trial, randomly balances between the groups. Endoscopic assessment was carried out at 4 and 6 weeks; patients healed after 4 weeks were withdrawn from the trial. In all parameters considered, cimetidine showed a highly significant difference. The healing rate at 4--6 weeks was 67--93% after cimetidine treatment and 27--53% after gefarnate treatment. The effect of cimetidine on the disappearance of symptoms, mainly the nocturnal ulcer pain, and on antacid consumption was greater than that after medication wity gefarnate. After 4--6 weeks of a full dose cimetidine regimen, both basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion were reduced and peptone meal stimulated serum gastrin increased; the basal gastrinaemia remained unchanged.", "contents": "Double blind comparison between cimetidine and gefarnate in cases of duodenal ulcer. Thirty outpatients suffering from duodenal ulcer of recent onset were given cimetidine 1 g/day or gefarnate 250 mg/day for 6 weeks in a double blind trial, randomly balances between the groups. Endoscopic assessment was carried out at 4 and 6 weeks; patients healed after 4 weeks were withdrawn from the trial. In all parameters considered, cimetidine showed a highly significant difference. The healing rate at 4--6 weeks was 67--93% after cimetidine treatment and 27--53% after gefarnate treatment. The effect of cimetidine on the disappearance of symptoms, mainly the nocturnal ulcer pain, and on antacid consumption was greater than that after medication wity gefarnate. After 4--6 weeks of a full dose cimetidine regimen, both basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion were reduced and peptone meal stimulated serum gastrin increased; the basal gastrinaemia remained unchanged.", "PMID": 386698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7526", "title": "Scleroderma-heart and conduction disturbances.", "content": "Disturbances of impulse formation and conduction may arise in the early stage of scleroderma, as a sign of cardiac involvement, termed \"scleroderma heart\". The incidence of various intraventricular conduction disturbances and their association with other disorders of cardiac rhythm were analysed in 193 scleroderma-patients by age. The presence of ventricular conduction abnormalities was found to carry an increased hazard of the production of disorders of atrioventricular conduction and of abnormal impulse formation. The patients were also followed up for deviation of the R axis in the frontal plane. Septal hypertrophy was found more frequently in patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances than in those free from disorders of this type.", "contents": "Scleroderma-heart and conduction disturbances. Disturbances of impulse formation and conduction may arise in the early stage of scleroderma, as a sign of cardiac involvement, termed \"scleroderma heart\". The incidence of various intraventricular conduction disturbances and their association with other disorders of cardiac rhythm were analysed in 193 scleroderma-patients by age. The presence of ventricular conduction abnormalities was found to carry an increased hazard of the production of disorders of atrioventricular conduction and of abnormal impulse formation. The patients were also followed up for deviation of the R axis in the frontal plane. Septal hypertrophy was found more frequently in patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances than in those free from disorders of this type.", "PMID": 386700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7527", "title": "Lymphokine activity in the aqueous humour and in the subretinal fluid in various ophthalmic diseases.", "content": "The aqueous humour and the subretinal fluid were studied for migration-inhibition factor (MIF) activity by the capillary migration technique. The retrospective conclusions are based on the results obtained with 15-fold dilutions of aqueous humour and subretinal fluid of 12 patients. Under the conditions of the experiment a MIF activity over 30% was regarded as indicative of an active cell-mediated immune reaction. In case of a lower activity, the process was in general amenable to local treatment. In the light of further clinical observations, study of MIF activity is likely to prove a useful indicator of the local immune status and to provide therapeutic guidelines in various syndromes. In retinal detachment due to inflammatory uveitis it may furnish clues to the optimum time for surgery.", "contents": "Lymphokine activity in the aqueous humour and in the subretinal fluid in various ophthalmic diseases. The aqueous humour and the subretinal fluid were studied for migration-inhibition factor (MIF) activity by the capillary migration technique. The retrospective conclusions are based on the results obtained with 15-fold dilutions of aqueous humour and subretinal fluid of 12 patients. Under the conditions of the experiment a MIF activity over 30% was regarded as indicative of an active cell-mediated immune reaction. In case of a lower activity, the process was in general amenable to local treatment. In the light of further clinical observations, study of MIF activity is likely to prove a useful indicator of the local immune status and to provide therapeutic guidelines in various syndromes. In retinal detachment due to inflammatory uveitis it may furnish clues to the optimum time for surgery.", "PMID": 386701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7528", "title": "The origin of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in human gastric juice.", "content": "In order to answer the question whether acid alpha 1-glycoprotein (AGP) is produced by the healthy human gastric mucosa, column chromatography of neutralized, pooled, and papain digested normal human gastric juice was performed on DEAE-cellulose using Varigrad NaCl elution gradients. Four glycoprotein fractions were obtained, one of which (fraction III) contained AGP. Its antibody raised in rabbits did not give immunofluorescence with any of the cells of the human gastric mucosa, only a reaction with AGP located in the intercellular spaces of gastric glands. These results indicate the extragastric origin of AGP, probably from serum.", "contents": "The origin of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in human gastric juice. In order to answer the question whether acid alpha 1-glycoprotein (AGP) is produced by the healthy human gastric mucosa, column chromatography of neutralized, pooled, and papain digested normal human gastric juice was performed on DEAE-cellulose using Varigrad NaCl elution gradients. Four glycoprotein fractions were obtained, one of which (fraction III) contained AGP. Its antibody raised in rabbits did not give immunofluorescence with any of the cells of the human gastric mucosa, only a reaction with AGP located in the intercellular spaces of gastric glands. These results indicate the extragastric origin of AGP, probably from serum.", "PMID": 386702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7529", "title": "Side effects of sodium valproate during long-term treatment in epilepsy.", "content": "Side effects of sodium valproate during long-term treatment have been evaluated retrospectively in 55 patients suffering from refactory epilepsy. The side effects discovered in the study were slight and transient. In three of the 55 patients CNS side effects were noticed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were uncommon. One patient suffered from loss of hair which could have been attributed to sodium valproate. Severe side effects such as abnormal blood counts or organ damage were not discovered. The frequency of side effects was similar to those already reported in the literature except for gastrointestinal symptoms which were more infrequent than previously reported. No direct correlation could be established between the serum concentration of sodium valproate and the side effects.", "contents": "Side effects of sodium valproate during long-term treatment in epilepsy. Side effects of sodium valproate during long-term treatment have been evaluated retrospectively in 55 patients suffering from refactory epilepsy. The side effects discovered in the study were slight and transient. In three of the 55 patients CNS side effects were noticed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were uncommon. One patient suffered from loss of hair which could have been attributed to sodium valproate. Severe side effects such as abnormal blood counts or organ damage were not discovered. The frequency of side effects was similar to those already reported in the literature except for gastrointestinal symptoms which were more infrequent than previously reported. No direct correlation could be established between the serum concentration of sodium valproate and the side effects.", "PMID": 386704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7530", "title": "Audiologic findings after stereotactic radiosurgery in nine cases of acoustic neurinomas.", "content": "Nine cases of acoustic neurinoma were treated by stereotactic radiosurgery between 1969 and 1974. The follow-up period can now be regarded as sufficiently long for a preliminary evaluation of the results. An arrest of growth or shrinkage of the tumour was observed in 8 of the 9 cases. In one case open surgery was performed 2 years after irradiation and histological examination showed regressive changes of the type expected after irradiation. Audiological examination revealed that in the majority of cases radiosurgery could be performed without causing serious damage to the hearing function. The average hearing loss present before treatment increased on average only 20.0 dB in the most successful 7 cases. None of the patients suffered facial nerve involvement. In small and medium-sized acoustic tumours this method offers a satisfactory therapeutic alternative worthy of consideration.", "contents": "Audiologic findings after stereotactic radiosurgery in nine cases of acoustic neurinomas. Nine cases of acoustic neurinoma were treated by stereotactic radiosurgery between 1969 and 1974. The follow-up period can now be regarded as sufficiently long for a preliminary evaluation of the results. An arrest of growth or shrinkage of the tumour was observed in 8 of the 9 cases. In one case open surgery was performed 2 years after irradiation and histological examination showed regressive changes of the type expected after irradiation. Audiological examination revealed that in the majority of cases radiosurgery could be performed without causing serious damage to the hearing function. The average hearing loss present before treatment increased on average only 20.0 dB in the most successful 7 cases. None of the patients suffered facial nerve involvement. In small and medium-sized acoustic tumours this method offers a satisfactory therapeutic alternative worthy of consideration.", "PMID": 386705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7531", "title": "Immunopathology of the glomerular changes in chronic pyelonephritis.", "content": "To investigate the presence of intraglomerular immunoprotein deposition in chronic pyelonephritis (CPN), 29 renal specimens from patients with various urological diseases were examined by immunofluorescence. The relationship between immunohistological findings and types of glomerular changes which were classified according to Heptinstall's criteria was studied. Only type 2 glomeruli, which were considered to be ischemic changes, demonstrated granular and globular depositions of IgM and C3 in the collapsed and solidified shrunken tufts. IgM was positive in 117 of 258 (45.3%), and C3 in 122 of 264 (46.2%) type 2 glomeruli. The distribution patterns of IgM and C3 were much the same. IgG and IgA were rarely observed and neither fibrinogen nor albumin was observed in the tufts of type 2 glomeruli. Normal glomeruli and other types of glomerular changes in CPN showed few or no intraglomerular immunoprotein deposition.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the glomerular changes in chronic pyelonephritis. To investigate the presence of intraglomerular immunoprotein deposition in chronic pyelonephritis (CPN), 29 renal specimens from patients with various urological diseases were examined by immunofluorescence. The relationship between immunohistological findings and types of glomerular changes which were classified according to Heptinstall's criteria was studied. Only type 2 glomeruli, which were considered to be ischemic changes, demonstrated granular and globular depositions of IgM and C3 in the collapsed and solidified shrunken tufts. IgM was positive in 117 of 258 (45.3%), and C3 in 122 of 264 (46.2%) type 2 glomeruli. The distribution patterns of IgM and C3 were much the same. IgG and IgA were rarely observed and neither fibrinogen nor albumin was observed in the tufts of type 2 glomeruli. Normal glomeruli and other types of glomerular changes in CPN showed few or no intraglomerular immunoprotein deposition.", "PMID": 386707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7532", "title": "[Activated astrocytes and epileptogenic focus. Histoenzymology].", "content": "The author reports the discovery of an original entity, the activated astrocyte, which is an essential component and the first anatomical sign of the epileptogenic focus. The importance of the activated astrocyte is demonstrated by the fact that it is observed before the clinical signs appear and as soon as the first spikes are recorded on the electrocortigram. Cautious conclusions are drawn. The authors recognizes the essential role of the neurons and does not suggest that astrocytes are the cause of epilepsy. However, since astrocyte activation is observed before the first electrical signs announce the beginning of an epileptogenic focus, he suggests that activated astrocytes probably offer morphological evidence of certain mechanisms closely concerned in the formation of the epileptogenic focus. The metabolic activation of the astrocyte is not surprising, and is probably related to the increase in loco-regional metabolism due to neuronal hyperactivity, the starting point of epilepsy. It confirms current opinion, especially in biochemistry, on the importance of the glial cells in the neuronastrocyte association. This work opens up certain prospects. First, the significance of the activated astrocyte in the context of current biochemical, neuro-physiological and morphological studies of the glial compartment is a promising research field. Second, from the clinical angle, it is very important to be able to identify an epileptogenic gliosis on the basis of activated astrocytes. Used in conjunction with modern neuro-physiological techniques to locate the epileptogenic focus, the search for activated astrocytes in biopsy material obtained stereotactically should permit better detection of the affected area and thus ensure more successful surgery in cases of focal epilepsy resistant to medication.", "contents": "[Activated astrocytes and epileptogenic focus. Histoenzymology]. The author reports the discovery of an original entity, the activated astrocyte, which is an essential component and the first anatomical sign of the epileptogenic focus. The importance of the activated astrocyte is demonstrated by the fact that it is observed before the clinical signs appear and as soon as the first spikes are recorded on the electrocortigram. Cautious conclusions are drawn. The authors recognizes the essential role of the neurons and does not suggest that astrocytes are the cause of epilepsy. However, since astrocyte activation is observed before the first electrical signs announce the beginning of an epileptogenic focus, he suggests that activated astrocytes probably offer morphological evidence of certain mechanisms closely concerned in the formation of the epileptogenic focus. The metabolic activation of the astrocyte is not surprising, and is probably related to the increase in loco-regional metabolism due to neuronal hyperactivity, the starting point of epilepsy. It confirms current opinion, especially in biochemistry, on the importance of the glial cells in the neuronastrocyte association. This work opens up certain prospects. First, the significance of the activated astrocyte in the context of current biochemical, neuro-physiological and morphological studies of the glial compartment is a promising research field. Second, from the clinical angle, it is very important to be able to identify an epileptogenic gliosis on the basis of activated astrocytes. Used in conjunction with modern neuro-physiological techniques to locate the epileptogenic focus, the search for activated astrocytes in biopsy material obtained stereotactically should permit better detection of the affected area and thus ensure more successful surgery in cases of focal epilepsy resistant to medication.", "PMID": 386703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7533", "title": "Some problems on the histopathological diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma -- a proposal of a new type.", "content": "A new classification for non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma is proposed as the one suited for the Lymphomas in Japan, which is to provide a new subtype \"pleomorphic\" for those more or less rapid-growing lymphomas of peripheral T-cell nature, along with another subtype lymphoblastic, after Nathwani et al. for those of central T-cell nature. The proposal is based on the result of the investigation by the Study Group for Histopathological Diagnosis on Malignant Lymphoma that (1) the presence of a significant number of T-cell lymphomas with peculiar \"pleomorphism\" is responsible for the very low reproducibility rate of histopathological diagnosis on the diffuse, mixed L&H type of Rappaport classification, and (2) the relative incidence of lymphoms as peripheral T-cell nature including the so-called adult T-cell leukemia is much higher in Japan than in the Western countries.", "contents": "Some problems on the histopathological diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma -- a proposal of a new type. A new classification for non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma is proposed as the one suited for the Lymphomas in Japan, which is to provide a new subtype \"pleomorphic\" for those more or less rapid-growing lymphomas of peripheral T-cell nature, along with another subtype lymphoblastic, after Nathwani et al. for those of central T-cell nature. The proposal is based on the result of the investigation by the Study Group for Histopathological Diagnosis on Malignant Lymphoma that (1) the presence of a significant number of T-cell lymphomas with peculiar \"pleomorphism\" is responsible for the very low reproducibility rate of histopathological diagnosis on the diffuse, mixed L&H type of Rappaport classification, and (2) the relative incidence of lymphoms as peripheral T-cell nature including the so-called adult T-cell leukemia is much higher in Japan than in the Western countries.", "PMID": 386708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7534", "title": "Generalized aspergillosis showing a granulomatous pattern.", "content": "An autopsy case of a very rare form of generalized aspergillosis with a prominent granulomatous pattern simulating sarcoidosis was presented. The patient was a forty-year-old Japanese female with a four years' clinical course. Kveim's test was positive. Multiple epithelioid cell granulomata as well as necrotizing and suppurative lesions were recognized in generalized lymph nodes, liver, epicardium, gall bladder, adrenals, kidneys and duodenal mucosa. Fungal elements in the epithelioid cell granulomata and necrotizing lesions were identified as Aspergillus by fluorescent antibody technique (indirect method). Predisposing factors for the generalized fungal infection could not be clarified in this case. There was neither underlying disease nor evident immunodeficiency state, so far as examined.", "contents": "Generalized aspergillosis showing a granulomatous pattern. An autopsy case of a very rare form of generalized aspergillosis with a prominent granulomatous pattern simulating sarcoidosis was presented. The patient was a forty-year-old Japanese female with a four years' clinical course. Kveim's test was positive. Multiple epithelioid cell granulomata as well as necrotizing and suppurative lesions were recognized in generalized lymph nodes, liver, epicardium, gall bladder, adrenals, kidneys and duodenal mucosa. Fungal elements in the epithelioid cell granulomata and necrotizing lesions were identified as Aspergillus by fluorescent antibody technique (indirect method). Predisposing factors for the generalized fungal infection could not be clarified in this case. There was neither underlying disease nor evident immunodeficiency state, so far as examined.", "PMID": 386709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7535", "title": "Resistance types in Escherichia coli. I. Occurrence and resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin.", "content": "An investigation of the resistance types in lactose fermenting E. coli is presented. The frequency and sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics of different resistance types was investigated. The strains were divided into three groups according to sensitivity to penicillin derivatives. Group 1 contained the ampicillin-carbenicillin sensitive (A-s/Ca-s), group 2 the ampicillin resistant-carbenicillin sensitive (A-r/Ca-s) and group 3 the ampicillin-carbenicillin resistant (A-r/Ca-r). A-s/Ca-r were not observed. One third of the A-r strains were sensitive to carbenicillin. The distribution of resistance types was different in the three groups. Group 1 was dominated by the usual sensitive E. coli. Group 3 contained a very high proportion of multiresistant types. The IC50 against ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin of 55 strains was determined. Group 3 (A-r/Ca-r, 25 strains) was much more ampicillin resistant than group 2 (A-r/Ca-s, 16 strains). Group 2 was less sensitive to carbenicillin than group 1 (A-s/Ca-s, 14 strains). Group 3 did not differ significantly from group 1 with respect to cephalothin sensitivity, while group 2 was much more resistant than the others.", "contents": "Resistance types in Escherichia coli. I. Occurrence and resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin. An investigation of the resistance types in lactose fermenting E. coli is presented. The frequency and sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics of different resistance types was investigated. The strains were divided into three groups according to sensitivity to penicillin derivatives. Group 1 contained the ampicillin-carbenicillin sensitive (A-s/Ca-s), group 2 the ampicillin resistant-carbenicillin sensitive (A-r/Ca-s) and group 3 the ampicillin-carbenicillin resistant (A-r/Ca-r). A-s/Ca-r were not observed. One third of the A-r strains were sensitive to carbenicillin. The distribution of resistance types was different in the three groups. Group 1 was dominated by the usual sensitive E. coli. Group 3 contained a very high proportion of multiresistant types. The IC50 against ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin of 55 strains was determined. Group 3 (A-r/Ca-r, 25 strains) was much more ampicillin resistant than group 2 (A-r/Ca-s, 16 strains). Group 2 was less sensitive to carbenicillin than group 1 (A-s/Ca-s, 14 strains). Group 3 did not differ significantly from group 1 with respect to cephalothin sensitivity, while group 2 was much more resistant than the others.", "PMID": 386710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7536", "title": "Electron microscopy of treponemes subjected to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. II. Immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The experiments were carried out in order to investigate whether human IgG globulin is absorbed on to the surface of T. pallidum cells during incubation with human syphilis serum in the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. Cells of T. pallidum Nichols subjected to the TPI test were further incubated with ferritin conjugated rabbit antihuman IgG globulin. Human IgG globulin could only be demonstrated on immunoimmobilized cells, i.e. cells incubated with human syphilis serum and unheated guinea pig serum (GPS). The surface of the swollen cells was completely covered by a fuzzy layer on to which the ferritin molecules appeared to be attached. In ultrathin sections of cells obtained from the same suspensions the surface of the outer cell membrane was outlined by ferritin molecules. In these cells a rather wide gap was observed between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane. The ribosomes seemed to have disappeared from the cytoplasm of the immunoimmobilized treponemes, but were present in motile cells obtained from control incubations.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of treponemes subjected to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. II. Immunoelectron microscopy. The experiments were carried out in order to investigate whether human IgG globulin is absorbed on to the surface of T. pallidum cells during incubation with human syphilis serum in the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. Cells of T. pallidum Nichols subjected to the TPI test were further incubated with ferritin conjugated rabbit antihuman IgG globulin. Human IgG globulin could only be demonstrated on immunoimmobilized cells, i.e. cells incubated with human syphilis serum and unheated guinea pig serum (GPS). The surface of the swollen cells was completely covered by a fuzzy layer on to which the ferritin molecules appeared to be attached. In ultrathin sections of cells obtained from the same suspensions the surface of the outer cell membrane was outlined by ferritin molecules. In these cells a rather wide gap was observed between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane. The ribosomes seemed to have disappeared from the cytoplasm of the immunoimmobilized treponemes, but were present in motile cells obtained from control incubations.", "PMID": 386711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7537", "title": "Direct effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG on human monocyte-mediated tumour cell cytostasis in vitro.", "content": "Four strains of Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) and BCG induced low levels of cytostatic ability to a human tumour cell line in human monocytes when added directly to conventional monocyte cultures. The cytostatic ability induced by mediators from autologous lymphocytes stimulated with the same agents was greater than that produced by direct addition to monocytes. BCG was more efficient in stimulating lymphocyte DNA-synthesis and lymphokine release than any of the Cp strains tested. In order to test the influence of contaminating adherent lymphocytes on the direct induction of cytostasis, monocyte cultures of greater than 99.9% purity were prepared by adherence purification. Cp induced low levels of cytostatic ability in such highly purified monocytes when added directly to the monocytes. Addition of BCG and Candida albicans had an adverse effect on the cytostatic ability of purified monocytes. A morphological study of Cp interaction with purified monocytes was performed. Cp, but not BCG, would seem to be able to induce low levels of cytostatic ability in human monocytes without lympohcyte cooperation. Human monocyte activation by the more effective lymphokine pathway is more efficiently triggered in vitro by BCG than by Cp.", "contents": "Direct effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG on human monocyte-mediated tumour cell cytostasis in vitro. Four strains of Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) and BCG induced low levels of cytostatic ability to a human tumour cell line in human monocytes when added directly to conventional monocyte cultures. The cytostatic ability induced by mediators from autologous lymphocytes stimulated with the same agents was greater than that produced by direct addition to monocytes. BCG was more efficient in stimulating lymphocyte DNA-synthesis and lymphokine release than any of the Cp strains tested. In order to test the influence of contaminating adherent lymphocytes on the direct induction of cytostasis, monocyte cultures of greater than 99.9% purity were prepared by adherence purification. Cp induced low levels of cytostatic ability in such highly purified monocytes when added directly to the monocytes. Addition of BCG and Candida albicans had an adverse effect on the cytostatic ability of purified monocytes. A morphological study of Cp interaction with purified monocytes was performed. Cp, but not BCG, would seem to be able to induce low levels of cytostatic ability in human monocytes without lympohcyte cooperation. Human monocyte activation by the more effective lymphokine pathway is more efficiently triggered in vitro by BCG than by Cp.", "PMID": 386712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7538", "title": "Characterization of heat eluates of human malignant tissues.", "content": "Eluates of 13 malignant and 17 normal tissues were prepared at 56 degrees C using the continuous flow technique. Albumin was detected in all the eluates. IgG, IgA, C3 or haptoglobin were detected in most of the malignant and some of the normal tissues. Carcinoembryonic antigen, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin or alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were detected in some of the eluates of the malignant tissues only. IgM, IgD, C1q, C4, Cl-INH, alpha 1-macroglobulin, beta 2-lipoprotein, fibrinogen and alpha 1-foetoprotein were not detected in any of the eluates. The ratio of the concentration of albumin to the concentration of IgG was similar in extracts and eluates of all the normal tissue and in 3 of the malignant tissues indicating non-specific binding of IgG.", "contents": "Characterization of heat eluates of human malignant tissues. Eluates of 13 malignant and 17 normal tissues were prepared at 56 degrees C using the continuous flow technique. Albumin was detected in all the eluates. IgG, IgA, C3 or haptoglobin were detected in most of the malignant and some of the normal tissues. Carcinoembryonic antigen, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin or alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were detected in some of the eluates of the malignant tissues only. IgM, IgD, C1q, C4, Cl-INH, alpha 1-macroglobulin, beta 2-lipoprotein, fibrinogen and alpha 1-foetoprotein were not detected in any of the eluates. The ratio of the concentration of albumin to the concentration of IgG was similar in extracts and eluates of all the normal tissue and in 3 of the malignant tissues indicating non-specific binding of IgG.", "PMID": 386713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7539", "title": "Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L-tryptophan or imipramine. Item analysis of Hamilton rating scale for depression.", "content": "Thirty-eight in-patients with endogenous- and 20 in-patients with non-endogenous depression, took part in a multi-centre 3-week double-blind trial where patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either 6 g L-tryptophan or 150 mg imipramine daily. Item analysis of Hamilton ratings, before the investigation and weekly during the trial period demonstrated few statistically different mean scores on individual items between the two treatment groups. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 0.1% level was found in the item Agitation in favour of imipramine-treated, and in the item Work and Activities in favour of L-tryptophan-treated endogenously depressed patients. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 5% level was found in the item Suicide in favour of imipramine-treated non-endogenously depressed patients. The present study has shown that, after 3 weeks' treatment, imipramine and L-tryptophan has decreased the mean score on individual items of HRS in about the same degree.", "contents": "Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L-tryptophan or imipramine. Item analysis of Hamilton rating scale for depression. Thirty-eight in-patients with endogenous- and 20 in-patients with non-endogenous depression, took part in a multi-centre 3-week double-blind trial where patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either 6 g L-tryptophan or 150 mg imipramine daily. Item analysis of Hamilton ratings, before the investigation and weekly during the trial period demonstrated few statistically different mean scores on individual items between the two treatment groups. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 0.1% level was found in the item Agitation in favour of imipramine-treated, and in the item Work and Activities in favour of L-tryptophan-treated endogenously depressed patients. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 5% level was found in the item Suicide in favour of imipramine-treated non-endogenously depressed patients. The present study has shown that, after 3 weeks' treatment, imipramine and L-tryptophan has decreased the mean score on individual items of HRS in about the same degree.", "PMID": 386715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7540", "title": "Trends in suicide in Sweden 1749-1975.", "content": "Changes in the suicide rate in Sweden have been studied over the period 1749-1975. It has risen from about 2 per 100,000 inhabitants at the middle of the 18th century to about 20 per 100,000 during the period 1971-1975. Thus a more than tenfold increase is evident. From the non-standardized figures a real and substantial increase can be demonstrated which becomes even more apparent after standardization. This increase is independent of variations in the age composition of the population. The increase has occurred in the younger age groups: between the ages of 20 and 35 years, i. e.during the most active years of life, suicide is the leading cause of death today. An account of legislative measures for suicide prevention during this period is also presented. There is considerable support for the assumption that the low suicide rate registered in Sweden up to the beginning of the 19th century was an effect of the powerful influence of religion over the population.", "contents": "Trends in suicide in Sweden 1749-1975. Changes in the suicide rate in Sweden have been studied over the period 1749-1975. It has risen from about 2 per 100,000 inhabitants at the middle of the 18th century to about 20 per 100,000 during the period 1971-1975. Thus a more than tenfold increase is evident. From the non-standardized figures a real and substantial increase can be demonstrated which becomes even more apparent after standardization. This increase is independent of variations in the age composition of the population. The increase has occurred in the younger age groups: between the ages of 20 and 35 years, i. e.during the most active years of life, suicide is the leading cause of death today. An account of legislative measures for suicide prevention during this period is also presented. There is considerable support for the assumption that the low suicide rate registered in Sweden up to the beginning of the 19th century was an effect of the powerful influence of religion over the population.", "PMID": 386716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7541", "title": "Production of biologicals by plant cell cultures.", "content": "The biologicals currently produced from plants are generally low molecular weight chemicals such as drug compounds rather than high molecular weight compounds such as proteins. The reasons for considering a fermentation technology based on plant cell cultures have been described. The state of technology of plant cell cultures is sufficiently advanced to suggest that the major questions remaining are economic rather than primarily technical. Limited analysis of the economics of commercial production of biologicals by plant cell cultures shows that a commercial process is certainly feasible.", "contents": "Production of biologicals by plant cell cultures. The biologicals currently produced from plants are generally low molecular weight chemicals such as drug compounds rather than high molecular weight compounds such as proteins. The reasons for considering a fermentation technology based on plant cell cultures have been described. The state of technology of plant cell cultures is sufficiently advanced to suggest that the major questions remaining are economic rather than primarily technical. Limited analysis of the economics of commercial production of biologicals by plant cell cultures shows that a commercial process is certainly feasible.", "PMID": 386723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7542", "title": "The effect cystamine on gastric secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effects of cystamine on gastric secretion were studied in conscious and anaesthetized rat preparations. In the conscious gastric fistula rat cystamine inhibited the basal acid output but increased pepsin output. This pepsinogogue action was inhibited by both atropine and metiamide. In the anaesthetized rat cystamine stimulated gastric acid output, an effect blocked by cimetidine which had an inhibitory E.D. 50 which was not significantly different from that obtained against histamine-stimulated secretion in this preparation. Atropine at high doses failed to inhibit the response. Depletion of mast cell histamine by compound 48/80 the secretory response to cystamine. In the light of these results possible mechanisms of action for the secretagogue effects of cystamine are discussed.", "contents": "The effect cystamine on gastric secretion in the rat. The effects of cystamine on gastric secretion were studied in conscious and anaesthetized rat preparations. In the conscious gastric fistula rat cystamine inhibited the basal acid output but increased pepsin output. This pepsinogogue action was inhibited by both atropine and metiamide. In the anaesthetized rat cystamine stimulated gastric acid output, an effect blocked by cimetidine which had an inhibitory E.D. 50 which was not significantly different from that obtained against histamine-stimulated secretion in this preparation. Atropine at high doses failed to inhibit the response. Depletion of mast cell histamine by compound 48/80 the secretory response to cystamine. In the light of these results possible mechanisms of action for the secretagogue effects of cystamine are discussed.", "PMID": 386737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7543", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in experimental ocular inflammations.", "content": "Intraocular inflammations (uveitis) were produced in rabbits by intravitreal injection of killed and dried Mycobacterium butyricum or E. coli endotoxin, or paracentesis of the anterior chamber. The increase in permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the leucocyte migration into the aqueous humor were observed after these stimuli, although the leucocyte did not migrate after paracentesis. Topically applied indomethacin reduced these inflammatory parameters in the latter two models. However, ththacin, though the leucocyte was not affected by indomethacin, though the leucocyte migration was reduced. On the other hand, prostaglandin-like substances in thces of these substances were detected in the former model. These results indicated that, unlike the increase in the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier after endotoxin injection andparacentesis, the response after M. butyricum injection is not mediated by prostaglandins. The role of prostaglandins in the leucocyte migration in these ocular inflammations was also discussed.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in experimental ocular inflammations. Intraocular inflammations (uveitis) were produced in rabbits by intravitreal injection of killed and dried Mycobacterium butyricum or E. coli endotoxin, or paracentesis of the anterior chamber. The increase in permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the leucocyte migration into the aqueous humor were observed after these stimuli, although the leucocyte did not migrate after paracentesis. Topically applied indomethacin reduced these inflammatory parameters in the latter two models. However, ththacin, though the leucocyte was not affected by indomethacin, though the leucocyte migration was reduced. On the other hand, prostaglandin-like substances in thces of these substances were detected in the former model. These results indicated that, unlike the increase in the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier after endotoxin injection andparacentesis, the response after M. butyricum injection is not mediated by prostaglandins. The role of prostaglandins in the leucocyte migration in these ocular inflammations was also discussed.", "PMID": 386738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7544", "title": "Rabbit lung microsomes: a rapid method for assaying simultaneously drug effects on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis.", "content": "A radiochemical method is described which allows simultaneous determination of the in vitro effects of chemical substances on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis. The method utilizes the capacity of a combination of bovine seminal vesicle microsomes (BSVM) and rabbit lung microsomes (TbLM) to transform arachidonic acid into TXB2, 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6K-PGF1 alpha), PGF2 alpha, and PGE2 in the ratio of 1:0.80:0.63:0.13:0.05, respectively. Imidazole and burimamide, and to some degree also dipyridamole and L8027, were found to be selective thromboxane inhibitors. The preferential alternative pathways following thromboxane inhibition with these drugs were towards PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and the algebraic sum of arachidonic acid metabolism was not affected by imidazole and burimamide. The assay is a convenient method for identification of drugs which interfere with specific pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism.", "contents": "Rabbit lung microsomes: a rapid method for assaying simultaneously drug effects on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis. A radiochemical method is described which allows simultaneous determination of the in vitro effects of chemical substances on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis. The method utilizes the capacity of a combination of bovine seminal vesicle microsomes (BSVM) and rabbit lung microsomes (TbLM) to transform arachidonic acid into TXB2, 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6K-PGF1 alpha), PGF2 alpha, and PGE2 in the ratio of 1:0.80:0.63:0.13:0.05, respectively. Imidazole and burimamide, and to some degree also dipyridamole and L8027, were found to be selective thromboxane inhibitors. The preferential alternative pathways following thromboxane inhibition with these drugs were towards PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and the algebraic sum of arachidonic acid metabolism was not affected by imidazole and burimamide. The assay is a convenient method for identification of drugs which interfere with specific pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism.", "PMID": 386739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7545", "title": "The role of thromboxane A2 in endotoxin-induced aggregation of guinea-pig platelets in vitro.", "content": "Large concentrations of endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) E. coli O127:B8 and E. coli O26:B6 were needed for induction of platelet aggregation in citrated platelet rich plasma (PRP) from normal guinea-pigs. When guinea-pigs were actively immunized with LPS E. coli O127:B8 their PRP became more sensitive to the aggregatory effects of this type of LPS. The increase in sensitivity was rather selective since the responses to ADP and LPS E. coli O26:B6 remained unchanged. In endotoxin-stimulated PRP from normal guinea-pigs thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was not detectable by bioassay. Thus biosynthesis of TXA2 seemed to be of little importance in endotoxin-induced platelet responses in normal citrate PRP. LPS E. coli O127:B8, but not LPS E. coli O26:B6, was a potent inducer of the biosynthesis of TXA2 in sensitized PRP. Under those conditions endotoxin-induced aggregation seemed to be dependent on the endogenous biosynthesis of TXA2 by the platelets.", "contents": "The role of thromboxane A2 in endotoxin-induced aggregation of guinea-pig platelets in vitro. Large concentrations of endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) E. coli O127:B8 and E. coli O26:B6 were needed for induction of platelet aggregation in citrated platelet rich plasma (PRP) from normal guinea-pigs. When guinea-pigs were actively immunized with LPS E. coli O127:B8 their PRP became more sensitive to the aggregatory effects of this type of LPS. The increase in sensitivity was rather selective since the responses to ADP and LPS E. coli O26:B6 remained unchanged. In endotoxin-stimulated PRP from normal guinea-pigs thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was not detectable by bioassay. Thus biosynthesis of TXA2 seemed to be of little importance in endotoxin-induced platelet responses in normal citrate PRP. LPS E. coli O127:B8, but not LPS E. coli O26:B6, was a potent inducer of the biosynthesis of TXA2 in sensitized PRP. Under those conditions endotoxin-induced aggregation seemed to be dependent on the endogenous biosynthesis of TXA2 by the platelets.", "PMID": 386740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7546", "title": "Modulation of granulomatous inflammation by prostaglandin E. Involvement of mononuclear cells.", "content": "The effects of exogenous PGE, administered locally to carrageenan sponge-induced granulomata in rats, have been studied in relation to changes in PGE-like material (PGL) and cell counts in exudates. Levels of PGL achieved a peak within 24h, declining thereafter. Administration of PGE during the acute phase led to irregular slight enhancement of subsequent granuloma formation. In contrast, administration of exogenous PGE to pre-formed granuloma, inhibited its formation. The early administration of PGE1, on day 1, inhibited mononuclear cell counts in 24h exudates. This inhibition was still present in 8 day exudates, together with reduced PGL levels. A significant correlation was also observed between phagocytosing macrophages and PGL levels in 8 day exudates after exogenous PGE1 treatment of pre-formed granuloma, suggesting that the exogenous PGE was inhibiting macrophage function, including PGL production. Further studies are necessary to establish whether the observed pharmacological effects indicate that PGE, released during granulomatous inflammation, modulates the process through actions on infiltrating leucocytes.", "contents": "Modulation of granulomatous inflammation by prostaglandin E. Involvement of mononuclear cells. The effects of exogenous PGE, administered locally to carrageenan sponge-induced granulomata in rats, have been studied in relation to changes in PGE-like material (PGL) and cell counts in exudates. Levels of PGL achieved a peak within 24h, declining thereafter. Administration of PGE during the acute phase led to irregular slight enhancement of subsequent granuloma formation. In contrast, administration of exogenous PGE to pre-formed granuloma, inhibited its formation. The early administration of PGE1, on day 1, inhibited mononuclear cell counts in 24h exudates. This inhibition was still present in 8 day exudates, together with reduced PGL levels. A significant correlation was also observed between phagocytosing macrophages and PGL levels in 8 day exudates after exogenous PGE1 treatment of pre-formed granuloma, suggesting that the exogenous PGE was inhibiting macrophage function, including PGL production. Further studies are necessary to establish whether the observed pharmacological effects indicate that PGE, released during granulomatous inflammation, modulates the process through actions on infiltrating leucocytes.", "PMID": 386745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7547", "title": "Abnormal mitral valve motion associated with ventricular septal defect following acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "It is often difficult to make the clinical distinction between acute mitral regurgitation caused by papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture and ventricular septal defect complicating an acute myocardial infarction. A case of a patient with rapidly progressive congestive heart failure and a loud murmur is presented. Echocardiography strongly suggested the presence of a flail posterior mitral leaflet. However, the patient was subsequently found to have rupture of the interventricular septum. This diagnosis was made with bedside right heart catheterization and was later confirmed by left ventriculography and direct inspection at the time of surgery. The mitral valve apparatus was completely normal. Thus this case demonstrates the apparent lack of specificity of the accepted echocardiographic criteria for flail mitral leaflet and acutely ruptured interventricular septum, and the potential necessity of cardiac catheterization to distinguish between these entities.", "contents": "Abnormal mitral valve motion associated with ventricular septal defect following acute myocardial infarction. It is often difficult to make the clinical distinction between acute mitral regurgitation caused by papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture and ventricular septal defect complicating an acute myocardial infarction. A case of a patient with rapidly progressive congestive heart failure and a loud murmur is presented. Echocardiography strongly suggested the presence of a flail posterior mitral leaflet. However, the patient was subsequently found to have rupture of the interventricular septum. This diagnosis was made with bedside right heart catheterization and was later confirmed by left ventriculography and direct inspection at the time of surgery. The mitral valve apparatus was completely normal. Thus this case demonstrates the apparent lack of specificity of the accepted echocardiographic criteria for flail mitral leaflet and acutely ruptured interventricular septum, and the potential necessity of cardiac catheterization to distinguish between these entities.", "PMID": 386750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7548", "title": "Report on carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB).", "content": "In a carcinogenesis bioassay of the brominated hydrocarbon 1,2-dibromoethane (also called ethylene dibromide or EDB), a gasoline and antiknock additive and soil and grain fumigant, oral administration by stomach tube caused cancers in rats and mice. In both sexes of both species, EDB induced squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach. Blood vessel cancers in male rats, liver cancers in female rats, and lung cancers in male and female mice also were attributed to EDB dosage.", "contents": "Report on carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB). In a carcinogenesis bioassay of the brominated hydrocarbon 1,2-dibromoethane (also called ethylene dibromide or EDB), a gasoline and antiknock additive and soil and grain fumigant, oral administration by stomach tube caused cancers in rats and mice. In both sexes of both species, EDB induced squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach. Blood vessel cancers in male rats, liver cancers in female rats, and lung cancers in male and female mice also were attributed to EDB dosage.", "PMID": 386760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7549", "title": "Role of vasoconstrictor mechanisms in the control of left ventricular performance of the normal and damaged heart.", "content": "The effect on the left ventricle of changes in the state of the arterial vasculature is best identified by utilizing calculations of pulsatile rather than steady flow phenomena. Impedance is the most satisfactory term to describe this effect. The normal ventricle compensates for changes in impedance largely by changes in preload, but the damaged heart loses this compensatory ability and its stroke volume becomes inversely related to outflow resistance. Patients with heart failure behave in a similar fashion and pharmacologic vasodilation may induce marked improvement in left ventricular pump function. Inappropriate vasoconstriction in heart failure may result from stimulation of the sympathetic or renin-angiotensin system. Early experience with converting enzyme inhibitors suggests that blockade of the formation of angiotensin II may be a useful means of treating some patients with heart failure.", "contents": "Role of vasoconstrictor mechanisms in the control of left ventricular performance of the normal and damaged heart. The effect on the left ventricle of changes in the state of the arterial vasculature is best identified by utilizing calculations of pulsatile rather than steady flow phenomena. Impedance is the most satisfactory term to describe this effect. The normal ventricle compensates for changes in impedance largely by changes in preload, but the damaged heart loses this compensatory ability and its stroke volume becomes inversely related to outflow resistance. Patients with heart failure behave in a similar fashion and pharmacologic vasodilation may induce marked improvement in left ventricular pump function. Inappropriate vasoconstriction in heart failure may result from stimulation of the sympathetic or renin-angiotensin system. Early experience with converting enzyme inhibitors suggests that blockade of the formation of angiotensin II may be a useful means of treating some patients with heart failure.", "PMID": 386761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7550", "title": "Inappropriate coronary vasoconstriction in patients with coronary artery disease: a role for nifedipine?", "content": "Coronary arterial vasoconstriction, well recognized in Prinzmetal's variant angina, may participate in the pathogenesis of classic angina as well. Several recent studies in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease suggest that apparently spontaneous reductions in coronary blood flow can result in myocardial ischemia and even infarction. Evidence supporting the alpha adrenergic nervous system as a cause of such coronary vasoconstriction is reviewed, particularly the results of provocative testing with the cold pressor stimulus. Upon exposure of the skin to cold, patients with coronary artery disease demonstrate an inappropriate coronary vasoconstrictor response, often sufficient to produce angina. Normal patients, by contrast, show no change in coronary vascular resistance. In patients with a diseases coronary circulation, inappropriate vasoconstriction further restricts myocardial perfusion and appears to be little affected by beta adrenergic blocking agents or nitrates in the usual dosages. Nifedipine has proved effective in preventing coronary arterial spasm in patients with Prinzmetal's angina. Studies currently in progress suggest that it is also effective in blocking inappropriate coronary vasoconstriction in patients with typical angina. Nifedipine may thus be a useful addition to the treatment of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Inappropriate coronary vasoconstriction in patients with coronary artery disease: a role for nifedipine? Coronary arterial vasoconstriction, well recognized in Prinzmetal's variant angina, may participate in the pathogenesis of classic angina as well. Several recent studies in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease suggest that apparently spontaneous reductions in coronary blood flow can result in myocardial ischemia and even infarction. Evidence supporting the alpha adrenergic nervous system as a cause of such coronary vasoconstriction is reviewed, particularly the results of provocative testing with the cold pressor stimulus. Upon exposure of the skin to cold, patients with coronary artery disease demonstrate an inappropriate coronary vasoconstrictor response, often sufficient to produce angina. Normal patients, by contrast, show no change in coronary vascular resistance. In patients with a diseases coronary circulation, inappropriate vasoconstriction further restricts myocardial perfusion and appears to be little affected by beta adrenergic blocking agents or nitrates in the usual dosages. Nifedipine has proved effective in preventing coronary arterial spasm in patients with Prinzmetal's angina. Studies currently in progress suggest that it is also effective in blocking inappropriate coronary vasoconstriction in patients with typical angina. Nifedipine may thus be a useful addition to the treatment of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 386763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7551", "title": "Coronary pressor reflexes.", "content": "The heart differs from other cardiovascular reflexogenic structures because it has two prominent inputs to the central nervous system. On input is spinal and is mediated by afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. The other is medullary and is mediated by afferent vagal fibers. The number of fibers projecting centrally appears to be similar in the two systems. The reflex effects produced by excitation of the two inputs are complicated and can be either pressor or depressor. However, reflex pressor effects seem to be more prominant for the spinal input and reflex depressor effects more prominent for the medullary input.", "contents": "Coronary pressor reflexes. The heart differs from other cardiovascular reflexogenic structures because it has two prominent inputs to the central nervous system. On input is spinal and is mediated by afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. The other is medullary and is mediated by afferent vagal fibers. The number of fibers projecting centrally appears to be similar in the two systems. The reflex effects produced by excitation of the two inputs are complicated and can be either pressor or depressor. However, reflex pressor effects seem to be more prominant for the spinal input and reflex depressor effects more prominent for the medullary input.", "PMID": 386765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7552", "title": "Positive feedback sympathetic reflexes and hypertension.", "content": "A pressor reflex that can be elicited from the thoracic aorta in conscious dogs is described. Distension of the aorta excites sympathetic afferent fibers and results in an increase in arterial blood pressure because of increased sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels. The reflex center for this positive feedback mechanism is located in the spinal cord and, when the reflex is activated, it can modulate other negative feedback control systems.", "contents": "Positive feedback sympathetic reflexes and hypertension. A pressor reflex that can be elicited from the thoracic aorta in conscious dogs is described. Distension of the aorta excites sympathetic afferent fibers and results in an increase in arterial blood pressure because of increased sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels. The reflex center for this positive feedback mechanism is located in the spinal cord and, when the reflex is activated, it can modulate other negative feedback control systems.", "PMID": 386767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7553", "title": "Cardiac receptors: normal and disturbed function.", "content": "Widely distributed throughout the heart is a network of fibers connected to the medullary cardiovascular centers by nonmedullated vagal afferent fibers. When the traffic in these fibers is interrupted by vagal cooling, and the input from the arterial baroreceptors is prevented, the arterial blood pressure increases. Thus, these receptors act to inhibit tonically the vasomotor center. The receptors in the atria alter their rate of discharge with changes in atrial transmural pressure and contractility and are most active during end-inspiration and early expiration when the transmural pressure is maximal. The receptors in the ventricles respond to changes in ventricular end-diastolic pressure (preload), to the pressure generated during systole (afterload) and to changes in ventricular contractility. The cardiac mechanoreceptors have an equal or greater effect on the renal bed than the arterial mechanoreceptors and this effect is enhanced by hypercapnia. In animals, the cardiac mechanoreceptors have less control of the muscle vessels than the arterial mechanoreceptors, but the reverse is true in man. Both the cardiac and arterial mechanoreceptors can modulate the output of renin from the kidney, but the cardiac mechanoreceptors are more sensitive to small changes in blood volume. During coronary occlusion, in association with the bulging of the ischemic myocardium, the rate of discharge of these cardiac receptors is greatly increased.", "contents": "Cardiac receptors: normal and disturbed function. Widely distributed throughout the heart is a network of fibers connected to the medullary cardiovascular centers by nonmedullated vagal afferent fibers. When the traffic in these fibers is interrupted by vagal cooling, and the input from the arterial baroreceptors is prevented, the arterial blood pressure increases. Thus, these receptors act to inhibit tonically the vasomotor center. The receptors in the atria alter their rate of discharge with changes in atrial transmural pressure and contractility and are most active during end-inspiration and early expiration when the transmural pressure is maximal. The receptors in the ventricles respond to changes in ventricular end-diastolic pressure (preload), to the pressure generated during systole (afterload) and to changes in ventricular contractility. The cardiac mechanoreceptors have an equal or greater effect on the renal bed than the arterial mechanoreceptors and this effect is enhanced by hypercapnia. In animals, the cardiac mechanoreceptors have less control of the muscle vessels than the arterial mechanoreceptors, but the reverse is true in man. Both the cardiac and arterial mechanoreceptors can modulate the output of renin from the kidney, but the cardiac mechanoreceptors are more sensitive to small changes in blood volume. During coronary occlusion, in association with the bulging of the ischemic myocardium, the rate of discharge of these cardiac receptors is greatly increased.", "PMID": 386768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7554", "title": "Cardiac reflexes in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Characteristics of left atrial receptors were studied in normotensive control (Wistar) and spontenaously hypertensive rats. The left atrial pressure was chronically elevated in spontaneously hypertensive rats and at the end of the expiratory phase was 10.3 mm Hg as compared with 4.6 mm Hg in normotensive control rats. The thresholds of the receptor endings were twice as high in the hypertensive as in the normotensive rats (10.2 and 4.6 mm Hg, respectively). In other experiments the reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic outflow was studied during plasma infusion in baroreceptor denervated normotensive and hypertensive rats was was inhibited at a lower left atrial pressure in the former. These differences are attirubted to decreased distensibility of the left atrium in spotaneously hypertensive rats. The reflex splanchnic nerve inhibition with volume load also was recorded in awake rats. At a 10 percent increase in blood volume, splanchnic outflow was more significantly decreased in spotaneously hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The mechanism underlying such a hyperreactive volume receptor response is unknown, but a less distensible venous system, centrally or peripherally, might be a contributing factor.", "contents": "Cardiac reflexes in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Characteristics of left atrial receptors were studied in normotensive control (Wistar) and spontenaously hypertensive rats. The left atrial pressure was chronically elevated in spontaneously hypertensive rats and at the end of the expiratory phase was 10.3 mm Hg as compared with 4.6 mm Hg in normotensive control rats. The thresholds of the receptor endings were twice as high in the hypertensive as in the normotensive rats (10.2 and 4.6 mm Hg, respectively). In other experiments the reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic outflow was studied during plasma infusion in baroreceptor denervated normotensive and hypertensive rats was was inhibited at a lower left atrial pressure in the former. These differences are attirubted to decreased distensibility of the left atrium in spotaneously hypertensive rats. The reflex splanchnic nerve inhibition with volume load also was recorded in awake rats. At a 10 percent increase in blood volume, splanchnic outflow was more significantly decreased in spotaneously hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The mechanism underlying such a hyperreactive volume receptor response is unknown, but a less distensible venous system, centrally or peripherally, might be a contributing factor.", "PMID": 386769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7555", "title": "Overview of cardiovascular reflexes in hypertension.", "content": "The problem of cardiovascular reflexes in hypertension poses several questions. The first is whether alterations in cardiovascular reflexes can initiate a persistent increase in arterial pressure. Another is whether it is an alteration in depressor or in pressor reflexes that matters in hypertension. Other questions concern the type and nature of the reflex alterations that actually occur in hypertension and the place of resetting of baroreflexes in the sequence of physiologic events leading to increased blood pressure.", "contents": "Overview of cardiovascular reflexes in hypertension. The problem of cardiovascular reflexes in hypertension poses several questions. The first is whether alterations in cardiovascular reflexes can initiate a persistent increase in arterial pressure. Another is whether it is an alteration in depressor or in pressor reflexes that matters in hypertension. Other questions concern the type and nature of the reflex alterations that actually occur in hypertension and the place of resetting of baroreflexes in the sequence of physiologic events leading to increased blood pressure.", "PMID": 386773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7556", "title": "The immunologic approach to the pathology of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Presentations of malignant lymphomas in the past did not have the benefit of modern developments in immunology and do not bear any relationship to our modern understanding of immunology. The malignant lymphomas in our immunologic approach are regarded as neoplasms of the immune system and involve principally the T- and B-cell systems and alterations in lymphocyte transformation. The cytologic types of our new classification are an attempt to identify specific functional subtypes of the T- and B-cell systems as defective expressions of their normal counterparts. The results of our multiparameter studies on large case series of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and those of others have demonstrated that the malignant lymphomas for the most part mark as T- or B-cell types, with the exception of a rare lymphoma of true histiocytic type and the unmarked portion of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) of childhood. They have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the cytologic types of the past that possibly account for the diversity of their clinical manifestations and responses to therapy. The immunologic approach has permitted the identification of homogeneous cytologic types that are emerging as clinical morphologic immunologic entities.", "contents": "The immunologic approach to the pathology of malignant lymphomas. Presentations of malignant lymphomas in the past did not have the benefit of modern developments in immunology and do not bear any relationship to our modern understanding of immunology. The malignant lymphomas in our immunologic approach are regarded as neoplasms of the immune system and involve principally the T- and B-cell systems and alterations in lymphocyte transformation. The cytologic types of our new classification are an attempt to identify specific functional subtypes of the T- and B-cell systems as defective expressions of their normal counterparts. The results of our multiparameter studies on large case series of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and those of others have demonstrated that the malignant lymphomas for the most part mark as T- or B-cell types, with the exception of a rare lymphoma of true histiocytic type and the unmarked portion of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) of childhood. They have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the cytologic types of the past that possibly account for the diversity of their clinical manifestations and responses to therapy. The immunologic approach has permitted the identification of homogeneous cytologic types that are emerging as clinical morphologic immunologic entities.", "PMID": 386777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7557", "title": "Immunologic basis for the redefinition of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "As neoplasms of the immune system, lymphomas can be characterized by a variety of immunologic technics. These technics, used in conjunction with morphology and cytochemistry, have promoted the development of lymphoma classifications which relate more closely to our current understanding of the anatomy and function of the immune system than earlier classifications. This brief review of the development and function of the immune system and discussion of technics used in distinguishing B and T lymphocytes is intended to provide background and perspective for the other papers presented in this symposium.", "contents": "Immunologic basis for the redefinition of malignant lymphomas. As neoplasms of the immune system, lymphomas can be characterized by a variety of immunologic technics. These technics, used in conjunction with morphology and cytochemistry, have promoted the development of lymphoma classifications which relate more closely to our current understanding of the anatomy and function of the immune system than earlier classifications. This brief review of the development and function of the immune system and discussion of technics used in distinguishing B and T lymphocytes is intended to provide background and perspective for the other papers presented in this symposium.", "PMID": 386778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7558", "title": "Results of multiparameter studies of B-cell lymphomas.", "content": "As advances in our understanding of the lymphoreticular system are achieved, so becomes the need to adjust our concepts of the corresponding malignant neoplasms. This paper relates the various histologic and clinical types of malignant lymphoma to current knowledge of the morphology and behavior of the lymphocyte. Aspects of normal lymphocyte morphology and function that appear to govern the histologic appearances and behavioral patterns of lymphocyte-derived neoplasms include the radical morphologic and functional changes occurring in the course of lymphocyte transformation, the division of lymphocytes into two or more functioning subgroups, and lymphocyte circulation and homing. Surface marker and immunohistologic studies of B-cell lymphomas provide support for the relationship between various neoplastic types and these aspects of normal lymphocytic function and behavior and for the logical extension of this concept to the interrelationship between these malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Results of multiparameter studies of B-cell lymphomas. As advances in our understanding of the lymphoreticular system are achieved, so becomes the need to adjust our concepts of the corresponding malignant neoplasms. This paper relates the various histologic and clinical types of malignant lymphoma to current knowledge of the morphology and behavior of the lymphocyte. Aspects of normal lymphocyte morphology and function that appear to govern the histologic appearances and behavioral patterns of lymphocyte-derived neoplasms include the radical morphologic and functional changes occurring in the course of lymphocyte transformation, the division of lymphocytes into two or more functioning subgroups, and lymphocyte circulation and homing. Surface marker and immunohistologic studies of B-cell lymphomas provide support for the relationship between various neoplastic types and these aspects of normal lymphocytic function and behavior and for the logical extension of this concept to the interrelationship between these malignant lymphomas.", "PMID": 386779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7559", "title": "Results of multiparameter studies of T-cell lymphoid neoplasms.", "content": "By application of combined structural and functional analyses, most lymphoid neoplasms may be categorized as of T- or B-cell origin. T lymphocyte neoplasms include types of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, certain cutaneous and node-based lymphomas, and lymphomas of thymocytes (convoluted lymphocytic lymphomas). Although much less frequent than B-cell neoplasms, these T-cell neoplasms are important because their recognition has therapeutic and prognostic significance. Relatively specific histopathologic, histochemical, and immunologic criteria have been defined for each neoplasm. These neoplasms are also significant because homogeneous populations of T neoplastic cells have been used successfully in a few cases to study the normal biology of the immune system.", "contents": "Results of multiparameter studies of T-cell lymphoid neoplasms. By application of combined structural and functional analyses, most lymphoid neoplasms may be categorized as of T- or B-cell origin. T lymphocyte neoplasms include types of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, certain cutaneous and node-based lymphomas, and lymphomas of thymocytes (convoluted lymphocytic lymphomas). Although much less frequent than B-cell neoplasms, these T-cell neoplasms are important because their recognition has therapeutic and prognostic significance. Relatively specific histopathologic, histochemical, and immunologic criteria have been defined for each neoplasm. These neoplasms are also significant because homogeneous populations of T neoplastic cells have been used successfully in a few cases to study the normal biology of the immune system.", "PMID": 386780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7560", "title": "Psychological factors in diabetes mellitus. A review of the literature with emphasis on adolescence.", "content": "In this thorough review of the literature of the past 100 years concerning psychological factors in diabetes mellitus, interpretation is channeled toward adolescence. In addition, emphasis is given to the major role that emotional components play in the development and maintenance of the brittle teenage diabetic. The integration of adolescent developmental issues of into physician treatment plans is stressed.", "contents": "Psychological factors in diabetes mellitus. A review of the literature with emphasis on adolescence. In this thorough review of the literature of the past 100 years concerning psychological factors in diabetes mellitus, interpretation is channeled toward adolescence. In addition, emphasis is given to the major role that emotional components play in the development and maintenance of the brittle teenage diabetic. The integration of adolescent developmental issues of into physician treatment plans is stressed.", "PMID": 386782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7561", "title": "Reducing Medicaid expenditures through family responsibility: critique of a recent proposal.", "content": "The Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare recently proposed a \"Family Responsibility Plan\" which would impose a financial obligation upon adult children in the state for the nursing-home care of their parents who receive Medicaid. By examining the Massachusetts plan, this Note seeks to evaluate the viability of a concept of family responsibility, under which adult children contribute to the state Medicaid expenses of their medically indigent parents in nursing homes, as a means of combating the increase in state Medicaid expenditures. The Note examines the legal and policy issues raised by the Massachusetts welfare department's plan in particular, and by the concept of family responsibility in general. The author concludes that alternative methods of cost containment, such as positive financial incentives, would be more appropriate mechanisms for reducing state Medicaid expenditures than family--that is, adult child--responsibility plans.", "contents": "Reducing Medicaid expenditures through family responsibility: critique of a recent proposal. The Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare recently proposed a \"Family Responsibility Plan\" which would impose a financial obligation upon adult children in the state for the nursing-home care of their parents who receive Medicaid. By examining the Massachusetts plan, this Note seeks to evaluate the viability of a concept of family responsibility, under which adult children contribute to the state Medicaid expenses of their medically indigent parents in nursing homes, as a means of combating the increase in state Medicaid expenditures. The Note examines the legal and policy issues raised by the Massachusetts welfare department's plan in particular, and by the concept of family responsibility in general. The author concludes that alternative methods of cost containment, such as positive financial incentives, would be more appropriate mechanisms for reducing state Medicaid expenditures than family--that is, adult child--responsibility plans.", "PMID": 386784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7562", "title": "Bretylium tosylate: a review.", "content": "The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects, drug interactions and dosage of bretylium tosylate, a recently approved antiarrhythmic agent, are reviewed. Bretylium tosylate is used to treat life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, principally ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, that have not responded to treatment with first-line antiarrhythmic agents. The drug has a direct positive inotropic effect on the myocardium and blocking effect on postganglionic sympathetic nerve transmission. The drug is poorly absorbed orally, requiring either i.m. or i.v. administration. Drug excretion occurs primarily through the kidney, necessitating dosage modification in renal disease. Hypotension is the most commonly observed adverse reaction to bretylium tosylate. Rapid i.v. administration may cause severe nausea and vomiting, and i.m. injection at the same site may cause atrophy and necrosis of muscle tissue. Quinidine and procainamide may potentiate the hypotensive effects of bretylium. Bretylium will aggravate digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Bretylium's use in resistant ventricular tachyarrhythmias requires close clinical monitoring.", "contents": "Bretylium tosylate: a review. The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects, drug interactions and dosage of bretylium tosylate, a recently approved antiarrhythmic agent, are reviewed. Bretylium tosylate is used to treat life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, principally ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, that have not responded to treatment with first-line antiarrhythmic agents. The drug has a direct positive inotropic effect on the myocardium and blocking effect on postganglionic sympathetic nerve transmission. The drug is poorly absorbed orally, requiring either i.m. or i.v. administration. Drug excretion occurs primarily through the kidney, necessitating dosage modification in renal disease. Hypotension is the most commonly observed adverse reaction to bretylium tosylate. Rapid i.v. administration may cause severe nausea and vomiting, and i.m. injection at the same site may cause atrophy and necrosis of muscle tissue. Quinidine and procainamide may potentiate the hypotensive effects of bretylium. Bretylium will aggravate digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Bretylium's use in resistant ventricular tachyarrhythmias requires close clinical monitoring.", "PMID": 386786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7563", "title": "Comparison of five information services as sources for bioavailability data.", "content": "The usefulness of five drug information services in obtaining bioavailability data from journal literature is compared. The deHAEN Drugs in Use system, the Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS), Index Medicus, MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), each for a 10-year period, were searched for citations on bioavailability studies on the oral dosage forms of acetaminophen, lithium carbonate, phenytoin, nitrofurantoin and theophylline. Both quantity of references indexed and quality of data were considered. No significant difference was found in the mean value scores for the five services. Index Medicus provided 79 citations but required 7.7 hours of search time. MEDLINE yielded 62 citations but required only 1.1 hours to search. IPA, IDIS and deHaen had lower numbers of citations and intermediate search times. IPA, deHaen and Index Medicus all cited unique articles, with 11%, 7% and 3%, respectively. Index Medicus had the lowest percent of articles duplicated by two or more services (49%). The most comprehensive serch with the fewest duplicate citations would be obtained from searching deHaen's Drugs in Use, IPA and Index Medicus.", "contents": "Comparison of five information services as sources for bioavailability data. The usefulness of five drug information services in obtaining bioavailability data from journal literature is compared. The deHAEN Drugs in Use system, the Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS), Index Medicus, MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), each for a 10-year period, were searched for citations on bioavailability studies on the oral dosage forms of acetaminophen, lithium carbonate, phenytoin, nitrofurantoin and theophylline. Both quantity of references indexed and quality of data were considered. No significant difference was found in the mean value scores for the five services. Index Medicus provided 79 citations but required 7.7 hours of search time. MEDLINE yielded 62 citations but required only 1.1 hours to search. IPA, IDIS and deHaen had lower numbers of citations and intermediate search times. IPA, deHaen and Index Medicus all cited unique articles, with 11%, 7% and 3%, respectively. Index Medicus had the lowest percent of articles duplicated by two or more services (49%). The most comprehensive serch with the fewest duplicate citations would be obtained from searching deHaen's Drugs in Use, IPA and Index Medicus.", "PMID": 386788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7564", "title": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. V: Contributions to developing dosage regimens for antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic methods that have been used to improve antihypertensive drug therapy, including antihypertensive dosage regimens, are reviewed. Pharmacokinetic variables have been determined that allow: (1) derivation of the loading dose necessary to achieve rapid control of blood pressure with propranolol hydrochloride, guanethidine, minoxidil and clonidine hydrochloride; (2) reduced frequency of dosing with methyldopa, hydralazine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, propranolol and clonidine; and (3) alteration of propranolol and hydralazine dosage based on physiologic factors (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment, binding to plasma proteins, altered enzyme activity). More rapid control of hypertension is possible, patient compliance is enhanced and drug toxicity is reduced by applying pharmacokinetic principles to develop individualized antihypertensive dosage regimens.", "contents": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. V: Contributions to developing dosage regimens for antihypertensive drugs. Pharmacokinetic methods that have been used to improve antihypertensive drug therapy, including antihypertensive dosage regimens, are reviewed. Pharmacokinetic variables have been determined that allow: (1) derivation of the loading dose necessary to achieve rapid control of blood pressure with propranolol hydrochloride, guanethidine, minoxidil and clonidine hydrochloride; (2) reduced frequency of dosing with methyldopa, hydralazine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, propranolol and clonidine; and (3) alteration of propranolol and hydralazine dosage based on physiologic factors (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment, binding to plasma proteins, altered enzyme activity). More rapid control of hypertension is possible, patient compliance is enhanced and drug toxicity is reduced by applying pharmacokinetic principles to develop individualized antihypertensive dosage regimens.", "PMID": 386789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7565", "title": "The Kennedy version of the Drug Regulation Reform Act.", "content": "Provisions of Senator Edward Kennedy's version  of the Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1979 (S.1075) are discussed. Included in the discussions are pre- and postmarketing approval controls on drug products, product equivalency, drug promotion and information, penalties, and the National Center for Drug Sciences. Provisions of the act are compared with the Carter Administration's 1978 (S.2775, H.R.11611 and H.R.12980) and 1979 (S.1045 and H.R. 4258) drug reform bills. The Kennedy bill does not depart radically from the existing drug approval process but would open it to the public and give FDA more flexibility to impose conditions, such as limited distribution and postmarketing surveillance, to product approval. It establishes drug compendia that would meet federal standards but that preferably would be published by the private sector. Hospitals and other health care institutions are exempted from the bill's patients package insert requirements, except as otherwise regulated by FDA.", "contents": "The Kennedy version of the Drug Regulation Reform Act. Provisions of Senator Edward Kennedy's version  of the Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1979 (S.1075) are discussed. Included in the discussions are pre- and postmarketing approval controls on drug products, product equivalency, drug promotion and information, penalties, and the National Center for Drug Sciences. Provisions of the act are compared with the Carter Administration's 1978 (S.2775, H.R.11611 and H.R.12980) and 1979 (S.1045 and H.R. 4258) drug reform bills. The Kennedy bill does not depart radically from the existing drug approval process but would open it to the public and give FDA more flexibility to impose conditions, such as limited distribution and postmarketing surveillance, to product approval. It establishes drug compendia that would meet federal standards but that preferably would be published by the private sector. Hospitals and other health care institutions are exempted from the bill's patients package insert requirements, except as otherwise regulated by FDA.", "PMID": 386790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7566", "title": "Low-dose heparin therapy in the long-term management of venous thromboembolism.", "content": "The efficacy of a six-month course of low-dose heparin therapy was compared to a conventional warfarin regimen by a prospective, controlled trial in 48 patients with pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis of the legs. All subjects had complicated medical illnesses and a high risk of recurrent thromboembolism. Bleeding complications were virtually negligible during heparin therapy and occurred significantly more frequently in patients receiving warfarin. Heparin was as effective as warfarin in the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism. Patient compliance with the two treatment regimens was comparable. Self-administered, low-dose heparin therapy is a useful alternative to warfarin in the long-term management of complicated thromboembolic disorders.", "contents": "Low-dose heparin therapy in the long-term management of venous thromboembolism. The efficacy of a six-month course of low-dose heparin therapy was compared to a conventional warfarin regimen by a prospective, controlled trial in 48 patients with pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis of the legs. All subjects had complicated medical illnesses and a high risk of recurrent thromboembolism. Bleeding complications were virtually negligible during heparin therapy and occurred significantly more frequently in patients receiving warfarin. Heparin was as effective as warfarin in the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism. Patient compliance with the two treatment regimens was comparable. Self-administered, low-dose heparin therapy is a useful alternative to warfarin in the long-term management of complicated thromboembolic disorders.", "PMID": 386791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7567", "title": "Experience with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol therapy in undergoing hemodialysis patients with progressive vitamin D2-treated osteodystrophy.", "content": "Six long-term hemodialysis patients with progressive skeletal deterioration during long-term pharmacologic vitamin D2 therapy were treated for six to 12 months with oral 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) to determine its therapeutic effectiveness in vitamin D2-unresponsive osteodystrophy. On bone biopsy, three of the patients had severe osteomalacia and three showed predominant osteitis fibrosa. Previous therapies, including phosphate binders and dialysis schedules, were maintained. The three patients with osteomalacia and the two with osteitis fibrosa showed clinical deterioration. There was no significant change in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone densitometry, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels or bone histology. Roentgenograms showed multiple new fractures of ribs and femoral necks in the patients with osteomalacia and increased bone resorption in two of three patients with osteitis fibrosa. 1,25-(OH)2D3 dosage had to be decreased in all patients because of hypercalcemia with a mean tolerated dose of 0.22 microgram/day. In these patients, 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not effective therapy for progressive osteodystrophy unresponsive to pharmacologic vitamin D2.", "contents": "Experience with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol therapy in undergoing hemodialysis patients with progressive vitamin D2-treated osteodystrophy. Six long-term hemodialysis patients with progressive skeletal deterioration during long-term pharmacologic vitamin D2 therapy were treated for six to 12 months with oral 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) to determine its therapeutic effectiveness in vitamin D2-unresponsive osteodystrophy. On bone biopsy, three of the patients had severe osteomalacia and three showed predominant osteitis fibrosa. Previous therapies, including phosphate binders and dialysis schedules, were maintained. The three patients with osteomalacia and the two with osteitis fibrosa showed clinical deterioration. There was no significant change in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone densitometry, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels or bone histology. Roentgenograms showed multiple new fractures of ribs and femoral necks in the patients with osteomalacia and increased bone resorption in two of three patients with osteitis fibrosa. 1,25-(OH)2D3 dosage had to be decreased in all patients because of hypercalcemia with a mean tolerated dose of 0.22 microgram/day. In these patients, 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not effective therapy for progressive osteodystrophy unresponsive to pharmacologic vitamin D2.", "PMID": 386792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7568", "title": "Delayed hyperacute rejection in recipients of kidney transplants from HLA identical sibling donors.", "content": "Delayed hyperacute rejection, with its characteristic clinical course and histopathologic findings, occurred within one month after transplantation in five recipients of kidney transplants from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling donors. In all cases, unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures and immunologic studies to detect cytotoxic antibodies in the recipients against their respective donors, before kidney transplantation and after transplant nephrectomy, were unresponsive or negative. Onset of delayed hyperacute rejection was preceded by bacteremia in two of these patients. Two of these received second kidney transplants, three to six months later, from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling donors again. Although both have had an episode of acute rejection in the early postoperative period, the grafts have maintained excellent function for 21 and 25 months, respectively. Irreversible forms of transplant rejection, such as delayed hyperacute rejection, do occur even in recipients of kidney transplants from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling pairs, indicating that genetic determinants other than HLA-A, B and D loci, and perhaps other nongenetic immune mechanisms, play an important role in the ultimate results of kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Delayed hyperacute rejection in recipients of kidney transplants from HLA identical sibling donors. Delayed hyperacute rejection, with its characteristic clinical course and histopathologic findings, occurred within one month after transplantation in five recipients of kidney transplants from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling donors. In all cases, unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures and immunologic studies to detect cytotoxic antibodies in the recipients against their respective donors, before kidney transplantation and after transplant nephrectomy, were unresponsive or negative. Onset of delayed hyperacute rejection was preceded by bacteremia in two of these patients. Two of these received second kidney transplants, three to six months later, from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling donors again. Although both have had an episode of acute rejection in the early postoperative period, the grafts have maintained excellent function for 21 and 25 months, respectively. Irreversible forms of transplant rejection, such as delayed hyperacute rejection, do occur even in recipients of kidney transplants from HLA-A, B and D identical sibling pairs, indicating that genetic determinants other than HLA-A, B and D loci, and perhaps other nongenetic immune mechanisms, play an important role in the ultimate results of kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 386793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7569", "title": "Molecular assembly in the contact phase of the Hageman factor system.", "content": "Data obtained in the past few years have defined the molecular mechanisms of contact activation of the Hageman factor pathways of plasma, i.e., the kinin-forming, intrinsic clotting and fibrinolytic systems. Involved are four molecules: Hageman factor, high molecular weight (MW) kininogen, prekallikrein and factor XI. High MW kininogen serves as a surface cofactor to assemble prekallikrein or factor XI in proximity to surface-bound Hageman factor. Reciprocal proteolytic activation of Hageman factor and prekallikrein represents an essential step in the rapid activation of the contact phase. Although Hageman factor does undergo cleavage and activation in the absence of prekallikrein or high MW kininogen, the rate is approximately 50 and 100 times slower than when these molecules are present. Once Hageman factor is activated on the surface, it cleaves and activates clotting factor XI. Activated Hageman factor (HFa) exhibits two molecular forms. One of these, alpha HFa, activates prekallikrein and factor XI, and the intrinsic clotting system on the surface. alpha HFa and clotting factor XI remain surface bound. The other form of activated Hageman factor, beta HFa, leaves the surface, going into solution where it readily activates additional prekallikrein but not factor XI. Of perhaps even greater importance, kallikrein rapidly dissociates from the surface. Thus the formation of bradykinin and fibrinolysis is disseminated whereas clotting via the intrinsic system remains localized. Reviewed here is the molecular mechanism of contact activation of the Hageman factor pathways and discussed in the interaction of Hageman factor with the negatively charged surface, prekallikrein, factor XI and high MW kininogen. The multiple forms of activated Hageman factor and their potential biologic significance are also discussed.", "contents": "Molecular assembly in the contact phase of the Hageman factor system. Data obtained in the past few years have defined the molecular mechanisms of contact activation of the Hageman factor pathways of plasma, i.e., the kinin-forming, intrinsic clotting and fibrinolytic systems. Involved are four molecules: Hageman factor, high molecular weight (MW) kininogen, prekallikrein and factor XI. High MW kininogen serves as a surface cofactor to assemble prekallikrein or factor XI in proximity to surface-bound Hageman factor. Reciprocal proteolytic activation of Hageman factor and prekallikrein represents an essential step in the rapid activation of the contact phase. Although Hageman factor does undergo cleavage and activation in the absence of prekallikrein or high MW kininogen, the rate is approximately 50 and 100 times slower than when these molecules are present. Once Hageman factor is activated on the surface, it cleaves and activates clotting factor XI. Activated Hageman factor (HFa) exhibits two molecular forms. One of these, alpha HFa, activates prekallikrein and factor XI, and the intrinsic clotting system on the surface. alpha HFa and clotting factor XI remain surface bound. The other form of activated Hageman factor, beta HFa, leaves the surface, going into solution where it readily activates additional prekallikrein but not factor XI. Of perhaps even greater importance, kallikrein rapidly dissociates from the surface. Thus the formation of bradykinin and fibrinolysis is disseminated whereas clotting via the intrinsic system remains localized. Reviewed here is the molecular mechanism of contact activation of the Hageman factor pathways and discussed in the interaction of Hageman factor with the negatively charged surface, prekallikrein, factor XI and high MW kininogen. The multiple forms of activated Hageman factor and their potential biologic significance are also discussed.", "PMID": 386794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7570", "title": "Activation of pituitary gonadotropic function by an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the puerperium.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that long-term deprivation of endogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) during the course of pregnancy may account for the lack of gonadotropin in the puerperium, six normal postpartum women were treated with the potent and long-acting LRF agonist (D-Trp6, Pro9-NEt)-LRF. A 50 microgram dose of LRF agonist was administered subcutaneously every 48 hours for four doses, with the first dose given on the first day post partum. Prior to treatment, each subject was tested with two pulses of LRF (10 micrograms at 2 hour intervals) and again at the end of LRF agonist treatment on day 10 post partum. Pulses of LRF induced no significant elevation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on day 1 post partum. During treatment, a significant (P less than 0.005) increase in basal FSH levels occurred after the second dose of LRF agonist administration. Following treatment, pulses of LRF elicited a remarkable gonadotropin release with a relatively greater percent rise for FSH than for human chorionic gonadotropin-luteinizing hormone. Our data indicate that the lack of gonadotropin activity during the first 3 weeks post partum is, at least in part, related to insufficiency of endogenous LRF secretion and that resumption of gonadotropin secretion can be functionally activated by treatment with the appropriate dose and intervals of an LRF agonist.", "contents": "Activation of pituitary gonadotropic function by an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the puerperium. To test the hypothesis that long-term deprivation of endogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) during the course of pregnancy may account for the lack of gonadotropin in the puerperium, six normal postpartum women were treated with the potent and long-acting LRF agonist (D-Trp6, Pro9-NEt)-LRF. A 50 microgram dose of LRF agonist was administered subcutaneously every 48 hours for four doses, with the first dose given on the first day post partum. Prior to treatment, each subject was tested with two pulses of LRF (10 micrograms at 2 hour intervals) and again at the end of LRF agonist treatment on day 10 post partum. Pulses of LRF induced no significant elevation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on day 1 post partum. During treatment, a significant (P less than 0.005) increase in basal FSH levels occurred after the second dose of LRF agonist administration. Following treatment, pulses of LRF elicited a remarkable gonadotropin release with a relatively greater percent rise for FSH than for human chorionic gonadotropin-luteinizing hormone. Our data indicate that the lack of gonadotropin activity during the first 3 weeks post partum is, at least in part, related to insufficiency of endogenous LRF secretion and that resumption of gonadotropin secretion can be functionally activated by treatment with the appropriate dose and intervals of an LRF agonist.", "PMID": 386800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7571", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. A \"State of the Art\" assessment conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program Branch, The National Institute of Dental Research.", "content": "The psychosocial sequelae of craniofacial disfigurement may have as great an impact on the patient as the strictly physical aspects of the problem. Very little systematic work has been focused directly on these effects. The following broad recommendations would constitute initial research steps in this field: Development of satisfactory measures of physical attractiveness and their use in studies to explore the role of craniofacial features in over-all physical attractiveness. The establishment of valid metrics for assessing the severity of craniofacial anomalies through the use of both physiologic and behavioral measures, thus constructing a broader definition of what constitutes a craniofacial handicap. Studies of the relationships among physiologic and behavioral variables using recently developed statistical techniques and computer methods to determine the psychosocial consequences of craniofacial disfigurement. Studies of the process through which persons with various types of malocclusion decide to seek and complete treatment. The studies would include the patients' demographic characteristics, self-perceptions, perceptions of them by others, and the complex patient-clinician interactions during the treatment programs.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. A \"State of the Art\" assessment conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program Branch, The National Institute of Dental Research. The psychosocial sequelae of craniofacial disfigurement may have as great an impact on the patient as the strictly physical aspects of the problem. Very little systematic work has been focused directly on these effects. The following broad recommendations would constitute initial research steps in this field: Development of satisfactory measures of physical attractiveness and their use in studies to explore the role of craniofacial features in over-all physical attractiveness. The establishment of valid metrics for assessing the severity of craniofacial anomalies through the use of both physiologic and behavioral measures, thus constructing a broader definition of what constitutes a craniofacial handicap. Studies of the relationships among physiologic and behavioral variables using recently developed statistical techniques and computer methods to determine the psychosocial consequences of craniofacial disfigurement. Studies of the process through which persons with various types of malocclusion decide to seek and complete treatment. The studies would include the patients' demographic characteristics, self-perceptions, perceptions of them by others, and the complex patient-clinician interactions during the treatment programs.", "PMID": 386802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7572", "title": "Effects of a superactive luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist on gonadotropin and ovarian function during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The effect of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) agonist (D-Trp6, Pro9 NEt)-LRF on pituitary gonadotropin release and its concomitant ovarian response was examined in normal women during the early follicular (EFP), late follicular (LFP), and midluteal (MLP) phases. A single subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of LRF agonist in subjects during the EFP caused prompt release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to levels comparable to those found during spontaneous midcycle gonadotropin surges, while in LFP subjects gonadotropin levels rose 1 1/2 to 2 times above the levels of midcycle surges. The LH/FSH release in the MLP was almost identical to that found in the EFP. The ovarian response as measured by increasing estradiol levels followed a similar pattern during the 48 hours after injection in all three phases of the cycle. The inappropriate gonadotropin surge induced by LRF agonist in EFP subjects resulted in prolonged follicular phases and anovulation. Three of four subjects in the LFP showed evidence of ovulation in response to the same dose of LRF agonist. The pharmacodynamics of gonadotropin-ovarian responses to this potent LRF agonist reported here should provide an important reference for systemic investigation and rational clinical application.", "contents": "Effects of a superactive luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist on gonadotropin and ovarian function during the menstrual cycle. The effect of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) agonist (D-Trp6, Pro9 NEt)-LRF on pituitary gonadotropin release and its concomitant ovarian response was examined in normal women during the early follicular (EFP), late follicular (LFP), and midluteal (MLP) phases. A single subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of LRF agonist in subjects during the EFP caused prompt release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to levels comparable to those found during spontaneous midcycle gonadotropin surges, while in LFP subjects gonadotropin levels rose 1 1/2 to 2 times above the levels of midcycle surges. The LH/FSH release in the MLP was almost identical to that found in the EFP. The ovarian response as measured by increasing estradiol levels followed a similar pattern during the 48 hours after injection in all three phases of the cycle. The inappropriate gonadotropin surge induced by LRF agonist in EFP subjects resulted in prolonged follicular phases and anovulation. Three of four subjects in the LFP showed evidence of ovulation in response to the same dose of LRF agonist. The pharmacodynamics of gonadotropin-ovarian responses to this potent LRF agonist reported here should provide an important reference for systemic investigation and rational clinical application.", "PMID": 386801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7573", "title": "Questions and replies: role of the collecting tubule in fluid, sodium, and potassium balance.", "content": "In terms of day-to-day regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, the collecting tubule system appears to occupy a paramount position among segments of the renal tubule. Controversy has arisen concerning the quantitative contribution by the collecting tubule system to the regulation of individual solute excretion, which in part may be due to differences among the investigative techniques employed. In this Editorial Review, R. L. Jamison summarizes current views on the function of the collecting tubule system, particularly with regard to regulation of sodium and potassium excretion, and then poses seven questions pertaining to this topic. H. Sonnenberg, who has revived the microcatheterization technique, and J. H. Stein, whose group has employed the micropuncture method, respond to these questions. The key issues addressed are: 1) the principal factors that influence transtubular movement of sodium and potassium across the collecting tubule; 2) the limitations and potential artifacts of the microcatheterization and micropuncture techniques when used to examine the function of the collecting tubule; 3) apparent discrepancies among results obtained by micropuncture in vivo, microcatheterization in vivo, and microperfusion in vitro of the collecting tubule; and 4) major unresolved questions concerning the function of the collecting tubule.", "contents": "Questions and replies: role of the collecting tubule in fluid, sodium, and potassium balance. In terms of day-to-day regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, the collecting tubule system appears to occupy a paramount position among segments of the renal tubule. Controversy has arisen concerning the quantitative contribution by the collecting tubule system to the regulation of individual solute excretion, which in part may be due to differences among the investigative techniques employed. In this Editorial Review, R. L. Jamison summarizes current views on the function of the collecting tubule system, particularly with regard to regulation of sodium and potassium excretion, and then poses seven questions pertaining to this topic. H. Sonnenberg, who has revived the microcatheterization technique, and J. H. Stein, whose group has employed the micropuncture method, respond to these questions. The key issues addressed are: 1) the principal factors that influence transtubular movement of sodium and potassium across the collecting tubule; 2) the limitations and potential artifacts of the microcatheterization and micropuncture techniques when used to examine the function of the collecting tubule; 3) apparent discrepancies among results obtained by micropuncture in vivo, microcatheterization in vivo, and microperfusion in vitro of the collecting tubule; and 4) major unresolved questions concerning the function of the collecting tubule.", "PMID": 386805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7574", "title": "Anatomy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.", "content": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus, located in the glomerular hilum, consists of a vascular component (afferent and efferent arterioles and extraglomerular mesangium) and a tubular component (macula densa). Two types of contact between vascular and tubular components are observed: a) a complex type, involving distal tubule, extraglomerular mesangium, and proximal efferent arteriole, and b) a simple type, consisting of apposition of the basement membranes of the vascular and tubular components. Juxtaglomerular granular cells, the source of renin, are present throughout the vascular component but are more numerous in the afferent arteriole. They can be considered as \"myoendocrine\" cells, since they contain myofibrils and attachment bodies, together with secretory granules and crystalline protogranules. Macula densa cells differ from those elsewhere in the distal tubule in that their nuclei are closer to each other, the Golgi apparatus is basally located, and their basal membrane infoldings are less prominent. Adrenergic nerves are demonstrable by fluorescence histochemistry in the juxtaglomerular region. Electron microscopy reveals unmyelinated nerve fibers containing small dense-cored vesicles and capable, as shown by ultrastructural autoradiography, of incorporating exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. Neuroeffector junctions occur between nerves and cells of the vascular and, less frequently, the tubular component. In addition, adrenergic axons are observed in a juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Nerve terminals are seen in direct contact with the tumor cells.", "contents": "Anatomy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, located in the glomerular hilum, consists of a vascular component (afferent and efferent arterioles and extraglomerular mesangium) and a tubular component (macula densa). Two types of contact between vascular and tubular components are observed: a) a complex type, involving distal tubule, extraglomerular mesangium, and proximal efferent arteriole, and b) a simple type, consisting of apposition of the basement membranes of the vascular and tubular components. Juxtaglomerular granular cells, the source of renin, are present throughout the vascular component but are more numerous in the afferent arteriole. They can be considered as \"myoendocrine\" cells, since they contain myofibrils and attachment bodies, together with secretory granules and crystalline protogranules. Macula densa cells differ from those elsewhere in the distal tubule in that their nuclei are closer to each other, the Golgi apparatus is basally located, and their basal membrane infoldings are less prominent. Adrenergic nerves are demonstrable by fluorescence histochemistry in the juxtaglomerular region. Electron microscopy reveals unmyelinated nerve fibers containing small dense-cored vesicles and capable, as shown by ultrastructural autoradiography, of incorporating exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. Neuroeffector junctions occur between nerves and cells of the vascular and, less frequently, the tubular component. In addition, adrenergic axons are observed in a juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Nerve terminals are seen in direct contact with the tumor cells.", "PMID": 386808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7575", "title": "Changes in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with variation of the gastrointestinal microflora in neonates.", "content": "The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was noted to vary in association with significant variation in the gastrointestinal microflora cultured from infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Increased colonization with E. coli and K. pneumoniae was associated with an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, which suggests that these organisms are related to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Changes in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with variation of the gastrointestinal microflora in neonates. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was noted to vary in association with significant variation in the gastrointestinal microflora cultured from infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Increased colonization with E. coli and K. pneumoniae was associated with an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, which suggests that these organisms are related to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 386809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7576", "title": "Miconazole therapy for systemic candidiasis in a conjoined (Siamese) twin and a premature newborn.", "content": "A 2.5 kg thoracopagus (Siamese) twin and a 0.73 kg premature newborn developed systemic candidiasis and were treated with intravenous miconazole. The conjoined twin was in a state of severe metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, jaundice, anuria, abdominal distension, and shock. The 0.73 kg premature infant was also in a state of severe metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, and oliguria. Miconazole was used in this desperate situation for the treatment of life-threatening candidiasis. Both infants responded well to treatment and recovered. All parameters of their diseases improved during therapy despite pre-existing multiple organ dysfunction. Miconazole can be a safe alternative to amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic candidiasis in neonatal infants, including those with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Miconazole therapy for systemic candidiasis in a conjoined (Siamese) twin and a premature newborn. A 2.5 kg thoracopagus (Siamese) twin and a 0.73 kg premature newborn developed systemic candidiasis and were treated with intravenous miconazole. The conjoined twin was in a state of severe metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, jaundice, anuria, abdominal distension, and shock. The 0.73 kg premature infant was also in a state of severe metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, and oliguria. Miconazole was used in this desperate situation for the treatment of life-threatening candidiasis. Both infants responded well to treatment and recovered. All parameters of their diseases improved during therapy despite pre-existing multiple organ dysfunction. Miconazole can be a safe alternative to amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic candidiasis in neonatal infants, including those with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 386810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7577", "title": "Burn wound biopsy bacterial quantitation: a statistical analysis.", "content": "Sequential paired punch biopsy samples were taken from three separate locations on each of four burn patients and were quantitated for the number of viable bacteria per gram of tissue. The range (log10 0.02 to log10 1.51) and the standard deviation (log10 0.67) were determined for each pair. The 95 per cent confidence interval based on any single observation, x, was determined to be x +/- 1.31. It is concluded that the burn wound biopsy is a reliable procedure for quantitating organisms in a burn wound and that changes in sequential samples give an indication of the dynamics of infection in the burn patients.", "contents": "Burn wound biopsy bacterial quantitation: a statistical analysis. Sequential paired punch biopsy samples were taken from three separate locations on each of four burn patients and were quantitated for the number of viable bacteria per gram of tissue. The range (log10 0.02 to log10 1.51) and the standard deviation (log10 0.67) were determined for each pair. The 95 per cent confidence interval based on any single observation, x, was determined to be x +/- 1.31. It is concluded that the burn wound biopsy is a reliable procedure for quantitating organisms in a burn wound and that changes in sequential samples give an indication of the dynamics of infection in the burn patients.", "PMID": 386811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7578", "title": "Duodenostomy.", "content": "The methods of managing a difficult duodenal stump after gastric resection are reviewed. One of two methods of catheter drainage of the duodenum can be used: end-stump catheterization or lateral tube drainage. A series of cases managed by end-stump duodenostomy is reviewed. The rationale for this technique and its advantages are presented.", "contents": "Duodenostomy. The methods of managing a difficult duodenal stump after gastric resection are reviewed. One of two methods of catheter drainage of the duodenum can be used: end-stump catheterization or lateral tube drainage. A series of cases managed by end-stump duodenostomy is reviewed. The rationale for this technique and its advantages are presented.", "PMID": 386812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7579", "title": "New technique for repairing incisional hernias with Marlex mesh.", "content": "A technique using Marlex mesh for the repair of incisional hernias in which the mesh is placed deep to the muscles and the musculofascial layers are closed completely over the mesh is described. Great mechanical advantage is obtained and healing of the wound by primary repair is made possible. This technique has been used in 31 patients since February 1978 with good results. Most of the 31 patients had large defects, and primary closure over the mesh was possible in all of them.", "contents": "New technique for repairing incisional hernias with Marlex mesh. A technique using Marlex mesh for the repair of incisional hernias in which the mesh is placed deep to the muscles and the musculofascial layers are closed completely over the mesh is described. Great mechanical advantage is obtained and healing of the wound by primary repair is made possible. This technique has been used in 31 patients since February 1978 with good results. Most of the 31 patients had large defects, and primary closure over the mesh was possible in all of them.", "PMID": 386815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7580", "title": "[Healing of lamellar corneal grafts in rabbit eyes after gluing with highly concentrated fibrinogen].", "content": "24 rabbit eyes were submitted to lamellar corneal keratoplasty, the grafts being fixed by highly concentrated fibrinogen. Adhesion of the graft seemed satisfactory after 5 min, and the postoperative oedema cleared within 2 weeks. However, biomicroscopy and histology revealed a limited axial cicatrization while in the majority of cases marginal wound adaptation was insufficient. In 5 of 8 eyes followed up more than one week clear grafts were obtained, surrounded by a low marginal step.", "contents": "[Healing of lamellar corneal grafts in rabbit eyes after gluing with highly concentrated fibrinogen]. 24 rabbit eyes were submitted to lamellar corneal keratoplasty, the grafts being fixed by highly concentrated fibrinogen. Adhesion of the graft seemed satisfactory after 5 min, and the postoperative oedema cleared within 2 weeks. However, biomicroscopy and histology revealed a limited axial cicatrization while in the majority of cases marginal wound adaptation was insufficient. In 5 of 8 eyes followed up more than one week clear grafts were obtained, surrounded by a low marginal step.", "PMID": 386820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7581", "title": "Change of T-lymphocyte ratio after keratoplasty.", "content": "Changes in the ratio of active and total E rosettes of 12 untreated and 26 corneal transplant patients with immunosuppressive therapy were examined weekly for a month and in the third month. On the basis of our results it can be stated that keratoplasty increases immune reactivity. This manifests itself in the increasing number of both the active and total E-rosette-forming lymphocytes. This increase in T cell number can be observed also after cataract operations in the first week, but in the latter case if no rejection occurs after keratoplasty the ratio of E-rosette-forming cells returns to the preoperative value in the third week. If the T-lymphocyte number is increased as late as the third week, that can be regarded as a rejection sign. Our data confirm the significance of active E-rosette-forming cells in immunological processes. Examination of the active and total E-rosette-forming T-lymphocytes has proved a suitable method for following up the cellular immunological processes directed against the corneal transplant.", "contents": "Change of T-lymphocyte ratio after keratoplasty. Changes in the ratio of active and total E rosettes of 12 untreated and 26 corneal transplant patients with immunosuppressive therapy were examined weekly for a month and in the third month. On the basis of our results it can be stated that keratoplasty increases immune reactivity. This manifests itself in the increasing number of both the active and total E-rosette-forming lymphocytes. This increase in T cell number can be observed also after cataract operations in the first week, but in the latter case if no rejection occurs after keratoplasty the ratio of E-rosette-forming cells returns to the preoperative value in the third week. If the T-lymphocyte number is increased as late as the third week, that can be regarded as a rejection sign. Our data confirm the significance of active E-rosette-forming cells in immunological processes. Examination of the active and total E-rosette-forming T-lymphocytes has proved a suitable method for following up the cellular immunological processes directed against the corneal transplant.", "PMID": 386821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7582", "title": "Subepithelial fibrous tissue in failed corneal grafts. A histopathologic study.", "content": "Clinical observation of corneal grafts often reveals subepithelial whitish opacities or membranes. To further understand the phenomenon, we undertook a histopathologic study of the changes in this region in failed human corneal grafts. Thinning and thickening of the epithelium, breaks in Bowman's membrane, and growth of subepithelial fibrous tissue were observed. Close association was found between the subepithelial fibrous growth, the breaks in Bowman's membrane, and stromal inflammation.", "contents": "Subepithelial fibrous tissue in failed corneal grafts. A histopathologic study. Clinical observation of corneal grafts often reveals subepithelial whitish opacities or membranes. To further understand the phenomenon, we undertook a histopathologic study of the changes in this region in failed human corneal grafts. Thinning and thickening of the epithelium, breaks in Bowman's membrane, and growth of subepithelial fibrous tissue were observed. Close association was found between the subepithelial fibrous growth, the breaks in Bowman's membrane, and stromal inflammation.", "PMID": 386822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7583", "title": "Oxidized and reduced glutathione levels of the cornea in vivo.", "content": "A new method for preparing the rabbit cornea is described for the assay of metabolite levels in the in vivo state. The preparation includes in vivo rapid freezing of the tissue by liquid nitrogen, freeze sawing, lyophilization, and extraction with 0.5 N perchloric acid. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione levels and the GSH/GSSG ratios were compared with adenosine phosphate levels and ATP/ADP ratios. The most important results of this investigation seemed to be a significant difference in the redox state of the glutathione between the epithelium and the endothelium of the corea and the different reducing capacity of these tissues as indicated by the steady-state levels of the GSH and the GSSG. These metabolic processes may be used to eliminate toxic peroxides from the transparent ocular tissues produced by light or other chemical compounds.", "contents": "Oxidized and reduced glutathione levels of the cornea in vivo. A new method for preparing the rabbit cornea is described for the assay of metabolite levels in the in vivo state. The preparation includes in vivo rapid freezing of the tissue by liquid nitrogen, freeze sawing, lyophilization, and extraction with 0.5 N perchloric acid. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione levels and the GSH/GSSG ratios were compared with adenosine phosphate levels and ATP/ADP ratios. The most important results of this investigation seemed to be a significant difference in the redox state of the glutathione between the epithelium and the endothelium of the corea and the different reducing capacity of these tissues as indicated by the steady-state levels of the GSH and the GSSG. These metabolic processes may be used to eliminate toxic peroxides from the transparent ocular tissues produced by light or other chemical compounds.", "PMID": 386823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7584", "title": "An ether anaesthesia at Stroud in 1847--a report in search of a date.", "content": "About the middle of 1847, Doctor Buchanan of the Australian Agricultural Company ligated a popliteal aneurysm under ether anaesthesia at Stroud, N.S.W. This paper summarises the results of a search for matters related to what must have been one of the first anaesthetics given in Australia.", "contents": "An ether anaesthesia at Stroud in 1847--a report in search of a date. About the middle of 1847, Doctor Buchanan of the Australian Agricultural Company ligated a popliteal aneurysm under ether anaesthesia at Stroud, N.S.W. This paper summarises the results of a search for matters related to what must have been one of the first anaesthetics given in Australia.", "PMID": 386824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7585", "title": "A novel technique for high resolution analysis of the cytoskeleton.", "content": "A new technique is described for producing and examining carbon-platinum replicas of the cytoskeleton of cultured cells. This technique allows the individual components of the cytoskeleton to be visualized and positively identified in the transmission electron microscope, and also permits an analysis of the 3-dimensional disposition of these components.", "contents": "A novel technique for high resolution analysis of the cytoskeleton. A new technique is described for producing and examining carbon-platinum replicas of the cytoskeleton of cultured cells. This technique allows the individual components of the cytoskeleton to be visualized and positively identified in the transmission electron microscope, and also permits an analysis of the 3-dimensional disposition of these components.", "PMID": 386854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7586", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with volatile metabolites of halothane.", "content": "The mutagenicities of two volatile metabolites of halothane, 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF3CH2Cl) and 2-chloro-1,1-difluoro-ethylene (CF2CHCl), and a presumed halothane metabolite, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene (CF2CBrCl), were investigated in the bacterial assay system developed by Ames and co-workers. Both gas-phase and liquid culture tests were made. In addition, mutagenicity of CF2CBrCl was studied in a modified Ames test system using rapidly growing cells in enriched liquid medium. The purity of tested compounds was verified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In the standard Ames test, CF3CH2Cl and CF2CBrCl were not mutagenic, and CF2CHCl was only weakly mutagenic. CF2CBrCl was detectable as weakly mutagenic, however, in the modified Ames test using rapidly growing cells. Although these results are reassuring, the effects of long-term exposure to halogenated anesthetics are still not fully known.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with volatile metabolites of halothane. The mutagenicities of two volatile metabolites of halothane, 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF3CH2Cl) and 2-chloro-1,1-difluoro-ethylene (CF2CHCl), and a presumed halothane metabolite, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene (CF2CBrCl), were investigated in the bacterial assay system developed by Ames and co-workers. Both gas-phase and liquid culture tests were made. In addition, mutagenicity of CF2CBrCl was studied in a modified Ames test system using rapidly growing cells in enriched liquid medium. The purity of tested compounds was verified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In the standard Ames test, CF3CH2Cl and CF2CBrCl were not mutagenic, and CF2CHCl was only weakly mutagenic. CF2CBrCl was detectable as weakly mutagenic, however, in the modified Ames test using rapidly growing cells. Although these results are reassuring, the effects of long-term exposure to halogenated anesthetics are still not fully known.", "PMID": 386857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7587", "title": "[Hemostatic effects of the argon laser on the gastric wall in the dog. I. Preliminary study: effects of the laser on the normal gastric wall].", "content": "The authors describe the pathological lesions caused by argon laser emitted rays on the healthy gastric mucosa in 22 dogs. They compare 126 photocoagulated areas while varying the intensity and the exposure time of the laser ray in order to determine the ideal constants of an efficient photocoagulation, devoid of risk and with rapid healing of the lesions.", "contents": "[Hemostatic effects of the argon laser on the gastric wall in the dog. I. Preliminary study: effects of the laser on the normal gastric wall]. The authors describe the pathological lesions caused by argon laser emitted rays on the healthy gastric mucosa in 22 dogs. They compare 126 photocoagulated areas while varying the intensity and the exposure time of the laser ray in order to determine the ideal constants of an efficient photocoagulation, devoid of risk and with rapid healing of the lesions.", "PMID": 386860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7588", "title": "[Positive blood cultures in the \"Centre des Br\u00fbles du c. h. u. de Lille\". Evolution of epidemiology during the last thirteen years (author's transl)].", "content": "An epidemiological study was made on 3,249 patients admitted in the \"Centre des Br\u00fbl\u00e9s du C.H.U. de Lille\" from January 1965 to December 1977. This study showed that 7.1 per cent of these patients has one or more positive blood cultures. The main bacteria are staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, pseudomonias aeruginosa in spite of antibiotic therapy. Infection is the dangerous development in these patients of which generally a burned surface is more than 25 p.cent surface body.", "contents": "[Positive blood cultures in the \"Centre des Br\u00fbles du c. h. u. de Lille\". Evolution of epidemiology during the last thirteen years (author's transl)]. An epidemiological study was made on 3,249 patients admitted in the \"Centre des Br\u00fbl\u00e9s du C.H.U. de Lille\" from January 1965 to December 1977. This study showed that 7.1 per cent of these patients has one or more positive blood cultures. The main bacteria are staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, pseudomonias aeruginosa in spite of antibiotic therapy. Infection is the dangerous development in these patients of which generally a burned surface is more than 25 p.cent surface body.", "PMID": 386856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7589", "title": "Acute leukemia: biology and treatment.", "content": "A fundamental abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia is a block in cell differentiation with resultant accumulation of immature leukocytes. This abnormality can be studied in continuously growing leukemic cell lines that differentiate with simple chemical signals. Surface antigenic modulation occurring with cell differentiation can be monitored by specific antisera. These antisera have great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. More than 90% of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and more than 70% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia can achieve remission of disease with aggressive multiagent chemotherapy. Long-term, disease-free survival is obtainable in about one half of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia but in less than 15% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The future directions of research for achieving cure of acute leukemia seem to be well defined.", "contents": "Acute leukemia: biology and treatment. A fundamental abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia is a block in cell differentiation with resultant accumulation of immature leukocytes. This abnormality can be studied in continuously growing leukemic cell lines that differentiate with simple chemical signals. Surface antigenic modulation occurring with cell differentiation can be monitored by specific antisera. These antisera have great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. More than 90% of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and more than 70% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia can achieve remission of disease with aggressive multiagent chemotherapy. Long-term, disease-free survival is obtainable in about one half of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia but in less than 15% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The future directions of research for achieving cure of acute leukemia seem to be well defined.", "PMID": 386863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7590", "title": "Health risks associated with animal waste from intensive livestock units.", "content": "Potential health risks associated with animal waste arise as a consequence of direct microbial problems particularly salmonellosis, indirect microbial problems arising from drug resistance etc., toxic residues from therapeutic or prophylactic agents, or from poisonous gases generated in liquid waste. The biggest of these hazards arises from direct microbial problems but fortunately experience in the UK suggests that these problems can be controlled reasonably well if sensible action is taken both at the planning and operative stages.", "contents": "Health risks associated with animal waste from intensive livestock units. Potential health risks associated with animal waste arise as a consequence of direct microbial problems particularly salmonellosis, indirect microbial problems arising from drug resistance etc., toxic residues from therapeutic or prophylactic agents, or from poisonous gases generated in liquid waste. The biggest of these hazards arises from direct microbial problems but fortunately experience in the UK suggests that these problems can be controlled reasonably well if sensible action is taken both at the planning and operative stages.", "PMID": 386865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7591", "title": "Brucellosis: an increasing public health hazard in Uganda.", "content": "The paper highlights the importance of brucellosis as a public health hazard and that the disease appears to be on the increase in Uganda. In 5 districts cattle on newly established ranches and farms were blood-tested using ther serum agglutination test. The survey covered 5 ranches and 10 farms. The total number of cattle tested were 1606 and of these 18.1% were positive to the serum agglutination test. Attempts are now being made by the W.H.O. and Uganda Government to study and find out the impact of the disease in both animals and man.", "contents": "Brucellosis: an increasing public health hazard in Uganda. The paper highlights the importance of brucellosis as a public health hazard and that the disease appears to be on the increase in Uganda. In 5 districts cattle on newly established ranches and farms were blood-tested using ther serum agglutination test. The survey covered 5 ranches and 10 farms. The total number of cattle tested were 1606 and of these 18.1% were positive to the serum agglutination test. Attempts are now being made by the W.H.O. and Uganda Government to study and find out the impact of the disease in both animals and man.", "PMID": 386866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7592", "title": "[Study of muscle hemodynamics during exercise: Physiological and pathological variations in Xe 133 elimination: A new method of interpretation (author's transl)].", "content": "Muscle blood flow measurements are of physiological (and pathological) significance only during effort. For this reason, the authors used Xe 133, which has been known since 1964, to measure regional muscle blood flow after its injection into the muscle, to quantify results during effort (pedalling). Effort is controlled by two measurable parameters: the weight lifted by the pedal and the frequency of movements. Curves showing the reduction in intramuscular Xe 133 levels cannot be mathematically formulated. It is easy, however, to measure their areas and thus define a mean elimination time (Tm) between times T1 and T2, beginning and end of effort, corresponding to activities A1 and A2 such that: formula: (see text). Normal Tm value, measured in 58 normal subjects with variable frequencies and weights lifted is: Tm = 1.70 +/- 0.38 min. The values in 70 patients with arteritis were significantly longer and can be greater than 3.5 min. This objective test could be of value in quintifying the effects of so-called vasodilators, both in patients with arteritis and venous insufficiency.", "contents": "[Study of muscle hemodynamics during exercise: Physiological and pathological variations in Xe 133 elimination: A new method of interpretation (author's transl)]. Muscle blood flow measurements are of physiological (and pathological) significance only during effort. For this reason, the authors used Xe 133, which has been known since 1964, to measure regional muscle blood flow after its injection into the muscle, to quantify results during effort (pedalling). Effort is controlled by two measurable parameters: the weight lifted by the pedal and the frequency of movements. Curves showing the reduction in intramuscular Xe 133 levels cannot be mathematically formulated. It is easy, however, to measure their areas and thus define a mean elimination time (Tm) between times T1 and T2, beginning and end of effort, corresponding to activities A1 and A2 such that: formula: (see text). Normal Tm value, measured in 58 normal subjects with variable frequencies and weights lifted is: Tm = 1.70 +/- 0.38 min. The values in 70 patients with arteritis were significantly longer and can be greater than 3.5 min. This objective test could be of value in quintifying the effects of so-called vasodilators, both in patients with arteritis and venous insufficiency.", "PMID": 386867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7593", "title": "[Low ano-rectal malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "This work includes 61 cases of low anal atresias, 42 were female and 19 male. All of them were treated with \"cutback\" technique with a follow up longer than two years. Results are classified in good, regular and poor, depending on the continence, stenosis, mega-rectum and enchopresis, and were 90 per cent of good results, 8 per cent regular and 2 per cent poor. Authors recommend this technique as a choice proceding in this kind of low atresias.", "contents": "[Low ano-rectal malformations (author's transl)]. This work includes 61 cases of low anal atresias, 42 were female and 19 male. All of them were treated with \"cutback\" technique with a follow up longer than two years. Results are classified in good, regular and poor, depending on the continence, stenosis, mega-rectum and enchopresis, and were 90 per cent of good results, 8 per cent regular and 2 per cent poor. Authors recommend this technique as a choice proceding in this kind of low atresias.", "PMID": 386861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7594", "title": "[Glomerulopathy during Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopy studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Full renal investigation were conducted in 11 patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Biological tests revealed the presence of mild proteinuria in 5 of them. Needle biopsy showed extra-membranous or mesangial fibrinoid deposits in 6 cases, associated in 1 case with segmental and focal glomerulitis lesions. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated glomerular deposits of mesangial and extra-membranous C3, sometimes with immunoglobulins (IgA-AgG). Ultrastructural examination was carried out in 7 cases and showed \"hump\" deposits attached to the external face of the basal membrane and rounded nodules of 7 to 15 mu included in the mesangium. The presence of immune complexes in the renal glomeruli, therefore, is not all unusual in this disease, which is probably auto-immune in nature, and in fact appears to be a quite frequent occurrence. These deposits, which were probably well-tolerated by most of the patients in this series, might be involved in the production of progressive glomerulopathies in chronic cases, as observed in one of the cases studied.", "contents": "[Glomerulopathy during Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopy studies (author's transl)]. Full renal investigation were conducted in 11 patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Biological tests revealed the presence of mild proteinuria in 5 of them. Needle biopsy showed extra-membranous or mesangial fibrinoid deposits in 6 cases, associated in 1 case with segmental and focal glomerulitis lesions. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated glomerular deposits of mesangial and extra-membranous C3, sometimes with immunoglobulins (IgA-AgG). Ultrastructural examination was carried out in 7 cases and showed \"hump\" deposits attached to the external face of the basal membrane and rounded nodules of 7 to 15 mu included in the mesangium. The presence of immune complexes in the renal glomeruli, therefore, is not all unusual in this disease, which is probably auto-immune in nature, and in fact appears to be a quite frequent occurrence. These deposits, which were probably well-tolerated by most of the patients in this series, might be involved in the production of progressive glomerulopathies in chronic cases, as observed in one of the cases studied.", "PMID": 386868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7595", "title": "[Early onset group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy one per cent of neonates had a gestational age longer than 37 weeks. Sixteen showed respiratory distress, and shock occured in twelve cases. The onset of illness happened within the first 12 hours of life, in 15 cases. No differences were observed among preterm and term infants. Differential leukocyte count were altered in all infants, being particularly relevant the fact that the relation between immature neutrophil/total neutrophil, was elevated in 50 per cent of cases. Mortality rate was 52 per cent. Clinical alert and early treatment with penicillin, together with the use of fresh blood exchange transfusion, can be considered useful methods in the treatment of these cases.", "contents": "[Early onset group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis (author's transl)]. Seventy one per cent of neonates had a gestational age longer than 37 weeks. Sixteen showed respiratory distress, and shock occured in twelve cases. The onset of illness happened within the first 12 hours of life, in 15 cases. No differences were observed among preterm and term infants. Differential leukocyte count were altered in all infants, being particularly relevant the fact that the relation between immature neutrophil/total neutrophil, was elevated in 50 per cent of cases. Mortality rate was 52 per cent. Clinical alert and early treatment with penicillin, together with the use of fresh blood exchange transfusion, can be considered useful methods in the treatment of these cases.", "PMID": 386862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7596", "title": "[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the clinical and bacterial characteristics and progressive changes occurring in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia, basing their observations on one personal case and 30 adult cases reported in the published literature. The roles played by a generally poor condition of the patient and martial overloading are emphasized, and the changes brought about by the introduction of antibiotic therapy evaluated.", "contents": "[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia in adults (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the clinical and bacterial characteristics and progressive changes occurring in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia, basing their observations on one personal case and 30 adult cases reported in the published literature. The roles played by a generally poor condition of the patient and martial overloading are emphasized, and the changes brought about by the introduction of antibiotic therapy evaluated.", "PMID": 386869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7597", "title": "[Investigation of the sella turcica and results of the LH-RH test in 19 cases of hirsutism (author's transl)].", "content": "The sella turcica was investigated systematically by radiotomography in 19 patients with either idiopathic hirsutism (6 cases) or hirsutism associated with hypomenorrhea (13 cases), without hyperandrogenism. Morphological abnormalities of the sella were noted in 9 cases, but these radiological abnormalities were also observed in 5 out of 19 women without hirsutism studied at the same time, and these images should therefore be interpreted very prudently. Only two patients had associated sella anomalies and raised LH levels, which could suggest, but not confirm the presence of an LH micro-adenoma.", "contents": "[Investigation of the sella turcica and results of the LH-RH test in 19 cases of hirsutism (author's transl)]. The sella turcica was investigated systematically by radiotomography in 19 patients with either idiopathic hirsutism (6 cases) or hirsutism associated with hypomenorrhea (13 cases), without hyperandrogenism. Morphological abnormalities of the sella were noted in 9 cases, but these radiological abnormalities were also observed in 5 out of 19 women without hirsutism studied at the same time, and these images should therefore be interpreted very prudently. Only two patients had associated sella anomalies and raised LH levels, which could suggest, but not confirm the presence of an LH micro-adenoma.", "PMID": 386870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7598", "title": "[Self-implied languages and psychopathological expression].", "content": "Nevroses and dellusions are self-induced language in which the uttered statement is implemented in an immanent and intransive way, through the psycho-pathological language itself. The narrative pattern and the pathological process are closely linked together in the same two-sided utterance, clinical and at the same time narratological; as is demonstrated by the analysis of two cases.", "contents": "[Self-implied languages and psychopathological expression]. Nevroses and dellusions are self-induced language in which the uttered statement is implemented in an immanent and intransive way, through the psycho-pathological language itself. The narrative pattern and the pathological process are closely linked together in the same two-sided utterance, clinical and at the same time narratological; as is demonstrated by the analysis of two cases.", "PMID": 386871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7599", "title": "[Depression in the child: Clinical and psychopathological aspects].", "content": "The present work is exclusively about depressions in childhood till the end of latency (11--12 years old children). It serves a double purpose: to try and show that children from their earliest childhood can be subject to feelings of sadness, moodiness, dismay, self-depreciation; to facilitate, through a better clinical and psychological knowledge, diagnoses in (cases of) depressions. In the first part, we shall study the different clinical forms of depressive states, their factors and their evolution. Three cases of personnal observations will illustrate those theoretic data. The relations between suicide and depression are introduced in the second part of this work. Finally, the authors will tell about the main psychanalytic works which permit to progress towards the recognition of the central function of the depressive phenomena in the structure of a personnality.", "contents": "[Depression in the child: Clinical and psychopathological aspects]. The present work is exclusively about depressions in childhood till the end of latency (11--12 years old children). It serves a double purpose: to try and show that children from their earliest childhood can be subject to feelings of sadness, moodiness, dismay, self-depreciation; to facilitate, through a better clinical and psychological knowledge, diagnoses in (cases of) depressions. In the first part, we shall study the different clinical forms of depressive states, their factors and their evolution. Three cases of personnal observations will illustrate those theoretic data. The relations between suicide and depression are introduced in the second part of this work. Finally, the authors will tell about the main psychanalytic works which permit to progress towards the recognition of the central function of the depressive phenomena in the structure of a personnality.", "PMID": 386872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7600", "title": "[Negation obsession after 30 years].", "content": "Report of thirty years evolution of observation princeps of \" obsession de n\u00e9gation \" which was presented to Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 M\u00e9dico-Psychologique by Raymond Mallet 11 may 1933. Opportunity to show different nosological qualification. Diseases are models chosen by physicians. Choice directed by means for action.", "contents": "[Negation obsession after 30 years]. Report of thirty years evolution of observation princeps of \" obsession de n\u00e9gation \" which was presented to Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 M\u00e9dico-Psychologique by Raymond Mallet 11 may 1933. Opportunity to show different nosological qualification. Diseases are models chosen by physicians. Choice directed by means for action.", "PMID": 386875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7601", "title": "Organization of extracellular proteins on the connective tissue cell surface: relevance to cell-matrix interactions in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A model has been developed that proposes a cell surface-associated protein meshwork, composed in part of fibronectin and collagen, for a connective tissue cell attached to a substratum. In support of this model are the observations that collagen and fibronectin interact and that these proteins are similarly distributed on the fibroblast cell surface. We suggest that this external meshwork interacts directly or indirectly with the internal cytoskeleton and with the extracellular matrix and thereby mediates several cellular properties, including adhesion, shape, and motility. Loss of cell surface fibronectin as a result of viral transformation, or due to treatment of normal cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, may contribute to the reduced adhesion and altered morphology observed in these circumstances. We therefore predict that the changes in these properties observed with virally transformed cells, mitotic cells, and cells treated with proteolytic enzymes are related to alterations in the external protein meshwork.", "contents": "Organization of extracellular proteins on the connective tissue cell surface: relevance to cell-matrix interactions in vitro and in vivo. A model has been developed that proposes a cell surface-associated protein meshwork, composed in part of fibronectin and collagen, for a connective tissue cell attached to a substratum. In support of this model are the observations that collagen and fibronectin interact and that these proteins are similarly distributed on the fibroblast cell surface. We suggest that this external meshwork interacts directly or indirectly with the internal cytoskeleton and with the extracellular matrix and thereby mediates several cellular properties, including adhesion, shape, and motility. Loss of cell surface fibronectin as a result of viral transformation, or due to treatment of normal cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, may contribute to the reduced adhesion and altered morphology observed in these circumstances. We therefore predict that the changes in these properties observed with virally transformed cells, mitotic cells, and cells treated with proteolytic enzymes are related to alterations in the external protein meshwork.", "PMID": 386885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7602", "title": "Significance of donor age in penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "Because the significance of donor age in penetrating keratoplasty remains controversial, a study was undertaken to analyze the results of keratoplastics performed with older (greater than 70) and younger (less than 55) donor corneas. Thirty-seven eyes which received older donor corneas were divided into 4 diagnostic categories and were compared with 37 eyes having the same diagnosis which received younger donor corneas. The average follow-up for both groups was 24 months. There was no significant difference between the number of clear grafts in each group. It would appear that older donor corneas can withstand the surgical trauma of transplantation and remain clear for a relatively significant period.", "contents": "Significance of donor age in penetrating keratoplasty. Because the significance of donor age in penetrating keratoplasty remains controversial, a study was undertaken to analyze the results of keratoplastics performed with older (greater than 70) and younger (less than 55) donor corneas. Thirty-seven eyes which received older donor corneas were divided into 4 diagnostic categories and were compared with 37 eyes having the same diagnosis which received younger donor corneas. The average follow-up for both groups was 24 months. There was no significant difference between the number of clear grafts in each group. It would appear that older donor corneas can withstand the surgical trauma of transplantation and remain clear for a relatively significant period.", "PMID": 386887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7603", "title": "McIndoe lecture, 1978. Burns: McIndoe's contribution and subsequent advances.", "content": "My first aim is to present the state of burn care during the few years before the Battle of Britain in August-October 1940. This gives the climate of thought in which McIndoe and his collegues faced the challenge of burns. We are inclined to forget the helplessness of surgeons faced with extensive burns at that time. Some of the great changes in burn management in the past 40 years are then described and a claim is made that the results show a real improvement in treatment.", "contents": "McIndoe lecture, 1978. Burns: McIndoe's contribution and subsequent advances. My first aim is to present the state of burn care during the few years before the Battle of Britain in August-October 1940. This gives the climate of thought in which McIndoe and his collegues faced the challenge of burns. We are inclined to forget the helplessness of surgeons faced with extensive burns at that time. Some of the great changes in burn management in the past 40 years are then described and a claim is made that the results show a real improvement in treatment.", "PMID": 386890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7604", "title": "The significance of the evolution of the cerebrospinal fluid system.", "content": "A study of the comparative morphology of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system has been made in amphioxus, lamprey, dogfish, goldfish, lungfish, frog, salamander, turtle, pigeon, and mouse. Using mainly intracardiac fixation and a careful histological technique, serial sections have been obtained of the brain in situ surrounded by its various membranes and the skull. The ventricular system, the roof of the hindbrain, the meninges and subarachnoid space, the ependyma with its various derivatives, including the choroid plexuses and paraphysis, and the relationship between the various CSF compartments and the cerebrovascular system have all been compared in these animals. The hypothesis has been derived that the CSF system is primarily developed to maintain the chemical environment necessary to the function of the cells of the central nervous system, including the neuroendocrine pathways.", "contents": "The significance of the evolution of the cerebrospinal fluid system. A study of the comparative morphology of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system has been made in amphioxus, lamprey, dogfish, goldfish, lungfish, frog, salamander, turtle, pigeon, and mouse. Using mainly intracardiac fixation and a careful histological technique, serial sections have been obtained of the brain in situ surrounded by its various membranes and the skull. The ventricular system, the roof of the hindbrain, the meninges and subarachnoid space, the ependyma with its various derivatives, including the choroid plexuses and paraphysis, and the relationship between the various CSF compartments and the cerebrovascular system have all been compared in these animals. The hypothesis has been derived that the CSF system is primarily developed to maintain the chemical environment necessary to the function of the cells of the central nervous system, including the neuroendocrine pathways.", "PMID": 386891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7605", "title": "Anaesthesia and the potter.", "content": "The causes and historical background of the high incidence of severe silicosis among pottery workers in the Stoke-on-Trent area are described. The pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestations of the disease are discussed. Although the incidence of silicosis in the Potteries has declined spectacularly in the past 20 years with the introduction of preventive measures, there still remains a generation of middle-aged and elderly potters with the disease who pose special problems for the anaesthetist and the thoracic surgeon.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and the potter. The causes and historical background of the high incidence of severe silicosis among pottery workers in the Stoke-on-Trent area are described. The pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestations of the disease are discussed. Although the incidence of silicosis in the Potteries has declined spectacularly in the past 20 years with the introduction of preventive measures, there still remains a generation of middle-aged and elderly potters with the disease who pose special problems for the anaesthetist and the thoracic surgeon.", "PMID": 386892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7606", "title": "Vestibular neuroanatomy: recent observations.", "content": "The modern neuroanatomical technique of using a retrograde axoplasmic tracer (horseradish peroxidase) to label neurons has aided the revelation of several important connections in the vestibular system. The organization of the oculomotor nucleus and the existence of an interneuron in the abducens nucleus have importance in understanding some ocular disorders. A detailed description of the location of vestibulo-ocular neurons to individual extraocular muscles is now available which may provide a basis for understanding how these reflexes function normally and abnormally. Interconnections between the vestibular nuclei are provided by commissural neurons located in the superior, medial and group Y nuclei. These projections are probably of importance in vestibular compensation. A possible hypothesis of vestibular hair cell projection suggests that type I cells project over vestibulo-ocular neurons while type II cells project over commissural pathways.", "contents": "Vestibular neuroanatomy: recent observations. The modern neuroanatomical technique of using a retrograde axoplasmic tracer (horseradish peroxidase) to label neurons has aided the revelation of several important connections in the vestibular system. The organization of the oculomotor nucleus and the existence of an interneuron in the abducens nucleus have importance in understanding some ocular disorders. A detailed description of the location of vestibulo-ocular neurons to individual extraocular muscles is now available which may provide a basis for understanding how these reflexes function normally and abnormally. Interconnections between the vestibular nuclei are provided by commissural neurons located in the superior, medial and group Y nuclei. These projections are probably of importance in vestibular compensation. A possible hypothesis of vestibular hair cell projection suggests that type I cells project over vestibulo-ocular neurons while type II cells project over commissural pathways.", "PMID": 386889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7607", "title": "Laryngeal paralysis--teflon injection.", "content": "This report is a review of the literature combined with the author's experience concerning Teflon injection of the larynx. Included are the etiology and diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis, indications and contraindications for Teflon injection of the larynx, its histopathology, pre- and postoperative management, proper and improper techniques for injecting Teflon, complications, and reasons for failure.", "contents": "Laryngeal paralysis--teflon injection. This report is a review of the literature combined with the author's experience concerning Teflon injection of the larynx. Included are the etiology and diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis, indications and contraindications for Teflon injection of the larynx, its histopathology, pre- and postoperative management, proper and improper techniques for injecting Teflon, complications, and reasons for failure.", "PMID": 386888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7608", "title": "Objective and subjective assessment of ephedrine combinations in asthmatic outpatients.", "content": "11 asthmatic outpatients were treated with placebo, ephedrine + theophylline + hydroxyzine, ephedrine + theophylline, and ephedrine + hydroxyzine, orally t.i.d. for 4 days each in random order. Both objective (PEF rates) and subjective (ranking list) assessments demonstrated the efficacy of the triple combination over placebo. The combination of two drugs proved objectively or subjectively somewhat less acceptable.", "contents": "Objective and subjective assessment of ephedrine combinations in asthmatic outpatients. 11 asthmatic outpatients were treated with placebo, ephedrine + theophylline + hydroxyzine, ephedrine + theophylline, and ephedrine + hydroxyzine, orally t.i.d. for 4 days each in random order. Both objective (PEF rates) and subjective (ranking list) assessments demonstrated the efficacy of the triple combination over placebo. The combination of two drugs proved objectively or subjectively somewhat less acceptable.", "PMID": 386912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7609", "title": "Double-blind controlled trial with colloidal bismuth subcitrate in the treatment of symptomatic duodenal ulcers with special references to blood and urine bismuth levels.", "content": "To test the efficacy and toxicity of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) in a double-blind trial, forty-six consecutive outpatients with active duodenal ulceration were randomly allocated either to treatment with CBS or to a placebo for a period of four weeks. Symptomatic assessment was based on frequency and severity of pain. The ulcer size was measured endoscopically before and at the end of the trial. During the trial blood and urinary bismuth concentrations were measured. The symptomatic assessment of the patients receiving CBS or placebo showed that the reduction in pain was highly significant in both groups, but there was statistically significant difference in the degree of reduction of duodenal ulcer size in favour of the colloidal bismuth subcitrate-treated group (p less than 0.025). Although a marked increase in urinary bismuth concentration was noted, the blood bismuth levels remained within the acceptable levels.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled trial with colloidal bismuth subcitrate in the treatment of symptomatic duodenal ulcers with special references to blood and urine bismuth levels. To test the efficacy and toxicity of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) in a double-blind trial, forty-six consecutive outpatients with active duodenal ulceration were randomly allocated either to treatment with CBS or to a placebo for a period of four weeks. Symptomatic assessment was based on frequency and severity of pain. The ulcer size was measured endoscopically before and at the end of the trial. During the trial blood and urinary bismuth concentrations were measured. The symptomatic assessment of the patients receiving CBS or placebo showed that the reduction in pain was highly significant in both groups, but there was statistically significant difference in the degree of reduction of duodenal ulcer size in favour of the colloidal bismuth subcitrate-treated group (p less than 0.025). Although a marked increase in urinary bismuth concentration was noted, the blood bismuth levels remained within the acceptable levels.", "PMID": 386913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7610", "title": "[An introduction to synthetic progestogens pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "Synthetic progestins differ in their progestomimetic and other endocrine effects. Their affinities for different steroid hormone receptors have been measured and their pharmacological activities (progestomimetic, uterotrophic, anti-estrogenic, androgen and anti-gonadotrophic) have been evaluated concomitantly. Derivatives of the pregnane series are basically progestomimetic only, whereas derivatives of the norandrostane series have distinctly androgenic and anti-estrogenic properties. A knowledge of these various activities facilitates the choice of an appropriate therapy.", "contents": "[An introduction to synthetic progestogens pharmacology (author's transl)]. Synthetic progestins differ in their progestomimetic and other endocrine effects. Their affinities for different steroid hormone receptors have been measured and their pharmacological activities (progestomimetic, uterotrophic, anti-estrogenic, androgen and anti-gonadotrophic) have been evaluated concomitantly. Derivatives of the pregnane series are basically progestomimetic only, whereas derivatives of the norandrostane series have distinctly androgenic and anti-estrogenic properties. A knowledge of these various activities facilitates the choice of an appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 386914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7611", "title": "[Sensitivity of Gram-negative microflora to lysozyme].", "content": "Sensitivity to lysozyme of the representatives of various species of gramnegative microflora (476 strains) was studied with a new modified procedure, which is more exact and economic as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. High resistance of Eltor vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas to lysozyme was found. Cultures of various sensitivity levels to lysozyme were detected among Aeromonas, enteropathogenic E. coli and NAG-vibrios.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of Gram-negative microflora to lysozyme]. Sensitivity to lysozyme of the representatives of various species of gramnegative microflora (476 strains) was studied with a new modified procedure, which is more exact and economic as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. High resistance of Eltor vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas to lysozyme was found. Cultures of various sensitivity levels to lysozyme were detected among Aeromonas, enteropathogenic E. coli and NAG-vibrios.", "PMID": 386935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7612", "title": "[Results of testing a new method of using antibiotics in nutrient media for the isolation of Shigella: the 2-streak method].", "content": "A new variant of media with antibiotics for isolation of Shigella, i.e. a method of 2 streaks each containing different antibiotics was tested in analysis of excrements from patients with acute dysentery. It was found that the new method is more effective than the well known method of gradient plates (isolation of Shigella in one series of the experiments amounted to 85.2 and 64.7 per cent respectively, and in the other series of the experiments the respective figures were 95.4 and 89.3 per cent). Its efficiency was lower as compared to the procedure of inoculation onto 2 plates, i.e. onto the media with and without an antibiotic (isolation of Shigella was 67.5 and 77.4 per cent respectively). The new method provided a higher frequency of Shigella isolation as compared to inoculation onto the media without an antibiotic, as well as onto any of the media used with one antibiotic. The method of 2 streaks offers wider possibilities for choosing the antibiotics for adding to the nutrient medium, as well as estimation of the antibioticograms and species structures of Shigella distributed in a concrete area.", "contents": "[Results of testing a new method of using antibiotics in nutrient media for the isolation of Shigella: the 2-streak method]. A new variant of media with antibiotics for isolation of Shigella, i.e. a method of 2 streaks each containing different antibiotics was tested in analysis of excrements from patients with acute dysentery. It was found that the new method is more effective than the well known method of gradient plates (isolation of Shigella in one series of the experiments amounted to 85.2 and 64.7 per cent respectively, and in the other series of the experiments the respective figures were 95.4 and 89.3 per cent). Its efficiency was lower as compared to the procedure of inoculation onto 2 plates, i.e. onto the media with and without an antibiotic (isolation of Shigella was 67.5 and 77.4 per cent respectively). The new method provided a higher frequency of Shigella isolation as compared to inoculation onto the media without an antibiotic, as well as onto any of the media used with one antibiotic. The method of 2 streaks offers wider possibilities for choosing the antibiotics for adding to the nutrient medium, as well as estimation of the antibioticograms and species structures of Shigella distributed in a concrete area.", "PMID": 386936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7613", "title": "[Sterol affinity of Candida albicans cells resistant to polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The affinity levels of sterols in the sensitive and resistant cultures of C. albicans for polyenic antibiotics were studied comparatively. The affinity level was determined by liberation of potassium under the effect of the antibiotic participating in interaction with the sterol. The protective effect of the sterol suspended in solution and included into the composition of the liposomes from egg lecithin was studied. It was found that the sterols of the resistant cultures of C. albicans had the same (or even somewhat higher) affinity to amphotericin B as those from the sensitive cultures. The data indicate that resistance of the strains studied is not based on the loss of the sterol capacity for binding polyenic antibiotics.", "contents": "[Sterol affinity of Candida albicans cells resistant to polyene antibiotics]. The affinity levels of sterols in the sensitive and resistant cultures of C. albicans for polyenic antibiotics were studied comparatively. The affinity level was determined by liberation of potassium under the effect of the antibiotic participating in interaction with the sterol. The protective effect of the sterol suspended in solution and included into the composition of the liposomes from egg lecithin was studied. It was found that the sterols of the resistant cultures of C. albicans had the same (or even somewhat higher) affinity to amphotericin B as those from the sensitive cultures. The data indicate that resistance of the strains studied is not based on the loss of the sterol capacity for binding polyenic antibiotics.", "PMID": 386937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7614", "title": "[Effect of amphotericin B on the energy metabolism of tissue forms of Candida albicans].", "content": "Dehydrogenase activity of the tissue form cells of C. albicans during the infection process in albino mice with and without amphotericin B treatment was studied. The strength of the metabolic reactions resulting in accumulation of ATP was evident from the activity of 4 main enzymes, i.e. succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzymatic activity was determined by the tetrasol method based on formation of diphormazan. Investigation of the fungal cells 10 minutes after the infection showed that preliminary intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B did not change the activity of the tissue forms. The cytochemical characteristics of the fungal cells remained the same as that in the untreated animals. Six hours after infection of the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intravenously the fungus vegetation decreased from 52 to 38 per cent, while in the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intraperitoneally it was suppressed completely. Simultaneously the energy metabolism was also suppressed, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase being suppressed most significantly. The activity of this enzyme in the cells of C. albicans isolated from the animals treated with the antibiotic administered intraperitoneally was 14 times lower than that in the cells of the culture isolated from the control animals.", "contents": "[Effect of amphotericin B on the energy metabolism of tissue forms of Candida albicans]. Dehydrogenase activity of the tissue form cells of C. albicans during the infection process in albino mice with and without amphotericin B treatment was studied. The strength of the metabolic reactions resulting in accumulation of ATP was evident from the activity of 4 main enzymes, i.e. succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzymatic activity was determined by the tetrasol method based on formation of diphormazan. Investigation of the fungal cells 10 minutes after the infection showed that preliminary intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B did not change the activity of the tissue forms. The cytochemical characteristics of the fungal cells remained the same as that in the untreated animals. Six hours after infection of the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intravenously the fungus vegetation decreased from 52 to 38 per cent, while in the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intraperitoneally it was suppressed completely. Simultaneously the energy metabolism was also suppressed, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase being suppressed most significantly. The activity of this enzyme in the cells of C. albicans isolated from the animals treated with the antibiotic administered intraperitoneally was 14 times lower than that in the cells of the culture isolated from the control animals.", "PMID": 386938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7615", "title": "[Conjugative properties of the R factors found in 2 different strains of Escherichia coli].", "content": "The transfer frequency of R124-17, RI, RI-19 and RP4 factors as dependent on the origin of the donor strain was studied. The transfer frequencies of these factors from E. coli W strains are much lower than those from the strains of E. coli K12. The effect is connected neither with the repression of the tra-genes, nor with the restriction enzymes activity against the alien DNA in the recipient bacteria.", "contents": "[Conjugative properties of the R factors found in 2 different strains of Escherichia coli]. The transfer frequency of R124-17, RI, RI-19 and RP4 factors as dependent on the origin of the donor strain was studied. The transfer frequencies of these factors from E. coli W strains are much lower than those from the strains of E. coli K12. The effect is connected neither with the repression of the tra-genes, nor with the restriction enzymes activity against the alien DNA in the recipient bacteria.", "PMID": 386939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7616", "title": "[Ampicillin treatment trial in gonorrhea recurrences].", "content": "The results of using ampicillin in treatment of 54 gonorrhea patients (41 males and 13 females) previously treated with other antibiotics without success are presented. Ampicillin was used in a daily dose of 500 mg administered 5 times a day at equal intervals and an 8-hour interval during the night time. The course dose was 6--10 g. Patients with chronic and fresh gonorrhea with insignificantly pronounced symptoms were subjected to immunotherapy before the treatment with ampicillin. Pure gonococcal strains sensitive to ampicillin were isolated from 16 patients before the ampicillin use. Clinical improvement after the treatment with ampicillin in most of the patients was observed by the end of the 1st day and was evident from elimination of the urethral discharges, absence of urination colics and urea clarification. Etiological recovery was recorded in all the gonorrhea patients due to the treatment with ampicillin. All the patients were crossed off the register. The clinical and laboratory investigations showed high efficiency of ampicillin in treatment of gonorrhea relapses. The antibiotic is rapidly absorbed into the blood. Its therapeutic blood levels are maintained during 24 hours. It is well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "[Ampicillin treatment trial in gonorrhea recurrences]. The results of using ampicillin in treatment of 54 gonorrhea patients (41 males and 13 females) previously treated with other antibiotics without success are presented. Ampicillin was used in a daily dose of 500 mg administered 5 times a day at equal intervals and an 8-hour interval during the night time. The course dose was 6--10 g. Patients with chronic and fresh gonorrhea with insignificantly pronounced symptoms were subjected to immunotherapy before the treatment with ampicillin. Pure gonococcal strains sensitive to ampicillin were isolated from 16 patients before the ampicillin use. Clinical improvement after the treatment with ampicillin in most of the patients was observed by the end of the 1st day and was evident from elimination of the urethral discharges, absence of urination colics and urea clarification. Etiological recovery was recorded in all the gonorrhea patients due to the treatment with ampicillin. All the patients were crossed off the register. The clinical and laboratory investigations showed high efficiency of ampicillin in treatment of gonorrhea relapses. The antibiotic is rapidly absorbed into the blood. Its therapeutic blood levels are maintained during 24 hours. It is well tolerated by the patients.", "PMID": 386940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7617", "title": "On Leeuwenhoek's magnifications.", "content": "The thesis of this communication is that the 'secret method' of Leeuwenhoek was the augmentation of the magnification of his single glass lens by the refraction at the quasi-hemispherical surface of a column of liquid containing the microorganisms. The linear increase in magnification thus secured could be as much as three-fold, depending on the degree of curvature of the liquid surface, the diameter of the column of liquid, and the index of refraction necessary for observation of details beyond the resolution of his best glass lenses. The hypothesis also accounts for the second part of the secret method, the high density of microorganisms in a single field of view, by successive recostitutions of the curved surface of the medium.", "contents": "On Leeuwenhoek's magnifications. The thesis of this communication is that the 'secret method' of Leeuwenhoek was the augmentation of the magnification of his single glass lens by the refraction at the quasi-hemispherical surface of a column of liquid containing the microorganisms. The linear increase in magnification thus secured could be as much as three-fold, depending on the degree of curvature of the liquid surface, the diameter of the column of liquid, and the index of refraction necessary for observation of details beyond the resolution of his best glass lenses. The hypothesis also accounts for the second part of the secret method, the high density of microorganisms in a single field of view, by successive recostitutions of the curved surface of the medium.", "PMID": 386941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7618", "title": "Rate of drying and the survival of microorganisms.", "content": "The survival rate of cells of the genera Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, Micrococcus and Saccharomyces when counted immediately after fast or slow drying (20 minutes and 24 hours, respectively) was rather similar. However, after prolonged periods of dry storage, the number of viable cells after slow drying was much higher as compared with the rapidly dried cells. Investigations with Escherichia coli demonstrated this phenomenon only when more than about 8 mg of water per 10(8) cells was available on a filter paper disc. In order to obtain optimum resistance to water loss the dessication period of 0.025 ml of suspension of E. coli must be longer than 13 hours.", "contents": "Rate of drying and the survival of microorganisms. The survival rate of cells of the genera Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, Micrococcus and Saccharomyces when counted immediately after fast or slow drying (20 minutes and 24 hours, respectively) was rather similar. However, after prolonged periods of dry storage, the number of viable cells after slow drying was much higher as compared with the rapidly dried cells. Investigations with Escherichia coli demonstrated this phenomenon only when more than about 8 mg of water per 10(8) cells was available on a filter paper disc. In order to obtain optimum resistance to water loss the dessication period of 0.025 ml of suspension of E. coli must be longer than 13 hours.", "PMID": 386942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7619", "title": "Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by folate pathway inhibitors. Their potential in the selection of auxotrophs.", "content": "Growth studies were conducted on C. albicans in a glucose - salts - biotin (GSB) medium in the presence of folate inhibitors. Sulfanilamide inhibited growth which was restored by PABA or tetrahydrofolate (THF). Aminopterin inhibited growth to about the same level as did sulfanilamide, but this inhibition was not reversed with PABA nor THF, singly or in combination. Inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was synergistic, reducing growth by more than 90% for 48 h. The sulfanilamide component of the combined inhibition was reversed by PABA or THF to the level of that of aminopterin alone. Cytochrome synthesis was not affected by the inhibitors, but marked increases occurred in alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, isocitrate, and pyruvate dehydrogenases, especially in the presence of both inhibitors. The pyrimidines in combination with sulfanilamide were as inhibitory as was the combination of aminopterin and sulfanilamide, but they had no effect when added alone or in combination with aminopterin. Unlike the pyrimidines, the purines stimulated about a 50% recovery from inhibition by either of the inhibitors. Growth inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was overcome by about 50% by the addition of the THF-mediated end-produits: deoxythymidylate, adenine, histidine and methionine. The use of GSB medium containing adenine, histidine, methionine and the folate inhibitors but without deoxythymidylate resulted in thymineless death of prototrophic cells providing a method for the selection of auxotrophic mutants.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by folate pathway inhibitors. Their potential in the selection of auxotrophs. Growth studies were conducted on C. albicans in a glucose - salts - biotin (GSB) medium in the presence of folate inhibitors. Sulfanilamide inhibited growth which was restored by PABA or tetrahydrofolate (THF). Aminopterin inhibited growth to about the same level as did sulfanilamide, but this inhibition was not reversed with PABA nor THF, singly or in combination. Inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was synergistic, reducing growth by more than 90% for 48 h. The sulfanilamide component of the combined inhibition was reversed by PABA or THF to the level of that of aminopterin alone. Cytochrome synthesis was not affected by the inhibitors, but marked increases occurred in alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, isocitrate, and pyruvate dehydrogenases, especially in the presence of both inhibitors. The pyrimidines in combination with sulfanilamide were as inhibitory as was the combination of aminopterin and sulfanilamide, but they had no effect when added alone or in combination with aminopterin. Unlike the pyrimidines, the purines stimulated about a 50% recovery from inhibition by either of the inhibitors. Growth inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was overcome by about 50% by the addition of the THF-mediated end-produits: deoxythymidylate, adenine, histidine and methionine. The use of GSB medium containing adenine, histidine, methionine and the folate inhibitors but without deoxythymidylate resulted in thymineless death of prototrophic cells providing a method for the selection of auxotrophic mutants.", "PMID": 386943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7620", "title": "Competition between an Escherichia coli tyrosine auxotroph and a prototrophic revertant in glucose- and tyrosine-limited chemostats.", "content": "A tyrosine-requiring strain of Escherichia coli was grown in tyrosine-limited chemostats at a range of dilution rates between 0.08 h-1 and 0.42 h-1, conditions which always resulted in the selection of a prototrophic revertant population able to synthesise tyrosine. Analysis of the two-membered mixed cultures which arose showed that the prototrophic population outgrew the auxotroph since its growth rate was not restricted by the growth-limiting concentrations of exogenous tyrosine. During the take-over of the culture, the prototroph population grew exponentially but the specific growth rate increased with decreasing dilution rate of the competition experiments. In glucose-limited chemostats (in the presence of non-growth-limiting concentrations of tyrosine) of the tyrosine-requiring strain, prototrophs were never detected. Constructed two-membered mixed cultures with both populations competing for limiting amounts of glucose, showed that the prototroph was less competitive than the auxotroph.", "contents": "Competition between an Escherichia coli tyrosine auxotroph and a prototrophic revertant in glucose- and tyrosine-limited chemostats. A tyrosine-requiring strain of Escherichia coli was grown in tyrosine-limited chemostats at a range of dilution rates between 0.08 h-1 and 0.42 h-1, conditions which always resulted in the selection of a prototrophic revertant population able to synthesise tyrosine. Analysis of the two-membered mixed cultures which arose showed that the prototrophic population outgrew the auxotroph since its growth rate was not restricted by the growth-limiting concentrations of exogenous tyrosine. During the take-over of the culture, the prototroph population grew exponentially but the specific growth rate increased with decreasing dilution rate of the competition experiments. In glucose-limited chemostats (in the presence of non-growth-limiting concentrations of tyrosine) of the tyrosine-requiring strain, prototrophs were never detected. Constructed two-membered mixed cultures with both populations competing for limiting amounts of glucose, showed that the prototroph was less competitive than the auxotroph.", "PMID": 386944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7621", "title": "Effects of fungicides on Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated thermophilous fungus from green leaf surfaces. The application of fungicides significantly reduced the frequency of its occurrence there. A. fumigatus was relatively tolerant to fungicides. On Captan-, Thiram-, and Verdasan-treated leaves, A. fumigatus constituted 66%--80% of the total number of isolates obtained at 45 degrees C from each treatment while Dicloran did not depress the percentages. At 45 degrees C, A. fumigatus was found to be strongly cellulolytic with a slow rate of radial extension on YpSs agar and rapid rate of mycelial growth in Czapek Dox liquid medium. Increasing concentrations of all four fungicides reduced or prevented growth, sporulation, starch depletion and cellulose clearing of A. fumigatus. The fungus could tolerate higher concentrations of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. 2.5 microgram/ml of the four fungicides altered the rates of mycelial growth but not the maximum amount of mycelial dry weight attained.", "contents": "Effects of fungicides on Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated thermophilous fungus from green leaf surfaces. The application of fungicides significantly reduced the frequency of its occurrence there. A. fumigatus was relatively tolerant to fungicides. On Captan-, Thiram-, and Verdasan-treated leaves, A. fumigatus constituted 66%--80% of the total number of isolates obtained at 45 degrees C from each treatment while Dicloran did not depress the percentages. At 45 degrees C, A. fumigatus was found to be strongly cellulolytic with a slow rate of radial extension on YpSs agar and rapid rate of mycelial growth in Czapek Dox liquid medium. Increasing concentrations of all four fungicides reduced or prevented growth, sporulation, starch depletion and cellulose clearing of A. fumigatus. The fungus could tolerate higher concentrations of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. 2.5 microgram/ml of the four fungicides altered the rates of mycelial growth but not the maximum amount of mycelial dry weight attained.", "PMID": 386945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7622", "title": "[Some experimental evidences for immune functions of interstitial plasma-cells of the submaxillary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Interstitial plasma-like cells, constantly present in the submaxillary glands, are they endocrine cells or true plasma-cells? They do not show any change in case of hypertrophy of the salivary glands which is observed under isoproterenol repeated administration. In contrary their number increase greatly during the immunologic stimulation by human albumin injections in the Hamster cheek pouches. So, it does appear that they would be true plasma cells involved in immunoglobulins synthesis.", "contents": "[Some experimental evidences for immune functions of interstitial plasma-cells of the submaxillary glands (author's transl)]. Interstitial plasma-like cells, constantly present in the submaxillary glands, are they endocrine cells or true plasma-cells? They do not show any change in case of hypertrophy of the salivary glands which is observed under isoproterenol repeated administration. In contrary their number increase greatly during the immunologic stimulation by human albumin injections in the Hamster cheek pouches. So, it does appear that they would be true plasma cells involved in immunoglobulins synthesis.", "PMID": 386952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7623", "title": "[Contribution to the morphological study of mouse odontogenesis. Causality of tooth differentiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Odontogenesis in mouse is characterized by progressive morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. Temporal dispacing was observed between the cusps of the same tooth and between lower and upper homologous teeth. These phenomenons underlined the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and the role of the stage of differentiation reached by the different cells before overt differentiation could be initiated.", "contents": "[Contribution to the morphological study of mouse odontogenesis. Causality of tooth differentiation (author's transl)]. Odontogenesis in mouse is characterized by progressive morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. Temporal dispacing was observed between the cusps of the same tooth and between lower and upper homologous teeth. These phenomenons underlined the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and the role of the stage of differentiation reached by the different cells before overt differentiation could be initiated.", "PMID": 386953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7624", "title": "[The vascular patterns in choroid tela of the fourth ventricle in cat (Felis domestica) (author's transl)].", "content": "The tela choroidea of the fourth ventricle of the cat is vascularized principally by the caudal cerebellar artery and secondarily by the dorsal plexus of the medulla oblongata. The choroidal branches that result from these two systems give the capillary network of the choroidal plexus. This drains rostrally into the emissary veins, tributaries of the cerebellar veins, or caudally, towards the dorsal plexus of the medulla oblongata, which is itself a tributary of the rostral petrosal veins.", "contents": "[The vascular patterns in choroid tela of the fourth ventricle in cat (Felis domestica) (author's transl)]. The tela choroidea of the fourth ventricle of the cat is vascularized principally by the caudal cerebellar artery and secondarily by the dorsal plexus of the medulla oblongata. The choroidal branches that result from these two systems give the capillary network of the choroidal plexus. This drains rostrally into the emissary veins, tributaries of the cerebellar veins, or caudally, towards the dorsal plexus of the medulla oblongata, which is itself a tributary of the rostral petrosal veins.", "PMID": 386954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7625", "title": "[The connective network of the spleen from a 18 cm long (crown-rump) human foetus. Plastic reconstruction and some reflections concerning the architecture of the human spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "In the human foetus, the splenic function is double: metabolic action and blood storage. The primitive structure of the spleen is more clearly demonstrated at that stage than in the newborn or the adult. 1. Our negative reconstruction by means of \"Hominit\" and \"Negokoll\" demonstrates the connective network of the spleen from a 18 cm long (crown-rump) human foetus with a linear magnification of 300. The complete model is 15 cm high. 2. Dimensions: :formula (see text):3. In man the connective network originates from the capsule and from the trabecular ramifications. 4. In the 18 cm long foetus, there is an intense budding of cylindrical radiating trabeculae from the internal face of the capsule. 5. At the same stage, the undercapsular network is still incomplete. It firstly appears between the radiating trabeculae and the periphery of the venous trabeculae. 6. We divide the splenic parenchyma into two zones: an outer layer (undercapsular) and an inner layer which shows itself an internal and an external zone. 7. The internal zone contains the 1st to 3rd order ramifications of the trabecular tree (vascular trabeculae with venous and arterial components). The external zone corresponds to the 4th, 5th and 6th order ramifications (venous trabeculae). 8. The splenic lobules are delimited from the connective network. Their dimensions are as follows: :formula (see text):.", "contents": "[The connective network of the spleen from a 18 cm long (crown-rump) human foetus. Plastic reconstruction and some reflections concerning the architecture of the human spleen (author's transl)]. In the human foetus, the splenic function is double: metabolic action and blood storage. The primitive structure of the spleen is more clearly demonstrated at that stage than in the newborn or the adult. 1. Our negative reconstruction by means of \"Hominit\" and \"Negokoll\" demonstrates the connective network of the spleen from a 18 cm long (crown-rump) human foetus with a linear magnification of 300. The complete model is 15 cm high. 2. Dimensions: :formula (see text):3. In man the connective network originates from the capsule and from the trabecular ramifications. 4. In the 18 cm long foetus, there is an intense budding of cylindrical radiating trabeculae from the internal face of the capsule. 5. At the same stage, the undercapsular network is still incomplete. It firstly appears between the radiating trabeculae and the periphery of the venous trabeculae. 6. We divide the splenic parenchyma into two zones: an outer layer (undercapsular) and an inner layer which shows itself an internal and an external zone. 7. The internal zone contains the 1st to 3rd order ramifications of the trabecular tree (vascular trabeculae with venous and arterial components). The external zone corresponds to the 4th, 5th and 6th order ramifications (venous trabeculae). 8. The splenic lobules are delimited from the connective network. Their dimensions are as follows: :formula (see text):.", "PMID": 386955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7626", "title": "[Perturbations of the implantation, the foetal growth and the foetal morphogenesis after ligatures of uterine artery terminal vessels in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Uterine terminal vessels are ligatured in the rabbit. These reduction of the utero-placental blood supply during the pregnancy is one \"intra-uterine growth retardation\" factor. These I.U.G.R. rabbits shown one important decrease of their total cellular population. More the intervention is executed near the term more the cerebral mass is affected. At the beginning of the pregnancy one teratogenic effect is superadded to the I.U.G.R. effect. Modification of the blood supply before pregnancy with the same proceeding product on decrease of the implantation, one I.U.G.R. effect and one teratogenic effect.", "contents": "[Perturbations of the implantation, the foetal growth and the foetal morphogenesis after ligatures of uterine artery terminal vessels in the rabbit (author's transl)]. Uterine terminal vessels are ligatured in the rabbit. These reduction of the utero-placental blood supply during the pregnancy is one \"intra-uterine growth retardation\" factor. These I.U.G.R. rabbits shown one important decrease of their total cellular population. More the intervention is executed near the term more the cerebral mass is affected. At the beginning of the pregnancy one teratogenic effect is superadded to the I.U.G.R. effect. Modification of the blood supply before pregnancy with the same proceeding product on decrease of the implantation, one I.U.G.R. effect and one teratogenic effect.", "PMID": 386956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7627", "title": "Synoviorthesis with erbium-169: a double-blind controlled comparison of erbium-169 with corticosteroid.", "content": "Intra-articular injections of erbium--169 citrate and methylprednisolone acetate in hand joints were compared in a randomly selected double-blind trial. The patients included 21 with rheumatoid arthritis and 3 with psoriatic arthritis, and the design was an intrapatient comparison. No difference between joints treated with the radioisotope or steroid was observed in the year following injection.", "contents": "Synoviorthesis with erbium-169: a double-blind controlled comparison of erbium-169 with corticosteroid. Intra-articular injections of erbium--169 citrate and methylprednisolone acetate in hand joints were compared in a randomly selected double-blind trial. The patients included 21 with rheumatoid arthritis and 3 with psoriatic arthritis, and the design was an intrapatient comparison. No difference between joints treated with the radioisotope or steroid was observed in the year following injection.", "PMID": 386961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7628", "title": "Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: a 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine.", "content": "N-acetylcysteine was employed as a therapeutic agent in a 1-year, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study of 22 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Patients were closely followed-up and were extensively evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Most parameters remained unchanged during 1 year of study in both the NAC and placebo groups, which showed the need for prolonged studies of drugs in PSS if definitive results are to be obtained. Over the year of the study the diffusing capacity decreased in both groups, while several other parameters measured both increased and decreased. Several simple measures of function and skin distensibility were tested and two (oral aperature and handspread) were reproducible and sensitive enough to measure moderate changes of disease activity. They may be useful in future trials of drug effect in PSS.", "contents": "Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: a 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine was employed as a therapeutic agent in a 1-year, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study of 22 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Patients were closely followed-up and were extensively evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Most parameters remained unchanged during 1 year of study in both the NAC and placebo groups, which showed the need for prolonged studies of drugs in PSS if definitive results are to be obtained. Over the year of the study the diffusing capacity decreased in both groups, while several other parameters measured both increased and decreased. Several simple measures of function and skin distensibility were tested and two (oral aperature and handspread) were reproducible and sensitive enough to measure moderate changes of disease activity. They may be useful in future trials of drug effect in PSS.", "PMID": 386962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7629", "title": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. I. Identification of enzymes of parasite origin by starch-gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Enzymes of parasite origin were identified by starch-gel electrophoresis. The species of parasite studied were Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, Babesia rodhaini and Anthemosoma garnhami. Lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and (NADP) glutamate dehydrogenase were detected in all species; phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detected in both Plasmodium species but malate dehydrogenase only in P. y. nigeriensis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not detected in any parasite.", "contents": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. I. Identification of enzymes of parasite origin by starch-gel electrophoresis. Enzymes of parasite origin were identified by starch-gel electrophoresis. The species of parasite studied were Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, Babesia rodhaini and Anthemosoma garnhami. Lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and (NADP) glutamate dehydrogenase were detected in all species; phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detected in both Plasmodium species but malate dehydrogenase only in P. y. nigeriensis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not detected in any parasite.", "PMID": 386967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7630", "title": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. II. Comparative studies in carbohydrate metabolism.", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the glucose catabolism of mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii, Babesia rodhaini, Babesia microti and Anthemosoma garnhami, as well as on uninfected erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The results showed that there was little qualitative difference between the glucose utilization and lactate production of the parasites although quantitative differences between malaria parasites and piroplasms were observed. The rate of glucose utilization of the infected cells was at least an order of magnitude higher than the rate for uninfected erythrocytes. Reticulocytes were also shown to have higher rates of glucose utilization and lactate production than uninfected erythrocytes.", "contents": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. II. Comparative studies in carbohydrate metabolism. Comparative studies were carried out on the glucose catabolism of mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii, Babesia rodhaini, Babesia microti and Anthemosoma garnhami, as well as on uninfected erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The results showed that there was little qualitative difference between the glucose utilization and lactate production of the parasites although quantitative differences between malaria parasites and piroplasms were observed. The rate of glucose utilization of the infected cells was at least an order of magnitude higher than the rate for uninfected erythrocytes. Reticulocytes were also shown to have higher rates of glucose utilization and lactate production than uninfected erythrocytes.", "PMID": 386968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7631", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. II. Immunological response to malaria in normals and subjects with sickle cell trait.", "content": "Children born in areas hyperendemic for Plasmodium falciparum are protected by maternal antibodies for up to about five months of life, after which they are subject to intense infection until they acquire sufficient immunity--by about five years of age. Children with sickle cell trait (Hb.AS) are at an advantage during these critical years, probably because of preferential phagocytosis of parasitized red cells. This could lead to either (i) early processing of antigen by macrophages and an accelerated immune response, or (ii) less antigenic stimulus and hence lower antibody production. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM determinations, agar gel diffusion (Ouchterlony) against soluble P. falciparum antigen, the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test using P. falciparum and P. malariae antigens, and the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test with P. falciparum antigen were performed on sera from a population with different Hb electrophoretic types in the hyperendemic malarial area of Garki, Kano State, Nigeria. Plasma immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies rose with age. After the first year of life, lower mean concentrations of immunoglobulins (especially IgM), and lower mean titres of antibodies specific against P. falciparum (Ouchterlony, IHA and less significantly IFA) were present in Hb.AS compared to Hb.AA; these differences increased with age. Antimalarial intervention was followed by a decline of all values and final levels showed little difference between haemoglobin types. It was unlikely that either a relative inability to produce antibody or a more rapid catabolism of immunoglobulins was responsible for the lower levels in sickle cell trait. The observations are more easily explained by the hypothesis that Hb.AS persons have less antigenic stimulus due to the early removal of parasitized sickled cells by macrophages, which then degrade the antigens. The antibody difference between Hb.AA and Hb.AS increased throughout life, suggesting that this process remained a feature of sickle cell trait even after parasite frequencies and densities were similar in the two Hb groups. These observations have implications in the aetiology of tropical splenomegaly syndrome, which is rarely seen in sickle cell trait subjects. Mean IgG and IgM were slightly higher in Hb.AS than Hb.AA infants, the difference for IgG achieving significance. This suggested that during infancy early phagocytosis of parasitized cells had led to enhanced processing of antigen and hence an earlier immune response in Hb.AS, but this was unlikely to be a major factor in survival. IFA titres against P. malariae were slightly but not significantly lower in Hb.AS, possibly as a result of cross-reaction with P. falciparum antibody or of a slight degree of protection against P. malariae.", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. II. Immunological response to malaria in normals and subjects with sickle cell trait. Children born in areas hyperendemic for Plasmodium falciparum are protected by maternal antibodies for up to about five months of life, after which they are subject to intense infection until they acquire sufficient immunity--by about five years of age. Children with sickle cell trait (Hb.AS) are at an advantage during these critical years, probably because of preferential phagocytosis of parasitized red cells. This could lead to either (i) early processing of antigen by macrophages and an accelerated immune response, or (ii) less antigenic stimulus and hence lower antibody production. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM determinations, agar gel diffusion (Ouchterlony) against soluble P. falciparum antigen, the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test using P. falciparum and P. malariae antigens, and the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test with P. falciparum antigen were performed on sera from a population with different Hb electrophoretic types in the hyperendemic malarial area of Garki, Kano State, Nigeria. Plasma immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies rose with age. After the first year of life, lower mean concentrations of immunoglobulins (especially IgM), and lower mean titres of antibodies specific against P. falciparum (Ouchterlony, IHA and less significantly IFA) were present in Hb.AS compared to Hb.AA; these differences increased with age. Antimalarial intervention was followed by a decline of all values and final levels showed little difference between haemoglobin types. It was unlikely that either a relative inability to produce antibody or a more rapid catabolism of immunoglobulins was responsible for the lower levels in sickle cell trait. The observations are more easily explained by the hypothesis that Hb.AS persons have less antigenic stimulus due to the early removal of parasitized sickled cells by macrophages, which then degrade the antigens. The antibody difference between Hb.AA and Hb.AS increased throughout life, suggesting that this process remained a feature of sickle cell trait even after parasite frequencies and densities were similar in the two Hb groups. These observations have implications in the aetiology of tropical splenomegaly syndrome, which is rarely seen in sickle cell trait subjects. Mean IgG and IgM were slightly higher in Hb.AS than Hb.AA infants, the difference for IgG achieving significance. This suggested that during infancy early phagocytosis of parasitized cells had led to enhanced processing of antigen and hence an earlier immune response in Hb.AS, but this was unlikely to be a major factor in survival. IFA titres against P. malariae were slightly but not significantly lower in Hb.AS, possibly as a result of cross-reaction with P. falciparum antibody or of a slight degree of protection against P. malariae.", "PMID": 386969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7632", "title": "Studies on Plasmodium falciparum in continuous cultivation. I. The effect of chloroquine and pyrimethamine on parasite growth and viability.", "content": "Recent advances in the in vitro study of human malaria have provided the knowledge to maintain Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture. Using relatively cheap and easily obtainable materials it is now possible to study many parameters including parasite chemotherapy. The activity of two standard antimalarials, chloroquine and pyrimethamine, has been examined in vitro. The effect on the parasite is easily observed and can be measured not only as a decrease in parasite density, but also as the viability of the remaining parasites after drug pressure. Both chloroquine and pyrimethine showed activity against P. falciparum in vitro in concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma levels in vivo. The technique is very reproducible and offers a most valuable tool to the research worker.", "contents": "Studies on Plasmodium falciparum in continuous cultivation. I. The effect of chloroquine and pyrimethamine on parasite growth and viability. Recent advances in the in vitro study of human malaria have provided the knowledge to maintain Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture. Using relatively cheap and easily obtainable materials it is now possible to study many parameters including parasite chemotherapy. The activity of two standard antimalarials, chloroquine and pyrimethamine, has been examined in vitro. The effect on the parasite is easily observed and can be measured not only as a decrease in parasite density, but also as the viability of the remaining parasites after drug pressure. Both chloroquine and pyrimethine showed activity against P. falciparum in vitro in concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma levels in vivo. The technique is very reproducible and offers a most valuable tool to the research worker.", "PMID": 386970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7633", "title": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites III. Biochemical taxonomy of rodent Babesia.", "content": "Biochemical methods were investigated for use in taxonomic studies on Babesia. The techniques used were variation in the mobility of parasite enzymes on starch gels after electrophoresis and the measurement of the buoyant density of the DNA of the parasites. The study was carried out on four rodent species of Babesia (B. microti, B. rodhaini, B. hylomysci and B. muratovi) as well as two human isolates of Babesia believed to be of rodent origin. In addition a related piroplasm of rodents, Anthemosoma garnhami, was also investigated. The results indicate that biochemical methods would be of value in taxonomic studies on Babesia.", "contents": "Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites III. Biochemical taxonomy of rodent Babesia. Biochemical methods were investigated for use in taxonomic studies on Babesia. The techniques used were variation in the mobility of parasite enzymes on starch gels after electrophoresis and the measurement of the buoyant density of the DNA of the parasites. The study was carried out on four rodent species of Babesia (B. microti, B. rodhaini, B. hylomysci and B. muratovi) as well as two human isolates of Babesia believed to be of rodent origin. In addition a related piroplasm of rodents, Anthemosoma garnhami, was also investigated. The results indicate that biochemical methods would be of value in taxonomic studies on Babesia.", "PMID": 386972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7634", "title": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone test for hypogonadic men.", "content": "Gonadotropin patterns before and after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been studied in 69 hypogonadic men of various types: patients with expansive hypothalamus--pituitary disorders before and after surgery, patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and patients with oligozoospermia or azoospermia who have primary partial or total testicular deficiency. Three characteristic gonadotropin patterns were found: (a) low basal values of LH and FSH with either absent or decreased and delayed responses; (b) normal basal values and pituitary responses above the normal range; or (c) high basal values and pituitary responses above the normal range. These gonadotropin patterns were correlated with disorders of the hypothalamus--pituitary--testis axis. The advantages and disadvantages of the GnRH test for the clinical evaluation of male hypogonadism are discussed.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone test for hypogonadic men. Gonadotropin patterns before and after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been studied in 69 hypogonadic men of various types: patients with expansive hypothalamus--pituitary disorders before and after surgery, patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and patients with oligozoospermia or azoospermia who have primary partial or total testicular deficiency. Three characteristic gonadotropin patterns were found: (a) low basal values of LH and FSH with either absent or decreased and delayed responses; (b) normal basal values and pituitary responses above the normal range; or (c) high basal values and pituitary responses above the normal range. These gonadotropin patterns were correlated with disorders of the hypothalamus--pituitary--testis axis. The advantages and disadvantages of the GnRH test for the clinical evaluation of male hypogonadism are discussed.", "PMID": 386973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7635", "title": "[Administration of equally divided doses of propylthiouracil every two-eight hours in hyperthyroidism].", "content": "Serum propylthiouracil semi splitting occurs in 1.1 and 1.65 hours when administered in a single dose. In this work treatment for hyperthyroid patients is described; 350 mg were administered daily in divided doses, every two and eight hours. In group A fifteen patients received 50 mg every two hours from 8:00 to 20:00 hs. and in group B nine patients were administered 100, 100 and 150 mg at 8 hour intervals. The patients were hospitalized the first seven days and during this time circulating triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were measured daily at 8:00 and 20:00 hrs. and then at 8:00 hrs. at days 8, 14, 21 and 28. After almost one week of treatment, in group \"A\", seven patients (46.6 per cent p 0.05) had normal concentration levels in both hormones. In group \"B\" only one patient reached normal levels in the first eight days. The administration of propylthiouracil every two hours is a useful procedure to attain the euthyroid state in less time than with other therapeutic patterns without undesirable side effects.", "contents": "[Administration of equally divided doses of propylthiouracil every two-eight hours in hyperthyroidism]. Serum propylthiouracil semi splitting occurs in 1.1 and 1.65 hours when administered in a single dose. In this work treatment for hyperthyroid patients is described; 350 mg were administered daily in divided doses, every two and eight hours. In group A fifteen patients received 50 mg every two hours from 8:00 to 20:00 hs. and in group B nine patients were administered 100, 100 and 150 mg at 8 hour intervals. The patients were hospitalized the first seven days and during this time circulating triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were measured daily at 8:00 and 20:00 hrs. and then at 8:00 hrs. at days 8, 14, 21 and 28. After almost one week of treatment, in group \"A\", seven patients (46.6 per cent p 0.05) had normal concentration levels in both hormones. In group \"B\" only one patient reached normal levels in the first eight days. The administration of propylthiouracil every two hours is a useful procedure to attain the euthyroid state in less time than with other therapeutic patterns without undesirable side effects.", "PMID": 386974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7636", "title": "[Congenital galactosemia detected by severe Escherichia coli infections].", "content": "Three babies with untreated galactosaemia presented with severe coliform infections in the first month of life. The frequency of coliform infections in untreated patients is emphasised. Galactosaemia should be considered in any baby with a severe coliform infection.", "contents": "[Congenital galactosemia detected by severe Escherichia coli infections]. Three babies with untreated galactosaemia presented with severe coliform infections in the first month of life. The frequency of coliform infections in untreated patients is emphasised. Galactosaemia should be considered in any baby with a severe coliform infection.", "PMID": 386977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7637", "title": "[Use of computer-aided x-ray diagnosis in oncology (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of computer-aided diagnostic reveals new perspectives for diagnostic decisions. The results of the hitherto used mathematical diagnostic models are represented. The Bayes's theorem as the most used model exhibited very different, in parts unsatisfactory results. More convenient seems to be multivariate models, like discriminant analysis. Hitherto the computer-sided diagnostic was used in a relative small number of differential diagnostic problems. There are yet many replying questions. It is necessary to compare the efficiency of the different mathematical-statistical methods and to search for optimal solution ways for all differential diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Use of computer-aided x-ray diagnosis in oncology (author's transl)]. The introduction of computer-aided diagnostic reveals new perspectives for diagnostic decisions. The results of the hitherto used mathematical diagnostic models are represented. The Bayes's theorem as the most used model exhibited very different, in parts unsatisfactory results. More convenient seems to be multivariate models, like discriminant analysis. Hitherto the computer-sided diagnostic was used in a relative small number of differential diagnostic problems. There are yet many replying questions. It is necessary to compare the efficiency of the different mathematical-statistical methods and to search for optimal solution ways for all differential diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 386979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7638", "title": "Effect of preimplantation treatment on the bone-forming potential of decalcified allogeneic and xenogeneic bone-matrix implants.", "content": "Bone-forming property of 0.6 M HCl decalcified (a) allogeneic bone matrix preserved in 70% alcohol, (b) allogeneic bone matrix preserved in anaesthetic ether, (c) allogeneic 'Ossein' provided by the Leather Research Institute, Madras, and (d) xenogeneic bone-matrix preserved in alcohol was studied by fitting the implants in surgically created complete circumferential osteo-periosteal gaps in the ulna of rabbits. Bone formation was assessed radiologically, macroscopically, histologically, and by tetracycline fluorescence up to 16 postimplantation weeks. Successful bridging of the gap by new bone formation was observed in 75% of (a) and 28.6% of (d) preserved up to 2 weeks. Ether-preserved implants did not induce bone formation. The 'Ossein' implants remained as inert material neither invaded by host cells nor inducing any bone formation. The xenogeneic implants exhibited local immune response which was probably responsible for poor osteogeneic response. Bone forming quality of bone-matrix implants appears to be influenced by the chemical treatment during preparation and preservation, host cellular response and immune reaction invoked by the implant.", "contents": "Effect of preimplantation treatment on the bone-forming potential of decalcified allogeneic and xenogeneic bone-matrix implants. Bone-forming property of 0.6 M HCl decalcified (a) allogeneic bone matrix preserved in 70% alcohol, (b) allogeneic bone matrix preserved in anaesthetic ether, (c) allogeneic 'Ossein' provided by the Leather Research Institute, Madras, and (d) xenogeneic bone-matrix preserved in alcohol was studied by fitting the implants in surgically created complete circumferential osteo-periosteal gaps in the ulna of rabbits. Bone formation was assessed radiologically, macroscopically, histologically, and by tetracycline fluorescence up to 16 postimplantation weeks. Successful bridging of the gap by new bone formation was observed in 75% of (a) and 28.6% of (d) preserved up to 2 weeks. Ether-preserved implants did not induce bone formation. The 'Ossein' implants remained as inert material neither invaded by host cells nor inducing any bone formation. The xenogeneic implants exhibited local immune response which was probably responsible for poor osteogeneic response. Bone forming quality of bone-matrix implants appears to be influenced by the chemical treatment during preparation and preservation, host cellular response and immune reaction invoked by the implant.", "PMID": 386996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7639", "title": "Helping one another: a speculative history of the self-help movement.", "content": "The Independent Living Movement represents a direct challenge to current notions of rehabilitation (see the article by Gerben DeJong in this issue). It is a unique challenge, spearheaded not by new technical advances but by a new social awareness, and not from within by medical personnel but from without by lay groups. In another sense, however, it is but the latest evolution of an old theme in American life--the notion of self-help. This paper traces the history of self-help, to illuminate the problems and prospects of the Independent Living Movement.", "contents": "Helping one another: a speculative history of the self-help movement. The Independent Living Movement represents a direct challenge to current notions of rehabilitation (see the article by Gerben DeJong in this issue). It is a unique challenge, spearheaded not by new technical advances but by a new social awareness, and not from within by medical personnel but from without by lay groups. In another sense, however, it is but the latest evolution of an old theme in American life--the notion of self-help. This paper traces the history of self-help, to illuminate the problems and prospects of the Independent Living Movement.", "PMID": 386997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7640", "title": "Attendant care as a prototype independent living service.", "content": "Of all the services and programs associated with the movement for independent living, attendant care has particular symbolic significance for the movement's adherents. Because it is a self-directed service, attendant care can be contrasted with home health services which are directed by professionals and agencies. This article demonstrates how attendant care mirrors key independent living values and concepts, partially by evaluating the provisions of attendant care services under titles XIX and XX of the Social Security Act. An analysis is made of how selected states have used titles XIX and XX authority to make self-directed attendant care services available. Consideration is also given to how selected eligibility criteria for titles XIX and XX create serious work disincentives that compromise the independent living goals implicit in self-directed attendant care services. Funding prospects and their effect are on the future of attendant care also are discussed.", "contents": "Attendant care as a prototype independent living service. Of all the services and programs associated with the movement for independent living, attendant care has particular symbolic significance for the movement's adherents. Because it is a self-directed service, attendant care can be contrasted with home health services which are directed by professionals and agencies. This article demonstrates how attendant care mirrors key independent living values and concepts, partially by evaluating the provisions of attendant care services under titles XIX and XX of the Social Security Act. An analysis is made of how selected states have used titles XIX and XX authority to make self-directed attendant care services available. Consideration is also given to how selected eligibility criteria for titles XIX and XX create serious work disincentives that compromise the independent living goals implicit in self-directed attendant care services. Funding prospects and their effect are on the future of attendant care also are discussed.", "PMID": 386998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7641", "title": "DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: a double-blind controlled study.", "content": "In a double-blind study, DL-phenylalanine (150--200 mg/24 h) or imipramine (150--200 mg/24 h) was administered to 40 depressed patients (20 patients in each group) for 30 days. Diagnoses were established according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The AMP system, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire (von Zerssen et al., 1974) were used to document psychopathological, neurologic, and somatic changes. Twenty-seven patients (14 on imipramine, 13 on phenylalanine) completed the 30-day trial. No statistical difference could be found between these two drug treatment groups (Student's t-test) using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire. Ratings for anxiety were significantly lower in the imipramine group on days 10 and 20, but not on day 30; in addition, sleep disturbances were more influenced by imipramine on days 1, 5, and 10, but not on days 20 and 30. Separate analysis of psychopathological syndromes as somatic depressive syndrome and retarded depressive syndrome did not show a group difference (0.05 level of significance using a two-way analysis of variance). It is concluded that DL-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepresant properties. However, certain methodological considerations still warrant a careful interpretation.", "contents": "DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: a double-blind controlled study. In a double-blind study, DL-phenylalanine (150--200 mg/24 h) or imipramine (150--200 mg/24 h) was administered to 40 depressed patients (20 patients in each group) for 30 days. Diagnoses were established according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The AMP system, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire (von Zerssen et al., 1974) were used to document psychopathological, neurologic, and somatic changes. Twenty-seven patients (14 on imipramine, 13 on phenylalanine) completed the 30-day trial. No statistical difference could be found between these two drug treatment groups (Student's t-test) using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire. Ratings for anxiety were significantly lower in the imipramine group on days 10 and 20, but not on day 30; in addition, sleep disturbances were more influenced by imipramine on days 1, 5, and 10, but not on days 20 and 30. Separate analysis of psychopathological syndromes as somatic depressive syndrome and retarded depressive syndrome did not show a group difference (0.05 level of significance using a two-way analysis of variance). It is concluded that DL-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepresant properties. However, certain methodological considerations still warrant a careful interpretation.", "PMID": 387000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7642", "title": "Effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on sexual arousal in normal men.", "content": "Six normal adult male subjects were administered either luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH, 500 micrograms, intramuscularly injected) or a saline placebo 10 min before a 40-min laboratory session in which they were exposed to erotic stimuli; subjects attended four such sessions, twice receiving LRH and twice the placebo in a balanced, double-blind, crossover design. Sexual arousal was inferred from degree of tumescence, with penile circumference measured by a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Heart rate was monitored continuously, and blood samples were taken periodically and assayed for serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T). Rapidity of onset of erection, maximum degree of erection obtained, and overall levels of tumescence were consistently greater following LRH administration than following saline placebo; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The anticipated LH and FSH response to LRH was noted as well as a small increment in LH levels following erotic stimulation. No significant alteration in serum testosterone was observed within the time sampled. There were no significant correlations between hormonal data and any measurement of penile tumescence. In view of the results, further investigation of the behavioral effects of LRH appears justified.", "contents": "Effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on sexual arousal in normal men. Six normal adult male subjects were administered either luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH, 500 micrograms, intramuscularly injected) or a saline placebo 10 min before a 40-min laboratory session in which they were exposed to erotic stimuli; subjects attended four such sessions, twice receiving LRH and twice the placebo in a balanced, double-blind, crossover design. Sexual arousal was inferred from degree of tumescence, with penile circumference measured by a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Heart rate was monitored continuously, and blood samples were taken periodically and assayed for serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T). Rapidity of onset of erection, maximum degree of erection obtained, and overall levels of tumescence were consistently greater following LRH administration than following saline placebo; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The anticipated LH and FSH response to LRH was noted as well as a small increment in LH levels following erotic stimulation. No significant alteration in serum testosterone was observed within the time sampled. There were no significant correlations between hormonal data and any measurement of penile tumescence. In view of the results, further investigation of the behavioral effects of LRH appears justified.", "PMID": 387001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7643", "title": "[State of several rat hematopoietic organs following total and subtotal irradiation and after bone marrow autotransplantation].", "content": "Hemopoiesis was studied in rats after x-ray irradiation. Lethal doses of 800--820 R were applied totally, with screening the shin and with subsequent autotransplantation of bone marrow taken from noninjured hemopoietic tissue. Survival of the animals and status of hemopoietic organs (quantitative indices of the peripheral blood, bone marrow and the spleen, as well as morphological changes in hemopoietic organs) served as tests. All totally irradiated animals died by the 20th day, the 30th day in the group of screened animals 32% survived, in the group with autotransplantation of bone marrow--62%. According to the indices studied restoration of hemopoiesis proceeded more quickly and completely in the group with autotransplantation of bone marrow and somewhat slower in the group with screening the shin (but without autotransplantation); this was accompanied by repopulation of bone marrow comparing with the totally irradiated animals. Restoration of the hemopoietic organs was followed by a comparatively rapid increase in the number of myeloid cells, while the number of lymphoid cells increased more slowly.", "contents": "[State of several rat hematopoietic organs following total and subtotal irradiation and after bone marrow autotransplantation]. Hemopoiesis was studied in rats after x-ray irradiation. Lethal doses of 800--820 R were applied totally, with screening the shin and with subsequent autotransplantation of bone marrow taken from noninjured hemopoietic tissue. Survival of the animals and status of hemopoietic organs (quantitative indices of the peripheral blood, bone marrow and the spleen, as well as morphological changes in hemopoietic organs) served as tests. All totally irradiated animals died by the 20th day, the 30th day in the group of screened animals 32% survived, in the group with autotransplantation of bone marrow--62%. According to the indices studied restoration of hemopoiesis proceeded more quickly and completely in the group with autotransplantation of bone marrow and somewhat slower in the group with screening the shin (but without autotransplantation); this was accompanied by repopulation of bone marrow comparing with the totally irradiated animals. Restoration of the hemopoietic organs was followed by a comparatively rapid increase in the number of myeloid cells, while the number of lymphoid cells increased more slowly.", "PMID": 387004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7644", "title": "[Effect of long-term thyroxine administration on the endocrine epithelium of rat pancreas].", "content": "The effect of prolonged thyroxine administration (0.001 mg/g BW) on pancreatic islets has been studied on 64 Wistar male rats by means of radioautographic, morphometric and electron microscopic methods. The phase response in the amount of the DNA-synthesising cells of the middle class islets has been revealed: the initial increase (5 days) is followed by a decrease (30 days) and then by a return to the control levels (60 days). The level of metabolism in sulphur-containing proteins has decreased in both A- and B-cells. After 30 days of the experiment, B/A cell volume ratio has been shown to increase. Electron microscopic studies have revealed ultrastructural reorganization of B-cells from \"resting\" B-cells into \"dark\" B-cells at increased excretion of secretory material.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term thyroxine administration on the endocrine epithelium of rat pancreas]. The effect of prolonged thyroxine administration (0.001 mg/g BW) on pancreatic islets has been studied on 64 Wistar male rats by means of radioautographic, morphometric and electron microscopic methods. The phase response in the amount of the DNA-synthesising cells of the middle class islets has been revealed: the initial increase (5 days) is followed by a decrease (30 days) and then by a return to the control levels (60 days). The level of metabolism in sulphur-containing proteins has decreased in both A- and B-cells. After 30 days of the experiment, B/A cell volume ratio has been shown to increase. Electron microscopic studies have revealed ultrastructural reorganization of B-cells from \"resting\" B-cells into \"dark\" B-cells at increased excretion of secretory material.", "PMID": 387007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7645", "title": "Flunisolide intranasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "content": "A flunisolide-containing intranasal spray and matching placebo were used in an eight-week, double-blind parallel study in 67 patients with perennial rhinitis. Seventeen patients who did not benefit from treatment with the placebo then switched to flunisolide for a six-week open trial. Flunisolide-treated patients showed greater improvement in both duration and severity of symptoms, as well as a greater preference for flunisolide; 75% of patients either had \"mild\" symptoms or were asymptomatic and 67% stated that they experienced \"substantial\" or \"total\" control of symptoms. No serious side effects were encountered. Chief side effects in both drug and placebo groups were brief, mild, nasal burning and stinging on spray application. The drug exhibited no adverse effects on adrenal function (morning plasma cortisol levels).", "contents": "Flunisolide intranasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. A flunisolide-containing intranasal spray and matching placebo were used in an eight-week, double-blind parallel study in 67 patients with perennial rhinitis. Seventeen patients who did not benefit from treatment with the placebo then switched to flunisolide for a six-week open trial. Flunisolide-treated patients showed greater improvement in both duration and severity of symptoms, as well as a greater preference for flunisolide; 75% of patients either had \"mild\" symptoms or were asymptomatic and 67% stated that they experienced \"substantial\" or \"total\" control of symptoms. No serious side effects were encountered. Chief side effects in both drug and placebo groups were brief, mild, nasal burning and stinging on spray application. The drug exhibited no adverse effects on adrenal function (morning plasma cortisol levels).", "PMID": 387010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7646", "title": "Thread augmentation.", "content": "A review of thread augmentation has added helpful points to the technique and given an opportunity to assess the long-range results. It is obvious at this stage that there is no panacea for the wrinkling process. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. The simplicity and low complication rate of thread augmentation supports this appeal. It is reasonable to state that the full application of the concept of this type of augmentation has not as yet been realized with this ongoing principle. This technique has been found of value when used as a single procedure or in combination with blepharoplasty or rhytidectomy.", "contents": "Thread augmentation. A review of thread augmentation has added helpful points to the technique and given an opportunity to assess the long-range results. It is obvious at this stage that there is no panacea for the wrinkling process. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. The simplicity and low complication rate of thread augmentation supports this appeal. It is reasonable to state that the full application of the concept of this type of augmentation has not as yet been realized with this ongoing principle. This technique has been found of value when used as a single procedure or in combination with blepharoplasty or rhytidectomy.", "PMID": 387011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7647", "title": "Biological methods of dental caries prevention. A review.", "content": "A number of measures by which tooth resistance could be increased or by which potentially cariogenic bacteria could be eliminated or their deleterious effects minimized are discussed. Many of them have proved valuable at the individual patient level but cannot be applied as a public health measure.", "contents": "Biological methods of dental caries prevention. A review. A number of measures by which tooth resistance could be increased or by which potentially cariogenic bacteria could be eliminated or their deleterious effects minimized are discussed. Many of them have proved valuable at the individual patient level but cannot be applied as a public health measure.", "PMID": 387013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7648", "title": "The dental application of electroformed pure gold. I. Porcelain jacket crown technique.", "content": "The use of gold electroforms provides (1) a porcelain jacket crown and adaptable gold margin; (2) a matrix for porcelain inlays; (3) an adaptable margin for cast ceramic bonded to metal crowns or abutments. Further, by the application of electrodeposited tin to the gold, excellent bonding of porcelain occurs. This system can be used advantageously as a substrate for bonding porcelain to metals.", "contents": "The dental application of electroformed pure gold. I. Porcelain jacket crown technique. The use of gold electroforms provides (1) a porcelain jacket crown and adaptable gold margin; (2) a matrix for porcelain inlays; (3) an adaptable margin for cast ceramic bonded to metal crowns or abutments. Further, by the application of electrodeposited tin to the gold, excellent bonding of porcelain occurs. This system can be used advantageously as a substrate for bonding porcelain to metals.", "PMID": 387014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7649", "title": "An electron microprobe investigation of the extent of microsegregation occurring in base metal dental casting alloys.", "content": "Standard tensile specimens were cast from a cobalt base commercial partial denture casting alloy, and from a nickel base alloy. Specimens from the castings were examined metallographically. The electron microprobe was used in order to determine the degree of microsegregation present.", "contents": "An electron microprobe investigation of the extent of microsegregation occurring in base metal dental casting alloys. Standard tensile specimens were cast from a cobalt base commercial partial denture casting alloy, and from a nickel base alloy. Specimens from the castings were examined metallographically. The electron microprobe was used in order to determine the degree of microsegregation present.", "PMID": 387015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7650", "title": "The plague and its place in history.", "content": "An outline is presented of the various pan-epidemics of a disease which has been in the past one of mankind's greatest scourges--the plague. Its pathogenesis, spread and effect on the course of history from biblical times until the seventeenth century is traced with a detailed review of the origins of the Black Death. The opinion is forwarded that plague has had a greater impact on the course of human history than any war or any other single disease.", "contents": "The plague and its place in history. An outline is presented of the various pan-epidemics of a disease which has been in the past one of mankind's greatest scourges--the plague. Its pathogenesis, spread and effect on the course of history from biblical times until the seventeenth century is traced with a detailed review of the origins of the Black Death. The opinion is forwarded that plague has had a greater impact on the course of human history than any war or any other single disease.", "PMID": 387016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7651", "title": "The structure and function of the Burns Unit at the Royal Perth Hospital.", "content": "This article describes the design of the Burns Unit at the Royal Perth Hospital, and emphasizes the importance of flexibility, while at the same time providing opportunities for isolation and the control of infection. The manner in which the Unit functions is described with special reference to a modified hospital bed which facilitates bathing of the patient. Control of infection and early replacement of full thickness skin loss have been regarded as essential. The facilities and the treatment regime adopted have been shown to produce excellent results.", "contents": "The structure and function of the Burns Unit at the Royal Perth Hospital. This article describes the design of the Burns Unit at the Royal Perth Hospital, and emphasizes the importance of flexibility, while at the same time providing opportunities for isolation and the control of infection. The manner in which the Unit functions is described with special reference to a modified hospital bed which facilitates bathing of the patient. Control of infection and early replacement of full thickness skin loss have been regarded as essential. The facilities and the treatment regime adopted have been shown to produce excellent results.", "PMID": 387018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7652", "title": "Cephaloridine prophylaxis in resection of the large intestine.", "content": "A controlled prospective clinical trial of cephaloridine chemoprophylaxis in resection of the large intestine was undertaken between 1974 and 1978. Data were available on 159 of 177 unselected patients. All were operated on by one surgeon. Three groups were studied: intraabdominal resection and anastomosis (102 patients); pullthrough resection and anastomosis (30 patients): and resection, with colostomy or ileostomy, without anastomosis (27 patients). In the total patient series cephaloridine reduced wound infection from 38.3% to 15.4% (P less than 0.003). There was no significant decrease in intraabdominal infection. In the group of patients undergoing intraabdominal resection and anastomosis the would infection rate was reduced from 40.0% to 14.9% (P less than 0.01). Cephaloridine reduced wound infection from 50.0% to 21.4% (P = 0.05) in those patients in whom drainage tubes were inserted. A decrease in the incidence of faecal fistula from 10.9% to 4.3% was not significant. Wound infections were not reduced significantly after pullthrough excisions or resections without anastomosis. The results support the routine prophylactic use of cephalosporins in patients undergoing intraabdominal resection of the large intestine with anastomosis.", "contents": "Cephaloridine prophylaxis in resection of the large intestine. A controlled prospective clinical trial of cephaloridine chemoprophylaxis in resection of the large intestine was undertaken between 1974 and 1978. Data were available on 159 of 177 unselected patients. All were operated on by one surgeon. Three groups were studied: intraabdominal resection and anastomosis (102 patients); pullthrough resection and anastomosis (30 patients): and resection, with colostomy or ileostomy, without anastomosis (27 patients). In the total patient series cephaloridine reduced wound infection from 38.3% to 15.4% (P less than 0.003). There was no significant decrease in intraabdominal infection. In the group of patients undergoing intraabdominal resection and anastomosis the would infection rate was reduced from 40.0% to 14.9% (P less than 0.01). Cephaloridine reduced wound infection from 50.0% to 21.4% (P = 0.05) in those patients in whom drainage tubes were inserted. A decrease in the incidence of faecal fistula from 10.9% to 4.3% was not significant. Wound infections were not reduced significantly after pullthrough excisions or resections without anastomosis. The results support the routine prophylactic use of cephalosporins in patients undergoing intraabdominal resection of the large intestine with anastomosis.", "PMID": 387019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7653", "title": "The mental illness of Captain Hyndman.", "content": "The mental illness of Captain Charles Robertson Hyndman resulted in his compulsory hospitalization in Tarban Creek Asylum in 1843 and 1864-1866. His illness, and the question of mental health law which was subsequently raised, were of great significance for the colony of New South Wales in that it led to the first specific lunacy legislation in the state. The issues raised are still the fundamental questions with which contemporary mental health law is concerned.", "contents": "The mental illness of Captain Hyndman. The mental illness of Captain Charles Robertson Hyndman resulted in his compulsory hospitalization in Tarban Creek Asylum in 1843 and 1864-1866. His illness, and the question of mental health law which was subsequently raised, were of great significance for the colony of New South Wales in that it led to the first specific lunacy legislation in the state. The issues raised are still the fundamental questions with which contemporary mental health law is concerned.", "PMID": 387021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7654", "title": "Evaluation of assisted positive pressure breathing on +Gz tolerance.", "content": "The effect of both assisted and unassisted positive pressure (PPB) breathing on +Gz tolerance was evaluated. A GOR (gradual onset rate = 0.1 G/s) acceleration profile was used to evaluate five different experimental conditions: 1) G-suit-only, 2) G suit + unassisted PPB, 3) G suit + PPB assisted by the English jerkin, 4) G suit + PPB assisted by the Canadian waistcoat, and 5) the Swedish counterpressure garment G suit combination. Acceleration tolerances for these experimental conditions (excluding the Swedish garment) with the subjects performing M-1 maneuvers were measured using an exhaustive ACM (Aerial Combat Maneuvers) acceleration profile. GOR tolerances were similar for both assisted and unassisted PPB with the pressure breathing experimental conditions providing a significant GOR tolerance increase over the G suit only condition. Assisted PPB increased ACM tolerances over both unassisted PPB and G suit only conditions. It appears that assisted PPB may offer a practical method for reducing the fatigue associated with exposure to high G.", "contents": "Evaluation of assisted positive pressure breathing on +Gz tolerance. The effect of both assisted and unassisted positive pressure (PPB) breathing on +Gz tolerance was evaluated. A GOR (gradual onset rate = 0.1 G/s) acceleration profile was used to evaluate five different experimental conditions: 1) G-suit-only, 2) G suit + unassisted PPB, 3) G suit + PPB assisted by the English jerkin, 4) G suit + PPB assisted by the Canadian waistcoat, and 5) the Swedish counterpressure garment G suit combination. Acceleration tolerances for these experimental conditions (excluding the Swedish garment) with the subjects performing M-1 maneuvers were measured using an exhaustive ACM (Aerial Combat Maneuvers) acceleration profile. GOR tolerances were similar for both assisted and unassisted PPB with the pressure breathing experimental conditions providing a significant GOR tolerance increase over the G suit only condition. Assisted PPB increased ACM tolerances over both unassisted PPB and G suit only conditions. It appears that assisted PPB may offer a practical method for reducing the fatigue associated with exposure to high G.", "PMID": 387023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7655", "title": "The role of subunits in yeast DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase A.", "content": "The properties of RNA polymerase A, which lacked the subunits of 48 000, 37 000 and 16 000 mol. wt., were compared with those of RNA polymerase A by using native calf thymus DNA as the template. The results showed that: (1) the specific activity of RNA polymerase A was about one-third that of RNA polymerase A; (2) more than 80% of RNA polymerase A, but only about 25% of RNA polymerase A, made RNA; (3) initiation by RNA polymerase A, but not by RNA polymerase A, began after a lag of 2 min; (4) the temperature-dependence for productive binding to DNA was greater for RNA polymerase A; (5) the apparent Km for UTP was greater for RNA polymerase A. These results support the supposition that the subunits missing from RNA polymerase A are involved in DNA binding [Huet, Dez\u00e9l\u00e9e, Iborra, Buhler, Sentenac & Fromageot (1976) Biochimie 58, 71-80] and show also that the loss of these subunits affects the elongation reaction.", "contents": "The role of subunits in yeast DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase A. The properties of RNA polymerase A, which lacked the subunits of 48 000, 37 000 and 16 000 mol. wt., were compared with those of RNA polymerase A by using native calf thymus DNA as the template. The results showed that: (1) the specific activity of RNA polymerase A was about one-third that of RNA polymerase A; (2) more than 80% of RNA polymerase A, but only about 25% of RNA polymerase A, made RNA; (3) initiation by RNA polymerase A, but not by RNA polymerase A, began after a lag of 2 min; (4) the temperature-dependence for productive binding to DNA was greater for RNA polymerase A; (5) the apparent Km for UTP was greater for RNA polymerase A. These results support the supposition that the subunits missing from RNA polymerase A are involved in DNA binding [Huet, Dez\u00e9l\u00e9e, Iborra, Buhler, Sentenac & Fromageot (1976) Biochimie 58, 71-80] and show also that the loss of these subunits affects the elongation reaction.", "PMID": 387028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7656", "title": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase in ethylene glycol at sub-zero temperatures.", "content": "Both the protein components Kp1 and Kp2 of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to be stable in aq. 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol at +30 degrees C or below. At -20 degrees C in this medium their sensitivities to O2 were diminished somewhat. Though purification could be carried out at -20 degrees C, the product had the same specific activity and was obtained in the same yield as when the purification was carried out by standard procedures. This suggests that such procedures yield enzyme undamaged in the course of the purification by O2, thermal denaturation or proteolytic digestion.", "contents": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase in ethylene glycol at sub-zero temperatures. Both the protein components Kp1 and Kp2 of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to be stable in aq. 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol at +30 degrees C or below. At -20 degrees C in this medium their sensitivities to O2 were diminished somewhat. Though purification could be carried out at -20 degrees C, the product had the same specific activity and was obtained in the same yield as when the purification was carried out by standard procedures. This suggests that such procedures yield enzyme undamaged in the course of the purification by O2, thermal denaturation or proteolytic digestion.", "PMID": 387029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7657", "title": "Proteolysis of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast mitochondria and submitochondrial particles.", "content": "Degradation of mitochondrial translation products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria was studied by selectively labelling these entities in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide and following their fate in isolated mitochondria. One-third to one-half of the mitochondrial translation products are shown to be degraded, depending on the culture growth phase, with an approximate half-life of 35 min. This process is shown to be ATP-dependent, enhanced in the presence of puromycin and inhibited by chloramphenicol. Further, the proteolysis is suppressed by detergents and is insensitive to antisera against yeast proteinases A and B when measured in mitochondria or 'inside-out' submitochondrial particles. It is concluded that the breakdown of mitochondrial translation products is most probably due to the action of endogenous proteinase(s) associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. This proteinase is inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, leupeptin, antipain and chymostatin.", "contents": "Proteolysis of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Degradation of mitochondrial translation products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria was studied by selectively labelling these entities in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide and following their fate in isolated mitochondria. One-third to one-half of the mitochondrial translation products are shown to be degraded, depending on the culture growth phase, with an approximate half-life of 35 min. This process is shown to be ATP-dependent, enhanced in the presence of puromycin and inhibited by chloramphenicol. Further, the proteolysis is suppressed by detergents and is insensitive to antisera against yeast proteinases A and B when measured in mitochondria or 'inside-out' submitochondrial particles. It is concluded that the breakdown of mitochondrial translation products is most probably due to the action of endogenous proteinase(s) associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. This proteinase is inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, leupeptin, antipain and chymostatin.", "PMID": 387030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7658", "title": "[On the molecular mechanism of action of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacological actions of (+)-cyanidanol-3 [(+)-flavan-3,3',4',5,7-pentol, (+)-catechin, Catergen) in various experimental liver diseases are described according to the recent available literature. On this basis the hepatoprotective activity of the drug is due to its stabilizing effect on biological membranes and its specific inhibitory activity on the Fe-ADP-, CCl4- and CBrCl3- stimulated lipoperoxidation in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "[On the molecular mechanism of action of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (author's transl)]. The pharmacological actions of (+)-cyanidanol-3 [(+)-flavan-3,3',4',5,7-pentol, (+)-catechin, Catergen) in various experimental liver diseases are described according to the recent available literature. On this basis the hepatoprotective activity of the drug is due to its stabilizing effect on biological membranes and its specific inhibitory activity on the Fe-ADP-, CCl4- and CBrCl3- stimulated lipoperoxidation in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 387044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7659", "title": "Sucralfate: antipeptic, antiulcer activities and antagonism of gastric emptying.", "content": "The antiulcerogenic and antipeptic activities of sucralfate (Ulcerlmin), a basic aluminum sucrose sulfate complex, were investigated. In rats, sucralfate inhibited the formation of ulcers induced by pyloric ligation, indometacin and cysteamine. In doses antagonizing forestomach ulcer formation, sucralfate increased the pH of the gastric juice in a dose-related manner. In vitro, at pH 1.9, sucralfate inhibited rat, dog and hog pepsin in a concentration-related manner and also the peptic activity in human gastric juice. Sucralfate may act as an inhibitor of pepsin by precipitating the enzyme or by binding with it reversibly. The antipeptic activity appears to be directly related to the amount of sucralfate in suspension rather than that in solution. In the gastrointestinal tract, the basic nature of sucralfate may enhance the antipeptic activity of the sucralfate molecule. In rats, sucralfate decreases the rate of gastric emptying.", "contents": "Sucralfate: antipeptic, antiulcer activities and antagonism of gastric emptying. The antiulcerogenic and antipeptic activities of sucralfate (Ulcerlmin), a basic aluminum sucrose sulfate complex, were investigated. In rats, sucralfate inhibited the formation of ulcers induced by pyloric ligation, indometacin and cysteamine. In doses antagonizing forestomach ulcer formation, sucralfate increased the pH of the gastric juice in a dose-related manner. In vitro, at pH 1.9, sucralfate inhibited rat, dog and hog pepsin in a concentration-related manner and also the peptic activity in human gastric juice. Sucralfate may act as an inhibitor of pepsin by precipitating the enzyme or by binding with it reversibly. The antipeptic activity appears to be directly related to the amount of sucralfate in suspension rather than that in solution. In the gastrointestinal tract, the basic nature of sucralfate may enhance the antipeptic activity of the sucralfate molecule. In rats, sucralfate decreases the rate of gastric emptying.", "PMID": 387045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7660", "title": "Ontogenic drug studies in calves. II. Changes in salicylate levels and metabolism in calves with diarrhoea.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was administered by oral route to calves and mice. A comparison of plasma levels of salicylates and salicyluric acid was performed in healthy and diarrhoic calves. The calves were infected with E. coli enterotoxin producing strains. During the 6 h observation period increased levels of salicylates were found in all age groups of calves (1-60 days). There were no significant differences in salicyluric acid plasma levels between controls and diarrhoic animals. Intravenous injection of cholera toxin in mice caused lower levels of total salicylates, but increased levels of salicylic acid and salicyluric acid. The importance of adequate animal model is discussed.", "contents": "Ontogenic drug studies in calves. II. Changes in salicylate levels and metabolism in calves with diarrhoea. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was administered by oral route to calves and mice. A comparison of plasma levels of salicylates and salicyluric acid was performed in healthy and diarrhoic calves. The calves were infected with E. coli enterotoxin producing strains. During the 6 h observation period increased levels of salicylates were found in all age groups of calves (1-60 days). There were no significant differences in salicyluric acid plasma levels between controls and diarrhoic animals. Intravenous injection of cholera toxin in mice caused lower levels of total salicylates, but increased levels of salicylic acid and salicyluric acid. The importance of adequate animal model is discussed.", "PMID": 387046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7661", "title": "Levamisole treatment in ulcus cruris. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.", "content": "59 outpatients (27-82 years) with a chronic leg ulcer participated in a 20-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial of levamisole (levamisole 30; placebo 29). They were instructed to take a body weight adjusted number of tablets (2-5) for two consecutive days every week. Previously used topical treatment was kept unchanged. Control examinations were done every two weeks. Double-blind treatment was stopped because of evident failure after a median duration of 8 weeks in 2 levamisole and 8 placebo patients. The percentage of cured patients became significantly superior in the levamisole group from week 8 onwards, so that, by the end of the study, all levamisole patients were cured against only 76% of the controls. Three levamisole patients reported moderate gastric complaints.", "contents": "Levamisole treatment in ulcus cruris. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. 59 outpatients (27-82 years) with a chronic leg ulcer participated in a 20-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial of levamisole (levamisole 30; placebo 29). They were instructed to take a body weight adjusted number of tablets (2-5) for two consecutive days every week. Previously used topical treatment was kept unchanged. Control examinations were done every two weeks. Double-blind treatment was stopped because of evident failure after a median duration of 8 weeks in 2 levamisole and 8 placebo patients. The percentage of cured patients became significantly superior in the levamisole group from week 8 onwards, so that, by the end of the study, all levamisole patients were cured against only 76% of the controls. Three levamisole patients reported moderate gastric complaints.", "PMID": 387047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7662", "title": "Endotoxin, fever and anomalies of development in rabbits. Short communication.", "content": "E. coli endotoxin was injected i.v. in rabbits (White New Zealands) on day 9 of gestation. The rise of temperatures was examined by thermoelectric recording. On day 29 of pregnancy the rabbits were killed, the uteri examined for resorptions and the fetuses inspected for malformations. The results were compared with those of control animals. The group treated with E. coli endotoxin showed a significant higher resorption and malformation rate. On the basis of the slight increase of temperatures (up to 1.1 degrees C above normal value), it is supposed that the endotoxin-induced fever did not participate in the teratogenic effects observed.", "contents": "Endotoxin, fever and anomalies of development in rabbits. Short communication. E. coli endotoxin was injected i.v. in rabbits (White New Zealands) on day 9 of gestation. The rise of temperatures was examined by thermoelectric recording. On day 29 of pregnancy the rabbits were killed, the uteri examined for resorptions and the fetuses inspected for malformations. The results were compared with those of control animals. The group treated with E. coli endotoxin showed a significant higher resorption and malformation rate. On the basis of the slight increase of temperatures (up to 1.1 degrees C above normal value), it is supposed that the endotoxin-induced fever did not participate in the teratogenic effects observed.", "PMID": 387048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7663", "title": "Steady-state plasma levels of flunarizine in chronically treated patients.", "content": "Plasma levels were measured at different times during long-term flunarizine treatment (duration 1--45 months, median: 6 months) of 50 patients with intermittent claudication. The dose was gradually reduced, within one month, from an initial dose of 30 mg daily to a maintenance dose of 10 mg daily. Plasma levels, measured by HPLC-method, showed considerable individual differences, ranging between less than 0.02 microgram/ml and 0.25 microgram/ml. Levels between 0.05 and 0.1 microgram/ml were found in 46% of the patients. Individual measurements clearly showed dose-related plasma-levels. There were no signs of accumulation. Side-effects were related to the dose rather than to the levels. There was no correlation between clinical improvement and plasma levels. An extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver is suggested as a possible explanation for the varying inter-individual plasma levels.", "contents": "Steady-state plasma levels of flunarizine in chronically treated patients. Plasma levels were measured at different times during long-term flunarizine treatment (duration 1--45 months, median: 6 months) of 50 patients with intermittent claudication. The dose was gradually reduced, within one month, from an initial dose of 30 mg daily to a maintenance dose of 10 mg daily. Plasma levels, measured by HPLC-method, showed considerable individual differences, ranging between less than 0.02 microgram/ml and 0.25 microgram/ml. Levels between 0.05 and 0.1 microgram/ml were found in 46% of the patients. Individual measurements clearly showed dose-related plasma-levels. There were no signs of accumulation. Side-effects were related to the dose rather than to the levels. There was no correlation between clinical improvement and plasma levels. An extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver is suggested as a possible explanation for the varying inter-individual plasma levels.", "PMID": 387049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7664", "title": "The absorption of benzoyl peroxide from leg ulcers.", "content": "Absorption and clinical efficacy of a preparation containing 20% benzoyl peroxide were studied in 20 patients with leg ulcers of varying etiology. Benzoic acid formed from benzoyl peroxide on penetration through the skin cannot be demonstrated in the plasma until three days after commencing application at the earliest. This indicates a building up of deposits of benzoyl peroxide in the skin. The plasma benzoic acid levels in all patients amounted to less than 5 mumol/l and is therefore toxicologically inoffensive. Clinically, the known therapeutic effects of benzoyl peroxide were confirmed. Neither sensitization nor allergic reactions were found in the 20 patients taking part in this study.", "contents": "The absorption of benzoyl peroxide from leg ulcers. Absorption and clinical efficacy of a preparation containing 20% benzoyl peroxide were studied in 20 patients with leg ulcers of varying etiology. Benzoic acid formed from benzoyl peroxide on penetration through the skin cannot be demonstrated in the plasma until three days after commencing application at the earliest. This indicates a building up of deposits of benzoyl peroxide in the skin. The plasma benzoic acid levels in all patients amounted to less than 5 mumol/l and is therefore toxicologically inoffensive. Clinically, the known therapeutic effects of benzoyl peroxide were confirmed. Neither sensitization nor allergic reactions were found in the 20 patients taking part in this study.", "PMID": 387050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7665", "title": "I.c.p. increases with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen in severe head injuries during controlled ventilation.", "content": "In a randomized trial nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen (Entonox) or oxygen 100% was given during chest physiotherapy on 23 occasions to three mechanically ventilated patients with severe head injuries. Intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) increased by 22.7 mm Hg (SD 10.62) during chest physiotherapy with Entonox, compared with 10.5 mm Hg (SD 10.4) with oxygen 100% (P greater than 0.02). A further nine mechanically ventilated patients with severe head injuries were given Entonox without chest physiotherapy. There was a mean increase in i.c.p. of 3.8 mm Hg (SD 2.4) (P less than 0.001) when Entonox was given, and a mean decrease of 4.6 mm Hg (SD 2.8) when the nitrous oxide was withdrawn. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration showed almost no change during nitrous oxide administration (decrease of 0--0.1%). We conclude that nitrous oxide causes an increase in i.c.p. in patients with severe head injuries and exacerbates the increases in i.c.p. occurring during chest physiotherapy.", "contents": "I.c.p. increases with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen in severe head injuries during controlled ventilation. In a randomized trial nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen (Entonox) or oxygen 100% was given during chest physiotherapy on 23 occasions to three mechanically ventilated patients with severe head injuries. Intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) increased by 22.7 mm Hg (SD 10.62) during chest physiotherapy with Entonox, compared with 10.5 mm Hg (SD 10.4) with oxygen 100% (P greater than 0.02). A further nine mechanically ventilated patients with severe head injuries were given Entonox without chest physiotherapy. There was a mean increase in i.c.p. of 3.8 mm Hg (SD 2.4) (P less than 0.001) when Entonox was given, and a mean decrease of 4.6 mm Hg (SD 2.8) when the nitrous oxide was withdrawn. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration showed almost no change during nitrous oxide administration (decrease of 0--0.1%). We conclude that nitrous oxide causes an increase in i.c.p. in patients with severe head injuries and exacerbates the increases in i.c.p. occurring during chest physiotherapy.", "PMID": 387054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7666", "title": "Programmable calculator: a program for use in the intensive care unit.", "content": "A program has been prepared for use in a small programmable calculator to allow the rapid and accurate determination of derived data. Changes in oxygen availability, deadspace and shunt fraction can be obtained in a few seconds and therapy altered accordingly. FIO2 required to produce a desired PaO2 can be obtained using the iso-shunt concept.", "contents": "Programmable calculator: a program for use in the intensive care unit. A program has been prepared for use in a small programmable calculator to allow the rapid and accurate determination of derived data. Changes in oxygen availability, deadspace and shunt fraction can be obtained in a few seconds and therapy altered accordingly. FIO2 required to produce a desired PaO2 can be obtained using the iso-shunt concept.", "PMID": 387055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7667", "title": "A double-blind comparison of a novel indanone diuretic (MK-196) with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of essential hypertension.", "content": "1 The antihypertensive effect and tolerability of MK-196 (10 mg and 15 mg daily) was compared to hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 50 mg daily) in a 4-week multiclinic, double-blind study involving 42 patients with mild to moderate, essential hypertension. 2 Both doses of MK-196 were as effective and sometimes more effective than HCT in lowering standing and supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures. 3 HCT consistently brought about significant increases in serum uric acid and significant decreases in serum potassium; both doses of MK-196 produced similar but less frequent and smaller changes in both of these parameters. 4 Both doses of MK-196 brought about significant decreases in body weight at Weeks 3 and 4 of drug treatment. 5 Patients taking MK-196 reported fewer adverse clinical reactions (10 mg = 15%; 15 mg = 13% than those taking HCT (21%). 6 MK-196 may offer a therapeutic advantage over HCT as an antihypertensive agent for use in the treatment of mild to moderate, essential hypertension.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of a novel indanone diuretic (MK-196) with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of essential hypertension. 1 The antihypertensive effect and tolerability of MK-196 (10 mg and 15 mg daily) was compared to hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 50 mg daily) in a 4-week multiclinic, double-blind study involving 42 patients with mild to moderate, essential hypertension. 2 Both doses of MK-196 were as effective and sometimes more effective than HCT in lowering standing and supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures. 3 HCT consistently brought about significant increases in serum uric acid and significant decreases in serum potassium; both doses of MK-196 produced similar but less frequent and smaller changes in both of these parameters. 4 Both doses of MK-196 brought about significant decreases in body weight at Weeks 3 and 4 of drug treatment. 5 Patients taking MK-196 reported fewer adverse clinical reactions (10 mg = 15%; 15 mg = 13% than those taking HCT (21%). 6 MK-196 may offer a therapeutic advantage over HCT as an antihypertensive agent for use in the treatment of mild to moderate, essential hypertension.", "PMID": 387057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7668", "title": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. III. Relationship to interferons.", "content": "Tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) is growth-inhibitory or cytotoxic to certain tumour cell lines, and is present in the serum of rabbits injected i.v. with BCG and endotoxin 2 weeks apart (TNF serum). TNF serum also has interferon activity, and as TNF and interferons have a number of properties in common their relationship has been investigated further. TNF was assayed by cytotoxicity in vitro against L cells and interferon by a CPE-inhibition assay with Semliki Forest virus.TNF appears not to be an interferon, on the following bases:1. TNF activity could be separated from the Type I interferon of TNF serum by passage through a Cibacron blue-agarose column or by sequential salt precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration.2. Preparations of Type I interferon induced by poly I, poly C or virus lacked TNF activity.3. Though it was not possible to compare TNF with rabbit Type II interferon (as methods used to induce Type II interferon in other species were unsuccessful in the rabbit) rabbit TNF has a number of properties which distinguish it from the Type II interferons of other species.4. Rabbit TNF inhibited the growth of a human melanoma cell line, and also had effects on certain mouse and rabbit cell lines, whereas the anti-cellular effects of interferons are reported to be species-specific.", "contents": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. III. Relationship to interferons. Tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) is growth-inhibitory or cytotoxic to certain tumour cell lines, and is present in the serum of rabbits injected i.v. with BCG and endotoxin 2 weeks apart (TNF serum). TNF serum also has interferon activity, and as TNF and interferons have a number of properties in common their relationship has been investigated further. TNF was assayed by cytotoxicity in vitro against L cells and interferon by a CPE-inhibition assay with Semliki Forest virus.TNF appears not to be an interferon, on the following bases:1. TNF activity could be separated from the Type I interferon of TNF serum by passage through a Cibacron blue-agarose column or by sequential salt precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration.2. Preparations of Type I interferon induced by poly I, poly C or virus lacked TNF activity.3. Though it was not possible to compare TNF with rabbit Type II interferon (as methods used to induce Type II interferon in other species were unsuccessful in the rabbit) rabbit TNF has a number of properties which distinguish it from the Type II interferons of other species.4. Rabbit TNF inhibited the growth of a human melanoma cell line, and also had effects on certain mouse and rabbit cell lines, whereas the anti-cellular effects of interferons are reported to be species-specific.", "PMID": 387059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7669", "title": "Response of T lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and to cancer-tissue-associated antigens, measured by the intracellular fluorescence polarization technique (SCM test).", "content": "Human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, separated by Isopaque-Ficoll flotation and E-rosette formation, were tested by the fluorescein fluorescence polarization method of Cercek & Cercek (the SCM test). The response to stimulation with PHA or cancer tissue leads to a decreased polarization value TP). The responding cells were present in the T-cell fraction (E-rosette-forming cells), which contained less than 10% macrophages and less than 1% cells with surface-bound Ig. Control experiments with the non-T-cell fraction gave different response patterns. The response of T cells from apparently healthy donors and patients with and without cancer were compared. All of the group of 16 healthy persons had a polarization value (P) which decreased (mean +/- s.e. = 23% +/- 2) after PHA stimulation, compared with no or little decrease after stimulation with cancer tissue, giving cancer indices (P cancer/PPHA) of 1.15--1.56. In 13 patients with carcinoma of the colon, stimulation with PHA produced little decrease of polarization, while stimulation with colonic cancer tissue decreased the polarization in all cases (mean +/- s.e. = 25% +/- 2). The corresponding cancer indices were 0.61--0.86. Seven of 10 colonic-cancer patients tested against ovarian cancer tissue did not respond, whilst 3 patients in this group responded and had a cancer index less than 1.0. Three patients with non-malignant diseases had response patterns similar to those of healthy persons, except for the lack of PHA response in the patient with ulcerative colitis. This method seems to open up new possibilities for evaluation of cancer patients, although further studies including many more patients are needed before any conclusion can be drawn as to the validity of the test.", "contents": "Response of T lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and to cancer-tissue-associated antigens, measured by the intracellular fluorescence polarization technique (SCM test). Human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, separated by Isopaque-Ficoll flotation and E-rosette formation, were tested by the fluorescein fluorescence polarization method of Cercek & Cercek (the SCM test). The response to stimulation with PHA or cancer tissue leads to a decreased polarization value TP). The responding cells were present in the T-cell fraction (E-rosette-forming cells), which contained less than 10% macrophages and less than 1% cells with surface-bound Ig. Control experiments with the non-T-cell fraction gave different response patterns. The response of T cells from apparently healthy donors and patients with and without cancer were compared. All of the group of 16 healthy persons had a polarization value (P) which decreased (mean +/- s.e. = 23% +/- 2) after PHA stimulation, compared with no or little decrease after stimulation with cancer tissue, giving cancer indices (P cancer/PPHA) of 1.15--1.56. In 13 patients with carcinoma of the colon, stimulation with PHA produced little decrease of polarization, while stimulation with colonic cancer tissue decreased the polarization in all cases (mean +/- s.e. = 25% +/- 2). The corresponding cancer indices were 0.61--0.86. Seven of 10 colonic-cancer patients tested against ovarian cancer tissue did not respond, whilst 3 patients in this group responded and had a cancer index less than 1.0. Three patients with non-malignant diseases had response patterns similar to those of healthy persons, except for the lack of PHA response in the patient with ulcerative colitis. This method seems to open up new possibilities for evaluation of cancer patients, although further studies including many more patients are needed before any conclusion can be drawn as to the validity of the test.", "PMID": 387060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7670", "title": "Radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by 9-anilinoacridines.", "content": "Six anilinoacridine derivatives have been tested for the ability to act as radiosensitizers. Two gave good sensitization at concentrations of 100 microM or less. Both of these are known to possess significant activity against experimental tumours, and one (m-AMSA) is in Phase II clinical trial as a chemotherapeutic drug. Anilinoacridines may have potential as drugs with both a chemotherapeutic and radiosensitizing role. In spite of their structural similarity, the 2 derivatives which sensitize do so by different mechanisms. Compound VI behaves like a typical hypoxic cell sensitizer but Compound I (m-AMSA) interferes with the accumulation of sublethal damage in either the presence or absence of O2. The latter also displays a post-irradiation sensitizing effect. Differences in mechanism may be related to the relative DNA-binding abilities and electronic differences between the 2 drugs.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by 9-anilinoacridines. Six anilinoacridine derivatives have been tested for the ability to act as radiosensitizers. Two gave good sensitization at concentrations of 100 microM or less. Both of these are known to possess significant activity against experimental tumours, and one (m-AMSA) is in Phase II clinical trial as a chemotherapeutic drug. Anilinoacridines may have potential as drugs with both a chemotherapeutic and radiosensitizing role. In spite of their structural similarity, the 2 derivatives which sensitize do so by different mechanisms. Compound VI behaves like a typical hypoxic cell sensitizer but Compound I (m-AMSA) interferes with the accumulation of sublethal damage in either the presence or absence of O2. The latter also displays a post-irradiation sensitizing effect. Differences in mechanism may be related to the relative DNA-binding abilities and electronic differences between the 2 drugs.", "PMID": 387061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7671", "title": "Reduced leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased NBT reduction test in induced iron deficiency anaemia in rabbits.", "content": "Iron deficiency anaemia was induced in rabbits by repeated bleeding. The leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) of 26 +/- 28 units was significantly reduced compared with control values of 233 +/- 35 units (P less than 0.001). Leucocyte NBT reduction was also diminished, both in Hanks solution (P less than 0.01) and in autologous serum (P less than 0.001). After administration of iron, these values returned to normal. The results suggest that reduced LAP may reflect a deficiency of iron dependent constituents which are necessary for the integrity of normal granulocyte metabolism.", "contents": "Reduced leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased NBT reduction test in induced iron deficiency anaemia in rabbits. Iron deficiency anaemia was induced in rabbits by repeated bleeding. The leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) of 26 +/- 28 units was significantly reduced compared with control values of 233 +/- 35 units (P less than 0.001). Leucocyte NBT reduction was also diminished, both in Hanks solution (P less than 0.01) and in autologous serum (P less than 0.001). After administration of iron, these values returned to normal. The results suggest that reduced LAP may reflect a deficiency of iron dependent constituents which are necessary for the integrity of normal granulocyte metabolism.", "PMID": 387063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7672", "title": "The composition of amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by fetal anencephaly or spina bifida.", "content": "The concentration of amniotic fluid glucose, total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate as well as amniotic fluid osmolality were measured in normal second trimester pregnancies and in second trimester pregnancies complecated by fetal anencephaly or spina bifida. Amniotic fluid glucose concentration was low in anencephaly, while phosphate and total protein were high; calcium concentration and osmolality were slightly elevated with spina bifida. The application of these findings to antenatal diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "The composition of amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by fetal anencephaly or spina bifida. The concentration of amniotic fluid glucose, total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate as well as amniotic fluid osmolality were measured in normal second trimester pregnancies and in second trimester pregnancies complecated by fetal anencephaly or spina bifida. Amniotic fluid glucose concentration was low in anencephaly, while phosphate and total protein were high; calcium concentration and osmolality were slightly elevated with spina bifida. The application of these findings to antenatal diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 387064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7673", "title": "Indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "Thirty-two patients were treated with placebo tablets or indomethacin (25 mg three times daily) in a six-month, double-blind, cross-over trial. During indomethacin therapy, 75 per cent of patients experienced significant pain relief while associated vomiting and diarrhoea were relieved in 44 per cent and 64 per cent of patients respectively. The efficacy of indomethacin was comparable to that of other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "contents": "Indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Thirty-two patients were treated with placebo tablets or indomethacin (25 mg three times daily) in a six-month, double-blind, cross-over trial. During indomethacin therapy, 75 per cent of patients experienced significant pain relief while associated vomiting and diarrhoea were relieved in 44 per cent and 64 per cent of patients respectively. The efficacy of indomethacin was comparable to that of other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "PMID": 387065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7674", "title": "Results of the colposuspension operation for incontinence and prolapse.", "content": "One hundred and eighty female patients complaining of stress incontinence were treated by a modified Burch colposuspension. Follow-up results were available at six months in 146 patients, at one year in 88 patients and at two years in 43 patients. The overall objective cure for stress incontinence was 87 per cent at six months, 87.5 per cent at one year and 86 per cent at two years. No relationship was found between the cure of incontinence and either the time taken to resume spontaneous voiding after surgery or concomitant hysterectomy. Cystourethrocele was effectively corrected by this procedure.", "contents": "Results of the colposuspension operation for incontinence and prolapse. One hundred and eighty female patients complaining of stress incontinence were treated by a modified Burch colposuspension. Follow-up results were available at six months in 146 patients, at one year in 88 patients and at two years in 43 patients. The overall objective cure for stress incontinence was 87 per cent at six months, 87.5 per cent at one year and 86 per cent at two years. No relationship was found between the cure of incontinence and either the time taken to resume spontaneous voiding after surgery or concomitant hysterectomy. Cystourethrocele was effectively corrected by this procedure.", "PMID": 387067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7675", "title": "Double blind trial of ritodrine and placebo in twin pregnancy.", "content": "In a double blind trial, 25 patients with twin pregnancy were given 40 mg of ritodrine hydrochloride by mouth daily and 24 similar patients received a placebo. The ritodrine group had no significant prolongation of pregnancy nor increase in birth weight, and a high incidence of side effects occurred.", "contents": "Double blind trial of ritodrine and placebo in twin pregnancy. In a double blind trial, 25 patients with twin pregnancy were given 40 mg of ritodrine hydrochloride by mouth daily and 24 similar patients received a placebo. The ritodrine group had no significant prolongation of pregnancy nor increase in birth weight, and a high incidence of side effects occurred.", "PMID": 387068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7676", "title": "Clinical trial of a new oral contraceptive pill containing the natural oestrogen 17 beta-oestradiol.", "content": "The natural oestrogen, 17 beta-oestradiol, has been shown not to depress fibrinolysis and apparently has less influence on liver function and lipid metabolism than ethinyl oestradiol, the synthetic oestrogen in conventional 'combined' oral contraceptive tablets. A triple-blind study was therefore made of 215 women during 2051 treatment cycles with oral contraceptives containing either (i) 4 mg of micronized 17 beta-oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 403), (ii) 4 mg 17 beta-oestradiol plus 2 mg of oestriol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 423) or (iii) 50 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netasyn). There were no pregnancies or thrombotic incidents. The numbers discontinuing treatment were about the same in the three groups, the main reasons being intermenstrual spotting in those on Netagen 423, amenorrhoea and weight gain in those on Netagen 403 and nausea and weight gain in those on Netasyn. The natural oestrogen showed promise as a new and safe component of the 'combined' pill.", "contents": "Clinical trial of a new oral contraceptive pill containing the natural oestrogen 17 beta-oestradiol. The natural oestrogen, 17 beta-oestradiol, has been shown not to depress fibrinolysis and apparently has less influence on liver function and lipid metabolism than ethinyl oestradiol, the synthetic oestrogen in conventional 'combined' oral contraceptive tablets. A triple-blind study was therefore made of 215 women during 2051 treatment cycles with oral contraceptives containing either (i) 4 mg of micronized 17 beta-oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 403), (ii) 4 mg 17 beta-oestradiol plus 2 mg of oestriol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 423) or (iii) 50 microgram ethinyl oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netasyn). There were no pregnancies or thrombotic incidents. The numbers discontinuing treatment were about the same in the three groups, the main reasons being intermenstrual spotting in those on Netagen 423, amenorrhoea and weight gain in those on Netagen 403 and nausea and weight gain in those on Netasyn. The natural oestrogen showed promise as a new and safe component of the 'combined' pill.", "PMID": 387069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7677", "title": "A double-blind trial of single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole during vaginal hysterectomy and repair.", "content": "Twenty-five patients received 10 ml co-trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim) and 25 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from the commencement of surgery for vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpo-perineorrhaphy. Single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole was shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative febrile morbidity and urinary tract infection, especially that caused by Proteus species.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole during vaginal hysterectomy and repair. Twenty-five patients received 10 ml co-trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim) and 25 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from the commencement of surgery for vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpo-perineorrhaphy. Single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole was shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative febrile morbidity and urinary tract infection, especially that caused by Proteus species.", "PMID": 387070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7678", "title": "Marcaine, a selective inhibitor of eucaryotic aminoacylation.", "content": "The effects of marcaine, a myotoxic drug, on the aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid (rRNA) have been studied. The drug is a potent inhibitor of the acylation of rat liver tRNA with leucine and isoleucine but is only mildly inhibitory (or not inhibitory) to acylation with a number of other amino acids which were tested. Further, marcaine inhibited aminoacylation in cell-free systems using components from several mammalian tissues, including muscle, from yeast, and from wheat germ. No effect of the drug was observed in aminoacylation systems from several bacterial species which were tested. The drug inhibits acylation with leucine and isoleucine competitively but exhibited noncompetitive kinetics when the concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and tRNA were varied. Marcaine was also a competitor of leucine in the ATP--pyrophosphate exchange reaction. Two structural analogues of marcaine, carbocaine and xylocaine, also inhibited acylation of rat liver tRNA with leucine but in a noncompetitive fashion. On a molar basis, marcaine appears to be the most effective inhibitor of the three drugs tested.", "contents": "Marcaine, a selective inhibitor of eucaryotic aminoacylation. The effects of marcaine, a myotoxic drug, on the aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid (rRNA) have been studied. The drug is a potent inhibitor of the acylation of rat liver tRNA with leucine and isoleucine but is only mildly inhibitory (or not inhibitory) to acylation with a number of other amino acids which were tested. Further, marcaine inhibited aminoacylation in cell-free systems using components from several mammalian tissues, including muscle, from yeast, and from wheat germ. No effect of the drug was observed in aminoacylation systems from several bacterial species which were tested. The drug inhibits acylation with leucine and isoleucine competitively but exhibited noncompetitive kinetics when the concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and tRNA were varied. Marcaine was also a competitor of leucine in the ATP--pyrophosphate exchange reaction. Two structural analogues of marcaine, carbocaine and xylocaine, also inhibited acylation of rat liver tRNA with leucine but in a noncompetitive fashion. On a molar basis, marcaine appears to be the most effective inhibitor of the three drugs tested.", "PMID": 387072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7679", "title": "In vitro transcription by wheat germ ribonucleic acid polymerase II: effects of heparin and role of template integrity.", "content": "Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteriophage lambda is a good template for wheat germ DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase II. We delineated conditions for obtaining maximum polymerase activity using as template both the relatively intact DNA extracted from the the lambda phage and DNA into which single-strand nicks have been introduced by deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I digestion. The deliberate introduction of nicks produces a modest increase in transcription. The NaCl and MgCl2 optima are broader with the nicked template, so that higher concentrations of these salts are needed before polymerase activity begins to decline. Heparin inhibits initiation but not elongation by wheat germ polymerase. Polymerase can be protected against heparin inhibition by forming binary complexes with the template. The formation of these complexes is reduced at low temperature. The complexes, once formed, decay in the presence of heparin with a half-life of 10--20 min. The number of complexes is highly dependent on the degree of nicking of the template, suggesting that single-strand nicks are the predominant type of site where these heparin-resistant complexes are formed. Our data do not allow us to decide whether or not the presence of nicks plays as decisive a role in the absence of heparin.", "contents": "In vitro transcription by wheat germ ribonucleic acid polymerase II: effects of heparin and role of template integrity. Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteriophage lambda is a good template for wheat germ DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase II. We delineated conditions for obtaining maximum polymerase activity using as template both the relatively intact DNA extracted from the the lambda phage and DNA into which single-strand nicks have been introduced by deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I digestion. The deliberate introduction of nicks produces a modest increase in transcription. The NaCl and MgCl2 optima are broader with the nicked template, so that higher concentrations of these salts are needed before polymerase activity begins to decline. Heparin inhibits initiation but not elongation by wheat germ polymerase. Polymerase can be protected against heparin inhibition by forming binary complexes with the template. The formation of these complexes is reduced at low temperature. The complexes, once formed, decay in the presence of heparin with a half-life of 10--20 min. The number of complexes is highly dependent on the degree of nicking of the template, suggesting that single-strand nicks are the predominant type of site where these heparin-resistant complexes are formed. Our data do not allow us to decide whether or not the presence of nicks plays as decisive a role in the absence of heparin.", "PMID": 387073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7680", "title": "On the structure and conformational dynamics of yeast phenylalanine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid in solution.", "content": "The solution structure of yeast tRNAPhe was investigated by using ethidium as a fluorescent probe in the D loop and the anticodon loop. For this purpose the dihydrouracils in position 16/17 and wybutine in position 37 were substituted by ethidium. The lifetimes and the time-dependent anisotropy of ethidium fluorescence were measured by pulsed nanosecond fluorometry. The kinetics of the transitions between different states of the tRNAPheEtd derivatives were determined by chemical relaxation measurements. It was found that the ethidium label irrespective of its position exhibits three different states called T1, T2 and T3 characterized by lifetimes tau 1 = 30 ns, tau 2 = 12 ns, and tau 3 = 3 ns. The lifetime differences are due to different accessibilities of ethidium for solvent quenching in the three states. Thus, there are three different defined structural environments of the ethidium in both the anticodon and the D loop. The distribution of the three states was measured as a function of Mg2+ concentration and temperature; it was found that state T3 is favored over states T2 and T1 by both increasing Mg2+ concentration and increasing temperature. The chemical relaxation kinetics exhibit a fast transition between T1 and T2 (10--100 ms) and a slow transition between T2 and T3 (100--1000 ms). The rates of both transitions depend likewise on Mg2+ concentration and temperature. The equilibrium and kinetic data clearly show the presence of strong and weak interactions between Mg2+ and tRNA. A cooperative model accounting for this behavior is developed. The ethidium probe behaves identically when located in different regions of the tRNA regarding both its distribution of states and its transition kinetics. This suggests that the different spectroscopic states report different conformations of the tRNA structure. The dependence of the three states on Mg2+ and spermine indicates that conformation T3 is closely related to or identical with the crystal structure. The rotational diffusion constants indicate that of all three states T3 is most extended while T2 is most compact. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the strongly bound Mg2+ ions reduce both the activation entropy and enthalpy of all transitions. The weakly bound Mg2+ ions increase both the activation enthalpy and entropy of the slow transition between T2 and T3. It is suggested that the breaking of several intramolecular bonds, e.g., hydrogen bonds, is involved in this transition.", "contents": "On the structure and conformational dynamics of yeast phenylalanine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid in solution. The solution structure of yeast tRNAPhe was investigated by using ethidium as a fluorescent probe in the D loop and the anticodon loop. For this purpose the dihydrouracils in position 16/17 and wybutine in position 37 were substituted by ethidium. The lifetimes and the time-dependent anisotropy of ethidium fluorescence were measured by pulsed nanosecond fluorometry. The kinetics of the transitions between different states of the tRNAPheEtd derivatives were determined by chemical relaxation measurements. It was found that the ethidium label irrespective of its position exhibits three different states called T1, T2 and T3 characterized by lifetimes tau 1 = 30 ns, tau 2 = 12 ns, and tau 3 = 3 ns. The lifetime differences are due to different accessibilities of ethidium for solvent quenching in the three states. Thus, there are three different defined structural environments of the ethidium in both the anticodon and the D loop. The distribution of the three states was measured as a function of Mg2+ concentration and temperature; it was found that state T3 is favored over states T2 and T1 by both increasing Mg2+ concentration and increasing temperature. The chemical relaxation kinetics exhibit a fast transition between T1 and T2 (10--100 ms) and a slow transition between T2 and T3 (100--1000 ms). The rates of both transitions depend likewise on Mg2+ concentration and temperature. The equilibrium and kinetic data clearly show the presence of strong and weak interactions between Mg2+ and tRNA. A cooperative model accounting for this behavior is developed. The ethidium probe behaves identically when located in different regions of the tRNA regarding both its distribution of states and its transition kinetics. This suggests that the different spectroscopic states report different conformations of the tRNA structure. The dependence of the three states on Mg2+ and spermine indicates that conformation T3 is closely related to or identical with the crystal structure. The rotational diffusion constants indicate that of all three states T3 is most extended while T2 is most compact. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the strongly bound Mg2+ ions reduce both the activation entropy and enthalpy of all transitions. The weakly bound Mg2+ ions increase both the activation enthalpy and entropy of the slow transition between T2 and T3. It is suggested that the breaking of several intramolecular bonds, e.g., hydrogen bonds, is involved in this transition.", "PMID": 387074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7681", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein L21 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The primary structure of protein L21 from the 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been completely determined by sequencing the peptides obtained by digestion of L21 with trypsin before and after modification of the arginine residues with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, Staphylococcus aureus protease, thermolysin, and pepsin. Automated Edman degradation using a liquid-phase sequenator was carried out on the intact protein as well as on a fragment arising from cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Protein L21 consists of a single polypeptide chain of 103 amino acids of molecular weight 11 565. An estimation of the secondary structure of protein L21 and a comparison with other E. coli ribosomal protein sequences are presented.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein L21 of Escherichia coli. The primary structure of protein L21 from the 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been completely determined by sequencing the peptides obtained by digestion of L21 with trypsin before and after modification of the arginine residues with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, Staphylococcus aureus protease, thermolysin, and pepsin. Automated Edman degradation using a liquid-phase sequenator was carried out on the intact protein as well as on a fragment arising from cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Protein L21 consists of a single polypeptide chain of 103 amino acids of molecular weight 11 565. An estimation of the secondary structure of protein L21 and a comparison with other E. coli ribosomal protein sequences are presented.", "PMID": 387076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7682", "title": "Suicide inactivation of bacterial cystathionine gamma-synthase and methionine gamma-lyase during processing of L-propargylglycine.", "content": "L-Propargylglycine, a naturally occurring gamma, delta-acetylenic alpha-amino acid, induces mechanism-based inactivation of two pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes of methionine metabolism: (1) cystathionine gamma-synthease, which catalyzes a gamma-replacement reaction in methionine biosynthesis, and (2) methionine gamma-lyase, which catalyzes a gamma-elimination reaction in methionine breakdown. Biphasic pseudo-first-order inactivation kinetics were observed for both enzymes. Complete inactivation is achieved with a minimum molar ratio ([propargylglycine]/[enzyme monomer]) of 4:1 for cystathionine gamma-synthase and of 8:1 for methionine gamma-lyase, consistent with a small number of turnovers per inactivation event. Partitioning ratios were determined directly from observed primary kinetic isotope effects. [alpha-2H]Propargylglycine displays kH/kD values of about 3 on inactivation half-times. [alpha-3H]-Propargylglycine gives release of tritium to solvent nominally stoichiometric with inactivation but, on correction for the calculated tritium isotope discrimination, partition ratios of four and six turnovers per monomer inactivated are indicated for cystathionine gamma-synthase and methionine gamma-lyase, respectively. The inactivation stoichiometry, using [alpha-14C]-propargylglycine, is four labels per tetramer of cystathionine gamma-synthase but usually only two labels per tetramer of methionine gamma-lyase (half-of-the-sites reactivity). Two-dimensional urea isoelectrofocusing/NaDodSO4 electrophoresis suggests (1) that both native enzymes are alpha 2 beta 2 tetramers where the subunits are distinguishable by charge but not by size and (2) that, while each subunit of a cystathionine gamma-synthase tetramer becomes modified by propargylglycine, only one alpha and one beta subunit may be labeled in an inactive alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer of methionine gamma-lyase. Steady-state spectroscopic analyses during inactivation indicated that modified cystathionine gamma-synthase may reprotonate C2 of the enzyme--inactivator adduct, so that the cofactor is still in the pyridoxaldimine oxidation state. Fully inactivated methionine gamma-lyase has lambda max values at 460 and 495 nm, which may represent conjugated pyridoximine paraquinoid that does not reprotonate at C2 of the bound adduct. Either species could arise from Michael-type addition of an enzymic nucleophile to an electrophilic 3,4-allenic paraquinoid intermediate, generated initially by propargylic rearrangement upon a 4,5-acetylenic pyridoximine structure, as originally proposed for propargylglycine inactivation of gamma-cystathionase [Abeles, R., & Walsh, C. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 6124]. It is reasonable that cystathionine gamma-synthase is the major in vivo target for this natural acetylenic toxin, the growth-inhibitory effects of which are reversed by methionine.", "contents": "Suicide inactivation of bacterial cystathionine gamma-synthase and methionine gamma-lyase during processing of L-propargylglycine. L-Propargylglycine, a naturally occurring gamma, delta-acetylenic alpha-amino acid, induces mechanism-based inactivation of two pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes of methionine metabolism: (1) cystathionine gamma-synthease, which catalyzes a gamma-replacement reaction in methionine biosynthesis, and (2) methionine gamma-lyase, which catalyzes a gamma-elimination reaction in methionine breakdown. Biphasic pseudo-first-order inactivation kinetics were observed for both enzymes. Complete inactivation is achieved with a minimum molar ratio ([propargylglycine]/[enzyme monomer]) of 4:1 for cystathionine gamma-synthase and of 8:1 for methionine gamma-lyase, consistent with a small number of turnovers per inactivation event. Partitioning ratios were determined directly from observed primary kinetic isotope effects. [alpha-2H]Propargylglycine displays kH/kD values of about 3 on inactivation half-times. [alpha-3H]-Propargylglycine gives release of tritium to solvent nominally stoichiometric with inactivation but, on correction for the calculated tritium isotope discrimination, partition ratios of four and six turnovers per monomer inactivated are indicated for cystathionine gamma-synthase and methionine gamma-lyase, respectively. The inactivation stoichiometry, using [alpha-14C]-propargylglycine, is four labels per tetramer of cystathionine gamma-synthase but usually only two labels per tetramer of methionine gamma-lyase (half-of-the-sites reactivity). Two-dimensional urea isoelectrofocusing/NaDodSO4 electrophoresis suggests (1) that both native enzymes are alpha 2 beta 2 tetramers where the subunits are distinguishable by charge but not by size and (2) that, while each subunit of a cystathionine gamma-synthase tetramer becomes modified by propargylglycine, only one alpha and one beta subunit may be labeled in an inactive alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer of methionine gamma-lyase. Steady-state spectroscopic analyses during inactivation indicated that modified cystathionine gamma-synthase may reprotonate C2 of the enzyme--inactivator adduct, so that the cofactor is still in the pyridoxaldimine oxidation state. Fully inactivated methionine gamma-lyase has lambda max values at 460 and 495 nm, which may represent conjugated pyridoximine paraquinoid that does not reprotonate at C2 of the bound adduct. Either species could arise from Michael-type addition of an enzymic nucleophile to an electrophilic 3,4-allenic paraquinoid intermediate, generated initially by propargylic rearrangement upon a 4,5-acetylenic pyridoximine structure, as originally proposed for propargylglycine inactivation of gamma-cystathionase [Abeles, R., & Walsh, C. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 6124]. It is reasonable that cystathionine gamma-synthase is the major in vivo target for this natural acetylenic toxin, the growth-inhibitory effects of which are reversed by methionine.", "PMID": 387077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7683", "title": "Conformation transitions of a tRNA--aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex induced by tRNAs bearing different modifications in the 3' terminus.", "content": "The influence of modifications of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNAPhe (yeast) on the complex formation between this tRNA and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (yeast) has been investigated by using fluorescence titrations and fast kinetic techniques. Subtle changes in the 3' terminus are reflected by distinct alterations in the two-step recognition process which had been demonstrated earlier for the native substrate tRNAPheCCA [Krauss, G., Riesner, D., & Maass, G. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2253--2262]. Binding experiments with tRNAPheCC, tRNAPheCCA-ox-red, tRNAPheCC2'dA, tRNAPheCC3'dA, tRNAPheCC-formycin, and tRNAPheCC-formycin-ox-red confirm that the 3'-terminal adenosine participates in a conformational change of the tRNA--synthetase complex. This is valid in both the absence and presence of phenylalaninyl-5'-AMP, the alkyl analogue of the aminoacyladenylate. As compared to tRNAPheCCA, a slower conformational change is observed with the competitive inhibitor tRNAPheCC-formycin-ox-red. The reaction enthalpy and/or the quench of the Y-base fluorescence that accompany the conformational change are altered upon binding of tRNAPheC2'dA, tRNAPheCC3'dA, and tRNAPheCC-formycin. It is evident that the final adaptation between tRNA and its synthetase in the complex is determined by the chemical nature of the 3'-terminal nucleotide. This is of vital importance for the specificity of the aminoacylation process.", "contents": "Conformation transitions of a tRNA--aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex induced by tRNAs bearing different modifications in the 3' terminus. The influence of modifications of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNAPhe (yeast) on the complex formation between this tRNA and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (yeast) has been investigated by using fluorescence titrations and fast kinetic techniques. Subtle changes in the 3' terminus are reflected by distinct alterations in the two-step recognition process which had been demonstrated earlier for the native substrate tRNAPheCCA [Krauss, G., Riesner, D., & Maass, G. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 2253--2262]. Binding experiments with tRNAPheCC, tRNAPheCCA-ox-red, tRNAPheCC2'dA, tRNAPheCC3'dA, tRNAPheCC-formycin, and tRNAPheCC-formycin-ox-red confirm that the 3'-terminal adenosine participates in a conformational change of the tRNA--synthetase complex. This is valid in both the absence and presence of phenylalaninyl-5'-AMP, the alkyl analogue of the aminoacyladenylate. As compared to tRNAPheCCA, a slower conformational change is observed with the competitive inhibitor tRNAPheCC-formycin-ox-red. The reaction enthalpy and/or the quench of the Y-base fluorescence that accompany the conformational change are altered upon binding of tRNAPheC2'dA, tRNAPheCC3'dA, and tRNAPheCC-formycin. It is evident that the final adaptation between tRNA and its synthetase in the complex is determined by the chemical nature of the 3'-terminal nucleotide. This is of vital importance for the specificity of the aminoacylation process.", "PMID": 387079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7684", "title": "Affinity labeling of the 3'-OH terminal binding site of the ribonucleic acid chain on deoxyribonucleic acid dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Nucleoside triphosphates modified at the 3'-OH are chain terminators for RNA polymerase. They form inactive ternary complexes with the enzyme, poly(dT), and oligoadenylate, the stabilities of which depend upon the length of the oligonucleotide. Employing [5'-32P]p(Ap)10A, together with the reactive analogues 3'-(bromoacetamide)-3'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate or 3'-(isothiocyanato)-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, as well as 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate, followed by cross-linking with glyoxal, we labeled RNA polymerase primarily at the beta' subunit. The latter therefore appears to contain at least in part the 3'-OH terminus of the nascent RNA chain when the enzyme is in the form of the ternary complex.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of the 3'-OH terminal binding site of the ribonucleic acid chain on deoxyribonucleic acid dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Escherichia coli. Nucleoside triphosphates modified at the 3'-OH are chain terminators for RNA polymerase. They form inactive ternary complexes with the enzyme, poly(dT), and oligoadenylate, the stabilities of which depend upon the length of the oligonucleotide. Employing [5'-32P]p(Ap)10A, together with the reactive analogues 3'-(bromoacetamide)-3'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate or 3'-(isothiocyanato)-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, as well as 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate, followed by cross-linking with glyoxal, we labeled RNA polymerase primarily at the beta' subunit. The latter therefore appears to contain at least in part the 3'-OH terminus of the nascent RNA chain when the enzyme is in the form of the ternary complex.", "PMID": 387081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7685", "title": "Modification of deoxyribonucleic acid by a diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene. Relation to deoxyribonucleic acid structure and conformation and effects on transfectional activity.", "content": "The effects of secondary structure on DNA modification by (+/-)-7 beta, 9 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene [(+/-)BPDE I] were investigated. No differences in the total extent of (+/-) BPDE I binding to double- and single-stranded calf thymus DNA were found. High-performance liquid chromatography (LC) of the nucleoside adducts obtained from hydrolysates of native and denatured calf thymus, as well as from superhelical and linear plasmid DNA, indicated that in all cases the major adduct (60--80% of total adducts) was formed by reaction of the (+) enantiomer of BPDE I with the N-2 position of dG residues in the DNA. A minor adduct formed from the reaction of the (-) enantiomer with dG residues was also detected and was present in greater amounts in denautred DNA than in native DNA. Small amounts of BPDE I--dA and BPDE I--dC adducts were also detected in both the single- and double-stranded DNAs. Restriction enzyme analysis of BPDE I modified SV40 and phage lambda DNA provided evidence that the modification of DNA by this carcinogen is fairly random with respect to nucleotide sequence. Partial hydrolysis of modified plasmid DNA by the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease and LC analysis of the nucleoside adducts in the digested and undigested fractions of the DNA revealed no preferential excision by the S1 nuclease of the different BPDE I--deoxynucleoside adducts. Functional changes in BPDE I modified DNA were demonstrated. With increasing extents of modification, there was a decrease in the ability of plasmid DNA to transfect a receptive Escherichia coli strain to antibiotic resistance.", "contents": "Modification of deoxyribonucleic acid by a diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene. Relation to deoxyribonucleic acid structure and conformation and effects on transfectional activity. The effects of secondary structure on DNA modification by (+/-)-7 beta, 9 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene [(+/-)BPDE I] were investigated. No differences in the total extent of (+/-) BPDE I binding to double- and single-stranded calf thymus DNA were found. High-performance liquid chromatography (LC) of the nucleoside adducts obtained from hydrolysates of native and denatured calf thymus, as well as from superhelical and linear plasmid DNA, indicated that in all cases the major adduct (60--80% of total adducts) was formed by reaction of the (+) enantiomer of BPDE I with the N-2 position of dG residues in the DNA. A minor adduct formed from the reaction of the (-) enantiomer with dG residues was also detected and was present in greater amounts in denautred DNA than in native DNA. Small amounts of BPDE I--dA and BPDE I--dC adducts were also detected in both the single- and double-stranded DNAs. Restriction enzyme analysis of BPDE I modified SV40 and phage lambda DNA provided evidence that the modification of DNA by this carcinogen is fairly random with respect to nucleotide sequence. Partial hydrolysis of modified plasmid DNA by the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease and LC analysis of the nucleoside adducts in the digested and undigested fractions of the DNA revealed no preferential excision by the S1 nuclease of the different BPDE I--deoxynucleoside adducts. Functional changes in BPDE I modified DNA were demonstrated. With increasing extents of modification, there was a decrease in the ability of plasmid DNA to transfect a receptive Escherichia coli strain to antibiotic resistance.", "PMID": 387082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7686", "title": "The effect of magnesium starvation on the dissociation of ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli K-12 ribosomes.", "content": "The effect of magnesium starvation upon the fate of individual ribosomal proteins was studied in Escherichia coli. During a 21 h incubation in the absence of Mg2+ the 30 S subunit was more susceptible to degradation, retaining an average 31.9% of its ribosomal proteins as compared to 40.0% for the 50 S subunit. An examination of those 50-S proteins dissociated to a lesser extent than the average value (L1, L2, L3, L7, L10, L13, L16, L17, L19, L21, L22, L23, and L29) revealed that, with the exception of L16, all were classified by Dohme and Nierhaus [5] as tightly bound. Of the ribosomal proteins dissocated during magnesium starvation only five were reincorporated (and these to a minimal degree) during recovery of cells in a medium containing Mg2+. These studies suggest that ribosomal proteins once released from the ribosome particles during magnesium starvation are not reutilized in the assembly of new subunits.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium starvation on the dissociation of ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli K-12 ribosomes. The effect of magnesium starvation upon the fate of individual ribosomal proteins was studied in Escherichia coli. During a 21 h incubation in the absence of Mg2+ the 30 S subunit was more susceptible to degradation, retaining an average 31.9% of its ribosomal proteins as compared to 40.0% for the 50 S subunit. An examination of those 50-S proteins dissociated to a lesser extent than the average value (L1, L2, L3, L7, L10, L13, L16, L17, L19, L21, L22, L23, and L29) revealed that, with the exception of L16, all were classified by Dohme and Nierhaus [5] as tightly bound. Of the ribosomal proteins dissocated during magnesium starvation only five were reincorporated (and these to a minimal degree) during recovery of cells in a medium containing Mg2+. These studies suggest that ribosomal proteins once released from the ribosome particles during magnesium starvation are not reutilized in the assembly of new subunits.", "PMID": 387084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7687", "title": "Escherichia coli mut T1. II. Consequences of modification on the association of DNA with the cell membrane.", "content": "1. Two isogenic strains of Escherichia coli, K-12 which differ by mutator gene character (mut T1) have been studied. This characteristic caused introduction of a high frequency of undirectional transversions, A-T leads to -CG, into the DNA of the strain harboring it. 2. It had been previously shown that the presence of this gene is accompanied by an alteration of a cell membrane component. Now, the nuclease susceptibility of DNA associated with membrane/DNA/DNA polymerase complexes is reported. DNA of mut T1 membranes is more sensitive towards exogenous nuclease than DNA of membrane complexes from the wild type mut+ strain. 3. Auto-digestion of this DNA by endogenous nuclease associated with the membrane complex is, also, more severe in preparations derived from mut T1 than from the wild-type strain, mut+, but to a lesser extent than observed with exogenous nucleases. 4. Nuclease susceptibility of mut+ membrane bound DNA is markedly influenced by the growth state of the cell. The nuclease susceptibility of membrane bound DNA from mut T1 cells, however, shows no differences between stationary and log states. 5. These differential sensitivities may be due to conformational changes in the membrane introduced as a pleiotrophic consequence of an altered membrane protein. A pertinent role of this protein in a modified replication/repair complex is an attractive suggestion, especially in the context of the mutator character of this strain.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mut T1. II. Consequences of modification on the association of DNA with the cell membrane. 1. Two isogenic strains of Escherichia coli, K-12 which differ by mutator gene character (mut T1) have been studied. This characteristic caused introduction of a high frequency of undirectional transversions, A-T leads to -CG, into the DNA of the strain harboring it. 2. It had been previously shown that the presence of this gene is accompanied by an alteration of a cell membrane component. Now, the nuclease susceptibility of DNA associated with membrane/DNA/DNA polymerase complexes is reported. DNA of mut T1 membranes is more sensitive towards exogenous nuclease than DNA of membrane complexes from the wild type mut+ strain. 3. Auto-digestion of this DNA by endogenous nuclease associated with the membrane complex is, also, more severe in preparations derived from mut T1 than from the wild-type strain, mut+, but to a lesser extent than observed with exogenous nucleases. 4. Nuclease susceptibility of mut+ membrane bound DNA is markedly influenced by the growth state of the cell. The nuclease susceptibility of membrane bound DNA from mut T1 cells, however, shows no differences between stationary and log states. 5. These differential sensitivities may be due to conformational changes in the membrane introduced as a pleiotrophic consequence of an altered membrane protein. A pertinent role of this protein in a modified replication/repair complex is an attractive suggestion, especially in the context of the mutator character of this strain.", "PMID": 387085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7688", "title": "Host-cell reactivation of alkylated T7 bacteriophage.", "content": "Purified T7 phage, treated with methyl methanesulfonate, was assayed on Escherichia coli K-12 host cells deficient in base excision repair. Phage survival, measured immediately after alkylation or following incubation to induce depurination, was lowest on a mutant defective in the polymerase activity of DNA polymerase I (p3478). Strains defective in endonuclease for apurinic sites (AB3027, BW2001) gave a significantly higher level of phage survival, as did the strain defective in the 5'--3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I (RS5065). Highest survival of alkylated T7 phage was observed on the two wild-type strains (AB1157, W3110). These results show that alkylated T7 phage is subject to repair via the base excision repair pathway.", "contents": "Host-cell reactivation of alkylated T7 bacteriophage. Purified T7 phage, treated with methyl methanesulfonate, was assayed on Escherichia coli K-12 host cells deficient in base excision repair. Phage survival, measured immediately after alkylation or following incubation to induce depurination, was lowest on a mutant defective in the polymerase activity of DNA polymerase I (p3478). Strains defective in endonuclease for apurinic sites (AB3027, BW2001) gave a significantly higher level of phage survival, as did the strain defective in the 5'--3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I (RS5065). Highest survival of alkylated T7 phage was observed on the two wild-type strains (AB1157, W3110). These results show that alkylated T7 phage is subject to repair via the base excision repair pathway.", "PMID": 387086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7689", "title": "Two forms of pyruvate kinase in Escherichia coli. A comparison of chemical and molecular properties.", "content": "The two forms of pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) present in Escherichia coli have been purified from the same cultures and crystallized. A modified procedure for the purification of type I pyruvate kinase is described. Molecular weight, subunit structure, amino acid composition, NH2-terminal amino acid, maps of tryptic peptides and conditions for crystallization have been determined for the two forms. A comparison of these data shows that the two forms are different proteins, each being a tetramer of identical subunits.", "contents": "Two forms of pyruvate kinase in Escherichia coli. A comparison of chemical and molecular properties. The two forms of pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) present in Escherichia coli have been purified from the same cultures and crystallized. A modified procedure for the purification of type I pyruvate kinase is described. Molecular weight, subunit structure, amino acid composition, NH2-terminal amino acid, maps of tryptic peptides and conditions for crystallization have been determined for the two forms. A comparison of these data shows that the two forms are different proteins, each being a tetramer of identical subunits.", "PMID": 387087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7690", "title": "The thermostability of glucoamylase immobilized in different ways has a certain limit.", "content": "Thermostability of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger is increased both by immobilization and substrate binding. However, the total superimposed stabilization effect at a given condition is apparently restricted by a certain limit which hardly depends on the mode of immobilization of the enzyme, and is determined mostly by the enzyme-substrate complex formation.", "contents": "The thermostability of glucoamylase immobilized in different ways has a certain limit. Thermostability of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger is increased both by immobilization and substrate binding. However, the total superimposed stabilization effect at a given condition is apparently restricted by a certain limit which hardly depends on the mode of immobilization of the enzyme, and is determined mostly by the enzyme-substrate complex formation.", "PMID": 387088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7691", "title": "Spatial proximity of a tyrosyl and a lysyl residue in the active site region of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "The effect of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan on yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase causes a modification of one tyrosyl residue concomitantly with a total loss of activity of the enzyme. The modification is not accompanied by any significant conformational change. A total protection against inactivation is observed with the substrates : furthermore, AMP, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate afford an effective protection. At pH 9, a shift in the absorbance spectrum of the tyrosine O-nitrobenzofurazan derivative of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase is observed. It can be related to the transfer of the reagent from tyrosine to lysine. The N-nitrobenzofurazan derivative is also completely inactive. It is concluded that a lysine residue is located close to the essential tyrosyl residue.", "contents": "Spatial proximity of a tyrosyl and a lysyl residue in the active site region of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. The effect of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan on yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase causes a modification of one tyrosyl residue concomitantly with a total loss of activity of the enzyme. The modification is not accompanied by any significant conformational change. A total protection against inactivation is observed with the substrates : furthermore, AMP, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate afford an effective protection. At pH 9, a shift in the absorbance spectrum of the tyrosine O-nitrobenzofurazan derivative of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase is observed. It can be related to the transfer of the reagent from tyrosine to lysine. The N-nitrobenzofurazan derivative is also completely inactive. It is concluded that a lysine residue is located close to the essential tyrosyl residue.", "PMID": 387090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7692", "title": "Methylated amino acids in ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli treated with ethionine and from a mutant lacking methylation of protein L11.", "content": "In the present study, the nature, proportions and distribution of methylated amino acids in ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli grown in the presence of ethionine and from mutant prm 1 were studied. The undermethylated ribosomes had been labeled by addition in vitro or in vivo of radioactive methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine or from methionine. The following compounds were identified : N alpha-mono-, di- and trimethylalanines, N epsilon-mono-, di- and trimethyllysines, methylamine and N alpha-trimethylalanyllysine. Except for the latter compound and N-alpha-dimethylalanine, all other derivatives had been previously identified in the literature. It is shown that the dipeptide had been in the past mistaken for N epsilon-monomethyllysine, and arises through incomplete hydrolysis in 24 hrs of the N-terminal peptide bond of protein L11. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of previous work on ribosomal protein methylation by the authors and other workers in the field.", "contents": "Methylated amino acids in ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli treated with ethionine and from a mutant lacking methylation of protein L11. In the present study, the nature, proportions and distribution of methylated amino acids in ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli grown in the presence of ethionine and from mutant prm 1 were studied. The undermethylated ribosomes had been labeled by addition in vitro or in vivo of radioactive methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine or from methionine. The following compounds were identified : N alpha-mono-, di- and trimethylalanines, N epsilon-mono-, di- and trimethyllysines, methylamine and N alpha-trimethylalanyllysine. Except for the latter compound and N-alpha-dimethylalanine, all other derivatives had been previously identified in the literature. It is shown that the dipeptide had been in the past mistaken for N epsilon-monomethyllysine, and arises through incomplete hydrolysis in 24 hrs of the N-terminal peptide bond of protein L11. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of previous work on ribosomal protein methylation by the authors and other workers in the field.", "PMID": 387091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7693", "title": "[Effect of luliberin on the activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes].", "content": "Luliberin, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, was shown to inhibit the respiratory enzymes of rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles prepared from beef heart mitochondria. At the hormone concentration of 8.10(-6) M the NADH-oxidase activity of the submitochondrial particles was inhibited by 50%. The fragments of the hormone and its analogs and pyroglutamic acid, oxytocin and bradikinin possessed practically no inhibiting effects. In the case of submitochondrial particles the inhibition was only observed in the presence of Ca2+ and was significantly decreased after addition of bovine serum albumin and phospholipase inhibitors -- butacaine and dicaine. It is assumed that the effect of luliberin on the respiratory chain is mediated through mitochondrial phospholipase.", "contents": "[Effect of luliberin on the activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes]. Luliberin, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, was shown to inhibit the respiratory enzymes of rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles prepared from beef heart mitochondria. At the hormone concentration of 8.10(-6) M the NADH-oxidase activity of the submitochondrial particles was inhibited by 50%. The fragments of the hormone and its analogs and pyroglutamic acid, oxytocin and bradikinin possessed practically no inhibiting effects. In the case of submitochondrial particles the inhibition was only observed in the presence of Ca2+ and was significantly decreased after addition of bovine serum albumin and phospholipase inhibitors -- butacaine and dicaine. It is assumed that the effect of luliberin on the respiratory chain is mediated through mitochondrial phospholipase.", "PMID": 387096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7694", "title": "[Kinetics of phenylacetamide hydrolysis by immobilized penicillinamidase].", "content": "The kinetics of phenylacetamide hydrolysis catalyzed by polyacrylamide gel-immobilized penicillinamidase were studied. The Km and Kp values obtained were compared to the literary data for the specific substrate--benzylpenicillin. It was shown that the type of inhibition by the reaction product was the same, whereas the efficiency of binding of phenylacetic acid depended on the substrate structure.", "contents": "[Kinetics of phenylacetamide hydrolysis by immobilized penicillinamidase]. The kinetics of phenylacetamide hydrolysis catalyzed by polyacrylamide gel-immobilized penicillinamidase were studied. The Km and Kp values obtained were compared to the literary data for the specific substrate--benzylpenicillin. It was shown that the type of inhibition by the reaction product was the same, whereas the efficiency of binding of phenylacetic acid depended on the substrate structure.", "PMID": 387097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7695", "title": "[Phospholipids of E. coli and activity of alkaline phosphatase].", "content": "The effects of liposomes prepared from the E. coli lipids on the activity of soluble alkaline phosphatase and on the complementation reaction between its subunits were studied. It was shown that the liposomes nonspecifically catalyze the dimerization of the enzyme subunits without changing the dimer activity. The effects of phospholipases A2 and C on the activity of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase were studied. An interrelationship was found between the level of hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) by these enzymes and the changes in the activity of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase. It was also shown that PG is less accessible to the effects of phospholipases in the cells with derepressed biosynthesis of alkaline phosphatase. It is assumed that the membrane PG interacts with the membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase during its translocation into the periplasm.", "contents": "[Phospholipids of E. coli and activity of alkaline phosphatase]. The effects of liposomes prepared from the E. coli lipids on the activity of soluble alkaline phosphatase and on the complementation reaction between its subunits were studied. It was shown that the liposomes nonspecifically catalyze the dimerization of the enzyme subunits without changing the dimer activity. The effects of phospholipases A2 and C on the activity of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase were studied. An interrelationship was found between the level of hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) by these enzymes and the changes in the activity of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase. It was also shown that PG is less accessible to the effects of phospholipases in the cells with derepressed biosynthesis of alkaline phosphatase. It is assumed that the membrane PG interacts with the membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase during its translocation into the periplasm.", "PMID": 387098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7696", "title": "[Selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by rifampicin in E. coli cells].", "content": "Under partial inhibition of total RNA synthesis by rifampicin the formation of beta- and beta'-subunits of RNA polymerase is stimulated and the rRNA synthesis is selectively repressed. The differential rate of synthesis of the beta- and beta'-subunits increases from 1,15% up to 2,88% in the presence of 30 micrograms rifampicin per ml. Simultaneously the differential rate of rRNA synthesis decreases from 41% down to 10%. The degree of inhibition of rRNA synthesis by rifampicin depends on the cell growth rate.", "contents": "[Selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by rifampicin in E. coli cells]. Under partial inhibition of total RNA synthesis by rifampicin the formation of beta- and beta'-subunits of RNA polymerase is stimulated and the rRNA synthesis is selectively repressed. The differential rate of synthesis of the beta- and beta'-subunits increases from 1,15% up to 2,88% in the presence of 30 micrograms rifampicin per ml. Simultaneously the differential rate of rRNA synthesis decreases from 41% down to 10%. The degree of inhibition of rRNA synthesis by rifampicin depends on the cell growth rate.", "PMID": 387099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7697", "title": "Antibacterial activity of seawater and microvibrion-predators (Microvibrio marinus Roscoffensis) in it.", "content": "In the seawater of the Atlantic Ocean and surface waters of different points of the World Ocean, including arctic basins and equatorial regions, microvibrion-predators of bacterial cells have been discovered. The number of microvibrions in the surface waters of the English Channel reaches a thousand cells per ml, but it varies, depending on the season. In this article a method of the separation and culture of microvibrions is described. The ultrastructure of two strains of microvibrions was investigated and a similarity found between their structure and Gram-negative bacteria. The distinctive features of microvibrions are their sea derivation and the ability to reproduce only in the presence of bacteria, without penetrating bacterial cells. To a certain extent, the antibacterial activity of seawater is connected with the presence in it of microvibrions.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of seawater and microvibrion-predators (Microvibrio marinus Roscoffensis) in it. In the seawater of the Atlantic Ocean and surface waters of different points of the World Ocean, including arctic basins and equatorial regions, microvibrion-predators of bacterial cells have been discovered. The number of microvibrions in the surface waters of the English Channel reaches a thousand cells per ml, but it varies, depending on the season. In this article a method of the separation and culture of microvibrions is described. The ultrastructure of two strains of microvibrions was investigated and a similarity found between their structure and Gram-negative bacteria. The distinctive features of microvibrions are their sea derivation and the ability to reproduce only in the presence of bacteria, without penetrating bacterial cells. To a certain extent, the antibacterial activity of seawater is connected with the presence in it of microvibrions.", "PMID": 387093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7698", "title": "Physiological and biochemical properties and morphology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "The enzymatic activity, viability, respiratory activity, and ultrastructural changes in saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells, which carry out the stereospecific 17 beta-reduction of methyl esters, was studied. The 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of yeasts in gel is four times lower than that of free cells and is unstable. The decrease in the viability and respiratory activity immediately after immobilization, the disturbance in the ultrastructure of the cells in gel along with the progressive lysis of the cells in the course of the transformation indicate that polymerization has a stressful effect on this culture. It was found that the immobilized yeasts can grow on the surface of the gel in the presence and absence of nutrient medium. A single incubation of granules containing cells in nutrient medium greatly stabilizes the original activity of the immobilized cells. The activation and stabilization of the activity are probably due to the participation of a heterogeneous population in the transformation: the original population incorporated into the gel and the new population which grows in the gel after immobilization as well as to the stability of the ultrastructural organization of this mixed population in the course of repeated transformations of secoketone.", "contents": "Physiological and biochemical properties and morphology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel. The enzymatic activity, viability, respiratory activity, and ultrastructural changes in saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells, which carry out the stereospecific 17 beta-reduction of methyl esters, was studied. The 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of yeasts in gel is four times lower than that of free cells and is unstable. The decrease in the viability and respiratory activity immediately after immobilization, the disturbance in the ultrastructure of the cells in gel along with the progressive lysis of the cells in the course of the transformation indicate that polymerization has a stressful effect on this culture. It was found that the immobilized yeasts can grow on the surface of the gel in the presence and absence of nutrient medium. A single incubation of granules containing cells in nutrient medium greatly stabilizes the original activity of the immobilized cells. The activation and stabilization of the activity are probably due to the participation of a heterogeneous population in the transformation: the original population incorporated into the gel and the new population which grows in the gel after immobilization as well as to the stability of the ultrastructural organization of this mixed population in the course of repeated transformations of secoketone.", "PMID": 387094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7699", "title": "Balance of DNA and protein syntheses, processes of stabilization and repair of breaks in DNA strands, and cell viability.", "content": "The dependence of the stabilization and repair of breaks in the DNA strands on the balance of the syntheses of DNA and protein and the relationship of these processes to the viability of E. coli cells were experimentally substantiated. It was established that equilibrium of the rates of DNA and protein syntheses is a necessary condition for the functioning of processes of DNA repair. \"Imbalanced\" breaks in the DNA strands in vivo are a consequence of a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of DNA repair processes.", "contents": "Balance of DNA and protein syntheses, processes of stabilization and repair of breaks in DNA strands, and cell viability. The dependence of the stabilization and repair of breaks in the DNA strands on the balance of the syntheses of DNA and protein and the relationship of these processes to the viability of E. coli cells were experimentally substantiated. It was established that equilibrium of the rates of DNA and protein syntheses is a necessary condition for the functioning of processes of DNA repair. \"Imbalanced\" breaks in the DNA strands in vivo are a consequence of a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of DNA repair processes.", "PMID": 387095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7700", "title": "Properties of penicillin amidase immobilized by copolymerization with acrylamide.", "content": "An enzyme preparation in a spherical granule form was obtained by copolymerization of penicillin amidase (EC 3.5.1.11) (previously modified with maleic anhydride) and acrylamide via a crosslinking agent. As compared with the native enzyme, immobilized amidase is more resistant to heating, has a lower affinity to benzylpenicillin, and is less inhibited by phenylacetate. Its substrate specificity and optimum pH remain unchanged.", "contents": "Properties of penicillin amidase immobilized by copolymerization with acrylamide. An enzyme preparation in a spherical granule form was obtained by copolymerization of penicillin amidase (EC 3.5.1.11) (previously modified with maleic anhydride) and acrylamide via a crosslinking agent. As compared with the native enzyme, immobilized amidase is more resistant to heating, has a lower affinity to benzylpenicillin, and is less inhibited by phenylacetate. Its substrate specificity and optimum pH remain unchanged.", "PMID": 387106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7701", "title": "[Effect of presynaptic neurotoxin notechis II-5 from tiger snake venom on the motor nerve endings of mice].", "content": "The neurotoxin notechis II-5 (N-II-5) from tiger snake venom (Notechis scutatus) induces three-phasic changes in miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) frequency recorded in the mouse diaphragm muscle: an initial fall of frequency followed by increase and decrease in MEPP frequency up to complete blockade. The effect of N-II-5 was enhanced with rising of the solution temperature from 20 to 30 and 35 degrees C. Removal of Ca2+ from the solution prevented the presynaptic effect of N-II-5. After washing out of the muscle from N-II-5 with Ca-free solution, addition of Ca2+ to the solution provoked the development of the effect typical of the effect of typical of the toxin. In the presence of N-II-5 an increase in K+ concentration in the solution up to 20 mM did not result in a sharp rise of MEPP frequency characteristic of depolarized nerve terminals. The agents that raise Ca2+ axoplasmic concentration not on account of depolarization of nerve terminals (hypertonic solution, ionofor A23187) preserved the capacity for increasing MEPP frequecy. It is suggested that the presynaptic effect of N-II-5 is related to its phospholipase activity and can be explained by disturbance of the activity of release sites rather than by depletion of transmitter stores.", "contents": "[Effect of presynaptic neurotoxin notechis II-5 from tiger snake venom on the motor nerve endings of mice]. The neurotoxin notechis II-5 (N-II-5) from tiger snake venom (Notechis scutatus) induces three-phasic changes in miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) frequency recorded in the mouse diaphragm muscle: an initial fall of frequency followed by increase and decrease in MEPP frequency up to complete blockade. The effect of N-II-5 was enhanced with rising of the solution temperature from 20 to 30 and 35 degrees C. Removal of Ca2+ from the solution prevented the presynaptic effect of N-II-5. After washing out of the muscle from N-II-5 with Ca-free solution, addition of Ca2+ to the solution provoked the development of the effect typical of the effect of typical of the toxin. In the presence of N-II-5 an increase in K+ concentration in the solution up to 20 mM did not result in a sharp rise of MEPP frequency characteristic of depolarized nerve terminals. The agents that raise Ca2+ axoplasmic concentration not on account of depolarization of nerve terminals (hypertonic solution, ionofor A23187) preserved the capacity for increasing MEPP frequecy. It is suggested that the presynaptic effect of N-II-5 is related to its phospholipase activity and can be explained by disturbance of the activity of release sites rather than by depletion of transmitter stores.", "PMID": 387107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7702", "title": "[Change of toxic and antineoplastic properties of ftorafur by means of action on nonspecific microsomal oxidase].", "content": "The inducers of microsomal hydroxylases, phenobarbitone and methylcholanthrene, inhibited the development of neurotoxic shock provoked by high doses of ftorafur in mice, but stimulated the animal mortality on the 4th-8th day after the drug administration. The opposite effect on both toxicity manifestations has been obtained under the action of the inhibitor SKF 525-A. Pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbitone or phenobarbitone-methylcholanthrene combination markedly increased the antineoplastic activity of ftorafur determined by a loss of the spleen weight in mice infected with Rauscher's leukemia.", "contents": "[Change of toxic and antineoplastic properties of ftorafur by means of action on nonspecific microsomal oxidase]. The inducers of microsomal hydroxylases, phenobarbitone and methylcholanthrene, inhibited the development of neurotoxic shock provoked by high doses of ftorafur in mice, but stimulated the animal mortality on the 4th-8th day after the drug administration. The opposite effect on both toxicity manifestations has been obtained under the action of the inhibitor SKF 525-A. Pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbitone or phenobarbitone-methylcholanthrene combination markedly increased the antineoplastic activity of ftorafur determined by a loss of the spleen weight in mice infected with Rauscher's leukemia.", "PMID": 387108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7703", "title": "[Restoration of antineoplastic reactivity of the leukocytes after preincubation].", "content": "Specific antitumor sensitization in patients with carcinoma of the stomach was revealed by means of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. After 24-hour preincubation at 4 degrees C in a serum-free medium the areactive leukocytes from patients with carcinoma of the stomach (stages III--IV) acquired the ability to react specifically to allogeneic antigens of the tumor of the same localization. Preincubation did not influence the inhibition of migration of leukocytes in non-tumor patients by stomach carcinoma antigens. The supernatant of preincubated leukocytes of tumor patients contained substances that inhibited migration of indicator leukocytes.", "contents": "[Restoration of antineoplastic reactivity of the leukocytes after preincubation]. Specific antitumor sensitization in patients with carcinoma of the stomach was revealed by means of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. After 24-hour preincubation at 4 degrees C in a serum-free medium the areactive leukocytes from patients with carcinoma of the stomach (stages III--IV) acquired the ability to react specifically to allogeneic antigens of the tumor of the same localization. Preincubation did not influence the inhibition of migration of leukocytes in non-tumor patients by stomach carcinoma antigens. The supernatant of preincubated leukocytes of tumor patients contained substances that inhibited migration of indicator leukocytes.", "PMID": 387109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7704", "title": "[Immunofluorescence studies of the immunoglobulin receptors of B-lymphocytes].", "content": "The surface membrane Ig receptors of B lymphocytes in patients with atopic pollen asthma were studied by the direct immunofluorescence method. Use was made of labelled sera against human IgE, and IgG. It was shown that on the average 2.1 +/- 0.33% lymphocytes had IgE receptors, 8.4 +/- 0.63% IgG receptors and 18.7 +/- 1.16% human globulin receptors. A specific nature of B lymphocytes is suggested.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence studies of the immunoglobulin receptors of B-lymphocytes]. The surface membrane Ig receptors of B lymphocytes in patients with atopic pollen asthma were studied by the direct immunofluorescence method. Use was made of labelled sera against human IgE, and IgG. It was shown that on the average 2.1 +/- 0.33% lymphocytes had IgE receptors, 8.4 +/- 0.63% IgG receptors and 18.7 +/- 1.16% human globulin receptors. A specific nature of B lymphocytes is suggested.", "PMID": 387110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7705", "title": "[Indirect immunoelectron microscopic method of localization of albumin in mouse hepatocytes].", "content": "The mouse liver was fixed by 12 fixator variants on the basis of glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, picric acid and lysin, and the localization of albumin was studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase method. The comparison of the results shows that immersion in 8% paraformaldehyde is a preferable method of fixation. Albumin was detected on ribosomes and membranes of the nuclear envelope, the coarse endoplasmic reticulum and in the matrix of the hepatocytic cytoplasm. It is suggested that albumin synthetized is directly discharged into cytosol and then into the extracellular space.", "contents": "[Indirect immunoelectron microscopic method of localization of albumin in mouse hepatocytes]. The mouse liver was fixed by 12 fixator variants on the basis of glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, picric acid and lysin, and the localization of albumin was studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase method. The comparison of the results shows that immersion in 8% paraformaldehyde is a preferable method of fixation. Albumin was detected on ribosomes and membranes of the nuclear envelope, the coarse endoplasmic reticulum and in the matrix of the hepatocytic cytoplasm. It is suggested that albumin synthetized is directly discharged into cytosol and then into the extracellular space.", "PMID": 387111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7706", "title": "Processing by the thymus is not required for cells that cure and populate W/WV recipients.", "content": "Adult marrow, fetal liver or nu/nu mouse marrow from histocompatible donors was grafted into genetically anemic W/WV recipients, and all three types of grafts cured thymectomized as well as intact W-anemic recipients. With the latter two types of graft, the genetic anemia was cured by cells that could not have been processed in a mature thymus, since the adult recipients were thymectomized before receiving the grafts, the nu/nu donors were congenitally thymusless, and the fetal donors were used at 16 days of gestation. Chromosome-marked marrow grafts were used to show that immune systems were populated to similar degrees in thymectomized and intact W/WV recipients. Therefore, the cells derived from the donor marrow graft that partially populate the immune systems of W-anemic recipients do not require thymus processing. Small numbers of liver rudiment or yolk sac cells from fetal donors less than 12 days old failed to cure W/WV recipients, even when mixed with adult thymus cells. Therefore, the lack of adequately developed thymic helper cells appears not to be the reason why early fetal hemopoietic stem cells fail to cure W/WV recipients.", "contents": "Processing by the thymus is not required for cells that cure and populate W/WV recipients. Adult marrow, fetal liver or nu/nu mouse marrow from histocompatible donors was grafted into genetically anemic W/WV recipients, and all three types of grafts cured thymectomized as well as intact W-anemic recipients. With the latter two types of graft, the genetic anemia was cured by cells that could not have been processed in a mature thymus, since the adult recipients were thymectomized before receiving the grafts, the nu/nu donors were congenitally thymusless, and the fetal donors were used at 16 days of gestation. Chromosome-marked marrow grafts were used to show that immune systems were populated to similar degrees in thymectomized and intact W/WV recipients. Therefore, the cells derived from the donor marrow graft that partially populate the immune systems of W-anemic recipients do not require thymus processing. Small numbers of liver rudiment or yolk sac cells from fetal donors less than 12 days old failed to cure W/WV recipients, even when mixed with adult thymus cells. Therefore, the lack of adequately developed thymic helper cells appears not to be the reason why early fetal hemopoietic stem cells fail to cure W/WV recipients.", "PMID": 387113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7707", "title": "Proliferative state of human pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) in normal individuals and under regenerative conditions after bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "The proliferative state of human pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) was assessed in normal bone marrow transplant donors and in recipients after engraftment using the tritiated thymidine suicide method. In contrast to BFU-E and CFU-C, CFU-GEMM were found to be quiescent. In samples obtained during early regeneration after transplantation, CFU-GEMM were significantly reduced after short-term exposure to 3H TdR when compared to controls. This observation suggests active participation of CFU-GEMM in bone marrow regeneration.", "contents": "Proliferative state of human pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) in normal individuals and under regenerative conditions after bone marrow transplantation. The proliferative state of human pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) was assessed in normal bone marrow transplant donors and in recipients after engraftment using the tritiated thymidine suicide method. In contrast to BFU-E and CFU-C, CFU-GEMM were found to be quiescent. In samples obtained during early regeneration after transplantation, CFU-GEMM were significantly reduced after short-term exposure to 3H TdR when compared to controls. This observation suggests active participation of CFU-GEMM in bone marrow regeneration.", "PMID": 387114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7708", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins E2 and I2 on human lymphocyte transformation in the presence and absence of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "1 The reactivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohaemagglutinin ([3H]-thymidine incorporation) was enhanced in indomethacin- and eicosatetraynoic acid-treated cells compared with untreated cells, from normal volunteers. This suggests that endogenously synthesized prostaglandins have an inhibitory effect during cell preparation and/or culture. 2 Prostaglandin E2 inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation induced by suboptimal phytohaemagglutinin concentrations and had a more potent effect on indomethacin-treated cells than on untreated cells. 3 Prostaglandin I2 also exhibited an inhibitory effect and, under defined conditions, was more potent than prostaglandin E2 or than prostacyclin which had been allowed to decay at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. 4 These results indicate that, in attempting to define altered lymphocyte reactivity in disease states, the involvement of prostaglandins should be considered both during cell preparation and culture.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins E2 and I2 on human lymphocyte transformation in the presence and absence of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. 1 The reactivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohaemagglutinin ([3H]-thymidine incorporation) was enhanced in indomethacin- and eicosatetraynoic acid-treated cells compared with untreated cells, from normal volunteers. This suggests that endogenously synthesized prostaglandins have an inhibitory effect during cell preparation and/or culture. 2 Prostaglandin E2 inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation induced by suboptimal phytohaemagglutinin concentrations and had a more potent effect on indomethacin-treated cells than on untreated cells. 3 Prostaglandin I2 also exhibited an inhibitory effect and, under defined conditions, was more potent than prostaglandin E2 or than prostacyclin which had been allowed to decay at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. 4 These results indicate that, in attempting to define altered lymphocyte reactivity in disease states, the involvement of prostaglandins should be considered both during cell preparation and culture.", "PMID": 387146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7709", "title": "Inhibition of insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas of the rat by pizotifen.", "content": "1 In the perfused rat pancreas the effects of pizotifen on insulin release induced by 20 mM glucose were studied. 2 Pizotifen (10 and 100 muM) significantly reduced the insulin release during a 25 min perfusion period to 49% and 7% of the controls. 3 The same concentrations of the structurally related agents cyproheptadine, doxepin, and chlorpromazine produced a comparable inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition of insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas of the rat by pizotifen. 1 In the perfused rat pancreas the effects of pizotifen on insulin release induced by 20 mM glucose were studied. 2 Pizotifen (10 and 100 muM) significantly reduced the insulin release during a 25 min perfusion period to 49% and 7% of the controls. 3 The same concentrations of the structurally related agents cyproheptadine, doxepin, and chlorpromazine produced a comparable inhibition.", "PMID": 387147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7710", "title": "Inhibition by pentobarbitone and urethane of the in vitro response of the adenohypophysis to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone in male rats.", "content": "1 The effect of urethane (ethyl carbamate) and sodium pentobarbitone on the luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-stimulated secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) was investigated with hemipituitaries obtained from male rats and incubated in vitro. 2 Urethane and pentobarbitone were added to the incubation medium to provide final concentrations of 2.2 mg or 4 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms or 0.1 microgram/ml respectively. The high doses of these anaesthetics blocked the LH-RH stimulated secretion of LH. The low doses significantly reduced the amounts of LH released in response to LH-RH but did not block the response completely. 3 Both concentrations of urethane reduced the basal release of LH. 4 The inhibitory action of the anaesthetics was reversible. 5 The results indicate that the two anaesthetics most commonly used in neuroendocrine experiments have a significant inhibitory action on the release of LH from the adenohypophysis.", "contents": "Inhibition by pentobarbitone and urethane of the in vitro response of the adenohypophysis to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone in male rats. 1 The effect of urethane (ethyl carbamate) and sodium pentobarbitone on the luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-stimulated secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) was investigated with hemipituitaries obtained from male rats and incubated in vitro. 2 Urethane and pentobarbitone were added to the incubation medium to provide final concentrations of 2.2 mg or 4 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms or 0.1 microgram/ml respectively. The high doses of these anaesthetics blocked the LH-RH stimulated secretion of LH. The low doses significantly reduced the amounts of LH released in response to LH-RH but did not block the response completely. 3 Both concentrations of urethane reduced the basal release of LH. 4 The inhibitory action of the anaesthetics was reversible. 5 The results indicate that the two anaesthetics most commonly used in neuroendocrine experiments have a significant inhibitory action on the release of LH from the adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 387148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7711", "title": "High dose flupenthixol decanoate in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "In a double-blind trial, female 'drug-resistant' chronic schizophrenic in-patients were given high dose or standard dose flupenthixol decanoate for 13 weeks. Plasma flupenthixol levels showed a five-fold interindividual variation, but were consistently higher with the high dose. Analysis of final scores showed no statistically significant differences between groups with regards to mental state, ward behaviour and extrapyramidal side-effects. When compared with pre-trial scores, the extrapyramidal side-effects worsened significantly in the high dose patients and social withdrawal decreased in the standard dose patients. The mental state of a sub-group of patients, possibly drug resistant for pharmacokinetic reasons, improved significantly on the high dose over the 13 weeks.", "contents": "High dose flupenthixol decanoate in chronic schizophrenia. In a double-blind trial, female 'drug-resistant' chronic schizophrenic in-patients were given high dose or standard dose flupenthixol decanoate for 13 weeks. Plasma flupenthixol levels showed a five-fold interindividual variation, but were consistently higher with the high dose. Analysis of final scores showed no statistically significant differences between groups with regards to mental state, ward behaviour and extrapyramidal side-effects. When compared with pre-trial scores, the extrapyramidal side-effects worsened significantly in the high dose patients and social withdrawal decreased in the standard dose patients. The mental state of a sub-group of patients, possibly drug resistant for pharmacokinetic reasons, improved significantly on the high dose over the 13 weeks.", "PMID": 387151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7712", "title": "Renal function in patients on lithium treatment.", "content": "A cross-sectional study was performed on 66 lithium-treated patients to investigate a possible changed kidney function, using [51Cr]-EDTA clearance, and urinary excretions of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin. Thirteen patients showed abnormal test results: seven had decreased glomerular filtration rate, four had increased albumin excretion and four had increased excretion of beta 2-microglobulin. There was no correlation between length of treatment with lithium or hypothyroidism (10 patients) and impaired renal function. Four patients had already manifested signs of renal dysfunction before lithium treatment. The high prevalence of impaired renal function among our patients is unexplained but lithium could be one possible cause.", "contents": "Renal function in patients on lithium treatment. A cross-sectional study was performed on 66 lithium-treated patients to investigate a possible changed kidney function, using [51Cr]-EDTA clearance, and urinary excretions of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin. Thirteen patients showed abnormal test results: seven had decreased glomerular filtration rate, four had increased albumin excretion and four had increased excretion of beta 2-microglobulin. There was no correlation between length of treatment with lithium or hypothyroidism (10 patients) and impaired renal function. Four patients had already manifested signs of renal dysfunction before lithium treatment. The high prevalence of impaired renal function among our patients is unexplained but lithium could be one possible cause.", "PMID": 387153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7713", "title": "A technique for the difficult peripheral arterial aneurysm.", "content": "Complete external control of the vessels feeding some aneurysms may be very difficult and occasionally only achieved at the cost of damage to surrounding structures. A method is described in which Foley catheters are introduced into the feeding vessels from within the aneurysm and then cut distal to their clamped side branch to enable Dacron grafts to be passed over them and sutured in place. This technique has been used in 3 patients with very satisfactory results and is offered as an alternative when standard control is hazardous, or impossible.", "contents": "A technique for the difficult peripheral arterial aneurysm. Complete external control of the vessels feeding some aneurysms may be very difficult and occasionally only achieved at the cost of damage to surrounding structures. A method is described in which Foley catheters are introduced into the feeding vessels from within the aneurysm and then cut distal to their clamped side branch to enable Dacron grafts to be passed over them and sutured in place. This technique has been used in 3 patients with very satisfactory results and is offered as an alternative when standard control is hazardous, or impossible.", "PMID": 387154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7714", "title": "Preservation of the injured spleen.", "content": "Experience with suture repair of splenic lacerations in 14 children and 8 adults is reported. The youngest patient was 3 days old and the oldest 60 years. Adequate healing was confirmed by postoperative splenic scans with or without arteriography. The 2 deaths in this series were not related to the splenic repair and were due to associated major injuries. The course of illness in the remaining 20 survivors did not reveal a failure of this technique or a complication related to the use of this conservative approach. It is expected that salvage of the traumatized spleen will eliminate the risk of fulminant postoperative infections that may be fatal.", "contents": "Preservation of the injured spleen. Experience with suture repair of splenic lacerations in 14 children and 8 adults is reported. The youngest patient was 3 days old and the oldest 60 years. Adequate healing was confirmed by postoperative splenic scans with or without arteriography. The 2 deaths in this series were not related to the splenic repair and were due to associated major injuries. The course of illness in the remaining 20 survivors did not reveal a failure of this technique or a complication related to the use of this conservative approach. It is expected that salvage of the traumatized spleen will eliminate the risk of fulminant postoperative infections that may be fatal.", "PMID": 387155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7715", "title": "Effect of beta-blockers on arrhythmias during six weeks after suspected myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour electrocardiographic tape-recording was used to investigate the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with suspected myocardial infarction who were receiving either propranolol, atenolol, or placebo. Recordings begun within 24 hours after admission to a coronary care unit showed that 76% of patients eventually found to have had a myocardial infarction had ventricular arrhythmias of a type generally regarded as serious, whereas of patients in whom myocardial infarction was not substantiated, only 24% had such arrhythmias. At one and six weeks after admission the incidence of arrhythmias ranged from 25% to 33% irrespective of diagnosis. Of patients monitored at both one and six weeks, however, only 5% had arrhythmias on each occasion. Patients treated with propranolol and atenolol showed a similar incidence of arrhythmias to those taking placebo. There was no difference in the incidence or type of arrhythmias recorded between patients who died and those who were still alive at six weeks.These results confirm that \"serious\" ventricular arrythmias occur in most patients during the acute phase of myocardial infarction and suggest that they do not constitute an independent risk factor. Beta-blockers showed little evidence of useful antiarrhythmic action in the dosage used, but increasing the dosage in suspected myocardial infarction is not practicable because of the risk of hypotension. The findings raise grave doubts about the value of studying arrhythmias to assess drugs intended to reduce mortality from myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of beta-blockers on arrhythmias during six weeks after suspected myocardial infarction. Twenty-four-hour electrocardiographic tape-recording was used to investigate the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with suspected myocardial infarction who were receiving either propranolol, atenolol, or placebo. Recordings begun within 24 hours after admission to a coronary care unit showed that 76% of patients eventually found to have had a myocardial infarction had ventricular arrhythmias of a type generally regarded as serious, whereas of patients in whom myocardial infarction was not substantiated, only 24% had such arrhythmias. At one and six weeks after admission the incidence of arrhythmias ranged from 25% to 33% irrespective of diagnosis. Of patients monitored at both one and six weeks, however, only 5% had arrhythmias on each occasion. Patients treated with propranolol and atenolol showed a similar incidence of arrhythmias to those taking placebo. There was no difference in the incidence or type of arrhythmias recorded between patients who died and those who were still alive at six weeks.These results confirm that \"serious\" ventricular arrythmias occur in most patients during the acute phase of myocardial infarction and suggest that they do not constitute an independent risk factor. Beta-blockers showed little evidence of useful antiarrhythmic action in the dosage used, but increasing the dosage in suspected myocardial infarction is not practicable because of the risk of hypotension. The findings raise grave doubts about the value of studying arrhythmias to assess drugs intended to reduce mortality from myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 387170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7716", "title": "Hats for the newborn infant.", "content": "The efficacy of a Gamgee-lined hat in reducing the rate of fall in rectal temperature of infants during the first 30 minutes of life was studied. The trial, which included 211 infants, was randomised, prospective, and controlled. One hundred and seven infants were exposed to overhead radiantheaters. Of these, only 30 had normal deliveries, so the analysis was confined to the infants who were not subjected to radiant heat, and in this group no conclusions were drawn about the efficacy of a hat or a radiant heater. In the 104 infants not subjected to radiant heat, body weight, initial rectal temperature, the application of hat, the environmental temperature, and the duration of exposure while naked were all found to influence measureably the rate of fall in rectal temperature during the first 30 minutes. Gamgee-lined hats should be routinely used to minimise heat loss, especially in small infants exposed at birth, during surgical operations, and during investigations necessitating prolonged exposure.", "contents": "Hats for the newborn infant. The efficacy of a Gamgee-lined hat in reducing the rate of fall in rectal temperature of infants during the first 30 minutes of life was studied. The trial, which included 211 infants, was randomised, prospective, and controlled. One hundred and seven infants were exposed to overhead radiantheaters. Of these, only 30 had normal deliveries, so the analysis was confined to the infants who were not subjected to radiant heat, and in this group no conclusions were drawn about the efficacy of a hat or a radiant heater. In the 104 infants not subjected to radiant heat, body weight, initial rectal temperature, the application of hat, the environmental temperature, and the duration of exposure while naked were all found to influence measureably the rate of fall in rectal temperature during the first 30 minutes. Gamgee-lined hats should be routinely used to minimise heat loss, especially in small infants exposed at birth, during surgical operations, and during investigations necessitating prolonged exposure.", "PMID": 387172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7717", "title": "Development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) containing neurones in the rat brain.", "content": "The development of VIP-containing neurones in the rat CNS and duodenum has been studied using a specific radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. In the brain, VIP immunoreactivity appears entirely postnatally, while VIP in peripheral neurones in the duodenum was present before birth. The developmental changes observed in cerebral cortex appear to represent the maturation of a population of intrinsic cortical interneurones which contain VIP. These neurones develop entirely after birth. They are first seen in deep cortical layers, but later spread out into all cortical layers, particularly layers II--IV. Changes in the intensity of VIP cell body fluorescence can be correlated with changes in VIP content in the cortex measured by radioimmunoassay. Thus VIP forms a unique chemical marker for studying the maturation of a cortical neurone.", "contents": "Development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) containing neurones in the rat brain. The development of VIP-containing neurones in the rat CNS and duodenum has been studied using a specific radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. In the brain, VIP immunoreactivity appears entirely postnatally, while VIP in peripheral neurones in the duodenum was present before birth. The developmental changes observed in cerebral cortex appear to represent the maturation of a population of intrinsic cortical interneurones which contain VIP. These neurones develop entirely after birth. They are first seen in deep cortical layers, but later spread out into all cortical layers, particularly layers II--IV. Changes in the intensity of VIP cell body fluorescence can be correlated with changes in VIP content in the cortex measured by radioimmunoassay. Thus VIP forms a unique chemical marker for studying the maturation of a cortical neurone.", "PMID": 387178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7718", "title": "Identification of some anaerobic bacteria in nonspecific anaerobic infections in animals.", "content": "Over 200 anaerobic bacterial isolates were recovered in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory from nonspecific infectious disease from 72 specimens originating from ten animal species. The majority of isolates were nonsporeforming bacteria and about half were identified to species. Bacteroides species formed the major group and included B. oralis, B. fragilis, B. corrodens, B. ruminicola subspecies ruminicola, B. ruminicola subspecies brevis and various subspecies of B. melaninogenicus. Gram-positive anaerobic cocci constituted the next major group of isolates and the main species identified in cattle was Peptococcus indolicus. Clostridial species were uncommon. Nine specimens yielded a pure culture of an anaerobe and, in samples containing mixtures of bacterial species, each specimen yielded an average of 3.1 anaerobic and 1.4 aerobic bacterial species. The failure to identify many of the isolates is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of some anaerobic bacteria in nonspecific anaerobic infections in animals. Over 200 anaerobic bacterial isolates were recovered in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory from nonspecific infectious disease from 72 specimens originating from ten animal species. The majority of isolates were nonsporeforming bacteria and about half were identified to species. Bacteroides species formed the major group and included B. oralis, B. fragilis, B. corrodens, B. ruminicola subspecies ruminicola, B. ruminicola subspecies brevis and various subspecies of B. melaninogenicus. Gram-positive anaerobic cocci constituted the next major group of isolates and the main species identified in cattle was Peptococcus indolicus. Clostridial species were uncommon. Nine specimens yielded a pure culture of an anaerobe and, in samples containing mixtures of bacterial species, each specimen yielded an average of 3.1 anaerobic and 1.4 aerobic bacterial species. The failure to identify many of the isolates is discussed.", "PMID": 387184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7719", "title": "An epizootic of bovine tuberculosis in Barbados, West Indies.", "content": "A 57 cow dairy herd, believed to be in excellent condition and producing well, was found to contain 30 tuberculous cattle after cervical skin testing employing bovine PPD tuberculin with the single intradermal comparative test. Testing was initiated after two cows from this herd were found at meat inspection to have tuberculosis. The reliability of bovine PPD tuberculin for testing as well as significant epidemiological, laboratory and meat inspection factors are presented.", "contents": "An epizootic of bovine tuberculosis in Barbados, West Indies. A 57 cow dairy herd, believed to be in excellent condition and producing well, was found to contain 30 tuberculous cattle after cervical skin testing employing bovine PPD tuberculin with the single intradermal comparative test. Testing was initiated after two cows from this herd were found at meat inspection to have tuberculosis. The reliability of bovine PPD tuberculin for testing as well as significant epidemiological, laboratory and meat inspection factors are presented.", "PMID": 387183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7720", "title": "Experimental Klebsiella and Salmonella infection in neonatal swine.", "content": "Twenty colostrum-fed piglets from three sows were separated from the sows 24 hours after birth and were randomly divided into five groups of four piglets each. Every piglet in each of four test groups was orally inoculated with about 10(10) colony forming units of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella choleraesuis var Kunzendorf or one of two isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. One group served as uninoculated controls. Piglets infected with K. pneumoniae developed severe diarrhea beginning about 12 hours after inoculation. They became dehydrated and weak but continued to drink. There were no morphological alterations in intestinal mucosa when piglets were killed and necropsied 48 or 72 hours after inoculation. Klebseilla pneumoniae was isolated from intestine and feces but not from liver or spleen. Piglets inoculated with S. choleraesuis became lethargic and disinterested in food by 24 hours after inoculation. Diarrhea developed by 48 hours after inoculation. Lesions at necropsy 60 or 72 hours postinoculation were subcutaneous edema, mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse intestinal superficial mucosal necrosis with villous atrophy, and focal deep ulceration in the ileum. Salmonella choleraesuis was isolated from all segments of intestine and from feces, liver and spleen. Piglets inoculated with S. typhimurium developed a relatively mild diarrheal disease with lesions similar to those with S. choleraesuis infection but less severe. The inoculated organism was recovered from all areas of intestine and from feces, liver and spleen. Serum from infected and control piglets had high (greater than 1:256) agglutinating titres against S. typhimurium but low titres (0 to 1:8) against S. choleraesuis. The agglutinins were assumed to originate from colostral antibodies.", "contents": "Experimental Klebsiella and Salmonella infection in neonatal swine. Twenty colostrum-fed piglets from three sows were separated from the sows 24 hours after birth and were randomly divided into five groups of four piglets each. Every piglet in each of four test groups was orally inoculated with about 10(10) colony forming units of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella choleraesuis var Kunzendorf or one of two isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. One group served as uninoculated controls. Piglets infected with K. pneumoniae developed severe diarrhea beginning about 12 hours after inoculation. They became dehydrated and weak but continued to drink. There were no morphological alterations in intestinal mucosa when piglets were killed and necropsied 48 or 72 hours after inoculation. Klebseilla pneumoniae was isolated from intestine and feces but not from liver or spleen. Piglets inoculated with S. choleraesuis became lethargic and disinterested in food by 24 hours after inoculation. Diarrhea developed by 48 hours after inoculation. Lesions at necropsy 60 or 72 hours postinoculation were subcutaneous edema, mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse intestinal superficial mucosal necrosis with villous atrophy, and focal deep ulceration in the ileum. Salmonella choleraesuis was isolated from all segments of intestine and from feces, liver and spleen. Piglets inoculated with S. typhimurium developed a relatively mild diarrheal disease with lesions similar to those with S. choleraesuis infection but less severe. The inoculated organism was recovered from all areas of intestine and from feces, liver and spleen. Serum from infected and control piglets had high (greater than 1:256) agglutinating titres against S. typhimurium but low titres (0 to 1:8) against S. choleraesuis. The agglutinins were assumed to originate from colostral antibodies.", "PMID": 387185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7721", "title": "The effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid on cerebral indole amine metabolism.", "content": "The effects of valproic acid (500 mg/kg, ip, 1 h prior to testing) on indole amine metabolism were studied in rats by measurement of the contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebral hemisphere. Tryptophan and 5-HIAA levels were increased, whereas 5-HTP and 5-HT remained unchanged. Furthermore, valproic acid failed to alter the levels of 5-HTP and DOPA, 5-HT and DA, and 5-HIAA in animals pretreated, respectively, with 3-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine (a decarboxylase inhibitor), pargyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor), or probenecid (a compound which blocks 5-HIAA transport out of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid). These results militate against the possibility that valproic acid alters the rate of tryptophan hydroxylation or the synthesis of 5-HT. However they do support the concept that valproic acid increases brain 5-HIAA by inhibition of the transport mechanism which removes 5-HIAA from the brain.", "contents": "The effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid on cerebral indole amine metabolism. The effects of valproic acid (500 mg/kg, ip, 1 h prior to testing) on indole amine metabolism were studied in rats by measurement of the contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebral hemisphere. Tryptophan and 5-HIAA levels were increased, whereas 5-HTP and 5-HT remained unchanged. Furthermore, valproic acid failed to alter the levels of 5-HTP and DOPA, 5-HT and DA, and 5-HIAA in animals pretreated, respectively, with 3-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine (a decarboxylase inhibitor), pargyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor), or probenecid (a compound which blocks 5-HIAA transport out of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid). These results militate against the possibility that valproic acid alters the rate of tryptophan hydroxylation or the synthesis of 5-HT. However they do support the concept that valproic acid increases brain 5-HIAA by inhibition of the transport mechanism which removes 5-HIAA from the brain.", "PMID": 387187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7722", "title": "A source of large axons for neurophysiology: the North Atlantic squid Illex illecebrosus.", "content": "A new axon preparation from the ommastrephid squid (Illex illecebrosusus (Lesueur)) is described. This squid is common in the Northwestern Atlantic and features a number of long, unbranched, and moderately large-diameter axons having no apparent 'twigging.' Although the diameters of these axons are somewhat smaller than those of 'giant' axons coming from some other species of squid, this axon preparation should be considered as an attractive alternative for neurobiologic research.", "contents": "A source of large axons for neurophysiology: the North Atlantic squid Illex illecebrosus. A new axon preparation from the ommastrephid squid (Illex illecebrosusus (Lesueur)) is described. This squid is common in the Northwestern Atlantic and features a number of long, unbranched, and moderately large-diameter axons having no apparent 'twigging.' Although the diameters of these axons are somewhat smaller than those of 'giant' axons coming from some other species of squid, this axon preparation should be considered as an attractive alternative for neurobiologic research.", "PMID": 387188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7723", "title": "Percutaneous transfemoral retrieval of the \"runaway\" ventriculoatrial shunt.", "content": "A 22-year-old man with a ventriculoatrial shunt was admitted to hospital for investigation of headache, nausea and vomiting. During a procedure done to convert the ventriculoatrial shunt to the ventriculoperitoneal type, the shunt tubing was inadvertently cut in the neck. The atrial end was found to have migrated into the right atrium. It was recovered by percutaneous cardiac catheterization through the femoral vein. The patient tolerated the procedure well. The authors believe that this method of retrieval is easier and carries less operative risk than previously reported methods.", "contents": "Percutaneous transfemoral retrieval of the \"runaway\" ventriculoatrial shunt. A 22-year-old man with a ventriculoatrial shunt was admitted to hospital for investigation of headache, nausea and vomiting. During a procedure done to convert the ventriculoatrial shunt to the ventriculoperitoneal type, the shunt tubing was inadvertently cut in the neck. The atrial end was found to have migrated into the right atrium. It was recovered by percutaneous cardiac catheterization through the femoral vein. The patient tolerated the procedure well. The authors believe that this method of retrieval is easier and carries less operative risk than previously reported methods.", "PMID": 387189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7724", "title": "Results of retransplantation in individuals who received two successive cadaver kidneys.", "content": "At the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, 22 patients received two successive cadaver renal transplants. The results were analysed to determine which factors have the best predictive value for success or failure in renal retransplantation. The fate of a second cadaver renal allograft was found to be about the same as the first if the initial transplant has been lost because of rejection and not technical failure. The duration of survival of the initial transplant serves as the best guide to potential outcome of retransplantation after rejection of the initial graft.", "contents": "Results of retransplantation in individuals who received two successive cadaver kidneys. At the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, 22 patients received two successive cadaver renal transplants. The results were analysed to determine which factors have the best predictive value for success or failure in renal retransplantation. The fate of a second cadaver renal allograft was found to be about the same as the first if the initial transplant has been lost because of rejection and not technical failure. The duration of survival of the initial transplant serves as the best guide to potential outcome of retransplantation after rejection of the initial graft.", "PMID": 387190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7725", "title": "Autotransplantation for treating renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Autotransplantation is presented as a surgical technique for the repair of diseases of the renal artery causing hypertension. Investigation of patients with renovascular hypertension is reviewed stressing the importance of radiologic studies. The author discusses the results obtained in 31 patients who underwent renal autotransplantation. In his experience the procedure has proven to be particularly effective for repairing renal artery stenosis and in patients presenting with severe renovascular hypertension. Associated lesions of the renal artery requiring extensive reconstruction may be repaired with greater safety to both the patient and the kidney using this technique.", "contents": "Autotransplantation for treating renovascular hypertension. Autotransplantation is presented as a surgical technique for the repair of diseases of the renal artery causing hypertension. Investigation of patients with renovascular hypertension is reviewed stressing the importance of radiologic studies. The author discusses the results obtained in 31 patients who underwent renal autotransplantation. In his experience the procedure has proven to be particularly effective for repairing renal artery stenosis and in patients presenting with severe renovascular hypertension. Associated lesions of the renal artery requiring extensive reconstruction may be repaired with greater safety to both the patient and the kidney using this technique.", "PMID": 387191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7726", "title": "Emergency treatment of variceal hemorrhage.", "content": "The cirrhotic patient with acute bleeding from esophageal varices has less than a 50% chance of leaving the hospital alive; the outlook for survival is so poor that even desperate measures are worthwhile. Some traditional nonsurgical methods for the control of the bleeding are either ineffective at worst or temporary at best. Balloon tamponade is not recommended at all, but intravenously administered vasopressin may be helpful in allowing the necessary diagnostic investigations to be completed. Most important at this stage are the measures necessary to improve the general status of the patient--restoration of blood volume with fresh blood, prevention of ammonia intoxication, support of the liver, correction of metabolic alkalosis and treatment of the hyperdynamic state with digitalis and cardiotonic drugs. Controlling the bleeding is not the greatest problem--the greatest problem is achieving survival of a critically ill patient who undergoes a formidable operation (e.g., variceal ligation stops the bleeding, but is itself an operation of considerable magnitude). In our hands emergency shunting is the best treatment providing a definitive procedure with the highest 10-year survival rate and the lowest complication rate.", "contents": "Emergency treatment of variceal hemorrhage. The cirrhotic patient with acute bleeding from esophageal varices has less than a 50% chance of leaving the hospital alive; the outlook for survival is so poor that even desperate measures are worthwhile. Some traditional nonsurgical methods for the control of the bleeding are either ineffective at worst or temporary at best. Balloon tamponade is not recommended at all, but intravenously administered vasopressin may be helpful in allowing the necessary diagnostic investigations to be completed. Most important at this stage are the measures necessary to improve the general status of the patient--restoration of blood volume with fresh blood, prevention of ammonia intoxication, support of the liver, correction of metabolic alkalosis and treatment of the hyperdynamic state with digitalis and cardiotonic drugs. Controlling the bleeding is not the greatest problem--the greatest problem is achieving survival of a critically ill patient who undergoes a formidable operation (e.g., variceal ligation stops the bleeding, but is itself an operation of considerable magnitude). In our hands emergency shunting is the best treatment providing a definitive procedure with the highest 10-year survival rate and the lowest complication rate.", "PMID": 387192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7727", "title": "[Use of automatic suturing devices in surgery of the digestive tract].", "content": "A review of 345 surgical procedures performed on the digestive tract with the use of automatic suturing devices is presented. The morbidity due to hemmorrhage, fistula formation and obstruction as well as the reoperation and mortality rates are discussed and compared with those reported in the literature for the same procedures using standard anastomotic and suturing techniques. This study confirms the safety of these stapling instruments in a wide variety of gastrointestinal procedures in which their use resulted in a considerable saving of operative time.", "contents": "[Use of automatic suturing devices in surgery of the digestive tract]. A review of 345 surgical procedures performed on the digestive tract with the use of automatic suturing devices is presented. The morbidity due to hemmorrhage, fistula formation and obstruction as well as the reoperation and mortality rates are discussed and compared with those reported in the literature for the same procedures using standard anastomotic and suturing techniques. This study confirms the safety of these stapling instruments in a wide variety of gastrointestinal procedures in which their use resulted in a considerable saving of operative time.", "PMID": 387193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7728", "title": "Occupational lung cancer and smoking: a review in the light of current theories of carcinogenesis.", "content": "This paper considers modern theories of carcinogenesis as they apply to the induction of lung cancer by tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens. Some of the known and postulated factors affecting carcinogenesis are discussed, with particular reference to syncarcinogenesis and thresholds. Factors affecting the intensity of smoking exposure are reviewed, and the generally accepted occupational lung carcinogens are listed. Relative risks for the various carcinogens according to smoking status (where known) are presented. The carcinogens are considered individually, and known or postulated interactions with smoking are discussed. It is concluded that the effects of lung carcinogens can be explained on the basis of current theories that support a rational definition of priorities for the prevention of occupational lung cancer.", "contents": "Occupational lung cancer and smoking: a review in the light of current theories of carcinogenesis. This paper considers modern theories of carcinogenesis as they apply to the induction of lung cancer by tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens. Some of the known and postulated factors affecting carcinogenesis are discussed, with particular reference to syncarcinogenesis and thresholds. Factors affecting the intensity of smoking exposure are reviewed, and the generally accepted occupational lung carcinogens are listed. Relative risks for the various carcinogens according to smoking status (where known) are presented. The carcinogens are considered individually, and known or postulated interactions with smoking are discussed. It is concluded that the effects of lung carcinogens can be explained on the basis of current theories that support a rational definition of priorities for the prevention of occupational lung cancer.", "PMID": 387195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7729", "title": "Identification of impaired hearing in early childhood.", "content": "Although the incidence of congenital deafness is high, routine neonatal screening for this problem is not practised, and early identification of congenital or early acquired deafness is relatively rare. Delaying therapy until a child is 3 or more years old severely limits speech development, language acquisition and learning. The commonest causes of delay in diagnosis are the refusal of physicians to listen to the parents' observations, their failure to screen children for hearing and speech problems, and their reluctance to arrange prompt referral for audiologic assessment. Diagnostic delay occurs even though half the children who have impaired hearing are known to be at increased risk. A plea is made for the setting up of a register of infants known to be at risk for impaired hearing. First-contact physicians should be alert to the possibility of hearing problems, particularly in children at high risk. Screening methods for use by nonspecialist practitioners are outlined.", "contents": "Identification of impaired hearing in early childhood. Although the incidence of congenital deafness is high, routine neonatal screening for this problem is not practised, and early identification of congenital or early acquired deafness is relatively rare. Delaying therapy until a child is 3 or more years old severely limits speech development, language acquisition and learning. The commonest causes of delay in diagnosis are the refusal of physicians to listen to the parents' observations, their failure to screen children for hearing and speech problems, and their reluctance to arrange prompt referral for audiologic assessment. Diagnostic delay occurs even though half the children who have impaired hearing are known to be at increased risk. A plea is made for the setting up of a register of infants known to be at risk for impaired hearing. First-contact physicians should be alert to the possibility of hearing problems, particularly in children at high risk. Screening methods for use by nonspecialist practitioners are outlined.", "PMID": 387194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7730", "title": "Influence of mechanical ventilation and pulmonary disease on pulmonary artery pressure monitoring.", "content": "Mechanical ventilation and respiratory disease impose both theoretical and practical limitations on the interpretation of hemodynamic measurements. To properly interpret such information a thorough understanding of the circulatory changes associated with normal breathing, mechanical ventilation and respiratory disease is vital. There are a variety of factors involved in patients with obstructive lung disease and those receiving mechanical ventilation that complicate the usual interpretation of hemodynamic data obtained from flow-directed catheters. An awareness of the potential pitfalls of hemodynamic monitoring in such situations is important in the efficient use of the hemodynamic data obtained.", "contents": "Influence of mechanical ventilation and pulmonary disease on pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory disease impose both theoretical and practical limitations on the interpretation of hemodynamic measurements. To properly interpret such information a thorough understanding of the circulatory changes associated with normal breathing, mechanical ventilation and respiratory disease is vital. There are a variety of factors involved in patients with obstructive lung disease and those receiving mechanical ventilation that complicate the usual interpretation of hemodynamic data obtained from flow-directed catheters. An awareness of the potential pitfalls of hemodynamic monitoring in such situations is important in the efficient use of the hemodynamic data obtained.", "PMID": 387199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7731", "title": "A phase II trial of ftorafur: adriamycin and mitomycin-C (FAM II) in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with the combination of Ftorafur, Adriamycin and mitomycin-C (FAM II). Three patients showed partial responses, in five the disease remained stable for at least 3 months and seven showed progression while on treatment. All responding patients showed survival in excess of 12 months. Hematologic toxicity was of only moderate severity. Median white count nadir was 3500 cells/mm3 and median platelet nadir was 187,000 cells/mm3. Four patients had white count nadirs from 2000--2500 cells/mm3 and three had nadirs from 500--1500 cells/mm3; also there were four with platelet nadirs less than 100,000/mm3. However, no drug-related infections occurred and no platelet transfusions were required. The major non-hematologic toxicities of the regimen were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vertigo, and rhinorrhea. These toxicities were limiting and resulted in termination of the trial because of poor patient acceptance and the failure of the combination to exhibit a therapeutic advantage over the similar combination (FAM) that employed weekly 5-fluorouracil in place of Ftorafur.", "contents": "A phase II trial of ftorafur: adriamycin and mitomycin-C (FAM II) in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with the combination of Ftorafur, Adriamycin and mitomycin-C (FAM II). Three patients showed partial responses, in five the disease remained stable for at least 3 months and seven showed progression while on treatment. All responding patients showed survival in excess of 12 months. Hematologic toxicity was of only moderate severity. Median white count nadir was 3500 cells/mm3 and median platelet nadir was 187,000 cells/mm3. Four patients had white count nadirs from 2000--2500 cells/mm3 and three had nadirs from 500--1500 cells/mm3; also there were four with platelet nadirs less than 100,000/mm3. However, no drug-related infections occurred and no platelet transfusions were required. The major non-hematologic toxicities of the regimen were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vertigo, and rhinorrhea. These toxicities were limiting and resulted in termination of the trial because of poor patient acceptance and the failure of the combination to exhibit a therapeutic advantage over the similar combination (FAM) that employed weekly 5-fluorouracil in place of Ftorafur.", "PMID": 387203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7732", "title": "5 FU infusion with mitomycin-C vs. 5 FU infusion with methyl-CCNU in the treatment of advanced upper gastrointestinal cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "A randomized trial was conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) in advanced carcinoma of the stomach and pancreas. Patients were assigned to receive monthly 5-fluorouracil 96-hour continuous infusions with either bolus mitomycin-C or oral methyl-CCNU. Mitomycin-C and methyl-CCNU were administered every eight weeks. The 5 FU-mitomycin combination produced a 14% and 22% response rate in disseminated stomach and pancreatic carcinoma, respectively. The combination of infusion 5 FU and methyl-CCNU achieved responses in 9% and 5% of stomach and pancreatic tumors, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival between limbs for either tumor. Median survival in gastric carcinoma on the 5 FU-mitomycin regimen was 25 weeks vs. 18 weeks on the 5 FU-METHYL-CCNU arm. In pancreatic carcinoma median survival on the mitomycin limb was 19 weeks as compared to 17 weeks on the methyl-CCNU program. Leukopenia was greater for the first course on the mitomycin limb. Regression analysis demonstrated that performance status was the most important pretreatment characteristic for predicting survival in both tumors. Neither 5 FU infusion combination appears to significantly alter the dismal prognosis of advanced upper gastrointestinal neoplasms.", "contents": "5 FU infusion with mitomycin-C vs. 5 FU infusion with methyl-CCNU in the treatment of advanced upper gastrointestinal cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. A randomized trial was conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) in advanced carcinoma of the stomach and pancreas. Patients were assigned to receive monthly 5-fluorouracil 96-hour continuous infusions with either bolus mitomycin-C or oral methyl-CCNU. Mitomycin-C and methyl-CCNU were administered every eight weeks. The 5 FU-mitomycin combination produced a 14% and 22% response rate in disseminated stomach and pancreatic carcinoma, respectively. The combination of infusion 5 FU and methyl-CCNU achieved responses in 9% and 5% of stomach and pancreatic tumors, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival between limbs for either tumor. Median survival in gastric carcinoma on the 5 FU-mitomycin regimen was 25 weeks vs. 18 weeks on the 5 FU-METHYL-CCNU arm. In pancreatic carcinoma median survival on the mitomycin limb was 19 weeks as compared to 17 weeks on the methyl-CCNU program. Leukopenia was greater for the first course on the mitomycin limb. Regression analysis demonstrated that performance status was the most important pretreatment characteristic for predicting survival in both tumors. Neither 5 FU infusion combination appears to significantly alter the dismal prognosis of advanced upper gastrointestinal neoplasms.", "PMID": 387204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7733", "title": "The morphologic effects of radiation administered therapeutically for intracranial gliomas: a postmortem study of 25 cases.", "content": "To investigate the pathologic consequences of therapeutic radiation, this morphologic study evaluated the brains of 25 patients with intracranial gliomas treated both with and without this form of therapy. Although beneficial effects such as the retardation of tumor growth were evident in these studies, among the seventeen patients who received from 5000--6000 rads for malignant gliomas, four developed \"late delayed\" radiation necrosis. The strong predilection of this tissue response for the white matter adjacent to the neoplasm suggests a local sensitivity which may have been engendered or enhanced by cerebral edema. A fifth case disclosed focal demyelination in the mid-brain suggesting \"early delayed\" radiation necrosis, and an additional case had distinctive foci of necrosis within the brain stem. Changes of diffuse cerebral edema were noted in many of the radiated brains. It is concluded that radiation therapy in commonly employed dosages for malignant gliomas carries a risk of injury to surrounding cerebral tissues.", "contents": "The morphologic effects of radiation administered therapeutically for intracranial gliomas: a postmortem study of 25 cases. To investigate the pathologic consequences of therapeutic radiation, this morphologic study evaluated the brains of 25 patients with intracranial gliomas treated both with and without this form of therapy. Although beneficial effects such as the retardation of tumor growth were evident in these studies, among the seventeen patients who received from 5000--6000 rads for malignant gliomas, four developed \"late delayed\" radiation necrosis. The strong predilection of this tissue response for the white matter adjacent to the neoplasm suggests a local sensitivity which may have been engendered or enhanced by cerebral edema. A fifth case disclosed focal demyelination in the mid-brain suggesting \"early delayed\" radiation necrosis, and an additional case had distinctive foci of necrosis within the brain stem. Changes of diffuse cerebral edema were noted in many of the radiated brains. It is concluded that radiation therapy in commonly employed dosages for malignant gliomas carries a risk of injury to surrounding cerebral tissues.", "PMID": 387205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7734", "title": "Primary carcinoid of the kidney: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A case of an asymptomatic primary renal carcinoid tumor in a 61-year-old male is presented. The tumor was large with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. Metastases were present in para-aortic lymph nodes. Ultrastructurally, dense core granules and masses of cytoplasmic filaments, including tonofilaments, were seen. The granules were faintly argyrophilic. The relevant literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Primary carcinoid of the kidney: light and electron microscopic study. A case of an asymptomatic primary renal carcinoid tumor in a 61-year-old male is presented. The tumor was large with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. Metastases were present in para-aortic lymph nodes. Ultrastructurally, dense core granules and masses of cytoplasmic filaments, including tonofilaments, were seen. The granules were faintly argyrophilic. The relevant literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 387206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7735", "title": "Cardiac tamponade resulting from pericardial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with an unusual myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, myelofibrosis, ringed sideroblasts, and conversion to acute myeloblastic leukemia developed cardiac tamponade secondary to pericardia extramedullary hematopoiesis. Diagnostic criteria are discussed. Irradiation and systemic chemotherapy were successful in controlling the effusion.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade resulting from pericardial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a case report and review of the literature. A patient with an unusual myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, myelofibrosis, ringed sideroblasts, and conversion to acute myeloblastic leukemia developed cardiac tamponade secondary to pericardia extramedullary hematopoiesis. Diagnostic criteria are discussed. Irradiation and systemic chemotherapy were successful in controlling the effusion.", "PMID": 387207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7736", "title": "Clinical toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of gallium nitrate.", "content": "Gallium nitrate, administered intravenously to patients with advanced cancer, produced renal functional abnormalities consistently at a dose of 750 mg/m2. The toxicity at that dose could be modified by fluid loading and osmotic diuresis. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a biphasic half-life, (T 1/2 alpha = 87 minutes and T 1/2 beta = 24.5 hours). Osmotic diuresis reduced the urinary concentration of gallium but did not affect serum levels or clearance.", "contents": "Clinical toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of gallium nitrate. Gallium nitrate, administered intravenously to patients with advanced cancer, produced renal functional abnormalities consistently at a dose of 750 mg/m2. The toxicity at that dose could be modified by fluid loading and osmotic diuresis. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a biphasic half-life, (T 1/2 alpha = 87 minutes and T 1/2 beta = 24.5 hours). Osmotic diuresis reduced the urinary concentration of gallium but did not affect serum levels or clearance.", "PMID": 387208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7737", "title": "Metastatic melanoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "Metastatic involvement of the gallbladder in melanoma is rare, but constitutes the most common metastatic lesion involving this organ. Two cases of metastatic melanoma to the gallbladder with radiographic evidence of gallbladder abnormality prior to surgery are presented. These cases are compared to the nine previously reported cases of metastatic melanoma to the gallbladder with abnormal cholecystograms. All eleven cases presented with signs and symptoms compatible with cholecystitis. Nine of the eleven patients had a previous melanoma primary and most had other extrabiliary metastases. Associated cholelithiasis appeared to be only incidental. In addition, nine reported cases of \"primary\" biliary melanoma were reviewed. Clinical and pathologic presentations in the latter cases were similar to the former cases with metastases. Seventy-eight percent had extrabiliary sites of metastasis at some time in the course of their disease, tending to refute the impression of \"primary\" biliary melanoma. Melanoma in the gallbladder is much more likely to have metastasized from a regressed skin primary than to have arisen de novo. The two reported cases and the 18 cases from the literature indicate that the physician must consider gallbladder metastasis in melanoma patients presenting with symptoms compatible with cholecystitis.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma of the gallbladder. Metastatic involvement of the gallbladder in melanoma is rare, but constitutes the most common metastatic lesion involving this organ. Two cases of metastatic melanoma to the gallbladder with radiographic evidence of gallbladder abnormality prior to surgery are presented. These cases are compared to the nine previously reported cases of metastatic melanoma to the gallbladder with abnormal cholecystograms. All eleven cases presented with signs and symptoms compatible with cholecystitis. Nine of the eleven patients had a previous melanoma primary and most had other extrabiliary metastases. Associated cholelithiasis appeared to be only incidental. In addition, nine reported cases of \"primary\" biliary melanoma were reviewed. Clinical and pathologic presentations in the latter cases were similar to the former cases with metastases. Seventy-eight percent had extrabiliary sites of metastasis at some time in the course of their disease, tending to refute the impression of \"primary\" biliary melanoma. Melanoma in the gallbladder is much more likely to have metastasized from a regressed skin primary than to have arisen de novo. The two reported cases and the 18 cases from the literature indicate that the physician must consider gallbladder metastasis in melanoma patients presenting with symptoms compatible with cholecystitis.", "PMID": 387209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7738", "title": "Multifocal osteosarcoma: a case report with review of the literature.", "content": "Multifocal osteosarcoma with unique patho-biological features in a 23-year old white male is reported. The natural history and classification of multiple osteosarcomas are reviewed. A proposal is presented for evaluation of the multicentric origin in future cases.", "contents": "Multifocal osteosarcoma: a case report with review of the literature. Multifocal osteosarcoma with unique patho-biological features in a 23-year old white male is reported. The natural history and classification of multiple osteosarcomas are reviewed. A proposal is presented for evaluation of the multicentric origin in future cases.", "PMID": 387210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7739", "title": "Current concepts of bacteremia in children with malignancies.", "content": "One hundred fifteen episodes of bacteremia occurred among 2790 children with malignancies hospitalized during a 45-month period. The mean age was 9.3 years with a male predilection (62%). A greater (p less than .025) number of children over 10 years of age died with bacteremia when compared to younger children. The majority of episodes occurred in children with leukemia (56%); however, once bacteremia developed, a significantly (p less than .05) greater number of children with lymphoma died when compared to children with other malignancies. Absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts were greater in survivors (p less than .025) than in children who died. Thirty-seven different microorganisms were isolated with E. coli, S. Aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae accounting for 50% of the episodes. Anaerobes were isolated from blood of 12 (10%) children. Twelve children had polymicrobial bacteremia and 14 had recurrent bacteremia which occurred during antibiotic therapy. Mortality (78%) in these children was significantly (p less than .001) greater then in children from whom one microorganism was isolated (47%). Interesting aspects include the resurgence of S. aureus, failure of development of meningitis in children with bacteremia, and unchanged antibiotic susceptibility since the last review of bacteremia in this institution. Polymicrobial and recurrent bacteremia necessitate obtaining simultaneous and sequential blood cultures to facilitate administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy until bone marrow function improves.", "contents": "Current concepts of bacteremia in children with malignancies. One hundred fifteen episodes of bacteremia occurred among 2790 children with malignancies hospitalized during a 45-month period. The mean age was 9.3 years with a male predilection (62%). A greater (p less than .025) number of children over 10 years of age died with bacteremia when compared to younger children. The majority of episodes occurred in children with leukemia (56%); however, once bacteremia developed, a significantly (p less than .05) greater number of children with lymphoma died when compared to children with other malignancies. Absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts were greater in survivors (p less than .025) than in children who died. Thirty-seven different microorganisms were isolated with E. coli, S. Aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae accounting for 50% of the episodes. Anaerobes were isolated from blood of 12 (10%) children. Twelve children had polymicrobial bacteremia and 14 had recurrent bacteremia which occurred during antibiotic therapy. Mortality (78%) in these children was significantly (p less than .001) greater then in children from whom one microorganism was isolated (47%). Interesting aspects include the resurgence of S. aureus, failure of development of meningitis in children with bacteremia, and unchanged antibiotic susceptibility since the last review of bacteremia in this institution. Polymicrobial and recurrent bacteremia necessitate obtaining simultaneous and sequential blood cultures to facilitate administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy until bone marrow function improves.", "PMID": 387211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7740", "title": "Combination chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG.", "content": "One hundred five patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG (FAC-BCG). The results were compared to those observed in a group of 44 patients treated with FAC chemotherapy alone. Although the overall response rates were similar (76% for FAC-BCG and 73% for FAC), the duration of remission was of 9 months for FAC and 14 months for FAC-BCG (p = 0.008). Similarly, survival of responding patients treated with FAC-BCG was significantly longer (24 months) than that observed in the chemotherapy alone treated group (15 months). There was no difference in survival or duration on study for nonresponders. Analysis of response rates by known prognostic factors was unrewarding. The duration of remission and survival, however, were significantly longer for patients with bone soft tissue involvement than for patients with visceral metastasis. Similarly patients with 1 or 2 metastatic sites survived significantly longer than those with more than 3 organ sites involved (p = 0.02). This chemotherapeutic combination is highly effective in inducing remissions. In addition, nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG appears to prolong duration of remission and survival for responding patients.", "contents": "Combination chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG. One hundred five patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and BCG (FAC-BCG). The results were compared to those observed in a group of 44 patients treated with FAC chemotherapy alone. Although the overall response rates were similar (76% for FAC-BCG and 73% for FAC), the duration of remission was of 9 months for FAC and 14 months for FAC-BCG (p = 0.008). Similarly, survival of responding patients treated with FAC-BCG was significantly longer (24 months) than that observed in the chemotherapy alone treated group (15 months). There was no difference in survival or duration on study for nonresponders. Analysis of response rates by known prognostic factors was unrewarding. The duration of remission and survival, however, were significantly longer for patients with bone soft tissue involvement than for patients with visceral metastasis. Similarly patients with 1 or 2 metastatic sites survived significantly longer than those with more than 3 organ sites involved (p = 0.02). This chemotherapeutic combination is highly effective in inducing remissions. In addition, nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG appears to prolong duration of remission and survival for responding patients.", "PMID": 387212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7741", "title": "Mutagenic activity of rhodamine dyes and their impurities as detected by mutation induction in Salmonella and DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Commercial rhodamine dyes 6G and B induce His+ reversion mutations in Salmonella and single-strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary cells, as detected by alkaline sucrose sedimentation. Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) is required for production of genetic activity by these dyes. Rhodamine 6G induces both frameshift and base substitution mutations, whereas rhodamine B induces only frameshift mutations. Rhodamine 6G is genetically more active and more toxic than is rhodamine B in both the bacterial and mammalian assays. Rhodamine 6G and B induce doublings of His+ revertants in Salmonella at the doses of 0.02 and 0.52 mumol/plate and shifts in the molecular weight of Chinese hamster ovary DNA at concentrations of 9 x 10(-5) and 9 x 10(-4) M, respectively. All genetic effects assayed demonstrate dose-related increases. Further testing of the pure dyes in Salmonella revealed that rhodamine B loses most of its mutagenicity with purification, whereas rhodamine 6G does not. Impurities from commercial rhodamine B demonstrate the same extent of mutagenicity as the commercial dye.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of rhodamine dyes and their impurities as detected by mutation induction in Salmonella and DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Commercial rhodamine dyes 6G and B induce His+ reversion mutations in Salmonella and single-strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary cells, as detected by alkaline sucrose sedimentation. Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) is required for production of genetic activity by these dyes. Rhodamine 6G induces both frameshift and base substitution mutations, whereas rhodamine B induces only frameshift mutations. Rhodamine 6G is genetically more active and more toxic than is rhodamine B in both the bacterial and mammalian assays. Rhodamine 6G and B induce doublings of His+ revertants in Salmonella at the doses of 0.02 and 0.52 mumol/plate and shifts in the molecular weight of Chinese hamster ovary DNA at concentrations of 9 x 10(-5) and 9 x 10(-4) M, respectively. All genetic effects assayed demonstrate dose-related increases. Further testing of the pure dyes in Salmonella revealed that rhodamine B loses most of its mutagenicity with purification, whereas rhodamine 6G does not. Impurities from commercial rhodamine B demonstrate the same extent of mutagenicity as the commercial dye.", "PMID": 387214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7742", "title": "Survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with either combination or sequential chemotherapy.", "content": "One hundred twenty-one patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast were randomized to concurrent combination therapy or single-drug chemotherapy administered sequentially. Although response frequency and duration of response were significantly increased in patients receiving the combination regimen, survival was not significantly prolonged when compared to those receiving sequential treatment. For the 69 patients free of liver metastasis, median survival was comparable in both treatment arms (14.4 months sequential versus 12.8 months combination). These results indicate that a large subset of patients with metastatic breast cancer may benefit from less aggressive therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, these results illustrate that conclusions of chemotherapy trials in breast cancer based only on response frequency and duration of response represent preliminary results subject to change when final survival information becomes available.", "contents": "Survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with either combination or sequential chemotherapy. One hundred twenty-one patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast were randomized to concurrent combination therapy or single-drug chemotherapy administered sequentially. Although response frequency and duration of response were significantly increased in patients receiving the combination regimen, survival was not significantly prolonged when compared to those receiving sequential treatment. For the 69 patients free of liver metastasis, median survival was comparable in both treatment arms (14.4 months sequential versus 12.8 months combination). These results indicate that a large subset of patients with metastatic breast cancer may benefit from less aggressive therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, these results illustrate that conclusions of chemotherapy trials in breast cancer based only on response frequency and duration of response represent preliminary results subject to change when final survival information becomes available.", "PMID": 387216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7743", "title": "Correlation between metabolic reduction rates and electron affinity of nitroheterocycles.", "content": "Nitroheterocyclic compounds can selectively sensitize hypoxic (tumor) cells to radiation damage in vitro. However, results in vivo have generally been less optimistic, inasmuch as metabolic reduction of these drugs not only limits effective lifetime but also produces metabolic intermediates with marked cytotoxic and carcinogenic activity. With three reducing systems in vitro, E. coli B/r, mouse L-929 cells, and mouse liver microsomes, the rate of nitroreduction of several nitroheterocycles was found to be proportional to their electron affinity (half-wave reduction potential). Relative to the rate of nitrofurazone reduction in each system, metronidazole (Flagyl), N-hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitropyrrole, misonidazole, nifuroxime, nitrofurantoin, and furylfuramide were metabolized about 200, 20, 2, 1.4, and 1.2 times less rapidly, while 3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile, 2,5-dinitrophenol, and 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate were reduced 2, 3, and 4 times more rapidly. Since nitroreduction has previously been correlated with subsequent cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenicity, the present results suggest that improvements in the therapeutic efficacy of nitroheterocycles (i.e., sensitization without toxicity and carcinogenicity) will be dependent on development of drugs with more appropriate pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Correlation between metabolic reduction rates and electron affinity of nitroheterocycles. Nitroheterocyclic compounds can selectively sensitize hypoxic (tumor) cells to radiation damage in vitro. However, results in vivo have generally been less optimistic, inasmuch as metabolic reduction of these drugs not only limits effective lifetime but also produces metabolic intermediates with marked cytotoxic and carcinogenic activity. With three reducing systems in vitro, E. coli B/r, mouse L-929 cells, and mouse liver microsomes, the rate of nitroreduction of several nitroheterocycles was found to be proportional to their electron affinity (half-wave reduction potential). Relative to the rate of nitrofurazone reduction in each system, metronidazole (Flagyl), N-hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitropyrrole, misonidazole, nifuroxime, nitrofurantoin, and furylfuramide were metabolized about 200, 20, 2, 1.4, and 1.2 times less rapidly, while 3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile, 2,5-dinitrophenol, and 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate were reduced 2, 3, and 4 times more rapidly. Since nitroreduction has previously been correlated with subsequent cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenicity, the present results suggest that improvements in the therapeutic efficacy of nitroheterocycles (i.e., sensitization without toxicity and carcinogenicity) will be dependent on development of drugs with more appropriate pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 387217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7744", "title": "In vitro studies of cell-mediated immunity to Moloney murine leukemia virus and Moloney leukemia-associated surface antigens.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) and to tumor-associated surface antigens of leukemia cells induced by the virus was studied with an in vitro migration inhibition factor assay. Spleen cells of C57BL/6N mice at Day 14 following inoculation with Moloney murine sarcoma virus, produced migration inhibition factor in response to M-MuLV. The Moloney murine sarcoma virus-immune spleen cells, however, did not respond to other murine type C viruses, to AKR and Rauscher viruses, or to murine mammary tumor virus. The immune spleen cells also responded specifically to purified glycoprotein with molecular weights of 69,000 and 71,000 and proteins with molecular weights of 30,000 and 12,000, but not to protein with a molecular weight of 10,000, of the homologous M-MuLV. Migration inhibition factor production was also observed in response to soluble 3 M KCl extracts of leukemia cells, MBL-2, induced by M-MuLV. Similarly, the immune spleen cells responded to membrane fractions purified from the MBL-2 cells. Comparable membrane fractions prepared from a Gross virus-induced leukemia, E male G2, and a radiation-induced leukemia, RL male 1, were not active. The tumor-associated surface antigens of MBL-2 membranes could be solubilized by the detergent, Nonident P-40. Thus, C57BL/6N mice inoculated with Moloney murine sarcoma virus developed cell-mediated immunity to envelope and some internal antigens of M-MuLV and also to tumor-associated surface antigens of a tumor induced by this leukemia virus.", "contents": "In vitro studies of cell-mediated immunity to Moloney murine leukemia virus and Moloney leukemia-associated surface antigens. Cell-mediated immunity to Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) and to tumor-associated surface antigens of leukemia cells induced by the virus was studied with an in vitro migration inhibition factor assay. Spleen cells of C57BL/6N mice at Day 14 following inoculation with Moloney murine sarcoma virus, produced migration inhibition factor in response to M-MuLV. The Moloney murine sarcoma virus-immune spleen cells, however, did not respond to other murine type C viruses, to AKR and Rauscher viruses, or to murine mammary tumor virus. The immune spleen cells also responded specifically to purified glycoprotein with molecular weights of 69,000 and 71,000 and proteins with molecular weights of 30,000 and 12,000, but not to protein with a molecular weight of 10,000, of the homologous M-MuLV. Migration inhibition factor production was also observed in response to soluble 3 M KCl extracts of leukemia cells, MBL-2, induced by M-MuLV. Similarly, the immune spleen cells responded to membrane fractions purified from the MBL-2 cells. Comparable membrane fractions prepared from a Gross virus-induced leukemia, E male G2, and a radiation-induced leukemia, RL male 1, were not active. The tumor-associated surface antigens of MBL-2 membranes could be solubilized by the detergent, Nonident P-40. Thus, C57BL/6N mice inoculated with Moloney murine sarcoma virus developed cell-mediated immunity to envelope and some internal antigens of M-MuLV and also to tumor-associated surface antigens of a tumor induced by this leukemia virus.", "PMID": 387218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7745", "title": "Mechanism of action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "Although the mechanism of action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) is not definitely known, much has been discovered regarding its antitumor effect. Although neutral in plasma, the platinum complex becomes aquated intracellularly to form a positively charged platinum species that is likely to interact with nucleophilic sites. The purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA possess such sites and provide the locale for the majority of the biologically effective intracellular platinum binding. Although several types of binding are possible, the biologically important lesions are most likely interstrand and/or intrastrand cross-links. The extent of formation and the rate of cellular repair of these lesions may determine the ultimate effect of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) on the cell.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Although the mechanism of action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) is not definitely known, much has been discovered regarding its antitumor effect. Although neutral in plasma, the platinum complex becomes aquated intracellularly to form a positively charged platinum species that is likely to interact with nucleophilic sites. The purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA possess such sites and provide the locale for the majority of the biologically effective intracellular platinum binding. Although several types of binding are possible, the biologically important lesions are most likely interstrand and/or intrastrand cross-links. The extent of formation and the rate of cellular repair of these lesions may determine the ultimate effect of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) on the cell.", "PMID": 387221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7746", "title": "Mode of DNA binding of cis-platinum(II) antitumor drugs: a base sequence-dependent mechanism is proposed.", "content": "Chloroammine and similar complexes of platinum(II) having the ammine ligands in the cis configuration are effective antitumor agents but the corresponding trans isomers are not. This is possibly due to the different manner in which these drugs attack DNA. There is considerable controversy in the literature over the type of DNA lesion caused by cis-platinum(II) complexes. Some have proposed an attack on a single guanine base via chelation to N(7) and O(6) as being the biologically important interaction. However, much indirect evidence suggests that binding to adjacent guanine bases in the same strand of DNA is important to the mechanism of action. Following initial binding to guanine bases, DNA is then locally denatured, exposing additional crosslinking sites. Thus, the selectivity of cis-platinum(II) complexes in inhibiting tumor growth may be due to a combination of intrastrand and interstrand crosslinking to DNA at areas of specific base sequences.", "contents": "Mode of DNA binding of cis-platinum(II) antitumor drugs: a base sequence-dependent mechanism is proposed. Chloroammine and similar complexes of platinum(II) having the ammine ligands in the cis configuration are effective antitumor agents but the corresponding trans isomers are not. This is possibly due to the different manner in which these drugs attack DNA. There is considerable controversy in the literature over the type of DNA lesion caused by cis-platinum(II) complexes. Some have proposed an attack on a single guanine base via chelation to N(7) and O(6) as being the biologically important interaction. However, much indirect evidence suggests that binding to adjacent guanine bases in the same strand of DNA is important to the mechanism of action. Following initial binding to guanine bases, DNA is then locally denatured, exposing additional crosslinking sites. Thus, the selectivity of cis-platinum(II) complexes in inhibiting tumor growth may be due to a combination of intrastrand and interstrand crosslinking to DNA at areas of specific base sequences.", "PMID": 387222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7747", "title": "Toxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in man.", "content": "Administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) may be associated with a number of serious side effects, including nephrotoxicity, gastroeintestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), myelosuppression, and occasional transient elevations in liver function tests. In addition, ototoxicity (tinnitus and hearing loss), anaphylactic reactions, peripheral neuropathies, and hypomagnesemia with resulting tetany may also be encountered. The toxic potential of this new agent necessitates careful clinical monitoring during treatment.", "contents": "Toxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in man. Administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) may be associated with a number of serious side effects, including nephrotoxicity, gastroeintestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), myelosuppression, and occasional transient elevations in liver function tests. In addition, ototoxicity (tinnitus and hearing loss), anaphylactic reactions, peripheral neuropathies, and hypomagnesemia with resulting tetany may also be encountered. The toxic potential of this new agent necessitates careful clinical monitoring during treatment.", "PMID": 387223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7748", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was used in the treatment of 25 patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma refractory to alkylating agents. Seven of 24 evaluable patients (29%) responded to cis-platinum (one complete response and six partial responses). Life-table analysis of survival indicates that patients responding to therapy survive longer than those who fail to respond (9 months versus 3.2 months) (P = 0.014). In previously treated patients given 70 mg/m2 iv with forced diuresis, there was substantial nausea and vomiting (100%), hematologic toxicity (67%), and renal toxicity (34%). A review of the single-agent activity of cis-platinum in other ovarian cancer studies indicates an overall response rate of 25% (40 of 161 patients). At least nine combination chemotherapy studies utilizing cis-platinum are in progress, and preliminary information from several of these is encouraging and suggests that cis-platinum-containing combinations may have a major role in the treatment of ovarian adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was used in the treatment of 25 patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma refractory to alkylating agents. Seven of 24 evaluable patients (29%) responded to cis-platinum (one complete response and six partial responses). Life-table analysis of survival indicates that patients responding to therapy survive longer than those who fail to respond (9 months versus 3.2 months) (P = 0.014). In previously treated patients given 70 mg/m2 iv with forced diuresis, there was substantial nausea and vomiting (100%), hematologic toxicity (67%), and renal toxicity (34%). A review of the single-agent activity of cis-platinum in other ovarian cancer studies indicates an overall response rate of 25% (40 of 161 patients). At least nine combination chemotherapy studies utilizing cis-platinum are in progress, and preliminary information from several of these is encouraging and suggests that cis-platinum-containing combinations may have a major role in the treatment of ovarian adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 387224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7749", "title": "Phase II trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of urothelial cancer.", "content": "Results of disease-oriented phase II trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) in 135 adequately treated patients with advanced urothelial tumors at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center are presented. In four protocols which used cis-platinum alone or in combination with Adriamycin and/or cyclophosphamide in 95 patients with bladder cancer, no significant difference (46%--54%) in the number of partial remissions (PRs) in previously untreated patients was noted. The median duration of response in three of the four protocols was 5--7 months. A review of the literature indicates that cis-platinum used singly produced remissions in 45% of 67 patients (95% confidence limit, 12%--57%). In the treatment of superficial bladder tumors, intravesically administered cis-platinum induced few complete or sustained remissions. The difficulties in evaluating response with intravesical therapy are discussed. The importance of patient selection, particularly the need to include patients with objectively measurable disease parameters, in phase II trials is stressed. Differences in patient characteristics and response criteria will necessitate prospective randomized trials of cis-platinum alone versus cis-platinum combination regimens in the treatment of metastatic disease. cis-Platinum was inactive (12% PRs) in 25 patients with prostatic cancer who had objectively measurable parameters. It is of interest that PRs were obtained in three of six patients (50%) with penile cancer. A review of the literature and the data in the present series indicates that cis-platinum has no value in the treatment of metastatic hypernephroma.", "contents": "Phase II trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of urothelial cancer. Results of disease-oriented phase II trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) in 135 adequately treated patients with advanced urothelial tumors at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center are presented. In four protocols which used cis-platinum alone or in combination with Adriamycin and/or cyclophosphamide in 95 patients with bladder cancer, no significant difference (46%--54%) in the number of partial remissions (PRs) in previously untreated patients was noted. The median duration of response in three of the four protocols was 5--7 months. A review of the literature indicates that cis-platinum used singly produced remissions in 45% of 67 patients (95% confidence limit, 12%--57%). In the treatment of superficial bladder tumors, intravesically administered cis-platinum induced few complete or sustained remissions. The difficulties in evaluating response with intravesical therapy are discussed. The importance of patient selection, particularly the need to include patients with objectively measurable disease parameters, in phase II trials is stressed. Differences in patient characteristics and response criteria will necessitate prospective randomized trials of cis-platinum alone versus cis-platinum combination regimens in the treatment of metastatic disease. cis-Platinum was inactive (12% PRs) in 25 patients with prostatic cancer who had objectively measurable parameters. It is of interest that PRs were obtained in three of six patients (50%) with penile cancer. A review of the literature and the data in the present series indicates that cis-platinum has no value in the treatment of metastatic hypernephroma.", "PMID": 387226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7750", "title": "Cancer of the ovary: a summary of experience with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at the Royal Marsden Hospital.", "content": "A review of the use of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as a single agent in 82 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, previously treated with chemotherapy, shows that response rates of 33% and 52% are achieved with doses of 30 and 100 mg/m2 respectively. In 58 previously untreated patients a combination of chlorambucil and cis-platinum (regimen B) was compared in a randomized study with a combination of chlorambucil, cis-platinum, and Adriamycin (regimen C). Complete responses were seen in 32% and 41% of the patients respectively. Remissions were most prolonged in patients with complete regressions, the median being greater than 15 months for both regimens. Because of the good regressions, second-look operations have been possible in 12 patients for the purpose of confirming regression and performing radical surgical removal. In six of these patients, all specimens failed to show evidence of residual carcinoma. The major toxic effects of cis-platinum in our hands are neurologic effects and anemia; both have been reversible after cessation of treatment.", "contents": "Cancer of the ovary: a summary of experience with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at the Royal Marsden Hospital. A review of the use of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as a single agent in 82 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, previously treated with chemotherapy, shows that response rates of 33% and 52% are achieved with doses of 30 and 100 mg/m2 respectively. In 58 previously untreated patients a combination of chlorambucil and cis-platinum (regimen B) was compared in a randomized study with a combination of chlorambucil, cis-platinum, and Adriamycin (regimen C). Complete responses were seen in 32% and 41% of the patients respectively. Remissions were most prolonged in patients with complete regressions, the median being greater than 15 months for both regimens. Because of the good regressions, second-look operations have been possible in 12 patients for the purpose of confirming regression and performing radical surgical removal. In six of these patients, all specimens failed to show evidence of residual carcinoma. The major toxic effects of cis-platinum in our hands are neurologic effects and anemia; both have been reversible after cessation of treatment.", "PMID": 387225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7751", "title": "Radiotherapy in the management of nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma.", "content": "Treatment of stage I and II nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma is reviewed. Retrospective studies show comparable cure rates following radiation therapy alone, surgery alone, or radiation therapy and surgery combined. For clinical stage I carcinoma, the long-term disease-free rates appear to be approximately 80%; for clinical stage II disease, the long-term disease-free rates appear to be approximately 60%. The development of effective combination chemotherapy for stage III disease suggests a need to rethink the approach for optimal management of stage II disease. Future clinical trials should be aimed at maximizing cure rates by attention to disseminated disease as well as by local control. Optimal management should also include some consideration of the long-term toxic effects of the various treatment modalities.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the management of nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma. Treatment of stage I and II nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma is reviewed. Retrospective studies show comparable cure rates following radiation therapy alone, surgery alone, or radiation therapy and surgery combined. For clinical stage I carcinoma, the long-term disease-free rates appear to be approximately 80%; for clinical stage II disease, the long-term disease-free rates appear to be approximately 60%. The development of effective combination chemotherapy for stage III disease suggests a need to rethink the approach for optimal management of stage II disease. Future clinical trials should be aimed at maximizing cure rates by attention to disseminated disease as well as by local control. Optimal management should also include some consideration of the long-term toxic effects of the various treatment modalities.", "PMID": 387227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7752", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of enkephalinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system in the goldfish hypothalamus reveals enkephalin (ENK)-containing neurons interspersed among the vasotocin (VT)- and isotocin (IT)-containing neurons of the preoptic nucleus. The perikarya of the ENK, VT, and IT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy and are not located preferentially within the nucleus. Separate ENK, VT and IT fibers course laterally and ventrally through the hypothalamus as they descend toward the pituitary gland. All three fiber types form terminals around blood vessels in the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of enkephalinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system in the goldfish hypothalamus reveals enkephalin (ENK)-containing neurons interspersed among the vasotocin (VT)- and isotocin (IT)-containing neurons of the preoptic nucleus. The perikarya of the ENK, VT, and IT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy and are not located preferentially within the nucleus. Separate ENK, VT and IT fibers course laterally and ventrally through the hypothalamus as they descend toward the pituitary gland. All three fiber types form terminals around blood vessels in the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 387250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7753", "title": "The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system and the one neuron--one neurohypophysial hormone concept.", "content": "The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.", "contents": "The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system and the one neuron--one neurohypophysial hormone concept. The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.", "PMID": 387251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7754", "title": "The molecular topography of RNA polymerase-promoter interaction.", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation forms covalent crosslinks between E. coli RNA polymerase and the lac UV5 promoter substituted with bromouracil in the place of thymine. I have determined the polymerase subunit and the base within the promoter sequence that are joined to each other in two such crosslinks. The sigma and beta subunits of RNA polymerase, respectively, are crosslinked to the third base upstream (-3) and the second base downstream (+3) from the starting point of transcription (+1). Both bases are on the nontemplate strand of the promoter DNA. The location of the beta subunit suggests that it forms at least part of the catalytic site of the enzyme. The disposition of sigma suggests that this subunit plays a direct role in unwinding the DNA at the promoter. The sigma crosslink is close to the \"Pribnow Box,\" which is centered about 10 bases upstream from the RNA start site, contains a striking homology between promoters and is the locus of many promoter mutations.", "contents": "The molecular topography of RNA polymerase-promoter interaction. Ultraviolet irradiation forms covalent crosslinks between E. coli RNA polymerase and the lac UV5 promoter substituted with bromouracil in the place of thymine. I have determined the polymerase subunit and the base within the promoter sequence that are joined to each other in two such crosslinks. The sigma and beta subunits of RNA polymerase, respectively, are crosslinked to the third base upstream (-3) and the second base downstream (+3) from the starting point of transcription (+1). Both bases are on the nontemplate strand of the promoter DNA. The location of the beta subunit suggests that it forms at least part of the catalytic site of the enzyme. The disposition of sigma suggests that this subunit plays a direct role in unwinding the DNA at the promoter. The sigma crosslink is close to the \"Pribnow Box,\" which is centered about 10 bases upstream from the RNA start site, contains a striking homology between promoters and is the locus of many promoter mutations.", "PMID": 387258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7755", "title": "Isolation of a circular derivative of yeast chromosome III: implications for the mechanism of mating type interconversion.", "content": "We describe genetic and physical characterization of rearrangements of chromosome III which result in changes of cell type in S. cerevisiae. Two types of rearrangements were obtained as rare events which caused a change at the locus controlling cell type, MAT, associated with a recessive lethal mutation, in one case from MATalpha to MATa-lethal, and in the other case from MATa to MATalpha-lethal. The MATa-lethal mutation is a deletion on the right arm of chromosome III, which we demonstrate extends to (or near) HMalpha. We suggest this deletion removes MATalpha and activates cryptic MATa information stored in HMalpha as proposed in the cassette model of mating type interconversion. The MATalpha-lethal mutation is the result of the formation of a circular chromosome III, which we interpret to remove MATa and activate the cryptic MATalpha information stored at HMa. Strains carrying the MATalpha-lethal chromosome contain a circular chromosome of length 62.6 plus or minus 5.7 mum, which is absent in related strains. This chromosome was confirmed to be chromosome III by hybridization of specific yeast DNA fragments to supercoiled DNA obtained from MATalpha-lethal strains. The isolation of a large circular derivative of chromosome III allows correlation of genetic and physical distance based on large distances-1 centimorgan corresponds to approximately 2700 base pairs.", "contents": "Isolation of a circular derivative of yeast chromosome III: implications for the mechanism of mating type interconversion. We describe genetic and physical characterization of rearrangements of chromosome III which result in changes of cell type in S. cerevisiae. Two types of rearrangements were obtained as rare events which caused a change at the locus controlling cell type, MAT, associated with a recessive lethal mutation, in one case from MATalpha to MATa-lethal, and in the other case from MATa to MATalpha-lethal. The MATa-lethal mutation is a deletion on the right arm of chromosome III, which we demonstrate extends to (or near) HMalpha. We suggest this deletion removes MATalpha and activates cryptic MATa information stored in HMalpha as proposed in the cassette model of mating type interconversion. The MATalpha-lethal mutation is the result of the formation of a circular chromosome III, which we interpret to remove MATa and activate the cryptic MATalpha information stored at HMa. Strains carrying the MATalpha-lethal chromosome contain a circular chromosome of length 62.6 plus or minus 5.7 mum, which is absent in related strains. This chromosome was confirmed to be chromosome III by hybridization of specific yeast DNA fragments to supercoiled DNA obtained from MATalpha-lethal strains. The isolation of a large circular derivative of chromosome III allows correlation of genetic and physical distance based on large distances-1 centimorgan corresponds to approximately 2700 base pairs.", "PMID": 387260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7756", "title": "[Methods of investigating the heart conduction system].", "content": "A description is presented of improved methods of examining the conductive system of the heart designed for special routine investigations. The methodology comprises: a) injection of coronary arteries with contrast medium and their X-ray visualization, b) special technique of heart postmortem, c) histological investigation with a view to the precise topography of the particular parts of the conductive system including detailed histological processing in series cestions by means of staining methods: haematoxylin-eosin, elastica-van Gieson, P. A. S., and Heidenhain.", "contents": "[Methods of investigating the heart conduction system]. A description is presented of improved methods of examining the conductive system of the heart designed for special routine investigations. The methodology comprises: a) injection of coronary arteries with contrast medium and their X-ray visualization, b) special technique of heart postmortem, c) histological investigation with a view to the precise topography of the particular parts of the conductive system including detailed histological processing in series cestions by means of staining methods: haematoxylin-eosin, elastica-van Gieson, P. A. S., and Heidenhain.", "PMID": 387265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7757", "title": "Mutation induction and killing of Escherichia coli by DNA adducts and crosslinks: a photobiological study with 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "Low doses of 350 nm radiation (NUV) in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) induce predominantly mono-adducts in bacterial DNA. Further exposure to NUV in the absence of 8-MOP converts a proportion of these mono-adducts to interstrand cross-links. Using this approach the relative effects of adducts and cross-links on bacteria with different repair capacities was studied. Escherichia coli WP100 uvrA recA, believed to be totally deficient in the ability to repair 8-MOP plus NUV damage to DNA, was inactivated on average by a single photon event occurring with a quantum efficiency of about 0.03. We conclude that the inactivating lesion is probably a single mono-adduct. E. coli WP2 uvrA, deficient in excision endonuclease activity, may be inactivated by a very small number of cross-links, probably one. These conclusions are consistent with present knowledge of the repair capabilities of these bacteria. Conversion of mono-adducts to cross-links in WP2 uvrA (which occurs with a quantum efficiency of around 0.3) greatly increases lethality but results in a reduction of the induced mutation frequency presumably because cross-links are (almost) invariably lethal. In the repair-proficient strain WP2 both adducts and cross-links can be repaired but the latter are more likely than the former to lead to either death or mutation.", "contents": "Mutation induction and killing of Escherichia coli by DNA adducts and crosslinks: a photobiological study with 8-methoxypsoralen. Low doses of 350 nm radiation (NUV) in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) induce predominantly mono-adducts in bacterial DNA. Further exposure to NUV in the absence of 8-MOP converts a proportion of these mono-adducts to interstrand cross-links. Using this approach the relative effects of adducts and cross-links on bacteria with different repair capacities was studied. Escherichia coli WP100 uvrA recA, believed to be totally deficient in the ability to repair 8-MOP plus NUV damage to DNA, was inactivated on average by a single photon event occurring with a quantum efficiency of about 0.03. We conclude that the inactivating lesion is probably a single mono-adduct. E. coli WP2 uvrA, deficient in excision endonuclease activity, may be inactivated by a very small number of cross-links, probably one. These conclusions are consistent with present knowledge of the repair capabilities of these bacteria. Conversion of mono-adducts to cross-links in WP2 uvrA (which occurs with a quantum efficiency of around 0.3) greatly increases lethality but results in a reduction of the induced mutation frequency presumably because cross-links are (almost) invariably lethal. In the repair-proficient strain WP2 both adducts and cross-links can be repaired but the latter are more likely than the former to lead to either death or mutation.", "PMID": 387266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7758", "title": "Biological activity of metal complexes. I. Interaction of pt(II), pd(II) and rh(I) complexes with E. coli strains and with mice LS fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "The effects of a number of Pt(II, Pd(II) and Rh(I) complexes against cultures of Escherichia coli (strains B, H10178, uvra-, recA-) and cultures of mice LS Fibroblasts were tested. Most of the compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity than the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, the compound at present on clinical trial as antittumour drug. A new model of active compound is proposed.", "contents": "Biological activity of metal complexes. I. Interaction of pt(II), pd(II) and rh(I) complexes with E. coli strains and with mice LS fibroblasts in vitro. The effects of a number of Pt(II, Pd(II) and Rh(I) complexes against cultures of Escherichia coli (strains B, H10178, uvra-, recA-) and cultures of mice LS Fibroblasts were tested. Most of the compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity than the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, the compound at present on clinical trial as antittumour drug. A new model of active compound is proposed.", "PMID": 387267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7759", "title": "Clinical trials with daunorubicin-DNA and adriamycin-DNA in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood, acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, and bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Treatment with daunorubicin-DNA (DNR-DNA) or adriamycin-DNA (ADM-DNA) has been evaluated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood (ALL), acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and bronchogenic carcinoma (BC). The Five-year survival rate in 69 children with ALL was 73.7% when ADM-DNA was introduced in the treatment and 38% with DNR-DNA (P = 0.03). A randomization between free DNR and DNR-DNA for remission induction in 26 patients with ANLL has shown that the drugs were of equivalent effectiveness. The one-year survival rate was 66% for the DNR group and 64% for the DNR-DNA group. In 59 patients with BC, a randomized trial between ADM-DNA and cyclophosphamide-vinblastine (CTX-VLB) did not show an advantage in favor of one of these treatments. In anaplastic BC (51 patients), there was no difference in survival rate or remission rate between patients treated with ADM or ADM-DNA. No cardiotoxicity was noted among the patients treated with the complexed drugs. ADM-DNA and DNR-DNA are as effective as the free drugs. Cardiotoxicity appears to be reduced.", "contents": "Clinical trials with daunorubicin-DNA and adriamycin-DNA in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood, acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, and bronchogenic carcinoma. Treatment with daunorubicin-DNA (DNR-DNA) or adriamycin-DNA (ADM-DNA) has been evaluated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood (ALL), acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and bronchogenic carcinoma (BC). The Five-year survival rate in 69 children with ALL was 73.7% when ADM-DNA was introduced in the treatment and 38% with DNR-DNA (P = 0.03). A randomization between free DNR and DNR-DNA for remission induction in 26 patients with ANLL has shown that the drugs were of equivalent effectiveness. The one-year survival rate was 66% for the DNR group and 64% for the DNR-DNA group. In 59 patients with BC, a randomized trial between ADM-DNA and cyclophosphamide-vinblastine (CTX-VLB) did not show an advantage in favor of one of these treatments. In anaplastic BC (51 patients), there was no difference in survival rate or remission rate between patients treated with ADM or ADM-DNA. No cardiotoxicity was noted among the patients treated with the complexed drugs. ADM-DNA and DNR-DNA are as effective as the free drugs. Cardiotoxicity appears to be reduced.", "PMID": 387279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7760", "title": "Peripheral vascular H2 receptors to histamine.", "content": "The development of two different types of antagonists to the many actions of histamine has permitted exploration of vascular receptors to the amine. Certain cautions are necessary to avoid inaccurate conclusions in such studies, however. From available literature it appears that both H1 and H2 receptors to histamine are widely distributed in the circulation. In a given regional vasculature discrete actions of each receptor may be evident.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular H2 receptors to histamine. The development of two different types of antagonists to the many actions of histamine has permitted exploration of vascular receptors to the amine. Certain cautions are necessary to avoid inaccurate conclusions in such studies, however. From available literature it appears that both H1 and H2 receptors to histamine are widely distributed in the circulation. In a given regional vasculature discrete actions of each receptor may be evident.", "PMID": 387280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7761", "title": "Progress toward prevention of cardiovascular disease. A 30-year retrospective.", "content": "Since its creation as the National Heart Institute in 1948, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has led a national biomedical research program in heart, lung, blood, and blood vessel diseases, and has become increasingly involved in complex clinical trials to validate its research findings. In addition, NHLBI sponsors demonstrations and educational activities to apply proved research findings in the health care community. NHLBI's approach to these responsibilities involves acquiring new and basic information, testing and evaluating the information, and applying it to improve prevention, detection, and treatment of disease. New equipment such as the heart-lung machine and the pacemaker, better diagnostic procedures, new operative and treatment devices, new drugs, and increased use of preventive medicine have dramatically reduced mortality from heart attack, hypertension and stroke.", "contents": "Progress toward prevention of cardiovascular disease. A 30-year retrospective. Since its creation as the National Heart Institute in 1948, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has led a national biomedical research program in heart, lung, blood, and blood vessel diseases, and has become increasingly involved in complex clinical trials to validate its research findings. In addition, NHLBI sponsors demonstrations and educational activities to apply proved research findings in the health care community. NHLBI's approach to these responsibilities involves acquiring new and basic information, testing and evaluating the information, and applying it to improve prevention, detection, and treatment of disease. New equipment such as the heart-lung machine and the pacemaker, better diagnostic procedures, new operative and treatment devices, new drugs, and increased use of preventive medicine have dramatically reduced mortality from heart attack, hypertension and stroke.", "PMID": 387282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7762", "title": "Research related to underlying mechanisms in atherosclerosis.", "content": "A brief resume of advances in atherosclerosis research over the past 30 years is presented, emphasizing the multidisciplinary origins of those advances. A somewhat more detailed review of progress in the lipoprotein field is presented as an example to illustrate the pace of research related to atherosclerosis. Finally, an attempt is made to identify some of the research areas that promise to yield valuable new insights in the next 30 years.", "contents": "Research related to underlying mechanisms in atherosclerosis. A brief resume of advances in atherosclerosis research over the past 30 years is presented, emphasizing the multidisciplinary origins of those advances. A somewhat more detailed review of progress in the lipoprotein field is presented as an example to illustrate the pace of research related to atherosclerosis. Finally, an attempt is made to identify some of the research areas that promise to yield valuable new insights in the next 30 years.", "PMID": 387283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7763", "title": "Research contributions toward prevention of cardiovascular disease. Research related to the underlying mechanisms in hypertension.", "content": "The pathogenesis and basic mechanisms of hypertension are not understood. Hypertension is now considered to reflect abnormality in one or more of the biologic systems that regulate flow and resistance. Its complications result from high intra-arterial pressure, and drug treatment substantially lessens these complications. The death rate from hypertension has dropped strikingly. Although current knowledge is not sufficient to develop predictably successful prevention programs, there is growing interest in applying available information. Epidemiologic studies have identified obesity as a major risk factor for hypertension; they have also been interpreted as showing that high dietary sodium intake causes hypertension in industrialized societies. Evidence on the role of obesity seems firm and can provide the basis for prevention programs. The role of sodium intake requires further study.", "contents": "Research contributions toward prevention of cardiovascular disease. Research related to the underlying mechanisms in hypertension. The pathogenesis and basic mechanisms of hypertension are not understood. Hypertension is now considered to reflect abnormality in one or more of the biologic systems that regulate flow and resistance. Its complications result from high intra-arterial pressure, and drug treatment substantially lessens these complications. The death rate from hypertension has dropped strikingly. Although current knowledge is not sufficient to develop predictably successful prevention programs, there is growing interest in applying available information. Epidemiologic studies have identified obesity as a major risk factor for hypertension; they have also been interpreted as showing that high dietary sodium intake causes hypertension in industrialized societies. Evidence on the role of obesity seems firm and can provide the basis for prevention programs. The role of sodium intake requires further study.", "PMID": 387284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7764", "title": "Research related to noninvasive instrumentation.", "content": "In the past three decades, techniques that permit noninvasive quantitation of the function of the heart  have been developed. Exercise electrocardiography has been widely used to determine the presence or absence of ischemic heart disease. Echocardiography permits detection of valvular, congenital and arteriosclerotic disease and quantitation of its severity. Selective use of isotopes allows nuclear angiogarphy, myocardial perfusion studies and detection of damage to cellular myocardium. New techniques such as computerized axial tomography, magnetometry, focused pulsed Doppler, and wider application of computer-enhanced image processing are important future directions for noninvasive monitoring.", "contents": "Research related to noninvasive instrumentation. In the past three decades, techniques that permit noninvasive quantitation of the function of the heart  have been developed. Exercise electrocardiography has been widely used to determine the presence or absence of ischemic heart disease. Echocardiography permits detection of valvular, congenital and arteriosclerotic disease and quantitation of its severity. Selective use of isotopes allows nuclear angiogarphy, myocardial perfusion studies and detection of damage to cellular myocardium. New techniques such as computerized axial tomography, magnetometry, focused pulsed Doppler, and wider application of computer-enhanced image processing are important future directions for noninvasive monitoring.", "PMID": 387285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7765", "title": "Mechanical function of the heart and its alteration during myocardial ischemia and infarction. Specific reference to coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "Altered regional mechanical myocardial performance is an early, sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia, and can be estimated in man with reasonable accuracy. Identification, localization and quantification of abnormalities in mechanical performance can be used to predict the presence of coronary artery disease. Testing techniques that have little or no effect on diagnostic efficiency must be replaced with more sensitive indicators of ischemia. If experimental data are validated by findings in human subjects, accurate identification of regional wall motion changes during test conditions should prove to be a powerful marker of ischemia. To be of value, a diagnostic test must strongly increase the frequency of identification of subjects with a high probabilty for the presence of coronary artery disease in an otherwise low-prevalence population, and of those with known disease who are at the highest risk for complications including myocardial infarction or death.", "contents": "Mechanical function of the heart and its alteration during myocardial ischemia and infarction. Specific reference to coronary atherosclerosis. Altered regional mechanical myocardial performance is an early, sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia, and can be estimated in man with reasonable accuracy. Identification, localization and quantification of abnormalities in mechanical performance can be used to predict the presence of coronary artery disease. Testing techniques that have little or no effect on diagnostic efficiency must be replaced with more sensitive indicators of ischemia. If experimental data are validated by findings in human subjects, accurate identification of regional wall motion changes during test conditions should prove to be a powerful marker of ischemia. To be of value, a diagnostic test must strongly increase the frequency of identification of subjects with a high probabilty for the presence of coronary artery disease in an otherwise low-prevalence population, and of those with known disease who are at the highest risk for complications including myocardial infarction or death.", "PMID": 387287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7766", "title": "Research related to validation of treatment modalities by large-scale clinical trials.", "content": "The history of randomized, controlled, clinical trials is reviewed. Cooperative clinical trials are reviewed and summarized, and specific needs for future trials are identified. Improved policy on resource allocation decisions for clinical trials vs other forms of research is necessary, particularly as such trials begin to translate improved therapeutic knowledge into community level disease control.", "contents": "Research related to validation of treatment modalities by large-scale clinical trials. The history of randomized, controlled, clinical trials is reviewed. Cooperative clinical trials are reviewed and summarized, and specific needs for future trials are identified. Improved policy on resource allocation decisions for clinical trials vs other forms of research is necessary, particularly as such trials begin to translate improved therapeutic knowledge into community level disease control.", "PMID": 387289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7767", "title": "Research related to medical treatment of cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Medical treatment of heart disease has improved significantly in the past 30 years. The spectacular change in the natural history of rheumatic heart disease is apparent from a 1948 article that reported that 42% of children with rheumatic heart disease died of rheumatic infection or bacterial endocarditis. Antibiotics and cardiac surgery have improved the outcome from rheumatic heart disease. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation has had a major impact on the treatment of myocardial infarction and on the management of sudden death. The fundamental principle underlying the discovery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is reviewed, and recent developments emphasizing the importance of intrathoracic pressure in the hemodynamics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are highlighted. The important new drugs of the last 30 years include the oral diuretics, the antihypertensives and the antiarrhythmic agents. The development of the beta-blocking agents is cited as an example of the translation of basic physiological research to medical care. Finally, the role of epidemiologic techniques in the design of clinical trials to evaluate medical therapy and hence improve medical management is discussed.", "contents": "Research related to medical treatment of cardiovascular disease. Medical treatment of heart disease has improved significantly in the past 30 years. The spectacular change in the natural history of rheumatic heart disease is apparent from a 1948 article that reported that 42% of children with rheumatic heart disease died of rheumatic infection or bacterial endocarditis. Antibiotics and cardiac surgery have improved the outcome from rheumatic heart disease. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation has had a major impact on the treatment of myocardial infarction and on the management of sudden death. The fundamental principle underlying the discovery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is reviewed, and recent developments emphasizing the importance of intrathoracic pressure in the hemodynamics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are highlighted. The important new drugs of the last 30 years include the oral diuretics, the antihypertensives and the antiarrhythmic agents. The development of the beta-blocking agents is cited as an example of the translation of basic physiological research to medical care. Finally, the role of epidemiologic techniques in the design of clinical trials to evaluate medical therapy and hence improve medical management is discussed.", "PMID": 387290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7768", "title": "Research related to surgical treatment of coronary artery disease.", "content": "In the past 20 years, basic and clinical research have provided new information on coronary artery surgery. For example, several studies have shown that coronary artery bypass grafting is more effective than medical treatment in relieving the symptoms of chronic disabling angina pectoris. However, we still do not have definitive answers to many questions. What factors in the patient, in the operation and in the care after operation determine success in surgical treatment? Does the operation prolong useful life? Is the operation affordable? These questions are difficult. Further research is needed to solve complex problems relating to surgical vs medical treatment of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Research related to surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. In the past 20 years, basic and clinical research have provided new information on coronary artery surgery. For example, several studies have shown that coronary artery bypass grafting is more effective than medical treatment in relieving the symptoms of chronic disabling angina pectoris. However, we still do not have definitive answers to many questions. What factors in the patient, in the operation and in the care after operation determine success in surgical treatment? Does the operation prolong useful life? Is the operation affordable? These questions are difficult. Further research is needed to solve complex problems relating to surgical vs medical treatment of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 387291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7769", "title": "Research related to surgical treatment of aortic and peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The history of vascular surgery and the developments that made it possible are briefly traced. Approaches to the treatment of arterial lesions are considered in terms of the characteristic anatomic, pathologic and clinical patterns of arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis, the basic underlying lesion in most aneurysmal and occlusive diseases of the aorta and major arteries. The importance of appreciating the various patterns and rates of progression of atherosclerosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Research related to surgical treatment of aortic and peripheral vascular disease. The history of vascular surgery and the developments that made it possible are briefly traced. Approaches to the treatment of arterial lesions are considered in terms of the characteristic anatomic, pathologic and clinical patterns of arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis, the basic underlying lesion in most aneurysmal and occlusive diseases of the aorta and major arteries. The importance of appreciating the various patterns and rates of progression of atherosclerosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 387292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7770", "title": "Competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for Factor VIII antigen.", "content": "We describe a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for Factor VIII antigen. Binding of anti-factor VIII to solid-phase Factor VIII antigen is competitively inhibited by the free factor VIII antigen that is to be measured. The amount of anti-Factor VIII bound to solid-phase VIII is measured by applying in sequence a heterologous bridging antibody and a soluble antibody/enzyme immune complex. The soluble complex used was rabbit antiperoxidase/horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase activity is inversely proportional to the Factor VIII antigen concentration in the original test plasma and is measured spectrophotometrically. The assay can be performed in as little as 4 h with only a microtiter plate, antisera, antigen, and a spectrophotometer. It is sensitive to 0.05 units of Factor VIII antigen per milliliter, and reproducibility, linearity, and normal range are similar to those reported for other techniques.", "contents": "Competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for Factor VIII antigen. We describe a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for Factor VIII antigen. Binding of anti-factor VIII to solid-phase Factor VIII antigen is competitively inhibited by the free factor VIII antigen that is to be measured. The amount of anti-Factor VIII bound to solid-phase VIII is measured by applying in sequence a heterologous bridging antibody and a soluble antibody/enzyme immune complex. The soluble complex used was rabbit antiperoxidase/horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase activity is inversely proportional to the Factor VIII antigen concentration in the original test plasma and is measured spectrophotometrically. The assay can be performed in as little as 4 h with only a microtiter plate, antisera, antigen, and a spectrophotometer. It is sensitive to 0.05 units of Factor VIII antigen per milliliter, and reproducibility, linearity, and normal range are similar to those reported for other techniques.", "PMID": 387293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7771", "title": "Assay of theophylline: comparison of EMIT on the ABA-100 to HPLC, GLC and UV procedures, with detailed evaluation of interferences.", "content": "The EMIT technique for theophylline measurement as adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer (ABA-100), was compared to two other established procedures. EMIT results correlated well with those obtained with high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) (r = 0.995, N = 54) and spectrophotometric (UV) (r = 0.95, N = 37) methods when the patient samples used were free of apparent interferences in the comparison methods. On samples exhibiting interferences with HPLC and/or UV methods, the EMIT assay gave the same results as a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure which showed no interferences. In addition, theophylline metabolites, xanthine analogs and many commonly administered drugs did not interfere with the EMIT theophylline assay. An interassay coefficient of variation of 3.5--6.5% was demonstrated. Our data indicate that the EMIT technique exhibits adequate precision and specificity for routine theophylline determinations. Unlike the HPLC or UV procedures, we have not encountered any interferences with the EMIT technique.", "contents": "Assay of theophylline: comparison of EMIT on the ABA-100 to HPLC, GLC and UV procedures, with detailed evaluation of interferences. The EMIT technique for theophylline measurement as adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer (ABA-100), was compared to two other established procedures. EMIT results correlated well with those obtained with high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) (r = 0.995, N = 54) and spectrophotometric (UV) (r = 0.95, N = 37) methods when the patient samples used were free of apparent interferences in the comparison methods. On samples exhibiting interferences with HPLC and/or UV methods, the EMIT assay gave the same results as a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure which showed no interferences. In addition, theophylline metabolites, xanthine analogs and many commonly administered drugs did not interfere with the EMIT theophylline assay. An interassay coefficient of variation of 3.5--6.5% was demonstrated. Our data indicate that the EMIT technique exhibits adequate precision and specificity for routine theophylline determinations. Unlike the HPLC or UV procedures, we have not encountered any interferences with the EMIT technique.", "PMID": 387295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7772", "title": "High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase: a clinical study.", "content": "High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase activities have been measured in the sera of 72 patients with a variety of forms of liver disease, 14 patients with bone disease and 8 healthy volunteers. These measurements have been compared with measurements of other indices of hepatic function in order to establish the place of this enzyme in the diagnosis of liver disease. High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase proved to be a sensitive and specific tests for detecting liver disease, particularly obstructive liver disease. It was better than all the other liver function tests in distinguishing liver metastases from other hepatobiliary diseases. It may therefore prove especially useful in the early detection of liver metastases.", "contents": "High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase: a clinical study. High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase activities have been measured in the sera of 72 patients with a variety of forms of liver disease, 14 patients with bone disease and 8 healthy volunteers. These measurements have been compared with measurements of other indices of hepatic function in order to establish the place of this enzyme in the diagnosis of liver disease. High molecular weight alkaline phosphatase proved to be a sensitive and specific tests for detecting liver disease, particularly obstructive liver disease. It was better than all the other liver function tests in distinguishing liver metastases from other hepatobiliary diseases. It may therefore prove especially useful in the early detection of liver metastases.", "PMID": 387297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7773", "title": "The role of Escherichia coli in gastroenteritis.", "content": "During the last 10 years there has been a major break-through in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli as a cause of acute diarrhoea. The current situation is briefly tabulated in Table 3. In the near future the field of interest is likely to centre on the investigation of adhesive factors and certainly on the possibility of using preparations of adhesive factors as vaccines. The successful use of such vaccines may have enormous benefit as intervention measures to break the acute diarrhoea--malnutrition syndrome which is so damaging to the life of infants and young children in developing countries.", "contents": "The role of Escherichia coli in gastroenteritis. During the last 10 years there has been a major break-through in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli as a cause of acute diarrhoea. The current situation is briefly tabulated in Table 3. In the near future the field of interest is likely to centre on the investigation of adhesive factors and certainly on the possibility of using preparations of adhesive factors as vaccines. The successful use of such vaccines may have enormous benefit as intervention measures to break the acute diarrhoea--malnutrition syndrome which is so damaging to the life of infants and young children in developing countries.", "PMID": 387299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7774", "title": "Shigella infections.", "content": "Shigellosis is a complex disease involving two distinct organs and two distinctive clinical presentations of intestinal involvement. It is also associated with a wide variety of extra-intestinal manifestations. Because these may precede the onset of diarrhoea/dysentery, and confuse the diagnosis, it is safe to denote shigellosis as a protean clinical problem. The disease is readily spread by contact because so few organisms are required to establish infection. It may also be spread through contaminated food or water, related to either defective sewage or a human carrier, and explosive outbreaks may occur in closed populations. Homosexuals are also at risk of venereal transmiddion of infection. Shigellosis is treatable with effective oral antimicrobials, responding both clinically and microbiologically. When organism are sensitive, ampicillin is the current drug of choice, and when they are resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole appears to be the best choice. Dehydration is not usually severe, and responds to oral rehydration therapy, which is highly recommended along with early refeeding.", "contents": "Shigella infections. Shigellosis is a complex disease involving two distinct organs and two distinctive clinical presentations of intestinal involvement. It is also associated with a wide variety of extra-intestinal manifestations. Because these may precede the onset of diarrhoea/dysentery, and confuse the diagnosis, it is safe to denote shigellosis as a protean clinical problem. The disease is readily spread by contact because so few organisms are required to establish infection. It may also be spread through contaminated food or water, related to either defective sewage or a human carrier, and explosive outbreaks may occur in closed populations. Homosexuals are also at risk of venereal transmiddion of infection. Shigellosis is treatable with effective oral antimicrobials, responding both clinically and microbiologically. When organism are sensitive, ampicillin is the current drug of choice, and when they are resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole appears to be the best choice. Dehydration is not usually severe, and responds to oral rehydration therapy, which is highly recommended along with early refeeding.", "PMID": 387300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7775", "title": "Experimental immune glomerulonephritis induced in the rabbit with streptococcal vaccine.", "content": "Heavy C3 glomerular deposits were observed in rabbits injected intravenously with C5 streptococcal vaccine. Immunoglobulin deposits appeared later in a few rabbits. Although some data favour the presence of circulating immune complexes during the course of this glomerulonephritis, no evidence for their initiating role could be demonstrated. Streptococcal components are known to activate the alternative pathway of complement. It is suggested that complexes made of streptococcal components and activated C3 might deposit in glomerular tufts.", "contents": "Experimental immune glomerulonephritis induced in the rabbit with streptococcal vaccine. Heavy C3 glomerular deposits were observed in rabbits injected intravenously with C5 streptococcal vaccine. Immunoglobulin deposits appeared later in a few rabbits. Although some data favour the presence of circulating immune complexes during the course of this glomerulonephritis, no evidence for their initiating role could be demonstrated. Streptococcal components are known to activate the alternative pathway of complement. It is suggested that complexes made of streptococcal components and activated C3 might deposit in glomerular tufts.", "PMID": 387310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7776", "title": "Antibodies to motor endplates demonstrated with the immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are probably directly responsible for the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods for the demonstration of these antibodies are complicated. The present study shows that the antibodies can also be revealed by the use of the simple indirect immunofluorescence technique with rat diaphragm as substrate. Antibodies were demonstrated with FITC-labelled anti-human Ig. The location on the motor endplates was confirmed by using a TRITC-labelled anti-alpha-bungarotoxin system. Antibodies to motor endplates were only demonstrated in MG and not in either twenty-two patients with neuromuscular disorders or fifty normal subjects. Antibodies to motor endplates were found in only twelve out of fifty-seven MG patients. In fifteen of the other forty-five patients, antibodies were found of the classical anti-skeletal muscle type, 'overluminating' the anti-motor endplate antibodies.", "contents": "Antibodies to motor endplates demonstrated with the immunofluorescence technique. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are probably directly responsible for the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods for the demonstration of these antibodies are complicated. The present study shows that the antibodies can also be revealed by the use of the simple indirect immunofluorescence technique with rat diaphragm as substrate. Antibodies were demonstrated with FITC-labelled anti-human Ig. The location on the motor endplates was confirmed by using a TRITC-labelled anti-alpha-bungarotoxin system. Antibodies to motor endplates were only demonstrated in MG and not in either twenty-two patients with neuromuscular disorders or fifty normal subjects. Antibodies to motor endplates were found in only twelve out of fifty-seven MG patients. In fifteen of the other forty-five patients, antibodies were found of the classical anti-skeletal muscle type, 'overluminating' the anti-motor endplate antibodies.", "PMID": 387311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7777", "title": "Adjuvanticity of lactobacilli. I. Differential effects of viable and killed bacteria.", "content": "The adjuvanticity of Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum was the subject of this study. The latter was the better adjuvant in both delayed hypersensivity and antibody formation to sheep red blood cells. Viable L. plantarum stimulated exclusively the delayed hypersensivity, where heat-killed bacteria had an adjuvant effect on antibody formation. For optimal adjuvant effects lactobacilli had to be injected in a dose of 10(8) into the same site as the antigen. Viable lactobacilli and to a lesser degree heat-killed bacteria induce hepato-splenomegaly, suggesting mediation of the adjuvant activity by the reticuloendothelial system. Granuloma formation with mainly mononuclear cell infiltrates could be observed after subcutaneous administration of viable lactobacilli whereas heat-killed lactobacilli induced granulomata containing about equal numbers of granulocytes and mononuclear cells. The possible clinical application of L. plantarium in the immunotherapy of tumours is suggested.", "contents": "Adjuvanticity of lactobacilli. I. Differential effects of viable and killed bacteria. The adjuvanticity of Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum was the subject of this study. The latter was the better adjuvant in both delayed hypersensivity and antibody formation to sheep red blood cells. Viable L. plantarum stimulated exclusively the delayed hypersensivity, where heat-killed bacteria had an adjuvant effect on antibody formation. For optimal adjuvant effects lactobacilli had to be injected in a dose of 10(8) into the same site as the antigen. Viable lactobacilli and to a lesser degree heat-killed bacteria induce hepato-splenomegaly, suggesting mediation of the adjuvant activity by the reticuloendothelial system. Granuloma formation with mainly mononuclear cell infiltrates could be observed after subcutaneous administration of viable lactobacilli whereas heat-killed lactobacilli induced granulomata containing about equal numbers of granulocytes and mononuclear cells. The possible clinical application of L. plantarium in the immunotherapy of tumours is suggested.", "PMID": 387312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7778", "title": "Effects of carbamazepine on valproic acid kinetics in normal subjects.", "content": "Carbamazepine and valproic acid are used together in the treatment of epilepsy. It is therefore, relevant to investigate the possibility of a carbamazepine effect on valproic acid disposition, particularly since carbamazepine is known to induce enzymes. We gave valproic acid orally to 6 normal subjects, 250 mg twice daily for 4 wk. Carbamazepine, 200 mg once daily, was begun after 4 days on valproic acid. Serum drug concentrations were measured during 4 dosing intervals, once before and 3 times after beginning carbamazepine. Minimum steady-state concentrations of valproic acid declined after carbamazepine from 34.4 +/- 5.1 to 27.1 +/- 4.4 mug/ml (p less than 0.0005). Clearance rose from 6.46 +/- 0.80 to 8.48 +/- 2.28 ml/hr/kg (p less than 0.01). The increase in clearanace and decrease in minimum steady-state levels was apparent only after 2 wk on carbamazepine. The elimination rate constant (KE) during the dosing interval did not rise during carbamazepine administration (0.0623 +/- 0.0168 hr--1 before and 0.0573 +/- 0.0168 hr--1 after, p greater than 0.25), raising the possibility of an increase in distribution volume.", "contents": "Effects of carbamazepine on valproic acid kinetics in normal subjects. Carbamazepine and valproic acid are used together in the treatment of epilepsy. It is therefore, relevant to investigate the possibility of a carbamazepine effect on valproic acid disposition, particularly since carbamazepine is known to induce enzymes. We gave valproic acid orally to 6 normal subjects, 250 mg twice daily for 4 wk. Carbamazepine, 200 mg once daily, was begun after 4 days on valproic acid. Serum drug concentrations were measured during 4 dosing intervals, once before and 3 times after beginning carbamazepine. Minimum steady-state concentrations of valproic acid declined after carbamazepine from 34.4 +/- 5.1 to 27.1 +/- 4.4 mug/ml (p less than 0.0005). Clearance rose from 6.46 +/- 0.80 to 8.48 +/- 2.28 ml/hr/kg (p less than 0.01). The increase in clearanace and decrease in minimum steady-state levels was apparent only after 2 wk on carbamazepine. The elimination rate constant (KE) during the dosing interval did not rise during carbamazepine administration (0.0623 +/- 0.0168 hr--1 before and 0.0573 +/- 0.0168 hr--1 after, p greater than 0.25), raising the possibility of an increase in distribution volume.", "PMID": 387328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7779", "title": "Effect of imipramine on norepinephrine and blood pressure in enuretic boys.", "content": "The effect of imipramine, desmethylimipramine, and methscopolamine on blood pressure (BP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) was measured in enuretic boys in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Measurements were obtained on the thirteenth day of medication (75 mg at bedtime). The tricyclic drugs induced a rise in diastolic BP as well as an increase in plasma NE but there was no significant relationshhip between the increments in plasma NE and BP. The plasma concentration of drug correlated with the drug-induced BP rise. This is the fifth study to demonstrate a hypertensive effect of tricyclic drugs in children in contrast to the systolic hypotension usually seen in adult patients. It is not clear from our data whether children have different cardiovascular compensatory reflexes or whether they experience a greater stimulant effect from the drug.", "contents": "Effect of imipramine on norepinephrine and blood pressure in enuretic boys. The effect of imipramine, desmethylimipramine, and methscopolamine on blood pressure (BP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) was measured in enuretic boys in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Measurements were obtained on the thirteenth day of medication (75 mg at bedtime). The tricyclic drugs induced a rise in diastolic BP as well as an increase in plasma NE but there was no significant relationshhip between the increments in plasma NE and BP. The plasma concentration of drug correlated with the drug-induced BP rise. This is the fifth study to demonstrate a hypertensive effect of tricyclic drugs in children in contrast to the systolic hypotension usually seen in adult patients. It is not clear from our data whether children have different cardiovascular compensatory reflexes or whether they experience a greater stimulant effect from the drug.", "PMID": 387329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7780", "title": "Silicone implant arthroplasty of the great toe. A review of single stem and flexible hinge implants.", "content": "One hundred sixty-five feet were reconstructed with the single stem silicone implant, including patients with hallux regidus, hallux valgus due to degenerative and osteoarthritic joint changes, hallux valgus secondary to rheumatoid arthritis and patients with previous unsuccessful \"bunion\" procedures. Preoperative pain and intolerance to shoe wear were relieved in the great majority of patients. The amount of correction of the hallux valgus angle was directly related to the preoperative deformity. Infection occurred in 2 patients, and inflammatory reaction to the implant occurred in one patient. One hundred five feet were reconstructed with a flexible hinge implant; 94 of the feet had joints destroyed by rheumatoid arthritis. Dramatic improvement in the hallux valgus angle resulted in these feet which had relatively severe preoperative deformities. No implant fractures were recorded. The present survey of our cases, and experiences reported by others, encourage the use of these implants by surgeons who follow the suggested indications, surgical technique, and follow up care.", "contents": "Silicone implant arthroplasty of the great toe. A review of single stem and flexible hinge implants. One hundred sixty-five feet were reconstructed with the single stem silicone implant, including patients with hallux regidus, hallux valgus due to degenerative and osteoarthritic joint changes, hallux valgus secondary to rheumatoid arthritis and patients with previous unsuccessful \"bunion\" procedures. Preoperative pain and intolerance to shoe wear were relieved in the great majority of patients. The amount of correction of the hallux valgus angle was directly related to the preoperative deformity. Infection occurred in 2 patients, and inflammatory reaction to the implant occurred in one patient. One hundred five feet were reconstructed with a flexible hinge implant; 94 of the feet had joints destroyed by rheumatoid arthritis. Dramatic improvement in the hallux valgus angle resulted in these feet which had relatively severe preoperative deformities. No implant fractures were recorded. The present survey of our cases, and experiences reported by others, encourage the use of these implants by surgeons who follow the suggested indications, surgical technique, and follow up care.", "PMID": 387324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7781", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of oxprenolol and propranolol in hypertension.", "content": "Oxprenolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Such drugs are not currently available in the United States, although they have the advantage of less negative inotropic effect than the available propranolol. In 18 patients with mild essential hypertension, oxprenolol (9 patients) or propranolol (9 patients) was added to thiazide in random double-blind fashion and continued for 7 wk during which supine heart rate, blood pressure, and noninvasively measured cardiac output (by CO2 rebreathing) were determined weekly. With thiazide dosage constant throughout, maximal dose titration to 386. +/- 52.1 (SEM) mg/day of oxprenolol and 360.0 +/- 45.4 mg/day of propranolol was achieved over the first 5 wk. Blood pressure fell with both (141.8 +/- 4.8/96.0 +/- 2.3 to 128.0 +/- 5.1/87.2 +/- 1 mm Hg on oxprenolol, p less than 0.01; 150.8 +/- 5.5/98.0 +/- 1.7 to 129.9 +/- 5.5/86.8 +/- 3.4 mm Hg on propranolol, p less than 0.01). Cardiac output fell from 6.85 +/- 0.63 to 5.77 +/- 0.45 1/min (p less than 0.01) on oxprenolol, and from 6.79 +/- 0.61 to 5.37 +/- 0.37 1/min (p less than 0.02) on propranolol. Oxpranolol. Oxprenolol reduced heart rate from 76.4 +/- 2.0 to 65.6 +/- 2.1 beats/min (p less than 0.001) and it fell from 82.0 +/- 3.8 to 65.3 +/- 3.7 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with propranolol; the fall in heart rate was less but not significantly so for oxprenolol (-14.2 +/- 1.8% and -19.8 +/- 2.8%, p less than 0.1). Thus oxprenolol is equivalent to propranolol in antihypertensive action; minor hemodynamic differences between the two drugs might reflect intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol. Oxprenolol should be considered as an alternative to propranolol.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of oxprenolol and propranolol in hypertension. Oxprenolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Such drugs are not currently available in the United States, although they have the advantage of less negative inotropic effect than the available propranolol. In 18 patients with mild essential hypertension, oxprenolol (9 patients) or propranolol (9 patients) was added to thiazide in random double-blind fashion and continued for 7 wk during which supine heart rate, blood pressure, and noninvasively measured cardiac output (by CO2 rebreathing) were determined weekly. With thiazide dosage constant throughout, maximal dose titration to 386. +/- 52.1 (SEM) mg/day of oxprenolol and 360.0 +/- 45.4 mg/day of propranolol was achieved over the first 5 wk. Blood pressure fell with both (141.8 +/- 4.8/96.0 +/- 2.3 to 128.0 +/- 5.1/87.2 +/- 1 mm Hg on oxprenolol, p less than 0.01; 150.8 +/- 5.5/98.0 +/- 1.7 to 129.9 +/- 5.5/86.8 +/- 3.4 mm Hg on propranolol, p less than 0.01). Cardiac output fell from 6.85 +/- 0.63 to 5.77 +/- 0.45 1/min (p less than 0.01) on oxprenolol, and from 6.79 +/- 0.61 to 5.37 +/- 0.37 1/min (p less than 0.02) on propranolol. Oxpranolol. Oxprenolol reduced heart rate from 76.4 +/- 2.0 to 65.6 +/- 2.1 beats/min (p less than 0.001) and it fell from 82.0 +/- 3.8 to 65.3 +/- 3.7 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with propranolol; the fall in heart rate was less but not significantly so for oxprenolol (-14.2 +/- 1.8% and -19.8 +/- 2.8%, p less than 0.1). Thus oxprenolol is equivalent to propranolol in antihypertensive action; minor hemodynamic differences between the two drugs might reflect intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol. Oxprenolol should be considered as an alternative to propranolol.", "PMID": 387330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7782", "title": "[Seeing the insane: MacKenzie, Kleist, William James].", "content": "Using texts by the late 18th century Scottish writer Henry MacKenzie, the German Romantic writer Heinrich von Kleist, and the American psychologist William James, the use of visual models for the perception of the insane is illustrated. In the latter two cases, the seeming hallucinatory nature of the texts is shown to have had its roots in visual models.", "contents": "[Seeing the insane: MacKenzie, Kleist, William James]. Using texts by the late 18th century Scottish writer Henry MacKenzie, the German Romantic writer Heinrich von Kleist, and the American psychologist William James, the use of visual models for the perception of the insane is illustrated. In the latter two cases, the seeming hallucinatory nature of the texts is shown to have had its roots in visual models.", "PMID": 387335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7783", "title": "[Literature and schizophrenia. Research trends and research tasks].", "content": "Research on schizophrenia and on the psychopathology of creativity is increasingly absorbing and transforming insights from literature (B\u00fcchner, Celan, Kafka, Proust) and literary aesthetics. This development is discussed against the background of the history of psychiatric research. Regarding contemporary research trends, special emphasis is placed on communication theory as presented by the Palo Alto group (double bind theory), anti-psychiatry (Cooper, Laing), French structuralism (Foucault, Lacan), and on schizoanalysis (Deleuze and Guattari). Traditional concepts of mental health and illness are called into question.", "contents": "[Literature and schizophrenia. Research trends and research tasks]. Research on schizophrenia and on the psychopathology of creativity is increasingly absorbing and transforming insights from literature (B\u00fcchner, Celan, Kafka, Proust) and literary aesthetics. This development is discussed against the background of the history of psychiatric research. Regarding contemporary research trends, special emphasis is placed on communication theory as presented by the Palo Alto group (double bind theory), anti-psychiatry (Cooper, Laing), French structuralism (Foucault, Lacan), and on schizoanalysis (Deleuze and Guattari). Traditional concepts of mental health and illness are called into question.", "PMID": 387336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7784", "title": "Analysis of in vitro replication of different DNAs.", "content": "The conversion of single-stranded circular DNA to duplex DNA in vitro occurs by at least three different mechanisms. These differences reside in the manner of priming of these DNAs. In contrast, the elongation of primed DNA templates is a general reaction. A number of these proteins have been isolated and further characterized. In addition, cell-free preparations capable of supporting phi X RFI DNA replication as well as the synthesis of progeny viral phi X174 single-stranded circular DNA have been prepared.", "contents": "Analysis of in vitro replication of different DNAs. The conversion of single-stranded circular DNA to duplex DNA in vitro occurs by at least three different mechanisms. These differences reside in the manner of priming of these DNAs. In contrast, the elongation of primed DNA templates is a general reaction. A number of these proteins have been isolated and further characterized. In addition, cell-free preparations capable of supporting phi X RFI DNA replication as well as the synthesis of progeny viral phi X174 single-stranded circular DNA have been prepared.", "PMID": 387337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7785", "title": "The cosmological and performative significance of a Thai cult of healing through meditation.", "content": "A cult of healing through meditation that was observed in Bangkok, Thailand in 1974 is described, and the cult is interpreted in terms of two axes, the cosmological and the performative, and the dialectical, reciprocal and complementary relations between them. The various ramifications of the cosmology are discussed--the categorization of the cosmos itself as a hierarchical scheme, the relations between man and non-human forms of existence, the ideas concerning power and its manner of acquisition and use, the relation between power and restraint, etc. The epistemological basis of the cult, which attempts cure through meditation, and the features of the ritual as they contribute to its performative efficacy are highlighted. The essay concludes by suggesting that there is a single scheme (episteme) underlying religious ideas and applications of knowledge such as meditation, medicine, alchemy, and astrology.", "contents": "The cosmological and performative significance of a Thai cult of healing through meditation. A cult of healing through meditation that was observed in Bangkok, Thailand in 1974 is described, and the cult is interpreted in terms of two axes, the cosmological and the performative, and the dialectical, reciprocal and complementary relations between them. The various ramifications of the cosmology are discussed--the categorization of the cosmos itself as a hierarchical scheme, the relations between man and non-human forms of existence, the ideas concerning power and its manner of acquisition and use, the relation between power and restraint, etc. The epistemological basis of the cult, which attempts cure through meditation, and the features of the ritual as they contribute to its performative efficacy are highlighted. The essay concludes by suggesting that there is a single scheme (episteme) underlying religious ideas and applications of knowledge such as meditation, medicine, alchemy, and astrology.", "PMID": 387338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7786", "title": "Maternal immunological recognition mechanisms during pregnancy.", "content": "One of the most intriguing shortcomings of modern immunology, especially transplantation immunology, is its failure to provide a satisfactory final explanation for the consistent non-rejection of immunogenetically alien conceptuses in utero, even in specifically preimmunized females. Certainly, there is no shortage of hypotheses. Over the past few years various observations have utterly refuted the simplistic notion that the much-mated but nulliparous or gravid females are immunologically unaware of the presence and activities of allogeneic cells transiently or chronically within their reproductive tracts. This evidence has engendered the belief that some kind(s) of active response(s) on the part of the female, following early recognitive events, plays an important, if not essential, role, in conjunction with adaptive hypoantigenicity of the trophoblast, not only in conferring selective benefits upon the conceptus from the time of implantation, but also in affording it protection from the possible hazards of a cellular immunity. Evidence is emerging that during mating, implantation, placentation, and gestation (1) various fetal and histocompabibility antigens are presented to the mother in a unique manner; (2) she does respond to these; and (3) her responses aid in the establishment and maintenance of a harmonious state of immunological coexistence with her fetus. There are reasonable grounds for believing that a complete understanding of the immunobiology of the maternal-fetal relationship may facilitate significant advances in both transplantation and tumour immunology.", "contents": "Maternal immunological recognition mechanisms during pregnancy. One of the most intriguing shortcomings of modern immunology, especially transplantation immunology, is its failure to provide a satisfactory final explanation for the consistent non-rejection of immunogenetically alien conceptuses in utero, even in specifically preimmunized females. Certainly, there is no shortage of hypotheses. Over the past few years various observations have utterly refuted the simplistic notion that the much-mated but nulliparous or gravid females are immunologically unaware of the presence and activities of allogeneic cells transiently or chronically within their reproductive tracts. This evidence has engendered the belief that some kind(s) of active response(s) on the part of the female, following early recognitive events, plays an important, if not essential, role, in conjunction with adaptive hypoantigenicity of the trophoblast, not only in conferring selective benefits upon the conceptus from the time of implantation, but also in affording it protection from the possible hazards of a cellular immunity. Evidence is emerging that during mating, implantation, placentation, and gestation (1) various fetal and histocompabibility antigens are presented to the mother in a unique manner; (2) she does respond to these; and (3) her responses aid in the establishment and maintenance of a harmonious state of immunological coexistence with her fetus. There are reasonable grounds for believing that a complete understanding of the immunobiology of the maternal-fetal relationship may facilitate significant advances in both transplantation and tumour immunology.", "PMID": 387351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7787", "title": "The hormonal control of implantation.", "content": "The hormonal control of implantation in mammalian species with and without embryonic diapause is described. In a majority of species displaying the obligate form of diapause the corpora lutea appear to exhibit a low level of steroidogenic activity throughout diapause, full luteal activity being resumed just before the initiation of implantation. Fluctuations in the plasma levels of oestrogen and progesterone during diapause may serve to prime the uterus for implantation. In species exhibiting the facultative form of diapause, such as the rat and mouse, both progesterone and nidatory oestrogen are required for the induction of implantation. In species not displaying embryonic diapause implantation will take place in the presence of progesterone alone. In the light of these considerations the selection of animal models for drug-screening purposes and possible new approaches to contraception are discussed.", "contents": "The hormonal control of implantation. The hormonal control of implantation in mammalian species with and without embryonic diapause is described. In a majority of species displaying the obligate form of diapause the corpora lutea appear to exhibit a low level of steroidogenic activity throughout diapause, full luteal activity being resumed just before the initiation of implantation. Fluctuations in the plasma levels of oestrogen and progesterone during diapause may serve to prime the uterus for implantation. In species exhibiting the facultative form of diapause, such as the rat and mouse, both progesterone and nidatory oestrogen are required for the induction of implantation. In species not displaying embryonic diapause implantation will take place in the presence of progesterone alone. In the light of these considerations the selection of animal models for drug-screening purposes and possible new approaches to contraception are discussed.", "PMID": 387352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7788", "title": "Hormonal control of implantation in the rat: inhibition by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues.", "content": "Chronic treatment of pregnant rats with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and its analogues (Analogue I: des-Gly10-LH-RH-ethylamide; Analogue II: des-Gly10-[D-Ala6]-LH-RH-ethylamide) inhibited implantation of the ovum. Analogues I and II were 4.5 and 173 times potent than native LH-RH in inhibiting implantation respectively. On Day 8 of the treatment with Analogue II, the pituitary glands of the pregnant rats contained approximately 10% of the amount of LH and FSH found in intact pregnant rats. By contrast, serum levels of LH were significantly higher and those of FSH significantly lower in Analogue II-treated rats than in control rats. The ovaries of Analogue II-treated rats were lighter than those of control rats because of smaller corporalutea and less developed follicles. Peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone in rats treated with LH-RH and its analogues were significantly lower than those in control rats. The peripheral serum concentration of progesterone declined earlier in rats treated with LH-RH and Analogue I than it did in rats treated with Analogue II. The inhibitory affect of Analogue II was overcome by concurrent treatment with the following combinations of hormones: progesterone + oestradiol; progesterone + human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); prolactin + oestradiol; and prolactin + hCG. Treatment with progesterone or prolactin alone did not overcome the effect of Analogue II. These results indicate that Analogue II stimulates the production and release of LH and release of FSH to cause high ratios of LH/prolactin and LH/FSH. The induced imbalance of gonadotropins suppresses the development of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea and reduces secretion of both oestrogen and progesterone. The resulting low levels of ovarian steroids cause a delay in implantation.", "contents": "Hormonal control of implantation in the rat: inhibition by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues. Chronic treatment of pregnant rats with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and its analogues (Analogue I: des-Gly10-LH-RH-ethylamide; Analogue II: des-Gly10-[D-Ala6]-LH-RH-ethylamide) inhibited implantation of the ovum. Analogues I and II were 4.5 and 173 times potent than native LH-RH in inhibiting implantation respectively. On Day 8 of the treatment with Analogue II, the pituitary glands of the pregnant rats contained approximately 10% of the amount of LH and FSH found in intact pregnant rats. By contrast, serum levels of LH were significantly higher and those of FSH significantly lower in Analogue II-treated rats than in control rats. The ovaries of Analogue II-treated rats were lighter than those of control rats because of smaller corporalutea and less developed follicles. Peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone in rats treated with LH-RH and its analogues were significantly lower than those in control rats. The peripheral serum concentration of progesterone declined earlier in rats treated with LH-RH and Analogue I than it did in rats treated with Analogue II. The inhibitory affect of Analogue II was overcome by concurrent treatment with the following combinations of hormones: progesterone + oestradiol; progesterone + human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); prolactin + oestradiol; and prolactin + hCG. Treatment with progesterone or prolactin alone did not overcome the effect of Analogue II. These results indicate that Analogue II stimulates the production and release of LH and release of FSH to cause high ratios of LH/prolactin and LH/FSH. The induced imbalance of gonadotropins suppresses the development of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea and reduces secretion of both oestrogen and progesterone. The resulting low levels of ovarian steroids cause a delay in implantation.", "PMID": 387353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7789", "title": "Ecto 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "The activity of the lymphocyte ectoenzyme 5'-nucleotidase is very low in the majority of patients with primary 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia. In order to test whether this can be explained by lymphocyte subpopulation deficiencies we measured 5'-nucleotidase activity, using both biochemical and histochemical techniques, in purified T and B cells from patients and healthy subjects. Purified B cells from normal subjects have about four times the activity of T cells. This explains why the levels of lymphocyte 5'-nucleotidase activity are at the lower limit of the normal range in patients with X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia who lack B cells. The low levels in the 'common variable' group can be explained by low activity in their T lymphocytes associated with either low activity in their B cells or depletion of B cells. The finding that inhibition of the enzyme does not interfere with in vitro lymphocyte transformation or immunoglobulin production in normal subjects indicates that the enzyme deficiency is not directly responsible for the hypogammaglobulinaemia. These and other studies suggest that this enzyme appears on lymphocytes at a certain stage of development and that both T and B lymphocytes in some patients with 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia are developmentally immature.", "contents": "Ecto 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. The activity of the lymphocyte ectoenzyme 5'-nucleotidase is very low in the majority of patients with primary 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia. In order to test whether this can be explained by lymphocyte subpopulation deficiencies we measured 5'-nucleotidase activity, using both biochemical and histochemical techniques, in purified T and B cells from patients and healthy subjects. Purified B cells from normal subjects have about four times the activity of T cells. This explains why the levels of lymphocyte 5'-nucleotidase activity are at the lower limit of the normal range in patients with X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia who lack B cells. The low levels in the 'common variable' group can be explained by low activity in their T lymphocytes associated with either low activity in their B cells or depletion of B cells. The finding that inhibition of the enzyme does not interfere with in vitro lymphocyte transformation or immunoglobulin production in normal subjects indicates that the enzyme deficiency is not directly responsible for the hypogammaglobulinaemia. These and other studies suggest that this enzyme appears on lymphocytes at a certain stage of development and that both T and B lymphocytes in some patients with 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia are developmentally immature.", "PMID": 387354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7790", "title": "Allosteric regulation of calf thymus ribonucleotide reductase.", "content": "Ribonucleotide reductase was purified 3400-fold from calf thymus. The enzyme preparation was essentially free of kinases and phosphatases and therefore allowed a conclusive study of the allosteric regulation of a eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductase to be made for the first time. Comparable maximal activities were obtained for the reduction of all four ribonucleotide substrates in the presence of their optimal stimulatory effectors. These and other results strongly argue for the existence of only one ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells. No reduction was observed in the absence of effector. The reduction of CDP and UDP both required ATP, with no stimulatory effect of any other nucleoside triphosphate. The only activator of GDP reduction was dTTP and the only activator of ADP reduction was dGTP. Reduction of the purine ribonucleotides was further stimulated by ATP but only in combination with dTTP or dGTP. The reduction of all four ribonucleotides was strongly inhibited by dATP, the inhibition being partly released by ATP. The data can be integrated into a scheme which links ribonucleotide reduction to DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Allosteric regulation of calf thymus ribonucleotide reductase. Ribonucleotide reductase was purified 3400-fold from calf thymus. The enzyme preparation was essentially free of kinases and phosphatases and therefore allowed a conclusive study of the allosteric regulation of a eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductase to be made for the first time. Comparable maximal activities were obtained for the reduction of all four ribonucleotide substrates in the presence of their optimal stimulatory effectors. These and other results strongly argue for the existence of only one ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells. No reduction was observed in the absence of effector. The reduction of CDP and UDP both required ATP, with no stimulatory effect of any other nucleoside triphosphate. The only activator of GDP reduction was dTTP and the only activator of ADP reduction was dGTP. Reduction of the purine ribonucleotides was further stimulated by ATP but only in combination with dTTP or dGTP. The reduction of all four ribonucleotides was strongly inhibited by dATP, the inhibition being partly released by ATP. The data can be integrated into a scheme which links ribonucleotide reduction to DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 387355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7791", "title": "Purine metabolism in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "Deoxyadenosine was identified in the urine of a second child with almost undetectable levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in erythrocyte lysates. Deoxyadenosine excretion thus appears to be characteristic of ADA deficiency: the acid lability of deoxyadenosine (responsible for the frequent confusion of this abnormal urinary metabolite with adenine) may be used in screening for this defect by isotachophoresis. The deoxynucleotides dATP, dADP and dAMP found initially in the child's erythrocytes (in comparable amounts to ATP, ADP and AMP) disappeared after a successful marrow graft from an unrelated donor, as did the urinary deoxy metabolites. Erythrocyte ADA activity decreased after the marrow graft but was still greater than 10% of normal congruent to 10 weeks after the last red cell transfusion.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Deoxyadenosine was identified in the urine of a second child with almost undetectable levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in erythrocyte lysates. Deoxyadenosine excretion thus appears to be characteristic of ADA deficiency: the acid lability of deoxyadenosine (responsible for the frequent confusion of this abnormal urinary metabolite with adenine) may be used in screening for this defect by isotachophoresis. The deoxynucleotides dATP, dADP and dAMP found initially in the child's erythrocytes (in comparable amounts to ATP, ADP and AMP) disappeared after a successful marrow graft from an unrelated donor, as did the urinary deoxy metabolites. Erythrocyte ADA activity decreased after the marrow graft but was still greater than 10% of normal congruent to 10 weeks after the last red cell transfusion.", "PMID": 387357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7792", "title": "The sodium-potassium pump in volume expanded hypertension.", "content": "Decreased arterial Na+-K+ pump and cardiac Na+, K-+ATPase activities have now been demonstrated in several types of experimental volume expanded hypertension. The changes are not secondary to elevated pressure since they also occur in veins and right ventricle where the pressure is not elevated. Decreased arterial Na+-K+ pump activity can be reproduced by acute volume expansion of the normal rat and plasma extracts from this rat suppress pump activity when applied to arteries from another rat. Suppression of Na+-K+ pump activity in arteries, veins and heart, with ouabain for example, leads to increased contractile activity. Thus the volume expansion, reduced pump activity, and hypertension appear to be causally related through an ouabain-like humoral agent. Certain other evidence suggests that the pump defect extends to the sympathetic nerve endings, thereby reducing the efficiency of neural compensatory mechanisms.", "contents": "The sodium-potassium pump in volume expanded hypertension. Decreased arterial Na+-K+ pump and cardiac Na+, K-+ATPase activities have now been demonstrated in several types of experimental volume expanded hypertension. The changes are not secondary to elevated pressure since they also occur in veins and right ventricle where the pressure is not elevated. Decreased arterial Na+-K+ pump activity can be reproduced by acute volume expansion of the normal rat and plasma extracts from this rat suppress pump activity when applied to arteries from another rat. Suppression of Na+-K+ pump activity in arteries, veins and heart, with ouabain for example, leads to increased contractile activity. Thus the volume expansion, reduced pump activity, and hypertension appear to be causally related through an ouabain-like humoral agent. Certain other evidence suggests that the pump defect extends to the sympathetic nerve endings, thereby reducing the efficiency of neural compensatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 387359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7793", "title": "Amoxycillin injectable: a review of its antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use.", "content": "Amoxycillin, an acid stable semisynthetic penicillin shown to be effective against a wide range of infections when given orally, is now available for intramuscular and intravenous injection. Amoxycillin has an antibacterial spectrum and level of activity essentially the same as for ampicillin. Amoxycillin has been shown to have more rapid and complete bactericidal action than ampicillin against E. coli in vitro and in animal models of infection, but the clinical importance of this difference has not yet been determined. Amoxycillin is present in therapeutic amounts in the cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients given the drug intravenously and parenteral amoxycillin has been successfully used in the treatment of meningitis, and in urinary tract infections, septicaemia, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and a variety of other infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic bacteria. However, the extent of experience is limited compared with ampicillin, and thus further studies are needed to more clearly delineate its relative therapeutic role. Parenteral amoxycillin is generally well tolerated. Pain at the site of intramuscular injection occurs in about one-third of patients, but can be minimised by the use of lignocaine or procaine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Amoxycillin injectable: a review of its antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use. Amoxycillin, an acid stable semisynthetic penicillin shown to be effective against a wide range of infections when given orally, is now available for intramuscular and intravenous injection. Amoxycillin has an antibacterial spectrum and level of activity essentially the same as for ampicillin. Amoxycillin has been shown to have more rapid and complete bactericidal action than ampicillin against E. coli in vitro and in animal models of infection, but the clinical importance of this difference has not yet been determined. Amoxycillin is present in therapeutic amounts in the cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients given the drug intravenously and parenteral amoxycillin has been successfully used in the treatment of meningitis, and in urinary tract infections, septicaemia, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and a variety of other infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic bacteria. However, the extent of experience is limited compared with ampicillin, and thus further studies are needed to more clearly delineate its relative therapeutic role. Parenteral amoxycillin is generally well tolerated. Pain at the site of intramuscular injection occurs in about one-third of patients, but can be minimised by the use of lignocaine or procaine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 387371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7794", "title": "Naproxen up to date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy and use in rheumatic diseases and pain states.", "content": "Naproxen is a propionic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Naproxen has been well studied in rheumatoid arthritis and is as effective as aspirin but better tolerated, thus enabling more patients to continue with treatment. For this reason some clinicians now prefer to try propionic acid derivatives, such as naproxen, before aspirin in arthritic patients. In comparative studies with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, fenoprofen and others, all drugs were usually of similar overall efficacy although naproxen was sometimes preferred: but as with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, not all patients will respond to naproxen and in such cases other agents should also be tried until the most satisfactory drug is found for each patient. Naproxen is also effective in degenerative joint diseases of the hip and knee, although further well designed studies are needed to more clearly define its relative place compared with newer drugs such as diclofenac or diflunisal. Results of other comparative studies have shown that naproxen is a suitable alternative to phenylbutazone or indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis and to aspirin in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Naproxen appears to be effective in reducing pain and swelling in acute gout and is an effective analgesic in patients with pain following surgery or trauma and in pain of dysmenorrhoea. Naproxen has generally been better tolerated than aspirin or indomethacin at the dosages used. Because of its relatively long plasma half-life, naproxen can with convenieice be given twice daily, and there is some evidence that once daily dosage is as effective in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Naproxen up to date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy and use in rheumatic diseases and pain states. Naproxen is a propionic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Naproxen has been well studied in rheumatoid arthritis and is as effective as aspirin but better tolerated, thus enabling more patients to continue with treatment. For this reason some clinicians now prefer to try propionic acid derivatives, such as naproxen, before aspirin in arthritic patients. In comparative studies with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, fenoprofen and others, all drugs were usually of similar overall efficacy although naproxen was sometimes preferred: but as with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, not all patients will respond to naproxen and in such cases other agents should also be tried until the most satisfactory drug is found for each patient. Naproxen is also effective in degenerative joint diseases of the hip and knee, although further well designed studies are needed to more clearly define its relative place compared with newer drugs such as diclofenac or diflunisal. Results of other comparative studies have shown that naproxen is a suitable alternative to phenylbutazone or indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis and to aspirin in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Naproxen appears to be effective in reducing pain and swelling in acute gout and is an effective analgesic in patients with pain following surgery or trauma and in pain of dysmenorrhoea. Naproxen has generally been better tolerated than aspirin or indomethacin at the dosages used. Because of its relatively long plasma half-life, naproxen can with convenieice be given twice daily, and there is some evidence that once daily dosage is as effective in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 387372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7795", "title": "Drugs and vitamin deficiency.", "content": "During the past 10 to 20 years it has become increasingly clear that a certain number of drugs may lead to increased vitamin requirements. However, it is unusual for symptomatic avitaminosis to develop, and then only when circumstances are present which in themselves increase the risk of vitamin deficiency. Therapeutic doses of drugs will interfere with the vitamin status only to a restricted degree, provided they are administered for brief periods and to patients receiving a normal supply of vitamins. Most cases of vitamin deficiency have in fact been described in connection with drugs usually taken for a longer period of time by patients who were already in negative vitamin balance as a result of disease or marginal supply of the necessary vitamins. This review describes some of the more important articles covering this topic.", "contents": "Drugs and vitamin deficiency. During the past 10 to 20 years it has become increasingly clear that a certain number of drugs may lead to increased vitamin requirements. However, it is unusual for symptomatic avitaminosis to develop, and then only when circumstances are present which in themselves increase the risk of vitamin deficiency. Therapeutic doses of drugs will interfere with the vitamin status only to a restricted degree, provided they are administered for brief periods and to patients receiving a normal supply of vitamins. Most cases of vitamin deficiency have in fact been described in connection with drugs usually taken for a longer period of time by patients who were already in negative vitamin balance as a result of disease or marginal supply of the necessary vitamins. This review describes some of the more important articles covering this topic.", "PMID": 387373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7796", "title": "Drug interactions with alcohol.", "content": "Ethanol and drugs can affect each other's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. When ingested together, ethanol can increase drug absorption by enhancing the gastric solubility of drugs and by increasing gastrointestinal blood flow. However, high concentrations of ethanol induce gastric irritation causing a pyloric spasm which in turn may delay drug absorption and/or reduce bioavailability. The 'quality' of the alcoholic beverage, independent of its ethanol content, can contribute to altered absorption of a drug. Ethanol is not bound to plasma proteins extensively enough to modify drug distribution. However, serum albumin levels in chronic alcoholics may be abnormally low so that some drugs, e.g. diazepam, have an increased volume of distribution. In addition to the amount ingested, the duration of regular intake determines the effect of ethanol on drug metabolism. Acute intake of ethanol inhibits the metabolism of many drugs but long term intake of ethanol at a high level (greater than 200g of pure ethanol per day) can induce liver enzymes to metabolise drugs more efficiently. At the present time there are no accurate means, with the possible exception of liver biopsy, to clinically predict the capacity of an alcoholic to metabolise drugs. Several drugs can inhibit the metabolism of ethanol at the level of alcohol dehydrogenase. Individual predisposition determines the severity of this drug-ethanol interaction. During its absorption phase, ethanol inhibits the secretion of antidiuretic hormone and is also able to induce increased excretion of a drug through the kidneys. However, chronic alcoholics with water retention may show reduced excretion of drugs via this route. At the pharmacodynamic level, ethanol can enhance the deleterious effects of sedatives, certain anxiolytics, sedative antidepressants and antipsychotics and anticholinergic agents, on performance. Mechanisms of lethal interactions between moderate overdoses of ethanol and anxiolytics/opiates/sedatives are poorly understood. On the other hand, certain peptides, 'nonspecific' stimulants, dopaminergic agents and opiate antagonists can antagonise alcohol-induced inebriation to a significant degree.", "contents": "Drug interactions with alcohol. Ethanol and drugs can affect each other's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. When ingested together, ethanol can increase drug absorption by enhancing the gastric solubility of drugs and by increasing gastrointestinal blood flow. However, high concentrations of ethanol induce gastric irritation causing a pyloric spasm which in turn may delay drug absorption and/or reduce bioavailability. The 'quality' of the alcoholic beverage, independent of its ethanol content, can contribute to altered absorption of a drug. Ethanol is not bound to plasma proteins extensively enough to modify drug distribution. However, serum albumin levels in chronic alcoholics may be abnormally low so that some drugs, e.g. diazepam, have an increased volume of distribution. In addition to the amount ingested, the duration of regular intake determines the effect of ethanol on drug metabolism. Acute intake of ethanol inhibits the metabolism of many drugs but long term intake of ethanol at a high level (greater than 200g of pure ethanol per day) can induce liver enzymes to metabolise drugs more efficiently. At the present time there are no accurate means, with the possible exception of liver biopsy, to clinically predict the capacity of an alcoholic to metabolise drugs. Several drugs can inhibit the metabolism of ethanol at the level of alcohol dehydrogenase. Individual predisposition determines the severity of this drug-ethanol interaction. During its absorption phase, ethanol inhibits the secretion of antidiuretic hormone and is also able to induce increased excretion of a drug through the kidneys. However, chronic alcoholics with water retention may show reduced excretion of drugs via this route. At the pharmacodynamic level, ethanol can enhance the deleterious effects of sedatives, certain anxiolytics, sedative antidepressants and antipsychotics and anticholinergic agents, on performance. Mechanisms of lethal interactions between moderate overdoses of ethanol and anxiolytics/opiates/sedatives are poorly understood. On the other hand, certain peptides, 'nonspecific' stimulants, dopaminergic agents and opiate antagonists can antagonise alcohol-induced inebriation to a significant degree.", "PMID": 387374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7797", "title": "Mild hypertension: to treat or not to treat?", "content": "In the second half of this century, morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease has reached epidemic proportions. The major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease has been found, from various epidemiological studies, to be elevated blood pressure. Therefore, a lot of energy has been expended in prospective therapeutic trials in attempting to detect whether treatment of high blood pressure is beneficial. In severe hypertension, where the risk to the individual is considerable, this benefit has been demonstrated with relative ease. However, it has not yet proven possible to show conclusive benefit of treatment in the mild group of hypertensives, which form the vast majority of patients seen in general practice. A different approach has been advocated where account is taken of other coincidental cardiovascular risk factors; their presence or absence should help the clinician decide whether to treat or not to treat in the individual case.", "contents": "Mild hypertension: to treat or not to treat? In the second half of this century, morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease has reached epidemic proportions. The major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease has been found, from various epidemiological studies, to be elevated blood pressure. Therefore, a lot of energy has been expended in prospective therapeutic trials in attempting to detect whether treatment of high blood pressure is beneficial. In severe hypertension, where the risk to the individual is considerable, this benefit has been demonstrated with relative ease. However, it has not yet proven possible to show conclusive benefit of treatment in the mild group of hypertensives, which form the vast majority of patients seen in general practice. A different approach has been advocated where account is taken of other coincidental cardiovascular risk factors; their presence or absence should help the clinician decide whether to treat or not to treat in the individual case.", "PMID": 387375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7798", "title": "Neurofilament protein in clonal lines of mouse neuroblastoma.", "content": "As indicated by immunofluorescence with neurofilament antiserum and by electron microscopy two neuroblastoma clones in suspension culture contained a pool of neurofilament subunits which could be induced to assemble into filaments following exposure to vinblastine and colchicine. Under the same culture conditions neuroblastoma cells treated with aluminum extended thick processes with many filaments. The processes were much smaller in nontreated cells but still contained bundles of filaments. These filaments persisted after inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide. In the long neurites formed by cells attached to plastic immunofluorescence with neurofilament antiserum was particularly intense at the growth cone.", "contents": "Neurofilament protein in clonal lines of mouse neuroblastoma. As indicated by immunofluorescence with neurofilament antiserum and by electron microscopy two neuroblastoma clones in suspension culture contained a pool of neurofilament subunits which could be induced to assemble into filaments following exposure to vinblastine and colchicine. Under the same culture conditions neuroblastoma cells treated with aluminum extended thick processes with many filaments. The processes were much smaller in nontreated cells but still contained bundles of filaments. These filaments persisted after inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide. In the long neurites formed by cells attached to plastic immunofluorescence with neurofilament antiserum was particularly intense at the growth cone.", "PMID": 387376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7799", "title": "[Effect of leucogen on the proliferation of antibody-synthesizing cells].", "content": "The authors examined the effect of leucogen on cells synthesizing antibodis in spleens of white mice during immune response to sheep erythrocytes. They established a strong stimulating action on the proliferation of immune competent lymphocytes-cells, producing hemolysin. Therefore the stimulating effect of leucogen was not limited only to its action on peripheral leucocytes, but also on the number of cells, forming antibodies.", "contents": "[Effect of leucogen on the proliferation of antibody-synthesizing cells]. The authors examined the effect of leucogen on cells synthesizing antibodis in spleens of white mice during immune response to sheep erythrocytes. They established a strong stimulating action on the proliferation of immune competent lymphocytes-cells, producing hemolysin. Therefore the stimulating effect of leucogen was not limited only to its action on peripheral leucocytes, but also on the number of cells, forming antibodies.", "PMID": 387379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7800", "title": "Effect of caerulein on exocrine and endocrine pancreas in the rat.", "content": "The secretion of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic juice, and amylase in response to a 20-min iv infusion of synthetic caerulein were studied simultaneously in the anesthetized rat. Caerulein, a chemical analogue of cholecystokinin, was used in doses of 1-1000 ng/kg.min. The maximum stimulatory effect of caerulein on pancreatic juice volume and amylase output was obtained with doses of 10 ng/kg.min. With increasing doses, the effect decreased progressively. On the other hand, the release of insulin and glucagon was stimulated only by supramaximal doses of caerulein, which had little or no effect on pancreatic exocrine secretions. These results raised the question of whether, under physiological conditions, cholecystokinin regulates the secretory activity of the endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Effect of caerulein on exocrine and endocrine pancreas in the rat. The secretion of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic juice, and amylase in response to a 20-min iv infusion of synthetic caerulein were studied simultaneously in the anesthetized rat. Caerulein, a chemical analogue of cholecystokinin, was used in doses of 1-1000 ng/kg.min. The maximum stimulatory effect of caerulein on pancreatic juice volume and amylase output was obtained with doses of 10 ng/kg.min. With increasing doses, the effect decreased progressively. On the other hand, the release of insulin and glucagon was stimulated only by supramaximal doses of caerulein, which had little or no effect on pancreatic exocrine secretions. These results raised the question of whether, under physiological conditions, cholecystokinin regulates the secretory activity of the endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 387384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7801", "title": "Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from anglerfish pancreatic islet.", "content": "Somatostatin was purified from anglerfish pancreatic islets using acetic acid extraction, gel filtration (Bio-Gel P-10), ion exchange chromatography (CM Bio-Gel A), and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The resulting peptide was characterized by RIA, bioassay, and determination of amino acid composition. Anglerfish islet somatostatin was found to possess an amino acid composition and immunological and biological activities equivalent to synthetic somatostatin. Sequence analyses revealed that the primary structure was H-Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys]-OH. These results demonstrate that anglerfish islet somatostatin has the same primary structure as somatostatin from all other sources characterized to date.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from anglerfish pancreatic islet. Somatostatin was purified from anglerfish pancreatic islets using acetic acid extraction, gel filtration (Bio-Gel P-10), ion exchange chromatography (CM Bio-Gel A), and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The resulting peptide was characterized by RIA, bioassay, and determination of amino acid composition. Anglerfish islet somatostatin was found to possess an amino acid composition and immunological and biological activities equivalent to synthetic somatostatin. Sequence analyses revealed that the primary structure was H-Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys]-OH. These results demonstrate that anglerfish islet somatostatin has the same primary structure as somatostatin from all other sources characterized to date.", "PMID": 387385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7802", "title": "Simple method for the collection of pancreatic islets by the use of Ficoll-Conray gradient.", "content": "Simple method for the collection of large numbers of viable pancreatic islets from normal rats is described. This method involves collagenase digestion of the pancreas, followed by the use of Ficoll-Conray discontinuous gradient for the separation of isolated islets from unwanted acinal debris. Ficoll-Conray A solution was prepared by mixing undialyzed 12.5% Ficoll and 33.4% Conray in the ratio 2 : 1, to make a specific gravity of 1.095 and osmolarity of 396 mOsm/l. The solution B, C, and D, with specific gravities 1.084, 1.072, and 1.048, respectively were obtained by diluting A solution with distilled water. Using Ficoll-Conray gradient, about 200 viable islets which maintained excellently their morphology and function, were collected consistently from a young adult rat pancreas.", "contents": "Simple method for the collection of pancreatic islets by the use of Ficoll-Conray gradient. Simple method for the collection of large numbers of viable pancreatic islets from normal rats is described. This method involves collagenase digestion of the pancreas, followed by the use of Ficoll-Conray discontinuous gradient for the separation of isolated islets from unwanted acinal debris. Ficoll-Conray A solution was prepared by mixing undialyzed 12.5% Ficoll and 33.4% Conray in the ratio 2 : 1, to make a specific gravity of 1.095 and osmolarity of 396 mOsm/l. The solution B, C, and D, with specific gravities 1.084, 1.072, and 1.048, respectively were obtained by diluting A solution with distilled water. Using Ficoll-Conray gradient, about 200 viable islets which maintained excellently their morphology and function, were collected consistently from a young adult rat pancreas.", "PMID": 387387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7803", "title": "The gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation and the clomiphene tests in female patients with anorexia nervosa.", "content": "In 9 female patients suffering from acute anorexia nervosa (a.n.) and in two patients in whom this disease had reached the remission phase, the response of the gonadotropin-producing cells in the adenohypophysis was checked by administration of Gn-RH and the degree to which the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis could be stimulated was checked by administration of clomiphene (5 x 100 mg). Hormonal screening examinations (cervical score after Insler and hormonal vaginal cytology) were used to assay the basal estrogen production. LH and FSH concentrations in the serum were determined radioimmunologically using the principles of the double antibody technique. The gonadotropin-producing cells did not respond to Gn-RH administration in 8 of the 9 patients with acute a.n. The response was disturbed in one of these patients. The response to Gn-RH stimulation was normal in the two patients in the remission phase. Clomiphene had no stimulatory effect on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis during either the acute or remission phase. Hormonal treatment during the acute phase of a.n. is not indicated since, after recovery of a normal body weight, the symptoms recede and the cycle normalises spontaneously.", "contents": "The gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation and the clomiphene tests in female patients with anorexia nervosa. In 9 female patients suffering from acute anorexia nervosa (a.n.) and in two patients in whom this disease had reached the remission phase, the response of the gonadotropin-producing cells in the adenohypophysis was checked by administration of Gn-RH and the degree to which the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis could be stimulated was checked by administration of clomiphene (5 x 100 mg). Hormonal screening examinations (cervical score after Insler and hormonal vaginal cytology) were used to assay the basal estrogen production. LH and FSH concentrations in the serum were determined radioimmunologically using the principles of the double antibody technique. The gonadotropin-producing cells did not respond to Gn-RH administration in 8 of the 9 patients with acute a.n. The response was disturbed in one of these patients. The response to Gn-RH stimulation was normal in the two patients in the remission phase. Clomiphene had no stimulatory effect on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis during either the acute or remission phase. Hormonal treatment during the acute phase of a.n. is not indicated since, after recovery of a normal body weight, the symptoms recede and the cycle normalises spontaneously.", "PMID": 387388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7804", "title": "[Partial effects of estrogens and 19-nortestoron derivatives].", "content": "In the present review the extragenital effects of steroidal estrogens and 19-norandrogen derivatives on mammalian organs and tissues are described. In detail experimental and clinical findings concerning the influence of these compounds on carbohydrate-, lipid- and protein metabolism, on the cardio-vascular system, the blood coagulation, the bone-tissue, the connective-tissue, the central nervous system and the immune system are summarised. These effects are mainly discussed as possible side effects and also as base for new therapeutic concepts.", "contents": "[Partial effects of estrogens and 19-nortestoron derivatives]. In the present review the extragenital effects of steroidal estrogens and 19-norandrogen derivatives on mammalian organs and tissues are described. In detail experimental and clinical findings concerning the influence of these compounds on carbohydrate-, lipid- and protein metabolism, on the cardio-vascular system, the blood coagulation, the bone-tissue, the connective-tissue, the central nervous system and the immune system are summarised. These effects are mainly discussed as possible side effects and also as base for new therapeutic concepts.", "PMID": 387389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7805", "title": "Linear relationship between plasma concentration and dosage of sodium valproate.", "content": "Plasma valproate concentration was studied in 7 hospitalized nonepileptic patients who received sodium valproate at daily doses of up to 60 mg/kg. A linear relationship between dose and plasma concentration of valproate (r = 0.81--0.99) was found in each patient, although the slopes of the regression lines (reflecting clearance rates) varied twofold. This suggests that if the valproate plasma concentrations at two different doses are known and the clearance of valproate is not altered by concomitant administration of other drugs, it should be possible to predict the plasma valproate concentration that will result from further dose increments.", "contents": "Linear relationship between plasma concentration and dosage of sodium valproate. Plasma valproate concentration was studied in 7 hospitalized nonepileptic patients who received sodium valproate at daily doses of up to 60 mg/kg. A linear relationship between dose and plasma concentration of valproate (r = 0.81--0.99) was found in each patient, although the slopes of the regression lines (reflecting clearance rates) varied twofold. This suggests that if the valproate plasma concentrations at two different doses are known and the clearance of valproate is not altered by concomitant administration of other drugs, it should be possible to predict the plasma valproate concentration that will result from further dose increments.", "PMID": 387391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7806", "title": "Meiotic nondisjunction in the mouse: methodology for genetic testing and comparison with other methods.", "content": "Since trisomies produce adverse effects relatively late in development or even postnatally, they are an important component of the array of genetic damages that might be caused by environmental agents. Whole-chromosome aneuploidy (as opposed to breakage-derived aneuploidy) might come about secondarily from crossover depression, or could follow damage to the meiotic spindle or to kinetochores. For simplicity, the event-by whichever of the mechanisms-is referred to as meiotic nondisjunction (ND). A genetic method has been devised which is based on the facts that ND involving the sex chromosomes produces mostly viable mice, and that such exceptional animals can be externally recognized by the use of appropriate markers. The method is compared with the following other ND indicators: univalent and/or chiasma frequencies at M I; number of dyads at M II; extra sex chromosomes in spermatids; karyotypes in cleavage, morula, or blastocyst metaphases; and chromosome constitution of mid-gestation embryos. Some of the cytological endpoints are found to be unreliable. Various biological variables (germ-cell stage, sex, age) are examined with a view toward maximizing the chances for detecting induced nondisjunction. While experimental evidence on this question is equivocal, a consideration of the probable ND mechanisms suggests that the early spermatocyte (in stages including the premeiotic S phase) may be a favorable test object. The numerical sex-chromosome anomaly (NSA) method is useful not only in the study of ND but also in detecting breakage-derived chromosome losses induced in females, where the dominant lethal test is not easily applicable.", "contents": "Meiotic nondisjunction in the mouse: methodology for genetic testing and comparison with other methods. Since trisomies produce adverse effects relatively late in development or even postnatally, they are an important component of the array of genetic damages that might be caused by environmental agents. Whole-chromosome aneuploidy (as opposed to breakage-derived aneuploidy) might come about secondarily from crossover depression, or could follow damage to the meiotic spindle or to kinetochores. For simplicity, the event-by whichever of the mechanisms-is referred to as meiotic nondisjunction (ND). A genetic method has been devised which is based on the facts that ND involving the sex chromosomes produces mostly viable mice, and that such exceptional animals can be externally recognized by the use of appropriate markers. The method is compared with the following other ND indicators: univalent and/or chiasma frequencies at M I; number of dyads at M II; extra sex chromosomes in spermatids; karyotypes in cleavage, morula, or blastocyst metaphases; and chromosome constitution of mid-gestation embryos. Some of the cytological endpoints are found to be unreliable. Various biological variables (germ-cell stage, sex, age) are examined with a view toward maximizing the chances for detecting induced nondisjunction. While experimental evidence on this question is equivocal, a consideration of the probable ND mechanisms suggests that the early spermatocyte (in stages including the premeiotic S phase) may be a favorable test object. The numerical sex-chromosome anomaly (NSA) method is useful not only in the study of ND but also in detecting breakage-derived chromosome losses induced in females, where the dominant lethal test is not easily applicable.", "PMID": 387392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7807", "title": "Testing for nondisjunction in the mouse.", "content": "Tests for nondisjunction have been carried out in male and female mice. Ten-day fetal progeny of control and treated adults have been karyotyped to establish spontaneous and induced levels of aneuploidy. In males, the effects of 100 rad x-rays on type A spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes, and the effects of Mitomycin C (2 mg/kg) on early primary spermatocytes, have been tested. The results show insensitivity of primary spermatocytes to both agents, but a 3.5-fold increase in nondisjunction following spermatogonial irradiation. In females, comparisons have been made between young controls, young x-rayed (5 rad), aged controls and aged x-rayed (5 rad) animals. The \"ageing effect\" on nondisjunction is observed, but too few fetuses have been analyzed to reach conclusions regarding enhancement of nondisjunction levels by low doses of x-rays.", "contents": "Testing for nondisjunction in the mouse. Tests for nondisjunction have been carried out in male and female mice. Ten-day fetal progeny of control and treated adults have been karyotyped to establish spontaneous and induced levels of aneuploidy. In males, the effects of 100 rad x-rays on type A spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes, and the effects of Mitomycin C (2 mg/kg) on early primary spermatocytes, have been tested. The results show insensitivity of primary spermatocytes to both agents, but a 3.5-fold increase in nondisjunction following spermatogonial irradiation. In females, comparisons have been made between young controls, young x-rayed (5 rad), aged controls and aged x-rayed (5 rad) animals. The \"ageing effect\" on nondisjunction is observed, but too few fetuses have been analyzed to reach conclusions regarding enhancement of nondisjunction levels by low doses of x-rays.", "PMID": 387393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7808", "title": "Analysis of anaphase in cell culture: an adequate test system for the distinction between compounds which selectively alter the chromosome structure or the mitotic apparatus.", "content": "A system of anaphase analysis is presented as an adequate test to detect aberrations in chromosome structure and alterations in the mitotic apparatus. Particular emphasis is placed on those data which suggest that proteins may be the preferred targets of chemical compounds that induce aneuploidy.", "contents": "Analysis of anaphase in cell culture: an adequate test system for the distinction between compounds which selectively alter the chromosome structure or the mitotic apparatus. A system of anaphase analysis is presented as an adequate test to detect aberrations in chromosome structure and alterations in the mitotic apparatus. Particular emphasis is placed on those data which suggest that proteins may be the preferred targets of chemical compounds that induce aneuploidy.", "PMID": 387394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7809", "title": "Analysis of aneuploidy in first-cleavage mouse embryos fertilized in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "First-cleavage mouse embryos, fertilized in vitro and in vivo, provide ideal material for chromosomal analysis. With the appropriate incubation in a mitotic inhibitor, syngamy is prevented and the sperm- and egg-derived chromosomes remain as separate clusters. Because the latter chromosomes undergo condensation sooner than those from the spermatozoon, the parental source of chromosome sets can be identified even without a marker chromosome. Thus these embryos can be analyzed both for the primary incidence and the parental source of a number of chromosomal anomalies, including aneuploidy. By using fertilization in vitro to obtain the embryos, the synchrony of fertilization and nuclear development is such that 80% or more of the chromosomal preparations are suitable for analysis, compared with about 50% for embryos fertilized in vivo.", "contents": "Analysis of aneuploidy in first-cleavage mouse embryos fertilized in vitro and in vivo. First-cleavage mouse embryos, fertilized in vitro and in vivo, provide ideal material for chromosomal analysis. With the appropriate incubation in a mitotic inhibitor, syngamy is prevented and the sperm- and egg-derived chromosomes remain as separate clusters. Because the latter chromosomes undergo condensation sooner than those from the spermatozoon, the parental source of chromosome sets can be identified even without a marker chromosome. Thus these embryos can be analyzed both for the primary incidence and the parental source of a number of chromosomal anomalies, including aneuploidy. By using fertilization in vitro to obtain the embryos, the synchrony of fertilization and nuclear development is such that 80% or more of the chromosomal preparations are suitable for analysis, compared with about 50% for embryos fertilized in vivo.", "PMID": 387395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7810", "title": "Microtus oeconomus (Rodentia), a useful mammal for studying the induction of sex-chromosome nondisjunction and diploid gametes in male germ cells.", "content": "Preliminary data indicate that chemicals can also increase the frequency of sex-chromosome nondisjunction. Positive results--which certainly need further confirmation--have been obtained for MMS, p-fluorophenylalanine, vincristine, procarbazine, carbendazim, and bleomycin. Nocodazole, benomyl, colcemic, 6-mercaptopurine, and halothane were all negative at the concentrations tested. For the induction of diploid spermatids positive results were only obtained for MMS and parafluorophenylalanine. In view of the results obtained, the Microtus system is considered a very useful tool for analyzing factors contributing to the high frequency of aneuploidy and triploidy among abortuses and of aneuploidy in liveborn infants of men. A method is described for the detection of sex-chromosome nondisjunction and diploid spermatids in male germ cells of the field vole Microtus oeconomus. The method is based on the unique distribution pattern of heterochromatin in Microtus cells, which makes it possible to identify X and Y chromosomes in early spermatids with a simple C-banding procedure. Slide preparation is easy. Scoring of early spermatids for extra sex-chromosomes is simple and 2000-4000 cells per hour can be examined. With the Microtus system it has now been demonstrated that radiation of spermatocyte stages with doses of 50, 100 and 200 R results in a higher frequency of sex chromosome nondisjunction and of diploid gametes. Both types of aberrant gametes can be produced during the first and second meiotic division.", "contents": "Microtus oeconomus (Rodentia), a useful mammal for studying the induction of sex-chromosome nondisjunction and diploid gametes in male germ cells. Preliminary data indicate that chemicals can also increase the frequency of sex-chromosome nondisjunction. Positive results--which certainly need further confirmation--have been obtained for MMS, p-fluorophenylalanine, vincristine, procarbazine, carbendazim, and bleomycin. Nocodazole, benomyl, colcemic, 6-mercaptopurine, and halothane were all negative at the concentrations tested. For the induction of diploid spermatids positive results were only obtained for MMS and parafluorophenylalanine. In view of the results obtained, the Microtus system is considered a very useful tool for analyzing factors contributing to the high frequency of aneuploidy and triploidy among abortuses and of aneuploidy in liveborn infants of men. A method is described for the detection of sex-chromosome nondisjunction and diploid spermatids in male germ cells of the field vole Microtus oeconomus. The method is based on the unique distribution pattern of heterochromatin in Microtus cells, which makes it possible to identify X and Y chromosomes in early spermatids with a simple C-banding procedure. Slide preparation is easy. Scoring of early spermatids for extra sex-chromosomes is simple and 2000-4000 cells per hour can be examined. With the Microtus system it has now been demonstrated that radiation of spermatocyte stages with doses of 50, 100 and 200 R results in a higher frequency of sex chromosome nondisjunction and of diploid gametes. Both types of aberrant gametes can be produced during the first and second meiotic division.", "PMID": 387396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7811", "title": "Detection of nondisjunction in mammals.", "content": "Methods have been developed in the past to assess spontaneous and induced chromosomal aneuploidy in germ cells and in early pre- and postimplantation mammalian embryos. Some of these methods yield still more information when combined with chromosome banding techniques. Various chemicals and x-rays have been tested in mammalian oogenesis and x-rays in spermatogenesis. The inference may be drawn from these studies that spontaneous nondisjunction is considered to occur only rarely in mouse and hamster oogenesis and spermatogenesis. X-rays induce nondisjunction during male and femlae meiosis, thus giving rise to significantly more aneuploid oocytes and F1 embryos. The alkylating agents trenimone and cyclophosphamide induce chromosomal missegregation in oocytes; the incidence depends on the dose injected. Hormones used as oral contraceptives did cause aneuploidy in oocytes, but only after daily treatment with high doses. Hormones used for stimulated ovulation did not interfere with chromosome segregation in the mouse and Chinese and Syrian hamsters. The following problems may be considered in futre studies: the problem of a species-specificity for induced nondisjunction; the question of a stage sensitivity (transplacental treatment); what happens after chronic exposure, also at low doses; the presence of a threshold; the existence of a dose-effect relation; the nature of cellular target(s) responsible for induced nondisjunction (spindle, regulatory proteins for polymerization of microtubules and ther depolymerization, centrioles, centromeres, RNA, or gene expression); whether DNA is involved and whether repair capacity plays a role.", "contents": "Detection of nondisjunction in mammals. Methods have been developed in the past to assess spontaneous and induced chromosomal aneuploidy in germ cells and in early pre- and postimplantation mammalian embryos. Some of these methods yield still more information when combined with chromosome banding techniques. Various chemicals and x-rays have been tested in mammalian oogenesis and x-rays in spermatogenesis. The inference may be drawn from these studies that spontaneous nondisjunction is considered to occur only rarely in mouse and hamster oogenesis and spermatogenesis. X-rays induce nondisjunction during male and femlae meiosis, thus giving rise to significantly more aneuploid oocytes and F1 embryos. The alkylating agents trenimone and cyclophosphamide induce chromosomal missegregation in oocytes; the incidence depends on the dose injected. Hormones used as oral contraceptives did cause aneuploidy in oocytes, but only after daily treatment with high doses. Hormones used for stimulated ovulation did not interfere with chromosome segregation in the mouse and Chinese and Syrian hamsters. The following problems may be considered in futre studies: the problem of a species-specificity for induced nondisjunction; the question of a stage sensitivity (transplacental treatment); what happens after chronic exposure, also at low doses; the presence of a threshold; the existence of a dose-effect relation; the nature of cellular target(s) responsible for induced nondisjunction (spindle, regulatory proteins for polymerization of microtubules and ther depolymerization, centrioles, centromeres, RNA, or gene expression); whether DNA is involved and whether repair capacity plays a role.", "PMID": 387397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7812", "title": "Detection of aneuploidy in human sperm.", "content": "Adequate methods for monitoring any type of gametic mutation directly in man are virtually nonexistent. A method is presented by which one can monitor Y chromosomal nondisjunction directly in the male gamete by quantifying the number of spermatozoa with two fluorescent bodies (YFF) in 1000 sperm counted. Dried semen slides are stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride and examined under a fluorescent microscope with dark field illumination. This method eliminates the biopsy required for other meiotic studies and further eliminates bias in gametogenic selection by evaluating ejaculated mature spermatozoa. Since chromosomal numerical errors are found in 0.4% of term births and 35% of miscarriages, it is evident that chromosomal aneuploidy constitutes the major mutagenic load in man. In view of the increases observed in the incidence of YFF sperm in patients receiving antineoplastic therapy and in the DBCP-exposed workers, it may be prudent for men who have a history of exposure to mutagens and who are contemplating reproduction to be evaluated by this method prior to attempting conception. Further, this procedure could also be applied to the clinical phase of new drug testing to evaluate the effects of that agent with respect to aneuploidy since the increases in Y chromosomal nondisjunction may well act as a barometer for increases in overall autosomal nondisjunction.", "contents": "Detection of aneuploidy in human sperm. Adequate methods for monitoring any type of gametic mutation directly in man are virtually nonexistent. A method is presented by which one can monitor Y chromosomal nondisjunction directly in the male gamete by quantifying the number of spermatozoa with two fluorescent bodies (YFF) in 1000 sperm counted. Dried semen slides are stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride and examined under a fluorescent microscope with dark field illumination. This method eliminates the biopsy required for other meiotic studies and further eliminates bias in gametogenic selection by evaluating ejaculated mature spermatozoa. Since chromosomal numerical errors are found in 0.4% of term births and 35% of miscarriages, it is evident that chromosomal aneuploidy constitutes the major mutagenic load in man. In view of the increases observed in the incidence of YFF sperm in patients receiving antineoplastic therapy and in the DBCP-exposed workers, it may be prudent for men who have a history of exposure to mutagens and who are contemplating reproduction to be evaluated by this method prior to attempting conception. Further, this procedure could also be applied to the clinical phase of new drug testing to evaluate the effects of that agent with respect to aneuploidy since the increases in Y chromosomal nondisjunction may well act as a barometer for increases in overall autosomal nondisjunction.", "PMID": 387399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7813", "title": "Meiotic aneuploidy: its origins and induction following chemical treatment in Sordaria brevicollis.", "content": "A system suitable for the detection of meiotic aneuploidy is described in which various different origins of the aneuploidy can be distinguished. Aneuploid meiotic products are detected as black disomic spores held in asci containing all the products of a single meiosis. Aneuploidy may result from nondisjunction or from a meiosis in which an extra replica of one of the chromosomes has been generated in some other way, e.g., extra replication. By using this system it has been shown that pFPA treatment increase aneuploidy, primarily through an effect on nondisjunction. Preliminary results with trifluralin have indicated that this compound, too, may increase aneuploidy. There is a good possibility that the system can be further developed to permit a more rapid screening using a random plating method; this will allow a more efficient two-part analysis of the effects of compounds under test.", "contents": "Meiotic aneuploidy: its origins and induction following chemical treatment in Sordaria brevicollis. A system suitable for the detection of meiotic aneuploidy is described in which various different origins of the aneuploidy can be distinguished. Aneuploid meiotic products are detected as black disomic spores held in asci containing all the products of a single meiosis. Aneuploidy may result from nondisjunction or from a meiosis in which an extra replica of one of the chromosomes has been generated in some other way, e.g., extra replication. By using this system it has been shown that pFPA treatment increase aneuploidy, primarily through an effect on nondisjunction. Preliminary results with trifluralin have indicated that this compound, too, may increase aneuploidy. There is a good possibility that the system can be further developed to permit a more rapid screening using a random plating method; this will allow a more efficient two-part analysis of the effects of compounds under test.", "PMID": 387400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7814", "title": "Neurospora prototroph selection system for studying aneuploid production.", "content": "Various environmental agents have been tested for their ability to produce aneuploid products of meiosis in a Neurospora cross. The cross was between two multiply marked strains designed specifically for this purpose. These parental strains were heterozygous for four auxotrophic mutations on chromosome 1. Prototrophic disomics could be selected by plating ascospores on minimal medium. Out of 48 agents tested, at least 10 increased the aneuploid frequency significantly above control levels. Some of these positive-testing agents have also been found active in other aneuploid detection systems. It is suggested that if it should become necessary to perform widespread testing of agents in the human environment for their ability to generate aneuploids at meiosis, the Neurospora system could be successfully applied for this purpose.", "contents": "Neurospora prototroph selection system for studying aneuploid production. Various environmental agents have been tested for their ability to produce aneuploid products of meiosis in a Neurospora cross. The cross was between two multiply marked strains designed specifically for this purpose. These parental strains were heterozygous for four auxotrophic mutations on chromosome 1. Prototrophic disomics could be selected by plating ascospores on minimal medium. Out of 48 agents tested, at least 10 increased the aneuploid frequency significantly above control levels. Some of these positive-testing agents have also been found active in other aneuploid detection systems. It is suggested that if it should become necessary to perform widespread testing of agents in the human environment for their ability to generate aneuploids at meiosis, the Neurospora system could be successfully applied for this purpose.", "PMID": 387401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7815", "title": "Analysis of mitotic nondisjunction with Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Two methods to detect the induction of nondisjunction with a diploid stable strain of A. nidulans are described. The first method gives only qualitative results, while the second method is quantitative and dose-effect curves can be done. Some physiological parameters affecting the induction of nondisjunction can also be studied, because either quiescent or germinating conidia can be treated with the drug under test. Some agents inducing nondisjunction were also tested for the induction of point mutation and somatic crossing-over with these comparative analysis. Two classes of agents inducing nondisjunction may be detected: the first causes all possible types of genetic damage either on quiescent or germinating conidia (a representative of this class is MMS) and acts presumably on the DNA level; the second acts only on germinating conidia and does not produce point mutation or crossing over. A representative of this class is Benomyl which interferes with spindle microtubules. A list of compounds tests is included.", "contents": "Analysis of mitotic nondisjunction with Aspergillus nidulans. Two methods to detect the induction of nondisjunction with a diploid stable strain of A. nidulans are described. The first method gives only qualitative results, while the second method is quantitative and dose-effect curves can be done. Some physiological parameters affecting the induction of nondisjunction can also be studied, because either quiescent or germinating conidia can be treated with the drug under test. Some agents inducing nondisjunction were also tested for the induction of point mutation and somatic crossing-over with these comparative analysis. Two classes of agents inducing nondisjunction may be detected: the first causes all possible types of genetic damage either on quiescent or germinating conidia (a representative of this class is MMS) and acts presumably on the DNA level; the second acts only on germinating conidia and does not produce point mutation or crossing over. A representative of this class is Benomyl which interferes with spindle microtubules. A list of compounds tests is included.", "PMID": 387402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7816", "title": "Detection of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A number of genetic systems are described which involve the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The systems may be used to detect the production of aneuploid cells produced during both mitotic and meiotic cell division in the presence of genetically active chemicals. During mitotic cell division, monosomic colonies (2n - 1) may be detected by plating upon selective medium. Increases in such monosomic colonies are produced by exposure of cells to a number of chemical mutagens such as ethyl methane-sulfonate and mitomycin C. More importantly, monosomic colonies are also induced by nonmutagens such as sulfacetamide and saccharin, which suggests that such chemicals are capable of inducing aneuploidy (aneugenic) in the absence of mutagenic activity. Genetic analysis of aneuploid colonies produced on nonselective medium indicate that at least a proportion of the monosomic colonies were the result of mitotic nondisjunction. During meiotic cell division, disomic cells (n + 1) produced by chromosome nondisjunction may be detected by plating on selective media. The frequency of disomic cells has been shown to increase after exposure to p-fluorophenylalanine.", "contents": "Detection of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A number of genetic systems are described which involve the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The systems may be used to detect the production of aneuploid cells produced during both mitotic and meiotic cell division in the presence of genetically active chemicals. During mitotic cell division, monosomic colonies (2n - 1) may be detected by plating upon selective medium. Increases in such monosomic colonies are produced by exposure of cells to a number of chemical mutagens such as ethyl methane-sulfonate and mitomycin C. More importantly, monosomic colonies are also induced by nonmutagens such as sulfacetamide and saccharin, which suggests that such chemicals are capable of inducing aneuploidy (aneugenic) in the absence of mutagenic activity. Genetic analysis of aneuploid colonies produced on nonselective medium indicate that at least a proportion of the monosomic colonies were the result of mitotic nondisjunction. During meiotic cell division, disomic cells (n + 1) produced by chromosome nondisjunction may be detected by plating on selective media. The frequency of disomic cells has been shown to increase after exposure to p-fluorophenylalanine.", "PMID": 387403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7817", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in serum of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and with kidney transplant.", "content": "The activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB (CK-BB) was determined in serum of healthy adults and in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and with kidney transplant. In the healthy adults examined, an activity of 0.56 +/- 0.16 U/l (mean +/- SD) was found. The arithmetic mean of CK-BB activity in patients with renal insufficiency under hemodialysis was 1.42 +/- 0.87 U/l and differed from that of the healthy group. The CK-BB activity in patients with kidney transplant was not different from that of the control group. The occurrence of CK-BB in serum is discussed from diagnostic and methodological point of view.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in serum of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and with kidney transplant. The activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB (CK-BB) was determined in serum of healthy adults and in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and with kidney transplant. In the healthy adults examined, an activity of 0.56 +/- 0.16 U/l (mean +/- SD) was found. The arithmetic mean of CK-BB activity in patients with renal insufficiency under hemodialysis was 1.42 +/- 0.87 U/l and differed from that of the healthy group. The CK-BB activity in patients with kidney transplant was not different from that of the control group. The occurrence of CK-BB in serum is discussed from diagnostic and methodological point of view.", "PMID": 387410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7818", "title": "Evidence for an enhanced de novo synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in cholestatic rat liver using immunotitration and precursor incorporation techniques.", "content": "An antikidney phosphatase serum was produced. This showed a cross-reaction with liver phosphatase and precipitated the latter enzyme specifically in the double antibody method. An U-[14C] protein hydrolysate was injected intraperitoneally into rats, which had previously undergone bile duct ligation. Liver alkaline phosphatase was partially purified and immunoprecipitated. By determination of phosphatase labelling the extent of de novo synthesis of the phosphatase protein was evaluated. Comparing livers from control and cholestatic rats, it could be shown that 12 h after beginning of cholestasis the de novo synthesis of alkaline phosphatase was increased up to 4-fold and that is remained at a 2-fold increased level for at least 2 days.", "contents": "Evidence for an enhanced de novo synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in cholestatic rat liver using immunotitration and precursor incorporation techniques. An antikidney phosphatase serum was produced. This showed a cross-reaction with liver phosphatase and precipitated the latter enzyme specifically in the double antibody method. An U-[14C] protein hydrolysate was injected intraperitoneally into rats, which had previously undergone bile duct ligation. Liver alkaline phosphatase was partially purified and immunoprecipitated. By determination of phosphatase labelling the extent of de novo synthesis of the phosphatase protein was evaluated. Comparing livers from control and cholestatic rats, it could be shown that 12 h after beginning of cholestasis the de novo synthesis of alkaline phosphatase was increased up to 4-fold and that is remained at a 2-fold increased level for at least 2 days.", "PMID": 387411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7819", "title": "Uptake and conversion of the antibiotic albomycin by Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The antibiotic albomycin is transported into cells of Escherichia coli K-12 by the same uptake system as the iron-supplying ferrichrome complex. The iron-complexing hydroxamate moieties of albomycin and ferrichrome are structurally similar. During the phase of rapid iron uptake the chelators were not found in the cells. In order to understand the antibiotic activity of albomycin, it was labeled in the hydroxamate with tritium and in the presumed antibiotically active area with radioactive sulfur. While the tritium label was not retained by the cells, part of the sulfur label was taken up and concentrated 500-fold within the cell. The sulfur was not incorporated into proteins or nucleic acids since it was recovered as a low molecular weight component. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 revealed one tritium-labeled and two sulfur-labeled cleavage products in the incubation medium. We conclude that albomycin is actively transported via its ferrichrome-like portion into the cells and that the growth-inhibitory moiety is released by hydrolysis intracellularly and remains there.", "contents": "Uptake and conversion of the antibiotic albomycin by Escherichia coli K-12. The antibiotic albomycin is transported into cells of Escherichia coli K-12 by the same uptake system as the iron-supplying ferrichrome complex. The iron-complexing hydroxamate moieties of albomycin and ferrichrome are structurally similar. During the phase of rapid iron uptake the chelators were not found in the cells. In order to understand the antibiotic activity of albomycin, it was labeled in the hydroxamate with tritium and in the presumed antibiotically active area with radioactive sulfur. While the tritium label was not retained by the cells, part of the sulfur label was taken up and concentrated 500-fold within the cell. The sulfur was not incorporated into proteins or nucleic acids since it was recovered as a low molecular weight component. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 revealed one tritium-labeled and two sulfur-labeled cleavage products in the incubation medium. We conclude that albomycin is actively transported via its ferrichrome-like portion into the cells and that the growth-inhibitory moiety is released by hydrolysis intracellularly and remains there.", "PMID": 387415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7820", "title": "Controlled sequential pacing in isolated perfused auxiliary rat hearts.", "content": "An important question after clinical auxiliary heart transplantation is whether controlled pacing of both hearts is desirable in order to protect the diseased recipient heart. A comparison of the effects of spontaneous beating with three types of pacing (random, simultaneous and sequential) was undertaken in an isolated perfused working double rat heart. The two hearts were attached to each other by the atria, in a way comparable to the clinical situation. During controlled sequential pacing of both normal hearts, the peak systolic pressure fell and diastolic pressure rose, but the combined cardiac output did not changes. In contrast, during simultaneous pacing, systolic pressure rose, diastolic pressure  fell and coronary flow was less than with sequential pacing, but the oxygen uptake was higher. Hence the effects of sequential pacing could be expected to be beneficial when function of one of the hearts was depressed by left main coronary artery ligation. During sequential pacing the cardiac output was significantly improved from 10 to 30 ml/min (P less than 0.001) and coronary flow rose. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased from 80 to 110 microliters/g/min (P less than 0.05). Thus sequential pacing could improve the severely depressed hemodynamics of the coronary-ligated heart in the presence of an auxiliary heart. The increased myocardial oxygen consumption is viewed as a beneficial effect of increased diastolic perfusion pressure and was not associated with increased enzyme release. It is concluded that the effects of sequential pacing warrant assessment in clinical auxiliary heart transplantation.", "contents": "Controlled sequential pacing in isolated perfused auxiliary rat hearts. An important question after clinical auxiliary heart transplantation is whether controlled pacing of both hearts is desirable in order to protect the diseased recipient heart. A comparison of the effects of spontaneous beating with three types of pacing (random, simultaneous and sequential) was undertaken in an isolated perfused working double rat heart. The two hearts were attached to each other by the atria, in a way comparable to the clinical situation. During controlled sequential pacing of both normal hearts, the peak systolic pressure fell and diastolic pressure rose, but the combined cardiac output did not changes. In contrast, during simultaneous pacing, systolic pressure rose, diastolic pressure  fell and coronary flow was less than with sequential pacing, but the oxygen uptake was higher. Hence the effects of sequential pacing could be expected to be beneficial when function of one of the hearts was depressed by left main coronary artery ligation. During sequential pacing the cardiac output was significantly improved from 10 to 30 ml/min (P less than 0.001) and coronary flow rose. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased from 80 to 110 microliters/g/min (P less than 0.05). Thus sequential pacing could improve the severely depressed hemodynamics of the coronary-ligated heart in the presence of an auxiliary heart. The increased myocardial oxygen consumption is viewed as a beneficial effect of increased diastolic perfusion pressure and was not associated with increased enzyme release. It is concluded that the effects of sequential pacing warrant assessment in clinical auxiliary heart transplantation.", "PMID": 387416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7821", "title": "Comparison of pirbuterol and pirbuterol and hydroxyzine in patients with reversible airway obstruction.", "content": "The effects of single oral doses of pirbuterol 10 mg plus hydroxyzine 10 mg, and of pirbuterol 10 mg plus placebo, were compared in a single-blind cross-over trial in 17 adult patients with reversible airway obstruction. The initial bronchodilator response after the two treatments was similar, but mean specific airway conductance at 3, 4, 6 and 8 h, and mean FEV1 and FVC after 3 and 4 hours, were significantly higher after pirbuterol + hydroxyzine than after pirbuterol + placebo. The mean thoracic gas volume measured at 3 and 4 h was lower after pirbuterol + hydroxyzine. Heart rate, blood pressure and a continuous ECG record did not differ after the two treatments. The findings suggest that the combination of pirbuterol and hydroxyzine brings about more prolonged bronchodilatation in patients with reversible airway obstruction than does pirbuterol alone.", "contents": "Comparison of pirbuterol and pirbuterol and hydroxyzine in patients with reversible airway obstruction. The effects of single oral doses of pirbuterol 10 mg plus hydroxyzine 10 mg, and of pirbuterol 10 mg plus placebo, were compared in a single-blind cross-over trial in 17 adult patients with reversible airway obstruction. The initial bronchodilator response after the two treatments was similar, but mean specific airway conductance at 3, 4, 6 and 8 h, and mean FEV1 and FVC after 3 and 4 hours, were significantly higher after pirbuterol + hydroxyzine than after pirbuterol + placebo. The mean thoracic gas volume measured at 3 and 4 h was lower after pirbuterol + hydroxyzine. Heart rate, blood pressure and a continuous ECG record did not differ after the two treatments. The findings suggest that the combination of pirbuterol and hydroxyzine brings about more prolonged bronchodilatation in patients with reversible airway obstruction than does pirbuterol alone.", "PMID": 387417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7822", "title": "Clinical trial of brinase and anticoagulants as a method of treatment for advanced limb ischemia.", "content": "A randomized, single-blind trial of repeated intravenous infusion of Brinase was carried out in 70 petients with severe chronic limb ischemia, who were candidates for lumbar sympathectomy or amputation. The enzyme caused s significant increase in calf and ankle pressure index. At six months follow-up, the clinical results were statistically significant in favour of Brinase when all patients were considered, but not if 10 patients with Buerger's disease were omitted from the analysis. Patients treated with a combination of Brinase and coumarins had a better clinical outcome than patients receiving either treatment on its own.", "contents": "Clinical trial of brinase and anticoagulants as a method of treatment for advanced limb ischemia. A randomized, single-blind trial of repeated intravenous infusion of Brinase was carried out in 70 petients with severe chronic limb ischemia, who were candidates for lumbar sympathectomy or amputation. The enzyme caused s significant increase in calf and ankle pressure index. At six months follow-up, the clinical results were statistically significant in favour of Brinase when all patients were considered, but not if 10 patients with Buerger's disease were omitted from the analysis. Patients treated with a combination of Brinase and coumarins had a better clinical outcome than patients receiving either treatment on its own.", "PMID": 387420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7823", "title": "The enumeration of rat IgE-secreting cells using a reverse plaque-forming cell assay.", "content": "A reverse hemolytic plaque assay utilizing protein A-coated sheep red cells and a specific rabbit anti-rat IgE preparation has been adapted for the enumeration of rat IgE-secreting cells derived from the IR-162 rat plasmacytoma and from rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Under optimal conditions, approximately 10-15% of the viable plasmacytoma cells were scored as plaque-forming cells. In rats infected with 5000 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae, a maximum of 2 x 10(6) IgE-secreting cells were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and no IgE plaque-forming cells in their spleens. The kinetics of the mesenteric lymph node plaque-forming cell responses closely coincided with total serum IgE levels, with maximum responses occurring 15-16 days after infection. There was a high degree of correlation between the mesenteric lymph node IgE plaque-forming cell responses and total serum IgE levels of individuals rats. It was concluded that the IgE-secreting cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes contributed, in a large way, to the elevated levels of IgE found in the circulation of these rats.", "contents": "The enumeration of rat IgE-secreting cells using a reverse plaque-forming cell assay. A reverse hemolytic plaque assay utilizing protein A-coated sheep red cells and a specific rabbit anti-rat IgE preparation has been adapted for the enumeration of rat IgE-secreting cells derived from the IR-162 rat plasmacytoma and from rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Under optimal conditions, approximately 10-15% of the viable plasmacytoma cells were scored as plaque-forming cells. In rats infected with 5000 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae, a maximum of 2 x 10(6) IgE-secreting cells were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and no IgE plaque-forming cells in their spleens. The kinetics of the mesenteric lymph node plaque-forming cell responses closely coincided with total serum IgE levels, with maximum responses occurring 15-16 days after infection. There was a high degree of correlation between the mesenteric lymph node IgE plaque-forming cell responses and total serum IgE levels of individuals rats. It was concluded that the IgE-secreting cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes contributed, in a large way, to the elevated levels of IgE found in the circulation of these rats.", "PMID": 387421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7824", "title": "Detection of albumin-secreting hepatocytes at the single cell level by a protein A plaque assay.", "content": "In a complement-dependent assay, using protein A-coupled erythrocytes as target cells and anti-albumin immunoglobulin (Ig) as a developing serum, it was possible to detect single albumin-secreting hepatocytes as plaque-forming cells. Plasmacytoma cells were detected using anti-Ig antibodies and did not form plaques with anti-albumin Ig. This method can potentially be used for detecting any cell-secreting products in sufficient amounts.", "contents": "Detection of albumin-secreting hepatocytes at the single cell level by a protein A plaque assay. In a complement-dependent assay, using protein A-coupled erythrocytes as target cells and anti-albumin immunoglobulin (Ig) as a developing serum, it was possible to detect single albumin-secreting hepatocytes as plaque-forming cells. Plasmacytoma cells were detected using anti-Ig antibodies and did not form plaques with anti-albumin Ig. This method can potentially be used for detecting any cell-secreting products in sufficient amounts.", "PMID": 387422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7825", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide and lipid A-induced human blood lymphocyte activation as detected by a protein A plaque assay.", "content": "Various purified cell wall lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria and derivatives of these LPS were tested for their stimulatory capacity for human peripheral blood cells. Immunoglobulin (Ig) production was tested by an indirect plaque-forming cell assay using Staphylococcus aureus protein A-coupled erythrocytes and specific anti-Ig as developing serum. This method allows the detection of the majority of cells secreting Ig of a single class, and the number of plaque-forming cells detected are approximately 100-1000 times the amount obtained using normal sheep red cells as targets. LPS containing the O antigen-specific chain, as well as mutant products only containing lipid A and ketodeoxyoctonate trisaccharide, could induce cell division and antibody synthesis. The polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin B was found to inhibit LPS-induced activation. Furthermore, purified lipid A, complexed with bovine serum albumin, was also found to activate human peripheral blood B cells. These findings demonstrate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be activated by LPS and also indicate that lipid A is the active part of these molecules.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide and lipid A-induced human blood lymphocyte activation as detected by a protein A plaque assay. Various purified cell wall lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria and derivatives of these LPS were tested for their stimulatory capacity for human peripheral blood cells. Immunoglobulin (Ig) production was tested by an indirect plaque-forming cell assay using Staphylococcus aureus protein A-coupled erythrocytes and specific anti-Ig as developing serum. This method allows the detection of the majority of cells secreting Ig of a single class, and the number of plaque-forming cells detected are approximately 100-1000 times the amount obtained using normal sheep red cells as targets. LPS containing the O antigen-specific chain, as well as mutant products only containing lipid A and ketodeoxyoctonate trisaccharide, could induce cell division and antibody synthesis. The polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin B was found to inhibit LPS-induced activation. Furthermore, purified lipid A, complexed with bovine serum albumin, was also found to activate human peripheral blood B cells. These findings demonstrate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be activated by LPS and also indicate that lipid A is the active part of these molecules.", "PMID": 387423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7826", "title": "Wheat germ agglutinin activates macrophages for collaboration with B cells.", "content": "Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), added to Mishell-Dutton-type cultures of nude spleen cells challenged with erythrocyte antigens, allows a primary specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. WGA, however, does not display direct mitogenicity to either T or B lymphocytes. The activity of WGA in the specific PFC response is macrophage-dependent and parallels a nonspecific PFC response in the same cultures.", "contents": "Wheat germ agglutinin activates macrophages for collaboration with B cells. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), added to Mishell-Dutton-type cultures of nude spleen cells challenged with erythrocyte antigens, allows a primary specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. WGA, however, does not display direct mitogenicity to either T or B lymphocytes. The activity of WGA in the specific PFC response is macrophage-dependent and parallels a nonspecific PFC response in the same cultures.", "PMID": 387424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7827", "title": "Prostaglandin-like substances in Propionibacterium acnes. III. Differential contractile effects on smooth muscle layers of the human utero-tubal junction.", "content": "The biological activity of a lipid fraction extracted from P. acnes was tested on isolated smooth muscle strips from the human utero-tubal junction. The bioassay experiments support the concept that prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) occur in P. acnes. However, in the bioassay system used, the effect of PLS was different from that of PGF2 alpha and PGI2 but similar, although not identical, to that of arachidonic acid and PGE2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-like substances in Propionibacterium acnes. III. Differential contractile effects on smooth muscle layers of the human utero-tubal junction. The biological activity of a lipid fraction extracted from P. acnes was tested on isolated smooth muscle strips from the human utero-tubal junction. The bioassay experiments support the concept that prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) occur in P. acnes. However, in the bioassay system used, the effect of PLS was different from that of PGF2 alpha and PGI2 but similar, although not identical, to that of arachidonic acid and PGE2.", "PMID": 387431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7828", "title": "Systemic candidiasis from Candida albicans colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of mice.", "content": "Reproducible induction of systemic Candida infection was achieved by treating mice in which Candida colonization had been established in the gastrointestional tract by aminobenzylpenicillin treatment. Systemic candidiasis was induced in these mice by X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of dexamethasone or X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of trypan blue. Macrophages seem to play an important role in thie systemic infection.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis from Candida albicans colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Reproducible induction of systemic Candida infection was achieved by treating mice in which Candida colonization had been established in the gastrointestional tract by aminobenzylpenicillin treatment. Systemic candidiasis was induced in these mice by X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of dexamethasone or X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of trypan blue. Macrophages seem to play an important role in thie systemic infection.", "PMID": 387432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7829", "title": "Octopamine levels during the moult cycle and adult development in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria.", "content": "Octopamine content of the head of the locust Locusta migratoria has been determined during the last larval stage, moulting and adult life of 3 groups of insects: female and male gregarious, solitary and CO2 solitarized. An important difference was found between these 3 groups. Octopamine contents increased in the middle of the larval life and during the adult life. The moulting time is characterized by a sharp decrease of the octopamine content which becomes identical in the 3 groups of insects. The relation between octopamine content, hormone cycles and motility is discussed.", "contents": "Octopamine levels during the moult cycle and adult development in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Octopamine content of the head of the locust Locusta migratoria has been determined during the last larval stage, moulting and adult life of 3 groups of insects: female and male gregarious, solitary and CO2 solitarized. An important difference was found between these 3 groups. Octopamine contents increased in the middle of the larval life and during the adult life. The moulting time is characterized by a sharp decrease of the octopamine content which becomes identical in the 3 groups of insects. The relation between octopamine content, hormone cycles and motility is discussed.", "PMID": 387433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7830", "title": "Colony stimulating activity in acute and chronic endotoxinemia in man.", "content": "Blood granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM CSF) was measured in 6 normal individuals challenged with low-dose endotoxin and in 63 unselected patients with nonhaematological disorders. 5/63 patients were febrile and 5 other patients whoed detectable endotoxin levels, as measured by the Limulus assay. CSA levels showed a rapid increase in normal individuals following endotoxin administration, but were in the normal range in patients with chronic endotoxinemia or in those with febrile disorders. Thus, unlike acute endotoxinemia, chronic endotoxinemia is not associated with elevated activity that promotes growth of myeloid commited stem cells. In addition, fever per se did not coincide with elevated blood CSA levels.", "contents": "Colony stimulating activity in acute and chronic endotoxinemia in man. Blood granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM CSF) was measured in 6 normal individuals challenged with low-dose endotoxin and in 63 unselected patients with nonhaematological disorders. 5/63 patients were febrile and 5 other patients whoed detectable endotoxin levels, as measured by the Limulus assay. CSA levels showed a rapid increase in normal individuals following endotoxin administration, but were in the normal range in patients with chronic endotoxinemia or in those with febrile disorders. Thus, unlike acute endotoxinemia, chronic endotoxinemia is not associated with elevated activity that promotes growth of myeloid commited stem cells. In addition, fever per se did not coincide with elevated blood CSA levels.", "PMID": 387434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7831", "title": "Relationship of endogenous to dietary sorbitol. A study in normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "The relationship of endogenous to dietary sorbitol was investigated by measuring the sorbitol content of plasma, lens and kidney in normal an streptozotocin-injected rats fed for two-three weeks a control diet or a diet rich in either sorbitol or sucrose. The insulin content and secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets removed from these rats was also measured. In normal rats, the carbohydrate-rich diet increased the concentration of sorbitol in plasma but not lens or kidney. The carbohydrate-rich diet also increased the secretory responsiveness of the B-cell to glucose. Accumulation of sorbitol in lens and kidney occurred in diabetic rats. When the diabetic rats were treated with insulin, the sorbitol content of plasma and lens was less elevated than in untreated diabetic animals, despite poor control of the glycemia. The insulin treatment failed to prevent sorbitol accumulation in the kidney. There was no obvious difference between dietary sorbitol and sucrose respectively, in terms of sorbitol accumulation in tissues or stimulation of B-cell secretory potential.", "contents": "Relationship of endogenous to dietary sorbitol. A study in normal and diabetic rats. The relationship of endogenous to dietary sorbitol was investigated by measuring the sorbitol content of plasma, lens and kidney in normal an streptozotocin-injected rats fed for two-three weeks a control diet or a diet rich in either sorbitol or sucrose. The insulin content and secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets removed from these rats was also measured. In normal rats, the carbohydrate-rich diet increased the concentration of sorbitol in plasma but not lens or kidney. The carbohydrate-rich diet also increased the secretory responsiveness of the B-cell to glucose. Accumulation of sorbitol in lens and kidney occurred in diabetic rats. When the diabetic rats were treated with insulin, the sorbitol content of plasma and lens was less elevated than in untreated diabetic animals, despite poor control of the glycemia. The insulin treatment failed to prevent sorbitol accumulation in the kidney. There was no obvious difference between dietary sorbitol and sucrose respectively, in terms of sorbitol accumulation in tissues or stimulation of B-cell secretory potential.", "PMID": 387487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7832", "title": "Metformin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "In a survey, the pharmacological and clinical documentation of metformin is presented and discussed, and the present state of knowledge relating to metformin-associated lactic acidosis is reviewed. The use of metformin in the treatment of diabetes is based on clinical experience over twenty years. It has been well documented that metformin is effective in maturity-onset diabetes both as monotherapy and in combination with a sulphonylurea. An advantage of metformin treatment is the tendency to weight reduction and the absence of significant hypoglycaemia; blood glucose levels are reduced only to normal. The disadvantages are the gastro-intestinal side effects and the potential risk of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency during long-term use. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a very rare complication, which has mainly occured in patients with serious renal insufficiency or other contra-indications to the use of metformin. The association between phenformin and lactic acidosis has led to withdrawal of this biguanide in several countries. Metformin differs from phenformin in certain important respects, and the normal use of metformin does not involve the risk of side effects disproportionate to the intended effect. Further experimental studies are required to substantiate pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of metformin in man.", "contents": "Metformin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. In a survey, the pharmacological and clinical documentation of metformin is presented and discussed, and the present state of knowledge relating to metformin-associated lactic acidosis is reviewed. The use of metformin in the treatment of diabetes is based on clinical experience over twenty years. It has been well documented that metformin is effective in maturity-onset diabetes both as monotherapy and in combination with a sulphonylurea. An advantage of metformin treatment is the tendency to weight reduction and the absence of significant hypoglycaemia; blood glucose levels are reduced only to normal. The disadvantages are the gastro-intestinal side effects and the potential risk of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency during long-term use. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a very rare complication, which has mainly occured in patients with serious renal insufficiency or other contra-indications to the use of metformin. The association between phenformin and lactic acidosis has led to withdrawal of this biguanide in several countries. Metformin differs from phenformin in certain important respects, and the normal use of metformin does not involve the risk of side effects disproportionate to the intended effect. Further experimental studies are required to substantiate pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of metformin in man.", "PMID": 387488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7833", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy with laser photocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Laser photocoagulation has changed the visual prognosis of diabetic patients affected by retinopathy. It aims to lower the risk of blindness of diabetic patients. The goal of photocoagulation is to reduce the tissue damage of microangiopathic origin expressed by nonperfusion areas and permeability abnormalities that are responsible for retinal ischemia and oedema respectively. Loss of visual acuity in the diabetic is due mainly to two causes : first, vitreous hemorrhage with its dramatic loss of vision; secondly, macular cystoid oedema, occuring more commonly and with progressive loss of central vision. The efficiency of pan-retinal photocoagulation in reducing the risk of vitreous hemorrhage and consequent blindness in patients with disc or preretinal newly formed vessels, has been ascertained by American and British randomised studies. The indications, technics and results of photocoagulation in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy are the subject of many studies. Only photocoagulation for macular oedema due to intra-retinal microvascular abnormality has shown to be of benefit.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy with laser photocoagulation (author's transl)]. Laser photocoagulation has changed the visual prognosis of diabetic patients affected by retinopathy. It aims to lower the risk of blindness of diabetic patients. The goal of photocoagulation is to reduce the tissue damage of microangiopathic origin expressed by nonperfusion areas and permeability abnormalities that are responsible for retinal ischemia and oedema respectively. Loss of visual acuity in the diabetic is due mainly to two causes : first, vitreous hemorrhage with its dramatic loss of vision; secondly, macular cystoid oedema, occuring more commonly and with progressive loss of central vision. The efficiency of pan-retinal photocoagulation in reducing the risk of vitreous hemorrhage and consequent blindness in patients with disc or preretinal newly formed vessels, has been ascertained by American and British randomised studies. The indications, technics and results of photocoagulation in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy are the subject of many studies. Only photocoagulation for macular oedema due to intra-retinal microvascular abnormality has shown to be of benefit.", "PMID": 387489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7834", "title": "Comparative trial of a new hypnotic (Finorgal) with nitrazepam and triclofos sodium.", "content": "Thirty patients complaining of insomnia were studied in a double-blind trial with crossover of Finorgal, nitrazepam and triclofos sodium. Finorgal given as a hypnotic produced similar results to nitrazepam and triclofos sodium in terms of induction of sleep, duration and quality of sleep, dream recall and morning 'hangover'. Reported side-effects were not serious and occurred less frequently in association with Finorgal treatment than with nitrazepam or triclofos sodium. Laboratory investigations gave no indication of the development of any drug toxicity during the three-week period of the trial.", "contents": "Comparative trial of a new hypnotic (Finorgal) with nitrazepam and triclofos sodium. Thirty patients complaining of insomnia were studied in a double-blind trial with crossover of Finorgal, nitrazepam and triclofos sodium. Finorgal given as a hypnotic produced similar results to nitrazepam and triclofos sodium in terms of induction of sleep, duration and quality of sleep, dream recall and morning 'hangover'. Reported side-effects were not serious and occurred less frequently in association with Finorgal treatment than with nitrazepam or triclofos sodium. Laboratory investigations gave no indication of the development of any drug toxicity during the three-week period of the trial.", "PMID": 387491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7835", "title": "Comparison of a new hypnotic (Finorgal) with placebo in a double-blind trial.", "content": "The hypnotic effects of Finorgal (ethchlorvynol with diphenhydramine) were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind study with crossover of treatments in thirty-five hospital in-patients. During the four-week period of Finorgal treatment there was a significant reduction in the mean time elapsing between the administration of the hypnotic and the onset of sleep, and a significant increase in the duration of sleep, compared with the four weeks of placebo treatment. There was also a significant increase in the proportion of nights when the patients felt they had slept well, and in the incidence of morning 'hangover' and nocturnal confusion during the Finorgal treatment periods. Patients had to be actively woken in the morning significantly more often following Finorgal administration. In patients experiencing pain in the night there was a significant reduction in the occurrence of pain during the nights when Finorgal had been given.", "contents": "Comparison of a new hypnotic (Finorgal) with placebo in a double-blind trial. The hypnotic effects of Finorgal (ethchlorvynol with diphenhydramine) were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind study with crossover of treatments in thirty-five hospital in-patients. During the four-week period of Finorgal treatment there was a significant reduction in the mean time elapsing between the administration of the hypnotic and the onset of sleep, and a significant increase in the duration of sleep, compared with the four weeks of placebo treatment. There was also a significant increase in the proportion of nights when the patients felt they had slept well, and in the incidence of morning 'hangover' and nocturnal confusion during the Finorgal treatment periods. Patients had to be actively woken in the morning significantly more often following Finorgal administration. In patients experiencing pain in the night there was a significant reduction in the occurrence of pain during the nights when Finorgal had been given.", "PMID": 387492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7836", "title": "Neurobiochemical aspects of maprotiline (Ludiomil) action.", "content": "In the first part of the paper a short review of the neurobiochemical effects of the antidepressant drug maprotiline is given. Its most obvious effect is the inhibition of noradrenaline uptake in peripheral and central neurones. The peculiarity of this action consists in its high degree of selectivity, as no inhibition of serotonin uptake could be demonstrated in vivo. In the second part, the results of new experiments are described. These show that serotonin uptake is not diminished in rat mid-brain synaptosomes even after treatment with very high doses of maprotiline (600 mg/kg p.o.). In addition, the influence of the antidepressant on noradrenaline and serotnin uptake was studied in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and pons-medulla. Dopamine and serotonin uptake were measured in the corpus striatum. Again, only the uptake of noradrenaline was found to be inhibited. There was not even a slight tendency towards inhibition of serotonin uptake. This high degree of selectivity distinguishes maprotiline from the tricyclic antidepressants and thus makes it an intersting 'extreme-type' uptake inhibitor.", "contents": "Neurobiochemical aspects of maprotiline (Ludiomil) action. In the first part of the paper a short review of the neurobiochemical effects of the antidepressant drug maprotiline is given. Its most obvious effect is the inhibition of noradrenaline uptake in peripheral and central neurones. The peculiarity of this action consists in its high degree of selectivity, as no inhibition of serotonin uptake could be demonstrated in vivo. In the second part, the results of new experiments are described. These show that serotonin uptake is not diminished in rat mid-brain synaptosomes even after treatment with very high doses of maprotiline (600 mg/kg p.o.). In addition, the influence of the antidepressant on noradrenaline and serotnin uptake was studied in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and pons-medulla. Dopamine and serotonin uptake were measured in the corpus striatum. Again, only the uptake of noradrenaline was found to be inhibited. There was not even a slight tendency towards inhibition of serotonin uptake. This high degree of selectivity distinguishes maprotiline from the tricyclic antidepressants and thus makes it an intersting 'extreme-type' uptake inhibitor.", "PMID": 387493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7837", "title": "Comparison of diazepam and flurazepam in the treatment of insomnia in general practice.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study in general practice, flurazepam was shown to be significantly better (p less than 0.001) than diazepam in treating sleep disturbance. Fewer patients reported side-effects on flurazepam.", "contents": "Comparison of diazepam and flurazepam in the treatment of insomnia in general practice. In a double-blind crossover study in general practice, flurazepam was shown to be significantly better (p less than 0.001) than diazepam in treating sleep disturbance. Fewer patients reported side-effects on flurazepam.", "PMID": 387494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7838", "title": "A double-blind controlled trial of betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (Diproderm) in comparison with fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% (Synalar) in psoriasis and other steroid-responsive dermatoses.", "content": "In a double-blind randomized study, sixty-two patients suffering from psoriasis or eczema were treated, twice daily for three weeks, either with 0.05% betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate cream or with 0.025% fluocinolone acetonide cream. The results showed that both topical corticosteroid preparations were effective, well tolerated and cosmetically acceptable. Fifty-seven per cent of the patients treated with betamethasone dipropionate were rated as being 'much better' in the overall assessment of response at the end of the trial period compared to only 25% of those in the fluocinolone acetonide group.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled trial of betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (Diproderm) in comparison with fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% (Synalar) in psoriasis and other steroid-responsive dermatoses. In a double-blind randomized study, sixty-two patients suffering from psoriasis or eczema were treated, twice daily for three weeks, either with 0.05% betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate cream or with 0.025% fluocinolone acetonide cream. The results showed that both topical corticosteroid preparations were effective, well tolerated and cosmetically acceptable. Fifty-seven per cent of the patients treated with betamethasone dipropionate were rated as being 'much better' in the overall assessment of response at the end of the trial period compared to only 25% of those in the fluocinolone acetonide group.", "PMID": 387495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7839", "title": "A clinical trial of choline theophyllinate versus salbutamol with placebo control.", "content": "Using a randomized double-blind procedure, seventeen patients with chronic airways obstruction completed a placebo-controlled study to compare bronchodilator effects of single doses of choline theophyllinate 400 mg and salbutamol 4 mg. As determined by a range of spirometric measurements, the effects of the two drugs were remarkably similar and there were no statistically significant differences in any of the parameters measured. Both drugs produced highly significant differences in comparison with placebo response. Side-effects were mainly complaints of digital tremor; this was seen in four of the patients after salbutamol and in less pronounced form in two patients after choline theophyllinate.", "contents": "A clinical trial of choline theophyllinate versus salbutamol with placebo control. Using a randomized double-blind procedure, seventeen patients with chronic airways obstruction completed a placebo-controlled study to compare bronchodilator effects of single doses of choline theophyllinate 400 mg and salbutamol 4 mg. As determined by a range of spirometric measurements, the effects of the two drugs were remarkably similar and there were no statistically significant differences in any of the parameters measured. Both drugs produced highly significant differences in comparison with placebo response. Side-effects were mainly complaints of digital tremor; this was seen in four of the patients after salbutamol and in less pronounced form in two patients after choline theophyllinate.", "PMID": 387496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7840", "title": "Hydrocortisone alcoholic solution in eczematous external otitis.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized study is described involving a total of fifty-five patients suffering from eczematous external otitis comparing for efficacy hydrocortisone alcoholic solution and hydrocortisone-17-alpha-butyrate. The trial duration was seven days. No difference in efficacy could be demonstrated between the two preparations. No side-effects were observed.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone alcoholic solution in eczematous external otitis. A double-blind, randomized study is described involving a total of fifty-five patients suffering from eczematous external otitis comparing for efficacy hydrocortisone alcoholic solution and hydrocortisone-17-alpha-butyrate. The trial duration was seven days. No difference in efficacy could be demonstrated between the two preparations. No side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 387497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7841", "title": "Clinical effects of trithiozine, a newer gastric anti-secretory agent.", "content": "Trithiozine is a new product which in animal studies proved to have a marked anti-secretory and anti-ulcer effect, along with a very low acute and chronic toxicity and no ganglioplegic, anticholinergic and anti-H2 activity. Clinical trials with trithiozine have been performed in some European countries. The results of these trials, most of which were conducted on a double-blind basis, and including already several hundreds of patients, have shown that oral trithiozine: exerts a very significant action on both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, without a rebound hypersecretion; promotes, in most patients, a complete endoscopic healing of peptic ulcer, in addition to an early symptomatic relief; has a mild sedative action; does not affect the pancreatic secretion; is well tolerated even for long-term (up to 10 months) treatments.", "contents": "Clinical effects of trithiozine, a newer gastric anti-secretory agent. Trithiozine is a new product which in animal studies proved to have a marked anti-secretory and anti-ulcer effect, along with a very low acute and chronic toxicity and no ganglioplegic, anticholinergic and anti-H2 activity. Clinical trials with trithiozine have been performed in some European countries. The results of these trials, most of which were conducted on a double-blind basis, and including already several hundreds of patients, have shown that oral trithiozine: exerts a very significant action on both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, without a rebound hypersecretion; promotes, in most patients, a complete endoscopic healing of peptic ulcer, in addition to an early symptomatic relief; has a mild sedative action; does not affect the pancreatic secretion; is well tolerated even for long-term (up to 10 months) treatments.", "PMID": 387498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7842", "title": "Isolation and characterization of preproinsulin mRNA from fetal bovine pancreatic islets.", "content": "Total polyadenylated RNA prepared from isolated islets of fetal bovine pancreas was physically characterized. Incubation of this poly A+ RNA with a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ results in the synthesis of insulin-immunoreactive polypeptide identical in size to that described earlier, 11 200 daltons (Lomedico et al. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7971--7978). This material comprised approximately 22% of the total 3H-labeled translation products. Compared to poly A+ RNA from the total pancreas, we conclude that islet mRNA is enriched in proinsulin mRNA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of preproinsulin mRNA from fetal bovine pancreatic islets. Total polyadenylated RNA prepared from isolated islets of fetal bovine pancreas was physically characterized. Incubation of this poly A+ RNA with a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ results in the synthesis of insulin-immunoreactive polypeptide identical in size to that described earlier, 11 200 daltons (Lomedico et al. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7971--7978). This material comprised approximately 22% of the total 3H-labeled translation products. Compared to poly A+ RNA from the total pancreas, we conclude that islet mRNA is enriched in proinsulin mRNA.", "PMID": 387499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7843", "title": "Somatostatin in the pancreas and hypothalamus of obese mice.", "content": "The pancreatic content of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon and the hypothalamic content of somatostatin were examined in ob/ob mice at various ages and in goldthioglucose-obese mice. The total pancreatic content of somatostatin was increased in ob/ob mice compared to controls: 92 ng vs 75 ng (a 22% increase) at 2 months of age; 208 ng vs 131 ng (a 60% increase) at 6 months of age; and 184 ng vs 118 ng (a 60% increase) at 8 months of age. The total pancreatic content of glucagon in ob/ob mice was already enhanced by 70% over controls at 2 months of age (301 ng vs 173 ng) and did not increase further at later stages, whereas that of insulin progressively rose with age. In goldthioglucose-obese mice the pancreatic content of insulin was also increased but to a lesser extent than in ob/ob mice; the pancreatic levels of somatostatin and glucagon were unaltered. In both ob/ob mice (regardless of age) and goldthioglucose-obese mice, there was no significant change in the hypothalamic content of somatostatin compared with that of lean controls.", "contents": "Somatostatin in the pancreas and hypothalamus of obese mice. The pancreatic content of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon and the hypothalamic content of somatostatin were examined in ob/ob mice at various ages and in goldthioglucose-obese mice. The total pancreatic content of somatostatin was increased in ob/ob mice compared to controls: 92 ng vs 75 ng (a 22% increase) at 2 months of age; 208 ng vs 131 ng (a 60% increase) at 6 months of age; and 184 ng vs 118 ng (a 60% increase) at 8 months of age. The total pancreatic content of glucagon in ob/ob mice was already enhanced by 70% over controls at 2 months of age (301 ng vs 173 ng) and did not increase further at later stages, whereas that of insulin progressively rose with age. In goldthioglucose-obese mice the pancreatic content of insulin was also increased but to a lesser extent than in ob/ob mice; the pancreatic levels of somatostatin and glucagon were unaltered. In both ob/ob mice (regardless of age) and goldthioglucose-obese mice, there was no significant change in the hypothalamic content of somatostatin compared with that of lean controls.", "PMID": 387502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7844", "title": "Bone loss in diabetes: effects of metabolic state.", "content": "The significance of different risk factors for the development of bone loss in diabetes mellitus was evaluated in a cross sectional study of 215 insulin treated diabetic outpatients. Bone mineral content in the forearms was measured by photon absorptiometry and the metabolic status was evaluated by three indices: residual B-cell function, insulin dosage and fasting blood glucose. The mean bone mineral content was reduced to 90.2% of sex- and age-matched normal mean values (P less than 0.001). Stratification of the patients showed that bone mineral content was 99.3% of that found in sex- and age matched normal subjects in the group with residual B-cell function, low insulin dosage and low fasting blood glucose; it was only 79.3% of normal in the group with no detectable insulin secretion, high insulin dosage and more severe hyperglycaemia. Thus, residual insulin secretion and the quality of metabolic control are major factors in determining bone mineral content in insulin treated diabetic patients.", "contents": "Bone loss in diabetes: effects of metabolic state. The significance of different risk factors for the development of bone loss in diabetes mellitus was evaluated in a cross sectional study of 215 insulin treated diabetic outpatients. Bone mineral content in the forearms was measured by photon absorptiometry and the metabolic status was evaluated by three indices: residual B-cell function, insulin dosage and fasting blood glucose. The mean bone mineral content was reduced to 90.2% of sex- and age-matched normal mean values (P less than 0.001). Stratification of the patients showed that bone mineral content was 99.3% of that found in sex- and age matched normal subjects in the group with residual B-cell function, low insulin dosage and low fasting blood glucose; it was only 79.3% of normal in the group with no detectable insulin secretion, high insulin dosage and more severe hyperglycaemia. Thus, residual insulin secretion and the quality of metabolic control are major factors in determining bone mineral content in insulin treated diabetic patients.", "PMID": 387503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7845", "title": "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "This review attempts to outline the present understanding of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. The clinical features have been increasinly recognised but knowledge of the localization and morphology of the lesions and their pathogenesis remains fragmentary. A metabolic causation as postulated in somatic nerves accords best with clinical observations. Most bodily systems, particularly the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urogenital, are involved with added disturbances of thermoregulatory function and pupillary reflexes. Possible effects on neuroendocrine and peptidergic secretion and respiratory control await definition. Current interest centres around the development of a new generation of tests of autonomic nerve function that are simple, non-invasive, reproducible and allow precision in diagnosis and accurate quantitation. Most are based on cardiovascular reflexes and abnormality in them is assumed to reflect autonomic damage elsewhere. Probably no single test suffices and a battery of tests reflecting both parasympathetic and sympathetic function is preferable. Little is known of the natural history. The prevalence may be greater than previously suspected and although symptoms are mild in the majority, a few develop florid features. The relation of control and duration of diabetes to the onset and progression of autonomic neuropathy is not clearly established. Once tests of autonomic function become abnormal they usually remain abnormal. Symptomatic autonomic neuropathy carries a greatly increased mortality rate possibly due to indirect mechanisms such as renal failure and direct mechanisms such as cardio-resiratory arrest. Improved treatment of some of the more disabling symptoms has been possible in recent years.", "contents": "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. This review attempts to outline the present understanding of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. The clinical features have been increasinly recognised but knowledge of the localization and morphology of the lesions and their pathogenesis remains fragmentary. A metabolic causation as postulated in somatic nerves accords best with clinical observations. Most bodily systems, particularly the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urogenital, are involved with added disturbances of thermoregulatory function and pupillary reflexes. Possible effects on neuroendocrine and peptidergic secretion and respiratory control await definition. Current interest centres around the development of a new generation of tests of autonomic nerve function that are simple, non-invasive, reproducible and allow precision in diagnosis and accurate quantitation. Most are based on cardiovascular reflexes and abnormality in them is assumed to reflect autonomic damage elsewhere. Probably no single test suffices and a battery of tests reflecting both parasympathetic and sympathetic function is preferable. Little is known of the natural history. The prevalence may be greater than previously suspected and although symptoms are mild in the majority, a few develop florid features. The relation of control and duration of diabetes to the onset and progression of autonomic neuropathy is not clearly established. Once tests of autonomic function become abnormal they usually remain abnormal. Symptomatic autonomic neuropathy carries a greatly increased mortality rate possibly due to indirect mechanisms such as renal failure and direct mechanisms such as cardio-resiratory arrest. Improved treatment of some of the more disabling symptoms has been possible in recent years.", "PMID": 387501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7846", "title": "Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of delta cells in pancreatic islets from C57BL/Ks diabetes mice.", "content": "An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study was undertaken to elucidate the temporal and quantitative aspects of the changes occurring in the delta cells in the pancreatic islets of C57BL/KsJ db/db (diabetes) mice. Electron microscopy revealed that prior to the major topographical redistribution of delta cells from their peripheral location to the islet interior, long delta cell filopodial extensions penetrated into the islet, greatly increasing the area of surface contact between delta cells and hypersecretory beta cells. Coincident with delta cells redistribution in islets of 8 to 10 week diabetes mice, the mean number of delta cells per islet had increased significantly. In contrast, their volume density had decreased, indicating incomplete compensation for beta cell hyperplasia which had commenced approximately 4 weeks earlier. In the 14 week mutants, numbers of delta cells per islet and islet volume reached maximum values while delta cell volume density had been restored to a control level. Delta cell volume density exhibited a 2-fold increase in the mutants at 20 weeks that coincided with massive beta cell necrosis. However, a decline in the number of delta cells per islet (173.6 +/- 20.9 at 14 weeks versus 91.2 +/- 20 weeks) suggests that islet degeneration in terminal stages of the syndrome also includes some loss of these cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of delta cells in pancreatic islets from C57BL/Ks diabetes mice. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study was undertaken to elucidate the temporal and quantitative aspects of the changes occurring in the delta cells in the pancreatic islets of C57BL/KsJ db/db (diabetes) mice. Electron microscopy revealed that prior to the major topographical redistribution of delta cells from their peripheral location to the islet interior, long delta cell filopodial extensions penetrated into the islet, greatly increasing the area of surface contact between delta cells and hypersecretory beta cells. Coincident with delta cells redistribution in islets of 8 to 10 week diabetes mice, the mean number of delta cells per islet had increased significantly. In contrast, their volume density had decreased, indicating incomplete compensation for beta cell hyperplasia which had commenced approximately 4 weeks earlier. In the 14 week mutants, numbers of delta cells per islet and islet volume reached maximum values while delta cell volume density had been restored to a control level. Delta cell volume density exhibited a 2-fold increase in the mutants at 20 weeks that coincided with massive beta cell necrosis. However, a decline in the number of delta cells per islet (173.6 +/- 20.9 at 14 weeks versus 91.2 +/- 20 weeks) suggests that islet degeneration in terminal stages of the syndrome also includes some loss of these cells.", "PMID": 387505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7847", "title": "Histogenesis of adenomatous polyps in the human large intestine.", "content": "Detailed histologic analyses have been performed in 75, minute, colorectal polyps from familial polyposis patients. All polyps were composed of typical adenomatous tissue, with, in addition, some normal-looking glands still to be found among the neoplastic elements. Bifurcating glands were not observed, and branching patterns were present in 27% of the polyps only. In 86% of the lesions, the number of gland openings along the polyp surface was larger than the number of gland bases observed along the muscularis mucosae. This difference increased with polyp size (r = 0.9043). Those data, together with previous radioautographic observations, suggest that formation of new adenomatous glands mainly results from an infolding of the surface epithelium between normal, preexisting glands. This mechanism sharply contrasts with villous polyps in which papillary projections arise upwards from the mucosal surface.", "contents": "Histogenesis of adenomatous polyps in the human large intestine. Detailed histologic analyses have been performed in 75, minute, colorectal polyps from familial polyposis patients. All polyps were composed of typical adenomatous tissue, with, in addition, some normal-looking glands still to be found among the neoplastic elements. Bifurcating glands were not observed, and branching patterns were present in 27% of the polyps only. In 86% of the lesions, the number of gland openings along the polyp surface was larger than the number of gland bases observed along the muscularis mucosae. This difference increased with polyp size (r = 0.9043). Those data, together with previous radioautographic observations, suggest that formation of new adenomatous glands mainly results from an infolding of the surface epithelium between normal, preexisting glands. This mechanism sharply contrasts with villous polyps in which papillary projections arise upwards from the mucosal surface.", "PMID": 387509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7848", "title": "Effects of prostacyclin and a stable analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and blood pressure in conscious dogs.", "content": "We studied the effect of prostacyclin, PGI2, its chemical decomposition product, 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, and a stable 5-6-dihydro analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow (14C-aminopyrine clearance), and mean arterial pressure in unanesthetized dogs. During submaximal acid secretion from a gastric fistula induced by intravenous histamine dihydrochloride (20 microgram kg-1 h-1), prostacyclin and its stable analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, reduced acid output with ID50s (dose causing 50% inhibition) of about 0.2 and 3.0 microgram kg-1 min-1 i.v., respectively, whereas 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha was inactive at 100 times the effective dose of prostacyclin. The ratio of mucosal blood flow to acid output remained unchanged during prostacyclin administration and was significantly elevated during 6-beta-PGI1 infusion, suggesting that with both compounds the changes in mucosal blood flow were not the cause of the antisecretory action. For doses causing equivalent antisecretory action, 6-beta-PGI1 lowered systemic arterial blood pressure much less than prostacyclin, indicating selectivity of action. Prostacyclin is unlikely to be a circulating antisecretory agent, but may play a role as a local humoral modulator of secretion and blood flow in the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Effects of prostacyclin and a stable analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and blood pressure in conscious dogs. We studied the effect of prostacyclin, PGI2, its chemical decomposition product, 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, and a stable 5-6-dihydro analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow (14C-aminopyrine clearance), and mean arterial pressure in unanesthetized dogs. During submaximal acid secretion from a gastric fistula induced by intravenous histamine dihydrochloride (20 microgram kg-1 h-1), prostacyclin and its stable analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, reduced acid output with ID50s (dose causing 50% inhibition) of about 0.2 and 3.0 microgram kg-1 min-1 i.v., respectively, whereas 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha was inactive at 100 times the effective dose of prostacyclin. The ratio of mucosal blood flow to acid output remained unchanged during prostacyclin administration and was significantly elevated during 6-beta-PGI1 infusion, suggesting that with both compounds the changes in mucosal blood flow were not the cause of the antisecretory action. For doses causing equivalent antisecretory action, 6-beta-PGI1 lowered systemic arterial blood pressure much less than prostacyclin, indicating selectivity of action. Prostacyclin is unlikely to be a circulating antisecretory agent, but may play a role as a local humoral modulator of secretion and blood flow in the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 387511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7849", "title": "Histidine mutants requiring adenine: selection of mutants with reduced hisG expression in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A method is described for the selection of Salmonella typhimurium mutants with reduced levels of hisG enzyme activity. This method is based on the fact that the hisG enzyme catalyzes the consumption of ATP in the first step of histidine biosynthesis. Normally, this reaction is closely regulated, both by feedback inhibition and by repression of the operon. However, conditions can be set up that result in the uncontrolled use of adenine in histidine biosynthesis. Cells grown under these conditions become phenotypic adenine auxotrophs. Some revertant clones that no longer require adenine contain mutations in hisG, hisE, or the his-control region. The hisG mutations are of all types (nonsense, frameshift, missense, deletion and leady types), and they map throughout the hisG gene.", "contents": "Histidine mutants requiring adenine: selection of mutants with reduced hisG expression in Salmonella typhimurium. A method is described for the selection of Salmonella typhimurium mutants with reduced levels of hisG enzyme activity. This method is based on the fact that the hisG enzyme catalyzes the consumption of ATP in the first step of histidine biosynthesis. Normally, this reaction is closely regulated, both by feedback inhibition and by repression of the operon. However, conditions can be set up that result in the uncontrolled use of adenine in histidine biosynthesis. Cells grown under these conditions become phenotypic adenine auxotrophs. Some revertant clones that no longer require adenine contain mutations in hisG, hisE, or the his-control region. The hisG mutations are of all types (nonsense, frameshift, missense, deletion and leady types), and they map throughout the hisG gene.", "PMID": 387516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7850", "title": "A refined map of the hisG gene of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The hisG gene is the most operator-proximal structural gene of the histidine operon; it encodes the feedback-inhibitable first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway. Previously, hisG mutants were mapped into seven intervals defined by the availble deletion mutations having endpoints in the hisG gene. The map has been refined using over 60 new deletion mutants. The new map divides the gene into 40 deletion intervals, which average approximately 30 base pairs in length. The map has been used to analyze the distribution of insertion sites for the transposable element Tn10 and has permitted conclusions on the diistribution of duplication endpoints. The map promises to be useful in analysis of his regulation and, more particularly, in the determination of the possible role of the hisG enzyme in this mechanism.", "contents": "A refined map of the hisG gene of Salmonella typhimurium. The hisG gene is the most operator-proximal structural gene of the histidine operon; it encodes the feedback-inhibitable first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway. Previously, hisG mutants were mapped into seven intervals defined by the availble deletion mutations having endpoints in the hisG gene. The map has been refined using over 60 new deletion mutants. The new map divides the gene into 40 deletion intervals, which average approximately 30 base pairs in length. The map has been used to analyze the distribution of insertion sites for the transposable element Tn10 and has permitted conclusions on the diistribution of duplication endpoints. The map promises to be useful in analysis of his regulation and, more particularly, in the determination of the possible role of the hisG enzyme in this mechanism.", "PMID": 387517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7851", "title": "Mutagenesis by cytostatic alkylating agents in yeast strains of differing repair capacities.", "content": "Reversion of two nulcear ochre nonsense alleles and cell inactivation induced by mono-, bi-, and tri-functional alkylating agents and by UV has been investigated in stationary-phase haploid cells of yeast strains with differing capacities for DNA repair. The ability to survive alkylation damage is correlated with UV repair capacity, a UV-resistant and UV-mutable strain (RAD REV) being least and a UV-sensitive and UV-nonmutable strain (radi rev3) most sensitive. Mutagenicity of alkylating agents is highest in the former and is abolished in the latter strain. Deficiency in excision repair (rad1 rad2) or in the RAD18 function does not lead to enhanced mutability. Mutagenesis by the various agents is characterized by a common pattern of induction of locus-specific revertants and suppressor mutants. Induction kinetics are mostly linear, but UV-induced reversion in the RAD REV strain follows higher-than-linear (probably \"quadratic\") kinetics. The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, usually considered inactive without metabolic conversion, reduces colony-forming ability and induces revertants in a manner similar but not identical to the other chemicals tested. These findings are taken to support the concept of mutagenesis by misrepair after alkylation, which albeit sharing common features with the mechanism of UV-induced reversion, can be distinguished therefrom.", "contents": "Mutagenesis by cytostatic alkylating agents in yeast strains of differing repair capacities. Reversion of two nulcear ochre nonsense alleles and cell inactivation induced by mono-, bi-, and tri-functional alkylating agents and by UV has been investigated in stationary-phase haploid cells of yeast strains with differing capacities for DNA repair. The ability to survive alkylation damage is correlated with UV repair capacity, a UV-resistant and UV-mutable strain (RAD REV) being least and a UV-sensitive and UV-nonmutable strain (radi rev3) most sensitive. Mutagenicity of alkylating agents is highest in the former and is abolished in the latter strain. Deficiency in excision repair (rad1 rad2) or in the RAD18 function does not lead to enhanced mutability. Mutagenesis by the various agents is characterized by a common pattern of induction of locus-specific revertants and suppressor mutants. Induction kinetics are mostly linear, but UV-induced reversion in the RAD REV strain follows higher-than-linear (probably \"quadratic\") kinetics. The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, usually considered inactive without metabolic conversion, reduces colony-forming ability and induces revertants in a manner similar but not identical to the other chemicals tested. These findings are taken to support the concept of mutagenesis by misrepair after alkylation, which albeit sharing common features with the mechanism of UV-induced reversion, can be distinguished therefrom.", "PMID": 387518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7852", "title": "[Acceptance and transfer of plasmid Rts1 by bacteria of the genus Erwinia].", "content": "The ability of 13 Erwinia strains to accept, to inherit and to transmit the Rts1 factor by conjugation was studied. 11 strains accepted the Rts1 factor from Escherichia coli K-12 CSH-2 with the frequency of about 10(-7)--10(-3). The Rts1 factor was genetically stable in the Erwinia cells and was not eliminated by acriflavine and under the temperature of 37 and 42 degrees C. All the R+ exconjugants were characterized with more high degree of the resistance of kanamycin than E. coli cells harbouring the same R factor. Erwinia strains harbouring the Rts1 plasmid transferred it by conjugation into homologic (Erwinia) and heterologic (E. coli) bacteria. The study of kinetics of the transfer of the Rts1 factor in different mating systems showed that the transfer of this plasmid from R+ Erwinia into R- Erwinia and R- E. coli--in the liquid medium. It is concluded that Erwinia can be the host and the donor of the Rts1 factor.", "contents": "[Acceptance and transfer of plasmid Rts1 by bacteria of the genus Erwinia]. The ability of 13 Erwinia strains to accept, to inherit and to transmit the Rts1 factor by conjugation was studied. 11 strains accepted the Rts1 factor from Escherichia coli K-12 CSH-2 with the frequency of about 10(-7)--10(-3). The Rts1 factor was genetically stable in the Erwinia cells and was not eliminated by acriflavine and under the temperature of 37 and 42 degrees C. All the R+ exconjugants were characterized with more high degree of the resistance of kanamycin than E. coli cells harbouring the same R factor. Erwinia strains harbouring the Rts1 plasmid transferred it by conjugation into homologic (Erwinia) and heterologic (E. coli) bacteria. The study of kinetics of the transfer of the Rts1 factor in different mating systems showed that the transfer of this plasmid from R+ Erwinia into R- Erwinia and R- E. coli--in the liquid medium. It is concluded that Erwinia can be the host and the donor of the Rts1 factor.", "PMID": 387520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7853", "title": "[Functional interactions of the genomes of Shigella sonnei phages and Escherichia coli phage T4 in mixed infection].", "content": "A comparative study of Shigella sonnei phages U and G and Escherichia coli phage T4 has shown that enzymes coded for by the Sh. sonnei phages can functionally substitute for some T4-coded products. This finding in indicative of an evolutionary relationship between T-even phages and disenteric phages U and G. The U phage is uncapable to compensate amber mutants for the genes that control the conversion of cytosine into 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (5-HMC) and the glucosylation of the latter, which agrees with our earlier finding that the U phage DNA contains no 5-HMC. U and G phages are also found to exclude the T4 phage in the course of mixed infection.", "contents": "[Functional interactions of the genomes of Shigella sonnei phages and Escherichia coli phage T4 in mixed infection]. A comparative study of Shigella sonnei phages U and G and Escherichia coli phage T4 has shown that enzymes coded for by the Sh. sonnei phages can functionally substitute for some T4-coded products. This finding in indicative of an evolutionary relationship between T-even phages and disenteric phages U and G. The U phage is uncapable to compensate amber mutants for the genes that control the conversion of cytosine into 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (5-HMC) and the glucosylation of the latter, which agrees with our earlier finding that the U phage DNA contains no 5-HMC. U and G phages are also found to exclude the T4 phage in the course of mixed infection.", "PMID": 387521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7854", "title": "Preparation and characterization of large amounts of restriction fragments containing the E. coli lac control elements.", "content": "Large quantities of pure DNA fragments (789, 203 and 95 bp in length) containing the Escherichia coli lac controlling elements (operator, promoter, CRP binding site) were prepared from appropriate recombinant plasmids. High pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 or preparative sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to fractionate the pVH51 vector from the inserts. The fragments had few, if any, nicks or depurinated sites, and the majority of the fragment ends were intact. Absorbance-temperature profiles on the fragments showed multiphasic transitions.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of large amounts of restriction fragments containing the E. coli lac control elements. Large quantities of pure DNA fragments (789, 203 and 95 bp in length) containing the Escherichia coli lac controlling elements (operator, promoter, CRP binding site) were prepared from appropriate recombinant plasmids. High pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 or preparative sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to fractionate the pVH51 vector from the inserts. The fragments had few, if any, nicks or depurinated sites, and the majority of the fragment ends were intact. Absorbance-temperature profiles on the fragments showed multiphasic transitions.", "PMID": 387526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7855", "title": "Thermo-inducible expression of cloned early genes of bacteriophage Mu.", "content": "An EcoRI fragment, containing approx. 5100 base pairs (bp) of the immunity-end of bacteriophage Mu, was inserted into the multicopy plasmid pMB9 by in vitro recombination. The expression of early Mu genes, located on the cloned fragment, is thermo-inducible because of the presence of the ts mutation in gene c. The isolation of a transformant harbouring the recombinant plasmid, pGP1, was possible only when expression of Mu genes was prevented. pGP1 can be maintained at 28 degrees C at high copy number, but at 42 degrees C the pGP1 containing cells are killed due to the expression of the kil gene of Mu. The following Mu genes are present on pGP1: the ner gene, the integration and replication genes A and B, the cim gene, and the kil gene. pGP1 containing cells do not show Gam and Sot activity at 42 degrees C, therefore the leftmost EcoRI site on the Mu DNA is located between genes kil and gam or sot, or within the gam or sot gene.", "contents": "Thermo-inducible expression of cloned early genes of bacteriophage Mu. An EcoRI fragment, containing approx. 5100 base pairs (bp) of the immunity-end of bacteriophage Mu, was inserted into the multicopy plasmid pMB9 by in vitro recombination. The expression of early Mu genes, located on the cloned fragment, is thermo-inducible because of the presence of the ts mutation in gene c. The isolation of a transformant harbouring the recombinant plasmid, pGP1, was possible only when expression of Mu genes was prevented. pGP1 can be maintained at 28 degrees C at high copy number, but at 42 degrees C the pGP1 containing cells are killed due to the expression of the kil gene of Mu. The following Mu genes are present on pGP1: the ner gene, the integration and replication genes A and B, the cim gene, and the kil gene. pGP1 containing cells do not show Gam and Sot activity at 42 degrees C, therefore the leftmost EcoRI site on the Mu DNA is located between genes kil and gam or sot, or within the gam or sot gene.", "PMID": 387527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7856", "title": "Effect of alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibition and intestinal absorption of sucrose, water, and sodium in man.", "content": "The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide exhibiting potent inhibitory action on alpha-glucoside hydrolases on intestinal absorption of sucrose in man was tested by constant in vivo perfusion of the jejunum. At concentrations of 4.65 or 15.5 X 10(-6)M the alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) markedly inhibited absorption of glucose from sucrose and absorption of sodium and water. Oral administration of the alpha-GHI resulted as well in depression of solute, sodium, and water absorption. This new compound can serve as an interesting tool to induce carbohydrate malabsorption by inhibition of final digestion and may possibly be of beneficial therapeutic effect in dietary control of diabetes or obesity.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibition and intestinal absorption of sucrose, water, and sodium in man. The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide exhibiting potent inhibitory action on alpha-glucoside hydrolases on intestinal absorption of sucrose in man was tested by constant in vivo perfusion of the jejunum. At concentrations of 4.65 or 15.5 X 10(-6)M the alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) markedly inhibited absorption of glucose from sucrose and absorption of sodium and water. Oral administration of the alpha-GHI resulted as well in depression of solute, sodium, and water absorption. This new compound can serve as an interesting tool to induce carbohydrate malabsorption by inhibition of final digestion and may possibly be of beneficial therapeutic effect in dietary control of diabetes or obesity.", "PMID": 387540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7857", "title": "Arterial and portal blood supply in cirrhosis: a functional evaluation.", "content": "The uptake of (125)I albumin microaggregates (U-(125)I-AMA) from portal blood, during a single passage through the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, has been found to be generally decreased in cirrhosis. To investigate if a similar phenomenon occurs for the colloid flowing through the hepatic artery, the U-(125)I-AMA was first calculated in normal dogs after injection of a mixture of (51)Cr red blood cells ((51)Cr-RBC) and (125)I-AMA into the hepatic artery by comparing hepatic indicator dilution curves (IDC) obtained with both indicators. In nine dogs, the U-(125)I-AMA from hepatic artery blood was generally over 90%, as previously reported for the same colloid flowing through the portal vein in another group of normal dogs. This approach was then applied in nine patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who underwent combined umbilicoportal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery catheterisation because of severe portal hypertension. Hepatic indicator dilution curves were obtained in the nine patients after injection of a mixture of (51)Cr-RBC and (125)I-AMA into the portal vein and the hepatic artery. The U-(125)I-AMA from portal and hepatic artery blood was measured by comparing (51)Cr-RBC and (125)I-AMA hepatic IDC. U-(125)I-AMA varied between 5.2 and 90.5% after portal vein injection and between 13.7 and 90.1% after hepatic artery injection; not difference was found between paired values. In all patients the extraction of indocyanine green (E-ICG) was calculated during a continuous infusion and significant correlations were found between E-ICG and U-(125)I-AMA from portal blood (r=0.931; p <0.001) or from hepatic artery blood (r=0.861; p <0.005). The decreased uptakes can be related to intrahepatic shunts or sinusoidal changes responsible for ineffective phagocytosis and restricted access of dye to parenchymal cells. These data indicate that in cirrhosis the hepatic artery and portal vein blood is cleared of colloid and ICG in a similar fashion and suggest nearly identical blood supply to the regenerative nodules by the hepatic artery and portal vein. Thus U-(125)I-AMA from hepatic artery or portal vein blood, as well as the E-ICG, may be used to estimate the functional hepatic blood supply in cirrhosis; this may prove to be useful in the prognosis of patients before portacaval shunts.", "contents": "Arterial and portal blood supply in cirrhosis: a functional evaluation. The uptake of (125)I albumin microaggregates (U-(125)I-AMA) from portal blood, during a single passage through the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, has been found to be generally decreased in cirrhosis. To investigate if a similar phenomenon occurs for the colloid flowing through the hepatic artery, the U-(125)I-AMA was first calculated in normal dogs after injection of a mixture of (51)Cr red blood cells ((51)Cr-RBC) and (125)I-AMA into the hepatic artery by comparing hepatic indicator dilution curves (IDC) obtained with both indicators. In nine dogs, the U-(125)I-AMA from hepatic artery blood was generally over 90%, as previously reported for the same colloid flowing through the portal vein in another group of normal dogs. This approach was then applied in nine patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who underwent combined umbilicoportal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery catheterisation because of severe portal hypertension. Hepatic indicator dilution curves were obtained in the nine patients after injection of a mixture of (51)Cr-RBC and (125)I-AMA into the portal vein and the hepatic artery. The U-(125)I-AMA from portal and hepatic artery blood was measured by comparing (51)Cr-RBC and (125)I-AMA hepatic IDC. U-(125)I-AMA varied between 5.2 and 90.5% after portal vein injection and between 13.7 and 90.1% after hepatic artery injection; not difference was found between paired values. In all patients the extraction of indocyanine green (E-ICG) was calculated during a continuous infusion and significant correlations were found between E-ICG and U-(125)I-AMA from portal blood (r=0.931; p <0.001) or from hepatic artery blood (r=0.861; p <0.005). The decreased uptakes can be related to intrahepatic shunts or sinusoidal changes responsible for ineffective phagocytosis and restricted access of dye to parenchymal cells. These data indicate that in cirrhosis the hepatic artery and portal vein blood is cleared of colloid and ICG in a similar fashion and suggest nearly identical blood supply to the regenerative nodules by the hepatic artery and portal vein. Thus U-(125)I-AMA from hepatic artery or portal vein blood, as well as the E-ICG, may be used to estimate the functional hepatic blood supply in cirrhosis; this may prove to be useful in the prognosis of patients before portacaval shunts.", "PMID": 387541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7858", "title": "Chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a controlled, prospective, randomised multi-centre study.", "content": "Seventy-six patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma were studied in a prospecitive, randmoised, controlled trial using vincristine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in an initiation course and mitomycin-C with 5-fluorouracil as maintenance therapy. Thirty-seven patients were inoperable and 39 had the primary tumour resected with histological evidence of residual disease. Survival in the inoperable group was short and showed no significant difference between treated and control patients. The median survival times for treated and control groups were 9.5 and 9.0 weeks respectively. In the resected patients there was no difference in ultimate overall survival between the groups but up to 20 weeks there was a suggestion that the probability of survival in treated patients was higher (P = 0.06). The patients were well-matched and it is concluded that chemotherapy has had an early effect but that a further trial with more detailed stratification, particularly of staging and histological grade, is needed. No patient received treatment for longer than two years and unacceptable toxicity occurred in only two patients. Nausea occurred more frequently in the treated group but was short-lived and clinically manageable.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a controlled, prospective, randomised multi-centre study. Seventy-six patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma were studied in a prospecitive, randmoised, controlled trial using vincristine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in an initiation course and mitomycin-C with 5-fluorouracil as maintenance therapy. Thirty-seven patients were inoperable and 39 had the primary tumour resected with histological evidence of residual disease. Survival in the inoperable group was short and showed no significant difference between treated and control patients. The median survival times for treated and control groups were 9.5 and 9.0 weeks respectively. In the resected patients there was no difference in ultimate overall survival between the groups but up to 20 weeks there was a suggestion that the probability of survival in treated patients was higher (P = 0.06). The patients were well-matched and it is concluded that chemotherapy has had an early effect but that a further trial with more detailed stratification, particularly of staging and histological grade, is needed. No patient received treatment for longer than two years and unacceptable toxicity occurred in only two patients. Nausea occurred more frequently in the treated group but was short-lived and clinically manageable.", "PMID": 387542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7859", "title": "Effect of massive bowel resection on enteroinsular axis.", "content": "Pancreatic endocrine function was studied in 13 patients who had undergone massive bowel resection. The patients were divided into two groups: one month after operation (short-term group), and three or more months after operation (long-term group). Oral administration of glucose caused a persistent low insulin secretion in almost all the patients and the glucose tolerance curve showed a diabetic pattern in four. In contrast, the insulin response to intravenously infused arginine was impaired in the short-term group, but was at an approximately normal level in the long-term group. Pancreatic glucagon response to intravenous arginine, however, remained unchanged in both groups. Interruption of the enteroinsular axis as the result of massive bowel resection probably plays a major part in this discrepancy of the behaviour of insulin in the long-term group.", "contents": "Effect of massive bowel resection on enteroinsular axis. Pancreatic endocrine function was studied in 13 patients who had undergone massive bowel resection. The patients were divided into two groups: one month after operation (short-term group), and three or more months after operation (long-term group). Oral administration of glucose caused a persistent low insulin secretion in almost all the patients and the glucose tolerance curve showed a diabetic pattern in four. In contrast, the insulin response to intravenously infused arginine was impaired in the short-term group, but was at an approximately normal level in the long-term group. Pancreatic glucagon response to intravenous arginine, however, remained unchanged in both groups. Interruption of the enteroinsular axis as the result of massive bowel resection probably plays a major part in this discrepancy of the behaviour of insulin in the long-term group.", "PMID": 387543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7860", "title": "The inhibitory effect of PGI2 (prostacyclin) on white platelet arterial thrombus formation.", "content": "Prostaglandins play an important role in the platelet-vessel wall interactions. Superfusion with PGI2 of arterial segments prepared in an in vivo model for thrombus induction resulted in a very marked dose-effect-related decrease of white arterial thrombus formation.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of PGI2 (prostacyclin) on white platelet arterial thrombus formation. Prostaglandins play an important role in the platelet-vessel wall interactions. Superfusion with PGI2 of arterial segments prepared in an in vivo model for thrombus induction resulted in a very marked dose-effect-related decrease of white arterial thrombus formation.", "PMID": 387547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7861", "title": "[Extension of graft survival time by means of a modification of the treatment with autologous blood].", "content": "A modification of the therapy with patients' own blood was achieved by the application of blood components together with an adjuvant. In a defined experimental rat model it was to be clarified whether it is possible to sensitize animals with an antibody directed against skin together with an adjuvant, in order to produce an anti-antibody, which is able to protect a consecutive skin graft from rejection. In a similar way animals were sensitized with cells from rats previously immunized against skin from the donor. By this treatment it is possible to improve survival time of skin grafts. Whereas the prolongation of survival time after pretreatment with skin antibodies can be explained by an anti-antibody, which was found in the serum of the animals, such an anti-antibody could not be detected in the serum of animals, pretreated with \"sensitized\" cells. Possibly the treatment with cells induces an unspecific effect, which can be achieved also with normal cells. It is conceivable that this principle of the prolongation of skin graft survival time by immunization with certain components of the blood is not only useful in transplantation immunology, but also in other diseases, i.e. autoimmune diseases or allergic reactions.", "contents": "[Extension of graft survival time by means of a modification of the treatment with autologous blood]. A modification of the therapy with patients' own blood was achieved by the application of blood components together with an adjuvant. In a defined experimental rat model it was to be clarified whether it is possible to sensitize animals with an antibody directed against skin together with an adjuvant, in order to produce an anti-antibody, which is able to protect a consecutive skin graft from rejection. In a similar way animals were sensitized with cells from rats previously immunized against skin from the donor. By this treatment it is possible to improve survival time of skin grafts. Whereas the prolongation of survival time after pretreatment with skin antibodies can be explained by an anti-antibody, which was found in the serum of the animals, such an anti-antibody could not be detected in the serum of animals, pretreated with \"sensitized\" cells. Possibly the treatment with cells induces an unspecific effect, which can be achieved also with normal cells. It is conceivable that this principle of the prolongation of skin graft survival time by immunization with certain components of the blood is not only useful in transplantation immunology, but also in other diseases, i.e. autoimmune diseases or allergic reactions.", "PMID": 387558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7862", "title": "Effect of dexamethsone on luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone responses to LHRH and to clomiphene in the follicular phase of women with normal menstrual cycles.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of suppressive action of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis, we studied the effects of short-term high dose dexamethasone administration of the LH and FSH responses to LHRH and to clomiphene in healthy women with normal menstrual cycles. Seven women, 21--35 years of age, received 100 micrograms of LHRH i.v. on day 6 of two consecutive menstrual cycles, once with and once without pre-treatment with dexamethasone 2 mg orally every 6 hrs. on days 2 through 5 of the menstrual cycle. Seven other women (ages 21--35 years) received clomiphene citrate 100 mg on days 2 through 5 of their menstrual cycle, once with and once without simultaneous administration of dexamethasone 2 mg orally every 6 h. The administration of dexamethasone suppressed baseline serum levels of LH and FSH and blunted LH and FSH response to both LHRH and clomiphene. The results indicate that short-term administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress the secretion of LH and FSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary and possibly by an effect at the hypothalamic level with inhibition of the release of LHRH.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethsone on luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone responses to LHRH and to clomiphene in the follicular phase of women with normal menstrual cycles. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of suppressive action of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis, we studied the effects of short-term high dose dexamethasone administration of the LH and FSH responses to LHRH and to clomiphene in healthy women with normal menstrual cycles. Seven women, 21--35 years of age, received 100 micrograms of LHRH i.v. on day 6 of two consecutive menstrual cycles, once with and once without pre-treatment with dexamethasone 2 mg orally every 6 hrs. on days 2 through 5 of the menstrual cycle. Seven other women (ages 21--35 years) received clomiphene citrate 100 mg on days 2 through 5 of their menstrual cycle, once with and once without simultaneous administration of dexamethasone 2 mg orally every 6 h. The administration of dexamethasone suppressed baseline serum levels of LH and FSH and blunted LH and FSH response to both LHRH and clomiphene. The results indicate that short-term administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress the secretion of LH and FSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary and possibly by an effect at the hypothalamic level with inhibition of the release of LHRH.", "PMID": 387565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7863", "title": "Glucagon secretion in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Plasma insulin, pancreatic glucagon and immunoreactive glucagon-like polypeptide of intestinal origin (enteroglucagon) have been measured in 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 5 normal subjects. Basal levels and changes following oral glucose (50 g) and an intravenous infusion of arginine (25 g in 30 min) have been studied. In patients with chronic pancreatitis the plasma insulin response to oral glucose and intravenous arginine was reduced. Basal pancreatic glucagon was increased in the patients and increased further with oral glucose. During an arginine infusion the pancreatic glucagon showed a brisk early increase greater than that seen in the normal subjects. Basal enteroglucagon levels were significantly increased in chronic pancreatitis but response to orla glucose and arginine infusion were little different from those seen in the normal subjects.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in chronic pancreatitis. Plasma insulin, pancreatic glucagon and immunoreactive glucagon-like polypeptide of intestinal origin (enteroglucagon) have been measured in 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 5 normal subjects. Basal levels and changes following oral glucose (50 g) and an intravenous infusion of arginine (25 g in 30 min) have been studied. In patients with chronic pancreatitis the plasma insulin response to oral glucose and intravenous arginine was reduced. Basal pancreatic glucagon was increased in the patients and increased further with oral glucose. During an arginine infusion the pancreatic glucagon showed a brisk early increase greater than that seen in the normal subjects. Basal enteroglucagon levels were significantly increased in chronic pancreatitis but response to orla glucose and arginine infusion were little different from those seen in the normal subjects.", "PMID": 387567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7864", "title": "Benzylidenemalononitrile derivatives as substrates and inhibitors of a new NAD(P)H dehydrogenase of erythrocytes. Purification and crystallisation of two forms of the enzyme.", "content": "Using the powerful lachrymator (2-chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile as electron acceptor, two types of NAD(P)H dehydrogenases have been isolated from human blood. Crystallisation of the homogenous enzymes was performed in 50% polyethylene glycol solution. The enzymes (average molecular weight 18 000) are composed of only one polypeptide chain and have a very similar amino acid composition. B-side stereospecificity was determined with respect to the cofactor by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the reductase. Besides (2-chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, methylene blue, 4-benzoquinone, FMN and FAD are also reduced using NADH or NADPH as hydrogen donor with the rates decreasing in the given order. Reduction of methemoglobin is observed only upon addition of methylene blue, FMN or FAD as carriers. (2-Chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile reduction is inhibited by most of the compounds known to be decouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Benzylidenemalononitrile derivatives as substrates and inhibitors of a new NAD(P)H dehydrogenase of erythrocytes. Purification and crystallisation of two forms of the enzyme. Using the powerful lachrymator (2-chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile as electron acceptor, two types of NAD(P)H dehydrogenases have been isolated from human blood. Crystallisation of the homogenous enzymes was performed in 50% polyethylene glycol solution. The enzymes (average molecular weight 18 000) are composed of only one polypeptide chain and have a very similar amino acid composition. B-side stereospecificity was determined with respect to the cofactor by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the reductase. Besides (2-chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, methylene blue, 4-benzoquinone, FMN and FAD are also reduced using NADH or NADPH as hydrogen donor with the rates decreasing in the given order. Reduction of methemoglobin is observed only upon addition of methylene blue, FMN or FAD as carriers. (2-Chlorobenzylidene)malononitrile reduction is inhibited by most of the compounds known to be decouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 387568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7865", "title": "Degradation of even-numbered reduced and non-reduced hyaluronate oligosaccharides with D-glucuronic acid or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as non-reducing terminal by chondroitin ABC and AC lyases.", "content": "Chondroitin ABC and AC lyases split hexosaminidic linkages in galactosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid. Even-numbered oligosaccharides from hyaluronic acid with either D-glucuronic acid or N-acetylglucosamine in non-reducing position were used, prior to and after reduction with sodium borohydride, as substrates for chondroitin ABC and AC lyases. These substrates allowed elucidation of the effects of the nearest neighborhood of the bond to be split on the action of the enzymes. The results indicate that chondroitin ABC lyase acts strictly as an endolyase towards hyaluronate and requires the presence of a disaccharide in both reducing and non-reducing positions of the endohexosaminidic bond to be split. None of the hexosaminidic bonds of the tetrasaccharide GlcNAc-GlcUA-GlcNAc-GlcUA is split by chondroitin ABC lyase. In contrast chondroitin AC lyase acts also as an exoglycosidase towards hyaluronate and recognizes only the amino sugar and the uronic acid residue that are linked via the hexosaminidic bond which is split. Thus, the N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid residues at both ends of a tetrasaccharide with the structure GlcNAc-GlcUA-GlcNAc-GlcUA are liberated.", "contents": "Degradation of even-numbered reduced and non-reduced hyaluronate oligosaccharides with D-glucuronic acid or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as non-reducing terminal by chondroitin ABC and AC lyases. Chondroitin ABC and AC lyases split hexosaminidic linkages in galactosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid. Even-numbered oligosaccharides from hyaluronic acid with either D-glucuronic acid or N-acetylglucosamine in non-reducing position were used, prior to and after reduction with sodium borohydride, as substrates for chondroitin ABC and AC lyases. These substrates allowed elucidation of the effects of the nearest neighborhood of the bond to be split on the action of the enzymes. The results indicate that chondroitin ABC lyase acts strictly as an endolyase towards hyaluronate and requires the presence of a disaccharide in both reducing and non-reducing positions of the endohexosaminidic bond to be split. None of the hexosaminidic bonds of the tetrasaccharide GlcNAc-GlcUA-GlcNAc-GlcUA is split by chondroitin ABC lyase. In contrast chondroitin AC lyase acts also as an exoglycosidase towards hyaluronate and recognizes only the amino sugar and the uronic acid residue that are linked via the hexosaminidic bond which is split. Thus, the N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid residues at both ends of a tetrasaccharide with the structure GlcNAc-GlcUA-GlcNAc-GlcUA are liberated.", "PMID": 387569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7866", "title": "Amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides from carboxymethylated L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "S-Carboxymethylated L-asparaginase was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were isolated by using gel filtration, ion exchange column chromatography and paper chromatography. Among the peptides thus isolated, 27 peptides were considered not to overlap and the sum of the amino acids from these 27 peptides is in good agreement with amino acid composition of the enzyme. The amino acid sequences of the peptides were determined by fragmentation with various enzymes and subtractive Edman degradation.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides from carboxymethylated L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli. S-Carboxymethylated L-asparaginase was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were isolated by using gel filtration, ion exchange column chromatography and paper chromatography. Among the peptides thus isolated, 27 peptides were considered not to overlap and the sum of the amino acids from these 27 peptides is in good agreement with amino acid composition of the enzyme. The amino acid sequences of the peptides were determined by fragmentation with various enzymes and subtractive Edman degradation.", "PMID": 387570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7867", "title": "[Clinico-pathological correlations in lupus nephritis with reference to therapeutic and prognostic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1970 in 27 out of 46 patients with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a renal biopsy could be taken. The morphological outcome was followed in 14 patients with a total of 18 repeated biopsies. By light- and electron microscopy renal involvement was demonstrable in all patients. Four histologic subgroups could be differentiated: Mesangio-proliferative (MESLN, 14), focal proliferative (FLN, 6), diffus proliferative (DLN, 6), and membranous lupus nephritis (MLN, 1). Some biopsies demonstrated linear deposits with IgG/IgA-specificity. 2/27 patients only showed a clinical deteriorating course with progressive renal insufficiency despite steroid or steroid-azathioprine therapy. One patient with DLN died in terminal renal failure. The morphological follow-up showed an unfavourable course in 3/14 patients only. One MESLN demonstrated a transition to DLN, one DLN an increase of proliferative lesions and a second DLN focal and local sclerosis. In our experience renal involvement in SLE can adequately characterised and controlled by repeated be clinico-pathological correlations an aggressive therapeutic regimen is not indicated and can be avoided.", "contents": "[Clinico-pathological correlations in lupus nephritis with reference to therapeutic and prognostic aspects (author's transl)]. Since 1970 in 27 out of 46 patients with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a renal biopsy could be taken. The morphological outcome was followed in 14 patients with a total of 18 repeated biopsies. By light- and electron microscopy renal involvement was demonstrable in all patients. Four histologic subgroups could be differentiated: Mesangio-proliferative (MESLN, 14), focal proliferative (FLN, 6), diffus proliferative (DLN, 6), and membranous lupus nephritis (MLN, 1). Some biopsies demonstrated linear deposits with IgG/IgA-specificity. 2/27 patients only showed a clinical deteriorating course with progressive renal insufficiency despite steroid or steroid-azathioprine therapy. One patient with DLN died in terminal renal failure. The morphological follow-up showed an unfavourable course in 3/14 patients only. One MESLN demonstrated a transition to DLN, one DLN an increase of proliferative lesions and a second DLN focal and local sclerosis. In our experience renal involvement in SLE can adequately characterised and controlled by repeated be clinico-pathological correlations an aggressive therapeutic regimen is not indicated and can be avoided.", "PMID": 387573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7868", "title": "[Nuclease-antibodies in infections with Serratia marcescens (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 467 presumable healthy men of age eighteen yielded titres of anti-serratia-nuclease that ranged from 1:4 to 1:6. One third of 56 patients, who had been infected with Serratia marcescens (urinary-, wound-, respiratory-infections, and bacteremia) yielded raised anti-nuclease titres, which amounted maximaly 1:16. The diagnostic utility of this serological test was discussed.", "contents": "[Nuclease-antibodies in infections with Serratia marcescens (author's transl)]. A total of 467 presumable healthy men of age eighteen yielded titres of anti-serratia-nuclease that ranged from 1:4 to 1:6. One third of 56 patients, who had been infected with Serratia marcescens (urinary-, wound-, respiratory-infections, and bacteremia) yielded raised anti-nuclease titres, which amounted maximaly 1:16. The diagnostic utility of this serological test was discussed.", "PMID": 387574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7869", "title": "Cellular co-operation in the production of human leucocyte inhibitory factor by lymphocyte subpopulations stimulated with antigens and allogeneic cells.", "content": "The ability of antigens and allogeneic cells to induce lymphokine synthesis and cellular co-operation in lymphokine production was investigated. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into T- and B-cell populations by sheep red blood cell rosette formation and centrifugation on Ficoll--Isopaque. The cells were then stimulated with PPD, SK-SD, candida and with allogeneic cells. The presence of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) in the culture supernatants was tested by the agarose migration method. The results indicated that T lymphocytes produced LIF after stimulation with antigens and allogeneic cells. In addition, B cells responded to PPD. Except for PPD the stimulants did not induce significant T-cell LIF production in the absence of monocytes. Only autologous monocytes enhanced LIF synthesis after antigenic stimulation, whereas in mixed lymphocyte cultures allogeneic monocytes were as effective as autologous ones. The monocyte helper effect was mediated by soluble factors in mixed lymphocyte cultures and by soluble factors and direct cell--cell contact in antigen-stimulated cultures. No co-operation between T and B lymphocytes was found. B cells did not enhance LIF production by T cells, nor could T cells induce a B-cell response to antigens or allogeneic cells.", "contents": "Cellular co-operation in the production of human leucocyte inhibitory factor by lymphocyte subpopulations stimulated with antigens and allogeneic cells. The ability of antigens and allogeneic cells to induce lymphokine synthesis and cellular co-operation in lymphokine production was investigated. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into T- and B-cell populations by sheep red blood cell rosette formation and centrifugation on Ficoll--Isopaque. The cells were then stimulated with PPD, SK-SD, candida and with allogeneic cells. The presence of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) in the culture supernatants was tested by the agarose migration method. The results indicated that T lymphocytes produced LIF after stimulation with antigens and allogeneic cells. In addition, B cells responded to PPD. Except for PPD the stimulants did not induce significant T-cell LIF production in the absence of monocytes. Only autologous monocytes enhanced LIF synthesis after antigenic stimulation, whereas in mixed lymphocyte cultures allogeneic monocytes were as effective as autologous ones. The monocyte helper effect was mediated by soluble factors in mixed lymphocyte cultures and by soluble factors and direct cell--cell contact in antigen-stimulated cultures. No co-operation between T and B lymphocytes was found. B cells did not enhance LIF production by T cells, nor could T cells induce a B-cell response to antigens or allogeneic cells.", "PMID": 387577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7870", "title": "Homogeneous immunoglobulins in the serum of irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted mice: the role of thymus and spleen.", "content": "The influence of thymectomy and splenectomy on the frequency and class distribution of homogeneous immunoglobulins (H-Ig) in serum was studied in lethally irradiated (DBA/2 x C57Bl/Rij)F1 mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. During four follow-up periods in the first 9 months after transplantation, the sham-operated controls and splenectomized animals developed transient H-Ig in an average frequency of 14.2 and 15.7% respectively. There were no marked differences in the incidence of H-Ig within these two groups. In contrast, thymectomized mice and mice both thymectomized and splenectomized showed H-Ig in much higher frequencies (average percentages 31.6 and 36.5, respectively). The highest frequency of H-Ig was observed between 1.5 and 3.5 months after transplantation. H-Ig of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses were most frequent in all groups during the first 3.5 months. Later, H-Ig belonging to the IgM class also appeared in somewhat higher numbers. H-Ig of the IgA class was a very rare finding at any time. These results indicate that the presence of the thymus, but not necessarily of the spleen, is an important factor in the regulation of the immunoglobulin heterogeneity during the reconstitution of the immune system in lethally irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted mice.", "contents": "Homogeneous immunoglobulins in the serum of irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted mice: the role of thymus and spleen. The influence of thymectomy and splenectomy on the frequency and class distribution of homogeneous immunoglobulins (H-Ig) in serum was studied in lethally irradiated (DBA/2 x C57Bl/Rij)F1 mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. During four follow-up periods in the first 9 months after transplantation, the sham-operated controls and splenectomized animals developed transient H-Ig in an average frequency of 14.2 and 15.7% respectively. There were no marked differences in the incidence of H-Ig within these two groups. In contrast, thymectomized mice and mice both thymectomized and splenectomized showed H-Ig in much higher frequencies (average percentages 31.6 and 36.5, respectively). The highest frequency of H-Ig was observed between 1.5 and 3.5 months after transplantation. H-Ig of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses were most frequent in all groups during the first 3.5 months. Later, H-Ig belonging to the IgM class also appeared in somewhat higher numbers. H-Ig of the IgA class was a very rare finding at any time. These results indicate that the presence of the thymus, but not necessarily of the spleen, is an important factor in the regulation of the immunoglobulin heterogeneity during the reconstitution of the immune system in lethally irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted mice.", "PMID": 387578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7871", "title": "Immune labeling of certain strains of Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus by fluorescence and electron microscopy.", "content": "A total of 12 well-characterized strains of Actinomyces viscosus and A. naeslundii grown on Trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with sheep erythrocytes were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy after treatment with appropriately labeled antisera to homologous and heterologous strains. Cells incubated with homologous rabbit antisera followed by fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) exhibited a completely smooth fluorescent outline in the case of A. naeslundii and and interrupted, irregular fluorescent outline in the case of human strains of A. viscosus. The different labeling patterns appeared to be related to the presence at the ultrastructural level of long, unevenly distributed strands of \"fuzz\" on the surface of human A. viscosus cells, whereas A. naeslundii cells had a narrower layer of fuzz, or more even thickness. The immunocoating reaction revealed homologous antibody binding to the irregular strands of fuzz on the surface of human A. viscosus cells, whereas homologous antisera to A. naeslundii coated A. naeslundii cells with a moderately electron-dense coating of antibody of even thickness. Human strains of A. viscosus incubated with heterologous antiserum to A. naeslundii followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG exhibited a segmented fluorescent outline, which differed from that produced with homologous antisera. A. naeslundii incubated with heterologous rabbit antisera to human A. viscosus strains and FITC-labeled anti-rabbit IgG exhibited a completely smooth fluorescent outline similar to that produced with homologous antiserum. A. viscosus strains of hamster origin differed from A. viscosus strains of human origin by the absence of a surface fuzz and the comparatively smooth, even fluorescence produced by incubating these cells with homologous rabbit antiserum followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Antiserum to a hamster strain did not cross-react with A. naeslundii or human strains of A. viscosus. Under the growth conditions of this experiment, ultrastructural features and labeling patterns with the indirect fluorescent technique may be useful in differentiating these serotypes from one another.", "contents": "Immune labeling of certain strains of Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus by fluorescence and electron microscopy. A total of 12 well-characterized strains of Actinomyces viscosus and A. naeslundii grown on Trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with sheep erythrocytes were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy after treatment with appropriately labeled antisera to homologous and heterologous strains. Cells incubated with homologous rabbit antisera followed by fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) exhibited a completely smooth fluorescent outline in the case of A. naeslundii and and interrupted, irregular fluorescent outline in the case of human strains of A. viscosus. The different labeling patterns appeared to be related to the presence at the ultrastructural level of long, unevenly distributed strands of \"fuzz\" on the surface of human A. viscosus cells, whereas A. naeslundii cells had a narrower layer of fuzz, or more even thickness. The immunocoating reaction revealed homologous antibody binding to the irregular strands of fuzz on the surface of human A. viscosus cells, whereas homologous antisera to A. naeslundii coated A. naeslundii cells with a moderately electron-dense coating of antibody of even thickness. Human strains of A. viscosus incubated with heterologous antiserum to A. naeslundii followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG exhibited a segmented fluorescent outline, which differed from that produced with homologous antisera. A. naeslundii incubated with heterologous rabbit antisera to human A. viscosus strains and FITC-labeled anti-rabbit IgG exhibited a completely smooth fluorescent outline similar to that produced with homologous antiserum. A. viscosus strains of hamster origin differed from A. viscosus strains of human origin by the absence of a surface fuzz and the comparatively smooth, even fluorescence produced by incubating these cells with homologous rabbit antiserum followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Antiserum to a hamster strain did not cross-react with A. naeslundii or human strains of A. viscosus. Under the growth conditions of this experiment, ultrastructural features and labeling patterns with the indirect fluorescent technique may be useful in differentiating these serotypes from one another.", "PMID": 387589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7872", "title": "Nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogenesis by pyrogenic exotoxins from group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins types A, B, and C and staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin were shown to be potent nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogens. Adherent cell populations did not significantly affect the nonspecific mitogenicity.", "contents": "Nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogenesis by pyrogenic exotoxins from group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins types A, B, and C and staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin were shown to be potent nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogens. Adherent cell populations did not significantly affect the nonspecific mitogenicity.", "PMID": 387590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7873", "title": "Hormonal and type-dependent adhesion of group B streptococci to human vaginal cells.", "content": "Adhesion of group B streptococci to epithelial cells of the human vagina proved to be type dependent and to fluctuate during the menstrual cycle with a maximum near the time of ovulation. Oral contraception completely abolished the observed cyclic changes. Reduced serum levels of luteinizing hormones (less than 5 mIU/ml) and of follicle-stimulating hormone (less than 10 mIU/ml) were associated with a 10-fold reduction in adhesion of B streptococci to vaginal cells.", "contents": "Hormonal and type-dependent adhesion of group B streptococci to human vaginal cells. Adhesion of group B streptococci to epithelial cells of the human vagina proved to be type dependent and to fluctuate during the menstrual cycle with a maximum near the time of ovulation. Oral contraception completely abolished the observed cyclic changes. Reduced serum levels of luteinizing hormones (less than 5 mIU/ml) and of follicle-stimulating hormone (less than 10 mIU/ml) were associated with a 10-fold reduction in adhesion of B streptococci to vaginal cells.", "PMID": 387591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7874", "title": "Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with a transplanted hepatoma: comparison of intralesionally administered killed BCG cells and BCG cell walls.", "content": "Heat-killed whole BCG cells (KC) and BCG cell walls (CW) were each tested in emulsified form for their potency to cause regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma. On a weight basis, KC were at least as effective as CW in causing tumor regression and elimination of microscopic lymph node metastasis, and they, as well as purified protein derivative of mycobacteria, provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in animals immunized with CW or with KC. On a weight basis, KC were as active as CW in eliciting delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in sensitized guinea pigs whether the animals were immunized with CW or with KC. In unimmunized animals the inflammatory response to intradermally administered KC was similar to that induced by CW. Because KC are easier to prepare than CW, it is suggested that whole killed BCG might be used instead of CW in clinical trials of cancer treatment requiring administration of nonliving mycobacteria.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with a transplanted hepatoma: comparison of intralesionally administered killed BCG cells and BCG cell walls. Heat-killed whole BCG cells (KC) and BCG cell walls (CW) were each tested in emulsified form for their potency to cause regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma. On a weight basis, KC were at least as effective as CW in causing tumor regression and elimination of microscopic lymph node metastasis, and they, as well as purified protein derivative of mycobacteria, provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in animals immunized with CW or with KC. On a weight basis, KC were as active as CW in eliciting delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in sensitized guinea pigs whether the animals were immunized with CW or with KC. In unimmunized animals the inflammatory response to intradermally administered KC was similar to that induced by CW. Because KC are easier to prepare than CW, it is suggested that whole killed BCG might be used instead of CW in clinical trials of cancer treatment requiring administration of nonliving mycobacteria.", "PMID": 387592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7875", "title": "Inhibition by human serum of lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by purified protein derivative of tuberculin and bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "The addition of normal human serum to murine lymphocyte cultures consistently depressed mitogen-induced transformation, as measured by deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation by the B-cell mitogens purified protein derivative-tuberculin, bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, and lipopolysaccharide was consistently affected, but there was no inhibition of T-cells when human serum was added to concanavalin A-stimulated cultures. The inhibitory effects were not due to cytotoxic factors for B-lymphocytes or to specific antibodies in serum directed against the mitogens. Analogous results were found with guinea pig serum. Contact of the lymphocytes with the serum within the first 24 h of culture was necessary for inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition by human serum of lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by purified protein derivative of tuberculin and bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The addition of normal human serum to murine lymphocyte cultures consistently depressed mitogen-induced transformation, as measured by deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation by the B-cell mitogens purified protein derivative-tuberculin, bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, and lipopolysaccharide was consistently affected, but there was no inhibition of T-cells when human serum was added to concanavalin A-stimulated cultures. The inhibitory effects were not due to cytotoxic factors for B-lymphocytes or to specific antibodies in serum directed against the mitogens. Analogous results were found with guinea pig serum. Contact of the lymphocytes with the serum within the first 24 h of culture was necessary for inhibition.", "PMID": 387593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7876", "title": "Lipid composition and activity of a lytic factor isolated from Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "A fraction was obtained from Plasmodium berghei which induced hemolysis of the erythrocytes of mice and hamsters. This fraction, called lytic factor (LF), was found to be composed of a large amount of lipid material. An examination of the lipids showed the major lipids to be monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, fatty acids, long-chain alcohol, sterol, sterol ester, sterol glycoside, and two cerebrosides. The most abundant component found in the LF was sterol ester, followed in order by cerebrosides, sterol, and sterol glycoside. Lytic activity was found to be lost when samples were boiled for 5 min. An examination of the lipid composition of LF before and after boiling showed changes which may be useful in studies on the mechanism of activity of this factor. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid fraction of LF was examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The major fractions were 18:1 and 16:0 in unheated LF and 16:0 in the heated LF.", "contents": "Lipid composition and activity of a lytic factor isolated from Plasmodium berghei. A fraction was obtained from Plasmodium berghei which induced hemolysis of the erythrocytes of mice and hamsters. This fraction, called lytic factor (LF), was found to be composed of a large amount of lipid material. An examination of the lipids showed the major lipids to be monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, fatty acids, long-chain alcohol, sterol, sterol ester, sterol glycoside, and two cerebrosides. The most abundant component found in the LF was sterol ester, followed in order by cerebrosides, sterol, and sterol glycoside. Lytic activity was found to be lost when samples were boiled for 5 min. An examination of the lipid composition of LF before and after boiling showed changes which may be useful in studies on the mechanism of activity of this factor. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid fraction of LF was examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The major fractions were 18:1 and 16:0 in unheated LF and 16:0 in the heated LF.", "PMID": 387594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7877", "title": "Guinea pig lung lavage cells after intranasal BCG sensitization.", "content": "Recent studies have suggested that intranasal administration of antigen can induce local cell-mediated immunity in lung lavage cells. The present study was designed to examine the changes in composition of lung lavage cells and their capacity to produce the lymphokine migration inhibitory factor after intranasal immunization with BCG in guinea pigs. Results indicate that guinea pigs responded to respiratory tract BCG infection with an increase in immunocompetent cells in the bronchoalveolar tract and with production of migration inhibitory factor. After local pulmonary BCG administration, the total number of cells increased as compared with that of the uninfected animals, the increase being statistically significant within 2 weeks. This marked increase in the total cell population is due to a more than doubling of the number of macrophages in the lavage fluid. Animals also developed at this time positive delayed hypersensitivity to intradermally administered purified protein derivative. A significant increase in the total lymphoid cells and macrophage population was observed again at 6 weeks after sensitization, suggesting that the response is biphasic in nature. At 6 weeks, however, there was also a significant rise in total lymphocytes and T cell population in addition to macrophage numbers. This increase in T cells correlated with an increase in production of migration inhibitory factor in the presence of purified protein derivative. These data suggest that the immune response of the respiratory tract after BCG challenge involves increased recruitment of immunocompetent cells locally at the site of infection and that these cells are capable of producing effector molecules in terms of the elaboration of migration inhibitory factor.", "contents": "Guinea pig lung lavage cells after intranasal BCG sensitization. Recent studies have suggested that intranasal administration of antigen can induce local cell-mediated immunity in lung lavage cells. The present study was designed to examine the changes in composition of lung lavage cells and their capacity to produce the lymphokine migration inhibitory factor after intranasal immunization with BCG in guinea pigs. Results indicate that guinea pigs responded to respiratory tract BCG infection with an increase in immunocompetent cells in the bronchoalveolar tract and with production of migration inhibitory factor. After local pulmonary BCG administration, the total number of cells increased as compared with that of the uninfected animals, the increase being statistically significant within 2 weeks. This marked increase in the total cell population is due to a more than doubling of the number of macrophages in the lavage fluid. Animals also developed at this time positive delayed hypersensitivity to intradermally administered purified protein derivative. A significant increase in the total lymphoid cells and macrophage population was observed again at 6 weeks after sensitization, suggesting that the response is biphasic in nature. At 6 weeks, however, there was also a significant rise in total lymphocytes and T cell population in addition to macrophage numbers. This increase in T cells correlated with an increase in production of migration inhibitory factor in the presence of purified protein derivative. These data suggest that the immune response of the respiratory tract after BCG challenge involves increased recruitment of immunocompetent cells locally at the site of infection and that these cells are capable of producing effector molecules in terms of the elaboration of migration inhibitory factor.", "PMID": 387595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7878", "title": "Immunization with major outer membrane proteins in experimental salmonellosis of mice.", "content": "Porin (outer membrane protein) preparations extracted from a rough (Rb2) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium proved to be good immunogens in mice and rabbits. The antibody response achieved was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. High titers of both antiporin and antilipopolysaccharide were detected in both species. The rabbit antiserum raised against the porins and the porin preparations themselves had a highly significant protective capacity against intraperitoneal Salmonella infection of mice. Absorption of the rabbit antiporin serum with lipopolysaccharide immunosorbent did not change its protective capacity in a passive immunization experiment, suggesting that the antiporin antibody preparations were the active components.", "contents": "Immunization with major outer membrane proteins in experimental salmonellosis of mice. Porin (outer membrane protein) preparations extracted from a rough (Rb2) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium proved to be good immunogens in mice and rabbits. The antibody response achieved was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. High titers of both antiporin and antilipopolysaccharide were detected in both species. The rabbit antiserum raised against the porins and the porin preparations themselves had a highly significant protective capacity against intraperitoneal Salmonella infection of mice. Absorption of the rabbit antiporin serum with lipopolysaccharide immunosorbent did not change its protective capacity in a passive immunization experiment, suggesting that the antiporin antibody preparations were the active components.", "PMID": 387596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7879", "title": "Artificial Salmonella vaccines: O-antigenic oligosaccharide-protein conjugates induce protection against infection with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Outbred mice were vaccinated with various artificial Salmonella vaccines and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of virulent Salmonella typhimurium. The Salmonella vaccines used were: (i) octasaccharide, obtained by hydrolysis of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain of S. typhimurium strain SH 4809 with phage P22-associated endo-rhamnosidase and covalently linked to either diphtheria toxin or edestine; (ii) purified outer membrane proteins (porins) from S. typhimurium; and (iii) octasaccharide covalently linked to porins. All vaccines induced significant protection against experimental infection of mice with S. typhimurium. However, vaccination with the octasaccharide-porin conjugate resulted in better protection than that obtained by vaccination with octasaccharide or porin vaccines separately. Rabbit antibodies raised against the different vaccines were also passively administered intravenously to mice. Such mice were protected against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium by antibodies specific for the S. typhimurium O-antigen or for the porins. Thus, active immunization with more than one surface component of Salmonella bacteria improved the efficacy of the vaccine. The data from the passive immunization experiments also emphasized the role of humoral immunity for protection against S. typhimurium infection.", "contents": "Artificial Salmonella vaccines: O-antigenic oligosaccharide-protein conjugates induce protection against infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Outbred mice were vaccinated with various artificial Salmonella vaccines and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of virulent Salmonella typhimurium. The Salmonella vaccines used were: (i) octasaccharide, obtained by hydrolysis of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain of S. typhimurium strain SH 4809 with phage P22-associated endo-rhamnosidase and covalently linked to either diphtheria toxin or edestine; (ii) purified outer membrane proteins (porins) from S. typhimurium; and (iii) octasaccharide covalently linked to porins. All vaccines induced significant protection against experimental infection of mice with S. typhimurium. However, vaccination with the octasaccharide-porin conjugate resulted in better protection than that obtained by vaccination with octasaccharide or porin vaccines separately. Rabbit antibodies raised against the different vaccines were also passively administered intravenously to mice. Such mice were protected against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium by antibodies specific for the S. typhimurium O-antigen or for the porins. Thus, active immunization with more than one surface component of Salmonella bacteria improved the efficacy of the vaccine. The data from the passive immunization experiments also emphasized the role of humoral immunity for protection against S. typhimurium infection.", "PMID": 387597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7880", "title": "Immune response to Escherichia coli B surface antigens.", "content": "The cell surface antigens of Escherichia coli B were investigated. We found that mice immunized with live bacteria responded with an immune response directed mainly against the protein structure of the cell surface. The lipopolysaccharide component of the bacterium was immunogenic, but its contribution to the overall response was only secondary. It is suggested that when considering the immune response to gram-negative bacteria, more attention should be given to the protein antigens.", "contents": "Immune response to Escherichia coli B surface antigens. The cell surface antigens of Escherichia coli B were investigated. We found that mice immunized with live bacteria responded with an immune response directed mainly against the protein structure of the cell surface. The lipopolysaccharide component of the bacterium was immunogenic, but its contribution to the overall response was only secondary. It is suggested that when considering the immune response to gram-negative bacteria, more attention should be given to the protein antigens.", "PMID": 387598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7881", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Heat-stable enterotoxin was purified from a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 53402 A-1 from human intestine. The cells were cultured in Casamino Acids-yeast extract-salts medium, and the purification procedure consisted of protamine sulfate treatment of the culture supernatant, ultrafiltration with an Amicon PM-10 membrane, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration, 90% ethanol extraction, and preparative polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. About 300-fold purification was achieved, with a yield of about 12%. However, the homogeneity of the purified heat-stable enterotoxin was not rigorously demonstrated. The purified heat-stable enterotoxin had an absorption maximum at about 275 nm, and its isoelectric point was about 3.90. The molecular weight of the purified heat-stable enterotoxin was ca. 4,000 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The minimum effective dose of purified heat-stable enterotoxin was about 2.5 ng in the suckling mouse assay. The purified heat-stable enterotoxin gave a positive reaction in not only the suckling mouse assay but also the mouse intestinal loop test and the guinea pig skin permeability test.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Heat-stable enterotoxin was purified from a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 53402 A-1 from human intestine. The cells were cultured in Casamino Acids-yeast extract-salts medium, and the purification procedure consisted of protamine sulfate treatment of the culture supernatant, ultrafiltration with an Amicon PM-10 membrane, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration, 90% ethanol extraction, and preparative polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. About 300-fold purification was achieved, with a yield of about 12%. However, the homogeneity of the purified heat-stable enterotoxin was not rigorously demonstrated. The purified heat-stable enterotoxin had an absorption maximum at about 275 nm, and its isoelectric point was about 3.90. The molecular weight of the purified heat-stable enterotoxin was ca. 4,000 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The minimum effective dose of purified heat-stable enterotoxin was about 2.5 ng in the suckling mouse assay. The purified heat-stable enterotoxin gave a positive reaction in not only the suckling mouse assay but also the mouse intestinal loop test and the guinea pig skin permeability test.", "PMID": 387599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7882", "title": "Experimental cryptococcosis in normal and B-cell-deficient mice.", "content": "B-cell-deficient mice were prepared by administration of rabbit anti-mouse-mu antiserum to newborn animals within 12 h of birth onwards. Such immunodeficient animals, along with the normal controls, were infected intravenously with Cryptococcus neoformans. There was no difference in the mortality pattern, viable count of cryptococci in different organs, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and antigen level in the sera of control and B-cell-deficient animals. Antibodies were absent in B-cell-deficient animals but were present in low titers in control animals. It is concluded that antibodies are not involved in protection of mice infected with C. neoformans.", "contents": "Experimental cryptococcosis in normal and B-cell-deficient mice. B-cell-deficient mice were prepared by administration of rabbit anti-mouse-mu antiserum to newborn animals within 12 h of birth onwards. Such immunodeficient animals, along with the normal controls, were infected intravenously with Cryptococcus neoformans. There was no difference in the mortality pattern, viable count of cryptococci in different organs, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and antigen level in the sera of control and B-cell-deficient animals. Antibodies were absent in B-cell-deficient animals but were present in low titers in control animals. It is concluded that antibodies are not involved in protection of mice infected with C. neoformans.", "PMID": 387600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7883", "title": "Use of ganglioside affinity filters to identify toxigenic strains of Clostridium botulinum types C and D.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin is synthesized by toxic clones grown anaerobically on ganglioside affinity filters. The toxin binds to the filters and is detected by reaction with 125I-immunoglobulin G from type-specific antitoxin. Toxin spots from culture filtrates were similarly identified. The C. botulinum type C and D strains were selected for developing this affinity filter assay because synthesis of the C1 and D toxins is bacteriophage dependent. Toxigenic clones were distinguished from prophage-cured atoxigenic derivatives. These studies represent a first step toward the development of a general nonbiological screening procedure for identifying botulinal toxin and toxigenic cells. The affinity filter methodology should facilitate genetic analysis of the basis of C. botulinum toxicity.", "contents": "Use of ganglioside affinity filters to identify toxigenic strains of Clostridium botulinum types C and D. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin is synthesized by toxic clones grown anaerobically on ganglioside affinity filters. The toxin binds to the filters and is detected by reaction with 125I-immunoglobulin G from type-specific antitoxin. Toxin spots from culture filtrates were similarly identified. The C. botulinum type C and D strains were selected for developing this affinity filter assay because synthesis of the C1 and D toxins is bacteriophage dependent. Toxigenic clones were distinguished from prophage-cured atoxigenic derivatives. These studies represent a first step toward the development of a general nonbiological screening procedure for identifying botulinal toxin and toxigenic cells. The affinity filter methodology should facilitate genetic analysis of the basis of C. botulinum toxicity.", "PMID": 387601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7884", "title": "Macrophage dysfunction after burn injury.", "content": "The phagocytic and microbicidal activities of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated 4 and 24 h after a full-thickness scald burn of 26 to 28% body surface area in anesthetized rats. The contribution of serum factors to the macrophage functions was studied concurrently. The phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages obtained 4 or 24 postburn was reduced approximately 65% below control values when they were incubated in media containing autologous serum and approximately 45% (below controls) when they were incubated in media containing normal (control) serum. A similar, although not as marked, decrease in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also demonstrated. Serum obtained from rats 4 or 24 h postburn had a significant suppressive effect on the phagocytic activity of control alveolar, but not peritoneal, macrophages. The intracellular microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages obtained at the postburn intervals and incubated in media containing either autologous or control serum was unaltered from control values. However, alveolar macrophages obtained 24 h, but not 4 h, postburn had a significant (approximately 80%) increase, above control values, in their microbicidal activity. Serum obtained 24 h, but not 4 h, postburn stimulated control alveolar macrophage killing ability. These data indicate that thermal injury induces a defect in the phagocytic activity rather than the microbicidal activity of macrophages. This phagocytic alteration is mediated, in part, by serum.", "contents": "Macrophage dysfunction after burn injury. The phagocytic and microbicidal activities of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated 4 and 24 h after a full-thickness scald burn of 26 to 28% body surface area in anesthetized rats. The contribution of serum factors to the macrophage functions was studied concurrently. The phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages obtained 4 or 24 postburn was reduced approximately 65% below control values when they were incubated in media containing autologous serum and approximately 45% (below controls) when they were incubated in media containing normal (control) serum. A similar, although not as marked, decrease in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also demonstrated. Serum obtained from rats 4 or 24 h postburn had a significant suppressive effect on the phagocytic activity of control alveolar, but not peritoneal, macrophages. The intracellular microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages obtained at the postburn intervals and incubated in media containing either autologous or control serum was unaltered from control values. However, alveolar macrophages obtained 24 h, but not 4 h, postburn had a significant (approximately 80%) increase, above control values, in their microbicidal activity. Serum obtained 24 h, but not 4 h, postburn stimulated control alveolar macrophage killing ability. These data indicate that thermal injury induces a defect in the phagocytic activity rather than the microbicidal activity of macrophages. This phagocytic alteration is mediated, in part, by serum.", "PMID": 387602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7885", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of two different heat-stable enterotoxins produced by bovine and porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Heat-stable enterotoxins (ST-124 and ST-1261) have been isolated from two different enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of bovine (124) and porcine (1261) origin. The enterotoxin preparations were isolated by ultrafiltration and ion-exchange chromatography and were both active in the suckling mouse test and pig ligated loop test in the nanogram range. The bovine (ST-124) enterotoxin was not stable to heating in its isolated form, and significant differences in amino acid composition were observed between the two enterotoxins. Although both toxins were active at similar levels in the suckling mouse and pig ligated loop tests, ST-124 lacked the ability to cause the profound secretory responses seen with ST-1261 in the weanling pig ligated loop.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of two different heat-stable enterotoxins produced by bovine and porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Heat-stable enterotoxins (ST-124 and ST-1261) have been isolated from two different enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of bovine (124) and porcine (1261) origin. The enterotoxin preparations were isolated by ultrafiltration and ion-exchange chromatography and were both active in the suckling mouse test and pig ligated loop test in the nanogram range. The bovine (ST-124) enterotoxin was not stable to heating in its isolated form, and significant differences in amino acid composition were observed between the two enterotoxins. Although both toxins were active at similar levels in the suckling mouse and pig ligated loop tests, ST-124 lacked the ability to cause the profound secretory responses seen with ST-1261 in the weanling pig ligated loop.", "PMID": 387603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7886", "title": "Immunogenicity of soluble versus cellular glycerol teichoic acid.", "content": "Guinea pigs which were injected with either whole bacilli or purified soluble glycerol teichoic acid (GTA) usually exhibited a rise in hemolysin titer to GTA-coated erythrocytes. The only exceptions were those animals having high baseline titers of natural anti-GTA antibodies. Rats yielded better responses than guinea pigs and produced significantly higher responses to the soluble antigen than to the cellular GTA. Rats reared on a GTA-free diet were predominantly free of natural antibodies to GTA and furnished a more clear-cut model for assaying immune responses. Using this model, it was shown that adsorption of GTA to homologous erythrocytes before injection resulted in poor responses, suggesting that such spontaneous adsorption does not account for the good responses to soluble antigen. In GTA-deprived rats, positive skin tests were induced only with bacilli, whereas migration inhibitory factor was induced with both bacilli and soluble antigen. Hemolytic plaques in immunized rats were increased over controls with both kinds of immunogen, but the GTA-deprived rats responded better than conventional ones, and hemolytic plaque responses to bacilli were better than those to soluble antigen. This reversal of the serum hemolysin results may be due to delayed suppression by soluble GTA or to antibody cycling. The guinea pig data, combined with results from GTA-deprived rats, suggest that high antibody levels resulted in depressed antibody synthesis, perhaps because antibody cycling was initiated. No evidence was found to explain the superior responses to soluble antigen, but it did not seem related to formation of immune complexes or adsorption to erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of soluble versus cellular glycerol teichoic acid. Guinea pigs which were injected with either whole bacilli or purified soluble glycerol teichoic acid (GTA) usually exhibited a rise in hemolysin titer to GTA-coated erythrocytes. The only exceptions were those animals having high baseline titers of natural anti-GTA antibodies. Rats yielded better responses than guinea pigs and produced significantly higher responses to the soluble antigen than to the cellular GTA. Rats reared on a GTA-free diet were predominantly free of natural antibodies to GTA and furnished a more clear-cut model for assaying immune responses. Using this model, it was shown that adsorption of GTA to homologous erythrocytes before injection resulted in poor responses, suggesting that such spontaneous adsorption does not account for the good responses to soluble antigen. In GTA-deprived rats, positive skin tests were induced only with bacilli, whereas migration inhibitory factor was induced with both bacilli and soluble antigen. Hemolytic plaques in immunized rats were increased over controls with both kinds of immunogen, but the GTA-deprived rats responded better than conventional ones, and hemolytic plaque responses to bacilli were better than those to soluble antigen. This reversal of the serum hemolysin results may be due to delayed suppression by soluble GTA or to antibody cycling. The guinea pig data, combined with results from GTA-deprived rats, suggest that high antibody levels resulted in depressed antibody synthesis, perhaps because antibody cycling was initiated. No evidence was found to explain the superior responses to soluble antigen, but it did not seem related to formation of immune complexes or adsorption to erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 387604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7887", "title": "Modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes by lipid-free glycerol teichoic acid.", "content": "The 4-day response of C3H/HeJ mice to sheep erythrocytes was suppressed by a lipid-free teichoic acid with an average molecular weight of 2,900 when it was administered by the intraperitoneal route. Enhancement was not observed at that time, and neither suppression nor enhancement could be demonstrated by the intravenous route. Either suppression or enhancement of background plaques could be induced, depending upon the timing. Dosage influenced the degree of suppression from 8 to 100 micrograms, whereas suppression of background plaques required only 1 microgram of lipid-free teichoic acid. The kinetics of the sheep erythrocyte response was altered by treatment of the mice with lipid-free teichoic acid, delaying the peak until day 5 and producing enhancement at that time. Although lipid-free teichoic acid was shown to be toxic for mouse splenocytes (50% lethal dose, ca. 200 micrograms) in vitro, no effect at the levels employed was observed in vivo. The data presented indicate that modulatory activity is influenced by route, timing, dosage, and apparently the number of antibody-secreting cells.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes by lipid-free glycerol teichoic acid. The 4-day response of C3H/HeJ mice to sheep erythrocytes was suppressed by a lipid-free teichoic acid with an average molecular weight of 2,900 when it was administered by the intraperitoneal route. Enhancement was not observed at that time, and neither suppression nor enhancement could be demonstrated by the intravenous route. Either suppression or enhancement of background plaques could be induced, depending upon the timing. Dosage influenced the degree of suppression from 8 to 100 micrograms, whereas suppression of background plaques required only 1 microgram of lipid-free teichoic acid. The kinetics of the sheep erythrocyte response was altered by treatment of the mice with lipid-free teichoic acid, delaying the peak until day 5 and producing enhancement at that time. Although lipid-free teichoic acid was shown to be toxic for mouse splenocytes (50% lethal dose, ca. 200 micrograms) in vitro, no effect at the levels employed was observed in vivo. The data presented indicate that modulatory activity is influenced by route, timing, dosage, and apparently the number of antibody-secreting cells.", "PMID": 387605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7888", "title": "Group B streptococcal type Ia sepsis in mice after intranasal inoculation and the effect of infection on lungs.", "content": "The intranasal inoculation of adult mice with saline suspensions of virulent group B streptococci serotype Ia resulted in septicemia which was lethal. Decreasing the inoculation dose of streptotocci increased the time required for their appearance in the blood and the mean time to death of the mice. Before the appearance of septicemia, the number of organisms in the lungs decreased to about 1% of the inoculation dose, and the majority could be recovered by lavage of the lungs through the trachea. In contrast, most of the organisms remained in the lavaged lungs of bacteremic mice after intranasal or intravenous inoculation. Lung surfactant obtained from infected mice was altered by a reduction in lipid and by an increase in protein. The organisms in vitro did not attack surfactant lipid labeled with [1-14C]palmitic acid, but their pathogenesis in vivo affected the permeability of the air-blood barrier, as shown by the leakage into the air spaces of plasma albumin labeled by the intravenous injection of Evans blue dye.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal type Ia sepsis in mice after intranasal inoculation and the effect of infection on lungs. The intranasal inoculation of adult mice with saline suspensions of virulent group B streptococci serotype Ia resulted in septicemia which was lethal. Decreasing the inoculation dose of streptotocci increased the time required for their appearance in the blood and the mean time to death of the mice. Before the appearance of septicemia, the number of organisms in the lungs decreased to about 1% of the inoculation dose, and the majority could be recovered by lavage of the lungs through the trachea. In contrast, most of the organisms remained in the lavaged lungs of bacteremic mice after intranasal or intravenous inoculation. Lung surfactant obtained from infected mice was altered by a reduction in lipid and by an increase in protein. The organisms in vitro did not attack surfactant lipid labeled with [1-14C]palmitic acid, but their pathogenesis in vivo affected the permeability of the air-blood barrier, as shown by the leakage into the air spaces of plasma albumin labeled by the intravenous injection of Evans blue dye.", "PMID": 387606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7889", "title": "Regulation of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by prostaglandins.", "content": "Exogenously added prostaglandin E1 or E2 inhibited the blastogenic response of Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or M. bovis purified protein derivative as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake. The kinetics of the response showed that prostaglandins must be added to lymphocyte cultures within hours after mitogen or antigen addition to achieve maximum suppression of [3H]thymidine uptake. Addition of prostaglandins 24 h after the addition of mitogens or antigens resulted in considerably less suppression, supporting a hypothesis that prostaglandins initiate an early series of events which ultimately control lymphocyte blastogenesis rather than directly inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by prostaglandins. Exogenously added prostaglandin E1 or E2 inhibited the blastogenic response of Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or M. bovis purified protein derivative as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake. The kinetics of the response showed that prostaglandins must be added to lymphocyte cultures within hours after mitogen or antigen addition to achieve maximum suppression of [3H]thymidine uptake. Addition of prostaglandins 24 h after the addition of mitogens or antigens resulted in considerably less suppression, supporting a hypothesis that prostaglandins initiate an early series of events which ultimately control lymphocyte blastogenesis rather than directly inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 387607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7890", "title": "Binding of lipoteichoic acid of group A streptococci to isolated human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The spontaneous binding of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to mammalian cell membranes was studied in isolated membranes of human erythrocytes. The binding of radiolabeled LTA to erythrocyte membranes was dependent on membrane concentration and time. Binding approached a maximum within 30 min of incubation. The bound LTA could be displaced by adding a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. The displaced LTA was eluted from a column of Sepharose 6B in a position identical to that of authentic LTA, suggesting that binding did not alter the size of the molecule. A dissociation constant of 42 micrometers was calculated, and only one population of approximately 5.5 X 10(6) binding sites per erhtyrocyte membrane was detected. Since these results suggested that erythrocyte membranes possess specific binding sites for LTA, an attempt was made to localize the putative receptors to the outside or the inside surface of the erhtyrocyte membrane. Assays of the binding of LTA to resealed right-side-out and inside-out membrane ghosts demonstrated that the outside surface was able to bind over 10 times more LTA than the inside surface. These results support the concept that the membranes possess specific binding sites for LTA and inciate that these binding sites are located almost entirely on the outside surface of erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Binding of lipoteichoic acid of group A streptococci to isolated human erythrocyte membranes. The spontaneous binding of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to mammalian cell membranes was studied in isolated membranes of human erythrocytes. The binding of radiolabeled LTA to erythrocyte membranes was dependent on membrane concentration and time. Binding approached a maximum within 30 min of incubation. The bound LTA could be displaced by adding a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. The displaced LTA was eluted from a column of Sepharose 6B in a position identical to that of authentic LTA, suggesting that binding did not alter the size of the molecule. A dissociation constant of 42 micrometers was calculated, and only one population of approximately 5.5 X 10(6) binding sites per erhtyrocyte membrane was detected. Since these results suggested that erythrocyte membranes possess specific binding sites for LTA, an attempt was made to localize the putative receptors to the outside or the inside surface of the erhtyrocyte membrane. Assays of the binding of LTA to resealed right-side-out and inside-out membrane ghosts demonstrated that the outside surface was able to bind over 10 times more LTA than the inside surface. These results support the concept that the membranes possess specific binding sites for LTA and inciate that these binding sites are located almost entirely on the outside surface of erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 387608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7891", "title": "Relationship between the intestinal permeability to macromolecules and invasion of septicemia-inducing Escherichia coli in neonatal piglets.", "content": "The influence of age and diet on the invasion of septicemia-inducing Escherichia coli and the endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium were examined in colostrum-deprived conventional and gnotobiotic piglets orally infected with E. coli 078. The piglets infected at birth and the animals fed glucose-amino acids solution and infected at 3 days after birth soon suffered from septicemia caused by the invasion of E. coli 378. The piglets fed artifical milk and infected at 3 days after birth, however, showed resistance to the invasion of E. coli in the absence of passively acquired serum gamma globulin. The endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium was more intense in the former than in the latter piglets. Some of the ileal epithelial cells of the piglets infected at birth contained organisms, although these cells were morphologically intact and showed intense endocytosis. The present results suggest that the intestinal permeability to macromolecules, which depends on the endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium, might predispose neonatal piglets to colisepticemia.", "contents": "Relationship between the intestinal permeability to macromolecules and invasion of septicemia-inducing Escherichia coli in neonatal piglets. The influence of age and diet on the invasion of septicemia-inducing Escherichia coli and the endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium were examined in colostrum-deprived conventional and gnotobiotic piglets orally infected with E. coli 078. The piglets infected at birth and the animals fed glucose-amino acids solution and infected at 3 days after birth soon suffered from septicemia caused by the invasion of E. coli 378. The piglets fed artifical milk and infected at 3 days after birth, however, showed resistance to the invasion of E. coli in the absence of passively acquired serum gamma globulin. The endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium was more intense in the former than in the latter piglets. Some of the ileal epithelial cells of the piglets infected at birth contained organisms, although these cells were morphologically intact and showed intense endocytosis. The present results suggest that the intestinal permeability to macromolecules, which depends on the endocytotic activity of the small intestinal epithelium, might predispose neonatal piglets to colisepticemia.", "PMID": 387609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7892", "title": "Effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans: evidence for zinc-resistant and -sensitive pathways for mycelium formation.", "content": "In this analysis we have examined in detail the effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans. Evidence is presented that micromolar concentrations of zinc added to growth cultures grown at 25 degrees C (i) cause a twofold increase in the final concentration of spheres at sationary phase, (ii) result in an asynchronous block in the budding cycle at stationary phase, (iii) completely suppress mycelium formation in two independently isolated human strains which produce low but significant levels of mycelia at stationary phase, and (iv) completely suppress mycelium formation in cultures of mutant M10, in which over 60% of the cells form mycelia at stationary phase. In contrast, micromolar concentrations of zinc do not inhibit mycelium formation induced by releasing cells from stationary-phase cultures into fresh medium at 37 degrees C. In addition, if zinc is present in the growth medium of the initial culture at 25 degrees C, the average time of subsequent mycelium formation after release into fresh medium at 37 degrees C is halved. It is demonstrated that the above effects are specific to zinc. The possibility of alterante pathways for mycelium formation is suggested, and the medical implications of this possibility are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans: evidence for zinc-resistant and -sensitive pathways for mycelium formation. In this analysis we have examined in detail the effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans. Evidence is presented that micromolar concentrations of zinc added to growth cultures grown at 25 degrees C (i) cause a twofold increase in the final concentration of spheres at sationary phase, (ii) result in an asynchronous block in the budding cycle at stationary phase, (iii) completely suppress mycelium formation in two independently isolated human strains which produce low but significant levels of mycelia at stationary phase, and (iv) completely suppress mycelium formation in cultures of mutant M10, in which over 60% of the cells form mycelia at stationary phase. In contrast, micromolar concentrations of zinc do not inhibit mycelium formation induced by releasing cells from stationary-phase cultures into fresh medium at 37 degrees C. In addition, if zinc is present in the growth medium of the initial culture at 25 degrees C, the average time of subsequent mycelium formation after release into fresh medium at 37 degrees C is halved. It is demonstrated that the above effects are specific to zinc. The possibility of alterante pathways for mycelium formation is suggested, and the medical implications of this possibility are discussed.", "PMID": 387610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7893", "title": "Interaction of Nocardia asteroides at different phases of growth with in vitro-maintained macrophages obtained from the lungs of normal and immunized rabbits.", "content": "The interactions of cells of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 during different stages of growth with cultured macrophages obtained from the lungs of nonimmunized and immunized rabbits were studied. The nocardial cells from all stages grew intracellularly in \"normal\" alveolar macrophages; however, log-phase cells increased in numbers more rapidly than did stationary-phase cells. Macrophages obtained from the lungs of specifically immunized rabbits effectively inhibited the growth of stationary-phase cells but only temporarily retarded the growth of log-phase organisms. Specific antiserum added to the nocardial cells before incubation with presensitized macrophages caused enhanced phagocytosis and inactivation of the log-phase cells but had no effect on the fate of the stationary-phase nocardia. In addition, it was fo-nd that log-phase cells were phagocytized less effectively by normal macrophages than were the stationary-phase cells, and log-phase cells were more toxic to the macrophage monolayer. From these data we conclude that secondarily induced macrophages play a major role in host resistance to pulmonary nocardial infections, and antibody may be important for effective host resistance to the filamentous form of N. asteroides. Since the nocardia were able, with time, to overcome these effects, it appears that additional host factors (such as T-lymphocytes) must be involved in an effective host response to N. asteroides.", "contents": "Interaction of Nocardia asteroides at different phases of growth with in vitro-maintained macrophages obtained from the lungs of normal and immunized rabbits. The interactions of cells of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 during different stages of growth with cultured macrophages obtained from the lungs of nonimmunized and immunized rabbits were studied. The nocardial cells from all stages grew intracellularly in \"normal\" alveolar macrophages; however, log-phase cells increased in numbers more rapidly than did stationary-phase cells. Macrophages obtained from the lungs of specifically immunized rabbits effectively inhibited the growth of stationary-phase cells but only temporarily retarded the growth of log-phase organisms. Specific antiserum added to the nocardial cells before incubation with presensitized macrophages caused enhanced phagocytosis and inactivation of the log-phase cells but had no effect on the fate of the stationary-phase nocardia. In addition, it was fo-nd that log-phase cells were phagocytized less effectively by normal macrophages than were the stationary-phase cells, and log-phase cells were more toxic to the macrophage monolayer. From these data we conclude that secondarily induced macrophages play a major role in host resistance to pulmonary nocardial infections, and antibody may be important for effective host resistance to the filamentous form of N. asteroides. Since the nocardia were able, with time, to overcome these effects, it appears that additional host factors (such as T-lymphocytes) must be involved in an effective host response to N. asteroides.", "PMID": 387611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7894", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide O antigens: influence of antigen solubility.", "content": "We have developed a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique for specific gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens. The method exploits the high-titer, specific immunoglobulin M response of the rabbit to LPS immunization to measure as little as 5 ng of homologous LPS per ml with less than 0.5% cross-reactivity toward heterologous LPS or culture supernatants. We found that O antigen in complete LPS was less available for antibody binding than O antigen in the soluble polysaccharide derived by mild acid hydrolysis of LPS and that triethylamine-induced disaggregation of complete LPS increased its activity in the assay. Quantitation of O antigen with the assay was thus influenced by the physical state of LPS or \"free\" O antigen.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide O antigens: influence of antigen solubility. We have developed a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique for specific gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens. The method exploits the high-titer, specific immunoglobulin M response of the rabbit to LPS immunization to measure as little as 5 ng of homologous LPS per ml with less than 0.5% cross-reactivity toward heterologous LPS or culture supernatants. We found that O antigen in complete LPS was less available for antibody binding than O antigen in the soluble polysaccharide derived by mild acid hydrolysis of LPS and that triethylamine-induced disaggregation of complete LPS increased its activity in the assay. Quantitation of O antigen with the assay was thus influenced by the physical state of LPS or \"free\" O antigen.", "PMID": 387612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7895", "title": "Requirements of immunoglobulin and the classical and alternative complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of multiple strains of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli.", "content": "The requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were determined. Human sera deficient in immunoglobulin or classical pathway activity, or both, were compared for their ability to promote phagocytosis os and killing of 13 bacterial strains by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Seven of the thirteen microorganisms required immunoglobulin for phagocytosis and killing and utilized only the classical complement pathway. Three required immunoglobulin and utilized both the classical and alternative pathways. The other three microorganisms required minimal immunoglobulin and utilized the alternative or classical pathway, or both. None of the microorganisms utilized the alternative pathway in immunoglobulin-deficient sera or could be forced to utilize this pathway in sera deficient in both immunoglobulin and classical pathway activity. These results demonstrated a heterogeneity in the requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes among various genera of gram-negative aerobic bacilli, as well as among strains of the same species. In addition, the results suggested that a mechanism of classical pathway activation dependent upon minimal immunoglobulin participates in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of certain gram-negative aerobic bacilli.", "contents": "Requirements of immunoglobulin and the classical and alternative complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of multiple strains of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli. The requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were determined. Human sera deficient in immunoglobulin or classical pathway activity, or both, were compared for their ability to promote phagocytosis os and killing of 13 bacterial strains by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Seven of the thirteen microorganisms required immunoglobulin for phagocytosis and killing and utilized only the classical complement pathway. Three required immunoglobulin and utilized both the classical and alternative pathways. The other three microorganisms required minimal immunoglobulin and utilized the alternative or classical pathway, or both. None of the microorganisms utilized the alternative pathway in immunoglobulin-deficient sera or could be forced to utilize this pathway in sera deficient in both immunoglobulin and classical pathway activity. These results demonstrated a heterogeneity in the requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes among various genera of gram-negative aerobic bacilli, as well as among strains of the same species. In addition, the results suggested that a mechanism of classical pathway activation dependent upon minimal immunoglobulin participates in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of certain gram-negative aerobic bacilli.", "PMID": 387613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7896", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease in guinea pigs. VI. Induction of renal lesions by active or passive immunization of strain 2 guinea pigs.", "content": "It has been reported that strain 2 guinea pigs do not develop experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease (RTD) by active or passive immunization. Under our experimental conditions strain 2 guinea pigs are susceptible to the induction of RTD. Typical moderate to severe renal lesions were seen 22 days after immunization with rabbit tubular basement membrane in complete Freund's adjuvant. Most Albany strain guinea pigs had severe RTD. Susceptibility to induction of RTD by passive transfer of antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies was studied in Albany (A) and strain 2 (2) guinea pigs, as well as in A leads to A, A leads to 2, and 2 leads to A radiation chimeras. Only some strain 2 guinea pigs had mild to severe renal lesions by day 9, but by day 19 all had typical histologic renal abnormalities. Albany guinea pigs already had moderate to severe RTD by days 9-10. Strain 2 differed from Albany recipients by a noticeable delay in the onset of lesions. Bone marrow transplants between Albany and strain 2 did not affect these susceptibility differences. A leads to 2 recipients responded like strain 2, and 2 leads to A like Albany. This indicates that the delay of onset of RTD in strain 2 is not a defect in the bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease in guinea pigs. VI. Induction of renal lesions by active or passive immunization of strain 2 guinea pigs. It has been reported that strain 2 guinea pigs do not develop experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease (RTD) by active or passive immunization. Under our experimental conditions strain 2 guinea pigs are susceptible to the induction of RTD. Typical moderate to severe renal lesions were seen 22 days after immunization with rabbit tubular basement membrane in complete Freund's adjuvant. Most Albany strain guinea pigs had severe RTD. Susceptibility to induction of RTD by passive transfer of antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies was studied in Albany (A) and strain 2 (2) guinea pigs, as well as in A leads to A, A leads to 2, and 2 leads to A radiation chimeras. Only some strain 2 guinea pigs had mild to severe renal lesions by day 9, but by day 19 all had typical histologic renal abnormalities. Albany guinea pigs already had moderate to severe RTD by days 9-10. Strain 2 differed from Albany recipients by a noticeable delay in the onset of lesions. Bone marrow transplants between Albany and strain 2 did not affect these susceptibility differences. A leads to 2 recipients responded like strain 2, and 2 leads to A like Albany. This indicates that the delay of onset of RTD in strain 2 is not a defect in the bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 387617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7897", "title": "Clinico-immunologic correlations in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "Specific immunopathologic data can be found in 95% of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and in 70% of patients with bullous pemphigoid. Antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris can belong to different classes of immunoglobulins and can be destroyed by immunosuppression. Twenty percent of the pemphigus patients had differing results suggesting early recurrence of disease. In patients with bullous pemphigoid, there is great variability in anti-basal zone antibodies. When the disease clears, there is still a wide range of immunologic patterns.", "contents": "Clinico-immunologic correlations in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Specific immunopathologic data can be found in 95% of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and in 70% of patients with bullous pemphigoid. Antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris can belong to different classes of immunoglobulins and can be destroyed by immunosuppression. Twenty percent of the pemphigus patients had differing results suggesting early recurrence of disease. In patients with bullous pemphigoid, there is great variability in anti-basal zone antibodies. When the disease clears, there is still a wide range of immunologic patterns.", "PMID": 387623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7898", "title": "Influence of radiation quality on the effectiveness of small doses for induction of reproductive death and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells.", "content": "An analysis and interpretation is presented of published data concerning the dependence of radiobiological effectiveness on the radiation quality of photons, neutrons and heavy ions for the induction of these two effects in different types of mammalian cell. The results of this analysis suggest that chromosome aberrations observable at mitosis show a stronger dependence on YF or LET infinity than cell inactivation. At high YF, observable abberrations provide a major contribution to cell reproductive death induced by small doses. At low YF the effectiveness of small doses for cell death depends mainly on another type of damage, possibly also induced in the chromosomes, but not observable at mitosis. This type of damage depends less of YF or LET infinity than observable aberrations. The implications of these differences in damage in relation to radiation quality for the extrapolation of data on other types of damage to small doses of interest in radiation protection are discussed in relation to maximum r.b.e values observed.", "contents": "Influence of radiation quality on the effectiveness of small doses for induction of reproductive death and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. An analysis and interpretation is presented of published data concerning the dependence of radiobiological effectiveness on the radiation quality of photons, neutrons and heavy ions for the induction of these two effects in different types of mammalian cell. The results of this analysis suggest that chromosome aberrations observable at mitosis show a stronger dependence on YF or LET infinity than cell inactivation. At high YF, observable abberrations provide a major contribution to cell reproductive death induced by small doses. At low YF the effectiveness of small doses for cell death depends mainly on another type of damage, possibly also induced in the chromosomes, but not observable at mitosis. This type of damage depends less of YF or LET infinity than observable aberrations. The implications of these differences in damage in relation to radiation quality for the extrapolation of data on other types of damage to small doses of interest in radiation protection are discussed in relation to maximum r.b.e values observed.", "PMID": 387628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7899", "title": "The influence of oxygen on the survival and yield of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated yeast cells.", "content": "Survival and induction of DNA double-strand breaks were studied in cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae irradiated under oxic or anoxic conditions with 30 MeV electrons. A linear relationship between DNA double-strand breakage and dose was found in both cases. The o.e.r.-value for colony forming ability was found to be 1.9 +/- 0.2, whereas the o.e.r.-value for DNA double-strand breakage was 3.0 +/- 0.1. These results are not inconsistent with the idea that DNA double-strand breaks are involved in killing of yeast cells. The frequency of induction of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be 0.74 x 10(-11) double-strand breaks per g/mol per Gy when cells were irradiated under oxygen and 0.24 x 10(-11) double-strand breaks per g/mol per Gy under nitrogen.", "contents": "The influence of oxygen on the survival and yield of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated yeast cells. Survival and induction of DNA double-strand breaks were studied in cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae irradiated under oxic or anoxic conditions with 30 MeV electrons. A linear relationship between DNA double-strand breakage and dose was found in both cases. The o.e.r.-value for colony forming ability was found to be 1.9 +/- 0.2, whereas the o.e.r.-value for DNA double-strand breakage was 3.0 +/- 0.1. These results are not inconsistent with the idea that DNA double-strand breaks are involved in killing of yeast cells. The frequency of induction of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be 0.74 x 10(-11) double-strand breaks per g/mol per Gy when cells were irradiated under oxygen and 0.24 x 10(-11) double-strand breaks per g/mol per Gy under nitrogen.", "PMID": 387629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7900", "title": "Urid acid accumulated in isolated kidney grafts: an assessment of agonal ischaemia.", "content": "Hypoxanthine-xanthine washed out from kidney tissue during preservation has previously been found to be a reliable measure of the in vitro assessment of the deleterious effect of ischaemia on the functional regenerative ability of the graft. We have now studied the question: can uric acid accumulation in the isolated kidney graft be employed as a retrospective measure of the agonal ischaemia? We have found that uric acid alone accumulates in renal tissue during the agonal phase, in an amount that remains unchanged during the subsequent in vitro ischaemia. The determination of hypoxanthine-xanthine and uric acid in kidney perfusate samples during preservation must thus be presumed to be an optimal clinical-chemical method of assessing the graft ischaemia.", "contents": "Urid acid accumulated in isolated kidney grafts: an assessment of agonal ischaemia. Hypoxanthine-xanthine washed out from kidney tissue during preservation has previously been found to be a reliable measure of the in vitro assessment of the deleterious effect of ischaemia on the functional regenerative ability of the graft. We have now studied the question: can uric acid accumulation in the isolated kidney graft be employed as a retrospective measure of the agonal ischaemia? We have found that uric acid alone accumulates in renal tissue during the agonal phase, in an amount that remains unchanged during the subsequent in vitro ischaemia. The determination of hypoxanthine-xanthine and uric acid in kidney perfusate samples during preservation must thus be presumed to be an optimal clinical-chemical method of assessing the graft ischaemia.", "PMID": 387632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7901", "title": "Detection of IgG antibodies specific for measles virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "A solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IgG antibodies against measles virus is described. The assay utilized antigen-coated polystyrene microplates. The antigen consisted of a sonicated extract of measles-infected Vero cells. Goat and anti-human IgG-peroxidase conjugate was used to detect human IgG bound to viral antigen. Sera taken from 63 healthy adults, 11 young children and 36 patients were evaluated for their IgG titer against measles virus. Comparison of results obtained by ELISA with those obtained by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay or by complement fixation showed good agreement between the tests. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for healthy adults was 753 for ELISA and 32.8 for HI. If these averages are taken as a measure of comparison, then ELISA is approximately 23 times more sensitive than HI. ELISA technique is rapid to perform and could be recommended for routine diagnosis.", "contents": "Detection of IgG antibodies specific for measles virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IgG antibodies against measles virus is described. The assay utilized antigen-coated polystyrene microplates. The antigen consisted of a sonicated extract of measles-infected Vero cells. Goat and anti-human IgG-peroxidase conjugate was used to detect human IgG bound to viral antigen. Sera taken from 63 healthy adults, 11 young children and 36 patients were evaluated for their IgG titer against measles virus. Comparison of results obtained by ELISA with those obtained by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay or by complement fixation showed good agreement between the tests. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for healthy adults was 753 for ELISA and 32.8 for HI. If these averages are taken as a measure of comparison, then ELISA is approximately 23 times more sensitive than HI. ELISA technique is rapid to perform and could be recommended for routine diagnosis.", "PMID": 387655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7902", "title": "Testing for bacteriuria by home culturing in preschool girls.", "content": "Home urine culture in dipslide was performed in 297 preschool girls. Results correlated well with those of cultures at the medical office, specially if midstream urine was used. This method proved to be an inexpensive, reliable (100% sensitivity) technique for detecting significant bacteriuria in preschool girls. False-positive tests occurred in 22 cases.", "contents": "Testing for bacteriuria by home culturing in preschool girls. Home urine culture in dipslide was performed in 297 preschool girls. Results correlated well with those of cultures at the medical office, specially if midstream urine was used. This method proved to be an inexpensive, reliable (100% sensitivity) technique for detecting significant bacteriuria in preschool girls. False-positive tests occurred in 22 cases.", "PMID": 387672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7903", "title": "The surgical treatment of extratemporal facial paralysis: an overview.", "content": "At present there is no single surgical approach that is ideally suited to rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Dynamic reconstruction and neural reconstitution are usually preferred to static methods, except under special circumstances. Experience with over 150 autogenous facial-nerve grafts using epineural suture technique has resulted in return of movement in 95% of properly selected patients. When grafting is not feasible, as in the obliterated central facial nerve, hypoglossal-facial-nerve crossover is a simple and powerful source of reinnervation, usually resulting in minimal intraoral crippling and mild mass movement. A newer procedure, the cross-face nerve graft, is an alternative to hypoglossal crossover, although it results in less axonal input and longer regenerative time. In cases of long-standing facial paralysis with muscle atrophy, temporalis and masseter transfers are dependable and may sometimes be combined with a nerve graft.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of extratemporal facial paralysis: an overview. At present there is no single surgical approach that is ideally suited to rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Dynamic reconstruction and neural reconstitution are usually preferred to static methods, except under special circumstances. Experience with over 150 autogenous facial-nerve grafts using epineural suture technique has resulted in return of movement in 95% of properly selected patients. When grafting is not feasible, as in the obliterated central facial nerve, hypoglossal-facial-nerve crossover is a simple and powerful source of reinnervation, usually resulting in minimal intraoral crippling and mild mass movement. A newer procedure, the cross-face nerve graft, is an alternative to hypoglossal crossover, although it results in less axonal input and longer regenerative time. In cases of long-standing facial paralysis with muscle atrophy, temporalis and masseter transfers are dependable and may sometimes be combined with a nerve graft.", "PMID": 387668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7904", "title": "Prosthetic management of the maxillectomy patient.", "content": "If maximal preservation of appearance and function are to be achieved for the maxillectomy patient, preoperative dental impressions should be obtained, and clear communication should be established between the surgeon and the prosthodontist. The immediate surgical splint, which can be used for edentulous as well as dentulous patients, provides numerous advantages for the patient and the surgeon. Surgical procedures that enhance the fit and comfort of a prosthesis include (1) making the mucosal incision 0.5 cm lateral to the bony cut, (2) extracting the first tooth on the resected side before making the bony cut, (3) preserving the premaxillary segment, (4) creating a skin-graft mucosal-scar band, (5) removing the entire velum when the surgical procedure requires resection of more than one-half of the velum, and (6) evaluating the possible removal of the coronoid process.", "contents": "Prosthetic management of the maxillectomy patient. If maximal preservation of appearance and function are to be achieved for the maxillectomy patient, preoperative dental impressions should be obtained, and clear communication should be established between the surgeon and the prosthodontist. The immediate surgical splint, which can be used for edentulous as well as dentulous patients, provides numerous advantages for the patient and the surgeon. Surgical procedures that enhance the fit and comfort of a prosthesis include (1) making the mucosal incision 0.5 cm lateral to the bony cut, (2) extracting the first tooth on the resected side before making the bony cut, (3) preserving the premaxillary segment, (4) creating a skin-graft mucosal-scar band, (5) removing the entire velum when the surgical procedure requires resection of more than one-half of the velum, and (6) evaluating the possible removal of the coronoid process.", "PMID": 387670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7905", "title": "Studies of the binding of ethidium bromide to cells before and after enzyme treatment.", "content": "Binding of ethidium bromide (EB) to cells before and after HCl, pepsin and RNase treatment was investiaged by spectophotometric and fluorimetric methods. Binding isotherms, calculated with the McGheevon Hippel equation, taking EB as a non-interacting ligand, revealed the influcence of these treatments on the fluorescence characteristics of the cells which were measured by flow-through cytofluorimetry. Thus pepsin- and RNase-treated cells have a reduced intercalation capacity due to the loss of cytoplasmic RNA and RNA hydrolysis, respectively. HCl alone, or in association with pepsin, increased the equilibrium constant K considerably. Thus at low free EB concentrations the enchanced EB affinity of acid-pretreated cells generates a high fluorescence intensity, by comparison with treatments at neutral pH. This result contradicts the interpretation of high EB binding to acid pretreated cells which is commonly believed to be due to hydrolytic histone removal from potential intercalation sites. With increasing free EB concentrations the fluorescence intensities of RNase- and pepsin-treated cells culminate at the same level due to their amost identical intercalation capacities. Consequently, quantitative DNA analysis of pretreated cell suspensions with EB can only be performed if the alteration, induced by the pretreatment, has previously been studied.", "contents": "Studies of the binding of ethidium bromide to cells before and after enzyme treatment. Binding of ethidium bromide (EB) to cells before and after HCl, pepsin and RNase treatment was investiaged by spectophotometric and fluorimetric methods. Binding isotherms, calculated with the McGheevon Hippel equation, taking EB as a non-interacting ligand, revealed the influcence of these treatments on the fluorescence characteristics of the cells which were measured by flow-through cytofluorimetry. Thus pepsin- and RNase-treated cells have a reduced intercalation capacity due to the loss of cytoplasmic RNA and RNA hydrolysis, respectively. HCl alone, or in association with pepsin, increased the equilibrium constant K considerably. Thus at low free EB concentrations the enchanced EB affinity of acid-pretreated cells generates a high fluorescence intensity, by comparison with treatments at neutral pH. This result contradicts the interpretation of high EB binding to acid pretreated cells which is commonly believed to be due to hydrolytic histone removal from potential intercalation sites. With increasing free EB concentrations the fluorescence intensities of RNase- and pepsin-treated cells culminate at the same level due to their amost identical intercalation capacities. Consequently, quantitative DNA analysis of pretreated cell suspensions with EB can only be performed if the alteration, induced by the pretreatment, has previously been studied.", "PMID": 387675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7906", "title": "Skin-graft reconstruction in carcinoma of the tongue.", "content": "The use of quilted grafts in the treatment of minimally infiltrative carcinoma of the tongue is described. Results are assessed in terms of therapeutic effectiveness and functional adequacy. This single-stage graft procedure is compared to multistage flap reconstruction as well as to direct suture. We conclude that, with careful selection of patients, the method is a satisfactory one.", "contents": "Skin-graft reconstruction in carcinoma of the tongue. The use of quilted grafts in the treatment of minimally infiltrative carcinoma of the tongue is described. Results are assessed in terms of therapeutic effectiveness and functional adequacy. This single-stage graft procedure is compared to multistage flap reconstruction as well as to direct suture. We conclude that, with careful selection of patients, the method is a satisfactory one.", "PMID": 387669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7907", "title": "5'-AMP hydrolysis by suspensions and homogenates of pancreatic islet cells from normal and cortisone-treated rats.", "content": "Suspensions of endocrine pancreas cells were prepared by shaking collagenase-isolated rat islets of Langerhans in calcium-free buffer. When incubated with 1.0 mM substrate at pH 7.4, the cells split Pi from 5'-AMP at a rate of 87 nmol/h per microgram DNA, and from beta-glycerophosphate at a rate of 25 nmol/h per microgram DNA. Km for 5'-AMP was about 54 microM. Adenosine or theophylline inhibited the 5'-AMP hydrolysis. Homogenization of the cells increased the activity toward 5'-AMP by 23% and that toward beta-glycerophosphate by 115%. Injecting rats with cortisone had no effect on the 5'-AMP hydrolysis by whole cells but significantly increased the activity in cell homogenates; the intracellular activity toward 5'-AMP was more than doubled by the cortisone treatment. Staining whole islet cells for 5'-AMP-splitting activity resulted in a demarcation of the cell periphery in control rats. Cells from cortisone-treated rats showed heavier deposits of reaction product, and their cell periphery did not stand out as clearly. It is suggested that 5'-nucleotidase is largely an ectoenzyme in normal rat islet cells. The cells also contain an as yet unidentified intracellular phosphatase that seems to be solely responsible for the increased hydrolysis of 5'-AMP in cortisone-treated rats.", "contents": "5'-AMP hydrolysis by suspensions and homogenates of pancreatic islet cells from normal and cortisone-treated rats. Suspensions of endocrine pancreas cells were prepared by shaking collagenase-isolated rat islets of Langerhans in calcium-free buffer. When incubated with 1.0 mM substrate at pH 7.4, the cells split Pi from 5'-AMP at a rate of 87 nmol/h per microgram DNA, and from beta-glycerophosphate at a rate of 25 nmol/h per microgram DNA. Km for 5'-AMP was about 54 microM. Adenosine or theophylline inhibited the 5'-AMP hydrolysis. Homogenization of the cells increased the activity toward 5'-AMP by 23% and that toward beta-glycerophosphate by 115%. Injecting rats with cortisone had no effect on the 5'-AMP hydrolysis by whole cells but significantly increased the activity in cell homogenates; the intracellular activity toward 5'-AMP was more than doubled by the cortisone treatment. Staining whole islet cells for 5'-AMP-splitting activity resulted in a demarcation of the cell periphery in control rats. Cells from cortisone-treated rats showed heavier deposits of reaction product, and their cell periphery did not stand out as clearly. It is suggested that 5'-nucleotidase is largely an ectoenzyme in normal rat islet cells. The cells also contain an as yet unidentified intracellular phosphatase that seems to be solely responsible for the increased hydrolysis of 5'-AMP in cortisone-treated rats.", "PMID": 387676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7908", "title": "Aspergillus in the lung.", "content": "There is an increasing incidence of deep mycotic infections. The initial clue to the diagnosis is often radiologic. It is important therefore for the radiologist to be aware of these infections and the setting in which they occur, e.g., allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in the asthmatic person, invasive aspergilliosis in the immune compromised host, and aspergilloma in cavitary lung disease. In so doing he can alert the clinician to the possibility of a mycotic infection and thus initiate further investigation to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Aspergillus in the lung. There is an increasing incidence of deep mycotic infections. The initial clue to the diagnosis is often radiologic. It is important therefore for the radiologist to be aware of these infections and the setting in which they occur, e.g., allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in the asthmatic person, invasive aspergilliosis in the immune compromised host, and aspergilloma in cavitary lung disease. In so doing he can alert the clinician to the possibility of a mycotic infection and thus initiate further investigation to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 387671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7909", "title": "Surgical treatment of grade IV patellar luxation in the neoambulatory dog.", "content": "A wire-suture method was used for correcting grade IV medial and lateral luxations of the patella. In seven operated stifles, the method resulted in a normal gait and minimal valgus and varus deformity of the distal femur and proximal tibia.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of grade IV patellar luxation in the neoambulatory dog. A wire-suture method was used for correcting grade IV medial and lateral luxations of the patella. In seven operated stifles, the method resulted in a normal gait and minimal valgus and varus deformity of the distal femur and proximal tibia.", "PMID": 387682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7910", "title": "Peritoneal lavage in the horse.", "content": "Eight horses ranging in age from 4 days to 9 years were treated for peritonitis. Escherichia coli was isolated in four cases and Nocardia sp in one case. In each case, a catheter placed in the peritoneal cavity allowed drainage of a large amount of purulent fluid. Retrograde peritoneal lavage was performed through a Foley catheter or medical tubing, using Ringer's lactate solution containing kanamycin, povidone iodine, or nitrofurazone. All except two horses responded well to repeated lavage.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage in the horse. Eight horses ranging in age from 4 days to 9 years were treated for peritonitis. Escherichia coli was isolated in four cases and Nocardia sp in one case. In each case, a catheter placed in the peritoneal cavity allowed drainage of a large amount of purulent fluid. Retrograde peritoneal lavage was performed through a Foley catheter or medical tubing, using Ringer's lactate solution containing kanamycin, povidone iodine, or nitrofurazone. All except two horses responded well to repeated lavage.", "PMID": 387688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7911", "title": "Gentamicin for treatment of resistant urinary tract infections in dogs.", "content": "Gentamicin was administered parenterally for 6 days to 43 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of 6.6 mg/kg (3 mg/lb) was divided into equal parts and given IM or SC at 8-hour intervals. Dogs selected for treatment with gentamicin had urinary infections that had not responded to treatment with other antimicrobial agents or had bacterial isolates from urine that were resistant to several antimicrobial agents on in vitro susceptibility tests. Response to treatment, defined as negative urine culture on the last day of therapy or 4 to 14 days after completion of the therapeutic course, included 20 of 22 (91%) infections caused by Escherichia coli, 8 of 9 (89%) infections caused by Kebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 7 (86%) infections caused by Proteus spp, and 6 of 7 infections caused by Pseudomonas spp. These four species comprised 84% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study.", "contents": "Gentamicin for treatment of resistant urinary tract infections in dogs. Gentamicin was administered parenterally for 6 days to 43 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of 6.6 mg/kg (3 mg/lb) was divided into equal parts and given IM or SC at 8-hour intervals. Dogs selected for treatment with gentamicin had urinary infections that had not responded to treatment with other antimicrobial agents or had bacterial isolates from urine that were resistant to several antimicrobial agents on in vitro susceptibility tests. Response to treatment, defined as negative urine culture on the last day of therapy or 4 to 14 days after completion of the therapeutic course, included 20 of 22 (91%) infections caused by Escherichia coli, 8 of 9 (89%) infections caused by Kebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 7 (86%) infections caused by Proteus spp, and 6 of 7 infections caused by Pseudomonas spp. These four species comprised 84% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study.", "PMID": 387689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7912", "title": "Antifungal activity upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae of iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of their derivatives; inhibition of this antifungal activity by lipid antagonists.", "content": "The antifungal activity of three antibiotics of the iturin group: iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of eleven methylated and acetylated derivatives of these antibiotics was tested upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lowest MIC values were found for natural antibiotics. The substitution of polar groups diminished the antifungal activity. Various lipids, sterols, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters and phospholipids were tested as inhibitors of the antifungal activity of iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L. Cholesterol was the strongest inhibitor upon the three antibiotics; ergosterol, oleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid were less potent inhibitors. Among phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline inhibited bacillomycin L and iturin A while diphosphatidyl glycerol inhibited bacillomycin L and mycosubtilin. The inhibitory effect appeared to be dependent on the nature of both the hydrophilic group and the fatty acid part of phospholipids.", "contents": "Antifungal activity upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae of iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of their derivatives; inhibition of this antifungal activity by lipid antagonists. The antifungal activity of three antibiotics of the iturin group: iturin A, mycosubtilin, bacillomycin L and of eleven methylated and acetylated derivatives of these antibiotics was tested upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lowest MIC values were found for natural antibiotics. The substitution of polar groups diminished the antifungal activity. Various lipids, sterols, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters and phospholipids were tested as inhibitors of the antifungal activity of iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L. Cholesterol was the strongest inhibitor upon the three antibiotics; ergosterol, oleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid were less potent inhibitors. Among phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline inhibited bacillomycin L and iturin A while diphosphatidyl glycerol inhibited bacillomycin L and mycosubtilin. The inhibitory effect appeared to be dependent on the nature of both the hydrophilic group and the fatty acid part of phospholipids.", "PMID": 387691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7913", "title": "The influence of intra-incisional clindamycin on the incidence of wound sepsis after abdominal operations.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy were randomly allocated to one of three single-dose intra-incisional prophylactic regimens: clindamycin, clindamycin plus cephaloridine, and cephaloridine alone. Wounds were classified on a bacteriological basis into four groups: clean, potentially contaminated, lightly contaminated and heavily contaminated. The first two of these groups had a low incidence of wound sepsis (6.6%), the third an incidence of 19.7% and the last of 53.1%. In the latter two groups clindamycin was a significantly less effective prophylactic than cephaloridine, and the combination of the two antibiotics was no more efficacious than cephaloridine alone. The high in vitro activity of cindamycin against Bacteroides species was not mirrored in vivo.", "contents": "The influence of intra-incisional clindamycin on the incidence of wound sepsis after abdominal operations. Two hundred and thirty consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy were randomly allocated to one of three single-dose intra-incisional prophylactic regimens: clindamycin, clindamycin plus cephaloridine, and cephaloridine alone. Wounds were classified on a bacteriological basis into four groups: clean, potentially contaminated, lightly contaminated and heavily contaminated. The first two of these groups had a low incidence of wound sepsis (6.6%), the third an incidence of 19.7% and the last of 53.1%. In the latter two groups clindamycin was a significantly less effective prophylactic than cephaloridine, and the combination of the two antibiotics was no more efficacious than cephaloridine alone. The high in vitro activity of cindamycin against Bacteroides species was not mirrored in vivo.", "PMID": 387704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7914", "title": "Mezlocillin and azlocillin: an evaluation of two new beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Mezlocillin and azlocillin are broad spectrum penicillins for parenteral administration. In this study it was shown that they were very active against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Thirty-five patients were treated with mezlocillin, and 5 patients were treated with azlocillin (in combination with cefoxitin in 3 cases). The serum, bile and CSF levels of the drugs were measured. Both antibiotics would appear to be safe and efficacious in treating serious infections by sensitive pathogens. Infections caused by unknown pathogens could be treated by one of these agents in combination with a broad spectrum beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin or cephamycin.", "contents": "Mezlocillin and azlocillin: an evaluation of two new beta-lactam antibiotics. Mezlocillin and azlocillin are broad spectrum penicillins for parenteral administration. In this study it was shown that they were very active against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Thirty-five patients were treated with mezlocillin, and 5 patients were treated with azlocillin (in combination with cefoxitin in 3 cases). The serum, bile and CSF levels of the drugs were measured. Both antibiotics would appear to be safe and efficacious in treating serious infections by sensitive pathogens. Infections caused by unknown pathogens could be treated by one of these agents in combination with a broad spectrum beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin or cephamycin.", "PMID": 387705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7915", "title": "An in vitro evaluation of clavulanic acid, a potent, broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor.", "content": "The in vitro efficacy of clavulanic acid, a new broad-spectrum inhibitor of enterobacterial beta-lactamases, was investigated. In conventional agar dilution tests, the presence of a sub-inhibitory level of clavulanic acid (8 microgram/ml) lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for many resistant enterobacteria to therapeutically achievable levels. When tested against dense populations of Escherichia coli and klebsiella strains in a static turbidimetric system and in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis, clavulanic acid plus ampicillin suppressed bacterial growth for periods far exceeding the normal interdose interval at concentrations at which neither agent alone was effective. In addition to its activity as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid may interact with other beta-lactam antibiotics in a second, distinct way. Because of this synergic interactions may occur with non-beta-lactamase producing organisms, and the overall synergic effect obtained with beta-lactamase producers may be compounded of two separate elements.", "contents": "An in vitro evaluation of clavulanic acid, a potent, broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor. The in vitro efficacy of clavulanic acid, a new broad-spectrum inhibitor of enterobacterial beta-lactamases, was investigated. In conventional agar dilution tests, the presence of a sub-inhibitory level of clavulanic acid (8 microgram/ml) lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for many resistant enterobacteria to therapeutically achievable levels. When tested against dense populations of Escherichia coli and klebsiella strains in a static turbidimetric system and in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis, clavulanic acid plus ampicillin suppressed bacterial growth for periods far exceeding the normal interdose interval at concentrations at which neither agent alone was effective. In addition to its activity as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid may interact with other beta-lactam antibiotics in a second, distinct way. Because of this synergic interactions may occur with non-beta-lactamase producing organisms, and the overall synergic effect obtained with beta-lactamase producers may be compounded of two separate elements.", "PMID": 387706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7916", "title": "Review of in vitro test systems using DNA damage and repair for screening of chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Chemical carcinogens are mechanistically classified as genotoxic which interact directly with DNA, and epigenetic which cause chronic tissue injury, hormonal imbalance, and promotional effects. This review evaluates in vitro tests for their contribution to a battery for identifying genotoxic chemical carcinogens. In addition to bacterial mutagenic assays, nonspecific DNA damage/repair tests are recommended for screening chemicals, in particular the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test.", "contents": "Review of in vitro test systems using DNA damage and repair for screening of chemical carcinogens. Chemical carcinogens are mechanistically classified as genotoxic which interact directly with DNA, and epigenetic which cause chronic tissue injury, hormonal imbalance, and promotional effects. This review evaluates in vitro tests for their contribution to a battery for identifying genotoxic chemical carcinogens. In addition to bacterial mutagenic assays, nonspecific DNA damage/repair tests are recommended for screening chemicals, in particular the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test.", "PMID": 387709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7917", "title": "Collaborative studies on the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay.", "content": "Although the Salmonella/plate test has been used extensively, a collaborative study was undertaken to determine the interlaboratory reproducibility of this microbial mutagenicity assay. Four laboratories participating in the study have completed testing, under code, of 61 carcinogens and noncarcinogens. All chemicals were tested both with and without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, 1537, 1538, 98, and 100. The metabolic activation systems used were derived from the livers of both uninduced and Aroclor 1254-induced Fischer rats, B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian hamsters. Analysis of the results on 23 of the chemicals tested in 3 of the participating laboratories showed that 8 were negative when tested in all laboratories and 13 were positive. Two chemicals gave positive results in 2 laboratories; the same 2 chemicals were negative when tested in the third laboratory.", "contents": "Collaborative studies on the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Although the Salmonella/plate test has been used extensively, a collaborative study was undertaken to determine the interlaboratory reproducibility of this microbial mutagenicity assay. Four laboratories participating in the study have completed testing, under code, of 61 carcinogens and noncarcinogens. All chemicals were tested both with and without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, 1537, 1538, 98, and 100. The metabolic activation systems used were derived from the livers of both uninduced and Aroclor 1254-induced Fischer rats, B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian hamsters. Analysis of the results on 23 of the chemicals tested in 3 of the participating laboratories showed that 8 were negative when tested in all laboratories and 13 were positive. Two chemicals gave positive results in 2 laboratories; the same 2 chemicals were negative when tested in the third laboratory.", "PMID": 387710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7918", "title": "Overview and status of in vitro transformation.", "content": "The development of standardized assay procedures has permitted the exploitation of cell culture systems as bioassay tools for the detection of chemical carcinogens. These systems fall generally into 3 classes: diploid cell strains, Syrian hamster embryo cells; cell lines, mouse BALB/c-3T3 and mouse C3H-10T1/2; and cells+virus, Fischer rat cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus and Syrian hamster embryo cells infected with adenovirus. The results accumulated to date show a good correlation between transformation response in cell culture and carcinogenicity of chemicals in whole animal studies. The major advantages of these systems are their relative brevity (10 days-6 weeks) and resultant low costs, their agreement with whole animal bioassays, and their direct biological relevance to the carcinogenic process. The present major disadvantages are the uncertain nature of the metabolic capabilities of the target cells and the lack of a metabolic activation system that is reliable and adaptable for routine bioassays. The development of epithelial cell systems such as breast, liver, lung, and skin may solve the problem of carcinogen metabolism as well as provide target cells that are representative of major organ sites for cancer in man. The rational use of cell culture bioassays for neoplastic transformation is a valuable component of the toxicological armamentarium to assess risk to humans from exposure to chemicals.", "contents": "Overview and status of in vitro transformation. The development of standardized assay procedures has permitted the exploitation of cell culture systems as bioassay tools for the detection of chemical carcinogens. These systems fall generally into 3 classes: diploid cell strains, Syrian hamster embryo cells; cell lines, mouse BALB/c-3T3 and mouse C3H-10T1/2; and cells+virus, Fischer rat cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus and Syrian hamster embryo cells infected with adenovirus. The results accumulated to date show a good correlation between transformation response in cell culture and carcinogenicity of chemicals in whole animal studies. The major advantages of these systems are their relative brevity (10 days-6 weeks) and resultant low costs, their agreement with whole animal bioassays, and their direct biological relevance to the carcinogenic process. The present major disadvantages are the uncertain nature of the metabolic capabilities of the target cells and the lack of a metabolic activation system that is reliable and adaptable for routine bioassays. The development of epithelial cell systems such as breast, liver, lung, and skin may solve the problem of carcinogen metabolism as well as provide target cells that are representative of major organ sites for cancer in man. The rational use of cell culture bioassays for neoplastic transformation is a valuable component of the toxicological armamentarium to assess risk to humans from exposure to chemicals.", "PMID": 387711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7919", "title": "Microbiological assays for antibiotics and vitamins: considerations for assuring accuracy.", "content": "Factors that may influence the accuracy and precision of microbiological manual and semiautomated turbidimetric methods as well as diffusion assays are discussed. Influence of kind of equipment, media, test bacteria, sample preparation, form of dose response lines, operations, and personnel on quality of assays is examined with the objective of reducing to insignificance those factors under control of the analyst that are responsible for low quality assays.", "contents": "Microbiological assays for antibiotics and vitamins: considerations for assuring accuracy. Factors that may influence the accuracy and precision of microbiological manual and semiautomated turbidimetric methods as well as diffusion assays are discussed. Influence of kind of equipment, media, test bacteria, sample preparation, form of dose response lines, operations, and personnel on quality of assays is examined with the objective of reducing to insignificance those factors under control of the analyst that are responsible for low quality assays.", "PMID": 387712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7920", "title": "Some principles of microbiological turbidimetric assays of antibiotics.", "content": "Turbidimetric methods for determining the potency of antibiotics are inherently more accurate and more precise than are comparable agar diffusion procedures, but assays conducted in liquid media are subject to degradation from less than ideal conditions to a much greater extent than are diffusion methods. The relationships between test organisms, antibiotics, and assay concentrations are discussed. A valid assay procedure must produce a linear response with an adequate slope (-0.4 to -1.2) by the test organism to increasing concentrations of drug; such linear response normally occurs over a limited range of concentrations. Criteria used to select photometers that offer the greatest advantages to analytical microbiologists are described, with guidelines for the most effective use of the chosen instrument.", "contents": "Some principles of microbiological turbidimetric assays of antibiotics. Turbidimetric methods for determining the potency of antibiotics are inherently more accurate and more precise than are comparable agar diffusion procedures, but assays conducted in liquid media are subject to degradation from less than ideal conditions to a much greater extent than are diffusion methods. The relationships between test organisms, antibiotics, and assay concentrations are discussed. A valid assay procedure must produce a linear response with an adequate slope (-0.4 to -1.2) by the test organism to increasing concentrations of drug; such linear response normally occurs over a limited range of concentrations. Criteria used to select photometers that offer the greatest advantages to analytical microbiologists are described, with guidelines for the most effective use of the chosen instrument.", "PMID": 387713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7921", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants impaired in maltodextrin transport.", "content": "Wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 was found to grow equally well on maltose and on maltodextrins containing up to seven glucose residues. Three classes of mutants unable to grow on maltodextrins, but still able to grow on maltose, were investigated in detail. The first class, already known, was composed of phage lambda-resistant mutants, which lack the outer membrane protein coded by gene lamB. These mutants grow on maltose and maltotriose but not at all on maltotetraose and longer maltodextrins which cannot cross the outer membrane. A second class of mutants were affected in malE, the structural gene of the periplasmic maltose binding protein. The maltose binding proteins isolated from the new mutants were altered in their substrate binding properties, but not in a way that could account for the mutant phenotypes. Rather, the results of growth experiments and transport studies suggest that these malE mutants are impaired in their ability to transport maltodextrins across the outer membrane. This implies that the maltose binding protein (in wild-type strains) cooperates with the lambda receptor in permeation through the outer membrane. The last class of mutants described in this paper were affected in malG, or perhaps in an as yet undetected gene close to malG. They were defective in the transfer of maltodextrins from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm but only slightly affected in the transport of maltose.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants impaired in maltodextrin transport. Wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 was found to grow equally well on maltose and on maltodextrins containing up to seven glucose residues. Three classes of mutants unable to grow on maltodextrins, but still able to grow on maltose, were investigated in detail. The first class, already known, was composed of phage lambda-resistant mutants, which lack the outer membrane protein coded by gene lamB. These mutants grow on maltose and maltotriose but not at all on maltotetraose and longer maltodextrins which cannot cross the outer membrane. A second class of mutants were affected in malE, the structural gene of the periplasmic maltose binding protein. The maltose binding proteins isolated from the new mutants were altered in their substrate binding properties, but not in a way that could account for the mutant phenotypes. Rather, the results of growth experiments and transport studies suggest that these malE mutants are impaired in their ability to transport maltodextrins across the outer membrane. This implies that the maltose binding protein (in wild-type strains) cooperates with the lambda receptor in permeation through the outer membrane. The last class of mutants described in this paper were affected in malG, or perhaps in an as yet undetected gene close to malG. They were defective in the transfer of maltodextrins from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm but only slightly affected in the transport of maltose.", "PMID": 387714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7922", "title": "Characterization of molybdenum cofactor from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Molybdenum cofactor activity was found in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli grown aerobically in media supplemented with molybdate. Cofactor was detected by its ability to complement the nitrate reductase-deficient mutant of Neurospora crossa, nit-1, resulting in the vitro formation of nitrate reductase activity. Acid treatment of E. coli extracts was not required for release of cofactor activity. Cofactor was able to diffuse through a membrane of nominal 2,000-molecular-weight cutoff and was insensitive to trypsin. The cofactor was associated with a carrier molecule (approximately 40,000 daltons) during gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation, but was easily removed from the carrier by dialysis. The carrier molecule protected the cofactor from inactivation by heat or oxygen. E. coli grown in molybdenum-free media, without and with tungsten, synthesized a metal-free \"empty\" cofactor and its tungsten analog, respectively, both of which were subsequently activated by the addition of molybdate. Empty and tungsten-containing cofactor complemented the nitrate reductase subunits in the nit-1 extract, forming inactive, but intact, 7.9S nitrate reductase. Addition of molybdate to the enzyme complemented in this manner restored nitrate reductase activity.", "contents": "Characterization of molybdenum cofactor from Escherichia coli. Molybdenum cofactor activity was found in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli grown aerobically in media supplemented with molybdate. Cofactor was detected by its ability to complement the nitrate reductase-deficient mutant of Neurospora crossa, nit-1, resulting in the vitro formation of nitrate reductase activity. Acid treatment of E. coli extracts was not required for release of cofactor activity. Cofactor was able to diffuse through a membrane of nominal 2,000-molecular-weight cutoff and was insensitive to trypsin. The cofactor was associated with a carrier molecule (approximately 40,000 daltons) during gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation, but was easily removed from the carrier by dialysis. The carrier molecule protected the cofactor from inactivation by heat or oxygen. E. coli grown in molybdenum-free media, without and with tungsten, synthesized a metal-free \"empty\" cofactor and its tungsten analog, respectively, both of which were subsequently activated by the addition of molybdate. Empty and tungsten-containing cofactor complemented the nitrate reductase subunits in the nit-1 extract, forming inactive, but intact, 7.9S nitrate reductase. Addition of molybdate to the enzyme complemented in this manner restored nitrate reductase activity.", "PMID": 387715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7923", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mutations in the structural gene for protease III (ptr).", "content": "Escherichia coli mutants defective in protease III were isolated by enzyme assays of heavily mutagenized colones. One mutant produced thermolabile enzyme, and it is presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene of protease III. Two other mutants mapping at the same site had less than 5% of the wild-type protease III level. The genetic locus of these mutations, designated ptr, was located at approximately 60 min on the E. coli linkage map based on its high frequency (70%) of contransduction by P1 with argA. Strains with less than 5% of the wild-type protease III activity grew normally and degraded nonsense fragments of beta-galactosidase at wild-type rates.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mutations in the structural gene for protease III (ptr). Escherichia coli mutants defective in protease III were isolated by enzyme assays of heavily mutagenized colones. One mutant produced thermolabile enzyme, and it is presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene of protease III. Two other mutants mapping at the same site had less than 5% of the wild-type protease III level. The genetic locus of these mutations, designated ptr, was located at approximately 60 min on the E. coli linkage map based on its high frequency (70%) of contransduction by P1 with argA. Strains with less than 5% of the wild-type protease III activity grew normally and degraded nonsense fragments of beta-galactosidase at wild-type rates.", "PMID": 387716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7924", "title": "Comparative surfact structure of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of 30S ribosomes of procaryotic cells.", "content": "Ribonuclease T(1) treatment of 30S ribosomes of Escherichia coli converts a large region at the 3' OH end of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) to low-molecular-weight RNA. The final 25 nucleotides at the 3' terminus of the molecule emerge relatively intact, whereas most of the region \"upstream,\" for about 150 nucleotides, is converted to oligonucleotides. Identical enzyme treatment generates a fragment of about 60 nucleotides from the middle of 16S rRNA (section D'). To determine whether there are similar sequences in other bacteria, which occupy similar accessible surface locations, we treated 30S ribosomes from Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus stearothermophilus with RNase T(1). In each case, a fragment of RNA about 25 nucleotides in length containing the 3' OH end of 16S rRNA and a fragment of about 60 nucleotides in length similar, but not identical, in oligonucleotide composition to section D' of E. coli 16S rRNA were obtained from nuclease-treated 30S ribosomes. These data indicate that, although the primary structure at the 3' end and the middle (section D') of the various 16S rRNA's is not completely conserved, their respective conformations are conserved. A number of identical oligonucleotides were found in the low-molecular-weight fraction obtained from RNase T(1)-treated E. coli, A. vinelandii, and B. stearothermophilus 30S ribosomes. These results show that identical RNase T(1)-sensitive sequences are present in all three bacteria. Hydrolysis of these regions leads to the production of the fragments 25 and 60 nucleotides in length.", "contents": "Comparative surfact structure of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of 30S ribosomes of procaryotic cells. Ribonuclease T(1) treatment of 30S ribosomes of Escherichia coli converts a large region at the 3' OH end of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) to low-molecular-weight RNA. The final 25 nucleotides at the 3' terminus of the molecule emerge relatively intact, whereas most of the region \"upstream,\" for about 150 nucleotides, is converted to oligonucleotides. Identical enzyme treatment generates a fragment of about 60 nucleotides from the middle of 16S rRNA (section D'). To determine whether there are similar sequences in other bacteria, which occupy similar accessible surface locations, we treated 30S ribosomes from Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus stearothermophilus with RNase T(1). In each case, a fragment of RNA about 25 nucleotides in length containing the 3' OH end of 16S rRNA and a fragment of about 60 nucleotides in length similar, but not identical, in oligonucleotide composition to section D' of E. coli 16S rRNA were obtained from nuclease-treated 30S ribosomes. These data indicate that, although the primary structure at the 3' end and the middle (section D') of the various 16S rRNA's is not completely conserved, their respective conformations are conserved. A number of identical oligonucleotides were found in the low-molecular-weight fraction obtained from RNase T(1)-treated E. coli, A. vinelandii, and B. stearothermophilus 30S ribosomes. These results show that identical RNase T(1)-sensitive sequences are present in all three bacteria. Hydrolysis of these regions leads to the production of the fragments 25 and 60 nucleotides in length.", "PMID": 387717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7925", "title": "Regulation of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B by L-cysteine in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A technique based on resistance to azaserine was used to isolate mutants lacking O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B, one of two enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium capable of synthesizing L-cysteine from O-acetyl-L-serine and sulfide. The mutant locus responsible for this defect has been designated cysM, and genetic mapping suggests that cysM is very close to and perhaps contiguous with cysA. Strains lacking either O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B or the second sulfhydrylase, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A (coded for by cysK), are cysteine prototrophs, but cysK cysM double mutants were found to require cysteine for growth. O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase B was depressed by growth on a poor sulfur source, and depression was dependent upon both a functional cysB regulatory gene product and the internal inducer of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway, O-acetyl-L-serine. Furthermore, a cysBc strain, in which other cysteine biosynthetic enzymes cannot be fully repressed by growth on L-cystine, was found to be constitutive for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B as well. Thus O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B is regulated by the same factors that control the expression of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A and other activities of the cysteine regulon. It is not clear why S. typhimurium has two enzymes whose physiological function appears to be to catalyze the same step of L-cysteine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B by L-cysteine in Salmonella typhimurium. A technique based on resistance to azaserine was used to isolate mutants lacking O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B, one of two enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium capable of synthesizing L-cysteine from O-acetyl-L-serine and sulfide. The mutant locus responsible for this defect has been designated cysM, and genetic mapping suggests that cysM is very close to and perhaps contiguous with cysA. Strains lacking either O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B or the second sulfhydrylase, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A (coded for by cysK), are cysteine prototrophs, but cysK cysM double mutants were found to require cysteine for growth. O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase B was depressed by growth on a poor sulfur source, and depression was dependent upon both a functional cysB regulatory gene product and the internal inducer of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway, O-acetyl-L-serine. Furthermore, a cysBc strain, in which other cysteine biosynthetic enzymes cannot be fully repressed by growth on L-cystine, was found to be constitutive for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B as well. Thus O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase B is regulated by the same factors that control the expression of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A and other activities of the cysteine regulon. It is not clear why S. typhimurium has two enzymes whose physiological function appears to be to catalyze the same step of L-cysteine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 387718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7926", "title": "Mak mutants of yeast: mapping and characterization.", "content": "Killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are those carrying a 1.5 x 10(6)-dalton double-stranded (ds) ribonucleic acid (RNA) (M) in virus-like particles and secreting a protein toxin. Most yeast (koller or not) also carry a 3 x 10(6)-dalton dsRNA (L). We have mapped mutations in eight of the chromosomal genes needed for maintaining M (mak genes). The mak genes are widely distributed on the yeast map, with no multigene complexes. We show that mutants defective in these and other mak genes lose M dsRNA, but not L dsRNA. The mak3-1 mutation results in markedly decreased cellular levels of L dsRNA, but mak3-1 stains do not lose L dsRNA completely. Mutation of mak16 results in temperature-sensitive growth, whereas mutations in mak13, mak15, mak17, mak20, mak22, and mak27 result in slow growth at any temperature. No effect of mak mutations on mating, meiosis, sporulation, germination, homothallism, or ultraviolet sensitivity has been found. The specificity of mak mutations is discussed.", "contents": "Mak mutants of yeast: mapping and characterization. Killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are those carrying a 1.5 x 10(6)-dalton double-stranded (ds) ribonucleic acid (RNA) (M) in virus-like particles and secreting a protein toxin. Most yeast (koller or not) also carry a 3 x 10(6)-dalton dsRNA (L). We have mapped mutations in eight of the chromosomal genes needed for maintaining M (mak genes). The mak genes are widely distributed on the yeast map, with no multigene complexes. We show that mutants defective in these and other mak genes lose M dsRNA, but not L dsRNA. The mak3-1 mutation results in markedly decreased cellular levels of L dsRNA, but mak3-1 stains do not lose L dsRNA completely. Mutation of mak16 results in temperature-sensitive growth, whereas mutations in mak13, mak15, mak17, mak20, mak22, and mak27 result in slow growth at any temperature. No effect of mak mutations on mating, meiosis, sporulation, germination, homothallism, or ultraviolet sensitivity has been found. The specificity of mak mutations is discussed.", "PMID": 387719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7927", "title": "Hypersensitivity to Hg2+ and hyperbinding activity associated with cloned fragments of the mercurial resistance operon of plasmid NR1.", "content": "The region of plasmid NR1 concerned with resistance to Hg2+ and organomercurials consists of sequences found on restriction endonuclease fragments EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I. When both fragments were cloned together into a derivative of plasmid ColE1, the hybrid plasmid conferred properties indistinguishable from those of the parental plasmid, NR1: resistance to Hg2+ and to the organomercurials merbromin and fluoresceinmercuric acetate and the inducible synthesis of the enzyme mercuric reductase. When fragment EcoRI-I was cloned into plasmid ColE1, cells containing the plasmid was as sensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials as plasmidless strains. When fragment EcoRI-H was cloned into ColE1, cells with the hybrid plasmid were hypersensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials. This hypersensitivity was inducible by prior exposure to low, subtoxic Hg2+ or merbromin levels. It was associated with an inducible hyperbinding activity attributed to a gene governing Hg2+ uptake and found on fragment EcoRI-H (which contains the proximal portion of a mercuric resistance [mer] operon).", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to Hg2+ and hyperbinding activity associated with cloned fragments of the mercurial resistance operon of plasmid NR1. The region of plasmid NR1 concerned with resistance to Hg2+ and organomercurials consists of sequences found on restriction endonuclease fragments EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I. When both fragments were cloned together into a derivative of plasmid ColE1, the hybrid plasmid conferred properties indistinguishable from those of the parental plasmid, NR1: resistance to Hg2+ and to the organomercurials merbromin and fluoresceinmercuric acetate and the inducible synthesis of the enzyme mercuric reductase. When fragment EcoRI-I was cloned into plasmid ColE1, cells containing the plasmid was as sensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials as plasmidless strains. When fragment EcoRI-H was cloned into ColE1, cells with the hybrid plasmid were hypersensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials. This hypersensitivity was inducible by prior exposure to low, subtoxic Hg2+ or merbromin levels. It was associated with an inducible hyperbinding activity attributed to a gene governing Hg2+ uptake and found on fragment EcoRI-H (which contains the proximal portion of a mercuric resistance [mer] operon).", "PMID": 387720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7928", "title": "Transposon A-generated mutations in the mercuric resistance genes of plasmid R100-1.", "content": "A series of 23 transposon 801(Tn801)-induced mutations of plasmid R100-1 from mercuric salts resistance to sensitivity was studied. Although Tn801 transposed frequently into the mer region of the plasmid, fine structural analysis showed that the site of insertion within mer varied. About one-half of the Tn801 insertion events also caused a deletion of greater than 1 megadalton. Genetic and restriction endonuclease EcoRI and BamHI analysis of the mutant plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid elucidated the organization of the mer operon and suggested the existence of a trans-acting regulatory factor governing resistance to mercuric salts. Tn801 insertions leading to mercuric sensitivity occurred in the restriction endonuclease fragments EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I. Regulatory mutations leading to a 50-fold-reduced synthesis of mercuric reductase enzyme occurred in two complementation classes thought to represent the gene for a trans-acting inducer molecule and a cis-acting operator-promoter sequence. Mutations leading to total loss of the enzyme mercuric reductase occurred on both the EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I fragments, showing that the structural gene for this enzyme (merA) bridges the EcoRI cleavage site separating the segments. Hypersensitivity to mercuric salts resulted when Tn801 insertion occurred in the reductase gene in the operatordistal portion of the operon. Hypersensitive cells inducibly bound three to five times more Hg2+ at low concentrations than did sensitive (plasmidless) cells. This finding led to the proposal that another gene (merT) controls uptake of Hg2+ by the cells. Transcription of the operon was deduced to start in the EcoRI-H fragment and to move into the EcoRI-I fragment of the plasmid genome.", "contents": "Transposon A-generated mutations in the mercuric resistance genes of plasmid R100-1. A series of 23 transposon 801(Tn801)-induced mutations of plasmid R100-1 from mercuric salts resistance to sensitivity was studied. Although Tn801 transposed frequently into the mer region of the plasmid, fine structural analysis showed that the site of insertion within mer varied. About one-half of the Tn801 insertion events also caused a deletion of greater than 1 megadalton. Genetic and restriction endonuclease EcoRI and BamHI analysis of the mutant plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid elucidated the organization of the mer operon and suggested the existence of a trans-acting regulatory factor governing resistance to mercuric salts. Tn801 insertions leading to mercuric sensitivity occurred in the restriction endonuclease fragments EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I. Regulatory mutations leading to a 50-fold-reduced synthesis of mercuric reductase enzyme occurred in two complementation classes thought to represent the gene for a trans-acting inducer molecule and a cis-acting operator-promoter sequence. Mutations leading to total loss of the enzyme mercuric reductase occurred on both the EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I fragments, showing that the structural gene for this enzyme (merA) bridges the EcoRI cleavage site separating the segments. Hypersensitivity to mercuric salts resulted when Tn801 insertion occurred in the reductase gene in the operatordistal portion of the operon. Hypersensitive cells inducibly bound three to five times more Hg2+ at low concentrations than did sensitive (plasmidless) cells. This finding led to the proposal that another gene (merT) controls uptake of Hg2+ by the cells. Transcription of the operon was deduced to start in the EcoRI-H fragment and to move into the EcoRI-I fragment of the plasmid genome.", "PMID": 387721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7929", "title": "Escherichia coli pleiotropic mutant that reduces amounts of several periplasmic and outer membrane proteins.", "content": "We have isolated a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 that is reduced from 6- to 10-fold in the amount of alkaline phosphatase found in the periplasmic space. The reduced synthesis is not due to effects at the level of transcription regulation of the phoA gene, the structural gene for the enzyme. In addition, the mutation (termed perA) responsible for this phenotype results in reduced amounts of possibly six or more other periplasmic proteins and at least three outer membrane proteins. One of the outer membrane proteins affected is protein IA (D. L. Diedrich, A. O. Summers, and C. A. Schnaitman, J. Bacteriol. 131:598-607, 1977). Although other possibilities exist, one explanation for the phenotype of the perA mutation is that it affects the cell's secretory apparatus.", "contents": "Escherichia coli pleiotropic mutant that reduces amounts of several periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. We have isolated a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 that is reduced from 6- to 10-fold in the amount of alkaline phosphatase found in the periplasmic space. The reduced synthesis is not due to effects at the level of transcription regulation of the phoA gene, the structural gene for the enzyme. In addition, the mutation (termed perA) responsible for this phenotype results in reduced amounts of possibly six or more other periplasmic proteins and at least three outer membrane proteins. One of the outer membrane proteins affected is protein IA (D. L. Diedrich, A. O. Summers, and C. A. Schnaitman, J. Bacteriol. 131:598-607, 1977). Although other possibilities exist, one explanation for the phenotype of the perA mutation is that it affects the cell's secretory apparatus.", "PMID": 387722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7930", "title": "Immuno-electron microscopic localization of lipopolysaccharide antigens on ultrathin sections of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide antigens were demonstrated on ultrathin sections of styrene-embedded Salmonella typhimurium by direct postembedding staining with ferritin-labeled antibodies. The antigenicity, partially masked in the embedding process, could be satisfactorily recovered by treatment of ultrathin sections with nonspecific protease. As judged from the reaction site of the ferritin-labeled antibodies, the lipopolysaccharides were localized in two zones. The broader zone of densely distributed ferritin molecules was superimposed over the whole outer cellwall, and a smaller zone revealing antigenicity was found over the cell membrane, which strongly supports the concept that the latter is the site of synthesis of lipopolysaccharides. The well-defined labeled areas between these two antigenic zones may be the routes whereby the synthesized polysaccharide molecules reach the cell wall.", "contents": "Immuno-electron microscopic localization of lipopolysaccharide antigens on ultrathin sections of Salmonella typhimurium. Lipopolysaccharide antigens were demonstrated on ultrathin sections of styrene-embedded Salmonella typhimurium by direct postembedding staining with ferritin-labeled antibodies. The antigenicity, partially masked in the embedding process, could be satisfactorily recovered by treatment of ultrathin sections with nonspecific protease. As judged from the reaction site of the ferritin-labeled antibodies, the lipopolysaccharides were localized in two zones. The broader zone of densely distributed ferritin molecules was superimposed over the whole outer cellwall, and a smaller zone revealing antigenicity was found over the cell membrane, which strongly supports the concept that the latter is the site of synthesis of lipopolysaccharides. The well-defined labeled areas between these two antigenic zones may be the routes whereby the synthesized polysaccharide molecules reach the cell wall.", "PMID": 387723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7931", "title": "Role of gene flaFV on flagellar hook formation in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Nine temperature-sensitive nonflagellate mutants defective in flaFV were isolated from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Among them three mutants were found to produce flagella with abnormally shaped (either straight or irregularly curved) hooks at the permissive temperature. Two mutations that rendered hooks straight were located in one of the eight segments of flaFV defined by deletion mapping. The mutation that rendered hooks irregularly curved was located in a different segment. An flaR mutation was introduced into the latter mutant. At the permissive temperature, the resulting double mutant produced polyhooks whose wavelength and amplitude were both exceedingly reduced. These polyhook structures were more thermolabile than those of the flaFV+ strain. Hook protein of the former strain was shown to have a slightly positive electric charge compared with that of the latter. From these results and other available information, it is inferred that flaFV is the structural gene for the hook protein in Salmonella.", "contents": "Role of gene flaFV on flagellar hook formation in Salmonella typhimurium. Nine temperature-sensitive nonflagellate mutants defective in flaFV were isolated from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Among them three mutants were found to produce flagella with abnormally shaped (either straight or irregularly curved) hooks at the permissive temperature. Two mutations that rendered hooks straight were located in one of the eight segments of flaFV defined by deletion mapping. The mutation that rendered hooks irregularly curved was located in a different segment. An flaR mutation was introduced into the latter mutant. At the permissive temperature, the resulting double mutant produced polyhooks whose wavelength and amplitude were both exceedingly reduced. These polyhook structures were more thermolabile than those of the flaFV+ strain. Hook protein of the former strain was shown to have a slightly positive electric charge compared with that of the latter. From these results and other available information, it is inferred that flaFV is the structural gene for the hook protein in Salmonella.", "PMID": 387724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7932", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplast formation.", "content": "A suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCY366 in buffered 1.2 M sorbitol containing Zymolyase-5000 (a beta-glucanase-containing preparation/showed maximum osmotic sensitivity after 30 min of incubation at 30 degrees C. A scanning electron microscope study of spheroplast formation, using a very high resolution (4-nm) machine, revealed several new morphological features. The surface of the plug in bud scars on intact cells appeared warty. The wall, which assumed a beady appearance as digestion proceded, ultimately sloughed off to reveal the furrowed surface of the plasma membrane. Bud scars were resistant to digestion and. as incubation proceeded, they became surrounded by an outer annulus, which may be the seconary septum. Wall material was completely removed from the majority of cells only after 60 min of digestion. The surface of spheroplasts was studded with particles, about 25 to 30 nm in diameter. Many spheroplasts had a single large indentation, which may be in that part of the plasma membrane originally underlying the birth scar.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplast formation. A suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCY366 in buffered 1.2 M sorbitol containing Zymolyase-5000 (a beta-glucanase-containing preparation/showed maximum osmotic sensitivity after 30 min of incubation at 30 degrees C. A scanning electron microscope study of spheroplast formation, using a very high resolution (4-nm) machine, revealed several new morphological features. The surface of the plug in bud scars on intact cells appeared warty. The wall, which assumed a beady appearance as digestion proceded, ultimately sloughed off to reveal the furrowed surface of the plasma membrane. Bud scars were resistant to digestion and. as incubation proceeded, they became surrounded by an outer annulus, which may be the seconary septum. Wall material was completely removed from the majority of cells only after 60 min of digestion. The surface of spheroplasts was studded with particles, about 25 to 30 nm in diameter. Many spheroplasts had a single large indentation, which may be in that part of the plasma membrane originally underlying the birth scar.", "PMID": 387725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7933", "title": "Chemotaxis of Salmonella typhimurium toward citrate.", "content": "Salmonella, but not Escherichia coli, was attracted to citrate, a distinction that is understandable in view of the inability of E. coli to transport tricarboxylic acids. The Salmonella response to citrate and to two previously described attractants, aspartate and malate, was mutually noncompetitive. Citrate taxis different from citrate uptake in that it did not require Na+, was constitutive, and was not repressible by glucose.", "contents": "Chemotaxis of Salmonella typhimurium toward citrate. Salmonella, but not Escherichia coli, was attracted to citrate, a distinction that is understandable in view of the inability of E. coli to transport tricarboxylic acids. The Salmonella response to citrate and to two previously described attractants, aspartate and malate, was mutually noncompetitive. Citrate taxis different from citrate uptake in that it did not require Na+, was constitutive, and was not repressible by glucose.", "PMID": 387726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7934", "title": "Deletions in the r-determinant mer region of plasmid R100-1 selected for loss of mercury hypersensitivy.", "content": "A mutant of plasmid R100-1, which conferred cellular hypersensitivity to Hg2+ because of the insertion of Tn801 (TnA) into the gene determining synthesis of mercuric reductase enzyme, allowed further mutational events to be selected which resulted in either reversion to Hg2+ resistance (characteristic plasmid R100-1) or sensitivity at a level characteristic of plasmidless strains. Restriction endonuclease EcoRI and BamHI analysis showed that reversion to resistance resulted from loss of TnA from the R100-mer:Tn801 plasmid, whereas the change from hypersensitivity to sensitivity to Hg2+ usually resulted from deletion of part or all of Tn801 plus plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences corresponding to the operator-proximal end of the mer operon.", "contents": "Deletions in the r-determinant mer region of plasmid R100-1 selected for loss of mercury hypersensitivy. A mutant of plasmid R100-1, which conferred cellular hypersensitivity to Hg2+ because of the insertion of Tn801 (TnA) into the gene determining synthesis of mercuric reductase enzyme, allowed further mutational events to be selected which resulted in either reversion to Hg2+ resistance (characteristic plasmid R100-1) or sensitivity at a level characteristic of plasmidless strains. Restriction endonuclease EcoRI and BamHI analysis showed that reversion to resistance resulted from loss of TnA from the R100-mer:Tn801 plasmid, whereas the change from hypersensitivity to sensitivity to Hg2+ usually resulted from deletion of part or all of Tn801 plus plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences corresponding to the operator-proximal end of the mer operon.", "PMID": 387727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7935", "title": "Chimeric plasmids for cloning of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Two sets of plasmids, each carrying a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene and a portion or all of the yeast 2-micron circle linked to the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322, have been constructed. One of these sets contains a BamHI fragment of S. cerevisiae deoxyribonucleic acid that includes the yeast his3 gene, whereas the other set contains a BamHI fragment of S. cerevisiae that includes the yeast leu2 gene. All plasmids transform S. cerevisiae and E. coli with a high frequency, possess unique restriction endonuclease sites, and are retrievable from both host organisms. Plasmids carrying the 2.4-megadalton EcoRI fragment of the 2-micron circle transform yeast with 2- to 10-fold greater frequency than those carrying the 1.5-megadalton EcoRI fragment of the 2-micron circle. Restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmics retrieved from S. cerevisiae transformed with plasmics carrying the 2.4-megadalton EcoRI fragment showed that in 13 of 96 cases the original plasmic has acquired an additional copy of the 2-mcron circle. These altered plasmids appear to have arisen by means of an interplasmid recombination event while in S. cerevisiae. A clone bank of S. cerevisiae genes based upon one of these composite plasmids has been constructed. By using this bank and selecting directly in S. cerevisiae, the ura3, tyr1, and met2 genes have been cloned.", "contents": "Chimeric plasmids for cloning of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two sets of plasmids, each carrying a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene and a portion or all of the yeast 2-micron circle linked to the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322, have been constructed. One of these sets contains a BamHI fragment of S. cerevisiae deoxyribonucleic acid that includes the yeast his3 gene, whereas the other set contains a BamHI fragment of S. cerevisiae that includes the yeast leu2 gene. All plasmids transform S. cerevisiae and E. coli with a high frequency, possess unique restriction endonuclease sites, and are retrievable from both host organisms. Plasmids carrying the 2.4-megadalton EcoRI fragment of the 2-micron circle transform yeast with 2- to 10-fold greater frequency than those carrying the 1.5-megadalton EcoRI fragment of the 2-micron circle. Restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmics retrieved from S. cerevisiae transformed with plasmics carrying the 2.4-megadalton EcoRI fragment showed that in 13 of 96 cases the original plasmic has acquired an additional copy of the 2-mcron circle. These altered plasmids appear to have arisen by means of an interplasmid recombination event while in S. cerevisiae. A clone bank of S. cerevisiae genes based upon one of these composite plasmids has been constructed. By using this bank and selecting directly in S. cerevisiae, the ura3, tyr1, and met2 genes have been cloned.", "PMID": 387728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7936", "title": "Inversion in the lactose region of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, strain SY99, with an inversion in the lactose region was isolated and partially characterized. The inversion was detected due to inverse chromosomal conjugational transfer after introduction of an F42 (F'lac) episome. The termini of the inversion are between proAB and lac on one side and lac and proC on the other. The inverse conjugational transfer in SY99 did not appear to be absolute but was always accompanied by a residual \"normal\" counterclockwise mobilization. This residual transfer was further shown to be caused by the intrinsic instability of this region (at least in the line W3110). The possible involvement of IS3 elements flanking the lactose operon is discussed.", "contents": "Inversion in the lactose region of Escherichia coli K-12. A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, strain SY99, with an inversion in the lactose region was isolated and partially characterized. The inversion was detected due to inverse chromosomal conjugational transfer after introduction of an F42 (F'lac) episome. The termini of the inversion are between proAB and lac on one side and lac and proC on the other. The inverse conjugational transfer in SY99 did not appear to be absolute but was always accompanied by a residual \"normal\" counterclockwise mobilization. This residual transfer was further shown to be caused by the intrinsic instability of this region (at least in the line W3110). The possible involvement of IS3 elements flanking the lactose operon is discussed.", "PMID": 387729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7937", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells permeabilized with ether.", "content": "Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae permeabilized by treatment with ether take up and incorporate exogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphate into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). With rho(+) strains, more than 95% of the product was mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This report characterizes ether-permeabilized yeast cells and describes studies on the mechanism of mtDNA synthesis with this system. The initial rate of in vitro mtDNA synthesis with one strain (X2180-1Brho(+)) was close to the rate of mtDNA replication in vivo. The extent of synthesis after 45 min was sufficient for the duplication of about 25% of the total mtDNA in the cells. The incorporated radioactivity resulting from in vitro DNA synthesis appeared in fragments that were an average of 30% mitochondrial genome size. Density-labeling experiments showed that continuous strands of at least 7 kilobases after denaturation, and up to 25 kilobase pairs before denaturation, were synthesized by this system. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that a large proportion of DNA product after short labeling times appeared in 0.25-kilobase fragments (after denaturation), which served as precursors of high-molecular-weight DNA. It is not yet clear whether the short pieces participate in a mechanism of discontinuous replication similar to that of bacterial and animal cell chromosomal DNA or whether they are related to the rapidly turning over, short initiation sequence of animal cell mtDNA. In rho(0) strains, which lack mtDNA, the initial rate of nuclear DNA synthesis in vitro was 1 to 2% of the average in vivo rate. With temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutants (cdc8), the synthesis of nuclear DNA was temperature sensitive in vitro as well, and in vitro DNA synthesis was blocked in an initiation mutant (cdc7) that was shifted to the restrictive temperature before the ether treatment.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells permeabilized with ether. Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae permeabilized by treatment with ether take up and incorporate exogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphate into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). With rho(+) strains, more than 95% of the product was mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This report characterizes ether-permeabilized yeast cells and describes studies on the mechanism of mtDNA synthesis with this system. The initial rate of in vitro mtDNA synthesis with one strain (X2180-1Brho(+)) was close to the rate of mtDNA replication in vivo. The extent of synthesis after 45 min was sufficient for the duplication of about 25% of the total mtDNA in the cells. The incorporated radioactivity resulting from in vitro DNA synthesis appeared in fragments that were an average of 30% mitochondrial genome size. Density-labeling experiments showed that continuous strands of at least 7 kilobases after denaturation, and up to 25 kilobase pairs before denaturation, were synthesized by this system. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that a large proportion of DNA product after short labeling times appeared in 0.25-kilobase fragments (after denaturation), which served as precursors of high-molecular-weight DNA. It is not yet clear whether the short pieces participate in a mechanism of discontinuous replication similar to that of bacterial and animal cell chromosomal DNA or whether they are related to the rapidly turning over, short initiation sequence of animal cell mtDNA. In rho(0) strains, which lack mtDNA, the initial rate of nuclear DNA synthesis in vitro was 1 to 2% of the average in vivo rate. With temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutants (cdc8), the synthesis of nuclear DNA was temperature sensitive in vitro as well, and in vitro DNA synthesis was blocked in an initiation mutant (cdc7) that was shifted to the restrictive temperature before the ether treatment.", "PMID": 387730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7938", "title": "Defective transport and other phenotypes of a periplasmic \"leaky\" mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in high-affinity leucine transport and related binding proteins was obtained by selecting for azaleucine resistance after bacteriophage Mu mutagenesis. We determined that the cause was a generalized loss of periplasmic binding proteins and a sharp decrease in the activity of transport systems requiring them. Other transport systems resistant to osmotic shock and present in membrane vesicles, were affected to a lesser degree or not at all. The mutation, designated lky::Mucts, was shown to be a pleiotropic envelope mutation, rendering the mutant sensitive to ionic and nonionic detergents, antibiotics, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: the strain had also acquired tolerance to colicins E1, E2, and E3, while remaining normally sensitive to a variety of bacteriophages. An analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of parent and mutant strains revealed a twofold reduction in the neutral sugar content of the core oligosaccharide of the lky strain, but no change in sensitivities to phages which utilize lipopolysaccharide or outer membrane proteins for absorption. The lky::Mucts locus was mapped by transduction and found to be located near, or in, the tolPAB gene cluster linked to gal. Secondary mutations suppressing the detergent sensitivity of lky arose at a frequency of 10(-7), yielding a variety of new phenotypes. The lky::Mucts mutation did not give rise to obvious alterations in the gross morphology of the cell or in cell division.", "contents": "Defective transport and other phenotypes of a periplasmic \"leaky\" mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in high-affinity leucine transport and related binding proteins was obtained by selecting for azaleucine resistance after bacteriophage Mu mutagenesis. We determined that the cause was a generalized loss of periplasmic binding proteins and a sharp decrease in the activity of transport systems requiring them. Other transport systems resistant to osmotic shock and present in membrane vesicles, were affected to a lesser degree or not at all. The mutation, designated lky::Mucts, was shown to be a pleiotropic envelope mutation, rendering the mutant sensitive to ionic and nonionic detergents, antibiotics, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: the strain had also acquired tolerance to colicins E1, E2, and E3, while remaining normally sensitive to a variety of bacteriophages. An analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of parent and mutant strains revealed a twofold reduction in the neutral sugar content of the core oligosaccharide of the lky strain, but no change in sensitivities to phages which utilize lipopolysaccharide or outer membrane proteins for absorption. The lky::Mucts locus was mapped by transduction and found to be located near, or in, the tolPAB gene cluster linked to gal. Secondary mutations suppressing the detergent sensitivity of lky arose at a frequency of 10(-7), yielding a variety of new phenotypes. The lky::Mucts mutation did not give rise to obvious alterations in the gross morphology of the cell or in cell division.", "PMID": 387731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7939", "title": "Microcalorimetric study of Escherichia coli aerobic growth: kinetics and experimental enthalpy associated with growth on succinic acid.", "content": "A new batch calorimeter was used to study the aerobic growth of Escherichia coli in a minimal containing a growth-limiting concentration of succinic acid. The shape of the thermograms obtained was simple when the energy source was the only growth-limiting factor and showed a stationary phase when the oxygen transfer was limiting. The experimentally determined value of the heat production during growth was found to be significantly lower than the heat of combustion of the succinic acid corrected for the assimilated-substrate fraction. An interpretation has been given to explain the difference between the experimental and the theoretical values.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric study of Escherichia coli aerobic growth: kinetics and experimental enthalpy associated with growth on succinic acid. A new batch calorimeter was used to study the aerobic growth of Escherichia coli in a minimal containing a growth-limiting concentration of succinic acid. The shape of the thermograms obtained was simple when the energy source was the only growth-limiting factor and showed a stationary phase when the oxygen transfer was limiting. The experimentally determined value of the heat production during growth was found to be significantly lower than the heat of combustion of the succinic acid corrected for the assimilated-substrate fraction. An interpretation has been given to explain the difference between the experimental and the theoretical values.", "PMID": 387732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7940", "title": "Role of the ftsA gene product in control of Escherichia coli cell division.", "content": "The kinetics of cell division have been studied in a strain of Escherichia coli which has an amber mutation in the ftsA gene and which also carries a temperature sensitive amber suppressor. This strain is therefore temperature sensitive for the synthesis of the ftsA protein. Cells of this strain were able to divide only if the synthesis of this protein took place during a specific part of the cell cycle. This was a short period (roughly 10 min in duration) immediately before the normal time of cell division.", "contents": "Role of the ftsA gene product in control of Escherichia coli cell division. The kinetics of cell division have been studied in a strain of Escherichia coli which has an amber mutation in the ftsA gene and which also carries a temperature sensitive amber suppressor. This strain is therefore temperature sensitive for the synthesis of the ftsA protein. Cells of this strain were able to divide only if the synthesis of this protein took place during a specific part of the cell cycle. This was a short period (roughly 10 min in duration) immediately before the normal time of cell division.", "PMID": 387733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7941", "title": "Plasmid vehicles for direct cloning of Escherichia coli promoters.", "content": "A multicopy plasmid cloning vehicle, pGA22, which carries genes for ampicillin resistance (Apr), tetracycline resistance (Tcr), chloramphenicol resistance (Cmr), and kanamycin resistance (Kmr) has been constructed. This plasmid has five unique sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, XhoI, SmaI, and SalI within antibiotic resistance genes. pGA22, which is 5.1 megadaltons in size, has a low copy number (probably fewer than 10 per genome), is capable of relaxed replication, and is mobilized by F-factor at a frequency of 10(-5). A series of promoter-cloning vehicles, pGA24, pGA39, and pGA46, has been developed from pGA22. In these plasmids the natural promoter for Tcr has been removed and has been replaced by small deoxyribonucleic acid fragments carrying unique sites for several restriction endonucleases. Cells carrying these vectors are sensitive to tetracycline unless insertional activation of the Tcr occurs by cloning a promoter-carrying deoxyribonucleic acid fragment in one of the unique sites adjacent to the 5' end of Tcr. In this way, promoters carried on a HindIII-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragment can be inserted at the HindIII site of plasmid pGA24, pGA39, or pGA46. A promoter in fragments generated by digestion with restriction endonuclease XmaI or PstI or by any restriction endonucleases which generate flush ends, such as SmaI, PvuII, HpaI, HincII, or HaeIII, can be clones in plasmid pGA39. Plasmid pGA46 can be used to detect a promoter fragment carried on a BglII, BamHI, MboI, or PstI fragment. We also describe a plasmid, pGA44, with a unique KpnI site in the rifampin resistance gene rpoB.", "contents": "Plasmid vehicles for direct cloning of Escherichia coli promoters. A multicopy plasmid cloning vehicle, pGA22, which carries genes for ampicillin resistance (Apr), tetracycline resistance (Tcr), chloramphenicol resistance (Cmr), and kanamycin resistance (Kmr) has been constructed. This plasmid has five unique sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, XhoI, SmaI, and SalI within antibiotic resistance genes. pGA22, which is 5.1 megadaltons in size, has a low copy number (probably fewer than 10 per genome), is capable of relaxed replication, and is mobilized by F-factor at a frequency of 10(-5). A series of promoter-cloning vehicles, pGA24, pGA39, and pGA46, has been developed from pGA22. In these plasmids the natural promoter for Tcr has been removed and has been replaced by small deoxyribonucleic acid fragments carrying unique sites for several restriction endonucleases. Cells carrying these vectors are sensitive to tetracycline unless insertional activation of the Tcr occurs by cloning a promoter-carrying deoxyribonucleic acid fragment in one of the unique sites adjacent to the 5' end of Tcr. In this way, promoters carried on a HindIII-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragment can be inserted at the HindIII site of plasmid pGA24, pGA39, or pGA46. A promoter in fragments generated by digestion with restriction endonuclease XmaI or PstI or by any restriction endonucleases which generate flush ends, such as SmaI, PvuII, HpaI, HincII, or HaeIII, can be clones in plasmid pGA39. Plasmid pGA46 can be used to detect a promoter fragment carried on a BglII, BamHI, MboI, or PstI fragment. We also describe a plasmid, pGA44, with a unique KpnI site in the rifampin resistance gene rpoB.", "PMID": 387734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7942", "title": "Multiple, independent components of ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K-12 uvrB5.", "content": "Reversion systems involving the lacZ53(amber) and leuB19)missense) mutations were developed to study the mutant frequency response of Escherichia coli K-12 uvrB5 (SR250) to ultraviolet radiation (254 nm). A one-hit mutant frequency response was discernible at ultraviolet radiation fluences below approximately 0.5 J m-2. At higher fluences the overall mutant frequency response could be resolved into one-hit and two-hit components. A new interpretation of the published data on E. coli K-12 indicates that SR250 is not unique in this respect. In addition, the Lac reversion system showed enhanced mutagenesis after ultraviolet radiation fluences of approximately 1 to 3 J m-2, whereas the Leu reversion system did not. We conclude that the complex ultraviolet radiation mutant frequency response curves for E. coli K-12 uvrB5 were the result of three independent mutagenic processes for Lac reversion and two for Leu reversion.", "contents": "Multiple, independent components of ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K-12 uvrB5. Reversion systems involving the lacZ53(amber) and leuB19)missense) mutations were developed to study the mutant frequency response of Escherichia coli K-12 uvrB5 (SR250) to ultraviolet radiation (254 nm). A one-hit mutant frequency response was discernible at ultraviolet radiation fluences below approximately 0.5 J m-2. At higher fluences the overall mutant frequency response could be resolved into one-hit and two-hit components. A new interpretation of the published data on E. coli K-12 indicates that SR250 is not unique in this respect. In addition, the Lac reversion system showed enhanced mutagenesis after ultraviolet radiation fluences of approximately 1 to 3 J m-2, whereas the Leu reversion system did not. We conclude that the complex ultraviolet radiation mutant frequency response curves for E. coli K-12 uvrB5 were the result of three independent mutagenic processes for Lac reversion and two for Leu reversion.", "PMID": 387735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7943", "title": "Effect of blocking protein synthesis at nonpermissive temperatures on temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When protein synthesis was blocked in temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis mutants of Escherichia coli at nonpermissive temperatures, it reduced the amount of apparent subsequent chain elongation to approximately half that observed in the mutants either at nonpermissive temperatures alone or when protein synthesis was blocked at the permissive temperature. Blocking protein synthesis at the nonpermissive temperatures for periods of 40 min caused the loss of ability to reinitiate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at the permissive temperature.", "contents": "Effect of blocking protein synthesis at nonpermissive temperatures on temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid mutants of Escherichia coli. When protein synthesis was blocked in temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis mutants of Escherichia coli at nonpermissive temperatures, it reduced the amount of apparent subsequent chain elongation to approximately half that observed in the mutants either at nonpermissive temperatures alone or when protein synthesis was blocked at the permissive temperature. Blocking protein synthesis at the nonpermissive temperatures for periods of 40 min caused the loss of ability to reinitiate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at the permissive temperature.", "PMID": 387736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7944", "title": "Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline.", "content": "Proline is converted to glutamate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the sequential action of two enzymes, proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase. The levels of these enzymes appear to be controlled by the amount of proline in the cell. The capacity to transport proline is greatest when the cell is grown on poor nitrogen sources, such as proline or urea. Mutants have been isolated which can no longer utilize proline as the sole source of nitrogen. Mutants in put1 are deficient in proline oxidase, and those in put2 lack P5C dehydrogenase. The put1 and put2 mutations are recessive, segregate 2:2 in tetrads, and appear to be unlinked to one another. Proline induces both proline oxidase and P5C dehydrogenase. The arginine-degradative pathway intersects the proline-degradative pathway at P5C. The P5C formed from the breakdown of arginine or ornithine can induce both proline-degradative enzymes by virtue of its conversion to proline.", "contents": "Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline. Proline is converted to glutamate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the sequential action of two enzymes, proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase. The levels of these enzymes appear to be controlled by the amount of proline in the cell. The capacity to transport proline is greatest when the cell is grown on poor nitrogen sources, such as proline or urea. Mutants have been isolated which can no longer utilize proline as the sole source of nitrogen. Mutants in put1 are deficient in proline oxidase, and those in put2 lack P5C dehydrogenase. The put1 and put2 mutations are recessive, segregate 2:2 in tetrads, and appear to be unlinked to one another. Proline induces both proline oxidase and P5C dehydrogenase. The arginine-degradative pathway intersects the proline-degradative pathway at P5C. The P5C formed from the breakdown of arginine or ornithine can induce both proline-degradative enzymes by virtue of its conversion to proline.", "PMID": 387737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7945", "title": "Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mutation causing constitutive enzyme expression.", "content": "A mutation resulting in inducer-independent expression of the proline-degradative enzymes was isolated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains carrying the mutation, put3, are partially constitutive for proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase when grown on a medium lacking proline and are hyperinducible for both enzyme activities when grown on a proline-containing medium. put3 segregates as a single nuclear gene, is not linked to either of the presumed structural genes for proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, and does not affect proline transport. When heterozygous in diploid strains, put3 behaves neither fully dominant nor fully recessive. Endogenous induction by proline has been eliminated as a cause of the inducer-independent enzyme expression in the put3 mutant and the mutation is believed to be in a regulatory component of the proline-degradative pathway.", "contents": "Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mutation causing constitutive enzyme expression. A mutation resulting in inducer-independent expression of the proline-degradative enzymes was isolated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains carrying the mutation, put3, are partially constitutive for proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase when grown on a medium lacking proline and are hyperinducible for both enzyme activities when grown on a proline-containing medium. put3 segregates as a single nuclear gene, is not linked to either of the presumed structural genes for proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, and does not affect proline transport. When heterozygous in diploid strains, put3 behaves neither fully dominant nor fully recessive. Endogenous induction by proline has been eliminated as a cause of the inducer-independent enzyme expression in the put3 mutant and the mutation is believed to be in a regulatory component of the proline-degradative pathway.", "PMID": 387738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7946", "title": "Alterations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in Escherichia coli: effects on deoxyribonucleic acid replication and evidence for compartmentation.", "content": "Inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli 15 TAU bar with rifampin or streptolydigin leads to large increases in the sizes of cellular ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. Inhibition of protein synthesis leads to increases in the sizes of all nucleoside triphosphate pools except the guanosine triphosphate and deoxyguanosine triphosphate pools; a decrease in the size of the latter pool may be responsible for the slowing of deoxyribonucleic acid replication fork movement observed in this strain in the absence of protein synthesis. Analysis of the kinetics of incorporation of labeled precursors into deoxyribonucleic acid and into cellular pools suggests that functional compartmentation of nucleotide pools exists, allowing the incorporation of exogenously supplied precursors into deoxyribonucleic acid without prior equilibration with the cellular pools.", "contents": "Alterations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in Escherichia coli: effects on deoxyribonucleic acid replication and evidence for compartmentation. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli 15 TAU bar with rifampin or streptolydigin leads to large increases in the sizes of cellular ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. Inhibition of protein synthesis leads to increases in the sizes of all nucleoside triphosphate pools except the guanosine triphosphate and deoxyguanosine triphosphate pools; a decrease in the size of the latter pool may be responsible for the slowing of deoxyribonucleic acid replication fork movement observed in this strain in the absence of protein synthesis. Analysis of the kinetics of incorporation of labeled precursors into deoxyribonucleic acid and into cellular pools suggests that functional compartmentation of nucleotide pools exists, allowing the incorporation of exogenously supplied precursors into deoxyribonucleic acid without prior equilibration with the cellular pools.", "PMID": 387739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7947", "title": "Electron acceptor taxis and blue light effect on bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli from anaerobic cultures displayed tactic responses to gradients of nitrate, fumarate, and oxygen when the appropriate electron transport pathway was present. Such responses were named \"electron acceptor taxis\" because they are elicited by terminal electron acceptors. Mutant strains of S. typhimurium and E. coli were used to establish that functioning electron transport pathways to nitrate and fumarate are required for taxis to these compounds. Aerotaxis in S. typhimurium was blocked by 1.0 mM KCN, which inhibited oxygen uptake. Similarly, a functioning electron transport pathway was shown to be essential for the tumbling response of S. typhimurium and E. coli to intense light (290 to 530 nm). Some inhibitors and uncouplers of respiration were repellents of S. typhimurium. We propose that behavioral responses to light or electron acceptors involve electron transport-mediated perturbations of the proton motive force.", "contents": "Electron acceptor taxis and blue light effect on bacterial chemotaxis. Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli from anaerobic cultures displayed tactic responses to gradients of nitrate, fumarate, and oxygen when the appropriate electron transport pathway was present. Such responses were named \"electron acceptor taxis\" because they are elicited by terminal electron acceptors. Mutant strains of S. typhimurium and E. coli were used to establish that functioning electron transport pathways to nitrate and fumarate are required for taxis to these compounds. Aerotaxis in S. typhimurium was blocked by 1.0 mM KCN, which inhibited oxygen uptake. Similarly, a functioning electron transport pathway was shown to be essential for the tumbling response of S. typhimurium and E. coli to intense light (290 to 530 nm). Some inhibitors and uncouplers of respiration were repellents of S. typhimurium. We propose that behavioral responses to light or electron acceptors involve electron transport-mediated perturbations of the proton motive force.", "PMID": 387740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7948", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid adenine and cytosine methylation in Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi.", "content": "The methylations of adenine in the sequence -GATC- and of the second cytosine in the sequence - [Formula: see text] - were studied in Salmonella typhimurium and in Salmonella typhi. The study was carried out by using endonucleases which restrict the plasmid pBR322 by cleavage at the sequences -GATC- (DpnI and MboI) and - [Formula: see text] - (EcoRII). The restriction patterns obtained for this plasmid isolated from transformed S. typhimurium and S. typhi were compared with those of pBR322 isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. In E. coli K-12, adenines at the sequence -GATC- and the second cytosines at - [Formula: see text] - are met hylated by enzymes coded for by the genes dam and dem, respectively. From comparison of the restriction patterns obtained, it is concluded that S. typhimurium and S. typhi contain genes responsible for deoxyribonucleic acid methylation equivalent to E. coli K-12 genes dam and dcm.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid adenine and cytosine methylation in Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. The methylations of adenine in the sequence -GATC- and of the second cytosine in the sequence - [Formula: see text] - were studied in Salmonella typhimurium and in Salmonella typhi. The study was carried out by using endonucleases which restrict the plasmid pBR322 by cleavage at the sequences -GATC- (DpnI and MboI) and - [Formula: see text] - (EcoRII). The restriction patterns obtained for this plasmid isolated from transformed S. typhimurium and S. typhi were compared with those of pBR322 isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. In E. coli K-12, adenines at the sequence -GATC- and the second cytosines at - [Formula: see text] - are met hylated by enzymes coded for by the genes dam and dem, respectively. From comparison of the restriction patterns obtained, it is concluded that S. typhimurium and S. typhi contain genes responsible for deoxyribonucleic acid methylation equivalent to E. coli K-12 genes dam and dcm.", "PMID": 387741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7949", "title": "Pyridine nucleotide cycle of Salmonella typhimurium: in vitro demonstration of nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase and characterization of pnuA mutants defective in nicotinamide mononucleotide transport.", "content": "The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase, an integral component of the proposed four-membered pyridine nucleotide cycle (PNC IV), has been demonstrated in extracts of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The enzyme has an optimum pH of 8.7 and deamidates nicotinamide mononucleotide, forming nicotinic acid mononucleotide. Sigmoidal kinetic data suggest that this enzyme may be allosteric and therefore an important regulatory component of pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism. Mutants previously designated pncC in anticipation of their lacking nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase were examined and found to have normal levels of this enzyme. [14C]nicotinamide mononucleotide uptake studies, however, revealed a defect in the transport of this compound. Accordingly, the genetic designation for this locus was changed to pnuA to reflect its involvement in pyridine nucleotide uptake. Evidence is presented for the existence of two separate nicotinamide mononucleotide transport systems.", "contents": "Pyridine nucleotide cycle of Salmonella typhimurium: in vitro demonstration of nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase and characterization of pnuA mutants defective in nicotinamide mononucleotide transport. The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase, an integral component of the proposed four-membered pyridine nucleotide cycle (PNC IV), has been demonstrated in extracts of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The enzyme has an optimum pH of 8.7 and deamidates nicotinamide mononucleotide, forming nicotinic acid mononucleotide. Sigmoidal kinetic data suggest that this enzyme may be allosteric and therefore an important regulatory component of pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism. Mutants previously designated pncC in anticipation of their lacking nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase were examined and found to have normal levels of this enzyme. [14C]nicotinamide mononucleotide uptake studies, however, revealed a defect in the transport of this compound. Accordingly, the genetic designation for this locus was changed to pnuA to reflect its involvement in pyridine nucleotide uptake. Evidence is presented for the existence of two separate nicotinamide mononucleotide transport systems.", "PMID": 387742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7950", "title": "Regulated breakdown of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid during intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J.", "content": "During growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on [2-14C]deoxythymidine-labeled Escherichia coli, approximately 30% of the radioactivity was released to the culture fluid as nucleoside monophosphates and free bases; the remainder was incorporated by the bdellovibrio. By 60 min after bdellovibrio attack, when only 10% of the E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) had been solubilized, the substrate cell DNA was degraded to 5 X 10(5)-dalton fragments retained within the bdelloplast. Kinetic studies showed these fragments were formed as the result of sequential accumulation of single- and then double-strand cuts. DNA fragments between 2 X 10(3) and 5 X 10(5) daltons were never observed. Chloramphenicol, added at various times after initiation of bdellovibrio intraperiplasmic growth on normal or on heated E. coli, which have inactivated deoxyribonucleases, inhibited further breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA. Analysis of these intraperiplasmic culture deoxyribonuclease activities showed that bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases are synthesized while E. coli nucleases are inactivated. It is concluded that continuous and sequential synthesis of bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases of apparently differing specificities is necessary for complete breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA, and that substrate cell deoxyribonucleases are not involved in any significant way in the degradation process.", "contents": "Regulated breakdown of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid during intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. During growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on [2-14C]deoxythymidine-labeled Escherichia coli, approximately 30% of the radioactivity was released to the culture fluid as nucleoside monophosphates and free bases; the remainder was incorporated by the bdellovibrio. By 60 min after bdellovibrio attack, when only 10% of the E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) had been solubilized, the substrate cell DNA was degraded to 5 X 10(5)-dalton fragments retained within the bdelloplast. Kinetic studies showed these fragments were formed as the result of sequential accumulation of single- and then double-strand cuts. DNA fragments between 2 X 10(3) and 5 X 10(5) daltons were never observed. Chloramphenicol, added at various times after initiation of bdellovibrio intraperiplasmic growth on normal or on heated E. coli, which have inactivated deoxyribonucleases, inhibited further breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA. Analysis of these intraperiplasmic culture deoxyribonuclease activities showed that bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases are synthesized while E. coli nucleases are inactivated. It is concluded that continuous and sequential synthesis of bdellovibrio deoxyribonucleases of apparently differing specificities is necessary for complete breakdown and solubilization of substrate cell DNA, and that substrate cell deoxyribonucleases are not involved in any significant way in the degradation process.", "PMID": 387743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7951", "title": "Polyamine biosynthesis during germination of yeast ascospores.", "content": "The role of the diamine putrescine during germination and outgrowth of ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Ornithine decarboxylase activity increased and declined rapidly during germination and outgrowth; peak activity was attained after the cells had proceeded through the G1 interval of the cell cycle, whereas minimal activity was present at the completion of the first cell division. alpha-Methylornithine inhibited both ornithine decarboxylase activity and the in vivo accumulation of putrescine. In the presence of alpha-methylornithireak dormancy and proceed through one cell division. Subsequent cellular growth, however, was retarded but not completely inhibited. The supplementation of Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) to sporulation medium greatly inhibited this sexual process. These data suggest that the synthesis of putrescine is not required for the breaking of spore dormancy, but that polyamine biosynthesis may be essential for meiosis and sporulation.", "contents": "Polyamine biosynthesis during germination of yeast ascospores. The role of the diamine putrescine during germination and outgrowth of ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Ornithine decarboxylase activity increased and declined rapidly during germination and outgrowth; peak activity was attained after the cells had proceeded through the G1 interval of the cell cycle, whereas minimal activity was present at the completion of the first cell division. alpha-Methylornithine inhibited both ornithine decarboxylase activity and the in vivo accumulation of putrescine. In the presence of alpha-methylornithireak dormancy and proceed through one cell division. Subsequent cellular growth, however, was retarded but not completely inhibited. The supplementation of Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) to sporulation medium greatly inhibited this sexual process. These data suggest that the synthesis of putrescine is not required for the breaking of spore dormancy, but that polyamine biosynthesis may be essential for meiosis and sporulation.", "PMID": 387744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7952", "title": "Regulation and solubilization of Candida albicans chitin synthetase.", "content": "A cytoplasmic component which inhibited the activation of chitin synthetase was studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. The inhibitor was found to be heat stable and trypsin sensitive and was only effective when incubated with a vacuolar protease, an activator of chitin synthetase, before the activation of chitin synthetase. In addition, the particulate chitin synthetase from the yeast form of C. albicans was solubilized by a sodium cholate-digitonin extraction and subsequently was purified approximately 30-fold by Sepharose column chromatography and Amicon XM 100 filtration. Activity of the soluble enzyme was increased by the addition of trypsin or phosphatidyl serine. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 400,000.", "contents": "Regulation and solubilization of Candida albicans chitin synthetase. A cytoplasmic component which inhibited the activation of chitin synthetase was studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. The inhibitor was found to be heat stable and trypsin sensitive and was only effective when incubated with a vacuolar protease, an activator of chitin synthetase, before the activation of chitin synthetase. In addition, the particulate chitin synthetase from the yeast form of C. albicans was solubilized by a sodium cholate-digitonin extraction and subsequently was purified approximately 30-fold by Sepharose column chromatography and Amicon XM 100 filtration. Activity of the soluble enzyme was increased by the addition of trypsin or phosphatidyl serine. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 400,000.", "PMID": 387745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7953", "title": "Interaction of bacteriophage K10 with its receptor, the lamB protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lamB protein of Escherichia coli was initially recognized as the receptor for bacteriophage lambda. It is now shown also to constitute the receptor for phage K10. The lamB protein interacts with phage K10 in vitro, but this interaction does not lead to phage inactivation. Most lambda-resistant labB mutants are also resistant to K10, and vice versa. However, a significant proportion of the mutants resistant to one of the phages is sensitive to the other. Nineteen K10-resistant lambda-sensitive mutants have been studied. Only six of them produce a lamB protein which seems totally unimpaired in its ihe same deletion interval of the lamB gene. The corresponding region of the lamB polypeptide must be specifically involved in the interaction with phage K10. An unusual pattern of K10 host range mutants has been obtained; two calsses of such mutants could be defined, growing on two distinct classes of K10-resistant lamB mutants.", "contents": "Interaction of bacteriophage K10 with its receptor, the lamB protein of Escherichia coli. The lamB protein of Escherichia coli was initially recognized as the receptor for bacteriophage lambda. It is now shown also to constitute the receptor for phage K10. The lamB protein interacts with phage K10 in vitro, but this interaction does not lead to phage inactivation. Most lambda-resistant labB mutants are also resistant to K10, and vice versa. However, a significant proportion of the mutants resistant to one of the phages is sensitive to the other. Nineteen K10-resistant lambda-sensitive mutants have been studied. Only six of them produce a lamB protein which seems totally unimpaired in its ihe same deletion interval of the lamB gene. The corresponding region of the lamB polypeptide must be specifically involved in the interaction with phage K10. An unusual pattern of K10 host range mutants has been obtained; two calsses of such mutants could be defined, growing on two distinct classes of K10-resistant lamB mutants.", "PMID": 387746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7954", "title": "Evolution of multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmids mediated by transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences.", "content": "Two plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences mediating multiple antibiotic resistance transposed in vivo between coexisting plasmids in clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens. This event resulted in the evolution of a transferable multiresistance plasmid. Both sequences, designated in Tn1699 and Tn1700, were flanked by inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repetitions and could transpose between replicons independently of the Excherichia coli recA gene function. Tn1699 and Tn1700 mediated ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin resistance but differed in the type of gentamicin-acetyltransferase enzymes that they encoded. The structural genes for these enzymes share a great deal of polynucleotide sequence similarity despite their phenotypic differences. The transposition of Tn1699 and Tn1700 to coresident transferable plasmids has contributed to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among other gram-negative bacteria. These organisms have recently caused nosocomial infections in epidemic proportions.", "contents": "Evolution of multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmids mediated by transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. Two plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences mediating multiple antibiotic resistance transposed in vivo between coexisting plasmids in clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens. This event resulted in the evolution of a transferable multiresistance plasmid. Both sequences, designated in Tn1699 and Tn1700, were flanked by inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repetitions and could transpose between replicons independently of the Excherichia coli recA gene function. Tn1699 and Tn1700 mediated ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin resistance but differed in the type of gentamicin-acetyltransferase enzymes that they encoded. The structural genes for these enzymes share a great deal of polynucleotide sequence similarity despite their phenotypic differences. The transposition of Tn1699 and Tn1700 to coresident transferable plasmids has contributed to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among other gram-negative bacteria. These organisms have recently caused nosocomial infections in epidemic proportions.", "PMID": 387747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7955", "title": "Selection for Escherichia coli mutants with proteins missing from the ribosome.", "content": "Antibiotic-independent revertants of an erythromycin-dependent strain of Escherichia coli were isolated by spontaneous selection. Their ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to most ribosomally targeted selections, the specific absence of a certain protein from the ribosome, rather than alterations in ribosomal proteins, was observed. Mutants were found with protein S20, L11, L15, L28, L29, or L30 missing.", "contents": "Selection for Escherichia coli mutants with proteins missing from the ribosome. Antibiotic-independent revertants of an erythromycin-dependent strain of Escherichia coli were isolated by spontaneous selection. Their ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to most ribosomally targeted selections, the specific absence of a certain protein from the ribosome, rather than alterations in ribosomal proteins, was observed. Mutants were found with protein S20, L11, L15, L28, L29, or L30 missing.", "PMID": 387748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7956", "title": "Kietics of thermal unfolding and refolding of thermostable phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "The kinetics of denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) of a thermostable phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) extracted from Thermus thermophilus and of yeast PGK at neutral pH were studied by circular dichroism. Denaturation by GuHCl proceeded as a first-order reaction. The activation free energy of the denaturation reactions (delta Gf not identical to ) in the absence of GuHCl was estimated to be 32.7 kcal/mol for T. thermophilus PGK and 27.9 kcal/mol for yeast PGK (at 25 degrees C). Measurements of the rate constants at various temperatures indicated that delta Gf not identical to has maximum values at 29 degrees C for T. thermophilus PGK and at 20 degrees C for yeast PGK, and that the temperature dependences of delta Gf not identical to, delta Hf not identical to, and delta Sf not identical to for T. thermophilus PGK are smaller than those of yeast PGK. Values of delta Sf not identical to for thermal denaturation for both PGK's are approximately 200 e.u.", "contents": "Kietics of thermal unfolding and refolding of thermostable phosphoglycerate kinase. The kinetics of denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) of a thermostable phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) extracted from Thermus thermophilus and of yeast PGK at neutral pH were studied by circular dichroism. Denaturation by GuHCl proceeded as a first-order reaction. The activation free energy of the denaturation reactions (delta Gf not identical to ) in the absence of GuHCl was estimated to be 32.7 kcal/mol for T. thermophilus PGK and 27.9 kcal/mol for yeast PGK (at 25 degrees C). Measurements of the rate constants at various temperatures indicated that delta Gf not identical to has maximum values at 29 degrees C for T. thermophilus PGK and at 20 degrees C for yeast PGK, and that the temperature dependences of delta Gf not identical to, delta Hf not identical to, and delta Sf not identical to for T. thermophilus PGK are smaller than those of yeast PGK. Values of delta Sf not identical to for thermal denaturation for both PGK's are approximately 200 e.u.", "PMID": 387749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7957", "title": "Properties of purified detergent-resistant phospholipase A of Escherichia coli K-12. Inactivation, and protection with detergents and phospholipids.", "content": "A crude preparation of membrane-bound phospholipase A (detergent-resistant) in Escherichia coli K-12 cells was found to be quite stable or even apparently activated on incubation at 100 degrees C, but became strikingly thermolabile when it was highly purified and Triton X-100 was removed from the purified enzyme preparation. The rate of inactivation showed a biphasic temperature dependence: inactivation was rapid at 37 degrees C and also above 70 degrees C. Inactivation above 70 degrees C changed the mobility of the enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but inactivation at 37 degrees C did not affect the electrophoretic mobility. Triton X-100 effectively protected the enzyme against inactivation at 37 degrees C. The concentration required for the protection of the enzyme was more than its critical micelle concentration. Phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, also protected the enzyme against inactivation at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that the binding of hydrophobic compounds stabilizes the enzyme.", "contents": "Properties of purified detergent-resistant phospholipase A of Escherichia coli K-12. Inactivation, and protection with detergents and phospholipids. A crude preparation of membrane-bound phospholipase A (detergent-resistant) in Escherichia coli K-12 cells was found to be quite stable or even apparently activated on incubation at 100 degrees C, but became strikingly thermolabile when it was highly purified and Triton X-100 was removed from the purified enzyme preparation. The rate of inactivation showed a biphasic temperature dependence: inactivation was rapid at 37 degrees C and also above 70 degrees C. Inactivation above 70 degrees C changed the mobility of the enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but inactivation at 37 degrees C did not affect the electrophoretic mobility. Triton X-100 effectively protected the enzyme against inactivation at 37 degrees C. The concentration required for the protection of the enzyme was more than its critical micelle concentration. Phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, also protected the enzyme against inactivation at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that the binding of hydrophobic compounds stabilizes the enzyme.", "PMID": 387750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7958", "title": "On the role of the sterol hydroxyl group in membranes.", "content": "The adequacy of sterol derivatives containing a blocked 3-hydroxyl group for sustaining the growth of two sterol auxotrophs has been investigated. Mycoplasma capricolum, a cholesterol-requiring bacterium, grows nearly as well on media supplemented with cholesteryl methyl ether or cholesteryl acetate as on free cholesterol. The two derivatives are recovered unchanged from the bacterial cells. Similarly, cholesteryl methyl ether or ergosteryl methyl ether replace cholesterol or ergosterol as sterol sources for a yeast mutant, strain GL7, defective in 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclization. During aerobic or semianaerobic growth, yeast cells demethylate some of the cholesteryl methyl ether to free cholesterol. However, cells growing on cholesterol methyl ether under strict anaerobic conditions do not produce free sterol. The bearing of these results on the postulated requirement of a free sterol hydroxyl group for membrane function is discussed. Sterol esterification does not appear to be essential for the two microbial systems.", "contents": "On the role of the sterol hydroxyl group in membranes. The adequacy of sterol derivatives containing a blocked 3-hydroxyl group for sustaining the growth of two sterol auxotrophs has been investigated. Mycoplasma capricolum, a cholesterol-requiring bacterium, grows nearly as well on media supplemented with cholesteryl methyl ether or cholesteryl acetate as on free cholesterol. The two derivatives are recovered unchanged from the bacterial cells. Similarly, cholesteryl methyl ether or ergosteryl methyl ether replace cholesterol or ergosterol as sterol sources for a yeast mutant, strain GL7, defective in 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclization. During aerobic or semianaerobic growth, yeast cells demethylate some of the cholesteryl methyl ether to free cholesterol. However, cells growing on cholesterol methyl ether under strict anaerobic conditions do not produce free sterol. The bearing of these results on the postulated requirement of a free sterol hydroxyl group for membrane function is discussed. Sterol esterification does not appear to be essential for the two microbial systems.", "PMID": 387751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7959", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the intercistronic region preceding the gene for RNA polymerase subunit alpha in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The gene for RNA polymerase subunit alpha is a co-transcribed with several ribosomal protein genes (Jaskunas, S.R., Burgess, R.R., and Nomura, M. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 5036-5040). The DNA sequence whicch codes for the COOH-terminal amino acids of S4 and the NH2-terminal amino acids of alpha, and the 25 nucleotide intercistronic sequence have been determined. This short distance supports the idea that some post-transcriptional regulation determines the differential synthesis of alpha and ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the intercistronic region preceding the gene for RNA polymerase subunit alpha in Escherichia coli. The gene for RNA polymerase subunit alpha is a co-transcribed with several ribosomal protein genes (Jaskunas, S.R., Burgess, R.R., and Nomura, M. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 5036-5040). The DNA sequence whicch codes for the COOH-terminal amino acids of S4 and the NH2-terminal amino acids of alpha, and the 25 nucleotide intercistronic sequence have been determined. This short distance supports the idea that some post-transcriptional regulation determines the differential synthesis of alpha and ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 387752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7960", "title": "A synthetic tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene with an altered promoter sequence. Its cloning and relative expression in vivo.", "content": "The total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene with a modified promoter is described. The alteration involves the replacement of the four G:C base pairs immediately preceding the start point of transcription by A:T base pairs. The new sequence contains the recognition sequence for the HindIII restriction endonuclease at the transcriptional start point, thus permitting fusion of the structural gene with promoters containing independent sequence modifications. The construction, cloning, and biological activity of several recombinant DNAs containing the tRNA gene with the modified promoter are described. The expression of this gene in vivo is compared with that of both the unmodified synthetic suppressor gene and a naturally occurring tyr su3+ gene cloned onto a multicopy plasmid.", "contents": "A synthetic tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene with an altered promoter sequence. Its cloning and relative expression in vivo. The total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene with a modified promoter is described. The alteration involves the replacement of the four G:C base pairs immediately preceding the start point of transcription by A:T base pairs. The new sequence contains the recognition sequence for the HindIII restriction endonuclease at the transcriptional start point, thus permitting fusion of the structural gene with promoters containing independent sequence modifications. The construction, cloning, and biological activity of several recombinant DNAs containing the tRNA gene with the modified promoter are described. The expression of this gene in vivo is compared with that of both the unmodified synthetic suppressor gene and a naturally occurring tyr su3+ gene cloned onto a multicopy plasmid.", "PMID": 387755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7961", "title": "Inhibition of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli by specific binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to DNA binding site.", "content": "Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate rapidly abolished the DNA-hydrolyzing activities as well as DNA-dependent ATP-ase activity of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli. Pyridoxal also had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme but less effective than that of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine had no effect on the activities of the enzyme. The inhibition was rapidly reversed by dilution but could be made irreversible by reduction with sodium borohydride prior to dilution. This suggests the formation of Schiff base between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue which is essential for the enzyme activity. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of DNA substrate but not of ATP. Furthermore, the presence of DNA substrate protected the enzyme from inactivation by the reduction but the presence of ATP showed no effect. Thus, the recBC enzyme appears to have an essential lysine residue at or near the DNA binding site of the enzyme, and the enzyme possesses two independent catalytic sites, such as a DNA binding site and an ATP binding site.", "contents": "Inhibition of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli by specific binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to DNA binding site. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate rapidly abolished the DNA-hydrolyzing activities as well as DNA-dependent ATP-ase activity of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli. Pyridoxal also had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme but less effective than that of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine had no effect on the activities of the enzyme. The inhibition was rapidly reversed by dilution but could be made irreversible by reduction with sodium borohydride prior to dilution. This suggests the formation of Schiff base between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue which is essential for the enzyme activity. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of DNA substrate but not of ATP. Furthermore, the presence of DNA substrate protected the enzyme from inactivation by the reduction but the presence of ATP showed no effect. Thus, the recBC enzyme appears to have an essential lysine residue at or near the DNA binding site of the enzyme, and the enzyme possesses two independent catalytic sites, such as a DNA binding site and an ATP binding site.", "PMID": 387757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7962", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified in Escherichia coli by R-plasmid R67.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) specified by the R-plasmid R67 is described. The sequence was deduced from automatic and manual sequence analysis of the intact protein, the fragments produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and peptides derived from the largest cyanogen bromide fragment by digestion with trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteus, chymotrypsin, and Lysobacter enzymogenes alpha-lytic protease. The complete sequence comprises 78 residues in a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 8444. No evidence of heterogeneity was obtained, indicating that all subunits of the native enzyme are identical. Comparison of the sequence with that of all known dihydrofolate reductases shows no significant sequence homology.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified in Escherichia coli by R-plasmid R67. The amino acid sequence of a trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) specified by the R-plasmid R67 is described. The sequence was deduced from automatic and manual sequence analysis of the intact protein, the fragments produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and peptides derived from the largest cyanogen bromide fragment by digestion with trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteus, chymotrypsin, and Lysobacter enzymogenes alpha-lytic protease. The complete sequence comprises 78 residues in a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 8444. No evidence of heterogeneity was obtained, indicating that all subunits of the native enzyme are identical. Comparison of the sequence with that of all known dihydrofolate reductases shows no significant sequence homology.", "PMID": 387758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7963", "title": "Identification of two different RNase H activities associated with yeast RNA polymerase A.", "content": "Two ribonuclease H activities have been found in yeast RNA polymerase A. The nuclease activities comigrated with subunits A49 (Mr = 49,000) and A40 (Mr = 40,000), after electrophoresis in a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel containing [32P](rG)n . (dC)n as substrate. Both activities were also found, among other nucleases, in a high salt chromatin extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the chromatin RNase H of 49,000 daltons (RNase H49) is the same protein as subunit A49. They co-migrate on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, have the same chromatographic properties, and dissociate simultaneously from RNA polymerase A. Fractions containing RNase H49 stimulate RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase A* lacking A49 and A34.5 subunits. Finally, limited proteolysis of the protein band having RNase H49 activity yields the characteristic fingerprint of the A49 subunit. This subunit, therefore, exists in two states: bound to chromatin and associated with RNA polymerase A. On the other hand, it is not yet clear whether the RNase H activity of 40,000 daltons, associated with RNA polymerase A, is due to the A40 subunit or whether it represents a trace contamination by a very active nuclease tightly bound to the enzyme.", "contents": "Identification of two different RNase H activities associated with yeast RNA polymerase A. Two ribonuclease H activities have been found in yeast RNA polymerase A. The nuclease activities comigrated with subunits A49 (Mr = 49,000) and A40 (Mr = 40,000), after electrophoresis in a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel containing [32P](rG)n . (dC)n as substrate. Both activities were also found, among other nucleases, in a high salt chromatin extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the chromatin RNase H of 49,000 daltons (RNase H49) is the same protein as subunit A49. They co-migrate on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, have the same chromatographic properties, and dissociate simultaneously from RNA polymerase A. Fractions containing RNase H49 stimulate RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase A* lacking A49 and A34.5 subunits. Finally, limited proteolysis of the protein band having RNase H49 activity yields the characteristic fingerprint of the A49 subunit. This subunit, therefore, exists in two states: bound to chromatin and associated with RNA polymerase A. On the other hand, it is not yet clear whether the RNase H activity of 40,000 daltons, associated with RNA polymerase A, is due to the A40 subunit or whether it represents a trace contamination by a very active nuclease tightly bound to the enzyme.", "PMID": 387760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7964", "title": "Evidence for a second histidine at the active site of succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Ethoxyformic anhydride was used to demonstrate the existence of a second important histidine in succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Differential labeling of the enzyme by [3H]ethoxyformic anhydride gave a stoichiometry of one important histidine per alpha beta catalytic unit. Data are presented suggesting that this residue and an important thiol group on the beta subunit (Collier, G., and Nishimura, J.S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4938-4943) interact with each other during catalysis. A mechanism of action involving these 2 residues is proposed for one of the partial reactions catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase.", "contents": "Evidence for a second histidine at the active site of succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Ethoxyformic anhydride was used to demonstrate the existence of a second important histidine in succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Differential labeling of the enzyme by [3H]ethoxyformic anhydride gave a stoichiometry of one important histidine per alpha beta catalytic unit. Data are presented suggesting that this residue and an important thiol group on the beta subunit (Collier, G., and Nishimura, J.S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4938-4943) interact with each other during catalysis. A mechanism of action involving these 2 residues is proposed for one of the partial reactions catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase.", "PMID": 387761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7965", "title": "Purification and properties of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate-binding protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A binding protein for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was isolated from the cell envelope of Escherichia coli by the cold osmotic shock procedure. The protein was purified to homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 45,000 and binds sn-glycerol 3-phosphate with a KD of 0.2 microM. The protein is monomeric and has L-leucine as NH2-terminal amino acid. The intrinsic fluorescence of the protein is altered upon binding of substrate. At an excitation of 285 nm, the emission maximum at 340 nm is quenched and shifted to 330 nm. Binding of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is reversible and no chemical alteration occurs with the substrate. The appearance of the binding protein in the periplasm is the result of a mutation that renders the cells constitutive for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport. Simultaneously, two other proteins appear in the periplasm. These proteins were also purified. They do not bind sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and do not cross-react with antibodies against the pure binding protein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate-binding protein of Escherichia coli. A binding protein for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was isolated from the cell envelope of Escherichia coli by the cold osmotic shock procedure. The protein was purified to homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 45,000 and binds sn-glycerol 3-phosphate with a KD of 0.2 microM. The protein is monomeric and has L-leucine as NH2-terminal amino acid. The intrinsic fluorescence of the protein is altered upon binding of substrate. At an excitation of 285 nm, the emission maximum at 340 nm is quenched and shifted to 330 nm. Binding of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is reversible and no chemical alteration occurs with the substrate. The appearance of the binding protein in the periplasm is the result of a mutation that renders the cells constitutive for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport. Simultaneously, two other proteins appear in the periplasm. These proteins were also purified. They do not bind sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and do not cross-react with antibodies against the pure binding protein.", "PMID": 387762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7966", "title": "Role of secretory component, a secreted glycoprotein, in the specific uptake of IgA dimer by epithelial cells.", "content": "The binding of secretory component (SC) to epithelial cells and its role in the specific uptake of immunoglobulin A (IgA) dimer has been studied in rabbit mammary gland and liver. SC, Mr approximately 80,000, secreted by epithelial cells of the mammary gland was found associated with the cell surface of mammary cells in intact tissue. Dispersed mammary cells and plasma membrane-enriched fractions obtained from mammary glands of midpregnant rabbits bound 125I-labeled SC in a saturable time- and temperature-dependent process. The association rate followed a second order reversible reaction (k+1 approximately equal to 2.7 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 at 4 degrees C) and equilibrium was reached in about 4 h at 4 degrees C. The dissociation rate for membranes was first order (k-1 approximately equal to 1.7 x 10(-2) min-1 at 4 degrees C), whereas displacement from cells was incomplete. The apparent affinity constant was similar for membranes and cells (Ka approximately equal to 5 x 10(8) M-1) with one class of binding sites. The number of binding sites varied from one animal to another (260 to 7,000 sites/mammary cell) in relation to endogenous occupancy by SC, which was assessed by immunocytochemistry and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Rabbit liver and heart membranes did not bind SC, and serum proteins present in rabbit milk failed to interact with mammary cells or membranes. Mammary membranes or cells and liver membranes bound 125I-labeled IgA dimer in a saturable, reversible time- and temperature-dependent process. Association and dissociation rate constants at 4 degrees C (k+1 approximately equal to 5 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 and k-1 approximately equal to 5 x 10(-3) min-1, respectively) and the apparent affinity constant (Ka approximately equal to 10(9) M-1) were similar for liver and mammary membranes; these parameters differed, however, from those reported for free SC-IgA dimer interaction. The binding capacity of membranes for IgA dimer was directly related to the amount of free SC bound to membranes. Interaction of IgA dimer with mammary or liver membranes or cells was abrogated by excess of free SC and was prevented by preincubation of membranes or cells with Fab antibody fragments directed against SC. These data indicate that the first step in the translocation process of polymeric immunoglobulins across epithelia consists of binding of SC to the surface of epithelial cells which in turn acts as a receptor for the specific uptake of IgA dimer.", "contents": "Role of secretory component, a secreted glycoprotein, in the specific uptake of IgA dimer by epithelial cells. The binding of secretory component (SC) to epithelial cells and its role in the specific uptake of immunoglobulin A (IgA) dimer has been studied in rabbit mammary gland and liver. SC, Mr approximately 80,000, secreted by epithelial cells of the mammary gland was found associated with the cell surface of mammary cells in intact tissue. Dispersed mammary cells and plasma membrane-enriched fractions obtained from mammary glands of midpregnant rabbits bound 125I-labeled SC in a saturable time- and temperature-dependent process. The association rate followed a second order reversible reaction (k+1 approximately equal to 2.7 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 at 4 degrees C) and equilibrium was reached in about 4 h at 4 degrees C. The dissociation rate for membranes was first order (k-1 approximately equal to 1.7 x 10(-2) min-1 at 4 degrees C), whereas displacement from cells was incomplete. The apparent affinity constant was similar for membranes and cells (Ka approximately equal to 5 x 10(8) M-1) with one class of binding sites. The number of binding sites varied from one animal to another (260 to 7,000 sites/mammary cell) in relation to endogenous occupancy by SC, which was assessed by immunocytochemistry and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Rabbit liver and heart membranes did not bind SC, and serum proteins present in rabbit milk failed to interact with mammary cells or membranes. Mammary membranes or cells and liver membranes bound 125I-labeled IgA dimer in a saturable, reversible time- and temperature-dependent process. Association and dissociation rate constants at 4 degrees C (k+1 approximately equal to 5 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 and k-1 approximately equal to 5 x 10(-3) min-1, respectively) and the apparent affinity constant (Ka approximately equal to 10(9) M-1) were similar for liver and mammary membranes; these parameters differed, however, from those reported for free SC-IgA dimer interaction. The binding capacity of membranes for IgA dimer was directly related to the amount of free SC bound to membranes. Interaction of IgA dimer with mammary or liver membranes or cells was abrogated by excess of free SC and was prevented by preincubation of membranes or cells with Fab antibody fragments directed against SC. These data indicate that the first step in the translocation process of polymeric immunoglobulins across epithelia consists of binding of SC to the surface of epithelial cells which in turn acts as a receptor for the specific uptake of IgA dimer.", "PMID": 387764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7967", "title": "RNase E, an RNA processing enzyme from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An activity, RNase E, was purified about 100-fold from Escherichia coli cells, it can process p5 rRNA from a 9 S RNA molecule which accumulates in a mutant of E. coli defective in the maturation of 5 S rRNA. The enzyme requires Na+, K+, or NH4+, and Mg2+ or Mn2+. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 70,000 and its pH optimum is 7.6 to 8.0. Its temperature optimum is around 30 degrees C, and it can be irreversibly inactivated at 50 degrees C. It has a very high degree of specificity but the reaction can be inhibited by nonspecific RNAs. We interpret its mode of action in producing p5 RNA as being accomplished in two steps, 9 S RNA is first processed to 7 S and 4 S, and subsequently 7 S is further processed to p5.", "contents": "RNase E, an RNA processing enzyme from Escherichia coli. An activity, RNase E, was purified about 100-fold from Escherichia coli cells, it can process p5 rRNA from a 9 S RNA molecule which accumulates in a mutant of E. coli defective in the maturation of 5 S rRNA. The enzyme requires Na+, K+, or NH4+, and Mg2+ or Mn2+. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 70,000 and its pH optimum is 7.6 to 8.0. Its temperature optimum is around 30 degrees C, and it can be irreversibly inactivated at 50 degrees C. It has a very high degree of specificity but the reaction can be inhibited by nonspecific RNAs. We interpret its mode of action in producing p5 RNA as being accomplished in two steps, 9 S RNA is first processed to 7 S and 4 S, and subsequently 7 S is further processed to p5.", "PMID": 387765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7968", "title": "Blocking of the initiation of protein biosynthesis by a pentanucleotide complementary to the 3' end of Escherichia coli 16 S rRNA.", "content": "Hydrogen bonding between the 3' terminus of 16 S rRNA (... C-A-C-C-U-C-C-U-U-A-OH3) and complementary sequences within the initiator region of mRNA may be a crucial event in the specific initiation of protein biosynthesis (Shine, J., and Dalgarno, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 1342-1346; Steitz, J. A., and Jakes, K. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 4734-4738). Using equilibrium dialysis, we have studied the binding of G-A-dG-dG-U (which is complementary to the 3' end of 16 S rRNA and which has been synthesized enzymatically) to initiation factor-free Escherichia coli ribosomes. We have also investigated the effects of the pentanucleotide on initiation reactions in E. coli ribosomes. G-A-dG-dG-U has a specific binding site on the 30 S ribosome with an association constant of 2 x 10(6) M-1 at 0 degrees C. G-A-dG-dG-U inhibits the R17 mRNA-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA by about 70%, both with 70 S ribosomes and 30 S subunits. In contrast, the A-U-G-dependent initiation reaction and the poly(U)-dependent Phe-tRNA binding was not affected by the pentanucleotide with both ribosomal species.", "contents": "Blocking of the initiation of protein biosynthesis by a pentanucleotide complementary to the 3' end of Escherichia coli 16 S rRNA. Hydrogen bonding between the 3' terminus of 16 S rRNA (... C-A-C-C-U-C-C-U-U-A-OH3) and complementary sequences within the initiator region of mRNA may be a crucial event in the specific initiation of protein biosynthesis (Shine, J., and Dalgarno, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 1342-1346; Steitz, J. A., and Jakes, K. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 4734-4738). Using equilibrium dialysis, we have studied the binding of G-A-dG-dG-U (which is complementary to the 3' end of 16 S rRNA and which has been synthesized enzymatically) to initiation factor-free Escherichia coli ribosomes. We have also investigated the effects of the pentanucleotide on initiation reactions in E. coli ribosomes. G-A-dG-dG-U has a specific binding site on the 30 S ribosome with an association constant of 2 x 10(6) M-1 at 0 degrees C. G-A-dG-dG-U inhibits the R17 mRNA-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA by about 70%, both with 70 S ribosomes and 30 S subunits. In contrast, the A-U-G-dependent initiation reaction and the poly(U)-dependent Phe-tRNA binding was not affected by the pentanucleotide with both ribosomal species.", "PMID": 387766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7969", "title": "Spectroscopic analysis of the interaction of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase with T7 DNA and synthetic polynucleotides.", "content": "We have studied the circular dichroism and ultraviolet difference spectra of T7 bacteriophage DNA and various  synthetic polynucleotides upon addition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. When RNA polymerase binds nonspecifically to T7 DNA, the CD spectrum shows a decrease in the maximum at 272 but no detectable changes in other regions of the spectrum. This CD change can be compared with those associated with known conformational changes in DNA. Nonspecific binding to RNA polymerase leads to an increase in the winding angle, theta, in T7 DNA. The CD and UV difference spectra for poly[d(A-T)] at 4 degrees C show similar effects. At 25 degrees C, binding of RNA polymerase to poly[d(A-T)] leads to hyperchromicity at 263 nm and to significant changes in CD. These effects are consistent with an opening of the double helix, i.e. melting of a short region of the DNA. The hyperchromicity observed at 263 nm for poly[d(A-T)] is used to determine the number of base pairs disrupted in the binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The melting effect involves about 10 base pairs/RNA polymerase molecule. Changes in the CD of poly(dT) and poly(dA) on binding to RNA polymerase suggest an unstacking of the bases with a change in the backbone conformation. This is further confirmed by the UV difference spectra. We also show direct evidence for differences in the template binding site between holo- and core enzyme, presumably induced by the sigma subunit. By titration of the enzyme with poly(dT) the physical site size of RNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA is approximately equal to 30 bases for both holo- and core enzyme. Titration of poly[d(A-T)] with polymerase places the figure at approximately equal to 28 base pairs for double-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Spectroscopic analysis of the interaction of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase with T7 DNA and synthetic polynucleotides. We have studied the circular dichroism and ultraviolet difference spectra of T7 bacteriophage DNA and various  synthetic polynucleotides upon addition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. When RNA polymerase binds nonspecifically to T7 DNA, the CD spectrum shows a decrease in the maximum at 272 but no detectable changes in other regions of the spectrum. This CD change can be compared with those associated with known conformational changes in DNA. Nonspecific binding to RNA polymerase leads to an increase in the winding angle, theta, in T7 DNA. The CD and UV difference spectra for poly[d(A-T)] at 4 degrees C show similar effects. At 25 degrees C, binding of RNA polymerase to poly[d(A-T)] leads to hyperchromicity at 263 nm and to significant changes in CD. These effects are consistent with an opening of the double helix, i.e. melting of a short region of the DNA. The hyperchromicity observed at 263 nm for poly[d(A-T)] is used to determine the number of base pairs disrupted in the binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The melting effect involves about 10 base pairs/RNA polymerase molecule. Changes in the CD of poly(dT) and poly(dA) on binding to RNA polymerase suggest an unstacking of the bases with a change in the backbone conformation. This is further confirmed by the UV difference spectra. We also show direct evidence for differences in the template binding site between holo- and core enzyme, presumably induced by the sigma subunit. By titration of the enzyme with poly(dT) the physical site size of RNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA is approximately equal to 30 bases for both holo- and core enzyme. Titration of poly[d(A-T)] with polymerase places the figure at approximately equal to 28 base pairs for double-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 387767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7970", "title": "Potentiometric analysis of Escherichia coli cytochromes in the optical absorbance range of 500 nm to 700 nm.", "content": "The oxidation-reduction potentials of Escherichia coli cytochromes have been studied by a recently described technique for automated electrodic potentiometry (Hendler, R.W., Songco, D., and Clem, T.R. (1977) Anal. Chem. 49, 1908-1913; Hendler, R.W. (1977) Anal. Chem. 49, 1914-1918), where entire spectra are recorded at a series of solution potentials. New techniques for resolution of the spectra versus voltage data have been applied. The results indicate that a 1-electron transport chain conducts electrons from substrate to cytochrome d, which is the cytochrome oxidase. Cytochrome d contains several components which appear to increase electron transfer first to a 2-electron stage and then to a 4-electron stage for the final reduction of a molecule of oxygen to 2 molecules of water.", "contents": "Potentiometric analysis of Escherichia coli cytochromes in the optical absorbance range of 500 nm to 700 nm. The oxidation-reduction potentials of Escherichia coli cytochromes have been studied by a recently described technique for automated electrodic potentiometry (Hendler, R.W., Songco, D., and Clem, T.R. (1977) Anal. Chem. 49, 1908-1913; Hendler, R.W. (1977) Anal. Chem. 49, 1914-1918), where entire spectra are recorded at a series of solution potentials. New techniques for resolution of the spectra versus voltage data have been applied. The results indicate that a 1-electron transport chain conducts electrons from substrate to cytochrome d, which is the cytochrome oxidase. Cytochrome d contains several components which appear to increase electron transfer first to a 2-electron stage and then to a 4-electron stage for the final reduction of a molecule of oxygen to 2 molecules of water.", "PMID": 387769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7971", "title": "Substrate binding closes the cleft between the domains of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "Using small angle x-ray scattering from solutions of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase, we have measured the radius of gyration of the enzyme both in the presence and in the abscence of ligands. We find that the radius of gyration decreases by 1.09 +/- 0.34 A upon binding both substrates MgATP and 3-phosphoglycerate to form the ternary complex. Smaller decreases, at the limit of the precision of the measurement, were found for the separate binding of MgATP (0.30 +/- 0.50 A). Using computer modeling, it has been estimated that a substrate-induced cleft closure in phosphoglycerate kinase resulting from one lobe rotating 8-14 degrees relative to the other lobe lobe is consistent with this observed change in radius of gyration. We suggest, therefore, that the conformational change that results in the smaller radius of gyration for the ternary complex is a hinge motion of the two lobes which produces a closing of the cleft between the two lobes. The apparent similarity of the ligand-induced change in phosphoglycerate kinase to the cleft closure in hexokinase suggests that this kind of conformational change may prove to be a rather general kinase phenomenon (Bennett, W.S., and Steitz T.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4848-4852; Anderson, C.M., Zucker, F.H., and Steitz, T.A. (1979) Science 204, 375-380).", "contents": "Substrate binding closes the cleft between the domains of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Using small angle x-ray scattering from solutions of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase, we have measured the radius of gyration of the enzyme both in the presence and in the abscence of ligands. We find that the radius of gyration decreases by 1.09 +/- 0.34 A upon binding both substrates MgATP and 3-phosphoglycerate to form the ternary complex. Smaller decreases, at the limit of the precision of the measurement, were found for the separate binding of MgATP (0.30 +/- 0.50 A). Using computer modeling, it has been estimated that a substrate-induced cleft closure in phosphoglycerate kinase resulting from one lobe rotating 8-14 degrees relative to the other lobe lobe is consistent with this observed change in radius of gyration. We suggest, therefore, that the conformational change that results in the smaller radius of gyration for the ternary complex is a hinge motion of the two lobes which produces a closing of the cleft between the two lobes. The apparent similarity of the ligand-induced change in phosphoglycerate kinase to the cleft closure in hexokinase suggests that this kind of conformational change may prove to be a rather general kinase phenomenon (Bennett, W.S., and Steitz T.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4848-4852; Anderson, C.M., Zucker, F.H., and Steitz, T.A. (1979) Science 204, 375-380).", "PMID": 387770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7972", "title": "Mechanisms of action of histidinol dehydrogenase and UDP-Glc dehydrogenase. Evidence that the half-reactions proceed on separate subunits.", "content": "Histidinol dehydrogenase and UDP-Glc dehydrogenase catalyze 4-electron dehydrogenations that convert primary alcohol groups to the corresponding acids. Both reactions proceed in two distinct steps involving the oxidation of the primary alcohol to a bound form of the intermediate aldehyde, followed by oxidation of this to the corresponding acid. The enzymes have subunit structure, the former is made up of two subunits and the latter of six (beef liver enzyme). Evidence is presented that the two half-reactions proceed independently of the overall reaction. Histidinol dehydrogenase preparations that approach total dissociation into subunits also approach total inhibition of the overall reaction, while the second half reaction is completely unaffected and 50% of the first half-reaction survives. Further, the fraction of overall activity surviving in partially dissociated preparations follows the weight fraction of residual dimer. UDP-Glc dehydrogenase behaves in an analogous fashion. These data are interpreted on the basis that both enzymes function by carrying out first oxidation step at a site on one subunit and then pass the intermediate to a vicinal site on the adjacent subunit, where the reaction is completed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of action of histidinol dehydrogenase and UDP-Glc dehydrogenase. Evidence that the half-reactions proceed on separate subunits. Histidinol dehydrogenase and UDP-Glc dehydrogenase catalyze 4-electron dehydrogenations that convert primary alcohol groups to the corresponding acids. Both reactions proceed in two distinct steps involving the oxidation of the primary alcohol to a bound form of the intermediate aldehyde, followed by oxidation of this to the corresponding acid. The enzymes have subunit structure, the former is made up of two subunits and the latter of six (beef liver enzyme). Evidence is presented that the two half-reactions proceed independently of the overall reaction. Histidinol dehydrogenase preparations that approach total dissociation into subunits also approach total inhibition of the overall reaction, while the second half reaction is completely unaffected and 50% of the first half-reaction survives. Further, the fraction of overall activity surviving in partially dissociated preparations follows the weight fraction of residual dimer. UDP-Glc dehydrogenase behaves in an analogous fashion. These data are interpreted on the basis that both enzymes function by carrying out first oxidation step at a site on one subunit and then pass the intermediate to a vicinal site on the adjacent subunit, where the reaction is completed.", "PMID": 387771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7973", "title": "Regulation of 22Na+ transport by calcium in an established kidney epithelial cell line.", "content": "The role of calcium in regulating the Na+ channel in an established kidney epithelial cell line has been examined. Extracellular calcium was inhibitory to Na+ uptake, and a Dixon plot of the initial Na+ uptake rate in the presence of Ca2+ was nonlinear, suggesting a mixed pattern of inhibition. Similar patterns of inhibition were also observed for other divalent cations, including Ba2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+. In contrast elevated concentrations of intracellular calcium resulted in a stimulation of Na+ entry. This intracellular effect was specific to calcium, with Mg2+ and Mn2+ appearing much less effective. Lineweaver-Burk plots of Na+ influx in calcium-loaded and unloaded cells were linear, suggesting that under both conditions a single system transported Na+. Although Na+ entry was stimulated by intracellular Ca2+, the cells did not exhibit other counter transport phenomena reported with cell types in which a Na+/Ca2+ exchange system is operative. Thus, the results indicate that calcium acts as an allosteric regulator of Na+ transport by the Na+ channel.", "contents": "Regulation of 22Na+ transport by calcium in an established kidney epithelial cell line. The role of calcium in regulating the Na+ channel in an established kidney epithelial cell line has been examined. Extracellular calcium was inhibitory to Na+ uptake, and a Dixon plot of the initial Na+ uptake rate in the presence of Ca2+ was nonlinear, suggesting a mixed pattern of inhibition. Similar patterns of inhibition were also observed for other divalent cations, including Ba2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+. In contrast elevated concentrations of intracellular calcium resulted in a stimulation of Na+ entry. This intracellular effect was specific to calcium, with Mg2+ and Mn2+ appearing much less effective. Lineweaver-Burk plots of Na+ influx in calcium-loaded and unloaded cells were linear, suggesting that under both conditions a single system transported Na+. Although Na+ entry was stimulated by intracellular Ca2+, the cells did not exhibit other counter transport phenomena reported with cell types in which a Na+/Ca2+ exchange system is operative. Thus, the results indicate that calcium acts as an allosteric regulator of Na+ transport by the Na+ channel.", "PMID": 387772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7974", "title": "Specificity of phospholipases in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblasts activated by bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and ionophore A23187.", "content": "Methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblasts synthesize prostaglandins in response to bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and the ionophore A23187. These agents activate phospholipases, thereby releasing fatty acids from phospholipids. To examine the phospholipid specificity of the phospholipases activated by bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and A23187, cells were labeled with [14C]arachidonic acid and stimulated with these agents in the presence of delipidated bovine serum albumin. Phospholipid classes were resolved by two-dimensional chromatography on silica gel-coated paper. Only phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine lost radioactivity upon stimulation. To characterize the fatty acid specificity of the phospholipases, cells were incubated with 14C-labeled stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, or arachidonic acid and then exposed to the stimuli. Bradykinin, thrombin, and serum caused specific release of radioactivity into the medium only from cells labeled with arachidonic acid or eicosatrienoic acid, whereas A23187 caused release from cells labeled with any one of the five fatty acids. We conclude that bradykinin, thrombin, and serum activate phospholipases that specifically hydrolyze arachidonyl and eicosatrienoyl phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, whereas A23187 is less specific activator of phospholipases.", "contents": "Specificity of phospholipases in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblasts activated by bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and ionophore A23187. Methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblasts synthesize prostaglandins in response to bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and the ionophore A23187. These agents activate phospholipases, thereby releasing fatty acids from phospholipids. To examine the phospholipid specificity of the phospholipases activated by bradykinin, thrombin, serum, and A23187, cells were labeled with [14C]arachidonic acid and stimulated with these agents in the presence of delipidated bovine serum albumin. Phospholipid classes were resolved by two-dimensional chromatography on silica gel-coated paper. Only phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine lost radioactivity upon stimulation. To characterize the fatty acid specificity of the phospholipases, cells were incubated with 14C-labeled stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, or arachidonic acid and then exposed to the stimuli. Bradykinin, thrombin, and serum caused specific release of radioactivity into the medium only from cells labeled with arachidonic acid or eicosatrienoic acid, whereas A23187 caused release from cells labeled with any one of the five fatty acids. We conclude that bradykinin, thrombin, and serum activate phospholipases that specifically hydrolyze arachidonyl and eicosatrienoyl phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, whereas A23187 is less specific activator of phospholipases.", "PMID": 387773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7975", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase of bacteriophage T7. Purification and properties of the phage-encoded subunit, the gene 5 protein.", "content": "DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 is composed of two subunits, the gene 5 protein of the phage and the host-specified thioredoxin. The gene 5 protein has been purified 7400-fold to homogeneity from bacteriophage T7-infected Escherichia coli 7400 trxA cells that lack thioredoxin. The purification procedure has been monitored by using a complementation assay in which thioredoxin interacts with the gene 5 protein to form an active DNA polymerase. The purified gene 5 protein is a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 87,000. The gene 5 protein itself has only 1 to 2% of the polymerase activity of T7 DNA polymerase. However, T7 DNA polymerase can be reconstituted by the addition of homogeneous thioredoxin to the gene 5 protein. Optimal reconstitution is obtained when the molar ratio of thioredoxin/gene 5 protein is 150. Under these conditions, the gene 5 protein attains approximately 80% of the activity of an equal amount of T7 DNA polymerase. The apparent Km for thioredoxin in the reaction to restore DNA polymerase activity is 2.8 x 10(-8) M. The enzymatic properties of the reconstituted enzyme are indistinguishable from those of T7 DNA polymerase synthesized in vivo; the reconstituted polymerase interacts with T7 gene 4 protein to catalyze DNA synthesis on duplex DNA templates.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase of bacteriophage T7. Purification and properties of the phage-encoded subunit, the gene 5 protein. DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 is composed of two subunits, the gene 5 protein of the phage and the host-specified thioredoxin. The gene 5 protein has been purified 7400-fold to homogeneity from bacteriophage T7-infected Escherichia coli 7400 trxA cells that lack thioredoxin. The purification procedure has been monitored by using a complementation assay in which thioredoxin interacts with the gene 5 protein to form an active DNA polymerase. The purified gene 5 protein is a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 87,000. The gene 5 protein itself has only 1 to 2% of the polymerase activity of T7 DNA polymerase. However, T7 DNA polymerase can be reconstituted by the addition of homogeneous thioredoxin to the gene 5 protein. Optimal reconstitution is obtained when the molar ratio of thioredoxin/gene 5 protein is 150. Under these conditions, the gene 5 protein attains approximately 80% of the activity of an equal amount of T7 DNA polymerase. The apparent Km for thioredoxin in the reaction to restore DNA polymerase activity is 2.8 x 10(-8) M. The enzymatic properties of the reconstituted enzyme are indistinguishable from those of T7 DNA polymerase synthesized in vivo; the reconstituted polymerase interacts with T7 gene 4 protein to catalyze DNA synthesis on duplex DNA templates.", "PMID": 387775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7976", "title": "T7-induced DNA polymerase. Characterization of associated exonuclease activities and resolution into biologically active subunits.", "content": "Bacteriophage T7-induced DNA polymerase has been isolated by a procedure suitable for large scale use and which yields near homogeneous enzyme. In addition to previously described DNA polymerase activity and 3' to 5' exonucleolytic activity on single stranded DNA (Grippo, P., and Richardson, C. C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6867-6873), the enzyme also possesses a highly active exonuclease which hydrolyzes duplex substrates with 3' to 5' directionality. The native polymerase has been dissociated using 6 M guanidine HCl and resolved into biologically active subunits: T7 gene 5 protein and Escherichia coli thioredoxin. The phage-specified subunit obtained by this procedure is deficient in DNA polymerase and double strand exonuclease activities, with deficiencies in these activities being apparent at the level of a single turnover. However, it possesses near normal levels of a single strand hydrolytic activity which is identical to that associated with the native polymerase with respect to substrate specificity and suppression of hydrolysis by low levels of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates. Thioredoxin forms a molecular complex with the T7 gene 5 protein, and addition of the host protein restores restores DNA polymerase and double strand exonuclease activities to near normal levels.", "contents": "T7-induced DNA polymerase. Characterization of associated exonuclease activities and resolution into biologically active subunits. Bacteriophage T7-induced DNA polymerase has been isolated by a procedure suitable for large scale use and which yields near homogeneous enzyme. In addition to previously described DNA polymerase activity and 3' to 5' exonucleolytic activity on single stranded DNA (Grippo, P., and Richardson, C. C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6867-6873), the enzyme also possesses a highly active exonuclease which hydrolyzes duplex substrates with 3' to 5' directionality. The native polymerase has been dissociated using 6 M guanidine HCl and resolved into biologically active subunits: T7 gene 5 protein and Escherichia coli thioredoxin. The phage-specified subunit obtained by this procedure is deficient in DNA polymerase and double strand exonuclease activities, with deficiencies in these activities being apparent at the level of a single turnover. However, it possesses near normal levels of a single strand hydrolytic activity which is identical to that associated with the native polymerase with respect to substrate specificity and suppression of hydrolysis by low levels of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates. Thioredoxin forms a molecular complex with the T7 gene 5 protein, and addition of the host protein restores restores DNA polymerase and double strand exonuclease activities to near normal levels.", "PMID": 387776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7977", "title": "Sequence analysis of two yeast mitochondrial DNA fragments containing the genes for tRNA Ser UCR and tRNA Phe UUY.", "content": "Two restriction enzyme fragments containing yeast mitochondrial tRNA genes have been characterized by DNA sequence analysis. One of these fragments is 320 base pairs long and contains a tRNA Ser gene. The corresponding tRNA SER was isolated from yeast mitochondria and its nucleotide sequence also was determined. This mitochondrial tRNA is 90 nucleotides in length, has a G + C content of 38%, and has UGA as the anticodon. A portion of a 680-base-pair DNA fragment containing a tRNA Phe gene was also sequenced. The portion of this gene which codes for the mature tRNA is 75 base pairs in length, has a G + C content of 33%, and contains the anticodon GAA. Neither gene contains an intervening sequence or codes for the 3' CCA terminus. Both are surrounded by regions of more than 90% A + T. The significance of these sequences is discussed.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of two yeast mitochondrial DNA fragments containing the genes for tRNA Ser UCR and tRNA Phe UUY. Two restriction enzyme fragments containing yeast mitochondrial tRNA genes have been characterized by DNA sequence analysis. One of these fragments is 320 base pairs long and contains a tRNA Ser gene. The corresponding tRNA SER was isolated from yeast mitochondria and its nucleotide sequence also was determined. This mitochondrial tRNA is 90 nucleotides in length, has a G + C content of 38%, and has UGA as the anticodon. A portion of a 680-base-pair DNA fragment containing a tRNA Phe gene was also sequenced. The portion of this gene which codes for the mature tRNA is 75 base pairs in length, has a G + C content of 33%, and contains the anticodon GAA. Neither gene contains an intervening sequence or codes for the 3' CCA terminus. Both are surrounded by regions of more than 90% A + T. The significance of these sequences is discussed.", "PMID": 387778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7978", "title": "Primary structure and properties of an inactive mutant aspartate transcarbamoylase.", "content": "A mutant form of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) which lacks catalytic activity has been purified and characterized (Wall, K.A., Flatgaard, J.E., Gibbons, I., and Schachman, H.K. (1979) J. Biol. Chem 254, 11910-11916). Peptide mapping of the mutant and wild type catalytic chains followed by the determination of the amino acid sequence of the one altered peptide in the mutant indicated that a glycyl residue was replaced by aspartic acid. This substitution is located at position 125 in the tentative sequence kindly provided by W. Konigsberg (personal communication). The mutant protein has an overall secondary structure similar to that of the wild type as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. However, marked changes in the reactivity of several amino acid residues were demonstrated. Lysyl residue 84 which in the wild type subunits reacts specifically with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is only slightly reactive in the mutant even though the peptide containing that residue was not altered in amino acid composition. Another residue, cysteinyl 46, which is thought to be in the active site, is much more reactive toward p-hydroxymercuribenzoate in the mutant subunit than in the wild type protein. Finally, tyrosyl residue 213, which according to recent crystallographic studies is not near the active site and which exhibits an unusually low pK (9.1) in the wild type catalytic subunits, appears to have its pK shifted to 10.5 or higher as a result of the mutation. The evidence indicates that the substitution of an aspartyl for a glycyl residue at a region of the amino acid sequence remote from those residues in the active site causes sufficient modification of the tertiary structure to cause the loss of enzyme activity and to affect the reactivity of other residues in the protein. Moreover, the quaternary structure of the intact enzyme is altered as well since the subunit interactions are greatly weakened.", "contents": "Primary structure and properties of an inactive mutant aspartate transcarbamoylase. A mutant form of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) which lacks catalytic activity has been purified and characterized (Wall, K.A., Flatgaard, J.E., Gibbons, I., and Schachman, H.K. (1979) J. Biol. Chem 254, 11910-11916). Peptide mapping of the mutant and wild type catalytic chains followed by the determination of the amino acid sequence of the one altered peptide in the mutant indicated that a glycyl residue was replaced by aspartic acid. This substitution is located at position 125 in the tentative sequence kindly provided by W. Konigsberg (personal communication). The mutant protein has an overall secondary structure similar to that of the wild type as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. However, marked changes in the reactivity of several amino acid residues were demonstrated. Lysyl residue 84 which in the wild type subunits reacts specifically with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is only slightly reactive in the mutant even though the peptide containing that residue was not altered in amino acid composition. Another residue, cysteinyl 46, which is thought to be in the active site, is much more reactive toward p-hydroxymercuribenzoate in the mutant subunit than in the wild type protein. Finally, tyrosyl residue 213, which according to recent crystallographic studies is not near the active site and which exhibits an unusually low pK (9.1) in the wild type catalytic subunits, appears to have its pK shifted to 10.5 or higher as a result of the mutation. The evidence indicates that the substitution of an aspartyl for a glycyl residue at a region of the amino acid sequence remote from those residues in the active site causes sufficient modification of the tertiary structure to cause the loss of enzyme activity and to affect the reactivity of other residues in the protein. Moreover, the quaternary structure of the intact enzyme is altered as well since the subunit interactions are greatly weakened.", "PMID": 387780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7979", "title": "Synthesis and properties of fluorescent nucleotide substrates for DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.", "content": "A new class of fluorescent nucleotide analogs which contain the fluorophore 1-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate attached via a gamma-phosphoamidate bond has been synthesized. Both the purine and pyrimidine analogs have fluorescence emission maxima at 460 nm. Cleavage of the alpha-beta-phosphoryl bond produces change in both the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. The fluorescence of the pyrimidine analogs is quenched; cleavage of the alpha-beta-phosphoryl bond of the UTP analog produces about a 14-fold increase in fluorescence intensity at 500 nm. Under the same conditions the fluorescence of the CTP analog increases about 8-fold, whereas the fluorescence of the purine analogs shows only a slight change. These derivatives are good substrates for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with only slightly increased Km values and with Vmax values about 50 to 70% that of the normal nucleotides. They are used less efficiently by wheat germ RNA polymerase II. The ATP analog can be used by E. coli RNA polymerase to initiate RNA chains.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of fluorescent nucleotide substrates for DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. A new class of fluorescent nucleotide analogs which contain the fluorophore 1-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate attached via a gamma-phosphoamidate bond has been synthesized. Both the purine and pyrimidine analogs have fluorescence emission maxima at 460 nm. Cleavage of the alpha-beta-phosphoryl bond produces change in both the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. The fluorescence of the pyrimidine analogs is quenched; cleavage of the alpha-beta-phosphoryl bond of the UTP analog produces about a 14-fold increase in fluorescence intensity at 500 nm. Under the same conditions the fluorescence of the CTP analog increases about 8-fold, whereas the fluorescence of the purine analogs shows only a slight change. These derivatives are good substrates for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with only slightly increased Km values and with Vmax values about 50 to 70% that of the normal nucleotides. They are used less efficiently by wheat germ RNA polymerase II. The ATP analog can be used by E. coli RNA polymerase to initiate RNA chains.", "PMID": 387781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7980", "title": "Primary structure of yeast proteinase B inhibitor 2.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of yeast proteinase B inhibitor 2 (IB2) was determined to be H3N+-Thr-Lys-Asn-Phe-Ile-Val-Thr-Leu-Lys-Lys-Asn-Thr-Pro-Asp-Val-Glu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Phe-Leu-Asp-Ser-Val-His-His-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ser-Ile-Leu-His-Glu-Phe-Asp-Ile-Ile-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Ile-Lys-Val-Pro-Asp-Val-Leu-His-Leu-Asn-Lys-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-His-Asn-Asp-Val-Ile-Glu-Asn-Val-Glu-Asp-Lys-Glu-Val-His-Thr-Asn-COO-. Elucidation of the primary structure was enabled by automated Edman degradation and COOH-terminal hydrolysis with carboxypeptidases A (bovine pancreas and Y (yeast). IB2 is the first proteinase inhibitor to be sequenced that possesses a structure devoid of disulfide bridges.", "contents": "Primary structure of yeast proteinase B inhibitor 2. The complete amino acid sequence of yeast proteinase B inhibitor 2 (IB2) was determined to be H3N+-Thr-Lys-Asn-Phe-Ile-Val-Thr-Leu-Lys-Lys-Asn-Thr-Pro-Asp-Val-Glu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Phe-Leu-Asp-Ser-Val-His-His-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ser-Ile-Leu-His-Glu-Phe-Asp-Ile-Ile-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Ile-Lys-Val-Pro-Asp-Val-Leu-His-Leu-Asn-Lys-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-His-Asn-Asp-Val-Ile-Glu-Asn-Val-Glu-Asp-Lys-Glu-Val-His-Thr-Asn-COO-. Elucidation of the primary structure was enabled by automated Edman degradation and COOH-terminal hydrolysis with carboxypeptidases A (bovine pancreas and Y (yeast). IB2 is the first proteinase inhibitor to be sequenced that possesses a structure devoid of disulfide bridges.", "PMID": 387783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7981", "title": "Isolation of yeast tRNALeu genes. DNA sequence of a cloned tRNALeu3 gene.", "content": "A library of cloned yeast DNA fragments generated by digestion of yeast DNA with the restriction endonuclease Bam HI has been screened by colony hybridization to total yeast [32P]tRNA. Four hundred colonies carrying yeast tRNA genes were isolated. By hybridization to 125I-tRNALeu3, we have isolated from this collection 14 colonies carrying fragments containing yeast tRNALeu genes. The size of the yeast Bam HI inserts ranged from 2.45 x 10(6) to 14 x 10(6) daltons. One of these fragments was mapped in detail by restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridization to 125I-tRNALeu3. The presence of a tRNALeu3 gene was confirmed by DNA sequence. The results indicate that the tRNALeu3 coding region is not co-linear with the tRNALeu3. An intervening tract of 33 base pairs interrupts the coding sequences 1 base pair past the anticodon coding region. The putative structure of a tRNALeu3 precursor is deduced in which the anticodon base pairs with residues from the intervening sequence.", "contents": "Isolation of yeast tRNALeu genes. DNA sequence of a cloned tRNALeu3 gene. A library of cloned yeast DNA fragments generated by digestion of yeast DNA with the restriction endonuclease Bam HI has been screened by colony hybridization to total yeast [32P]tRNA. Four hundred colonies carrying yeast tRNA genes were isolated. By hybridization to 125I-tRNALeu3, we have isolated from this collection 14 colonies carrying fragments containing yeast tRNALeu genes. The size of the yeast Bam HI inserts ranged from 2.45 x 10(6) to 14 x 10(6) daltons. One of these fragments was mapped in detail by restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridization to 125I-tRNALeu3. The presence of a tRNALeu3 gene was confirmed by DNA sequence. The results indicate that the tRNALeu3 coding region is not co-linear with the tRNALeu3. An intervening tract of 33 base pairs interrupts the coding sequences 1 base pair past the anticodon coding region. The putative structure of a tRNALeu3 precursor is deduced in which the anticodon base pairs with residues from the intervening sequence.", "PMID": 387786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7982", "title": "Transcription, processing, and mapping of mitochondrial RNA from grande and petite yeast.", "content": "Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) from petite yeast strains was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose-urea, acrylamide-urea, and agarose-methyl mercuric hydroxide gels, and by transfer to diazobenzyloxy-methyl paper and hybridization to labeled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Petites contain numerous mitochondrial transcripts, including processed species like 21 S and 14 S rRNA. Petite transcripts were found to fall into three classes: 1) bands that comigrate with grande mtRNA species; 2) \"group-specific\" new bands found in multiple strains and coinciding with specific regions of the mitochondrial genome; and 3) \"strain-specific\" new bands found only in individual petite strains. A deletion map was constructed in which we used the presence or absence of the first two types of mtRNA bands in specific strains, and the restriction endonuclease map of these strains. This map confirmed the localization of 21 S and 14 S rRNA, which were mapped previously by hybridization, and also localized more than 20 additional mtRNA species. The mtRNA species were grouped in regions of the genome in a fashion that strongly suggests that many of them are precursors to fully processed mtRNA species. Hybridization experiments with grande mtRNA and cloned mtDNA fragments have shown the same kind of transcript grouping. Other hybridization experiments have demonstrated two apparent precursors to 21 S rRNA (3700 nucleotides) measuring 5500 and 4500 nucleotides. Processed tRNAs are found only in petites that contain a specific region of the genome near the P (paromomycin resistance) locus. When this region is absent, processed tRNAs are not detected, even for tRNA genes quite distant from the P locus. Since this phenotype is expressed in petites that lack mitochondrial protein synthesis, and since it maps to a specific location in the mitochondrial genome, there appears to be a mtRNA species which has a role in processing of mitochondrial tRNA.", "contents": "Transcription, processing, and mapping of mitochondrial RNA from grande and petite yeast. Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) from petite yeast strains was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose-urea, acrylamide-urea, and agarose-methyl mercuric hydroxide gels, and by transfer to diazobenzyloxy-methyl paper and hybridization to labeled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Petites contain numerous mitochondrial transcripts, including processed species like 21 S and 14 S rRNA. Petite transcripts were found to fall into three classes: 1) bands that comigrate with grande mtRNA species; 2) \"group-specific\" new bands found in multiple strains and coinciding with specific regions of the mitochondrial genome; and 3) \"strain-specific\" new bands found only in individual petite strains. A deletion map was constructed in which we used the presence or absence of the first two types of mtRNA bands in specific strains, and the restriction endonuclease map of these strains. This map confirmed the localization of 21 S and 14 S rRNA, which were mapped previously by hybridization, and also localized more than 20 additional mtRNA species. The mtRNA species were grouped in regions of the genome in a fashion that strongly suggests that many of them are precursors to fully processed mtRNA species. Hybridization experiments with grande mtRNA and cloned mtDNA fragments have shown the same kind of transcript grouping. Other hybridization experiments have demonstrated two apparent precursors to 21 S rRNA (3700 nucleotides) measuring 5500 and 4500 nucleotides. Processed tRNAs are found only in petites that contain a specific region of the genome near the P (paromomycin resistance) locus. When this region is absent, processed tRNAs are not detected, even for tRNA genes quite distant from the P locus. Since this phenotype is expressed in petites that lack mitochondrial protein synthesis, and since it maps to a specific location in the mitochondrial genome, there appears to be a mtRNA species which has a role in processing of mitochondrial tRNA.", "PMID": 387787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7983", "title": "Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation of purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes.", "content": "Preincubation of intact, purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes with [32P]Pi results in the incorporation of 32P into about 10 specific proteins. Depolarizing the Torpedo synaptosomes by a high K+ buffer or treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 result in Ca2+ uptake, in acetylcholine (ACh) release, and in a marked increase of 32P incorporation into a specific protein band with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 100,000 (band alpha). The kinetics of synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake, of 32P incorporation into band alpha, and of ACh release is similar and reach maximal values about 45 s after the synaptosomes have been treated. Sr2+ and Ba2+ can replace Ca2+ in evoking both K+ depolarization-dependent ACh release and 32P incorporation into band alpha. The effectiveness of these ions (Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+) is similar in both cases. The data presented suggest that Ca2+ accumulation by Torpedo synaptosomes leads to an increase in the phosphorylation of a specific protein and to ACh release. This phosphoprotein may be involved in the regulation of presynaptic processes which underly ACh release.", "contents": "Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation of purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes. Preincubation of intact, purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes with [32P]Pi results in the incorporation of 32P into about 10 specific proteins. Depolarizing the Torpedo synaptosomes by a high K+ buffer or treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 result in Ca2+ uptake, in acetylcholine (ACh) release, and in a marked increase of 32P incorporation into a specific protein band with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 100,000 (band alpha). The kinetics of synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake, of 32P incorporation into band alpha, and of ACh release is similar and reach maximal values about 45 s after the synaptosomes have been treated. Sr2+ and Ba2+ can replace Ca2+ in evoking both K+ depolarization-dependent ACh release and 32P incorporation into band alpha. The effectiveness of these ions (Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+) is similar in both cases. The data presented suggest that Ca2+ accumulation by Torpedo synaptosomes leads to an increase in the phosphorylation of a specific protein and to ACh release. This phosphoprotein may be involved in the regulation of presynaptic processes which underly ACh release.", "PMID": 387788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7984", "title": "dnaG (primase)-dependent origins of DNA replication. Nucleotide sequences of the negative strand initiation sites of bacteriophages St-1, phi K, and alpha 3.", "content": "The simplest known origins of DNA replication occur in the single-stranded bacteriophages. In one set of phages, negative strand synthesis is initiated by a single protein, the product of the Escherichia coli replication gene dnaG. Evidently, in these phages--G4, St-1, phi K, and alpha 3--the origin for negative strand synthesis consists of a nucleic acid element capable of direct recognition by the dnaG priming protein. We have located and sequenced the origins of negative strand synthesis in St-1, phi K, and alpha 3, and compared them with the origin sequence previously determined for G4. In each case, the point at which the negative strand is initiated can be identified at the nucleotide level. The data lead to the following conclusions: 1. In all four phages, the negative strand initiation site occurs within an intercistronic region of approximately 135 bases. While in G4, the origin lies between genes specifying the viral coat proteins F and G, the origin is shifted in St-1, phi K, and alpha 3 to a position between coat protein genes G and H. 2. Extensive nucleotide conservation exists at the negative strand origin, but does not extend into the adjacent coding regions. The conserved origin DNA occurs in two regions, 42 and 45 bases long, which are separated by 13 bases of divergent sequence. 3. Correlated with the two stretches of conserved nucleotide sequence are two regions of potential secondary structure. The start point of negative strand synthesis lies just prior to one of these hairpins. Similarities in both primary sequence and secondary structure can be found between the negative strand origins of G4, St-1, phi K, and alpha 3 and the general origin regions of bacteriophage lambda and of E. coli.", "contents": "dnaG (primase)-dependent origins of DNA replication. Nucleotide sequences of the negative strand initiation sites of bacteriophages St-1, phi K, and alpha 3. The simplest known origins of DNA replication occur in the single-stranded bacteriophages. In one set of phages, negative strand synthesis is initiated by a single protein, the product of the Escherichia coli replication gene dnaG. Evidently, in these phages--G4, St-1, phi K, and alpha 3--the origin for negative strand synthesis consists of a nucleic acid element capable of direct recognition by the dnaG priming protein. We have located and sequenced the origins of negative strand synthesis in St-1, phi K, and alpha 3, and compared them with the origin sequence previously determined for G4. In each case, the point at which the negative strand is initiated can be identified at the nucleotide level. The data lead to the following conclusions: 1. In all four phages, the negative strand initiation site occurs within an intercistronic region of approximately 135 bases. While in G4, the origin lies between genes specifying the viral coat proteins F and G, the origin is shifted in St-1, phi K, and alpha 3 to a position between coat protein genes G and H. 2. Extensive nucleotide conservation exists at the negative strand origin, but does not extend into the adjacent coding regions. The conserved origin DNA occurs in two regions, 42 and 45 bases long, which are separated by 13 bases of divergent sequence. 3. Correlated with the two stretches of conserved nucleotide sequence are two regions of potential secondary structure. The start point of negative strand synthesis lies just prior to one of these hairpins. Similarities in both primary sequence and secondary structure can be found between the negative strand origins of G4, St-1, phi K, and alpha 3 and the general origin regions of bacteriophage lambda and of E. coli.", "PMID": 387790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7985", "title": "Bacteriophage fd gene II-protein. II. Specific cleavage and relaxation of supercoiled RF from filamentous phages.", "content": "Bacteriophage fd gene II-protein was characterized as an endonuclease which specifically nicked supercoiled replicative form (RF) of filamentous phages in the viral strand. No other supercoiled DNAs tested were attacked by the enzyme, nor were doubly closed fd RF in the relaxed state nor phage fd single strands. Maximal activity was found at pH 8.5 and 80 mM KCl using fd RFI of physiological superhelicity. Mg2+, but no other cofactor, was required for the cleavage reaction. A sealing activity was found to be associated with the enzyme. At a higher concentration of Mg2+ up to 40% of the reaction products were found as doubly closed relaxed fd RF. The protein was not found to be tightly attached to the cleaved strand.", "contents": "Bacteriophage fd gene II-protein. II. Specific cleavage and relaxation of supercoiled RF from filamentous phages. Bacteriophage fd gene II-protein was characterized as an endonuclease which specifically nicked supercoiled replicative form (RF) of filamentous phages in the viral strand. No other supercoiled DNAs tested were attacked by the enzyme, nor were doubly closed fd RF in the relaxed state nor phage fd single strands. Maximal activity was found at pH 8.5 and 80 mM KCl using fd RFI of physiological superhelicity. Mg2+, but no other cofactor, was required for the cleavage reaction. A sealing activity was found to be associated with the enzyme. At a higher concentration of Mg2+ up to 40% of the reaction products were found as doubly closed relaxed fd RF. The protein was not found to be tightly attached to the cleaved strand.", "PMID": 387792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7986", "title": "The treatment of congenital vertical talus.", "content": "Operative correction of congenital vertical talus in nine feet in six patients is described. The operation consists of the comprehensive lengthening of the tendons in the foot and full peritalar release without excision of the navicular; it is performed through a dorsal transverse incision.", "contents": "The treatment of congenital vertical talus. Operative correction of congenital vertical talus in nine feet in six patients is described. The operation consists of the comprehensive lengthening of the tendons in the foot and full peritalar release without excision of the navicular; it is performed through a dorsal transverse incision.", "PMID": 387799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7987", "title": "Wear of high-density polyethylene on bone and cartilage.", "content": "Wear of high-density polyethylene on bone and cartilage has resulted in a large volume of plastic particles being shed into the two knees and two hips studied. The giant-cell foreign-body reaction of the synovium may not be sufficient to cope with the amount of debris presented and the destruction of the endosteal bone in one hip, caused by the wear particles and movement of the prosthesis, has made revision impossible. Articulation of high-density polyethylene against bone or cartilage either by design or by the failure of alignment of the component must be avoided.", "contents": "Wear of high-density polyethylene on bone and cartilage. Wear of high-density polyethylene on bone and cartilage has resulted in a large volume of plastic particles being shed into the two knees and two hips studied. The giant-cell foreign-body reaction of the synovium may not be sufficient to cope with the amount of debris presented and the destruction of the endosteal bone in one hip, caused by the wear particles and movement of the prosthesis, has made revision impossible. Articulation of high-density polyethylene against bone or cartilage either by design or by the failure of alignment of the component must be avoided.", "PMID": 387800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7988", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in childhood.", "content": "The histopathologic study of 103 patients with Hodgkin's disease including 5 cases who had staging laparotomy during the last 10 years were reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. No significant sex difference among subtypes were noted. 2. Associated glomerulopathy, nephrotic syndromes, and amyloidosis were occasionally found. 3. In childhood lymphomas excluding leukemia are the most frequent malignacies. Among the lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease predominates. 4. The most frequent subtype both in the original biopsy and after staging laparotomy was mixed cellularity. The nodular sclerosis type was the rarest. The subtypes generally did not change in the subsequent biopsies and in laparatomy done up to 6 months later. 5. It is most frequently noted in cervical area. Males are affected more than females. The peak incidence was in the first decade of age group. A brief review of the literature and discussion on the comparison of data from other countries is given.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in childhood. The histopathologic study of 103 patients with Hodgkin's disease including 5 cases who had staging laparotomy during the last 10 years were reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. No significant sex difference among subtypes were noted. 2. Associated glomerulopathy, nephrotic syndromes, and amyloidosis were occasionally found. 3. In childhood lymphomas excluding leukemia are the most frequent malignacies. Among the lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease predominates. 4. The most frequent subtype both in the original biopsy and after staging laparotomy was mixed cellularity. The nodular sclerosis type was the rarest. The subtypes generally did not change in the subsequent biopsies and in laparatomy done up to 6 months later. 5. It is most frequently noted in cervical area. Males are affected more than females. The peak incidence was in the first decade of age group. A brief review of the literature and discussion on the comparison of data from other countries is given.", "PMID": 387804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7989", "title": "Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin.", "content": "We describe the results of a systematic study, using electron microscopy, of the effects of ionic strength on the morphology of chromatin and of H1-depleted chromatin. With increasing ionic strength, chromatin folds up progressively from a filament of nucleosomes at approximately 1 mM monovalent salt through some intermediate higher-order helical structures (Thoma, F., and T. Koller, 1977, Cell 12:101-107) with a fairly constant pitch but increasing numbers of nucleosomes per turn, until finally at 60 mM (or else in approximately 0.3 mM Mg++) a thick fiber of 250 A diameter is formed, corresponding to a structurally well-organized but not perfectly regular superhelix or solenoid of pitch approximately 110 A as described by Finch and Klug (1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1897-1901). The numbers of nucleosomes per turn of the helical structures agree well with those which can be calculated from the light-scattering data of Campbell et al. (1978, Nucleic Acids Res. 5:1571-1580). H1-depleted chromatin also condenses with increasing ionic strength but not so densely as chromatin and not into a definite structure with a well-defined fiber direction. At very low ionic strengths, nucleosomes are present in chromatin but not in H1-depleted chromatin which has the form of an unravelled filament. At somewhat higher ionic strengths (greater than 5 mM triethanolamine chloride), nucleosomes are visible in both types of specimen but the fine details are different. In chromatin containing H1, the DNA enters and leaves the nucleosome on the same side but in chromatin depleted of H1 the entrance and exit points are much more random and more or less on opposite sides of the nucleosome. We conclude that H1 stabilizes the nucleosome and is located in the region of the exit and entry points of the DNA. This result is correlated with biochemical and x-ray crystallographic results on the internal structure of the nucleosome core to give a picture of a nucleosome in which H1 is bound to the unique region on a complete two-turn, 166 base pair particle (Fig. 15). In the formation of higher-order structures, these regions on neighboring nucleosomes come closer together so that an H1 polymer may be formed in the center of the superhelical structures.", "contents": "Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin. We describe the results of a systematic study, using electron microscopy, of the effects of ionic strength on the morphology of chromatin and of H1-depleted chromatin. With increasing ionic strength, chromatin folds up progressively from a filament of nucleosomes at approximately 1 mM monovalent salt through some intermediate higher-order helical structures (Thoma, F., and T. Koller, 1977, Cell 12:101-107) with a fairly constant pitch but increasing numbers of nucleosomes per turn, until finally at 60 mM (or else in approximately 0.3 mM Mg++) a thick fiber of 250 A diameter is formed, corresponding to a structurally well-organized but not perfectly regular superhelix or solenoid of pitch approximately 110 A as described by Finch and Klug (1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1897-1901). The numbers of nucleosomes per turn of the helical structures agree well with those which can be calculated from the light-scattering data of Campbell et al. (1978, Nucleic Acids Res. 5:1571-1580). H1-depleted chromatin also condenses with increasing ionic strength but not so densely as chromatin and not into a definite structure with a well-defined fiber direction. At very low ionic strengths, nucleosomes are present in chromatin but not in H1-depleted chromatin which has the form of an unravelled filament. At somewhat higher ionic strengths (greater than 5 mM triethanolamine chloride), nucleosomes are visible in both types of specimen but the fine details are different. In chromatin containing H1, the DNA enters and leaves the nucleosome on the same side but in chromatin depleted of H1 the entrance and exit points are much more random and more or less on opposite sides of the nucleosome. We conclude that H1 stabilizes the nucleosome and is located in the region of the exit and entry points of the DNA. This result is correlated with biochemical and x-ray crystallographic results on the internal structure of the nucleosome core to give a picture of a nucleosome in which H1 is bound to the unique region on a complete two-turn, 166 base pair particle (Fig. 15). In the formation of higher-order structures, these regions on neighboring nucleosomes come closer together so that an H1 polymer may be formed in the center of the superhelical structures.", "PMID": 387806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7990", "title": "Rapid isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood.", "content": "The laboratory isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described. Time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days.", "contents": "Rapid isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood. The laboratory isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described. Time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days.", "PMID": 387807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7991", "title": "Detection of Candida antigen in sera of patients with candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique.", "content": "A total of 37 serum samples from 27 cancer patients were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique for the detection of Candida antigen. In 20 randomly chosen sera from patients without clinical evidence of candidiasis and in 10 sera from patients proven by autopsy not to have candidiasis, the inhibition ranged up to 17%; in contrast, inhibition ranged from 22 to 56% in all seven patients proven by autopsy to have systemic candidiasis, indicating the presence of Candida antigen in the sera of these patients. This technique appears promising in diagnosing disseminated candidiasis in cancer patients.", "contents": "Detection of Candida antigen in sera of patients with candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique. A total of 37 serum samples from 27 cancer patients were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique for the detection of Candida antigen. In 20 randomly chosen sera from patients without clinical evidence of candidiasis and in 10 sera from patients proven by autopsy not to have candidiasis, the inhibition ranged up to 17%; in contrast, inhibition ranged from 22 to 56% in all seven patients proven by autopsy to have systemic candidiasis, indicating the presence of Candida antigen in the sera of these patients. This technique appears promising in diagnosing disseminated candidiasis in cancer patients.", "PMID": 387808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7992", "title": "API and Minitek systems in identification of clinical isolates of anaerobic gram-negative bacilli and Clostridium species.", "content": "A comparison of the API and Minitek methods of biochemical testing was made on a variety of anaerobic bacteria. Although API and Minitek results were not compared to more standardized or conventional procedures of identification, multiple repeat testing of the two systems was done on routine clinical isolates and known organisms to determine (i) whether the reactions were reliably consistent, (ii) the ease of reading the two systems with respect to the frequency of questionable results, and (iii) the percentage of routine clinical isolates for which each system yielded an identification. The Minitek system gave a much lower incidence of difficult to interpret reactions. The two systems were comparable in terms of reproducibility and capability of yielding an identification of the anaerobic gram-negative bacilli and Clostridium species, but were unsatisfactory for routine use on most of the other anaerobic bacteria isolated.", "contents": "API and Minitek systems in identification of clinical isolates of anaerobic gram-negative bacilli and Clostridium species. A comparison of the API and Minitek methods of biochemical testing was made on a variety of anaerobic bacteria. Although API and Minitek results were not compared to more standardized or conventional procedures of identification, multiple repeat testing of the two systems was done on routine clinical isolates and known organisms to determine (i) whether the reactions were reliably consistent, (ii) the ease of reading the two systems with respect to the frequency of questionable results, and (iii) the percentage of routine clinical isolates for which each system yielded an identification. The Minitek system gave a much lower incidence of difficult to interpret reactions. The two systems were comparable in terms of reproducibility and capability of yielding an identification of the anaerobic gram-negative bacilli and Clostridium species, but were unsatisfactory for routine use on most of the other anaerobic bacteria isolated.", "PMID": 387809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7993", "title": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: current status of seven recently described flagellar (H) antigens.", "content": "The slightly revised, current scheme of 20 flagellar (H) antigens of Serratia marcesens was examined. The seven new H antigens were demonstrated to be antigenically distinct as determined with Le Minor's H-immobilization test. The H-immobilization antibodies of rabbit anti-H immune sera proved resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, respectively. On the other hand, dual absorptions of rabbit anti-H immune sera with killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I, i.e., protein A, failed to reduce significantly H-immobilization titers of rabbit sera, although human immunoglobulins G and M were bound by protein A. It was tentatively concluded that the 2-mercaptoethanol- and dithiothreitol-refractory H-immobilizing rabbit antibodies belonged to the immunoglublin M class. H-antigen (phase) variation was not demonstrable in several extramural, clinical isolates of S. marcescens for which this phenomenon had been claimed. Rather, four of these six isolates were found to consist of cell populations of two distinct serotypes, as also borne out by bacteriocin typing; the flagellar H-antigens of the remaining two isolates were stable, with minor, hterologous H-antigen cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: current status of seven recently described flagellar (H) antigens. The slightly revised, current scheme of 20 flagellar (H) antigens of Serratia marcesens was examined. The seven new H antigens were demonstrated to be antigenically distinct as determined with Le Minor's H-immobilization test. The H-immobilization antibodies of rabbit anti-H immune sera proved resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, respectively. On the other hand, dual absorptions of rabbit anti-H immune sera with killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I, i.e., protein A, failed to reduce significantly H-immobilization titers of rabbit sera, although human immunoglobulins G and M were bound by protein A. It was tentatively concluded that the 2-mercaptoethanol- and dithiothreitol-refractory H-immobilizing rabbit antibodies belonged to the immunoglublin M class. H-antigen (phase) variation was not demonstrable in several extramural, clinical isolates of S. marcescens for which this phenomenon had been claimed. Rather, four of these six isolates were found to consist of cell populations of two distinct serotypes, as also borne out by bacteriocin typing; the flagellar H-antigens of the remaining two isolates were stable, with minor, hterologous H-antigen cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 387810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7994", "title": "Primary plate identification of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci utilizing a two-disk technique.", "content": "A two-disk system is described which allows primary plate identification of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci could be visualized on primary throat culture plates by using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to inhibit normal flora. In the heavily inoculated area of Trypticase soy agar plates containing 5% sheep blood, a 25-microgram/ml trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole disk was placed contiguous to a 0.04-U bacitracin disk. A total of 259 throat specimens were examined with this two-disk system. The swabs from these throat specimens were incubated in Todd-Hewitt broth. The bacterial pellet from the broths was stained by fluorescent antibody as a control. Of the cultures that were determined to be positive on the plates, 75% could be read unequivocally after overnight incubation, whereas the remaining 25% required subculture. The plates recovered 91% of the cultures which were considered as true positives by the broth-fluorescent-antibody technique. This method provided a significant savings in time compared with standard plate methods and in cost of materials compared with broth-fluorescent-antibody methods. This technique is particularly valuable for producing rapid results in laboratories where fluorescence microscopy would not be cost-effective.", "contents": "Primary plate identification of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci utilizing a two-disk technique. A two-disk system is described which allows primary plate identification of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci could be visualized on primary throat culture plates by using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to inhibit normal flora. In the heavily inoculated area of Trypticase soy agar plates containing 5% sheep blood, a 25-microgram/ml trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole disk was placed contiguous to a 0.04-U bacitracin disk. A total of 259 throat specimens were examined with this two-disk system. The swabs from these throat specimens were incubated in Todd-Hewitt broth. The bacterial pellet from the broths was stained by fluorescent antibody as a control. Of the cultures that were determined to be positive on the plates, 75% could be read unequivocally after overnight incubation, whereas the remaining 25% required subculture. The plates recovered 91% of the cultures which were considered as true positives by the broth-fluorescent-antibody technique. This method provided a significant savings in time compared with standard plate methods and in cost of materials compared with broth-fluorescent-antibody methods. This technique is particularly valuable for producing rapid results in laboratories where fluorescence microscopy would not be cost-effective.", "PMID": 387811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7995", "title": "Characteristics of noncultivable adenoviruses associated with diarrhea in infants: a new subgroup of human adenoviruses.", "content": "Virus particles morphologically resembling adenovirus were found in fecal specimens from infants and were examined for cultivability with standard cell culture techniques and for characteristics of human adenoviruses. Specimens from 13 of 15 infants could not be cultivated in cell cultures. The two adenoviruses that were cultivated, types 1 and 31, reacted in the expected manner in all tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with group-specific anti-hexon serum confirmed that the observed particles in the 15 specimens were human adenoviruses. The buoyant density in sucrose of five of the noncultivable adenoviruses in original stool suspensions averaged 1.335 g/cm(3) and that of the two cultivable ones averaged 1.332 g/cm(3); both groups had typical adenovirus morphology by electron microscopy. Treatment of the specimens and of a variety of tissue culture cells with proteolytic and other enzymes did not improve cultivability. Examination of partially purified virus by immunoelectron microscopy did not reveal evidence of immunoglobulin A, G, or M coating on the particles, an indication that coproantibody inhibition was not the cause of noncultivability. Fluorescent-antibody studies with an antihexon conjugate and counterimmunoelectrophoresis studies of serially passaged noncultivable viruses indicated that the viruses are infecting cells but are not undergoing effective replication. Antisera to three of the noncultivable viruses demonstrated homologous reactions in counterimmunoelectrophoresis with the respective immunizing antigens but showed only low levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing activity to a few of the known human adenoviruses. We concluded that the noncultivable viruses in these infant diarrhea cases were indeed human adenoviruses, were not defective particles, were not bound to coproantibody, were infectious but incapable of effective relication in conventional cell cultures, were serologically related to types 11, 17, 32, and 33, and should be considered a new, distinct subgroup.", "contents": "Characteristics of noncultivable adenoviruses associated with diarrhea in infants: a new subgroup of human adenoviruses. Virus particles morphologically resembling adenovirus were found in fecal specimens from infants and were examined for cultivability with standard cell culture techniques and for characteristics of human adenoviruses. Specimens from 13 of 15 infants could not be cultivated in cell cultures. The two adenoviruses that were cultivated, types 1 and 31, reacted in the expected manner in all tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with group-specific anti-hexon serum confirmed that the observed particles in the 15 specimens were human adenoviruses. The buoyant density in sucrose of five of the noncultivable adenoviruses in original stool suspensions averaged 1.335 g/cm(3) and that of the two cultivable ones averaged 1.332 g/cm(3); both groups had typical adenovirus morphology by electron microscopy. Treatment of the specimens and of a variety of tissue culture cells with proteolytic and other enzymes did not improve cultivability. Examination of partially purified virus by immunoelectron microscopy did not reveal evidence of immunoglobulin A, G, or M coating on the particles, an indication that coproantibody inhibition was not the cause of noncultivability. Fluorescent-antibody studies with an antihexon conjugate and counterimmunoelectrophoresis studies of serially passaged noncultivable viruses indicated that the viruses are infecting cells but are not undergoing effective replication. Antisera to three of the noncultivable viruses demonstrated homologous reactions in counterimmunoelectrophoresis with the respective immunizing antigens but showed only low levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing activity to a few of the known human adenoviruses. We concluded that the noncultivable viruses in these infant diarrhea cases were indeed human adenoviruses, were not defective particles, were not bound to coproantibody, were infectious but incapable of effective relication in conventional cell cultures, were serologically related to types 11, 17, 32, and 33, and should be considered a new, distinct subgroup.", "PMID": 387812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7996", "title": "Antigen requirements, sensitivity, and specificity of enzyme immunoassays for measles and rubella viral antibodies.", "content": "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) systems for measles virus and rubella virus were studied from the standpoints of requirements for suitable viral antigens and control antigens, and the sensitivity and specificity of the tests for detecting antibody elicited by past infection (determination of immunity status), and for serodiagnosis of currenet infections. Crude or semipurified measles virus antigens were satisfactory for EIA, but antigens derived by pelleting virus from infected cell culture fluids were slightly more specific in their reactivity than were antigens produced from lysates of infected cells. However, reliable rubella EIA antigens could be produced only from infected cell culture fluids, and they required density gradient purification to render them suitably specific. Even with gradient-purified rubella antigens, it was necessary to use antigen prepared in an identical fashion from uninfected cell culture fluids as a control on the specificity of reactions obtained with test sera. With appropriate viral antigens and control antigens, both measles and rubella EIA systems were highly sensitive and specific for determination of immunity status and for serodiagnosis of current infections. Antibody was detectable earlier in the course of infection by EIA than by hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation, but this did not limit the diagnostic value of the test, since titer increases demonstrable by EIA were usually greater than those detectable by hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation tests.", "contents": "Antigen requirements, sensitivity, and specificity of enzyme immunoassays for measles and rubella viral antibodies. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) systems for measles virus and rubella virus were studied from the standpoints of requirements for suitable viral antigens and control antigens, and the sensitivity and specificity of the tests for detecting antibody elicited by past infection (determination of immunity status), and for serodiagnosis of currenet infections. Crude or semipurified measles virus antigens were satisfactory for EIA, but antigens derived by pelleting virus from infected cell culture fluids were slightly more specific in their reactivity than were antigens produced from lysates of infected cells. However, reliable rubella EIA antigens could be produced only from infected cell culture fluids, and they required density gradient purification to render them suitably specific. Even with gradient-purified rubella antigens, it was necessary to use antigen prepared in an identical fashion from uninfected cell culture fluids as a control on the specificity of reactions obtained with test sera. With appropriate viral antigens and control antigens, both measles and rubella EIA systems were highly sensitive and specific for determination of immunity status and for serodiagnosis of current infections. Antibody was detectable earlier in the course of infection by EIA than by hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation, but this did not limit the diagnostic value of the test, since titer increases demonstrable by EIA were usually greater than those detectable by hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation tests.", "PMID": 387813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7997", "title": "Presumptive identification of group A, B, and D streptococci on agar plate media.", "content": "Several presumptive tests were evaluated for their effectiveness in differentiating streptococci. When the tests were combined into a battery and the resulting reactions were interpreted as patterns, the overall presumptive identification rate was at least 97%. We used the hemolytic reaction, susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (1.25 micrograms plus 23.75 micrograms), and standard CAMP reactions on sheep blood Trypticase soy agar, and bile-esculin and 6.5% NaCl agar tolerance tests with incubation in candle extinction jars. Subsequently, 98.9% of the group A; 95.3% of the group B; 100% of the beta-hemolytic non-group A, B, or D; 92.3% of group D enterococcal; 100% of the group D non-enterococcal; and 92.8% of the viridans streptococci were presumptively identified. We then used the hemolytic reactions, susceptibility of bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole-plus-trimethoprim disks, CAMP disk reactions on sheep blood Trypticase soy agar and bile-esculin and 6.5% NaCl agar tolerance tests with incubation in normal atmosphere. Subsequently, 98.1% of the group A; 98.6% of the group B; 99.2% of the beta hemolytic non-group A, B, or D; 97.5% of the group D entercoccal; 97.6% of the group D non-entercoccal; and 92.4% of the viridans strains were presumptively identified.", "contents": "Presumptive identification of group A, B, and D streptococci on agar plate media. Several presumptive tests were evaluated for their effectiveness in differentiating streptococci. When the tests were combined into a battery and the resulting reactions were interpreted as patterns, the overall presumptive identification rate was at least 97%. We used the hemolytic reaction, susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (1.25 micrograms plus 23.75 micrograms), and standard CAMP reactions on sheep blood Trypticase soy agar, and bile-esculin and 6.5% NaCl agar tolerance tests with incubation in candle extinction jars. Subsequently, 98.9% of the group A; 95.3% of the group B; 100% of the beta-hemolytic non-group A, B, or D; 92.3% of group D enterococcal; 100% of the group D non-enterococcal; and 92.8% of the viridans streptococci were presumptively identified. We then used the hemolytic reactions, susceptibility of bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole-plus-trimethoprim disks, CAMP disk reactions on sheep blood Trypticase soy agar and bile-esculin and 6.5% NaCl agar tolerance tests with incubation in normal atmosphere. Subsequently, 98.1% of the group A; 98.6% of the group B; 99.2% of the beta hemolytic non-group A, B, or D; 97.5% of the group D entercoccal; 97.6% of the group D non-entercoccal; and 92.4% of the viridans strains were presumptively identified.", "PMID": 387814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7998", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a polyene-resistant variant of Candida tropicalis.", "content": "An atypical variant of Candida tropicalis was recovered from multiple specimens from a patient who had been a recipient of a bone marrow transplant. This yeast variant showed atypical morphology on corn meal agar distinguishable from typical isolates of C. tropicalis by the production of clusters of blastospores. Isolates of the variant produced acid, but no gas, from maltose and sucrose in fermentation tests. Isolates from blood, pleural fluid, respiratory secretions, and stool specimens were susceptible to amphotericin B and nystatin in an agar dilution system. However, eight isolates of the variant C. tropicalis recovered over a period of 4 weeks from the patient's urine after amphotericin B therapy were found to be resistant to amphotericin B and nystatin. The isolate recovered after 7 days of therapy had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 100 micrograms of amphotericin B and 20 micrograms of nystatin per ml, whereas the seven isolates recovered subsequently had minimal inhibitory concentrations of greater than 500 micrograms of amphotericin B and 50 micrograms of nystatin per ml. The resistant isolates concomitantly lost the capacity to utilize amino acids that susceptible isolates could utilize. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of nonsaponifiable fractions of whole cells showed that resistant isolates lacked ergosterol, which susceptible isolates contained.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a polyene-resistant variant of Candida tropicalis. An atypical variant of Candida tropicalis was recovered from multiple specimens from a patient who had been a recipient of a bone marrow transplant. This yeast variant showed atypical morphology on corn meal agar distinguishable from typical isolates of C. tropicalis by the production of clusters of blastospores. Isolates of the variant produced acid, but no gas, from maltose and sucrose in fermentation tests. Isolates from blood, pleural fluid, respiratory secretions, and stool specimens were susceptible to amphotericin B and nystatin in an agar dilution system. However, eight isolates of the variant C. tropicalis recovered over a period of 4 weeks from the patient's urine after amphotericin B therapy were found to be resistant to amphotericin B and nystatin. The isolate recovered after 7 days of therapy had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 100 micrograms of amphotericin B and 20 micrograms of nystatin per ml, whereas the seven isolates recovered subsequently had minimal inhibitory concentrations of greater than 500 micrograms of amphotericin B and 50 micrograms of nystatin per ml. The resistant isolates concomitantly lost the capacity to utilize amino acids that susceptible isolates could utilize. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of nonsaponifiable fractions of whole cells showed that resistant isolates lacked ergosterol, which susceptible isolates contained.", "PMID": 387815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_7999", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection by direct immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal aspirates in adults.", "content": "The efficacy for direct immunofluorescence of a commercial conjugate for influenza A virus prepared against whole A/Udorn (H3NS) virus was studied. The conjugate was specific for influenza A virus, but its sensitivity varied depending upon the strain of influenza A tested. Nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from 25 patients during an outbreak of influenza were examined for viral antigen with the conjugates and inoculated onto monkey kidney (MK) cells for virus isolation. Fifteen patients had isolates for influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1); nasopharyngeal secretions were fluorescent antibody positive in 12. Fluorescent antibody was copositive with culture in 11/15 patients (73.3%) and conegative in 9/10 (90%). The one fluorescent antibody-positive, culture-negative patient had negative serology for influenza A and the fluorescent antibody result was considered to be a false positive. At a 1:10 dilution, the conjugate stained nasopharyngeal and MK cells infected with A/USSR (H1N1) 2 to 3+, whereas cells infected with H3N2 virus stained 4+. A conjugate made specifically against the ribonucleoprotein antigen, which is universal to all influenza A strains, may improve the sensitivity of the direct immunofluorescent test.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection by direct immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal aspirates in adults. The efficacy for direct immunofluorescence of a commercial conjugate for influenza A virus prepared against whole A/Udorn (H3NS) virus was studied. The conjugate was specific for influenza A virus, but its sensitivity varied depending upon the strain of influenza A tested. Nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from 25 patients during an outbreak of influenza were examined for viral antigen with the conjugates and inoculated onto monkey kidney (MK) cells for virus isolation. Fifteen patients had isolates for influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1); nasopharyngeal secretions were fluorescent antibody positive in 12. Fluorescent antibody was copositive with culture in 11/15 patients (73.3%) and conegative in 9/10 (90%). The one fluorescent antibody-positive, culture-negative patient had negative serology for influenza A and the fluorescent antibody result was considered to be a false positive. At a 1:10 dilution, the conjugate stained nasopharyngeal and MK cells infected with A/USSR (H1N1) 2 to 3+, whereas cells infected with H3N2 virus stained 4+. A conjugate made specifically against the ribonucleoprotein antigen, which is universal to all influenza A strains, may improve the sensitivity of the direct immunofluorescent test.", "PMID": 387816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8000", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from a patient with systemic illness.", "content": "Mycoplasma bovis was cultured from the sputum of a patient with lobar pneumonia, psychosis, and probable myocarditis, nephritis, and hemolytic anemia. Although we cannot be certain that this species of mycoplasma was the etiological agent of the patient's acute illness, this case report is of interest because, to the best of our knowledge, it represents the first isolation of M. bovis from a human source.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from a patient with systemic illness. Mycoplasma bovis was cultured from the sputum of a patient with lobar pneumonia, psychosis, and probable myocarditis, nephritis, and hemolytic anemia. Although we cannot be certain that this species of mycoplasma was the etiological agent of the patient's acute illness, this case report is of interest because, to the best of our knowledge, it represents the first isolation of M. bovis from a human source.", "PMID": 387817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8001", "title": "Efficacy of cold enrichment techniques for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from human stools.", "content": "Stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and their household contacts were cultured for Yersinia enterocolitica by direct plating onto routine laboratory media. These stools were also inoculated into phosphate-buffered saline and subcultured to the same media after 1 day or 3 weeks of incubation at 4 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 174 index cases and 34 household contacts. One hundred eighty-one isolates were of serotype O:3, and the remaining 21 belonged to other serotypes. Eighty-one percent (147/181) of O:3 isolates were recovered by direct plating, and 6.1% (11/181) and 13% (23/181) were recovered by 1-day and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. For other serotypes, 26% (7/27), 0%, and 74% (20/27) were isolated by direct plating, 1-day cold enrichment, and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. The efficacy of the cold enrichment for the patients were still symptomatic, 94 and 6% of Y. enterocolitica were identified by direct plating and cold enrichment, respectively. Isolation rates were 66% by direct plating and 34% by cold enrichment when stools were obtained from asymptomatic carriers or from those convalescing from Y. enterocolitica gastroenteritis. These results indicate that the cold enrichment methods increase the sensitivity of Y. entercolitica culture methods considerably in convalescent and asymptomatic subjects but only minimally in patients with diarrhea caused by serotype O:3.", "contents": "Efficacy of cold enrichment techniques for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from human stools. Stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and their household contacts were cultured for Yersinia enterocolitica by direct plating onto routine laboratory media. These stools were also inoculated into phosphate-buffered saline and subcultured to the same media after 1 day or 3 weeks of incubation at 4 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 174 index cases and 34 household contacts. One hundred eighty-one isolates were of serotype O:3, and the remaining 21 belonged to other serotypes. Eighty-one percent (147/181) of O:3 isolates were recovered by direct plating, and 6.1% (11/181) and 13% (23/181) were recovered by 1-day and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. For other serotypes, 26% (7/27), 0%, and 74% (20/27) were isolated by direct plating, 1-day cold enrichment, and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. The efficacy of the cold enrichment for the patients were still symptomatic, 94 and 6% of Y. enterocolitica were identified by direct plating and cold enrichment, respectively. Isolation rates were 66% by direct plating and 34% by cold enrichment when stools were obtained from asymptomatic carriers or from those convalescing from Y. enterocolitica gastroenteritis. These results indicate that the cold enrichment methods increase the sensitivity of Y. entercolitica culture methods considerably in convalescent and asymptomatic subjects but only minimally in patients with diarrhea caused by serotype O:3.", "PMID": 387818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8002", "title": "Metabolism of arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated neutrophils. Esterification of a hydroxylated metabolite into phospholipids.", "content": "[14C]Arachidonic acid incubated with human neutrophils was esterified into phospholipids and triglycerides. Stimulation of these labeled neutrophils with ionophore A23187 (2 microM) results in release of [14C]arachidonate from phospholipid and its metabolism to prostaglandin E2 and 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), a lipoxygenase product. The released arachidonate is also metabolized to a polar lipid of unknown composition here disignated compound A. 5-HETE was found to be released into the medium and then taken up again by the cells. To determine its metabolic fate, [14C]5-HETE was prepared biosynthetically, purified, and incubated with stimulated, unlabeled neutrophils. Most of the radioactivity entered the cells and was esterified into phospholipids and triglycerides. The radiolabeled complex lipids were saponified, and the released fatty acids cochromatographed with authentic 5-HETE. The esterification of 5-HETE, a hydroxylated fatty acid, into membrane phospholipids may be an example of a more generalized mechanism for altering membrane characteristics.", "contents": "Metabolism of arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated neutrophils. Esterification of a hydroxylated metabolite into phospholipids. [14C]Arachidonic acid incubated with human neutrophils was esterified into phospholipids and triglycerides. Stimulation of these labeled neutrophils with ionophore A23187 (2 microM) results in release of [14C]arachidonate from phospholipid and its metabolism to prostaglandin E2 and 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), a lipoxygenase product. The released arachidonate is also metabolized to a polar lipid of unknown composition here disignated compound A. 5-HETE was found to be released into the medium and then taken up again by the cells. To determine its metabolic fate, [14C]5-HETE was prepared biosynthetically, purified, and incubated with stimulated, unlabeled neutrophils. Most of the radioactivity entered the cells and was esterified into phospholipids and triglycerides. The radiolabeled complex lipids were saponified, and the released fatty acids cochromatographed with authentic 5-HETE. The esterification of 5-HETE, a hydroxylated fatty acid, into membrane phospholipids may be an example of a more generalized mechanism for altering membrane characteristics.", "PMID": 387819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8003", "title": "Effects of neomycin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic subjects.", "content": "Effects of neomycin were studied on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic patients during a short treatment period (4 wk) and a long treatment period (16 mo), using small (1.5 g/d) and large (up to 6 g/d) doses alone and in combination with cholestyramine. In the short-term low-dose study the decrease in serum cholesterol by 21% was associated with a proportionate increase in fecal cholesterol elimination as neutral sterols through impaired cholesterol absorption. Serum cholesterol remained low and fecal steroid excretion remained elevated in the long-term neomycin study. Increasing the dosage from 1.5 to 6 g/d at the end of the 16-mo period brought about a further slight decrease in serum cholesterol and a small further increase in fecal neutral and acidic steroids. The increases in fecal bile acids and fat but not in neutral sterols were positively correlated with the increases in the neomycin dosage. Thus, large neomycin doses can also cause bile acid malabsorption. In another series of patients, a decrease (25%) in serum cholesterol by cholestyramine was associated with a proportional increase in the fecal elimination of cholesterol (2.5-fold) as bile acids. The inclusion of neomycin in cholestyramine therapy further increased fecal steroid output (solely as neutral sterols) by only about one-fifth of that due to cholestyramine, but further decreased serum cholesterol almost to the same extent (-17%) as cholestyramine alone. The overall decrease was 38%, no side effects occurred, and the patients found combination therapy convenient. Neomycin decreased serum cholesterol in different studies by 10+/-2, 17+/-4, and 12+/-4% per 100 mg/d of the increment in fecal steroids, the respective decrease for cholestyramine being only 2.2+/-0.5%. Thus, neomycin effectively reduced serum cholesterol by a relatively small increase in cholesterol elimination (via cholesterol malabsorption) compared with cholestyramine-induced bile acid malabsorption.", "contents": "Effects of neomycin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Effects of neomycin were studied on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic patients during a short treatment period (4 wk) and a long treatment period (16 mo), using small (1.5 g/d) and large (up to 6 g/d) doses alone and in combination with cholestyramine. In the short-term low-dose study the decrease in serum cholesterol by 21% was associated with a proportionate increase in fecal cholesterol elimination as neutral sterols through impaired cholesterol absorption. Serum cholesterol remained low and fecal steroid excretion remained elevated in the long-term neomycin study. Increasing the dosage from 1.5 to 6 g/d at the end of the 16-mo period brought about a further slight decrease in serum cholesterol and a small further increase in fecal neutral and acidic steroids. The increases in fecal bile acids and fat but not in neutral sterols were positively correlated with the increases in the neomycin dosage. Thus, large neomycin doses can also cause bile acid malabsorption. In another series of patients, a decrease (25%) in serum cholesterol by cholestyramine was associated with a proportional increase in the fecal elimination of cholesterol (2.5-fold) as bile acids. The inclusion of neomycin in cholestyramine therapy further increased fecal steroid output (solely as neutral sterols) by only about one-fifth of that due to cholestyramine, but further decreased serum cholesterol almost to the same extent (-17%) as cholestyramine alone. The overall decrease was 38%, no side effects occurred, and the patients found combination therapy convenient. Neomycin decreased serum cholesterol in different studies by 10+/-2, 17+/-4, and 12+/-4% per 100 mg/d of the increment in fecal steroids, the respective decrease for cholestyramine being only 2.2+/-0.5%. Thus, neomycin effectively reduced serum cholesterol by a relatively small increase in cholesterol elimination (via cholesterol malabsorption) compared with cholestyramine-induced bile acid malabsorption.", "PMID": 387820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8004", "title": "A renal biopsy study in toxaemia of pregnancy.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens from 11 women with severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia were examined by light and electron microscopy linked with immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy. The part played by the mesangium in causing capillary loop thickening is stressed, and the progress of this 'strangulation' is illustrated. In contrast to the findings of most previous authors, IgM was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence in all biopsy specimens, and its presence and site within the glomerulus were shown by immuno-electron microscopy in three cases.", "contents": "A renal biopsy study in toxaemia of pregnancy. Renal biopsy specimens from 11 women with severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia were examined by light and electron microscopy linked with immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy. The part played by the mesangium in causing capillary loop thickening is stressed, and the progress of this 'strangulation' is illustrated. In contrast to the findings of most previous authors, IgM was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence in all biopsy specimens, and its presence and site within the glomerulus were shown by immuno-electron microscopy in three cases.", "PMID": 387821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8005", "title": "Biochemical identification of clinically important yeasts.", "content": "Four commercially available kits for the speciation of yeasts were tested against 50 clinical isolates that had been identified by conventional methods. On biochemical grounds alone, the four systems varied from 71% to 100% in their efficiency in identifying Candida albicans. Yeasts other than C. albicans were identified with an efficiency varying from 24% to 83%. Conclusions are drawn on the value of these systems to the routine laboratory.", "contents": "Biochemical identification of clinically important yeasts. Four commercially available kits for the speciation of yeasts were tested against 50 clinical isolates that had been identified by conventional methods. On biochemical grounds alone, the four systems varied from 71% to 100% in their efficiency in identifying Candida albicans. Yeasts other than C. albicans were identified with an efficiency varying from 24% to 83%. Conclusions are drawn on the value of these systems to the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 387822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8006", "title": "Threshold responses in formaldehyde-sensitive subjects.", "content": "Patch tests with three low concentrations of formaldehyde were applied continuously in formaldehyde-sensitive subjects for 1 wk. The closed patch test method produced a response to 30 parts per million (ppm) in some subjects by 120 continuous hours of testing. Thirteen subjects then sprayed a 30-ppm formaldehyde solution in an axilla on a double-blind, controlled, 2-wk-use test. Their responses to 30 ppm aqueous formaldehyde indicate that levels below this concentration should be tolerated by sensitive subjects if repeatedly applied to normal skin. Popular formaldehyde-releasing preservatives can be above or below this threshold-eliciting response.", "contents": "Threshold responses in formaldehyde-sensitive subjects. Patch tests with three low concentrations of formaldehyde were applied continuously in formaldehyde-sensitive subjects for 1 wk. The closed patch test method produced a response to 30 parts per million (ppm) in some subjects by 120 continuous hours of testing. Thirteen subjects then sprayed a 30-ppm formaldehyde solution in an axilla on a double-blind, controlled, 2-wk-use test. Their responses to 30 ppm aqueous formaldehyde indicate that levels below this concentration should be tolerated by sensitive subjects if repeatedly applied to normal skin. Popular formaldehyde-releasing preservatives can be above or below this threshold-eliciting response.", "PMID": 387824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8007", "title": "Cutaneous plasmacytomas. A review and presentation of an unusual case.", "content": "Recent reviews separate four types of plasma cell tumor: multiple myeloma, extramedullary plasmacytoma (without multiple myeloma), solitary myeloma of bone, and plasma cell leukemia. Cutaneous plasma cell tumors may arise from lymphatic or vascular spread of tumor (metastatic cutaneous plasmacytoma) or by direct extension from bone lesions. The former, metastatic cutaneous plasmacytomas, are quite rare. Specific malignant plasmacyte cutaneous tumors can also be seen in extramedullary plasmacytoma, solitary myeloma of bone, and plasma cell leukemia. We present a patient with multiple myeloma and lymphedema of the right arm, who developed a pathologic fracture of the right humerus and subsequently developed numerous metastatic cutaneous plasmacytomas localized to the lymphedematous arm. Direct immunofluorescence of frozen sections and enzymatically released cells from tumor nodule failed to reveal cell-associated immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Cutaneous plasmacytomas. A review and presentation of an unusual case. Recent reviews separate four types of plasma cell tumor: multiple myeloma, extramedullary plasmacytoma (without multiple myeloma), solitary myeloma of bone, and plasma cell leukemia. Cutaneous plasma cell tumors may arise from lymphatic or vascular spread of tumor (metastatic cutaneous plasmacytoma) or by direct extension from bone lesions. The former, metastatic cutaneous plasmacytomas, are quite rare. Specific malignant plasmacyte cutaneous tumors can also be seen in extramedullary plasmacytoma, solitary myeloma of bone, and plasma cell leukemia. We present a patient with multiple myeloma and lymphedema of the right arm, who developed a pathologic fracture of the right humerus and subsequently developed numerous metastatic cutaneous plasmacytomas localized to the lymphedematous arm. Direct immunofluorescence of frozen sections and enzymatically released cells from tumor nodule failed to reveal cell-associated immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 387825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8008", "title": "Trace element deficiencies and fertility in ruminants: a review.", "content": "Various minerals (copper, cobalt, selenium, manganese, iodine, zinc, and iron) can influence reproductive performance of ruminants. Reproductive failure may be induced by deficiencies of single or combined trace elements and by imbalances. This review is focused on maladjustments of trace elements leading to impaired breeding performance. Opinion is diverse as to the existence of various reproductive disturbances from either a severe copper depletion or a marginal dietary copper deficiency. Field experience suggests that administration of cobalt to ruminants on cobalt-deficient diets improves their impaired breeding performance. Selenium infertility in ewes is more prevalent in some areas and in some seasons, but the actual cause of this malady and the continuing role of additional factors are unknown. Manganese is necessary for normal fertility in ruminants, and feeding low-manganese rations depresses conception rates. Lack of iodine impairs thyroid activity and also ovarian function. Reproductive failure in the female and in spermatogenesis are manifestations of zinc deficiency. Despite forages rich in iron, low availability in certain instances could affect adversely ruminant reproduction. Knowledge of biochemical dysfunctions from trace element deficiencies is essential to determine the role which trace elements play in fertility of ruminant animals.", "contents": "Trace element deficiencies and fertility in ruminants: a review. Various minerals (copper, cobalt, selenium, manganese, iodine, zinc, and iron) can influence reproductive performance of ruminants. Reproductive failure may be induced by deficiencies of single or combined trace elements and by imbalances. This review is focused on maladjustments of trace elements leading to impaired breeding performance. Opinion is diverse as to the existence of various reproductive disturbances from either a severe copper depletion or a marginal dietary copper deficiency. Field experience suggests that administration of cobalt to ruminants on cobalt-deficient diets improves their impaired breeding performance. Selenium infertility in ewes is more prevalent in some areas and in some seasons, but the actual cause of this malady and the continuing role of additional factors are unknown. Manganese is necessary for normal fertility in ruminants, and feeding low-manganese rations depresses conception rates. Lack of iodine impairs thyroid activity and also ovarian function. Reproductive failure in the female and in spermatogenesis are manifestations of zinc deficiency. Despite forages rich in iron, low availability in certain instances could affect adversely ruminant reproduction. Knowledge of biochemical dysfunctions from trace element deficiencies is essential to determine the role which trace elements play in fertility of ruminant animals.", "PMID": 387829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8009", "title": "Microstructures in non-precious alloys near the procelain-metal interaction zone.", "content": "The chemistry of microstructures near the interfacial reaction zones of four non-precious alloys and two different brands of dental porcelain has been analyzed. It was found that most non-precious dental alloys contain second phases which can alter elemental concentration profiles. Recommendations for assessing interfacial reaction zone chemistry in dental non-precious alloys are offered.", "contents": "Microstructures in non-precious alloys near the procelain-metal interaction zone. The chemistry of microstructures near the interfacial reaction zones of four non-precious alloys and two different brands of dental porcelain has been analyzed. It was found that most non-precious dental alloys contain second phases which can alter elemental concentration profiles. Recommendations for assessing interfacial reaction zone chemistry in dental non-precious alloys are offered.", "PMID": 387836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8010", "title": "Antibodies to tooth allografts in H-2 matched mice.", "content": "Teeth were transplanted among mice which represented the best match possible between unrelated humans. Sera were examined for their ability to kill donor cells with the help of complement, to trigger complement-independent, cell-mediated cytolysis, and to agglutinate RBC. All responses were weak, but rejection correlated best with antibody-dependent cytolysis.", "contents": "Antibodies to tooth allografts in H-2 matched mice. Teeth were transplanted among mice which represented the best match possible between unrelated humans. Sera were examined for their ability to kill donor cells with the help of complement, to trigger complement-independent, cell-mediated cytolysis, and to agglutinate RBC. All responses were weak, but rejection correlated best with antibody-dependent cytolysis.", "PMID": 387838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8011", "title": "Valproic acid: a new antiepileptic drug with potential side effects of dental concern.", "content": "Although the exact mechanism by which valproic acid acts on hemostasis is unknown, an association between the agent and defective blood clotting and spontaneous hemorrhage is evident. This side effect should be considered in the management of dental patients taking the drug for whom treatment involves surgery of the soft tissues.", "contents": "Valproic acid: a new antiepileptic drug with potential side effects of dental concern. Although the exact mechanism by which valproic acid acts on hemostasis is unknown, an association between the agent and defective blood clotting and spontaneous hemorrhage is evident. This side effect should be considered in the management of dental patients taking the drug for whom treatment involves surgery of the soft tissues.", "PMID": 387853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8012", "title": "Abutment stabilization using a nonresilient gingival bar connector.", "content": "A preformed or cast metal bar can be used to stabilize abutment teeth for removable partial dentures. In addition to splinting, the bar provides a method of indirect retention and aids in preserving the underlying alveolar bone.", "contents": "Abutment stabilization using a nonresilient gingival bar connector. A preformed or cast metal bar can be used to stabilize abutment teeth for removable partial dentures. In addition to splinting, the bar provides a method of indirect retention and aids in preserving the underlying alveolar bone.", "PMID": 387854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8013", "title": "Early active motion following a beveled technique of flexor tendon repair: report on fifty cases.", "content": "In an effort to overcome restrictive adhesions following flexor tendon repair, a technique involving beveling of the tendon ends and fine compressive suturing was used in 50 patients (110 tendons). Free early active motion was allowed. There were 70% good-to-excellent results, with a 10% rupture rate.", "contents": "Early active motion following a beveled technique of flexor tendon repair: report on fifty cases. In an effort to overcome restrictive adhesions following flexor tendon repair, a technique involving beveling of the tendon ends and fine compressive suturing was used in 50 patients (110 tendons). Free early active motion was allowed. There were 70% good-to-excellent results, with a 10% rupture rate.", "PMID": 387859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8014", "title": "H-2 unrestricted cytotoxic T cell activity against antigens controlled by genes in the QA/TLA region.", "content": "The specificity of H-2 unrestricted cytotoxic T cells was analyzed in secondary CML responses. A/J strain effector cells, sensitized against A.Tlab lymphoid cells, lysed target cells from strains with differing H-2 haplotypes but all sharing Qa-1b/Tlab alleles; whereas, target cells from strains with Qa-1a/Tlaa were not. When B6.Tlaa animals were in vivo-primed and challenged in vitro with B6 stimulator cells, no cytotoxic effector cell activity was generated. However, if B6.Tlaa animals were primed in vivo with A.BY cells and then rechallenged in vitro with either A.BY or B6 stimulator cells, cytotoxic effector cells were generated that lysed target cells from strains with Qa-1b/Tlab alleles. This suggests that factors in addition to Qa/Tla may play a role in the generation of anti-Qa/Tla effector cell activity. It was also noted that targets from strains with Qa-1a/Tlaa alleles were killed, although to a much lesser extent than the Qa-1b/Tlab targets. SWR anti-DBA/1 efffector cells strongly lysed target cells frrom strains with Qa-1b/Tlab, lysed Qa-1a/Tlaa targets to a lesser extent, and produced no cytotoxic effect on B6.Tlaa target cells. These data suggest that in addition to a CML target antigen associated with Qa-1b/Tlab, there may be an additional specificity recognized by cytotoxic T cells controlled by a gene outside of Qa-1b/Tlab.", "contents": "H-2 unrestricted cytotoxic T cell activity against antigens controlled by genes in the QA/TLA region. The specificity of H-2 unrestricted cytotoxic T cells was analyzed in secondary CML responses. A/J strain effector cells, sensitized against A.Tlab lymphoid cells, lysed target cells from strains with differing H-2 haplotypes but all sharing Qa-1b/Tlab alleles; whereas, target cells from strains with Qa-1a/Tlaa were not. When B6.Tlaa animals were in vivo-primed and challenged in vitro with B6 stimulator cells, no cytotoxic effector cell activity was generated. However, if B6.Tlaa animals were primed in vivo with A.BY cells and then rechallenged in vitro with either A.BY or B6 stimulator cells, cytotoxic effector cells were generated that lysed target cells from strains with Qa-1b/Tlab alleles. This suggests that factors in addition to Qa/Tla may play a role in the generation of anti-Qa/Tla effector cell activity. It was also noted that targets from strains with Qa-1a/Tlaa alleles were killed, although to a much lesser extent than the Qa-1b/Tlab targets. SWR anti-DBA/1 efffector cells strongly lysed target cells frrom strains with Qa-1b/Tlab, lysed Qa-1a/Tlaa targets to a lesser extent, and produced no cytotoxic effect on B6.Tlaa target cells. These data suggest that in addition to a CML target antigen associated with Qa-1b/Tlab, there may be an additional specificity recognized by cytotoxic T cells controlled by a gene outside of Qa-1b/Tlab.", "PMID": 387870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8015", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy by laser photocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent advances in our knowledge concerning spontaneous changes in diabetic retinopathy, and improved classification of clinical forms due to fluorescein angiography, have established precise indications for the use of the laser for retinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. Controlled, randomized, multicentre studies have conclusively demonstrated the value of the techniques used and results obtained: indirect photocoagulation of the ischaemic zones (pan-retinal photocoagulation) can now effectively preserve the future vision of patients with preproliferating of proliferating retinopathy. The value of photocoagulation in the fight against diabetic oedematous maculopathy appears to be less conclusive, though early elective therapy for juxtafoveolar microvascular lesions appears to be a significant advance.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy by laser photocoagulation (author's transl)]. Recent advances in our knowledge concerning spontaneous changes in diabetic retinopathy, and improved classification of clinical forms due to fluorescein angiography, have established precise indications for the use of the laser for retinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. Controlled, randomized, multicentre studies have conclusively demonstrated the value of the techniques used and results obtained: indirect photocoagulation of the ischaemic zones (pan-retinal photocoagulation) can now effectively preserve the future vision of patients with preproliferating of proliferating retinopathy. The value of photocoagulation in the fight against diabetic oedematous maculopathy appears to be less conclusive, though early elective therapy for juxtafoveolar microvascular lesions appears to be a significant advance.", "PMID": 387858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8016", "title": "Experimental malaria in the CBA/N mouse.", "content": "CBA/N mice carry an X-linked, recessive gene, which results in the absence of a B cell subset, and is expressed primarily as an inability to respond to a certain class of thymus-independent antigens. We have examined the responses of these mice to the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and found that primary infections induced by this parasite are more severe and last longer in mice with X-linked defect than in normal controls. The decreased resistance of the defective mice is associated with a striking deficiency in their IgM antibody response. After recovery from a primary infection, defective mice resist reinfection with the homologous parasite as well as normal mice. Although as resistant as normal controls, B cells from defective mice transfer considerably less immunity to naive recipients than B cells from normal animals. Hence, two modes of thymus-dependent protective immunity may contribute to the host response to P. yoelii. Control of an acute primary infection appears to involve a thymus-dependent antibody response that CBA/N mice are deficient in. Resistance to reinfection may be mediated primarily by a different mechanism.", "contents": "Experimental malaria in the CBA/N mouse. CBA/N mice carry an X-linked, recessive gene, which results in the absence of a B cell subset, and is expressed primarily as an inability to respond to a certain class of thymus-independent antigens. We have examined the responses of these mice to the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and found that primary infections induced by this parasite are more severe and last longer in mice with X-linked defect than in normal controls. The decreased resistance of the defective mice is associated with a striking deficiency in their IgM antibody response. After recovery from a primary infection, defective mice resist reinfection with the homologous parasite as well as normal mice. Although as resistant as normal controls, B cells from defective mice transfer considerably less immunity to naive recipients than B cells from normal animals. Hence, two modes of thymus-dependent protective immunity may contribute to the host response to P. yoelii. Control of an acute primary infection appears to involve a thymus-dependent antibody response that CBA/N mice are deficient in. Resistance to reinfection may be mediated primarily by a different mechanism.", "PMID": 387872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8017", "title": "Serum opsonic activity in rodent malaria: functional and immunochemical characteristics in vitro.", "content": "The functional and immunochemical characteristics of serum opsonic activity in rodent malaria were examined in the present study. Schizont- and late trophozoite-enriched populations of Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells (IRBC) were isolated on a Ficoll density-gradient and used in an in vitro phagocytosis system composed of serum and monolayer cultures of rat peritoneal macrophages. Hyperimmune serum augmented the phagocytosis of IRBC to a greater degree than did nonimmune serum. When either IRBC or macrophages were pre-incubated with serum, the phagocytosis-promoting factors acted on the IRBC rather than on the macrophages in a manner characteristic of serum opsonins. The opsonic activity was specific for IRBC since noninfected red blood cells were rarely phagocytized and were unable to absorb opsonic activity from serum. The opsonic activity of both hyperimmune and nonimmune sera was heat stable, and unaffected by agents known to inactivate or inhibit complement (cobra venom factor and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Finally, the opsonic activity was identified in preparations of purified IgG isolated from both hyperimmune and nonimmune sera.", "contents": "Serum opsonic activity in rodent malaria: functional and immunochemical characteristics in vitro. The functional and immunochemical characteristics of serum opsonic activity in rodent malaria were examined in the present study. Schizont- and late trophozoite-enriched populations of Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells (IRBC) were isolated on a Ficoll density-gradient and used in an in vitro phagocytosis system composed of serum and monolayer cultures of rat peritoneal macrophages. Hyperimmune serum augmented the phagocytosis of IRBC to a greater degree than did nonimmune serum. When either IRBC or macrophages were pre-incubated with serum, the phagocytosis-promoting factors acted on the IRBC rather than on the macrophages in a manner characteristic of serum opsonins. The opsonic activity was specific for IRBC since noninfected red blood cells were rarely phagocytized and were unable to absorb opsonic activity from serum. The opsonic activity of both hyperimmune and nonimmune sera was heat stable, and unaffected by agents known to inactivate or inhibit complement (cobra venom factor and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Finally, the opsonic activity was identified in preparations of purified IgG isolated from both hyperimmune and nonimmune sera.", "PMID": 387873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8018", "title": "Functional characterization of mouse lymphocyte subpopulations identified by their natural binding of bacteria. I. Identification of the Ig-secreting cell subpopulation.", "content": "Three mouse B cell subpopulations (B1, B2 and B3) can be identified by their natural binding of bacteria. To determine whether these subpopulations have unique functions, we assayed the number of anti-SRBC-secreting cells and the number of Ig-secreting cells in unseparated populations and in populations in which the B2 and B3 cells were removed by immobilized monolayers of Escherichia coli-2, a bacteria that binds B2 and B3 cells. Essentially all of the plaque forming cells present in the unseparated population were found in the B1-enriched population, suggesting that most of the antibody-secreting and Ig-secreting cells were in the B1 subpopulation. To show conclusively that the anti-SRBC-secreting cells resided in the B1 subpopulation, the Jerne plaque assay was performed on slides by using lymphocytes prelabeled with various bacteria and the cells that gave rise to the plaques were directly examined. Essentially all of the secreting cells were labeled with Corynebacterium xerosis, which binds to the B1 and B2 cells, whereas very few of the secreting cells were labelled with Arizona hinshawii, which binds to the B2 cells, or with Escherichia coli-2, which binds to the B2 and B3 cells. Thus, the B1 subpopulation contained essentially all of the antibody-secreting cells, which indicates that the B cell subpopulations identified by bacteria are functionally different.", "contents": "Functional characterization of mouse lymphocyte subpopulations identified by their natural binding of bacteria. I. Identification of the Ig-secreting cell subpopulation. Three mouse B cell subpopulations (B1, B2 and B3) can be identified by their natural binding of bacteria. To determine whether these subpopulations have unique functions, we assayed the number of anti-SRBC-secreting cells and the number of Ig-secreting cells in unseparated populations and in populations in which the B2 and B3 cells were removed by immobilized monolayers of Escherichia coli-2, a bacteria that binds B2 and B3 cells. Essentially all of the plaque forming cells present in the unseparated population were found in the B1-enriched population, suggesting that most of the antibody-secreting and Ig-secreting cells were in the B1 subpopulation. To show conclusively that the anti-SRBC-secreting cells resided in the B1 subpopulation, the Jerne plaque assay was performed on slides by using lymphocytes prelabeled with various bacteria and the cells that gave rise to the plaques were directly examined. Essentially all of the secreting cells were labeled with Corynebacterium xerosis, which binds to the B1 and B2 cells, whereas very few of the secreting cells were labelled with Arizona hinshawii, which binds to the B2 cells, or with Escherichia coli-2, which binds to the B2 and B3 cells. Thus, the B1 subpopulation contained essentially all of the antibody-secreting cells, which indicates that the B cell subpopulations identified by bacteria are functionally different.", "PMID": 387875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8019", "title": "Identification and separation of Thy-1 positive mouse spleen cells active in natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "The expression of the Thy-1 antigen on mouse spleen cells responsible for NK activity and ADCC was investigated by using a monoclonal IgM anti-Thy-1.2 antibody. Both C-mediated cytotoxicity and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter were used to fractionate cells. The effector cells were found to be heterogeneous in their expression of Thy-1. Effector cells from nude BALB/c mice were predominantly Thy-1 positive; some of the NK cells in CBA spleens appeared to be Thy-1 positive, but at least one-third of the lytic activity was due to Thy-1 negative cells. The effects of treatments on NK cytotoxicity and ADCC were very similar, supporting the hypothesis that the same cells mediate both activities.", "contents": "Identification and separation of Thy-1 positive mouse spleen cells active in natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The expression of the Thy-1 antigen on mouse spleen cells responsible for NK activity and ADCC was investigated by using a monoclonal IgM anti-Thy-1.2 antibody. Both C-mediated cytotoxicity and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter were used to fractionate cells. The effector cells were found to be heterogeneous in their expression of Thy-1. Effector cells from nude BALB/c mice were predominantly Thy-1 positive; some of the NK cells in CBA spleens appeared to be Thy-1 positive, but at least one-third of the lytic activity was due to Thy-1 negative cells. The effects of treatments on NK cytotoxicity and ADCC were very similar, supporting the hypothesis that the same cells mediate both activities.", "PMID": 387876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8020", "title": "Human cell membrane components dominant in T cell lineage: identification and characterization of human TL-like antigens.", "content": "Cell membrane components that contain beta 2-microglobulin were purified from cells of a human T cell-type leukemia cell line, HPB-ALL. They contained membrane components that have the same molecular size and the same subunit structure as HLA(A,B,C) antigens but are separable from the typical beta 2-microglobulin-containing cell membrane components, i.e., the HLA (A,B,C) antigens, by xenoantibody reagents. A sensitive radioimmunoassay was constructed for detection of the T cell membrane components. The assay revealed that the cell membrane components are expressed exclusively on cells of T cell-type leukemia cell lines among the human lymphoid cell lines tested, predominantly in thymus, among the human organs and tissues tested. They were not present on cells of human B cell-type cell lines or on cells of nonlymphoid organs and tissues. No alloantibodies directed to the T cell membrane components, the putative human homologues of mouse TL antigens, were found in any of the human tissue typing sera tested.", "contents": "Human cell membrane components dominant in T cell lineage: identification and characterization of human TL-like antigens. Cell membrane components that contain beta 2-microglobulin were purified from cells of a human T cell-type leukemia cell line, HPB-ALL. They contained membrane components that have the same molecular size and the same subunit structure as HLA(A,B,C) antigens but are separable from the typical beta 2-microglobulin-containing cell membrane components, i.e., the HLA (A,B,C) antigens, by xenoantibody reagents. A sensitive radioimmunoassay was constructed for detection of the T cell membrane components. The assay revealed that the cell membrane components are expressed exclusively on cells of T cell-type leukemia cell lines among the human lymphoid cell lines tested, predominantly in thymus, among the human organs and tissues tested. They were not present on cells of human B cell-type cell lines or on cells of nonlymphoid organs and tissues. No alloantibodies directed to the T cell membrane components, the putative human homologues of mouse TL antigens, were found in any of the human tissue typing sera tested.", "PMID": 387877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8021", "title": "Detection of M-components by an easy immunofixation procedure: comparison with agarose gel electrophoresis and classical immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Commercial anti-gamma-alpha-mu and anti-kappa-lambda (mixture of commercial anti-kappa and anti-lambda) were used for immunofixation after agarose gel electrophoresis of 100 serum samples diluted 1 : 5. This simple screening method detected M-components in 39 sera. M-components were detected in 33 sera by agarose gel electrophoresis, and in 30 sera by classical immunoelectrophoresis. More than one band was detected in 15 sera by the screening method, in 3 sera by agarose gel electrophoresis, and in 2 sera by immunoelectrophoresis. The screening method was superior to the combined use of agarose gel electrophoresis and classical immunoelectrophoresis for detection of M-components, and easier to perform and interpret.", "contents": "Detection of M-components by an easy immunofixation procedure: comparison with agarose gel electrophoresis and classical immunoelectrophoresis. Commercial anti-gamma-alpha-mu and anti-kappa-lambda (mixture of commercial anti-kappa and anti-lambda) were used for immunofixation after agarose gel electrophoresis of 100 serum samples diluted 1 : 5. This simple screening method detected M-components in 39 sera. M-components were detected in 33 sera by agarose gel electrophoresis, and in 30 sera by classical immunoelectrophoresis. More than one band was detected in 15 sera by the screening method, in 3 sera by agarose gel electrophoresis, and in 2 sera by immunoelectrophoresis. The screening method was superior to the combined use of agarose gel electrophoresis and classical immunoelectrophoresis for detection of M-components, and easier to perform and interpret.", "PMID": 387878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8022", "title": "Cryosectioning of undecalcified tissues for immunofluorescence.", "content": "The present report describes a procedure for preparing 4--6 micrometers cryostat sections of undecalcified fresh frozen tissue which contain hard tissue, for immunofluorescence. The apparatus used is a cryomicrotome originally designed for cutting sections for whole body autoradiography. To obtain cryostat sections suitable for tissue immunofluorescence the standard procedure was modified with respect to the hardness and edges of the microtome knife, the temperature of the cryostat and the carboxymethyl cellulose concentration of the embedding material.", "contents": "Cryosectioning of undecalcified tissues for immunofluorescence. The present report describes a procedure for preparing 4--6 micrometers cryostat sections of undecalcified fresh frozen tissue which contain hard tissue, for immunofluorescence. The apparatus used is a cryomicrotome originally designed for cutting sections for whole body autoradiography. To obtain cryostat sections suitable for tissue immunofluorescence the standard procedure was modified with respect to the hardness and edges of the microtome knife, the temperature of the cryostat and the carboxymethyl cellulose concentration of the embedding material.", "PMID": 387879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8023", "title": "Direct immunofluorescence studies in alopecia areata and male pattern alopecia.", "content": "Direct immunofluroescence studies were performed on hairy and alopecic areas of scalp in patients with alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and male pattern alopecia. Abnormal deposits of C3 and occasionally of IgG and IgM were found in 92% of 12 patients with alopecia areata and in 21% of patients with male pattern alopecia. No abnormalities were seen in 4 patients with alopecia totalis. In both alopecia areata and male pattern alopecia, the deposits were most common along the basement zone of the inferior segment of hair follicles and occurred with equal frequency in alopecic and normal scalp. These observations suggest that immune factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.", "contents": "Direct immunofluorescence studies in alopecia areata and male pattern alopecia. Direct immunofluroescence studies were performed on hairy and alopecic areas of scalp in patients with alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and male pattern alopecia. Abnormal deposits of C3 and occasionally of IgG and IgM were found in 92% of 12 patients with alopecia areata and in 21% of patients with male pattern alopecia. No abnormalities were seen in 4 patients with alopecia totalis. In both alopecia areata and male pattern alopecia, the deposits were most common along the basement zone of the inferior segment of hair follicles and occurred with equal frequency in alopecic and normal scalp. These observations suggest that immune factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.", "PMID": 387883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8024", "title": "Immunofluorescence demonstration of type IV collagen and a noncollagenous glycoprotein in thickened vascular basal membranes in protoporphyria.", "content": "Specific rabbit antibodies to type IV collagen isolated from a basement membrane producing mouse tumor were used in indirect immunofluorescence tests to study the thickened vascular basement membrane in skin biopsies from patients with erythropoietic porphyria (EPP) and from protoporphyric mice. In addition, rabbit antibodies to a noncollagenous, basement membrane specific glycoprotein also derived from the mouse tumor were tested. It was shown that normal as well as altered vascular basement membranes in both the human and the murine skin specimens react with the anti-type IV collagen and the antiglycoprotein antibodies. A particular strong reaction in the diseases skin indicated that formation of new vascular basement membrane layers involved deposition of the major structural proteins which also constitute normal basement membrane matrices.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence demonstration of type IV collagen and a noncollagenous glycoprotein in thickened vascular basal membranes in protoporphyria. Specific rabbit antibodies to type IV collagen isolated from a basement membrane producing mouse tumor were used in indirect immunofluorescence tests to study the thickened vascular basement membrane in skin biopsies from patients with erythropoietic porphyria (EPP) and from protoporphyric mice. In addition, rabbit antibodies to a noncollagenous, basement membrane specific glycoprotein also derived from the mouse tumor were tested. It was shown that normal as well as altered vascular basement membranes in both the human and the murine skin specimens react with the anti-type IV collagen and the antiglycoprotein antibodies. A particular strong reaction in the diseases skin indicated that formation of new vascular basement membrane layers involved deposition of the major structural proteins which also constitute normal basement membrane matrices.", "PMID": 387884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8025", "title": "Quantitative estimation of leishmanial antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The response to immunization against Leishmania braziliensis in rabbits was followed by measurement of antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), passive hemagglutination, complement fixation, and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Passive hemagglutination and complement-fixation titers were interpreted according to standard methods, whereas ELISA exact titers were derived by the equation Y = a-b log X, which describes the straight line that results when absorbances are plotted against test serum dilutions. Peak titer was measured at 32 +/- 1 days after initial injection, irrespective of the assay method. After seven days, the reciprocal antibody titer was 1,130 by ELISA, 0 by passive hemagglutination, and 8 by complement fixation. Precipitin bands were shown by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis only at peak titer. With sera from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania, 94% showed leishmanial antibody by ELISA, compared with 92% by complement fixation and 65% by passive hemagglutination. When 31 samples of sera from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis were tested only by ELISA, 23 were positive for leishmanial antibodies.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of leishmanial antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The response to immunization against Leishmania braziliensis in rabbits was followed by measurement of antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), passive hemagglutination, complement fixation, and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Passive hemagglutination and complement-fixation titers were interpreted according to standard methods, whereas ELISA exact titers were derived by the equation Y = a-b log X, which describes the straight line that results when absorbances are plotted against test serum dilutions. Peak titer was measured at 32 +/- 1 days after initial injection, irrespective of the assay method. After seven days, the reciprocal antibody titer was 1,130 by ELISA, 0 by passive hemagglutination, and 8 by complement fixation. Precipitin bands were shown by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis only at peak titer. With sera from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania, 94% showed leishmanial antibody by ELISA, compared with 92% by complement fixation and 65% by passive hemagglutination. When 31 samples of sera from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis were tested only by ELISA, 23 were positive for leishmanial antibodies.", "PMID": 387886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8026", "title": "Endemic syphilis: passive transfer of resistance with serum and cells in hamsters.", "content": "Serum or spleen cells from hamsters immune to infection with Treponema pallidum strain Bosnia A conferred partial protection against syphilitic infection by the same strain on recipient hamsters. Cutaneous lesions did not develop, and in the lymph nodes the average weight and number of treponemes detected were significantly lower than in normal and control hamsters. Treatment of the immune spleen cells with antithymocyte serum and complement abolished their ability to transfer resistance. This is the first direct evidence that thymus-derived cells are involved in resistance to syphilitic infection.", "contents": "Endemic syphilis: passive transfer of resistance with serum and cells in hamsters. Serum or spleen cells from hamsters immune to infection with Treponema pallidum strain Bosnia A conferred partial protection against syphilitic infection by the same strain on recipient hamsters. Cutaneous lesions did not develop, and in the lymph nodes the average weight and number of treponemes detected were significantly lower than in normal and control hamsters. Treatment of the immune spleen cells with antithymocyte serum and complement abolished their ability to transfer resistance. This is the first direct evidence that thymus-derived cells are involved in resistance to syphilitic infection.", "PMID": 387887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8027", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observations of microvascular anastomosis in the rat carotid artery.", "content": "Microvascular anastomosis is gaining increasing significance in the field of replantation and reconstructive surgery. Although traumatic interference is minimized by microsurgery, thrombotic occlusions remain the major reason for clinical failure. With the improvement of suturing technique studies were directed towards the causes of failure using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our study was focussed on the latter aspect. The left common carotid artery of 55 albino  rats was transsected and re-anastomosed by the eccentric biangulation technique. The suture-lines were observed after various postsurgical intervals, ranging from 12 hours up to 14 months. Twelve hours after the anastomosis had been performed, the most striking alterations of the endothelium were not found at the suture line, as was expected, but in those parts of the vessels, which were caught by the clamps. The injury leads to sloughing of the endothelium in extensive areas. The exposed subendothelial layer of connective tissue is covered with aggregates of thrombocytes. The suture itself does not lead to thrombus formation. After 14 days, healing is almost complete with total regeneration of the endothelium. From the 21st postoperative day on, the inner lining can no longer be differentiated from that found in experimental animals after 14 months.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observations of microvascular anastomosis in the rat carotid artery. Microvascular anastomosis is gaining increasing significance in the field of replantation and reconstructive surgery. Although traumatic interference is minimized by microsurgery, thrombotic occlusions remain the major reason for clinical failure. With the improvement of suturing technique studies were directed towards the causes of failure using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our study was focussed on the latter aspect. The left common carotid artery of 55 albino  rats was transsected and re-anastomosed by the eccentric biangulation technique. The suture-lines were observed after various postsurgical intervals, ranging from 12 hours up to 14 months. Twelve hours after the anastomosis had been performed, the most striking alterations of the endothelium were not found at the suture line, as was expected, but in those parts of the vessels, which were caught by the clamps. The injury leads to sloughing of the endothelium in extensive areas. The exposed subendothelial layer of connective tissue is covered with aggregates of thrombocytes. The suture itself does not lead to thrombus formation. After 14 days, healing is almost complete with total regeneration of the endothelium. From the 21st postoperative day on, the inner lining can no longer be differentiated from that found in experimental animals after 14 months.", "PMID": 387900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8028", "title": "Late results following treatment of naevus flammeus and facial burns with split thickness skin grafts, with special reference to post-operative colour changes.", "content": "Two cases of extensive split thickness skin transplant to the face are presented. It was noted that the usual brownish pigmentation of grafted skin did not occur in these cases. Continued exposure in the open or to sunlight during work has been implicated as a causative factor.", "contents": "Late results following treatment of naevus flammeus and facial burns with split thickness skin grafts, with special reference to post-operative colour changes. Two cases of extensive split thickness skin transplant to the face are presented. It was noted that the usual brownish pigmentation of grafted skin did not occur in these cases. Continued exposure in the open or to sunlight during work has been implicated as a causative factor.", "PMID": 387901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8029", "title": "A quality of care evaluation measure for emergency medical service systems.", "content": "This paper presents the development and validation of an emergency medical service (EMS) systems quality of care evaluation measure. The System Input Severity Measure consists of a set of single and multiple injury survival rates that would be expected to occur in an EMS system classified as providing \"baseline\" advanced life support services. These expected survival rates were developed by a nationwide panel of emergency medicine experts through the use of the Delphi group opinion surveying technique. Validation of the System Input Severity Measure was a twofold process. First, reliability of the results of the Delphi surveying process was validated by comparing the resultant expected survival rates with Illinois Trauma Registry data. Second, the applicability of the measure was validated using data collected in EMS systems generally recognized to be providing exceptional (either superior or inferior) emergency patient care. It was recognized that the development of a comprehensive, large-scale System Input Severity Measure through the use of the Delphi technique alone is impractical. Consequently, a functional relationship between single and multiple injury survival rates was also developed. It appeared that when employed in conjunction with data developed from the Delphi technique, such an approach would make practicable the development of a comprehensive System Input Severity Measure.", "contents": "A quality of care evaluation measure for emergency medical service systems. This paper presents the development and validation of an emergency medical service (EMS) systems quality of care evaluation measure. The System Input Severity Measure consists of a set of single and multiple injury survival rates that would be expected to occur in an EMS system classified as providing \"baseline\" advanced life support services. These expected survival rates were developed by a nationwide panel of emergency medicine experts through the use of the Delphi group opinion surveying technique. Validation of the System Input Severity Measure was a twofold process. First, reliability of the results of the Delphi surveying process was validated by comparing the resultant expected survival rates with Illinois Trauma Registry data. Second, the applicability of the measure was validated using data collected in EMS systems generally recognized to be providing exceptional (either superior or inferior) emergency patient care. It was recognized that the development of a comprehensive, large-scale System Input Severity Measure through the use of the Delphi technique alone is impractical. Consequently, a functional relationship between single and multiple injury survival rates was also developed. It appeared that when employed in conjunction with data developed from the Delphi technique, such an approach would make practicable the development of a comprehensive System Input Severity Measure.", "PMID": 387907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8030", "title": "Isolation of haemin-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Fifty-five haemin-requiring mutants were isolated from haemin-permeable mutants. According to their growth responses to haem precursors and their patterns of porphyrin accumulation, the 55 mutants fell into three groups which were judged to have defects in 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, ferrochelatase, and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase or uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In mutants of the group deficient in 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, the mutations were adjacent to lac, and evidence is presented that the mutations were in hemB and were commonly deletions extending into proC.", "contents": "Isolation of haemin-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Fifty-five haemin-requiring mutants were isolated from haemin-permeable mutants. According to their growth responses to haem precursors and their patterns of porphyrin accumulation, the 55 mutants fell into three groups which were judged to have defects in 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, ferrochelatase, and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase or uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In mutants of the group deficient in 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, the mutations were adjacent to lac, and evidence is presented that the mutations were in hemB and were commonly deletions extending into proC.", "PMID": 387909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8031", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 permeable to haemin.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli which require 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA), the first intermediate of haem biosynthesis, do not respond to haemin and porphyrins. The probable explanation of the lack of response is that E. coli may be impermeable to haemin and porphyrins. Mutants are described which responded to haemin and porphyrins as well as to 5-ALA. Indirect evidence is presented that the mutants were permeable to haemin. The mutants showed other phenotypic changes, and resembled some mutants which are known to have changes in the cell envelope.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 permeable to haemin. Mutants of Escherichia coli which require 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA), the first intermediate of haem biosynthesis, do not respond to haemin and porphyrins. The probable explanation of the lack of response is that E. coli may be impermeable to haemin and porphyrins. Mutants are described which responded to haemin and porphyrins as well as to 5-ALA. Indirect evidence is presented that the mutants were permeable to haemin. The mutants showed other phenotypic changes, and resembled some mutants which are known to have changes in the cell envelope.", "PMID": 387910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8032", "title": "Denaturation map of the ColE1-Km plasmid pCR11.", "content": "The denaturation map of EcoRI-digested pCR11, a ColE1-Km plasmid, is described. The 2.0 kilobase ColE1-derived segment contains an adenine+thymine rich site in the colicin immunity gene region. In the 7.2 kilobase kanamycin resistance region, the transposon Tn903 consists of an adenine+thymine rich 0.98 kilobase kan gene region flanked by a guanine+cytosine rich 1.09 kilobase inverted duplication.", "contents": "Denaturation map of the ColE1-Km plasmid pCR11. The denaturation map of EcoRI-digested pCR11, a ColE1-Km plasmid, is described. The 2.0 kilobase ColE1-derived segment contains an adenine+thymine rich site in the colicin immunity gene region. In the 7.2 kilobase kanamycin resistance region, the transposon Tn903 consists of an adenine+thymine rich 0.98 kilobase kan gene region flanked by a guanine+cytosine rich 1.09 kilobase inverted duplication.", "PMID": 387911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8033", "title": "Taxonomy of Clostridium tetani and related species.", "content": "Clostridium tetani and its related species C. tetanomorphum, C. cochlearium and C. lentoputrescens were examined for DNA-DNA homology and biochemical properties. Two distinctly different groups were included under the name of C. tetanomorphum: one was identical with C. cochlearium and the name C. tetanomorphum was applied to the other group with some amendment of biochemical properties. Comparison of the type strain of C. lentoputrescens with wild strains obtained from horse faeces indicated that the name C. lentoputrescens should be abolished as a later synonym of C. cochlearium. Liquefaction of gelatin and spore shape, which have been used as the important criteria for differentiation of C. tetani-related species, were genetically insignificant.", "contents": "Taxonomy of Clostridium tetani and related species. Clostridium tetani and its related species C. tetanomorphum, C. cochlearium and C. lentoputrescens were examined for DNA-DNA homology and biochemical properties. Two distinctly different groups were included under the name of C. tetanomorphum: one was identical with C. cochlearium and the name C. tetanomorphum was applied to the other group with some amendment of biochemical properties. Comparison of the type strain of C. lentoputrescens with wild strains obtained from horse faeces indicated that the name C. lentoputrescens should be abolished as a later synonym of C. cochlearium. Liquefaction of gelatin and spore shape, which have been used as the important criteria for differentiation of C. tetani-related species, were genetically insignificant.", "PMID": 387912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8034", "title": "Interference of azide with cysteine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The growth inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium aziA mutants by sodium azide is reversed by cystine and related compounds. NADPH-sulphite reductase (hydrogen-sulphide:NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.1.2), an enzyme of cysteine biosynthesis, is inhibited in cell extracts by sodium azide. AziB mutants which are able to grow in the presence of the inhibitor without cystine were isolated. About half of them were mapped in the cysK gene and have only residual activity of its product, O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A [O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulphide); EC 4.2.99.8]. Sensitivity of wild type and aziA mutants to azide was also reversed by a constitutive mutation in cysB, the regulatory gene of cysteine biosynthesis. CysK and cysB mutants showed cross-resistance to azide and 1,2,4-triazole. It is suggested that the resistance of these mutants to azide is due to an increased activity of NADPH-sulphite reductase.", "contents": "Interference of azide with cysteine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. The growth inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium aziA mutants by sodium azide is reversed by cystine and related compounds. NADPH-sulphite reductase (hydrogen-sulphide:NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.1.2), an enzyme of cysteine biosynthesis, is inhibited in cell extracts by sodium azide. AziB mutants which are able to grow in the presence of the inhibitor without cystine were isolated. About half of them were mapped in the cysK gene and have only residual activity of its product, O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A [O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulphide); EC 4.2.99.8]. Sensitivity of wild type and aziA mutants to azide was also reversed by a constitutive mutation in cysB, the regulatory gene of cysteine biosynthesis. CysK and cysB mutants showed cross-resistance to azide and 1,2,4-triazole. It is suggested that the resistance of these mutants to azide is due to an increased activity of NADPH-sulphite reductase.", "PMID": 387913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8035", "title": "Characterization of plasmids from antibiotic-resistant Shigella isolates by agarose gell electrophoresis.", "content": "Gel electrophoresis of DNA from 95 clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri resistant to antibiotics revealed a heterogeneous plasmid population. Most of the plasmids were smaller than 6 megadaltons (Mdal). Six S. sonnei isolates with the most common antibiotic resistance pattern were characterized. They had two plasmids in common: one was a self-transmissible Fi+ plasmid of 46 Mdal encoding resistance to streptomycin and sulphafurazole. In addition, several cryptic plasmids ranging in size from 1.0 to 24.5 Mdal were present. Mobilization of the 5.5 Mdal SuSm plasmid and a 1.0 Mdal cryptic plasmid was demonstrated with all six S. sonnei isolates during conjugation. This mobilization was mediated by the 46 Mdal self-transmissible Fi+ R plasmid and also by a 24.5 Mdal Fi- plasmid carrying no known drug resistance determinants.", "contents": "Characterization of plasmids from antibiotic-resistant Shigella isolates by agarose gell electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis of DNA from 95 clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri resistant to antibiotics revealed a heterogeneous plasmid population. Most of the plasmids were smaller than 6 megadaltons (Mdal). Six S. sonnei isolates with the most common antibiotic resistance pattern were characterized. They had two plasmids in common: one was a self-transmissible Fi+ plasmid of 46 Mdal encoding resistance to streptomycin and sulphafurazole. In addition, several cryptic plasmids ranging in size from 1.0 to 24.5 Mdal were present. Mobilization of the 5.5 Mdal SuSm plasmid and a 1.0 Mdal cryptic plasmid was demonstrated with all six S. sonnei isolates during conjugation. This mobilization was mediated by the 46 Mdal self-transmissible Fi+ R plasmid and also by a 24.5 Mdal Fi- plasmid carrying no known drug resistance determinants.", "PMID": 387914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8036", "title": "Effects of sheep pineal fractions on the activity of male rat hypothalami in vitro.", "content": "High molecular weight substances could be isolated from sheep pineals with the \"Bensinger\" extraction method, followed by ultrafiltration of the waterlayer through different diaflomembranes. Two of the pineal fractions, XM100R and PM30R, stimulate the gonadotropin releasing activity of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). In experiments in which comparable pineal fractions were incubated without MBH and without pituitary and injected in immature mice no effect was detectable. All experiments in which a similar amount of rat cerebral cortex was used for incubation with pineal fractions did not show any activity.", "contents": "Effects of sheep pineal fractions on the activity of male rat hypothalami in vitro. High molecular weight substances could be isolated from sheep pineals with the \"Bensinger\" extraction method, followed by ultrafiltration of the waterlayer through different diaflomembranes. Two of the pineal fractions, XM100R and PM30R, stimulate the gonadotropin releasing activity of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). In experiments in which comparable pineal fractions were incubated without MBH and without pituitary and injected in immature mice no effect was detectable. All experiments in which a similar amount of rat cerebral cortex was used for incubation with pineal fractions did not show any activity.", "PMID": 387915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8037", "title": "Production of experimental brain abscess in the rat.", "content": "Experimental evaluation of brain abscess has been inhibited by the lack of a simple and reproducible model in small animals. A stereotaxic headholder and slow infusion of 1 microliter of saline, containing a known number of bacteria, were used to produce brain abscess consistently in the rat. The natural history of the brain abscess produced by this technique closely simulated that found in the human clinical situation.", "contents": "Production of experimental brain abscess in the rat. Experimental evaluation of brain abscess has been inhibited by the lack of a simple and reproducible model in small animals. A stereotaxic headholder and slow infusion of 1 microliter of saline, containing a known number of bacteria, were used to produce brain abscess consistently in the rat. The natural history of the brain abscess produced by this technique closely simulated that found in the human clinical situation.", "PMID": 387920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8038", "title": "Re-endothelialization of microvascular carotid end-to-side anastomosis in the rat.", "content": "A carotid end-to-side anastomosis was performed on 25 male and female Wistar rats (mean weight 197.8 gm). The animals were sacrificed at time intervals varying from 0 to 21 days after the operation. The anastomosis was exposed, the aorta cannulated, and the animals perfused with a 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde solution at a constant pressure of 80 mm Hg. The anastomoses were removed for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and light microscopic studies. The SEM results indicate that after the acute platelet-fibrin reaction in the first 48 hours, the suture line itself becomes re-endothelialized after 4 days. On the stitches, however, a cellular population consisting of leukocytes transforming into flattened cells was seen after 2 days. The morphology of these cells and their role in the regeneration of endothelium is discussed. This study presents evidence supporting a blood-borne genesis of endothelial cells in vivo.", "contents": "Re-endothelialization of microvascular carotid end-to-side anastomosis in the rat. A carotid end-to-side anastomosis was performed on 25 male and female Wistar rats (mean weight 197.8 gm). The animals were sacrificed at time intervals varying from 0 to 21 days after the operation. The anastomosis was exposed, the aorta cannulated, and the animals perfused with a 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde solution at a constant pressure of 80 mm Hg. The anastomoses were removed for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and light microscopic studies. The SEM results indicate that after the acute platelet-fibrin reaction in the first 48 hours, the suture line itself becomes re-endothelialized after 4 days. On the stitches, however, a cellular population consisting of leukocytes transforming into flattened cells was seen after 2 days. The morphology of these cells and their role in the regeneration of endothelium is discussed. This study presents evidence supporting a blood-borne genesis of endothelial cells in vivo.", "PMID": 387921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8039", "title": "Possible factors in the adhesion of fissure sealants to enamel.", "content": "The type of aqueous solution used to wash the enamel surface immediately after etching with orthophosphoric acid affected the tensile bond strength obtained. Washing with a 1% potassium chloride solution was found to effect an improved bond strength, but no difference was observed when different types of water were employed for this purpose. A similar finding of no difference in bond strength was obtained when the possible influence of electrostatic forces was eliminated.", "contents": "Possible factors in the adhesion of fissure sealants to enamel. The type of aqueous solution used to wash the enamel surface immediately after etching with orthophosphoric acid affected the tensile bond strength obtained. Washing with a 1% potassium chloride solution was found to effect an improved bond strength, but no difference was observed when different types of water were employed for this purpose. A similar finding of no difference in bond strength was obtained when the possible influence of electrostatic forces was eliminated.", "PMID": 387924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8040", "title": "Evaluation of endosseous implant abutments as a base for fixed prosthetic appliances. A preliminary clinical study.", "content": "In the present 2-year report nineteen Linkow blade implants with a total of twenty-seven perforating posts were assessed. All implants included were considered functionally successful and served as abutments for fixed prosthetic appliances. Periodontal probe and radiographic measurements of bone loss around the perforating implant posts, and registration of plaque and gingival index scores were performed every 6 months. During the first 4-6 weeks after implantation a vertical bone loss approximating an average of 1-2 mm occurred in the neck area of the implants. After this initial resorption, bone loss proceeded at a slower rate. The mean annual crest reduction was approximately 0.1 mm from the first to the fourth examination, as assessed from radiographic measurements. Periodontal probe measurements, showing a mean annual crest reduction of 0.2 mm, usually exhibited higher values than corresponding radiographic measurements at both implants and abutment teeth. At implants there was a significant positive correlation between plaque and gingivitis after 18 and 24 months, but not before that time. No correlation was seen between gingival index scores and the degree of bone resorption.", "contents": "Evaluation of endosseous implant abutments as a base for fixed prosthetic appliances. A preliminary clinical study. In the present 2-year report nineteen Linkow blade implants with a total of twenty-seven perforating posts were assessed. All implants included were considered functionally successful and served as abutments for fixed prosthetic appliances. Periodontal probe and radiographic measurements of bone loss around the perforating implant posts, and registration of plaque and gingival index scores were performed every 6 months. During the first 4-6 weeks after implantation a vertical bone loss approximating an average of 1-2 mm occurred in the neck area of the implants. After this initial resorption, bone loss proceeded at a slower rate. The mean annual crest reduction was approximately 0.1 mm from the first to the fourth examination, as assessed from radiographic measurements. Periodontal probe measurements, showing a mean annual crest reduction of 0.2 mm, usually exhibited higher values than corresponding radiographic measurements at both implants and abutment teeth. At implants there was a significant positive correlation between plaque and gingivitis after 18 and 24 months, but not before that time. No correlation was seen between gingival index scores and the degree of bone resorption.", "PMID": 387925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8041", "title": "The effect of time on the marginal fracture behaviour of amalgam.", "content": "In this study the effect of time on the marginal fracture behaviour of amalgam was determined. Six alloys in clinical service for up to 6 years were used as a data base and occlusal photographs were categorized according to a standard set of photographs depicting varying degrees of marginal fracture. The standard set of photographs was assigned a linear numerical scale, and the index of extent of fracture was considered to be an arithmetic mean based on this linear scale. An observed patient effect and unequal sample size were considered in the determination of both the mean and variance. The results of applying these procedures to the data of this study showed that marginal fracture increased with time for all alloys; that the relative ranking of alloys did not change with time; and that, with certain limitations, early time evaluations can predict long-term behaviour.", "contents": "The effect of time on the marginal fracture behaviour of amalgam. In this study the effect of time on the marginal fracture behaviour of amalgam was determined. Six alloys in clinical service for up to 6 years were used as a data base and occlusal photographs were categorized according to a standard set of photographs depicting varying degrees of marginal fracture. The standard set of photographs was assigned a linear numerical scale, and the index of extent of fracture was considered to be an arithmetic mean based on this linear scale. An observed patient effect and unequal sample size were considered in the determination of both the mean and variance. The results of applying these procedures to the data of this study showed that marginal fracture increased with time for all alloys; that the relative ranking of alloys did not change with time; and that, with certain limitations, early time evaluations can predict long-term behaviour.", "PMID": 387926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8042", "title": "Offsetting the increased plaque formation in partial denture wearers by tooth brushing.", "content": "In two experiments, each running for 2 weeks, plaque formation was studied on forty-two teeth acting as abutments for removable partial dentures. In the first experiment, only ordinary tooth brushing was practised. Plaque accumulation was rapid, yielding scores ranging between 2 and 5. In the second experiment, following instruction in intensive tooth brushing, plaque scores were depressed to approximately 1.5 and below.", "contents": "Offsetting the increased plaque formation in partial denture wearers by tooth brushing. In two experiments, each running for 2 weeks, plaque formation was studied on forty-two teeth acting as abutments for removable partial dentures. In the first experiment, only ordinary tooth brushing was practised. Plaque accumulation was rapid, yielding scores ranging between 2 and 5. In the second experiment, following instruction in intensive tooth brushing, plaque scores were depressed to approximately 1.5 and below.", "PMID": 387927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8043", "title": "Effect of storage in recipient's blood on the immunogenicity of tooth allografts in rabbits.", "content": "Dental allografts can immunize recipients against skin allografts because some antigens are shared between teeth and skin. The effect of storage in the recipient's blood (ten days, 4 C) on the immunogenicity of subcutaneously allotransplanted rabbit teeth was examined. Storage in blood depressed the antigenicity of teeth, as detected by prolongation of the rejection time of second-set skin grafts in comparison with teeth stored in saline solution, or fresh, nonstored teeth. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of this procedure.", "contents": "Effect of storage in recipient's blood on the immunogenicity of tooth allografts in rabbits. Dental allografts can immunize recipients against skin allografts because some antigens are shared between teeth and skin. The effect of storage in the recipient's blood (ten days, 4 C) on the immunogenicity of subcutaneously allotransplanted rabbit teeth was examined. Storage in blood depressed the antigenicity of teeth, as detected by prolongation of the rejection time of second-set skin grafts in comparison with teeth stored in saline solution, or fresh, nonstored teeth. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of this procedure.", "PMID": 387929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8044", "title": "Microbiologic and antibiotic aspects of infections in the oral and maxillofacial region.", "content": "An overview of infection as it applies to the oral and maxillofacial region has been provided. The following conclusions are drawn: odontogenic infections are caused by microbes found in the host's oral flora; cultures of purulent material generally will yield three to six anaerobes and one aerobe, (the aerobe is usually a Streptococcus species); Gram stains of purulent material can aid in therapeutic strategies; anaerobic as well as aerobic cultures are necessary to isolate all pathogens; pathogens found in infections of bite wounds reflect the oral flora of the aggressor; early postoperative wound infections are caused by the host's own flora, whereas later infections may be caused by hospital-acquired bacteria; and hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus are occupational hazards. Recommendations have been made for antimicrobial prophylaxis and for treatment. We recognize that some of these selections may be controversial. For instance, the value of prophylactic antibiotics in orthognathic surgery is not well defined; recommendations were made only in certain instances. However, in severe penetrating maxillofacial injuries with devitalized tissue, recommendations for antibiotics were for broad and prolonged coverage. In this instance, use of antibiotics is considered therapeutic and not prophylactic. In each instance, we tried to validate the selection. Our rationale has been to choose the antibiotics most active against the likely pathogens; additionally, consideration was given to drug toxicity and adverse reactions. We regard penicillin as the preferred agent for prophylaxis and treatment of most odontogenic infections. Alternative drugs include cephalosporins, doxycycline, and clindamycin. Erythoromycin and tetracycline are considered less effective than the former agents. Finally, we believe that successful treatment of infection depends as much on changing the microenvironment of the infected tissue by debridement and drainage as on appropriate antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Microbiologic and antibiotic aspects of infections in the oral and maxillofacial region. An overview of infection as it applies to the oral and maxillofacial region has been provided. The following conclusions are drawn: odontogenic infections are caused by microbes found in the host's oral flora; cultures of purulent material generally will yield three to six anaerobes and one aerobe, (the aerobe is usually a Streptococcus species); Gram stains of purulent material can aid in therapeutic strategies; anaerobic as well as aerobic cultures are necessary to isolate all pathogens; pathogens found in infections of bite wounds reflect the oral flora of the aggressor; early postoperative wound infections are caused by the host's own flora, whereas later infections may be caused by hospital-acquired bacteria; and hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus are occupational hazards. Recommendations have been made for antimicrobial prophylaxis and for treatment. We recognize that some of these selections may be controversial. For instance, the value of prophylactic antibiotics in orthognathic surgery is not well defined; recommendations were made only in certain instances. However, in severe penetrating maxillofacial injuries with devitalized tissue, recommendations for antibiotics were for broad and prolonged coverage. In this instance, use of antibiotics is considered therapeutic and not prophylactic. In each instance, we tried to validate the selection. Our rationale has been to choose the antibiotics most active against the likely pathogens; additionally, consideration was given to drug toxicity and adverse reactions. We regard penicillin as the preferred agent for prophylaxis and treatment of most odontogenic infections. Alternative drugs include cephalosporins, doxycycline, and clindamycin. Erythoromycin and tetracycline are considered less effective than the former agents. Finally, we believe that successful treatment of infection depends as much on changing the microenvironment of the infected tissue by debridement and drainage as on appropriate antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 387930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8045", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of horizontal maxillary deficiency.", "content": "Selected maxillary osteotomies in concert with rapid maxillary expansion appliances are dependable adjuncts to treatment of the various clinical manifestations of horizontal maxillary deficiency and the accompanying crossbite. The important diagnostic, treatment planning, and technical considerations necessary for successful surgical-orthodontic correction of horizontal maxillary deficiency were discussed.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of horizontal maxillary deficiency. Selected maxillary osteotomies in concert with rapid maxillary expansion appliances are dependable adjuncts to treatment of the various clinical manifestations of horizontal maxillary deficiency and the accompanying crossbite. The important diagnostic, treatment planning, and technical considerations necessary for successful surgical-orthodontic correction of horizontal maxillary deficiency were discussed.", "PMID": 387931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8046", "title": "Lung expansion, tidal exchange, and formation of the functional residual capacity during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates.", "content": "Ventilatory exchange and endotracheal and esophageal pressures were measured during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates born by cesarean section. In contrast to spontaneously breathing, vaginally born babies, an opening pressure had to be exceeded before lung expansion occurred. Subsequently there was usually a gradual increase in gaseous exchange over the first few lung inflations. A further rise in lung compliance occurred with the baby's inspiratory efforts. The functional residual capacity was formed with or without active inspiratory efforts by the baby, although gaseous retention occurred more rapidly as a result of the infant's inspiration.", "contents": "Lung expansion, tidal exchange, and formation of the functional residual capacity during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates. Ventilatory exchange and endotracheal and esophageal pressures were measured during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates born by cesarean section. In contrast to spontaneously breathing, vaginally born babies, an opening pressure had to be exceeded before lung expansion occurred. Subsequently there was usually a gradual increase in gaseous exchange over the first few lung inflations. A further rise in lung compliance occurred with the baby's inspiratory efforts. The functional residual capacity was formed with or without active inspiratory efforts by the baby, although gaseous retention occurred more rapidly as a result of the infant's inspiration.", "PMID": 387935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8047", "title": "Chloramphenicol disposition in infants and children.", "content": "We studied the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol following its intravenous administration as the sodium succinate ester to 54 infants and children. The mean \"apparent t 1/2\" of chloramphenicol clearance from the plasma was 5.94 hours (range 0.87 to 17.8 hours). The t 1/2 of patients who weighed less than 10 kg was significantly longer than that of those who weighed more than 10 kg (9.02 vs 4.55 hours; P less than 0.0001). There was a discrepancy between the plasma levels of chloramphenicol and total aromatic nitro compounds in four patients; these compounds were cleared at different rates. Repeated dosing (eight to 30 doses) did not produce a consistent effect on the t 1/2. The CSF concentrations of chloramphenicol in 13 patients were 67% (range 45 to 99%) of the simultaneous serum concentrations. We conclude that the marked individual variation in chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in infants and children requires monitoring of blood concentrations during therapy.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol disposition in infants and children. We studied the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol following its intravenous administration as the sodium succinate ester to 54 infants and children. The mean \"apparent t 1/2\" of chloramphenicol clearance from the plasma was 5.94 hours (range 0.87 to 17.8 hours). The t 1/2 of patients who weighed less than 10 kg was significantly longer than that of those who weighed more than 10 kg (9.02 vs 4.55 hours; P less than 0.0001). There was a discrepancy between the plasma levels of chloramphenicol and total aromatic nitro compounds in four patients; these compounds were cleared at different rates. Repeated dosing (eight to 30 doses) did not produce a consistent effect on the t 1/2. The CSF concentrations of chloramphenicol in 13 patients were 67% (range 45 to 99%) of the simultaneous serum concentrations. We conclude that the marked individual variation in chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in infants and children requires monitoring of blood concentrations during therapy.", "PMID": 387936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8048", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephritis and hepatitis B surface antigen in children.", "content": "Of 33 children with membranous nephropathy screened for HBs Ag, 14 were found to be HBs Ag carriers, whereas HBs Ag was detected in 3 of 170 and 4 of 100 children with glomerular and nonglomerular kidney diseases, respectively. HBs Ag was often associated with acute hepatitis at onset (five patients) or with elevated transminases values. This high incidence and the prevalence of an unusual subtype (ayw2) suggest a relationship between HBs Ag and the glomerular lesions. Using immunofluorescence, however, HBs Ag could not be detected within the deposits, so that the nature of the relationship cannot be considered as established. The clinical outcome (50% remission), the plasma complement component disturbances, and findings by immunofluorescence did not differ from those observed in children with MGN without detectable HBs Ag.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephritis and hepatitis B surface antigen in children. Of 33 children with membranous nephropathy screened for HBs Ag, 14 were found to be HBs Ag carriers, whereas HBs Ag was detected in 3 of 170 and 4 of 100 children with glomerular and nonglomerular kidney diseases, respectively. HBs Ag was often associated with acute hepatitis at onset (five patients) or with elevated transminases values. This high incidence and the prevalence of an unusual subtype (ayw2) suggest a relationship between HBs Ag and the glomerular lesions. Using immunofluorescence, however, HBs Ag could not be detected within the deposits, so that the nature of the relationship cannot be considered as established. The clinical outcome (50% remission), the plasma complement component disturbances, and findings by immunofluorescence did not differ from those observed in children with MGN without detectable HBs Ag.", "PMID": 387938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8049", "title": "Activity of the alternative complement pathway after splenectomy: comparison to activity in sickle cell disease and hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Patients with sickle cell disease and individuals who have undergone splenectomy share defects of certain host defense mechanisms and a predisposition to severe pyogenic bacterial infections. Since patients with sickle cell disease can have deficient activity of the alternative complement pathway, we have tested such activity in sera from splenectomized children and adults. A new kinetic hemolytic assay has been used, and we have compared results to those obtained with sera from patients with sickle cell disease or hypogammaglobulinemia. Sera from six of 58 splenectomized individuals (10%) had defective function of the alternative pathway, compared to 10 of 62 sera from patients with sickle cell disease (16%) and 10 of 18 sera from hypogammaglobulinemic patients (56%). Deficiency of antibody, a rate-influencing component of alternative pathway activity in this system, appears responsible for deficient activity in the hypogammaglobulinemic sera. The molecular basis for the deficiency found in sickle cell disease or after splenectomy is not clear. Defective function of the alternative complement pathway could contribute to the increased predisposition to bacterial infection that exists in these three patient groups.", "contents": "Activity of the alternative complement pathway after splenectomy: comparison to activity in sickle cell disease and hypogammaglobulinemia. Patients with sickle cell disease and individuals who have undergone splenectomy share defects of certain host defense mechanisms and a predisposition to severe pyogenic bacterial infections. Since patients with sickle cell disease can have deficient activity of the alternative complement pathway, we have tested such activity in sera from splenectomized children and adults. A new kinetic hemolytic assay has been used, and we have compared results to those obtained with sera from patients with sickle cell disease or hypogammaglobulinemia. Sera from six of 58 splenectomized individuals (10%) had defective function of the alternative pathway, compared to 10 of 62 sera from patients with sickle cell disease (16%) and 10 of 18 sera from hypogammaglobulinemic patients (56%). Deficiency of antibody, a rate-influencing component of alternative pathway activity in this system, appears responsible for deficient activity in the hypogammaglobulinemic sera. The molecular basis for the deficiency found in sickle cell disease or after splenectomy is not clear. Defective function of the alternative complement pathway could contribute to the increased predisposition to bacterial infection that exists in these three patient groups.", "PMID": 387939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8050", "title": "Effect of toothbrushing with a fluoride-free and fluoride-containing dentifrice on oral hygiene and number of leukocytes in the gingival fluid.", "content": "The number of leukocytes in the gingival exudate and the oral hygiene index during toothbrushing with a fluoride-free and fluoride-containing dentifrice was investigated in humans during a 3-month period. Significant correlations existed between the average number of leukocytes in the gingival exudate and the oral hygiene indices. The number of leukocytes increased significantly during the period of toothbrushing with the Fluoride dentifrice, whereas in the OHI no change was evident.", "contents": "Effect of toothbrushing with a fluoride-free and fluoride-containing dentifrice on oral hygiene and number of leukocytes in the gingival fluid. The number of leukocytes in the gingival exudate and the oral hygiene index during toothbrushing with a fluoride-free and fluoride-containing dentifrice was investigated in humans during a 3-month period. Significant correlations existed between the average number of leukocytes in the gingival exudate and the oral hygiene indices. The number of leukocytes increased significantly during the period of toothbrushing with the Fluoride dentifrice, whereas in the OHI no change was evident.", "PMID": 387941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8051", "title": "Insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets in the female rat. Short and long term oestradiol influence.", "content": "An increase in the two phases of glucose-induced insulin response is observed after an oestradiol (E2) treatment or after a direct E2 action on the female rat perfused pancreas. To study such effects, experiments were carried out with isolated islets of Langerhans, and especially with a dynamic method : perifusion of the islets. The same long term E2 permissive effect was obtained with isolated islets submitted to a glucose stimulation. On the contrary, the direct E2 action seen in glucose-stimulated perfused pancreas was found neither with incubation tests, nor with perifusion studies, whatever the experimental conditions (E2 or glucose doses, exposure times, oestrous or spayed rats, 100 instead of 25 islets per perifusion chamber). The differences between isolated islets of Langerhans and the whole perfused pancreas preparation are discussed.", "contents": "Insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets in the female rat. Short and long term oestradiol influence. An increase in the two phases of glucose-induced insulin response is observed after an oestradiol (E2) treatment or after a direct E2 action on the female rat perfused pancreas. To study such effects, experiments were carried out with isolated islets of Langerhans, and especially with a dynamic method : perifusion of the islets. The same long term E2 permissive effect was obtained with isolated islets submitted to a glucose stimulation. On the contrary, the direct E2 action seen in glucose-stimulated perfused pancreas was found neither with incubation tests, nor with perifusion studies, whatever the experimental conditions (E2 or glucose doses, exposure times, oestrous or spayed rats, 100 instead of 25 islets per perifusion chamber). The differences between isolated islets of Langerhans and the whole perfused pancreas preparation are discussed.", "PMID": 387949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8052", "title": "The self-concepts of regular transcendental meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators.", "content": "Regular meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale twice over a six month period (N = 32 Australian men and women). Results showed that regular meditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer of the characteristics associated with psychosis. Nonmeditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer characteristics associated with psychosis and personality integration. Regular meditators as compared to nonmeditators have a more positive perception of their behavior. The findings provide a personality description of the dropout meditators which may be useful for screening prospective meditators.", "contents": "The self-concepts of regular transcendental meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators. Regular meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale twice over a six month period (N = 32 Australian men and women). Results showed that regular meditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer of the characteristics associated with psychosis. Nonmeditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer characteristics associated with psychosis and personality integration. Regular meditators as compared to nonmeditators have a more positive perception of their behavior. The findings provide a personality description of the dropout meditators which may be useful for screening prospective meditators.", "PMID": 387951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8053", "title": "Scientific publications of a medical school faculty.", "content": "To characterize patterns of scientific productivity in a medical school faculty, the authors assessed the quantity and apparent scientific quality of publications by a large sample of the full-time faculty at Baylor College of Medicine. The apparent quality of an article in a given journal was taken to be the average extent to which articles in that journal are cited. Productivity varied greatly among the faculty members; a few prolific authors produced 10 times as much as the average of their colleagues, and a substantial fraction of the faculty published nothing in a four-year period. When productivity was related to length of academic career, two peaks of scientific accomplishment were noted. The first was for young faculty members whose relatively few publications were of high apparent quality. The second was for more mature faculty whose high productivity was attributable to more publications of less apparent quality.", "contents": "Scientific publications of a medical school faculty. To characterize patterns of scientific productivity in a medical school faculty, the authors assessed the quantity and apparent scientific quality of publications by a large sample of the full-time faculty at Baylor College of Medicine. The apparent quality of an article in a given journal was taken to be the average extent to which articles in that journal are cited. Productivity varied greatly among the faculty members; a few prolific authors produced 10 times as much as the average of their colleagues, and a substantial fraction of the faculty published nothing in a four-year period. When productivity was related to length of academic career, two peaks of scientific accomplishment were noted. The first was for young faculty members whose relatively few publications were of high apparent quality. The second was for more mature faculty whose high productivity was attributable to more publications of less apparent quality.", "PMID": 387957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8054", "title": "Immunological studies in thymectomized and non-thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Eleven thymectomized and ten non-thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis, matched with respect to sex, age, duration and severity of the disease were investigated with respect to routine clinical features, electrophysiological examination, HLA-typing, auto-antibodies, lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, Concanavalin A-induced release of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF), in vitro lymphocyte activation by mitogens and antigens and response to primary immunization with dinitrochlorobenzene measured in vivo and in vitro. The following conclusions could be drawn. The immune response to external antigens seems to be normal in myasthenia gravis and thymectomy is not followed by general defects in immune competence; at least as investigated by current techniques. The only reduction of responsiveness demonstrable in the thymectomized group was a decreased release of LIF by Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. Primary immune responses appear to be increased after adult thymectomy, which may be due to a decrease in suppressor T-lymphocyte activity. A hypothesis is formulated that Concanavalin A-induced release of LIF may reflect the competence of suppressor T-lymphocytes in man.", "contents": "Immunological studies in thymectomized and non-thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis. Eleven thymectomized and ten non-thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis, matched with respect to sex, age, duration and severity of the disease were investigated with respect to routine clinical features, electrophysiological examination, HLA-typing, auto-antibodies, lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, Concanavalin A-induced release of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF), in vitro lymphocyte activation by mitogens and antigens and response to primary immunization with dinitrochlorobenzene measured in vivo and in vitro. The following conclusions could be drawn. The immune response to external antigens seems to be normal in myasthenia gravis and thymectomy is not followed by general defects in immune competence; at least as investigated by current techniques. The only reduction of responsiveness demonstrable in the thymectomized group was a decreased release of LIF by Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. Primary immune responses appear to be increased after adult thymectomy, which may be due to a decrease in suppressor T-lymphocyte activity. A hypothesis is formulated that Concanavalin A-induced release of LIF may reflect the competence of suppressor T-lymphocytes in man.", "PMID": 387958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8055", "title": "Immune complexes in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent (type I) diabetics.", "content": "Soluble immune complexes (AgAb) and islet cell antibodies (ICAb) were studied in 110 insulin dependent diabetics (IDD) within a week of diagnosis and in about a third of the patients after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. AgAb were studied by the solid phase Clq binding test in all the patients and also by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay in 52 sera at diagnosis. Diabetics at diagnosis showed a significantly higher incidence of AgAb in comparison with the control population. AgAb positivity declined with increasing time from diagnosis to reach the normal range within 3 months. Both the Clq and the Raji methods revealed a significant correlation at diagnosis between the occurrence at AgAb and the presence of ICAb. The possibility exists that AgAb, perhaps comprised of pancreatic antigen and ICAb, may be involved in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes.", "contents": "Immune complexes in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent (type I) diabetics. Soluble immune complexes (AgAb) and islet cell antibodies (ICAb) were studied in 110 insulin dependent diabetics (IDD) within a week of diagnosis and in about a third of the patients after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. AgAb were studied by the solid phase Clq binding test in all the patients and also by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay in 52 sera at diagnosis. Diabetics at diagnosis showed a significantly higher incidence of AgAb in comparison with the control population. AgAb positivity declined with increasing time from diagnosis to reach the normal range within 3 months. Both the Clq and the Raji methods revealed a significant correlation at diagnosis between the occurrence at AgAb and the presence of ICAb. The possibility exists that AgAb, perhaps comprised of pancreatic antigen and ICAb, may be involved in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes.", "PMID": 387959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8056", "title": "Expression of HBsAg on the membrane of hepatocytes in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Liver cell membrane localization of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in 31 asymptomatic chronic carriers by a direct immunofluorescence technique. A close relationship was found between absence of inflammatory liver disease, presence of large amounts of HBsAg in the liver and expression of the antigen at the hepatocyte surface. Capping of HBsAg after the addition of anti-HBs serum could be inhibited by factors (temperature, metabolic inhibition) that are known to influence viral antigenic mobility at the cell surface. In two patients with chronic active hepatitis as well as in some cases showing histological features of focal parenchymal necrosis, HBsAg could be detected in the cytoplasm of a few scattered hepatocytes but never at the surface of the cells. Both the cases with CAH and one with focal parenchymal necrosis had IgG bound to the liver cell membrane. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the absence of liver damage in HBsAg healthy chronic carriers is related to immune tolerance to the antigen. In chronic active liver disease the presence of IgG on the membrane of hepatocytes suggests a possible role of blocking antibodies directed against viral antigens expressed at the hepatocyte surface.", "contents": "Expression of HBsAg on the membrane of hepatocytes in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus infection. Liver cell membrane localization of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in 31 asymptomatic chronic carriers by a direct immunofluorescence technique. A close relationship was found between absence of inflammatory liver disease, presence of large amounts of HBsAg in the liver and expression of the antigen at the hepatocyte surface. Capping of HBsAg after the addition of anti-HBs serum could be inhibited by factors (temperature, metabolic inhibition) that are known to influence viral antigenic mobility at the cell surface. In two patients with chronic active hepatitis as well as in some cases showing histological features of focal parenchymal necrosis, HBsAg could be detected in the cytoplasm of a few scattered hepatocytes but never at the surface of the cells. Both the cases with CAH and one with focal parenchymal necrosis had IgG bound to the liver cell membrane. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the absence of liver damage in HBsAg healthy chronic carriers is related to immune tolerance to the antigen. In chronic active liver disease the presence of IgG on the membrane of hepatocytes suggests a possible role of blocking antibodies directed against viral antigens expressed at the hepatocyte surface.", "PMID": 387960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8057", "title": "The response of young chronically protein-deficient mice to multiple antigenic challenge.", "content": "Responses to two or more antigens given together or separated by an interval of up to four days were determined in young mice maintained from weaning on a 4% albumin diet, and compared with those of normally-fed controls. Simultaneous challenge with several antigens did not affect antibody production in mice of either dietary group (\"Simultaneous Competition\") and the responses of normal and protein-deficient mice to sheep or rat erythrocytes were similarly produced by the prior injection of horse or sheep cells (\"Sequential Competition\"). However, the low protein diet broadened the conditions under which primary and secondary injections of diphtheria toxoid impaired primary responses to tetanus toxoid. These findings are discussed in relation to mechanisms previously proposed to explain antigenic competition, with a view to explaining the effects of protein-deficiency on antibody production.", "contents": "The response of young chronically protein-deficient mice to multiple antigenic challenge. Responses to two or more antigens given together or separated by an interval of up to four days were determined in young mice maintained from weaning on a 4% albumin diet, and compared with those of normally-fed controls. Simultaneous challenge with several antigens did not affect antibody production in mice of either dietary group (\"Simultaneous Competition\") and the responses of normal and protein-deficient mice to sheep or rat erythrocytes were similarly produced by the prior injection of horse or sheep cells (\"Sequential Competition\"). However, the low protein diet broadened the conditions under which primary and secondary injections of diphtheria toxoid impaired primary responses to tetanus toxoid. These findings are discussed in relation to mechanisms previously proposed to explain antigenic competition, with a view to explaining the effects of protein-deficiency on antibody production.", "PMID": 387962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8058", "title": "In vitro fixation of guinea pig complement by renal biopsies.", "content": "The in vitro fixation of heterologous complement by cryostat sections of human renal biopsy material was studied to determine the mechanism of complement activation. Various types of guinea pig sera with different parts of the complement system inhibited were used, the fixation of complement being detected by direct immunofluorescence. Cases of idiopathic focal nephritis with mesangial IgA (mesangial IgA disease), Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP) and mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) fixed complement by the alternative pathway alone and in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) both the classical and alternative pathways were involved. Only one of the seven cases of membranous glomerulonephritis fixed complement and this was by the classical pathway. After prior treatment with C3b inactivator, the in vitro complement fixation in mesangial IgA disease, HSP and MCGN was greatly reduced. In SLE it was slightly reduced and in membranous glomerulonephritis there was no change. This is a convenient method of studying the biological properties of complexes which is believed to reflect the in vivo behaviour of the tissue deposited complex.", "contents": "In vitro fixation of guinea pig complement by renal biopsies. The in vitro fixation of heterologous complement by cryostat sections of human renal biopsy material was studied to determine the mechanism of complement activation. Various types of guinea pig sera with different parts of the complement system inhibited were used, the fixation of complement being detected by direct immunofluorescence. Cases of idiopathic focal nephritis with mesangial IgA (mesangial IgA disease), Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP) and mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) fixed complement by the alternative pathway alone and in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) both the classical and alternative pathways were involved. Only one of the seven cases of membranous glomerulonephritis fixed complement and this was by the classical pathway. After prior treatment with C3b inactivator, the in vitro complement fixation in mesangial IgA disease, HSP and MCGN was greatly reduced. In SLE it was slightly reduced and in membranous glomerulonephritis there was no change. This is a convenient method of studying the biological properties of complexes which is believed to reflect the in vivo behaviour of the tissue deposited complex.", "PMID": 387964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8059", "title": "Centimeter- and millimeter-wave thermography--a survey on tumor detection.", "content": "Thermography at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths can measure subsurface temperatures of the human body. Radiative and bio-heat transfer influence the wavelength dependent subcutaneous temperature and spatial resolution. Recent clinical results in treatment monitoring of arthritis, detection of tumors in the neck and brain area, and breast cancer are reviewed.", "contents": "Centimeter- and millimeter-wave thermography--a survey on tumor detection. Thermography at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths can measure subsurface temperatures of the human body. Radiative and bio-heat transfer influence the wavelength dependent subcutaneous temperature and spatial resolution. Recent clinical results in treatment monitoring of arthritis, detection of tumors in the neck and brain area, and breast cancer are reviewed.", "PMID": 387966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8060", "title": "Skin lesions of the extensor surfaces of interphalangeal joints: surgical approach.", "content": "A method of immediate grafting of interphalangeal joint skin defects after lesions are excised is presented.", "contents": "Skin lesions of the extensor surfaces of interphalangeal joints: surgical approach. A method of immediate grafting of interphalangeal joint skin defects after lesions are excised is presented.", "PMID": 387968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8061", "title": "Biofeedback and relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiological disorders: or are the machines really necessary?", "content": "The literature on the use of biofeedback and various forms of relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiological disorders was reviewed; special attention was devoted to studies in which biofeedback and some form of relaxation training were compared. Based on this review, we conclude that there is no consistent advantage for one form of treatment over the other with any psychophysiological disorder for which a comparison has been made, e.g., essential hypertension, migraine headaches, premature ventricular contractions, tension headaches, temporomandibular joint pain, asthma, primary dysmenorrhea, and functional diarrhea. For other disorders in which no comparisons have been made (e.g., Raynaud's disease, sinus tachycardia, peptic uclers, and fecal incontinence) biofeedback seems to be a very promising treatment modality.", "contents": "Biofeedback and relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiological disorders: or are the machines really necessary? The literature on the use of biofeedback and various forms of relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiological disorders was reviewed; special attention was devoted to studies in which biofeedback and some form of relaxation training were compared. Based on this review, we conclude that there is no consistent advantage for one form of treatment over the other with any psychophysiological disorder for which a comparison has been made, e.g., essential hypertension, migraine headaches, premature ventricular contractions, tension headaches, temporomandibular joint pain, asthma, primary dysmenorrhea, and functional diarrhea. For other disorders in which no comparisons have been made (e.g., Raynaud's disease, sinus tachycardia, peptic uclers, and fecal incontinence) biofeedback seems to be a very promising treatment modality.", "PMID": 387967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8062", "title": "A study to evaluate non-fatal rabies in animals.", "content": "Brains and salivary glands of stray dogs, cats and wild mammals were examined for latent rabies virus. Sera of these animals were tested for rabits neutralizing antibody. Dogs and rodents of the gerbil species were experimentally infected with rabies viruses tryping to produce nonfatal rabies. The following conclusions are made: 1. Naturally occurring nonfatal rabies infection evidenced by recovery of the virus was not present in the stray dogs examined and could not be produced experimentally. 2. Among wild gerbils showing no signs of disease, recovery of (latent) virus was possible but this condition could not be reproduced experimentally. However they could have been in the incubation stage. 3. Development of rabies neutralizing antibody did not occur naturally in wild rodents, but occurred in dogs. Antibody to rabies was detected in surviving gerbils after experimental infection. The antibody probably develops subsequent to sublinical nonfatal infection. 4. Non-fatal infection, indicated either by recovery of rabies virus or detection of neutralizing antibody, was not detected among the examined cats.", "contents": "A study to evaluate non-fatal rabies in animals. Brains and salivary glands of stray dogs, cats and wild mammals were examined for latent rabies virus. Sera of these animals were tested for rabits neutralizing antibody. Dogs and rodents of the gerbil species were experimentally infected with rabies viruses tryping to produce nonfatal rabies. The following conclusions are made: 1. Naturally occurring nonfatal rabies infection evidenced by recovery of the virus was not present in the stray dogs examined and could not be produced experimentally. 2. Among wild gerbils showing no signs of disease, recovery of (latent) virus was possible but this condition could not be reproduced experimentally. However they could have been in the incubation stage. 3. Development of rabies neutralizing antibody did not occur naturally in wild rodents, but occurred in dogs. Antibody to rabies was detected in surviving gerbils after experimental infection. The antibody probably develops subsequent to sublinical nonfatal infection. 4. Non-fatal infection, indicated either by recovery of rabies virus or detection of neutralizing antibody, was not detected among the examined cats.", "PMID": 387971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8063", "title": "Immunocompetence of the guinea pig's middle ear.", "content": "Immunocompetence of the middle ear was studied in guinea pigs in two series of experiments. The first, afferent phase, consisted of grafting iso and allografts in the guinea pig's middle ear to sensitize the animals which were later to receive a skin graft on the back. The second, efferent phase, first sensitized the animals with a skin graft on their back and later in the middle ear. The results show a rather low capacity of the middle ear to elicit a second-set rejection of the skin grafts. This lack of sensitization is explained by the authors by the concept of tolerance.", "contents": "Immunocompetence of the guinea pig's middle ear. Immunocompetence of the middle ear was studied in guinea pigs in two series of experiments. The first, afferent phase, consisted of grafting iso and allografts in the guinea pig's middle ear to sensitize the animals which were later to receive a skin graft on the back. The second, efferent phase, first sensitized the animals with a skin graft on their back and later in the middle ear. The results show a rather low capacity of the middle ear to elicit a second-set rejection of the skin grafts. This lack of sensitization is explained by the authors by the concept of tolerance.", "PMID": 387972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8064", "title": "Recombination in bacteriophage T1 in the presence of host restriction.", "content": "When unmodified phage T1 infects restricting host cells at high multiplicities of infection, there is an increase in recombination frequency in all regions of the T1 map compared to the level of recombination in standard crosses when short distances are examined. The enhancement of recombination frequency is not uniform for all regions but is greatest for markers near the center of the map and not so great for markers near the ends. Crosses between markers at the extremities of the map show that there is no increase in recombination frequency under restriction conditions. An examination of phage T1 heterozygotes suggests that an increase of ends created by the process of P1 restriction increases recombination. When T1 crosses are done in the absence of host restriction, recombination defects in the host have no effect on phage recombination and we conclude that phage T1 codes for its own recombination genes. Host recombination functions are also dispensable for the recombination occurring during infection of restricting host cells by unmodified phage at high multiplicities of infection.", "contents": "Recombination in bacteriophage T1 in the presence of host restriction. When unmodified phage T1 infects restricting host cells at high multiplicities of infection, there is an increase in recombination frequency in all regions of the T1 map compared to the level of recombination in standard crosses when short distances are examined. The enhancement of recombination frequency is not uniform for all regions but is greatest for markers near the center of the map and not so great for markers near the ends. Crosses between markers at the extremities of the map show that there is no increase in recombination frequency under restriction conditions. An examination of phage T1 heterozygotes suggests that an increase of ends created by the process of P1 restriction increases recombination. When T1 crosses are done in the absence of host restriction, recombination defects in the host have no effect on phage recombination and we conclude that phage T1 codes for its own recombination genes. Host recombination functions are also dispensable for the recombination occurring during infection of restricting host cells by unmodified phage at high multiplicities of infection.", "PMID": 387975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8065", "title": "Accumulation of bacteriophage T7 head-related particles in an Escherichia coli mutant.", "content": "Upon infection with bacteriophage T7, a newly isolated mutant strain of Escherichia coli, Y49, produces T7-specific macromolecules including DNA almost normally. However, concatemeric T7 progeny DNA molecules, synthesized in Y49 cells, are later cleaved abnormally, resulting in an accumulation of DNA molecules shorter in size than the T7 genome and a poor production of progeny phage (Y. Yamada, J. Silnutzer, and D. Nakada, J. Mol. Biol. 121:95-111, 1978). The abnormal cutting of concatemeric T7 DNA in Y49 cells is accompanied by a simultaneous accumulation of large amounts of two types of phage head-related particles, proheads and newly found \"X particles.\" Lysates from normal T7 infection of parental cells also contain X particles, although to a lesser amount. Electron microscopic examination of phage head-related particles (i.e., proheads, X particles, and empty heads), gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins in these particles, and kinetic studies on the appearance and fate of these particles suggest that X particles are likely to be intermediary structures between proheads and phage heads probably derived from proheads during the process of T7 DNA packaging. Our data also suggest that empty heads are not precursors to phage heads but are derived from proheads as by-products probably due to an abortive attempt to package T7 DNA. The host mutation in Y49 strain appears to block a step of T7 DNA processing and packaging pathway after generation of X particles from proheads.", "contents": "Accumulation of bacteriophage T7 head-related particles in an Escherichia coli mutant. Upon infection with bacteriophage T7, a newly isolated mutant strain of Escherichia coli, Y49, produces T7-specific macromolecules including DNA almost normally. However, concatemeric T7 progeny DNA molecules, synthesized in Y49 cells, are later cleaved abnormally, resulting in an accumulation of DNA molecules shorter in size than the T7 genome and a poor production of progeny phage (Y. Yamada, J. Silnutzer, and D. Nakada, J. Mol. Biol. 121:95-111, 1978). The abnormal cutting of concatemeric T7 DNA in Y49 cells is accompanied by a simultaneous accumulation of large amounts of two types of phage head-related particles, proheads and newly found \"X particles.\" Lysates from normal T7 infection of parental cells also contain X particles, although to a lesser amount. Electron microscopic examination of phage head-related particles (i.e., proheads, X particles, and empty heads), gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins in these particles, and kinetic studies on the appearance and fate of these particles suggest that X particles are likely to be intermediary structures between proheads and phage heads probably derived from proheads during the process of T7 DNA packaging. Our data also suggest that empty heads are not precursors to phage heads but are derived from proheads as by-products probably due to an abortive attempt to package T7 DNA. The host mutation in Y49 strain appears to block a step of T7 DNA processing and packaging pathway after generation of X particles from proheads.", "PMID": 387976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8066", "title": "Biochemical characterization of temperature-sensitive rabies virus mutants.", "content": "Biochemical characterization of 70 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of rabies virus has been done by following the appearance of viral proteins and RNA molecules in infected cells at both permissive and nonpermissive temperature. The presence or absence of the nucleocapsid protein (N) was demonstrated by treating infected cells with anti-N fluorescent antibodies. At 33 degrees C, all the mutants induced a fluorescence comparable to the wild type. At 39.6 degrees C, the mutants can be classified into three groups. Three mutants induced a fluorescence comparable to the wild type (F+ mutants); 54 mutants induced a faint fluorescence which was proportional to the multiplicity of infection and increased with time (F+- mutants). No fluorescence could be detected for the 13 remaining mutants (F- mutants). The synthesis of all viral proteins was shown to be normal for F+ mutants, indicating that transcription and replication of the virus were normal and that the ts lesion was located in a protein which is not directly required for those functions. The synthesis of all viral proteins was similarly decreased for F+- mutants and undetectable for the F- mutants. This suggests that the ts lesion affects the transcription and/or replication of the virus. By annealing techniques it was demonstrated that the F+- mutants were able to perform some amount of secondary transcription at nonpermissive temperature. No secondary transcription occurred with F- mutants. When detectable (i.e., at higher multiplicity of infection), primary transcription of F- mutants was normal.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of temperature-sensitive rabies virus mutants. Biochemical characterization of 70 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of rabies virus has been done by following the appearance of viral proteins and RNA molecules in infected cells at both permissive and nonpermissive temperature. The presence or absence of the nucleocapsid protein (N) was demonstrated by treating infected cells with anti-N fluorescent antibodies. At 33 degrees C, all the mutants induced a fluorescence comparable to the wild type. At 39.6 degrees C, the mutants can be classified into three groups. Three mutants induced a fluorescence comparable to the wild type (F+ mutants); 54 mutants induced a faint fluorescence which was proportional to the multiplicity of infection and increased with time (F+- mutants). No fluorescence could be detected for the 13 remaining mutants (F- mutants). The synthesis of all viral proteins was shown to be normal for F+ mutants, indicating that transcription and replication of the virus were normal and that the ts lesion was located in a protein which is not directly required for those functions. The synthesis of all viral proteins was similarly decreased for F+- mutants and undetectable for the F- mutants. This suggests that the ts lesion affects the transcription and/or replication of the virus. By annealing techniques it was demonstrated that the F+- mutants were able to perform some amount of secondary transcription at nonpermissive temperature. No secondary transcription occurred with F- mutants. When detectable (i.e., at higher multiplicity of infection), primary transcription of F- mutants was normal.", "PMID": 387977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8067", "title": "Is abortive infection by bacteriophage BF23 of Escherichia coli harboring ColIb plasmids due to cell killing by internally liberated colicin Ib?", "content": "Infection of Escherichia coli harboring ColIb+ plasmids with bacteriophage BF23+ is abortive and resulted in changes of membrane permeability as measured by efflux of nucleotides and K+. A single pre-early gene product of BF23+ was necessary and sufficient to elicit the abortive response. Appropriate mutations in this pre-early gene allowed a productive infection in ColIb+ cells. Appropriate mutations in the ColIb plasmid also allowed a productive infection with BF23+. A comparison of changes occurring during abortive infection and during killing of sensitive cells by external colicin Ib or Ia, together with certain genetic data, has led to the conclusion that membrane changes accompanying the two phenomena are the result of a common mechanism, namely, the interaction of free colicin with the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Is abortive infection by bacteriophage BF23 of Escherichia coli harboring ColIb plasmids due to cell killing by internally liberated colicin Ib? Infection of Escherichia coli harboring ColIb+ plasmids with bacteriophage BF23+ is abortive and resulted in changes of membrane permeability as measured by efflux of nucleotides and K+. A single pre-early gene product of BF23+ was necessary and sufficient to elicit the abortive response. Appropriate mutations in this pre-early gene allowed a productive infection in ColIb+ cells. Appropriate mutations in the ColIb plasmid also allowed a productive infection with BF23+. A comparison of changes occurring during abortive infection and during killing of sensitive cells by external colicin Ib or Ia, together with certain genetic data, has led to the conclusion that membrane changes accompanying the two phenomena are the result of a common mechanism, namely, the interaction of free colicin with the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 387978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8068", "title": "Salmonella bacteriophage glycanases: endorhamnosidases of Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages.", "content": "Twelve bacteriphages lysing only smooth Salmonella typhimurium strains were shown to have similar morphology--an icosahedric head to which a short, noncontractile tail carrying six spikes was attached. All phages degraded their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors as shown by their ability to cleave off [14C]galactosyl-containing oligosaccharides from S. typhimurium cells labeled in their LPS. The oligosaccharides inhibited the alpha-D-galactosyl-specific Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin agglutination of human type B erythrocytes, indicating that all 12 phage glycanases were of endorhamnosidase specificity, i.e., hydrolyzed the alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactopyranosyl linkage in the S. typhimurium O-polysaccharide chain. Two of the phages, 28B and 36, were studied in more detail. Whereas the phage 28B glycanase hydrolyzed the S. typhimurium LPS into dodeca- and octasaccharides, the phage 36 glycanase in addition cleaved off tetrasaccharides. Both phage enzymes hydrolyzed the O-polysaccharide chains of LPS from Salmonella belonging to serogroups A, B, and D1, which are built up of tetrasaccharide-repeating units identical except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxyhexopyranosyl group (R). : FORMULA:(SEE TEXT). The phage 28B and 36 endorhamnosidases hydrolyzed also an LPS from which the 3,6-dideoxyhexosyl substituents had previously been hydrolyzed off. However, neither of the enzymes was active on LPS preparations in which the C2-C3 bond of the L-rhamnopyranosyl ring had been opened by periodate oxidation. Glucosylation at O-6 of the D-galactopyranosyl residues in the S. typhimurium LPS was found to be incompatible with hydrolysis by both enzymes. However, in an LPS glucosylated at O-4 of the D-galactopyranosyl residues, the adjacent alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl linkages were found to be perferentially cleaved.", "contents": "Salmonella bacteriophage glycanases: endorhamnosidases of Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages. Twelve bacteriphages lysing only smooth Salmonella typhimurium strains were shown to have similar morphology--an icosahedric head to which a short, noncontractile tail carrying six spikes was attached. All phages degraded their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors as shown by their ability to cleave off [14C]galactosyl-containing oligosaccharides from S. typhimurium cells labeled in their LPS. The oligosaccharides inhibited the alpha-D-galactosyl-specific Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin agglutination of human type B erythrocytes, indicating that all 12 phage glycanases were of endorhamnosidase specificity, i.e., hydrolyzed the alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactopyranosyl linkage in the S. typhimurium O-polysaccharide chain. Two of the phages, 28B and 36, were studied in more detail. Whereas the phage 28B glycanase hydrolyzed the S. typhimurium LPS into dodeca- and octasaccharides, the phage 36 glycanase in addition cleaved off tetrasaccharides. Both phage enzymes hydrolyzed the O-polysaccharide chains of LPS from Salmonella belonging to serogroups A, B, and D1, which are built up of tetrasaccharide-repeating units identical except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxyhexopyranosyl group (R). : FORMULA:(SEE TEXT). The phage 28B and 36 endorhamnosidases hydrolyzed also an LPS from which the 3,6-dideoxyhexosyl substituents had previously been hydrolyzed off. However, neither of the enzymes was active on LPS preparations in which the C2-C3 bond of the L-rhamnopyranosyl ring had been opened by periodate oxidation. Glucosylation at O-6 of the D-galactopyranosyl residues in the S. typhimurium LPS was found to be incompatible with hydrolysis by both enzymes. However, in an LPS glucosylated at O-4 of the D-galactopyranosyl residues, the adjacent alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl linkages were found to be perferentially cleaved.", "PMID": 387979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8069", "title": "Evolution of defective-interfering double-stranded RNAs of the yeast killer virus.", "content": "We have characterized by T1 fingerprint analysis several defective interfering (DI) double-stranded RNAs of the simple yeast virus ScV. A common sequence of about 0.5 to 0.6 kilobase pairs, including both 3' termini of the parental RNA, was present in each DI RNA. Several DI RNAs had novel T1 oligonucleotides not present in their parental RNA.", "contents": "Evolution of defective-interfering double-stranded RNAs of the yeast killer virus. We have characterized by T1 fingerprint analysis several defective interfering (DI) double-stranded RNAs of the simple yeast virus ScV. A common sequence of about 0.5 to 0.6 kilobase pairs, including both 3' termini of the parental RNA, was present in each DI RNA. Several DI RNAs had novel T1 oligonucleotides not present in their parental RNA.", "PMID": 387980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8070", "title": "The treatment of infection stones with penicillin.", "content": "The use of oral penicillin therapy is important in the management of renal stones secondary to Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infections. In 16 of 20 patients (80 per cent) with struvite renal calculi infected with Proteus mirabilis a sterile urine was achieved with appropriate penicillin therapy and diminution in stone size occurred in at least 2 cases. The rationale, supporting data and therapeutic uses are discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of infection stones with penicillin. The use of oral penicillin therapy is important in the management of renal stones secondary to Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infections. In 16 of 20 patients (80 per cent) with struvite renal calculi infected with Proteus mirabilis a sterile urine was achieved with appropriate penicillin therapy and diminution in stone size occurred in at least 2 cases. The rationale, supporting data and therapeutic uses are discussed.", "PMID": 387982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8071", "title": "Simple transvesical repair of vesicovaginal fistula.", "content": "A simple transvesical repair of uncomplicated small vesicovaginal fistulas was done successfully on 40 consecutive patients. More extensive procedures using combined intraperitoneal-transvesical approaches with extensive dissection and omental flaps probably are necessary for the repair of large, complicated or irradiated fistulas. However, these are not often encountered in urological practice. The method described herein is recommended for fistulas encountered more frequently.", "contents": "Simple transvesical repair of vesicovaginal fistula. A simple transvesical repair of uncomplicated small vesicovaginal fistulas was done successfully on 40 consecutive patients. More extensive procedures using combined intraperitoneal-transvesical approaches with extensive dissection and omental flaps probably are necessary for the repair of large, complicated or irradiated fistulas. However, these are not often encountered in urological practice. The method described herein is recommended for fistulas encountered more frequently.", "PMID": 387983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8072", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis in the problem of suspected gonococcal infection.", "content": "Proper laboratory techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis and detection of gonorrhea. While the smear is efficacious in diagnosing symptomatic urethral gonorrhea in men, it is not reliable for cervical, rectal, pharyngeal, or asymptomatic urethral infection. We have seen the development of four systems of culturing geared toward the office practitioner or where a complete laboratory is not available. They are as follows: Transgrow (transport), Neigon JEMBEC (transport or nontransport), Isocult, and Microcult systems. The Neigon JEMBEC system offers a good choice for the office practitioner. The use of proper diagnostic and culturing techniques and routine screening should bring about an increase in the amount of gonorrhea detected, treated, and subsequently removed from the reservoir of infection.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis in the problem of suspected gonococcal infection. Proper laboratory techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis and detection of gonorrhea. While the smear is efficacious in diagnosing symptomatic urethral gonorrhea in men, it is not reliable for cervical, rectal, pharyngeal, or asymptomatic urethral infection. We have seen the development of four systems of culturing geared toward the office practitioner or where a complete laboratory is not available. They are as follows: Transgrow (transport), Neigon JEMBEC (transport or nontransport), Isocult, and Microcult systems. The Neigon JEMBEC system offers a good choice for the office practitioner. The use of proper diagnostic and culturing techniques and routine screening should bring about an increase in the amount of gonorrhea detected, treated, and subsequently removed from the reservoir of infection.", "PMID": 387987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8073", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin I2 on cyclical reductions of coronary blood flow.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin (PG) I2 and the agents which affect PG and thromboxane (TX) generating systems on cyclical reductions of blood flow in the partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dogs were examined. Cyclical reductions were eliminated by PG I2, but not by PG D2, and were augmented by 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid and tranylcypromine that inhibited synthesis of PG I2. The cyclical reductions were also eliminated by Cu-chlorophylline that inhibited synthesis of PG E2 and accelerated synthesis of TX A2, but were not by imidazole and 1-methyl imidazole that inhibited synthesis of TX A2. The results in this and in the previous studies indicate that not TX A2 but PG E2 participates as an inducer while PG I2 participates as an inhibitor in cyclical reductions of coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin I2 on cyclical reductions of coronary blood flow. The effects of prostaglandin (PG) I2 and the agents which affect PG and thromboxane (TX) generating systems on cyclical reductions of blood flow in the partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dogs were examined. Cyclical reductions were eliminated by PG I2, but not by PG D2, and were augmented by 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid and tranylcypromine that inhibited synthesis of PG I2. The cyclical reductions were also eliminated by Cu-chlorophylline that inhibited synthesis of PG E2 and accelerated synthesis of TX A2, but were not by imidazole and 1-methyl imidazole that inhibited synthesis of TX A2. The results in this and in the previous studies indicate that not TX A2 but PG E2 participates as an inducer while PG I2 participates as an inhibitor in cyclical reductions of coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 387990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8074", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefamandole (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole (CMD). The results are as follows: The sensitivity was measured by plate dilution method on 26 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients. The distribution of sensitivity of S. aureus was 0.39 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of E. coli was 0.78 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml, and K. pneumoniae, 1.56 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium was 6.25 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml and its peak was 6.25 micrograms/ml. CMD were given intravenously for 30 and 60 minutes at a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight to 6 children. The serum mean levels of CMD were 105.3 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 15.1 micrograms/ml at 1.5 hours, 1.6 micrograms/ml at 2.5 hours after drip infusion for 30 minutes, respectively, and 34.7, 5.2, 0.6 micrograms/ml at 1, 2, 3 hours after drip infusion for 60 minutes, respectively. And the serum level at 4 hours after administration was not detected. The mean urinary excretion rates were 73.3% in the drip infusion for 30 minutes and 60.7% in its for 60 minutes, up to 8 hours after administration. Half life was 26 minutes. CMD was effective in 18 of 21 cases of bacterial infections. No side effects were observed except for 2 cases with elevation of serum transaminase.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefamandole (author's transl)]. The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole (CMD). The results are as follows: The sensitivity was measured by plate dilution method on 26 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients. The distribution of sensitivity of S. aureus was 0.39 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of E. coli was 0.78 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml, and K. pneumoniae, 1.56 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium was 6.25 approximately greater than 100 micrograms/ml and its peak was 6.25 micrograms/ml. CMD were given intravenously for 30 and 60 minutes at a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight to 6 children. The serum mean levels of CMD were 105.3 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 15.1 micrograms/ml at 1.5 hours, 1.6 micrograms/ml at 2.5 hours after drip infusion for 30 minutes, respectively, and 34.7, 5.2, 0.6 micrograms/ml at 1, 2, 3 hours after drip infusion for 60 minutes, respectively. And the serum level at 4 hours after administration was not detected. The mean urinary excretion rates were 73.3% in the drip infusion for 30 minutes and 60.7% in its for 60 minutes, up to 8 hours after administration. Half life was 26 minutes. CMD was effective in 18 of 21 cases of bacterial infections. No side effects were observed except for 2 cases with elevation of serum transaminase.", "PMID": 387993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8075", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of cefamandole in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical trials were carried out with cafamandole (sodium salt) in pediatric infections. Results were as follows; 1. CMD was applied to 13 patients with pneumonia, 1 patient each with submandibular abscess, urinary tract infection and bacterial meningitis. 2. Results were excellent in 1 and good in 13 patients, being overall efficacy rate 93.3%. 3. Slight elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in 1 patient. No other serious side effects were observed or reported.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of cefamandole in infants and children (author's transl)]. Clinical trials were carried out with cafamandole (sodium salt) in pediatric infections. Results were as follows; 1. CMD was applied to 13 patients with pneumonia, 1 patient each with submandibular abscess, urinary tract infection and bacterial meningitis. 2. Results were excellent in 1 and good in 13 patients, being overall efficacy rate 93.3%. 3. Slight elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in 1 patient. No other serious side effects were observed or reported.", "PMID": 387995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8076", "title": "Computer analysis of vectorcardiograms in myocardial infarction with special reference to polar vector and planarity of the QRS and T loops.", "content": "Spatial characteristics of the QRS and T loops in 110 patients with old myocardial infarction were analysed in comparison with 221 normal subjects. Measured were (1) QRS and T polar vectors, (2) initial 20- and 30-msec segmental QRS polar vectors, and (3) length, width, thickness, and ratios of width/length and thickness/length of the QRS and T loops in edgewise and broadside projections. Broadside and edgewise projections were obtained by transformation of the reference frame of the Frank lead system to a patient's own frame based on the polar vector. The recognition rates of abnormality in the QRS and T polar vectors were 66% and 60% of a total of 110 patients with myocardial infarction. The initial 30 msec segmental QRS polar vector showed the highest recognition rate of abnormality in myocardial infarction, i.e., 87% in anterior myocardial infarction, 100% in extensive anterior myocardial infarction and 78% in inferior myocardial infarction. The initial segmental QRS polar vector was abnormally deviated posteriorly and superiorly in inferior myocardial infarction. In anterior myocardial infarction, the initial segmental polar vector was directed inferiorly in more than 50% of the cases, while the vector in normal subjects was located superiorly and to the left. The QRS loop of anterior myocardial infarction was significantly smaller in the width and width/length ratio and significantly larger in the thickness and thickness/length ratio than those of the normal. Poor planarity of the QRS loop was one of the characteristics of myocardial infarction, especially of extensive anterior myocardial infarction. The T loop of myocardial infarction was significantly larger in the width/length ratio than that of the normal. More than 50% of the cases with anterior myocardial infarction showed abnormally wide T loops. The polar vector was a useful index to characterize the spatial orientation and sense of rotation of the spatial loop. In addition, the initial segmental QRS polar vector represented the mild localized abnormalities of the spatial loop. The loop configuration in space was characterized in edgewise and broadside projections.", "contents": "Computer analysis of vectorcardiograms in myocardial infarction with special reference to polar vector and planarity of the QRS and T loops. Spatial characteristics of the QRS and T loops in 110 patients with old myocardial infarction were analysed in comparison with 221 normal subjects. Measured were (1) QRS and T polar vectors, (2) initial 20- and 30-msec segmental QRS polar vectors, and (3) length, width, thickness, and ratios of width/length and thickness/length of the QRS and T loops in edgewise and broadside projections. Broadside and edgewise projections were obtained by transformation of the reference frame of the Frank lead system to a patient's own frame based on the polar vector. The recognition rates of abnormality in the QRS and T polar vectors were 66% and 60% of a total of 110 patients with myocardial infarction. The initial 30 msec segmental QRS polar vector showed the highest recognition rate of abnormality in myocardial infarction, i.e., 87% in anterior myocardial infarction, 100% in extensive anterior myocardial infarction and 78% in inferior myocardial infarction. The initial segmental QRS polar vector was abnormally deviated posteriorly and superiorly in inferior myocardial infarction. In anterior myocardial infarction, the initial segmental polar vector was directed inferiorly in more than 50% of the cases, while the vector in normal subjects was located superiorly and to the left. The QRS loop of anterior myocardial infarction was significantly smaller in the width and width/length ratio and significantly larger in the thickness and thickness/length ratio than those of the normal. Poor planarity of the QRS loop was one of the characteristics of myocardial infarction, especially of extensive anterior myocardial infarction. The T loop of myocardial infarction was significantly larger in the width/length ratio than that of the normal. More than 50% of the cases with anterior myocardial infarction showed abnormally wide T loops. The polar vector was a useful index to characterize the spatial orientation and sense of rotation of the spatial loop. In addition, the initial segmental QRS polar vector represented the mild localized abnormalities of the spatial loop. The loop configuration in space was characterized in edgewise and broadside projections.", "PMID": 387998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8077", "title": "Pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. 4) Visceral lesions in mice produced by intraperitoneal infection.", "content": "The pathogenicity of two substrains (HO-R and HO-S) of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli was examined by intraperitoneal inoculation to various strains of mice (C3H, KK, BALA/c, DDD and C57BL/6). HO-R (Rough Form) was first isolated on 1% Ogawa's egg yolk medium from the leprous lesions produced by original Hawaiian strain (H bacilli). HO-S (Smooth Form) was dissociated in vitro during the 9th to 15th subculture of HO-R on the same kind of medium. In all the mice tested, intraperitoneal inoculation with HO-R bacilli produced progressively severe visceral lesions in the manner similar to H bacilli harvested from subcutaneous leproma. The only exception was, however in DDD strain of mice H bacilli produced only slight visceral lesions even in the later stage of infection. HO-S was much lower in the pathogenicity than the above two strains of murine leprosy bacilli. Visceral lesions produced by intraperitoneal inoculation with HO-S used to be very slight in all the strains of mice except BALB/c. BALB/c strain mice were highly susceptible to intraperitoneal as well as subcutaneous infection with HO-S. From the above observations, it is concluded that the characteristic features of pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli, such as mouse strain differences, are all the same regardless of infection route.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. 4) Visceral lesions in mice produced by intraperitoneal infection. The pathogenicity of two substrains (HO-R and HO-S) of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli was examined by intraperitoneal inoculation to various strains of mice (C3H, KK, BALA/c, DDD and C57BL/6). HO-R (Rough Form) was first isolated on 1% Ogawa's egg yolk medium from the leprous lesions produced by original Hawaiian strain (H bacilli). HO-S (Smooth Form) was dissociated in vitro during the 9th to 15th subculture of HO-R on the same kind of medium. In all the mice tested, intraperitoneal inoculation with HO-R bacilli produced progressively severe visceral lesions in the manner similar to H bacilli harvested from subcutaneous leproma. The only exception was, however in DDD strain of mice H bacilli produced only slight visceral lesions even in the later stage of infection. HO-S was much lower in the pathogenicity than the above two strains of murine leprosy bacilli. Visceral lesions produced by intraperitoneal inoculation with HO-S used to be very slight in all the strains of mice except BALB/c. BALB/c strain mice were highly susceptible to intraperitoneal as well as subcutaneous infection with HO-S. From the above observations, it is concluded that the characteristic features of pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli, such as mouse strain differences, are all the same regardless of infection route.", "PMID": 388008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8078", "title": "Lipoprotein like antigen on rat renal tubular epithelium.", "content": "Three lipoprotein fractions were obtained from rat serum by density gradient ultracentrifugation; Fraction A (Fr. A, d less than 1.019), Fraction B (Fr B, 1.019 less than d less than 1.063), and Fraction C (Fr. C., 1.063 less than d less than 1.21). Kidney, liver and heart of rats were investigated by immunofluorescence using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated rabbit anti-rat Fr. A and anti-rat Fr. C sera. Significant fluorescence was observed only in rat renal tubular epithelium (RTE) suggesting the presence of identical antigenic determinants in it as rat serum lipoproteins. Relatively small doses of each fraction of serum lipoproteins were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in rear foot pads. Two to four weeks after the injection, very mild proteinuria appeared in all rats immunized with Fr. B and Fr. C and three months later serum cholesterol was elevated in 3 of 8 rats. But no deposition of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) were observed in glomeruli of all rats examined, and any histological changes could not be found in renal tissue by light or electron microscopic observation.", "contents": "Lipoprotein like antigen on rat renal tubular epithelium. Three lipoprotein fractions were obtained from rat serum by density gradient ultracentrifugation; Fraction A (Fr. A, d less than 1.019), Fraction B (Fr B, 1.019 less than d less than 1.063), and Fraction C (Fr. C., 1.063 less than d less than 1.21). Kidney, liver and heart of rats were investigated by immunofluorescence using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated rabbit anti-rat Fr. A and anti-rat Fr. C sera. Significant fluorescence was observed only in rat renal tubular epithelium (RTE) suggesting the presence of identical antigenic determinants in it as rat serum lipoproteins. Relatively small doses of each fraction of serum lipoproteins were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in rear foot pads. Two to four weeks after the injection, very mild proteinuria appeared in all rats immunized with Fr. B and Fr. C and three months later serum cholesterol was elevated in 3 of 8 rats. But no deposition of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) were observed in glomeruli of all rats examined, and any histological changes could not be found in renal tissue by light or electron microscopic observation.", "PMID": 388009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8079", "title": "Asystole and its treatment: the possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in cardiac arrest.", "content": "Parasympathetic tone may be high during ventricular asystole because of reflex vagal stimulation from a number of sources. Eight patients in cardiac arrest were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. All eight patients had ventricular asystole as the initial rhythm or as the result of defibrillation. Six patients failed to respond to 5 cc to 20 cc of 1:10,000 epinephrine intravenously (IV). In all eight cases a regular rhythm (sinus in seven, idioventricular in one) appeared within 30 seconds of administration of the last dose of atropine (1 mg to 2 mg IV). Five patients (62.5%) lived 12 hours, three (37.5%) were discharged from the hospital. These results suggest that atropine may be of value in the treatment of ventricular asystole.", "contents": "Asystole and its treatment: the possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in cardiac arrest. Parasympathetic tone may be high during ventricular asystole because of reflex vagal stimulation from a number of sources. Eight patients in cardiac arrest were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. All eight patients had ventricular asystole as the initial rhythm or as the result of defibrillation. Six patients failed to respond to 5 cc to 20 cc of 1:10,000 epinephrine intravenously (IV). In all eight cases a regular rhythm (sinus in seven, idioventricular in one) appeared within 30 seconds of administration of the last dose of atropine (1 mg to 2 mg IV). Five patients (62.5%) lived 12 hours, three (37.5%) were discharged from the hospital. These results suggest that atropine may be of value in the treatment of ventricular asystole.", "PMID": 388012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8080", "title": "Migration inhibition factor activity in sera of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity, expressed as a migration index, was studied in the sera of 48 chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) patients and 48 healthy controls. MIF activity was detected in the sera of 50% of the CLL patients. The medical condition of patients in advanced clinical stages (III and IV) and with detectable MIF activity was more stable (after 18-mo follow-up) than was that of the patients in advanced stages but without detectable MIF activity. No relationship was found between the clinical stage of the disease, absolute lymphocyte count, and MIF activity.", "contents": "Migration inhibition factor activity in sera of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity, expressed as a migration index, was studied in the sera of 48 chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) patients and 48 healthy controls. MIF activity was detected in the sera of 50% of the CLL patients. The medical condition of patients in advanced clinical stages (III and IV) and with detectable MIF activity was more stable (after 18-mo follow-up) than was that of the patients in advanced stages but without detectable MIF activity. No relationship was found between the clinical stage of the disease, absolute lymphocyte count, and MIF activity.", "PMID": 388014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8081", "title": "Epidemiology of oral and pharyngeal cancers in the United States: review of recent literature.", "content": "Recent literature on morbidity and mortality patterns, known risk factors, and related sociobehavioral characteristics of oral cancer have been examined. Despite variation in populations and methodologies, alcohol and tobacco were seen as the major independent etiologic agents; these effects were associated with age, sex, and religion-ethnicity. Other factors were suggested, but their correlation was less consistent: geographic location, race, socioeconomic status, nutrition, dental conditions, and concurrent diseases. Social and behavioral components may alter risk, stage of disease at diagnosis, treatment or survival from oral cancer. The impact of sociobehavioral elements on the reduction of the incidence of and the mortality from the disease is an important area needing further investigation.", "contents": "Epidemiology of oral and pharyngeal cancers in the United States: review of recent literature. Recent literature on morbidity and mortality patterns, known risk factors, and related sociobehavioral characteristics of oral cancer have been examined. Despite variation in populations and methodologies, alcohol and tobacco were seen as the major independent etiologic agents; these effects were associated with age, sex, and religion-ethnicity. Other factors were suggested, but their correlation was less consistent: geographic location, race, socioeconomic status, nutrition, dental conditions, and concurrent diseases. Social and behavioral components may alter risk, stage of disease at diagnosis, treatment or survival from oral cancer. The impact of sociobehavioral elements on the reduction of the incidence of and the mortality from the disease is an important area needing further investigation.", "PMID": 388015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8082", "title": "Enhanced macrophage tumoricidal activity and tumor suppression or regression caused by heat-killed Candida albicans.", "content": "The growth of line-10 hepatoma in male Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs was totally suppressed when tumor cells were mixed with heat-killed Candida albicans. In a significant number of animals, injection of C. albicans into established tumors 10-12 mm in diameter caused complete, rapid tumor regression. Guinea pigs whose tumors regressed or were suppressed as a result of injection of C. albicans rejected subsequent challenges at distant sites with the line-10 hepatoma, which indicated the development of systemic immunity to the tumor. Untreated control guinea pigs had positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to intradermally injected C. albicans, which suggested prior natural exposure of the animals to C. albicans antigens. Peritoneal macrophages from mice that had received ip injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or C. albicans were not cytocidal for mouse 3T12 tumor cells in vitro. However, macrophages from the mice given injections of C. albicans, unlike those from mice given PBS, were markedly tumoricidal in the presence of 1 ng or more endotoxin/ml in vitro. These results demonstrated that heat-killed C. albicans, when inoculated into the peritoneal cavity, increased the tumoricidal potential of peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "Enhanced macrophage tumoricidal activity and tumor suppression or regression caused by heat-killed Candida albicans. The growth of line-10 hepatoma in male Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs was totally suppressed when tumor cells were mixed with heat-killed Candida albicans. In a significant number of animals, injection of C. albicans into established tumors 10-12 mm in diameter caused complete, rapid tumor regression. Guinea pigs whose tumors regressed or were suppressed as a result of injection of C. albicans rejected subsequent challenges at distant sites with the line-10 hepatoma, which indicated the development of systemic immunity to the tumor. Untreated control guinea pigs had positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to intradermally injected C. albicans, which suggested prior natural exposure of the animals to C. albicans antigens. Peritoneal macrophages from mice that had received ip injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or C. albicans were not cytocidal for mouse 3T12 tumor cells in vitro. However, macrophages from the mice given injections of C. albicans, unlike those from mice given PBS, were markedly tumoricidal in the presence of 1 ng or more endotoxin/ml in vitro. These results demonstrated that heat-killed C. albicans, when inoculated into the peritoneal cavity, increased the tumoricidal potential of peritoneal macrophages.", "PMID": 388016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8083", "title": "[Transfer factor (TF) treatment of patients with HBs-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. A prospective, controlled study (author's transl)].", "content": "It is a clinically and experimentally well supported working hypothesis that infection with hepatitis B virus may result in chronic active hepatitis in patients with suspected immune deficiencies. On this basis, a pilot study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of \"specific\" transfer factor (TF) in the treatment of HBS-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. From the leukocytes of 500 ml venous blood each of 40 volunteers that had completely recovered from acute virus hepatitis B within the last 6 months, a unique TF pool (40 units of TF) was prepared according to the method of Lawrence. Preexaminations indicated that this preparation was able to enhance cellular immune reactions in vitro. Thirteen patients with HBS-antigenemia and chronic active hepatitis (i.e., two liver biopsies within the last 6 or more months with the histological criteria of chronic aggressive hepatitis according to de Groote, elevated serum levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase activities, and/or gamma-globulines) were randomized: Seven received s.c. injections of two units of TF each on days 1 and 15, the other six saline. Conversion of skin reactions to some ubiquitous antigens occurred in the TF group, but no significant and constant drop of HBS-Ag serum titers was observed. Although some of the biochemical parameters seemed to ameliorate in the TF group, the differences versus the control group did not prove to be significant within the limited number of patients under observation. The in vitro reactivity of patients' lymphocytes to HBS-Ag, tested by means of the 3H-thymidine uptake, was never found enhanced after TF application. In the used doses, \"specific\" TF was not effective in the treatment of HBS-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis; unfavorable side-effects were not observed.", "contents": "[Transfer factor (TF) treatment of patients with HBs-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. A prospective, controlled study (author's transl)]. It is a clinically and experimentally well supported working hypothesis that infection with hepatitis B virus may result in chronic active hepatitis in patients with suspected immune deficiencies. On this basis, a pilot study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of \"specific\" transfer factor (TF) in the treatment of HBS-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. From the leukocytes of 500 ml venous blood each of 40 volunteers that had completely recovered from acute virus hepatitis B within the last 6 months, a unique TF pool (40 units of TF) was prepared according to the method of Lawrence. Preexaminations indicated that this preparation was able to enhance cellular immune reactions in vitro. Thirteen patients with HBS-antigenemia and chronic active hepatitis (i.e., two liver biopsies within the last 6 or more months with the histological criteria of chronic aggressive hepatitis according to de Groote, elevated serum levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase activities, and/or gamma-globulines) were randomized: Seven received s.c. injections of two units of TF each on days 1 and 15, the other six saline. Conversion of skin reactions to some ubiquitous antigens occurred in the TF group, but no significant and constant drop of HBS-Ag serum titers was observed. Although some of the biochemical parameters seemed to ameliorate in the TF group, the differences versus the control group did not prove to be significant within the limited number of patients under observation. The in vitro reactivity of patients' lymphocytes to HBS-Ag, tested by means of the 3H-thymidine uptake, was never found enhanced after TF application. In the used doses, \"specific\" TF was not effective in the treatment of HBS-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis; unfavorable side-effects were not observed.", "PMID": 388053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8084", "title": "[Current status in the treatment of breast cancer. I. Endocrine management--change of concepts and outlook for the future (author's transl)].", "content": "A renewal of interest in endocrine therapy of breast cancer is resulting from the demonstration of steroid hormone receptors in tumor cells sensitive to antiestrogens and the possibility for predicting endocrine responsiveness. Therefore new therapeutical concepts have been developed and some of the established endocrine regimens have been reduced to historical interest. It is more than doubtful that the present schematization in selecting the proper kind of endocrine treatment has any future as methodical difficulties in demonstrating hormone receptors will be overcome and the understanding of their biological function will increase.", "contents": "[Current status in the treatment of breast cancer. I. Endocrine management--change of concepts and outlook for the future (author's transl)]. A renewal of interest in endocrine therapy of breast cancer is resulting from the demonstration of steroid hormone receptors in tumor cells sensitive to antiestrogens and the possibility for predicting endocrine responsiveness. Therefore new therapeutical concepts have been developed and some of the established endocrine regimens have been reduced to historical interest. It is more than doubtful that the present schematization in selecting the proper kind of endocrine treatment has any future as methodical difficulties in demonstrating hormone receptors will be overcome and the understanding of their biological function will increase.", "PMID": 388054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8085", "title": "A simple method for the detection of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in an indirect microagglutination test using a bead substrate to which anti-rabbit immunoglobin G light and heavy chain antibodies were coupled. The test was positive using immune whole serum or F(ab)' and F(ab)'2 fragments of immunoglobin G but negative using the F(c) fragment. The reaction was blocked by saturating the beads with rabbit serum or by absorbing positive sera with excess Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The test provided a simple method to detect antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi, did not require elaborate equipment and could be performed using frozen antigen.", "contents": "A simple method for the detection of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Rabbit antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in an indirect microagglutination test using a bead substrate to which anti-rabbit immunoglobin G light and heavy chain antibodies were coupled. The test was positive using immune whole serum or F(ab)' and F(ab)'2 fragments of immunoglobin G but negative using the F(c) fragment. The reaction was blocked by saturating the beads with rabbit serum or by absorbing positive sera with excess Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The test provided a simple method to detect antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi, did not require elaborate equipment and could be performed using frozen antigen.", "PMID": 388070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8086", "title": "Serum luteinizing hormone and ovulatory response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the estrous and anestrous domestic cat.", "content": "A heterologous double antibody radioimmunoassay was developed to measure changes in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in estrous and anestrous queens (female domestic cats), following a single injection of varying doses (0--25 microgram) of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). No increase in serum LH was detected in any of the estrous or anestrous queens following a single saline injection. Treatment with LH-RH resulted in a sharp increase in serum LH concentration in both estrous and anestrous queens. Ovulations as observed by the presence of corpora lutea at laparoscopy occurred in none of four, one of four, two of four and four of four estrous queens receiving 0, 5, 10 or 25 microgram of LH-RH, respectively. Mean serum LH concentration of the ovulating queens was maintained at a higher level and did not return to basal level at the same time as that of nonovulating queens. The data show that: LH-RH can cause release of LH in both estrous and anestrous queens and induce ovulation in the estrous cat; the magnitude of LH response is influenced by the stage of the reproductive cycle; and the duration during which LH is maintained above basal level may play a significant role in ovulation induction in this coitus-induced ovulatory species.", "contents": "Serum luteinizing hormone and ovulatory response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the estrous and anestrous domestic cat. A heterologous double antibody radioimmunoassay was developed to measure changes in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in estrous and anestrous queens (female domestic cats), following a single injection of varying doses (0--25 microgram) of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). No increase in serum LH was detected in any of the estrous or anestrous queens following a single saline injection. Treatment with LH-RH resulted in a sharp increase in serum LH concentration in both estrous and anestrous queens. Ovulations as observed by the presence of corpora lutea at laparoscopy occurred in none of four, one of four, two of four and four of four estrous queens receiving 0, 5, 10 or 25 microgram of LH-RH, respectively. Mean serum LH concentration of the ovulating queens was maintained at a higher level and did not return to basal level at the same time as that of nonovulating queens. The data show that: LH-RH can cause release of LH in both estrous and anestrous queens and induce ovulation in the estrous cat; the magnitude of LH response is influenced by the stage of the reproductive cycle; and the duration during which LH is maintained above basal level may play a significant role in ovulation induction in this coitus-induced ovulatory species.", "PMID": 388071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8087", "title": "Cathepsin B activity in stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The activity of cathepsin B was assayed in murine resident peritoneal macrophages, and after stimulation of the cells in vivo and in vitro. The resident cells showed a very low activity of the enzyme, compared to the activities of three other lysosomal enzymes: cathepsin D, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucuronidase which were tested simultaneously. Endocytosis of carrageenan, latex, or carbon particles in vitro induced a prominent rise in intracellular cathepsin B activity. Addition of endotoxin from Escherichia coli in vivo or in vitro, or cell wall products from streptococci in vitro caused no change in cathepsin B activity. There was a release of enzyme activity to the medium after a 72-hour culture of macrophages. However, the release, calculated as a percentage of total activity, was not influenced by any treatments mentioned. All significant rises in enzyme activity could be inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide, and it was concluded that increased enzyme activity was dependent on new protein synthesis.", "contents": "Cathepsin B activity in stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The activity of cathepsin B was assayed in murine resident peritoneal macrophages, and after stimulation of the cells in vivo and in vitro. The resident cells showed a very low activity of the enzyme, compared to the activities of three other lysosomal enzymes: cathepsin D, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucuronidase which were tested simultaneously. Endocytosis of carrageenan, latex, or carbon particles in vitro induced a prominent rise in intracellular cathepsin B activity. Addition of endotoxin from Escherichia coli in vivo or in vitro, or cell wall products from streptococci in vitro caused no change in cathepsin B activity. There was a release of enzyme activity to the medium after a 72-hour culture of macrophages. However, the release, calculated as a percentage of total activity, was not influenced by any treatments mentioned. All significant rises in enzyme activity could be inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide, and it was concluded that increased enzyme activity was dependent on new protein synthesis.", "PMID": 388072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8088", "title": "[Weltanschauung aspects of the problem of man, the biosphere and space].", "content": "The paper discusses philosophic approaches to the problem of man-environment interplay. Many important problems humanity faces today are associated with biology. Biomedical and astrophysical studies are being carried out to gain a better insight into the laws governing evolution and further development of the Universe. The emergence of a human society started a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of organic matter. A rapid progress of science and engineering is accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the natural environment and, particularly, of living beings. The biosphere is transforming into the sphere of intelligence, i.e. noosphere. However, natural phenomena are still more powerful than man-made productive forces. Man's excursion into outer space allowed him to look at himself as if from the outside and to evaluate critically his actual role, position and responsibility in the infinite Universe as compared with other forms of life and intelligence. The Universe may be boundlessly great but for human beings there is nothing better than the Earth. Our planet will long remain the base for the existence and development of humanity. Today man ought to take the streering-wheel of evolution and fate of the biosphere into his hands, in order to preserve, through the efforts of many generations, our planet as the gem of the Universe.", "contents": "[Weltanschauung aspects of the problem of man, the biosphere and space]. The paper discusses philosophic approaches to the problem of man-environment interplay. Many important problems humanity faces today are associated with biology. Biomedical and astrophysical studies are being carried out to gain a better insight into the laws governing evolution and further development of the Universe. The emergence of a human society started a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of organic matter. A rapid progress of science and engineering is accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the natural environment and, particularly, of living beings. The biosphere is transforming into the sphere of intelligence, i.e. noosphere. However, natural phenomena are still more powerful than man-made productive forces. Man's excursion into outer space allowed him to look at himself as if from the outside and to evaluate critically his actual role, position and responsibility in the infinite Universe as compared with other forms of life and intelligence. The Universe may be boundlessly great but for human beings there is nothing better than the Earth. Our planet will long remain the base for the existence and development of humanity. Today man ought to take the streering-wheel of evolution and fate of the biosphere into his hands, in order to preserve, through the efforts of many generations, our planet as the gem of the Universe.", "PMID": 388067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8089", "title": "Identification of myosin in human epithelial cancers with immunofluorescence.", "content": "The location of myosin in neoplastic cells from human breast, colonic, gastric, bronchial, skin, esophageal, and renal carcinomas has been examined using an immunofluorescence technique with an antibody raised against human smooth muscle myosin. Normal tissues and fibroblast cell cultures were also investigated. In all the tumors myosin was located in the cytoplasm adjacent to the plasma membrane. Cancer cells appeared more strongly immunofluorescent than normal tissues. The precise pattern of immunofluorescence in neoplastic cells varied with the histologic type of the tumor. Linear immunofluorescence around the outer border of the cytoplasm was the most common pattern observed, but in well differentiated adenocarcinomas, myosin was located chiefly in relation to the microvillous border. In three of the squamous carcinomas a granular pattern of immunofluorescence was observed. Undifferentiated breast carcinomas did not contain more myosin than better differentiated tumors, and the intensity of immunofluorescence was no greater in invasive cancer cells than noninvasive tumor cells. The results suggest that myosin is present in greater amounts in neoplastic cells than normal cells and may be concerned with cell shape and polarity as well as cell movement.", "contents": "Identification of myosin in human epithelial cancers with immunofluorescence. The location of myosin in neoplastic cells from human breast, colonic, gastric, bronchial, skin, esophageal, and renal carcinomas has been examined using an immunofluorescence technique with an antibody raised against human smooth muscle myosin. Normal tissues and fibroblast cell cultures were also investigated. In all the tumors myosin was located in the cytoplasm adjacent to the plasma membrane. Cancer cells appeared more strongly immunofluorescent than normal tissues. The precise pattern of immunofluorescence in neoplastic cells varied with the histologic type of the tumor. Linear immunofluorescence around the outer border of the cytoplasm was the most common pattern observed, but in well differentiated adenocarcinomas, myosin was located chiefly in relation to the microvillous border. In three of the squamous carcinomas a granular pattern of immunofluorescence was observed. Undifferentiated breast carcinomas did not contain more myosin than better differentiated tumors, and the intensity of immunofluorescence was no greater in invasive cancer cells than noninvasive tumor cells. The results suggest that myosin is present in greater amounts in neoplastic cells than normal cells and may be concerned with cell shape and polarity as well as cell movement.", "PMID": 388073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8090", "title": "[Intestinal microflora makeup of astronauts before and after space flights].", "content": "The composition of the intestinal microflora of 12 cosmonauts was studied before and after space missions of varying duration. Changes in the intestinal microbial coenosis were found prelaunch. The pattern of changes did not vary with an increase in space flight duration. The use of special prophylactic measures exerted a positive effect on intestinal microecology. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli showed the greatest changes inflight. Therefore, it seems important to arrange preflight sanation of the intestinal microflora as a prophylactic method.", "contents": "[Intestinal microflora makeup of astronauts before and after space flights]. The composition of the intestinal microflora of 12 cosmonauts was studied before and after space missions of varying duration. Changes in the intestinal microbial coenosis were found prelaunch. The pattern of changes did not vary with an increase in space flight duration. The use of special prophylactic measures exerted a positive effect on intestinal microecology. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli showed the greatest changes inflight. Therefore, it seems important to arrange preflight sanation of the intestinal microflora as a prophylactic method.", "PMID": 388069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8091", "title": "A translation of Finkelnburg's (1870) lecture on aphasia as \"asymbolia\" with commentary.", "content": "On March 21, 1870, Dr. D.C. Finkelnburg addressed the Society of the Lower Rhine in Bonn on the popular topic of aphasia. He challenged the prevailing view that aphasia was a disorder of speech only and the emphasis that had been given to the issue of cerebral localization. The disorder, he pointed out, not only extended beyond the speech modality to include verbal comprehension, reading, and writing but also included many extraverbal disturbances of symbolic usage. In support of his argument, he presented five detailed case studies of aphasics (two with autopsy data) who demonstrated a variety of verbal and extraverbal deficits. Because the term aphasia referred specifically to speech disturbance and inadequately signified the full extent of the disorder, Finkelnburg proposed the more generic term asymbolia as a more accurate representation of the nature of the disorder. This translation makes available a previously inaccessible but historically important and still viable contribution to the study of the nature of aphasia.", "contents": "A translation of Finkelnburg's (1870) lecture on aphasia as \"asymbolia\" with commentary. On March 21, 1870, Dr. D.C. Finkelnburg addressed the Society of the Lower Rhine in Bonn on the popular topic of aphasia. He challenged the prevailing view that aphasia was a disorder of speech only and the emphasis that had been given to the issue of cerebral localization. The disorder, he pointed out, not only extended beyond the speech modality to include verbal comprehension, reading, and writing but also included many extraverbal disturbances of symbolic usage. In support of his argument, he presented five detailed case studies of aphasics (two with autopsy data) who demonstrated a variety of verbal and extraverbal deficits. Because the term aphasia referred specifically to speech disturbance and inadequately signified the full extent of the disorder, Finkelnburg proposed the more generic term asymbolia as a more accurate representation of the nature of the disorder. This translation makes available a previously inaccessible but historically important and still viable contribution to the study of the nature of aphasia.", "PMID": 388077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8092", "title": "Speech clinicians' attribution of personality traits as a function of stuttering severity.", "content": "Thirty-six speech-language pathologists participated in a study to evaluate clinicians' preconceptions of persons who stutter. Each rated a designated construct (the normally fluent individual, the mild stutterer, the moderate stutterer, the severe stutterer) using a personality trait scale. Results indicated that clinicians stereotypically assign negative personality traits to all levels of stuttering severity relative to normal. Their ratings further demonstrated that stutterers are generally considered to be a homogenous group. Differentiation amongst stutterers was made only between the polar ends of the stuttering severity continuum (that is, mild vs. severe). Clinicians' sterotypical trait assignment was not related to their professional experience. Results are discussed with reference to their clinical implications.", "contents": "Speech clinicians' attribution of personality traits as a function of stuttering severity. Thirty-six speech-language pathologists participated in a study to evaluate clinicians' preconceptions of persons who stutter. Each rated a designated construct (the normally fluent individual, the mild stutterer, the moderate stutterer, the severe stutterer) using a personality trait scale. Results indicated that clinicians stereotypically assign negative personality traits to all levels of stuttering severity relative to normal. Their ratings further demonstrated that stutterers are generally considered to be a homogenous group. Differentiation amongst stutterers was made only between the polar ends of the stuttering severity continuum (that is, mild vs. severe). Clinicians' sterotypical trait assignment was not related to their professional experience. Results are discussed with reference to their clinical implications.", "PMID": 388078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8093", "title": "Adriamycin in localized and metastatic uterine sarcomas.", "content": "Seventeen women with metastatic uterine sarcomas were treated with Adriamycin chemotherapy. Only one (6%) had an objective response. In addition, 12 patients with early uterine sarcomas were randomized to Adriamycin versus no adjuvant chemotherapy in order to evaluate the effect of Adriamycin in reducing the incidence of subsequent distant recurrences. Of those women receiving Adriamycin, two developed distant metastasis and two developed life-threatening congestive heart failure. Also, two of the six women who did not receive Adriamycin developed distant metastasis. Therefore, continuation of the randomized trial was considered unjustified.", "contents": "Adriamycin in localized and metastatic uterine sarcomas. Seventeen women with metastatic uterine sarcomas were treated with Adriamycin chemotherapy. Only one (6%) had an objective response. In addition, 12 patients with early uterine sarcomas were randomized to Adriamycin versus no adjuvant chemotherapy in order to evaluate the effect of Adriamycin in reducing the incidence of subsequent distant recurrences. Of those women receiving Adriamycin, two developed distant metastasis and two developed life-threatening congestive heart failure. Also, two of the six women who did not receive Adriamycin developed distant metastasis. Therefore, continuation of the randomized trial was considered unjustified.", "PMID": 388083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8094", "title": "The value of prophylactic antibiotics in aorat-coronary bypass operations: a double-blind randomized trial.", "content": "Prospective and retrospective studies were performed to determine the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing infections in patients undergoing arota-coronary bypass. One-hundred five patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either methicillin or saline-placebo for 3 days. The over-all infection rate was 26.7% with 48.9% in the control group and 8.6% in the methicillin group (p less than 0.001). Significant sternal wound infection developed in 21.3% of the control group and 0% of the methicillin group (p less than 0.01). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism causing significant sternal infection (methicillin group versus control group, 5.2% and 21.3%; p less than 0.05). The length of postoperative stay in hospital and the number of days with fever was significantly greater in the control group than in the methicillin group (p less than 0.001). During the same period of time, 160 patients were studied retrospectively. Of these, 150 patients received cephalothin prophylaxis and 10 received methicillin. Comparison of the rates of infection in the cephalothin group to the total methicillin group (prospective and retrospective) showed no significant difference. The study clearly demonstrated that a short course of prophylactic antistaphlococcal penicillin or cephalosporin is justified in aorta-coronary bypass.", "contents": "The value of prophylactic antibiotics in aorat-coronary bypass operations: a double-blind randomized trial. Prospective and retrospective studies were performed to determine the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing infections in patients undergoing arota-coronary bypass. One-hundred five patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either methicillin or saline-placebo for 3 days. The over-all infection rate was 26.7% with 48.9% in the control group and 8.6% in the methicillin group (p less than 0.001). Significant sternal wound infection developed in 21.3% of the control group and 0% of the methicillin group (p less than 0.01). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism causing significant sternal infection (methicillin group versus control group, 5.2% and 21.3%; p less than 0.05). The length of postoperative stay in hospital and the number of days with fever was significantly greater in the control group than in the methicillin group (p less than 0.001). During the same period of time, 160 patients were studied retrospectively. Of these, 150 patients received cephalothin prophylaxis and 10 received methicillin. Comparison of the rates of infection in the cephalothin group to the total methicillin group (prospective and retrospective) showed no significant difference. The study clearly demonstrated that a short course of prophylactic antistaphlococcal penicillin or cephalosporin is justified in aorta-coronary bypass.", "PMID": 388085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8095", "title": "Chlamydial infections. Microbiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects.", "content": "The agent of trachoma, originally regarded as a virus, was described by Halberstadter and von Prowacek in 1907. Since then, studies on Chlamydiae have shown that they are procaryocytic organisms that infect eucaryocytic cells as obligate intracellular parasites. Infections caused by these pathogenic agents occur in a wide range of avian and mammalian species. Chlamydiae are also responsible for several diseases in man, and there is a rapidly growing awareness of their public health significance. The aims of this review are to describe the microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydiae and to reflect the clinical spectrum of human chlamydial diseases.", "contents": "Chlamydial infections. Microbiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects. The agent of trachoma, originally regarded as a virus, was described by Halberstadter and von Prowacek in 1907. Since then, studies on Chlamydiae have shown that they are procaryocytic organisms that infect eucaryocytic cells as obligate intracellular parasites. Infections caused by these pathogenic agents occur in a wide range of avian and mammalian species. Chlamydiae are also responsible for several diseases in man, and there is a rapidly growing awareness of their public health significance. The aims of this review are to describe the microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydiae and to reflect the clinical spectrum of human chlamydial diseases.", "PMID": 388102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8096", "title": "Prostaglandins in the regulation of circulation and blood pressure.", "content": "Endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the regulation of local circulation, and presumably also in the control of systemic blood pressure. Vasodilatory PGs synthesized in resistance vessels seem to maintain the basal blood flow in some tissues. Vasoconstriction stimulates the PG synthesis in vessel walls, and the vasodilatory PGs antagonize this constriction in several vascular beds. Circulating vasodilatory PGs or their metabolites may function as antihypertensive hormones. Reports on the effect of intrarenal PG production on renal function are contradictory. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems have complex interrelations with PGs. PGs may also participate in the mechanism of action of some cardiovascular drugs.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the regulation of circulation and blood pressure. Endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the regulation of local circulation, and presumably also in the control of systemic blood pressure. Vasodilatory PGs synthesized in resistance vessels seem to maintain the basal blood flow in some tissues. Vasoconstriction stimulates the PG synthesis in vessel walls, and the vasodilatory PGs antagonize this constriction in several vascular beds. Circulating vasodilatory PGs or their metabolites may function as antihypertensive hormones. Reports on the effect of intrarenal PG production on renal function are contradictory. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems have complex interrelations with PGs. PGs may also participate in the mechanism of action of some cardiovascular drugs.", "PMID": 388103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8097", "title": "Psychological contributions to chronicity in asthma: patient response styles influencing medical treatment and its outcome.", "content": "Research is reviewed relating to two aspects of response styles among asthmatic patients, neither of which is a mere derivative of the patient's medical condition. One aspect, indexed by panic-fear symptomatology, appears to be associated with the level of attention directed at breathing difficulties, ranging from symptom disregard (low panic-fear symptomatology) to symptom vigilance (high panic-fear symptomatology). A second aspect, indexed by a derived personality dimension, appears to be associated with the quality of the patient's reactions to acknowledged breathing difficulties, ranging from extreme independence (low panic-fear personality) to helpless and ineffective dependency (high panic-fear personality). Simply, these aspects of patient response styles refer both to the attention directed toward breathing difficulties and to the quality of the patient's reactions in response to acknowledged breathing difficulties. Their importance derives from 1) their interaction with the severity of asthma to influence medical decisions about the intensity of prescribed medications and length of hospitalization during medical treatment and 2) their effect on long-term medical outcome. Awareness of these two aspects of patient response styles should enable differential approaches to be adopted by physicians seeking to counteract psychological contributions to chronicity in asthma.", "contents": "Psychological contributions to chronicity in asthma: patient response styles influencing medical treatment and its outcome. Research is reviewed relating to two aspects of response styles among asthmatic patients, neither of which is a mere derivative of the patient's medical condition. One aspect, indexed by panic-fear symptomatology, appears to be associated with the level of attention directed at breathing difficulties, ranging from symptom disregard (low panic-fear symptomatology) to symptom vigilance (high panic-fear symptomatology). A second aspect, indexed by a derived personality dimension, appears to be associated with the quality of the patient's reactions to acknowledged breathing difficulties, ranging from extreme independence (low panic-fear personality) to helpless and ineffective dependency (high panic-fear personality). Simply, these aspects of patient response styles refer both to the attention directed toward breathing difficulties and to the quality of the patient's reactions in response to acknowledged breathing difficulties. Their importance derives from 1) their interaction with the severity of asthma to influence medical decisions about the intensity of prescribed medications and length of hospitalization during medical treatment and 2) their effect on long-term medical outcome. Awareness of these two aspects of patient response styles should enable differential approaches to be adopted by physicians seeking to counteract psychological contributions to chronicity in asthma.", "PMID": 388104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8098", "title": "Changing disease patterns, changing values: problems of geriatric care in the U.S.A.: an outsider's view.", "content": "Changing disease patterns coupled with recent shift in societal values bring into focus, among other challenges, the problems of geriatric care, with their medical and social aspects. Medicare and Medicaid were meant to respond to the needs of geriatric care. However there is almost a general consensus that in spite of being valuable in many respects, Medicare and Medicaid have failed to generate considerable change in the overall care for the elderly. The basic characteristics of the American Health care system are not conducive to an approach which envisages geriatric care as a comprehensive primary care level, within a system of health care, combining medical with social activities in a team led by a competent physician. Since such an approach seems to be a most appropriate one, an attitude on the part of the medical profession which concentrates on the medical aspects only and neglects the entire complex of problems, substantial and organizational, associated with geriatric care, may lack utility. The problems the U.S. faces in the health field, geriatric care included, are common for today's industrialized societies. However, certain specific difficulties seems to result from the fact that some components of the health care system insist on solving problems generated by changing disease patterns and changing societal values, with no change in their own structure and their own value system.", "contents": "Changing disease patterns, changing values: problems of geriatric care in the U.S.A.: an outsider's view. Changing disease patterns coupled with recent shift in societal values bring into focus, among other challenges, the problems of geriatric care, with their medical and social aspects. Medicare and Medicaid were meant to respond to the needs of geriatric care. However there is almost a general consensus that in spite of being valuable in many respects, Medicare and Medicaid have failed to generate considerable change in the overall care for the elderly. The basic characteristics of the American Health care system are not conducive to an approach which envisages geriatric care as a comprehensive primary care level, within a system of health care, combining medical with social activities in a team led by a competent physician. Since such an approach seems to be a most appropriate one, an attitude on the part of the medical profession which concentrates on the medical aspects only and neglects the entire complex of problems, substantial and organizational, associated with geriatric care, may lack utility. The problems the U.S. faces in the health field, geriatric care included, are common for today's industrialized societies. However, certain specific difficulties seems to result from the fact that some components of the health care system insist on solving problems generated by changing disease patterns and changing societal values, with no change in their own structure and their own value system.", "PMID": 388105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8099", "title": "Trace elements in human nutrition.", "content": "Clinical recognition of the role of trace elements in human nutrition is increasing. Heretofore, many clinicians felt that the development of deficiency states was not likely except in very extreme conditions because the presence of trace elements in nature was so ubiquitous. The increased use of total parenteral nutrition seems to have made this viewpoint untenable. The recognition of additional genetic diseases of trace element metabolism such as Menkes' kinky hair syndrome and acrodermatitis enteropathica has also served to focus clinical attention on trace elements. As time passes, no doubt, additional diseases of trace element metabolism will be recognized.", "contents": "Trace elements in human nutrition. Clinical recognition of the role of trace elements in human nutrition is increasing. Heretofore, many clinicians felt that the development of deficiency states was not likely except in very extreme conditions because the presence of trace elements in nature was so ubiquitous. The increased use of total parenteral nutrition seems to have made this viewpoint untenable. The recognition of additional genetic diseases of trace element metabolism such as Menkes' kinky hair syndrome and acrodermatitis enteropathica has also served to focus clinical attention on trace elements. As time passes, no doubt, additional diseases of trace element metabolism will be recognized.", "PMID": 388110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8100", "title": "Dietary fiber.", "content": "It is obvious that the effects of fiber on colonic functions are complex. The typical \"Western diet\" which is high in fat and protein and low in fiber may alter the bacterial flora and milieu interieur of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon, to produce a high incidence of colonic cancer. However, the exact nature of the interrelationships between these dietary constituents remains elusive and will undoubtedly be the subject of intense investigation in years to come.", "contents": "Dietary fiber. It is obvious that the effects of fiber on colonic functions are complex. The typical \"Western diet\" which is high in fat and protein and low in fiber may alter the bacterial flora and milieu interieur of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon, to produce a high incidence of colonic cancer. However, the exact nature of the interrelationships between these dietary constituents remains elusive and will undoubtedly be the subject of intense investigation in years to come.", "PMID": 388112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8101", "title": "Nutritional management of chronic renal disease.", "content": "The importance of nutritional evaluation and diet therapy in the overall management of the patient with chronic renal disease is unquestioned. Its application often is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the requirement for certain nutrients in health as well as the way in which these requirements are modified by chronic disease. However, the most important and often the most difficult task is engaging the cooperation of the patient in the nutritional management of his disease. Acceptance of dietary manipulation depends upon the patient's family structure and the importance of food and mealtime within the particular cultural and ethnic background. Dietary recommendations implemented by the parents of pediatric patients may produce untoward changes in the child's behavior, attitudes toward food, or relationships with other family members. Dietary recommendations must be carefully planned and their effect reevaluated. They should be individualized to the age, intellectural skills, and developmental stage of the patient.", "contents": "Nutritional management of chronic renal disease. The importance of nutritional evaluation and diet therapy in the overall management of the patient with chronic renal disease is unquestioned. Its application often is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the requirement for certain nutrients in health as well as the way in which these requirements are modified by chronic disease. However, the most important and often the most difficult task is engaging the cooperation of the patient in the nutritional management of his disease. Acceptance of dietary manipulation depends upon the patient's family structure and the importance of food and mealtime within the particular cultural and ethnic background. Dietary recommendations implemented by the parents of pediatric patients may produce untoward changes in the child's behavior, attitudes toward food, or relationships with other family members. Dietary recommendations must be carefully planned and their effect reevaluated. They should be individualized to the age, intellectural skills, and developmental stage of the patient.", "PMID": 388114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8102", "title": "Nutrition in the alcoholic.", "content": "Effective management of nutritional problems in the alcoholic patient requires that the clinician understand the complex interaction of alcohol and nutrition. Nutritional deficiencies should be prevented and, if present, corrected. However, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence indicates that despite adequate diets, ethanol has direct toxic effects on the digestion, absorption and activation of foodstuff. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that even in well nourished populations relatively small amounts of alcohol may have cirrhogenic potential. For these reasons, the overall approach to the management of the alcoholic must involve the control of alcohol intake as well as the prevention and correction of nutritional disturbances.", "contents": "Nutrition in the alcoholic. Effective management of nutritional problems in the alcoholic patient requires that the clinician understand the complex interaction of alcohol and nutrition. Nutritional deficiencies should be prevented and, if present, corrected. However, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence indicates that despite adequate diets, ethanol has direct toxic effects on the digestion, absorption and activation of foodstuff. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that even in well nourished populations relatively small amounts of alcohol may have cirrhogenic potential. For these reasons, the overall approach to the management of the alcoholic must involve the control of alcohol intake as well as the prevention and correction of nutritional disturbances.", "PMID": 388115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8103", "title": "Serratia marcescens in tracheotomy cultures.", "content": "Twenty-three consecutive tracheotomies were cultured after an apparent outbreak of Serratia marcescens was noted. Over a period of one year, six cases with positive cultures were found. The importance of these positive cultures in relation to the patient's clinical course is discussed. The treatment of Serratia marcescens septicemia is reviewed.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens in tracheotomy cultures. Twenty-three consecutive tracheotomies were cultured after an apparent outbreak of Serratia marcescens was noted. Over a period of one year, six cases with positive cultures were found. The importance of these positive cultures in relation to the patient's clinical course is discussed. The treatment of Serratia marcescens septicemia is reviewed.", "PMID": 388124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8104", "title": "Identification of ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol in A delta 8 goes to delta 7 sterol isomerase-blocked yeast mutant.", "content": "In addition to the monohydroxysterols found in the delta 8 goes to delta 7 isomerase-blocked Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant erg 2, a noval dihydroxysterol, ergosta-8,24(38)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol, was isolated. This sterol accumulated to the extent of 2.1% of the total sterol fraction when this mutant was treated with 23-azacholesterol, a known inhibitor of the 24-methylene-sterol-24(28)-reductase.", "contents": "Identification of ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol in A delta 8 goes to delta 7 sterol isomerase-blocked yeast mutant. In addition to the monohydroxysterols found in the delta 8 goes to delta 7 isomerase-blocked Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant erg 2, a noval dihydroxysterol, ergosta-8,24(38)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol, was isolated. This sterol accumulated to the extent of 2.1% of the total sterol fraction when this mutant was treated with 23-azacholesterol, a known inhibitor of the 24-methylene-sterol-24(28)-reductase.", "PMID": 388135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8105", "title": "A novel type of coupling between proline and galactoside transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Exit of thiomethylgalactoside (TMG) from preloaded cells induced the accumulation of proline. Likewise, proline exit stimulated TMG accumulation. Since a proton ionophore (carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone) abolished these effects, a protonmotive force was implicated as the \"intermediate\" in the coupling reaction. The evidence suggests that the exit of TMG resulted in proton exit, which produced either a membrane potential (inside negative or a pH gradient (outside acid) or both. This inwardly directed protonmotive force provided the energy for proline entry and accumulation. Thus the energy coupling was not via a common transport protein but by proton movements which coupled the two separate H+-dependent transport processes.", "contents": "A novel type of coupling between proline and galactoside transport in Escherichia coli. Exit of thiomethylgalactoside (TMG) from preloaded cells induced the accumulation of proline. Likewise, proline exit stimulated TMG accumulation. Since a proton ionophore (carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone) abolished these effects, a protonmotive force was implicated as the \"intermediate\" in the coupling reaction. The evidence suggests that the exit of TMG resulted in proton exit, which produced either a membrane potential (inside negative or a pH gradient (outside acid) or both. This inwardly directed protonmotive force provided the energy for proline entry and accumulation. Thus the energy coupling was not via a common transport protein but by proton movements which coupled the two separate H+-dependent transport processes.", "PMID": 388152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8106", "title": "La menespausie--the birth of a syndrome.", "content": "The prevalent assumption that climacteric disturbances appeared when the expectation of life of women assured survival past the menopause cannot be supported demographically. These disorders are largely conditioned by sociocultural factors and, therefore, may be expected to have been initiated when these factors became stressful. Historical examination shows that medicine, or its marginal practitioners, were always involved in the postponement of ageing whenever the status of women depended more on their attractiveness than other social determinants, a logical \"geriatric\" extension of its traditional cosmetic activities. No menopausal disturbances are however recorded until the social convulsions of the French Revolution, and the regimes which followed, seem to have crystalized the various complaints of the climacteric into a disease-expression, which reified the social stress to which women were subject. This is dramatically reflected, both in the medical writings published in France around the year 1800, and in the naming, for the first time, of this phase of woman's life: La Menespausie, soon shortened to Menopause.", "contents": "La menespausie--the birth of a syndrome. The prevalent assumption that climacteric disturbances appeared when the expectation of life of women assured survival past the menopause cannot be supported demographically. These disorders are largely conditioned by sociocultural factors and, therefore, may be expected to have been initiated when these factors became stressful. Historical examination shows that medicine, or its marginal practitioners, were always involved in the postponement of ageing whenever the status of women depended more on their attractiveness than other social determinants, a logical \"geriatric\" extension of its traditional cosmetic activities. No menopausal disturbances are however recorded until the social convulsions of the French Revolution, and the regimes which followed, seem to have crystalized the various complaints of the climacteric into a disease-expression, which reified the social stress to which women were subject. This is dramatically reflected, both in the medical writings published in France around the year 1800, and in the naming, for the first time, of this phase of woman's life: La Menespausie, soon shortened to Menopause.", "PMID": 388153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8107", "title": "Effect of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on host resistance to bacterial infections. III. Further study of its effects on interactions between peritoneal leukocytes and virulent Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "The mechanism for the infection-promoting effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) was investigated using the experimental system in which mice were infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis immediately after i.p. injection of CPS-K. In the peritoneal phagocytes of CPS-K-untreated control mice, approximately 70, 3, and 10% of phagocytized bacteria survived 6, 12, and 24 hr after challenge, respectively, when calculated from the ratio of the number of cell-associated viable bacteria, which was estimated by direct plate count, to the number of phagocytized bacteria, which was estimated by microscopic observation of stained smears. In contrast, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were viable throughout the experimental period in mice treated with CPS-K. The electron microscopical findings of the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge showed that in the cells of mice treated with CPS-K almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were morphologically intact, with some of them in the stages of cell division, whereas in those of untreated control mice, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria underwent digestive changes. When the reaction product of acid phosphatase was examined by electron microscopy in the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge, the enzyme activity in the phagosomes was very low in mice treated with CPS-K in comparison with that in untreated control mice. Enzyme assays of the lysosomal and extralysosomal fractions of peritoneal cells obtained at various times after challenge also showed that release of acid phosphatase from the lysosomal fraction to the extralysosomal fraction after bacterial challenge was inhibited in peritoneal cells of mice treated with CPS-K.", "contents": "Effect of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on host resistance to bacterial infections. III. Further study of its effects on interactions between peritoneal leukocytes and virulent Salmonella enteritidis. The mechanism for the infection-promoting effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) was investigated using the experimental system in which mice were infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis immediately after i.p. injection of CPS-K. In the peritoneal phagocytes of CPS-K-untreated control mice, approximately 70, 3, and 10% of phagocytized bacteria survived 6, 12, and 24 hr after challenge, respectively, when calculated from the ratio of the number of cell-associated viable bacteria, which was estimated by direct plate count, to the number of phagocytized bacteria, which was estimated by microscopic observation of stained smears. In contrast, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were viable throughout the experimental period in mice treated with CPS-K. The electron microscopical findings of the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge showed that in the cells of mice treated with CPS-K almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were morphologically intact, with some of them in the stages of cell division, whereas in those of untreated control mice, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria underwent digestive changes. When the reaction product of acid phosphatase was examined by electron microscopy in the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge, the enzyme activity in the phagosomes was very low in mice treated with CPS-K in comparison with that in untreated control mice. Enzyme assays of the lysosomal and extralysosomal fractions of peritoneal cells obtained at various times after challenge also showed that release of acid phosphatase from the lysosomal fraction to the extralysosomal fraction after bacterial challenge was inhibited in peritoneal cells of mice treated with CPS-K.", "PMID": 388155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8108", "title": "Interferon and cytotoxic factor (cytotoxin) released in the blood of mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. II. Influence of time after BCG inoculation on production of interferon and cytotoxin by capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae or by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and on hyperreactivity to their lethal effects.", "content": "The time course of the occurrence of hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to the active substance (neutral fraction) of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (neutral CPS-K) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and of the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects was followed after infection with BCG in SMA and ICR strains of mice. The duration of these hyperreactivities of BCG-infected mice depended on the inoculum doses of BCG. The time patterns of the hyperreactivity to the lethal effects of neutral CPS-K and LPS were similar in both strains of mice, although the maximum toxicity of LPS by the intraperitoneal route in BCG-infected mice on a weight basis was stronger than that of neutral CPS-K. Irrespective of inducer and mouse strain, the time pattern of the hyperreactivity to produce cytotoxin was similar to that of the hyperreactivity to produce interferon. The patterns for these phenomena when neutral CPS-K was used as an inducer were also similar to those when LPS was used. In ICR mice the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to either neutral CPS-K or LPS decayed significantly earlier than the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects, whereas in SMA mice the occurrence of both types of hyperreactivities seemed to be associated. Therefore, it is suggested that the mechanism for the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to neutral CPS-K or LPS in BCG-infected mice is not necessarily the same as that for the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects.", "contents": "Interferon and cytotoxic factor (cytotoxin) released in the blood of mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. II. Influence of time after BCG inoculation on production of interferon and cytotoxin by capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae or by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and on hyperreactivity to their lethal effects. The time course of the occurrence of hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to the active substance (neutral fraction) of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (neutral CPS-K) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and of the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects was followed after infection with BCG in SMA and ICR strains of mice. The duration of these hyperreactivities of BCG-infected mice depended on the inoculum doses of BCG. The time patterns of the hyperreactivity to the lethal effects of neutral CPS-K and LPS were similar in both strains of mice, although the maximum toxicity of LPS by the intraperitoneal route in BCG-infected mice on a weight basis was stronger than that of neutral CPS-K. Irrespective of inducer and mouse strain, the time pattern of the hyperreactivity to produce cytotoxin was similar to that of the hyperreactivity to produce interferon. The patterns for these phenomena when neutral CPS-K was used as an inducer were also similar to those when LPS was used. In ICR mice the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to either neutral CPS-K or LPS decayed significantly earlier than the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects, whereas in SMA mice the occurrence of both types of hyperreactivities seemed to be associated. Therefore, it is suggested that the mechanism for the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to neutral CPS-K or LPS in BCG-infected mice is not necessarily the same as that for the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects.", "PMID": 388156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8109", "title": "Integration of temperature-sensitive nonconjugative plasmid carrying kanamycin gene into conjugative R plasmids.", "content": "A nonconjugative R plasmid, rMS3, whose molecular weight was 2.4 X 10(7) daltons, possessed a kanamycin resistance gene and was thermosensitive in its maintenance in Escherichia coli strains. We mobilized rMS3 with a conjugative R plasmid, R100 or T-tet, and obtained cointegrates carrying all the parental resistance markers. Various markers of the cointegrates were frequently deleted by P1 transduction and the deletion patterns among the different cointegrates were differed from each other. The cointegrates were thermoresistant, but the thermosensitive replicon could be segregated from the thermoresistant cointegrate by deletion. Some cointegrates between rMS3 and T-tet showed a derepressed state of transferability because of the integration of rMS3 and T-tet showed a derepressed state of transferability because of the integration of rMS3 into the regulator gene of the transfer loci. The genome size of the cointegrate so far tested was the sum of the sizes of the parental plasmids, indicating that the whole genome of rMS3 could integrate into various sites of the conjugative plasmids R100 and T-tet.", "contents": "Integration of temperature-sensitive nonconjugative plasmid carrying kanamycin gene into conjugative R plasmids. A nonconjugative R plasmid, rMS3, whose molecular weight was 2.4 X 10(7) daltons, possessed a kanamycin resistance gene and was thermosensitive in its maintenance in Escherichia coli strains. We mobilized rMS3 with a conjugative R plasmid, R100 or T-tet, and obtained cointegrates carrying all the parental resistance markers. Various markers of the cointegrates were frequently deleted by P1 transduction and the deletion patterns among the different cointegrates were differed from each other. The cointegrates were thermoresistant, but the thermosensitive replicon could be segregated from the thermoresistant cointegrate by deletion. Some cointegrates between rMS3 and T-tet showed a derepressed state of transferability because of the integration of rMS3 and T-tet showed a derepressed state of transferability because of the integration of rMS3 into the regulator gene of the transfer loci. The genome size of the cointegrate so far tested was the sum of the sizes of the parental plasmids, indicating that the whole genome of rMS3 could integrate into various sites of the conjugative plasmids R100 and T-tet.", "PMID": 388158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8110", "title": "[Morphogenetic features of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans].", "content": "The morphogenesis of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans BKM B-1269 was studied by electron microscopy at the vegetative stage of growth on a medium with pyrite as the source of energy. Young growing cultures of this organism were found to be very polymorphous: along with rod-like cells of various dimensions (0.6--0.8x1.0--3.0 mcm) which were predominant, coccoid, pyriform, clavate and dumbbell-like cells were also encountered. Certain cells have a tendency for branching. The cells can divide by sudden breaking of the parent cell along a partition being formed. These breaks are often incomplete, thus giving rise to cellular aggregates in the shape of palisades, bent chains, rings and Y-formations. The above characteristics of S. thermosulfidooxidans morphogenesis suggest that the genus Sulfobacillus is related to Corynebacterium-like organisms and actinomycetes. However, this genus differs in its morphology from bacilli though both (as well as actinomycetes) are capable of spore formation.", "contents": "[Morphogenetic features of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans]. The morphogenesis of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans BKM B-1269 was studied by electron microscopy at the vegetative stage of growth on a medium with pyrite as the source of energy. Young growing cultures of this organism were found to be very polymorphous: along with rod-like cells of various dimensions (0.6--0.8x1.0--3.0 mcm) which were predominant, coccoid, pyriform, clavate and dumbbell-like cells were also encountered. Certain cells have a tendency for branching. The cells can divide by sudden breaking of the parent cell along a partition being formed. These breaks are often incomplete, thus giving rise to cellular aggregates in the shape of palisades, bent chains, rings and Y-formations. The above characteristics of S. thermosulfidooxidans morphogenesis suggest that the genus Sulfobacillus is related to Corynebacterium-like organisms and actinomycetes. However, this genus differs in its morphology from bacilli though both (as well as actinomycetes) are capable of spore formation.", "PMID": 388160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8111", "title": "[Composition and certain properties of Candida albicans cells with a low level of resistance to polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The lipid and protein composition of Candida albicans, strain R3, with a low resistance to polyene antibiotics does not differ much from that of the parent, susceptible culture. Nevertheless, the rate of potassium release from the cells and the incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids in the cells of C. albicans, strain R3, under the action of amphotericin B are lower as compared to the susceptible culture; therefore, the resistance of C. albicans, strain R3, must be due to a decrease in the degress of its disordered selective permeability. Sterols isolated from the cells in both strains were found to be capable of binding to polyenes at a high rate in solution. However, sterols from the strain R3 with a low resistance to polyenes, when incorporated into a synthetic lipid membrane, increase its permeability slower than sterols from the susceptible strain, which suggests that sterols from the low-resistant strain R3 are possibility involved in the phenotypic manifestation of resistance.", "contents": "[Composition and certain properties of Candida albicans cells with a low level of resistance to polyene antibiotics]. The lipid and protein composition of Candida albicans, strain R3, with a low resistance to polyene antibiotics does not differ much from that of the parent, susceptible culture. Nevertheless, the rate of potassium release from the cells and the incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids in the cells of C. albicans, strain R3, under the action of amphotericin B are lower as compared to the susceptible culture; therefore, the resistance of C. albicans, strain R3, must be due to a decrease in the degress of its disordered selective permeability. Sterols isolated from the cells in both strains were found to be capable of binding to polyenes at a high rate in solution. However, sterols from the strain R3 with a low resistance to polyenes, when incorporated into a synthetic lipid membrane, increase its permeability slower than sterols from the susceptible strain, which suggests that sterols from the low-resistant strain R3 are possibility involved in the phenotypic manifestation of resistance.", "PMID": 388159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8112", "title": "[New remote hybrids between Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces].", "content": "Crossing the cells of Saccharomyces (diploid) and Schizosaccharomyces (haploid) cells as well as using genetic markers (adenine dependent mutants) and selective media produced remote hybrids. The hybrid cultures possessed the intermediate type of inheritance in a number of properties. Along with budding typical of Saccharomyces, partitions characteristic of Schizosaccharomyces were encountered. The shape and size of cells and some physiological properties were found to vary in the course of vegetative growth (no spores were formed by the hybrid cultures). Conditions are discussed which favour remote hybridization of yeast cultures.", "contents": "[New remote hybrids between Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces]. Crossing the cells of Saccharomyces (diploid) and Schizosaccharomyces (haploid) cells as well as using genetic markers (adenine dependent mutants) and selective media produced remote hybrids. The hybrid cultures possessed the intermediate type of inheritance in a number of properties. Along with budding typical of Saccharomyces, partitions characteristic of Schizosaccharomyces were encountered. The shape and size of cells and some physiological properties were found to vary in the course of vegetative growth (no spores were formed by the hybrid cultures). Conditions are discussed which favour remote hybridization of yeast cultures.", "PMID": 388162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8113", "title": "Cimetidine and gastric ulcer healing: a double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "The effect of cimetidine in the daily dose of 1200 mg on the healing rate of chronic gastric ulcer was assessed in a randomized double-blind trial in 48 patients. Cimetidine was found to accelerate the healing of chronic gastric ulcers in the ambulant patients, but it conferred no additional benefit on the patients in hospital. No significant side effects were observed.", "contents": "Cimetidine and gastric ulcer healing: a double-blind controlled trial. The effect of cimetidine in the daily dose of 1200 mg on the healing rate of chronic gastric ulcer was assessed in a randomized double-blind trial in 48 patients. Cimetidine was found to accelerate the healing of chronic gastric ulcers in the ambulant patients, but it conferred no additional benefit on the patients in hospital. No significant side effects were observed.", "PMID": 388168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8114", "title": "[Structure and physico-chemical properties of bacterial flagella].", "content": "The structural organization of bacterial flagella was studied with Bacillus brevis and Escherichia coli MS 1350. The presence of a spherical body at the basis of a flagellum was confirmed. The structural organization of ingredients of the flagellar appratus, its inner and outer part, was investigated. The molecular weight of protein subunits in the filamentous portion of the flagellum was assayed as well as their amino acid composition. The mode of attachment of the flagellum to the cell is discussed.", "contents": "[Structure and physico-chemical properties of bacterial flagella]. The structural organization of bacterial flagella was studied with Bacillus brevis and Escherichia coli MS 1350. The presence of a spherical body at the basis of a flagellum was confirmed. The structural organization of ingredients of the flagellar appratus, its inner and outer part, was investigated. The molecular weight of protein subunits in the filamentous portion of the flagellum was assayed as well as their amino acid composition. The mode of attachment of the flagellum to the cell is discussed.", "PMID": 388161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8115", "title": "[Dynamics of the number of soil bacteria calculated by different methods].", "content": "Temporal changes in the incidence of soil bacteria were estimated using different methods such as luminescent microscopy, direct count according to Vinogradsky, growth on MPA. The method of Vinogradsky gave less stable results as compared to luminescent microscopy. The method of calculating microorganisms was found to influence the results obtained while studying the temporal dynamics of bacterial incidence in sod-podzolic soil.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the number of soil bacteria calculated by different methods]. Temporal changes in the incidence of soil bacteria were estimated using different methods such as luminescent microscopy, direct count according to Vinogradsky, growth on MPA. The method of Vinogradsky gave less stable results as compared to luminescent microscopy. The method of calculating microorganisms was found to influence the results obtained while studying the temporal dynamics of bacterial incidence in sod-podzolic soil.", "PMID": 388164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8116", "title": "[Use of cytofluorometry to determine the amount of DNA in yeast cells].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to test the possibility of using a luminescent variant of the Feulgen reaction with the reagent auramine-SO2 for staining yeast cell nuclei in order to determine the content of DNA in them. Reproducibility and stability of results obtained by this method suggest that it can be used to control the ploidy of the nuclei from yeast cells belonging to one and the same species.", "contents": "[Use of cytofluorometry to determine the amount of DNA in yeast cells]. The purpose of this work was to test the possibility of using a luminescent variant of the Feulgen reaction with the reagent auramine-SO2 for staining yeast cell nuclei in order to determine the content of DNA in them. Reproducibility and stability of results obtained by this method suggest that it can be used to control the ploidy of the nuclei from yeast cells belonging to one and the same species.", "PMID": 388165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8117", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in association with a second lymphoproliferative disorder: response to chemotherapy in two cases.", "content": "The development of either histiocytic lymphoma or Hodgkin disease in association with pre-existing chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been described in the literature as a terminal event. We describe two patients in whom the diagnosis of a second malignant lymphoma was made during life and who achieved objective clinical response after a change in therapy to a more aggressive combination of drugs. We conclude that patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who have had a sudden change in their clinical course should have thorough reevaluation, looking specifically for the development of a second lymphoproliferative disorder. If this is discovered, more aggressive therapy should be initiated.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in association with a second lymphoproliferative disorder: response to chemotherapy in two cases. The development of either histiocytic lymphoma or Hodgkin disease in association with pre-existing chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been described in the literature as a terminal event. We describe two patients in whom the diagnosis of a second malignant lymphoma was made during life and who achieved objective clinical response after a change in therapy to a more aggressive combination of drugs. We conclude that patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who have had a sudden change in their clinical course should have thorough reevaluation, looking specifically for the development of a second lymphoproliferative disorder. If this is discovered, more aggressive therapy should be initiated.", "PMID": 388174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8118", "title": "Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in a neonate.", "content": "A newborn with a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the eyelid was treated by chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy and experienced a good response. The nine previous cases in the literature are reviewed and this patient's therapy discussed.", "contents": "Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in a neonate. A newborn with a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the eyelid was treated by chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy and experienced a good response. The nine previous cases in the literature are reviewed and this patient's therapy discussed.", "PMID": 388175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8119", "title": "Evolution in the structure and function of carboxyl proteases.", "content": "A model for the structure and function of extracellular carboxyl (acid) proteases can be established from three amino acid sequences and four crystal structures of these enzymes. The carboxyl proteases from gastric and fungal origins are very homologous in both primary and tertiary structures. The molecules consist of about 320 residues organized with a secondary structure which is primarily comprised of beta-strands and very similar tertiary structures. An apparent binding cleft, which can accommodate a substrate with about eight amino acid residues, contains near its midpoint the active center residues Asp-215, Asp-32, and Ser-35. These three residues are hydrogen bonded to each other. An intracellular carboxyl protease, cathepsin D, is very homologous to the extracellular enzymes in N-terminal amino acid sequence and primary structure location of active center residues. The tertiary structure of cathepsin D is probably similar, as well. However, cathepsin D contains a unique hydrophobic \"tail\" made up of about 100 residues added on the C-terminal side. Cathepsin D precursor is over 100,000 daltons in molecular weights, as contrasted to the gastric carboxyl protease zymogens, which are about 40,000 daltons. Carboxyl proteases contain two lobes symmetrical in peptide chain conformations. Each of the lobes also consists of two homologous structural units. These structural characteristics suggest that the original gene was coded for only about eighty amino acid residues and that gene duplication and fusion has taken place twice to produce a single chain carboxyl protease with four basic structural units in two symmetrical lobes. The formation of the zymogens and the cathepsin D \"tail\" must have resulted from various gene fusions. Partial sequence comparisons also suggest that cathepsin D may be an evolutionary ancestral chain for gastric carboxyl proteases.", "contents": "Evolution in the structure and function of carboxyl proteases. A model for the structure and function of extracellular carboxyl (acid) proteases can be established from three amino acid sequences and four crystal structures of these enzymes. The carboxyl proteases from gastric and fungal origins are very homologous in both primary and tertiary structures. The molecules consist of about 320 residues organized with a secondary structure which is primarily comprised of beta-strands and very similar tertiary structures. An apparent binding cleft, which can accommodate a substrate with about eight amino acid residues, contains near its midpoint the active center residues Asp-215, Asp-32, and Ser-35. These three residues are hydrogen bonded to each other. An intracellular carboxyl protease, cathepsin D, is very homologous to the extracellular enzymes in N-terminal amino acid sequence and primary structure location of active center residues. The tertiary structure of cathepsin D is probably similar, as well. However, cathepsin D contains a unique hydrophobic \"tail\" made up of about 100 residues added on the C-terminal side. Cathepsin D precursor is over 100,000 daltons in molecular weights, as contrasted to the gastric carboxyl protease zymogens, which are about 40,000 daltons. Carboxyl proteases contain two lobes symmetrical in peptide chain conformations. Each of the lobes also consists of two homologous structural units. These structural characteristics suggest that the original gene was coded for only about eighty amino acid residues and that gene duplication and fusion has taken place twice to produce a single chain carboxyl protease with four basic structural units in two symmetrical lobes. The formation of the zymogens and the cathepsin D \"tail\" must have resulted from various gene fusions. Partial sequence comparisons also suggest that cathepsin D may be an evolutionary ancestral chain for gastric carboxyl proteases.", "PMID": 388185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8120", "title": "Arginyl residues and anion binding sites in proteins.", "content": "The functions of a number of amino acid residues in proteins have been studied by chemical modification techniques and much useful information has been obtained. Methods using dicarbonyl compounds for the modification of arginine residues are the most recent to have been developed. Since their introduction about 10 years ago, they have led to the identification of a large number of enzymes and other proteins that contain arginine residues critical to biological function. These reagents are discussed in terms of their chemical reactivity and mechanisms of action and in relation to the unique chemical properties of the guanidinium group. Butanedione, phenylglyoxal and cyclohexanedione are the most commonly employed arginyl reagents, and their relative advantages are examined. A survey of the functional role of arginine residues in enzymes and other proteins is presented in which nearly 100 examples are cited. The prediction that arginine residues would be found to serve a general role as anionic binding sites in protein has obviously been validated. The genetic and physiological implications of the selection of arginine for this important function are discussed.", "contents": "Arginyl residues and anion binding sites in proteins. The functions of a number of amino acid residues in proteins have been studied by chemical modification techniques and much useful information has been obtained. Methods using dicarbonyl compounds for the modification of arginine residues are the most recent to have been developed. Since their introduction about 10 years ago, they have led to the identification of a large number of enzymes and other proteins that contain arginine residues critical to biological function. These reagents are discussed in terms of their chemical reactivity and mechanisms of action and in relation to the unique chemical properties of the guanidinium group. Butanedione, phenylglyoxal and cyclohexanedione are the most commonly employed arginyl reagents, and their relative advantages are examined. A survey of the functional role of arginine residues in enzymes and other proteins is presented in which nearly 100 examples are cited. The prediction that arginine residues would be found to serve a general role as anionic binding sites in protein has obviously been validated. The genetic and physiological implications of the selection of arginine for this important function are discussed.", "PMID": 388184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8121", "title": "Improved method for the specific immunoprecipitation of albumin.", "content": "The immunoprecipitates of many antigens are frequently contaminated by coprecipitation of unrelated substances. A method to overcome this type of contamination in the immunoprecipitation of albumin is described. The insoluble albumin-antibody complexes are solubilized by a brief treatment at high temperature in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and after dilution the mixture is submitted to a second immunoprecipitation.", "contents": "Improved method for the specific immunoprecipitation of albumin. The immunoprecipitates of many antigens are frequently contaminated by coprecipitation of unrelated substances. A method to overcome this type of contamination in the immunoprecipitation of albumin is described. The insoluble albumin-antibody complexes are solubilized by a brief treatment at high temperature in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and after dilution the mixture is submitted to a second immunoprecipitation.", "PMID": 388187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8122", "title": "[Influence of the structure of photoreactive ATP analogs on the affinity modification of phenylalanyl-tRNA synsthetase. Modification of the enzyme at two types of nucleotide sites].", "content": "ATP gamma-(p-azidoanilidate) (1) and ATP gamma-(p-azidobenzyl)-methylanilidate (2) were shown to be competitive inhibitors for ATP and amino acid in tRNA aminoacylation catalyzed by E. coli MRE-600 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (E.C.6.1.1.20). Low concentration (10(-5)--10(-6) M) of either ATP, gamma-anilidate or GMP stimulates the aminoacylation of tRNA suggesting their interaction with some nucleotide binding sites of the enzyme other than catalytic ones. Covalent photobinding of (1) to the enzyme does not inhibit aminoacylation, nor does it prevent nucleotides from activating the enzyme. UV-irradiation of the synthetase in the presence of (2) results in complete inactivation of the enzyme which can be prevented by phenylalanine or phenylalanine-ATP to save 50% of the enzyme activity but not ATP and tRNA. The photobinding of (2) to the enzyme in the presence of phenylalanine and ATP removes the activation of the enzyme by nucleotides suggesting that both the catalytic and effector sites of the synthetase are blocked in the same manner by compound (2).", "contents": "[Influence of the structure of photoreactive ATP analogs on the affinity modification of phenylalanyl-tRNA synsthetase. Modification of the enzyme at two types of nucleotide sites]. ATP gamma-(p-azidoanilidate) (1) and ATP gamma-(p-azidobenzyl)-methylanilidate (2) were shown to be competitive inhibitors for ATP and amino acid in tRNA aminoacylation catalyzed by E. coli MRE-600 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (E.C.6.1.1.20). Low concentration (10(-5)--10(-6) M) of either ATP, gamma-anilidate or GMP stimulates the aminoacylation of tRNA suggesting their interaction with some nucleotide binding sites of the enzyme other than catalytic ones. Covalent photobinding of (1) to the enzyme does not inhibit aminoacylation, nor does it prevent nucleotides from activating the enzyme. UV-irradiation of the synthetase in the presence of (2) results in complete inactivation of the enzyme which can be prevented by phenylalanine or phenylalanine-ATP to save 50% of the enzyme activity but not ATP and tRNA. The photobinding of (2) to the enzyme in the presence of phenylalanine and ATP removes the activation of the enzyme by nucleotides suggesting that both the catalytic and effector sites of the synthetase are blocked in the same manner by compound (2).", "PMID": 388188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8123", "title": "[Effect of rifampicin on the synthesis of bacterial RNA polymerase mRNA by means of hybrid plasmids].", "content": "We studied the rate of synthesis of beta- and beta'-subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the rate of beta-polypeptide mRNA synthesis in rifampicin-treated bacteria. The antibiotic doses used did not significantly inhibit the total RNA and protein synthesis in rifampicin-sensitive bacteria. For RNA-DNA hybridization experiments a pOD162 plasmid was constructed carrying a fragment of the rpoB gene and no other chromosome DNA regions. It is found that low doses of rifampicin cause an absolute and differential increase in the rate of synthesis of the specific mRNA for the beta-subunit, suggesting a stimulation of the corresponding gene transcription. However the absolute transcription stimulation does not fully correlate with the relative acceleration of beta-mRNA and the corresponding polypeptide synthesis. The stimulating effect of rifampicin on the beta-polypeptide synthesis was demonstrated also in a coupled system of transcription and translation directed by lambda rifd 47 DNA. The possible mechanisms of the rifampicin action are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of rifampicin on the synthesis of bacterial RNA polymerase mRNA by means of hybrid plasmids]. We studied the rate of synthesis of beta- and beta'-subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the rate of beta-polypeptide mRNA synthesis in rifampicin-treated bacteria. The antibiotic doses used did not significantly inhibit the total RNA and protein synthesis in rifampicin-sensitive bacteria. For RNA-DNA hybridization experiments a pOD162 plasmid was constructed carrying a fragment of the rpoB gene and no other chromosome DNA regions. It is found that low doses of rifampicin cause an absolute and differential increase in the rate of synthesis of the specific mRNA for the beta-subunit, suggesting a stimulation of the corresponding gene transcription. However the absolute transcription stimulation does not fully correlate with the relative acceleration of beta-mRNA and the corresponding polypeptide synthesis. The stimulating effect of rifampicin on the beta-polypeptide synthesis was demonstrated also in a coupled system of transcription and translation directed by lambda rifd 47 DNA. The possible mechanisms of the rifampicin action are discussed.", "PMID": 388190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8124", "title": "[Complementarily addressed alkylation of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA in complexes with particular conformation].", "content": "Among the number of complementary complexes of 23S RNA with alkylating derivatives of complementary oligonucleotides ((Ap)3-5 ARCl, (Cp)5CRCl and (Np)5NRCl) some complexes of peculiar conformation are observed. The rate constant of alkylaation within the peculiar complexes is four fold greater than that within the rest complexes. The latter are alkylated via an active intermediate that is formed in the first rate determining step by two step alkylation. Both individual 23S RNAs and one in the rRNA mixture are alkylated in the peculiar complexes. But 16S RNA is alkylated only by the two step alkylation. There is a single binding site in the rRNA  that is alkylated with the alkylating derivatives of the definite nucleotide sequence at the definite base. The reagments with different sequences can alkylate different bases. The alkylating derivatives of hexa-nucleotide isoplits that are complementary to rRNA alkylate up to 45 +/- 10 complexes simultaneously. The conformation of these complexes enables alkylation with the higher rate constant mentioned above.", "contents": "[Complementarily addressed alkylation of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA in complexes with particular conformation]. Among the number of complementary complexes of 23S RNA with alkylating derivatives of complementary oligonucleotides ((Ap)3-5 ARCl, (Cp)5CRCl and (Np)5NRCl) some complexes of peculiar conformation are observed. The rate constant of alkylaation within the peculiar complexes is four fold greater than that within the rest complexes. The latter are alkylated via an active intermediate that is formed in the first rate determining step by two step alkylation. Both individual 23S RNAs and one in the rRNA mixture are alkylated in the peculiar complexes. But 16S RNA is alkylated only by the two step alkylation. There is a single binding site in the rRNA  that is alkylated with the alkylating derivatives of the definite nucleotide sequence at the definite base. The reagments with different sequences can alkylate different bases. The alkylating derivatives of hexa-nucleotide isoplits that are complementary to rRNA alkylate up to 45 +/- 10 complexes simultaneously. The conformation of these complexes enables alkylation with the higher rate constant mentioned above.", "PMID": 388189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8125", "title": "[Transcription initiation: influence of ionic strength and actinomycin D on the kinetics of the open promoter complex formation between Escherichia coli RNA-polymerase and T7 DNA].", "content": "A membrane filter assay has been devised to study the influence of ionic strength (0--150 mM NaCl) and actinomycin D on the kinetics of the open promoter complex formation between E. coli RNA-polymerase and [3H]DNA of T7 phage. The dependence of the complex formation rate upon the ionic strength is non-monotoneus with a maximum at 75--100 mM. The addition of one actinomycin molecule per 200 base pairs decreases the open promoter complex formation rate at ionic strength less than 100 mM. A promoter site selection model including liner diffusional selection is proposed which is in a good agreement with the experimental results obtained.", "contents": "[Transcription initiation: influence of ionic strength and actinomycin D on the kinetics of the open promoter complex formation between Escherichia coli RNA-polymerase and T7 DNA]. A membrane filter assay has been devised to study the influence of ionic strength (0--150 mM NaCl) and actinomycin D on the kinetics of the open promoter complex formation between E. coli RNA-polymerase and [3H]DNA of T7 phage. The dependence of the complex formation rate upon the ionic strength is non-monotoneus with a maximum at 75--100 mM. The addition of one actinomycin molecule per 200 base pairs decreases the open promoter complex formation rate at ionic strength less than 100 mM. A promoter site selection model including liner diffusional selection is proposed which is in a good agreement with the experimental results obtained.", "PMID": 388191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8126", "title": "Structure and function of intracellular proteoglycans.", "content": "Proteoglycans are generally thought of in terms of extracellular function, but there is evolving evidence that they are also an important constituent of secretory granules. Although the mast cell appears to be uniquely endowed with granule proteoglycan heparin, the peripheral blood elements such as basophils, neutrophils, and platelets contain predominantly chondroitin sulfates which have not been fully characterized and are presumed to be of granular origin. Coupled activation-secretion of the rat mast cell and the human platelet, respectively, has demonstrated the release of a proteoglycan-protein complex. It is suggested that the intracellular proteoglycans serve as the granule matrix to allow the storage of structurally diverse chemical mediators, their transport during the cell secretory response, and, finally, their discharge from the granule to the microenvironment. The granule constituents of the rat mast cell differ after discharge in their bioavailability thereby suggesting that the proteoglycan may have a regulatory function in the extracellular environment.", "contents": "Structure and function of intracellular proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are generally thought of in terms of extracellular function, but there is evolving evidence that they are also an important constituent of secretory granules. Although the mast cell appears to be uniquely endowed with granule proteoglycan heparin, the peripheral blood elements such as basophils, neutrophils, and platelets contain predominantly chondroitin sulfates which have not been fully characterized and are presumed to be of granular origin. Coupled activation-secretion of the rat mast cell and the human platelet, respectively, has demonstrated the release of a proteoglycan-protein complex. It is suggested that the intracellular proteoglycans serve as the granule matrix to allow the storage of structurally diverse chemical mediators, their transport during the cell secretory response, and, finally, their discharge from the granule to the microenvironment. The granule constituents of the rat mast cell differ after discharge in their bioavailability thereby suggesting that the proteoglycan may have a regulatory function in the extracellular environment.", "PMID": 388198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8127", "title": "[Internal structure of ribosomes using different types of emission].", "content": "A review is made of the experimental results obtained by the author and co-workers on the study of the structural organization of the RNA and the protein in ribosomes by the method of joint use of light, X-ray and neutron scattering and by the method of contrast variation in neutron scattering. Two rules are formulated for the folding of the ribonucleoprotein strand in ribosomes: (1) in each ribosomal subparticle the RNA is concentrated predominantly closer to the center of the particle whereas the protein has a more peripherical localization; (2) the compact (\"crystallic\") packing of hydrated RNA helices is an essential feature of the nucleus (nuclei) organization of the particles. An analysis of the experimental data on neutron scattering by ribosomal proteins has been done and the globulin conformation in solution of some of these proteins has been established. The widespread concept according to which the majority of ribosomal proteins on the ribosome and in solution are enlongated expanded structures is disputed. It is suggested that all, or almost all, ribosomal proteins are usual globular proteins recognizing the specific sequence of RNA on the periphery of the particles, and , hence, that the formation of functional centrers on the ribosome is, in principle, analogous to the formation of functional centers of other complex proteins with a quaternary structure.", "contents": "[Internal structure of ribosomes using different types of emission]. A review is made of the experimental results obtained by the author and co-workers on the study of the structural organization of the RNA and the protein in ribosomes by the method of joint use of light, X-ray and neutron scattering and by the method of contrast variation in neutron scattering. Two rules are formulated for the folding of the ribonucleoprotein strand in ribosomes: (1) in each ribosomal subparticle the RNA is concentrated predominantly closer to the center of the particle whereas the protein has a more peripherical localization; (2) the compact (\"crystallic\") packing of hydrated RNA helices is an essential feature of the nucleus (nuclei) organization of the particles. An analysis of the experimental data on neutron scattering by ribosomal proteins has been done and the globulin conformation in solution of some of these proteins has been established. The widespread concept according to which the majority of ribosomal proteins on the ribosome and in solution are enlongated expanded structures is disputed. It is suggested that all, or almost all, ribosomal proteins are usual globular proteins recognizing the specific sequence of RNA on the periphery of the particles, and , hence, that the formation of functional centrers on the ribosome is, in principle, analogous to the formation of functional centers of other complex proteins with a quaternary structure.", "PMID": 388192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8128", "title": "[Chemical modification of the complex of tRNA Phe with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli].", "content": "Alkylation of E. coli tRNAPhe, bound to the cognate synthetase was investigated. The alkylating reagent is a derivative of 2-chloroethylamine: 2',3'-O-[4(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzylidene]-uridine-5'-methylphosphate. It was found that the enzyme protects from the reaction D-stem (guanosine G24) and the region of juxtaposition of acceptor stem and D-stem (S4U8 and C13) in the tRNAPhe.", "contents": "[Chemical modification of the complex of tRNA Phe with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli]. Alkylation of E. coli tRNAPhe, bound to the cognate synthetase was investigated. The alkylating reagent is a derivative of 2-chloroethylamine: 2',3'-O-[4(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzylidene]-uridine-5'-methylphosphate. It was found that the enzyme protects from the reaction D-stem (guanosine G24) and the region of juxtaposition of acceptor stem and D-stem (S4U8 and C13) in the tRNAPhe.", "PMID": 388193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8129", "title": "The mutagenicity of nitrosopyrrolidine is related to its metabolism.", "content": "Various cell fractions from rat liver were tested for their ability to convert nitrosopyrrolidine (NO-PYR) to products which were mutagenic to E. coli in liquid-incubation assays. Microsomes alone produced only a small number of tyr+ revertants, approximately 40/10(8) survivors), while the S100 supernatant produced none at all. However, the S8 Fraction or combinations of microsomes and the S100 supernatant, yielded 300-400 tyr+ revertants/10(8) survivors. Neither products of the microsomal, nor microsome + supernatant reactions were mutagenic in the absence or presence of cellular fractions. These results suggest that bacterial mutagens are formed during the microsomal metabolism of NO-PYR to 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran by alpha-hydroxylation, but not during the metabolism of 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran by the S100 supernatant enzymes. Possible roles of the supernatant enzymes in the formation of mutagenic intermediates during the initial alpha-hydroxylation of NO-PYR are discussed.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of nitrosopyrrolidine is related to its metabolism. Various cell fractions from rat liver were tested for their ability to convert nitrosopyrrolidine (NO-PYR) to products which were mutagenic to E. coli in liquid-incubation assays. Microsomes alone produced only a small number of tyr+ revertants, approximately 40/10(8) survivors), while the S100 supernatant produced none at all. However, the S8 Fraction or combinations of microsomes and the S100 supernatant, yielded 300-400 tyr+ revertants/10(8) survivors. Neither products of the microsomal, nor microsome + supernatant reactions were mutagenic in the absence or presence of cellular fractions. These results suggest that bacterial mutagens are formed during the microsomal metabolism of NO-PYR to 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran by alpha-hydroxylation, but not during the metabolism of 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran by the S100 supernatant enzymes. Possible roles of the supernatant enzymes in the formation of mutagenic intermediates during the initial alpha-hydroxylation of NO-PYR are discussed.", "PMID": 388209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8130", "title": "Azide-induced mutagenesis in gram-negative bacteria is recA-and lexA-independent.", "content": "Azide-induced mutagenesis was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Azide was highly effective in inducing mutation in uvrB, uvrB recA and uvrB recB mutants of S. typhimurium. The mutagenic effect of azide was also observed in uvrA lexA mutants of E. coli K12 and E. coli B/r. These results suggest that azide-induced mutagenesis is due to mis-replication of DNA.", "contents": "Azide-induced mutagenesis in gram-negative bacteria is recA-and lexA-independent. Azide-induced mutagenesis was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Azide was highly effective in inducing mutation in uvrB, uvrB recA and uvrB recB mutants of S. typhimurium. The mutagenic effect of azide was also observed in uvrA lexA mutants of E. coli K12 and E. coli B/r. These results suggest that azide-induced mutagenesis is due to mis-replication of DNA.", "PMID": 388210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8131", "title": "MMS mutagenesis in strains of Escherichia coli carrying the R46 mutagenic enhancing plasmid: phenotypic analysis of Arg+ revertants.", "content": "Arg+ revertants of E. coli AB1157 and derivative strains were selected after MMS mutagenesis and subjected to a phenotypic analysis which permitted the partitioning of revertants into 4 classes. The distribution of these revertant classes was influenced by mutations affecting DNA-repair systems, mutagen treatment and revertant-selection methods. Introduction of the R46 plasmid into strains also affected this mutational specificity, and it was concluded that the plasmid's mutagenic enhancing effect does not merely augment the cellular error-prone capacity to repair MMS damage to DNA.", "contents": "MMS mutagenesis in strains of Escherichia coli carrying the R46 mutagenic enhancing plasmid: phenotypic analysis of Arg+ revertants. Arg+ revertants of E. coli AB1157 and derivative strains were selected after MMS mutagenesis and subjected to a phenotypic analysis which permitted the partitioning of revertants into 4 classes. The distribution of these revertant classes was influenced by mutations affecting DNA-repair systems, mutagen treatment and revertant-selection methods. Introduction of the R46 plasmid into strains also affected this mutational specificity, and it was concluded that the plasmid's mutagenic enhancing effect does not merely augment the cellular error-prone capacity to repair MMS damage to DNA.", "PMID": 388211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8132", "title": "Genetic effects of formaldehyde in yeast. III. Nuclear and cytoplasmic mutagenic effects.", "content": "Low concentrations of formaldehyde induce nuclear mutations when yeast cells are allowed to grow in the presence of this compound. The induction of reversions is a linear function of the concentration and depends upon the repair capacities of the treated cells. A strain defective in excision-repair (rad3-12) is more mutable by formaldehyde than the isogenic wild-type whereas a strain blocked in the mutagenic pathway (rad6-1) is not mutable after the same treatment. Allele specificities were found. In particular the lys1-1 mutation is not reversible by formaldehyde. Higher concentrations of formaldehyde induce efficiently the cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutation in non-growing conditions when a lethal effect is noticeable. The growth phase as well as the physiological state influence this mutagenic effect. The mutagenic effect of formaldehyde in yeast is discussed in relation with the repair processes involved.", "contents": "Genetic effects of formaldehyde in yeast. III. Nuclear and cytoplasmic mutagenic effects. Low concentrations of formaldehyde induce nuclear mutations when yeast cells are allowed to grow in the presence of this compound. The induction of reversions is a linear function of the concentration and depends upon the repair capacities of the treated cells. A strain defective in excision-repair (rad3-12) is more mutable by formaldehyde than the isogenic wild-type whereas a strain blocked in the mutagenic pathway (rad6-1) is not mutable after the same treatment. Allele specificities were found. In particular the lys1-1 mutation is not reversible by formaldehyde. Higher concentrations of formaldehyde induce efficiently the cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutation in non-growing conditions when a lethal effect is noticeable. The growth phase as well as the physiological state influence this mutagenic effect. The mutagenic effect of formaldehyde in yeast is discussed in relation with the repair processes involved.", "PMID": 388212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8133", "title": "MMS induction of different types of genetic damage in Aspergillus nidulans: a comparative analysis in mutagenesis.", "content": "Methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) was used to test the induction of gene mutation, somatic crossing-over and mitotic non-disjunction in A. nidulans. Gene mutation was tested by inducing mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine and revertants of methG1 in a haploid strain. Somatic crossing-over was tested in heterozygous diploids, both with a selective method, i.e. inducing homozygosis to FPA resistance in a heterozygous fpa A1/+ strain, and with a non-selective method, i.e. identifying the frequencies of colour sectors. This latter method was also used to estimate the induction of non-disjunction because additional markers were present which permitted us to distinguish the two types of colour segregant. Generally, 3 different experimental procedures were used, namely the \"plate test\", i.e. plating of conidia in agar media containing MMS, and two types of \"liquid test\", i.e. brief treatment of quiescent or pre-germinated conidia in MMS solution before they were plated on agar media. Point mutations were induced with about equal efficiency with each method, whereas crossing-over was induced preferentially when germinating conidia were exposed to MMS. On the other hand, non-disjunction was induced in germinating and quiescent spores with equal efficiency, but such segregants were not recovered with the selective (fpa) method. The results are discussed for both their practical use in the mutagenic testing procedure and their theoretical implication.", "contents": "MMS induction of different types of genetic damage in Aspergillus nidulans: a comparative analysis in mutagenesis. Methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) was used to test the induction of gene mutation, somatic crossing-over and mitotic non-disjunction in A. nidulans. Gene mutation was tested by inducing mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine and revertants of methG1 in a haploid strain. Somatic crossing-over was tested in heterozygous diploids, both with a selective method, i.e. inducing homozygosis to FPA resistance in a heterozygous fpa A1/+ strain, and with a non-selective method, i.e. identifying the frequencies of colour sectors. This latter method was also used to estimate the induction of non-disjunction because additional markers were present which permitted us to distinguish the two types of colour segregant. Generally, 3 different experimental procedures were used, namely the \"plate test\", i.e. plating of conidia in agar media containing MMS, and two types of \"liquid test\", i.e. brief treatment of quiescent or pre-germinated conidia in MMS solution before they were plated on agar media. Point mutations were induced with about equal efficiency with each method, whereas crossing-over was induced preferentially when germinating conidia were exposed to MMS. On the other hand, non-disjunction was induced in germinating and quiescent spores with equal efficiency, but such segregants were not recovered with the selective (fpa) method. The results are discussed for both their practical use in the mutagenic testing procedure and their theoretical implication.", "PMID": 388213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8134", "title": "Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "During the past two decades, new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease have contributed to improved rates of survival and probable cure. Currently, patients with Hodgkin's disease are treated according to the stage and symptoms of their disease. The degree of certainty necessary for determining stage depends on the potential effectiveness of the therapeutic options available in a given case. Certain cases have been identified where treatment with a single modality has been disappointing, and the use of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be considered for these. Such decisions can be made only by evaluating the effectiveness of salvage after relapse following single-modality treatment and assessing the added hazards of initial treatment with both modalities.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease. During the past two decades, new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease have contributed to improved rates of survival and probable cure. Currently, patients with Hodgkin's disease are treated according to the stage and symptoms of their disease. The degree of certainty necessary for determining stage depends on the potential effectiveness of the therapeutic options available in a given case. Certain cases have been identified where treatment with a single modality has been disappointing, and the use of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be considered for these. Such decisions can be made only by evaluating the effectiveness of salvage after relapse following single-modality treatment and assessing the added hazards of initial treatment with both modalities.", "PMID": 388217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8135", "title": "A controlled study of short-term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy.", "content": "Seventy-two adults with the nephrotic syndrome without renal insufficiency had a membranous type of renal histology on biopsy. These patients were randomly allocated to at least eight weeks of alternate-day treatment with prednisone or placebo in a multicenter study. Deterioration of glomerular filtration rate was significantly more rapid in placebo-treated than in prednisone-treated patients, and ultimately 10 of 38 given placebo but only one of 34 given prednisone were in renal failure (creatinine more than 5 mg per deciliter [440 mumol per liter]) or dead (P less than 0.02). In male patients and in those with nonselective initial proteinuria, there was a trend (not reaching statistical significance) toward more rapid deterioration of renal function. Age, admission blood pressure, serum creatinine, daily total protein excretion, and severity of histologic changes did not predict the subsequent course. We conclude that a short course of alternate-day prednisone therapy was beneficial in our group of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.", "contents": "A controlled study of short-term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy. Seventy-two adults with the nephrotic syndrome without renal insufficiency had a membranous type of renal histology on biopsy. These patients were randomly allocated to at least eight weeks of alternate-day treatment with prednisone or placebo in a multicenter study. Deterioration of glomerular filtration rate was significantly more rapid in placebo-treated than in prednisone-treated patients, and ultimately 10 of 38 given placebo but only one of 34 given prednisone were in renal failure (creatinine more than 5 mg per deciliter [440 mumol per liter]) or dead (P less than 0.02). In male patients and in those with nonselective initial proteinuria, there was a trend (not reaching statistical significance) toward more rapid deterioration of renal function. Age, admission blood pressure, serum creatinine, daily total protein excretion, and severity of histologic changes did not predict the subsequent course. We conclude that a short course of alternate-day prednisone therapy was beneficial in our group of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.", "PMID": 388220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8136", "title": "Paying the physician's fee: Blue Shield and the reasonable charge.", "content": "At a time of debate over physicians' fees and income, we describe the evolution of Blue Shield plans and programs to pay physicians' fees. We review how Medicare's \"reasonable-charge\" formulas fostered Blue Shield \"usual, customary, and reasonable\" (UCR) contracts. In a three-year period in the Washington, DC, area, Blue Shield UCR protocols permitted \"customary\" allowances for selected surgical procedures to rise 29 to 75 per cent; charges by two physicians increased allowances for coronary-artery bypass from $2000 to $3500. We find little justification for secrecy in fee-payment protocols. Physicians dominate the District of Columbia Blue Shield Board and its committees, and they control fee-payment formulas. Nationally, 61 per cent of Blue Shield boards have majorities of health-care providers; approximately two thirds of fee-related committees have physician majorities. We urge increased public debate, public representation, and accountability in monitoring and reforming the programs that we describe.", "contents": "Paying the physician's fee: Blue Shield and the reasonable charge. At a time of debate over physicians' fees and income, we describe the evolution of Blue Shield plans and programs to pay physicians' fees. We review how Medicare's \"reasonable-charge\" formulas fostered Blue Shield \"usual, customary, and reasonable\" (UCR) contracts. In a three-year period in the Washington, DC, area, Blue Shield UCR protocols permitted \"customary\" allowances for selected surgical procedures to rise 29 to 75 per cent; charges by two physicians increased allowances for coronary-artery bypass from $2000 to $3500. We find little justification for secrecy in fee-payment protocols. Physicians dominate the District of Columbia Blue Shield Board and its committees, and they control fee-payment formulas. Nationally, 61 per cent of Blue Shield boards have majorities of health-care providers; approximately two thirds of fee-related committees have physician majorities. We urge increased public debate, public representation, and accountability in monitoring and reforming the programs that we describe.", "PMID": 388221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8137", "title": "Early diagnosis of relapse in acute myeloblastic leukemia: Serologic detection of leukemia-associated antigens in human marrow.", "content": "We tested serial bone-marrow samples from 47 adults with acute myeloblastic leukemia in remission for reactivity with heteroantiserums to leukemia-associated antigens, to determine whether imminent relapse could be detected in patients with acute leukemia. Of 26 patients who relapsed by standard morphologic criteria, 21 had increased immunoreactivity of bone marrow for one to six months (mean, 3.7 months) before relapse. High concordance was observed between a positive test and relapse during the period of study (chi-square = 27.53, P less than 0.001). The median time to relapse after a positive test was four months, as compared with the median remission duration of 19 months for the whole group (P less than 0.02, Peto's log-rank analysis). Serologic detection of leukemia-associated antigens in marrow may be a reliable indicator of imminent relapse in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of relapse in acute myeloblastic leukemia: Serologic detection of leukemia-associated antigens in human marrow. We tested serial bone-marrow samples from 47 adults with acute myeloblastic leukemia in remission for reactivity with heteroantiserums to leukemia-associated antigens, to determine whether imminent relapse could be detected in patients with acute leukemia. Of 26 patients who relapsed by standard morphologic criteria, 21 had increased immunoreactivity of bone marrow for one to six months (mean, 3.7 months) before relapse. High concordance was observed between a positive test and relapse during the period of study (chi-square = 27.53, P less than 0.001). The median time to relapse after a positive test was four months, as compared with the median remission duration of 19 months for the whole group (P less than 0.02, Peto's log-rank analysis). Serologic detection of leukemia-associated antigens in marrow may be a reliable indicator of imminent relapse in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "PMID": 388224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8138", "title": "[Chromium--its community hygienic importance].", "content": "The present contribution is a literature survey of the presentday knowledge of the chromium contamination of the biosphere. It gives an insight into the absorption mechanism, accumulation and toxicity of chromium in man, and deals with its tolerance. Preliminary investigations into the chromium distribution and burden in the territory of the GDR are presented.", "contents": "[Chromium--its community hygienic importance]. The present contribution is a literature survey of the presentday knowledge of the chromium contamination of the biosphere. It gives an insight into the absorption mechanism, accumulation and toxicity of chromium in man, and deals with its tolerance. Preliminary investigations into the chromium distribution and burden in the territory of the GDR are presented.", "PMID": 388225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8139", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of hyper-modified nucleoside Q located in the wobbling position of tRNA.", "content": "The hyper-modified nucleoside Q (queuosine) is exclusively located in the wobbling position of anticodons of tRNATyr tRNAHis, tRNAAsn and tRNAAsp that recognise codons NAUC (ref. 1). Queuosine and its hexose-containing derivatives are widely distributed in microorganisms, animals and plants. We confirm here the chemical structure of queuosine as 7-(3, 4-trans-4, 5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine (Fig. 1). The unique structural features of Q are the unusual cyclopentenediol side chain and the 7-deazaguanine ring. Queuosine is one of the most complicated modified nucleosides found thus far.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of hyper-modified nucleoside Q located in the wobbling position of tRNA. The hyper-modified nucleoside Q (queuosine) is exclusively located in the wobbling position of anticodons of tRNATyr tRNAHis, tRNAAsn and tRNAAsp that recognise codons NAUC (ref. 1). Queuosine and its hexose-containing derivatives are widely distributed in microorganisms, animals and plants. We confirm here the chemical structure of queuosine as 7-(3, 4-trans-4, 5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine (Fig. 1). The unique structural features of Q are the unusual cyclopentenediol side chain and the 7-deazaguanine ring. Queuosine is one of the most complicated modified nucleosides found thus far.", "PMID": 388227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8140", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a yeast chromosomal replicator.", "content": "A yeast DNA sequence that behaves as a chromosomal replicator, ars1 (autonomously replicating sequence), has been isolated. On transformation, ars1 allows autonomous replication of all co-linear DNA. The replicator can integrate into other replication units and can function in multimeric form. The 850-base pair ars1 element has no detectable homology to other yeast sequences. Such replicator-containing plasmids can be used for the isolation of DNA sequences in yeast cells as well as for the study of chromosomal DNA replication.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a yeast chromosomal replicator. A yeast DNA sequence that behaves as a chromosomal replicator, ars1 (autonomously replicating sequence), has been isolated. On transformation, ars1 allows autonomous replication of all co-linear DNA. The replicator can integrate into other replication units and can function in multimeric form. The 850-base pair ars1 element has no detectable homology to other yeast sequences. Such replicator-containing plasmids can be used for the isolation of DNA sequences in yeast cells as well as for the study of chromosomal DNA replication.", "PMID": 388229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8141", "title": "Identification and processing of proglucagon in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide analysis of newly synthesized proteins from rat islets have identified an 18,000 molecular weight (MW) protein as proglucagon. Conversion of this precursor was kinetically similar to the conversion of proinsulin and resulted in the formation of both pancreatic glucagon and a 10,000-MW protein lacking this hormonal sequence.", "contents": "Identification and processing of proglucagon in pancreatic islets. Immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide analysis of newly synthesized proteins from rat islets have identified an 18,000 molecular weight (MW) protein as proglucagon. Conversion of this precursor was kinetically similar to the conversion of proinsulin and resulted in the formation of both pancreatic glucagon and a 10,000-MW protein lacking this hormonal sequence.", "PMID": 388230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8142", "title": "The heavy chain of human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7 contains an immunoglobulin-like region.", "content": "The 88-residue fragment (ac-2) containing the second disulphide loop from HLA-B7 heavy chain is shown to have statistically significant homology with Ig constant domains, including both matches at invariant positions and conservative substitutions of structurally important residues. Thus, both the light chain (beta 2m) and a segment of the heavy chain of HLA antigens may be structurally and evolutionarily related to immunoglobulins.", "contents": "The heavy chain of human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7 contains an immunoglobulin-like region. The 88-residue fragment (ac-2) containing the second disulphide loop from HLA-B7 heavy chain is shown to have statistically significant homology with Ig constant domains, including both matches at invariant positions and conservative substitutions of structurally important residues. Thus, both the light chain (beta 2m) and a segment of the heavy chain of HLA antigens may be structurally and evolutionarily related to immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 388231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8143", "title": "Met- and Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in separate neurones.", "content": "A pair of pentapeptides, Met- and Leu-enkephalin were recently isolated from brain tissue. The two peptides seem to represent endogenous opiate receptor ligands and have by immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay studies been shown to occur in an extensive system of cerebral and peripheral nerves. The relative proportions between Met- and Leu-enkephalin varies between different brain regions and also between different species, suggesting the existence of separate populations of Met- and Leu-enkephalin nerves. Until now, however, immunocytochemistry has given no support for this notion. We report here evidence of separate populations of Met- and Leu-enkephalin nerves.", "contents": "Met- and Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in separate neurones. A pair of pentapeptides, Met- and Leu-enkephalin were recently isolated from brain tissue. The two peptides seem to represent endogenous opiate receptor ligands and have by immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay studies been shown to occur in an extensive system of cerebral and peripheral nerves. The relative proportions between Met- and Leu-enkephalin varies between different brain regions and also between different species, suggesting the existence of separate populations of Met- and Leu-enkephalin nerves. Until now, however, immunocytochemistry has given no support for this notion. We report here evidence of separate populations of Met- and Leu-enkephalin nerves.", "PMID": 388233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8144", "title": "A transposon, Tn732, encoding gentamicin/tobramycin resistance.", "content": "Gentamicin and tobramycin are important antibiotics in the treatment of hospital infections because of their activity against a wide range of bacterial genera. With their increasing use, bacteria resistant to these drugs have appeared, the resistance being frequently plasmid determined. The resistance genes determine various enzymes that modify and inactivate the drugs and there is association between particular gentamicin/tobramycin resistance genes and plasmids of particular groups, implying that acquisition of such a gene by any plasmid is a rare event. We now report the identification of a transposon or 'jumping gene' encoding the gentamicin/tobramycin adenylylating enzyme, ANT(2\"), on a plasmid of incompatiblity group FII (IncFII).", "contents": "A transposon, Tn732, encoding gentamicin/tobramycin resistance. Gentamicin and tobramycin are important antibiotics in the treatment of hospital infections because of their activity against a wide range of bacterial genera. With their increasing use, bacteria resistant to these drugs have appeared, the resistance being frequently plasmid determined. The resistance genes determine various enzymes that modify and inactivate the drugs and there is association between particular gentamicin/tobramycin resistance genes and plasmids of particular groups, implying that acquisition of such a gene by any plasmid is a rare event. We now report the identification of a transposon or 'jumping gene' encoding the gentamicin/tobramycin adenylylating enzyme, ANT(2\"), on a plasmid of incompatiblity group FII (IncFII).", "PMID": 388234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8145", "title": "Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A functional copy of the alpha mating type gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by transformation in yeast. Using the Southern Blotting procedure it has been shown that three distinct genetic loci implicated in mating type interconversion (HML, HMR and MAT) contain sequences homologous to the clone fragment. The restriction fragment associated with each locus exhibits a characteristic size which can be correlated with the mating type allele present at that locus. The characteristic size difference between the a and alpha genetic elements made it possible to demonstrate that the homothallic interconversion of mating types in this yeast occurs by DNA rearrangement as proposed in the 'cassette hypothesis'.", "contents": "Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A functional copy of the alpha mating type gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by transformation in yeast. Using the Southern Blotting procedure it has been shown that three distinct genetic loci implicated in mating type interconversion (HML, HMR and MAT) contain sequences homologous to the clone fragment. The restriction fragment associated with each locus exhibits a characteristic size which can be correlated with the mating type allele present at that locus. The characteristic size difference between the a and alpha genetic elements made it possible to demonstrate that the homothallic interconversion of mating types in this yeast occurs by DNA rearrangement as proposed in the 'cassette hypothesis'.", "PMID": 388235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8146", "title": "[Liver and ovulation inhibitors. Effects on liver function of estrogen-progestagen containing steroid oral contraceptives].", "content": "Since introduction of oral contraceptive steroids a variety of physiologic-adaptive and toxic side effects have been reported. -a review is given. The study reports also four cases of hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari-Syndrome--Venoocclusive disease) and three cases of benign hepatic tumors (liver cell adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia) in young women following 2- to 5-year treatment with oral contraceptive steroids.", "contents": "[Liver and ovulation inhibitors. Effects on liver function of estrogen-progestagen containing steroid oral contraceptives]. Since introduction of oral contraceptive steroids a variety of physiologic-adaptive and toxic side effects have been reported. -a review is given. The study reports also four cases of hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari-Syndrome--Venoocclusive disease) and three cases of benign hepatic tumors (liver cell adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia) in young women following 2- to 5-year treatment with oral contraceptive steroids.", "PMID": 388238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8147", "title": "Why are enzymes macromolecules?", "content": "The possible reasons for the macromolecular nature of enzymes are discussed. They are recognized in the necessity of creating a highly specific stereochemistry and microenvironment in the active site, in the necessity of maintaining the protein conformational rigidity, its fit with the physiological environment and overall stability, in allostery, and in the possible existence of fossil sequences, molecular tinkering, and specific hydrodynamic properties.", "contents": "Why are enzymes macromolecules? The possible reasons for the macromolecular nature of enzymes are discussed. They are recognized in the necessity of creating a highly specific stereochemistry and microenvironment in the active site, in the necessity of maintaining the protein conformational rigidity, its fit with the physiological environment and overall stability, in allostery, and in the possible existence of fossil sequences, molecular tinkering, and specific hydrodynamic properties.", "PMID": 388239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8148", "title": "Central and peripheral effects of bradykinin and prostaglandin E2 on blood pressure in conscious rats.", "content": "Bradykinin or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), when injected intravenously, decreased blood pressure of conscious rats in a dose-dependent manner, while intracerebroventricular injections of bradykinin or PGE2 caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure. SQ 14,225, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, potentiated the central pressor or peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, almost completely inhibited the central pressor effect of bradykinin when injected intraventricularly. Indomenthacin, when injected intravenously, failed to inhibit the peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin, whereas it significantly attenuated the peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin when the angiotensin converting enzyme was inhibited with SQ 14,225. These results suggest that the central pressor effect of bradykinin is mainly mediated by the synthesis of prostaglandins in the central nervous system, while only a small fraction of peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin is, at least in conscious rats, mediated by the synthesis of prostaglandins in the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Central and peripheral effects of bradykinin and prostaglandin E2 on blood pressure in conscious rats. Bradykinin or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), when injected intravenously, decreased blood pressure of conscious rats in a dose-dependent manner, while intracerebroventricular injections of bradykinin or PGE2 caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure. SQ 14,225, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, potentiated the central pressor or peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, almost completely inhibited the central pressor effect of bradykinin when injected intraventricularly. Indomenthacin, when injected intravenously, failed to inhibit the peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin, whereas it significantly attenuated the peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin when the angiotensin converting enzyme was inhibited with SQ 14,225. These results suggest that the central pressor effect of bradykinin is mainly mediated by the synthesis of prostaglandins in the central nervous system, while only a small fraction of peripheral depressor effect of bradykinin is, at least in conscious rats, mediated by the synthesis of prostaglandins in the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 388242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8149", "title": "Migration of an entire one-piece shunt into the ventricle.", "content": "Migration of an entire one-piece shunt into the lateral ventricle of a six-month-old boy is reported. This is a rare complication in this kind of shunt, and has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Migration of an entire one-piece shunt into the ventricle. Migration of an entire one-piece shunt into the lateral ventricle of a six-month-old boy is reported. This is a rare complication in this kind of shunt, and has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 388246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8150", "title": "Sexual maturation of the male rat. Influence of androgens on the pituitary response to single or multiple injections of LH-RH.", "content": "In an attempt to mimic the events surrounding the natural onset of puberty in the male rat, animals were castrated and implanted with Silastic capsules filled with testosterone (T). Capsule size was adjusted to maintain serum-luteinizing hormone (LH) at sham-castrated values. To these animals implanted with T capsules, androstenedione (delta 4), 5 alpha-androstane-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha-17 beta-diol (3 alpha-OL) or T were administered by subcutaneous injections (40 micrograms/100 g body weight). 12 h later, the animals received an intravenous injection of 50 ng LH-RH. Pre- and post-LH-RH injection blood samples were assayed for serum content of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by radioimmunoassay. Compared to sham animals, prepubertal males showed a potentiation in the LH response with testosterone alone. This effect was not prevented by delta 4; DHT or 3 alpha-OL injection returned the LH response to that of sham-operated animals. No such effects of androgens were present in pubertal or postpubertal rats. There was no effect on the FSH response in any age group. Different groups of animals received 3 doses of 10 ng LH-RH or saline prior to a single 50 ng LH-RH injection. Pubertal and postpubertal males showed a self-priming effect of LH-RH on the LH response. This effect was not present in prepubertal rats nor in any group of animals that had been castrated, regardless of whether or not T replacement was performed. The results indicate that complex alterations in pituitary function take place during the sexual maturation of the male rat. These changes may be inherent in the pituitary and/or related to variation in testicular androgen secretion.", "contents": "Sexual maturation of the male rat. Influence of androgens on the pituitary response to single or multiple injections of LH-RH. In an attempt to mimic the events surrounding the natural onset of puberty in the male rat, animals were castrated and implanted with Silastic capsules filled with testosterone (T). Capsule size was adjusted to maintain serum-luteinizing hormone (LH) at sham-castrated values. To these animals implanted with T capsules, androstenedione (delta 4), 5 alpha-androstane-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha-17 beta-diol (3 alpha-OL) or T were administered by subcutaneous injections (40 micrograms/100 g body weight). 12 h later, the animals received an intravenous injection of 50 ng LH-RH. Pre- and post-LH-RH injection blood samples were assayed for serum content of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by radioimmunoassay. Compared to sham animals, prepubertal males showed a potentiation in the LH response with testosterone alone. This effect was not prevented by delta 4; DHT or 3 alpha-OL injection returned the LH response to that of sham-operated animals. No such effects of androgens were present in pubertal or postpubertal rats. There was no effect on the FSH response in any age group. Different groups of animals received 3 doses of 10 ng LH-RH or saline prior to a single 50 ng LH-RH injection. Pubertal and postpubertal males showed a self-priming effect of LH-RH on the LH response. This effect was not present in prepubertal rats nor in any group of animals that had been castrated, regardless of whether or not T replacement was performed. The results indicate that complex alterations in pituitary function take place during the sexual maturation of the male rat. These changes may be inherent in the pituitary and/or related to variation in testicular androgen secretion.", "PMID": 388247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8151", "title": "Sodium valproate: serial monitoring of EEG and serum levels.", "content": "The clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of sodium valproate were studied in four patients by means of serial 24-hour EEG recordings and simultaneous hourly determinations of serum drug concentrations. The patients all had frequent clinical seizures and generalized spike-wave discharges. Valproate appeared to reduce diurnal paroxysmal discharges (PD) and clinical seizures, but the effect on nocturnal PD was less marked. The extent and duration of the depression of PD and seizures varied. Altering the distribution of the total daily dose may change the pattern of clinical seizures and PD. Valproate concentrations fluctuated widely over 24 hours, and the significance of single estimations often cited in the literature appears dubious. Peak serum concentrations above 100 micrograms per milliliter may be necessary in some patients to achieve clinical and EEG improvement.", "contents": "Sodium valproate: serial monitoring of EEG and serum levels. The clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of sodium valproate were studied in four patients by means of serial 24-hour EEG recordings and simultaneous hourly determinations of serum drug concentrations. The patients all had frequent clinical seizures and generalized spike-wave discharges. Valproate appeared to reduce diurnal paroxysmal discharges (PD) and clinical seizures, but the effect on nocturnal PD was less marked. The extent and duration of the depression of PD and seizures varied. Altering the distribution of the total daily dose may change the pattern of clinical seizures and PD. Valproate concentrations fluctuated widely over 24 hours, and the significance of single estimations often cited in the literature appears dubious. Peak serum concentrations above 100 micrograms per milliliter may be necessary in some patients to achieve clinical and EEG improvement.", "PMID": 388250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8152", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulins and C3 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "We determined the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and C3 in spinal fluid and IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3 in serum from seven patients with histologically revified Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The mean total protein content in spinal fluid was significantly higher than in controls. The increased mean concentrations of IgA, IgG, and C3 in spinal fluid, and their respective mean percentages in spinal fluid, suggest a passage of IgG and C3 from blood into spinal fluid, and a possible production of IgA within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulins and C3 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We determined the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and C3 in spinal fluid and IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3 in serum from seven patients with histologically revified Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The mean total protein content in spinal fluid was significantly higher than in controls. The increased mean concentrations of IgA, IgG, and C3 in spinal fluid, and their respective mean percentages in spinal fluid, suggest a passage of IgG and C3 from blood into spinal fluid, and a possible production of IgA within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 388252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8153", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of syphilis during pregnancy.", "content": "Obstetric patients with serologic evidence of syphilis should have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to determine the presence of tertiary disease. In the present study, 19% of untreated and asymptomatic patients with serologic evidence of syphilis were found to have tertiary syphilis following examination of CSF. Despite maternal therapy, 11% of the infants born to mothers with syphilis had reactive serum and CSF involvement as documented by the presence of a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS)-specific IgM.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of syphilis during pregnancy. Obstetric patients with serologic evidence of syphilis should have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to determine the presence of tertiary disease. In the present study, 19% of untreated and asymptomatic patients with serologic evidence of syphilis were found to have tertiary syphilis following examination of CSF. Despite maternal therapy, 11% of the infants born to mothers with syphilis had reactive serum and CSF involvement as documented by the presence of a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS)-specific IgM.", "PMID": 388268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8154", "title": "The presence of Candida albicans in hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis. An ultrastructural observation.", "content": "Specimens taken from the buccal mucosa of two patients with hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of epithelial tissue in HBID was previously reported. Discovery of Candida albicans in this lesion was an accidental finding. The literature on the subject was reviewed and the ultrastructural features of Candida albicans were described.", "contents": "The presence of Candida albicans in hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis. An ultrastructural observation. Specimens taken from the buccal mucosa of two patients with hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of epithelial tissue in HBID was previously reported. Discovery of Candida albicans in this lesion was an accidental finding. The literature on the subject was reviewed and the ultrastructural features of Candida albicans were described.", "PMID": 388275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8155", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerves in human upper respiratory tract.", "content": "Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a recently recognized neuropeptide with a possible transmitter function has been demonstrated in nerves of the human upper respiratory tract. VIP nerves predominate in the inferior turbinate of the nose and in the tracheal wall. They are distributed in the subepithelial connective tissue, around blood vessels and seromucous glands. Scattered VIP nerves are observed also in the tracheal smooth muscle. VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies are found only in the tracheal wall, suggesting a local origin of the VIP nerves in this organ. Available information indicates that the VIP-containing nerves constitute a separate component of the autonomic nervous system in addition to the adrenergic and cholinergic ones.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerves in human upper respiratory tract. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a recently recognized neuropeptide with a possible transmitter function has been demonstrated in nerves of the human upper respiratory tract. VIP nerves predominate in the inferior turbinate of the nose and in the tracheal wall. They are distributed in the subepithelial connective tissue, around blood vessels and seromucous glands. Scattered VIP nerves are observed also in the tracheal smooth muscle. VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies are found only in the tracheal wall, suggesting a local origin of the VIP nerves in this organ. Available information indicates that the VIP-containing nerves constitute a separate component of the autonomic nervous system in addition to the adrenergic and cholinergic ones.", "PMID": 388276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8156", "title": "Vaccinations against bacterial infections.", "content": "1. As with any therapeutic measure, prophylactic vaccination is to be jugded by the correlation between benefit and harm or expenditure. By benefit is meant a not to short-lived substantial decrease in the morbidity and/or mortality. Harm refers to the number and severity of side effects in the individual child vaccinated and expenditure means the economic burden placed upon society. 2. The evaluation of many vaccinations at present varies between two extremes: On the one hand vaccination procedures are considered to provide an opportunity to eradicate most of the infectious diseases, on the other hand there is a tendency to assess side effects more drastically the more likely the danger of the particular disease seems eliminated once and for all. 3. An attempt is made to discuss the achieved or achievable standard of vaccination measures against bacterial infections in the light of 3 classes of vaccines. The first class involves well established and commonly used vaccines such as BCG and DPT vaccines although differences in opinion exist on their future employment. 4. The second class involves newer vaccines or vaccines that are under development as for instance vaccines against meningococci, pneumococci, H. influenzae and enteropathogenic E. coli. 5. The third class includes vaccines whose realisation at present appears to be yet difficult or hardly feasible, for instance vaccines against enterotoxins of enteropathogenic organisms, against lues, gonorrhea or for example against organisms of the infectious hospitalism.", "contents": "Vaccinations against bacterial infections. 1. As with any therapeutic measure, prophylactic vaccination is to be jugded by the correlation between benefit and harm or expenditure. By benefit is meant a not to short-lived substantial decrease in the morbidity and/or mortality. Harm refers to the number and severity of side effects in the individual child vaccinated and expenditure means the economic burden placed upon society. 2. The evaluation of many vaccinations at present varies between two extremes: On the one hand vaccination procedures are considered to provide an opportunity to eradicate most of the infectious diseases, on the other hand there is a tendency to assess side effects more drastically the more likely the danger of the particular disease seems eliminated once and for all. 3. An attempt is made to discuss the achieved or achievable standard of vaccination measures against bacterial infections in the light of 3 classes of vaccines. The first class involves well established and commonly used vaccines such as BCG and DPT vaccines although differences in opinion exist on their future employment. 4. The second class involves newer vaccines or vaccines that are under development as for instance vaccines against meningococci, pneumococci, H. influenzae and enteropathogenic E. coli. 5. The third class includes vaccines whose realisation at present appears to be yet difficult or hardly feasible, for instance vaccines against enterotoxins of enteropathogenic organisms, against lues, gonorrhea or for example against organisms of the infectious hospitalism.", "PMID": 388293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8157", "title": "[The development of child pathology within the framework of pathology and pediatrics. A medico-historical review].", "content": "1. The history of child pathology is derived from the description of the development of the an pathological anatomy and paediatry. 2. The pathological anatomy of infancy is basing on the research results of the general and special pathology, the pathological physiology and the clinical medicine by the help of the experiment and the knowledges of biology, chemistry, and physics. 3. Further decisive impulses are given by social medicine.", "contents": "[The development of child pathology within the framework of pathology and pediatrics. A medico-historical review]. 1. The history of child pathology is derived from the description of the development of the an pathological anatomy and paediatry. 2. The pathological anatomy of infancy is basing on the research results of the general and special pathology, the pathological physiology and the clinical medicine by the help of the experiment and the knowledges of biology, chemistry, and physics. 3. Further decisive impulses are given by social medicine.", "PMID": 388294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8158", "title": "Vesiculobullous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract.", "content": "Vesiculobullous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract are among the most frequently occurring disease processes of the oral soft tissues. Pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and erosive lichen planus are compared and contrasted with each other and with vesiculobullous eruptions of viral origin. Clinical photographs and photomicrographs of these disease processes are presented. Treatment modalities are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Vesiculobullous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Vesiculobullous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract are among the most frequently occurring disease processes of the oral soft tissues. Pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and erosive lichen planus are compared and contrasted with each other and with vesiculobullous eruptions of viral origin. Clinical photographs and photomicrographs of these disease processes are presented. Treatment modalities are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 388288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8159", "title": "An immunoperoxidase method for the demonstration of allergen-specific IgE in serum.", "content": "A solid-phase immunoenzymatic technique for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum is described. The binding of such antibodies to allergen insolubilized on cyanogen bromide-activated paper discs was detected by a subsequent two-step procedure involving the use of rabbit antihuman IgE and goat antirabbit IgG coupled with peroxidase. A solution of 3-3' diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, employed as the color indicator system, turned the discs dark brown in positive cases. Discs carrying 11 different inhalant allergens were tested with sera containing allergen-specific IgE antibodies. Agreement between the results of this technique and the RAST was seen in 85% of 310 tests performed. In the clinical practice of otorhinolaryngologic allergy, this test may prove to be an important laboratory adjunct ot clinical history and diagnostic skin test in the identification of the incriminated inhalant allergens.", "contents": "An immunoperoxidase method for the demonstration of allergen-specific IgE in serum. A solid-phase immunoenzymatic technique for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum is described. The binding of such antibodies to allergen insolubilized on cyanogen bromide-activated paper discs was detected by a subsequent two-step procedure involving the use of rabbit antihuman IgE and goat antirabbit IgG coupled with peroxidase. A solution of 3-3' diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, employed as the color indicator system, turned the discs dark brown in positive cases. Discs carrying 11 different inhalant allergens were tested with sera containing allergen-specific IgE antibodies. Agreement between the results of this technique and the RAST was seen in 85% of 310 tests performed. In the clinical practice of otorhinolaryngologic allergy, this test may prove to be an important laboratory adjunct ot clinical history and diagnostic skin test in the identification of the incriminated inhalant allergens.", "PMID": 388289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8160", "title": "Tracheoinnominate artery fistula as a complication of radiation therapy.", "content": "Tracheoinnominate artery fistulization is a well-known complication of tracheostomy and of tracheal resection. The first known occurrence of this problem in a patient in whom no transtracheal procedure had ever been performed is reported, and high-dose radiation therapy delivered three years before for a mediastinal malignancy is suggested as the cause. No evidence of tumor was found in or adjacent to the tracheovascular communication. The tracheoinnominate artery fistula must be considered a potential complication of radiation therapy as well as of surgery.", "contents": "Tracheoinnominate artery fistula as a complication of radiation therapy. Tracheoinnominate artery fistulization is a well-known complication of tracheostomy and of tracheal resection. The first known occurrence of this problem in a patient in whom no transtracheal procedure had ever been performed is reported, and high-dose radiation therapy delivered three years before for a mediastinal malignancy is suggested as the cause. No evidence of tumor was found in or adjacent to the tracheovascular communication. The tracheoinnominate artery fistula must be considered a potential complication of radiation therapy as well as of surgery.", "PMID": 388290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8161", "title": "A double-blind controlled study of seratonin uptake inhibitor (Zimelidine) versus placebo in chronic pain patients.", "content": "Forty patients with pain syndromes of both organic and psychogenic origin of at least 6 months' duration were included in a double-blind controlled study of a new rather selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, Zimelidine, versus placebo. Patients in the Zimelidine group experienced significantly more pain relief and tended to be able to reduce their need for analgesics more often than the patients in the placebo group. In the Zimelidine group 4 patients were excluded due to nausea and intestinal troubles versus only 1 patient in the placebo group. However, among the patients who completed the trial the side-effects were mild.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled study of seratonin uptake inhibitor (Zimelidine) versus placebo in chronic pain patients. Forty patients with pain syndromes of both organic and psychogenic origin of at least 6 months' duration were included in a double-blind controlled study of a new rather selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, Zimelidine, versus placebo. Patients in the Zimelidine group experienced significantly more pain relief and tended to be able to reduce their need for analgesics more often than the patients in the placebo group. In the Zimelidine group 4 patients were excluded due to nausea and intestinal troubles versus only 1 patient in the placebo group. However, among the patients who completed the trial the side-effects were mild.", "PMID": 388295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8162", "title": "Situational modification of regional flaps.", "content": "A few modifications in unusual situations of regional flaps in the head and neck are demonstrated. It is the author's hope to stimulate the surgeon to use some imagination, incorporating a variety of time-proven principles and some unique situational modifications. Emphasis is placed on the continued need for the tubed pedicle flap, de-epithelialization of flaps and imbrication about the margins of the defect, and the use of the horizontally split deltopectoral flap for the simultaneous closure of internal defects and coverage of external defects for through-and-through wounds.", "contents": "Situational modification of regional flaps. A few modifications in unusual situations of regional flaps in the head and neck are demonstrated. It is the author's hope to stimulate the surgeon to use some imagination, incorporating a variety of time-proven principles and some unique situational modifications. Emphasis is placed on the continued need for the tubed pedicle flap, de-epithelialization of flaps and imbrication about the margins of the defect, and the use of the horizontally split deltopectoral flap for the simultaneous closure of internal defects and coverage of external defects for through-and-through wounds.", "PMID": 388291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8163", "title": "[Protection of mice with bacterial phospholipids against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV 3) (author's transl)].", "content": "A bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) inoculated intraveinously at a dose of 1 mg/25 g body weight 30 hours before infection protects mice against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV 3). The anti-FV 3 resistance produced by EBP requires protein synthesis during the period of pretreatment. The treatment with the bacterial extract has no effect on the inhibition of the macromolecular synthesis of the liver (RNA and DNA) which is observed at the beginning of the infection. However 48 hours after FV 3 infection, there is a notable stimulation of DNA synthesis which probably corresponds to liver regeneration.", "contents": "[Protection of mice with bacterial phospholipids against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV 3) (author's transl)]. A bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) inoculated intraveinously at a dose of 1 mg/25 g body weight 30 hours before infection protects mice against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV 3). The anti-FV 3 resistance produced by EBP requires protein synthesis during the period of pretreatment. The treatment with the bacterial extract has no effect on the inhibition of the macromolecular synthesis of the liver (RNA and DNA) which is observed at the beginning of the infection. However 48 hours after FV 3 infection, there is a notable stimulation of DNA synthesis which probably corresponds to liver regeneration.", "PMID": 388298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8164", "title": "[Serological diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infections using anti-A beta teichoic acid antibodies assay (author's transl)].", "content": "225 control subjects, 12 hospitalized Staphylococcus free (34 sera) and 16 S. aureus infected patients (79 sera) were tested for anti-A beta teichoic acid antibodies, using counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Anti-alpha and gamma haemolysins antibodies were dosed in parallel in 164 sera. Less than 5 per cent of control sera (3,11 per cent) have an antibody tire higher than 1/8: this tire is therefore selected as threshold level of positivity. Ten of the 12 hospitalized patients without staphylococcal infections are below this level. 31,6 per cent of staphylococcus infected patients have higher serum titers; only 3,7 per cent have no antibodies. In the others, a significant rise in titres is observed. There is no correlation between anti-alpha and gamma staphylolysin and anti-teichoic acid antibodies titres. The method suggested, both easy and rapid, could be used in association with anti-staphylolysin dosage for serological diagnosis of staphylococcal infections.", "contents": "[Serological diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infections using anti-A beta teichoic acid antibodies assay (author's transl)]. 225 control subjects, 12 hospitalized Staphylococcus free (34 sera) and 16 S. aureus infected patients (79 sera) were tested for anti-A beta teichoic acid antibodies, using counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Anti-alpha and gamma haemolysins antibodies were dosed in parallel in 164 sera. Less than 5 per cent of control sera (3,11 per cent) have an antibody tire higher than 1/8: this tire is therefore selected as threshold level of positivity. Ten of the 12 hospitalized patients without staphylococcal infections are below this level. 31,6 per cent of staphylococcus infected patients have higher serum titers; only 3,7 per cent have no antibodies. In the others, a significant rise in titres is observed. There is no correlation between anti-alpha and gamma staphylolysin and anti-teichoic acid antibodies titres. The method suggested, both easy and rapid, could be used in association with anti-staphylolysin dosage for serological diagnosis of staphylococcal infections.", "PMID": 388300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8165", "title": "[Action of methicillin on the synthesis of surface protein A and type antigen 18 in Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistants strains cultivated on subinhibiting methicillin concentrations are not modified as concern protein A and type antigen 18. Low protein A production of these resistant strains known to be heterogenous as concern their resistance to methicillin does not correspond to absence of protein A on the highly resistant fraction of the population.", "contents": "[Action of methicillin on the synthesis of surface protein A and type antigen 18 in Staphylococcus aureus]. Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistants strains cultivated on subinhibiting methicillin concentrations are not modified as concern protein A and type antigen 18. Low protein A production of these resistant strains known to be heterogenous as concern their resistance to methicillin does not correspond to absence of protein A on the highly resistant fraction of the population.", "PMID": 388301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8166", "title": "Measurement of bismuth in bone by pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry. Application to two cases of arthropathy.", "content": "Pulse polarography with anodic stripping has shown the presence of very high levels (2 005 microgram/kg and 6 760 microgram/kg) of bismuth in bone of two patients treated with bismuth, one parenterally and the other orally. The presence of high levels of bismuth in bone of these patients must be considered in the etiology of their athropathies. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping now permits very precise measurement of bismuth impregnating bones.", "contents": "Measurement of bismuth in bone by pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry. Application to two cases of arthropathy. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping has shown the presence of very high levels (2 005 microgram/kg and 6 760 microgram/kg) of bismuth in bone of two patients treated with bismuth, one parenterally and the other orally. The presence of high levels of bismuth in bone of these patients must be considered in the etiology of their athropathies. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping now permits very precise measurement of bismuth impregnating bones.", "PMID": 388302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8167", "title": "[Biochemical and experimental aspects of the lipid-lowering drugs pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the mode of action of lipid-lowering drugs requires a better understanding of the lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism processes. The strides observed during the last years in this field are conditioning the development of pharmacologic and therapeutic researches. Moreover the use of new experimental models contributes to this progress by multiplying the study ways.", "contents": "[Biochemical and experimental aspects of the lipid-lowering drugs pharmacology (author's transl)]. The analysis of the mode of action of lipid-lowering drugs requires a better understanding of the lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism processes. The strides observed during the last years in this field are conditioning the development of pharmacologic and therapeutic researches. Moreover the use of new experimental models contributes to this progress by multiplying the study ways.", "PMID": 388303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8168", "title": "[Modified method for assay of cephalosporins and cephamycins (author's transl)].", "content": "An improved microbiological method for assay of cephalosporins and cephamycins in body fluids is presented. Addition of NaCl and NaCt resulted in increasing the precision and reliability of the assay.", "contents": "[Modified method for assay of cephalosporins and cephamycins (author's transl)]. An improved microbiological method for assay of cephalosporins and cephamycins in body fluids is presented. Addition of NaCl and NaCt resulted in increasing the precision and reliability of the assay.", "PMID": 388304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8169", "title": "The role of total body irradiation in preparation for bone marrow transplantation in acute leukaemia. A review.", "content": "From extrapolation obtained from animal studies and radiation accidents, it is assumed that for man the LD 50 (30) will be between 300-500 rads total body irradiation (TBI) and the LD 100 at least 600 rads TBI. A dose of 1000 rads TBI is generally used in man for conditionning for bone marrow transplantation. In acute leukemia, total body irradiation is usually associated with cytoreductive chemotherapy. In Seattle 110 patients underwent bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in relapse. 15 patients became long term survivors. The main cause of failure were GVH, interstitial pneumonitis and leukemic relapse. New attempts are being made to improve the results : (1) better cytoreductive therapy preceding transplanation, (2) bone marrow transplantation during remission of the disease, (3) prevention of interstitial pneumonitis by modifications of the TBI technique.", "contents": "The role of total body irradiation in preparation for bone marrow transplantation in acute leukaemia. A review. From extrapolation obtained from animal studies and radiation accidents, it is assumed that for man the LD 50 (30) will be between 300-500 rads total body irradiation (TBI) and the LD 100 at least 600 rads TBI. A dose of 1000 rads TBI is generally used in man for conditionning for bone marrow transplantation. In acute leukemia, total body irradiation is usually associated with cytoreductive chemotherapy. In Seattle 110 patients underwent bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in relapse. 15 patients became long term survivors. The main cause of failure were GVH, interstitial pneumonitis and leukemic relapse. New attempts are being made to improve the results : (1) better cytoreductive therapy preceding transplanation, (2) bone marrow transplantation during remission of the disease, (3) prevention of interstitial pneumonitis by modifications of the TBI technique.", "PMID": 388308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8170", "title": "Total body irradiation in bone marrow transplantation. H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis results.", "content": "Total body irradiation was used in 22 patients as part of their conditionning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Nine patients with acute leukemia received 1 000 cGy TBI in addition with chemotherapy. None of them survived and the main cause of death was interstitial pneumonitis (50%). 4 patients received 1 000 cGy with a lung shielding of 500 cGy. Two patients with acute leukemia died of leukemia and sepsis, two patients had aplastic anemia, one is surviving, the other died of severe GVHD and infectious complications. Nine patients with severe aplastic anemia strongly immunized by previous blood transfusions received 800 cGy TBI with a lung shielding of 400 cGy. No rejection was observed and 7 patients (63%) are currently alive. One patient died of interstitial pneumonitis probably related to CMV infection, one of subacute necrotizing hepatitis, two of severe acute GVHD. It is concluded from this study that TBI remains the best immunosuppressive conditioning regimen even in strongly immunized patients. It may be a contributing factor of the incidence and severity of interstitial pneumonitis. A reduction of the dose ot the lung to 400-500 cGy seems to decrease the severity of this complication.", "contents": "Total body irradiation in bone marrow transplantation. H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis results. Total body irradiation was used in 22 patients as part of their conditionning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Nine patients with acute leukemia received 1 000 cGy TBI in addition with chemotherapy. None of them survived and the main cause of death was interstitial pneumonitis (50%). 4 patients received 1 000 cGy with a lung shielding of 500 cGy. Two patients with acute leukemia died of leukemia and sepsis, two patients had aplastic anemia, one is surviving, the other died of severe GVHD and infectious complications. Nine patients with severe aplastic anemia strongly immunized by previous blood transfusions received 800 cGy TBI with a lung shielding of 400 cGy. No rejection was observed and 7 patients (63%) are currently alive. One patient died of interstitial pneumonitis probably related to CMV infection, one of subacute necrotizing hepatitis, two of severe acute GVHD. It is concluded from this study that TBI remains the best immunosuppressive conditioning regimen even in strongly immunized patients. It may be a contributing factor of the incidence and severity of interstitial pneumonitis. A reduction of the dose ot the lung to 400-500 cGy seems to decrease the severity of this complication.", "PMID": 388309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8171", "title": "The Basel experience with total body irradiation for conditioning patients with acute leukemia for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "We are reporting our experience with 13 patients suffering from end stage acute leukemia that were prepared for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by combined chemotherapy followed by high dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) and total body irradiation (TBI). Only one patient became a long term survivor. Of the evaluable 12 patients, 6 died of interstitial pneumonia, 4 of GvH and 1 of recurrent leukemia. We conclude that adding combined chemotherapy to the standard conditioning program with Cy and TBI probably increases the risk of developing fatal interstitial pneumonia without eliminating the risk of recurrent leukemia. We suggest that allogenic marrow grafts should be performed earlier in the course of refractory acute leukemias, because in patients with end stage disease its chances of being curative are small.", "contents": "The Basel experience with total body irradiation for conditioning patients with acute leukemia for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. We are reporting our experience with 13 patients suffering from end stage acute leukemia that were prepared for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by combined chemotherapy followed by high dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) and total body irradiation (TBI). Only one patient became a long term survivor. Of the evaluable 12 patients, 6 died of interstitial pneumonia, 4 of GvH and 1 of recurrent leukemia. We conclude that adding combined chemotherapy to the standard conditioning program with Cy and TBI probably increases the risk of developing fatal interstitial pneumonia without eliminating the risk of recurrent leukemia. We suggest that allogenic marrow grafts should be performed earlier in the course of refractory acute leukemias, because in patients with end stage disease its chances of being curative are small.", "PMID": 388310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8172", "title": "Total body irradiation and marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia. The Royal Marsden Hospital experience.", "content": "The experience with total body irradiation at the Royal Marsden Hospital is described for an elective program of transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in first remission. Dose rate appears to be a critical factor in the reduction of radiation-associated damage and careful monitoring of the actual dose distribution and dose received is mandatory.", "contents": "Total body irradiation and marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia. The Royal Marsden Hospital experience. The experience with total body irradiation at the Royal Marsden Hospital is described for an elective program of transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in first remission. Dose rate appears to be a critical factor in the reduction of radiation-associated damage and careful monitoring of the actual dose distribution and dose received is mandatory.", "PMID": 388311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8173", "title": "Subtotal body irradiation with linear accelerator as preparation for marrow engraftment in aplastic anemia.", "content": "Two cases of multitransfused severe aplastic anemia were retransplanted with bone marrow from the same HLA compatible sibling donors after subtotal body irradiation (800 r). Only minor non hematologic toxicity was observed. No permanent take was seen in relation to this procedure. During the survival time of the patients (78-120 days) no signs of interstitial pneumonia were observed.", "contents": "Subtotal body irradiation with linear accelerator as preparation for marrow engraftment in aplastic anemia. Two cases of multitransfused severe aplastic anemia were retransplanted with bone marrow from the same HLA compatible sibling donors after subtotal body irradiation (800 r). Only minor non hematologic toxicity was observed. No permanent take was seen in relation to this procedure. During the survival time of the patients (78-120 days) no signs of interstitial pneumonia were observed.", "PMID": 388312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8174", "title": "Total body irradiation in conditioning patients for bone marrow transplantation. Irradiation technique and preliminary results at the West German Tumour Centre, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen.", "content": "Preliminary results of bone marrow transplantation of 8 patients are presented with particular reference to the irradiation technique. 5 patients died 0.5 to 8 months after transplantation. 3 patients are alive and in good condition 2 to 15 month after transplantation.", "contents": "Total body irradiation in conditioning patients for bone marrow transplantation. Irradiation technique and preliminary results at the West German Tumour Centre, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen. Preliminary results of bone marrow transplantation of 8 patients are presented with particular reference to the irradiation technique. 5 patients died 0.5 to 8 months after transplantation. 3 patients are alive and in good condition 2 to 15 month after transplantation.", "PMID": 388313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8175", "title": "Time factors in total body irradiation.", "content": "The role of time dose factors in the irradiation effect of the bone marrow has been investigated in mice by assessing the lethal dose 50% as a function of fraction number and dose rate. It is compared to the time dose effect in intestinal mucosa and lung, considered as critical tissues, for discussing the differential effect between these tissues.", "contents": "Time factors in total body irradiation. The role of time dose factors in the irradiation effect of the bone marrow has been investigated in mice by assessing the lethal dose 50% as a function of fraction number and dose rate. It is compared to the time dose effect in intestinal mucosa and lung, considered as critical tissues, for discussing the differential effect between these tissues.", "PMID": 388314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8176", "title": "Total body irradiation techniques and dosimetry.", "content": "Irradiation techniques and dosimetric methods used for total body irradiation (TBI) performed at Institut Gustave Roussy (Villejuif) are presented. TBI are performed in a 5,6 MV X-ray beam produced by a linear accelerator Neptune. The patient, lying laterally on a couch at 4.20 m from the target, is irradiated by a horizontal beam with a mean nominal dose rate at the abdomen mid-plane of about 9 cGy per minute. The procedure used for TBI consists of three parts in order to deliver 8 Gy in the whole body except for lungs which are protected with a lead screen during a part of irradiation and receive a dose of 4 Gy. We have preferred using \"in vivo\" measurements methods rather than calculations to determine the doses at different points of the patients. Two kinds of detectors are placed on the patient's skin all along the total body irradiation : two sets of five Therados semi conductors probes permit to control the irradiation and lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters are used like reference detectors. The dosimetric results obtained during the TBI performed at IGR are discussed.", "contents": "Total body irradiation techniques and dosimetry. Irradiation techniques and dosimetric methods used for total body irradiation (TBI) performed at Institut Gustave Roussy (Villejuif) are presented. TBI are performed in a 5,6 MV X-ray beam produced by a linear accelerator Neptune. The patient, lying laterally on a couch at 4.20 m from the target, is irradiated by a horizontal beam with a mean nominal dose rate at the abdomen mid-plane of about 9 cGy per minute. The procedure used for TBI consists of three parts in order to deliver 8 Gy in the whole body except for lungs which are protected with a lead screen during a part of irradiation and receive a dose of 4 Gy. We have preferred using \"in vivo\" measurements methods rather than calculations to determine the doses at different points of the patients. Two kinds of detectors are placed on the patient's skin all along the total body irradiation : two sets of five Therados semi conductors probes permit to control the irradiation and lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters are used like reference detectors. The dosimetric results obtained during the TBI performed at IGR are discussed.", "PMID": 388316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8177", "title": "[Relationship between intestinal motility and absorption. Electromyographic study in the dog. (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of different food components on intestinal motility were studied by means of an electromyographic technique. The electrical activity of the small intestine in the fasted state consists of a cyclic recurring phenomenon - the myoelectric complex - which is inhibited by feeding. The duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex was shown to depend on the nature of the food components (glucose, peptides or lipids) as well as on the caloric load. In the opposite, the intensity of the intestinal motility was seen to depend only on the nature of the food components, and not on the caloric load. Thus, the duration of inhibition of themyoelectric complex can be considered as a consistent and objective parameter, which reflects the duration of the fed state.", "contents": "[Relationship between intestinal motility and absorption. Electromyographic study in the dog. (author's transl)]. The effects of different food components on intestinal motility were studied by means of an electromyographic technique. The electrical activity of the small intestine in the fasted state consists of a cyclic recurring phenomenon - the myoelectric complex - which is inhibited by feeding. The duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex was shown to depend on the nature of the food components (glucose, peptides or lipids) as well as on the caloric load. In the opposite, the intensity of the intestinal motility was seen to depend only on the nature of the food components, and not on the caloric load. Thus, the duration of inhibition of themyoelectric complex can be considered as a consistent and objective parameter, which reflects the duration of the fed state.", "PMID": 388317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8178", "title": "[Breast cancer: a dynamic approach of cellular immunity and immunostimulation with an immunoadjuvant: P40 fraction. (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the immune status of breast cancer patients with delayed hypersensitivity skin tests reveals a clear immune deficiency in comparison with a reference patients group. This immunstatus was significantly improved by an immunstimulation with the P40 fraction. The responsive capacity to an immunstimulation appears independant of the lymphnodes involvment, whereas, on the contrary, the initial degree of immune deficiency appears connected. The P40 fraction has an immunstimulant effect comparable with the BCG and has not occasioned any local or general undesirable reaction.", "contents": "[Breast cancer: a dynamic approach of cellular immunity and immunostimulation with an immunoadjuvant: P40 fraction. (author's transl)]. The study of the immune status of breast cancer patients with delayed hypersensitivity skin tests reveals a clear immune deficiency in comparison with a reference patients group. This immunstatus was significantly improved by an immunstimulation with the P40 fraction. The responsive capacity to an immunstimulation appears independant of the lymphnodes involvment, whereas, on the contrary, the initial degree of immune deficiency appears connected. The P40 fraction has an immunstimulant effect comparable with the BCG and has not occasioned any local or general undesirable reaction.", "PMID": 388318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8179", "title": "[Evaluation of the biliary excretion of penicillin G. (author's transl)].", "content": "Biliary excretion of penicillin G was studied experimentally by perfusion of isolated rabbit liver. Under these conditions, bile recovery accounted for 5% of the amount of penicillin G added to the perfusing blood (10 mg); peak biliary level averaged 135.3 micrograms/ml. In man after intravenous administration of a 599 mg dose of penicillin G (1 MU) to patients provided with T-tube drainage (n = 10), the maximum biliary concentration averaged 18.0 +/- 8.0 micrograms/ml at 2 hours; biliary recovery of penicillin G accounts for 0.12% of the administered dose. The excretion of penicillin G in the juice collected through duodenal tubing in normal subjects averaged 0.07% of the administered dose (599 mg IV). Per-operative assays showed that the concentration determined at 1 hour after intravenous administration of the drug (599 mg) in the gallbladder bile (45.7 +/- 16.7 micrograms/ml) and common duct bile (93.5 +/- 16.3 micrograms/ml) were definitely higher (4.5--9 times) than the serum levels measured simultaneously. The biliary excretion of penicillin G is compared with the biliary elimination of a certain number of beta-lactam derivatives studied under the same conditions (ampicillin, metampicillin, carbenicillin, cefalothin, cefaloridine, cefacetrile, cefalexin, cefazolin).", "contents": "[Evaluation of the biliary excretion of penicillin G. (author's transl)]. Biliary excretion of penicillin G was studied experimentally by perfusion of isolated rabbit liver. Under these conditions, bile recovery accounted for 5% of the amount of penicillin G added to the perfusing blood (10 mg); peak biliary level averaged 135.3 micrograms/ml. In man after intravenous administration of a 599 mg dose of penicillin G (1 MU) to patients provided with T-tube drainage (n = 10), the maximum biliary concentration averaged 18.0 +/- 8.0 micrograms/ml at 2 hours; biliary recovery of penicillin G accounts for 0.12% of the administered dose. The excretion of penicillin G in the juice collected through duodenal tubing in normal subjects averaged 0.07% of the administered dose (599 mg IV). Per-operative assays showed that the concentration determined at 1 hour after intravenous administration of the drug (599 mg) in the gallbladder bile (45.7 +/- 16.7 micrograms/ml) and common duct bile (93.5 +/- 16.3 micrograms/ml) were definitely higher (4.5--9 times) than the serum levels measured simultaneously. The biliary excretion of penicillin G is compared with the biliary elimination of a certain number of beta-lactam derivatives studied under the same conditions (ampicillin, metampicillin, carbenicillin, cefalothin, cefaloridine, cefacetrile, cefalexin, cefazolin).", "PMID": 388319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8180", "title": "[Metabolism and kinetics of ampicillin elimination in cirrhosis. Therapeutical consequences. (author's transl)].", "content": "In cirrhotic patients, the authors studied the modification of the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in the plasma and in the ascitic fluid, as well as its concentration in the urine. The influence of the jaundice, the ascites and diuretics were studied. In cirrhosis, dilution and elimination of the antibiotic are modified, as is shown by the increase in T 1/2 alpha and T 1/2 beta. These anomalies seem to be due essentially to modifications in the distribution volume; the degree of hepatocellular insufficiency does not appear to be of importance. The ascites acts as an independent compartment, into which the antibiotic's passage in slight. The practical consequences are the following: less frequent injections, increasing of the fractionated doses, in situ injections of ampicillin in cases of infection of the ascitic liquid.", "contents": "[Metabolism and kinetics of ampicillin elimination in cirrhosis. Therapeutical consequences. (author's transl)]. In cirrhotic patients, the authors studied the modification of the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in the plasma and in the ascitic fluid, as well as its concentration in the urine. The influence of the jaundice, the ascites and diuretics were studied. In cirrhosis, dilution and elimination of the antibiotic are modified, as is shown by the increase in T 1/2 alpha and T 1/2 beta. These anomalies seem to be due essentially to modifications in the distribution volume; the degree of hepatocellular insufficiency does not appear to be of importance. The ascites acts as an independent compartment, into which the antibiotic's passage in slight. The practical consequences are the following: less frequent injections, increasing of the fractionated doses, in situ injections of ampicillin in cases of infection of the ascitic liquid.", "PMID": 388320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8181", "title": "[Fecal and urinary elimination of bismuth after parenteral administration. (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compare urinary and fecal elimination of intra-muscularly administered bismuth in rats during short term and long term experiments. The fecal elimination seems to be equally important as the urinary one. They also study distribution of bismuth among different organs. The excretion by digestive tractus is mainly located in ileum ans caecum. The biliary excretion of bismuth has an apparent maximum transport. The authors check some of their results in man.", "contents": "[Fecal and urinary elimination of bismuth after parenteral administration. (author's transl)]. The authors compare urinary and fecal elimination of intra-muscularly administered bismuth in rats during short term and long term experiments. The fecal elimination seems to be equally important as the urinary one. They also study distribution of bismuth among different organs. The excretion by digestive tractus is mainly located in ileum ans caecum. The biliary excretion of bismuth has an apparent maximum transport. The authors check some of their results in man.", "PMID": 388321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8182", "title": "[Acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors consider the clinical and biological data of Acquired Idiopathic Sideroblastic Anemia (AISA). The physiopathology of the syndrome is discussed; the relationships between pathologic sideroblastosis, dyserythropoiesis and ferrokinetic modifications are pointed out. The associated abnormalities of granulocytic and megacaryocytic series linked AISA to other myelodysplasia.", "contents": "[Acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia (author's transl)]. The authors consider the clinical and biological data of Acquired Idiopathic Sideroblastic Anemia (AISA). The physiopathology of the syndrome is discussed; the relationships between pathologic sideroblastosis, dyserythropoiesis and ferrokinetic modifications are pointed out. The associated abnormalities of granulocytic and megacaryocytic series linked AISA to other myelodysplasia.", "PMID": 388322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8183", "title": "A method of assaying cortisol without extraction and in 1 microliter of plasma.", "content": "A simplified method is described for the assay of cortisol in human plasma. It is based upon tryptic hydrolysis of cortisol binding proteins in the plasma followed by radioimmunoassay. Only 1 microliter of plasma is used, no extraction of the hormone is necessary and most of the procedure is amenable to automatization. The sensitivity of the method is 10 pg, the coefficient of variation is 8.7% intrassay and 11.5% in different assays. The accuracy and the specificity were also verified. Comparison of this simplified technique with a standard method (extraction by methylene chloride and radiocompetition with corticosteroid binding globulin) gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.964.", "contents": "A method of assaying cortisol without extraction and in 1 microliter of plasma. A simplified method is described for the assay of cortisol in human plasma. It is based upon tryptic hydrolysis of cortisol binding proteins in the plasma followed by radioimmunoassay. Only 1 microliter of plasma is used, no extraction of the hormone is necessary and most of the procedure is amenable to automatization. The sensitivity of the method is 10 pg, the coefficient of variation is 8.7% intrassay and 11.5% in different assays. The accuracy and the specificity were also verified. Comparison of this simplified technique with a standard method (extraction by methylene chloride and radiocompetition with corticosteroid binding globulin) gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.964.", "PMID": 388323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8184", "title": "[Effects of two drugs substituted o-anisamides: sulpiride and sultopride on the sleep awakening cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the sleep awakening cycle was carried out on implanted cats free of their movements, which received separately each drug in long lasting intake, in order to differentiate their behavioural and electrophysiological activities. The qualitative and quantitative changes induced by these o-anisamides are reported. Like in man, sulpride was found to be quite an original substance. It may be distinguished from the other psychotropic drugs studied because it has no effect on the sleep awakening cycle. The effects of sultopride are comparable with those of some neuroleptics, although its both incisive and sedative activity is very special. The neurophysiological results are discussed in the light of other studies and clinical data.", "contents": "[Effects of two drugs substituted o-anisamides: sulpiride and sultopride on the sleep awakening cycle (author's transl)]. The study of the sleep awakening cycle was carried out on implanted cats free of their movements, which received separately each drug in long lasting intake, in order to differentiate their behavioural and electrophysiological activities. The qualitative and quantitative changes induced by these o-anisamides are reported. Like in man, sulpride was found to be quite an original substance. It may be distinguished from the other psychotropic drugs studied because it has no effect on the sleep awakening cycle. The effects of sultopride are comparable with those of some neuroleptics, although its both incisive and sedative activity is very special. The neurophysiological results are discussed in the light of other studies and clinical data.", "PMID": 388324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8185", "title": "Defective activation of the third component of complement in the sera of newborn infants.", "content": "The activation of the terminal complement components, C3--9, plays an important role in the host's defense against infection. In the present study, the ability of bacteria to activate the third component of complement (C3) in newborn serum was examined. A variety of bacteria were incubated in test sera at 37 degrees C for 30 min and the percent of available C3 that was activated was measured. Using one strain of Escherchia coli (no. 3), 32% (mean) of the available C3 was activated in sera from 18 newborns, as compared to 85% in sera from their mothers and 79% in sera from 13 normal adults (P less than 0.005). In contrast, using another strain of E. coli (N70), the percent of C3 activated in newborn sera (83%) was the same as in sera from their mothers (81%) or in sera from normal adults (73%). The defective activation of C3 in newborn sera by E. coli was not related to the presence of the K1 antigen. Newborn sera were also challenged with other bacterial species and the activation of C3 was deficient when tested with klebsiellae, but not with staphylococci or streptococci. The defect in newborn sera appeared to be due to a deficiency of a serum factor rather than to the presence of an inhibitor.", "contents": "Defective activation of the third component of complement in the sera of newborn infants. The activation of the terminal complement components, C3--9, plays an important role in the host's defense against infection. In the present study, the ability of bacteria to activate the third component of complement (C3) in newborn serum was examined. A variety of bacteria were incubated in test sera at 37 degrees C for 30 min and the percent of available C3 that was activated was measured. Using one strain of Escherchia coli (no. 3), 32% (mean) of the available C3 was activated in sera from 18 newborns, as compared to 85% in sera from their mothers and 79% in sera from 13 normal adults (P less than 0.005). In contrast, using another strain of E. coli (N70), the percent of C3 activated in newborn sera (83%) was the same as in sera from their mothers (81%) or in sera from normal adults (73%). The defective activation of C3 in newborn sera by E. coli was not related to the presence of the K1 antigen. Newborn sera were also challenged with other bacterial species and the activation of C3 was deficient when tested with klebsiellae, but not with staphylococci or streptococci. The defect in newborn sera appeared to be due to a deficiency of a serum factor rather than to the presence of an inhibitor.", "PMID": 388331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8186", "title": "Protease inhibitors in human milk.", "content": "Protease inhibitors (inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) were demonstrated in human milk from birth to 4 months after delivery. No pepsin inhibitor was found. The protease inhibitors were localized in the alpha 1-region--inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase--and in a more cathodal region--inhibiting chymotrypsin--in agarose gel electrophoresis of human milk. alpha 1-antitrypsin and antichymotrypsin were demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Electroimmunoassay showed the concentration of alpha 1-antitrypsin in 1st day milk to be 10.9% and the concentration of antichymotrypsin was 116% of that of adult serum. The concentrations decreased during the 1st wk; from 1 wk to 4 months they were 1.6% for alpha 1-antitrypsin and 3.8% for antichymotrypsin of those of adult serum. One ml of human milk from the first 3 days inhibits, by enzymatic methods, 0-150 microgram (mean value, 70 microgram) trypsin. Milk from 1 week after delivery and later inhibits 0-65 microgram (mean value, 38 microgram) trypsin per ml.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors in human milk. Protease inhibitors (inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) were demonstrated in human milk from birth to 4 months after delivery. No pepsin inhibitor was found. The protease inhibitors were localized in the alpha 1-region--inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase--and in a more cathodal region--inhibiting chymotrypsin--in agarose gel electrophoresis of human milk. alpha 1-antitrypsin and antichymotrypsin were demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Electroimmunoassay showed the concentration of alpha 1-antitrypsin in 1st day milk to be 10.9% and the concentration of antichymotrypsin was 116% of that of adult serum. The concentrations decreased during the 1st wk; from 1 wk to 4 months they were 1.6% for alpha 1-antitrypsin and 3.8% for antichymotrypsin of those of adult serum. One ml of human milk from the first 3 days inhibits, by enzymatic methods, 0-150 microgram (mean value, 70 microgram) trypsin. Milk from 1 week after delivery and later inhibits 0-65 microgram (mean value, 38 microgram) trypsin per ml.", "PMID": 388334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8187", "title": "Neonatal cellular and humoral immunity to group B streptococci.", "content": "The mechanisms of host resistance to group B streptococci have not been defined precisely. In the studies reported here we have assessed the contributions of both humoral and cellular factors in protection against strains of this group. With assays of specific opsonic activity based upon the production of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence and radiolabeled bacterial uptake, we have demonstrated that specific heat-stable antibody and the classic complement pathway are major factors in opsonization of these organisms. In the absence of specific antibody, fresh serum resulted in markedly reduced bacterial uptake indicating, at best, a minor role for the alternative complement pathway. Additional studies have indicated that strain-specific antiphagocytic factors as well as type-specific ones may play a role in the virulence of these organisms. Neonates who developed group B streptococcal sepsis usually lacked opsonic activity in their infecting strain. In addition, polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal term and stressed neonates showed impaired metabolic activation as measured in the chemiluminescence assay following exposure to opsonized group B streptococci. These results suggest that neonates who develop group B streptococcal disease may have defects in both the humoral and cellular aspects of their acute inflammatory response which may contribute to the high mortality observed in this most fulminant of bacterial infections.", "contents": "Neonatal cellular and humoral immunity to group B streptococci. The mechanisms of host resistance to group B streptococci have not been defined precisely. In the studies reported here we have assessed the contributions of both humoral and cellular factors in protection against strains of this group. With assays of specific opsonic activity based upon the production of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence and radiolabeled bacterial uptake, we have demonstrated that specific heat-stable antibody and the classic complement pathway are major factors in opsonization of these organisms. In the absence of specific antibody, fresh serum resulted in markedly reduced bacterial uptake indicating, at best, a minor role for the alternative complement pathway. Additional studies have indicated that strain-specific antiphagocytic factors as well as type-specific ones may play a role in the virulence of these organisms. Neonates who developed group B streptococcal sepsis usually lacked opsonic activity in their infecting strain. In addition, polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal term and stressed neonates showed impaired metabolic activation as measured in the chemiluminescence assay following exposure to opsonized group B streptococci. These results suggest that neonates who develop group B streptococcal disease may have defects in both the humoral and cellular aspects of their acute inflammatory response which may contribute to the high mortality observed in this most fulminant of bacterial infections.", "PMID": 388335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8188", "title": "A finite state model for meditation phenomena.", "content": "Various reports of brain wave synchrony during Transcendental Meditation have appeared in the literature and have been interpreted as indicating a heightened state of integration of brain function. We suggest that this observed synchrony rather than indicating a greater integration of brain function might be an artifact of parts of the brain acting like a finite state machine. The finite state model is developed, its properties derived and a test for the hypothesis is presented.", "contents": "A finite state model for meditation phenomena. Various reports of brain wave synchrony during Transcendental Meditation have appeared in the literature and have been interpreted as indicating a heightened state of integration of brain function. We suggest that this observed synchrony rather than indicating a greater integration of brain function might be an artifact of parts of the brain acting like a finite state machine. The finite state model is developed, its properties derived and a test for the hypothesis is presented.", "PMID": 388339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8189", "title": "[When should peripheral nerves be grafted? (author's transl)].", "content": "In the presence of peripheral nerve damage, the only acceptable procedure is suture without tension, carried out under excellent conditions of fascicular approximation. In the case of loss of substance, immediate or secondary suture should never be performed. In the experience of \"S.O.S. Main\" secondary suture has led to the most disastrous results. Nerve graft, as an emergency, is legitimate in the case or reimplantations, in view of the high degree of technical competence of the teams, and the experience acquired. Deffered nerve graft is envisaged at about the end of the second month:--either in the absence of suture,--or in the absence of recovery. When there is any doubt, further examination at the 4 th or 5 th month ensures that treatment is not delayed too long. At all events, examinations must be repeated every two months in order to study nerve regrowth and to determine the need for possible though difficult reoperation if it stops.", "contents": "[When should peripheral nerves be grafted? (author's transl)]. In the presence of peripheral nerve damage, the only acceptable procedure is suture without tension, carried out under excellent conditions of fascicular approximation. In the case of loss of substance, immediate or secondary suture should never be performed. In the experience of \"S.O.S. Main\" secondary suture has led to the most disastrous results. Nerve graft, as an emergency, is legitimate in the case or reimplantations, in view of the high degree of technical competence of the teams, and the experience acquired. Deffered nerve graft is envisaged at about the end of the second month:--either in the absence of suture,--or in the absence of recovery. When there is any doubt, further examination at the 4 th or 5 th month ensures that treatment is not delayed too long. At all events, examinations must be repeated every two months in order to study nerve regrowth and to determine the need for possible though difficult reoperation if it stops.", "PMID": 388341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8190", "title": "Review: ethidium fluorescence assay. Part II. Enzymatic studies and DNA-protein interactions.", "content": "Almost all DNA and RNA metabolizing enzymes can be assayed rapidly and very sensitively by exploiting the enhanced fluorescence of ethidium intercalated into duplex DNA or RNA. Denatured DNA and natural RNAs contain duplex regions due to intramolecular hydrogen-bonding and can also be sensitively measured. Where the product is truly single-stranded (e.g. dTn) it can be assayed by adding the appropriate complementary strand (e.g. dAn or rAn). Some of the assays described provide information not readily obtained by other assay procedures. Among the enzymes readily assayed are DNA and RNA polymerases, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases, nucleases of all varieties (e.g. single-strand specific, endonucleases including for example AP endonucleases, exonucleases, RNase H, etc.), ligases, topoisomerases including gyrases, and indirectly enzymes such as proteases and superoxide dismutase. DNA binding proteins such as histones and helix destablizing proteins can also be quantitatively assayed.", "contents": "Review: ethidium fluorescence assay. Part II. Enzymatic studies and DNA-protein interactions. Almost all DNA and RNA metabolizing enzymes can be assayed rapidly and very sensitively by exploiting the enhanced fluorescence of ethidium intercalated into duplex DNA or RNA. Denatured DNA and natural RNAs contain duplex regions due to intramolecular hydrogen-bonding and can also be sensitively measured. Where the product is truly single-stranded (e.g. dTn) it can be assayed by adding the appropriate complementary strand (e.g. dAn or rAn). Some of the assays described provide information not readily obtained by other assay procedures. Among the enzymes readily assayed are DNA and RNA polymerases, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases, nucleases of all varieties (e.g. single-strand specific, endonucleases including for example AP endonucleases, exonucleases, RNase H, etc.), ligases, topoisomerases including gyrases, and indirectly enzymes such as proteases and superoxide dismutase. DNA binding proteins such as histones and helix destablizing proteins can also be quantitatively assayed.", "PMID": 388344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8191", "title": "Gene expression in vitro of colicin El plasmid.", "content": "Among eighteen polypeptides synthesized in vitro from colicin El plasmid, one of the major products with a molecular weight of 59,000 was identified as colicin El by its immunological property, molecular size, and biological activity. In addition to this polypeptide, seven other polypeptides reacted with colicin El antiserum. Using EcoRI-cleaved colicin El DNA, a 56,000 dalton polypeptide of truncated colicin El was synthesized, but no polypeptide that reacted with colicin El antiserum was produced from SmaI-cleaved colicin El DNA. This fact indicates that the direction of transcription of colicin El structural gene is from SmaI site to EcoRI site in vitro. The immunity protein of a molecular weight of 14,300 and a component of relaxation proteins of a molecular weight of 64,000 were deduced by comparing the results of the gene expression in vitro of one-half (pAO100) and a quarter (pAO2) of colicin El plasmid. The directions of transcription-translation in the genes on the plasmid were discussed. The colicin El plasmid appears to have at least three transcriptional units.", "contents": "Gene expression in vitro of colicin El plasmid. Among eighteen polypeptides synthesized in vitro from colicin El plasmid, one of the major products with a molecular weight of 59,000 was identified as colicin El by its immunological property, molecular size, and biological activity. In addition to this polypeptide, seven other polypeptides reacted with colicin El antiserum. Using EcoRI-cleaved colicin El DNA, a 56,000 dalton polypeptide of truncated colicin El was synthesized, but no polypeptide that reacted with colicin El antiserum was produced from SmaI-cleaved colicin El DNA. This fact indicates that the direction of transcription of colicin El structural gene is from SmaI site to EcoRI site in vitro. The immunity protein of a molecular weight of 14,300 and a component of relaxation proteins of a molecular weight of 64,000 were deduced by comparing the results of the gene expression in vitro of one-half (pAO100) and a quarter (pAO2) of colicin El plasmid. The directions of transcription-translation in the genes on the plasmid were discussed. The colicin El plasmid appears to have at least three transcriptional units.", "PMID": 388345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8192", "title": "A rhelogical separator for very large DNA molecules.", "content": "We present a rheological separation method for DNA molecules in which their deformability is used to advantage. This is the \"radial migration method\"; here we present experimental verification of the principle, theory having been reported elsewhere. The main conclusions are: (1) the theory is reasonably good; (2) radial migration is highly sensitive to the molecular weight, as predicted, and (3) intact T2 DNA (1.25 X 108 daltons) can be made to migrate about three centimeters in less than three hours.", "contents": "A rhelogical separator for very large DNA molecules. We present a rheological separation method for DNA molecules in which their deformability is used to advantage. This is the \"radial migration method\"; here we present experimental verification of the principle, theory having been reported elsewhere. The main conclusions are: (1) the theory is reasonably good; (2) radial migration is highly sensitive to the molecular weight, as predicted, and (3) intact T2 DNA (1.25 X 108 daltons) can be made to migrate about three centimeters in less than three hours.", "PMID": 388346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8193", "title": "Production of specific site probes of tRNA structure by enrichment with carbon 13 at particular locations.", "content": "Escherichia coli C6 rel met cys was cultured in a stringently defined minimal medium containing 13C-enriched metabolites in order to (1) achieve maximal 13C isotopic enrichment of tRNA; and (2) produce site specific but natural, non-perturbing NMR probes of tRNA structure and function. Growth conditions were manipulated to achieve optimal culture growth concomitant with maximal in vivo incorporation of various 13C-enriched nucleic acid precursors, including L-[methyl-13C] methionine, [2-(13)C] adenine, and [2-(13)C] uracil. Effective blockage of purine biosynthesis de novo was accomplished with the addition of the antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine to the growth medium. Transfer RNAs specifically 13C-enriched in all methyl groups (57 atom %), C2 of adenine (60 atom %), and C2 of uracil (82 atom %) and C2 of cytosine (73 atom %) have been produced.", "contents": "Production of specific site probes of tRNA structure by enrichment with carbon 13 at particular locations. Escherichia coli C6 rel met cys was cultured in a stringently defined minimal medium containing 13C-enriched metabolites in order to (1) achieve maximal 13C isotopic enrichment of tRNA; and (2) produce site specific but natural, non-perturbing NMR probes of tRNA structure and function. Growth conditions were manipulated to achieve optimal culture growth concomitant with maximal in vivo incorporation of various 13C-enriched nucleic acid precursors, including L-[methyl-13C] methionine, [2-(13)C] adenine, and [2-(13)C] uracil. Effective blockage of purine biosynthesis de novo was accomplished with the addition of the antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine to the growth medium. Transfer RNAs specifically 13C-enriched in all methyl groups (57 atom %), C2 of adenine (60 atom %), and C2 of uracil (82 atom %) and C2 of cytosine (73 atom %) have been produced.", "PMID": 388347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8194", "title": "Interaction between RNA polymerase and a ribosomal RNA promoter of E. coli.", "content": "The interaction between RNA polymerase and the E. coli ribosomal (r) RNA promoter(s) of the rrnE operon has been studied by the filter-binding method. The extent of complex formation between RNA polymerase and rrnE promoter(s) is salt-dependent; ppGpp specifically inhibits interaction of RNA polymerase with the rrnE promoter(s). A tentative model is proposed for the molecular events in the early steps of rRNA initiation: a transition of the primarily formed, labile RNA polymerase-rRNA promoter complex to a more stable form is the determining step. This step is salt-sensitive; ppGpp acts on this \"isomerization\".", "contents": "Interaction between RNA polymerase and a ribosomal RNA promoter of E. coli. The interaction between RNA polymerase and the E. coli ribosomal (r) RNA promoter(s) of the rrnE operon has been studied by the filter-binding method. The extent of complex formation between RNA polymerase and rrnE promoter(s) is salt-dependent; ppGpp specifically inhibits interaction of RNA polymerase with the rrnE promoter(s). A tentative model is proposed for the molecular events in the early steps of rRNA initiation: a transition of the primarily formed, labile RNA polymerase-rRNA promoter complex to a more stable form is the determining step. This step is salt-sensitive; ppGpp acts on this \"isomerization\".", "PMID": 388348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8195", "title": "Is UAA or UGA part of the recognition signal for ribosomal initiation?", "content": "In none of the 92 published prokaryotic sequences is a translation codon preceeded by UAG as the first \"termination codon\". In most cases the UAA or UGA is close to the initiation codon and may be part of the ribosome recognition signal.", "contents": "Is UAA or UGA part of the recognition signal for ribosomal initiation? In none of the 92 published prokaryotic sequences is a translation codon preceeded by UAG as the first \"termination codon\". In most cases the UAA or UGA is close to the initiation codon and may be part of the ribosome recognition signal.", "PMID": 388349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8196", "title": "Determination of base pairing in Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S RNAs by infrared spectroscopy.", "content": "The extent of base pairing in Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S RNAs was determined by infrared spectroscopy. From the infrared spectra taken at 20 degrees and 52 degrees C it is concluded that E. coli and B. stearothermophlius 5S RNAs possess a large number of base pairs (Table I). Comparison of our results with those previously published using other methods leads to the conclusion that the structures of prokaryotic 5S RNAs involve a large number of tertiary interactions, in which the base pairing is not necessarily solely of the Watson-Crick type.", "contents": "Determination of base pairing in Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S RNAs by infrared spectroscopy. The extent of base pairing in Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S RNAs was determined by infrared spectroscopy. From the infrared spectra taken at 20 degrees and 52 degrees C it is concluded that E. coli and B. stearothermophlius 5S RNAs possess a large number of base pairs (Table I). Comparison of our results with those previously published using other methods leads to the conclusion that the structures of prokaryotic 5S RNAs involve a large number of tertiary interactions, in which the base pairing is not necessarily solely of the Watson-Crick type.", "PMID": 388350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8197", "title": "The influenza virus haemagglutinin gene: cloning and characterisation of a double-stranded DNA copy.", "content": "A protocol has been developed for the synthesis of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copy of the influenza virus RNA genome segment which codes for the major surface antigen, haemagglutinin (HA). This dsDNA copy was inserted, after digestion with S1 nuclease and poly (dC) tailing with terminal transferase, into poly(dG)-tailed, PstI-cut, pBR322 DNA, and used to transform E. coli RR1. Tetracycline-resistant bacterial colonies were screened for the presence of plasmid containing the copied HA gene by testing their ability to hybridise to a specific, 32P-labelled, single-stranded DNA probe. Four cloned hybrid plasmids, containing DNA complementary to the HA gene of the influenza strain 29C (a laboratory derivative of influenza A/NT/60/68 (1)) were analysed by restriction enzyme mapping. Each contained a dsDNA insert equivalent to a full length copy of the HA gene. The nucleotide sequence of a selected restriction fragment from the DNA inserted in one of these cloned plasmids (C89) was determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from these data agreed with the amino acid sequence determined for the corresponding region of HA from the influenza strain A/Mem/102/72, another member of the Hong Kong subtype, identifying the inserted dsDNA of C89 as an authentic copy of the influenza HA gene.", "contents": "The influenza virus haemagglutinin gene: cloning and characterisation of a double-stranded DNA copy. A protocol has been developed for the synthesis of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copy of the influenza virus RNA genome segment which codes for the major surface antigen, haemagglutinin (HA). This dsDNA copy was inserted, after digestion with S1 nuclease and poly (dC) tailing with terminal transferase, into poly(dG)-tailed, PstI-cut, pBR322 DNA, and used to transform E. coli RR1. Tetracycline-resistant bacterial colonies were screened for the presence of plasmid containing the copied HA gene by testing their ability to hybridise to a specific, 32P-labelled, single-stranded DNA probe. Four cloned hybrid plasmids, containing DNA complementary to the HA gene of the influenza strain 29C (a laboratory derivative of influenza A/NT/60/68 (1)) were analysed by restriction enzyme mapping. Each contained a dsDNA insert equivalent to a full length copy of the HA gene. The nucleotide sequence of a selected restriction fragment from the DNA inserted in one of these cloned plasmids (C89) was determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from these data agreed with the amino acid sequence determined for the corresponding region of HA from the influenza strain A/Mem/102/72, another member of the Hong Kong subtype, identifying the inserted dsDNA of C89 as an authentic copy of the influenza HA gene.", "PMID": 388351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8198", "title": "A unique method utilizing antinucleotide antibodies for evaluating changes in the levels of modified nucleosides of tRNAs from crude extracts of whole cells.", "content": "The utilization of antibodies directed toward modified nucleosides in evaluating changes in the levels of certain modified nucleosides in transfer RNA is reported. Antibodies directed toward the N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine modification were used in this model system with a mutant strain of Escherichia coli designated ipaA. The procedure is rapid, sensitive, and specific. In addition, it does not depend on the existence of an in vitro remodification system or any radiochemical labeling of the tRNA. By varying the extraction technique, the method could be applied to procaryotic or eukaryotic cell lines. The existence of antibodies specific for other nucleoside modifications makes this a system that is potentially applicable to a variety of deficiencies in the modification of both tRNA and rRNA.", "contents": "A unique method utilizing antinucleotide antibodies for evaluating changes in the levels of modified nucleosides of tRNAs from crude extracts of whole cells. The utilization of antibodies directed toward modified nucleosides in evaluating changes in the levels of certain modified nucleosides in transfer RNA is reported. Antibodies directed toward the N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine modification were used in this model system with a mutant strain of Escherichia coli designated ipaA. The procedure is rapid, sensitive, and specific. In addition, it does not depend on the existence of an in vitro remodification system or any radiochemical labeling of the tRNA. By varying the extraction technique, the method could be applied to procaryotic or eukaryotic cell lines. The existence of antibodies specific for other nucleoside modifications makes this a system that is potentially applicable to a variety of deficiencies in the modification of both tRNA and rRNA.", "PMID": 388352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8199", "title": "Structure of cloned ribosomal DNA cistrons from Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "A library of B. thuringiensis DNA has been prepared by using the plasmid pBR322 as a cloning vehicle and E. coli as a host cell. By screening this collection with specific probes, 17 clones were identified whose hybrid plasmids contain rRNA genes of B. thuringiensis. Several of these plasmids have been mapped with restriction endonucleases and by DNA-RNA hybridization. By using maps of overlapping fragments, we have been able to establish an overall map of the ribosomal gene cluster.", "contents": "Structure of cloned ribosomal DNA cistrons from Bacillus thuringiensis. A library of B. thuringiensis DNA has been prepared by using the plasmid pBR322 as a cloning vehicle and E. coli as a host cell. By screening this collection with specific probes, 17 clones were identified whose hybrid plasmids contain rRNA genes of B. thuringiensis. Several of these plasmids have been mapped with restriction endonucleases and by DNA-RNA hybridization. By using maps of overlapping fragments, we have been able to establish an overall map of the ribosomal gene cluster.", "PMID": 388353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8200", "title": "Plasmid replication functions. IV. Promoters in the replication region of plasmid R6-5.", "content": "Eight RNA polymerase binding sites have been shown to map within the EcoRI fragment E-2 (replication region RepA EcoRI fragment) of plasmid R6-5 and all but one have been shown to contain active promoters of transcription. Three of the identified promoters are located within a 2.7 kb region essential for controlled, autonomous plasmid replication and may be involved in the functional expression of the three R6-5 replication determinants that have thus far been identified, namely the origin of vegetative replication, oriV, the replication control gene, cop, and the determinant of an essential, positive-acting element, designated RepA.", "contents": "Plasmid replication functions. IV. Promoters in the replication region of plasmid R6-5. Eight RNA polymerase binding sites have been shown to map within the EcoRI fragment E-2 (replication region RepA EcoRI fragment) of plasmid R6-5 and all but one have been shown to contain active promoters of transcription. Three of the identified promoters are located within a 2.7 kb region essential for controlled, autonomous plasmid replication and may be involved in the functional expression of the three R6-5 replication determinants that have thus far been identified, namely the origin of vegetative replication, oriV, the replication control gene, cop, and the determinant of an essential, positive-acting element, designated RepA.", "PMID": 388354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8201", "title": "Fine structure of ribosomal RNA. II. Distribution of methylated sequences within Xenopus laevis rRNA.", "content": "The distribution of methyl groups in rRNA from Xenopus laevis was analyzed by hybridization of rRNA to subfragments of either of two cloned rDNA fragments, X1r11 and X1r12, which together constitute a complete rDNA repeat unit. Using a mixture of 3H-methyl plus 32P-labelled rRNA as probe, the molar yield of methyl groups per rRNA region in hybrid could be calculated. For this calculation the length of the rRNA coding region in each DNA subfragment is needed, which was determined for X1r11 subfragments by the nuclease S1 mapping method of Berk and Sharp. The results show that both in 18S and 28S rRNA the methyl groups are nonrandomly distributed. For 18S rRNA, clustering was found within a 3' terminal fragment of 310 nucleotides. For 28S rRNA, clustering of methyl groups was found within a region of 750 nucleotides in length, which ends 500 nucleotides from the 3' end. In contrast, the 28S rRNA 5' terminal region of 900 nucleotides is clearly undermethylated. The general position of methyl groups in 28S rRNA correlates with the location of evolutionarily conserved sequences in this molecule, as recently determined in our laboratory.", "contents": "Fine structure of ribosomal RNA. II. Distribution of methylated sequences within Xenopus laevis rRNA. The distribution of methyl groups in rRNA from Xenopus laevis was analyzed by hybridization of rRNA to subfragments of either of two cloned rDNA fragments, X1r11 and X1r12, which together constitute a complete rDNA repeat unit. Using a mixture of 3H-methyl plus 32P-labelled rRNA as probe, the molar yield of methyl groups per rRNA region in hybrid could be calculated. For this calculation the length of the rRNA coding region in each DNA subfragment is needed, which was determined for X1r11 subfragments by the nuclease S1 mapping method of Berk and Sharp. The results show that both in 18S and 28S rRNA the methyl groups are nonrandomly distributed. For 18S rRNA, clustering was found within a 3' terminal fragment of 310 nucleotides. For 28S rRNA, clustering of methyl groups was found within a region of 750 nucleotides in length, which ends 500 nucleotides from the 3' end. In contrast, the 28S rRNA 5' terminal region of 900 nucleotides is clearly undermethylated. The general position of methyl groups in 28S rRNA correlates with the location of evolutionarily conserved sequences in this molecule, as recently determined in our laboratory.", "PMID": 388355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8202", "title": "A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA.", "content": "A procedure for extracting plasmid DNA from bacterial cells is described. The method is simple enough to permit the analysis by gel electrophoresis of 100 or more clones per day yet yields plasmid DNA which is pure enough to be digestible by restriction enzymes. The principle of the method is selective alkaline denaturation of high molecular weight chromosomal DNA while covalently closed circular DNA remains double-stranded. Adequate pH control is accomplished without using a pH meter. Upon neutralization, chromosomal DNA renatures to form an insoluble clot, leaving plasmid DNA in the supernatant. Large and small plasmid DNAs have been extracted by this method.", "contents": "A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. A procedure for extracting plasmid DNA from bacterial cells is described. The method is simple enough to permit the analysis by gel electrophoresis of 100 or more clones per day yet yields plasmid DNA which is pure enough to be digestible by restriction enzymes. The principle of the method is selective alkaline denaturation of high molecular weight chromosomal DNA while covalently closed circular DNA remains double-stranded. Adequate pH control is accomplished without using a pH meter. Upon neutralization, chromosomal DNA renatures to form an insoluble clot, leaving plasmid DNA in the supernatant. Large and small plasmid DNAs have been extracted by this method.", "PMID": 388356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8203", "title": "Modified polynucleotides. IV. Template activity of 5-alkyluracil-containing poly [d(A-r5U)] copolymers for DNA and RNA polymerases.", "content": "The change of templating properties for E. coli DNA and RNA polymerases of poly[d(A-r5U)] copolymers on substitution of the uracil for 5-methyl-, 5-ethyl-, 5-n-propyl-, 5-n-butyl- or 5-n-pentyluracil, resp., was studied. All modified polymers proved to be more effective template-primers than poly[d(A-U)] or poly[d(A-T)] for the DNA polymerase. Direct dependence of the template-primer efficiency (vmax/Km) value on the thermal stability of the polymers was observed. For transcription the r = ethyl and n-propyl polymers were also more effective templates than poly[d(A-T)].", "contents": "Modified polynucleotides. IV. Template activity of 5-alkyluracil-containing poly [d(A-r5U)] copolymers for DNA and RNA polymerases. The change of templating properties for E. coli DNA and RNA polymerases of poly[d(A-r5U)] copolymers on substitution of the uracil for 5-methyl-, 5-ethyl-, 5-n-propyl-, 5-n-butyl- or 5-n-pentyluracil, resp., was studied. All modified polymers proved to be more effective template-primers than poly[d(A-U)] or poly[d(A-T)] for the DNA polymerase. Direct dependence of the template-primer efficiency (vmax/Km) value on the thermal stability of the polymers was observed. For transcription the r = ethyl and n-propyl polymers were also more effective templates than poly[d(A-T)].", "PMID": 388357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8204", "title": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in phage T7-infected Escherchia coli. II. Primary structure of the RNA portion.", "content": "Short DNA chains were purified from phage T7 infected E. coli cells and 5' ends were labeled with 32P. By an alkali-treatment, pNp's rich in pAp and pCp were liberated from the T7 short DNA chains. After digestion of the [5'-32P] short DNA with the 3' to 5' exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase, [5'-32P] mono- to pentaribonucleotides tipped with a deoxyribonucleotide residue at their 3' ends were isolated. 5' terminal ribonucleotides were; exclusively AMP in the penta- and the tetraribonucleotides, mostly CMP in the triribonucleotide and mainly CMP and AMP in di- and monoribonucleotides. The 5' terminal dinucleotide of the penta- and the tetraribonucleotides was pApC. The nucleotide sequence of the tetraribonucleotide was mainly pApCpCpN and some pApCpApN, where N was mainly A and C. These results indicate that oligoribonucleotides shorter than trinucleotide may result from in vivo degradation of the tetra- and pentaribonucleotides. A possibility that the tetra- and pentaribonucleotides with a 5' triphosphate terminus are the intact primers for the discontinuous T7 DNA replication is discussed.", "contents": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in phage T7-infected Escherchia coli. II. Primary structure of the RNA portion. Short DNA chains were purified from phage T7 infected E. coli cells and 5' ends were labeled with 32P. By an alkali-treatment, pNp's rich in pAp and pCp were liberated from the T7 short DNA chains. After digestion of the [5'-32P] short DNA with the 3' to 5' exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase, [5'-32P] mono- to pentaribonucleotides tipped with a deoxyribonucleotide residue at their 3' ends were isolated. 5' terminal ribonucleotides were; exclusively AMP in the penta- and the tetraribonucleotides, mostly CMP in the triribonucleotide and mainly CMP and AMP in di- and monoribonucleotides. The 5' terminal dinucleotide of the penta- and the tetraribonucleotides was pApC. The nucleotide sequence of the tetraribonucleotide was mainly pApCpCpN and some pApCpApN, where N was mainly A and C. These results indicate that oligoribonucleotides shorter than trinucleotide may result from in vivo degradation of the tetra- and pentaribonucleotides. A possibility that the tetra- and pentaribonucleotides with a 5' triphosphate terminus are the intact primers for the discontinuous T7 DNA replication is discussed.", "PMID": 388358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8205", "title": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in phage T7-infected Escherichia coli. III. Detection of intact primer RNA.", "content": "RNA-linked DNA fragments of T7-infected Escherichiacoli were labeled with [(32)P]orthophosphate invivo. The RNA segments of the labeled fragments were isolated by degrading the DNA portion with the 3'--> 5' exonuclease intrinsic to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase and fractionated according to net charge by a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography in the presence of 7 M urea. Tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotides were obtained which have ATP residues at their 5' ends. Most of the pentanucleotides had a single deoxynucleotide at the 3' end but a minor portion was totally an oligoribonucleotide. In the light of prior results, the former is a cooligomer of an intact tetraribonucleotide primer and a monodeoxynucleotide and the latter is an intact pentaribonucleotide primer. Tri- and tetraribonucleotides with ATP at the 5' ends had no deoxynucleotide at the 3' ends, therefore it is not clear if intact triribonucleotide primers are present. The 5'-terminal dinucleotides of the tetra- and pentanucleotides were mostly pppApC and a trace amount of pppApA was present.Images", "contents": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in phage T7-infected Escherichia coli. III. Detection of intact primer RNA. RNA-linked DNA fragments of T7-infected Escherichiacoli were labeled with [(32)P]orthophosphate invivo. The RNA segments of the labeled fragments were isolated by degrading the DNA portion with the 3'--> 5' exonuclease intrinsic to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase and fractionated according to net charge by a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography in the presence of 7 M urea. Tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotides were obtained which have ATP residues at their 5' ends. Most of the pentanucleotides had a single deoxynucleotide at the 3' end but a minor portion was totally an oligoribonucleotide. In the light of prior results, the former is a cooligomer of an intact tetraribonucleotide primer and a monodeoxynucleotide and the latter is an intact pentaribonucleotide primer. Tri- and tetraribonucleotides with ATP at the 5' ends had no deoxynucleotide at the 3' ends, therefore it is not clear if intact triribonucleotide primers are present. The 5'-terminal dinucleotides of the tetra- and pentanucleotides were mostly pppApC and a trace amount of pppApA was present.Images", "PMID": 388359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8206", "title": "[Multi-parameter evaluation of cerebral perfusion curves in cerebrovascular diseases results of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The validity of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography was assessed in 189 patients with cerebrovascular disease including TIA (transient ischemic attack), PRIND (prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit), completed stroke and a-v. angioma. Time-activity curves were derived from regions of interest established over the right as well as the left side vascular supply territories of both middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Employing Fortran programs, parameters (right to left) A (ratio of maximal count rates), B (ratio of mean count rates) and C (relative perfusion efficiency) were computed. In patients with completed stroke, C revealed 85% and combined evaluation of A and C, 93% correct positive findings as compared with clinical and/or angiographic findings. In patients with asymptomatic stenoses, TIA and PRIND, C revealed an overall sensitivity of 83%, but was correct positive in unilateral extra- and intracranial vascular abnormalities in 96%. Out of seven a-v. angioma, five were diagnosed correctly by parameter C. These high success rates indicate the usefulness of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography (CARNA) supplementary to visual evaluation in patients suspected of having stenoses or occlusion of the major extra- or intracranial cerebral arteries.", "contents": "[Multi-parameter evaluation of cerebral perfusion curves in cerebrovascular diseases results of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography (author's transl)]. The validity of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography was assessed in 189 patients with cerebrovascular disease including TIA (transient ischemic attack), PRIND (prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit), completed stroke and a-v. angioma. Time-activity curves were derived from regions of interest established over the right as well as the left side vascular supply territories of both middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Employing Fortran programs, parameters (right to left) A (ratio of maximal count rates), B (ratio of mean count rates) and C (relative perfusion efficiency) were computed. In patients with completed stroke, C revealed 85% and combined evaluation of A and C, 93% correct positive findings as compared with clinical and/or angiographic findings. In patients with asymptomatic stenoses, TIA and PRIND, C revealed an overall sensitivity of 83%, but was correct positive in unilateral extra- and intracranial vascular abnormalities in 96%. Out of seven a-v. angioma, five were diagnosed correctly by parameter C. These high success rates indicate the usefulness of computer-assisted radionuclide angiography (CARNA) supplementary to visual evaluation in patients suspected of having stenoses or occlusion of the major extra- or intracranial cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 388360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8207", "title": "[Typical presentation of sequential scintigraphy images in the diagnosis of cyanotic heart disease in the newborn, using a computer-assisted imaging technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of sequential scintigraphy in investigating newborn infants in order to exclude or detect cyanotic congenital heart disease has been improved. The primary scintigraphic data are recorded digitally (list mode, 1 ms, 128 by 128 pixels) and evaluated automatically as a sequence of 1/2 s frames in 1/8 s increments. A 35 mm film is exposed to a scanning pulsed light spot on a CRT-screen with quantitative correspondence between local count density and the local number of light pulses. A series of highly resolved images of the rapidly changing scintigraphic pattern is achieved in 30 min. The results of 3 investigations are discussed. They prove the importance of adequate spatial resolution and definition in time in nuclear angiocardiography in infancy. Three case results are discussed in detail. In one case cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography had been omitted, since the radioisotopic findings excluded cyanotic congenital heart disease. Two further investigations are discussed with reference to the findings at cardiac catheterisation.", "contents": "[Typical presentation of sequential scintigraphy images in the diagnosis of cyanotic heart disease in the newborn, using a computer-assisted imaging technique (author's transl)]. The technique of sequential scintigraphy in investigating newborn infants in order to exclude or detect cyanotic congenital heart disease has been improved. The primary scintigraphic data are recorded digitally (list mode, 1 ms, 128 by 128 pixels) and evaluated automatically as a sequence of 1/2 s frames in 1/8 s increments. A 35 mm film is exposed to a scanning pulsed light spot on a CRT-screen with quantitative correspondence between local count density and the local number of light pulses. A series of highly resolved images of the rapidly changing scintigraphic pattern is achieved in 30 min. The results of 3 investigations are discussed. They prove the importance of adequate spatial resolution and definition in time in nuclear angiocardiography in infancy. Three case results are discussed in detail. In one case cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography had been omitted, since the radioisotopic findings excluded cyanotic congenital heart disease. Two further investigations are discussed with reference to the findings at cardiac catheterisation.", "PMID": 388361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8208", "title": "A double-blind study of tienilic acid with two year follow-up of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.", "content": "In a double-blind study, thirty patients having mild to moderate essential hypertension were randomly assigned to a six week regimen of either tienilic acid, hydrochlorothiazide, or placebo. Blood pressure was significantly reduced with tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide although more so with tienilic acid. Serum uric acid declined strikingly with tienilic acid and increased significantly with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum potassium declined slightly with tienilic acid but more so with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increased slightly more with tienilic acid than with hydrochlorothiazide. There were no clinical adverse effects to any of the medications during this study. Twenty-four months of continuous administration of tienilic acid revealed maintenance of blood pressure effect, but with slight increases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid and slight decreases in serum potassium as compared to six weeks administration. Tienilic acid appears to be a useful new antihypertensive agent. The hypouricaemic effect is profound and strongly suggests the need for continuing evaluation of this compound because of its unique combination of diuretic, antihypertensive and hypouricaemic properties.", "contents": "A double-blind study of tienilic acid with two year follow-up of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. In a double-blind study, thirty patients having mild to moderate essential hypertension were randomly assigned to a six week regimen of either tienilic acid, hydrochlorothiazide, or placebo. Blood pressure was significantly reduced with tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide although more so with tienilic acid. Serum uric acid declined strikingly with tienilic acid and increased significantly with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum potassium declined slightly with tienilic acid but more so with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increased slightly more with tienilic acid than with hydrochlorothiazide. There were no clinical adverse effects to any of the medications during this study. Twenty-four months of continuous administration of tienilic acid revealed maintenance of blood pressure effect, but with slight increases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid and slight decreases in serum potassium as compared to six weeks administration. Tienilic acid appears to be a useful new antihypertensive agent. The hypouricaemic effect is profound and strongly suggests the need for continuing evaluation of this compound because of its unique combination of diuretic, antihypertensive and hypouricaemic properties.", "PMID": 388395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8209", "title": "Propranolol and tienilic acid in essential hypertension.", "content": "Sixteen patients with moderately severe essential hypertension completed a double-blind crossover trial with four treatment periods each lasting for six weeks. They received in random order, placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg b.d.; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day and propranolol 80 mg b.d. in combination. Mean blood pressure in the lying position was 169/98 mmHg on placebo, 157/94 mmHg on tienilic acid, 159/90 mmHg on propranolol and 142/86 mmHg on the combination of tienilic acid and propranolol. The effects of tienilic acid and propranolol on blood pressure were additive and there was no evidence of any interaction. The onset of the hypotensive effect of tienilic acid was gradual while the effect of propranolol was maximal within 2 weeks of the start of treatment. Tienilic acid produced a significant reduction in serum urate from 0.33 mmol/l to 0.18 mmol/l. The combination of tienilic acid and propranolol in the doses used in the trial was effective and acceptable in the reduction of raised blood pressure.", "contents": "Propranolol and tienilic acid in essential hypertension. Sixteen patients with moderately severe essential hypertension completed a double-blind crossover trial with four treatment periods each lasting for six weeks. They received in random order, placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg b.d.; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day and propranolol 80 mg b.d. in combination. Mean blood pressure in the lying position was 169/98 mmHg on placebo, 157/94 mmHg on tienilic acid, 159/90 mmHg on propranolol and 142/86 mmHg on the combination of tienilic acid and propranolol. The effects of tienilic acid and propranolol on blood pressure were additive and there was no evidence of any interaction. The onset of the hypotensive effect of tienilic acid was gradual while the effect of propranolol was maximal within 2 weeks of the start of treatment. Tienilic acid produced a significant reduction in serum urate from 0.33 mmol/l to 0.18 mmol/l. The combination of tienilic acid and propranolol in the doses used in the trial was effective and acceptable in the reduction of raised blood pressure.", "PMID": 388396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8210", "title": "Long-term usage of tienilic acid in essential hypertension.", "content": "The purpose of this double-blind study was to compare the effects on blood pressure of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. The biochemical effects of tienilic acid in relation to those of hydrochlorothiazide were also determined over a long-term period of therapy. Sixty-six outpatients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were treated for seven months with either 250 mg of tienilic acid or 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide after a 3 week placebo period. When warranted, dosage was increased to a maximum of 500 mg of tienilic acid and 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily. Results indicate that tienilic acid reduced blood pressure significantly and to the same extent as hydrochlorothiazide. No significant side effects were observed. The effects on potassium, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were comparable in both groups. However, serum uric acid rose with hydrochlorothiazide but fell with tienilic acid. In view of this effect, tienilic acid may have certain advantages over thiazide therapy in the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "Long-term usage of tienilic acid in essential hypertension. The purpose of this double-blind study was to compare the effects on blood pressure of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. The biochemical effects of tienilic acid in relation to those of hydrochlorothiazide were also determined over a long-term period of therapy. Sixty-six outpatients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were treated for seven months with either 250 mg of tienilic acid or 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide after a 3 week placebo period. When warranted, dosage was increased to a maximum of 500 mg of tienilic acid and 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily. Results indicate that tienilic acid reduced blood pressure significantly and to the same extent as hydrochlorothiazide. No significant side effects were observed. The effects on potassium, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were comparable in both groups. However, serum uric acid rose with hydrochlorothiazide but fell with tienilic acid. In view of this effect, tienilic acid may have certain advantages over thiazide therapy in the treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 388397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8211", "title": "Safety of tienilic acid.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of tienilic acid have been evaluated in studies of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states and hyperuricaemia associated with gout. During the course of these studies 675 patients were treated with tienilic acid, 310 were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 43 were treated with probenecid and 34 were treated with placebo. Overall, adverse reactions characterized as probably drug-related or questinably drug-related were reported in 28% of patients treated with tienilic acid, 24% treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 25% of patients treated with probenecid and 33% treated with placebo. The side effects encountered were mild in severity, reversible and represented extensions of the pharmacological activity of tienilic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and probenecid. These initial studies demonstrate that tienilic acid is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states, including oedema associated with congestive cardiac failure or mild to moderate renal dysfunction, and in the management of elevated serum uric acid levels associated with gout.", "contents": "Safety of tienilic acid. The safety and efficacy of tienilic acid have been evaluated in studies of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states and hyperuricaemia associated with gout. During the course of these studies 675 patients were treated with tienilic acid, 310 were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 43 were treated with probenecid and 34 were treated with placebo. Overall, adverse reactions characterized as probably drug-related or questinably drug-related were reported in 28% of patients treated with tienilic acid, 24% treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 25% of patients treated with probenecid and 33% treated with placebo. The side effects encountered were mild in severity, reversible and represented extensions of the pharmacological activity of tienilic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and probenecid. These initial studies demonstrate that tienilic acid is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states, including oedema associated with congestive cardiac failure or mild to moderate renal dysfunction, and in the management of elevated serum uric acid levels associated with gout.", "PMID": 388398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8212", "title": "The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid: experience in patients with hyperuricaemia.", "content": "The anti-hypertensive effect of 250 mg tienilic acid was comparable to that of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, tienilic acid caused a statistically significant decrease in the serum uric acid values. Clinically non-significant rises in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine occurred with both diuretics. The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid given in a daily dose of 125 mg was significantly greater than that of 500 mg probenecid. Glucose tolerance in patients with mild maturity onset diabetes mellitus deteriorated with both tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide treatments with no statistically significant difference noted between the two treatments. Tienilic acid was well tolerated and no clinically significant haematological or biochemical abnormalities were noted.", "contents": "The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid: experience in patients with hyperuricaemia. The anti-hypertensive effect of 250 mg tienilic acid was comparable to that of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, tienilic acid caused a statistically significant decrease in the serum uric acid values. Clinically non-significant rises in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine occurred with both diuretics. The hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid given in a daily dose of 125 mg was significantly greater than that of 500 mg probenecid. Glucose tolerance in patients with mild maturity onset diabetes mellitus deteriorated with both tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide treatments with no statistically significant difference noted between the two treatments. Tienilic acid was well tolerated and no clinically significant haematological or biochemical abnormalities were noted.", "PMID": 388400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8213", "title": "Double-blind assessment of tienilic acid in essential hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effectiveness of tienilic acid in doses of 250 mg once and twice daily was compared to hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg once and twice per day in a randomized double-blind trial lasting six weeks. Blood pressure fell significantly and to a similar extent with the larger dose of both drugs. This was accompanied by a slight decrease in body weight and serum potassium concentration and a slight increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The magnitude of these changes was similar with both drugs. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, however, the administration of tienilic acid was associated with a marked drop in the concentration of serum uric acid. No disturbing side effects or evidence of serious toxicity were noted during treatment with the new drug.", "contents": "Double-blind assessment of tienilic acid in essential hypertension. The antihypertensive effectiveness of tienilic acid in doses of 250 mg once and twice daily was compared to hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg once and twice per day in a randomized double-blind trial lasting six weeks. Blood pressure fell significantly and to a similar extent with the larger dose of both drugs. This was accompanied by a slight decrease in body weight and serum potassium concentration and a slight increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The magnitude of these changes was similar with both drugs. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, however, the administration of tienilic acid was associated with a marked drop in the concentration of serum uric acid. No disturbing side effects or evidence of serious toxicity were noted during treatment with the new drug.", "PMID": 388402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8214", "title": "Export without proteolytic processing of inner and outer membrane proteins encoded by F sex factor tra cistrons in Escherichia coli minicells.", "content": "Most tra proteins encoded by the Escherichia coli F sex factor are incorporated into the minicell envelope. We have now assigned the tra proteins to cytoplasm (TraIp and 2b), inner membrane (TraEp, TraMp, and TraSp), and outer membrane (6e, TraAp, TraBp, TraJp, TraKp, TraLp, and TraTp). two proteins, TraDp and 6d, were associated with both inner and outer membranes. The proteins exported to the inner or outer membranes did not undergo proteolytic cleavage (processing) whereas beta-lactamase was processed normally.", "contents": "Export without proteolytic processing of inner and outer membrane proteins encoded by F sex factor tra cistrons in Escherichia coli minicells. Most tra proteins encoded by the Escherichia coli F sex factor are incorporated into the minicell envelope. We have now assigned the tra proteins to cytoplasm (TraIp and 2b), inner membrane (TraEp, TraMp, and TraSp), and outer membrane (6e, TraAp, TraBp, TraJp, TraKp, TraLp, and TraTp). two proteins, TraDp and 6d, were associated with both inner and outer membranes. The proteins exported to the inner or outer membranes did not undergo proteolytic cleavage (processing) whereas beta-lactamase was processed normally.", "PMID": 388418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8215", "title": "Gene 2 protein of bacteriophage T7: purification and requirement for packaging of T7 DNA in vitro.", "content": "The gene 2 protein of bacteriophage T7 is required for a late stage of T7 DNA replication because T7 gene 2 mutants fail to form normal concatemeric structures during the processing of newly synthesized T7 DNA. Extracts of gene 2 mutant phage-infected cells are unable to package T7 DNA into phage heads to form viable phage, as determined by an in vitro packaging assay for T7 DNA. Packaging activity can be stimulated greater than 100-fold in mutant extracts by the addition of extract prepared from cells infected with phage carrying a wild-type T7 gene 2, thus providing a complementation assay for the gene 2 protein. With this assay, the gene 2 protein has been purified to approximately 50% homogeneity. Purified preparations of the protein inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase but have little effect on the activity of T7 RNA polymerase but have little effect on the activity of T7 RNA polymerase. The requirement for the gene 2 protein during T7 DNA replication may involve inactivation of E. coli RNA polymerase because the antibiotic rifampicin, a specific inhibitor of E. coli RNA polymerase, can substitute for the gene 2 protein in the in vitro packaging assay.", "contents": "Gene 2 protein of bacteriophage T7: purification and requirement for packaging of T7 DNA in vitro. The gene 2 protein of bacteriophage T7 is required for a late stage of T7 DNA replication because T7 gene 2 mutants fail to form normal concatemeric structures during the processing of newly synthesized T7 DNA. Extracts of gene 2 mutant phage-infected cells are unable to package T7 DNA into phage heads to form viable phage, as determined by an in vitro packaging assay for T7 DNA. Packaging activity can be stimulated greater than 100-fold in mutant extracts by the addition of extract prepared from cells infected with phage carrying a wild-type T7 gene 2, thus providing a complementation assay for the gene 2 protein. With this assay, the gene 2 protein has been purified to approximately 50% homogeneity. Purified preparations of the protein inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase but have little effect on the activity of T7 RNA polymerase but have little effect on the activity of T7 RNA polymerase. The requirement for the gene 2 protein during T7 DNA replication may involve inactivation of E. coli RNA polymerase because the antibiotic rifampicin, a specific inhibitor of E. coli RNA polymerase, can substitute for the gene 2 protein in the in vitro packaging assay.", "PMID": 388419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8216", "title": "Quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subunit: model and its experimental testing.", "content": "In considering the structure of the 30S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome, we have assumed that: (i) all or almost all the proteins within the 30S particle are compact and globular, as recently shown for the isolated proteins S4, S7, S8, S15, and S16 in solution [Serdyuk, I.N., Zaccai, G. & Spirin, A.S. (1978) FEBS Lett. 94, 349-352]; (ii) the RNA within the 30S particle has approximately the same specific V-like or Y-like shape that was demonstrated for the isolated 16S RNA in a compact conformation [Vasiliev, V.D., Selivanova, O.M. & Koteliansky, V.E. (1978) FEBS Lett. 95, 273-276]. From these assumptions and using the numerous data reported on neighboring ribosomal proteins, we have constructed a model of the quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subunit. The model has been tested by calculation of the theoretical curves of neutron scattering at different contrasts, as well as those of x-ray scattering, and their comparison with the experimental scattering curves for E. coli 30S particles. It has been found that the calculated scattering curves for the model practically coincide with the experimental scattering curves for the 30S particles in the range of Bragg distances down to 40-55 A. The scattering curves calculated for several three-dimensional patterns of arrangement of the 30S subunit proteins proposed earlier have been shown to be inconsistent with the experiments.", "contents": "Quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subunit: model and its experimental testing. In considering the structure of the 30S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome, we have assumed that: (i) all or almost all the proteins within the 30S particle are compact and globular, as recently shown for the isolated proteins S4, S7, S8, S15, and S16 in solution [Serdyuk, I.N., Zaccai, G. & Spirin, A.S. (1978) FEBS Lett. 94, 349-352]; (ii) the RNA within the 30S particle has approximately the same specific V-like or Y-like shape that was demonstrated for the isolated 16S RNA in a compact conformation [Vasiliev, V.D., Selivanova, O.M. & Koteliansky, V.E. (1978) FEBS Lett. 95, 273-276]. From these assumptions and using the numerous data reported on neighboring ribosomal proteins, we have constructed a model of the quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subunit. The model has been tested by calculation of the theoretical curves of neutron scattering at different contrasts, as well as those of x-ray scattering, and their comparison with the experimental scattering curves for E. coli 30S particles. It has been found that the calculated scattering curves for the model practically coincide with the experimental scattering curves for the 30S particles in the range of Bragg distances down to 40-55 A. The scattering curves calculated for several three-dimensional patterns of arrangement of the 30S subunit proteins proposed earlier have been shown to be inconsistent with the experiments.", "PMID": 388420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8217", "title": "Transposition of the Escherichia coli insertion element gamma generates a five-base-pair repeat.", "content": "We have determined DNA sequences surrounding the termini of the Escherichia coli insertion element gamma delta, both at its normal locus on the F (fertility) factor and at three different sites of insertion into the plasmid pBR322. After transposition, a five-base-pair pBR322 sequence is duplicated and appears in direct orientation adjacent to each end of the element. No such duplication flanks the ends of gamma delta in F, and there is no apparent homology between the sequences surrounding gamma delta in F and the five-base-pair duplications generated by insertion. These findings suggest that the duplications are not essential for transposition and that they do not act to direct gamma delta to a homologous site in the target chromosome. In addition, we find that the 35-base-pair inverted repeat that comprises the termini of gamma delta is strikingly similar in sequence to the ends of both the ampicillin-resistance transposon Tn3 and a 200-nucleotide-long sequence on the plasmid pSC101 which has been shown to mediate recombination with phage f1 replicative form. Within the terminal region, there is a specific heptanucleotide sequence common to each of the above elements and to bacteriophage Mu, all of which generate five-base-pair repeats upon insertion.", "contents": "Transposition of the Escherichia coli insertion element gamma generates a five-base-pair repeat. We have determined DNA sequences surrounding the termini of the Escherichia coli insertion element gamma delta, both at its normal locus on the F (fertility) factor and at three different sites of insertion into the plasmid pBR322. After transposition, a five-base-pair pBR322 sequence is duplicated and appears in direct orientation adjacent to each end of the element. No such duplication flanks the ends of gamma delta in F, and there is no apparent homology between the sequences surrounding gamma delta in F and the five-base-pair duplications generated by insertion. These findings suggest that the duplications are not essential for transposition and that they do not act to direct gamma delta to a homologous site in the target chromosome. In addition, we find that the 35-base-pair inverted repeat that comprises the termini of gamma delta is strikingly similar in sequence to the ends of both the ampicillin-resistance transposon Tn3 and a 200-nucleotide-long sequence on the plasmid pSC101 which has been shown to mediate recombination with phage f1 replicative form. Within the terminal region, there is a specific heptanucleotide sequence common to each of the above elements and to bacteriophage Mu, all of which generate five-base-pair repeats upon insertion.", "PMID": 388421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8218", "title": "Monoclonal antibody to a plasma membrane antigen of neurons.", "content": "Fusion of spleen cells from a mouse immunized with chicken embryo retina cells with clonal mouse myeloma cells yielded a lymphocyte hybrid cell line that produced antibody that bound to neural tissue such as retina, brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia but not to other tissues tested. The antigen was shown by indirect immunofluorescence to be associated with plasma membranes of most, or all, neuron cell bodies in chicken retina, but little or no antigen was detected on axons or dendrites, M\u00fcller cells, or retina pigment cells. The activity of antigen A2B5 is relatively stable at 100 degrees C, is insensitive to trypsin, exhibits the solubility properties of a ganglioside, and is destroyed by neuraminidase. Antibody A2B5 cytotoxicity against retina cells is inhibited by a GQ ganglioside fraction from bovine brain (estimated half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 microM) or by N-acetylneuraminic acid (half-maximal inhibition at 5000 microM) but not by other purified gangliosides tested. These results suggest that the antigen is a complex ganglioside in plasma membranes of retina neuron cell bodies but not axons or dendrites.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibody to a plasma membrane antigen of neurons. Fusion of spleen cells from a mouse immunized with chicken embryo retina cells with clonal mouse myeloma cells yielded a lymphocyte hybrid cell line that produced antibody that bound to neural tissue such as retina, brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia but not to other tissues tested. The antigen was shown by indirect immunofluorescence to be associated with plasma membranes of most, or all, neuron cell bodies in chicken retina, but little or no antigen was detected on axons or dendrites, M\u00fcller cells, or retina pigment cells. The activity of antigen A2B5 is relatively stable at 100 degrees C, is insensitive to trypsin, exhibits the solubility properties of a ganglioside, and is destroyed by neuraminidase. Antibody A2B5 cytotoxicity against retina cells is inhibited by a GQ ganglioside fraction from bovine brain (estimated half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 microM) or by N-acetylneuraminic acid (half-maximal inhibition at 5000 microM) but not by other purified gangliosides tested. These results suggest that the antigen is a complex ganglioside in plasma membranes of retina neuron cell bodies but not axons or dendrites.", "PMID": 388422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8219", "title": "leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium is controlled by an attenuation mechanism.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the control region of the leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium was determined. A prominent feature of this region is a signal for termination of transcription. In vitro, transcription does terminate at this site, yielding a leader RNA of about 160 nucleotides as a major product. This leader RNA is potentially translatable into a peptide containing 28 amino acids, 4 of which are adjacent leucine residues. Several regions of base complementarity exist within the leader, positioned such that pairing of one region precludes pairing of another. The position of the four leucine codons relative to two regions of base complementarity suggest a model for the regulation of the leu operon similar to that proposed by Yanofsky and coworkers for the trp operon. In addition, a third region of base complementarity was identified which, when incorporated into the model, explains why premature termination is the usual outcome when transcription is initiated in vitro by purified RNA polymerase.", "contents": "leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium is controlled by an attenuation mechanism. The nucleotide sequence of the control region of the leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium was determined. A prominent feature of this region is a signal for termination of transcription. In vitro, transcription does terminate at this site, yielding a leader RNA of about 160 nucleotides as a major product. This leader RNA is potentially translatable into a peptide containing 28 amino acids, 4 of which are adjacent leucine residues. Several regions of base complementarity exist within the leader, positioned such that pairing of one region precludes pairing of another. The position of the four leucine codons relative to two regions of base complementarity suggest a model for the regulation of the leu operon similar to that proposed by Yanofsky and coworkers for the trp operon. In addition, a third region of base complementarity was identified which, when incorporated into the model, explains why premature termination is the usual outcome when transcription is initiated in vitro by purified RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 388423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8220", "title": "Replacement of chromosome segments with altered DNA sequences constructed in vitro.", "content": "We have developed a method that may be of general application for the stable introduction of foreign sequences or deletions, constructed in vitro, into the chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No vector sequences are present in the final strains. Ability to transform cells with DNA, availability of a single selective marker, and integration of the transforming DNA by homologous recombination into the chromosomes are the requirements of the system. Any isolated gene can be deleted or altered and then be used to replace the wild-type chromosomal copy. An internal deletion mutant of the his3 gene and a transposition of a galactose-inducible region into chromosome XV have been generated by using the ura3 gene as the selective marker.", "contents": "Replacement of chromosome segments with altered DNA sequences constructed in vitro. We have developed a method that may be of general application for the stable introduction of foreign sequences or deletions, constructed in vitro, into the chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No vector sequences are present in the final strains. Ability to transform cells with DNA, availability of a single selective marker, and integration of the transforming DNA by homologous recombination into the chromosomes are the requirements of the system. Any isolated gene can be deleted or altered and then be used to replace the wild-type chromosomal copy. An internal deletion mutant of the his3 gene and a transposition of a galactose-inducible region into chromosome XV have been generated by using the ura3 gene as the selective marker.", "PMID": 388424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8221", "title": "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of DNA coding for bovine preproparathyroid hormone.", "content": "We have cloned in Escherichia coli a DNA copy of mRNA coding for bovine preproparathyroid hormone. Double-stranded DNA was inserted into the Pst I site in plasmid pBR322 by using the poly(dG)-poly(dC) homopolymer extension technique to join the DNA molecules. Recombinant plasmids coding for preproparathyroid hormone were identified by the plasmid's ability to arrest specifically the translation of preproparathyroid hormone mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the largest recombinant was determined by using both chemical and enzymatic techniques. The parathyroid insert contains 470 nucleotides--102 nucleotides from the 5' noncoding region of the mRNA, 345 nucleotides representing the entire coding region, and 23 nucleotides from the 3' noncoding region. The coding sequence clarifies the hormone's amino acid sequence, which has been disputed. Codon usage is discussed.", "contents": "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of DNA coding for bovine preproparathyroid hormone. We have cloned in Escherichia coli a DNA copy of mRNA coding for bovine preproparathyroid hormone. Double-stranded DNA was inserted into the Pst I site in plasmid pBR322 by using the poly(dG)-poly(dC) homopolymer extension technique to join the DNA molecules. Recombinant plasmids coding for preproparathyroid hormone were identified by the plasmid's ability to arrest specifically the translation of preproparathyroid hormone mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the largest recombinant was determined by using both chemical and enzymatic techniques. The parathyroid insert contains 470 nucleotides--102 nucleotides from the 5' noncoding region of the mRNA, 345 nucleotides representing the entire coding region, and 23 nucleotides from the 3' noncoding region. The coding sequence clarifies the hormone's amino acid sequence, which has been disputed. Codon usage is discussed.", "PMID": 388425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8222", "title": "Primary structure of major outer membrane protein I of Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the pore-forming outer membrane protein I (porin) from Escherichia coli B/r has been determined. The polypeptide contains 340 amino acid residues resulting in a molecular weight of 37,205. The transmembrane polypeptide has no stretches of nonpolar residues, uninterrupted by charged side chains, longer than 11 amino acid residues. Regarding polarity, the chain can be subdivided into three regions: a distinctly hydrophilic region between residues 1 and 82 (51.2% polarity), a fairly nonpolar region between residues 83 and 194 (33.9% polarity), and a more hydrophilic region up to the COOH terminus (48% polarity). These results are interpreted as evidence against a simple transmembrane structure in which the membrane is spanned by a single contiguous sequence of hydrophobic amino acids, as has been proposed, for example, for glycophorin.", "contents": "Primary structure of major outer membrane protein I of Escherichia coli B/r. The amino acid sequence of the pore-forming outer membrane protein I (porin) from Escherichia coli B/r has been determined. The polypeptide contains 340 amino acid residues resulting in a molecular weight of 37,205. The transmembrane polypeptide has no stretches of nonpolar residues, uninterrupted by charged side chains, longer than 11 amino acid residues. Regarding polarity, the chain can be subdivided into three regions: a distinctly hydrophilic region between residues 1 and 82 (51.2% polarity), a fairly nonpolar region between residues 83 and 194 (33.9% polarity), and a more hydrophilic region up to the COOH terminus (48% polarity). These results are interpreted as evidence against a simple transmembrane structure in which the membrane is spanned by a single contiguous sequence of hydrophobic amino acids, as has been proposed, for example, for glycophorin.", "PMID": 388426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8223", "title": "Construction and selection of recombinant plasmids containing full-length complementary DNAs corresponding to rat insulins I and II.", "content": "We have used a synthetic deoxydecanucleotide to generate an insulin-specific cDNA probe suitable for selecting transformants that contain nearly full-length cDNAs corresponding to the mRNAs coding for rat insulins I and II. Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from x-ray-induced rat insulinoma poly(A)-RNA, inserted in pBR322 plasmid DNA by the homopolymeric tailing technique, and cloned in Escherichia coli chi 1776. Colony hybridization with oligonucleotide-primed cDNA yielded 16 positive clones of which 7 corresponded to rat insulin I mRNA and 9 to rat insulin II mRNA. Restriction endonuclease maps of representative clones of each group indicated that these contained the complete coding sequences, as was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5' region of the cloned DNA for rat insulin II. Nucleotide sequence analysis also established the amino acid sequence of the prepeptide of rat preproinsulin II. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the prepeptides of rat preproinsulin I and II shows that three conservative amino acid substitutions have occurred in this region of the molecule.", "contents": "Construction and selection of recombinant plasmids containing full-length complementary DNAs corresponding to rat insulins I and II. We have used a synthetic deoxydecanucleotide to generate an insulin-specific cDNA probe suitable for selecting transformants that contain nearly full-length cDNAs corresponding to the mRNAs coding for rat insulins I and II. Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from x-ray-induced rat insulinoma poly(A)-RNA, inserted in pBR322 plasmid DNA by the homopolymeric tailing technique, and cloned in Escherichia coli chi 1776. Colony hybridization with oligonucleotide-primed cDNA yielded 16 positive clones of which 7 corresponded to rat insulin I mRNA and 9 to rat insulin II mRNA. Restriction endonuclease maps of representative clones of each group indicated that these contained the complete coding sequences, as was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5' region of the cloned DNA for rat insulin II. Nucleotide sequence analysis also established the amino acid sequence of the prepeptide of rat preproinsulin II. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the prepeptides of rat preproinsulin I and II shows that three conservative amino acid substitutions have occurred in this region of the molecule.", "PMID": 388427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8224", "title": "RNA polymerase III transcriptional units are interspersed among human non-alpha-globin genes.", "content": "Cloned human DNA fragments containing globin genes are transcribed in vitro to form discrete RNA species. One transcription unit is located approximately 1500 base pairs upstream from the G-gamma-globin gene. This transcript is partially homologous to a polymerase III template located approximately 1000 base pairs upstream from the delta-globin gene and to DNA located a short distance downstream from the beta-globin gene.", "contents": "RNA polymerase III transcriptional units are interspersed among human non-alpha-globin genes. Cloned human DNA fragments containing globin genes are transcribed in vitro to form discrete RNA species. One transcription unit is located approximately 1500 base pairs upstream from the G-gamma-globin gene. This transcript is partially homologous to a polymerase III template located approximately 1000 base pairs upstream from the delta-globin gene and to DNA located a short distance downstream from the beta-globin gene.", "PMID": 388428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8225", "title": "A 3.0-A resolution study of nucleotide complexes with aspartate carbamoyltransferase.", "content": "The binding sites of CTP, CDP, 5-BrCTP, and ATP to the allosteric site of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) have been found in electron-density maps obtained at about 3 A resolution from x-ray diffraction studies of single crystals. The activator ATP binds in the anti conformation, whereas the inhibitor 5-BrCTP binds in the syn conformation. Both activator and inhibitor bind to the same local region of the enzyme. All of the cytidine nucleotides show important interactions of the base with the protein. The triphosphate conformations are similar, whereas the terminal phosphate of CDP occupies the site of the gamma-phosphate of CTP, thus implying a protein-nucleotide interaction at this site. These results are then related to biochemical studies.", "contents": "A 3.0-A resolution study of nucleotide complexes with aspartate carbamoyltransferase. The binding sites of CTP, CDP, 5-BrCTP, and ATP to the allosteric site of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) have been found in electron-density maps obtained at about 3 A resolution from x-ray diffraction studies of single crystals. The activator ATP binds in the anti conformation, whereas the inhibitor 5-BrCTP binds in the syn conformation. Both activator and inhibitor bind to the same local region of the enzyme. All of the cytidine nucleotides show important interactions of the base with the protein. The triphosphate conformations are similar, whereas the terminal phosphate of CDP occupies the site of the gamma-phosphate of CTP, thus implying a protein-nucleotide interaction at this site. These results are then related to biochemical studies.", "PMID": 388429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8226", "title": "Termination of transcription by bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase: homogeneous 3'-terminal oligonucleotide sequence of in vitro T3 RNA polymerase transcripts.", "content": "RNA was synthesized in vitro from a T3 DNA template by T3 RNA polymerase and subsequently separated into seven discrete size classes (molecular weights ranging between 0.21 x 10(6) and 6.2 x 10(6)) by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. RNase T1-generated 3'-terminal oligonucleotide fragments were then selectively isolated from either the unfractionated total RNA or the gel-purified specific transcripts by chromatography on columns of dihydroxyboryl-cellulose. Sequence analysis of these oligonucleotide products indicated that the unfractionated transcripts as well as all the individual major RNA species examined had a unique sequence, (Gp)UpUpUpUpUpGOH, at their 3' termini. The specificity of this sequence, as well as the total lack of any sequence heterogeneity at the ends of these transcripts, indicates a high degree of specificity of termination during transcription in this system.", "contents": "Termination of transcription by bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase: homogeneous 3'-terminal oligonucleotide sequence of in vitro T3 RNA polymerase transcripts. RNA was synthesized in vitro from a T3 DNA template by T3 RNA polymerase and subsequently separated into seven discrete size classes (molecular weights ranging between 0.21 x 10(6) and 6.2 x 10(6)) by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. RNase T1-generated 3'-terminal oligonucleotide fragments were then selectively isolated from either the unfractionated total RNA or the gel-purified specific transcripts by chromatography on columns of dihydroxyboryl-cellulose. Sequence analysis of these oligonucleotide products indicated that the unfractionated transcripts as well as all the individual major RNA species examined had a unique sequence, (Gp)UpUpUpUpUpGOH, at their 3' termini. The specificity of this sequence, as well as the total lack of any sequence heterogeneity at the ends of these transcripts, indicates a high degree of specificity of termination during transcription in this system.", "PMID": 388430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8227", "title": "Interference of nonsense mutations with eukaryotic messenger RNA stability.", "content": "The fine structure map of the yeast URA 3 gene was established by meiotic recombination, and amber nonsense mutations were located at different points on the map. The effect of the length of the labeling time on the specific radioactivity of ura 3 messenger RNA and on its repartition between poly(A)-RNA and RNA not containing poly(A) has been followed in nonsense mutants. Nonsense mutations reduce the messenger level without lowering its instantaneous rate of synthesis. The strength of the reduction depends on the position of the nonsense codon within the locus and concerns essentially the accumulation of polyadenylylated ura 3 mRNA.", "contents": "Interference of nonsense mutations with eukaryotic messenger RNA stability. The fine structure map of the yeast URA 3 gene was established by meiotic recombination, and amber nonsense mutations were located at different points on the map. The effect of the length of the labeling time on the specific radioactivity of ura 3 messenger RNA and on its repartition between poly(A)-RNA and RNA not containing poly(A) has been followed in nonsense mutants. Nonsense mutations reduce the messenger level without lowering its instantaneous rate of synthesis. The strength of the reduction depends on the position of the nonsense codon within the locus and concerns essentially the accumulation of polyadenylylated ura 3 mRNA.", "PMID": 388431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8228", "title": "A response of protein synthesis to temperature shift in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "When Saccharomyces cerevisiae are subjected to a sudden increase in temperature (22 degrees C to 37 degrees C) they undergo extensive and, in some cases, extreme alterations in their rates of synthesizing individual polypeptides. These changes were monitored by pulse-labeling cells with [35S]methionine and separating the total soluble proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of 35S into individual proteins was measured by a computer-coupled autoradiogram-scanning method. The rates of synthesis of most proteins are transiently changed; 10-fold or greater induction or respression is common. This temperature response has also been studied in a mutant strain that is temperature sensitive for the nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of RNA. In this mutant, not only the induction, but also a part of the repression in response to temperature upshift is largely inhibited. Conceivable mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "A response of protein synthesis to temperature shift in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When Saccharomyces cerevisiae are subjected to a sudden increase in temperature (22 degrees C to 37 degrees C) they undergo extensive and, in some cases, extreme alterations in their rates of synthesizing individual polypeptides. These changes were monitored by pulse-labeling cells with [35S]methionine and separating the total soluble proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of 35S into individual proteins was measured by a computer-coupled autoradiogram-scanning method. The rates of synthesis of most proteins are transiently changed; 10-fold or greater induction or respression is common. This temperature response has also been studied in a mutant strain that is temperature sensitive for the nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of RNA. In this mutant, not only the induction, but also a part of the repression in response to temperature upshift is largely inhibited. Conceivable mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 388432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8229", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: an evolutionary comparison.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequences of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were determined. The nucleotide sequences are 24.8% divergent, compared with amino acid sequence divergence of 14.9%. Over half of the codons of each gene contain synonymous nucleotide changes. The pattern of synonymous nucleotide changes is consistent with the interpretation that such changes result from random mutational events. We do not find any evidence indicating that codon selection or RNA structure is of major selective value. We conclude that polypeptide function is the primary basis of selection in trpA and that most synonymous codon changes are selectively neutral.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: an evolutionary comparison. The complete nucleotide sequences of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were determined. The nucleotide sequences are 24.8% divergent, compared with amino acid sequence divergence of 14.9%. Over half of the codons of each gene contain synonymous nucleotide changes. The pattern of synonymous nucleotide changes is consistent with the interpretation that such changes result from random mutational events. We do not find any evidence indicating that codon selection or RNA structure is of major selective value. We conclude that polypeptide function is the primary basis of selection in trpA and that most synonymous codon changes are selectively neutral.", "PMID": 388433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8230", "title": "Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse) inhibits the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Plasmodium falciparum in culture grows optimally at 3% oxygen. Oxygen levels down to 0.5% still support growth, but anaerobic conditions do not. These findings, and the absence of the Krebs cycle in Plasmodium, suggested that in this organism oxygen may not function in electron transport but rather may act through metalloprotein oxygenases. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse, disulfiram) and its reduction product diethyldithiocarbamate inhibit many metalloprotein oxygenases and have a lipid/H2O partition coefficient and high binding constant for metal ions, favoring selective toxicity to the malaria parasite. These compounds exhibited active antimalarial effects in vitro in concentrations down to 0.1 microgram/ml, the lowest level tested. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide at a level as low as 1 microgram/ml inhibited parasite glycolysis with no effect on glycolysis of normal erythrocytes. Erythrocytes pretreated with this drug at 10 microgram/ml did not support growth of the parasite.", "contents": "Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse) inhibits the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium falciparum in culture grows optimally at 3% oxygen. Oxygen levels down to 0.5% still support growth, but anaerobic conditions do not. These findings, and the absence of the Krebs cycle in Plasmodium, suggested that in this organism oxygen may not function in electron transport but rather may act through metalloprotein oxygenases. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse, disulfiram) and its reduction product diethyldithiocarbamate inhibit many metalloprotein oxygenases and have a lipid/H2O partition coefficient and high binding constant for metal ions, favoring selective toxicity to the malaria parasite. These compounds exhibited active antimalarial effects in vitro in concentrations down to 0.1 microgram/ml, the lowest level tested. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide at a level as low as 1 microgram/ml inhibited parasite glycolysis with no effect on glycolysis of normal erythrocytes. Erythrocytes pretreated with this drug at 10 microgram/ml did not support growth of the parasite.", "PMID": 388434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8231", "title": "Comparison of cell-fusing activity of brain suspensions from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other degenerative neurological diseases.", "content": "In vitro cell-fusing activity of brain suspensions from 33 patients with transmissible cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was compared to activity of brains from 26 patients with a variety of other degenerative neurological diseases, and with activity of brains from 25 patients without neurological disease. A significantly higher proportion of CJD brains (61%) was positive than other neurologically diseased brains (31-35%) or the brains without neurological disease (0-4%). Although not yet sufficiently specific to be useful as a diagnostic test for human CJD, the assay nevertheless opens a line of investigation into the pathophysiology of degenerative neurological diseases and could prove immediately useful in rapidly locating material of maximum interest in purification procedures for experimental spongiform encephalopathy virus.", "contents": "Comparison of cell-fusing activity of brain suspensions from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other degenerative neurological diseases. In vitro cell-fusing activity of brain suspensions from 33 patients with transmissible cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was compared to activity of brains from 26 patients with a variety of other degenerative neurological diseases, and with activity of brains from 25 patients without neurological disease. A significantly higher proportion of CJD brains (61%) was positive than other neurologically diseased brains (31-35%) or the brains without neurological disease (0-4%). Although not yet sufficiently specific to be useful as a diagnostic test for human CJD, the assay nevertheless opens a line of investigation into the pathophysiology of degenerative neurological diseases and could prove immediately useful in rapidly locating material of maximum interest in purification procedures for experimental spongiform encephalopathy virus.", "PMID": 388435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8232", "title": "Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain.", "content": "Unilateral stereotaxic injection of 3.5 nmol of kainic acid into the ventral globus pallidus of rats reduced biochemical cholinergic neuronal markers by 45-50% and virtually eliminated histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase in neocortex ipsilateral to the lesion. At the lesion site, the large, multipolar neurons that stain densely for acetylcholinesterase were absent when compared with the uninjected side. Kainate was as effective as electrocoagulation for reducing cholinergic markers although it did not affect aminergic projections ascending through the lesioned area. The conclusion that the cholinergic projection originated in neuronal perikarya at the lesion site was supported by the failure of kainate or electrolytic lesions in contiguous regions to produce similar effects. These studies provide strong evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in the forebrain in the nucleus basalis.", "contents": "Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain. Unilateral stereotaxic injection of 3.5 nmol of kainic acid into the ventral globus pallidus of rats reduced biochemical cholinergic neuronal markers by 45-50% and virtually eliminated histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase in neocortex ipsilateral to the lesion. At the lesion site, the large, multipolar neurons that stain densely for acetylcholinesterase were absent when compared with the uninjected side. Kainate was as effective as electrocoagulation for reducing cholinergic markers although it did not affect aminergic projections ascending through the lesioned area. The conclusion that the cholinergic projection originated in neuronal perikarya at the lesion site was supported by the failure of kainate or electrolytic lesions in contiguous regions to produce similar effects. These studies provide strong evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in the forebrain in the nucleus basalis.", "PMID": 388436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8233", "title": "Differences in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of (+)- and (-)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide: a synergistic interaction of enantiomers.", "content": "In order to study the biological effects of (+)- and (-)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, a synthesis of these molecules has been developed based on the resolution of (+/-)-cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The (-) enantiomer of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide was 1.5- to 5.5-fold more mutagenic than the (+) enantiomer in strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1537, and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium and in Chinese hamster V79 cells. In studies with V79 Cells, the (-) enantiomer of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide was also more cytotoxic than the (+) enantiomer. When mixtures of the enantiomers were studied in V79 cells, synergistic cytotoxic and mutagenic responses were observed. The greatest cytotoxic and mutagenic effects occurred with a 3:1 mixture of the (-) and (+) enantiomers of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, respectively.", "contents": "Differences in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of (+)- and (-)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide: a synergistic interaction of enantiomers. In order to study the biological effects of (+)- and (-)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, a synthesis of these molecules has been developed based on the resolution of (+/-)-cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The (-) enantiomer of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide was 1.5- to 5.5-fold more mutagenic than the (+) enantiomer in strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1537, and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium and in Chinese hamster V79 cells. In studies with V79 Cells, the (-) enantiomer of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide was also more cytotoxic than the (+) enantiomer. When mixtures of the enantiomers were studied in V79 cells, synergistic cytotoxic and mutagenic responses were observed. The greatest cytotoxic and mutagenic effects occurred with a 3:1 mixture of the (-) and (+) enantiomers of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, respectively.", "PMID": 388437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8234", "title": "Yeast chromatin is uniformly digested by DNase-I.", "content": "The DNase I (EC 3.1.21.1) sensitivity of transcribed yeast chromatin has been examined. We find that, in contrast to chromatin from higher eukaryotes, transcribed yeast chromatin and total yeast chromatin are equally sensitive to DNase I digestion. We interpret these results to mean that the entire yeast genome exists in a state that represents a restricted proportion of total chromatin in higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Yeast chromatin is uniformly digested by DNase-I. The DNase I (EC 3.1.21.1) sensitivity of transcribed yeast chromatin has been examined. We find that, in contrast to chromatin from higher eukaryotes, transcribed yeast chromatin and total yeast chromatin are equally sensitive to DNase I digestion. We interpret these results to mean that the entire yeast genome exists in a state that represents a restricted proportion of total chromatin in higher eukaryotes.", "PMID": 388438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8235", "title": "Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.", "content": "A method has been devised for the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets. The method results in quantitative transfer of ribosomal proteins from gels containing urea. For sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the original band pattern was obtained with no loss of resolution, but the transfer was not quantitative. The method allows detection of proteins by autoradiography and is simpler than conventional procedures. The immobilized proteins were detectable by immunological procedures. All additional binding capacity on the nitrocellulose was blocked with excess protein; then a specific antibody was bound and, finally, a second antibody directed against the first antibody. The second antibody was either radioactively labeled or conjugated to fluorescein or to peroxidase. The specific protein was then detected by either autoradiography, under UV light, or by the peroxidase reaction product, respectively. In the latter case, as little as 100 pg of protein was clearly detectable. It is anticipated that the procedure will be applicable to analysis of a wide variety of proteins with specific reactions or ligands.", "contents": "Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. A method has been devised for the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets. The method results in quantitative transfer of ribosomal proteins from gels containing urea. For sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the original band pattern was obtained with no loss of resolution, but the transfer was not quantitative. The method allows detection of proteins by autoradiography and is simpler than conventional procedures. The immobilized proteins were detectable by immunological procedures. All additional binding capacity on the nitrocellulose was blocked with excess protein; then a specific antibody was bound and, finally, a second antibody directed against the first antibody. The second antibody was either radioactively labeled or conjugated to fluorescein or to peroxidase. The specific protein was then detected by either autoradiography, under UV light, or by the peroxidase reaction product, respectively. In the latter case, as little as 100 pg of protein was clearly detectable. It is anticipated that the procedure will be applicable to analysis of a wide variety of proteins with specific reactions or ligands.", "PMID": 388439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8236", "title": "Energy-dependent processing of cytoplasmically made precursors to mitochondrial proteins.", "content": "Earlier work has shown that mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytosol are initially made as larger precursors which are then transferred into the organelles and processed to their mature size in the absence of protein synthesis. It is now demonstrated that depletion of the mitochondrial matrix ATP in intact yeast spheroplasts by various combinations of inhibitors and mutations prevents the processing of precursors to the three largest subunits of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase and two subunits of the cytochrome bc1 complex. These polypeptides are all synthesized outside the mitochondria and transported to the mitochondrial matrix or inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane. In contrast, depletion of the matrix ATP does not inhibit processing of the precursor to cytochrome c peroxidase; this enzyme is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space which is freely accessible to ATP made in the cytosol. The processing of extramitochondrially made precursors or the transfer of these precursors across the mitochondrial inner membrane is thus dependent on ATP.", "contents": "Energy-dependent processing of cytoplasmically made precursors to mitochondrial proteins. Earlier work has shown that mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytosol are initially made as larger precursors which are then transferred into the organelles and processed to their mature size in the absence of protein synthesis. It is now demonstrated that depletion of the mitochondrial matrix ATP in intact yeast spheroplasts by various combinations of inhibitors and mutations prevents the processing of precursors to the three largest subunits of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase and two subunits of the cytochrome bc1 complex. These polypeptides are all synthesized outside the mitochondria and transported to the mitochondrial matrix or inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane. In contrast, depletion of the matrix ATP does not inhibit processing of the precursor to cytochrome c peroxidase; this enzyme is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space which is freely accessible to ATP made in the cytosol. The processing of extramitochondrially made precursors or the transfer of these precursors across the mitochondrial inner membrane is thus dependent on ATP.", "PMID": 388440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8237", "title": "Subunit structure of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Limited tryptic digestion of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli or its dihydrolipoyl transacetylase core cleaves the trypsin-sensitive transacetylase subunits into two large fragments, A (lipoyl domain) and D (subunit binding domain). Release of fragments A from the complex does not significantly affect its sedimentation coefficient or its appearance in the electron microscope. Fragment A contains the lipoyl moieties ((3)H-labeled), is acidic with an apparent isoelectric point of about 4.0, has a M(r) of 31,600 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, and has a swollen or extended structure (f/f(o) = 1.78). Fragment A exhibits anomalous properties, probably due to its acidic nature. It is resistant to staining with Coomassie blue and it migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels as if it had a M(r) of 46,000-48,000. Further tryptic digestion converts fragment A into a lipoyl-containing fragment of M(r) 20,000 (fragment B) and eventually into an apparently stable product of estimated M(r) about 10,000 (fragment C). Fragment D has a compact structure of M(r) about 29,600 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis in 6 M guanidinium chloride, and it possesses the intersubunit binding sites of the transacetylase, the binding sites for pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, and the catalytic site for transacetylation. The assemblage of fragments D is responsible for the cube-like appearance of the transacetylase in the electron microscope. High-resolution electron micrographs of the transacetylase show fiber-like extensions, apparently corresponding to tryptic fragment A, surrounding the cube-like core.", "contents": "Subunit structure of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli. Limited tryptic digestion of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli or its dihydrolipoyl transacetylase core cleaves the trypsin-sensitive transacetylase subunits into two large fragments, A (lipoyl domain) and D (subunit binding domain). Release of fragments A from the complex does not significantly affect its sedimentation coefficient or its appearance in the electron microscope. Fragment A contains the lipoyl moieties ((3)H-labeled), is acidic with an apparent isoelectric point of about 4.0, has a M(r) of 31,600 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, and has a swollen or extended structure (f/f(o) = 1.78). Fragment A exhibits anomalous properties, probably due to its acidic nature. It is resistant to staining with Coomassie blue and it migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels as if it had a M(r) of 46,000-48,000. Further tryptic digestion converts fragment A into a lipoyl-containing fragment of M(r) 20,000 (fragment B) and eventually into an apparently stable product of estimated M(r) about 10,000 (fragment C). Fragment D has a compact structure of M(r) about 29,600 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis in 6 M guanidinium chloride, and it possesses the intersubunit binding sites of the transacetylase, the binding sites for pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, and the catalytic site for transacetylation. The assemblage of fragments D is responsible for the cube-like appearance of the transacetylase in the electron microscope. High-resolution electron micrographs of the transacetylase show fiber-like extensions, apparently corresponding to tryptic fragment A, surrounding the cube-like core.", "PMID": 388441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8238", "title": "Accessibility of guanine at position 44 in the invariant sequence 5'CCG44AAC3' of Escherichia coli 5S RNA to reaction with kethoxal.", "content": "The reaction of Escherichia coli ribosomes with beta-ethoxy-alpha-ketobutyraldehyde (kethoxal) in a buffer containing 50--100 mM Tris.HCl at pH 7.4, 50 mM NH4Cl, and 5 mM Mg(OAc)2 readily released the 5S RNA from the ribosomes. When liberated, the 5S RNA is in a conformation such that position 44 is selectively reactive, in addition to the normally reactive quanines at positions 41 and 13. Positions 41 and 13 have been previously shown to react in the 5S RNA in situ. The resulting new RNase T1 resistant oligonucleotides 5'CCG 44K AAUCAG51(3') and 5'ACCCCAUG 41KCCG 44KAACUCAG51(3') have been isolated and identified. These oligonucleotides have not been found in RNase T1 digests of 5S RNA that is not released from the ribosome. The guanine at position 44 is part of the invariant sequence 5'CCG44AAC3' which includes that portion of the molecule thought to interact with the invariant 5'GT psi C3' of tRNAs in the ribosomal A site. This invariant sequence of the 5S RNA may also form part of the binding site for protein L5.", "contents": "Accessibility of guanine at position 44 in the invariant sequence 5'CCG44AAC3' of Escherichia coli 5S RNA to reaction with kethoxal. The reaction of Escherichia coli ribosomes with beta-ethoxy-alpha-ketobutyraldehyde (kethoxal) in a buffer containing 50--100 mM Tris.HCl at pH 7.4, 50 mM NH4Cl, and 5 mM Mg(OAc)2 readily released the 5S RNA from the ribosomes. When liberated, the 5S RNA is in a conformation such that position 44 is selectively reactive, in addition to the normally reactive quanines at positions 41 and 13. Positions 41 and 13 have been previously shown to react in the 5S RNA in situ. The resulting new RNase T1 resistant oligonucleotides 5'CCG 44K AAUCAG51(3') and 5'ACCCCAUG 41KCCG 44KAACUCAG51(3') have been isolated and identified. These oligonucleotides have not been found in RNase T1 digests of 5S RNA that is not released from the ribosome. The guanine at position 44 is part of the invariant sequence 5'CCG44AAC3' which includes that portion of the molecule thought to interact with the invariant 5'GT psi C3' of tRNAs in the ribosomal A site. This invariant sequence of the 5S RNA may also form part of the binding site for protein L5.", "PMID": 388442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8239", "title": "On the evolution of accuracy and cost of proofreading tRNA aminoacylation.", "content": "Aminoacylation of tRNA occurs with a high degree of accuracy in many cases because misacylated molecules are effectively proofread on the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase by preferential hydrolysis. This hydrolysis releases an ATP equivalent of energy. An explicit relationship between cost of proofreading and the resulting degree of accuracy is presented. Experimental data from Escherichia coli for isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase proofreading valyl-tRNAIle are examined by means of this relationship, and a conjecture concerning the natural selection of accuracy and proofreading costs is put forth and tested. We have found the energy cost of accurate proofreading to be high. The minimum error, derived in previous theoretical studies, is never actually reached. Instead, higher values, determined by the balance between energy wasted in the cell as a consequence of error and the energy cost of proofreading, appear to be selected. The total cost of proofreading all types of tRNA aminoacylations is estimated to be approximately 2% of the energy required to synthesize a bacterial cell.", "contents": "On the evolution of accuracy and cost of proofreading tRNA aminoacylation. Aminoacylation of tRNA occurs with a high degree of accuracy in many cases because misacylated molecules are effectively proofread on the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase by preferential hydrolysis. This hydrolysis releases an ATP equivalent of energy. An explicit relationship between cost of proofreading and the resulting degree of accuracy is presented. Experimental data from Escherichia coli for isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase proofreading valyl-tRNAIle are examined by means of this relationship, and a conjecture concerning the natural selection of accuracy and proofreading costs is put forth and tested. We have found the energy cost of accurate proofreading to be high. The minimum error, derived in previous theoretical studies, is never actually reached. Instead, higher values, determined by the balance between energy wasted in the cell as a consequence of error and the energy cost of proofreading, appear to be selected. The total cost of proofreading all types of tRNA aminoacylations is estimated to be approximately 2% of the energy required to synthesize a bacterial cell.", "PMID": 388443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8240", "title": "Genetics of type II glycogenosis: assignment of the human gene for acid alpha-glucosidase to chromosome 17.", "content": "We have studied somatic cell hybrids between thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75) deficient mouse cells and human diploid fibroblasts for the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). A deficiency in this enzyme is associated with the type II glycogenosis or Pompe disease. All 30 somatic cell hybrids selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium expressed human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6) and retained human chromosome 17; counterselection of the same hybrids in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine resulted in the growth of hybrids that concordantly lost the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase as well as human chromosome 17. Hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and fibroblasts from a patient with Pompe disease that contained human chromosome 17 were found not to express human acid alpha-glucosidase. Because we have already shown that hybrids between mouse peritoneal macrophages and GM54VA simian virus 40-transformed human cells selectively retain human chromosome 17 and lose all other human chromosomes, we tested 13 independent mouse macrophage x GM54VA hybrid clones, including two that retained human chromosome 17 and no other human chromosomes, for the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase. All 13 hybrid clones were found to express these human enzymes. Thus, we conclude that the gene coding for human acid alpha-glucosidase is located on human chromosome 17.", "contents": "Genetics of type II glycogenosis: assignment of the human gene for acid alpha-glucosidase to chromosome 17. We have studied somatic cell hybrids between thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75) deficient mouse cells and human diploid fibroblasts for the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). A deficiency in this enzyme is associated with the type II glycogenosis or Pompe disease. All 30 somatic cell hybrids selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium expressed human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6) and retained human chromosome 17; counterselection of the same hybrids in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine resulted in the growth of hybrids that concordantly lost the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase as well as human chromosome 17. Hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and fibroblasts from a patient with Pompe disease that contained human chromosome 17 were found not to express human acid alpha-glucosidase. Because we have already shown that hybrids between mouse peritoneal macrophages and GM54VA simian virus 40-transformed human cells selectively retain human chromosome 17 and lose all other human chromosomes, we tested 13 independent mouse macrophage x GM54VA hybrid clones, including two that retained human chromosome 17 and no other human chromosomes, for the expression of human acid alpha-glucosidase and galactokinase. All 13 hybrid clones were found to express these human enzymes. Thus, we conclude that the gene coding for human acid alpha-glucosidase is located on human chromosome 17.", "PMID": 388444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8241", "title": "Activation of mating type genes by transposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may express an a or alpha mating type. These cells types may be interconverted as a consequence of heritable genetic alteractions at the mating type locus (MAT). According to the more general controlling element model [Oshima, U. & Takano, I. (1971) Genetics 67, 327--335] and the specific cassette model [Hicks, J., Strathern, J. & Herskowitz, I. (1977) in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes, eds. Bukhari, A. I., Shapiro, J.A. & Adhya, S. L.(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), pp. 457--462], the regulatory information required for switching the MAT locus exists at two other loosely linked loci, HMa and HMalpha. Specifically, the HMa and HMalpha loci are proposed to carry silent alpha and silent a genes, respectively. According to these models, switching occurs when a replica of a silent gene replaces the resident information at the mating type locus and is thereby expressed. These models predict that mutations at the silent (\"storage\") loci would generate defective MAT loci subsequent to the switching process. Therefore, the behavior of HMalpha mutants during the mating type interconversion was investigated. The results demonstrate that defective MATa alleles are generated by switching the MATalpha locus in HMalpha mutants. Thus, the genetic information from HMalpha is transposed to the mating type locus. These results provide genetic evidence in support of these models.", "contents": "Activation of mating type genes by transposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may express an a or alpha mating type. These cells types may be interconverted as a consequence of heritable genetic alteractions at the mating type locus (MAT). According to the more general controlling element model [Oshima, U. & Takano, I. (1971) Genetics 67, 327--335] and the specific cassette model [Hicks, J., Strathern, J. & Herskowitz, I. (1977) in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes, eds. Bukhari, A. I., Shapiro, J.A. & Adhya, S. L.(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), pp. 457--462], the regulatory information required for switching the MAT locus exists at two other loosely linked loci, HMa and HMalpha. Specifically, the HMa and HMalpha loci are proposed to carry silent alpha and silent a genes, respectively. According to these models, switching occurs when a replica of a silent gene replaces the resident information at the mating type locus and is thereby expressed. These models predict that mutations at the silent (\"storage\") loci would generate defective MAT loci subsequent to the switching process. Therefore, the behavior of HMalpha mutants during the mating type interconversion was investigated. The results demonstrate that defective MATa alleles are generated by switching the MATalpha locus in HMalpha mutants. Thus, the genetic information from HMalpha is transposed to the mating type locus. These results provide genetic evidence in support of these models.", "PMID": 388445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8242", "title": "Evidence that a single DNA ligase is involved in replication and recombination in yeast.", "content": "The possible existence in yeast of different nuclear DNA ligase enzymes led us to ask whether induced recombination (gene conversion) involves the same ligase as that involved in DNA replication. The conditional cdc9 mutant is known to be defective, under restrictive conditions, in the rejoining of Okazaki fragments. We show here that under the same conditions, x-ray-induced convertants within the cdc9 locus are produced with kinetics indicating that most, if not all, of the conversion events require the participation of the cdc9-controlled ligase. Thus, the same DNA ligase is involved in DNA replication and in induced gene conversion.", "contents": "Evidence that a single DNA ligase is involved in replication and recombination in yeast. The possible existence in yeast of different nuclear DNA ligase enzymes led us to ask whether induced recombination (gene conversion) involves the same ligase as that involved in DNA replication. The conditional cdc9 mutant is known to be defective, under restrictive conditions, in the rejoining of Okazaki fragments. We show here that under the same conditions, x-ray-induced convertants within the cdc9 locus are produced with kinetics indicating that most, if not all, of the conversion events require the participation of the cdc9-controlled ligase. Thus, the same DNA ligase is involved in DNA replication and in induced gene conversion.", "PMID": 388446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8243", "title": "Enhanced mitotic recombination in a ligase-defective mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle mutant cdc9 is defective in DNA ligase, and the DNA synthesized at the restrictive temperature contains many single-strand breaks. We find that holding a diploid homozygous for cdc9 at the restrictive temperature and then plating cells at the permissive temperature gives rise to increased intragenic and intergenic recombination. In the latter case, recombinants signaled by the ade2 locus rise to about 4% of the survivors after 6 hr of incubation at the restrictive temperature. We propose that the single-strand breaks left in DNA synthesized at the restrictive temperature may lead to recombination.", "contents": "Enhanced mitotic recombination in a ligase-defective mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle mutant cdc9 is defective in DNA ligase, and the DNA synthesized at the restrictive temperature contains many single-strand breaks. We find that holding a diploid homozygous for cdc9 at the restrictive temperature and then plating cells at the permissive temperature gives rise to increased intragenic and intergenic recombination. In the latter case, recombinants signaled by the ade2 locus rise to about 4% of the survivors after 6 hr of incubation at the restrictive temperature. We propose that the single-strand breaks left in DNA synthesized at the restrictive temperature may lead to recombination.", "PMID": 388447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8244", "title": "Characterization of a protein correlated with the production of knob-like protrusions on membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum develop protrusions called \"knobs.\" These protrusions are not apparent on erythrocytes infected with young parasites (rings) but develop with the growth of parasites to the trophozoite and schizont stages. The nature and origin of knobs were characterized by comparing the stage-specific proteins of two culture lines of P. falciparum, K+ and K-. K+ parasites produce knobs; K- parasites do not. Erythrocytes infected with both types of parasites were labeled metabolically and samples were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. There were no apparent differences in Coomassie blue-stained or radioactive components of rings of K+ and K- parasites. However, erythrocytes infected with K+ trophozoites or schizonts showed a major labeled protein, with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 80,000, that was not present in any developmental stage of K- parasites or in K+ rings. A fraction enriched in membranes from erythrocytes infected with K+ trophozoites showed enrichment of this protein. The results indicate that this protein, synthesized by the parasites, is correlated with the formation of knobs on the host cell membrane. Two additional labeled components were identified. These appeared with the development of schizonts in both K+ and K- parasites and are therefore stage-dependent and not correlated with knobs.", "contents": "Characterization of a protein correlated with the production of knob-like protrusions on membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum develop protrusions called \"knobs.\" These protrusions are not apparent on erythrocytes infected with young parasites (rings) but develop with the growth of parasites to the trophozoite and schizont stages. The nature and origin of knobs were characterized by comparing the stage-specific proteins of two culture lines of P. falciparum, K+ and K-. K+ parasites produce knobs; K- parasites do not. Erythrocytes infected with both types of parasites were labeled metabolically and samples were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. There were no apparent differences in Coomassie blue-stained or radioactive components of rings of K+ and K- parasites. However, erythrocytes infected with K+ trophozoites or schizonts showed a major labeled protein, with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 80,000, that was not present in any developmental stage of K- parasites or in K+ rings. A fraction enriched in membranes from erythrocytes infected with K+ trophozoites showed enrichment of this protein. The results indicate that this protein, synthesized by the parasites, is correlated with the formation of knobs on the host cell membrane. Two additional labeled components were identified. These appeared with the development of schizonts in both K+ and K- parasites and are therefore stage-dependent and not correlated with knobs.", "PMID": 388448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8245", "title": "Application of LAL for detection of endotoxin in antibiotic preparations.", "content": "The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been investigated as an alternative method to the USP pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin contamination in these antibiotic preparations: clindamycin phosphate, lincomycin hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, and spectinomycin hydrochloride. The antibiotic preparations were tested at the maximum concentrations that would not inhibit gelation of LAL. The USP pyrogen test was also performed for comparison. The LAL and the USP pyrogen tests correlated extremely well when an acceptance criterion based on the minimum pyrogenic dose (MPD) of endotoxin per human dose of drug was used for the LAL test. Use of this MPD provides a practical and feasible acceptance creiterion for the LAL test and assures that the LAL sensitivity approximates or surpasses that of the USP pyrogen test.", "contents": "Application of LAL for detection of endotoxin in antibiotic preparations. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been investigated as an alternative method to the USP pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin contamination in these antibiotic preparations: clindamycin phosphate, lincomycin hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, and spectinomycin hydrochloride. The antibiotic preparations were tested at the maximum concentrations that would not inhibit gelation of LAL. The USP pyrogen test was also performed for comparison. The LAL and the USP pyrogen tests correlated extremely well when an acceptance criterion based on the minimum pyrogenic dose (MPD) of endotoxin per human dose of drug was used for the LAL test. Use of this MPD provides a practical and feasible acceptance creiterion for the LAL test and assures that the LAL sensitivity approximates or surpasses that of the USP pyrogen test.", "PMID": 388463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8246", "title": "An easily mass produced cannula system for chemical stimulation of the brain.", "content": "This paper describes a cannula system for chemical stimulation of the brain which can be easily mass produced in a reliable and inexpensive manner.", "contents": "An easily mass produced cannula system for chemical stimulation of the brain. This paper describes a cannula system for chemical stimulation of the brain which can be easily mass produced in a reliable and inexpensive manner.", "PMID": 388468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8247", "title": "[Aspects of the application of models in pharmaceutical research (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from historical examples of the application of models in scientific research, the author treats the present significance of this working method in pharmacy. A short description of various types of models and of the definition of the term \"model\" is followed by an outline of the major aspects to be considered in using models. The different steps of model elaboration, the requirements to be considered with model elaboration as well as questions concerning the analogy, main properties, goals and limitations of models, and the validity of the results obtained are briefly dealt with and illustrated by examples.", "contents": "[Aspects of the application of models in pharmaceutical research (author's transl)]. Starting from historical examples of the application of models in scientific research, the author treats the present significance of this working method in pharmacy. A short description of various types of models and of the definition of the term \"model\" is followed by an outline of the major aspects to be considered in using models. The different steps of model elaboration, the requirements to be considered with model elaboration as well as questions concerning the analogy, main properties, goals and limitations of models, and the validity of the results obtained are briefly dealt with and illustrated by examples.", "PMID": 388471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8248", "title": "Further experiences with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for the immediate repair of defects from excisions of head and neck cancers.", "content": "In our experience with 14 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps they have been very reliable for reconstructions in a variety of clinical situations--especially in the repair of defects from extensive cancer resections in the head and neck area, including orbital exenterations. The flaps can be transferred immediately, without a delay.", "contents": "Further experiences with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for the immediate repair of defects from excisions of head and neck cancers. In our experience with 14 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps they have been very reliable for reconstructions in a variety of clinical situations--especially in the repair of defects from extensive cancer resections in the head and neck area, including orbital exenterations. The flaps can be transferred immediately, without a delay.", "PMID": 388479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8249", "title": "Preferential use of end-to-side arterial anastomoses in free flap transfers.", "content": "In our early clinical experience with free flaps, we used end-to-end arterial anastomoses and in 9 our of 24 we had complete failures--7 of which were due to early arterial thrombosis. Contrarily, in 41 consecutive free flaps with end-to-side anastomoses we have not had a single failure. At the same time that we began using the end-to-side anastomoses, we also began using the latissimus dorsi free flap as our flap of first choice, and we agree that this was probably an additional reason for our improved success rate. The use of end-to-side anastomoses has the following advantages: (1) a high success rate; (2) preservation of all existing vessels in an injured extremity; (3) greater freedom of operative planning; and (4) technical simplicity in terms of access to the vessels. For us, these advantages have made end-to-side anastomosis the technique of choice in the transfer of free flaps.", "contents": "Preferential use of end-to-side arterial anastomoses in free flap transfers. In our early clinical experience with free flaps, we used end-to-end arterial anastomoses and in 9 our of 24 we had complete failures--7 of which were due to early arterial thrombosis. Contrarily, in 41 consecutive free flaps with end-to-side anastomoses we have not had a single failure. At the same time that we began using the end-to-side anastomoses, we also began using the latissimus dorsi free flap as our flap of first choice, and we agree that this was probably an additional reason for our improved success rate. The use of end-to-side anastomoses has the following advantages: (1) a high success rate; (2) preservation of all existing vessels in an injured extremity; (3) greater freedom of operative planning; and (4) technical simplicity in terms of access to the vessels. For us, these advantages have made end-to-side anastomosis the technique of choice in the transfer of free flaps.", "PMID": 388482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8250", "title": "Management of pressure sores in a specialty center. A reappraisal.", "content": "We report a study on the surgical management of 145 pressure sores in 115 patients treated in a spinal cord injury center. There is a definite trend toward better education of these patients, who do not develop their first pressure sores until years following the injury. When the patient comes in for an ulcer, he is usually healthy and the ulcer is small and clean. In such instances the ulcer can be excised and closed, preferably with a myocutaneous flap, and the patient can usually begin sitting by the 21st post-operative day. In the ideal setting he may be discharged to his home on a custom-fitted (for pressure) cushion within 4 to 5 weeks, without increasing the risk of recurrence. Prophylaxis for the future is, probably, the most essential part of the treatment.", "contents": "Management of pressure sores in a specialty center. A reappraisal. We report a study on the surgical management of 145 pressure sores in 115 patients treated in a spinal cord injury center. There is a definite trend toward better education of these patients, who do not develop their first pressure sores until years following the injury. When the patient comes in for an ulcer, he is usually healthy and the ulcer is small and clean. In such instances the ulcer can be excised and closed, preferably with a myocutaneous flap, and the patient can usually begin sitting by the 21st post-operative day. In the ideal setting he may be discharged to his home on a custom-fitted (for pressure) cushion within 4 to 5 weeks, without increasing the risk of recurrence. Prophylaxis for the future is, probably, the most essential part of the treatment.", "PMID": 388483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8251", "title": "Two replantations of severed ear parts.", "content": "Two successful cases of replantation of part of an ear are presented; both were done by simple suture. The larger of these replants consisted of a 13 x 43 mm segment of the superior helix and concha. Both were vascularized beofre 48 hours. The greatest problem was venous congestion. In the larger replant we made multiple puncture wounds daily on both sides of the graft with an 18-gauge needle to help relieve this.", "contents": "Two replantations of severed ear parts. Two successful cases of replantation of part of an ear are presented; both were done by simple suture. The larger of these replants consisted of a 13 x 43 mm segment of the superior helix and concha. Both were vascularized beofre 48 hours. The greatest problem was venous congestion. In the larger replant we made multiple puncture wounds daily on both sides of the graft with an 18-gauge needle to help relieve this.", "PMID": 388484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8252", "title": "Anger and its control in Graeco-Roman and modern psychology.", "content": "Modern psychologists have studied the phenomena of anger and hostility with diverse methodologies and from a variety of theoretical orientations. The close relationships between anger and aggression, psychosomatic disorder and personal unhappiness, make the understanding and control of anger an important individual and social goal. For all of its sophistication and accomplishment, however, most of the modern research demonstrates, to its disadvantage, a lack of historical perspective with respect to the analysis and treatment of anger, whether normal or pathological. This attitude has deprived psychology of a rich source of empirical observations, intriguing, testable hypotheses, and ingenious techniques of treatment. Of the literature that has been neglected, the analyses of the emotion of anger in the writings of Greek and Roman moral philosophers, particularly Aristotle (4th century B.C.), Seneca (1st century A.D.) and Plutarch (early 2nd century A.D.) are of particular interest. Although modern analyses and methods of treatment are in some ways more refined and more quantitatively precise, and are often subjected to validation and modification by empirical-experimental tests, scientific psychology has, to date, contributed relatively little to the understanding and control of anger that is novel except for research on its physiological dimensions. We can still benefit from the insight, prescriptions and procedures of the classicists, who in some respects offer more powerful methods of control than the most recently published works. Naturally, the modern psychotherapist or behavior therapist can and must go beyond the ancients, as is inherent in all scientific and intellectual progress, but there are no scientific or rational grounds for ignoring them as has been done for 75 years.", "contents": "Anger and its control in Graeco-Roman and modern psychology. Modern psychologists have studied the phenomena of anger and hostility with diverse methodologies and from a variety of theoretical orientations. The close relationships between anger and aggression, psychosomatic disorder and personal unhappiness, make the understanding and control of anger an important individual and social goal. For all of its sophistication and accomplishment, however, most of the modern research demonstrates, to its disadvantage, a lack of historical perspective with respect to the analysis and treatment of anger, whether normal or pathological. This attitude has deprived psychology of a rich source of empirical observations, intriguing, testable hypotheses, and ingenious techniques of treatment. Of the literature that has been neglected, the analyses of the emotion of anger in the writings of Greek and Roman moral philosophers, particularly Aristotle (4th century B.C.), Seneca (1st century A.D.) and Plutarch (early 2nd century A.D.) are of particular interest. Although modern analyses and methods of treatment are in some ways more refined and more quantitatively precise, and are often subjected to validation and modification by empirical-experimental tests, scientific psychology has, to date, contributed relatively little to the understanding and control of anger that is novel except for research on its physiological dimensions. We can still benefit from the insight, prescriptions and procedures of the classicists, who in some respects offer more powerful methods of control than the most recently published works. Naturally, the modern psychotherapist or behavior therapist can and must go beyond the ancients, as is inherent in all scientific and intellectual progress, but there are no scientific or rational grounds for ignoring them as has been done for 75 years.", "PMID": 388486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8253", "title": "[Cerebral angiography with ioglicinate (Rayvist). A double blind study of image quality and clinical side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The image contrast quality and the patient tolerance of two osmotically active water-soluble contrast agents were examined and compared in double blind study cerebral angiography: Rayvist (an Ioglicinate developed recently) and Telebrix (AN Ioxithalamate). In 100 direct carotid or retrograde brachial angiograms the tolerance of Rayvist was significantly better, primarily because of less subjective patient side effects and less frequent cardiovascular reactions. However, there was no significant difference in neurological complications or deterioriation of EEG-findings, both quite rare anyway.", "contents": "[Cerebral angiography with ioglicinate (Rayvist). A double blind study of image quality and clinical side effects (author's transl)]. The image contrast quality and the patient tolerance of two osmotically active water-soluble contrast agents were examined and compared in double blind study cerebral angiography: Rayvist (an Ioglicinate developed recently) and Telebrix (AN Ioxithalamate). In 100 direct carotid or retrograde brachial angiograms the tolerance of Rayvist was significantly better, primarily because of less subjective patient side effects and less frequent cardiovascular reactions. However, there was no significant difference in neurological complications or deterioriation of EEG-findings, both quite rare anyway.", "PMID": 388513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8254", "title": "[Radiological findings in periosteal reaction due to inflammation (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of radiographically apparent periosteal changes due to inflammation. Solid periosteal reaction is being distinguished from an interrupted-type reaction. Some cases of acute and chronic osteomyelitis, congenital and acquired lues, bony tuberculosis, leprosy and fungal disease serve to demonstrate the different types of periosteal reaction; and a differential diagnosis is being discussed. The diagnostic evaluation should include bone scanning in addition to routine radiography with special views and follow up examinations.", "contents": "[Radiological findings in periosteal reaction due to inflammation (author's transl)]. Presentation of radiographically apparent periosteal changes due to inflammation. Solid periosteal reaction is being distinguished from an interrupted-type reaction. Some cases of acute and chronic osteomyelitis, congenital and acquired lues, bony tuberculosis, leprosy and fungal disease serve to demonstrate the different types of periosteal reaction; and a differential diagnosis is being discussed. The diagnostic evaluation should include bone scanning in addition to routine radiography with special views and follow up examinations.", "PMID": 388515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8255", "title": "New techniques in cardiac imaging with ultrasound: state of the art.", "content": "Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging in the diagnosis of acquired and congenital cardiac lesions is reviewed. This technique provides anatomically correct cross-sectional images and demonstrates movements of valve leaflets and segments of heart walls. The imaging of blood flow through the use of ultrasonic contrast agents and the application of pulsed Doppler principles is also reviewed, and future trends are discussed.", "contents": "New techniques in cardiac imaging with ultrasound: state of the art. Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging in the diagnosis of acquired and congenital cardiac lesions is reviewed. This technique provides anatomically correct cross-sectional images and demonstrates movements of valve leaflets and segments of heart walls. The imaging of blood flow through the use of ultrasonic contrast agents and the application of pulsed Doppler principles is also reviewed, and future trends are discussed.", "PMID": 388516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8256", "title": "Atherosclerosis decreased prostacyclin formation in rabbit lungs and kidneys.", "content": "Metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) was studied in perfused lungs and kidneys of normal and atherosclerotic rabbits by determination of PGE2, PGF2 alpha and the stable metabolites of PGI2 (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and TXA2 (TXB2). PGI2 was the main AA metabolite formed by normal lungs and kidneys. Atherosclerosis reduced the formation of PGI2 by about 50 % in both organs. TXA2 formation was similarily decreased in lungs. In kidneys, the decrease in PGI2 formation was accompanied by an increase in PGE2 formation.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis decreased prostacyclin formation in rabbit lungs and kidneys. Metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) was studied in perfused lungs and kidneys of normal and atherosclerotic rabbits by determination of PGE2, PGF2 alpha and the stable metabolites of PGI2 (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and TXA2 (TXB2). PGI2 was the main AA metabolite formed by normal lungs and kidneys. Atherosclerosis reduced the formation of PGI2 by about 50 % in both organs. TXA2 formation was similarily decreased in lungs. In kidneys, the decrease in PGI2 formation was accompanied by an increase in PGE2 formation.", "PMID": 388529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8257", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis by fetal rat bone in vitro: evidence for a role of prostacyclin.", "content": "Prostaglandin synthesis by fetal rat bones was examined by thin-layer chromatography of culture media after preincubation with labeled arachidonic acid. Cultures in rabbit complement (non-heat inactivated serum) were compared with cultures in heat-inactivated serum or cultures treated with indomethacin. The major complement-dependent products were PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2). Since PGI2 had not been previously identified in bone its ability to stimulate bone resorption was tested. Repeated addition of PGI2 stimulated release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat long bones in both short-term and long-term cultures at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-9)M. Because of the short half life of PGI2 in solution at neutral pH, we tested a sulfur analog, thiaprostacyclin (S-PGI2) which was found to be a stimulator of bone resorption at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-6)M. These studies suggest that endogenous PGI2 production may play a role in bone metabolism. Since vessels produce PGI2 it is possible that PGI2 release may be responsible for the frequent association between vascular invasion and resorption of bone or calcified cartilage in physiologic remodeling and pathologic osteolysis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis by fetal rat bone in vitro: evidence for a role of prostacyclin. Prostaglandin synthesis by fetal rat bones was examined by thin-layer chromatography of culture media after preincubation with labeled arachidonic acid. Cultures in rabbit complement (non-heat inactivated serum) were compared with cultures in heat-inactivated serum or cultures treated with indomethacin. The major complement-dependent products were PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2). Since PGI2 had not been previously identified in bone its ability to stimulate bone resorption was tested. Repeated addition of PGI2 stimulated release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat long bones in both short-term and long-term cultures at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-9)M. Because of the short half life of PGI2 in solution at neutral pH, we tested a sulfur analog, thiaprostacyclin (S-PGI2) which was found to be a stimulator of bone resorption at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-6)M. These studies suggest that endogenous PGI2 production may play a role in bone metabolism. Since vessels produce PGI2 it is possible that PGI2 release may be responsible for the frequent association between vascular invasion and resorption of bone or calcified cartilage in physiologic remodeling and pathologic osteolysis.", "PMID": 388530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8258", "title": "Heat-labile enterotoxin antibodies in calves.", "content": "The presence of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was measured in serum samples collected from 91 calves. Of these animals, 87 per cent had detectable levels of anti-LT in a seroneutralisation test performed in the Y1 adrenal cell time.", "contents": "Heat-labile enterotoxin antibodies in calves. The presence of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was measured in serum samples collected from 91 calves. Of these animals, 87 per cent had detectable levels of anti-LT in a seroneutralisation test performed in the Y1 adrenal cell time.", "PMID": 388556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8259", "title": "[Current status and prospects in the diagnosis and epidemiology of streptococcal infections].", "content": "In the first part of the paper the author stresses the importance, and the necessity of laboratory investigation of streptococcal infections, in view of the establishment of the clinical and of the etiologic diagnosis, for assessing the efficiency of the treatment applied, for monitoring the recovery of patients, as well as of chronic patients, and for the prevention, and detection of late complications. The complex methodology of laboratory methods of diagnosis in streptococcal infections is presented, stressing the use, and the efficiency of micromethods and of rapid techniques for diagnosis. In the second part of the paper are presented a series of data concerning the epidemiology of streptococcal infecstions in our country, as well as in other countries, with reference to various forms of the acute disease, and of late complications, stressing some particular aspects of the streptococcal infection. Morbidity indexes are presented, as well as death rates for scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic cardiopathies, as well as the incidence of different serologic groups of the haemolytic type, and the fluctuation of group A serotypes, which have been prevalent over the last years in our country. In view of lowering the morbidity the author recommends an extensive surveillance, organized along the lines of a primary prophylaxis program, as well as of a secondary program of streptococcal infections in high-risk collectivities.", "contents": "[Current status and prospects in the diagnosis and epidemiology of streptococcal infections]. In the first part of the paper the author stresses the importance, and the necessity of laboratory investigation of streptococcal infections, in view of the establishment of the clinical and of the etiologic diagnosis, for assessing the efficiency of the treatment applied, for monitoring the recovery of patients, as well as of chronic patients, and for the prevention, and detection of late complications. The complex methodology of laboratory methods of diagnosis in streptococcal infections is presented, stressing the use, and the efficiency of micromethods and of rapid techniques for diagnosis. In the second part of the paper are presented a series of data concerning the epidemiology of streptococcal infecstions in our country, as well as in other countries, with reference to various forms of the acute disease, and of late complications, stressing some particular aspects of the streptococcal infection. Morbidity indexes are presented, as well as death rates for scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic cardiopathies, as well as the incidence of different serologic groups of the haemolytic type, and the fluctuation of group A serotypes, which have been prevalent over the last years in our country. In view of lowering the morbidity the author recommends an extensive surveillance, organized along the lines of a primary prophylaxis program, as well as of a secondary program of streptococcal infections in high-risk collectivities.", "PMID": 388589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8260", "title": "New bioassay for screening immunotoxic agents.", "content": "A new bioassay for evaluation of compounds potentially toxic for the immune system is described. It is suitable for the measurement of enhancement of primary antibody response and of enhancement and inhibition of memory development in vivo. It utilizes immunoenzymatic techniques which can readily be automated and thus allow the screening of many compounds at relatively low cost. It can provide answers regarding the safety or danger of each compound tested within 30-45 days.", "contents": "New bioassay for screening immunotoxic agents. A new bioassay for evaluation of compounds potentially toxic for the immune system is described. It is suitable for the measurement of enhancement of primary antibody response and of enhancement and inhibition of memory development in vivo. It utilizes immunoenzymatic techniques which can readily be automated and thus allow the screening of many compounds at relatively low cost. It can provide answers regarding the safety or danger of each compound tested within 30-45 days.", "PMID": 388593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8261", "title": "The Crithidia luciliae test in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Fluorescence of the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae was employed as a test to detect anti-DNA antibodies in 179 serum samples from 95 patients with various immunological diseases. The test was positive only in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results confirm the high specificity of this test in the diagnosis of SLE.", "contents": "The Crithidia luciliae test in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Fluorescence of the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae was employed as a test to detect anti-DNA antibodies in 179 serum samples from 95 patients with various immunological diseases. The test was positive only in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results confirm the high specificity of this test in the diagnosis of SLE.", "PMID": 388594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8262", "title": "[Efficacy and side-effects of long term L-dopa therapy in Parkinsonian syndromes (evaluated by CT scan as well) (author's transl)].", "content": "The evolution of symptoms and therapeutic response in a group of have been followed parkinsonian patients 81 for a period of 4 years. Hoehn and Yahr, and Webster's scales have been used. In addition CT scan, EEG, ECG, blood and urine analyses have been carried out. Treatment was carried out with L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide for 50% of cases and carbidopa for the other 50%). Anticholinergics (esp. metixene) were often required. The initial response was satisfactory for all patients except one who had hydrocephalus (with normal pressure). Four years later, the initial improvement diminished by about 1/3. Side effects occurred in 80.24% of cases in the beginning, and in 82.50% of cases after 4 years. Dyskinesias, confusional state and \"on-off\" phenomenon increased with time, whereas gastric trouble diminished. CT scan were obtained in all patients and atrophic changes were found in 82.7%. There were no correlations between localization and severity of anatomical lesions on the one hand, and therapeutic response and side-effects on the other. It is suggested that the severity of the disease depends mainly on the degree of neurochemical integrity in the affected area rather then to the extent of anatomical lesions.", "contents": "[Efficacy and side-effects of long term L-dopa therapy in Parkinsonian syndromes (evaluated by CT scan as well) (author's transl)]. The evolution of symptoms and therapeutic response in a group of have been followed parkinsonian patients 81 for a period of 4 years. Hoehn and Yahr, and Webster's scales have been used. In addition CT scan, EEG, ECG, blood and urine analyses have been carried out. Treatment was carried out with L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide for 50% of cases and carbidopa for the other 50%). Anticholinergics (esp. metixene) were often required. The initial response was satisfactory for all patients except one who had hydrocephalus (with normal pressure). Four years later, the initial improvement diminished by about 1/3. Side effects occurred in 80.24% of cases in the beginning, and in 82.50% of cases after 4 years. Dyskinesias, confusional state and \"on-off\" phenomenon increased with time, whereas gastric trouble diminished. CT scan were obtained in all patients and atrophic changes were found in 82.7%. There were no correlations between localization and severity of anatomical lesions on the one hand, and therapeutic response and side-effects on the other. It is suggested that the severity of the disease depends mainly on the degree of neurochemical integrity in the affected area rather then to the extent of anatomical lesions.", "PMID": 388600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8263", "title": "The technical aspects of cochlear implantation.", "content": "The historical development of attempts to provide some hearing ability, in totally deaf patients, by electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve is reviewed to the point at which single channel intracochlear electrodes were tried in patients. The results obtained with this type of prosthesis are described and discussed in terms of the possible physiological mechanisms involved. Results obtained from promontory stimulation are also presented as a means of patient selection and are compared with the results from intracochlear electrodes. Based on these findings, the approaches for the development of multichannel intracochlear electrodes and for a single channel electrode with speech processing are described. The problems involved with materials, coding, electrode isolation and transmission are considered and the current results in these areas are detailed. Such results imply that the long-term prospects of developing a prosthesis that could provide adequate speech intelligibility are good.", "contents": "The technical aspects of cochlear implantation. The historical development of attempts to provide some hearing ability, in totally deaf patients, by electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve is reviewed to the point at which single channel intracochlear electrodes were tried in patients. The results obtained with this type of prosthesis are described and discussed in terms of the possible physiological mechanisms involved. Results obtained from promontory stimulation are also presented as a means of patient selection and are compared with the results from intracochlear electrodes. Based on these findings, the approaches for the development of multichannel intracochlear electrodes and for a single channel electrode with speech processing are described. The problems involved with materials, coding, electrode isolation and transmission are considered and the current results in these areas are detailed. Such results imply that the long-term prospects of developing a prosthesis that could provide adequate speech intelligibility are good.", "PMID": 388609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8264", "title": "[Four cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of 4 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a transmissible virus dementia, are reported. The onset of the disease varied between 54 and 81 years of age: the course is dramatic and the demise occurs 1-4 months after the onset of symptoms. The clinical picture includes mental deterioration with amnesia, aphasia, apraxia and neurologic symptoms, mainly consisting in progressive rigidity and myoclonus. All cases show the typical 1/sec pseudorithmic spikes on EEG. Histological changes include severe astrocytosis of the cerebral cortex, status spongiosus and mild neuronal loss. The changes are more marked in the parieto-occipital lobes. Criteria of clinical and pathological diagnosis are reviewed. The precautions to be taken in handling biological as well as bioptic and autoptic specimens are emphasized, in order to avoid accidental transmission of the disease. It seems essential to institute a register of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Italy to assess the incidence and diffusion of the disease in our country.", "contents": "[Four cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (author's transl)]. The clinico-pathological features of 4 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a transmissible virus dementia, are reported. The onset of the disease varied between 54 and 81 years of age: the course is dramatic and the demise occurs 1-4 months after the onset of symptoms. The clinical picture includes mental deterioration with amnesia, aphasia, apraxia and neurologic symptoms, mainly consisting in progressive rigidity and myoclonus. All cases show the typical 1/sec pseudorithmic spikes on EEG. Histological changes include severe astrocytosis of the cerebral cortex, status spongiosus and mild neuronal loss. The changes are more marked in the parieto-occipital lobes. Criteria of clinical and pathological diagnosis are reviewed. The precautions to be taken in handling biological as well as bioptic and autoptic specimens are emphasized, in order to avoid accidental transmission of the disease. It seems essential to institute a register of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Italy to assess the incidence and diffusion of the disease in our country.", "PMID": 388601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8265", "title": "Method for radiographic assessment of alveolar bone level at endosseous implants and abutment teeth.", "content": "A radiographic method expressing the alveolar bone level in absolute figures is presented. By means of a calibrated measuring radiographic film fixed to a magnifying viewer, alveolar bone levels were determined directly on intraoral periodic \"identical\" radiographs. A polyether impression was made for fixation of the filmholder in order to obtain reproducible radiographs. The method was applied to assess changes in the alveolar bone level at endosseous implants and abutment teeth. Radiographs of 23 endosseous implants and 21 abutment teeth from nine patients were examined and measurements of the alveolar bone level were performed. The mean difference between double observations on the same exposure as well as on repeated exposures was about 0.2 mm (s.d. 0.17-0.32 mm). The uncertainty of the present radiographic method was mainly due to the measurement procedure, as the radiographic technique showed a high degree of reproducibility. The method is a simple and reliable technique for longitudinal investigations of changes in the alveolar bone level at endosseous implant and tooth abutments.", "contents": "Method for radiographic assessment of alveolar bone level at endosseous implants and abutment teeth. A radiographic method expressing the alveolar bone level in absolute figures is presented. By means of a calibrated measuring radiographic film fixed to a magnifying viewer, alveolar bone levels were determined directly on intraoral periodic \"identical\" radiographs. A polyether impression was made for fixation of the filmholder in order to obtain reproducible radiographs. The method was applied to assess changes in the alveolar bone level at endosseous implants and abutment teeth. Radiographs of 23 endosseous implants and 21 abutment teeth from nine patients were examined and measurements of the alveolar bone level were performed. The mean difference between double observations on the same exposure as well as on repeated exposures was about 0.2 mm (s.d. 0.17-0.32 mm). The uncertainty of the present radiographic method was mainly due to the measurement procedure, as the radiographic technique showed a high degree of reproducibility. The method is a simple and reliable technique for longitudinal investigations of changes in the alveolar bone level at endosseous implant and tooth abutments.", "PMID": 388611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8266", "title": "Surface analysis of screwposts.", "content": "The content and distribution of metallic ions on the surface of gold-plated brass screwposts (Dentatus and MecOdont) were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. On screwposts from one of the manufacturers the protective outer layer of gold was found to be localized to specific areas of the posts, i.e. the grooves, while unprotected Cu-Zn alloy was found on the ridges. The results are discussed with regard to results on root posts published earlier. Screwposts constructed in this way would appear to be of doubtful clinical value.", "contents": "Surface analysis of screwposts. The content and distribution of metallic ions on the surface of gold-plated brass screwposts (Dentatus and MecOdont) were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. On screwposts from one of the manufacturers the protective outer layer of gold was found to be localized to specific areas of the posts, i.e. the grooves, while unprotected Cu-Zn alloy was found on the ridges. The results are discussed with regard to results on root posts published earlier. Screwposts constructed in this way would appear to be of doubtful clinical value.", "PMID": 388612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8267", "title": "Assessment of age-at-death from mandibular molar attrition in medieval Danes.", "content": "Stages of occlusal attrition of the permanent mandibular molars were recorded in 235 Danish medieval skulls, 52 of which were in various states of mixed dentition. For the first and second molar, ages at emergence and ages at occurrence of the earlier stages of attrition were estimated from the mixed dentitions, on the assumptions 1) that the age at eruption of a given number of permanent teeth was similar in medieval and contemporary Danish children, and 2) that the rate of attrition was similar for the first and second molars. Estimation of ages at occurrence of the later attrition stages and of the age at third molar emergence was based on percentage frequency distributions of the stages of attrition using reiterative calculating procedures. Third molar emergence was estimated at the early age of 14 years. It is argued that assessments of age-at death could be made fairly accurately for the age range 5-30 years, and with decreasing accuracy until about 40 years of age.", "contents": "Assessment of age-at-death from mandibular molar attrition in medieval Danes. Stages of occlusal attrition of the permanent mandibular molars were recorded in 235 Danish medieval skulls, 52 of which were in various states of mixed dentition. For the first and second molar, ages at emergence and ages at occurrence of the earlier stages of attrition were estimated from the mixed dentitions, on the assumptions 1) that the age at eruption of a given number of permanent teeth was similar in medieval and contemporary Danish children, and 2) that the rate of attrition was similar for the first and second molars. Estimation of ages at occurrence of the later attrition stages and of the age at third molar emergence was based on percentage frequency distributions of the stages of attrition using reiterative calculating procedures. Third molar emergence was estimated at the early age of 14 years. It is argued that assessments of age-at death could be made fairly accurately for the age range 5-30 years, and with decreasing accuracy until about 40 years of age.", "PMID": 388613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8268", "title": "Prevalence of malocclusion in medieval and modern Danes contrasted.", "content": "A comparison was made of frequencies of anomalies of the dentition, occlusion, and space conditions for the permanent dentition in the skeletal remains of 278 medieval Danes and in 1258 contemporary Danes. The congenital anomalies of the dentition were equally common in the samples. Extreme maxillary overjet and distal molar occlusion, deep bite, and crowding were considerably less frequent in the Middle Ages. The frequencies of mesial molar occlusion and crossbite, but not that of midline displacement, were higher in the medieval sample, especially in the older subjects. It is suggested that the observed differences in malocclusion prevalence were related to exogenous factors, primarily the pronounced dental attrition.", "contents": "Prevalence of malocclusion in medieval and modern Danes contrasted. A comparison was made of frequencies of anomalies of the dentition, occlusion, and space conditions for the permanent dentition in the skeletal remains of 278 medieval Danes and in 1258 contemporary Danes. The congenital anomalies of the dentition were equally common in the samples. Extreme maxillary overjet and distal molar occlusion, deep bite, and crowding were considerably less frequent in the Middle Ages. The frequencies of mesial molar occlusion and crossbite, but not that of midline displacement, were higher in the medieval sample, especially in the older subjects. It is suggested that the observed differences in malocclusion prevalence were related to exogenous factors, primarily the pronounced dental attrition.", "PMID": 388614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8269", "title": "[Salmonella colitis].", "content": "Salmonella colitis is defined on the basis of 3 case reports and 75 well-documented cases from the literature. Salmonella colitis is an acute ulcerative colitis occurring in enteric salmonellosis. There is complete clinical and endoscopic remission within 4--8 weeks and no relapse. The disease is to be distinguished from idiopathic ulcerative colitis in a salmonella carrier state. The difficulties of this differential diagnosis are demonstrated in a further case report.", "contents": "[Salmonella colitis]. Salmonella colitis is defined on the basis of 3 case reports and 75 well-documented cases from the literature. Salmonella colitis is an acute ulcerative colitis occurring in enteric salmonellosis. There is complete clinical and endoscopic remission within 4--8 weeks and no relapse. The disease is to be distinguished from idiopathic ulcerative colitis in a salmonella carrier state. The difficulties of this differential diagnosis are demonstrated in a further case report.", "PMID": 388615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8270", "title": "[Familial medullary cystic kidney with progressive kidney failure].", "content": "The reported case of 2 brothers suffering from medullary sponge kindeys is unique in that uremia developed in spite of the absence of urinary tract obstruction, infection or hypertension. With the exception of congenital nystagmus and psoriasis, none of the extrarenal malformations often associated with medullary sponge kidneys was observed.", "contents": "[Familial medullary cystic kidney with progressive kidney failure]. The reported case of 2 brothers suffering from medullary sponge kindeys is unique in that uremia developed in spite of the absence of urinary tract obstruction, infection or hypertension. With the exception of congenital nystagmus and psoriasis, none of the extrarenal malformations often associated with medullary sponge kidneys was observed.", "PMID": 388616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8271", "title": "Spontaneous diabetes mellitus: reversal and prevention in the BB/W rat with antiserum to rat lymphocytes.", "content": "Injections of rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes reversed hyperglycemia in 36 percent of spontaneously diabetic rats (Bio Breeding/Worcester) and prevented diabetes in susceptible nondiabetic controls. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that cell-mediated autoimmunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes in this animal model that mimics many morpholigic and physiologic characteristics of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Spontaneous diabetes mellitus: reversal and prevention in the BB/W rat with antiserum to rat lymphocytes. Injections of rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes reversed hyperglycemia in 36 percent of spontaneously diabetic rats (Bio Breeding/Worcester) and prevented diabetes in susceptible nondiabetic controls. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that cell-mediated autoimmunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes in this animal model that mimics many morpholigic and physiologic characteristics of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 388619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8272", "title": "Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone.", "content": "Historically, the literature reveals that the incidence of radiation induced bone sarcomas is very low. Details related to epidemiology cannot be identified, however, because of the difficulty of identifying precisely the patient population at risk for development of the radiation induced sarcoma. The change in character of practice in cancer management with ever increasing numbers of patients receiving both radiation therapy and chemotherapy should alert physicians to the potential for increased incidence of this rare and unusual tumor.", "contents": "Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Historically, the literature reveals that the incidence of radiation induced bone sarcomas is very low. Details related to epidemiology cannot be identified, however, because of the difficulty of identifying precisely the patient population at risk for development of the radiation induced sarcoma. The change in character of practice in cancer management with ever increasing numbers of patients receiving both radiation therapy and chemotherapy should alert physicians to the potential for increased incidence of this rare and unusual tumor.", "PMID": 388642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8273", "title": "Value of cultures in patients with acute cellulitis.", "content": "A retrospective review of blood and wound cultures obtained from adult patients admitted for acute cellulitis revealed positive culture rates of 0.77% of 86% respectively. Organisms from wound cultures were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The majority of our patients were otherwise healthy. Our study suggests that blood cultures are not necessary in acute cellulitis in adults without serious underlying diseases.", "contents": "Value of cultures in patients with acute cellulitis. A retrospective review of blood and wound cultures obtained from adult patients admitted for acute cellulitis revealed positive culture rates of 0.77% of 86% respectively. Organisms from wound cultures were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The majority of our patients were otherwise healthy. Our study suggests that blood cultures are not necessary in acute cellulitis in adults without serious underlying diseases.", "PMID": 388648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8274", "title": "Relationship of neonatal pneumonia to maternal urinary and neonatal isolates of group B streptococci.", "content": "Of 1,500 consecutive deliveries, there were 41 term infants with suspected sepsis in association with a positive culture for group B streptococci (GBS) from either the infant soon after birth, or the mother's urine routinely collected three days postpartum. A statistically higher incidence of pneumonia was found in these infants as compared to matched controls. Infants born to mothers with GBS in the urine had a high incidence of suspected sepsis (43.6%) as well as a high incidence of pneumonia (38.6%). We conclude that term infants colonized at birth with GBS or born to mothers with GBS isolated from their urine are at high risk of having pneumonia.", "contents": "Relationship of neonatal pneumonia to maternal urinary and neonatal isolates of group B streptococci. Of 1,500 consecutive deliveries, there were 41 term infants with suspected sepsis in association with a positive culture for group B streptococci (GBS) from either the infant soon after birth, or the mother's urine routinely collected three days postpartum. A statistically higher incidence of pneumonia was found in these infants as compared to matched controls. Infants born to mothers with GBS in the urine had a high incidence of suspected sepsis (43.6%) as well as a high incidence of pneumonia (38.6%). We conclude that term infants colonized at birth with GBS or born to mothers with GBS isolated from their urine are at high risk of having pneumonia.", "PMID": 388649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8275", "title": "Pemphigus vulgaris and lymphoma in a patient with scleroderma.", "content": "The coexistence of scleroderma and malignancy is well documented. The case presented here is unique, however, as it is the first report of the occurrence of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and pemphigus vulgaris in a patient with scleroderma. Because of this unusual triad of diseases, the possibility of a common pathogenetic basis was examined. A review of the literature confirms that each disorder does have immunologic abnormalities. It is suggested that an aberrant immune response, specifically impaired T-cell function, is responsible for the emergence of disease of this patient.", "contents": "Pemphigus vulgaris and lymphoma in a patient with scleroderma. The coexistence of scleroderma and malignancy is well documented. The case presented here is unique, however, as it is the first report of the occurrence of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and pemphigus vulgaris in a patient with scleroderma. Because of this unusual triad of diseases, the possibility of a common pathogenetic basis was examined. A review of the literature confirms that each disorder does have immunologic abnormalities. It is suggested that an aberrant immune response, specifically impaired T-cell function, is responsible for the emergence of disease of this patient.", "PMID": 388651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8276", "title": "Gold-induced thrombocytopenia responsive to cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia and nephrotic syndrome developed in a 51-year-old patient receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Marrrow findings and platelet infusion studies were consistent with a pattern of increased platelet destruction, known to occur in gold-induced thrombocytopenia. Improvement in the platelet count after therapy with dimercaprol was transient, and although steroids and splenectomy were not effective, a response was achieved with cyclophosphamide. The use of immunosuppressive drugs can be considered in refractory cases of gold-induced thrombocytopenia in which a significant hemorrhagic risk is present.", "contents": "Gold-induced thrombocytopenia responsive to cyclophosphamide. Thrombocytopenia and nephrotic syndrome developed in a 51-year-old patient receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Marrrow findings and platelet infusion studies were consistent with a pattern of increased platelet destruction, known to occur in gold-induced thrombocytopenia. Improvement in the platelet count after therapy with dimercaprol was transient, and although steroids and splenectomy were not effective, a response was achieved with cyclophosphamide. The use of immunosuppressive drugs can be considered in refractory cases of gold-induced thrombocytopenia in which a significant hemorrhagic risk is present.", "PMID": 388652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8277", "title": "Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by domperidone: A double-blind randomized study using domperidone, metoclopramide and a placebo.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-five female patients of child-bearing age were assessed for postoperative vomiting in a double-blind trial using domperidone, metoclopramide and placebo. Compared with placebo, both drugs were found to reduce vomiting in approximately half the patients who had undergone caesarean section. However, in the group of non-obstetric patients, no statistically significant difference as regards vomiting was shown.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by domperidone: A double-blind randomized study using domperidone, metoclopramide and a placebo. One hundred and ninety-five female patients of child-bearing age were assessed for postoperative vomiting in a double-blind trial using domperidone, metoclopramide and placebo. Compared with placebo, both drugs were found to reduce vomiting in approximately half the patients who had undergone caesarean section. However, in the group of non-obstetric patients, no statistically significant difference as regards vomiting was shown.", "PMID": 388678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8278", "title": "The rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infection: a side-room method.", "content": "A controlled trial of a rapid method for microscopic examination of the urine for organisms is reported. The method achieved results as accurate as those of semi-quantitative culture, at minimal cost. It is easy enough to be learned by medically untrained staff, and results are available within 10 minutes. This rapid availability of results makes it possible to prescribe more appropriately at the initial consultation.", "contents": "The rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infection: a side-room method. A controlled trial of a rapid method for microscopic examination of the urine for organisms is reported. The method achieved results as accurate as those of semi-quantitative culture, at minimal cost. It is easy enough to be learned by medically untrained staff, and results are available within 10 minutes. This rapid availability of results makes it possible to prescribe more appropriately at the initial consultation.", "PMID": 388679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8279", "title": "Medical philately: The pen and the scalpel -- the story of medicine and literature.", "content": "The medical profession has always been prominent in the cultural life of the community. Many doctors have been able to carry out their professional duties as well as actively to pursue their outside interests. Some have abandoned their medicine altogether -- they have been called 'medical truants'. Literature and medicine have always been closely associated, and a number of literary doctors who have appeared on stamps are presented in this article.", "contents": "Medical philately: The pen and the scalpel -- the story of medicine and literature. The medical profession has always been prominent in the cultural life of the community. Many doctors have been able to carry out their professional duties as well as actively to pursue their outside interests. Some have abandoned their medicine altogether -- they have been called 'medical truants'. Literature and medicine have always been closely associated, and a number of literary doctors who have appeared on stamps are presented in this article.", "PMID": 388680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8280", "title": "Chemotherapy and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Less than 40 percent of all carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract will be controlled by the current modalities of treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical resection are still the only rational and effective approach to the control of this cancer. The tremendous strides in cancer chemotherapy in the management of leukemia, children's solid tumors, and neoplasms of lymphoid origin have not been evident in the management of gastrointestinal carcinoma. Extensive clinical trials with single agents and various drug combinations have resulted so far in partial response rates. Adjuvant chemotherapy to surgical resection has also failed to alter the natural course of the disease and, therefore, to establish its benefits in a series of projective randomized studies. Only continued research in cancer cell biology and basic and clinical pharmacology with carefully controlled therapeutic trials with new agents will eventually lead to the more effective use of chemotherapy in management of gastrointesinal cancer.", "contents": "Chemotherapy and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Less than 40 percent of all carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract will be controlled by the current modalities of treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical resection are still the only rational and effective approach to the control of this cancer. The tremendous strides in cancer chemotherapy in the management of leukemia, children's solid tumors, and neoplasms of lymphoid origin have not been evident in the management of gastrointestinal carcinoma. Extensive clinical trials with single agents and various drug combinations have resulted so far in partial response rates. Adjuvant chemotherapy to surgical resection has also failed to alter the natural course of the disease and, therefore, to establish its benefits in a series of projective randomized studies. Only continued research in cancer cell biology and basic and clinical pharmacology with carefully controlled therapeutic trials with new agents will eventually lead to the more effective use of chemotherapy in management of gastrointesinal cancer.", "PMID": 388686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8281", "title": "The radiation-injured bowel.", "content": "Radiation disease of the intestine is usually iatrogenic and frequently unavoidable. The disease, its treatment, and the disability produced are formidable. There is hope that means may be found to increase the resistance of the intestine to radiation damage. Radiation enteropathy is an insidious, progressive disease that is seen with increasing frequency. Serious disabilities may develop after years of gestation. Those patients who require surgery are treated by control of sepsis, correction of metabolic abnormalities, and reversal of protein/calorie malnutrition prior to definitive surgery. The treatment of choice is resection with anastomosis, but recurrences may occur many years later in intestine grossly normal at the time of surgery.", "contents": "The radiation-injured bowel. Radiation disease of the intestine is usually iatrogenic and frequently unavoidable. The disease, its treatment, and the disability produced are formidable. There is hope that means may be found to increase the resistance of the intestine to radiation damage. Radiation enteropathy is an insidious, progressive disease that is seen with increasing frequency. Serious disabilities may develop after years of gestation. Those patients who require surgery are treated by control of sepsis, correction of metabolic abnormalities, and reversal of protein/calorie malnutrition prior to definitive surgery. The treatment of choice is resection with anastomosis, but recurrences may occur many years later in intestine grossly normal at the time of surgery.", "PMID": 388687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8282", "title": "Inhibition of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) by metronidazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, tetracycline, and metronidazole for 71 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) were compared by use of an agar-dilution method and an inoculum of 10(6) organisms/ml. All strains were sensitive to 1 microgram of ampicillin/ml, 70% to 4 micrograms of tetracycline/ml, and only 13% of the strains to 8 micrograms of metronidazole/ml. Under anaerobic conditions the susceptibility to metronidazole increased markedly, and 48% of the strains were inhibited by 8 micrograms/ml. In determinations of MICs in broth cultures, reduction of the inoculum size to 10(4) organisms/ml increased susceptibilities to metronidazole and tetracycline, whereas incubation of 48 hr instead of 24 hr decreased susceptibilities to these two drugs. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were generally two- to fourfold greater than the MICs for the three drugs. The results demonstrate that anaerobic conditions, inoculum size, and duration of incubation influence the susceptibility of H. vaginalis to antibiotics in vitro.", "contents": "Inhibition of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) by metronidazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, tetracycline, and metronidazole for 71 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) were compared by use of an agar-dilution method and an inoculum of 10(6) organisms/ml. All strains were sensitive to 1 microgram of ampicillin/ml, 70% to 4 micrograms of tetracycline/ml, and only 13% of the strains to 8 micrograms of metronidazole/ml. Under anaerobic conditions the susceptibility to metronidazole increased markedly, and 48% of the strains were inhibited by 8 micrograms/ml. In determinations of MICs in broth cultures, reduction of the inoculum size to 10(4) organisms/ml increased susceptibilities to metronidazole and tetracycline, whereas incubation of 48 hr instead of 24 hr decreased susceptibilities to these two drugs. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were generally two- to fourfold greater than the MICs for the three drugs. The results demonstrate that anaerobic conditions, inoculum size, and duration of incubation influence the susceptibility of H. vaginalis to antibiotics in vitro.", "PMID": 388682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8283", "title": "Sacrofixation with Marlex mesh in massive prolapse of the rectum.", "content": "Rectal fixation to the sacrum is considered the most rational operation in the surgical treatment of massive or complete prolapse of the rectum, since it eliminates the anatomic defect which is fundamental in the pathogenesis of this disease. Many techniques have been used to join the posterior wall of the rectum to the sacrum, ranging from the use of simple sutures with nonabsorbable material to prosthetic materials, such as Teflon sheets or Ivalon, polyvinyl, sponges which are placed around the rectum and attached to the sacrum. A variant consists of using Marlex mesh instead of Teflon. In an experience with 24 patients, only one patient died postoperatively. In a follow-up period of ten years, no recurrences have been observed in any of the remaining patients.", "contents": "Sacrofixation with Marlex mesh in massive prolapse of the rectum. Rectal fixation to the sacrum is considered the most rational operation in the surgical treatment of massive or complete prolapse of the rectum, since it eliminates the anatomic defect which is fundamental in the pathogenesis of this disease. Many techniques have been used to join the posterior wall of the rectum to the sacrum, ranging from the use of simple sutures with nonabsorbable material to prosthetic materials, such as Teflon sheets or Ivalon, polyvinyl, sponges which are placed around the rectum and attached to the sacrum. A variant consists of using Marlex mesh instead of Teflon. In an experience with 24 patients, only one patient died postoperatively. In a follow-up period of ten years, no recurrences have been observed in any of the remaining patients.", "PMID": 388698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8284", "title": "Endocrine tumors of the pancreas.", "content": "The identification and description of a widely dispersed group of cells of common origin and biochemical characteristics, APUD cells, has allowed a better understanding and classification of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Similarly, it has enabled the relationships between the endocrine tumors of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome and the endocrine tumors of the pancreas to be better appreciated. This has facilitated both diagnosis and management of these conditions. The pluripotentiality of the cells of the APUD system combined with the certain existence of many unidentified peptides suggests the likelihood of other undescribed pancreatic endocrine tumors. Many of these are probably part of the heterogenous group of neoplasms currently designated as carcinoids, since their secretory products and exact cell types are not known. The recognition of the physiologic characteristics and cells of origin of these peptides, amines or other bioactive agents will allow delineation of the symptom complex and the identification of further functional tumors of the pancreas. The development of plasma radioimmunoassays for the various hormones and the appreciation of the specific clinical syndromes related to each tumor have enabled earlier diagnosis. The understanding of the hormonal physiopathologic functions has led to the evolution of specific therapeutic maneuvers. Provocative tests have allowed increased precision of the differential diagnosis, while selective arteriography and pancreatic venous sampling have greatly enhanced the accuracy of topical localization. The role of operation in tumor removal is still prominent, but malignant and recurrent tumors may now also be controlled with specific pharmacotherapy or appropriate endocrine cytotoxic agents. The use of peptides with antagonistic actions or the administration of specific antibodies to the active tumor products are areas of therapy that require further exploration.", "contents": "Endocrine tumors of the pancreas. The identification and description of a widely dispersed group of cells of common origin and biochemical characteristics, APUD cells, has allowed a better understanding and classification of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Similarly, it has enabled the relationships between the endocrine tumors of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome and the endocrine tumors of the pancreas to be better appreciated. This has facilitated both diagnosis and management of these conditions. The pluripotentiality of the cells of the APUD system combined with the certain existence of many unidentified peptides suggests the likelihood of other undescribed pancreatic endocrine tumors. Many of these are probably part of the heterogenous group of neoplasms currently designated as carcinoids, since their secretory products and exact cell types are not known. The recognition of the physiologic characteristics and cells of origin of these peptides, amines or other bioactive agents will allow delineation of the symptom complex and the identification of further functional tumors of the pancreas. The development of plasma radioimmunoassays for the various hormones and the appreciation of the specific clinical syndromes related to each tumor have enabled earlier diagnosis. The understanding of the hormonal physiopathologic functions has led to the evolution of specific therapeutic maneuvers. Provocative tests have allowed increased precision of the differential diagnosis, while selective arteriography and pancreatic venous sampling have greatly enhanced the accuracy of topical localization. The role of operation in tumor removal is still prominent, but malignant and recurrent tumors may now also be controlled with specific pharmacotherapy or appropriate endocrine cytotoxic agents. The use of peptides with antagonistic actions or the administration of specific antibodies to the active tumor products are areas of therapy that require further exploration.", "PMID": 388700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8285", "title": "Consideration and implications of tumor antigenic expression.", "content": "This review is an attempt to simplify the myriad descriptions of tumor antigens, by considering such antigens in the perspective of their mechanisms of formation. We believe that most and possibly all tumor antigens previously described and currently under study will ultimately fit into one of the categories discussed in this article, since there are only a finite number of biochemical mechanisms for producing new antigens in any cell--cancerous or otherwise. Pragmatically, we view the vagaries of expression of tumor antigens as among their most important properties, and the search for tumor antigens has in fact opened a Pandora's box of molecular variability. Large tumor masses consisting of multiple subclones with different karyotypes, chromosomal anomalies and mutations would appear to be capable of expressing a motley group of tumor antigens. To the best of our knowledge, no tumor antigen has been shown to be necessary and causal in transformation, except in virally-induced tumors. The presence of tumor antigens appears to be coincidental and reflects dedifferentiation and karyotypic, metabolic and nutritional variations occurring in tumors. Undoubtedly, some antigens may give a tumor a selective advantage of growth, metabolism or metastatic potential, but many antigens may simply reflect the vagaries of the tumor cell. The intratumor and intertumor variations of tumor antigens, their mechanisms of origin and their rather uncanny capabilities to change their phenotype--antigen expression--secondary to environmental selection during tumor expansion or following therapy should be kept in mind when tumor antigens and immunotherapy are considered.", "contents": "Consideration and implications of tumor antigenic expression. This review is an attempt to simplify the myriad descriptions of tumor antigens, by considering such antigens in the perspective of their mechanisms of formation. We believe that most and possibly all tumor antigens previously described and currently under study will ultimately fit into one of the categories discussed in this article, since there are only a finite number of biochemical mechanisms for producing new antigens in any cell--cancerous or otherwise. Pragmatically, we view the vagaries of expression of tumor antigens as among their most important properties, and the search for tumor antigens has in fact opened a Pandora's box of molecular variability. Large tumor masses consisting of multiple subclones with different karyotypes, chromosomal anomalies and mutations would appear to be capable of expressing a motley group of tumor antigens. To the best of our knowledge, no tumor antigen has been shown to be necessary and causal in transformation, except in virally-induced tumors. The presence of tumor antigens appears to be coincidental and reflects dedifferentiation and karyotypic, metabolic and nutritional variations occurring in tumors. Undoubtedly, some antigens may give a tumor a selective advantage of growth, metabolism or metastatic potential, but many antigens may simply reflect the vagaries of the tumor cell. The intratumor and intertumor variations of tumor antigens, their mechanisms of origin and their rather uncanny capabilities to change their phenotype--antigen expression--secondary to environmental selection during tumor expansion or following therapy should be kept in mind when tumor antigens and immunotherapy are considered.", "PMID": 388701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8286", "title": "Thoracic duct drainage before and after cadaveric kidney transplantation.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive recipients of cadaveric kidneys, including five with pre-existing warm cytotoxic antibodies, were treated with thoracic duct drainage before and after transplantation. Fourteen patients who had lymph drainage for 26 to 58 days before transplantation had minor cytotoxic antibody responses after grafting, even if the antibodies had been present before therapy. Only one of the 14 recipients had any rejection during the follow-up periods of one to six months. There were two deaths. The 13 patients pretreated for 17 to 23 days exhibited stronger cytotoxic antibody responsiveness, and five of these recipients had significant rejections of which four were reversible. One of the latter 13 patients died. These clinical and immunologic studies have established the value and have defined the appropriate timing of preoperative thoracic duct drainage in kidney transplantation. They have also directed attention to the rationale andthe probable value of using other immunosuppressive methods for preparatory host conditioning instead of beginning such therapy at the time of transplantation.", "contents": "Thoracic duct drainage before and after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Twenty-seven consecutive recipients of cadaveric kidneys, including five with pre-existing warm cytotoxic antibodies, were treated with thoracic duct drainage before and after transplantation. Fourteen patients who had lymph drainage for 26 to 58 days before transplantation had minor cytotoxic antibody responses after grafting, even if the antibodies had been present before therapy. Only one of the 14 recipients had any rejection during the follow-up periods of one to six months. There were two deaths. The 13 patients pretreated for 17 to 23 days exhibited stronger cytotoxic antibody responsiveness, and five of these recipients had significant rejections of which four were reversible. One of the latter 13 patients died. These clinical and immunologic studies have established the value and have defined the appropriate timing of preoperative thoracic duct drainage in kidney transplantation. They have also directed attention to the rationale andthe probable value of using other immunosuppressive methods for preparatory host conditioning instead of beginning such therapy at the time of transplantation.", "PMID": 388702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8287", "title": "Indocyanine green clearance in critically ill patients.", "content": "Forty-two consecutive patients were observed with the use of various biochemical and physiologic parameters. Attention was focused upon liver function, using serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin determinations as well as the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green. No difference was noted in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels between survivors and nonsurvivors. However, there was a significant difference between these two groups as measured by the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green. A distinct cut-off point was present, and no survivor ever had a plasma disappearance rate of less than 6 per cent per minute.", "contents": "Indocyanine green clearance in critically ill patients. Forty-two consecutive patients were observed with the use of various biochemical and physiologic parameters. Attention was focused upon liver function, using serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin determinations as well as the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green. No difference was noted in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels between survivors and nonsurvivors. However, there was a significant difference between these two groups as measured by the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green. A distinct cut-off point was present, and no survivor ever had a plasma disappearance rate of less than 6 per cent per minute.", "PMID": 388703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8288", "title": "Porcine heterograft dressings for split-thickness graft donor sites.", "content": "As compared with previous methods of donor site care, procine heterograft dressings allow the donor site to heal faster, require less postoperative care, are associated with a lower infection rate and eliminate virtually all of the pain of the split-thickness wound. Our experience supports that of others. We believe our modifications of this technique to be superior to previous modalities of donor site care.", "contents": "Porcine heterograft dressings for split-thickness graft donor sites. As compared with previous methods of donor site care, procine heterograft dressings allow the donor site to heal faster, require less postoperative care, are associated with a lower infection rate and eliminate virtually all of the pain of the split-thickness wound. Our experience supports that of others. We believe our modifications of this technique to be superior to previous modalities of donor site care.", "PMID": 388704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8289", "title": "Theophylline-7-acetic acid: lack of absorption and therapeutic effectiveness.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of oral theophylline-7-acetic acid (T7AA) in 13 asthmatic patients. Pulmonary function tests showed no difference between T7AA and placebo. No T7AA or theophylline was found in the sera of these patients or of healthy volunteers who took T7AA tablets or syrup.", "contents": "Theophylline-7-acetic acid: lack of absorption and therapeutic effectiveness. A double-blind cross-over trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of oral theophylline-7-acetic acid (T7AA) in 13 asthmatic patients. Pulmonary function tests showed no difference between T7AA and placebo. No T7AA or theophylline was found in the sera of these patients or of healthy volunteers who took T7AA tablets or syrup.", "PMID": 388714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8290", "title": "VIIIR; Ag in platelets from patients with various forms of von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Thirty patients with various forms of von Willebrand's disease were investigated for VIIIR:Ag in their platelets. VIIIR:Ag was extracted from washed platelets and measured both with electroimmunoassay and a sensitive immunoradiometric assay. Six patients had severe von Willebrand's disease, type I, with very low or no VIIIR:Ag in their plasma. None of these patients had any VIIIR:Ag detectable in their platelets. All 19 patients with mild von Willebrand's disease had VIIIR:Ag in their platelets but the values often fell below those of normal controls. Five patients with genetic variants of von Willebrand's disease also had values in their platelets corresponding to those in plasma.", "contents": "VIIIR; Ag in platelets from patients with various forms of von Willebrand's disease. Thirty patients with various forms of von Willebrand's disease were investigated for VIIIR:Ag in their platelets. VIIIR:Ag was extracted from washed platelets and measured both with electroimmunoassay and a sensitive immunoradiometric assay. Six patients had severe von Willebrand's disease, type I, with very low or no VIIIR:Ag in their plasma. None of these patients had any VIIIR:Ag detectable in their platelets. All 19 patients with mild von Willebrand's disease had VIIIR:Ag in their platelets but the values often fell below those of normal controls. Five patients with genetic variants of von Willebrand's disease also had values in their platelets corresponding to those in plasma.", "PMID": 388718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8291", "title": "Generation of a PGI2-like activity by deendothelialized rat aorta.", "content": "We have tested a platelet aggregation inhibitor in the incubation fluid of deendothelialized fragments of the rat aorta and compared it with that of \"intact\" fragments. Some of the properties of the aortic inhibitor, and its effects on platelet adhesion to collagen fibrils, on platelet factor-3 (PF-3) availability, and on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) were also evaluated in comparison with similar effects exerted by PGI2. We found that the incubation fluid of deendothelialized aortic samples contained inhibitor activity comparable with that of \"intact\" samples. The aortic inhibitor had similar properties to PGI2. The aortic inhibitor and PGI2 slightly inhibited light transmission changes of EDTA-PRP following exposure to collagen. However, scanning electron microscopy showed no appreciable difference in platelet adhesion to collagen fibrils. PGI2 and the aortic inhibitor inhibited Kaolin-induced PF-3 availability, but did not prolong the APTT or TT.", "contents": "Generation of a PGI2-like activity by deendothelialized rat aorta. We have tested a platelet aggregation inhibitor in the incubation fluid of deendothelialized fragments of the rat aorta and compared it with that of \"intact\" fragments. Some of the properties of the aortic inhibitor, and its effects on platelet adhesion to collagen fibrils, on platelet factor-3 (PF-3) availability, and on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) were also evaluated in comparison with similar effects exerted by PGI2. We found that the incubation fluid of deendothelialized aortic samples contained inhibitor activity comparable with that of \"intact\" samples. The aortic inhibitor had similar properties to PGI2. The aortic inhibitor and PGI2 slightly inhibited light transmission changes of EDTA-PRP following exposure to collagen. However, scanning electron microscopy showed no appreciable difference in platelet adhesion to collagen fibrils. PGI2 and the aortic inhibitor inhibited Kaolin-induced PF-3 availability, but did not prolong the APTT or TT.", "PMID": 388719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8292", "title": "Topical prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits platelet aggregation in pial venules of the mouse.", "content": "Local application of prostacyclin (PGI2) to cerebral (pial) microvessels, inhibited the aggregation of platelets induced in the vessels by exposing them to a filtered mercury light source following intravenous sodium fluorescein. The inhibition was consistantly observed in venules rather than arterioles and was manifest by a lengthening of the time required for the noxious stimulus to produce an initial aggregate, and/or by a lengthening of the time required for enlarging aggregates to totally block the venule. The consistency of the inhibition diminished at doses below 100 microgram/ml. Inhibition was observed whether or not alcohol was used as the vehicle for PGI2 and whether or not the body temperature of the anesthetized mouse was permitted to fall.", "contents": "Topical prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits platelet aggregation in pial venules of the mouse. Local application of prostacyclin (PGI2) to cerebral (pial) microvessels, inhibited the aggregation of platelets induced in the vessels by exposing them to a filtered mercury light source following intravenous sodium fluorescein. The inhibition was consistantly observed in venules rather than arterioles and was manifest by a lengthening of the time required for the noxious stimulus to produce an initial aggregate, and/or by a lengthening of the time required for enlarging aggregates to totally block the venule. The consistency of the inhibition diminished at doses below 100 microgram/ml. Inhibition was observed whether or not alcohol was used as the vehicle for PGI2 and whether or not the body temperature of the anesthetized mouse was permitted to fall.", "PMID": 388737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8293", "title": "Use of cyclophosphamide and enhancing serum to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide was tested for its interaction with passive enhancement in suppressing the rejection of kidney allografts in the (DA x Lewis)F1 to Lewis rat strain. Dose response studies with cyclophosphamide showed that 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days was necessary for complete suppression of rejection and indefinite graft survival. Doses of 5 and 3.5 mg/kg/day had only a marginal effect on graft function and survival, although the lymphocytotoxin response to the graft was completely or very substantially suppressed by these smaller doses. The use of passive enhancement with cyclophosphamide at the 5- and 3.5-mg/kg/day doses resulted in a favourable interaction with improved graft function and survival. Interestingly, passive enhancement in combination with 5 mg/kg/day of cyclophosphamide resulted in indefinite graft survival only if cyclophosphamide was given for 28 days. If cyclophosphamide was given for 14 days, rejection was suppressed only during the period of cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Use of cyclophosphamide and enhancing serum to suppress renal allograft rejection in the rat. Cyclophosphamide was tested for its interaction with passive enhancement in suppressing the rejection of kidney allografts in the (DA x Lewis)F1 to Lewis rat strain. Dose response studies with cyclophosphamide showed that 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days was necessary for complete suppression of rejection and indefinite graft survival. Doses of 5 and 3.5 mg/kg/day had only a marginal effect on graft function and survival, although the lymphocytotoxin response to the graft was completely or very substantially suppressed by these smaller doses. The use of passive enhancement with cyclophosphamide at the 5- and 3.5-mg/kg/day doses resulted in a favourable interaction with improved graft function and survival. Interestingly, passive enhancement in combination with 5 mg/kg/day of cyclophosphamide resulted in indefinite graft survival only if cyclophosphamide was given for 28 days. If cyclophosphamide was given for 14 days, rejection was suppressed only during the period of cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 388758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8294", "title": "Significance of HLA matching in renal transplantation. A prospective one-center study of 485 transplants matched or mismatched for HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR antigens.", "content": "Matching for HLA haplotypes as well as for HLA-A and B antigens improved graft survival in 112 living related first transplants. In cadaveric first transplants, matching for HLA-A and B antigens had a beneficial effect on the fate of 373 grafts, while matching for HLA-C antigens had no predictive value. One hundred seventeen cadaveric transplants and their recipients were prospectively typed for the HLA-DR antigens. Compatibility for HLA-DR was found to be prognostically beneficial irrespective of matching for HLA-A and B antigens, and with no difference between transfused and nontransfused patients. Matching both for HLA-A , B and D/DR was thus found to influence the outcome of renal transplantation.", "contents": "Significance of HLA matching in renal transplantation. A prospective one-center study of 485 transplants matched or mismatched for HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR antigens. Matching for HLA haplotypes as well as for HLA-A and B antigens improved graft survival in 112 living related first transplants. In cadaveric first transplants, matching for HLA-A and B antigens had a beneficial effect on the fate of 373 grafts, while matching for HLA-C antigens had no predictive value. One hundred seventeen cadaveric transplants and their recipients were prospectively typed for the HLA-DR antigens. Compatibility for HLA-DR was found to be prognostically beneficial irrespective of matching for HLA-A and B antigens, and with no difference between transfused and nontransfused patients. Matching both for HLA-A , B and D/DR was thus found to influence the outcome of renal transplantation.", "PMID": 388759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8295", "title": "Resolution and relapse of osteopetrosis in mice transplanted with myeloid tissue of variable histocompatibility.", "content": "Osteopetrotic microphthalmic mice (mi/mi) were treated by injections of suspensions of myeloid tissue, newborns i.p., and weanlings i.v. Donated syngeneic material effected permanent cure of oteopetrosis provided that the dose was large enough (10(8) cells of bone marrow). H-2-compatible allogeneic bone marrow was initially as effective, but relapse ensued in immunocompetent mice. H-2-incompatible marrow was ineffecitve except in one set of newborn tolerant mice. Total body X-radiation in sublethal doses to recipients allowed permanent cure with H-2-compatible, and, in one circumstance, with H-2-incompatible marrow in smaller doses. The best results were obtained after lethal irradiation and the smaller dose of marrow. Results were checked by chromosome assay demonstrating that cure or relapse was correlated with permanent take or rejection, respectively, of a transplant in a recipient's bone marrow. Retention of donor lymphocytes alone was not associated with effective bony resorption; the candidate cell line for effectiveness remains the haematopoietic stem cell-monocyte-tissue phagocyte.", "contents": "Resolution and relapse of osteopetrosis in mice transplanted with myeloid tissue of variable histocompatibility. Osteopetrotic microphthalmic mice (mi/mi) were treated by injections of suspensions of myeloid tissue, newborns i.p., and weanlings i.v. Donated syngeneic material effected permanent cure of oteopetrosis provided that the dose was large enough (10(8) cells of bone marrow). H-2-compatible allogeneic bone marrow was initially as effective, but relapse ensued in immunocompetent mice. H-2-incompatible marrow was ineffecitve except in one set of newborn tolerant mice. Total body X-radiation in sublethal doses to recipients allowed permanent cure with H-2-compatible, and, in one circumstance, with H-2-incompatible marrow in smaller doses. The best results were obtained after lethal irradiation and the smaller dose of marrow. Results were checked by chromosome assay demonstrating that cure or relapse was correlated with permanent take or rejection, respectively, of a transplant in a recipient's bone marrow. Retention of donor lymphocytes alone was not associated with effective bony resorption; the candidate cell line for effectiveness remains the haematopoietic stem cell-monocyte-tissue phagocyte.", "PMID": 388760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8296", "title": "Use of antithymocyte globulin (dose by rosette protocol) in pediatric renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Total rosette-forming cells (TRFCs) and percentage of rosette-forming cell (RFC) levels were measured in patients undergoing dialysis and in recipients following renal transplantation. The percentage of RFCs of the dialysis patients was not different from the percentage of RFCs of normal subjects, whereas the TRFCs were significantly lower in the dialysis patients. After transplantation, the percentage of RFCs and TRFCs was significantly lower in recipients treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) than in those of the control group; however, there was no difference in allograft survival between the ATG-treated and control recipients when using ATG in the dose by rosette protocol.", "contents": "Use of antithymocyte globulin (dose by rosette protocol) in pediatric renal allograft recipients. Total rosette-forming cells (TRFCs) and percentage of rosette-forming cell (RFC) levels were measured in patients undergoing dialysis and in recipients following renal transplantation. The percentage of RFCs of the dialysis patients was not different from the percentage of RFCs of normal subjects, whereas the TRFCs were significantly lower in the dialysis patients. After transplantation, the percentage of RFCs and TRFCs was significantly lower in recipients treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) than in those of the control group; however, there was no difference in allograft survival between the ATG-treated and control recipients when using ATG in the dose by rosette protocol.", "PMID": 388761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8297", "title": "Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) in renal allograft recipients. Multicenter trials using a 14-dose regimen.", "content": "Antithymocyte globulin (ATG, ATGAM; The Upjohn Company) was tested for efficacy and safety in controlled studies in 358 renal allograft recipients. A total of 183 patients were treated according to protocols prescribing 14 daily doses of ATG in addition to standard immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone, while 175 controls received no ATG. Four ATG lots were tested; results with each lot were analyzed separately, and the data were also pooled to obtain an overall impression. ATG delayed the onset of the first rejection episode during the prescribed treatment period (2 weeks). Concurrently, less i.v. steroid was required, but the steroid dosage requirement then rebounded in the 2 weeks after the end of the prescribed treatment period. ATG did not significantly improve the proportion of patients alive with functioning grafts 6 months after transplant, except with one of the four lots.", "contents": "Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) in renal allograft recipients. Multicenter trials using a 14-dose regimen. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG, ATGAM; The Upjohn Company) was tested for efficacy and safety in controlled studies in 358 renal allograft recipients. A total of 183 patients were treated according to protocols prescribing 14 daily doses of ATG in addition to standard immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone, while 175 controls received no ATG. Four ATG lots were tested; results with each lot were analyzed separately, and the data were also pooled to obtain an overall impression. ATG delayed the onset of the first rejection episode during the prescribed treatment period (2 weeks). Concurrently, less i.v. steroid was required, but the steroid dosage requirement then rebounded in the 2 weeks after the end of the prescribed treatment period. ATG did not significantly improve the proportion of patients alive with functioning grafts 6 months after transplant, except with one of the four lots.", "PMID": 388762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8298", "title": "Early anuria prevention in human kidney transplantation. Advantage of fluid load under pulmonary arterial pressure monitoring during surgical period.", "content": "In human kidney transplantation, a high blood flow established through the graft immediately upon clamp release is usually associated with immediate satisfactory renal function. One hundred consecutive kidney transplant patients were thus provided with a large volume of fluid during surgery. To avoid pulmonary edema, fluid load was given under mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) monitoring, and controlled ventilation was maintained during the early postoperative period. Whether initial PAP value was within normal range or elevated, all patients required an equivalent fluid load to reach the best hemodynamic condition upon clamp removal. The mean intraoperative fluid load consisted of 2406 +/- 968 ml of water with 22.8 +/- 9.4 g of sodium chloride, 5.9 +/- 1.8 units of albumin, and 2.6 +/- 1.8 units of packed red blood cells. Immediately before clamp release patients were given furosemide and mannitol. During the postoperative period, i.v. infusions consisted of water and sodium chloride (6 g/liter) to match urine output, provided that diuresis was equal to or above 400 ml/hr. If diuresis remained or decreased below this level, diuresis replacement was associated with PAP-controlled infusion of saline, albumin, and red blood cells if needed. Furosemide was eventually given if diuresis did not increase above 400 ml/hr with fluid loading. With this protocol a good early diuresis was established in 95% of the cases. Ten patients required dialysis before the 5th postoperative day, one of them because of fluid overload and anuria. Concurrently, a decreased mortality rate and an increased graft survival rate were observed.", "contents": "Early anuria prevention in human kidney transplantation. Advantage of fluid load under pulmonary arterial pressure monitoring during surgical period. In human kidney transplantation, a high blood flow established through the graft immediately upon clamp release is usually associated with immediate satisfactory renal function. One hundred consecutive kidney transplant patients were thus provided with a large volume of fluid during surgery. To avoid pulmonary edema, fluid load was given under mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) monitoring, and controlled ventilation was maintained during the early postoperative period. Whether initial PAP value was within normal range or elevated, all patients required an equivalent fluid load to reach the best hemodynamic condition upon clamp removal. The mean intraoperative fluid load consisted of 2406 +/- 968 ml of water with 22.8 +/- 9.4 g of sodium chloride, 5.9 +/- 1.8 units of albumin, and 2.6 +/- 1.8 units of packed red blood cells. Immediately before clamp release patients were given furosemide and mannitol. During the postoperative period, i.v. infusions consisted of water and sodium chloride (6 g/liter) to match urine output, provided that diuresis was equal to or above 400 ml/hr. If diuresis remained or decreased below this level, diuresis replacement was associated with PAP-controlled infusion of saline, albumin, and red blood cells if needed. Furosemide was eventually given if diuresis did not increase above 400 ml/hr with fluid loading. With this protocol a good early diuresis was established in 95% of the cases. Ten patients required dialysis before the 5th postoperative day, one of them because of fluid overload and anuria. Concurrently, a decreased mortality rate and an increased graft survival rate were observed.", "PMID": 388763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8299", "title": "Anti-Kell (K1) in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A transiently occurring anti-Kell antibody was observed in a 2 1/2-year-old child who had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after recovery from an upper respiratory tract infection. The antibody was probably of the IgM class. There was no history of prior blood transfusion.", "contents": "Anti-Kell (K1) in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A transiently occurring anti-Kell antibody was observed in a 2 1/2-year-old child who had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after recovery from an upper respiratory tract infection. The antibody was probably of the IgM class. There was no history of prior blood transfusion.", "PMID": 388757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8300", "title": "Is the strength of single HLA antigen mismatch variable in kidney transplant survival?", "content": "The survival rate among 458 cadaver kidney grafts with \"full-house\" four HLA-A,B antigens detected in the donor, three being identical to those of the recipient and only one mismatched, was studied specifically in relation to antigen incompatibility. At the A locus, the A3 incompatibility was associated with a lower transplant survival (44% at 2 years) than all of the others, and particularly more than the A11 (80% at 2 years) (P less than 0.003 but without significance after correction multiplying by the number of tested alleles). At the B locus, there was no significant difference in survival rate among the alleles. These results are only preliminary and need confirmation based on longer series permitting possible cross-reactions which exit between donor and recipient antigens to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Is the strength of single HLA antigen mismatch variable in kidney transplant survival? The survival rate among 458 cadaver kidney grafts with \"full-house\" four HLA-A,B antigens detected in the donor, three being identical to those of the recipient and only one mismatched, was studied specifically in relation to antigen incompatibility. At the A locus, the A3 incompatibility was associated with a lower transplant survival (44% at 2 years) than all of the others, and particularly more than the A11 (80% at 2 years) (P less than 0.003 but without significance after correction multiplying by the number of tested alleles). At the B locus, there was no significant difference in survival rate among the alleles. These results are only preliminary and need confirmation based on longer series permitting possible cross-reactions which exit between donor and recipient antigens to be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 388764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8301", "title": "Hemodialysis and kidney transplantation in a patient with glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency.", "content": "End stage failure in a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia attributable to glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency was treated successfully with maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation. Increased transfusion requirements, intolerance to immunosuppressive agents, and frequent infections were not encountered. Induction of the deficient erythrocyte enzyme by renal transplantation was not expected or realized.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and kidney transplantation in a patient with glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency. End stage failure in a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia attributable to glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency was treated successfully with maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation. Increased transfusion requirements, intolerance to immunosuppressive agents, and frequent infections were not encountered. Induction of the deficient erythrocyte enzyme by renal transplantation was not expected or realized.", "PMID": 388765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8302", "title": "Blood transfusions, cytotoxic antibodies, and kidney graft survival. Preliminary results of a systematic transfusion protocol.", "content": "Since pretransplant blood transfusions have been shown to prolong the survival of kidney grafts, a new transfusion policy has been started in the frame of Swisstransplant. Before surgery all patients receive at least two and, if possible, five transfusions (whole blood or packed red blood cells). The present study includes 101 recipients of primary cadaver grafts. Of these, 41 were transfused regularly according to the new protocol, 46 had irregular transfusions because of therapeutic necessity, and 14 had no transfusion before grafting. The 1-year survival rate in pretransfused patients was over 70% as compared to 45% in the nontransfused group. There was no significant association with the number of transfusions, but a slight improvement in graft survival was seen in patients deliberately transfused when compared with those transfused because of severe anaemia. A delay of more than 3 months between the last transfusion and transplantation significantly decreased graft survival at 6 months (84 versus 58%; P less than 0.02). The occurrence of cytotoxic antibodies, both antiperipheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and anti-B cell antibodies, was investigated in relation to the number of transfusions received. Broad-spectrum anti-PBL antibodies (greater than 50% of random panel) were found in 5 of 74 patients transfused according to the protocol (7%) and in 15 of 93 patients transfused for severe anaemia (16% P, not significant). Of 71 recipients followed up for 6 months, 15 (21%) produced anti-PBL antibodies with limited specificity (less than 50%), and 4 (6%) produced broad-spectrum antibodies. Anti-B cell antibodies (less than 50%) were produced in 21 of 64 patients (33%). Six patients (9%) had broad-spectrum activity. The occurrence of these antibodies was not associated with the number of transfusions received and did not significantly influence the graft survival at 6 months. The change in transfusion policy seems to have improved graft survival without producing strong presensitization in a prohibitive proportion of the patients on hemodialysis.", "contents": "Blood transfusions, cytotoxic antibodies, and kidney graft survival. Preliminary results of a systematic transfusion protocol. Since pretransplant blood transfusions have been shown to prolong the survival of kidney grafts, a new transfusion policy has been started in the frame of Swisstransplant. Before surgery all patients receive at least two and, if possible, five transfusions (whole blood or packed red blood cells). The present study includes 101 recipients of primary cadaver grafts. Of these, 41 were transfused regularly according to the new protocol, 46 had irregular transfusions because of therapeutic necessity, and 14 had no transfusion before grafting. The 1-year survival rate in pretransfused patients was over 70% as compared to 45% in the nontransfused group. There was no significant association with the number of transfusions, but a slight improvement in graft survival was seen in patients deliberately transfused when compared with those transfused because of severe anaemia. A delay of more than 3 months between the last transfusion and transplantation significantly decreased graft survival at 6 months (84 versus 58%; P less than 0.02). The occurrence of cytotoxic antibodies, both antiperipheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and anti-B cell antibodies, was investigated in relation to the number of transfusions received. Broad-spectrum anti-PBL antibodies (greater than 50% of random panel) were found in 5 of 74 patients transfused according to the protocol (7%) and in 15 of 93 patients transfused for severe anaemia (16% P, not significant). Of 71 recipients followed up for 6 months, 15 (21%) produced anti-PBL antibodies with limited specificity (less than 50%), and 4 (6%) produced broad-spectrum antibodies. Anti-B cell antibodies (less than 50%) were produced in 21 of 64 patients (33%). Six patients (9%) had broad-spectrum activity. The occurrence of these antibodies was not associated with the number of transfusions received and did not significantly influence the graft survival at 6 months. The change in transfusion policy seems to have improved graft survival without producing strong presensitization in a prohibitive proportion of the patients on hemodialysis.", "PMID": 388766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8303", "title": "The specific methods of control and eradication of schistosomiasis in Israel.", "content": "A review of the epidemiological status of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis in Israel is made. The ecology, bionomy and geographical distribution of the snail vectors were studied and research on their vectorial capacity to the imported Schistosoma strains was undertaken. Biomphalaria alexandrina, the snail vector of S. mansomi, was eradicated through ecological factors (salinity and pollution by sewage) and human activities. The elimination of snail vectors by applications of chemicals succeeded when the entire infested foci were isolated. The factors responsible for the reappearance of snail vectors after those chemical applications are described. Examples are given of successfully combined measures used for the control of snail vectors; increase of water currents to over 20 cm/sec, rapid emptying and drying up of water reservoirs, weekly deflection of infested water courses in different directions, etc. In 1951, 19 schoolchildren became infected with S. mansoni and in 1955, 97 schoolchildren became infected with S. haematobium. Since 1955 no more new infections with Schistosomiasis have been reported in Israel.", "contents": "The specific methods of control and eradication of schistosomiasis in Israel. A review of the epidemiological status of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis in Israel is made. The ecology, bionomy and geographical distribution of the snail vectors were studied and research on their vectorial capacity to the imported Schistosoma strains was undertaken. Biomphalaria alexandrina, the snail vector of S. mansomi, was eradicated through ecological factors (salinity and pollution by sewage) and human activities. The elimination of snail vectors by applications of chemicals succeeded when the entire infested foci were isolated. The factors responsible for the reappearance of snail vectors after those chemical applications are described. Examples are given of successfully combined measures used for the control of snail vectors; increase of water currents to over 20 cm/sec, rapid emptying and drying up of water reservoirs, weekly deflection of infested water courses in different directions, etc. In 1951, 19 schoolchildren became infected with S. mansoni and in 1955, 97 schoolchildren became infected with S. haematobium. Since 1955 no more new infections with Schistosomiasis have been reported in Israel.", "PMID": 388774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8304", "title": "Epidemiology of Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 infections, in Dacca urban area.", "content": "A prospective study of 47 families with an index case of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was conducted in the urban areas of Dacca. The subsequent infection rates in contacts type 1 were 30.6% and 28.3% in the age groups 0--4 and 5--9. Total secondary infection rate was 20.4% with rates in males higher than in females. Among the contacts 12.5% developed diarrhoea caused by the same serotype, but 22.1% developed diarrhoea with undiagnosed causes. For one hospitalised case there were seven symptomatic cases and 10 infections. All the infected infants age 0--4 developed diarrhoea and one fourth needed hospitalisation; but none aged over 9 needed it. Of these families 19% coincidentally had infections with other shigela types. Many factors were related with the higher infection rate. Use of open source of water was a significant factor. Multiple resistance to antibiotic was found, however, Shigella shiga was sensitive to Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Colistin and Furazolidone.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 infections, in Dacca urban area. A prospective study of 47 families with an index case of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was conducted in the urban areas of Dacca. The subsequent infection rates in contacts type 1 were 30.6% and 28.3% in the age groups 0--4 and 5--9. Total secondary infection rate was 20.4% with rates in males higher than in females. Among the contacts 12.5% developed diarrhoea caused by the same serotype, but 22.1% developed diarrhoea with undiagnosed causes. For one hospitalised case there were seven symptomatic cases and 10 infections. All the infected infants age 0--4 developed diarrhoea and one fourth needed hospitalisation; but none aged over 9 needed it. Of these families 19% coincidentally had infections with other shigela types. Many factors were related with the higher infection rate. Use of open source of water was a significant factor. Multiple resistance to antibiotic was found, however, Shigella shiga was sensitive to Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Colistin and Furazolidone.", "PMID": 388775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8305", "title": "[Morphology of the microtubule system during the sphering, layering and polarization of normal and transformed fibroblasts].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the genital system (ductus seminalis, vestibulum, ductus tortuosus and canaliculus fecundans) has been studied during mating and oviposition. All these organs have a common organization and contain three parts: muscular and epithelial layer and chitin intima lining the interior surface of the female genital system. Ultrastructures of the muscular tissue and of the basal part of epidermis are similar. The luminal surface and microvilli are different in various organs of the female genital system. The ultrastructural pattern and the thickness of chitin intima may also vary, and can be used as a character for identificating different organs of the female system in ultrathin sections.", "contents": "[Morphology of the microtubule system during the sphering, layering and polarization of normal and transformed fibroblasts]. The ultrastructure of the genital system (ductus seminalis, vestibulum, ductus tortuosus and canaliculus fecundans) has been studied during mating and oviposition. All these organs have a common organization and contain three parts: muscular and epithelial layer and chitin intima lining the interior surface of the female genital system. Ultrastructures of the muscular tissue and of the basal part of epidermis are similar. The luminal surface and microvilli are different in various organs of the female genital system. The ultrastructural pattern and the thickness of chitin intima may also vary, and can be used as a character for identificating different organs of the female system in ultrathin sections.", "PMID": 388776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8306", "title": "Laboratory tests in the evaluation of renal hypertension.", "content": "Renal hypertension is better understood now as a result of the development of new laboratory techniques which permit the identification of the surgically curable forms of renovascular and renal parenchymal hypertension. The rationale for and efficacy of these new advances are discussed and a practical approach to the diagnosis of renal hypertension is offered.", "contents": "Laboratory tests in the evaluation of renal hypertension. Renal hypertension is better understood now as a result of the development of new laboratory techniques which permit the identification of the surgically curable forms of renovascular and renal parenchymal hypertension. The rationale for and efficacy of these new advances are discussed and a practical approach to the diagnosis of renal hypertension is offered.", "PMID": 388789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8307", "title": "Techniques of renal biopsy.", "content": "The diagnostic information obtained by renal biopsy has both diagnostic and therapeutic value in patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of renal parenchymal disease. The clinician must be familiar with the indications and contraindications for the procedure, and is responsible for choosing the most appropriate technique and approach from the various methods available.", "contents": "Techniques of renal biopsy. The diagnostic information obtained by renal biopsy has both diagnostic and therapeutic value in patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of renal parenchymal disease. The clinician must be familiar with the indications and contraindications for the procedure, and is responsible for choosing the most appropriate technique and approach from the various methods available.", "PMID": 388790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8308", "title": "Localization of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Both the antibody-coating and LDH isoenzyme techniques theoretically fulfill the criteria for an ideal localization test. Both are noninvasive. They are relatively easy to perform and well within the capability of most clinical laboratories. Both can be done rapidly and the results can be in the clinician's hands in a matter of a few hours. The results of the antibody-coating technique do not appear to be valid for children. Since only one controlled study with comparison with other localization techniques has been done in adults, further evaluation needs to be done. The LDH isoenzyme pattern has not been studied in adults but appears to be accurate in children. A prospective comparison of both procedures in adults using either the Fairly bladder washout technique or the Stamey ureteral catheterization method to localize definitively the site of infection would be most helpful. Definitive noninvasive localization techniques could lead to therapy being initiated with the site of infection defined. This would facilitate earlier and more intensive antibiotic therapy in those patients at risk for renal parenchymal damage from upper tract infections.", "contents": "Localization of urinary tract infection. Both the antibody-coating and LDH isoenzyme techniques theoretically fulfill the criteria for an ideal localization test. Both are noninvasive. They are relatively easy to perform and well within the capability of most clinical laboratories. Both can be done rapidly and the results can be in the clinician's hands in a matter of a few hours. The results of the antibody-coating technique do not appear to be valid for children. Since only one controlled study with comparison with other localization techniques has been done in adults, further evaluation needs to be done. The LDH isoenzyme pattern has not been studied in adults but appears to be accurate in children. A prospective comparison of both procedures in adults using either the Fairly bladder washout technique or the Stamey ureteral catheterization method to localize definitively the site of infection would be most helpful. Definitive noninvasive localization techniques could lead to therapy being initiated with the site of infection defined. This would facilitate earlier and more intensive antibiotic therapy in those patients at risk for renal parenchymal damage from upper tract infections.", "PMID": 388791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8309", "title": "New techniques for the evaluation of bladder function.", "content": "The various techniques available for the dynamic assessment of bladder function, including uroflowmetry, cystometrography, urethral closure pressure profiles, and sphincteric electromyography are presented. All of these approaches are discussed in terms of the indications for their use and their functions in evaluation.", "contents": "New techniques for the evaluation of bladder function. The various techniques available for the dynamic assessment of bladder function, including uroflowmetry, cystometrography, urethral closure pressure profiles, and sphincteric electromyography are presented. All of these approaches are discussed in terms of the indications for their use and their functions in evaluation.", "PMID": 388792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8310", "title": "Immunologic testing of patients with genitourinary malignancies.", "content": "The discipline and techniques of immunology have been an important part of recent advances in genitourinary oncology. Although the initial promise of tumor immunology has not been realized in man, discoveries in the laboratory are revitalizing the expectation that this field will yet be of significant assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Already tumor immunology studies along with new immunologic assay techniques have produced clinically important tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostatic acid phosphatase, and have intensified the search for other markers. Finally, research activity is increasingly focusing on the tumor cell itself, again often using immunologic methods. Although most of this activity is still experimental, analysis of blood-group antigens in transitional cell carcinoma has produced sufficient data to suggest that such an approach will soon be a part of the urologist's clinical armamentarium in his efforts to treat patients with bladder tumors.", "contents": "Immunologic testing of patients with genitourinary malignancies. The discipline and techniques of immunology have been an important part of recent advances in genitourinary oncology. Although the initial promise of tumor immunology has not been realized in man, discoveries in the laboratory are revitalizing the expectation that this field will yet be of significant assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Already tumor immunology studies along with new immunologic assay techniques have produced clinically important tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostatic acid phosphatase, and have intensified the search for other markers. Finally, research activity is increasingly focusing on the tumor cell itself, again often using immunologic methods. Although most of this activity is still experimental, analysis of blood-group antigens in transitional cell carcinoma has produced sufficient data to suggest that such an approach will soon be a part of the urologist's clinical armamentarium in his efforts to treat patients with bladder tumors.", "PMID": 388793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8311", "title": "Acid phosphatase.", "content": "Acid phosphatase is a ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses organic phosphates at an acid pH. Although the postpuberteral prostatic epithelial cell contains a uniquely high concentration of acid phosphatase, cellular components of bone, spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, and blood also contain this enzyme. The discovery that prostatic carcinoma cells often retain a high concentration of acid phosphatase characteristic of the normal postpubertal gland led to the recognition of the first clinically useful tumor marker. Recognition that the serum of patients with prostatic malignancy frequently contains an increased concentration of this enzyme has resulted in persistent efforts to identify the source, to accurately quantitate the level of serum acid phosphatase, and to determine the clinical significance of those levels. A variety of enzymatic and immunologic techniques have been employed to measure acid phosphatase. In the past, various substrates and inhibitors were utilized to increase specificity and sensitivity. Emphasis has now shifted to the development of radioimmunoassay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis in an attempt to enhance those parameters. Judgment of their efficacy awaits further testing and evaluation. The clinical significance of normal and abnormal serum acid phosphatase is constantly being reevaluated. In order to maximize the value of laboratory measurements, the clinical and pathologic status of the patient, the techniques employed in obtaining and storing the blood sample and the procedures used in analysis must be known and considered. Traditionally, the serum prostatic acid phosphatase has been thought to originate in the prostatic cancer cell and has been used to stage the disease. Until recently, elevated serum values have been accepted as an indication of extraprostatic disease, and were thought to rule out lesions confined to the prostate. The elevation of acid phosphatase levels in patients with disseminated disease or the failure of elevated levels to return to normal with treatment have been assumed to indicate a poor prognosis. However, unequivocal documentation of the validity of these statements is not available. Newer immunologic techniques for measuring acid phosphatase may significantly alter our current concept of its role as a tumor marker.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase. Acid phosphatase is a ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses organic phosphates at an acid pH. Although the postpuberteral prostatic epithelial cell contains a uniquely high concentration of acid phosphatase, cellular components of bone, spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, and blood also contain this enzyme. The discovery that prostatic carcinoma cells often retain a high concentration of acid phosphatase characteristic of the normal postpubertal gland led to the recognition of the first clinically useful tumor marker. Recognition that the serum of patients with prostatic malignancy frequently contains an increased concentration of this enzyme has resulted in persistent efforts to identify the source, to accurately quantitate the level of serum acid phosphatase, and to determine the clinical significance of those levels. A variety of enzymatic and immunologic techniques have been employed to measure acid phosphatase. In the past, various substrates and inhibitors were utilized to increase specificity and sensitivity. Emphasis has now shifted to the development of radioimmunoassay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis in an attempt to enhance those parameters. Judgment of their efficacy awaits further testing and evaluation. The clinical significance of normal and abnormal serum acid phosphatase is constantly being reevaluated. In order to maximize the value of laboratory measurements, the clinical and pathologic status of the patient, the techniques employed in obtaining and storing the blood sample and the procedures used in analysis must be known and considered. Traditionally, the serum prostatic acid phosphatase has been thought to originate in the prostatic cancer cell and has been used to stage the disease. Until recently, elevated serum values have been accepted as an indication of extraprostatic disease, and were thought to rule out lesions confined to the prostate. The elevation of acid phosphatase levels in patients with disseminated disease or the failure of elevated levels to return to normal with treatment have been assumed to indicate a poor prognosis. However, unequivocal documentation of the validity of these statements is not available. Newer immunologic techniques for measuring acid phosphatase may significantly alter our current concept of its role as a tumor marker.", "PMID": 388794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8312", "title": "A survey of calcium urolithiasis in normocalcemic hypercalciuria: possible role of nutrients and diet-mediated factors.", "content": "Three types of hypercalciuria are described; their existence and frequent association with calcium urolithiasis in humans are accepted. Various dietary factors such as minerals, electrolytes, fluids, vitamin D, carbohydrates, proteins are discussed with regard to their ability to alter the nature and the degree of calcium excretion following their ingestion. It is emphasised that at present we have only limited knowledge on the chain of events linking calorie intake and the response of the kidney.", "contents": "A survey of calcium urolithiasis in normocalcemic hypercalciuria: possible role of nutrients and diet-mediated factors. Three types of hypercalciuria are described; their existence and frequent association with calcium urolithiasis in humans are accepted. Various dietary factors such as minerals, electrolytes, fluids, vitamin D, carbohydrates, proteins are discussed with regard to their ability to alter the nature and the degree of calcium excretion following their ingestion. It is emphasised that at present we have only limited knowledge on the chain of events linking calorie intake and the response of the kidney.", "PMID": 388796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8313", "title": "Quantitation of response to therapy in calcium urolithiasis.", "content": "The physico-chemical basis for the action of various drugs in calcium nephrolithiasis may be described in terms of changes produced in the urinary state of saturation (APR), limit of metastability (FPR), or in crystal growth. The validation of this scheme for drug action requires further correlation of objective responses to drug therapy, described in terms of urinary crystallisation, with the clinical response.", "contents": "Quantitation of response to therapy in calcium urolithiasis. The physico-chemical basis for the action of various drugs in calcium nephrolithiasis may be described in terms of changes produced in the urinary state of saturation (APR), limit of metastability (FPR), or in crystal growth. The validation of this scheme for drug action requires further correlation of objective responses to drug therapy, described in terms of urinary crystallisation, with the clinical response.", "PMID": 388797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8314", "title": "Urease stones.", "content": "Urinary stones form as a consequence of urinary supersaturation. Supersaturation occurs as a result of elevated concentrations of urinary solutes. Dietary, metabolic, endocrine, hereditary, and infectious processes alter urinary solute concentrations. Struvite (MgNH4PO. 6H2O) and carbonate-apatite [Ca10(PO4)6CO3] stones form in urine that becomes supersaturated as a by-product of the hydrolysis of urea by the bacterial enzyme urease. Urease-induced stones manifest primarily as branched renal calculi and as bladder calculi. Conventional therapy has usually consisted of surgical removal of the stone combined with a short course of antimicrobial therapy. Such treatment is curative in about 50% of cases. Recurrent stone formation and progressive pyelonephritis occur in those who are not cured. Adjunctive medical treatment with acetohydroxamic acid or hydroxyurea lessens the risk of calculogenesis and decreases growth of residual stones in patients who are not cured by conventional therapy. Patients with urea-splitting urinary infection and renal stones have a major life-threatening disease. The morbidity and expense that result from this disease are great. Long-term (perhaps lifetime) chemotherapy with antimicrobial agents and/or urease-inhibiting drugs combined with judicious and expert surgical intervention can be expected to significantly improve the plight of these unfortunate patients.", "contents": "Urease stones. Urinary stones form as a consequence of urinary supersaturation. Supersaturation occurs as a result of elevated concentrations of urinary solutes. Dietary, metabolic, endocrine, hereditary, and infectious processes alter urinary solute concentrations. Struvite (MgNH4PO. 6H2O) and carbonate-apatite [Ca10(PO4)6CO3] stones form in urine that becomes supersaturated as a by-product of the hydrolysis of urea by the bacterial enzyme urease. Urease-induced stones manifest primarily as branched renal calculi and as bladder calculi. Conventional therapy has usually consisted of surgical removal of the stone combined with a short course of antimicrobial therapy. Such treatment is curative in about 50% of cases. Recurrent stone formation and progressive pyelonephritis occur in those who are not cured. Adjunctive medical treatment with acetohydroxamic acid or hydroxyurea lessens the risk of calculogenesis and decreases growth of residual stones in patients who are not cured by conventional therapy. Patients with urea-splitting urinary infection and renal stones have a major life-threatening disease. The morbidity and expense that result from this disease are great. Long-term (perhaps lifetime) chemotherapy with antimicrobial agents and/or urease-inhibiting drugs combined with judicious and expert surgical intervention can be expected to significantly improve the plight of these unfortunate patients.", "PMID": 388798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8315", "title": "[Laboratory tools in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The most reliable laboratory test for prostate cancer remains prostatic phosphatase determination. With the spectrophotometric method, however, falsely negative results are to be expected in 40% of stage D lesions. In only one third of patients with localized disease results are correctly positive. This poor specificity and sensitivity can be improved by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Using this technique the prostatogenic isoenzyme is elevated in 50% of stage A and in 80% of stage B carcinoma, suggesting RIA for screening. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate or serum iron and copper are not necessarily of prognostic value. Phosphatase determination of bone marrow aspirates also requires the RIA method if differentiation of stage C and D is to be expected. Serum hormone assays are not yet introduced into routine staging programs. Serum and urinary markers such as CEA, polyamines of LDH isoenzymes are unspecific and of uncertain value in prostatic carcinoma. Measurement of urinary hydroxyproline seems a reliable method for the search of osseous spread; other bone diseases have to be excluded. In patients with prostate cancer laboratory tests still represent adjunctive measures in connection with the clinical diagnostic armamentarium of urologists.", "contents": "[Laboratory tools in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer (author's transl)]. The most reliable laboratory test for prostate cancer remains prostatic phosphatase determination. With the spectrophotometric method, however, falsely negative results are to be expected in 40% of stage D lesions. In only one third of patients with localized disease results are correctly positive. This poor specificity and sensitivity can be improved by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Using this technique the prostatogenic isoenzyme is elevated in 50% of stage A and in 80% of stage B carcinoma, suggesting RIA for screening. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate or serum iron and copper are not necessarily of prognostic value. Phosphatase determination of bone marrow aspirates also requires the RIA method if differentiation of stage C and D is to be expected. Serum hormone assays are not yet introduced into routine staging programs. Serum and urinary markers such as CEA, polyamines of LDH isoenzymes are unspecific and of uncertain value in prostatic carcinoma. Measurement of urinary hydroxyproline seems a reliable method for the search of osseous spread; other bone diseases have to be excluded. In patients with prostate cancer laboratory tests still represent adjunctive measures in connection with the clinical diagnostic armamentarium of urologists.", "PMID": 388799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8316", "title": "Flushing of distal vas during vasectomy: current status and review of literature.", "content": "Vas irrigation during vasectomy, to effect immediate sterility or to shorten the interval between vasectomy and sterility, has received increasing attention in recent years. A review of the literature on vas irrigation is presented. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of various irrigants and irrigation methods, method and technical failures, and evidence of increased risks of recanalization, inflammation, tissue damage, and infection. Stored sperm and their location after vasectomy are explored. Suggested mechanisms for the action of irrigants are reviewed, and another mechanism is proposed. Variations in study results and our incomplete understanding of vas and seminal vesicle physiology during ejaculation (compounded by individual variations) require more investigation before large clinical trials are initiated.", "contents": "Flushing of distal vas during vasectomy: current status and review of literature. Vas irrigation during vasectomy, to effect immediate sterility or to shorten the interval between vasectomy and sterility, has received increasing attention in recent years. A review of the literature on vas irrigation is presented. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of various irrigants and irrigation methods, method and technical failures, and evidence of increased risks of recanalization, inflammation, tissue damage, and infection. Stored sperm and their location after vasectomy are explored. Suggested mechanisms for the action of irrigants are reviewed, and another mechanism is proposed. Variations in study results and our incomplete understanding of vas and seminal vesicle physiology during ejaculation (compounded by individual variations) require more investigation before large clinical trials are initiated.", "PMID": 388800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8317", "title": "Practical management of venous injury during pelvic surgery for urologic disease.", "content": "There is a selection of techniques (ligation, lateral suture repair, venous patch graft, end to end repair, and vein replacement graft) which can be adopted to deal with venous injury during pelvic surgery for urologic disease. Technical details of the various methods of repair are described for the benefit of the urologist who occasionally finds himself with a major venous injury and no vascular surgeon available to help.", "contents": "Practical management of venous injury during pelvic surgery for urologic disease. There is a selection of techniques (ligation, lateral suture repair, venous patch graft, end to end repair, and vein replacement graft) which can be adopted to deal with venous injury during pelvic surgery for urologic disease. Technical details of the various methods of repair are described for the benefit of the urologist who occasionally finds himself with a major venous injury and no vascular surgeon available to help.", "PMID": 388804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8318", "title": "Clomiphene citrate therapy for male infertility.", "content": "We have summarized 697 reported cases of the use of clomiphene citrate for the improvement of semen quality. Basal levels of gonadotropins are useful criteria for the differential diagnosis of hypo- and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Patients with an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are most likely to respond to clomiphene citrate. Twenty-five mg. per day, administered in a cyclic fashion for a period of six to nine months, caused the greatest improvement. A higher dose (50 mg. per day) may be effective in men who do not respond to 25 mg. During the course of therapy gonadotropin levels and semen samples should be analyzed periodically. This drug is not currently approved for use in men; the incidence of side effects, particularly with long-term treatment, is unknown.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate therapy for male infertility. We have summarized 697 reported cases of the use of clomiphene citrate for the improvement of semen quality. Basal levels of gonadotropins are useful criteria for the differential diagnosis of hypo- and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Patients with an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are most likely to respond to clomiphene citrate. Twenty-five mg. per day, administered in a cyclic fashion for a period of six to nine months, caused the greatest improvement. A higher dose (50 mg. per day) may be effective in men who do not respond to 25 mg. During the course of therapy gonadotropin levels and semen samples should be analyzed periodically. This drug is not currently approved for use in men; the incidence of side effects, particularly with long-term treatment, is unknown.", "PMID": 388805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8319", "title": "Effects of preliminary normothermic flushing on hypothermic renal preservation.", "content": "Flushing of harvested kidneys with hypothermic perfusates is presumed to cause inappropriate circulation due to vasospasm. Effects of initial normothermic flushing prior to hypothermic flushing and cold preservation were tested in canine kidneys. Analysis of the perfusion characteristics revealed that a brief initial flushing with solutions at 37 degrees C. eliminates vasoconstriction and even facilitates subsequent hypothermic flushing. In amounts not exceeding 100 cc. it was not deleterious to transplant function. Larger volumes of normothermic flushing were proved to cause endothelial injury and resulted in poor transplant survival.", "contents": "Effects of preliminary normothermic flushing on hypothermic renal preservation. Flushing of harvested kidneys with hypothermic perfusates is presumed to cause inappropriate circulation due to vasospasm. Effects of initial normothermic flushing prior to hypothermic flushing and cold preservation were tested in canine kidneys. Analysis of the perfusion characteristics revealed that a brief initial flushing with solutions at 37 degrees C. eliminates vasoconstriction and even facilitates subsequent hypothermic flushing. In amounts not exceeding 100 cc. it was not deleterious to transplant function. Larger volumes of normothermic flushing were proved to cause endothelial injury and resulted in poor transplant survival.", "PMID": 388806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8320", "title": "[Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on reflex hemodynamic reactions].", "content": "Clinical examination of patients with diseases of the lungs and locomotor system during the surgical treatment and experiments in animals has shown that sodium hydroxybutyrate used as an anesthetizing drug under conditions of the neuroleptic analgesia fails to provide an effective defense against the surgical trauma. This is shown by the instability in the hemodynamic indices, metabolic shifts and the presence of nociceptive viscero-somatic reflexes.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on reflex hemodynamic reactions]. Clinical examination of patients with diseases of the lungs and locomotor system during the surgical treatment and experiments in animals has shown that sodium hydroxybutyrate used as an anesthetizing drug under conditions of the neuroleptic analgesia fails to provide an effective defense against the surgical trauma. This is shown by the instability in the hemodynamic indices, metabolic shifts and the presence of nociceptive viscero-somatic reflexes.", "PMID": 388815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8321", "title": "[Acute cholelithiasic intestinal obstruction].", "content": "The paper presents the data of diagnosis, clinical picture and surgical treatment of 8 patients with acute cholelythic ileus. The authors describe the specific features of the clinical course of the disease and emphasize high diagnostic value of general rentgenography of the abdomen for the recognition of this complication. Operations in acute cholelythic ileus are characterized. Prevention of such pathology is dependent on timely surgery for such patients.", "contents": "[Acute cholelithiasic intestinal obstruction]. The paper presents the data of diagnosis, clinical picture and surgical treatment of 8 patients with acute cholelythic ileus. The authors describe the specific features of the clinical course of the disease and emphasize high diagnostic value of general rentgenography of the abdomen for the recognition of this complication. Operations in acute cholelythic ileus are characterized. Prevention of such pathology is dependent on timely surgery for such patients.", "PMID": 388818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8322", "title": "[Prevention of cicatricial deformities following surgical repair of the skin in patients with burns].", "content": "Under study was the dynamics of clinical and morphological changes of 348 portions of the repaired skin in 266 patients in different periods after plasty. Recommendations are proposed to prevent secondary cicatricial deformities.", "contents": "[Prevention of cicatricial deformities following surgical repair of the skin in patients with burns]. Under study was the dynamics of clinical and morphological changes of 348 portions of the repaired skin in 266 patients in different periods after plasty. Recommendations are proposed to prevent secondary cicatricial deformities.", "PMID": 388820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8323", "title": "[Hydrodynamics of the active drainage of the mediastinum using lavage and aspiration].", "content": "The results of experimental studies of hydrodynamics in acute drainage are described. Four series of experiments were carried on a transparent model filled with a liquid. The authors have revealed the phenomenon of dyraulic \"strokes\" which promote mechanical purification of the cavity from the purulent content. It has been established that a running-water fractional regimen of washing should be used for the cavities of more than 15--20 cm3 volume.", "contents": "[Hydrodynamics of the active drainage of the mediastinum using lavage and aspiration]. The results of experimental studies of hydrodynamics in acute drainage are described. Four series of experiments were carried on a transparent model filled with a liquid. The authors have revealed the phenomenon of dyraulic \"strokes\" which promote mechanical purification of the cavity from the purulent content. It has been established that a running-water fractional regimen of washing should be used for the cavities of more than 15--20 cm3 volume.", "PMID": 388825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8324", "title": "[Gunshot wounds of the arteries].", "content": "The surgical tactics for the treatment of gunshot wounds of vessels should depend not only on the kind of the injuring shell but also on the concrete dimensions of the injury of vessels and surrounding tissues. The vital capacity of the vessels and adjacent tissues should be determined by the same criteria as that of well-known and sufficiently studied gunshot wounds.", "contents": "[Gunshot wounds of the arteries]. The surgical tactics for the treatment of gunshot wounds of vessels should depend not only on the kind of the injuring shell but also on the concrete dimensions of the injury of vessels and surrounding tissues. The vital capacity of the vessels and adjacent tissues should be determined by the same criteria as that of well-known and sufficiently studied gunshot wounds.", "PMID": 388826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8325", "title": "[Treatment of Achilles tendon injuries in athletes].", "content": "165 athletes with injuries to the Achilles tendon were under observation of the authors; 4 of them had sustained open traumas and 161 -- subcutanous ones. Surgical intervention was the main method of treatment. The G. D. Nikitin's method of autoplasty is indicated in fresh injuries, a combined autoalloplasty, according to the authors' method, -- in old ones. Late results were followed up in 141 patients, all of them showed good outcome. Primary surgical treatment of the wound and suture of the Achilles tendon are indicated in open injuries to the Achilles tendon.", "contents": "[Treatment of Achilles tendon injuries in athletes]. 165 athletes with injuries to the Achilles tendon were under observation of the authors; 4 of them had sustained open traumas and 161 -- subcutanous ones. Surgical intervention was the main method of treatment. The G. D. Nikitin's method of autoplasty is indicated in fresh injuries, a combined autoalloplasty, according to the authors' method, -- in old ones. Late results were followed up in 141 patients, all of them showed good outcome. Primary surgical treatment of the wound and suture of the Achilles tendon are indicated in open injuries to the Achilles tendon.", "PMID": 388828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8326", "title": "Pulmonary function testing in horses.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests in horses are in the early stages of development and there will be a limit in the range of tests available since those requiring patient cooperation cannot be conducted in animals. Some tests such as blood gas analysis, A-aDo2 and delta Ppl measurements could presently be used to a greater extent under field conditions. Others that require expensive equipment and considerable technical assistance will be limited to the larger referral type veterinary clinics until the time is reached when there is adequate information to select those procedures that give a reasonable cost to benefit ratio to make their use more widespread.", "contents": "Pulmonary function testing in horses. Pulmonary function tests in horses are in the early stages of development and there will be a limit in the range of tests available since those requiring patient cooperation cannot be conducted in animals. Some tests such as blood gas analysis, A-aDo2 and delta Ppl measurements could presently be used to a greater extent under field conditions. Others that require expensive equipment and considerable technical assistance will be limited to the larger referral type veterinary clinics until the time is reached when there is adequate information to select those procedures that give a reasonable cost to benefit ratio to make their use more widespread.", "PMID": 388831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8327", "title": "Chemical mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "The investigation of the mast cell-basophil products has progressed from studies directed solely at implicating histamine or serotonin in allergic diseases to molecular definitions of pathways to target cell activation and mediator release. In addition, within the last several years the detection and molecular characterization of the many other mediators of immediate hypersensitivity have begun. This area should continue to prove a fruitful arena in the future. Identification of the physiologic importance of these mediators in the heaves syndrome or other potential equine allergic syndromes may contribute both to the basic understanding of the pathogenesis of allergy, as well as suggest possible avenues for control.", "contents": "Chemical mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. The investigation of the mast cell-basophil products has progressed from studies directed solely at implicating histamine or serotonin in allergic diseases to molecular definitions of pathways to target cell activation and mediator release. In addition, within the last several years the detection and molecular characterization of the many other mediators of immediate hypersensitivity have begun. This area should continue to prove a fruitful arena in the future. Identification of the physiologic importance of these mediators in the heaves syndrome or other potential equine allergic syndromes may contribute both to the basic understanding of the pathogenesis of allergy, as well as suggest possible avenues for control.", "PMID": 388832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8328", "title": "Autologous, split skin transplantation on the lower limbs of horses.", "content": "The skin grafting experiments were carried out on the cannon regions of horses to throw light on four matters relating to split skin transplantation. They were: The thickness of donor split skin that would provide good wound cover and still leave adequate tissue to permit uneventful healing at the donor site; whether split skin grafts were more readily accepted on fresh than on granulating wounds; the size of wounds that would benefit from grafting; and the maximum size of graft that would be readily accepted. The findings were: Split skin grafts 0.76 mm thickness gave the best results although grafts 0.63 mm thickness were satisfactory; split skin grafts were accepted more readily on fresh wounds than on granulating tissue; wounds which exceeded 1/10th of the skin area on the cannon region justified grafting; the upper limit in size was not established as the largest grafts used were more readily accepted than smaller grafts.", "contents": "Autologous, split skin transplantation on the lower limbs of horses. The skin grafting experiments were carried out on the cannon regions of horses to throw light on four matters relating to split skin transplantation. They were: The thickness of donor split skin that would provide good wound cover and still leave adequate tissue to permit uneventful healing at the donor site; whether split skin grafts were more readily accepted on fresh than on granulating wounds; the size of wounds that would benefit from grafting; and the maximum size of graft that would be readily accepted. The findings were: Split skin grafts 0.76 mm thickness gave the best results although grafts 0.63 mm thickness were satisfactory; split skin grafts were accepted more readily on fresh wounds than on granulating tissue; wounds which exceeded 1/10th of the skin area on the cannon region justified grafting; the upper limit in size was not established as the largest grafts used were more readily accepted than smaller grafts.", "PMID": 388835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8329", "title": "[Immunostimulating activity of certain subcellular fractions of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19].", "content": "A 24-hour culture of Escherichia coli 0138:K81:H19 was used to isolate a soluble cytoplasmic fraction, an O antigen, and an unsolube cell ingredient. Their immunogenic action was followed up through subcutaneous vaccination of mice and the production of humoral antibodies in rabbits. It was found that the cytoplasmic ingredient was a slightly toxic protective antigen forming considerable immunity in mice and a comparatively high titer of antibodies in rabbit sera. The unsoluble cell ingredient and the O antigen proved comparatively toxic and did not produce favourable immune response. Discussed in the use of the cytoplasmic ingredient as a vaccine as well as the type of the immunoglobulins produced.", "contents": "[Immunostimulating activity of certain subcellular fractions of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19]. A 24-hour culture of Escherichia coli 0138:K81:H19 was used to isolate a soluble cytoplasmic fraction, an O antigen, and an unsolube cell ingredient. Their immunogenic action was followed up through subcutaneous vaccination of mice and the production of humoral antibodies in rabbits. It was found that the cytoplasmic ingredient was a slightly toxic protective antigen forming considerable immunity in mice and a comparatively high titer of antibodies in rabbit sera. The unsoluble cell ingredient and the O antigen proved comparatively toxic and did not produce favourable immune response. Discussed in the use of the cytoplasmic ingredient as a vaccine as well as the type of the immunoglobulins produced.", "PMID": 388840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8330", "title": "[Resoprtion of colostric immunoglobulins and serum bactericidal activity of lambs during ontogeny].", "content": "Studied were the resorption dynamics of colostrum IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in lambs of ewes vaccinated and unvaccinated against Escherichia coli and the bactericidal activity of their serum depending on the time after the first sucking as well as the resorption and the bactericidal activity as influenced by the first sucking itself. The experiment was carried out on 70 lambs of vaccinated ewes and 30 lambs of unvaccinated ewes. The period of investigation covered the time from the first to the 20th day after the first sucking, studying also the agglutinin titer, the phagocyte number and phagocyte index of the leukocytes with regard to the vaccinal strain O7 of E. coli. The specificity of IgG and IgM was studied through immunoelectrophoresis. It was found that the bactericidal activity of the blood in newborn lambs was dependent on the amount of the immunoglobulins resorbed and their specificity. A delay of 10--24 hours of the first sucking led to a drop of both immunoglobulins and bactericidal activity by about 48--65 and 20--45 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "[Resoprtion of colostric immunoglobulins and serum bactericidal activity of lambs during ontogeny]. Studied were the resorption dynamics of colostrum IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in lambs of ewes vaccinated and unvaccinated against Escherichia coli and the bactericidal activity of their serum depending on the time after the first sucking as well as the resorption and the bactericidal activity as influenced by the first sucking itself. The experiment was carried out on 70 lambs of vaccinated ewes and 30 lambs of unvaccinated ewes. The period of investigation covered the time from the first to the 20th day after the first sucking, studying also the agglutinin titer, the phagocyte number and phagocyte index of the leukocytes with regard to the vaccinal strain O7 of E. coli. The specificity of IgG and IgM was studied through immunoelectrophoresis. It was found that the bactericidal activity of the blood in newborn lambs was dependent on the amount of the immunoglobulins resorbed and their specificity. A delay of 10--24 hours of the first sucking led to a drop of both immunoglobulins and bactericidal activity by about 48--65 and 20--45 per cent, respectively.", "PMID": 388841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8331", "title": "[Transmissible drug resistance in strains of E. coli isolated from birds].", "content": "A total of 97 strains of Escherichia coli, resistant either to one or to several theraupeutic agents and isolated from young and adult birds, were studied for the presence of transmissible R plasmids. Transmissible drug resistance was demonstrated with 37 per cent of the strains. The transmission of such resistance was manifested in highest percent in the case of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, followed by sulphathiazole and tetracycline. The R plasmids established in multi-drug resistant strains with three markers and more, were found to bear high percent determinants of resistance to chloramphenicol and in lower percent such to sulphathiazole and tetracycline. The same strains presented R plasmids that bore determinants of resistance to five therapeutic agents (Tc, Su, Cm, Mm, Nm) and to three therapeutic agents (Cm, Ap, Tc) and (Cm, Su, Km).", "contents": "[Transmissible drug resistance in strains of E. coli isolated from birds]. A total of 97 strains of Escherichia coli, resistant either to one or to several theraupeutic agents and isolated from young and adult birds, were studied for the presence of transmissible R plasmids. Transmissible drug resistance was demonstrated with 37 per cent of the strains. The transmission of such resistance was manifested in highest percent in the case of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, followed by sulphathiazole and tetracycline. The R plasmids established in multi-drug resistant strains with three markers and more, were found to bear high percent determinants of resistance to chloramphenicol and in lower percent such to sulphathiazole and tetracycline. The same strains presented R plasmids that bore determinants of resistance to five therapeutic agents (Tc, Su, Cm, Mm, Nm) and to three therapeutic agents (Cm, Ap, Tc) and (Cm, Su, Km).", "PMID": 388842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8332", "title": "Mannitol.", "content": "Mannitol may be useful clinically both as a diuretic and as an obligate extracellular solute. As a diuretic it can be used to treat patients with intractable edema states, to increase urine flow and flush out debris from the renal tubules in patients with acute tubular necrosis, and to increase toxin excretion in patients with barbiturate, salicylate or bromide intoxication. As an obligate extracellular solute it may be useful to ameliorate symptoms of the dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, to decrease cerebral edema following trauma or cerebrovascular accident, and to prevent cell swelling related to renal ischemia following cross-clamping of the aorta. Largely unexplored uses for mannitol include its use as an osmotic agent in place of dextrose in peritoneal dialysis solutions, its use to maintain urine output in patients newly begun on hemodialysis, and its use to limit infarct size following acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Mannitol. Mannitol may be useful clinically both as a diuretic and as an obligate extracellular solute. As a diuretic it can be used to treat patients with intractable edema states, to increase urine flow and flush out debris from the renal tubules in patients with acute tubular necrosis, and to increase toxin excretion in patients with barbiturate, salicylate or bromide intoxication. As an obligate extracellular solute it may be useful to ameliorate symptoms of the dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, to decrease cerebral edema following trauma or cerebrovascular accident, and to prevent cell swelling related to renal ischemia following cross-clamping of the aorta. Largely unexplored uses for mannitol include its use as an osmotic agent in place of dextrose in peritoneal dialysis solutions, its use to maintain urine output in patients newly begun on hemodialysis, and its use to limit infarct size following acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 388867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8333", "title": "Diseases of phenylalanine metabolism.", "content": "Continuing investigation of the system that hydroxylates phenylalanine to tyrosine has led to new insights into diseases associated with the malfunction of this system. Good evidence has confirmed that phenylketonuria (PKU) is not caused by a simple lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency as well as defects in biopterin metabolism may also cause the clinical features of phenylketonuria. Furthermore, these diseases do not respond to the standard treatment for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Diseases of phenylalanine metabolism. Continuing investigation of the system that hydroxylates phenylalanine to tyrosine has led to new insights into diseases associated with the malfunction of this system. Good evidence has confirmed that phenylketonuria (PKU) is not caused by a simple lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency as well as defects in biopterin metabolism may also cause the clinical features of phenylketonuria. Furthermore, these diseases do not respond to the standard treatment for phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 388868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8334", "title": "[The serum concentration of anticonvulsants -- pharmacokinetic findings and practical therapeutic applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine determination of the blood serum concentration of most of the usual anticonvulsants is possible by means of an immunoenzymatic method (EMIT). Determination of the total concentration permits conclusions as to the amount of available, unbound and, thus, effective amount of the substance. Regular determination of serum values provides insight into the relevant pharmacokinetics. Metabolism of anticonvulsants differs greatly among individuals and therefore considerable individual variation exists in the relation between the applied dose and the attained serum level. The metabolic rate of the various substances is unequal and, accordingly, the time necessary to reach a steady state and the half life is very variable. Metabolism may be altered by various biological adaptations, diseases or other drugs, causing alterations in the serum level of the anticonvulsant. Results obtained to date indicate a therapeutic threshold concentration range. In a certain percentage of patients seizures are abolished or diminish in frequency only on attaining such a serum level. In more benign cases an adequate therapeutic effect may be obtained with lower (\"subtherapeutic\") concentrations, while on the other hand, in malignant cases, no efficient control of seizure activity can be attained even at a high serum concentration. The method should be used in all problematic patients. Up to 50% of patients with insufficient control of seizures show improvement or, even, absence of seizures if this method is included in the therapeutic concept.", "contents": "[The serum concentration of anticonvulsants -- pharmacokinetic findings and practical therapeutic applications (author's transl)]. Routine determination of the blood serum concentration of most of the usual anticonvulsants is possible by means of an immunoenzymatic method (EMIT). Determination of the total concentration permits conclusions as to the amount of available, unbound and, thus, effective amount of the substance. Regular determination of serum values provides insight into the relevant pharmacokinetics. Metabolism of anticonvulsants differs greatly among individuals and therefore considerable individual variation exists in the relation between the applied dose and the attained serum level. The metabolic rate of the various substances is unequal and, accordingly, the time necessary to reach a steady state and the half life is very variable. Metabolism may be altered by various biological adaptations, diseases or other drugs, causing alterations in the serum level of the anticonvulsant. Results obtained to date indicate a therapeutic threshold concentration range. In a certain percentage of patients seizures are abolished or diminish in frequency only on attaining such a serum level. In more benign cases an adequate therapeutic effect may be obtained with lower (\"subtherapeutic\") concentrations, while on the other hand, in malignant cases, no efficient control of seizure activity can be attained even at a high serum concentration. The method should be used in all problematic patients. Up to 50% of patients with insufficient control of seizures show improvement or, even, absence of seizures if this method is included in the therapeutic concept.", "PMID": 388884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8335", "title": "[The posttraumatic osteomyelitis in guinea-pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "A model of posttraumatic osteomyelitis was developed in 120 Duncan-Hartley guinea-pigs. For this purpose the right femura of all animals were fractured surgically. In 60 guinea-pigs immobilisation of the fractured extremity was omitted, in remaining 60 the medullary space was splinted with intramedullary pin. Each of the two groups was further subdivided in three subgroups, i.s. non infected controls, staphylococcus aureus-infections and escherichia coli-infections. Comparative evaluations were based on ten follow-up studies, nine of which were scheduled for the first three postoperative months and one 12 months after surgery. The overwhelming majority of infected animals developed acute osteomyelitis. This was found to heal within the first three postoperative months in just a few of the animals without intramedullary pinning. In all other animals the condition became chronic and was still demonstrable one year after infection. Follow-up immunological studies were based on bacterial ingestion. An evaluation of opsonic activity against time revealed statistically significant deferences for all groups. Marked depression of opsonic activity within the first 35 postoperative days after intramedullary pinning constituted the most prominent immunological finding.", "contents": "[The posttraumatic osteomyelitis in guinea-pigs (author's transl)]. A model of posttraumatic osteomyelitis was developed in 120 Duncan-Hartley guinea-pigs. For this purpose the right femura of all animals were fractured surgically. In 60 guinea-pigs immobilisation of the fractured extremity was omitted, in remaining 60 the medullary space was splinted with intramedullary pin. Each of the two groups was further subdivided in three subgroups, i.s. non infected controls, staphylococcus aureus-infections and escherichia coli-infections. Comparative evaluations were based on ten follow-up studies, nine of which were scheduled for the first three postoperative months and one 12 months after surgery. The overwhelming majority of infected animals developed acute osteomyelitis. This was found to heal within the first three postoperative months in just a few of the animals without intramedullary pinning. In all other animals the condition became chronic and was still demonstrable one year after infection. Follow-up immunological studies were based on bacterial ingestion. An evaluation of opsonic activity against time revealed statistically significant deferences for all groups. Marked depression of opsonic activity within the first 35 postoperative days after intramedullary pinning constituted the most prominent immunological finding.", "PMID": 388885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8336", "title": "[Reaction of connective tissue and striated muscle tissue to implanted ashwood (author's transl)].", "content": "In former experiments it could be shown, that new bone is formed around ashwood after implantation in the tibia of rabbits, in spite of a foreign-body tissue reaction. Equally prepared ashwood half-cylinders were now implanted in the soft tissue of rats and evaluated 2, 6, 12 and 30 weeks after implantation. Around the implants a foreign-body tissue reaction developed and demonstrates the hitherto insufficient preparation of the implants.", "contents": "[Reaction of connective tissue and striated muscle tissue to implanted ashwood (author's transl)]. In former experiments it could be shown, that new bone is formed around ashwood after implantation in the tibia of rabbits, in spite of a foreign-body tissue reaction. Equally prepared ashwood half-cylinders were now implanted in the soft tissue of rats and evaluated 2, 6, 12 and 30 weeks after implantation. Around the implants a foreign-body tissue reaction developed and demonstrates the hitherto insufficient preparation of the implants.", "PMID": 388888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8337", "title": "[Experimental and clinical experiences with silicone catheters in fistulizing glaucoma surgery].", "content": "1. A historical revue of seton operations is presented, which were actually explored for the first time by Rollet in 1907. 2. The paramount importance of the selection of the appropriate material for the setons is stressed. 3. Ocular tolerance especially of silicone tubings has been investigated by animal experiments. Excellent tolerance of silicone intraocularly as well as subconjunctivally has been found. This fact confirms experimental investigations by other authors. 4. In animal experiments for the first time a surgical technique securing firm anchorage of a sole silicone tubing could be developed. Insertion of a silicone catheter was combined with thermal sclerostomy; ocular hypotony was not encountered. 5. A study exploring aqueous egress following the new surgical procedure has been conducted by means of injection of fluorescein into the anterior chamber. Various exit-sites of aqueous were recorded: diffuse outflow through the filtration cleft as well as the catheter lumen, and also via channels either within lymph vessels or secondary aqueous veins. 6. Aqueous outflow following the seton operation has also been studied by scintigraphic means; the first description of this method in glaucoma-operated eyes is presented. Applying this technique not only the existence of a filtering bleb is documented, but in addition the speed of aqueous transit through the filtering bleb was measured. This transit has been found to be a rapid one. 7. The clinical results of this type of seton operation do confirm the experimental evidence of excellent ocular tolerance of silicone tubings as well as the reliability of their firm anchorage. Postoperative tension with or without additional antiglaucomatous medication proved quite satisfactory. 8. The proposed surgical procedure is recommendable especially in patients exhibiting haemorrhagic glaucoma, were conventional methods are likely to fail in the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical experiences with silicone catheters in fistulizing glaucoma surgery]. 1. A historical revue of seton operations is presented, which were actually explored for the first time by Rollet in 1907. 2. The paramount importance of the selection of the appropriate material for the setons is stressed. 3. Ocular tolerance especially of silicone tubings has been investigated by animal experiments. Excellent tolerance of silicone intraocularly as well as subconjunctivally has been found. This fact confirms experimental investigations by other authors. 4. In animal experiments for the first time a surgical technique securing firm anchorage of a sole silicone tubing could be developed. Insertion of a silicone catheter was combined with thermal sclerostomy; ocular hypotony was not encountered. 5. A study exploring aqueous egress following the new surgical procedure has been conducted by means of injection of fluorescein into the anterior chamber. Various exit-sites of aqueous were recorded: diffuse outflow through the filtration cleft as well as the catheter lumen, and also via channels either within lymph vessels or secondary aqueous veins. 6. Aqueous outflow following the seton operation has also been studied by scintigraphic means; the first description of this method in glaucoma-operated eyes is presented. Applying this technique not only the existence of a filtering bleb is documented, but in addition the speed of aqueous transit through the filtering bleb was measured. This transit has been found to be a rapid one. 7. The clinical results of this type of seton operation do confirm the experimental evidence of excellent ocular tolerance of silicone tubings as well as the reliability of their firm anchorage. Postoperative tension with or without additional antiglaucomatous medication proved quite satisfactory. 8. The proposed surgical procedure is recommendable especially in patients exhibiting haemorrhagic glaucoma, were conventional methods are likely to fail in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 388890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8338", "title": "[The medical school reform of the early 18th century. On the 300th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Juncker (1679-1759)].", "content": "The 300th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Juncker gives the occasion to think of the Collegium clinicum Halense founded by him and at the same time of Juncker's versatile activities for furthering an education connected with practice. Juncker's reform of study forms the initial point for the transformation of the clinical and policlinical forms of education in favour of an increasing orientation to practice which in many place was done only at the end of the century.", "contents": "[The medical school reform of the early 18th century. On the 300th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Juncker (1679-1759)]. The 300th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Juncker gives the occasion to think of the Collegium clinicum Halense founded by him and at the same time of Juncker's versatile activities for furthering an education connected with practice. Juncker's reform of study forms the initial point for the transformation of the clinical and policlinical forms of education in favour of an increasing orientation to practice which in many place was done only at the end of the century.", "PMID": 388898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8339", "title": "[Primary pyelonephritis (the focal problem)].", "content": "On different experimental models of pyelonephritis in dogs and rabbits an experiment for the classification of the pathogenesis of this disease with the special questioning of the possible development of the so-called primary pyelonephritis was performed. A series of experiments consisted of 3 groups: 1. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the musculature of the urinary bladder of dogs and rabbits. 2. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the testicles of rabbits. 3. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the seminal bladders of rats. The experiments lasted 2 to 15 days and 16 to 110 days, respectively. In the second series of experiment in rats and rabbits an E.-coli-suspension was injected into the gall-bladder of rats and rabbits. Bacteriologic blood cultures and histologic investigations of the kidneys, the ureters, the wall of the urinary bladder and the adjacent lymphatic and fatty tissue as well as of the gall-bladders were performed. The results showed that the pyelonephritis developed secondarily after the infection of the other infected organs by haematogenic or interstitial dissemination of the pathogenic agents. Conclusions are drawn: 1. Every pyelonephritis, also the haematogenic, is a secondary process. 2. Therefore all must be done to find out the primary inflammatory change in the organism and to cure it. 3. Severe forms of the pyelonephritis may, on the other hand, effect as focus and evoke in inflammation of other organs on lymphogenic and haematogenic way. 4. Taking into consideration the facts mentioned perhaps the great number of pyelonephritiides having become latent might be reduced.", "contents": "[Primary pyelonephritis (the focal problem)]. On different experimental models of pyelonephritis in dogs and rabbits an experiment for the classification of the pathogenesis of this disease with the special questioning of the possible development of the so-called primary pyelonephritis was performed. A series of experiments consisted of 3 groups: 1. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the musculature of the urinary bladder of dogs and rabbits. 2. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the testicles of rabbits. 3. Injection of an E.-coli-suspension into the seminal bladders of rats. The experiments lasted 2 to 15 days and 16 to 110 days, respectively. In the second series of experiment in rats and rabbits an E.-coli-suspension was injected into the gall-bladder of rats and rabbits. Bacteriologic blood cultures and histologic investigations of the kidneys, the ureters, the wall of the urinary bladder and the adjacent lymphatic and fatty tissue as well as of the gall-bladders were performed. The results showed that the pyelonephritis developed secondarily after the infection of the other infected organs by haematogenic or interstitial dissemination of the pathogenic agents. Conclusions are drawn: 1. Every pyelonephritis, also the haematogenic, is a secondary process. 2. Therefore all must be done to find out the primary inflammatory change in the organism and to cure it. 3. Severe forms of the pyelonephritis may, on the other hand, effect as focus and evoke in inflammation of other organs on lymphogenic and haematogenic way. 4. Taking into consideration the facts mentioned perhaps the great number of pyelonephritiides having become latent might be reduced.", "PMID": 388921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8340", "title": "[Contribution to the neuropathology of stereotactic brain-operations and their fatal complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the neuropathology of 6 fatal cases in 150 stereotactic operations, performed on 135 patients from 1960 to February 1978. The deceased had a hyperkinesis and a severe Parkinson's disease in 3 cases each. Only two of them had died of a complicating intracranial extracerebral haemorrhage immediately after the stereotactic operation. In our own material the longest survival time after operation was about 3 years. Biochemical and biothermical reactions and situations basing on thermocoagulation are dealt with in particular.", "contents": "[Contribution to the neuropathology of stereotactic brain-operations and their fatal complications (author's transl)]. Report on the neuropathology of 6 fatal cases in 150 stereotactic operations, performed on 135 patients from 1960 to February 1978. The deceased had a hyperkinesis and a severe Parkinson's disease in 3 cases each. Only two of them had died of a complicating intracranial extracerebral haemorrhage immediately after the stereotactic operation. In our own material the longest survival time after operation was about 3 years. Biochemical and biothermical reactions and situations basing on thermocoagulation are dealt with in particular.", "PMID": 388928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8341", "title": "[A prophylactic regimen for infections in colorectal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Without special prophylaxis, surgery of the colon and rectum is likely to result in postoperative complications due to infection at a percentage of 30 to 50. Prophylaxis against infections in colonic operations covers preoperative influence on general body defence, a subtle operating technique and special preparation of the intestine, the latter including adequate bulkage - free diet, a special preparation of the intestine and preoperative administration of antibiotics. Preparation by means of phthalylsulfathiazol has shown no effects. A preparation programme is suggested for 3 to 8 days preoperatively.", "contents": "[A prophylactic regimen for infections in colorectal surgery (author's transl)]. Without special prophylaxis, surgery of the colon and rectum is likely to result in postoperative complications due to infection at a percentage of 30 to 50. Prophylaxis against infections in colonic operations covers preoperative influence on general body defence, a subtle operating technique and special preparation of the intestine, the latter including adequate bulkage - free diet, a special preparation of the intestine and preoperative administration of antibiotics. Preparation by means of phthalylsulfathiazol has shown no effects. A preparation programme is suggested for 3 to 8 days preoperatively.", "PMID": 388929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8342", "title": "[Stereotaxia in phantom-limb-neuralgia and causalgia (author's transl)].", "content": "Intractable pain is an important indication for stereotactic operations in deep structures of the brain. The targets are situated in primary and secondary sensomotoric regions of the thalamus, dependent or independent on cortical areas. In clinical practice it is necessary to combine two or three targets in the thalamic nuclei. In more than 25% the destruction of parts of the emotional pain-perception is necessary (ncl. dorso-medialis). The results os stereotactic operations in 32 patients with causalgia and phantom-limb-neuralgia are analysed.", "contents": "[Stereotaxia in phantom-limb-neuralgia and causalgia (author's transl)]. Intractable pain is an important indication for stereotactic operations in deep structures of the brain. The targets are situated in primary and secondary sensomotoric regions of the thalamus, dependent or independent on cortical areas. In clinical practice it is necessary to combine two or three targets in the thalamic nuclei. In more than 25% the destruction of parts of the emotional pain-perception is necessary (ncl. dorso-medialis). The results os stereotactic operations in 32 patients with causalgia and phantom-limb-neuralgia are analysed.", "PMID": 388930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8343", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of an intestinal atresia by means of ultrasound - case report and discussion (author's transl)].", "content": "An intestinal atresia was diagnosed by means of ultrasonography and amniofetography in the 34. gestional week. The discussion agendas are, how far the given ultrasonogramms are typical for fetal intestinal atresia and how much part was played by sonography and amniofetography by the search of diagnosis; further, whether already antenatal diagnosed intestinal abnormality justifies a fetal indicated cesarean section, which could be important for timing of the surgical performance and for the betterment of the perinatal situation.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of an intestinal atresia by means of ultrasound - case report and discussion (author's transl)]. An intestinal atresia was diagnosed by means of ultrasonography and amniofetography in the 34. gestional week. The discussion agendas are, how far the given ultrasonogramms are typical for fetal intestinal atresia and how much part was played by sonography and amniofetography by the search of diagnosis; further, whether already antenatal diagnosed intestinal abnormality justifies a fetal indicated cesarean section, which could be important for timing of the surgical performance and for the betterment of the perinatal situation.", "PMID": 388931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8344", "title": "Mode of action of colicins Ia, E1 and K.", "content": "Addition of colicins Ia, E1 or K to sensitive Escherichia coli leads to inhibition of macromolecular synthesis and an uncoupling of electron transport from active transport. Recent results indicate that these colicins affect energy metabolism by interacting directly with the cytoplasmic membrane. This results in a transmembrane flow of ions leading to membrane depolarization. It is proposed that the function of the outer membrane colicin receptor is to mediate access of the colicin molecule to the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Mode of action of colicins Ia, E1 and K. Addition of colicins Ia, E1 or K to sensitive Escherichia coli leads to inhibition of macromolecular synthesis and an uncoupling of electron transport from active transport. Recent results indicate that these colicins affect energy metabolism by interacting directly with the cytoplasmic membrane. This results in a transmembrane flow of ions leading to membrane depolarization. It is proposed that the function of the outer membrane colicin receptor is to mediate access of the colicin molecule to the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 388932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8345", "title": "Comparative evaluation of immunofluorescent (IgM and IgG) and complement-fixing antibodies in influenza A infection.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent (FA) tests for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to the internal antigens of influenza viruses were performed using single cell suspensions of baby hamster kidney cells. The IgG-FA test showed a good correlation with the complement fixation (CF) test performed with purified ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as antigen than the CF test with whole virus antigen. Sera which were positive only in the IgM-FA test did not react in the RNP-CF test. A rapid diagnosis of influenza was not possible alone by detection of RNP specific IgM as relatively low titers were obtained in the IgM-FA test.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of immunofluorescent (IgM and IgG) and complement-fixing antibodies in influenza A infection. The indirect immunofluorescent (FA) tests for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to the internal antigens of influenza viruses were performed using single cell suspensions of baby hamster kidney cells. The IgG-FA test showed a good correlation with the complement fixation (CF) test performed with purified ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as antigen than the CF test with whole virus antigen. Sera which were positive only in the IgM-FA test did not react in the RNP-CF test. A rapid diagnosis of influenza was not possible alone by detection of RNP specific IgM as relatively low titers were obtained in the IgM-FA test.", "PMID": 388933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8346", "title": "[Changes in the progress of infectious diseases caused by changes of natural resistance and of the steroid metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "It is demonstrated that it is possible to change the stereotyped reaction of the steroid metabolism to infection by means of external influences. The progress of infectious diseases can be detoriated and the average duration of life can be shortened by rearing a special strain of test rabbits or by lack of protein in the diet, by blocking the RES, by cortisol, estradiol and thyroxin, by glucose and by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid. - The time of survival is prolonged by testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cyproterone, also by cystein, aristolochia acid and treatment with pyrifer. - No effect whatever on the progress of an infectious disease is produced by the vitamines A, B1, B6, D, E and especially ascorbinic acid, also an extract of thymus gland, spleen, insulin, a preparation with STH, and Norgestrel, DMSO and treatment with B, bifidum and with omnadin.", "contents": "[Changes in the progress of infectious diseases caused by changes of natural resistance and of the steroid metabolism (author's transl)]. It is demonstrated that it is possible to change the stereotyped reaction of the steroid metabolism to infection by means of external influences. The progress of infectious diseases can be detoriated and the average duration of life can be shortened by rearing a special strain of test rabbits or by lack of protein in the diet, by blocking the RES, by cortisol, estradiol and thyroxin, by glucose and by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid. - The time of survival is prolonged by testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cyproterone, also by cystein, aristolochia acid and treatment with pyrifer. - No effect whatever on the progress of an infectious disease is produced by the vitamines A, B1, B6, D, E and especially ascorbinic acid, also an extract of thymus gland, spleen, insulin, a preparation with STH, and Norgestrel, DMSO and treatment with B, bifidum and with omnadin.", "PMID": 388934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8347", "title": "The concept of bacteriocins.", "content": "After a short description of the discovery of bacteriocins, especially the colicins in this review the following points are discussed: the classification of colicins especially with the aid of resistant mutants of sensitive indicator strains, the bacteriocin-receptors, the bacteriocin-specificity, and the possible ways of transport of colicins across the outer membrane.", "contents": "The concept of bacteriocins. After a short description of the discovery of bacteriocins, especially the colicins in this review the following points are discussed: the classification of colicins especially with the aid of resistant mutants of sensitive indicator strains, the bacteriocin-receptors, the bacteriocin-specificity, and the possible ways of transport of colicins across the outer membrane.", "PMID": 388936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8348", "title": "Colicin receptors and the mechanisms of colicin uptake.", "content": "This review deals in detail with the nature, synthesis, physiologic functions, and the regulation of colicin receptors, which represent components of transportsystems, as well as with the two mechanisms of the colicin uptake within the groups A and B of colicins.", "contents": "Colicin receptors and the mechanisms of colicin uptake. This review deals in detail with the nature, synthesis, physiologic functions, and the regulation of colicin receptors, which represent components of transportsystems, as well as with the two mechanisms of the colicin uptake within the groups A and B of colicins.", "PMID": 388937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8349", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of T proteins in the cell wall of Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "T proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) were localized by means of immunochromatographical isolated anti-T-antibodies. For the electron microscopical detection both the direct and the indirect immunoferritin techniques were used. The arrangement of the ferritin particles showed, that the T proteins are evenly distributed on the whole cell surface. They are immediately bound to the outer layer of the cell wall or to only short filaments. On isolated cell walls the T protein was detected only on the outer surface.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of T proteins in the cell wall of Streptococcus pyogenes. T proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) were localized by means of immunochromatographical isolated anti-T-antibodies. For the electron microscopical detection both the direct and the indirect immunoferritin techniques were used. The arrangement of the ferritin particles showed, that the T proteins are evenly distributed on the whole cell surface. They are immediately bound to the outer layer of the cell wall or to only short filaments. On isolated cell walls the T protein was detected only on the outer surface.", "PMID": 388938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8350", "title": "[Isolation of a carbon dioxide-dependent strain of E. coli from the urine of a patient with chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since anaerobic culture techniques were introduced into bacteriological routine laboratories reports increase about Enterobacteria, which doesn't grow under normal culture conditions. We recently isolated a carbon-dioxide dependent strain of E. coli, which didn't grow aerobically even on optimized culture mediums. Though the species was at first isolated in an anaerobic jar further investigation showed optimal growth in an atmosphere containing 20 per cent oxygen enriched with (10 per cent) carbon dioxide. There are some indications that the mutant developed under chemotherapy. A serological grouping wasn't possible.", "contents": "[Isolation of a carbon dioxide-dependent strain of E. coli from the urine of a patient with chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. Since anaerobic culture techniques were introduced into bacteriological routine laboratories reports increase about Enterobacteria, which doesn't grow under normal culture conditions. We recently isolated a carbon-dioxide dependent strain of E. coli, which didn't grow aerobically even on optimized culture mediums. Though the species was at first isolated in an anaerobic jar further investigation showed optimal growth in an atmosphere containing 20 per cent oxygen enriched with (10 per cent) carbon dioxide. There are some indications that the mutant developed under chemotherapy. A serological grouping wasn't possible.", "PMID": 388939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8351", "title": "Discrepancies Between strong immunochemical relations of S. typhimurium and S. kentucky and their behaviour \"in vivo\".", "content": "Proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. kentucky strongly cross-precipitated against sera prepared in rabbits with the respective strains; agglutinations paralleled the precipitations. The related antigens were, however, not involved in \"in vivo\" cross-protections. Mice immunized with proteins from S. kentucky resisted the toxicity of the homologous strain and that of a concentration of S. emek which killed the controls but did not survive the infection with 1LD100 of S. typhimurium. There was a long delay in the death of those mice infected with S. typhimurium while the mice immunized with S. typhimurium proteins were killed by the toxicity of 1LD100 S. kentucky, like the controls, within 20 hours. The results strikingly underline the specificity of host-parasite relations and the need for circumspection when involving common antigens in either virulence or toxicity.", "contents": "Discrepancies Between strong immunochemical relations of S. typhimurium and S. kentucky and their behaviour \"in vivo\". Proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. kentucky strongly cross-precipitated against sera prepared in rabbits with the respective strains; agglutinations paralleled the precipitations. The related antigens were, however, not involved in \"in vivo\" cross-protections. Mice immunized with proteins from S. kentucky resisted the toxicity of the homologous strain and that of a concentration of S. emek which killed the controls but did not survive the infection with 1LD100 of S. typhimurium. There was a long delay in the death of those mice infected with S. typhimurium while the mice immunized with S. typhimurium proteins were killed by the toxicity of 1LD100 S. kentucky, like the controls, within 20 hours. The results strikingly underline the specificity of host-parasite relations and the need for circumspection when involving common antigens in either virulence or toxicity.", "PMID": 388940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8352", "title": "The numerous common antigens of enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A mosaic of proteins is synthesized by each of the Enterobacterial species grown on artificial media (tryptose-agar, Difco). Their existence was proven with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with proteins from: S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi C, E. coli, and Sh. sonnei. The induced antibodies, strongly precipitated numerous heterologous Enterobacterial proteins. The proteins of Sh. dysenteriae 4, although reacting against the heterologous sera, were poor immunogens and induced, mainly, homologous antibodies. Comparative agar-gel diffusions of the same proteins against the antiproteinic sera and corresponding antibacterial sera proved that the bacteria induced fewer antibodies against a reduced number of heterologous antigens. Thus, it is evident that a competition among the numerous antigens of a bacterium takes place when whole bacteria are used for immunizations. The differences in the degree of relatedness of Salmonellae, Shigellae, and E. coli are illustrated by their reactions in agar-gel against homologous and heterologous sera. The serological activity of heated proteins (1 hr at 100 degrees C) against the antiproteinic sera differed according to the intrinsic qualities of the analysed materials.", "contents": "The numerous common antigens of enterobacteriaceae. A mosaic of proteins is synthesized by each of the Enterobacterial species grown on artificial media (tryptose-agar, Difco). Their existence was proven with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with proteins from: S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi C, E. coli, and Sh. sonnei. The induced antibodies, strongly precipitated numerous heterologous Enterobacterial proteins. The proteins of Sh. dysenteriae 4, although reacting against the heterologous sera, were poor immunogens and induced, mainly, homologous antibodies. Comparative agar-gel diffusions of the same proteins against the antiproteinic sera and corresponding antibacterial sera proved that the bacteria induced fewer antibodies against a reduced number of heterologous antigens. Thus, it is evident that a competition among the numerous antigens of a bacterium takes place when whole bacteria are used for immunizations. The differences in the degree of relatedness of Salmonellae, Shigellae, and E. coli are illustrated by their reactions in agar-gel against homologous and heterologous sera. The serological activity of heated proteins (1 hr at 100 degrees C) against the antiproteinic sera differed according to the intrinsic qualities of the analysed materials.", "PMID": 388941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8353", "title": "The prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in suprapubic bladder aspirates obtained from pregnant women.", "content": "The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria due to aerobic, facultative anaerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria during pregnancy was determined in 185 patients admitted for complications of pregnancy, using suprapubic bladder aspiration. Anaerobic bacterial counts of 103 per ml urine or higher were detected in 6.4 per cent of the specimens. The incidence of anaerobic bacteriuria seems comparable to that of bacteriuria due to aerobic and facultative anaerobic micro organisms. In our group of patients the incidence of the latter was 5.4%. The presence of anaerobic bacteria was not confined to the occurrence of a particular species. Peptostreptococcus species, Veillonella species, Bacteroides species, Eubacterium species, Clostridium species and Bifidobacterium species were isolated from specimens in concentrations of more than 103 per ml. Consequences of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy are totally uncertain. Further investigation is necessary to obtain insight into the effect of bacteriuria due to anaerobes upon the outcome of pregnancy.", "contents": "The prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in suprapubic bladder aspirates obtained from pregnant women. The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria due to aerobic, facultative anaerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria during pregnancy was determined in 185 patients admitted for complications of pregnancy, using suprapubic bladder aspiration. Anaerobic bacterial counts of 103 per ml urine or higher were detected in 6.4 per cent of the specimens. The incidence of anaerobic bacteriuria seems comparable to that of bacteriuria due to aerobic and facultative anaerobic micro organisms. In our group of patients the incidence of the latter was 5.4%. The presence of anaerobic bacteria was not confined to the occurrence of a particular species. Peptostreptococcus species, Veillonella species, Bacteroides species, Eubacterium species, Clostridium species and Bifidobacterium species were isolated from specimens in concentrations of more than 103 per ml. Consequences of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy are totally uncertain. Further investigation is necessary to obtain insight into the effect of bacteriuria due to anaerobes upon the outcome of pregnancy.", "PMID": 388942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8354", "title": "Blood cultures with the BACTEC 225 radiometric microbial growth detection system.", "content": "The BACTEC 225 automated radiometric blood culture system was compared with a conventional blood culture bottle method for its ability to improve the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia in cancer patients. The BACTEC 225, in combination with routine blind subcultures and smears of radiometrically negative culture vials, detected two thirds, of all positive cultures within 24 h and shortered the detection time generally by 24-48 h. With the recommended growth index setting of 30, radiometrically false-positive findings are rare and are usually due to leukocytosis resulting from infection or leukemia.", "contents": "Blood cultures with the BACTEC 225 radiometric microbial growth detection system. The BACTEC 225 automated radiometric blood culture system was compared with a conventional blood culture bottle method for its ability to improve the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia in cancer patients. The BACTEC 225, in combination with routine blind subcultures and smears of radiometrically negative culture vials, detected two thirds, of all positive cultures within 24 h and shortered the detection time generally by 24-48 h. With the recommended growth index setting of 30, radiometrically false-positive findings are rare and are usually due to leukocytosis resulting from infection or leukemia.", "PMID": 388943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8355", "title": "Isolation of Francisella tularensis from mites Haemogamasus nidi and Laelaps hilaris in western slovakia.", "content": "Isolating of F. tularensis from gamasid mites H. nidi parasitizing on the bank vole (Cl. glareolus) and L. hilaris on the common vole (M. arvalis) are reported. The epidemiological significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of Francisella tularensis from mites Haemogamasus nidi and Laelaps hilaris in western slovakia. Isolating of F. tularensis from gamasid mites H. nidi parasitizing on the bank vole (Cl. glareolus) and L. hilaris on the common vole (M. arvalis) are reported. The epidemiological significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 388944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8356", "title": "Different appearance of parasitized erythrocytes in blood between normal and toxoplasma-infected rats after infection of Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "When normal rats were infected with Plasmodium berghei (Pb), both IgG and IgM immunofluorescent antibody titers were found to rise in the 1st week with increase of parasitaemia. After reinoculation of P. berghei into Pb-immune rats, IgG titer was further increased remarkably, although no parasitaemia was observed. No elevation of IgM titer was found. In rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), IgG and IgM antibody activities were demonstrated in the 1st to the 3rd week postinfection but only IgG titer was maintained to the 16th week. The challenge with T. gondii to Tg-immune rats stimulated the further increase in IgG titer but not in IgM. When Tg-immune rats were infected with P. berghei, little or no parasitaemia appeared. In infection of P. berghei in Tg-immune rats which were treated with anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) beforehand, highly increased parasitaemia was usually found in the rats as compared with that in ATS non-treated rats. Pb-immune macrophages were more effective in phagocytosis of Pb-parasitized erythrocytes in vitro than normal or Tg-immune macrophages. When Pb-parasitized erythrocytes were preincubated with fresh Pb-immune serum, the phagocytosis rate of macrophages was clearly heightened. It was observed that the phagocytic activity of normal macrophages to Pb-parasitized erythrocytes was stimulated by addition of the supernatant (lymphokines) taken from the incubation of Tg-immune lymphocytes with Tg-antigen or Pb-antigen.", "contents": "Different appearance of parasitized erythrocytes in blood between normal and toxoplasma-infected rats after infection of Plasmodium berghei. When normal rats were infected with Plasmodium berghei (Pb), both IgG and IgM immunofluorescent antibody titers were found to rise in the 1st week with increase of parasitaemia. After reinoculation of P. berghei into Pb-immune rats, IgG titer was further increased remarkably, although no parasitaemia was observed. No elevation of IgM titer was found. In rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), IgG and IgM antibody activities were demonstrated in the 1st to the 3rd week postinfection but only IgG titer was maintained to the 16th week. The challenge with T. gondii to Tg-immune rats stimulated the further increase in IgG titer but not in IgM. When Tg-immune rats were infected with P. berghei, little or no parasitaemia appeared. In infection of P. berghei in Tg-immune rats which were treated with anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) beforehand, highly increased parasitaemia was usually found in the rats as compared with that in ATS non-treated rats. Pb-immune macrophages were more effective in phagocytosis of Pb-parasitized erythrocytes in vitro than normal or Tg-immune macrophages. When Pb-parasitized erythrocytes were preincubated with fresh Pb-immune serum, the phagocytosis rate of macrophages was clearly heightened. It was observed that the phagocytic activity of normal macrophages to Pb-parasitized erythrocytes was stimulated by addition of the supernatant (lymphokines) taken from the incubation of Tg-immune lymphocytes with Tg-antigen or Pb-antigen.", "PMID": 388945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8357", "title": "Fundamental studies on macrophage migration inhibitory factor(s) in the supernatant from spleen cells in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "When migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay in vitro was conducted on the lymphokines (LKs), it was observed that the percentage of MIF activity was greatly increased from the 3rd to the 4th week postinfection. On the succeeding weeks there was a noticeable decrease in the MIF activity noted on the 8th week postinfection of Toxoplasma. MIF activity was examined at 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours in non-immune spleen cells as well as Toxoplasma immune spleen cells in the 2nd week after the final challenge inoculation. MIF activity in Toxoplasma immune spleen cells were 2, 21, 29, 54, 70 and 93 percentage, respectively. The MIF activity of hyperimmunized spleen cells produced an activity of approximately 50% at 18 hours as compared to the non-immune spleen cells. Characterization of the MIF was performed using Sephadex G-100 and DEAE Sephadex A 50. Two distinct peaks of MIF were identified and separated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, calculating molecular weights between 30,000 to 40,000 and 3,000 to 5,000, respectively. When the fast peak by Sephadex G-100 was eluted again in DEAE Sephadex A 50, the peak was separated into 4 units, all units showing MIF activity.", "contents": "Fundamental studies on macrophage migration inhibitory factor(s) in the supernatant from spleen cells in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. When migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay in vitro was conducted on the lymphokines (LKs), it was observed that the percentage of MIF activity was greatly increased from the 3rd to the 4th week postinfection. On the succeeding weeks there was a noticeable decrease in the MIF activity noted on the 8th week postinfection of Toxoplasma. MIF activity was examined at 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours in non-immune spleen cells as well as Toxoplasma immune spleen cells in the 2nd week after the final challenge inoculation. MIF activity in Toxoplasma immune spleen cells were 2, 21, 29, 54, 70 and 93 percentage, respectively. The MIF activity of hyperimmunized spleen cells produced an activity of approximately 50% at 18 hours as compared to the non-immune spleen cells. Characterization of the MIF was performed using Sephadex G-100 and DEAE Sephadex A 50. Two distinct peaks of MIF were identified and separated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, calculating molecular weights between 30,000 to 40,000 and 3,000 to 5,000, respectively. When the fast peak by Sephadex G-100 was eluted again in DEAE Sephadex A 50, the peak was separated into 4 units, all units showing MIF activity.", "PMID": 388946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8358", "title": "Serological cross-reactions between toxoplasma and hammondia.", "content": "Toxoplasma and Hammondia infected mice, dogs, rabbits, and pigs were tested for Toxoplasma antibodies by means of 5 serological methods. All Toxoplasma infected animals showed Toxoplasma-specific antibodies. Only sera of Hammondia infected mice and dogs showed positive serological reactions with Toxoplasma antigen in the SFT, CFT, and ELISA. IFAT and IHA, however, proved to be Toxoplasma-specific. The influence of Hammondia infections on the Toxoplasma serology is discussed.", "contents": "Serological cross-reactions between toxoplasma and hammondia. Toxoplasma and Hammondia infected mice, dogs, rabbits, and pigs were tested for Toxoplasma antibodies by means of 5 serological methods. All Toxoplasma infected animals showed Toxoplasma-specific antibodies. Only sera of Hammondia infected mice and dogs showed positive serological reactions with Toxoplasma antigen in the SFT, CFT, and ELISA. IFAT and IHA, however, proved to be Toxoplasma-specific. The influence of Hammondia infections on the Toxoplasma serology is discussed.", "PMID": 388947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8359", "title": "Babesia microti: morphology, distribution and host relationship in Germany.", "content": "A short review has been given about recent studies on Babesia microti in natural animal host's near Munich (Southern Germany). An infected area has been studied in order to elucidate the outdoor relationship between the local strains and their preferred hosts, the European field vole Microtus agrestis. The seasonal variation of the parasites prevalence in voles shows a rise in the early summertime (71% of the catches infected). Roundish forms predominate in the erythrocytes. Multiplication never takes place by binary fission, but in \"Maltese cross\" form or budding-like. Normally the parasite is enveloped with a simple elementary membrane only, as shown by electron microscopy. The arthropod host is still not identified, infections of human beings not observed. This is the first finding and full description of B. microti in Germany.", "contents": "Babesia microti: morphology, distribution and host relationship in Germany. A short review has been given about recent studies on Babesia microti in natural animal host's near Munich (Southern Germany). An infected area has been studied in order to elucidate the outdoor relationship between the local strains and their preferred hosts, the European field vole Microtus agrestis. The seasonal variation of the parasites prevalence in voles shows a rise in the early summertime (71% of the catches infected). Roundish forms predominate in the erythrocytes. Multiplication never takes place by binary fission, but in \"Maltese cross\" form or budding-like. Normally the parasite is enveloped with a simple elementary membrane only, as shown by electron microscopy. The arthropod host is still not identified, infections of human beings not observed. This is the first finding and full description of B. microti in Germany.", "PMID": 388948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8360", "title": "[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers III. communication: laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction kinetics of Escherichia coli in cooling tower plumes (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper reports on laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction rate of micro-organisms. The investigations were carried out with a pure culture of E. coli, a germ type from the enterobacterial group. By a suitable variation of the thermodynamic parameters it was possible to simulate the conditions through which the cooling tower plume passes inside the chimney of the cooling tower and when it mixes with ambient air. The results allow the following changes in the germ counts in the plume of a wet cooling tower to be expected: 1. As long as the cooling tower plume contains droplets, the capacity of the carried germs to form colonies does not change materially. 2. In the case of unsaturated plumes we must distinguish between two situations: a) The tests in which the germ suspension was sprayed into unsaturated air without any admixture of secondary air, did not demonstrate any dependence of the reduction rate on the relative humidity. b) In contrast to this, the tests in which the germ-carrying droplets were evaporated by admixing a stream of unsaturated secondary air, showed that the capacity to form colonies clearly decreased with diminishing relative air humidity. Case b) is of importance for the dissemination and immission of germs from cooling towers, because here, too, the visible plume initially laden with drops is dried by the admixture of unsaturated ambient air.", "contents": "[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers III. communication: laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction kinetics of Escherichia coli in cooling tower plumes (author's transl)]. The present paper reports on laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction rate of micro-organisms. The investigations were carried out with a pure culture of E. coli, a germ type from the enterobacterial group. By a suitable variation of the thermodynamic parameters it was possible to simulate the conditions through which the cooling tower plume passes inside the chimney of the cooling tower and when it mixes with ambient air. The results allow the following changes in the germ counts in the plume of a wet cooling tower to be expected: 1. As long as the cooling tower plume contains droplets, the capacity of the carried germs to form colonies does not change materially. 2. In the case of unsaturated plumes we must distinguish between two situations: a) The tests in which the germ suspension was sprayed into unsaturated air without any admixture of secondary air, did not demonstrate any dependence of the reduction rate on the relative humidity. b) In contrast to this, the tests in which the germ-carrying droplets were evaporated by admixing a stream of unsaturated secondary air, showed that the capacity to form colonies clearly decreased with diminishing relative air humidity. Case b) is of importance for the dissemination and immission of germs from cooling towers, because here, too, the visible plume initially laden with drops is dried by the admixture of unsaturated ambient air.", "PMID": 388949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8361", "title": "The smoB mutation suppressing cell filamentation and ability to support the multiplication of phage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Isolation and properties of a Salmonella typhimurium mutant smoB are described. The mutation maps at unit 99 of the S. typhimurium chromosome between pyrB and deoC. It suppresses cell filamentation and temperature sensitivity of histidine-constitutive mutants, but does not restore the normal regulatory pattern to the histidine operon. Strains carrying the mutation have greatly reduced ability to support the growth of phage P22, but not of ES18 or Felix O.", "contents": "The smoB mutation suppressing cell filamentation and ability to support the multiplication of phage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium. Isolation and properties of a Salmonella typhimurium mutant smoB are described. The mutation maps at unit 99 of the S. typhimurium chromosome between pyrB and deoC. It suppresses cell filamentation and temperature sensitivity of histidine-constitutive mutants, but does not restore the normal regulatory pattern to the histidine operon. Strains carrying the mutation have greatly reduced ability to support the growth of phage P22, but not of ES18 or Felix O.", "PMID": 388953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8362", "title": "On the different response of Salmonella typhimurium hisG46 and TA1530 to mutagenic action of base analogues.", "content": "Various mutagens are known to induce more his+ revertants in TA1530 than in hisG46 strain. To test whether the mutator effect shown by TA1530 is limited to the his mutation, the lysA8 marker was introduced into both the TA1530 and hisG46 strain, and its reversibility, after induction by N4-hydroxycytidine, was estimated. The ability to reverse the lys marker was tenfold higher in the TA1530/lysA8 transductants than in the hisG46/lysA8 transductants or in the donor for lys, the lysA8 strain.", "contents": "On the different response of Salmonella typhimurium hisG46 and TA1530 to mutagenic action of base analogues. Various mutagens are known to induce more his+ revertants in TA1530 than in hisG46 strain. To test whether the mutator effect shown by TA1530 is limited to the his mutation, the lysA8 marker was introduced into both the TA1530 and hisG46 strain, and its reversibility, after induction by N4-hydroxycytidine, was estimated. The ability to reverse the lys marker was tenfold higher in the TA1530/lysA8 transductants than in the hisG46/lysA8 transductants or in the donor for lys, the lysA8 strain.", "PMID": 388954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8363", "title": "Properties of cysK mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Triazole and azaserine resistant mutants of E. coli K12 affecting cysK gene coding for O-acetylserine sulphydrylase were isolated. The cysK gene in E. coli is located in the same region of chromosome as the cycK gene in Salmonella typhimurium. All azaserine and some triazole resistant mutants require cysteine for growth at a normal rate. The cysK mutants have reduced sulphate uptake. Stability and transfer by conjugation of triazole resistant phenotype were checked. Differences in sulphate metabolism between closely related organisms E. coli and S. typhimurium are discussed.", "contents": "Properties of cysK mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Triazole and azaserine resistant mutants of E. coli K12 affecting cysK gene coding for O-acetylserine sulphydrylase were isolated. The cysK gene in E. coli is located in the same region of chromosome as the cycK gene in Salmonella typhimurium. All azaserine and some triazole resistant mutants require cysteine for growth at a normal rate. The cysK mutants have reduced sulphate uptake. Stability and transfer by conjugation of triazole resistant phenotype were checked. Differences in sulphate metabolism between closely related organisms E. coli and S. typhimurium are discussed.", "PMID": 388955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8364", "title": "Effect of temperature and 4,6'-diamidine-2-phenylindole on restriction of supercoiled Col E1 DNA by Eco RI endonuclease.", "content": "Supercoiled Col E1 DNA is split by Eco RI endonuclease at 37 degrees C without intermediate formation of open circular DNA. Accumulation of this restriction product is observed at low temperature. The fluorescent dye, 4,6'-diamidine-2-phenylindole (DAPI) inhibits restriction by Eco RI endonuclease. This effect is due to the DAPI:DNA rather than to the DAPI:Eco RI interactions.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and 4,6'-diamidine-2-phenylindole on restriction of supercoiled Col E1 DNA by Eco RI endonuclease. Supercoiled Col E1 DNA is split by Eco RI endonuclease at 37 degrees C without intermediate formation of open circular DNA. Accumulation of this restriction product is observed at low temperature. The fluorescent dye, 4,6'-diamidine-2-phenylindole (DAPI) inhibits restriction by Eco RI endonuclease. This effect is due to the DAPI:DNA rather than to the DAPI:Eco RI interactions.", "PMID": 388956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8365", "title": "Integration of F factor and cryptic LT2 plasmid into a specific site of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome.", "content": "Suppression of dnaA mutation by F'lac and cryptic LT2 plasmid was used for selecting clones containing these plasmids integrated into rfa and galK genes.", "contents": "Integration of F factor and cryptic LT2 plasmid into a specific site of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome. Suppression of dnaA mutation by F'lac and cryptic LT2 plasmid was used for selecting clones containing these plasmids integrated into rfa and galK genes.", "PMID": 388957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8366", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction: coronary care unit, hospital ward or home management?", "content": "The need of admission of all patients with acute myocardial infarction in a CCU is questioned by some british authors. A critical review of their publications stresses the most important methodological problems they could not overcome; consequently they cannot allow any valuable comparison. There are no randomized trial related to the comparison of general ward to CCU care, but the available data obtained by studies based on bed availability show a definite advantage of the CCU. At the present stage of our knowledge, admission in a CCU must be recommended to all  patients seen in the first hours after the presumed onset of the disease; after some delay (12 h?) systematic admission is not justified any more and the decision should be taken according to each case, in relation to the clinical status and familial or social conditions.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction: coronary care unit, hospital ward or home management? The need of admission of all patients with acute myocardial infarction in a CCU is questioned by some british authors. A critical review of their publications stresses the most important methodological problems they could not overcome; consequently they cannot allow any valuable comparison. There are no randomized trial related to the comparison of general ward to CCU care, but the available data obtained by studies based on bed availability show a definite advantage of the CCU. At the present stage of our knowledge, admission in a CCU must be recommended to all  patients seen in the first hours after the presumed onset of the disease; after some delay (12 h?) systematic admission is not justified any more and the decision should be taken according to each case, in relation to the clinical status and familial or social conditions.", "PMID": 388959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8367", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of the hemodynamic situation in the pulmonary circulation in chronic obstrictive ventilation disorders].", "content": "Hemodynamic consequences, especially in view of a developing pulmonary hypertension are essential factors regarding the course and prognosis of an obstructive airflow disturbance. The characteristic roentgen symptoms of pulmonary vascular changes in a group of patients are collected and statistically evaluated to find those symptoms correlating best with the results of cardiac catheterisation. The importantce of using not a single symptom but characteristic groups of symptoms for the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is stressed. Radiological signs of increased pulmonary pressure do not directly correlate to the degree of direct measurements, false positive radiological reports need not be expected. Positive radiological symptoms indicate irreversible anatomical changes in pulmonary circulation. For the individual patient the pulmonary arterial pressure by cardiac catheterisation alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis and prognosis of this case as in obstructive air-way disturbance two definitely different types of diseases, namely type A (emphysema) and type B (bronchitis) with divergent hemodynamic consequences must be distinguished. For this differentiation the radiological evaluation of the anatomical situation is essential.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of the hemodynamic situation in the pulmonary circulation in chronic obstrictive ventilation disorders]. Hemodynamic consequences, especially in view of a developing pulmonary hypertension are essential factors regarding the course and prognosis of an obstructive airflow disturbance. The characteristic roentgen symptoms of pulmonary vascular changes in a group of patients are collected and statistically evaluated to find those symptoms correlating best with the results of cardiac catheterisation. The importantce of using not a single symptom but characteristic groups of symptoms for the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is stressed. Radiological signs of increased pulmonary pressure do not directly correlate to the degree of direct measurements, false positive radiological reports need not be expected. Positive radiological symptoms indicate irreversible anatomical changes in pulmonary circulation. For the individual patient the pulmonary arterial pressure by cardiac catheterisation alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis and prognosis of this case as in obstructive air-way disturbance two definitely different types of diseases, namely type A (emphysema) and type B (bronchitis) with divergent hemodynamic consequences must be distinguished. For this differentiation the radiological evaluation of the anatomical situation is essential.", "PMID": 388964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8368", "title": "SSPE: immunohistochemical demonstration of measles virus antigen(s) in paraffin sections.", "content": "We used the indirect immunoperoxidase method to study formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections of four autopsied subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients. Specific reactions with measles virus antigens was noted in all cases. Positive staining was observed in neurons and glia cells and both nucleus and cytoplasm were usually stained in these positive cells. Electron microscopy revealed intranuclear and intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids stained with electron-dense reaction products. Our findings suggest that for immunoperoxidase studies of SSPE formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material can be used.", "contents": "SSPE: immunohistochemical demonstration of measles virus antigen(s) in paraffin sections. We used the indirect immunoperoxidase method to study formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections of four autopsied subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients. Specific reactions with measles virus antigens was noted in all cases. Positive staining was observed in neurons and glia cells and both nucleus and cytoplasm were usually stained in these positive cells. Electron microscopy revealed intranuclear and intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids stained with electron-dense reaction products. Our findings suggest that for immunoperoxidase studies of SSPE formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material can be used.", "PMID": 388966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8369", "title": "A new anti-inflammatory derivative of imidazole which is less ulcerogenic than indomethacin in rats.", "content": "The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenicity of (2-dimethylamino-1(2)-methyl) ethyl ester of the 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,5-bis-(p-methoxyphenyl)-imidazole (A-162-ester) was compared with that of indomethacin in rats and enzymatic preparations derived from other species. A-162-ester was found to be deesterified in plasma to A-162. A-162-ester was about 3 times less anti-inflammatory and about 17 times less ulcerogenic than indomethacin. A-162-ester, when given orally, decreased prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) biosynthesis by gastric mucosa. The IC50 was close to the ulcerogenic ED50. Indomethacin--in the same test--was 37 times more potent than A-162-ester and the PGI2 inhibition and ulcerogenic dose-response curves for indomethacin were parallel. In other in vitro systems of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, the inhibitory activity of A-162 was comparable to that of indomethacin. It is concluded that the ulcerogenicity of indomethacin results from a high affinity of this drug to gastric mucosal wall PG-synthetase which leads to decreased PGI3 formation at this site. The relatively low ulcerogenicity of A-162-ester most probable results from a lower affinity of this drug to the same site.", "contents": "A new anti-inflammatory derivative of imidazole which is less ulcerogenic than indomethacin in rats. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenicity of (2-dimethylamino-1(2)-methyl) ethyl ester of the 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,5-bis-(p-methoxyphenyl)-imidazole (A-162-ester) was compared with that of indomethacin in rats and enzymatic preparations derived from other species. A-162-ester was found to be deesterified in plasma to A-162. A-162-ester was about 3 times less anti-inflammatory and about 17 times less ulcerogenic than indomethacin. A-162-ester, when given orally, decreased prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) biosynthesis by gastric mucosa. The IC50 was close to the ulcerogenic ED50. Indomethacin--in the same test--was 37 times more potent than A-162-ester and the PGI2 inhibition and ulcerogenic dose-response curves for indomethacin were parallel. In other in vitro systems of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, the inhibitory activity of A-162 was comparable to that of indomethacin. It is concluded that the ulcerogenicity of indomethacin results from a high affinity of this drug to gastric mucosal wall PG-synthetase which leads to decreased PGI3 formation at this site. The relatively low ulcerogenicity of A-162-ester most probable results from a lower affinity of this drug to the same site.", "PMID": 388981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8370", "title": "Regional blood flow in canine myocardium as determined by local washout of a freely diffusable radioactive indicator.", "content": "The aim of this study has been to examine the utility of the washout of a freely diffusable radioactive indicator as a measure of regional myocardial blood flow in open-chest anesthetized dogs. The method employed was direct intramyocardial injection of Xenon-133 followed by measurement of its gamma-radiation. The experimental washout curves show, after a short acceleration period, monoexponential washout of the indicator over two decades. We found indications of insignificant veno-arterial shunting by diffusion of the blood flow level measured, insignificant arterial recirculation of the indicator, and minimal radioactive contribution to precordial residue versus time curves arising from right heart or non-myocardial tissue. We suggest that diffusion equilibrium between the tissue in the counting field and the blood leaving it is maintained during the linear down slope of two decades of the clearance curve, and that local blood flow can be calculated from washout rate constant obtained from this part of the curve. The method employing intramyocardial injection of Xenon-133 was found to give the same results as atraumatic epicardial labelling indicating negligible effect of the injection trauma and supporting the validity of the local injection method using small volumes (2-10 microliter).", "contents": "Regional blood flow in canine myocardium as determined by local washout of a freely diffusable radioactive indicator. The aim of this study has been to examine the utility of the washout of a freely diffusable radioactive indicator as a measure of regional myocardial blood flow in open-chest anesthetized dogs. The method employed was direct intramyocardial injection of Xenon-133 followed by measurement of its gamma-radiation. The experimental washout curves show, after a short acceleration period, monoexponential washout of the indicator over two decades. We found indications of insignificant veno-arterial shunting by diffusion of the blood flow level measured, insignificant arterial recirculation of the indicator, and minimal radioactive contribution to precordial residue versus time curves arising from right heart or non-myocardial tissue. We suggest that diffusion equilibrium between the tissue in the counting field and the blood leaving it is maintained during the linear down slope of two decades of the clearance curve, and that local blood flow can be calculated from washout rate constant obtained from this part of the curve. The method employing intramyocardial injection of Xenon-133 was found to give the same results as atraumatic epicardial labelling indicating negligible effect of the injection trauma and supporting the validity of the local injection method using small volumes (2-10 microliter).", "PMID": 388983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8371", "title": "Measurements of cardiac output and organ blood flow in rats using 99Tcm labelled microspheres.", "content": "The cardiac output and regional blood flow have been simultaneously determined in the anesthetized rat by using the reference organ method. 99Tcm labelled dextran 15 micron microspheres were injected in the left ventricle while simultaneously an arterial reference sample was drawn at constant known rate. The values calculated regarding cardiac output agree well with previously recorded series. Regional organ blood flow in the rat is presented as ml . min-1 . g-1 tissue and values do agree with those reported by others. The results indicate that the reference organ method can be used in the rat for the study of cardiac output and regional blood flow.", "contents": "Measurements of cardiac output and organ blood flow in rats using 99Tcm labelled microspheres. The cardiac output and regional blood flow have been simultaneously determined in the anesthetized rat by using the reference organ method. 99Tcm labelled dextran 15 micron microspheres were injected in the left ventricle while simultaneously an arterial reference sample was drawn at constant known rate. The values calculated regarding cardiac output agree well with previously recorded series. Regional organ blood flow in the rat is presented as ml . min-1 . g-1 tissue and values do agree with those reported by others. The results indicate that the reference organ method can be used in the rat for the study of cardiac output and regional blood flow.", "PMID": 388984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8372", "title": "Formation and action of prostacyclin in the isolated human umbilical artery.", "content": "The transformation of [1-14C]arachidonic acid by homogenates of human umbilical arteries was studied. The major compound formed was the stable end product of PGI2, i.e. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (lactol form) as analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PGI2 was generated by incubating PGH2 with a lyophilized pig aorta microsome preparation. PGI2 concentrations around 10 ng/ml relaxed the human umbilical artery preparation significantly. Formation of PGI2 by umbilical arteries during pregnancy might be a mechanism for regulation of blood flow to the fetus.", "contents": "Formation and action of prostacyclin in the isolated human umbilical artery. The transformation of [1-14C]arachidonic acid by homogenates of human umbilical arteries was studied. The major compound formed was the stable end product of PGI2, i.e. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (lactol form) as analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PGI2 was generated by incubating PGH2 with a lyophilized pig aorta microsome preparation. PGI2 concentrations around 10 ng/ml relaxed the human umbilical artery preparation significantly. Formation of PGI2 by umbilical arteries during pregnancy might be a mechanism for regulation of blood flow to the fetus.", "PMID": 388985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8373", "title": "Effects of fluorostigmine, toxogonin and atropine on monoamine oxidase activity and the level of biogenic amines in mouse brain.", "content": "Effects of fluorostigmine, toxogonin and atropine on monoamine oxidase activity and the level of biogenic amines in mouse brain. Acta physiol. pol., 1979, 30 (4): 437--444. Fluorostigmine (DFP) given i.p. to mice in doses of 1.2 and 2.45 mg/kg reduced MAO activity in the brain. Given in doses of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg it reduced the level of noradrenaline and dopamine as well as 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. DFP in such doses had no effect on the brain level of 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid. Toxogonin (5 mg/kg i.p.) or atropine (5 mg/kg i.p.) given together with DFP reduced or abolished completely the inhibitory effect of DFP.", "contents": "Effects of fluorostigmine, toxogonin and atropine on monoamine oxidase activity and the level of biogenic amines in mouse brain. Effects of fluorostigmine, toxogonin and atropine on monoamine oxidase activity and the level of biogenic amines in mouse brain. Acta physiol. pol., 1979, 30 (4): 437--444. Fluorostigmine (DFP) given i.p. to mice in doses of 1.2 and 2.45 mg/kg reduced MAO activity in the brain. Given in doses of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg it reduced the level of noradrenaline and dopamine as well as 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. DFP in such doses had no effect on the brain level of 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid. Toxogonin (5 mg/kg i.p.) or atropine (5 mg/kg i.p.) given together with DFP reduced or abolished completely the inhibitory effect of DFP.", "PMID": 388982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8374", "title": "Comparison of Vivalan (viloxazine hydrochloride) with imipramine in the treatment of depression. A double-blind study.", "content": "Twenty-eight hospitalized patients with depressive illness entered a double-blind trial to compare viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan) with imipramine. Both drugs produced a statistically significant improvement in the depressive symptoms as early as the 7th day, measured by the HRS. A side effects check-list showed no significant difference between Vivalan and imipramine. A lack of anticholinergic effects was noted in the Vivalan group although upper gastro-intestinal side effects were more frequent. Two patients in the Vivalan group withdrew due to gastric symptoms.", "contents": "Comparison of Vivalan (viloxazine hydrochloride) with imipramine in the treatment of depression. A double-blind study. Twenty-eight hospitalized patients with depressive illness entered a double-blind trial to compare viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan) with imipramine. Both drugs produced a statistically significant improvement in the depressive symptoms as early as the 7th day, measured by the HRS. A side effects check-list showed no significant difference between Vivalan and imipramine. A lack of anticholinergic effects was noted in the Vivalan group although upper gastro-intestinal side effects were more frequent. Two patients in the Vivalan group withdrew due to gastric symptoms.", "PMID": 388987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8375", "title": "The comparative antidepressant value of lofepramine and amitriptyline. Results of a controlled trial with comments on the scales used.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial comparing the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline with lofepramine is reported. Forty-six patients entered the 4-week trial. Analysis of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores at the beginning and end of the trial showed no significant difference between the therapeutic efficacy of lofepramine and amitriptyline. However, patients with endogenous depression responded significantly more rapidly to lofepramine as measured by Visual Analogue Scales and showed a significantly greater degree of clinical improvement after 4 weeks' treatment, as measured by Global Assessment. Adverse effects were similar in the two treatment groups. The use of rating scales in trials of depressive illnesses is discussed. The Visual Analogue Scale for depression was found to be a simple, useful and valid measure.", "contents": "The comparative antidepressant value of lofepramine and amitriptyline. Results of a controlled trial with comments on the scales used. A double-blind controlled trial comparing the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline with lofepramine is reported. Forty-six patients entered the 4-week trial. Analysis of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores at the beginning and end of the trial showed no significant difference between the therapeutic efficacy of lofepramine and amitriptyline. However, patients with endogenous depression responded significantly more rapidly to lofepramine as measured by Visual Analogue Scales and showed a significantly greater degree of clinical improvement after 4 weeks' treatment, as measured by Global Assessment. Adverse effects were similar in the two treatment groups. The use of rating scales in trials of depressive illnesses is discussed. The Visual Analogue Scale for depression was found to be a simple, useful and valid measure.", "PMID": 388988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8376", "title": "Diabetes mellitus challenges for the future.", "content": "The future in diabetic research is both stimulating and exciting. Diagnostic subclassification as to specific etiology appears well underway and will provide a more scientific basis for therapeutic approaches. The importance of the histocompatibility complex and its many secrets are rapidly becoming apparent in the etiology of juvenile diabetes. Further studies in obesity and the neuroendocrines may solve adult-onset diabetes. Pancreatic transplantation and artificial devices may provide important therapeutic approaches. Further genetic explorations will, no doubt, provide clarity to the somewhat muddy picture of both etiology and complications. The challenges are here, let's hope that enough young scientists hear the call to provide the manpower to solve this major dilemma.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus challenges for the future. The future in diabetic research is both stimulating and exciting. Diagnostic subclassification as to specific etiology appears well underway and will provide a more scientific basis for therapeutic approaches. The importance of the histocompatibility complex and its many secrets are rapidly becoming apparent in the etiology of juvenile diabetes. Further studies in obesity and the neuroendocrines may solve adult-onset diabetes. Pancreatic transplantation and artificial devices may provide important therapeutic approaches. Further genetic explorations will, no doubt, provide clarity to the somewhat muddy picture of both etiology and complications. The challenges are here, let's hope that enough young scientists hear the call to provide the manpower to solve this major dilemma.", "PMID": 388999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8377", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog: evidence for a non-hematogenous origin of subarachnoid macrophages.", "content": "Injection of viable BCG into the subarachnoid space of immunized and non-immunized dogs produced a 10-fold increase in the populations of pial free cells. In immunized animals injected three days previously with BCG, stereoscopic SEM revealed that many pial cells had rounded up and were protruding into the subarachnoid space. With continued rounding these cells took on amoeboid characteristics, with shapes that suggested a capacity for cell movement. Internally, these pial cells possessed an increased volume of perinuclear cytoplasm and organelles. Reactive pial cells could be distinguished from macrophages of presumed hematogenous origin on the basis of their surface morphology. These findings suggested that pial cells had the ability to alter their normal structural and behavioral characteristics and to become macrophage-like under these conditions of secondary challenge by BCG.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog: evidence for a non-hematogenous origin of subarachnoid macrophages. Injection of viable BCG into the subarachnoid space of immunized and non-immunized dogs produced a 10-fold increase in the populations of pial free cells. In immunized animals injected three days previously with BCG, stereoscopic SEM revealed that many pial cells had rounded up and were protruding into the subarachnoid space. With continued rounding these cells took on amoeboid characteristics, with shapes that suggested a capacity for cell movement. Internally, these pial cells possessed an increased volume of perinuclear cytoplasm and organelles. Reactive pial cells could be distinguished from macrophages of presumed hematogenous origin on the basis of their surface morphology. These findings suggested that pial cells had the ability to alter their normal structural and behavioral characteristics and to become macrophage-like under these conditions of secondary challenge by BCG.", "PMID": 389020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8378", "title": "Retinoic acid--a review.", "content": "Retinoic acid (RA) is now considered anormal metabolite of vitamin A. It has been established that RA maintains health and supports growth in animals but differs from other forms of vitamin A in that RA does not function in visual or reproductive processes. RA and RA analogs also differ from other forms of vitamin A in: absorption, transport, metabolism, storage, turnover, biochemical functions, excretion, pharmacology, and toxicology.", "contents": "Retinoic acid--a review. Retinoic acid (RA) is now considered anormal metabolite of vitamin A. It has been established that RA maintains health and supports growth in animals but differs from other forms of vitamin A in that RA does not function in visual or reproductive processes. RA and RA analogs also differ from other forms of vitamin A in: absorption, transport, metabolism, storage, turnover, biochemical functions, excretion, pharmacology, and toxicology.", "PMID": 389022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8379", "title": "Effects of differences in amount and kind of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses in man.", "content": "The effect of variations in kind and amount of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses was studied in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Plasma glucose and insulin responses fell when the proportion of total calories given as carbohydrate were decreased by 15% (coincidental with a comparable increase in dietary fat). Associated with the lower plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was a fall in fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels. Plasma glucose and insulin responses were also lower when equivalent carbohydrate challenges were given as part of a mixed meal, as compared to a drink. Furthermore, carbohydrate given as starch also led to an attenuated glucose and insulin response when compared to an equivalent amount of glucose administered as either dextrose or sucrose. Finally, significant differences were also seen after the ingestion of different kinds of starch, with potato being the most like dextrose, and rice the least. These results indicate that differences in amount and kind of ingested carbohydrate can modify ensuing plasma glucose and insulin responses, and raise the possibility that such dietary manipulation may have some therapeutic utility in patients with abnormal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of differences in amount and kind of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses in man. The effect of variations in kind and amount of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses was studied in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Plasma glucose and insulin responses fell when the proportion of total calories given as carbohydrate were decreased by 15% (coincidental with a comparable increase in dietary fat). Associated with the lower plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was a fall in fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels. Plasma glucose and insulin responses were also lower when equivalent carbohydrate challenges were given as part of a mixed meal, as compared to a drink. Furthermore, carbohydrate given as starch also led to an attenuated glucose and insulin response when compared to an equivalent amount of glucose administered as either dextrose or sucrose. Finally, significant differences were also seen after the ingestion of different kinds of starch, with potato being the most like dextrose, and rice the least. These results indicate that differences in amount and kind of ingested carbohydrate can modify ensuing plasma glucose and insulin responses, and raise the possibility that such dietary manipulation may have some therapeutic utility in patients with abnormal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 389023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8380", "title": "Chordoma. A clinicopathologic study of metastasis.", "content": "Thirty cases of chordoma were reviewed with respect to the incidence of distant metastases. Follow-up information was obtained in 27 (90%), and the incidence of metastases was approximately 30%. The sites of the metastasizing primary tumors were predominantly sacral and vertebral. The sites of the metastases were predominantly skin and bone, although metastases were found in the lungs and lymph nodes. In two of the three patients with dermal metastases, the metastases were present prior to the diagnosis of the primary lesions. All three dermal metastases were initially diagnosed as mixed tumors of the skin, and all three patients had at least four such lesions of the skin. Accurate prediction of which chordomas will eventually metastasize is difficult. Clinically, local aggressiveness and radiotherapy were positively correlated with this ability; histologically, more anaplastic chordomas were more likely to metastasize.", "contents": "Chordoma. A clinicopathologic study of metastasis. Thirty cases of chordoma were reviewed with respect to the incidence of distant metastases. Follow-up information was obtained in 27 (90%), and the incidence of metastases was approximately 30%. The sites of the metastasizing primary tumors were predominantly sacral and vertebral. The sites of the metastases were predominantly skin and bone, although metastases were found in the lungs and lymph nodes. In two of the three patients with dermal metastases, the metastases were present prior to the diagnosis of the primary lesions. All three dermal metastases were initially diagnosed as mixed tumors of the skin, and all three patients had at least four such lesions of the skin. Accurate prediction of which chordomas will eventually metastasize is difficult. Clinically, local aggressiveness and radiotherapy were positively correlated with this ability; histologically, more anaplastic chordomas were more likely to metastasize.", "PMID": 389031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8381", "title": "Clinical usefulness of the Crithida luciliae test for antibodies to native DNA.", "content": "The Crithidia luciliae assay (CL-IF) for antibodies to native DNA was found to be significantly more sensitive and specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than the Farr radioimmunoassay (RIA). High titers of antibodies to native DNA were seen exclusively in patients wtih SLE using the CL-IF test. The titers correlated with the activity of SLE and nephritis, in that the highest titers occurred in patients with active disease and severe nephritis, the lowest in patients with inactive lupus and normal renal function. Favorable responses to therapy were associated with decreases in CL-IF titers. The CL-IF assay can detect complement-fixing antibodies to native DNA. Their presence correlated with the disease activity and nephritis in SLE patients. The simple and inexpensive CL-IF test could either replace the RIA in clinical laboratories or be used in conjunction with the RIA as a confirmatory test for antibodies to native DNA.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of the Crithida luciliae test for antibodies to native DNA. The Crithidia luciliae assay (CL-IF) for antibodies to native DNA was found to be significantly more sensitive and specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than the Farr radioimmunoassay (RIA). High titers of antibodies to native DNA were seen exclusively in patients wtih SLE using the CL-IF test. The titers correlated with the activity of SLE and nephritis, in that the highest titers occurred in patients with active disease and severe nephritis, the lowest in patients with inactive lupus and normal renal function. Favorable responses to therapy were associated with decreases in CL-IF titers. The CL-IF assay can detect complement-fixing antibodies to native DNA. Their presence correlated with the disease activity and nephritis in SLE patients. The simple and inexpensive CL-IF test could either replace the RIA in clinical laboratories or be used in conjunction with the RIA as a confirmatory test for antibodies to native DNA.", "PMID": 389032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8382", "title": "The efficacies of common dyes in primary isolation media for recovery of pathogenic fungi.", "content": "Dyes incorporated into a basal medium of brain heart infusion, Sabhi, tryptic soy, or yeast extract--pepton--glucose (YxPG) agar for selective isolation of fungi were investigated. Dilutions of 1:500, 1:750, 1:1,000, 1:5,000, and 1:10,000 of 33 common dyes were tested against 11 gram-positive and 16 gram-negative bacteria. In addition, these dyes were tested against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and the dimorphic phases of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Twenty-one of the dyes did not inhibit any of the organisms tested. Brilliant green, gentian violet, and malachite green (at three dilutions) inhibited all the organisms tested. Methyl red was found to be the best dye in selecting for fungi. Several dyes were also found to inhibit selectively C. neoformans or C. albicans and the dimorphic fungi H. capsulatum or B. dermatitidis.", "contents": "The efficacies of common dyes in primary isolation media for recovery of pathogenic fungi. Dyes incorporated into a basal medium of brain heart infusion, Sabhi, tryptic soy, or yeast extract--pepton--glucose (YxPG) agar for selective isolation of fungi were investigated. Dilutions of 1:500, 1:750, 1:1,000, 1:5,000, and 1:10,000 of 33 common dyes were tested against 11 gram-positive and 16 gram-negative bacteria. In addition, these dyes were tested against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and the dimorphic phases of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Twenty-one of the dyes did not inhibit any of the organisms tested. Brilliant green, gentian violet, and malachite green (at three dilutions) inhibited all the organisms tested. Methyl red was found to be the best dye in selecting for fungi. Several dyes were also found to inhibit selectively C. neoformans or C. albicans and the dimorphic fungi H. capsulatum or B. dermatitidis.", "PMID": 389033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8383", "title": "Antimicrobial selection for meningitis in young infants.", "content": "Organisms causing community-acquired meningitis in the first four months of life were reviewed. Species of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were preponderant in the neonatal period, whereas S pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were preponderant after the first month of life. The Enterobacteriaceae, other than Salmonella, were not associated with meningitis after one month of age. Implications for antimicrobial selection were considered.", "contents": "Antimicrobial selection for meningitis in young infants. Organisms causing community-acquired meningitis in the first four months of life were reviewed. Species of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were preponderant in the neonatal period, whereas S pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were preponderant after the first month of life. The Enterobacteriaceae, other than Salmonella, were not associated with meningitis after one month of age. Implications for antimicrobial selection were considered.", "PMID": 389034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8384", "title": "Sensitivity of group A streptococci to antibiotics. Prevalence of resistance to erythromycin in Japan.", "content": "More than 60% of all strains of group A streptococci isolated during the period from 1974 to 1975 from children with streptococcal infections in Hokkaido district, Japan, were highly resistant to erythromycin. These strains were found to be multiply resistant to lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were exclusively type 12 by T-protein typing. The clinical symptoms produced by these organisms were rather mild, responded to penicillin well, and were rarely complicated with glomerulonephritis. The high prevalence of resistant group A streptococci was nationwide, which may have been related to recent excessive use of erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin can no longer be considered the drug of choice in the management of streptococcal infections in Japan. This suggests that a periodic surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcal isolates may be necessary in other countries in which macrolide antibiotics are frequently prescribed.", "contents": "Sensitivity of group A streptococci to antibiotics. Prevalence of resistance to erythromycin in Japan. More than 60% of all strains of group A streptococci isolated during the period from 1974 to 1975 from children with streptococcal infections in Hokkaido district, Japan, were highly resistant to erythromycin. These strains were found to be multiply resistant to lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were exclusively type 12 by T-protein typing. The clinical symptoms produced by these organisms were rather mild, responded to penicillin well, and were rarely complicated with glomerulonephritis. The high prevalence of resistant group A streptococci was nationwide, which may have been related to recent excessive use of erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin can no longer be considered the drug of choice in the management of streptococcal infections in Japan. This suggests that a periodic surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcal isolates may be necessary in other countries in which macrolide antibiotics are frequently prescribed.", "PMID": 389035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8385", "title": "Streptococcal pharyngitis therapy. A comparison of two erythromycin formulations.", "content": "The recommended dosage of erythromycin, without regard to the formulation prescribed, for children with streptococcal pharyngitis is 30 to 40 mg/kg/day. We previously reported an acceptable streptococcal eradication rate among patients with pharyngitis treated with erythromycin estolate, 20 mg/kg/day. In this study, an extension of the earlier one, the efficacy of this same dosage of erythromycin estolate was compared with a 40 mg/kg/day dosage of erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Streptococcal eradication rates were nearly identical in the two groups of patients. The efficacy of erythromycin estolate at a dosage lower than that recommended for children is most likely explained on pharmacologic grounds: better absorption and higher levels in serum and tissue than those achieved with other erythromycin formulations. It seems rational to calculate required dosages of erythromycin on the basis of the formulation being administered.", "contents": "Streptococcal pharyngitis therapy. A comparison of two erythromycin formulations. The recommended dosage of erythromycin, without regard to the formulation prescribed, for children with streptococcal pharyngitis is 30 to 40 mg/kg/day. We previously reported an acceptable streptococcal eradication rate among patients with pharyngitis treated with erythromycin estolate, 20 mg/kg/day. In this study, an extension of the earlier one, the efficacy of this same dosage of erythromycin estolate was compared with a 40 mg/kg/day dosage of erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Streptococcal eradication rates were nearly identical in the two groups of patients. The efficacy of erythromycin estolate at a dosage lower than that recommended for children is most likely explained on pharmacologic grounds: better absorption and higher levels in serum and tissue than those achieved with other erythromycin formulations. It seems rational to calculate required dosages of erythromycin on the basis of the formulation being administered.", "PMID": 389036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8386", "title": "Hyaline membrane disease. Comparison of continuous negative pressure and nasal positive airway pressure in its treatment.", "content": "The effectiveness of continuous negative pressure (CNP) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of hyaline membrane disease and the incidence of complications were compared in 36 preterm infants randomly treated with CNP or nasal CPAP. Both methods of treatment were effective in increasing PaO2 and allowing a decrease in inspired O2 concentration. The time required with mechanical assistance and with an O2 concentration of more than 40% was equal in both groups. In the CNP group, four infants required mechanical ventilation because of clinical deterioration whereas in the nasal CPAP group, seven needed this type of therapy. Three infants in each group had extraalveolar air, and two patients in each group died. The results suggest that both methods of applying continuous distending airway pressure are effective. Nasal CPAP has the advantages of easier application and better access to the infant.", "contents": "Hyaline membrane disease. Comparison of continuous negative pressure and nasal positive airway pressure in its treatment. The effectiveness of continuous negative pressure (CNP) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of hyaline membrane disease and the incidence of complications were compared in 36 preterm infants randomly treated with CNP or nasal CPAP. Both methods of treatment were effective in increasing PaO2 and allowing a decrease in inspired O2 concentration. The time required with mechanical assistance and with an O2 concentration of more than 40% was equal in both groups. In the CNP group, four infants required mechanical ventilation because of clinical deterioration whereas in the nasal CPAP group, seven needed this type of therapy. Three infants in each group had extraalveolar air, and two patients in each group died. The results suggest that both methods of applying continuous distending airway pressure are effective. Nasal CPAP has the advantages of easier application and better access to the infant.", "PMID": 389037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8387", "title": "Frequency of use or abuse of amphetamine-related drugs.", "content": "A survey was done on over 10,000 urine samples from the Los Angeles County Probation Department and methadone maintenance programs to determine the frequency of use of eight sympathomimetic amine drugs including amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, mephentermine, phendimetrazine, beta-phenethylamine, phenmetrazine, and phentermine. As expected, the frequency of use of amphetamine was relatively high followed by phentermine, ephedrine, and methamphetamine. The extensive use of ephedrine and phentermine may warrant testing for these drugs on a more routine basis in drug monitoring programs.", "contents": "Frequency of use or abuse of amphetamine-related drugs. A survey was done on over 10,000 urine samples from the Los Angeles County Probation Department and methadone maintenance programs to determine the frequency of use of eight sympathomimetic amine drugs including amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, mephentermine, phendimetrazine, beta-phenethylamine, phenmetrazine, and phentermine. As expected, the frequency of use of amphetamine was relatively high followed by phentermine, ephedrine, and methamphetamine. The extensive use of ephedrine and phentermine may warrant testing for these drugs on a more routine basis in drug monitoring programs.", "PMID": 389038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8388", "title": "State of the art. Primary biliary cirrhosis and the immune system.", "content": "The immunologic features of diseases associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) such as Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and others are reviewed. Immunologic abnormalities involving both humoral and cell mediated immunity have been found in PBC. The morphologic and immunologic data have been used to propose a pathogenetic mechanism for PBC. Recent studies of penicillamine indicate that the drug may influence liver copper content and the deposition of immune complexes.", "contents": "State of the art. Primary biliary cirrhosis and the immune system. The immunologic features of diseases associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) such as Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and others are reviewed. Immunologic abnormalities involving both humoral and cell mediated immunity have been found in PBC. The morphologic and immunologic data have been used to propose a pathogenetic mechanism for PBC. Recent studies of penicillamine indicate that the drug may influence liver copper content and the deposition of immune complexes.", "PMID": 389039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8389", "title": "Ovulation induction with luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone in amenorrheic, infertile women.", "content": "Thirteen women with infertility thought due to anovulation were treated with LRH. Etiologic diagnoses of amenorrhea included hypothalamic or \"idiopathic\" and PCOD. All patients had normal gonadotropins and otherwise normal endocrinologic and infertility evaluations; none had ovulated with clomiphene. Patients were studied for six 35 day cycles, single blind, and received LRH or placebo by subcutaneous injections for 28 days/cycle (LRH dosage 1.0 mg 2 or 3 times each day). Frequent assessments of physical status, cervical mucus, vaginal cytology, and serum LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone were performed. Ovulation was documented by basal temperature, serum progesterone and, on occasion, endometrial biopsy. Follow-up was continued for 6 months after therapy. Of the 13 patients treated, eight have ovulated and five have conceived. There were no complications of therapy.", "contents": "Ovulation induction with luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone in amenorrheic, infertile women. Thirteen women with infertility thought due to anovulation were treated with LRH. Etiologic diagnoses of amenorrhea included hypothalamic or \"idiopathic\" and PCOD. All patients had normal gonadotropins and otherwise normal endocrinologic and infertility evaluations; none had ovulated with clomiphene. Patients were studied for six 35 day cycles, single blind, and received LRH or placebo by subcutaneous injections for 28 days/cycle (LRH dosage 1.0 mg 2 or 3 times each day). Frequent assessments of physical status, cervical mucus, vaginal cytology, and serum LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone were performed. Ovulation was documented by basal temperature, serum progesterone and, on occasion, endometrial biopsy. Follow-up was continued for 6 months after therapy. Of the 13 patients treated, eight have ovulated and five have conceived. There were no complications of therapy.", "PMID": 389050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8390", "title": "Pneumatosis oculi and spontaneous hyphema in association with pneumatosis intestinalis.", "content": "A premature infant with acute necrotizing enterocolitis, Escherichia coli sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation developed spontaneous bilateral hyphemas at 3 days of age. The necrotizing enterocolitis was associated with gas bubbles in the intestinal walls. The anterior chambers of both eyes also contained bubbles of gas, formed possibly by a mechanism similar to those in the intestine.", "contents": "Pneumatosis oculi and spontaneous hyphema in association with pneumatosis intestinalis. A premature infant with acute necrotizing enterocolitis, Escherichia coli sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation developed spontaneous bilateral hyphemas at 3 days of age. The necrotizing enterocolitis was associated with gas bubbles in the intestinal walls. The anterior chambers of both eyes also contained bubbles of gas, formed possibly by a mechanism similar to those in the intestine.", "PMID": 389051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8391", "title": "Radial buckling of posterior retinal tears.", "content": "We devised a method for safely placing mattress sutures for radial scleral buckling of posterior retinal holes. The ability to pass the needle in the anteroposterior direction, as well as the ability to tie the posterior ends of the mattress suture anteriorly where they are easily accessible, makes this method of placing the mattress suture safe and effective for posterior radial buckles.", "contents": "Radial buckling of posterior retinal tears. We devised a method for safely placing mattress sutures for radial scleral buckling of posterior retinal holes. The ability to pass the needle in the anteroposterior direction, as well as the ability to tie the posterior ends of the mattress suture anteriorly where they are easily accessible, makes this method of placing the mattress suture safe and effective for posterior radial buckles.", "PMID": 389053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8392", "title": "Overlooked resources: the place of the library in visual science research.", "content": "Effective research should be based on familiarity with what has already been accomplished in the field. The best place to look for this information is a library, since even the most widely read professional may miss much that is relevant. Libraries not only provide access to their own holdings but assist the investigator by means of computerized literature searches and the use of indexes, abstracts, and other forms of printed reference material. Efficient use of library facilities can aid research and facilitate preparation of grant proposals.", "contents": "Overlooked resources: the place of the library in visual science research. Effective research should be based on familiarity with what has already been accomplished in the field. The best place to look for this information is a library, since even the most widely read professional may miss much that is relevant. Libraries not only provide access to their own holdings but assist the investigator by means of computerized literature searches and the use of indexes, abstracts, and other forms of printed reference material. Efficient use of library facilities can aid research and facilitate preparation of grant proposals.", "PMID": 389055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8393", "title": "Treatment of compromised teeth: a multidisciplinary approach.", "content": "Treatment for uprighted abutment teeth that may have infrabony pockets can be considered complete when the following criteria are met: 1. The uprighted tooth is in its proper vertical axis. 2. There is a significant decrease in soft-tissue pocket depth. 3. Crestal leveling is evident radiographically. 4. Adequate space has been created to accommodate a pontic (minimally 6.5mm). The advantages of employing this orthodontic-periodontal technique are as follows: 1. Leveling of the osseous crest fosters pocket elimination obviating the necessity for removal of a great deal of supporting bone. Concomitantly, a significant decrease in pocket depth usually eliminated the need for periodontal surgery. 2. The resulting occlusal forces are placed in favorable axial inclinations. 3. There is an improved crown-to-root ratio, since the uprighted and extruded tooth is reduced to the level of the occlusal plane. This reduction is sufficient to improve considerably the prognosis of a questionable abutment tooth. 4. A pontic space is created for an esthetic and properly contoured pontic. 5. Parallelism is attained, so that the marginal integrity is more easily accomplished. 6. The orthodontic procedures are relatively uncomplicated, efficient, and esthetic, provided there is little or no lower anterior crowding. 7. The restorative dentist has a proper abutment tooth with a good prognosis for prosthesis.", "contents": "Treatment of compromised teeth: a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment for uprighted abutment teeth that may have infrabony pockets can be considered complete when the following criteria are met: 1. The uprighted tooth is in its proper vertical axis. 2. There is a significant decrease in soft-tissue pocket depth. 3. Crestal leveling is evident radiographically. 4. Adequate space has been created to accommodate a pontic (minimally 6.5mm). The advantages of employing this orthodontic-periodontal technique are as follows: 1. Leveling of the osseous crest fosters pocket elimination obviating the necessity for removal of a great deal of supporting bone. Concomitantly, a significant decrease in pocket depth usually eliminated the need for periodontal surgery. 2. The resulting occlusal forces are placed in favorable axial inclinations. 3. There is an improved crown-to-root ratio, since the uprighted and extruded tooth is reduced to the level of the occlusal plane. This reduction is sufficient to improve considerably the prognosis of a questionable abutment tooth. 4. A pontic space is created for an esthetic and properly contoured pontic. 5. Parallelism is attained, so that the marginal integrity is more easily accomplished. 6. The orthodontic procedures are relatively uncomplicated, efficient, and esthetic, provided there is little or no lower anterior crowding. 7. The restorative dentist has a proper abutment tooth with a good prognosis for prosthesis.", "PMID": 389058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8394", "title": "In vitro evaluation of radiation-induced augmentation of the immune response.", "content": "Small doses (5--25 rads) of radiation augment the in vitro response of murine spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). Such augmentation appears to result from radiation-induced disruption of a homeostatic component of the response that exerts maximum effect soon after the introduction of antigen. Evidence is presented to support the concept that augmentation is due to injury of an exquisitely radiosensitive subpopulation of T cells with suppressor activity.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of radiation-induced augmentation of the immune response. Small doses (5--25 rads) of radiation augment the in vitro response of murine spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). Such augmentation appears to result from radiation-induced disruption of a homeostatic component of the response that exerts maximum effect soon after the introduction of antigen. Evidence is presented to support the concept that augmentation is due to injury of an exquisitely radiosensitive subpopulation of T cells with suppressor activity.", "PMID": 389062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8395", "title": "Studies of the functional and morphologic status of islets maintained at 24 C for four weeks in vitro.", "content": "Isolated rat islets were maintained in vitro at 24 C for 1-4 weeks in tissue culture medium containing D-glucose (1.5 mg/ml). The rate of insulin release at 24 C remained stable for three weeks (2.2 muU/islet/hr) and decreased to 1.2 muU/islet/hr during the fourth week. Increasing the temperature from 24 C to 37 C at the end of 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks produced a 5--7-fold increase in the rate of insulin release in the presence of glucose (1.5 mg/ml). This rate of secretion was comparable to control islets maintained at 37 C for 1--4 weeks. Light- and electron-microscopic studies revealed minimal central necrosis of large islets maintained at 24 C for 3 weeks. In contrast, extensive central necrosis was present in large islets maintained at 37 C for only 1 week. Degranulation of B cells occurred at 24 C with almost complete degranulation at 28 days. Regranulation occurred when the temperature was increased to 37 C. These findings indicate that isolated islets maintained at 24 C remain functionally and morphologically intact for 4 weeks. Initial studies have shown that maintenance of islets at 24 C for 1 week in conjunction with a single injection of antilymphocyte serum will produce marked prolongation of survival of islet allografts. The finding that isolated islets will survive for prolonged periods of time at 24 C should be of importance to future studies on islet transplatation, immune rejection, and investigations on hormonal release from islets maintained under these conditions.", "contents": "Studies of the functional and morphologic status of islets maintained at 24 C for four weeks in vitro. Isolated rat islets were maintained in vitro at 24 C for 1-4 weeks in tissue culture medium containing D-glucose (1.5 mg/ml). The rate of insulin release at 24 C remained stable for three weeks (2.2 muU/islet/hr) and decreased to 1.2 muU/islet/hr during the fourth week. Increasing the temperature from 24 C to 37 C at the end of 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks produced a 5--7-fold increase in the rate of insulin release in the presence of glucose (1.5 mg/ml). This rate of secretion was comparable to control islets maintained at 37 C for 1--4 weeks. Light- and electron-microscopic studies revealed minimal central necrosis of large islets maintained at 24 C for 3 weeks. In contrast, extensive central necrosis was present in large islets maintained at 37 C for only 1 week. Degranulation of B cells occurred at 24 C with almost complete degranulation at 28 days. Regranulation occurred when the temperature was increased to 37 C. These findings indicate that isolated islets maintained at 24 C remain functionally and morphologically intact for 4 weeks. Initial studies have shown that maintenance of islets at 24 C for 1 week in conjunction with a single injection of antilymphocyte serum will produce marked prolongation of survival of islet allografts. The finding that isolated islets will survive for prolonged periods of time at 24 C should be of importance to future studies on islet transplatation, immune rejection, and investigations on hormonal release from islets maintained under these conditions.", "PMID": 389063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8396", "title": "Dynamic aspects of cancer cell populations in metastasis.", "content": "Consideration of the entire metastatic process reveals it to be very inefficient in terms of cancer cells. Of the millions of cells released from primary cancers, relatively few metastases result. This disparity implies that in some way the process is selective. Some evidence will be reviewed that indicates that cancer cells in metastases are in some way different from those in the primary cancer from which they arose. Primary cancers and their metastases, then, should possibly be regarded as distinct entities when one is considering therapy or seeking an understanding of the fundamental aspects of metastasis. In this presentation some nonexclusive mechanisms will be discussed that could be responsible for differences between primary and secondary cancers. These include: 1) Random (statistical) selection of metastasis-forming cells; 2) The existence of genotypic metastatic subpopulations; 3) The existence of transient metastatic \"compartments\" within primary cancer; 4) Site-induced changes (modulation) occurring in the metastasizing cells after they arrive in the target organ; 5) A combination of the above.", "contents": "Dynamic aspects of cancer cell populations in metastasis. Consideration of the entire metastatic process reveals it to be very inefficient in terms of cancer cells. Of the millions of cells released from primary cancers, relatively few metastases result. This disparity implies that in some way the process is selective. Some evidence will be reviewed that indicates that cancer cells in metastases are in some way different from those in the primary cancer from which they arose. Primary cancers and their metastases, then, should possibly be regarded as distinct entities when one is considering therapy or seeking an understanding of the fundamental aspects of metastasis. In this presentation some nonexclusive mechanisms will be discussed that could be responsible for differences between primary and secondary cancers. These include: 1) Random (statistical) selection of metastasis-forming cells; 2) The existence of genotypic metastatic subpopulations; 3) The existence of transient metastatic \"compartments\" within primary cancer; 4) Site-induced changes (modulation) occurring in the metastasizing cells after they arrive in the target organ; 5) A combination of the above.", "PMID": 389067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8397", "title": "The psychiatric use of electrically induced seizures.", "content": "ECT is an effective but also controversial treatment modality in psychiatry. The decision of when to use ECT is predicated on a knowledgeable assessment of anticipated benefits and possible risks as they apply to each individual case. Refinements in ECT technique have minimized risks, but have also increased the methodological complexity. The author presents a clinical review of ECT use with particular emphasis on practical issues related to efficacy, risks, and technique.", "contents": "The psychiatric use of electrically induced seizures. ECT is an effective but also controversial treatment modality in psychiatry. The decision of when to use ECT is predicated on a knowledgeable assessment of anticipated benefits and possible risks as they apply to each individual case. Refinements in ECT technique have minimized risks, but have also increased the methodological complexity. The author presents a clinical review of ECT use with particular emphasis on practical issues related to efficacy, risks, and technique.", "PMID": 389068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8398", "title": "The use of a technical questionnaire in laboratory proficiency testing.", "content": "As an adjunct to laboratory improvement, a technical questionnaire concerning specific steps of the more commonly employed laboratory procedures was incorporated into three proficiency testing evaluations: syphilis serology, mycobacteriology, and parasitology. This addition to proficiency testing revealed some basic and detrimental procedural deviations which could affect the validity of reported clinical values. These procedural deviations were communicated to the laboratories in an attempt to improve performance.", "contents": "The use of a technical questionnaire in laboratory proficiency testing. As an adjunct to laboratory improvement, a technical questionnaire concerning specific steps of the more commonly employed laboratory procedures was incorporated into three proficiency testing evaluations: syphilis serology, mycobacteriology, and parasitology. This addition to proficiency testing revealed some basic and detrimental procedural deviations which could affect the validity of reported clinical values. These procedural deviations were communicated to the laboratories in an attempt to improve performance.", "PMID": 389069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8399", "title": "Parasitic disease control in a residential facility for the mentally retarded.", "content": "Asymptomatic infection with either Entameba histolytica or Giardia lamblia was found in 61 per cent of the residents of a dormitory in an institution for the mentally retarded; two other dormitories had rates of 20 per cent and 22 per cent. Drug therapy was successfully undertaken in all three dormitories, and environmental improvements were introduced in the heavily infected dormitory. A one-year follow-up showed a reduction in parasitic disease in two dormitories but, in the most heavily infected dormitory, infection had returned to pretreatment levels.", "contents": "Parasitic disease control in a residential facility for the mentally retarded. Asymptomatic infection with either Entameba histolytica or Giardia lamblia was found in 61 per cent of the residents of a dormitory in an institution for the mentally retarded; two other dormitories had rates of 20 per cent and 22 per cent. Drug therapy was successfully undertaken in all three dormitories, and environmental improvements were introduced in the heavily infected dormitory. A one-year follow-up showed a reduction in parasitic disease in two dormitories but, in the most heavily infected dormitory, infection had returned to pretreatment levels.", "PMID": 389070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8400", "title": "Possible chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria.", "content": "A 42-year-old hospital worker had a recrudescence of falciparum malaria after chloroquine therapy. Further adequate treatment with chloroquine given orally did not clear the infection. He was then given a combination of sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine, which produced a radical cure. This points to the possibility of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria, an African country where this has been thought to be unlikely. Because of this and earlier reports, clinicians should be on the alert to the possibility of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in this area, and efforts should be made to establish or reject the presence of malarial parasites resistant to chloroquine in Africa.", "contents": "Possible chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria. A 42-year-old hospital worker had a recrudescence of falciparum malaria after chloroquine therapy. Further adequate treatment with chloroquine given orally did not clear the infection. He was then given a combination of sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine, which produced a radical cure. This points to the possibility of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria, an African country where this has been thought to be unlikely. Because of this and earlier reports, clinicians should be on the alert to the possibility of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in this area, and efforts should be made to establish or reject the presence of malarial parasites resistant to chloroquine in Africa.", "PMID": 389072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8401", "title": "Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amazonia. II. Prepvalence of Mansonella ozzardi.", "content": "The prevalence of microfilaremia among Indians in 13 Amazon Indian villages was determined by examining Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears and preparations from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Mansonella ozzardi was the only species found in the 601 persons tested. Prevalence was highly village-specific, ranging from 0% in four villages to as high as 93% among persons aged 10 years and older in others. Comparisons of the two methods showed that the concentration effect of the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture preparations allowed the detection of a greater number of microfilaria-positive persons, especially women and children with lower levels of parasitemia.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amazonia. II. Prepvalence of Mansonella ozzardi. The prevalence of microfilaremia among Indians in 13 Amazon Indian villages was determined by examining Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears and preparations from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Mansonella ozzardi was the only species found in the 601 persons tested. Prevalence was highly village-specific, ranging from 0% in four villages to as high as 93% among persons aged 10 years and older in others. Comparisons of the two methods showed that the concentration effect of the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture preparations allowed the detection of a greater number of microfilaria-positive persons, especially women and children with lower levels of parasitemia.", "PMID": 389074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8402", "title": "Viability of frozen allografts.", "content": "The use of meshed skin grafts allows an evaluation of the biologic properties of stored tissues such as skin. Frozen allograft may serve as an excellent biologic membrane, but it is not a satisfactory product for longer term allografting (intermediate allografting). The method of thawing (microwave oven versus water bath) appeared to have little effect on the ultimate viability and outcome of the frozen allograft.", "contents": "Viability of frozen allografts. The use of meshed skin grafts allows an evaluation of the biologic properties of stored tissues such as skin. Frozen allograft may serve as an excellent biologic membrane, but it is not a satisfactory product for longer term allografting (intermediate allografting). The method of thawing (microwave oven versus water bath) appeared to have little effect on the ultimate viability and outcome of the frozen allograft.", "PMID": 389075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8403", "title": "Microflora of the human small intestine.", "content": "The human small intestine is normally sterile in nearly one half of North American subjects. In this study the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were sterile in 82, 69, and 55 per cent of the cases, respectively. Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent finding. E. coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were present in the small bowel in nearly 7, 15, and 35 per cent of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples, respecatively. They were present in significant numbers (greater than 1 X 10(5)/ml) in the mid-jejunum in two patients and in the mid-ileum in seven patients (23 per cent). Even with modern anaerobic techniques, anaerobes are scarce in the small bowel; 4 to 6 per cent of persons may have aerotolerant anaerobes like clostridia, but strict anaerobes like bacteroides are rare. Our study provides baseline data for use in interpreting the intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with certain postoperative disorders.", "contents": "Microflora of the human small intestine. The human small intestine is normally sterile in nearly one half of North American subjects. In this study the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were sterile in 82, 69, and 55 per cent of the cases, respectively. Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent finding. E. coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were present in the small bowel in nearly 7, 15, and 35 per cent of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples, respecatively. They were present in significant numbers (greater than 1 X 10(5)/ml) in the mid-jejunum in two patients and in the mid-ileum in seven patients (23 per cent). Even with modern anaerobic techniques, anaerobes are scarce in the small bowel; 4 to 6 per cent of persons may have aerotolerant anaerobes like clostridia, but strict anaerobes like bacteroides are rare. Our study provides baseline data for use in interpreting the intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with certain postoperative disorders.", "PMID": 389076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8404", "title": "Increases in cuff volume and pressure in red rubber endotracheal tubes during anaesthesia.", "content": "Increases in endotracheal tube cell volume and pressure during anaesthesia have been reported to be due to the diffusion of nitrous oxide into the cuff. This study compared cuff volume and pressure changes in anaesthetized intubated patients who were ventilated with those allowed to breath spontaneously. The cuffs of Magill red rubber endotracheal tubes were inflated with either air or a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture. Serial pressure and volume recordings confirmed that both parameters increased when the cuff was inflated with air. The increase in cuff pressure was however, greater during intermittent positive pressure ventilation than for spontaneous respiration. There were no significant changes when the cuff was inflated with the nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture.", "contents": "Increases in cuff volume and pressure in red rubber endotracheal tubes during anaesthesia. Increases in endotracheal tube cell volume and pressure during anaesthesia have been reported to be due to the diffusion of nitrous oxide into the cuff. This study compared cuff volume and pressure changes in anaesthetized intubated patients who were ventilated with those allowed to breath spontaneously. The cuffs of Magill red rubber endotracheal tubes were inflated with either air or a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture. Serial pressure and volume recordings confirmed that both parameters increased when the cuff was inflated with air. The increase in cuff pressure was however, greater during intermittent positive pressure ventilation than for spontaneous respiration. There were no significant changes when the cuff was inflated with the nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture.", "PMID": 389087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8405", "title": "Anatomical observations about the closure of the ductus venosus in the dog (Canis familiaris).", "content": "The observation of the anatomical closure of ductus venosus was carried out in 108 dogs (62 females and 46 males) with age varying between 3 hours and 21 days old. We have observed that within 2 days old, the ductus venosus was found pervious in 100% of the animals sacrified; 3 days old, in 81% of the animals; 4 days old, in 62% of pups; 5 days old, in 25% and over 6 days old, the ductus venosus was anatomical closed in 100% of the animals. We have also observed that the closure starts within 48 hours on the caudal vena cava caudal side.", "contents": "Anatomical observations about the closure of the ductus venosus in the dog (Canis familiaris). The observation of the anatomical closure of ductus venosus was carried out in 108 dogs (62 females and 46 males) with age varying between 3 hours and 21 days old. We have observed that within 2 days old, the ductus venosus was found pervious in 100% of the animals sacrified; 3 days old, in 81% of the animals; 4 days old, in 62% of pups; 5 days old, in 25% and over 6 days old, the ductus venosus was anatomical closed in 100% of the animals. We have also observed that the closure starts within 48 hours on the caudal vena cava caudal side.", "PMID": 389088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8406", "title": "[Area mesencephalica on the raphe and its importance. (Stereometric reconstruction in cat) (author's trnsl)].", "content": "The cat's mesencephalic raphe, caudally extended to the locus ceruleus and rostrally to the habenulo-interpedunculary area, was reconstructed with foamy-plastic plates in a stereotaxis ensemble of the brainstem. This reconstruction serves as an important reference to the topography and for interpreting the functional background of the stereotaxic lesions accumulated in the last 5 years. The alterations of the lung's alveolar interstitium after the nervous lesions, were classified in different groups of common evolution.", "contents": "[Area mesencephalica on the raphe and its importance. (Stereometric reconstruction in cat) (author's trnsl)]. The cat's mesencephalic raphe, caudally extended to the locus ceruleus and rostrally to the habenulo-interpedunculary area, was reconstructed with foamy-plastic plates in a stereotaxis ensemble of the brainstem. This reconstruction serves as an important reference to the topography and for interpreting the functional background of the stereotaxic lesions accumulated in the last 5 years. The alterations of the lung's alveolar interstitium after the nervous lesions, were classified in different groups of common evolution.", "PMID": 389089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8407", "title": "Surface area ratios. II. A stereological method for estimating changes in average cell volume and frequency.", "content": "The study describes a sterological method for detecting relative changes in cells--with respect to their average volumes and to their frequencies within one cm3 of exocrine cells. The method is based on surface area ratios (Bolender, '79) and can detect changes comparable to those obtained with the numerical density approaches (Loud, '68; Weibel et al., '69; Bolender, '74; Williams, '77). The new method requires only intersection counts--the same ones that are used for surface density estimates--and, as a result, avoids the difficult and often problematic procedures of the numerical densities. In analyzing the cellular changes in vitro, the choice of either a zero or timed control was found to exert a major influence on the results. Timed controls were required to \"isolate\" the experimentally induced changes from those produced by the incubation medium.", "contents": "Surface area ratios. II. A stereological method for estimating changes in average cell volume and frequency. The study describes a sterological method for detecting relative changes in cells--with respect to their average volumes and to their frequencies within one cm3 of exocrine cells. The method is based on surface area ratios (Bolender, '79) and can detect changes comparable to those obtained with the numerical density approaches (Loud, '68; Weibel et al., '69; Bolender, '74; Williams, '77). The new method requires only intersection counts--the same ones that are used for surface density estimates--and, as a result, avoids the difficult and often problematic procedures of the numerical densities. In analyzing the cellular changes in vitro, the choice of either a zero or timed control was found to exert a major influence on the results. Timed controls were required to \"isolate\" the experimentally induced changes from those produced by the incubation medium.", "PMID": 389091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8408", "title": "Induction of exocytosis from glomus cells by incubation of the carotid body of the rat with calcium and ionophore A23187.", "content": "Carotid bodies from adult rats were electron microscopically studied after incubation in glucose-containing salt solutions containing calcium and/or ionophore A23187 or neither. In the absence of the ionophore, adding or omitting calcium had no effect on the fine structure of the glomus cells. Incubation in the medium containing both 1 mM calcium and the ionophore caused the appearance of exocytotic membrane profiles in several glomus cells. Exocytosis was not seen when only A23187 and endogenous calcium was present. For exocytosis to occur, calcium appeared to be essential and the event seemed to be due to a rise in the intracellular calcium concentration caused by the ionophore.", "contents": "Induction of exocytosis from glomus cells by incubation of the carotid body of the rat with calcium and ionophore A23187. Carotid bodies from adult rats were electron microscopically studied after incubation in glucose-containing salt solutions containing calcium and/or ionophore A23187 or neither. In the absence of the ionophore, adding or omitting calcium had no effect on the fine structure of the glomus cells. Incubation in the medium containing both 1 mM calcium and the ionophore caused the appearance of exocytotic membrane profiles in several glomus cells. Exocytosis was not seen when only A23187 and endogenous calcium was present. For exocytosis to occur, calcium appeared to be essential and the event seemed to be due to a rise in the intracellular calcium concentration caused by the ionophore.", "PMID": 389092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8409", "title": "[Review of in vitro feeding of bloodsucking anthropods].", "content": "A review on methods of in-vitro-feeding of bloodsucking arthropods is given. The most important sphere of application of these methods are the in-vitro-rearing, experiments of transmission of virulent and avirulent pathogens, investigations about the nutrition of haematophagous arthropods, and about the efficiency of phagostimulants, repellents et al. Composition, preparation and preservation of natural blood are briefly described. The kind and the handling of the blood and the suitability of methods depends on the bionomic and feeding behaviour of arthropods and on the specific task of work. The most important methods of the in-vitro-feeding are inoculation, capillary method, feeding from the absorptive substrats of from embryonated eggs, and especially feeding through membranes.", "contents": "[Review of in vitro feeding of bloodsucking anthropods]. A review on methods of in-vitro-feeding of bloodsucking arthropods is given. The most important sphere of application of these methods are the in-vitro-rearing, experiments of transmission of virulent and avirulent pathogens, investigations about the nutrition of haematophagous arthropods, and about the efficiency of phagostimulants, repellents et al. Composition, preparation and preservation of natural blood are briefly described. The kind and the handling of the blood and the suitability of methods depends on the bionomic and feeding behaviour of arthropods and on the specific task of work. The most important methods of the in-vitro-feeding are inoculation, capillary method, feeding from the absorptive substrats of from embryonated eggs, and especially feeding through membranes.", "PMID": 389101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8410", "title": "Indirect blood pressure measurements: a matter of interpretation.", "content": "The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure is discussed from the standpoint of the intravascular phenomena that occur under the cuff during the production of Korotkoff sounds. The influence of the physical and elastic properties of the vessel wall and blood flow parameters on indirect blood pressure measurement were investigated by using the results of model studies carried out in a properly scaled, simulated mechanical system under controlled conditions. The results of those studies indicate that auscultatory readings may be subject to large errors, depending on the thickness and stiffness of the artery wall. These results are shown to be consistent with comparisons of direct and indirect blood pressures in human subjects in that errors of the order of 30 to 50 mm Hg are not uncommon in the elderly or in patients with advanced arteriosclerosis. The errors discussed here are inherent to the auscultatory technique and are not related to instrument calibration, auditory acuity, or office technique.", "contents": "Indirect blood pressure measurements: a matter of interpretation. The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure is discussed from the standpoint of the intravascular phenomena that occur under the cuff during the production of Korotkoff sounds. The influence of the physical and elastic properties of the vessel wall and blood flow parameters on indirect blood pressure measurement were investigated by using the results of model studies carried out in a properly scaled, simulated mechanical system under controlled conditions. The results of those studies indicate that auscultatory readings may be subject to large errors, depending on the thickness and stiffness of the artery wall. These results are shown to be consistent with comparisons of direct and indirect blood pressures in human subjects in that errors of the order of 30 to 50 mm Hg are not uncommon in the elderly or in patients with advanced arteriosclerosis. The errors discussed here are inherent to the auscultatory technique and are not related to instrument calibration, auditory acuity, or office technique.", "PMID": 389102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8411", "title": "The usefulness of theophylline in nonasthmatic airway obstruction.", "content": "This study evaluated the effectivness of oral bronchodilator therapy using theophylline in patients with nonreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twelve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were entered into a doubleblind crossover study using either active drug theophylline in 200 mg capsules (Elixophyllin) or placebo for 3 months, followed by 3 months of the alternate capsule. At baseline and monthly visits, data were recorded, including history, physical examination, and pulmonary function testing. Clinically, 7 of 11 patients responded favorably to theophylline, 3 were unchanged, and 1 improved on placebo. Comparison of each sign and symptom individually revealed no statistically significant differences. Pulmonary function (FEV1 and FVC) showed slight deterioration with placebo, but not with active drug therapy. These findings suggest that nonasthmatic patients may improve clinically during theophylline therapy whereas their pulmonary function may deteriorate during placebo therapy.", "contents": "The usefulness of theophylline in nonasthmatic airway obstruction. This study evaluated the effectivness of oral bronchodilator therapy using theophylline in patients with nonreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twelve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were entered into a doubleblind crossover study using either active drug theophylline in 200 mg capsules (Elixophyllin) or placebo for 3 months, followed by 3 months of the alternate capsule. At baseline and monthly visits, data were recorded, including history, physical examination, and pulmonary function testing. Clinically, 7 of 11 patients responded favorably to theophylline, 3 were unchanged, and 1 improved on placebo. Comparison of each sign and symptom individually revealed no statistically significant differences. Pulmonary function (FEV1 and FVC) showed slight deterioration with placebo, but not with active drug therapy. These findings suggest that nonasthmatic patients may improve clinically during theophylline therapy whereas their pulmonary function may deteriorate during placebo therapy.", "PMID": 389103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8412", "title": "The recementation of orthodontic bands using different cements.", "content": "A clinical study on band failure rate was carried out on 5949 bands cemented to the teeth of 293 patients drawn from three orthodontic practices. The failure rate ranged from a minimum of 7% in a sample from a practice where bands were cemented with Durelon cement (Group 2) to a maximum of 19% in a sample from a practice where bands were cemented with oxyphosphate cements (Group 3). Comparison between the results of the two controlled prospective studies from one practice (Groups 1 and 2) indicated that the use of a commercially available polycarboxylate cement (Durelon) resulted in a lower failure rate than that experienced with an experimental formulation of polycarboxylate cement. The teeth on which cemented bands failed most frequently were the maxillary central incisors. Comparison of the band failure rates between different practices (Groups 2, 3 and 4) showed that patients in Groups 3 and 4 experienced a higher band failure rate than patients in Group 2, due possibly to different types of bands, cements, and cementing procedures of the different operators.", "contents": "The recementation of orthodontic bands using different cements. A clinical study on band failure rate was carried out on 5949 bands cemented to the teeth of 293 patients drawn from three orthodontic practices. The failure rate ranged from a minimum of 7% in a sample from a practice where bands were cemented with Durelon cement (Group 2) to a maximum of 19% in a sample from a practice where bands were cemented with oxyphosphate cements (Group 3). Comparison between the results of the two controlled prospective studies from one practice (Groups 1 and 2) indicated that the use of a commercially available polycarboxylate cement (Durelon) resulted in a lower failure rate than that experienced with an experimental formulation of polycarboxylate cement. The teeth on which cemented bands failed most frequently were the maxillary central incisors. Comparison of the band failure rates between different practices (Groups 2, 3 and 4) showed that patients in Groups 3 and 4 experienced a higher band failure rate than patients in Group 2, due possibly to different types of bands, cements, and cementing procedures of the different operators.", "PMID": 389104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8413", "title": "The production and analysis of antilymphocyte sera following pregnancy and skin grafting of cattle.", "content": "This paper presents evidence to show that high titre antilymphocyte sera can be prepared more easily by skin grafting than from parous sera. It also shows that it is possible to analyse complex antilymphocyte sera by absorption with lymphocytes to produce working reagents. Following the 1 International BoLA Workshop the genotype of some of the animals used for skin grafting was ascertained and it was found that in each case where the resulting serum had been studied the main antiserum specificity that had been produced reacted with one of the BoLA specificities present in the skin donor.", "contents": "The production and analysis of antilymphocyte sera following pregnancy and skin grafting of cattle. This paper presents evidence to show that high titre antilymphocyte sera can be prepared more easily by skin grafting than from parous sera. It also shows that it is possible to analyse complex antilymphocyte sera by absorption with lymphocytes to produce working reagents. Following the 1 International BoLA Workshop the genotype of some of the animals used for skin grafting was ascertained and it was found that in each case where the resulting serum had been studied the main antiserum specificity that had been produced reacted with one of the BoLA specificities present in the skin donor.", "PMID": 389109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8414", "title": "Correlation of immediate skin test responses to antigens introduced by multi-test and intracutaneous routes.", "content": "The Multi-Test applicator is a disposable plastic device for the simultaneous prick-puncture administration of different antigens at eight sites, in a rapid, relatively painless and reproducible manner. To determine its utility in immediate or reaginic skin testing, it was compared with the intradermal technique in children and adults. Skin test responses to glycerinated inhalant antigens, 1:20 or 1:10 W/V, administered by Multi-Test were comparable to those obtained from the same antigens applied intradermally in aqueous dilutions of 1:1,000 or 1:1,500 W/V.", "contents": "Correlation of immediate skin test responses to antigens introduced by multi-test and intracutaneous routes. The Multi-Test applicator is a disposable plastic device for the simultaneous prick-puncture administration of different antigens at eight sites, in a rapid, relatively painless and reproducible manner. To determine its utility in immediate or reaginic skin testing, it was compared with the intradermal technique in children and adults. Skin test responses to glycerinated inhalant antigens, 1:20 or 1:10 W/V, administered by Multi-Test were comparable to those obtained from the same antigens applied intradermally in aqueous dilutions of 1:1,000 or 1:1,500 W/V.", "PMID": 389110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8415", "title": "Inflammatory reactions and chemotactic factors.", "content": "Inflammatory reactions are mediated by a large number of chemical substances called chemical mediators, including chemotactic factors, which are released by immunologic as well as non-immunologic mechanisms. Chemotactic factors which act indirectly on target tissue can not only enhance inflammatory reactions (NCF-C) but may also eliminate the reactions (ECF-A).", "contents": "Inflammatory reactions and chemotactic factors. Inflammatory reactions are mediated by a large number of chemical substances called chemical mediators, including chemotactic factors, which are released by immunologic as well as non-immunologic mechanisms. Chemotactic factors which act indirectly on target tissue can not only enhance inflammatory reactions (NCF-C) but may also eliminate the reactions (ECF-A).", "PMID": 389111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8416", "title": "Heat extraction of animal plasma in preparation for endotoxin testing with the limulus amebocyte lysate test.", "content": "A heat-extraction procedure for endotoxin extraction from animal plasma has been developed for use with the limulus amebocyte lysate test. The procedure is simple to use, is accurate, and has shown good sensitivity with blood from several animal species.", "contents": "Heat extraction of animal plasma in preparation for endotoxin testing with the limulus amebocyte lysate test. A heat-extraction procedure for endotoxin extraction from animal plasma has been developed for use with the limulus amebocyte lysate test. The procedure is simple to use, is accurate, and has shown good sensitivity with blood from several animal species.", "PMID": 389112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8417", "title": "Equine Escherichia coli endotoxemia: comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal endotoxin administration.", "content": "Certain physiologic and hematologic data were determined in ponies given Escherichia coli endotoxin by three routes: single IV dose, single intraperitoneal (IP) dose, and multiple IP boluses. In all ponies, the reaction was characterized by weakness, depression, peripheral circulatory abnormalities, and pyrexia. The pyrexia was more severe and was sustained in the ponies given multiple IP bolus endotoxin. Changes in packed cell volume, peripheral blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, and thrombocyte counts, and blood glucose were noticed in the three groups. Blood lactate and beta-glucuronidase values were determined and increases occurred only in the two IP endotoxin administration groups. A fibrinogen increase was observed in only the multiple IP bolus group. Attempts were made to correlate the lactate and beta-glucuronidase values with the severity and prognosis of the endotoxemia response. In general, the single IV bolus and, to a lesser extent, the single IP bolus endotoxin produced abrupt but transient responses. The multiple IP bolus endotoxin administration produced a more gradual and sustained response, which was more closely comparable with a clinical gastrointestinal disease problem than the other routes of administration produced.", "contents": "Equine Escherichia coli endotoxemia: comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal endotoxin administration. Certain physiologic and hematologic data were determined in ponies given Escherichia coli endotoxin by three routes: single IV dose, single intraperitoneal (IP) dose, and multiple IP boluses. In all ponies, the reaction was characterized by weakness, depression, peripheral circulatory abnormalities, and pyrexia. The pyrexia was more severe and was sustained in the ponies given multiple IP bolus endotoxin. Changes in packed cell volume, peripheral blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, and thrombocyte counts, and blood glucose were noticed in the three groups. Blood lactate and beta-glucuronidase values were determined and increases occurred only in the two IP endotoxin administration groups. A fibrinogen increase was observed in only the multiple IP bolus group. Attempts were made to correlate the lactate and beta-glucuronidase values with the severity and prognosis of the endotoxemia response. In general, the single IV bolus and, to a lesser extent, the single IP bolus endotoxin produced abrupt but transient responses. The multiple IP bolus endotoxin administration produced a more gradual and sustained response, which was more closely comparable with a clinical gastrointestinal disease problem than the other routes of administration produced.", "PMID": 389113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8418", "title": "Failure of positive end-expiratory pressure to decrease lung water content in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "The effect of 10 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) was measured in an animal model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Three groups of animals were studied: (1) controls, (2) those given a saline infusion plus alloxan, and (3) those which received saline infusion plus alloxan and PEEP. All animals were ventilated with a constant volume ventilator. Mean PEWV (+/- SEM) in milliliters per gram of dry lung weight was 4.00 +/- 0.21 for group 1, 6.01 +/- 0.70 for group 2, and 5.77 +/- 0.83 for group 3. Mean PEWV increased significantly in both alloxan groups (groups 2 and 3) as compared to the control group (for both, p less than 0.05); however, PEWV did not differ significantly in the group that received PEEP, as compared to the group ventilated without PEEP. Arterial PO2 and airway pressure required to deliver a constant tidal volume did not change significantly in the experimental groups as compared to the control group. It was concluded that PEEP does not decrease lung water content in pulmonary edema caused by damage to fluid-exchanging vessels.", "contents": "Failure of positive end-expiratory pressure to decrease lung water content in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema. The effect of 10 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) was measured in an animal model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Three groups of animals were studied: (1) controls, (2) those given a saline infusion plus alloxan, and (3) those which received saline infusion plus alloxan and PEEP. All animals were ventilated with a constant volume ventilator. Mean PEWV (+/- SEM) in milliliters per gram of dry lung weight was 4.00 +/- 0.21 for group 1, 6.01 +/- 0.70 for group 2, and 5.77 +/- 0.83 for group 3. Mean PEWV increased significantly in both alloxan groups (groups 2 and 3) as compared to the control group (for both, p less than 0.05); however, PEWV did not differ significantly in the group that received PEEP, as compared to the group ventilated without PEEP. Arterial PO2 and airway pressure required to deliver a constant tidal volume did not change significantly in the experimental groups as compared to the control group. It was concluded that PEEP does not decrease lung water content in pulmonary edema caused by damage to fluid-exchanging vessels.", "PMID": 389115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8419", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion distributions in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios, as determined by the multiple inert gas elimination technique, was measured in 16 patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. In each case, the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios was bimodal. The upper mode consisted of units with normal ventilation-perfusion ratios that received a mean of 52% of the cardiac output. The lower mode, which received the remainder of the cardiac output, consisted of either pure shunt or shunt plus a small number of units with very low ventilation-perfusion ratios (less than 0.01). The measured arterial PO2 and that predicted from the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios were very closely correlated (r = 0.93), indicating that the hypoxemia was completely explained by the measured ventilation-perfusion inequality. In 12 patients, the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios was also determined. The addition of positive end-expiratory pressure uniformly resulted in a decrease in blood flow to the lower mode and an increase in the ventilation of unperfused alveoli. Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure also led to a uniform decrease in cardiac output. We conclude that the hypoxemia of the adult respiratory distress syndrome is caused by the presence of shunt or units of very low ratio of ventilation to perfusion and that positive end-expiratory pressure increases the arterial PO2 by decreasing the perfusion of unventilated lung. The mechanism of this decrease is yet to be defined.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion distributions in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios, as determined by the multiple inert gas elimination technique, was measured in 16 patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. In each case, the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios was bimodal. The upper mode consisted of units with normal ventilation-perfusion ratios that received a mean of 52% of the cardiac output. The lower mode, which received the remainder of the cardiac output, consisted of either pure shunt or shunt plus a small number of units with very low ventilation-perfusion ratios (less than 0.01). The measured arterial PO2 and that predicted from the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios were very closely correlated (r = 0.93), indicating that the hypoxemia was completely explained by the measured ventilation-perfusion inequality. In 12 patients, the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios was also determined. The addition of positive end-expiratory pressure uniformly resulted in a decrease in blood flow to the lower mode and an increase in the ventilation of unperfused alveoli. Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure also led to a uniform decrease in cardiac output. We conclude that the hypoxemia of the adult respiratory distress syndrome is caused by the presence of shunt or units of very low ratio of ventilation to perfusion and that positive end-expiratory pressure increases the arterial PO2 by decreasing the perfusion of unventilated lung. The mechanism of this decrease is yet to be defined.", "PMID": 389116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8420", "title": "Disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. An evaluation in 128 men.", "content": "One hundred twenty-eight alcoholic men were assigned randomly to receive either a regular dose of disulfiram (250 mg), a pharmacologically inactive dose (1 mg), or no disulfiram. There were no statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups in total abstinence, percentage of drinking days, days worked, family stability (living with same relative), or percent of scheduled appointments kept. However, 21% of those who received the regular dose of disulfiram and 25% who received the pharmacologically inactive dose remained abstinent, whereas only 12% of those who received no disulfiram did so. These results indicate that disulfiram may be of limited value in the treatment of alcoholism, fear of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction is important in preventing drinking, and patients willing to take disulfiram are more likely to be abstinent if given the drug. We also found that complete abstinence correlated significantly with compliance and obtaining employment.", "contents": "Disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. An evaluation in 128 men. One hundred twenty-eight alcoholic men were assigned randomly to receive either a regular dose of disulfiram (250 mg), a pharmacologically inactive dose (1 mg), or no disulfiram. There were no statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups in total abstinence, percentage of drinking days, days worked, family stability (living with same relative), or percent of scheduled appointments kept. However, 21% of those who received the regular dose of disulfiram and 25% who received the pharmacologically inactive dose remained abstinent, whereas only 12% of those who received no disulfiram did so. These results indicate that disulfiram may be of limited value in the treatment of alcoholism, fear of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction is important in preventing drinking, and patients willing to take disulfiram are more likely to be abstinent if given the drug. We also found that complete abstinence correlated significantly with compliance and obtaining employment.", "PMID": 389121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8421", "title": "Identification of tubercle bacilli.", "content": "Initial screening of tubercle bacilli with 2-thiophene carboxylic acid hydrazide (TCH) or 2-furoic acid hydrazide (FAH) separates them into two groups. Resistant strains are Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sensitive strains include M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG which are separated by nitratase and oxygen requirement tests. Pyrazinamide sensitivity tests allow M. bovis and M. africanum to be identified. The niacin test is not used. Most strains of M. tuberculosis from Europeans are resistant to TCH and FAH and are in phage groups A and B, while most strains from Asians are sensitive and are in phage group I.", "contents": "Identification of tubercle bacilli. Initial screening of tubercle bacilli with 2-thiophene carboxylic acid hydrazide (TCH) or 2-furoic acid hydrazide (FAH) separates them into two groups. Resistant strains are Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sensitive strains include M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG which are separated by nitratase and oxygen requirement tests. Pyrazinamide sensitivity tests allow M. bovis and M. africanum to be identified. The niacin test is not used. Most strains of M. tuberculosis from Europeans are resistant to TCH and FAH and are in phage groups A and B, while most strains from Asians are sensitive and are in phage group I.", "PMID": 389130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8422", "title": "[Inhibition of Escherichia coli haemagglutinations by antibiotics].", "content": "Escherichia coli has been associated with a colonization factor antigen responsible for the bacterial adherence to the intestinal mucosa. This colonization factor is also responsible for haemagglutination. Among 32 antibiotics tested, only tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and nafcillin inhibit haemagglutination. Tetracycline hydrochloride, tetracycline phosphate and doxycycline are the most effective, followed by oxytetracycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol and nafcillin. Doxycline at a concentration at 0.8 mg/ml in buffered saline, chloramphenicol at 12.8 mg and nafcillin at 31 mg inhibit haemagglutination in 2 h. The inhibition of haemagglutination occurs both with E. coli susceptible and resistant to doxycycline. Pretreatment of crythrocytes with doxycycline does not prevent inhibition of haemagglutination where as pretreatment of E. coli does, suggesting that doxycycline acted on the bacteria. Once haemagglutination had occurred, doxycycline can reverse the haemagglutination, \"unhooking\" the bacteria from the erythrocytes. These data raise the possibility that some antibiotics may prevent adherence of E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, regardless of the susceptibility or resistance of the bacteria by a direct effect on the colonization factor antigen. Furthermore, some antibiotics may be able to detach the bacteria once adherence to the mucosa has occurred.", "contents": "[Inhibition of Escherichia coli haemagglutinations by antibiotics]. Escherichia coli has been associated with a colonization factor antigen responsible for the bacterial adherence to the intestinal mucosa. This colonization factor is also responsible for haemagglutination. Among 32 antibiotics tested, only tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and nafcillin inhibit haemagglutination. Tetracycline hydrochloride, tetracycline phosphate and doxycycline are the most effective, followed by oxytetracycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol and nafcillin. Doxycline at a concentration at 0.8 mg/ml in buffered saline, chloramphenicol at 12.8 mg and nafcillin at 31 mg inhibit haemagglutination in 2 h. The inhibition of haemagglutination occurs both with E. coli susceptible and resistant to doxycycline. Pretreatment of crythrocytes with doxycycline does not prevent inhibition of haemagglutination where as pretreatment of E. coli does, suggesting that doxycycline acted on the bacteria. Once haemagglutination had occurred, doxycycline can reverse the haemagglutination, \"unhooking\" the bacteria from the erythrocytes. These data raise the possibility that some antibiotics may prevent adherence of E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, regardless of the susceptibility or resistance of the bacteria by a direct effect on the colonization factor antigen. Furthermore, some antibiotics may be able to detach the bacteria once adherence to the mucosa has occurred.", "PMID": 389131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8423", "title": "[Release of \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" protoplasts: scanning electron microscope study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a previous study we described the minimal methodology used to obtain protoplasts from ascomycetous yeasts. Using a reducing agent associated with 1,3-beta-glucanase at 26 degrees C, protoplasts were invariably obtained. In the present study we localized the disruption spots of the cell wall using the two same reagents. The observations were made with the scanning electron microscope. The disruption site was always in the subterminal region, and this very simple structure (proteins with disulphide bridges and 1,3-beta-glucans) was opposite the birth-scar. The dissociation of the two reagents showed that a small part of the yeast population was able to release protoplasts with only glucanase. We believe these very sensitive yeasts (2 to 10% population) to be very young cells. These disruption sites seemed very different from budding-sites. They might be identical with elongation-sites, or with the opening in the ascus-wall during germinating ascospore release.", "contents": "[Release of \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" protoplasts: scanning electron microscope study (author's transl)]. In a previous study we described the minimal methodology used to obtain protoplasts from ascomycetous yeasts. Using a reducing agent associated with 1,3-beta-glucanase at 26 degrees C, protoplasts were invariably obtained. In the present study we localized the disruption spots of the cell wall using the two same reagents. The observations were made with the scanning electron microscope. The disruption site was always in the subterminal region, and this very simple structure (proteins with disulphide bridges and 1,3-beta-glucans) was opposite the birth-scar. The dissociation of the two reagents showed that a small part of the yeast population was able to release protoplasts with only glucanase. We believe these very sensitive yeasts (2 to 10% population) to be very young cells. These disruption sites seemed very different from budding-sites. They might be identical with elongation-sites, or with the opening in the ascus-wall during germinating ascospore release.", "PMID": 389128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8424", "title": "[Differentiation of \"Pasteurella\" and \"Actinobacillus\" from Enterobacteriaceae\" by use of the O/129 vibriostatic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 134 Pasteurella and Actinobacillus strains studied, 132 are found to be susceptible to the O/129 vibriostatic agent with growth inhibition diameter ranging from 10 to 42 mm (86% in the range 25 to 32 mm); 46 reference strains of Enterobacteriaceae including Yersinia are resistant to the O/129 vibriostatic agent. This test can quickly differentiate between typical or atypical Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Pasteurella or Actinobacillus.", "contents": "[Differentiation of \"Pasteurella\" and \"Actinobacillus\" from Enterobacteriaceae\" by use of the O/129 vibriostatic agent (author's transl)]. Out of 134 Pasteurella and Actinobacillus strains studied, 132 are found to be susceptible to the O/129 vibriostatic agent with growth inhibition diameter ranging from 10 to 42 mm (86% in the range 25 to 32 mm); 46 reference strains of Enterobacteriaceae including Yersinia are resistant to the O/129 vibriostatic agent. This test can quickly differentiate between typical or atypical Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Pasteurella or Actinobacillus.", "PMID": 389129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8425", "title": "[Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid. Report of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant teratomas of the thyroid in the adult are rare. A personal case is presented. It brings the total number of cases found in the literature to nine, and illustrates the terrible prognosis of these tumours regardless of the treatment used (extensive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Teratomas in the adult thus differ from those in the newborn and child. The latter are much more common and recurrences virtually non-existent. The histogenesis of these tumour is discussed. It may dysgenetic heterotypism, but no definite conclusions may be offered.", "contents": "[Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid. Report of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Malignant teratomas of the thyroid in the adult are rare. A personal case is presented. It brings the total number of cases found in the literature to nine, and illustrates the terrible prognosis of these tumours regardless of the treatment used (extensive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Teratomas in the adult thus differ from those in the newborn and child. The latter are much more common and recurrences virtually non-existent. The histogenesis of these tumour is discussed. It may dysgenetic heterotypism, but no definite conclusions may be offered.", "PMID": 389134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8426", "title": "Oligodendrocyte staining by multiple sclerosis serum is nonspecific.", "content": "The immunofluorescent staining properties of 65 serum samples from 54 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 63 samples from 55 patients with other neurological diseases (OND), and sera from 14 healthy normal individuals were examined on frozen sections of bovine and human brain. When tested on bovine brain sections, positive oligodendrocyte staining was present in 63% of MS sera, 43% of OND sera, and 29% of normal sera. The percentages were lower with human brain tissue. Astrocyte and myelin staining was common. F(ab')2 fragments purified from selected positive and negative MS and control sera gave no staining, though IgG fractions from the same sera prior to pepsin digestion gave positive staining. When tested against antihuman IgM and IgA conjugates, the same positive sera and their IgG-depleted globulin fractions gave minimal or no staining. These results indicate that oligodendrocyte staining is not specific for MS, is not due to specific antibody, and is probably the result of nonspecific binding to Fc receptors.", "contents": "Oligodendrocyte staining by multiple sclerosis serum is nonspecific. The immunofluorescent staining properties of 65 serum samples from 54 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 63 samples from 55 patients with other neurological diseases (OND), and sera from 14 healthy normal individuals were examined on frozen sections of bovine and human brain. When tested on bovine brain sections, positive oligodendrocyte staining was present in 63% of MS sera, 43% of OND sera, and 29% of normal sera. The percentages were lower with human brain tissue. Astrocyte and myelin staining was common. F(ab')2 fragments purified from selected positive and negative MS and control sera gave no staining, though IgG fractions from the same sera prior to pepsin digestion gave positive staining. When tested against antihuman IgM and IgA conjugates, the same positive sera and their IgG-depleted globulin fractions gave minimal or no staining. These results indicate that oligodendrocyte staining is not specific for MS, is not due to specific antibody, and is probably the result of nonspecific binding to Fc receptors.", "PMID": 389147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8427", "title": "Controlled trial of EMG feedback in muscle contraction headache.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients suffering from severe, longstanding muscle contraction headache were randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving electromyographic (EMG) feedback therapy and the other, \"most suitable alternative therapy.\" Headache intensity and severity as well as drug intake were reduced in the feedback group (p less than or equal to 0.01) as opposed to no improvement in the control group. The positive treatment effect in the feedback group persisted through a three-month follow-up period. EMG feedback therapy is effective in the treatment of muscle contraction headache even in its chronic, severe form, which is resistant to traditional treatment methods.", "contents": "Controlled trial of EMG feedback in muscle contraction headache. Twenty-eight patients suffering from severe, longstanding muscle contraction headache were randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving electromyographic (EMG) feedback therapy and the other, \"most suitable alternative therapy.\" Headache intensity and severity as well as drug intake were reduced in the feedback group (p less than or equal to 0.01) as opposed to no improvement in the control group. The positive treatment effect in the feedback group persisted through a three-month follow-up period. EMG feedback therapy is effective in the treatment of muscle contraction headache even in its chronic, severe form, which is resistant to traditional treatment methods.", "PMID": 389148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8428", "title": "The CSF-FTA test and the significance of blood contamination.", "content": "Although the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test has found wide application in the diagnosis of syphilis, the cerebrospinal fluid fluorescent treponemal antibody (CSF-FTA) test is still controversial in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. We found the CSF-FTA test extremely sensitive to contamination with FTA-ABS-reactive blood at concentrations in CSF that could not be detected by visual inspection. Interpretation of a reactive test should be made with caution if red cells are present in CSF.", "contents": "The CSF-FTA test and the significance of blood contamination. Although the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test has found wide application in the diagnosis of syphilis, the cerebrospinal fluid fluorescent treponemal antibody (CSF-FTA) test is still controversial in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. We found the CSF-FTA test extremely sensitive to contamination with FTA-ABS-reactive blood at concentrations in CSF that could not be detected by visual inspection. Interpretation of a reactive test should be made with caution if red cells are present in CSF.", "PMID": 389149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8429", "title": "Botulism, type A, and treatment with guanidine.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study in which patients received placebo or active drug for varying periods, we evaluated the ability of guanidine hydrochloride (20 to 35 mg/kg per day perorally) to improve the rate of recovery in patients with moderate or severe botulism, type A, intoxication. Among 14 patients who received conventional botulism therapy, there was no improvement in recovery rate in those who received guanidine compared with the nontreated group. Individual patients in the treated group showed neither an acceleration in their rate of improvement when they received guanidine nor a regression in their progress when the drug was stopped. Individual patients, likewise, noted no subjective improvement when they received the drug compared with the placebo. Treatment with guanidine does not enhance recovery from botulism.", "contents": "Botulism, type A, and treatment with guanidine. In a double-blind crossover study in which patients received placebo or active drug for varying periods, we evaluated the ability of guanidine hydrochloride (20 to 35 mg/kg per day perorally) to improve the rate of recovery in patients with moderate or severe botulism, type A, intoxication. Among 14 patients who received conventional botulism therapy, there was no improvement in recovery rate in those who received guanidine compared with the nontreated group. Individual patients in the treated group showed neither an acceleration in their rate of improvement when they received guanidine nor a regression in their progress when the drug was stopped. Individual patients, likewise, noted no subjective improvement when they received the drug compared with the placebo. Treatment with guanidine does not enhance recovery from botulism.", "PMID": 389150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8430", "title": "[Doxycycline bioavailability in capsules].", "content": "Soviet doxycycline capsules in a dose of 0.1 g were studied in vitro (for disintegration and solubility) and in vivo (pharmacokinetics on 25 patients). It was found that Soviet doxycycline capsules provided comparatively rapid absorption of doxycycline. The antibiotic availability may be characterized by the solubility test. The results of the study on bioavailability of Soviet doxycycline capsules were compared with the results of analogous studies published by American authors for doxycycline capsules manufactured by various firms of the USA.", "contents": "[Doxycycline bioavailability in capsules]. Soviet doxycycline capsules in a dose of 0.1 g were studied in vitro (for disintegration and solubility) and in vivo (pharmacokinetics on 25 patients). It was found that Soviet doxycycline capsules provided comparatively rapid absorption of doxycycline. The antibiotic availability may be characterized by the solubility test. The results of the study on bioavailability of Soviet doxycycline capsules were compared with the results of analogous studies published by American authors for doxycycline capsules manufactured by various firms of the USA.", "PMID": 389153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8431", "title": "[Characteristics of a strain of C. albicans resistant to polyene antibiotics].", "content": "It was found that a resistant strain R2 of C. albicans obtained as a result of passages on media containing increasing concentrations of amphotericin B differed from the initial strain by its lower pathogenicity. Treatment of the infection caused by the resistant strain on modeling of candidiasis in mice was not successful. The decrease in the average life span of the mice infected with the resistant strain R2 and treated with amphotericin B was lower than that in the control animals and such indices of the disease as the levels of the kidney dissemination and the cell vegetation even increased under the effect of amphotericin B. The results of the study suggest that the resistant strain R2 of C. albicans depend on amphotericin B in the host. The data obtained emphasize the necessity of determinining the antibiotic sensitivity of C. albicans strains isolated from patients.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a strain of C. albicans resistant to polyene antibiotics]. It was found that a resistant strain R2 of C. albicans obtained as a result of passages on media containing increasing concentrations of amphotericin B differed from the initial strain by its lower pathogenicity. Treatment of the infection caused by the resistant strain on modeling of candidiasis in mice was not successful. The decrease in the average life span of the mice infected with the resistant strain R2 and treated with amphotericin B was lower than that in the control animals and such indices of the disease as the levels of the kidney dissemination and the cell vegetation even increased under the effect of amphotericin B. The results of the study suggest that the resistant strain R2 of C. albicans depend on amphotericin B in the host. The data obtained emphasize the necessity of determinining the antibiotic sensitivity of C. albicans strains isolated from patients.", "PMID": 389154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8432", "title": "Experimental endocarditis: prophylaxis of Candida albicans infections by 5-fluorocytosine in rabbits.", "content": "The prevention of Candida endocarditis in the rabbit was easily accomplished with a single intramuscular injection of 75 mg of 5-FC (A predominantly fungistatic agent) per kg either 40 min before, or at the same time as, the intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. Renal infarcts were observed more often in rabbits with infected valvular vegetations than in control rabbits with sterile endocarditis. The prophylactic effect of 5-FC is greater in aortic vegetations than in the kidneys. This may be related to differences in the pathophysiology of infection and the pharmacokinetics of 5-FC in the two areas.", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis: prophylaxis of Candida albicans infections by 5-fluorocytosine in rabbits. The prevention of Candida endocarditis in the rabbit was easily accomplished with a single intramuscular injection of 75 mg of 5-FC (A predominantly fungistatic agent) per kg either 40 min before, or at the same time as, the intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. Renal infarcts were observed more often in rabbits with infected valvular vegetations than in control rabbits with sterile endocarditis. The prophylactic effect of 5-FC is greater in aortic vegetations than in the kidneys. This may be related to differences in the pathophysiology of infection and the pharmacokinetics of 5-FC in the two areas.", "PMID": 389156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8433", "title": "Australian evaluation of Autobac I with suggested interpretive and technical modifications.", "content": "Autobac I, a recently introduced semiautomated method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing, has been evaluated by comparison with the calibrated dichotomous sensitivity disk diffusion technique, which is routinely used in many Australian hospitals. Only the most common clinical isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus mirabilis, were included in this evaluation, and an overall interpretive agreement of 93% was obtained. However, an unusually high rate of discrepancy was noted in several organism-antibiotic combinations, in particular E. coli and P. mirabilis with ampicillin, S. aureus with penicillin, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with methicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. The discrepancies associated with ampicillin have been reduced from 29 and 24% for E. coli and P. mirabilis, respectively, to less than 5% after the utilization of commercial 10-micrograms diffusion disks, in preference to the lower antibiotic content disks supplied by the Autobac manufacturer. Furthermore, modifications in the interpretive procedure have eliminated discrepancies associated with S. aureus and penicillin.", "contents": "Australian evaluation of Autobac I with suggested interpretive and technical modifications. Autobac I, a recently introduced semiautomated method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing, has been evaluated by comparison with the calibrated dichotomous sensitivity disk diffusion technique, which is routinely used in many Australian hospitals. Only the most common clinical isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus mirabilis, were included in this evaluation, and an overall interpretive agreement of 93% was obtained. However, an unusually high rate of discrepancy was noted in several organism-antibiotic combinations, in particular E. coli and P. mirabilis with ampicillin, S. aureus with penicillin, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with methicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. The discrepancies associated with ampicillin have been reduced from 29 and 24% for E. coli and P. mirabilis, respectively, to less than 5% after the utilization of commercial 10-micrograms diffusion disks, in preference to the lower antibiotic content disks supplied by the Autobac manufacturer. Furthermore, modifications in the interpretive procedure have eliminated discrepancies associated with S. aureus and penicillin.", "PMID": 389157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8434", "title": "Netilmicin treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in patients with renal function impairment.", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of netilmicin was studied in 28 elderly male patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment who suffered from complicated urinary tract infections. Doses of netilmicin, equivalent to 2 mg/kg divided by milligrams of creatinine per 100 ml, were administered every 12 h. A 62% cure rate, defined as negative urine culture at 1-week follow-up, was obtained. Treatment failure correlated with impaired renal function. Nephrotoxic reaction, defined as any significant increase in serum creatinine during treatment, was found in 6 of 28 patients (21%). The increase in serum creatinine was transient in all except one of these patients. Apart from the finding of a significant correlation between nephrotoxic reaction to netilmicin and postoperative urinary tract infection, no clinical or therapeutic features correlated with nephrotoxicity; trough concentrations correlated with serum creatinine.", "contents": "Netilmicin treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in patients with renal function impairment. The efficacy and tolerance of netilmicin was studied in 28 elderly male patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment who suffered from complicated urinary tract infections. Doses of netilmicin, equivalent to 2 mg/kg divided by milligrams of creatinine per 100 ml, were administered every 12 h. A 62% cure rate, defined as negative urine culture at 1-week follow-up, was obtained. Treatment failure correlated with impaired renal function. Nephrotoxic reaction, defined as any significant increase in serum creatinine during treatment, was found in 6 of 28 patients (21%). The increase in serum creatinine was transient in all except one of these patients. Apart from the finding of a significant correlation between nephrotoxic reaction to netilmicin and postoperative urinary tract infection, no clinical or therapeutic features correlated with nephrotoxicity; trough concentrations correlated with serum creatinine.", "PMID": 389158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8435", "title": "Urticaria. An immunofluorescence and histopathology study.", "content": "Fourteen randomly chosen patients with \"garden variety\" urticaria were studied for the presence of vasculitis and immunoglobulins and complement. Results of direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of the involved skin were negative, although two patients had immunoglobulins and complement demonstrable in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Results of DIF of uninvolved skin were also predominantly negative. Findings from serum samples tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) were negative, except for one positive in low titer (1:10, the basement membrane zone). Serum C3 and C4 levels were normal in five patients, both levels were low in two, and the C4 level was low in one patient. No skin-reactive immunoglobulins were found in these three patients by DIF or IIF. The ESR was measured and found to be elevated in four patients. Results of immunofluorescence proved negative in these cases. Of the 12 patients studied by hematoxylineosin staining to determine histology, none exhibited vasculitis. We believe that vasculitis with antigen-antibody reactions is not the rule in \"garden variety\" urticaria.", "contents": "Urticaria. An immunofluorescence and histopathology study. Fourteen randomly chosen patients with \"garden variety\" urticaria were studied for the presence of vasculitis and immunoglobulins and complement. Results of direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of the involved skin were negative, although two patients had immunoglobulins and complement demonstrable in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Results of DIF of uninvolved skin were also predominantly negative. Findings from serum samples tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) were negative, except for one positive in low titer (1:10, the basement membrane zone). Serum C3 and C4 levels were normal in five patients, both levels were low in two, and the C4 level was low in one patient. No skin-reactive immunoglobulins were found in these three patients by DIF or IIF. The ESR was measured and found to be elevated in four patients. Results of immunofluorescence proved negative in these cases. Of the 12 patients studied by hematoxylineosin staining to determine histology, none exhibited vasculitis. We believe that vasculitis with antigen-antibody reactions is not the rule in \"garden variety\" urticaria.", "PMID": 389164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8436", "title": "The early history of tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "The early history of tuberous sclerosis can be traced from European wax models of the skin lesions in the 1830s to its recognition as a systemic disease by the early 1900s. There are various origins for the terms used for tuberous sclerosis, including Pringle's disease, Bourneville's disease, adenoma sebaceum, and epiloia. Since these terms are confusing and inaccurate, we urge that they no longer be used.", "contents": "The early history of tuberous sclerosis. The early history of tuberous sclerosis can be traced from European wax models of the skin lesions in the 1830s to its recognition as a systemic disease by the early 1900s. There are various origins for the terms used for tuberous sclerosis, including Pringle's disease, Bourneville's disease, adenoma sebaceum, and epiloia. Since these terms are confusing and inaccurate, we urge that they no longer be used.", "PMID": 389165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8437", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) for psoriasis.", "content": "In view of theoretical concern that psoralen ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA) therapy might induce a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, we studied serum antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in patients with psoriasis who received PUVA and are participating in a five-year prospective study. At 14 centers, 1,023 patients had two or more ANA determinations. When first and last tests were compared, the incidence of positive tests for ANAs was not significantly different (P greater than .2). In addition, there was no apparent relationship between the frequency of PUVA treatments and the probability of a positive test. Over a two-year period, there is no evidence to indicate that PUVA therapy for psoriasis has resulted in a significantly higher number of positive tests for ANAs within our population.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) for psoriasis. In view of theoretical concern that psoralen ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA) therapy might induce a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, we studied serum antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in patients with psoriasis who received PUVA and are participating in a five-year prospective study. At 14 centers, 1,023 patients had two or more ANA determinations. When first and last tests were compared, the incidence of positive tests for ANAs was not significantly different (P greater than .2). In addition, there was no apparent relationship between the frequency of PUVA treatments and the probability of a positive test. Over a two-year period, there is no evidence to indicate that PUVA therapy for psoriasis has resulted in a significantly higher number of positive tests for ANAs within our population.", "PMID": 389166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8438", "title": "The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.", "content": "A patient has an acquired, scarring, bullous eruption. The severity of the cutaneous, ocular, esophageal, and laryngeal scarring was suggestive of cicatricial pemphigoid or the severely dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa. Clinical features and histologic and immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study led to the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita includes cases that closely approximate the severity of disease previously recognized only for the recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "contents": "The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. A patient has an acquired, scarring, bullous eruption. The severity of the cutaneous, ocular, esophageal, and laryngeal scarring was suggestive of cicatricial pemphigoid or the severely dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa. Clinical features and histologic and immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study led to the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita includes cases that closely approximate the severity of disease previously recognized only for the recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "PMID": 389167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8439", "title": "Virus infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The pattern of virus isolation and illness was studied in 64 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) during periods of apparent infection and when the children were well. The virus isolation rate of 2.2 viruses per child a year is similar to that previously found in normal children. In only 32% of children with symptoms were viruses found and 14.5% had viruses isolated when asymptomatic. The children with ALL appear to be more vulnerable to multiple virus infections and to excrete the virus for longer periods. This may be due to failure of production of both local and systemic antibodies. The failure in the past to recognise the true importance of virus infections in ALL may have been due to inadequate diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "Virus infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The pattern of virus isolation and illness was studied in 64 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) during periods of apparent infection and when the children were well. The virus isolation rate of 2.2 viruses per child a year is similar to that previously found in normal children. In only 32% of children with symptoms were viruses found and 14.5% had viruses isolated when asymptomatic. The children with ALL appear to be more vulnerable to multiple virus infections and to excrete the virus for longer periods. This may be due to failure of production of both local and systemic antibodies. The failure in the past to recognise the true importance of virus infections in ALL may have been due to inadequate diagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 389169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8440", "title": "Bacteriological monitoring of unheated human milk.", "content": "To assess the bacteriological quality of unpooled expressed breast milk, a pilot bottle sample of each donation was examined before the milk was given to the neonate. Provided the milk did not contain greater than 2500 organisms/ml or potential pathogens it was used unheated. Milk containing between 2500 and 5000 organisms/ml and no potential pathogens was used after pasteurisation. Using these criteria, 67% of 460 donations were acceptable. However, because the bacteriological quality varied, 45% of domiciliary donations were discarded compared with only 29% of those from hospital.", "contents": "Bacteriological monitoring of unheated human milk. To assess the bacteriological quality of unpooled expressed breast milk, a pilot bottle sample of each donation was examined before the milk was given to the neonate. Provided the milk did not contain greater than 2500 organisms/ml or potential pathogens it was used unheated. Milk containing between 2500 and 5000 organisms/ml and no potential pathogens was used after pasteurisation. Using these criteria, 67% of 460 donations were acceptable. However, because the bacteriological quality varied, 45% of domiciliary donations were discarded compared with only 29% of those from hospital.", "PMID": 389170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8441", "title": "Viruses and acute abdominal pain in childhood.", "content": "Children aged at least 4 years admitted to hospital with acute abdominal pain, excluding appendicitis, were investigated for the presence of viruses. Out of 181 children 29 were found with viruses of whom 18 had nonspecific abdominal pain. Eight others were found to have virus-like particles on electron microscopical examination of their faeces. Virus infections contribute to a small extent to nonspecific abdominal pain in childhood, but in many cases the cause remains unknown.", "contents": "Viruses and acute abdominal pain in childhood. Children aged at least 4 years admitted to hospital with acute abdominal pain, excluding appendicitis, were investigated for the presence of viruses. Out of 181 children 29 were found with viruses of whom 18 had nonspecific abdominal pain. Eight others were found to have virus-like particles on electron microscopical examination of their faeces. Virus infections contribute to a small extent to nonspecific abdominal pain in childhood, but in many cases the cause remains unknown.", "PMID": 389171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8442", "title": "Status asthmaticus in children: a one-year study.", "content": "50 children were admitted on 72 occasions during one year in status asthmaticus, defined as wheezing not relieved by two doses of bronchodilator 4 hours apart. At least one-third of children were hypercapnoeic on admission. They were managed with either oral prednisolone and nebulised salbutamol. Those with peak expiratory flow rates of greater than 25% expected for height were satisfactorily managed on the oral regimen. One child needed assisted ventilation. 73% were fit for discharge within 4 days and more than half of them needed a change in maintanance treatment.", "contents": "Status asthmaticus in children: a one-year study. 50 children were admitted on 72 occasions during one year in status asthmaticus, defined as wheezing not relieved by two doses of bronchodilator 4 hours apart. At least one-third of children were hypercapnoeic on admission. They were managed with either oral prednisolone and nebulised salbutamol. Those with peak expiratory flow rates of greater than 25% expected for height were satisfactorily managed on the oral regimen. One child needed assisted ventilation. 73% were fit for discharge within 4 days and more than half of them needed a change in maintanance treatment.", "PMID": 389173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8443", "title": "Neutrophil function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the presence and absence of viral infections.", "content": "Neutrophil function was assessed regularly in 26 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in remission, both when they were well and during viral infections. Tests of candidacidal ability when these children were apparently free of infection showed a trend towards lower levels compared with controls. The most pronounced depression of candidacidal ability and chemotaxis was during viral infections, and these two functions of neutrophils were more likely to be abnormal then than when the children were free of infection. In children with ALL in remission, whose neutrophils may function abnormally even when they are well, the risk of acquiring bacterial or fungal infections may be made greater by virus infections.", "contents": "Neutrophil function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the presence and absence of viral infections. Neutrophil function was assessed regularly in 26 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in remission, both when they were well and during viral infections. Tests of candidacidal ability when these children were apparently free of infection showed a trend towards lower levels compared with controls. The most pronounced depression of candidacidal ability and chemotaxis was during viral infections, and these two functions of neutrophils were more likely to be abnormal then than when the children were free of infection. In children with ALL in remission, whose neutrophils may function abnormally even when they are well, the risk of acquiring bacterial or fungal infections may be made greater by virus infections.", "PMID": 389174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8444", "title": "Intrathecal serotherapy in neonatal tetanus: a controlled trial.", "content": "60 infants with neonatal tetanus were treated at random either by 40 000 units of equine tetanus antitoxin (TAT), intravenously and intramuscularly, or by 40 000 units TAT, IV and IM, plus 150 units of human tetanus immune globulin TIG) intrathecally. There were 30 infants in each treatment group. Babies were similar in age, sex, weight, incubation period, temperature, and signs and symptoms on arrival at the hospital. The mortality rate, days in hospital and days of sedation were not significantly different in the two groups.", "contents": "Intrathecal serotherapy in neonatal tetanus: a controlled trial. 60 infants with neonatal tetanus were treated at random either by 40 000 units of equine tetanus antitoxin (TAT), intravenously and intramuscularly, or by 40 000 units TAT, IV and IM, plus 150 units of human tetanus immune globulin TIG) intrathecally. There were 30 infants in each treatment group. Babies were similar in age, sex, weight, incubation period, temperature, and signs and symptoms on arrival at the hospital. The mortality rate, days in hospital and days of sedation were not significantly different in the two groups.", "PMID": 389175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8445", "title": "Acute necrotising fasciitis due to streptococcal infection in a newborn infant.", "content": "A 3-day-old baby girl developed septicaemia, meningitis, and necrotising fasciitis due to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus, type M52, which was also cultured from the mother's cervix. Necrotising fasciitis is a severe infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with infarction, necrosis, and sloughing of the affected areas. Early recognition of this condition is essential so that appropriate treatment can be given.", "contents": "Acute necrotising fasciitis due to streptococcal infection in a newborn infant. A 3-day-old baby girl developed septicaemia, meningitis, and necrotising fasciitis due to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus, type M52, which was also cultured from the mother's cervix. Necrotising fasciitis is a severe infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with infarction, necrosis, and sloughing of the affected areas. Early recognition of this condition is essential so that appropriate treatment can be given.", "PMID": 389176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8446", "title": "Acid hydrolases in experimental and spontaneous bullae.", "content": "The activities of eight acid hydrolases have been measured in blister fluid from various bullous disorders and from experimental suction blisters. The levels of all enzymes increased dramatically for at least 24 h after induction of the blister. No correlation was found between acid hydrolase activity and any individual disease. The levels of activity in spontaneous bullae were similar to those reached after 24 h in experimental suction blisters which had been raised on previously inflamed skin. We conclude that the release of acid hydrolases may be a consequence rather than the cause of blister formation. This conclusion is supported by the lack of inflammatory response to the i.c. injection of blister fluid into normal skin.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases in experimental and spontaneous bullae. The activities of eight acid hydrolases have been measured in blister fluid from various bullous disorders and from experimental suction blisters. The levels of all enzymes increased dramatically for at least 24 h after induction of the blister. No correlation was found between acid hydrolase activity and any individual disease. The levels of activity in spontaneous bullae were similar to those reached after 24 h in experimental suction blisters which had been raised on previously inflamed skin. We conclude that the release of acid hydrolases may be a consequence rather than the cause of blister formation. This conclusion is supported by the lack of inflammatory response to the i.c. injection of blister fluid into normal skin.", "PMID": 389177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8447", "title": "Plasma amino acids as predictors of the severity and outcome of sepsis.", "content": "Sepsis is a major catabolic insult resulting in a peripheral energy deficit which is made up in part by increased breakdown of lean body mass and oxidation of amino acids, principally the branched chain amino acids. The prognosis in any given case of sepsis is difficult to predict, but should theoretically be related to the degree of disturbance in peripheral energy deficit, which may in turn, be related to plasma amino acid pattern. In order to study whether this hypothesis was correct, plasma amino acids and some of their metabolic byproducts, the beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines, were studied in 25 septic patients, and were used as discriminant variables in a series of computer performed discriminant analyses and multiple regressions. The two functions tested were the degree of metabolic septic encephalopathy as a determinant of the severity of sepsis and the final outcome in the septic patient. Plasma amino acid patterns exhibited elevated levels of the aromatic and sulfur containing amino acids, phenylalanine, tryosine, tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and taurine, normal concentrations of alanine, and low normal concentrations of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine. Arginine levels, as previously noted, were very low. Patients not surviving the septic episode exhibited higher concentrations of aromatic and sulfur containing amino acids, while patients surviving sepsis had higher concentrations of the branched chain amino acids and arginine. When the degree of encephalopathy as a determinant of the severity of sepsis and step wise discriminant analysis with multiple crescent techniques were used, the best discriminant function between patients with and without encephalopathy was found to result from the interaction of cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. These amino acids gave a correct classification in 82% of patients with no encephalopathy, and 80% of patients with septic encephalopathy. When the same amino acids were used for the discriminant analysis for patients dying of sepsis and patients surviving, the best discriminant function was achieved by using plasma concentrations of alanine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine, arginine, tyrosine and phenylalanine resulting in 91% of the nonsurvivors, and 79% of the survivors correctly classified. The results suggest a close and significant relationship between the deranged energy metabolism and muscle protein breakdown in sepsis, and the outcome. This further suggests a central role for certain amino acids in perhaps predicting the severity of sepsis and its outcome.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids as predictors of the severity and outcome of sepsis. Sepsis is a major catabolic insult resulting in a peripheral energy deficit which is made up in part by increased breakdown of lean body mass and oxidation of amino acids, principally the branched chain amino acids. The prognosis in any given case of sepsis is difficult to predict, but should theoretically be related to the degree of disturbance in peripheral energy deficit, which may in turn, be related to plasma amino acid pattern. In order to study whether this hypothesis was correct, plasma amino acids and some of their metabolic byproducts, the beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines, were studied in 25 septic patients, and were used as discriminant variables in a series of computer performed discriminant analyses and multiple regressions. The two functions tested were the degree of metabolic septic encephalopathy as a determinant of the severity of sepsis and the final outcome in the septic patient. Plasma amino acid patterns exhibited elevated levels of the aromatic and sulfur containing amino acids, phenylalanine, tryosine, tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and taurine, normal concentrations of alanine, and low normal concentrations of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine. Arginine levels, as previously noted, were very low. Patients not surviving the septic episode exhibited higher concentrations of aromatic and sulfur containing amino acids, while patients surviving sepsis had higher concentrations of the branched chain amino acids and arginine. When the degree of encephalopathy as a determinant of the severity of sepsis and step wise discriminant analysis with multiple crescent techniques were used, the best discriminant function between patients with and without encephalopathy was found to result from the interaction of cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. These amino acids gave a correct classification in 82% of patients with no encephalopathy, and 80% of patients with septic encephalopathy. When the same amino acids were used for the discriminant analysis for patients dying of sepsis and patients surviving, the best discriminant function was achieved by using plasma concentrations of alanine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine, arginine, tyrosine and phenylalanine resulting in 91% of the nonsurvivors, and 79% of the survivors correctly classified. The results suggest a close and significant relationship between the deranged energy metabolism and muscle protein breakdown in sepsis, and the outcome. This further suggests a central role for certain amino acids in perhaps predicting the severity of sepsis and its outcome.", "PMID": 389183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8448", "title": "Long-term fate of lung autografts charged with providing total pulmonary function. I. Light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Two groups of dogs underwent light and electron microscopic examination of both lungs up to five years after left lung autotransplantation. In one group of four dogs that had undergone ligation of the right pulmonary artery at the time of left lung autotransplantation, no generalized or consistent lesions were present in the transplant except for slight distension of net capillaries and slight capillary basement membrane thickening. Aside from theseminor changes which were probably of no functional significance, most areas of lung examined up to five years after transplantation were normal. In the second group of four dogs that did not have contralateral pulmonary artery ligation at the time of left lung autotransplantation, no consistent abnormality was present in either the transplanted left or nontransplanted right lung. In three animals in this group, widespread normal areas were present bilaterally up to five years after transplantation. One animal in this group had focal changes consistent with chronic pulmonary disease in both of its lungs. Thus, transplanted lungs do not necessarily develop significant late pathologic lesions.", "contents": "Long-term fate of lung autografts charged with providing total pulmonary function. I. Light and electron microscopic studies. Two groups of dogs underwent light and electron microscopic examination of both lungs up to five years after left lung autotransplantation. In one group of four dogs that had undergone ligation of the right pulmonary artery at the time of left lung autotransplantation, no generalized or consistent lesions were present in the transplant except for slight distension of net capillaries and slight capillary basement membrane thickening. Aside from theseminor changes which were probably of no functional significance, most areas of lung examined up to five years after transplantation were normal. In the second group of four dogs that did not have contralateral pulmonary artery ligation at the time of left lung autotransplantation, no consistent abnormality was present in either the transplanted left or nontransplanted right lung. In three animals in this group, widespread normal areas were present bilaterally up to five years after transplantation. One animal in this group had focal changes consistent with chronic pulmonary disease in both of its lungs. Thus, transplanted lungs do not necessarily develop significant late pathologic lesions.", "PMID": 389184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8449", "title": "Long-term fate of lung autografts charged with providing total pulmonary function. II. Hemodynamic, functional and angiographic studies.", "content": "Four dogs underwent autotransplantation of the left lung with immediate ligation of the right pulmonary artery and survived up to five years. Mean pulmonary artery pressures increased from 15 +/- 2 mmHg preoperatively to 23 +/- 4 mmHg immediately after operation and remained at the level (24 +/- 3 mmHg) up to five years operation. Arterial and venous blood gas values, determined while the animals were breathing ambient air spontaneously under light anesthesia, did not deteriorate with time and were within the normal range. The vascular resistance of the transplanted lungs up to five years after operation were not significantly different from those determined immediately after operation and remained lower than preoperative values, indicating that transplanted lungs retain indefinitely the ability to vasodilate with increased blood flow. Periodic angiography performed from 3-5 years after operation confirmed that the right lungs received no pulmonary blood flow and revealed normal vascular morphology except for moderate dilatation of the large arteries in the transplanted left lung. Thus, single transplanted lungs can provide total respiratory function while carrying the entire pulmonary blood flow at tolerable arterial pressures for at least five years without evidence of functional deterioration.", "contents": "Long-term fate of lung autografts charged with providing total pulmonary function. II. Hemodynamic, functional and angiographic studies. Four dogs underwent autotransplantation of the left lung with immediate ligation of the right pulmonary artery and survived up to five years. Mean pulmonary artery pressures increased from 15 +/- 2 mmHg preoperatively to 23 +/- 4 mmHg immediately after operation and remained at the level (24 +/- 3 mmHg) up to five years operation. Arterial and venous blood gas values, determined while the animals were breathing ambient air spontaneously under light anesthesia, did not deteriorate with time and were within the normal range. The vascular resistance of the transplanted lungs up to five years after operation were not significantly different from those determined immediately after operation and remained lower than preoperative values, indicating that transplanted lungs retain indefinitely the ability to vasodilate with increased blood flow. Periodic angiography performed from 3-5 years after operation confirmed that the right lungs received no pulmonary blood flow and revealed normal vascular morphology except for moderate dilatation of the large arteries in the transplanted left lung. Thus, single transplanted lungs can provide total respiratory function while carrying the entire pulmonary blood flow at tolerable arterial pressures for at least five years without evidence of functional deterioration.", "PMID": 389185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8450", "title": "External ureteroneocystostomy and ureteroureterostomy in renal transplantation.", "content": "\"External\" ureteroneocystostomy is a method of reconstructing the urinary tract for renal transplantation. As performed by us, it is a modification of the technique of Witzel, Sampson, and Lich. It has the advantages of requiring a very short length of ureter, avoiding a separate and large cystotomy, and retaining the antireflux mechanism. This technique is described in detail. Ureteroureterostomy has been used as the preferred procedure when the bladder wall is very thin or when the vascular attachments are such that a ureteral length of greater than 6-7 cm would be required for bladder implantation. Since using these techniques we have reduced the early complication rate of ureteral implantation from 11.9% in a consecutive series of 126 transplants to 0% in the last 88 consecutive transplants. A review of the literature which led to the adoption of these techniques is also presented.", "contents": "External ureteroneocystostomy and ureteroureterostomy in renal transplantation. \"External\" ureteroneocystostomy is a method of reconstructing the urinary tract for renal transplantation. As performed by us, it is a modification of the technique of Witzel, Sampson, and Lich. It has the advantages of requiring a very short length of ureter, avoiding a separate and large cystotomy, and retaining the antireflux mechanism. This technique is described in detail. Ureteroureterostomy has been used as the preferred procedure when the bladder wall is very thin or when the vascular attachments are such that a ureteral length of greater than 6-7 cm would be required for bladder implantation. Since using these techniques we have reduced the early complication rate of ureteral implantation from 11.9% in a consecutive series of 126 transplants to 0% in the last 88 consecutive transplants. A review of the literature which led to the adoption of these techniques is also presented.", "PMID": 389186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8451", "title": "A mechanical device for sutureless aorta-saphenous vein anastomosis.", "content": "The aorta-saphenous vein anastomosis is a very common anastomosis with constant anatomy. A device for sutureless aortovenous anastomosis is presented which adapts the principle of venous eversion to the end-to-side anastomosis. The use of this device in 20 dogs demonstrated that reasonable early patency (85%) and subsequent long-term patency (100%) can be achieved. The device possesses the potential for rapid multiple anastomoses to the proximal aorta, but the eversion principle requires that the anastomosis be smaller than the vein utilized. Clinical application of this technique will require both modification to enlarge the anastomosis and demonstration of long-term patency competitive with suture techniques. The device is not yet ready for clinical use.", "contents": "A mechanical device for sutureless aorta-saphenous vein anastomosis. The aorta-saphenous vein anastomosis is a very common anastomosis with constant anatomy. A device for sutureless aortovenous anastomosis is presented which adapts the principle of venous eversion to the end-to-side anastomosis. The use of this device in 20 dogs demonstrated that reasonable early patency (85%) and subsequent long-term patency (100%) can be achieved. The device possesses the potential for rapid multiple anastomoses to the proximal aorta, but the eversion principle requires that the anastomosis be smaller than the vein utilized. Clinical application of this technique will require both modification to enlarge the anastomosis and demonstration of long-term patency competitive with suture techniques. The device is not yet ready for clinical use.", "PMID": 389187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8452", "title": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on transport processes by the turtle bladder.", "content": "The role of the changes in intracellular concentration of Ca and Mg in Na and H+ transport by the turtle bladder in vitro was studied with the use of the ionophore A23187. This ionophore increases the permeability of living and artificial membranes to divalent cations. In the presence of a minimal concentration of Ca (0.2 mM), which is necessary for the membranes to remain stable, the ionophore failed to alter the rate of Na transport or H+ secretion in the presence of 2.5 mM Mg. These data demonstrate that changes in intracellular Mg do not play an important role in Na or H+ transport by the turtle bladder. In the presence of 1.8 mM Ca the ionophore caused a significant decrease in Na transport as compared to control hemibladders treated with dimethylsulfoxide, the vehicle used to dissolve the ionophore. In the presence of  a minimal concentration of Ca (0.2 mM) the ionophore failed to alter the rate of Na transport. These observations demonstrate that the decrease in Na transport in the presence of Ca was the result of changes in intracellular Ca concentration rather than a non-specific effect of the ionophore. The data further demonostrate that calcium plays an important role in Na transport by the turtle bladder but that Mg does not seem to be important in the regulation of Na or H+ transport by this membrane.", "contents": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on transport processes by the turtle bladder. The role of the changes in intracellular concentration of Ca and Mg in Na and H+ transport by the turtle bladder in vitro was studied with the use of the ionophore A23187. This ionophore increases the permeability of living and artificial membranes to divalent cations. In the presence of a minimal concentration of Ca (0.2 mM), which is necessary for the membranes to remain stable, the ionophore failed to alter the rate of Na transport or H+ secretion in the presence of 2.5 mM Mg. These data demonstrate that changes in intracellular Mg do not play an important role in Na or H+ transport by the turtle bladder. In the presence of 1.8 mM Ca the ionophore caused a significant decrease in Na transport as compared to control hemibladders treated with dimethylsulfoxide, the vehicle used to dissolve the ionophore. In the presence of  a minimal concentration of Ca (0.2 mM) the ionophore failed to alter the rate of Na transport. These observations demonstrate that the decrease in Na transport in the presence of Ca was the result of changes in intracellular Ca concentration rather than a non-specific effect of the ionophore. The data further demonostrate that calcium plays an important role in Na transport by the turtle bladder but that Mg does not seem to be important in the regulation of Na or H+ transport by this membrane.", "PMID": 389188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8453", "title": "Netilmicin in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer.", "content": "Ninety-two patients with cancer with 100 infectious episodes were treated with netilmicin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside. Netilmicin was administered intravenously, either intermittently or by continuous infusion. The overall cure rate was 60%. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and the response rate for these infections was 32/53 (60%). The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia were the most common types of infection treated and the response rates were 23/47 (49%), 19/21 (90%), and 9/17 (53%), respectively. Nephrotoxicity occurred in ten patients (6%) who had normal renal function initially. Netilmicin is an effective aminoglycoside with a spectrum of antibacterial activity similar to that of gentamicin sulfate and it appears to be less nephrotoxic.", "contents": "Netilmicin in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. Ninety-two patients with cancer with 100 infectious episodes were treated with netilmicin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside. Netilmicin was administered intravenously, either intermittently or by continuous infusion. The overall cure rate was 60%. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and the response rate for these infections was 32/53 (60%). The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia were the most common types of infection treated and the response rates were 23/47 (49%), 19/21 (90%), and 9/17 (53%), respectively. Nephrotoxicity occurred in ten patients (6%) who had normal renal function initially. Netilmicin is an effective aminoglycoside with a spectrum of antibacterial activity similar to that of gentamicin sulfate and it appears to be less nephrotoxic.", "PMID": 389189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8454", "title": "[Effect of reduced gastrointestinal motility on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora and the pathogenesis of coli enterotoxinemia in market swine].", "content": "Opium tincture and Spasmentral were applied to piglets early after weaning and reduced their gastro-intestinal motility, which, however, caused only very minor changes in quantitative germ flora composition in those first days. Short-time suppression of gastro-intestinal motility obviously does not result in detrimental consequences to the organism as a whole, since there seem to be several factors which are involved in the control and regulation of the intestinal germ flora. Impairment of gastro-intestinal motility appeared to be of no importance to the pathogenesis of coli-enterotoxaemia, as it was not followed by higher incidence of the disease.", "contents": "[Effect of reduced gastrointestinal motility on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora and the pathogenesis of coli enterotoxinemia in market swine]. Opium tincture and Spasmentral were applied to piglets early after weaning and reduced their gastro-intestinal motility, which, however, caused only very minor changes in quantitative germ flora composition in those first days. Short-time suppression of gastro-intestinal motility obviously does not result in detrimental consequences to the organism as a whole, since there seem to be several factors which are involved in the control and regulation of the intestinal germ flora. Impairment of gastro-intestinal motility appeared to be of no importance to the pathogenesis of coli-enterotoxaemia, as it was not followed by higher incidence of the disease.", "PMID": 389190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8455", "title": "[Epizootiology of Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens].", "content": "The incidence of S. typhimurium infections among fowl increased in thr region of Potsdam in general, and on various big farms in particular, 1976 and over the first half of 1977. The outbreaks included subclinical infections and clinically manifest diseases which caused remarkable loss of broilers from the affected stocks (up to 15.92 per cent). Parent stocks contaminated with S. typhimurium were to be the sources of infection in all cases. A total of 1,220 Salmonella strains were isolated from fowl and its environment, with 1,151 of them being S. typhimurium (2.98 per cent of all samples tested). The following amounts of S. typhimurium strains were isolated from different types of samples which had been collected from infected broiler stocks: 8.10 per cent from dead broilers, 5.86 per cent from dead broiler parents, 2.11 per cent from pulp linings of transport cages for day-old chicks, 1.23 per cent from litter, 1.0 per cent from hatching material (eggs or dead and jammed embryos, and 0.12 per cent from swabs used in hygiene supervision). No Salmonellae were isolated from feedstuff. The transmission of S. typhimurium, therefore, is though to have taken the route via the hatching egg and via congenitally infected chicks traded between breeders and propagation farms. The control and prophylaxis of S. typhimurium infections, therefore, should be based primarily on action in the centralised breeding stocks. Specific steps of such action are proposed. Fifty-three strains were biochemically and lysotypically analysed, with the following types being determined: ut/Ph 30 BT b, ut/Ph 30 BT c, n.c. 1/72/n.c. BT b, 2 n.c. BT a, and 1A/6 BT a. The first two types covered 84.9 per cent of all strains isolated from the fowl. All lysotype ut/Ph 30 strains isolated from fowl fell under the copenhagen variant which had rarely been isolated from man in the past. These results are likely to support the demand for a joint control programme for enteritis Salmonellae, with particular emphasis on S. typhimurium, for implementation in human and veterinary medicine.", "contents": "[Epizootiology of Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens]. The incidence of S. typhimurium infections among fowl increased in thr region of Potsdam in general, and on various big farms in particular, 1976 and over the first half of 1977. The outbreaks included subclinical infections and clinically manifest diseases which caused remarkable loss of broilers from the affected stocks (up to 15.92 per cent). Parent stocks contaminated with S. typhimurium were to be the sources of infection in all cases. A total of 1,220 Salmonella strains were isolated from fowl and its environment, with 1,151 of them being S. typhimurium (2.98 per cent of all samples tested). The following amounts of S. typhimurium strains were isolated from different types of samples which had been collected from infected broiler stocks: 8.10 per cent from dead broilers, 5.86 per cent from dead broiler parents, 2.11 per cent from pulp linings of transport cages for day-old chicks, 1.23 per cent from litter, 1.0 per cent from hatching material (eggs or dead and jammed embryos, and 0.12 per cent from swabs used in hygiene supervision). No Salmonellae were isolated from feedstuff. The transmission of S. typhimurium, therefore, is though to have taken the route via the hatching egg and via congenitally infected chicks traded between breeders and propagation farms. The control and prophylaxis of S. typhimurium infections, therefore, should be based primarily on action in the centralised breeding stocks. Specific steps of such action are proposed. Fifty-three strains were biochemically and lysotypically analysed, with the following types being determined: ut/Ph 30 BT b, ut/Ph 30 BT c, n.c. 1/72/n.c. BT b, 2 n.c. BT a, and 1A/6 BT a. The first two types covered 84.9 per cent of all strains isolated from the fowl. All lysotype ut/Ph 30 strains isolated from fowl fell under the copenhagen variant which had rarely been isolated from man in the past. These results are likely to support the demand for a joint control programme for enteritis Salmonellae, with particular emphasis on S. typhimurium, for implementation in human and veterinary medicine.", "PMID": 389191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8456", "title": "Microproliferation of enterochromaffin cells and the origin of carcinoid tumors of the ileum: a light microscopic and immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Using light microscopy, we studied the enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the intertumoral normal-appearing ileal mucosa in four cases of multiple ileal carcinoid tumors to investigate the mode of development of these tumors. There were 54 (39 mucosal, 15 submucosal) grossly invisible neoplastic microproliferations of cells with the attributes of EC cells, including immunocytochemical characteristics. No direct connection between these microproliferations and the intramucosal EC cells were demonstrated, nor was hyperplasia of EC cells found. Thus, we did not find a direct link between the intramucosal EC cells and carcinoid tumor.", "contents": "Microproliferation of enterochromaffin cells and the origin of carcinoid tumors of the ileum: a light microscopic and immunocytochemical study. Using light microscopy, we studied the enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the intertumoral normal-appearing ileal mucosa in four cases of multiple ileal carcinoid tumors to investigate the mode of development of these tumors. There were 54 (39 mucosal, 15 submucosal) grossly invisible neoplastic microproliferations of cells with the attributes of EC cells, including immunocytochemical characteristics. No direct connection between these microproliferations and the intramucosal EC cells were demonstrated, nor was hyperplasia of EC cells found. Thus, we did not find a direct link between the intramucosal EC cells and carcinoid tumor.", "PMID": 389193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8457", "title": "Nesidioblastosis and congenital neuroblastoma: a histologic and immunocytochemical study of a new complex neurocristopathy.", "content": "Congenital neuroblastoma and nesidioblastosis occurred simultaneously in a neonate with severe hypoglycemia. This combination may represent a rare type of complex neurocristopathy. Immunocytochemical staining revealed a diffuse proliferation of alpha, beta, and delta cells as clusters and individual cells. The total islet volume was less than control values and beta cell counts were not increased. This case tends to support the hypothesis that morphologic integrity of the normal islet architecture is important in the control of function and not merely excessive numbers of one cell type.", "contents": "Nesidioblastosis and congenital neuroblastoma: a histologic and immunocytochemical study of a new complex neurocristopathy. Congenital neuroblastoma and nesidioblastosis occurred simultaneously in a neonate with severe hypoglycemia. This combination may represent a rare type of complex neurocristopathy. Immunocytochemical staining revealed a diffuse proliferation of alpha, beta, and delta cells as clusters and individual cells. The total islet volume was less than control values and beta cell counts were not increased. This case tends to support the hypothesis that morphologic integrity of the normal islet architecture is important in the control of function and not merely excessive numbers of one cell type.", "PMID": 389194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8458", "title": "The 'dying back' process. A common denominator in many naturally occurring and toxic neuropathies.", "content": "The \"dying back\" process can be defined as a pathological changes affecting certain neurons in a number of systematized degenerative conditions. Examples exist to illustrate the nature of this process, which is unique to nervous tissue, and there is an association of this process with certain chronic vitamin-deficiency syndromes and some important neurotoxic chemicals. Albeit largely speculative, one can attempt to group the conditions showing the dying back process in terms of putative metabolic lesions. Although this attempt is admittedly only a first approximation, it enables us to look ahead to a future understanding of the metabolic problems of long neurons and how their selective degeneration comes about.", "contents": "The 'dying back' process. A common denominator in many naturally occurring and toxic neuropathies. The \"dying back\" process can be defined as a pathological changes affecting certain neurons in a number of systematized degenerative conditions. Examples exist to illustrate the nature of this process, which is unique to nervous tissue, and there is an association of this process with certain chronic vitamin-deficiency syndromes and some important neurotoxic chemicals. Albeit largely speculative, one can attempt to group the conditions showing the dying back process in terms of putative metabolic lesions. Although this attempt is admittedly only a first approximation, it enables us to look ahead to a future understanding of the metabolic problems of long neurons and how their selective degeneration comes about.", "PMID": 389195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8459", "title": "Spiroplasma-like inclusions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "Spiral membranous inclusions were discovered on electron microscopic study of brain biopsy tissues from a 46-year-old man with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). These replicate coiled membranous configurations measured 850 to 1,000 nm in length and 75 to 137.5 nm in width and were located within axoplasm, primarily in presynaptic terminals. These inclusions closely resemble Spiroplasma, a plant pathogen, and the finding of these structures in CJD suggests the concurrence of Spiroplasma infection with a human chronic degenerative brain disease.", "contents": "Spiroplasma-like inclusions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Spiral membranous inclusions were discovered on electron microscopic study of brain biopsy tissues from a 46-year-old man with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). These replicate coiled membranous configurations measured 850 to 1,000 nm in length and 75 to 137.5 nm in width and were located within axoplasm, primarily in presynaptic terminals. These inclusions closely resemble Spiroplasma, a plant pathogen, and the finding of these structures in CJD suggests the concurrence of Spiroplasma infection with a human chronic degenerative brain disease.", "PMID": 389196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8460", "title": "Histomorphological investigations of coxa femoral ends following double-cup arthroplasty according to Freeman.", "content": "Of 20 shell prostheses inserted in cases of early coxarthrosis in our clinic during the period from mid-1976 to the end of 1978, three had to be removed. Morphological examinations, employing different techniques, were made of the coxa femoral ends which were removed. The foreign body reaction of the bone tissue beneath the cement within the prosthetic shell and the biomechanical response were investigated on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic structural analyses. Dependent upon the time elapsed, the exposed spongiosa surface was observed to have become remodeled to a thin cortical protective layer. Independent of time between insertion and removal of the prosthetic shell, a continuous wide layer, consisting of cellular and fibrous tissue, was formed between the bone and the cement (which remained intact) even after the formation of the above-mentioned cortical bone substrate.", "contents": "Histomorphological investigations of coxa femoral ends following double-cup arthroplasty according to Freeman. Of 20 shell prostheses inserted in cases of early coxarthrosis in our clinic during the period from mid-1976 to the end of 1978, three had to be removed. Morphological examinations, employing different techniques, were made of the coxa femoral ends which were removed. The foreign body reaction of the bone tissue beneath the cement within the prosthetic shell and the biomechanical response were investigated on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic structural analyses. Dependent upon the time elapsed, the exposed spongiosa surface was observed to have become remodeled to a thin cortical protective layer. Independent of time between insertion and removal of the prosthetic shell, a continuous wide layer, consisting of cellular and fibrous tissue, was formed between the bone and the cement (which remained intact) even after the formation of the above-mentioned cortical bone substrate.", "PMID": 389198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8461", "title": "Detection of measles virus antigen(s) in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 5 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and analyzed for the presence of the measles virus antigen(s) by immunofluorescence (IF). For detection of viral antigen fluorescein-conjugated globulins from SSPE patients or from measles convalescents both with high anti-measles titer were used. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 5 children with measles were used as a positive control. Measles virus antigen(s) were localized in PHA-transformed lymphocytes in all SSPE patients. The present results indicate that in SSPE measles-like virus infection may be found not only in the central nervous system, but also in the circulating lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Detection of measles virus antigen(s) in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 5 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and analyzed for the presence of the measles virus antigen(s) by immunofluorescence (IF). For detection of viral antigen fluorescein-conjugated globulins from SSPE patients or from measles convalescents both with high anti-measles titer were used. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 5 children with measles were used as a positive control. Measles virus antigen(s) were localized in PHA-transformed lymphocytes in all SSPE patients. The present results indicate that in SSPE measles-like virus infection may be found not only in the central nervous system, but also in the circulating lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 389202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8462", "title": "Application of single-radial-haemolysis test for the detection of antibodies to togaviruses.", "content": "The newly developed single-radial-haemolysis technique was employed in this study for screening of sera for detection of antibodies to three Nigerian togaviruses. This technique was compared with the standard haemagglutination-inhibition method. A close correlation between the two techniques was observed.", "contents": "Application of single-radial-haemolysis test for the detection of antibodies to togaviruses. The newly developed single-radial-haemolysis technique was employed in this study for screening of sera for detection of antibodies to three Nigerian togaviruses. This technique was compared with the standard haemagglutination-inhibition method. A close correlation between the two techniques was observed.", "PMID": 389203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8463", "title": "Interference with polyhedral inclusion body (PIB) production in Trichoplusia ni cells infected with a high passage strain of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). Brief report.", "content": "Trichoplusia ni cells infected with a low passage (LP) strain of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) produce large numbers of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs). Interference with PIB production occurs when T. ni cells are first inoculated with a high passage (HP) strain and then challenged with the LP strain. PIB production is reduced 100 fold to the level seen with HP virus infection only.", "contents": "Interference with polyhedral inclusion body (PIB) production in Trichoplusia ni cells infected with a high passage strain of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). Brief report. Trichoplusia ni cells infected with a low passage (LP) strain of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) produce large numbers of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs). Interference with PIB production occurs when T. ni cells are first inoculated with a high passage (HP) strain and then challenged with the LP strain. PIB production is reduced 100 fold to the level seen with HP virus infection only.", "PMID": 389204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8464", "title": "[Biochemical aspects of lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The biochemical features of lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis are discussed and the contribution made by work on the aetiopathogenesis of the disease is illustrated. Reference is made to diagnostic tests (E-UFA and MEM tests), whose premisses are based on lipid metabolism. A link between biochemical and immunological research in this field is put forward.", "contents": "[Biochemical aspects of lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis]. The biochemical features of lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis are discussed and the contribution made by work on the aetiopathogenesis of the disease is illustrated. Reference is made to diagnostic tests (E-UFA and MEM tests), whose premisses are based on lipid metabolism. A link between biochemical and immunological research in this field is put forward.", "PMID": 389199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8465", "title": "[Clinical and secretory evaluation of the use of cimetidine in peptic ulcer].", "content": "Cimetidine (an H2 receptor blocking agent) was used to treat 35 patients with gastroduodenal peptic ulcer. Endoscopic and secretory controls before and after the treatment showed that pain was reduced in all cases, that complete or partial re-epithelialisation occurred in 33/35, and that there was a significant reduction in basal and post-histamine acid secretion. Alkaline secretion was not significantly altered. Follow-up of the series is regarded as indispensable.", "contents": "[Clinical and secretory evaluation of the use of cimetidine in peptic ulcer]. Cimetidine (an H2 receptor blocking agent) was used to treat 35 patients with gastroduodenal peptic ulcer. Endoscopic and secretory controls before and after the treatment showed that pain was reduced in all cases, that complete or partial re-epithelialisation occurred in 33/35, and that there was a significant reduction in basal and post-histamine acid secretion. Alkaline secretion was not significantly altered. Follow-up of the series is regarded as indispensable.", "PMID": 389200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8466", "title": "[Epidemiology of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus in the school population of Pordenone Province].", "content": "During the winter months of 1976-1977, our group carried out an epidemiological study in the school population aged 7 years and 10 years respectively, living in the towns of Pasiano (pop. 6,389) and Zoppola (pop. 7,383) in the province of Pordenone. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of individuals in the school-age group having group A beta haemolitic streptococcus in the pharynx. The results of the study showed a high incidence of children with a positive throat swad. Of the 284 scholars examined, 107 (45.7% of the entire population examined) were carriers, in the pharynx, of group A beta haemolytic streptococcus.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus in the school population of Pordenone Province]. During the winter months of 1976-1977, our group carried out an epidemiological study in the school population aged 7 years and 10 years respectively, living in the towns of Pasiano (pop. 6,389) and Zoppola (pop. 7,383) in the province of Pordenone. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of individuals in the school-age group having group A beta haemolitic streptococcus in the pharynx. The results of the study showed a high incidence of children with a positive throat swad. Of the 284 scholars examined, 107 (45.7% of the entire population examined) were carriers, in the pharynx, of group A beta haemolytic streptococcus.", "PMID": 389201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8467", "title": "[Macrophage reaction in the bed of an allogeneic skin transplant].", "content": "The character of cell reactions, number of macrophages at the place of skin allograft was demonstrated to depend on the stage of posttransplantational period. Macrophagal reaction increases as the crisis of rejection is approaching; functional and metabolic activity of macrophages is increasing that is evident from an intensive vacuolization of cytoplasm, decreased contents of glycogene, enhanced acid phosphatase activity in them, increased amount of H3-thymidin labelled cells.", "contents": "[Macrophage reaction in the bed of an allogeneic skin transplant]. The character of cell reactions, number of macrophages at the place of skin allograft was demonstrated to depend on the stage of posttransplantational period. Macrophagal reaction increases as the crisis of rejection is approaching; functional and metabolic activity of macrophages is increasing that is evident from an intensive vacuolization of cytoplasm, decreased contents of glycogene, enhanced acid phosphatase activity in them, increased amount of H3-thymidin labelled cells.", "PMID": 389208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8468", "title": "Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis in a patient with a renal transplant.", "content": "An inclusion body encephalitis developed in a patient with a renal transplant that was shown by immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies to be due to measles virus. Measles encephalitis may be an opportunistic infection in children and adults with immunodeficiencies secondary to tumors or to the administration of immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis in a patient with a renal transplant. An inclusion body encephalitis developed in a patient with a renal transplant that was shown by immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies to be due to measles virus. Measles encephalitis may be an opportunistic infection in children and adults with immunodeficiencies secondary to tumors or to the administration of immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 389214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8469", "title": "Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery. II. Preliminary report of clinical trials.", "content": "Carbon dioxide laser photocautery was used successfully intraocularly in human patients to seal fibrovascular fronds and retinal tears at the time of vitrectomy. Closure of rubeotic vessels in the iris was demonstrated histologically. The 10.6-microgram infrared radiation was delivered to the intraocular treatment site by means of 1.5-mm-diameter photocautery probe containing a 1.0-mm-diameter lumen closed at the end with an infrared transmitting window. Treatment was localized to the tissue adjacent to the window. Typical energy dosage was 0.4 W for 2 to 4 s duration. These early clinical trials were carried out under the guidelines established by the Food and Drug Administration; informed consent clearly outlined the experimental nature of these studies.", "contents": "Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery. II. Preliminary report of clinical trials. Carbon dioxide laser photocautery was used successfully intraocularly in human patients to seal fibrovascular fronds and retinal tears at the time of vitrectomy. Closure of rubeotic vessels in the iris was demonstrated histologically. The 10.6-microgram infrared radiation was delivered to the intraocular treatment site by means of 1.5-mm-diameter photocautery probe containing a 1.0-mm-diameter lumen closed at the end with an infrared transmitting window. Treatment was localized to the tissue adjacent to the window. Typical energy dosage was 0.4 W for 2 to 4 s duration. These early clinical trials were carried out under the guidelines established by the Food and Drug Administration; informed consent clearly outlined the experimental nature of these studies.", "PMID": 389219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8470", "title": "Transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells to species with nonregenerative endothelium. The cat as an experimental model.", "content": "The in vivo transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells has been attempted in the cat. Cat corneas denuded of their endothelium were coated with bovine corneal endothelial cells previously maintained in tissue culture. When grafted back into cat recipients, the corneal buttons remained clear with no edema. Alizarin red staining of the endothelial side of the corneal transplant demonstrated that the coated bovine corneal endothelial cells reorganized themselves into a highly organized cell monolayer within eight days in vivo. In contrast, corneas denuded of their endothelium became opaque and edematous within seven days and remained so thereafter. These results demonstrate that cultured corneal endothelial cells remain functional in vitro and can replace a damaged or nonfunctional endothelium i", "contents": "Transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells to species with nonregenerative endothelium. The cat as an experimental model. The in vivo transplantation of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells has been attempted in the cat. Cat corneas denuded of their endothelium were coated with bovine corneal endothelial cells previously maintained in tissue culture. When grafted back into cat recipients, the corneal buttons remained clear with no edema. Alizarin red staining of the endothelial side of the corneal transplant demonstrated that the coated bovine corneal endothelial cells reorganized themselves into a highly organized cell monolayer within eight days in vivo. In contrast, corneas denuded of their endothelium became opaque and edematous within seven days and remained so thereafter. These results demonstrate that cultured corneal endothelial cells remain functional in vitro and can replace a damaged or nonfunctional endothelium i", "PMID": 389220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8471", "title": "Localization of IgE in adenoids and tonsils: an immunoperoxidase study.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the localization of IgE in formaldehyde-solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The content and distribution of IgE in tonsil and adenoid tissues from ten patients with histories of inhalant allergies and elevated serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE were investigated. Compared with tissues from five nonatopic subjects, the tissues from atopic individuals were observed to harbor a much larger population of IgE-formating plasma cells. The profusion of IgE plasma cells in nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue, observed in this study, furnishes strong anatomic evidence for a pathogenetic role of IgE in inhalant allergies. For cellular and tissue localization of IgE, the immunoperoxidase technique offers clear advantages over previously used immunoflorescence procedures.", "contents": "Localization of IgE in adenoids and tonsils: an immunoperoxidase study. An immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the localization of IgE in formaldehyde-solution-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The content and distribution of IgE in tonsil and adenoid tissues from ten patients with histories of inhalant allergies and elevated serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE were investigated. Compared with tissues from five nonatopic subjects, the tissues from atopic individuals were observed to harbor a much larger population of IgE-formating plasma cells. The profusion of IgE plasma cells in nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue, observed in this study, furnishes strong anatomic evidence for a pathogenetic role of IgE in inhalant allergies. For cellular and tissue localization of IgE, the immunoperoxidase technique offers clear advantages over previously used immunoflorescence procedures.", "PMID": 389221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8472", "title": "The Siamese twins, Eng and Chang: their lives and their hearing losses.", "content": "Eng and Chang were conjoined twins who were born in Thailand and settled in the United States at the age of 18 years. Numerous surgeons in the United States and Europe examined them and almost all of them believed that an attempt at separation would be fatal. They married sisters and lived on a farm in North Carolina where they loved to hunt wild game. Both used shotguns placed on their right shoulders. At the age of 58 years, it was noted that Chang, who was located to the left of Eng, had a hearing loss in both ears and that Eng had a loss that was greater in the left ear. It is proposed that these hearing losses may have been caused by muzzle-blast injury from hunting and that only the right ear of Eng was privileged to experience the protective effect of head shadow.", "contents": "The Siamese twins, Eng and Chang: their lives and their hearing losses. Eng and Chang were conjoined twins who were born in Thailand and settled in the United States at the age of 18 years. Numerous surgeons in the United States and Europe examined them and almost all of them believed that an attempt at separation would be fatal. They married sisters and lived on a farm in North Carolina where they loved to hunt wild game. Both used shotguns placed on their right shoulders. At the age of 58 years, it was noted that Chang, who was located to the left of Eng, had a hearing loss in both ears and that Eng had a loss that was greater in the left ear. It is proposed that these hearing losses may have been caused by muzzle-blast injury from hunting and that only the right ear of Eng was privileged to experience the protective effect of head shadow.", "PMID": 389222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8473", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a multi-system disorder of high mortality and characterised by angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative and granulomatous change. A case is described of this disease occurring in a renal transplant patient. The patient underwent a rapid remission of the disease after a course of combined cytotoxic therapy and remains free of disease three years after treatment. This case is the second described renal transplant patient to develop the disease and the first to be successfully treated. It is likely that the disease originated as a consequence of immunosuppression similar to the development of lymphomas in allograft recipients.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant recipient. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a multi-system disorder of high mortality and characterised by angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative and granulomatous change. A case is described of this disease occurring in a renal transplant patient. The patient underwent a rapid remission of the disease after a course of combined cytotoxic therapy and remains free of disease three years after treatment. This case is the second described renal transplant patient to develop the disease and the first to be successfully treated. It is likely that the disease originated as a consequence of immunosuppression similar to the development of lymphomas in allograft recipients.", "PMID": 389224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8474", "title": "Home blood pressure monitoring and changes in plasma catecholamines during once or twice daily treatment with atenolol in patients with mild hypertension.", "content": "1. The effects of atenolol on diurnal blood pressure control, heart rate and plasma catecholamines were studied in nine hypertensives, six of whom also received diuretics. The patients completed a double-blind trial in which the effects of once and twice daily administration of atenolol were compared with placebo. 2. Atenolol (100 mg) given once a day produced significant reduction in diurnal blood pressures recorded at home but the effect was slightly less than either 50 mg given twice a day or 200 mg once a day. 3. Effects on heart rate and blood pressure were seen within 36 hours of the first dose, and were near maximal at 72 hours. After cessation of the drug, mean resting heart rate increased gradually and reached pre-treatment levels five days later, suggesting strong tissue binding of atenolol. Blood pressure increased more slowly over 8--10 days. 4. Plasma noradrenaline levels were increased at rest with atenolol. This argues strongly against the antihypertensive effect of atenolol being due to a reduction of sympathetic nerve activity. 5. Once daily administration of atenolol in this group of patients with mild hypertension produced satisfactory diurnal blood pressure control and beta blockade without \"rebound\" hypertension on cessation of therapy.", "contents": "Home blood pressure monitoring and changes in plasma catecholamines during once or twice daily treatment with atenolol in patients with mild hypertension. 1. The effects of atenolol on diurnal blood pressure control, heart rate and plasma catecholamines were studied in nine hypertensives, six of whom also received diuretics. The patients completed a double-blind trial in which the effects of once and twice daily administration of atenolol were compared with placebo. 2. Atenolol (100 mg) given once a day produced significant reduction in diurnal blood pressures recorded at home but the effect was slightly less than either 50 mg given twice a day or 200 mg once a day. 3. Effects on heart rate and blood pressure were seen within 36 hours of the first dose, and were near maximal at 72 hours. After cessation of the drug, mean resting heart rate increased gradually and reached pre-treatment levels five days later, suggesting strong tissue binding of atenolol. Blood pressure increased more slowly over 8--10 days. 4. Plasma noradrenaline levels were increased at rest with atenolol. This argues strongly against the antihypertensive effect of atenolol being due to a reduction of sympathetic nerve activity. 5. Once daily administration of atenolol in this group of patients with mild hypertension produced satisfactory diurnal blood pressure control and beta blockade without \"rebound\" hypertension on cessation of therapy.", "PMID": 389223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8475", "title": "Omental transposition and skin graft in the management of chest wall recurrence of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The greater omentum is readily available for the reconstruction of the defect produced after palliative excision of recurrent breast carcinoma. It covers a wide area and readily accepts a skin graft, and it has been observed that there is some local immunity to the reappearance of further recurrence at the site of the graft. The operation can be combined with endocrine ablation.", "contents": "Omental transposition and skin graft in the management of chest wall recurrence of carcinoma of the breast. The greater omentum is readily available for the reconstruction of the defect produced after palliative excision of recurrent breast carcinoma. It covers a wide area and readily accepts a skin graft, and it has been observed that there is some local immunity to the reappearance of further recurrence at the site of the graft. The operation can be combined with endocrine ablation.", "PMID": 389229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8476", "title": "The treatment of deep burns of the hand.", "content": "Early debridement of deep dermal or full thickness burns to the dorsum of the hand is recommended as a means of promoting early healing and mobilization, and therefore less residual disability. The results of treatment of 27 patients with deep hand burns are reviewed and some illustrative examples are discussed. A plan of management for these injuries is presented.", "contents": "The treatment of deep burns of the hand. Early debridement of deep dermal or full thickness burns to the dorsum of the hand is recommended as a means of promoting early healing and mobilization, and therefore less residual disability. The results of treatment of 27 patients with deep hand burns are reviewed and some illustrative examples are discussed. A plan of management for these injuries is presented.", "PMID": 389230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8477", "title": "Contraceptive use in Australia.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to trace the pattern of contraceptive use in Australia during the past 50 years, discussing reasons and circumstances related to the changing preference for specific methods, against the background of demographic trends in childbearing and woman's changing role in society. The analysis is based on unique information regarding married couples and young adults in Australia obtained from large-scale demographic surveys carried out in Melbourne during 1971 and 1977 by the Department of Demography at the Australian National University.", "contents": "Contraceptive use in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to trace the pattern of contraceptive use in Australia during the past 50 years, discussing reasons and circumstances related to the changing preference for specific methods, against the background of demographic trends in childbearing and woman's changing role in society. The analysis is based on unique information regarding married couples and young adults in Australia obtained from large-scale demographic surveys carried out in Melbourne during 1971 and 1977 by the Department of Demography at the Australian National University.", "PMID": 389231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8478", "title": "Amyloidosis of the pancreas: histochemical differentiation between insular and extrainsular deposits.", "content": "The results of a study of eighty-two human pancreases affected by deposits of amyloid in the islets of Langerhans are presented. Two different types of amyloid deposits were observed, one affecting the exocrine tissue and the other affecting the islets. These deposits were found to be histochemically different and appeared to indicate two different aetiopathogenetic processes. The deposit found in the exocrine tissue is essentially perivascular and might be considered an extension to the pancreas of a systemic amyloidosis of the \"senile type\"; the islet deposits appear to be a completely different phenomenon that could become part of the biology and pathology peculiar to the so called APUD system. The coexistence of the two types of amyloid in the human pancreas would seem, therefore, to represent a casual event.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the pancreas: histochemical differentiation between insular and extrainsular deposits. The results of a study of eighty-two human pancreases affected by deposits of amyloid in the islets of Langerhans are presented. Two different types of amyloid deposits were observed, one affecting the exocrine tissue and the other affecting the islets. These deposits were found to be histochemically different and appeared to indicate two different aetiopathogenetic processes. The deposit found in the exocrine tissue is essentially perivascular and might be considered an extension to the pancreas of a systemic amyloidosis of the \"senile type\"; the islet deposits appear to be a completely different phenomenon that could become part of the biology and pathology peculiar to the so called APUD system. The coexistence of the two types of amyloid in the human pancreas would seem, therefore, to represent a casual event.", "PMID": 389232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8479", "title": "Biosynthesis and turnover of outer-membrane proteins in Escherichia coli ML308-225.", "content": "Isolated outer membranes and outer-membrane extracts from Escherichia coli ML308-225 in the early-exponential growth phase contain more protein than do corresponding preparations from late-exponential- or stationary-phase bacteria. Isotope-dilution experiments show that this is due to a loss of protein from the membrane during the exponential growth phase. Inhibition of bacterial growth and protein synthesis stabilizes the outer-membrane-protein concentration. Protein synthesis in the absence of bacterial growth results in higher concentrations of protein in the outer membrane.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and turnover of outer-membrane proteins in Escherichia coli ML308-225. Isolated outer membranes and outer-membrane extracts from Escherichia coli ML308-225 in the early-exponential growth phase contain more protein than do corresponding preparations from late-exponential- or stationary-phase bacteria. Isotope-dilution experiments show that this is due to a loss of protein from the membrane during the exponential growth phase. Inhibition of bacterial growth and protein synthesis stabilizes the outer-membrane-protein concentration. Protein synthesis in the absence of bacterial growth results in higher concentrations of protein in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 389236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8480", "title": "Characterization and phenotypic control of the cytochrome content of Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. Electron-transport particles derived from Escherichia coli grown aerobically contain three b-type cytochromes with mid-point oxidation-reduction potentials at pH7 of +260mV, +80mV and -50mV, with n=1 for each. The variation of these values with pH was determined. 2. E. coli develops a different set of b-type cytochromes when grown anaerobically on glycerol with fumarate or nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. Electron-transport particles of fumarate-grown cells contain b-type cytochromes with mid-point potentials at pH7 of +140mV and +250mV (n=1). These two cytochromes are also present in cells grown with nitrate as terminal acceptor, where an additional cytochrome b with a mid-point potential of +10mV (n=1) is developed. 3. The wavelengths of the alpha-absorption-band maxima of the b-type cytochromes at 77K were: (a) for aerobically grown cells, cytochrome b (E(m7) +260mV), 556nm and 563nm, cytochrome b (E(m7) +80mV), 556nm and cytochrome b (E(m7)-50mV), 558nm; (b) for anaerobically grown cells, cytochrome b (E(m7) +250mV), 558nm, cytochrome b (E(m7) +40mV), 555nm and cytochrome b (E(m7) +10mV), 556nm. 4. Cytochrome d was found to have a mid-point potential at pH7 of +280mV (n=1). 5. Cytochrome a(1) was resolved as two components of equal magnitude with mid-point potentials of +260mV and +160mV (n=1). 6. Redox titrations performed in the presence of CO showed that one of the b-type cytochromes in the aerobically grown cultures was reduced, even at the upper limits of our range of electrode potentials (above +400mV). Cytochrome d was also not oxidizable in the presence of CO. Neither of the cytochromes a(1) was affected by the presence of CO.", "contents": "Characterization and phenotypic control of the cytochrome content of Escherichia coli. 1. Electron-transport particles derived from Escherichia coli grown aerobically contain three b-type cytochromes with mid-point oxidation-reduction potentials at pH7 of +260mV, +80mV and -50mV, with n=1 for each. The variation of these values with pH was determined. 2. E. coli develops a different set of b-type cytochromes when grown anaerobically on glycerol with fumarate or nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. Electron-transport particles of fumarate-grown cells contain b-type cytochromes with mid-point potentials at pH7 of +140mV and +250mV (n=1). These two cytochromes are also present in cells grown with nitrate as terminal acceptor, where an additional cytochrome b with a mid-point potential of +10mV (n=1) is developed. 3. The wavelengths of the alpha-absorption-band maxima of the b-type cytochromes at 77K were: (a) for aerobically grown cells, cytochrome b (E(m7) +260mV), 556nm and 563nm, cytochrome b (E(m7) +80mV), 556nm and cytochrome b (E(m7)-50mV), 558nm; (b) for anaerobically grown cells, cytochrome b (E(m7) +250mV), 558nm, cytochrome b (E(m7) +40mV), 555nm and cytochrome b (E(m7) +10mV), 556nm. 4. Cytochrome d was found to have a mid-point potential at pH7 of +280mV (n=1). 5. Cytochrome a(1) was resolved as two components of equal magnitude with mid-point potentials of +260mV and +160mV (n=1). 6. Redox titrations performed in the presence of CO showed that one of the b-type cytochromes in the aerobically grown cultures was reduced, even at the upper limits of our range of electrode potentials (above +400mV). Cytochrome d was also not oxidizable in the presence of CO. Neither of the cytochromes a(1) was affected by the presence of CO.", "PMID": 389237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8481", "title": "Abnormal ribosome assembly in a mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mutant strain, 15--28, of Escherichia coli accumulates ribonucleoprotein ('47S') particles that were previously shown [Markey, Sims & Wild (1976) Biochem. J. 158, 451--456] to be an unusual intermediate in the assembly of 50S ribosomal subunits...", "contents": "Abnormal ribosome assembly in a mutant of Escherichia coli. The mutant strain, 15--28, of Escherichia coli accumulates ribonucleoprotein ('47S') particles that were previously shown [Markey, Sims & Wild (1976) Biochem. J. 158, 451--456] to be an unusual intermediate in the assembly of 50S ribosomal subunits...", "PMID": 389238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8482", "title": "Effect of estrogen on natural killer cells.", "content": "Treatment of mice with sustained high levels of betarestradiol leads to a reduction in natural killer cell activity and genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation. The loss of natural killing does not seem to result from either humoral or immune suppression. Natural killer cells are thought to depend on the bone marrow, and it is notable that estrogens reduce natural killing at approximately the same time that they produce a loss of ma-row due to osteoproliferation. Similarly, mice with congenital osteopetrosis are deficient in natural killing. However, changes in natural killing during and after treatment with estrogen do not correspond directly to changes in marrow volume. Estrogens are known to exacerbate spontaneous autoimmunity in NZB/NZW mice. The relationship between this  effect and the effect of estrogen on natural killing is not clear. When natural killing is lowered in NZB/NZW mice by the in vivo administration of 89Sr, autoimmunity is reduced.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on natural killer cells. Treatment of mice with sustained high levels of betarestradiol leads to a reduction in natural killer cell activity and genetic resistance to bone marrow transplantation. The loss of natural killing does not seem to result from either humoral or immune suppression. Natural killer cells are thought to depend on the bone marrow, and it is notable that estrogens reduce natural killing at approximately the same time that they produce a loss of ma-row due to osteoproliferation. Similarly, mice with congenital osteopetrosis are deficient in natural killing. However, changes in natural killing during and after treatment with estrogen do not correspond directly to changes in marrow volume. Estrogens are known to exacerbate spontaneous autoimmunity in NZB/NZW mice. The relationship between this  effect and the effect of estrogen on natural killing is not clear. When natural killing is lowered in NZB/NZW mice by the in vivo administration of 89Sr, autoimmunity is reduced.", "PMID": 389248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8483", "title": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B virus. III. Responses to HBV and sex of donor and recipient in kidney and bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "We proposed the hypothesis that there is an antigen on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that cross-reacts with a male associated antigen to explain four observations: 1) sex differences in the responses to HBV infection, 2) sex differences in the prevalence of chronic liver diseases associated with hepatitis B, 3) the association of parental responses to HBV with the sex ratio (at birth) of their offspring, and 4) the relation of kidney graft survival with the combination of anti-HBs in the recipients and the sex of the organ donor. Patients with aplastic anemia treated with bone marrow transplantation from HLA identical sibling donors were studied to further test this hypothesis and the results provide additional support. Cross reactivity of HBsAg with H-Y antigen, however, has not been demonstrated.", "contents": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B virus. III. Responses to HBV and sex of donor and recipient in kidney and bone marrow transplantation. We proposed the hypothesis that there is an antigen on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that cross-reacts with a male associated antigen to explain four observations: 1) sex differences in the responses to HBV infection, 2) sex differences in the prevalence of chronic liver diseases associated with hepatitis B, 3) the association of parental responses to HBV with the sex ratio (at birth) of their offspring, and 4) the relation of kidney graft survival with the combination of anti-HBs in the recipients and the sex of the organ donor. Patients with aplastic anemia treated with bone marrow transplantation from HLA identical sibling donors were studied to further test this hypothesis and the results provide additional support. Cross reactivity of HBsAg with H-Y antigen, however, has not been demonstrated.", "PMID": 389250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8484", "title": "Endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis is reported in a 20-year-old African woman. This is only the fourth published case. The development of this rare infection in the patient reported here probably resulted from a reduction in immunity caused by pregnancy and a past splenectomy.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis. A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis is reported in a 20-year-old African woman. This is only the fourth published case. The development of this rare infection in the patient reported here probably resulted from a reduction in immunity caused by pregnancy and a past splenectomy.", "PMID": 389258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8485", "title": "Randomised multicentre trial of early mobilisation after uncomplicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a multicentre trial 742 patients in 13 hospitals in Wales were randomly allocated on the fifth day after uncomplicated myocardial infarction to be mobilised on the fifth or the tenth day. The trial shows no difference in first year mortality, nor in morbidity assessed after a median period of 13 months. Follow-up after one year suggests an unexplained lower mortality during the second and third years in the late mobilisation group.", "contents": "Randomised multicentre trial of early mobilisation after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. In a multicentre trial 742 patients in 13 hospitals in Wales were randomly allocated on the fifth day after uncomplicated myocardial infarction to be mobilised on the fifth or the tenth day. The trial shows no difference in first year mortality, nor in morbidity assessed after a median period of 13 months. Follow-up after one year suggests an unexplained lower mortality during the second and third years in the late mobilisation group.", "PMID": 389259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8486", "title": "Postoperative serum cholinesterase activity following successful renal transplantation.", "content": "For 6 months after renal transplant serum cholinesterase concentrations were measured in 10 patients. The value decreased in the first 15 days after operation, but was normal thereafter. Liver function tests were normal throughout the study; the cholinesterase changes were independent of immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Postoperative serum cholinesterase activity following successful renal transplantation. For 6 months after renal transplant serum cholinesterase concentrations were measured in 10 patients. The value decreased in the first 15 days after operation, but was normal thereafter. Liver function tests were normal throughout the study; the cholinesterase changes were independent of immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 389260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8487", "title": "Glycopyrrolate as a premedicant: comparison with atropine.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of glycopyrrolate with atropine as the anticholinergic component of premedication was made in 200 patients undergoing minor or intermediate surgical procedures. Glycopyrrolate was associated with a smaller increase in heart rate, but there was no difference between the drugs in respect of cardiac arrhythmia, change in arterial pressure, control of secretions in the upper respiratory tract, frequency of nausea and vomiting after operation or subjective well-being of the patients.", "contents": "Glycopyrrolate as a premedicant: comparison with atropine. A double-blind comparison of glycopyrrolate with atropine as the anticholinergic component of premedication was made in 200 patients undergoing minor or intermediate surgical procedures. Glycopyrrolate was associated with a smaller increase in heart rate, but there was no difference between the drugs in respect of cardiac arrhythmia, change in arterial pressure, control of secretions in the upper respiratory tract, frequency of nausea and vomiting after operation or subjective well-being of the patients.", "PMID": 389261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8488", "title": "Prevention of diazepam-induced thrombophlebitis with cremophor as a solvent.", "content": "In 104 patients undergoing anaesthesia of short duration, two different solvents, propylene glycol and cremophor, were compared in a double-blind trial. Diazepam 10 mg in a coded solution was injected into a superficial vein of the hand using a small-gauge needle. The vein was examined after 14 days. The frequency of thrombophlebitis with propylene glycol was 62.2% and with cremophor 3.4% (P less than 0.001). The frequency of pain on injection was also in favour of the new solvent (P less than 0.001). The possibility of anaphylactic reactions accredited to cremophor, however, restricts the use of the new injection.", "contents": "Prevention of diazepam-induced thrombophlebitis with cremophor as a solvent. In 104 patients undergoing anaesthesia of short duration, two different solvents, propylene glycol and cremophor, were compared in a double-blind trial. Diazepam 10 mg in a coded solution was injected into a superficial vein of the hand using a small-gauge needle. The vein was examined after 14 days. The frequency of thrombophlebitis with propylene glycol was 62.2% and with cremophor 3.4% (P less than 0.001). The frequency of pain on injection was also in favour of the new solvent (P less than 0.001). The possibility of anaphylactic reactions accredited to cremophor, however, restricts the use of the new injection.", "PMID": 389262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8489", "title": "The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "1 This was a double-blind crossover trial of ibuprofen and soluble aspirin against each drug alone and against placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two dosage regimes were tested. 2 A weak clinical additive effect was demonstrated between soluble aspirin and ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using moderate (1600 mg ibuprofen and 3.6 g aspirin daily) but not low (800 mg ibuprofen and 2.4 g aspirin daily) dosages of both drugs. 3 A significant correlation between clinical efficacy and serum ibuprofen but not salicylate level was found in the single drug periods of the trial. 4 No consistent effect of ibuprofen administration on serum salicylate levels was found. 5 Concurrent salicylate administration produced significant lowering of serum ibuprofen levels without affecting elimination half-lives of the drug.", "contents": "The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. 1 This was a double-blind crossover trial of ibuprofen and soluble aspirin against each drug alone and against placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two dosage regimes were tested. 2 A weak clinical additive effect was demonstrated between soluble aspirin and ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using moderate (1600 mg ibuprofen and 3.6 g aspirin daily) but not low (800 mg ibuprofen and 2.4 g aspirin daily) dosages of both drugs. 3 A significant correlation between clinical efficacy and serum ibuprofen but not salicylate level was found in the single drug periods of the trial. 4 No consistent effect of ibuprofen administration on serum salicylate levels was found. 5 Concurrent salicylate administration produced significant lowering of serum ibuprofen levels without affecting elimination half-lives of the drug.", "PMID": 389264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8490", "title": "Immunotherapy using BCG during remission induction and as the sole form of maintenance in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Thirty-two adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were randomized to receive, from the time of diagnosis, either chemotherapy alone (C group) or chemotherapy plus Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine (BCG) (C+I group). After remission induction and consolidation, chemotherapy was stopped in both groups but BCG was continued in the C+I group. The overall survival of the C+I group was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). There was no significant increase in the duration of first remission in the C+I group (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) nor in the time from first relapse to death (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). There was no significant difference in the incidence of first or second remissions, and the time taken to enter remission did not differ significantly between the two groups. Comparison with the results of other trials suggests that the use of maintenance chemotherapy in addition to immunotherapy produces longer remissions. Five patients in the C group developed leukaemic central-nervous-system (CSN) involvement, in comparison with none in the C+I group. CNS relapse did not produce a significant decrease in remission length (P greater than 0.1) but reduction in survival after CNS relapse was highly significant (P = 0.001). These results suggest that administration of BCG from an early stage in the treatment of AML may protect the CNS against leukaemic infiltration and therefore serve as a simple, innocuous form of CNS prophylaxis.", "contents": "Immunotherapy using BCG during remission induction and as the sole form of maintenance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Thirty-two adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were randomized to receive, from the time of diagnosis, either chemotherapy alone (C group) or chemotherapy plus Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine (BCG) (C+I group). After remission induction and consolidation, chemotherapy was stopped in both groups but BCG was continued in the C+I group. The overall survival of the C+I group was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). There was no significant increase in the duration of first remission in the C+I group (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) nor in the time from first relapse to death (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). There was no significant difference in the incidence of first or second remissions, and the time taken to enter remission did not differ significantly between the two groups. Comparison with the results of other trials suggests that the use of maintenance chemotherapy in addition to immunotherapy produces longer remissions. Five patients in the C group developed leukaemic central-nervous-system (CSN) involvement, in comparison with none in the C+I group. CNS relapse did not produce a significant decrease in remission length (P greater than 0.1) but reduction in survival after CNS relapse was highly significant (P = 0.001). These results suggest that administration of BCG from an early stage in the treatment of AML may protect the CNS against leukaemic infiltration and therefore serve as a simple, innocuous form of CNS prophylaxis.", "PMID": 389265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8491", "title": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. I. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in normal human skin.", "content": "Fibronectin is a glycoprotein mediating contact between cellular elements and collagen. As judged by indirect immunofluorescence studies fibronectin is abundantly present in normal human skin. It is located in the dermo-epidermal junction area, in the papillary and reticular dermis, about epidermal appendages (pilosebaceous units and eccrine sweat glands) and in the vascular and neural structures.", "contents": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. I. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in normal human skin. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein mediating contact between cellular elements and collagen. As judged by indirect immunofluorescence studies fibronectin is abundantly present in normal human skin. It is located in the dermo-epidermal junction area, in the papillary and reticular dermis, about epidermal appendages (pilosebaceous units and eccrine sweat glands) and in the vascular and neural structures.", "PMID": 389267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8492", "title": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis: an immunoelectron microscopic study.", "content": "Three children with persistent maculopapular and urticarial lesions and vesicles at the predilection sites of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were shown to exhibit typical granular, papillary IgA and C3 deposits in the tips of the dermal papillae, as demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. By immunoelectron microscopy, the IgA deposits were associated with the microfibrils of the elastic fibres as has been described in DH of the adult. C3 deposits were scattered throughout the papillary dermis. Despite the similarity of the clinical appearance, history with regard to gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE) varied in these three cases. In one child, the skin lesions appeared following faults in the gluten free diet on which he was kept for coeliac disease. Another child developed the skin lesions during a gluten free diet which was not strictly followed; no recurrences of gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied the eruption of DH. In the third case, no evidence for GSE in patient's history or in jejunal biopsies was present at the time of onset of DH.", "contents": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis: an immunoelectron microscopic study. Three children with persistent maculopapular and urticarial lesions and vesicles at the predilection sites of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were shown to exhibit typical granular, papillary IgA and C3 deposits in the tips of the dermal papillae, as demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. By immunoelectron microscopy, the IgA deposits were associated with the microfibrils of the elastic fibres as has been described in DH of the adult. C3 deposits were scattered throughout the papillary dermis. Despite the similarity of the clinical appearance, history with regard to gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE) varied in these three cases. In one child, the skin lesions appeared following faults in the gluten free diet on which he was kept for coeliac disease. Another child developed the skin lesions during a gluten free diet which was not strictly followed; no recurrences of gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied the eruption of DH. In the third case, no evidence for GSE in patient's history or in jejunal biopsies was present at the time of onset of DH.", "PMID": 389268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8493", "title": "Corticosteroids, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor do not prevent pemphigus antibody-induced acantholysis in vitro.", "content": "Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone acetonide, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor were added to normal human skin explants cultured with IgG from pemphigus serum to determine if acantholysis could be prevented. At the therapeutic concentrations used none of these compounds prevented binding of the autoantibody to the epidermal target cells, and none prevented acantholysis. These experiments support the concepts that the pemphigus antibody alone is responsible for producing the acantholytic lesions of pemphigus, that the therapeutic effectiveness of steroids and gold salts is probably due to their ability to reduce serum autoantibody titres and that pemphigus acantholysis is probably not caused by a serine proteinase.", "contents": "Corticosteroids, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor do not prevent pemphigus antibody-induced acantholysis in vitro. Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone acetonide, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor were added to normal human skin explants cultured with IgG from pemphigus serum to determine if acantholysis could be prevented. At the therapeutic concentrations used none of these compounds prevented binding of the autoantibody to the epidermal target cells, and none prevented acantholysis. These experiments support the concepts that the pemphigus antibody alone is responsible for producing the acantholytic lesions of pemphigus, that the therapeutic effectiveness of steroids and gold salts is probably due to their ability to reduce serum autoantibody titres and that pemphigus acantholysis is probably not caused by a serine proteinase.", "PMID": 389269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8494", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies on eosinophilic granulocytes.", "content": "Immunofluorescence techniques were used to find out whether immunoglobulins (Ig) and complement (C3) determinants are present on the membrane of eosinophilic granulocytes in atopic patients and in patients with an allergic contact dermatitis. Normal healthy individuals served as controls. The studies were performed with eosinophilic granulocytes in suspension and in thin cell layers. The demonstration of the presence of cytoplasmic Ig and C3 in eosinophilic granulocytes was carried out in skin specimens taken 20-30 min after injection of the antigen and in specimens taken from positive patch tests 48 h after application of the antigen. No immunoglobulins or C3 determinants could be demonstrated on the membrane of eosinophilic granulocytes in the patients or the healthy controls, when the suspension methods were used. However, in thin cell layers and in skin sections the eosinophilic granulocytes showed a positive fluorescence of the cytoplasm after having been exposed to various conjugates and a FITC solution. It is concluded that the commonly used immunofluorescence techniques tend to give non-specific staining results, most likely due to reactivity of the FITC marker of the conjugates with basic proteins present in the cytoplasm of the eosinophilic granulocyte.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies on eosinophilic granulocytes. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to find out whether immunoglobulins (Ig) and complement (C3) determinants are present on the membrane of eosinophilic granulocytes in atopic patients and in patients with an allergic contact dermatitis. Normal healthy individuals served as controls. The studies were performed with eosinophilic granulocytes in suspension and in thin cell layers. The demonstration of the presence of cytoplasmic Ig and C3 in eosinophilic granulocytes was carried out in skin specimens taken 20-30 min after injection of the antigen and in specimens taken from positive patch tests 48 h after application of the antigen. No immunoglobulins or C3 determinants could be demonstrated on the membrane of eosinophilic granulocytes in the patients or the healthy controls, when the suspension methods were used. However, in thin cell layers and in skin sections the eosinophilic granulocytes showed a positive fluorescence of the cytoplasm after having been exposed to various conjugates and a FITC solution. It is concluded that the commonly used immunofluorescence techniques tend to give non-specific staining results, most likely due to reactivity of the FITC marker of the conjugates with basic proteins present in the cytoplasm of the eosinophilic granulocyte.", "PMID": 389270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8495", "title": "Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of psoriasis using 3-carbethoxypsoralen, a non-carcinogenic compound in mice.", "content": "The carcinogenic risk of photochemotherapy (PUVA) with bi-functional furocoumarins such as 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) which form cross-links in cellular DNA has initiated a search for active but less hazardous psoralens. A new compound, 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs), studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (eukaryote), has been shown to be very photoactive on DNA and to form only mono-additions to DNA. These lesions appear to be more easily repaired than the cross-links induced by 8-MOP. 3-CPs produces less nuclear genetic events such as nuclear mutations and mitotic crossovers, but more cytoplasmic 'petite' mutations (damage to mitochondrial DNA) than 8-MOP. In mice it was demonstrated that after local or intra-peritoneal administration, in contrast to 8-MOP, 3-CPs is non-toxic, non-erythematogenic, and non-carcinogenic. A study of ten psoriatic patients had shown that local applications of 3-CPs plus UV-A exhibit about the same therapeutic activity for the clearing of psoriatic lesions as local treatment with 8-MOP plus UV-A, but without any localized hyperpigmentation.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of psoriasis using 3-carbethoxypsoralen, a non-carcinogenic compound in mice. The carcinogenic risk of photochemotherapy (PUVA) with bi-functional furocoumarins such as 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) which form cross-links in cellular DNA has initiated a search for active but less hazardous psoralens. A new compound, 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs), studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (eukaryote), has been shown to be very photoactive on DNA and to form only mono-additions to DNA. These lesions appear to be more easily repaired than the cross-links induced by 8-MOP. 3-CPs produces less nuclear genetic events such as nuclear mutations and mitotic crossovers, but more cytoplasmic 'petite' mutations (damage to mitochondrial DNA) than 8-MOP. In mice it was demonstrated that after local or intra-peritoneal administration, in contrast to 8-MOP, 3-CPs is non-toxic, non-erythematogenic, and non-carcinogenic. A study of ten psoriatic patients had shown that local applications of 3-CPs plus UV-A exhibit about the same therapeutic activity for the clearing of psoriatic lesions as local treatment with 8-MOP plus UV-A, but without any localized hyperpigmentation.", "PMID": 389271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8496", "title": "Lesions induced by trauma in pemphigoid.", "content": "Three patients are described with pemphigoid (two with typical adult type and one with juvenile pemphigoid) in whom bullous lesions had clearly been induced by the trauma of scratching. In two patients this phenomenon occurred during the first few weeks of systemic corticosteroid treatment at a time when other lesions were resolving or had completely healed. Although lesions induced by trauma are not usually of great clinical importance, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita may represent a variant of pemphigoid in which trauma-induced lesions predominate. Induction of pemphigoid lesions by trauma may prove a useful method of studying early immunopathological events.", "contents": "Lesions induced by trauma in pemphigoid. Three patients are described with pemphigoid (two with typical adult type and one with juvenile pemphigoid) in whom bullous lesions had clearly been induced by the trauma of scratching. In two patients this phenomenon occurred during the first few weeks of systemic corticosteroid treatment at a time when other lesions were resolving or had completely healed. Although lesions induced by trauma are not usually of great clinical importance, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita may represent a variant of pemphigoid in which trauma-induced lesions predominate. Induction of pemphigoid lesions by trauma may prove a useful method of studying early immunopathological events.", "PMID": 389272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8497", "title": "Myeloproliferative disorders terminating in acute micromegakaryoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Two cases of myeloproliferative disorder--one of myelofibrosis with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and one of chronic granulocytic leukaemia terminating in acute micromegakaryoblastic leukaemia--are presented. The clinical course is described, and results are reported of morphological, cytometric, cytochemical and cytogenetic studies, as well as cell culture of blood cells in soft agar and in fluid medium.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative disorders terminating in acute micromegakaryoblastic leukaemia. Two cases of myeloproliferative disorder--one of myelofibrosis with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and one of chronic granulocytic leukaemia terminating in acute micromegakaryoblastic leukaemia--are presented. The clinical course is described, and results are reported of morphological, cytometric, cytochemical and cytogenetic studies, as well as cell culture of blood cells in soft agar and in fluid medium.", "PMID": 389275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8498", "title": "Bacterial contamination of cotton as an indicator of respiratory effects among card room workers.", "content": "The influence of the bacterial contamination of cotton dust on the development of pulmonary symptoms has been investigated. The pulmonary function of card room workers in 23 US cotton mills was tested before and after the Monday working shift. A significant relation was found between the delta FEV1.0 decrement and the vertical elutriator dust level in the different mills. An improved correlation was obtained when the number of Gram-negative bacteria cultured from the bale cotton used in the different mills was employed in the exposure description. The results support earlier epidemiological and experimental studies, which demonstrate the importance of the Gram-negative bacteria in the development of pulmonary symptoms among workers in cotton mills.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of cotton as an indicator of respiratory effects among card room workers. The influence of the bacterial contamination of cotton dust on the development of pulmonary symptoms has been investigated. The pulmonary function of card room workers in 23 US cotton mills was tested before and after the Monday working shift. A significant relation was found between the delta FEV1.0 decrement and the vertical elutriator dust level in the different mills. An improved correlation was obtained when the number of Gram-negative bacteria cultured from the bale cotton used in the different mills was employed in the exposure description. The results support earlier epidemiological and experimental studies, which demonstrate the importance of the Gram-negative bacteria in the development of pulmonary symptoms among workers in cotton mills.", "PMID": 389278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8499", "title": "Questions of supply and demand in dynamic psychotherapy.", "content": "Out-patient psychotherapy resources are severely limited in the face of a considerable mental health problem in the community. A review is made of the literature pertinent to the attempt to estimate the number of patients who receive, or might benefit from receiving, dynamic psychotherapy in the National Health Service. Among the many variables involved, problems of definition and the interests and opinions of general practitioners and hospital psychiatrists are prominent. Implications for the planning of psychotherapy training and service programmes are discussed.", "contents": "Questions of supply and demand in dynamic psychotherapy. Out-patient psychotherapy resources are severely limited in the face of a considerable mental health problem in the community. A review is made of the literature pertinent to the attempt to estimate the number of patients who receive, or might benefit from receiving, dynamic psychotherapy in the National Health Service. Among the many variables involved, problems of definition and the interests and opinions of general practitioners and hospital psychiatrists are prominent. Implications for the planning of psychotherapy training and service programmes are discussed.", "PMID": 389279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8500", "title": "Acute polyhydramnios--a complication of monozygous twin pregnancy.", "content": "Eight patients with acute polyhydramnios were encountered in 31 103 pregnancies, an incidence of 1 in 3888. All patients with acute polyhydramnios had monozygous twin pregnancies and 14 of the 16 infants were normal. The condition occurred in the second trimester and usually ended in premature delivery within a few days. The perinatal mortality was 100 per cent and accounted for 14.9 per cent of the perinatal mortality in twins.", "contents": "Acute polyhydramnios--a complication of monozygous twin pregnancy. Eight patients with acute polyhydramnios were encountered in 31 103 pregnancies, an incidence of 1 in 3888. All patients with acute polyhydramnios had monozygous twin pregnancies and 14 of the 16 infants were normal. The condition occurred in the second trimester and usually ended in premature delivery within a few days. The perinatal mortality was 100 per cent and accounted for 14.9 per cent of the perinatal mortality in twins.", "PMID": 389280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8501", "title": "An unusual organism causing orbital cellulitis.", "content": "Bacterial orbital cellulitis is a feared complication of paranasal sinus infection. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species are the commoner pathogens involved in these cases. However, anaerobic bacteria and unusual Gram-negative organisms should be suspected as well. We treated a case of bacterial orbital cellulitis due to foci of infected paranasal sinuses caused by Eikenella corrodens, a Gram-negative rod. The patient was managed with intensive antibiotic coverage and surgical intervention.", "contents": "An unusual organism causing orbital cellulitis. Bacterial orbital cellulitis is a feared complication of paranasal sinus infection. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species are the commoner pathogens involved in these cases. However, anaerobic bacteria and unusual Gram-negative organisms should be suspected as well. We treated a case of bacterial orbital cellulitis due to foci of infected paranasal sinuses caused by Eikenella corrodens, a Gram-negative rod. The patient was managed with intensive antibiotic coverage and surgical intervention.", "PMID": 389281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8502", "title": "Double-blind clinical trial of topical steroids in anterior uveitis.", "content": "We present the results of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of betamethasone phosphate 0.1%, clobetasone butyrate 0.1%, and placebo in the treatment of acute unilateral nongranulomatous uveitis. The 2 steroids were equally comparable in improvement of the patients' symptoms, though betamethasone phosphate was significantly more effective than clobetasone butyrate in improving the ocular signs of uveitis. However, clobetasone butyrate had significantly less effect on raising intraocular pressure in known steroid responders and ocular hypertensives than did dexamethasone. The use of a bolometer as an objective measure in uveitis was significant only in the more severe cases of uveitis. In comparing the placebo group of patients with those on topical steroids, the former group, though improving, appeared to lag behind by approximately one week. Four cases on placebo, however, had to be withdrawn because of worsening of the condition. Mild cases of anterior uveitis would probably resolve without using topical steroids.", "contents": "Double-blind clinical trial of topical steroids in anterior uveitis. We present the results of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of betamethasone phosphate 0.1%, clobetasone butyrate 0.1%, and placebo in the treatment of acute unilateral nongranulomatous uveitis. The 2 steroids were equally comparable in improvement of the patients' symptoms, though betamethasone phosphate was significantly more effective than clobetasone butyrate in improving the ocular signs of uveitis. However, clobetasone butyrate had significantly less effect on raising intraocular pressure in known steroid responders and ocular hypertensives than did dexamethasone. The use of a bolometer as an objective measure in uveitis was significant only in the more severe cases of uveitis. In comparing the placebo group of patients with those on topical steroids, the former group, though improving, appeared to lag behind by approximately one week. Four cases on placebo, however, had to be withdrawn because of worsening of the condition. Mild cases of anterior uveitis would probably resolve without using topical steroids.", "PMID": 389282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8503", "title": "Keratoconus, keratoplasty thickness, and endothelial morphology.", "content": "A group of successful keratonic grafts (51 eyes) up to 10 years from operation were examined to establish a relationship between graft thickness and acuity. Best acuity occurred in the grafts of normal corneal thickness. No grafts were thinner than normal; thus no tendency to keratonic thinning occurred. No relationship between age of graft and thickness was determined. Endothelial cell studies in vivo of a small number of grafts showed that cell counts a third of normal coexisted with normal acuity and corneal thickness.", "contents": "Keratoconus, keratoplasty thickness, and endothelial morphology. A group of successful keratonic grafts (51 eyes) up to 10 years from operation were examined to establish a relationship between graft thickness and acuity. Best acuity occurred in the grafts of normal corneal thickness. No grafts were thinner than normal; thus no tendency to keratonic thinning occurred. No relationship between age of graft and thickness was determined. Endothelial cell studies in vivo of a small number of grafts showed that cell counts a third of normal coexisted with normal acuity and corneal thickness.", "PMID": 389283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8504", "title": "Changes in surface charge density on liposomes induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin.", "content": "Changes in surface charge density of liposomes induced by E. coli endotoxin were studied by microelectrophoresis. Endotoxin altered the surface charge of phosphatidylcholine liposomes from neutral to negative. The negative charge of the endotoxin-phosphatidylcholine complex was neutralized electrostatically by binding with Ca2+ (2 mM). Phosphatidylcholine liposomes were made positive by addition of the positively charged detergent, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. Endotoxin made the positively charged liposomes less charged. On the other hand, phosphatidylserine liposomes which were negatively charged became less charged in the presence of high concentration of endotoxin (8 mg/ml). The endotoxin effect on phosphatidylserine liposomes was abolished by EDTA (1 mM) but potentiated by CaCl2 (0.1--2 mM). These results indicate that endotoxin interacts with liposomes both hydrophobically and electrostatically.", "contents": "Changes in surface charge density on liposomes induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin. Changes in surface charge density of liposomes induced by E. coli endotoxin were studied by microelectrophoresis. Endotoxin altered the surface charge of phosphatidylcholine liposomes from neutral to negative. The negative charge of the endotoxin-phosphatidylcholine complex was neutralized electrostatically by binding with Ca2+ (2 mM). Phosphatidylcholine liposomes were made positive by addition of the positively charged detergent, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. Endotoxin made the positively charged liposomes less charged. On the other hand, phosphatidylserine liposomes which were negatively charged became less charged in the presence of high concentration of endotoxin (8 mg/ml). The endotoxin effect on phosphatidylserine liposomes was abolished by EDTA (1 mM) but potentiated by CaCl2 (0.1--2 mM). These results indicate that endotoxin interacts with liposomes both hydrophobically and electrostatically.", "PMID": 389285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8505", "title": "A method for the synthesis of oligonucleotide by single addition of 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl)nucleoside 5'-diphosphates using polynucleotide phosphorylase.", "content": "Two hexanucleotides A-U-G-U-G-A and C-A-A-U-U-G were synthesized from the chemically synthesized trimers C-A-A and A-U-G by addition of 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates using polynucleotide phosphorylase isolated from either Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus. In each reaction the preference of the enzyme was tested. The o-nitrobenzyl group was removed after addition of the mononucleotide and the deblocked product was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex in high yields.", "contents": "A method for the synthesis of oligonucleotide by single addition of 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl)nucleoside 5'-diphosphates using polynucleotide phosphorylase. Two hexanucleotides A-U-G-U-G-A and C-A-A-U-U-G were synthesized from the chemically synthesized trimers C-A-A and A-U-G by addition of 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates using polynucleotide phosphorylase isolated from either Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus. In each reaction the preference of the enzyme was tested. The o-nitrobenzyl group was removed after addition of the mononucleotide and the deblocked product was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex in high yields.", "PMID": 389286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8506", "title": "Steady-state kinetics and the inactivation by 2,3-butanedione of the energy-independent transhydrogenase of Escherichia coli cell membranes.", "content": "Kinetic measurements indicate that the energy-independent transhydrogenation of 3-acetylpyridine-NAD+ by NADPH in membranes of Escherichia coli follows a rapid equilibrium random bireactant mechanism. Each substrate, although reacting preferentially with its own binding site, is able to interact with the binding site of the other substrate to cause inhibition of enzyme activity. 5'-AMP (and ADP) and 2'-AMP interact with the NAD+- and NADP+-binding sites, respectively. Phenylglyoxal and 2,3-butanedione in borate buffer inhibit transhydrogenase activity presumably by reacting with arginyl residues. Protection against inhibition by 2,3-butanedione is afforded by NADP+, NAD+, and high concentrations of NADPH and NADH. Low concentrations of NADPH and NADH increase the rate of inhibition by 2,3-butanedione. Similar effects are observed for the inactivation of the transhydrogenase by tryptic digestion in the presence of these coenzymes. It is concluded that there are at least two conformations of the active site of the transhydrogenase which differ in the extent to which arginyl residues are accessible to exogenous agents such as trypsin and 2,3-butanedione. One conformation is induced by low concentrations of NADH and NADPH. Under these conditions the coenzymes could be reacting at the active site or at an allosteric site. The stimulation of transhydrogenase activity by low concentrations of the NADH is consistent with the latter possibility.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetics and the inactivation by 2,3-butanedione of the energy-independent transhydrogenase of Escherichia coli cell membranes. Kinetic measurements indicate that the energy-independent transhydrogenation of 3-acetylpyridine-NAD+ by NADPH in membranes of Escherichia coli follows a rapid equilibrium random bireactant mechanism. Each substrate, although reacting preferentially with its own binding site, is able to interact with the binding site of the other substrate to cause inhibition of enzyme activity. 5'-AMP (and ADP) and 2'-AMP interact with the NAD+- and NADP+-binding sites, respectively. Phenylglyoxal and 2,3-butanedione in borate buffer inhibit transhydrogenase activity presumably by reacting with arginyl residues. Protection against inhibition by 2,3-butanedione is afforded by NADP+, NAD+, and high concentrations of NADPH and NADH. Low concentrations of NADPH and NADH increase the rate of inhibition by 2,3-butanedione. Similar effects are observed for the inactivation of the transhydrogenase by tryptic digestion in the presence of these coenzymes. It is concluded that there are at least two conformations of the active site of the transhydrogenase which differ in the extent to which arginyl residues are accessible to exogenous agents such as trypsin and 2,3-butanedione. One conformation is induced by low concentrations of NADH and NADPH. Under these conditions the coenzymes could be reacting at the active site or at an allosteric site. The stimulation of transhydrogenase activity by low concentrations of the NADH is consistent with the latter possibility.", "PMID": 389287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8507", "title": "The functional identity of the active centres of transketolase.", "content": "Direct determination of the number of catalytically active molecules of the coenzyme in holotransketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycoaldehydetransferase, EC 2.2.1.1) has corroborated our previous data indicating that in the native enzyme there are two active centres. They have been provided to be functionally identical. It has been shown that the decrease in the specific activity of transketolase during its storage is due to inactivation of one of the active centres, having a lower affinity for the coenzyme. The second active centre retains thereby its full catalytic activity.", "contents": "The functional identity of the active centres of transketolase. Direct determination of the number of catalytically active molecules of the coenzyme in holotransketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycoaldehydetransferase, EC 2.2.1.1) has corroborated our previous data indicating that in the native enzyme there are two active centres. They have been provided to be functionally identical. It has been shown that the decrease in the specific activity of transketolase during its storage is due to inactivation of one of the active centres, having a lower affinity for the coenzyme. The second active centre retains thereby its full catalytic activity.", "PMID": 389288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8508", "title": "Characterization of sterol-ester synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under aerobic as well as semi-anaerobic conditions were found to catalyze the synthesis of fatty acid ester of sterol from cholesterol, fatty acid, ATP and CoA, or from cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA. This result indicates that the enzyme involved in the formation of the ester is acyl-CoA:sterol O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26). The enzyme had a broad substrate specificity for sterols and acyl-CoAs. The enzyme levels in the cells grown under aerobic and semi-anaerobic conditions were almost equal. The enzyme was located in the microsomal fraction of the aerobically grown cells.", "contents": "Characterization of sterol-ester synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under aerobic as well as semi-anaerobic conditions were found to catalyze the synthesis of fatty acid ester of sterol from cholesterol, fatty acid, ATP and CoA, or from cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA. This result indicates that the enzyme involved in the formation of the ester is acyl-CoA:sterol O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26). The enzyme had a broad substrate specificity for sterols and acyl-CoAs. The enzyme levels in the cells grown under aerobic and semi-anaerobic conditions were almost equal. The enzyme was located in the microsomal fraction of the aerobically grown cells.", "PMID": 389289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8509", "title": "Prostaglandin thromboxane, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid production by ionophore-stimulated rat serosal mast cells.", "content": "Production of several metabolites of arachidonic acid by purified rat serosal mast cells in response to stimulation with the ionophore A23187 was assessed by stable isotope dilution assay using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds quantified were prostaglandins D2, E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Mast cells incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min without ionophore produced measurable quantities of all metabolites assayed. 4 microM A23187 resulted in substantial increased synthesis of all metabolites compared to control cells. Of the metabolites quantified, prostaglandin D2 and prostacyclin were the major products derived from arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated rat mast cells.", "contents": "Prostaglandin thromboxane, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid production by ionophore-stimulated rat serosal mast cells. Production of several metabolites of arachidonic acid by purified rat serosal mast cells in response to stimulation with the ionophore A23187 was assessed by stable isotope dilution assay using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds quantified were prostaglandins D2, E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Mast cells incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min without ionophore produced measurable quantities of all metabolites assayed. 4 microM A23187 resulted in substantial increased synthesis of all metabolites compared to control cells. Of the metabolites quantified, prostaglandin D2 and prostacyclin were the major products derived from arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated rat mast cells.", "PMID": 389290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8510", "title": "Triaglycerol metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Relation to phospholipid synthesis.", "content": "The acylglycerol content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been examined during cellular growth. The cells maintained a constant amount of phospholipid and diacylglycerol throughout growth. Triacylglycerol content fell in the early exponential phase of growth and then increased sharply upon entry of the culture into the stationary growth phase. Pulse-chase experiments with [1-14C]oleic acid and [2-3H]- and [1-14C]glycerol indicated that the triacylglycerol molecule was utilized for phospholipid synthesis in early exponential phase probably through a diacylglycerol intermediate. A substantial turnover of phospholipid during growth was also apparent. No role for the triacylglycerol could be found in regulating the fatty acid species of the phospholipid nor in the storage of fatty acid for energy metabolism.", "contents": "Triaglycerol metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Relation to phospholipid synthesis. The acylglycerol content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been examined during cellular growth. The cells maintained a constant amount of phospholipid and diacylglycerol throughout growth. Triacylglycerol content fell in the early exponential phase of growth and then increased sharply upon entry of the culture into the stationary growth phase. Pulse-chase experiments with [1-14C]oleic acid and [2-3H]- and [1-14C]glycerol indicated that the triacylglycerol molecule was utilized for phospholipid synthesis in early exponential phase probably through a diacylglycerol intermediate. A substantial turnover of phospholipid during growth was also apparent. No role for the triacylglycerol could be found in regulating the fatty acid species of the phospholipid nor in the storage of fatty acid for energy metabolism.", "PMID": 389291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8511", "title": "Factors affecting the electrophoretic mobility of the major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli in polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "The outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of anionic detergents. Factors such as the choice of detergent and buffer system and the presence of urea in the separation gel are all shown to affect the charge and/or the configuration of the detergent-protein complexes and will affect the relative migration of these complexes to different extents. The procedures described in this paper may be of use in the determination of the relatedness of the proteins from the same or different strains. In addition, detailed examinations of the effects of these different parameters and the effect of changes in acrylamide concentrations may be useful in the detection of unusual characteristics which may indicate the presence of posttranslational modification.", "contents": "Factors affecting the electrophoretic mobility of the major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli in polyacrylamide gels. The outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of anionic detergents. Factors such as the choice of detergent and buffer system and the presence of urea in the separation gel are all shown to affect the charge and/or the configuration of the detergent-protein complexes and will affect the relative migration of these complexes to different extents. The procedures described in this paper may be of use in the determination of the relatedness of the proteins from the same or different strains. In addition, detailed examinations of the effects of these different parameters and the effect of changes in acrylamide concentrations may be useful in the detection of unusual characteristics which may indicate the presence of posttranslational modification.", "PMID": 389292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8512", "title": "9-Aminoacridine- and tetraethylammonium-induced reduction of the potassium permeability in pancreatic B-cells. Effects on insulin release and electrical properties.", "content": "The effects of 9-aminoacridine and tetraethylammonium on insulin release and rubidium efflux from perifused rat islets were investigated and correlated with their effects on the electrical properties of mouse B cells studied with microelectrode techniques. 9-Aminoacridine (0.05--1 mmol/l) and tetraethylammonium (2--40 mmol/l) produced a dose-dependent, reversible potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release. This effect was rapid, affected both phases of secretion and was maximum in the presence of 6 mmol/l glucose, but no longer significant at 20 mmol/l glucose. It was unaltered by atropine or propanolol, and abolished by mannoheptulose or omission of extracellular calcium. 9-Aminoacridine, but not tetraethylammonium, also induced insulin release in the absence of glucose stimulation. Neither drug modified glucose metabolism in islet cells and only 9-aminoacridine increased 45Ca2+ uptake. In the presence of 0, 3 or 6 mmol/l glucose, but no longer at 20 mmol/l glucose, 9-aminoacridine and tetraethylammonium reduced the rate of 86Rb+ efflux from the islets. Both drugs also slightly reduced 86Rb+ uptake by islet cells. In the presence of 11 mmol/l glucose, 9-aminoacridine reduced the amplitude and the duration of the polarization phases between the bursts of electrical activity; concomitantly these periods of spike activity were markedly prolonged. At lower glucose concentrations (3 or 7 mmol/l), 9-aminoacridine progressively depolarized B cells and induced electrical activity in otherwise silent cells. Tetraethylammonium also suppressed the repolarization phases between the bursts of spikes in the presence of a stimulating concentration of glucose. At low glucose, tetraethylammonium produced only a limited and not maintained depolarization. These results show that a reduction of the potassium permeability in pancreatic B cells potentiates the insulin-releasing effect of glucose and may even stimulate secretion. They also suggest that the initial depolarizing effect of glucose is due to a reduction of the potassium permeability, whereas the repolarization at the end of each burst of electrical activity is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the potassium permeability of B cells.", "contents": "9-Aminoacridine- and tetraethylammonium-induced reduction of the potassium permeability in pancreatic B-cells. Effects on insulin release and electrical properties. The effects of 9-aminoacridine and tetraethylammonium on insulin release and rubidium efflux from perifused rat islets were investigated and correlated with their effects on the electrical properties of mouse B cells studied with microelectrode techniques. 9-Aminoacridine (0.05--1 mmol/l) and tetraethylammonium (2--40 mmol/l) produced a dose-dependent, reversible potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release. This effect was rapid, affected both phases of secretion and was maximum in the presence of 6 mmol/l glucose, but no longer significant at 20 mmol/l glucose. It was unaltered by atropine or propanolol, and abolished by mannoheptulose or omission of extracellular calcium. 9-Aminoacridine, but not tetraethylammonium, also induced insulin release in the absence of glucose stimulation. Neither drug modified glucose metabolism in islet cells and only 9-aminoacridine increased 45Ca2+ uptake. In the presence of 0, 3 or 6 mmol/l glucose, but no longer at 20 mmol/l glucose, 9-aminoacridine and tetraethylammonium reduced the rate of 86Rb+ efflux from the islets. Both drugs also slightly reduced 86Rb+ uptake by islet cells. In the presence of 11 mmol/l glucose, 9-aminoacridine reduced the amplitude and the duration of the polarization phases between the bursts of electrical activity; concomitantly these periods of spike activity were markedly prolonged. At lower glucose concentrations (3 or 7 mmol/l), 9-aminoacridine progressively depolarized B cells and induced electrical activity in otherwise silent cells. Tetraethylammonium also suppressed the repolarization phases between the bursts of spikes in the presence of a stimulating concentration of glucose. At low glucose, tetraethylammonium produced only a limited and not maintained depolarization. These results show that a reduction of the potassium permeability in pancreatic B cells potentiates the insulin-releasing effect of glucose and may even stimulate secretion. They also suggest that the initial depolarizing effect of glucose is due to a reduction of the potassium permeability, whereas the repolarization at the end of each burst of electrical activity is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the potassium permeability of B cells.", "PMID": 389293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8513", "title": "Studies on the role of beta-cell metabolism in the insulinotropic effect of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid.", "content": "alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid has been shown to be a potent insulin secretagogue but the mechanism has not been elucidated. To define the role of beta-cell metabolism in the insulinotropic activity of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid the utilization of glucose and the oxidation of alpha-ketoisocaproic and isovaleric acid by incubated islets of obese hyperglycemic mice were measured. Glucose metabolism was never enhanced by alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. The same 14CO2 amounts were released from the non-secretagogue [1-14C]isovaleric acid (10 mM) or from alpha-keto[2-14C]isocaproic acid (5--20 mM). Pyruvate (20 mM) did not inhibit alpha-ketoisocaproic acid-induced insulin secretion in spite of reduction of decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid by more than 40%. The results indicate that stimulated insulin release in response to alpha-ketoisocaproic acid is not mediated by an indirect increase in glucose metabolism and further suggest that isovaleryl-CoA and following CoA-esters in alpha-ketoisocaproic acid degradation are not likely recognized as signals. The possibility, however, remains that enhanced intramitochondrial production of reducing equivalents elicits insulin secretion.", "contents": "Studies on the role of beta-cell metabolism in the insulinotropic effect of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid has been shown to be a potent insulin secretagogue but the mechanism has not been elucidated. To define the role of beta-cell metabolism in the insulinotropic activity of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid the utilization of glucose and the oxidation of alpha-ketoisocaproic and isovaleric acid by incubated islets of obese hyperglycemic mice were measured. Glucose metabolism was never enhanced by alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. The same 14CO2 amounts were released from the non-secretagogue [1-14C]isovaleric acid (10 mM) or from alpha-keto[2-14C]isocaproic acid (5--20 mM). Pyruvate (20 mM) did not inhibit alpha-ketoisocaproic acid-induced insulin secretion in spite of reduction of decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid by more than 40%. The results indicate that stimulated insulin release in response to alpha-ketoisocaproic acid is not mediated by an indirect increase in glucose metabolism and further suggest that isovaleryl-CoA and following CoA-esters in alpha-ketoisocaproic acid degradation are not likely recognized as signals. The possibility, however, remains that enhanced intramitochondrial production of reducing equivalents elicits insulin secretion.", "PMID": 389294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8514", "title": "[Kinetics of the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized cells of E. coli].", "content": "The kinetics of the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction were studied, using free and immobilized cells of E. coli, strain 85 as an enzyme source. It was shown that the reaction is limited by mass transport of the reagents through the bacterial cell membrane even at high concentrations of the substrates in the surrounding solution. The polyacrylamide gel-incorporated cells of E. coli, strain 85 catalyze the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction more effectively as compared to free or destroyed cells. In the latter case the reaction is characterized by the following kinetic parameters: the effective values of the stationary rate of the product accumulation and its stationary efflux from the cell are equal to (15,37 +/- 0.4) . 10(-6) mole/s/mg of protein and (3,01 +/- 0,8) . 10(-20) mole/s per 1 cell. respectively. The steady-state constant for glutamate synthesis from aspartic acid is equal to 0,22--0,23.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction catalyzed by free and immobilized cells of E. coli]. The kinetics of the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction were studied, using free and immobilized cells of E. coli, strain 85 as an enzyme source. It was shown that the reaction is limited by mass transport of the reagents through the bacterial cell membrane even at high concentrations of the substrates in the surrounding solution. The polyacrylamide gel-incorporated cells of E. coli, strain 85 catalyze the aspartate-aminotransferase reaction more effectively as compared to free or destroyed cells. In the latter case the reaction is characterized by the following kinetic parameters: the effective values of the stationary rate of the product accumulation and its stationary efflux from the cell are equal to (15,37 +/- 0.4) . 10(-6) mole/s/mg of protein and (3,01 +/- 0,8) . 10(-20) mole/s per 1 cell. respectively. The steady-state constant for glutamate synthesis from aspartic acid is equal to 0,22--0,23.", "PMID": 389295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8515", "title": "[Histones from Trypanosoma lewisi nuclei].", "content": "A preparation of total histones has been isolated for the first time from the purified fractions of T. lewisi cell nuclei and characterized in terms of its chemical composition and RNA-polymerase activity. A special attention during the isolation procedure was given to the repression of proteolytic degradation of the histones. The amount of protein in the chromatin is equivalent to that of DNA. The amino acid composition and heterogeneity of the protein during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in an acid system and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate are typical for histones. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, differential staining of electrophoregrams and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose the total preparation has been found to be made up of five fractions: two -- arginine-rich (one of them identical to histone H4, the other being similar to histone H3 from calf thymus); two -- moderately lysine-rich fractions, slightly differing in their properties from histones H2A and H2B from calf thymus, and one specific fraction with mol. weight of 16 000 and an extremely high positive charge. The above methods in combination with specific extraction have been used to demonstrate the absence of a typical lysine histone in the preparation, which is correlated with the absence of typical methaphase chromosomes during mitosis in T. lewisi.", "contents": "[Histones from Trypanosoma lewisi nuclei]. A preparation of total histones has been isolated for the first time from the purified fractions of T. lewisi cell nuclei and characterized in terms of its chemical composition and RNA-polymerase activity. A special attention during the isolation procedure was given to the repression of proteolytic degradation of the histones. The amount of protein in the chromatin is equivalent to that of DNA. The amino acid composition and heterogeneity of the protein during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in an acid system and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate are typical for histones. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, differential staining of electrophoregrams and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose the total preparation has been found to be made up of five fractions: two -- arginine-rich (one of them identical to histone H4, the other being similar to histone H3 from calf thymus); two -- moderately lysine-rich fractions, slightly differing in their properties from histones H2A and H2B from calf thymus, and one specific fraction with mol. weight of 16 000 and an extremely high positive charge. The above methods in combination with specific extraction have been used to demonstrate the absence of a typical lysine histone in the preparation, which is correlated with the absence of typical methaphase chromosomes during mitosis in T. lewisi.", "PMID": 389296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8516", "title": "[Synthesis of beta, beta'-subunits of RNA-polymerase in E. coli cells starved for an essential amino acid].", "content": "The differential rate of RNA-polymerase beta,beta'-subunits synthesis in E. coli rel+ and rel- cells starved for an essential amino acid, i. e. leucine, is decreased. Inhibition of the rpo BC genes expression proceeds faster in the rel A strain. Guanosine tetraphosphate within the concentration range of 0,2--0,6 mM specifically inhibits lambda drifd18 DNA directed beta,beta'-subunits synthesis in vitro. rpo BC genes are believed to be subject to a weak \"stringent control\".", "contents": "[Synthesis of beta, beta'-subunits of RNA-polymerase in E. coli cells starved for an essential amino acid]. The differential rate of RNA-polymerase beta,beta'-subunits synthesis in E. coli rel+ and rel- cells starved for an essential amino acid, i. e. leucine, is decreased. Inhibition of the rpo BC genes expression proceeds faster in the rel A strain. Guanosine tetraphosphate within the concentration range of 0,2--0,6 mM specifically inhibits lambda drifd18 DNA directed beta,beta'-subunits synthesis in vitro. rpo BC genes are believed to be subject to a weak \"stringent control\".", "PMID": 389297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8517", "title": "[Conformational rearrangements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme during its binding to the inhibitor].", "content": "The structural changes of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme during its binding to the inhibitor, i. e. disaccharide-tetrapeptide N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuraminyl - L - alanyl-gamma-D-glutaminyl - mesodiaminopimelyl-D-alanine) isolated from Escherichia coli cell wall have been studied. During the inhibitor binding to the protein the degree of helicity decreases by approximately 14% as was shown using the circular dichroism technique. The changes in optical properties of tryptophane, tyrosine and phenylalanine residues detected by UV difference and fluorescence spectroscopy have been observed. Based on the experimental data and a comparison of spatial organization of phage T4 lysozyme and chicken egg-white lysozyme made it possible to develop a structural model of phage T4 lysozyme functioning. This model may account for the differences in specificity of action of bacteriophage T4 and chicken egg-white lysozymes and allows to establish the role of the \"extra\" part of phage lysozyme. According to the model, at the first stage of binding the peptide part of the substrate comes in contact with the \"upper\" (with respect to the cleft) part of the protein molecule (residues 106--116 and 135--140). This results in rearrangement of the molecule, with opening of the cleft at the second stage. This makes possible the access of the polysaccharide part of the substrate of the active site and a subsequent hydrolysis of the beta (1 leads to 4) glycoside bond.", "contents": "[Conformational rearrangements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme during its binding to the inhibitor]. The structural changes of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme during its binding to the inhibitor, i. e. disaccharide-tetrapeptide N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuraminyl - L - alanyl-gamma-D-glutaminyl - mesodiaminopimelyl-D-alanine) isolated from Escherichia coli cell wall have been studied. During the inhibitor binding to the protein the degree of helicity decreases by approximately 14% as was shown using the circular dichroism technique. The changes in optical properties of tryptophane, tyrosine and phenylalanine residues detected by UV difference and fluorescence spectroscopy have been observed. Based on the experimental data and a comparison of spatial organization of phage T4 lysozyme and chicken egg-white lysozyme made it possible to develop a structural model of phage T4 lysozyme functioning. This model may account for the differences in specificity of action of bacteriophage T4 and chicken egg-white lysozymes and allows to establish the role of the \"extra\" part of phage lysozyme. According to the model, at the first stage of binding the peptide part of the substrate comes in contact with the \"upper\" (with respect to the cleft) part of the protein molecule (residues 106--116 and 135--140). This results in rearrangement of the molecule, with opening of the cleft at the second stage. This makes possible the access of the polysaccharide part of the substrate of the active site and a subsequent hydrolysis of the beta (1 leads to 4) glycoside bond.", "PMID": 389298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8518", "title": "[Isolation of ribosomes with intact rRNA from yeasts].", "content": "A simple procedure for isolation of yeast ribosomes with intact rRNA has been developed. Ribosomal rRNA is not degraded after incubation in buffers used for study of protein biosynthesis, for ribosomal disassembly and for their storage.", "contents": "[Isolation of ribosomes with intact rRNA from yeasts]. A simple procedure for isolation of yeast ribosomes with intact rRNA has been developed. Ribosomal rRNA is not degraded after incubation in buffers used for study of protein biosynthesis, for ribosomal disassembly and for their storage.", "PMID": 389299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8519", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as a hematopoietic cell marker.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is an intracellular protein characteristic of certain primitive lymphocytes in normal thymus and bone marrow. It can be detected by enzyme assay or immunocytochemical staining. High levels of enzyme and increased numbers of TdT+ cells are found in some lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas. Analysis for TdT thus provides a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of leukemia.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as a hematopoietic cell marker. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is an intracellular protein characteristic of certain primitive lymphocytes in normal thymus and bone marrow. It can be detected by enzyme assay or immunocytochemical staining. High levels of enzyme and increased numbers of TdT+ cells are found in some lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas. Analysis for TdT thus provides a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of leukemia.", "PMID": 389309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8520", "title": "Leukemia-associated antigens in ALL.", "content": "A cytotoxic common ALL antiserum (CALLA) specific for leukemic cells of most patients with non-T-cel- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and of some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis has been reproducibly prepared using cell lines for absorption. CALLA reacts with leukemic cells of 110 of 134 patients (82%) with non-T-cell ALL; 1 of 71 (1%) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); 2 of 7 patients (29%) with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis; 7 of 92 patients (8%) with other hematologic malignancies; and with the leukemic cell lines Laz 221 and NALM-1. It does not react with the normal hematopoietic cells, B- or T-cell lines, or cells from 26 patients with T-cell ALL that were tested. CALLA reactivity and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining correlate poorly, with CALLA reacting with cells from 86% (64 of 74) of patients with PAS-positive and 76% (29 of 38) of those with PAS-negative non-T-cell ALL. In these patients, CALLA reacts with cells from 89% of those under age 12 (78 of 88); 74% of those aged 12--20 (20 of 27); and 58% of those over 20 (11 of 19). Using only CALLA and antisera specific for Ia-like and T-cell antigens, we can now distinguish most cases of ALL from AML and other hematologic malignancies.", "contents": "Leukemia-associated antigens in ALL. A cytotoxic common ALL antiserum (CALLA) specific for leukemic cells of most patients with non-T-cel- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and of some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis has been reproducibly prepared using cell lines for absorption. CALLA reacts with leukemic cells of 110 of 134 patients (82%) with non-T-cell ALL; 1 of 71 (1%) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); 2 of 7 patients (29%) with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis; 7 of 92 patients (8%) with other hematologic malignancies; and with the leukemic cell lines Laz 221 and NALM-1. It does not react with the normal hematopoietic cells, B- or T-cell lines, or cells from 26 patients with T-cell ALL that were tested. CALLA reactivity and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining correlate poorly, with CALLA reacting with cells from 86% (64 of 74) of patients with PAS-positive and 76% (29 of 38) of those with PAS-negative non-T-cell ALL. In these patients, CALLA reacts with cells from 89% of those under age 12 (78 of 88); 74% of those aged 12--20 (20 of 27); and 58% of those over 20 (11 of 19). Using only CALLA and antisera specific for Ia-like and T-cell antigens, we can now distinguish most cases of ALL from AML and other hematologic malignancies.", "PMID": 389310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8521", "title": "The use and limitation of labeled staphylococcal protein A for study of antineutrophil antibodies.", "content": "Antineutrophil antibodies can be detected following their attachment to neutrophils by employing labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA). Radiolabeled SPA provides a sensitive means for identifying the presence of IgG restricted to subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 that will specifically bind to neutrophils and that are found in the serum of patients with isoimmune and autoimmune neutropenia. However, SPA bound to the Fc region of IgG does not interfere with the attachment of IgG to the Fc domain of the neutrophil. Fluorescein-labeled SPA, in turn is useful in monitoring the functional consequences of antibody attachment to the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Both heterologous and isoimmune antisera induced lateral movement of surface antigens into polar-capped pseudopodia. The formation of such pseudopodia may facilitate leukoagglutination and the subsequent removal of sensitized cells from the circulation.", "contents": "The use and limitation of labeled staphylococcal protein A for study of antineutrophil antibodies. Antineutrophil antibodies can be detected following their attachment to neutrophils by employing labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA). Radiolabeled SPA provides a sensitive means for identifying the presence of IgG restricted to subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 that will specifically bind to neutrophils and that are found in the serum of patients with isoimmune and autoimmune neutropenia. However, SPA bound to the Fc region of IgG does not interfere with the attachment of IgG to the Fc domain of the neutrophil. Fluorescein-labeled SPA, in turn is useful in monitoring the functional consequences of antibody attachment to the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Both heterologous and isoimmune antisera induced lateral movement of surface antigens into polar-capped pseudopodia. The formation of such pseudopodia may facilitate leukoagglutination and the subsequent removal of sensitized cells from the circulation.", "PMID": 389311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8522", "title": "Evidence for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by the coronary microcirculation.", "content": "Cardiac tissue from hamster neonates was transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch. After vascularization of the transplanted tissue the vessels were tested for their ability to convert angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII). AI caused vasoconstriction of the coronary vessels which was reduced significantly by converting enzyme inhibitor and the AII antagonist (Sar1-Ala8) angiotensin II. It was concluded that the vessels of transplanted cardiac allografts convert AI to AII in a manner similar to that observed in the whole heart indicating that this procedure provides a good model for studying the microcirculation of the heart.", "contents": "Evidence for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by the coronary microcirculation. Cardiac tissue from hamster neonates was transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch. After vascularization of the transplanted tissue the vessels were tested for their ability to convert angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII). AI caused vasoconstriction of the coronary vessels which was reduced significantly by converting enzyme inhibitor and the AII antagonist (Sar1-Ala8) angiotensin II. It was concluded that the vessels of transplanted cardiac allografts convert AI to AII in a manner similar to that observed in the whole heart indicating that this procedure provides a good model for studying the microcirculation of the heart.", "PMID": 389313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8523", "title": "Pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness and high altitude pulmonary oedema: an hypothesis.", "content": "We review the evidence that acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO) occur together more often than is realized. We hypothesize that AMS and HAPO have a common pathophysiological basis: both are due to increased pressure and flow in the microcirculation, causing oedema in the brain and oedema in the lungs.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness and high altitude pulmonary oedema: an hypothesis. We review the evidence that acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO) occur together more often than is realized. We hypothesize that AMS and HAPO have a common pathophysiological basis: both are due to increased pressure and flow in the microcirculation, causing oedema in the brain and oedema in the lungs.", "PMID": 389325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8524", "title": "Submarine escape breathing air. A review and analysis of animal and human experiments by the Royal Navy.", "content": "The contribution of the Royal Navy to the development of modern submarine escape by free ascent, breathing air, from 1945 to the present time, is described. Much of the work is unpublished. Experiments in which goats were exposed to simulated escape pressure profiles while breathing air from 90 m to 300 m are described. The gradual testing of human subjects during such escape profiles is also reported up to real escapes by subjects from submarines lying at 180 m. Thus escapes are now feasible from almost anywhere on the continental shelf. Possible techniques of even deeper escape, i.e. hyperoxygenated air breathing, oxygen breathing, propulsion + retropulsion of the escaper, drogues + pressure retaining (2 atm abs) escape suits are briefly considered. The figures illustrate the Royal Navy series of animal and human, simulated and real escapes. Table I gives full details on human testing. Tables containing details of all goat exposures can be obtained from author.", "contents": "Submarine escape breathing air. A review and analysis of animal and human experiments by the Royal Navy. The contribution of the Royal Navy to the development of modern submarine escape by free ascent, breathing air, from 1945 to the present time, is described. Much of the work is unpublished. Experiments in which goats were exposed to simulated escape pressure profiles while breathing air from 90 m to 300 m are described. The gradual testing of human subjects during such escape profiles is also reported up to real escapes by subjects from submarines lying at 180 m. Thus escapes are now feasible from almost anywhere on the continental shelf. Possible techniques of even deeper escape, i.e. hyperoxygenated air breathing, oxygen breathing, propulsion + retropulsion of the escaper, drogues + pressure retaining (2 atm abs) escape suits are briefly considered. The figures illustrate the Royal Navy series of animal and human, simulated and real escapes. Table I gives full details on human testing. Tables containing details of all goat exposures can be obtained from author.", "PMID": 389328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8525", "title": "Diagnostic and prognostic value of intracardiac electrophysiological studies. Ten years of experience.", "content": "Ten years ago a clinical method of recording the electrical activity of the His bundle in man with transvenously inserted electrodes was described. His bundle recording has permitted the breakdown of the P-R interval into three conduction intervals, i.e., intraatrial (P-A), A-V nodal (A-H), and His-Purkinje system (H-V). His bundle studies have demonstrated our inability to accurately predict from the surface electrocardiogram the exact location of most A-V blocks. First- and second-degree A-V block can occur in the atrium, A-V node or His-Purkinje system, and third-degree A-V block in the A-V node or His-Purkinje system. However, Mobitz type II block almost always occurs below the A-V node. Intraventricular conduction defects, especially of the so-called bifascicular block, have a high incidence of H-V time prolongation, indicating additional disease of the third fascicle or the main His bundle. The prognostic value of a prolonged H-V time in patients with and without chronic conduction defects remains controversial, with some agreement that patients with unexplained syncope or dizziness, normal sinus rhythm and 1:1 conduction, who show prolonged H-V times, should probably be paced permanently. No long-term studies exist regarding the value of the H-V time in predicting death or A-V block in patients with conduction defects secondary to acute myocardial infarction, congenital heart disease or after cardiac surgery. Electrophysiological studies have been extremely useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with accessory pathways and in the evaluation of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The most valuable test in diagnosing sinus node dysfunction is the sinus node recovery time. A clearly abnormal test in a patient with unexplained syncope or dizziness predicts an almost one hundred per cent relief of symptoms with permanent pacing.", "contents": "Diagnostic and prognostic value of intracardiac electrophysiological studies. Ten years of experience. Ten years ago a clinical method of recording the electrical activity of the His bundle in man with transvenously inserted electrodes was described. His bundle recording has permitted the breakdown of the P-R interval into three conduction intervals, i.e., intraatrial (P-A), A-V nodal (A-H), and His-Purkinje system (H-V). His bundle studies have demonstrated our inability to accurately predict from the surface electrocardiogram the exact location of most A-V blocks. First- and second-degree A-V block can occur in the atrium, A-V node or His-Purkinje system, and third-degree A-V block in the A-V node or His-Purkinje system. However, Mobitz type II block almost always occurs below the A-V node. Intraventricular conduction defects, especially of the so-called bifascicular block, have a high incidence of H-V time prolongation, indicating additional disease of the third fascicle or the main His bundle. The prognostic value of a prolonged H-V time in patients with and without chronic conduction defects remains controversial, with some agreement that patients with unexplained syncope or dizziness, normal sinus rhythm and 1:1 conduction, who show prolonged H-V times, should probably be paced permanently. No long-term studies exist regarding the value of the H-V time in predicting death or A-V block in patients with conduction defects secondary to acute myocardial infarction, congenital heart disease or after cardiac surgery. Electrophysiological studies have been extremely useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with accessory pathways and in the evaluation of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The most valuable test in diagnosing sinus node dysfunction is the sinus node recovery time. A clearly abnormal test in a patient with unexplained syncope or dizziness predicts an almost one hundred per cent relief of symptoms with permanent pacing.", "PMID": 389329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8526", "title": "A clinical trial of a new low osmolality contrast medium. Sodium and meglumine ioxaglate (Hexabrix) compared with meglumine iothalamate (Conray) for carotid arteriography.", "content": "The discomfort of cerebral arteriography is due mainly to the osmolality of the contrast medium injection. A new low osmolality contrast medium--Hexabrix (32% iodine)--sodium and meglumine salts of ioxaglic acid was compared with Conray 280 (28% iodine)--meglumine iothalamate for carotid arteriography in 33 conscious patients. 30 patients preferred the ioxaglate solution which caused significantly less sensation of heat. Three patients could not distinguish between the two media. No patient preferred iothalamate. Ioxaglic acid is a newly synthesized mono-acid dimer. Its salts produce the same osmolality as non-ionics (e.g. metrizamide), and one third of the osmolality of currently used mono-valent salts (e.g. meglumine iothalamate) in solutions of the same iodine content. Low osmolality contrast media have significant clinical advantages and will probably become the media of choice for arteriography and venography.", "contents": "A clinical trial of a new low osmolality contrast medium. Sodium and meglumine ioxaglate (Hexabrix) compared with meglumine iothalamate (Conray) for carotid arteriography. The discomfort of cerebral arteriography is due mainly to the osmolality of the contrast medium injection. A new low osmolality contrast medium--Hexabrix (32% iodine)--sodium and meglumine salts of ioxaglic acid was compared with Conray 280 (28% iodine)--meglumine iothalamate for carotid arteriography in 33 conscious patients. 30 patients preferred the ioxaglate solution which caused significantly less sensation of heat. Three patients could not distinguish between the two media. No patient preferred iothalamate. Ioxaglic acid is a newly synthesized mono-acid dimer. Its salts produce the same osmolality as non-ionics (e.g. metrizamide), and one third of the osmolality of currently used mono-valent salts (e.g. meglumine iothalamate) in solutions of the same iodine content. Low osmolality contrast media have significant clinical advantages and will probably become the media of choice for arteriography and venography.", "PMID": 389336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8527", "title": "Morphometry of the human lung: the state of the art after two decades.", "content": "This paper reviews the development of the methods for estimating morphometric parameters describing the human lung. The original work was done by light microscopy, but physiologically relevant data depend on studying the delicate structure of alveoli and capillaries by electron microscopy. Methodological improvements of recent years permitted this approach. This yielded estimates of alveolar surface which are by 80% larger than the original data; the reasons are explained by the gain in resolution. On the basis of these data, and by accounting for additional experimental information on the functional availability of gas exchanging surfaces, estimates of pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL) in the range of 90--190 ml O2 . min-1 . mmHg-1 are obtained, which compare reasonably well with physiological estimates of DL obtained under conditions of work.", "contents": "Morphometry of the human lung: the state of the art after two decades. This paper reviews the development of the methods for estimating morphometric parameters describing the human lung. The original work was done by light microscopy, but physiologically relevant data depend on studying the delicate structure of alveoli and capillaries by electron microscopy. Methodological improvements of recent years permitted this approach. This yielded estimates of alveolar surface which are by 80% larger than the original data; the reasons are explained by the gain in resolution. On the basis of these data, and by accounting for additional experimental information on the functional availability of gas exchanging surfaces, estimates of pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL) in the range of 90--190 ml O2 . min-1 . mmHg-1 are obtained, which compare reasonably well with physiological estimates of DL obtained under conditions of work.", "PMID": 389332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8528", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension, \"plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy\" and the appetite depressant drug aminorex: post or propter?", "content": "An epidemic of chronic pulmonary hypertension of vascular origin (CPHVO) has occurred in Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland. The epidemic started in 1967 and reached its peak in 1968 and 1969. Since 1972, the prevalence of patients with CPHVO among individuals investigated by cardiac catheterization is again as low as in the pre-epidemic years. In Bern the prevalence of CPHVO during the peak of the epidemic was 20 times higher than during the 12-year period preceding the epidemic. The clinical, physical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, haemodynamic and respiratory findings of the patients observed in Bern (n = 102) are summarized. There has been a mortality between 12 and 20% at the time of the epidemic. Most patients observed for the first time during the epidemic have remained severely disabled over the years. A minute fraction seems to have recovered. There is a close geographic as well as temporal relation of the epidemic to the marketing and intake of the appetite depressing drug aminorex fumarate (Menocil). Acute administration of aminorex leads to a transient rise of the pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance in a number of animal species. It has not been possible to produce sustained precapillary pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale vasculare under the conditions of chronic administration of the drug in the species tested. Morphologic examination of lung biopsy and autopsy material of patients who have died from CPHVO after the intake of aminorex reveals the presence of \"plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy\". The vascular lesions are identical with those observed in pulmonary hypertension due to large congenital left-to-right shunts. In balancing the pros and cons, it appears that the arguments in favour of a cause-effect relationship between aminorex and pulmonary hypertension, which are derived from epidemiological evidence, outweigh the results of \"negative\" animal experiments. A \"propter\" in the title of this paper, therefore, seems to be more appropriate than a post\".", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension, \"plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy\" and the appetite depressant drug aminorex: post or propter? An epidemic of chronic pulmonary hypertension of vascular origin (CPHVO) has occurred in Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland. The epidemic started in 1967 and reached its peak in 1968 and 1969. Since 1972, the prevalence of patients with CPHVO among individuals investigated by cardiac catheterization is again as low as in the pre-epidemic years. In Bern the prevalence of CPHVO during the peak of the epidemic was 20 times higher than during the 12-year period preceding the epidemic. The clinical, physical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, haemodynamic and respiratory findings of the patients observed in Bern (n = 102) are summarized. There has been a mortality between 12 and 20% at the time of the epidemic. Most patients observed for the first time during the epidemic have remained severely disabled over the years. A minute fraction seems to have recovered. There is a close geographic as well as temporal relation of the epidemic to the marketing and intake of the appetite depressing drug aminorex fumarate (Menocil). Acute administration of aminorex leads to a transient rise of the pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance in a number of animal species. It has not been possible to produce sustained precapillary pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale vasculare under the conditions of chronic administration of the drug in the species tested. Morphologic examination of lung biopsy and autopsy material of patients who have died from CPHVO after the intake of aminorex reveals the presence of \"plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy\". The vascular lesions are identical with those observed in pulmonary hypertension due to large congenital left-to-right shunts. In balancing the pros and cons, it appears that the arguments in favour of a cause-effect relationship between aminorex and pulmonary hypertension, which are derived from epidemiological evidence, outweigh the results of \"negative\" animal experiments. A \"propter\" in the title of this paper, therefore, seems to be more appropriate than a post\".", "PMID": 389330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8529", "title": "A comparative randomized trial of heparin versus streptokinase in the treatment of acute proximal venous thrombosis: an interim report of a prospective trial.", "content": "A controlled, prospective study comparing streptokinase and heparin treatment has been completed in 51 patients presenting with acute proximal venous thrombosis of less than 8 days' clinical duration. Patients were studied by means of pre-treatment, post-treatment, 3- and 12-monthly phlebography and pulmonary perfusion scanning and were followed up at 3-monthly intervals. Of the 26 patients randomized to receive streptokinase, therapy was stopped in 3 because of complications. Phlebography 5 days after starting treatment showed 80--100 per cent lysis in 17 of the 23 patients who completed the course of streptokinase. Two patients later developed partial rethrombosis. One patient developed an asymptomatic pulmonary embolus during treatment. During follow-up (mean 19 months) only 1 of the 17 patients with 80--100 per cent lysis developed postphlebitic symptoms, 3 patients died of unrelated causes and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. In patients randomized to heparin therapy no significant lysis was achieved in any of the 25 patients and only 2 of these patients were found to have asymptomatic legs on follow-up. Two patients in this group died and autopsy confirmed massive pulmonary embolus during treatment. These data suggest that streptokinase is superior to heparin in the treatment of acute proximal venous thrombosis of less than 1 week's clinical duration especially if the thrombus is largely non-occlusive. It must be stressed that in order to avoid the bleeding complications of thrombolytic therapy, streptokinase must not be used within 10 days of major surgery, or even longer after vascular, neurosurgical or eye operations.", "contents": "A comparative randomized trial of heparin versus streptokinase in the treatment of acute proximal venous thrombosis: an interim report of a prospective trial. A controlled, prospective study comparing streptokinase and heparin treatment has been completed in 51 patients presenting with acute proximal venous thrombosis of less than 8 days' clinical duration. Patients were studied by means of pre-treatment, post-treatment, 3- and 12-monthly phlebography and pulmonary perfusion scanning and were followed up at 3-monthly intervals. Of the 26 patients randomized to receive streptokinase, therapy was stopped in 3 because of complications. Phlebography 5 days after starting treatment showed 80--100 per cent lysis in 17 of the 23 patients who completed the course of streptokinase. Two patients later developed partial rethrombosis. One patient developed an asymptomatic pulmonary embolus during treatment. During follow-up (mean 19 months) only 1 of the 17 patients with 80--100 per cent lysis developed postphlebitic symptoms, 3 patients died of unrelated causes and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. In patients randomized to heparin therapy no significant lysis was achieved in any of the 25 patients and only 2 of these patients were found to have asymptomatic legs on follow-up. Two patients in this group died and autopsy confirmed massive pulmonary embolus during treatment. These data suggest that streptokinase is superior to heparin in the treatment of acute proximal venous thrombosis of less than 1 week's clinical duration especially if the thrombus is largely non-occlusive. It must be stressed that in order to avoid the bleeding complications of thrombolytic therapy, streptokinase must not be used within 10 days of major surgery, or even longer after vascular, neurosurgical or eye operations.", "PMID": 389338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8530", "title": "Prospective trials of minor surgical procedures and high-fibre diet for haemorrhoids.", "content": "Two hundred and sixteen consecutive patients seen for the first time with symptomatic haemorrhoids entered trials of conservative and minor surgical treatment. They were divided into two groups according to their pretreatment maximal anal pressure. Patients with pressures of 100 cm H2O (73.7 mm Hg) or more (108 patients) were treated by anal dilatation (37), sphincterotomy (34), or high-fibre diet (37). Four and 12 months later anal dilatation had produced significantly better results than sphincterotomy or diet. Furthermore, anal dilatation was the only treatment associated with a significant reduction in anal pressure at four and 12 months. Patients with pressures under 100 cm H2O (108 patients) were treated by rubber-band ligation (35), cryosurgery (36), or diet (37). Four and 12 months later significantly more patients were improved by rubber-band ligation than by cryosurgery or diet. These results suggest that haemorrhoids in patients with excessive activity of the internal anal sphincter are best treated by anal dilatation and that in all other patients rubber-band ligation is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Prospective trials of minor surgical procedures and high-fibre diet for haemorrhoids. Two hundred and sixteen consecutive patients seen for the first time with symptomatic haemorrhoids entered trials of conservative and minor surgical treatment. They were divided into two groups according to their pretreatment maximal anal pressure. Patients with pressures of 100 cm H2O (73.7 mm Hg) or more (108 patients) were treated by anal dilatation (37), sphincterotomy (34), or high-fibre diet (37). Four and 12 months later anal dilatation had produced significantly better results than sphincterotomy or diet. Furthermore, anal dilatation was the only treatment associated with a significant reduction in anal pressure at four and 12 months. Patients with pressures under 100 cm H2O (108 patients) were treated by rubber-band ligation (35), cryosurgery (36), or diet (37). Four and 12 months later significantly more patients were improved by rubber-band ligation than by cryosurgery or diet. These results suggest that haemorrhoids in patients with excessive activity of the internal anal sphincter are best treated by anal dilatation and that in all other patients rubber-band ligation is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 389346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8531", "title": "Cultivation of Treponema pallidum in subcutaneous chambers implanted in golden hamsters.", "content": "Treponema pallidum was successfully grown in subcutaneous chambers in golden hamsters. Abnormally long forms of T. pallidum were found in these chambers. The cause of this abnormality may possibly be due to their being coated with antibody which could inhibit cell division or render the organism avirulent or both. T. pallidum was successfully passaged between hamsters but with a possible diminution in virulence.", "contents": "Cultivation of Treponema pallidum in subcutaneous chambers implanted in golden hamsters. Treponema pallidum was successfully grown in subcutaneous chambers in golden hamsters. Abnormally long forms of T. pallidum were found in these chambers. The cause of this abnormality may possibly be due to their being coated with antibody which could inhibit cell division or render the organism avirulent or both. T. pallidum was successfully passaged between hamsters but with a possible diminution in virulence.", "PMID": 389350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8532", "title": "Double-blind trial of amoxycillin and ampicillin plus probenecid in the treatment of gonorrhoea in men.", "content": "In a double-blind study amoxycillin 3 g or ampicillin 3 g plus probenecid 1 g were randomly administered as a single oral dose to 160 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. The cure rate for each drug group was 98.6%. Tolerance to oral medication was good and no evidence of allergy or toxicity to either drug was shown. No case of post-gonococcal urethritis was observed over a 14-day follow-up period. Thus, both drug regimens proved very effective in treating uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of amoxycillin and ampicillin plus probenecid in the treatment of gonorrhoea in men. In a double-blind study amoxycillin 3 g or ampicillin 3 g plus probenecid 1 g were randomly administered as a single oral dose to 160 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. The cure rate for each drug group was 98.6%. Tolerance to oral medication was good and no evidence of allergy or toxicity to either drug was shown. No case of post-gonococcal urethritis was observed over a 14-day follow-up period. Thus, both drug regimens proved very effective in treating uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men.", "PMID": 389351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8533", "title": "Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a five-day course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis.", "content": "Although there have been reports of the results of treating trichomoniasis with metronidazole 2 g in a single dose, no randomised double-blind comparison of this treatment with a multiple-dose regimen has been reported. In such a comparison, 96 women were treated with metronidazole 2 g in a single dose and 96 women with metronidazole 400 mg twice daily for five days. Forty-eight of 52 women followed for 14 days after the single dose were cured, as were 61 of 66 women followed for 14 days after the start of the five-day regimen. These results compare favourably with previous reports. Side effects were trivial, and we recommend the single 2-g dose, for it is effective, economical, and can be given under supervision in the clinic.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a five-day course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Although there have been reports of the results of treating trichomoniasis with metronidazole 2 g in a single dose, no randomised double-blind comparison of this treatment with a multiple-dose regimen has been reported. In such a comparison, 96 women were treated with metronidazole 2 g in a single dose and 96 women with metronidazole 400 mg twice daily for five days. Forty-eight of 52 women followed for 14 days after the single dose were cured, as were 61 of 66 women followed for 14 days after the start of the five-day regimen. These results compare favourably with previous reports. Side effects were trivial, and we recommend the single 2-g dose, for it is effective, economical, and can be given under supervision in the clinic.", "PMID": 389352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8534", "title": "Epidemiological investigation of patients with vulvovaginal candidosis. Application of a resistogram method for strain differentiation of Candida albicans.", "content": "The resistogram method was applied to 420 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 30 selected patients undergoing treatment for vulvovaginitis. Of these, 16 patients each harboured a particular strain of C. albicans which persisted in the mouth or intestinal tract or both. In three of these patients, this strain persisted in the genital tract, and, in eight patients, it later recolonised the genital tract. Fourteen patients harboured more than one strain of C. albicans: one failed to respond to treatment and continued to harbour the same strain in the genital tract; in five the original strain later recolonised the genital tract and a second strain remained confined to the mouth or intestinal tract or both; and in three a second strain, present in the intestinal tract, later colonised the genital tract. Each of the male partners of seven patients harboured a strain of C. albicans that was identical to the strain, or to one of the strains, that had been isolated from his female partner.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigation of patients with vulvovaginal candidosis. Application of a resistogram method for strain differentiation of Candida albicans. The resistogram method was applied to 420 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 30 selected patients undergoing treatment for vulvovaginitis. Of these, 16 patients each harboured a particular strain of C. albicans which persisted in the mouth or intestinal tract or both. In three of these patients, this strain persisted in the genital tract, and, in eight patients, it later recolonised the genital tract. Fourteen patients harboured more than one strain of C. albicans: one failed to respond to treatment and continued to harbour the same strain in the genital tract; in five the original strain later recolonised the genital tract and a second strain remained confined to the mouth or intestinal tract or both; and in three a second strain, present in the intestinal tract, later colonised the genital tract. Each of the male partners of seven patients harboured a strain of C. albicans that was identical to the strain, or to one of the strains, that had been isolated from his female partner.", "PMID": 389353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8535", "title": "Effect of simultaneous oral and vaginal treatment on the rate of cure and relapse in vaginal candidosis.", "content": "One hundred patients with vulvovaginal candidosis were entered in a double-blind trial to compare the effect of six days' local treatment with clotrimazole with that of the same treatment plus 10 days' oral treatment with nystatin. No significant differences were detected in the rate of cure or relapse between the treatment groups. The cure rate was lowest and the relapse rate highest in patients in whom vaginal candidosis had last been diagnosed during the preceding 12 months.", "contents": "Effect of simultaneous oral and vaginal treatment on the rate of cure and relapse in vaginal candidosis. One hundred patients with vulvovaginal candidosis were entered in a double-blind trial to compare the effect of six days' local treatment with clotrimazole with that of the same treatment plus 10 days' oral treatment with nystatin. No significant differences were detected in the rate of cure or relapse between the treatment groups. The cure rate was lowest and the relapse rate highest in patients in whom vaginal candidosis had last been diagnosed during the preceding 12 months.", "PMID": 389354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8536", "title": "A trial of isolating a tumor-like form of pulmonary cavities infected with aspergilli. II. Intra- and postoperative, morphologic and serologic data.", "content": "In ten specimens of resected pulmonary tissue, a little known and underscribed form of aspergillosis called tumor-like blocked pulmonary cavity with liquid content infected with aspergilli was observed. This designation was based on the finding in the specimens of tumor-like cavitary structures with blocked bronchus and contents from which abundant growth of aspergillus fumigatus was invariably obtained in cultures. Nine of the ten specimens were bronchiectasis, and one was a bronchogenic cyst. The scant literature was review, emphasizing features characteristic of this form of mycetoma and differences from the typical and frequently encountered form of ordinary pulmonary aspergilloma. The serologic response and its long duration were attributed to biological properties of aspergilli in this form caused by inaccessibility of oxygen and by occlusion of the bronchial lumen.", "contents": "A trial of isolating a tumor-like form of pulmonary cavities infected with aspergilli. II. Intra- and postoperative, morphologic and serologic data. In ten specimens of resected pulmonary tissue, a little known and underscribed form of aspergillosis called tumor-like blocked pulmonary cavity with liquid content infected with aspergilli was observed. This designation was based on the finding in the specimens of tumor-like cavitary structures with blocked bronchus and contents from which abundant growth of aspergillus fumigatus was invariably obtained in cultures. Nine of the ten specimens were bronchiectasis, and one was a bronchogenic cyst. The scant literature was review, emphasizing features characteristic of this form of mycetoma and differences from the typical and frequently encountered form of ordinary pulmonary aspergilloma. The serologic response and its long duration were attributed to biological properties of aspergilli in this form caused by inaccessibility of oxygen and by occlusion of the bronchial lumen.", "PMID": 389368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8537", "title": "A proximal system for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).", "content": "A proximal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system was constructed by the simple addition of a venturi T-piece proximal to the exhalation limb of a breathing circuit. The level of PEEP or CPAP was determined by the amount of flow powering the venturi. This system can provide positive pressure in excess of 40 cm H2O without the need for check valves, dump valves or additional nebuliers and flowmeters.", "contents": "A proximal system for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). A proximal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system was constructed by the simple addition of a venturi T-piece proximal to the exhalation limb of a breathing circuit. The level of PEEP or CPAP was determined by the amount of flow powering the venturi. This system can provide positive pressure in excess of 40 cm H2O without the need for check valves, dump valves or additional nebuliers and flowmeters.", "PMID": 389378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8538", "title": "Contagious equine metritis: a review.", "content": "Contagious equine metritis is a highly contagious genital infection of mares, spread venereally, and was first described in 1977. Although most contagious equine metritis outbreaks involved Thoroughbreds, infection in other breeds has also occurred. The disease has been reported in Europe, Australia and the United States. In Canada, contagious equine metritis has been designated a reportable disease under the Animal Disease and Protection Act. Contagious equine metritis is characterized by an endometritis and infertility and infected mares show no signs of systemic infection. Clinical signs have not been observed in stallions. An asymptomatic carrier state exists in both mares and stallions.Infected mares respond clinically to the topical and parenteral administration of antibacterial drugs. However, a proportion of mares remain carriers of the contagious equine metritis organism. Treatment of stallions is successful. Haemophilus equigenitalis has been proposed as the species name of the Gram-negative, microaerophilic coccobacillus. Sample collection and laboratory methods for the diagnosis of contagious equine metritis are described.", "contents": "Contagious equine metritis: a review. Contagious equine metritis is a highly contagious genital infection of mares, spread venereally, and was first described in 1977. Although most contagious equine metritis outbreaks involved Thoroughbreds, infection in other breeds has also occurred. The disease has been reported in Europe, Australia and the United States. In Canada, contagious equine metritis has been designated a reportable disease under the Animal Disease and Protection Act. Contagious equine metritis is characterized by an endometritis and infertility and infected mares show no signs of systemic infection. Clinical signs have not been observed in stallions. An asymptomatic carrier state exists in both mares and stallions.Infected mares respond clinically to the topical and parenteral administration of antibacterial drugs. However, a proportion of mares remain carriers of the contagious equine metritis organism. Treatment of stallions is successful. Haemophilus equigenitalis has been proposed as the species name of the Gram-negative, microaerophilic coccobacillus. Sample collection and laboratory methods for the diagnosis of contagious equine metritis are described.", "PMID": 389400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8539", "title": "Inhibitory effects of a new oral gold compound on HeLa cells.", "content": "Auranofin (AF), a recently introduced oral antirheumatic coordinated gold compound, was investigated for its antitumor potential. Due to certain similarities with the antitumor-coordinated compound, cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum II, we studied the effects of AF on cell proliferation. These studies included assessing DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, and 3H-leucine, respectively, into HeLa cells. AF was shown to exert a dose-dependent inhibition on DNA synthesis and to inhibit 3H-thymidine uptake more rapidly and persistently than 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine uptake at a gold concentration of 75--100 micrograms/dl. These three parameters were inhibited with a 24-hour exposure to 100 micrograms/dl. The inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake in HeLa pretreated for 6 hours with 50 or 100 micrograms/dl of gold was found to be irreversible. No change in tracer uptake was observed in the acid-soluble pool or in the uptake of 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose in these cells. Furthermore, HeLa cells demonstrated marked reductions in viability and oxygen uptake after exposure to AF. Dose-dependent surface morphological changes, e.g., blebbing, pitting, were noted in these cells after a brief treatment period. These results suggest this coordinated gold compount exerts a significant inhibitory effect on essential biological processes and functions.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of a new oral gold compound on HeLa cells. Auranofin (AF), a recently introduced oral antirheumatic coordinated gold compound, was investigated for its antitumor potential. Due to certain similarities with the antitumor-coordinated compound, cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum II, we studied the effects of AF on cell proliferation. These studies included assessing DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, and 3H-leucine, respectively, into HeLa cells. AF was shown to exert a dose-dependent inhibition on DNA synthesis and to inhibit 3H-thymidine uptake more rapidly and persistently than 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine uptake at a gold concentration of 75--100 micrograms/dl. These three parameters were inhibited with a 24-hour exposure to 100 micrograms/dl. The inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake in HeLa pretreated for 6 hours with 50 or 100 micrograms/dl of gold was found to be irreversible. No change in tracer uptake was observed in the acid-soluble pool or in the uptake of 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose in these cells. Furthermore, HeLa cells demonstrated marked reductions in viability and oxygen uptake after exposure to AF. Dose-dependent surface morphological changes, e.g., blebbing, pitting, were noted in these cells after a brief treatment period. These results suggest this coordinated gold compount exerts a significant inhibitory effect on essential biological processes and functions.", "PMID": 389401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8540", "title": "Refractory anemia with excess of blast cells: prognostic factors and effect of treatment with androgens or cytosine arabinoside. Results of a prospective trial in 58 patients. Cooperative Group for the Study of Aplastic and Refractory Anemias.", "content": "The results of a prospective study of 58 patients with refractory anemia and partial blastic infiltration of the bone marrow lead to the following conclusions. The median survival (12 months from diagnosis) is shorter and the rate of acute leukemia as cause of death (60%) higher than in other retrospective series. This group of patients, however, appears to be a \"continuum\" of preleukemic states with more or less rapid evolution, so that the exclusion of the most severe cases appears unjustified. Based on the degree of bone marrow blastosis, and also on the degree of blood cytopenias, the anomalies of 59 Fe incorporation kinetics and the bone marrow stem-cell cultures, it is possible to derive a plausible prognosis for individual patients, which could aid the choice of therapy. Androgen therapy does not accelerate leukemic evolution, but does not improve the bone marrow insufficiency. Cytosine-arabinoside at low dosage exhibited no toxicity, but did not delay the appearance of overt leukemia.", "contents": "Refractory anemia with excess of blast cells: prognostic factors and effect of treatment with androgens or cytosine arabinoside. Results of a prospective trial in 58 patients. Cooperative Group for the Study of Aplastic and Refractory Anemias. The results of a prospective study of 58 patients with refractory anemia and partial blastic infiltration of the bone marrow lead to the following conclusions. The median survival (12 months from diagnosis) is shorter and the rate of acute leukemia as cause of death (60%) higher than in other retrospective series. This group of patients, however, appears to be a \"continuum\" of preleukemic states with more or less rapid evolution, so that the exclusion of the most severe cases appears unjustified. Based on the degree of bone marrow blastosis, and also on the degree of blood cytopenias, the anomalies of 59 Fe incorporation kinetics and the bone marrow stem-cell cultures, it is possible to derive a plausible prognosis for individual patients, which could aid the choice of therapy. Androgen therapy does not accelerate leukemic evolution, but does not improve the bone marrow insufficiency. Cytosine-arabinoside at low dosage exhibited no toxicity, but did not delay the appearance of overt leukemia.", "PMID": 389402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8541", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: a progress report on the original patients treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol.", "content": "This report is a follow-up of the initial group of 39 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol as previously reported in Cancer (37:123--134, 1976). The disease-free actuarial survival is 73%. All surviving patients are off therapy and have shown no evidence of recurrence with a median observation time of 70+ months. Their survival times range from 56+ to 88+ months from diagnosis. An analysis of successes and failures is discussed and modifications in the role of radiation therapy and surgery in the multidisciplinary management of children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are advocated. The results in the present series indicate that the LSA2-L2 protocol has substantially improved the prognosis for children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We have concluded that age, sex, primary site (perhaps with the exception of primary skeletal), and histology are not of prognostic significance. The amount of bulky widespread disease at initial presentation, early and aggressive therapy, and the achievement of a complete remission status within 1--2 months from onset of therapy are the most important prognostic factors.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: a progress report on the original patients treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol. This report is a follow-up of the initial group of 39 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol as previously reported in Cancer (37:123--134, 1976). The disease-free actuarial survival is 73%. All surviving patients are off therapy and have shown no evidence of recurrence with a median observation time of 70+ months. Their survival times range from 56+ to 88+ months from diagnosis. An analysis of successes and failures is discussed and modifications in the role of radiation therapy and surgery in the multidisciplinary management of children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are advocated. The results in the present series indicate that the LSA2-L2 protocol has substantially improved the prognosis for children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We have concluded that age, sex, primary site (perhaps with the exception of primary skeletal), and histology are not of prognostic significance. The amount of bulky widespread disease at initial presentation, early and aggressive therapy, and the achievement of a complete remission status within 1--2 months from onset of therapy are the most important prognostic factors.", "PMID": 389403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8542", "title": "Adriamycin, BCNU, ftorafur chemotherapy of pancreatic and biliary tract cancer.", "content": "Twenty-six evaluable patients with disseminated or locally unresectable pancreatic or biliary tract carcinoma received Ftorafur (4 g/m2 iv day 1 and 22 and 2 g/m2 iv day 4 and 26), Adriamycin (60 mg/m1 IV day 1 and 45 mg/m2 iv day 22) and BCNU (150 MG/M2 IV DAY 1) combination chemotherapy (FAB) repeated at 6--8 week intervals. Two (29%) complete and one (14%) partial remissions were observed in 7 patients with biliary carcinoma while 5 of 19 (26%) patients with pancreatic carcinoma achieved partial remissions. Median survival for responding patients was approximately 11 months (range 7--16+) with median survivals of about 6 months (p less than 0.05 and about 3 months (p less than 0.05) for patients with stable and progressive disease. Major drug toxicity was myelosuppression with median lowest granulocyte counts of 1,000/microliters and platelet counts of 88,000/microliters. Approximately 25% of patients required antibiotic therapy for fever of unknown origin or documented infections. Other tolerable drug toxicities included nausea, vomiting and mucositis. The FAB regimen appears quite promising in biliary tract cancer and has efficacy in pancreatic carcinoma that warrants further clinical trials. Because of myelotoxicity observed with this regimen we now recommend a BCNU starting dose of 100 mg/m2 instead of 150 mg/m2.", "contents": "Adriamycin, BCNU, ftorafur chemotherapy of pancreatic and biliary tract cancer. Twenty-six evaluable patients with disseminated or locally unresectable pancreatic or biliary tract carcinoma received Ftorafur (4 g/m2 iv day 1 and 22 and 2 g/m2 iv day 4 and 26), Adriamycin (60 mg/m1 IV day 1 and 45 mg/m2 iv day 22) and BCNU (150 MG/M2 IV DAY 1) combination chemotherapy (FAB) repeated at 6--8 week intervals. Two (29%) complete and one (14%) partial remissions were observed in 7 patients with biliary carcinoma while 5 of 19 (26%) patients with pancreatic carcinoma achieved partial remissions. Median survival for responding patients was approximately 11 months (range 7--16+) with median survivals of about 6 months (p less than 0.05 and about 3 months (p less than 0.05) for patients with stable and progressive disease. Major drug toxicity was myelosuppression with median lowest granulocyte counts of 1,000/microliters and platelet counts of 88,000/microliters. Approximately 25% of patients required antibiotic therapy for fever of unknown origin or documented infections. Other tolerable drug toxicities included nausea, vomiting and mucositis. The FAB regimen appears quite promising in biliary tract cancer and has efficacy in pancreatic carcinoma that warrants further clinical trials. Because of myelotoxicity observed with this regimen we now recommend a BCNU starting dose of 100 mg/m2 instead of 150 mg/m2.", "PMID": 389404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8543", "title": "Post-therapeutic acute leukemia.", "content": "This study reports 35 cases of posttherapeutic acute leukemia and reviews the literature on this subject. These AL's are characterized by a high incidence of anemia, in particular refractory anemia, preceding the hematological disorder by several months, by the frequent finding of myelofibrosis, by the essentially granulocytic nature of the AL, and by the low rate of remission and the, in general, extremely short sruvival of a few months. These leukemias may develop following continuous chemotherapy with an alkylating agent, radiotherapy of various extent, or most commonly following intensive treatment with extensive irradiation and polychemotherapy as in the management of Hodgkin's disease. In view of these therapeutic hazards, the present objectives are the modification of alkylating agent therapy by the use of other drugs and sequential administration, and a reduction in the dose and field of irradiation and the duration of polychemotherapy, as in Hodgkin's disease; all present protocols are orientated in this direction.", "contents": "Post-therapeutic acute leukemia. This study reports 35 cases of posttherapeutic acute leukemia and reviews the literature on this subject. These AL's are characterized by a high incidence of anemia, in particular refractory anemia, preceding the hematological disorder by several months, by the frequent finding of myelofibrosis, by the essentially granulocytic nature of the AL, and by the low rate of remission and the, in general, extremely short sruvival of a few months. These leukemias may develop following continuous chemotherapy with an alkylating agent, radiotherapy of various extent, or most commonly following intensive treatment with extensive irradiation and polychemotherapy as in the management of Hodgkin's disease. In view of these therapeutic hazards, the present objectives are the modification of alkylating agent therapy by the use of other drugs and sequential administration, and a reduction in the dose and field of irradiation and the duration of polychemotherapy, as in Hodgkin's disease; all present protocols are orientated in this direction.", "PMID": 389405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8544", "title": "Fatal hypoglycemia after cytotoxic chemotherapy: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases, one of leukemia and one of a trophoblastic testicular teratoma, are described in which hypoglycemia occurred as a terminal event. The rarity of this association with these types of malignancy, together with possible mechanism, is discussed in a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Fatal hypoglycemia after cytotoxic chemotherapy: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Two cases, one of leukemia and one of a trophoblastic testicular teratoma, are described in which hypoglycemia occurred as a terminal event. The rarity of this association with these types of malignancy, together with possible mechanism, is discussed in a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 389406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8545", "title": "Angiosarcoma following therapeutic irradiation.", "content": "This paper reports a case of angiosarcoma of the terminal ileum in a 66-year-old female. This angiosarcoma developed 8 years after postoperative irradiation for ovarian carcinoma. This case appears to be the sixth case of angiosarcoma arising at the site of therapeutic irradiation thus far reported in the literature. The fact that the angiosarcomas in these cases developed in anatomic sites, which are unusual for angiosarcomas in general, suggests that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between irradiation and angiosarcoma. Apart from the direct carcinogenic effect of irradiation, prolonged stimulation for tissue repair resulting from tissue damage secondary to irradiation-induced vascular changes may also play an etiologic role in the development of angiosarcomas in these cases.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma following therapeutic irradiation. This paper reports a case of angiosarcoma of the terminal ileum in a 66-year-old female. This angiosarcoma developed 8 years after postoperative irradiation for ovarian carcinoma. This case appears to be the sixth case of angiosarcoma arising at the site of therapeutic irradiation thus far reported in the literature. The fact that the angiosarcomas in these cases developed in anatomic sites, which are unusual for angiosarcomas in general, suggests that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between irradiation and angiosarcoma. Apart from the direct carcinogenic effect of irradiation, prolonged stimulation for tissue repair resulting from tissue damage secondary to irradiation-induced vascular changes may also play an etiologic role in the development of angiosarcomas in these cases.", "PMID": 389407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8546", "title": "Thorotrast-associated sarcoma of bone: A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An osteosarcoma developed near the right lesser trochanter of a 55-year-old woman. The neoplasm fulfilled the generally accepted criteria for a Thorotrast related malignancy. Strengthening this relationship was the occurrence of the tumor in an unusual location and uncommon age group. Thorium was confirmed both in the tumor and in bone marrow histiocytes by its characteristic x-ray spectrum. Including this case only twelve Thorotrast-associated neoplasms of bone have been reported. The mean latency period after Thorotrast administration was 26 years. Regression analysis revealed that latency period and Thorotrast dose are inversely related. All tumors were reported to be sarcomas. Six osteosarcomas, one fibrosarcoma, one chondrosarcoma, and one undifferentiated sarcoma were proven histologically. All patients, for whom follow-up was given, had died of the tumor. The reasons behind the low frequency of reported Thorotrast-associated bone malignancies may be the low concentration of 232Th and radioactive daughters in bone, long latency period or the general lack of knowledge concerning the possible relationship between Thorotrast and bone tumors. Statistical association between Thorotrast injection and bone sarcoma is shown. The criteria for the diagnosis of Thorotrastosis are discussed as well as the long term deleterious effects. The distribution of Thorotrast within the body is discussed as well as the associated radiographic changes.", "contents": "Thorotrast-associated sarcoma of bone: A case report and review of the literature. An osteosarcoma developed near the right lesser trochanter of a 55-year-old woman. The neoplasm fulfilled the generally accepted criteria for a Thorotrast related malignancy. Strengthening this relationship was the occurrence of the tumor in an unusual location and uncommon age group. Thorium was confirmed both in the tumor and in bone marrow histiocytes by its characteristic x-ray spectrum. Including this case only twelve Thorotrast-associated neoplasms of bone have been reported. The mean latency period after Thorotrast administration was 26 years. Regression analysis revealed that latency period and Thorotrast dose are inversely related. All tumors were reported to be sarcomas. Six osteosarcomas, one fibrosarcoma, one chondrosarcoma, and one undifferentiated sarcoma were proven histologically. All patients, for whom follow-up was given, had died of the tumor. The reasons behind the low frequency of reported Thorotrast-associated bone malignancies may be the low concentration of 232Th and radioactive daughters in bone, long latency period or the general lack of knowledge concerning the possible relationship between Thorotrast and bone tumors. Statistical association between Thorotrast injection and bone sarcoma is shown. The criteria for the diagnosis of Thorotrastosis are discussed as well as the long term deleterious effects. The distribution of Thorotrast within the body is discussed as well as the associated radiographic changes.", "PMID": 389408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8547", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of the medullary thyroid carcinoma with reference to C-thyroglobulin reaction of tumor cells.", "content": "Twelve cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated ty the immunoperoxidase method using anti-calcitonin, anti-C-thyroglobulin (C-Tg, C cell-immunoreactive thyroglobulin) and anti-19S thyroglobulin antisera. Tumor cells as well as normal C cells revealed distinct immunoreaction for C-Tg besides for calcitonin. In contrast to normal C cells, the tumor cells were stained more intensely by anti-Ctg antiserum than by anti-calcitonin antiserum. Furthermore, there occurred several tumors or some areas of tumors which showed strong response to anti-C-Tg antiserum but weak or no response to anti-calcitonin antiserum. Thus, medullary carcinoma cells synthesized far greater amounts of C-Tg than calcitonin. The small follicles were occasionally observed mingled in typical cell solid masses. They stored colloid-like materials which were intensely immunoreactive to C-Tg but nonreactive to calcitonin. The specific immunoreaction patterns to anti-C-Tg and anti-calcitonin antisera were also obtained on the ground materials of the amyloid. On the histogenesis of amyloids of medullary carcinoma, the C-Tg could be the presursor of the fibrillar protein of amyloids and the component of the fibrillar protein also closely related to calcitonin.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical study of the medullary thyroid carcinoma with reference to C-thyroglobulin reaction of tumor cells. Twelve cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated ty the immunoperoxidase method using anti-calcitonin, anti-C-thyroglobulin (C-Tg, C cell-immunoreactive thyroglobulin) and anti-19S thyroglobulin antisera. Tumor cells as well as normal C cells revealed distinct immunoreaction for C-Tg besides for calcitonin. In contrast to normal C cells, the tumor cells were stained more intensely by anti-Ctg antiserum than by anti-calcitonin antiserum. Furthermore, there occurred several tumors or some areas of tumors which showed strong response to anti-C-Tg antiserum but weak or no response to anti-calcitonin antiserum. Thus, medullary carcinoma cells synthesized far greater amounts of C-Tg than calcitonin. The small follicles were occasionally observed mingled in typical cell solid masses. They stored colloid-like materials which were intensely immunoreactive to C-Tg but nonreactive to calcitonin. The specific immunoreaction patterns to anti-C-Tg and anti-calcitonin antisera were also obtained on the ground materials of the amyloid. On the histogenesis of amyloids of medullary carcinoma, the C-Tg could be the presursor of the fibrillar protein of amyloids and the component of the fibrillar protein also closely related to calcitonin.", "PMID": 389409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8548", "title": "C-cell disease of the thyroid gland in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b.", "content": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b) is a disorder characterized by C-cell disease of the thyroid gland (medullary carcinoma or C-cell hyperplasia, or both), pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis, and skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities. The medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is bilateral and multicentric; it metastasizes locally and distally, often before the disease is recognized. Histologically proven C-cell disease was present in 89 of the 107 patients (83%) reported with the condition, including 17 Mayo Clinic patients (average age at diagnosis, 19.2 years). Nineteen of the 107 patients (18%) died of MTC (average age at death, 25.3 years); 9 (8%) succumbed to pheochromocytoma, 7 of these also having metastatic MTC; 13 12%) died of other or unknown causes, but 2 of these had disseminated MTC as well; 29 (27%) survive with metastatic MTC; an additional 21 (20%) are alive, but concentrations of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) have not been measured; 6 more (6%), 5 of whom had thyroidectomy before the age of 12 years, are alive with normal plasma concentrations of iCT; and the remaining 10 (9%) have been lost to follow-up. Survival of patients with MEN 2b after operation was reduced when compared with that of a control population -- 80% versus 99% at 5 years and 50% versus 98% at 10 years. The only effective treatment for MTC is total thyroidectomy before metastasis occurs. \"Cure\" of MTC in patients with MEN 2b has generally been obtained in those having total thyroidectomy before age 12. Therefore, in young patients suspected of having MEN 2b, we recommend prompt evaluation of C-cell function by measurement of stimulated concentrations of iCT and treatment by total thyroidectomy if results are abnormal.", "contents": "C-cell disease of the thyroid gland in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b) is a disorder characterized by C-cell disease of the thyroid gland (medullary carcinoma or C-cell hyperplasia, or both), pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis, and skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities. The medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is bilateral and multicentric; it metastasizes locally and distally, often before the disease is recognized. Histologically proven C-cell disease was present in 89 of the 107 patients (83%) reported with the condition, including 17 Mayo Clinic patients (average age at diagnosis, 19.2 years). Nineteen of the 107 patients (18%) died of MTC (average age at death, 25.3 years); 9 (8%) succumbed to pheochromocytoma, 7 of these also having metastatic MTC; 13 12%) died of other or unknown causes, but 2 of these had disseminated MTC as well; 29 (27%) survive with metastatic MTC; an additional 21 (20%) are alive, but concentrations of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) have not been measured; 6 more (6%), 5 of whom had thyroidectomy before the age of 12 years, are alive with normal plasma concentrations of iCT; and the remaining 10 (9%) have been lost to follow-up. Survival of patients with MEN 2b after operation was reduced when compared with that of a control population -- 80% versus 99% at 5 years and 50% versus 98% at 10 years. The only effective treatment for MTC is total thyroidectomy before metastasis occurs. \"Cure\" of MTC in patients with MEN 2b has generally been obtained in those having total thyroidectomy before age 12. Therefore, in young patients suspected of having MEN 2b, we recommend prompt evaluation of C-cell function by measurement of stimulated concentrations of iCT and treatment by total thyroidectomy if results are abnormal.", "PMID": 389410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8549", "title": "Follicular (nodular) lymphoma in childhood: a rare clinical-pathological entity. Report of eight cases from four cancer centers.", "content": "Eight cases of follicular lymphoma (FL) were found amount 318 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen in two decades in four large institutions (overall incidence: 2.5%). The children's ages ranged from 3 to 13 years (median 8). Four patients presented with localized peripheral lymphadenopathy, two with tumors of the digestive tract, two with disseminated disease. Five were tentatively classified as stage I or II and 3 as stage IV. The existence of other diseases responsible for lymphadenopathy could satisfactorily be exclued. All patients are alive after follow-up periods of 1 to 14 years from diagnosis (median 4). Morphologically, 5 lymphomas were mixed and 3 histiocytic. The growth pattern was \"expansile\" in the younger patients (3 to 9 years), and \"infiltrative,\" as in the adult disease, in the three older children (11 to 13 years). The histiocytic cytology correlated with stage IV disease. FL in children appears to be different from both its adult counterpart and the diffuse childhood lymphomas. Differences with the former include the absence of tumors of poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, the higher frequency of stage I-II disease and the better prognosis. This last feature, as well as the higher frequency of peripheral node involvement and the absence of leukemic conversion or CNS disease, differentiates the follicular from the diffuse childhood lymphomas.", "contents": "Follicular (nodular) lymphoma in childhood: a rare clinical-pathological entity. Report of eight cases from four cancer centers. Eight cases of follicular lymphoma (FL) were found amount 318 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen in two decades in four large institutions (overall incidence: 2.5%). The children's ages ranged from 3 to 13 years (median 8). Four patients presented with localized peripheral lymphadenopathy, two with tumors of the digestive tract, two with disseminated disease. Five were tentatively classified as stage I or II and 3 as stage IV. The existence of other diseases responsible for lymphadenopathy could satisfactorily be exclued. All patients are alive after follow-up periods of 1 to 14 years from diagnosis (median 4). Morphologically, 5 lymphomas were mixed and 3 histiocytic. The growth pattern was \"expansile\" in the younger patients (3 to 9 years), and \"infiltrative,\" as in the adult disease, in the three older children (11 to 13 years). The histiocytic cytology correlated with stage IV disease. FL in children appears to be different from both its adult counterpart and the diffuse childhood lymphomas. Differences with the former include the absence of tumors of poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, the higher frequency of stage I-II disease and the better prognosis. This last feature, as well as the higher frequency of peripheral node involvement and the absence of leukemic conversion or CNS disease, differentiates the follicular from the diffuse childhood lymphomas.", "PMID": 389411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8550", "title": "Hypercalcemia complicating childhood malignancies: a report of seven cases with some pathophysiological considerations.", "content": "A group of seven children with different malignant processes presenting with hypercalcemia was studied. Bone destruction, diffuse metabolic abnormalities, abnormal acid-base homeostasis and recurrent hypercalcemia characterized these patients. A different mechanism leading to the production of hypercalcemia and/or bone destruction by cancer cells is considered. The results of this report suggest that parathyroid hormone production (P.T.H.) by the parathyroid glands is normal and that ectopic secretion of PTH or PTH-like material is negligible in these cases.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia complicating childhood malignancies: a report of seven cases with some pathophysiological considerations. A group of seven children with different malignant processes presenting with hypercalcemia was studied. Bone destruction, diffuse metabolic abnormalities, abnormal acid-base homeostasis and recurrent hypercalcemia characterized these patients. A different mechanism leading to the production of hypercalcemia and/or bone destruction by cancer cells is considered. The results of this report suggest that parathyroid hormone production (P.T.H.) by the parathyroid glands is normal and that ectopic secretion of PTH or PTH-like material is negligible in these cases.", "PMID": 389412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8551", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia developing in patients with mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma.", "content": "Of three patients with mediastinal malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic type, at the time of diagnosis one also had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and the other two had blood and bone marrow findings indicative of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The latter two patients developed the hematologic picture of AML less than eight months later. In all cases, AML was confirmed by cytochemical studies of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. Autopsy of two of the patients revealed only AML. The myeloid nature of the proliferative cells was demonstrated with the naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate stain (NCA) on postmortem tissue sections. This study further supports the hypothesis of a common origin of neoplastic lymphoid and myeloid cells from pluripotent bone marrow stem cells.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia developing in patients with mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. Of three patients with mediastinal malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic type, at the time of diagnosis one also had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and the other two had blood and bone marrow findings indicative of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The latter two patients developed the hematologic picture of AML less than eight months later. In all cases, AML was confirmed by cytochemical studies of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. Autopsy of two of the patients revealed only AML. The myeloid nature of the proliferative cells was demonstrated with the naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate stain (NCA) on postmortem tissue sections. This study further supports the hypothesis of a common origin of neoplastic lymphoid and myeloid cells from pluripotent bone marrow stem cells.", "PMID": 389413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8552", "title": "The reduced mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 due to hydroxylation: observations on five Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.", "content": "The mutagenicity of aflatoxin M1 relative to that of aflatoxin B1, the parent compound, was studied in 5 Ames' tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538). Aflatoxins B1 and M1 are both highly mutagenic in microsome-mediated system in TA 100. The prediction of the relative carcinogenicity of aflatoxin M1 to aflatoxin B1 posed by the mutation of TA 100 is probably more authentic than by TA 98.", "contents": "The reduced mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 due to hydroxylation: observations on five Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. The mutagenicity of aflatoxin M1 relative to that of aflatoxin B1, the parent compound, was studied in 5 Ames' tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538). Aflatoxins B1 and M1 are both highly mutagenic in microsome-mediated system in TA 100. The prediction of the relative carcinogenicity of aflatoxin M1 to aflatoxin B1 posed by the mutation of TA 100 is probably more authentic than by TA 98.", "PMID": 389414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8553", "title": "Formation of mutagens in cooked foods. I. Beef.", "content": "Mutagens detectable by Salmonella typhimurium TA98, after activation by liver S-9 fraction, are formed when meat is cooked by frying, broiling and boiling. High levels of mutagenic activity are formed rapidly when frying, or more slowly during broiling. Formation of mutagens in boiled beef stock requires several days under reflux, but shows a strong concentration dependence. Time curves suggest that a period exists during which mutagens are not readily formed; however, after this period mutagen production is rapid. Hamburgers from commercial franchises were frequently mutagenically active.", "contents": "Formation of mutagens in cooked foods. I. Beef. Mutagens detectable by Salmonella typhimurium TA98, after activation by liver S-9 fraction, are formed when meat is cooked by frying, broiling and boiling. High levels of mutagenic activity are formed rapidly when frying, or more slowly during broiling. Formation of mutagens in boiled beef stock requires several days under reflux, but shows a strong concentration dependence. Time curves suggest that a period exists during which mutagens are not readily formed; however, after this period mutagen production is rapid. Hamburgers from commercial franchises were frequently mutagenically active.", "PMID": 389415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8554", "title": "Mutagenic activity of gastric juice.", "content": "Gastric juice samples from patients of a rural area of the Colombian Andes at high risk to gastric cancer were tested for mutagenesis with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1538. Direct mutagenic effect was found in samples with detectable amounts of nitrite. This effect was not accountable by nitrite alone. Nitrite-negative samples from the same area and samples from the low-risk area of Cali were negative using the same mutagenesis assay.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of gastric juice. Gastric juice samples from patients of a rural area of the Colombian Andes at high risk to gastric cancer were tested for mutagenesis with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1538. Direct mutagenic effect was found in samples with detectable amounts of nitrite. This effect was not accountable by nitrite alone. Nitrite-negative samples from the same area and samples from the low-risk area of Cali were negative using the same mutagenesis assay.", "PMID": 389416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8555", "title": "Fractionation of a mutagenic principle from broiled fish by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A mutagenic principle present in the basic fraction of broiled sardines cooked in the ordinary way was fractionated by high-pressure liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column. Results indicated that the major mutagenic principle is not identical with any of the mutagens previously isolated from amino acid pyrolysis products, and that a new, unidentified mutagen exists in broiled sardines.", "contents": "Fractionation of a mutagenic principle from broiled fish by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A mutagenic principle present in the basic fraction of broiled sardines cooked in the ordinary way was fractionated by high-pressure liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column. Results indicated that the major mutagenic principle is not identical with any of the mutagens previously isolated from amino acid pyrolysis products, and that a new, unidentified mutagen exists in broiled sardines.", "PMID": 389417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8556", "title": "Mutagenicity of metabolites of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 8 azo dyes and 6 p-phenylenediamine derivatives, which comprised the metabolites of carcinogenic 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives, was studied on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. 4'-Hydroxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and its O-sulfate and O-glucuronide, and 3-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene were mutagenic on TA98 in the presence of S-9 mix. p-Phenylenediamine and its o-methoxyl derivative were definitely mutagenic on TA98 with the addition of S-9 mix. All metabolites tested were non-mutagenic on TA100, although the mother azo dyes were mutagenic both on TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S-9 mix. These results rule out a possibility that the mutagenicity, at least on TA100 microbes, of carcinogenic 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives may be mediated by any of the ring-hydroxyl or azo reduction metabolites and their conjugates produced from the azo dyes by incubation with S-9 mix.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of metabolites of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes. The mutagenicity of 8 azo dyes and 6 p-phenylenediamine derivatives, which comprised the metabolites of carcinogenic 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives, was studied on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. 4'-Hydroxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and its O-sulfate and O-glucuronide, and 3-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene were mutagenic on TA98 in the presence of S-9 mix. p-Phenylenediamine and its o-methoxyl derivative were definitely mutagenic on TA98 with the addition of S-9 mix. All metabolites tested were non-mutagenic on TA100, although the mother azo dyes were mutagenic both on TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S-9 mix. These results rule out a possibility that the mutagenicity, at least on TA100 microbes, of carcinogenic 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives may be mediated by any of the ring-hydroxyl or azo reduction metabolites and their conjugates produced from the azo dyes by incubation with S-9 mix.", "PMID": 389418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8557", "title": "Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on the angina response during treadmill exercise.", "content": "The effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) and placebo normal saline (S) infusion on treadmill-walking time to angina, ST depression, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), rate pressure product (RPP), blood glucose (G), lactate (L) and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied in 14 non diabetic patients with exertional angina. For the whole group, the post-GIK walking time to angina (393 +/- 33 sec, mean +/- SEM) was greater than the values during control GIK (319 +/- 20 sec, p less than 0.02) and post-S infusion (334 +/- sec, p less than 0.05), but circulatory and ST responses were similar in post-GIK and post-S studies. 7 of the 14 patients experienced significantly greater improvement in exercise tolerance following GIK (467 +/- 39 sec) in comparison to control GIK (313 +/- 29 sec, p less than 0.001) and post-S infusion (334 +/- 32 sec, p less than 0.005) and exercised to a higher HR, SBP and RPP after GIK than after S infusion. At the onset of angina these patients had similar ST-segment depression before and after GIK but when ST segments were assessed after GIK at the same exercise duration when angina had occurred during the control and post-S studies, there was significantly less ST depression (p less than 0.01). Of the remaining 7 patients exercise tolerance following GIK deteriorated in 3, remained unchanged in 2 and increased by 12 and 48 sec in 2 patients in comparison to post-S values. Comparison of post-GUK and post-S values for G, L and FFA for the whole group showed significantly lower resting values of FFA and post-exercise values of G following GIK infusion. The differences in clinical and circulatory responses between patients who improved and those who did not improve following GIK were not related to the angiographically determined severity of coronary artery disease or to GIK-induced metabolic changes. Results suggest that some patients with angina pectoris do benefit  from GIK infusion but the response in a given patient to this therapeutic modality is unpredictable.", "contents": "Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on the angina response during treadmill exercise. The effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) and placebo normal saline (S) infusion on treadmill-walking time to angina, ST depression, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), rate pressure product (RPP), blood glucose (G), lactate (L) and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied in 14 non diabetic patients with exertional angina. For the whole group, the post-GIK walking time to angina (393 +/- 33 sec, mean +/- SEM) was greater than the values during control GIK (319 +/- 20 sec, p less than 0.02) and post-S infusion (334 +/- sec, p less than 0.05), but circulatory and ST responses were similar in post-GIK and post-S studies. 7 of the 14 patients experienced significantly greater improvement in exercise tolerance following GIK (467 +/- 39 sec) in comparison to control GIK (313 +/- 29 sec, p less than 0.001) and post-S infusion (334 +/- 32 sec, p less than 0.005) and exercised to a higher HR, SBP and RPP after GIK than after S infusion. At the onset of angina these patients had similar ST-segment depression before and after GIK but when ST segments were assessed after GIK at the same exercise duration when angina had occurred during the control and post-S studies, there was significantly less ST depression (p less than 0.01). Of the remaining 7 patients exercise tolerance following GIK deteriorated in 3, remained unchanged in 2 and increased by 12 and 48 sec in 2 patients in comparison to post-S values. Comparison of post-GUK and post-S values for G, L and FFA for the whole group showed significantly lower resting values of FFA and post-exercise values of G following GIK infusion. The differences in clinical and circulatory responses between patients who improved and those who did not improve following GIK were not related to the angiographically determined severity of coronary artery disease or to GIK-induced metabolic changes. Results suggest that some patients with angina pectoris do benefit  from GIK infusion but the response in a given patient to this therapeutic modality is unpredictable.", "PMID": 389419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8558", "title": "Effects of training and of verapamil on exercise capacity in patients recovering from myocardial infarction. A double-blind study.", "content": "Physical training causes an increase of aerobic capacity in normal and cardiac patients. The influences of training plus placebo and training plus verapamil have been studied in a double-blind randomized trial on 40 patients recovering from actue myocardial infarction. The two groups were comparable as to clinical characteristics, initial work capacity, and amount of stress tolerated during the training sessions. The training produced a significant increase of total work capacity and maximum VO2, in both groups; the difference between the means of the two groups was not significant. The variation of heart rate, rate pressure product at different work loads and cardiac volume after training were significantly lower in the verapamil group. The anginal threshold did not change in the placebo group and showed a trend to increase in patients treated with verapamil. These results suggest that carefully observed rehabilitation markedly improves the physical capacity of the patients after acute myocardial infarction. Such improvement is enhanced by treatment with verapamil.", "contents": "Effects of training and of verapamil on exercise capacity in patients recovering from myocardial infarction. A double-blind study. Physical training causes an increase of aerobic capacity in normal and cardiac patients. The influences of training plus placebo and training plus verapamil have been studied in a double-blind randomized trial on 40 patients recovering from actue myocardial infarction. The two groups were comparable as to clinical characteristics, initial work capacity, and amount of stress tolerated during the training sessions. The training produced a significant increase of total work capacity and maximum VO2, in both groups; the difference between the means of the two groups was not significant. The variation of heart rate, rate pressure product at different work loads and cardiac volume after training were significantly lower in the verapamil group. The anginal threshold did not change in the placebo group and showed a trend to increase in patients treated with verapamil. These results suggest that carefully observed rehabilitation markedly improves the physical capacity of the patients after acute myocardial infarction. Such improvement is enhanced by treatment with verapamil.", "PMID": 389420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8559", "title": "Cellular organization of the lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence in the rat.", "content": "The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (beta 1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the beta 1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the beta 1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular organization of the lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence in the rat. The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (beta 1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the beta 1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the beta 1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.", "PMID": 389426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8560", "title": "Simultaneous localization of steroid and peptide hormones in rat pituitary by combined thaw-mount autoradiography and immunohistochemistry: localization of dihydrotestosterone in gonadotropes, thyrotropes and pituicytes.", "content": "The immunocharacteristics of androgen target cells in the anterior pituitary of male rats are assessed by a combined thaw-mount autoradiography and immunoperoxidase staining method permitting the simultaneous identification of steroid-hormone target cells and protein or polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the same preparation. After injection of 3H-dihydrotestosterone, nuclear concentration of radioactivity is observed in cells of the anterior lobe, in \"ectopic\" cells in the intermediate and posterior lobes as well as in certain pituicytes. The radioactively labeled cells in the anterior lobe are identified immuno-histochemically as gonadotropes and thyrotropes with the use of antiserum to ovine LH or its subunit beta-LH and bovine beta-TSH. The results suggest genomic effects of androgen on gonadotropes and thyrotropes as well as pituicytes.", "contents": "Simultaneous localization of steroid and peptide hormones in rat pituitary by combined thaw-mount autoradiography and immunohistochemistry: localization of dihydrotestosterone in gonadotropes, thyrotropes and pituicytes. The immunocharacteristics of androgen target cells in the anterior pituitary of male rats are assessed by a combined thaw-mount autoradiography and immunoperoxidase staining method permitting the simultaneous identification of steroid-hormone target cells and protein or polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the same preparation. After injection of 3H-dihydrotestosterone, nuclear concentration of radioactivity is observed in cells of the anterior lobe, in \"ectopic\" cells in the intermediate and posterior lobes as well as in certain pituicytes. The radioactively labeled cells in the anterior lobe are identified immuno-histochemically as gonadotropes and thyrotropes with the use of antiserum to ovine LH or its subunit beta-LH and bovine beta-TSH. The results suggest genomic effects of androgen on gonadotropes and thyrotropes as well as pituicytes.", "PMID": 389427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8561", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of a gastrin-like peptide in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis Daud.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to demonstrate a substance reacting with gastrin antisera in the brain of Xenopus laevis. Immunoreactive material was found in two sites: (1) In the caudal hypothalamus more precisely in the nucleus infundibularis ventralis, (NIV) of the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum, (PVTC). The fluorescent axons of the reactive parikarya of the NIV give rise to two symmetrical tracts which run rostro-ventrally and join, in the infundibular floor, the preoptico-hypophysial tract, where they form an uneven median tract coursing caudally and running along the medio-tuberal area before entering the external zone of the median eminence. (2) In the anterior preoptic area (APOA), where numerous nerve fibers and endings form a dense network near the preoptic recess. The exact origin of these terminals has not yet been determined. Control of immunohistochemical specificity shows that the labeling by gastrin antisera is suppressed by gastrin (2--17), but also by cholecystokinin (CCK) and pentagastrin (Peptavlon). These results indicate that the immunoreactive substance revealed belongs to the gastrin group and has an antigenic determinant composed of the amino acid sequence or a protion thereof common to gastrin, CCK and Peptavlon (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe). It should be emphasized that, in the brain of Xenopus laevis, both gastrin-immunoreactive sites correspond to the sites of uptake of steroid hormones (Kelley et al., 1975; Morrell et al., 1975).", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of a gastrin-like peptide in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis Daud. The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to demonstrate a substance reacting with gastrin antisera in the brain of Xenopus laevis. Immunoreactive material was found in two sites: (1) In the caudal hypothalamus more precisely in the nucleus infundibularis ventralis, (NIV) of the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum, (PVTC). The fluorescent axons of the reactive parikarya of the NIV give rise to two symmetrical tracts which run rostro-ventrally and join, in the infundibular floor, the preoptico-hypophysial tract, where they form an uneven median tract coursing caudally and running along the medio-tuberal area before entering the external zone of the median eminence. (2) In the anterior preoptic area (APOA), where numerous nerve fibers and endings form a dense network near the preoptic recess. The exact origin of these terminals has not yet been determined. Control of immunohistochemical specificity shows that the labeling by gastrin antisera is suppressed by gastrin (2--17), but also by cholecystokinin (CCK) and pentagastrin (Peptavlon). These results indicate that the immunoreactive substance revealed belongs to the gastrin group and has an antigenic determinant composed of the amino acid sequence or a protion thereof common to gastrin, CCK and Peptavlon (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe). It should be emphasized that, in the brain of Xenopus laevis, both gastrin-immunoreactive sites correspond to the sites of uptake of steroid hormones (Kelley et al., 1975; Morrell et al., 1975).", "PMID": 389428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8562", "title": "Pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), and their relation to the enteroendocrine cells.", "content": "The pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius are concentrated in a large (principal) islet, located near the gall bladder, and in a number of smaller islets. Five types of endocrine cells can be distinguished in there pancreatic islets: B cells, A1 (or D cells), 2 types of A2 cells (A2r cells with round granules; and A2fl cells with flocculent granules) and a scarce 5th cell type. The hormones produced by B and A2fl cells are probably insulin and glucagon respectively. The A2r cell contains granules with the same diameter as the granules of the enteroendocrine type III cell of the gut. Both cell types may resemble the enteroglucagon-producing EG cell of mammals. The function of the A1 cells, which are frequently found without secretory granules, and of the 5th cell type, will be discussed. The pancreastic islets of B. conchonius are strongly innervated, which suggests thatpresence of a direct nervous control system. Some intermediate or mixed cells containing exocrine and endocrine A2r granules are found continguous with the principal islet. The origin of pancreatic endocrine cells is also the subject of discussion.", "contents": "Pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), and their relation to the enteroendocrine cells. The pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius are concentrated in a large (principal) islet, located near the gall bladder, and in a number of smaller islets. Five types of endocrine cells can be distinguished in there pancreatic islets: B cells, A1 (or D cells), 2 types of A2 cells (A2r cells with round granules; and A2fl cells with flocculent granules) and a scarce 5th cell type. The hormones produced by B and A2fl cells are probably insulin and glucagon respectively. The A2r cell contains granules with the same diameter as the granules of the enteroendocrine type III cell of the gut. Both cell types may resemble the enteroglucagon-producing EG cell of mammals. The function of the A1 cells, which are frequently found without secretory granules, and of the 5th cell type, will be discussed. The pancreastic islets of B. conchonius are strongly innervated, which suggests thatpresence of a direct nervous control system. Some intermediate or mixed cells containing exocrine and endocrine A2r granules are found continguous with the principal islet. The origin of pancreatic endocrine cells is also the subject of discussion.", "PMID": 389429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8563", "title": "A precursor to a minor species of yeast tRNASer contains an intervening sequence.", "content": "Certain tRNAs in S. cerevisiae (tRNATyr and tRNAPhe) arise via precursor molecules which are mature at the 5' and 3' termini but contain intervening sequences adjacent to the anticodon (Knapp et al., 1978; O'Farrell et al., 1978). In addition to these molecules, precursors to several other tRNAs accumulate in a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts136) at the nonpermissive temperature. We have analyzed one of these species and shown that it is a precursor to a minor species of tRNASer. This precursor is also mature at both termini and contains an intervening sequence of 19 nucleotides adjacent to the hypermodified A residue 3' to the anticodon. The sequence can be arranged in a secondary structure in which the anticodon stem is extended by additional base-pairing, and contains the sites of excision and ligation within two looped regions. Support for this structure was provided by analysis of the products of limited digestion with RNAase T1. recently Piper (1978) reported the isolation of a minor species of tRNASer which decodes UCG. He found this species to be structurally heterogeneous and determined that the less abundant form corresponds to the tRNA which is altered in the recessive lethal SUP-RL1 amber suppressor. Our data now suggest that the more abundant form may be restricted to reading UCA in vivo; thus mutation of the minor species would result in complete loss of UCG-decoding ability and explain the recessive lethality of SUP-RL1. We have shown that the precursor which accumulates in ts136 corresponds exclusively to this minor tRNASerUCG species. Our results suggest that this may be the only gene for tRNASer in yeast which contains an intervening sequence.", "contents": "A precursor to a minor species of yeast tRNASer contains an intervening sequence. Certain tRNAs in S. cerevisiae (tRNATyr and tRNAPhe) arise via precursor molecules which are mature at the 5' and 3' termini but contain intervening sequences adjacent to the anticodon (Knapp et al., 1978; O'Farrell et al., 1978). In addition to these molecules, precursors to several other tRNAs accumulate in a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts136) at the nonpermissive temperature. We have analyzed one of these species and shown that it is a precursor to a minor species of tRNASer. This precursor is also mature at both termini and contains an intervening sequence of 19 nucleotides adjacent to the hypermodified A residue 3' to the anticodon. The sequence can be arranged in a secondary structure in which the anticodon stem is extended by additional base-pairing, and contains the sites of excision and ligation within two looped regions. Support for this structure was provided by analysis of the products of limited digestion with RNAase T1. recently Piper (1978) reported the isolation of a minor species of tRNASer which decodes UCG. He found this species to be structurally heterogeneous and determined that the less abundant form corresponds to the tRNA which is altered in the recessive lethal SUP-RL1 amber suppressor. Our data now suggest that the more abundant form may be restricted to reading UCA in vivo; thus mutation of the minor species would result in complete loss of UCG-decoding ability and explain the recessive lethality of SUP-RL1. We have shown that the precursor which accumulates in ts136 corresponds exclusively to this minor tRNASerUCG species. Our results suggest that this may be the only gene for tRNASer in yeast which contains an intervening sequence.", "PMID": 389430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8564", "title": "Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: a two-stage reaction.", "content": "Soluble extracts of S. cerevisiae splice tRNA precursors which contain intervening sequences. The reaction goes to completion and requires ATP for the production of mature sequence tRNA. In the absence of ATP, half-tRNA molecules accumulate. Similar half-tRNA molecules appear as kinetic intermediates and accumulate if splicing is inhibited with pure, mature tRNA. Half-tRNA molecules have been purified. These half-tRNAs are efficiently ligated in an ATP-dependent reaction that is inhibited by added mature tRNA. The product of ligation is the expected mature sequence tRNA. The excised intervening sequence has also been identified. These results suggest an enzymatic mechanism for splicing which involves two independent steps.", "contents": "Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: a two-stage reaction. Soluble extracts of S. cerevisiae splice tRNA precursors which contain intervening sequences. The reaction goes to completion and requires ATP for the production of mature sequence tRNA. In the absence of ATP, half-tRNA molecules accumulate. Similar half-tRNA molecules appear as kinetic intermediates and accumulate if splicing is inhibited with pure, mature tRNA. Half-tRNA molecules have been purified. These half-tRNAs are efficiently ligated in an ATP-dependent reaction that is inhibited by added mature tRNA. The product of ligation is the expected mature sequence tRNA. The excised intervening sequence has also been identified. These results suggest an enzymatic mechanism for splicing which involves two independent steps.", "PMID": 389431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8565", "title": "Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: structure of the reaction intermediates.", "content": "The intermediates of the yeast tRNA splicing reaction have been characterized. The intervening sequence is excised as an unique linear molecule. It has 5'-hydroxyl and 3'-phosphate termini. Correspondingly, the half-tRNA molecules are shown to have a 3'-phosphate terminus on the 5' half and 5'-hydroxyl terminus on the 3' half. These isolated halves have been shown to be active in the ligation step of tRNA splicing. Removal of the 3'-phosphate from the 5' half eliminates the ability of the 5' half to participate in ligation.", "contents": "Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: structure of the reaction intermediates. The intermediates of the yeast tRNA splicing reaction have been characterized. The intervening sequence is excised as an unique linear molecule. It has 5'-hydroxyl and 3'-phosphate termini. Correspondingly, the half-tRNA molecules are shown to have a 3'-phosphate terminus on the 5' half and 5'-hydroxyl terminus on the 3' half. These isolated halves have been shown to be active in the ligation step of tRNA splicing. Removal of the 3'-phosphate from the 5' half eliminates the ability of the 5' half to participate in ligation.", "PMID": 389432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8566", "title": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: sequences of yeast mitochondrial valine and an unusual threonine tRNA gene.", "content": "The mitochondrial DNA segments of two independently isolated rho- clones of S. cerevisiae carrying a genetic marker for a threonine tRNA have been characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing. The DNA sequences of the two segments have been used to deduce the primary and secondary structures of the tRNA. The threonine tRNA is unusual in having a leucine anticodon (3'-GAU-5'). Despite the anomalous anticodon, the tRNA is proposed to function in mitochondrial protein synthesis. One of the rho- clones contains an additional coding sequence that has been identified as a valine tRNA genes have been located on the wild-type physical map and determined to be transcribed from two different strands.", "contents": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: sequences of yeast mitochondrial valine and an unusual threonine tRNA gene. The mitochondrial DNA segments of two independently isolated rho- clones of S. cerevisiae carrying a genetic marker for a threonine tRNA have been characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing. The DNA sequences of the two segments have been used to deduce the primary and secondary structures of the tRNA. The threonine tRNA is unusual in having a leucine anticodon (3'-GAU-5'). Despite the anomalous anticodon, the tRNA is proposed to function in mitochondrial protein synthesis. One of the rho- clones contains an additional coding sequence that has been identified as a valine tRNA genes have been located on the wild-type physical map and determined to be transcribed from two different strands.", "PMID": 389433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8567", "title": "Role of plasmid-coded RNA and ribonuclease III in plasmid DNA replication.", "content": "An in vitro replication system has been used to study the control of DNA replication of the relaxed plasmids Col E1 and RSF1030. An RNA transcript approximately 100 nucleotides long is synthesized during the in vitro DNA replication reaction. This RNA is synthesized approximately 450 bp away from the origin of replication. A small insertion in the coding sequence for the RNA made from Col E1 DNA leads to a larger RNA species and simultaneously to an increase in plasmid copy number. Revertants missing the specific insertion show shorter RNA transcripts and wild-type copy number. Although plasmids Col E1 and RSF1030 have no extensive sequence homology, the RNA synthesized during RSF1030 replication has almost the same mobility as the Col E1 RNA on polyacrylamide gels and hybridizes to the Col E1 origin region. Extracts prepared from mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in ribonuclease III do not replicate RSF1030 or Col E1 plasmids in vitro. When supplemented with homogeneous RNAase III, such extracts do support DNA replication on these templates, indicating that RNAase III is required for DNA replication. We propose that the 100 nucleotide RNA species is involved in regulating the initiation of DNA replication of these plasmids, and that RNAase III may be involved in processing this RNA.", "contents": "Role of plasmid-coded RNA and ribonuclease III in plasmid DNA replication. An in vitro replication system has been used to study the control of DNA replication of the relaxed plasmids Col E1 and RSF1030. An RNA transcript approximately 100 nucleotides long is synthesized during the in vitro DNA replication reaction. This RNA is synthesized approximately 450 bp away from the origin of replication. A small insertion in the coding sequence for the RNA made from Col E1 DNA leads to a larger RNA species and simultaneously to an increase in plasmid copy number. Revertants missing the specific insertion show shorter RNA transcripts and wild-type copy number. Although plasmids Col E1 and RSF1030 have no extensive sequence homology, the RNA synthesized during RSF1030 replication has almost the same mobility as the Col E1 RNA on polyacrylamide gels and hybridizes to the Col E1 origin region. Extracts prepared from mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in ribonuclease III do not replicate RSF1030 or Col E1 plasmids in vitro. When supplemented with homogeneous RNAase III, such extracts do support DNA replication on these templates, indicating that RNAase III is required for DNA replication. We propose that the 100 nucleotide RNA species is involved in regulating the initiation of DNA replication of these plasmids, and that RNAase III may be involved in processing this RNA.", "PMID": 389434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8568", "title": "Clinical study of hydrazine sulfate in advanced cancer patients.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with a variety of solid tumors were treated with hydrazine sulfate. Hydrazine was given orally in the form of 60 mg capsules from one to four times daily. No patient had a 50% reduction of tumor size. Subjective benefit was seen in three patients but it was of brief duration.", "contents": "Clinical study of hydrazine sulfate in advanced cancer patients. Twenty-five patients with a variety of solid tumors were treated with hydrazine sulfate. Hydrazine was given orally in the form of 60 mg capsules from one to four times daily. No patient had a 50% reduction of tumor size. Subjective benefit was seen in three patients but it was of brief duration.", "PMID": 389477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8569", "title": "Podophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213.", "content": "VP 16-213, a derivative of podophyllotoxin, is currently entering phase-III studies. Its mode of action is incompletely understood, but differs markedly from that of its parent compound. The greatest lethal damage is experienced by cells in the late S and G2 phases. In the L 1210 system the drug shows marked schedule dependency: prolonged administration may be more effective than single bolus administration. As a single agent, VP 16-213 is the most active compound yet tested against small-cell bronchial carcinoma. It may also prove to be a useful agent in patients with other types of lung tumour, testicular teratomas, and some types of leukaemia. No long-term or cumulative toxicity has been reported. Most side effects are predictable and reproducible.", "contents": "Podophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213. VP 16-213, a derivative of podophyllotoxin, is currently entering phase-III studies. Its mode of action is incompletely understood, but differs markedly from that of its parent compound. The greatest lethal damage is experienced by cells in the late S and G2 phases. In the L 1210 system the drug shows marked schedule dependency: prolonged administration may be more effective than single bolus administration. As a single agent, VP 16-213 is the most active compound yet tested against small-cell bronchial carcinoma. It may also prove to be a useful agent in patients with other types of lung tumour, testicular teratomas, and some types of leukaemia. No long-term or cumulative toxicity has been reported. Most side effects are predictable and reproducible.", "PMID": 389478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8570", "title": "Potential of liposomes as drug-carriers in cancer chemotherapy: a review.", "content": "Liposomes are bilayered phospholipid vesicles that have been proposed as vehicles for the selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs into malignant cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated that the activity of a range of drugs or their active metabolites may be enhanced by encapsulation in liposomes, particularly when used against drug-resistant tumours. Moreover, liposomal entrapment certainly has a marked effect on the tissue distribution and rates of clearance of cytotoxic drugs, and also appears to reduce their toxicity in most cases. However, in both animal and patient studies, the major sites of uptake following IV administration consistently appear as the liver and spleen. Preferential tumour uptake has therefore not yet been achieved, althrough a degree of localization of liposomal labels can be demonstrated in the vicinity of experimental animal tumours in certain circumstances. Liposomes may have a future role in cancer chemotherapy, but much laboratory work remains to be done before clinical application can be considered.", "contents": "Potential of liposomes as drug-carriers in cancer chemotherapy: a review. Liposomes are bilayered phospholipid vesicles that have been proposed as vehicles for the selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs into malignant cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated that the activity of a range of drugs or their active metabolites may be enhanced by encapsulation in liposomes, particularly when used against drug-resistant tumours. Moreover, liposomal entrapment certainly has a marked effect on the tissue distribution and rates of clearance of cytotoxic drugs, and also appears to reduce their toxicity in most cases. However, in both animal and patient studies, the major sites of uptake following IV administration consistently appear as the liver and spleen. Preferential tumour uptake has therefore not yet been achieved, althrough a degree of localization of liposomal labels can be demonstrated in the vicinity of experimental animal tumours in certain circumstances. Liposomes may have a future role in cancer chemotherapy, but much laboratory work remains to be done before clinical application can be considered.", "PMID": 389479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8571", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for immunologlobulin G in serum and urine.", "content": "We describe a radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and urine. Aliquots of diluted samples and 125I-labeled IgG were incubated in antibody-coated tubes at 37 degrees C for 24 h, the supernates were decanted, and the radioactivity in tubes containing the bound fraction was counted. The dose-response curve in the range of 0.4--500 mg/L of urine or 640--40 000 mg/L of serum was linear on logit-log transformation and iterative weighted regression. Assay sensitivity was 10 ng of IgG. Validation studies included testing for precision, accuracy, antibody specificity, and parallelism of the dose-response curves for standard and unknown. In a study of 14 apparently normal individuals, serum IgG = 4.0-10.9 gL, urine IgG = 1.1-4.8 mg/24 h, and IgG clearance = 0.2 X 10(-4) to 4.8 X 10(-4) mL/min. In 20 patients with renal allografts, serum IgG = 15.8-66 g/L, urine IgG - 9.6-626 mg/24 h, and IgG clearance = 9 X 10(-4) to 1.99 X 10(-1) mL/min. IgG values correlated well with severity of renal allograft rejection.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for immunologlobulin G in serum and urine. We describe a radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and urine. Aliquots of diluted samples and 125I-labeled IgG were incubated in antibody-coated tubes at 37 degrees C for 24 h, the supernates were decanted, and the radioactivity in tubes containing the bound fraction was counted. The dose-response curve in the range of 0.4--500 mg/L of urine or 640--40 000 mg/L of serum was linear on logit-log transformation and iterative weighted regression. Assay sensitivity was 10 ng of IgG. Validation studies included testing for precision, accuracy, antibody specificity, and parallelism of the dose-response curves for standard and unknown. In a study of 14 apparently normal individuals, serum IgG = 4.0-10.9 gL, urine IgG = 1.1-4.8 mg/24 h, and IgG clearance = 0.2 X 10(-4) to 4.8 X 10(-4) mL/min. In 20 patients with renal allografts, serum IgG = 15.8-66 g/L, urine IgG - 9.6-626 mg/24 h, and IgG clearance = 9 X 10(-4) to 1.99 X 10(-1) mL/min. IgG values correlated well with severity of renal allograft rejection.", "PMID": 389481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8572", "title": "Chemotherapy in the management of invasive bladder cancer. A review.", "content": "In this review of the management of invasive carcinoma of the bladder the results of primary and systemic therapies are evaluated in the light of the natural history of the disease. The clinical and pathological causes of treatment failure are assessed in an attempt to identify new approaches that may be used in the future management of patients with bladder cancer. To improve survival in this disease requires different approaches to both the control of local disease and the early control of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in the management of invasive bladder cancer. A review. In this review of the management of invasive carcinoma of the bladder the results of primary and systemic therapies are evaluated in the light of the natural history of the disease. The clinical and pathological causes of treatment failure are assessed in an attempt to identify new approaches that may be used in the future management of patients with bladder cancer. To improve survival in this disease requires different approaches to both the control of local disease and the early control of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 389480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8573", "title": "Chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy does not reduce plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D.", "content": "A randomized controlled study was performed to investigate the effect of 2 years' monitored diphenylhydantoin (DPH) therapy on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in non-epileptic, non-institutionalized subjects. Mean +/- SEM plasma 25-OHD of 18 DPH-treated subjects at the end of 2 years' drug treatment was 59 +/- 8 nmol/l (23.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml), which was not decreased compared to that of eighteen control subjects (54 +/- 8 nmol/l, 21.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml). In addition, mean plasma 25-OHD had not changed 1 month after ceasing DPH. The treated group had a higher mean serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) during DPH treatment, attributable to hepatic enzyme induction. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of DPH without other anticonvulsants do not have a clinically significant effect on plasma 25-OHD.", "contents": "Chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy does not reduce plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. A randomized controlled study was performed to investigate the effect of 2 years' monitored diphenylhydantoin (DPH) therapy on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in non-epileptic, non-institutionalized subjects. Mean +/- SEM plasma 25-OHD of 18 DPH-treated subjects at the end of 2 years' drug treatment was 59 +/- 8 nmol/l (23.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml), which was not decreased compared to that of eighteen control subjects (54 +/- 8 nmol/l, 21.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml). In addition, mean plasma 25-OHD had not changed 1 month after ceasing DPH. The treated group had a higher mean serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) during DPH treatment, attributable to hepatic enzyme induction. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of DPH without other anticonvulsants do not have a clinically significant effect on plasma 25-OHD.", "PMID": 389483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8574", "title": "Piribedil inhibition of prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying in puerperal women.", "content": "The effects of a 5 day course of Piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, on prolactin release evoked by mechanical breast emptying in puerperal women, was investigated. A daily dose of 75 mg. caused a significant decrease in the prolactin response to mechanical breast stimulation. Piribedil also proved clinically useful in inhibiting lactation. The role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying are discussed.", "contents": "Piribedil inhibition of prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying in puerperal women. The effects of a 5 day course of Piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, on prolactin release evoked by mechanical breast emptying in puerperal women, was investigated. A daily dose of 75 mg. caused a significant decrease in the prolactin response to mechanical breast stimulation. Piribedil also proved clinically useful in inhibiting lactation. The role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying are discussed.", "PMID": 389484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8575", "title": "Complement fixation in acute serum sickness: assembly of glomerular-bound C3-convertase.", "content": "Complement (C) fixing properties of glomerular immune deposits were studied in vitro in two groups of rabbits with acute serum sickness (ASS). Deposits were studied early in decomplemented (cobra venom factor-treated) rabbits (Group I) and during the evolution of the nephritis in non-decomplemented rabbits (Group II). Following perfusion of kidneys of animals from Group I (which contained no autologous C3) with rabbit serum deficient in factor B (classical pathway) or serum pre-treated with Mg++EGTA (alternative pathway), fixation of C3 was observed in both systems. No C3 deposition was found when EDTA-rabbit serum was used. When kidney sections obtained from serial biopsies and autopsy material from Group II (which contained rabbit C3-C3rb) were incubated with purified factors B and D, followed by either purified human C3 (C3hu) or EDTA-guinea-pig serum (C3gp), fixation of C3hu or C3gp to early C3 deposits was observed. When sections were pre-incubated with heat-inactivated rabbit serum (source of C3b-inactivator), C3 fixation was substantially reduced. Little or no C3 fixation was found after incubation of sections with human or guinea-pig serum depleted of factor D (classical pathway). Thus, in ASS, glomerular complement deposition appears to be predominantly dependent on the activation of the alternative pathway (C3b-feedback) which is progressively lost during the evolution of the nephritis.", "contents": "Complement fixation in acute serum sickness: assembly of glomerular-bound C3-convertase. Complement (C) fixing properties of glomerular immune deposits were studied in vitro in two groups of rabbits with acute serum sickness (ASS). Deposits were studied early in decomplemented (cobra venom factor-treated) rabbits (Group I) and during the evolution of the nephritis in non-decomplemented rabbits (Group II). Following perfusion of kidneys of animals from Group I (which contained no autologous C3) with rabbit serum deficient in factor B (classical pathway) or serum pre-treated with Mg++EGTA (alternative pathway), fixation of C3 was observed in both systems. No C3 deposition was found when EDTA-rabbit serum was used. When kidney sections obtained from serial biopsies and autopsy material from Group II (which contained rabbit C3-C3rb) were incubated with purified factors B and D, followed by either purified human C3 (C3hu) or EDTA-guinea-pig serum (C3gp), fixation of C3hu or C3gp to early C3 deposits was observed. When sections were pre-incubated with heat-inactivated rabbit serum (source of C3b-inactivator), C3 fixation was substantially reduced. Little or no C3 fixation was found after incubation of sections with human or guinea-pig serum depleted of factor D (classical pathway). Thus, in ASS, glomerular complement deposition appears to be predominantly dependent on the activation of the alternative pathway (C3b-feedback) which is progressively lost during the evolution of the nephritis.", "PMID": 389495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8576", "title": "A study of the aetiology of gastritis following gastric surgery. I. Immunofluorescent studies of the gastric mucosa.", "content": "The gastritis which follows surgical trauma is probably not of autoimmune origin. Although identical with the gastritis of pernicious anaemia (PA) upon routine histological examination, immunofluorescent examination of post-operative gastritis differs in that IgA-containing plasma cells alone are found, in contrast to the predominantly IgG-containing plasma cells in PA.", "contents": "A study of the aetiology of gastritis following gastric surgery. I. Immunofluorescent studies of the gastric mucosa. The gastritis which follows surgical trauma is probably not of autoimmune origin. Although identical with the gastritis of pernicious anaemia (PA) upon routine histological examination, immunofluorescent examination of post-operative gastritis differs in that IgA-containing plasma cells alone are found, in contrast to the predominantly IgG-containing plasma cells in PA.", "PMID": 389496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8577", "title": "Studies on guinea-pig macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). II. Purification of MIF after treatment with reducing and denaturing agents.", "content": "Treatment of guinea-pig macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) containing culture supernatants with the denaturing agents guanidine hydrochloride (Gu HCl) or urea, in the presence or absence of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), or with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), does not destroy biological activity. Alkylation of reduced MIF preparations results in a considerable decrease or total loss of MIF activity. Treatment of supernatants with the combinations, Gu HCl and 2-ME or urea and 2-ME results in the recovery of MIF activity in association with molecules less than 30,000 in molecular weight (mol. wt). After removal of the agents by dialysis, MIF activity is found associated with molecules larger than 30,000. The reduction in mol. wt is dependent on the presence of 2-ME. When MIF-containing supernatants are treated with urea and SDS and fractionated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of the same agents, MIF activity is recovered in the mol. wt range of 42,000--80,000. When supernatants are treated with 2-me, in addition to urea and SDS, and preparative PAGE is performed in their presence, MIF activity is found associated with material having a mol. wt of 15,000--18,000. Analytical SDS-PAGE of this fraction reveals two or three closely grouped bands corresponding to the above mol. wt range.", "contents": "Studies on guinea-pig macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). II. Purification of MIF after treatment with reducing and denaturing agents. Treatment of guinea-pig macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) containing culture supernatants with the denaturing agents guanidine hydrochloride (Gu HCl) or urea, in the presence or absence of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), or with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), does not destroy biological activity. Alkylation of reduced MIF preparations results in a considerable decrease or total loss of MIF activity. Treatment of supernatants with the combinations, Gu HCl and 2-ME or urea and 2-ME results in the recovery of MIF activity in association with molecules less than 30,000 in molecular weight (mol. wt). After removal of the agents by dialysis, MIF activity is found associated with molecules larger than 30,000. The reduction in mol. wt is dependent on the presence of 2-ME. When MIF-containing supernatants are treated with urea and SDS and fractionated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of the same agents, MIF activity is recovered in the mol. wt range of 42,000--80,000. When supernatants are treated with 2-me, in addition to urea and SDS, and preparative PAGE is performed in their presence, MIF activity is found associated with material having a mol. wt of 15,000--18,000. Analytical SDS-PAGE of this fraction reveals two or three closely grouped bands corresponding to the above mol. wt range.", "PMID": 389497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8578", "title": "Participation of a histamine-Sepharose-adherent subpopulation of human mononuclear cells in the production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in healthy children.", "content": "The separation of mouse splenic T lymphocytes into distinct subpopulations by fractionation on histamine-rabbit serum albumin Sepharose (H-RSAS) columns has been described. The H-RSAS-adherent T cells have been attributed regulatory functions associated with B cell activity, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the secretion of mediators such as immuno-interferon. The possibility that H-RSAS-adherent T cells exert a similar regulatory effect on an in vitro parameter of T cell-mediated immunity was investigated by assaying the production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in human blood samples, using the agarose droplet method. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and BCG-purified protein derivative (PPD) were used as stimulants of LIF secretion which was measured as a percentage of inhibition of linear leucocytic migration. In normal individuals a highly significant (P less than 0.001) decrease was demonstrated in the production of LIF by peripheral blood leucocytes depleted of H-RSAS-adherent cells. Migration inhibition dropped from 36 +/- 11.7% to 21.2 +/- 12.9% in eighteen cases tested with PHA and from 29.3 +/- 11.7% to 17.2 +/- 9.8% in twelve cases tested with PPD. These results suggest the existence of a lymphocytic subpopulation involved in LIF production which expresses histamine receptors.", "contents": "Participation of a histamine-Sepharose-adherent subpopulation of human mononuclear cells in the production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in healthy children. The separation of mouse splenic T lymphocytes into distinct subpopulations by fractionation on histamine-rabbit serum albumin Sepharose (H-RSAS) columns has been described. The H-RSAS-adherent T cells have been attributed regulatory functions associated with B cell activity, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the secretion of mediators such as immuno-interferon. The possibility that H-RSAS-adherent T cells exert a similar regulatory effect on an in vitro parameter of T cell-mediated immunity was investigated by assaying the production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in human blood samples, using the agarose droplet method. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and BCG-purified protein derivative (PPD) were used as stimulants of LIF secretion which was measured as a percentage of inhibition of linear leucocytic migration. In normal individuals a highly significant (P less than 0.001) decrease was demonstrated in the production of LIF by peripheral blood leucocytes depleted of H-RSAS-adherent cells. Migration inhibition dropped from 36 +/- 11.7% to 21.2 +/- 12.9% in eighteen cases tested with PHA and from 29.3 +/- 11.7% to 17.2 +/- 9.8% in twelve cases tested with PPD. These results suggest the existence of a lymphocytic subpopulation involved in LIF production which expresses histamine receptors.", "PMID": 389498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8579", "title": "The role of hepatitis B surface antigen in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies.", "content": "The frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been studied in the sera and renal biopsies of 276 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), the nephrotic syndrome and other nephropathies. Using a modified Hepanosticon method, HBs antigenemia was detected in 32 of 196 patients (16.3%) with immune complex (IC) GN and the nephrotic syndrome. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed HBsAg in 33 renal biopsy tissue specimens (16.8%). HBsAg was found in the sera of four of the 80 remaining patients with other renal diseases (5%), and in the renal biopsy tissues of another four (5%). Antibody against HBsAg could only be demonstrated in the serum of one glomerulonephritic patient. The sera of 18,799 normal blood donors were used as controls; of these 186 (0.99%) had positive tests for HBsAg. It is concluded that, in some patients with GN and the nephrotic syndrome, HBsAg-containing IC may be implicated in the development and/or progression of the disease.", "contents": "The role of hepatitis B surface antigen in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies. The frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been studied in the sera and renal biopsies of 276 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), the nephrotic syndrome and other nephropathies. Using a modified Hepanosticon method, HBs antigenemia was detected in 32 of 196 patients (16.3%) with immune complex (IC) GN and the nephrotic syndrome. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed HBsAg in 33 renal biopsy tissue specimens (16.8%). HBsAg was found in the sera of four of the 80 remaining patients with other renal diseases (5%), and in the renal biopsy tissues of another four (5%). Antibody against HBsAg could only be demonstrated in the serum of one glomerulonephritic patient. The sera of 18,799 normal blood donors were used as controls; of these 186 (0.99%) had positive tests for HBsAg. It is concluded that, in some patients with GN and the nephrotic syndrome, HBsAg-containing IC may be implicated in the development and/or progression of the disease.", "PMID": 389501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8580", "title": "Bleeding in renal failure: a possible role of vascular prostacyclin (PGI2).", "content": "Specimens of venous tissues from a group of 25 patients with chronic uremia and 7 patients with acute renal failure generated significantly higher PGI2-like (platelet aggregation inhibiting) activity than venous tissues from 30 normal subjects. After repeated washings, when this activity could barely be detected in the controls, pronounced inhibitory activity was still evident in samples containing venous tissues from uremic patients. Both prolonged bleeding times and increased PGI2-like activity returned to normal in 4 acute uremic patients on restoration of their renal function. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of bleeding in renal failure.", "contents": "Bleeding in renal failure: a possible role of vascular prostacyclin (PGI2). Specimens of venous tissues from a group of 25 patients with chronic uremia and 7 patients with acute renal failure generated significantly higher PGI2-like (platelet aggregation inhibiting) activity than venous tissues from 30 normal subjects. After repeated washings, when this activity could barely be detected in the controls, pronounced inhibitory activity was still evident in samples containing venous tissues from uremic patients. Both prolonged bleeding times and increased PGI2-like activity returned to normal in 4 acute uremic patients on restoration of their renal function. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of bleeding in renal failure.", "PMID": 389502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8581", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with non-systemic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A patient with non-systemic idiopathic glomerulonephritis was found to have a complete deficiency of C2, the second component of complement. The clinical course, histological findings and serological abnormalities are reported in detail. The renal disease was a mild glomerulonephritis with mesangial and subendothelial immune deposits comprising IgG, IgM and C3, increased mesangial matrix without significant cell proliferation. An immunogenetic analysis of the patient's family was carried out. It was demonstrated that the homozygous C2 deficiency was associated with heterozygotism for HLA-A, B and D. Only one of the C2 deficient genes was associated with the expected HLA-A10, B18 haplotype and the propositus was HLA-D2 negative. This report confirms the fact that non-systemic glomerulonephritis should be included in the variety of immunological disorders associated with a complement deficient state. However, C2 deficiency does not seem to be related specifically to a given histological variety of glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with non-systemic glomerulonephritis. A patient with non-systemic idiopathic glomerulonephritis was found to have a complete deficiency of C2, the second component of complement. The clinical course, histological findings and serological abnormalities are reported in detail. The renal disease was a mild glomerulonephritis with mesangial and subendothelial immune deposits comprising IgG, IgM and C3, increased mesangial matrix without significant cell proliferation. An immunogenetic analysis of the patient's family was carried out. It was demonstrated that the homozygous C2 deficiency was associated with heterozygotism for HLA-A, B and D. Only one of the C2 deficient genes was associated with the expected HLA-A10, B18 haplotype and the propositus was HLA-D2 negative. This report confirms the fact that non-systemic glomerulonephritis should be included in the variety of immunological disorders associated with a complement deficient state. However, C2 deficiency does not seem to be related specifically to a given histological variety of glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 389503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8582", "title": "Membranous nephritis in infantile systemic lupus erythematosus associated with chromosomal abnormalities.", "content": "A white female infant who developed a sudden onset of gross hematuria and proteinuria at 3 months of age was referred for evaluation of nephrotic syndrome at 6 months. Laboratory investigations revealed severe Coomb's negative hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia and elevated anti-nuclear antibody titer and DNA antibodies. Renal biopsy showed a membranous type of morphology. She was also found to have chromosome abnormalities. She had an eventual favorable response to steroid therapy. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rarely seen in young infants and the renal expression of the disease found in our case has never been reported.", "contents": "Membranous nephritis in infantile systemic lupus erythematosus associated with chromosomal abnormalities. A white female infant who developed a sudden onset of gross hematuria and proteinuria at 3 months of age was referred for evaluation of nephrotic syndrome at 6 months. Laboratory investigations revealed severe Coomb's negative hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia and elevated anti-nuclear antibody titer and DNA antibodies. Renal biopsy showed a membranous type of morphology. She was also found to have chromosome abnormalities. She had an eventual favorable response to steroid therapy. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rarely seen in young infants and the renal expression of the disease found in our case has never been reported.", "PMID": 389504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8583", "title": "Serial quantitative imaging with 99Tcm-DTPA in pediatric renal transplantation.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-eight renal imaging studies with quantitation of renal perfusion were performed following injection of 99Tcm-DTPA in 22 children aged 6--15 years with renal transplants. In 58 of 62 scans performed at the onset of a rejection episode, renal perfusion was decreased. This was the only feature of rejection in 6 episodes, in 5 of which the patient was oliguric due to post-operative acute tubular necrosis. In 4 episodes perfusion fell, but antirejection treatment was not given as a repeat scan was normal. On 18 occasions the plasma creatinine concentration (Pc) rose, but the scan was unchanged; no treatment was given and repeat Pc was normal. Three patients had a ureteric obstruction and 2 patients a lymphocoele detected from the images. There was no morbidity. Sequential renal scintigraphy was valuable in the early diagnosis of rejection and in the avoidance of unnecessary therapy.", "contents": "Serial quantitative imaging with 99Tcm-DTPA in pediatric renal transplantation. Three hundred and fifty-eight renal imaging studies with quantitation of renal perfusion were performed following injection of 99Tcm-DTPA in 22 children aged 6--15 years with renal transplants. In 58 of 62 scans performed at the onset of a rejection episode, renal perfusion was decreased. This was the only feature of rejection in 6 episodes, in 5 of which the patient was oliguric due to post-operative acute tubular necrosis. In 4 episodes perfusion fell, but antirejection treatment was not given as a repeat scan was normal. On 18 occasions the plasma creatinine concentration (Pc) rose, but the scan was unchanged; no treatment was given and repeat Pc was normal. Three patients had a ureteric obstruction and 2 patients a lymphocoele detected from the images. There was no morbidity. Sequential renal scintigraphy was valuable in the early diagnosis of rejection and in the avoidance of unnecessary therapy.", "PMID": 389505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8584", "title": "Hemodialysis and renal transplantation in progressive systemic sclerosis: report of 2 cases.", "content": "Renal failure is a common cause of death in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). The present paper describes two patients with chronic renal failure secondary to PSS whom we have treated by a combination of chronic hemodialysis and renal transplantation. Also reviewed are reports of six additional patients who have undergone renal transplantation. We conclude that chronic hemodialysis and renal transplantation are successful life-sustaining treatment modalities in some patients with end-stage renal disease due to PSS.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and renal transplantation in progressive systemic sclerosis: report of 2 cases. Renal failure is a common cause of death in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). The present paper describes two patients with chronic renal failure secondary to PSS whom we have treated by a combination of chronic hemodialysis and renal transplantation. Also reviewed are reports of six additional patients who have undergone renal transplantation. We conclude that chronic hemodialysis and renal transplantation are successful life-sustaining treatment modalities in some patients with end-stage renal disease due to PSS.", "PMID": 389506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8585", "title": "Rapid recurrence of membranous nephropathy in a related allograft.", "content": "A patient with membranous nephropathy (MN) received a renal allograft from his brother. The allograft functioned immediately but nephrotic range proteinuria developed seven days after transplantation in the absence of any signs of rejection. Renal function deteriorated five weeks after transplantation due to ureteric obstruction. Nephrostomy drainage resulted in the return of renal function to normal and demonstrated that the allograft was the source of the nephrotic range proteinuria. An open renal biopsy of the allograft performed at the same time revealed the presence of recurrent MN. The recipient was investigated in an attempt to identify possible humoral immune mechanisms that may explain this very rapid recurrence of MN.", "contents": "Rapid recurrence of membranous nephropathy in a related allograft. A patient with membranous nephropathy (MN) received a renal allograft from his brother. The allograft functioned immediately but nephrotic range proteinuria developed seven days after transplantation in the absence of any signs of rejection. Renal function deteriorated five weeks after transplantation due to ureteric obstruction. Nephrostomy drainage resulted in the return of renal function to normal and demonstrated that the allograft was the source of the nephrotic range proteinuria. An open renal biopsy of the allograft performed at the same time revealed the presence of recurrent MN. The recipient was investigated in an attempt to identify possible humoral immune mechanisms that may explain this very rapid recurrence of MN.", "PMID": 389508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8586", "title": "Postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome: a study of three cases with a review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are presented. Symptoms of acute renal failure, hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with thrombocytopenia occurred 10, 17 and 24 days after delivery. Despite early heparin therapy in all cases, one patient went into terminal renal failure needing chronic hemodialysis, with persistent hypertension which became uncontrollable requiring bilateral nephrectomy 6 months later. The second patient had diuresis one month after starting hemodialysis, but 3 months later developed malignant hypertension. Slight improvement in renal function with  persistent hypertension occurred after hemodialysis for 20 months. The third patient showed complete clinical recovery after 2 months. Pathological examination of renal tissue showed the typical lesions of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). However, striking differences were observed in the lesion seen in early and late specimens. Early lesions could be differenciated from infancy TMA because the medium-dize arteries were more severely involved. Late lesions were variable, ranging from minor changes in glomeruli and blood vessels, via ischemic and sclerotic lesions in glomeruli with arteriolosclerosis, to the vascular and glomerular lesions seen in malignant nephrosclerosis. There was a good correlation between the renal pathology and the clinical outcome of the patients. HUS with renal TMA as a cuase of postpartum renal failure has been reported in 49 patients with a fatal outcome in 61%. The pathogenesis of the syndrome probably involves a primary endothelial damage. This causes local renal intravascular coagulation in the presence of the usual postpartum hypercoagulable  state. This is shown by the presence of fibrin-fibrinogen in glomeruli and vessels, increased plasma fibrin degradation products, thrombocytopenia and lowered levels of coagulation factors. There is little hematological or pathological evidence fo disseminated intravascular coagulation or an immune-complex disease. Hypocomplementemia seen frequently is probably due to local C3 activation via the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome: a study of three cases with a review of the literature. Three cases of postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are presented. Symptoms of acute renal failure, hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with thrombocytopenia occurred 10, 17 and 24 days after delivery. Despite early heparin therapy in all cases, one patient went into terminal renal failure needing chronic hemodialysis, with persistent hypertension which became uncontrollable requiring bilateral nephrectomy 6 months later. The second patient had diuresis one month after starting hemodialysis, but 3 months later developed malignant hypertension. Slight improvement in renal function with  persistent hypertension occurred after hemodialysis for 20 months. The third patient showed complete clinical recovery after 2 months. Pathological examination of renal tissue showed the typical lesions of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). However, striking differences were observed in the lesion seen in early and late specimens. Early lesions could be differenciated from infancy TMA because the medium-dize arteries were more severely involved. Late lesions were variable, ranging from minor changes in glomeruli and blood vessels, via ischemic and sclerotic lesions in glomeruli with arteriolosclerosis, to the vascular and glomerular lesions seen in malignant nephrosclerosis. There was a good correlation between the renal pathology and the clinical outcome of the patients. HUS with renal TMA as a cuase of postpartum renal failure has been reported in 49 patients with a fatal outcome in 61%. The pathogenesis of the syndrome probably involves a primary endothelial damage. This causes local renal intravascular coagulation in the presence of the usual postpartum hypercoagulable  state. This is shown by the presence of fibrin-fibrinogen in glomeruli and vessels, increased plasma fibrin degradation products, thrombocytopenia and lowered levels of coagulation factors. There is little hematological or pathological evidence fo disseminated intravascular coagulation or an immune-complex disease. Hypocomplementemia seen frequently is probably due to local C3 activation via the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 389509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8587", "title": "Myocardial imaging with extractable cations and inert tracers: the effects of flow and metabolism.", "content": "The physical and biological properties of 201thallium (Tl) have been investigated and are discussed in this review. A new technique using the ultra-short lived 81mkrypton (81mKr) as a continuous infusion into the aortic root in dogs and man is described. This provides a dynamic assessment of changes in regional myocardial perfusion. Experiments using 201Tl and 81mKr in dogs have shown that regional decreases in myocardial perfusion alone cannot be detected in images of the heart using 201Tl. The effects of perfusion and a variety of factors on the energy dependent cellular uptake of 201Tl are discussed as being of primary importance in changing the regional myocardial distribution of this tracer. The constant infusion of 81mKr in patients with anginal chest pain provides continuous measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in high spatial resolution images. This dynamic method provides a physiological assessment of stenosed coronary arteries at rest and during stress.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with extractable cations and inert tracers: the effects of flow and metabolism. The physical and biological properties of 201thallium (Tl) have been investigated and are discussed in this review. A new technique using the ultra-short lived 81mkrypton (81mKr) as a continuous infusion into the aortic root in dogs and man is described. This provides a dynamic assessment of changes in regional myocardial perfusion. Experiments using 201Tl and 81mKr in dogs have shown that regional decreases in myocardial perfusion alone cannot be detected in images of the heart using 201Tl. The effects of perfusion and a variety of factors on the energy dependent cellular uptake of 201Tl are discussed as being of primary importance in changing the regional myocardial distribution of this tracer. The constant infusion of 81mKr in patients with anginal chest pain provides continuous measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in high spatial resolution images. This dynamic method provides a physiological assessment of stenosed coronary arteries at rest and during stress.", "PMID": 389511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8588", "title": "A double-blind trial of disopyramide, procaineamide and digoxin in paroxysmal suptraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study has been performed in 10 patients with an established diagnosis of paroxysmal suptraventricular tachycardia to compare the effectiveness of three active agents with placebo. The drugs were administered in random sequence for two-week periods with three-day washout intervals and in standard dose regimes as recommended for prophylaxis by authoritative works on the subject. The results suggest that digoxin is ineffective at the recommended dosage. Procaineamide was effective in controlling some arrhythmias, but disopyramide was the most effective agent studied. All these patients showed a mixture of arrhythmias, and also had a lot of ectopic activity. Arrhythmic activity is erratic and unpredictable, and a larger number of patients would need to be studied for long periods of time to obtain enough data for valid statistical assessment.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of disopyramide, procaineamide and digoxin in paroxysmal suptraventricular tachycardia. A double-blind cross-over study has been performed in 10 patients with an established diagnosis of paroxysmal suptraventricular tachycardia to compare the effectiveness of three active agents with placebo. The drugs were administered in random sequence for two-week periods with three-day washout intervals and in standard dose regimes as recommended for prophylaxis by authoritative works on the subject. The results suggest that digoxin is ineffective at the recommended dosage. Procaineamide was effective in controlling some arrhythmias, but disopyramide was the most effective agent studied. All these patients showed a mixture of arrhythmias, and also had a lot of ectopic activity. Arrhythmic activity is erratic and unpredictable, and a larger number of patients would need to be studied for long periods of time to obtain enough data for valid statistical assessment.", "PMID": 389512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8589", "title": "Antianginal efficiency of nifedipine with and without a beta-blocker, studied with exercise test. A double-blind, randomized subacute study.", "content": "Twenty-one patients, mean age 60.3 years, with stable angina pectoris earlier treated with beta-blockers, were investigated with standardized exercise tests to evaluate the action of nifedipine alone and in combination with a beta-blocker. The first exercise test was performed 3 weeks after treatment with the patient's usual beta-blocker. Following this, the patients were tested twice after a double-blind cross-over 3-week trial with nifedipine and placebo. The patients were subsequently treated for 3 weeks with nifedipine 10 mg 3 times daily or placebo and then performed an exercise test. During the 4th period of 3 weeks the patients took a combination of nifedipine, 10 mg 3 times daily, and their usual beta-blocker and then performed the final exercise test. Nifedipine alone raised the heart rate by 5 beats/min at rest and diminished the systolic blood pressure at rest by 17 mm Hg. During exercise at comparable load the heart rate did not change significantly, but the systolic blood pressure decreased with 22 mm Hg. The exercise tolerance expressed as total work increased on a average by 20%, range-14 - + 194%. Nifedipine in combination with a beta-blocker gave a further decrease in the systolic blood pressure, totally 37 mm Hg at comparable load. The exercise tolerance increased more, totally by an average of 41%. There was a significant correlation between basal values for systolic blood pressure registered during the placebo period at rest and the percentage change in total work. The atrioventricular conduction time did not change significantly compared to placebo during treatment with nifedipine or the combination nifedipine + beta-blocker. No serious side-effects were observed during the study.", "contents": "Antianginal efficiency of nifedipine with and without a beta-blocker, studied with exercise test. A double-blind, randomized subacute study. Twenty-one patients, mean age 60.3 years, with stable angina pectoris earlier treated with beta-blockers, were investigated with standardized exercise tests to evaluate the action of nifedipine alone and in combination with a beta-blocker. The first exercise test was performed 3 weeks after treatment with the patient's usual beta-blocker. Following this, the patients were tested twice after a double-blind cross-over 3-week trial with nifedipine and placebo. The patients were subsequently treated for 3 weeks with nifedipine 10 mg 3 times daily or placebo and then performed an exercise test. During the 4th period of 3 weeks the patients took a combination of nifedipine, 10 mg 3 times daily, and their usual beta-blocker and then performed the final exercise test. Nifedipine alone raised the heart rate by 5 beats/min at rest and diminished the systolic blood pressure at rest by 17 mm Hg. During exercise at comparable load the heart rate did not change significantly, but the systolic blood pressure decreased with 22 mm Hg. The exercise tolerance expressed as total work increased on a average by 20%, range-14 - + 194%. Nifedipine in combination with a beta-blocker gave a further decrease in the systolic blood pressure, totally 37 mm Hg at comparable load. The exercise tolerance increased more, totally by an average of 41%. There was a significant correlation between basal values for systolic blood pressure registered during the placebo period at rest and the percentage change in total work. The atrioventricular conduction time did not change significantly compared to placebo during treatment with nifedipine or the combination nifedipine + beta-blocker. No serious side-effects were observed during the study.", "PMID": 389513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8590", "title": "A new look at the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related syndromes.", "content": "Among the rheumatic diseases, non so clearly illustrates the relations between host and environmental factors as the seronegative spondyloarthropathy group of disorders. The strongest association is with the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which accounts for a striking susceptibility to these diseases and is present in over 90% of individuals with idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis. Next in importance appears to be a difference in sex penetrance with males predominating in all categories. The most dramatic sex relationship is with postvenereal Reiter's syndrome which has a male-to-female ratio of nearly 50:1. Another potent host factor is age, with increased predisposition to onset at puberty and young adulthood in HLA-B27-positive patients. Environmental or possibly infectious agent influence are most apparent in Reiter's syndrome, where the antecedent circumstances of venereal contact and bacillary dysentery are frequent precipitating events. Secondary forms of peripheral arthritis, radiographic sacroiliitis, and ankylosing spondylitis frequently occur in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease; in the case of peripheral arthritis, there is no or a significantly reduced association with HLA-B27 compared to AS or RS. Secondary factor seem to be contributing to spondyloarthropathy in these disorders. These iterrelations emphasize the powerful effects of host characteristics on the type of rheumatic disease syndrome acquired and provide superb opportunities for more precise understanding of disease pathogenesis and ultimate control through the integration of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory research.", "contents": "A new look at the epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related syndromes. Among the rheumatic diseases, non so clearly illustrates the relations between host and environmental factors as the seronegative spondyloarthropathy group of disorders. The strongest association is with the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which accounts for a striking susceptibility to these diseases and is present in over 90% of individuals with idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis. Next in importance appears to be a difference in sex penetrance with males predominating in all categories. The most dramatic sex relationship is with postvenereal Reiter's syndrome which has a male-to-female ratio of nearly 50:1. Another potent host factor is age, with increased predisposition to onset at puberty and young adulthood in HLA-B27-positive patients. Environmental or possibly infectious agent influence are most apparent in Reiter's syndrome, where the antecedent circumstances of venereal contact and bacillary dysentery are frequent precipitating events. Secondary forms of peripheral arthritis, radiographic sacroiliitis, and ankylosing spondylitis frequently occur in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease; in the case of peripheral arthritis, there is no or a significantly reduced association with HLA-B27 compared to AS or RS. Secondary factor seem to be contributing to spondyloarthropathy in these disorders. These iterrelations emphasize the powerful effects of host characteristics on the type of rheumatic disease syndrome acquired and provide superb opportunities for more precise understanding of disease pathogenesis and ultimate control through the integration of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory research.", "PMID": 389516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8591", "title": "Treatment of osteoporoses by manipulation of coherent bone cell populations.", "content": "Up to and including the year 1979, no agent, combination of agents or other treatment has been found which, when given continuously to the intact incoherent adult human skeleton, can store in it clinically useful amounts of bone in a way which can continue with continued treatment. BMU theory suggests that failure derives from a depression by such treatments of both resorptive and formative activity, partly by depressing the naturally coupled activities of already existing 'clast and 'blast populations, and partly by reducing BMU activation. However BMU theory also suggests that selected agents given in special sequences can create a positive bone balance in repeatable increments. One such proposal, called the ADFR sequence, involves generating a pulse of increased BMU activations. The resorptive and formative activities created by that pulse will occur at predictably different periods of time, that is, they will prove coherent. By depressing the coherent resorption with a suitable agent during its lifetime, and then freeing the skeleton of treatment during the following coherent osteoblastic activity one stores an increment of new bone, because the ADF sequence causes remodeling BMU to deposit normal amounts of new bone in smaller than normal holes. The sequence is repeated as often as needed to add further increments. Other manipulations of coherent bone cell populations could remove bone or simply alter its turnover speed, as desired. Thus special sequences of simple pharmacologic actions, which have no useful ultimate effects upon global bone balance when delivered continuously and alone to the incoherent skeleton, create a simple new kind of therapy which should (and did) exert dramatic (and probably repeatably incrementable) effects in the coherent skeleton. The concept of manipulating deliberately induced coherent skeletal states for therapeutic purposes would not appear to depend for its success upon any one or 2 or even 3 special drugs.", "contents": "Treatment of osteoporoses by manipulation of coherent bone cell populations. Up to and including the year 1979, no agent, combination of agents or other treatment has been found which, when given continuously to the intact incoherent adult human skeleton, can store in it clinically useful amounts of bone in a way which can continue with continued treatment. BMU theory suggests that failure derives from a depression by such treatments of both resorptive and formative activity, partly by depressing the naturally coupled activities of already existing 'clast and 'blast populations, and partly by reducing BMU activation. However BMU theory also suggests that selected agents given in special sequences can create a positive bone balance in repeatable increments. One such proposal, called the ADFR sequence, involves generating a pulse of increased BMU activations. The resorptive and formative activities created by that pulse will occur at predictably different periods of time, that is, they will prove coherent. By depressing the coherent resorption with a suitable agent during its lifetime, and then freeing the skeleton of treatment during the following coherent osteoblastic activity one stores an increment of new bone, because the ADF sequence causes remodeling BMU to deposit normal amounts of new bone in smaller than normal holes. The sequence is repeated as often as needed to add further increments. Other manipulations of coherent bone cell populations could remove bone or simply alter its turnover speed, as desired. Thus special sequences of simple pharmacologic actions, which have no useful ultimate effects upon global bone balance when delivered continuously and alone to the incoherent skeleton, create a simple new kind of therapy which should (and did) exert dramatic (and probably repeatably incrementable) effects in the coherent skeleton. The concept of manipulating deliberately induced coherent skeletal states for therapeutic purposes would not appear to depend for its success upon any one or 2 or even 3 special drugs.", "PMID": 389517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8592", "title": "The control of bone induction in soft tissues.", "content": "The induction of bone at the boundary of parenchymal organs has been studied using acid demineralized rib implants in rabbits. The induction of bone is usually confined to that portion of an implant protruding from such an organ though both scant cartilage induction and the induction of bone within the territory of parenchymal organs were seen on a few occasions. Neonatal splenectomy does not influence the inductive properties of bone matrix in muscle or other soft tissues. The inclusion of composite autografts of liver and acid demineralized bone in muscle results in a reduction in the induction rate. It is postulated that the parenchymal organs exclude osteoprogenitor cells and possibly blood-bone bone-marrow-derived osteoinductor releasing cells by some mechanism that is diffusable, thus preventing the initial inductive event. Composite grafts of matrix and muscle produce bone in these tissue, demonstrating that once bone cell differentiation by induction is initiated bone tissue develops even in spleen, liver and kidney parenchyma.", "contents": "The control of bone induction in soft tissues. The induction of bone at the boundary of parenchymal organs has been studied using acid demineralized rib implants in rabbits. The induction of bone is usually confined to that portion of an implant protruding from such an organ though both scant cartilage induction and the induction of bone within the territory of parenchymal organs were seen on a few occasions. Neonatal splenectomy does not influence the inductive properties of bone matrix in muscle or other soft tissues. The inclusion of composite autografts of liver and acid demineralized bone in muscle results in a reduction in the induction rate. It is postulated that the parenchymal organs exclude osteoprogenitor cells and possibly blood-bone bone-marrow-derived osteoinductor releasing cells by some mechanism that is diffusable, thus preventing the initial inductive event. Composite grafts of matrix and muscle produce bone in these tissue, demonstrating that once bone cell differentiation by induction is initiated bone tissue develops even in spleen, liver and kidney parenchyma.", "PMID": 389518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8593", "title": "The anterior cruciate ligament: a technique of repair and reconstruction.", "content": "Both primary repair and late substitution of anterior cruciate ligaments can be accomplished by intra-articular methods. This principle is to provide temporary struts that are initially avascular but can later undergo revascularization and metaplasia to form a new ligament. The graft does afford initial support, however. An understanding of anatomic principles, suture placement, freedom of graft from impingement, avoidance of acute angular deviation of the graft, solid static stability, anatomic attachment points, and blood supply, is absolutely essential for success in this field of surgery.", "contents": "The anterior cruciate ligament: a technique of repair and reconstruction. Both primary repair and late substitution of anterior cruciate ligaments can be accomplished by intra-articular methods. This principle is to provide temporary struts that are initially avascular but can later undergo revascularization and metaplasia to form a new ligament. The graft does afford initial support, however. An understanding of anatomic principles, suture placement, freedom of graft from impingement, avoidance of acute angular deviation of the graft, solid static stability, anatomic attachment points, and blood supply, is absolutely essential for success in this field of surgery.", "PMID": 389520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8594", "title": "Biliary excretion of drugs in man.", "content": "Biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of some drugs and drug metabolites in man. The factors which determine elimination via the biliary tract include characteristics of the drug such as chemical structure, polarity and molecular size as well as characteristics of the liver such as specific active transport sites within the liver cell membranes. A drug excreted in bile may be reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or a drug conjugate may be hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberating original drug which can be returned to the general circulation. Enterohepatic circulation may prolong the pharmacological effect of certain drugs and drug metabolites, but the quantitative importance of this in man appears to be less than in animals. Biliary elimination may play a role in the interindividual differences in drug response observed in healthy subjects and in patients with certain diseases. Cholestatic disease states, in which normal bile flow is reduced, will influence drug elimination by this route resulting in increased risk of drug toxicity. Bile may serve as an alternate route of elimination in renal failure, but this has not been determined in man. Lack of reliable information regarding the biliary excretion of drugs in man is partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the human biliary tract. Most studies of drug excretion in human bile have been performed in post-surgical patients with T-tube drainage. This method of bile collection is not ideal because bile flow and composition are often severely altered during the period of study, not all bile is collected and enterohepatic circulation is partially interrupted. Recent advances in the methods of collection of bile may improve future studies of drug excretion in human bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of drugs in man. Biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of some drugs and drug metabolites in man. The factors which determine elimination via the biliary tract include characteristics of the drug such as chemical structure, polarity and molecular size as well as characteristics of the liver such as specific active transport sites within the liver cell membranes. A drug excreted in bile may be reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or a drug conjugate may be hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberating original drug which can be returned to the general circulation. Enterohepatic circulation may prolong the pharmacological effect of certain drugs and drug metabolites, but the quantitative importance of this in man appears to be less than in animals. Biliary elimination may play a role in the interindividual differences in drug response observed in healthy subjects and in patients with certain diseases. Cholestatic disease states, in which normal bile flow is reduced, will influence drug elimination by this route resulting in increased risk of drug toxicity. Bile may serve as an alternate route of elimination in renal failure, but this has not been determined in man. Lack of reliable information regarding the biliary excretion of drugs in man is partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the human biliary tract. Most studies of drug excretion in human bile have been performed in post-surgical patients with T-tube drainage. This method of bile collection is not ideal because bile flow and composition are often severely altered during the period of study, not all bile is collected and enterohepatic circulation is partially interrupted. Recent advances in the methods of collection of bile may improve future studies of drug excretion in human bile.", "PMID": 389528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8595", "title": "Steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling.", "content": "A short review on steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling in man with special emphasis on contraceptive and related steroids is presented. Some new experimental data on the intestinal metabolism of steroids is described and includes further observations on the effect of antimicrobial agents on steroid hormone metabolism. Evidence is presented that plasma levels of steroids may be influenced if the intestinal microflora is altered. Some formation of biologically active steroids, like estradiol, may occur in the intestinal tract and this may have both biological and pathological consequences and may be influenced by such factors as diet and sex. It is concluded that our knowledge of the intestinal and especially, the mucosal metabolism of steroids is scanty and further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intestine and enterohepatic circulation in determining the bioavailability of natural and synthetic steroids.", "contents": "Steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling. A short review on steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling in man with special emphasis on contraceptive and related steroids is presented. Some new experimental data on the intestinal metabolism of steroids is described and includes further observations on the effect of antimicrobial agents on steroid hormone metabolism. Evidence is presented that plasma levels of steroids may be influenced if the intestinal microflora is altered. Some formation of biologically active steroids, like estradiol, may occur in the intestinal tract and this may have both biological and pathological consequences and may be influenced by such factors as diet and sex. It is concluded that our knowledge of the intestinal and especially, the mucosal metabolism of steroids is scanty and further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intestine and enterohepatic circulation in determining the bioavailability of natural and synthetic steroids.", "PMID": 389544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8596", "title": "Contraception via topical application? - A review.", "content": "The skin, generally speaking, is not an absorption organ but one of its major functions is the protection of the body against the entrance of foreign material. Under certain circumstances, however, drugs can be introduced into the skin and thereby into the body as can be seen in the topical treatment of skin diseases. Though percutaneous pharmacokinetics of steroids seem appropriate for contraception, the variability of the absorption process appears to be too high for this purpose.", "contents": "Contraception via topical application? - A review. The skin, generally speaking, is not an absorption organ but one of its major functions is the protection of the body against the entrance of foreign material. Under certain circumstances, however, drugs can be introduced into the skin and thereby into the body as can be seen in the topical treatment of skin diseases. Though percutaneous pharmacokinetics of steroids seem appropriate for contraception, the variability of the absorption process appears to be too high for this purpose.", "PMID": 389545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8597", "title": "The anatomy of transcarboxylase and the role of its subunits.", "content": "Biotin enzymes in general catalyze the fixation of CO2 and in a few instances decarboxylations yielding CO2. Transcarboxylase is an exception; it catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from one compound to another and CO2 is not involved. This enzyme plays an essential role in the formation of propionic acid by propionibacteria and its structure and catalytic mechanism have been extensively investigated including studies of the quaternary structure by electron microscopy. The structure is complex, consisting of three types of subunits: (1) a central hexameric subunit, (2) six dimeric outside subunits, and (3) twelve biotinyl subunits which bind the outside subunits to the central subunit. There are 12 substrate sites on the central subunit (2 per polypeptide) and 2 substrate sites on each of the dimeric outside subunits. The carboxyl is transferred between these sites via the biotin of the biotinyl subunit. The biotinyl subunit (approximately 123 residues) has been completely sequenced and it has been shown that the first 42 residues serve in binding the outside subunits to the central subunit and the remainder of the sequence is involved in placing the biotin between the subunits so that it may serve as the carboxyl carrier between the substrate sites on the central and outside subunits. It is proposed that the dual sites on the polypeptides of the central subunit have arisen as a consequence of gene duplication and fusion. An intriguing question is why such a complicated structure is required for catalysis of a rather simple reaction.", "contents": "The anatomy of transcarboxylase and the role of its subunits. Biotin enzymes in general catalyze the fixation of CO2 and in a few instances decarboxylations yielding CO2. Transcarboxylase is an exception; it catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from one compound to another and CO2 is not involved. This enzyme plays an essential role in the formation of propionic acid by propionibacteria and its structure and catalytic mechanism have been extensively investigated including studies of the quaternary structure by electron microscopy. The structure is complex, consisting of three types of subunits: (1) a central hexameric subunit, (2) six dimeric outside subunits, and (3) twelve biotinyl subunits which bind the outside subunits to the central subunit. There are 12 substrate sites on the central subunit (2 per polypeptide) and 2 substrate sites on each of the dimeric outside subunits. The carboxyl is transferred between these sites via the biotin of the biotinyl subunit. The biotinyl subunit (approximately 123 residues) has been completely sequenced and it has been shown that the first 42 residues serve in binding the outside subunits to the central subunit and the remainder of the sequence is involved in placing the biotin between the subunits so that it may serve as the carboxyl carrier between the substrate sites on the central and outside subunits. It is proposed that the dual sites on the polypeptides of the central subunit have arisen as a consequence of gene duplication and fusion. An intriguing question is why such a complicated structure is required for catalysis of a rather simple reaction.", "PMID": 389548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8598", "title": "Noninvasive three-dimensional viewing of the motion and anatomical structure of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system by high speed computerized X-ray tomography.", "content": "A new generation X-ray computerized tomography system now under construction, the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), will record 1680 multiple view X-ray video images of the chest or other segments of the body per second. This allows com0utation of stop-action and 60-per-second instant replay motion pictures of the dynamic three-dimensional changes in shape and dimensions of the full anatomic extents of the internal and external surfaces of the heart chambers or the vascular anatomy and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Current commercially available scanners require one or more seconds per cross-sectional scan and lack the synchronous volumetric scanning capabilities of the DSR. These capabilities allow nondestructive mathematical selection and removal of any subvolume of interest from a reconstructed volume. The associated abilities to \"zoom in\" and \"section\" this subvolume so as to examine its structure and physiologic function in detail allow direct visualization of the internal anatomy and function of organ systems within the body. These capabilities of \"noninvasive numerical biopsy\" and \"vivisection\" have heretofore been the preserve of pathologists at autopsy or surgeons at the operating table. Possible future availability of these techniques to the practicing internist carries promise of revolutionary improvements in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the myriad of disease processes, including cancer, which may affect the heart, lungs, vascular anatomy or circulatory dynamics in any region of the body.", "contents": "Noninvasive three-dimensional viewing of the motion and anatomical structure of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system by high speed computerized X-ray tomography. A new generation X-ray computerized tomography system now under construction, the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), will record 1680 multiple view X-ray video images of the chest or other segments of the body per second. This allows com0utation of stop-action and 60-per-second instant replay motion pictures of the dynamic three-dimensional changes in shape and dimensions of the full anatomic extents of the internal and external surfaces of the heart chambers or the vascular anatomy and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Current commercially available scanners require one or more seconds per cross-sectional scan and lack the synchronous volumetric scanning capabilities of the DSR. These capabilities allow nondestructive mathematical selection and removal of any subvolume of interest from a reconstructed volume. The associated abilities to \"zoom in\" and \"section\" this subvolume so as to examine its structure and physiologic function in detail allow direct visualization of the internal anatomy and function of organ systems within the body. These capabilities of \"noninvasive numerical biopsy\" and \"vivisection\" have heretofore been the preserve of pathologists at autopsy or surgeons at the operating table. Possible future availability of these techniques to the practicing internist carries promise of revolutionary improvements in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the myriad of disease processes, including cancer, which may affect the heart, lungs, vascular anatomy or circulatory dynamics in any region of the body.", "PMID": 389549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8599", "title": "Plasma protein patterns in health and disease.", "content": "The complex nature of protein metabolism has made interpretation of serum protein data a difficult task. Interpretive efforts can be facilitated by use of protein profiles which consist of quantitative immunochemical data combined with qualitative electrophoretic patterns. These profiles can be designed to clarify physiological relationships and emphasize pathological conditions through pattern recognition. This review will present protein profiles observed in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation: liver diseases, protein losing disorders, plasma cell dyscrasias, humoral immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiency states, and other disorders. The value of consultative interaction and the use of combined profiles in the assessment of a patient's protein status will be covered. A discussion of protein patterns in normal individuals will include data on day-to-day, age- and sex-related variation. A section on management of protein data will present various approaches to profile reporting. Graphical report formats which minimize the time required for information transfer and simplify assimilation of results will be emphasized.", "contents": "Plasma protein patterns in health and disease. The complex nature of protein metabolism has made interpretation of serum protein data a difficult task. Interpretive efforts can be facilitated by use of protein profiles which consist of quantitative immunochemical data combined with qualitative electrophoretic patterns. These profiles can be designed to clarify physiological relationships and emphasize pathological conditions through pattern recognition. This review will present protein profiles observed in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation: liver diseases, protein losing disorders, plasma cell dyscrasias, humoral immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiency states, and other disorders. The value of consultative interaction and the use of combined profiles in the assessment of a patient's protein status will be covered. A discussion of protein patterns in normal individuals will include data on day-to-day, age- and sex-related variation. A section on management of protein data will present various approaches to profile reporting. Graphical report formats which minimize the time required for information transfer and simplify assimilation of results will be emphasized.", "PMID": 389550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8600", "title": "Lipoprotein-X.", "content": "Lipoprotein-X is an abnormal lipoprotein that appears in the sera of patients with obstructive jaundice, and thus is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis. In patients with familial plasma lecithin, Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, there is an inverse relationship between plasma Lp-X levels and LCAT activity. Ultracentrifugation procedures utilized for isolation of Lp-X have shown that it is associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction. Lp-X can be visualized by electrophoresis on either Agar or Agarose. The purity of Lp-X preparations has been documented by immunochemical procedures. The availability of highly purified antisera to Lp-X has served as a basis of one of the assay procedures for this lipoprotein. It's chemical composition has been established. Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol constitute the bulk of the Lp-X molecule. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that Lp-X is a spherical particle which has strong aggregating properties. Membrane bound enzymes have been shown to aggregate with Lp-X. The fact that bile lipoprotein can be converted to Lp-X by the addition of albumin and that Lp-X can be converted to bile lipoprotein by the addition of bile salts offers a possible explanation for the origins of Lp-X. Phospholipases of plasma might play a role in the catabolism of Lp-X. The value and limitations of Lp-X determinations will also be addressed in this review.", "contents": "Lipoprotein-X. Lipoprotein-X is an abnormal lipoprotein that appears in the sera of patients with obstructive jaundice, and thus is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis. In patients with familial plasma lecithin, Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, there is an inverse relationship between plasma Lp-X levels and LCAT activity. Ultracentrifugation procedures utilized for isolation of Lp-X have shown that it is associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction. Lp-X can be visualized by electrophoresis on either Agar or Agarose. The purity of Lp-X preparations has been documented by immunochemical procedures. The availability of highly purified antisera to Lp-X has served as a basis of one of the assay procedures for this lipoprotein. It's chemical composition has been established. Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol constitute the bulk of the Lp-X molecule. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that Lp-X is a spherical particle which has strong aggregating properties. Membrane bound enzymes have been shown to aggregate with Lp-X. The fact that bile lipoprotein can be converted to Lp-X by the addition of albumin and that Lp-X can be converted to bile lipoprotein by the addition of bile salts offers a possible explanation for the origins of Lp-X. Phospholipases of plasma might play a role in the catabolism of Lp-X. The value and limitations of Lp-X determinations will also be addressed in this review.", "PMID": 389551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8601", "title": "Actinomycosis of the head and neck.", "content": "Actinomycosis has been known to involve virtually every anatomic site in the body; those infections involving the head and neck will be reviewed. Actinomycosis of the head and neck has many presentations; it may disguise itself as a tumor or present as a draining abscess which has failed to reveal an infectious agent as its etiology. With more recent attention directed toward the detection of anaerobic organisms especially in the cervicofacial region, this diagnosis is being made more frequently. In this review, a discussion of the bacteriology of Actinomyces, including a review of its taxonomy, morphology, growth requirements, and biochemistry, will be presented. Recommendations are made to clinicians and laboratory personnel who handle such specimens in order that they might obtain maximum information. In addition, infections which mimic or accompany actinomycosis will be reviewed. The diagnosis and management of this infection, including the physical exam, X-ray and laboratory tests, and collection and handling of specimens, as well as the surgical and antibiotic therapy will be discussed in depth. The variety of clinical presentations with their differential diagnosis is used to illustrate the complexity of this disease.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the head and neck. Actinomycosis has been known to involve virtually every anatomic site in the body; those infections involving the head and neck will be reviewed. Actinomycosis of the head and neck has many presentations; it may disguise itself as a tumor or present as a draining abscess which has failed to reveal an infectious agent as its etiology. With more recent attention directed toward the detection of anaerobic organisms especially in the cervicofacial region, this diagnosis is being made more frequently. In this review, a discussion of the bacteriology of Actinomyces, including a review of its taxonomy, morphology, growth requirements, and biochemistry, will be presented. Recommendations are made to clinicians and laboratory personnel who handle such specimens in order that they might obtain maximum information. In addition, infections which mimic or accompany actinomycosis will be reviewed. The diagnosis and management of this infection, including the physical exam, X-ray and laboratory tests, and collection and handling of specimens, as well as the surgical and antibiotic therapy will be discussed in depth. The variety of clinical presentations with their differential diagnosis is used to illustrate the complexity of this disease.", "PMID": 389552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8602", "title": "Screening tests for cell-mediated immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "As our knowledge of immunology has become more sophisticated we have had to alter our ideas of the etiology of many immune deficiency diseases. Indeed, current concepts now prevalent have led to reclassification of a number of disease entities. In order to keep our diagnostic efforts abreast of the information being generated by the extensive immunology research programs now in progress, the clinical laboratory has been required to offer a new array of sophisticated tests on a relatively routine basis. This article is intended to serve as a brief review of immunobiology and immunodeficiency diseases with an indepth coverage of specialized tests generally available at the large centers. With an understanding of the principles, procedures, and pitfalls of the tests carried out the laboratory scientist is in a better position to assist the clinician in reaching the correct diagnosis. The detailed review is concerned with methods available to separate, classify, and subclassify lymphocytes and thereby allow a categorization of immune deficiency diseases. Toward that end there is a discussion of surface markers, rosetting, mitogenic and antigenic responsiveness as well as lymphokine production. With a view to present day research tests that might eventually find their way into the armamentarium of the clinical laboratory in the future, there is brief discussion of the methods presently used to classify T-cells as helper, suppressor, or effector cells, assays of some of the lymphokines, and measurement of antibody synthesis in cell culture.", "contents": "Screening tests for cell-mediated immunodeficiency diseases. As our knowledge of immunology has become more sophisticated we have had to alter our ideas of the etiology of many immune deficiency diseases. Indeed, current concepts now prevalent have led to reclassification of a number of disease entities. In order to keep our diagnostic efforts abreast of the information being generated by the extensive immunology research programs now in progress, the clinical laboratory has been required to offer a new array of sophisticated tests on a relatively routine basis. This article is intended to serve as a brief review of immunobiology and immunodeficiency diseases with an indepth coverage of specialized tests generally available at the large centers. With an understanding of the principles, procedures, and pitfalls of the tests carried out the laboratory scientist is in a better position to assist the clinician in reaching the correct diagnosis. The detailed review is concerned with methods available to separate, classify, and subclassify lymphocytes and thereby allow a categorization of immune deficiency diseases. Toward that end there is a discussion of surface markers, rosetting, mitogenic and antigenic responsiveness as well as lymphokine production. With a view to present day research tests that might eventually find their way into the armamentarium of the clinical laboratory in the future, there is brief discussion of the methods presently used to classify T-cells as helper, suppressor, or effector cells, assays of some of the lymphokines, and measurement of antibody synthesis in cell culture.", "PMID": 389553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8603", "title": "Pulmonary interstitial gas: first sign of barotrauma due to PEEP therapy.", "content": "Radiographic identification of pulmonary interstitial gas is a prime indicator of possible further complications in patients treated with PEEP therapy for severe respiratory failure. Records and chest radiographs of 89 adult patients treated with PEEP in a 40-month period were reviewed. Data of 7 were incomplete, 82 cases were analyzed. Of 17 patients who developed interstitial gas, 9 progressed to further barotrauma complications of pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and extrathoracic dissection. Interstitial gas is manifested radiographically by vesicular rarefactions (cystic changes), linear streaks along the bronchi and vessels, halos of gas around vessels, and subpleural gas.", "contents": "Pulmonary interstitial gas: first sign of barotrauma due to PEEP therapy. Radiographic identification of pulmonary interstitial gas is a prime indicator of possible further complications in patients treated with PEEP therapy for severe respiratory failure. Records and chest radiographs of 89 adult patients treated with PEEP in a 40-month period were reviewed. Data of 7 were incomplete, 82 cases were analyzed. Of 17 patients who developed interstitial gas, 9 progressed to further barotrauma complications of pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and extrathoracic dissection. Interstitial gas is manifested radiographically by vesicular rarefactions (cystic changes), linear streaks along the bronchi and vessels, halos of gas around vessels, and subpleural gas.", "PMID": 389555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8604", "title": "Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during pediatric mechanical ventilation.", "content": "The incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during mechanical ventilation in children beyond the neonatal age group was studied in two groups of patients. In the first group, 179 cases of pediatric mechanical ventilation for over 12 hours were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastrinum. Eleven percent (6 of 57) of young infants (0--6 months) without hyaline membrane disease and 3% (4 of 122) of older infants and children (over 6 months) developed these complications. Pulmonary barotrauma in young infants occurred only after cardiothoracic surgery and involved the same site as the intraoperative repair in all cases. Pulmonary barotrauma in older infants and children occurred in patients with severe respiratory disease requiring high peak airway pressures, PEEP, and respiratory rates. In the second group, the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during ventilation with PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O was analyzed in 14 patients including 4 patients from the previous group. Overall, 64% (9 of 14) of this group developed pulmonary barotrauma and 43% (6 of 14) developed pneumothorax. Of 9 patients receiving PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O for longer than 24 hours, 6 developed pulmonary barotrauma after the first 24 hours. The incidence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in ventilated infants without hyaline membrane disease and children is comparable to adult series.", "contents": "Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during pediatric mechanical ventilation. The incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during mechanical ventilation in children beyond the neonatal age group was studied in two groups of patients. In the first group, 179 cases of pediatric mechanical ventilation for over 12 hours were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastrinum. Eleven percent (6 of 57) of young infants (0--6 months) without hyaline membrane disease and 3% (4 of 122) of older infants and children (over 6 months) developed these complications. Pulmonary barotrauma in young infants occurred only after cardiothoracic surgery and involved the same site as the intraoperative repair in all cases. Pulmonary barotrauma in older infants and children occurred in patients with severe respiratory disease requiring high peak airway pressures, PEEP, and respiratory rates. In the second group, the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during ventilation with PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O was analyzed in 14 patients including 4 patients from the previous group. Overall, 64% (9 of 14) of this group developed pulmonary barotrauma and 43% (6 of 14) developed pneumothorax. Of 9 patients receiving PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O for longer than 24 hours, 6 developed pulmonary barotrauma after the first 24 hours. The incidence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in ventilated infants without hyaline membrane disease and children is comparable to adult series.", "PMID": 389556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8605", "title": "Use of positive airway pressure without endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure (E-PAP) may be used safely without endotracheal intubation in patients with acute respiratory failure when strict selection criteria are adhered to. The therapy should be titrated to reduce intrapulmonary shunting, improve PaO2, and reduce FIO2. Other considerations include balancing oxygen consumption against cardiac output and oxygen transport. Absolute or relative indications for abandoning the technique and using endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilatory support include unrelenting hypoxia, patient exhaustion, rising PaCO2, development of metabolic acidosis, presence of ventricular arrhythmias, and inability to protect the airway.", "contents": "Use of positive airway pressure without endotracheal intubation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure (E-PAP) may be used safely without endotracheal intubation in patients with acute respiratory failure when strict selection criteria are adhered to. The therapy should be titrated to reduce intrapulmonary shunting, improve PaO2, and reduce FIO2. Other considerations include balancing oxygen consumption against cardiac output and oxygen transport. Absolute or relative indications for abandoning the technique and using endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilatory support include unrelenting hypoxia, patient exhaustion, rising PaCO2, development of metabolic acidosis, presence of ventricular arrhythmias, and inability to protect the airway.", "PMID": 389557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8606", "title": "Radiologic demonstration of anomalous pulmonary venous connection and its clinical significance.", "content": "1. As surgical techniques continue to improve, early diagnosis and early surgical intervention of APVCs become increasingly important. 2. For a thorough understanding of APVCs, normal development of the pulmonary veins and the embryological basis of these anomalies are briefly reviewed. 3. Radiologic signs and clinical implications of varying types of APVCs are illustrated. 4. TAPVCs are less frequent, but clinically more significant, than PAPVCs. 5. The symptomatology of TAPVC is directly related to (1) the degree of pulmonary venous obstruction, (2) the severity of CHF secondary to volume overload, and (3) the magnitude of pulmonary hypertension. Patients with PAPVC become symptomatic only when the left to right shunt is greater than 50%9 6. TAPVC to the LVV produces a pretracheal density on the lateral view prior to the appearance of snowman configuration on the postero-anterior view. TAPVC to the PV shows a combination of severe pulmonary edema and a normal-sized heart. 7. PAPVC may be diagnosed by visualization of the anomalous vein(s) in addition to the usual signs of an ASD (increased pulmonary blood flow plus right-sided cardiomegaly). 8. PAPVC is usually associated with an ASD. Scimitar syndrome is an exception to the rule. 9. The surgical repair of TAPV without obstruction is generally relatively simple because of the strong tendency for all of the pulmonary veins to converage into a common chamger. Emergency operation is the only hope for patients with TAPVC with obstruction. 10. The surgical treatment of PAPVC consists of reconstruction of the atrial septum; thus, the anomalous veins can be diverted into the left atrium. 11. Surgical correction of PAPVC prevents detrimental resection of the lung with normal pulmonary venous connection.", "contents": "Radiologic demonstration of anomalous pulmonary venous connection and its clinical significance. 1. As surgical techniques continue to improve, early diagnosis and early surgical intervention of APVCs become increasingly important. 2. For a thorough understanding of APVCs, normal development of the pulmonary veins and the embryological basis of these anomalies are briefly reviewed. 3. Radiologic signs and clinical implications of varying types of APVCs are illustrated. 4. TAPVCs are less frequent, but clinically more significant, than PAPVCs. 5. The symptomatology of TAPVC is directly related to (1) the degree of pulmonary venous obstruction, (2) the severity of CHF secondary to volume overload, and (3) the magnitude of pulmonary hypertension. Patients with PAPVC become symptomatic only when the left to right shunt is greater than 50%9 6. TAPVC to the LVV produces a pretracheal density on the lateral view prior to the appearance of snowman configuration on the postero-anterior view. TAPVC to the PV shows a combination of severe pulmonary edema and a normal-sized heart. 7. PAPVC may be diagnosed by visualization of the anomalous vein(s) in addition to the usual signs of an ASD (increased pulmonary blood flow plus right-sided cardiomegaly). 8. PAPVC is usually associated with an ASD. Scimitar syndrome is an exception to the rule. 9. The surgical repair of TAPV without obstruction is generally relatively simple because of the strong tendency for all of the pulmonary veins to converage into a common chamger. Emergency operation is the only hope for patients with TAPVC with obstruction. 10. The surgical treatment of PAPVC consists of reconstruction of the atrial septum; thus, the anomalous veins can be diverted into the left atrium. 11. Surgical correction of PAPVC prevents detrimental resection of the lung with normal pulmonary venous connection.", "PMID": 389559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8607", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis and control of postoperative bleeding.", "content": "The use of diagnostic and therapeutic angiography for postoperative bleeding which began with its application for bleeding following GI surgery can be ezpanded to almost all other areas of the body. Severe postoperative hemorrhage that previously required a second operation can now be successfully managed by the use of intraarterial or intravenous vasoconstrictors or transcatheter occlusion, thus significantly reducing patient morbidity and mortality. In those patients where a reexploration becomes necessary, diagnostic angiogarphy is a useful guide and helps to tailor the operative procedures.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis and control of postoperative bleeding. The use of diagnostic and therapeutic angiography for postoperative bleeding which began with its application for bleeding following GI surgery can be ezpanded to almost all other areas of the body. Severe postoperative hemorrhage that previously required a second operation can now be successfully managed by the use of intraarterial or intravenous vasoconstrictors or transcatheter occlusion, thus significantly reducing patient morbidity and mortality. In those patients where a reexploration becomes necessary, diagnostic angiogarphy is a useful guide and helps to tailor the operative procedures.", "PMID": 389560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8608", "title": "Determination of vitamin D in foods: a review.", "content": "Determining vitamin D content in foods is difficult because in natural foods of highest vitamin D activity, and even in vitamin D-fortified foods, only small quantities are present, and many other compounds are extracted along with vitamin D that cause difficulties in purifying the extract or in the spectrophotometry or colorimetry that follows. Several physicochemical methods--such as spectrophotometric, colorimetric, thin-layer chromatographic, adsorption, partition, gas-liquid, and high-performance column chromatographic--have been tried for assay foods for vitamin D, but none of them have been accepted for official or routine use; they are time consuming and expensive, or lack the required sensitivity, precision, or accuracy. Curative biological assays, based on degree of healing of a leg bone of rats previously made rachitic, is the generally accepted method to determine vitamin D content of foods. However, that method also requires too much time and is expensive. The recently developed high-performance liquid chromatographic method may offer the most for establishing a satisfactory physicochemical method for determining vitamin D in foods. Many of the difficulties and problems in assaying foods for vitamin D are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of vitamin D in foods: a review. Determining vitamin D content in foods is difficult because in natural foods of highest vitamin D activity, and even in vitamin D-fortified foods, only small quantities are present, and many other compounds are extracted along with vitamin D that cause difficulties in purifying the extract or in the spectrophotometry or colorimetry that follows. Several physicochemical methods--such as spectrophotometric, colorimetric, thin-layer chromatographic, adsorption, partition, gas-liquid, and high-performance column chromatographic--have been tried for assay foods for vitamin D, but none of them have been accepted for official or routine use; they are time consuming and expensive, or lack the required sensitivity, precision, or accuracy. Curative biological assays, based on degree of healing of a leg bone of rats previously made rachitic, is the generally accepted method to determine vitamin D content of foods. However, that method also requires too much time and is expensive. The recently developed high-performance liquid chromatographic method may offer the most for establishing a satisfactory physicochemical method for determining vitamin D in foods. Many of the difficulties and problems in assaying foods for vitamin D are discussed.", "PMID": 389562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8609", "title": "Flavor composition of wines: a review.", "content": "The formation of flavor in fermented beverages is due to various biosynthetic mechanisms. In wine, flavors arise as the result of compounds: 1. Originating from the native fruit (grap) 2. Which are formed or altered during the various processes employed in production 3. Which are developed or transformed by yeast during fermentation 4. Arise during the aging process In this review the results of investigations on the development of flavors in grape and wine will be discussed. Special attention will be devoted to the effects of specific processes in winemaking on the development of flavor.", "contents": "Flavor composition of wines: a review. The formation of flavor in fermented beverages is due to various biosynthetic mechanisms. In wine, flavors arise as the result of compounds: 1. Originating from the native fruit (grap) 2. Which are formed or altered during the various processes employed in production 3. Which are developed or transformed by yeast during fermentation 4. Arise during the aging process In this review the results of investigations on the development of flavors in grape and wine will be discussed. Special attention will be devoted to the effects of specific processes in winemaking on the development of flavor.", "PMID": 389563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8610", "title": "The effects of malnutrition on secretory and cellular immune processes.", "content": "About 15 million children under 5 years of age die each year due to suppressed immunity and the resulting increased infection. In severely malnourished children and animals some immune systems such as T-cell function, secretory IgA and complement are significantly suppressed. Other systems, such as the serum IgG or IgA, are normal or even elevated. Some of these changes are apparently caused by nutritional stress while others may be due to stimulation by increased incidence of infection and antigen load. On the other hand, marginal malnutrition stimulates increased phagocytosis and T-cell function with increased immunity to cancer but decreased resistance to certain microbial agents. The mechanisms of immune suppression by malnutrition, persistence of these effects after renutrition, and the effect of maternal malnutrition on newborn immunity are critically reviewed. Possible non-nutritional means of rapid immunological restoration of malnourished children are described.", "contents": "The effects of malnutrition on secretory and cellular immune processes. About 15 million children under 5 years of age die each year due to suppressed immunity and the resulting increased infection. In severely malnourished children and animals some immune systems such as T-cell function, secretory IgA and complement are significantly suppressed. Other systems, such as the serum IgG or IgA, are normal or even elevated. Some of these changes are apparently caused by nutritional stress while others may be due to stimulation by increased incidence of infection and antigen load. On the other hand, marginal malnutrition stimulates increased phagocytosis and T-cell function with increased immunity to cancer but decreased resistance to certain microbial agents. The mechanisms of immune suppression by malnutrition, persistence of these effects after renutrition, and the effect of maternal malnutrition on newborn immunity are critically reviewed. Possible non-nutritional means of rapid immunological restoration of malnourished children are described.", "PMID": 389564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8611", "title": "Mutagenic factors in cooked foods.", "content": "The charred surface of fish and beef showed strong mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium test strains when activated by S-9 mix of rat liver. The pyrolysis products of proteins and amino acids were also highly mutagenic. Among the pyrolysis products of amino acids, those of tryptophan, serine, and glutamic acid were most active. The new gamma-carboline derivatives, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, were purified from the pyrolysis products of tryptophan. These new compounds were stronger mutagens than aflatoxin B1 towards S. typhimurium TA98, a frameshift type mutant, and they also transformed cryopreserved Syrian hamster embryo cells in vitro. Tryptophan pyrolysate also contained the beta-carboline derivatives, norharman and harman, which are not mutagenic alone, but act as comutagens. A mixture of norharman or harman and nonmutagenic aniline or o-toluidine was strongly mutagenic. The mutagenicities of charred products of other foods, such as seaweed and garlic, are reviewed in this article. Flavonoids, such as kaempferol and quercetin, and glycosides of these flavonoles were mutagenic. The mutagenicity of cooked vegetables depends partly on these flavonoid derivatives. The already-known existence of benzol[a]pyrene and nitroso compounds in cooked food is also reviewed.", "contents": "Mutagenic factors in cooked foods. The charred surface of fish and beef showed strong mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium test strains when activated by S-9 mix of rat liver. The pyrolysis products of proteins and amino acids were also highly mutagenic. Among the pyrolysis products of amino acids, those of tryptophan, serine, and glutamic acid were most active. The new gamma-carboline derivatives, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, were purified from the pyrolysis products of tryptophan. These new compounds were stronger mutagens than aflatoxin B1 towards S. typhimurium TA98, a frameshift type mutant, and they also transformed cryopreserved Syrian hamster embryo cells in vitro. Tryptophan pyrolysate also contained the beta-carboline derivatives, norharman and harman, which are not mutagenic alone, but act as comutagens. A mixture of norharman or harman and nonmutagenic aniline or o-toluidine was strongly mutagenic. The mutagenicities of charred products of other foods, such as seaweed and garlic, are reviewed in this article. Flavonoids, such as kaempferol and quercetin, and glycosides of these flavonoles were mutagenic. The mutagenicity of cooked vegetables depends partly on these flavonoid derivatives. The already-known existence of benzol[a]pyrene and nitroso compounds in cooked food is also reviewed.", "PMID": 389565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8612", "title": "Macrophage polykarya.", "content": "Multinucleated giant cells are commonly found in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions. They are formed at sites of tissue injury by fusion of freshly exuded monocytes, the rate of fusion being dependent on a range of extracellular and intracellular factors. Electron miscroscopy shows that the pooled components of the fused monocytes are not randomly dispersed in the syncytium, but are highly reorganized into a functioning unit. In addition, histochemical and biochemical profiles of cell populations containing these polykarya display a range of metabolic activities, including DNA synthesis, which, on occasions, is followed by successful mitotic division and the formation of polyploid daughter cells. Fusion results in the loss of some surface receptors which in turn interferes with the phagocytic performance of polykarya, which is generally less pronounced than their mononuclear precurses. In addition, polykarya are not as actively motile as macrophages although phenomena of contact inhibition are less obvious. On the other hand, the multinucleate giant cells display prominent exocytosis which may aid in the degradation of extracellular material. The properties of macrophage polykarya contrast with macrophage homokarya produced in vitro. The latter are actively phagocytic, do not synthesize DNA, and have a longer half-life than the syncytia produced in chronic inflammatory reactions. It may well be that the polykarya in such reactions are not true homokarya.", "contents": "Macrophage polykarya. Multinucleated giant cells are commonly found in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions. They are formed at sites of tissue injury by fusion of freshly exuded monocytes, the rate of fusion being dependent on a range of extracellular and intracellular factors. Electron miscroscopy shows that the pooled components of the fused monocytes are not randomly dispersed in the syncytium, but are highly reorganized into a functioning unit. In addition, histochemical and biochemical profiles of cell populations containing these polykarya display a range of metabolic activities, including DNA synthesis, which, on occasions, is followed by successful mitotic division and the formation of polyploid daughter cells. Fusion results in the loss of some surface receptors which in turn interferes with the phagocytic performance of polykarya, which is generally less pronounced than their mononuclear precurses. In addition, polykarya are not as actively motile as macrophages although phenomena of contact inhibition are less obvious. On the other hand, the multinucleate giant cells display prominent exocytosis which may aid in the degradation of extracellular material. The properties of macrophage polykarya contrast with macrophage homokarya produced in vitro. The latter are actively phagocytic, do not synthesize DNA, and have a longer half-life than the syncytia produced in chronic inflammatory reactions. It may well be that the polykarya in such reactions are not true homokarya.", "PMID": 389566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8613", "title": "Behavioral, neurological, and toxic effects of methyl chloride: a review of the literature.", "content": "A large number of reports have been devoted to the physiologic and toxic effects of methyl chloride, many of which are based on case histories involving occupational exposure. The detrimental actions of methyl chloride on the central and peripheral nervous systems are well established effects. It is a moderately severe narcotic and potentially severe nerve poison. Chronic intoxication is associated with damage to the central nervous system (CNS), kidneys, liver, bone marrow, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and intestinal tract. The signs and symptoms range from the more severe medical dysfunctions such as cardiac irregularities, respiratory paralysis, nerve degeneration, and severe convulsions to the more subtle clinical observations such as CNS depression, nervousness and emotional instability, insomnia and anorexia, ataxia, blurred vision, light-headedness, nausea, dizziness, narcosis, and disorientation. The behavioral correlates of these and other neurotoxic effects of methyl chloride suggest that a gradual behavioral degradation occurs. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown the compound to be rapidly absorbed by the blood with most authors attributing the toxicity to an enzyme-catalyzed methylation reaction in the body. Despite the fact that several investigators have attempted to correlate such biological responses of methyl chloride with its toxicity, the present knowledge of the problem still lacks a detailed mechanism of action. Until such mechanisms are verified, adequate methods to assess subclinical neurological and behavioral changes must be effectively developed.", "contents": "Behavioral, neurological, and toxic effects of methyl chloride: a review of the literature. A large number of reports have been devoted to the physiologic and toxic effects of methyl chloride, many of which are based on case histories involving occupational exposure. The detrimental actions of methyl chloride on the central and peripheral nervous systems are well established effects. It is a moderately severe narcotic and potentially severe nerve poison. Chronic intoxication is associated with damage to the central nervous system (CNS), kidneys, liver, bone marrow, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and intestinal tract. The signs and symptoms range from the more severe medical dysfunctions such as cardiac irregularities, respiratory paralysis, nerve degeneration, and severe convulsions to the more subtle clinical observations such as CNS depression, nervousness and emotional instability, insomnia and anorexia, ataxia, blurred vision, light-headedness, nausea, dizziness, narcosis, and disorientation. The behavioral correlates of these and other neurotoxic effects of methyl chloride suggest that a gradual behavioral degradation occurs. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown the compound to be rapidly absorbed by the blood with most authors attributing the toxicity to an enzyme-catalyzed methylation reaction in the body. Despite the fact that several investigators have attempted to correlate such biological responses of methyl chloride with its toxicity, the present knowledge of the problem still lacks a detailed mechanism of action. Until such mechanisms are verified, adequate methods to assess subclinical neurological and behavioral changes must be effectively developed.", "PMID": 389567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8614", "title": "Ultrastructural localization and in situ analysis of iron, bismuth, and gold inclusions.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to review ultrastructural and electron probe X-ray analytical studies on metallic deposits in cells. The metals that will be dealt with are iron, bismuth, and gold, mainly because they have been extensively studied in recent years. The nature and chemical composition of endogenously (e.g., from breakdown of autologous blood) and exogenously (e.g., after a transfusion or injection of iron compounds) produced hemosiderin (i.e., iron deposits) has been the subject of time-hallowed controversies. Quite a few of these have now been resolved by ultrastructural studies and the atomic composition of such deposits has been determined by electron probe X-ray analysis. The interest in bismuth centers around the fact that this is one of the two metals (the other being lead) that produces quite large intranuclear inclusions. Here again much has been learned by ultrastructural and X-ray analytical studies. The interest in gold stems from the fact that soluble salts of this metal are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and current studies with the above-mentioned techniques indicates how gold produces its beneficial and toxic effects.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization and in situ analysis of iron, bismuth, and gold inclusions. The purpose of this article is to review ultrastructural and electron probe X-ray analytical studies on metallic deposits in cells. The metals that will be dealt with are iron, bismuth, and gold, mainly because they have been extensively studied in recent years. The nature and chemical composition of endogenously (e.g., from breakdown of autologous blood) and exogenously (e.g., after a transfusion or injection of iron compounds) produced hemosiderin (i.e., iron deposits) has been the subject of time-hallowed controversies. Quite a few of these have now been resolved by ultrastructural studies and the atomic composition of such deposits has been determined by electron probe X-ray analysis. The interest in bismuth centers around the fact that this is one of the two metals (the other being lead) that produces quite large intranuclear inclusions. Here again much has been learned by ultrastructural and X-ray analytical studies. The interest in gold stems from the fact that soluble salts of this metal are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and current studies with the above-mentioned techniques indicates how gold produces its beneficial and toxic effects.", "PMID": 389568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8615", "title": "Hypervitaminosis A induced teratogenesis.", "content": "In the past decade, the toxicology of reproduction has become increasingly important. This branch of toxicology focuses on mutagenic and embryotoxic effects. The study of embryotoxicity requires an extensive knowledge of the interaction of drugs and embryonic tissues, normal and abnormal developmental processes, and the susceptible stages during prenatal development. Hypervitaminosis A is one of the most extensively studied teratogens. It produces defects in almost all organ systems. Therefore, this article will first of all review the vitamin A-induced malformations in several organ systems. Moreover, it will discuss their morphogenesis and the susceptible developmental stages. Thus, the first ten chapters will cover the following subjects: malformations of the nervous system, ocular malformations, malformations of the ear, craniofacial malformations, cleft palate, defects of the circulatory system, defects of the respiratory systems, defects of the digestive tract, urogenital defects, skeletal malformations, and abnormal postnatal development. Since in general little is known about the mechanisms involved in the induction of congenital defects, we think it is of great value to review the knowledge and experience that have been gathered by the experimental work with hypervitaminosis A. Therefore, the next chapters will discuss the following subjects: teratogenic effects in different species, minimum effective dose, interaction with other agents, influence of chemical form, solvent, and route of administration, pathophysiology of vitamin A embryotoxicity, and hypervitaminosis A and human pregnancy.", "contents": "Hypervitaminosis A induced teratogenesis. In the past decade, the toxicology of reproduction has become increasingly important. This branch of toxicology focuses on mutagenic and embryotoxic effects. The study of embryotoxicity requires an extensive knowledge of the interaction of drugs and embryonic tissues, normal and abnormal developmental processes, and the susceptible stages during prenatal development. Hypervitaminosis A is one of the most extensively studied teratogens. It produces defects in almost all organ systems. Therefore, this article will first of all review the vitamin A-induced malformations in several organ systems. Moreover, it will discuss their morphogenesis and the susceptible developmental stages. Thus, the first ten chapters will cover the following subjects: malformations of the nervous system, ocular malformations, malformations of the ear, craniofacial malformations, cleft palate, defects of the circulatory system, defects of the respiratory systems, defects of the digestive tract, urogenital defects, skeletal malformations, and abnormal postnatal development. Since in general little is known about the mechanisms involved in the induction of congenital defects, we think it is of great value to review the knowledge and experience that have been gathered by the experimental work with hypervitaminosis A. Therefore, the next chapters will discuss the following subjects: teratogenic effects in different species, minimum effective dose, interaction with other agents, influence of chemical form, solvent, and route of administration, pathophysiology of vitamin A embryotoxicity, and hypervitaminosis A and human pregnancy.", "PMID": 389569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8616", "title": "The detection and diagnosis of early occult and minimal breast cancer.", "content": "This article has attempted to describe the present status of efforts toward routine detection of breast cancer at a stage when it is readily curable and to point out, not only the potentials of screening programs, but also the problems and difficulties that beset them. We believe that efficient, safe screening and accurate early diagnosis are achievable and that trial directed toward this end should not only continue but expand. We see no other avenue that offers as bright a prospect for a meaningful reduction in breast cancer mortality and the monstrous toll--medical, emotional, sociologic and monetary--it exacts.", "contents": "The detection and diagnosis of early occult and minimal breast cancer. This article has attempted to describe the present status of efforts toward routine detection of breast cancer at a stage when it is readily curable and to point out, not only the potentials of screening programs, but also the problems and difficulties that beset them. We believe that efficient, safe screening and accurate early diagnosis are achievable and that trial directed toward this end should not only continue but expand. We see no other avenue that offers as bright a prospect for a meaningful reduction in breast cancer mortality and the monstrous toll--medical, emotional, sociologic and monetary--it exacts.", "PMID": 389570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8617", "title": "Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in the evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The measurement of serum CK-MB isoenzyme is a very sensitive and specific indication of myocardial injury since only myocardium has substantial amounts of CK-MB. Serum CK-MB levels are most helpful clinically when the total creatine kinase is nonspecifically elevated, as with intramuscular injections, cardiac catheterization, stroke, noncardiac surgery and electric cardioversion. Elevations of serum CK-MB occurring in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders may be due to the presence of abnormal regenerative skeletal muscle fibers, which are known to contain large amounts of CK-MB isoenzyme. These examples emphasize that under normal, nonregenerative conditions, elevations of serum CK-MB are rare in the absence of myocardial injury.", "contents": "Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in the evaluation of myocardial infarction. The measurement of serum CK-MB isoenzyme is a very sensitive and specific indication of myocardial injury since only myocardium has substantial amounts of CK-MB. Serum CK-MB levels are most helpful clinically when the total creatine kinase is nonspecifically elevated, as with intramuscular injections, cardiac catheterization, stroke, noncardiac surgery and electric cardioversion. Elevations of serum CK-MB occurring in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders may be due to the presence of abnormal regenerative skeletal muscle fibers, which are known to contain large amounts of CK-MB isoenzyme. These examples emphasize that under normal, nonregenerative conditions, elevations of serum CK-MB are rare in the absence of myocardial injury.", "PMID": 389571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8618", "title": "Malignant group B streptococcal endocarditis associated with saline-induced abortion.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman developed acute group B streptococcal endocarditis following saline-induced abortion. In the pre-antibiotic era, most cases of group B streptococcal endocarditis occurred in parturient or postabortal women. Currently, this disease is rarely described in obstetrical patients, and no previous cases following saline-induced abortion have been reported. Purulent pericarditis and a perivalvular abscess were present in our patient and represent only the second instance in which these findings have been documented in this disease.", "contents": "Malignant group B streptococcal endocarditis associated with saline-induced abortion. A 20-year-old woman developed acute group B streptococcal endocarditis following saline-induced abortion. In the pre-antibiotic era, most cases of group B streptococcal endocarditis occurred in parturient or postabortal women. Currently, this disease is rarely described in obstetrical patients, and no previous cases following saline-induced abortion have been reported. Purulent pericarditis and a perivalvular abscess were present in our patient and represent only the second instance in which these findings have been documented in this disease.", "PMID": 389576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8619", "title": "Invasive aspergillosis presenting as pericarditis and cardiac tamponade.", "content": "A 38-year-old leukemic patient developed pericarditis and cardiac tamponade due to Aspergillus niger one month after undergoing bone marrow transplantation. She failed to improve even though amphotericin B and rifampin therapy had been initiated before infection was evident. Her unique case illustrates both the unusual presentations of invasive aspergillosis and the difficulty of diagnosing and treating this increasingly common disease.", "contents": "Invasive aspergillosis presenting as pericarditis and cardiac tamponade. A 38-year-old leukemic patient developed pericarditis and cardiac tamponade due to Aspergillus niger one month after undergoing bone marrow transplantation. She failed to improve even though amphotericin B and rifampin therapy had been initiated before infection was evident. Her unique case illustrates both the unusual presentations of invasive aspergillosis and the difficulty of diagnosing and treating this increasingly common disease.", "PMID": 389577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8620", "title": "[Clinical use and comparative study of Ulmer drainage and of the usual Redon tissue drainage].", "content": "After discussing the shortcomings of the usual Redon drainages and the description of our own technique of vacuum-tissue suction drainage, there follows a report about a comparative examination between Redon drainages and the new 'Ulmer drainage'. Up to now the superiority of the Ulmer drainage was proven only by calculation and experiment, now this fact can be fully confirmed by a succession of clinical examinations. By inserting both types of drainages in one surgical wound, the Ulmer drainage delivered on the first day 1.5 times; on the second and third day, almost 2.5 times the amount of secretion compared with the usual Redon drainage.", "contents": "[Clinical use and comparative study of Ulmer drainage and of the usual Redon tissue drainage]. After discussing the shortcomings of the usual Redon drainages and the description of our own technique of vacuum-tissue suction drainage, there follows a report about a comparative examination between Redon drainages and the new 'Ulmer drainage'. Up to now the superiority of the Ulmer drainage was proven only by calculation and experiment, now this fact can be fully confirmed by a succession of clinical examinations. By inserting both types of drainages in one surgical wound, the Ulmer drainage delivered on the first day 1.5 times; on the second and third day, almost 2.5 times the amount of secretion compared with the usual Redon drainage.", "PMID": 389584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8621", "title": "Biochemical studies of transient intermediates in relation to chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "Many chemical carcinogens must be metabolized to chemically reactive transient species before they can exert their full toxic action on mammalian cells. In general, this metabolic activation is performed by NADPH-dependent enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum; the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 electron-transport chain is very important in this respect. Biochemical studies on the chemical reactivities of such transient intermediates require the application of various fast-reaction and free-radical techniques: the use of such techniques is illustrated by reference to the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride. CCl4 is metabolized by liver endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of NADPH to a highly reactive product, probably CCl3; this activation of CCl4 results in covalent binding of CCl3 and lipid peroxidation. The steady-state concentration of CCl3 is too low to be measured directly by e.s.r. spectroscopy but radical species can be accumulated with spin-trap techniques. The CCl3 radical can be generated by pulse radiolysis and the ensuing reactions with biologically important neighbouring species can be followed in the microsecond range by kinetic spectroscopy. The results point to the high reactivity of CCl3 and its restriction to a microenvironment within the endoplasmic reticulum. Highly reactive electrophilic radicals (e.g. CCl3) can initiate lipid peroxidation in biomembranes and this is associated with changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids and in membrane fluidity. The results are discussed in relation to carcinogen activation, to free-radical-mediated reactions in biomembranes, and to the general thesis that the production of reactive aldehydes by lipid peroxidation may act as a 'coarse control' of cell division.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of transient intermediates in relation to chemical carcinogenesis. Many chemical carcinogens must be metabolized to chemically reactive transient species before they can exert their full toxic action on mammalian cells. In general, this metabolic activation is performed by NADPH-dependent enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum; the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 electron-transport chain is very important in this respect. Biochemical studies on the chemical reactivities of such transient intermediates require the application of various fast-reaction and free-radical techniques: the use of such techniques is illustrated by reference to the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride. CCl4 is metabolized by liver endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of NADPH to a highly reactive product, probably CCl3; this activation of CCl4 results in covalent binding of CCl3 and lipid peroxidation. The steady-state concentration of CCl3 is too low to be measured directly by e.s.r. spectroscopy but radical species can be accumulated with spin-trap techniques. The CCl3 radical can be generated by pulse radiolysis and the ensuing reactions with biologically important neighbouring species can be followed in the microsecond range by kinetic spectroscopy. The results point to the high reactivity of CCl3 and its restriction to a microenvironment within the endoplasmic reticulum. Highly reactive electrophilic radicals (e.g. CCl3) can initiate lipid peroxidation in biomembranes and this is associated with changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids and in membrane fluidity. The results are discussed in relation to carcinogen activation, to free-radical-mediated reactions in biomembranes, and to the general thesis that the production of reactive aldehydes by lipid peroxidation may act as a 'coarse control' of cell division.", "PMID": 389585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8622", "title": "G-cell population in antral mucosa of the dog.", "content": "The gastrin-cell (G-cell) population in the pyloric antrum of 8 dogs was studied quantitatively by immunofluorescence. The G-cell population was dense in the pyloric antrum and very few cells were seen in the antrocorporal junction. The estimated total number of G cells was (1.66 +/- 0.12) X 10(7) in the pyloric antrum and the greatest number of G cells per unit mucosal surface area was along the greater curvature of the pyloric antrum. Except along the greater curvature, G cells per unit musocal volume were significantly greater in number (P less than 0.05) in the proximal antrum adjacent to the antrocorporal junction that in any other regions distal to it. Differences in mucosal thickness were considered as a causative factor for these differences.", "contents": "G-cell population in antral mucosa of the dog. The gastrin-cell (G-cell) population in the pyloric antrum of 8 dogs was studied quantitatively by immunofluorescence. The G-cell population was dense in the pyloric antrum and very few cells were seen in the antrocorporal junction. The estimated total number of G cells was (1.66 +/- 0.12) X 10(7) in the pyloric antrum and the greatest number of G cells per unit mucosal surface area was along the greater curvature of the pyloric antrum. Except along the greater curvature, G cells per unit musocal volume were significantly greater in number (P less than 0.05) in the proximal antrum adjacent to the antrocorporal junction that in any other regions distal to it. Differences in mucosal thickness were considered as a causative factor for these differences.", "PMID": 389586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8623", "title": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "This review briefly outlines the gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Usually, gastrointestinal abnormalities are asymptomatic. Severe gastrointestinal dysfunction may be quite debilitating, however. Gastrointestinal symptoms that are a consequence of diabetes may be confused with other primary gastrointestinal disorders. We attempt to provide a clinical approach to differentiating the basis of symptoms and outline the therapeutic plan that we generally employ. Much additional research is necessary to clarify our understanding of the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal complications of diabetes and to develop improved therapeutic strategies.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus. This review briefly outlines the gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Usually, gastrointestinal abnormalities are asymptomatic. Severe gastrointestinal dysfunction may be quite debilitating, however. Gastrointestinal symptoms that are a consequence of diabetes may be confused with other primary gastrointestinal disorders. We attempt to provide a clinical approach to differentiating the basis of symptoms and outline the therapeutic plan that we generally employ. Much additional research is necessary to clarify our understanding of the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal complications of diabetes and to develop improved therapeutic strategies.", "PMID": 389588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8624", "title": "[A case of legionnaire's disease in Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe bronchopneumonia in a 66-year-old patient failed to respond to sensitivity-tested antibiotics, with only erythromycin providing improvement. The indirect immunofluorescence test for legionnaire's disease gave a highly significant titre rise (eightfold). Legionnaire's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of treatment-resistant bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "[A case of legionnaire's disease in Germany (author's transl)]. Severe bronchopneumonia in a 66-year-old patient failed to respond to sensitivity-tested antibiotics, with only erythromycin providing improvement. The indirect immunofluorescence test for legionnaire's disease gave a highly significant titre rise (eightfold). Legionnaire's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of treatment-resistant bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 389596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8625", "title": "[Immune-haematological diagnosis of neonatal immunothrombocytopenia (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of immunologically caused platelet deficiencies in newborn infants requires use of methods permitting demonstration of platelet auto- and allo-zntibodies, complete and incomplete antibodies. Taking the well known differentiation of neonatal immunothrombocytopenias into auto- and allo-immune diseases as a basis, the immune-haematological findings in eight cases are reported. For the first time two cases are reported in which both idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura of the mother was known and allo-immunisation against paternal HLA antigens of the child could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Immune-haematological diagnosis of neonatal immunothrombocytopenia (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of immunologically caused platelet deficiencies in newborn infants requires use of methods permitting demonstration of platelet auto- and allo-zntibodies, complete and incomplete antibodies. Taking the well known differentiation of neonatal immunothrombocytopenias into auto- and allo-immune diseases as a basis, the immune-haematological findings in eight cases are reported. For the first time two cases are reported in which both idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura of the mother was known and allo-immunisation against paternal HLA antigens of the child could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 389597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8626", "title": "Glipizide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "Glipizide is a 'second generation' oral hypoglycaemic agent similar in potency to glibenclamide. It is completely absorbed after oral administration and has a rapid onset of action, but the duration of its hypoglycaemic effect is shorter than that of glibenclamide. It is rapidly metabolised to inactive metabolites which are excreted in the urine. Therapeutic trials have shown the efficacy of glipizide in maturity onset diabetes mellitus to be comparable with that of glibenclamide and chlorpropamide in newly diagnosed patients unresponsive to diet as well as in patients previously treated with oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Glipizide is well tolerated, but careful adjustment of dosage and attention to diet may be needed to avoid hypoglycaemic symptoms a few hours after a single daily dose.", "contents": "Glipizide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Glipizide is a 'second generation' oral hypoglycaemic agent similar in potency to glibenclamide. It is completely absorbed after oral administration and has a rapid onset of action, but the duration of its hypoglycaemic effect is shorter than that of glibenclamide. It is rapidly metabolised to inactive metabolites which are excreted in the urine. Therapeutic trials have shown the efficacy of glipizide in maturity onset diabetes mellitus to be comparable with that of glibenclamide and chlorpropamide in newly diagnosed patients unresponsive to diet as well as in patients previously treated with oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Glipizide is well tolerated, but careful adjustment of dosage and attention to diet may be needed to avoid hypoglycaemic symptoms a few hours after a single daily dose.", "PMID": 389600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8627", "title": "Drug-induced renal disease.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of drug-induced renal disease may include all the manifestations attributed to natural or spontaneous renal diseases such as acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, acute nephritic syndrome, renal colic, haematuria, selective tubular defects, obstructive nephropathy, etc. It is therefore vital in any patient with renal disease whatever the clinical manifestations might be, to obtain a meticulous drug and toxin inventory. Withdrawal of the offending drug may result in amelioration or cure of the renal disorder although in the case of severe renal failure it may be necessary to utilise haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to tide the patient over the period of acute renal failure. Analgesic nephropathy is an important cause of terminal chronic renal failure and it is therefore vital to make the diagnosis as early as possible. The pathogenesis of some drug-induced renal disorders appears to be immunologically mediated. There are many other pathogenetic mechanisms involved in drug-induced renal disorders and some drugs may under appropriate circumstances be responsible for a variety of different nephrotoxic effects. For example, the sulphonamides have been incriminated in examples of crystalluria, acute interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, generalised hypersensitivity reactions, polyarteritis nodosa and drug-induced lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Drug-induced renal disease. The clinical manifestations of drug-induced renal disease may include all the manifestations attributed to natural or spontaneous renal diseases such as acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, acute nephritic syndrome, renal colic, haematuria, selective tubular defects, obstructive nephropathy, etc. It is therefore vital in any patient with renal disease whatever the clinical manifestations might be, to obtain a meticulous drug and toxin inventory. Withdrawal of the offending drug may result in amelioration or cure of the renal disorder although in the case of severe renal failure it may be necessary to utilise haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to tide the patient over the period of acute renal failure. Analgesic nephropathy is an important cause of terminal chronic renal failure and it is therefore vital to make the diagnosis as early as possible. The pathogenesis of some drug-induced renal disorders appears to be immunologically mediated. There are many other pathogenetic mechanisms involved in drug-induced renal disorders and some drugs may under appropriate circumstances be responsible for a variety of different nephrotoxic effects. For example, the sulphonamides have been incriminated in examples of crystalluria, acute interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, generalised hypersensitivity reactions, polyarteritis nodosa and drug-induced lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 389601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8628", "title": "[Temperature and reaction heat of elastomer casting materials].", "content": "Cross linking of the elastomer cast material is an exothermic process. The heat of reaction may produce temperature increases of several degrees centigrade in the thermically insolated samples. The heat of reaction per volume was measured; polysulfide and polyether values are approximately 10 times higher than those for silicone.", "contents": "[Temperature and reaction heat of elastomer casting materials]. Cross linking of the elastomer cast material is an exothermic process. The heat of reaction may produce temperature increases of several degrees centigrade in the thermically insolated samples. The heat of reaction per volume was measured; polysulfide and polyether values are approximately 10 times higher than those for silicone.", "PMID": 389613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8629", "title": "[Change of the pier distance in saw models dependent on the setting expansion of the base cast].", "content": "Saw models of Duroc were constructed from a cast made over a Siccoform model. Various base casts were used. Compared with the original cast, the pier interval was reduced in all models. The dies were slightly tilted toward each other; the degree of tilting increased in direct proportion to the setting expansion of the base cast.", "contents": "[Change of the pier distance in saw models dependent on the setting expansion of the base cast]. Saw models of Duroc were constructed from a cast made over a Siccoform model. Various base casts were used. Compared with the original cast, the pier interval was reduced in all models. The dies were slightly tilted toward each other; the degree of tilting increased in direct proportion to the setting expansion of the base cast.", "PMID": 389614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8630", "title": "[Prosthetic aspects in the planning of progenia operations].", "content": "Operative planning for progenia is carried out using prosthetic principles. Correction of a malpositioned mandible, modelling of incongruent dental arches, functional distribution of piers, and a favorable interalveolar connecting line form the basis for stable occlusion and articulation. The fitting of a prosthesis later is simplified by such intensive interdisciplinary cooperation.", "contents": "[Prosthetic aspects in the planning of progenia operations]. Operative planning for progenia is carried out using prosthetic principles. Correction of a malpositioned mandible, modelling of incongruent dental arches, functional distribution of piers, and a favorable interalveolar connecting line form the basis for stable occlusion and articulation. The fitting of a prosthesis later is simplified by such intensive interdisciplinary cooperation.", "PMID": 389615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8631", "title": "The fate of fertilized ova in rats receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH).", "content": "The development and eventual fate of unimplanted fertilized ova in rats receiving pregnancy-inhibiting doses of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) were studied during the first 14 days of gestation. The results suggest that LRH accelerates passage of ova through the oviducts. Also, the zona pellucida of treated animals is retained by the majority of ova until day 7; zona-encased ova were observed as late as day 10. Elimination of the ova appears to occur by expulsion with uterine fluids through the vagina upon the animals' return to estrus.", "contents": "The fate of fertilized ova in rats receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH). The development and eventual fate of unimplanted fertilized ova in rats receiving pregnancy-inhibiting doses of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) were studied during the first 14 days of gestation. The results suggest that LRH accelerates passage of ova through the oviducts. Also, the zona pellucida of treated animals is retained by the majority of ova until day 7; zona-encased ova were observed as late as day 10. Elimination of the ova appears to occur by expulsion with uterine fluids through the vagina upon the animals' return to estrus.", "PMID": 389616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8632", "title": "Regulation of epididymal function and sperm maturation--endocrine approach to fertility control in male.", "content": "The structural and functional integrity of the epididymis, the acquisition of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa and their viability within the epididymis are androgen dependent phenomena. Although the precise mechanism by which sperm maturation and viability in the epididymis are brought about by androgen are not clearly understood, it is generally held that specific epididymal secretions produced under the influence of androgen affect these events. Though the spermatozoa appear to remain viable in a low androgen environment, sperm maturation requires a relatively high androgen environment. Against this background the potentiality of antiandrogens as extragonadal antifertility agents has been discussed. Studies with steroidal and nonsteroidal antiandrogens have revealed that in adult animals the secretory activity of the epididymis, as evidenced by the level of glycerylphosphorylcholine, either remains unaffected or is stimulated under their influence. These studies have further indicated that the extragonadal antifertility action of antiandrogens will depend upon their ability to (1) lower the testicular androgen synthesis and/or androgen binding protein, which possibly serves as a carrier of androgen from the testis to epididymis; (2) to lower local androgen synthesis as a result of reduced levels of circulating androgen, and (3) to inhibit 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and/or to inhibit androgen binding to receptors. Success in the rational development of new antifertility agents for male which will act by controlling epididymal function will depend upon a clear understanding of the factors that regulate epididymal secretion and the role of epididymal secretions in sperm maturation and survival.", "contents": "Regulation of epididymal function and sperm maturation--endocrine approach to fertility control in male. The structural and functional integrity of the epididymis, the acquisition of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa and their viability within the epididymis are androgen dependent phenomena. Although the precise mechanism by which sperm maturation and viability in the epididymis are brought about by androgen are not clearly understood, it is generally held that specific epididymal secretions produced under the influence of androgen affect these events. Though the spermatozoa appear to remain viable in a low androgen environment, sperm maturation requires a relatively high androgen environment. Against this background the potentiality of antiandrogens as extragonadal antifertility agents has been discussed. Studies with steroidal and nonsteroidal antiandrogens have revealed that in adult animals the secretory activity of the epididymis, as evidenced by the level of glycerylphosphorylcholine, either remains unaffected or is stimulated under their influence. These studies have further indicated that the extragonadal antifertility action of antiandrogens will depend upon their ability to (1) lower the testicular androgen synthesis and/or androgen binding protein, which possibly serves as a carrier of androgen from the testis to epididymis; (2) to lower local androgen synthesis as a result of reduced levels of circulating androgen, and (3) to inhibit 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and/or to inhibit androgen binding to receptors. Success in the rational development of new antifertility agents for male which will act by controlling epididymal function will depend upon a clear understanding of the factors that regulate epididymal secretion and the role of epididymal secretions in sperm maturation and survival.", "PMID": 389617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8633", "title": "Studies on (pro)insulin biosynthesis and secretion of pancreatic islets of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) after different feeding conditions.", "content": "It was possible to induce different metabolic states in sand rats of our breeding colony or in newly caught Egyptian sand rats, respectively, by feeding a pellet diet or vegetable diet (green cabbage). Newly captured sand rats fed only on native food were used as reference group (group C). Plasma IRI-level and glucose in vivo and [3H]-leucine incorporation into proinsulin and insulin, insulin secretion and insulin content in vitro were investigated. Sand rats fed on pellet chow and ad libitum (group B) developed a hyperinsulinism and showed higher sensitivity of [3H]-leucine incorporation into proinsulin and insulin to glucose (maximal stimulation at 3 mM) and increased incorporation rates in vitro. Restriction of pellet food to 35-40 kcal/animal/day (group A) lead to changes of all parameters, which were investigated in the same direction as in group B, but to a much smaller extent. Newly captured sand rats, which were fed green cabbage for 4 to 6 weeks divided into two groups: One group (group D1) was comparable to the normal group (C) in IRI levels, glucose levels, glucose sensitivity and amount of [3H]-leucine incorporation. The other group (group D2) tended to group A. Marked changes in insulin content and insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets could not be found in any group.", "contents": "Studies on (pro)insulin biosynthesis and secretion of pancreatic islets of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) after different feeding conditions. It was possible to induce different metabolic states in sand rats of our breeding colony or in newly caught Egyptian sand rats, respectively, by feeding a pellet diet or vegetable diet (green cabbage). Newly captured sand rats fed only on native food were used as reference group (group C). Plasma IRI-level and glucose in vivo and [3H]-leucine incorporation into proinsulin and insulin, insulin secretion and insulin content in vitro were investigated. Sand rats fed on pellet chow and ad libitum (group B) developed a hyperinsulinism and showed higher sensitivity of [3H]-leucine incorporation into proinsulin and insulin to glucose (maximal stimulation at 3 mM) and increased incorporation rates in vitro. Restriction of pellet food to 35-40 kcal/animal/day (group A) lead to changes of all parameters, which were investigated in the same direction as in group B, but to a much smaller extent. Newly captured sand rats, which were fed green cabbage for 4 to 6 weeks divided into two groups: One group (group D1) was comparable to the normal group (C) in IRI levels, glucose levels, glucose sensitivity and amount of [3H]-leucine incorporation. The other group (group D2) tended to group A. Marked changes in insulin content and insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets could not be found in any group.", "PMID": 389618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8634", "title": "Consequences of the AF-2 incident in Japan.", "content": "The discovery of the potent mutagenicity of AF-2, which was once used in Japan as a food preservative, has exerted a great influence not only on screening procedures for carcinogenic compounds but also on legislative approaches to mutagenic substances. It promoted the synthesis of exceedingly sensitive and reliable tester strains in Salmonella and supported the hypothesis of a common mechanism between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Thus preliminary screening for carcinogenic substances has become feasible using mutagenicity as an index. It also contributed greatly to the formulation of legislative measures for chemical substances which for the first time gave due attention to mutagenicity. Furthermore, the exposure of a large population to such a potent mutagen raised a question as to what extent the genetic constitution of the Japanese population might have been damaged. This suggested that urgent need for a system to monitor the total genetic damage to a human genome.", "contents": "Consequences of the AF-2 incident in Japan. The discovery of the potent mutagenicity of AF-2, which was once used in Japan as a food preservative, has exerted a great influence not only on screening procedures for carcinogenic compounds but also on legislative approaches to mutagenic substances. It promoted the synthesis of exceedingly sensitive and reliable tester strains in Salmonella and supported the hypothesis of a common mechanism between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Thus preliminary screening for carcinogenic substances has become feasible using mutagenicity as an index. It also contributed greatly to the formulation of legislative measures for chemical substances which for the first time gave due attention to mutagenicity. Furthermore, the exposure of a large population to such a potent mutagen raised a question as to what extent the genetic constitution of the Japanese population might have been damaged. This suggested that urgent need for a system to monitor the total genetic damage to a human genome.", "PMID": 389620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8635", "title": "Arrangement of proteins O-8 and O-9 in outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. Existence of homotrimers and heterotrimers.", "content": "1. The molecular arrangement of major outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 that exist as trimers has been studied by means of cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate. 2. The cross-linked samples were examined on a urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel which was developed to separate cross-linked trimer and dimer of O-8 from those of O-9. 3. Cells simultaneously synthesizing both O-8 and O-9 formed heterotrimers (trimers containing both proteins) as well as homotrimers. 4. Quantitative analyses revealed that there was no discrimination between O-8 and O-9 in the assembly process to form trimers. 5. When cells were grown sequentially under two different sets of conditions so that the cells synthesized either one of the two proteins in the first stage and the other in the second stage of growth, no heterotrimers were formed. This result indicates that subunit exchange did not take place between trimers which had been incorporated into the outer membrane.", "contents": "Arrangement of proteins O-8 and O-9 in outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. Existence of homotrimers and heterotrimers. 1. The molecular arrangement of major outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 that exist as trimers has been studied by means of cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate. 2. The cross-linked samples were examined on a urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel which was developed to separate cross-linked trimer and dimer of O-8 from those of O-9. 3. Cells simultaneously synthesizing both O-8 and O-9 formed heterotrimers (trimers containing both proteins) as well as homotrimers. 4. Quantitative analyses revealed that there was no discrimination between O-8 and O-9 in the assembly process to form trimers. 5. When cells were grown sequentially under two different sets of conditions so that the cells synthesized either one of the two proteins in the first stage and the other in the second stage of growth, no heterotrimers were formed. This result indicates that subunit exchange did not take place between trimers which had been incorporated into the outer membrane.", "PMID": 389623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8636", "title": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal 16-S RNA from Excherichia coli. Experimental details and cistron heterogeneities.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16-S RNA from Escherichia coli has been determined using rapid RNA-sequencing gel methods. The experimental data are fully described in this paper. The specificities of the ribonucleases, especially the ribonuclease PhyI are discussed and the consequences of the persistence of stable secondary structure are considered. The proposed sequence contains 1541 nucleotides and agrees completely with the DNA sequence of the rrnB cistron deduced by Brosius, J., Palmer, M.L., Kennedy, P.J., and Noller, H.F. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1978) 75, 4801-4805]. But there are several cistron heterogeneities of which we described 16 single-base heterogeneities, 7 of the deletion/insertion type and 9 of the transition or transversion type. Our observations suggest the existence, among the 7 ribosome RNA cistrons, of one or two mutated ones. The respective advantages and disadvantages of both RNA and DNA sequencing methods are discussed.", "contents": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal 16-S RNA from Excherichia coli. Experimental details and cistron heterogeneities. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16-S RNA from Escherichia coli has been determined using rapid RNA-sequencing gel methods. The experimental data are fully described in this paper. The specificities of the ribonucleases, especially the ribonuclease PhyI are discussed and the consequences of the persistence of stable secondary structure are considered. The proposed sequence contains 1541 nucleotides and agrees completely with the DNA sequence of the rrnB cistron deduced by Brosius, J., Palmer, M.L., Kennedy, P.J., and Noller, H.F. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1978) 75, 4801-4805]. But there are several cistron heterogeneities of which we described 16 single-base heterogeneities, 7 of the deletion/insertion type and 9 of the transition or transversion type. Our observations suggest the existence, among the 7 ribosome RNA cistrons, of one or two mutated ones. The respective advantages and disadvantages of both RNA and DNA sequencing methods are discussed.", "PMID": 389624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8637", "title": "Purification and some properties of deoxyribonuclease whose synthesis is controlled by gene 49 of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "An enzyme which specifically cleaves very-fast-sedimenting DNA of bacteriophage T4 is synthesized after infection of T4, and its synthesis is controlled by gene 49 [1,2]. This enzyme has been proved to be a DNase [2]. We have purified this DNase 3000-fold from extracts of E. coli infected with T4. The purified preparation was practically free from other DNases, and the DNase activity was not detectable in cells infected with a mutant defective in gene 49. The enzyme activity from cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of gene 49 was also temperature-sensitive, suggesting strongly that gene 49 is a structural gene of the DNase. The molecular weight of the wild-type enzyme was estimated to be 50 x 10(3) by gel filtration chromatography. The purified DNase did not cleave native and denatured DNAs of T3 and T4, but cleaved renatured T3 DNA with enzymatically fragmented T3 DNA, indicating that gaps in the DNA duplex are structures susceptible to the DNase. Cleavage of the hybridized T3 DNA occurred when the fragmented DNA was phosphorylated at either the 3' or 5'-strand termini.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of deoxyribonuclease whose synthesis is controlled by gene 49 of bacteriophage T4. An enzyme which specifically cleaves very-fast-sedimenting DNA of bacteriophage T4 is synthesized after infection of T4, and its synthesis is controlled by gene 49 [1,2]. This enzyme has been proved to be a DNase [2]. We have purified this DNase 3000-fold from extracts of E. coli infected with T4. The purified preparation was practically free from other DNases, and the DNase activity was not detectable in cells infected with a mutant defective in gene 49. The enzyme activity from cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of gene 49 was also temperature-sensitive, suggesting strongly that gene 49 is a structural gene of the DNase. The molecular weight of the wild-type enzyme was estimated to be 50 x 10(3) by gel filtration chromatography. The purified DNase did not cleave native and denatured DNAs of T3 and T4, but cleaved renatured T3 DNA with enzymatically fragmented T3 DNA, indicating that gaps in the DNA duplex are structures susceptible to the DNase. Cleavage of the hybridized T3 DNA occurred when the fragmented DNA was phosphorylated at either the 3' or 5'-strand termini.", "PMID": 389625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8638", "title": "Procollagen synthesis and processing in periodontal ligament in vivo and in vitro. A comparative study using slab-gel fluorography.", "content": "A combination of dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography has been used to quantify the synthesis of type I and type III collagens by periodontal ligament in situ and periodontal-ligament fibroblasts in vitro. The separation of 14C-labelled collagen alpha chains was achieved by introducing an interrupted reduction step, and the total radioactivity in the alpha-chain bands related to the fluorographic response by a series of standard curves. From these curves an accurate assessment of the relative amounts of type I and III collagen synthesized could be made. The same system also allowed the synthesis and processing of the respective procollagens to be analyzed. For the study in vivo, 200-g male rats were injected with 2 mCi [14C]glycine and killed 0.5-6 h later. Periodontal ligament was dissected from the mandibular molars and the newly-synthesized collagens extracted with 0.45 M sodium chloride. In the study in vitro, confluent monkey periodontal-ligament fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of [14C]proline and [14C]glycine. Analysis of labelled collagens showed a rapid conversion of type I procollagen to collagen but type III collagen was recovered as a procollagen intermediate both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of duplicate samples after pepsin digestion showed type III collagen synthesis to comprise 15% of the total collagen synthesized in vivo and 20% in early subcultures in vitro. However, the proportion of type III synthesized by the fibroblasts decreased on subculturing. The data demonstrate that fibroblasts in vitro retain the basic characteristics of collagen synthesis and procollagen processing found in vivo, but the overall phenotypic expression of the cells is not stable in culture.", "contents": "Procollagen synthesis and processing in periodontal ligament in vivo and in vitro. A comparative study using slab-gel fluorography. A combination of dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography has been used to quantify the synthesis of type I and type III collagens by periodontal ligament in situ and periodontal-ligament fibroblasts in vitro. The separation of 14C-labelled collagen alpha chains was achieved by introducing an interrupted reduction step, and the total radioactivity in the alpha-chain bands related to the fluorographic response by a series of standard curves. From these curves an accurate assessment of the relative amounts of type I and III collagen synthesized could be made. The same system also allowed the synthesis and processing of the respective procollagens to be analyzed. For the study in vivo, 200-g male rats were injected with 2 mCi [14C]glycine and killed 0.5-6 h later. Periodontal ligament was dissected from the mandibular molars and the newly-synthesized collagens extracted with 0.45 M sodium chloride. In the study in vitro, confluent monkey periodontal-ligament fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of [14C]proline and [14C]glycine. Analysis of labelled collagens showed a rapid conversion of type I procollagen to collagen but type III collagen was recovered as a procollagen intermediate both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of duplicate samples after pepsin digestion showed type III collagen synthesis to comprise 15% of the total collagen synthesized in vivo and 20% in early subcultures in vitro. However, the proportion of type III synthesized by the fibroblasts decreased on subculturing. The data demonstrate that fibroblasts in vitro retain the basic characteristics of collagen synthesis and procollagen processing found in vivo, but the overall phenotypic expression of the cells is not stable in culture.", "PMID": 389626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8639", "title": "F-Actin-depolymerizing activity of human serum.", "content": "Non-heated human and animal sera contain a factor which exhibited an inhibiting activity on the staining of actin-containing structures by anti-actin antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence experiments. The presence of this factor lowered the viscosity of F-actin preparations and caused, as studied by electron-microscopy, a depolymerization of F-actin filaments as well as inhibition of filament formation of G-actin. The factor was, after its reaction with F-actin, liberated seemingly unaffected, indicating an enzymatic activity. The factor tentatively termed 'F-actin depolymerizing factor' was heat-sensitive and trypsin sensitive but resisted reduction. It was Ca2+ dependent and the staining inhibiting reaction was faster at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C than at lower temperatures. Gel filtration experiments on Sephadex G-200 suggested a molecular size of the actin depolymerizing factor slightly higher than that of albumin. The electrophoretic mobility was that of gamma 2 globulin. The physiological role of the factor might be to prevent the presence of F-actin filaments within the circulation.", "contents": "F-Actin-depolymerizing activity of human serum. Non-heated human and animal sera contain a factor which exhibited an inhibiting activity on the staining of actin-containing structures by anti-actin antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence experiments. The presence of this factor lowered the viscosity of F-actin preparations and caused, as studied by electron-microscopy, a depolymerization of F-actin filaments as well as inhibition of filament formation of G-actin. The factor was, after its reaction with F-actin, liberated seemingly unaffected, indicating an enzymatic activity. The factor tentatively termed 'F-actin depolymerizing factor' was heat-sensitive and trypsin sensitive but resisted reduction. It was Ca2+ dependent and the staining inhibiting reaction was faster at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C than at lower temperatures. Gel filtration experiments on Sephadex G-200 suggested a molecular size of the actin depolymerizing factor slightly higher than that of albumin. The electrophoretic mobility was that of gamma 2 globulin. The physiological role of the factor might be to prevent the presence of F-actin filaments within the circulation.", "PMID": 389627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8640", "title": "Translation by Escherichia coli ribosomes of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 can be initiated at two sites on the monocistronic message.", "content": "Substantial evidence is provided to corroborate our previous finding that Escherichia coli ribosomes recognize two binding sites on the 5' end of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA 4 [for a preliminary report see Castel, A., Kraal, B., Kerklaan, P. R. M., Klok, J., and Bosch, L. (1977) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5509--5513]. Translation can start at either site using AcPhe-tRNA or fMet-RNA as initiator and takes place in the same reading frame along the monocistronic mRNA. The size and composition of the isolated extra NH2-terminal fragment of the acetylphenylalanyl product were found to be in agreement with the 5' non-coding region of the messenger. Removal of the 5'-terminal cap structure of AMV RNA 4 did not influence significantly both initiation reactions. Ribosomal protein S1 was essential for binding as well as incorporation of both fMet-tRNA and AcPhe-tRNA. A similar interaction on the ribosome was found for AcPhe-tRNA directed by AMV RNA 4 as for fMet-tRNA directed by either AMV RNA 4 or MS2 RNA with respect to the influence of initiation factors. It is concluded that the heterologous plant viral messenger is reliably translated in the E. coli system and that E. coli ribosomes recognize with high specificity an extra initiation site close to the 5' extremity of the messenger. The relationship of this site to a hypothetical entry site involved in the early recognition in the initiation mechanism between ribosome and messenger is discussed.", "contents": "Translation by Escherichia coli ribosomes of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 can be initiated at two sites on the monocistronic message. Substantial evidence is provided to corroborate our previous finding that Escherichia coli ribosomes recognize two binding sites on the 5' end of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA 4 [for a preliminary report see Castel, A., Kraal, B., Kerklaan, P. R. M., Klok, J., and Bosch, L. (1977) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5509--5513]. Translation can start at either site using AcPhe-tRNA or fMet-RNA as initiator and takes place in the same reading frame along the monocistronic mRNA. The size and composition of the isolated extra NH2-terminal fragment of the acetylphenylalanyl product were found to be in agreement with the 5' non-coding region of the messenger. Removal of the 5'-terminal cap structure of AMV RNA 4 did not influence significantly both initiation reactions. Ribosomal protein S1 was essential for binding as well as incorporation of both fMet-tRNA and AcPhe-tRNA. A similar interaction on the ribosome was found for AcPhe-tRNA directed by AMV RNA 4 as for fMet-tRNA directed by either AMV RNA 4 or MS2 RNA with respect to the influence of initiation factors. It is concluded that the heterologous plant viral messenger is reliably translated in the E. coli system and that E. coli ribosomes recognize with high specificity an extra initiation site close to the 5' extremity of the messenger. The relationship of this site to a hypothetical entry site involved in the early recognition in the initiation mechanism between ribosome and messenger is discussed.", "PMID": 389629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8641", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopic studies of iron in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "M\u00f6ssbauer measurements of Proteus mirabilis cells grown in 57Fe-enriched media show that considerable quantities of iron are incorporated, particularly in the stationary phase of growth. A major part of the iron is in a form which shows magnetically split spectra at low temperatures. Fractionation of cells reveals that iron is present in both the soluble and particulate fractions, with the larger proportion being found in the soluble fraction. The iron in the particulate fraction is predominantly found in the outer membrane.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopic studies of iron in Proteus mirabilis. M\u00f6ssbauer measurements of Proteus mirabilis cells grown in 57Fe-enriched media show that considerable quantities of iron are incorporated, particularly in the stationary phase of growth. A major part of the iron is in a form which shows magnetically split spectra at low temperatures. Fractionation of cells reveals that iron is present in both the soluble and particulate fractions, with the larger proportion being found in the soluble fraction. The iron in the particulate fraction is predominantly found in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 389630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8642", "title": "Pancreatic endocrine response to the first feed in term newborn infants.", "content": "Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were evaluated in 36 newborn term infants at birth, and before and 60 min after the first feed during the first day of life. Under basal conditions glycaemia diminished during the first day of life and glucagon increased, while insulin and C-peptide did not show any variation. The C-peptide: insulin molar ratio was higher in the newborn than in adults because of the longer half-life of C-peptide, probably due to reduced renal function in the neonatal period. The subjects were divided into two groups: 18 newborn infants were given a feed of commercially available milk powder reconstituted in water at 10% (5 ml/kg); the other 18 were given a feed of 5 ml/kg 10% glucose solution. In each group 6 were given the first feed after a fast of 6 h, 6 after a fast of 12 h and 6 after a fast of 24 h from birth. After the first feed with milk, the average increase of glycaemia was 19.83 mg%, of insulin 6.06 muU/ml, and of C-peptide 1.88 ng/ml. After the first feed with glucose the average increase of glycaemia was 13.59 mg%, of insulin 2.46 muU/ml, and of C-peptide 0.59 ng/ml. Glucagon did not show significant changes after the first feed.", "contents": "Pancreatic endocrine response to the first feed in term newborn infants. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were evaluated in 36 newborn term infants at birth, and before and 60 min after the first feed during the first day of life. Under basal conditions glycaemia diminished during the first day of life and glucagon increased, while insulin and C-peptide did not show any variation. The C-peptide: insulin molar ratio was higher in the newborn than in adults because of the longer half-life of C-peptide, probably due to reduced renal function in the neonatal period. The subjects were divided into two groups: 18 newborn infants were given a feed of commercially available milk powder reconstituted in water at 10% (5 ml/kg); the other 18 were given a feed of 5 ml/kg 10% glucose solution. In each group 6 were given the first feed after a fast of 6 h, 6 after a fast of 12 h and 6 after a fast of 24 h from birth. After the first feed with milk, the average increase of glycaemia was 19.83 mg%, of insulin 6.06 muU/ml, and of C-peptide 1.88 ng/ml. After the first feed with glucose the average increase of glycaemia was 13.59 mg%, of insulin 2.46 muU/ml, and of C-peptide 0.59 ng/ml. Glucagon did not show significant changes after the first feed.", "PMID": 389633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8643", "title": "Study of the protective effect of methylprednisolone, furosemide, and mannitol on ischemically damaged kidneys.", "content": "Canine kidneys subjected to 90 min of warm ischemia (37 degrees C) were protected by the administration of methylprednisolone but not by furosemide or mannitol. There was no protective effect observed through the vasodilating or diuretic effect of furosemide in the ischemic canine kidney. Mannitol-induced diuresis before warm ischemia also did not prove to be beneficial for severely ischemic kidneys. Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) given 2 h prior to warm ischemia prevented irreversible kidney damage observed in the control and experimental groups. By day 8 the serum creatinine and creatinine clearance returned to normal levels.", "contents": "Study of the protective effect of methylprednisolone, furosemide, and mannitol on ischemically damaged kidneys. Canine kidneys subjected to 90 min of warm ischemia (37 degrees C) were protected by the administration of methylprednisolone but not by furosemide or mannitol. There was no protective effect observed through the vasodilating or diuretic effect of furosemide in the ischemic canine kidney. Mannitol-induced diuresis before warm ischemia also did not prove to be beneficial for severely ischemic kidneys. Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) given 2 h prior to warm ischemia prevented irreversible kidney damage observed in the control and experimental groups. By day 8 the serum creatinine and creatinine clearance returned to normal levels.", "PMID": 389634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8644", "title": "Echocardiographic studies of children operated on for congenital heart disease; evaluation in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "In the immediate postoperative period, echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 69 children after correction of various congenital cardiac malformations. Left ventricular contractility indices and systolic time intervals measured from aortic cusp echoes were repeatedly obtained during the fist postoperative week. The degree of impairment of left ventricular function was assessed for different diagnostic groups and are tabulated. Decrease in left ventricular function was strongly correlated to operating time, cardiac bypass time, and aortic clamping time, the most important factor being cardiac bypass time. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was the most useful parameter of cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period and was of prognostic value in 5 patients who died early in that period. Abnormal septal movement was seen in most patients, but usually normalized within 2 wk. After extensive operations, changes in the movement pattern of the aortic leaflets were also seen. Although pericardial effusion was commonly found during the postoperative period, it did not indicate postcardiotomy syndrome and disappeared spontaneous within 2 mth.", "contents": "Echocardiographic studies of children operated on for congenital heart disease; evaluation in the immediate postoperative period. In the immediate postoperative period, echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 69 children after correction of various congenital cardiac malformations. Left ventricular contractility indices and systolic time intervals measured from aortic cusp echoes were repeatedly obtained during the fist postoperative week. The degree of impairment of left ventricular function was assessed for different diagnostic groups and are tabulated. Decrease in left ventricular function was strongly correlated to operating time, cardiac bypass time, and aortic clamping time, the most important factor being cardiac bypass time. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was the most useful parameter of cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period and was of prognostic value in 5 patients who died early in that period. Abnormal septal movement was seen in most patients, but usually normalized within 2 wk. After extensive operations, changes in the movement pattern of the aortic leaflets were also seen. Although pericardial effusion was commonly found during the postoperative period, it did not indicate postcardiotomy syndrome and disappeared spontaneous within 2 mth.", "PMID": 389638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8645", "title": "Dissociation between drug-induced increases in nerve terminal and non-nerve terminal pools of GABA in vivo.", "content": "To examine whether increased GABA levels produced by n-dipropylacetate (DPA) and amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) are associated with nerve terminals, we compared the effect of these drugs on the GABA content of substantia nigra (SN) in rats in which the GABAergic afferent projections to SN had been unilaterally destroyed. In the SN largely devoid of GABAergic nerve terminals, AOAA (30 mg/kg) produced a 2-fold increase in GABA, whereas DPA (300 mg/kg) was without effect. Since DPA and AOAA both increased GABA to a similar extent in the intact SN, it appears that the GABA increase produced by DPA is associated with GABAergic nerve terminals, while AOAA primarily elevates GABA in non-nerve terminal components (neural perikarya and glial cells) which are not destroyed by our lesions.", "contents": "Dissociation between drug-induced increases in nerve terminal and non-nerve terminal pools of GABA in vivo. To examine whether increased GABA levels produced by n-dipropylacetate (DPA) and amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) are associated with nerve terminals, we compared the effect of these drugs on the GABA content of substantia nigra (SN) in rats in which the GABAergic afferent projections to SN had been unilaterally destroyed. In the SN largely devoid of GABAergic nerve terminals, AOAA (30 mg/kg) produced a 2-fold increase in GABA, whereas DPA (300 mg/kg) was without effect. Since DPA and AOAA both increased GABA to a similar extent in the intact SN, it appears that the GABA increase produced by DPA is associated with GABAergic nerve terminals, while AOAA primarily elevates GABA in non-nerve terminal components (neural perikarya and glial cells) which are not destroyed by our lesions.", "PMID": 389641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8646", "title": "Effects of cervical dislocation on colony-forming cells in murine marrow cultures.", "content": "Bone marrow obtained in a conventional manner after killing mice by cervical dislocation demonstrates increased absolute numbers of GM-CFC when compared to that from living anesthetized mice. The anesthetic agent does not account for the observed difference. Interpretation of all studies of murine marrow culture must take this observation into account, and extrapolation of the results of such studies to living human marrow should be made with care. Further studies of the mechanisms by which cervical dislocation increases the numbers of GM-CFC may help to elucidate certain mechanisms of commitment of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell.", "contents": "Effects of cervical dislocation on colony-forming cells in murine marrow cultures. Bone marrow obtained in a conventional manner after killing mice by cervical dislocation demonstrates increased absolute numbers of GM-CFC when compared to that from living anesthetized mice. The anesthetic agent does not account for the observed difference. Interpretation of all studies of murine marrow culture must take this observation into account, and extrapolation of the results of such studies to living human marrow should be made with care. Further studies of the mechanisms by which cervical dislocation increases the numbers of GM-CFC may help to elucidate certain mechanisms of commitment of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell.", "PMID": 389652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8647", "title": "Engraftment of bone marrow transplants in W anemic mice measured by electronic determination of the red blood cell size profile.", "content": "Defective stem cells of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice produce macrocytic red blood cells (RBCs); stem cells of WBB6F1-+/+ mice produce normocytic RBCs. Utilization of the Coulter counter channelyzer permitted good dissociation between the size distribution of populations of +/+ and W/Wv RBCs. Peaks (mean cell volumes) for +/+ and W/Wv RBCs have been determined to be between the 30th and 40th channel and 50th and 60th channel, respectively. Variability of profiles for individual mice of both genotypes did not exceed the variability of separate determinations of the same cell suspension from a single mouse. Admixture (approximately 15%) of either type of erythrocytes could be quantitatively detected by this method. One week after transplant of 10(7) +/+ marrow cells into W/Wv recipients, 25% of donor type erythrocytes were detected. Eighteen days post-graft, concentration of +/- normocytes exceeded the concentration of macrocytes in the W/Wv recipients' circulation. Approximately 45 days post-transplant, the proportion of macrocytes decreased below the 10% detectable level. Calculation of the daily RBC production rate during repopulation and estimation of the number of RBCs produced by a single hematopoietic colony were determined. The RBC size profile was found to be a convenient method for studying the effect of implantation of W/Wv marrow into lethally irradiated +/+ mice. This method proved suitable for repetitive determination of the size population in individual transplanted mice.", "contents": "Engraftment of bone marrow transplants in W anemic mice measured by electronic determination of the red blood cell size profile. Defective stem cells of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice produce macrocytic red blood cells (RBCs); stem cells of WBB6F1-+/+ mice produce normocytic RBCs. Utilization of the Coulter counter channelyzer permitted good dissociation between the size distribution of populations of +/+ and W/Wv RBCs. Peaks (mean cell volumes) for +/+ and W/Wv RBCs have been determined to be between the 30th and 40th channel and 50th and 60th channel, respectively. Variability of profiles for individual mice of both genotypes did not exceed the variability of separate determinations of the same cell suspension from a single mouse. Admixture (approximately 15%) of either type of erythrocytes could be quantitatively detected by this method. One week after transplant of 10(7) +/+ marrow cells into W/Wv recipients, 25% of donor type erythrocytes were detected. Eighteen days post-graft, concentration of +/- normocytes exceeded the concentration of macrocytes in the W/Wv recipients' circulation. Approximately 45 days post-transplant, the proportion of macrocytes decreased below the 10% detectable level. Calculation of the daily RBC production rate during repopulation and estimation of the number of RBCs produced by a single hematopoietic colony were determined. The RBC size profile was found to be a convenient method for studying the effect of implantation of W/Wv marrow into lethally irradiated +/+ mice. This method proved suitable for repetitive determination of the size population in individual transplanted mice.", "PMID": 389653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8648", "title": "Adverse effects of nutritional deprivation on transplanted hematopoietic cells.", "content": "We studied the effect of food deprivation on hematopoietic reconstitution of B6D2F1 mice given 900 rad total body irradiation followed by 2 x 10(5) syngeneic bone marrow cells. Animals deprived of food from the day of cell transfer to the day of sacrifice were compared to control animals allowed ad libitum laboratory chow. The body weight of food deprived mice decreased by 36% on day 7 as compared to a 9% decrease in fed controls. The mean number of nucleated cells/femur on day 7 was only 22% of that found in fed controls. The spleen weight in the experimental animals was only 48% of that in the controls. Food deprived animals showed complete suppression of macroscopic hematopoietic spleen colony formation. Both marrow and spleen from the primary recipients, when studied for content of CFU-s in secondary ad libitum fed recipients, showed that food deprived animals had less than 25% of the number seen in controls. A third group of animals receiving vitamin supplements and small amounts of dextrose, but no protein, showed hematopoietic suppression similar to that seen in the totally food deprived mice.", "contents": "Adverse effects of nutritional deprivation on transplanted hematopoietic cells. We studied the effect of food deprivation on hematopoietic reconstitution of B6D2F1 mice given 900 rad total body irradiation followed by 2 x 10(5) syngeneic bone marrow cells. Animals deprived of food from the day of cell transfer to the day of sacrifice were compared to control animals allowed ad libitum laboratory chow. The body weight of food deprived mice decreased by 36% on day 7 as compared to a 9% decrease in fed controls. The mean number of nucleated cells/femur on day 7 was only 22% of that found in fed controls. The spleen weight in the experimental animals was only 48% of that in the controls. Food deprived animals showed complete suppression of macroscopic hematopoietic spleen colony formation. Both marrow and spleen from the primary recipients, when studied for content of CFU-s in secondary ad libitum fed recipients, showed that food deprived animals had less than 25% of the number seen in controls. A third group of animals receiving vitamin supplements and small amounts of dextrose, but no protein, showed hematopoietic suppression similar to that seen in the totally food deprived mice.", "PMID": 389654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8649", "title": "Age variation in the increase of hypothalamic and brain stem contents of phenylethanolamine m-octopamine and p-octopamine in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH Kyoto).", "content": "Phenylethanolamine, m-octopamine and p-octopamine contents were determined as a function of age in the hypothalamus and brain stem of spontaneously hypertensive rats and controls Wistar Kyoto. In hypothalamus, the content of the 3 amines was 2--4-fold greater for the SH rats. In the brain stem, the phenylethanolamine and p-octopamine contents were 2--3-fold greater in SH rats but 5--6-fold higher in the case of m-octopamine. The difference appears at 3 weeks and correlates the blood pressure with the increase of age. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Age variation in the increase of hypothalamic and brain stem contents of phenylethanolamine m-octopamine and p-octopamine in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH Kyoto). Phenylethanolamine, m-octopamine and p-octopamine contents were determined as a function of age in the hypothalamus and brain stem of spontaneously hypertensive rats and controls Wistar Kyoto. In hypothalamus, the content of the 3 amines was 2--4-fold greater for the SH rats. In the brain stem, the phenylethanolamine and p-octopamine contents were 2--3-fold greater in SH rats but 5--6-fold higher in the case of m-octopamine. The difference appears at 3 weeks and correlates the blood pressure with the increase of age. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 389655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8650", "title": "Population dynamics of soil inhabiting mites in cucumber treated with granular insect growth regulators (IGRs).", "content": "In small field trials, certain granular insect growth regulators (IGRs) induced significant reduction in soil inhabiting mites of cucumber plantation at a rate as low as 0.25 kg a.i./acre. However, suborders specificity relationship could easily be detected.", "contents": "Population dynamics of soil inhabiting mites in cucumber treated with granular insect growth regulators (IGRs). In small field trials, certain granular insect growth regulators (IGRs) induced significant reduction in soil inhabiting mites of cucumber plantation at a rate as low as 0.25 kg a.i./acre. However, suborders specificity relationship could easily be detected.", "PMID": 389656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8651", "title": "The effect of BCG-vaccination on vaccinia virus infections in mice.", "content": "Pretreatment with BCG yielded a high degree of protection against experimental vaccinia virus infections in mice. Corynebacterium parvum and Aristolochia acid were less protective; other immunostimulants were ineffective.", "contents": "The effect of BCG-vaccination on vaccinia virus infections in mice. Pretreatment with BCG yielded a high degree of protection against experimental vaccinia virus infections in mice. Corynebacterium parvum and Aristolochia acid were less protective; other immunostimulants were ineffective.", "PMID": 389657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8652", "title": "Dietary immunostimulation: interaction with BCG and LPS.", "content": "The action of BCG and LPS mR595 used in conjunction with a formula-defined diet is dependent on the administration timing and resembles that of interacting adjuvants affecting different elements of the immune system.", "contents": "Dietary immunostimulation: interaction with BCG and LPS. The action of BCG and LPS mR595 used in conjunction with a formula-defined diet is dependent on the administration timing and resembles that of interacting adjuvants affecting different elements of the immune system.", "PMID": 389658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8653", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) in the neurosecretory system of the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus.", "content": "Hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) from Astacus leptodactylus can be visualized by an immunocytochemical procedure using a specific antiserum against HGH and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. HGH containing cells are localized in the most distal portion of the x-organ in the medulla terminalis. Their cell diameter is about 47 +/- 7 micrometer; the nucleus measures about 22 +/- 2 micrometer. They form a subgroup of neurosecretory cell type 1, already described for the crayfish. A large amount of this HGH material is homogeneously stored in the sinus gland. A group of fibres in the x-organ - sinus gland - tractus can be followed, due to their positive reaction with the PAP-reagent.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) in the neurosecretory system of the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) from Astacus leptodactylus can be visualized by an immunocytochemical procedure using a specific antiserum against HGH and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. HGH containing cells are localized in the most distal portion of the x-organ in the medulla terminalis. Their cell diameter is about 47 +/- 7 micrometer; the nucleus measures about 22 +/- 2 micrometer. They form a subgroup of neurosecretory cell type 1, already described for the crayfish. A large amount of this HGH material is homogeneously stored in the sinus gland. A group of fibres in the x-organ - sinus gland - tractus can be followed, due to their positive reaction with the PAP-reagent.", "PMID": 389659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8654", "title": "A reanalysis of the structure-activity relationships of sulfonamide derivatives.", "content": "A reanalysis of correspondence between electronic distribution of sulfonamides and their antibacterial activity is proposed. Correlation equations show that the rate limiting steps for sulfonamide action on E. coli cell-free system and whole cell system have similar dependence on the negative logarithm of the ionization constant. The existence of a \"bilinear relationship\" demonstrates that the whole class of compounds has a single mechanism of action and that permeability factors are unimportant in both biological processes.", "contents": "A reanalysis of the structure-activity relationships of sulfonamide derivatives. A reanalysis of correspondence between electronic distribution of sulfonamides and their antibacterial activity is proposed. Correlation equations show that the rate limiting steps for sulfonamide action on E. coli cell-free system and whole cell system have similar dependence on the negative logarithm of the ionization constant. The existence of a \"bilinear relationship\" demonstrates that the whole class of compounds has a single mechanism of action and that permeability factors are unimportant in both biological processes.", "PMID": 389660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8655", "title": "The bromination of 6-methyl-4-methoxy-2H-thiopyran-2-one.", "content": "The bromination of 6-methyl-4-methoxy-2H-thiopyran-2-one was studied under ionic and radical conditions. The 6-bromomethyl, respectively 6-dibromomethyl derivatives were hydrolyzed to the corresponding 6-hydroxymethyl and 6-formyl derivatives. The antibacterial and antimycotic activities of the new compounds were tested.", "contents": "The bromination of 6-methyl-4-methoxy-2H-thiopyran-2-one. The bromination of 6-methyl-4-methoxy-2H-thiopyran-2-one was studied under ionic and radical conditions. The 6-bromomethyl, respectively 6-dibromomethyl derivatives were hydrolyzed to the corresponding 6-hydroxymethyl and 6-formyl derivatives. The antibacterial and antimycotic activities of the new compounds were tested.", "PMID": 389661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8656", "title": "Current status of hysteroscopy in gynecologic practice.", "content": "During the past century hysteroscopy has developed into a highly sophisticated and effective technique with increasing applicability. Hysteroscopic instruments have been refined with fiberoptics, allowing light to be introduced into the uterine cavity with high intensity but without danger of thermal injury. Safe methods for uterine distention provide an undistorted panoramic view of the uterine cavity. As a diagnostic technique, hysteroscopy affords accuracy in detecting intrauterine conditions which may not be revealed by traditional methods of exploration. As an operative technique, hysteroscopy increases the precision of surgery and minimizes trauma to the endometrial lining, and may, on some occasions, preclude major surgical intervention. In addition, hysterscopy is potentially useful for female sterilization and offers promise as an investigative tool for studies of the intratubal milieu.", "contents": "Current status of hysteroscopy in gynecologic practice. During the past century hysteroscopy has developed into a highly sophisticated and effective technique with increasing applicability. Hysteroscopic instruments have been refined with fiberoptics, allowing light to be introduced into the uterine cavity with high intensity but without danger of thermal injury. Safe methods for uterine distention provide an undistorted panoramic view of the uterine cavity. As a diagnostic technique, hysteroscopy affords accuracy in detecting intrauterine conditions which may not be revealed by traditional methods of exploration. As an operative technique, hysteroscopy increases the precision of surgery and minimizes trauma to the endometrial lining, and may, on some occasions, preclude major surgical intervention. In addition, hysterscopy is potentially useful for female sterilization and offers promise as an investigative tool for studies of the intratubal milieu.", "PMID": 389675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8657", "title": "Luteolytic effect of intranasal administration of [D-Ser(TBU)6,DES-Gly-NH2(10)]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in normal women.", "content": "Intranasal administration of two doses of potent agonist of luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH), [D-Ser(TBU)6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]LHRH ethylamide (500 micrograms), a 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. on 1 day between day 4 and 9 following the LH peak in six normal women during two consecutive menstrual cycles shortened the luteal phase from 13.6 +/- 0.3 days to 10.9 +/- 0.3 days (mean shortening, 2.7 days; range, 0.5 to 4.5 days) and reduced plasma progesterone levels to 61.3% +/- 9.2% of control. Hormone changes were followed by daily measurements of plasma LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, 17 beta-estradiol, and progesterone during two pretreatment cycles, two treatment cycles, and two post-treatment cycles. No side effect was observed, and apparently normal cycles occurred immediately after treatment. The present data indicate that the intranasal administration of a potent LHRH agonistic analog can induce luteolysis and control time of occurrence of menses in normal women. This finding opens the possibility of a new and physiologic approach to fertility control.", "contents": "Luteolytic effect of intranasal administration of [D-Ser(TBU)6,DES-Gly-NH2(10)]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in normal women. Intranasal administration of two doses of potent agonist of luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH), [D-Ser(TBU)6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]LHRH ethylamide (500 micrograms), a 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. on 1 day between day 4 and 9 following the LH peak in six normal women during two consecutive menstrual cycles shortened the luteal phase from 13.6 +/- 0.3 days to 10.9 +/- 0.3 days (mean shortening, 2.7 days; range, 0.5 to 4.5 days) and reduced plasma progesterone levels to 61.3% +/- 9.2% of control. Hormone changes were followed by daily measurements of plasma LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, 17 beta-estradiol, and progesterone during two pretreatment cycles, two treatment cycles, and two post-treatment cycles. No side effect was observed, and apparently normal cycles occurred immediately after treatment. The present data indicate that the intranasal administration of a potent LHRH agonistic analog can induce luteolysis and control time of occurrence of menses in normal women. This finding opens the possibility of a new and physiologic approach to fertility control.", "PMID": 389676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8658", "title": "Reanastomosis of the previously ligated fallopian tube.", "content": "Tubal sterilization procedures are being performed on young women in increasing numbers. For a variety of reasons a small but significant number of women are requesting reversal of the tubal interruption. This report presents a series of 20 consecutive patients on whom tuabl reanastomoses of previously noncoagulated, surgically ligated fallopian tubes were performed. An intraluminal tubal suture technique is described. Low magnification (X2 to X4) was used. The comparative results of the patients operated upon revealed a tubal pregnancy rate of 80%, a total pregnancy rate of 70%, a viable pregnancy rate of 55%, three abortions, and one ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Reanastomosis of the previously ligated fallopian tube. Tubal sterilization procedures are being performed on young women in increasing numbers. For a variety of reasons a small but significant number of women are requesting reversal of the tubal interruption. This report presents a series of 20 consecutive patients on whom tuabl reanastomoses of previously noncoagulated, surgically ligated fallopian tubes were performed. An intraluminal tubal suture technique is described. Low magnification (X2 to X4) was used. The comparative results of the patients operated upon revealed a tubal pregnancy rate of 80%, a total pregnancy rate of 70%, a viable pregnancy rate of 55%, three abortions, and one ectopic pregnancy.", "PMID": 389677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8659", "title": "Prospective studies of the gonadotropin responses to graded injections of gonadotopin-releasing factor in women using a low-estrogen type oral contraceptive for three months.", "content": "A prospective study of pituitary gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) was made in women before and after 3 months of use of a low-estrogen type oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg of ethinylestradiol and 0.4 mg of norethindrone. A series of three intravenous GnRF injections (0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 micrograms) was given in each test and 10 blood samples were obtained and analyzed for their luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content by radioimmunoassay. The results show that there was no significant effect of the contraceptive steroids on either basal or stimulatable FSH or LH levels. These data are different from those for higher-estrogen types of oral contraceptives, and the possible clinical importance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Prospective studies of the gonadotropin responses to graded injections of gonadotopin-releasing factor in women using a low-estrogen type oral contraceptive for three months. A prospective study of pituitary gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) was made in women before and after 3 months of use of a low-estrogen type oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg of ethinylestradiol and 0.4 mg of norethindrone. A series of three intravenous GnRF injections (0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 micrograms) was given in each test and 10 blood samples were obtained and analyzed for their luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content by radioimmunoassay. The results show that there was no significant effect of the contraceptive steroids on either basal or stimulatable FSH or LH levels. These data are different from those for higher-estrogen types of oral contraceptives, and the possible clinical importance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 389678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8660", "title": "The role of acrosin in sperm penetration through human cervical mucus.", "content": "Enzymes have been implicated in facilitating cervical mucus penetration by spermatozoa. One of these enzymes in the neutral proteinase acrosin, which is associated with the sperm acrosome. To determine the validity of this hypothesis, human spermatozoa were incubated with the following acrosin inhibitors: p-aminobenzamidine (AB), N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), and p-nitropheyl-p'-guanidino benzoate (NPGB). An in vitro slide test system was developed which allowed inhibitor-treated and control spermatozoa to be evaluated against the same human cervical mucus sample. At inhibitor concentrations far exceeding those necessary for the inhibition of human acrosin, there was no effect on spermatozoal penetration into or through the mucus. These findings indicate that, in man, acrosin activity is neither necessary nor facilitory to sperm penetration of cervical mucus. Evidence is also presented that demonstrates the superiority of the newly developed double-interface slide test, especially for comparative purposes, over the tests currently in use.", "contents": "The role of acrosin in sperm penetration through human cervical mucus. Enzymes have been implicated in facilitating cervical mucus penetration by spermatozoa. One of these enzymes in the neutral proteinase acrosin, which is associated with the sperm acrosome. To determine the validity of this hypothesis, human spermatozoa were incubated with the following acrosin inhibitors: p-aminobenzamidine (AB), N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), and p-nitropheyl-p'-guanidino benzoate (NPGB). An in vitro slide test system was developed which allowed inhibitor-treated and control spermatozoa to be evaluated against the same human cervical mucus sample. At inhibitor concentrations far exceeding those necessary for the inhibition of human acrosin, there was no effect on spermatozoal penetration into or through the mucus. These findings indicate that, in man, acrosin activity is neither necessary nor facilitory to sperm penetration of cervical mucus. Evidence is also presented that demonstrates the superiority of the newly developed double-interface slide test, especially for comparative purposes, over the tests currently in use.", "PMID": 389679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8661", "title": "[Compositional integration of nervous processes in mechanisms of adaptive autoregulation of functions and detection of ecologically significant stimuli].", "content": "The latest data on regulatory mechanisms based on synchronization principle elucidate the selective responses of cellular systems to ecologically adequate stimuli, and the mechanisms of formation of the stable neurodynamic changes in separate cerebral structures. The elementary mechanism consists in facilitation of excitatory and inhibitory processes, which respectively increases or suppresses the current level of the brain functional activity. A more complex mechanism of the adaptive plasticity relies on associations involving motivational structures into the biorhythm control. The functional interaction among the cortex and subcortical structures increases at that, the cyclic pattern and the spatial-temporal composition of intracentral interrelationships alters, as well as the correlation between the central and the peripheral functions.", "contents": "[Compositional integration of nervous processes in mechanisms of adaptive autoregulation of functions and detection of ecologically significant stimuli]. The latest data on regulatory mechanisms based on synchronization principle elucidate the selective responses of cellular systems to ecologically adequate stimuli, and the mechanisms of formation of the stable neurodynamic changes in separate cerebral structures. The elementary mechanism consists in facilitation of excitatory and inhibitory processes, which respectively increases or suppresses the current level of the brain functional activity. A more complex mechanism of the adaptive plasticity relies on associations involving motivational structures into the biorhythm control. The functional interaction among the cortex and subcortical structures increases at that, the cyclic pattern and the spatial-temporal composition of intracentral interrelationships alters, as well as the correlation between the central and the peripheral functions.", "PMID": 389682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8662", "title": "Quantitative aspects of marriage, fertility and family limitation in nineteenth century America: another application of the Coale specifications.", "content": "This paper deals with three aspects of the decline in the fertility of white women in the United States from 1800 to 1920. The first concerns the portion of the secular decline in the total fertility rate which was due to changes in marriage rates and the portion due to decreases in marital fertility rates. The second concerns the fraction of couples in the nineteenth century who acted effectively to reduce their fertility and the third deals with the importance of abortion as a family-limiting practice among white couples in the nineteenth century.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of marriage, fertility and family limitation in nineteenth century America: another application of the Coale specifications. This paper deals with three aspects of the decline in the fertility of white women in the United States from 1800 to 1920. The first concerns the portion of the secular decline in the total fertility rate which was due to changes in marriage rates and the portion due to decreases in marital fertility rates. The second concerns the fraction of couples in the nineteenth century who acted effectively to reduce their fertility and the third deals with the importance of abortion as a family-limiting practice among white couples in the nineteenth century.", "PMID": 389684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8663", "title": "Factors from fibroblasts promote pancreatic islet B cell survival in tissue culture.", "content": "A possible role for fibroblasts in promoting the survival and function of islet B cells in tissue culture was examined by the addition of fibroblasts from a mouse embryo cell line (3T3-L2) to islet cell monolayer cultures prepared from newborn rat pancreases. Co-culture of islet cells with fibroblasts significantly increased the recovery of insulin in medium and cells after 7 days of culture in medium supplemented with 10% serum, and prevented the deterioration of islet cells cultured in serum-free medium. Similarly- serum-free medium, conditioned by cultures of either 3T3-L2 fibroblasts or fibroblasts freshly isolated from newborn rat pancreases, maintained the release and content of insulin in islet cell monolayer cultures at levels four- to eightfold higher than in control serum-free medium. Serum-free, fibroblast-conditioned medium also enhanced the survival of intact islets maintained in free-floating culture for 28 days. The active factor(s) in fibroblast-conditioned medium has a high molecular weight and is heat-stable. We conclude that fibroblastic cells produce a macromolecular factor(s) capable of enhancing the survival of functional islet B cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "Factors from fibroblasts promote pancreatic islet B cell survival in tissue culture. A possible role for fibroblasts in promoting the survival and function of islet B cells in tissue culture was examined by the addition of fibroblasts from a mouse embryo cell line (3T3-L2) to islet cell monolayer cultures prepared from newborn rat pancreases. Co-culture of islet cells with fibroblasts significantly increased the recovery of insulin in medium and cells after 7 days of culture in medium supplemented with 10% serum, and prevented the deterioration of islet cells cultured in serum-free medium. Similarly- serum-free medium, conditioned by cultures of either 3T3-L2 fibroblasts or fibroblasts freshly isolated from newborn rat pancreases, maintained the release and content of insulin in islet cell monolayer cultures at levels four- to eightfold higher than in control serum-free medium. Serum-free, fibroblast-conditioned medium also enhanced the survival of intact islets maintained in free-floating culture for 28 days. The active factor(s) in fibroblast-conditioned medium has a high molecular weight and is heat-stable. We conclude that fibroblastic cells produce a macromolecular factor(s) capable of enhancing the survival of functional islet B cells in tissue culture.", "PMID": 389715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8664", "title": "Adolescents and young people with spina bifida.", "content": "This study investigated how young people with myelomeningocele see their situation, and defines some of their problems. 35 adolescents and young people with this condition were interviewed. The evidence suggests that the over-all problems of these young people are common to many with congenital physical disabilities, but neurogenic bowel and bladder are additional complications not often experienced by others with orthopaedic disabilities. Those with ileal conduits frequently reported both social embarrassment and management difficulties, but bowel incontinence was rarely a dominant problem. The findings indicate that the young person's ability to cope with physical and emotional situations is ultimately not determined by the severity of the disability, but is a product of all the environmental support systems that have been available to him since birth.", "contents": "Adolescents and young people with spina bifida. This study investigated how young people with myelomeningocele see their situation, and defines some of their problems. 35 adolescents and young people with this condition were interviewed. The evidence suggests that the over-all problems of these young people are common to many with congenital physical disabilities, but neurogenic bowel and bladder are additional complications not often experienced by others with orthopaedic disabilities. Those with ileal conduits frequently reported both social embarrassment and management difficulties, but bowel incontinence was rarely a dominant problem. The findings indicate that the young person's ability to cope with physical and emotional situations is ultimately not determined by the severity of the disability, but is a product of all the environmental support systems that have been available to him since birth.", "PMID": 389716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8665", "title": "Pathogenetic and preventive aspects of non-progressive ataxic syndromes.", "content": "The article reviews the collected knowledge concerning the non-progressive syndromes of ataxic cerebral palsy. Three syndromes are described: (1) simple ataxia (signs of dyssynergia); (2) ataxic diplegia (ataxia with added diplegic spasticity); and (3) dysequilibrium syndrome (defective postural control and equilibrium). The probable aetiological factors in each syndrome are discussed. In simple ataxia prenatal factors dominate; a high proportion of cases have an untraceable aetiology. Genetic factors play a large r\u00f4le, and birthweight is usually normal. With ataxic diplegia the aetiology is again most commonly prenatal, but the proportion of cases with an untraceable aetiology is low. Fetal deprivation of supply and perinatal factors, either isolated or in combination, are important. Low birthweight is frequently found. Genetic aetiological factors are the rule in the dysequilibrium syndrome. Possible preventive measures are discussed on the basis of the aetiological pattern. It is concluded that the possibilities of prevention are greatest in ataxic diplegia.", "contents": "Pathogenetic and preventive aspects of non-progressive ataxic syndromes. The article reviews the collected knowledge concerning the non-progressive syndromes of ataxic cerebral palsy. Three syndromes are described: (1) simple ataxia (signs of dyssynergia); (2) ataxic diplegia (ataxia with added diplegic spasticity); and (3) dysequilibrium syndrome (defective postural control and equilibrium). The probable aetiological factors in each syndrome are discussed. In simple ataxia prenatal factors dominate; a high proportion of cases have an untraceable aetiology. Genetic factors play a large r\u00f4le, and birthweight is usually normal. With ataxic diplegia the aetiology is again most commonly prenatal, but the proportion of cases with an untraceable aetiology is low. Fetal deprivation of supply and perinatal factors, either isolated or in combination, are important. Low birthweight is frequently found. Genetic aetiological factors are the rule in the dysequilibrium syndrome. Possible preventive measures are discussed on the basis of the aetiological pattern. It is concluded that the possibilities of prevention are greatest in ataxic diplegia.", "PMID": 389719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8666", "title": "Islet cell antibodies and diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians.", "content": "Pancreatic islet cell antibodies and 12 other autoantibodies were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis in 46 Pima Indians, aged 17--47 years, and in 46 age-sex matched non-diabetic controls. Islet cell antibodies were found in only two diabetics, aged 20 and 25, compared with none of 46 controls. Neither of the subjects with islet cell antibodies had other autoantibodies. At least one type of autoantibody was found in 14 (30%) of the diabetics and in 14 controls, but none was significantly associated with diabetes. This study indicates that diabetes in the Pima Indians, even those with an onset below 25 years of age, is almost entirely of type II, in that the disease is not associated with islet cell antibodies, ketoacidosis, or insulin dependence.", "contents": "Islet cell antibodies and diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Pancreatic islet cell antibodies and 12 other autoantibodies were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis in 46 Pima Indians, aged 17--47 years, and in 46 age-sex matched non-diabetic controls. Islet cell antibodies were found in only two diabetics, aged 20 and 25, compared with none of 46 controls. Neither of the subjects with islet cell antibodies had other autoantibodies. At least one type of autoantibody was found in 14 (30%) of the diabetics and in 14 controls, but none was significantly associated with diabetes. This study indicates that diabetes in the Pima Indians, even those with an onset below 25 years of age, is almost entirely of type II, in that the disease is not associated with islet cell antibodies, ketoacidosis, or insulin dependence.", "PMID": 389722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8667", "title": "Beta-cell recognition of stereoisomers of D-glucose.", "content": "The ability of all eight D-aldohexose steroisomers to stimulate insulin release and biosynthesis was compared with their ability to serve as a metabolic substrate for isolated islets of Langerhans as judged by formation of lactate. Insulin release and synthesis were stimulated by glucose or mannose but not by allose, altrose, gulose, idose, galactose or talose. No potentiary effects of allose, altrose, gulose, idose, or talose were found on insulin release in the presence of 4 mmol/l glucose nor did these sugars inhibit insulin release in the presence of 20 mmol/l glucose. Lactate formation was increased above values found in the absence of added substrate by 20 mmol/l D-glucose or mannose, but not by allose, altrose, gulose, galactose or talose. The results support the substrate-site hypothesis for the recognition of sugars as stimuli of insulin release and synthesis.", "contents": "Beta-cell recognition of stereoisomers of D-glucose. The ability of all eight D-aldohexose steroisomers to stimulate insulin release and biosynthesis was compared with their ability to serve as a metabolic substrate for isolated islets of Langerhans as judged by formation of lactate. Insulin release and synthesis were stimulated by glucose or mannose but not by allose, altrose, gulose, idose, galactose or talose. No potentiary effects of allose, altrose, gulose, idose, or talose were found on insulin release in the presence of 4 mmol/l glucose nor did these sugars inhibit insulin release in the presence of 20 mmol/l glucose. Lactate formation was increased above values found in the absence of added substrate by 20 mmol/l D-glucose or mannose, but not by allose, altrose, gulose, galactose or talose. The results support the substrate-site hypothesis for the recognition of sugars as stimuli of insulin release and synthesis.", "PMID": 389723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8668", "title": "Properties of interferon induced by purified protein derivative of tuberculin in mice sensitized with BCG or cell-wall skeleton of BCG.", "content": "Mice sensitized with either BCG or cell-wall skeleton of BCG (BCG-CWS) produced interferon in blood after stimulation with specific antigen, purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Both BCG-infected normal (C57BL/6) and thymic nude (BALB/c, nu/nu) mice showed enhanced activity to produce interferon by stimulation with E. coli endotoxin. However, detectable interferon was not produced in athymic nude mice sensitized with BCG or BCG-CWS by stimulation with PPD. Immune-induced interferon (I-IF) produced by BCG-CWS and PPD in mice was different in biological and physicochemical properties from virus-induced interferon. I-IF showed about 100 times more potent L-cell growth inhibitory activity than virus-induced L-cell interferon (L-IF). Both I-IF and L-IF showed macrophage-activating activity, which renders resting macrphages cytotoxic to L1210 leukemia cells. Antiviral and macrophage-activating activity of interferon preparation was not separated physicochemically in this study.", "contents": "Properties of interferon induced by purified protein derivative of tuberculin in mice sensitized with BCG or cell-wall skeleton of BCG. Mice sensitized with either BCG or cell-wall skeleton of BCG (BCG-CWS) produced interferon in blood after stimulation with specific antigen, purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Both BCG-infected normal (C57BL/6) and thymic nude (BALB/c, nu/nu) mice showed enhanced activity to produce interferon by stimulation with E. coli endotoxin. However, detectable interferon was not produced in athymic nude mice sensitized with BCG or BCG-CWS by stimulation with PPD. Immune-induced interferon (I-IF) produced by BCG-CWS and PPD in mice was different in biological and physicochemical properties from virus-induced interferon. I-IF showed about 100 times more potent L-cell growth inhibitory activity than virus-induced L-cell interferon (L-IF). Both I-IF and L-IF showed macrophage-activating activity, which renders resting macrphages cytotoxic to L1210 leukemia cells. Antiviral and macrophage-activating activity of interferon preparation was not separated physicochemically in this study.", "PMID": 389726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8669", "title": "Cytolytic action of 60-F derived from live hemolytic streptococci against Ehrlich carcinoma cells.", "content": "The effect of 60-F, a fraction obtained by 0.5 approximately 0.6 saturation of ammonium sulfate of streptomycin-pretreated cell-free extract from live hemolytic streptococci (avirulent Su strain), on release of 51Cr from the 51Cr-labeled Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was studied with following results: a) 60-F was found to be highly effective in releasing 51Cr from 51Cr-labeled Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. b) Additionally, destructive picutres of the tumor cells contacted with 60-F in vitro was observed by phase-contrast microscopic examination. c) Indication was that the 51Cr-releasing assay method is also useful for the study of the direct cytolytic effect of 60-F.", "contents": "Cytolytic action of 60-F derived from live hemolytic streptococci against Ehrlich carcinoma cells. The effect of 60-F, a fraction obtained by 0.5 approximately 0.6 saturation of ammonium sulfate of streptomycin-pretreated cell-free extract from live hemolytic streptococci (avirulent Su strain), on release of 51Cr from the 51Cr-labeled Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was studied with following results: a) 60-F was found to be highly effective in releasing 51Cr from 51Cr-labeled Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. b) Additionally, destructive picutres of the tumor cells contacted with 60-F in vitro was observed by phase-contrast microscopic examination. c) Indication was that the 51Cr-releasing assay method is also useful for the study of the direct cytolytic effect of 60-F.", "PMID": 389727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8670", "title": "[Chloroplast DNA cloning in Escherichia coli. II. The properties of the recombinant plasmids bearing the EcoRI fragments of pea chloroplast DNA and the cloning of the DNA sequences with rRNA genes].", "content": "Previously a method of selection of colicine-defective recombinant plasmids by mitomycin C was described. A series of recombinant plasmids (CPS) with various EcoRI-fragments of pea chloroplast DNA has been obtained. This paper describes some properties of cloned fragments replicated in Escherichia coli. The alkali stability of recombinant plasmid DNAs has been demonstrated, indicating the absence of ribonucleotides in their structure. Heterogeneity of chloroplast DNA in nucleotide composition was demonstrated using ultracentrifugation analysis of CPS-plasmid DNAs in CsCl-actinomycin D density gradient. Pea chloroplast rDNA was cloned in recombinant plasmids.", "contents": "[Chloroplast DNA cloning in Escherichia coli. II. The properties of the recombinant plasmids bearing the EcoRI fragments of pea chloroplast DNA and the cloning of the DNA sequences with rRNA genes]. Previously a method of selection of colicine-defective recombinant plasmids by mitomycin C was described. A series of recombinant plasmids (CPS) with various EcoRI-fragments of pea chloroplast DNA has been obtained. This paper describes some properties of cloned fragments replicated in Escherichia coli. The alkali stability of recombinant plasmid DNAs has been demonstrated, indicating the absence of ribonucleotides in their structure. Heterogeneity of chloroplast DNA in nucleotide composition was demonstrated using ultracentrifugation analysis of CPS-plasmid DNAs in CsCl-actinomycin D density gradient. Pea chloroplast rDNA was cloned in recombinant plasmids.", "PMID": 389733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8671", "title": "[Genetic effects of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. I. The influence of radiosensitivity mutations on lethal and recombinogenic effects].", "content": "Effect of mutations rad2 and rad54 in homozygous state on survival, mitotic segregation and crossing-over induced by NMU in yeast was studied. Mutation rad2 did not influence on these effects of NMU. The mutation rad54 increased sensitivity to the lethal effect, the frequencies of NMU-induced segregation and crossing-over were decreased in the strain rad54 rad54. The recombinogenic effect of NMU on yeast was lower than under the action of UV and gamma rays.", "contents": "[Genetic effects of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. I. The influence of radiosensitivity mutations on lethal and recombinogenic effects]. Effect of mutations rad2 and rad54 in homozygous state on survival, mitotic segregation and crossing-over induced by NMU in yeast was studied. Mutation rad2 did not influence on these effects of NMU. The mutation rad54 increased sensitivity to the lethal effect, the frequencies of NMU-induced segregation and crossing-over were decreased in the strain rad54 rad54. The recombinogenic effect of NMU on yeast was lower than under the action of UV and gamma rays.", "PMID": 389734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8672", "title": "[Nature of the compatible inheritance of hybrid plasmid pAS8 and its deletion mutants with replicon ColE1].", "content": "Hybrid plasmid pAS8, that consists of RP4 and ColE1 replicons, is incompatible with RP4 but co-exists with ColE1 replicon. The deletion mutants of pAS8, that replicates under the control of ColE1 replicon only, are incompatible with ColE1 derivatives, although the copy number of pAS8 and its deletion mutants in the cell is the same (1-3 per the chromosome). Incompatibility effect of plasmids is expressed in a sharp decrease in transformant's yield during selection of incoming and resident plasmids markers. In this case incompatibility is a very fast process, that leads to the elimination of resident or incoming plasmid just before plating on the selective medium. On the base of negative control theory, the repressors yield, synthesized in the presence of 1-3 copies of the deletion mutant is enough for the expression of ColE1-specific incompatibility. This ColE1 incompatibility is probably connected with the functional activity of ColE1 replicon. When ColE1 factor replicates under the control of RP4 replicon the expression of ColE1-specific incompatibility does not occur. Possibly, the incompatibility effect takes place when pAS8 deletion mutants cause the synthesis of ColE1-specific repressor. Also, the replicons of ColE1 may competein the membrane attachment site.", "contents": "[Nature of the compatible inheritance of hybrid plasmid pAS8 and its deletion mutants with replicon ColE1]. Hybrid plasmid pAS8, that consists of RP4 and ColE1 replicons, is incompatible with RP4 but co-exists with ColE1 replicon. The deletion mutants of pAS8, that replicates under the control of ColE1 replicon only, are incompatible with ColE1 derivatives, although the copy number of pAS8 and its deletion mutants in the cell is the same (1-3 per the chromosome). Incompatibility effect of plasmids is expressed in a sharp decrease in transformant's yield during selection of incoming and resident plasmids markers. In this case incompatibility is a very fast process, that leads to the elimination of resident or incoming plasmid just before plating on the selective medium. On the base of negative control theory, the repressors yield, synthesized in the presence of 1-3 copies of the deletion mutant is enough for the expression of ColE1-specific incompatibility. This ColE1 incompatibility is probably connected with the functional activity of ColE1 replicon. When ColE1 factor replicates under the control of RP4 replicon the expression of ColE1-specific incompatibility does not occur. Possibly, the incompatibility effect takes place when pAS8 deletion mutants cause the synthesis of ColE1-specific repressor. Also, the replicons of ColE1 may competein the membrane attachment site.", "PMID": 389735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8673", "title": "[Expression of eukaryotic genes in Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "The paper presents a survey of literature concerned with the possibility of expression of plasmid-clones genes from eukaryotic organisms in bacteria cells. Studies on bacterial synthesis of somatostatin, human insulin, hormone of rat growth and proteins: chicken ovalbumin and mouse dihydrofolate reductase are discussed.", "contents": "[Expression of eukaryotic genes in Escherichia coli cells]. The paper presents a survey of literature concerned with the possibility of expression of plasmid-clones genes from eukaryotic organisms in bacteria cells. Studies on bacterial synthesis of somatostatin, human insulin, hormone of rat growth and proteins: chicken ovalbumin and mouse dihydrofolate reductase are discussed.", "PMID": 389736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8674", "title": "[Mechanism of plasmid ColEl and pMB-9 mobilization by plasmid F'lac+ in Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "The genetic control and mechanism of mobilization of the non-conjugative plasmids ColE1 and pMB-9 by the conjugative plasmids was orived to be recA-independent process in contrast to the mobilization of the chromosomal marker pro. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide curing data together with the results of electrophoretic analysis of plasmid DNA suggest that the plasmids F' lac+ and pMB-9 as well as F' lac+ and ColE1 remain autonomous after their contransfer to recipient cells. These data argue in favour of non-recombinational nature of the plasmid mobilization process. The possibility of transmission of a non-conjugative plasmid without transmission of a conjugative one from the donor strain carrying both plasmids was established. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the hypothesis on the effect of diffusible products encoded by the conjugative plasmid and required of the mobilization of the non-conjugative plasmid.", "contents": "[Mechanism of plasmid ColEl and pMB-9 mobilization by plasmid F'lac+ in Escherichia coli K-12]. The genetic control and mechanism of mobilization of the non-conjugative plasmids ColE1 and pMB-9 by the conjugative plasmids was orived to be recA-independent process in contrast to the mobilization of the chromosomal marker pro. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide curing data together with the results of electrophoretic analysis of plasmid DNA suggest that the plasmids F' lac+ and pMB-9 as well as F' lac+ and ColE1 remain autonomous after their contransfer to recipient cells. These data argue in favour of non-recombinational nature of the plasmid mobilization process. The possibility of transmission of a non-conjugative plasmid without transmission of a conjugative one from the donor strain carrying both plasmids was established. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the hypothesis on the effect of diffusible products encoded by the conjugative plasmid and required of the mobilization of the non-conjugative plasmid.", "PMID": 389737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8675", "title": "[Dependence of the viability and mutability of Escherichia coli K-12 cells on the balance of DNA and protein syntheses. II. The effect of disturbance in the balance of DNA and protein syntheses on the cellular mutability and viability of rec+ and rec- strains treated with nalidixic acid].", "content": "The changes in the survival and mutagenesis of rec+ and rec- Escherichia coli K-12 strains, treated with the selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis, nalidixic acid, are found to be due to the processes of the stabilization and repair of the metabolic gaps in DNA chains, which depend on the balance of DNA and protein synthesis. The various character is observed of the relation between the survival and the mutagenesis and the balance of DNA and protein syntheses in cells which are valuable (rec+) and defective (rec-) for the processes of DNA repair.", "contents": "[Dependence of the viability and mutability of Escherichia coli K-12 cells on the balance of DNA and protein syntheses. II. The effect of disturbance in the balance of DNA and protein syntheses on the cellular mutability and viability of rec+ and rec- strains treated with nalidixic acid]. The changes in the survival and mutagenesis of rec+ and rec- Escherichia coli K-12 strains, treated with the selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis, nalidixic acid, are found to be due to the processes of the stabilization and repair of the metabolic gaps in DNA chains, which depend on the balance of DNA and protein synthesis. The various character is observed of the relation between the survival and the mutagenesis and the balance of DNA and protein syntheses in cells which are valuable (rec+) and defective (rec-) for the processes of DNA repair.", "PMID": 389738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8676", "title": "Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of plasmid pBR313 carrying DNA from the yeast trpl region.", "content": "Plasmid pBR313 carrying a 1.4 kb EcoRI fragment from the yeast TRP1 region (designated pLC544) is capable of transforming yeast trp1 mutants to Trp+ at high frequency (10(3)--10(4) transformants/micrograms DNA). Transformation can be achieved either by using purified plasmid DNA or by fusion of yeast spheroplasts with partially lysed Escherichia coli [pLC544] protoplast preparations. The Trp+ yeast transformants are highly unstable, segregating Trp- cells at frequencies of 0.18 per cell per generation (haploids) and 0.056 per cell per generation (diploids) in media containing tryptophan. Plasmid pLC544 replicates autonomously in the nucleus of yeast cells and segregation of Trp-cells is associated with the complete loss of plasmid sequences. In genetic crosses, pLC544 is randomly assorted during meiosis and is carried unchanged through the mating process into haploid recombinants.", "contents": "Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of plasmid pBR313 carrying DNA from the yeast trpl region. Plasmid pBR313 carrying a 1.4 kb EcoRI fragment from the yeast TRP1 region (designated pLC544) is capable of transforming yeast trp1 mutants to Trp+ at high frequency (10(3)--10(4) transformants/micrograms DNA). Transformation can be achieved either by using purified plasmid DNA or by fusion of yeast spheroplasts with partially lysed Escherichia coli [pLC544] protoplast preparations. The Trp+ yeast transformants are highly unstable, segregating Trp- cells at frequencies of 0.18 per cell per generation (haploids) and 0.056 per cell per generation (diploids) in media containing tryptophan. Plasmid pLC544 replicates autonomously in the nucleus of yeast cells and segregation of Trp-cells is associated with the complete loss of plasmid sequences. In genetic crosses, pLC544 is randomly assorted during meiosis and is carried unchanged through the mating process into haploid recombinants.", "PMID": 389741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8677", "title": "Growth of Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsylvanicus in captivity.", "content": "Growth of Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsylvanicus from southern Manitoba was documented from birth to 30 days. Clethrionomys gapperi were smaller and grew more slowly (g/day) than M. pennsylvanicus, although both species were weaned at the same age. There were significant differences in growth rates between sexes in M. pennsylvanicus and among litter sizes in both species. Most of the variability in growth was due to differences among litters. The patterns of development was similar to those reported for other North American species of Clethrionomys and Microtus.", "contents": "Growth of Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsylvanicus in captivity. Growth of Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsylvanicus from southern Manitoba was documented from birth to 30 days. Clethrionomys gapperi were smaller and grew more slowly (g/day) than M. pennsylvanicus, although both species were weaned at the same age. There were significant differences in growth rates between sexes in M. pennsylvanicus and among litter sizes in both species. Most of the variability in growth was due to differences among litters. The patterns of development was similar to those reported for other North American species of Clethrionomys and Microtus.", "PMID": 389747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8678", "title": "Surface properties of cultured endothelial cells.", "content": "Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are non-thrombogenic. The basis for this property is still essentially unknown. This paper summarizes our previous studies on EC associated glycosaminoglycans and on the specific binding of heparin to EC and describes the preventive effect of heparin sulphate (HS) on platelet adhesion to collagen; attempts to affect the binding of platelets to EC by specific removal of endogenous HS were, however, unsuccessful. The possible importance of EC surface HS for interactions with coagulation factors is discussed.", "contents": "Surface properties of cultured endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are non-thrombogenic. The basis for this property is still essentially unknown. This paper summarizes our previous studies on EC associated glycosaminoglycans and on the specific binding of heparin to EC and describes the preventive effect of heparin sulphate (HS) on platelet adhesion to collagen; attempts to affect the binding of platelets to EC by specific removal of endogenous HS were, however, unsuccessful. The possible importance of EC surface HS for interactions with coagulation factors is discussed.", "PMID": 389754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8679", "title": "Platelet-reactivity of isolated constituents of the blood vessel wall.", "content": "Collagens I and III, in fibrillar form, bound platelets equally well; both readily induced platelet aggregation. In contrast, collagens IV and V, although pretreated as collagens I and III to induce fibrillogenesis, failed to produce aggregation. No binding of platelets was detected. Lens capsule, containing collagen type IV in situ, was also inactive. Inactivity appears due to the lack of an appropriate quaternary structure since segment-long-spacing (SLS) aggregates of collagens IV and V, as of type I, induced aggregation. Elastin and its associated microfibrillar element did not aggregate platelets; some binding of platelets to elastin only was observed.", "contents": "Platelet-reactivity of isolated constituents of the blood vessel wall. Collagens I and III, in fibrillar form, bound platelets equally well; both readily induced platelet aggregation. In contrast, collagens IV and V, although pretreated as collagens I and III to induce fibrillogenesis, failed to produce aggregation. No binding of platelets was detected. Lens capsule, containing collagen type IV in situ, was also inactive. Inactivity appears due to the lack of an appropriate quaternary structure since segment-long-spacing (SLS) aggregates of collagens IV and V, as of type I, induced aggregation. Elastin and its associated microfibrillar element did not aggregate platelets; some binding of platelets to elastin only was observed.", "PMID": 389755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8680", "title": "Platelet interactions with the endothelium and the subendothelium: the role of thrombin and prostacyclin.", "content": "The adherence of 51Cr-labeled platelets to rabbit aortae everted on probes rotated in platelet-red cell suspensions has been measured. Platelet adherence to the subendothelium exposed by passage of a balloon catheter before everting the aortae was inhibited by compounds that increase platelet cyclic AMP levels (PGE1, PGI2 or dipyridamole). These agents, however, did not abolish platelet adherence to the subendothelium. Aspirin treatment of the vessel wall was used to block PGI2 production; platelet adherence to the surface of the 'undamaged' aorta and the subendothelium was studied following this treatment. Since aspirin treatment of the 'undamaged' vessel wall did not cause platelets to adhere to it, it seems unlikely that PGI2 formation by the vessel wall is the mechanism that prevents platelet adherence to normal endothelium. In addition, PGI2 formation by the vessel wall does not appear to influence platelet adherence to the subendothelium, since adherence was not increased by aspirin treatment of the damaged wall. Thrombin treatment of the 'undamaged' vessel wall increased platelet adherence to the surface, but the adherent platelets were seen to be adherent only to small areas where the endothelium was lost or damaged. Heparin reversed the effect of thrombin. Similar results were found when the subendothelium was exposed to thrombin or thrombin and heparin.", "contents": "Platelet interactions with the endothelium and the subendothelium: the role of thrombin and prostacyclin. The adherence of 51Cr-labeled platelets to rabbit aortae everted on probes rotated in platelet-red cell suspensions has been measured. Platelet adherence to the subendothelium exposed by passage of a balloon catheter before everting the aortae was inhibited by compounds that increase platelet cyclic AMP levels (PGE1, PGI2 or dipyridamole). These agents, however, did not abolish platelet adherence to the subendothelium. Aspirin treatment of the vessel wall was used to block PGI2 production; platelet adherence to the surface of the 'undamaged' aorta and the subendothelium was studied following this treatment. Since aspirin treatment of the 'undamaged' vessel wall did not cause platelets to adhere to it, it seems unlikely that PGI2 formation by the vessel wall is the mechanism that prevents platelet adherence to normal endothelium. In addition, PGI2 formation by the vessel wall does not appear to influence platelet adherence to the subendothelium, since adherence was not increased by aspirin treatment of the damaged wall. Thrombin treatment of the 'undamaged' vessel wall increased platelet adherence to the surface, but the adherent platelets were seen to be adherent only to small areas where the endothelium was lost or damaged. Heparin reversed the effect of thrombin. Similar results were found when the subendothelium was exposed to thrombin or thrombin and heparin.", "PMID": 389756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8681", "title": "Clot-promoting effect of platelet-vessel wall interaction: influence of dietary fats and relation to arterial thrombus formation in rats.", "content": "A small piece of vascular tissue punched from a rat aorta is able to clot plasma. This coagulation process is promoted by blood platelets, especially after their activation. Thrombin, generated by this clotting process, plays a key role in vessel-wall induced platelet activation. Vascular prostacyclin inhibits vessel-wall-induced clotting of platelet-rich plasma, possibly by inhibiting platelet activation. Type and amount of dietary fats were shown to influence vessel-wall-induced clotting via at least four different mechanisms, namely: by modifying vascular prostacyclin formation; by affecting the clotting potency of the vascular tissue per sec; by an effect on some platelet property, probably connected with platelet activation; by influencing a plasma factor. Each of these mechanisms, as well as the nature of vessel-wall-induced coagulation, requires further investigation.", "contents": "Clot-promoting effect of platelet-vessel wall interaction: influence of dietary fats and relation to arterial thrombus formation in rats. A small piece of vascular tissue punched from a rat aorta is able to clot plasma. This coagulation process is promoted by blood platelets, especially after their activation. Thrombin, generated by this clotting process, plays a key role in vessel-wall induced platelet activation. Vascular prostacyclin inhibits vessel-wall-induced clotting of platelet-rich plasma, possibly by inhibiting platelet activation. Type and amount of dietary fats were shown to influence vessel-wall-induced clotting via at least four different mechanisms, namely: by modifying vascular prostacyclin formation; by affecting the clotting potency of the vascular tissue per sec; by an effect on some platelet property, probably connected with platelet activation; by influencing a plasma factor. Each of these mechanisms, as well as the nature of vessel-wall-induced coagulation, requires further investigation.", "PMID": 389757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8682", "title": "Prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 interactions in haemostasis and thrombosis.", "content": "Prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 are products of arachidonic acid which play a role in the regulation of haemostatic plug and thrombus formation. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of both compounds but is more active in blocking TXA2 formation; based on this, aspirin is suggested to have an anti-thrombotic effect. Other possible approaches to the development of anti-thrombotic drugs are discussed.", "contents": "Prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 interactions in haemostasis and thrombosis. Prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 are products of arachidonic acid which play a role in the regulation of haemostatic plug and thrombus formation. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of both compounds but is more active in blocking TXA2 formation; based on this, aspirin is suggested to have an anti-thrombotic effect. Other possible approaches to the development of anti-thrombotic drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 389758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8683", "title": "Endogenous mechanisms which regulate prostacyclin release.", "content": "When infused intravenously into anaesthetized cats angiotensin II (1--4 micrograms/kg) released into the circulation an unstable substance that caused de-aggregation of platelet clumps, relaxed a strip of bovine coronary artery, and its release was blocked by aspirin and indomethacin. Because of these characteristics this substance is likely to be prostacyclin. Catecholamines and phenylephrine did not induce the release of prostacyclin. It is suggested that a chemical modification of the molecule of angiotensin II may render a peptide with little hypertensive properties which will be an activator of prostacyclin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Endogenous mechanisms which regulate prostacyclin release. When infused intravenously into anaesthetized cats angiotensin II (1--4 micrograms/kg) released into the circulation an unstable substance that caused de-aggregation of platelet clumps, relaxed a strip of bovine coronary artery, and its release was blocked by aspirin and indomethacin. Because of these characteristics this substance is likely to be prostacyclin. Catecholamines and phenylephrine did not induce the release of prostacyclin. It is suggested that a chemical modification of the molecule of angiotensin II may render a peptide with little hypertensive properties which will be an activator of prostacyclin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 389759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8684", "title": "Vascular prostacyclin and plasminogen activator activity in experimental and clinical conditions of disturbed haemostasis or thrombosis.", "content": "In several experimental and clinical conditions associated with thrombotic tendency, or complicated by thrombotic episodes, either prostacyclin (which inhibits platelet aggregation) or plasminogen activator (which promotes fibrinolysis), or both, appear to be decreased in the vessel wall. In other conditions, however, either activity may not change or even be increased. Possibly, vascular damage is followed by an early stimulation of both activities (a defence mechanism?) which may be subsequently reduced or exhausted. While the role of vascular plasminogen activator in haemorrhagic conditions is apparently unknown, prostacyclin activity appears to be markedly enhanced both in experimental animals and in patients with uraemia and bleeding complications. There is a suggestive evidence that uraemic plasma powerfully stimulates vascular prostacyclin generation.", "contents": "Vascular prostacyclin and plasminogen activator activity in experimental and clinical conditions of disturbed haemostasis or thrombosis. In several experimental and clinical conditions associated with thrombotic tendency, or complicated by thrombotic episodes, either prostacyclin (which inhibits platelet aggregation) or plasminogen activator (which promotes fibrinolysis), or both, appear to be decreased in the vessel wall. In other conditions, however, either activity may not change or even be increased. Possibly, vascular damage is followed by an early stimulation of both activities (a defence mechanism?) which may be subsequently reduced or exhausted. While the role of vascular plasminogen activator in haemorrhagic conditions is apparently unknown, prostacyclin activity appears to be markedly enhanced both in experimental animals and in patients with uraemia and bleeding complications. There is a suggestive evidence that uraemic plasma powerfully stimulates vascular prostacyclin generation.", "PMID": 389760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8685", "title": "Antibiotic properties of lignin components.", "content": "Inhibitory effects of compounds with guaiacyl and syringyl structure, representing the structure of native lignin, were studied on model cultures of bacteria, yeasts, yeast-like microorganisms and moulds. Isoeugenol exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth of the studied microorganisms.", "contents": "Antibiotic properties of lignin components. Inhibitory effects of compounds with guaiacyl and syringyl structure, representing the structure of native lignin, were studied on model cultures of bacteria, yeasts, yeast-like microorganisms and moulds. Isoeugenol exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth of the studied microorganisms.", "PMID": 389763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8686", "title": "[Juvenile cadaver kidneys as suitable donor organs].", "content": "As several authors stated within the last few years and according to our experience as well cadaveric kidneys of young children are suitable for transplantation. Considering the shortage of transplantable organs en-bloc-transplantation should not be performed, even if this provides the opportunity to remove one kidney in case of surgical complications. On the other hand by transplanting a single organ one donor may help two recipients. Since it is known that kidneys of babies under 18 months do not guarantee sufficient function in adults, it should be a rule that kidneys of children under 18 months have to be transplanted en-bloc, whereas kidneys of older children can be transplanted solitarily without hesitation. Long term results with baby kidneys do in no way differ from kidneys of adults.", "contents": "[Juvenile cadaver kidneys as suitable donor organs]. As several authors stated within the last few years and according to our experience as well cadaveric kidneys of young children are suitable for transplantation. Considering the shortage of transplantable organs en-bloc-transplantation should not be performed, even if this provides the opportunity to remove one kidney in case of surgical complications. On the other hand by transplanting a single organ one donor may help two recipients. Since it is known that kidneys of babies under 18 months do not guarantee sufficient function in adults, it should be a rule that kidneys of children under 18 months have to be transplanted en-bloc, whereas kidneys of older children can be transplanted solitarily without hesitation. Long term results with baby kidneys do in no way differ from kidneys of adults.", "PMID": 389765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8687", "title": "[Kidney preservation by mechanical perfusion or hypothermic storage].", "content": "The efficiency of hypothermic mechanical perfusion and hypothermic storage, resp., for kidney preservation was to be examined. For this purpose dog kidneys were subdued to 0 to 60 min of warm ischemia, then preserved for 12--72 hours and thereafter transplanted. It could be concluded: 1. Hypothermic mechanical perfusion makes a successful 72 hour preservation possible with excellent kidney function immediately after transplantation. After 30 minutes of warm ischemia the preservation period should be limited to 24 hours. 2. Hypothermic storage is inferior to mechanical perfusion concerning the immediate function after transplantation: 24 hours storage time and 15 minutes of warm ischemia should not be exceeded. 3. Kidney function decreases exponentially by the time of preservation. This means that the warm ischemic period and the preservation time, resp., should be as short as possible to get an undamaged kidney after transplantation: the shorter the preservation period the better the kidney function after transplantation.", "contents": "[Kidney preservation by mechanical perfusion or hypothermic storage]. The efficiency of hypothermic mechanical perfusion and hypothermic storage, resp., for kidney preservation was to be examined. For this purpose dog kidneys were subdued to 0 to 60 min of warm ischemia, then preserved for 12--72 hours and thereafter transplanted. It could be concluded: 1. Hypothermic mechanical perfusion makes a successful 72 hour preservation possible with excellent kidney function immediately after transplantation. After 30 minutes of warm ischemia the preservation period should be limited to 24 hours. 2. Hypothermic storage is inferior to mechanical perfusion concerning the immediate function after transplantation: 24 hours storage time and 15 minutes of warm ischemia should not be exceeded. 3. Kidney function decreases exponentially by the time of preservation. This means that the warm ischemic period and the preservation time, resp., should be as short as possible to get an undamaged kidney after transplantation: the shorter the preservation period the better the kidney function after transplantation.", "PMID": 389766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8688", "title": "[Kidney transplantation in children].", "content": "Ten years' experience of renal transplantation in 40 children (aged 5--18 years) is reviewed. Including 3 second transplantations 40 cadaver grafts and 3 living donor grafts were transplanted. Mean graft survival was found to be 19 months, the longest being 8 years. At the time of last examination 24 children were alive wtith a functioning graft (mean serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dl). After graft failure 9 children were again on intermittent hemodialysis. 7 children had died mainly because of infections or cardiovascular complications. Cumulative survival rate of patients and cadaver grafts after 2 years was 84 and 53% respectively. Growth velocity was variable but improved in the majority of patients compared to the previous dialysis period. Full social rehabilitation could be achieved in every case. Main complications were acute rejections (irreversible in 7 of 67), chronic rejections (irreversible in 6 of 10), side effects of immunosuppressive drugs (infections; hematologic, metabolic, and bone disorders), hypertension (60%), recurrence of primary renal disease (in 5 of 9 patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) and surgical complications (28%). Therapeutic guide-lines are given emphasizing the role of specialized children's centres and the cooperation between pediatric nephrologists, immunologists, urologists and psychologists including the time before, during and after transplantation.", "contents": "[Kidney transplantation in children]. Ten years' experience of renal transplantation in 40 children (aged 5--18 years) is reviewed. Including 3 second transplantations 40 cadaver grafts and 3 living donor grafts were transplanted. Mean graft survival was found to be 19 months, the longest being 8 years. At the time of last examination 24 children were alive wtith a functioning graft (mean serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dl). After graft failure 9 children were again on intermittent hemodialysis. 7 children had died mainly because of infections or cardiovascular complications. Cumulative survival rate of patients and cadaver grafts after 2 years was 84 and 53% respectively. Growth velocity was variable but improved in the majority of patients compared to the previous dialysis period. Full social rehabilitation could be achieved in every case. Main complications were acute rejections (irreversible in 7 of 67), chronic rejections (irreversible in 6 of 10), side effects of immunosuppressive drugs (infections; hematologic, metabolic, and bone disorders), hypertension (60%), recurrence of primary renal disease (in 5 of 9 patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) and surgical complications (28%). Therapeutic guide-lines are given emphasizing the role of specialized children's centres and the cooperation between pediatric nephrologists, immunologists, urologists and psychologists including the time before, during and after transplantation.", "PMID": 389767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8689", "title": "[Therapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning. Results of clinical and experimental studies].", "content": "On the basis of experimental and clinical results evidence accumulates that supportive therapy is still the milestone in the therapy of death cap poisoning. Today the letality is 20%. The main cause of the intoxication are the amatoxines which inhibit DNA dependent RNA Polymerase II or B. Parts of the supportive therapy are: diuresis with 150--200 ml urin/hour, careful corrections of disturbances in electrolyte and acid-base-metabolism, oral administration of charcoal and oral gut sterilization. In spite of a multitude of experimental and clinical reports on the effectivity of Penicillin G, thiocticacid and steroids there are no controlled studies to demonstrate the advantage of one regimen over the other. The time course of resorption and excretion of amatoxines clearly shows that hemoperfusion and/or hemodialysis are only of value if applied within the first 24 hours after poisoning. At this time neither anamnestic nor biochemical data give any clues to the probable course of the disease. Heterologous baboon liver perfusion may be lifesaving in coma hepaticum grade IV, but the small amount of cases so far does not yet allow any comments on its effectivity.", "contents": "[Therapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning. Results of clinical and experimental studies]. On the basis of experimental and clinical results evidence accumulates that supportive therapy is still the milestone in the therapy of death cap poisoning. Today the letality is 20%. The main cause of the intoxication are the amatoxines which inhibit DNA dependent RNA Polymerase II or B. Parts of the supportive therapy are: diuresis with 150--200 ml urin/hour, careful corrections of disturbances in electrolyte and acid-base-metabolism, oral administration of charcoal and oral gut sterilization. In spite of a multitude of experimental and clinical reports on the effectivity of Penicillin G, thiocticacid and steroids there are no controlled studies to demonstrate the advantage of one regimen over the other. The time course of resorption and excretion of amatoxines clearly shows that hemoperfusion and/or hemodialysis are only of value if applied within the first 24 hours after poisoning. At this time neither anamnestic nor biochemical data give any clues to the probable course of the disease. Heterologous baboon liver perfusion may be lifesaving in coma hepaticum grade IV, but the small amount of cases so far does not yet allow any comments on its effectivity.", "PMID": 389769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8690", "title": "Demonstration of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) by immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "The presence of calcitonin and of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in six cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid using an immunoperoxidase technique. In five cases the material was obtained surgically and in one at autopsy. Tissue from primary tumours as well as from metastases was studied. Calcitonin and CEA were identified within all the tumours studied, although their pattern of distribution and staining intensity varied both within the cells and within the tumour. Some parts of the tumour contained both CEA and calcitonin, while others stained positively only for one of these substances. In some parts of the tumour there was no positive staining for either substance. Within the cells, CEA showed a typical linear distribution along cell surfaces, while calcitonin showed a more even cytoplasmic distribution and the deposits were more granular. Normal tissue surrounding tumour deposits did not show positive staining. It is considered that cells of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid contain both calcitonin and CEA. Identification of CEA and calcitonin in tumour tissue can be used as a diagnostic aid to identify medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Iit is considered that these substances are being produced by this tumour and can be used as tumour markers.", "contents": "Demonstration of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) by immunoperoxidase technique. The presence of calcitonin and of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in six cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid using an immunoperoxidase technique. In five cases the material was obtained surgically and in one at autopsy. Tissue from primary tumours as well as from metastases was studied. Calcitonin and CEA were identified within all the tumours studied, although their pattern of distribution and staining intensity varied both within the cells and within the tumour. Some parts of the tumour contained both CEA and calcitonin, while others stained positively only for one of these substances. In some parts of the tumour there was no positive staining for either substance. Within the cells, CEA showed a typical linear distribution along cell surfaces, while calcitonin showed a more even cytoplasmic distribution and the deposits were more granular. Normal tissue surrounding tumour deposits did not show positive staining. It is considered that cells of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid contain both calcitonin and CEA. Identification of CEA and calcitonin in tumour tissue can be used as a diagnostic aid to identify medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Iit is considered that these substances are being produced by this tumour and can be used as tumour markers.", "PMID": 389771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8691", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: case report with special emphasis on electron microscopy and potential risk of infection at autopsy.", "content": "A case of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is presented in which the diagnosis was made initially by EM and later confirmed by specific immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue. The possibility of an infection with Legionella pneumophila during autopsy is suggested by the fact that the pathologist who performed the post-mortem examination developed signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks afterwards. Approximately 4 weeks after the onset of his illness a significant antibody titre against L. pneumophila was found in his serum, whereas 6 months later the antibody titre was insignificant.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: case report with special emphasis on electron microscopy and potential risk of infection at autopsy. A case of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is presented in which the diagnosis was made initially by EM and later confirmed by specific immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue. The possibility of an infection with Legionella pneumophila during autopsy is suggested by the fact that the pathologist who performed the post-mortem examination developed signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks afterwards. Approximately 4 weeks after the onset of his illness a significant antibody titre against L. pneumophila was found in his serum, whereas 6 months later the antibody titre was insignificant.", "PMID": 389772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8692", "title": "The neuroendocrinology of male reproduction.", "content": "Androgen biosynthesis occurs in Leydig cells and spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, but both are under control of the anterior pituitary through its secretion of gonadotropins. The hypothalamus is primarly involved in feedback control of gonadotropin secretion in response to varying blood levels of testicular hormones. Another pituitary steroid, prolactin, also is involved in male behavior.", "contents": "The neuroendocrinology of male reproduction. Androgen biosynthesis occurs in Leydig cells and spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, but both are under control of the anterior pituitary through its secretion of gonadotropins. The hypothalamus is primarly involved in feedback control of gonadotropin secretion in response to varying blood levels of testicular hormones. Another pituitary steroid, prolactin, also is involved in male behavior.", "PMID": 389773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8693", "title": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors. IV. Recovery of T-cell function from bone marrow precursors in a histo-incompatible environment.", "content": "Regeneration of T-cell activities in vivo or in vitro from mouse bone marrow precursors differentiating in the presence of an allogeneic thymus was investigated. The data indicated that T-depleted bone marrow cells fail to affect long-term reconstitution of allogeneic recipients unless a pool of rapidly maturing T-precursor cells is also removed (post-thymic pool). Animals reconstituted with pre-thymic bone marrow stem cells become stable chimaeras in which cells capable of generating an in vitro CML response to host antigens, as well as cells capable of suppressing that response, could be demonstrated. Similar data (CML directed against the H-2 antigens of the 'host' thymus feeder layer and cells capable of inhibiting that response) were obtained when pre-thymic bone marrow cells were grown in vitro on allogeneic thymus feeder cells. When cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) and helper (CTLh) cells were separately investigated, a restriction in their co-operation for an anti-host response was observed when precursor cells differentiated in an allogeneic environment. Only CTLp and CTLh differentiating in the presence of the same allogeneic thymus source (whether in vivo or in vitro) could co-operate to generate CTL directed to H-2 antigens of that thymus source.", "contents": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors. IV. Recovery of T-cell function from bone marrow precursors in a histo-incompatible environment. Regeneration of T-cell activities in vivo or in vitro from mouse bone marrow precursors differentiating in the presence of an allogeneic thymus was investigated. The data indicated that T-depleted bone marrow cells fail to affect long-term reconstitution of allogeneic recipients unless a pool of rapidly maturing T-precursor cells is also removed (post-thymic pool). Animals reconstituted with pre-thymic bone marrow stem cells become stable chimaeras in which cells capable of generating an in vitro CML response to host antigens, as well as cells capable of suppressing that response, could be demonstrated. Similar data (CML directed against the H-2 antigens of the 'host' thymus feeder layer and cells capable of inhibiting that response) were obtained when pre-thymic bone marrow cells were grown in vitro on allogeneic thymus feeder cells. When cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) and helper (CTLh) cells were separately investigated, a restriction in their co-operation for an anti-host response was observed when precursor cells differentiated in an allogeneic environment. Only CTLp and CTLh differentiating in the presence of the same allogeneic thymus source (whether in vivo or in vitro) could co-operate to generate CTL directed to H-2 antigens of that thymus source.", "PMID": 389777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8694", "title": "Studies on the control of antibody synthesis. XIII. Preferential depeletion of precursors of high affinity antibody-secreting cells by specific immunoadsorbents.", "content": "Passage of spleen or bone marrow cells from non-immunized donors through a DNP-Ova coated Degalan bead immunoadsorbent column resulted in a specific depletion of the ability of the cell population to restore the anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG by lethally irradiated mice. There was a preferential depletion of precursors of high affinity antibody-secreting cells which is consistent with the view that these cells bear high affinity antigen receptors. The cell population passed through the immunoadsorbent column was also preferentially depleted of the capacity to produce high affinity direct anti-DNP PFC in comparison with thigh affinity indirect anti-DNP PFC. These findings suggest, but do not prove, that different subpopulations of antigen-binding cells are precursors for direct and indirect PFC.", "contents": "Studies on the control of antibody synthesis. XIII. Preferential depeletion of precursors of high affinity antibody-secreting cells by specific immunoadsorbents. Passage of spleen or bone marrow cells from non-immunized donors through a DNP-Ova coated Degalan bead immunoadsorbent column resulted in a specific depletion of the ability of the cell population to restore the anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG by lethally irradiated mice. There was a preferential depletion of precursors of high affinity antibody-secreting cells which is consistent with the view that these cells bear high affinity antigen receptors. The cell population passed through the immunoadsorbent column was also preferentially depleted of the capacity to produce high affinity direct anti-DNP PFC in comparison with thigh affinity indirect anti-DNP PFC. These findings suggest, but do not prove, that different subpopulations of antigen-binding cells are precursors for direct and indirect PFC.", "PMID": 389778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8695", "title": "Peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes with specificity to sheep red blood cells. II. Inflammatory helper T cells and effector T cells in mice with delayed-type hypersensitivity and in suppressed mice.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells were induced in mice 4 days after immunization with SRBC. A low dose of SRBC (10(6) i.v.) caused T lymphocytes to appear in inflammatory exudates. These cells, not only transferred DTH reactions, but also functioned as helper T cells in antibody production after transfer to syngeneic nu/nu recipient mice. After a high dose of SRBC (10(9) i.v.), very few helper T cells and no DTH transferring T cells were found in inflammatory exudates, although they were present in the spleen. It is postulated that T cells mediating DTH reactions and helper T cells behave similarly as far as those dose dependency of appearance in inflammatory exudates is concerned. A high dose of sensitizing antigen causes retention of helper and effector T cells in the spleen, in this way favouring antibody formation; low doses of antigen allow them to leave the spleen, thus favouring mediation of DTH reactions in the periphery.", "contents": "Peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes with specificity to sheep red blood cells. II. Inflammatory helper T cells and effector T cells in mice with delayed-type hypersensitivity and in suppressed mice. Peritoneal exudate cells were induced in mice 4 days after immunization with SRBC. A low dose of SRBC (10(6) i.v.) caused T lymphocytes to appear in inflammatory exudates. These cells, not only transferred DTH reactions, but also functioned as helper T cells in antibody production after transfer to syngeneic nu/nu recipient mice. After a high dose of SRBC (10(9) i.v.), very few helper T cells and no DTH transferring T cells were found in inflammatory exudates, although they were present in the spleen. It is postulated that T cells mediating DTH reactions and helper T cells behave similarly as far as those dose dependency of appearance in inflammatory exudates is concerned. A high dose of sensitizing antigen causes retention of helper and effector T cells in the spleen, in this way favouring antibody formation; low doses of antigen allow them to leave the spleen, thus favouring mediation of DTH reactions in the periphery.", "PMID": 389779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8696", "title": "Delayed rejection of cardiac xenografts in C6-deficient rabbits.", "content": "Puppy hearts were engrafted to C6-deficient rabbits, and also to complement-sufficient animals in order to determine the influence of the sixth component of complement on xenograft rejection. Delayed rejection was observed in the puppy hearts engrafted to the C6-deficient animals indicating that complement sufficiency of C6 is required for hyperacute xenograft rejection.", "contents": "Delayed rejection of cardiac xenografts in C6-deficient rabbits. Puppy hearts were engrafted to C6-deficient rabbits, and also to complement-sufficient animals in order to determine the influence of the sixth component of complement on xenograft rejection. Delayed rejection was observed in the puppy hearts engrafted to the C6-deficient animals indicating that complement sufficiency of C6 is required for hyperacute xenograft rejection.", "PMID": 389781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8697", "title": "The influence of T cells on the initiation and expression of immunological memory.", "content": "Nude and normal CBA mice have been used in adoptive transfer experiments to analyse the development of immunological memory. The development of B-cell memory to xenogeneic erythrocyte antigens is to a very large degree dependent on the presence of T cells, with IgG memory being somewhat more dependent than IgM memory. In this system, the expression of B memory, that is the transformation of memory cells to antibody-secreting cells under the inductive influence of antigen, is largely dependent on the presence of T cells. Primed (educated) T cells can have an antigen-specific potentiating effect on unprimed B cells in the presence of antigen.", "contents": "The influence of T cells on the initiation and expression of immunological memory. Nude and normal CBA mice have been used in adoptive transfer experiments to analyse the development of immunological memory. The development of B-cell memory to xenogeneic erythrocyte antigens is to a very large degree dependent on the presence of T cells, with IgG memory being somewhat more dependent than IgM memory. In this system, the expression of B memory, that is the transformation of memory cells to antibody-secreting cells under the inductive influence of antigen, is largely dependent on the presence of T cells. Primed (educated) T cells can have an antigen-specific potentiating effect on unprimed B cells in the presence of antigen.", "PMID": 389782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8698", "title": "Studies on B-cell memory. II. T-cell independent antigen can induce B-cell memory.", "content": "Both athymic nude mice and normal mice primed with a T-cell independent antigen, i.e. dinitrophenylated dextran (DNP-DE), at a sub-immunogenic dose, produced very poor anti-DNP responses to a later challenge with the same antigen. B-cell memory was expressed, however, as an enhanced IgM response after the challenge of the DNP-DE-primed mice with the T-cell dependent antigen (dinitrophenylated haemocyanin, DNP-KLH) in the presence of functional T-cells. Moreover, DNP-DE-primed spleen cells also revealed an enhanced IgM response after adoptive transfer into irradiated recipients and challenge with DNP-DE. The injections of DNP-DE-primed nude mouse serum into unprimed mice resulted in the reduction of anti-DNP response to the immunization with DNP-DE. These results indicate that (a) T-cell independent DNP-DE causes the differentiation of B cells not only into antibody-forming cells but also into memory cells, (b) these memory cells can be triggered in situ by the T-cell dependent DNP-KLH in the presence of helper T cells but not by T-cell independent antigen, and (c) some humoral factor(s) induced by DNP-DE-priming seems to interfere with the expression of B-cell memory only when challenged with T-cell independent DNP-DE.", "contents": "Studies on B-cell memory. II. T-cell independent antigen can induce B-cell memory. Both athymic nude mice and normal mice primed with a T-cell independent antigen, i.e. dinitrophenylated dextran (DNP-DE), at a sub-immunogenic dose, produced very poor anti-DNP responses to a later challenge with the same antigen. B-cell memory was expressed, however, as an enhanced IgM response after the challenge of the DNP-DE-primed mice with the T-cell dependent antigen (dinitrophenylated haemocyanin, DNP-KLH) in the presence of functional T-cells. Moreover, DNP-DE-primed spleen cells also revealed an enhanced IgM response after adoptive transfer into irradiated recipients and challenge with DNP-DE. The injections of DNP-DE-primed nude mouse serum into unprimed mice resulted in the reduction of anti-DNP response to the immunization with DNP-DE. These results indicate that (a) T-cell independent DNP-DE causes the differentiation of B cells not only into antibody-forming cells but also into memory cells, (b) these memory cells can be triggered in situ by the T-cell dependent DNP-KLH in the presence of helper T cells but not by T-cell independent antigen, and (c) some humoral factor(s) induced by DNP-DE-priming seems to interfere with the expression of B-cell memory only when challenged with T-cell independent DNP-DE.", "PMID": 389783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8699", "title": "Interaction of subpopulations of murine lymph node lymphocytes in antigen-induced [14C]-thymidine incorporation: T and B cell synergy in the response to antigen.", "content": "The antigen-induced [14C]-thymidine incorporation of murine lymph node cells (LNC) that were non-adherent (NAD) or adherent (AD) to nylon wool was studied. In contrast to NAD-LNC, AD-LNC responded like unfractionated LNC, and these responses were T lymphocyte dependent. By co-culturing NAD-LNC with subpopulations of AD-LNC the cellular requirements and interactions necessary for maximal incorporation of [14C]-thymidine were determined. A synergistic effect was observed when NAD-LNC and AD-LNC were co-cultured. Synergism was not dependent on T lymphocytes or macrophages in the AD-LNC population but was associated with the B lymphocyte subpopulation. These results indicate that the number of B lymphocytes present in a population of LNC can significantly influence the magnitude of the response to antigen.", "contents": "Interaction of subpopulations of murine lymph node lymphocytes in antigen-induced [14C]-thymidine incorporation: T and B cell synergy in the response to antigen. The antigen-induced [14C]-thymidine incorporation of murine lymph node cells (LNC) that were non-adherent (NAD) or adherent (AD) to nylon wool was studied. In contrast to NAD-LNC, AD-LNC responded like unfractionated LNC, and these responses were T lymphocyte dependent. By co-culturing NAD-LNC with subpopulations of AD-LNC the cellular requirements and interactions necessary for maximal incorporation of [14C]-thymidine were determined. A synergistic effect was observed when NAD-LNC and AD-LNC were co-cultured. Synergism was not dependent on T lymphocytes or macrophages in the AD-LNC population but was associated with the B lymphocyte subpopulation. These results indicate that the number of B lymphocytes present in a population of LNC can significantly influence the magnitude of the response to antigen.", "PMID": 389784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8700", "title": "The effect of anti-microvillus membrane antibodies on the transport of IgG across the suckling rat intestine.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with a preparation of microvillus membranes derived from the absorptive cells of the small intestine of suckling rats. The resulting immune serum contained antibodies which reacted specifically with the brush borders and walls of cytoplasmic vesicles of the intestinal cells, and was more effective than normal serum in preventing the transport of IgG across the intestinal cells. These results reflect the participation of microvillus membrane components, or receptors, in the transport mechanism.", "contents": "The effect of anti-microvillus membrane antibodies on the transport of IgG across the suckling rat intestine. Rabbits were immunized with a preparation of microvillus membranes derived from the absorptive cells of the small intestine of suckling rats. The resulting immune serum contained antibodies which reacted specifically with the brush borders and walls of cytoplasmic vesicles of the intestinal cells, and was more effective than normal serum in preventing the transport of IgG across the intestinal cells. These results reflect the participation of microvillus membrane components, or receptors, in the transport mechanism.", "PMID": 389785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8701", "title": "Human Ia-like antigens in non-lymphoid organs.", "content": "Human Ia-like antigens in liver and kidney were shown by the immunofluorescence assay to be present mostly in the endothelial-mesenchymal cells of these organs. The parenchymal cells apparently contained no human Ia-like antigens. The antigens in liver and kidney were purified and shown to have the same subunit structure as human Ia-like antigens of cultured B-lymphoid cells. The human Ia-like antigens in non-lymphoid organs, not only in liver and kidney but also in testis, heart, muscle and brain, carried all the xenoantigenic characteristics of human Ia-like antigens expressed on lymphoid cells of B-cell lineage.", "contents": "Human Ia-like antigens in non-lymphoid organs. Human Ia-like antigens in liver and kidney were shown by the immunofluorescence assay to be present mostly in the endothelial-mesenchymal cells of these organs. The parenchymal cells apparently contained no human Ia-like antigens. The antigens in liver and kidney were purified and shown to have the same subunit structure as human Ia-like antigens of cultured B-lymphoid cells. The human Ia-like antigens in non-lymphoid organs, not only in liver and kidney but also in testis, heart, muscle and brain, carried all the xenoantigenic characteristics of human Ia-like antigens expressed on lymphoid cells of B-cell lineage.", "PMID": 389786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8702", "title": "In vitro investigation of autoantibody-secreting peritoneal cells and their regulation.", "content": "A high proportion of peritoneal cells from untreated mice, after 4--5 days in culture, develop into plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells. The number of plaque-forming cells was increased significantly by exposing the peritoneal cells to ammonium chloride to lyse red blood cells before culture. Conversely, the increase was significantly inhibited by adding before culture untreated or bromelain-treated sheep or mouse red blood cells. Treated or untreated horse or rat red blood cells did not inhibit the increase. Treating peritoneal cells or subpopulations of peritoneal cells with anti-theta serum and complement before culture caused a significant increase in the number of plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated red blood cells after 3--4 days of culture. Various procedures were used to fractionate peritoneal cells into B-cell enriched and B-cell depleted subpopulations before culture and after culture, to investigate whether some of the plaque-forming cells could be attributed to phagocytic cells. Generally, changes in the number of plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells paralleled changes in B-cells. In some experiments the proportion of plaque-forming cells observed represented up to 85% of the B-cells present. The results suggest that the high level of autoreactivity is due to antibody production by B-cells and that phagocytic cells are not forming spurious plaques. Further, it appears that the autoimmunity is regulated by T-cells and can also be inhibited by mouse RBC.", "contents": "In vitro investigation of autoantibody-secreting peritoneal cells and their regulation. A high proportion of peritoneal cells from untreated mice, after 4--5 days in culture, develop into plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells. The number of plaque-forming cells was increased significantly by exposing the peritoneal cells to ammonium chloride to lyse red blood cells before culture. Conversely, the increase was significantly inhibited by adding before culture untreated or bromelain-treated sheep or mouse red blood cells. Treated or untreated horse or rat red blood cells did not inhibit the increase. Treating peritoneal cells or subpopulations of peritoneal cells with anti-theta serum and complement before culture caused a significant increase in the number of plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated red blood cells after 3--4 days of culture. Various procedures were used to fractionate peritoneal cells into B-cell enriched and B-cell depleted subpopulations before culture and after culture, to investigate whether some of the plaque-forming cells could be attributed to phagocytic cells. Generally, changes in the number of plaque-forming cells against bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells paralleled changes in B-cells. In some experiments the proportion of plaque-forming cells observed represented up to 85% of the B-cells present. The results suggest that the high level of autoreactivity is due to antibody production by B-cells and that phagocytic cells are not forming spurious plaques. Further, it appears that the autoimmunity is regulated by T-cells and can also be inhibited by mouse RBC.", "PMID": 389787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8703", "title": "Secretory IgA does not enhance the bacteriostatic effects of iron-binding or vitamin B12-binding proteins in human colostrum.", "content": "Human milk contains an unsaturated iron-binding protein (lactoferrin) and an unsaturated vitamin B12-binding protein. Lactoferrin has bacteriostatic properties, and a bacteriostatic role for the B12-binding protein has been postulated. In this study the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin was confirmed for strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Growth inhibition attributable to the unsaturated B12-binding protein could be demonstrated only with a known vitamin B12-dependent E. coli. It has previously been shown that the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin is potentiated by horse IgG antibody, and a similar potentiating effect of secretory IgA antibody in colostrum and milk would have obvious importance. An attempt was therefore made to demonstrate potentiation of bacteriostatic effects by naturally occurring secretory IgA antibody to E. coli. The results obtained indicate that secretory IgA antibody does not enhance the growth-inhibiting effects of either lactoferrin or the vitamin B12-binding protein.", "contents": "Secretory IgA does not enhance the bacteriostatic effects of iron-binding or vitamin B12-binding proteins in human colostrum. Human milk contains an unsaturated iron-binding protein (lactoferrin) and an unsaturated vitamin B12-binding protein. Lactoferrin has bacteriostatic properties, and a bacteriostatic role for the B12-binding protein has been postulated. In this study the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin was confirmed for strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Growth inhibition attributable to the unsaturated B12-binding protein could be demonstrated only with a known vitamin B12-dependent E. coli. It has previously been shown that the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin is potentiated by horse IgG antibody, and a similar potentiating effect of secretory IgA antibody in colostrum and milk would have obvious importance. An attempt was therefore made to demonstrate potentiation of bacteriostatic effects by naturally occurring secretory IgA antibody to E. coli. The results obtained indicate that secretory IgA antibody does not enhance the growth-inhibiting effects of either lactoferrin or the vitamin B12-binding protein.", "PMID": 389788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8704", "title": "Long-term human peripheral blood monocyte cultures: establishment, metabolism and morphology of primary human monocyte-macrophage cell cultures.", "content": "Human peripheral blood monocytes were maintained in in vitro culture for periods up to 4 months using a non-human serum source. Monocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium buffered with 20 mM HEPES and containing 10% horse serum and 10% foetal calf serum. The metabolic and morphological changes which occur in vitro were investigated using microtitre, Linbro and T 25 cultures. During culture, monocytes increased in size, had increased membrane activity as visualized by SEM, and differentiated into a morphologically heterogeneous population of fusiform and epithelioid shapes. These cell types retained the ability to phagocytose E glut and EA and to rosette with EA and EAC. Larger giant polynucleated cells were also observed during culture; many of these lacked the ability to bind or phagocytose inert or antibody-coated erythrocytes. Increases in lysozyme release and acid phosphatase activity also occurred during culture. Cultured monocytes exhibited characteristic profiles of leucine and uridine uptake with maximal activity observed by 5 days of culture. There was no detectable uptake of thymidine. Detailed analysis of regulatory processes involved in monocyte growth and differentiation could be performed with this in vitro system.", "contents": "Long-term human peripheral blood monocyte cultures: establishment, metabolism and morphology of primary human monocyte-macrophage cell cultures. Human peripheral blood monocytes were maintained in in vitro culture for periods up to 4 months using a non-human serum source. Monocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium buffered with 20 mM HEPES and containing 10% horse serum and 10% foetal calf serum. The metabolic and morphological changes which occur in vitro were investigated using microtitre, Linbro and T 25 cultures. During culture, monocytes increased in size, had increased membrane activity as visualized by SEM, and differentiated into a morphologically heterogeneous population of fusiform and epithelioid shapes. These cell types retained the ability to phagocytose E glut and EA and to rosette with EA and EAC. Larger giant polynucleated cells were also observed during culture; many of these lacked the ability to bind or phagocytose inert or antibody-coated erythrocytes. Increases in lysozyme release and acid phosphatase activity also occurred during culture. Cultured monocytes exhibited characteristic profiles of leucine and uridine uptake with maximal activity observed by 5 days of culture. There was no detectable uptake of thymidine. Detailed analysis of regulatory processes involved in monocyte growth and differentiation could be performed with this in vitro system.", "PMID": 389789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8705", "title": "Hydrocortisone and the antibody response in mice. II. Correlations between serum and antibody and PFC in thymus, spleen, marrow and lymph nodes.", "content": "The discovery that corticosteroids can alter leucocyte distribution implies that suppression of PFC in the spleen is not necessarily indicative of suppression of the antibody response as a whole. Therefore we have examined IgM and IgG serum antibodies and PFC in the thymus, spleen, femoral marrow, popliteal, thoracic and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice given a single injection of hydrocortisone acetate at various times relative to primary immunization with SRBC. Contrary to certain reports, there was close correlation between suppression of serum antibody and of splenic PFC, from which it was predicted and verified that few PFC could be detected elsewhere. In our hands, therefore, splenic PFC measurements did give an accurate indication of suppression overall. The characteristics of suppression suggest some of the underlying causes, and these are discussed.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone and the antibody response in mice. II. Correlations between serum and antibody and PFC in thymus, spleen, marrow and lymph nodes. The discovery that corticosteroids can alter leucocyte distribution implies that suppression of PFC in the spleen is not necessarily indicative of suppression of the antibody response as a whole. Therefore we have examined IgM and IgG serum antibodies and PFC in the thymus, spleen, femoral marrow, popliteal, thoracic and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice given a single injection of hydrocortisone acetate at various times relative to primary immunization with SRBC. Contrary to certain reports, there was close correlation between suppression of serum antibody and of splenic PFC, from which it was predicted and verified that few PFC could be detected elsewhere. In our hands, therefore, splenic PFC measurements did give an accurate indication of suppression overall. The characteristics of suppression suggest some of the underlying causes, and these are discussed.", "PMID": 389790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8706", "title": "Immune response to extracellular and somatic antigens in streptococcal infection and sequelae.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to define that temporal relationships of the IgM and IgG responses to streptococcal group A carbohydrate (CHO) in rabbits and in man. Rabbits were immunized with group A streptococci and the development of anti-group A carbohydrate (ACHO) was studied. ACHO which appeared one week after the beginning of immunization belonged to the 19S class of immunoglobulins (IgM). A two- to four-fold rise in ACHO titers and immunoglobulins of the 7S class (IgG) were observed after two weeks. Three weeks after the beginning of immunization, the ACHO titer was at a maximum. In the following months no further rises in titer were seen, and the antibodies belonged mostly to the IgG class. IgM and IgG responses to streptococcal CHO and to extracellular antigens in patients with pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever (ARF), and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were studied. Higher values of IgM were found in pharyngitis and AGN sera than in ARF sera, probably reflecting the interval between streprococcal infection and time of bleeding. ACHO antibodies persisted in patients' sera for long periods and belonged to IgG and IgM. This suggests a continuous, rather than a persistent, production of ACHO.", "contents": "Immune response to extracellular and somatic antigens in streptococcal infection and sequelae. The aim of the present study is to define that temporal relationships of the IgM and IgG responses to streptococcal group A carbohydrate (CHO) in rabbits and in man. Rabbits were immunized with group A streptococci and the development of anti-group A carbohydrate (ACHO) was studied. ACHO which appeared one week after the beginning of immunization belonged to the 19S class of immunoglobulins (IgM). A two- to four-fold rise in ACHO titers and immunoglobulins of the 7S class (IgG) were observed after two weeks. Three weeks after the beginning of immunization, the ACHO titer was at a maximum. In the following months no further rises in titer were seen, and the antibodies belonged mostly to the IgG class. IgM and IgG responses to streptococcal CHO and to extracellular antigens in patients with pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever (ARF), and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were studied. Higher values of IgM were found in pharyngitis and AGN sera than in ARF sera, probably reflecting the interval between streprococcal infection and time of bleeding. ACHO antibodies persisted in patients' sera for long periods and belonged to IgG and IgM. This suggests a continuous, rather than a persistent, production of ACHO.", "PMID": 389798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8707", "title": "Effect of antibodies and complement on the interaction between Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The interaction of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of specific antibodies and complement was studied. This strain, which is resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, may be ingested and killed by the phagocytes in the presence of both antibodies and fresh serum. The ineffectiveness of fresh serum to promote ingestion of E. coli 0111:B4 by the phagocytes in the absence of antibodies reflects the inability of this strain to activate the complement system through the alternative pathway. Investigation of the mechanisms of the bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed that both antibodies and complement were required for the oxygen-independent bactericidal system, whereas they were not needed for the oxygen-dependent system.", "contents": "Effect of antibodies and complement on the interaction between Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The interaction of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of specific antibodies and complement was studied. This strain, which is resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, may be ingested and killed by the phagocytes in the presence of both antibodies and fresh serum. The ineffectiveness of fresh serum to promote ingestion of E. coli 0111:B4 by the phagocytes in the absence of antibodies reflects the inability of this strain to activate the complement system through the alternative pathway. Investigation of the mechanisms of the bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed that both antibodies and complement were required for the oxygen-independent bactericidal system, whereas they were not needed for the oxygen-dependent system.", "PMID": 389802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8708", "title": "[Meningitis in an infant caused by Pasteurella multocida. Case report and review of other manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on an infant with meningitis caused by Pasteurella multocida. The problems of aetiology, diagnosis, and therapy of these infections are discussed with reference to this patient and other cases of P. multocida infection.", "contents": "[Meningitis in an infant caused by Pasteurella multocida. Case report and review of other manifestations (author's transl)]. The authors report on an infant with meningitis caused by Pasteurella multocida. The problems of aetiology, diagnosis, and therapy of these infections are discussed with reference to this patient and other cases of P. multocida infection.", "PMID": 389803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8709", "title": "[Antibacterial activity of cefotaxim in comparison with seven cephalosporins].", "content": "The antibacterial activity of cefotaxim and seven cephalosporins was determined in 1,112 fresh isolates using the microdilution technique. All of the cephalosporins tested were ineffective against enterococci. Cefalotin was the most effective agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Cefaclor was superior to cephalexin against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, and thus inhibited 20% more Enterobacteriaceae. Cefazolin was as effective as cefamandole against E. coli. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were almost equally effective against E. coli, Klebsiella and P. mirabilis; more than 95% of the strains were sensitive. Cefuroxime and also cefamandole were much more effective than cefoxitin against Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Cefoxitin on the other hand was superior against Serratia and indol-positive Proteus species. Cefotaxim was by far the most active cephalosporin against Enterobacteriaceae, only 2% of the strains being resistant. More than 90% of the strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis and Serratia were sensitive to 1 mg/l, the lowest degree of activity being displayed against Enterobacter; 82% of the strains were inhibited by 16 mg/l. Cefotaxim was the only cephalosporin which showed appreciable activity against Pseudomonas.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity of cefotaxim in comparison with seven cephalosporins]. The antibacterial activity of cefotaxim and seven cephalosporins was determined in 1,112 fresh isolates using the microdilution technique. All of the cephalosporins tested were ineffective against enterococci. Cefalotin was the most effective agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Cefaclor was superior to cephalexin against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, and thus inhibited 20% more Enterobacteriaceae. Cefazolin was as effective as cefamandole against E. coli. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were almost equally effective against E. coli, Klebsiella and P. mirabilis; more than 95% of the strains were sensitive. Cefuroxime and also cefamandole were much more effective than cefoxitin against Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Cefoxitin on the other hand was superior against Serratia and indol-positive Proteus species. Cefotaxim was by far the most active cephalosporin against Enterobacteriaceae, only 2% of the strains being resistant. More than 90% of the strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis and Serratia were sensitive to 1 mg/l, the lowest degree of activity being displayed against Enterobacter; 82% of the strains were inhibited by 16 mg/l. Cefotaxim was the only cephalosporin which showed appreciable activity against Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 389804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8710", "title": "In vitro comparison of synergism between cefamandole and gentamicin or tobramycin by the triple layer agar method with enzymatic inactivation.", "content": "A synergistic effect was shown with gentamicin and tobramycin by means of a triple layer agar technique and enzymatic inactivation of cefamandole after only four hours' incubation. When the strain is sensitive to cefamandole and aminoglycosides, synergy is observed against all the strains studied (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Haemophilus influenzae). No significant difference was noted between the cefamandole-tobramycin and the cefamandole-gentamicin combinations when the microbial strains were sensitive to the three antibiotics.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of synergism between cefamandole and gentamicin or tobramycin by the triple layer agar method with enzymatic inactivation. A synergistic effect was shown with gentamicin and tobramycin by means of a triple layer agar technique and enzymatic inactivation of cefamandole after only four hours' incubation. When the strain is sensitive to cefamandole and aminoglycosides, synergy is observed against all the strains studied (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Haemophilus influenzae). No significant difference was noted between the cefamandole-tobramycin and the cefamandole-gentamicin combinations when the microbial strains were sensitive to the three antibiotics.", "PMID": 389805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8711", "title": "In vitro investigations with fosfomycin on Mueller-Hinton agar with and without glucose-6-phosphate.", "content": "Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of fosfomycin in the agar dilution test on Mueller-Hinton agar showed that the addition of glucose-6-phosphate to the nutrient medium potentiates the action of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Staphylococcus aureus, sometimes by as much as 256-fold. Such a potentiation of action was not detectable with Serratia marcescens, the individual Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or enterococci. Fosfomycin is very effective against most medically important bacterial species on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 25 micrograms/ml glucose-6-phosphate. Over 90% of the cultures of E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, S. marcescens,Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and enterococci examined were inhibited by less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml fosfomycin.", "contents": "In vitro investigations with fosfomycin on Mueller-Hinton agar with and without glucose-6-phosphate. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of fosfomycin in the agar dilution test on Mueller-Hinton agar showed that the addition of glucose-6-phosphate to the nutrient medium potentiates the action of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Staphylococcus aureus, sometimes by as much as 256-fold. Such a potentiation of action was not detectable with Serratia marcescens, the individual Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or enterococci. Fosfomycin is very effective against most medically important bacterial species on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 25 micrograms/ml glucose-6-phosphate. Over 90% of the cultures of E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, S. marcescens,Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and enterococci examined were inhibited by less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml fosfomycin.", "PMID": 389806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8712", "title": "The effect of trimethoprim-sulphonamide, trimethoprim and sulphonamide on the occurrence of resistant enterobacteriaceae in human intestinal flora.", "content": "After the administration of various antimicrobial agents for chemotherapeutic purposes a general change in the intestinal flora of the patient is often observed. In contrast, the combination trimethoprim-sulphonamide causes in most cases a strong selective decrease in the number of Enterobacteriaceae organisms for treatment periods as long as four to 12 weeks. The results correspond to clinical experience with trimethoprim-sulphonamide therapy in urinary tract infection where reinfections with resistant organisms are the exception.", "contents": "The effect of trimethoprim-sulphonamide, trimethoprim and sulphonamide on the occurrence of resistant enterobacteriaceae in human intestinal flora. After the administration of various antimicrobial agents for chemotherapeutic purposes a general change in the intestinal flora of the patient is often observed. In contrast, the combination trimethoprim-sulphonamide causes in most cases a strong selective decrease in the number of Enterobacteriaceae organisms for treatment periods as long as four to 12 weeks. The results correspond to clinical experience with trimethoprim-sulphonamide therapy in urinary tract infection where reinfections with resistant organisms are the exception.", "PMID": 389808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8713", "title": "Synergistic activity of co-trimazine and co-trimoxazole in the urine.", "content": "Co-trimazine (sulphadiazine, 410 mg + trimethoprim, 90 mg) is a new drug combination developed especially for use in the treatment of urinary tract infections. In cross-over experiments in volunteers receiving daily doses of co-trimazine (2 X 500 mg and 1 X 1000 mg), co-trimoxazole (2X960 mg), or nitrofurantoin (3X50 mg), the degree of antibacterial activity of co-trimazine in the urine was at least as high as that of co-trimoxazole and much higher and more consistent than that of nitrofurantoin. In further cross-over experiments in volunteers receiving co-trimazine 2X1000 mg or co-trimoxazole 2X960 mg for four days no or only slight activity was found in the urine against a sulphonamide-resistant Group D streptococcus, but distinct synergistic activity between the components was found against four Escherichia coli strains sensitive to trimethoprim and sensitive or resistant to sulphonamides. Against three of the latter strains the degree of activity in the urine was higher after co-trimazine than after cotrimoxazole. The synergistic action of trimethoprim and sulphonamide in the urine appeared greater with the former than with the latter combination.", "contents": "Synergistic activity of co-trimazine and co-trimoxazole in the urine. Co-trimazine (sulphadiazine, 410 mg + trimethoprim, 90 mg) is a new drug combination developed especially for use in the treatment of urinary tract infections. In cross-over experiments in volunteers receiving daily doses of co-trimazine (2 X 500 mg and 1 X 1000 mg), co-trimoxazole (2X960 mg), or nitrofurantoin (3X50 mg), the degree of antibacterial activity of co-trimazine in the urine was at least as high as that of co-trimoxazole and much higher and more consistent than that of nitrofurantoin. In further cross-over experiments in volunteers receiving co-trimazine 2X1000 mg or co-trimoxazole 2X960 mg for four days no or only slight activity was found in the urine against a sulphonamide-resistant Group D streptococcus, but distinct synergistic activity between the components was found against four Escherichia coli strains sensitive to trimethoprim and sensitive or resistant to sulphonamides. Against three of the latter strains the degree of activity in the urine was higher after co-trimazine than after cotrimoxazole. The synergistic action of trimethoprim and sulphonamide in the urine appeared greater with the former than with the latter combination.", "PMID": 389809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8714", "title": "Efficacy of two trimethoprim-sulphonamide combinations in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat.", "content": "Co-trimazine, a new combination of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine intended for treatment of urinary tract infections, was tested and compared to co-trimoxazole in an experimental model of acute, obstructive pyelonephritis in the rat. The tests were carried out at four dose levels corresponding to the clinically recommended doses and to 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the latter. The drugs were administered orally. Co-trimazine was found to have a greater antibacterial activity than co-trimoxazole and its use at a lower dosage than that of the latter appears warranted.", "contents": "Efficacy of two trimethoprim-sulphonamide combinations in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat. Co-trimazine, a new combination of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine intended for treatment of urinary tract infections, was tested and compared to co-trimoxazole in an experimental model of acute, obstructive pyelonephritis in the rat. The tests were carried out at four dose levels corresponding to the clinically recommended doses and to 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the latter. The drugs were administered orally. Co-trimazine was found to have a greater antibacterial activity than co-trimoxazole and its use at a lower dosage than that of the latter appears warranted.", "PMID": 389811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8715", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim and trimethoprim/sulphonamide combinations, including penetration into body tissues.", "content": "In this review the pharmacokinetic properties of trimethoprim (TMP) and TMP/sulphonamide combinations are discussed. The concentration of both substances in the various body fluids and tissues differ considerably from the concentrations in blood due to the different distribution of TMP and sulphonamides in the body. As a rule the ratio of the concentration of TMP to sulphonamide is higher in most body fluids and secretions than in blood. If inflammation is present, the concentrations vary considerably. The pharmacokinetic data must be taken into account when making in vitro tests. At the site of inflammation a TMP/sulphonamide concentration factor of 1:0.5 to 1:4 can be expected in urine and of 1:2 to 1:5 in tissue.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim and trimethoprim/sulphonamide combinations, including penetration into body tissues. In this review the pharmacokinetic properties of trimethoprim (TMP) and TMP/sulphonamide combinations are discussed. The concentration of both substances in the various body fluids and tissues differ considerably from the concentrations in blood due to the different distribution of TMP and sulphonamides in the body. As a rule the ratio of the concentration of TMP to sulphonamide is higher in most body fluids and secretions than in blood. If inflammation is present, the concentrations vary considerably. The pharmacokinetic data must be taken into account when making in vitro tests. At the site of inflammation a TMP/sulphonamide concentration factor of 1:0.5 to 1:4 can be expected in urine and of 1:2 to 1:5 in tissue.", "PMID": 389810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8716", "title": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part I: Comparison of the antibacterial effect of sulphonamides alone and in combination with trimethoprim.", "content": "Plasma half life and in vitro activity were major criteria for selection of sulphonamides which are likely to give a strong synergistic action with trimethoprim in vivo. On the basis of literature data six sulphonamides, sulphadiazine, sulphachloropyridazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine and sulphamethomidine appeared particularly suitable for combination with trimethoprim. An investigation of the activity in vitro of these compounds and their combinations with the latter against clinically isolated, sulphonamide-sensitive Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Escherichia coli strains showed optimal synergy at trimethoprim-sulphonamide ratios between 1:10 and 1:40, but that appreciable mutual potentiation occurred within a rather broad range of concentration ratios. Limited experiments indicated that synergy occurs less frequently and is less pronounced against sulphonamide resistant bacteria. The different sulphonamides behaved rather similarly in their combinations with trimethoprim, and in order to find the best sulphonamide, detailed comparisons of the pharmacokinetic properties of the different combinations are necessary.", "contents": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part I: Comparison of the antibacterial effect of sulphonamides alone and in combination with trimethoprim. Plasma half life and in vitro activity were major criteria for selection of sulphonamides which are likely to give a strong synergistic action with trimethoprim in vivo. On the basis of literature data six sulphonamides, sulphadiazine, sulphachloropyridazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine and sulphamethomidine appeared particularly suitable for combination with trimethoprim. An investigation of the activity in vitro of these compounds and their combinations with the latter against clinically isolated, sulphonamide-sensitive Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Escherichia coli strains showed optimal synergy at trimethoprim-sulphonamide ratios between 1:10 and 1:40, but that appreciable mutual potentiation occurred within a rather broad range of concentration ratios. Limited experiments indicated that synergy occurs less frequently and is less pronounced against sulphonamide resistant bacteria. The different sulphonamides behaved rather similarly in their combinations with trimethoprim, and in order to find the best sulphonamide, detailed comparisons of the pharmacokinetic properties of the different combinations are necessary.", "PMID": 389812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8717", "title": "Double-blind comparison of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "The effects of a twice daily dosage of a combination of 410 mg sulphadiazine + 90 mg trimethoprim (SD + TMP) and 800 mg sulphamethoxazole + 160 mg trimethoprim (SMZ + TMP) were compared in uncomplicated urinary tract infections. All but one patient in each treatment group, i.e. 36 SD + TMP treated and 42 SMZ + TMP treated patients respectively, were cured. The percentage of side-effects related to therapy in the patients receiving the combination with sulphadiazine was 15.1% and in those with sulphamethoxazole 23.7%. Due to the small number tested, however, differences were not statistically different. It is noteworthy that only one of the SD + TMP patients had to stop therapy because of a rash, whereas therapy was stopped for this reason in three of the SMZ + TMP patients. SD + TMP represents a good alternative to SMZ + TMP in the treatment of urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The effects of a twice daily dosage of a combination of 410 mg sulphadiazine + 90 mg trimethoprim (SD + TMP) and 800 mg sulphamethoxazole + 160 mg trimethoprim (SMZ + TMP) were compared in uncomplicated urinary tract infections. All but one patient in each treatment group, i.e. 36 SD + TMP treated and 42 SMZ + TMP treated patients respectively, were cured. The percentage of side-effects related to therapy in the patients receiving the combination with sulphadiazine was 15.1% and in those with sulphamethoxazole 23.7%. Due to the small number tested, however, differences were not statistically different. It is noteworthy that only one of the SD + TMP patients had to stop therapy because of a rash, whereas therapy was stopped for this reason in three of the SMZ + TMP patients. SD + TMP represents a good alternative to SMZ + TMP in the treatment of urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 389813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8718", "title": "A clinical study of co-trimazine in comparison with co-trimoxazole and sulphalene in urinary tract infections.", "content": "Co-trimoxazole, co-trimazine and sulphalene were tested in a controlled clinical trial of the treatment of urinary tract infections. Forty-three patients were treated with co-trimoxazole, 41 with co-trimazine, and 21 with sulphalene. During the study, sulphalene was found to be inferior to the other drugs and was excluded from further trials. The clinical efficacy of co-trimoxazole and co-trimazine was equal although the doses of trimethoprim and sulphonamide in co-trimoxazole were much higher than that in co-trimazine. In the latter sulphadiazine was used instead of sulphamethoxazole, the intention being to increase the concentration of active sulphonamide in the urine. Side effects tended to be less frequent in the patients treated with co-trimazine, although not significantly.", "contents": "A clinical study of co-trimazine in comparison with co-trimoxazole and sulphalene in urinary tract infections. Co-trimoxazole, co-trimazine and sulphalene were tested in a controlled clinical trial of the treatment of urinary tract infections. Forty-three patients were treated with co-trimoxazole, 41 with co-trimazine, and 21 with sulphalene. During the study, sulphalene was found to be inferior to the other drugs and was excluded from further trials. The clinical efficacy of co-trimoxazole and co-trimazine was equal although the doses of trimethoprim and sulphonamide in co-trimoxazole were much higher than that in co-trimazine. In the latter sulphadiazine was used instead of sulphamethoxazole, the intention being to increase the concentration of active sulphonamide in the urine. Side effects tended to be less frequent in the patients treated with co-trimazine, although not significantly.", "PMID": 389814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8719", "title": "The use of co-trimazine and co-trimoxazole in elderly patients with urinary tract infections.", "content": "In a double-blind study geriatric patients received either 410 mg sulphadiazine plus 90 mg trimethoprim (co-trimazine) or 800 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 160 mg trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) twice daily. The investigation was carried out in order to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of co-trimazine in relation to co-trimoxazole with special emphasis on laboratory data in elderly patients suffering from uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Two to four weeks after start of treatment the original pathogen was eradicated in 80% of the 40 patients that were assessable for the effect of co-trimazine therapy, and in 77.8% of the 39 assessable patients in the co-trimoxazole group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups in terms of laboratory data. Both drugs were well tolerated.", "contents": "The use of co-trimazine and co-trimoxazole in elderly patients with urinary tract infections. In a double-blind study geriatric patients received either 410 mg sulphadiazine plus 90 mg trimethoprim (co-trimazine) or 800 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 160 mg trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) twice daily. The investigation was carried out in order to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of co-trimazine in relation to co-trimoxazole with special emphasis on laboratory data in elderly patients suffering from uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Two to four weeks after start of treatment the original pathogen was eradicated in 80% of the 40 patients that were assessable for the effect of co-trimazine therapy, and in 77.8% of the 39 assessable patients in the co-trimoxazole group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups in terms of laboratory data. Both drugs were well tolerated.", "PMID": 389815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8720", "title": "Clinical studies on co-trimazine in children.", "content": "A study of co-trimazine tablets in 52 cases of urinary tract infection in children has shown that co-trimazine is at least as effective as co-trimoxazole, in which both the sulphonamide and the trimethoprim dose is higher than with co-trimazine. The frequency of side-effects (gastro-intestinal intolerance and allergic manifestations) was low. A sucrose-free suspension of cotrimazine for use in younger children was tested and found to have very good properties, as judged by a high acceptability rate among the young patients. Only one of 44 children refused to take the medicine during the prescribed fourteen days of therapy.", "contents": "Clinical studies on co-trimazine in children. A study of co-trimazine tablets in 52 cases of urinary tract infection in children has shown that co-trimazine is at least as effective as co-trimoxazole, in which both the sulphonamide and the trimethoprim dose is higher than with co-trimazine. The frequency of side-effects (gastro-intestinal intolerance and allergic manifestations) was low. A sucrose-free suspension of cotrimazine for use in younger children was tested and found to have very good properties, as judged by a high acceptability rate among the young patients. Only one of 44 children refused to take the medicine during the prescribed fourteen days of therapy.", "PMID": 389816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8721", "title": "Clinical study of co-trimazine in urinary tract infections: a comparison with nitrofurantoin.", "content": "Co-trimazine, a new preparation of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim, was compared with nitrofurantoin in a double-blind trial on patients with acute urinary tract infections. Co-trimazine had a bacteriological cure rate of 95% as compared to 88% for nitrofurantoin. There were no statistically significant differences in laboratory findings or in clinical side-effects between the two laboratory findings or in clinical side-effects between the two preparations. It was concluded that co-trimazine might constitute a valuable addition amongst drugs suitable for treatment of acute urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Clinical study of co-trimazine in urinary tract infections: a comparison with nitrofurantoin. Co-trimazine, a new preparation of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim, was compared with nitrofurantoin in a double-blind trial on patients with acute urinary tract infections. Co-trimazine had a bacteriological cure rate of 95% as compared to 88% for nitrofurantoin. There were no statistically significant differences in laboratory findings or in clinical side-effects between the two laboratory findings or in clinical side-effects between the two preparations. It was concluded that co-trimazine might constitute a valuable addition amongst drugs suitable for treatment of acute urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 389817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8722", "title": "Treatment of urinary tract infections with sulphonamide and/or trimethoprim. A preliminary report from a multipractice study.", "content": "In a double-blind study 1194 patients with bacteriologically diagnosed urinary tract infection were randomly selected for treatment with either 1 g sulphamethizole twice daily, 200 mg trimethoprim twice daily, or 410 mg sulphadiazine plus 90 mg trimethoprim twice daily. All drugs were administered perorally for seven days. Two weeks after commencement of therapy 70% of the patients treated with sulphamethizole, 80% of those treated with trimethoprim and 85% of those treated with sulphadiazine/trimethoprim had sterile urine. After ten weeks 25% of the patients had bacteriuria irrespective of the form of treatment. Side-effects such as skin reactions occurred in 4.1% of the patients treated with trimethoprim alone, in 1.4% of those treated with sulphamethizole and in 3.2% of those treated with trimethoprim/sulphadiazine.", "contents": "Treatment of urinary tract infections with sulphonamide and/or trimethoprim. A preliminary report from a multipractice study. In a double-blind study 1194 patients with bacteriologically diagnosed urinary tract infection were randomly selected for treatment with either 1 g sulphamethizole twice daily, 200 mg trimethoprim twice daily, or 410 mg sulphadiazine plus 90 mg trimethoprim twice daily. All drugs were administered perorally for seven days. Two weeks after commencement of therapy 70% of the patients treated with sulphamethizole, 80% of those treated with trimethoprim and 85% of those treated with sulphadiazine/trimethoprim had sterile urine. After ten weeks 25% of the patients had bacteriuria irrespective of the form of treatment. Side-effects such as skin reactions occurred in 4.1% of the patients treated with trimethoprim alone, in 1.4% of those treated with sulphamethizole and in 3.2% of those treated with trimethoprim/sulphadiazine.", "PMID": 389818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8723", "title": "Influence of aminopenicillins on bacterial growth kinetics in vitro in comparison with the antibacterial effect in vivo.", "content": "To quantify the relative antibacterial efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro, a mathematical description of bacterial growth was developed. Curves of growth in the presence of the antibiotic are expressed as quadratic functions of time, with initial growth rate (ko) and rate of change of growth (a) as concentration dependant variables. For these variables the concentration-effect slopes were not parallel; therefore the potency ratio varied between 1 (at about 2 mg/l) and 2 (at higher concentrations). The relative efficacy in vivo was expressed as a potency ratio with regard to the number of bacteria in an infected thigh muscle in mice. The potency ratio was 1.5, which is between the limits of the in vitro results.", "contents": "Influence of aminopenicillins on bacterial growth kinetics in vitro in comparison with the antibacterial effect in vivo. To quantify the relative antibacterial efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro, a mathematical description of bacterial growth was developed. Curves of growth in the presence of the antibiotic are expressed as quadratic functions of time, with initial growth rate (ko) and rate of change of growth (a) as concentration dependant variables. For these variables the concentration-effect slopes were not parallel; therefore the potency ratio varied between 1 (at about 2 mg/l) and 2 (at higher concentrations). The relative efficacy in vivo was expressed as a potency ratio with regard to the number of bacteria in an infected thigh muscle in mice. The potency ratio was 1.5, which is between the limits of the in vitro results.", "PMID": 389820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8724", "title": "The aminopenicillins: development and comparative properties.", "content": "In this review we have compared and contrasted the antibacterial and pharmacological properties of the aminopenicillins currently available. It is apparent that there is little hard evidence (except in the case of thphoid fever) that either amoxycillin or the pro-drug esters of ampicillin are significantly more effective than ampicillin itself, despite their better absorption and higher serum levels. However, amoxycillin and the ampicillin pro-drug esters do cause fewer bowel side-effects than ampicillin, which may justify their use despite the extra cost involved. The problem of susceptibility to penicillinases is unlikely to be solved by modification of the aminopenicillin molecule. A more likely solution is administration of these substances with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. Trials with such combinations are already under way.", "contents": "The aminopenicillins: development and comparative properties. In this review we have compared and contrasted the antibacterial and pharmacological properties of the aminopenicillins currently available. It is apparent that there is little hard evidence (except in the case of thphoid fever) that either amoxycillin or the pro-drug esters of ampicillin are significantly more effective than ampicillin itself, despite their better absorption and higher serum levels. However, amoxycillin and the ampicillin pro-drug esters do cause fewer bowel side-effects than ampicillin, which may justify their use despite the extra cost involved. The problem of susceptibility to penicillinases is unlikely to be solved by modification of the aminopenicillin molecule. A more likely solution is administration of these substances with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. Trials with such combinations are already under way.", "PMID": 389819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8725", "title": "Comparative in vivo activity of bacampicillin and amoxycillin.", "content": "Bacampicillin is an orally well-absorbed pro-drug of ampicillin giving high in vivo levels of the latter. Its therapeutic activity was compared with that of amoxycillin in two experimental infection models in mice. The animals were infected with suspensions of Escherichia coli III and Haemophilus influenzae 22863 intraperitoneally and treated orally four hours afterwards with one of the two compounds. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was determined as CD50 values or by making viable counts in the blood and in organ homogenates of the animals. Ampicillin and amoxycillin had the same inhibitory but different bactericidal activity against the test strains. Both compounds appeared to have similar therapeutic activity and were found to cause a rapid decrease of the bacterial counts in the animals. Bacampicillin appeared to give a more rapid bactericidal activity than amoxycillin against the Haemophilus influenzae strain, whereas amoxycillin initially appeared more bactericidal against the Escherichia coli infection.", "contents": "Comparative in vivo activity of bacampicillin and amoxycillin. Bacampicillin is an orally well-absorbed pro-drug of ampicillin giving high in vivo levels of the latter. Its therapeutic activity was compared with that of amoxycillin in two experimental infection models in mice. The animals were infected with suspensions of Escherichia coli III and Haemophilus influenzae 22863 intraperitoneally and treated orally four hours afterwards with one of the two compounds. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was determined as CD50 values or by making viable counts in the blood and in organ homogenates of the animals. Ampicillin and amoxycillin had the same inhibitory but different bactericidal activity against the test strains. Both compounds appeared to have similar therapeutic activity and were found to cause a rapid decrease of the bacterial counts in the animals. Bacampicillin appeared to give a more rapid bactericidal activity than amoxycillin against the Haemophilus influenzae strain, whereas amoxycillin initially appeared more bactericidal against the Escherichia coli infection.", "PMID": 389821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8726", "title": "Efficacy of bacampicillin and ampicillin in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat.", "content": "Bacampicillin and ampicillin were tested and compared with each other in a model of acute, obstructive pyelonephritis in the rat. The compounds were administered orally at five dose levels ranging from 50 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg. Bacampicillin was found to have a greater therapeutic activity than ampicillin, particulary at the higher doses, indicating that its improved absorption properties make it a therapeutically more effective compound than ampicillin.", "contents": "Efficacy of bacampicillin and ampicillin in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat. Bacampicillin and ampicillin were tested and compared with each other in a model of acute, obstructive pyelonephritis in the rat. The compounds were administered orally at five dose levels ranging from 50 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg. Bacampicillin was found to have a greater therapeutic activity than ampicillin, particulary at the higher doses, indicating that its improved absorption properties make it a therapeutically more effective compound than ampicillin.", "PMID": 389822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8727", "title": "Clinical pharmacological evaluation of aminopenicillins.", "content": "To establish the clinical value of antibiotics, clinical trials are necessary. Both bacteriological and clinical-pharmacological data are helpful when designing a proper clinical trial. The difference between amoxicillin and ampicillin preparations cannot be defined on pharmacokinetic grounds alone. The difference in absorption between ampicillin and either pivampicillin or bacampicillin shows the latter two to be superior.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacological evaluation of aminopenicillins. To establish the clinical value of antibiotics, clinical trials are necessary. Both bacteriological and clinical-pharmacological data are helpful when designing a proper clinical trial. The difference between amoxicillin and ampicillin preparations cannot be defined on pharmacokinetic grounds alone. The difference in absorption between ampicillin and either pivampicillin or bacampicillin shows the latter two to be superior.", "PMID": 389823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8728", "title": "A dose response study with bacampicillin in uncomplicated gonorrhoea.", "content": "In a systematic study of dose-response relationship 883 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were given single oral doses of 400, 800 or 1600 mg bacampicillin, with 1 g probenecid. A single dose of bacampicillin 800 mg plus probenecid was the minimum effective dose in patients with fully ampicillin-sensitive strains. In patients with gonococci showing reduced sensitivity to ampicillin, 1600 mg bacampicillin was required to reach a cure rate above 95%. Bacampicillin was well tolerated in all treatment groups. Side-effects were reported in 4.6% of the courses of treatment. The most frequent adverse reaction was loose stools (1.9%), which was noted more often after the 1600 mg dose but was considered to be of no or very little clinical importance.", "contents": "A dose response study with bacampicillin in uncomplicated gonorrhoea. In a systematic study of dose-response relationship 883 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were given single oral doses of 400, 800 or 1600 mg bacampicillin, with 1 g probenecid. A single dose of bacampicillin 800 mg plus probenecid was the minimum effective dose in patients with fully ampicillin-sensitive strains. In patients with gonococci showing reduced sensitivity to ampicillin, 1600 mg bacampicillin was required to reach a cure rate above 95%. Bacampicillin was well tolerated in all treatment groups. Side-effects were reported in 4.6% of the courses of treatment. The most frequent adverse reaction was loose stools (1.9%), which was noted more often after the 1600 mg dose but was considered to be of no or very little clinical importance.", "PMID": 389824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8729", "title": "Bacampicillin and ampicillin in urinary tract infections: a double-blind comparison of efficacy and tolerance.", "content": "A total of 100 hospitalized patients with upper and lower urinary tract infections were treated with bacampicillin or ampicillin. The treatment was double-blind and 50 patients were randomly allocated to each group, receiving 800 mg of bacampicillin or 2 g of ampicillin t. i. d. for ten days. The distribution by age and sex was similar in the two groups. Assessments of therapeutic response and tolerance were made two and six weeks after initiation of therapy. In 89% of the patients treated with bacampicillin and 68% of the ampicillin-treated patients both the bacteria and the symptoms were eliminated at the first follow-up visit three days after end of therapy. Relapse of reinfection occurred in 44% of the ampicillin-treated patients as compared to 7% in the bacampicillin-treated patients. Side-effects occurred significantly less frequently with bacampicillin compared with ampicillin (p less than 0.05). Treatment had to be stopped on account of side-effects in 16 patients treated with ampicillin compared with only four patients treated with bacampicillin.", "contents": "Bacampicillin and ampicillin in urinary tract infections: a double-blind comparison of efficacy and tolerance. A total of 100 hospitalized patients with upper and lower urinary tract infections were treated with bacampicillin or ampicillin. The treatment was double-blind and 50 patients were randomly allocated to each group, receiving 800 mg of bacampicillin or 2 g of ampicillin t. i. d. for ten days. The distribution by age and sex was similar in the two groups. Assessments of therapeutic response and tolerance were made two and six weeks after initiation of therapy. In 89% of the patients treated with bacampicillin and 68% of the ampicillin-treated patients both the bacteria and the symptoms were eliminated at the first follow-up visit three days after end of therapy. Relapse of reinfection occurred in 44% of the ampicillin-treated patients as compared to 7% in the bacampicillin-treated patients. Side-effects occurred significantly less frequently with bacampicillin compared with ampicillin (p less than 0.05). Treatment had to be stopped on account of side-effects in 16 patients treated with ampicillin compared with only four patients treated with bacampicillin.", "PMID": 389825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8730", "title": "Elimination of bacteria during antibacterial chemotherapy--a neglected parameter of chemotherapy.", "content": "In 25 patients with urinary tract infections (pathogen Escherichia coli), colony counts from bacteria in the urine were done before and after treatment with antibiotics. Both 800 mg bacampicillin and ampicillin have a higher bactericidal effect in urine than co-trimoxazole. Patients with acute urinary tract infections given 400 mg bacampicillin and patients with chronic infections given double that dosage showed equally good results. In uncomplicated urinary tract infections with sensitive strains treated with cefotaxime, the colony count was reduced markedly faster than in infections in patients with kidney insufficiency or infection with multiresistant strains. The reduction of the colony count from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections and multiresistant strains during treatment with antibiotics is an important criterion in the evaluation of antibiotics. Such tests should supplement the customary sensitivity checks of antibiotics, the MIC and the agar diffusion test in the early phases of clinical trials.", "contents": "Elimination of bacteria during antibacterial chemotherapy--a neglected parameter of chemotherapy. In 25 patients with urinary tract infections (pathogen Escherichia coli), colony counts from bacteria in the urine were done before and after treatment with antibiotics. Both 800 mg bacampicillin and ampicillin have a higher bactericidal effect in urine than co-trimoxazole. Patients with acute urinary tract infections given 400 mg bacampicillin and patients with chronic infections given double that dosage showed equally good results. In uncomplicated urinary tract infections with sensitive strains treated with cefotaxime, the colony count was reduced markedly faster than in infections in patients with kidney insufficiency or infection with multiresistant strains. The reduction of the colony count from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections and multiresistant strains during treatment with antibiotics is an important criterion in the evaluation of antibiotics. Such tests should supplement the customary sensitivity checks of antibiotics, the MIC and the agar diffusion test in the early phases of clinical trials.", "PMID": 389826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8731", "title": "A double-blind comparison of the clinical tolerance of bacampicillin and pivampicillin. A preliminary report.", "content": "In this double-blind study, the clinical tolerance of high doses of bacampicillin hydrochloride (800 mg t. i. d.) and of pivampicillin base (700 mg t. i. d.) administered for ten days were compared in out-patients with acute urinary tract infections. The clinical response was comparable with that previously reported for those antibiotics. Upper gastrointestinal side-effects were more common after treatment with pivampicillin and were reported in 9/38 patients compared to 3/34 patients treated with bacampicillin. The duration of the symptoms of the side-effects was also more prolonged after pivampicillin than after bacampicillin.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of the clinical tolerance of bacampicillin and pivampicillin. A preliminary report. In this double-blind study, the clinical tolerance of high doses of bacampicillin hydrochloride (800 mg t. i. d.) and of pivampicillin base (700 mg t. i. d.) administered for ten days were compared in out-patients with acute urinary tract infections. The clinical response was comparable with that previously reported for those antibiotics. Upper gastrointestinal side-effects were more common after treatment with pivampicillin and were reported in 9/38 patients compared to 3/34 patients treated with bacampicillin. The duration of the symptoms of the side-effects was also more prolonged after pivampicillin than after bacampicillin.", "PMID": 389827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8732", "title": "Studies on aminopenicillin developments. Proceedings of a symposium. Concluding remarks.", "content": "This symposium has focused on the bacteriological, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and adverse effects of the aminopenicillins. The compounds which are currently being assessed are primarily amoxycillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, pivampicillin, and talampicillin. The three last mentioned are prodrugs which upon gastrointestinal absorption are rapidly split to yield circulating ampicillin. Pharmacokinetics and side-effects are reasons why one may narrow the selection of most suitable compounds within this group down to three. Ampicillin and amoxycillin are primary choices for parenteral dosage, and amoxycillin and bacampicillin the most suitable for oral therapy.", "contents": "Studies on aminopenicillin developments. Proceedings of a symposium. Concluding remarks. This symposium has focused on the bacteriological, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and adverse effects of the aminopenicillins. The compounds which are currently being assessed are primarily amoxycillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, pivampicillin, and talampicillin. The three last mentioned are prodrugs which upon gastrointestinal absorption are rapidly split to yield circulating ampicillin. Pharmacokinetics and side-effects are reasons why one may narrow the selection of most suitable compounds within this group down to three. Ampicillin and amoxycillin are primary choices for parenteral dosage, and amoxycillin and bacampicillin the most suitable for oral therapy.", "PMID": 389828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8733", "title": "Conservative and prosthetic rehabilitation procedures in the dentition of old people.", "content": "The therapeutic possibilities of conservative and prosthetic rehabilitation procedures are set out in this survey. In particular the aim was to find out whether these are suitable for retaining functional dentition into old age. The anatomical characteristics (Figs. 1 and 3) and secondary dysgnathic alterations of the dentition in the period of senescence make dental therapy considerably more difficult. The tooth-coloured filling materials do not behave as permanently in the mouth as could be wished. They are unsuitable for use in posterior teeth, and are in urgent need of improvement. The amalgam filling should still be regarded as the agent of choice for treatment of the cheek teeth, although cast precious metal inlays have been successful over a long period of time (Fig. 6). Too little use is made of veneer crowns in the anterior area with increasing age (Fig. 7), although the prospect of long term success is good. It was possible to establish statistically that tooth-coloured plastics are inferior to ceramic and metal ceramic crowns because of the greater retention of plaque. Ceramic should accordingly be preferred even with bridges in the anterior area. The replacement of missing teeth with removable partial dentures is the typical method of dental treatment for the period of senescence (Figs. 10-12). An attempt was made by bringing together various principles of planning and construction to lay down guidelines for dentures in older patients. With prosthetic care the fact that there are large differences in the physical and mental vitality of the older person, and that vitality frequently decreases rapidly for the most varied reasons, should not be overlooked. Even at this stage dentures should still prove functional.", "contents": "Conservative and prosthetic rehabilitation procedures in the dentition of old people. The therapeutic possibilities of conservative and prosthetic rehabilitation procedures are set out in this survey. In particular the aim was to find out whether these are suitable for retaining functional dentition into old age. The anatomical characteristics (Figs. 1 and 3) and secondary dysgnathic alterations of the dentition in the period of senescence make dental therapy considerably more difficult. The tooth-coloured filling materials do not behave as permanently in the mouth as could be wished. They are unsuitable for use in posterior teeth, and are in urgent need of improvement. The amalgam filling should still be regarded as the agent of choice for treatment of the cheek teeth, although cast precious metal inlays have been successful over a long period of time (Fig. 6). Too little use is made of veneer crowns in the anterior area with increasing age (Fig. 7), although the prospect of long term success is good. It was possible to establish statistically that tooth-coloured plastics are inferior to ceramic and metal ceramic crowns because of the greater retention of plaque. Ceramic should accordingly be preferred even with bridges in the anterior area. The replacement of missing teeth with removable partial dentures is the typical method of dental treatment for the period of senescence (Figs. 10-12). An attempt was made by bringing together various principles of planning and construction to lay down guidelines for dentures in older patients. With prosthetic care the fact that there are large differences in the physical and mental vitality of the older person, and that vitality frequently decreases rapidly for the most varied reasons, should not be overlooked. Even at this stage dentures should still prove functional.", "PMID": 389831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8734", "title": "The dental technician in Australia.", "content": "The training, employment and distribution of dental technicians in Australia is described. Since 1945 illegal practice by dental technicians has been widespread particularly among a group of technicians who operate one-man surgeries and operate illegally full time. Legislation has now been introduced in Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales to permit registered technicians to make dentures direct to the patient and similar legislation is imminent in South Australia. The hope is expressed that the trend away from a technician being employed on the premises by the dental practitioner may be reversed, and that with the increasing sophistication of dental treatment and the technician being treated much more as a full member of the dental team, his interest and job satisfaction can be significantly improved.", "contents": "The dental technician in Australia. The training, employment and distribution of dental technicians in Australia is described. Since 1945 illegal practice by dental technicians has been widespread particularly among a group of technicians who operate one-man surgeries and operate illegally full time. Legislation has now been introduced in Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales to permit registered technicians to make dentures direct to the patient and similar legislation is imminent in South Australia. The hope is expressed that the trend away from a technician being employed on the premises by the dental practitioner may be reversed, and that with the increasing sophistication of dental treatment and the technician being treated much more as a full member of the dental team, his interest and job satisfaction can be significantly improved.", "PMID": 389832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8735", "title": "In vitro adsorption of possible aetiological factors of hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Four different adsorbents (activated charcoal, XAD-4, a strong base anion and a strong acid cation-exchange resin) were tested in vitro for their capacity to remove substances that may be important in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Separate columns packed with one of these adsorbents were perfused for three hours with a reconstituted plasma solution containing simultaneously high concentrations of amino-acids, ammoniumchloride, short-chain fatty acids, octopamine and bile salts. Effective removal of all these substances was only obtained when either activated charcoal, or XAD-4, were combined with the cation-exchange resin. Possible implications for the treatment of hepatic coma are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro adsorption of possible aetiological factors of hepatic encephalopathy. Four different adsorbents (activated charcoal, XAD-4, a strong base anion and a strong acid cation-exchange resin) were tested in vitro for their capacity to remove substances that may be important in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Separate columns packed with one of these adsorbents were perfused for three hours with a reconstituted plasma solution containing simultaneously high concentrations of amino-acids, ammoniumchloride, short-chain fatty acids, octopamine and bile salts. Effective removal of all these substances was only obtained when either activated charcoal, or XAD-4, were combined with the cation-exchange resin. Possible implications for the treatment of hepatic coma are discussed.", "PMID": 389835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8736", "title": "Patient autonomy in alcohol rehabilitation. I. Literature review.", "content": "A brief literature review on alcoholism treatment supports the authors' thesis that the alcohol abuser should be given some autonomy or \"say so\" in treatment selection. Presenting a variety of treatments as alternatives to the alcoholic may reduce treatment dropout rate, the aversive stigma frequently associated with therapy,and antiherapeutic disruptions while improving community coordination in alcoholism rehabilitation and providing an effective approach in treating the \"total life\" health of the alcoholic.", "contents": "Patient autonomy in alcohol rehabilitation. I. Literature review. A brief literature review on alcoholism treatment supports the authors' thesis that the alcohol abuser should be given some autonomy or \"say so\" in treatment selection. Presenting a variety of treatments as alternatives to the alcoholic may reduce treatment dropout rate, the aversive stigma frequently associated with therapy,and antiherapeutic disruptions while improving community coordination in alcoholism rehabilitation and providing an effective approach in treating the \"total life\" health of the alcoholic.", "PMID": 389836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8737", "title": "A comparative study with indomethacin and combined indomethacin sodium-salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over clinical trial was performed to compare clinical effectiveness of indomethacin (3 x 25 mg/day) alone to that of a combination of indomethacin + sodium-salycylate (3 x 25 mg/day and 3 x 250 mg/day, respectively) in rheumatoid arthritis. It was established that enteral blood loss was significantly reduced by combined treatment as determined by Cr51 labelled erythrocytes in comparison to that after treatment with indomethacin alone. Therapeutic effect was maintained in both groups, no significant disparities were observed. Occurrence of subjective complaints was less frequent in the combined treatment group. It was concluded that the combined preparation consisting of indomethacin and sodium-salicylate has a favourable effect in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "A comparative study with indomethacin and combined indomethacin sodium-salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind cross-over clinical trial was performed to compare clinical effectiveness of indomethacin (3 x 25 mg/day) alone to that of a combination of indomethacin + sodium-salycylate (3 x 25 mg/day and 3 x 250 mg/day, respectively) in rheumatoid arthritis. It was established that enteral blood loss was significantly reduced by combined treatment as determined by Cr51 labelled erythrocytes in comparison to that after treatment with indomethacin alone. Therapeutic effect was maintained in both groups, no significant disparities were observed. Occurrence of subjective complaints was less frequent in the combined treatment group. It was concluded that the combined preparation consisting of indomethacin and sodium-salicylate has a favourable effect in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 389838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8738", "title": "Efficacy of propranolol versus placebo in long-term treatment in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "In 60 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome a randomized controlled interindividual double-blind study of propranolol (p) was performed. Patients received p 80 mg (A), 160 mg (B) and placebo (C) orally for 4 weeks. Prior to and after treatment, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (RR) as well as systolic time intervals (STI) were measured and corrected for heart rate--electromechanical systole (QS2I), left ventricular ejection time (LVETI), and preejection period (PEPI). The ratio PEP/LVET was calculated. Plasma levels were measured by an optimized fluorimetric method. 1. STI lay in the upper part of the normal range, indicating that some patients had a hyperkinetic cardiac function. 2. P had no influence on QS2I and LVETI in A and B. PEPI was prolonged (A: +13.2 ms, B: +14.2 ms) and PEP/LVET was increased (A: +0.040, B: +0.050). 3. As indicated by the changes in HR, RR, PEPI, and PEP/LVET p showed in B compared to A only minor additional effects. 4. Plasma levels of p were in B three times higher than in A (A: 89.2 +/- 10.0 nmol/l B: 246.7 +/- 30.5 nmol/l). With a dose of 80 mg propranolol a point close to the plateau of maximum efficacy was reached, where a higher dose resulted only in small additional negative inotropic effects.", "contents": "Efficacy of propranolol versus placebo in long-term treatment in patients with mitral valve prolapse. In 60 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome a randomized controlled interindividual double-blind study of propranolol (p) was performed. Patients received p 80 mg (A), 160 mg (B) and placebo (C) orally for 4 weeks. Prior to and after treatment, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (RR) as well as systolic time intervals (STI) were measured and corrected for heart rate--electromechanical systole (QS2I), left ventricular ejection time (LVETI), and preejection period (PEPI). The ratio PEP/LVET was calculated. Plasma levels were measured by an optimized fluorimetric method. 1. STI lay in the upper part of the normal range, indicating that some patients had a hyperkinetic cardiac function. 2. P had no influence on QS2I and LVETI in A and B. PEPI was prolonged (A: +13.2 ms, B: +14.2 ms) and PEP/LVET was increased (A: +0.040, B: +0.050). 3. As indicated by the changes in HR, RR, PEPI, and PEP/LVET p showed in B compared to A only minor additional effects. 4. Plasma levels of p were in B three times higher than in A (A: 89.2 +/- 10.0 nmol/l B: 246.7 +/- 30.5 nmol/l). With a dose of 80 mg propranolol a point close to the plateau of maximum efficacy was reached, where a higher dose resulted only in small additional negative inotropic effects.", "PMID": 389839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8739", "title": "Sporotrichosis.", "content": "Five cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis were seen at the Stanford University Department of Dermatology from 1966 to 1977, where the disease was previously unreported. The possibility of sporotrichosis should be considered when suppurative cutaneous lesions do not respond to antibacterial agents. Skin biopsy of sporotrichotic lesion is often nonspecific, while culture is the best method of diagnosis.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis. Five cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis were seen at the Stanford University Department of Dermatology from 1966 to 1977, where the disease was previously unreported. The possibility of sporotrichosis should be considered when suppurative cutaneous lesions do not respond to antibacterial agents. Skin biopsy of sporotrichotic lesion is often nonspecific, while culture is the best method of diagnosis.", "PMID": 389841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8740", "title": "Parapsoriasis with hyper-IgE.", "content": "A 56-year-old black man had generalized chronic dermatitis for two years before parapsoriasis en plaque (large type) with hyper-IgE (12,000-22,000 ng/ml) was diagnosed. Lymphocyte cultures showed decreased response to mitogens. Direct immunofluorescence of involved skin showed epidermal and dermal mast cells with bound IgE. Parapsoriasis with hyper-IgE may represent a form of \"hypersensitive immunosurveillance\" allowing a patient to reject a clone of malignant cells and retard transformation from a benign state (parapsoriasis) to a malignant state (mycosis fungoides).", "contents": "Parapsoriasis with hyper-IgE. A 56-year-old black man had generalized chronic dermatitis for two years before parapsoriasis en plaque (large type) with hyper-IgE (12,000-22,000 ng/ml) was diagnosed. Lymphocyte cultures showed decreased response to mitogens. Direct immunofluorescence of involved skin showed epidermal and dermal mast cells with bound IgE. Parapsoriasis with hyper-IgE may represent a form of \"hypersensitive immunosurveillance\" allowing a patient to reject a clone of malignant cells and retard transformation from a benign state (parapsoriasis) to a malignant state (mycosis fungoides).", "PMID": 389842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8741", "title": "Multicenter trial of fluocinonide in an emollient cream base.", "content": "Working independently, eight investigators evaluated the clinical effectiveness of fluocinonide 0.05% in a three-week double-blind paired comparison trial of 240 patients. Half the investigators compared fluocinonide emollient cream with betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, while the remaining four compared the study drug with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% cream in the treatment of psoriasis. Statistical analysis showed clinical responses favored fluocinonide p = 0.021 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the atopic dermatitis group and p = 0.001 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the psoriasis group.", "contents": "Multicenter trial of fluocinonide in an emollient cream base. Working independently, eight investigators evaluated the clinical effectiveness of fluocinonide 0.05% in a three-week double-blind paired comparison trial of 240 patients. Half the investigators compared fluocinonide emollient cream with betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, while the remaining four compared the study drug with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% cream in the treatment of psoriasis. Statistical analysis showed clinical responses favored fluocinonide p = 0.021 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the atopic dermatitis group and p = 0.001 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the psoriasis group.", "PMID": 389843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8742", "title": "Congenital ichthyosis: concurrent immunodeficiency and atypical T cells.", "content": "A patient with congenital ichthyosis and progressive neurologic anomalies showed disturbances in the specific humoral and cellular defense as well as the presence of atypical lymphoid cells in skin and lymph node. The latter resembled the atypical T cells found in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome. The possibility of the presence of either a cutaneous T cell lymphoma or unregulated T cell stimulation leading to concurrent immunodeficiency in this patient is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital ichthyosis: concurrent immunodeficiency and atypical T cells. A patient with congenital ichthyosis and progressive neurologic anomalies showed disturbances in the specific humoral and cellular defense as well as the presence of atypical lymphoid cells in skin and lymph node. The latter resembled the atypical T cells found in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome. The possibility of the presence of either a cutaneous T cell lymphoma or unregulated T cell stimulation leading to concurrent immunodeficiency in this patient is discussed.", "PMID": 389847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8743", "title": "Intervening briefly in the family system.", "content": "A brief therapeutic intervention in a family is presented with the use of the Synallactic Collective Image Technique (S.C.I.T.). The technique proves to be a very useful tool for therapeutic intervention along General System Theory lines. The S.C.I.T. makes use of family paintings as a 2nd catalyst (the first one being the therapist) of transaction. Five sessions were held over a period of about one month. The family paintings reflect the successive phases through which the family transaction proceeded: From a dry, unsatisfying, mutually destructive relationship with no hope for co-operation and survival, through a phase of resistance during which each one was able to see his predicament, through a final phase after the 'storm' where the sun rises for the first time and co-operation for fruitful exploration begins. It has been observed that such a brief and intense intervention could lead, with proper handling, to the reactivation of self-leading processes, which generate more functional transaction within the family system.", "contents": "Intervening briefly in the family system. A brief therapeutic intervention in a family is presented with the use of the Synallactic Collective Image Technique (S.C.I.T.). The technique proves to be a very useful tool for therapeutic intervention along General System Theory lines. The S.C.I.T. makes use of family paintings as a 2nd catalyst (the first one being the therapist) of transaction. Five sessions were held over a period of about one month. The family paintings reflect the successive phases through which the family transaction proceeded: From a dry, unsatisfying, mutually destructive relationship with no hope for co-operation and survival, through a phase of resistance during which each one was able to see his predicament, through a final phase after the 'storm' where the sun rises for the first time and co-operation for fruitful exploration begins. It has been observed that such a brief and intense intervention could lead, with proper handling, to the reactivation of self-leading processes, which generate more functional transaction within the family system.", "PMID": 389854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8744", "title": "Altered states of consciousness during psychotherapy: a historical and cultural perspective.", "content": "This paper reviews the frequent phenomenon of altered states of consciousness in disparate cultural psychotherapeutic contexts. The historical antecedents of contemporary Western psychodynamic psychotherapy are examined and the central importance of altered states in the therapeutic effects of religious institutions such as the Dionysian rite and the Asclepia is illustrated. The continued presence of this phenomenon in Western psychotherapy from Mesmerism to psychoanalysis is shown. The use of trance states in the healing rituals of non-Western societies is culturally variegated therapeutic settings. The ubiquitous nature of the altered state phenomenon in such widely varied cultural contexts suggests the possibility of its being a universal component of psychotherapy.", "contents": "Altered states of consciousness during psychotherapy: a historical and cultural perspective. This paper reviews the frequent phenomenon of altered states of consciousness in disparate cultural psychotherapeutic contexts. The historical antecedents of contemporary Western psychodynamic psychotherapy are examined and the central importance of altered states in the therapeutic effects of religious institutions such as the Dionysian rite and the Asclepia is illustrated. The continued presence of this phenomenon in Western psychotherapy from Mesmerism to psychoanalysis is shown. The use of trance states in the healing rituals of non-Western societies is culturally variegated therapeutic settings. The ubiquitous nature of the altered state phenomenon in such widely varied cultural contexts suggests the possibility of its being a universal component of psychotherapy.", "PMID": 389855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8745", "title": "A technique for quantitating enzyme histochemistry in adjuvant arthritic joints. I. Alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "This paper establishes a quantitative technique for measuring the percentage of enzyme-reactive cells found in adjuvant arthritic articular cartilage, synovial membrane and bone marrow. Using alkaline phosphatase histochemistry and a recently-developed method of handling hard tissues, the technique is validated, the inherent variabilities determined and the existence of intra-articular lesions established. The technique now allows for a precise in situ evaluation of adjuvant arthritic drug inhibition by measuring enzyme-reactive cell alterations within the joint tissue most affected by the arthritis.", "contents": "A technique for quantitating enzyme histochemistry in adjuvant arthritic joints. I. Alkaline phosphatase. This paper establishes a quantitative technique for measuring the percentage of enzyme-reactive cells found in adjuvant arthritic articular cartilage, synovial membrane and bone marrow. Using alkaline phosphatase histochemistry and a recently-developed method of handling hard tissues, the technique is validated, the inherent variabilities determined and the existence of intra-articular lesions established. The technique now allows for a precise in situ evaluation of adjuvant arthritic drug inhibition by measuring enzyme-reactive cell alterations within the joint tissue most affected by the arthritis.", "PMID": 389890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8746", "title": "A technique for quantitating enzyme histochemistry in adjuvant arthritic joints. II. Acid phosphatase.", "content": "This paper reports on the incorporation of acid phosphatase histochemistry with a quantitative technique designed to measure the percentage of histochemically-localized enzyme-reactive cells found in adjuvant arthritic articular cartilage, synovial membrane and bone marrow. With the data presented and the comparisons made, this incorporation is validated and adjuvant arthritic acid phosphatase \"lesions\" established. In addition to discussing the importance of the histochemical data and its relationship with intra-articular lysosomes, the applicability of the reactive cell values to drug inhibition studies is discussed.", "contents": "A technique for quantitating enzyme histochemistry in adjuvant arthritic joints. II. Acid phosphatase. This paper reports on the incorporation of acid phosphatase histochemistry with a quantitative technique designed to measure the percentage of histochemically-localized enzyme-reactive cells found in adjuvant arthritic articular cartilage, synovial membrane and bone marrow. With the data presented and the comparisons made, this incorporation is validated and adjuvant arthritic acid phosphatase \"lesions\" established. In addition to discussing the importance of the histochemical data and its relationship with intra-articular lysosomes, the applicability of the reactive cell values to drug inhibition studies is discussed.", "PMID": 389891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8747", "title": "Complement-mediated unspecific binding of immunoglobulins to some endocrine cells.", "content": "Unspecific binding of immunoglobulins to gastrin G cells, glucagon A cells and somatostatin D cells of the gastric mucosa or pancreas, as well as to the calcitonin-somatostatin cells of rabbit thyroid has been found to occur through a non antigen-antibody mechanism mediated at least in part by the C1q fraction of complement. The phenomenon represents a major drawback in hormone immunohistochemistry, which can be prevented by incubating the specific anti-hormone sera with anti-C1q antibodies or with complement-fixing immunocomplexes.", "contents": "Complement-mediated unspecific binding of immunoglobulins to some endocrine cells. Unspecific binding of immunoglobulins to gastrin G cells, glucagon A cells and somatostatin D cells of the gastric mucosa or pancreas, as well as to the calcitonin-somatostatin cells of rabbit thyroid has been found to occur through a non antigen-antibody mechanism mediated at least in part by the C1q fraction of complement. The phenomenon represents a major drawback in hormone immunohistochemistry, which can be prevented by incubating the specific anti-hormone sera with anti-C1q antibodies or with complement-fixing immunocomplexes.", "PMID": 389892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8748", "title": "Combined protein and DNA measurements by the ninhydrin-Schiff and Feulgen techniques.", "content": "Feulgen nuclear staining with pararosanilin-SO2 was combined with the ninhydrin-Schiff technique. The aldehyde groups converted from primary amino groups are stained with an acriflavine-Schiff reaction. This results in a red nuclear fluorescence and a bright yellow cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescence. The combined fluorescence staining facilitates cytofluorometric determination of total protein and DNA in the same cell. The ninhydrin-Schiff reaction is affected by the fixation procedure and the duration of the ninhydrin reaction. Investigations with a model system showed that proportionality between the fluorescence intensity of acriflavine and the amount of protein stained by the procedure was obtained after fixation with a fixation mixture suggested by B\u00f6hm et al. (1968) and a reaction with ninhydrin at 37 degrees C for 10 h. The ninhydrin-Schiff reaction has no effect on the fluorescence intensity of cells previously treated with pararosanilin-Feulgen staining and it is not affected itself by this previous procedure. Testing this double fluorescence staining on cytology specimens taken from patients with gastric carcinoma and uterine cervial carcinoma, cancer cells were shown to have markedly increased protein and DNA contents compared with those of normal cells.", "contents": "Combined protein and DNA measurements by the ninhydrin-Schiff and Feulgen techniques. Feulgen nuclear staining with pararosanilin-SO2 was combined with the ninhydrin-Schiff technique. The aldehyde groups converted from primary amino groups are stained with an acriflavine-Schiff reaction. This results in a red nuclear fluorescence and a bright yellow cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescence. The combined fluorescence staining facilitates cytofluorometric determination of total protein and DNA in the same cell. The ninhydrin-Schiff reaction is affected by the fixation procedure and the duration of the ninhydrin reaction. Investigations with a model system showed that proportionality between the fluorescence intensity of acriflavine and the amount of protein stained by the procedure was obtained after fixation with a fixation mixture suggested by B\u00f6hm et al. (1968) and a reaction with ninhydrin at 37 degrees C for 10 h. The ninhydrin-Schiff reaction has no effect on the fluorescence intensity of cells previously treated with pararosanilin-Feulgen staining and it is not affected itself by this previous procedure. Testing this double fluorescence staining on cytology specimens taken from patients with gastric carcinoma and uterine cervial carcinoma, cancer cells were shown to have markedly increased protein and DNA contents compared with those of normal cells.", "PMID": 389893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8749", "title": "Replacement of protamine by F1 histone during reactivation of fused human sperm nuclei.", "content": "Rabbit antisera, specific for the histones F1, F2a2, F2b, F3 and for protamine were used to monitor a possible transition from protamine towards somatic-type histones during sperm nucleus reactivation, following human sperm fusion with mouse fibroblasts. Mature human sperm nuclei were shown to contain the histones F2a2, F2b, F3 and protamine, but were missing F1 histone by immuno cytochemistry using the indirect fluorescence method. However, a gradual disappearance of protamine from fused sperm nuclei, could be observed during the first 24 h of reactivation. Subsequently, F1 histone could be detected in increasing concentrations in 60% of reactivated sperm nuclei, during the next four days. The shift from protamine towards F1 histone could also be visualized cytochemically via staining with brilliant sulphaflavine, which appears to discriminate between sperm nuclei on the basis of their F1 histone content.", "contents": "Replacement of protamine by F1 histone during reactivation of fused human sperm nuclei. Rabbit antisera, specific for the histones F1, F2a2, F2b, F3 and for protamine were used to monitor a possible transition from protamine towards somatic-type histones during sperm nucleus reactivation, following human sperm fusion with mouse fibroblasts. Mature human sperm nuclei were shown to contain the histones F2a2, F2b, F3 and protamine, but were missing F1 histone by immuno cytochemistry using the indirect fluorescence method. However, a gradual disappearance of protamine from fused sperm nuclei, could be observed during the first 24 h of reactivation. Subsequently, F1 histone could be detected in increasing concentrations in 60% of reactivated sperm nuclei, during the next four days. The shift from protamine towards F1 histone could also be visualized cytochemically via staining with brilliant sulphaflavine, which appears to discriminate between sperm nuclei on the basis of their F1 histone content.", "PMID": 389895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8750", "title": "Immunoperoxidase reactions in resin embedded sections.", "content": "A simple reproducible and reliable schedule for the immunoperoxidase demonstration of various substances in resin embedded sections is described. It has been applied to a variety of epithelial membrane antigens in carcinoma of the colon and to blood group substances. Preliminary work indicates that it may be applicable to most if not all of the antigens which survive conventional paraffin wax embedding.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase reactions in resin embedded sections. A simple reproducible and reliable schedule for the immunoperoxidase demonstration of various substances in resin embedded sections is described. It has been applied to a variety of epithelial membrane antigens in carcinoma of the colon and to blood group substances. Preliminary work indicates that it may be applicable to most if not all of the antigens which survive conventional paraffin wax embedding.", "PMID": 389896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8751", "title": "Pathophysiology of pulmonary contusion in dogs.", "content": "We produced a localized right lower lobe (RLL) contusion in 14 anesthetized ventilated dogs, 7 of which were treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP group). We measured gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, and regional function before and 5 h after the contusion. Arterial PO2 decreased by 20 Torr and venous admixture doubled in both groups during air breathing. The shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was minimally increased, despite a large lobar Qs/Qt (0.43) in the contused RLL. These results were explained by reduced ventilation per unit volume (VA/V), and ventilation-to-perfusion ratios of the contused RLL measured with 133Xe technique. We conclude that pulmonary contusion causes a leak of blood and plasma, flooding 25% of the air spaces of the RLL at FRC, reducing the compliance of adjacent air spaces, and resulting in a reduced VA/V and a large RLL Qs/Qt. These results are consistent with the observed reduction in regional volume and perfusion in the contused RLL, and suggest that Qs/Qt was not increased because blood flow was markedly reduced to flooded air spaces. PEEP reduced the hypoxemia, but increased the contusion.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of pulmonary contusion in dogs. We produced a localized right lower lobe (RLL) contusion in 14 anesthetized ventilated dogs, 7 of which were treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP group). We measured gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, and regional function before and 5 h after the contusion. Arterial PO2 decreased by 20 Torr and venous admixture doubled in both groups during air breathing. The shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was minimally increased, despite a large lobar Qs/Qt (0.43) in the contused RLL. These results were explained by reduced ventilation per unit volume (VA/V), and ventilation-to-perfusion ratios of the contused RLL measured with 133Xe technique. We conclude that pulmonary contusion causes a leak of blood and plasma, flooding 25% of the air spaces of the RLL at FRC, reducing the compliance of adjacent air spaces, and resulting in a reduced VA/V and a large RLL Qs/Qt. These results are consistent with the observed reduction in regional volume and perfusion in the contused RLL, and suggest that Qs/Qt was not increased because blood flow was markedly reduced to flooded air spaces. PEEP reduced the hypoxemia, but increased the contusion.", "PMID": 389910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8752", "title": "Plasma volume during stress in man: osmolality and red cell volume.", "content": "Our purpose was 1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and 2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses--submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting--changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended (greater than 2 h) periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term (less than 2 h) periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.", "contents": "Plasma volume during stress in man: osmolality and red cell volume. Our purpose was 1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and 2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses--submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting--changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended (greater than 2 h) periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term (less than 2 h) periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.", "PMID": 389911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8753", "title": "Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in the dog with PEEP ventilation.", "content": "The effects of mechanical ventilation without and with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 20 cmH2O and, after hemorrhage, on the spatial distribution of lobar lung blood flow were studied by means of iv injections of radioactive microspheres in supine dogs. The lungs were excised and dried at an inflation pressure of 30 cmH2O. Each lobe was cut into slices. In five slices from each lobe, 30--60 samples were punched out. The activity was measured in a gamma counter. By this means distribution of lobar blood flow could be described three-dimensionally. In dogs awake and spontaneously breathing or anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, blood flow distribution was rather even, except for a vertical gradient. PEEP caused a) a two- to threefold reduction in total lung blood flow, b) a redistribution from the right to the left lung, and c) a redistribution from the core to the periphery of the lung. This pattern of redistribution could not be reproduced by reducing cardiac output by hemorrhage during mechanical ventilation without PEEP.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in the dog with PEEP ventilation. The effects of mechanical ventilation without and with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 20 cmH2O and, after hemorrhage, on the spatial distribution of lobar lung blood flow were studied by means of iv injections of radioactive microspheres in supine dogs. The lungs were excised and dried at an inflation pressure of 30 cmH2O. Each lobe was cut into slices. In five slices from each lobe, 30--60 samples were punched out. The activity was measured in a gamma counter. By this means distribution of lobar blood flow could be described three-dimensionally. In dogs awake and spontaneously breathing or anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, blood flow distribution was rather even, except for a vertical gradient. PEEP caused a) a two- to threefold reduction in total lung blood flow, b) a redistribution from the right to the left lung, and c) a redistribution from the core to the periphery of the lung. This pattern of redistribution could not be reproduced by reducing cardiac output by hemorrhage during mechanical ventilation without PEEP.", "PMID": 389912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8754", "title": "Mechanism of action of monoketo-organomycin, cystaurimycin and their performic acid-oxidized modifications. I. Effects on bacterial growth and ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity.", "content": "The response of 15 bacterial cultures to the inhibitory effects of the above mentioned compounds was investigated. These varied considerably. Escherichia coli cultures resistant to the compounds tested showed that monoketo-organomycin and cystaurimycin inhibit bacterial growth by what appears to  be the one and same mechanism which is not the same as that exhibited by their performic acid-oxidized modifications. This was confirmed by using cell free extracts of E. coli. In light of the puromycin reaction, using chloramphenicol and chlorotetracycline as control inhibitors, monoketo-organomycin and cystaurimycin were found to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro by inhibiting peptidyl transferase of ribosomes. In marked contrast, this enzyme was activated, as also was protein synthesis, by their performic acid-oxidized modifications. It was thus suggested that the growth inhibitory effects of the latter compounds might be due to their interference in other metabolic activities of the above test organism. The results obtained are discussed in light of the chemical similarities or differences existing between the compounds investigated.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of monoketo-organomycin, cystaurimycin and their performic acid-oxidized modifications. I. Effects on bacterial growth and ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity. The response of 15 bacterial cultures to the inhibitory effects of the above mentioned compounds was investigated. These varied considerably. Escherichia coli cultures resistant to the compounds tested showed that monoketo-organomycin and cystaurimycin inhibit bacterial growth by what appears to  be the one and same mechanism which is not the same as that exhibited by their performic acid-oxidized modifications. This was confirmed by using cell free extracts of E. coli. In light of the puromycin reaction, using chloramphenicol and chlorotetracycline as control inhibitors, monoketo-organomycin and cystaurimycin were found to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro by inhibiting peptidyl transferase of ribosomes. In marked contrast, this enzyme was activated, as also was protein synthesis, by their performic acid-oxidized modifications. It was thus suggested that the growth inhibitory effects of the latter compounds might be due to their interference in other metabolic activities of the above test organism. The results obtained are discussed in light of the chemical similarities or differences existing between the compounds investigated.", "PMID": 389914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8755", "title": "Applications of self-control procedures by children: a review.", "content": "Self-control procedures as used by children to affect their own behavior were reviewed. Particular emphasis was placed on self-instruction, self-determined criteria, self-assessment, and self-reinforcement. Self-punishment, comprehensive programs, and innovative self-control procedures (distraction and restatement of contingencies) were also evaluated. Basic effectiveness, comparisons with similar externally imposed interventions, maintenance, and the augmental value of the procedures were assessed. Important problems for future research were identified.", "contents": "Applications of self-control procedures by children: a review. Self-control procedures as used by children to affect their own behavior were reviewed. Particular emphasis was placed on self-instruction, self-determined criteria, self-assessment, and self-reinforcement. Self-punishment, comprehensive programs, and innovative self-control procedures (distraction and restatement of contingencies) were also evaluated. Basic effectiveness, comparisons with similar externally imposed interventions, maintenance, and the augmental value of the procedures were assessed. Important problems for future research were identified.", "PMID": 389917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8756", "title": "Specific inhibition of macrophage migration inhibition factor by fucosylated glycolipid RM.", "content": "The effects of glycolipids on the interaction of the MIF (migration inhibition factor) with rat macrophages were examined using a migration inhibition assay system. MIF activity was specifically blocked by fucosylated Glycolipid RM [Gal alpha 1-3Gal(2-1 alpha Fuc) beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide, (1978) J. Biochem. 83, 85-90], but not by Cytolipin R, hematoside, or blood group B active glycolipid [Gal alpha 1-3Gal(2-1 alpha Fuc) beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide]. Inhibition of MIF activity was proportional to the concentration of Glycolipid RM. These findings suggest that Glycolipid RM acts as a receptor for MIF.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of macrophage migration inhibition factor by fucosylated glycolipid RM. The effects of glycolipids on the interaction of the MIF (migration inhibition factor) with rat macrophages were examined using a migration inhibition assay system. MIF activity was specifically blocked by fucosylated Glycolipid RM [Gal alpha 1-3Gal(2-1 alpha Fuc) beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide, (1978) J. Biochem. 83, 85-90], but not by Cytolipin R, hematoside, or blood group B active glycolipid [Gal alpha 1-3Gal(2-1 alpha Fuc) beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide]. Inhibition of MIF activity was proportional to the concentration of Glycolipid RM. These findings suggest that Glycolipid RM acts as a receptor for MIF.", "PMID": 389925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8757", "title": "A new surface treatment for bonding.", "content": "Bonding resins to enamel requires some form of mechanical attachment. Currently the dissolution of the outermost enamel layer is involved in etching with phosphoric acid. A new approach to mechanical bonding is described using a crystalline interface which itself bonds chemically to enamel. The crystals can be removed from the enamel with an ultrasonci or sickle-scaler followed by pumice prophylaxis. Many variations of the crystal growth principle may be visualized, including the development of fluoride-containing crystals.", "contents": "A new surface treatment for bonding. Bonding resins to enamel requires some form of mechanical attachment. Currently the dissolution of the outermost enamel layer is involved in etching with phosphoric acid. A new approach to mechanical bonding is described using a crystalline interface which itself bonds chemically to enamel. The crystals can be removed from the enamel with an ultrasonci or sickle-scaler followed by pumice prophylaxis. Many variations of the crystal growth principle may be visualized, including the development of fluoride-containing crystals.", "PMID": 389927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8758", "title": "Anterior fusion of the lumbar spine. End-result study with long-term follow-up.", "content": "We reviewed the cases of fifty patients who underwent anterior lumbar-spine fusion with autogenous fibular and iliac-bone grafts and were followed for two to fifteen years. Their diagnoses were instability of the spine, degenerative disc disease, pseudarthrosis, and spondylolisthesis. Fifty-six per cent had union and 44 per cent, non-union. Those who had iliac grafts healed in an average of 2.5 years and those who had fibular grafts, in 5.2 years. The clinical result was successful in twenty-six patients (52 per cent) and unsuccessful in twenty-four patients (48 per cent). Paradoxically, about one-half of the patients with clinical successes had a non-union and one-half of the failures had union. Retrograde ejaculation (sterility) did not develop in any of the men, and a survey of world authorities on anterior spine fusion revealed only sixteen patients with the sequela of retrograde ejaculation. The incidence of that complication has been exaggerated.", "contents": "Anterior fusion of the lumbar spine. End-result study with long-term follow-up. We reviewed the cases of fifty patients who underwent anterior lumbar-spine fusion with autogenous fibular and iliac-bone grafts and were followed for two to fifteen years. Their diagnoses were instability of the spine, degenerative disc disease, pseudarthrosis, and spondylolisthesis. Fifty-six per cent had union and 44 per cent, non-union. Those who had iliac grafts healed in an average of 2.5 years and those who had fibular grafts, in 5.2 years. The clinical result was successful in twenty-six patients (52 per cent) and unsuccessful in twenty-four patients (48 per cent). Paradoxically, about one-half of the patients with clinical successes had a non-union and one-half of the failures had union. Retrograde ejaculation (sterility) did not develop in any of the men, and a survey of world authorities on anterior spine fusion revealed only sixteen patients with the sequela of retrograde ejaculation. The incidence of that complication has been exaggerated.", "PMID": 389928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8759", "title": "Transiliac lengthening of the lower extremity. A modified innominate osteotomy for the treatment of postural imbalance.", "content": "A modified innominate osteotomy was employed to treat postural imbalance by a hemipelvic lengthening in twenty patients, five to twenty years old. Diagnoses associated with the postural imbalance included acetabular dysplasia with ipsilateral femoral shortening, pure limb-length inequality, primary intrapelvic asymmetry, and decompensated scoliosis. The functionally low hemipelvis was lengthened as much as three centimeters by distraction at the osteotomy and insertion of a quadrangular bone graft. The option of a variable amount of acetabular redirection was especially useful in patients with ipsilateral acetabular dysplasia. Review of the patients after two to six years revealed that an average lengthening of 2.3 centimeters had been achieved. Fourteen patients had a balanced stance without a lift postoperatively, and the size of the lift required in the other six patients was greatly reduced.", "contents": "Transiliac lengthening of the lower extremity. A modified innominate osteotomy for the treatment of postural imbalance. A modified innominate osteotomy was employed to treat postural imbalance by a hemipelvic lengthening in twenty patients, five to twenty years old. Diagnoses associated with the postural imbalance included acetabular dysplasia with ipsilateral femoral shortening, pure limb-length inequality, primary intrapelvic asymmetry, and decompensated scoliosis. The functionally low hemipelvis was lengthened as much as three centimeters by distraction at the osteotomy and insertion of a quadrangular bone graft. The option of a variable amount of acetabular redirection was especially useful in patients with ipsilateral acetabular dysplasia. Review of the patients after two to six years revealed that an average lengthening of 2.3 centimeters had been achieved. Fourteen patients had a balanced stance without a lift postoperatively, and the size of the lift required in the other six patients was greatly reduced.", "PMID": 389929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8760", "title": "Methylmethacrylate is a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The long-term effects of exposure to monomeric methylmethacrylate have yet to be established. We have measured the toxicity and mutagenicity of methylmethacrylate for Salmonella typhimurium. At levels of thirty-four millimolar, methylmethacrylate exhibited 28 per cent of the mutagenic activity of an equimolar dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Methylmethacrylate alone exhibited toxicity to the bacteria, but when the methylmethacrylate was incubated with a rat-liver enzyme metabolizing system, mutagenesis was induced. These findings suggest that an intermediate metabolite of methylmethacrylate is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate is a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium. The long-term effects of exposure to monomeric methylmethacrylate have yet to be established. We have measured the toxicity and mutagenicity of methylmethacrylate for Salmonella typhimurium. At levels of thirty-four millimolar, methylmethacrylate exhibited 28 per cent of the mutagenic activity of an equimolar dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Methylmethacrylate alone exhibited toxicity to the bacteria, but when the methylmethacrylate was incubated with a rat-liver enzyme metabolizing system, mutagenesis was induced. These findings suggest that an intermediate metabolite of methylmethacrylate is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 389931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8761", "title": "Annual oration. Detection of abdominal abscesses: a combined approach employing ultrasonography, computed tomography and gallium-67 scanning.", "content": "The identification and localization of intraabdominal abscesses is both an important and challenging task for the radiologist. Fortunately, three non-invasive imaging techniques are available which when used appropriately can virtually assure detection of an abscess. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each modality will often indicate the most propitious sequence of investigations in the individual patients.", "contents": "Annual oration. Detection of abdominal abscesses: a combined approach employing ultrasonography, computed tomography and gallium-67 scanning. The identification and localization of intraabdominal abscesses is both an important and challenging task for the radiologist. Fortunately, three non-invasive imaging techniques are available which when used appropriately can virtually assure detection of an abscess. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each modality will often indicate the most propitious sequence of investigations in the individual patients.", "PMID": 389935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8762", "title": "The spectrum of liver disease on CT.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is a useful imaging modality in a variety of liver diseases. The roles of radionuclide liver scanning, ultrasound and CT in liver disease are discussed and characteristic CT findings of cystic disease, trauma, abscess, primary and metastatic malignancy, fatty infiltration, hemochromatosis, and obstructive jaundice are illustrated.", "contents": "The spectrum of liver disease on CT. Computed tomography (CT) is a useful imaging modality in a variety of liver diseases. The roles of radionuclide liver scanning, ultrasound and CT in liver disease are discussed and characteristic CT findings of cystic disease, trauma, abscess, primary and metastatic malignancy, fatty infiltration, hemochromatosis, and obstructive jaundice are illustrated.", "PMID": 389936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8763", "title": "Diagnostic imaging in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diagnostic imaging techniques have an important role in supplementing the clinical evaluation of the diabetic. These are discussed in relation to the pathophysiologic changes: vascular degeneration, neurologic and infective changes, and maternal-fetal influences during pregnancy.", "contents": "Diagnostic imaging in diabetes mellitus. Diagnostic imaging techniques have an important role in supplementing the clinical evaluation of the diabetic. These are discussed in relation to the pathophysiologic changes: vascular degeneration, neurologic and infective changes, and maternal-fetal influences during pregnancy.", "PMID": 389937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8764", "title": "Quantitative reflection contrast microscopy of living cells.", "content": "Mammalian cells in culture (BHK-21, PtK2, Friend, human flia, and glioma cells) have been observed by reflection contrast microscopy. Images of cells photographed at two different wavelengths (546 and 436 nm) or at two different angles of incidence allowed discrimination between reflected light and light that was both reflected and modulated by interference. Interference is involved when a change in reflected intensity (relative to glass/medium background reflected intensity) occurs on changing either the illumination wavelength or the reflection incidence angle. In cases where interference occurs, refractive indices can be determined at points where the optical path difference is known, by solving the given interference equation. Where cells are at least 50 nm distant from the glass substrate, intensities are also influenced by that distance as well as by the light's angle of incidence and wavelength. The reflected intensity at the glass/medium interface is used as a standard in calculating the refractive index of the cortical cytoplasm. Refractive indices were found to be higher (1.38--1.40) at points of focal contact, where stress fibers terminate, than in areas of close contact (1.354--1.368). In areas of the cortical cytoplasm, between focal contacts, not adherent to the glass substrate, refractive indices between 1.353 and 1.368 were found. This was thought to result from a microfilamentous network within the cortical cytoplasm. Intimate attachment of cells to their substrate is assumed to be characterized by a lack of an intermediate layer of culture medium.", "contents": "Quantitative reflection contrast microscopy of living cells. Mammalian cells in culture (BHK-21, PtK2, Friend, human flia, and glioma cells) have been observed by reflection contrast microscopy. Images of cells photographed at two different wavelengths (546 and 436 nm) or at two different angles of incidence allowed discrimination between reflected light and light that was both reflected and modulated by interference. Interference is involved when a change in reflected intensity (relative to glass/medium background reflected intensity) occurs on changing either the illumination wavelength or the reflection incidence angle. In cases where interference occurs, refractive indices can be determined at points where the optical path difference is known, by solving the given interference equation. Where cells are at least 50 nm distant from the glass substrate, intensities are also influenced by that distance as well as by the light's angle of incidence and wavelength. The reflected intensity at the glass/medium interface is used as a standard in calculating the refractive index of the cortical cytoplasm. Refractive indices were found to be higher (1.38--1.40) at points of focal contact, where stress fibers terminate, than in areas of close contact (1.354--1.368). In areas of the cortical cytoplasm, between focal contacts, not adherent to the glass substrate, refractive indices between 1.353 and 1.368 were found. This was thought to result from a microfilamentous network within the cortical cytoplasm. Intimate attachment of cells to their substrate is assumed to be characterized by a lack of an intermediate layer of culture medium.", "PMID": 389938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8765", "title": "Capping of exogenous Forssman glycolipid on cells.", "content": "When motile cells are incubated with Forssman glycolipid, the antigen is incorporated into the cells' plasma membranes. If cross-linked by antibody, the patched glycolipids cap. This process is sensitive to those drugs that are known to inhibit capping of protein antigens. The results support a flow mechanism for capping.", "contents": "Capping of exogenous Forssman glycolipid on cells. When motile cells are incubated with Forssman glycolipid, the antigen is incorporated into the cells' plasma membranes. If cross-linked by antibody, the patched glycolipids cap. This process is sensitive to those drugs that are known to inhibit capping of protein antigens. The results support a flow mechanism for capping.", "PMID": 389939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8766", "title": "Distribution of fetal bovine serum fibronectin and endogenous rat cell fibronectin in extracellular matrix.", "content": "Normal rat kidney cells were cultured in medium supplemented with normal fetal bovine serum (FBS) or FBS depleted of fibronectin. The cell surface fibronectin of these cultures was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using species-specific antisera for either rat fibronectin or bovine fibronectin. Anti-rat-fibronectin revealed fibrillar structures on the cells grown in either normal medium or fibronectin-depleted medium. Anti-bovine fibronectin revealed similar fibrillar networks, but only on the cells grown in medium containing bovine fibronectin. Staining in each case was abolished by absorption with the homologous antigen. It appears that exogenous fibronectin was incorporated into the same structures as endogenous fibronectin. This finding suggests that circulating fibronectin may serve as a building block for the assembly of extracellular matrix, possibly by cells which are incapable of synthesizing it.", "contents": "Distribution of fetal bovine serum fibronectin and endogenous rat cell fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Normal rat kidney cells were cultured in medium supplemented with normal fetal bovine serum (FBS) or FBS depleted of fibronectin. The cell surface fibronectin of these cultures was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using species-specific antisera for either rat fibronectin or bovine fibronectin. Anti-rat-fibronectin revealed fibrillar structures on the cells grown in either normal medium or fibronectin-depleted medium. Anti-bovine fibronectin revealed similar fibrillar networks, but only on the cells grown in medium containing bovine fibronectin. Staining in each case was abolished by absorption with the homologous antigen. It appears that exogenous fibronectin was incorporated into the same structures as endogenous fibronectin. This finding suggests that circulating fibronectin may serve as a building block for the assembly of extracellular matrix, possibly by cells which are incapable of synthesizing it.", "PMID": 389940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8767", "title": "Measurement of total, intracellular and surface bound cations in animal cells grown in culture.", "content": "A procedure is described in which animal cells grown in culture on a dish are rapidly rinsed in situ with 0.25 M sucrose solutions for subsequent measurement of total, intracellular and rapidly exchangeab le Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Repeated rinses with CO2-free (pH similar to 7) 0.25 M sucrose solution produced essentially no loss of cellular protein or cations. One 10-second rinse with CO2-saturated (pH 4) 0.25 M sucrose solution removed a rapidly proton exchangeable cellular cation fraction which is interpreted as being externally (membrane) bound. Rinses with physiological electrolyte solutions are shown to produce loss of cellular protein as well as displacement of surface exchangeable cations. Thus, isotonic sucrose solution is more satisfactory than electrolytic media for rinsing cultured cells prior to measurement of cellular cations. The technique employing sucrose rinse media is very rapid and reproducible and permits measurement of total, intracellular or surface bound Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the same sample.", "contents": "Measurement of total, intracellular and surface bound cations in animal cells grown in culture. A procedure is described in which animal cells grown in culture on a dish are rapidly rinsed in situ with 0.25 M sucrose solutions for subsequent measurement of total, intracellular and rapidly exchangeab le Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Repeated rinses with CO2-free (pH similar to 7) 0.25 M sucrose solution produced essentially no loss of cellular protein or cations. One 10-second rinse with CO2-saturated (pH 4) 0.25 M sucrose solution removed a rapidly proton exchangeable cellular cation fraction which is interpreted as being externally (membrane) bound. Rinses with physiological electrolyte solutions are shown to produce loss of cellular protein as well as displacement of surface exchangeable cations. Thus, isotonic sucrose solution is more satisfactory than electrolytic media for rinsing cultured cells prior to measurement of cellular cations. The technique employing sucrose rinse media is very rapid and reproducible and permits measurement of total, intracellular or surface bound Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the same sample.", "PMID": 389941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8768", "title": "Prostacyclin stimulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in man.", "content": "The effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) has been examined in 6 normal male volunteers infused with 3 incremental doses of PGI2. Diastolic blood pressure fell significantly during the infusion of the highest dose of 8 ng/kg/min. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma angiotensin II (AII) increased to 271% and 342% respectively from baseline values. Plasma cortisol (PC), plasma noradrenaline (PNA) and plasma adrenaline (PAD) did not change significantly. Plasma aldosterone (PA) increased slightly 15 minutes after stopping the infusion. These results suggest aht PGI2 stimulates the release of renin in man.", "contents": "Prostacyclin stimulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in man. The effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) has been examined in 6 normal male volunteers infused with 3 incremental doses of PGI2. Diastolic blood pressure fell significantly during the infusion of the highest dose of 8 ng/kg/min. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma angiotensin II (AII) increased to 271% and 342% respectively from baseline values. Plasma cortisol (PC), plasma noradrenaline (PNA) and plasma adrenaline (PAD) did not change significantly. Plasma aldosterone (PA) increased slightly 15 minutes after stopping the infusion. These results suggest aht PGI2 stimulates the release of renin in man.", "PMID": 389942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8769", "title": "Reliable urease test for identification of mycobacteria.", "content": "A simple, modified formation for urea broth gave consistent, reliable results to aid in the differentiation of Mycobacterium species. In a study of 1,346 isolates representing 17 different species, tests read after 7 days were distinct and reproducible. The use of this test facilitates the identification of Mycobacterium species, such as M. scrofulaceum, the M. avium complex, the M. terrae complex, and M. triviale.", "contents": "Reliable urease test for identification of mycobacteria. A simple, modified formation for urea broth gave consistent, reliable results to aid in the differentiation of Mycobacterium species. In a study of 1,346 isolates representing 17 different species, tests read after 7 days were distinct and reproducible. The use of this test facilitates the identification of Mycobacterium species, such as M. scrofulaceum, the M. avium complex, the M. terrae complex, and M. triviale.", "PMID": 389943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8770", "title": "Merthiolate treatment of pathogenic fungi.", "content": "The action of Merthiolate on the pathogenic yeasts Blastomyces, dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Sporothrix schenckii was compared to the effect of treatment with formaldehyde. Concentrations of 1:10,000 and 1:5,000 Merthiolate for three exposure times (24, 48, and 72 h) at 4 and 25 degrees C were tested on three media (brain heart infusion with and without blood, and modified Sabouraud agar). The effect of Merthiolate on these three yeasts was primarily fungistatic, with maximum effect using 1:5,000 Merthiolate at 25 degrees C for at least 48 h. Mycelial suspensions of B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum, S. shenckii, and the yeast phase of Cryptococcus neoformans were susceptible to the 1:5,000 Merthiolate concentration after 24 h of treatment. The antifungal effect of Methiolate varies with species and growth phase of the fungus. Concentration, time of exposure, and temperature of incubation are important variables.", "contents": "Merthiolate treatment of pathogenic fungi. The action of Merthiolate on the pathogenic yeasts Blastomyces, dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Sporothrix schenckii was compared to the effect of treatment with formaldehyde. Concentrations of 1:10,000 and 1:5,000 Merthiolate for three exposure times (24, 48, and 72 h) at 4 and 25 degrees C were tested on three media (brain heart infusion with and without blood, and modified Sabouraud agar). The effect of Merthiolate on these three yeasts was primarily fungistatic, with maximum effect using 1:5,000 Merthiolate at 25 degrees C for at least 48 h. Mycelial suspensions of B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum, S. shenckii, and the yeast phase of Cryptococcus neoformans were susceptible to the 1:5,000 Merthiolate concentration after 24 h of treatment. The antifungal effect of Methiolate varies with species and growth phase of the fungus. Concentration, time of exposure, and temperature of incubation are important variables.", "PMID": 389944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8771", "title": "Nonfermentative bacilli: evaluation of three systems for identification.", "content": "Three systems for the identification of nonfermentative bacilli were evaluated for their rapidity and accuracy of identification of 217 strains. Two of the systems, API 20E (API) and Oxi/Ferm tube (OxiF), are available as kits; the oxidative attack (OA) system is not commerically available. The overall accuracies of the OA, API, and OxiF systems were 91, 69, and 50%, respectively. Identification within 48 h was achieved for 98% of the strains by OA, for 50% by API, and for 18% by OxiF. Most of the organisms that were either misidentified or not identified by API and OxiF were those nonfermentative bacilli which are relatively more fastidious or rarely encountered or both. All three systems accurately identified nonfermentative bacilli commonly isolated at Olive View Medical Center, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter lwoffi, saccharolytic flavobacteria (CDC IIb), moraxellae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. The OA system identified 100% of the above organisms correctly, API identified 99.4%, and OxiF identified 99.3%. Since these organisms comprise 92% of the total number of nonfermentative bacilli isolated at Olive View Medical Center, we conclude that both API and OxiF may be useful alternatives to conventional methods, based on accuracy of identification alone. These two systems were considered substantially inferior to the OA system when both accuracy and rapidity of identification were taken into account.", "contents": "Nonfermentative bacilli: evaluation of three systems for identification. Three systems for the identification of nonfermentative bacilli were evaluated for their rapidity and accuracy of identification of 217 strains. Two of the systems, API 20E (API) and Oxi/Ferm tube (OxiF), are available as kits; the oxidative attack (OA) system is not commerically available. The overall accuracies of the OA, API, and OxiF systems were 91, 69, and 50%, respectively. Identification within 48 h was achieved for 98% of the strains by OA, for 50% by API, and for 18% by OxiF. Most of the organisms that were either misidentified or not identified by API and OxiF were those nonfermentative bacilli which are relatively more fastidious or rarely encountered or both. All three systems accurately identified nonfermentative bacilli commonly isolated at Olive View Medical Center, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter lwoffi, saccharolytic flavobacteria (CDC IIb), moraxellae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. The OA system identified 100% of the above organisms correctly, API identified 99.4%, and OxiF identified 99.3%. Since these organisms comprise 92% of the total number of nonfermentative bacilli isolated at Olive View Medical Center, we conclude that both API and OxiF may be useful alternatives to conventional methods, based on accuracy of identification alone. These two systems were considered substantially inferior to the OA system when both accuracy and rapidity of identification were taken into account.", "PMID": 389945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8772", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the MICRO-ID, API 20E, and conventional media systems for identification of Enterobacteriacea.", "content": "MICRO-ID (General Diagnostics, Morris Plains, N.J.) is a new kit system designed for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h. It consists of 15 biochemical tests of paper disks. Each test is in its own compartment in a molded plastic tray. Only one reagent need be added to the system (2 drops of 20% KOH, which is added to the Voges-Proskauer test). Based on the pattern of positive and negative biochemical test results, a five-digit octal code number is calculated. An identification is derived from a computer-generated identification manual. A study was conducted to compare three systems-the MICRO-ID 4-h and the API 20E (Analytab Products Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) 18- to 24-h systems and a conventional media system-to measure the ability of each to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Comparison tables, rather than simple percentage agreement tables, were generated to define the particular strengths and weaknesses of each system and allow the laboratory to best use the data. The MICRO-ID compared quite favorably with conventional media. MICRO-ID yielded incorrect identifications with 1.5% of the isolates tested (API 20E, 4.7% misidentification rate). Half the MICRO-ID misidentifications occurred when the system identified a Citrobacter diversus as a lysine-negative Escherichia coli; all gave one octal number. A direct comparison of the MICRO-ID and API 20E was of limited value because percentage agreements were merely the sums of the errors of each. The ease of inoculation, the requirement for the addition of only one reagent, and the 4-h capability make the MICRO-ID system an extremely attractive development in the field of bacterial identification.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the MICRO-ID, API 20E, and conventional media systems for identification of Enterobacteriacea. MICRO-ID (General Diagnostics, Morris Plains, N.J.) is a new kit system designed for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h. It consists of 15 biochemical tests of paper disks. Each test is in its own compartment in a molded plastic tray. Only one reagent need be added to the system (2 drops of 20% KOH, which is added to the Voges-Proskauer test). Based on the pattern of positive and negative biochemical test results, a five-digit octal code number is calculated. An identification is derived from a computer-generated identification manual. A study was conducted to compare three systems-the MICRO-ID 4-h and the API 20E (Analytab Products Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) 18- to 24-h systems and a conventional media system-to measure the ability of each to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Comparison tables, rather than simple percentage agreement tables, were generated to define the particular strengths and weaknesses of each system and allow the laboratory to best use the data. The MICRO-ID compared quite favorably with conventional media. MICRO-ID yielded incorrect identifications with 1.5% of the isolates tested (API 20E, 4.7% misidentification rate). Half the MICRO-ID misidentifications occurred when the system identified a Citrobacter diversus as a lysine-negative Escherichia coli; all gave one octal number. A direct comparison of the MICRO-ID and API 20E was of limited value because percentage agreements were merely the sums of the errors of each. The ease of inoculation, the requirement for the addition of only one reagent, and the 4-h capability make the MICRO-ID system an extremely attractive development in the field of bacterial identification.", "PMID": 389946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8773", "title": "Comparison of the API 20E and Corning N/F systems for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative rods.", "content": "A total of 231 strains of nonfermenting gram-negative rods were tested on the API 20E system, the Corning N/F system, and conventional media. When the results of identification to species were compared, the API system agreed with the conventional system on 69% of the isolates, and the Corning system agreed with the conventional system on 79% of the isolates. Both kit systems were deficient in identifying Pseudomonas cepacia and the more unusual isolates.", "contents": "Comparison of the API 20E and Corning N/F systems for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative rods. A total of 231 strains of nonfermenting gram-negative rods were tested on the API 20E system, the Corning N/F system, and conventional media. When the results of identification to species were compared, the API system agreed with the conventional system on 69% of the isolates, and the Corning system agreed with the conventional system on 79% of the isolates. Both kit systems were deficient in identifying Pseudomonas cepacia and the more unusual isolates.", "PMID": 389947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8774", "title": "Comparison of various McCoy cell treatment procedures used for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "McCoy cells treated in six different ways, in addition to untreated cells, were compared to determine which gave rise to the largest number of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions when tested with a laboratory-passaged strain. The same batch of cells was treated by irradiation, preinoculation exposure to cytochalasin B or 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and postinoculation exposure to cycloheximide, hydrocortisone, or emetine. Significantly more inclusions were always found in cells which had been treated with cycloheximide than in cells treated in any other way. Conversely, untreated McCoy cells always had significantly fewer inclusions than cells which had received some form of treatment. Similar results were obtained when cycloheximide-treated, irradiated, and untreated cells were inoculated with urethral specimens containing unpassaged organisms.", "contents": "Comparison of various McCoy cell treatment procedures used for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. McCoy cells treated in six different ways, in addition to untreated cells, were compared to determine which gave rise to the largest number of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions when tested with a laboratory-passaged strain. The same batch of cells was treated by irradiation, preinoculation exposure to cytochalasin B or 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and postinoculation exposure to cycloheximide, hydrocortisone, or emetine. Significantly more inclusions were always found in cells which had been treated with cycloheximide than in cells treated in any other way. Conversely, untreated McCoy cells always had significantly fewer inclusions than cells which had received some form of treatment. Similar results were obtained when cycloheximide-treated, irradiated, and untreated cells were inoculated with urethral specimens containing unpassaged organisms.", "PMID": 389948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8775", "title": "Recognition of group B streptococci in dip-slide cultures of urine.", "content": "One hundred strains of group B streptococci isolated from human infections were tested for growth on dip-slides available for the culture of urine. All grew on CLED agar, and none grew on MacConkey agar. The colonies were barely or not at all visible to the naked eye after overnight incubation (diameter, around 0.1 mm). The colony size increased eith prolonged incubation, but not if the inoculum density exceeded 10(6)/ml. Differences were found between lots of dip-slides. Poor growth on dip-slides may explain why group B streptococci have received little attention as pathogens of the urinary tract. The dip-slide screening personnel of one laboratory were informed of the experimental findings, and they started the practice of frequent subculture and prolonged incubation. The proportion of group B streptococci in significant bacteriuria increased from 0 to about 2% of positive cultures, whereas there was no conmitant increase of group B streptococci in dip-slides screened in several other laboratories serving as controls.", "contents": "Recognition of group B streptococci in dip-slide cultures of urine. One hundred strains of group B streptococci isolated from human infections were tested for growth on dip-slides available for the culture of urine. All grew on CLED agar, and none grew on MacConkey agar. The colonies were barely or not at all visible to the naked eye after overnight incubation (diameter, around 0.1 mm). The colony size increased eith prolonged incubation, but not if the inoculum density exceeded 10(6)/ml. Differences were found between lots of dip-slides. Poor growth on dip-slides may explain why group B streptococci have received little attention as pathogens of the urinary tract. The dip-slide screening personnel of one laboratory were informed of the experimental findings, and they started the practice of frequent subculture and prolonged incubation. The proportion of group B streptococci in significant bacteriuria increased from 0 to about 2% of positive cultures, whereas there was no conmitant increase of group B streptococci in dip-slides screened in several other laboratories serving as controls.", "PMID": 389949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8776", "title": "Clinical laboratory evaluation of automated microbial detection/identification system in analysis of clinical urine specimens.", "content": "More than 4,000 clinical urine specimens were evaluated with an automated microbial detection/identification system compared to a standarized manual analysis and the routine modalities used in five peer-group laboratories. The comparison indicates that the automated system recognizes the nine groups of significant microorganisms in urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients with the same efficiency as a standarized manual method. The automated system's ability to enumerate the bacterial populations in the original clinical specimen attained a high degree of accuracy.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory evaluation of automated microbial detection/identification system in analysis of clinical urine specimens. More than 4,000 clinical urine specimens were evaluated with an automated microbial detection/identification system compared to a standarized manual analysis and the routine modalities used in five peer-group laboratories. The comparison indicates that the automated system recognizes the nine groups of significant microorganisms in urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients with the same efficiency as a standarized manual method. The automated system's ability to enumerate the bacterial populations in the original clinical specimen attained a high degree of accuracy.", "PMID": 389950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8777", "title": "Application of the Fortner principle to isolation of Campylobacter from stools.", "content": "A simple biological technique for reducing oxygen tension which does not necessitate the use of conventional anaerobic equipment is described. We successfully applied this method to the isolation of campylobacters from stools.", "contents": "Application of the Fortner principle to isolation of Campylobacter from stools. A simple biological technique for reducing oxygen tension which does not necessitate the use of conventional anaerobic equipment is described. We successfully applied this method to the isolation of campylobacters from stools.", "PMID": 389951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8778", "title": "Modified inoculum for the enteric Minitek system from positive blood cultures.", "content": "A modified Minitek inoculum procedure for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae from positive blood cultures was shown to be reliable. The method consisted of inoculating the Minitek enteric and nonfermenter broth with blood culture fluid and incubating the inoculum for 4 h before use.", "contents": "Modified inoculum for the enteric Minitek system from positive blood cultures. A modified Minitek inoculum procedure for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae from positive blood cultures was shown to be reliable. The method consisted of inoculating the Minitek enteric and nonfermenter broth with blood culture fluid and incubating the inoculum for 4 h before use.", "PMID": 389952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8779", "title": "Formalinized Chlamydia trachomatis organisms as antigen in the micro-immunofluorescence test.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis organisms grown in HeLa 229 cell cultures were purified and formalinized for use in the micro-immunofluorescence test. As test antigens, they were stable when stored unfrozen at 4 degrees C for a long period of time without loss of type specificity and sensitivity.", "contents": "Formalinized Chlamydia trachomatis organisms as antigen in the micro-immunofluorescence test. Chlamydia trachomatis organisms grown in HeLa 229 cell cultures were purified and formalinized for use in the micro-immunofluorescence test. As test antigens, they were stable when stored unfrozen at 4 degrees C for a long period of time without loss of type specificity and sensitivity.", "PMID": 389953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8780", "title": "Identification of viridans streptococci on the Minitek Miniaturised Differentiation System.", "content": "A total of 227 strains of viridans streptococci were simultaneously identified on the Minitek Miniaturised System (BBL) and by a conventional method according to Colman and Williams. The Minitek discs were each overlaid with a drop of sterile liquid paraffin, and the trays were incubated in GaSPak jars (BBL) with CO2 generator envelopes. Identification was possible three to four days earlier than with the conventional method. The results were found to be in agreement with the conventional method. Compared to the identification schemes of Cowan and Steel and of Facklam, the results were also in good agreement. Minor differences were found in the number of positive and negative results in those reactions that are variable in all three schemes.", "contents": "Identification of viridans streptococci on the Minitek Miniaturised Differentiation System. A total of 227 strains of viridans streptococci were simultaneously identified on the Minitek Miniaturised System (BBL) and by a conventional method according to Colman and Williams. The Minitek discs were each overlaid with a drop of sterile liquid paraffin, and the trays were incubated in GaSPak jars (BBL) with CO2 generator envelopes. Identification was possible three to four days earlier than with the conventional method. The results were found to be in agreement with the conventional method. Compared to the identification schemes of Cowan and Steel and of Facklam, the results were also in good agreement. Minor differences were found in the number of positive and negative results in those reactions that are variable in all three schemes.", "PMID": 389954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8781", "title": "Cerebral malaria in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Four fatal cases of cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria in English travellers returning from Africa have been seen in the last 13 years. The haemorrhages, accumulations of microglia, and destruction of cerebral white matter around small veins as a result of blockage of cortical capillaries by parasitised red blood corpuscles resemble the effect of fat embolism. Microglia in the lesions is demonstrated by special neuropathological techniques. Attention is drawn to the need for a prompt recognition of malaria since appropriate treatment can be successful.", "contents": "Cerebral malaria in the United Kingdom. Four fatal cases of cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria in English travellers returning from Africa have been seen in the last 13 years. The haemorrhages, accumulations of microglia, and destruction of cerebral white matter around small veins as a result of blockage of cortical capillaries by parasitised red blood corpuscles resemble the effect of fat embolism. Microglia in the lesions is demonstrated by special neuropathological techniques. Attention is drawn to the need for a prompt recognition of malaria since appropriate treatment can be successful.", "PMID": 389955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8782", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis: a serological study.", "content": "Sera from 23 proven or clinically suspected cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) in immunosuppressed patients predominantly with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and from 91 normal people, were examined for antibody to P. carinii by indirect immunofluorescence. Low levels of antibody were found in 51 of 91 normal people and elevated or rising titres of antibody in 18 out of 21 cases from whom paired or serial convalescent sera could be obtained.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis: a serological study. Sera from 23 proven or clinically suspected cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) in immunosuppressed patients predominantly with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and from 91 normal people, were examined for antibody to P. carinii by indirect immunofluorescence. Low levels of antibody were found in 51 of 91 normal people and elevated or rising titres of antibody in 18 out of 21 cases from whom paired or serial convalescent sera could be obtained.", "PMID": 389956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8783", "title": "Anti-cartilage antibody.", "content": "Antibody to cartilage has been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence on rat trachea in the serum of about 3% of 1126 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Titres ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. The antibody was not found in 284 patients with primary or secondary osteoarthritis or in 1825 blood donors, nor, with the exception of two weak reactors, in 1314 paraplegic patients. In most cases the antibody appears to be specific for native type II collagen. Using this as an antigen in a haemagglutination test 94% of anti-cartilage sera were positive, whereas among 100 rheumatoid control sera there were only three weak positives. More than 80% of patients with antibody had some erosion of articular cartilage, but there was no correlation with age, sex, duration of disease, nor any recognisable clinical event or change.", "contents": "Anti-cartilage antibody. Antibody to cartilage has been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence on rat trachea in the serum of about 3% of 1126 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Titres ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. The antibody was not found in 284 patients with primary or secondary osteoarthritis or in 1825 blood donors, nor, with the exception of two weak reactors, in 1314 paraplegic patients. In most cases the antibody appears to be specific for native type II collagen. Using this as an antigen in a haemagglutination test 94% of anti-cartilage sera were positive, whereas among 100 rheumatoid control sera there were only three weak positives. More than 80% of patients with antibody had some erosion of articular cartilage, but there was no correlation with age, sex, duration of disease, nor any recognisable clinical event or change.", "PMID": 389957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8784", "title": "Bone aluminium in haemodialysed patients and in rats injected with aluminium chloride: relationship to impaired bone mineralisation.", "content": "Iliac bone aluminium was determined by neutron activation analysis in 34 patients with chronic renal failure and in eight control subjects. In 17 patients treated by haemodialysis there was a significant increase in the amount of aluminium (mean +/- SE = 152 +/- 30 ppm bone ash). In eight patients treated by haemodialysis and subsequent renal transplantation, bone aluminium was still significantly increased (92 +/- 4.5 ppm bone ash) but was less than in the haemodialysed patients. In some patients aluminium persisted in bone for many years after successful renal transplantation. There was no relationship between hyperparathyroidism and bone aluminium. Although no statistically significant relationship was found between the mineralisation status of bone and bone aluminium, patients dialysed for the longest periods tended to be those with the highest levels of aluminium, osteomalacia, and dialysis encephalopathy. In 20 rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of aluminium chloride for periods of up to three months, there was accumulation of aluminium in bone (163 +/- 9 ppm ash) to levels comparable to those obtained in the dialysis patients, and after about eight weeks osteomalacia developed. The increased bone aluminium and osteomalacia persisted after injections had been stopped for up to 49 days, although endochondral ossification was restored to normal. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that aluminium retained in the bone of the dialysis patients and the experimental animals interferes with normal mineralisation.", "contents": "Bone aluminium in haemodialysed patients and in rats injected with aluminium chloride: relationship to impaired bone mineralisation. Iliac bone aluminium was determined by neutron activation analysis in 34 patients with chronic renal failure and in eight control subjects. In 17 patients treated by haemodialysis there was a significant increase in the amount of aluminium (mean +/- SE = 152 +/- 30 ppm bone ash). In eight patients treated by haemodialysis and subsequent renal transplantation, bone aluminium was still significantly increased (92 +/- 4.5 ppm bone ash) but was less than in the haemodialysed patients. In some patients aluminium persisted in bone for many years after successful renal transplantation. There was no relationship between hyperparathyroidism and bone aluminium. Although no statistically significant relationship was found between the mineralisation status of bone and bone aluminium, patients dialysed for the longest periods tended to be those with the highest levels of aluminium, osteomalacia, and dialysis encephalopathy. In 20 rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of aluminium chloride for periods of up to three months, there was accumulation of aluminium in bone (163 +/- 9 ppm ash) to levels comparable to those obtained in the dialysis patients, and after about eight weeks osteomalacia developed. The increased bone aluminium and osteomalacia persisted after injections had been stopped for up to 49 days, although endochondral ossification was restored to normal. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that aluminium retained in the bone of the dialysis patients and the experimental animals interferes with normal mineralisation.", "PMID": 389958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8785", "title": "Biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes characterised by differential substrate metabolism: application of the technique.", "content": "A biochemical typing method is described for Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes. The technique depends on differences in metabolism of five carbon substrates--glycerol, inositol, lactose, glucose, and xylose--at two concentrations. Reproducibility is satisfactory and is monitored by the incorporation of control klebsiellae of known biotype. The method has been used for 12 months in the surveillance of urinary tract colonisation in this hospital. Gut carriage of klebsiellae, implicated by several workers as a source of infection, was common among staff and new admissions. Many biotypes were represented which were sensitive to most antibiotic except ampicillin. Klebsiellae, all multiply resistant, were isolated most frequently from urine specimens in two orthopaedic wards. In a longitudinal study in these wards, a sequential dominance in urinary tract colonisation by two klebsiella biotypes was shown, which suggested the presence of cross infection or an environmental reservoir. Confirmatory evidence was obtained from capsular serotypes and R-factor studies.", "contents": "Biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes characterised by differential substrate metabolism: application of the technique. A biochemical typing method is described for Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes. The technique depends on differences in metabolism of five carbon substrates--glycerol, inositol, lactose, glucose, and xylose--at two concentrations. Reproducibility is satisfactory and is monitored by the incorporation of control klebsiellae of known biotype. The method has been used for 12 months in the surveillance of urinary tract colonisation in this hospital. Gut carriage of klebsiellae, implicated by several workers as a source of infection, was common among staff and new admissions. Many biotypes were represented which were sensitive to most antibiotic except ampicillin. Klebsiellae, all multiply resistant, were isolated most frequently from urine specimens in two orthopaedic wards. In a longitudinal study in these wards, a sequential dominance in urinary tract colonisation by two klebsiella biotypes was shown, which suggested the presence of cross infection or an environmental reservoir. Confirmatory evidence was obtained from capsular serotypes and R-factor studies.", "PMID": 389960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8786", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulin and fibrin in lichen planus.", "content": "To demonstrate the exact localization of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposits in skin lesions of lichen planus, we employed the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, both light and electron microscopically. IgM is shown to be deposited preferentially in and on the cytoid bodies all over their cut surface in a typical stippled pattern, partly obscuring the characteristic fibrillar substructure. All other structures such as the basal lamina are devoid of IgM deposits. Fibrin (F) is also present in cytoid bodies but in a lesser amount; it is characteristically deposited on and along the basal lamina and its reduplications in the uppermost strata of the dermis. Our results indicate that IgM deposition in cytoid bodies occurs at a very early stage during the formation of these structures and that fibrinogen exhibits a specific affinity not only to cytoid bodies but also to basal lamina material.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulin and fibrin in lichen planus. To demonstrate the exact localization of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposits in skin lesions of lichen planus, we employed the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, both light and electron microscopically. IgM is shown to be deposited preferentially in and on the cytoid bodies all over their cut surface in a typical stippled pattern, partly obscuring the characteristic fibrillar substructure. All other structures such as the basal lamina are devoid of IgM deposits. Fibrin (F) is also present in cytoid bodies but in a lesser amount; it is characteristically deposited on and along the basal lamina and its reduplications in the uppermost strata of the dermis. Our results indicate that IgM deposition in cytoid bodies occurs at a very early stage during the formation of these structures and that fibrinogen exhibits a specific affinity not only to cytoid bodies but also to basal lamina material.", "PMID": 389962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8787", "title": "Inflammatory macular atrophy: immunofluorescent and ultrastructural findings.", "content": "In a patient with primary inflammatory macular atrophy, immunofluorescence studies disclosed both C'3 and IgM in a granular and fibrillar pattern in the dermis between the coagen fibers and at the basement membrane zone. Localization of C'3 to autofluorescent elastic fibers was demonstrated. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence of activated macrophages enveloping fragmented elastic fibers. Immunologic mechanisms may play a participatory role in some forms of macular atrophy.", "contents": "Inflammatory macular atrophy: immunofluorescent and ultrastructural findings. In a patient with primary inflammatory macular atrophy, immunofluorescence studies disclosed both C'3 and IgM in a granular and fibrillar pattern in the dermis between the coagen fibers and at the basement membrane zone. Localization of C'3 to autofluorescent elastic fibers was demonstrated. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence of activated macrophages enveloping fragmented elastic fibers. Immunologic mechanisms may play a participatory role in some forms of macular atrophy.", "PMID": 389963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8788", "title": "Computed tomography of ancient Egyptian mummies.", "content": "This first report of the application of computed tomography (CT) to the study of ancient mummies, the desiccated brain of a boy and the body of a young woman within her cartonnage, shows that CT is uniquely suitable for the study of such antiquities, a study that does not necessitate destruction of the mummy or its cartonnage. Exquisite images result that are of great paleoanatomical, paleopathological, and archeological significance.", "contents": "Computed tomography of ancient Egyptian mummies. This first report of the application of computed tomography (CT) to the study of ancient mummies, the desiccated brain of a boy and the body of a young woman within her cartonnage, shows that CT is uniquely suitable for the study of such antiquities, a study that does not necessitate destruction of the mummy or its cartonnage. Exquisite images result that are of great paleoanatomical, paleopathological, and archeological significance.", "PMID": 389964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8789", "title": "Abnormal gonadothrophin secretion in children with chronic renal failure.", "content": "LH and FSH response to intravenous injection of GnRH was evaluated in a group of patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis and in two children with successful renal transplant. Basal plasma LH was elevated in children with chronic renal failure as compared to control, and significantly increased following GnRH injection in most of the children. Basal plasma FSH was higher than in the control group, and slightly increased after GnRH. These data suggest an abnormal response to GnRH in chronic renal failure and an involvement of hypothalamus and pituitary in chronic renal disease. The role of abnormal gonadotrophin secretion in growth retardation and pubertal delay of these children is still not well understood.", "contents": "Abnormal gonadothrophin secretion in children with chronic renal failure. LH and FSH response to intravenous injection of GnRH was evaluated in a group of patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis and in two children with successful renal transplant. Basal plasma LH was elevated in children with chronic renal failure as compared to control, and significantly increased following GnRH injection in most of the children. Basal plasma FSH was higher than in the control group, and slightly increased after GnRH. These data suggest an abnormal response to GnRH in chronic renal failure and an involvement of hypothalamus and pituitary in chronic renal disease. The role of abnormal gonadotrophin secretion in growth retardation and pubertal delay of these children is still not well understood.", "PMID": 389973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8790", "title": "The effect of renal transplantation on plasma protein binding.", "content": "The in vitro plasma protein binding was determined in nine maintenance hemodialysis patients who later underwent renal transplantation. The organic acid fluorescein (10 micrograms/ml) or the organic base quinidine (5 micrograms/ml) was added to the pre and post transplant serum of these patients. Drug concentrations were measured spectrophotofluorometrically after equilibrium dialysis. The results were compared with the plasma protein binding of eight normal volunteers. The patients on maintenance hemodialysis had lower plasma protein binding of fluorescein than normals (78 +/- 5% vs 89 +/- 4, p less than 0.001). Plasma protein binding improved significantly after renal transplantation (85 +/- 3, p less than 0.01) but was still lower than in normals (p 0.05). Plasma protein binding of quinidine was not significantly different than in normal volunteers (77 +/- 8%) either prior to (72 +/- 10%) or after (73 +/- 12%) kidney transplantation. Plasma protein binding of quinidine remains unaffected by renal transplantation. However, the abnormal plasma protein binding or organic acids in chronic renal failure may be significantly improved by renal transplantation.", "contents": "The effect of renal transplantation on plasma protein binding. The in vitro plasma protein binding was determined in nine maintenance hemodialysis patients who later underwent renal transplantation. The organic acid fluorescein (10 micrograms/ml) or the organic base quinidine (5 micrograms/ml) was added to the pre and post transplant serum of these patients. Drug concentrations were measured spectrophotofluorometrically after equilibrium dialysis. The results were compared with the plasma protein binding of eight normal volunteers. The patients on maintenance hemodialysis had lower plasma protein binding of fluorescein than normals (78 +/- 5% vs 89 +/- 4, p less than 0.001). Plasma protein binding improved significantly after renal transplantation (85 +/- 3, p less than 0.01) but was still lower than in normals (p 0.05). Plasma protein binding of quinidine was not significantly different than in normal volunteers (77 +/- 8%) either prior to (72 +/- 10%) or after (73 +/- 12%) kidney transplantation. Plasma protein binding of quinidine remains unaffected by renal transplantation. However, the abnormal plasma protein binding or organic acids in chronic renal failure may be significantly improved by renal transplantation.", "PMID": 389974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8791", "title": "Immunofluorescent detection of actin and myosin in healing gingival epithelium.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescent labeling shows a sequential increase in detectable epithelial cell actin and myosin during wound repair migration and maturation. While actin shows a substantial increase between pre-wound and migration levels, the relative detectable myosin is omnipresent at apparently high levels, and it increases only slightly during active migration.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent detection of actin and myosin in healing gingival epithelium. Indirect immunofluorescent labeling shows a sequential increase in detectable epithelial cell actin and myosin during wound repair migration and maturation. While actin shows a substantial increase between pre-wound and migration levels, the relative detectable myosin is omnipresent at apparently high levels, and it increases only slightly during active migration.", "PMID": 389976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8792", "title": "Ridit analysis in dental clinical studies.", "content": "Ridit analysis is presented as an appropriate method of analyzing dental clinical data which fall somewhere between the purely categorical (e.g., improved vs. not improved) and the bona fide quantitative (e.g., mg % salivary calcium) scales of measurement. The key feature of the method is the estimation of the probability that a randomly-selected patient from one treatment group is \"better-off\" than a randomly-selected patient from another. Methods are presented for testing statistical significance and constructing confidence intervals. The method is illustrated on data from a comparative clinical trial of ibuprofen, aspirin and placebo in the relief of post-extraction pain. There were no significant differences in efficacy among the active treatments, but each was significantly superior to placebo.", "contents": "Ridit analysis in dental clinical studies. Ridit analysis is presented as an appropriate method of analyzing dental clinical data which fall somewhere between the purely categorical (e.g., improved vs. not improved) and the bona fide quantitative (e.g., mg % salivary calcium) scales of measurement. The key feature of the method is the estimation of the probability that a randomly-selected patient from one treatment group is \"better-off\" than a randomly-selected patient from another. Methods are presented for testing statistical significance and constructing confidence intervals. The method is illustrated on data from a comparative clinical trial of ibuprofen, aspirin and placebo in the relief of post-extraction pain. There were no significant differences in efficacy among the active treatments, but each was significantly superior to placebo.", "PMID": 389978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8793", "title": "Phase changes in base metal alloys along metal-porcelain interfaces.", "content": "Five commercial, base metal alloys used with porcelain were investigated. After oxidizing heat treatments and the porcelain bake, phase changes occurred in some alloys near the porcelain interface. These changes were due to the depletion of the matrix in alloying elements as a result of the oxidizing treatments.", "contents": "Phase changes in base metal alloys along metal-porcelain interfaces. Five commercial, base metal alloys used with porcelain were investigated. After oxidizing heat treatments and the porcelain bake, phase changes occurred in some alloys near the porcelain interface. These changes were due to the depletion of the matrix in alloying elements as a result of the oxidizing treatments.", "PMID": 389979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8794", "title": "Fit of porcelain fused-to-metal crown and bridge castings.", "content": "The dimensional accuracy of porcelain fused to metal crown and bridge castings was determined on truncated cone-shaped steel dies. Ni-Cr castings produced in manufacturers' laboratories were consistently undersize, while precious metal castings were consistently oversize. Ni-Cr castings, produced in NBS laboratories using a modified investing technique, were routinely oversize.", "contents": "Fit of porcelain fused-to-metal crown and bridge castings. The dimensional accuracy of porcelain fused to metal crown and bridge castings was determined on truncated cone-shaped steel dies. Ni-Cr castings produced in manufacturers' laboratories were consistently undersize, while precious metal castings were consistently oversize. Ni-Cr castings, produced in NBS laboratories using a modified investing technique, were routinely oversize.", "PMID": 389980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8795", "title": "Transmission and control of dentinal pain: resin impregnation for the desensitization of dentin.", "content": "With the exception of direct electrical stimulation, it seems that all procedures known to produce dentinal pain may mechanically distort the structure of pain-sensitive nerves in the pulp and predentinal area and that this effect is mediated by a hydrodynamic link. Nature may contribute to insensitive dentin by: production of irregular, atubular dentin at the pulpal wall; obliteration of dentinal tubules by sclerosis; and mineralization of a superficial layer, pellicle or plaque, at the exposed surface. Few clinical methods are capable of accelerating these mechanisms. A technique of resin impregnation for the desensitization of exposed dentin has been presented. After proper pretreatment, that includes drying the dentin surface, resin tags can be obtained in the outer part of the dentinal tubules and may immediately and permanently relieve dentinal pain. This technique seems to be a good alternative to other methods, especially for patients with occlusal or incisal exposures caused by abrasion, grinding, or fracture, in which other methods cannot provide immediate and long-lasting desensitization.", "contents": "Transmission and control of dentinal pain: resin impregnation for the desensitization of dentin. With the exception of direct electrical stimulation, it seems that all procedures known to produce dentinal pain may mechanically distort the structure of pain-sensitive nerves in the pulp and predentinal area and that this effect is mediated by a hydrodynamic link. Nature may contribute to insensitive dentin by: production of irregular, atubular dentin at the pulpal wall; obliteration of dentinal tubules by sclerosis; and mineralization of a superficial layer, pellicle or plaque, at the exposed surface. Few clinical methods are capable of accelerating these mechanisms. A technique of resin impregnation for the desensitization of exposed dentin has been presented. After proper pretreatment, that includes drying the dentin surface, resin tags can be obtained in the outer part of the dentinal tubules and may immediately and permanently relieve dentinal pain. This technique seems to be a good alternative to other methods, especially for patients with occlusal or incisal exposures caused by abrasion, grinding, or fracture, in which other methods cannot provide immediate and long-lasting desensitization.", "PMID": 389987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8796", "title": "Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant in the prevention of caries: three-year clinical results.", "content": "With use of the half-mouth technique, a pit and fissure sealant was applied to the permanent first molars of 200 children between 6 and 8 years of age in a community with fluoridated water in Colombia, South America. Complete retention of sealant at 12, 24, and 36 months after application was 91.6%, 88.9%, and 87.5%, respectively. Partial retention of sealant was 5.8%, 7.1%, and 8.5% at the same intervals. The incidence of caries in all sealant-treated teeth at 36 months was 8% vs 53% in untreated paired teeth. Of the 238 teeth that completely retained sealant, only one tooth had occlusal caries at 36 months. No statistically significant difference in complete retention between maxillary and mandibular molars was noticed at any examination. The study confirms that this cold-cured pit and fissure sealant is effective in protecting the occlusal surfaces of teeth against caries for at least three years.", "contents": "Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant in the prevention of caries: three-year clinical results. With use of the half-mouth technique, a pit and fissure sealant was applied to the permanent first molars of 200 children between 6 and 8 years of age in a community with fluoridated water in Colombia, South America. Complete retention of sealant at 12, 24, and 36 months after application was 91.6%, 88.9%, and 87.5%, respectively. Partial retention of sealant was 5.8%, 7.1%, and 8.5% at the same intervals. The incidence of caries in all sealant-treated teeth at 36 months was 8% vs 53% in untreated paired teeth. Of the 238 teeth that completely retained sealant, only one tooth had occlusal caries at 36 months. No statistically significant difference in complete retention between maxillary and mandibular molars was noticed at any examination. The study confirms that this cold-cured pit and fissure sealant is effective in protecting the occlusal surfaces of teeth against caries for at least three years.", "PMID": 389988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8797", "title": "Extensive caries in early man circa 110,000 years before present.", "content": "The example of Rhodesian man, who was approximately 35 years at time of death, had severe caries but physiologically adaptive attrition and periodontal status. Hypoplasia was not evident. Extensive caries seems to have occurred in the absence of modern bacterial strains and refined carbohydrates. It is suggested that the dentition was highly susceptible to caries because of a deficiency in elemental composition. Of the teeth examined, only the central incisors were free of caries and apparently resistant to disease. It is postulated that, as dental disease progressed, the Rhodesian man's diet changed and his techniques and abilities in processing food developed.", "contents": "Extensive caries in early man circa 110,000 years before present. The example of Rhodesian man, who was approximately 35 years at time of death, had severe caries but physiologically adaptive attrition and periodontal status. Hypoplasia was not evident. Extensive caries seems to have occurred in the absence of modern bacterial strains and refined carbohydrates. It is suggested that the dentition was highly susceptible to caries because of a deficiency in elemental composition. Of the teeth examined, only the central incisors were free of caries and apparently resistant to disease. It is postulated that, as dental disease progressed, the Rhodesian man's diet changed and his techniques and abilities in processing food developed.", "PMID": 389989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8798", "title": "Reducing marginal leakage: a review of materials and techniques.", "content": "Although significant progress has been made with the advent of composite restorative materials and associated techniques, the problem of marginal leakage has been lessened but not solved. The primary aim of future work must still be directed toward preventing the formation of a gap between the restoration and the tooth.", "contents": "Reducing marginal leakage: a review of materials and techniques. Although significant progress has been made with the advent of composite restorative materials and associated techniques, the problem of marginal leakage has been lessened but not solved. The primary aim of future work must still be directed toward preventing the formation of a gap between the restoration and the tooth.", "PMID": 389990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8799", "title": "Vitamin E content of foods.", "content": "Tables showing representative values for the vitamin E content of human foods have been developed from all the available reliable information. These tables cover animal products, plant products, fats and oils, baked products, infant foods, and mixed dishes. The effects on vitamin E content are discussed for heating and storage of dairy products, grains, vegetables, and plant oils; for the refining of plant oils; and for the processing and baking of grain products. Causes of variation in vitamin E levels are presented and the distribution of the different forms of vitamin E in foods is shown. The biologic activities of these forms are used to calculate approximate vitamin activity values of representative foods.", "contents": "Vitamin E content of foods. Tables showing representative values for the vitamin E content of human foods have been developed from all the available reliable information. These tables cover animal products, plant products, fats and oils, baked products, infant foods, and mixed dishes. The effects on vitamin E content are discussed for heating and storage of dairy products, grains, vegetables, and plant oils; for the refining of plant oils; and for the processing and baking of grain products. Causes of variation in vitamin E levels are presented and the distribution of the different forms of vitamin E in foods is shown. The biologic activities of these forms are used to calculate approximate vitamin activity values of representative foods.", "PMID": 389993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8800", "title": "Studies of immunoreactivity to human lacrimal gland fractions in patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease.", "content": "In vitro evidence for immunoreactivity against human lacrimal gland fractions was sought in patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease. There was no significant increase in interstitial lymphoid tissue on lacrimal gland biopsy. Serum antibodies against lacrimal fractions were not detected using the indirect immunofluorescent technique. Using the tanned cell hemagglutination test with lacrimal antigen, antibodies were detected in 2 of 15 patients with eye disease, 2 of 15 hyperthyroid patients without eye disease, and 2 of 20 normal subjects. Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) production in response to human lacrimal extract was not demonstrated in any of 11 patients with eye disease tested. On the other hand, MIF was demonstrated in 2 of 10 patients with Graves' disease selected for absence of eye disease. Significant peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation in response to human lacrimal extract, or a soluble or membrane fraction, was demonstrated in 9 of 22 patients tested; in 6 of 21 patients to extract, in 3 of 21 patients to a soluble fraction and in 7 of 10 patients to a membrane fraction. The possible significance of lacrimal gland inflammation and role(s) in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic Graves' disease are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of immunoreactivity to human lacrimal gland fractions in patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease. In vitro evidence for immunoreactivity against human lacrimal gland fractions was sought in patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease. There was no significant increase in interstitial lymphoid tissue on lacrimal gland biopsy. Serum antibodies against lacrimal fractions were not detected using the indirect immunofluorescent technique. Using the tanned cell hemagglutination test with lacrimal antigen, antibodies were detected in 2 of 15 patients with eye disease, 2 of 15 hyperthyroid patients without eye disease, and 2 of 20 normal subjects. Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) production in response to human lacrimal extract was not demonstrated in any of 11 patients with eye disease tested. On the other hand, MIF was demonstrated in 2 of 10 patients with Graves' disease selected for absence of eye disease. Significant peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation in response to human lacrimal extract, or a soluble or membrane fraction, was demonstrated in 9 of 22 patients tested; in 6 of 21 patients to extract, in 3 of 21 patients to a soluble fraction and in 7 of 10 patients to a membrane fraction. The possible significance of lacrimal gland inflammation and role(s) in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic Graves' disease are discussed.", "PMID": 389996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8801", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of pea storage proteins in glycol methacrylate embedded tissue.", "content": "Improved immunofluorescent techniques have been developed for the high resolution light microscopic localization of intracellular antigens in plant tissue. Thin sections of pea cotyledon tissue which had been fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate were reacted with mono-specific antibodies to the storage proteins legumin and vicilin. These antibodies were raised in sheep, purified by affinity chromatography and tested by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Using the indirect technique, rhodamine-labeled antibodies permitted specific fluorescent localization of the legumin and vicilin to small (ca. 1 micrometer) cytoplasmic organelles in near mature tissue. Subsequent histochemical staining verified the proteinaceous nature of these organelles. Parameters affecting staining specificity and background fluorescence are discussed.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of pea storage proteins in glycol methacrylate embedded tissue. Improved immunofluorescent techniques have been developed for the high resolution light microscopic localization of intracellular antigens in plant tissue. Thin sections of pea cotyledon tissue which had been fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate were reacted with mono-specific antibodies to the storage proteins legumin and vicilin. These antibodies were raised in sheep, purified by affinity chromatography and tested by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Using the indirect technique, rhodamine-labeled antibodies permitted specific fluorescent localization of the legumin and vicilin to small (ca. 1 micrometer) cytoplasmic organelles in near mature tissue. Subsequent histochemical staining verified the proteinaceous nature of these organelles. Parameters affecting staining specificity and background fluorescence are discussed.", "PMID": 390032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8802", "title": "An immunoferritin labeling study of H-2 antigens on dissociated epithelial cells.", "content": "This report describes an immunoferritin labeling study of mouse H-2 histocompatibility antigens on epithelial cells dissociated from stomach, duodenum-jejunum, ileum, trachea, diestrus uterus, gall bladder, and vas deferens. Before cell dissociation, most of the organs were prefixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde to preserve the shape of the cells and to immobilize H-2 antigens in their native positions. Five kinds of epithelial cells expressed H-2 antigens on lateral and basal membranes but not on apical membranes. These were the lining cells of the upper intestine, ileum, gall gladder, uterus, and the tracheal brush cell. The antigens were continuously distributed on the lateral and basal membranes of these cells and appeared to be absent from the apical membranes, rather than masked by the fuzzy coat. On four other epithelial cell types H-2 antigens could not be detected. These were the lining cells of the vas deferens, parietal and chief cells from the stomach, and ciliated tracheal cells. It does not seem to be uncommon for normal nucleated cells to lack H-2 antigens. On fixed and labeled epithelial cells from the upper intestine the zonula occludens membranes were unlabeled, while the zonula adherens and desmosome membranes were labeled as densely as the remainder of the lateral membranes. The zonula occludens membrane thus constituted the boundary betewen the unlabeled apical membrane and the labeled lateral membrane of these cells. Intestinal epithelial cells dissociated without prefixation showed a patchy distribution of H-2 antigens on their lateral membranes after indirect labeling, indicating antigen mobility in this membrane. On the same unfixed dissociated cells the antigens were able to migrate from lateral to apical membranes, a movement which appears to be prevented in the intact epithelial layer by the occluding junction. The absence of H-2 antigens from apical membranes and their inability to migrate through an intact zonula occludens suggest that these molecules must reach the lateral membranes of epithelial cells by a pathway which is distinct from that followed by apical membrane components.", "contents": "An immunoferritin labeling study of H-2 antigens on dissociated epithelial cells. This report describes an immunoferritin labeling study of mouse H-2 histocompatibility antigens on epithelial cells dissociated from stomach, duodenum-jejunum, ileum, trachea, diestrus uterus, gall bladder, and vas deferens. Before cell dissociation, most of the organs were prefixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde to preserve the shape of the cells and to immobilize H-2 antigens in their native positions. Five kinds of epithelial cells expressed H-2 antigens on lateral and basal membranes but not on apical membranes. These were the lining cells of the upper intestine, ileum, gall gladder, uterus, and the tracheal brush cell. The antigens were continuously distributed on the lateral and basal membranes of these cells and appeared to be absent from the apical membranes, rather than masked by the fuzzy coat. On four other epithelial cell types H-2 antigens could not be detected. These were the lining cells of the vas deferens, parietal and chief cells from the stomach, and ciliated tracheal cells. It does not seem to be uncommon for normal nucleated cells to lack H-2 antigens. On fixed and labeled epithelial cells from the upper intestine the zonula occludens membranes were unlabeled, while the zonula adherens and desmosome membranes were labeled as densely as the remainder of the lateral membranes. The zonula occludens membrane thus constituted the boundary betewen the unlabeled apical membrane and the labeled lateral membrane of these cells. Intestinal epithelial cells dissociated without prefixation showed a patchy distribution of H-2 antigens on their lateral membranes after indirect labeling, indicating antigen mobility in this membrane. On the same unfixed dissociated cells the antigens were able to migrate from lateral to apical membranes, a movement which appears to be prevented in the intact epithelial layer by the occluding junction. The absence of H-2 antigens from apical membranes and their inability to migrate through an intact zonula occludens suggest that these molecules must reach the lateral membranes of epithelial cells by a pathway which is distinct from that followed by apical membrane components.", "PMID": 390033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8803", "title": "A method for enumeration ot T and B lymphocytes in tissues.", "content": "A method for the identification of T and B lymphocytes in tissue specimens is described. A sonication technique results in viable relatively pure lymphocyte populations which are easily classified by their surface markers. This readily reproducible method can become a standard laboratory procedure in the evaluation of disease states which require such information related to the classification of lymphocyte cell origin.", "contents": "A method for enumeration ot T and B lymphocytes in tissues. A method for the identification of T and B lymphocytes in tissue specimens is described. A sonication technique results in viable relatively pure lymphocyte populations which are easily classified by their surface markers. This readily reproducible method can become a standard laboratory procedure in the evaluation of disease states which require such information related to the classification of lymphocyte cell origin.", "PMID": 390034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8804", "title": "Peroxisomes in disease.", "content": "Cytochemical, biochemical and morphological changes in peroxisomes have been described in human metabolic disorders, in experimental models of disease and in response to drugs and toxins. These include the cerebrohepatorenal syndromes, in which peroxisomes can not be detected and mitochondrial respiration is inhibited, atherosclerosis, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, and tolerance to oxygen toxicity. Although information on the role of peroxisomes in disease is limited, increased awareness of their widespread distribution and the availability of an improved cytochemical procedure for staining peroxisomes in human specimens should provide new insights into their function.", "contents": "Peroxisomes in disease. Cytochemical, biochemical and morphological changes in peroxisomes have been described in human metabolic disorders, in experimental models of disease and in response to drugs and toxins. These include the cerebrohepatorenal syndromes, in which peroxisomes can not be detected and mitochondrial respiration is inhibited, atherosclerosis, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, and tolerance to oxygen toxicity. Although information on the role of peroxisomes in disease is limited, increased awareness of their widespread distribution and the availability of an improved cytochemical procedure for staining peroxisomes in human specimens should provide new insights into their function.", "PMID": 390036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8805", "title": "Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers in the medulla oblongata et spinalis.", "content": "Complete serial sectioning of the medulla oblongata in monkey, cat, guinea pig, and japanese dancing mouse and incubation for somatostatin-immunoreaction was carried out. Numerous regions of the medulla oblongata such as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus cuneatus et gracillis, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus vestibularis, and parts of the oliva contain dense networks of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Cell bodies were seen in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae. In the spinal cord the sections from each segment were analyzed, showing the highest concentrations of somatostatinergic fibers in the substantia gelantinosa of the columna dorsalis. Cell bodies were seen in the zona intermedia centralis, especially in the upper cervical segments. Many positive fibers were also seen in the entire zona intermedia and the columna ventralis. Especially prominent was the immunoreactivity in the zona intermediolateralis of the thoracic segments and the columna ventralis of the lower lumbar and sacral segments.", "contents": "Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers in the medulla oblongata et spinalis. Complete serial sectioning of the medulla oblongata in monkey, cat, guinea pig, and japanese dancing mouse and incubation for somatostatin-immunoreaction was carried out. Numerous regions of the medulla oblongata such as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus cuneatus et gracillis, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus vestibularis, and parts of the oliva contain dense networks of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Cell bodies were seen in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae. In the spinal cord the sections from each segment were analyzed, showing the highest concentrations of somatostatinergic fibers in the substantia gelantinosa of the columna dorsalis. Cell bodies were seen in the zona intermedia centralis, especially in the upper cervical segments. Many positive fibers were also seen in the entire zona intermedia and the columna ventralis. Especially prominent was the immunoreactivity in the zona intermediolateralis of the thoracic segments and the columna ventralis of the lower lumbar and sacral segments.", "PMID": 390039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8806", "title": "Further studies on the sources of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients.", "content": "We report an investigation into faecal carriage of Klebsiella aerogenes and the distribution of this organism in the environment of three wards. In all three wards faecal carriage rates were high (60-70%). The faecal carriage rate increased with antibiotic administration and with length of in-patient stay. K. aerogenes was widely distributed in the ward environment and was found on the hands of nursing staff. Clusters of isolations of K. aerogenes of the same serotype were demonstrated indicating either patient-to-patient transfer or a common source of infection. The results indicate that even under conditions in which there are no outbreaks of K. aerogenes infection, there is a large reservoir of this organism both in the bowel of patients and in the ward environment.", "contents": "Further studies on the sources of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients. We report an investigation into faecal carriage of Klebsiella aerogenes and the distribution of this organism in the environment of three wards. In all three wards faecal carriage rates were high (60-70%). The faecal carriage rate increased with antibiotic administration and with length of in-patient stay. K. aerogenes was widely distributed in the ward environment and was found on the hands of nursing staff. Clusters of isolations of K. aerogenes of the same serotype were demonstrated indicating either patient-to-patient transfer or a common source of infection. The results indicate that even under conditions in which there are no outbreaks of K. aerogenes infection, there is a large reservoir of this organism both in the bowel of patients and in the ward environment.", "PMID": 390043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8807", "title": "Salmonella isolation from hospital areas.", "content": "Evidence of the presence of salmonellas in a paediatric ward, a special care baby unit, a maternity unit and a hospital kitchen was obtained by culture of sewer swabs, faeces and food samples. The survey was designed to cause as little administrative interference as possible. The technical aspects of the survey did not strain laboratory facilities. Minimal secondary spread of salmonella infection was experienced.", "contents": "Salmonella isolation from hospital areas. Evidence of the presence of salmonellas in a paediatric ward, a special care baby unit, a maternity unit and a hospital kitchen was obtained by culture of sewer swabs, faeces and food samples. The survey was designed to cause as little administrative interference as possible. The technical aspects of the survey did not strain laboratory facilities. Minimal secondary spread of salmonella infection was experienced.", "PMID": 390044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8808", "title": "Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow. 3. Community studies.", "content": "Twenty-seven babies from one deprived housing area in Glasgow were followed-up regularly, for periods varying between 2 months and 11 months (mean 7 months), in a prospective study of the viruses to be found in their stools by electron microscopy. Weekly stool specimens were collected in the home together with a history of the baby's health. Additional stool specimens were obtained, up to a maximum of one per day, during admissions to hospital. Over 500 specimens were obtained at home and another 320 in hospital. A wide variety of viruses (over 200 recognizates) were detected and it has been possible to plot their temporal relation to disease episodes. It became apparent that virus excretion was frequently unaccompanied by evidence of illness and it has not been possible to describe a typical illness syndrome associated with any of the morphological types of virus observed. The results suggest that, in one area of Glasgow at least, patterns of virus excretion in young babies are complex and will need further elucidation before the need for a vaccine to prevent infantile diarrhoea could be defined.", "contents": "Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow. 3. Community studies. Twenty-seven babies from one deprived housing area in Glasgow were followed-up regularly, for periods varying between 2 months and 11 months (mean 7 months), in a prospective study of the viruses to be found in their stools by electron microscopy. Weekly stool specimens were collected in the home together with a history of the baby's health. Additional stool specimens were obtained, up to a maximum of one per day, during admissions to hospital. Over 500 specimens were obtained at home and another 320 in hospital. A wide variety of viruses (over 200 recognizates) were detected and it has been possible to plot their temporal relation to disease episodes. It became apparent that virus excretion was frequently unaccompanied by evidence of illness and it has not been possible to describe a typical illness syndrome associated with any of the morphological types of virus observed. The results suggest that, in one area of Glasgow at least, patterns of virus excretion in young babies are complex and will need further elucidation before the need for a vaccine to prevent infantile diarrhoea could be defined.", "PMID": 390045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8809", "title": "The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on experimentally induced mycoplasmal mastitis.", "content": "The infusion of 10 microgram of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli into the mammary gland of four cows 16 h before inoculation with ureaplasmas did not prevent, or even diminish, the subsequent ureaplasmal mastitis. There was no reduction in the severity or duration of the inflammatory cell response in milk or in the clinical appearance of the resulting mastitis. Also, the excretion of ureaplasmas was not reduced. A similar experiment with Mycoplasma dispar in two cows demonstrated that endotoxin was again ineffective in preventing the mastitis. Furthermore, there was some indication that the proliferation and excretion of this mycoplasma was enhanced in endotoxin-treated quarters.", "contents": "The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on experimentally induced mycoplasmal mastitis. The infusion of 10 microgram of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli into the mammary gland of four cows 16 h before inoculation with ureaplasmas did not prevent, or even diminish, the subsequent ureaplasmal mastitis. There was no reduction in the severity or duration of the inflammatory cell response in milk or in the clinical appearance of the resulting mastitis. Also, the excretion of ureaplasmas was not reduced. A similar experiment with Mycoplasma dispar in two cows demonstrated that endotoxin was again ineffective in preventing the mastitis. Furthermore, there was some indication that the proliferation and excretion of this mycoplasma was enhanced in endotoxin-treated quarters.", "PMID": 390046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8810", "title": "The occurrence of plasmids carrying genes for both enterotoxin production and drug resistance in Escherichia coli of human origin.", "content": "Twenty-three of 89 enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Eleven strains transferred resistance directly and five transferred resistance after mobilization. In three cases a resistant recipient was enterotoxigenic. One of these strains contained a conjugative plasmid carrying genes for both drug resistance and enterotoxin production. In the two other strains genes for drug resistance and enterotoxin production were carried on separate co-transferable plasmids.", "contents": "The occurrence of plasmids carrying genes for both enterotoxin production and drug resistance in Escherichia coli of human origin. Twenty-three of 89 enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Eleven strains transferred resistance directly and five transferred resistance after mobilization. In three cases a resistant recipient was enterotoxigenic. One of these strains contained a conjugative plasmid carrying genes for both drug resistance and enterotoxin production. In the two other strains genes for drug resistance and enterotoxin production were carried on separate co-transferable plasmids.", "PMID": 390047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8811", "title": "Nephelometric detection of circulating immune complexes using monoclonal rheumatoid factor.", "content": "A nephelometric technique for the estimation of immune complexes (IC) in serum was developed using purified monoclonal rheumatoid factor from a human patient (mRhF) specific for complexed IgG. Standardisation of the assay was carried out with heat aggregated normal human IgG as a model complex and with IC composed in vitro from ovalbumin and rabbit antisera to ovalbumin. The nephelometric method was compared with [125I]Clq radioimmunoassay (C1q RIA). The lower limits of detection by the two methods were similar for both aggregated IgG and performed ovalbumin/rabbit anti-ovalbumin IC. However, recognition of IC by the two methods differed with different ratios of antigen and antibody. When IC were formed at 10 times antigen excess the nephelometric technique was more sensitive than when IC were formed at equivalence or 10 times antibody excess. The Cuq RIA method was most sensitive in detection of IC in antibody excess but failed to detect IC in antigen excess. Complexes formed in antigen excess also showed potentiated light scattering when 1.5% polyethylene glycol was used in the nephelometric system. The incidence of IC detected by the mRhF in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus was lower than with C1q RIA suggesting that the IC in these patients contain antibodies not detected by the mRhF used. IC in the sera of patients with melanoma were detected more frequently by the mRhF assay which may indicate the IC in these sera were in antigen excess. Detection of IC by mRhF nephelometry was rapid, technically simple and yielded results which complemented those of the established C1q RIA method. This assay system is a useful addition to methods currently available for detection of IC and the similar use of rheumatoid factors against different classes of antibody should extend its usefulness.", "contents": "Nephelometric detection of circulating immune complexes using monoclonal rheumatoid factor. A nephelometric technique for the estimation of immune complexes (IC) in serum was developed using purified monoclonal rheumatoid factor from a human patient (mRhF) specific for complexed IgG. Standardisation of the assay was carried out with heat aggregated normal human IgG as a model complex and with IC composed in vitro from ovalbumin and rabbit antisera to ovalbumin. The nephelometric method was compared with [125I]Clq radioimmunoassay (C1q RIA). The lower limits of detection by the two methods were similar for both aggregated IgG and performed ovalbumin/rabbit anti-ovalbumin IC. However, recognition of IC by the two methods differed with different ratios of antigen and antibody. When IC were formed at 10 times antigen excess the nephelometric technique was more sensitive than when IC were formed at equivalence or 10 times antibody excess. The Cuq RIA method was most sensitive in detection of IC in antibody excess but failed to detect IC in antigen excess. Complexes formed in antigen excess also showed potentiated light scattering when 1.5% polyethylene glycol was used in the nephelometric system. The incidence of IC detected by the mRhF in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus was lower than with C1q RIA suggesting that the IC in these patients contain antibodies not detected by the mRhF used. IC in the sera of patients with melanoma were detected more frequently by the mRhF assay which may indicate the IC in these sera were in antigen excess. Detection of IC by mRhF nephelometry was rapid, technically simple and yielded results which complemented those of the established C1q RIA method. This assay system is a useful addition to methods currently available for detection of IC and the similar use of rheumatoid factors against different classes of antibody should extend its usefulness.", "PMID": 390048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8812", "title": "A technique for the purification of immune complexes using rheumatoid factor.", "content": "A method for the purification of immune complexes (IC) from human serum is described, using as a model complexes of tetanus toxoid with human antitoxoid antibodies (TAT). The technique is based on the ability of IC to bind to tubes coated with rheumatoid factor (RF). Small amounts of TAT IC were added to human serum and the mixtures were rotated overnight in tubes coated with RF. The tubes were then washed and the bound material was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulphate and iodinated with 125I. Analysis of the labeled preparation by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of the toxoid component. The technique should be useful in isolating small amounts of IC for analytical purposes.", "contents": "A technique for the purification of immune complexes using rheumatoid factor. A method for the purification of immune complexes (IC) from human serum is described, using as a model complexes of tetanus toxoid with human antitoxoid antibodies (TAT). The technique is based on the ability of IC to bind to tubes coated with rheumatoid factor (RF). Small amounts of TAT IC were added to human serum and the mixtures were rotated overnight in tubes coated with RF. The tubes were then washed and the bound material was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulphate and iodinated with 125I. Analysis of the labeled preparation by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of the toxoid component. The technique should be useful in isolating small amounts of IC for analytical purposes.", "PMID": 390049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8813", "title": "A novel technique for detecting IgA coated potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the human intestine.", "content": "This paper describes a novel method for detecting immunoglobulin A (IgA) coated potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) in the human intestine. Essentially, the technique consists of 2 phases: one in which IgA coated bacteria are detected by immunofluorescence and a second in which these bacteria are subcultured in situ and subsequently identified. In this way transient bacteria are differentiated from resident bacteria. These results show that the resident bacteria are coated with IgA. Resident microorganisms are always highly concentrated in the digestive tract. These results strengthen the hypothesis that only the high antigen concentrations achieved by a large number of resident bacteria are capable of IgA induction.", "contents": "A novel technique for detecting IgA coated potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the human intestine. This paper describes a novel method for detecting immunoglobulin A (IgA) coated potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) in the human intestine. Essentially, the technique consists of 2 phases: one in which IgA coated bacteria are detected by immunofluorescence and a second in which these bacteria are subcultured in situ and subsequently identified. In this way transient bacteria are differentiated from resident bacteria. These results show that the resident bacteria are coated with IgA. Resident microorganisms are always highly concentrated in the digestive tract. These results strengthen the hypothesis that only the high antigen concentrations achieved by a large number of resident bacteria are capable of IgA induction.", "PMID": 390050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8814", "title": "Observations on the validation of immunochemical assays of monoclonal immunoglobulins.", "content": "Assays of specific immunoglobulins by immunochemical methods are subject to a well-documented discrepancy when the test sample contains a monoclonal immunoglobulin of the class under assay. Demonstration of parallelism of the polyclonal standard and test sample log dose-response curves if proposed as an essential step in the validation of such assays, but theoretical considerations suggest that the mechanism underlying the observed discrepancy is unlikely to be associated with non-parallelism. The examination of 50 samples containing monoclonal immunoglobulins provides no evidence for rejecting the theoretical conclusions. It is shown here that demonstration of parallelism is of no value in establishing the validity of monoclonal immunoglobulin assays by immunochemical methods. The observation of relative changes in paraprotein concentration using an initial myeloma serum from the same subject as an arbitrary reference point is criticised.", "contents": "Observations on the validation of immunochemical assays of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Assays of specific immunoglobulins by immunochemical methods are subject to a well-documented discrepancy when the test sample contains a monoclonal immunoglobulin of the class under assay. Demonstration of parallelism of the polyclonal standard and test sample log dose-response curves if proposed as an essential step in the validation of such assays, but theoretical considerations suggest that the mechanism underlying the observed discrepancy is unlikely to be associated with non-parallelism. The examination of 50 samples containing monoclonal immunoglobulins provides no evidence for rejecting the theoretical conclusions. It is shown here that demonstration of parallelism is of no value in establishing the validity of monoclonal immunoglobulin assays by immunochemical methods. The observation of relative changes in paraprotein concentration using an initial myeloma serum from the same subject as an arbitrary reference point is criticised.", "PMID": 390051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8815", "title": "T-lymphocyte rosette inhibition titering of antisera by direct microassay.", "content": "A 60-sample micro-rosette inhibition assay for determining the 100% rosette inhibitory titers of heterologous antisera is described. The assay is performed in histocompatibility trays, under oil, using frozen-thawed thymocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes for an appropriate period, either with or without added complement; SRBC are inoculated into each well, and rosettes formed by centrifugation of the trays at 200 x g. following centrifugation, glutaraldehyde is added to each well to fix rosettes to the well bottom and the plates inverted to allow unbound SRBC to fall away. One hundred percent rosette inhibition is determined by low power microscopic examination of the inverted wells. Highly reproducible in-assay (+/-4% average standard error) and between-assay (+/-9%) inhibition values are obtained which correlated well (r = 0.99) with values calculated by more conventional methodology.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte rosette inhibition titering of antisera by direct microassay. A 60-sample micro-rosette inhibition assay for determining the 100% rosette inhibitory titers of heterologous antisera is described. The assay is performed in histocompatibility trays, under oil, using frozen-thawed thymocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes for an appropriate period, either with or without added complement; SRBC are inoculated into each well, and rosettes formed by centrifugation of the trays at 200 x g. following centrifugation, glutaraldehyde is added to each well to fix rosettes to the well bottom and the plates inverted to allow unbound SRBC to fall away. One hundred percent rosette inhibition is determined by low power microscopic examination of the inverted wells. Highly reproducible in-assay (+/-4% average standard error) and between-assay (+/-9%) inhibition values are obtained which correlated well (r = 0.99) with values calculated by more conventional methodology.", "PMID": 390052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8816", "title": "Aggregated human immunoglobulin G stabilized by albumin: a standard for immune complex detection.", "content": "Stabilized preparations of heat-aggregated human immunoglobulin G (A-IgG) of restricted size were made by separating A-IgG by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Periodic recentrifugation of stored fractions of the radiolabelled A-IgG indicated that the initial sedimentation characteristics were preserved. Pooled fractions of A-IgG stored for up to 16 months had the same functional activity as freshly prepared A-IgG of corresponding size when assessed by activation of the first component of complement and consumption of C4 and CH50 in normal human serum. It was also found that the reactivity of A-IgG in the C1q binding assay (C1Q-BA) and the conglutinin binding assay (Con-BA) was not altered by long-term storage of these A-IgG. Testing different batches of [125I]C1q and conglutinin with the same batch of stabilized A-IgG showed variations due to the instability of both [125I]C1q and conglutinin. The influence of these variations on the quantification of the levels of immune complexes in sera was reduced by using stable A-IgG as a reference. The assays were compared to determine the effect of the size of the aggregate. The C1Q-BA detected preferentially A-IgG of large size, while size had no influence in the Con-BA. These results suggest that the stability of A-IgG in BSA is such that this preparation may be used as a reliable standard for immune complex assays.", "contents": "Aggregated human immunoglobulin G stabilized by albumin: a standard for immune complex detection. Stabilized preparations of heat-aggregated human immunoglobulin G (A-IgG) of restricted size were made by separating A-IgG by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Periodic recentrifugation of stored fractions of the radiolabelled A-IgG indicated that the initial sedimentation characteristics were preserved. Pooled fractions of A-IgG stored for up to 16 months had the same functional activity as freshly prepared A-IgG of corresponding size when assessed by activation of the first component of complement and consumption of C4 and CH50 in normal human serum. It was also found that the reactivity of A-IgG in the C1q binding assay (C1Q-BA) and the conglutinin binding assay (Con-BA) was not altered by long-term storage of these A-IgG. Testing different batches of [125I]C1q and conglutinin with the same batch of stabilized A-IgG showed variations due to the instability of both [125I]C1q and conglutinin. The influence of these variations on the quantification of the levels of immune complexes in sera was reduced by using stable A-IgG as a reference. The assays were compared to determine the effect of the size of the aggregate. The C1Q-BA detected preferentially A-IgG of large size, while size had no influence in the Con-BA. These results suggest that the stability of A-IgG in BSA is such that this preparation may be used as a reliable standard for immune complex assays.", "PMID": 390054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8817", "title": "Uncovered skin grafts in mice.", "content": "A technique for suturing ear skin on the lateral thoracic area of recipient mice is described. Using this technique the graft was visible from the day of grafting until rejection was complete and mice were not burdened by circumferential body dressings. Consistent mean survival times were observed in a donor-recipient combination over 1 year's time and technical failures could be recognized. This technique was useful to accurately assess accelerated rejection responses in normal mice that occur 4-8 days after grafting as a result of passively transferred effector cells.", "contents": "Uncovered skin grafts in mice. A technique for suturing ear skin on the lateral thoracic area of recipient mice is described. Using this technique the graft was visible from the day of grafting until rejection was complete and mice were not burdened by circumferential body dressings. Consistent mean survival times were observed in a donor-recipient combination over 1 year's time and technical failures could be recognized. This technique was useful to accurately assess accelerated rejection responses in normal mice that occur 4-8 days after grafting as a result of passively transferred effector cells.", "PMID": 390055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8818", "title": "A simple method for the detection and assay of C1.", "content": "A simple method is described for the production of human serum deficient in the complement component C1. This C1-deficient serum can be used for the assay of C1. If the amount of C1 is expressed in terms of its subcomponent C1q, the method can detect C1 when the C1q subcomponent content is only 10 pg.", "contents": "A simple method for the detection and assay of C1. A simple method is described for the production of human serum deficient in the complement component C1. This C1-deficient serum can be used for the assay of C1. If the amount of C1 is expressed in terms of its subcomponent C1q, the method can detect C1 when the C1q subcomponent content is only 10 pg.", "PMID": 390056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8819", "title": "Control of excitation in the fluorescence microscope.", "content": "In fluorescence microscopy image brightness and contrast and the rate of fading depend upon the intensity of illumination of the specimen. An iris diaphragm or neutral density filters may be used to reduce fluorescence excitation. Also the excitation bandwidth may be varied by using a broad band exciter filter with a set of interchangeable yellow glass filters at the lamphouse.", "contents": "Control of excitation in the fluorescence microscope. In fluorescence microscopy image brightness and contrast and the rate of fading depend upon the intensity of illumination of the specimen. An iris diaphragm or neutral density filters may be used to reduce fluorescence excitation. Also the excitation bandwidth may be varied by using a broad band exciter filter with a set of interchangeable yellow glass filters at the lamphouse.", "PMID": 390057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8820", "title": "Demonstration of the complement regulating protein, beta 1H, in skin biopsies from patients with bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "beta 1H-globulin is a recently characterized plasma protein which regulates the biologic activities of the major fragment of the third complement component, C3b. The major function of this protein is to act as a co-factor for C3b Inactivator (C3bINA) in the cleavage of C3b to an intermediate molecule, C3b', consisting of an intact beta-chain covalently bound by disulfide bridges to 2 alpha-chain fragments of 40,000 and 67,000 daltons. Final cleavage of C3b' to the C3c and C3d fragments requires an additional protease such as plasmin or elastase. Additionally, beta 1H interferes with the activity of the alternative pathway convertases, C3bBb and C3bBbP, by displacing or competing with the binding of factor B. In this study, perilesional skin biopsies from 10 patients with active bullous pemphigoid were examined for the presence of beta 1H at the dermal-epidermal junction by immunofluorescent methods. The protein was found in 8 of 9 biopsies in which C3 also was deposited. In a single case where C3 was not found, beta 1H was not seen. These findings suggest that beta 1H plays a role in the in vivo control of C3b and provides additional evidence for the participation of the complement system in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "Demonstration of the complement regulating protein, beta 1H, in skin biopsies from patients with bullous pemphigoid. beta 1H-globulin is a recently characterized plasma protein which regulates the biologic activities of the major fragment of the third complement component, C3b. The major function of this protein is to act as a co-factor for C3b Inactivator (C3bINA) in the cleavage of C3b to an intermediate molecule, C3b', consisting of an intact beta-chain covalently bound by disulfide bridges to 2 alpha-chain fragments of 40,000 and 67,000 daltons. Final cleavage of C3b' to the C3c and C3d fragments requires an additional protease such as plasmin or elastase. Additionally, beta 1H interferes with the activity of the alternative pathway convertases, C3bBb and C3bBbP, by displacing or competing with the binding of factor B. In this study, perilesional skin biopsies from 10 patients with active bullous pemphigoid were examined for the presence of beta 1H at the dermal-epidermal junction by immunofluorescent methods. The protein was found in 8 of 9 biopsies in which C3 also was deposited. In a single case where C3 was not found, beta 1H was not seen. These findings suggest that beta 1H plays a role in the in vivo control of C3b and provides additional evidence for the participation of the complement system in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 390060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8821", "title": "Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by gas-liquid chromatography. I. Chemotyping studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.", "content": "With the use of gas-liquid chromatographic techniques, the chemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, Escherichia coli, group B Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Staphylococcus aureus, organisms that commonly cause bacterial meningitis, were identified. The combination of lipid, carbohydrate, and lipopolysaccharide components provided discriminating markers for chemotyping these bacteria. E. coli had a high content of 17- and 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acids, whereas none of the other organisms tested revealed any cyclic acids, apart from a possible trace amount in S. pneumoniae. The content of isomethyl branching fatty acids clearly distinguished S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. N. meningitidis and H. influenzae were somewhat similar in their overall fatty acid compositions, but the presence of galactose without rhamnose in extracts of N. meningitidis readily distinguished N. meningitidis from H. influenzae. Only extracts from E. coli contained mannose; erythrose was an exclusive marker in extracts of S. pneumoniae. These data suggest that these differences in chemotype might be useful in developing a gas-liquid chromatographic assay of spinal fluid for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by gas-liquid chromatography. I. Chemotyping studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. With the use of gas-liquid chromatographic techniques, the chemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, Escherichia coli, group B Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Staphylococcus aureus, organisms that commonly cause bacterial meningitis, were identified. The combination of lipid, carbohydrate, and lipopolysaccharide components provided discriminating markers for chemotyping these bacteria. E. coli had a high content of 17- and 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acids, whereas none of the other organisms tested revealed any cyclic acids, apart from a possible trace amount in S. pneumoniae. The content of isomethyl branching fatty acids clearly distinguished S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. N. meningitidis and H. influenzae were somewhat similar in their overall fatty acid compositions, but the presence of galactose without rhamnose in extracts of N. meningitidis readily distinguished N. meningitidis from H. influenzae. Only extracts from E. coli contained mannose; erythrose was an exclusive marker in extracts of S. pneumoniae. These data suggest that these differences in chemotype might be useful in developing a gas-liquid chromatographic assay of spinal fluid for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 390061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8822", "title": "Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in infant rats: protective immunity and antibody priming by gastrointestinal colonization with Escherichia coli.", "content": "Infant rats aged five to seven days were fed Escherichia coli O75:K100:H5, E. coli O13:K92:H4, or saline and five weeks later were inoculated with Haemophilus influenzae type b. The incidence of bacteremia and meningitis was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for rats fed E. coli that possessed K100 capsular antigen (cross-reactive with type b capsular antigen) than for rats fed E. coli K92 or saline. Antibody to capsular antigen was not detectable in sera obtained from rats prior to challenge with H. influenzae type b, but five days after challenge, antibody levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in rats colonized with E. coli K100 than in controls. These results, together with data from passive-immunization studies, suggested that the protection against infection with H. influenzae type b was due to priming or serum anticapsular antibody, although a protective role for cell-mediated immunity and/or secretory antibody could not be ruled out. E. coli K100 primed rats vaccinated with purified H. influenzae type b antigen for a significantly increased, although transient, anticapsular antibody response.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in infant rats: protective immunity and antibody priming by gastrointestinal colonization with Escherichia coli. Infant rats aged five to seven days were fed Escherichia coli O75:K100:H5, E. coli O13:K92:H4, or saline and five weeks later were inoculated with Haemophilus influenzae type b. The incidence of bacteremia and meningitis was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for rats fed E. coli that possessed K100 capsular antigen (cross-reactive with type b capsular antigen) than for rats fed E. coli K92 or saline. Antibody to capsular antigen was not detectable in sera obtained from rats prior to challenge with H. influenzae type b, but five days after challenge, antibody levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in rats colonized with E. coli K100 than in controls. These results, together with data from passive-immunization studies, suggested that the protection against infection with H. influenzae type b was due to priming or serum anticapsular antibody, although a protective role for cell-mediated immunity and/or secretory antibody could not be ruled out. E. coli K100 primed rats vaccinated with purified H. influenzae type b antigen for a significantly increased, although transient, anticapsular antibody response.", "PMID": 390062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8823", "title": "Identification of patients with increased risk of infection with herpes simplex virus after renal transplantation.", "content": "Forty-nine recipients of renal allografts were studied for infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) before and at sequential intervals after transplantation. Forty-four (90%) of the patients studied were initially seropositive for neutralizing antibody to HSV type 1. HSV was not shed prior to transplantation nor by any of the five seronegative recipients after transplantation. Twenty-nine (66%) of the 44 seropositive patients shed virus postoperatively: 23 in saliva, three in urine, and three in both sites. Twenty (63%) of 32 seropositive patients examined developed herpetic mucocutaneous lesions. Both viral shedding and lesions were most prevalent during the first four weeks after transplantation. Twenty-nine (85%) of 34 patients with antibody titers of 1:256-1:4,096 and zero of 10 with titers of 1:8-1:128 shed HSV postoperatively (P less than 0.0001). The group with high antibody titers before transplantation were also more likely to develop lesions after transplantation (P = 0.002) as were those with a positive history (P = 0.017). The ability to predict symptomatic HSV recurrences in renal transplant patients could be a valuable aid in identifying individuals with which to evaluate antiviral compounds.", "contents": "Identification of patients with increased risk of infection with herpes simplex virus after renal transplantation. Forty-nine recipients of renal allografts were studied for infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) before and at sequential intervals after transplantation. Forty-four (90%) of the patients studied were initially seropositive for neutralizing antibody to HSV type 1. HSV was not shed prior to transplantation nor by any of the five seronegative recipients after transplantation. Twenty-nine (66%) of the 44 seropositive patients shed virus postoperatively: 23 in saliva, three in urine, and three in both sites. Twenty (63%) of 32 seropositive patients examined developed herpetic mucocutaneous lesions. Both viral shedding and lesions were most prevalent during the first four weeks after transplantation. Twenty-nine (85%) of 34 patients with antibody titers of 1:256-1:4,096 and zero of 10 with titers of 1:8-1:128 shed HSV postoperatively (P less than 0.0001). The group with high antibody titers before transplantation were also more likely to develop lesions after transplantation (P = 0.002) as were those with a positive history (P = 0.017). The ability to predict symptomatic HSV recurrences in renal transplant patients could be a valuable aid in identifying individuals with which to evaluate antiviral compounds.", "PMID": 390063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8824", "title": "Host defense in cryptococcosis. III. Protection of nude mice by thymus transplantation.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (nude) BALB/c mice, which are homozygous for the nu gene, are extremely susceptible to challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans. Groups of nude mice received transplants of thymus tissue obtained from either heterozygous (nu/+) mice or normal BALB/c mice not carrying the nu gene. Survival and delayed-type hypersensitivity were measured after challenge with cryptococci. Mice that received thymus tissue from a heterozygous (nu/+) or normal BALB/c mouse donor had markedly prolonged survival after challenge. In addition, mice that received thymus tissue from normal BALB/c mice developed delayed-type hypersensitivity to cryptococcal antigens following challenge. These studies indicate that transplantation of thymus tissue effectively increases host immune resistance against C. neoformans.", "contents": "Host defense in cryptococcosis. III. Protection of nude mice by thymus transplantation. Congenitally athymic (nude) BALB/c mice, which are homozygous for the nu gene, are extremely susceptible to challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans. Groups of nude mice received transplants of thymus tissue obtained from either heterozygous (nu/+) mice or normal BALB/c mice not carrying the nu gene. Survival and delayed-type hypersensitivity were measured after challenge with cryptococci. Mice that received thymus tissue from a heterozygous (nu/+) or normal BALB/c mouse donor had markedly prolonged survival after challenge. In addition, mice that received thymus tissue from normal BALB/c mice developed delayed-type hypersensitivity to cryptococcal antigens following challenge. These studies indicate that transplantation of thymus tissue effectively increases host immune resistance against C. neoformans.", "PMID": 390064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8825", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on the adherence of enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells.", "content": "Antibiotics at bacteriostatic concentrations (four times the minimal inhibitory concentration) decreased the attachment of Enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells in vitro and augmented the reversibility of such adherence. These actions of antibiotics may influence colonization by nosocomial bacteria and the subsequent infection that they cause.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on the adherence of enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells. Antibiotics at bacteriostatic concentrations (four times the minimal inhibitory concentration) decreased the attachment of Enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells in vitro and augmented the reversibility of such adherence. These actions of antibiotics may influence colonization by nosocomial bacteria and the subsequent infection that they cause.", "PMID": 390065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8826", "title": "Evidence for enterotoxin production by a classic enteropathogenic serotype of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Isolates of classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O:128 that had been implicated in an outbreak of diarrhea in a hospital nursery were found to produce heat-stable enterotoxin after storage for six years. This finding indicated that enteropathogenicity and the ability to produce enterotoxin may coincide in E. coli, and further study of enteropathogenic strains that produce enterotoxin may help in elucidation of the relationship between enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli.", "contents": "Evidence for enterotoxin production by a classic enteropathogenic serotype of Escherichia coli. Isolates of classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O:128 that had been implicated in an outbreak of diarrhea in a hospital nursery were found to produce heat-stable enterotoxin after storage for six years. This finding indicated that enteropathogenicity and the ability to produce enterotoxin may coincide in E. coli, and further study of enteropathogenic strains that produce enterotoxin may help in elucidation of the relationship between enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli.", "PMID": 390066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8827", "title": "Comparison of techniques for measurement of in vitro antibiotic synergism.", "content": "The methods and criteria for testing for synergy were compared with use of 22 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and a combination of cephalothin and gentamicin. With the checkerboard technique, the frequency of synergy varied depending on the criterion employed. When the rate of killing of bacteria by antibiotics was measured, results varied depending on the size of inoculum. When the checkerboard and killing-curve techniques were compared, there was poor correlation in terms of the frequency of strains showing synergy. Because clinical observations suggest that treatment of serious infections with combinations of antibiotics found to be synergistic in vitro may enhance survival, standardization of the methods and criteria used to test for synergy should be undertaken.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques for measurement of in vitro antibiotic synergism. The methods and criteria for testing for synergy were compared with use of 22 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and a combination of cephalothin and gentamicin. With the checkerboard technique, the frequency of synergy varied depending on the criterion employed. When the rate of killing of bacteria by antibiotics was measured, results varied depending on the size of inoculum. When the checkerboard and killing-curve techniques were compared, there was poor correlation in terms of the frequency of strains showing synergy. Because clinical observations suggest that treatment of serious infections with combinations of antibiotics found to be synergistic in vitro may enhance survival, standardization of the methods and criteria used to test for synergy should be undertaken.", "PMID": 390067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8828", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of rhinoscleroma.", "content": "Using both types of electron microscope, combined transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies were done on 6 patients with rhinoscleroma. The present work suggests the possibility of two types of organisms causing the disease: one type--being in the majority--was a rod-shaped bacillus measuring about 3 micrometers; the other type was a short, stout bacillus with terminal spiral cilia. The ultrastructure of these bacilli has been described. The advantages and limitations of each type of electron microscopy in the investigation of rhinoscleroma have been discussed.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of rhinoscleroma. Using both types of electron microscope, combined transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies were done on 6 patients with rhinoscleroma. The present work suggests the possibility of two types of organisms causing the disease: one type--being in the majority--was a rod-shaped bacillus measuring about 3 micrometers; the other type was a short, stout bacillus with terminal spiral cilia. The ultrastructure of these bacilli has been described. The advantages and limitations of each type of electron microscopy in the investigation of rhinoscleroma have been discussed.", "PMID": 390072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8829", "title": "Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Electrocardiography is an evolving clinical diagnostic modality for detection of acute myocardial infarction. Animal studies and electrocardiographic-clinical-pathological correlations have provided experience currently used for detection and rough localization of myocardial infarcts. Additions to the conventional 12 electrocardiographic leads have been utilized to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG in the setting of myocardial infarction. Mapping of ST-segment elevation an QRS complex from several chest wall loci have been employed for purposes of quantitating serially myocardial ischemic injury and eventual necrosis. These multiple lead electrocardiographic systems have also been utilized in assessing therapeutic interventions in the Coronary Care Unit. Usefulness of standard and multiple-lead recording systems is enhanced by awareness of their limitations when applied to patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction. Electrocardiography is an evolving clinical diagnostic modality for detection of acute myocardial infarction. Animal studies and electrocardiographic-clinical-pathological correlations have provided experience currently used for detection and rough localization of myocardial infarcts. Additions to the conventional 12 electrocardiographic leads have been utilized to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG in the setting of myocardial infarction. Mapping of ST-segment elevation an QRS complex from several chest wall loci have been employed for purposes of quantitating serially myocardial ischemic injury and eventual necrosis. These multiple lead electrocardiographic systems have also been utilized in assessing therapeutic interventions in the Coronary Care Unit. Usefulness of standard and multiple-lead recording systems is enhanced by awareness of their limitations when applied to patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 390078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8830", "title": "I. V. Zavadskii and the beginnings of behavioral pharmacology: an historical note and translation.", "content": "I. V. Zavadskii, who worked in Pavlov's laboratory between 1907 and 1909, performed a study that has many of the characteristics of modern behavioral pharmacology. He studied the effects of alcohol, morphine, cocaine and caffeine on the conditioned salivary reflex. A translation of his paper and some brief comments on his life are presented.", "contents": "I. V. Zavadskii and the beginnings of behavioral pharmacology: an historical note and translation. I. V. Zavadskii, who worked in Pavlov's laboratory between 1907 and 1909, performed a study that has many of the characteristics of modern behavioral pharmacology. He studied the effects of alcohol, morphine, cocaine and caffeine on the conditioned salivary reflex. A translation of his paper and some brief comments on his life are presented.", "PMID": 390079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8831", "title": "A comparative survey of the function, mechanism and control of cellular oscillators.", "content": "This review attempts to survey in a uniform manner the available evidence concerning the generation and behaviour of several well-investigated cellular oscillators. Members of two broad classifications are contrasted: (i) cytoplasmic oscillations, where the periodic phenomena is generated by an instability pathway and (ii) membrane oscillators in which a membrane potential rhythm is generated at the membrane. Interactions between the cytoplasmic and membrane compartments are considered and the effects of these interactions on oscillatory behaviour is discussed. Because of their biological importance and the greater body of experimental results, particular attention is directed to a study of membrane potential oscillations. These systems can be approximately classified in two groups: (i) systems in which a periodic potential results from oscillatory changes in permeability and (ii) systems in which potential oscillations result from the periodic activity of an electrogenic pump. The examples considered include the glycolytic oscillator, oscillations in vein contraction in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum, rhythmic aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum, neural oscillators, the periodic potential in Purkinje fibres and the sino-atrial node and rhythmic behaviour in smooth muscle. Questions considered include the generation of periodic activity, the modulation of the oscillation by drugs and other metabolic and membrane effectors and the question of the functional role of these oscillations.", "contents": "A comparative survey of the function, mechanism and control of cellular oscillators. This review attempts to survey in a uniform manner the available evidence concerning the generation and behaviour of several well-investigated cellular oscillators. Members of two broad classifications are contrasted: (i) cytoplasmic oscillations, where the periodic phenomena is generated by an instability pathway and (ii) membrane oscillators in which a membrane potential rhythm is generated at the membrane. Interactions between the cytoplasmic and membrane compartments are considered and the effects of these interactions on oscillatory behaviour is discussed. Because of their biological importance and the greater body of experimental results, particular attention is directed to a study of membrane potential oscillations. These systems can be approximately classified in two groups: (i) systems in which a periodic potential results from oscillatory changes in permeability and (ii) systems in which potential oscillations result from the periodic activity of an electrogenic pump. The examples considered include the glycolytic oscillator, oscillations in vein contraction in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum, rhythmic aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum, neural oscillators, the periodic potential in Purkinje fibres and the sino-atrial node and rhythmic behaviour in smooth muscle. Questions considered include the generation of periodic activity, the modulation of the oscillation by drugs and other metabolic and membrane effectors and the question of the functional role of these oscillations.", "PMID": 390080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8832", "title": "Dynamic oscillations in the membrane potential of pancreatic islet cells.", "content": "Glucose and other metabolizable sugars which elicit insulin release from the beta-cell of the pancreatic islet induce repetitive oscillations in the beta-cell transmembrane potential. Upon each phasic depolarization are superimposed rapid fluctuations in potentials, i.e. 'action potentials' or 'spikes' which occur as bursts of electrical activity; the duration and frequency of each burst is a function of glucose concentration. These established electrophysiological features of glucose-islet cell interaction are described in detail together with a consideration of their possible molecular and ionic basis. Based on these observations, a dynamic mathematical computer model of the beta-cell membrane electrical behaviour is presented which utilizes the Goldman equation extended to include divalent ions. The model illustrates how the ionic mechanisms deduced from experimental observations can account for the electrical patterns produced by the beta-cells in the presence of D-glucose; it also allows systematic changes to be made in a number of state variables in order to assess their relative importance and possible contribution to the integrated processes actually observed. Finally, distinction is made between aspects of the model which are well supported by experimental results and those areas which require further analysis.", "contents": "Dynamic oscillations in the membrane potential of pancreatic islet cells. Glucose and other metabolizable sugars which elicit insulin release from the beta-cell of the pancreatic islet induce repetitive oscillations in the beta-cell transmembrane potential. Upon each phasic depolarization are superimposed rapid fluctuations in potentials, i.e. 'action potentials' or 'spikes' which occur as bursts of electrical activity; the duration and frequency of each burst is a function of glucose concentration. These established electrophysiological features of glucose-islet cell interaction are described in detail together with a consideration of their possible molecular and ionic basis. Based on these observations, a dynamic mathematical computer model of the beta-cell membrane electrical behaviour is presented which utilizes the Goldman equation extended to include divalent ions. The model illustrates how the ionic mechanisms deduced from experimental observations can account for the electrical patterns produced by the beta-cells in the presence of D-glucose; it also allows systematic changes to be made in a number of state variables in order to assess their relative importance and possible contribution to the integrated processes actually observed. Finally, distinction is made between aspects of the model which are well supported by experimental results and those areas which require further analysis.", "PMID": 390082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8833", "title": "Human immune response to immunization with a structurally defined polypeptide fragment of streptococcal M protein.", "content": "We tested the ability of pepsin-extracted, highly purified M protein to induce type-specific immunity in experimental animals and humans. M protein was prepared from limited peptic digests of whole group A type 24 streptococci and was purified to chemical homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, quantitative amino acid analysis, and Edman degradation. For vaccination, the lyophilized M24 protein preparation (pep M24) was precipitated in aluminum hydroxide. When injected into laboratory animals, alum-precipitated pep M24 produced type-specific protective antibodies and was free of non-type-specific immunoreactivity. In man, skin tests with 1-microgram doses of pep M24 were negative in all 37 adults tested. 12 adult human volunteers received two-four subcutaneous injections of 100-200 micrograms of alum-precipitated pep M24 at intervals of at least 2 wk. The immune response to pep M24 was measured by a variety of assays designed to detect (a) type-specific humoral antibodies (opsonophagocytic, long chain, and mouse protection tests); (b) total humoral antibodies (complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); (c) cellular immunity (skin tests); and (d) heart cross-reactive antibodies (immunofluorescence). Type-specific opsonic antibodies developed in 10 of the 12 vaccinees, and positive delayed-type skin tests developed in 11. Immune sera from two of the vaccinees were effective in mouse-protection tests against challenge with M24 but not M6 streptococci. None of the volunteers developed heart-reactive antibodies or antibodies to non-type-specific M protein antigens. Alum-precipitated pep M24 was well-tolerated in man, and no serious local or systemic reactions were observed. Thus, pep M24 induces type-specific, protective antibodies in doses that are well-tolerated in man.", "contents": "Human immune response to immunization with a structurally defined polypeptide fragment of streptococcal M protein. We tested the ability of pepsin-extracted, highly purified M protein to induce type-specific immunity in experimental animals and humans. M protein was prepared from limited peptic digests of whole group A type 24 streptococci and was purified to chemical homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, quantitative amino acid analysis, and Edman degradation. For vaccination, the lyophilized M24 protein preparation (pep M24) was precipitated in aluminum hydroxide. When injected into laboratory animals, alum-precipitated pep M24 produced type-specific protective antibodies and was free of non-type-specific immunoreactivity. In man, skin tests with 1-microgram doses of pep M24 were negative in all 37 adults tested. 12 adult human volunteers received two-four subcutaneous injections of 100-200 micrograms of alum-precipitated pep M24 at intervals of at least 2 wk. The immune response to pep M24 was measured by a variety of assays designed to detect (a) type-specific humoral antibodies (opsonophagocytic, long chain, and mouse protection tests); (b) total humoral antibodies (complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); (c) cellular immunity (skin tests); and (d) heart cross-reactive antibodies (immunofluorescence). Type-specific opsonic antibodies developed in 10 of the 12 vaccinees, and positive delayed-type skin tests developed in 11. Immune sera from two of the vaccinees were effective in mouse-protection tests against challenge with M24 but not M6 streptococci. None of the volunteers developed heart-reactive antibodies or antibodies to non-type-specific M protein antigens. Alum-precipitated pep M24 was well-tolerated in man, and no serious local or systemic reactions were observed. Thus, pep M24 induces type-specific, protective antibodies in doses that are well-tolerated in man.", "PMID": 390084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8834", "title": "A hemolytic plaque assay for activated murine T cells.", "content": "In an earlier report, it was shown that murine spleen cells cultured with concanavalin A (Con A) released into the culture supernatants helper and suppressor substances for antibody production. The present communication describes the production of rabbit antisera against culture supernates from Con A-activated spleen cells and their use in a plaque assay for mitogen-activated T cells. The plaque assay, utilizing SRBC to which Staphylococcal protein A had been coupled, the developing anti-supernatant antiserum and guinea pig complement, readily detected secreting T cells. The T-cell nature of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) was established principally by the following: (a) the majority of lymphocytes in the centers of plaques were Thy-1-positive by fluroescence; (b) spleen cells depleted of B cells by incubation in plastic dishes coated with rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody gave greatly enriched PFC responses; (c) anti-Thy-1 and anti-Lyt-2.2 treatment of spleen cells almost completely depleted PFC; (d) T-cell mitogens (Con A and phytohemagglutinin) but not B-cell mitogens (lipopolysaccharides) induced PFC responses; (e) T cells maintained in culture for 10 d with Con A and T-cell growth factor yielded PFC. Kinetic and dose response studies showed that high doses of mitogen induced rapidly appearing T-PFC and the responses peaked at day 1--2 of culture. Lower doses of mitogen-induced PFC required longer periods of incubation for detection, indicating that cell activation and secretion may be different dose-dependent activities of mitogens. Another noteworthy finding was that the antiserum reacted with surface antigens of T-PFC, indicating that secreted products are expressed on the membranes of T cells, offering the possibility of isolating populations of cells with specific secretory potential. Although the precise nature of the T-cell products detected by the antiserum used in this assay are unresolved, 10% of the target-cell-adherent population from spleen cells of BALB/c mice sensitized to L929 cells formed plaques. This suggests that the antiserum has significant activity against the products of cytotoxic T cells, a finding which accords with the activity of anti-Lyt-2.2 serum against mitogen-induced T-PFC. The method clearly offers new possibilities for the analysis of T cells and their products and should provide an important approach to the clonal analysis of lymphokine production.", "contents": "A hemolytic plaque assay for activated murine T cells. In an earlier report, it was shown that murine spleen cells cultured with concanavalin A (Con A) released into the culture supernatants helper and suppressor substances for antibody production. The present communication describes the production of rabbit antisera against culture supernates from Con A-activated spleen cells and their use in a plaque assay for mitogen-activated T cells. The plaque assay, utilizing SRBC to which Staphylococcal protein A had been coupled, the developing anti-supernatant antiserum and guinea pig complement, readily detected secreting T cells. The T-cell nature of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) was established principally by the following: (a) the majority of lymphocytes in the centers of plaques were Thy-1-positive by fluroescence; (b) spleen cells depleted of B cells by incubation in plastic dishes coated with rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody gave greatly enriched PFC responses; (c) anti-Thy-1 and anti-Lyt-2.2 treatment of spleen cells almost completely depleted PFC; (d) T-cell mitogens (Con A and phytohemagglutinin) but not B-cell mitogens (lipopolysaccharides) induced PFC responses; (e) T cells maintained in culture for 10 d with Con A and T-cell growth factor yielded PFC. Kinetic and dose response studies showed that high doses of mitogen induced rapidly appearing T-PFC and the responses peaked at day 1--2 of culture. Lower doses of mitogen-induced PFC required longer periods of incubation for detection, indicating that cell activation and secretion may be different dose-dependent activities of mitogens. Another noteworthy finding was that the antiserum reacted with surface antigens of T-PFC, indicating that secreted products are expressed on the membranes of T cells, offering the possibility of isolating populations of cells with specific secretory potential. Although the precise nature of the T-cell products detected by the antiserum used in this assay are unresolved, 10% of the target-cell-adherent population from spleen cells of BALB/c mice sensitized to L929 cells formed plaques. This suggests that the antiserum has significant activity against the products of cytotoxic T cells, a finding which accords with the activity of anti-Lyt-2.2 serum against mitogen-induced T-PFC. The method clearly offers new possibilities for the analysis of T cells and their products and should provide an important approach to the clonal analysis of lymphokine production.", "PMID": 390085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8835", "title": "Interactions between human eosinophils and schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. II. The mechanism of irreversible eosinophil adherence.", "content": "Previous work (1)(1) has shown that normal human eosinophils show a preferential capacity, in comparison with neutrophils, to bind to antibody- coated schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. This effect is attributable to a temperature-dependent function of the eosinophil which renders its binding stable and irreversible by aggregated gamma globulin or Staphylococcus aureus protein A. In contrast, the binding of neutrophils is readily reversible by these agents. It has now been shown that the differences observed between eosinophils and neutrophils is a property of their interaction with living schistosomula. When dead or artificially damaged schistosomula were tested, neutrophils showed a markedly enhanced capacity to adhere, in both the presence and absence of anti-chistosomular serum. Subsequent experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the strong, stable binding of eosinophils was attributable to degranulation, with release of granule contents which would then serve as ligands to bind the cell to the organism. First, an enhanced adherence both of eosinophils and of neutrophils could be demonstrated in the presence of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) or of protamine, a high molecular weight cation. Second, the binding of eosinophils induced by concanavalin A (Con A) was found to differ markedly from that induced by antischistosomular serum. Con A-mediated binding of eosinophils was fully reversible by alpha-methyl-mannoside, was not associated with damage to the organism, and did not lead to degranulation of the cell, as estimated by measuring the release of MBP into the culture supernate. However, induction of degranulation of concanavalin A-bound eosinophils, but not of neutrophils, with the calcium ionophore A23187 converted the reaction into one which was no longer reversible by alpha- methylmannoside and in which damage to the organism now did occur. These findings support the hypothesis that the stable binding of eosinophils is associated with degranulation, a process which may contribute to the preferential capacity of this cell to mediate antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula.", "contents": "Interactions between human eosinophils and schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. II. The mechanism of irreversible eosinophil adherence. Previous work (1)(1) has shown that normal human eosinophils show a preferential capacity, in comparison with neutrophils, to bind to antibody- coated schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. This effect is attributable to a temperature-dependent function of the eosinophil which renders its binding stable and irreversible by aggregated gamma globulin or Staphylococcus aureus protein A. In contrast, the binding of neutrophils is readily reversible by these agents. It has now been shown that the differences observed between eosinophils and neutrophils is a property of their interaction with living schistosomula. When dead or artificially damaged schistosomula were tested, neutrophils showed a markedly enhanced capacity to adhere, in both the presence and absence of anti-chistosomular serum. Subsequent experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the strong, stable binding of eosinophils was attributable to degranulation, with release of granule contents which would then serve as ligands to bind the cell to the organism. First, an enhanced adherence both of eosinophils and of neutrophils could be demonstrated in the presence of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) or of protamine, a high molecular weight cation. Second, the binding of eosinophils induced by concanavalin A (Con A) was found to differ markedly from that induced by antischistosomular serum. Con A-mediated binding of eosinophils was fully reversible by alpha-methyl-mannoside, was not associated with damage to the organism, and did not lead to degranulation of the cell, as estimated by measuring the release of MBP into the culture supernate. However, induction of degranulation of concanavalin A-bound eosinophils, but not of neutrophils, with the calcium ionophore A23187 converted the reaction into one which was no longer reversible by alpha- methylmannoside and in which damage to the organism now did occur. These findings support the hypothesis that the stable binding of eosinophils is associated with degranulation, a process which may contribute to the preferential capacity of this cell to mediate antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula.", "PMID": 390086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8836", "title": "Characterization and localization of the enzymatic deacylation of lipoteichoic acid in group A streptococci.", "content": "Protoplasts of a group A streptococcal strain were shown to contain enzymatic activity capable of converting lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to deacylated lipoteichoic acid (dLTA). The enzyme(s) appear to be located mainly in the membrane, although activity was also found in the cytoplasm. Determination of the sites of cleavage within the LTA molecule was approached by comparing the chemical composition of LTA and native dLTA. Native dLTA, as distinguished from chemically deacylated LTA, was isolated from buffer in which live streptococci had been resuspended and incubated. The chemical data suggest that the enzyme(s) was(were) lipolytic in nature; that is, the conversion of LTA to dLTA was the result of cleavage of the ester linkages between the fatty acids and the remainder of the LTA molecule.", "contents": "Characterization and localization of the enzymatic deacylation of lipoteichoic acid in group A streptococci. Protoplasts of a group A streptococcal strain were shown to contain enzymatic activity capable of converting lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to deacylated lipoteichoic acid (dLTA). The enzyme(s) appear to be located mainly in the membrane, although activity was also found in the cytoplasm. Determination of the sites of cleavage within the LTA molecule was approached by comparing the chemical composition of LTA and native dLTA. Native dLTA, as distinguished from chemically deacylated LTA, was isolated from buffer in which live streptococci had been resuspended and incubated. The chemical data suggest that the enzyme(s) was(were) lipolytic in nature; that is, the conversion of LTA to dLTA was the result of cleavage of the ester linkages between the fatty acids and the remainder of the LTA molecule.", "PMID": 390087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8837", "title": "Concentrations of phenobarbital, flurazepam, and flurazepam metabolites in autopsy cases.", "content": "In five cases of death resulting from acute intoxication with phenobarbital and flurazepam, the blood, urine, brain, lung, liver,  and kidney levels of these drugs as well as the levels of N-1 hydroxyethyl, N-1 desalkyl, and N-1 desalkyl-3-hydroxy flurazepam metabolites were determined. Concentration of flurazepam and its metabolites was determined by using new gas chromatographic conditions employing a selective detector for nitrogen-containing substances and a column of 1% SP-1000. In addition, the EMIT technique was also employed on blood and urine samples and the results compared with GLC data.", "contents": "Concentrations of phenobarbital, flurazepam, and flurazepam metabolites in autopsy cases. In five cases of death resulting from acute intoxication with phenobarbital and flurazepam, the blood, urine, brain, lung, liver,  and kidney levels of these drugs as well as the levels of N-1 hydroxyethyl, N-1 desalkyl, and N-1 desalkyl-3-hydroxy flurazepam metabolites were determined. Concentration of flurazepam and its metabolites was determined by using new gas chromatographic conditions employing a selective detector for nitrogen-containing substances and a column of 1% SP-1000. In addition, the EMIT technique was also employed on blood and urine samples and the results compared with GLC data.", "PMID": 390088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8838", "title": "Recurrent mutation and selection for increased penicillin titre in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Recurrent mutation and selection has been used to increase penicillin titre in two closely related strains of Aspergillus nidulans. A selection programme was initiated from each of the two strains (programmes A and B) and continued through six cycles of mutation and selection. Near-ultraviolet light in conjuction with 8-methoxypsoralen was employed as the sole mutagen throughout programme A and ethyl methanesulphonate as the sole mutagen throughout programme B. Excluding the first cycle of A, where only 50 strains were assayed, the selection programmes were identical. In each programme, 100 survivors were assayed for penicillin titre after each mutagenic treatment and, on the basis of a single yield test, the best five strains were picked and carried forward to the next cycle. In both selection programmes, a near 300% increase in penicillin titre was achieved. This yield advance illustrates the effectiveness for strain development of experimental designs involving successive cycles of mutagenesis with a single-stage screen and the selection of the top few percent survivors in each cycle.", "contents": "Recurrent mutation and selection for increased penicillin titre in Aspergillus nidulans. Recurrent mutation and selection has been used to increase penicillin titre in two closely related strains of Aspergillus nidulans. A selection programme was initiated from each of the two strains (programmes A and B) and continued through six cycles of mutation and selection. Near-ultraviolet light in conjuction with 8-methoxypsoralen was employed as the sole mutagen throughout programme A and ethyl methanesulphonate as the sole mutagen throughout programme B. Excluding the first cycle of A, where only 50 strains were assayed, the selection programmes were identical. In each programme, 100 survivors were assayed for penicillin titre after each mutagenic treatment and, on the basis of a single yield test, the best five strains were picked and carried forward to the next cycle. In both selection programmes, a near 300% increase in penicillin titre was achieved. This yield advance illustrates the effectiveness for strain development of experimental designs involving successive cycles of mutagenesis with a single-stage screen and the selection of the top few percent survivors in each cycle.", "PMID": 390092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8839", "title": "Mapping of a new hem gene in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A new type of haem-deficient mutant was isolated in Escherichia coli K12 by neomycin selection. The mutant, designated SASX38, accumulated uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin. Since it possessed normal ferrochelatase activity, it was assumed to be deficient in protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity. The gene affected in the mutant was designated hemG. Mapping of the hemG gene by phage P1-mediated transduction showed that it was located very close to the chlB gene (frequency of cotransduction 78.7%), between the metE and rha markers. This location is distinct from the other known hem loci in E. coli K12.", "contents": "Mapping of a new hem gene in Escherichia coli K12. A new type of haem-deficient mutant was isolated in Escherichia coli K12 by neomycin selection. The mutant, designated SASX38, accumulated uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin. Since it possessed normal ferrochelatase activity, it was assumed to be deficient in protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity. The gene affected in the mutant was designated hemG. Mapping of the hemG gene by phage P1-mediated transduction showed that it was located very close to the chlB gene (frequency of cotransduction 78.7%), between the metE and rha markers. This location is distinct from the other known hem loci in E. coli K12.", "PMID": 390093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8840", "title": "Microbial determinations by flow cytometry.", "content": "Recent improvements in the optics and electronics of flow cytometry systems, as well as in staining techniques, permit the assay of such minute cellular constituents as the DNA and protein contents of micro-organisms. To assess the usefulness of this technique, DNA and protein content distributions were determined in Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Chlorella kessleri 8k, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Euglena gracilis. Investigations of the DNA content distributions of polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated that the method can be used to determine ploidy. The rapidity of flow cytometry measurements allows accurate determinations in large populations.", "contents": "Microbial determinations by flow cytometry. Recent improvements in the optics and electronics of flow cytometry systems, as well as in staining techniques, permit the assay of such minute cellular constituents as the DNA and protein contents of micro-organisms. To assess the usefulness of this technique, DNA and protein content distributions were determined in Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Chlorella kessleri 8k, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Euglena gracilis. Investigations of the DNA content distributions of polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated that the method can be used to determine ploidy. The rapidity of flow cytometry measurements allows accurate determinations in large populations.", "PMID": 390094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8841", "title": "Specific proline accumulation in an acrA mutant of Escherichia coli K12 grown in salt-hypertonic medium.", "content": "Free proline is specifically accumulated in an acrA mutant of Escherichia coli K12 when cultured in a medium containing excess NaCl.", "contents": "Specific proline accumulation in an acrA mutant of Escherichia coli K12 grown in salt-hypertonic medium. Free proline is specifically accumulated in an acrA mutant of Escherichia coli K12 when cultured in a medium containing excess NaCl.", "PMID": 390095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8842", "title": "Specific heavy metal labeling of the 3-'terminus of phosphorothioate modified yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "Yeast tRNAPhe containing a phosphorothioate modified -CS-CS-A terminus binds two moles of chloroterpyridineplatinum(II). This result was determined by titrating the tRNA with [3H](terpy)PtCl] Cl, removing excess platinum by cation exchange chromatography, and determining the amount of bound platinum by radiocounting techniques. It has thus been established that adjacent phosphorothioate modified nucleotides can be labeled with an electron dense stain, a necessary requirement for electronmicroscopic sequencing of polynucleotides to become practical.", "contents": "Specific heavy metal labeling of the 3-'terminus of phosphorothioate modified yeast tRNAPhe. Yeast tRNAPhe containing a phosphorothioate modified -CS-CS-A terminus binds two moles of chloroterpyridineplatinum(II). This result was determined by titrating the tRNA with [3H](terpy)PtCl] Cl, removing excess platinum by cation exchange chromatography, and determining the amount of bound platinum by radiocounting techniques. It has thus been established that adjacent phosphorothioate modified nucleotides can be labeled with an electron dense stain, a necessary requirement for electronmicroscopic sequencing of polynucleotides to become practical.", "PMID": 390097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8843", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease treated with amantadine.", "content": "A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease treated with amantadine showed considerable initial improvement, followed by a period of almost five years during which the patient remained in a relatively stable condition until he died accidentally. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease treated with amantadine. A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease treated with amantadine showed considerable initial improvement, followed by a period of almost five years during which the patient remained in a relatively stable condition until he died accidentally. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically.", "PMID": 390098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8844", "title": "Some neurological observations on Leonardo da Vinci's handwriting.", "content": "The present study concerns neuropsychological aspects of the handwriting of Leonardo da Vinci. The evidence for Leonardo's left handedness is considered, and a critical appraisal of his mirror writing and its underlying mechanism is presented. The relationship between Leonardo's sinistrality, mirror writing and certain aspects of localisation of cerebral function are discussed. From these considerations and from new evidence obtained from contemporary historical sources, it is proposed that Leonardo's language skills were lateralised to the more unusual right hemisphere.", "contents": "Some neurological observations on Leonardo da Vinci's handwriting. The present study concerns neuropsychological aspects of the handwriting of Leonardo da Vinci. The evidence for Leonardo's left handedness is considered, and a critical appraisal of his mirror writing and its underlying mechanism is presented. The relationship between Leonardo's sinistrality, mirror writing and certain aspects of localisation of cerebral function are discussed. From these considerations and from new evidence obtained from contemporary historical sources, it is proposed that Leonardo's language skills were lateralised to the more unusual right hemisphere.", "PMID": 390099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8845", "title": "Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "A Finnish family is described with 9 cases of presenile dementia in 3 generations. The mean age at onset was 52 years (range 46--62 years). Progressive dementia, upper motor neuron signs, muscular rigidity, and twitching, irregular tremors were consistent features in the 6 clinically investigated patients and were associated with spongiform change in the cerebral cortex of one autopsy and two brain biopsy cases. The EEG showed progressive slowing without the occurrence of repetitive high-voltage complexes at any stage of the disease. The average duration of the disease (21 months, range 11--36 months) was longer than in the sporadic form of CJD. The occurrence of CJD within this family follows a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission of the presumptive causative agent for example by genomic integration or transplacental passage. However, the occurrence of the disease only through the paternal line of relationships and the presence of a discordant twin pair argue strongly against transplacental passage or transmission via mother's milk. Simple contact infection also seems unlikely, as conjugal cases were not found among the 7 married patients. The interval between the death of the last affected member in generation IV and the time of onset of the disease in the first affected member of generation V was 10 years. Thus setting a minimum incubation period if case-to-case transmission were occurring. To evaluate the role of a genetically determined susceptibility to infection studies on the HLA antigens and other genetic markers are in progress.", "contents": "Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A Finnish family is described with 9 cases of presenile dementia in 3 generations. The mean age at onset was 52 years (range 46--62 years). Progressive dementia, upper motor neuron signs, muscular rigidity, and twitching, irregular tremors were consistent features in the 6 clinically investigated patients and were associated with spongiform change in the cerebral cortex of one autopsy and two brain biopsy cases. The EEG showed progressive slowing without the occurrence of repetitive high-voltage complexes at any stage of the disease. The average duration of the disease (21 months, range 11--36 months) was longer than in the sporadic form of CJD. The occurrence of CJD within this family follows a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission of the presumptive causative agent for example by genomic integration or transplacental passage. However, the occurrence of the disease only through the paternal line of relationships and the presence of a discordant twin pair argue strongly against transplacental passage or transmission via mother's milk. Simple contact infection also seems unlikely, as conjugal cases were not found among the 7 married patients. The interval between the death of the last affected member in generation IV and the time of onset of the disease in the first affected member of generation V was 10 years. Thus setting a minimum incubation period if case-to-case transmission were occurring. To evaluate the role of a genetically determined susceptibility to infection studies on the HLA antigens and other genetic markers are in progress.", "PMID": 390100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8846", "title": "Kuru plaques in the brain of two cases with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A common origin for the two diseases?", "content": "We present two patients aged 66 and 69, with a rapidly progressive disease (10 and 15 months' duration) in which the presenting symptom was instability of gait. Later dementia was also a prominent feature. One case had myoclonus. Repeated EEGs showed symmetrical slowing in one case and periodic generalised bursts of triphasic waves at 1 cps superimposed upon a slow (3-4 cps) background activity in the other. The pathological findings consisted of classical Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD), Kuru plaques (KP) were disseminated in the brain, but were more numerous in the cerebellum, putamen and thalamus. Neurons with large vacuoles in the cytoplasm were numerous in the putamen, thalamus and anterior horns. Stress is laid upon the common findings in both CJD and Kuru (K) (clinical features, pathological data, lack of antibody response, transmissibility, change in pattern on transmission). The possibility of a common origin of the two diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Kuru plaques in the brain of two cases with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A common origin for the two diseases? We present two patients aged 66 and 69, with a rapidly progressive disease (10 and 15 months' duration) in which the presenting symptom was instability of gait. Later dementia was also a prominent feature. One case had myoclonus. Repeated EEGs showed symmetrical slowing in one case and periodic generalised bursts of triphasic waves at 1 cps superimposed upon a slow (3-4 cps) background activity in the other. The pathological findings consisted of classical Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD), Kuru plaques (KP) were disseminated in the brain, but were more numerous in the cerebellum, putamen and thalamus. Neurons with large vacuoles in the cytoplasm were numerous in the putamen, thalamus and anterior horns. Stress is laid upon the common findings in both CJD and Kuru (K) (clinical features, pathological data, lack of antibody response, transmissibility, change in pattern on transmission). The possibility of a common origin of the two diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 390101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8847", "title": "A search for antibodies against glial cells in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "We have used indirect immunofluorescence to examine the binding of immunoglobulin in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, other neurological diseases, and normal subjects to marker-identified glial cells in dissociated primary cell cultures of neonatal rat corpus callosum and sciatic nerve. In corpus callosum cultures all the sera tested showed weak surface staining of oligodendrocytes and of a small percentage of astrocytes and bright staining of fibroblasts. The cerebrospinal fluid from one patient with multiple sclerosis showed the same pattern of staining while the cerebrospinal fluid from other patients with multiple sclerosis and pathological controls only showed weak staining of fibroblasts. None of the sera stained the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes in frozen sections of adult rat optic nerve. In sciatic nerve cultures all sera showed weak staining of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. Thus we were unable to distinguish patients with demyelinating diseases from normal individuals or from patients with other neurological diseases in terms of serum or cerebrospinal fluid anti-glial cell antibodies.", "contents": "A search for antibodies against glial cells in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. We have used indirect immunofluorescence to examine the binding of immunoglobulin in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, other neurological diseases, and normal subjects to marker-identified glial cells in dissociated primary cell cultures of neonatal rat corpus callosum and sciatic nerve. In corpus callosum cultures all the sera tested showed weak surface staining of oligodendrocytes and of a small percentage of astrocytes and bright staining of fibroblasts. The cerebrospinal fluid from one patient with multiple sclerosis showed the same pattern of staining while the cerebrospinal fluid from other patients with multiple sclerosis and pathological controls only showed weak staining of fibroblasts. None of the sera stained the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes in frozen sections of adult rat optic nerve. In sciatic nerve cultures all sera showed weak staining of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. Thus we were unable to distinguish patients with demyelinating diseases from normal individuals or from patients with other neurological diseases in terms of serum or cerebrospinal fluid anti-glial cell antibodies.", "PMID": 390102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8848", "title": "Rate of regeneration of sensory axons in transected rat sciatic nerve repaired with epineurial sutures.", "content": "Rat sciatic nerves were cut and the ends were rejoined using epineurial sutures. The most rapidly regenerating sensory axons, as measured by the pinch test, grew at a rate of 3.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) mm/day after a delay of 4.0 +/- 0.3 (SE) days. Regenerating axons began to grow beyond the site of injury about 2 days later in sutured nerves than in crushed nerves; this difference provides an estimate of the scar delay in sutured nerves. The rate of axonal outgrowth was slower in sutured nerves than in crushed nerves throughout the distal stump.", "contents": "Rate of regeneration of sensory axons in transected rat sciatic nerve repaired with epineurial sutures. Rat sciatic nerves were cut and the ends were rejoined using epineurial sutures. The most rapidly regenerating sensory axons, as measured by the pinch test, grew at a rate of 3.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) mm/day after a delay of 4.0 +/- 0.3 (SE) days. Regenerating axons began to grow beyond the site of injury about 2 days later in sutured nerves than in crushed nerves; this difference provides an estimate of the scar delay in sutured nerves. The rate of axonal outgrowth was slower in sutured nerves than in crushed nerves throughout the distal stump.", "PMID": 390103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8849", "title": "An improved method for the concentration of cerebrospinal fluid cells by suction tip and sedimentation chamber.", "content": "To concentrate cells from cerebrospinal fluid, a new method was developed. The technique is a modification of the cell sedimentation method of Sayk. The fluid is absorbed after passing through a Nuclepore filter, pore size 0.4 micron. With the aid of simple utensils it is possible to obtain a cell preparation of high quality using only 0.3 ml of cerebrospinal fluid. The cytomorphology is as good as that achieved by Sayk's sedimentation technique. The cell yield was determined using an accurate and precise method to estimate the number of cells present in the cerebrospinal fluid. The average cell yield is 90%, and all staining methods are applicable. The system is easily modified, and can be suited to many other fluids and purposes.", "contents": "An improved method for the concentration of cerebrospinal fluid cells by suction tip and sedimentation chamber. To concentrate cells from cerebrospinal fluid, a new method was developed. The technique is a modification of the cell sedimentation method of Sayk. The fluid is absorbed after passing through a Nuclepore filter, pore size 0.4 micron. With the aid of simple utensils it is possible to obtain a cell preparation of high quality using only 0.3 ml of cerebrospinal fluid. The cytomorphology is as good as that achieved by Sayk's sedimentation technique. The cell yield was determined using an accurate and precise method to estimate the number of cells present in the cerebrospinal fluid. The average cell yield is 90%, and all staining methods are applicable. The system is easily modified, and can be suited to many other fluids and purposes.", "PMID": 390104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8850", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis newly excysted juveniles and adult worms.", "content": "The tegumental structures of newly excysted juveniles and adult worms of Clonorchis sinensis were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After excystation the juvenile's tegumental surface is characterized by knoblike protuberances and is armed almost entirely with numerous rows of small spines encircling the body. These spines are double- or triple-pointed on the anterior portion of the body and become single-pointed posteriorly. Four types of presumed sensory structures were observed as follow: A) ciliated knoblike papillae and B) nonciliated platelike papillae, both of which are arranged in rougly a bilaterally symmetrical pattern dorsally, ventrally, and laterally; C) rounded swellings of nonciliated papillae on the lips of the ventral and oral suckers, which are characterized in the transmission electron microscope by a rounded dense body in the apical bulb; and D) a sensory receptor with a bulbous projection having the appearance of a modified cilium, which was not found with SEM likely owing to its being enclosed by an extension of the tegument. In full-grown adult worms, the tegumental surface is knobbed or lobulated in various forms without surface spines. The tegumental structures in the adults appear to be clearly differentiated from those in the juveniles. Upraised, buttonlike papillae, each topped by a short cilium, which are similar to the Type A papillae in the juveniles, are distributed thickly around the oral and ventral suckers, and are rather randomly scattered over the remainder of the body. Some nonciliated swollen papillae were found on the lip of the ventral sucker.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis newly excysted juveniles and adult worms. The tegumental structures of newly excysted juveniles and adult worms of Clonorchis sinensis were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After excystation the juvenile's tegumental surface is characterized by knoblike protuberances and is armed almost entirely with numerous rows of small spines encircling the body. These spines are double- or triple-pointed on the anterior portion of the body and become single-pointed posteriorly. Four types of presumed sensory structures were observed as follow: A) ciliated knoblike papillae and B) nonciliated platelike papillae, both of which are arranged in rougly a bilaterally symmetrical pattern dorsally, ventrally, and laterally; C) rounded swellings of nonciliated papillae on the lips of the ventral and oral suckers, which are characterized in the transmission electron microscope by a rounded dense body in the apical bulb; and D) a sensory receptor with a bulbous projection having the appearance of a modified cilium, which was not found with SEM likely owing to its being enclosed by an extension of the tegument. In full-grown adult worms, the tegumental surface is knobbed or lobulated in various forms without surface spines. The tegumental structures in the adults appear to be clearly differentiated from those in the juveniles. Upraised, buttonlike papillae, each topped by a short cilium, which are similar to the Type A papillae in the juveniles, are distributed thickly around the oral and ventral suckers, and are rather randomly scattered over the remainder of the body. Some nonciliated swollen papillae were found on the lip of the ventral sucker.", "PMID": 390108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8851", "title": "Use of immunologic techniques to detect chemotherapeutic success in infections with Fasciola hepatica. II. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in infected rats and rabbits.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using microtiter plates for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats and rabbits using extracts of adult worms partially purified by gel filtration chromatography using Sephacryl S-200. Partial purification was necessary to eliminate cross-reactivity with antisera having antibodies to schistosomes. Soft polyvinyl plates clearly gave superior results over hard polystyrine plates. Titers rose by 4 weeks of infection in rats with fascioliasis, by 6 weeks in the case of rabbits, and remained high through at least 12 and 28 weeks, respectively. Titers drop rapidly when animals are successfully treated with a fasciolicidal drug at 4--6 weeks of infection. The results show that the ELISA can be employed for the serodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats and rabbits and is useful for the prediction of chemotherapeutic success.", "contents": "Use of immunologic techniques to detect chemotherapeutic success in infections with Fasciola hepatica. II. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in infected rats and rabbits. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using microtiter plates for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats and rabbits using extracts of adult worms partially purified by gel filtration chromatography using Sephacryl S-200. Partial purification was necessary to eliminate cross-reactivity with antisera having antibodies to schistosomes. Soft polyvinyl plates clearly gave superior results over hard polystyrine plates. Titers rose by 4 weeks of infection in rats with fascioliasis, by 6 weeks in the case of rabbits, and remained high through at least 12 and 28 weeks, respectively. Titers drop rapidly when animals are successfully treated with a fasciolicidal drug at 4--6 weeks of infection. The results show that the ELISA can be employed for the serodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats and rabbits and is useful for the prediction of chemotherapeutic success.", "PMID": 390109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8852", "title": "Renal homotransplantation in children.", "content": "Ninety-six renal transplants in 77 pediatric patients are reported with follow-up as long as 12 1/2 years. Thirteen of the first 14 patients are living with a functioning kidney after eight to 12 1/2 years. The patient survival for the entire group is 78%. Sixty-four percent are living with a functioning transplanted kidney. Splenectomy was initially performed at the time of transplant but has been discontinued because of concern that splenectomy in the immunosuppressed patient was related to an increased occurrence of septic complications. Anencephalic newborn infants have been found to be a satisfactory source of cadaver donor kidneys. Growth and development have been satisfactory when the transplant is performed prior to 12 years of age, if it functions well, and if an alternate-day regimen of steroid administration is followed. Both boys and girls have now passed through puberty with their transplanted kidneys, have married, become parents, and are leading essentially normal lives. A plea is made for earlier transplantation in small children with irreversible progressive renal failure before they develop severe stunting of growth and before the need for prolonged dialysis.", "contents": "Renal homotransplantation in children. Ninety-six renal transplants in 77 pediatric patients are reported with follow-up as long as 12 1/2 years. Thirteen of the first 14 patients are living with a functioning kidney after eight to 12 1/2 years. The patient survival for the entire group is 78%. Sixty-four percent are living with a functioning transplanted kidney. Splenectomy was initially performed at the time of transplant but has been discontinued because of concern that splenectomy in the immunosuppressed patient was related to an increased occurrence of septic complications. Anencephalic newborn infants have been found to be a satisfactory source of cadaver donor kidneys. Growth and development have been satisfactory when the transplant is performed prior to 12 years of age, if it functions well, and if an alternate-day regimen of steroid administration is followed. Both boys and girls have now passed through puberty with their transplanted kidneys, have married, become parents, and are leading essentially normal lives. A plea is made for earlier transplantation in small children with irreversible progressive renal failure before they develop severe stunting of growth and before the need for prolonged dialysis.", "PMID": 390114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8853", "title": "Disposition of valproic acid in the rat: dose-dependent metabolism, distribution, enterohepatic recirculation and choleretic effect.", "content": "A specific gas chromatographic assay has been developed for measurement of valproic acid (VPA) and its major conjugated metabolites. In rats given single intravenous doses, the decline in blood concentration of VPA was dose-dependent and followed first-order kinetics only at the lowest dose. The time required for the maximum concentration of VPA, after completion of the brief distribution phase, to decline by 50% was 11.7, 41 and 125 min at doses of 15, 150 and 600 mg of NaVPA per kg, respectively. A secondary increase in drug concentration, abolished by exteriorization of the bile, was observed in all intact rats with all doses. Some 45 to 55% of the dose appeared in the bile in 5 hr as VPA glucuronide. Urinary excretion of VPA glucuronide in intact animals accounted for 23 and 51% of the 15 and 150 mg/kg doses, respectively. Tissue distribution studies in rats sacrificed 20 and 90 min after dosage with [14C] NaVPA (150 mg/kg) showed that the drug concentration was highest in blood, moderate in liver, kidney, heart and lung and low in brain, fat, testis and skeletal muscle. During this interval the drug concentration declined in all tissues, whereas the total conjugated metabolites in the small intestine increased from 7 to 28% of the administered dose. The large intestine contained 30 times as much free drug as conjugate. Reabsorption of free VPA, released by hydrolysis of conjugate in the large bowel, accounted for the secondary rise in concentration of VPA observed in blood after single doses. The major urinary metabolites, VPA-glucuronide and 2-n-propylgutaric acid, were identified by gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Sodium VPA caused a dose-dependent stimulation of bile flow, the magnitude and duration of which closely followed the blood concentration of VPA.", "contents": "Disposition of valproic acid in the rat: dose-dependent metabolism, distribution, enterohepatic recirculation and choleretic effect. A specific gas chromatographic assay has been developed for measurement of valproic acid (VPA) and its major conjugated metabolites. In rats given single intravenous doses, the decline in blood concentration of VPA was dose-dependent and followed first-order kinetics only at the lowest dose. The time required for the maximum concentration of VPA, after completion of the brief distribution phase, to decline by 50% was 11.7, 41 and 125 min at doses of 15, 150 and 600 mg of NaVPA per kg, respectively. A secondary increase in drug concentration, abolished by exteriorization of the bile, was observed in all intact rats with all doses. Some 45 to 55% of the dose appeared in the bile in 5 hr as VPA glucuronide. Urinary excretion of VPA glucuronide in intact animals accounted for 23 and 51% of the 15 and 150 mg/kg doses, respectively. Tissue distribution studies in rats sacrificed 20 and 90 min after dosage with [14C] NaVPA (150 mg/kg) showed that the drug concentration was highest in blood, moderate in liver, kidney, heart and lung and low in brain, fat, testis and skeletal muscle. During this interval the drug concentration declined in all tissues, whereas the total conjugated metabolites in the small intestine increased from 7 to 28% of the administered dose. The large intestine contained 30 times as much free drug as conjugate. Reabsorption of free VPA, released by hydrolysis of conjugate in the large bowel, accounted for the secondary rise in concentration of VPA observed in blood after single doses. The major urinary metabolites, VPA-glucuronide and 2-n-propylgutaric acid, were identified by gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Sodium VPA caused a dose-dependent stimulation of bile flow, the magnitude and duration of which closely followed the blood concentration of VPA.", "PMID": 390116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8854", "title": "Peripheral electrosense physiology: a review of recent findings.", "content": "Advances, since 1974, in understanding the physiology of electroreceptors are reviewed. In brief: 1. In fish that produce a weak electric discharge with electric organs, the tuberous electroreceptors are generally most sensitive to stimulus frequencies near the species', individual's, and even local, waveform of the electric organ discharge; there is a good match between receptor sensitivity and the normal stimulus. 2. The ability of tuberous electroreceptors to detect field distortions produced by reasonably sized objects is limited; an object must be closer than a body-length to be detected, and the afferent response is a negative power function of object distance. 3. The second major electroreceptor class, the ampullary electroreceptors, is sensitive to low frequency, low intensity electric fields, and this acute sensitivity results in the ability of the receptors in marine species to detect magnetic fields on the order of the Earth's. 4. The calcium ion is essential for normal functioning of ampullary electroreceptors.", "contents": "Peripheral electrosense physiology: a review of recent findings. Advances, since 1974, in understanding the physiology of electroreceptors are reviewed. In brief: 1. In fish that produce a weak electric discharge with electric organs, the tuberous electroreceptors are generally most sensitive to stimulus frequencies near the species', individual's, and even local, waveform of the electric organ discharge; there is a good match between receptor sensitivity and the normal stimulus. 2. The ability of tuberous electroreceptors to detect field distortions produced by reasonably sized objects is limited; an object must be closer than a body-length to be detected, and the afferent response is a negative power function of object distance. 3. The second major electroreceptor class, the ampullary electroreceptors, is sensitive to low frequency, low intensity electric fields, and this acute sensitivity results in the ability of the receptors in marine species to detect magnetic fields on the order of the Earth's. 4. The calcium ion is essential for normal functioning of ampullary electroreceptors.", "PMID": 390118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8855", "title": "Central nervous system physiology of electroreception, a review.", "content": "There are several reasons why one can expect that the study of electric fish may prove instructive about general mechanisms of sensory processing and neuronal integration. These reasons include the following: the simplicity of the electrical signals which are the normal input and output; the availability of a variety of stereotyped behaviors to characterize the system as a whole; the case with which individual receptors or primary afferents can be activated; the demonstrated presence of corollary discharge and reafference mechanisms for motor control over sensory input; the presence of highly specialized CNS structures which have evolved to meet the unusual demands of the electrosensory system. Work relating to these and other aspects of the electrosensory systems is discussed with an emphasis on the potential which these systems offer.", "contents": "Central nervous system physiology of electroreception, a review. There are several reasons why one can expect that the study of electric fish may prove instructive about general mechanisms of sensory processing and neuronal integration. These reasons include the following: the simplicity of the electrical signals which are the normal input and output; the availability of a variety of stereotyped behaviors to characterize the system as a whole; the case with which individual receptors or primary afferents can be activated; the demonstrated presence of corollary discharge and reafference mechanisms for motor control over sensory input; the presence of highly specialized CNS structures which have evolved to meet the unusual demands of the electrosensory system. Work relating to these and other aspects of the electrosensory systems is discussed with an emphasis on the potential which these systems offer.", "PMID": 390119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8856", "title": "Penetrating keratoplasty in children.", "content": "Sixteen penetrating keratoplasties were performed in 14 patients less than 16 years old. Clear corneas were obtained in 62.5% of eyes with significantly improved vision in 56.2% of cases. The problems of postoperative treatments, complications, and amblyopia were found to be manageable. The visual benefits of corneal transplantation in selected cases in children appear to outweigh the difficulties and problems engendered by this procedure.", "contents": "Penetrating keratoplasty in children. Sixteen penetrating keratoplasties were performed in 14 patients less than 16 years old. Clear corneas were obtained in 62.5% of eyes with significantly improved vision in 56.2% of cases. The problems of postoperative treatments, complications, and amblyopia were found to be manageable. The visual benefits of corneal transplantation in selected cases in children appear to outweigh the difficulties and problems engendered by this procedure.", "PMID": 390112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8857", "title": "The gingival response to well-finished composite resin restorations.", "content": "Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. Well-finished and contoured composite resin restorations do not adversely affect the health of the gingiva. 2. The gingiva exhibits less inflammatory response to a well-finished and contoured composite resin restoration than to an open carious lesion. 3. The gingival inflammatory changes which do occur are independent of the presence of well-finished and contoured composite resin restorations. 4. Observation over an extended period of time is necessary to determine if composite resin restorations ultimately become gingival irritants.", "contents": "The gingival response to well-finished composite resin restorations. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. Well-finished and contoured composite resin restorations do not adversely affect the health of the gingiva. 2. The gingiva exhibits less inflammatory response to a well-finished and contoured composite resin restoration than to an open carious lesion. 3. The gingival inflammatory changes which do occur are independent of the presence of well-finished and contoured composite resin restorations. 4. Observation over an extended period of time is necessary to determine if composite resin restorations ultimately become gingival irritants.", "PMID": 390121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8858", "title": "Post and core fabrication beneath an existing crown.", "content": "A technique has been described for constructing a post and core for a tooth fractured prior to insertion of a fixed partial denture. In selected patients, this method of repair offers an acceptable alternative to a more costly and time-consuming refabrication of a fixed prosthesis.", "contents": "Post and core fabrication beneath an existing crown. A technique has been described for constructing a post and core for a tooth fractured prior to insertion of a fixed partial denture. In selected patients, this method of repair offers an acceptable alternative to a more costly and time-consuming refabrication of a fixed prosthesis.", "PMID": 390123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8859", "title": "Stabilized occlusion rims for small interarch spaces.", "content": "This article describes three methods for fabricating stabilized occlusion rims for close interarch spaces. To utilize these methods, the dentist must anticipate the lack of space and request that the rims be fabricated by one of the methods outlined prior to the maxillomandibular relations appointment.", "contents": "Stabilized occlusion rims for small interarch spaces. This article describes three methods for fabricating stabilized occlusion rims for close interarch spaces. To utilize these methods, the dentist must anticipate the lack of space and request that the rims be fabricated by one of the methods outlined prior to the maxillomandibular relations appointment.", "PMID": 390124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8860", "title": "A method of correcting the posterior palatal seal area of a maxillary complete denture.", "content": "A processing technique for correcting the posterior palatal seal area of a maxillary denture has been described. The proper extension and displacement necessary for peripheral seal is reestablished without creating changes in occlusion or esthetics. Since the technique involves heat processing, the same acrylic resin present in the original base may be used, which makes the correction virtually impossible to detect.", "contents": "A method of correcting the posterior palatal seal area of a maxillary complete denture. A processing technique for correcting the posterior palatal seal area of a maxillary denture has been described. The proper extension and displacement necessary for peripheral seal is reestablished without creating changes in occlusion or esthetics. Since the technique involves heat processing, the same acrylic resin present in the original base may be used, which makes the correction virtually impossible to detect.", "PMID": 390125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8861", "title": "Mode of action of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on hypothalamo-pituitary function in adult female rats.", "content": "Administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) to pro-oestrous rats (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days) decreased the hypothalamic LH-RH content. Serum prolactin levels were reduced but serum LH and FSH and pituitary hormone content were similar to values in dioestrous rats. It is suggested that delta 9-THC acts primarily on the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Mode of action of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on hypothalamo-pituitary function in adult female rats. Administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) to pro-oestrous rats (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days) decreased the hypothalamic LH-RH content. Serum prolactin levels were reduced but serum LH and FSH and pituitary hormone content were similar to values in dioestrous rats. It is suggested that delta 9-THC acts primarily on the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 390133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8862", "title": "Plasma concentrations of FSH and LH in entire and castrated prepubertal bull calves treated with Gn-RH.", "content": "In bulls there was no increase in plasma FSH and only a small increase in LH over the first 14 weeks of age. In steers (castrated) plasma LH and FSH were unchanged for the first 3 weeks but increased significantly at 7 and 14 weeks. After 100 micrograms Gn-RH, LH release in bulls was minimal until 7 and 14 weeks and there was no comparable rise for FSH. LH and FSH responded to Gn-RH throughout the trial in the steers. The neonatal calf testes selectively inhibited the release of FSH from the pituitary even when challenged with Gn-RH.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of FSH and LH in entire and castrated prepubertal bull calves treated with Gn-RH. In bulls there was no increase in plasma FSH and only a small increase in LH over the first 14 weeks of age. In steers (castrated) plasma LH and FSH were unchanged for the first 3 weeks but increased significantly at 7 and 14 weeks. After 100 micrograms Gn-RH, LH release in bulls was minimal until 7 and 14 weeks and there was no comparable rise for FSH. LH and FSH responded to Gn-RH throughout the trial in the steers. The neonatal calf testes selectively inhibited the release of FSH from the pituitary even when challenged with Gn-RH.", "PMID": 390134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8863", "title": "Pregnancy blockage and the memory of the stud male in the vole (Microtus agrestis).", "content": "When female voles were allowed contact with the stud male for only 1 h at the time of mating, 55% exhibited pregnancy failure when exposed to a strange male 48 h later. When females were made psuedopregnant by hormone treatment and vaginal stimulation (i.e. no stud male involved), 87% exhibited luteal failure when exposed to a strange male. It is suggested that the characteristics of the stud male are rapidly imprinted upon the female at the time of mating and that this imprinting is important in preventing the female showing a blocking response to this male upon any subsequent exposure.", "contents": "Pregnancy blockage and the memory of the stud male in the vole (Microtus agrestis). When female voles were allowed contact with the stud male for only 1 h at the time of mating, 55% exhibited pregnancy failure when exposed to a strange male 48 h later. When females were made psuedopregnant by hormone treatment and vaginal stimulation (i.e. no stud male involved), 87% exhibited luteal failure when exposed to a strange male. It is suggested that the characteristics of the stud male are rapidly imprinted upon the female at the time of mating and that this imprinting is important in preventing the female showing a blocking response to this male upon any subsequent exposure.", "PMID": 390135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8864", "title": "Evidence for a coitally induced 'mnemonic' involved in luteal function in the vole (Microtus agrestis).", "content": "The development of luteal function in the vole is dependent on a neuroendocrine reflex which is initially activated by mating. Bromocriptine was used to destroy the CL initially induced by mating and fresh CL were induced by hormone treatment. The fate of such newly formed CL suggested that the luteotrophic effect of mating continued for about 10 days after mating, despite the destruction of the original mating-induced CL. The luteotrophic effect of mating therefore seems to be 'remembered'. A study of the fate of hormonally induced CL in females in which pregnancy had been blocked by exposure to a strange male suggested that the strange male may cause pregnancy failure by inhibiting or suppressing the luteotrophic 'mnemonic' activated by the stud mating.", "contents": "Evidence for a coitally induced 'mnemonic' involved in luteal function in the vole (Microtus agrestis). The development of luteal function in the vole is dependent on a neuroendocrine reflex which is initially activated by mating. Bromocriptine was used to destroy the CL initially induced by mating and fresh CL were induced by hormone treatment. The fate of such newly formed CL suggested that the luteotrophic effect of mating continued for about 10 days after mating, despite the destruction of the original mating-induced CL. The luteotrophic effect of mating therefore seems to be 'remembered'. A study of the fate of hormonally induced CL in females in which pregnancy had been blocked by exposure to a strange male suggested that the strange male may cause pregnancy failure by inhibiting or suppressing the luteotrophic 'mnemonic' activated by the stud mating.", "PMID": 390136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8865", "title": "Pituitary uptake of 125I-D-Leu6, Des-Gly N2(10) LH-RH-ethylamide in ovariectomized rats pretreated with oestradiol-17 beta.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine if pretreatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17 beta affects the anterior pituitary uptake of 125I-D-Leu6, Des-Gly NH2(10)-LH-RH-ethylamide (125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH). Oestradiol-17 beta (0.5 microgram/0.5 ml oil) or oil was administered to ovariectomized rats at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 h before death, and at 30 min before death, 5 ng 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH were injected intravenously. The serum LH response to analogue administration in oil-treated rats did not change over time, but that in oestradiol-treated rats was depressed for 4 h and restored 8-24 h after oestradiol treatment, with the greatest response being at 16 h. However, the pituitary (adrenal, CNS cortex and thyroid) uptake of 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH in oestradiol-treated and control rats did not change over the 24-h time period. These data suggest that oestradiol-17 beta does not affect pituitary responsiveness to 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH by inhibiting or facilitating the uptake of this analogue by the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Pituitary uptake of 125I-D-Leu6, Des-Gly N2(10) LH-RH-ethylamide in ovariectomized rats pretreated with oestradiol-17 beta. The objective of this study was to determine if pretreatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17 beta affects the anterior pituitary uptake of 125I-D-Leu6, Des-Gly NH2(10)-LH-RH-ethylamide (125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH). Oestradiol-17 beta (0.5 microgram/0.5 ml oil) or oil was administered to ovariectomized rats at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 h before death, and at 30 min before death, 5 ng 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH were injected intravenously. The serum LH response to analogue administration in oil-treated rats did not change over time, but that in oestradiol-treated rats was depressed for 4 h and restored 8-24 h after oestradiol treatment, with the greatest response being at 16 h. However, the pituitary (adrenal, CNS cortex and thyroid) uptake of 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH in oestradiol-treated and control rats did not change over the 24-h time period. These data suggest that oestradiol-17 beta does not affect pituitary responsiveness to 125I-D-Leu6-LH-RH by inhibiting or facilitating the uptake of this analogue by the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 390138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8866", "title": "A simple method for removing the luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus for biochemical studies.", "content": "The luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus was removed simply and rapidly by opening the uterine horns longitudinally and 'vortexing' them in buffer with glass balls. This procedure, which requires no specialized apparatus, was developed for use with uteri in different hormonal states, and 2 uterine horns/tube, 5 glass balls and vortexing for 2 min are suggested for routine use. Under these conditions, 79--100% of the cells were removed, yielding epithelial fractions of 65--90% purity. The suspension of cell constituents recovered contained intact nuclei which could be further purified. Extensive histological examination demonstrated that the other uterine tissues were minimally damaged.", "contents": "A simple method for removing the luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus for biochemical studies. The luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus was removed simply and rapidly by opening the uterine horns longitudinally and 'vortexing' them in buffer with glass balls. This procedure, which requires no specialized apparatus, was developed for use with uteri in different hormonal states, and 2 uterine horns/tube, 5 glass balls and vortexing for 2 min are suggested for routine use. Under these conditions, 79--100% of the cells were removed, yielding epithelial fractions of 65--90% purity. The suspension of cell constituents recovered contained intact nuclei which could be further purified. Extensive histological examination demonstrated that the other uterine tissues were minimally damaged.", "PMID": 390139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8867", "title": "Delayed implantation in lactating bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus.", "content": "The time of blastocyst implantation in lactating and non-lactating female bank voles was studied. In primiparous females implantation started 4 days and 9-11 h after mating. A delayed implantation of at least 1 1/2 days was found in lactating, multiparous females when compared to non-lactating, multiparous and primiparous females.", "contents": "Delayed implantation in lactating bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus. The time of blastocyst implantation in lactating and non-lactating female bank voles was studied. In primiparous females implantation started 4 days and 9-11 h after mating. A delayed implantation of at least 1 1/2 days was found in lactating, multiparous females when compared to non-lactating, multiparous and primiparous females.", "PMID": 390140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8868", "title": "In vivo inhibitors of Escherichia coli phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "N-Benzyl-D-amphetamine is a potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. The concentration of this inhibitor necessary for the in vivo inhibition is approximately 100-fold greater than that necessary for inhibition of the purified enzyme. Treatment of rel+ strains of E. coli with the inhibitor results in a decreased percentage of tRNA Phe which is charged, guanosine tetraphosphate formation, cessation of RNA synthesis, and growth arrest. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the primary and perhaps sole mode of action of N-benzyl-D-amphetamine is inhibition of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "In vivo inhibitors of Escherichia coli phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. N-Benzyl-D-amphetamine is a potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. The concentration of this inhibitor necessary for the in vivo inhibition is approximately 100-fold greater than that necessary for inhibition of the purified enzyme. Treatment of rel+ strains of E. coli with the inhibitor results in a decreased percentage of tRNA Phe which is charged, guanosine tetraphosphate formation, cessation of RNA synthesis, and growth arrest. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the primary and perhaps sole mode of action of N-benzyl-D-amphetamine is inhibition of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 390149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8869", "title": "The sex ratio in spina bifida.", "content": "Published reports on the sex ratio of spina bifida have been reviewed. With one exception, there seems to be no evidence of variation in the sex ratio of spina bifida. In particular, unlike anencephaly, the sex ratio of spina bifida seems to be unrelated to the prevalence of the malformation: this (M/(M+F)) is of the order of 0.44 in respect of all spina bifida births (liveborn and stillborn). The sex ratio of spina bifida in Negroes does not seem to differ from that in whites (though the data on this point are not numerous). The exception noted above concerns spina bifida occurrring in twins: these cases are disproportionately often female. The point stands in need of explanation.", "contents": "The sex ratio in spina bifida. Published reports on the sex ratio of spina bifida have been reviewed. With one exception, there seems to be no evidence of variation in the sex ratio of spina bifida. In particular, unlike anencephaly, the sex ratio of spina bifida seems to be unrelated to the prevalence of the malformation: this (M/(M+F)) is of the order of 0.44 in respect of all spina bifida births (liveborn and stillborn). The sex ratio of spina bifida in Negroes does not seem to differ from that in whites (though the data on this point are not numerous). The exception noted above concerns spina bifida occurrring in twins: these cases are disproportionately often female. The point stands in need of explanation.", "PMID": 390150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8870", "title": "Production of a bacteriocine-like substance by group-A streptococci of M-type 4 and T-pattern 4.", "content": "A unique and characteristic bacteriocine-like inhibitor elaborated by M-type 4, T-pattern 4, group-A streptococci was isolated and partially purified. This inhibitor was found to be produced optimally in Todd-Hewitt broth; after extraction and concentration, was shown to be protein in nature, and to have a m.w. of c. 8000. It was extremely heat stable and acid tolerant, but was quickly inactivated in alkaline conditions. It could be demonstrated in cell-bound form, but 99.5% was found in culture supernates. It was specifically adsorbed by viable sensitive cells, and its mode of action was bacteristatic.", "contents": "Production of a bacteriocine-like substance by group-A streptococci of M-type 4 and T-pattern 4. A unique and characteristic bacteriocine-like inhibitor elaborated by M-type 4, T-pattern 4, group-A streptococci was isolated and partially purified. This inhibitor was found to be produced optimally in Todd-Hewitt broth; after extraction and concentration, was shown to be protein in nature, and to have a m.w. of c. 8000. It was extremely heat stable and acid tolerant, but was quickly inactivated in alkaline conditions. It could be demonstrated in cell-bound form, but 99.5% was found in culture supernates. It was specifically adsorbed by viable sensitive cells, and its mode of action was bacteristatic.", "PMID": 390151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8871", "title": "Spore antigens in the classification of some clostridia.", "content": "The spore antigens of Clostridium sporogenes, C. histolyticum, C. bifermentans and the butyric group were compared. By spore agglutination and fluorescent-antibody technique (FAT) the 69 strains of C. histolyticum were divided into two types: serum raised against type I (66 strains) reacted with all strains of this species but showed no cross reaction with any of the three types of C. sporogenes; serum raised against type II (three strains) did not react with strains of C. histolyticum type I but showed cross reaction with all the 66 strains of C. sporogenes type I. Thus, by antigenic analysis, spores of C. histolyticum type I were found to possess two components designated E and F; E was a type-specific component whilst F was shared by strains of type II. In addition, strains of C. histolyticum type II possessed a second component, G, which was shared by strains of C. sporogenes type I. There was no cross reaction between the precipitinogens of the spores of the two species. Five strains of C. bifermentans formed a homogeneous group as judged by spore agglutination, FAT and precipitation reactions. There was no cross reaction with any of the other proteolytic species studied. Five butyric strains also formed a homogeneous group. Two antigenic components were therefore assigned to the spore antigens of the two groups: J, for C. bifermentans and K, for the butyric strains.", "contents": "Spore antigens in the classification of some clostridia. The spore antigens of Clostridium sporogenes, C. histolyticum, C. bifermentans and the butyric group were compared. By spore agglutination and fluorescent-antibody technique (FAT) the 69 strains of C. histolyticum were divided into two types: serum raised against type I (66 strains) reacted with all strains of this species but showed no cross reaction with any of the three types of C. sporogenes; serum raised against type II (three strains) did not react with strains of C. histolyticum type I but showed cross reaction with all the 66 strains of C. sporogenes type I. Thus, by antigenic analysis, spores of C. histolyticum type I were found to possess two components designated E and F; E was a type-specific component whilst F was shared by strains of type II. In addition, strains of C. histolyticum type II possessed a second component, G, which was shared by strains of C. sporogenes type I. There was no cross reaction between the precipitinogens of the spores of the two species. Five strains of C. bifermentans formed a homogeneous group as judged by spore agglutination, FAT and precipitation reactions. There was no cross reaction with any of the other proteolytic species studied. Five butyric strains also formed a homogeneous group. Two antigenic components were therefore assigned to the spore antigens of the two groups: J, for C. bifermentans and K, for the butyric strains.", "PMID": 390152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8872", "title": "Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake: a method that distinguishes between surface adherence and ingestion.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes selectively inhibited the incorporation of 14C-uridine by intracellular staphylococci. Within specified limits, the amount of radiolabel incorporated by extracellular staphylococci was related to bacterial concentration. The incorporation of labelled uridine can thus be exploited to assay the extent to which association between staphylococci and polymorphonuclear leucocytes reflects surface adherence as opposed to ingestion. A comparison of the new method with a conventional viable-count determination of leucocyte-associated bacteria shows it to be comparable in efficiency when non-immune serum is used as opsonin and superior when specific opsonin is used.", "contents": "Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake: a method that distinguishes between surface adherence and ingestion. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes selectively inhibited the incorporation of 14C-uridine by intracellular staphylococci. Within specified limits, the amount of radiolabel incorporated by extracellular staphylococci was related to bacterial concentration. The incorporation of labelled uridine can thus be exploited to assay the extent to which association between staphylococci and polymorphonuclear leucocytes reflects surface adherence as opposed to ingestion. A comparison of the new method with a conventional viable-count determination of leucocyte-associated bacteria shows it to be comparable in efficiency when non-immune serum is used as opsonin and superior when specific opsonin is used.", "PMID": 390153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8873", "title": "Biotyping of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We examined the results of tests with 22 substrates for their ability to discriminate a series of 917 strains of Escherichia coli collected from different sources. The tests with three of the substrates were discarded because of difficulties in performance or interpretation, and another nine substrates because they provided little discrimination. The tests used to obtain biotype profiles for strains were those for the fermentation of dulcitol, D-raffinose or sucrose or both, L-rhamnose and L-sorbose, the decarboxylation of L-lysine and L-ornithine, the hydrolysis of aesculin, motility, and prototrophy. Observations on several series of cultures from different sources showed that biotype characters were stable in vivo and after storage on non-selective medium. The biotype profiles obtained were as reliable as partial O serotyping for the routine subtyping of strains of E. coli isolated from the urine of patients with long-term urinary-tract infections and those from other sources in different patients. Biotyping and O serotyping used in conjuction offered a very fine degree of strain discrimination.", "contents": "Biotyping of Escherichia coli. We examined the results of tests with 22 substrates for their ability to discriminate a series of 917 strains of Escherichia coli collected from different sources. The tests with three of the substrates were discarded because of difficulties in performance or interpretation, and another nine substrates because they provided little discrimination. The tests used to obtain biotype profiles for strains were those for the fermentation of dulcitol, D-raffinose or sucrose or both, L-rhamnose and L-sorbose, the decarboxylation of L-lysine and L-ornithine, the hydrolysis of aesculin, motility, and prototrophy. Observations on several series of cultures from different sources showed that biotype characters were stable in vivo and after storage on non-selective medium. The biotype profiles obtained were as reliable as partial O serotyping for the routine subtyping of strains of E. coli isolated from the urine of patients with long-term urinary-tract infections and those from other sources in different patients. Biotyping and O serotyping used in conjuction offered a very fine degree of strain discrimination.", "PMID": 390154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8874", "title": "The ability of cholestyramine resin and other adsorbents to bind Escherichia coli enterotoxins.", "content": "Several adsorbent materials were evaluated for their ability to bind Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Cholestyramine, a strong anion-exchange resin, bound the heat-labile and the heat-stable types of enterotoxin and reduced significantly their effects in some animal models. However, its efficacy in the treatment of diarrhoeic piglets appeared to be adversely affected by the presence of milk in the alimentary tract.", "contents": "The ability of cholestyramine resin and other adsorbents to bind Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Several adsorbent materials were evaluated for their ability to bind Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Cholestyramine, a strong anion-exchange resin, bound the heat-labile and the heat-stable types of enterotoxin and reduced significantly their effects in some animal models. However, its efficacy in the treatment of diarrhoeic piglets appeared to be adversely affected by the presence of milk in the alimentary tract.", "PMID": 390155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8875", "title": "Active immunisation of mice against muscle damage mediated by Candida albicans.", "content": "The effect of active immunisation on muscle damage after systemic infection with Candida albicans was examined in a murine model. Mice were successfully immunised against acute muscle damage by vaccines of viable, nonviable, or disrupted C. albicans. In addition, markedly enhanced survival of immunised mice was demonstrated over a 4-week interval. There was protection against muscle damage in immunised mice without a reduction in the number of organisms present in cardiac tissue. The data indirectly implicate the role of humoral immunity in the protection afforded by immunisation.", "contents": "Active immunisation of mice against muscle damage mediated by Candida albicans. The effect of active immunisation on muscle damage after systemic infection with Candida albicans was examined in a murine model. Mice were successfully immunised against acute muscle damage by vaccines of viable, nonviable, or disrupted C. albicans. In addition, markedly enhanced survival of immunised mice was demonstrated over a 4-week interval. There was protection against muscle damage in immunised mice without a reduction in the number of organisms present in cardiac tissue. The data indirectly implicate the role of humoral immunity in the protection afforded by immunisation.", "PMID": 390156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8876", "title": "Experimental infection of calves, piglets and lambs with mixtures of invasive and enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mixtures of mutant organisms of an invasive (IN) strain, a strain enteropathogenic (EP) for calves, lambs and piglets, and a non-pathogenic (NP) strain of Escherichia coli, that could be differentiated from each other by their antibiotic resistances, were given orally to an immunoglobulin-negative (IG-) and an immunoglobulin-positive (IG+) calf, lamb and piglet. By the use of appropriate antibiotic-containing culture media, the concentrations of organisms of each of the three strains in the contents of the alimentary tracts and tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, blood and mesenteric lymph glands) of the animals were estimated when they were killed. In the three IG- animals, the IN strain proliferated in the tissues and the EP strain proliferated in the small intestines; in general, the concentrations of the IN strain in the small intestines and the EP strain in the tissues, apart from the mesenteric lymph glands, were as low as those of the NP strain in these sites. The only strain that proliferated in the small intestine of the IG+ animals was the EP strain, which proliferated in the small intestine of the calf and piglet; no organisms of either strain were isolated from the tissues of these three animals, except from their mesenteric lymph glands.", "contents": "Experimental infection of calves, piglets and lambs with mixtures of invasive and enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Mixtures of mutant organisms of an invasive (IN) strain, a strain enteropathogenic (EP) for calves, lambs and piglets, and a non-pathogenic (NP) strain of Escherichia coli, that could be differentiated from each other by their antibiotic resistances, were given orally to an immunoglobulin-negative (IG-) and an immunoglobulin-positive (IG+) calf, lamb and piglet. By the use of appropriate antibiotic-containing culture media, the concentrations of organisms of each of the three strains in the contents of the alimentary tracts and tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, blood and mesenteric lymph glands) of the animals were estimated when they were killed. In the three IG- animals, the IN strain proliferated in the tissues and the EP strain proliferated in the small intestines; in general, the concentrations of the IN strain in the small intestines and the EP strain in the tissues, apart from the mesenteric lymph glands, were as low as those of the NP strain in these sites. The only strain that proliferated in the small intestine of the IG+ animals was the EP strain, which proliferated in the small intestine of the calf and piglet; no organisms of either strain were isolated from the tissues of these three animals, except from their mesenteric lymph glands.", "PMID": 390157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8877", "title": "Treatment of self-injurious behaviour with a GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) analogue.", "content": "Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) is not uncommon in the severely subnormal. Corbett (1975) found the incidence in several reported series to vary between 3.5 per cent and almost 40 per cent, and Van Velzen (1973), in a survey of ten institutions in the Netherlands, found it present in 584 patients out of almost 2,000 (30.3 per cent). Treatment is notoriously difficult and many kinds have been tried including physical restraint, drug regimes, and electric shock aversion therapy. An account is given here of a drug trial using baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue that crosses the blood brain barrier. GABA, in addition to being a muscle relaxant, is also a major inhibitor in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and basal ganglia (Callingham, 1972) andit was presumed by the author that some severely subnormal defectives have damage in these areas and hence might be deficient in this inhibitor. The trial commenced with a preliminary period during which the reactions of patients to the drug at different dose levels were observed. This was followed by a double-blind cross-over trial in patients who had already shown improvement.", "contents": "Treatment of self-injurious behaviour with a GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) analogue. Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) is not uncommon in the severely subnormal. Corbett (1975) found the incidence in several reported series to vary between 3.5 per cent and almost 40 per cent, and Van Velzen (1973), in a survey of ten institutions in the Netherlands, found it present in 584 patients out of almost 2,000 (30.3 per cent). Treatment is notoriously difficult and many kinds have been tried including physical restraint, drug regimes, and electric shock aversion therapy. An account is given here of a drug trial using baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue that crosses the blood brain barrier. GABA, in addition to being a muscle relaxant, is also a major inhibitor in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and basal ganglia (Callingham, 1972) andit was presumed by the author that some severely subnormal defectives have damage in these areas and hence might be deficient in this inhibitor. The trial commenced with a preliminary period during which the reactions of patients to the drug at different dose levels were observed. This was followed by a double-blind cross-over trial in patients who had already shown improvement.", "PMID": 390158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8878", "title": "Evolutionary diversification of structure and function in the family of intracellular calcium-binding proteins.", "content": "The maximum parsimony method was used to reconstruct the genealogical history of the family of intracellular calcium-binding proteins represented by six major present-day lineages, three of which--calcium dependent modulator protein, heart and skeletal muscle troponin Cs, and alkali light chains of myosin--were found to share a closer kinship with one another than with the other lineages. Similarly, parvalbumins and regulatory light chains of myosin were depicted as more closely related, whereas the branch of intestinal calcium-binding protein proved to have the most distant separation. The computer-generated amino acid sequence for the common ancestor of these six lineages described a four domain protein in which each domain of approximately 40 amino acid residues had a mid-region. 12 residue segment that bound calcium and had properties most resembling those of the calcium dependent modulator protein. It could then be deduced that parvalbumins evolved by deletion of domain I, inactivation of calcium-binding properties in domain II, and acquisition of increased affinity for Ca++ and Mg++ in domains III and IV. Regulatory light chains of myosin lost the cation binding property from three domains, retaining it in I, whereas alkali light chains of myosin lost this ability from each of the four domains. In skeletal muscle troponin C all domains retained their calcium-binding activity; however, like parvalbumins, domains III and IV acquired high affinity properties. Cardiac troponin C lost its binding activity from domain I but otherwise resembled the skeletal muscle form. Finally, intestinal calcium-binding protein evolved by deletion of domains III and IV. Positive selection could be implicated in these evolutionary changes in that the rate of fixation of mutations substantially increased in the mid portions of those domains which were loosing calcium-binding activity. Likewise, when the cation binding sites were changing from low to high affinity, an accelerated rate of fixed mutations was observed. Once this new functional parameter was selected these regions showed a remarkable conservatism, as did those binding sites which were maintaining the lower affinity. Moreover even in sequence regions not directly involved in cation binding, the lineage of troponin C because very conservative over the past 300 million years, perhaps becuase of the necessity for maintaining specific interfaces in order for the molecule to interact with troponin I and T in a functional thin myofilament. A similar phenomenon was observed in domain II of the regulatory light chains of the myosin lineage suggesting a possible binding site with the heavy chain of myosin.", "contents": "Evolutionary diversification of structure and function in the family of intracellular calcium-binding proteins. The maximum parsimony method was used to reconstruct the genealogical history of the family of intracellular calcium-binding proteins represented by six major present-day lineages, three of which--calcium dependent modulator protein, heart and skeletal muscle troponin Cs, and alkali light chains of myosin--were found to share a closer kinship with one another than with the other lineages. Similarly, parvalbumins and regulatory light chains of myosin were depicted as more closely related, whereas the branch of intestinal calcium-binding protein proved to have the most distant separation. The computer-generated amino acid sequence for the common ancestor of these six lineages described a four domain protein in which each domain of approximately 40 amino acid residues had a mid-region. 12 residue segment that bound calcium and had properties most resembling those of the calcium dependent modulator protein. It could then be deduced that parvalbumins evolved by deletion of domain I, inactivation of calcium-binding properties in domain II, and acquisition of increased affinity for Ca++ and Mg++ in domains III and IV. Regulatory light chains of myosin lost the cation binding property from three domains, retaining it in I, whereas alkali light chains of myosin lost this ability from each of the four domains. In skeletal muscle troponin C all domains retained their calcium-binding activity; however, like parvalbumins, domains III and IV acquired high affinity properties. Cardiac troponin C lost its binding activity from domain I but otherwise resembled the skeletal muscle form. Finally, intestinal calcium-binding protein evolved by deletion of domains III and IV. Positive selection could be implicated in these evolutionary changes in that the rate of fixation of mutations substantially increased in the mid portions of those domains which were loosing calcium-binding activity. Likewise, when the cation binding sites were changing from low to high affinity, an accelerated rate of fixed mutations was observed. Once this new functional parameter was selected these regions showed a remarkable conservatism, as did those binding sites which were maintaining the lower affinity. Moreover even in sequence regions not directly involved in cation binding, the lineage of troponin C because very conservative over the past 300 million years, perhaps becuase of the necessity for maintaining specific interfaces in order for the molecule to interact with troponin I and T in a functional thin myofilament. A similar phenomenon was observed in domain II of the regulatory light chains of the myosin lineage suggesting a possible binding site with the heavy chain of myosin.", "PMID": 390164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8879", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of gunshot injuries to the face.", "content": "In the past, severe traumatic injuries to the face resulting from shotgun injuries have been managed by primary wound healing followed by little or late reconstruction. This would involve a long period of convalescence by the patient, followed by years of living with his deformity. With recent demands to minimize the patient's suffering and disabilities and to lessen hospitalization costs, a method of immediate reconstruction of such crippling facial injuries using a partially de-epithelialized skin flap has been devised and successfully applied to the patient presented here.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of gunshot injuries to the face. In the past, severe traumatic injuries to the face resulting from shotgun injuries have been managed by primary wound healing followed by little or late reconstruction. This would involve a long period of convalescence by the patient, followed by years of living with his deformity. With recent demands to minimize the patient's suffering and disabilities and to lessen hospitalization costs, a method of immediate reconstruction of such crippling facial injuries using a partially de-epithelialized skin flap has been devised and successfully applied to the patient presented here.", "PMID": 390165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8880", "title": "Host transcription in bacteriophage P22-infected  Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The kinetics of host RNA synthesis, as measured by pulse-label kinetics and RNA-DNA hybridization, is inhibited 10-fold shortly after infection with bacteriophage P22. This early inhibition lasts through the first 6 min of infection and affects not only RNA synthesis but several other energy-requiring cellular functions. In lysogenic infections, the rate of bacterial transcription rapidly recovers to the value of uninfected controls. In lytic infections, the rate of host transcription increases only to about 20 to 25% of the original level, indicating a second mechanism for the inhibition of RNA synthesis in the lytic response. The early inhibition is multiplicity dependent, bhloramphenicol insensitive, and independent of phage gene 24. The lytic inhibition is dependent upon the expression of gene 24 but independent of gene 23.", "contents": "Host transcription in bacteriophage P22-infected  Salmonella typhimurium. The kinetics of host RNA synthesis, as measured by pulse-label kinetics and RNA-DNA hybridization, is inhibited 10-fold shortly after infection with bacteriophage P22. This early inhibition lasts through the first 6 min of infection and affects not only RNA synthesis but several other energy-requiring cellular functions. In lysogenic infections, the rate of bacterial transcription rapidly recovers to the value of uninfected controls. In lytic infections, the rate of host transcription increases only to about 20 to 25% of the original level, indicating a second mechanism for the inhibition of RNA synthesis in the lytic response. The early inhibition is multiplicity dependent, bhloramphenicol insensitive, and independent of phage gene 24. The lytic inhibition is dependent upon the expression of gene 24 but independent of gene 23.", "PMID": 390166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8881", "title": "Inhibition of initiation of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication by perturbation of Escherichia coli host membrane composition.", "content": "3-Decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine (3-decynoyl-NAC) is an analog which specifically causes the immediate cessation of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Escherichia coli, whereas the synthesis of saturated fatty acids is actually stimulated. As a result, the cell membrane accumulates saturated fatty acids in its phospholipid. Addition of the inhibitor at the time of infection of E. coli by T4 phage had no effect on normal phage replication and development, implying that the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids per se has little effect on T4 DNA replication. However, if the integrity and composition of the bacterial membrane was grossly perturbed by first treating the cells with the inhibitor for 60 min before infection, the proper initiation and the attainment of a rapid rate of T4 DNA synthesis were not observed. Under these conditions, a full complement of T4 early proteins was synthesized. The membrane associability of the known DNA delay proteins induced by wild-type T4 phage in the treated cells resembled that expected of a culture of untreated cells infected with a DNA delay mutant. When any one of three DNA delay mutants was used to infect 3-decynoyl-NAC-treated cells, T4 DNA replication was aborted. These findings suggest that some kind of specific interactions among the initiation proteins defined by the DNA delay mutants and the bacterial membrane may be necessary to facilitate the normal initiation and rapid rate of T4 DNA replication. A model for the involvement of the three different initiation proteins and the subsequent attainment of rapid DNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of initiation of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication by perturbation of Escherichia coli host membrane composition. 3-Decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine (3-decynoyl-NAC) is an analog which specifically causes the immediate cessation of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Escherichia coli, whereas the synthesis of saturated fatty acids is actually stimulated. As a result, the cell membrane accumulates saturated fatty acids in its phospholipid. Addition of the inhibitor at the time of infection of E. coli by T4 phage had no effect on normal phage replication and development, implying that the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids per se has little effect on T4 DNA replication. However, if the integrity and composition of the bacterial membrane was grossly perturbed by first treating the cells with the inhibitor for 60 min before infection, the proper initiation and the attainment of a rapid rate of T4 DNA synthesis were not observed. Under these conditions, a full complement of T4 early proteins was synthesized. The membrane associability of the known DNA delay proteins induced by wild-type T4 phage in the treated cells resembled that expected of a culture of untreated cells infected with a DNA delay mutant. When any one of three DNA delay mutants was used to infect 3-decynoyl-NAC-treated cells, T4 DNA replication was aborted. These findings suggest that some kind of specific interactions among the initiation proteins defined by the DNA delay mutants and the bacterial membrane may be necessary to facilitate the normal initiation and rapid rate of T4 DNA replication. A model for the involvement of the three different initiation proteins and the subsequent attainment of rapid DNA synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 390167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8882", "title": "Multiple-artery renal transplantation: emphasis on extracorporeal methods of donor arterial reconstruction.", "content": "The operative techniques to transplant kidneys with multiple renal arteries and our recent experience with them are reviewed. The preferred methods are anastomosis with a Carrel aortic patch and extracorporeal arterial repair before transplantation. These are simple and effective methods that avoid subjecting the kidney to prolonged ischemia. Revascularization of all renal arteries is important to obviate ischemic allograft complications.", "contents": "Multiple-artery renal transplantation: emphasis on extracorporeal methods of donor arterial reconstruction. The operative techniques to transplant kidneys with multiple renal arteries and our recent experience with them are reviewed. The preferred methods are anastomosis with a Carrel aortic patch and extracorporeal arterial repair before transplantation. These are simple and effective methods that avoid subjecting the kidney to prolonged ischemia. Revascularization of all renal arteries is important to obviate ischemic allograft complications.", "PMID": 390168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8883", "title": "A critical review of the antibody-coated bacteria test.", "content": "Reports extolling the virtues of the antibody-coated bacteria immunofluorescent test continue to appear and therapeutic decisions are being made on the results of this test. In this review 2 unresolved issues are examined: 1) what constitutes a positive test and 2) how accurately does the antibody-coated bacteria test define the tissue source of infection. These issues should be resolved before all clinicians and researchers jump on the antibody-coated bacteria test bandwagon.", "contents": "A critical review of the antibody-coated bacteria test. Reports extolling the virtues of the antibody-coated bacteria immunofluorescent test continue to appear and therapeutic decisions are being made on the results of this test. In this review 2 unresolved issues are examined: 1) what constitutes a positive test and 2) how accurately does the antibody-coated bacteria test define the tissue source of infection. These issues should be resolved before all clinicians and researchers jump on the antibody-coated bacteria test bandwagon.", "PMID": 390169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8884", "title": "Simple cyst arising in a transplanted kidney: a case report.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl was hospitalized for evaluation of gradually decreasing function of a kidney transplanted 8 years earlier. A plain film of the abdomen showed a possible renal calculus. Excretory urography proved that this calcification was slightly anterior to the kidney but in the upper pole a well rounded mass was discovered. An echogram confirmed the diagnosis of benign renal cyst. Malignant cystic lesions obviously must be differentiated from those that are benign. Patients on immunosuppressive therapy are known to have a higher incidence of malignancy than the general population. A malignant tumor may require withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy and removal of the transplanted organ, whereas a benign cyst would require no therapy unless it becomes infected or produces obstruction.", "contents": "Simple cyst arising in a transplanted kidney: a case report. A 17-year-old girl was hospitalized for evaluation of gradually decreasing function of a kidney transplanted 8 years earlier. A plain film of the abdomen showed a possible renal calculus. Excretory urography proved that this calcification was slightly anterior to the kidney but in the upper pole a well rounded mass was discovered. An echogram confirmed the diagnosis of benign renal cyst. Malignant cystic lesions obviously must be differentiated from those that are benign. Patients on immunosuppressive therapy are known to have a higher incidence of malignancy than the general population. A malignant tumor may require withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy and removal of the transplanted organ, whereas a benign cyst would require no therapy unless it becomes infected or produces obstruction.", "PMID": 390170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8885", "title": "Early-onset cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial pneumonitis.", "content": "This article describes three cases of biopsy-proved interstitial pneumonitis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy. The pulmonary reactions developed after one to three courses of combination chemotherapy in three patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Resolution of the pulmonary infiltrates and blood gas value abnormalities followed discontinuation of use of this drug without recurrence when chemotherapy regimens excluding cyclophosphamide were subsequently used. Prednisone was given to all patients after the diagnosis was made, but its role in the resolution of the toxic changes is uncertain. The potential for early onset of cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial pneumonitis has not been previously stressed, but should lead to vigorous investigation of pulmonary reactions occurring at any time after initiation of therapy with this drug.", "contents": "Early-onset cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial pneumonitis. This article describes three cases of biopsy-proved interstitial pneumonitis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy. The pulmonary reactions developed after one to three courses of combination chemotherapy in three patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Resolution of the pulmonary infiltrates and blood gas value abnormalities followed discontinuation of use of this drug without recurrence when chemotherapy regimens excluding cyclophosphamide were subsequently used. Prednisone was given to all patients after the diagnosis was made, but its role in the resolution of the toxic changes is uncertain. The potential for early onset of cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial pneumonitis has not been previously stressed, but should lead to vigorous investigation of pulmonary reactions occurring at any time after initiation of therapy with this drug.", "PMID": 390173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8886", "title": "Medallic tributes to Sir William Osler and their historical associations.", "content": "The life of William Osler, MD, spanned three nations and two continents and left an enduring and universal impact on medicine. Osler held professorships during his career in Montreal, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Oxford. His achievements great and small during these periods have been medallically commemorated both in his lifetime and posthumuously. The most famous of these portrayals is the Vernon plaque created in Paris at the turn of the century, of which many replicas and variants have been produced. The historical associations of these medallic tributes are relevant to better understanding of certain aspects of Osler's life and elucidating those unusual qualities of mind and character that made him unique.", "contents": "Medallic tributes to Sir William Osler and their historical associations. The life of William Osler, MD, spanned three nations and two continents and left an enduring and universal impact on medicine. Osler held professorships during his career in Montreal, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Oxford. His achievements great and small during these periods have been medallically commemorated both in his lifetime and posthumuously. The most famous of these portrayals is the Vernon plaque created in Paris at the turn of the century, of which many replicas and variants have been produced. The historical associations of these medallic tributes are relevant to better understanding of certain aspects of Osler's life and elucidating those unusual qualities of mind and character that made him unique.", "PMID": 390174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8887", "title": "[Clinical results of cefuroxime (CXM) therapy in pediatric infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin C antibiotic, was administered to 15 children with respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, or subcutaneous tumour. The following results were obtained. 1) CXM 30 approximately 100 mg/kg/day were used in treatment of respiratory tract infection. Eight of the eleven patients treated responded to the therapy. 2) CXM 45 approximately 75 mg/kg/day were given to 3 patients with urinary tract infection. Excellent results were obtained in all these cases. 3) One patient with subcutaneous tumour responded to CXM therapy. 4) Clinical isolates from the foci involved, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus (4 strains), Group A Streptococcus hemolyticus (1 strain), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 strain), Haemophilus influenzae (1 strain), and Escherichia coli (3 strains) were all eliminated by CXM therapy except 2 unassessable strains. 5) No noteworthy side effect was noted.", "contents": "[Clinical results of cefuroxime (CXM) therapy in pediatric infections (author's transl)]. Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin C antibiotic, was administered to 15 children with respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, or subcutaneous tumour. The following results were obtained. 1) CXM 30 approximately 100 mg/kg/day were used in treatment of respiratory tract infection. Eight of the eleven patients treated responded to the therapy. 2) CXM 45 approximately 75 mg/kg/day were given to 3 patients with urinary tract infection. Excellent results were obtained in all these cases. 3) One patient with subcutaneous tumour responded to CXM therapy. 4) Clinical isolates from the foci involved, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus (4 strains), Group A Streptococcus hemolyticus (1 strain), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 strain), Haemophilus influenzae (1 strain), and Escherichia coli (3 strains) were all eliminated by CXM therapy except 2 unassessable strains. 5) No noteworthy side effect was noted.", "PMID": 390177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8888", "title": "[Maintenance of the circulation and the restoration of heart function in the donor body by means of direct mechanical heart massage for subsequent transplantation (an experimental study)].", "content": "The possibility of maintenance of circulation and subsequent restoration of the function of the heart in the organism of the donor, after 10-minute arrest of circulation, for transplantation of the heart was investigated. Study of the hemodynamic, biochemical, metabolic, and structural changes in the myocardium after 2-hour mechanical massage without and with pharmacological protection of the myocardium (glucose--insulin--potassium, hydrocortisone, dipyridamole), without and with restoration of cardiac activity in the organism of the donor and the recipient after transplantation of the second heart by the method suggested by Moory et al. in artificially created left ventricular insufficiency showed that direct mechanical massage of the heart may be used for its short-term preservation in the donor organism.", "contents": "[Maintenance of the circulation and the restoration of heart function in the donor body by means of direct mechanical heart massage for subsequent transplantation (an experimental study)]. The possibility of maintenance of circulation and subsequent restoration of the function of the heart in the organism of the donor, after 10-minute arrest of circulation, for transplantation of the heart was investigated. Study of the hemodynamic, biochemical, metabolic, and structural changes in the myocardium after 2-hour mechanical massage without and with pharmacological protection of the myocardium (glucose--insulin--potassium, hydrocortisone, dipyridamole), without and with restoration of cardiac activity in the organism of the donor and the recipient after transplantation of the second heart by the method suggested by Moory et al. in artificially created left ventricular insufficiency showed that direct mechanical massage of the heart may be used for its short-term preservation in the donor organism.", "PMID": 390205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8889", "title": "[Kidney in chronic arterial hypertension: \"resetting\" and the role of the renal medulla in its development].", "content": "In the system of long-term maintenance of the arterial pressure level by means of the renal excretion mechanism described by Guyton et al., the renal medulla with its counterflow-concentrating multiplier and powerful source of natural natriuretics, the prostaglandins, plays the role of a \"control device\", a regulator setting the level of arterial pressure required for fulfilling the complete volume of renal excretion of salts and water. Increase in systemic arterial pressure causes the development of a complex of structural-functional changes in the kidney, the common purpose of which consists in preventing the loss of salts and water by the organism by shifting parameters of the excretory renal function in such a manner that the normal (balanced with the supply of salts and water to the organism) volume of excretion may occur with higher values (kidney \"resetting\"). The central role in accomplishing this \"resetting\" is played by the medullary excretory mechanism which is closely connected, due to the absence of autoregulated blood flow in the medulla, with systemic arterial pressure. When the kidney reaches the \"resetting\" this mechanism provides for a sufficiently full volume of excretion only when the arterial pressure increases, maintaining its fixed (higher) level by means of the feedback mechanism. In hypertension caused by overdosage of corticosteroid hormones or excess of salt in the diet the increase of pressure develops as a compensation for the occurring deficiency of the medullary excretory mechanism.", "contents": "[Kidney in chronic arterial hypertension: \"resetting\" and the role of the renal medulla in its development]. In the system of long-term maintenance of the arterial pressure level by means of the renal excretion mechanism described by Guyton et al., the renal medulla with its counterflow-concentrating multiplier and powerful source of natural natriuretics, the prostaglandins, plays the role of a \"control device\", a regulator setting the level of arterial pressure required for fulfilling the complete volume of renal excretion of salts and water. Increase in systemic arterial pressure causes the development of a complex of structural-functional changes in the kidney, the common purpose of which consists in preventing the loss of salts and water by the organism by shifting parameters of the excretory renal function in such a manner that the normal (balanced with the supply of salts and water to the organism) volume of excretion may occur with higher values (kidney \"resetting\"). The central role in accomplishing this \"resetting\" is played by the medullary excretory mechanism which is closely connected, due to the absence of autoregulated blood flow in the medulla, with systemic arterial pressure. When the kidney reaches the \"resetting\" this mechanism provides for a sufficiently full volume of excretion only when the arterial pressure increases, maintaining its fixed (higher) level by means of the feedback mechanism. In hypertension caused by overdosage of corticosteroid hormones or excess of salt in the diet the increase of pressure develops as a compensation for the occurring deficiency of the medullary excretory mechanism.", "PMID": 390206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8890", "title": "Reactivity of gomerular afferent and efferent arterioles in renal hypertension.", "content": "Renal tissue from neonatal hamsters was grafted into the cheek pouch of adult hamsters. Renal hypertension was induced in 28 hamsters, and sham operation was performed in 27. When blood pressure became elevated in hypertensive hamsters (10 to 12 days), the renal microcirculation of both groups was evaluated by direct microscopy. Wall and luminal diameter and vascular responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AII) were determined on glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles and on the corresponding cheek pouch arterioles. In the hypertensive hamsters, the luminal diameter of the afferent arteriole increased, as did the wall/lumen ratio of the efferent arteriole. Although all vessels responded to direct application of NE and AII in both groups, the response of the afferent to AII and the response of the efferent to both NE and AII was greater in the hypertensive hamsters as compared to the sham-operated hamsters. These results indicate that during the development of renal hypertension structural alterations of glomerular vessels and the selective vascular responses to vasoactive agents would lead to an increased glomerular capillary pressure.", "contents": "Reactivity of gomerular afferent and efferent arterioles in renal hypertension. Renal tissue from neonatal hamsters was grafted into the cheek pouch of adult hamsters. Renal hypertension was induced in 28 hamsters, and sham operation was performed in 27. When blood pressure became elevated in hypertensive hamsters (10 to 12 days), the renal microcirculation of both groups was evaluated by direct microscopy. Wall and luminal diameter and vascular responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AII) were determined on glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles and on the corresponding cheek pouch arterioles. In the hypertensive hamsters, the luminal diameter of the afferent arteriole increased, as did the wall/lumen ratio of the efferent arteriole. Although all vessels responded to direct application of NE and AII in both groups, the response of the afferent to AII and the response of the efferent to both NE and AII was greater in the hypertensive hamsters as compared to the sham-operated hamsters. These results indicate that during the development of renal hypertension structural alterations of glomerular vessels and the selective vascular responses to vasoactive agents would lead to an increased glomerular capillary pressure.", "PMID": 390209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8891", "title": "Crescentic glomerulonephritis without immune deposits: clinicopathologic features.", "content": "Of 46 patients with acute crescentic glomerulonephritis involving 20 to 90% of glomeruli, 16 had no definable systemic disease and no significant glomerular immune deposits by immunofluorescent or electron microscopy. Anti-GBM antibody and circulating immune complexes were further excluded by radioimmunoassay and Raji cell assay in all patients tested. Clinical features included a 10:6 male:female ratio, mean age of 58 years (range, 13-77), disease duration of less than 3 months, rapidly deteriorating renal function, and frequent pulmonary manifestations. Nine patients had oliguria, serum creatinine concentrations over 6 mg/100 ml, and required dialysis, but three of these patients subsequently recovered renal function. These three patients and seven patients with creatinine concentrations of less than 6 mg/100 ml have not progressed to chronic renal failure. In this series, idiopathic acute crescentic glomerulonephritis without immune deposits was more common than was immune complex or anti-GBM nephritis. The clinical, laboratory, and pathologic characteristics of these patients were similar to those reported in anti-GBM and immune-complex-induced glomerulonephritis. These observations expand the spectrum of rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. They suggest that glomerular immune deposits may be less important than other factors in determining the extent of renal injury and subsequent clinical course in crescentic glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Crescentic glomerulonephritis without immune deposits: clinicopathologic features. Of 46 patients with acute crescentic glomerulonephritis involving 20 to 90% of glomeruli, 16 had no definable systemic disease and no significant glomerular immune deposits by immunofluorescent or electron microscopy. Anti-GBM antibody and circulating immune complexes were further excluded by radioimmunoassay and Raji cell assay in all patients tested. Clinical features included a 10:6 male:female ratio, mean age of 58 years (range, 13-77), disease duration of less than 3 months, rapidly deteriorating renal function, and frequent pulmonary manifestations. Nine patients had oliguria, serum creatinine concentrations over 6 mg/100 ml, and required dialysis, but three of these patients subsequently recovered renal function. These three patients and seven patients with creatinine concentrations of less than 6 mg/100 ml have not progressed to chronic renal failure. In this series, idiopathic acute crescentic glomerulonephritis without immune deposits was more common than was immune complex or anti-GBM nephritis. The clinical, laboratory, and pathologic characteristics of these patients were similar to those reported in anti-GBM and immune-complex-induced glomerulonephritis. These observations expand the spectrum of rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. They suggest that glomerular immune deposits may be less important than other factors in determining the extent of renal injury and subsequent clinical course in crescentic glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 390211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8892", "title": "Effects of dopamine on canine intrarenal blood flow distribution during hemorrhage.", "content": "Renal blood flow distribution was measured in control dogs, dogs given dopamine, hemorrhaged dogs, and dogs hemorrhaged plus infused with dopamine with a modification of 85Kr washout. Kidneys injected with 85Kr through a renal arterial cannula were removed at several specific intervals after injection, rapidly frozen, and sectioned transversely so that pieces of tissue could be isolated and counted for radioactivity. In the normotensive animals, dopamine appeared to produce a mild vasodilatory effect in the subcortical outer medulla (flow increased 50%). Hemorrhage reduced renal regional flow throughout the kidneys. Subcortical outer medullary flow, however, appeared to be proportionately better maintained than were the more peripheral renal regions, so that all regions had similar flows. Hemorrhaged animals receiving dopamine infusion had statistically significantly higher cortical blood flows than did the animals simply hemorrhaged. From this study, it is impossible to determine if the cortical vasodilation during hemorrhage was a direct or indirect effect on the renal vasculature; however, improved perfusion of the renal cortex during hypotension may partially explain the improved renal function reportedly produced by dopamine infusion in patients in shock.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on canine intrarenal blood flow distribution during hemorrhage. Renal blood flow distribution was measured in control dogs, dogs given dopamine, hemorrhaged dogs, and dogs hemorrhaged plus infused with dopamine with a modification of 85Kr washout. Kidneys injected with 85Kr through a renal arterial cannula were removed at several specific intervals after injection, rapidly frozen, and sectioned transversely so that pieces of tissue could be isolated and counted for radioactivity. In the normotensive animals, dopamine appeared to produce a mild vasodilatory effect in the subcortical outer medulla (flow increased 50%). Hemorrhage reduced renal regional flow throughout the kidneys. Subcortical outer medullary flow, however, appeared to be proportionately better maintained than were the more peripheral renal regions, so that all regions had similar flows. Hemorrhaged animals receiving dopamine infusion had statistically significantly higher cortical blood flows than did the animals simply hemorrhaged. From this study, it is impossible to determine if the cortical vasodilation during hemorrhage was a direct or indirect effect on the renal vasculature; however, improved perfusion of the renal cortex during hypotension may partially explain the improved renal function reportedly produced by dopamine infusion in patients in shock.", "PMID": 390212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8893", "title": "Recurrence of dense deposits in transplanted kidneys: I. Sequential survey of the lesions.", "content": "Serial specimens from transplanted kidneys were obtained in 11 patients with dense deposit disease (DDD). The recurrence of DDD was obvious in 9 patients and appeared very early after grafting. Three different types of evolution of the lesions were observed. In 4 patients no modification of the lesions occurred with time, and in 2 of them the dense alteration alone persisted without any other glomerular changes. In 3 patients a progression of the lesions was observed, whereas a regression occurred in 1 other patient. From these observations the following sequence of the morphologic changes can be proposed: the dense alteration appears first and constitutes the specific marker of that disease; the C3 deposition in the kidney occurs later following the appearance of the dense lesion.", "contents": "Recurrence of dense deposits in transplanted kidneys: I. Sequential survey of the lesions. Serial specimens from transplanted kidneys were obtained in 11 patients with dense deposit disease (DDD). The recurrence of DDD was obvious in 9 patients and appeared very early after grafting. Three different types of evolution of the lesions were observed. In 4 patients no modification of the lesions occurred with time, and in 2 of them the dense alteration alone persisted without any other glomerular changes. In 3 patients a progression of the lesions was observed, whereas a regression occurred in 1 other patient. From these observations the following sequence of the morphologic changes can be proposed: the dense alteration appears first and constitutes the specific marker of that disease; the C3 deposition in the kidney occurs later following the appearance of the dense lesion.", "PMID": 390215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8894", "title": "Recurrence of dense deposits in transplanted kidney: II. Serum complement and nephritic factor profiles.", "content": "Dense deposit disease of the kidney is a rare form of chronic glomerulonephritis frequently associated with serum complement abnormalities (low C3 levels) and a circulating C3 convertase activator of the alternative pathway, the C3 nephritic factor (NF). Eleven patients with end-stage dense deposit disease underwent kidney transplantation. Of the 11, 7 had pretransplant low C3 and NF. In the posttransplant period, persisting low C3 levels were associated with persisting NF, although not quantitatively so. The original glomerular lesion recurred in the graft within 6 months in 9 of 11. Of these 9, 2 had no complement abnormalities either prior to or after transplantation. Pretransplant complement abnormalities were rapidly corrected in 4 of 7 patients whether or not recurrence of the original lesion occurred. Thus, serum complement profiles before and after transplantation are neither predictive nor indicative of recurrence.", "contents": "Recurrence of dense deposits in transplanted kidney: II. Serum complement and nephritic factor profiles. Dense deposit disease of the kidney is a rare form of chronic glomerulonephritis frequently associated with serum complement abnormalities (low C3 levels) and a circulating C3 convertase activator of the alternative pathway, the C3 nephritic factor (NF). Eleven patients with end-stage dense deposit disease underwent kidney transplantation. Of the 11, 7 had pretransplant low C3 and NF. In the posttransplant period, persisting low C3 levels were associated with persisting NF, although not quantitatively so. The original glomerular lesion recurred in the graft within 6 months in 9 of 11. Of these 9, 2 had no complement abnormalities either prior to or after transplantation. Pretransplant complement abnormalities were rapidly corrected in 4 of 7 patients whether or not recurrence of the original lesion occurred. Thus, serum complement profiles before and after transplantation are neither predictive nor indicative of recurrence.", "PMID": 390216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8895", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis induced by in situ formation of immune complexes in glomerular capillary wall.", "content": "An experimental model of glomerulonephritis was produced by the in situ formation of immune complexes directly in the glomerular capillary wall. Perfusing the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) into the left renal arteries of rats led to its binding diffusely to the glycoproteins of the glomerular capillary wall of only that kidney in each animal. The subsequent reaction with anti-Con A antibody (either administered systemically or actively induced) resulted in an exudative and proliferative glomerulonephritis confined to the Con A perfused kidney. Immunofluorescence disclosed the diffuse deposition of immunoglobulin, Con A, and C3 in the perfused, but not the unperfused kidney. The quantitative relationship between antigen and antibody binding and histologic outcome was determined. Since lectins have been found in mammalian tissues, as well as in infectious agents that are pathogenic in man, a series of events conceptually similar to this in situ model may occur in some cases of glomerulonephritis in man.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis induced by in situ formation of immune complexes in glomerular capillary wall. An experimental model of glomerulonephritis was produced by the in situ formation of immune complexes directly in the glomerular capillary wall. Perfusing the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) into the left renal arteries of rats led to its binding diffusely to the glycoproteins of the glomerular capillary wall of only that kidney in each animal. The subsequent reaction with anti-Con A antibody (either administered systemically or actively induced) resulted in an exudative and proliferative glomerulonephritis confined to the Con A perfused kidney. Immunofluorescence disclosed the diffuse deposition of immunoglobulin, Con A, and C3 in the perfused, but not the unperfused kidney. The quantitative relationship between antigen and antibody binding and histologic outcome was determined. Since lectins have been found in mammalian tissues, as well as in infectious agents that are pathogenic in man, a series of events conceptually similar to this in situ model may occur in some cases of glomerulonephritis in man.", "PMID": 390217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8896", "title": "Fractional excretion of sodium after renal transplantation.", "content": "After renal transplantation low urinary sodium concentration (UNa) has been used to diagnose acute rejection (AR), for the early phase of AR is often associated with reduced renal perfusion. Early postoperative graft failure without low UNa favors the diagnosis of ischemic tubular damage (ATN). As fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) better reflects glomerulotubular balance in renal sodium handling, FENa was analyzed during the first 2 weeks in 118 renal allografts. From data on 41 transplants with good early renal function (GEF), a temporal profile of FENa was obtained and used to evaluate the behavior of FENa by means of standardized FENa (Z score). Individual subjects followed their own profile with a small deviation (delta Z less than 1.4 for 2 days). In 31 instances, acute rejection was diagnosed. In 14 with AR, the Z score deviated little; 2 responded to methylprednisolone given intravenously. In 17 with AR, the Z score fell significantly (delta Z greater than 1.5 for 2 days), an average of 2.6 days before the first rise in serum creatinine concentration; 15 responded to treatment. The difference between these two groups was significant (P less than 0.001). This functional heterogeneity and different responses to treatment may indicate different immunologic mechanisms which damage different target cells in the graft in AR. In 46 patients with acute tubular necrosis after cadaver kidney transplantation FENa was significantly higher than it was in the GEF group as early as the first posttransplantation day and approached normal as the renal function recovered. This behavior of FENa was clearly different from that in AR.", "contents": "Fractional excretion of sodium after renal transplantation. After renal transplantation low urinary sodium concentration (UNa) has been used to diagnose acute rejection (AR), for the early phase of AR is often associated with reduced renal perfusion. Early postoperative graft failure without low UNa favors the diagnosis of ischemic tubular damage (ATN). As fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) better reflects glomerulotubular balance in renal sodium handling, FENa was analyzed during the first 2 weeks in 118 renal allografts. From data on 41 transplants with good early renal function (GEF), a temporal profile of FENa was obtained and used to evaluate the behavior of FENa by means of standardized FENa (Z score). Individual subjects followed their own profile with a small deviation (delta Z less than 1.4 for 2 days). In 31 instances, acute rejection was diagnosed. In 14 with AR, the Z score deviated little; 2 responded to methylprednisolone given intravenously. In 17 with AR, the Z score fell significantly (delta Z greater than 1.5 for 2 days), an average of 2.6 days before the first rise in serum creatinine concentration; 15 responded to treatment. The difference between these two groups was significant (P less than 0.001). This functional heterogeneity and different responses to treatment may indicate different immunologic mechanisms which damage different target cells in the graft in AR. In 46 patients with acute tubular necrosis after cadaver kidney transplantation FENa was significantly higher than it was in the GEF group as early as the first posttransplantation day and approached normal as the renal function recovered. This behavior of FENa was clearly different from that in AR.", "PMID": 390218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8897", "title": "[A panorama of medical history of acute iron poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper describes briefly the fatal course taken by some of the 720 acute cases of poisoning with iron compounds as documented in literature between 1826 and the present time. The various concomitant conditions and the genesis, as well as the fatal disease pattern, are communicated. The various pathogenetic factors and nosological variants of acute iron poisoning, as well as the epidemiology of juvenile iron poisoning, are discussed. Finally, the paper points to numerous deficiencies in the exact diagnosis of acute cases of iron poisoning.", "contents": "[A panorama of medical history of acute iron poisoning (author's transl)]. The paper describes briefly the fatal course taken by some of the 720 acute cases of poisoning with iron compounds as documented in literature between 1826 and the present time. The various concomitant conditions and the genesis, as well as the fatal disease pattern, are communicated. The various pathogenetic factors and nosological variants of acute iron poisoning, as well as the epidemiology of juvenile iron poisoning, are discussed. Finally, the paper points to numerous deficiencies in the exact diagnosis of acute cases of iron poisoning.", "PMID": 390235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8898", "title": "Immunofluorescence of deparaffinized, trypsin-treated renal tissues. Preservation of antigens as an adjunct to diagnosis of disease.", "content": "The present study compares formalin-fixed, deparaffinized and trypsin-treated (DTT) renal tissue sections with frozen sections for detecting immune complex deposition. Both DTT and frozen sections from 52 renal biopsies were stained directly with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antihuman IgG, IgM, IgA, fibrinogen, and C3. DTT sections alone were stained indirectly for C3 using a double conjugate technique. Antigen presence or absence on DTT section was accurately detected in 90 per cent of biopsies for immunoglobulins and fibrinogen and in 75 per cent for C3 when compared to frozen section. Furthermore, antigen deposition was found in 21 per cent of biopsies only on DTT sections (usually because frozen tissue lacked glomeruli). Frozen sections alone were treated with reagents of the fixation-embedding process and directly stained for IgM and C3 to determine antigen stability. Alkaline or neutral formalin pH helped maximize antigen preservation. DTT sections are a valuable tissue source for adjunctive diagnosis of renal disease.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of deparaffinized, trypsin-treated renal tissues. Preservation of antigens as an adjunct to diagnosis of disease. The present study compares formalin-fixed, deparaffinized and trypsin-treated (DTT) renal tissue sections with frozen sections for detecting immune complex deposition. Both DTT and frozen sections from 52 renal biopsies were stained directly with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antihuman IgG, IgM, IgA, fibrinogen, and C3. DTT sections alone were stained indirectly for C3 using a double conjugate technique. Antigen presence or absence on DTT section was accurately detected in 90 per cent of biopsies for immunoglobulins and fibrinogen and in 75 per cent for C3 when compared to frozen section. Furthermore, antigen deposition was found in 21 per cent of biopsies only on DTT sections (usually because frozen tissue lacked glomeruli). Frozen sections alone were treated with reagents of the fixation-embedding process and directly stained for IgM and C3 to determine antigen stability. Alkaline or neutral formalin pH helped maximize antigen preservation. DTT sections are a valuable tissue source for adjunctive diagnosis of renal disease.", "PMID": 390238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8899", "title": "Hormonal requirements for basement membrane collagen deposition by cultured rat mammary epithelium.", "content": "Alveoli and ducts isolated from virgin rat mammary glands synthesize basement membrane collagen (typeIV) in primary culture. Using purified antibodies to type IV collagen, prominent intracellular and extracellular fluorescence is observed in the epithelium. No fluorescence is observed with antibodies to collagen type I and III. From quantitation of the incorporation of [14c]proline-labeled proteins, 1.5 to 2.5 per cent of the newly synthesized proteins are collagen. Type IV collagen from these cultures was biochemically identified on the basis of (1) the high ratio of labeled 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline (1:10), (2) the gel electrophoretic pattern of the collagenase-sensitive proteins precipitated with 1.7 M NaCl, (3)the failure of the collagen to bind to diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and(4)the immunologic cross-reactivity with mouse tumor type IV is identical with that of type IV collagen from other sources. When the supportive hormones, insulin, prolactin, hydrocortisone, progesterone, and estradiol are removed from the cultures, there is a 90 per cent reduction in the amount of  [3H]proline recovered in collagen synthesis coincides with only a 30 percentdrop in the growht rate and a 20 per cent drop in total protein synthesis of the sells over the 24-hour period without hormones. Pulse-chase experimout hormones. Pulse-chase experiments revealed an enhanced turnover of collagen following hormone withdrawal. This system may be an in vitro model of collagen turnover in mammary gland in involution.", "contents": "Hormonal requirements for basement membrane collagen deposition by cultured rat mammary epithelium. Alveoli and ducts isolated from virgin rat mammary glands synthesize basement membrane collagen (typeIV) in primary culture. Using purified antibodies to type IV collagen, prominent intracellular and extracellular fluorescence is observed in the epithelium. No fluorescence is observed with antibodies to collagen type I and III. From quantitation of the incorporation of [14c]proline-labeled proteins, 1.5 to 2.5 per cent of the newly synthesized proteins are collagen. Type IV collagen from these cultures was biochemically identified on the basis of (1) the high ratio of labeled 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline (1:10), (2) the gel electrophoretic pattern of the collagenase-sensitive proteins precipitated with 1.7 M NaCl, (3)the failure of the collagen to bind to diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and(4)the immunologic cross-reactivity with mouse tumor type IV is identical with that of type IV collagen from other sources. When the supportive hormones, insulin, prolactin, hydrocortisone, progesterone, and estradiol are removed from the cultures, there is a 90 per cent reduction in the amount of  [3H]proline recovered in collagen synthesis coincides with only a 30 percentdrop in the growht rate and a 20 per cent drop in total protein synthesis of the sells over the 24-hour period without hormones. Pulse-chase experimout hormones. Pulse-chase experiments revealed an enhanced turnover of collagen following hormone withdrawal. This system may be an in vitro model of collagen turnover in mammary gland in involution.", "PMID": 390239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8900", "title": "Behaviour of macrophages to Mycobacterium leprae. A tissue culture study.", "content": "Macrophage culture was performed on 45 healthy adults who were initially categorised on the basis of their Lepromin reactivity using Dharmendra antigen. There were 25 individuals in the Lepromin positive group and 20 in the Lepromin negative group. The cultures were challenged with M. leprae and the macrophages studied at varying time intervals of culture. No difference was evident in the behaviour of cultured macrophages to M. leprae in both the groups. The Lepra bacilli were phagocytosed by the macrophages and retained essentially intact till the termination of culture. The Lepromin reactivity of a healthy individual was not reflected on the macrophage function in vitro. The observations suggested against the possibility of an intrinsic genetically determined macrophage defect in dealing with M. leprae.", "contents": "Behaviour of macrophages to Mycobacterium leprae. A tissue culture study. Macrophage culture was performed on 45 healthy adults who were initially categorised on the basis of their Lepromin reactivity using Dharmendra antigen. There were 25 individuals in the Lepromin positive group and 20 in the Lepromin negative group. The cultures were challenged with M. leprae and the macrophages studied at varying time intervals of culture. No difference was evident in the behaviour of cultured macrophages to M. leprae in both the groups. The Lepra bacilli were phagocytosed by the macrophages and retained essentially intact till the termination of culture. The Lepromin reactivity of a healthy individual was not reflected on the macrophage function in vitro. The observations suggested against the possibility of an intrinsic genetically determined macrophage defect in dealing with M. leprae.", "PMID": 390240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8901", "title": "A study of scrotal biopsy in subsided cases of lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Scrotal biopsies were obtained from 38 cases of lepromatous leprosy who were clinically subsided and had negative skin smears. Twenty six (68.4%) of these cases revealed bacilli in the dartos muscle. None except one showed a specific lesion in the dartos. Bacilli obtained from 2 out of 7 cases multiplied in the mouse foot-pad. Bacilli were found to be persisting in the dartos muscle despite prolonged treatment before as well as after clinical subsidence of the disease. The persisting bacilli in this situation could be a cause of relapses.", "contents": "A study of scrotal biopsy in subsided cases of lepromatous leprosy. Scrotal biopsies were obtained from 38 cases of lepromatous leprosy who were clinically subsided and had negative skin smears. Twenty six (68.4%) of these cases revealed bacilli in the dartos muscle. None except one showed a specific lesion in the dartos. Bacilli obtained from 2 out of 7 cases multiplied in the mouse foot-pad. Bacilli were found to be persisting in the dartos muscle despite prolonged treatment before as well as after clinical subsidence of the disease. The persisting bacilli in this situation could be a cause of relapses.", "PMID": 390241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8902", "title": "Echolalia: issues and clinical applications.", "content": "Echolalic behaviors have been reported within the context of various pathologies but have remained poorly defined. Consequently, it is not easy to determine whether and to what extent normal repetition can be separated from pathological echoing. Hence, it is unclear whether the occurrence of echolalic behavior may be useful for differential diagnostic purposes. Also, much room is left for controversies about the clinical management of echolalic behavior. This article reviews the various conditions associated with echolalia and the role of repetitions in normal language behavior. Suggestions are made in terms of the various dimensions along which echolalic behavior should be assessed, as well as of the desirability of particular intervention techniques.", "contents": "Echolalia: issues and clinical applications. Echolalic behaviors have been reported within the context of various pathologies but have remained poorly defined. Consequently, it is not easy to determine whether and to what extent normal repetition can be separated from pathological echoing. Hence, it is unclear whether the occurrence of echolalic behavior may be useful for differential diagnostic purposes. Also, much room is left for controversies about the clinical management of echolalic behavior. This article reviews the various conditions associated with echolalia and the role of repetitions in normal language behavior. Suggestions are made in terms of the various dimensions along which echolalic behavior should be assessed, as well as of the desirability of particular intervention techniques.", "PMID": 390245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8903", "title": "The speech-language pathologist's role in understanding the genetics of Van der Woude syndrome.", "content": "A family report of three generations of Van der Woude syndrome (cleft lip or palate and lip pits) is presented to show that the speech-language pathologist may play an important role in identifying patients with this defect. Understanding the genetic basis of this syndrome and documentation of family history through pedigree analysis can be instrumental in identifying other family members potentially affected with speech disorders. Because the diagnosis of Van der Woude syndrome was made in one member of the family in the pedigree, three other family members who had never received previous diagnosis or treatment of their speech disorders were identified. Other family members were referred for genetic counseling. The concepts of autosomal dominant transmission, variable expression, incomplete penetrance, and the pedigree technique for recording family history are also presented.", "contents": "The speech-language pathologist's role in understanding the genetics of Van der Woude syndrome. A family report of three generations of Van der Woude syndrome (cleft lip or palate and lip pits) is presented to show that the speech-language pathologist may play an important role in identifying patients with this defect. Understanding the genetic basis of this syndrome and documentation of family history through pedigree analysis can be instrumental in identifying other family members potentially affected with speech disorders. Because the diagnosis of Van der Woude syndrome was made in one member of the family in the pedigree, three other family members who had never received previous diagnosis or treatment of their speech disorders were identified. Other family members were referred for genetic counseling. The concepts of autosomal dominant transmission, variable expression, incomplete penetrance, and the pedigree technique for recording family history are also presented.", "PMID": 390246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8904", "title": "Structure of functional A salina -- E coli hybrid ribosome by electron microscopy.", "content": "Small 40S Artemia salina and large 50S Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits can be assembled into 73S hybrid monosomes active in model assays for protein synthesis. The reciprocal combination -- small 30S E coli and large 60S A salina -- fails to form hybrids. The 73S hybrid particles strongly resemble homologous 70S E coli and 80S A salina monosomes. The morphologic differences between the corresponding eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomal particles, established by electron microscopy, do not significantly affect the assembly and mutual orientation of 40S A slina and 50S E coli subunits in the heterologous monosome. The fact that the structure of the interface, the supposed site of protein synthesis, is preserved in the active hybrid implies that retention or loss of biologic activity of hybrid ribosomes is determined by the extent of conformational changes in the interface.", "contents": "Structure of functional A salina -- E coli hybrid ribosome by electron microscopy. Small 40S Artemia salina and large 50S Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits can be assembled into 73S hybrid monosomes active in model assays for protein synthesis. The reciprocal combination -- small 30S E coli and large 60S A salina -- fails to form hybrids. The 73S hybrid particles strongly resemble homologous 70S E coli and 80S A salina monosomes. The morphologic differences between the corresponding eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomal particles, established by electron microscopy, do not significantly affect the assembly and mutual orientation of 40S A slina and 50S E coli subunits in the heterologous monosome. The fact that the structure of the interface, the supposed site of protein synthesis, is preserved in the active hybrid implies that retention or loss of biologic activity of hybrid ribosomes is determined by the extent of conformational changes in the interface.", "PMID": 390251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8905", "title": "Public health education and the control of hypertension in the United States.", "content": "In recent years, national and regional health education programs have sought to increase public awareness concerning the risks of asymptomatic hypertensive disease. Such programs have fostered community screening and encouraged long-term care. As a result of these intensive educational efforts, larger numbers of persons with hypertension are now aware of blood pressure elevations and the pool of treated hypertensive patients has grown in number. Recently observed declines in mortality due to cardiovascular disorders in the United States may relate to efforts committed to the control of hypertension. Although a wide range of alternative explanations for these major declines are possible, changes in risk factors and, more pertinently, effective large-scale management of hypertension are plausible explanations for these salutary secular trends.", "contents": "Public health education and the control of hypertension in the United States. In recent years, national and regional health education programs have sought to increase public awareness concerning the risks of asymptomatic hypertensive disease. Such programs have fostered community screening and encouraged long-term care. As a result of these intensive educational efforts, larger numbers of persons with hypertension are now aware of blood pressure elevations and the pool of treated hypertensive patients has grown in number. Recently observed declines in mortality due to cardiovascular disorders in the United States may relate to efforts committed to the control of hypertension. Although a wide range of alternative explanations for these major declines are possible, changes in risk factors and, more pertinently, effective large-scale management of hypertension are plausible explanations for these salutary secular trends.", "PMID": 390260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8906", "title": "Impact of alcohol, drug abuse and mental health treatment on medical care utilization. A review of the research literature.", "content": "This monograph reviews and assesses twenty-five studies that examined the question of whether treatment for mental illness, alcohol abuse or drug abuse reduces subsequent medical care utilization. In general, the studies found that such a reduction did take place. Twelve of thirteen studies found reductions of 5 to 85 per cent in medical care utilization subsequent to a mental health intervention. The median reduction was 20 per cent. The thirteenth study found that mental health services provided in a new neighborhood health center in a medically underserved neighborhood were followed by a 72 per cent increase in medical care encounters. The remaining twelve studies found reductions of 26 to 69 per cent in either medical care utilization or surrogate measures of such utilization subsequent to treatment for alcohol abuse. The median reduction was 40 per cent. The drug abuse literature in this area is sparse and primarily indirect. Although many of the studies suggested that alcohol, drug abuse or mental health (ADM) treatment was a cause of the subsequent reduction in medical care utilization, such causality was not definitively established, due to frequent methodological limitations, such as inadequate comparison groups, short time spans, small samples and lack of trend analysis. In addition, the studies focused primarily on outpatient psychotherapy in organized health care settings, particularly health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and on alcoholism treatment provided through employee-based programs and HMOs. Only very limited policy implications on such topics as health insurance and the linkage of health and ADM services can be drawn from the current body of literature. There is a need for additional research that is broader and more rigorous. To encourage such research, methodological recommendations for future studies are presented.", "contents": "Impact of alcohol, drug abuse and mental health treatment on medical care utilization. A review of the research literature. This monograph reviews and assesses twenty-five studies that examined the question of whether treatment for mental illness, alcohol abuse or drug abuse reduces subsequent medical care utilization. In general, the studies found that such a reduction did take place. Twelve of thirteen studies found reductions of 5 to 85 per cent in medical care utilization subsequent to a mental health intervention. The median reduction was 20 per cent. The thirteenth study found that mental health services provided in a new neighborhood health center in a medically underserved neighborhood were followed by a 72 per cent increase in medical care encounters. The remaining twelve studies found reductions of 26 to 69 per cent in either medical care utilization or surrogate measures of such utilization subsequent to treatment for alcohol abuse. The median reduction was 40 per cent. The drug abuse literature in this area is sparse and primarily indirect. Although many of the studies suggested that alcohol, drug abuse or mental health (ADM) treatment was a cause of the subsequent reduction in medical care utilization, such causality was not definitively established, due to frequent methodological limitations, such as inadequate comparison groups, short time spans, small samples and lack of trend analysis. In addition, the studies focused primarily on outpatient psychotherapy in organized health care settings, particularly health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and on alcoholism treatment provided through employee-based programs and HMOs. Only very limited policy implications on such topics as health insurance and the linkage of health and ADM services can be drawn from the current body of literature. There is a need for additional research that is broader and more rigorous. To encourage such research, methodological recommendations for future studies are presented.", "PMID": 390264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8907", "title": "[Automated instrument for determining visual acuity].", "content": "The developed APZ instrument, due to a high degree of its automation, allows examination of visual acuity within minimum time spent by the physician. This procedure can be made in conditions of individual visit and mass-screening of patients. Measurement's limits age from 0.1 to 2.2. The visual acuity check-up can be performed automatically on a present program, or remotely by a physician. The APZ-I will find its application among instrumentation of ophthalmological cabinets in polyclinics, hospitals, medical centres, in special cabinets, etc.", "contents": "[Automated instrument for determining visual acuity]. The developed APZ instrument, due to a high degree of its automation, allows examination of visual acuity within minimum time spent by the physician. This procedure can be made in conditions of individual visit and mass-screening of patients. Measurement's limits age from 0.1 to 2.2. The visual acuity check-up can be performed automatically on a present program, or remotely by a physician. The APZ-I will find its application among instrumentation of ophthalmological cabinets in polyclinics, hospitals, medical centres, in special cabinets, etc.", "PMID": 390293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8908", "title": "Hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Recent advances in our understanding of the physiologic actions of PTH and vitamin D have clarified certain aspects of the pathogenesis, classification, and management of hypoparathyroidism. Central to pathogenesis and categorization is the recognition that hypoparathyroidism may result from PTH deficiency, ineffectiveness, or resistance, with a resultant inability to stimulate adenylate cyclase in target tissues. This aberration in adenylate cyclase activity impairs certain physiologic responses such as renal phosphate excretion and renal calcium reabsorption that are required for proper calcium homeostasis. Also critical is the subnormal production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC). Although the precise mechanism for the deficiency of 1,25-DHCC remains unclear, one may hypothesize that in hormone-deficient or hormone-ineffective hypoparathyroidism, decreased synthesis results from the absence of the two recognized stimuli for 1 alpha-hydroxylase--bioactive PTH and hypophosphatemia. Provision of either one of these stimuli would then be expected to restore 1,25-DHCC to normal levels, which could explain the calcemic response to PTH in these patients. There is some evidence that the synthesis of 1,25-DHCC may be \"primarily\" affected in PTH-resistant hypoparathyroidism, and thus may be unresponsive to any of the known stimuli. It remains conceivable, however, that during normocalcemic phases, such patients may improve their renal cyclic AMP and phosphaturic responses to PTH, with associated improvement in 1,25-DHCC synthesis. Certain acquired forms of PTH resistance such as hypomagnesemia and end-stage renal disease may also be associated with defective 1-hydroxylation. Whether occurring primarily or as a secondary process, the subnormal production of 1,25-DHCC may influence calcium and skeletal metabolism directly or by modifying response to PTH. The availability of 1,25-DHCC provides an effective and physiologically meaningful mode of therapy for most cases of hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hypoparathyroidism. Recent advances in our understanding of the physiologic actions of PTH and vitamin D have clarified certain aspects of the pathogenesis, classification, and management of hypoparathyroidism. Central to pathogenesis and categorization is the recognition that hypoparathyroidism may result from PTH deficiency, ineffectiveness, or resistance, with a resultant inability to stimulate adenylate cyclase in target tissues. This aberration in adenylate cyclase activity impairs certain physiologic responses such as renal phosphate excretion and renal calcium reabsorption that are required for proper calcium homeostasis. Also critical is the subnormal production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC). Although the precise mechanism for the deficiency of 1,25-DHCC remains unclear, one may hypothesize that in hormone-deficient or hormone-ineffective hypoparathyroidism, decreased synthesis results from the absence of the two recognized stimuli for 1 alpha-hydroxylase--bioactive PTH and hypophosphatemia. Provision of either one of these stimuli would then be expected to restore 1,25-DHCC to normal levels, which could explain the calcemic response to PTH in these patients. There is some evidence that the synthesis of 1,25-DHCC may be \"primarily\" affected in PTH-resistant hypoparathyroidism, and thus may be unresponsive to any of the known stimuli. It remains conceivable, however, that during normocalcemic phases, such patients may improve their renal cyclic AMP and phosphaturic responses to PTH, with associated improvement in 1,25-DHCC synthesis. Certain acquired forms of PTH resistance such as hypomagnesemia and end-stage renal disease may also be associated with defective 1-hydroxylation. Whether occurring primarily or as a secondary process, the subnormal production of 1,25-DHCC may influence calcium and skeletal metabolism directly or by modifying response to PTH. The availability of 1,25-DHCC provides an effective and physiologically meaningful mode of therapy for most cases of hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 390300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8909", "title": "Two isoaccepting seryl tRNAs coded by separate mitochondrial genes in yeast.", "content": "In S. cerevisiae four isoacceptor mitochondrial tRNAs for serine have been separated by reversed phase chromatography. At least two of these species are products of different genes. In this work the deletion mapping technique has been used to locate two genes for tRNAser. The gene for tRNAser previously localized in the oli I region of the mitochondrial genome has been found to code for tRNAser2, and another gene coding for tRNAser1 has been detected in the region where most of other tRNA genes are found. Results of fine mapping experiments allowed to localize this gene in the proximity of the gene for tRNAarg.", "contents": "Two isoaccepting seryl tRNAs coded by separate mitochondrial genes in yeast. In S. cerevisiae four isoacceptor mitochondrial tRNAs for serine have been separated by reversed phase chromatography. At least two of these species are products of different genes. In this work the deletion mapping technique has been used to locate two genes for tRNAser. The gene for tRNAser previously localized in the oli I region of the mitochondrial genome has been found to code for tRNAser2, and another gene coding for tRNAser1 has been detected in the region where most of other tRNA genes are found. Results of fine mapping experiments allowed to localize this gene in the proximity of the gene for tRNAarg.", "PMID": 390301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8910", "title": "Low ribonuclease activity in cellular lysates of osmotic sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants.", "content": "Cellular lysates with very low total ribonuclease activities are obtained by lysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VY1160 osmotic sensitive mutant cells in 1% sorbitol solution. These lysates could be used for isolation of intact polysomes and messenger RNA molecules, or for studying of specific ribonucleases.", "contents": "Low ribonuclease activity in cellular lysates of osmotic sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. Cellular lysates with very low total ribonuclease activities are obtained by lysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VY1160 osmotic sensitive mutant cells in 1% sorbitol solution. These lysates could be used for isolation of intact polysomes and messenger RNA molecules, or for studying of specific ribonucleases.", "PMID": 390302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8911", "title": "Radiation sensitivity of messenger RNA.", "content": "Messenger RNA function is inactivated by irradiation with ultraviolet light. A unit length mRNA (in bases) is 2-3 times more sensitive than a unit length of DNA (in base pairs) with respect to the inactivation of template function. These data stem from four experimental systems all of which do not repair DNA: the translation of E. coli mRNA in rifampicin-treated cells, of T7 mRNA in infected E. coli, of f2 phage RNA in vivo, and of stable mRNA in chromosomeless minicells. The comparison of relative sensitivities to UV is relevant to the technique of UV mapping of transcription units which enjoys increasing popularity in pro- and eukaryotic genetic research.", "contents": "Radiation sensitivity of messenger RNA. Messenger RNA function is inactivated by irradiation with ultraviolet light. A unit length mRNA (in bases) is 2-3 times more sensitive than a unit length of DNA (in base pairs) with respect to the inactivation of template function. These data stem from four experimental systems all of which do not repair DNA: the translation of E. coli mRNA in rifampicin-treated cells, of T7 mRNA in infected E. coli, of f2 phage RNA in vivo, and of stable mRNA in chromosomeless minicells. The comparison of relative sensitivities to UV is relevant to the technique of UV mapping of transcription units which enjoys increasing popularity in pro- and eukaryotic genetic research.", "PMID": 390303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8912", "title": "Regulation of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two clones from the Clarke-Carbon Escherichia coli colony bank were resistant to inhibition by trimethoprim, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Both clones had elevated levels of dihydrofolate reductase. Furthermore, trimethoprim resistance and elevated enzyme levels were associated with ColE1 plasmids that carried DNA from the trkC ksgA pdxA region of the E. coli chromosome. Plasmid pLC1437a was shown by two criteria to carry the structural gene for dihydrofolate reductase: 1) A partial diploid containing plasmid pLC1437a produced a kinetically-recognizable dihydrofolate reductase that was not present in the parent haploid strain. 2) Plasmid pLC1437a coded for dihydrofolate reductase in vitro. A 1,000 base pair fragment of plasmid pLC1437a containing fol was used as a probe to measure fol mRNA in a mutant strain isolated by Sheldon and Brenner (Molec. gen. Genet. 147, 91-97, 1976). The mutation in this strain, which results in constitutively-high levels of dihydrofolate reductase and in the inability of the strain to grow at 42 degrees C, is cis dominant (Sheldon and Brenner, 1976). The results of kinetic hybridization and pulse-labeling experiments indicated that the regulatory mutant produced elevated levels of dihydrofolate reductase in response to an increased rate of synthesis of fol mRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis in Escherichia coli. Two clones from the Clarke-Carbon Escherichia coli colony bank were resistant to inhibition by trimethoprim, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Both clones had elevated levels of dihydrofolate reductase. Furthermore, trimethoprim resistance and elevated enzyme levels were associated with ColE1 plasmids that carried DNA from the trkC ksgA pdxA region of the E. coli chromosome. Plasmid pLC1437a was shown by two criteria to carry the structural gene for dihydrofolate reductase: 1) A partial diploid containing plasmid pLC1437a produced a kinetically-recognizable dihydrofolate reductase that was not present in the parent haploid strain. 2) Plasmid pLC1437a coded for dihydrofolate reductase in vitro. A 1,000 base pair fragment of plasmid pLC1437a containing fol was used as a probe to measure fol mRNA in a mutant strain isolated by Sheldon and Brenner (Molec. gen. Genet. 147, 91-97, 1976). The mutation in this strain, which results in constitutively-high levels of dihydrofolate reductase and in the inability of the strain to grow at 42 degrees C, is cis dominant (Sheldon and Brenner, 1976). The results of kinetic hybridization and pulse-labeling experiments indicated that the regulatory mutant produced elevated levels of dihydrofolate reductase in response to an increased rate of synthesis of fol mRNA.", "PMID": 390304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8913", "title": "Construction and expression of a hybrid plasmid containing the Escherichia coli thrA and thrB genes.", "content": "In vitro recombination techniques were used to clone the Escherichia coli thrA and thrB structural genes in the plasmid vector pBR322. The chimeric plasmid was analyzed and characterized genetically, by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing. The limited expression of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes in the strain carrying the recombinant plasmid is discussed.", "contents": "Construction and expression of a hybrid plasmid containing the Escherichia coli thrA and thrB genes. In vitro recombination techniques were used to clone the Escherichia coli thrA and thrB structural genes in the plasmid vector pBR322. The chimeric plasmid was analyzed and characterized genetically, by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing. The limited expression of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes in the strain carrying the recombinant plasmid is discussed.", "PMID": 390305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8914", "title": "Inheritance of multiple drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: linkage to leu1 and analyses of 2 micron DNA in partial revertants.", "content": "The inheritance and phenotype of multiple drug resistance in independent multiple drug resistant mutants, two isolated in this laboratory (GR359 and 2-20), and two (DRI 9/T7 and DRI 9/T8) reported by Guerineau et al. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61,462), was investigated. Comparison of resistance to 12 selected drugs showed that the resistance phenotypes of all mutants were similar, although some differences in levels of resistance of each mutant was observed with certain drugs. Mapping of the resistance loci in GR359 and 2-20 revealed tight linkage of both resistance genes to the centromere linked gene leul. 2 micron DNA was analysed by hybridization of 2 micron RNA to EcoRI fragments of a total DNA extract. Eight partial revertants of 2-20, which had been chosen as having a phenotype similar to the 2 micron DNA deficient [cir degrees] isolate DRI 9/T7, revealed the presence of 2 micron DNA. The lack of detectable 2 micron DNA in DRI 9/T7 was confirmed.", "contents": "Inheritance of multiple drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: linkage to leu1 and analyses of 2 micron DNA in partial revertants. The inheritance and phenotype of multiple drug resistance in independent multiple drug resistant mutants, two isolated in this laboratory (GR359 and 2-20), and two (DRI 9/T7 and DRI 9/T8) reported by Guerineau et al. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61,462), was investigated. Comparison of resistance to 12 selected drugs showed that the resistance phenotypes of all mutants were similar, although some differences in levels of resistance of each mutant was observed with certain drugs. Mapping of the resistance loci in GR359 and 2-20 revealed tight linkage of both resistance genes to the centromere linked gene leul. 2 micron DNA was analysed by hybridization of 2 micron RNA to EcoRI fragments of a total DNA extract. Eight partial revertants of 2-20, which had been chosen as having a phenotype similar to the 2 micron DNA deficient [cir degrees] isolate DRI 9/T7, revealed the presence of 2 micron DNA. The lack of detectable 2 micron DNA in DRI 9/T7 was confirmed.", "PMID": 390306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8915", "title": "IS2-43 and IS2-44: new alleles of the insertion sequence IS2 which have promoter activity.", "content": "The sequence of two new IS2 alleles with promoter activity (IS2-43 and IS2-44) is reported. The alleles are identical and are formed by a 17 bp tandem duplication in an AT-rich region of IS2. This created a new RNA polymerase binding site. A mutation was found that increased the frequency of formation of these 17 bp duplications but not of another class of duplications, the \"mini-insertions\". This suggested that the mechanisms of formation of the two classes of duplications are different.", "contents": "IS2-43 and IS2-44: new alleles of the insertion sequence IS2 which have promoter activity. The sequence of two new IS2 alleles with promoter activity (IS2-43 and IS2-44) is reported. The alleles are identical and are formed by a 17 bp tandem duplication in an AT-rich region of IS2. This created a new RNA polymerase binding site. A mutation was found that increased the frequency of formation of these 17 bp duplications but not of another class of duplications, the \"mini-insertions\". This suggested that the mechanisms of formation of the two classes of duplications are different.", "PMID": 390307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8916", "title": "Characterization of the mutator mutation mut5-1.", "content": "The mutator mutation mut5-1 has been characterized with respect to a range of parameters which have been used to describe DNA repair mutants of yeast. No marked effect of the mutation on UV-mutability at lower doses was apparent. Diploids homozygous for the mutation are deficient in UV-induced recombination between the alleles his1-1 and hist1-315, mutation being sufficient to account for all the UV-induced histidine prototrophs. Complementation and mapping studies indicate that mut5-1 is allelic to rad51-1, supporting the conclusion of Hastings et al. (1976) that a mutator may increase spontaneous mutation by modifying repair parameters. Both mut5-1 homozygous and heterozygous diploids give rise to spontaneous or UV-induced segregants which appear to be the products of nondisjunction events. The levels of parameiotic recombination (see Sherman and Roman, 1963; Esposito and Esposito, 1974), sporulation and spore viability observed in mut5-1/mut5-1 diploids indicate that the function encoded by RAD51 is required at 2 times during meiosis. An essential role of the function encoded by RAD51 in mitotic and meiotic recombination is indicated.", "contents": "Characterization of the mutator mutation mut5-1. The mutator mutation mut5-1 has been characterized with respect to a range of parameters which have been used to describe DNA repair mutants of yeast. No marked effect of the mutation on UV-mutability at lower doses was apparent. Diploids homozygous for the mutation are deficient in UV-induced recombination between the alleles his1-1 and hist1-315, mutation being sufficient to account for all the UV-induced histidine prototrophs. Complementation and mapping studies indicate that mut5-1 is allelic to rad51-1, supporting the conclusion of Hastings et al. (1976) that a mutator may increase spontaneous mutation by modifying repair parameters. Both mut5-1 homozygous and heterozygous diploids give rise to spontaneous or UV-induced segregants which appear to be the products of nondisjunction events. The levels of parameiotic recombination (see Sherman and Roman, 1963; Esposito and Esposito, 1974), sporulation and spore viability observed in mut5-1/mut5-1 diploids indicate that the function encoded by RAD51 is required at 2 times during meiosis. An essential role of the function encoded by RAD51 in mitotic and meiotic recombination is indicated.", "PMID": 390308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8917", "title": "Temperature dependent release of beta-beta' subunits of DNA dependent RNA polymerase from the folded chromosome of a dnaAts mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been found to be preferentially released at 43 degrees C from the folded nucleoids of an E. coli dnaAts mutant when compared with the same nucleoids at 30 degrees C or with nucleoids of a dnaA+ strain at either 30 degrees or 43 degrees C. The polypeptides released are identical in molecular weight with those of the beta and beta' constituent polypeptides of the core enzyme of a known E. coli RNA polymerase. In addition, these polypeptides are precipitated by specific anti-RNA polymerase rabbit IgG. The implications of the interactions of RNA polymerase with the dnaA gene product are discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependent release of beta-beta' subunits of DNA dependent RNA polymerase from the folded chromosome of a dnaAts mutant of Escherichia coli. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been found to be preferentially released at 43 degrees C from the folded nucleoids of an E. coli dnaAts mutant when compared with the same nucleoids at 30 degrees C or with nucleoids of a dnaA+ strain at either 30 degrees or 43 degrees C. The polypeptides released are identical in molecular weight with those of the beta and beta' constituent polypeptides of the core enzyme of a known E. coli RNA polymerase. In addition, these polypeptides are precipitated by specific anti-RNA polymerase rabbit IgG. The implications of the interactions of RNA polymerase with the dnaA gene product are discussed.", "PMID": 390310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8918", "title": "Constitutive mutation of cysJIH operon in a cysB deletion strain of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "In a cysB deletion strain a new mutation, denoted cys-2332 was isolated, which causes the constitutive expression of the cysJIH operon. cys-2332 is closely linked to cysJIH and presumably is located in the initiator region of this operon, rendering its expression independent of the cysB gene product and the internal inducer O-acetyl-L-serine. The presence of sulfite reductase (encoded by cysI and cysJ) activity in a cysB- cys-2332 double mutant indicates that cysG, which is not linked to cysJIH but is required for the synthesis of the sulfite reductase co-factor siroheme, is not controlled by cysB.", "contents": "Constitutive mutation of cysJIH operon in a cysB deletion strain of Salmonella typhimurium. In a cysB deletion strain a new mutation, denoted cys-2332 was isolated, which causes the constitutive expression of the cysJIH operon. cys-2332 is closely linked to cysJIH and presumably is located in the initiator region of this operon, rendering its expression independent of the cysB gene product and the internal inducer O-acetyl-L-serine. The presence of sulfite reductase (encoded by cysI and cysJ) activity in a cysB- cys-2332 double mutant indicates that cysG, which is not linked to cysJIH but is required for the synthesis of the sulfite reductase co-factor siroheme, is not controlled by cysB.", "PMID": 390311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8919", "title": "Location and characterisation of a new replication origin in the E. coli K12 chromosome.", "content": "A segment of DNA located in the region of the E. coli K12 chromosome previously identified by the Rac phenotype can function as a self-replicating plasmid. Evidence is presented that this plasmid, the oriJ plasmid, contains the origin of replication of a defective prophage postulated to be located in this chromosomal region by Low (1973). The plasmid can only be maintained in strains in which this postulated prophage has been deleted. In strains which possess the prophage selection for plasmid maintenance permits the isolation of clones containing new deletions which we postulate are the result of prophage excision.", "contents": "Location and characterisation of a new replication origin in the E. coli K12 chromosome. A segment of DNA located in the region of the E. coli K12 chromosome previously identified by the Rac phenotype can function as a self-replicating plasmid. Evidence is presented that this plasmid, the oriJ plasmid, contains the origin of replication of a defective prophage postulated to be located in this chromosomal region by Low (1973). The plasmid can only be maintained in strains in which this postulated prophage has been deleted. In strains which possess the prophage selection for plasmid maintenance permits the isolation of clones containing new deletions which we postulate are the result of prophage excision.", "PMID": 390312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8920", "title": "Physical characterisation of the \"Rac prophage\" in E. coli K12.", "content": "We confirm the hypothesis of Low (1973) that many E. coli K12 strains contain a prophage (the Rac prophage) located a few minutes clockwise of the trp operon on the genetic map. We have used restriction endonucleases and 32P-labelled probes to construct a physical map of this prophage. Some E. coli K12 strains, including AB1157, have lost the entire prophage, apparently by a specific deletion. This is consistent with prophage excision by site-specific recombination. lambda reverse (lambda rev) phages (Zissler et al., 1971) are recombination proficient derivatives of phage lambda in which the phage recombination functions have been replaced by analogous functions (RecE) derived from the host chromosome (Gottesman et al., 1974; Gillen et al., 1977). Our data support the origin of lambda rev plages by recombination between lambda and the Rac prophage following excision of the Rac prophage from the E. coli chromosome. Important experimental data are included in the Figure legends.", "contents": "Physical characterisation of the \"Rac prophage\" in E. coli K12. We confirm the hypothesis of Low (1973) that many E. coli K12 strains contain a prophage (the Rac prophage) located a few minutes clockwise of the trp operon on the genetic map. We have used restriction endonucleases and 32P-labelled probes to construct a physical map of this prophage. Some E. coli K12 strains, including AB1157, have lost the entire prophage, apparently by a specific deletion. This is consistent with prophage excision by site-specific recombination. lambda reverse (lambda rev) phages (Zissler et al., 1971) are recombination proficient derivatives of phage lambda in which the phage recombination functions have been replaced by analogous functions (RecE) derived from the host chromosome (Gottesman et al., 1974; Gillen et al., 1977). Our data support the origin of lambda rev plages by recombination between lambda and the Rac prophage following excision of the Rac prophage from the E. coli chromosome. Important experimental data are included in the Figure legends.", "PMID": 390313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8921", "title": "Evidence that the ribosomal DNA genes of yeast are not on chromosome I.", "content": "Several workers have reported that most of the ribosomal DNA genes (rDNA) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are located on chromosome I. More recently, data indicating that the yeast rDNA genes are located on chromosome XII has been presented. In this report, we present additional evidence indicating that most of the yeast rDNA genes are not on chromosome I. Starting from a diploid yeast strain, we isolated ten strains which were monosomic (2n-1) for chromosome I. We found that each of these ten strains contained two copies of the rDNA-containing chromosome. In addition, we show that the earlier evidence indicating that the yeast rDNA genes were on chromosome I cannot be explained by a difference in the yeast strains which were used in the different experiments.", "contents": "Evidence that the ribosomal DNA genes of yeast are not on chromosome I. Several workers have reported that most of the ribosomal DNA genes (rDNA) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are located on chromosome I. More recently, data indicating that the yeast rDNA genes are located on chromosome XII has been presented. In this report, we present additional evidence indicating that most of the yeast rDNA genes are not on chromosome I. Starting from a diploid yeast strain, we isolated ten strains which were monosomic (2n-1) for chromosome I. We found that each of these ten strains contained two copies of the rDNA-containing chromosome. In addition, we show that the earlier evidence indicating that the yeast rDNA genes were on chromosome I cannot be explained by a difference in the yeast strains which were used in the different experiments.", "PMID": 390314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8922", "title": "In vitro DNA synthesis in a concentrated yeast lysate.", "content": "A system is described in which DNA synthesis can be monitored in a yeast lysate. The observed synthesis has many of the properties of in vivo DNA replication. It is dependent upon replication growing points that were active in vivo. The in vitro synthesis proceeds via low molecular weight intermediates, but these do not mature into larger DNA. There is a specific requirement for rATP. Mitochondrial DNA is also synthesised in this system.", "contents": "In vitro DNA synthesis in a concentrated yeast lysate. A system is described in which DNA synthesis can be monitored in a yeast lysate. The observed synthesis has many of the properties of in vivo DNA replication. It is dependent upon replication growing points that were active in vivo. The in vitro synthesis proceeds via low molecular weight intermediates, but these do not mature into larger DNA. There is a specific requirement for rATP. Mitochondrial DNA is also synthesised in this system.", "PMID": 390315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8923", "title": "Plasmid pSC101 replication in integratively suppressed cells requires dnaA function.", "content": "Maintenance of plasmid pKC17, a derivative of plasmid pSC101, in E. coli requires a functional dnaA gene product. This was demonstrated by segregation experiments using an E. coli dnaA46 mutant, at various temperatures. Growth of this mutant at elevated temperature was allowed by the presence of a P2sig5 prophage. rpoB mutations, which suppress the temperature sensitivity of a dnaA46 mutant permit efficient maintenance of plasmid pKC17 at temperatures up to 40 degrees, conditions which normally inactivate the dnaA46 product.", "contents": "Plasmid pSC101 replication in integratively suppressed cells requires dnaA function. Maintenance of plasmid pKC17, a derivative of plasmid pSC101, in E. coli requires a functional dnaA gene product. This was demonstrated by segregation experiments using an E. coli dnaA46 mutant, at various temperatures. Growth of this mutant at elevated temperature was allowed by the presence of a P2sig5 prophage. rpoB mutations, which suppress the temperature sensitivity of a dnaA46 mutant permit efficient maintenance of plasmid pKC17 at temperatures up to 40 degrees, conditions which normally inactivate the dnaA46 product.", "PMID": 390317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8924", "title": "The flagellar protein of Clostridium tetani.", "content": "Clostridium tetani ATCC 19406 was investigated with regard to the flagellar filaments produced by this anaerobic species. Flagellar filaments were removed from the cell bodies by hydrodynamic shear forces and purified by differential centrifugation. Exposure to acid was shown to result in disaggregation of the flagellar filaments into a preparation of flagellar protein containing 3.5% carbohydrate. The protein was judged homogeneous after examination by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 4 M urea at several pH levels, and was shown to have a molecular weight of 35,000 daltons. Amino acid analyses indicated the absence of cysteine and tryptophan and a preponderance of acidic residues, epsilon-N-methyllysine was shown to be absent and the N-terminal amino acid was identified as alanine. Analysis of the C-terminal region indicated the sequence -Leu-Leu-Arg. These findings indicated that the obligate anaerobe C. tetani produced flagella filaments similar to previously studied filaments of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria.", "contents": "The flagellar protein of Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani ATCC 19406 was investigated with regard to the flagellar filaments produced by this anaerobic species. Flagellar filaments were removed from the cell bodies by hydrodynamic shear forces and purified by differential centrifugation. Exposure to acid was shown to result in disaggregation of the flagellar filaments into a preparation of flagellar protein containing 3.5% carbohydrate. The protein was judged homogeneous after examination by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 4 M urea at several pH levels, and was shown to have a molecular weight of 35,000 daltons. Amino acid analyses indicated the absence of cysteine and tryptophan and a preponderance of acidic residues, epsilon-N-methyllysine was shown to be absent and the N-terminal amino acid was identified as alanine. Analysis of the C-terminal region indicated the sequence -Leu-Leu-Arg. These findings indicated that the obligate anaerobe C. tetani produced flagella filaments similar to previously studied filaments of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria.", "PMID": 390318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8925", "title": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 3. Dependence of growth constant on nutrient concentration.", "content": "The growth rates of yeast surface colonies under constant nutrient conditions were studied as a function of nutrient concentration. This was complementary to the initial experiment to measure the rates under such conditions, and to the investigation of the effects of alcohol. The possibility of fitting an equation of the Michaelis-Menten type to the variation of growth rate with carbon source concentration is considered.", "contents": "Surface colony growth in a controlled nutrient environment. 3. Dependence of growth constant on nutrient concentration. The growth rates of yeast surface colonies under constant nutrient conditions were studied as a function of nutrient concentration. This was complementary to the initial experiment to measure the rates under such conditions, and to the investigation of the effects of alcohol. The possibility of fitting an equation of the Michaelis-Menten type to the variation of growth rate with carbon source concentration is considered.", "PMID": 390319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8926", "title": "Phenols: a review of their history and development as antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Phenols were first isolated in crude form at the end of the eighteenth century. Pure phenol was isolated in 1834 and its structure proved in 1842. In 1860 K\u00fcchenmeister first used phenol as a wound dressing in Germany. Lister was to use it in his classical experiments in antiseptic surgery. Substituted phenols, and to some extent phenol itself, are still in use today as antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives.", "contents": "Phenols: a review of their history and development as antimicrobial agents. Phenols were first isolated in crude form at the end of the eighteenth century. Pure phenol was isolated in 1834 and its structure proved in 1842. In 1860 K\u00fcchenmeister first used phenol as a wound dressing in Germany. Lister was to use it in his classical experiments in antiseptic surgery. Substituted phenols, and to some extent phenol itself, are still in use today as antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives.", "PMID": 390320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8927", "title": "In vitro activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and carbenicillin, alone and in combination with aminoglycosides against Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Synergistic antibiotic studies were undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporins, cefamandole, and carbenicillin, with four aminoglycosides against clinical strains of Serratia marcescens. The strains demonstrated various combinations of resistance and/or susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside when used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics. Carbenicillin and cefamandole demonstrated similar activity with aminoglycosides in synergy experiments. Tobramycin-carbenicillin was found to be the superior pairs as indicated by the total number of strains inhibited. This combination was the only one effective against certain high drug resistant strains and the strain resistant to all four aminoglycosides. Carbenicillin or cefamandole with tobramycin exhibited comparable activity against multiple drug resistant organisms. However, mutants significantly more resistant to cefamandole developed during susceptibility testing. The findings of this study have clinical relevance for treating infections by this formidable pathogen.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and carbenicillin, alone and in combination with aminoglycosides against Serratia marcescens. Synergistic antibiotic studies were undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporins, cefamandole, and carbenicillin, with four aminoglycosides against clinical strains of Serratia marcescens. The strains demonstrated various combinations of resistance and/or susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside when used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics. Carbenicillin and cefamandole demonstrated similar activity with aminoglycosides in synergy experiments. Tobramycin-carbenicillin was found to be the superior pairs as indicated by the total number of strains inhibited. This combination was the only one effective against certain high drug resistant strains and the strain resistant to all four aminoglycosides. Carbenicillin or cefamandole with tobramycin exhibited comparable activity against multiple drug resistant organisms. However, mutants significantly more resistant to cefamandole developed during susceptibility testing. The findings of this study have clinical relevance for treating infections by this formidable pathogen.", "PMID": 390321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8928", "title": "Interferon and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The thesis is introduced that the phenomena of cell-mediated immunity proceed with the necessary involvement of interferon. In view of this thesis various examples of cell-mediated cytotoxicity both antibody-dependent, and antibody-independent are analyzed. The role of interferon in transplantation, allergic diseases and the treatment of cancer is also discussed. Based on this analysis it is concluded that interferon provides for the cytotoxicity of immune and non-immune leukocytes. It is suggested that interferon is responsible for the cytotoxic effect in itself, since it facilitates lethal hybridization. Recognition of the important role of interferon in the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity leads to some practical conclusions: a) The selective inhibition of the activity of type II interferon may be a sufficient measure in cases where now total immunosuppression is applied. b) Periodic treatment of healthy population by lymphokine stimulants may be a method of prevention of cancer. c) Transplantation, allergic diseases, immunotherapy of cancer should be considered in terms of the role of interferon in these processes.", "contents": "Interferon and cell-mediated immunity. The thesis is introduced that the phenomena of cell-mediated immunity proceed with the necessary involvement of interferon. In view of this thesis various examples of cell-mediated cytotoxicity both antibody-dependent, and antibody-independent are analyzed. The role of interferon in transplantation, allergic diseases and the treatment of cancer is also discussed. Based on this analysis it is concluded that interferon provides for the cytotoxicity of immune and non-immune leukocytes. It is suggested that interferon is responsible for the cytotoxic effect in itself, since it facilitates lethal hybridization. Recognition of the important role of interferon in the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity leads to some practical conclusions: a) The selective inhibition of the activity of type II interferon may be a sufficient measure in cases where now total immunosuppression is applied. b) Periodic treatment of healthy population by lymphokine stimulants may be a method of prevention of cancer. c) Transplantation, allergic diseases, immunotherapy of cancer should be considered in terms of the role of interferon in these processes.", "PMID": 390329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8929", "title": "Sudden-death ischemic heart disease and dietary magnesium intake: is the target site coronary vascular smooth muscle?", "content": "The etiology of sudden-death ischemic heart disease (SDIHD) remains an enigma. Data will be presented which suggest that SDIHD may be due to hypomagnesemia in and around the coronary arterial and arteriolar vessels. We have found that blood vessels (especially arteries and arterioles) deficient with respect to Mg can undergo constriction and spasm; the greater the reduction in Mg2+, the greater the magnitude of the spontaneous contractile responses. The higher the Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio, the greater are the magnitudes of these contractile responses. A severe deficit in surface membrane Mg2+, in particular, results in intense vasospasm. Using direct in situ high resolution microscopy (3000 x), we have found that a lowering of Mg2+ around perfused arterioles (15--20 microns i.d.) will also result in spontaneous vasoconstriction and, in addition, increased arteriolar resistance, tissue ischemia and reduced venous outflow. We have also found that the constrictor actions of certain circulating vasoconstrictor hormones (i.e., angiotensin, serotonin, acetylcholine) are enhanced when [Mg2+] is lowered below the levels normally found in plasma. Other direct studies, from our laboratory, indicate that [Mg2+]o regulates calcium exchange and content of vascular smooth muscle. In summary, the concept to be presented suggests that a deficiency in dietary Mg2+ is a key factor in the high incidence of mortality noted in SDIHD in nations of the Western world. The hypomagnesemia produces progressive vasoconstriction, vasospasm and ischemia, which, given time, will lead to SDIHD.", "contents": "Sudden-death ischemic heart disease and dietary magnesium intake: is the target site coronary vascular smooth muscle? The etiology of sudden-death ischemic heart disease (SDIHD) remains an enigma. Data will be presented which suggest that SDIHD may be due to hypomagnesemia in and around the coronary arterial and arteriolar vessels. We have found that blood vessels (especially arteries and arterioles) deficient with respect to Mg can undergo constriction and spasm; the greater the reduction in Mg2+, the greater the magnitude of the spontaneous contractile responses. The higher the Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio, the greater are the magnitudes of these contractile responses. A severe deficit in surface membrane Mg2+, in particular, results in intense vasospasm. Using direct in situ high resolution microscopy (3000 x), we have found that a lowering of Mg2+ around perfused arterioles (15--20 microns i.d.) will also result in spontaneous vasoconstriction and, in addition, increased arteriolar resistance, tissue ischemia and reduced venous outflow. We have also found that the constrictor actions of certain circulating vasoconstrictor hormones (i.e., angiotensin, serotonin, acetylcholine) are enhanced when [Mg2+] is lowered below the levels normally found in plasma. Other direct studies, from our laboratory, indicate that [Mg2+]o regulates calcium exchange and content of vascular smooth muscle. In summary, the concept to be presented suggests that a deficiency in dietary Mg2+ is a key factor in the high incidence of mortality noted in SDIHD in nations of the Western world. The hypomagnesemia produces progressive vasoconstriction, vasospasm and ischemia, which, given time, will lead to SDIHD.", "PMID": 390330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8930", "title": "The regulation of prostaglandin E1 formation: a candidate for one of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the actions of vitamin C.", "content": "Vitamin C stimulates the formation of PGE1 in human platelets. The effect occurs over the physiologically relevant range of concentrations. PGE1 is required for T lymphocyte function and plays a major part in the regulation of immune responses. PGE1 is also important in the regulation of collagen and ground substance metabolism, in cholesterol metabolism and in regulation of responsiveness to insulin. It is proposed that defective formation of PGE1 could account for many of the features of scurvy and for many of the reported therapeutic effects of vitamin C. If correct, vitamin C will be of value only in conjunction with an adequate supply of dihomogammalinolenic acid, the precursor of PGE1. Essential fatty acids, pyridoxine and zinc are all required to achieve this.", "contents": "The regulation of prostaglandin E1 formation: a candidate for one of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the actions of vitamin C. Vitamin C stimulates the formation of PGE1 in human platelets. The effect occurs over the physiologically relevant range of concentrations. PGE1 is required for T lymphocyte function and plays a major part in the regulation of immune responses. PGE1 is also important in the regulation of collagen and ground substance metabolism, in cholesterol metabolism and in regulation of responsiveness to insulin. It is proposed that defective formation of PGE1 could account for many of the features of scurvy and for many of the reported therapeutic effects of vitamin C. If correct, vitamin C will be of value only in conjunction with an adequate supply of dihomogammalinolenic acid, the precursor of PGE1. Essential fatty acids, pyridoxine and zinc are all required to achieve this.", "PMID": 390331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8931", "title": "Water relations of fetal development.", "content": "Normal pregnancy is accompanied by a remarkable increase in total body water, due partly to the growth and development of the conceptus and partly to water retention by the mother. An evaluation of the changes in body water during pregnancy suggests that they could very largely be brought about by the hydrostatic element of osmotic water regulation and are mainly under fetal, rather than maternal control. The results also suggest that pathological disorders of water in pregnancy are essentially secondary, and not primary manifestations of disease.", "contents": "Water relations of fetal development. Normal pregnancy is accompanied by a remarkable increase in total body water, due partly to the growth and development of the conceptus and partly to water retention by the mother. An evaluation of the changes in body water during pregnancy suggests that they could very largely be brought about by the hydrostatic element of osmotic water regulation and are mainly under fetal, rather than maternal control. The results also suggest that pathological disorders of water in pregnancy are essentially secondary, and not primary manifestations of disease.", "PMID": 390332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8932", "title": "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation across the ABO barrier.", "content": "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anaemia has been shown to be a worth-while procedure. A case in which a group O patient received a successful marrow transplant from a group B donor is reported. Major ABO incompatibility is not a contraindication to bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation across the ABO barrier. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anaemia has been shown to be a worth-while procedure. A case in which a group O patient received a successful marrow transplant from a group B donor is reported. Major ABO incompatibility is not a contraindication to bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 390333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8933", "title": "Ear-acupuncture relaxation therapy in alcoholics. Report on a follow-up survey.", "content": "Ninety-five out of 190 alcoholics treated in 1977 by ear-acupuncture relaxation therapy were selected for a follow-up survey. Sixty-two replied to our letters and were interviewed (by C.F.). Sixteen (25.8%) said that they had maintained total sobriety for over 12 months, while 54 (87%) said that their life-style, drinking pattern and physical and mental health had improved. thus, a significant percentage had been helped to improved health and to a changed way of life.", "contents": "Ear-acupuncture relaxation therapy in alcoholics. Report on a follow-up survey. Ninety-five out of 190 alcoholics treated in 1977 by ear-acupuncture relaxation therapy were selected for a follow-up survey. Sixty-two replied to our letters and were interviewed (by C.F.). Sixteen (25.8%) said that they had maintained total sobriety for over 12 months, while 54 (87%) said that their life-style, drinking pattern and physical and mental health had improved. thus, a significant percentage had been helped to improved health and to a changed way of life.", "PMID": 390334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8934", "title": "The investigation of immunological infertility.", "content": "Immune reactions to spermatozoa may interfere with fertility in both males and females. These mechanisms may operate in a small, but significant, proportion of infertile couples, particularly when the duration of infertility is greater than three years. Antibodies to sperm may appear both in the blood and in genital tract secretions and their presence should be sought in both sites. The most suitable screening test for circulating anti-sperm antibodies in either partner is a method based on the complement-dependent antibody immobilization of sperm. This test may also be applied to cervical mucus as a routine in females. In males the detection of sperm immobilizing antibodies in blood serves as a reasonable guide to the existence of antibodies in seminal plasma where their presence may be confirmed using a gelatin agglutination test. Further information about the presence of locally secreted antibodies either in cervical mucus or in semen may be gained by using the sperm-cervical mucus contact (SCMC) test in which cross-testing with donor mucus or sperm will identify the site of local antibody production. Results based on immunofluorescence and sperm microagglutination methods are unreliable and lacking in correlation with continuing infertility and the routine use of these tests is not recommended.", "contents": "The investigation of immunological infertility. Immune reactions to spermatozoa may interfere with fertility in both males and females. These mechanisms may operate in a small, but significant, proportion of infertile couples, particularly when the duration of infertility is greater than three years. Antibodies to sperm may appear both in the blood and in genital tract secretions and their presence should be sought in both sites. The most suitable screening test for circulating anti-sperm antibodies in either partner is a method based on the complement-dependent antibody immobilization of sperm. This test may also be applied to cervical mucus as a routine in females. In males the detection of sperm immobilizing antibodies in blood serves as a reasonable guide to the existence of antibodies in seminal plasma where their presence may be confirmed using a gelatin agglutination test. Further information about the presence of locally secreted antibodies either in cervical mucus or in semen may be gained by using the sperm-cervical mucus contact (SCMC) test in which cross-testing with donor mucus or sperm will identify the site of local antibody production. Results based on immunofluorescence and sperm microagglutination methods are unreliable and lacking in correlation with continuing infertility and the routine use of these tests is not recommended.", "PMID": 390335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8935", "title": "Comparison of enteric-coated levodopa with levodopa-carbidopa combination. A double-blind crossover trial.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease completed a double-blind crossover trial which compared enteric-coated levodopa (Prodopa) with levodopa-carbidopa combination (Sinemet). It was easy to stabilize the patients' condition with either drug, and the dose-sparing effect both of the enteric-coated preparation, and of the levodopa-carbidopa combination was again noted. At the dosages used, the levodopa-carbidopa combination was objectively shown to be more effective in 71% of the patients investigated, although there was no clear personal preference for either preparation when patients compared the two parts of the trial. Both drugs play a valuable role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Comparison of enteric-coated levodopa with levodopa-carbidopa combination. A double-blind crossover trial. Twenty-seven patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease completed a double-blind crossover trial which compared enteric-coated levodopa (Prodopa) with levodopa-carbidopa combination (Sinemet). It was easy to stabilize the patients' condition with either drug, and the dose-sparing effect both of the enteric-coated preparation, and of the levodopa-carbidopa combination was again noted. At the dosages used, the levodopa-carbidopa combination was objectively shown to be more effective in 71% of the patients investigated, although there was no clear personal preference for either preparation when patients compared the two parts of the trial. Both drugs play a valuable role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 390336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8936", "title": "Comparison of effectiveness of timolol administered once a day and twice a day in the control of blood pressure in essential hypertension.", "content": "The effects of a single dose and of two equally divided doses of timolol were compared in a double-blind trial in 15 patients with essential hypertension. The amount of timolol per day remained constant for each patient, but individual patients received different amounts (from 10 mg to 30 mg/day). Timolol combined with a diuretic produced similar lowering of blood pressure in patients who required 10 mg, 20 mg or 30 mg of timolol per day when given either as one dose or in two equal doses. Plasma concentrations of timolol were high enough to be a major contributing factor to the long duration of the hypotensive response.", "contents": "Comparison of effectiveness of timolol administered once a day and twice a day in the control of blood pressure in essential hypertension. The effects of a single dose and of two equally divided doses of timolol were compared in a double-blind trial in 15 patients with essential hypertension. The amount of timolol per day remained constant for each patient, but individual patients received different amounts (from 10 mg to 30 mg/day). Timolol combined with a diuretic produced similar lowering of blood pressure in patients who required 10 mg, 20 mg or 30 mg of timolol per day when given either as one dose or in two equal doses. Plasma concentrations of timolol were high enough to be a major contributing factor to the long duration of the hypotensive response.", "PMID": 390339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8937", "title": "Imported parasitic infections in Tasmania.", "content": "A number of protozoan, trematode, and nematode infections have been imported into Tasmania over an 18-month period. Some of the cases are briefly discussed as they provide features of clinical interest. The increasing problem of imported infections in Australia is emphasized.", "contents": "Imported parasitic infections in Tasmania. A number of protozoan, trematode, and nematode infections have been imported into Tasmania over an 18-month period. Some of the cases are briefly discussed as they provide features of clinical interest. The increasing problem of imported infections in Australia is emphasized.", "PMID": 390340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8938", "title": "Suppurative pyephlebitis and multiple hepatic abscesses with silent colonic diverticulitis.", "content": "This report records the first known case in the literature of suppurative pylephlebitis associated with multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic abscesses and gross hypoalbuminaemia, as a consequence of colonic diverticulitis.", "contents": "Suppurative pyephlebitis and multiple hepatic abscesses with silent colonic diverticulitis. This report records the first known case in the literature of suppurative pylephlebitis associated with multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic abscesses and gross hypoalbuminaemia, as a consequence of colonic diverticulitis.", "PMID": 390346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8939", "title": "Bovine diaphragmatic hernioplasty using autologous skin grafts.", "content": "A 2nd recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia in a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), which twice previously had been subjected to herniorrhaphy, was successfully treated by hernioplasty, using a fresh autologous skin graft to compensate for the lost tissue.", "contents": "Bovine diaphragmatic hernioplasty using autologous skin grafts. A 2nd recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia in a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), which twice previously had been subjected to herniorrhaphy, was successfully treated by hernioplasty, using a fresh autologous skin graft to compensate for the lost tissue.", "PMID": 390360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8940", "title": "Human plasma angiotensinogen: a review of purification procedures.", "content": "The current status of the purification and characterization of human angiotensinogen is reviewed. One problem encountered in the past has been the copurification of a protein with similar porperties. This protein has tentatively been designated alanine-protein. An efficient separation of angiotensinogen and alanine-protein was obtained on a zinc chelate column. Alanine-protein has been purified and its amino acid and carbohydrate composition determined. The COOH-terminal amino acid and the NH2-terminal amino acid were determined to be serine and alanine, respectively. Alanine-protein exhibited multiple forms on isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Human plasma angiotensinogen: a review of purification procedures. The current status of the purification and characterization of human angiotensinogen is reviewed. One problem encountered in the past has been the copurification of a protein with similar porperties. This protein has tentatively been designated alanine-protein. An efficient separation of angiotensinogen and alanine-protein was obtained on a zinc chelate column. Alanine-protein has been purified and its amino acid and carbohydrate composition determined. The COOH-terminal amino acid and the NH2-terminal amino acid were determined to be serine and alanine, respectively. Alanine-protein exhibited multiple forms on isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 390363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8941", "title": "[Complete heart block and pacemaker therapy in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiology of congenital and acquired complete heart block is discussed. The prognosis is much better in mostly congenital suprabifurcational blocks, than in the infrabifurcational blocks, which are acquired in most instances. Suprabifurcational blocks are characterized by normal QRS complexes, higher heart rates, and adequate frequency adaptation to exercise. Widened and deformed QRS complexes and fixed heart rates as low as 40--50 beats per minute are typical in infrabifurcational blocks. Whereas children with congenital heart blocks only eventually need pacemakers, the immediate implantation of a pacemaker is mandatory in children with acquired heart blocks after a decrease of the heart rate below 30--40 beats per minute and/or after an Adams-Stokes attack. With demand pacemakers being available, fixed rate systems are obsolete for children. Lithium batteries should be preferred for their smallness and their larger life span. A considerable body of surgical and technical problems due to infection, wire damage, and other complications still awaits solution.", "contents": "[Complete heart block and pacemaker therapy in children (author's transl)]. The etiology of congenital and acquired complete heart block is discussed. The prognosis is much better in mostly congenital suprabifurcational blocks, than in the infrabifurcational blocks, which are acquired in most instances. Suprabifurcational blocks are characterized by normal QRS complexes, higher heart rates, and adequate frequency adaptation to exercise. Widened and deformed QRS complexes and fixed heart rates as low as 40--50 beats per minute are typical in infrabifurcational blocks. Whereas children with congenital heart blocks only eventually need pacemakers, the immediate implantation of a pacemaker is mandatory in children with acquired heart blocks after a decrease of the heart rate below 30--40 beats per minute and/or after an Adams-Stokes attack. With demand pacemakers being available, fixed rate systems are obsolete for children. Lithium batteries should be preferred for their smallness and their larger life span. A considerable body of surgical and technical problems due to infection, wire damage, and other complications still awaits solution.", "PMID": 390368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8942", "title": "[Middle ear problems associated with cleft palate (author's transl)].", "content": "The relation between cleft palate and middle ear disturbances is well known. Often the ENT specialist will see the patient only after the middle ear has been damaged so that it cannot be corrected any more satisfactorily. Therefore early otological diagnosis (including audiometry, impedance measurement, ERA, microscopic examination of the ear drum and essential myringotomy) and early treatment should be performed in the general plan of treatment in cleft patients.", "contents": "[Middle ear problems associated with cleft palate (author's transl)]. The relation between cleft palate and middle ear disturbances is well known. Often the ENT specialist will see the patient only after the middle ear has been damaged so that it cannot be corrected any more satisfactorily. Therefore early otological diagnosis (including audiometry, impedance measurement, ERA, microscopic examination of the ear drum and essential myringotomy) and early treatment should be performed in the general plan of treatment in cleft patients.", "PMID": 390369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8943", "title": "[Group B streptococci: the most common cause of neonatal septicemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1965--78 118 newborns with septicemia have been treated in the Children's Hospital of the Free University Berlin. Microorganisms identified were streptococci in 32 cases, 27 of which were group B streptococci (increasing number since 1973). In 1978 group B streptococci were responsible for 44% of all the septicemia cases as well as for 12% of all newborn deaths. The incidence of group B streptococcal septicemia in newborn babies is 1/1000 live births for the Berlin region. 2 patients presented the late-onset type of group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis; both survived having neurological sequelae. 25 newborns belonged to the early-onset group, the mortality rate in this group is 56%. The clinical features, bacteriological findings and risk factors are summarized in table form. There could be an influence related to the maternal blood type. Histological examinations in 5 placentae revealed signs of amniotic infection.", "contents": "[Group B streptococci: the most common cause of neonatal septicemia (author's transl)]. Between 1965--78 118 newborns with septicemia have been treated in the Children's Hospital of the Free University Berlin. Microorganisms identified were streptococci in 32 cases, 27 of which were group B streptococci (increasing number since 1973). In 1978 group B streptococci were responsible for 44% of all the septicemia cases as well as for 12% of all newborn deaths. The incidence of group B streptococcal septicemia in newborn babies is 1/1000 live births for the Berlin region. 2 patients presented the late-onset type of group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis; both survived having neurological sequelae. 25 newborns belonged to the early-onset group, the mortality rate in this group is 56%. The clinical features, bacteriological findings and risk factors are summarized in table form. There could be an influence related to the maternal blood type. Histological examinations in 5 placentae revealed signs of amniotic infection.", "PMID": 390370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8944", "title": "[A specific IgM test for the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infections (author's transl)].", "content": "IgM antibodies specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were measured in 302 patients with high IgG antibody titers to study whether EBV was the cause of disease in children having one or more symptoms of classical infectious mononucleosis. IgM antibodies specific for EBV were found in all patients with the defined clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis. In addition the majority of cases with clinical suspicion of the disease had also specific IgM titers. Besides infectious mononucleosis EBV can also be the cause of other diseases like hepatitis, and lymphadenitis: we found IgM antibodies specific for EBV in 48% of patients with nonbacterial lymphadenitis and in 64% of patients with hepatitis not due to hepatitis A or B virus. In contrast to observations by others we were able to show heterophile antibodies in cases with incomplete features of infectious mononucleosis. IgM antibodies to EBV were found in 4 out of 85 controls only. We conclude that untypical features of infectious mononucleosis can be caused by EBV also. Therefore the determination of specific IgM antibodies to EBV can be helpful in the diagnosis of uncharacteristic EBV infections.", "contents": "[A specific IgM test for the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infections (author's transl)]. IgM antibodies specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were measured in 302 patients with high IgG antibody titers to study whether EBV was the cause of disease in children having one or more symptoms of classical infectious mononucleosis. IgM antibodies specific for EBV were found in all patients with the defined clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis. In addition the majority of cases with clinical suspicion of the disease had also specific IgM titers. Besides infectious mononucleosis EBV can also be the cause of other diseases like hepatitis, and lymphadenitis: we found IgM antibodies specific for EBV in 48% of patients with nonbacterial lymphadenitis and in 64% of patients with hepatitis not due to hepatitis A or B virus. In contrast to observations by others we were able to show heterophile antibodies in cases with incomplete features of infectious mononucleosis. IgM antibodies to EBV were found in 4 out of 85 controls only. We conclude that untypical features of infectious mononucleosis can be caused by EBV also. Therefore the determination of specific IgM antibodies to EBV can be helpful in the diagnosis of uncharacteristic EBV infections.", "PMID": 390371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8945", "title": "[On baby formular (author's transl)].", "content": "1. During the first months of life adapted or partially adapted formula may very well be used to feed the newborn and the young infant if breastmilk is not available. By feeding adapted milk ad libitum, overweight is avoided. This is partially due to the carbohydrate, which exclusively consists of lactose. 2. Many infants are fed \"Beikost\", or solid food, much too early. The best possible age is during the fourth month of life. The first solid food to be introduced into the diet of an infant should consist of meat and added vegetable. 3. Too much intake of salt and or sucrose should be avoided. 4. Between the fourth to sixth month of life one bottle per day of adapted formula should be exchanged for a \"follow-up\" formula instead. As follow-up formulas we prefer those without or only with a small content of sucrose.", "contents": "[On baby formular (author's transl)]. 1. During the first months of life adapted or partially adapted formula may very well be used to feed the newborn and the young infant if breastmilk is not available. By feeding adapted milk ad libitum, overweight is avoided. This is partially due to the carbohydrate, which exclusively consists of lactose. 2. Many infants are fed \"Beikost\", or solid food, much too early. The best possible age is during the fourth month of life. The first solid food to be introduced into the diet of an infant should consist of meat and added vegetable. 3. Too much intake of salt and or sucrose should be avoided. 4. Between the fourth to sixth month of life one bottle per day of adapted formula should be exchanged for a \"follow-up\" formula instead. As follow-up formulas we prefer those without or only with a small content of sucrose.", "PMID": 390374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8946", "title": "[Nutrition of the newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Feeding problems concerning the newborn infant are of interest as long as pediatrics exist. Controversial opinions were expressed on the beginning, the quantity and the quality of feeding. Pediatricians are in agreement that nutrition has to warrant normal psychosomatic development of the infant. Disturbances of perinatal adaptation should be avoided as far as possible. Food has to contain protein, lactose and fat in a relation which both quantitatively and qualitatively is similar to human breast milk. In the first days of life and in the case of insufficient production of breast milk a formula adapted to breast milk or a 10% solution of glucose should be fed additionally to breast milk. Increased energy demands eventually require the feeding of higher concentrated solutions of oligosaccharides. At the present time it is impossible to comment on the value of the different kinds of feeding of the newborn infant in terms of psychosomatic parameters. Only prospective studies of a duration of more than two decades could given enough information to elucidate the discussed problems.", "contents": "[Nutrition of the newborn infant (author's transl)]. Feeding problems concerning the newborn infant are of interest as long as pediatrics exist. Controversial opinions were expressed on the beginning, the quantity and the quality of feeding. Pediatricians are in agreement that nutrition has to warrant normal psychosomatic development of the infant. Disturbances of perinatal adaptation should be avoided as far as possible. Food has to contain protein, lactose and fat in a relation which both quantitatively and qualitatively is similar to human breast milk. In the first days of life and in the case of insufficient production of breast milk a formula adapted to breast milk or a 10% solution of glucose should be fed additionally to breast milk. Increased energy demands eventually require the feeding of higher concentrated solutions of oligosaccharides. At the present time it is impossible to comment on the value of the different kinds of feeding of the newborn infant in terms of psychosomatic parameters. Only prospective studies of a duration of more than two decades could given enough information to elucidate the discussed problems.", "PMID": 390375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8947", "title": "Physiological and genetic effects of puromycin aminonucleoside on ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli strains.", "content": "Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) increased significantly the mutation rate of Escherichia coli B/r strains when used in conjunction with certain ultraviolet dosages. PAN (2.5 mM) when added to the post-irradiation medium of hcr+ cells slowed down RNA synthesis to 65%, protein to 76% and DNA to 48% of the control rate. Purine ribosides such as adenosine decreased the inhibitory action of PAN on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Quantitatively quite different results were obtained with the hcr- strains. PAN did not increase killing of UV, but decreased the frequency of UV-induced mutations. Antimutagenic purine ribosides decreased the synergistic mutagenic activity of PAN. Increases in DNA synthesis in the presence of antimutagens correspond to reductions in the rate of mutation to streptomycin resistance. The excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers was investigated in the presence and absence of PAN. The pattern of repair-inhibition reversion of pre-mutagenic lesions by adenosine suggests that PAN behaves as a feedback inhibitor of purine biosynthesis in UV-irradiated cells. It is probable that this inhibition results in an impairment of repair which produces the increase in mutant numbers.", "contents": "Physiological and genetic effects of puromycin aminonucleoside on ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli strains. Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) increased significantly the mutation rate of Escherichia coli B/r strains when used in conjunction with certain ultraviolet dosages. PAN (2.5 mM) when added to the post-irradiation medium of hcr+ cells slowed down RNA synthesis to 65%, protein to 76% and DNA to 48% of the control rate. Purine ribosides such as adenosine decreased the inhibitory action of PAN on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Quantitatively quite different results were obtained with the hcr- strains. PAN did not increase killing of UV, but decreased the frequency of UV-induced mutations. Antimutagenic purine ribosides decreased the synergistic mutagenic activity of PAN. Increases in DNA synthesis in the presence of antimutagens correspond to reductions in the rate of mutation to streptomycin resistance. The excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers was investigated in the presence and absence of PAN. The pattern of repair-inhibition reversion of pre-mutagenic lesions by adenosine suggests that PAN behaves as a feedback inhibitor of purine biosynthesis in UV-irradiated cells. It is probable that this inhibition results in an impairment of repair which produces the increase in mutant numbers.", "PMID": 390377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8948", "title": "UV protection and mutagenesis in uvrD, uvrE and recL strains of Escherichia coli carrying the pKM101 plasmid.", "content": "The effect of the pKM101 plasmid on UV mutagenesis and survival was examined in DNA-repair-deficient strains of E. coli carrying the uvrD, uvrE and recL mutations. Although enhancement of UV mutagenesis by pKM101 was found in all 3 strains, UV protection was only observed in the uvrD strain. We conclude that the plasmid not only requires lexA+ recA+ functions of the cell, but also those of uvrE+ recL+ for its UV-protective effect.", "contents": "UV protection and mutagenesis in uvrD, uvrE and recL strains of Escherichia coli carrying the pKM101 plasmid. The effect of the pKM101 plasmid on UV mutagenesis and survival was examined in DNA-repair-deficient strains of E. coli carrying the uvrD, uvrE and recL mutations. Although enhancement of UV mutagenesis by pKM101 was found in all 3 strains, UV protection was only observed in the uvrD strain. We conclude that the plasmid not only requires lexA+ recA+ functions of the cell, but also those of uvrE+ recL+ for its UV-protective effect.", "PMID": 390378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8949", "title": "The intrasanguineous host-mediated assay procedure distribution and retention of yeast in the mouse.", "content": "A study of the factors that could affect a method to detect mutations in cells recovered from different organs after intravenous injection in mice, was performed by using the D4 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recovery of the yeast cells 5 min to 3 days after injection in the host animal was investigated. The circulation, distribution and localization of the cells were determined, and histopathologic analysis was performed in order to detect possible interactions between the mice and the microorganisms. We found that the yeast cells were trapped primarily in the capillaries of the organs; 3 days after injection no cells were found outside of the tissue-blood vessels. The spontaneous gene-conversion frequency of the yeast cells recovered at different times after injection was increased, but this increase was not time-dependent.", "contents": "The intrasanguineous host-mediated assay procedure distribution and retention of yeast in the mouse. A study of the factors that could affect a method to detect mutations in cells recovered from different organs after intravenous injection in mice, was performed by using the D4 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recovery of the yeast cells 5 min to 3 days after injection in the host animal was investigated. The circulation, distribution and localization of the cells were determined, and histopathologic analysis was performed in order to detect possible interactions between the mice and the microorganisms. We found that the yeast cells were trapped primarily in the capillaries of the organs; 3 days after injection no cells were found outside of the tissue-blood vessels. The spontaneous gene-conversion frequency of the yeast cells recovered at different times after injection was increased, but this increase was not time-dependent.", "PMID": 390379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8950", "title": "Significance of specific-locus germ-cell mutations in mice.", "content": "On the basis of a historical-control incidence of 39 mutants in 688 921 progeny (5.7 mutants/10(5) animals or 0.82 mutations/locus/10(5) gametes) proposals are made for the numbers of test progeny required when screening for possible mutagens using the specific-locus test in mice (7 loci). It is recommended that 25,000 control progeny should be included in each test, to establish homogeneity with the historical controls. This would also be the number of progeny required from treated males, unless significantly positive results had been obtained with smaller numbers. It would appear that the greater sensitivity of post-spermatogonial stages could more than compensate for practical difficulties in sampling these stages, rather than spermatogonia, in screening tests.", "contents": "Significance of specific-locus germ-cell mutations in mice. On the basis of a historical-control incidence of 39 mutants in 688 921 progeny (5.7 mutants/10(5) animals or 0.82 mutations/locus/10(5) gametes) proposals are made for the numbers of test progeny required when screening for possible mutagens using the specific-locus test in mice (7 loci). It is recommended that 25,000 control progeny should be included in each test, to establish homogeneity with the historical controls. This would also be the number of progeny required from treated males, unless significantly positive results had been obtained with smaller numbers. It would appear that the greater sensitivity of post-spermatogonial stages could more than compensate for practical difficulties in sampling these stages, rather than spermatogonia, in screening tests.", "PMID": 390380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8951", "title": "Genetic effects of acridine compounds.", "content": "Acridines and a very large number of acridine derivatives are used in enormous quantities both in medicine and industry. The mutagenic action of these compounds has been demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms and is known to occur both in the dark as well as in the presence of light (photodynamic action). At the molecular level, acridines have been shown to cause frameshift mutations of both the addition and deletion types, a characteristic which has been of tremendous help in elucidating the nature of the genetic code. These and various other biological effects of acridines, such as inhibition of DNA repair, curing of plasmids and cell-growth inhibition, are examined in this review.", "contents": "Genetic effects of acridine compounds. Acridines and a very large number of acridine derivatives are used in enormous quantities both in medicine and industry. The mutagenic action of these compounds has been demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms and is known to occur both in the dark as well as in the presence of light (photodynamic action). At the molecular level, acridines have been shown to cause frameshift mutations of both the addition and deletion types, a characteristic which has been of tremendous help in elucidating the nature of the genetic code. These and various other biological effects of acridines, such as inhibition of DNA repair, curing of plasmids and cell-growth inhibition, are examined in this review.", "PMID": 390382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8952", "title": "In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to DNA as a quantitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "The covalent binding of chemical carcinogens to DNA of mammalian organs is expressed per unit dose, and a 'Covalent-Binding Index', CBI, is defined. CBI for various carcinogens span over 6 orders of magnitude. A similar range is observed for the carcinogenic potency in long-term bioassays on carcinogenicity. For the assessment of a risk from exposure to a carcinogen, the total DNA dmaage can be estimated if the actual dose is also accounted for. A detailed description is given for planning and performing a DNA-binding assay. A complete literature survey on DNA binding in vivo (83 compounds) is given with a calculation of CBI, where possible, 153 compounds are listed where a covalent binding to any biological macromolecule has been shown in vivo or in vitro. Recent, so far unpublished findings with aflatoxin M1, macromolecule-bound aflatoxin B1, diethylstilbestrol, and 1,2-epithiobutyronitrile are included. A comparison of CBI for rat-liver DNA with hepatocarcinogenic potency reveals a surprisingly good quantitative correlation. Refinements for a DNA-binding assay are proposed. Possibilites and limitations in the use of DNA binding in chemical carcinogenesis are discussed extensively.", "contents": "In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to DNA as a quantitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis. The covalent binding of chemical carcinogens to DNA of mammalian organs is expressed per unit dose, and a 'Covalent-Binding Index', CBI, is defined. CBI for various carcinogens span over 6 orders of magnitude. A similar range is observed for the carcinogenic potency in long-term bioassays on carcinogenicity. For the assessment of a risk from exposure to a carcinogen, the total DNA dmaage can be estimated if the actual dose is also accounted for. A detailed description is given for planning and performing a DNA-binding assay. A complete literature survey on DNA binding in vivo (83 compounds) is given with a calculation of CBI, where possible, 153 compounds are listed where a covalent binding to any biological macromolecule has been shown in vivo or in vitro. Recent, so far unpublished findings with aflatoxin M1, macromolecule-bound aflatoxin B1, diethylstilbestrol, and 1,2-epithiobutyronitrile are included. A comparison of CBI for rat-liver DNA with hepatocarcinogenic potency reveals a surprisingly good quantitative correlation. Refinements for a DNA-binding assay are proposed. Possibilites and limitations in the use of DNA binding in chemical carcinogenesis are discussed extensively.", "PMID": 390383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8953", "title": "Mutagens in coffee and tea.", "content": "Coffee prepared in the usual way for drinking contains a substance(s) that is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without mammalian microsomal enzymes. One cup of coffee (200 ml) contains mutagen(s) inducing 1.4-4.6 X 10(5) revertants under standard conditions. Instant coffee too is mutagenic to TA100 and one cup of instant coffee prepared from 1 g of coffee powder and 200 ml of water induced 5.6-5.8 X 10(4) revertants of TA100. Caffeine-free instant coffee also has similar mutagenicity. Addition of microsomal enzymes abolished the mutagenicity. Black tea, green tea and Japanese roasted tea were also mutagenic to TA100 without S9 mix and one cup of these teas prepared in the ordinary way produced 1.7-3.8 X 10(4) revertants of TA100. Black tea and green tea were also mutagenic to TA98 in the presence of S9 mix after treatment with a glycosidase from Aspergillus niger, hesperidinase. This type of mutagen in one cup of black tea induced 2.4 X 10(5) revertants of TA98.", "contents": "Mutagens in coffee and tea. Coffee prepared in the usual way for drinking contains a substance(s) that is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without mammalian microsomal enzymes. One cup of coffee (200 ml) contains mutagen(s) inducing 1.4-4.6 X 10(5) revertants under standard conditions. Instant coffee too is mutagenic to TA100 and one cup of instant coffee prepared from 1 g of coffee powder and 200 ml of water induced 5.6-5.8 X 10(4) revertants of TA100. Caffeine-free instant coffee also has similar mutagenicity. Addition of microsomal enzymes abolished the mutagenicity. Black tea, green tea and Japanese roasted tea were also mutagenic to TA100 without S9 mix and one cup of these teas prepared in the ordinary way produced 1.7-3.8 X 10(4) revertants of TA100. Black tea and green tea were also mutagenic to TA98 in the presence of S9 mix after treatment with a glycosidase from Aspergillus niger, hesperidinase. This type of mutagen in one cup of black tea induced 2.4 X 10(5) revertants of TA98.", "PMID": 390384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8954", "title": "Mutagens in Japanese pickle identified as flavonoids.", "content": "A kind of Japanese pickel was mutagenic to TA100 and TA98 with S9 mix. Its activity was one sixth that of the Chinese pickle from Linhsien County (China), reported previously. Mutagens in this Japanese pickle were isolated; the main component was identified as kaempferol, and a minor component as isorhamnetin. Flavonoids are ubiquitous and the principles identified, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, do not seem to be specific to the pickle vegetable, implying that the mutagenic substances responsible for the high incidence of human cancer in China remain to be identified.", "contents": "Mutagens in Japanese pickle identified as flavonoids. A kind of Japanese pickel was mutagenic to TA100 and TA98 with S9 mix. Its activity was one sixth that of the Chinese pickle from Linhsien County (China), reported previously. Mutagens in this Japanese pickle were isolated; the main component was identified as kaempferol, and a minor component as isorhamnetin. Flavonoids are ubiquitous and the principles identified, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, do not seem to be specific to the pickle vegetable, implying that the mutagenic substances responsible for the high incidence of human cancer in China remain to be identified.", "PMID": 390386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8955", "title": "Genetic effect of 3-carbethoxypsoralen, angelicin, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-nm irradiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of reversions, mitotic crossing-over, gene conversion and cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations.", "content": "The genetic effects of two mono-functional photosensitizing furocoumarins, 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs) and angelicin, were compared with those of two bi-functional furocoumarins, 8-methoxypsoralen and psoralen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A drug concentration of 5 X 10(-5) M plus various doses of 365-nm irradiation at a dose rate of 1.2 kJ m-2 min-1 were used. Per dose of 365-nm irradiation, the frequency of induced nuclear events such as gene mutation and mitotic recombination (conversion and crossing-over) is higher for the bi-functional than for the mono-functional compounds. The higher efficiency of the bi-functional furocoumarins is also evident when the frequency of mutants is expressed as a function of survival. However, the photo-addition of the 4 furocoumarins studied leads to the same response for the induction of recombinational events per viable cell. Amongst genetically altered colonies induced in the diploid strains D5 and D7, the colonies corresponding to the induction of crossing-over are effectively produced by bi-functional furocoumarins, but are rare (D7) or even absent (D5) after treatment with monofunctional furocoumarins. This suggests a certain specificity of genetic alterations produced by the bi-functional agents. 3-CPs is the most effective inducer on the cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutation in stationary phase cells per unit irradiation dose or per viable cell.", "contents": "Genetic effect of 3-carbethoxypsoralen, angelicin, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-nm irradiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of reversions, mitotic crossing-over, gene conversion and cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations. The genetic effects of two mono-functional photosensitizing furocoumarins, 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs) and angelicin, were compared with those of two bi-functional furocoumarins, 8-methoxypsoralen and psoralen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A drug concentration of 5 X 10(-5) M plus various doses of 365-nm irradiation at a dose rate of 1.2 kJ m-2 min-1 were used. Per dose of 365-nm irradiation, the frequency of induced nuclear events such as gene mutation and mitotic recombination (conversion and crossing-over) is higher for the bi-functional than for the mono-functional compounds. The higher efficiency of the bi-functional furocoumarins is also evident when the frequency of mutants is expressed as a function of survival. However, the photo-addition of the 4 furocoumarins studied leads to the same response for the induction of recombinational events per viable cell. Amongst genetically altered colonies induced in the diploid strains D5 and D7, the colonies corresponding to the induction of crossing-over are effectively produced by bi-functional furocoumarins, but are rare (D7) or even absent (D5) after treatment with monofunctional furocoumarins. This suggests a certain specificity of genetic alterations produced by the bi-functional agents. 3-CPs is the most effective inducer on the cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutation in stationary phase cells per unit irradiation dose or per viable cell.", "PMID": 390387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8956", "title": "Investigation into the mutagenic activity of azathioprine (Imuran) in different test systems.", "content": "The chromosome-damaging effect of azathioprine (Imuran) was investigated in the micronucleus test with mice and rats, in the pertussis-stimulated lymphocyte metaphase test with rabbits, and in children on azathioprine therapy. In the micronucleus test, there was a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with micronuclei. The dose was given twice in 24 h, i.p., 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for mice, and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for rats. In the lymphocyte test, a dose of 5 and 20 mg azathioprine per kg body weight was given orally to rabbits on three successive days after pertussis injection. Compared with treatment in the control group these treatments induced a significantly increased number of cells with chromosomal abnormalities. These results were confirmed in lymphocyte cultures of children on long-term azathioprine therapy after kidney transplantation, where an increase in the number of structural chromosomal abnormalities was observed.", "contents": "Investigation into the mutagenic activity of azathioprine (Imuran) in different test systems. The chromosome-damaging effect of azathioprine (Imuran) was investigated in the micronucleus test with mice and rats, in the pertussis-stimulated lymphocyte metaphase test with rabbits, and in children on azathioprine therapy. In the micronucleus test, there was a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with micronuclei. The dose was given twice in 24 h, i.p., 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for mice, and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for rats. In the lymphocyte test, a dose of 5 and 20 mg azathioprine per kg body weight was given orally to rabbits on three successive days after pertussis injection. Compared with treatment in the control group these treatments induced a significantly increased number of cells with chromosomal abnormalities. These results were confirmed in lymphocyte cultures of children on long-term azathioprine therapy after kidney transplantation, where an increase in the number of structural chromosomal abnormalities was observed.", "PMID": 390388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8957", "title": "Mutational studies with diquat and paraquat in vitro.", "content": "Diquat and paraquat were assayed in the following tests. (1) Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100) with and without rat-liver microsomal fractions. (2) Resistance to 8-azaguanine in Salmonella typhimurium (strain hisG46, TA92 and TA1535. (3) Repair test in Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA1538 and TA1978). (4) Gene mutations in Aspergillus nidulans: 8-AG resistance and methionine suppression (meth A1 locus). (5) Lethal recessive damage in Aspergillus nidulans. (6) Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human epithelial-like cells (EUE). Diquat and paraquat were positive in S. typhimurium (in the repair test and the 8-AG resistance system), in A. nidulans (for gene mutations and lethal recessive damage induction) and in EUE cells (UDS induction).", "contents": "Mutational studies with diquat and paraquat in vitro. Diquat and paraquat were assayed in the following tests. (1) Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100) with and without rat-liver microsomal fractions. (2) Resistance to 8-azaguanine in Salmonella typhimurium (strain hisG46, TA92 and TA1535. (3) Repair test in Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA1538 and TA1978). (4) Gene mutations in Aspergillus nidulans: 8-AG resistance and methionine suppression (meth A1 locus). (5) Lethal recessive damage in Aspergillus nidulans. (6) Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human epithelial-like cells (EUE). Diquat and paraquat were positive in S. typhimurium (in the repair test and the 8-AG resistance system), in A. nidulans (for gene mutations and lethal recessive damage induction) and in EUE cells (UDS induction).", "PMID": 390391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8958", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrosamines formed from nitrosation of spermidine.", "content": "5 nitrosamines formed from the nitrosation of spermidine were investigated for mutagenicity using various strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Using the plate incorporation method, 3-butenyl-(2-propenyl)-N-nitrosamine, 3-hydroxybutyl (2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, 4-hyroxybutyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, 4 hydroxybutyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, and in the liquid test 3-hydroxybutyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine were mutagenic in the absence of S9 mix.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrosamines formed from nitrosation of spermidine. 5 nitrosamines formed from the nitrosation of spermidine were investigated for mutagenicity using various strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Using the plate incorporation method, 3-butenyl-(2-propenyl)-N-nitrosamine, 3-hydroxybutyl (2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, 4-hyroxybutyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, 4 hydroxybutyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine, and in the liquid test 3-hydroxybutyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosamine were mutagenic in the absence of S9 mix.", "PMID": 390392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8959", "title": "Mutagenic and colicine-inducing activity of two antioxidants: pyrogallol and purpurogallin.", "content": "The antioxidants pyrogallol and its oxidative derivative, purpurogallin, both induce colicine E2 as well as base substitution and frameshift mutations. Because of the bactericidal effect of purpurogallin, its mutagenicity could be best demonstrated by short-term exposure followed by dilution on the test plates. The colicine-inducing potential of purpurogallin was also observed when tested directly on the plates.", "contents": "Mutagenic and colicine-inducing activity of two antioxidants: pyrogallol and purpurogallin. The antioxidants pyrogallol and its oxidative derivative, purpurogallin, both induce colicine E2 as well as base substitution and frameshift mutations. Because of the bactericidal effect of purpurogallin, its mutagenicity could be best demonstrated by short-term exposure followed by dilution on the test plates. The colicine-inducing potential of purpurogallin was also observed when tested directly on the plates.", "PMID": 390393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8960", "title": "Mutagenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test.", "content": "The mutagenicities of 7 pyrrolizidine alkaloids to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were demonstrated by a modified Ames's method. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids found to be mutagenic were clivorine, fukinotoxin, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, ligularidine, LX201 and senkirkine. Pre-incubation of these alkaloids with S9 mix and bacteria in a liquid medium was essential for demonstration of their mutagenicities.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. The mutagenicities of 7 pyrrolizidine alkaloids to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were demonstrated by a modified Ames's method. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids found to be mutagenic were clivorine, fukinotoxin, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, ligularidine, LX201 and senkirkine. Pre-incubation of these alkaloids with S9 mix and bacteria in a liquid medium was essential for demonstration of their mutagenicities.", "PMID": 390394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8961", "title": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell-transformation screening of N-(2,3-epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide.", "content": "N-(2,3-Epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide (EPP) was tested for genetic activity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 with and without rat S9. It was inactive in strain TA1538, and active without rat S9 in TA98 at the high dose. EPP induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of an exogenous activating system. EPP produced dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster-embryo cells, and transformed secondary hamster-embryo cells in a non-dose-related fashion. At a dose of 5 g/kg p.o. or i.m., EPP was inactive in the host-mediated assay using C57Bl/6XC3H mice and S. typhimurium strain TA1535. Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of EPP at 1000 mg/kg.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell-transformation screening of N-(2,3-epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide. N-(2,3-Epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide (EPP) was tested for genetic activity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 with and without rat S9. It was inactive in strain TA1538, and active without rat S9 in TA98 at the high dose. EPP induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of an exogenous activating system. EPP produced dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster-embryo cells, and transformed secondary hamster-embryo cells in a non-dose-related fashion. At a dose of 5 g/kg p.o. or i.m., EPP was inactive in the host-mediated assay using C57Bl/6XC3H mice and S. typhimurium strain TA1535. Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of EPP at 1000 mg/kg.", "PMID": 390395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8962", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in the liver of mice vaccinated against malaria.", "content": "Mice can be protected against several species of lethal malaria infection by vaccination, and their recovery correlates well with increased anti-malarial antibody levels, particularly IgG (ref.2). However, there is also a good correlation between protection by vaccines and priming for delayed-type hypersensitivity in the skin, although there is no obvious explanation for this effect. We now report an apparent relationship between protection and a cell-mediated immune response involving the migration of various types of cell capable of killing malaria parasites in vitro to the liver. We suggest that the effect of vaccination is to bring together parasites, specific antibody and nonspecific cytotoxic cells, and that the liver may be a major site for their interaction.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in the liver of mice vaccinated against malaria. Mice can be protected against several species of lethal malaria infection by vaccination, and their recovery correlates well with increased anti-malarial antibody levels, particularly IgG (ref.2). However, there is also a good correlation between protection by vaccines and priming for delayed-type hypersensitivity in the skin, although there is no obvious explanation for this effect. We now report an apparent relationship between protection and a cell-mediated immune response involving the migration of various types of cell capable of killing malaria parasites in vitro to the liver. We suggest that the effect of vaccination is to bring together parasites, specific antibody and nonspecific cytotoxic cells, and that the liver may be a major site for their interaction.", "PMID": 390399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8963", "title": "Identification of the protein encoded by the transposable element Tn3 which is required for its transposition.", "content": "Protein products have now been identified which account for the entire coding capacity of the transposable element Tn3. Mutations in Tn3 have allowed us to map the genes encoding each of these peptides and to identify their role in transposition. We have found that only a single Tn3-encoded peptide is required for transposition. Expression of this peptide is repressed by the product of a second gene, which is itself autogenously regulated.", "contents": "Identification of the protein encoded by the transposable element Tn3 which is required for its transposition. Protein products have now been identified which account for the entire coding capacity of the transposable element Tn3. Mutations in Tn3 have allowed us to map the genes encoding each of these peptides and to identify their role in transposition. We have found that only a single Tn3-encoded peptide is required for transposition. Expression of this peptide is repressed by the product of a second gene, which is itself autogenously regulated.", "PMID": 390401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8964", "title": "Transposition protein of Tn3: identification and characterisation of an essential repressor-controlled gene product.", "content": "Fusions that bring lac gene expression under the control of transcriptional and translational signals within the Tn3 element have been used to identify and characterise a Tn3-encoded 'transposase' (Tnp) peptide of MW 100,000 essential for transposition. The gene specifying this product is regulated by the Tn3 repressor protein and is part of a bidirectional genetic unit that includes the repressor gene.", "contents": "Transposition protein of Tn3: identification and characterisation of an essential repressor-controlled gene product. Fusions that bring lac gene expression under the control of transcriptional and translational signals within the Tn3 element have been used to identify and characterise a Tn3-encoded 'transposase' (Tnp) peptide of MW 100,000 essential for transposition. The gene specifying this product is regulated by the Tn3 repressor protein and is part of a bidirectional genetic unit that includes the repressor gene.", "PMID": 390402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8965", "title": "Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9.", "content": "The transposable genetic element Tn9 consists of two direct repeats of the insertion sequence IS1 flanking a region of 1,102 base pairs which determines chloramphenicol resistance. Transposition of Tn9 leads to the duplication of a 9-base pair sequence which preexists at the site of insertion. One copy of this sequence is found at each end of the inserted element. The chloramphenicol resistance determined by Tn9, and by various other R plasmids, is due to the synthesis of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). This enzyme catalyses the formation of acetylated derivatives of chloramphenicol which are inactive as inhibitors of protein synthesis. By using the chain termination technique of DNA sequencing, we have now determined the nucleotide sequence of the 1,102 base pair region between the directly repeated IS1 sequence in the bacterial transposon Tn9 (encoding chloramphenicol resistance). The amino acid sequence of CAT predicted from the nucleotide sequence is identical to that determined by Shaw and coworkers. An analysis of the sequence suggests that the internal 1,102 base pair region is not directly involved in transposition.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9. The transposable genetic element Tn9 consists of two direct repeats of the insertion sequence IS1 flanking a region of 1,102 base pairs which determines chloramphenicol resistance. Transposition of Tn9 leads to the duplication of a 9-base pair sequence which preexists at the site of insertion. One copy of this sequence is found at each end of the inserted element. The chloramphenicol resistance determined by Tn9, and by various other R plasmids, is due to the synthesis of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). This enzyme catalyses the formation of acetylated derivatives of chloramphenicol which are inactive as inhibitors of protein synthesis. By using the chain termination technique of DNA sequencing, we have now determined the nucleotide sequence of the 1,102 base pair region between the directly repeated IS1 sequence in the bacterial transposon Tn9 (encoding chloramphenicol resistance). The amino acid sequence of CAT predicted from the nucleotide sequence is identical to that determined by Shaw and coworkers. An analysis of the sequence suggests that the internal 1,102 base pair region is not directly involved in transposition.", "PMID": 390403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8966", "title": "Primary structure of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase specified by R plasmids.", "content": "Naturally occurring isolates of chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria commonly synthesise chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.28; CAT) in amounts which are sufficient to account for the resistance phenotype and often harbour plasmids which carry the structural gene for CAT. The findings of CAT in such diverse prokaryotes as Proteus mirabilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Streptomyces sp., and a soil Flavobacterium has led to speculation concerning the origin and evolution of the more commonly observed CAT variants specified by plasmids in clinically important bacteria. To provide a more solid basis for studying the evolution and spread of CAT within prokaryotes we chose to determine the complete amino acid sequence of a type I variant of CAT, the variant known to be associated with most F-like plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance. The sequence has been determined by combining the results obtained from manual and automated sequential degradation with those obtained by mass spectrometry of peptides generated by enzymatic digestion. The directly determined primary structure is identical with that predicted by the DNA sequence analysis of the chloramphenicol resistance transponson Tn9 known to specify a type I variant of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.", "contents": "Primary structure of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase specified by R plasmids. Naturally occurring isolates of chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria commonly synthesise chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.28; CAT) in amounts which are sufficient to account for the resistance phenotype and often harbour plasmids which carry the structural gene for CAT. The findings of CAT in such diverse prokaryotes as Proteus mirabilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Streptomyces sp., and a soil Flavobacterium has led to speculation concerning the origin and evolution of the more commonly observed CAT variants specified by plasmids in clinically important bacteria. To provide a more solid basis for studying the evolution and spread of CAT within prokaryotes we chose to determine the complete amino acid sequence of a type I variant of CAT, the variant known to be associated with most F-like plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance. The sequence has been determined by combining the results obtained from manual and automated sequential degradation with those obtained by mass spectrometry of peptides generated by enzymatic digestion. The directly determined primary structure is identical with that predicted by the DNA sequence analysis of the chloramphenicol resistance transponson Tn9 known to specify a type I variant of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.", "PMID": 390404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8967", "title": "E. coli ribosomal RNA contains sequences homologous to insertion sequences IS1 and IS2.", "content": "The insertion sequence (IS) elements, IS1 and IS2, present in multiple copies in the Escherichia coli chromosome, are transposable genetic elements of known nucleotide sequence. These elements can modulate gene expression, but it is not known whether they normally function in genetic control. To determine whether IS elements could exert control through specific RNA transcripts, we hybridised lambda NNC1857 r14 (carrying IS1) and pBR322 (carrying a portion of IS2) to Northern blots of E. coli RNA. Regions of homology between the IS elements and ribosomal RNA were observed. Computer analysis of reported nucleotide sequences detected large segments of homology between the IS elements and both 23S and 16S rRNA. Additional homologous sequences in phi X174 and a leader region of a ribosomal protein gene cluster were also detected. The homologous sequence between IS2 and 16S rTNA is the same sequence in phi X174 DNA which codes for the ends of the E and D gene and the start of J. The partial IS sequences may represent silent evolutionary remnants or they could modulate the expression of genes carrying these sequences.", "contents": "E. coli ribosomal RNA contains sequences homologous to insertion sequences IS1 and IS2. The insertion sequence (IS) elements, IS1 and IS2, present in multiple copies in the Escherichia coli chromosome, are transposable genetic elements of known nucleotide sequence. These elements can modulate gene expression, but it is not known whether they normally function in genetic control. To determine whether IS elements could exert control through specific RNA transcripts, we hybridised lambda NNC1857 r14 (carrying IS1) and pBR322 (carrying a portion of IS2) to Northern blots of E. coli RNA. Regions of homology between the IS elements and ribosomal RNA were observed. Computer analysis of reported nucleotide sequences detected large segments of homology between the IS elements and both 23S and 16S rRNA. Additional homologous sequences in phi X174 and a leader region of a ribosomal protein gene cluster were also detected. The homologous sequence between IS2 and 16S rTNA is the same sequence in phi X174 DNA which codes for the ends of the E and D gene and the start of J. The partial IS sequences may represent silent evolutionary remnants or they could modulate the expression of genes carrying these sequences.", "PMID": 390405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8968", "title": "Short-term effect of the lesion of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis on hypothalamic LH-RH and serum LH, FSH and prolactin in adult female rats.", "content": "The short-term effect of the mechanical lesion of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) was investigated in 4-day cycling female rats. The lesions were performed on the 2nd day of diestrus, and the animals were killed by decapitation 30 h after the lesion. Serum LH, FSH and prolactin and hypothalamic LH-RH content of 3 different parts of the hypothalamus were determined with radioimmunoassay. OVLT lesion caused a significant increase in the LH-RH content of the mid-basal hypothalamus and in serum prolactin levels and a decrease in LH and FSH serum levels. The results support the view that the OVLT may play a role in the control of pituitary gonadotrophic hormone secretion.", "contents": "Short-term effect of the lesion of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis on hypothalamic LH-RH and serum LH, FSH and prolactin in adult female rats. The short-term effect of the mechanical lesion of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) was investigated in 4-day cycling female rats. The lesions were performed on the 2nd day of diestrus, and the animals were killed by decapitation 30 h after the lesion. Serum LH, FSH and prolactin and hypothalamic LH-RH content of 3 different parts of the hypothalamus were determined with radioimmunoassay. OVLT lesion caused a significant increase in the LH-RH content of the mid-basal hypothalamus and in serum prolactin levels and a decrease in LH and FSH serum levels. The results support the view that the OVLT may play a role in the control of pituitary gonadotrophic hormone secretion.", "PMID": 390415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8969", "title": "Late radiation damage to the central nervous system: a radiobiological interpretation.", "content": "The evidence in support of the two opposing views as to the pathogenesis of late radiation damage to the central nervous system after therapeutic doses of radiation are briefly reviewed. Analysis of the radiation dose levels used by various investigators holding opposing views as to pathogenesis of CNS lesions they reported, suggests that both groups of protagonists were in part correct. Both vascular and glial changes are important in the development of late radiation damage to the nervous system; the preponderance of one or the other type of cell damage depends upon the radiation dose. Vascular effects occur at lower dose levels but after a longer latent period than effects mediated through damage to neuroglia. Current radiobiological concepts and their possible importance in establishing the radiosensitivity of the central nervous system are discussed. The origins of both vascular and neuroglial cell mediated changes are discussed in terms of the reproductive loss of radiation damaged cells. This view is supported by some recent experimental findings. The radiobiological basis of some recently investigated treatment modalities aimed at improving the control of intracranial gliomata by radiotherapy are also considered.", "contents": "Late radiation damage to the central nervous system: a radiobiological interpretation. The evidence in support of the two opposing views as to the pathogenesis of late radiation damage to the central nervous system after therapeutic doses of radiation are briefly reviewed. Analysis of the radiation dose levels used by various investigators holding opposing views as to pathogenesis of CNS lesions they reported, suggests that both groups of protagonists were in part correct. Both vascular and glial changes are important in the development of late radiation damage to the nervous system; the preponderance of one or the other type of cell damage depends upon the radiation dose. Vascular effects occur at lower dose levels but after a longer latent period than effects mediated through damage to neuroglia. Current radiobiological concepts and their possible importance in establishing the radiosensitivity of the central nervous system are discussed. The origins of both vascular and neuroglial cell mediated changes are discussed in terms of the reproductive loss of radiation damaged cells. This view is supported by some recent experimental findings. The radiobiological basis of some recently investigated treatment modalities aimed at improving the control of intracranial gliomata by radiotherapy are also considered.", "PMID": 390414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8970", "title": "[Clinico-immunological study of 6 cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease].", "content": "6 cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease are reported. Diagnosis was particularly arduous because the typical triad of symptoms (oral aphthae, genital ulcers, uveitis) was masked by secondary disturbances in other organs and systems. Immunology confirmed the presence in these patients of changes in various in vivo and in vitro tests and particularly interesting was the aspecific cutaneous hypersensitivity seen in 5 cases and enhanced lymphocyte blastic transformation. This was seen spontaneously and following PHA. On the basis of the outcome of the studies carried out and the literature data, the possibility that Beh\u00e7et's disease may contain immunological changes and changes in the mechanisms that regulate quinine, complement and clotting activation is suggested. Therapeutically, confirmation was obtained of the effectiveness, at least temporarily, of corticosteroid treatment and antilymphocyte globulin was experimented for the first time in these patients. This might be used to replace the immune depressant antiblastic substances already successfully employed in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "[Clinico-immunological study of 6 cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease]. 6 cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease are reported. Diagnosis was particularly arduous because the typical triad of symptoms (oral aphthae, genital ulcers, uveitis) was masked by secondary disturbances in other organs and systems. Immunology confirmed the presence in these patients of changes in various in vivo and in vitro tests and particularly interesting was the aspecific cutaneous hypersensitivity seen in 5 cases and enhanced lymphocyte blastic transformation. This was seen spontaneously and following PHA. On the basis of the outcome of the studies carried out and the literature data, the possibility that Beh\u00e7et's disease may contain immunological changes and changes in the mechanisms that regulate quinine, complement and clotting activation is suggested. Therapeutically, confirmation was obtained of the effectiveness, at least temporarily, of corticosteroid treatment and antilymphocyte globulin was experimented for the first time in these patients. This might be used to replace the immune depressant antiblastic substances already successfully employed in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "PMID": 390423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8971", "title": "Hypothalamic monoamine contents in endotoxin fever of new-born guinea pigs and kittens.", "content": "In new-born guinea pigs and kittens Escherichia coli endotoxin did not significantly modify the hypothalamic level of either norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content was significantly elevated in endotoxin-treated animals, but this elevation was confined to a period following the endotoxin injections by about 60 min in guinea pigs and 75-90 min in kittens.", "contents": "Hypothalamic monoamine contents in endotoxin fever of new-born guinea pigs and kittens. In new-born guinea pigs and kittens Escherichia coli endotoxin did not significantly modify the hypothalamic level of either norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content was significantly elevated in endotoxin-treated animals, but this elevation was confined to a period following the endotoxin injections by about 60 min in guinea pigs and 75-90 min in kittens.", "PMID": 390425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8972", "title": "Simple gas-chromatographic measurement of valproic acid in psychiatric patients: effect on levels of other simultaneously administered anticonvulsants.", "content": "A simple, rapid and precise gas-chromatographic procedure which involves one-step extraction and on-column methylation for routine clinical monitoring of plasma valproic acid levels is described. Six other commonly, simultaneously administered anticonvulsants can also be determined by substituting methylene chloride for chloroform for extraction and changing the column temperature. Also, described is the effect of valproic acid on blood levels of other simultaneously administered anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Simple gas-chromatographic measurement of valproic acid in psychiatric patients: effect on levels of other simultaneously administered anticonvulsants. A simple, rapid and precise gas-chromatographic procedure which involves one-step extraction and on-column methylation for routine clinical monitoring of plasma valproic acid levels is described. Six other commonly, simultaneously administered anticonvulsants can also be determined by substituting methylene chloride for chloroform for extraction and changing the column temperature. Also, described is the effect of valproic acid on blood levels of other simultaneously administered anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 390426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8973", "title": "Fetoscopy in the practice of perinatology and obstetrics.", "content": "The clinical indications for fetoscopy in perinatal medicine are encompassing an ever widening circle of inherited diseases and teratologically induced disorders that can now or potentially be diagnosed in utero. Fetoscopy, which has evolved over the past 20 years into a clinically accepted procedure, is not without risk to the pregnant mother and the fetus. When the decision is made to perform the procedure, its merits should outweigh its inherent risks and it should be performed by a perinatologist experienced in the technique. Fetoscopy is appropriate when the fetus is at risk for teratologically induced malformation, inherited blood dyscrasias, sex-linked or autosomal abnormalities with gross malformations, or neural tube disorders that cannot be diagnosed by amniocentesis. Technical improvements should result in increased refinement and wider applicability of the technique in the future.", "contents": "Fetoscopy in the practice of perinatology and obstetrics. The clinical indications for fetoscopy in perinatal medicine are encompassing an ever widening circle of inherited diseases and teratologically induced disorders that can now or potentially be diagnosed in utero. Fetoscopy, which has evolved over the past 20 years into a clinically accepted procedure, is not without risk to the pregnant mother and the fetus. When the decision is made to perform the procedure, its merits should outweigh its inherent risks and it should be performed by a perinatologist experienced in the technique. Fetoscopy is appropriate when the fetus is at risk for teratologically induced malformation, inherited blood dyscrasias, sex-linked or autosomal abnormalities with gross malformations, or neural tube disorders that cannot be diagnosed by amniocentesis. Technical improvements should result in increased refinement and wider applicability of the technique in the future.", "PMID": 390450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8974", "title": "Psychologic aspects of gynecology and obstetrics.", "content": "In the preceding pages, an attempt has been made to emphasize some of the more important psychologic aspects of gynecology and obstetrics. This review should be considered incomplete and the interested reader should refer to the many excellent papers and reviews on each of the topics mentioned and many more not mentioned. If there is any one guiding principle, it is that the obstetrician-gynecologist, more than most specialists, must be able to listen to and to hear the fears and anxieties of his or her patients. The need to include the patient as a partner with a controlling interest in her care is paramount. The gynecologist-obstetrician can truly become the patient's primary physician in the finest sense of the word.", "contents": "Psychologic aspects of gynecology and obstetrics. In the preceding pages, an attempt has been made to emphasize some of the more important psychologic aspects of gynecology and obstetrics. This review should be considered incomplete and the interested reader should refer to the many excellent papers and reviews on each of the topics mentioned and many more not mentioned. If there is any one guiding principle, it is that the obstetrician-gynecologist, more than most specialists, must be able to listen to and to hear the fears and anxieties of his or her patients. The need to include the patient as a partner with a controlling interest in her care is paramount. The gynecologist-obstetrician can truly become the patient's primary physician in the finest sense of the word.", "PMID": 390458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8975", "title": "Genetic counseling in primary obstetric care.", "content": "Of all health professionals the obstetrician is by far the best-equipped to integrate genetic counseling into health care delivery. As with most aspects of the practice of medicine, genetic information increases daily. The practicing obstetrician, by learning the fundamentals of genetics, can at least delineate at-risk situations. When a new situation arises he can either consult an up-to-date article or book 185--190 or refer the patient to the local genetic counseling clinic for further appraisal. By incorporating prospective counseling and in some cases retrospective counseling into his daily practice, the obstetrician can contribute greatly to the ideals of obstetrics, namely producing healthy children for his patients.", "contents": "Genetic counseling in primary obstetric care. Of all health professionals the obstetrician is by far the best-equipped to integrate genetic counseling into health care delivery. As with most aspects of the practice of medicine, genetic information increases daily. The practicing obstetrician, by learning the fundamentals of genetics, can at least delineate at-risk situations. When a new situation arises he can either consult an up-to-date article or book 185--190 or refer the patient to the local genetic counseling clinic for further appraisal. By incorporating prospective counseling and in some cases retrospective counseling into his daily practice, the obstetrician can contribute greatly to the ideals of obstetrics, namely producing healthy children for his patients.", "PMID": 390459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8976", "title": "The genetics of intersexuality: clinical and theoretic perspectives.", "content": "Recent studies using newly devised serologic techniques have dramatically advanced our understanding of gonadal organogenesis and aberrant sexual differentiation. Thus XY gonadal dysgenesis, XX male syndrome, and XX true hermaphroditism, for example, may be seen as typifying specific errors of regulation, synthesis, or function of a phylogenetically conserved plasma membrane component heretofore recognized solely as the male-specific transplantation antigen of mice. This report seeks to convey the excitement of these recent studies, and to provide the clinician with new and useful insights into the fundamental mechanism of primary sex determination.", "contents": "The genetics of intersexuality: clinical and theoretic perspectives. Recent studies using newly devised serologic techniques have dramatically advanced our understanding of gonadal organogenesis and aberrant sexual differentiation. Thus XY gonadal dysgenesis, XX male syndrome, and XX true hermaphroditism, for example, may be seen as typifying specific errors of regulation, synthesis, or function of a phylogenetically conserved plasma membrane component heretofore recognized solely as the male-specific transplantation antigen of mice. This report seeks to convey the excitement of these recent studies, and to provide the clinician with new and useful insights into the fundamental mechanism of primary sex determination.", "PMID": 390460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8977", "title": "[Cultivation of the isolated eye rudiments of birds and mammals].", "content": "The cultivated of isolated organs finds ever increasing use for studying urgent problems of normal development and causes of pathogenesis. The system of developing vertebrate eye is one of the models suitable for analysis of a wide range of problems. The organotypical development of isolated eye rudiments with typical morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of their parts are to be considered as criteria of their complete development. The elaboration of methods of complete cultivation of the early eye rudiments in vitro is one of the urgent tasks of the future, whereas there are methods which allow to grow eye rudiments successfully in vivo.", "contents": "[Cultivation of the isolated eye rudiments of birds and mammals]. The cultivated of isolated organs finds ever increasing use for studying urgent problems of normal development and causes of pathogenesis. The system of developing vertebrate eye is one of the models suitable for analysis of a wide range of problems. The organotypical development of isolated eye rudiments with typical morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of their parts are to be considered as criteria of their complete development. The elaboration of methods of complete cultivation of the early eye rudiments in vitro is one of the urgent tasks of the future, whereas there are methods which allow to grow eye rudiments successfully in vivo.", "PMID": 390465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8978", "title": "Eikenella corrodens: a pathogen in head and neck infections.", "content": "E. corrodens as a co-existent or primary causal agent in six cases of osteomyelitis or orofacial infections following trauma or elective dental extraction is presented. The importance of this facultative gram-negative bacillus as a head and neck pathogen is discussed.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodens: a pathogen in head and neck infections. E. corrodens as a co-existent or primary causal agent in six cases of osteomyelitis or orofacial infections following trauma or elective dental extraction is presented. The importance of this facultative gram-negative bacillus as a head and neck pathogen is discussed.", "PMID": 390466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8979", "title": "The bone marrow in polycythemia vera.", "content": "The sequential biopsies and the careful clinical and laboratory studies in this large prospective study of PV patients offer a unique opportunity to properly evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the biopsy and to study the complications of this condition. The results of the study to date confirm and extend previous studies. Because of the long natural history of PV, the results of studies relating to leukemia, other myeloproliferative diseases, myelofibrosis, and effects of therapy are tentative at this time, even though the study is in its eleventh year. Hypercellularity of the marrow, together with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of megakaryocytes, is an almost constant finding in untreated PV. A very few cases (7 of 281) had relatively normal cellularities and normal megakaryocytic concentrations. Whether these findings were the result of sampling errors could not be determined, since only one site was biopsied. In any event, we found no unique clinical or laboratory features to distinguish these patients. At this time, the course of these patients appears to be the same as that of the other patients. Although increases in reticulin were regularly found during the spent phase of polycythemia, the relationship was not a precise one. For example, a moderate to marked increase in reticulin was found in 12 percent of the patients early in the course of the disease and was not predictive that the spent phase with myeloid metaplasia was imminent. In addition, in a given patient with serial biopsies taken over several years, some variability in reticulin was noted among the biopsies. Whether this represented variation in sampling or fluctuation in reticulin content could not be decided at this time. Using the standard criteria for examination of the marrows, we have found it impossible to predict which patients will develop leukemia, since the pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies almost up to the clinical onset cannot be separated from the remainder of the group.", "contents": "The bone marrow in polycythemia vera. The sequential biopsies and the careful clinical and laboratory studies in this large prospective study of PV patients offer a unique opportunity to properly evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the biopsy and to study the complications of this condition. The results of the study to date confirm and extend previous studies. Because of the long natural history of PV, the results of studies relating to leukemia, other myeloproliferative diseases, myelofibrosis, and effects of therapy are tentative at this time, even though the study is in its eleventh year. Hypercellularity of the marrow, together with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of megakaryocytes, is an almost constant finding in untreated PV. A very few cases (7 of 281) had relatively normal cellularities and normal megakaryocytic concentrations. Whether these findings were the result of sampling errors could not be determined, since only one site was biopsied. In any event, we found no unique clinical or laboratory features to distinguish these patients. At this time, the course of these patients appears to be the same as that of the other patients. Although increases in reticulin were regularly found during the spent phase of polycythemia, the relationship was not a precise one. For example, a moderate to marked increase in reticulin was found in 12 percent of the patients early in the course of the disease and was not predictive that the spent phase with myeloid metaplasia was imminent. In addition, in a given patient with serial biopsies taken over several years, some variability in reticulin was noted among the biopsies. Whether this represented variation in sampling or fluctuation in reticulin content could not be decided at this time. Using the standard criteria for examination of the marrows, we have found it impossible to predict which patients will develop leukemia, since the pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies almost up to the clinical onset cannot be separated from the remainder of the group.", "PMID": 390480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8980", "title": "Toxicity of wheat flour proteins and protein-derived peptides for in vitro developing intestine from rat fetus.", "content": "A peptic-tryptic-cotazym (PTC) digest of a crude wheat gliadin preparation was obtained under experimental conditions simulating in vivo protein digestion and then fractionated into 10 peaks by ion-exchange chromatography. PTC-gliadin digest and one of its subfractions (coded as fraction 9 according to its elution pattern) were very active in inhibiting in vitro development and morphogenesis of small intestine from 17- and 18-day-old rat fetuses, whereas they were harmless for the culture of jejunum from 21-day-old fetuses. PTC-digest also induced extensive tissue degeneration and necrosis of in vitro cultured small intestinal mucosa from patients with active celiac disease (gluten-induced entheropathy), but did not cause any detectable effect on histologically normal human small intestinal mucosa. Some wheat albumin and gliadin fractions were also tested on in vitro developing small intestine from 17-day-old rat fetus. Among all the tested protein fractions, only one gliadin fraction (coded as alpha 10-gliadin from its gel electrophoretic mobility) exhibited a toxic effect; morphologic alterations induced by alpha 10-gliadin were similar to those induced by PTC-digest and fraction 9.", "contents": "Toxicity of wheat flour proteins and protein-derived peptides for in vitro developing intestine from rat fetus. A peptic-tryptic-cotazym (PTC) digest of a crude wheat gliadin preparation was obtained under experimental conditions simulating in vivo protein digestion and then fractionated into 10 peaks by ion-exchange chromatography. PTC-gliadin digest and one of its subfractions (coded as fraction 9 according to its elution pattern) were very active in inhibiting in vitro development and morphogenesis of small intestine from 17- and 18-day-old rat fetuses, whereas they were harmless for the culture of jejunum from 21-day-old fetuses. PTC-digest also induced extensive tissue degeneration and necrosis of in vitro cultured small intestinal mucosa from patients with active celiac disease (gluten-induced entheropathy), but did not cause any detectable effect on histologically normal human small intestinal mucosa. Some wheat albumin and gliadin fractions were also tested on in vitro developing small intestine from 17-day-old rat fetus. Among all the tested protein fractions, only one gliadin fraction (coded as alpha 10-gliadin from its gel electrophoretic mobility) exhibited a toxic effect; morphologic alterations induced by alpha 10-gliadin were similar to those induced by PTC-digest and fraction 9.", "PMID": 390482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8981", "title": "The working mother in contemporary perspective: a review of the literature.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on the dilemmas working mothers face due to the contradictory messages that emanate from both popular child-rearing books and clinical studies. A review of the working mothers' sections of popular child-rearing books, and an interdisciplinary review of research in the area of maternal employment over the last decade was conducted in order to assess current knowledge in the field. Both popular child-rearing books and books for the working mother tend to reflect the cultural norms of appropriate maternal behavior, but rarely include evidence from empirical research. Findings from a review of literature in medicine, psychology, sociology, and education are discussed in relation to effects of maternal employment on children and families. An understanding of recent research regarding maternal employment will enable the pediatrician to better respond to the needs of the working mothers and their families.", "contents": "The working mother in contemporary perspective: a review of the literature. The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on the dilemmas working mothers face due to the contradictory messages that emanate from both popular child-rearing books and clinical studies. A review of the working mothers' sections of popular child-rearing books, and an interdisciplinary review of research in the area of maternal employment over the last decade was conducted in order to assess current knowledge in the field. Both popular child-rearing books and books for the working mother tend to reflect the cultural norms of appropriate maternal behavior, but rarely include evidence from empirical research. Findings from a review of literature in medicine, psychology, sociology, and education are discussed in relation to effects of maternal employment on children and families. An understanding of recent research regarding maternal employment will enable the pediatrician to better respond to the needs of the working mothers and their families.", "PMID": 390486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8982", "title": "Campylobacter fetus infections in children.", "content": "There has been a gradual accumulation of reported Campylobacter fetus human infections since the first description in 1947. The taxonomy of these fastidious and morphologically confusing organisms has been recently revised and, in the past few years, through the use of selective culture medium for stool isolation C fetus has been implicated as a frequent paghogen in children. There are three relatively distinct patterns of human C fetus infection. The first, most frequent, pattern of disease is enteritis which is usually uncomplicated and due to C fetus subsp jejuni. A second form of disease consists of focal infections, often associated with vasculitis and/or chronic bacteremia. These infections, due to C fetus subsp intestinalis, are seen most often in older, debilitated, or chronically ill men. The third pattern, perinatal infections causing abortion, prematurity, and neonatal meningitis, is the least frequent, but these infections are usually fetal to the fetus or infant and are also due to C fetus subsp intestinalis.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus infections in children. There has been a gradual accumulation of reported Campylobacter fetus human infections since the first description in 1947. The taxonomy of these fastidious and morphologically confusing organisms has been recently revised and, in the past few years, through the use of selective culture medium for stool isolation C fetus has been implicated as a frequent paghogen in children. There are three relatively distinct patterns of human C fetus infection. The first, most frequent, pattern of disease is enteritis which is usually uncomplicated and due to C fetus subsp jejuni. A second form of disease consists of focal infections, often associated with vasculitis and/or chronic bacteremia. These infections, due to C fetus subsp intestinalis, are seen most often in older, debilitated, or chronically ill men. The third pattern, perinatal infections causing abortion, prematurity, and neonatal meningitis, is the least frequent, but these infections are usually fetal to the fetus or infant and are also due to C fetus subsp intestinalis.", "PMID": 390487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8983", "title": "Isolated pulmonary leukemic relapse following successful bone marrow transplant in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Leukemic relapse and interstitial pneumonitis are common complications for leukemic patients following bone marrow transplantation. We present the case of a successful bone marrow transplantation patient who developed an interstitial infiltrate on chest roentgenogram 212 days post-transplant that was diagnosed by open lung biopsy and found to be a leukemic relapse of the lung parenchyma. No extrapulmonary sites were involved and the infiltrate cleared in three weeks with systemic chemotherapy. Pulmonary function tests continued to demonstrate restrictive disease. The patient remained in remission for nine months following  pulmonary relapse on systemic chemotherapy. This patient illustrates an unusual site of leukemic relapse and the importance of open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of the immunosuppressed patient with a pulmonary infiltrate.", "contents": "Isolated pulmonary leukemic relapse following successful bone marrow transplant in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemic relapse and interstitial pneumonitis are common complications for leukemic patients following bone marrow transplantation. We present the case of a successful bone marrow transplantation patient who developed an interstitial infiltrate on chest roentgenogram 212 days post-transplant that was diagnosed by open lung biopsy and found to be a leukemic relapse of the lung parenchyma. No extrapulmonary sites were involved and the infiltrate cleared in three weeks with systemic chemotherapy. Pulmonary function tests continued to demonstrate restrictive disease. The patient remained in remission for nine months following  pulmonary relapse on systemic chemotherapy. This patient illustrates an unusual site of leukemic relapse and the importance of open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of the immunosuppressed patient with a pulmonary infiltrate.", "PMID": 390489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8984", "title": "45Ca2+ uptake by dispersed pancreatic islet cells: effect of D-glucose and the calcium probe, chlorotetracycline.", "content": "Uptake of 45Ca2+ was studied in dispersed pancreatic islet cells from non-inbred ob/ob-mice. Like whole islets the dispersed cells responded to 20 mM D-glucose with a markedly increased 45Ca2+-labeling of both the lanthanum-nondisplaceable and the lanthanum-displaceable calcium pools. The pronounced effect of D-glucose could not be reproduced with 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, L-glucose, D-mannose, L-leucine, or D-leucine; however, 45Ca2+ uptake was greater in the presence of L-leucine as compared with D-leucine. 45Ca2+ uptake by dispersed cells or whole islets was stimulated severalfold by 100 microM or more chlorotetracycline. At the concentration of only 10 microM, chlorotetracycline had no effect on whole islets and partially inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake by the dispersed cells. The ability of D-glucose to stimulate 45Ca2+ uptake by islets or dispersed cells remained in the presence of 10 microM chlorotetracycline. Islet cell suspensions apparently represent a valid model for studying how Ca2+ interacts with the cells. However, when using chlorotetracycline as fluorescent Ca2+ probe, attention must be paid to it potential ionophoric activity. At only 10 microM, the drug seems to monitor a peripheral pool of Ca2+, some of which may reside in normal transport channels.", "contents": "45Ca2+ uptake by dispersed pancreatic islet cells: effect of D-glucose and the calcium probe, chlorotetracycline. Uptake of 45Ca2+ was studied in dispersed pancreatic islet cells from non-inbred ob/ob-mice. Like whole islets the dispersed cells responded to 20 mM D-glucose with a markedly increased 45Ca2+-labeling of both the lanthanum-nondisplaceable and the lanthanum-displaceable calcium pools. The pronounced effect of D-glucose could not be reproduced with 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, L-glucose, D-mannose, L-leucine, or D-leucine; however, 45Ca2+ uptake was greater in the presence of L-leucine as compared with D-leucine. 45Ca2+ uptake by dispersed cells or whole islets was stimulated severalfold by 100 microM or more chlorotetracycline. At the concentration of only 10 microM, chlorotetracycline had no effect on whole islets and partially inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake by the dispersed cells. The ability of D-glucose to stimulate 45Ca2+ uptake by islets or dispersed cells remained in the presence of 10 microM chlorotetracycline. Islet cell suspensions apparently represent a valid model for studying how Ca2+ interacts with the cells. However, when using chlorotetracycline as fluorescent Ca2+ probe, attention must be paid to it potential ionophoric activity. At only 10 microM, the drug seems to monitor a peripheral pool of Ca2+, some of which may reside in normal transport channels.", "PMID": 390493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8985", "title": "Transplantation haemopoiesis. Morphological bone marrow studies after allogeneic marrow transplantation in man for severe aplastic anaemia and acute leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow (BM) morphology was studied in patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Four patients with SAA had marrow transplanted from HLA-identical siblings after conditioning with cyclophosphamide (CY); three cases of AML were treated with allogeneic BMT. The medullary material was generally obtained by aspiration, but treated so as to preserve its architecture; fresh, postvital preparations were particularly useful for this purpose. In SAA, the bone marrow before transplantation showed dense infiltrates composed of macrophages and other inflammatory cells; after BMT, repopulation started at the periphery of the infiltrates, when they were not totally destroyed by CY. Granulocytic repopulation generally preceded erythropoiesis, which always occurred by way of typical erythroblastic reticulocytopoietic islands. Marked but transient dyserythropoiesis was found in two cases; in one of them, it was considered as drug-dependent. Both in SAA and in AML, but more so in the latter, a marked and sometimes imposing macrophagic hyperplasia was found after transplantation. Many macrophages were actively engulfing erythrocytes and nucleated cells. This last type appeared prominent in rejection episodes.", "contents": "Transplantation haemopoiesis. Morphological bone marrow studies after allogeneic marrow transplantation in man for severe aplastic anaemia and acute leukaemia. Bone marrow (BM) morphology was studied in patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Four patients with SAA had marrow transplanted from HLA-identical siblings after conditioning with cyclophosphamide (CY); three cases of AML were treated with allogeneic BMT. The medullary material was generally obtained by aspiration, but treated so as to preserve its architecture; fresh, postvital preparations were particularly useful for this purpose. In SAA, the bone marrow before transplantation showed dense infiltrates composed of macrophages and other inflammatory cells; after BMT, repopulation started at the periphery of the infiltrates, when they were not totally destroyed by CY. Granulocytic repopulation generally preceded erythropoiesis, which always occurred by way of typical erythroblastic reticulocytopoietic islands. Marked but transient dyserythropoiesis was found in two cases; in one of them, it was considered as drug-dependent. Both in SAA and in AML, but more so in the latter, a marked and sometimes imposing macrophagic hyperplasia was found after transplantation. Many macrophages were actively engulfing erythrocytes and nucleated cells. This last type appeared prominent in rejection episodes.", "PMID": 390494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8986", "title": "[Thrombopoietin and the control of platelet production (author's transl)].", "content": "Under normal conditions the circulating platelet mass is remarkably constant, which suggested early on that a negative feedback mechanism was involved in the control of thrombocytopoiesis. Furthermore, plasma or serum from thrombocytopenic animals or humans has been reported to stimulate platelet production when injected into laboratory animals, thus suggesting that it contained a thrombopoietin(s). During the past decade, the biochemistry and physiology of thrombopoietin have been studied. However, it is not now well established that thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein produced, at least in part, by the kidney. Moreover, particular attention may be directed to its machanism of action.", "contents": "[Thrombopoietin and the control of platelet production (author's transl)]. Under normal conditions the circulating platelet mass is remarkably constant, which suggested early on that a negative feedback mechanism was involved in the control of thrombocytopoiesis. Furthermore, plasma or serum from thrombocytopenic animals or humans has been reported to stimulate platelet production when injected into laboratory animals, thus suggesting that it contained a thrombopoietin(s). During the past decade, the biochemistry and physiology of thrombopoietin have been studied. However, it is not now well established that thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein produced, at least in part, by the kidney. Moreover, particular attention may be directed to its machanism of action.", "PMID": 390495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8987", "title": "Homology of the 3' terminal sequences of the 18S rRNA of Bombyx mori and the 16S rRNA of Escherchia coli.", "content": "The terminal 220 base pairs (bp) of the gene for 18S rRNA and 18 bp of the adjoining spacer rDNA of the silkworm Bombyx mori have been sequenced. Comparison with the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli has shown that a region including 45 bp of the B. mori sequence at the 3' end is remarkably homologous with the 3' terminal E. coli sequence. Other homologies occur in the terminal regions of the 18S and 16S rRNAs, including a perfectly conserved stretch of 13 bp within a longer homology located 150--200 bp from the 3' termini. These homologies are the most extensive so far reported between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomic DNA.", "contents": "Homology of the 3' terminal sequences of the 18S rRNA of Bombyx mori and the 16S rRNA of Escherchia coli. The terminal 220 base pairs (bp) of the gene for 18S rRNA and 18 bp of the adjoining spacer rDNA of the silkworm Bombyx mori have been sequenced. Comparison with the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli has shown that a region including 45 bp of the B. mori sequence at the 3' end is remarkably homologous with the 3' terminal E. coli sequence. Other homologies occur in the terminal regions of the 18S and 16S rRNAs, including a perfectly conserved stretch of 13 bp within a longer homology located 150--200 bp from the 3' termini. These homologies are the most extensive so far reported between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomic DNA.", "PMID": 390496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8988", "title": "Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates.", "content": "We have used a modification of the Berk-Sharp technique to determine that the 5' termini of the mouse 15 S beta-globin precursor and the mature mRNA have identical map coordinates. The modification involves the use of 5' (or 3') terminally labeled probes; it allows the detection of the precursor in the presence of excess mature mRNA.", "contents": "Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. We have used a modification of the Berk-Sharp technique to determine that the 5' termini of the mouse 15 S beta-globin precursor and the mature mRNA have identical map coordinates. The modification involves the use of 5' (or 3') terminally labeled probes; it allows the detection of the precursor in the presence of excess mature mRNA.", "PMID": 390497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8989", "title": "Nucleotide sequence determination of a strong promoter of the colicin E 1 plasmid. Analysis of restriction sites protected by RNA polymerase interactions before and after limited transcription.", "content": "This paper presents the location and nucleotide sequence of a strong promoter of ColE 1. This promoter is of interest because of its greatly enhanced activity in the supercoiled state of the plasmid DNA (3) and its possible role in the maintenance of the plasmid replicon (4). This strong promoter is located at the restriction endonuclease Hae III f-h site 0.13 map units from the single EcoR 1 site proximal to the origin of DNA replication. The nucleotide sequence of the Hpa II l fragment of ColE 1 which contains this promoter has been determined. Initiation of transcription at this promoter occurred at two positions. Limited transcription by omitting one of the four nucleotide triphosphates allowed transcription to proceed to the fourth (-UTP) and to the twelfth (-CTP) nucleotides respectively. This was used to probe the interaction between RNA polymerase and the ColE 10.13 promoter by means of restriction cutting at the Hae III site at =27 and the Hha I site at +17. RNA polymerase binding alone blocks restriction cutting at the HAE III site but not at the Hha I site. Limited transcrption to the fourth nucleotide resulted in blocking at both sites. Transcription to the twelfth nucleotide resulted in partial cutting at the Hae III site and blocking at the Hha I site.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence determination of a strong promoter of the colicin E 1 plasmid. Analysis of restriction sites protected by RNA polymerase interactions before and after limited transcription. This paper presents the location and nucleotide sequence of a strong promoter of ColE 1. This promoter is of interest because of its greatly enhanced activity in the supercoiled state of the plasmid DNA (3) and its possible role in the maintenance of the plasmid replicon (4). This strong promoter is located at the restriction endonuclease Hae III f-h site 0.13 map units from the single EcoR 1 site proximal to the origin of DNA replication. The nucleotide sequence of the Hpa II l fragment of ColE 1 which contains this promoter has been determined. Initiation of transcription at this promoter occurred at two positions. Limited transcription by omitting one of the four nucleotide triphosphates allowed transcription to proceed to the fourth (-UTP) and to the twelfth (-CTP) nucleotides respectively. This was used to probe the interaction between RNA polymerase and the ColE 10.13 promoter by means of restriction cutting at the Hae III site at =27 and the Hha I site at +17. RNA polymerase binding alone blocks restriction cutting at the HAE III site but not at the Hha I site. Limited transcrption to the fourth nucleotide resulted in blocking at both sites. Transcription to the twelfth nucleotide resulted in partial cutting at the Hae III site and blocking at the Hha I site.", "PMID": 390498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8990", "title": "Studies on transfer ribonucleic acids and related compounds. XXXII. Synthesis of ribonucleotides corresponding to residues 1-5 and 6-10 of tRNAfMet from E. coli and their base conversion analogs.", "content": "E. Coli tRNAfMet fragments, C-G-C-G-Gp (bases 1-5), U-G-C-G-Gp (base 1 transition, analog) pG-G-C-G-Gp (base 1 transversion analog) and pG-G-s4U-G-Gp (bases 6-10) were synthesized by triester methods using 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl) nucleotides including a 3',5'-bisphosphorylated guanosine derivative. The s4U containing pentanucleotide was derived from the pG-G-C-G-Gp by treatment with liquid hydrogen sulfide.", "contents": "Studies on transfer ribonucleic acids and related compounds. XXXII. Synthesis of ribonucleotides corresponding to residues 1-5 and 6-10 of tRNAfMet from E. coli and their base conversion analogs. E. Coli tRNAfMet fragments, C-G-C-G-Gp (bases 1-5), U-G-C-G-Gp (base 1 transition, analog) pG-G-C-G-Gp (base 1 transversion analog) and pG-G-s4U-G-Gp (bases 6-10) were synthesized by triester methods using 2'-O-(o-nitrobenzyl) nucleotides including a 3',5'-bisphosphorylated guanosine derivative. The s4U containing pentanucleotide was derived from the pG-G-C-G-Gp by treatment with liquid hydrogen sulfide.", "PMID": 390499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8991", "title": "Aspects of specific protein-DNA interaction; multi-mode binding of the oligopeptide antibiotic netropsin to (A.T)-rich DNA segments.", "content": "By means of titration viscometry a number of distinct modes could be resolved for the interaction between the antibiotic netropsin and DNA species of 50, 58, and 69 mole + (A+T) below r = 0.04 netropsin molecules bound per DNA phosphate group. The number of corresponding binding sites increases with a high power of the (A+T) content. The apparent association constants are very high (greater than 10(6) M-1, some perhaps greater than 10(6) M-1) and also rather different for most of the binding sites. It is suggested that some of these interaction modes differ in the number of hydrogen bonds formed between donors of the ligand and acceptors of the binding sites. The interaction modes were characterized quantitatively by their (species-independent) changes of DNA contour length and by the percentage of local DNA stiffening.", "contents": "Aspects of specific protein-DNA interaction; multi-mode binding of the oligopeptide antibiotic netropsin to (A.T)-rich DNA segments. By means of titration viscometry a number of distinct modes could be resolved for the interaction between the antibiotic netropsin and DNA species of 50, 58, and 69 mole + (A+T) below r = 0.04 netropsin molecules bound per DNA phosphate group. The number of corresponding binding sites increases with a high power of the (A+T) content. The apparent association constants are very high (greater than 10(6) M-1, some perhaps greater than 10(6) M-1) and also rather different for most of the binding sites. It is suggested that some of these interaction modes differ in the number of hydrogen bonds formed between donors of the ligand and acceptors of the binding sites. The interaction modes were characterized quantitatively by their (species-independent) changes of DNA contour length and by the percentage of local DNA stiffening.", "PMID": 390500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8992", "title": "Diagnostic value of pancreatic biopsy.", "content": "This review emphasizes that the value of pancreatic biopsy is unquestionable for the preoperative and peroperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Improvement of biopsy methods will further increase the importance of the preoperative pancreatic biopsy. However, the considerable technical difficulties and the time expenditure associated with these methods do not allow the use of pancreatic biopsy or one of the other diagnostic procedures as a screening procedure for detecting pancreatic carcinoma before it has led to subjective symptoms such as biliary obstruction. We should concentrate on the development of an immunological test for identifying the asymptomatic patients. Some progress on this area has been initiated by an attempt to characterize a pancreas-specific oncofetal antigen (Hobbs, 1976). The early demonstration of such an antigen in serum and pancreatic fluid would substantially improve the otherwise unfavourable diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Therefore, we hope that the pessimism regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer will be replaced by realistic optimism in the future.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of pancreatic biopsy. This review emphasizes that the value of pancreatic biopsy is unquestionable for the preoperative and peroperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Improvement of biopsy methods will further increase the importance of the preoperative pancreatic biopsy. However, the considerable technical difficulties and the time expenditure associated with these methods do not allow the use of pancreatic biopsy or one of the other diagnostic procedures as a screening procedure for detecting pancreatic carcinoma before it has led to subjective symptoms such as biliary obstruction. We should concentrate on the development of an immunological test for identifying the asymptomatic patients. Some progress on this area has been initiated by an attempt to characterize a pancreas-specific oncofetal antigen (Hobbs, 1976). The early demonstration of such an antigen in serum and pancreatic fluid would substantially improve the otherwise unfavourable diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Therefore, we hope that the pessimism regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer will be replaced by realistic optimism in the future.", "PMID": 390517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8993", "title": "Palmar fibromatosis-\"Dupuytren's contracture\". A comparison of light electron and immunofluorescence microscopic findings.", "content": "A comparison of light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic findings in palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's disease) revealed that the three morphologic phase of Luck; I. proliferative, 2. involutional, and 3. residual, corresponded for the most part to I. fibroblastic, 2. myofibroblastic or 3. fibrocytic lesions, respectively. The spectrum between proliferative phase and residual phase appeared immunohistochemically as a decrease in collagen type III, and an increase of collagen type I. Myosin was found in substantial quantities only during the involutional phase, distinguished by myofibroblasts, presumably with contractile capabilities. Thus, the clinical presence of contractures with palmar fibromatosis might also be explained in the absence of distinct fiber formation.", "contents": "Palmar fibromatosis-\"Dupuytren's contracture\". A comparison of light electron and immunofluorescence microscopic findings. A comparison of light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic findings in palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's disease) revealed that the three morphologic phase of Luck; I. proliferative, 2. involutional, and 3. residual, corresponded for the most part to I. fibroblastic, 2. myofibroblastic or 3. fibrocytic lesions, respectively. The spectrum between proliferative phase and residual phase appeared immunohistochemically as a decrease in collagen type III, and an increase of collagen type I. Myosin was found in substantial quantities only during the involutional phase, distinguished by myofibroblasts, presumably with contractile capabilities. Thus, the clinical presence of contractures with palmar fibromatosis might also be explained in the absence of distinct fiber formation.", "PMID": 390518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8994", "title": "Dose response for blood pressure and degree of cardiac beta-blockade with atenolol.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg and 0 mg of atenolol daily were compared in a double-blind within-patient study. The fall in blood pressure with 25 mg daily was not significantly different than with 100 mg. The dose response curve lies between 0 and 25 mg daily. Cardiac beta-blockade (measured by suppression of exercise tachycardia) was not maximal with 25 mg of atenolol daily. The dose response curves for beta-blockade and the hypotensive effect are not parallel.", "contents": "Dose response for blood pressure and degree of cardiac beta-blockade with atenolol. The hypotensive effect of 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg and 0 mg of atenolol daily were compared in a double-blind within-patient study. The fall in blood pressure with 25 mg daily was not significantly different than with 100 mg. The dose response curve lies between 0 and 25 mg daily. Cardiac beta-blockade (measured by suppression of exercise tachycardia) was not maximal with 25 mg of atenolol daily. The dose response curves for beta-blockade and the hypotensive effect are not parallel.", "PMID": 390528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8995", "title": "[Comparison of different methods for measuring nucleic acids and protein in the biomass, half-products and preparations of E. coli and yeast].", "content": "In the E. coli biomass, half-products and RNA preparations a comparative measurement of nucleic acids and protein was carried out using different methods. As a result, the following methods can be recommended: to assay RNA in the biomass--spectrophotometry, to determine RNA in half-products and preparations--the phosphate method, to assess DNA--the diphenyl amine method, and to measure protein--according to Lowry. The same methods can be recommended to estimate RNA from baker's yeast.", "contents": "[Comparison of different methods for measuring nucleic acids and protein in the biomass, half-products and preparations of E. coli and yeast]. In the E. coli biomass, half-products and RNA preparations a comparative measurement of nucleic acids and protein was carried out using different methods. As a result, the following methods can be recommended: to assay RNA in the biomass--spectrophotometry, to determine RNA in half-products and preparations--the phosphate method, to assess DNA--the diphenyl amine method, and to measure protein--according to Lowry. The same methods can be recommended to estimate RNA from baker's yeast.", "PMID": 390531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8996", "title": "[Methylation of prokaryotic RNA by S-methyl methionine in in vivo experiments].", "content": "While cultivating the E. coli 113-3 strain on the mineral medium containing S-methyl-(methyl-3H)-methionine, the incorporation of methyl groups into 4S, 16S and 23S RNA proved to be over 5 times more effective as compared with the control, when L-(methyl-3H)-methionine acted as a donor of methyl groups. The ratio of methylated components has much in common and significant differences. All the types of RNA of E. coli grown in the mineral medium containing S-methyl methionine showed an increased ratio of m2G as compared with the corresponding types of RNA of E. coli after its cultivation in the methionine containing mineral medium.", "contents": "[Methylation of prokaryotic RNA by S-methyl methionine in in vivo experiments]. While cultivating the E. coli 113-3 strain on the mineral medium containing S-methyl-(methyl-3H)-methionine, the incorporation of methyl groups into 4S, 16S and 23S RNA proved to be over 5 times more effective as compared with the control, when L-(methyl-3H)-methionine acted as a donor of methyl groups. The ratio of methylated components has much in common and significant differences. All the types of RNA of E. coli grown in the mineral medium containing S-methyl methionine showed an increased ratio of m2G as compared with the corresponding types of RNA of E. coli after its cultivation in the methionine containing mineral medium.", "PMID": 390532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8997", "title": "[Application of lytic enzymes for disruption of microbial cell walls to isolate DNA].", "content": "The possibility of isolating DNA from yeast and actinomycete cells, previously exposed to enzymic disruption, was explored. The enzyme was produced from Actinomyces griseinus II. The highest yield of DNA from microbial cells was obtained as a result of detergent pretreatment of the yeast and actinomycetes and subsequent disruption of cell walls with the above enzyme.", "contents": "[Application of lytic enzymes for disruption of microbial cell walls to isolate DNA]. The possibility of isolating DNA from yeast and actinomycete cells, previously exposed to enzymic disruption, was explored. The enzyme was produced from Actinomyces griseinus II. The highest yield of DNA from microbial cells was obtained as a result of detergent pretreatment of the yeast and actinomycetes and subsequent disruption of cell walls with the above enzyme.", "PMID": 390533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8998", "title": "Genetic influences on pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic drugs.", "content": "Most of the well-known examples of pharmacogenetics are based on differences of biotransformation and elimination of drugs. Since a drug interacts with a genetically determined biological target, hereditary differences on the pharmacodynamic level are also probable. Especially psychotropics show interindividual variation in their pharmacological effects. The differential effects of psychotropic drugs on the EEG presumably reflect genetic differences of brain function. Lithium transport across the erythrocyte membrane exhibits large interindividual differences that have a genetic basis, and that possibly indicate a link between lithium transport and manic-depressive psychosis.", "contents": "Genetic influences on pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic drugs. Most of the well-known examples of pharmacogenetics are based on differences of biotransformation and elimination of drugs. Since a drug interacts with a genetically determined biological target, hereditary differences on the pharmacodynamic level are also probable. Especially psychotropics show interindividual variation in their pharmacological effects. The differential effects of psychotropic drugs on the EEG presumably reflect genetic differences of brain function. Lithium transport across the erythrocyte membrane exhibits large interindividual differences that have a genetic basis, and that possibly indicate a link between lithium transport and manic-depressive psychosis.", "PMID": 390558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_8999", "title": "Procedures for EMG biofeedback training in involved upper extremities of hemiplegic patients.", "content": "This article presents practical information about using electromyographic biofeedback to train specific muscle groups in the involved upper extermity of hemiplegic patients. Our approach is first to reduce hyperactivity in spastic musculature and then to increase activity levels in weak muscles. Electrode placements and a sequence of training procedures for muscles whose functions are most commonly impaired following stroke are described.", "contents": "Procedures for EMG biofeedback training in involved upper extremities of hemiplegic patients. This article presents practical information about using electromyographic biofeedback to train specific muscle groups in the involved upper extermity of hemiplegic patients. Our approach is first to reduce hyperactivity in spastic musculature and then to increase activity levels in weak muscles. Electrode placements and a sequence of training procedures for muscles whose functions are most commonly impaired following stroke are described.", "PMID": 390563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9000", "title": "A retracting wire knife for cutting fiber bundles and making sheet lesions of brain tissue.", "content": "A retracting knife which has two cutting wires for the transection of fiber bundles is described. The knife holds the fiber bundles of the stria terminalis between the two cutting wires and transects them by a shearing movement as the wires close. In addition, the feasability of such a knife producing a sheet lesion around the n. caudatus is also described.", "contents": "A retracting wire knife for cutting fiber bundles and making sheet lesions of brain tissue. A retracting knife which has two cutting wires for the transection of fiber bundles is described. The knife holds the fiber bundles of the stria terminalis between the two cutting wires and transects them by a shearing movement as the wires close. In addition, the feasability of such a knife producing a sheet lesion around the n. caudatus is also described.", "PMID": 390567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9001", "title": "Superiority of the deep circumflex iliac vessels as the supply for free groin flaps. Clinical work.", "content": "In this paper we present 16 cases of free transfer of compound flaps from the groin, 11 using the deep circumflex iliac vessels as a stem and 5 using the superficial circumflex iliac vessels as a stem. We found the deep vessels superior in many ways  to the superficial vessels for this purpose; they are larger, permitting greater ease in anastomoses and providing more reliable blood flow. We believe that larger osteocutaneous or myocutaneous flaps can be transferred on the deep vessels than on the superficial ones-and that the deep circumflex iliac flap may supplant the conventional free going flap in most situations. The method evolved in response to patient need, not for surgical \u00e9clat.", "contents": "Superiority of the deep circumflex iliac vessels as the supply for free groin flaps. Clinical work. In this paper we present 16 cases of free transfer of compound flaps from the groin, 11 using the deep circumflex iliac vessels as a stem and 5 using the superficial circumflex iliac vessels as a stem. We found the deep vessels superior in many ways  to the superficial vessels for this purpose; they are larger, permitting greater ease in anastomoses and providing more reliable blood flow. We believe that larger osteocutaneous or myocutaneous flaps can be transferred on the deep vessels than on the superficial ones-and that the deep circumflex iliac flap may supplant the conventional free going flap in most situations. The method evolved in response to patient need, not for surgical \u00e9clat.", "PMID": 390575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9002", "title": "Successful replantation of lower leg and foot, with good sensibility and function.", "content": "The successful replantation of the lower part of a leg with the foot is reported in a 17-year-old boy. Adequate protective sensibility was obtained, and he walks well with a 3-inch lift on that shoe. He is also able to hike, climb, swim, dive, and engage in most normal activities. The pros and cons of leg replantation are considered.", "contents": "Successful replantation of lower leg and foot, with good sensibility and function. The successful replantation of the lower part of a leg with the foot is reported in a 17-year-old boy. Adequate protective sensibility was obtained, and he walks well with a 3-inch lift on that shoe. He is also able to hike, climb, swim, dive, and engage in most normal activities. The pros and cons of leg replantation are considered.", "PMID": 390576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9003", "title": "The extended dorsalis pedis flap.", "content": "An extended dorsalis pedis island flap was used to cover the heel in two patients. The arterial predicles were extended by cutting and bridging with vein grafts to allow the flaps to reach the defects. By this method, excellent coverage is obtained and the protective sensation may be retained or restored by preservation or extension of the sensory nerves.", "contents": "The extended dorsalis pedis flap. An extended dorsalis pedis island flap was used to cover the heel in two patients. The arterial predicles were extended by cutting and bridging with vein grafts to allow the flaps to reach the defects. By this method, excellent coverage is obtained and the protective sensation may be retained or restored by preservation or extension of the sensory nerves.", "PMID": 390577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9004", "title": "Repair of large defect of frontal bone with free graft of outer table of parietal bones.", "content": "We present a case with a full-thickness bony defect in the frontal area. It was corrected successfully by a free bone graft to the outer table from the parieto-occipital area, partly covered by a flap of periosteum from the same area.", "contents": "Repair of large defect of frontal bone with free graft of outer table of parietal bones. We present a case with a full-thickness bony defect in the frontal area. It was corrected successfully by a free bone graft to the outer table from the parieto-occipital area, partly covered by a flap of periosteum from the same area.", "PMID": 390579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9005", "title": "On the medical history of the doctrine of imagination.", "content": "In the early modern era the notion of imagination was made responsible for phenomena which were later explained in terms of embryology, genetics, psychology, bacteriology or other scientific disciplines. Images, often seated in the upper abdomen (hypochondriac region) or the womb (hysteria), were regarded as powerful influences on material reality. In the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the hypochondriac forms of imagination became mere whims and spleens, but they kept much of their original potency in respect of the uterus, accounting for monstrosities and the shaping of human offspring. The hysterical conversion of imagination into somatic phenomena has never been questioned. Since the two World Wars the realm of imagination has again expanded beyond the uterus and the older disease-concepts. In the last 10-20 years images seem to have regained some of their original creative force.", "contents": "On the medical history of the doctrine of imagination. In the early modern era the notion of imagination was made responsible for phenomena which were later explained in terms of embryology, genetics, psychology, bacteriology or other scientific disciplines. Images, often seated in the upper abdomen (hypochondriac region) or the womb (hysteria), were regarded as powerful influences on material reality. In the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the hypochondriac forms of imagination became mere whims and spleens, but they kept much of their original potency in respect of the uterus, accounting for monstrosities and the shaping of human offspring. The hysterical conversion of imagination into somatic phenomena has never been questioned. Since the two World Wars the realm of imagination has again expanded beyond the uterus and the older disease-concepts. In the last 10-20 years images seem to have regained some of their original creative force.", "PMID": 390591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9006", "title": "Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa during the acute and recuperative phase.", "content": "Perception of body size, subjective experience of body image distortions and differentiation of body concept in the human figure drawing were assessed in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients and controls shortly after hospital admission, and again 6 months later during the recuperative phase. Size estimation was not found to be a distinguishing variable, as both groups exhibited overestimation tendencies of comparable magnitude at both time periods. By contrast, experiences denoting estrangement from the body, insensitivity to body sensations, and weakness of body boundaries were more prevalent in anorexics, and persisted at high levels after frank symptoms of weight and eating disorder had subsided. Anorexics were also shown to depict the human figure with less differentiation relative to controls. Within the anorexic sample the presence of vomiting was linked to greater subjective experience of body image distortion, and such phenomena appear to be a more enduring feature in this subgroup. Overall, the results were viewed as lending support to the argument that defects in body image formation render the anorexic vulnerable to their manifest pathology, which is itself activated by maturational conflicts unique to adolescence.", "contents": "Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa during the acute and recuperative phase. Perception of body size, subjective experience of body image distortions and differentiation of body concept in the human figure drawing were assessed in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients and controls shortly after hospital admission, and again 6 months later during the recuperative phase. Size estimation was not found to be a distinguishing variable, as both groups exhibited overestimation tendencies of comparable magnitude at both time periods. By contrast, experiences denoting estrangement from the body, insensitivity to body sensations, and weakness of body boundaries were more prevalent in anorexics, and persisted at high levels after frank symptoms of weight and eating disorder had subsided. Anorexics were also shown to depict the human figure with less differentiation relative to controls. Within the anorexic sample the presence of vomiting was linked to greater subjective experience of body image distortion, and such phenomena appear to be a more enduring feature in this subgroup. Overall, the results were viewed as lending support to the argument that defects in body image formation render the anorexic vulnerable to their manifest pathology, which is itself activated by maturational conflicts unique to adolescence.", "PMID": 390592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9007", "title": "The reproductive ecology of the house mouse.", "content": "This paper attempts to integrate the physiological and ecological perspectives of the reproductive biology of the house mouse (Mus musculus). The endeavor is made within a larger context to provide a prototype for mammalian reproductive ecology in general. Specifically, the environmental regulation of the reproduction of Mus musculus is examined in relation to its ecological opportunism and, in particular, in relation to its history of global colonization. House mice can live as commensals of man or under totally feral conditions. Stable, high density, commensal populations are characterized by an insular division of the living space into demeterritories, each dominated by a single male. Feral populations typically are characterized by temporal, spatial, and social instability. Territoriality is improbable under such conditions, particularly given the necessity for large home ranges in most feral habitats. In both feral and commensal populations, however, male aggressiveness promotes the large-scale dispersal of young, all of which are potential colonizers. Of the ten or so environmental factors known to influence reproduction in house mice, seven probably are of routine importance in natural populations: diurnal modulation by daily light:dark cycles; caloric intake; nutrition; extreme temperature; agaonistic stimuli; socio-tactile cues; and priming pheronomes. The last two factors named operate directly on the secretion of luteinizing hormone or prolactin; the others act at many points in the reproductive system. Reproduction in the house mouse seems divorced from photoperiodically induced seasonality; indeed, this species breeds well even in constant darkness. Seasonal breeding may or may not then occur, depending upon dietary considerations, with or without a secondary interaction with variation in ambient temperature. There is no evidence for a dependence upon secondary plant compounds. Some of the effects of priming pheromones that have been observed previously in laboratory mice probably play no meaningful role in wild populations. The remaining pheromonal phenomena can be conceptualized as a single cueing system that has three components: (a) urinary cues of socially dominant males can accelerate ovulation in females, adult or prepubertal; (b) female urinary cues may elevate pheromonal potency in adult males, thereby forming a feedback loop by which the females elicit their own ovulation; and (c) the male's action on prepubertal females can be blocked by urinary cues emanating from other females. When all of the above is viewed in toto, the reproductive biology of the house mouse seems uniquely suited to support ecological opportunism. The relatively few environmental inhibitors of reproduction in this species should enhance the ability of dispersing young to colonize an exceptionally wide variety of habitats and climates...", "contents": "The reproductive ecology of the house mouse. This paper attempts to integrate the physiological and ecological perspectives of the reproductive biology of the house mouse (Mus musculus). The endeavor is made within a larger context to provide a prototype for mammalian reproductive ecology in general. Specifically, the environmental regulation of the reproduction of Mus musculus is examined in relation to its ecological opportunism and, in particular, in relation to its history of global colonization. House mice can live as commensals of man or under totally feral conditions. Stable, high density, commensal populations are characterized by an insular division of the living space into demeterritories, each dominated by a single male. Feral populations typically are characterized by temporal, spatial, and social instability. Territoriality is improbable under such conditions, particularly given the necessity for large home ranges in most feral habitats. In both feral and commensal populations, however, male aggressiveness promotes the large-scale dispersal of young, all of which are potential colonizers. Of the ten or so environmental factors known to influence reproduction in house mice, seven probably are of routine importance in natural populations: diurnal modulation by daily light:dark cycles; caloric intake; nutrition; extreme temperature; agaonistic stimuli; socio-tactile cues; and priming pheronomes. The last two factors named operate directly on the secretion of luteinizing hormone or prolactin; the others act at many points in the reproductive system. Reproduction in the house mouse seems divorced from photoperiodically induced seasonality; indeed, this species breeds well even in constant darkness. Seasonal breeding may or may not then occur, depending upon dietary considerations, with or without a secondary interaction with variation in ambient temperature. There is no evidence for a dependence upon secondary plant compounds. Some of the effects of priming pheromones that have been observed previously in laboratory mice probably play no meaningful role in wild populations. The remaining pheromonal phenomena can be conceptualized as a single cueing system that has three components: (a) urinary cues of socially dominant males can accelerate ovulation in females, adult or prepubertal; (b) female urinary cues may elevate pheromonal potency in adult males, thereby forming a feedback loop by which the females elicit their own ovulation; and (c) the male's action on prepubertal females can be blocked by urinary cues emanating from other females. When all of the above is viewed in toto, the reproductive biology of the house mouse seems uniquely suited to support ecological opportunism. The relatively few environmental inhibitors of reproduction in this species should enhance the ability of dispersing young to colonize an exceptionally wide variety of habitats and climates...", "PMID": 390600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9008", "title": "[Problems in the classification of psychopathological disorders following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "Classifications of postoperative psychopathological disorders after heart surgery according to the literature are very different as the results are dependent upon the accuracy of the observation. The accuracy and choice of classification are important as the base for identifying causal factors. We studied 214 patients using three alternative methods of classification and discuss problems of classification of the postoperative psychopathological dysfunctions.", "contents": "[Problems in the classification of psychopathological disorders following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation]. Classifications of postoperative psychopathological disorders after heart surgery according to the literature are very different as the results are dependent upon the accuracy of the observation. The accuracy and choice of classification are important as the base for identifying causal factors. We studied 214 patients using three alternative methods of classification and discuss problems of classification of the postoperative psychopathological dysfunctions.", "PMID": 390627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9009", "title": "[Adhesion of restoration materials to hard tooth structures].", "content": "Adhesion occurs in dentistry in many situations. The demand for an adhesive restorative material becomes increasingly pressing. After a general treatment of the physico-chemical principles of adhesion the materials and technics for adhesion to dental enamel are reviewed. Only materials on a polymer basis are being developed for new indication areas and tried out in clinical investigations. Microretention to dental enamel obtained by etching with phosphoric acid, is the leading technic. As follows from a survey of clinical investigations on fissure sealants and adhesive restorations in front teeth, this technic yields the desired result only in the hands of well-trained researchers. Recently, Smith (1975) succeeded in developing a polymer system adhering chemically to dentine, but it is not yet available on the market. Whether this system is the answer to the demand of a truly adhesive restorative material, is doubtful due to the work of Hoppenbrouwers and Borggreven (1977).", "contents": "[Adhesion of restoration materials to hard tooth structures]. Adhesion occurs in dentistry in many situations. The demand for an adhesive restorative material becomes increasingly pressing. After a general treatment of the physico-chemical principles of adhesion the materials and technics for adhesion to dental enamel are reviewed. Only materials on a polymer basis are being developed for new indication areas and tried out in clinical investigations. Microretention to dental enamel obtained by etching with phosphoric acid, is the leading technic. As follows from a survey of clinical investigations on fissure sealants and adhesive restorations in front teeth, this technic yields the desired result only in the hands of well-trained researchers. Recently, Smith (1975) succeeded in developing a polymer system adhering chemically to dentine, but it is not yet available on the market. Whether this system is the answer to the demand of a truly adhesive restorative material, is doubtful due to the work of Hoppenbrouwers and Borggreven (1977).", "PMID": 390631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9010", "title": "[The dentistry of Adriaan van den Spiegel from Brussels (1578-1625-1978)].", "content": "Spigelius, born in Brussels in 1578 (as Harvey, his fellow, student in Italy) was the last great anatomist of the school of Padua. After his death in 1625 his disciple, Brucetius and his son-in-law, Liberalis Crema, published two years later his \"Anatomy\" and his \"Embryology\", illustrated with beautiful plates bought from the heirs of his master Casserio (1561-1619). The sinus maxillaris and the odontology of Eustachius are only mentioned in De humani corporis Fabrica libri X, not in De formato Foetu liber singularis. In order to appreciate the normality of the head he described four diameters of the skull and has been considered by Topinard as the father of craniometry. He also mentions the changes in the proportions of the body during growth and the effects of illness upon growth. His theory and practice of oral surgery are those of his master Fabrizio ab Aquapendente (1533-1619) and of his pupil Scultetus (1595-1648).", "contents": "[The dentistry of Adriaan van den Spiegel from Brussels (1578-1625-1978)]. Spigelius, born in Brussels in 1578 (as Harvey, his fellow, student in Italy) was the last great anatomist of the school of Padua. After his death in 1625 his disciple, Brucetius and his son-in-law, Liberalis Crema, published two years later his \"Anatomy\" and his \"Embryology\", illustrated with beautiful plates bought from the heirs of his master Casserio (1561-1619). The sinus maxillaris and the odontology of Eustachius are only mentioned in De humani corporis Fabrica libri X, not in De formato Foetu liber singularis. In order to appreciate the normality of the head he described four diameters of the skull and has been considered by Topinard as the father of craniometry. He also mentions the changes in the proportions of the body during growth and the effects of illness upon growth. His theory and practice of oral surgery are those of his master Fabrizio ab Aquapendente (1533-1619) and of his pupil Scultetus (1595-1648).", "PMID": 390634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9011", "title": "Some repair effectiveness coefficients as indicators of E. coli UV-resistance.", "content": "Mathematical studies of E. coli survival curves to UV (254 nm) lead to the definition of a photoresistance parameter - the \"mean survival dose\" (MSD) - to compare radiation resistances of genetically related bacterial strains. Based on this MSD-parameter some repair coefficients were proposed as indicators of the relative effectiveness with which every repair system recovers radiation lesions in cells. The theoretical values calculated for the proposed coefficients are in agreement with those which were obtained from experimental data presented in the literature.", "contents": "Some repair effectiveness coefficients as indicators of E. coli UV-resistance. Mathematical studies of E. coli survival curves to UV (254 nm) lead to the definition of a photoresistance parameter - the \"mean survival dose\" (MSD) - to compare radiation resistances of genetically related bacterial strains. Based on this MSD-parameter some repair coefficients were proposed as indicators of the relative effectiveness with which every repair system recovers radiation lesions in cells. The theoretical values calculated for the proposed coefficients are in agreement with those which were obtained from experimental data presented in the literature.", "PMID": 390644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9012", "title": "Liquid holding recovery in E. coli K12. I - Substances released during buffer holding.", "content": "It is known that the incubation, in a buffer, of UV-irradiated E. coli cells results in viability increase, this phenomenon had been called liquid holding recovery (LHR). We have studied the cellular constituents release during LHR and verified that releasing rate is dose-dependent. LHR was also observed after nitrogen-mustard treatment and it is not blocked by caffeine. So, we suggest that LHR expression is not always a rec-gene dependent function and, probably, the survival increase could be explained by (a) DNA-repair, (b) reversible membrane damage and (c) cellular multiplication.", "contents": "Liquid holding recovery in E. coli K12. I - Substances released during buffer holding. It is known that the incubation, in a buffer, of UV-irradiated E. coli cells results in viability increase, this phenomenon had been called liquid holding recovery (LHR). We have studied the cellular constituents release during LHR and verified that releasing rate is dose-dependent. LHR was also observed after nitrogen-mustard treatment and it is not blocked by caffeine. So, we suggest that LHR expression is not always a rec-gene dependent function and, probably, the survival increase could be explained by (a) DNA-repair, (b) reversible membrane damage and (c) cellular multiplication.", "PMID": 390645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9013", "title": "[Fetal macrosomy in alloxanized rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this work was to observe the starting of fetal macrosomy during the gestation of the diabetic rat and whether the sex of the fetuses has any influence on it. Lesions were produced in the B cells of the pancreas by the administration of alloxan on the 4th gestation day. The length and weight of the fetuses were not altered by this treatment before the 14th day of pregnancy, suggesting that fetal macrosomy should occur after this day.", "contents": "[Fetal macrosomy in alloxanized rats (author's transl)]. The aim of this work was to observe the starting of fetal macrosomy during the gestation of the diabetic rat and whether the sex of the fetuses has any influence on it. Lesions were produced in the B cells of the pancreas by the administration of alloxan on the 4th gestation day. The length and weight of the fetuses were not altered by this treatment before the 14th day of pregnancy, suggesting that fetal macrosomy should occur after this day.", "PMID": 390646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9014", "title": "Steric hindrance enzyme immunoassay (SHEIA); a novel method in enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "We have developed a new method for separation of antibody bound and unbound enzyme conjugates. The technique as applied to the assay of choriomammotropin involves the use of beta-D-galactosylamine bound to agarose to separate the unbound choriomammotropin-beta-galactosidase conjugates for antibody bound conjugates. When beta-galactosidase was conjugated with choriomammotropin using the N-hydroxy-succinamide ester of m-maleimidobenzoic acid the affinity of the enzyme conjugate to beta-D-galactosylamine attached to agarose diminished markedly following incubation with antibody. In a typical enzyme immunoassay of choriomammotropin, 5 microliter of swelled affinity gel per tube was required to precipitate unbound enzyme following one hour gentle shaking at room temperature. Choriomammotropin antibody was used at titer of 1:1,000. The standard curve for the assay was adjusted to cover a range of 0-10 mg/l with maximum sensitivity between 1-4 mg/l.", "contents": "Steric hindrance enzyme immunoassay (SHEIA); a novel method in enzyme immunoassay. We have developed a new method for separation of antibody bound and unbound enzyme conjugates. The technique as applied to the assay of choriomammotropin involves the use of beta-D-galactosylamine bound to agarose to separate the unbound choriomammotropin-beta-galactosidase conjugates for antibody bound conjugates. When beta-galactosidase was conjugated with choriomammotropin using the N-hydroxy-succinamide ester of m-maleimidobenzoic acid the affinity of the enzyme conjugate to beta-D-galactosylamine attached to agarose diminished markedly following incubation with antibody. In a typical enzyme immunoassay of choriomammotropin, 5 microliter of swelled affinity gel per tube was required to precipitate unbound enzyme following one hour gentle shaking at room temperature. Choriomammotropin antibody was used at titer of 1:1,000. The standard curve for the assay was adjusted to cover a range of 0-10 mg/l with maximum sensitivity between 1-4 mg/l.", "PMID": 390656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9015", "title": "A controlled trial of tiaprofenic acid versus ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Tiaprofenic acid, 200 mg three times a day, was compared with ibuprofen, 400 mg three times a day, in 41 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and already receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a double-blind controlled study. The degree of disability expressed as functional class was significantly improved on tiaprofenic acid. There were no other significant differences from initial values on either treatment in any other clinical measure of therapeutic efficacy. Side-effects were few and minor and there were no significant differences between the drugs in this respect.", "contents": "A controlled trial of tiaprofenic acid versus ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. Tiaprofenic acid, 200 mg three times a day, was compared with ibuprofen, 400 mg three times a day, in 41 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and already receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a double-blind controlled study. The degree of disability expressed as functional class was significantly improved on tiaprofenic acid. There were no other significant differences from initial values on either treatment in any other clinical measure of therapeutic efficacy. Side-effects were few and minor and there were no significant differences between the drugs in this respect.", "PMID": 390674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9016", "title": "[Hepatitis virus B infection and hepatopathy after kidney transplantation].", "content": "Serological markers for hepatitis virus B (HBV) infection and the occurrence of hepatopathies were analyzed in 152 patients during the hemodialysis period and on average 3.8 years after receiving a renal allotransplant. At the beginning of hemodialysis, 25% of the patients showed signs of an ongoing or past infection with HBV (10% hepatitis virus B surface-antigen [HBsAG] positive and 15% anti-HBsAG positive). At the time of transplantation, 20% of the patients were positive for HBsAG and 25% had detectable anti-HBs. At the end of the study, 31% of the patients were positive for HBsAG and 25% had detectable anti-HBs. In 21 patients (14%) inflammatory liver disorders were observed: transitory hepatitis (7 patients), chronic persistent hepatitis (7 patients), chronic aggressive hepatitis (3 patients) and active cirrhosis (2 patients). Two patients had died in liver coma. All 21 patients with inflammatory hepatopathy had detectable HBsAG at the time of diagnosis, and all patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease were HBs carriers. In most of these patients the carrier state had been present for more than 3 years before diagnosis.", "contents": "[Hepatitis virus B infection and hepatopathy after kidney transplantation]. Serological markers for hepatitis virus B (HBV) infection and the occurrence of hepatopathies were analyzed in 152 patients during the hemodialysis period and on average 3.8 years after receiving a renal allotransplant. At the beginning of hemodialysis, 25% of the patients showed signs of an ongoing or past infection with HBV (10% hepatitis virus B surface-antigen [HBsAG] positive and 15% anti-HBsAG positive). At the time of transplantation, 20% of the patients were positive for HBsAG and 25% had detectable anti-HBs. At the end of the study, 31% of the patients were positive for HBsAG and 25% had detectable anti-HBs. In 21 patients (14%) inflammatory liver disorders were observed: transitory hepatitis (7 patients), chronic persistent hepatitis (7 patients), chronic aggressive hepatitis (3 patients) and active cirrhosis (2 patients). Two patients had died in liver coma. All 21 patients with inflammatory hepatopathy had detectable HBsAG at the time of diagnosis, and all patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease were HBs carriers. In most of these patients the carrier state had been present for more than 3 years before diagnosis.", "PMID": 390693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9017", "title": "[Hyperglycemia and diabetic complications].", "content": "Are long-term complications secondary to diabetes or do they appear independently? This question has an important bearing, particularly for the physician and the patient who must achieve optimum control of hyperglycemia. Over the last 10 years, many epidemiological and biochemical studies have shown close links between hyperglycemia and the wide range of factors involved in the development of long-term complications.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemia and diabetic complications]. Are long-term complications secondary to diabetes or do they appear independently? This question has an important bearing, particularly for the physician and the patient who must achieve optimum control of hyperglycemia. Over the last 10 years, many epidemiological and biochemical studies have shown close links between hyperglycemia and the wide range of factors involved in the development of long-term complications.", "PMID": 390694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9018", "title": "[Demonstration of soluble parasite antigens, the corresponding antibodies and immune complexes in acute malaria].", "content": "Serum levels of malaria antigens, antimalaria antibodies, immune complexes and complement components have been followed up in 23 patients suffering from acute malaria infection and recovering under therapy. Malarial antigens in serum were detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: the peak was observed before therapy started and their levels rapidly decreased. Specific antimalarial antibodies became detectable 5--7 days after starting treatment in patients with a first infection. Immune complexes were detected in 21 of 23 sera with a peak level between days 5 and 9. A marked decrease of C4 and C3 was observed in the presence of normal levels of factor B.", "contents": "[Demonstration of soluble parasite antigens, the corresponding antibodies and immune complexes in acute malaria]. Serum levels of malaria antigens, antimalaria antibodies, immune complexes and complement components have been followed up in 23 patients suffering from acute malaria infection and recovering under therapy. Malarial antigens in serum were detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: the peak was observed before therapy started and their levels rapidly decreased. Specific antimalarial antibodies became detectable 5--7 days after starting treatment in patients with a first infection. Immune complexes were detected in 21 of 23 sera with a peak level between days 5 and 9. A marked decrease of C4 and C3 was observed in the presence of normal levels of factor B.", "PMID": 390695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9019", "title": "[Inspection of 1 to 5-year-old amalgam, composite, and cast gold fillings].", "content": "On 103 randomly chosen patients composite-, amalgam-, and cast gold fillings were checked and examined after various criteria. Also, the gingival changes were noted and vitality tests made. As was to be expected, composites, particularly class 2-fillings, showed more loss of substance than amalgams. The latter, however, had a worsening marginal adaptation with increasing age. Secondary caries was generally more frequent in subgingival fillings. The quality of the material was of smaller importance than the marginal leakage. Inflammatory processes of the gingiva were more frequent with composites than with inlays. Gradually increasing discolorations were the rule. Very few teeth lost their vitality after treatment, irrespective of the bases (normal, direct and indirect capping).", "contents": "[Inspection of 1 to 5-year-old amalgam, composite, and cast gold fillings]. On 103 randomly chosen patients composite-, amalgam-, and cast gold fillings were checked and examined after various criteria. Also, the gingival changes were noted and vitality tests made. As was to be expected, composites, particularly class 2-fillings, showed more loss of substance than amalgams. The latter, however, had a worsening marginal adaptation with increasing age. Secondary caries was generally more frequent in subgingival fillings. The quality of the material was of smaller importance than the marginal leakage. Inflammatory processes of the gingiva were more frequent with composites than with inlays. Gradually increasing discolorations were the rule. Very few teeth lost their vitality after treatment, irrespective of the bases (normal, direct and indirect capping).", "PMID": 390699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9020", "title": "[Endodontics--a literature review. Continuation of part II].", "content": "A survey of physical and biological properties of well-known root canal filling materials are discussed and the following conclusions were drawn: --No root canal filling material fulfils all requirements of an ideal sealer. Those materials, which perfectly seal the root canal and also show minimal periradicular tissur reaction, are recommended in Endodontics. --During setting time, all sealers are more or less toxic to the periradicular tissue. Materials which contain paraformaldehyde and lead exhibit a strong and persistent toxicity. --The tissue reaction of root canal filling materials is only slight when the root canal is underfilled. Ideally, in vital cases, the root canal should be filled to the dentine-cemental junction (approx. 1 mm short of the apex), in necrotic cases to the apical foramen. --Neither a root canal cement nor a guttapercha cone will perfectly seal a root canal alone. The combination of the two materials is recommended. --Silver cones are indicated only in narrow, tortuous canals. --Success of root canal therapy depends on various factors, primarily however on thorough root canal d\u00e9bridement.", "contents": "[Endodontics--a literature review. Continuation of part II]. A survey of physical and biological properties of well-known root canal filling materials are discussed and the following conclusions were drawn: --No root canal filling material fulfils all requirements of an ideal sealer. Those materials, which perfectly seal the root canal and also show minimal periradicular tissur reaction, are recommended in Endodontics. --During setting time, all sealers are more or less toxic to the periradicular tissue. Materials which contain paraformaldehyde and lead exhibit a strong and persistent toxicity. --The tissue reaction of root canal filling materials is only slight when the root canal is underfilled. Ideally, in vital cases, the root canal should be filled to the dentine-cemental junction (approx. 1 mm short of the apex), in necrotic cases to the apical foramen. --Neither a root canal cement nor a guttapercha cone will perfectly seal a root canal alone. The combination of the two materials is recommended. --Silver cones are indicated only in narrow, tortuous canals. --Success of root canal therapy depends on various factors, primarily however on thorough root canal d\u00e9bridement.", "PMID": 390700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9021", "title": "[Therapeutic immediate denture, class II].", "content": "Without posterior support and because of dysfunction many people have very loose joints: their condyles are in a most retruded and downward situation. The occlusion cannot be stable in this relationship. The most retruded clinical position should not be used for prosthetic restoration. We must establish a therapeutic centric occlusion more anteriorly without increasing the vertical dimension. The amount of anterior condylar repositioning is determined by viewing the original TMJ tomographs. The position and the orientation of a normal occlusal plane can only be accurately determined by cephalometric analysis. This good occlusal scheme programmes the muscle coordination and maintains the anterior mandibular position.", "contents": "[Therapeutic immediate denture, class II]. Without posterior support and because of dysfunction many people have very loose joints: their condyles are in a most retruded and downward situation. The occlusion cannot be stable in this relationship. The most retruded clinical position should not be used for prosthetic restoration. We must establish a therapeutic centric occlusion more anteriorly without increasing the vertical dimension. The amount of anterior condylar repositioning is determined by viewing the original TMJ tomographs. The position and the orientation of a normal occlusal plane can only be accurately determined by cephalometric analysis. This good occlusal scheme programmes the muscle coordination and maintains the anterior mandibular position.", "PMID": 390701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9022", "title": "[Tissue induction and mucogingival surgery: a review of the literature].", "content": "Most of the investigations reviewed in the present paper show that the connective tissue has an inductive potential upon epithelial differentiation. As for the investigations showing an epithelial predetermination, one must admit that they have been limited to particular tissue systems (for instance feathers and hairs) and that they could imply errors of manipulation or interpretation. As stated by Gilette: \"Mesenchyme as the determinant is the favorite today, but perhaps only because experiments to demonstrate the opposite would be harder to assess\" (Gilette, 1971). On the clinical point of view, one could draw an important conclusion from these investigations: at the present time, only the free or pedicle mucosal grafts including epithelium and connective tissue, or only connective tissue, are indicated to obtain a satisfactory increase of the width of attached gingiva.", "contents": "[Tissue induction and mucogingival surgery: a review of the literature]. Most of the investigations reviewed in the present paper show that the connective tissue has an inductive potential upon epithelial differentiation. As for the investigations showing an epithelial predetermination, one must admit that they have been limited to particular tissue systems (for instance feathers and hairs) and that they could imply errors of manipulation or interpretation. As stated by Gilette: \"Mesenchyme as the determinant is the favorite today, but perhaps only because experiments to demonstrate the opposite would be harder to assess\" (Gilette, 1971). On the clinical point of view, one could draw an important conclusion from these investigations: at the present time, only the free or pedicle mucosal grafts including epithelium and connective tissue, or only connective tissue, are indicated to obtain a satisfactory increase of the width of attached gingiva.", "PMID": 390705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9023", "title": "[Material found on the cleaned diamond turbine drilling heads after injury cases].", "content": "Grinding of the hard tissues of the teeth with diamond points and airotor led to bullet-like flying off of part of the instrument. The causes were investigated: Unsatisfactory fixation in the turbine head, deficient material in the rotating instrument, unnecessary notches in the shaft resulting in reduction of diameter, and finally the so far uncorrected radial vibration of the rotating instrument. All of these causes may result in plastic deformation or breakage of the points.", "contents": "[Material found on the cleaned diamond turbine drilling heads after injury cases]. Grinding of the hard tissues of the teeth with diamond points and airotor led to bullet-like flying off of part of the instrument. The causes were investigated: Unsatisfactory fixation in the turbine head, deficient material in the rotating instrument, unnecessary notches in the shaft resulting in reduction of diameter, and finally the so far uncorrected radial vibration of the rotating instrument. All of these causes may result in plastic deformation or breakage of the points.", "PMID": 390706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9024", "title": "[Dental examination of skulls of the early Middle Ages in Bial-Mett].", "content": "A systematic dental examination was made on 43 skulls from the 6th/7th and 8th/9th centuries which were excavated by the archeological service of the canton of Berne in the church of Biel-Mett. The examination consisted of the following parameters: Count, loss of teeth, caries (instrumental and radiological), calculus deposits, bone loss. The skulls were classified after age and compared with other findings. Generally speaking the results were comparable to findings of other excavations, but they are more detailed owing to more exact methods of examination. The examined population had lost about 23% of their teeth, had a relatively high caries incidence (30%) and a high caries morbidity. Most of the individuals had suffered from periodontal disease. High abrasion values point to the abrasive food then consumed.", "contents": "[Dental examination of skulls of the early Middle Ages in Bial-Mett]. A systematic dental examination was made on 43 skulls from the 6th/7th and 8th/9th centuries which were excavated by the archeological service of the canton of Berne in the church of Biel-Mett. The examination consisted of the following parameters: Count, loss of teeth, caries (instrumental and radiological), calculus deposits, bone loss. The skulls were classified after age and compared with other findings. Generally speaking the results were comparable to findings of other excavations, but they are more detailed owing to more exact methods of examination. The examined population had lost about 23% of their teeth, had a relatively high caries incidence (30%) and a high caries morbidity. Most of the individuals had suffered from periodontal disease. High abrasion values point to the abrasive food then consumed.", "PMID": 390707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9025", "title": "Microscopic and submicroscopic studies on the peripheral nerve and the skeletal muscle of the female. cadaver found in the Han Tomb No.1.", "content": "The present paper deals with the microscopic and submicroscopic structures of the peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus and the skeletal muscle of the m. psoas major of the ancient female cadaver buried about 2100 years ago, which was excavated from the Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui (Mawangtui) near Changsha, Hunan Province. The connective tissues in the peripheral nerve and the skeletal muscle of the ancient cadaver were found well preserved. Under the electron microscope were observed the characteristic periodic bands of the collagenous fibrils as well as some axons and degenerated myelin sheath in the lumbar plexus. And in some of the better preserved nerve fibers, their axons and myelin sheaths are readily discernible. In the m. psoas major, cross striations are clearly visible in some muscle fibers. The remains of a blood vessel with only their connective tissues left were observed in the nerve of the lumbar plexus. Bacterial spores appeared in the two tissues.", "contents": "Microscopic and submicroscopic studies on the peripheral nerve and the skeletal muscle of the female. cadaver found in the Han Tomb No.1. The present paper deals with the microscopic and submicroscopic structures of the peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus and the skeletal muscle of the m. psoas major of the ancient female cadaver buried about 2100 years ago, which was excavated from the Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui (Mawangtui) near Changsha, Hunan Province. The connective tissues in the peripheral nerve and the skeletal muscle of the ancient cadaver were found well preserved. Under the electron microscope were observed the characteristic periodic bands of the collagenous fibrils as well as some axons and degenerated myelin sheath in the lumbar plexus. And in some of the better preserved nerve fibers, their axons and myelin sheaths are readily discernible. In the m. psoas major, cross striations are clearly visible in some muscle fibers. The remains of a blood vessel with only their connective tissues left were observed in the nerve of the lumbar plexus. Bacterial spores appeared in the two tissues.", "PMID": 390710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9026", "title": "Endocrine pancreas: three-dimensional reconstruction shows two types of islets of langerhans.", "content": "Three-dimensional reconstructions of islets of Langerhans, based on immunofluorescent staining of successive serial sections with antiserums to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide reveal a marked difference in the number of cells containing glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide depending on the anatomical location of the islet in the pancreas. The two types of islets are situated in regions of exocrine tissue that are drained by different excretory ducts. This demonstration contradicts the assumption that all islets in the pancreas are similar in their endocrine cell content.", "contents": "Endocrine pancreas: three-dimensional reconstruction shows two types of islets of langerhans. Three-dimensional reconstructions of islets of Langerhans, based on immunofluorescent staining of successive serial sections with antiserums to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide reveal a marked difference in the number of cells containing glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide depending on the anatomical location of the islet in the pancreas. The two types of islets are situated in regions of exocrine tissue that are drained by different excretory ducts. This demonstration contradicts the assumption that all islets in the pancreas are similar in their endocrine cell content.", "PMID": 390711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9027", "title": "Shelf reconstruction for hip dysplasia.", "content": "Shelf reconstruction of the hip has been successful in 12 patients, with an average of 14 years' follow-up. Revision has been done in two to again give relief of pain and continued stability. Average age at the time of oepration was 20 years.", "contents": "Shelf reconstruction for hip dysplasia. Shelf reconstruction of the hip has been successful in 12 patients, with an average of 14 years' follow-up. Revision has been done in two to again give relief of pain and continued stability. Average age at the time of oepration was 20 years.", "PMID": 390715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9028", "title": "Bacteriologic considerations in perforated necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "During a ten-year period, 61 infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis were managed by bowel resection, enterostomy, and intravenous antibiotics. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken of venous blood, from the peritoneal cavity at operation, and of any subsequent wound and/or intraperitoneal infection. No significant differences between fatal and nonfatal cases were noted with respect to presence of anaerobes in the peritoneal flora (six babies with two deaths) or culture-confirmed bacteremia (73% of the total). However, peritonitis participated in by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ten babies), or beta-hemolytic streptococcus (five babies) was -niformly lethal, as were complicating bacteremias due to P aeruginosa, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus (two each). Anaerobic peritoneal isolates (all gram-positive cocci) were never noted if performation occurred before the eighth day of life; they did not appear to adversely affect survival. Based upon these data, antibiotic therapy should include either gentamicin or tobramycin, with penicillin, until subsequent culture reports dictate otherwise.", "contents": "Bacteriologic considerations in perforated necrotizing enterocolitis. During a ten-year period, 61 infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis were managed by bowel resection, enterostomy, and intravenous antibiotics. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken of venous blood, from the peritoneal cavity at operation, and of any subsequent wound and/or intraperitoneal infection. No significant differences between fatal and nonfatal cases were noted with respect to presence of anaerobes in the peritoneal flora (six babies with two deaths) or culture-confirmed bacteremia (73% of the total). However, peritonitis participated in by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ten babies), or beta-hemolytic streptococcus (five babies) was -niformly lethal, as were complicating bacteremias due to P aeruginosa, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus (two each). Anaerobic peritoneal isolates (all gram-positive cocci) were never noted if performation occurred before the eighth day of life; they did not appear to adversely affect survival. Based upon these data, antibiotic therapy should include either gentamicin or tobramycin, with penicillin, until subsequent culture reports dictate otherwise.", "PMID": 390716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9029", "title": "Evaluation and treatment of urinary candidiasis.", "content": "The incidence of genitourinary fungal infections is increasing, and because of their lethal potential, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. Candida is the most common urinary fungus and is manifest as renal involvement from systemic candidiasis, primary renal candidiasis, bezoar formation, cystitis, and as asymptomatic candiduria. The clinical status of the patient, serial urine cultures, excretory urogram, and serum candidal titers help to differentiate between the various disease states. Treatment is specific and is based on the clinical manifestation of the disease. Systemic candidiasis is treated with intravenous amphotericin. Fungal bezoars are best treated with oral flucytosine, ureteral and renal irrigation with amphotericin and, occasionally, operation. Cystitis is treated with oral flucytosine or amphoteric bladder irrigations. Asymptomatic candiduria is left untreated. A systematized evaluation and treatment regimen is presented.", "contents": "Evaluation and treatment of urinary candidiasis. The incidence of genitourinary fungal infections is increasing, and because of their lethal potential, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. Candida is the most common urinary fungus and is manifest as renal involvement from systemic candidiasis, primary renal candidiasis, bezoar formation, cystitis, and as asymptomatic candiduria. The clinical status of the patient, serial urine cultures, excretory urogram, and serum candidal titers help to differentiate between the various disease states. Treatment is specific and is based on the clinical manifestation of the disease. Systemic candidiasis is treated with intravenous amphotericin. Fungal bezoars are best treated with oral flucytosine, ureteral and renal irrigation with amphotericin and, occasionally, operation. Cystitis is treated with oral flucytosine or amphoteric bladder irrigations. Asymptomatic candiduria is left untreated. A systematized evaluation and treatment regimen is presented.", "PMID": 390717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9030", "title": "Acute massive intravascular hemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Two cases of acute intravascular hemolysis complicating acute disseminated intravascular coagulation were presented, one after normal delivery and the other after group A beta hemolytic streptococcal septicemia complicating acute myelomonoblastic leukemia. Neither case received heparin therapy. The first one survived while the latter succumbed. Intravascular hemolysis may not be a bad prognostic sign in such a condition.", "contents": "Acute massive intravascular hemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Two cases of acute intravascular hemolysis complicating acute disseminated intravascular coagulation were presented, one after normal delivery and the other after group A beta hemolytic streptococcal septicemia complicating acute myelomonoblastic leukemia. Neither case received heparin therapy. The first one survived while the latter succumbed. Intravascular hemolysis may not be a bad prognostic sign in such a condition.", "PMID": 390722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9031", "title": "Exchange transfusion in cerebral malaria complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A patient with cerebral malaria complicated by full-blown DIC, after failing to respond to other forms of treatment, was successfully treated by exchange transfusion. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this may be first reported case of full-blown DIC in malaria successfully treated by exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in cerebral malaria complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. A patient with cerebral malaria complicated by full-blown DIC, after failing to respond to other forms of treatment, was successfully treated by exchange transfusion. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this may be first reported case of full-blown DIC in malaria successfully treated by exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 390723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9032", "title": "A brief history of the Medical Faculty, University of Cape Town.", "content": "Outstanding events in the history of the Medical School, University of Cape Town, include the establishment of a full faculty in 1920, the move of the teaching departments from the Gardens to Observatory in 1926/1928, the opening of the Groote Schuur Hospital in 1938, the signing of the joint agreement with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1951, and the tremendous growth and research activities since that time.", "contents": "A brief history of the Medical Faculty, University of Cape Town. Outstanding events in the history of the Medical School, University of Cape Town, include the establishment of a full faculty in 1920, the move of the teaching departments from the Gardens to Observatory in 1926/1928, the opening of the Groote Schuur Hospital in 1938, the signing of the joint agreement with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1951, and the tremendous growth and research activities since that time.", "PMID": 390736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9033", "title": "The pathology of human cardiac transplantation: an assessment after 11 years' experience at Groote Schuur Hospital.", "content": "Over a period of 11 years, commencing in December 1967, 31 cardiac transplants, 10 orthotopic and 21 heterotopic, were performed at Groote Schuur Hospital. Two patients with orthotopic transplants have a long survival, 1 for 7 1/2 and 1 for 9 1/2 years, and 1 with a heterotopic transplant for 4 years. Eighteen patients have died, and autopsy was performed from 13 to 623 days postoperatively. Rejection of the donor heart was found in 61,1% and was the cause of death in 44,4% of cases. Infection, attributable to immunosuppression, was a common finding and consisted of extensive pneumonia, usually due to Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38,8%), herpesvirus infection (38,8%), cytomegalic virus infection (37,5%), aspergillosis and other opportunistic infections. A combination of cardiac rejection and infection accounted for most of the deaths. The cardinal microscopic features of acute rejection were interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and myocytolysis, while chronic rejection was typified by obliterative myo-intimal proliferation of coronary arteries, with concurrent lipid deposition in the major coronary arteries. These lesions resembled atherosclerosis and caused graft failure due to myocardial ischaemia. Ultrastructurally, severe myofibre damage was reflected in extensive loss of cytoplasmic myofilaments. The advantages of heterotopic over orthotopic transplantation are discussed.", "contents": "The pathology of human cardiac transplantation: an assessment after 11 years' experience at Groote Schuur Hospital. Over a period of 11 years, commencing in December 1967, 31 cardiac transplants, 10 orthotopic and 21 heterotopic, were performed at Groote Schuur Hospital. Two patients with orthotopic transplants have a long survival, 1 for 7 1/2 and 1 for 9 1/2 years, and 1 with a heterotopic transplant for 4 years. Eighteen patients have died, and autopsy was performed from 13 to 623 days postoperatively. Rejection of the donor heart was found in 61,1% and was the cause of death in 44,4% of cases. Infection, attributable to immunosuppression, was a common finding and consisted of extensive pneumonia, usually due to Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38,8%), herpesvirus infection (38,8%), cytomegalic virus infection (37,5%), aspergillosis and other opportunistic infections. A combination of cardiac rejection and infection accounted for most of the deaths. The cardinal microscopic features of acute rejection were interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and myocytolysis, while chronic rejection was typified by obliterative myo-intimal proliferation of coronary arteries, with concurrent lipid deposition in the major coronary arteries. These lesions resembled atherosclerosis and caused graft failure due to myocardial ischaemia. Ultrastructurally, severe myofibre damage was reflected in extensive loss of cytoplasmic myofilaments. The advantages of heterotopic over orthotopic transplantation are discussed.", "PMID": 390737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9034", "title": "Dissolution of gallstones--when and how?", "content": "Availability of bile acid therapy for gallstone dissolution adds another therapeutic choice for treatment of gallstone disease. Because dissolution is slow and eventual outcome uncertain, surgery remains the treatment of choice for most patients who have experienced symptoms clearly related to their gallstones. Patients with only dyspeptic or no gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if significant associated cardiac or pulmonary disease exists, may be candidates for bile acid therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid or its 7-beta epimer, ursodeoxycholic acid, when available. Fifty to 75 per cent of patients, depending on individual criteria, may anticipate complete dissolution. Radiolucent gallstones and gallbladder opacification are basic requirements for cholelitholytic therapy. Periodic assessment of laboratory parameters is necessary at routine visits and when unexpected symptoms occur. In a few patients, evidence of obstructive gallstone disease will develop during bile acid therapy and surgery will be required. The value of bild acid therapy for the relief of dyspeptic symptoms, the role of bile analysis, and optimal long-term therapy remain to be established.", "contents": "Dissolution of gallstones--when and how? Availability of bile acid therapy for gallstone dissolution adds another therapeutic choice for treatment of gallstone disease. Because dissolution is slow and eventual outcome uncertain, surgery remains the treatment of choice for most patients who have experienced symptoms clearly related to their gallstones. Patients with only dyspeptic or no gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if significant associated cardiac or pulmonary disease exists, may be candidates for bile acid therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid or its 7-beta epimer, ursodeoxycholic acid, when available. Fifty to 75 per cent of patients, depending on individual criteria, may anticipate complete dissolution. Radiolucent gallstones and gallbladder opacification are basic requirements for cholelitholytic therapy. Periodic assessment of laboratory parameters is necessary at routine visits and when unexpected symptoms occur. In a few patients, evidence of obstructive gallstone disease will develop during bile acid therapy and surgery will be required. The value of bild acid therapy for the relief of dyspeptic symptoms, the role of bile analysis, and optimal long-term therapy remain to be established.", "PMID": 390740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9035", "title": "Angiography in chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding: a nine year study.", "content": "Undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, as defined, is a severe problem to those afflicted, both physically and psychologically as well as socioeconomically. During the past nine years, 60 such patients received aortography and panvisceral arteriography (that is, celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteriography) in a search for the lesions that may be responsible for the bleeding. Results of angiography were \"positive\" in 26 patients for a diagnostic yield of 43 per cent. Fifteen of the 26 patients with positive angiographic findings demonstrated arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Two separate lesions were identified in three patients. This series is compared with other published series of angiography for chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. One difference from the other series is the demonstration of three patients with arteriovenous malformation of the gastric antrum. The diagnostic angiographic features of this condition are presented, along with the interestng finding of \u00e9tat mammelonn\u00e9 in two of the three patients. Another difference from the other series is the demonstration of four arteriovenous malformations involving the left side of the colon, whereas other series report none in this location. One possible explanation for this descrepancy is our routine use of inferior mesenteric arteriography in all cases of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten arteriovenous malformations of the colon are reported along with a review of the angiographic diagnostic features in this condition. The precise incidence of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses is unknown since surgery was not performed on all patients. However, each patient studied represented a total failure, by traditional diagnostic studies, to determine the cause of bleeding. The incidence of positive findings with angiography (43 per cent) in patients with undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding is sufficient to encourage the continued use of panvisceral arteriography in this condition.", "contents": "Angiography in chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding: a nine year study. Undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, as defined, is a severe problem to those afflicted, both physically and psychologically as well as socioeconomically. During the past nine years, 60 such patients received aortography and panvisceral arteriography (that is, celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteriography) in a search for the lesions that may be responsible for the bleeding. Results of angiography were \"positive\" in 26 patients for a diagnostic yield of 43 per cent. Fifteen of the 26 patients with positive angiographic findings demonstrated arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Two separate lesions were identified in three patients. This series is compared with other published series of angiography for chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. One difference from the other series is the demonstration of three patients with arteriovenous malformation of the gastric antrum. The diagnostic angiographic features of this condition are presented, along with the interestng finding of \u00e9tat mammelonn\u00e9 in two of the three patients. Another difference from the other series is the demonstration of four arteriovenous malformations involving the left side of the colon, whereas other series report none in this location. One possible explanation for this descrepancy is our routine use of inferior mesenteric arteriography in all cases of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten arteriovenous malformations of the colon are reported along with a review of the angiographic diagnostic features in this condition. The precise incidence of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses is unknown since surgery was not performed on all patients. However, each patient studied represented a total failure, by traditional diagnostic studies, to determine the cause of bleeding. The incidence of positive findings with angiography (43 per cent) in patients with undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding is sufficient to encourage the continued use of panvisceral arteriography in this condition.", "PMID": 390741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9036", "title": "The use of carcinoembryonic antigen in the clinical management of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Measurement of plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, though not infrequently helpful in the mangement of patients with colorectal cancer, has serious limitations in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Many benign conditions may cause elevations of carcinoembryonic antigen, and even far advanced metastatic large bowel cancer may be associated with normal levels. Major treatment decisions should rarely, if ever, be based on plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen alone. Studies are currently underway to assess the value of serial levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in the early detection of recurrent disease with the hope of identifying patients who might be cured by secondary resections.", "contents": "The use of carcinoembryonic antigen in the clinical management of colorectal cancer. Measurement of plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, though not infrequently helpful in the mangement of patients with colorectal cancer, has serious limitations in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Many benign conditions may cause elevations of carcinoembryonic antigen, and even far advanced metastatic large bowel cancer may be associated with normal levels. Major treatment decisions should rarely, if ever, be based on plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen alone. Studies are currently underway to assess the value of serial levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in the early detection of recurrent disease with the hope of identifying patients who might be cured by secondary resections.", "PMID": 390742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9037", "title": "Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Most investigators agree that the most important goal in correcting gastroesophageal reflux is restoring or developing a competent lower esophageal sphincter. Although the sphincter can be incompetent in its normal intra-abdominal position and rarely a patient may have a competent sphincter in the thorax, generally the sphincter is much more effective in the positive pressure abdominal position. The choice of operative technique will depend upon the abnormal conditions present and the general condition of the patient. The thoracic approach is elected if there is associated intrathoracic disease warranting surgical correction, such as diffuse spasm of the esophagus, achalasia, epiphrenic diverticulum, or a pulmonary lesion requiring biopsy and possible resection. Very obese patients, patients with recurrent hernias, and patients with shortened esophagus are better managed by the thoracic approach. Patients with an essentially normal esophagus are treated with a Mark IV Belsey procedure. If shortening of the esophagus is present, a combination Collis-Nissen technique with fixation below the diaphragm is preferable. The abdominal approach is indicated when there is another intraabdominal disease known or suspected warranting surgical correction. This approach is also useful for the thin or poor risk patient. Usually, through an abdominal incision, we elect to use a modified Nissen fundoplication, with fixation of the fundoplication to the median arcuate ligament or the right crus of the diaphragm. The crural sling is returned to normal dimensions with interrupted sutures. Reflux in the absence of an hiatal hernia initially is treated medically. If symptoms are significant and intractable, a competent lower esophageal sphincter is restored, or developed by the modified Nissen procedure just described. Most reflux strictures at the esophagogastric junction are reversible by dilatation and restoration of a competent sphincter. Firm, fixed, fibrous strictures occasionally cannot be safely dilated. These may be managed by a Thal procedure to correct the stricture and a Nissen fundoplication to prevent recurrent reflux.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Most investigators agree that the most important goal in correcting gastroesophageal reflux is restoring or developing a competent lower esophageal sphincter. Although the sphincter can be incompetent in its normal intra-abdominal position and rarely a patient may have a competent sphincter in the thorax, generally the sphincter is much more effective in the positive pressure abdominal position. The choice of operative technique will depend upon the abnormal conditions present and the general condition of the patient. The thoracic approach is elected if there is associated intrathoracic disease warranting surgical correction, such as diffuse spasm of the esophagus, achalasia, epiphrenic diverticulum, or a pulmonary lesion requiring biopsy and possible resection. Very obese patients, patients with recurrent hernias, and patients with shortened esophagus are better managed by the thoracic approach. Patients with an essentially normal esophagus are treated with a Mark IV Belsey procedure. If shortening of the esophagus is present, a combination Collis-Nissen technique with fixation below the diaphragm is preferable. The abdominal approach is indicated when there is another intraabdominal disease known or suspected warranting surgical correction. This approach is also useful for the thin or poor risk patient. Usually, through an abdominal incision, we elect to use a modified Nissen fundoplication, with fixation of the fundoplication to the median arcuate ligament or the right crus of the diaphragm. The crural sling is returned to normal dimensions with interrupted sutures. Reflux in the absence of an hiatal hernia initially is treated medically. If symptoms are significant and intractable, a competent lower esophageal sphincter is restored, or developed by the modified Nissen procedure just described. Most reflux strictures at the esophagogastric junction are reversible by dilatation and restoration of a competent sphincter. Firm, fixed, fibrous strictures occasionally cannot be safely dilated. These may be managed by a Thal procedure to correct the stricture and a Nissen fundoplication to prevent recurrent reflux.", "PMID": 390743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9038", "title": "Clinical evaluation of long-term epidural monitoring of intracranial pressure.", "content": "Forty-two epidural sensors for measuring intracranial pressure were implanted in 38 patients over the last four years. The sensor is a passive device consisting of an inductance and a pressure sensitive capacitance resonant at about 50 megahertz. The study involved 17 cases of hydrocephalus, nine of pseudotumor cerebri, and the remainder included cases of cranial trauma, brain tumors, and aneurysms. Four of the sensors failed in patients and were removed. Two of these had to be replaced to continue the pressure monitoring. The intracranial pressure is still being monitored in 22 patients, while 15 have been lost to follow-up for various reasons. Fourteen patients have been followed for about a year, and four for two years. The baseline drift rate in most sensors is between 1 and 2 mm H2O per day, with a few having greater rates of drift. Calibration errors were found in some of the sensors after implantation. These errors were corrected by direct measurement of the cerebral spinal fluid pressure via lumbar puncture. The sensors have proven to be a valuable adjunct in the management and diagnosis of neurosurgical patients by simplifying the intermittent and continuous recording of intracranial pressure. This was so despite the presence of calibration errors and a drift which necessitated an occasional lumbar puncture for making corrections.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of long-term epidural monitoring of intracranial pressure. Forty-two epidural sensors for measuring intracranial pressure were implanted in 38 patients over the last four years. The sensor is a passive device consisting of an inductance and a pressure sensitive capacitance resonant at about 50 megahertz. The study involved 17 cases of hydrocephalus, nine of pseudotumor cerebri, and the remainder included cases of cranial trauma, brain tumors, and aneurysms. Four of the sensors failed in patients and were removed. Two of these had to be replaced to continue the pressure monitoring. The intracranial pressure is still being monitored in 22 patients, while 15 have been lost to follow-up for various reasons. Fourteen patients have been followed for about a year, and four for two years. The baseline drift rate in most sensors is between 1 and 2 mm H2O per day, with a few having greater rates of drift. Calibration errors were found in some of the sensors after implantation. These errors were corrected by direct measurement of the cerebral spinal fluid pressure via lumbar puncture. The sensors have proven to be a valuable adjunct in the management and diagnosis of neurosurgical patients by simplifying the intermittent and continuous recording of intracranial pressure. This was so despite the presence of calibration errors and a drift which necessitated an occasional lumbar puncture for making corrections.", "PMID": 390751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9039", "title": "Pierre Adolphe Piorry (1794-1879): pioneer of percussion and pleximetry.", "content": "Piorry was born in Poitiers on 31 December 1794. As a medical student he served in the Napoleonic war in Spain. His teachers in medicine included Corvisart, Bayle, Broussais, and Magendie; he qualified in 1816 with an MD thesis: \"On the danger of reading medical text books by the laity\"! La\u00ebnnec's invention of the stethoscope (1816) and De l' Auscultation M\u00e9diate (1819) inspired Piorry to make an analogous contribution to the technique of percussion (which had been originally described by Auenbrugger in his Inventum Novum in 1761 and translated from the Latin into French by Corvisart in 1808). This led to Piorry's invention in 1826 of the pleximeter (le plessim\u00e9tre) to help outline the internal organs (l'organographisme), which he described inDe la Percussion M\u00e9diate (1828). Piorry became renowned as a professor of medicine in many of the great Parisian hospitals (Charit\u00e9, Piti\u00e9, and H\u00f4tel Dieux). In 1832 he was appointed to L'Hospice de la Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re, where he held a famous course of clinical lectures. He wrote prolificly on many aspects of medicine and published more than twenty books. He was, in addition, a poet of some distinction, and wrote a remarkable long poem Dieu, L'Ame et la Nature (1853). Piorry held his neologisms-for example, toxin, toxaemia, septicaemia, etc.-are still in use. This, together with the mixed reception that his advocacy of pleximetry received from his medical contemporaries, made him a controversial figure. He died on 29 May 1879.", "contents": "Pierre Adolphe Piorry (1794-1879): pioneer of percussion and pleximetry. Piorry was born in Poitiers on 31 December 1794. As a medical student he served in the Napoleonic war in Spain. His teachers in medicine included Corvisart, Bayle, Broussais, and Magendie; he qualified in 1816 with an MD thesis: \"On the danger of reading medical text books by the laity\"! La\u00ebnnec's invention of the stethoscope (1816) and De l' Auscultation M\u00e9diate (1819) inspired Piorry to make an analogous contribution to the technique of percussion (which had been originally described by Auenbrugger in his Inventum Novum in 1761 and translated from the Latin into French by Corvisart in 1808). This led to Piorry's invention in 1826 of the pleximeter (le plessim\u00e9tre) to help outline the internal organs (l'organographisme), which he described inDe la Percussion M\u00e9diate (1828). Piorry became renowned as a professor of medicine in many of the great Parisian hospitals (Charit\u00e9, Piti\u00e9, and H\u00f4tel Dieux). In 1832 he was appointed to L'Hospice de la Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re, where he held a famous course of clinical lectures. He wrote prolificly on many aspects of medicine and published more than twenty books. He was, in addition, a poet of some distinction, and wrote a remarkable long poem Dieu, L'Ame et la Nature (1853). Piorry held his neologisms-for example, toxin, toxaemia, septicaemia, etc.-are still in use. This, together with the mixed reception that his advocacy of pleximetry received from his medical contemporaries, made him a controversial figure. He died on 29 May 1879.", "PMID": 390757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9040", "title": "Adverse external ocular effects of topical ophthalmic medications.", "content": "Medical and pharmacologic research of recent years has led to the development of many potent and efficacious topical ophthalmic medications. Unfortunately, many of these drugs are potentially toxic or allergenic, and their adverse effects have themselves become important external ocular diseases. This paper presents a classification of these adverse effects and provides a review of their etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, diagnosis, and management. It is hoped that this information will be helpful to ophthalmologists in their efforts to anticipate, prevent, recognize, and treat drug-induced ocular problems and that it will serve to emphasize the importance of avoiding the ill-considered use of medications.", "contents": "Adverse external ocular effects of topical ophthalmic medications. Medical and pharmacologic research of recent years has led to the development of many potent and efficacious topical ophthalmic medications. Unfortunately, many of these drugs are potentially toxic or allergenic, and their adverse effects have themselves become important external ocular diseases. This paper presents a classification of these adverse effects and provides a review of their etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, diagnosis, and management. It is hoped that this information will be helpful to ophthalmologists in their efforts to anticipate, prevent, recognize, and treat drug-induced ocular problems and that it will serve to emphasize the importance of avoiding the ill-considered use of medications.", "PMID": 390752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9041", "title": "[Hereditary lysosomal storage diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature on hereditary lysosomal storage diseases occurring in man and various domestic animals is reviewed. These forms of disease are usually recessively autosomally heritable and are reflected in partial or total deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, resulting in accumulation of metabolites. The majority of these lysosomal storage diseases show a predilection for localization in the nervous system. As a rule, the main clinical features are neurological symptoms. The first symptoms are usually observed at an early age and the disease is marked by the fact that it is familial in character. Heterozygotes may be identified by controlled haematological studies in a number of these diseases. In domestic animals, these forms of disease may serve as models for human pathology and some may be of economic importance, such as mannosidosis of Angus cattle in New Zealand and GM1 gangliosidosis of Friesian cattle in Ireland.", "contents": "[Hereditary lysosomal storage diseases (author's transl)]. The literature on hereditary lysosomal storage diseases occurring in man and various domestic animals is reviewed. These forms of disease are usually recessively autosomally heritable and are reflected in partial or total deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, resulting in accumulation of metabolites. The majority of these lysosomal storage diseases show a predilection for localization in the nervous system. As a rule, the main clinical features are neurological symptoms. The first symptoms are usually observed at an early age and the disease is marked by the fact that it is familial in character. Heterozygotes may be identified by controlled haematological studies in a number of these diseases. In domestic animals, these forms of disease may serve as models for human pathology and some may be of economic importance, such as mannosidosis of Angus cattle in New Zealand and GM1 gangliosidosis of Friesian cattle in Ireland.", "PMID": 390763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9042", "title": "[Reduction of the number of tetracycline-resistant strains of Salmonella in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1974, tetracycline resistance in salmonellae of human and porcine origin has decreased nation-wide in the Netherlands. This decrease had coincided with the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds for growth-promotion.", "contents": "[Reduction of the number of tetracycline-resistant strains of Salmonella in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. Since 1974, tetracycline resistance in salmonellae of human and porcine origin has decreased nation-wide in the Netherlands. This decrease had coincided with the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds for growth-promotion.", "PMID": 390765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9043", "title": "Liver extract mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of acrylonitrile vapours towards Salmonella typhimurium strains strictly depends upon the presence of a liver postmitochondrial fraction. The reversion rate varies according to the animal species from which the S9 fraction is obtained as well as to the pretreatment of the animals. The comparatively weak activating effect of the microsomal fraction and the inability of both SKF525A and carbon monoxide to inhibit the S9 mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (ACN) suggest that the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases do not play a major role in the metabolic activation of ACN into a mutagenic intermediate (s).", "contents": "Liver extract mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile. The mutagenic activity of acrylonitrile vapours towards Salmonella typhimurium strains strictly depends upon the presence of a liver postmitochondrial fraction. The reversion rate varies according to the animal species from which the S9 fraction is obtained as well as to the pretreatment of the animals. The comparatively weak activating effect of the microsomal fraction and the inability of both SKF525A and carbon monoxide to inhibit the S9 mediated mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (ACN) suggest that the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases do not play a major role in the metabolic activation of ACN into a mutagenic intermediate (s).", "PMID": 390766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9044", "title": "Polystyrene embedding: a new method for light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Polystyrene embedments of histological specimens can be obtained with a solution of 1:14 polystyrene-toluene, 5% benzyl alcohol and 1% dibutyl phthalate, allowing the solvent to evaporate in polyethylene containers for 2-3 days at 58 C. The resulting blocks are easily cut into truncated pyramids, each containing a piece of tissue, which are then glued to a Plexiglas support. Drying is completed at 80 C for 20 hr. The pyramids can then be sectioned to produce thick sections with a steel knife or to produce semi- or ultrathin sections with a glass knife. A 10% paraldehyde solution is used to mount the light microscopy sections on a slide heated on a hot plate to 80 C; these can be treated with the same techniques used with paraffin sections. The results are of high quality. Semithin sections of tissues fixed for electron microscopy can be stained directly after mounting, or by a wider range of stains once the polystyrene has been removed by organic solvents. In electron microscopy, the ultrathin sections obtained with the usual techniques are highly electron beam-resistant and given acceptable results.", "contents": "Polystyrene embedding: a new method for light and electron microscopy. Polystyrene embedments of histological specimens can be obtained with a solution of 1:14 polystyrene-toluene, 5% benzyl alcohol and 1% dibutyl phthalate, allowing the solvent to evaporate in polyethylene containers for 2-3 days at 58 C. The resulting blocks are easily cut into truncated pyramids, each containing a piece of tissue, which are then glued to a Plexiglas support. Drying is completed at 80 C for 20 hr. The pyramids can then be sectioned to produce thick sections with a steel knife or to produce semi- or ultrathin sections with a glass knife. A 10% paraldehyde solution is used to mount the light microscopy sections on a slide heated on a hot plate to 80 C; these can be treated with the same techniques used with paraffin sections. The results are of high quality. Semithin sections of tissues fixed for electron microscopy can be stained directly after mounting, or by a wider range of stains once the polystyrene has been removed by organic solvents. In electron microscopy, the ultrathin sections obtained with the usual techniques are highly electron beam-resistant and given acceptable results.", "PMID": 390768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9045", "title": "Improved imprinting technique for study of plant tissues.", "content": "The exposed surface of plant tissues is coated with nail varnish. When peeled off, the transparent coating film bears a replica imprint of the tissue. Transparent adhesive tape is used for lifting the film imprint and mounting it on a microslide without curling. By a similar method, an opaque sealant replica with an aluminum foil support may be prepared which can serve as a mold for obtaining a transparent secondary imprint useful for light microscopic studies. The replicas can be stored like herbarium specimens for future use.", "contents": "Improved imprinting technique for study of plant tissues. The exposed surface of plant tissues is coated with nail varnish. When peeled off, the transparent coating film bears a replica imprint of the tissue. Transparent adhesive tape is used for lifting the film imprint and mounting it on a microslide without curling. By a similar method, an opaque sealant replica with an aluminum foil support may be prepared which can serve as a mold for obtaining a transparent secondary imprint useful for light microscopic studies. The replicas can be stored like herbarium specimens for future use.", "PMID": 390769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9046", "title": "Graded differential photoreceptor orientation: ramifications for ultramicrotomy of retina.", "content": "When sectioning small blocks of tissue from the retina of the eye, it is sometimes difficult to obtain sections which simultaneously cut squarely across the inner retinal layers and are on the long axis of the photoreceptors. This difficulty is, at least partially, due to the fact that the receptors tilt progressively relative to the tangent to the retinal curve at progressively more peripheral loci. Consideration of the graded differential orientation of the receptors indicates that, in order for the section to be simultaneously coaxial with the receptors and the inner retinal layers, the plane of the section must be parallel to and include the anterior-posterior axis of the eye, as is the case when the whole eye is sectioned through its center. It is illustrated that this criterion can be met for small blocks of retina if the block is excised along a parallel of the eye and the plane of section is perpendicular to the tangent to the retinal curve and the parallel. An approach which accomplishes this is described. Theoretical analysis suggests that distortion of apparent size of structures in the retina can become significant within a few degrees of the posterior pole if this condition is not met.", "contents": "Graded differential photoreceptor orientation: ramifications for ultramicrotomy of retina. When sectioning small blocks of tissue from the retina of the eye, it is sometimes difficult to obtain sections which simultaneously cut squarely across the inner retinal layers and are on the long axis of the photoreceptors. This difficulty is, at least partially, due to the fact that the receptors tilt progressively relative to the tangent to the retinal curve at progressively more peripheral loci. Consideration of the graded differential orientation of the receptors indicates that, in order for the section to be simultaneously coaxial with the receptors and the inner retinal layers, the plane of the section must be parallel to and include the anterior-posterior axis of the eye, as is the case when the whole eye is sectioned through its center. It is illustrated that this criterion can be met for small blocks of retina if the block is excised along a parallel of the eye and the plane of section is perpendicular to the tangent to the retinal curve and the parallel. An approach which accomplishes this is described. Theoretical analysis suggests that distortion of apparent size of structures in the retina can become significant within a few degrees of the posterior pole if this condition is not met.", "PMID": 390770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9047", "title": "Pharmacology, toxicology and degradation of endosulfan A review.", "content": "This report presents a review of literature on organochlorine insecticide of the cyclodiene type endosulfan, which has been employed extensively for agricultural, domestic and public health purposes. It summarizes information on nomenclature and chemistry, metabolism and toxicity in mammals, birds, fishes and insects, degradation and metabolism in plants along with brief reference to the degradation in water and light. Unfortunately, because of lack of knowledge, a precise statement, in regard to the ecological implications and the quantitites of endosulfan now being used, is not possible at this time.", "contents": "Pharmacology, toxicology and degradation of endosulfan A review. This report presents a review of literature on organochlorine insecticide of the cyclodiene type endosulfan, which has been employed extensively for agricultural, domestic and public health purposes. It summarizes information on nomenclature and chemistry, metabolism and toxicity in mammals, birds, fishes and insects, degradation and metabolism in plants along with brief reference to the degradation in water and light. Unfortunately, because of lack of knowledge, a precise statement, in regard to the ecological implications and the quantitites of endosulfan now being used, is not possible at this time.", "PMID": 390767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9048", "title": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 26th communication: investigations on the changes in the state of resistance following sublethal whole-body irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of a bacterial invasion by pseudomonas, e. coli, proteus, citrobacter and gaffkya via an open skin wound was investigated in combined injured mice (infliction of a skin wound and irradiations). Suspensions of different bacterial strains were applied on the wound and then the lethality was determined. Besides of apathogenic (citrobacter, proteus, gaffkya) and high pathogenic bacteria (e. coli and pseudomonas) an e. coli strain of the 0-Group 81 was found that seems to induce a decrease of lethality even after sublethal whole body irradiation.", "contents": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 26th communication: investigations on the changes in the state of resistance following sublethal whole-body irradiation (author's transl)]. The risk of a bacterial invasion by pseudomonas, e. coli, proteus, citrobacter and gaffkya via an open skin wound was investigated in combined injured mice (infliction of a skin wound and irradiations). Suspensions of different bacterial strains were applied on the wound and then the lethality was determined. Besides of apathogenic (citrobacter, proteus, gaffkya) and high pathogenic bacteria (e. coli and pseudomonas) an e. coli strain of the 0-Group 81 was found that seems to induce a decrease of lethality even after sublethal whole body irradiation.", "PMID": 390775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9049", "title": "Serum hormone levels during a post-implantation LH-RH induced luteolysis in the rat.", "content": "Daily administration of LH-RH (100 micrograms sc at 0900 and 1500 h) to rats over day 7-12 (D7-12) of pregnancy induced reovulation by D9 and a sustained decrease in uterine:fetal weight and vaginal bleeding by 0600 h on D10 of pregnancy. Serum hormone levels determined at 0600, 1200, and 2000 h over D7-12 of pregnancy revealed that luteinizing hormone (LH) was significantly elevated after each administration of LH-RH, while prolactin (PRL) was not significantly altered in any systematic fashion. An acute decline in serum progesterone at 2000 h on D7-9 following LH-RH administration was not sustained until after 0600 h on D10 when serum 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 20 alpha-DHP) in LH-RH treated animals rose significantly above control (2000 h, D10) and remained elevated throughout D11-12. Progesterone and 20 alpha-DHP values were reflected morphologically after D10 as the corpora lutea of LH-RH treated rats underwent luteolysis. A peak in serum estradiol levels in control animals was observed at 0600 h on D9. Serum estradiol-17 beta levels in LH-RH treated animals were similar to control except at 2000 h on D8 and D12 when LH-RH induced a significant increase. These observations suggest that subsequent to implantation in the rat, the temporal sequence of a decrease in progesterone secretion, luteolysis and pregnancy failure in response to LH-RH does not result from an increase in estradiol secretion attendant to reovulation.", "contents": "Serum hormone levels during a post-implantation LH-RH induced luteolysis in the rat. Daily administration of LH-RH (100 micrograms sc at 0900 and 1500 h) to rats over day 7-12 (D7-12) of pregnancy induced reovulation by D9 and a sustained decrease in uterine:fetal weight and vaginal bleeding by 0600 h on D10 of pregnancy. Serum hormone levels determined at 0600, 1200, and 2000 h over D7-12 of pregnancy revealed that luteinizing hormone (LH) was significantly elevated after each administration of LH-RH, while prolactin (PRL) was not significantly altered in any systematic fashion. An acute decline in serum progesterone at 2000 h on D7-9 following LH-RH administration was not sustained until after 0600 h on D10 when serum 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 20 alpha-DHP) in LH-RH treated animals rose significantly above control (2000 h, D10) and remained elevated throughout D11-12. Progesterone and 20 alpha-DHP values were reflected morphologically after D10 as the corpora lutea of LH-RH treated rats underwent luteolysis. A peak in serum estradiol levels in control animals was observed at 0600 h on D9. Serum estradiol-17 beta levels in LH-RH treated animals were similar to control except at 2000 h on D8 and D12 when LH-RH induced a significant increase. These observations suggest that subsequent to implantation in the rat, the temporal sequence of a decrease in progesterone secretion, luteolysis and pregnancy failure in response to LH-RH does not result from an increase in estradiol secretion attendant to reovulation.", "PMID": 390777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9050", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of testosterone in plasma, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate antibody-bound and free hormone.", "content": "We describe an enzyme immunoassay for testosterone in which we use a testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl)oxime horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the label and an antiserum, raised in rabbits, to testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) is used to separate antibody-bound and free steroid. The assay has a sensitivity of 12 pg/assay tube and satisfies the usual criteria of specificity, precision and accuracy. The results agree well with those obtained with a comparable radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of testosterone in plasma, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. We describe an enzyme immunoassay for testosterone in which we use a testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl)oxime horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the label and an antiserum, raised in rabbits, to testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) is used to separate antibody-bound and free steroid. The assay has a sensitivity of 12 pg/assay tube and satisfies the usual criteria of specificity, precision and accuracy. The results agree well with those obtained with a comparable radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 390778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9051", "title": "[Materials testing demonstration of the suitability of a viscous plastic silicone elastomer for long-term functional impressions].", "content": "Comparative laboratory tests with elastomers as well as clinical trials showed that the visco-elastic silicone elastomer \"Stefanat z\u00e4hplastisch\" (manufacturer: VEB Arzneimittelwerk Dresden, Leipziger Arzneimittelwerk) is suited for long-term dynamic impression. It is necessary to use a special, exactly dosed cross-linking agent and to apply the reactive material carefully.", "contents": "[Materials testing demonstration of the suitability of a viscous plastic silicone elastomer for long-term functional impressions]. Comparative laboratory tests with elastomers as well as clinical trials showed that the visco-elastic silicone elastomer \"Stefanat z\u00e4hplastisch\" (manufacturer: VEB Arzneimittelwerk Dresden, Leipziger Arzneimittelwerk) is suited for long-term dynamic impression. It is necessary to use a special, exactly dosed cross-linking agent and to apply the reactive material carefully.", "PMID": 390779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9052", "title": "[Evaluation of Berlin jacket crowns compared with plastic or ceramic jacket crowns].", "content": "34 jacket crowns of ceramic material, of plastic and of a combination plastic-ceramic material (Berlin jacket crowns), respectively, were clinically re-examined using a uniform scoring scale. The results obtained show that the Berlin jacket crowns can be ranked between the ceramic jacket crowns and the plastic jacket crowns.", "contents": "[Evaluation of Berlin jacket crowns compared with plastic or ceramic jacket crowns]. 34 jacket crowns of ceramic material, of plastic and of a combination plastic-ceramic material (Berlin jacket crowns), respectively, were clinically re-examined using a uniform scoring scale. The results obtained show that the Berlin jacket crowns can be ranked between the ceramic jacket crowns and the plastic jacket crowns.", "PMID": 390780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9053", "title": "[The model-cast immediate denture--a means for the treatment of patients with periodontal diseases].", "content": "The authors describe a method of immediate prosthetic care by means of a model-cast denture. It is mainly indicated for periodontally diseased dentitions which will thus be treated immediately, optimally and rationally.", "contents": "[The model-cast immediate denture--a means for the treatment of patients with periodontal diseases]. The authors describe a method of immediate prosthetic care by means of a model-cast denture. It is mainly indicated for periodontally diseased dentitions which will thus be treated immediately, optimally and rationally.", "PMID": 390781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9054", "title": "Allograft viability determined by enzyme analysis.", "content": "Enzymatic analysis of the venous effluent of ischemically injured kidney failed to predict accurately the ability of an isochemically injured kidney to support life. Postoperative serum assay of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is of value in the assessment of the functional status of the kidney and correlates with response of the rejection episode to immunosuppression. However, by itself it cannot be a sole guide to withholding of therapy. Successful treatment is associated with a decline in LDH level, and failure to return to base line serves as a guide to irreversibility of the rejection reaction.", "contents": "Allograft viability determined by enzyme analysis. Enzymatic analysis of the venous effluent of ischemically injured kidney failed to predict accurately the ability of an isochemically injured kidney to support life. Postoperative serum assay of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is of value in the assessment of the functional status of the kidney and correlates with response of the rejection episode to immunosuppression. However, by itself it cannot be a sole guide to withholding of therapy. Successful treatment is associated with a decline in LDH level, and failure to return to base line serves as a guide to irreversibility of the rejection reaction.", "PMID": 390783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9055", "title": "Effect of blood transfusions on survival of cadaver and living related renal transplants.", "content": "The effect of blood transfusion was analyzed in 194 first cadaver renal transplants and 86 living related renal transplants. The association of blood transfusion with HLA genotyping and poor risk recipients was analyzed. Exclusion of poor risk recipients improved graft survival among the transfused group of patients but not in the small subgroup of nontransfused recipients. No effect of blood transfusion was observed in the living related group. Improved graft survival was observed in both the haplotype-matched and nonhaplotype-matched transfused cadaver recipients. The haplotype-transfused recipients had grafts survival rates of 69 and 66% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The greatest beneficial effect was seen in the double haplotype-transfused cadaver recipients with graft survival rates of 80 and 71% for the same period. The lack of beneficial effect of transfusion in the living related patients is felt to be a result of the fact that the maximum effect had already been achieved by a far superior donor-recipient histocompatibility than is able to be achieved in a large group of cadaver recipients.", "contents": "Effect of blood transfusions on survival of cadaver and living related renal transplants. The effect of blood transfusion was analyzed in 194 first cadaver renal transplants and 86 living related renal transplants. The association of blood transfusion with HLA genotyping and poor risk recipients was analyzed. Exclusion of poor risk recipients improved graft survival among the transfused group of patients but not in the small subgroup of nontransfused recipients. No effect of blood transfusion was observed in the living related group. Improved graft survival was observed in both the haplotype-matched and nonhaplotype-matched transfused cadaver recipients. The haplotype-transfused recipients had grafts survival rates of 69 and 66% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The greatest beneficial effect was seen in the double haplotype-transfused cadaver recipients with graft survival rates of 80 and 71% for the same period. The lack of beneficial effect of transfusion in the living related patients is felt to be a result of the fact that the maximum effect had already been achieved by a far superior donor-recipient histocompatibility than is able to be achieved in a large group of cadaver recipients.", "PMID": 390787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9056", "title": "Are the native kidneys responsible for erythrocytosis in renal allorecipients?", "content": "The development of erythrocytosis following renal transplantation has been reported to be caused by a number of factors. These include acute and chronic rejection, hydronephrosis and renal artery stenosis. In this study, seven patients were noted to have erythrocytosis with hematocrits ranging between 53.5 and 66%. Serum erythropoietin levels were elevated and ranged between 11 and 60 mU/ml with a mean of 31.9 mU/ml in six of seven patients. Selective catheterization of veins of native and transplanted kidneys in three patients revealed mean serum levels of 40.9 and 13.0 mU/ml, respectively. This suggests that excess erythropoietin is being produced from the diseased native kidneys. Bilateral nephrectomy in one patient cured erythrocytosis and dropped systemic levels of erythropoietin (EP) to 6.1 mU/ml. In four of the remaining five patients, hematocrits came down spontaneously to within normal over a 1- to 3-year period. Consequently, it appears that in a number of transplant patients the retained diseased kidneys, having lost all excretory and concentrating function, may remain capable of functioning as endocrine erythropoietin-producing organs.", "contents": "Are the native kidneys responsible for erythrocytosis in renal allorecipients? The development of erythrocytosis following renal transplantation has been reported to be caused by a number of factors. These include acute and chronic rejection, hydronephrosis and renal artery stenosis. In this study, seven patients were noted to have erythrocytosis with hematocrits ranging between 53.5 and 66%. Serum erythropoietin levels were elevated and ranged between 11 and 60 mU/ml with a mean of 31.9 mU/ml in six of seven patients. Selective catheterization of veins of native and transplanted kidneys in three patients revealed mean serum levels of 40.9 and 13.0 mU/ml, respectively. This suggests that excess erythropoietin is being produced from the diseased native kidneys. Bilateral nephrectomy in one patient cured erythrocytosis and dropped systemic levels of erythropoietin (EP) to 6.1 mU/ml. In four of the remaining five patients, hematocrits came down spontaneously to within normal over a 1- to 3-year period. Consequently, it appears that in a number of transplant patients the retained diseased kidneys, having lost all excretory and concentrating function, may remain capable of functioning as endocrine erythropoietin-producing organs.", "PMID": 390790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9057", "title": "[Metabolism of proliferating and resting cells].", "content": "This review concerns the modern trends and experimental approaches to the study of cell cycle (cell population kinetics, cell structure and functions at various steps of the cycle,, etc.) and their input into the current views of cell proliferation controls. The resting state of the cell is considered and metabolic features of proliferating and resting cells are compared. Evidence is presented that resting cells are metabolically active and less resistant to the damaging factors that it has been previously supposed. The importance of this finding for biology and medicine, especially for cancer chemotherapy, is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolism of proliferating and resting cells]. This review concerns the modern trends and experimental approaches to the study of cell cycle (cell population kinetics, cell structure and functions at various steps of the cycle,, etc.) and their input into the current views of cell proliferation controls. The resting state of the cell is considered and metabolic features of proliferating and resting cells are compared. Evidence is presented that resting cells are metabolically active and less resistant to the damaging factors that it has been previously supposed. The importance of this finding for biology and medicine, especially for cancer chemotherapy, is discussed.", "PMID": 390793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9058", "title": "[Cytochemical and biochemical determination of  acid phosphatase activity in yeasts].", "content": "Optimal conditions of the cytochemical assay for acid phosphatase in protoplasts and whole cells of S. cerevisiae have been described. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used to increase the permeability of the yeast cell envelope. In the yeast cells, grown up to the end of the exponential phase, acid phosphatase is shown to be located mainly in the central vacuole and on the cell envelope surface. A considerable activity of acid phosphatase is demonstrable on the surface of the plasma membrane and within adjacent vesicles that represent, presumably, part of the endoplasmic reticulum. Acid phosphatase can be considered as a marker enzyme for yeast cell vacuoles.", "contents": "[Cytochemical and biochemical determination of  acid phosphatase activity in yeasts]. Optimal conditions of the cytochemical assay for acid phosphatase in protoplasts and whole cells of S. cerevisiae have been described. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used to increase the permeability of the yeast cell envelope. In the yeast cells, grown up to the end of the exponential phase, acid phosphatase is shown to be located mainly in the central vacuole and on the cell envelope surface. A considerable activity of acid phosphatase is demonstrable on the surface of the plasma membrane and within adjacent vesicles that represent, presumably, part of the endoplasmic reticulum. Acid phosphatase can be considered as a marker enzyme for yeast cell vacuoles.", "PMID": 390794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9059", "title": "[Polyploidizing mitoses and the biological meaning of polyploidy in liver cells].", "content": "The ontogenetic polyploidization of hepatocytes is regarded, within which normal mitoses are changed to polyploidizing mitoses, and diploid hepatocytes transform into polyploid mono- and binuclear cells. A new hypothesis is put forward of the biological significance of the liver cell polyploidy. The hypothesis takes into account a high level of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in mitotic hepatocytes. The chromosome structural changes interfere with mitosis resulting in the chromosomal imbalance. Polyploidy bestows for hepatocytes a tolerance towards a chromosomal imbalance. Some implications of the hypothesis are discussed: unbalanced genome of hepatocytes after the treatment with mutagens and mitotic stimulators; the reasons of liver cell polyploidy differences in mammalian species; mechanisms of radioresistance of hepatocytes. Chromosomal imbalance of polyploid hepatocytes is assumed to be the basis for wome chronic liver diseases in man.", "contents": "[Polyploidizing mitoses and the biological meaning of polyploidy in liver cells]. The ontogenetic polyploidization of hepatocytes is regarded, within which normal mitoses are changed to polyploidizing mitoses, and diploid hepatocytes transform into polyploid mono- and binuclear cells. A new hypothesis is put forward of the biological significance of the liver cell polyploidy. The hypothesis takes into account a high level of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in mitotic hepatocytes. The chromosome structural changes interfere with mitosis resulting in the chromosomal imbalance. Polyploidy bestows for hepatocytes a tolerance towards a chromosomal imbalance. Some implications of the hypothesis are discussed: unbalanced genome of hepatocytes after the treatment with mutagens and mitotic stimulators; the reasons of liver cell polyploidy differences in mammalian species; mechanisms of radioresistance of hepatocytes. Chromosomal imbalance of polyploid hepatocytes is assumed to be the basis for wome chronic liver diseases in man.", "PMID": 390795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9060", "title": "High-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment in advanced breast cancer. A review.", "content": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) when employed at high doses (greater than or equal to 500 greater than or equal to 1000 mg/day i.m.) can produce objective remission with improved survival in about 30% of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer resistant to cytotoxic drugs and endocrine therapies. When administered to women not previously treated with chemotherapy, the objective remission response rate reached 40%. From available evidence, high dose MPA can be considered a useful agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with soft tissue, pulmonary, pleural or osseous involvement even when patients have become refractory to prior hormone and cytotoxic therapies. Early results suggest that the response rate can be increased in patients with estrogen and/or progesterone-positive receptors. It is note worthy that in a study conducted on postmenopausal women resistant to cytotoxic and/or hormonal drugs, the median duration of survival was 13.5 months, while CRs plus PRs did not reach the median at 24 months after starting MPA treatment. High dose MPA is essentially devoid of major side effects. Relief of pain, increase in appetite and body weight, and sense of well being are characteristic features of the improved quality of life under MPA treatment. However, a gluteal abscess (from 2% to 20% dose related) is the most frequent side effect. A promising area for future studies is combined therapy using hormonal and cytotoxic agents or alternating sequential combinations. Well-designed studies are needed to develop means for increasing the complete response rate and therefore survival. Recent studies of combined chemo- and hormonal (MPA) therapy have yielded objective tumor regressions of 53 to 80% with an increased rate of complete remissions and duration of response.", "contents": "High-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment in advanced breast cancer. A review. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) when employed at high doses (greater than or equal to 500 greater than or equal to 1000 mg/day i.m.) can produce objective remission with improved survival in about 30% of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer resistant to cytotoxic drugs and endocrine therapies. When administered to women not previously treated with chemotherapy, the objective remission response rate reached 40%. From available evidence, high dose MPA can be considered a useful agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with soft tissue, pulmonary, pleural or osseous involvement even when patients have become refractory to prior hormone and cytotoxic therapies. Early results suggest that the response rate can be increased in patients with estrogen and/or progesterone-positive receptors. It is note worthy that in a study conducted on postmenopausal women resistant to cytotoxic and/or hormonal drugs, the median duration of survival was 13.5 months, while CRs plus PRs did not reach the median at 24 months after starting MPA treatment. High dose MPA is essentially devoid of major side effects. Relief of pain, increase in appetite and body weight, and sense of well being are characteristic features of the improved quality of life under MPA treatment. However, a gluteal abscess (from 2% to 20% dose related) is the most frequent side effect. A promising area for future studies is combined therapy using hormonal and cytotoxic agents or alternating sequential combinations. Well-designed studies are needed to develop means for increasing the complete response rate and therefore survival. Recent studies of combined chemo- and hormonal (MPA) therapy have yielded objective tumor regressions of 53 to 80% with an increased rate of complete remissions and duration of response.", "PMID": 390798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9061", "title": "Adjuvant multiple drug chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity: a 6 year report.", "content": "Fifty-five cases of osteosarcoma of the extremities were treated between 1972 and 1976 with combination surgery and polychemotherapy (vincristine, adriamycin and methotrexate at medium doses) for 18 months. Their follow-up presently ranges between 30 and 80 months (mean = 48 months). Twenty-six patients remained free from disease signs, 2 showed local recurrence but no metastases, and 27 exhibited metastases (4 of these also had local recurrences). In 12 patients, the metastases appeared after the end of chemotherapy. Both metastases and local recurrences were more frequent in those patients submitted to segmental bone resection (7/8) than in those treated by more radical surgery (22/47). Comparison with a historical group (94 osteosarcoma patients treated with surgery alone at our Institute between 1960 and 1971) revealed that, during the follow-up period considered, the percentage of patients free from disease signs was higher in the group that also received chemotherapy. In addition, in this group metastatic appearance was delayed (mean = 15 months) as compared to historical controls (mean = 8 months). On the other hand, after the same kind of surgery, the rate of local recurrences and the time of their appearance was practically the same in both groups.", "contents": "Adjuvant multiple drug chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity: a 6 year report. Fifty-five cases of osteosarcoma of the extremities were treated between 1972 and 1976 with combination surgery and polychemotherapy (vincristine, adriamycin and methotrexate at medium doses) for 18 months. Their follow-up presently ranges between 30 and 80 months (mean = 48 months). Twenty-six patients remained free from disease signs, 2 showed local recurrence but no metastases, and 27 exhibited metastases (4 of these also had local recurrences). In 12 patients, the metastases appeared after the end of chemotherapy. Both metastases and local recurrences were more frequent in those patients submitted to segmental bone resection (7/8) than in those treated by more radical surgery (22/47). Comparison with a historical group (94 osteosarcoma patients treated with surgery alone at our Institute between 1960 and 1971) revealed that, during the follow-up period considered, the percentage of patients free from disease signs was higher in the group that also received chemotherapy. In addition, in this group metastatic appearance was delayed (mean = 15 months) as compared to historical controls (mean = 8 months). On the other hand, after the same kind of surgery, the rate of local recurrences and the time of their appearance was practically the same in both groups.", "PMID": 390799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9062", "title": "[New data on carbonic acid fixation in animals and man].", "content": "Recently a new enzymic carboxylation reaction has been discovered at the final-step of prothrombin and other proteins synthesis. The presence of the unique amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutaminic acid, is established and its structure is determined. The role of the acid is shown in Ca2+ fixation in the known proteins, playing an important role in the blood coagulation processes, and in some new proteins participating in the tissue calcification. Data are systematized on the necessity of vitamin K in the new reaction of the carbonic acid fixation under conditions of its in vitro simulation.", "contents": "[New data on carbonic acid fixation in animals and man]. Recently a new enzymic carboxylation reaction has been discovered at the final-step of prothrombin and other proteins synthesis. The presence of the unique amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutaminic acid, is established and its structure is determined. The role of the acid is shown in Ca2+ fixation in the known proteins, playing an important role in the blood coagulation processes, and in some new proteins participating in the tissue calcification. Data are systematized on the necessity of vitamin K in the new reaction of the carbonic acid fixation under conditions of its in vitro simulation.", "PMID": 390802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9063", "title": "[Phytoecdysones--biologically active polyhydroxylated sterols].", "content": "Methods are described for detection, isolation and identification of phytoecdysones--hormones of moult and metamorphosis of insects and crustaceans produced by some plants. Much attention is paid to problems of seeking plant sources of ecdysones and to studies in their biological activity on various animal species, the activity being of importance for human practice. Hypotheses available in literature on the mechanisms of the ecdysone effect on the protein synthesis processes are discussed.", "contents": "[Phytoecdysones--biologically active polyhydroxylated sterols]. Methods are described for detection, isolation and identification of phytoecdysones--hormones of moult and metamorphosis of insects and crustaceans produced by some plants. Much attention is paid to problems of seeking plant sources of ecdysones and to studies in their biological activity on various animal species, the activity being of importance for human practice. Hypotheses available in literature on the mechanisms of the ecdysone effect on the protein synthesis processes are discussed.", "PMID": 390803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9064", "title": "Relationship of prior hormonal therapy to subsequent estramustine phosphate treatment in advanced prostatic cancer.", "content": "The relationship of prior hormonal therapy to subsequent response on estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) was examined in 107 patients with advanced prostatic cancer treated in two different Phase II chemotherapy trials. In both trials patients with the longest prior hormonal treatment were the least likely to respond to estramustine phosphate. Patients in the series from the National Prostatic Cancer Project with a response classification to prior hormonal therapy had only a 26 per cent response to subsequent estramustine phosphate therapy, whereas 40 per cent of those with no prior response to hormonal therapy responded to estramustine phosphate. This latter group had the shortest average disease duration from diagnosis. The sample of prostate cancers studied appeared to include groups that were sensitive to both hormones and cytotoxic activity as well as to either of these two alone. These data support the contention that estramustine phosphate may act both as an estrogenic and a cytotoxic agent.", "contents": "Relationship of prior hormonal therapy to subsequent estramustine phosphate treatment in advanced prostatic cancer. The relationship of prior hormonal therapy to subsequent response on estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) was examined in 107 patients with advanced prostatic cancer treated in two different Phase II chemotherapy trials. In both trials patients with the longest prior hormonal treatment were the least likely to respond to estramustine phosphate. Patients in the series from the National Prostatic Cancer Project with a response classification to prior hormonal therapy had only a 26 per cent response to subsequent estramustine phosphate therapy, whereas 40 per cent of those with no prior response to hormonal therapy responded to estramustine phosphate. This latter group had the shortest average disease duration from diagnosis. The sample of prostate cancers studied appeared to include groups that were sensitive to both hormones and cytotoxic activity as well as to either of these two alone. These data support the contention that estramustine phosphate may act both as an estrogenic and a cytotoxic agent.", "PMID": 390810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9065", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in prostatic cancer.", "content": "Ninety-two patients with histologically proved prostatic cancer were studied. Forty-six patients were treated with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) adjuvant immunotherapy, and 46 other patients, matched for stage and hormone therapy, served as controls. Survival from the time of histologic diagnosis was sixteen and one-half months longer (thirty-seven and one-half versus twenty-one months) in the BCG-treated patients. There was no mortality and only minimal morbidity. Changes in some immunologic parameters (white blood cell count, skin tests) suggest an immune response.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in prostatic cancer. Ninety-two patients with histologically proved prostatic cancer were studied. Forty-six patients were treated with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) adjuvant immunotherapy, and 46 other patients, matched for stage and hormone therapy, served as controls. Survival from the time of histologic diagnosis was sixteen and one-half months longer (thirty-seven and one-half versus twenty-one months) in the BCG-treated patients. There was no mortality and only minimal morbidity. Changes in some immunologic parameters (white blood cell count, skin tests) suggest an immune response.", "PMID": 390811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9066", "title": "Necrotizing infection of scrotum.", "content": "Necrotizing infection of the scrotum (Fournier gangrene) rapidly spreads to adjacent skin with fever and toxemia and is life-threatening. Subcutaneous gas and a foul-smelling wet discharge from the skin are usually present. The infection is not cured with antibiotic therapy alone and requires immediate extensive debridement of all necrotic tissue. Repeated debridement each several days under general anesthesia is necessary until healthy granulation is present in the wound. Reconstruction with skin flaps or skin grafts shortens hospitalization and prevents the dense scar tissue and immobility of the tests that can occur with spontaneous epithelization.", "contents": "Necrotizing infection of scrotum. Necrotizing infection of the scrotum (Fournier gangrene) rapidly spreads to adjacent skin with fever and toxemia and is life-threatening. Subcutaneous gas and a foul-smelling wet discharge from the skin are usually present. The infection is not cured with antibiotic therapy alone and requires immediate extensive debridement of all necrotic tissue. Repeated debridement each several days under general anesthesia is necessary until healthy granulation is present in the wound. Reconstruction with skin flaps or skin grafts shortens hospitalization and prevents the dense scar tissue and immobility of the tests that can occur with spontaneous epithelization.", "PMID": 390812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9067", "title": "[Bone alloplasty in the surgery of the locomotor apparatus].", "content": "The article is devoted to the treatment of diseases and damages of the locomotor system: intervertebral osteochondrosis (63 patients), scoliosis (34 patients subjected to 55 operations), fractures and false joints (270 patients), benign tumor of the bones (287 patients). The nearest and remote results were analyzed. The author recommends a wider use of allogenic bone tissues, sterilized in antiseptic solutions with the subsequent freezing.", "contents": "[Bone alloplasty in the surgery of the locomotor apparatus]. The article is devoted to the treatment of diseases and damages of the locomotor system: intervertebral osteochondrosis (63 patients), scoliosis (34 patients subjected to 55 operations), fractures and false joints (270 patients), benign tumor of the bones (287 patients). The nearest and remote results were analyzed. The author recommends a wider use of allogenic bone tissues, sterilized in antiseptic solutions with the subsequent freezing.", "PMID": 390843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9068", "title": "Recurrent coliform mastitis in the dairy cow.", "content": "Daily monitoring of milk over a 120-day period for bacteria and neutrophil counts revealed that following experimental E coli mastitis, five out of 28 infections resulted in the development of a long continued and recurring condition. Intermittent periods of acute inflammation were observed in the gland, pyrexia was noted, and if bacteria were isolated they were always of the same serotype as the original infecting strain. Failure to isolate bacteria and the lack of overt inflammation during periods of remission suggested that the bacteria were not in the gland cistern but within gland tissue. In one animal antibiotic therapy with a drug which was active in vitro was ineffective in vivo. However another antibiotic proved effective.", "contents": "Recurrent coliform mastitis in the dairy cow. Daily monitoring of milk over a 120-day period for bacteria and neutrophil counts revealed that following experimental E coli mastitis, five out of 28 infections resulted in the development of a long continued and recurring condition. Intermittent periods of acute inflammation were observed in the gland, pyrexia was noted, and if bacteria were isolated they were always of the same serotype as the original infecting strain. Failure to isolate bacteria and the lack of overt inflammation during periods of remission suggested that the bacteria were not in the gland cistern but within gland tissue. In one animal antibiotic therapy with a drug which was active in vitro was ineffective in vivo. However another antibiotic proved effective.", "PMID": 390847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9069", "title": "Antibody coated bacteria in urine sediment from cattle infected with Corynebacterium renale.", "content": "Using the fluorescent antibody test, the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in 10 out of 17 urine sediment samples from cattle infected with Corynebacterium renale is described. These antibodies were mainly of the immunoglobulin class IgG, and to a lesser extent IgA. This finding is characteristic for infections of the upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis). In seven samples no antibody coating of the bacterial surface was detected. In these cases an infection of the lower urinary tract (cystitis) is suggested.", "contents": "Antibody coated bacteria in urine sediment from cattle infected with Corynebacterium renale. Using the fluorescent antibody test, the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in 10 out of 17 urine sediment samples from cattle infected with Corynebacterium renale is described. These antibodies were mainly of the immunoglobulin class IgG, and to a lesser extent IgA. This finding is characteristic for infections of the upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis). In seven samples no antibody coating of the bacterial surface was detected. In these cases an infection of the lower urinary tract (cystitis) is suggested.", "PMID": 390848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9070", "title": "The pathogenesis of enteric colibacillosis in neonatal unsuckled calves.", "content": "The development of pathological lesions in the small intestine of neonatal calves is described. Seven newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of E coli 0101k?(A) and killed at varying times after inoculation. Adhesion of bacteria to the mucosa of the small intestine was observed in all calves. A few organisms were seen in the distal small intestine at three hours after inoculation and thereafter adhesion progressed anteriorly along the intestine in calves killed from six to 36 hours. In these calves pathological changes occurred between six and 12 hours after inoculation. Villi were stunted and thickened and the epithelial surface was irregular. A further calf, anaesthetised from five-and-a-half to 10 hours after inoculation and repeatedly sampled from the distal small intestine, developed similar lesions abruptly at nine hours after inoculation. Villus and crypt lengths in the challenged calves were compared with those in three normal uninoculated control calves.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of enteric colibacillosis in neonatal unsuckled calves. The development of pathological lesions in the small intestine of neonatal calves is described. Seven newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of E coli 0101k?(A) and killed at varying times after inoculation. Adhesion of bacteria to the mucosa of the small intestine was observed in all calves. A few organisms were seen in the distal small intestine at three hours after inoculation and thereafter adhesion progressed anteriorly along the intestine in calves killed from six to 36 hours. In these calves pathological changes occurred between six and 12 hours after inoculation. Villi were stunted and thickened and the epithelial surface was irregular. A further calf, anaesthetised from five-and-a-half to 10 hours after inoculation and repeatedly sampled from the distal small intestine, developed similar lesions abruptly at nine hours after inoculation. Villus and crypt lengths in the challenged calves were compared with those in three normal uninoculated control calves.", "PMID": 390852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9071", "title": "Detection of antibody against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides in cattle by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) For the detection of antibody against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides are presented. Antibody was detected in the sera of cattle at least 19 months after recovery from an infection and at least 23 months after vaccination. Almost half the sera of some animals in an area of Nigera where contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is enzootic contained antibody. Antibody was rarely detected when the same sera were examined by other established serological tests, emphasising the sensitivity of the ELISA.", "contents": "Detection of antibody against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides in cattle by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) For the detection of antibody against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides are presented. Antibody was detected in the sera of cattle at least 19 months after recovery from an infection and at least 23 months after vaccination. Almost half the sera of some animals in an area of Nigera where contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is enzootic contained antibody. Antibody was rarely detected when the same sera were examined by other established serological tests, emphasising the sensitivity of the ELISA.", "PMID": 390853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9072", "title": "[New materials on the history of veterinary medicine in Bulgaria].", "content": "Several tens of ritual plates are preserved in Bulgaria on which elements of glorification are found of god Mithras who gained popularity particularly in the 1st-IIIrd century in the regions of Thrace and today's North Bulgaria, then provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire. Mithras seemed to be respected by slaves, soldiers, and merchants alike, but was also an exemplar to the Roman emperors, being considered by them as Sol invictus or Deo invicto. The central scene in all plates is that of Mithras tauroctonus (Mithras, the killer of bulls). This scene is likewise of interest to veterinarians as it shows that in such early epoch the people that lived within the territory of Bulgaria of today used a method for the felling of large animals, the elements of which--fixing the head and bending it backwards, fastening the thorax with a belt or another loop, loading the animal's back--are still existing and are used in a number of modern methods of felling (that of Hess, the Caucasian way of felling, the Chinese one of Dou-Chan-Than, etc.) Besides, the people of ancient time knew that ruminants have an incomplete upper dentition. They skilfully employed this to bring animals that had to be felled into an unusual nonphysiologic posture. Not sooner than 16 centuries prior to the preformists (the spermists) they supported the concept that the testes were the source of life.", "contents": "[New materials on the history of veterinary medicine in Bulgaria]. Several tens of ritual plates are preserved in Bulgaria on which elements of glorification are found of god Mithras who gained popularity particularly in the 1st-IIIrd century in the regions of Thrace and today's North Bulgaria, then provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire. Mithras seemed to be respected by slaves, soldiers, and merchants alike, but was also an exemplar to the Roman emperors, being considered by them as Sol invictus or Deo invicto. The central scene in all plates is that of Mithras tauroctonus (Mithras, the killer of bulls). This scene is likewise of interest to veterinarians as it shows that in such early epoch the people that lived within the territory of Bulgaria of today used a method for the felling of large animals, the elements of which--fixing the head and bending it backwards, fastening the thorax with a belt or another loop, loading the animal's back--are still existing and are used in a number of modern methods of felling (that of Hess, the Caucasian way of felling, the Chinese one of Dou-Chan-Than, etc.) Besides, the people of ancient time knew that ruminants have an incomplete upper dentition. They skilfully employed this to bring animals that had to be felled into an unusual nonphysiologic posture. Not sooner than 16 centuries prior to the preformists (the spermists) they supported the concept that the testes were the source of life.", "PMID": 390862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9073", "title": "[Radioisotope topical diagnosis of malignant lymphomas using gallium-67 citrate].", "content": "The diagnostic value of Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy was estimated based on the comparison of clinical and roentgenological findings, including lymphography, in 46 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas. The results obtained indicated that scintigraphy with Ga-67 citrate is a valuable adjunct for diagnosing malignant lymphomas and lymphogranulomatosis in previously untreated patients and in the recurrences.", "contents": "[Radioisotope topical diagnosis of malignant lymphomas using gallium-67 citrate]. The diagnostic value of Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy was estimated based on the comparison of clinical and roentgenological findings, including lymphography, in 46 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas. The results obtained indicated that scintigraphy with Ga-67 citrate is a valuable adjunct for diagnosing malignant lymphomas and lymphogranulomatosis in previously untreated patients and in the recurrences.", "PMID": 390874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9074", "title": "[Interferon-forming properties of the leukocytes in assessing the functional activity of the regional lymph nodes in cervical cancer].", "content": "In the present work the authors have employed their personal modification of the technic of interferon reaction of lymphocytes, which consists in using the lymphocytes isolated from regional lymph nodes but not from the peripheral blood as described in the literature. The titres of interferon produced in vitro by the lymphocytes of lymph nodes, removed during the operation in cervical cancer patients, were shown to correlate well with the clinico-morphological changes, indicating the rate of the regional lymphoid tissue response. The mentioned correlation speaks in favour of the prognostic value of the interferon reaction of regional lymph nodes lymphocytes in cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Interferon-forming properties of the leukocytes in assessing the functional activity of the regional lymph nodes in cervical cancer]. In the present work the authors have employed their personal modification of the technic of interferon reaction of lymphocytes, which consists in using the lymphocytes isolated from regional lymph nodes but not from the peripheral blood as described in the literature. The titres of interferon produced in vitro by the lymphocytes of lymph nodes, removed during the operation in cervical cancer patients, were shown to correlate well with the clinico-morphological changes, indicating the rate of the regional lymphoid tissue response. The mentioned correlation speaks in favour of the prognostic value of the interferon reaction of regional lymph nodes lymphocytes in cervical cancer.", "PMID": 390875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9075", "title": "[Physiological requirements in foodstuffs and energy of infants in the 1st year of life].", "content": "The authors report their own and literature data on requirements for infants of over 30 food factors. It is suggested that certain age periods should be differentiated and the parameters of weight and height considered while summarizing materials on recommended rates of the principal food and energy requirements for children of the first year of life.", "contents": "[Physiological requirements in foodstuffs and energy of infants in the 1st year of life]. The authors report their own and literature data on requirements for infants of over 30 food factors. It is suggested that certain age periods should be differentiated and the parameters of weight and height considered while summarizing materials on recommended rates of the principal food and energy requirements for children of the first year of life.", "PMID": 390879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9076", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of feeding infants with the new adapted products].", "content": "Feeding regimens involving the use of new foods, dry adapting additive and acidophilus mixtures of the \"Malyutka\" and \"Malysh\" types developed by the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, were assessed from the results of investigations carried out with 500 infants. Recommendations for improving the composition of the above foods are given with a purpose of reaching the optimal formula of breast milk substitutes.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of feeding infants with the new adapted products]. Feeding regimens involving the use of new foods, dry adapting additive and acidophilus mixtures of the \"Malyutka\" and \"Malysh\" types developed by the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, were assessed from the results of investigations carried out with 500 infants. Recommendations for improving the composition of the above foods are given with a purpose of reaching the optimal formula of breast milk substitutes.", "PMID": 390880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9077", "title": "Skeletal scintigraphy.", "content": "Skeletal scintigraphy, using phosphates or diphosphonates labeled with technetium 99m, is a sensitive method of detecting bone abnormalities. The most important and most frequent role of bone scanning is evaluating the skeletal areas in patients who have a primary cancer, especially a malignant condition that has a tendency to spread to bone areas. The bone scan is superior to bone radiographs in diagnosing these abnormalities; 15 percent to 25 percent of patients with breast, prostate or lung cancer, who have normal roentgenograms, also have abnormal scintigrams due to metastases. The majority of bone metastases appear as hot spots on the scan and are easily recognized. The incidence of abnormal bone scans in patients with early stages (I and II) of breast cancer varies from 6 percent to 26 percent, but almost invariably those patients with scan abnormalities have a poor prognosis and should be considered for additional therapies. Progression or regression of bony lesions can be defined through scanning, and abnormal areas can be identified for biopsy. The incidence of metastases in solitary scan lesions in patients with known primary tumors varies from 20 percent to 64 percent. Bone scintigraphy shows positive uptake in 95 percent of cases with acute osteomyelitis. Stress fractures and trauma suspected in battered babies can be diagnosed by scanning before there is radiological evidence. The procedure is free from acute or long-term side effects and, except in cases of very young patients, sedation is seldom necessary. Although the test is sensitive, it is not specific and therefore it is difficult to overemphasize the importance of clinical, radiographic, biochemical and scanning correlation in each patient.", "contents": "Skeletal scintigraphy. Skeletal scintigraphy, using phosphates or diphosphonates labeled with technetium 99m, is a sensitive method of detecting bone abnormalities. The most important and most frequent role of bone scanning is evaluating the skeletal areas in patients who have a primary cancer, especially a malignant condition that has a tendency to spread to bone areas. The bone scan is superior to bone radiographs in diagnosing these abnormalities; 15 percent to 25 percent of patients with breast, prostate or lung cancer, who have normal roentgenograms, also have abnormal scintigrams due to metastases. The majority of bone metastases appear as hot spots on the scan and are easily recognized. The incidence of abnormal bone scans in patients with early stages (I and II) of breast cancer varies from 6 percent to 26 percent, but almost invariably those patients with scan abnormalities have a poor prognosis and should be considered for additional therapies. Progression or regression of bony lesions can be defined through scanning, and abnormal areas can be identified for biopsy. The incidence of metastases in solitary scan lesions in patients with known primary tumors varies from 20 percent to 64 percent. Bone scintigraphy shows positive uptake in 95 percent of cases with acute osteomyelitis. Stress fractures and trauma suspected in battered babies can be diagnosed by scanning before there is radiological evidence. The procedure is free from acute or long-term side effects and, except in cases of very young patients, sedation is seldom necessary. Although the test is sensitive, it is not specific and therefore it is difficult to overemphasize the importance of clinical, radiographic, biochemical and scanning correlation in each patient.", "PMID": 390886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9078", "title": "Recent advances in antidepressant drug treatment.", "content": "Psychiatric research has made remarkable advances in understanding the pathophysiology of depressive illnesses. Biologic depressions are now understood as neurotransmitter deficiency diseases. Certain forms of depression are treated with tricyclic antidepressant drugs, which increase the amount of available neurotransmitters. Complicating the clinical picture, however, is the problem of wide variability of levels of tricyclic drugs in the plasma of persons receiving the same dosage. Another problem is the apparent linear dose-response relationship of imipramine hydrochloride and its sister compound desipramine hydrochloride while amitriptyline and nortriptyline follow an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. However, with newer, more sophisticated diagnostic methods, combined with monitoring of tricyclic drug levels in plasma, therapeutic efficacy can approach 90 percent. Available neurotransmitters also can be increased using monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Although MAO inhibitors have been less popular than the tricyclic drugs, recent clinical research tends to support their efficacy. Distinct individual differences in the rate of metabolism of MAO inhibitors have been found. New methods are being devised to detect these differences and monitor directly the effects of these drugs. One of these methods, platelet MAO inhibition, shows some clinical promise. Tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors have recently been joined by lithium carbonate, which shows notable efficacy in removing acute manic-depressive symptoms as well as preventing their return during maintenance treatment. Its utility in treating cyclic depressions without mania is now being explored by researchers.", "contents": "Recent advances in antidepressant drug treatment. Psychiatric research has made remarkable advances in understanding the pathophysiology of depressive illnesses. Biologic depressions are now understood as neurotransmitter deficiency diseases. Certain forms of depression are treated with tricyclic antidepressant drugs, which increase the amount of available neurotransmitters. Complicating the clinical picture, however, is the problem of wide variability of levels of tricyclic drugs in the plasma of persons receiving the same dosage. Another problem is the apparent linear dose-response relationship of imipramine hydrochloride and its sister compound desipramine hydrochloride while amitriptyline and nortriptyline follow an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. However, with newer, more sophisticated diagnostic methods, combined with monitoring of tricyclic drug levels in plasma, therapeutic efficacy can approach 90 percent. Available neurotransmitters also can be increased using monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Although MAO inhibitors have been less popular than the tricyclic drugs, recent clinical research tends to support their efficacy. Distinct individual differences in the rate of metabolism of MAO inhibitors have been found. New methods are being devised to detect these differences and monitor directly the effects of these drugs. One of these methods, platelet MAO inhibition, shows some clinical promise. Tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors have recently been joined by lithium carbonate, which shows notable efficacy in removing acute manic-depressive symptoms as well as preventing their return during maintenance treatment. Its utility in treating cyclic depressions without mania is now being explored by researchers.", "PMID": 390888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9079", "title": "[The treatment of acute pancreatitis in Austria: results of a questionnaire].", "content": "The treatment of acute pancreatitis as currently practised in Austria was evaluated by means of a questionnaire mailed to all medical and surgical departments in Austrian hospitals. Fasting, analgesics and parenteral fluid therapy are applied routinely and proteinase inhibitors are used in nearly all hospitals. The efficacy of placing the pancreas at rest by withdrawal of oral fluids, nasogastric suction or antacids is variably assessed. Pharmacological inhibition of pancreatic secretion is achieved mainly by anticholinergics, whilst less often glucagon is prescribed. Antibiotic prophylaxis is widely applied. The main indications for surgery are complications and pre-existing biliary tract disease. These results are compared with the literature.", "contents": "[The treatment of acute pancreatitis in Austria: results of a questionnaire]. The treatment of acute pancreatitis as currently practised in Austria was evaluated by means of a questionnaire mailed to all medical and surgical departments in Austrian hospitals. Fasting, analgesics and parenteral fluid therapy are applied routinely and proteinase inhibitors are used in nearly all hospitals. The efficacy of placing the pancreas at rest by withdrawal of oral fluids, nasogastric suction or antacids is variably assessed. Pharmacological inhibition of pancreatic secretion is achieved mainly by anticholinergics, whilst less often glucagon is prescribed. Antibiotic prophylaxis is widely applied. The main indications for surgery are complications and pre-existing biliary tract disease. These results are compared with the literature.", "PMID": 390891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9080", "title": "[Prostaglandin I2 (PG I2; prostacyclin) synthesis by human gastric mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The human gastric mucosa generates prostacyclin (22 +/- 6 ng PG I2/g). There is no age or sex difference in PG I2 formation by normal gastric mucosa. The properties of the substance are the same as reported in other tissues.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin I2 (PG I2; prostacyclin) synthesis by human gastric mucosa (author's transl)]. The human gastric mucosa generates prostacyclin (22 +/- 6 ng PG I2/g). There is no age or sex difference in PG I2 formation by normal gastric mucosa. The properties of the substance are the same as reported in other tissues.", "PMID": 390892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9081", "title": "Determination of the biological parameters of bacterium-phage complexes.", "content": "The authors present a method of measurement and evaluation for continuous cultures of bacteria infected by virulent phages. By the comparison of the model describing the phage-bacterium interaction and their own experimental data they determined the following biological parameter values characterizing the interaction: the adsorption rate (mu), the expectation of the latency period (T) and its standard deviation ((sigma), the time required for lysis (d), the infection efficiency (eta) and the average burst size (C). The parameters were used for the determination of optimal cultivating conditions (maximum phage yield).", "contents": "Determination of the biological parameters of bacterium-phage complexes. The authors present a method of measurement and evaluation for continuous cultures of bacteria infected by virulent phages. By the comparison of the model describing the phage-bacterium interaction and their own experimental data they determined the following biological parameter values characterizing the interaction: the adsorption rate (mu), the expectation of the latency period (T) and its standard deviation ((sigma), the time required for lysis (d), the infection efficiency (eta) and the average burst size (C). The parameters were used for the determination of optimal cultivating conditions (maximum phage yield).", "PMID": 390901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9082", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "Different types of vagotomy have been widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. A close relationship between the vagus nerve and the release or action of gastrointestinal hormones is necessary for the optimal activation of the gastrointestinal tract. The serum concentrations of the antral hormone gastrin are elevated after all types of vagotomy. The postvagotomy hypergastrinemia is due to the change in pH in the antral lumen or the gastric motility changes, both of which may lead to a proliferation of G cells. The reduction in pancreatic secretion after vagotomy is not due to changes in intestinal hormone release, but may be caused by the interruption of a postulated enteropancreatic reflex. Postprandial GIP release and serum insulin levels are not affected by vagotomy, but basal GIP levels are increased after vagotomy. Postprandial pancreatic polypeptide release is nearly abolished by vagotomy, but seems to normalize in the later postoperative course. These findings may be important for the interpretation of pathophysiologic changes after vagotomy.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on gastrointestinal hormones. Different types of vagotomy have been widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. A close relationship between the vagus nerve and the release or action of gastrointestinal hormones is necessary for the optimal activation of the gastrointestinal tract. The serum concentrations of the antral hormone gastrin are elevated after all types of vagotomy. The postvagotomy hypergastrinemia is due to the change in pH in the antral lumen or the gastric motility changes, both of which may lead to a proliferation of G cells. The reduction in pancreatic secretion after vagotomy is not due to changes in intestinal hormone release, but may be caused by the interruption of a postulated enteropancreatic reflex. Postprandial GIP release and serum insulin levels are not affected by vagotomy, but basal GIP levels are increased after vagotomy. Postprandial pancreatic polypeptide release is nearly abolished by vagotomy, but seems to normalize in the later postoperative course. These findings may be important for the interpretation of pathophysiologic changes after vagotomy.", "PMID": 390900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9083", "title": "Prostaglandins and serotonin: nonpeptide diarrheogenic hormones.", "content": "Prostaglandins and serotonin are vasoactive compounds with profound effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Both cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion (although serotonin stimulates gastric pepsin secretion), stimulation of intestinal motility, and conversion of small intestinal mucosa from absorption to secretion of water and electrolytes. Their effects on pancreatic and biliary function are still not clear. Although prostaglandins appear to elicit their effects primarily by a paracrine mode of action, and serotonin is primarily a neurotransmitter (neurocrine), it is clear that even under normal conditions both can function as humoral agents. For example, we have shown that serotonin plays a physiologic role as a humoral inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. However, the effects of these agents become more pronounced in patients with humorally mediated diarrheogenic syndromes. Serotonin (and related indoles, particularly 5-hydroxytryptophan) has been firmly implicated as a cause of diarrhea in patients with carcinoid syndrome; our recent studies suggest that the diagnosis can be more effectively made by measuring circulating immunoreactive serotonin concentrations than urinary excretion of 5-HIAA; that some circulating serotonin escapes hepatic inactivation and, thus, large intestinal tumors can cause carcinoid syndrome in the absence of hepatic metastases; and that large amounts of serotonin are produced by some noncarcinoid diarrheogenic tumors, including medullary carcinomas of the thyroid and tumors associated with the WDHA syndrome. A large number of tumors of probable neural crest origin, including medullary thyroid carcinoma, carcinoids, and tumors associated with the WDHA syndrome, secrete large amounts of prostaglandins, particularly PGE2. The clinical response of at least some of the patients harboring these tumors to inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (particularly indomethacin) suggests that prostaglandins play a role in the etiology of these diarrheogenic syndromes.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and serotonin: nonpeptide diarrheogenic hormones. Prostaglandins and serotonin are vasoactive compounds with profound effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Both cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion (although serotonin stimulates gastric pepsin secretion), stimulation of intestinal motility, and conversion of small intestinal mucosa from absorption to secretion of water and electrolytes. Their effects on pancreatic and biliary function are still not clear. Although prostaglandins appear to elicit their effects primarily by a paracrine mode of action, and serotonin is primarily a neurotransmitter (neurocrine), it is clear that even under normal conditions both can function as humoral agents. For example, we have shown that serotonin plays a physiologic role as a humoral inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. However, the effects of these agents become more pronounced in patients with humorally mediated diarrheogenic syndromes. Serotonin (and related indoles, particularly 5-hydroxytryptophan) has been firmly implicated as a cause of diarrhea in patients with carcinoid syndrome; our recent studies suggest that the diagnosis can be more effectively made by measuring circulating immunoreactive serotonin concentrations than urinary excretion of 5-HIAA; that some circulating serotonin escapes hepatic inactivation and, thus, large intestinal tumors can cause carcinoid syndrome in the absence of hepatic metastases; and that large amounts of serotonin are produced by some noncarcinoid diarrheogenic tumors, including medullary carcinomas of the thyroid and tumors associated with the WDHA syndrome. A large number of tumors of probable neural crest origin, including medullary thyroid carcinoma, carcinoids, and tumors associated with the WDHA syndrome, secrete large amounts of prostaglandins, particularly PGE2. The clinical response of at least some of the patients harboring these tumors to inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (particularly indomethacin) suggests that prostaglandins play a role in the etiology of these diarrheogenic syndromes.", "PMID": 390899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9084", "title": "[Isosorbide-dinitrate in myocardial perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) (10 mg sublingually) on myocardial perfusion during ischemic conditions was analyzed in 14 patients with angiographically severe coronary artery disease and typical angina pectoris, using the 201-Thallium-myocardial scintigraphy. All patients underwent two identical scintigrams with the same work load during bicycle ergometry; a control scintigram leading to angina and ST-depressions of greater than 0.1 mV was followed 4--6 weeks later by a scintigram after ISDN; all drugs -- except sublingual nitroglycerin -- were withheld for an entire week. -- 25 of 39 new or enlarged, exercise-induced defects (64%) were normalyzed after ISDN; 14 new or enlarged defects remained unchanged (p less than 0.0005). In the 11 patients, in whom ISDN led to complete abolishment of angina, 23 of 30 new defects (76%) were normalized against none in the 3 patients with persistent angina and ST-depressions. Quantitation of perfusion was attempted by calculating the average impulse rate (counts/min/matrix point): in those patients reacting favorably to ISDN average impulse rate decreased significantly especially in the normal area (p less than 0.001), resulting in a more homogeneous distribution of Thallium activity, indicating a marked reduction in local oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Isosorbide-dinitrate in myocardial perfusion (author's transl)]. The effect of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) (10 mg sublingually) on myocardial perfusion during ischemic conditions was analyzed in 14 patients with angiographically severe coronary artery disease and typical angina pectoris, using the 201-Thallium-myocardial scintigraphy. All patients underwent two identical scintigrams with the same work load during bicycle ergometry; a control scintigram leading to angina and ST-depressions of greater than 0.1 mV was followed 4--6 weeks later by a scintigram after ISDN; all drugs -- except sublingual nitroglycerin -- were withheld for an entire week. -- 25 of 39 new or enlarged, exercise-induced defects (64%) were normalyzed after ISDN; 14 new or enlarged defects remained unchanged (p less than 0.0005). In the 11 patients, in whom ISDN led to complete abolishment of angina, 23 of 30 new defects (76%) were normalized against none in the 3 patients with persistent angina and ST-depressions. Quantitation of perfusion was attempted by calculating the average impulse rate (counts/min/matrix point): in those patients reacting favorably to ISDN average impulse rate decreased significantly especially in the normal area (p less than 0.001), resulting in a more homogeneous distribution of Thallium activity, indicating a marked reduction in local oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 390905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9085", "title": "Correlative morphological and cytochemical observations on the nucleoli and nuclear bodies during avian oogenesis.", "content": "A correlative morphological and cytochemical study has been made of the nucleoli and nuclear bodies in the growing oocytes of the crow (Corvus splendens) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis). The nucleoli show morphological and cytochemical changes during oocyte growth, which are described in detail. In young oocytes at diplotene stage, two to six nucleoli, which are attached to condensed diplotene chromosomes, show RNA, lysine-rich histones and some non-histones, the proteins contain S-S and SH groups. In subsequent stages of oocyte growth, the cortex of nucleolus also develops arginine-rich histones whereas the medulla shows lysine-rich histones. The significance of both morphological and cytochemical changes of nucleoli has been discussed in relation to oocyte growth. Seven types of nuclear bodies are described. They are composed of proteins and carbohydrates. Their shape, size and structure vary during different stages of oocyte growth. Finally, their material is transported into the ooplasm.", "contents": "Correlative morphological and cytochemical observations on the nucleoli and nuclear bodies during avian oogenesis. A correlative morphological and cytochemical study has been made of the nucleoli and nuclear bodies in the growing oocytes of the crow (Corvus splendens) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis). The nucleoli show morphological and cytochemical changes during oocyte growth, which are described in detail. In young oocytes at diplotene stage, two to six nucleoli, which are attached to condensed diplotene chromosomes, show RNA, lysine-rich histones and some non-histones, the proteins contain S-S and SH groups. In subsequent stages of oocyte growth, the cortex of nucleolus also develops arginine-rich histones whereas the medulla shows lysine-rich histones. The significance of both morphological and cytochemical changes of nucleoli has been discussed in relation to oocyte growth. Seven types of nuclear bodies are described. They are composed of proteins and carbohydrates. Their shape, size and structure vary during different stages of oocyte growth. Finally, their material is transported into the ooplasm.", "PMID": 390907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9086", "title": "[Hemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems in kidney transplantation].", "content": "On the basis of general realisations and own experimental or clinical observations haemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems, respectively, of renal conditioning in the organism of the donor, the perfusion preservation and the phase of repeated blood supply are represented and discussed. It is shown that an improvement of the renal blood supply and of she flow of the urine in the donor with \"dead brain\" by alpha-adrenergic blockade or stimulation of beta-receptors is not sufficient for overcoming restrictions of the renal function. A pulsatile perfusion and the permanent opening of the vascular lumen when the medium changes between blood and perfusate are regarded as most favourable hydrodynamic prerequisites for the initial hypothermal lavation of blood. In continuous machine perfusion with oxygenated protein-containing solutions a dilation of the renal vessels takes place, so that the cortical perfusion is guaranteed also in low pressures. After the transplantation there exists a significant pathogenetic correlation between the total blood supply of the kidney and its early function.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems in kidney transplantation]. On the basis of general realisations and own experimental or clinical observations haemodynamic and hydrodynamic problems, respectively, of renal conditioning in the organism of the donor, the perfusion preservation and the phase of repeated blood supply are represented and discussed. It is shown that an improvement of the renal blood supply and of she flow of the urine in the donor with \"dead brain\" by alpha-adrenergic blockade or stimulation of beta-receptors is not sufficient for overcoming restrictions of the renal function. A pulsatile perfusion and the permanent opening of the vascular lumen when the medium changes between blood and perfusate are regarded as most favourable hydrodynamic prerequisites for the initial hypothermal lavation of blood. In continuous machine perfusion with oxygenated protein-containing solutions a dilation of the renal vessels takes place, so that the cortical perfusion is guaranteed also in low pressures. After the transplantation there exists a significant pathogenetic correlation between the total blood supply of the kidney and its early function.", "PMID": 390922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9087", "title": "[Structure of the neurons in the midbrain auditory center in the frog, Rana ridibunda].", "content": "Using rapid Coldgi technique, studies have been made on the structure of the nervous cells in torus semicircularis of the frog Rana ridibunda. 277 cells observed in frontal and sagittal sections were classified into 3 groups. 198 cells with an oval body had their basal dendrite spreading caudoventrally. The dendritic tree of these cells does not leave torus semicircularis. Nucleus laminaris and n. commisuralis usually contained simple cells of this type with one smooth basal dendrite. In the main nucleus of torus semicircularis, similar cells with additional horizontal or dorsal dendrites were found. Many cells of this type in the caudal part of the torus have spiny dendrites. 38 cells with large elongated bodies have one ventral dendrite which originates directly from the body and produces several ventro-lateral processes intersecting the efferent bundle in the tectum opticum. Long and thin dorsal dendrites pass through the laminar nucleus of the torus. These cells were found in the rostral part of the nucleus magnocellularis. In various parts of the torus, 17 multipolar cells were registered. It was not possible to classify 24 cells. Preliminary comparison of morphological and electrophysiological data showed that structural differentiation of the auditory center of amphibian midbrain reflects functional organization of this region.", "contents": "[Structure of the neurons in the midbrain auditory center in the frog, Rana ridibunda]. Using rapid Coldgi technique, studies have been made on the structure of the nervous cells in torus semicircularis of the frog Rana ridibunda. 277 cells observed in frontal and sagittal sections were classified into 3 groups. 198 cells with an oval body had their basal dendrite spreading caudoventrally. The dendritic tree of these cells does not leave torus semicircularis. Nucleus laminaris and n. commisuralis usually contained simple cells of this type with one smooth basal dendrite. In the main nucleus of torus semicircularis, similar cells with additional horizontal or dorsal dendrites were found. Many cells of this type in the caudal part of the torus have spiny dendrites. 38 cells with large elongated bodies have one ventral dendrite which originates directly from the body and produces several ventro-lateral processes intersecting the efferent bundle in the tectum opticum. Long and thin dorsal dendrites pass through the laminar nucleus of the torus. These cells were found in the rostral part of the nucleus magnocellularis. In various parts of the torus, 17 multipolar cells were registered. It was not possible to classify 24 cells. Preliminary comparison of morphological and electrophysiological data showed that structural differentiation of the auditory center of amphibian midbrain reflects functional organization of this region.", "PMID": 390927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9088", "title": "[Preparation of an insulin-like substance from molluscs and its antiserum].", "content": "A substance with insulin-like activity was obtained from visceral organs (excluding foot, gills and mantle) of the freshwater bivalve molluscs Unio pictorum and Anodonta cygnea. Injecting this substance to guinea pigs, antiserum was also obtained. Using the obtained antiserum in immunostaining experiments, the cells which produce insulin-like substance were identified in the intestinal epithelium of the midgut in A. cygnea.", "contents": "[Preparation of an insulin-like substance from molluscs and its antiserum]. A substance with insulin-like activity was obtained from visceral organs (excluding foot, gills and mantle) of the freshwater bivalve molluscs Unio pictorum and Anodonta cygnea. Injecting this substance to guinea pigs, antiserum was also obtained. Using the obtained antiserum in immunostaining experiments, the cells which produce insulin-like substance were identified in the intestinal epithelium of the midgut in A. cygnea.", "PMID": 390928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9089", "title": "[Preservation of cholerogenicity in cholera vibrios in the incomplete L-cycle stage].", "content": "The work presents the characteristics of the forms appearing as a result of the incomplete L cycle of Vibrio cholerae obtained in experimental conditions after the cultivation of typical V. eltor strain, serovar Ogawa, for 5 months at room temperature in sterile river water without subculturing. The culture formed shaprly changed L-similar colonies, had decreased agglutinability and was resistant to diagnostic cholera phages, but retained its cholerogenicity for suckling rabbits. A suggestion was made concerning the possible epidemiological significance of such forms and the necessity of their detection in the course of bacteriological analysis for cholera.", "contents": "[Preservation of cholerogenicity in cholera vibrios in the incomplete L-cycle stage]. The work presents the characteristics of the forms appearing as a result of the incomplete L cycle of Vibrio cholerae obtained in experimental conditions after the cultivation of typical V. eltor strain, serovar Ogawa, for 5 months at room temperature in sterile river water without subculturing. The culture formed shaprly changed L-similar colonies, had decreased agglutinability and was resistant to diagnostic cholera phages, but retained its cholerogenicity for suckling rabbits. A suggestion was made concerning the possible epidemiological significance of such forms and the necessity of their detection in the course of bacteriological analysis for cholera.", "PMID": 390934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9090", "title": "[Transforming activity of R- and Lac-plasmids of clinical strains of Gram-negative bacteria].", "content": "The isolated plasmid DNA of clinical strains of Gram-negative bacteria were shown to have transforming activity when E. coli strain 0600 and S. typhimurium strain LT-2 were used as recipients. The frequency of transformation depended on the recipient strain and the character of the plasmids. The presence of deletion mutants was revealed among the transformants. Such mutants occurred with varying frequency, most often in S. typhimurium strain LT-20; the reason for this phenomenon is at present under discussion. The transformation of plasmids controlling lactose splitting and their conjugation transfer into recipient S. typhimurium strain LT-2 is possible only under condition of using recipient (R+). The possibility of the formation of the cointegrate (R and lac plasmids) in recipient S. typhimurium strain LT-2 is discussed.", "contents": "[Transforming activity of R- and Lac-plasmids of clinical strains of Gram-negative bacteria]. The isolated plasmid DNA of clinical strains of Gram-negative bacteria were shown to have transforming activity when E. coli strain 0600 and S. typhimurium strain LT-2 were used as recipients. The frequency of transformation depended on the recipient strain and the character of the plasmids. The presence of deletion mutants was revealed among the transformants. Such mutants occurred with varying frequency, most often in S. typhimurium strain LT-20; the reason for this phenomenon is at present under discussion. The transformation of plasmids controlling lactose splitting and their conjugation transfer into recipient S. typhimurium strain LT-2 is possible only under condition of using recipient (R+). The possibility of the formation of the cointegrate (R and lac plasmids) in recipient S. typhimurium strain LT-2 is discussed.", "PMID": 390935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9091", "title": "[Antibodies to muscle fiber antigens in the cosmonauts after a space flight].", "content": "The study of serum samples, obtained from 15 cosmonauts before and after space flights, with the use of the indirect fluorescent method showed that in 7 cosmonauts antibodies to different elements of the human heart muscle appeared after flights. Strong and very strong luminescence of the elements of heart muscle tissue was detected in the cosmonauts after the third space flight. When studying the sera on sections of bovine heart muscle tissue, the reactions of the sera taken before and after flights were found to have no essential differences.", "contents": "[Antibodies to muscle fiber antigens in the cosmonauts after a space flight]. The study of serum samples, obtained from 15 cosmonauts before and after space flights, with the use of the indirect fluorescent method showed that in 7 cosmonauts antibodies to different elements of the human heart muscle appeared after flights. Strong and very strong luminescence of the elements of heart muscle tissue was detected in the cosmonauts after the third space flight. When studying the sera on sections of bovine heart muscle tissue, the reactions of the sera taken before and after flights were found to have no essential differences.", "PMID": 390939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9092", "title": "[Humoral and cellular immunity factors in peroral vaccination with an S. typhimurium antigenic complex].", "content": "The role of individual immunity factors in protection from S. typhimurium infection was studied on mice immunized orally in a single administration with an antigenic complex obtained by the treatment of bacterial cells with hydroxylamine. The oral administration of this preparation induced the systemic and local transformation of the organism, which was manifested by the accumulation of antibody-producing cells in the immunocompetent organs (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes) and the increase of the phagocytic activity of macrophages in peritoneal fluid. Cellular immunity factors were found to be important for the development of resistance to salmonellosis caused by S. typhimurium after oral immunization with the antigenic complex.", "contents": "[Humoral and cellular immunity factors in peroral vaccination with an S. typhimurium antigenic complex]. The role of individual immunity factors in protection from S. typhimurium infection was studied on mice immunized orally in a single administration with an antigenic complex obtained by the treatment of bacterial cells with hydroxylamine. The oral administration of this preparation induced the systemic and local transformation of the organism, which was manifested by the accumulation of antibody-producing cells in the immunocompetent organs (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes) and the increase of the phagocytic activity of macrophages in peritoneal fluid. Cellular immunity factors were found to be important for the development of resistance to salmonellosis caused by S. typhimurium after oral immunization with the antigenic complex.", "PMID": 390940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9093", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the functional activity of different immunoglobulin classes in cholera].", "content": "The immunological activity of specific immunoglobulins in different forms of cholera infection was studied with the use of the indirect immunofluorescent method. The forms of cholera infection were shown to be related to the physico-chemical spectrum of antibodies: patients with the pronounced clinical symptoms of cholera produced serum IgM, including antigen -- antibody complex, more actively and in a greater amount; patients with faintly pronounced and asymptomatic infection produce highly active IgG. The competitive action of immunoglobulins of different classes in their simultaneous reaction with O antigen of Vibrio cholerae is shown. The mechanism of the competitive action of different immunoglobulin classes is supposed to play some role in the process of the sanation (with highly active IgM) or detoxication (with highly active IgG) of the organism.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the functional activity of different immunoglobulin classes in cholera]. The immunological activity of specific immunoglobulins in different forms of cholera infection was studied with the use of the indirect immunofluorescent method. The forms of cholera infection were shown to be related to the physico-chemical spectrum of antibodies: patients with the pronounced clinical symptoms of cholera produced serum IgM, including antigen -- antibody complex, more actively and in a greater amount; patients with faintly pronounced and asymptomatic infection produce highly active IgG. The competitive action of immunoglobulins of different classes in their simultaneous reaction with O antigen of Vibrio cholerae is shown. The mechanism of the competitive action of different immunoglobulin classes is supposed to play some role in the process of the sanation (with highly active IgM) or detoxication (with highly active IgG) of the organism.", "PMID": 390941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9094", "title": "[Use of the systems approach in modeling the growth dynamics of a microbial biomass taking into account the cell division process].", "content": "The possibility of using systemic approach in the construction of the mathematical model allowing for changes in the biomass and the number of cells is shown. Definite rules were followed in the process of construction, calculations were made with the use of a computer. The satisfactory coincidence of rated and experimental data was achieved (in this instance, E. coli M17 were used).", "contents": "[Use of the systems approach in modeling the growth dynamics of a microbial biomass taking into account the cell division process]. The possibility of using systemic approach in the construction of the mathematical model allowing for changes in the biomass and the number of cells is shown. Definite rules were followed in the process of construction, calculations were made with the use of a computer. The satisfactory coincidence of rated and experimental data was achieved (in this instance, E. coli M17 were used).", "PMID": 390942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9095", "title": "[State of the nonspecific humoral factors of the body's natural resistance in patients with suppurative and septic infections having various ABO system blood groups].", "content": "The results of surveying 140 patients with severe purulent and septic infections of staphylococcal etiology, when compared with the distribution of the blood groups (as classified according to the ABO system) in 180 healthy donors, revealed that generalized purulent infections occurred most frequently in patients with blood groups A (II) and AB (IV), and more seldom in patients with blood groups O (I) and B (III). The average content of lysozyme, complement and normal antibodies to E. coli, as well as the average level of general bactericidal activity in the blood sera of the patients were considerably lower than in the blood sera of healthy donors; at the same time content of lysozyme, complement and normal antibodies in the blood sera of patients having different groups of blood did not reflect the degree of their predisposition or resistance to staphylococcal infections. The general bactericidal activity of the blood serum was found to correlate with the degree of predisposition or resistance to purulent septic infections of staphylococcal etiology to a greater extent than other characteristics.", "contents": "[State of the nonspecific humoral factors of the body's natural resistance in patients with suppurative and septic infections having various ABO system blood groups]. The results of surveying 140 patients with severe purulent and septic infections of staphylococcal etiology, when compared with the distribution of the blood groups (as classified according to the ABO system) in 180 healthy donors, revealed that generalized purulent infections occurred most frequently in patients with blood groups A (II) and AB (IV), and more seldom in patients with blood groups O (I) and B (III). The average content of lysozyme, complement and normal antibodies to E. coli, as well as the average level of general bactericidal activity in the blood sera of the patients were considerably lower than in the blood sera of healthy donors; at the same time content of lysozyme, complement and normal antibodies in the blood sera of patients having different groups of blood did not reflect the degree of their predisposition or resistance to staphylococcal infections. The general bactericidal activity of the blood serum was found to correlate with the degree of predisposition or resistance to purulent septic infections of staphylococcal etiology to a greater extent than other characteristics.", "PMID": 390943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9096", "title": "Ontogenesis of the LH-RH-containing neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "LH-RH-containing neuronal elements were detected earliest in the median eminence and in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis of newborn rats. The peroxidase-labeled antibody method was used. Since the synthesis of the gonadotrophic hormones starts already on the 18th day of intrauterine life in the rat, this finding does not support the view that LH-RH could have inductive effect on the differentiation of the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of the LH-RH-containing neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat. LH-RH-containing neuronal elements were detected earliest in the median eminence and in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis of newborn rats. The peroxidase-labeled antibody method was used. Since the synthesis of the gonadotrophic hormones starts already on the 18th day of intrauterine life in the rat, this finding does not support the view that LH-RH could have inductive effect on the differentiation of the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland.", "PMID": 390950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9097", "title": "[Small angle X-ray scattering studies on the structure and symmetry of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase in solution].", "content": "The holo-enzyme of the pyruvate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.1 isolated from brewer's yeast was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The point-group symmetry 222 deduced from electron microscopic investigations was confirmed for molecules in solution. The best approximation of the overall shape of the enzyme was reached by an homogeneous triaxial ellipsoid, with the half-axes of a = 2.47 nm, b = 5.08 nm and c = 8.0 nm. The ellipsoid is halved vertical to the a-axis, and both halves are turned from each other by about 30 degrees. As an explanation of the existence of four binding sites for Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate on the dimeric molecule the hypothesis of a gene duplication is discussed.", "contents": "[Small angle X-ray scattering studies on the structure and symmetry of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase in solution]. The holo-enzyme of the pyruvate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.1 isolated from brewer's yeast was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The point-group symmetry 222 deduced from electron microscopic investigations was confirmed for molecules in solution. The best approximation of the overall shape of the enzyme was reached by an homogeneous triaxial ellipsoid, with the half-axes of a = 2.47 nm, b = 5.08 nm and c = 8.0 nm. The ellipsoid is halved vertical to the a-axis, and both halves are turned from each other by about 30 degrees. As an explanation of the existence of four binding sites for Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate on the dimeric molecule the hypothesis of a gene duplication is discussed.", "PMID": 390952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9098", "title": "[Analysis of coordinate systems of intracerebral structures and optimization of sterotaxic computations for the posterior longitudinal approach to the hippocampus].", "content": "In studying the three-dimensional interrelationship of the thalamic and temporal systems of co-ordinates it was proved that one of them cannot be used in calculating the stereotaxic co-ordinates of structures associated with the other. In combined stereotaxic operations it is necessary to construct combined independent systems of co-ordinates. The possibility of exact construction of the co-ordinate systems of intracerebral structures depends to a great measure on the positive contrasting of the ventricular system.", "contents": "[Analysis of coordinate systems of intracerebral structures and optimization of sterotaxic computations for the posterior longitudinal approach to the hippocampus]. In studying the three-dimensional interrelationship of the thalamic and temporal systems of co-ordinates it was proved that one of them cannot be used in calculating the stereotaxic co-ordinates of structures associated with the other. In combined stereotaxic operations it is necessary to construct combined independent systems of co-ordinates. The possibility of exact construction of the co-ordinate systems of intracerebral structures depends to a great measure on the positive contrasting of the ventricular system.", "PMID": 390947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9099", "title": "[Comparison between single-radial-hemolysis-test and indirect fluorescence-antibody-test for the serological diagnosis of influenza].", "content": "Two serological methods for the diagnosis of influenza were tested with sera of guinea pigs and compared. Up to now, both methods have only rarely been used in the diagnosis of influenza. The methods proved to be well reproducible and suitable for routine investigations. Correlation between antibody titres measured by SRH and FAT give a correlation coefficient of v = 0.75. The possible IgG-specificity of the SRH, indicated in the literature, is reported.", "contents": "[Comparison between single-radial-hemolysis-test and indirect fluorescence-antibody-test for the serological diagnosis of influenza]. Two serological methods for the diagnosis of influenza were tested with sera of guinea pigs and compared. Up to now, both methods have only rarely been used in the diagnosis of influenza. The methods proved to be well reproducible and suitable for routine investigations. Correlation between antibody titres measured by SRH and FAT give a correlation coefficient of v = 0.75. The possible IgG-specificity of the SRH, indicated in the literature, is reported.", "PMID": 390953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9100", "title": "Tinea versicolor and Pityrosporum orbiculare: mycological investigations, experimental infections and epidemiological surveys.", "content": "In patients with tinea versicolor, Pityrosporum orbiculare was cultured from tinea versicolor lesions in 100%, from normal-looking skin in 80%, and from apparently healed lesions in 69%. P. orbiculare was isolated from normal skin in 85% of patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in 90% of volunteers. The best substrate for isolation of P. orbiculare was a peptone-glucose-yeast extract medium containing glycerol monostearate and Tween 80, overlaid with olive oil. Germ tubes were produced when P. orbiculare was incubated in an atmosphere containing air with 7% CO2. Cultures of P. orbiculare and P. ovale did not show any fluorescence in Wood's light. The in vitro activity of miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, sodium omadine, and sodium thiosulphate against P. orbiculare was found to correlate to the good clinical effect of these drugs in tinea versicolor. In addition several substances used as solvents or in vehicles had an inhibitory activity against P. orbiculare in vitro. Inoculation with P. orbiculare under plastic occlusion on the glabrous follicle-rich inside of the rabbit ear resulted in a tinea versicolor-like lesion after I week in 3 of 4 animals. One week after inoculation with P. orbiculare under plastic occlusion, experimental infections similar to those found clinically in tinea versicolor were seen in 10 of 12 patients with a history of tinea versicolor and in 3 of 6 normal volunteers. It was not possible to produce experimental infections without occlusion. Spontaneous healing usually occurred. In a retrospective study of 232 patients and prospective survey of 48 patients regarding susceptibility factors in tinea versicolor a higher (10.4%) than expected (3.8%) connection to seborrheic dermatitis was found.", "contents": "Tinea versicolor and Pityrosporum orbiculare: mycological investigations, experimental infections and epidemiological surveys. In patients with tinea versicolor, Pityrosporum orbiculare was cultured from tinea versicolor lesions in 100%, from normal-looking skin in 80%, and from apparently healed lesions in 69%. P. orbiculare was isolated from normal skin in 85% of patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in 90% of volunteers. The best substrate for isolation of P. orbiculare was a peptone-glucose-yeast extract medium containing glycerol monostearate and Tween 80, overlaid with olive oil. Germ tubes were produced when P. orbiculare was incubated in an atmosphere containing air with 7% CO2. Cultures of P. orbiculare and P. ovale did not show any fluorescence in Wood's light. The in vitro activity of miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, sodium omadine, and sodium thiosulphate against P. orbiculare was found to correlate to the good clinical effect of these drugs in tinea versicolor. In addition several substances used as solvents or in vehicles had an inhibitory activity against P. orbiculare in vitro. Inoculation with P. orbiculare under plastic occlusion on the glabrous follicle-rich inside of the rabbit ear resulted in a tinea versicolor-like lesion after I week in 3 of 4 animals. One week after inoculation with P. orbiculare under plastic occlusion, experimental infections similar to those found clinically in tinea versicolor were seen in 10 of 12 patients with a history of tinea versicolor and in 3 of 6 normal volunteers. It was not possible to produce experimental infections without occlusion. Spontaneous healing usually occurred. In a retrospective study of 232 patients and prospective survey of 48 patients regarding susceptibility factors in tinea versicolor a higher (10.4%) than expected (3.8%) connection to seborrheic dermatitis was found.", "PMID": 390959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9101", "title": "[The McVay technic for inguinal hernia cure. Results of treatment in a teaching center (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a 20 year period 390 adults underwent 454 operations for inguinal hernia using the technique of McVay. The recurrence rate after primary repair was 7.61% and 18.33% for secondary hernias. This was usually early in the postoperative period. These results must be interpreted taking into a ccount that the operations were performed at a teaching institution.", "contents": "[The McVay technic for inguinal hernia cure. Results of treatment in a teaching center (author's transl)]. Over a 20 year period 390 adults underwent 454 operations for inguinal hernia using the technique of McVay. The recurrence rate after primary repair was 7.61% and 18.33% for secondary hernias. This was usually early in the postoperative period. These results must be interpreted taking into a ccount that the operations were performed at a teaching institution.", "PMID": 390955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9102", "title": "[Documentation of arrhythmias - the value of long-term ECG monitoring].", "content": "Computer-supported long-term ECG-analysis, must be considered as complementary to other methods of documentation concerning arrhythmias. With the introduction of computers in the last several years, exact quantification and qualification of arrhythmias, over long monitoring periods, has become possible. With this method diverse forms of documentation and data presentation enhance its value of information and increase plausibility. Major indications for long-term ECG-monitoring of ambulatory patients are detection of occult arrhythmias, evaluation of subjective symptoms such as dizziness or syncope, recognition of pacemaker dysfunctions, selection of patients with coronary heart disease at high risk and evaluation as well as control of the efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "[Documentation of arrhythmias - the value of long-term ECG monitoring]. Computer-supported long-term ECG-analysis, must be considered as complementary to other methods of documentation concerning arrhythmias. With the introduction of computers in the last several years, exact quantification and qualification of arrhythmias, over long monitoring periods, has become possible. With this method diverse forms of documentation and data presentation enhance its value of information and increase plausibility. Major indications for long-term ECG-monitoring of ambulatory patients are detection of occult arrhythmias, evaluation of subjective symptoms such as dizziness or syncope, recognition of pacemaker dysfunctions, selection of patients with coronary heart disease at high risk and evaluation as well as control of the efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy.", "PMID": 390962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9103", "title": "Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century?", "content": "A number of documents written before or shortly after the death of St. Lidwina of Schiedam (1380-1433) surprised us by their very accurate description of symptoms which for the most part correspond to the clinical criteria prevailing nowadays for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. These could be the oldest known documents, describing a case of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century? A number of documents written before or shortly after the death of St. Lidwina of Schiedam (1380-1433) surprised us by their very accurate description of symptoms which for the most part correspond to the clinical criteria prevailing nowadays for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. These could be the oldest known documents, describing a case of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 390966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9104", "title": "Cytostatic and phagocytic capacity of lymphokine-activated human monocytes.", "content": "Human monocytes were rendered cytostatic to the human cell line NHIK 3025 by exposure to lymphokine supernatants (LS) from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes. Exposure to LS for 1, 2 and 4 h induced a considerable cytostatic capacity in the monocytes. However, a stronger cytostatic effect was acquired by exposure to LS for 24 h and 72 h. The phagocytosis of 125I-labelled Candida albicans by LS-activated monocytes was compared with phagocytosis by monocytes treated with control supernatants (CS). The ingestion was increased by short exposure to LS. However, a 72-h exposure to LS induced a decreased ingestion capacity. The capacity of the LS-activated monocytes to digest ingested C. albicans was suppressed. DNA synthesis was increased in the LS-activated monocytes, while protein synthesis was not significantly influenced. The cytostatic capacity of LS-activated monocytes was abolished by culture for 24 h after removal of LS. Following removal of LS or CS with subsequent culture for 4 days, morphological and functional signs of differentiation were less marked in the LS-treated than in the CS-treated cells. The survival was also reduced in the former cells. However, these cells were strongly reactivated by re-exposure to LS.", "contents": "Cytostatic and phagocytic capacity of lymphokine-activated human monocytes. Human monocytes were rendered cytostatic to the human cell line NHIK 3025 by exposure to lymphokine supernatants (LS) from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes. Exposure to LS for 1, 2 and 4 h induced a considerable cytostatic capacity in the monocytes. However, a stronger cytostatic effect was acquired by exposure to LS for 24 h and 72 h. The phagocytosis of 125I-labelled Candida albicans by LS-activated monocytes was compared with phagocytosis by monocytes treated with control supernatants (CS). The ingestion was increased by short exposure to LS. However, a 72-h exposure to LS induced a decreased ingestion capacity. The capacity of the LS-activated monocytes to digest ingested C. albicans was suppressed. DNA synthesis was increased in the LS-activated monocytes, while protein synthesis was not significantly influenced. The cytostatic capacity of LS-activated monocytes was abolished by culture for 24 h after removal of LS. Following removal of LS or CS with subsequent culture for 4 days, morphological and functional signs of differentiation were less marked in the LS-treated than in the CS-treated cells. The survival was also reduced in the former cells. However, these cells were strongly reactivated by re-exposure to LS.", "PMID": 390970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9105", "title": "A double-blind comparison of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Sixty-four chronic stabilised schizophrenics were studied for 18 months in order to assess the possible difference in therapeutic effects and side effects between flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Although certain differences in the BPRS sub-scores in favour of flupenthixol were present at various stages in the study, there was no significant difference between the two drugs in the overall antipsychotic scores at the end of the assessment period; however, more patients on fluphenating required additional therpay for depression or anxiety during the trial period.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Sixty-four chronic stabilised schizophrenics were studied for 18 months in order to assess the possible difference in therapeutic effects and side effects between flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Although certain differences in the BPRS sub-scores in favour of flupenthixol were present at various stages in the study, there was no significant difference between the two drugs in the overall antipsychotic scores at the end of the assessment period; however, more patients on fluphenating required additional therpay for depression or anxiety during the trial period.", "PMID": 390972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9106", "title": "A molecular basis of activation of the alternative pathway of human complement.", "content": "The fluid phase interaction of native C3, B, D and P continuously generates C3b; C3b complexes with B to permit cleavage-activation by D, thereby generating C3b, Bb, the amplification C3 convertase. C3b, Bb formed in the fluid phase or on a non-activating surface for the alternative pathway undergoes decay-dissociation through release of Bi, and the residual C3b undergoes cleavage inactivation by the C3b inactivator (C3bINA). The capacity of P to stabilize C3b, Bb and therby augment C3 cleavage is counterbalanced by beta 1H, which inactivates the convertase by displacing Bi and facilitates the inactivation of residual C3b by C3bINA. Transition to amplified C3 cleavage is achieved because the surface characteristics of an activating particle protect C3b from inactivation by C3bINA in the presence of beta 1H, and the stabilized alternative pathway convertase, P, C3b, Bb, from extrinsic decay-dissociation by beta 1H. Natural activating surfaces such as zymosan (Zy) and rabbit erythrocytes are relatively deficient in sialic acid residues as compared to non-activating surfaces such as sheep erythrocytes (Es). Sialic acid residues on C3b-bearing particles augment binding of beta 1H to favor competition with B, inactivation of C3b and decay-dissociation of C3b, Bb. The absence of this carbohydrate on the membrane in the environment of C3b results in low affinity binding of beta 1H, a circumstance that permits uptake of B to form the amplification convertase and impairs extrinsic decay of the C3-cleaving enzyme. This natural humoral host resistance reaction based on the relative content of sialic acid on target particles has a cellular counterpart in the capacity of human monocytes to engage in antibody-independent phagocytosis of sialic acid-deficient cells. Thus, the non-immune host may respond to such cells by dual humoral and cellular recognition mechanisms and this response may represent a primordial basis for protection against microbial invasion.", "contents": "A molecular basis of activation of the alternative pathway of human complement. The fluid phase interaction of native C3, B, D and P continuously generates C3b; C3b complexes with B to permit cleavage-activation by D, thereby generating C3b, Bb, the amplification C3 convertase. C3b, Bb formed in the fluid phase or on a non-activating surface for the alternative pathway undergoes decay-dissociation through release of Bi, and the residual C3b undergoes cleavage inactivation by the C3b inactivator (C3bINA). The capacity of P to stabilize C3b, Bb and therby augment C3 cleavage is counterbalanced by beta 1H, which inactivates the convertase by displacing Bi and facilitates the inactivation of residual C3b by C3bINA. Transition to amplified C3 cleavage is achieved because the surface characteristics of an activating particle protect C3b from inactivation by C3bINA in the presence of beta 1H, and the stabilized alternative pathway convertase, P, C3b, Bb, from extrinsic decay-dissociation by beta 1H. Natural activating surfaces such as zymosan (Zy) and rabbit erythrocytes are relatively deficient in sialic acid residues as compared to non-activating surfaces such as sheep erythrocytes (Es). Sialic acid residues on C3b-bearing particles augment binding of beta 1H to favor competition with B, inactivation of C3b and decay-dissociation of C3b, Bb. The absence of this carbohydrate on the membrane in the environment of C3b results in low affinity binding of beta 1H, a circumstance that permits uptake of B to form the amplification convertase and impairs extrinsic decay of the C3-cleaving enzyme. This natural humoral host resistance reaction based on the relative content of sialic acid on target particles has a cellular counterpart in the capacity of human monocytes to engage in antibody-independent phagocytosis of sialic acid-deficient cells. Thus, the non-immune host may respond to such cells by dual humoral and cellular recognition mechanisms and this response may represent a primordial basis for protection against microbial invasion.", "PMID": 390986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9107", "title": "The effect of prophylactic proteinase inhibitor therapy on post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency and platelet counts.", "content": "In a prospective double blind clinical study of 70 patients with bony trauma and shock, 35 patients were allocated into each group receiving either a placebo or Aprotinin. In both groups there was a high incidence of pulmonary insufficiency and thrombocytopaenia. In the placebo group there was a higher incidence of pulmonary insufficiency, but not its severity, with greater volumes of blood transufsion and the most severe form occurred only after decompensated shock. Thrombocytopaenia showed a similar pattern in all patients from both groups falling to a mean minimum on the 2nd day and rising thereafter. In the placebo group counts were lower in those with decompensated shock, and the fall was more profound, rapid and earlier in patients developing severe pulmonary insufficiency. Counts of less than 100,000 on the first day were associated with a high probability of severe pulmonary insufficiency subsequently occurring and this finding was not associated with greater volumes of blood transfusion. In those patients receiving Aprotinin, the subsequent incidence of severity of pulmonary insufficiency was less and not associated with increased volumes of blood transfusion. The platelet counts were not lower in decompensated shock and there was a more rapid rise from the minimum level.", "contents": "The effect of prophylactic proteinase inhibitor therapy on post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency and platelet counts. In a prospective double blind clinical study of 70 patients with bony trauma and shock, 35 patients were allocated into each group receiving either a placebo or Aprotinin. In both groups there was a high incidence of pulmonary insufficiency and thrombocytopaenia. In the placebo group there was a higher incidence of pulmonary insufficiency, but not its severity, with greater volumes of blood transufsion and the most severe form occurred only after decompensated shock. Thrombocytopaenia showed a similar pattern in all patients from both groups falling to a mean minimum on the 2nd day and rising thereafter. In the placebo group counts were lower in those with decompensated shock, and the fall was more profound, rapid and earlier in patients developing severe pulmonary insufficiency. Counts of less than 100,000 on the first day were associated with a high probability of severe pulmonary insufficiency subsequently occurring and this finding was not associated with greater volumes of blood transfusion. In those patients receiving Aprotinin, the subsequent incidence of severity of pulmonary insufficiency was less and not associated with increased volumes of blood transfusion. The platelet counts were not lower in decompensated shock and there was a more rapid rise from the minimum level.", "PMID": 390987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9108", "title": "Blood pressure regulation by angiotensin in the spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was subnormal or normal in the main strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). PRA increased greatly in the stroke-prone substrain of SHR (SHRSP) at 20-30 weeks of age. Captopril (SQ 14,225) is an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The drug acutely decreased blood pressure moderately in SHR, and markedly in SHRSP. Participation of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR may be limited. Etiology of hypertension in connection with renal excretory function and the central and peripheral nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Blood pressure regulation by angiotensin in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was subnormal or normal in the main strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). PRA increased greatly in the stroke-prone substrain of SHR (SHRSP) at 20-30 weeks of age. Captopril (SQ 14,225) is an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The drug acutely decreased blood pressure moderately in SHR, and markedly in SHRSP. Participation of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR may be limited. Etiology of hypertension in connection with renal excretory function and the central and peripheral nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 390989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9109", "title": "Responses of the renin-angiotensin system and kallikrein-kinin system to sodium and converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14,225).", "content": "Plasma renin activity, blood angiotensin I, urinary kallikrein and blood bradykinin levels have been measured concurrently in rats over a range of daily sodium intake. Plasma renin activity, blood angiotensin I levels and urinary kallikrein were significantly increased by the low sodium diet (0.02 mmole per day). Bradykinin levels did not change. Plasma renin and blood angiotensin I were closely linearly related over the range of sodium intakes. Both were associated positively with urinary kallikrein excretion. Converting enzyme inhibition caused prompt, significant changes in plasma renin activity, endogenous circulating angiotensin I, and bradykinin. The changes in circulating hormone levels were dose dependent. Blood angiotensin I levels showed a greater responsiveness than blood bradykinin levels. Plasma renin activity and blood angiotensin I levels are closely related after converting enzyme inhibition. Both increased plasma renin, and impaired clearance of angiotensin I may contribute to blood angiotensin I levels. Difference in responsiveness of blood angiotensin I and blood bradykinin levels after inhibition suggests that other independent controls of the circulating levels of these hormones exist.", "contents": "Responses of the renin-angiotensin system and kallikrein-kinin system to sodium and converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14,225). Plasma renin activity, blood angiotensin I, urinary kallikrein and blood bradykinin levels have been measured concurrently in rats over a range of daily sodium intake. Plasma renin activity, blood angiotensin I levels and urinary kallikrein were significantly increased by the low sodium diet (0.02 mmole per day). Bradykinin levels did not change. Plasma renin and blood angiotensin I were closely linearly related over the range of sodium intakes. Both were associated positively with urinary kallikrein excretion. Converting enzyme inhibition caused prompt, significant changes in plasma renin activity, endogenous circulating angiotensin I, and bradykinin. The changes in circulating hormone levels were dose dependent. Blood angiotensin I levels showed a greater responsiveness than blood bradykinin levels. Plasma renin activity and blood angiotensin I levels are closely related after converting enzyme inhibition. Both increased plasma renin, and impaired clearance of angiotensin I may contribute to blood angiotensin I levels. Difference in responsiveness of blood angiotensin I and blood bradykinin levels after inhibition suggests that other independent controls of the circulating levels of these hormones exist.", "PMID": 390990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9110", "title": "The vasotoxicity of the lysosomal contents from the renal cortex.", "content": "The retained proteins (fraction B: rich in renin) and the not retained proteins (fraction A: no renin activity) were obtained from the concanavalin A affinity column chromatography of the lysosomal contents from the hog renal cortex. Intraperitoneal injection of fraction A, B and highly purified renin produced angionecrosis of fibrinoid type of the small arteries and arterioles in the bilaterally nephrectomized rats. The angionecrosis producing activity (vasotoxicity) as well as vasopressor activity of fraction B were prevented completely by the oral administration of SQ14225. Although fraction A demonstrated no renin activity, intraperitoneal injection of fraction A produced gradual and transient elevation of blood pressure and fibrinoid necrosis which was milder and less consistent as compared with fraction B. The vasotoxicity as well as the transient vasopressor activity of fraction A were completely abolished also by the previous administration of oral SQ14225.", "contents": "The vasotoxicity of the lysosomal contents from the renal cortex. The retained proteins (fraction B: rich in renin) and the not retained proteins (fraction A: no renin activity) were obtained from the concanavalin A affinity column chromatography of the lysosomal contents from the hog renal cortex. Intraperitoneal injection of fraction A, B and highly purified renin produced angionecrosis of fibrinoid type of the small arteries and arterioles in the bilaterally nephrectomized rats. The angionecrosis producing activity (vasotoxicity) as well as vasopressor activity of fraction B were prevented completely by the oral administration of SQ14225. Although fraction A demonstrated no renin activity, intraperitoneal injection of fraction A produced gradual and transient elevation of blood pressure and fibrinoid necrosis which was milder and less consistent as compared with fraction B. The vasotoxicity as well as the transient vasopressor activity of fraction A were completely abolished also by the previous administration of oral SQ14225.", "PMID": 390991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9111", "title": "GABA transaminase inhibitors.", "content": "In summary, several branched-chain fatty acids appeared to be competitive inhibitors of GABA-T and non-competitive inhibitors of SSADH. These compounds produce an increase in brain GABA level, and for two of these it was shown that the increase differs among various brain areas. An increase of GABA cannot be obtained by inhibition of SSADH. The increase in brain GABA seems to correlate with the anticonvulsant activity of branched-chain fatty acids.", "contents": "GABA transaminase inhibitors. In summary, several branched-chain fatty acids appeared to be competitive inhibitors of GABA-T and non-competitive inhibitors of SSADH. These compounds produce an increase in brain GABA level, and for two of these it was shown that the increase differs among various brain areas. An increase of GABA cannot be obtained by inhibition of SSADH. The increase in brain GABA seems to correlate with the anticonvulsant activity of branched-chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 390993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9112", "title": "L-Glutamate decarboxylase.", "content": "Much progress has been made in recent years regarding enzymological aspects of mammalian brain GAD, such as its purification and characterization, but some uncertainty still remains concerning its molecular weight and forms, and its subunit structure. The availability of antibodies to this enzyme has allowed immunocytochemical studies which have provided important information on the intrinsic organization of GABA-ergic neurones in the CNS, particularly in the cerebellum and nigrostriatal pathway. With the increased understanding of the enzymology of GAD and the distribution of central GABA-ergic neurones, it is becoming feasible to study the regulatory biochemistry of GAD in terms of control and adaptive mechanisms at the cellular level. In our own laboratory, as well as in others, initial approaches have already begun. Obviously, cellular regulation of this phenotypic enzyme is an important issue for the understanding of GABA-ergic neurones and their functions.", "contents": "L-Glutamate decarboxylase. Much progress has been made in recent years regarding enzymological aspects of mammalian brain GAD, such as its purification and characterization, but some uncertainty still remains concerning its molecular weight and forms, and its subunit structure. The availability of antibodies to this enzyme has allowed immunocytochemical studies which have provided important information on the intrinsic organization of GABA-ergic neurones in the CNS, particularly in the cerebellum and nigrostriatal pathway. With the increased understanding of the enzymology of GAD and the distribution of central GABA-ergic neurones, it is becoming feasible to study the regulatory biochemistry of GAD in terms of control and adaptive mechanisms at the cellular level. In our own laboratory, as well as in others, initial approaches have already begun. Obviously, cellular regulation of this phenotypic enzyme is an important issue for the understanding of GABA-ergic neurones and their functions.", "PMID": 390996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9113", "title": "Blood and blood substitutes: current practice.", "content": "We have seen that the vast majority of previously healthy patients can tolerate a significant reduction in red cell mass without adverse effect on oxygen consumption. For these patients, volume replenishment with electrolyte solutions will adequately restore blood volume and cardiac output. Colloid solutions offer no advantage over electrolyte solutions, certainly are more expensive and may even be harmful. For patients who need restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity, washed, packed red cell administration is the therapy of choice, and frozen, thawed red cells represent optimal utilization of a scarce commodity. Other components, such as fresh frozen plasma, factor VIII or IX concentrates and platelets, are not indicated unless a specific deficiency exists. Autologous blood, using one of the techniques described above, is a safe and effective means of replacing lost red cells in special circumstances. The use of these techniques, combined with realistic ordering of homologous blood for elective surgical procedures, should act in concert to relieve shortages of blood.", "contents": "Blood and blood substitutes: current practice. We have seen that the vast majority of previously healthy patients can tolerate a significant reduction in red cell mass without adverse effect on oxygen consumption. For these patients, volume replenishment with electrolyte solutions will adequately restore blood volume and cardiac output. Colloid solutions offer no advantage over electrolyte solutions, certainly are more expensive and may even be harmful. For patients who need restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity, washed, packed red cell administration is the therapy of choice, and frozen, thawed red cells represent optimal utilization of a scarce commodity. Other components, such as fresh frozen plasma, factor VIII or IX concentrates and platelets, are not indicated unless a specific deficiency exists. Autologous blood, using one of the techniques described above, is a safe and effective means of replacing lost red cells in special circumstances. The use of these techniques, combined with realistic ordering of homologous blood for elective surgical procedures, should act in concert to relieve shortages of blood.", "PMID": 391005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9114", "title": "Effects of BCG, levamisole and PS-K on the rejection of male skin grafts by female mice.", "content": "Rejection of male skin grafts by BALB/c female mice was accelerated by one s.c. injection of BCG (5 X 10(5) microorganisms/mouse) into recipients on the day of transplantation. Levamisole 20 mg/kg injected similarly was without any effect. Protein-bound polysaccharide Kureha (PS-K) injected 250 mg/kg s.c. or i.p. once every other day from the day of transplantation stimulated graft rejection. The s.c. route was more effective than the i.p. route. These results show that, in sex-linked graft rejection in mice, PS-K has an immunostimulant action similar to that of BCG. This property may be important to the antineoplastic activity of PS-K.", "contents": "Effects of BCG, levamisole and PS-K on the rejection of male skin grafts by female mice. Rejection of male skin grafts by BALB/c female mice was accelerated by one s.c. injection of BCG (5 X 10(5) microorganisms/mouse) into recipients on the day of transplantation. Levamisole 20 mg/kg injected similarly was without any effect. Protein-bound polysaccharide Kureha (PS-K) injected 250 mg/kg s.c. or i.p. once every other day from the day of transplantation stimulated graft rejection. The s.c. route was more effective than the i.p. route. These results show that, in sex-linked graft rejection in mice, PS-K has an immunostimulant action similar to that of BCG. This property may be important to the antineoplastic activity of PS-K.", "PMID": 391007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9115", "title": "Epidermal growth factor-like material in rat submandibular gland.", "content": "By using an antiserum specific for mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF), only the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells revealed immunochemical staining in rat submandibular glands. There was no regular sexual difference in the frequency or size of immunoreactive cells. Extracts of gland contained an antigen which showed a complete cross-reactivity with mouse EGF in radioimmunoassays. The relative amounts of EGF, determined by a heterologous radioimmunoassay, were not significantly different in the glands of rats of the two sexes. Administration of testosterone caused an increase, in both sexes, in the number of GCT cells stained for EGF and in the amount of EGF in the gland. There was no significant sexual differeence in these two parameters after androgen treatment.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor-like material in rat submandibular gland. By using an antiserum specific for mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF), only the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells revealed immunochemical staining in rat submandibular glands. There was no regular sexual difference in the frequency or size of immunoreactive cells. Extracts of gland contained an antigen which showed a complete cross-reactivity with mouse EGF in radioimmunoassays. The relative amounts of EGF, determined by a heterologous radioimmunoassay, were not significantly different in the glands of rats of the two sexes. Administration of testosterone caused an increase, in both sexes, in the number of GCT cells stained for EGF and in the amount of EGF in the gland. There was no significant sexual differeence in these two parameters after androgen treatment.", "PMID": 391019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9116", "title": "Laboratory prediction of the carrier state in hemophilia B: role of replication of assays.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of averaging replicated assays of Factor IX coagulation activity and Factor IX antigen on each plasma specimen in improving the ability to detect carriers of hemophilia B. The improvement resulting from this procedure is particularly marked in tests depending on the linear regression of one characteristic on another to diagnose the carrier state. The effects of averaging assays on the ratio of Factor IX coagulation activity to Factor IX antigen were also explored. The benefits of averaging replications were not greatly increased by use of more than four replications.", "contents": "Laboratory prediction of the carrier state in hemophilia B: role of replication of assays. The authors studied the effect of averaging replicated assays of Factor IX coagulation activity and Factor IX antigen on each plasma specimen in improving the ability to detect carriers of hemophilia B. The improvement resulting from this procedure is particularly marked in tests depending on the linear regression of one characteristic on another to diagnose the carrier state. The effects of averaging assays on the ratio of Factor IX coagulation activity to Factor IX antigen were also explored. The benefits of averaging replications were not greatly increased by use of more than four replications.", "PMID": 391020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9117", "title": "Hepatitis B-associated membranous glomerulonephritis in a child.", "content": "This appears to be the first reported case of membranous glomerulonephritis in a pediatric asymptomatic carrier of hepatitis B virus in North America. Routine immunofluorescent methods were used to identify the hepatitis B surface antigen in glomeruli. In addition, the glomerular immune deposits were searched for the known ultrastructural forms of the virus.", "contents": "Hepatitis B-associated membranous glomerulonephritis in a child. This appears to be the first reported case of membranous glomerulonephritis in a pediatric asymptomatic carrier of hepatitis B virus in North America. Routine immunofluorescent methods were used to identify the hepatitis B surface antigen in glomeruli. In addition, the glomerular immune deposits were searched for the known ultrastructural forms of the virus.", "PMID": 391021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9118", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase immunofluorescence of bone marrow smears: experience in 156 cases.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a valuable marker for non-B-, non-T-, and T-cell lymphoblastic disorders. Determination of TdT activity by enzymatic assay is laborious and requires fresh cells. The authors evaluated a new technic for TdT determination, using indirect immunofluorescence on air-dried bone marrow smears. Specimens from 156 consecutive patients with hematologic, oncologic, and other disease states were tested. The TdT visualization by indirect immunofluorescence gives results comparable to those previously reported for lymphoproliferative disorders. Several unusual cases with positive TdT were uncovered. TdT by indirect immunofluorescence is a convenient and rapid technic that enables easier access to TdT determinations than the enzymatic assay.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase immunofluorescence of bone marrow smears: experience in 156 cases. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a valuable marker for non-B-, non-T-, and T-cell lymphoblastic disorders. Determination of TdT activity by enzymatic assay is laborious and requires fresh cells. The authors evaluated a new technic for TdT determination, using indirect immunofluorescence on air-dried bone marrow smears. Specimens from 156 consecutive patients with hematologic, oncologic, and other disease states were tested. The TdT visualization by indirect immunofluorescence gives results comparable to those previously reported for lymphoproliferative disorders. Several unusual cases with positive TdT were uncovered. TdT by indirect immunofluorescence is a convenient and rapid technic that enables easier access to TdT determinations than the enzymatic assay.", "PMID": 391025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9119", "title": "Extralobar pulmonary sequestration: analysis of 15 cases.", "content": "Extralobar pulmonary sequestrations occurring in 15 patients were studied. Twelve of the lesions were discovered during the first day of life; all of these patients died. The lesions occurred more often in male patients (11 cases). Polyhydramnios was present in four infants, and these four plus an additional infant had localized or generalized edema. Associated congenital anomalies were present in ten patients, including three examples each of diaphragmatic hernia and bronchogenic cyst. In one case the extralobar pulmonary sequestration was composed entirely of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. In one other case, congenital adenomatoid malformation was present in a nonsequestered portion of lung. Significant lymphatic dilatation was found in four cases, two of which resembled congenital lymphangiectasis. Hyaline membranes, present in the normal lungs of three preterm infants, were absent in extralobar pulmonary sequestrations.", "contents": "Extralobar pulmonary sequestration: analysis of 15 cases. Extralobar pulmonary sequestrations occurring in 15 patients were studied. Twelve of the lesions were discovered during the first day of life; all of these patients died. The lesions occurred more often in male patients (11 cases). Polyhydramnios was present in four infants, and these four plus an additional infant had localized or generalized edema. Associated congenital anomalies were present in ten patients, including three examples each of diaphragmatic hernia and bronchogenic cyst. In one case the extralobar pulmonary sequestration was composed entirely of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. In one other case, congenital adenomatoid malformation was present in a nonsequestered portion of lung. Significant lymphatic dilatation was found in four cases, two of which resembled congenital lymphangiectasis. Hyaline membranes, present in the normal lungs of three preterm infants, were absent in extralobar pulmonary sequestrations.", "PMID": 391026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9120", "title": "Diagnostic cytology of cerebrospinal fluid by the cytocentrifuge method.", "content": "Seven hundred seventy-five cerebrospinal fluid samples from 748 patients with neurologic and non-neurologic disorders were studied by a modified cytocentrifuge technic for diagnostic evaluation. The technic proved to be simple, rapid, and inexpensive, and provided consistently good artifact-free morphologic detail suitable for differential and cytochemical analysis. Specimens from 525 patients (70%) had normal cytologic characteristics regardless of underlying condition. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluids of 40 patients (5%) revealed hemorrhage, confirming the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Inflammatory reactions of various types (acute, chronic, and mixed) were encountered in 120 patients (16%). The appearance of neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid was sometimes the first indication of malignancy. Twenty-six patients (4%) had tumor cells of various types in their cerebrospinal fluids on initial examination. Twenty patients (3%) had abnormal cells initially classified as suspect for malignancy; tumor cells subsequently were found in the spinal fluids of 11 of these, while five were proven to have neoplasms at autopsy without having had tumor cells found in their cerebrospinal fluids. There was no false-positive result. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 17 patients (2%) were classified as non-diagnostic, usually because of autolysis.", "contents": "Diagnostic cytology of cerebrospinal fluid by the cytocentrifuge method. Seven hundred seventy-five cerebrospinal fluid samples from 748 patients with neurologic and non-neurologic disorders were studied by a modified cytocentrifuge technic for diagnostic evaluation. The technic proved to be simple, rapid, and inexpensive, and provided consistently good artifact-free morphologic detail suitable for differential and cytochemical analysis. Specimens from 525 patients (70%) had normal cytologic characteristics regardless of underlying condition. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluids of 40 patients (5%) revealed hemorrhage, confirming the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Inflammatory reactions of various types (acute, chronic, and mixed) were encountered in 120 patients (16%). The appearance of neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid was sometimes the first indication of malignancy. Twenty-six patients (4%) had tumor cells of various types in their cerebrospinal fluids on initial examination. Twenty patients (3%) had abnormal cells initially classified as suspect for malignancy; tumor cells subsequently were found in the spinal fluids of 11 of these, while five were proven to have neoplasms at autopsy without having had tumor cells found in their cerebrospinal fluids. There was no false-positive result. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 17 patients (2%) were classified as non-diagnostic, usually because of autolysis.", "PMID": 391027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9121", "title": "Comparison of three transport systems for recovery of aerobes and anaerobes from wounds.", "content": "A clinical evaluation of three commercially available transport systems (Anaerobic Specimen Collector, Becton-Dickenson; Anaswab, Scott Laboratories; and Trans-Cul, Wampole) was done, using as subjects 75 patients suspected of having infections. Holding times were purposely varied and ranged from 30 min to 48 hours. Totals of 22 aerobic species and 15 anaerobic species were isolated. There was essentially no difference among the three systems in the recoveries of aerobic or anaerobic organisms. Discrepancies appeared to be related to the order of collection and amount of clinical material available for culture. Time delay from collection to plating did not affect the recovery of aerobes or anaerobes. The three systems performed equally in the recovery of clinically significant pathogens from purulent clinical material.", "contents": "Comparison of three transport systems for recovery of aerobes and anaerobes from wounds. A clinical evaluation of three commercially available transport systems (Anaerobic Specimen Collector, Becton-Dickenson; Anaswab, Scott Laboratories; and Trans-Cul, Wampole) was done, using as subjects 75 patients suspected of having infections. Holding times were purposely varied and ranged from 30 min to 48 hours. Totals of 22 aerobic species and 15 anaerobic species were isolated. There was essentially no difference among the three systems in the recoveries of aerobic or anaerobic organisms. Discrepancies appeared to be related to the order of collection and amount of clinical material available for culture. Time delay from collection to plating did not affect the recovery of aerobes or anaerobes. The three systems performed equally in the recovery of clinically significant pathogens from purulent clinical material.", "PMID": 391028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9122", "title": "A semiquantitative culture technic for identifying infection due to steel needles used for intravenous therapy.", "content": "Using steel intravneous needles obtained from patients with hematologic malignancies, the authors evaluated the efficacy of a semiquantitative method for culturing vascular cannulas on solid medium, comparing it with conventional broth culture. Of 148 needles studied, 140 (95%) were negative on semiquantitative culture (less than 15 colonies on the plate) although 38 produced growth in broth or on the plate; none of these needles caused septicemia. Eight needles were positive on semiquantitative culture (greater than or equal to 15 colonies), and two of these caused septicemia (P = .002). Positive semiquantitative cultures were associated with local inflammation (P = .02). Semiquantitative culturing was equal to the broth method in sensitivity (100%) in the diagnosis of needle-related septicemia; specificity (96% vs. 92%) and the predictive value of a positive needle culture (25% vs. 14%) were both enhanced with the semiquantitative method. The semiquantitative technic differentiates infection from contamination and offers other major advantages compared with the broth method, and is recommended for culturing steel needles as well as plastic catheters.", "contents": "A semiquantitative culture technic for identifying infection due to steel needles used for intravenous therapy. Using steel intravneous needles obtained from patients with hematologic malignancies, the authors evaluated the efficacy of a semiquantitative method for culturing vascular cannulas on solid medium, comparing it with conventional broth culture. Of 148 needles studied, 140 (95%) were negative on semiquantitative culture (less than 15 colonies on the plate) although 38 produced growth in broth or on the plate; none of these needles caused septicemia. Eight needles were positive on semiquantitative culture (greater than or equal to 15 colonies), and two of these caused septicemia (P = .002). Positive semiquantitative cultures were associated with local inflammation (P = .02). Semiquantitative culturing was equal to the broth method in sensitivity (100%) in the diagnosis of needle-related septicemia; specificity (96% vs. 92%) and the predictive value of a positive needle culture (25% vs. 14%) were both enhanced with the semiquantitative method. The semiquantitative technic differentiates infection from contamination and offers other major advantages compared with the broth method, and is recommended for culturing steel needles as well as plastic catheters.", "PMID": 391029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9123", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: methenamine mandelate and methenamine hippurate.", "content": "The mechanism of action, spectrum of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, therapeutic use, and dosage of methenamine hippurate and methenamine mandelate are reviewed. The antimicrobial activity of methenamine depends on its conversion in the urine to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde's spectrum of antibacterial activity encompasses all urinary tract pathogens. Urinary concentrations of formaldehyde vary with pH and urine volume; however, there is no documentation that acdification of the urine enhances methenamine's therapeutic activity. Adverse reactions to methenamine, including gastrointestinal intolerance and skin reactions, are mild and reversible and occur infrequently. Methenamine mandelate and hippurate are effective in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections except in patients with Foley catheters or who require intermittent catheterization.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: methenamine mandelate and methenamine hippurate. The mechanism of action, spectrum of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, therapeutic use, and dosage of methenamine hippurate and methenamine mandelate are reviewed. The antimicrobial activity of methenamine depends on its conversion in the urine to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde's spectrum of antibacterial activity encompasses all urinary tract pathogens. Urinary concentrations of formaldehyde vary with pH and urine volume; however, there is no documentation that acdification of the urine enhances methenamine's therapeutic activity. Adverse reactions to methenamine, including gastrointestinal intolerance and skin reactions, are mild and reversible and occur infrequently. Methenamine mandelate and hippurate are effective in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections except in patients with Foley catheters or who require intermittent catheterization.", "PMID": 391033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9124", "title": "Nutritional aspects of malabsorption. Short gut adaptation.", "content": "Adaptation of remaining small bowel after extensive intestinal resection plays an important part in maintaining adequate nutrition. The metabolic consequences of short bowel depend upon the anatomic extent of bowel removed, the functional condition of remaining digestive organs and the degree to which adaptive changes occur. The pathophysiology of short bowel results primarily from the abnormal absorption of nutrients and selective metabolites leading to malnutrition and other organ complications. Nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine are required to stimulate the process of intestinal adaptation (mucosal hyperplasia). This stimulation may be mediated via direct mucosal absorption or metabolism of nutrients, the presence of pancreaticobiliary secretions in the intestine, trophic effects of circulating enteric hormones, or neurovascular influences. Understanding the mechanisms by which mucosal growth may be stimulated could lead to important clinical applications.", "contents": "Nutritional aspects of malabsorption. Short gut adaptation. Adaptation of remaining small bowel after extensive intestinal resection plays an important part in maintaining adequate nutrition. The metabolic consequences of short bowel depend upon the anatomic extent of bowel removed, the functional condition of remaining digestive organs and the degree to which adaptive changes occur. The pathophysiology of short bowel results primarily from the abnormal absorption of nutrients and selective metabolites leading to malnutrition and other organ complications. Nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine are required to stimulate the process of intestinal adaptation (mucosal hyperplasia). This stimulation may be mediated via direct mucosal absorption or metabolism of nutrients, the presence of pancreaticobiliary secretions in the intestine, trophic effects of circulating enteric hormones, or neurovascular influences. Understanding the mechanisms by which mucosal growth may be stimulated could lead to important clinical applications.", "PMID": 391034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9125", "title": "The contaminated small bowel syndrome.", "content": "Contamination of the small bowel with an abnormal microflora causes a variety of disturbances of intraluminal digestion and of mucosal function resulting in malabsorption of fat, protein, carbohydrate, electrolytes and vitamin B12. Indirect clinical tests for the presence of small bowel bacterial overgrowth must be supported by careful roentgenologic examination of the small intestine and intestinal aspiration studies to establish a firm pretreatment diagnosis. However, the reversal of absorptive defects by antibacterial therapy is valuable confirmatory evidence.", "contents": "The contaminated small bowel syndrome. Contamination of the small bowel with an abnormal microflora causes a variety of disturbances of intraluminal digestion and of mucosal function resulting in malabsorption of fat, protein, carbohydrate, electrolytes and vitamin B12. Indirect clinical tests for the presence of small bowel bacterial overgrowth must be supported by careful roentgenologic examination of the small intestine and intestinal aspiration studies to establish a firm pretreatment diagnosis. However, the reversal of absorptive defects by antibacterial therapy is valuable confirmatory evidence.", "PMID": 391036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9126", "title": "Parasites ana malabsorption.", "content": "Intestinal parasites not only cause diarrheal illnesses but may also cause significant malabsorption in man. Separation of true malabsorption caused by a particular parasite from other factors that may coexist with and even mimic malabsorption, such as malnutrition may be very difficult. Despite these problems, it appears that giardiasis, coccidiasis, strongyloidiasis and capillariasis cause malabsorption of many important nutrients. D. latum interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.", "contents": "Parasites ana malabsorption. Intestinal parasites not only cause diarrheal illnesses but may also cause significant malabsorption in man. Separation of true malabsorption caused by a particular parasite from other factors that may coexist with and even mimic malabsorption, such as malnutrition may be very difficult. Despite these problems, it appears that giardiasis, coccidiasis, strongyloidiasis and capillariasis cause malabsorption of many important nutrients. D. latum interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.", "PMID": 391037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9127", "title": "Clinical usefulness and reproducibility of histologic subclassification of advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with stage III and IV diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) were treated uniformly with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP). The patients were subclassified independently by two hematopathologists into groups with predominantly large noncleaved cells (eight patients), predominantly large cleaved cells (seven patients), a mixture of large cleaved cells and large noncleaved cells (11 patients), tumors with the characteristics of immunoblastic sarcomas (two patients) and unclassified (three patients). The concurrence rate on applying the subclassification was 85 per cent. Survival in patients with large noncleaved cells was superior to that of the other patients as a group (p less than 0.001), and to that of those with large cleaved cells (p less than 0.05) and large cleaved and large noncleaved cells (p less than 0.025). All the patients with large noncleaved cells are alive and \"off\" therapy without evidence of progressive disease. This histologic subclassification seems to identify a subgroup of patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma having large noncleaved cells who have an excellent prognosis when treated with CHOP.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness and reproducibility of histologic subclassification of advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Thirty-one patients with stage III and IV diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) were treated uniformly with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP). The patients were subclassified independently by two hematopathologists into groups with predominantly large noncleaved cells (eight patients), predominantly large cleaved cells (seven patients), a mixture of large cleaved cells and large noncleaved cells (11 patients), tumors with the characteristics of immunoblastic sarcomas (two patients) and unclassified (three patients). The concurrence rate on applying the subclassification was 85 per cent. Survival in patients with large noncleaved cells was superior to that of the other patients as a group (p less than 0.001), and to that of those with large cleaved cells (p less than 0.05) and large cleaved and large noncleaved cells (p less than 0.025). All the patients with large noncleaved cells are alive and \"off\" therapy without evidence of progressive disease. This histologic subclassification seems to identify a subgroup of patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma having large noncleaved cells who have an excellent prognosis when treated with CHOP.", "PMID": 391039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9128", "title": "Fat malabsorption--advances in our understanding.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of triglyceride constitutes a multistep process with active involvement of the pancreatobiliary system, the intestine and lymphatics. It is only through the integrated function of these organs that dietary triglyceride can be efficiently absorbed and delivered to the peripheral blood for subsequent metabolism. In this review we discuss each aspect of triglyceride absorption and chylomicron formation and illustrate how various diseases may interfere with the process resulting in fat malabsorption. In addition, the role of the intestine as a major synthetic source of lipoprotein constituents for circulating lipoproteins is discussed.", "contents": "Fat malabsorption--advances in our understanding. The intestinal absorption of triglyceride constitutes a multistep process with active involvement of the pancreatobiliary system, the intestine and lymphatics. It is only through the integrated function of these organs that dietary triglyceride can be efficiently absorbed and delivered to the peripheral blood for subsequent metabolism. In this review we discuss each aspect of triglyceride absorption and chylomicron formation and illustrate how various diseases may interfere with the process resulting in fat malabsorption. In addition, the role of the intestine as a major synthetic source of lipoprotein constituents for circulating lipoproteins is discussed.", "PMID": 391040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9129", "title": "Workplace contamination when performing the slide catalase test.", "content": "This small study indicates that utilization of the slide catalase test potentially may contaminate the workplace and also the technologist performing the test. Suggested precautions when performing this test are made.", "contents": "Workplace contamination when performing the slide catalase test. This small study indicates that utilization of the slide catalase test potentially may contaminate the workplace and also the technologist performing the test. Suggested precautions when performing this test are made.", "PMID": 391041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9130", "title": "Brachydactyly C, short stature, and hip dysplasia.", "content": "Short stature may be a component of the brachydactyly C syndrome. A family is presented in which the propositus has brachydactyly C, short stature, and hip dysplasia.", "contents": "Brachydactyly C, short stature, and hip dysplasia. Short stature may be a component of the brachydactyly C syndrome. A family is presented in which the propositus has brachydactyly C, short stature, and hip dysplasia.", "PMID": 391043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9131", "title": "Failure of penicillin to eradicate group B streptococcal colonization in the pregnant woman. A couple study.", "content": "Prophylactic treatment of couples with oral penicillin has been recommended as a means of eradicating GBS from the parturient female. In 1977 and 1978 this hypothesis was tested in an investigation of couples from a middle and upper socioeconomic group in Houston, Texas. A group of 40 women, known to be colonized with GBS during the third trimester of pregnancy, and their husbands were treated simultaneously with oral penicillin. Patients were recultured 3 weeks following completion of therapy and at the time of delivery. At the time of delivery 67% of the women remained colonized with GBS. This percentage does not differ substantially from that obtained in a series of untreated colonized women. This study demonstrates that oral penicillin treatment of couples is not an effective means of reducing maternal colonization at the time of delivery.", "contents": "Failure of penicillin to eradicate group B streptococcal colonization in the pregnant woman. A couple study. Prophylactic treatment of couples with oral penicillin has been recommended as a means of eradicating GBS from the parturient female. In 1977 and 1978 this hypothesis was tested in an investigation of couples from a middle and upper socioeconomic group in Houston, Texas. A group of 40 women, known to be colonized with GBS during the third trimester of pregnancy, and their husbands were treated simultaneously with oral penicillin. Patients were recultured 3 weeks following completion of therapy and at the time of delivery. At the time of delivery 67% of the women remained colonized with GBS. This percentage does not differ substantially from that obtained in a series of untreated colonized women. This study demonstrates that oral penicillin treatment of couples is not an effective means of reducing maternal colonization at the time of delivery.", "PMID": 391044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9132", "title": "Application of specific red blood cell adherence test to the human cornea and conjunctiva.", "content": "We modified the specific red blood cell adherence test used in the study of blood group antigens to apply to the human cornea and conjuctiva. For the first time this test was applied to these ocular tissues with considerably specificity and sensitivity. The test revealed a concentration of blood group antigens in the epithelium of cornea and conjunctiva and along the corneal endothelium, whereas it was absent in the stroma. The test is useful in studying ABO compatibility in corneal transplants.", "contents": "Application of specific red blood cell adherence test to the human cornea and conjunctiva. We modified the specific red blood cell adherence test used in the study of blood group antigens to apply to the human cornea and conjuctiva. For the first time this test was applied to these ocular tissues with considerably specificity and sensitivity. The test revealed a concentration of blood group antigens in the epithelium of cornea and conjunctiva and along the corneal endothelium, whereas it was absent in the stroma. The test is useful in studying ABO compatibility in corneal transplants.", "PMID": 391047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9133", "title": "Multiple cranial nerve palsies in late metastasis of midline malignant reticulosis.", "content": "A 12-year-old man had a sudden onset of multiple cranial nerve palsies after treatment for a necrotizing lesion of the soft palate two years previously. It was thought that neurologic signs were secondary to extension of the local disease and radiation therapy to the base of the brain was begun. The patient died shortly thereafter. A diffuse atypical histiocytic lymphoma involving multiple cranial nerves, lumbosacral nerves, orbital muscles, and other organs was found on autopsy. Initial nasopharyngeal biopsy and autopsy findings were compatible with midline malignant reticulosis, a malignant lesion of the upper airway sometimes associated with metastasis. Our case is the first reported autopsy-documented case, to the best of our knowledge, of metastatic involvement of the cranial nerves in midline malignant reticulosis.", "contents": "Multiple cranial nerve palsies in late metastasis of midline malignant reticulosis. A 12-year-old man had a sudden onset of multiple cranial nerve palsies after treatment for a necrotizing lesion of the soft palate two years previously. It was thought that neurologic signs were secondary to extension of the local disease and radiation therapy to the base of the brain was begun. The patient died shortly thereafter. A diffuse atypical histiocytic lymphoma involving multiple cranial nerves, lumbosacral nerves, orbital muscles, and other organs was found on autopsy. Initial nasopharyngeal biopsy and autopsy findings were compatible with midline malignant reticulosis, a malignant lesion of the upper airway sometimes associated with metastasis. Our case is the first reported autopsy-documented case, to the best of our knowledge, of metastatic involvement of the cranial nerves in midline malignant reticulosis.", "PMID": 391048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9134", "title": "Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: epidemiology, etiology and treatment.", "content": "The well differentiated thyroid carcinomas are uncommon but are increasing in frequency. This increase may be related to the recognition that even low doses of irradiation to the thyroid may be carcinogenic with a latency period of 10, 20 or more years to clinical tumor expression. Although unproven for human cancers, elevated TSH levels will enhance irradiation-associated tumor development in animal models. Currently, a large portion of the population is at an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer because of head and neck irradiation received from 1920 to 1950 for various benign conditions or more recently for the treatment of lymphoma or carcinoma. Whether these individuals should receive thyroid hormone suppression of TSH is not known but careful yearly evaluation is essential followed by open surgical biopsy chould a nodule develop. Treatment of the well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is controversial due to a lack of adequate long-term, controlled trials. Based on current data, it is the author's opinion that surgery should in most cases be followed with radioactive iodine ablation of all remaining tissue which can concentrate iodine followed by lifelong thyroid hormone replacement sufficient to correct hypothyroidism and suppress thyroid stimulating hormone. All patients require close follow-up with examination and, possibly, imaging for 20 or more years.", "contents": "Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: epidemiology, etiology and treatment. The well differentiated thyroid carcinomas are uncommon but are increasing in frequency. This increase may be related to the recognition that even low doses of irradiation to the thyroid may be carcinogenic with a latency period of 10, 20 or more years to clinical tumor expression. Although unproven for human cancers, elevated TSH levels will enhance irradiation-associated tumor development in animal models. Currently, a large portion of the population is at an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer because of head and neck irradiation received from 1920 to 1950 for various benign conditions or more recently for the treatment of lymphoma or carcinoma. Whether these individuals should receive thyroid hormone suppression of TSH is not known but careful yearly evaluation is essential followed by open surgical biopsy chould a nodule develop. Treatment of the well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is controversial due to a lack of adequate long-term, controlled trials. Based on current data, it is the author's opinion that surgery should in most cases be followed with radioactive iodine ablation of all remaining tissue which can concentrate iodine followed by lifelong thyroid hormone replacement sufficient to correct hypothyroidism and suppress thyroid stimulating hormone. All patients require close follow-up with examination and, possibly, imaging for 20 or more years.", "PMID": 391042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9135", "title": "Corneal transplantation in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl with familial dysautonomia had acute corneal ulcerations while on a respiratory during a dysautonomic crisis. Within 18 days she developed irritating corneal ring calcifications. Subsequent corneal perforation in the left eye was treated successfully with a lamellar graft, followed later by a penetrating graft in the right eye under local anesthesia. Four days postoperatively, the patient died during a vomiting crisis. Neuropathologic studies showed marked cell reduction in the superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia, but slight in the ciliary. The foveas appeared immature and macular ganglion cells were mildly reduced. The corneal button and lamellar grafted cornea had severe thinning and superficial calcification.  Keratoplasty in familial dysautonomia is considered hazardous because of the continual threat of vomiting crises, but with sufficient care may be worthwhile for corneal perforation or advanced corneal scarring.", "contents": "Corneal transplantation in familial dysautonomia. A 15-year-old girl with familial dysautonomia had acute corneal ulcerations while on a respiratory during a dysautonomic crisis. Within 18 days she developed irritating corneal ring calcifications. Subsequent corneal perforation in the left eye was treated successfully with a lamellar graft, followed later by a penetrating graft in the right eye under local anesthesia. Four days postoperatively, the patient died during a vomiting crisis. Neuropathologic studies showed marked cell reduction in the superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia, but slight in the ciliary. The foveas appeared immature and macular ganglion cells were mildly reduced. The corneal button and lamellar grafted cornea had severe thinning and superficial calcification.  Keratoplasty in familial dysautonomia is considered hazardous because of the continual threat of vomiting crises, but with sufficient care may be worthwhile for corneal perforation or advanced corneal scarring.", "PMID": 391049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9136", "title": "Corneal edema with several hard corneal contact lenses.", "content": "Five patients were each fitted with polymethylacrylate (PMMA), BP Flex, and Polycon corneal contact lenses of the same dimensions. Corneal edema was monitored with a slit-lamp biomicroscope and pachometer. Lenses were worn in a double-masked and random sequence for periods of 6 hr. Patients developed less corneal edema with Polycon lenses than with PMMA lenses. There was no significant difference in corneal edema with PMMA and BP Flex lenses. Those patients who developed little corneal edema with optimum-fitting PMMA lenses also developed little edema with the BP Flex and Polycon lenses. Steeper-fitting PMMA and BP Flex lenses produced more corneal edema than optimum-fitting lenses made of the same materials, while steeper-fitting Polycon lenses produced only slightly more edema than the optimum-fitting Polycon lenses.", "contents": "Corneal edema with several hard corneal contact lenses. Five patients were each fitted with polymethylacrylate (PMMA), BP Flex, and Polycon corneal contact lenses of the same dimensions. Corneal edema was monitored with a slit-lamp biomicroscope and pachometer. Lenses were worn in a double-masked and random sequence for periods of 6 hr. Patients developed less corneal edema with Polycon lenses than with PMMA lenses. There was no significant difference in corneal edema with PMMA and BP Flex lenses. Those patients who developed little corneal edema with optimum-fitting PMMA lenses also developed little edema with the BP Flex and Polycon lenses. Steeper-fitting PMMA and BP Flex lenses produced more corneal edema than optimum-fitting lenses made of the same materials, while steeper-fitting Polycon lenses produced only slightly more edema than the optimum-fitting Polycon lenses.", "PMID": 391050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9137", "title": "An over-refraction program for the TI 59 card-programmable calculator.", "content": "Over-refraction provides a powerful method for the refractive examination of the aphakic or highly ametropic patient. Nevertheless, in the past, practical difficulties that attend mathematical or graphical combination of over-refraction and original spherocylinders have tended to limit the clinical use of over-refraction methods. Programmable calculators, now available inexpensively, render over-refraction clinically practical. An over-refraction program for the Texas Instruments TI-59 Card-Programmable Calculator is presented. Program running time, exclusive of data entry and readout, is under 15 sec.", "contents": "An over-refraction program for the TI 59 card-programmable calculator. Over-refraction provides a powerful method for the refractive examination of the aphakic or highly ametropic patient. Nevertheless, in the past, practical difficulties that attend mathematical or graphical combination of over-refraction and original spherocylinders have tended to limit the clinical use of over-refraction methods. Programmable calculators, now available inexpensively, render over-refraction clinically practical. An over-refraction program for the Texas Instruments TI-59 Card-Programmable Calculator is presented. Program running time, exclusive of data entry and readout, is under 15 sec.", "PMID": 391052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9138", "title": "Jaw muscle silent periods before and after rapid palatal expansion.", "content": "1. The electromyographic silent period was observed in jaw-closing muscles during a maximal clench following a tap to the mandibular symphysis in eight subjects before and after rapid palatal expansion. 2. No differences in mean silent period duration were observed among the three jaw-closing muscles examined. 3. A large (r = 0.96) and statistically significant (p less than 0.01) correlation coefficient between two sets of silent period durations at one session indicates that these measurements are repeatable and reliable. 4. The mean silent period duration for the eight patients with malocclusions was 33.5 msec. prior to rapid palatal expansion and 51.2 msec. after the completion of palatal expansion. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) and represents a 61 percent increase. 5. Patients with symptoms of TMJ dysfunction are not the only group showing a prolonged silent period duration.", "contents": "Jaw muscle silent periods before and after rapid palatal expansion. 1. The electromyographic silent period was observed in jaw-closing muscles during a maximal clench following a tap to the mandibular symphysis in eight subjects before and after rapid palatal expansion. 2. No differences in mean silent period duration were observed among the three jaw-closing muscles examined. 3. A large (r = 0.96) and statistically significant (p less than 0.01) correlation coefficient between two sets of silent period durations at one session indicates that these measurements are repeatable and reliable. 4. The mean silent period duration for the eight patients with malocclusions was 33.5 msec. prior to rapid palatal expansion and 51.2 msec. after the completion of palatal expansion. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) and represents a 61 percent increase. 5. Patients with symptoms of TMJ dysfunction are not the only group showing a prolonged silent period duration.", "PMID": 391053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9139", "title": "Disease and mortality in the Early Bronze Age people of Bab edh-Dhra, Jordan.", "content": "During the 1977 field season at the Early Bronze Age site of Bab edh-Dhra 92 individuals were recovered from underground shaft tomb chambers. Morbid conditions found in these skeletons include trauma, possibly two cases of tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and congenital anomalies. Of the 92 skeletons recovered 56 (61%) were 18 years of age or older, 28 (30%) were between 1 and 18 years of age and 8 (9%) were less than one year of age.", "contents": "Disease and mortality in the Early Bronze Age people of Bab edh-Dhra, Jordan. During the 1977 field season at the Early Bronze Age site of Bab edh-Dhra 92 individuals were recovered from underground shaft tomb chambers. Morbid conditions found in these skeletons include trauma, possibly two cases of tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and congenital anomalies. Of the 92 skeletons recovered 56 (61%) were 18 years of age or older, 28 (30%) were between 1 and 18 years of age and 8 (9%) were less than one year of age.", "PMID": 391058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9140", "title": "Human treponematosis and tuberculosis: evidence from the New World.", "content": "The purpose of this study has been first, to critically review the evidence for the presence of human treponematosis and tuberculosis in the skeletal remains of prehistoric natives in the New World, and second, to report on nine new cases dated to before contact and suggesting the presence of these two disease conditions. A review of the medical history and findings by human paleopathologists leaves little doubt that both diseases originated in the Old World. The findings of this study lend further support to the fact that, although rare, human treponematosis and tuberculosis were indeed endemic in the pre-Columbia New World before contact. There is no evidence that these two diseases could have arisen independently and de novo, especially during the relatively short time since man's arrival in the New World. Where a disease has been endemic for quite some time as appears to be the case with human treponematosis and tuberculosis, milder forms of the disease and improved host response could have developed in which only the most severe cases would be observable. This explains the rarity of skeletal lesions suggestive of these two human disease conditions in prehistoric human populations.", "contents": "Human treponematosis and tuberculosis: evidence from the New World. The purpose of this study has been first, to critically review the evidence for the presence of human treponematosis and tuberculosis in the skeletal remains of prehistoric natives in the New World, and second, to report on nine new cases dated to before contact and suggesting the presence of these two disease conditions. A review of the medical history and findings by human paleopathologists leaves little doubt that both diseases originated in the Old World. The findings of this study lend further support to the fact that, although rare, human treponematosis and tuberculosis were indeed endemic in the pre-Columbia New World before contact. There is no evidence that these two diseases could have arisen independently and de novo, especially during the relatively short time since man's arrival in the New World. Where a disease has been endemic for quite some time as appears to be the case with human treponematosis and tuberculosis, milder forms of the disease and improved host response could have developed in which only the most severe cases would be observable. This explains the rarity of skeletal lesions suggestive of these two human disease conditions in prehistoric human populations.", "PMID": 391059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9141", "title": "Log-linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series.", "content": "Four skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through thec concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model. Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels  and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true; the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regularities in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.", "contents": "Log-linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series. Four skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through thec concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model. Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels  and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true; the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regularities in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.", "PMID": 391060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9142", "title": "Health and differential survival in prehistoric populations: prenatal dental defects.", "content": "Linear hypoplasia of the deciduous teeth is rare in most human populations, but common where nutritional status is poor. Deciduous enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, and hypoplasia-related caries are described in Middle and Late Woodland skeletal series from the Lower Illinois Valley. Gross enamel defects that can be referred to pre-natal development are found in 83 of 170 children under six years of age at death. Circular caries secondary to hypoplasia is significantly more common in the Late Woodland series, reflecting the apparent higher cariogenicity of Late Woodland diets. There is a significant association between prenatal dental defects and bony evidence for anemia and infectious disease. Children with enamel defects show relatively higher weaning age mortality than those without. These relationships suggest that at least moderate levels of malnutrition existed in Illinois Woodland populations.", "contents": "Health and differential survival in prehistoric populations: prenatal dental defects. Linear hypoplasia of the deciduous teeth is rare in most human populations, but common where nutritional status is poor. Deciduous enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, and hypoplasia-related caries are described in Middle and Late Woodland skeletal series from the Lower Illinois Valley. Gross enamel defects that can be referred to pre-natal development are found in 83 of 170 children under six years of age at death. Circular caries secondary to hypoplasia is significantly more common in the Late Woodland series, reflecting the apparent higher cariogenicity of Late Woodland diets. There is a significant association between prenatal dental defects and bony evidence for anemia and infectious disease. Children with enamel defects show relatively higher weaning age mortality than those without. These relationships suggest that at least moderate levels of malnutrition existed in Illinois Woodland populations.", "PMID": 391061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9143", "title": "Skeletal evidence for kneeling in prehistoric Ecuador.", "content": "Bony changes on the superior distal surface of the metatarsals and the superior proximal surface of the first proximal foot phalanx are described in a prehistoric skeletal sample from Coastal Ecuador. The location and morphology of the alterations, as well as their association with femoral \"squatting facets\" strongly suggests they were produced by prolonged hyperdorsiflexion of the toes, probably resulting from habitual kneeling posture. Comparative data are presented from five other New World skeletal samples.", "contents": "Skeletal evidence for kneeling in prehistoric Ecuador. Bony changes on the superior distal surface of the metatarsals and the superior proximal surface of the first proximal foot phalanx are described in a prehistoric skeletal sample from Coastal Ecuador. The location and morphology of the alterations, as well as their association with femoral \"squatting facets\" strongly suggests they were produced by prolonged hyperdorsiflexion of the toes, probably resulting from habitual kneeling posture. Comparative data are presented from five other New World skeletal samples.", "PMID": 391062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9144", "title": "Chronic blockade of angiotensin II formation during sodium deprivation.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms by which the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates arterial pressure (AP) and renal function during chronic sodium deprivation. Intravenous infusion of the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 (14 microgram.kg-1.mm-1) for 8 days in 12 sodium-deficient dogs caused a marked decrease in AP from 90 +/- 1 to 67 +/- 2 mmHg and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction (FF), and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). Despite the fall in AP and GFR, urinary Na excretion and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) increased above control levels. In four dogs, infusion of aldosterone (200 micrograms/day) for 8 days during continuous SQ 14225 infusion restored PAC to levels above control, but did not significantly change AP or renal function from the values observed during SQ 14225 infusion alone. However, infusion of angiotensin II (AII) (10 or 20 ng.kg-1.min-1) for 5--8 days during continuous SQ 14225 infusion almost completely restored AP and renal function to control levels. These data indicate that the RAS plays a major role in regulating AP, renal hemodynamics, and Na excretion during Na deprivation, probably through the direct effects of AII rather than through changes in PAC.", "contents": "Chronic blockade of angiotensin II formation during sodium deprivation. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms by which the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates arterial pressure (AP) and renal function during chronic sodium deprivation. Intravenous infusion of the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 (14 microgram.kg-1.mm-1) for 8 days in 12 sodium-deficient dogs caused a marked decrease in AP from 90 +/- 1 to 67 +/- 2 mmHg and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction (FF), and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). Despite the fall in AP and GFR, urinary Na excretion and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) increased above control levels. In four dogs, infusion of aldosterone (200 micrograms/day) for 8 days during continuous SQ 14225 infusion restored PAC to levels above control, but did not significantly change AP or renal function from the values observed during SQ 14225 infusion alone. However, infusion of angiotensin II (AII) (10 or 20 ng.kg-1.min-1) for 5--8 days during continuous SQ 14225 infusion almost completely restored AP and renal function to control levels. These data indicate that the RAS plays a major role in regulating AP, renal hemodynamics, and Na excretion during Na deprivation, probably through the direct effects of AII rather than through changes in PAC.", "PMID": 391063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9145", "title": "The effects of alcohol on anxiety in problem- and nonproblem-drinking women.", "content": "Nonclinical samples of female problem and nonproblem drinkers were compared for their reactions to experimentally manipulated anxiety under alcohol-free and alcohol-dose conditions. The problem drinkers showed more subjective anxiety reduction, were higher in trait anxiety, and experienced more physical and psychosocial life problems.", "contents": "The effects of alcohol on anxiety in problem- and nonproblem-drinking women. Nonclinical samples of female problem and nonproblem drinkers were compared for their reactions to experimentally manipulated anxiety under alcohol-free and alcohol-dose conditions. The problem drinkers showed more subjective anxiety reduction, were higher in trait anxiety, and experienced more physical and psychosocial life problems.", "PMID": 391069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9146", "title": "Utilization of medical services by alcoholics participating in an outpatient treatment program.", "content": "Utilization of medical services by alcoholics participating in an outpatient alcoholism treatment program was examined, comparing these with alcoholics who chose not to participate.", "contents": "Utilization of medical services by alcoholics participating in an outpatient treatment program. Utilization of medical services by alcoholics participating in an outpatient alcoholism treatment program was examined, comparing these with alcoholics who chose not to participate.", "PMID": 391070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9147", "title": "Physicians treated for alcoholism: a follow-up study.", "content": "Studying alcoholism and chemical dependency among members of the medical profession, the authors discovered that, despite the special problems associated with alcoholic physicians, the number responding to treatment and showing improvement is high, and the overall results are encouraging.", "contents": "Physicians treated for alcoholism: a follow-up study. Studying alcoholism and chemical dependency among members of the medical profession, the authors discovered that, despite the special problems associated with alcoholic physicians, the number responding to treatment and showing improvement is high, and the overall results are encouraging.", "PMID": 391071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9148", "title": "Genetic factors in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.", "content": "The authors study the role of thiamine-deficient diets in genetic variations contributing to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.", "contents": "Genetic factors in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The authors study the role of thiamine-deficient diets in genetic variations contributing to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.", "PMID": 391073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9149", "title": "Alterations in zinc, vitamin A, and retinol-binding protein in chronic alcoholics: a possible mechanism for night blindness and hypogonadism.", "content": "Deficiencies in zinc and vitamin A may play a role in the night blindness and hypogonadism of some chronic alcoholics; abstinence and zinc and vitamin A therapy may be of some benefit in these processes.", "contents": "Alterations in zinc, vitamin A, and retinol-binding protein in chronic alcoholics: a possible mechanism for night blindness and hypogonadism. Deficiencies in zinc and vitamin A may play a role in the night blindness and hypogonadism of some chronic alcoholics; abstinence and zinc and vitamin A therapy may be of some benefit in these processes.", "PMID": 391074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9150", "title": "Effects of ethanol on the determinants of intestinal transport.", "content": "The interplay between the stomach, liver, pancreas, and the small intestine and their influence on the effects of ethanol on the determinants of intestinal transport are examined.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on the determinants of intestinal transport. The interplay between the stomach, liver, pancreas, and the small intestine and their influence on the effects of ethanol on the determinants of intestinal transport are examined.", "PMID": 391075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9151", "title": "On being the offspring of an alcoholic: an update.", "content": "Reporting on research advances in a previous review of the literature, this article discusses the relative lack of controlled and prospective studies, the need for more treatment resources, the vulnerability of children of alcoholic parents compared to those of parents with other psychiatric diagnoses, and speculates on the sources of strength of the competent child of alcoholic parents.", "contents": "On being the offspring of an alcoholic: an update. Reporting on research advances in a previous review of the literature, this article discusses the relative lack of controlled and prospective studies, the need for more treatment resources, the vulnerability of children of alcoholic parents compared to those of parents with other psychiatric diagnoses, and speculates on the sources of strength of the competent child of alcoholic parents.", "PMID": 391076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9152", "title": "Ethanol, calcium, and naloxone in mice.", "content": "Alcohol has been reported to produce a significant reduction in the brain calcium content of rats, which could be blocked by administration of naloxone. Ethanol pretreatment failed to decrease brain cortex calcium and, in fact, increased the calcium content at higher doses. The effects of naloxone were also studied.", "contents": "Ethanol, calcium, and naloxone in mice. Alcohol has been reported to produce a significant reduction in the brain calcium content of rats, which could be blocked by administration of naloxone. Ethanol pretreatment failed to decrease brain cortex calcium and, in fact, increased the calcium content at higher doses. The effects of naloxone were also studied.", "PMID": 391077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9153", "title": "Human stomach alcohol dehydrogenase: isoenzyme composition and catalytic properties.", "content": "Two isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase have been purified from human stomach and characterized with regard to electrophoretic mobility and kinetic properties with ethanol, hexanol, and acetaldehyde. Both undergo a time-dependent formation of multiple electrophoretic bands; the total amount of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in an average human stomach is only about 0.2% of that of the liver.", "contents": "Human stomach alcohol dehydrogenase: isoenzyme composition and catalytic properties. Two isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase have been purified from human stomach and characterized with regard to electrophoretic mobility and kinetic properties with ethanol, hexanol, and acetaldehyde. Both undergo a time-dependent formation of multiple electrophoretic bands; the total amount of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in an average human stomach is only about 0.2% of that of the liver.", "PMID": 391080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9154", "title": "The effects of chronic and acute alcohol administration on fetal development in the rat.", "content": "The effects of chronic alcohol administration and acute maternal oral alcohol intake on fetal development in rats were investigated, both regimens causing substantial increase in fetal mortality. Decrease body, brain, heart, kidney, and liver weight did not appear to be due to zinc deficiency.", "contents": "The effects of chronic and acute alcohol administration on fetal development in the rat. The effects of chronic alcohol administration and acute maternal oral alcohol intake on fetal development in rats were investigated, both regimens causing substantial increase in fetal mortality. Decrease body, brain, heart, kidney, and liver weight did not appear to be due to zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 391081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9155", "title": "Cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase: a possible biologic marker for alcoholism (studies in black patients).", "content": "Cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) was measured by competition radioimmune assay of erythrocyte lysates of alcoholic and control subjects. Normal amounts of SOD-1 were found in the extract from control subjects (815 ng/mg Hb) and from white alcoholics (874 ng/mg Hb). However, the level of SOD-1 in lysates from black alcoholics (1033 ng/mg Hb) was significantly increased (p = 0.0001, rank sum test) compared with black and white controls. This increase was not related to any other observed hematologic disorder or to any historical, demographic, or laboratory value examined.", "contents": "Cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase: a possible biologic marker for alcoholism (studies in black patients). Cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) was measured by competition radioimmune assay of erythrocyte lysates of alcoholic and control subjects. Normal amounts of SOD-1 were found in the extract from control subjects (815 ng/mg Hb) and from white alcoholics (874 ng/mg Hb). However, the level of SOD-1 in lysates from black alcoholics (1033 ng/mg Hb) was significantly increased (p = 0.0001, rank sum test) compared with black and white controls. This increase was not related to any other observed hematologic disorder or to any historical, demographic, or laboratory value examined.", "PMID": 391082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9156", "title": "Alcohol problems and the availability of alcohol.", "content": "This study assesses the statistical effects of the physical availability of alcohol as measured by the number of liquor store employees per 100,000 persons. Controlling for the effects of per capita income and urbanism, it is found that there are effects of physical availability on current tangible consequences but not on alcoholism rates or frequent heavy drinking.", "contents": "Alcohol problems and the availability of alcohol. This study assesses the statistical effects of the physical availability of alcohol as measured by the number of liquor store employees per 100,000 persons. Controlling for the effects of per capita income and urbanism, it is found that there are effects of physical availability on current tangible consequences but not on alcoholism rates or frequent heavy drinking.", "PMID": 391083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9157", "title": "Toward a rapprochement of empirical and clinical injury in evaluation of psychologically oriented alcoholism treatment.", "content": "The need to synthesize clinical and empirical considerations in naturalistic studies of psychologically oriented alcoholism treatment is discussed. Well done naturalistic studies are viewed as a necessary complement to more traditional controlled studies of treatment in order to maintain an interface of clinicall reality with scientific respectability. A general clinical framework and scientific model for naturalistic study are proposed by which scientific and clinical considerations may be reconciled.", "contents": "Toward a rapprochement of empirical and clinical injury in evaluation of psychologically oriented alcoholism treatment. The need to synthesize clinical and empirical considerations in naturalistic studies of psychologically oriented alcoholism treatment is discussed. Well done naturalistic studies are viewed as a necessary complement to more traditional controlled studies of treatment in order to maintain an interface of clinicall reality with scientific respectability. A general clinical framework and scientific model for naturalistic study are proposed by which scientific and clinical considerations may be reconciled.", "PMID": 391087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9158", "title": "Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT) on ethanol tolerance.", "content": "The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment on ethanol tolerance in the rat, as measured by the moving-belt test of motor impairment and by hypothermia, were examined in separate studies. A 2 x 2 design was used for all experiments. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (200 microgram in 20 microliter CSF) or vehicle alone was administered once into both lateral ventricles of the rat. Desmethylimipramine was administered intraperitoneally prior to an intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to prevent the destruction of norepinephrine. L-Tryptophan (75 mg/kg p.o. twice daily) or water was administered chronically. Ethanol (4--5 g/kg p.o.) or sucrose was given daily, and the development of tolerance was monitored at 5--7-day intervals. Chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to both the motor impairment and hypothermia effects of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment did not alter either the motor impairment or hypothermia produced by the initial dose of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine produced a 75% depletion of brain 5-HT and slowed the development of tolerance to ethanol in both measurements. In contrast, elevation of 5-HT by L-tryptophan (39% increase by a single dose) facilitated the development of tolerance to ethanol, as seen in both measures. These findings support our hypothesis that brain 5-HT has a modulating role in the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT) on ethanol tolerance. The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment on ethanol tolerance in the rat, as measured by the moving-belt test of motor impairment and by hypothermia, were examined in separate studies. A 2 x 2 design was used for all experiments. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (200 microgram in 20 microliter CSF) or vehicle alone was administered once into both lateral ventricles of the rat. Desmethylimipramine was administered intraperitoneally prior to an intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to prevent the destruction of norepinephrine. L-Tryptophan (75 mg/kg p.o. twice daily) or water was administered chronically. Ethanol (4--5 g/kg p.o.) or sucrose was given daily, and the development of tolerance was monitored at 5--7-day intervals. Chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to both the motor impairment and hypothermia effects of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and L-tryptophan treatment did not alter either the motor impairment or hypothermia produced by the initial dose of ethanol. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine produced a 75% depletion of brain 5-HT and slowed the development of tolerance to ethanol in both measurements. In contrast, elevation of 5-HT by L-tryptophan (39% increase by a single dose) facilitated the development of tolerance to ethanol, as seen in both measures. These findings support our hypothesis that brain 5-HT has a modulating role in the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "PMID": 391088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9159", "title": "Interaction of salsolinol and tetrahydropapaveroline with catecholamines.", "content": "Formation of aberrant amine metabolites, tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) has been hypothesized to account for some of the effects of ethanol. These compounds have been shown to interact with catecholamine neurons in a variety of ways by in vitro techniques. The most interesting facet of these alkaloids, however, is the fact that they cause an increase in preference for and voluntary consumption of ethanol when administered into the ventricle of the rat in exceedingly low amounts. Investigation of the neurochemical effects in vivo of two of the TIQs tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and salsolinol, indicates that they influence several aspects of presynaptic catecholamine function when examined acutely. The mechanism of action responsible for the radical long-lasting behavioral effects of these substances has yet to be defined.", "contents": "Interaction of salsolinol and tetrahydropapaveroline with catecholamines. Formation of aberrant amine metabolites, tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) has been hypothesized to account for some of the effects of ethanol. These compounds have been shown to interact with catecholamine neurons in a variety of ways by in vitro techniques. The most interesting facet of these alkaloids, however, is the fact that they cause an increase in preference for and voluntary consumption of ethanol when administered into the ventricle of the rat in exceedingly low amounts. Investigation of the neurochemical effects in vivo of two of the TIQs tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and salsolinol, indicates that they influence several aspects of presynaptic catecholamine function when examined acutely. The mechanism of action responsible for the radical long-lasting behavioral effects of these substances has yet to be defined.", "PMID": 391089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9160", "title": "Cellular localization of prostaglandin E in the rabbit iris by indirect immunofluorescence method.", "content": "To demonstrate the cellular localization of prostaglandin E (PGE) in the normal and irritated rabbit iris, the indirect immunofluorescence method was employed. The amounts of PGE1 and PGF2 alpha in the aqueous humor were determined with radioimmunoassay. Immunofluorescence of PGE was observed in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells of the iris. PGE-positive cells in the normal iris were scattered in the fibrous stroma, and the shape of these cells was oval to spindle-shaped. The numbers of these cells were remarkably increased in the iridectomized and inflamed iris. The amounts of PGE1 in the aqueous humor was 2.0 +/- 0.53 ng/ml in the normal eyes and 7.92 +/- 2.93 ng/ml in the irritated eyes. The mean level of PGF2 alpha was 0.4 +/- 0.27 ng/ml in the normal eyes and 0.8 +/- 0.58 ng/ml in the irritated eyes.", "contents": "Cellular localization of prostaglandin E in the rabbit iris by indirect immunofluorescence method. To demonstrate the cellular localization of prostaglandin E (PGE) in the normal and irritated rabbit iris, the indirect immunofluorescence method was employed. The amounts of PGE1 and PGF2 alpha in the aqueous humor were determined with radioimmunoassay. Immunofluorescence of PGE was observed in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells of the iris. PGE-positive cells in the normal iris were scattered in the fibrous stroma, and the shape of these cells was oval to spindle-shaped. The numbers of these cells were remarkably increased in the iridectomized and inflamed iris. The amounts of PGE1 in the aqueous humor was 2.0 +/- 0.53 ng/ml in the normal eyes and 7.92 +/- 2.93 ng/ml in the irritated eyes. The mean level of PGF2 alpha was 0.4 +/- 0.27 ng/ml in the normal eyes and 0.8 +/- 0.58 ng/ml in the irritated eyes.", "PMID": 391091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9161", "title": "A new lancet for skin prick testing.", "content": "A new lancet with a point length of 1.0 mm suitable for skin prick testing is described. The weal reactions appearing after the use of histamine chloride 1 mg/ml and an extract of Phleum pratense in a 1 HEP concentration (1 histamine equivalent prick) prove suitable as regards size and reproducibility compared with the reactions produced by a more conventional prick test method. The new lancet simplifies the prick test procedure and does not require as much experience as do needles and longer lancets.", "contents": "A new lancet for skin prick testing. A new lancet with a point length of 1.0 mm suitable for skin prick testing is described. The weal reactions appearing after the use of histamine chloride 1 mg/ml and an extract of Phleum pratense in a 1 HEP concentration (1 histamine equivalent prick) prove suitable as regards size and reproducibility compared with the reactions produced by a more conventional prick test method. The new lancet simplifies the prick test procedure and does not require as much experience as do needles and longer lancets.", "PMID": 391093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9162", "title": "A double blind controlled trial of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid on children with bronchial asthma. N-5' Study Group in Children.", "content": "A double blind controlled trial of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') was carried out for treating children with bronchial asthma to determine its efficacy and safety. The results showed that the drug was significantly more effective in the N10 and N5 groups than in the N0 group. Adverse reactions appeared only in one patient in the N10 group who complained of slight anorexia while another patient in the N0 group reported moderate diarrhoea. Moreover there was no indication of abnormality in further laboratory investigations. It can be therefore concluded that this drug is useful for the treatment of children with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "A double blind controlled trial of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid on children with bronchial asthma. N-5' Study Group in Children. A double blind controlled trial of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') was carried out for treating children with bronchial asthma to determine its efficacy and safety. The results showed that the drug was significantly more effective in the N10 and N5 groups than in the N0 group. Adverse reactions appeared only in one patient in the N10 group who complained of slight anorexia while another patient in the N0 group reported moderate diarrhoea. Moreover there was no indication of abnormality in further laboratory investigations. It can be therefore concluded that this drug is useful for the treatment of children with bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 391094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9163", "title": "Anatomy of the cecum of the vole, microtus agrestis.", "content": "The anatomy of the cecum of the vole, Microtus agrestis, was investigated using macroscopic dissections, \"wet\" and dried total specimens, and correlated light, scanning and electron microscopy. The cecum of the vole reveals a series of structural differentiations including a mural lip in the ampulla ceci and a spiral fold in the corpus ceci. The mucosa covering the cecal wall possesses short, wide-opened crypts and differs from the classical descriptions of the large intestinal mucosa. Fine structural observations suggest the cecal epithelium to be capable of active absorption. The morphological findings are correlated with the herbivorous habit of the vole and compared with observations in the rabbit and other rodents.", "contents": "Anatomy of the cecum of the vole, microtus agrestis. The anatomy of the cecum of the vole, Microtus agrestis, was investigated using macroscopic dissections, \"wet\" and dried total specimens, and correlated light, scanning and electron microscopy. The cecum of the vole reveals a series of structural differentiations including a mural lip in the ampulla ceci and a spiral fold in the corpus ceci. The mucosa covering the cecal wall possesses short, wide-opened crypts and differs from the classical descriptions of the large intestinal mucosa. Fine structural observations suggest the cecal epithelium to be capable of active absorption. The morphological findings are correlated with the herbivorous habit of the vole and compared with observations in the rabbit and other rodents.", "PMID": 391099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9164", "title": "Treatment of male infertility with human gonadotrophins: selection of cases, management and results.", "content": "To obtain optimal results with gonadotrophic therapy (HMG/hCG) in infertile males, strict selection of patients is of paramount importance. The use of algorithmic schemes permits the exclusion of patients with primary testicular failure, genetic and non-endocrine causes of infertility. This paper describes a retrospective study on the results of gonadotrophic therapy in 25 severe oligozoospermic males, preselected according to the above scheme and in whom levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone before and during GnRH stimulation were assessed. This study indicates that low basal levels of FSH, concomitant with low or lack of FSH response to GnRH stimulation may be useful in selection of patients with a fair chance of success for gonadotrophic therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of male infertility with human gonadotrophins: selection of cases, management and results. To obtain optimal results with gonadotrophic therapy (HMG/hCG) in infertile males, strict selection of patients is of paramount importance. The use of algorithmic schemes permits the exclusion of patients with primary testicular failure, genetic and non-endocrine causes of infertility. This paper describes a retrospective study on the results of gonadotrophic therapy in 25 severe oligozoospermic males, preselected according to the above scheme and in whom levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone before and during GnRH stimulation were assessed. This study indicates that low basal levels of FSH, concomitant with low or lack of FSH response to GnRH stimulation may be useful in selection of patients with a fair chance of success for gonadotrophic therapy.", "PMID": 391100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9165", "title": "[Immunological reactivity of the host as an environmental factor and its significance for the development of parasitism].", "content": "Concepts--mainly of SPRENT (1959, 1963), DINEEN (1963) and DAMIAN (1964)--concerning the immunological aspects of the phylogeny of host-parasite associations and the function of immune processes in the host-parasite relationship are discussed. In the light of some recent findings an integrating interpretation of the available body of evidence is attempted. The significance of the immuno-selection pressure during the course of host-parasite coevolution is stressed and some of the consequences of this pressure seen in the existing host-parasite systems are pointed out.", "contents": "[Immunological reactivity of the host as an environmental factor and its significance for the development of parasitism]. Concepts--mainly of SPRENT (1959, 1963), DINEEN (1963) and DAMIAN (1964)--concerning the immunological aspects of the phylogeny of host-parasite associations and the function of immune processes in the host-parasite relationship are discussed. In the light of some recent findings an integrating interpretation of the available body of evidence is attempted. The significance of the immuno-selection pressure during the course of host-parasite coevolution is stressed and some of the consequences of this pressure seen in the existing host-parasite systems are pointed out.", "PMID": 391105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9166", "title": "Comparative serologic study of equine piroplasmosis, with card and complement-fixation tests.", "content": "An agglutinating antigen and a rapid card test (CT) for equine piroplasmosis was developed. The antigen for the CT was prepared from lyophilized Babesia caballi complement-fixation (CF) antigen. Serum and plasma samples for testing were obtained from known B caballi-infected horses and clinically normal horses maintained at the laboratory. Serum samples also were obtained from horses outside the continental United States, in areas where piroplasmosis is endemic. Comparative CT and CF tests were done on all samples. The CT correctly identified 85% of 192 plasma samples from known infected and normal horses and 92% of 188 serum samples from these same horses. The CT results agreed closely with CF results. There was good agreement between CT and CF results. There was good agreement between CT and CF results on serum samples from horses outside the United States. Of 19 CF-positive samples, 90% were also CT-positive and 92% of 177 CF-negative samples were also CT-negative.", "contents": "Comparative serologic study of equine piroplasmosis, with card and complement-fixation tests. An agglutinating antigen and a rapid card test (CT) for equine piroplasmosis was developed. The antigen for the CT was prepared from lyophilized Babesia caballi complement-fixation (CF) antigen. Serum and plasma samples for testing were obtained from known B caballi-infected horses and clinically normal horses maintained at the laboratory. Serum samples also were obtained from horses outside the continental United States, in areas where piroplasmosis is endemic. Comparative CT and CF tests were done on all samples. The CT correctly identified 85% of 192 plasma samples from known infected and normal horses and 92% of 188 serum samples from these same horses. The CT results agreed closely with CF results. There was good agreement between CT and CF results. There was good agreement between CT and CF results on serum samples from horses outside the United States. Of 19 CF-positive samples, 90% were also CT-positive and 92% of 177 CF-negative samples were also CT-negative.", "PMID": 391109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9167", "title": "Human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza A viruses of both recent and old strains.", "content": "In vitro measurement of lymphocyte cytotoxicity (LC) reflects one aspect of human cell-mediated immunity against influenza. We studied peripheral blood LC against target cells infected with 1 of 3 strains of influenza A virus; these represent both recent and old strains. Positive LC responses were obtained in 94 % of subjects. Responses were significantly greater against the older strains, A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/PR/8/34 (H0N1), than against A/England/42/72 (H3N2). LC reactivity occurred even in the absence of detectable HAI antibody titers. These results showed that positive LC responses to a variety of influenza A strains are common in normal adults and suggested that LC may be a more sensitive indicator of previous influenza exposure than conventionally measured HAI antibodies.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza A viruses of both recent and old strains. In vitro measurement of lymphocyte cytotoxicity (LC) reflects one aspect of human cell-mediated immunity against influenza. We studied peripheral blood LC against target cells infected with 1 of 3 strains of influenza A virus; these represent both recent and old strains. Positive LC responses were obtained in 94 % of subjects. Responses were significantly greater against the older strains, A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/PR/8/34 (H0N1), than against A/England/42/72 (H3N2). LC reactivity occurred even in the absence of detectable HAI antibody titers. These results showed that positive LC responses to a variety of influenza A strains are common in normal adults and suggested that LC may be a more sensitive indicator of previous influenza exposure than conventionally measured HAI antibodies.", "PMID": 391110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9168", "title": "The value of Pneumocystis carinii antibody and antigen detection for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after marrow transplantation.", "content": "Thirty-three marrow transplant patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were studied to determine the usefulness of antibody and antigen detection in the diagnosis of pneumocystis infection. Antibody against P. carinii was present in one half of all patients tested, and changes in antibody titer were not helpful diagnostically. P. carinii antigen was detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the serum of 22 of 28 patients tested. Fifteen of 28 patients had antigen detected before or within 72 h after diagnosis. However, antigen was also present in 35 of 52 marrow transplant patients with viral or idiopathic pneumonia, in 11 of 25 transplant patients with no pneumonia, and in 22 of 28 other patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Only 1 of 50 normal marrow donors had detectable antigenemia. Detection of this antigen does not appear to establish the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in the absence of other clinical or histologic data. The data may suggest that subclinical infection with this agent is more common than was previously recognized.", "contents": "The value of Pneumocystis carinii antibody and antigen detection for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after marrow transplantation. Thirty-three marrow transplant patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were studied to determine the usefulness of antibody and antigen detection in the diagnosis of pneumocystis infection. Antibody against P. carinii was present in one half of all patients tested, and changes in antibody titer were not helpful diagnostically. P. carinii antigen was detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the serum of 22 of 28 patients tested. Fifteen of 28 patients had antigen detected before or within 72 h after diagnosis. However, antigen was also present in 35 of 52 marrow transplant patients with viral or idiopathic pneumonia, in 11 of 25 transplant patients with no pneumonia, and in 22 of 28 other patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Only 1 of 50 normal marrow donors had detectable antigenemia. Detection of this antigen does not appear to establish the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in the absence of other clinical or histologic data. The data may suggest that subclinical infection with this agent is more common than was previously recognized.", "PMID": 391111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9169", "title": "Clinical trial of danazol for benign breast disease.", "content": "A clinical trial of danazol was undertaken in 30 patients with severe fibrocystic disease of the breasts. Twenty-three of the patients continued the drug for five or six months to allow adequate evaluation. Partial or complete relief of breast pain, tenderness, and nodularity occurred in all patients studied. One previously unsuspected carcinoma of the breast was discovered after three months of therapy. Side effects from the drug were generally mild. Recurrence of symptoms and physical findings occurred in most patients after the drug was discontinued but have not been as severe as prior to therapy.", "contents": "Clinical trial of danazol for benign breast disease. A clinical trial of danazol was undertaken in 30 patients with severe fibrocystic disease of the breasts. Twenty-three of the patients continued the drug for five or six months to allow adequate evaluation. Partial or complete relief of breast pain, tenderness, and nodularity occurred in all patients studied. One previously unsuspected carcinoma of the breast was discovered after three months of therapy. Side effects from the drug were generally mild. Recurrence of symptoms and physical findings occurred in most patients after the drug was discontinued but have not been as severe as prior to therapy.", "PMID": 391113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9170", "title": "A newly identified bacterium phenotypically resembling, but genetically distinct from, Legionella pneumophila: an isolate in a case of pneumonia.", "content": "A bacterium with growth characteristics similar to, but genetically distinct from, either Legionella pneumophila or WIGA (a \"rickettsia-like agent\") was obtained from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas. This bacterium and WIGA have essentially the same cellular fatty acid composition, which is distinct from that of L. pneumophila. Deoxyribonucleic acid-reletadness studies show that the isolate from Texas is only about 10% related to both L. pneumophila and WIGA and there fore may represent a new species. This new bacterium should be considered in selecting laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of atypical pneumonia.", "contents": "A newly identified bacterium phenotypically resembling, but genetically distinct from, Legionella pneumophila: an isolate in a case of pneumonia. A bacterium with growth characteristics similar to, but genetically distinct from, either Legionella pneumophila or WIGA (a \"rickettsia-like agent\") was obtained from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas. This bacterium and WIGA have essentially the same cellular fatty acid composition, which is distinct from that of L. pneumophila. Deoxyribonucleic acid-reletadness studies show that the isolate from Texas is only about 10% related to both L. pneumophila and WIGA and there fore may represent a new species. This new bacterium should be considered in selecting laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of atypical pneumonia.", "PMID": 391115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9171", "title": "Prolonged herpes-zoster infection associated with immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "Unusually prolonged zoster was observed in four patients, two with cardiac transplants, one with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and one with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Lesions increased in number and persisted for 5 to 24 weeks before beginning to resolve. Specific cellular-immune responsiveness to varicella-zoster virus was markedly depressed during these infections. Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes were also very low. Reducing immunosuppressive therapy to increase immune responses appeared to initiate resolution of zoster lesions and halt dissemination. In one patient treatment with adenine arabinoside was also needed for resolution of disseminated zoster. This syndrome appears to be counterpart of the prolonged mucocutaneous herpes-simplex infection previously reported in immunosuppressed cardiac and renal transplant patients.", "contents": "Prolonged herpes-zoster infection associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Unusually prolonged zoster was observed in four patients, two with cardiac transplants, one with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and one with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Lesions increased in number and persisted for 5 to 24 weeks before beginning to resolve. Specific cellular-immune responsiveness to varicella-zoster virus was markedly depressed during these infections. Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes were also very low. Reducing immunosuppressive therapy to increase immune responses appeared to initiate resolution of zoster lesions and halt dissemination. In one patient treatment with adenine arabinoside was also needed for resolution of disseminated zoster. This syndrome appears to be counterpart of the prolonged mucocutaneous herpes-simplex infection previously reported in immunosuppressed cardiac and renal transplant patients.", "PMID": 391116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9172", "title": "Ibuprofen.", "content": "Ibuprofen was introduced in England in 1967 and in the United States in 1974 as an anti-inflammatory drug in humans. It has weak but definite anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of aspirin, milligram for milligram, but with considerably less adverse effect on the stomach. Ibuprofen is chemically related to fenoprofen and naproxen, but lack of effect for any one in this chemical class of propionic-acid derivatives does not necessarily mean lack of effect for any other in an individual patient. The drug has analgesic properties, probably related to its anti-inflammatory effect. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has no effect on the adrenopituitary axis, making it a nonsteroidal agent. Ibuprofen has been shown to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and is probably effective in ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Ibuprofen. Ibuprofen was introduced in England in 1967 and in the United States in 1974 as an anti-inflammatory drug in humans. It has weak but definite anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of aspirin, milligram for milligram, but with considerably less adverse effect on the stomach. Ibuprofen is chemically related to fenoprofen and naproxen, but lack of effect for any one in this chemical class of propionic-acid derivatives does not necessarily mean lack of effect for any other in an individual patient. The drug has analgesic properties, probably related to its anti-inflammatory effect. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has no effect on the adrenopituitary axis, making it a nonsteroidal agent. Ibuprofen has been shown to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and is probably effective in ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 391117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9173", "title": "Thalassemia major: molecular and clinical aspects. NIH Conference.", "content": "Thalassemia major is a severe and transfusion-dependent anemia that occurs in persons homozygous for a mutation that affects the capacity for synthesis of the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. Characterization of the molecular defects that cause beta-thalassemia is providing insight into the mechanism of globin gene regulation. Newer approaches to the management of thalassemia major include more effective chelation by use of subcutaneous desferrioxamine and attempts to obtain young erythrocytes with a longer potential for survival in recipient patients. Development of more effective chelators that may be given orally is an ongoing effort. Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac structure and function in patients with thalassemia major suggests that myocardial iron deposits begin at an early age, causing functional impairment long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Prevention or reversal of these cardiac abnormalities remains the goal of chelation therapy.", "contents": "Thalassemia major: molecular and clinical aspects. NIH Conference. Thalassemia major is a severe and transfusion-dependent anemia that occurs in persons homozygous for a mutation that affects the capacity for synthesis of the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. Characterization of the molecular defects that cause beta-thalassemia is providing insight into the mechanism of globin gene regulation. Newer approaches to the management of thalassemia major include more effective chelation by use of subcutaneous desferrioxamine and attempts to obtain young erythrocytes with a longer potential for survival in recipient patients. Development of more effective chelators that may be given orally is an ongoing effort. Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac structure and function in patients with thalassemia major suggests that myocardial iron deposits begin at an early age, causing functional impairment long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Prevention or reversal of these cardiac abnormalities remains the goal of chelation therapy.", "PMID": 391118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9174", "title": "[Epileptology of Apuleius].", "content": "The AA. take into consideration the chapters of the \"De magia\" by Apuleius from Madaura, which bear the description of two clinical cases of morbus comitalis, and propose the theory of epilepsy, taken from the \"Timaeus\" by Plato. The AA. point to the exacitude in the observation of the phenomena and some interesting intuitions in the light of todays epileptology. It follows, amongst others, that epilepsy by intermittent photoic stimulation was already known in acient times and that the problem of the dominant hemisphere was already hunched at the clinical level.", "contents": "[Epileptology of Apuleius]. The AA. take into consideration the chapters of the \"De magia\" by Apuleius from Madaura, which bear the description of two clinical cases of morbus comitalis, and propose the theory of epilepsy, taken from the \"Timaeus\" by Plato. The AA. point to the exacitude in the observation of the phenomena and some interesting intuitions in the light of todays epileptology. It follows, amongst others, that epilepsy by intermittent photoic stimulation was already known in acient times and that the problem of the dominant hemisphere was already hunched at the clinical level.", "PMID": 391124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9175", "title": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture: pediatric laryngobronchoesophagology.", "content": "The Jackson heritage in Pediatric Laryngobronchoesophagology is briefly outlined. It has been precisely 25 years since the author completed his pediatric endoscopic residency. With the aid of references to the scientific papers presented at the meetings of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association, the evolution of a number of facets of present day Laryngobronchoesophagology have been delineated over the intervening quarter century.", "contents": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture: pediatric laryngobronchoesophagology. The Jackson heritage in Pediatric Laryngobronchoesophagology is briefly outlined. It has been precisely 25 years since the author completed his pediatric endoscopic residency. With the aid of references to the scientific papers presented at the meetings of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association, the evolution of a number of facets of present day Laryngobronchoesophagology have been delineated over the intervening quarter century.", "PMID": 391126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9176", "title": "[Sucruta Samhita: an original chapter of surgery or an interdependence of values in the history of medicine?].", "content": "Until the close of the eighteen century the western world remained ignorant of the ancient Hindu culture, in spite of early achievements found in the ancient Greek philosophy, in the Arabic translations and in the Italian Renassaince. The reason was that Hindu traditions were oraly transmitted and the records, written exclusively in Sanskrit, were incomplete. The European scholars and philogists evoked a late interest in Hindic studies, but for many years the dispute has been confined for scientific Medicine to a question of priority. By going through the Sucruta Samhita in the English translation of K. L. Bhishagratna one can afford to say that Sushruta has in many way not been a pupil of western culture but an original thinker.", "contents": "[Sucruta Samhita: an original chapter of surgery or an interdependence of values in the history of medicine?]. Until the close of the eighteen century the western world remained ignorant of the ancient Hindu culture, in spite of early achievements found in the ancient Greek philosophy, in the Arabic translations and in the Italian Renassaince. The reason was that Hindu traditions were oraly transmitted and the records, written exclusively in Sanskrit, were incomplete. The European scholars and philogists evoked a late interest in Hindic studies, but for many years the dispute has been confined for scientific Medicine to a question of priority. By going through the Sucruta Samhita in the English translation of K. L. Bhishagratna one can afford to say that Sushruta has in many way not been a pupil of western culture but an original thinker.", "PMID": 391125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9177", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: II. Clinical characteristics of 124 consecutive verified cases during the decade 1968--1977.", "content": "One hundred twenty-four consecutive cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in France, verified by biopsy or autopsy between 1968 and 1977, were analyzed with respect to their clinical characteristics. The series comprised equal numbers of men and women, with the most frequent age at onset being 60 to 64 years and the most frequent duration, two to three months. A prodromal illness was observed in more than one-third of the patients. Clinical presentations and symptom frequencies are tabulated, and a multifactor analysis has been performed to obtain those combinations of symptoms and signs which occurred at least as often as the triad of dementia, myoclonus, and a positive electroencephalogram. Two groups of atypical cases are also emphasized: one with sudden, strokelike presentation and rapidly evolving illness of less than 2 months' duration, and the other with a long clinical course of between 2 and 10 years.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: II. Clinical characteristics of 124 consecutive verified cases during the decade 1968--1977. One hundred twenty-four consecutive cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in France, verified by biopsy or autopsy between 1968 and 1977, were analyzed with respect to their clinical characteristics. The series comprised equal numbers of men and women, with the most frequent age at onset being 60 to 64 years and the most frequent duration, two to three months. A prodromal illness was observed in more than one-third of the patients. Clinical presentations and symptom frequencies are tabulated, and a multifactor analysis has been performed to obtain those combinations of symptoms and signs which occurred at least as often as the triad of dementia, myoclonus, and a positive electroencephalogram. Two groups of atypical cases are also emphasized: one with sudden, strokelike presentation and rapidly evolving illness of less than 2 months' duration, and the other with a long clinical course of between 2 and 10 years.", "PMID": 391141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9178", "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: III. Epidemiological study of 170 patients dying during the decade 1968--1977.", "content": "Systematic search for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in France yielded a total of 170 patients dying between 1968 and 1977. The overall annual mortality rate from CJD for France was 0.32 case per million persons, with by far the highest rate (1.33 cases per million) in the most densely populated parts of Paris. A highly significant correlation between population density and the mortality rate of CJD in the Paris urban agglomeration was consistent with the hypothesis of human-to human disease transmission, although in the rest of France CJD occurred at equally low rates among rural and urban populations. Temporospatial case clustering was not observed, nor could occupation, surgery, or potential exposure to scrapie be associated with an increased risk of contracting CJD. Six to 9% of cases were familial, analysis of which discouraged the notion of a familial \"common exposure\" in favor of genetic transmission of susceptibility to the virus or of the virus itself. A prospective epidemiological study or newly occurring cases of CJD, especially familial and geographically isolated cases, is being undertaken in the hope of identifying the means by which CJD is naturally acquired.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: III. Epidemiological study of 170 patients dying during the decade 1968--1977. Systematic search for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in France yielded a total of 170 patients dying between 1968 and 1977. The overall annual mortality rate from CJD for France was 0.32 case per million persons, with by far the highest rate (1.33 cases per million) in the most densely populated parts of Paris. A highly significant correlation between population density and the mortality rate of CJD in the Paris urban agglomeration was consistent with the hypothesis of human-to human disease transmission, although in the rest of France CJD occurred at equally low rates among rural and urban populations. Temporospatial case clustering was not observed, nor could occupation, surgery, or potential exposure to scrapie be associated with an increased risk of contracting CJD. Six to 9% of cases were familial, analysis of which discouraged the notion of a familial \"common exposure\" in favor of genetic transmission of susceptibility to the virus or of the virus itself. A prospective epidemiological study or newly occurring cases of CJD, especially familial and geographically isolated cases, is being undertaken in the hope of identifying the means by which CJD is naturally acquired.", "PMID": 391142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9179", "title": "[Methodological procedures for detecting antibiotic producers among cultures of the family Micromonosporaceae].", "content": "Data on intensification of the search for active cultures among Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that the frequency of detecting the antibiotic-producing cultures among Micromonospora under conditions of fermentation on the corn-glucose medium inoculated with agar blocks amounted to 35 per cent. The use of nutrient media of different composition for growing submerged inoculum of Micromonospora demonstrated that the rate of its growth reached maximum on the peastarch medium. The use of this medium for growing submerged seed material for fermentation in the corn-glucose medium increased the frequency of detecting active cultures from 35 to 43.1 per cent. The assay of Micromonospora antibiotic activity twice, i.e. in 96 and 240 hours of the fermentation process increased the frequency of detecting active cultures up to 57.1 per cent and revealing greater variety of antibiotics. Fermentation of Micromonospora cultures simultaneously on 6 different nutrient media inoculated with submerged seed mycelium and assay of the activity for 2 times, i. e. in 96 and 240 hours allowed a detection of up to 76.2 per cent of active strains out of the total number of the isolates.", "contents": "[Methodological procedures for detecting antibiotic producers among cultures of the family Micromonosporaceae]. Data on intensification of the search for active cultures among Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that the frequency of detecting the antibiotic-producing cultures among Micromonospora under conditions of fermentation on the corn-glucose medium inoculated with agar blocks amounted to 35 per cent. The use of nutrient media of different composition for growing submerged inoculum of Micromonospora demonstrated that the rate of its growth reached maximum on the peastarch medium. The use of this medium for growing submerged seed material for fermentation in the corn-glucose medium increased the frequency of detecting active cultures from 35 to 43.1 per cent. The assay of Micromonospora antibiotic activity twice, i.e. in 96 and 240 hours of the fermentation process increased the frequency of detecting active cultures up to 57.1 per cent and revealing greater variety of antibiotics. Fermentation of Micromonospora cultures simultaneously on 6 different nutrient media inoculated with submerged seed mycelium and assay of the activity for 2 times, i. e. in 96 and 240 hours allowed a detection of up to 76.2 per cent of active strains out of the total number of the isolates.", "PMID": 391144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9180", "title": "[Study of Leydig cells and gonadotropin activity in 14-18 days old fetal mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "An organ culture system has been developed for mouse embryo testes and pituitaries at 14-18 days of gestation. The testosterone (T) production by fetal testes has been measured by RIA in the culture medium: it increases from day 14 to day 18 and may be specifically stimulated by ovine LH and hCG. Fetal pituitaries in culture release a gonadotropin activity at 16 and 18 days (not found at 14 days), which is detectable by an heterologous RIA of LH and by a significant increase in T production from age-matched testes in co-culture. The 18-days old pituitaries respond to synthetic LH-RH by an enhanced production of immunologically and biologically active LH.", "contents": "[Study of Leydig cells and gonadotropin activity in 14-18 days old fetal mouse (author's transl)]. An organ culture system has been developed for mouse embryo testes and pituitaries at 14-18 days of gestation. The testosterone (T) production by fetal testes has been measured by RIA in the culture medium: it increases from day 14 to day 18 and may be specifically stimulated by ovine LH and hCG. Fetal pituitaries in culture release a gonadotropin activity at 16 and 18 days (not found at 14 days), which is detectable by an heterologous RIA of LH and by a significant increase in T production from age-matched testes in co-culture. The 18-days old pituitaries respond to synthetic LH-RH by an enhanced production of immunologically and biologically active LH.", "PMID": 391139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9181", "title": "Hemiballismus complicating stereotactic thalamotomy.", "content": "The pathology of poststereotactic hyperkinesis has been rarely documented and the pathophysiology is still poorly understood. In a case of hemiballismus following thalamotomy for parkinsonism, detailed anatomical studies showed bilateral cortical pseudolaminar necrosis and no involvement of the subthalamic nuclei by the thalamic lesions. The structural and functional effects of surgical lesions upon the preexisting pharmacological abnormalities present in parkinsonism probably constitute the substrate necessary for occurrence of hemiballismus following stereotactic surgery.", "contents": "Hemiballismus complicating stereotactic thalamotomy. The pathology of poststereotactic hyperkinesis has been rarely documented and the pathophysiology is still poorly understood. In a case of hemiballismus following thalamotomy for parkinsonism, detailed anatomical studies showed bilateral cortical pseudolaminar necrosis and no involvement of the subthalamic nuclei by the thalamic lesions. The structural and functional effects of surgical lesions upon the preexisting pharmacological abnormalities present in parkinsonism probably constitute the substrate necessary for occurrence of hemiballismus following stereotactic surgery.", "PMID": 391145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9182", "title": "Cancer of endocrine glands and target organs: genetic considerations.", "content": "The pathogenesis of cancer in general is influenced by many factors, genetic and environmental. Epidemiological studies demonstrate familial aggregation of cancer in a significant proportion of cases. Many of these familial cancer syndromes contain endocrine hormone-related components. The etiology of endocrine-related cancers is complex, as is that of other cancers. Tumors of endocrine glands and target organs are subject to the same influences as other cancers; an additional variable is that of hormone-responsiveness.", "contents": "Cancer of endocrine glands and target organs: genetic considerations. The pathogenesis of cancer in general is influenced by many factors, genetic and environmental. Epidemiological studies demonstrate familial aggregation of cancer in a significant proportion of cases. Many of these familial cancer syndromes contain endocrine hormone-related components. The etiology of endocrine-related cancers is complex, as is that of other cancers. Tumors of endocrine glands and target organs are subject to the same influences as other cancers; an additional variable is that of hormone-responsiveness.", "PMID": 391136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9183", "title": "[Gonadotropic function in female Cushing syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 38 female Cushing syndromes showed decreased levels of FSH and LH, with normal LH-RH stimulation in most adrenal hyperplasia and benign adenoma, and absent stimulation in carcinoma. The levels were normalized by suppression of hypercorticism. This suggests a blunted gonadotropic function, in female Cushing syndrome, probably at the hypothalamic level. The predominant respective roles of hyperandrogeny in carcinoma and of hypercortisolism in adrenal hyperplasia and benign adenoma seem probable.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic function in female Cushing syndrome (author's transl)]. A study of 38 female Cushing syndromes showed decreased levels of FSH and LH, with normal LH-RH stimulation in most adrenal hyperplasia and benign adenoma, and absent stimulation in carcinoma. The levels were normalized by suppression of hypercorticism. This suggests a blunted gonadotropic function, in female Cushing syndrome, probably at the hypothalamic level. The predominant respective roles of hyperandrogeny in carcinoma and of hypercortisolism in adrenal hyperplasia and benign adenoma seem probable.", "PMID": 391138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9184", "title": "Beta-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli caused by elevated production of the ampC-mediated chromosomal beta-lactamase.", "content": "Among cephalothin-resistant isolates from patients with urinary tract infections, six Escherichia coli strains were found to produce elevated amounts of a beta-lactamase indistinguishable from that coded by the ampC gene of E. coli K-12. The resistance levels displayed by these isolates toward a number of beta-lactams were, for five of them, considerably higher as compared with E. coli K-12 with the same amount of beta-lactamase, implying the importance of intrinsic resistance in these isolates. Cefuroxime, and to a lesser extent cefamandole, were stable to hydrolysis by E. coli chromosomal beta-lactamase but acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. Nevertheless, increased beta-lactamase production mediated an increased resistance toward these drugs. No plasmids were found in the isolates, suggesting a chromosomal location for the respective ampC locus.", "contents": "Beta-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli caused by elevated production of the ampC-mediated chromosomal beta-lactamase. Among cephalothin-resistant isolates from patients with urinary tract infections, six Escherichia coli strains were found to produce elevated amounts of a beta-lactamase indistinguishable from that coded by the ampC gene of E. coli K-12. The resistance levels displayed by these isolates toward a number of beta-lactams were, for five of them, considerably higher as compared with E. coli K-12 with the same amount of beta-lactamase, implying the importance of intrinsic resistance in these isolates. Cefuroxime, and to a lesser extent cefamandole, were stable to hydrolysis by E. coli chromosomal beta-lactamase but acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. Nevertheless, increased beta-lactamase production mediated an increased resistance toward these drugs. No plasmids were found in the isolates, suggesting a chromosomal location for the respective ampC locus.", "PMID": 391149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9185", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The in vitro susceptibilities of 242 isolates of Serratia marcescens to 17 antibacterial drugs have been determined. Oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, and amikacin were the most active drugs. Ampicillin, kanamycin, and cephalothin were among the least active. A 4-year study showed that resistance of S. marcescens to dibekacin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and gentamicin has increased at least one order of magnitude in that period, whereas resistance to amikacin showed but a twofold increase.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens. The in vitro susceptibilities of 242 isolates of Serratia marcescens to 17 antibacterial drugs have been determined. Oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, and amikacin were the most active drugs. Ampicillin, kanamycin, and cephalothin were among the least active. A 4-year study showed that resistance of S. marcescens to dibekacin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and gentamicin has increased at least one order of magnitude in that period, whereas resistance to amikacin showed but a twofold increase.", "PMID": 391150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9186", "title": "Bile acid inhibition of Clostridium botulinum.", "content": "Bile acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates were tested in vitro for inhibition of Clostridium botulinum types A and B. Cholic acid inhibited most strains at 2 mg/ml, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.4 mg/ml. Deoxycholic acid inhibited one strain at 0.08 mg/ml and other strains at 0.4 and 2 mg/ml. Lithocholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.016 mg/ml. Glycine conjugates also showed considerable inhibition of some strains, whereas taurine conjugates were inactive.", "contents": "Bile acid inhibition of Clostridium botulinum. Bile acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates were tested in vitro for inhibition of Clostridium botulinum types A and B. Cholic acid inhibited most strains at 2 mg/ml, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.4 mg/ml. Deoxycholic acid inhibited one strain at 0.08 mg/ml and other strains at 0.4 and 2 mg/ml. Lithocholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.016 mg/ml. Glycine conjugates also showed considerable inhibition of some strains, whereas taurine conjugates were inactive.", "PMID": 391151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9187", "title": "Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit.", "content": "Among 27 mold isolates from decaying tomatoes, culture filtrates or ethyl acetate extracts of 8 isolates grown in yeast extract-sucrose medium were markedly toxic (mortality, greater than 50%) to brine shrimp larvae. The toxicity of six of these isolates could be attributed to the presence of citrinin, tenuazonic acid, or T-2 toxin. Ethyl acetate extracts of five Alternaria isolates and one Fusarium isolate were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains. In ripe tomatoes inoculated with toxin-producing isolates and incubated at 25 degrees C, one Alternaria alternata isolate produced tenuazonic acid in seven of seven tomatoes at levels of up to 106 micrograms/g and alternariol methyl ether in one of the seven tomatoes at 0.8 microgram/g. Another A. alternata isolate produced tenuazonic acid or alternariol methyl ether at much lower levels in only three of seven tomatoes. Patulin and citrinin were produced by a Penicillium expansum isolate at levels of up to 8.4 and 0.76 microgram/g, respectively. In tomatoes incubated at 15 degrees C, a Fusarium sulphureum isolate produced T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol at levels of up to 37.5, 37.8 and 5.6 micrograms/g, respectively. If these mycotoxins are thermostable, they may occur at detectable levels in tomato products whenever partially moldy tomatoes are used as raw material.", "contents": "Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit. Among 27 mold isolates from decaying tomatoes, culture filtrates or ethyl acetate extracts of 8 isolates grown in yeast extract-sucrose medium were markedly toxic (mortality, greater than 50%) to brine shrimp larvae. The toxicity of six of these isolates could be attributed to the presence of citrinin, tenuazonic acid, or T-2 toxin. Ethyl acetate extracts of five Alternaria isolates and one Fusarium isolate were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains. In ripe tomatoes inoculated with toxin-producing isolates and incubated at 25 degrees C, one Alternaria alternata isolate produced tenuazonic acid in seven of seven tomatoes at levels of up to 106 micrograms/g and alternariol methyl ether in one of the seven tomatoes at 0.8 microgram/g. Another A. alternata isolate produced tenuazonic acid or alternariol methyl ether at much lower levels in only three of seven tomatoes. Patulin and citrinin were produced by a Penicillium expansum isolate at levels of up to 8.4 and 0.76 microgram/g, respectively. In tomatoes incubated at 15 degrees C, a Fusarium sulphureum isolate produced T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol at levels of up to 37.5, 37.8 and 5.6 micrograms/g, respectively. If these mycotoxins are thermostable, they may occur at detectable levels in tomato products whenever partially moldy tomatoes are used as raw material.", "PMID": 391152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9188", "title": "Noncorrelation between mouse toxicity and serologically assayed toxin in Clostridium botulinum type A culture fluids.", "content": "Toxicity in culture fluids of several Clostridium botulinum type A strains was assayed in mice and converted to weight equivalent. The toxin-related antigen in the samples was quantitated by a radioimmunoassay which used standards of known antigen concentration instead of the usually used toxicity. Freshly prepared samples had reasonably similar titers of toxin and antigen. When the samples were held at room temperature for several weeks, toxicity decreased more than antigenicity, but the relative decreases of the two varied with the samples. The results are discussed as evidence that serological assays of botulinum toxin cannot always be used for accurate determination of toxicity.", "contents": "Noncorrelation between mouse toxicity and serologically assayed toxin in Clostridium botulinum type A culture fluids. Toxicity in culture fluids of several Clostridium botulinum type A strains was assayed in mice and converted to weight equivalent. The toxin-related antigen in the samples was quantitated by a radioimmunoassay which used standards of known antigen concentration instead of the usually used toxicity. Freshly prepared samples had reasonably similar titers of toxin and antigen. When the samples were held at room temperature for several weeks, toxicity decreased more than antigenicity, but the relative decreases of the two varied with the samples. The results are discussed as evidence that serological assays of botulinum toxin cannot always be used for accurate determination of toxicity.", "PMID": 391153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9189", "title": "Evaluation of millipore coli-count samplers for monitoring fecal coliforms in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.", "content": "Analyses of crab meat homogenates with Coli-Count Samplers (Millipore Corp.) resulted in fecal coliform counts comparable to counts obtained from standard most-probable-number testing procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of millipore coli-count samplers for monitoring fecal coliforms in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Analyses of crab meat homogenates with Coli-Count Samplers (Millipore Corp.) resulted in fecal coliform counts comparable to counts obtained from standard most-probable-number testing procedures.", "PMID": 391154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9190", "title": "Discontinuation of continuous positive airways pressure in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Unexpected stability of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions occurred in infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on the abrupt withdrawal of CPAP at 6 cmH2O pressure. 30 preterm infants (birthweights 880--3200 g gestational ages 29--38 weeks) were treated at a mean age of 10 hours and for a mean duration of 62 hours. CPAP was stopped when F1O2 requirement fell below 0.3, and stable PO2 was maintained for 4 hours. Discontinuation of CPAP at 6 cmH2O resulted in a mean change in PO2 from 66 to 64 mmHg (8.8 to 8.5 kPa) and a mean change in PCO2 from 41 to 40 mmHg (5.4 to 5.3 kPa). We conclude that this population of infants suffering from moderate RDS tolerated the abrupt withdrawal of CPAP, and that gradual reduction of pressure was unnecessary.", "contents": "Discontinuation of continuous positive airways pressure in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Unexpected stability of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions occurred in infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on the abrupt withdrawal of CPAP at 6 cmH2O pressure. 30 preterm infants (birthweights 880--3200 g gestational ages 29--38 weeks) were treated at a mean age of 10 hours and for a mean duration of 62 hours. CPAP was stopped when F1O2 requirement fell below 0.3, and stable PO2 was maintained for 4 hours. Discontinuation of CPAP at 6 cmH2O resulted in a mean change in PO2 from 66 to 64 mmHg (8.8 to 8.5 kPa) and a mean change in PCO2 from 41 to 40 mmHg (5.4 to 5.3 kPa). We conclude that this population of infants suffering from moderate RDS tolerated the abrupt withdrawal of CPAP, and that gradual reduction of pressure was unnecessary.", "PMID": 391160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9191", "title": "Comparison of corticosteroids and prostaglandins in treatment of hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The hemodynamic and microcirculatory effects of prostaglandin E1 and methylprednisolone sodium succinate were compared in a standard canine shock model. Prostaglandin significantly increased cardiac output and decreased total peripheral resistance when compared to control animals while steroids did not. There was no significant effect upon heart rate or arterial pressure by either drug. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate significantly increased arterial pH at the conclusion of the experiment and showed directional improvement in venous lactate and proteolytic activity. Prostaglandin significantly increased length of survival compared to both steroid and control infusion. It is concluded that prostaglandin and steroid have different hemodynamic effects in shock, that steroid protects microcirculatory flow more efficiently and that the prolongation of survival seen with prostaglandin infusion is not entirely due to its hemodynamic or lysosomal stabilizing effects.", "contents": "Comparison of corticosteroids and prostaglandins in treatment of hemorrhagic shock. The hemodynamic and microcirculatory effects of prostaglandin E1 and methylprednisolone sodium succinate were compared in a standard canine shock model. Prostaglandin significantly increased cardiac output and decreased total peripheral resistance when compared to control animals while steroids did not. There was no significant effect upon heart rate or arterial pressure by either drug. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate significantly increased arterial pH at the conclusion of the experiment and showed directional improvement in venous lactate and proteolytic activity. Prostaglandin significantly increased length of survival compared to both steroid and control infusion. It is concluded that prostaglandin and steroid have different hemodynamic effects in shock, that steroid protects microcirculatory flow more efficiently and that the prolongation of survival seen with prostaglandin infusion is not entirely due to its hemodynamic or lysosomal stabilizing effects.", "PMID": 391166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9192", "title": "Iliac artery ligation: the relative paucity of ischemic sequelae in renal transplant patients.", "content": "In order to assess the effect of iliac artery ligation on the distal extremity, the ten year experience of the Johns Hopkins renal transplantation program was reviewed. Among 467 transplant procedures in 390 patients there were six cases in which the common and/or external iliac artery had been ligated for control of untoward hemorrhage from an infected arteriotomy site. These six cases were studied in detail with particular attention to ischemic sequelae in the involved leg. There were no immediate or causally-related deaths. No patient lost a leg or required an immediate reconstructive procedure for limb salvage. Four of the six recovered ambulatory status, and only two of these required a later, elective reconstruction for claudication. The combination of these six with eight other similar patients previously reported provides a total of 14 cases of iliac artery ligation in renal transplant patients. No patient suffered actual limb loss, and only three underwent subsequent elective reconstruction for claudication. It is concluded that common and/or external iliac artery ligation without immediate revascularization may be performed for control of hemorrhage with little danger of limb loss in renal transplant patients.", "contents": "Iliac artery ligation: the relative paucity of ischemic sequelae in renal transplant patients. In order to assess the effect of iliac artery ligation on the distal extremity, the ten year experience of the Johns Hopkins renal transplantation program was reviewed. Among 467 transplant procedures in 390 patients there were six cases in which the common and/or external iliac artery had been ligated for control of untoward hemorrhage from an infected arteriotomy site. These six cases were studied in detail with particular attention to ischemic sequelae in the involved leg. There were no immediate or causally-related deaths. No patient lost a leg or required an immediate reconstructive procedure for limb salvage. Four of the six recovered ambulatory status, and only two of these required a later, elective reconstruction for claudication. The combination of these six with eight other similar patients previously reported provides a total of 14 cases of iliac artery ligation in renal transplant patients. No patient suffered actual limb loss, and only three underwent subsequent elective reconstruction for claudication. It is concluded that common and/or external iliac artery ligation without immediate revascularization may be performed for control of hemorrhage with little danger of limb loss in renal transplant patients.", "PMID": 391167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9193", "title": "Effect of pimozide on the response of LH-RH in intact adult male rats.", "content": "The effect of Pimozide on serum and pituitary concentration of LH was studied in adult male intact rats. Also the release of LH under stimulation of exogenous LH-RH was measured. The treatment for 5 days with pimozide did not alter the serum LH levels, decreased the release of LH by exogenous LH-RH stimulation, and increased the pituitary LH concentration. These results would indicate that blocking the dopaminergic receptors alters pituitary LH release mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide on the response of LH-RH in intact adult male rats. The effect of Pimozide on serum and pituitary concentration of LH was studied in adult male intact rats. Also the release of LH under stimulation of exogenous LH-RH was measured. The treatment for 5 days with pimozide did not alter the serum LH levels, decreased the release of LH by exogenous LH-RH stimulation, and increased the pituitary LH concentration. These results would indicate that blocking the dopaminergic receptors alters pituitary LH release mechanism.", "PMID": 391168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9194", "title": "Purification and properties of neutral alpha-1,4 glucosidase from human seminal plasma.", "content": "Following a preliminary fractionation of neutral alpha-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20) from human seminal plasma, we have shown by ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-200 filtration, and adsorption chromatography that this alpha-glucosidase activity corresponded to two isoenzymes having the same ability to hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Both isoenzymes present a heat-stable fraction at 60 degrees C, require the presence of divalent cations in the incubation medium to demonstrate their glycolytic activity, and are inhibited by maltotriose and maltose. They have a molecular weight of approximately 200,000 daltons and different sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradient. This basic knowledge appears to be the prerequisite for further studies dealing with the importance of such isoenzymes as markers of epididymal function in male fertility.", "contents": "Purification and properties of neutral alpha-1,4 glucosidase from human seminal plasma. Following a preliminary fractionation of neutral alpha-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20) from human seminal plasma, we have shown by ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-200 filtration, and adsorption chromatography that this alpha-glucosidase activity corresponded to two isoenzymes having the same ability to hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Both isoenzymes present a heat-stable fraction at 60 degrees C, require the presence of divalent cations in the incubation medium to demonstrate their glycolytic activity, and are inhibited by maltotriose and maltose. They have a molecular weight of approximately 200,000 daltons and different sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradient. This basic knowledge appears to be the prerequisite for further studies dealing with the importance of such isoenzymes as markers of epididymal function in male fertility.", "PMID": 391169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9195", "title": "Clinical characteristics of anaerobic bactibilia.", "content": "During a two-year period, 1,892 patients underwent biliary tract surgery at the Mayo Clinic. Both aerobic and anaerobic bile cultures were performed in 371 patients and 253 of these were positive. Anaerobes were isolated from 100 patients, although only twice in pure culture. Only aerobes grew from cultures from 153 patients. One hundred cases of biliary tract infections involving anaerobes and an equal number involving aerobes only were reviewed in order to determine their clinical characteristics. Prominent features of anaerobic bactibilia included (1) a history of complex, multiple, biliary tract surgeries often involving biliary-intestinal anastomoses and common bile duct manipulation, (2) severe symptoms, (3) high incidence of postoperative infectious complications, especially wound infections. Further analysis of anaerobic biliary infections suggested that Bacteroides fragilis was more often associated with serious pathologic conditions of the biliary tract than was Clostridium.", "contents": "Clinical characteristics of anaerobic bactibilia. During a two-year period, 1,892 patients underwent biliary tract surgery at the Mayo Clinic. Both aerobic and anaerobic bile cultures were performed in 371 patients and 253 of these were positive. Anaerobes were isolated from 100 patients, although only twice in pure culture. Only aerobes grew from cultures from 153 patients. One hundred cases of biliary tract infections involving anaerobes and an equal number involving aerobes only were reviewed in order to determine their clinical characteristics. Prominent features of anaerobic bactibilia included (1) a history of complex, multiple, biliary tract surgeries often involving biliary-intestinal anastomoses and common bile duct manipulation, (2) severe symptoms, (3) high incidence of postoperative infectious complications, especially wound infections. Further analysis of anaerobic biliary infections suggested that Bacteroides fragilis was more often associated with serious pathologic conditions of the biliary tract than was Clostridium.", "PMID": 391171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9196", "title": "Tuberculosis. A chemotherapeutic triumph but a persistent socioeconomic problem.", "content": "There is evidence that man has suffered from tuberculosis for more than 5,000 years, and through crowded living conditions, debilitation, and malnutrition, tuberculosis became epidemic in Western civilization and was a major cause of mortality. Identification of the tubercle bacillus as the causative agent in 1882 firmly established the infectious nature of the disease  and the development of sanatoriums soon followed. Before the advent of effective chemotherapeutic agents, treatment involved rest, diet, and various surgical procedures, which were of little or no benefit to the patient. The discovery of dihydrostreptomycin, aminosalicylic acid, and isoniazid in the late 1940s and early 1950s meant that tuberculosis was now entirely curable in virtually all patients. Despite these effective chemotherapeutic and preventive agents, tuberculosis has receded to socioeconomically disadvantaged urban and rural areas, where the incidence parallels that of developing countries. Conquest of the disease will require improved health care delivery to the indigent and dispossessed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis. A chemotherapeutic triumph but a persistent socioeconomic problem. There is evidence that man has suffered from tuberculosis for more than 5,000 years, and through crowded living conditions, debilitation, and malnutrition, tuberculosis became epidemic in Western civilization and was a major cause of mortality. Identification of the tubercle bacillus as the causative agent in 1882 firmly established the infectious nature of the disease  and the development of sanatoriums soon followed. Before the advent of effective chemotherapeutic agents, treatment involved rest, diet, and various surgical procedures, which were of little or no benefit to the patient. The discovery of dihydrostreptomycin, aminosalicylic acid, and isoniazid in the late 1940s and early 1950s meant that tuberculosis was now entirely curable in virtually all patients. Despite these effective chemotherapeutic and preventive agents, tuberculosis has receded to socioeconomically disadvantaged urban and rural areas, where the incidence parallels that of developing countries. Conquest of the disease will require improved health care delivery to the indigent and dispossessed.", "PMID": 391172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9197", "title": "Drug-resistant and atypical mycobacterial disease. Bacteriology and treatment.", "content": "The treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterial disease requires excellent laboratory technology combined with an effective means of monitoring patients for drug toxicity and assuring patient compliance in treatment. Most tuberculosis is readily treated with easily administered, well-tolerated antituberculous combination medications such as isoniazid-ethambutol hydrochloride or isoniazid-rifampin. Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis is prevalent in many developing countries; drug resistance in the United States is generally acquired through inadequate or irregular drug ingestion. Drug-resistant tuberculosis and many \"atypical\" mycobacterioses required carefully designed drug regimens based on accurate drug susceptibility studies. Occasionally, patients with certain types of infection will have isolated pulmonary involvement for which surgical extirpation is beneficial. Despite the continued decline in the incidence of tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial disease has remained constant and may eventually become the most prevalent mycobacteriosis in the United States.", "contents": "Drug-resistant and atypical mycobacterial disease. Bacteriology and treatment. The treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterial disease requires excellent laboratory technology combined with an effective means of monitoring patients for drug toxicity and assuring patient compliance in treatment. Most tuberculosis is readily treated with easily administered, well-tolerated antituberculous combination medications such as isoniazid-ethambutol hydrochloride or isoniazid-rifampin. Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis is prevalent in many developing countries; drug resistance in the United States is generally acquired through inadequate or irregular drug ingestion. Drug-resistant tuberculosis and many \"atypical\" mycobacterioses required carefully designed drug regimens based on accurate drug susceptibility studies. Occasionally, patients with certain types of infection will have isolated pulmonary involvement for which surgical extirpation is beneficial. Despite the continued decline in the incidence of tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial disease has remained constant and may eventually become the most prevalent mycobacteriosis in the United States.", "PMID": 391173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9198", "title": "Inhibitory effect of ethanol on growth and solute accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as affected by plasma-membrane lipid composition.", "content": "Incorporation of ethanol (1.0 or 1.25 M) into exponential-phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366 growing anaerobically in a medium supplemented with ergosterol and an unsaturated fatty acid caused a retardation in growth rat, which was greater when the medium contained oleic rather than linoleic acid. Ethanol incorporation led to an immediate drop in growth rate, and ethanol-containing cultures grew at the slower rate for at least 10 h. Incorporation of ethanol (0.5 M) into buffered (pH 4.5) cell suspensions containing D-[6-3H] glucose, D-[1-14C] glucosamine, L-[U-14C] lysine or arginine, or KH232PO4 lowered the rate of solute accumulation by cells. Rates of accumulation of glucose, lysine and arginine were retarded to a greater extent when cells had been grown in the presence of oleic rather than linoleic acid. This difference was not observed with accumulation of phosphate. Ethanol was extracted from exponential-phase cells by four different methods. Cells grown in the presence of linoleic acid contained a slightly, but consistently, lower concentration of ethanol than cells grown in oleic acid-containing medium. The ethanol concentration in cells was 5-7 times greater than that in the cell-free medium.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of ethanol on growth and solute accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as affected by plasma-membrane lipid composition. Incorporation of ethanol (1.0 or 1.25 M) into exponential-phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366 growing anaerobically in a medium supplemented with ergosterol and an unsaturated fatty acid caused a retardation in growth rat, which was greater when the medium contained oleic rather than linoleic acid. Ethanol incorporation led to an immediate drop in growth rate, and ethanol-containing cultures grew at the slower rate for at least 10 h. Incorporation of ethanol (0.5 M) into buffered (pH 4.5) cell suspensions containing D-[6-3H] glucose, D-[1-14C] glucosamine, L-[U-14C] lysine or arginine, or KH232PO4 lowered the rate of solute accumulation by cells. Rates of accumulation of glucose, lysine and arginine were retarded to a greater extent when cells had been grown in the presence of oleic rather than linoleic acid. This difference was not observed with accumulation of phosphate. Ethanol was extracted from exponential-phase cells by four different methods. Cells grown in the presence of linoleic acid contained a slightly, but consistently, lower concentration of ethanol than cells grown in oleic acid-containing medium. The ethanol concentration in cells was 5-7 times greater than that in the cell-free medium.", "PMID": 391174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9199", "title": "Antimitogenic activity of homogenates and culture filtrates of actinomycetes.", "content": "Filtrates of cells homogenates and culture supernatants of some strains of Nocardia inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of horse blood lymphocytes. The most active preparation that inhibited transformation by over 90% were obtained from strains of Nocardia asteroides N 668, N. asteroides N 1, N. amarae Se 6, N. amarae Se 97, and N. erythropolis N 11. Concentrations of the active factor were probably low since antimitogenic activity disappeared after 10-fold dilution of the preparations.", "contents": "Antimitogenic activity of homogenates and culture filtrates of actinomycetes. Filtrates of cells homogenates and culture supernatants of some strains of Nocardia inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of horse blood lymphocytes. The most active preparation that inhibited transformation by over 90% were obtained from strains of Nocardia asteroides N 668, N. asteroides N 1, N. amarae Se 6, N. amarae Se 97, and N. erythropolis N 11. Concentrations of the active factor were probably low since antimitogenic activity disappeared after 10-fold dilution of the preparations.", "PMID": 391175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9200", "title": "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual \"deviants\" in West Germany.", "content": "About 70 men have undergone a stereotaxic hypothalamotomy in West Germany for sexual behaviors. In most cases the nucleus ventromedialis (Cajal) has been unilaterally destroyed. The question of whether this kind of psychosurgery shoudl be legally controlled is being discussed by both scientists and the public in West Germany. The justification for this psychosurgery is taken from a theoretical basis which is at least questionable and which stems from a biologically truncated and therefore limited perspective on human sexuality. An inspection of the published reports shows that the indication for surgery was based on questionable scientific and clinical grounds and practically excluded psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic aspects. In the authors' opinion stereotaxic hypothalamotomy can in no way be regarded as an unquestioned, applicable method of therapy. We consider it essential that this surgery be suspended at least as long as the possible therapeutic effectiveness and the possible adverse side effects remain unclear.", "contents": "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual \"deviants\" in West Germany. About 70 men have undergone a stereotaxic hypothalamotomy in West Germany for sexual behaviors. In most cases the nucleus ventromedialis (Cajal) has been unilaterally destroyed. The question of whether this kind of psychosurgery shoudl be legally controlled is being discussed by both scientists and the public in West Germany. The justification for this psychosurgery is taken from a theoretical basis which is at least questionable and which stems from a biologically truncated and therefore limited perspective on human sexuality. An inspection of the published reports shows that the indication for surgery was based on questionable scientific and clinical grounds and practically excluded psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic aspects. In the authors' opinion stereotaxic hypothalamotomy can in no way be regarded as an unquestioned, applicable method of therapy. We consider it essential that this surgery be suspended at least as long as the possible therapeutic effectiveness and the possible adverse side effects remain unclear.", "PMID": 391177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9201", "title": "Mutagenicity studies of 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006). A new antiulcer drug.", "content": "An antiulcer drug, 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006), was studied for mutagenicity using bacterial systems, in vitro and in vivo cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests. No mutagenicity of DV-1006 was observed either in the rec-assay on Bacillus subtilis or in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). In in vitro cytogenetics, DV-1006 had no effects on the chromosomes of chinese hamster cells at cytotoxic doses. Rats were treated singly or on 5 consecutive days orally with dose levels of 16, 160, or 1600 mg DV-1006/kg for detecting cytogenetic effects in vivo. As a result, no increase of the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells was observed in any group of DV-1006. A single or 5 daily oral administration of DV-1006 (16 or 1600 mg/kg) to male mice and subsequent mating for 8 weeks produced no dominant lethal mutational effects. These results show that DV-1006 has no mutagenic potential.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies of 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006). A new antiulcer drug. An antiulcer drug, 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006), was studied for mutagenicity using bacterial systems, in vitro and in vivo cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests. No mutagenicity of DV-1006 was observed either in the rec-assay on Bacillus subtilis or in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). In in vitro cytogenetics, DV-1006 had no effects on the chromosomes of chinese hamster cells at cytotoxic doses. Rats were treated singly or on 5 consecutive days orally with dose levels of 16, 160, or 1600 mg DV-1006/kg for detecting cytogenetic effects in vivo. As a result, no increase of the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells was observed in any group of DV-1006. A single or 5 daily oral administration of DV-1006 (16 or 1600 mg/kg) to male mice and subsequent mating for 8 weeks produced no dominant lethal mutational effects. These results show that DV-1006 has no mutagenic potential.", "PMID": 391178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9202", "title": "Detection of the carcinogenic nitrofuran derivative VR-6 as a mutagen in the Salmonella/microsome test.", "content": "The carcinogenic nitrofuran, VR-6, was evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 using the plate assay (Ames test). The dose-response curve indicated that S. typhimurium TA 100 is a very sensitive genetic indicator for this chemical class and that basepair substitution appears to be the molecular mechanism with VR-6. The results reported here provide evidence, that VR-6 is a directly acting mutagen for S. typhimurium TA 100 and that the chemical is partially deactivated in the presence of rat liver homogenates. Comparison of the results obtained with this agent in the Ames test with data from a subacute animal study, showed a good agreement in predicting the carcinogenic risk.", "contents": "Detection of the carcinogenic nitrofuran derivative VR-6 as a mutagen in the Salmonella/microsome test. The carcinogenic nitrofuran, VR-6, was evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 using the plate assay (Ames test). The dose-response curve indicated that S. typhimurium TA 100 is a very sensitive genetic indicator for this chemical class and that basepair substitution appears to be the molecular mechanism with VR-6. The results reported here provide evidence, that VR-6 is a directly acting mutagen for S. typhimurium TA 100 and that the chemical is partially deactivated in the presence of rat liver homogenates. Comparison of the results obtained with this agent in the Ames test with data from a subacute animal study, showed a good agreement in predicting the carcinogenic risk.", "PMID": 391179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9203", "title": "Non-occluded particles of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting Galleria mellonella L.: titration in vivo and in vitro. Brief report.", "content": "Infectivity of non-occluded particles of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting Galleria mellonella L. was determined with bioassay technique in vivo and with plaque assay method in vitro using SCLd 135 (Quiot) established cell culture. A plaque-forming virus unit corresponds to about 50 ID50 for Galleria larvae injected into hemocoel for non-cloned and 0.1-1.0 ID50 for a virus isolate cloned from an infective plaque.", "contents": "Non-occluded particles of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting Galleria mellonella L.: titration in vivo and in vitro. Brief report. Infectivity of non-occluded particles of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting Galleria mellonella L. was determined with bioassay technique in vivo and with plaque assay method in vitro using SCLd 135 (Quiot) established cell culture. A plaque-forming virus unit corresponds to about 50 ID50 for Galleria larvae injected into hemocoel for non-cloned and 0.1-1.0 ID50 for a virus isolate cloned from an infective plaque.", "PMID": 391180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9204", "title": "[Method of determining the quality of irrigation of the vessels of parenchymatous organs before injection].", "content": "The method suggested for qualitative estimation of the renal and hepatic vessels perfusion before an injection is based on measuring oscillations of the light beam diffused by the organ's surface (the source--a gas laser of continuous action of red spectrum). An absolute photometer protected by a red filter from external effects of light is used as a registrator. Successive injection of the renal and hepatic vessels with different masses and their investigation by means of roentgenography, preparation, carrosion demonstrate a satisfactory effectiveness of the method presented.", "contents": "[Method of determining the quality of irrigation of the vessels of parenchymatous organs before injection]. The method suggested for qualitative estimation of the renal and hepatic vessels perfusion before an injection is based on measuring oscillations of the light beam diffused by the organ's surface (the source--a gas laser of continuous action of red spectrum). An absolute photometer protected by a red filter from external effects of light is used as a registrator. Successive injection of the renal and hepatic vessels with different masses and their investigation by means of roentgenography, preparation, carrosion demonstrate a satisfactory effectiveness of the method presented.", "PMID": 391182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9205", "title": "[Correction of hyperdyslipidemia using polyene-structure substances. Controlled clinical trial].", "content": "Mepartricin (SPA-S-160 enteric-coated tablets) fat-lowering effect was evaluated in 20 patients with lipids disorders of various type. The cross-over trial was carried out with clofibrate as reference drug. Posology consisted, in both treatments, of 3 tablets/die. All subjects received each drug for a 30-day period, with a drug-free interval of 30 days. The results proved positive for both drugs but mepartricin showed a better therapeutical index. Local and systemic tolerance was good for both drugs even though the transaminases values were found to be sensibly higher after the therapeutic cycle with clofibrate.", "contents": "[Correction of hyperdyslipidemia using polyene-structure substances. Controlled clinical trial]. Mepartricin (SPA-S-160 enteric-coated tablets) fat-lowering effect was evaluated in 20 patients with lipids disorders of various type. The cross-over trial was carried out with clofibrate as reference drug. Posology consisted, in both treatments, of 3 tablets/die. All subjects received each drug for a 30-day period, with a drug-free interval of 30 days. The results proved positive for both drugs but mepartricin showed a better therapeutical index. Local and systemic tolerance was good for both drugs even though the transaminases values were found to be sensibly higher after the therapeutic cycle with clofibrate.", "PMID": 391176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9206", "title": "[Neuronal barrels and the problem of somatotopy].", "content": "Serial frontal, sagittal paraffin sections from the brain areas 4, 3, 1 of the human neocortex were treated after Nissl, Kl\u00fcver-Barrer, Cajal, Peters. Changes in qualitative-quantitative parameters of the neuronal ensembles and their systems in functionally different parts of the above mentioned cerebral fields were studied. It was demonstrated that the ensembles having the form of a truncated overturned cone or cylinder in the cortical space and surrounded with a vascular-fibrillar capsule were distributed according to changes of their qualitative-quantitative indices. A hypothetic scheme (Fig. 2) on distribution of the neuronal ensembles and their systems along the pre- and postcentral gyri is presented, that demonstrates a direct relation between the distribution of the neuronal ensembles differing in their structures and functional architecture of the fields in question of the human brain.", "contents": "[Neuronal barrels and the problem of somatotopy]. Serial frontal, sagittal paraffin sections from the brain areas 4, 3, 1 of the human neocortex were treated after Nissl, Kl\u00fcver-Barrer, Cajal, Peters. Changes in qualitative-quantitative parameters of the neuronal ensembles and their systems in functionally different parts of the above mentioned cerebral fields were studied. It was demonstrated that the ensembles having the form of a truncated overturned cone or cylinder in the cortical space and surrounded with a vascular-fibrillar capsule were distributed according to changes of their qualitative-quantitative indices. A hypothetic scheme (Fig. 2) on distribution of the neuronal ensembles and their systems along the pre- and postcentral gyri is presented, that demonstrates a direct relation between the distribution of the neuronal ensembles differing in their structures and functional architecture of the fields in question of the human brain.", "PMID": 391185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9207", "title": "[Role of the intramural arterial bed of the human heart in the pathogenesis of coronary arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarct (a stereometric study)].", "content": "Pathological and stereometric studies of the intramural arterial bed of 42 normal hearts and 39 hearts with myocardiac infarction were carried out by injection and non-injection methods. The stereometrical analysis has shown a wide variability of volumetric density of the intramyocardial arterial bed normally due to individual features of heart angioarchitectonics. Myocardial infarction developed more frequently in subjects with a small specific volume of the intramural bed. The low volumentrical density of the intramyocardial arterial bed appears to be conducive to rapid progress of atherosclerotic coronary sclerosis. It is suggested that the low volumentrical density of the intramyocardial arterial bed be considered as one of the risk factors in the development of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Role of the intramural arterial bed of the human heart in the pathogenesis of coronary arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarct (a stereometric study)]. Pathological and stereometric studies of the intramural arterial bed of 42 normal hearts and 39 hearts with myocardiac infarction were carried out by injection and non-injection methods. The stereometrical analysis has shown a wide variability of volumetric density of the intramyocardial arterial bed normally due to individual features of heart angioarchitectonics. Myocardial infarction developed more frequently in subjects with a small specific volume of the intramural bed. The low volumentrical density of the intramyocardial arterial bed appears to be conducive to rapid progress of atherosclerotic coronary sclerosis. It is suggested that the low volumentrical density of the intramyocardial arterial bed be considered as one of the risk factors in the development of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 391186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9208", "title": "[Method of embedding cultures in situ in epoxy resins for comprehensive light and electron microscopic analysis].", "content": "A simple method for making preparations for light and electron microscopy analysis both from tissue cultures and other biological objects is proposed. The techniques of in situ flat-parallel embedding in special forms between two layers of polyethylene phthalate (PEPh) film are described. The method makes the maximum use of all the properties of the PEPh film allowing to utilize it as a substrate-support for growing cultures and as a substrate for forming optical properties of the preparations. The preparations so made are suitable for preliminary examinations by light microscopy, photography, and marking the selected areas for subsequent flat and sagital ultratomy.", "contents": "[Method of embedding cultures in situ in epoxy resins for comprehensive light and electron microscopic analysis]. A simple method for making preparations for light and electron microscopy analysis both from tissue cultures and other biological objects is proposed. The techniques of in situ flat-parallel embedding in special forms between two layers of polyethylene phthalate (PEPh) film are described. The method makes the maximum use of all the properties of the PEPh film allowing to utilize it as a substrate-support for growing cultures and as a substrate for forming optical properties of the preparations. The preparations so made are suitable for preliminary examinations by light microscopy, photography, and marking the selected areas for subsequent flat and sagital ultratomy.", "PMID": 391187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9209", "title": "Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls using two sampling methods and a transport medium.", "content": "Preputial exudates were collected from 3 bulls infected with Tritrichomonas foetus by scraping the mucosa with a specially designed instrument and by aspiration. For diagnostic purposes the scraping method was superior direct microscopic examination but both methods were equally good when the samples were cultured within 2 hours of collection. The organism remained viable in a transport medium for 24, 48 and 72 hours showing a lineal decrease in viability with time which was more than 3 times greater in samples aspirated than in samples scraped.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls using two sampling methods and a transport medium. Preputial exudates were collected from 3 bulls infected with Tritrichomonas foetus by scraping the mucosa with a specially designed instrument and by aspiration. For diagnostic purposes the scraping method was superior direct microscopic examination but both methods were equally good when the samples were cultured within 2 hours of collection. The organism remained viable in a transport medium for 24, 48 and 72 hours showing a lineal decrease in viability with time which was more than 3 times greater in samples aspirated than in samples scraped.", "PMID": 391209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9210", "title": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation: evaluation of bromocriptine and placebo.", "content": "Bromocriptine and placebo were randomly allocated to 50 patients who wished to suppress lactation. Patients on bromocriptine suffered no subjective symptoms such as breast pain and engorgement, and lactation was significantly reduced compared with patients on the placebo with or without breast binding. No side-effects were noted, and rebound lactation was seen in only 3 patients. In most patients contraceptives were commenced once the drug therapy ceased on the fourteenth day.", "contents": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation: evaluation of bromocriptine and placebo. Bromocriptine and placebo were randomly allocated to 50 patients who wished to suppress lactation. Patients on bromocriptine suffered no subjective symptoms such as breast pain and engorgement, and lactation was significantly reduced compared with patients on the placebo with or without breast binding. No side-effects were noted, and rebound lactation was seen in only 3 patients. In most patients contraceptives were commenced once the drug therapy ceased on the fourteenth day.", "PMID": 391210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9211", "title": "Localization by immunofluorescence and by light- and electron-microscopic immunoperoxidase techniques of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in adult hamster kidney.", "content": "1. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was isolated from hamster urine and antiserum against it was produced in rabbits. Immunoglobulin G was isolated from the antiserum. 2. Indirect methods of immunofluorescence staining were applied to kidney sections previously fixed by both perfusion and immersion methods. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was identified associated with only the cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Maculae densae were free of the glycoprotein. 3. Indirect immunoperoxidase procedures with light microscopy were applied to kidney sections. The results extended those found by immunofluorescence by showing that the glycoprotein is largely associated with the plasma membrane of the cells. Macula densa cells were shown to be free of the glycoprotein, although the luminal surface of the remaining cells in the transverse section of the nephron at that region was shown to contain it. 4. A variety of immuno-electron-microscopic techniques were applied to sections previously fixed in a number of ways. Providing periodate/lysine/paraformaldehyde was used as the fixative, the glycoprotein was often seen to be present not only on the luminal surface of the cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and of the distal convoluted tubule, but also on the basal plasma membrane, including the infoldings. 5. It is generally accepted that the hyperosmolarity in the medulla of the kidney results from passage of Cl(-) ions with their accompanying Na(+) ions across the single cell layer of the lumen of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, a region of the nephron with relatively high impermeability to water. We suggest that Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein operates as a barrier to decrease the passage of water molecules by trapping the latter at the membrane of the cells. Our hypothesis requires the glycoprotein on the basal plasma membrane also.", "contents": "Localization by immunofluorescence and by light- and electron-microscopic immunoperoxidase techniques of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in adult hamster kidney. 1. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was isolated from hamster urine and antiserum against it was produced in rabbits. Immunoglobulin G was isolated from the antiserum. 2. Indirect methods of immunofluorescence staining were applied to kidney sections previously fixed by both perfusion and immersion methods. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was identified associated with only the cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Maculae densae were free of the glycoprotein. 3. Indirect immunoperoxidase procedures with light microscopy were applied to kidney sections. The results extended those found by immunofluorescence by showing that the glycoprotein is largely associated with the plasma membrane of the cells. Macula densa cells were shown to be free of the glycoprotein, although the luminal surface of the remaining cells in the transverse section of the nephron at that region was shown to contain it. 4. A variety of immuno-electron-microscopic techniques were applied to sections previously fixed in a number of ways. Providing periodate/lysine/paraformaldehyde was used as the fixative, the glycoprotein was often seen to be present not only on the luminal surface of the cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and of the distal convoluted tubule, but also on the basal plasma membrane, including the infoldings. 5. It is generally accepted that the hyperosmolarity in the medulla of the kidney results from passage of Cl(-) ions with their accompanying Na(+) ions across the single cell layer of the lumen of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, a region of the nephron with relatively high impermeability to water. We suggest that Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein operates as a barrier to decrease the passage of water molecules by trapping the latter at the membrane of the cells. Our hypothesis requires the glycoprotein on the basal plasma membrane also.", "PMID": 391220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9212", "title": "The temperature-dependence of adenylate cyclase from baker's yeast.", "content": "The Michaelis constant of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase increased from 1.1 to 1.8 mM between 7 and 38 degrees C (delta H = 13 kJ/mol). Over this temperature range, the maximum velocity increased 10-fold, and the Arrhenius plot was nearly linear, with an average delta H* of 51 kJ/mol. The temperature-dependence of the reaction rate at 2 mM-ATP was examined in more detail: for Lubrol-dispersed enzyme, Arrhenius plots were nearly linear with average delta H* values of 45 and 68 kJ/mol, respectively, for untreated and gel-filtered enzymes; for membrane-bound enzyme, delta H changed from 40 kJ/mol above about 21 degrees C to 62 kJ/mol below 21 degrees C, but this behaviour does not necessarily indicate an abrupt, lipid-induced, transition in the reaction mechanism.", "contents": "The temperature-dependence of adenylate cyclase from baker's yeast. The Michaelis constant of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase increased from 1.1 to 1.8 mM between 7 and 38 degrees C (delta H = 13 kJ/mol). Over this temperature range, the maximum velocity increased 10-fold, and the Arrhenius plot was nearly linear, with an average delta H* of 51 kJ/mol. The temperature-dependence of the reaction rate at 2 mM-ATP was examined in more detail: for Lubrol-dispersed enzyme, Arrhenius plots were nearly linear with average delta H* values of 45 and 68 kJ/mol, respectively, for untreated and gel-filtered enzymes; for membrane-bound enzyme, delta H changed from 40 kJ/mol above about 21 degrees C to 62 kJ/mol below 21 degrees C, but this behaviour does not necessarily indicate an abrupt, lipid-induced, transition in the reaction mechanism.", "PMID": 391221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9213", "title": "The catalytically active form of histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The active-enzyme-sedimentation procedure was used to identify the catalytically competent form of histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) isolated from Salmonella typhimurium. At pH 9.4 the active species has a sedimentation coefficient S20,W of 5.4S, indicating that the dimer with a mol.wt. of approx. 83 000 is the enzymically active form.", "contents": "The catalytically active form of histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium. The active-enzyme-sedimentation procedure was used to identify the catalytically competent form of histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) isolated from Salmonella typhimurium. At pH 9.4 the active species has a sedimentation coefficient S20,W of 5.4S, indicating that the dimer with a mol.wt. of approx. 83 000 is the enzymically active form.", "PMID": 391222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9214", "title": "The sensitivity of Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri cells to gamma-radiation after growth in a medium containing the thymine analogue 5-vinyluracil.", "content": "Cells of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri grown in a medium containing the potential radiation-sensitive thymine analogue 5-vinyluracil show a 3-fold increase in sensitivity towards irradiation of a dose of 15 krads of gamma-rays.", "contents": "The sensitivity of Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri cells to gamma-radiation after growth in a medium containing the thymine analogue 5-vinyluracil. Cells of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri grown in a medium containing the potential radiation-sensitive thymine analogue 5-vinyluracil show a 3-fold increase in sensitivity towards irradiation of a dose of 15 krads of gamma-rays.", "PMID": 391223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9215", "title": "Effects in vitro of alloxan on the glucose metabolism of mouse pancreatic B-cells.", "content": "To facilitate detailed studies of the B-cytotoxic action of alloxan we developed a model using isolated pancreatic islets of normal mice. An essential feature of this model is the low temperature employed during exposure to alloxan, which minimizes the degradation of the drug. The islets were incubated with alloxan for 30min at 4 degrees C and subsequently various aspects of their metabolism were studied. The O(2) consumption was measured by the Cartesian-diver technique. Islets exposed to 2mm-alloxan and control islets had the same endogenous respiration, whereas the O(2) uptake of the alloxan-treated islets was inhibited and that of the control islets stimulated when they were incubated with 28mm-glucose as an exogenous substrate. The islet glucose oxidation was estimated by measurement of the formation of (14)CO(2) from [U-(14)C]glucose at 37 degrees C. Compared with the controls, alloxan-treated islets showed a decrease in the glucose-oxidation rate in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the islets with 28mm-glucose for 30min at 37 degrees C completely protected against this effect, whereas preincubations at glucose concentrations below 16.7mm failed to exert any protective effect. The glucose utilization was estimated as the formation of (3)H(2)O from [5-(3)H]glucose. Alloxan (2mm) failed to affect islet glucoseutilization rate in the presence of either 2.8 or 28mm-glucose. In contrast, islets exposed to 5 or 10mm-alloxan exhibited lowered glucose utilization. It is concluded that in vitro alloxan has an acute inhibitory effect on the islet glucose metabolism, and that this action can be prevented by previous exposure to a high glucose concentration. The results are consistent with the idea that the B-cytotoxicity of alloxan reflects an interaction with intracellular sites involved in the oxidative metabolism of the B-cell.", "contents": "Effects in vitro of alloxan on the glucose metabolism of mouse pancreatic B-cells. To facilitate detailed studies of the B-cytotoxic action of alloxan we developed a model using isolated pancreatic islets of normal mice. An essential feature of this model is the low temperature employed during exposure to alloxan, which minimizes the degradation of the drug. The islets were incubated with alloxan for 30min at 4 degrees C and subsequently various aspects of their metabolism were studied. The O(2) consumption was measured by the Cartesian-diver technique. Islets exposed to 2mm-alloxan and control islets had the same endogenous respiration, whereas the O(2) uptake of the alloxan-treated islets was inhibited and that of the control islets stimulated when they were incubated with 28mm-glucose as an exogenous substrate. The islet glucose oxidation was estimated by measurement of the formation of (14)CO(2) from [U-(14)C]glucose at 37 degrees C. Compared with the controls, alloxan-treated islets showed a decrease in the glucose-oxidation rate in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the islets with 28mm-glucose for 30min at 37 degrees C completely protected against this effect, whereas preincubations at glucose concentrations below 16.7mm failed to exert any protective effect. The glucose utilization was estimated as the formation of (3)H(2)O from [5-(3)H]glucose. Alloxan (2mm) failed to affect islet glucoseutilization rate in the presence of either 2.8 or 28mm-glucose. In contrast, islets exposed to 5 or 10mm-alloxan exhibited lowered glucose utilization. It is concluded that in vitro alloxan has an acute inhibitory effect on the islet glucose metabolism, and that this action can be prevented by previous exposure to a high glucose concentration. The results are consistent with the idea that the B-cytotoxicity of alloxan reflects an interaction with intracellular sites involved in the oxidative metabolism of the B-cell.", "PMID": 391224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9216", "title": "Identification of a clinical subset of systemic lupus erythematosus by antibodies to the SM antigen.", "content": "The clinical and renal histologic attributes of 135 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with DNA and/or Sm antibodies were compared to determine if the presence of the Sm antibodies served as a marker for a specific subset of SLE. Although Raynaud's phenomenon was more frequent in patients with Sm antibodies (P less than 0.005), serious central nervous system disease was over three times as common in patients with DNA antibodies (P less than 0.005). Only one of 23 patients with Sm antibodies had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy, whereas 6 of 14 patients with only DNA antibodies had this histologic finding (P = 0.01). The Sm antibody system may therefore identify a subset of SLE patients with milder central nervous system and renal disease.", "contents": "Identification of a clinical subset of systemic lupus erythematosus by antibodies to the SM antigen. The clinical and renal histologic attributes of 135 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with DNA and/or Sm antibodies were compared to determine if the presence of the Sm antibodies served as a marker for a specific subset of SLE. Although Raynaud's phenomenon was more frequent in patients with Sm antibodies (P less than 0.005), serious central nervous system disease was over three times as common in patients with DNA antibodies (P less than 0.005). Only one of 23 patients with Sm antibodies had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy, whereas 6 of 14 patients with only DNA antibodies had this histologic finding (P = 0.01). The Sm antibody system may therefore identify a subset of SLE patients with milder central nervous system and renal disease.", "PMID": 391237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9217", "title": "Accelerated appearance of neoplasms in female NZB/NZW mice treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide increases the prevalence of neoplasms in NZB/NZW mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. The current study was designed to compare the oncogenic properties of high dose cyclophosphamide with a low dose therapeutic regimen. Female NZB/NZW mice received life-long therapy with \"high dose\" cyclophosphamide, 16 mg/kg/day, or \"low-dose\" cyclophosphamide, 5.7 mg/kg/day; control mice received saline. High dose therapy clearly accelerated appearance of neoplasms. Seventeen of 19 mice treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide developed neoplasms at the mean age of 61 weeks. Fifty-seven percent of these tumors were mammary carcinomas. Neoplasms appeared in all mice treated with low dose; mean longevity in this treatment group was 80 weeks (compared to high dose treated mice, P less than 0.001). Carcinomas, pulmonary adenomas, and lymphomas were the most common tumors in mice receiving low dose therapy. Positive tests for ANA were suppressed in high dose treated mice. AntiDNA antibody levels and glomerulonephritis were decreased significantly in both groups of cyclophosphamide-treated mice compared to controls. It was concluded that the high daily dose of immunosuppressive drug was related to early oncogenesis in autoimmune NZB/NZW mice.", "contents": "Accelerated appearance of neoplasms in female NZB/NZW mice treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide. Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide increases the prevalence of neoplasms in NZB/NZW mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. The current study was designed to compare the oncogenic properties of high dose cyclophosphamide with a low dose therapeutic regimen. Female NZB/NZW mice received life-long therapy with \"high dose\" cyclophosphamide, 16 mg/kg/day, or \"low-dose\" cyclophosphamide, 5.7 mg/kg/day; control mice received saline. High dose therapy clearly accelerated appearance of neoplasms. Seventeen of 19 mice treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide developed neoplasms at the mean age of 61 weeks. Fifty-seven percent of these tumors were mammary carcinomas. Neoplasms appeared in all mice treated with low dose; mean longevity in this treatment group was 80 weeks (compared to high dose treated mice, P less than 0.001). Carcinomas, pulmonary adenomas, and lymphomas were the most common tumors in mice receiving low dose therapy. Positive tests for ANA were suppressed in high dose treated mice. AntiDNA antibody levels and glomerulonephritis were decreased significantly in both groups of cyclophosphamide-treated mice compared to controls. It was concluded that the high daily dose of immunosuppressive drug was related to early oncogenesis in autoimmune NZB/NZW mice.", "PMID": 391238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9218", "title": "Effect of p-hydroxyphenyl-propionic ester of tranexamic acid hydrochloride (Cetraxate) on peptic ulcer. Multi-center clinical study.", "content": "The therapeutic effects of a new antiulcer drug, a p-hydroxyphenyl-propionic ester of tranexamic acid (cetraxate, CET) hydrochloride, were investigated in 234 patients with gastric ulcer by double blind controlled study using trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl-5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4,8,12-trienoate (gefarnate) as the standard drug in 18 medical institutions. The cure rates confirmed by endoscopic examination in CET-treated patients were 28, 61 and 73% each after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of medication, while those in gefarnate-treated patients were 23, 47 and 55%, respectively, with statistical significance after 8 and 12 weeks. Global utility rate based on the judgement by the physician in charge also supported the results with cure rate. Stratified analysis again confirmed the superiority of CET hydrochloride against gefarnate in the hospitalized patients in terms of both cure rate and global utility rate. However, there was no significant difference between the two drugs as to the effects in the out-patients. Among the symptoms, there was also a significant difference between the improvement rate of epigastralgia with the two drugs in favour of CET hydrochloride. No serious side effects were reported throughout the study.", "contents": "Effect of p-hydroxyphenyl-propionic ester of tranexamic acid hydrochloride (Cetraxate) on peptic ulcer. Multi-center clinical study. The therapeutic effects of a new antiulcer drug, a p-hydroxyphenyl-propionic ester of tranexamic acid (cetraxate, CET) hydrochloride, were investigated in 234 patients with gastric ulcer by double blind controlled study using trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl-5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4,8,12-trienoate (gefarnate) as the standard drug in 18 medical institutions. The cure rates confirmed by endoscopic examination in CET-treated patients were 28, 61 and 73% each after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of medication, while those in gefarnate-treated patients were 23, 47 and 55%, respectively, with statistical significance after 8 and 12 weeks. Global utility rate based on the judgement by the physician in charge also supported the results with cure rate. Stratified analysis again confirmed the superiority of CET hydrochloride against gefarnate in the hospitalized patients in terms of both cure rate and global utility rate. However, there was no significant difference between the two drugs as to the effects in the out-patients. Among the symptoms, there was also a significant difference between the improvement rate of epigastralgia with the two drugs in favour of CET hydrochloride. No serious side effects were reported throughout the study.", "PMID": 391240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9219", "title": "Lymphocytes and monocytes in the aortic intima--An electron-microscopic study in the rat.", "content": "In an electron-microscopic survey of the aorta in the adult rat, white blood cells were found adhering to the intima; these were invariably lymphocytes or monocytes. Similar cells were also found beneath the endothelium. Counts were not made, but published data indicate that mononuclear cells lying over or within the rat aortic intima are approximately 1 for every 9 endothelial cells. This infiltration by blood-borne cells is interpreted as a pathologic event, possibly in response to a chemical message (antigen?) originating from the underlying media.", "contents": "Lymphocytes and monocytes in the aortic intima--An electron-microscopic study in the rat. In an electron-microscopic survey of the aorta in the adult rat, white blood cells were found adhering to the intima; these were invariably lymphocytes or monocytes. Similar cells were also found beneath the endothelium. Counts were not made, but published data indicate that mononuclear cells lying over or within the rat aortic intima are approximately 1 for every 9 endothelial cells. This infiltration by blood-borne cells is interpreted as a pathologic event, possibly in response to a chemical message (antigen?) originating from the underlying media.", "PMID": 391249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9220", "title": "[\"In vitro\" and \"in vivo\" antibacterial activity of a new synthetic antibiotic cinoxacin].", "content": "The Authors have conducted the experimental studies tending to valuate the antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo of cinoxacin versus that demonstrated by nalidixic acid. The obtained results demonstrate the cinoxacin presents a similar antibacterial activity to that of nalidixic acid.", "contents": "[\"In vitro\" and \"in vivo\" antibacterial activity of a new synthetic antibiotic cinoxacin]. The Authors have conducted the experimental studies tending to valuate the antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo of cinoxacin versus that demonstrated by nalidixic acid. The obtained results demonstrate the cinoxacin presents a similar antibacterial activity to that of nalidixic acid.", "PMID": 391252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9221", "title": "Nefopam in postoperative pain.", "content": "Three comparable groups of surgical patients were given nefopam 0.2 mg kg-1 or 0.4 mg kg-1 or morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 for pain relief after operation. Nefopam 0.4 mg kg-1 was equi-analgesic with morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 and produced no obvious cardiovascular or respiratory side-effects.", "contents": "Nefopam in postoperative pain. Three comparable groups of surgical patients were given nefopam 0.2 mg kg-1 or 0.4 mg kg-1 or morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 for pain relief after operation. Nefopam 0.4 mg kg-1 was equi-analgesic with morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 and produced no obvious cardiovascular or respiratory side-effects.", "PMID": 391253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9222", "title": "Cardiovascular response to the i.v. administration of morphine in critically ill patients undergoing IPPV.", "content": "The haemodynamic changes following the administration of morphine 0.15 and 0.30 mg kg-1 i.v. were studied in 11 patients, free from known cardiac disease. All patients were acutely ill and their lungs were being ventilated mechanically. In those patients receiving 0.15 mg kg-1, the only haemodynamic change was a slight and transitory decrease in the systolic arterial pressure. In contrast, several changes were observed in patients receiving 0.30 mg kg-1: an immediate and prolonged decrease in the cardiac index was noted along with transient decreases in heart rate, stroke volume index, arterial pressure and left stroke work index. These results suggest that the haemodynamic cost of morphine 10 mg is negligible but could be significant when 20 mg has been administered and must be weighed against its beneficial effects in the critically ill patient.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to the i.v. administration of morphine in critically ill patients undergoing IPPV. The haemodynamic changes following the administration of morphine 0.15 and 0.30 mg kg-1 i.v. were studied in 11 patients, free from known cardiac disease. All patients were acutely ill and their lungs were being ventilated mechanically. In those patients receiving 0.15 mg kg-1, the only haemodynamic change was a slight and transitory decrease in the systolic arterial pressure. In contrast, several changes were observed in patients receiving 0.30 mg kg-1: an immediate and prolonged decrease in the cardiac index was noted along with transient decreases in heart rate, stroke volume index, arterial pressure and left stroke work index. These results suggest that the haemodynamic cost of morphine 10 mg is negligible but could be significant when 20 mg has been administered and must be weighed against its beneficial effects in the critically ill patient.", "PMID": 391254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9223", "title": "Decreased plasma protein binding of phenytoin in patients on valproic acid.", "content": "1 Plasma protein binding of phenytoin and of valproic acid were measured in ten epileptic patients on this drug combination. Ten other epileptics not on valproic acid served as controls. All patients had normal kidney function. 2 The measured free fraction of phenytoin among the patients on valproic acid ranged from 12.5 to 23.2% and after recalculation to a plasma albumin level of 45 g/l from 12.5 to 20.0 (median 15.4%). This differed significantly (P = 0.002, Mann- Whitney U-test) from the control patients where the normalized values ranged from 9.9 to 13.9% with a median value of 11.8%. 3 The measured free fractions of phenytoin and of valproic acid showed a significant correlation which, however, was due to the quantitative relation between the degree of binding of both these drugs and the concentration of plasma albumin. There was no discernable relation in this material between the free concentration of valproic acid and the free fraction of phenytoin. 4 It is concluded that patients on combined treatment with phenytoin and valproic acid have an unpredictably raised free fraction of phenytoin. This drug interaction therefore can complicate the important plasma level monitoring of phenytoin in epileptic patients unless the free concentration of this drug can be analysed or estimated.", "contents": "Decreased plasma protein binding of phenytoin in patients on valproic acid. 1 Plasma protein binding of phenytoin and of valproic acid were measured in ten epileptic patients on this drug combination. Ten other epileptics not on valproic acid served as controls. All patients had normal kidney function. 2 The measured free fraction of phenytoin among the patients on valproic acid ranged from 12.5 to 23.2% and after recalculation to a plasma albumin level of 45 g/l from 12.5 to 20.0 (median 15.4%). This differed significantly (P = 0.002, Mann- Whitney U-test) from the control patients where the normalized values ranged from 9.9 to 13.9% with a median value of 11.8%. 3 The measured free fractions of phenytoin and of valproic acid showed a significant correlation which, however, was due to the quantitative relation between the degree of binding of both these drugs and the concentration of plasma albumin. There was no discernable relation in this material between the free concentration of valproic acid and the free fraction of phenytoin. 4 It is concluded that patients on combined treatment with phenytoin and valproic acid have an unpredictably raised free fraction of phenytoin. This drug interaction therefore can complicate the important plasma level monitoring of phenytoin in epileptic patients unless the free concentration of this drug can be analysed or estimated.", "PMID": 391256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9224", "title": "Modification of phenytoin clearance by valproic acid in normal subjects.", "content": "1 The effect of valproic acid on the distribution and elimination kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin has been investigated in eight normal volunteers. 2 In each of the subjects studied the volume of distribution of phenytoin increased significantly during treatment with sodium valproate (1200 mg daily for 7 days). 3 Phenytoin clearance was markedly increased in presence of valproic acid as compared to control values (0.52 +/- 0.17 v 0.38 +/- 0.11 ml min-1 kg-1 respectively, P less than 0.02). 4 It is suggested that the increase of the volume of distribution and of the serum clearance are secondary to displacement of phenytoin from plasma protein binding sites by valproic acid.", "contents": "Modification of phenytoin clearance by valproic acid in normal subjects. 1 The effect of valproic acid on the distribution and elimination kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin has been investigated in eight normal volunteers. 2 In each of the subjects studied the volume of distribution of phenytoin increased significantly during treatment with sodium valproate (1200 mg daily for 7 days). 3 Phenytoin clearance was markedly increased in presence of valproic acid as compared to control values (0.52 +/- 0.17 v 0.38 +/- 0.11 ml min-1 kg-1 respectively, P less than 0.02). 4 It is suggested that the increase of the volume of distribution and of the serum clearance are secondary to displacement of phenytoin from plasma protein binding sites by valproic acid.", "PMID": 391257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9225", "title": "Comparison of propranolol and metoprolol in the management of hyperthyroidism.", "content": "1 Propranolol and metoprolol were both effective in controlling the symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism. 2 Propranolol caused a highly significant increase in serum reverse T3 concentrations with lesser changes in other serum thyroid hormone levels, whereas metoprolol did not have this effect. 3 Steady-state plasma propranolol and metoprolol levels showed marked inter-individual variation. Metoprolol concentrations showed relatively little intra-individual variability, and could be related to the clinical efficacy of the drug, whereas no such relationship was demonstrated for propranolol.", "contents": "Comparison of propranolol and metoprolol in the management of hyperthyroidism. 1 Propranolol and metoprolol were both effective in controlling the symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism. 2 Propranolol caused a highly significant increase in serum reverse T3 concentrations with lesser changes in other serum thyroid hormone levels, whereas metoprolol did not have this effect. 3 Steady-state plasma propranolol and metoprolol levels showed marked inter-individual variation. Metoprolol concentrations showed relatively little intra-individual variability, and could be related to the clinical efficacy of the drug, whereas no such relationship was demonstrated for propranolol.", "PMID": 391258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9226", "title": "Contact allergic sensitivity to chrysanthemum and the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome.", "content": "Of sixty-nine examples of the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome, nine were found to be allergically sensitive to chrysanthemum oleoresin extract. Although this extract showed evidence in vitro of a phototoxic action we were unable with in vivo studies to explain the connection between the contact allergic sensitivity and the photosensitivity. The fractions responsible for the in vitro phototoxicity appear to be different from those involved in the in vivo contact allergic sensitivity. This study provides further support for the view that in the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome contact allergic sensitivity is of importance.", "contents": "Contact allergic sensitivity to chrysanthemum and the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. Of sixty-nine examples of the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome, nine were found to be allergically sensitive to chrysanthemum oleoresin extract. Although this extract showed evidence in vitro of a phototoxic action we were unable with in vivo studies to explain the connection between the contact allergic sensitivity and the photosensitivity. The fractions responsible for the in vitro phototoxicity appear to be different from those involved in the in vivo contact allergic sensitivity. This study provides further support for the view that in the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome contact allergic sensitivity is of importance.", "PMID": 391260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9227", "title": "The events leading to the death of patients with pemphigus and pemphigoid.", "content": "This paper is based upon a study of all available records of patients certified as having died in hospital from pemphigus and pemphigoid in England and Wales from 1962 to 1969. The results differ from most published series in that many of the 210 patients died still with extensive skin lesions and with biochemical abnormalities, such as low serum albumin, sodium and chloride, which were secondary to this. Side-effects of treatment, such as diabetes, peptic ulceration, and infections, were also important but the commonest immediate causes of death were respiratory tract infections and pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "The events leading to the death of patients with pemphigus and pemphigoid. This paper is based upon a study of all available records of patients certified as having died in hospital from pemphigus and pemphigoid in England and Wales from 1962 to 1969. The results differ from most published series in that many of the 210 patients died still with extensive skin lesions and with biochemical abnormalities, such as low serum albumin, sodium and chloride, which were secondary to this. Side-effects of treatment, such as diabetes, peptic ulceration, and infections, were also important but the commonest immediate causes of death were respiratory tract infections and pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 391261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9228", "title": "IgA linear dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous disease of childhood).", "content": "Of twenty-seven cases of subepidermal blistering disease of children twelve corresponded clinically, histologically and immunologically to dermatitis herpetiforms of adults, six to bullous pemphigoid, and eight to chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), i.e. IgA linear dermatosis. This latter disease seems to be a distinct entity, different from both dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, and is characterized immunopathologically by linear IgA deposits at the basement membrane zone. These cases usually do not show intestinal involvement and respond well to combined treatment with sulphones and corticosteroids, whereas sulphones or sulphapyridine alone are, even in very high doses, not sufficient for full control of the disease. CBDC or IgA linear dermatosis of childhood may be regarded as a counterpart of IgA linear dermatosis of adults.", "contents": "IgA linear dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous disease of childhood). Of twenty-seven cases of subepidermal blistering disease of children twelve corresponded clinically, histologically and immunologically to dermatitis herpetiforms of adults, six to bullous pemphigoid, and eight to chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), i.e. IgA linear dermatosis. This latter disease seems to be a distinct entity, different from both dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, and is characterized immunopathologically by linear IgA deposits at the basement membrane zone. These cases usually do not show intestinal involvement and respond well to combined treatment with sulphones and corticosteroids, whereas sulphones or sulphapyridine alone are, even in very high doses, not sufficient for full control of the disease. CBDC or IgA linear dermatosis of childhood may be regarded as a counterpart of IgA linear dermatosis of adults.", "PMID": 391262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9229", "title": "p-(Bromoacetamido)phenyl uridyl pyrophosphate: an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor for uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase.", "content": "The synthesis of p-(bromoacetamido)phenyl uridyl pyrophosphate (BUP) is described. This compound is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Escherichia coli UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. The inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics at pH 8.5 in nonnucleophilic buffers, and a saturation effect is seen in the pseudo-first-order rate constant as the concentration of BUP is increased. The half-saturation parameter for BUP in the inactivation is 0.21 +/- 0.02 mM, which compares favorably with the inhibition constant of 0.3 +/- 0.05 mM for BUP acting as a competitive reversible inhibitor of the enzyme. The inactivation rate is slow, however, with a minimum half-time of 12 h at pH 8.5 and 27 degrees C. Both specific alkylation and nonspecific alkylation by BUP occur, but nonspecific alkylation is faster than the inactivation and the rate of inactivation correlates well with the rate of covalent incorporation of one molecule of [14C]BUP at the active site.", "contents": "p-(Bromoacetamido)phenyl uridyl pyrophosphate: an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor for uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase. The synthesis of p-(bromoacetamido)phenyl uridyl pyrophosphate (BUP) is described. This compound is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Escherichia coli UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. The inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics at pH 8.5 in nonnucleophilic buffers, and a saturation effect is seen in the pseudo-first-order rate constant as the concentration of BUP is increased. The half-saturation parameter for BUP in the inactivation is 0.21 +/- 0.02 mM, which compares favorably with the inhibition constant of 0.3 +/- 0.05 mM for BUP acting as a competitive reversible inhibitor of the enzyme. The inactivation rate is slow, however, with a minimum half-time of 12 h at pH 8.5 and 27 degrees C. Both specific alkylation and nonspecific alkylation by BUP occur, but nonspecific alkylation is faster than the inactivation and the rate of inactivation correlates well with the rate of covalent incorporation of one molecule of [14C]BUP at the active site.", "PMID": 391265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9230", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a protein lysine methyltransferase from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum have an active protein lysine methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine:protein-lysine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.43). This enzyme has been purified 40-fold with a 13% yield, and it catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues with formation of N epsilon-mono-, N epsilon-di-, and N epsilon-trimethyllysines in a molar ratio of 4:1:1 based on [14C]methyl incorporation into the methylated lysines. The ratio remains unchanged at all stages of the partial purification, as well as after fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis. The rate of protein methylation is time dependent, enzyme concentration dependent, and requires the presence of a sulfhydryl reducing agent for optimal activity. The enzyme has optimal activity at pH 8 and is inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and EDTA. Lysine-rich and arginine-rich histones serve as the most effective exogenous protein acceptors; P. polycephalum actomyosin is inactive, and chick skeletal myofibrillar proteins are 25% as effective as exogenous mixed histones as substrates. Lysine, polylysine, ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, and bovine serum albumin are not methylated.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a protein lysine methyltransferase from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. Plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum have an active protein lysine methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine:protein-lysine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.43). This enzyme has been purified 40-fold with a 13% yield, and it catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues with formation of N epsilon-mono-, N epsilon-di-, and N epsilon-trimethyllysines in a molar ratio of 4:1:1 based on [14C]methyl incorporation into the methylated lysines. The ratio remains unchanged at all stages of the partial purification, as well as after fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis. The rate of protein methylation is time dependent, enzyme concentration dependent, and requires the presence of a sulfhydryl reducing agent for optimal activity. The enzyme has optimal activity at pH 8 and is inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and EDTA. Lysine-rich and arginine-rich histones serve as the most effective exogenous protein acceptors; P. polycephalum actomyosin is inactive, and chick skeletal myofibrillar proteins are 25% as effective as exogenous mixed histones as substrates. Lysine, polylysine, ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, and bovine serum albumin are not methylated.", "PMID": 391266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9231", "title": "Collagen synthesis by bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture.", "content": "Endothelial cells isolated from bovine aorta synthesize and secrete type III procollagen in culture. The procollagen, which represents the major collagenous protein in culture medium, was specifically precipitated by antibodies to bovine type III procollagen and was purified by diethyl-aminoethylcellulose chromatography. Unequivocal identification of the pepsin-treated collagen was made by direct comparison with type III collagen isolated by pepsin digestion of bovine skin, utilizing peptide cleavage patterns generated by vertebrate collagenase, CNBr, and mast cell protease. The type III collagen was hydroxylated to a high degree, having a hydroxyproline/proline ratio of 1.5:1.0. Pulse-chase studies indicated that the procollagen was not processed to procollagen intermediates or to collagen. Pepsin treatment of cell layers, followed by salt fractionation at acidic and neutral pH, produced several components which were sensitive to bacterial collagenase and which comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with alpha A, alpha B, and type IV collagen chains purified from human placenta by similar techniques. Bovine aortic endothelial cells also secreted fibronectin and a bacterial collagenase-insensitive glycoprotein which, after reduction, had a molecular weight of 135,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (using procollagen molecular weight standards) and which was not precipitable by antibodies to cold-insoluble globulin or to alpha 2-macroglobulin. Collagen biosynthesis by these cells provides an interesting model system for studying the polarity of protein secretion and the attachment of cells to an extracellular matrix. The presence of type III collagen in the subendothelium and the specific interaction of this protein with fibronectin and platelets suggest the involvement of this collagen in thrombus formation following endothelial cell injury.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis by bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture. Endothelial cells isolated from bovine aorta synthesize and secrete type III procollagen in culture. The procollagen, which represents the major collagenous protein in culture medium, was specifically precipitated by antibodies to bovine type III procollagen and was purified by diethyl-aminoethylcellulose chromatography. Unequivocal identification of the pepsin-treated collagen was made by direct comparison with type III collagen isolated by pepsin digestion of bovine skin, utilizing peptide cleavage patterns generated by vertebrate collagenase, CNBr, and mast cell protease. The type III collagen was hydroxylated to a high degree, having a hydroxyproline/proline ratio of 1.5:1.0. Pulse-chase studies indicated that the procollagen was not processed to procollagen intermediates or to collagen. Pepsin treatment of cell layers, followed by salt fractionation at acidic and neutral pH, produced several components which were sensitive to bacterial collagenase and which comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with alpha A, alpha B, and type IV collagen chains purified from human placenta by similar techniques. Bovine aortic endothelial cells also secreted fibronectin and a bacterial collagenase-insensitive glycoprotein which, after reduction, had a molecular weight of 135,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (using procollagen molecular weight standards) and which was not precipitable by antibodies to cold-insoluble globulin or to alpha 2-macroglobulin. Collagen biosynthesis by these cells provides an interesting model system for studying the polarity of protein secretion and the attachment of cells to an extracellular matrix. The presence of type III collagen in the subendothelium and the specific interaction of this protein with fibronectin and platelets suggest the involvement of this collagen in thrombus formation following endothelial cell injury.", "PMID": 391267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9232", "title": "Protein synthesis kinetics with ribosomes from temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The kinetics of MS2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) directed protein synthesis have been investigated at seven temperatures between 30 and 47 degrees C by using ribosomes isolated from a wild type strain and seven temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The amount of MS2 coat protein formed at each temperature was determined by gel electrophoresis of the products formed with control ribosomes. With ribosomes from each of the mutant strains, the activation energy required to drive protein synthesis below the maximum temperature (up to 40 degrees C) was increased relative to the control (wild type) activity. Preincubation of the ribosomes at 44 degrees C revealed the kinetics of thermal inactivation, with ribosomes from each of the mutants having a half-life for inactivation less than that of the control ribosomes. A good correlation was observed between the relative activity of the different ribosomes at 44 degrees C and their relative rate of thermal inactivation. Mixing assays allowed the identification of a temperature-sensitive ribosomal subunit for each of the mutants. Defects in one or more of three specific steps in protein synthesis (messenger RNA binding, transfer RNA binding, transfer RNA binding, and subunit reassociation) were identified for the ribosomes from each mutant. The relationship between temperature sensitivity and protein synthesis in these strains is discussed.", "contents": "Protein synthesis kinetics with ribosomes from temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The kinetics of MS2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) directed protein synthesis have been investigated at seven temperatures between 30 and 47 degrees C by using ribosomes isolated from a wild type strain and seven temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The amount of MS2 coat protein formed at each temperature was determined by gel electrophoresis of the products formed with control ribosomes. With ribosomes from each of the mutant strains, the activation energy required to drive protein synthesis below the maximum temperature (up to 40 degrees C) was increased relative to the control (wild type) activity. Preincubation of the ribosomes at 44 degrees C revealed the kinetics of thermal inactivation, with ribosomes from each of the mutants having a half-life for inactivation less than that of the control ribosomes. A good correlation was observed between the relative activity of the different ribosomes at 44 degrees C and their relative rate of thermal inactivation. Mixing assays allowed the identification of a temperature-sensitive ribosomal subunit for each of the mutants. Defects in one or more of three specific steps in protein synthesis (messenger RNA binding, transfer RNA binding, transfer RNA binding, and subunit reassociation) were identified for the ribosomes from each mutant. The relationship between temperature sensitivity and protein synthesis in these strains is discussed.", "PMID": 391268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9233", "title": "Structure and enzymatic functions of thioredoxin refolded by complementation of two tryptic peptide fragments.", "content": "The physicochemical and catalytic properties of thioredoxin-T' are described. This complemented protein structure consists of a 1:1 complex between the inactive fragments thioredoxin-T-(1--73) and thioredoxin T-(74--108). These are generated by selective trypsin cleavage at Arg-73 in lysine-modified and denatured Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Thioredoxin-T' was a slowly formed but stable complex with an apparent KD below 10(-8) M. The tryptophan fluorescence spectrum and the CD spectrum were very similar to those of native thioredoxin; some conformational differences were detected by gel chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Thioredoxin-T'-S2 was a substrate for NADPH and thioredoxin reductase and had 1--2% of the activity of native thioredoxin. This low relative activity was the result of a major increase in the Km value. Thioredoxin-(SH)2 was a hydrogen donor for E. coli ribonucleotide reductase with about 3% relative activity. These results for thioredoxin-T' are correlated with the known three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin. The microenvironment around Arg-73 that is close to the active disulfide appears to be of critical importance for the interactions of thioredoxin with thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Structure and enzymatic functions of thioredoxin refolded by complementation of two tryptic peptide fragments. The physicochemical and catalytic properties of thioredoxin-T' are described. This complemented protein structure consists of a 1:1 complex between the inactive fragments thioredoxin-T-(1--73) and thioredoxin T-(74--108). These are generated by selective trypsin cleavage at Arg-73 in lysine-modified and denatured Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Thioredoxin-T' was a slowly formed but stable complex with an apparent KD below 10(-8) M. The tryptophan fluorescence spectrum and the CD spectrum were very similar to those of native thioredoxin; some conformational differences were detected by gel chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Thioredoxin-T'-S2 was a substrate for NADPH and thioredoxin reductase and had 1--2% of the activity of native thioredoxin. This low relative activity was the result of a major increase in the Km value. Thioredoxin-(SH)2 was a hydrogen donor for E. coli ribonucleotide reductase with about 3% relative activity. These results for thioredoxin-T' are correlated with the known three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin. The microenvironment around Arg-73 that is close to the active disulfide appears to be of critical importance for the interactions of thioredoxin with thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 391270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9234", "title": "Effect of an induced conformational change on the physical properties of two chemotactic receptor molecules.", "content": "The physical properties and conformational dynamics of the Salmonella typhimurium ribose and galactose receptors have been examined. Studies involving circular dichroism, fluorescence, absorption spectroscopy, and sedimentation analysis show that the two receptor proteins have different morphologies and exhibit diverse responses to sugar binding. The ribose receptor lacks both tryptophan and disulfide residues, and the galactose receptor lacks disulfides and has only a single tryptophan residue. By virtue of these fortuitous properties, the conformational changes induced in these proteins by sugar binding can be dissected by utilizing a variety of physical probes. A ligand-induced conformational change in the ribose receptor is shown by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, which reveal spectral changes assignable to tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine residues. A conformational change in the galactose receptor has been demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy involving the distant reporter group method, which shows changes assignable to tryptophan and methionine sites and which is corroborated by sedimentation analysis. It is clear that there are extensive conformational changes in the two receptor proteins and that the different physical methods provide complementary information on the nature of these changes.", "contents": "Effect of an induced conformational change on the physical properties of two chemotactic receptor molecules. The physical properties and conformational dynamics of the Salmonella typhimurium ribose and galactose receptors have been examined. Studies involving circular dichroism, fluorescence, absorption spectroscopy, and sedimentation analysis show that the two receptor proteins have different morphologies and exhibit diverse responses to sugar binding. The ribose receptor lacks both tryptophan and disulfide residues, and the galactose receptor lacks disulfides and has only a single tryptophan residue. By virtue of these fortuitous properties, the conformational changes induced in these proteins by sugar binding can be dissected by utilizing a variety of physical probes. A ligand-induced conformational change in the ribose receptor is shown by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, which reveal spectral changes assignable to tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine residues. A conformational change in the galactose receptor has been demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy involving the distant reporter group method, which shows changes assignable to tryptophan and methionine sites and which is corroborated by sedimentation analysis. It is clear that there are extensive conformational changes in the two receptor proteins and that the different physical methods provide complementary information on the nature of these changes.", "PMID": 391272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9235", "title": "Selective repression of transcription by base sequence specific synthetic polymers.", "content": "We report the effect of novel synthetic polymers on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) directed ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in vitro. Polymers contained base-selective monomers, including a GC-specific phenazine derivative and an AT-specific triphenylmethane dye. Radical chain polymerization was carried out in aqueous solution by using monomers bound to a template DNA, which was obtained from either lambda or T7 bacteriophage. Polymers were isolated and reannealed with DNA samples, including competitive mixtures of T7 and lambda DNAs. We measured transcription from DNA-polymer complexes by using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and determined not only the reduction in total transcription levels but also the relative inhibition of lambda- or T7-specific transcription by using a hybridization assay. The results show that micromolar concentrations of individual dyes are sufficient to cause substantial inhibition of transcription when the dyes are incorporated into polymers. More significantly, a number of the polymers inhibited more strongly transcription from the DNA which had served as template for polymer synthesis than from the DNA present as competitor in the annealing process. We conclude that template synthesis of DNA-binding polymers can lead to preferential inhibition of function of the original template. The apparent relative affinity of polymer for competing DNAs can be altered by at least an order of magnitude depending on which DNA was used as the synthesis template. The results offer a new approach to improving the specificity of DNA-binding drugs.", "contents": "Selective repression of transcription by base sequence specific synthetic polymers. We report the effect of novel synthetic polymers on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) directed ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in vitro. Polymers contained base-selective monomers, including a GC-specific phenazine derivative and an AT-specific triphenylmethane dye. Radical chain polymerization was carried out in aqueous solution by using monomers bound to a template DNA, which was obtained from either lambda or T7 bacteriophage. Polymers were isolated and reannealed with DNA samples, including competitive mixtures of T7 and lambda DNAs. We measured transcription from DNA-polymer complexes by using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and determined not only the reduction in total transcription levels but also the relative inhibition of lambda- or T7-specific transcription by using a hybridization assay. The results show that micromolar concentrations of individual dyes are sufficient to cause substantial inhibition of transcription when the dyes are incorporated into polymers. More significantly, a number of the polymers inhibited more strongly transcription from the DNA which had served as template for polymer synthesis than from the DNA present as competitor in the annealing process. We conclude that template synthesis of DNA-binding polymers can lead to preferential inhibition of function of the original template. The apparent relative affinity of polymer for competing DNAs can be altered by at least an order of magnitude depending on which DNA was used as the synthesis template. The results offer a new approach to improving the specificity of DNA-binding drugs.", "PMID": 391275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9236", "title": "Circular dichroism study of the solution conformation of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "A systematic investigation has been made into the circular dichroic behavior of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and its peptide fragments and deletion analogues. The results are interpreted to mean that the hormone exists in solution as an ensemble of conformers with different sensitivities to temperature and solvent composition. The far-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra exhibited by the hormone under different experimental conditions can be simulated satisfactorily by the weighted addition of the spectra of its aliphatic- and aromatic-containing halves. However, the structure of the hormone is not simply the sum of its halves, since some conformational feature of the intact molecule perturbs the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism of its aromatic residues.", "contents": "Circular dichroism study of the solution conformation of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. A systematic investigation has been made into the circular dichroic behavior of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and its peptide fragments and deletion analogues. The results are interpreted to mean that the hormone exists in solution as an ensemble of conformers with different sensitivities to temperature and solvent composition. The far-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra exhibited by the hormone under different experimental conditions can be simulated satisfactorily by the weighted addition of the spectra of its aliphatic- and aromatic-containing halves. However, the structure of the hormone is not simply the sum of its halves, since some conformational feature of the intact molecule perturbs the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism of its aromatic residues.", "PMID": 391276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9237", "title": "Isolation and characterization of twenty-three ribosomal proteins from large subunits of yeast.", "content": "The proteins of large ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated into 25 fractions by chromatography on columns of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Twenty-three proteins were then purified from the 12 CMC fractions by filtration through Sephadex G-75, Sephadex G-100, and Sephacryl S-200, and/or by phosphocellulose column chromatography. The isolated proteins are YP 1, YP 2, YP 9, YP 11, YP 13', YP 16, YP 18, YP 26, YP 39, YP 41, YP 42, YP 42', YP 44, YP 45, YP 47', YP 52a, YP 53, YP 55, YP 59, YP 62, YP 68, YP A1, and YP A2. The molecular weight and amino acid composition of these proteins are presented.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of twenty-three ribosomal proteins from large subunits of yeast. The proteins of large ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated into 25 fractions by chromatography on columns of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Twenty-three proteins were then purified from the 12 CMC fractions by filtration through Sephadex G-75, Sephadex G-100, and Sephacryl S-200, and/or by phosphocellulose column chromatography. The isolated proteins are YP 1, YP 2, YP 9, YP 11, YP 13', YP 16, YP 18, YP 26, YP 39, YP 41, YP 42, YP 42', YP 44, YP 45, YP 47', YP 52a, YP 53, YP 55, YP 59, YP 62, YP 68, YP A1, and YP A2. The molecular weight and amino acid composition of these proteins are presented.", "PMID": 391277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9238", "title": "The Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system: observation of heterogeneity in the amino acid composition of HPr.", "content": "Resonances of the aromatic protons of tyrosine have been observed in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum of purified HPr from Escherichia coli. Analysis of the NMR spectrum of native HPr suggests that the tyrosine is located in a single position in the secondary structure and that this position is on the interior of the molecule inaccessible to solvent. Previous reports suggested that E. coli HPr contained no tyrosine [Anderson, B., Weigel, N., Kundig, W., & Roseman, S. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7023--7033]. In contrast, we find, by amino acid analysis and ultraviolet and NMR spectroscopy, that E. coli HPr does contain tyrosine but at a subintegral level of 0.5 +/- 0.1 mol of tyrosine per mol of HPr.", "contents": "The Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system: observation of heterogeneity in the amino acid composition of HPr. Resonances of the aromatic protons of tyrosine have been observed in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum of purified HPr from Escherichia coli. Analysis of the NMR spectrum of native HPr suggests that the tyrosine is located in a single position in the secondary structure and that this position is on the interior of the molecule inaccessible to solvent. Previous reports suggested that E. coli HPr contained no tyrosine [Anderson, B., Weigel, N., Kundig, W., & Roseman, S. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7023--7033]. In contrast, we find, by amino acid analysis and ultraviolet and NMR spectroscopy, that E. coli HPr does contain tyrosine but at a subintegral level of 0.5 +/- 0.1 mol of tyrosine per mol of HPr.", "PMID": 391278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9239", "title": "N-(5-Phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase. 2. Fast-reaction studies show that a fluorescent substrate analogue binds independently to two different sites.", "content": "The mechanism of binding of reduced 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5-phosphate (rCdRP) to two different binding sites on the bifunctional enzyme is determined by kinetic studies, using temperature-jump and stopped-flow equipment with fluorescence detection. Two rapid binding processes and a comparatively slow isomerization process are observed over a wide range of enzyme and rCdRP concentrations. Kinetic measurements with low concentrations of rCdRP show that the isomerization is coupled only to the more rapid of the two binding reactions that involves the active site of indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase. The slower of the two binding reactions represents rCdRP binding in one step to the active site of (phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase. The simplest mechanism explaining quantitatively the dependence of the relaxation times on concentration consists of rCdRP binding to two sites on the enzyme that are intrinsically different and independent, even to the extent that a ligand-induced isomerization of one site is not transmitted to the other site. Simulation studies show that the concentration dependences of the amplitudes of the three relaxation processes are also consistent with the mechanism. The results are discussed in terms of two autonomous domains of folding of the polypeptide chain.", "contents": "N-(5-Phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase. 2. Fast-reaction studies show that a fluorescent substrate analogue binds independently to two different sites. The mechanism of binding of reduced 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5-phosphate (rCdRP) to two different binding sites on the bifunctional enzyme is determined by kinetic studies, using temperature-jump and stopped-flow equipment with fluorescence detection. Two rapid binding processes and a comparatively slow isomerization process are observed over a wide range of enzyme and rCdRP concentrations. Kinetic measurements with low concentrations of rCdRP show that the isomerization is coupled only to the more rapid of the two binding reactions that involves the active site of indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase. The slower of the two binding reactions represents rCdRP binding in one step to the active site of (phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase. The simplest mechanism explaining quantitatively the dependence of the relaxation times on concentration consists of rCdRP binding to two sites on the enzyme that are intrinsically different and independent, even to the extent that a ligand-induced isomerization of one site is not transmitted to the other site. Simulation studies show that the concentration dependences of the amplitudes of the three relaxation processes are also consistent with the mechanism. The results are discussed in terms of two autonomous domains of folding of the polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 391280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9240", "title": "Electrophoretic variation of aconitase and phosphoglucomutase detected in Microtus californicus.", "content": "Four electrophoretic variants of cytoplasmic aconitase (citrate (isocitrate) hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) were detected in a population of Microtus californicus when samples were screened by starch gel electrophoresis using Tris/citrate buffers at pH 7.0 and pH 8.7. Variation at what is presumed to be the phosphoglucomutase-3 locus (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-diphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) was also detected with liver samples but was not detected in kidney samples or red blood cells lysates. This nongenetic variation is due to oxidation of free sulfhydryl groups.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variation of aconitase and phosphoglucomutase detected in Microtus californicus. Four electrophoretic variants of cytoplasmic aconitase (citrate (isocitrate) hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) were detected in a population of Microtus californicus when samples were screened by starch gel electrophoresis using Tris/citrate buffers at pH 7.0 and pH 8.7. Variation at what is presumed to be the phosphoglucomutase-3 locus (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-diphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) was also detected with liver samples but was not detected in kidney samples or red blood cells lysates. This nongenetic variation is due to oxidation of free sulfhydryl groups.", "PMID": 391287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9241", "title": "Reactivity of anti nucleoside antibodies with metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "It is shown that the binding of anti-nucleoside antibodies to fixed human metaphase chromosomes can be revealed using the immunoperoxidase procedure while under the same conditions no antibody binding is revealed using the immunofluorescence procedure.", "contents": "Reactivity of anti nucleoside antibodies with metaphase chromosomes. It is shown that the binding of anti-nucleoside antibodies to fixed human metaphase chromosomes can be revealed using the immunoperoxidase procedure while under the same conditions no antibody binding is revealed using the immunofluorescence procedure.", "PMID": 391289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9242", "title": "Mechanical cardiopulmonary support and artificial hearts.", "content": "The literature pertaining to the field of mechanical support of the circulation has been selective reviewed. The principal restraints to its further progress have been highlighted, and the efforts of the writer and his coworkers in certain of these sensitive areas has been commented on. The future of the materials problem, a major one, lies in study at the molecular level.", "contents": "Mechanical cardiopulmonary support and artificial hearts. The literature pertaining to the field of mechanical support of the circulation has been selective reviewed. The principal restraints to its further progress have been highlighted, and the efforts of the writer and his coworkers in certain of these sensitive areas has been commented on. The future of the materials problem, a major one, lies in study at the molecular level.", "PMID": 391292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9243", "title": "Hb A1c: a review on its structure, biosynthesis, clinical significance and methods of assay.", "content": "Normal red blood cells contain, in addition to the major hemoglobin (Hb A) some minor fractions as Hb A2 and glycosylated hemoglobins: Hb A1a, Hb A1b, Hb A1c. The study of the glycosylated hemoglobins has been greatly stimulated by the observation that their proportion was increased in diabetes mellitus. This paper sums up the more recent knowledge on the structure of the minor fractions, and mainly on Hb A1c. Biosynthesis of these hemoglobins is also considered. Since the glycosylated hemoglobins has raised a great interest, different techniques were designed for its assay: chemical, chromatographic and immunological techniques and isoelectric focusing. In this paper, these different methods are reviewed and compared.", "contents": "Hb A1c: a review on its structure, biosynthesis, clinical significance and methods of assay. Normal red blood cells contain, in addition to the major hemoglobin (Hb A) some minor fractions as Hb A2 and glycosylated hemoglobins: Hb A1a, Hb A1b, Hb A1c. The study of the glycosylated hemoglobins has been greatly stimulated by the observation that their proportion was increased in diabetes mellitus. This paper sums up the more recent knowledge on the structure of the minor fractions, and mainly on Hb A1c. Biosynthesis of these hemoglobins is also considered. Since the glycosylated hemoglobins has raised a great interest, different techniques were designed for its assay: chemical, chromatographic and immunological techniques and isoelectric focusing. In this paper, these different methods are reviewed and compared.", "PMID": 391293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9244", "title": "[Immunoluminescent detection of antibodies to testicular antigens in experimental autoimmune orchitis].", "content": "Antibodies interacting with spermatid structures in the testis sections and with acrosome and caudal regions of spermatozoa in the smears of sperm were determined in the sera of guinea pigs and mice with experimental autoimmune orchitis by the indirect immunofluorescent method. The antibodies were found in mice from the 14th to the 30th day and in guinea pigs from the 14th to the 60th day after immunization. Circulation time and the level of the fluorescent antibodies were significantly decreased in immunized female guinea pigs and mice. Fluorescent antibodies did not show cytotoxic effect and belonged to the IgG fraction. The fluorescent antibodies of guinea pigs did not react with the mouse testicular antigens in cross reaction. The analogous results were seen in the cross reaction of the mouse antibodies with the guinea pig antigens.", "contents": "[Immunoluminescent detection of antibodies to testicular antigens in experimental autoimmune orchitis]. Antibodies interacting with spermatid structures in the testis sections and with acrosome and caudal regions of spermatozoa in the smears of sperm were determined in the sera of guinea pigs and mice with experimental autoimmune orchitis by the indirect immunofluorescent method. The antibodies were found in mice from the 14th to the 30th day and in guinea pigs from the 14th to the 60th day after immunization. Circulation time and the level of the fluorescent antibodies were significantly decreased in immunized female guinea pigs and mice. Fluorescent antibodies did not show cytotoxic effect and belonged to the IgG fraction. The fluorescent antibodies of guinea pigs did not react with the mouse testicular antigens in cross reaction. The analogous results were seen in the cross reaction of the mouse antibodies with the guinea pig antigens.", "PMID": 391295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9245", "title": "[Specifically reactive cells in experimental allergic pertussis encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Dynamics of emergence of specific reactive cell (SRC) with respect to the brain antigen in the draining regional lymph nodes and peripheral blood was studied in experimental whooping cough allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs. The greatest number of SRC in the regional lymph nodes, that markedly decreased by the 9th day of sensitization, was revealed in the middle of the EAE incubation period (the 6-7th day), whereas the peripheral blood showed the highest SRC number during this period. The SRC number rose in the regional lymph nodes and dropped in the peripheral blood at the height of EAE progress (the 20th day). It is concluded that SRC found may be attributed to T lymphocyte population.", "contents": "[Specifically reactive cells in experimental allergic pertussis encephalomyelitis]. Dynamics of emergence of specific reactive cell (SRC) with respect to the brain antigen in the draining regional lymph nodes and peripheral blood was studied in experimental whooping cough allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs. The greatest number of SRC in the regional lymph nodes, that markedly decreased by the 9th day of sensitization, was revealed in the middle of the EAE incubation period (the 6-7th day), whereas the peripheral blood showed the highest SRC number during this period. The SRC number rose in the regional lymph nodes and dropped in the peripheral blood at the height of EAE progress (the 20th day). It is concluded that SRC found may be attributed to T lymphocyte population.", "PMID": 391296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9246", "title": "[Cellular regulation of human lymphocyte mitogenic factor release in vitro].", "content": "Production of the mitogenic facotr by human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated. Anti-PHA antibodies were used for studying the culture medium mitogenic activity. The mitogenic factor production markedly increased after lymphocyte irradiation. When macrophages were eliminated, using iron powder, mitogenic factor generation was also increased. It was demonstrated that lymphocyte irradiation and macrophage elimination stimulated the mitogenic factor production throgh different mechanisms.", "contents": "[Cellular regulation of human lymphocyte mitogenic factor release in vitro]. Production of the mitogenic facotr by human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated. Anti-PHA antibodies were used for studying the culture medium mitogenic activity. The mitogenic factor production markedly increased after lymphocyte irradiation. When macrophages were eliminated, using iron powder, mitogenic factor generation was also increased. It was demonstrated that lymphocyte irradiation and macrophage elimination stimulated the mitogenic factor production throgh different mechanisms.", "PMID": 391297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9247", "title": "[Localization of neurospecific protein-antigens on the surface membrane of neurons and glia of grape shails].", "content": "The existence of cross (common) proteins-antigens on the membrane of nervous and glial cells of Helix pomatia in vitro was proved by Coons' method of immunofluorescence. The presence of the neurospecific protein S-100 on the membrane of these cells and antigenous heterogeneity of the membranes of the neuronal cell population were established. The antigen concentration was shown to vary on the somatic and axonal membranes. The distribution pattern of specific luminescence indicates potential qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the content of neurospecific proteins in various portions of the neuronal membrane.", "contents": "[Localization of neurospecific protein-antigens on the surface membrane of neurons and glia of grape shails]. The existence of cross (common) proteins-antigens on the membrane of nervous and glial cells of Helix pomatia in vitro was proved by Coons' method of immunofluorescence. The presence of the neurospecific protein S-100 on the membrane of these cells and antigenous heterogeneity of the membranes of the neuronal cell population were established. The antigen concentration was shown to vary on the somatic and axonal membranes. The distribution pattern of specific luminescence indicates potential qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the content of neurospecific proteins in various portions of the neuronal membrane.", "PMID": 391298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9248", "title": "[Role of the thymus in regulation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor production in mice of different genotypes].", "content": "The influence of the thymus on the production of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was studied in C57BL and CBA mice thymectomized at 4--6 weeks of age. On the 1--21st day after the operation they were immunized intraperitoneally with complete Freund's adjuvant. MIF production stimulated by tuberculin was determined on the maximum of the immune response. MIF production was abolished in mice of both lines already during the first days. To elucidate a relationship between MIF production and the presence of the thymus the former was investigated in the thymectomized \"nude\" mice. The mice showed no MIF production. It was found as well that thymectomy can interrupt the immune response in early stages of its development and completely eliminates MIF production the first days after immunization. Moreover, thymectomy in adult mice also changes spontaneous migration of macrophages both in immunized and non-immunized mice. These changes were more pronounced in C57BL mice.", "contents": "[Role of the thymus in regulation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor production in mice of different genotypes]. The influence of the thymus on the production of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was studied in C57BL and CBA mice thymectomized at 4--6 weeks of age. On the 1--21st day after the operation they were immunized intraperitoneally with complete Freund's adjuvant. MIF production stimulated by tuberculin was determined on the maximum of the immune response. MIF production was abolished in mice of both lines already during the first days. To elucidate a relationship between MIF production and the presence of the thymus the former was investigated in the thymectomized \"nude\" mice. The mice showed no MIF production. It was found as well that thymectomy can interrupt the immune response in early stages of its development and completely eliminates MIF production the first days after immunization. Moreover, thymectomy in adult mice also changes spontaneous migration of macrophages both in immunized and non-immunized mice. These changes were more pronounced in C57BL mice.", "PMID": 391299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9249", "title": "[Reconstruction of the tubular epithelium of allotransplanted kidneys of man in late periods following transplantation].", "content": "The structure of allotransplanted kidneys (AK) from human cadavers that remained in the recipient's body for a long time (4 months-6 years) has been studied. AK that preserved good function up to the patient's death not consequent on the transplant insufficiency showed a weak immunocellular connective tissue, with the epithelium of proximal canaliculi being cytologically reconstructed. The reconstruction lay in formation of numerous polykaryocytes having a hypertrophied brush-like outline. This phenomenon (\"proximal polykaryocytosis\") is assessed as a manifestation of regeneratory potencies of the epithelium of AK proximal tubules in late periods after transplantation. Chronic moderate hypoxia of AK was conducive to reconstruction of the epithelium of the nephron proximal part. Inadequate function of AK was related to the development of chronic rejection resistant to the treatment, and AK demonstrated an intensive immunocellular reaction and developed gross sclerosis that produced atrophy of most AK tubular.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the tubular epithelium of allotransplanted kidneys of man in late periods following transplantation]. The structure of allotransplanted kidneys (AK) from human cadavers that remained in the recipient's body for a long time (4 months-6 years) has been studied. AK that preserved good function up to the patient's death not consequent on the transplant insufficiency showed a weak immunocellular connective tissue, with the epithelium of proximal canaliculi being cytologically reconstructed. The reconstruction lay in formation of numerous polykaryocytes having a hypertrophied brush-like outline. This phenomenon (\"proximal polykaryocytosis\") is assessed as a manifestation of regeneratory potencies of the epithelium of AK proximal tubules in late periods after transplantation. Chronic moderate hypoxia of AK was conducive to reconstruction of the epithelium of the nephron proximal part. Inadequate function of AK was related to the development of chronic rejection resistant to the treatment, and AK demonstrated an intensive immunocellular reaction and developed gross sclerosis that produced atrophy of most AK tubular.", "PMID": 391300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9250", "title": "Inherited glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. A review of known variants and some aspects of the pathomechanism of the deficiency.", "content": "Since the first report of GPI deficiency in 1967 many patients from all over the world have been described. The patients suffer from a typical nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia with hemolytic crises during acute infections. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive, half of the patients are homozygotic, the others are double heterozygotes. The biochemical properties of the deficient enzymes vary widely. Thus, many well characterized enzymes have been designated as different variants. The modification of physicochemical properties surpasses kinetic aberrations. All defective variants are more or less unstable. The activity diminishes progressively, leading to a rise in G6P concentration and in red cells after aging in vitro to a dramatic impairment of glycolysis and concomittant hemolysis. The cause of the metabolic block is the diminished GPI activity itself and not an inhibition of hexokinase by the high G6P.", "contents": "Inherited glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. A review of known variants and some aspects of the pathomechanism of the deficiency. Since the first report of GPI deficiency in 1967 many patients from all over the world have been described. The patients suffer from a typical nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia with hemolytic crises during acute infections. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive, half of the patients are homozygotic, the others are double heterozygotes. The biochemical properties of the deficient enzymes vary widely. Thus, many well characterized enzymes have been designated as different variants. The modification of physicochemical properties surpasses kinetic aberrations. All defective variants are more or less unstable. The activity diminishes progressively, leading to a rise in G6P concentration and in red cells after aging in vitro to a dramatic impairment of glycolysis and concomittant hemolysis. The cause of the metabolic block is the diminished GPI activity itself and not an inhibition of hexokinase by the high G6P.", "PMID": 391302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9251", "title": "Report to the Veterans' Administration Department of Medicine and Surgery on service-connected traumatic limb amputations and subsequent mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes of death.", "content": "Men drafted into the Army, hospitalized during 1944 to 1945 for service-connected trauma to the extremities, and consequently separated for disability were followed for mortality from January 1946 to April 1977. Three groups were established consisting of those whose injury resulted in (a) limb amputation, (b) disfiguration without loss of body part, (c) loss of part of hand or part of foot. Group (a) had a mortality, standardized for age and calendar time, 1.4 times that of Group (b), matched on age and length of service at admission, and 1.3 times that of Group (c), similar on age and length of service to Group (a). The excess mortality of limb amputees was statistically significant (P less than .05) for ischemic heart disease, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, suicide by poisoning, alcholic cirrhosis, and cute pancreatitis. Possibly (P less than .1) there was also an increased risk of diabetes and cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx.", "contents": "Report to the Veterans' Administration Department of Medicine and Surgery on service-connected traumatic limb amputations and subsequent mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes of death. Men drafted into the Army, hospitalized during 1944 to 1945 for service-connected trauma to the extremities, and consequently separated for disability were followed for mortality from January 1946 to April 1977. Three groups were established consisting of those whose injury resulted in (a) limb amputation, (b) disfiguration without loss of body part, (c) loss of part of hand or part of foot. Group (a) had a mortality, standardized for age and calendar time, 1.4 times that of Group (b), matched on age and length of service at admission, and 1.3 times that of Group (c), similar on age and length of service to Group (a). The excess mortality of limb amputees was statistically significant (P less than .05) for ischemic heart disease, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, suicide by poisoning, alcholic cirrhosis, and cute pancreatitis. Possibly (P less than .1) there was also an increased risk of diabetes and cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx.", "PMID": 391310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9252", "title": "Renal transplantation with multiple arteries.", "content": "Out of a total of 184 transplant operations there were 27 kidneys with 2 or more renal arteries. Five of these were in 23 related transplants. Ischaemic times were increased compared with those of kidneys with single arteries, but the incidence and duration of acute tubular necrosis and also the length of time spent in hospital were similar in both groups. Excessive bleeding and other complications were no more common than following single arterial anastomosis. Kidneys with multiple arteries can be used safely if careful interrupted suturing is performed, the kidneys are perfused before and kept cool during the procedure and polar arteries are not tied.", "contents": "Renal transplantation with multiple arteries. Out of a total of 184 transplant operations there were 27 kidneys with 2 or more renal arteries. Five of these were in 23 related transplants. Ischaemic times were increased compared with those of kidneys with single arteries, but the incidence and duration of acute tubular necrosis and also the length of time spent in hospital were similar in both groups. Excessive bleeding and other complications were no more common than following single arterial anastomosis. Kidneys with multiple arteries can be used safely if careful interrupted suturing is performed, the kidneys are perfused before and kept cool during the procedure and polar arteries are not tied.", "PMID": 391318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9253", "title": "Comparison of buprenorphine and pethidine given intravenously on demand to relieve postoperative pain.", "content": "In a double-blind study of on-demand intravenous analgesia buprenorphine was found to be about 600 times as potent as pethidine. The incidence of side effects was similar with both drugs. The quality of analgesia, subjectively assessed, was good with both drugs using this method of administration. Provided that its low potential for abuse is substantiated, buprenorphine appears to be a powerful analgesic that may successfully be given intravenously on demand.", "contents": "Comparison of buprenorphine and pethidine given intravenously on demand to relieve postoperative pain. In a double-blind study of on-demand intravenous analgesia buprenorphine was found to be about 600 times as potent as pethidine. The incidence of side effects was similar with both drugs. The quality of analgesia, subjectively assessed, was good with both drugs using this method of administration. Provided that its low potential for abuse is substantiated, buprenorphine appears to be a powerful analgesic that may successfully be given intravenously on demand.", "PMID": 391321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9254", "title": "Immunological effect of co-trimoxazole on platelets.", "content": "Diminished survival of transfused platelets occurred in two patients given co-trimoxazole, and a third patient taking this drug developed thrombocytopenia. By means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay antibodies against donor platelets coated with co-trimoxazole were found in the sera in all cases. These antibodies were directed against the trimethoprim component of co-trimoxazole and not against sulphamethoxazole. Co-trimoxazole is a potent antimicrobial agent and is advocated for treatment and prophylaxis in leukaemia. Hence its adverse effect on platelets is of great importance.", "contents": "Immunological effect of co-trimoxazole on platelets. Diminished survival of transfused platelets occurred in two patients given co-trimoxazole, and a third patient taking this drug developed thrombocytopenia. By means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay antibodies against donor platelets coated with co-trimoxazole were found in the sera in all cases. These antibodies were directed against the trimethoprim component of co-trimoxazole and not against sulphamethoxazole. Co-trimoxazole is a potent antimicrobial agent and is advocated for treatment and prophylaxis in leukaemia. Hence its adverse effect on platelets is of great importance.", "PMID": 391322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9255", "title": "Controlled trial of trimipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and combined treatment in depressed outpatients.", "content": "A study was carried out in which 135 mildly or moderately depressed outpatients were randomly allocated to one of five groups receiving six weeks' treatment weith antidepressant drugs. The groups received a tricyclic antidepressant (trimipramine; mean dose 106 mg at night) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (phenelzine or isocarboxazid; mean doses 45 and 32 mg/day respectively), or a combination of the two (phenelzine plus trimipramine or isocarboxazid plus trimipramine). Various scales were used to measure depression before and at one, three, and six weeks of treatment, and results were assessed blindly. The tricyclic antidepressant was found to be consistently superior to the MAOIs and the combined treatments. Some differential indicators of response to the various antidepressants were found--for example, patients with initial complaints of dizziness, suicidal ideas, irritability, and insomnia and a longer duration of illness were more likely to respond to trimipramine--but these were of only modest significance. Side effects were not troublesome in any group. It is concluded that neither MAOIs nor MAOIs combined with tricyclic antidepressants are the treatment of first choice in unselected outpatients with mild or moderate depression.", "contents": "Controlled trial of trimipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and combined treatment in depressed outpatients. A study was carried out in which 135 mildly or moderately depressed outpatients were randomly allocated to one of five groups receiving six weeks' treatment weith antidepressant drugs. The groups received a tricyclic antidepressant (trimipramine; mean dose 106 mg at night) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (phenelzine or isocarboxazid; mean doses 45 and 32 mg/day respectively), or a combination of the two (phenelzine plus trimipramine or isocarboxazid plus trimipramine). Various scales were used to measure depression before and at one, three, and six weeks of treatment, and results were assessed blindly. The tricyclic antidepressant was found to be consistently superior to the MAOIs and the combined treatments. Some differential indicators of response to the various antidepressants were found--for example, patients with initial complaints of dizziness, suicidal ideas, irritability, and insomnia and a longer duration of illness were more likely to respond to trimipramine--but these were of only modest significance. Side effects were not troublesome in any group. It is concluded that neither MAOIs nor MAOIs combined with tricyclic antidepressants are the treatment of first choice in unselected outpatients with mild or moderate depression.", "PMID": 391342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9256", "title": "Bacterial contamination of expressed breast milk.", "content": "In a study of breast milk collected into sterile bottles rinsed in 1% hypochlorite solution the hypochlorite solution adherent to the sides of the bottles apparently caused a large reduction in bacterial contamination of the milk after storage at 4 degrees C for up to four hours. Heating expressed breast milk at 62.5 degrees C for five minutes destroyed over 90% of the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci inoculated into the milk samples. Rinsing collecting bottles with hypochlorite solution may be valuable in collecting milk with a low bacterial content for human-milk banks. Furthermore, the currently accepted pasteurisation time of 30 minutes may be excessive.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of expressed breast milk. In a study of breast milk collected into sterile bottles rinsed in 1% hypochlorite solution the hypochlorite solution adherent to the sides of the bottles apparently caused a large reduction in bacterial contamination of the milk after storage at 4 degrees C for up to four hours. Heating expressed breast milk at 62.5 degrees C for five minutes destroyed over 90% of the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci inoculated into the milk samples. Rinsing collecting bottles with hypochlorite solution may be valuable in collecting milk with a low bacterial content for human-milk banks. Furthermore, the currently accepted pasteurisation time of 30 minutes may be excessive.", "PMID": 391343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9257", "title": "Dendritic bundles: survey of anatomical experiments and physiological theories.", "content": "Dendritic bundles have been found throughout the mammalian brain. Unquestionably, these bundles must serve one or more important, fundamental roles in the brain's functioning. However, no physiological experiments to determine their function have been performed on these well-established anatomical units. We survey the numerous anatomical reports of bundling. In addition, we discuss several physiological possibilities for the functional significance of bundles.", "contents": "Dendritic bundles: survey of anatomical experiments and physiological theories. Dendritic bundles have been found throughout the mammalian brain. Unquestionably, these bundles must serve one or more important, fundamental roles in the brain's functioning. However, no physiological experiments to determine their function have been performed on these well-established anatomical units. We survey the numerous anatomical reports of bundling. In addition, we discuss several physiological possibilities for the functional significance of bundles.", "PMID": 391355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9258", "title": "Separate hypoglycaemic thresholds for gastric acid and pepsin secretion following insulin or posterior hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "The level of hypoglycaemia required to elicit gastric secretion of acid and pepsin was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenous injection of insulin or by electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus. In each case the blood glucose values below which gastric secretion was stimulated were significantly higher for pepsin than for acid secretion. This consistently resulted in the onset of pepsin secretion in advance of the onset of acid secretion. These observations suggest that the production of the different components of the gastric juice was under the influence of either separate hypothalamic glucoreceptors, or a single set of glucoreceptors able to respond selectively to different blood glucose levels.", "contents": "Separate hypoglycaemic thresholds for gastric acid and pepsin secretion following insulin or posterior hypothalamic stimulation. The level of hypoglycaemia required to elicit gastric secretion of acid and pepsin was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenous injection of insulin or by electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus. In each case the blood glucose values below which gastric secretion was stimulated were significantly higher for pepsin than for acid secretion. This consistently resulted in the onset of pepsin secretion in advance of the onset of acid secretion. These observations suggest that the production of the different components of the gastric juice was under the influence of either separate hypothalamic glucoreceptors, or a single set of glucoreceptors able to respond selectively to different blood glucose levels.", "PMID": 391373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9259", "title": "Obesity may be due to a malfunctioning of brown fat.", "content": "Recent basic research on the functioning of brown fat, a heat-producing tissue, has been fitted together with research on obesity to provide an exciting and challenging new approach to the study of the cause of obesity and could serve as a starting point for the development of new modes of treatment. Recent studies on brown adipose tissue have shown that a defect in this tissue is one probable cause of obesity.", "contents": "Obesity may be due to a malfunctioning of brown fat. Recent basic research on the functioning of brown fat, a heat-producing tissue, has been fitted together with research on obesity to provide an exciting and challenging new approach to the study of the cause of obesity and could serve as a starting point for the development of new modes of treatment. Recent studies on brown adipose tissue have shown that a defect in this tissue is one probable cause of obesity.", "PMID": 391377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9260", "title": "Platelet transfusions.", "content": "Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis by forming the initial hemostatic plug and augmenting the formation of the more permanent fibrin thrombus. Thrombocytopenia may lead to bleeding, which can be treated with therapeutic platelet transfusions or prevented with prophylactic transfusions. While many advances have been made in platelet transfusion technology, problems remain. These include the short storage life of liquid-stored platelets and the frequent development of alloantibodies (the refractory state) in patients receiving a number of transfusions. Significant progress, however, is being made in both areas.", "contents": "Platelet transfusions. Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis by forming the initial hemostatic plug and augmenting the formation of the more permanent fibrin thrombus. Thrombocytopenia may lead to bleeding, which can be treated with therapeutic platelet transfusions or prevented with prophylactic transfusions. While many advances have been made in platelet transfusion technology, problems remain. These include the short storage life of liquid-stored platelets and the frequent development of alloantibodies (the refractory state) in patients receiving a number of transfusions. Significant progress, however, is being made in both areas.", "PMID": 391376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9261", "title": "Immunofluorescence assay for antinuclear factor: a nonspecific test in hospitalized medical patients.", "content": "Serum from 149 randomly selected hospitalized medical patients was tested for the presence of antinuclear factor (ANF) by the conventional immunofluorescence technique. Patients with positive and negative results were then compared as to clinical history, particularly previous drug exposure, physical findings, and levels of C-reactive protein and immune complexes in the serum. The frequency of ANF positivity was found to be very high (23%). Although the presence of ANF was significantly correlated (P less than 0.02) with a higher age, it was not significantly related to any other clinical or laboratory feature assessed. It was concluded that ANF testing cannot serve as a blind diagnostic screening tool for connective tissue diseases because of its nonspecificity.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence assay for antinuclear factor: a nonspecific test in hospitalized medical patients. Serum from 149 randomly selected hospitalized medical patients was tested for the presence of antinuclear factor (ANF) by the conventional immunofluorescence technique. Patients with positive and negative results were then compared as to clinical history, particularly previous drug exposure, physical findings, and levels of C-reactive protein and immune complexes in the serum. The frequency of ANF positivity was found to be very high (23%). Although the presence of ANF was significantly correlated (P less than 0.02) with a higher age, it was not significantly related to any other clinical or laboratory feature assessed. It was concluded that ANF testing cannot serve as a blind diagnostic screening tool for connective tissue diseases because of its nonspecificity.", "PMID": 391378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9262", "title": "Antihypertensive efficacy of propranolol given twice daily.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in four and two daily doses was compared in 63 treated hypertensive patients in a multicentre trial. After 3 months of a stable diastolic blood pressure while receiving propranolol four times a day the patients were switched to a twice-a-day regimen, the drug being given at 8 am and 8 pm, with the same total daily dose, for 3 more months. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured at 8 am, 12 noon, 4 pm and 8 pm at 4-week intervals. There were no significant changes in mean blood pressure after the change to the twice-a-day regimen, although some patients reported new side effects. Compliance appeared to be unaffected.", "contents": "Antihypertensive efficacy of propranolol given twice daily. The therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in four and two daily doses was compared in 63 treated hypertensive patients in a multicentre trial. After 3 months of a stable diastolic blood pressure while receiving propranolol four times a day the patients were switched to a twice-a-day regimen, the drug being given at 8 am and 8 pm, with the same total daily dose, for 3 more months. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured at 8 am, 12 noon, 4 pm and 8 pm at 4-week intervals. There were no significant changes in mean blood pressure after the change to the twice-a-day regimen, although some patients reported new side effects. Compliance appeared to be unaffected.", "PMID": 391380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9263", "title": "Depression and loss: a theme in Robert Burton's \"Anatomy of melancholy\" (1621).", "content": "Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) can hardly be thought of as a modern study in psychiatry, but it contains more elements of modern theory than have been recognized. Attempts to recommend the book to modern readers have missed the point that Burton, more clearly than other seventeenth century writers on melancholy, sees traumatic loss of attachment figures, status symbols and personal health as predisposing to mood disorders. In this he strongly anticipates such work as that of John Bowlby in Attachment and Loss (1969), 1973). Burton's theory is divided between the humoural physiological theory descending from Galen and the observation that loss is a frequent precursor of melancholy. He cannot reconcile the two, writing a book only poised on the verge of modernity. The Anatomy of Melancholy nevertheless very fully discusses etiological \"hunches\" which have found verification in recent studies of traumatic loss.", "contents": "Depression and loss: a theme in Robert Burton's \"Anatomy of melancholy\" (1621). Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) can hardly be thought of as a modern study in psychiatry, but it contains more elements of modern theory than have been recognized. Attempts to recommend the book to modern readers have missed the point that Burton, more clearly than other seventeenth century writers on melancholy, sees traumatic loss of attachment figures, status symbols and personal health as predisposing to mood disorders. In this he strongly anticipates such work as that of John Bowlby in Attachment and Loss (1969), 1973). Burton's theory is divided between the humoural physiological theory descending from Galen and the observation that loss is a frequent precursor of melancholy. He cannot reconcile the two, writing a book only poised on the verge of modernity. The Anatomy of Melancholy nevertheless very fully discusses etiological \"hunches\" which have found verification in recent studies of traumatic loss.", "PMID": 391384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9264", "title": "Venography in axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with 20 axillary-subclavian vein thromboses were examined by venography. In 70% the axillary and subclavian veins were involved in continuity. The innominate vein was seldom involved, although demonstration of this was difficult. In 50% of the patients the thrombosis was a secondary phenomenon associated with either breast carcinoma, central venous pressure lines, heroin addiction, or cervical rib.", "contents": "Venography in axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Nineteen patients with 20 axillary-subclavian vein thromboses were examined by venography. In 70% the axillary and subclavian veins were involved in continuity. The innominate vein was seldom involved, although demonstration of this was difficult. In 50% of the patients the thrombosis was a secondary phenomenon associated with either breast carcinoma, central venous pressure lines, heroin addiction, or cervical rib.", "PMID": 391388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9265", "title": "The localization of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat neurohypophysis.", "content": "The hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXT), somatostatin (SOM), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were localized in the rat neurohypophysis by the use of semithin serial sections and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Clusters of AVP fibres are present within the central region of the neural lobe, clusters of OXT fibres mainly in the peripheral part. The AVP fibres enter bilaterally into the neural lobe. The results call into question previous reports on the presence of AVP on receptors in the pars intermedia cells, since incubation with anti-AVP resulted in similar staining in the pars intermedia of the Wistar and homozygous Brattleboro rat, a mutant strain deficient in AVP. The same intermediate lobe cells are stained after incubation of serial sections with anti-AVP and anti-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). This staining of anti-AVP could be removed by solid phase absorption to alpha-MSH and is thus most probably due to cross reaction with alpha-MSH. SOM fibres appear to be present in the peripheral parts of the proximal neurohypophysial stalk and mainly lateral in its more distal parts. In the neural lobe they rapidly decrease in number, although some fibres continue into the distal part of the neural lobe, running bilaterally and situated adjacent to the pars intermedia. The SOM staining within magnocellular elements, which has been reported in the literature, can most probably be explained by cross reaction of anti-SOM with neurophysins. LHRH fibres are very scarce in the neurohypophysial stalk and absent in the neural lobe.", "contents": "The localization of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat neurohypophysis. The hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXT), somatostatin (SOM), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were localized in the rat neurohypophysis by the use of semithin serial sections and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Clusters of AVP fibres are present within the central region of the neural lobe, clusters of OXT fibres mainly in the peripheral part. The AVP fibres enter bilaterally into the neural lobe. The results call into question previous reports on the presence of AVP on receptors in the pars intermedia cells, since incubation with anti-AVP resulted in similar staining in the pars intermedia of the Wistar and homozygous Brattleboro rat, a mutant strain deficient in AVP. The same intermediate lobe cells are stained after incubation of serial sections with anti-AVP and anti-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). This staining of anti-AVP could be removed by solid phase absorption to alpha-MSH and is thus most probably due to cross reaction with alpha-MSH. SOM fibres appear to be present in the peripheral parts of the proximal neurohypophysial stalk and mainly lateral in its more distal parts. In the neural lobe they rapidly decrease in number, although some fibres continue into the distal part of the neural lobe, running bilaterally and situated adjacent to the pars intermedia. The SOM staining within magnocellular elements, which has been reported in the literature, can most probably be explained by cross reaction of anti-SOM with neurophysins. LHRH fibres are very scarce in the neurohypophysial stalk and absent in the neural lobe.", "PMID": 391393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9266", "title": "Developmental correlation between hypothalamic somatostatin and hypophysial growth hormone.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to determine, by means of immunocytochemistry, the age in fetal development at which GH is first detectable in the pituitary gland and somatostatin in the median eminence, and to correlate temporally the development of these two hormones throughout the remainder of pregnancy. Mice were studied at 15-19 days of gestation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of Sternberger. Somatotropes in the pars distalis were initially detected at 16 days of gestation and by 17 days they were a prominent component of the parenchymal cell population of the hypophysis. These cells were ovoid and distributed unformly throughout the pars distalis; many were located adjacent to sinusoidal capillaries. Their number and staining intensity increased by 19 days. Somatostatin was not consistently observed in the median eminence until 19 days of gestation. Reaction product indicative of the presence of somatostatin in presumptive nerve endings was located on the ventral surface of the median eminence and in the external lamina of the infundibulum in proximity to the superficial portal capillaries. Results of the present in investigation support the concept that the potential for neuroendocrine control of GH secretion exists in the mouse by the end of fetal development. Several hypotheses concerning the temporal relationship between the appearance of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and of GH in the anterior pituitary gland are discussed.", "contents": "Developmental correlation between hypothalamic somatostatin and hypophysial growth hormone. The objective of the present study was to determine, by means of immunocytochemistry, the age in fetal development at which GH is first detectable in the pituitary gland and somatostatin in the median eminence, and to correlate temporally the development of these two hormones throughout the remainder of pregnancy. Mice were studied at 15-19 days of gestation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of Sternberger. Somatotropes in the pars distalis were initially detected at 16 days of gestation and by 17 days they were a prominent component of the parenchymal cell population of the hypophysis. These cells were ovoid and distributed unformly throughout the pars distalis; many were located adjacent to sinusoidal capillaries. Their number and staining intensity increased by 19 days. Somatostatin was not consistently observed in the median eminence until 19 days of gestation. Reaction product indicative of the presence of somatostatin in presumptive nerve endings was located on the ventral surface of the median eminence and in the external lamina of the infundibulum in proximity to the superficial portal capillaries. Results of the present in investigation support the concept that the potential for neuroendocrine control of GH secretion exists in the mouse by the end of fetal development. Several hypotheses concerning the temporal relationship between the appearance of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and of GH in the anterior pituitary gland are discussed.", "PMID": 391394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9267", "title": "Localization of somatostatin-, substance P- and calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the neural ganglion of Ciona intestinalis L. (Ascidiaceae).", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence studies using antisera to synthetic somatostatin, human calcitonin and substance P indicate, in the neural complex of the sea-squirt, Ciona intestinalis L., that these polypeptides are present in large perikarya situated at the periphery of the cerebral ganglion as well as in some smaller perikarya in the medulla. In the medullary and transitional zone, there are nerve fibres that cross-react positively with anti-calcitonin and anti-substance P.", "contents": "Localization of somatostatin-, substance P- and calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the neural ganglion of Ciona intestinalis L. (Ascidiaceae). Indirect immunofluorescence studies using antisera to synthetic somatostatin, human calcitonin and substance P indicate, in the neural complex of the sea-squirt, Ciona intestinalis L., that these polypeptides are present in large perikarya situated at the periphery of the cerebral ganglion as well as in some smaller perikarya in the medulla. In the medullary and transitional zone, there are nerve fibres that cross-react positively with anti-calcitonin and anti-substance P.", "PMID": 391395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9268", "title": "Calcitonin-like cells in the pharynx of the ascidian Styela clava.", "content": "A small group of granulated endocrine cells have been described in the endostylar region of the pharynx in Styela. These cells are argyrophilic and exhibit calcitonin-like immunofluorescence. Tests with antisera to other peptides all proved negative. Cells from animals exposed to elevated calcium levels showed a degree od degranulation. The possibility that these cells may represent ancestral ultimobranchial \"C\" cells is discussed.", "contents": "Calcitonin-like cells in the pharynx of the ascidian Styela clava. A small group of granulated endocrine cells have been described in the endostylar region of the pharynx in Styela. These cells are argyrophilic and exhibit calcitonin-like immunofluorescence. Tests with antisera to other peptides all proved negative. Cells from animals exposed to elevated calcium levels showed a degree od degranulation. The possibility that these cells may represent ancestral ultimobranchial \"C\" cells is discussed.", "PMID": 391396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9269", "title": "Recovery of S. cerevisiae a cells from G1 arrest by alpha factor pheromone requires endopeptidase action.", "content": "Radioactive alpha factor is degraded to discrete biologically inactive fragments by the target a cells of S. cerevisiae, but not by alpha cells which make the pheromone. The pattern of cleavage products and sequence analysis of one fragment indicated that the first scission occurred between leucine 6 and lysine 7. The protease inhibitors tosyl-L-argininyl-methyl ester (TAME), tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethylketone (TLCK) and N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal (leupeptin) markedly prolonged the period of G1 arrest in a cells exposed to alpha factor, while other standard protease inhibitors had little or no effect. The presence of TAME and leupeptin, or TLCK, reduced the rate of degradation of radioactively labeled alpha factor by a cells. Intact yeast cells have apparent esterase and amidase activities that are blocked by the same spectrum of inhibitors that potentiate alpha factor action. Purified alpha factor is a competitive inhibitor of these hydrolytic activities. The activities are present in yeast mutants which have greatly reduced levels of the three major vacuole-associated proteases (A, B and C) or which carry an ochre mutation in the major neutral protease (B). These observations indicate that the inactivation of alpha factor is due to endoproteolytic cleavage, the destruction of the pheromone is required to overcome its effects on growth and that degradation of the molecule may involve surface bound endopeptidase(s).", "contents": "Recovery of S. cerevisiae a cells from G1 arrest by alpha factor pheromone requires endopeptidase action. Radioactive alpha factor is degraded to discrete biologically inactive fragments by the target a cells of S. cerevisiae, but not by alpha cells which make the pheromone. The pattern of cleavage products and sequence analysis of one fragment indicated that the first scission occurred between leucine 6 and lysine 7. The protease inhibitors tosyl-L-argininyl-methyl ester (TAME), tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethylketone (TLCK) and N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal (leupeptin) markedly prolonged the period of G1 arrest in a cells exposed to alpha factor, while other standard protease inhibitors had little or no effect. The presence of TAME and leupeptin, or TLCK, reduced the rate of degradation of radioactively labeled alpha factor by a cells. Intact yeast cells have apparent esterase and amidase activities that are blocked by the same spectrum of inhibitors that potentiate alpha factor action. Purified alpha factor is a competitive inhibitor of these hydrolytic activities. The activities are present in yeast mutants which have greatly reduced levels of the three major vacuole-associated proteases (A, B and C) or which carry an ochre mutation in the major neutral protease (B). These observations indicate that the inactivation of alpha factor is due to endoproteolytic cleavage, the destruction of the pheromone is required to overcome its effects on growth and that degradation of the molecule may involve surface bound endopeptidase(s).", "PMID": 391400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9270", "title": "Isolation and characterization of stable hybrid mRNA molecules transcribed from ribosomal protein promoters in E. coli.", "content": "The promoters from the str and spc operons of ribosomal proteins from E. coli were inserted into the Hind II cleavage site of mini-Col E1 (pVH51) plasmid. For both promoters, strains with the hybrid plasmid accumulated a small RNA species not present in strains carrying the vector. These RNAs were analyzed by RNA sequencing techniques and compared to DNA sequences. In both cases, synthesis of the new RNA species is initiated by the cloned r protein promoter at the site predicted by previous in vitro experiments. The RNAs extend across the Hind II site used for cloning and terminate specifically in the vector sequences. The termination site was localized to six consecutive thymine nucleotides preceded by a sequence with dyad symmetry. We found that the RNA from the str promoter was 205 (+/- 3) nucleotides long and that from the spc promoter was 177 (+/- 3) nucleotides long. These \"hybrid mRNAs\" are much more stable than ordinary mRNA. The str hybrid mRNA has a half-life of about 8 min, and the spc hybrid mRNA has a half-life of about 18 min at 37 degrees C. These hybrid mRNAs provide an in vivo system with which to examine directly the discrete transcription products from ribosomal protein promoters, and to study promoter function and mRNA metabolism in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of stable hybrid mRNA molecules transcribed from ribosomal protein promoters in E. coli. The promoters from the str and spc operons of ribosomal proteins from E. coli were inserted into the Hind II cleavage site of mini-Col E1 (pVH51) plasmid. For both promoters, strains with the hybrid plasmid accumulated a small RNA species not present in strains carrying the vector. These RNAs were analyzed by RNA sequencing techniques and compared to DNA sequences. In both cases, synthesis of the new RNA species is initiated by the cloned r protein promoter at the site predicted by previous in vitro experiments. The RNAs extend across the Hind II site used for cloning and terminate specifically in the vector sequences. The termination site was localized to six consecutive thymine nucleotides preceded by a sequence with dyad symmetry. We found that the RNA from the str promoter was 205 (+/- 3) nucleotides long and that from the spc promoter was 177 (+/- 3) nucleotides long. These \"hybrid mRNAs\" are much more stable than ordinary mRNA. The str hybrid mRNA has a half-life of about 8 min, and the spc hybrid mRNA has a half-life of about 18 min at 37 degrees C. These hybrid mRNAs provide an in vivo system with which to examine directly the discrete transcription products from ribosomal protein promoters, and to study promoter function and mRNA metabolism in vivo.", "PMID": 391401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9271", "title": "Desmin and vimentin coexist at the periphery of the myofibril Z disc.", "content": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has revealed that vimentin, the predominant subunit of intermediate filaments in cells of mesenchymal origin, is a component of isolated skeletal myofibrils. It thus coexists in mature muscle fibers with desmin, the major subunit of muscle intermediate filaments. Antisera to desmin and vimentin, shown to be specific for their respective antigens by two-dimensional immunoautoradiography, have been used in immunofluorescence to demonstrate that vimentin has the same distribution as desmin in skeletal muscle. Both desmin and vimentin surround each myofibril Z disc and form honeycomb-like networks within each Z plane of the muscle fiber. This distribution is complementary to that of alpha-actinin within a given Z plane. Desmin and vimentin may thus be involved in maintaining the lateral registration of sarcomeres by transversely linking adjacent myofibrils at their Z discs. This linkage would support and integrate the fiber as a whole, and provide a molecular basis for the cross-striated appearance of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Desmin and vimentin coexist at the periphery of the myofibril Z disc. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has revealed that vimentin, the predominant subunit of intermediate filaments in cells of mesenchymal origin, is a component of isolated skeletal myofibrils. It thus coexists in mature muscle fibers with desmin, the major subunit of muscle intermediate filaments. Antisera to desmin and vimentin, shown to be specific for their respective antigens by two-dimensional immunoautoradiography, have been used in immunofluorescence to demonstrate that vimentin has the same distribution as desmin in skeletal muscle. Both desmin and vimentin surround each myofibril Z disc and form honeycomb-like networks within each Z plane of the muscle fiber. This distribution is complementary to that of alpha-actinin within a given Z plane. Desmin and vimentin may thus be involved in maintaining the lateral registration of sarcomeres by transversely linking adjacent myofibrils at their Z discs. This linkage would support and integrate the fiber as a whole, and provide a molecular basis for the cross-striated appearance of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 391403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9272", "title": "DNA sequence of the gene for the outer membrane lipoprotein of E. coli: an extremely AT-rich promoter.", "content": "The outer membrane lipoprotein is the most abundant protein in an E. coli cell. Its structural gene (Ipp) was cloned into a lambda phage vector and the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment of 814 bp encompassing the Ipp gene was determined. The promoter region of the gene was found to have the following features. First, a segment of 261 bp preceding the transcription initiation site (-1 to -261) has a very high AT content of 70%, in contrast to 53% for the mRNA region of 322 bp, 44% for a segment of 127 bp after the transcription termination site and 49% for the average AT content of the E. coli chromosome. Second, in particular, of the first 45 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site (-1 to -45), 36 bases (80%) are A or T. Third, there is a heptanucleotide sequence homologous to the \"Pribnow box,\" eight bases apart from the transcription initiation site. Fourth, a sequence homologous to the \"RNA polymerase recognition site\" exists on both strands between positions -27 and -39. Finally, there is a long dyad symmetry centered at the transcription initiation site.", "contents": "DNA sequence of the gene for the outer membrane lipoprotein of E. coli: an extremely AT-rich promoter. The outer membrane lipoprotein is the most abundant protein in an E. coli cell. Its structural gene (Ipp) was cloned into a lambda phage vector and the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment of 814 bp encompassing the Ipp gene was determined. The promoter region of the gene was found to have the following features. First, a segment of 261 bp preceding the transcription initiation site (-1 to -261) has a very high AT content of 70%, in contrast to 53% for the mRNA region of 322 bp, 44% for a segment of 127 bp after the transcription termination site and 49% for the average AT content of the E. coli chromosome. Second, in particular, of the first 45 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site (-1 to -45), 36 bases (80%) are A or T. Third, there is a heptanucleotide sequence homologous to the \"Pribnow box,\" eight bases apart from the transcription initiation site. Fourth, a sequence homologous to the \"RNA polymerase recognition site\" exists on both strands between positions -27 and -39. Finally, there is a long dyad symmetry centered at the transcription initiation site.", "PMID": 391404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9273", "title": "Normal tRNAs promote ribosomal frameshifting.", "content": "The addition of Ser AGC AGU tRNA to an E. coli cell-free protein synthesizing system which contains the endogenous tRNA levels results in up to 100% of the ribosomes translating the MS2 coat gene shifting into the -1 reading frame. An analogous phenomenon is seen at a much lower level without the tRNA addition, where a shift into the +1 frame can also be detected. Thus translation with the endogenous tRNA levels yields proteins which have the amino terminus of the coat protein but which are substantially larger than the coat protein and comprise about 5% of the coat translation. Since the lysis gene overlaps the 3' end of the coat gene in the +1 frame, we conclude that the reading frame shift into the +1 frame yields a hybrid protein. Also, we present evidence that ribosomes translating the synthetase gene shift into the -1 frame near the distal end of the gene. This frameshifting is promoted by thrACU ACC tRNA. Specific competitor tRNAs for both Thr and Ser tRNA-promoted frameshifting have been characterized. The generality of this new mechanism for producing additional proteins is unclear, but it investigation should increase understanding of the coding mechanism and its origin.", "contents": "Normal tRNAs promote ribosomal frameshifting. The addition of Ser AGC AGU tRNA to an E. coli cell-free protein synthesizing system which contains the endogenous tRNA levels results in up to 100% of the ribosomes translating the MS2 coat gene shifting into the -1 reading frame. An analogous phenomenon is seen at a much lower level without the tRNA addition, where a shift into the +1 frame can also be detected. Thus translation with the endogenous tRNA levels yields proteins which have the amino terminus of the coat protein but which are substantially larger than the coat protein and comprise about 5% of the coat translation. Since the lysis gene overlaps the 3' end of the coat gene in the +1 frame, we conclude that the reading frame shift into the +1 frame yields a hybrid protein. Also, we present evidence that ribosomes translating the synthetase gene shift into the -1 frame near the distal end of the gene. This frameshifting is promoted by thrACU ACC tRNA. Specific competitor tRNAs for both Thr and Ser tRNA-promoted frameshifting have been characterized. The generality of this new mechanism for producing additional proteins is unclear, but it investigation should increase understanding of the coding mechanism and its origin.", "PMID": 391405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9274", "title": "DNA sequence analysis of the transposon Tn3: three genes and three sites involved in transposition of Tn3.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the transposon Tn3 and of 20 mutations which affect its transposition are reported. The mutations, generated in vitro by random insertion of synthetic restriction sites, proved to contain small duplications or deletions immediately adjacent to the new restriction site. By determining the phenotype and DNA sequence of these mutations we were able to generate an overlapping phenotypic and nucleotide map. This 4957 bp transposon encodes three polypeptides which account for all but 350 bp of its total coding capacity. These proteins are the transposase, a high molecular weight polypeptide (1015 amino acids) encoded by the tnpA gene; the Tn3-specific repressor, a low molecular weight polypeptide (185 amino acids) encoded by the tnpR gene; and the 286 amino acid beta-lactamase. The 38 bp inverted repeats flanking Tn3 appear to be absolutely required in cis for Tn3 to transpose. Genetic data suggest that Tn3 contains a third site (Gill et al., 1978), designated IRS (internal resolution site), whose absence results in the insertion of two complete copies of Tn3 as direct repeats into the recipient DNA. We suggest that these direct repeats of complete copies of Tn3 are intermediates in transposition, and that the IRS site is required for recombination and subsequent segregation of the direct repeats to leave a single copy of Tn3 (Gill et al.,  1978). A 23 nucleotide sequence within the amino terminus of the transposase which shares strong sequence homology with the inverted repeat may be the internal resolution site.", "contents": "DNA sequence analysis of the transposon Tn3: three genes and three sites involved in transposition of Tn3. The complete nucleotide sequence of the transposon Tn3 and of 20 mutations which affect its transposition are reported. The mutations, generated in vitro by random insertion of synthetic restriction sites, proved to contain small duplications or deletions immediately adjacent to the new restriction site. By determining the phenotype and DNA sequence of these mutations we were able to generate an overlapping phenotypic and nucleotide map. This 4957 bp transposon encodes three polypeptides which account for all but 350 bp of its total coding capacity. These proteins are the transposase, a high molecular weight polypeptide (1015 amino acids) encoded by the tnpA gene; the Tn3-specific repressor, a low molecular weight polypeptide (185 amino acids) encoded by the tnpR gene; and the 286 amino acid beta-lactamase. The 38 bp inverted repeats flanking Tn3 appear to be absolutely required in cis for Tn3 to transpose. Genetic data suggest that Tn3 contains a third site (Gill et al., 1978), designated IRS (internal resolution site), whose absence results in the insertion of two complete copies of Tn3 as direct repeats into the recipient DNA. We suggest that these direct repeats of complete copies of Tn3 are intermediates in transposition, and that the IRS site is required for recombination and subsequent segregation of the direct repeats to leave a single copy of Tn3 (Gill et al.,  1978). A 23 nucleotide sequence within the amino terminus of the transposase which shares strong sequence homology with the inverted repeat may be the internal resolution site.", "PMID": 391406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9275", "title": "Transcription of cloned tRNA genes and the nuclear partitioning of a tRNA precursor.", "content": "The transcription of transfer RNA genes (tDNAs) and processing of the transcripts have been studied by injecting cloned tDNAs into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, eucaryotic nuclear tRNA genes, but neither procaryotic nor mitochondrial tRNA genes, are expressed in injected oocytes. While both nematode and yeast tDNAS direct the synthesis of authentic tRNAs, neither E. coli tDNA nor human mitochondrial tDNAs support the synthesis of defined tRNAs when injected into oocytes. Second, competition experiments with co-injected 5S genes and inhibition experiments with alpha-amanitin show that injected tDNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Third, oocytes injected with a nematode tDNA synthesize a tRNA precursor which is processed post-transcriptionally by removal of a 5' leader sequence. This precursor is found exclusively in the nucleus and is processed in the nucleus before the mature tRNA enters the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Transcription of cloned tRNA genes and the nuclear partitioning of a tRNA precursor. The transcription of transfer RNA genes (tDNAs) and processing of the transcripts have been studied by injecting cloned tDNAs into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, eucaryotic nuclear tRNA genes, but neither procaryotic nor mitochondrial tRNA genes, are expressed in injected oocytes. While both nematode and yeast tDNAS direct the synthesis of authentic tRNAs, neither E. coli tDNA nor human mitochondrial tDNAs support the synthesis of defined tRNAs when injected into oocytes. Second, competition experiments with co-injected 5S genes and inhibition experiments with alpha-amanitin show that injected tDNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Third, oocytes injected with a nematode tDNA synthesize a tRNA precursor which is processed post-transcriptionally by removal of a 5' leader sequence. This precursor is found exclusively in the nucleus and is processed in the nucleus before the mature tRNA enters the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 391407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9276", "title": "Isolation of cloned DNA sequences containing ribosomal protein genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast mRNA enriched for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained by isolating poly(A)+ small mRNA from small polysomes. A comparison of cell-free translation of this small mRNA and total mRNA, and electrophoresis of the products on two-dimensional gels which resolve most yeast ribosomal proteins, demonstrated that a 5-10 fold enrichment for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained. One hundred different recombinant DNA molecules possibly containing ribosomal protein genes were selected by differential colony hybridization of this enriched mRNA and unfractionated mRNA to a bank of yeast pMB9 hybrid plasmids. After screening twenty-five of these candidates, five different clones were found which contain yeast ribosomal protein gene sequences. The yeast mRNAs complementary to these five plasmids code for 35S-methionine-labeled polypeptides which co-migrate on two-dimensional gels with yeast ribosomal proteins. Consistent with previous studies on ribosomal protein mRNAs, the amounts of mRNA complementary to three of these cloned genes are controlled by the RNA2 locus. Although two of the five clones contain more than one yeast gene, none contain more than one identifiable ribosomal protein gene. Thus there is no evidence for \"tight\" linkage of yeast ribosomal protein genes. Two of the cloned ribosomal protein genes are single-copy genes, whereas two other cloned sequences contain two different copies of the same ribosomal protein gene. The fifth plasmid contains sequences which are repeated in the yeast genome, but it is not known whether any or all of the ribosomal protein gene on this clone contains repetitive DNA.", "contents": "Isolation of cloned DNA sequences containing ribosomal protein genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast mRNA enriched for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained by isolating poly(A)+ small mRNA from small polysomes. A comparison of cell-free translation of this small mRNA and total mRNA, and electrophoresis of the products on two-dimensional gels which resolve most yeast ribosomal proteins, demonstrated that a 5-10 fold enrichment for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained. One hundred different recombinant DNA molecules possibly containing ribosomal protein genes were selected by differential colony hybridization of this enriched mRNA and unfractionated mRNA to a bank of yeast pMB9 hybrid plasmids. After screening twenty-five of these candidates, five different clones were found which contain yeast ribosomal protein gene sequences. The yeast mRNAs complementary to these five plasmids code for 35S-methionine-labeled polypeptides which co-migrate on two-dimensional gels with yeast ribosomal proteins. Consistent with previous studies on ribosomal protein mRNAs, the amounts of mRNA complementary to three of these cloned genes are controlled by the RNA2 locus. Although two of the five clones contain more than one yeast gene, none contain more than one identifiable ribosomal protein gene. Thus there is no evidence for \"tight\" linkage of yeast ribosomal protein genes. Two of the cloned ribosomal protein genes are single-copy genes, whereas two other cloned sequences contain two different copies of the same ribosomal protein gene. The fifth plasmid contains sequences which are repeated in the yeast genome, but it is not known whether any or all of the ribosomal protein gene on this clone contains repetitive DNA.", "PMID": 391408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9277", "title": "The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: a progress report.", "content": "The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), founded in 1971, comprises 35 university hospitals which are participating in 21 active protocols, four registries and eight pilot studies, including Phase I/II studies. Case accession has grown to over 1000 in 1977 with 19,801 patients being entered in the RTOG initial registration. Goals of the RTOG include: advancing knowledge of the role of radiation therapy in disease management; improving control of primary and regional disease; reducing morbidity and complications from treatment; and collaborating with other oncology disciplines to obtain data on multimodality therapy.", "contents": "The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: a progress report. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), founded in 1971, comprises 35 university hospitals which are participating in 21 active protocols, four registries and eight pilot studies, including Phase I/II studies. Case accession has grown to over 1000 in 1977 with 19,801 patients being entered in the RTOG initial registration. Goals of the RTOG include: advancing knowledge of the role of radiation therapy in disease management; improving control of primary and regional disease; reducing morbidity and complications from treatment; and collaborating with other oncology disciplines to obtain data on multimodality therapy.", "PMID": 391426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9278", "title": "Evaluation of a fixed alternating treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A total of 128 patients were randomly assigned to two induction treatment programs: Adriamycin and L-PAM versus Cytoxan, 5-Fluorouracil, and Prednisone in an effort to assess their primary capacity for objective response. The two regimens appeared quite comparable in this respect. The 100 patients who had achieved clinical benefit following initial treatment were subsequently randomly allocated to reveive either a fixed alternate treatment program involving the two drug regimens or were continued on the treatment program responsible for their initial improvement. Although those patients who received the fixed alternate treatment shcedule had a somewhat longer progression-free interval compared to the two single-treatment programs (median duration of 16 months versus 12 months, respectively), the three treatment programs including the fixed alternate treatment schedules had comparable median survivals of 21-24 months with little difference noted in survival curves at any point thus far in the analysis. There were no differences noted in survival for the fixed alternating treatment group of patients, with respect to which induction regimen had been utilized to achieve initial response. The toxicity for these treatment programs was tolerable and compatible with outpatient administration. Myelosuppression occurred in the vast majority of patients on either regimen but in both regimens was relatively platelet sparing.", "contents": "Evaluation of a fixed alternating treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer. A total of 128 patients were randomly assigned to two induction treatment programs: Adriamycin and L-PAM versus Cytoxan, 5-Fluorouracil, and Prednisone in an effort to assess their primary capacity for objective response. The two regimens appeared quite comparable in this respect. The 100 patients who had achieved clinical benefit following initial treatment were subsequently randomly allocated to reveive either a fixed alternate treatment program involving the two drug regimens or were continued on the treatment program responsible for their initial improvement. Although those patients who received the fixed alternate treatment shcedule had a somewhat longer progression-free interval compared to the two single-treatment programs (median duration of 16 months versus 12 months, respectively), the three treatment programs including the fixed alternate treatment schedules had comparable median survivals of 21-24 months with little difference noted in survival curves at any point thus far in the analysis. There were no differences noted in survival for the fixed alternating treatment group of patients, with respect to which induction regimen had been utilized to achieve initial response. The toxicity for these treatment programs was tolerable and compatible with outpatient administration. Myelosuppression occurred in the vast majority of patients on either regimen but in both regimens was relatively platelet sparing.", "PMID": 391427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9279", "title": "Importance of controlling the regional draining lymph nodes in breast cancer.", "content": "A major issue in the treatment of breast cancer deals with local control of disease and the necessity for removing microscopically involved lymph nodes. Many radiation oncologists are looking to the parasternal lymphatics as possible renewed justification for postoperative radiation. It is concluded that prospectively designed studies are needed to assay the importance of the internal mammary nodes and their adequate control. Lymphoscintigraphy may offer a method of evaluating these nodes without radical surgery.", "contents": "Importance of controlling the regional draining lymph nodes in breast cancer. A major issue in the treatment of breast cancer deals with local control of disease and the necessity for removing microscopically involved lymph nodes. Many radiation oncologists are looking to the parasternal lymphatics as possible renewed justification for postoperative radiation. It is concluded that prospectively designed studies are needed to assay the importance of the internal mammary nodes and their adequate control. Lymphoscintigraphy may offer a method of evaluating these nodes without radical surgery.", "PMID": 391428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9280", "title": "Analysis of adjuvant therapy in large bowel cancer.", "content": "Since 1958 there has been intense efforts in adjuvant systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. Peri-operative chemotherapy with HN2, TSPA + FUDR produced no clear-cut prolongation of disease-free survival. Short-term (two courses) and long-term (18 months) therapy with 5-FU by the Veterans Administration surgical Adjuvant Group is reported to give marginal increases (7--9%) in survival at 5 years. These findings are confirmed by the COG study of prolonged 5-FU which shows prolongation of disease-free survival of borderline statistical significance for Dukes' C colon (P = 0.051) + rectum (P = 0.016). Short-term benefit to 18 months was conferred by prolonged 5-FU in the VASAG + COG studies, for patients who have had a palliative resection. Combination chemotherapy might be more active, but no results are available from the controlled trials utilizing 5-FU + MeCCNU or immunotherapy. Preoperative irradiation in the VASAG studies resulted in downstaging in terms of operative findings of lymph node involvement and was of survival benefit in those patients have an AP resection for cure or palliation of rectal cancer (P less than 0.02). More intensive preoperative radiation programs are ongoing, as well as postoperative radiation with and without chemotherapy. Further progress awaits the discovery of truly active chemotherapy programs, as well as better techniques of radiation enhancement.", "contents": "Analysis of adjuvant therapy in large bowel cancer. Since 1958 there has been intense efforts in adjuvant systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. Peri-operative chemotherapy with HN2, TSPA + FUDR produced no clear-cut prolongation of disease-free survival. Short-term (two courses) and long-term (18 months) therapy with 5-FU by the Veterans Administration surgical Adjuvant Group is reported to give marginal increases (7--9%) in survival at 5 years. These findings are confirmed by the COG study of prolonged 5-FU which shows prolongation of disease-free survival of borderline statistical significance for Dukes' C colon (P = 0.051) + rectum (P = 0.016). Short-term benefit to 18 months was conferred by prolonged 5-FU in the VASAG + COG studies, for patients who have had a palliative resection. Combination chemotherapy might be more active, but no results are available from the controlled trials utilizing 5-FU + MeCCNU or immunotherapy. Preoperative irradiation in the VASAG studies resulted in downstaging in terms of operative findings of lymph node involvement and was of survival benefit in those patients have an AP resection for cure or palliation of rectal cancer (P less than 0.02). More intensive preoperative radiation programs are ongoing, as well as postoperative radiation with and without chemotherapy. Further progress awaits the discovery of truly active chemotherapy programs, as well as better techniques of radiation enhancement.", "PMID": 391429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9281", "title": "Evaluation of combined therapy in carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "A number of studies are considered in order to evaluate the benefits of combined treatment for patients with Stage B2C transitional carcinoma of the bladder. It is found that for a variety of reasons, such treatment is not shown to be beneficial; the conclusion is that routine combined preoperative therapy is investigative but cannot be recommended as a community standard.", "contents": "Evaluation of combined therapy in carcinoma of the bladder. A number of studies are considered in order to evaluate the benefits of combined treatment for patients with Stage B2C transitional carcinoma of the bladder. It is found that for a variety of reasons, such treatment is not shown to be beneficial; the conclusion is that routine combined preoperative therapy is investigative but cannot be recommended as a community standard.", "PMID": 391430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9282", "title": "Evaluation of intensified chemotherapy in children with advanced rhabdomyosarcoma (clinical groups III and IV). The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Committee of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B Children's Cancer Study Group, Southwest Oncology Group.", "content": "Twenty-seven previously untreated children with gross residual (20) or metastatic (seven) rhabdomyosarcoma were treated with pulse-VAC (vincristine weekly for 12 doses plus dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide simultaneously given daily for 5 days) and radiotherapy. Toxicity during the 12-week induction period included 23 of 27 (85%) with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) under 500/mm3; 16/27 (59%) were given intravenous (I.V.) antibodies. Three patients developed Gram-negative sepsis and two of them died. In the first 12 weeks, eight children had a complete response (CR) and another 10 a good partial response (PR), a total of 18 of 27 favorable responses (67%). At 12 weeks, 20 patients received either intermittent pulse-VAC (Regimen H) or a pulse of adriamycin plus vincristine and cyclophosphamide alternating with pulse-VAC (Regimen I) every 4--6 weeks. After this first \"maintenance,\" only seven patients (35%) developed an ANC under 500/mm3 and only three (15%) were given I.V. antibiotics. Severe toxicity disappeared with drug dose reduction in subsequent courses. The overall CR rate was 59% with a PR rate of 15%, a total of 74% favorable responses. This rate is not significantly better than that obtained by previous IRS chemotherapy and radiotherapy schedules for patients with gross residual and metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Future studies in these patients will concentrate on diminishing myelosuppression while shortening the rest period between pulses, in order to deliver more drug per unit time.", "contents": "Evaluation of intensified chemotherapy in children with advanced rhabdomyosarcoma (clinical groups III and IV). The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Committee of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B Children's Cancer Study Group, Southwest Oncology Group. Twenty-seven previously untreated children with gross residual (20) or metastatic (seven) rhabdomyosarcoma were treated with pulse-VAC (vincristine weekly for 12 doses plus dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide simultaneously given daily for 5 days) and radiotherapy. Toxicity during the 12-week induction period included 23 of 27 (85%) with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) under 500/mm3; 16/27 (59%) were given intravenous (I.V.) antibodies. Three patients developed Gram-negative sepsis and two of them died. In the first 12 weeks, eight children had a complete response (CR) and another 10 a good partial response (PR), a total of 18 of 27 favorable responses (67%). At 12 weeks, 20 patients received either intermittent pulse-VAC (Regimen H) or a pulse of adriamycin plus vincristine and cyclophosphamide alternating with pulse-VAC (Regimen I) every 4--6 weeks. After this first \"maintenance,\" only seven patients (35%) developed an ANC under 500/mm3 and only three (15%) were given I.V. antibiotics. Severe toxicity disappeared with drug dose reduction in subsequent courses. The overall CR rate was 59% with a PR rate of 15%, a total of 74% favorable responses. This rate is not significantly better than that obtained by previous IRS chemotherapy and radiotherapy schedules for patients with gross residual and metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Future studies in these patients will concentrate on diminishing myelosuppression while shortening the rest period between pulses, in order to deliver more drug per unit time.", "PMID": 391431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9283", "title": "Measurement of cardiac output by carbon dioxide rebreathing.", "content": "Twenty patients were studied on a bicycle ergometer at rest and at varying workloads to compare methods of measuring cardiac output. In nine patients, a comparison of carbon dioxide rebreathing and dye dilution techniques for measuring cardiac output were made. In eleven patients, comparisons between carbon dioxide rebreathing, dye dilution, and direct oxygen Fick techniques were made. The cardiac output measured by carbon dioxide rebreathing was reproducible and compared well with both the dye dilution and direct oxygen Fick. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between carbon dioxide rebreathing and direct oxygen Fick cardiac outputs was 0.80 and between carbon dioxide rebreathing and dye dilution cardiac outputs was 0.75. The relationship between dye dilution and direct oxygen Fick cardiac output was 0.71. The carbon dioxide rebreathing technique is a safe, non-invasive and reproducible method to measure cardiac output. The results compare well with the cardiac output measured by either the direct oxygen Fick or dye dilution technique.", "contents": "Measurement of cardiac output by carbon dioxide rebreathing. Twenty patients were studied on a bicycle ergometer at rest and at varying workloads to compare methods of measuring cardiac output. In nine patients, a comparison of carbon dioxide rebreathing and dye dilution techniques for measuring cardiac output were made. In eleven patients, comparisons between carbon dioxide rebreathing, dye dilution, and direct oxygen Fick techniques were made. The cardiac output measured by carbon dioxide rebreathing was reproducible and compared well with both the dye dilution and direct oxygen Fick. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between carbon dioxide rebreathing and direct oxygen Fick cardiac outputs was 0.80 and between carbon dioxide rebreathing and dye dilution cardiac outputs was 0.75. The relationship between dye dilution and direct oxygen Fick cardiac output was 0.71. The carbon dioxide rebreathing technique is a safe, non-invasive and reproducible method to measure cardiac output. The results compare well with the cardiac output measured by either the direct oxygen Fick or dye dilution technique.", "PMID": 391433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9284", "title": "Games, goods and gods: an analysis of Iroquoian gambling.", "content": "This study questions the traditional, historical view of the Indian as a compulsive gambler. Eleven northern Iroquoian gambling games were examined in both their secular and sacred environments. The analysis demonstrated that social gambling served to establish economic parity within, and between, the ritualistic gambling associated with many ceremonies was quasi-religious in nature and necessary to ensure that the desired outcome of the rite was realized.", "contents": "Games, goods and gods: an analysis of Iroquoian gambling. This study questions the traditional, historical view of the Indian as a compulsive gambler. Eleven northern Iroquoian gambling games were examined in both their secular and sacred environments. The analysis demonstrated that social gambling served to establish economic parity within, and between, the ritualistic gambling associated with many ceremonies was quasi-religious in nature and necessary to ensure that the desired outcome of the rite was realized.", "PMID": 391434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9285", "title": "Response to bronchial provocation and exercise in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Ten of fifteen cystic fibrosis children with positive skin prick tests to common antigens gave an immediate bronchial reaction to the antigen inhaled, five of them also gave a late reaction; however only one gave a history of asthma. The antigen most commonly eliciting a positive skin reaction in cystic fibrosis patients is Aspergillus fumigatus. In six children tested to this antigen the bronchial response varied, two were negative, one gave an immediate reaction and three gave a dual (immediate and late) reaction. None of the children showed the characteristic pattern of response to exercise seen in asthmatic patients, an initial rise in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate followed by a fall of greater than 14% below the resting level. Two patients showed an abnormal rise in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate during exercise, a pattern described previously in cystic fibrosis. The results suggest that bronchial allergy, immediate or late does completely explain susceptibility to asthma, and that other factors including perhaps the type of bronchial reactivity shown by bronchoconstriction after exercise may be required. However the majority of the children tested had bronchial allergy and anti-allergy therapy such as inhaled sodium cromoglycate may have a place in the management of selected patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Response to bronchial provocation and exercise in children with cystic fibrosis. Ten of fifteen cystic fibrosis children with positive skin prick tests to common antigens gave an immediate bronchial reaction to the antigen inhaled, five of them also gave a late reaction; however only one gave a history of asthma. The antigen most commonly eliciting a positive skin reaction in cystic fibrosis patients is Aspergillus fumigatus. In six children tested to this antigen the bronchial response varied, two were negative, one gave an immediate reaction and three gave a dual (immediate and late) reaction. None of the children showed the characteristic pattern of response to exercise seen in asthmatic patients, an initial rise in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate followed by a fall of greater than 14% below the resting level. Two patients showed an abnormal rise in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate during exercise, a pattern described previously in cystic fibrosis. The results suggest that bronchial allergy, immediate or late does completely explain susceptibility to asthma, and that other factors including perhaps the type of bronchial reactivity shown by bronchoconstriction after exercise may be required. However the majority of the children tested had bronchial allergy and anti-allergy therapy such as inhaled sodium cromoglycate may have a place in the management of selected patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 391435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9286", "title": "Homogeneous enzymoimmunoassay for anticonvulsant drugs: effects of hapten-enzyme bridge length.", "content": "The effects of the enzyme-hapten chemical bridge on the quality of the enzymatic tracer in homogeneous enzymoimmunoassay were studied, using as a model the conjugates of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with different phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin carboxyalkyl derivatives. For both series of conjugates the maximal immunoinhibition level was found to depend critically on the bridge length, best results being obtained with carboxymethyl derivatives. A tendency to immuno re-activation with increasing degrees of hapten substitution in the enzyme structure, particularly evident for phenobarbital-carboxyethyl and carboxypropyl conjugates, was also observed. Effects of steric hindrance on the antibody interaction, in the case of short bridges, and ineffectiveness of antibody interaction towards the active enzyme site, in the case of long bridges, have been hypothesized to contribute in defining a critical bridge size for immuno inhibition processes. Instead the tendency to immunoactivation has been tentatively interpreted in terms of occurrence of \"conformational\" antibody interactions involving hapten residues in enzyme regions other than the catalytic site.", "contents": "Homogeneous enzymoimmunoassay for anticonvulsant drugs: effects of hapten-enzyme bridge length. The effects of the enzyme-hapten chemical bridge on the quality of the enzymatic tracer in homogeneous enzymoimmunoassay were studied, using as a model the conjugates of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with different phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin carboxyalkyl derivatives. For both series of conjugates the maximal immunoinhibition level was found to depend critically on the bridge length, best results being obtained with carboxymethyl derivatives. A tendency to immuno re-activation with increasing degrees of hapten substitution in the enzyme structure, particularly evident for phenobarbital-carboxyethyl and carboxypropyl conjugates, was also observed. Effects of steric hindrance on the antibody interaction, in the case of short bridges, and ineffectiveness of antibody interaction towards the active enzyme site, in the case of long bridges, have been hypothesized to contribute in defining a critical bridge size for immuno inhibition processes. Instead the tendency to immunoactivation has been tentatively interpreted in terms of occurrence of \"conformational\" antibody interactions involving hapten residues in enzyme regions other than the catalytic site.", "PMID": 391442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9287", "title": "Evidence for thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland in Graves' disease.", "content": "We have investigated the relative distribution and some in vitro functions of thyroid-infiltrating immunocompetent cells obtained at fine-needle aspiration biopsy in twelve patients with Graves' disease and thirteen patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In both disorders the predominant (57--59%) thyroid-infiltrating cell was a small lymphocyte. Significant numbers of plasma cells (10%) were seen only in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes plus macrophages) were present in similar numbers (12--18%) in both disorders. In both Graves' and Hashimoto's disease there was a relative reduction of (thymus-dependent) lymphocytes in the thyroid gland as compared to the blood. Blood and thyroid-infiltrating T lymphocytes were tested for in vitro cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT). CMI was readily demonstrated in the blood of most patients with Graves' and Hashimoto's disease. When the thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were tested for CMI in the LMT, only the infiltrating cells from patients with Graves' disease displayed CMI, whereas the thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes in Hashimoto's disease were negative. Fractionation of the immunocompetent cells demonstrated that the thyroid antigen-induced LMT response of blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes in Graves' disease is a T lymphocyte-dependent phenomenon.", "contents": "Evidence for thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland in Graves' disease. We have investigated the relative distribution and some in vitro functions of thyroid-infiltrating immunocompetent cells obtained at fine-needle aspiration biopsy in twelve patients with Graves' disease and thirteen patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In both disorders the predominant (57--59%) thyroid-infiltrating cell was a small lymphocyte. Significant numbers of plasma cells (10%) were seen only in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes plus macrophages) were present in similar numbers (12--18%) in both disorders. In both Graves' and Hashimoto's disease there was a relative reduction of (thymus-dependent) lymphocytes in the thyroid gland as compared to the blood. Blood and thyroid-infiltrating T lymphocytes were tested for in vitro cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT). CMI was readily demonstrated in the blood of most patients with Graves' and Hashimoto's disease. When the thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were tested for CMI in the LMT, only the infiltrating cells from patients with Graves' disease displayed CMI, whereas the thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes in Hashimoto's disease were negative. Fractionation of the immunocompetent cells demonstrated that the thyroid antigen-induced LMT response of blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes in Graves' disease is a T lymphocyte-dependent phenomenon.", "PMID": 391444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9288", "title": "Failure of naloxone to alter growth hormone and prolactin levels in acromegalic and in hyperprolactinaemic patients.", "content": "We examined the effects of high-dose intravenous naloxone administration in four acromegalic patients (mean serum growth hormone level 72 ng/ml) and in seven hyperprolactinaemic women (mean serum prolactin level 59 ng/ml), in order to assess whether this opiate antagonist would be effective in lowering growth hormone and prolactin levels. No effect was observed. This lack of effect suggests that an opioid pathway is not involved in the maintenance of elevated growth hormone or prolactin secretion in these patients. However, conclusions regarding the possible role of endogenous opioids in regulation of pituitary function in normal individuals cannot be drawn from this study.", "contents": "Failure of naloxone to alter growth hormone and prolactin levels in acromegalic and in hyperprolactinaemic patients. We examined the effects of high-dose intravenous naloxone administration in four acromegalic patients (mean serum growth hormone level 72 ng/ml) and in seven hyperprolactinaemic women (mean serum prolactin level 59 ng/ml), in order to assess whether this opiate antagonist would be effective in lowering growth hormone and prolactin levels. No effect was observed. This lack of effect suggests that an opioid pathway is not involved in the maintenance of elevated growth hormone or prolactin secretion in these patients. However, conclusions regarding the possible role of endogenous opioids in regulation of pituitary function in normal individuals cannot be drawn from this study.", "PMID": 391445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9289", "title": "Testicular endocrine function in paraplegic men.", "content": "The responses of FSH and LH to the injection of LHRH were studied in fifteen paraplegic men and ten normal controls. The basal FSH levels in the paraplegic men were elevated in eight cases, basal LH being raised in nine cases. The responses of FSH were exaggerated in fourteen patients, and LH responses were exaggerated in nine patients. Only one patient was normal in respect of both hormones. Subnormal plasma testosterone was found in three patients. This depressed testicular function could not be explained as being due to spread of urinary tract infection and a direct neurological effect is the probable explanation.", "contents": "Testicular endocrine function in paraplegic men. The responses of FSH and LH to the injection of LHRH were studied in fifteen paraplegic men and ten normal controls. The basal FSH levels in the paraplegic men were elevated in eight cases, basal LH being raised in nine cases. The responses of FSH were exaggerated in fourteen patients, and LH responses were exaggerated in nine patients. Only one patient was normal in respect of both hormones. Subnormal plasma testosterone was found in three patients. This depressed testicular function could not be explained as being due to spread of urinary tract infection and a direct neurological effect is the probable explanation.", "PMID": 391446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9290", "title": "Uncultured cells in amniotic fluid from normal and abnormal foetuses.", "content": "Direct smears of uncultured amniotic fluid cells were analysed in 41 pregnancies between 17 and 22 weeks of gestation. These included 27 normal pregnancies where a healthy child was born at term, six anencephalic and five spina bifida pregnancies, and three other abnormal pregnancies. In normal amniotic fluid, epithelioid cells predominated but small numbers of histiocyte-like cells, typical macrophages and elongated cells were also present. The proportion of macrophages and elongated cells was significantly increased in all anencephalic cases. Two of the spina bifida cases also showed abnormal cellular proportions. Haemosiderin and lipid material was demonstrated in some of the cellular proportions. Haemosiderin and lipid material was demonstrated in some of the macrophages. Tissue smears and histological preparations suggest that these cells may originate from both the amnion and the fibrovascular membrane covering the neural lesion. This direct method of observation of amniotic fluid cells, not involving culture techniques, could provide a rapid means of prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly, and may help in the diagnosis of spina bifida.", "contents": "Uncultured cells in amniotic fluid from normal and abnormal foetuses. Direct smears of uncultured amniotic fluid cells were analysed in 41 pregnancies between 17 and 22 weeks of gestation. These included 27 normal pregnancies where a healthy child was born at term, six anencephalic and five spina bifida pregnancies, and three other abnormal pregnancies. In normal amniotic fluid, epithelioid cells predominated but small numbers of histiocyte-like cells, typical macrophages and elongated cells were also present. The proportion of macrophages and elongated cells was significantly increased in all anencephalic cases. Two of the spina bifida cases also showed abnormal cellular proportions. Haemosiderin and lipid material was demonstrated in some of the cellular proportions. Haemosiderin and lipid material was demonstrated in some of the macrophages. Tissue smears and histological preparations suggest that these cells may originate from both the amnion and the fibrovascular membrane covering the neural lesion. This direct method of observation of amniotic fluid cells, not involving culture techniques, could provide a rapid means of prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly, and may help in the diagnosis of spina bifida.", "PMID": 391448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9291", "title": "Metabolic requirements for fetal growth.", "content": "Table 1 outlines a metabolic balance sheet for the sheep fetus. It is clear that maternal substrate concentrations as well as placental function are important in assuring the provision of adequate substrate to meet fetal metabolic and growth requirements. It is intriguing that the fetus appears to use substrates not usually regarded as important in extrauterine diets (lactate) and to use substrates for catabolic purposes normally thought to be primarily anabolic substrates (amino acids). This information emphasizes the hazards of extrapolating metabolic and nutritional patterns seen in extrauterine life in reaching conclusions concerning the fetus. It likewise emphasizes the importance of ongoing studies in maternal and fetal nutrition and metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic requirements for fetal growth. Table 1 outlines a metabolic balance sheet for the sheep fetus. It is clear that maternal substrate concentrations as well as placental function are important in assuring the provision of adequate substrate to meet fetal metabolic and growth requirements. It is intriguing that the fetus appears to use substrates not usually regarded as important in extrauterine diets (lactate) and to use substrates for catabolic purposes normally thought to be primarily anabolic substrates (amino acids). This information emphasizes the hazards of extrapolating metabolic and nutritional patterns seen in extrauterine life in reaching conclusions concerning the fetus. It likewise emphasizes the importance of ongoing studies in maternal and fetal nutrition and metabolism.", "PMID": 391468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9292", "title": "Infection in the surgical patient: an imbalance in the normal equilibrium.", "content": "Infection in the surgical patient, like infection elsewhere in the body, is a manifestation of a disturbed host-bacteria equilibrium in favor of the bacteria. It results when bacteria indigenous to that patient achieve dominance over the factors of host resistance. This is reflected by a quantitative increase in the bacterial presence. To be able rationally to prevent and manage such infection requires understanding of how each prophylactic or therapeutic maneuver will work to reestablish the normal equilibrium in the specific situation in which the surgeon finds his patient.", "contents": "Infection in the surgical patient: an imbalance in the normal equilibrium. Infection in the surgical patient, like infection elsewhere in the body, is a manifestation of a disturbed host-bacteria equilibrium in favor of the bacteria. It results when bacteria indigenous to that patient achieve dominance over the factors of host resistance. This is reflected by a quantitative increase in the bacterial presence. To be able rationally to prevent and manage such infection requires understanding of how each prophylactic or therapeutic maneuver will work to reestablish the normal equilibrium in the specific situation in which the surgeon finds his patient.", "PMID": 391469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9293", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of isoniazid.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in man are described. Pronounced interindividual variation in circulating isoniazid concentration and clearance which occur after dosing with the drug are associated with hereditary differences in the acetylator status. The variations in rate of isoniazid inactivation and elimination in different (rapid and slow) acetylator phenotypes are primarily due to differences in the rate of acetylation of isoniazid by a genetically controlled polymorphic N-acetyltransferase in liver and small intestine. An appreciable 'first-pass' effect is observed following oral isoniazid administration, particularly in the rapid acetylator phenotype. Liver disease can cause a significant prolongation in the clearance of isoniazid; in the acutely ill patient, the prolongation correlates most closely with serum bilirubin elevation, although the degree of prolongation is less important than the intrinsic genetic difference between acetylator phenotypes. The effect of renal impairment on isoniazid excretion is relatively unimportant, even in slow acetylators. Methods for monitoring blood and urine concentrations of isoniazid and for acetylator phenotype determination which are convenient for the patient and clinician are available. Implications of phenotype differences in acetylator status for the optimal management of tuberculosis with isoniazid are considered. Attempts to devise new isoniazid formulations for this purpose are being evaluated.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of isoniazid. The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in man are described. Pronounced interindividual variation in circulating isoniazid concentration and clearance which occur after dosing with the drug are associated with hereditary differences in the acetylator status. The variations in rate of isoniazid inactivation and elimination in different (rapid and slow) acetylator phenotypes are primarily due to differences in the rate of acetylation of isoniazid by a genetically controlled polymorphic N-acetyltransferase in liver and small intestine. An appreciable 'first-pass' effect is observed following oral isoniazid administration, particularly in the rapid acetylator phenotype. Liver disease can cause a significant prolongation in the clearance of isoniazid; in the acutely ill patient, the prolongation correlates most closely with serum bilirubin elevation, although the degree of prolongation is less important than the intrinsic genetic difference between acetylator phenotypes. The effect of renal impairment on isoniazid excretion is relatively unimportant, even in slow acetylators. Methods for monitoring blood and urine concentrations of isoniazid and for acetylator phenotype determination which are convenient for the patient and clinician are available. Implications of phenotype differences in acetylator status for the optimal management of tuberculosis with isoniazid are considered. Attempts to devise new isoniazid formulations for this purpose are being evaluated.", "PMID": 391461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9294", "title": "Natural host defense mechanisms.", "content": "Severe injury, whether the result of a major accident, a large burn, or a complicated surgical operation, often results in sepsis. Under such conditions both specific and nonspecific host defense systems are affected. The individual facets of major concern are chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing, complement depletion, and depression of humoral and cellular mediated immunity. The most profound changes occur in cell-mediated immunity. Within a few hours o injury, the number of circulating T cells becomes depleted, concomitantly thoracic duct lymphocytes are markedly reduced. This change is not only quantitative but functional. The clinical impact of these deficient host defense mechanisms lies in the fact that low virulent organisms may become a lethal threat to the injured patient. Currently, investigators are attempting to reverse thse deficiencies through the use of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Natural host defense mechanisms. Severe injury, whether the result of a major accident, a large burn, or a complicated surgical operation, often results in sepsis. Under such conditions both specific and nonspecific host defense systems are affected. The individual facets of major concern are chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing, complement depletion, and depression of humoral and cellular mediated immunity. The most profound changes occur in cell-mediated immunity. Within a few hours o injury, the number of circulating T cells becomes depleted, concomitantly thoracic duct lymphocytes are markedly reduced. This change is not only quantitative but functional. The clinical impact of these deficient host defense mechanisms lies in the fact that low virulent organisms may become a lethal threat to the injured patient. Currently, investigators are attempting to reverse thse deficiencies through the use of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 391470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9295", "title": "Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in normal subjects and patients with terminal renal failure, on maintenance haemodialysis and after transplantation.", "content": "1. Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration was measured in 40 normal subjects, 19 patients with terminal renal failure, 137 patients who had been on dialysis up to 11 years and in 17 renal transplant patients. 2. The mean plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was below normal in patients with terminal renal failure and in patients who had been on maintenance haemodialysis for less than 1 year. The mean concentration in patients who had been on dialysis for more than 1 year and in renal transplant patients was normal. 3. The seasonal variation of plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration found in the 58 patients on maintenance haemodialysis for more than 2 years is similar to that reported in normal subjects.", "contents": "Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in normal subjects and patients with terminal renal failure, on maintenance haemodialysis and after transplantation. 1. Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration was measured in 40 normal subjects, 19 patients with terminal renal failure, 137 patients who had been on dialysis up to 11 years and in 17 renal transplant patients. 2. The mean plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was below normal in patients with terminal renal failure and in patients who had been on maintenance haemodialysis for less than 1 year. The mean concentration in patients who had been on dialysis for more than 1 year and in renal transplant patients was normal. 3. The seasonal variation of plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration found in the 58 patients on maintenance haemodialysis for more than 2 years is similar to that reported in normal subjects.", "PMID": 391471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9296", "title": "Long term retention of sealants applied by inexperienced operators in Minneapolis.", "content": "A clinical trial of 4047 single applications of Nuva Seal placed on the occlusal surfaces of primary molars, permanent first and second molars and premolars by 250 dental students showed that the sealants were not well retained. The sealant was fully retained on 86% of all permanent posterior teeth at 3 months, on 76% at 6 months, 58% at 12 months, 52% at 24 months and 41% at 36 months. At 4 years, complete sealant coverage was shown by 14% of primary molars, 25% of permanent molars and 68% of premolars. Permanent mandibular molars and premolars were superior to permanent maxillary molars and premolars in fully retaining sealants. Following sealant failure, i.e. providing partial coverage or missing, permanent maxillary molars and premolars were more prone to occlusal caries than permanent mandibular molars and premolars. At 4 years, caries was diagnosed in 40% of applications to permanent molars and in 9% of applications to premolars. Twelve instances of caries under apparently intact sealants were seen.", "contents": "Long term retention of sealants applied by inexperienced operators in Minneapolis. A clinical trial of 4047 single applications of Nuva Seal placed on the occlusal surfaces of primary molars, permanent first and second molars and premolars by 250 dental students showed that the sealants were not well retained. The sealant was fully retained on 86% of all permanent posterior teeth at 3 months, on 76% at 6 months, 58% at 12 months, 52% at 24 months and 41% at 36 months. At 4 years, complete sealant coverage was shown by 14% of primary molars, 25% of permanent molars and 68% of premolars. Permanent mandibular molars and premolars were superior to permanent maxillary molars and premolars in fully retaining sealants. Following sealant failure, i.e. providing partial coverage or missing, permanent maxillary molars and premolars were more prone to occlusal caries than permanent mandibular molars and premolars. At 4 years, caries was diagnosed in 40% of applications to permanent molars and in 9% of applications to premolars. Twelve instances of caries under apparently intact sealants were seen.", "PMID": 391475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9297", "title": "Computer-aided determination of haemodynamic properties of human heart from cine left ventriculography.", "content": "The silhouettes of the left ventricle seen on a cine ventriculogram were used as the graphic input to a pattern analysis programme. The programme measured the coordinates of points around silhouette. It selected the longest chord within the perimeter and determined its length, the area within the perimeter, and the volume of the resulting ellipsoid of revolution. The output from the programme was a global clinical report which included scaled reproductions of the silhouettes, maximum and minimum ventricular volumes, the stroke volume, and the ejection fraction. Local analysis consists in comparison of the contraction profile for the specific patient with the mean pattern obtained from a control group of 24 patients with no myocardial pathology. The graphical and numerical results help in following the progress of disease, in choosing candidates for coronary artery bypass, and in evaluating the results of medical or surgical treatment.", "contents": "Computer-aided determination of haemodynamic properties of human heart from cine left ventriculography. The silhouettes of the left ventricle seen on a cine ventriculogram were used as the graphic input to a pattern analysis programme. The programme measured the coordinates of points around silhouette. It selected the longest chord within the perimeter and determined its length, the area within the perimeter, and the volume of the resulting ellipsoid of revolution. The output from the programme was a global clinical report which included scaled reproductions of the silhouettes, maximum and minimum ventricular volumes, the stroke volume, and the ejection fraction. Local analysis consists in comparison of the contraction profile for the specific patient with the mean pattern obtained from a control group of 24 patients with no myocardial pathology. The graphical and numerical results help in following the progress of disease, in choosing candidates for coronary artery bypass, and in evaluating the results of medical or surgical treatment.", "PMID": 391485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9298", "title": "Radiology of basilar skull fractures.", "content": "Injury to the basal portion of the anterior, middle, and posterior fossae of the skull are rather easily overlooked unless the radiologist carefully searches for indirect or direct signs of such injury. Representative injuries of each area are reviewed and radiological signs are illustrated. Combination fractures transversing several areas are also considered and illustrated.", "contents": "Radiology of basilar skull fractures. Injury to the basal portion of the anterior, middle, and posterior fossae of the skull are rather easily overlooked unless the radiologist carefully searches for indirect or direct signs of such injury. Representative injuries of each area are reviewed and radiological signs are illustrated. Combination fractures transversing several areas are also considered and illustrated.", "PMID": 391487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9299", "title": "Clobetasone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of eczema: a double-blind comparison.", "content": "Forty patients with symmetrical eczematous lesions on their extremities were treated in a double-blind fashion with 0.05% clobetasone butyrate and 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate in cream bases. After 2 weeks of treatment, a preference for clobetasone butyrate was observed in 7 cases, for hydrocortisone butyrate in 9 cases and in 24 cases both sides responded equally. The lesions on both sides improved steadily throughout the study in all cases. When completing the trial after 2-weeks' treatment, the clobetasone butyrate-treated lesions had healed in 8 cases and the hydrocortisone butyrate-treated lesions in 10 cases. No local side-effects were observed.", "contents": "Clobetasone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of eczema: a double-blind comparison. Forty patients with symmetrical eczematous lesions on their extremities were treated in a double-blind fashion with 0.05% clobetasone butyrate and 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate in cream bases. After 2 weeks of treatment, a preference for clobetasone butyrate was observed in 7 cases, for hydrocortisone butyrate in 9 cases and in 24 cases both sides responded equally. The lesions on both sides improved steadily throughout the study in all cases. When completing the trial after 2-weeks' treatment, the clobetasone butyrate-treated lesions had healed in 8 cases and the hydrocortisone butyrate-treated lesions in 10 cases. No local side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 391489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9300", "title": "Neoplastic obstruction of the small and large intestine.", "content": "Obstructive symptoms due to small bowel tumors are the most common indication of primary malignant disease in the small intestine. Primary obstructing tumors of the small bowel are treated best by resection and primary anastomosis. Malignant lesions of the duodenum sometimes will require pancreaticoduodenectomy and those of the distal ileum, right hemicolectomy. Obstruction due to localized metastatic disease can be treated by resection and primary anastomosis but, more frequently, one or more side-to-side enteroenterostomies will be needed, especially in abdominal carcinomatosis. The complication of LBO due to colorectal cancer is an ominous sign. The less favorable prognosis is a result of the higher operative mortality, advanced stage of disease and lower resectability rate. Obstructing neoplasms of the right side of the colon are treated best by immediate resection and primary anastomosis. Left-sided colon obstruction due to malignancy traditionally is treated by preliminary diversion followed later by definitive resection. Insufficient data are available to evaluate any benefit on operative mortality and long-term survival with a more aggressive approach involving decompression and resection of the obstructing carcinoma at the initial operation. It is doubtful that any marked improvement in current mortality and survival figures will result from wide deviations of the current principles of operative managment. Early diagnosis of the cancer before obstruction occurs remains the primary means of improving survival rates. This involves not only primary means of improving survival rates. This involves not only patient education regarding presenting symptoms, but improvement of physician recognition and response to these complaints so that the appropriate tests are ordered and treatment is initiated.", "contents": "Neoplastic obstruction of the small and large intestine. Obstructive symptoms due to small bowel tumors are the most common indication of primary malignant disease in the small intestine. Primary obstructing tumors of the small bowel are treated best by resection and primary anastomosis. Malignant lesions of the duodenum sometimes will require pancreaticoduodenectomy and those of the distal ileum, right hemicolectomy. Obstruction due to localized metastatic disease can be treated by resection and primary anastomosis but, more frequently, one or more side-to-side enteroenterostomies will be needed, especially in abdominal carcinomatosis. The complication of LBO due to colorectal cancer is an ominous sign. The less favorable prognosis is a result of the higher operative mortality, advanced stage of disease and lower resectability rate. Obstructing neoplasms of the right side of the colon are treated best by immediate resection and primary anastomosis. Left-sided colon obstruction due to malignancy traditionally is treated by preliminary diversion followed later by definitive resection. Insufficient data are available to evaluate any benefit on operative mortality and long-term survival with a more aggressive approach involving decompression and resection of the obstructing carcinoma at the initial operation. It is doubtful that any marked improvement in current mortality and survival figures will result from wide deviations of the current principles of operative managment. Early diagnosis of the cancer before obstruction occurs remains the primary means of improving survival rates. This involves not only primary means of improving survival rates. This involves not only patient education regarding presenting symptoms, but improvement of physician recognition and response to these complaints so that the appropriate tests are ordered and treatment is initiated.", "PMID": 391493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9301", "title": "Epithelial polyps of the large bowel: a pathological and colonoscopic study.", "content": "Ninety patients who had epithelial polyps or carcinoma of the large bowel and underwent at least 2 colonscopic examinations were studied. The cases were divided into three groups: patients who ;ad only one polyp; those in whom more than one epithelial polyp were found and those who had adenocarcinoma of the large bowel and underwent follow-up colonoscopic examinations. The distribution of the polpys was plotted as to type and distribution in the colon. There seemed to be a trend for the polyp found in follow-up examinations to be located proximal to the splenic flexure. In this regard it was noted that the subsequently found polyps in group II were smaller than those removed on the initial colonoscopic examination. No relationship could be found between any histologic type of epithelial polyp and the presence of carcinoma.", "contents": "Epithelial polyps of the large bowel: a pathological and colonoscopic study. Ninety patients who had epithelial polyps or carcinoma of the large bowel and underwent at least 2 colonscopic examinations were studied. The cases were divided into three groups: patients who ;ad only one polyp; those in whom more than one epithelial polyp were found and those who had adenocarcinoma of the large bowel and underwent follow-up colonoscopic examinations. The distribution of the polpys was plotted as to type and distribution in the colon. There seemed to be a trend for the polyp found in follow-up examinations to be located proximal to the splenic flexure. In this regard it was noted that the subsequently found polyps in group II were smaller than those removed on the initial colonoscopic examination. No relationship could be found between any histologic type of epithelial polyp and the presence of carcinoma.", "PMID": 391495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9302", "title": "Reiter's disease: modern concepts.", "content": "Reiter's disease (RD) is a reactive arthritis syndrome in which arthritis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, and urethritis are the main features. It may be an acute and self-limited disease or it may cause severe debilitation. It generally follows an infectious episode, such as Shigella dysentery or nonspecific urethritis. Recent evidence has shown that patients in whom RD develops have a genetic disposition since the presence of HLA-B27 correlates highly with RD. Therapy of RD involves supportive care.", "contents": "Reiter's disease: modern concepts. Reiter's disease (RD) is a reactive arthritis syndrome in which arthritis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, and urethritis are the main features. It may be an acute and self-limited disease or it may cause severe debilitation. It generally follows an infectious episode, such as Shigella dysentery or nonspecific urethritis. Recent evidence has shown that patients in whom RD develops have a genetic disposition since the presence of HLA-B27 correlates highly with RD. Therapy of RD involves supportive care.", "PMID": 391498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9303", "title": "North American blastomycosis: a review.", "content": "North American blastomycosis, first reported in 1894, and once thought to be a geographically localized disease, has now been reported worldwide. The greatest number of cases occur in the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River basins. The organism enters the body via the lungs with subsequent dissemination to other organs, including the skin, eyes, bones, and genitourinary system. Patients most often present with cutaneous or pulmonary complaints. Demonstration of characteristic fungal morphology in microscopic smears or in histologic specimens is highly suggestive of Blastomyces dermatitidis. However, proof of the diagnosis is obtained only by mycologic culture. Some progress has been made using other laboratory methods to produce a rapid diagnosis. This paper reviews in detail the varied clinical presentations of blastomycosis, the laboratory diagnosis, and current treatment.", "contents": "North American blastomycosis: a review. North American blastomycosis, first reported in 1894, and once thought to be a geographically localized disease, has now been reported worldwide. The greatest number of cases occur in the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River basins. The organism enters the body via the lungs with subsequent dissemination to other organs, including the skin, eyes, bones, and genitourinary system. Patients most often present with cutaneous or pulmonary complaints. Demonstration of characteristic fungal morphology in microscopic smears or in histologic specimens is highly suggestive of Blastomyces dermatitidis. However, proof of the diagnosis is obtained only by mycologic culture. Some progress has been made using other laboratory methods to produce a rapid diagnosis. This paper reviews in detail the varied clinical presentations of blastomycosis, the laboratory diagnosis, and current treatment.", "PMID": 391499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9304", "title": "Management of eczematous dermatitis with amcinonide or betamethasone valerate. A double-blind comparative study.", "content": "A new topical corticosteroid formulation, 0.1 percent amcinonide cream, was compared with 0.1 percent betamethasone valerate cream in a double-blind, parallel study of the management of eczematous dermatitis. Both treatment groups showed statistically significant improvement in most symptoms and in overall disease status after one and two weeks of treatment. The amcinonide group had greater improvement in individual symptoms and significantly greater overall improvement than did the betamethasone valerate group. Side effects were few and minor in both groups. The amcinonide cream was found to be both safe and effective for the management of eczematous dermatitis.", "contents": "Management of eczematous dermatitis with amcinonide or betamethasone valerate. A double-blind comparative study. A new topical corticosteroid formulation, 0.1 percent amcinonide cream, was compared with 0.1 percent betamethasone valerate cream in a double-blind, parallel study of the management of eczematous dermatitis. Both treatment groups showed statistically significant improvement in most symptoms and in overall disease status after one and two weeks of treatment. The amcinonide group had greater improvement in individual symptoms and significantly greater overall improvement than did the betamethasone valerate group. Side effects were few and minor in both groups. The amcinonide cream was found to be both safe and effective for the management of eczematous dermatitis.", "PMID": 391500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9305", "title": "[Studies on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. III. Purification with absorbents].", "content": "The biological and immunological activities of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B are stable in pH 2.0 approximately 11.0, and also resistant to proteolytic enzyme (trypsin, pepsin) digestion for 3 approximate 4 hours. Therefore, the toxin could be purified with trypsin digest and then absorbed on kaolin and Kieselgel, followed by eluting the different pH buffer solutions. Further purifications was chromatographied on CM-Sephadex column.", "contents": "[Studies on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. III. Purification with absorbents]. The biological and immunological activities of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B are stable in pH 2.0 approximately 11.0, and also resistant to proteolytic enzyme (trypsin, pepsin) digestion for 3 approximate 4 hours. Therefore, the toxin could be purified with trypsin digest and then absorbed on kaolin and Kieselgel, followed by eluting the different pH buffer solutions. Further purifications was chromatographied on CM-Sephadex column.", "PMID": 391509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9306", "title": "[Reaction of HCl secretion, total proteolytic activity and pepsin after a selective proximal vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients].", "content": "The gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid, total proteolytic activity, and especially pepsin were studied before and 6 months after selective proximal vagotomy in 15 patients suffering from recurrent duodenal ulcer, and compared with that of ten sound volunteers. The patients with duodenal ulcer showed a significantly increased secretion of acid and proteolytic enzymes. After vagotomy, the basal acid output was reduced by 70%, the secretion of the total proteolytic activity by 54%, and that of pepsin by 45%. The concentration of the total proteolytic activity and of pepsin in the gastric juice was increased after vagotomy. Although the total basal proteolytic activity after vagotomy was still increased by 15% as compared with that in the volunteers, due to the drastically reduced basal acid output the actual intragastric basal proteolytic activity was expected to be reduced after vagotomy.", "contents": "[Reaction of HCl secretion, total proteolytic activity and pepsin after a selective proximal vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients]. The gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid, total proteolytic activity, and especially pepsin were studied before and 6 months after selective proximal vagotomy in 15 patients suffering from recurrent duodenal ulcer, and compared with that of ten sound volunteers. The patients with duodenal ulcer showed a significantly increased secretion of acid and proteolytic enzymes. After vagotomy, the basal acid output was reduced by 70%, the secretion of the total proteolytic activity by 54%, and that of pepsin by 45%. The concentration of the total proteolytic activity and of pepsin in the gastric juice was increased after vagotomy. Although the total basal proteolytic activity after vagotomy was still increased by 15% as compared with that in the volunteers, due to the drastically reduced basal acid output the actual intragastric basal proteolytic activity was expected to be reduced after vagotomy.", "PMID": 391513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9307", "title": "Morphogenesis of the synapton during yeast meiosis.", "content": "The formation of the synapton (synaptonemal complex) was followed by an electron microscopic examination of large samples of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at various stages of meiosis. Three temperature-sensitive mutants were used, cdc4, cdc5 and cdc7, which undergo a slow but normal meiosis at 25 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature of 34 degrees C, cdc4 and cdc5 arrest at an advanced enough stage of meiosis to allow the study of synapton morphogenesis. Based on the frequencies of nuclear structures, we describe the formation of the central region and central elements of the synapton in the dense body, which may be part of the nucleolus. This process occurs during early meiotic stages, concomittantly with recombination commitment and premeiotic DNA replication. Mature synaptons usually appear after premeiotic S, at the pachytene stage, and later disappear. A possible intermediate stage in this disappearance is found in arrested cdc5 cells, which contain paired lateral elements without central elements. Following the frequencies of spindle plaque configurations, we conclude that the plaques in meiosis duplicate once at the beginning of the main DNA replication, as is also observed prior to mitosis. In contrast to mitotic cells, however, meiotic plaques remain duplicated for a long period, until the synaptons disappear, and only then separate from each other to form a spindle. During late stages of the first meiotic division, the outer plates of the spindle plaques thicken, to duplicate later and give the second division spindles. The characteristically thick outer plate may have a role in the formations of the ascopore wall.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the synapton during yeast meiosis. The formation of the synapton (synaptonemal complex) was followed by an electron microscopic examination of large samples of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at various stages of meiosis. Three temperature-sensitive mutants were used, cdc4, cdc5 and cdc7, which undergo a slow but normal meiosis at 25 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature of 34 degrees C, cdc4 and cdc5 arrest at an advanced enough stage of meiosis to allow the study of synapton morphogenesis. Based on the frequencies of nuclear structures, we describe the formation of the central region and central elements of the synapton in the dense body, which may be part of the nucleolus. This process occurs during early meiotic stages, concomittantly with recombination commitment and premeiotic DNA replication. Mature synaptons usually appear after premeiotic S, at the pachytene stage, and later disappear. A possible intermediate stage in this disappearance is found in arrested cdc5 cells, which contain paired lateral elements without central elements. Following the frequencies of spindle plaque configurations, we conclude that the plaques in meiosis duplicate once at the beginning of the main DNA replication, as is also observed prior to mitosis. In contrast to mitotic cells, however, meiotic plaques remain duplicated for a long period, until the synaptons disappear, and only then separate from each other to form a spindle. During late stages of the first meiotic division, the outer plates of the spindle plaques thicken, to duplicate later and give the second division spindles. The characteristically thick outer plate may have a role in the formations of the ascopore wall.", "PMID": 391514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9308", "title": "Localization of satellite DNAs in the chromosomes of the guinea pig.", "content": "The in situ hybridization method has been used to investigate the localization of each of the three satellite DNAs present in the genome of the guinea pig. Purified fractions of the satellite DNAs were utilized as templates for synthesis of 3H-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) by E. coli RNA polymerase, then each cRNA was hybridized to metaphase spreads of embryonic guinea pig cells. The cRNAs of all three satellite DNAs hybridized predominantly to the centromeric region of the chromosomes. The cRNAs of satellite DNAs II and III hybridized to all chromosomes except the Y chromosome. The cRNA of satellite DNA I did not hybridize to the Y chromosome nor to two pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes. Satellite II cRNA hybridized to the telomeric region of chromosomes 3 and 4.", "contents": "Localization of satellite DNAs in the chromosomes of the guinea pig. The in situ hybridization method has been used to investigate the localization of each of the three satellite DNAs present in the genome of the guinea pig. Purified fractions of the satellite DNAs were utilized as templates for synthesis of 3H-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) by E. coli RNA polymerase, then each cRNA was hybridized to metaphase spreads of embryonic guinea pig cells. The cRNAs of all three satellite DNAs hybridized predominantly to the centromeric region of the chromosomes. The cRNAs of satellite DNAs II and III hybridized to all chromosomes except the Y chromosome. The cRNA of satellite DNA I did not hybridize to the Y chromosome nor to two pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes. Satellite II cRNA hybridized to the telomeric region of chromosomes 3 and 4.", "PMID": 391515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9309", "title": "The vasodepressor action of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its effect on plasma angiotensin II and vasopressin in unanaesthetized normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "The action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma concentration of angiotensin II and vasopressin was studied in groups of normal, renal hypertensive and DOC hypertensive rats. PGI2 was given by continuous iv. infusion at successive doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/kg x min, each rate for one hour. Arterial pressure was reduced to normal or below normal in the hypertensive rats, though the fall of blood pressure was greatest in the DOC hypertensive animals. Mean arterial pressure at the end of infusion was 89 mm Hg for normal rats, 87 mm Hg for renal hypertensive rats and 69 mm Hg for DOC hypertensive rats. Diastolic pressure fell more than systolic pressure suggesting a vasodilator mechanism. Heart rate was reduced significantly at the end of the infusion in the three groups of rats. Prostacyclin was also infused for 3 hours at a constant rate of 0.5 microgram/kg x min. The arterial pressure lowering effect was maintained throughout the infusion period.", "contents": "The vasodepressor action of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its effect on plasma angiotensin II and vasopressin in unanaesthetized normotensive and hypertensive rats. The action of prostacyclin (PGI2) on arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma concentration of angiotensin II and vasopressin was studied in groups of normal, renal hypertensive and DOC hypertensive rats. PGI2 was given by continuous iv. infusion at successive doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/kg x min, each rate for one hour. Arterial pressure was reduced to normal or below normal in the hypertensive rats, though the fall of blood pressure was greatest in the DOC hypertensive animals. Mean arterial pressure at the end of infusion was 89 mm Hg for normal rats, 87 mm Hg for renal hypertensive rats and 69 mm Hg for DOC hypertensive rats. Diastolic pressure fell more than systolic pressure suggesting a vasodilator mechanism. Heart rate was reduced significantly at the end of the infusion in the three groups of rats. Prostacyclin was also infused for 3 hours at a constant rate of 0.5 microgram/kg x min. The arterial pressure lowering effect was maintained throughout the infusion period.", "PMID": 391517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9310", "title": "Controversies regarding giant cell (temporal, cranial) arteritis.", "content": "It is important to establish the diagnosis of temporal arteritis because the disease is treatable; treatment may prevent blindness and even death. Temporal arteritis usually occurs in people older than 51 years of age, although very rarely, histologically documented disease occurs in younger people. The onset may be occult, so that there are few findings. A multitude of signs and symptoms may occur such as fever, headaches, malaise, weight loss, anemia, stroke, cranial nerve palsies, polymyalgia rheumatica, aortitis and other large vessel involvement. The eye may suffer from ischemic optic neuropathy (anterior or posterior), central or cilio-retinal arterial occlusion, ophthalmic artery ischemia, or extraocular muscle palsies. An arterial biopsy showing giant cell arteritis establishes the diagnosis. However, a negative biopsy does not rule out the disease because of the occasional presence of skip areas. Arteriography has only rarely yielded a positive temporal artery biopsy when the initial biopsy done elsewhere was negative. As a diagnostic parameter, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is nonspecific, being elevated in diseases other than temporal arteritis and sometimes being falsely lowered by technical factors. Furthermore, the temporal artery biopsy is occasionally positive despite a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Treatment is aimed at relieving the patient's symptoms and normalizing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Because of the wide spectrum of clinical and laboratory finding in temporal arteritis, no one specific treatment regimen with systemic corticosteroids works for all patients. Temporal arteritis is a well known disease of the elderly which ir rarely fatal but results in significant visual morbidity (Hinzpeter & Naumann, 1976; Spencer & Hoyt, 1960). Since Hutchinson's (1890) description, more than a thousand articles have been written on the subject (Cohen & Smith, 1974). Despite this, many unanswered questions and controversies remain concerning the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of temporal arteritis. My goal is to review these questions and areas of controversy.", "contents": "Controversies regarding giant cell (temporal, cranial) arteritis. It is important to establish the diagnosis of temporal arteritis because the disease is treatable; treatment may prevent blindness and even death. Temporal arteritis usually occurs in people older than 51 years of age, although very rarely, histologically documented disease occurs in younger people. The onset may be occult, so that there are few findings. A multitude of signs and symptoms may occur such as fever, headaches, malaise, weight loss, anemia, stroke, cranial nerve palsies, polymyalgia rheumatica, aortitis and other large vessel involvement. The eye may suffer from ischemic optic neuropathy (anterior or posterior), central or cilio-retinal arterial occlusion, ophthalmic artery ischemia, or extraocular muscle palsies. An arterial biopsy showing giant cell arteritis establishes the diagnosis. However, a negative biopsy does not rule out the disease because of the occasional presence of skip areas. Arteriography has only rarely yielded a positive temporal artery biopsy when the initial biopsy done elsewhere was negative. As a diagnostic parameter, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is nonspecific, being elevated in diseases other than temporal arteritis and sometimes being falsely lowered by technical factors. Furthermore, the temporal artery biopsy is occasionally positive despite a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Treatment is aimed at relieving the patient's symptoms and normalizing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Because of the wide spectrum of clinical and laboratory finding in temporal arteritis, no one specific treatment regimen with systemic corticosteroids works for all patients. Temporal arteritis is a well known disease of the elderly which ir rarely fatal but results in significant visual morbidity (Hinzpeter & Naumann, 1976; Spencer & Hoyt, 1960). Since Hutchinson's (1890) description, more than a thousand articles have been written on the subject (Cohen & Smith, 1974). Despite this, many unanswered questions and controversies remain concerning the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of temporal arteritis. My goal is to review these questions and areas of controversy.", "PMID": 391520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9311", "title": "Flurbiprofen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Flurbiprofen, a phenylalkanoic acid derivative, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic agent advocated for use in rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis and allied conditions. Published data suggest that flurbiprofen 120 to 150 mg daily is comparable in effectiveness with therapeutic doses of aspirin (3 to 4 g) in rheumatoid arthritis, but generally causes fewer side effects. Flurbiprofen 150 to 300 mg appears to be comparable with 75 to 150 mg of indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease, and comparable with phenylbutazone or indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis. In comparison with other non-steroidal agents, flurbiprofen appears to be at least as effective as naproxen, ibuprofen or sulindac, but generally causes more side effects than these drugs. However, as no one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is the most suitable drug for all patients requiring such therapy, flurbiprofen should be considered along with other drugs of its type in the arthritic patient.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatic diseases. Flurbiprofen, a phenylalkanoic acid derivative, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic agent advocated for use in rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis and allied conditions. Published data suggest that flurbiprofen 120 to 150 mg daily is comparable in effectiveness with therapeutic doses of aspirin (3 to 4 g) in rheumatoid arthritis, but generally causes fewer side effects. Flurbiprofen 150 to 300 mg appears to be comparable with 75 to 150 mg of indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease, and comparable with phenylbutazone or indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis. In comparison with other non-steroidal agents, flurbiprofen appears to be at least as effective as naproxen, ibuprofen or sulindac, but generally causes more side effects than these drugs. However, as no one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is the most suitable drug for all patients requiring such therapy, flurbiprofen should be considered along with other drugs of its type in the arthritic patient.", "PMID": 391529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9312", "title": "Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.", "content": "Bone loss can be prevented by standard oestrogen replacement therapy and delayed by the administration of calcium supplements. The most suitable patients to treat are those with a raised urinary hydroxyproline or other evidence of rapid bone loss. Patients aged below 65 years with established osteoporosis, and in whom oestrogens are not contraindicated, will derive some benefit from oestrogen therapy. In those with malabsorption of calcium, vitamin D may be added to oestrogen therapy in a dose not exceeding 10,000 units daily or alternatively, small doses of one of the vitamin D metabolites, e.g. 1 alpha OHD3 (alfacalcidol) 1 microgram daily, or 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) 0.5 microgram daily. In patients aged over 65 years, supplementary calcium (not less than 1000 mg daily) is recommended.", "contents": "Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone loss can be prevented by standard oestrogen replacement therapy and delayed by the administration of calcium supplements. The most suitable patients to treat are those with a raised urinary hydroxyproline or other evidence of rapid bone loss. Patients aged below 65 years with established osteoporosis, and in whom oestrogens are not contraindicated, will derive some benefit from oestrogen therapy. In those with malabsorption of calcium, vitamin D may be added to oestrogen therapy in a dose not exceeding 10,000 units daily or alternatively, small doses of one of the vitamin D metabolites, e.g. 1 alpha OHD3 (alfacalcidol) 1 microgram daily, or 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) 0.5 microgram daily. In patients aged over 65 years, supplementary calcium (not less than 1000 mg daily) is recommended.", "PMID": 391532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9313", "title": "Antiplatelet drugs: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use.", "content": "Because platelets are so important in thrombus formation, drugs which inhibit platelet function (the 'antiplatelet drugs') have considerable potential as antithrombotic agents. Among the antiplatelet drugs, only aspirin, sulphinpyrazone, dipyridamole, hydroxychloroquine, and clofibrate have had wide clinical trial. Their effects on platelet metabolism differ. Aspirin prevents platelet prostaglandin synthesis by acetylating and irreversibly inactivating platelet prostaglandin synthetase, while sulphinpyrazone is a reversible inhibitor of the same enzyme. Both aspirin and sulphinpyrazone impair the platelet release reaction and reduce platelet aggregation, but neither prevents platelet adhesion to the subendothelium or to foreign surfaces. On the other hand, dipyridamole reduces platelet adhesion as well as aggregation, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and so raising platelet cyclic AMP levels. The effects of hydroxychloroquine and clofibrate have been less well defined. As the antiplatelet drugs form a diverse group of substances with differing effects on platelet function, it is hardly surprising that every potential clinical application of each antiplatelet drug or drug combination has had to be tested separately, and that these drugs have not proved to be equally effective. One or more antiplatelet drugs have now been evaluated in each of the following situations.", "contents": "Antiplatelet drugs: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Because platelets are so important in thrombus formation, drugs which inhibit platelet function (the 'antiplatelet drugs') have considerable potential as antithrombotic agents. Among the antiplatelet drugs, only aspirin, sulphinpyrazone, dipyridamole, hydroxychloroquine, and clofibrate have had wide clinical trial. Their effects on platelet metabolism differ. Aspirin prevents platelet prostaglandin synthesis by acetylating and irreversibly inactivating platelet prostaglandin synthetase, while sulphinpyrazone is a reversible inhibitor of the same enzyme. Both aspirin and sulphinpyrazone impair the platelet release reaction and reduce platelet aggregation, but neither prevents platelet adhesion to the subendothelium or to foreign surfaces. On the other hand, dipyridamole reduces platelet adhesion as well as aggregation, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and so raising platelet cyclic AMP levels. The effects of hydroxychloroquine and clofibrate have been less well defined. As the antiplatelet drugs form a diverse group of substances with differing effects on platelet function, it is hardly surprising that every potential clinical application of each antiplatelet drug or drug combination has had to be tested separately, and that these drugs have not proved to be equally effective. One or more antiplatelet drugs have now been evaluated in each of the following situations.", "PMID": 391530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9314", "title": "[Kidney renin-angiotensin system and water intake].", "content": "The authors make a review and critical evaluation of the accumulated experimental material for clarifying the question: whether drinking is physiological process due to exogenously administered angiotensin II (A-II) or to endogenous stimulation of the rena renin-angiotensin system (RAS). There is a parallel between water intake and plasma renin activity (PRA) in states like hypovolemia, hemorrhagia, hypotension, sodium loss, etc. They find sensitivity of some cerebral structures without blood-brain barrier to physiological concentations of A-II. Water intake is increased after venous administration of angiotensin-II within physiological concentrations. It is shown at the same time that central blockade of A-II does not inhibit drinking after water abstention. The authors discover that some effects, leading to an increased water intake, are not due to RAS. Nephrectomy does not alter circadian thythm of drinking of water. They discuss contradiction in experimental data and make an inference that renal RAS could not be considered as a single and sufficient factor for regulation of water intake.", "contents": "[Kidney renin-angiotensin system and water intake]. The authors make a review and critical evaluation of the accumulated experimental material for clarifying the question: whether drinking is physiological process due to exogenously administered angiotensin II (A-II) or to endogenous stimulation of the rena renin-angiotensin system (RAS). There is a parallel between water intake and plasma renin activity (PRA) in states like hypovolemia, hemorrhagia, hypotension, sodium loss, etc. They find sensitivity of some cerebral structures without blood-brain barrier to physiological concentations of A-II. Water intake is increased after venous administration of angiotensin-II within physiological concentrations. It is shown at the same time that central blockade of A-II does not inhibit drinking after water abstention. The authors discover that some effects, leading to an increased water intake, are not due to RAS. Nephrectomy does not alter circadian thythm of drinking of water. They discuss contradiction in experimental data and make an inference that renal RAS could not be considered as a single and sufficient factor for regulation of water intake.", "PMID": 391545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9315", "title": "[Degeneration and regeneration of sensory nerve fibers and their endings (receptors)].", "content": "After cutting a nerve, inervating a certain part of the body/its nerve fibers and their terminals (receptors) undergo degeneration, which continues several days and proceeds in some of them unevenly quickly. They recover (regenerate) to their normal state and structure several months after the occurred complete destruction of the nervous fibers and terminals. The author describes the results from studies on the inervation of skin transplants and scars in experimental animals and persons to clarify the question about the origin of the regeneration nerve fibers--whether by growth of the central part of the cut nerve or by formation of this part independently in an area. The finding of capsulated receptors--the bodies of Meissner and bulbs with dense vindingsin 2 to 16-years old scars is a sure proof that regenerated nerve fibers and their terminals originate by growth from those cut at the surface of the grafting of the transplant e.g. from the central.", "contents": "[Degeneration and regeneration of sensory nerve fibers and their endings (receptors)]. After cutting a nerve, inervating a certain part of the body/its nerve fibers and their terminals (receptors) undergo degeneration, which continues several days and proceeds in some of them unevenly quickly. They recover (regenerate) to their normal state and structure several months after the occurred complete destruction of the nervous fibers and terminals. The author describes the results from studies on the inervation of skin transplants and scars in experimental animals and persons to clarify the question about the origin of the regeneration nerve fibers--whether by growth of the central part of the cut nerve or by formation of this part independently in an area. The finding of capsulated receptors--the bodies of Meissner and bulbs with dense vindingsin 2 to 16-years old scars is a sure proof that regenerated nerve fibers and their terminals originate by growth from those cut at the surface of the grafting of the transplant e.g. from the central.", "PMID": 391546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9316", "title": "[Brain catecholamines, mental diseases, aging and senile dementia: biochemical and pharmacological aspects].", "content": "Catecholamines (CA) are among the most well known neurotransmitters (NT) which act in a wide range of brain structures and are involved in many important functions, such as general arousal, autonomic, neuroendocrine and motor control and possible in emotion and mentation. The neuropharmacology of the brain CA synapses has played a crucial role in understanding the complex phenomena of the central neurotransmission and the feed-back mechanisms by which the central neurones adapt optimally to the functional needs at any time. The model of neurotransmission, as well as the mechanism by which various substances act at the synaptic level are briefly outlined. Due to the fact that the CA are implicated in many important functions of the brain, it has been suggested that certain mental diseases such as depression, as well as mental and behavioral manifestations of the ageing brain might have their origin in an impairment and particularly in a functional deficiency of the CA occurring at various structures. The available evidence in support to this view is outlined and the hypothesis that senile mental deterioration and the mental impairment encountered in various types of dementia (senile, presenile and multi-infarct) may be due to deficiency of the brain CA is discussed. Since the CA and particularly the dopamine deficiency seems to be a common denominator in depression and in senile mental deterioration, it is suggested that the dopaminergic drugs may serve as useful therapeutic means on one hand and important tools for testing the validity of the above hypotheses on the other.", "contents": "[Brain catecholamines, mental diseases, aging and senile dementia: biochemical and pharmacological aspects]. Catecholamines (CA) are among the most well known neurotransmitters (NT) which act in a wide range of brain structures and are involved in many important functions, such as general arousal, autonomic, neuroendocrine and motor control and possible in emotion and mentation. The neuropharmacology of the brain CA synapses has played a crucial role in understanding the complex phenomena of the central neurotransmission and the feed-back mechanisms by which the central neurones adapt optimally to the functional needs at any time. The model of neurotransmission, as well as the mechanism by which various substances act at the synaptic level are briefly outlined. Due to the fact that the CA are implicated in many important functions of the brain, it has been suggested that certain mental diseases such as depression, as well as mental and behavioral manifestations of the ageing brain might have their origin in an impairment and particularly in a functional deficiency of the CA occurring at various structures. The available evidence in support to this view is outlined and the hypothesis that senile mental deterioration and the mental impairment encountered in various types of dementia (senile, presenile and multi-infarct) may be due to deficiency of the brain CA is discussed. Since the CA and particularly the dopamine deficiency seems to be a common denominator in depression and in senile mental deterioration, it is suggested that the dopaminergic drugs may serve as useful therapeutic means on one hand and important tools for testing the validity of the above hypotheses on the other.", "PMID": 391547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9317", "title": "Estimation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptors in human breast tumors by the immobilized antibody method.", "content": "A simple method for estimation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptors in the cytosol of human breast tumors is described. It is based on the competition of immobilized antibody with the receptors for the labeled hormone. Out of eleven patients with primary breast tumors, four had DHT-receptors, three were negative, and four patients were border line cases.", "contents": "Estimation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptors in human breast tumors by the immobilized antibody method. A simple method for estimation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptors in the cytosol of human breast tumors is described. It is based on the competition of immobilized antibody with the receptors for the labeled hormone. Out of eleven patients with primary breast tumors, four had DHT-receptors, three were negative, and four patients were border line cases.", "PMID": 391548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9318", "title": "Escherichia coli tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase: Inhibition by analogues of adenosylhomocysteine.", "content": "Structural analogues of adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) have been tested as inhibitors of a tRNA(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase preparation obtained from Escherichia coli. All analogues tested gave linear competitive inhibition kinetics with adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the variable substrate. Comparison of the Ki values obtained leads to the following conclusions concerning the specificity of the AdoMet-AdoHcy binding site on the enzyme: (i) the terminal amino group of the amino acid moiety is necessary for activity; (ii) both a chiral change of the asymmetric carbon atom of homocysteine and the presence of the terminal carboxyl group contribute little towards inhibitory activity; (iii) analogues in which the amino function of the adenyl moiety is modified or substituted are still potent inhibitors; (iv) inhibitor specificity is considerably reduced when adenine is replaced by a pyrimidine base.", "contents": "Escherichia coli tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase: Inhibition by analogues of adenosylhomocysteine. Structural analogues of adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) have been tested as inhibitors of a tRNA(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase preparation obtained from Escherichia coli. All analogues tested gave linear competitive inhibition kinetics with adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the variable substrate. Comparison of the Ki values obtained leads to the following conclusions concerning the specificity of the AdoMet-AdoHcy binding site on the enzyme: (i) the terminal amino group of the amino acid moiety is necessary for activity; (ii) both a chiral change of the asymmetric carbon atom of homocysteine and the presence of the terminal carboxyl group contribute little towards inhibitory activity; (iii) analogues in which the amino function of the adenyl moiety is modified or substituted are still potent inhibitors; (iv) inhibitor specificity is considerably reduced when adenine is replaced by a pyrimidine base.", "PMID": 391549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9319", "title": "Identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase of fatty acid synthetase from yeast. Functional interrelationships between the acyl transferases.", "content": "Functional interrelationships between the acyl transferases of yeast fatty acid synthetase were investigated. In binding assays with synthetase modified by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 4--5 malonyl transferase entities per multienzyme complex molecule could be titrated. In the presence of palmitoyl-CoA these malonyl transferases were found inaccessible to malonyl-CoA, whereas the acetyl transferases were reactive towards acetyl-CoA. Between four and five palmitoyl transferase entities per synthetase equivalent were found reactive towards palmitoyl-CoA, the palmitoyl binding being inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Following palmitoyl binding the acetyl transferases were found towards acetyl-CoA. Substrate model assays were consistent with these data. It is concluded that malonyl and palmitoyl transferases are closely coupled enzyme components of the multienzyme complex which are fairly independent of the acetyl transferase entities. The molecular basis for the observed coupling will be given in the following paper.", "contents": "Identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase of fatty acid synthetase from yeast. Functional interrelationships between the acyl transferases. Functional interrelationships between the acyl transferases of yeast fatty acid synthetase were investigated. In binding assays with synthetase modified by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 4--5 malonyl transferase entities per multienzyme complex molecule could be titrated. In the presence of palmitoyl-CoA these malonyl transferases were found inaccessible to malonyl-CoA, whereas the acetyl transferases were reactive towards acetyl-CoA. Between four and five palmitoyl transferase entities per synthetase equivalent were found reactive towards palmitoyl-CoA, the palmitoyl binding being inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Following palmitoyl binding the acetyl transferases were found towards acetyl-CoA. Substrate model assays were consistent with these data. It is concluded that malonyl and palmitoyl transferases are closely coupled enzyme components of the multienzyme complex which are fairly independent of the acetyl transferase entities. The molecular basis for the observed coupling will be given in the following paper.", "PMID": 391556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9320", "title": "Identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase of fatty acid synthetase from yeast. 2. A comparison of active-site peptides.", "content": "Active-site peptides of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase from yeast fatty acid synthetase were isolated and sequenced to try to prove the hypothesis [J. Ayling, R. Pirson & F. Lynen (1979) Biochemistry 11, 526--533] that both enzymes are identical. For this purpose synthetase modified with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was labelled with either [14C]malonyl or [14C]palmitoyl residues followed by proteolytic digestion of the labelled protein. [14C]Malonyl-peptides were isolated by conventional purification procedures; their structures were determined by a combination of methods. [14C]Palmitoyl-peptide material was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and the structure determined by solid-phase Edman degradation and other analytical methods. Serine was identified as the acyl acceptor group in both transferases. Comparison of the sequence data available shows that the sequence around the acyl acceptor group in both cases is identical. This proves the identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase.", "contents": "Identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase of fatty acid synthetase from yeast. 2. A comparison of active-site peptides. Active-site peptides of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase from yeast fatty acid synthetase were isolated and sequenced to try to prove the hypothesis [J. Ayling, R. Pirson & F. Lynen (1979) Biochemistry 11, 526--533] that both enzymes are identical. For this purpose synthetase modified with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was labelled with either [14C]malonyl or [14C]palmitoyl residues followed by proteolytic digestion of the labelled protein. [14C]Malonyl-peptides were isolated by conventional purification procedures; their structures were determined by a combination of methods. [14C]Palmitoyl-peptide material was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and the structure determined by solid-phase Edman degradation and other analytical methods. Serine was identified as the acyl acceptor group in both transferases. Comparison of the sequence data available shows that the sequence around the acyl acceptor group in both cases is identical. This proves the identity of malonyl and palmitoyl transferase.", "PMID": 391557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9321", "title": "Interaction of arginine with the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre.", "content": "Arginine inhibits the formation of acetylleucyl-puromycin from C(U)-A-C-C-A-LeuAc and puromycin ('fragment reaction'), catalized by Escherichia coli and yeast ribosomes. From 18 different L-amino acids assayed, arginine was the most effective in producing inhibition (50% inhibition at 20 mM, with 1 mM puromycin). L-Argininamide and D-arginine gave about the same inhibition as L-arginine. The inhibition by L-arginine is competitive with respect to puromycin. The plot of the slopes obtained in a Lineweaver and Burk representation versus [Arg]2, and the plot of 1/v versus [Arg]2 at a fixed concentration of puromycin, are linear, which seems to indicate that two arginine molecules must interact at the puromycin binding site to produce inhibition. In addition to the 'fragment reaction', arginine inhibits the non-enzymatic binding of AcPhe-tRNA, C(U)-A-C-C-A-Leu and C(U)-A-C-C-A-LeuAc to ribosomes. However, it does not inhibit poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis or the reaction of puromycin with AcPhe-tRNA previously bound to the peptidyl site. The results agree with arginine binding to the acceptor site, and with a sequential mechanism for the 'fragment reaction', puromycin binding first.", "contents": "Interaction of arginine with the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre. Arginine inhibits the formation of acetylleucyl-puromycin from C(U)-A-C-C-A-LeuAc and puromycin ('fragment reaction'), catalized by Escherichia coli and yeast ribosomes. From 18 different L-amino acids assayed, arginine was the most effective in producing inhibition (50% inhibition at 20 mM, with 1 mM puromycin). L-Argininamide and D-arginine gave about the same inhibition as L-arginine. The inhibition by L-arginine is competitive with respect to puromycin. The plot of the slopes obtained in a Lineweaver and Burk representation versus [Arg]2, and the plot of 1/v versus [Arg]2 at a fixed concentration of puromycin, are linear, which seems to indicate that two arginine molecules must interact at the puromycin binding site to produce inhibition. In addition to the 'fragment reaction', arginine inhibits the non-enzymatic binding of AcPhe-tRNA, C(U)-A-C-C-A-Leu and C(U)-A-C-C-A-LeuAc to ribosomes. However, it does not inhibit poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis or the reaction of puromycin with AcPhe-tRNA previously bound to the peptidyl site. The results agree with arginine binding to the acceptor site, and with a sequential mechanism for the 'fragment reaction', puromycin binding first.", "PMID": 391558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9322", "title": "The identification of apocytochrome b as a mitochondrial gene product and immunological evidence for altered apocytochrome b in yeast strains having mutations in the COB region of mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "The yeast mitochondrial translation product of Mr 30 000 is identical with apocytochrome b. After labelling in vivo with [35S]sulphate in the presence of cycloheximide, the radioactivity in this product present in solubilized submitochondrial particles, was completely recovered in pure cytochrome bc1 complex as a single polypeptide. We show that this translation product is identical with apocytochrome b using peptide mapping by limited proteolysis according to Cleveland et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1977) 8236-8242] and by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum against apocytochrome b. New mitochondrial translation products in 36 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae having mutations in the COB region of the mitochondrial DNA, are precipitated by this antiserum. This is consistent with the assumption that many of the cob mutations are localized in the structural gene for apolcytochrome b on mitochondrial DNA.  Mutations in two intervening sequences can give rise to products related to apocytochrome b that are considerably longer than normal apocytochrome b. We discuss the hypothesis that in these mutants splicing of the messenger RNA does not occur correctly and that, as a consequence of this, ribosomes read through in an intervening sequence.", "contents": "The identification of apocytochrome b as a mitochondrial gene product and immunological evidence for altered apocytochrome b in yeast strains having mutations in the COB region of mitochondrial DNA. The yeast mitochondrial translation product of Mr 30 000 is identical with apocytochrome b. After labelling in vivo with [35S]sulphate in the presence of cycloheximide, the radioactivity in this product present in solubilized submitochondrial particles, was completely recovered in pure cytochrome bc1 complex as a single polypeptide. We show that this translation product is identical with apocytochrome b using peptide mapping by limited proteolysis according to Cleveland et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1977) 8236-8242] and by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum against apocytochrome b. New mitochondrial translation products in 36 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae having mutations in the COB region of the mitochondrial DNA, are precipitated by this antiserum. This is consistent with the assumption that many of the cob mutations are localized in the structural gene for apolcytochrome b on mitochondrial DNA.  Mutations in two intervening sequences can give rise to products related to apocytochrome b that are considerably longer than normal apocytochrome b. We discuss the hypothesis that in these mutants splicing of the messenger RNA does not occur correctly and that, as a consequence of this, ribosomes read through in an intervening sequence.", "PMID": 391561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9323", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin.", "content": "Laminin was recently characterized as being a major non-collageneous protein of the basement membrane matrix produced by a mouse tumor. It was extracted from the tumor matrix with neutral buffer and purified under non-denaturing conditions. Rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against laminin or a large pepsin fragment P1 of laminin showed strong binding to both laminin and peptide P1 but only a weak reaction with reduced and alkylated laminin. The major antigenic determinants of laminin were located in a disulfide knot, comprising one third of the molecule, which resisted degradation by pepsin or cyanogen bromide. Minor antigenic determinants shared by the native and reduced protein could also be identified. The data were interpreted as showing that laminin consists of conformationally rigid as well as more flexible domains. Absorption studies with mouse kidney homogenate indicated that authenic basement membranes contain a protein immunologically identical to laminin. Tissues from other species contain a related protein which exhibits partial cross-reaction with mouse laminin. Together with immunofluorescence data the findings demonstrate that laminin, like type IV collagen, occurs in most basement membranes of the body.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin. Laminin was recently characterized as being a major non-collageneous protein of the basement membrane matrix produced by a mouse tumor. It was extracted from the tumor matrix with neutral buffer and purified under non-denaturing conditions. Rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against laminin or a large pepsin fragment P1 of laminin showed strong binding to both laminin and peptide P1 but only a weak reaction with reduced and alkylated laminin. The major antigenic determinants of laminin were located in a disulfide knot, comprising one third of the molecule, which resisted degradation by pepsin or cyanogen bromide. Minor antigenic determinants shared by the native and reduced protein could also be identified. The data were interpreted as showing that laminin consists of conformationally rigid as well as more flexible domains. Absorption studies with mouse kidney homogenate indicated that authenic basement membranes contain a protein immunologically identical to laminin. Tissues from other species contain a related protein which exhibits partial cross-reaction with mouse laminin. Together with immunofluorescence data the findings demonstrate that laminin, like type IV collagen, occurs in most basement membranes of the body.", "PMID": 391564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9324", "title": "A novel ATP-driven glucose transport system in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In Escherichia coli wild-type cells and in ATPase-deficient cells (unc mutants), glucose was found to be transported mainly by an ATP-driven system. The evidence is based on experiments involving interference at different sites of energy metabolism with the use of uncouplers, arsenate, and starved cells. Furthermore, addition of succinate to starved cells increased glucose uptake only in the wild-type cells, where ATP could be regenerated. Glucose transport was also ATP-dependent in cells deficient in methyl-beta-galactoside transport (a system that carries glucose specificity). It was found to be shock-sensitive in all strains tested. The NOVEL ATP-driven glucose transport is a high-affinity (Km 3-10 microM) and high-capacity (V 240-330 Mmol . min-1 . mg cell protein-1) uptake system.", "contents": "A novel ATP-driven glucose transport system in Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli wild-type cells and in ATPase-deficient cells (unc mutants), glucose was found to be transported mainly by an ATP-driven system. The evidence is based on experiments involving interference at different sites of energy metabolism with the use of uncouplers, arsenate, and starved cells. Furthermore, addition of succinate to starved cells increased glucose uptake only in the wild-type cells, where ATP could be regenerated. Glucose transport was also ATP-dependent in cells deficient in methyl-beta-galactoside transport (a system that carries glucose specificity). It was found to be shock-sensitive in all strains tested. The NOVEL ATP-driven glucose transport is a high-affinity (Km 3-10 microM) and high-capacity (V 240-330 Mmol . min-1 . mg cell protein-1) uptake system.", "PMID": 391565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9325", "title": "Mutagenic DNA repair: insertion of nucleotides opposite non-coding template structures by a reversed 3'-5' exonuclease reaction? A hypothesis.", "content": "1. The enzymatic mechanism of mutagenic DNA repair is unknown. None of the characterized DNA polymerases is capable of polymerization past non-coding template structures. 2. A hypothesis is proposed according to which polymerization opposite non-coding template structures is catalyzed by the DNA-polymerase-associated 3'-5' exonuclease under conditions which shift the equilibrium of the 3'-5' exonuclease reaction DNAn + H2O in equilibrium DNAn-1 + dNMP to the left, i.e. to the incorporation of deoxynucleoside monophosphates. 3. Conditions which favor the incorporation of dNMP by the reversed 3'-5' exonuclease reaction include a high dNMP concentration, a coupled H2O-consuming reaction and a hydrophobic enzyme environment. 4. The statements of the hypothesis are supported by published work on the biochemistry of DNA polymerases and their associated 3'-5' exonucleases, the genetics of mutagenic DNA repair and the involvement of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III in this process. 5. The hypothesis offers an explanation of the mutator and antimutator properties of certain genes, in particular of DNA polymerase genes, and also explains how some drugs act mutagenically during DNA replication and antimutagenically against mutagenic DNA repair.", "contents": "Mutagenic DNA repair: insertion of nucleotides opposite non-coding template structures by a reversed 3'-5' exonuclease reaction? A hypothesis. 1. The enzymatic mechanism of mutagenic DNA repair is unknown. None of the characterized DNA polymerases is capable of polymerization past non-coding template structures. 2. A hypothesis is proposed according to which polymerization opposite non-coding template structures is catalyzed by the DNA-polymerase-associated 3'-5' exonuclease under conditions which shift the equilibrium of the 3'-5' exonuclease reaction DNAn + H2O in equilibrium DNAn-1 + dNMP to the left, i.e. to the incorporation of deoxynucleoside monophosphates. 3. Conditions which favor the incorporation of dNMP by the reversed 3'-5' exonuclease reaction include a high dNMP concentration, a coupled H2O-consuming reaction and a hydrophobic enzyme environment. 4. The statements of the hypothesis are supported by published work on the biochemistry of DNA polymerases and their associated 3'-5' exonucleases, the genetics of mutagenic DNA repair and the involvement of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III in this process. 5. The hypothesis offers an explanation of the mutator and antimutator properties of certain genes, in particular of DNA polymerase genes, and also explains how some drugs act mutagenically during DNA replication and antimutagenically against mutagenic DNA repair.", "PMID": 391566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9326", "title": "Production of a soluble form of fumarate reductase by multiple gene duplication in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "1. Ampicillin-hyperresistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12 bearing multiple gene duplications in the ampC (beta-lactamase) gene region of the chromosome overproduced at least six proteins with molecular weights 97,000, 80,000, 72,000, 49,000, 33,000 and 26,500 during anaerobic growth. All but two of the proteins (80,000-Mr and 49,000-Mr) were also overproduced during aerobic growth. The distribution of the proteins in soluble and particulate cell fractions was investigated. 2. The 33,000-Mr and 72,000-Mr components were identified as beta-lactamase and the amp-linked frdA gene product, fumarate reductase, respectively. Co-sedimentation of the 26,500-Mr component with the fumarate reductase suggested that the smaller protein could be functionally related to the reductase. The lack of correspondence between the amplified proteins and the products of other amp-linked genes, aspA and mop(groE), indicated that these genes are not included in the repetitive sequence. 3. Fumarate reductase activities were amplified up to 32-fold by the multiple gene duplications. Two forms of fumarate reductase were produced: particulate (membrane-bound) and soluble (cytoplasmic). Production of the soluble form occurred when the binding capacity of the membrane was saturated. Both forms of fumarate reductase were enzymically active but the soluble form was readily inactivated under assay conditions.", "contents": "Production of a soluble form of fumarate reductase by multiple gene duplication in Escherichia coli K12. 1. Ampicillin-hyperresistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12 bearing multiple gene duplications in the ampC (beta-lactamase) gene region of the chromosome overproduced at least six proteins with molecular weights 97,000, 80,000, 72,000, 49,000, 33,000 and 26,500 during anaerobic growth. All but two of the proteins (80,000-Mr and 49,000-Mr) were also overproduced during aerobic growth. The distribution of the proteins in soluble and particulate cell fractions was investigated. 2. The 33,000-Mr and 72,000-Mr components were identified as beta-lactamase and the amp-linked frdA gene product, fumarate reductase, respectively. Co-sedimentation of the 26,500-Mr component with the fumarate reductase suggested that the smaller protein could be functionally related to the reductase. The lack of correspondence between the amplified proteins and the products of other amp-linked genes, aspA and mop(groE), indicated that these genes are not included in the repetitive sequence. 3. Fumarate reductase activities were amplified up to 32-fold by the multiple gene duplications. Two forms of fumarate reductase were produced: particulate (membrane-bound) and soluble (cytoplasmic). Production of the soluble form occurred when the binding capacity of the membrane was saturated. Both forms of fumarate reductase were enzymically active but the soluble form was readily inactivated under assay conditions.", "PMID": 391567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9327", "title": "Mechanism of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Binding studies of tobramycin and its 6'-N-acetyl derivative to the bacterial ribosome and its subunits.", "content": "6'-N-[14C]Acetyl-tobramycin and [3H]tobramycin were synthesized and their binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes and ribosomal subunits studied using equilibrium dialysis. THE 70-S ribosome, as well as its 50-S and 30-S subunits, bound tightly to 6'-N-acetyl-tobramycin. The binding of [3H]tobramycin to ribosomes was quite different. The 70-S ribosome was observed to possess several classes of binding sites; of these, one was determined to be of higher affinity and lower capacity, the 6'-N-[14C]acetyl-tobramycin site. The isotopic dilution method was used to define the specificity of the interaction. The selective binding of 6'-N-[14C]acetyl-tobramycin was highly reversible by tobramycin, kanamycins A, B, C and neomycin, but not by streptomycin or erythromycin. Gentamicin C1a was a poor inhibitor. This suggested that either the kanosamin or garosamin rings might be determinant in the binding of these molecules, as well as the 6'-amino group.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Binding studies of tobramycin and its 6'-N-acetyl derivative to the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. 6'-N-[14C]Acetyl-tobramycin and [3H]tobramycin were synthesized and their binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes and ribosomal subunits studied using equilibrium dialysis. THE 70-S ribosome, as well as its 50-S and 30-S subunits, bound tightly to 6'-N-acetyl-tobramycin. The binding of [3H]tobramycin to ribosomes was quite different. The 70-S ribosome was observed to possess several classes of binding sites; of these, one was determined to be of higher affinity and lower capacity, the 6'-N-[14C]acetyl-tobramycin site. The isotopic dilution method was used to define the specificity of the interaction. The selective binding of 6'-N-[14C]acetyl-tobramycin was highly reversible by tobramycin, kanamycins A, B, C and neomycin, but not by streptomycin or erythromycin. Gentamicin C1a was a poor inhibitor. This suggested that either the kanosamin or garosamin rings might be determinant in the binding of these molecules, as well as the 6'-amino group.", "PMID": 391568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9328", "title": "Nucleolar DNA organization in the interphase nuclei of mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The organization of nucleolar DNA in interphase nuclei of somatic cells was studied at the ultrastructural level using oxidized DAB as a nucleic acid stain. Some finely filamentous networks of DNA-containing structures were observed within the nucleolar fibrillar component. They originated from the perinucleolar shell of condensed chromatin and from a chromatinic area with a honeycomb like structure. The latter was significantly associated with nucleoli and is believed to be a part of the nucleolar organizer region.", "contents": "Nucleolar DNA organization in the interphase nuclei of mouse fibroblasts. The organization of nucleolar DNA in interphase nuclei of somatic cells was studied at the ultrastructural level using oxidized DAB as a nucleic acid stain. Some finely filamentous networks of DNA-containing structures were observed within the nucleolar fibrillar component. They originated from the perinucleolar shell of condensed chromatin and from a chromatinic area with a honeycomb like structure. The latter was significantly associated with nucleoli and is believed to be a part of the nucleolar organizer region.", "PMID": 391569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9329", "title": "Microfilament-associated proteins in tissue culture cells viewed by stereo immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Stereo immunofluorescence microscopy avoids the problem of juxtaposition of structures often encountered in normal fluorescence microscopy. The procedure has been used in conjunction with antibodies against microfilament associated proteins to reveal the arrangement of microfilaments in a rat mammary cell line both in the fully spread state and in cells during the process of spreading on the substratum. use of antibodies to myosin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin and filamin emphasizes that at early times during the spreading process these proteins are abundantly present underneath the upper plasma membrane, suggesting that the cortical layer present underneath this membrane may be contractile. In addition the results emphasize that even in well spread cells microfilament bundles are expressed both above and below the nucleus, in agreement with the assumption that microfilaments may form a supporting layer underneath the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Microfilament-associated proteins in tissue culture cells viewed by stereo immunofluorescence microscopy. Stereo immunofluorescence microscopy avoids the problem of juxtaposition of structures often encountered in normal fluorescence microscopy. The procedure has been used in conjunction with antibodies against microfilament associated proteins to reveal the arrangement of microfilaments in a rat mammary cell line both in the fully spread state and in cells during the process of spreading on the substratum. use of antibodies to myosin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin and filamin emphasizes that at early times during the spreading process these proteins are abundantly present underneath the upper plasma membrane, suggesting that the cortical layer present underneath this membrane may be contractile. In addition the results emphasize that even in well spread cells microfilament bundles are expressed both above and below the nucleus, in agreement with the assumption that microfilaments may form a supporting layer underneath the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 391570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9330", "title": "Identification of multiple microtubule initiating sites in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma N-18 cells can be induced by serum deprivation to sprout multiple neurite-like processes which contain many microtubules. Mitotic drugs such as colcemid and colchicine depolymerize these microtubules and the cells lose their processes. Reappearance of microtubules after removal of the drugs was followed by immunofluorescence microscopy using tubulin specific antibodies. At early recovery times multiple star-like structures which contained tubulin were detected in the perinuclear are and in the cytoplasm of individual cells. The mean number seen per cell as approximately 5. Their formation preceeded the organization of the complex microtubular networks typical of N-18 cells. The probable action of these structures as microtubular organization centers (MTOCs) is discussed. Multiple structures were detected during recovery from the influence of mitotic drugs both in previously induced and non-induced N-18 cells, suggesting that N-18 cells harbour the potential of formation of multiple organization centers even without previous induction. We discuss the possibility that differentiation of neuroblastoma N-18 cells may require microtubular organization centers.", "contents": "Identification of multiple microtubule initiating sites in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Mouse neuroblastoma N-18 cells can be induced by serum deprivation to sprout multiple neurite-like processes which contain many microtubules. Mitotic drugs such as colcemid and colchicine depolymerize these microtubules and the cells lose their processes. Reappearance of microtubules after removal of the drugs was followed by immunofluorescence microscopy using tubulin specific antibodies. At early recovery times multiple star-like structures which contained tubulin were detected in the perinuclear are and in the cytoplasm of individual cells. The mean number seen per cell as approximately 5. Their formation preceeded the organization of the complex microtubular networks typical of N-18 cells. The probable action of these structures as microtubular organization centers (MTOCs) is discussed. Multiple structures were detected during recovery from the influence of mitotic drugs both in previously induced and non-induced N-18 cells, suggesting that N-18 cells harbour the potential of formation of multiple organization centers even without previous induction. We discuss the possibility that differentiation of neuroblastoma N-18 cells may require microtubular organization centers.", "PMID": 391571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9331", "title": "Distribution of molecule numbers per secretion granule. A study of crystals in glucagon secreting cells.", "content": "The occurrence of a crystalline component in secretion granules of teleost A-cells (islets of Langerhans) has been used to derive, in Xi-phophorus helleri, the size distribution of secretion granules in terms of (glucagon) molecule numbers. The distribution is asymmetric with the arithmetical mean = 7.1 x 10(5), the median Q0.5 = 4.7 x 10(5), and the range from 8.5 x 10(4) to 4.5 x 10(6) molecules, as determined in a sample of 203 crystals from 9 specimens. This result is based on the following assumptions: The crystals are rhombic dodecahedra with a greater than 4.2 nm and space group P213, thus much resembling cubic porcine glucagon; they are teleost glucagon and contain the whole glucagon content of the granule. If the latter assumptions are rejected, the above molecule numbers become minimum numbers of protein molecules. A change to other space groups also compatible with the diffraction patterns observed would only double the above values. The values are compared with corresponding ones from other species and also from other types of endocrine cells and errors are discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of molecule numbers per secretion granule. A study of crystals in glucagon secreting cells. The occurrence of a crystalline component in secretion granules of teleost A-cells (islets of Langerhans) has been used to derive, in Xi-phophorus helleri, the size distribution of secretion granules in terms of (glucagon) molecule numbers. The distribution is asymmetric with the arithmetical mean = 7.1 x 10(5), the median Q0.5 = 4.7 x 10(5), and the range from 8.5 x 10(4) to 4.5 x 10(6) molecules, as determined in a sample of 203 crystals from 9 specimens. This result is based on the following assumptions: The crystals are rhombic dodecahedra with a greater than 4.2 nm and space group P213, thus much resembling cubic porcine glucagon; they are teleost glucagon and contain the whole glucagon content of the granule. If the latter assumptions are rejected, the above molecule numbers become minimum numbers of protein molecules. A change to other space groups also compatible with the diffraction patterns observed would only double the above values. The values are compared with corresponding ones from other species and also from other types of endocrine cells and errors are discussed.", "PMID": 391572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9332", "title": "Suspension culture of myocardial cells from newborn rats.", "content": "Myocardial cells from newborn rats were held in a spinner type culture for 2 days and then explanted into culture flasks. Three main cell types were observed: single multipolar cells of embryonic type, cell aggregates containing 10 to 50 connected cells, and bipolar cells retaining some adult characteristics. Except for the latter, up to 95% of intact cells settled and were beating 6 hours after explantation. The percentage of fibroblast-like cells was drastically reduced when compared with conventional cultures. Cell debris could be removed 2 hours after explantation by changing the culture medium, or more effectively by a density step centrifugation using Lymphoprep or Lymphoprep-Ficoll mixtures.", "contents": "Suspension culture of myocardial cells from newborn rats. Myocardial cells from newborn rats were held in a spinner type culture for 2 days and then explanted into culture flasks. Three main cell types were observed: single multipolar cells of embryonic type, cell aggregates containing 10 to 50 connected cells, and bipolar cells retaining some adult characteristics. Except for the latter, up to 95% of intact cells settled and were beating 6 hours after explantation. The percentage of fibroblast-like cells was drastically reduced when compared with conventional cultures. Cell debris could be removed 2 hours after explantation by changing the culture medium, or more effectively by a density step centrifugation using Lymphoprep or Lymphoprep-Ficoll mixtures.", "PMID": 391573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9333", "title": "Markers for membranous cell components. The 6th International Subcellular Methology Form, Guildford/United Kingdom, 25-28 July 1978.", "content": "Problems concerning the use of \"markers\" in cell fractionation experiments are currently in the forefront in many areas of cellular investigation. Points of view and standards of application vary widely. This report has emerged from a debate during the 6th International Subcellular Methodology Forum, Guildford, U.K., 25-28 July 1978. Marker criteria are discussed, first in a general sense and then in terms of specific cell components. Use of multiple marker criteria is stressed along with selective modulation, cytochemistry, and morphological analyses for fraction identification and evaluations of yield and purity. Finally, some specific recommendations are made toward documentation that journal editors might expect from authors.", "contents": "Markers for membranous cell components. The 6th International Subcellular Methology Form, Guildford/United Kingdom, 25-28 July 1978. Problems concerning the use of \"markers\" in cell fractionation experiments are currently in the forefront in many areas of cellular investigation. Points of view and standards of application vary widely. This report has emerged from a debate during the 6th International Subcellular Methodology Forum, Guildford, U.K., 25-28 July 1978. Marker criteria are discussed, first in a general sense and then in terms of specific cell components. Use of multiple marker criteria is stressed along with selective modulation, cytochemistry, and morphological analyses for fraction identification and evaluations of yield and purity. Finally, some specific recommendations are made toward documentation that journal editors might expect from authors.", "PMID": 391574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9334", "title": "Treatment of infantile E. coli gastroenteritis with specific bovine anti-E. coli milk immunoglobulins.", "content": "A milk immunoglobulin concentrate (MIC) containing antibodies to enteropathogenic E. coli strains was prepared by hyperimmunisation of pregnant cows and using the milk obtained during the first 6 to 8 days of lactation. The sterile concentrate contained 70 to 80% protein and 35 to 40% immunoglobulin. The antibacterial activity was measured by bacterial passive agglutination, bacteriostatic activity in vitro, phagocytic clearance in vivo, and a protection test in mice. Though differences in titers were observed, adequate immunologic activity was demonstrated by these tests. Clinical studies were performed with 60 patients (aged 10 days to 18 months) suffering from diarrhoea with isolation of enteropathogenic E. coli. They were treated for 10 days with MIC and stool cultures were done prior to, during, and 2, 3 and 4 days after termination of treatment. Among 51 patients infected with E. coli strains incorporated in the vaccine, stool cultures became negative in 43 (84.3%) after treatment with MIC and 8 remained positive. Nine patients infected with strains O 78:K80(B-) and O 114:K--(B-)--which were not included in the vaccine used for immunisation--served as controls. Only one patient in this group became negative. If all patients receiving antibiotics for non intestinal infections during the treatment period are omitted the results remained unaltered: MIC was effective in 32 out of 38 patients (84.2%). These differences were highly significant. These results provide evidence that treatment with specific MIC is effective in eliminating enteropathogenic E. coli from the intestine.", "contents": "Treatment of infantile E. coli gastroenteritis with specific bovine anti-E. coli milk immunoglobulins. A milk immunoglobulin concentrate (MIC) containing antibodies to enteropathogenic E. coli strains was prepared by hyperimmunisation of pregnant cows and using the milk obtained during the first 6 to 8 days of lactation. The sterile concentrate contained 70 to 80% protein and 35 to 40% immunoglobulin. The antibacterial activity was measured by bacterial passive agglutination, bacteriostatic activity in vitro, phagocytic clearance in vivo, and a protection test in mice. Though differences in titers were observed, adequate immunologic activity was demonstrated by these tests. Clinical studies were performed with 60 patients (aged 10 days to 18 months) suffering from diarrhoea with isolation of enteropathogenic E. coli. They were treated for 10 days with MIC and stool cultures were done prior to, during, and 2, 3 and 4 days after termination of treatment. Among 51 patients infected with E. coli strains incorporated in the vaccine, stool cultures became negative in 43 (84.3%) after treatment with MIC and 8 remained positive. Nine patients infected with strains O 78:K80(B-) and O 114:K--(B-)--which were not included in the vaccine used for immunisation--served as controls. Only one patient in this group became negative. If all patients receiving antibiotics for non intestinal infections during the treatment period are omitted the results remained unaltered: MIC was effective in 32 out of 38 patients (84.2%). These differences were highly significant. These results provide evidence that treatment with specific MIC is effective in eliminating enteropathogenic E. coli from the intestine.", "PMID": 391575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9335", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in the old irregularly cycling rat.", "content": "Older irregularly cycling and younger regularly cycling rats exhibited similar increases in LH levels 1, 2 and 3 wks after ovariectomy, but FSH reached higher levels in the older than in the younger rats after ovariectomy. Neither the ability of 5 microgram/kg estrogen to suppress gonadotropin levels nor the capability of larger doses of estrogen (250 micrograms/kg) and/or progesterone (10 mg/kg to trigger an LH release were altered with age. LH release from the pituitary in response to exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was attenuated in ovariectomized older rats, but was partially restored after estrogen and/or progesterone priming. The FSH levels after GnRH treatment were greater in the estrogen primed aged that in estrogen-primed younger rats. The disruption of regular cycles in older rats may be due to a lack of a neural signal for gonadotropin release rather than a failure of the hypothalamus to respond to the positive feedback effect of estrogen or the failure of the pituitary to respond to GnRH.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in the old irregularly cycling rat. Older irregularly cycling and younger regularly cycling rats exhibited similar increases in LH levels 1, 2 and 3 wks after ovariectomy, but FSH reached higher levels in the older than in the younger rats after ovariectomy. Neither the ability of 5 microgram/kg estrogen to suppress gonadotropin levels nor the capability of larger doses of estrogen (250 micrograms/kg) and/or progesterone (10 mg/kg to trigger an LH release were altered with age. LH release from the pituitary in response to exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was attenuated in ovariectomized older rats, but was partially restored after estrogen and/or progesterone priming. The FSH levels after GnRH treatment were greater in the estrogen primed aged that in estrogen-primed younger rats. The disruption of regular cycles in older rats may be due to a lack of a neural signal for gonadotropin release rather than a failure of the hypothalamus to respond to the positive feedback effect of estrogen or the failure of the pituitary to respond to GnRH.", "PMID": 391576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9336", "title": "Individual factors influencing the response to a beta-adrenergic blocking agent given alone and in combination with a diuretic on arterial hypertension.", "content": "103 patients with arterial hypertension were treated with timolol + placebo for 7 weeks in a multicentre trial, and with timolol + hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride for a further 7-week period. The decrease in blood pressure (BP) produced by timolol alone was influenced neither by the dose of timolol, initial heart rate, magnitude of pretreatment BP nor by age. 64% of the patients less than 40 years of ages, and 48% of the older patients, were well regulated on beta-blocker monotherapy. When the diuretic was given in addition, the BP response in the older age group improved, whereas younger patients showed no change. A significant correlation was found between age or magnitude of untreated BP and the decrease in BP caused by the diuretic. The cardiothoracic ratio increased significantly on timolol alone, whereas no change was found on the combined therapy. Weight changes in the two different treatment periods showed a significant correlation, but they were not related to the observed reduction in BP. The results suggest that in younger patients, beta-blocker therapy is just as effective as a combined treatment with a diuretic, whereas in older patients considerably better regulation is achieved by combined therapy.", "contents": "Individual factors influencing the response to a beta-adrenergic blocking agent given alone and in combination with a diuretic on arterial hypertension. 103 patients with arterial hypertension were treated with timolol + placebo for 7 weeks in a multicentre trial, and with timolol + hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride for a further 7-week period. The decrease in blood pressure (BP) produced by timolol alone was influenced neither by the dose of timolol, initial heart rate, magnitude of pretreatment BP nor by age. 64% of the patients less than 40 years of ages, and 48% of the older patients, were well regulated on beta-blocker monotherapy. When the diuretic was given in addition, the BP response in the older age group improved, whereas younger patients showed no change. A significant correlation was found between age or magnitude of untreated BP and the decrease in BP caused by the diuretic. The cardiothoracic ratio increased significantly on timolol alone, whereas no change was found on the combined therapy. Weight changes in the two different treatment periods showed a significant correlation, but they were not related to the observed reduction in BP. The results suggest that in younger patients, beta-blocker therapy is just as effective as a combined treatment with a diuretic, whereas in older patients considerably better regulation is achieved by combined therapy.", "PMID": 391577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9337", "title": "Multicentre comparative trial of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients.", "content": "To compare the clinical and metabolic effects of a new diuretic uricosuric agent, tienilic acid, with those of hydrochlorothiazide, a multicentre double-blind trial was performed in 56 hypertensive patients. Twenty-eight patients were randomly assigned to take tienilic acid and 28 to take hydrochlorothiazide. The diuretic and anti-hypertensive actions of the two compounds were similar. No significant differences were observed between tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in their effects on urinary and serum electrolytes, hepatic and renal function tests, and fasting lipids. The patients who received tienilic acid showed a significant fall in serum uric acid, mediated by the uricosuric effect. The availability of an agent combining diuretic, antihypertensive and hypouricemic effects offers promise in the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Multicentre comparative trial of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. To compare the clinical and metabolic effects of a new diuretic uricosuric agent, tienilic acid, with those of hydrochlorothiazide, a multicentre double-blind trial was performed in 56 hypertensive patients. Twenty-eight patients were randomly assigned to take tienilic acid and 28 to take hydrochlorothiazide. The diuretic and anti-hypertensive actions of the two compounds were similar. No significant differences were observed between tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide in their effects on urinary and serum electrolytes, hepatic and renal function tests, and fasting lipids. The patients who received tienilic acid showed a significant fall in serum uric acid, mediated by the uricosuric effect. The availability of an agent combining diuretic, antihypertensive and hypouricemic effects offers promise in the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 391578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9338", "title": "H-2 restriction for lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes.", "content": "Migratory patterns into lymph nodes of labeled spleen lymphocytes, injected intravenously, showed considerable differences according to the genetic identity or disparity of donor and recipient mice. The use of mice carrying different H-2 haplotypes in the same B 10 background, or, conversely, the same H-2b haplotype in different backgrounds, showed that no homing was observed in the case of complete disparity at the H-2 complex, contrasting with optimal homing in the case of H-2 identity. Homing was not influenced by disparity at the genetic background. Irradiation of recipient mice did not change the results and suggested that no immunological host-vs.-graft reaction was involved in the H-2 restriction observed. The use of donor-recipient pairs carrying recombinant H-2 haplotypes showed that a single H-2 K and/or H-2 D identity allowed almost optimal homing. The results indirectly suggested that an immunological graft-vs.-host reaction was not involved in the phenomenon but rather a positive recognition of H-2 K or H-2 D identity between donor and recipient cells.", "contents": "H-2 restriction for lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes. Migratory patterns into lymph nodes of labeled spleen lymphocytes, injected intravenously, showed considerable differences according to the genetic identity or disparity of donor and recipient mice. The use of mice carrying different H-2 haplotypes in the same B 10 background, or, conversely, the same H-2b haplotype in different backgrounds, showed that no homing was observed in the case of complete disparity at the H-2 complex, contrasting with optimal homing in the case of H-2 identity. Homing was not influenced by disparity at the genetic background. Irradiation of recipient mice did not change the results and suggested that no immunological host-vs.-graft reaction was involved in the H-2 restriction observed. The use of donor-recipient pairs carrying recombinant H-2 haplotypes showed that a single H-2 K and/or H-2 D identity allowed almost optimal homing. The results indirectly suggested that an immunological graft-vs.-host reaction was not involved in the phenomenon but rather a positive recognition of H-2 K or H-2 D identity between donor and recipient cells.", "PMID": 391579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9339", "title": "The halophilic properties of pyruvate kinase from Vibrio costicola, a moderate halophile.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase from Vibrio costicola, a moderate halophile, appears to be adapted to functioning in the presence of salt. Its stability depends on the ionic strength of the medium. The amino acid composition resembles that of other halophilic enzymes. It is proposed that the halophilic pyruvate kinase utilizes preferentially the Mn++ cofactor which forms more stable complexes in the presence of physiological concentrations of salt.", "contents": "The halophilic properties of pyruvate kinase from Vibrio costicola, a moderate halophile. Pyruvate kinase from Vibrio costicola, a moderate halophile, appears to be adapted to functioning in the presence of salt. Its stability depends on the ionic strength of the medium. The amino acid composition resembles that of other halophilic enzymes. It is proposed that the halophilic pyruvate kinase utilizes preferentially the Mn++ cofactor which forms more stable complexes in the presence of physiological concentrations of salt.", "PMID": 391582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9340", "title": "Protective effect of calcium against the verapamil-induced inhibition of ionophore-mediated calcium translocation.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of verapamil on A23187-mediated calcium translocation is antagonized in a competitive manner by increasing concentrations of calcium.", "contents": "Protective effect of calcium against the verapamil-induced inhibition of ionophore-mediated calcium translocation. The inhibitory effect of verapamil on A23187-mediated calcium translocation is antagonized in a competitive manner by increasing concentrations of calcium.", "PMID": 391583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9341", "title": "Mean cytoplasmic protein concentration of host erythrocytes and the reticulocyte response in Plasmodium berghei infected mice.", "content": "The decreasing mean cytoplasmic protein concentration (MPC) of P. berghei host cells is paralled by an increasing parasitemia and percent reticulocyte response. The reticulocyte response parallels the percent parasitemia except during a period of accelerated reticulocytosis noted during the midpoint of the infection at which time the percent reticulocytes increases at a rate more than double the rate of increase of percent parasitemia. Although the reticulocyte population and the host cell population are usually equivalent, the disparity noted suggests the existence of unique characteristics in the reticulocyte response of P. berghei infected mice.", "contents": "Mean cytoplasmic protein concentration of host erythrocytes and the reticulocyte response in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The decreasing mean cytoplasmic protein concentration (MPC) of P. berghei host cells is paralled by an increasing parasitemia and percent reticulocyte response. The reticulocyte response parallels the percent parasitemia except during a period of accelerated reticulocytosis noted during the midpoint of the infection at which time the percent reticulocytes increases at a rate more than double the rate of increase of percent parasitemia. Although the reticulocyte population and the host cell population are usually equivalent, the disparity noted suggests the existence of unique characteristics in the reticulocyte response of P. berghei infected mice.", "PMID": 391584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9342", "title": "The effect of acidic polysaccharides and prostaglandin-like substances isolated from Propionibacterium acnes on granulocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "Three acidic polysaccharide (AP) fractions and the prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) isolated from P. acnes were investigated regarding their chemotactic activities on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Both AP's and PLS induced a significant chemotatic response, which suggests their involvement in inflammatory acne vulgaris.", "contents": "The effect of acidic polysaccharides and prostaglandin-like substances isolated from Propionibacterium acnes on granulocyte chemotaxis. Three acidic polysaccharide (AP) fractions and the prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) isolated from P. acnes were investigated regarding their chemotactic activities on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Both AP's and PLS induced a significant chemotatic response, which suggests their involvement in inflammatory acne vulgaris.", "PMID": 391585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9343", "title": "Net ATP synthesis by running the red cell calcium pump backwards.", "content": "Ca2+ loaded inside-out vesicles from human red blood cells, yielding C2+ into a Ca2+ free medium with 4 mM EGTA, 2 mM ADP and 10 mM phosphate, produced an excess of 14.9 pmoles . min-1 . (mg protein)-1 of ATP compared to controls in which the transmembrane Ca2+ gradient was abolished by the ionophore A 23 187.", "contents": "Net ATP synthesis by running the red cell calcium pump backwards. Ca2+ loaded inside-out vesicles from human red blood cells, yielding C2+ into a Ca2+ free medium with 4 mM EGTA, 2 mM ADP and 10 mM phosphate, produced an excess of 14.9 pmoles . min-1 . (mg protein)-1 of ATP compared to controls in which the transmembrane Ca2+ gradient was abolished by the ionophore A 23 187.", "PMID": 391586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9344", "title": "From natural fertility to family limitation: the onset of fertility transition in a sample of German villages.", "content": "Utilizing data from a sample of German village genealogies, it is possible to document the changes in reproductive patterns on the family level that started to take place in Germany during the nineteenth century and formed the basis for the secular decline in fertility which eventually encompassed the entire country. One striking finding from this study was the substantial diversity among the small sample of villages in terms of the timing of the emergence of family limitation. While couples in all villages who married during the last half of the eighteenth century appeared to be characterized predominantly by natural fertility the emergence of family limitation began as early as the turn of the nineteenth century in some places and as late as the end of the nineteenth century in others. Occupational differentials with respect to family limitation were also examined. There is little evidence that changes in birth spacing played an important part in the initial phase of the fertility trnsition. Rather, the underlying process appears to involve a change from fertility patterns that were characterized by the absence of parity-dependent control to one in which attempts to terminate childbearing in response to the number of children already born becomes widespread.", "contents": "From natural fertility to family limitation: the onset of fertility transition in a sample of German villages. Utilizing data from a sample of German village genealogies, it is possible to document the changes in reproductive patterns on the family level that started to take place in Germany during the nineteenth century and formed the basis for the secular decline in fertility which eventually encompassed the entire country. One striking finding from this study was the substantial diversity among the small sample of villages in terms of the timing of the emergence of family limitation. While couples in all villages who married during the last half of the eighteenth century appeared to be characterized predominantly by natural fertility the emergence of family limitation began as early as the turn of the nineteenth century in some places and as late as the end of the nineteenth century in others. Occupational differentials with respect to family limitation were also examined. There is little evidence that changes in birth spacing played an important part in the initial phase of the fertility trnsition. Rather, the underlying process appears to involve a change from fertility patterns that were characterized by the absence of parity-dependent control to one in which attempts to terminate childbearing in response to the number of children already born becomes widespread.", "PMID": 391603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9345", "title": "An experimentally controlled evaluation of the effect of inositol nicotinate upon the digital blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.", "content": "The vaso-active effects of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) were investigated in thirty patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon using several non-invasive experimental techniques under controlled conditions. The earlier formed impression that this drug requires a prolonged 'build-up' period was confirmed. Recording the time required to induce Raynaud's phenomenon as well as assessments of total and nutrient digital blood flow showed significant beneficial therapeutic effects upon the skin's microcirculation by inositol nicotinate. This study suggests that the therapeutic effect of this drug is not merely due to vasodilation but that other mechanisms such as enhanced fibrinolysis and lowering of serum lipids may play a significant part in its overall effect. Smokers responded slower than non-smokers, but even elderly patients with longstanding vasospastic disease showed measurably improved digital circulation. Unlike some other drugs in this field inositol nicotinate was found to be effective orally and to be devoid of unwanted side-effects. However, in the majority of patients it failed to abolish their increased vascular spasm although it diminished it significantly in most. It appears to be a safe and well tolerated drug, which, together with other symptomatic measures, merits to be used in the management of vasospastic disease of the extremities even in the presence of partial obliteration of the microcirculation.", "contents": "An experimentally controlled evaluation of the effect of inositol nicotinate upon the digital blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. The vaso-active effects of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) were investigated in thirty patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon using several non-invasive experimental techniques under controlled conditions. The earlier formed impression that this drug requires a prolonged 'build-up' period was confirmed. Recording the time required to induce Raynaud's phenomenon as well as assessments of total and nutrient digital blood flow showed significant beneficial therapeutic effects upon the skin's microcirculation by inositol nicotinate. This study suggests that the therapeutic effect of this drug is not merely due to vasodilation but that other mechanisms such as enhanced fibrinolysis and lowering of serum lipids may play a significant part in its overall effect. Smokers responded slower than non-smokers, but even elderly patients with longstanding vasospastic disease showed measurably improved digital circulation. Unlike some other drugs in this field inositol nicotinate was found to be effective orally and to be devoid of unwanted side-effects. However, in the majority of patients it failed to abolish their increased vascular spasm although it diminished it significantly in most. It appears to be a safe and well tolerated drug, which, together with other symptomatic measures, merits to be used in the management of vasospastic disease of the extremities even in the presence of partial obliteration of the microcirculation.", "PMID": 391622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9346", "title": "An investigation of the effect on platelet function of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole and the two drugs in combination in patients with transient attacks of ischaemia.", "content": "Twenty patients suffering from transient attacks of ischaemia were studied. Seven received acetylsalicylic acid, six dipyridamole and seven a combination of the two drugs. No significant difference in platelet aggregation was shown in the acute phase between the three treatment groups using an adenosine diphosphate test method. Using Thrombofax platelet substitute, however, a significant difference was seen in all measures. On the seventh day following the ischaemic attack the Thrombofax values returned to normal but, in contrast, Platelet Factor 4 release was increased. Monthly testing of platelet activity during treatment shows that the combination of acetylsalicylic acid with dipyridamole was more effective in bringing about an early inhibition of Platelet Factor 4 release than either agent alone.", "contents": "An investigation of the effect on platelet function of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole and the two drugs in combination in patients with transient attacks of ischaemia. Twenty patients suffering from transient attacks of ischaemia were studied. Seven received acetylsalicylic acid, six dipyridamole and seven a combination of the two drugs. No significant difference in platelet aggregation was shown in the acute phase between the three treatment groups using an adenosine diphosphate test method. Using Thrombofax platelet substitute, however, a significant difference was seen in all measures. On the seventh day following the ischaemic attack the Thrombofax values returned to normal but, in contrast, Platelet Factor 4 release was increased. Monthly testing of platelet activity during treatment shows that the combination of acetylsalicylic acid with dipyridamole was more effective in bringing about an early inhibition of Platelet Factor 4 release than either agent alone.", "PMID": 391623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9347", "title": "A multicentre general practice study of cinnarizine in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "A multicentre, double-blind, crossover study monitoring walking distance and symptomatology was set up to compare the efficacy of cinnarizine with that of placebo in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. Walking distances were statistically significantly increased by cinnarizine treatment when it was given before placebo. This improvement was maintained without further significant deterioration when the patients were switched to placebo therapy. A smaller but statistically significant increase in walking distance was observed after the first 12 weeks of tarizine treatment an additional increase in mean walking distance, comparable to that seen during the first half of the study, was observed in these subjects. This improvement failed to reach a level of statistical significance because of the variation in response between individual patients.", "contents": "A multicentre general practice study of cinnarizine in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. A multicentre, double-blind, crossover study monitoring walking distance and symptomatology was set up to compare the efficacy of cinnarizine with that of placebo in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. Walking distances were statistically significantly increased by cinnarizine treatment when it was given before placebo. This improvement was maintained without further significant deterioration when the patients were switched to placebo therapy. A smaller but statistically significant increase in walking distance was observed after the first 12 weeks of tarizine treatment an additional increase in mean walking distance, comparable to that seen during the first half of the study, was observed in these subjects. This improvement failed to reach a level of statistical significance because of the variation in response between individual patients.", "PMID": 391624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9348", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol and chlorthalidone in fixed combination, given once daily.", "content": "In a multicentre, single-blind, within-patient study, the effectiveness and tolerability of the fixed combination oxprenolol 80 mg + chlorthalidone 10 mg per tablet given once daily, compared to the well established b.i.d. schedule, has been investigated in forty out-patients with mild to moderate hypertension. After a two-weeks placebo wash-out, twenty patients were given 1 tablet b.i.d. of the fixed combination for 4 weeks and thereafter 2 tablets once-daily for a further 4 weeks; the remaining twenty patients were given the fixed combination in the reverse order. There was no significant difference in clinical response between the two treatment regimes, which were equally effective and well tolerated. However, patient compliance might be considerably improved with the once-daily dosage schedule of the fixed combination.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol and chlorthalidone in fixed combination, given once daily. In a multicentre, single-blind, within-patient study, the effectiveness and tolerability of the fixed combination oxprenolol 80 mg + chlorthalidone 10 mg per tablet given once daily, compared to the well established b.i.d. schedule, has been investigated in forty out-patients with mild to moderate hypertension. After a two-weeks placebo wash-out, twenty patients were given 1 tablet b.i.d. of the fixed combination for 4 weeks and thereafter 2 tablets once-daily for a further 4 weeks; the remaining twenty patients were given the fixed combination in the reverse order. There was no significant difference in clinical response between the two treatment regimes, which were equally effective and well tolerated. However, patient compliance might be considerably improved with the once-daily dosage schedule of the fixed combination.", "PMID": 391625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9349", "title": "Oxymetazoline in the treatment of allergic and non-infectious conjunctivitis.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 141 patients, 0.025% oxymetazoline ophthalmic solution was compared with its vehicle in the treatment of allergic and non-infectious conjunctivitis. There was a marked difference in response at the first evaluation. By the tenth day (second evaluation) the total improvement in hyperaemia was 95% for oxymetazoline compared to 54% for the placebo. Oxymetazoline's decongestant effect in the eye matches its effect as a nasal vasoconstrictor.", "contents": "Oxymetazoline in the treatment of allergic and non-infectious conjunctivitis. In a double-blind study of 141 patients, 0.025% oxymetazoline ophthalmic solution was compared with its vehicle in the treatment of allergic and non-infectious conjunctivitis. There was a marked difference in response at the first evaluation. By the tenth day (second evaluation) the total improvement in hyperaemia was 95% for oxymetazoline compared to 54% for the placebo. Oxymetazoline's decongestant effect in the eye matches its effect as a nasal vasoconstrictor.", "PMID": 391626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9350", "title": "A general practice trial of an amoxycillin/flucloxacillin combination (Suprapen) in proven bacterial infections.", "content": "Ninety-three cases of proven bacterial infection occurring in general practice were treated with an amoxycillin/flucloxacillin combination. There was a satisfactory clinical response in 98% of patients and an overall bacteriological success rate of 95.7%. Eleven patients (9.1%) complained of side-effects but withdrawal of the combination was necessary in only one patient who developed a rash.", "contents": "A general practice trial of an amoxycillin/flucloxacillin combination (Suprapen) in proven bacterial infections. Ninety-three cases of proven bacterial infection occurring in general practice were treated with an amoxycillin/flucloxacillin combination. There was a satisfactory clinical response in 98% of patients and an overall bacteriological success rate of 95.7%. Eleven patients (9.1%) complained of side-effects but withdrawal of the combination was necessary in only one patient who developed a rash.", "PMID": 391627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9351", "title": "Recurrence of otitis media after antibiotic therapy: comparison of cephradine and amoxycillin.", "content": "The long-term effectiveness of cephradine and amoxycillin in the treatment of otitis media was evaluated in one hundred children ranging in age from 4 months to 14 years. The immediate clinical response was comparable in both treatment groups, but the recurrence rate during a 12-month follow-up period was considerably lower in the patients treated with cephradine. The incidence of side-effects was similar in the two groups.", "contents": "Recurrence of otitis media after antibiotic therapy: comparison of cephradine and amoxycillin. The long-term effectiveness of cephradine and amoxycillin in the treatment of otitis media was evaluated in one hundred children ranging in age from 4 months to 14 years. The immediate clinical response was comparable in both treatment groups, but the recurrence rate during a 12-month follow-up period was considerably lower in the patients treated with cephradine. The incidence of side-effects was similar in the two groups.", "PMID": 391628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9352", "title": "A single dose placebo-controlled study to assess the effectiveness of adding a muscle relaxant to a compound analgesic in the treatment of tension headache.", "content": "A patient-assessment of pain relief over 4 hours following a single dose of a compound analgesic has shown that 78% of patients achieve satisfactory relief of pain due to tension headache and that this response is enhanced by the addition of chlormezanone, an agent with reported anxiolytic and muscle relaxant actions. Side-effects were minor in nature.", "contents": "A single dose placebo-controlled study to assess the effectiveness of adding a muscle relaxant to a compound analgesic in the treatment of tension headache. A patient-assessment of pain relief over 4 hours following a single dose of a compound analgesic has shown that 78% of patients achieve satisfactory relief of pain due to tension headache and that this response is enhanced by the addition of chlormezanone, an agent with reported anxiolytic and muscle relaxant actions. Side-effects were minor in nature.", "PMID": 391629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9353", "title": "Protective efficacy of live influenza vaccines. Its assessment in field and experimental conditions.", "content": "Cost benefit estimates of immunization programs are critically dependent on an accurate and reliable assessment of the protection offered by the vaccines. Consequently, the selection of appropriate parameters of protection becomes an issue of major importance. The protective efficacy of live influenza virus vaccines has been established for several vaccinal strains used in routine immunization. This was established under conditions of natural and artificial exposure to both homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. Reduction in the incidence of specific disease--respiratory illness, confirmed by influenza virus isolation and/or four-fold increase in serum HAI titer, was found to be significant. These data will be discussed in relation to available epidemiological models that have been developed for the evaluation of disease modifying properties of immunoprophylactic agents.", "contents": "Protective efficacy of live influenza vaccines. Its assessment in field and experimental conditions. Cost benefit estimates of immunization programs are critically dependent on an accurate and reliable assessment of the protection offered by the vaccines. Consequently, the selection of appropriate parameters of protection becomes an issue of major importance. The protective efficacy of live influenza virus vaccines has been established for several vaccinal strains used in routine immunization. This was established under conditions of natural and artificial exposure to both homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. Reduction in the incidence of specific disease--respiratory illness, confirmed by influenza virus isolation and/or four-fold increase in serum HAI titer, was found to be significant. These data will be discussed in relation to available epidemiological models that have been developed for the evaluation of disease modifying properties of immunoprophylactic agents.", "PMID": 391630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9354", "title": "Problems in the investigation of adverse reactions.", "content": "All drugs and vaccines administered to man cause adverse reactions. In general the adverse reaction profile of a new vaccine should be defined in its clinical trial phase, but the incidence of adverse reactions occurring infrequently is likely to emerge only after extensive clinical use. Problems in the investigation and assessment of reports of adverse reactions which occur infrequently are reviewed. It is important that case reports be complete and include details of the batch number and manufacturer of the incriminated vaccine, and of its storage and administration. The assessment of reports of adverse reactions, which are similar in nature to those occurring in equivalent unvaccinated populations, presents special problems and may require case control studies. As new types of vaccines are developed it will be necessary to improve systems which monitor the occurrence of adverse reactions which occur infrequently and those which bear a distant time relationship to immunisation.", "contents": "Problems in the investigation of adverse reactions. All drugs and vaccines administered to man cause adverse reactions. In general the adverse reaction profile of a new vaccine should be defined in its clinical trial phase, but the incidence of adverse reactions occurring infrequently is likely to emerge only after extensive clinical use. Problems in the investigation and assessment of reports of adverse reactions which occur infrequently are reviewed. It is important that case reports be complete and include details of the batch number and manufacturer of the incriminated vaccine, and of its storage and administration. The assessment of reports of adverse reactions, which are similar in nature to those occurring in equivalent unvaccinated populations, presents special problems and may require case control studies. As new types of vaccines are developed it will be necessary to improve systems which monitor the occurrence of adverse reactions which occur infrequently and those which bear a distant time relationship to immunisation.", "PMID": 391632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9355", "title": "Effect of N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea on viability and mutagenic response of repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Under simulated human gastric conditions, glycocyamine which exists in meat is known to be converted into N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea (CMNU) by reaction with sodium nitrite. Because of its suspected hazards to man, CMNU was tested for its mutagenicity and lethal activity with a set of isogenic strains of Escherichia coli possessing the same auxotrophic marker but different DNA-repair capacities. Both strains NG30 (recA-) and R15 (polA-) were far more sensitive to lethality induced by CMNU than H/r30R (wild) and Hs30R (uvrA-) strains. The uvrA- strain was more sensitive to induction of mutations by CMNU than the wild and polA- strains, but the recA- strain was hardly mutable by CMNU. It can be concluded from these findings that the major cause of lethality of CMNU in E. coli is different from that of mutation induction.", "contents": "Effect of N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea on viability and mutagenic response of repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli. Under simulated human gastric conditions, glycocyamine which exists in meat is known to be converted into N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea (CMNU) by reaction with sodium nitrite. Because of its suspected hazards to man, CMNU was tested for its mutagenicity and lethal activity with a set of isogenic strains of Escherichia coli possessing the same auxotrophic marker but different DNA-repair capacities. Both strains NG30 (recA-) and R15 (polA-) were far more sensitive to lethality induced by CMNU than H/r30R (wild) and Hs30R (uvrA-) strains. The uvrA- strain was more sensitive to induction of mutations by CMNU than the wild and polA- strains, but the recA- strain was hardly mutable by CMNU. It can be concluded from these findings that the major cause of lethality of CMNU in E. coli is different from that of mutation induction.", "PMID": 391636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9356", "title": "[The influence of radium therapie on the yeast contamination of the vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "Before the beginning of radium therapy a vaginal yeast contamination of 9,7% was found of 113 patients with different genital carcinomas. However, the incidence of vaginal yeast contamination increased suddenly to 30,9% under the contac irradiation therapy with radium. The radiation effect of radium is not sufficient for a \"selfsterilisation\" of the radium-carrier in the case of yeast contamination. Therefore, a chemic desinfection of the radium-carriers is principly necessary. The significance of radium therapy with respect to vaginal yeast contamination is discussed and the recommendation is made that routine mycological supervision be carried out on all patients with gynaecological carcinomas and appropriate antimycotic therapy initiated where necessary.", "contents": "[The influence of radium therapie on the yeast contamination of the vagina (author's transl)]. Before the beginning of radium therapy a vaginal yeast contamination of 9,7% was found of 113 patients with different genital carcinomas. However, the incidence of vaginal yeast contamination increased suddenly to 30,9% under the contac irradiation therapy with radium. The radiation effect of radium is not sufficient for a \"selfsterilisation\" of the radium-carrier in the case of yeast contamination. Therefore, a chemic desinfection of the radium-carriers is principly necessary. The significance of radium therapy with respect to vaginal yeast contamination is discussed and the recommendation is made that routine mycological supervision be carried out on all patients with gynaecological carcinomas and appropriate antimycotic therapy initiated where necessary.", "PMID": 391638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9357", "title": "Specificity of insertion by the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10.", "content": "Genetic analysis of 131 independent transpositions of the tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 from a single site in phage P22 into the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium reveals that Tn10 insertions are not randomly distributed along this chromosomal target. The insertions occur in 22 different \"clusters\"; insertions within each cluster are very tightly linked in recombination tests. Tn10 insertions are not evenly distributed among the identified clusters. The existence of these clusters suggests that this chromosomal target contains particular genetic signals that guide Tn10 to particular preferred positions for insertion. Insertions within each cluster occur in both orientations with roughly equal frequency.--The relationship among different insertions within each cluster has been examined. The resolution of genetic mapping places an upper limit of about 50 basepairs on the distance between different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clusters, the available data are consistent with the simple possibility that all insertions within a cluster are at identical positions; however, the data do not exclude other possibilities.", "contents": "Specificity of insertion by the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10. Genetic analysis of 131 independent transpositions of the tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 from a single site in phage P22 into the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium reveals that Tn10 insertions are not randomly distributed along this chromosomal target. The insertions occur in 22 different \"clusters\"; insertions within each cluster are very tightly linked in recombination tests. Tn10 insertions are not evenly distributed among the identified clusters. The existence of these clusters suggests that this chromosomal target contains particular genetic signals that guide Tn10 to particular preferred positions for insertion. Insertions within each cluster occur in both orientations with roughly equal frequency.--The relationship among different insertions within each cluster has been examined. The resolution of genetic mapping places an upper limit of about 50 basepairs on the distance between different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clusters, the available data are consistent with the simple possibility that all insertions within a cluster are at identical positions; however, the data do not exclude other possibilities.", "PMID": 391640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9358", "title": "Isolation and characterization of dnaX and dnaY temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli mutants with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in dnaX and dnaY genes have been isolated. Based on transduction by phage P1, dnaX and Y have been mapped at minutes 10.4--10.5 and 12.1, respectively, in the sequence dnaX purE dnaY. Both dna Xts36 and Yts10 are recessive to wild-type alleles present on episomes. F13 carries both dnaX+ and Y+; the shorter F210 carries dnaY+, but not X+. Lambda tranducing phages that carry dnaX+ or Y+ have been isolated, and hybrid plasmids of Col E1 and E. coli DNA from the Clarke and Carbon (1976) collection also carry portions of the dnaX purE dnaY region. Results obtained with the lambda transducing phages and the hybrid plasmids suggest that dnaX is a different gene from the previously characterized dnaZ gene, which is also near minute 10.5--The dnaXts36 mutant, after a shift to 42 degrees, stopped DNA synthesis gradually, and the total amount of DNA increased two-fold. When this mutant was shifted to 44 degrees, the rate of DNA synthesis dropped immediately and the final increment of DNA was only 10% of the initial amount. Replicative DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells was completely inhibited at 42 degrees and was partially inhibited even at 30 degrees.--When the dnaYts10 mutant was shifted to 42 degrees, DNA synthesis gradually stopped, and the amount of DNA increased 3.6-fold. At 44 degrees, residual DNA synthesis amounted to a two-fold increase. Replicative DNA synthesis in vitro in toluene-treated cells was inactivated after 20 minutes at 42 degrees or by \"preincubation\" of cells at 42 degrees before toluene treatment.--The dnaX and dnaY products probably function in polymerization of DNA, although participation also in initiation cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of dnaX and dnaY temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli mutants with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in dnaX and dnaY genes have been isolated. Based on transduction by phage P1, dnaX and Y have been mapped at minutes 10.4--10.5 and 12.1, respectively, in the sequence dnaX purE dnaY. Both dna Xts36 and Yts10 are recessive to wild-type alleles present on episomes. F13 carries both dnaX+ and Y+; the shorter F210 carries dnaY+, but not X+. Lambda tranducing phages that carry dnaX+ or Y+ have been isolated, and hybrid plasmids of Col E1 and E. coli DNA from the Clarke and Carbon (1976) collection also carry portions of the dnaX purE dnaY region. Results obtained with the lambda transducing phages and the hybrid plasmids suggest that dnaX is a different gene from the previously characterized dnaZ gene, which is also near minute 10.5--The dnaXts36 mutant, after a shift to 42 degrees, stopped DNA synthesis gradually, and the total amount of DNA increased two-fold. When this mutant was shifted to 44 degrees, the rate of DNA synthesis dropped immediately and the final increment of DNA was only 10% of the initial amount. Replicative DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells was completely inhibited at 42 degrees and was partially inhibited even at 30 degrees.--When the dnaYts10 mutant was shifted to 42 degrees, DNA synthesis gradually stopped, and the amount of DNA increased 3.6-fold. At 44 degrees, residual DNA synthesis amounted to a two-fold increase. Replicative DNA synthesis in vitro in toluene-treated cells was inactivated after 20 minutes at 42 degrees or by \"preincubation\" of cells at 42 degrees before toluene treatment.--The dnaX and dnaY products probably function in polymerization of DNA, although participation also in initiation cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 391641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9359", "title": "[Asymmetry in the frequencies of reciprocal recombinants in crosses of T4 phage rIIB mutants].", "content": "The frequencies of reciprocal recombinants in crosses between rIIB mutants of T4 phage were shown to differ from each other. In terms of the correction model, this asymmetry of genetic recombination was used to measure the comparative correctability of the mismatched regions to the wild type and to the mutant alleles. The data obtained are in quantitative agreement with the analogous values for the same mismatched regions determined by comparison of the markers located at the same site. This strongly suggests that the asymmetry of genetic recombination in T4 reflects the corresponding difference in rates of correction of the mismatched regions in heteroduplexes in opposite directions.", "contents": "[Asymmetry in the frequencies of reciprocal recombinants in crosses of T4 phage rIIB mutants]. The frequencies of reciprocal recombinants in crosses between rIIB mutants of T4 phage were shown to differ from each other. In terms of the correction model, this asymmetry of genetic recombination was used to measure the comparative correctability of the mismatched regions to the wild type and to the mutant alleles. The data obtained are in quantitative agreement with the analogous values for the same mismatched regions determined by comparison of the markers located at the same site. This strongly suggests that the asymmetry of genetic recombination in T4 reflects the corresponding difference in rates of correction of the mismatched regions in heteroduplexes in opposite directions.", "PMID": 391644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9360", "title": "[Incorporation of the ampicillin resistance transposon into the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and into plasmids].", "content": "The mutant pEG1 of R-factor RP4 with temperature-sensitive defect in replication, carrying a transposable ampicillin resistance element Tn1 was used to define the frequency of insertion of this element into Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and some other plasmids. Our results indicate that the frequency of colony forming by bacteria with pEG1-factor on ampicillin medium in non-permissive conditions corresponds to the frequency of Tn1 insertion into bacterial chromosome or some other plasmid (in case when the strains are carrying a second plasmid). The frequency of Tn1 insertion into the chromosome is about 4.10(-4). The defect in recA gene produce no serious change in the frequency of Tn1 insertion into the bacterial chromosome. The translocation of Tn1 element from pEG1-factor to R483, R6 and ColE1 plasmids occurs at 10 to 100-fold-higher frequency than from the plasmid to the chromosome. The insertion of Tn1 into the F'-factor KLF10 and R-factor R64-11 occurs at far lower frequency than that to plasmids R6, R483, or ColE1.", "contents": "[Incorporation of the ampicillin resistance transposon into the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and into plasmids]. The mutant pEG1 of R-factor RP4 with temperature-sensitive defect in replication, carrying a transposable ampicillin resistance element Tn1 was used to define the frequency of insertion of this element into Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome and some other plasmids. Our results indicate that the frequency of colony forming by bacteria with pEG1-factor on ampicillin medium in non-permissive conditions corresponds to the frequency of Tn1 insertion into bacterial chromosome or some other plasmid (in case when the strains are carrying a second plasmid). The frequency of Tn1 insertion into the chromosome is about 4.10(-4). The defect in recA gene produce no serious change in the frequency of Tn1 insertion into the bacterial chromosome. The translocation of Tn1 element from pEG1-factor to R483, R6 and ColE1 plasmids occurs at 10 to 100-fold-higher frequency than from the plasmid to the chromosome. The insertion of Tn1 into the F'-factor KLF10 and R-factor R64-11 occurs at far lower frequency than that to plasmids R6, R483, or ColE1.", "PMID": 391645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9361", "title": "[Plasmid transformation of frozen and thawed bacteria].", "content": "Plasmid DNA transformation efficiency depends on three essential factors: 1) the optimal regime of the recipients freezing-thawing; 2) the period of the recipients competence preservation; 3) individual sensitivity of microorganisms to freezing-thawing. It is demonstrated that plasmid DNA pMB9 activity indices are of maximal value during freezing at -70 degrees C or -196 degrees C and thawing at 42 degrees C. The short period of the competence, about 15 seconds, determines the rate of its infection. In this case it was achieved by mutual freezing-thawing of bacteria and DNA pMB9. The optimal yield of transformants is obtained in the following conditions: the concentration of bacteria - 1 - 5.10(9) cells/ml, the concentration of DNA pMB9 - 0.05--0.5 mcg/ml in the reaction mixture containing 0.5--1% of bactopeptone (\"Spofa\") and at pH 7.4--7.6.", "contents": "[Plasmid transformation of frozen and thawed bacteria]. Plasmid DNA transformation efficiency depends on three essential factors: 1) the optimal regime of the recipients freezing-thawing; 2) the period of the recipients competence preservation; 3) individual sensitivity of microorganisms to freezing-thawing. It is demonstrated that plasmid DNA pMB9 activity indices are of maximal value during freezing at -70 degrees C or -196 degrees C and thawing at 42 degrees C. The short period of the competence, about 15 seconds, determines the rate of its infection. In this case it was achieved by mutual freezing-thawing of bacteria and DNA pMB9. The optimal yield of transformants is obtained in the following conditions: the concentration of bacteria - 1 - 5.10(9) cells/ml, the concentration of DNA pMB9 - 0.05--0.5 mcg/ml in the reaction mixture containing 0.5--1% of bactopeptone (\"Spofa\") and at pH 7.4--7.6.", "PMID": 391646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9362", "title": "Host dependence of RP1-specified resistance to ampicillin: differential expression in Escherichia coli and Rhizobium leguminosarum.", "content": "Rhizobium leguminosarum L4 is able to serve as a host for the plasmid RP1. Properties of R. leguminosarum [RP1] plasmid carrier suggest that the expression of RP1-coded Apr gene(s) is inhibited in this host, although the determinants of transfer and resistance to kanamycin and tetracycline are expressed. This system exemplifies a differential expression of plasmid genes in a new host.", "contents": "Host dependence of RP1-specified resistance to ampicillin: differential expression in Escherichia coli and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Rhizobium leguminosarum L4 is able to serve as a host for the plasmid RP1. Properties of R. leguminosarum [RP1] plasmid carrier suggest that the expression of RP1-coded Apr gene(s) is inhibited in this host, although the determinants of transfer and resistance to kanamycin and tetracycline are expressed. This system exemplifies a differential expression of plasmid genes in a new host.", "PMID": 391648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9363", "title": "Cephalic phase of gastric secretion in healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients: role of vagal innervation.", "content": "In 10 healthy subjects and 25 duodenal ulcer patients, gastric acid and pepsin and serum gastrin responses to cephalic-vagal stimulation induced by modified sham-feeding (MSF) were studied before and after vagotomy and atropinisation and compared with those to maximal stimulation with pentagastrin. When the MSF-induced peak acid output was normalised as a percentage of peak response to pentagastrin it was about 62% in healthy subjects and 66% in duodenal ulcer patients. Serum gastrin concentration was not changed significantly by modified sham-feeding either in normal subjects or in duodenal ulcer patients. Truncal vagotomy completely abolished gastric acid and pepsin responses to MSF in duodenal ulcer patients. Atropine almost completely suppressed gastric acid and pepsin responses to MSF in healthy subjects and reduced those in duodenal ulcer patients by about 62%. The combination of the modified sham-feeding and pentagastrin infusion resulted in augmentation of the acid output in duodenal ulcer patients but not in healthy subjects. This study shows that the cephalic phase results in a potent gastric acid and pepsin stimulation which is not accompanied by any change in serum gastrin concentration either in healthy subjects or duodenal ulcer patients and which is abolished by vagotomy and suppressed by atropine.", "contents": "Cephalic phase of gastric secretion in healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients: role of vagal innervation. In 10 healthy subjects and 25 duodenal ulcer patients, gastric acid and pepsin and serum gastrin responses to cephalic-vagal stimulation induced by modified sham-feeding (MSF) were studied before and after vagotomy and atropinisation and compared with those to maximal stimulation with pentagastrin. When the MSF-induced peak acid output was normalised as a percentage of peak response to pentagastrin it was about 62% in healthy subjects and 66% in duodenal ulcer patients. Serum gastrin concentration was not changed significantly by modified sham-feeding either in normal subjects or in duodenal ulcer patients. Truncal vagotomy completely abolished gastric acid and pepsin responses to MSF in duodenal ulcer patients. Atropine almost completely suppressed gastric acid and pepsin responses to MSF in healthy subjects and reduced those in duodenal ulcer patients by about 62%. The combination of the modified sham-feeding and pentagastrin infusion resulted in augmentation of the acid output in duodenal ulcer patients but not in healthy subjects. This study shows that the cephalic phase results in a potent gastric acid and pepsin stimulation which is not accompanied by any change in serum gastrin concentration either in healthy subjects or duodenal ulcer patients and which is abolished by vagotomy and suppressed by atropine.", "PMID": 391656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9364", "title": "Controlled trial of cimetidine in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.", "content": "One hundred and one patients were studied in a double-blind controlled trial to assess the role of oral cimetidine in preventing the continuation or recurrence of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage from various sources, chiefly peptic ulcer. The dose of cimetidine was 800 mg on entering the study followed by 400 mg six hourly. The source of bleeding was identified endoscopically in 96% of patients, peptic ulcer comprising 70%. Bleeding continued or recurred in 11 of 51 (21.5%) of patients on cimetidine and in 12 of 50 (24%) of patients on placebo. Analysis of the effect of cimetidine according to age or severity of bleeding showed no significant advantage for the drug.", "contents": "Controlled trial of cimetidine in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. One hundred and one patients were studied in a double-blind controlled trial to assess the role of oral cimetidine in preventing the continuation or recurrence of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage from various sources, chiefly peptic ulcer. The dose of cimetidine was 800 mg on entering the study followed by 400 mg six hourly. The source of bleeding was identified endoscopically in 96% of patients, peptic ulcer comprising 70%. Bleeding continued or recurred in 11 of 51 (21.5%) of patients on cimetidine and in 12 of 50 (24%) of patients on placebo. Analysis of the effect of cimetidine according to age or severity of bleeding showed no significant advantage for the drug.", "PMID": 391657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9365", "title": "Collagen types and anticollagen-antibodies in Dupuytren's disease.", "content": "The relative proportion of collagen type I and type III in the aponeurosis of twenty-four patients with Dupuytren's disease was determined and compared with the aponeurosis of normal persons. The presence of considerable amounts of type III collagen was found in the Dupuytren's disease patients. The sera of the patients were screened for circulating anti-collagen antibodies using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. In seven out of the twenty-four patients low concentrations of these antibodies were found.", "contents": "Collagen types and anticollagen-antibodies in Dupuytren's disease. The relative proportion of collagen type I and type III in the aponeurosis of twenty-four patients with Dupuytren's disease was determined and compared with the aponeurosis of normal persons. The presence of considerable amounts of type III collagen was found in the Dupuytren's disease patients. The sera of the patients were screened for circulating anti-collagen antibodies using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. In seven out of the twenty-four patients low concentrations of these antibodies were found.", "PMID": 391658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9366", "title": "Free groin flap transfer to the upper extremity.", "content": "Seven patients underwent free groin flap transfer to the first web space, palm, wrist or elbow. Six of the seven were successful. The seventh developed acute venous occlusion and superficial necrosis of part of the flap, receiving split thickness skin grafts to salvage the dermal portion. Transfer is offered as an alternative to more conventional flaps for coverage of defects of the upper extremity.", "contents": "Free groin flap transfer to the upper extremity. Seven patients underwent free groin flap transfer to the first web space, palm, wrist or elbow. Six of the seven were successful. The seventh developed acute venous occlusion and superficial necrosis of part of the flap, receiving split thickness skin grafts to salvage the dermal portion. Transfer is offered as an alternative to more conventional flaps for coverage of defects of the upper extremity.", "PMID": 391659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9367", "title": "The pattern of hand injury sustained in the overturning motor vehicle.", "content": "This is a review of six patients presenting with severe injuries of the dorsum of the hand following motor vehicle accidents. In each case the injury was sustained by the hand being trapped between the road and the overturning vehicle. The injured hands were either outside the window or passed through the open window at the time of the accident. These injuries were all sustained during the summer months.", "contents": "The pattern of hand injury sustained in the overturning motor vehicle. This is a review of six patients presenting with severe injuries of the dorsum of the hand following motor vehicle accidents. In each case the injury was sustained by the hand being trapped between the road and the overturning vehicle. The injured hands were either outside the window or passed through the open window at the time of the accident. These injuries were all sustained during the summer months.", "PMID": 391660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9368", "title": "[Health damage by means of forced smoking].", "content": "Forced smoking (= passive smoking) is not only a molestation but a real health risk for nonsmokers. The reasons for this are given in detail by a survey of results of the world literature. The main reasons are: In tobacco smoke are more than 40 cancerogenic substances which show a clear summative effect in contrast to other poisons. Avoidable cancerogens therefore must be eliminated from our environment wherever it is possible. There is no reason to make an exception with tobacco smoke. Special attention is to be paid to more than a dozen of cancerogenic nitrosamines in tobacco smoke. The content of nitrosamines in sidestream-smoke is up to fifty times higher than in the main stream of the tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke therefore is the most important source of nitrosamines in our environment at all. The cancerogenic effect of passive smoking is secured in animal experiments unobjectionably. Passive smoking is the most important cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in early childhood and favours inflammations of the respiratory tract in older children and in animal experiments, etc.", "contents": "[Health damage by means of forced smoking]. Forced smoking (= passive smoking) is not only a molestation but a real health risk for nonsmokers. The reasons for this are given in detail by a survey of results of the world literature. The main reasons are: In tobacco smoke are more than 40 cancerogenic substances which show a clear summative effect in contrast to other poisons. Avoidable cancerogens therefore must be eliminated from our environment wherever it is possible. There is no reason to make an exception with tobacco smoke. Special attention is to be paid to more than a dozen of cancerogenic nitrosamines in tobacco smoke. The content of nitrosamines in sidestream-smoke is up to fifty times higher than in the main stream of the tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke therefore is the most important source of nitrosamines in our environment at all. The cancerogenic effect of passive smoking is secured in animal experiments unobjectionably. Passive smoking is the most important cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in early childhood and favours inflammations of the respiratory tract in older children and in animal experiments, etc.", "PMID": 391676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9369", "title": "[Bacterial vaginal fluor in intrauterine contraception].", "content": "Vaginal swabs obtained from 100 IUD-users were examined bacteriologically. Fifty-one women had vaginal discharge and 49 women used as control group had no complaints originating either from the IUD or from the genital tract. In the group of IUD-users with vaginal discharge the number of bacterial isolates was higher and the cultures were more diversified. The nulliparous patients in this group exhibited more anaerobic cultures than the IUD-users without discharge. The significance of vaginal discharge in IUD-users is its function as a pool for pathogenic bacteria which may provoke and/or maintain inflammatory diseases of the female genital tract. IUD-users with vaginal discharge do therefore need not only bacteriologic diagnosis, but also consequent treatment of the discharge.", "contents": "[Bacterial vaginal fluor in intrauterine contraception]. Vaginal swabs obtained from 100 IUD-users were examined bacteriologically. Fifty-one women had vaginal discharge and 49 women used as control group had no complaints originating either from the IUD or from the genital tract. In the group of IUD-users with vaginal discharge the number of bacterial isolates was higher and the cultures were more diversified. The nulliparous patients in this group exhibited more anaerobic cultures than the IUD-users without discharge. The significance of vaginal discharge in IUD-users is its function as a pool for pathogenic bacteria which may provoke and/or maintain inflammatory diseases of the female genital tract. IUD-users with vaginal discharge do therefore need not only bacteriologic diagnosis, but also consequent treatment of the discharge.", "PMID": 391677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9370", "title": "[Experiences in the use of Essaven capsules in the treatment of venous leg diseases. Results of a double-blind study].", "content": "The efficacy of Essaven-capsules in venous circulatory disorders of the leg was assessed under the conditions of everyday general practice in a double blind trial including 34 out-patients. During the 4 week-treatment Essaven proved to be significantly superior to a placebo of identical appearance as regards the parameter pain in the legs, skin lesions, circumference of the ankle, and diuretic performance. The dosage was 3 X 2 capsules per day.", "contents": "[Experiences in the use of Essaven capsules in the treatment of venous leg diseases. Results of a double-blind study]. The efficacy of Essaven-capsules in venous circulatory disorders of the leg was assessed under the conditions of everyday general practice in a double blind trial including 34 out-patients. During the 4 week-treatment Essaven proved to be significantly superior to a placebo of identical appearance as regards the parameter pain in the legs, skin lesions, circumference of the ankle, and diuretic performance. The dosage was 3 X 2 capsules per day.", "PMID": 391678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9371", "title": "[A simple method for the transfer of tomography scan layers to the X-ray film, especially in functional neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes a new method enabling the transfer of CT scan layers to the X-ray film with simple means.", "contents": "[A simple method for the transfer of tomography scan layers to the X-ray film, especially in functional neurosurgery (author's transl)]. The article describes a new method enabling the transfer of CT scan layers to the X-ray film with simple means.", "PMID": 391680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9372", "title": "Clinical relevance of experimentally obtained electrophysiologic data on antiarrhythmic drugs.", "content": "An extrapolation of electrophysiological findings to a specific clinical situation is not always feasible since successful arrhythmia analysis frequently is not achieved and even in the presence of a known arrhythmic mechanism, the predominant effect of a given antiarrhythmic agent cannot be predicted with respect to therapeutic relevance. These assertions are additionally supported by the fact that the effects of antiarrhythmic agents, which have been primarily studied in healthy myocardium, may be entirely different in the presence of myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, in spite of a certain degree of agreement among data of experimentally-induced and clinical myocardial ischemia, the findings do not imply complete applicability. Theoretical considerations indicate that a reentry mechanism may not only be favourable influenced by an agent rendering improved conduction velocity and shortened refractory periods but also influenced by an agent effecting oppositely directed changes. Although an effective therapeutic regimen can generally be achieved with no exact knowledge of the arrhythmic mechanism or of the specific action of a given drug, future investigations hould augment existing information to yield a more rational means of treatment and prevention of arrhythmias as well as to aid in the development of new antiarrhythmic agents.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of experimentally obtained electrophysiologic data on antiarrhythmic drugs. An extrapolation of electrophysiological findings to a specific clinical situation is not always feasible since successful arrhythmia analysis frequently is not achieved and even in the presence of a known arrhythmic mechanism, the predominant effect of a given antiarrhythmic agent cannot be predicted with respect to therapeutic relevance. These assertions are additionally supported by the fact that the effects of antiarrhythmic agents, which have been primarily studied in healthy myocardium, may be entirely different in the presence of myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, in spite of a certain degree of agreement among data of experimentally-induced and clinical myocardial ischemia, the findings do not imply complete applicability. Theoretical considerations indicate that a reentry mechanism may not only be favourable influenced by an agent rendering improved conduction velocity and shortened refractory periods but also influenced by an agent effecting oppositely directed changes. Although an effective therapeutic regimen can generally be achieved with no exact knowledge of the arrhythmic mechanism or of the specific action of a given drug, future investigations hould augment existing information to yield a more rational means of treatment and prevention of arrhythmias as well as to aid in the development of new antiarrhythmic agents.", "PMID": 391682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9373", "title": "[Aortopulmonary window: external occlusion in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Correction of aortopulmonary window in the newborn infant carries a high operative risk. Even later in life operative mortality with or without cardiopulmonary bypass may amount to 30% and more. To reduce the operative risk a new technique for closure of the aortopulmonary window was employed in 2 infants aged 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. With this method the communication is externally occluded by 4 or 5 mattress-sutures, buttressed with Dacron strips on each side. Both infants underwent emergency operation because of intractable heart failure. The postoperative course was uneventful and both were discharged from the hospital in good condition.", "contents": "[Aortopulmonary window: external occlusion in the newborn (author's transl)]. Correction of aortopulmonary window in the newborn infant carries a high operative risk. Even later in life operative mortality with or without cardiopulmonary bypass may amount to 30% and more. To reduce the operative risk a new technique for closure of the aortopulmonary window was employed in 2 infants aged 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. With this method the communication is externally occluded by 4 or 5 mattress-sutures, buttressed with Dacron strips on each side. Both infants underwent emergency operation because of intractable heart failure. The postoperative course was uneventful and both were discharged from the hospital in good condition.", "PMID": 391684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9374", "title": "Use of catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We review the hemodynamic effects and clinical usefulness of five natural and synthetic catecholamines. Their actions are best understood by an appreciation of the relative ability of each catecholamine to activate alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the myocardium and peripheral vasculature. Epinephrine, the first catecholamine isolated, is shown to have little useful role in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction. L-norepinephrine has powerful alpha and moderate beta 1 effects. It is the catecholamine of choice in the initial treatment of cardiogenic shock associated with acute myocardial infarction. Isproterenol markedly increases myocardial contractility and heart rate by beta 1 stimulation, while simultaneously decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and, therefore, arterial pressure through its action on beta 2 receptors. It increases cardiac output, but its metabolic costs are high in the presence of ischemia. Its role in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction has largely been supplanted by more selective agents. Dopamine causes slightly less vasoconstriction than l-norepinephrine and slightly less myocardial stimulation than isoproterenol. In low doses, it increases renal and mesenteric blood flow by activation of a non-adrenergic receptor. Tachycardia and associated metabolic deterioration render it a second-line drug in the treatment of severe cardiogenic shock. Dobutamine, a new synthetic catecholamine, has primarily beta 1 activity. It increases myocardial contractility with little effect on heart rate or peripheral vascular resistance. It is ineffective in cardiogenic shock, but may eventually be shown to have a role in the treatment of left ventricular failure uncomplicated by severe hypotension.", "contents": "Use of catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. We review the hemodynamic effects and clinical usefulness of five natural and synthetic catecholamines. Their actions are best understood by an appreciation of the relative ability of each catecholamine to activate alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the myocardium and peripheral vasculature. Epinephrine, the first catecholamine isolated, is shown to have little useful role in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction. L-norepinephrine has powerful alpha and moderate beta 1 effects. It is the catecholamine of choice in the initial treatment of cardiogenic shock associated with acute myocardial infarction. Isproterenol markedly increases myocardial contractility and heart rate by beta 1 stimulation, while simultaneously decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and, therefore, arterial pressure through its action on beta 2 receptors. It increases cardiac output, but its metabolic costs are high in the presence of ischemia. Its role in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction has largely been supplanted by more selective agents. Dopamine causes slightly less vasoconstriction than l-norepinephrine and slightly less myocardial stimulation than isoproterenol. In low doses, it increases renal and mesenteric blood flow by activation of a non-adrenergic receptor. Tachycardia and associated metabolic deterioration render it a second-line drug in the treatment of severe cardiogenic shock. Dobutamine, a new synthetic catecholamine, has primarily beta 1 activity. It increases myocardial contractility with little effect on heart rate or peripheral vascular resistance. It is ineffective in cardiogenic shock, but may eventually be shown to have a role in the treatment of left ventricular failure uncomplicated by severe hypotension.", "PMID": 391685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9375", "title": "[Platelet suppressant therapy and oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction (authors transl)].", "content": "First positive results with platelet suppressant drugs in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction have engendered optimism in the medical and lay community alike. A review of the subject therefore seems appropriate. In the same context a critical reappraisal of the value of long-term anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction appears also warranted. Results with platelet suppressant therapy reported so far are favorable; however, they fall short from establishing definite proof of the value of such therapy after myocardial infarction. Accordingly, limited clinical use of platelet suppressants may be justifiable by now; it should be borne in mind, however, that such use at the present time still has to be considered experimental. In contrast, there has been statistically well-founded evidence that long-term anticoagulant therapy lowers the mortality after myocardial infarction. It is true, however, that the profit is rather small and that it can be achieved only under rigid control of anticoagulant therapy. Therefore the pros and the cons have to be weighed very carefully for every individual patient, before long-term therapy with oral anticoagulants is started after an acute myocardial infarction. Several large clinical studies are close to completion. It is to be hoped that their outcome will decide, whether platelet suppressant drugs will entirely replace oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Platelet suppressant therapy and oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction (authors transl)]. First positive results with platelet suppressant drugs in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction have engendered optimism in the medical and lay community alike. A review of the subject therefore seems appropriate. In the same context a critical reappraisal of the value of long-term anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction appears also warranted. Results with platelet suppressant therapy reported so far are favorable; however, they fall short from establishing definite proof of the value of such therapy after myocardial infarction. Accordingly, limited clinical use of platelet suppressants may be justifiable by now; it should be borne in mind, however, that such use at the present time still has to be considered experimental. In contrast, there has been statistically well-founded evidence that long-term anticoagulant therapy lowers the mortality after myocardial infarction. It is true, however, that the profit is rather small and that it can be achieved only under rigid control of anticoagulant therapy. Therefore the pros and the cons have to be weighed very carefully for every individual patient, before long-term therapy with oral anticoagulants is started after an acute myocardial infarction. Several large clinical studies are close to completion. It is to be hoped that their outcome will decide, whether platelet suppressant drugs will entirely replace oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 391686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9376", "title": "[Respiratory distress in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Diseases which manifest with the respiratory distress in the newborn include 1) respiratory diseases-IRDS, type II RDS, neonatal asphyxia, and MAS etc. 2) anemia, CHD 3) CNS and 4) metabolic diseases. Among these, IRDS has high mortality rate because of the lack of the pulmonary surfactant and immaturity of respiratory center, and has many difficult problems in terms of its prevention and respiratory management. The points of its respiratory management are as follows: 1) Estimation of the level of arterial oxygen ation-this is the most important point. It has become possible, these days, to monitor continuous oxygenation using a transcutaneous oxygen electrode. 2) Knowledge of the physiology & management of apnea, and monitoring of heart rate and respiration. 3) Correction of acidosis & anemia and the nutritional supply by the intraveonous fluid administration. 4) Airway maintenance. 5) Oxygen administration to main PaO2 or tc PO2 of 60--80 mmHg. 6) Artificial ventilation by CPAP or IMV and 7) The specific drug therapy includes indomethacin for PDA associated with IRDS, Tolazoline for the fetal circulation syndrome, and Xanthine derivatives for primary apnea. 8) However, improvement by exchange transfusion has been contro-versial. On the other hand, in the type II RDS which has a relatively good prognosis, the intact survival can be expected by means of the proper management of general condition and respiration. In MAS, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and severe asphyxia, the proper resuscitation, oxygen administration should be given according to several conditions, especially the degree of hypoxia. The peritoneal dialysis can be lifesaving in case of severe renal impairment with RD. As the respiratory distress in the newborn is very frequent in its occurrence and death rate, its proper management is expected to result in the decrease in the newborn death rate in Hokkaido (8.1--6.6 per 1,000 live births) and the increase in the survival rate without any handicap, particularly if hospitals in each Hokkaido district give the newborn medical care more intensively than at present.", "contents": "[Respiratory distress in the newborn (author's transl)]. Diseases which manifest with the respiratory distress in the newborn include 1) respiratory diseases-IRDS, type II RDS, neonatal asphyxia, and MAS etc. 2) anemia, CHD 3) CNS and 4) metabolic diseases. Among these, IRDS has high mortality rate because of the lack of the pulmonary surfactant and immaturity of respiratory center, and has many difficult problems in terms of its prevention and respiratory management. The points of its respiratory management are as follows: 1) Estimation of the level of arterial oxygen ation-this is the most important point. It has become possible, these days, to monitor continuous oxygenation using a transcutaneous oxygen electrode. 2) Knowledge of the physiology & management of apnea, and monitoring of heart rate and respiration. 3) Correction of acidosis & anemia and the nutritional supply by the intraveonous fluid administration. 4) Airway maintenance. 5) Oxygen administration to main PaO2 or tc PO2 of 60--80 mmHg. 6) Artificial ventilation by CPAP or IMV and 7) The specific drug therapy includes indomethacin for PDA associated with IRDS, Tolazoline for the fetal circulation syndrome, and Xanthine derivatives for primary apnea. 8) However, improvement by exchange transfusion has been contro-versial. On the other hand, in the type II RDS which has a relatively good prognosis, the intact survival can be expected by means of the proper management of general condition and respiration. In MAS, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and severe asphyxia, the proper resuscitation, oxygen administration should be given according to several conditions, especially the degree of hypoxia. The peritoneal dialysis can be lifesaving in case of severe renal impairment with RD. As the respiratory distress in the newborn is very frequent in its occurrence and death rate, its proper management is expected to result in the decrease in the newborn death rate in Hokkaido (8.1--6.6 per 1,000 live births) and the increase in the survival rate without any handicap, particularly if hospitals in each Hokkaido district give the newborn medical care more intensively than at present.", "PMID": 391687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9377", "title": "Direct effect of corticosterone upon insulin secretion studied by three different techniques.", "content": "The immediate effect of corticosterone upon insulin secretion rates estimated by three different techniques (perfusior of isolated rat pancreas and perifusion or incubation of isolated islets of Langerhans) was studied for one hour. Three corticosterone concentrations were used: 0.02, 0.2 or 20 mg/l. With 4.2 mmol/l glucose, corticosterone did not affect insulin secretion, whereas, with a stimulating glucose concentration (16.7 mmol/l), insulin secretion was inhibited by the three corticosterone concentrations tested during incubation experiments, and by only the two physiological ones (0.02 and 0.2 mg/l) during islets perifusion and pancreas perfusion experiments. Moreover the inhibitory effect appeared more rapid with perifused islets than perfused pancreas, where only the second insulin secretory phase was disturbed.", "contents": "Direct effect of corticosterone upon insulin secretion studied by three different techniques. The immediate effect of corticosterone upon insulin secretion rates estimated by three different techniques (perfusior of isolated rat pancreas and perifusion or incubation of isolated islets of Langerhans) was studied for one hour. Three corticosterone concentrations were used: 0.02, 0.2 or 20 mg/l. With 4.2 mmol/l glucose, corticosterone did not affect insulin secretion, whereas, with a stimulating glucose concentration (16.7 mmol/l), insulin secretion was inhibited by the three corticosterone concentrations tested during incubation experiments, and by only the two physiological ones (0.02 and 0.2 mg/l) during islets perifusion and pancreas perfusion experiments. Moreover the inhibitory effect appeared more rapid with perifused islets than perfused pancreas, where only the second insulin secretory phase was disturbed.", "PMID": 391689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9378", "title": "Elucidation of an A and L system for amino acid transport in the human lymphoblast using a membrane filtration technique.", "content": "Optimum conditions have been established for the measurement of amino acid transport by human lymphoblastoid cell lines using a membrane-filtration technique. The parameters we found to be important for the reproducibility of the method are: the types and combination of filters, the strength of the vacuum applied to the filters and the density of the cultures at the time of harvesting and during uptake and filtration. We found that bovine serum albumin added to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) glucose in which the cells are washed, resuspended and assayed is essential for the maintenance of viability, the prevention of clumping and the retention of the accumulated amino acid. Using this procedure we have characterized two transport systems for the neutral amino acids; an A and an L system, which are similar but not identical to the A and L systems characterized in rodent cell lines. These A and L systems have characteristically lower Km's and Vm's for alanine and phenylalanine, when compared to rodent cell lines. In addition, we find alpha-AIB to be a poor competitor of alanine and phenylalanine uptake.", "contents": "Elucidation of an A and L system for amino acid transport in the human lymphoblast using a membrane filtration technique. Optimum conditions have been established for the measurement of amino acid transport by human lymphoblastoid cell lines using a membrane-filtration technique. The parameters we found to be important for the reproducibility of the method are: the types and combination of filters, the strength of the vacuum applied to the filters and the density of the cultures at the time of harvesting and during uptake and filtration. We found that bovine serum albumin added to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) glucose in which the cells are washed, resuspended and assayed is essential for the maintenance of viability, the prevention of clumping and the retention of the accumulated amino acid. Using this procedure we have characterized two transport systems for the neutral amino acids; an A and an L system, which are similar but not identical to the A and L systems characterized in rodent cell lines. These A and L systems have characteristically lower Km's and Vm's for alanine and phenylalanine, when compared to rodent cell lines. In addition, we find alpha-AIB to be a poor competitor of alanine and phenylalanine uptake.", "PMID": 391693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9379", "title": "The location of tick salivary antigens, complement and immunoglobulin in the skin of guinea-pigs infested with Dermacentor andersoni larvae.", "content": "Using indirect immunoflorescence techniques, tick salivary gland antigens (SGA) were demonstrable in cement deposited on the skin by ticks and in all layers of the epidermis of infested guinea-pigs close to the sites where ticks attached. The antigen remained in these sites for several days after ticks had detached. In tick-resistant but not in normal guinea-pigs, SGA, complement and IgG were deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction even at some distance from the attachment site. Complement was also demonstrable in epidermal vesicles which developed beneath larvae attached to resistant guinea-pigs. It is suggested that antigen-antibody reaction and complement activation at these sites may play a role in the development of skin lesions and the attraction of basophils to these areas in challenged tick-resistant guinea-pigs. Tick antigens were also found to be associated with dendritic suprabasal cells in the epidermis of resistant guinea-pigs. It has previously been proposed that such SGA-trapping cells are Langerhans cells. These cells, in the presence of specific antibody and complement, could also initiate epidermal lesions in resistant guinea-pigs.", "contents": "The location of tick salivary antigens, complement and immunoglobulin in the skin of guinea-pigs infested with Dermacentor andersoni larvae. Using indirect immunoflorescence techniques, tick salivary gland antigens (SGA) were demonstrable in cement deposited on the skin by ticks and in all layers of the epidermis of infested guinea-pigs close to the sites where ticks attached. The antigen remained in these sites for several days after ticks had detached. In tick-resistant but not in normal guinea-pigs, SGA, complement and IgG were deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction even at some distance from the attachment site. Complement was also demonstrable in epidermal vesicles which developed beneath larvae attached to resistant guinea-pigs. It is suggested that antigen-antibody reaction and complement activation at these sites may play a role in the development of skin lesions and the attraction of basophils to these areas in challenged tick-resistant guinea-pigs. Tick antigens were also found to be associated with dendritic suprabasal cells in the epidermis of resistant guinea-pigs. It has previously been proposed that such SGA-trapping cells are Langerhans cells. These cells, in the presence of specific antibody and complement, could also initiate epidermal lesions in resistant guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 391694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9380", "title": "In situ formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the mouse glomerulus.", "content": "Intravenous administration of heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA) to mice resulted in localization of micro-particulate BSA in the mesangial region of the glomerulus. Subsequent intravenous administration of rabbit anti-BSA antibody at a time when no free antigen remained in the circulation produced localization of antibody and fixation of mouse complement within the glomerulus in a pattern corresponding to that of the heat-aggregated BSA. This apparent in situ formation of immune complexes in the glomerulus is similar to that of the classical Arthus phenomenon in the skin.", "contents": "In situ formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the mouse glomerulus. Intravenous administration of heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA) to mice resulted in localization of micro-particulate BSA in the mesangial region of the glomerulus. Subsequent intravenous administration of rabbit anti-BSA antibody at a time when no free antigen remained in the circulation produced localization of antibody and fixation of mouse complement within the glomerulus in a pattern corresponding to that of the heat-aggregated BSA. This apparent in situ formation of immune complexes in the glomerulus is similar to that of the classical Arthus phenomenon in the skin.", "PMID": 391695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9381", "title": "Suppressed or enhanced antibody responses in vitro after BCG treatment of mice: importance of BCG viability.", "content": "Mycobacterium bovis, BCG, is known to be capable of either enhancing or suppressing various immune responses. Using a standard technique and number of organisms, some of the parameters predetermining whether enhancement or supression will occur have been investigated. Dead BCG given intravenously into mice caused an enhancement of the antibody response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, the same number of viable organisms caused suppression if given intravenously but enhancement if given subcutaneously. The inclusion of 25% or more killed organisms in an intravenous inoculum of fully viable organisms changed suppression to enhancement. Treatment of BCG infected mice with streptomycin lessened the suppression but did not change it to enhancement. The possible causes of suppression are discussed.", "contents": "Suppressed or enhanced antibody responses in vitro after BCG treatment of mice: importance of BCG viability. Mycobacterium bovis, BCG, is known to be capable of either enhancing or suppressing various immune responses. Using a standard technique and number of organisms, some of the parameters predetermining whether enhancement or supression will occur have been investigated. Dead BCG given intravenously into mice caused an enhancement of the antibody response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, the same number of viable organisms caused suppression if given intravenously but enhancement if given subcutaneously. The inclusion of 25% or more killed organisms in an intravenous inoculum of fully viable organisms changed suppression to enhancement. Treatment of BCG infected mice with streptomycin lessened the suppression but did not change it to enhancement. The possible causes of suppression are discussed.", "PMID": 391696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9382", "title": "The immune response of mice to bacterial antigens given by mouth.", "content": "The secretory and systemic antibody responses to oral dead Escherichia coli were examined in A strain mice. The best responses were obtained in mice dosed with 1 x 10(10) bacteria. Orally immunized animals showed an enhanced response to subsequent parenteral immunization with somatic antigens. This effect could be passively transferred with serum. In contrast, the response to the capsular antigen K88 was reduced in the same animals.", "contents": "The immune response of mice to bacterial antigens given by mouth. The secretory and systemic antibody responses to oral dead Escherichia coli were examined in A strain mice. The best responses were obtained in mice dosed with 1 x 10(10) bacteria. Orally immunized animals showed an enhanced response to subsequent parenteral immunization with somatic antigens. This effect could be passively transferred with serum. In contrast, the response to the capsular antigen K88 was reduced in the same animals.", "PMID": 391697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9383", "title": "The binding of LPS to the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli labelled with tritium has been used to follow the binding of LPS to lymphocytes. Binding to cells rose to a maximum 2-7 min after addition of [3H]-LPS, followed by loss of [3H]-LPS from cells, reducing to about 10% of the peak level at 20-30 min. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node and thymus cells of the pig and CBA, C3H/He and C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells all bound [3H]-LPS transiently at similar levels. It is concluded that this type of LPS binding cannot be solely responsible for the preferential stimulation of B cells by LPS.", "contents": "The binding of LPS to the lymphocyte surface. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli labelled with tritium has been used to follow the binding of LPS to lymphocytes. Binding to cells rose to a maximum 2-7 min after addition of [3H]-LPS, followed by loss of [3H]-LPS from cells, reducing to about 10% of the peak level at 20-30 min. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node and thymus cells of the pig and CBA, C3H/He and C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells all bound [3H]-LPS transiently at similar levels. It is concluded that this type of LPS binding cannot be solely responsible for the preferential stimulation of B cells by LPS.", "PMID": 391698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9384", "title": "Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes by heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum.", "content": "The development of a heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) capable of specifically suppressing the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response is reported. This ALS, termed ALS(CMI), was prepared against lymph node cells from rats which had been immunized against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) following treatment with cyclophosphamide which is known to enhance the DH response and suppress the humoral immune response. The effect of ALS(CMI) on the primary DH response to SRBC using the footpad swelling test was studied. Its effect on the primary humoral immune response to SRBC was also studied using the Jerne plaque assay technique. ALS(CMI) suppressed the humoral antibody response to SRBC and the DH response to a third party antigen only when administered before the antigen, having no effect when administered post-antigenically. On the other hand, ALS(CMI) significantly suppressed the primary DH response to SRBC when administered either before or after the antigen.", "contents": "Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes by heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum. The development of a heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) capable of specifically suppressing the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response is reported. This ALS, termed ALS(CMI), was prepared against lymph node cells from rats which had been immunized against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) following treatment with cyclophosphamide which is known to enhance the DH response and suppress the humoral immune response. The effect of ALS(CMI) on the primary DH response to SRBC using the footpad swelling test was studied. Its effect on the primary humoral immune response to SRBC was also studied using the Jerne plaque assay technique. ALS(CMI) suppressed the humoral antibody response to SRBC and the DH response to a third party antigen only when administered before the antigen, having no effect when administered post-antigenically. On the other hand, ALS(CMI) significantly suppressed the primary DH response to SRBC when administered either before or after the antigen.", "PMID": 391699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9385", "title": "Anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 in mice.", "content": "Anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 in C3H/HeN mice were not suppressed by in vivo treatment with carrageenan in which many phagocytic macrophages were presumed to be impaired. Rather higher antibody responses to this antigen were observed in athymic nude mice than in heterozygous nude mice. Further, non-adherent spleen-cell and T-cell depleted spleen cells induced in vitro anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 to the same extent as normal spleen cells. These results suggest that anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 are macrophage- and thymus-independent. It was also observed that IgG-type anti-DNP antibodies to DNP-histone H1 were produced although most thymus-independent antigens were shown to induce predominantly IgM type antibodies but little, if any, IgG type antibodies. Furthermore, histone H1 did not show any polyclonal B-cell activator activities in contrast to many other thymus-independent antigens which act as polyclonal B-cell activators.", "contents": "Anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 in mice. Anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 in C3H/HeN mice were not suppressed by in vivo treatment with carrageenan in which many phagocytic macrophages were presumed to be impaired. Rather higher antibody responses to this antigen were observed in athymic nude mice than in heterozygous nude mice. Further, non-adherent spleen-cell and T-cell depleted spleen cells induced in vitro anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 to the same extent as normal spleen cells. These results suggest that anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-histone H1 are macrophage- and thymus-independent. It was also observed that IgG-type anti-DNP antibodies to DNP-histone H1 were produced although most thymus-independent antigens were shown to induce predominantly IgM type antibodies but little, if any, IgG type antibodies. Furthermore, histone H1 did not show any polyclonal B-cell activator activities in contrast to many other thymus-independent antigens which act as polyclonal B-cell activators.", "PMID": 391701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9386", "title": "Acinetobacter and E. coli lipopolysaccharide preparations comparative mitogenicity and induction in vitro of immunoglobulin synthesis in adult and neonatal pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared by phenol/water extraction of bacterial membranes prepared from Acinetobacter and Escherichia coli. The mitogenicity of laboratory-prepared LPS was significantly greater than that of commercial E. coli LPS for pig, sheep, calf and rat lymphocytes, assayed as [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Mouse lymphocytes responded well to commercial LPS and no greater response was obtained with other LPS preparations. A small proportion (14%) of the Acinetobacter LPS preparations was soluble in aqueous medium, the remainder comprising membraneous fragments of variable form and size. It is suggested that the insoluble presentation of LPS to cells may contribute to the improved mitogenicity compared with wholly soluble LPS. Acinetobacter LPS preparations were used to induce synthesis and secretion in vitro of immunoglobulin by adult blood lymphocytes and pre-suckled, neonatal spleen cells of the pig. IgM was the dominant class of immunoglobulin secreted. This work thus demonstrated that virgin, unprimed B cells could be induced into immunoglobulin secretion by mitogen stimulation.", "contents": "Acinetobacter and E. coli lipopolysaccharide preparations comparative mitogenicity and induction in vitro of immunoglobulin synthesis in adult and neonatal pig lymphocytes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared by phenol/water extraction of bacterial membranes prepared from Acinetobacter and Escherichia coli. The mitogenicity of laboratory-prepared LPS was significantly greater than that of commercial E. coli LPS for pig, sheep, calf and rat lymphocytes, assayed as [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Mouse lymphocytes responded well to commercial LPS and no greater response was obtained with other LPS preparations. A small proportion (14%) of the Acinetobacter LPS preparations was soluble in aqueous medium, the remainder comprising membraneous fragments of variable form and size. It is suggested that the insoluble presentation of LPS to cells may contribute to the improved mitogenicity compared with wholly soluble LPS. Acinetobacter LPS preparations were used to induce synthesis and secretion in vitro of immunoglobulin by adult blood lymphocytes and pre-suckled, neonatal spleen cells of the pig. IgM was the dominant class of immunoglobulin secreted. This work thus demonstrated that virgin, unprimed B cells could be induced into immunoglobulin secretion by mitogen stimulation.", "PMID": 391702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9387", "title": "MHC restriction of murine T lymphocyte reactivity analysed by growth of bone marrow cells in vitro on thymus epithelial monolayers.", "content": "Mature mouse T lymphocytes, derived from long-term culture of bone marrow cells on thymus epithelial monolayers, were analysed with respect to their ability to co-operate with B cells (for antibody production) or T cells (in the generation of cytotoxic cells) when the bone marrow T precursor cells and the thymus epithelial cells differ at defined regions of the major histocompatibility complex. A pool of more mature bone marrow T-cell precursors gave rise to T cells interacting only with T/B lymphocytes sharing MHC determinants with the strain of origin of the bone marrow cells used. In contrast, a more immature bone marrow T-cell precursor pool produced T lymphocytes which had acquired MHC restriction (in terms of co-operativity with T/B cells) as defined by the MHC determinants of the thymus epithelium, and not those MHC determinants of the cultured bone marrow population. In addition, some evidence was obtained for Ir gene control (mapping in the MHC region) in the development of the repertoire of T cells involved in production of cytotoxic responses in vitro to TNP-modified self antigens.", "contents": "MHC restriction of murine T lymphocyte reactivity analysed by growth of bone marrow cells in vitro on thymus epithelial monolayers. Mature mouse T lymphocytes, derived from long-term culture of bone marrow cells on thymus epithelial monolayers, were analysed with respect to their ability to co-operate with B cells (for antibody production) or T cells (in the generation of cytotoxic cells) when the bone marrow T precursor cells and the thymus epithelial cells differ at defined regions of the major histocompatibility complex. A pool of more mature bone marrow T-cell precursors gave rise to T cells interacting only with T/B lymphocytes sharing MHC determinants with the strain of origin of the bone marrow cells used. In contrast, a more immature bone marrow T-cell precursor pool produced T lymphocytes which had acquired MHC restriction (in terms of co-operativity with T/B cells) as defined by the MHC determinants of the thymus epithelium, and not those MHC determinants of the cultured bone marrow population. In addition, some evidence was obtained for Ir gene control (mapping in the MHC region) in the development of the repertoire of T cells involved in production of cytotoxic responses in vitro to TNP-modified self antigens.", "PMID": 391705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9388", "title": "Central vein thrombosis: a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.", "content": "Clinical signs of central vein thrombosis as a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation are rarely seen. Two infants who developed thrombosis of the superior vena cava and one adult who developed thrombosis of the left brachiocephalic vein are presented.", "contents": "Central vein thrombosis: a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation. Clinical signs of central vein thrombosis as a complication of internal jugular vein cannulation are rarely seen. Two infants who developed thrombosis of the superior vena cava and one adult who developed thrombosis of the left brachiocephalic vein are presented.", "PMID": 391711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9389", "title": "[\"Old new\" problem of the lues risk in transfusion medicine: the effect of the serum and ACD stabilizer at different temperatures on the infectiosity of Treponema pallidium (Nichols strain)].", "content": "The portion of warm and fresh blood transfusions had increased obviously. This is accompanied by a decrease of the restrictive period of the former 72 and the presently 48 hours for blood units to be transfused. Therefore, the danger of a symphilis transmitted by transfusion is impending again. This is realized insufficiently and the syphilis may occur, if blood is drawn in the seronegative phase of the primary stage of syphilis and transfused within the restrictive period. Model trials on the infectivity of Treponema pallidum revealed that the syphilis cannot be transmitted by blood and its derivates drawn in the seronegative phase after storage at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Therefore, the reduction of the restrictive period to 48 hours is justified.", "contents": "[\"Old new\" problem of the lues risk in transfusion medicine: the effect of the serum and ACD stabilizer at different temperatures on the infectiosity of Treponema pallidium (Nichols strain)]. The portion of warm and fresh blood transfusions had increased obviously. This is accompanied by a decrease of the restrictive period of the former 72 and the presently 48 hours for blood units to be transfused. Therefore, the danger of a symphilis transmitted by transfusion is impending again. This is realized insufficiently and the syphilis may occur, if blood is drawn in the seronegative phase of the primary stage of syphilis and transfused within the restrictive period. Model trials on the infectivity of Treponema pallidum revealed that the syphilis cannot be transmitted by blood and its derivates drawn in the seronegative phase after storage at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Therefore, the reduction of the restrictive period to 48 hours is justified.", "PMID": 391712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9390", "title": "Kidney donation--where some of the problems lie.", "content": "If a viable kidney transplant programme is to be continued on a national basis, many of the problems at present surrounding organ transplantation must be tackled urgently. This paper discusses the psychological and emotional problems which are presently seen to hinder a successful renal transplantation policy, and considers the relative advantages and disadvantages of the kidney donor card scheme.", "contents": "Kidney donation--where some of the problems lie. If a viable kidney transplant programme is to be continued on a national basis, many of the problems at present surrounding organ transplantation must be tackled urgently. This paper discusses the psychological and emotional problems which are presently seen to hinder a successful renal transplantation policy, and considers the relative advantages and disadvantages of the kidney donor card scheme.", "PMID": 391714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9391", "title": "Open fractures of the shaft of the tibia: analysis of wound and fracture treatment.", "content": "Cooperation between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons is an important factor in the treatment of open fractures. In this article a report is made on a retrospective study of a 5-year series of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia treated at the University Hospital in Uppsala between 1972 and 1976. The study proves that the change to external fixation of these fractures and 'open' treatment of the wounds has meant that to a large extent the previous use of pedicle flaps to cover skin defects has been replaced by split skin grafts. The results in the reported series were good, with adequate function in most cases. The final results may, however, be less good than they appeared at this early review time.", "contents": "Open fractures of the shaft of the tibia: analysis of wound and fracture treatment. Cooperation between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons is an important factor in the treatment of open fractures. In this article a report is made on a retrospective study of a 5-year series of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia treated at the University Hospital in Uppsala between 1972 and 1976. The study proves that the change to external fixation of these fractures and 'open' treatment of the wounds has meant that to a large extent the previous use of pedicle flaps to cover skin defects has been replaced by split skin grafts. The results in the reported series were good, with adequate function in most cases. The final results may, however, be less good than they appeared at this early review time.", "PMID": 391716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9392", "title": "Etiology and pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "MH occurs in people who have a generalized membrane abnormality. Two clinical myopathies are known to be associated with this membrane defect. One is usually subclinical and is inherited as a mendelian dominant characteristic. The other occurs in boys who have a number of striking physical abnormalities, and is inherited as a recessive trait. When the abnormal muscle cell membrane is exposed to anesthetic agents such as halothane or succinylcholine there is a rapid, excessive release of calcium into the myoplasm. The raised myoplasmic calcium concentration leads to all the clinical features of the syndrome, predominant among which are: metabolic acidosis, a rise in body temperature, and rigidity--particularly in the muscles of the limbs. The exact site and nature of the lesion in the muscle cell membrane are still to be determined, but recent evidence suggests that it may lie in the E-C coupling mechanism. Understanding of the pathophysiology of MH has led to the development of an appropriate drug treatment for this syndrome, the aim of which is to restore the elevated myoplasmic calcium level to normal. Dantrolene sodium promises to be the most effective drug in achieving this result.", "contents": "Etiology and pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia. MH occurs in people who have a generalized membrane abnormality. Two clinical myopathies are known to be associated with this membrane defect. One is usually subclinical and is inherited as a mendelian dominant characteristic. The other occurs in boys who have a number of striking physical abnormalities, and is inherited as a recessive trait. When the abnormal muscle cell membrane is exposed to anesthetic agents such as halothane or succinylcholine there is a rapid, excessive release of calcium into the myoplasm. The raised myoplasmic calcium concentration leads to all the clinical features of the syndrome, predominant among which are: metabolic acidosis, a rise in body temperature, and rigidity--particularly in the muscles of the limbs. The exact site and nature of the lesion in the muscle cell membrane are still to be determined, but recent evidence suggests that it may lie in the E-C coupling mechanism. Understanding of the pathophysiology of MH has led to the development of an appropriate drug treatment for this syndrome, the aim of which is to restore the elevated myoplasmic calcium level to normal. Dantrolene sodium promises to be the most effective drug in achieving this result.", "PMID": 391719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9393", "title": "Minimal side-chain protection can be a successful strategy in solid-phase peptide synthesis.", "content": "The N-terminal tyrosine residue of Met-enkephalin could be readily incorporated without protection of its phenolic hydroxylgroup. Furthermore, the HF-cleaved product contained fewer impurities than that derived from hydroxyl-protected material. Despite the presence of Tyr in the center of the chain, an LH-RH antagonist, [D-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6]-LH-RH, could also be made in normal yield by incorporation of free Boc-Tyr. Syntheses of the same model peptide without protection of the Ser residue and protection of the Arg residue as the guanidine HCl salt also gave excellent yields of analog. Finally, the LH-RH inhibitor and a highly active agonist, [D-Leu6, desGly-NH2(10)]-LH-RH ethylamide, were synthesized without protection of Tyr, Ser and Arg, which enabled free peptides to be generated directly by ammonolysis and ethylaminolysis, respectively, without HF treatment. In all examples, no evidence emerged to suggest reaction of side-chains during synthesis.", "contents": "Minimal side-chain protection can be a successful strategy in solid-phase peptide synthesis. The N-terminal tyrosine residue of Met-enkephalin could be readily incorporated without protection of its phenolic hydroxylgroup. Furthermore, the HF-cleaved product contained fewer impurities than that derived from hydroxyl-protected material. Despite the presence of Tyr in the center of the chain, an LH-RH antagonist, [D-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6]-LH-RH, could also be made in normal yield by incorporation of free Boc-Tyr. Syntheses of the same model peptide without protection of the Ser residue and protection of the Arg residue as the guanidine HCl salt also gave excellent yields of analog. Finally, the LH-RH inhibitor and a highly active agonist, [D-Leu6, desGly-NH2(10)]-LH-RH ethylamide, were synthesized without protection of Tyr, Ser and Arg, which enabled free peptides to be generated directly by ammonolysis and ethylaminolysis, respectively, without HF treatment. In all examples, no evidence emerged to suggest reaction of side-chains during synthesis.", "PMID": 391727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9394", "title": "The problems of generations: and generational analysis.", "content": "The focus of this paper is two fold: 1. conceptual and methodological problems underlying the life-span sociology literature that heretofore have not been discussed; and 2. application of the generational analysis model to the question of life cycle change in personal values. Specifically, we address the issues of whether (1) value change over the life course is a result of period shifts or individual maturation and (2) differences in values among age strata are a function of cohort experience or individual maturation (aging). Utilizing data from the Detroit Area Studies, four measures of values were constructed. The analyses shows that on only one of the four dependent measures was aging directly implicated in the findings. However, cohort differences and period effects were found to have a significant effect on the distribution of several of the value indices. The data are consistent with Mannheim's observation that older cohorts are affected by social change although the relative degree of observed change is much greater among the young.", "contents": "The problems of generations: and generational analysis. The focus of this paper is two fold: 1. conceptual and methodological problems underlying the life-span sociology literature that heretofore have not been discussed; and 2. application of the generational analysis model to the question of life cycle change in personal values. Specifically, we address the issues of whether (1) value change over the life course is a result of period shifts or individual maturation and (2) differences in values among age strata are a function of cohort experience or individual maturation (aging). Utilizing data from the Detroit Area Studies, four measures of values were constructed. The analyses shows that on only one of the four dependent measures was aging directly implicated in the findings. However, cohort differences and period effects were found to have a significant effect on the distribution of several of the value indices. The data are consistent with Mannheim's observation that older cohorts are affected by social change although the relative degree of observed change is much greater among the young.", "PMID": 391723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9395", "title": "Charles Dickens' old people.", "content": "Charles Dickens, rare among authors of any period, presented a host of elderly and old characters in his novels and stories. More than 120 such characters were identified, distributed among four levels of involvement (protagonist to minor role) and six categories of behavior (warm and sympathetic to villainous and threatening). The two-thirds male, one-third female characters tended to be concentrated at the minor, rather than major, levels of involvement in plots, but they represented a great range of behavior. Dickens' old people were fully engaged in life and society and were not age-stereotyped.", "contents": "Charles Dickens' old people. Charles Dickens, rare among authors of any period, presented a host of elderly and old characters in his novels and stories. More than 120 such characters were identified, distributed among four levels of involvement (protagonist to minor role) and six categories of behavior (warm and sympathetic to villainous and threatening). The two-thirds male, one-third female characters tended to be concentrated at the minor, rather than major, levels of involvement in plots, but they represented a great range of behavior. Dickens' old people were fully engaged in life and society and were not age-stereotyped.", "PMID": 391724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9396", "title": "Retinal detachments and intraocular lenses.", "content": "1. Increasingly more patients with PPRD are seen. A retinal detachment can occur after any type of implant or cataract extraction. 2. The pseudophakic patient is better equipped than the aphakic patient to recognize symptoms of a retinal detachment, and most PPRDs are seen soon after they occur. 3. Visual access to the retina is sometimes decreased. The IOL requires more precautions. Hazy media and lens remnants are a major handicap, and the examination is more difficult and time-consuming. 4. Characteristic pseudophakogenic retinal changes or breaks are not obvious. Retinal tears are small and located near the ora serrata retinae. 5. When the breaks are found, the lengthy examination can be followed by a simple scleral buckle with minimal insult to the eye. When the breaks are not found, the treatment is extensive. 6. The anatomical and visual results are comparable to results of other rhegmatogeneous retinal detachments.", "contents": "Retinal detachments and intraocular lenses. 1. Increasingly more patients with PPRD are seen. A retinal detachment can occur after any type of implant or cataract extraction. 2. The pseudophakic patient is better equipped than the aphakic patient to recognize symptoms of a retinal detachment, and most PPRDs are seen soon after they occur. 3. Visual access to the retina is sometimes decreased. The IOL requires more precautions. Hazy media and lens remnants are a major handicap, and the examination is more difficult and time-consuming. 4. Characteristic pseudophakogenic retinal changes or breaks are not obvious. Retinal tears are small and located near the ora serrata retinae. 5. When the breaks are found, the lengthy examination can be followed by a simple scleral buckle with minimal insult to the eye. When the breaks are not found, the treatment is extensive. 6. The anatomical and visual results are comparable to results of other rhegmatogeneous retinal detachments.", "PMID": 391736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9397", "title": "The clinical and psychological effects of pemoline in depressed patients--a controlled study.", "content": "The clinical and psychological effects of pemoline were compared with placebo in a double-blind study of 20 depressed patients. Target symptoms were disturbances of concentration and memory, tension, depression, fatigue, decreased libido, anorexia and insomnia. The two groups were matched for their clinical picture, age, sex, and duration of illness. During the three-week study period the pemoline group received 50 mg daily. Significant differences in some clinical symptoms were found between the groups, but not in the performance of psychological tests, administered before and after the three-week study period. These differences proved the effectiveness of pemoline in combating symptoms of disturbances in concentration, memory, tension, depression and fatigue.", "contents": "The clinical and psychological effects of pemoline in depressed patients--a controlled study. The clinical and psychological effects of pemoline were compared with placebo in a double-blind study of 20 depressed patients. Target symptoms were disturbances of concentration and memory, tension, depression, fatigue, decreased libido, anorexia and insomnia. The two groups were matched for their clinical picture, age, sex, and duration of illness. During the three-week study period the pemoline group received 50 mg daily. Significant differences in some clinical symptoms were found between the groups, but not in the performance of psychological tests, administered before and after the three-week study period. These differences proved the effectiveness of pemoline in combating symptoms of disturbances in concentration, memory, tension, depression and fatigue.", "PMID": 391753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9398", "title": "[Treatment of lithium tremor with the beta receptor blocker, pindolol].", "content": "In a cross-over study with Pindolol, 15 mg/day, against placebo, we studied during 4 weeks 22 patients aged between 20 and 65 years who where treated by means of lithium carbonate retard (Quilonum Retard). The tremor was measured twice a week by means of three apparative methods: an accelerometer, a 'hole-plate' and an 'aimed tapping plate', both constructed by Janke, and was also studied by means of a self-evaluation rating-scale. We obtained a positive therapeutic effect of Pindolol on lithium-induced tremor, which was statistically significant by means of the 'hole-plate' and of self-evaluation. Differences in results are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of lithium tremor with the beta receptor blocker, pindolol]. In a cross-over study with Pindolol, 15 mg/day, against placebo, we studied during 4 weeks 22 patients aged between 20 and 65 years who where treated by means of lithium carbonate retard (Quilonum Retard). The tremor was measured twice a week by means of three apparative methods: an accelerometer, a 'hole-plate' and an 'aimed tapping plate', both constructed by Janke, and was also studied by means of a self-evaluation rating-scale. We obtained a positive therapeutic effect of Pindolol on lithium-induced tremor, which was statistically significant by means of the 'hole-plate' and of self-evaluation. Differences in results are discussed.", "PMID": 391754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9399", "title": "[Importance of the plasma membrane for epidermal regulation processes].", "content": "In this review the general structure and the properties of the plasma membrane are described with respect to the recent findings on the membrane of the keratinocyte. A structural and functional model of the plasma membrane of the keratinocyte is proposed based on biochemical, electron microscopic and fluorescence microscopic findings. The plasma membrane is obviously involved in the control of intercellular adhesion, growth and differentiation of normal epidermal cells. Under pathological conditions an alteration of the plasma membrane of the keratinocyte may affect the intercellular communication and/or the cellular control by mediators.", "contents": "[Importance of the plasma membrane for epidermal regulation processes]. In this review the general structure and the properties of the plasma membrane are described with respect to the recent findings on the membrane of the keratinocyte. A structural and functional model of the plasma membrane of the keratinocyte is proposed based on biochemical, electron microscopic and fluorescence microscopic findings. The plasma membrane is obviously involved in the control of intercellular adhesion, growth and differentiation of normal epidermal cells. Under pathological conditions an alteration of the plasma membrane of the keratinocyte may affect the intercellular communication and/or the cellular control by mediators.", "PMID": 391768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9400", "title": "Investment decision making in the health care industry: the future.", "content": "The economic and political environment in which providers of health care will operate during the 1980s will continue to be increasingly restrictive. Any private-sector organization's long-run survival depends directly on the quality of its investment decisions, broadly defined. This decision making will require three major innovations if private sector health care providers are to survive: 1) traditional biases about the economics of not-for-profit entities must be abandoned; 2) standard data, procedures, and personnel from the accounting discipline must be supplemented with information, methodologies, and people from the discipline of corporate finance; and 3) economic and fiscal risk must be measured and incorporated into both investment decisions and interactions with external regulators. Practitioners can begin to implement these innovations immediately. Although substantial literature exists developing all these concepts generally and applying them to for-profit settings, the literature purporting to treat investment decision making for private-sector health care providers is, on average, replete with conceptual error, simplistic thinking, erroneous applications, and out-of-date methodologies. The literature is, in a word, horrid. Authors, both practitioner and academic, should stop writing terrible books and booklike periodicals for easy royalty dollars, and, instead, pursue sound applied research and disseminate their results in classrooms and in refereed journals.", "contents": "Investment decision making in the health care industry: the future. The economic and political environment in which providers of health care will operate during the 1980s will continue to be increasingly restrictive. Any private-sector organization's long-run survival depends directly on the quality of its investment decisions, broadly defined. This decision making will require three major innovations if private sector health care providers are to survive: 1) traditional biases about the economics of not-for-profit entities must be abandoned; 2) standard data, procedures, and personnel from the accounting discipline must be supplemented with information, methodologies, and people from the discipline of corporate finance; and 3) economic and fiscal risk must be measured and incorporated into both investment decisions and interactions with external regulators. Practitioners can begin to implement these innovations immediately. Although substantial literature exists developing all these concepts generally and applying them to for-profit settings, the literature purporting to treat investment decision making for private-sector health care providers is, on average, replete with conceptual error, simplistic thinking, erroneous applications, and out-of-date methodologies. The literature is, in a word, horrid. Authors, both practitioner and academic, should stop writing terrible books and booklike periodicals for easy royalty dollars, and, instead, pursue sound applied research and disseminate their results in classrooms and in refereed journals.", "PMID": 391771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9401", "title": "Transportation or CT scanners: a theory and method of health resources allocation.", "content": "Cost containment and access to appropriate care are the two most frequently discussed issues in contemporary health policy. Conceiving of the health services available in specific regions as \"packages\" of diverse items, the authors of this article consider the economic trade-offs among the various resources needed for appropriate care. In the discussion that follows, we examine the trade-offs between two divergent offering of the health care system: high technology medicine and support services. Specifically, we examine several strategies designed to achieve an optimal mix of investments in CT scanners and transportation resources in the South Chicago region. Using linear programming as a method for examining these options, the authors found that 1) the proper location of CT scanners is as important for cost containment as optimal number, and 2) excess capacity in the utilization of a single resource--CT scanners--need not imply inefficiency in the overall delivery of the service. These findings help demonstrate the importance of viewing health care as a package of interrelated services, both for achieving cost containment and for providing access to appropriate care.", "contents": "Transportation or CT scanners: a theory and method of health resources allocation. Cost containment and access to appropriate care are the two most frequently discussed issues in contemporary health policy. Conceiving of the health services available in specific regions as \"packages\" of diverse items, the authors of this article consider the economic trade-offs among the various resources needed for appropriate care. In the discussion that follows, we examine the trade-offs between two divergent offering of the health care system: high technology medicine and support services. Specifically, we examine several strategies designed to achieve an optimal mix of investments in CT scanners and transportation resources in the South Chicago region. Using linear programming as a method for examining these options, the authors found that 1) the proper location of CT scanners is as important for cost containment as optimal number, and 2) excess capacity in the utilization of a single resource--CT scanners--need not imply inefficiency in the overall delivery of the service. These findings help demonstrate the importance of viewing health care as a package of interrelated services, both for achieving cost containment and for providing access to appropriate care.", "PMID": 391772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9402", "title": "Successful indomethacin treatment of two paediatric patients with severe tubulopathies. A boy with an unusual hypercalciuria and a girl with cystinosis.", "content": "Two children were followed for severe congenital tubulopathies: a boy presented an excessive sodium, calcium and water excretion; a girl had cystinosis and a De Toni-Debr\u00e9-Fanconi syndrome. These renal defects were both associated with increased levels of plasma renin activity and aldosterone, and excessive urinary PGE1 production. They had been unresponsive to therapeutic attempts. Only indomethacin treatment was successful in reversing the biochemical abnormalities and improving the growth pattern.", "contents": "Successful indomethacin treatment of two paediatric patients with severe tubulopathies. A boy with an unusual hypercalciuria and a girl with cystinosis. Two children were followed for severe congenital tubulopathies: a boy presented an excessive sodium, calcium and water excretion; a girl had cystinosis and a De Toni-Debr\u00e9-Fanconi syndrome. These renal defects were both associated with increased levels of plasma renin activity and aldosterone, and excessive urinary PGE1 production. They had been unresponsive to therapeutic attempts. Only indomethacin treatment was successful in reversing the biochemical abnormalities and improving the growth pattern.", "PMID": 391773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9403", "title": "Fluorescent colloidal gold: a cytochemical marker for fluorescent and electron microscopy.", "content": "The gold method was further developed for fluorescent microscopy. Gold granules (12 nm in size) were labelled with rhodamine conjugates of Concanavalin A and avidin. The fluorescent markers were used to mark cell wall mannan on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae either by the one-step, or by the two-step method via a biotinyl derivative of ConA. By fluorescence or transmission electron microscopy, the two-step method was found to achieve a higher density of marking.", "contents": "Fluorescent colloidal gold: a cytochemical marker for fluorescent and electron microscopy. The gold method was further developed for fluorescent microscopy. Gold granules (12 nm in size) were labelled with rhodamine conjugates of Concanavalin A and avidin. The fluorescent markers were used to mark cell wall mannan on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae either by the one-step, or by the two-step method via a biotinyl derivative of ConA. By fluorescence or transmission electron microscopy, the two-step method was found to achieve a higher density of marking.", "PMID": 391776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9404", "title": "The avian proventriculus is an abundant source of endocrine cells with bombesin-like immunoreactivity.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays using specific bombesin antisera revealed high concentrations of immunoreactivity in the turkey proventriculus, and negligible amounts of activity elsewhere in the gut. In immunohistochemical studies the same antisera revealed abundant endocrine-like cells in proventriculus mucosa, and isolated cells in small intestinal mucosa. In contrast to the rat, immunoreactivity was not demonstrated in nerves.", "contents": "The avian proventriculus is an abundant source of endocrine cells with bombesin-like immunoreactivity. Radioimmunoassays using specific bombesin antisera revealed high concentrations of immunoreactivity in the turkey proventriculus, and negligible amounts of activity elsewhere in the gut. In immunohistochemical studies the same antisera revealed abundant endocrine-like cells in proventriculus mucosa, and isolated cells in small intestinal mucosa. In contrast to the rat, immunoreactivity was not demonstrated in nerves.", "PMID": 391777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9405", "title": "Metastatic potential of malignant tumours.", "content": "The term 'metastatic potential' is examined, together with some of the factors that may contribute to it. The evidence is drawn from clinical and experimental sources. Morphological factors include the site of the tumour, its size, histological appearances and pattern of local spread. The scope and limitations of each are discussed and the potential application of newer morphological techniques is noted. Certain non-morphological factors are considered: these are (1) the functional heterogeneity of tumour cell populations with resepct to the metastatic capacity; (2) the elaboration of certain tumour-associated products which may potentiate tumour spread; and (3) immunological factors in the form of local host cell infiltrates in and around primary tumours. The tumour-associated products include collagenases, prostaglandins and angiogenesis factor; their likely origin from tumour and host cells is stressed, together with their implications in physiological and pathological processes other than neoplasia. It is concluded that the metastatic potential of tumours cannot be assessed in the terms of conventional tumour pathology alone. A more functional approach is needed before the term 'metastatic potential' acquires solid conceptual or practical value.", "contents": "Metastatic potential of malignant tumours. The term 'metastatic potential' is examined, together with some of the factors that may contribute to it. The evidence is drawn from clinical and experimental sources. Morphological factors include the site of the tumour, its size, histological appearances and pattern of local spread. The scope and limitations of each are discussed and the potential application of newer morphological techniques is noted. Certain non-morphological factors are considered: these are (1) the functional heterogeneity of tumour cell populations with resepct to the metastatic capacity; (2) the elaboration of certain tumour-associated products which may potentiate tumour spread; and (3) immunological factors in the form of local host cell infiltrates in and around primary tumours. The tumour-associated products include collagenases, prostaglandins and angiogenesis factor; their likely origin from tumour and host cells is stressed, together with their implications in physiological and pathological processes other than neoplasia. It is concluded that the metastatic potential of tumours cannot be assessed in the terms of conventional tumour pathology alone. A more functional approach is needed before the term 'metastatic potential' acquires solid conceptual or practical value.", "PMID": 391778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9406", "title": "A review of histiocytosis X with particular reference to eosinophilic granuloma of the lung.", "content": "Electron microscopy confirms the unity of Histiocytosis X (HX) by identifying a common marker organelle in all three forms of the disease (acute disseminated HX or Letterer-Siwe disease; chronic disseminated HX or Hand-Schuller-Christian disease; localized HX or eosinophilic granuloma). The marker organelle of HX is also found in normal Langerhans' cells: these mononuclear cells are distinct from macrophages but are similarly concerned in antigen transport. HX may therefore be considered to represent a pathological proliferation of Langerhans' cells. The natural history and the clinical, radiological and pathological features of primary pulmonary HX (eosinophilic granuloma of the lungs) are described, together with the differential diagnoses which must be considered by the histopathologist.", "contents": "A review of histiocytosis X with particular reference to eosinophilic granuloma of the lung. Electron microscopy confirms the unity of Histiocytosis X (HX) by identifying a common marker organelle in all three forms of the disease (acute disseminated HX or Letterer-Siwe disease; chronic disseminated HX or Hand-Schuller-Christian disease; localized HX or eosinophilic granuloma). The marker organelle of HX is also found in normal Langerhans' cells: these mononuclear cells are distinct from macrophages but are similarly concerned in antigen transport. HX may therefore be considered to represent a pathological proliferation of Langerhans' cells. The natural history and the clinical, radiological and pathological features of primary pulmonary HX (eosinophilic granuloma of the lungs) are described, together with the differential diagnoses which must be considered by the histopathologist.", "PMID": 391779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9407", "title": "[The emperor Nero as an example of the actor and singer in ancient Rome (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of what importance the human voice had as a means of expression in the Roman Empire and how orators, actors and singers trained and developed their voices can be seen in the example of the Emperor Nero (37--68 AD). The historians of late antiquity (in particular, Sueton and Tacitus) reported a deeper insight into Nero's complex personality. As a result, a number of details are known about his training as an artist as these relate to his appearance in public as an actor and singer. These findings can also be regarded as characteristic for the epoch of the time.", "contents": "[The emperor Nero as an example of the actor and singer in ancient Rome (author's transl)]. The question of what importance the human voice had as a means of expression in the Roman Empire and how orators, actors and singers trained and developed their voices can be seen in the example of the Emperor Nero (37--68 AD). The historians of late antiquity (in particular, Sueton and Tacitus) reported a deeper insight into Nero's complex personality. As a result, a number of details are known about his training as an artist as these relate to his appearance in public as an actor and singer. These findings can also be regarded as characteristic for the epoch of the time.", "PMID": 391784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9408", "title": "Cancer cachexia in man: a review.", "content": "There are many factors which are responsible for the high incidence of cachexia in human neoplasia. In this review, those considered to be of major importance are discussed. Nutritional disturbances, such as anorexia and malabsorption, are common and nutritional repletion may be beneficial to certain patients. Raised metabolic rate and energy expenditure are also encountered. Tumour cells may act as a nitrogen trap or energy sink, but the significance of these mechanisms in man is questionable. Ectopic hormone production by tumours is well established and a number of tumour-derived substances have been described which interfere with the intermediary metabolism of the host. The significance of these various substances also remains uncertain. Most experimental studies of cancer cachexia have utilized transplantable animal tumour models which bear a poor resemblance to the clinical condition. Development of more suitable models with human tumour xenografts might allow a quicker and better understanding of the aetiologies of human cancer-induced cachexia.", "contents": "Cancer cachexia in man: a review. There are many factors which are responsible for the high incidence of cachexia in human neoplasia. In this review, those considered to be of major importance are discussed. Nutritional disturbances, such as anorexia and malabsorption, are common and nutritional repletion may be beneficial to certain patients. Raised metabolic rate and energy expenditure are also encountered. Tumour cells may act as a nitrogen trap or energy sink, but the significance of these mechanisms in man is questionable. Ectopic hormone production by tumours is well established and a number of tumour-derived substances have been described which interfere with the intermediary metabolism of the host. The significance of these various substances also remains uncertain. Most experimental studies of cancer cachexia have utilized transplantable animal tumour models which bear a poor resemblance to the clinical condition. Development of more suitable models with human tumour xenografts might allow a quicker and better understanding of the aetiologies of human cancer-induced cachexia.", "PMID": 391780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9409", "title": "Pregnancy proteins: a review.", "content": "Pregnancy proteins can be conveniently divided into three groups, the so-called trophoblast-specific, the pregnancy-associated and the foetal proteins. In this review we have attempted to outline the physicochemical properties and clinical value of the pregnancy-specific and pregnancy-associated proteins in the monitoring of feto-placental function and malignant disease. Where possible, we have tried to indicate areas of future development.", "contents": "Pregnancy proteins: a review. Pregnancy proteins can be conveniently divided into three groups, the so-called trophoblast-specific, the pregnancy-associated and the foetal proteins. In this review we have attempted to outline the physicochemical properties and clinical value of the pregnancy-specific and pregnancy-associated proteins in the monitoring of feto-placental function and malignant disease. Where possible, we have tried to indicate areas of future development.", "PMID": 391782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9410", "title": "Resistance plasmids in Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9.", "content": "Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9 utilizes 2-tridecanone as its sole carbon source and has been shown to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics. To ascertain whether any of these characteristics were plasmid mediated, Escherichia coli HB101 was transformed with plasmid DNA isolated from Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9. No 2-tridecanone-utilizing transformants were obtained. Tetracycline (Tc)- and ampicillin (Ap)- resistant transformants were obtained at a low frequency. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from antibiotic-resistant E. coli HB101 transformants had molecular weights of 2.9 x 10(6) for pJW2 Tcr and 5.4 x 10(6) for pJW3 Apr as determined by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from P. cepacia 4G9 revealed a single plasmid species, pJW1 of 1.78 x 10(6). Tetracycline resistance in both P. cepacia 4G9 and E. coli HB101(pJW2) was inducible, whereas ampicillin resistance in P. cepacia 4G9 was constitutive. The level of ampicillin resistance coded by pJW3 was lower in P. cepacia 4G9 than in the transformant E. coli HB101(pJW3).", "contents": "Resistance plasmids in Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9. Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9 utilizes 2-tridecanone as its sole carbon source and has been shown to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics. To ascertain whether any of these characteristics were plasmid mediated, Escherichia coli HB101 was transformed with plasmid DNA isolated from Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9. No 2-tridecanone-utilizing transformants were obtained. Tetracycline (Tc)- and ampicillin (Ap)- resistant transformants were obtained at a low frequency. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from antibiotic-resistant E. coli HB101 transformants had molecular weights of 2.9 x 10(6) for pJW2 Tcr and 5.4 x 10(6) for pJW3 Apr as determined by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from P. cepacia 4G9 revealed a single plasmid species, pJW1 of 1.78 x 10(6). Tetracycline resistance in both P. cepacia 4G9 and E. coli HB101(pJW2) was inducible, whereas ampicillin resistance in P. cepacia 4G9 was constitutive. The level of ampicillin resistance coded by pJW3 was lower in P. cepacia 4G9 than in the transformant E. coli HB101(pJW3).", "PMID": 391795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9411", "title": "Ploidy determination of Canadida albicans.", "content": "The dimorphic yeast Candida albicans, as a member of the fungi imperfecti, has been assumed to be in the haploid, or imperfect, state. The deoxyribonucleic acid content of this species has been measured by flow microfluorometry, a technique capable of analyzing single cells. These results were compared with flow microfluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid determinations on a series of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of known ploidy (haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid). These ploidy levels were readily distinguished by the flow microfluorometry procedure. By this criterion, C. albicans was found to contain a diploid amount of deoxyribonucleic acid. Ultraviolet radiation survival and chemical mutagenesis experiments support the conclusion that both clinically isolated and laboratory strains of C. albicans are diploid.", "contents": "Ploidy determination of Canadida albicans. The dimorphic yeast Candida albicans, as a member of the fungi imperfecti, has been assumed to be in the haploid, or imperfect, state. The deoxyribonucleic acid content of this species has been measured by flow microfluorometry, a technique capable of analyzing single cells. These results were compared with flow microfluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid determinations on a series of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of known ploidy (haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid). These ploidy levels were readily distinguished by the flow microfluorometry procedure. By this criterion, C. albicans was found to contain a diploid amount of deoxyribonucleic acid. Ultraviolet radiation survival and chemical mutagenesis experiments support the conclusion that both clinically isolated and laboratory strains of C. albicans are diploid.", "PMID": 391796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9412", "title": "Interaction of bacteriophage T4 with reconstituted cell envelopes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The interaction with bacteriophage T4 of the cell surface of Escherichia coli K-12 reconstituted from outer membrane protein O-8, lipopolysaccharide, and the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus was studied. The reconstituted cell surface was active as a receptor for the phage, resulting in the contraction of the tail sheath, a morphological change in the base plate which was accompanied by the extension of short tail pins down to the cell surface and the penetration of the needle through the cell surface. However, the ejection of phage deoxyribonucleic acid did not take place. Both O-8 and lipopolysaccharide were essential for the interaction. In the reconstitution, the wild-type lipopolysaccharide could not be replaced by either heptoseless lipopolysaccharide or lipid A. The lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus was also found to be an active component for the phage adsorption. The sacculus most likely functioned as a basal framework on which O-8 and lipopolysaccharide assembled to form a flat sheet which is large enough to interact with individual distal ends of long tail fibers of a single phage particle.", "contents": "Interaction of bacteriophage T4 with reconstituted cell envelopes of Escherichia coli K-12. The interaction with bacteriophage T4 of the cell surface of Escherichia coli K-12 reconstituted from outer membrane protein O-8, lipopolysaccharide, and the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus was studied. The reconstituted cell surface was active as a receptor for the phage, resulting in the contraction of the tail sheath, a morphological change in the base plate which was accompanied by the extension of short tail pins down to the cell surface and the penetration of the needle through the cell surface. However, the ejection of phage deoxyribonucleic acid did not take place. Both O-8 and lipopolysaccharide were essential for the interaction. In the reconstitution, the wild-type lipopolysaccharide could not be replaced by either heptoseless lipopolysaccharide or lipid A. The lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus was also found to be an active component for the phage adsorption. The sacculus most likely functioned as a basal framework on which O-8 and lipopolysaccharide assembled to form a flat sheet which is large enough to interact with individual distal ends of long tail fibers of a single phage particle.", "PMID": 391797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9413", "title": "Hyaluronic acid capsule: strategy for oxygen resistance in group A streptococci.", "content": "Unencapsulated variants of encapsulated, M-protein-positive group A streptococci are oxygen sensitive and secrete inhibitory concentrations of hydrogen peroxide when grown in aerated broth cultures. The organisms were equally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, and neither exhibited catalase or peroxidase activity, suggesting that differences in oxygen sensitivity reflect dissimilarity in oxygen uptake. The encapsulated parental culture was found to grow in aggregates that take up oxygen more slowly than unencapsulated, oxygen-sensitive derivatives. Moreover, the latter grow in an unaggregated, homogenous suspension. The enzyme hyaluronidase was able to disrupt aggregates of the encapsulated strain increase the rate that these cells take up oxygen, and cause the accumulation of toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide earlier in their growth cycle. The evidence presented shows that the aggregation of streptococcal cells by their hyaluronic acid capsule provides this organism with a novel means to avoid self-destruction by oxygen metabolites--cells are shielded from oxygen. The reduced surface-to-volume ratio and limited diffusion of oxygen into the interior of aggregates are proposed as the protective mechanism.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid capsule: strategy for oxygen resistance in group A streptococci. Unencapsulated variants of encapsulated, M-protein-positive group A streptococci are oxygen sensitive and secrete inhibitory concentrations of hydrogen peroxide when grown in aerated broth cultures. The organisms were equally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, and neither exhibited catalase or peroxidase activity, suggesting that differences in oxygen sensitivity reflect dissimilarity in oxygen uptake. The encapsulated parental culture was found to grow in aggregates that take up oxygen more slowly than unencapsulated, oxygen-sensitive derivatives. Moreover, the latter grow in an unaggregated, homogenous suspension. The enzyme hyaluronidase was able to disrupt aggregates of the encapsulated strain increase the rate that these cells take up oxygen, and cause the accumulation of toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide earlier in their growth cycle. The evidence presented shows that the aggregation of streptococcal cells by their hyaluronic acid capsule provides this organism with a novel means to avoid self-destruction by oxygen metabolites--cells are shielded from oxygen. The reduced surface-to-volume ratio and limited diffusion of oxygen into the interior of aggregates are proposed as the protective mechanism.", "PMID": 391798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9414", "title": "Existence of the bound form of prolipoprotein in Escherichia coli B cells treated with globomycin.", "content": "A murein-bound form of prolipoprotein was found in the cell envelope fraction of globomycin-treated Escherichia coli B. We suggest therefore that proteolytic cleavage of prolipoprotein to mature lipoprotein is not essential for the transpeptidation of the lipoprotein to peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Existence of the bound form of prolipoprotein in Escherichia coli B cells treated with globomycin. A murein-bound form of prolipoprotein was found in the cell envelope fraction of globomycin-treated Escherichia coli B. We suggest therefore that proteolytic cleavage of prolipoprotein to mature lipoprotein is not essential for the transpeptidation of the lipoprotein to peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 391799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9415", "title": "Direction of deoxyribonucleic acid transfer and replication in a derivative of plasmid R100-1.", "content": "The site of integration and the molecular orientation of a prophage Mu integrated within the resistance transfer factor component of plasmid R100-1 have been determined on the physical map of the plasmid. This allowed us (i) to determine the direction of deoxyribonucleic acid transfer from oriT during conjugation and (ii) to demonstrate the unidirectionality of replication in conditions of exponential growth (by determining the strand preference of Mu-specific Okazaki fragments).", "contents": "Direction of deoxyribonucleic acid transfer and replication in a derivative of plasmid R100-1. The site of integration and the molecular orientation of a prophage Mu integrated within the resistance transfer factor component of plasmid R100-1 have been determined on the physical map of the plasmid. This allowed us (i) to determine the direction of deoxyribonucleic acid transfer from oriT during conjugation and (ii) to demonstrate the unidirectionality of replication in conditions of exponential growth (by determining the strand preference of Mu-specific Okazaki fragments).", "PMID": 391800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9416", "title": "Hybrid tryptophan synthase beta 2 proteins: apparent conservation of the beta-beta binding region of the beta monomer among enteric bacteria.", "content": "Purified borohydride-reduced tryptophan synthase beta 2 protein (EC 4.2.1.20) from Escherichia coli and purified native beta 2 protein from Serratia marcescens were mixed and dissociated in urea. Removal of the urea resulted in random reassociation of the reduced and native beta monomers, forming interspecies hybrid beta 2 molecules. Interspecies hybrid beta 2 protein molecules of the reciprocal composition were also formed. Interspecies hybrid reconstituted molecules were formed with approximately the same efficiency as intraspecies reconstituted molecules (reduced and native monomers from the same species) indicating no particular preference for reassembly. The data provide evidence that the structural region of interaction between the beta monomers necessary for dimerization is highly conserved in the enzymes from the two organisms examined.", "contents": "Hybrid tryptophan synthase beta 2 proteins: apparent conservation of the beta-beta binding region of the beta monomer among enteric bacteria. Purified borohydride-reduced tryptophan synthase beta 2 protein (EC 4.2.1.20) from Escherichia coli and purified native beta 2 protein from Serratia marcescens were mixed and dissociated in urea. Removal of the urea resulted in random reassociation of the reduced and native beta monomers, forming interspecies hybrid beta 2 molecules. Interspecies hybrid beta 2 protein molecules of the reciprocal composition were also formed. Interspecies hybrid reconstituted molecules were formed with approximately the same efficiency as intraspecies reconstituted molecules (reduced and native monomers from the same species) indicating no particular preference for reassembly. The data provide evidence that the structural region of interaction between the beta monomers necessary for dimerization is highly conserved in the enzymes from the two organisms examined.", "PMID": 391801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9417", "title": "Influence of molecular size and osmolarity of sugars and dextrans on the synthesis of outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Supplementation of the growth medium with high concentrations of sugars or low-molecular-weight dextrans results in a drastic change in the ratio of outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9, due to induction of O-8 synthesis and suppression of O-9 synthesis. Sugars and dextrans of molecular weights greater than 600 to 700 switched the synthesis of O-9 to that of O-8 more effectively than those of lower molecular weight, although the effect was almost the same within each of the two groups irrespective of the differences in molecular weight within the group. Proteins O-8 or O-9, or both, are responsible for the formation of pores that allow the passive diffusion of hydrophilic molecules whose molecular weights are smaller than about 600 (T. Nakae, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71:877-884, 1976). The results indicate that substances that cannot pass through the outer membrane switch the synthesis of O-9 to that of O-8 more effectively than those that can penetrate this membrane with the aid of O-8, O-9, or both. It is suggested that the osmotic pressure exerted on the outer membrane plays an important role in the regulation of synthesis of the two proteins.", "contents": "Influence of molecular size and osmolarity of sugars and dextrans on the synthesis of outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 of Escherichia coli K-12. Supplementation of the growth medium with high concentrations of sugars or low-molecular-weight dextrans results in a drastic change in the ratio of outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9, due to induction of O-8 synthesis and suppression of O-9 synthesis. Sugars and dextrans of molecular weights greater than 600 to 700 switched the synthesis of O-9 to that of O-8 more effectively than those of lower molecular weight, although the effect was almost the same within each of the two groups irrespective of the differences in molecular weight within the group. Proteins O-8 or O-9, or both, are responsible for the formation of pores that allow the passive diffusion of hydrophilic molecules whose molecular weights are smaller than about 600 (T. Nakae, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71:877-884, 1976). The results indicate that substances that cannot pass through the outer membrane switch the synthesis of O-9 to that of O-8 more effectively than those that can penetrate this membrane with the aid of O-8, O-9, or both. It is suggested that the osmotic pressure exerted on the outer membrane plays an important role in the regulation of synthesis of the two proteins.", "PMID": 391802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9418", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants incapable of supporting replication of F-like plasmids at high temperature: isolation and characterization of mafA and mafB mutants.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in replication of F-like plasmids at a high temperature (42 degrees C) were found among threonine-independent (Thr+) revertants of a threonine-requiring F' stain after localized mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Transduction experiments with phage P1 permitted us to divide these mutations into two classes with respect to man location; some mutations were located between thr and ara at about 0.8 min, very close to maf-1 reported previously (Wada et al., J. Mol. Biol. 108:25-41, 1976 and the others probably were located between leu and azi at about 1.8 min. The former class of mutants designated mafA exhibited the same plasmid specificity as maf-1; replication of plasmids F and ColVB trp, but not R386 or R222, were affected at a high temperature. By contrast, the latter mutants designated mafB were defective in replication of nay of these plasmids at a high temperature. When a culture of mafA mutants carrying an F' plasmid was transferred from 30 to 42 degrees C, the plasmid replication as determined by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into covalently closed circular F DNA was markedly inhibited. Under certain conditions, the temperature shift-up caused severe growth inhibition of the mutant cells. Examination of merodiploids (mafA/FmafA+) for plasmid maintenance suggested that the two mafA mutations tested (mafA23 and mafA36) were both dominant, at least partially, over the wild-type mafA+ allele. These properties of the mafA mutants, manifested at the restrictive temperature, are similar to those previously reported for the maf-1 mutant. Taken together with other evidence it is likely that these mutations affect either the same gene (mafA) or a set of closely linked genes, playing a specific role in autonomous plasmid replication in E. coli.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants incapable of supporting replication of F-like plasmids at high temperature: isolation and characterization of mafA and mafB mutants. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in replication of F-like plasmids at a high temperature (42 degrees C) were found among threonine-independent (Thr+) revertants of a threonine-requiring F' stain after localized mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Transduction experiments with phage P1 permitted us to divide these mutations into two classes with respect to man location; some mutations were located between thr and ara at about 0.8 min, very close to maf-1 reported previously (Wada et al., J. Mol. Biol. 108:25-41, 1976 and the others probably were located between leu and azi at about 1.8 min. The former class of mutants designated mafA exhibited the same plasmid specificity as maf-1; replication of plasmids F and ColVB trp, but not R386 or R222, were affected at a high temperature. By contrast, the latter mutants designated mafB were defective in replication of nay of these plasmids at a high temperature. When a culture of mafA mutants carrying an F' plasmid was transferred from 30 to 42 degrees C, the plasmid replication as determined by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into covalently closed circular F DNA was markedly inhibited. Under certain conditions, the temperature shift-up caused severe growth inhibition of the mutant cells. Examination of merodiploids (mafA/FmafA+) for plasmid maintenance suggested that the two mafA mutations tested (mafA23 and mafA36) were both dominant, at least partially, over the wild-type mafA+ allele. These properties of the mafA mutants, manifested at the restrictive temperature, are similar to those previously reported for the maf-1 mutant. Taken together with other evidence it is likely that these mutations affect either the same gene (mafA) or a set of closely linked genes, playing a specific role in autonomous plasmid replication in E. coli.", "PMID": 391803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9419", "title": "Regulation of activity and synthesis of N-acetylglutamate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Feedback inhibition of N-acetylgutamate synthase in a particulate fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by L-arginine was synergistically enhanced by N-actylglutamate, whereas coenzyme A let to an additive enhancement of arginine inhibition. N-acetylglutamate synthase was not inhibited by polyamines, nor was the enzyme inactivated by incubation in the presence of coenzyme A and zinc ions. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of at least three different regulatory mechanisms in the expression of N-acetylglutamate synthase: arginine-specific repression, glucose repression and general amino acid control. The combined action of these control mechanisms led to a 90-fold variation in the specific activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Regulation of activity and synthesis of N-acetylglutamate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Feedback inhibition of N-acetylgutamate synthase in a particulate fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by L-arginine was synergistically enhanced by N-actylglutamate, whereas coenzyme A let to an additive enhancement of arginine inhibition. N-acetylglutamate synthase was not inhibited by polyamines, nor was the enzyme inactivated by incubation in the presence of coenzyme A and zinc ions. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of at least three different regulatory mechanisms in the expression of N-acetylglutamate synthase: arginine-specific repression, glucose repression and general amino acid control. The combined action of these control mechanisms led to a 90-fold variation in the specific activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 391804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9420", "title": "Binding of yeast killer toxin to a cell wall receptor on sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "35S-labeled killer toxin protein bound to cells of sensitive Saccharomyces  cerevisiae S14a. Strains that were resistant to toxin through mutation in the nuclear genes kre1 kre2 bound toxin only weakly. Non-radioactive toxin competed effectively with 35S-labeled toxin for binding to S14a, but did not compete significantly in the binding to mutant kre1-1. This implied that binding to kre1-1 was nonspecific. A Scatchard analysis of the specific binding to S14a gave a linear plot, with an association constant of 2.9 x 10(6) M-1 and a receptor number of 1.1 x 10(7) per cell. Killer toxin receptors were solubilized from the cell wall by zymolyase digestion. Soluble, non-dialyzable cell wall digest from S14a competed with sensitive yeast cells for 35S-labeled toxin binding and reduced toxin-dependent killing of a sensitive strain. Wall digest from kre1-1 competed only weakly for toxin binding with sensitive cells and caused little reduction of toxin-dependent killing. Although the abundant (1.1 x 10(7) per cell) receptor appeared necessary for toxin action, as few as 2.8 x 10(4) toxin molecules were necessary to kill a sensitive cell of S14a. The kinetics killing of S14a suggested that some component was saturated with toxin at a concentration 50-fold lower than that needed to saturate the wall receptor.", "contents": "Binding of yeast killer toxin to a cell wall receptor on sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 35S-labeled killer toxin protein bound to cells of sensitive Saccharomyces  cerevisiae S14a. Strains that were resistant to toxin through mutation in the nuclear genes kre1 kre2 bound toxin only weakly. Non-radioactive toxin competed effectively with 35S-labeled toxin for binding to S14a, but did not compete significantly in the binding to mutant kre1-1. This implied that binding to kre1-1 was nonspecific. A Scatchard analysis of the specific binding to S14a gave a linear plot, with an association constant of 2.9 x 10(6) M-1 and a receptor number of 1.1 x 10(7) per cell. Killer toxin receptors were solubilized from the cell wall by zymolyase digestion. Soluble, non-dialyzable cell wall digest from S14a competed with sensitive yeast cells for 35S-labeled toxin binding and reduced toxin-dependent killing of a sensitive strain. Wall digest from kre1-1 competed only weakly for toxin binding with sensitive cells and caused little reduction of toxin-dependent killing. Although the abundant (1.1 x 10(7) per cell) receptor appeared necessary for toxin action, as few as 2.8 x 10(4) toxin molecules were necessary to kill a sensitive cell of S14a. The kinetics killing of S14a suggested that some component was saturated with toxin at a concentration 50-fold lower than that needed to saturate the wall receptor.", "PMID": 391805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9421", "title": "Spontaneous mutational specificity of drug resistance plasmid pKM101 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Plasmid pKM101 enhances the frequency of spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutations in Escherichia coli and protects the cells against the lethal effects of ultraviolet irradiation. By analyzing reversion patterns of defined trpA alleles, we showed that pKM101 caused all types of spontaneous base-pair substitution mutations with the possible exception of guanine . cytosine leads to adenine. thymine transitions. Neither insertion nor deletion frameshift mutations were enhanced. Transversions were more strongly enhanced than transitions, and adenine . thymine base pairs appeared more susceptible to pKM101 mutator activity than guanine . cytosine base pairs. In addition, there were effects from neighboring base pairs and genetic background that influenced the mutator activity of pKM101.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutational specificity of drug resistance plasmid pKM101 in Escherichia coli. Plasmid pKM101 enhances the frequency of spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutations in Escherichia coli and protects the cells against the lethal effects of ultraviolet irradiation. By analyzing reversion patterns of defined trpA alleles, we showed that pKM101 caused all types of spontaneous base-pair substitution mutations with the possible exception of guanine . cytosine leads to adenine. thymine transitions. Neither insertion nor deletion frameshift mutations were enhanced. Transversions were more strongly enhanced than transitions, and adenine . thymine base pairs appeared more susceptible to pKM101 mutator activity than guanine . cytosine base pairs. In addition, there were effects from neighboring base pairs and genetic background that influenced the mutator activity of pKM101.", "PMID": 391806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9422", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants tolerant to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Two types of Escherichia coli mutants tolerant to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated. One is E. coli chi2452, which showed a tolerant response against beta-lactam antibiotics when grown at 42 degrees C, and the others are the mutants C-80 and C-254, selected from mutagenized E. coli chi1776 by cycles of exposure to ampicillin, cephaloridine, and starvation of the nutritionally required diaminopimelic acid. Beta-lactam antibiotics caused rapid loss of viability and lysis in cultures of chi1776 or in chi2452 grown at 32 degrees C. In contrast, the same antibiotics caused only a reversible inhibition of growth in mutants C-80 and C-254 or in cultures of chi2452 grown at 42 degrees C. Beta-lactam antibiotics that show high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2 or 3 (mecillinam and cephalexin, respectively) induced similar morphological effects (ovoid cell formation and filament formation) in both parent and mutant strains. In contrast, beta-lactam antibiotics which have a high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 1 (e.g., cephaloridine or cefoxitin), which cause rapid lysis in the parental strains, caused cell elongation in the tolerant bacteria. In contrast to the parental cells, autolytic cell wall degradation was not triggered by beta-lactam treatment of chi2452 cells grown at 42 degrees C or in mutants C-80 and C-254. The total autolytic activity of mutants C-80 and C-254 was less than 30% that of the parent strain. However, virtually identical autolytic activities were found in cells of chi2452 grown either at 42 or 32 degrees C. Possible mechanisms for the penicillin tolerance of E. coli are considered on the basis of these findings.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants tolerant to beta-lactam antibiotics. Two types of Escherichia coli mutants tolerant to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated. One is E. coli chi2452, which showed a tolerant response against beta-lactam antibiotics when grown at 42 degrees C, and the others are the mutants C-80 and C-254, selected from mutagenized E. coli chi1776 by cycles of exposure to ampicillin, cephaloridine, and starvation of the nutritionally required diaminopimelic acid. Beta-lactam antibiotics caused rapid loss of viability and lysis in cultures of chi1776 or in chi2452 grown at 32 degrees C. In contrast, the same antibiotics caused only a reversible inhibition of growth in mutants C-80 and C-254 or in cultures of chi2452 grown at 42 degrees C. Beta-lactam antibiotics that show high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2 or 3 (mecillinam and cephalexin, respectively) induced similar morphological effects (ovoid cell formation and filament formation) in both parent and mutant strains. In contrast, beta-lactam antibiotics which have a high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 1 (e.g., cephaloridine or cefoxitin), which cause rapid lysis in the parental strains, caused cell elongation in the tolerant bacteria. In contrast to the parental cells, autolytic cell wall degradation was not triggered by beta-lactam treatment of chi2452 cells grown at 42 degrees C or in mutants C-80 and C-254. The total autolytic activity of mutants C-80 and C-254 was less than 30% that of the parent strain. However, virtually identical autolytic activities were found in cells of chi2452 grown either at 42 or 32 degrees C. Possible mechanisms for the penicillin tolerance of E. coli are considered on the basis of these findings.", "PMID": 391807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9423", "title": "AMP deaminase from baker's yeast. Kinetic and molecular properties.", "content": "The kinetic and molecular properties of AMP deaminase [AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6] purified from baker's yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) were investigated. The enzyme was activated by ATP and dATP, but inhibited by Pi and GTP in an allosteric manner. Alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions activated the enzyme to various extent. Kinetic negative cooperativity was observed in the binding of nucleoside triphosphates. Kinetic analysis showed that the number of interaction sites for AMP (substrate) and Pi (inhibitor) is two each per enzyme molecule. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 360,000 by sedimentation equilibrium studies. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme gave a single polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 83,000, suggesting that the native enzyme has a tetrameric structure. Baker's yeast AMP deaminase was concluded to consist of two \"promoter\" units which each consist of two polypeptide chains with identical molecular weight.", "contents": "AMP deaminase from baker's yeast. Kinetic and molecular properties. The kinetic and molecular properties of AMP deaminase [AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6] purified from baker's yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) were investigated. The enzyme was activated by ATP and dATP, but inhibited by Pi and GTP in an allosteric manner. Alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions activated the enzyme to various extent. Kinetic negative cooperativity was observed in the binding of nucleoside triphosphates. Kinetic analysis showed that the number of interaction sites for AMP (substrate) and Pi (inhibitor) is two each per enzyme molecule. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 360,000 by sedimentation equilibrium studies. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme gave a single polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 83,000, suggesting that the native enzyme has a tetrameric structure. Baker's yeast AMP deaminase was concluded to consist of two \"promoter\" units which each consist of two polypeptide chains with identical molecular weight.", "PMID": 391808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9424", "title": "Equilibrium and kinetics of the thermal unfolding of yeast 5S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The equilibrium and kinetics of thermal unfolding of yeast 5S ribosomal RNA have been studied by optical methods, in a low ionic strength environment without Mg2+, to follow the disruption of the secondary structure base pairs in the molecule. The equilibrium results demonstrated that all of the helical regions melted simultaneously, and the kinetics of the thermal unfolding were first order. These findings suggest the validity of the two-state approximation for the unfolding reaction under the present conditions. The total number of secondary structure base pairs estimated from our experiment was consistent with that contained in the conformational model based on the Raman spectrum rather than that in the one derived by the enzymic digestion method. Taking our results on the kinetic behavior of the thermal unfolding overall, we propose that the 5S RNA has a partly melted secondary structure under the solvent conditions used.", "contents": "Equilibrium and kinetics of the thermal unfolding of yeast 5S ribosomal RNA. The equilibrium and kinetics of thermal unfolding of yeast 5S ribosomal RNA have been studied by optical methods, in a low ionic strength environment without Mg2+, to follow the disruption of the secondary structure base pairs in the molecule. The equilibrium results demonstrated that all of the helical regions melted simultaneously, and the kinetics of the thermal unfolding were first order. These findings suggest the validity of the two-state approximation for the unfolding reaction under the present conditions. The total number of secondary structure base pairs estimated from our experiment was consistent with that contained in the conformational model based on the Raman spectrum rather than that in the one derived by the enzymic digestion method. Taking our results on the kinetic behavior of the thermal unfolding overall, we propose that the 5S RNA has a partly melted secondary structure under the solvent conditions used.", "PMID": 391809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9425", "title": "[Stimulating effect of partial cystectomy on regeneration of rat bladder urothelium and its significance for carcinogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell proliferation kinetics of the urinary bladder urothelium have been analyzed in a total of 218 female Wistar rats after partial cystectomy. After one-third resection of the bladder DNA synthesis started 15 h postoperatively in the bladder stump and reached its maximum at 25 h with a mean 3H-TdR index of 10.1%. In the area of resection the proliferative activity increased after 20 h and the highest 3H-TdR index was found to be 24.7% after 45 h. In the case of hemicystectomy the labeling index in the stump increased 15 h postoperatively and the highest 3H-T-dR index was determined at 20 h with 16.6%. The urothelial cells in the area of resection began to proliferate synchronously with those in the stump and the maximum of DNA synthesis was measured 35 h postoperatively with an 3H-TdR index of 24.2%. After 2 weeks the proliferative activity within the stump and operative region corresponded to that of the control urothelium. The basal cells showed absolutely the highest proliferative activity, the suprabasal cells exhibited on the other side the highest regenerative potential compared with the control urothelium. Partial cystectomy might possibly serve as an experimental model for testing low potential carcinogens, in the case where carcinogenic effects would be initiated, potentiated and accelerated via stimulation of the DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of partial cystectomy on regeneration of rat bladder urothelium and its significance for carcinogenesis (author's transl)]. Cell proliferation kinetics of the urinary bladder urothelium have been analyzed in a total of 218 female Wistar rats after partial cystectomy. After one-third resection of the bladder DNA synthesis started 15 h postoperatively in the bladder stump and reached its maximum at 25 h with a mean 3H-TdR index of 10.1%. In the area of resection the proliferative activity increased after 20 h and the highest 3H-TdR index was found to be 24.7% after 45 h. In the case of hemicystectomy the labeling index in the stump increased 15 h postoperatively and the highest 3H-T-dR index was determined at 20 h with 16.6%. The urothelial cells in the area of resection began to proliferate synchronously with those in the stump and the maximum of DNA synthesis was measured 35 h postoperatively with an 3H-TdR index of 24.2%. After 2 weeks the proliferative activity within the stump and operative region corresponded to that of the control urothelium. The basal cells showed absolutely the highest proliferative activity, the suprabasal cells exhibited on the other side the highest regenerative potential compared with the control urothelium. Partial cystectomy might possibly serve as an experimental model for testing low potential carcinogens, in the case where carcinogenic effects would be initiated, potentiated and accelerated via stimulation of the DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 391810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9426", "title": "Biochemical analysis of ligand-induced receptor patching and capping using a novel immunolactoperoxidase iodination technique.", "content": "A novel approach for the analysis of membrane proteins involved in ligand-induced surface receptor patching and capping is described. The technique is based on the use of immunolactoperoxidase (immuno-LPO) conjugates which catalyze the iodination of those surface proteins with available tyrosine groups that are located in the immediate vicinity of the patch or cap of a particular antigen. We have used the patching and capping of the H-2 (histocompatibility) antigen on mouse thymocytes to illustrate this method. However, this technique should be generally applicable to any cell surface proteins which can be induced to form patches or caps by a specific ligand. Cytochemical analysis indicates that the immuno-LPO conjugates induce the same patching and capping of the H-2 antigen as does the unconjugated antibody. Biochemical analysis of the 125I-labeled proteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that a large membrane protein (mol wt of approximately 200,000 daltons) is closely associated with H-2 patches and caps. Since a number of other prominent membrane proteins are not labeled by this procedure, selective redistribution of certain surface proteins must be occurring during H-2 antibody-induced patching and capping.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of ligand-induced receptor patching and capping using a novel immunolactoperoxidase iodination technique. A novel approach for the analysis of membrane proteins involved in ligand-induced surface receptor patching and capping is described. The technique is based on the use of immunolactoperoxidase (immuno-LPO) conjugates which catalyze the iodination of those surface proteins with available tyrosine groups that are located in the immediate vicinity of the patch or cap of a particular antigen. We have used the patching and capping of the H-2 (histocompatibility) antigen on mouse thymocytes to illustrate this method. However, this technique should be generally applicable to any cell surface proteins which can be induced to form patches or caps by a specific ligand. Cytochemical analysis indicates that the immuno-LPO conjugates induce the same patching and capping of the H-2 antigen as does the unconjugated antibody. Biochemical analysis of the 125I-labeled proteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that a large membrane protein (mol wt of approximately 200,000 daltons) is closely associated with H-2 patches and caps. Since a number of other prominent membrane proteins are not labeled by this procedure, selective redistribution of certain surface proteins must be occurring during H-2 antibody-induced patching and capping.", "PMID": 391811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9427", "title": "Granulocyte migration through endothelium in culture.", "content": "Using a model system with which we have previously investigated the adhesion of granulocytes to cultured endothelium, we have now shown that adherent granulocytes migrate through cultured endothelium in a manner closely resembling that found during the acute inflammatory response in vivo. The migration of granulocytes was markedly enhanced in the presence of erythrocytes, whereas blood platelets did not affect migration. Several test agents, including Paroven and some prostaglandins, had different effects upon migration and adhesion. We conclude that the adhesion of granulocytes to endothelium and their migration through it are responses that are, at least in part, separately controlled, and that migration does not depend exclusively upon extravascular stimuli.", "contents": "Granulocyte migration through endothelium in culture. Using a model system with which we have previously investigated the adhesion of granulocytes to cultured endothelium, we have now shown that adherent granulocytes migrate through cultured endothelium in a manner closely resembling that found during the acute inflammatory response in vivo. The migration of granulocytes was markedly enhanced in the presence of erythrocytes, whereas blood platelets did not affect migration. Several test agents, including Paroven and some prostaglandins, had different effects upon migration and adhesion. We conclude that the adhesion of granulocytes to endothelium and their migration through it are responses that are, at least in part, separately controlled, and that migration does not depend exclusively upon extravascular stimuli.", "PMID": 391812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9428", "title": "Observation of cultured embryonic epithelial cells in side view.", "content": "Epithelial cells from the early chick embryo were explanted and grown on a strip of coverglass which was positioned in a culture chamber in such a way that the cells could be filmed in side view. Ruffling of the cells at the leading edge of the sheet (marginal cells) appeared similar to the ruffles at the leading lamella of fibroblasts. The ruffles of the sub-marginal cells showed different characteristics, being longer and not propagated successively as were the marginal ruffles. Superimposition of cells was always the result of the active movement of a non-yolky cytoplasmic process underneath a yolky process (i.e. underlapping). The non-yolky processes appeared to be strongly adherent to the substrate in comparison with the yolky processes, which were easily displaced. Active movement of cells or lamellae on the dorsal surface of the sheet was never observed. Preliminary ultrastructural evidence is presented which suggests that the strongly adherent non-yolky processes possess well-defined microfilament tracts associated with the ventral plasma membrane, while the poorly adherent processes do not possess such tracts.", "contents": "Observation of cultured embryonic epithelial cells in side view. Epithelial cells from the early chick embryo were explanted and grown on a strip of coverglass which was positioned in a culture chamber in such a way that the cells could be filmed in side view. Ruffling of the cells at the leading edge of the sheet (marginal cells) appeared similar to the ruffles at the leading lamella of fibroblasts. The ruffles of the sub-marginal cells showed different characteristics, being longer and not propagated successively as were the marginal ruffles. Superimposition of cells was always the result of the active movement of a non-yolky cytoplasmic process underneath a yolky process (i.e. underlapping). The non-yolky processes appeared to be strongly adherent to the substrate in comparison with the yolky processes, which were easily displaced. Active movement of cells or lamellae on the dorsal surface of the sheet was never observed. Preliminary ultrastructural evidence is presented which suggests that the strongly adherent non-yolky processes possess well-defined microfilament tracts associated with the ventral plasma membrane, while the poorly adherent processes do not possess such tracts.", "PMID": 391813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9429", "title": "Simplification of methods for the production and storage of specimens to be tested for heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Experiments with the infant mouse test demonstrated that there is no need of shaking for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin production when low volume of medium per volume of flask ratios are used in stationary cultures. Centrifugation and filtration of the cultures to be tested are not necessary either, and Merthiolate (1:10,000) used as preservative has no deleterious effect on heat-stable enterotoxin activity. Based upon these findings, some modifications of the procedures for production and storage of heat-stable enterotoxin preparations are suggested. Standardized pieces of filter papers are wetted with Merthiolated stationary cultures which are to be assayed for heat-stable enterotoxin activity by the infant mouse test. From dried filter papers, heat-stable enterotoxin can be eulted unaltered up to 2 months after specimen preparation. With the proposed modifications, even modestly equipped laboratories will be able to carry out the infant mouse test or at least to prepare specimens to be assayed by more specialized laboratories.", "contents": "Simplification of methods for the production and storage of specimens to be tested for heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Experiments with the infant mouse test demonstrated that there is no need of shaking for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin production when low volume of medium per volume of flask ratios are used in stationary cultures. Centrifugation and filtration of the cultures to be tested are not necessary either, and Merthiolate (1:10,000) used as preservative has no deleterious effect on heat-stable enterotoxin activity. Based upon these findings, some modifications of the procedures for production and storage of heat-stable enterotoxin preparations are suggested. Standardized pieces of filter papers are wetted with Merthiolated stationary cultures which are to be assayed for heat-stable enterotoxin activity by the infant mouse test. From dried filter papers, heat-stable enterotoxin can be eulted unaltered up to 2 months after specimen preparation. With the proposed modifications, even modestly equipped laboratories will be able to carry out the infant mouse test or at least to prepare specimens to be assayed by more specialized laboratories.", "PMID": 391814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9430", "title": "Evaluation of a ganglioside immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.", "content": "The GM1  ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA), an immunological method for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), was quantitatively and qualitatively compared with the conventional adrenal cell test for the identification of LT-producing strains. A micromodification model of the assay was developed. Enterotoxin preparations from 120 E. coli isolates from individuals with diarrhea, which had been previously shown to be enterotoxigenic by the adrenal cell test, and from 44 control strains of E. coli were compared in parallel by the two methods. Quantitatively the covariation of the enterotoxin titers was highly significant (RS = 0.98, P less than 0.001), the GM1-ELISA being somewhat more sensitive than the adrenal cell test. The methodological error was less than 5% in both tests. Qualitatively the overall agreement for positive and negative reactions for the two methods was 89%. The GM1-ELISA is practical for routine use in the diagnosis of enterotoxigenic E. coli, especially in laboratories without facilities for cell culture.", "contents": "Evaluation of a ganglioside immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. The GM1  ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA), an immunological method for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), was quantitatively and qualitatively compared with the conventional adrenal cell test for the identification of LT-producing strains. A micromodification model of the assay was developed. Enterotoxin preparations from 120 E. coli isolates from individuals with diarrhea, which had been previously shown to be enterotoxigenic by the adrenal cell test, and from 44 control strains of E. coli were compared in parallel by the two methods. Quantitatively the covariation of the enterotoxin titers was highly significant (RS = 0.98, P less than 0.001), the GM1-ELISA being somewhat more sensitive than the adrenal cell test. The methodological error was less than 5% in both tests. Qualitatively the overall agreement for positive and negative reactions for the two methods was 89%. The GM1-ELISA is practical for routine use in the diagnosis of enterotoxigenic E. coli, especially in laboratories without facilities for cell culture.", "PMID": 391815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9431", "title": "Serology of Legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests.", "content": "An immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test for the measurement of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. Its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the IFA test giving slightly higher titers. Both the IHA and IAHA tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease; the IAHA test has the advantage that it can be used with many other serological antigens.", "contents": "Serology of Legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests. An immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test for the measurement of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. Its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the IFA test giving slightly higher titers. Both the IHA and IAHA tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease; the IAHA test has the advantage that it can be used with many other serological antigens.", "PMID": 391816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9432", "title": "Ureolytic Escherichia coli of human origin: serological, epidemiological, and genetic analysis.", "content": "Forty-five strains of ureolytic Escherichia coli of human origin, isolated in the United States between 1956 and 1977, were characterized by geographical distribution, site of infection, serotype, resistance to antibiotics, and biochemical reactions. All strains were studied for the ability to generate clones of nonureolytic E. coli (segregants), and a subset of these were selected for plasmid analysis and a variety of bacterial matings. There did not appear to be a common geographical distribution, serotype, antibiogram, or other aberrant biochemical reactions other than the hydrolysis of urea among these strains. The predominance of urinary tract isolates (46.7% total) may reflect a relationship between urea hydrolysis and pathogenesis at this site. Ten of the strains (22.2%) did segregate nonureolytic E. coli colonies, and all possessed at least one common plasmid species with a molecular weight of about 65 X 10(6). Only strain 1138-77 serotype O16:H6 conjugally transfered the ability to hydrolyze urea, ferment sucrose, and resist inhibition by sulfadiazide simultaneously. The resulting, recombination-deficient E. coli K-12 tranconjugant was found to possess a plasmid with a molecular weight of about 80 X 10(6) to 90 X 10(6).", "contents": "Ureolytic Escherichia coli of human origin: serological, epidemiological, and genetic analysis. Forty-five strains of ureolytic Escherichia coli of human origin, isolated in the United States between 1956 and 1977, were characterized by geographical distribution, site of infection, serotype, resistance to antibiotics, and biochemical reactions. All strains were studied for the ability to generate clones of nonureolytic E. coli (segregants), and a subset of these were selected for plasmid analysis and a variety of bacterial matings. There did not appear to be a common geographical distribution, serotype, antibiogram, or other aberrant biochemical reactions other than the hydrolysis of urea among these strains. The predominance of urinary tract isolates (46.7% total) may reflect a relationship between urea hydrolysis and pathogenesis at this site. Ten of the strains (22.2%) did segregate nonureolytic E. coli colonies, and all possessed at least one common plasmid species with a molecular weight of about 65 X 10(6). Only strain 1138-77 serotype O16:H6 conjugally transfered the ability to hydrolyze urea, ferment sucrose, and resist inhibition by sulfadiazide simultaneously. The resulting, recombination-deficient E. coli K-12 tranconjugant was found to possess a plasmid with a molecular weight of about 80 X 10(6) to 90 X 10(6).", "PMID": 391817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9433", "title": "Detection of oral anaerobic spirochetes in dental plaque by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent-antibody technique was found to be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of oral anaerobic spirochetes in dental plaque.", "contents": "Detection of oral anaerobic spirochetes in dental plaque by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique. The indirect fluorescent-antibody technique was found to be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of oral anaerobic spirochetes in dental plaque.", "PMID": 391818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9434", "title": "Testicular cultivation of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strains) facilitated by sustained-release steroid administration.", "content": "Treponema pallidum cultivation is facilitated by substitution of methylprednisolone acetate suspension for hydrocortisone administration during rabbit testicular infection. Methylprednisolone suspension reduces testicular mononuclear cell infiltration and should benefit future studies of virulent T. pallidum.", "contents": "Testicular cultivation of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strains) facilitated by sustained-release steroid administration. Treponema pallidum cultivation is facilitated by substitution of methylprednisolone acetate suspension for hydrocortisone administration during rabbit testicular infection. Methylprednisolone suspension reduces testicular mononuclear cell infiltration and should benefit future studies of virulent T. pallidum.", "PMID": 391819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9435", "title": "Aerobically incubated medium for decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae by replica-plating methods.", "content": "An aerobically incubated, agar-based medium was developed for amino acid decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae family members by replica-plating methods. Results with the new medium agreed 97 to 99% with the reference broth method of Moeller, and no false-positive reactions were encountered.", "contents": "Aerobically incubated medium for decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae by replica-plating methods. An aerobically incubated, agar-based medium was developed for amino acid decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae family members by replica-plating methods. Results with the new medium agreed 97 to 99% with the reference broth method of Moeller, and no false-positive reactions were encountered.", "PMID": 391820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9436", "title": "Evaluation of bacteriological swabs and transport media in the recovery of group B streptococci on laboratory media.", "content": "The survival of group B streptococci on a variety of swabs, held either in their containers or in transport media for periods of up to 48 hours, at room temperature and at 4 degrees C, has been assessed. Results indicated that holding swabs in transport media did not favour prolonged survival of the streptococci and that the yield of organisms was much greater from swabs held in their ordinary plastic tubes. A holding temperature of 4 degrees C rather than room temperature is recommended if any delay in plating out swabs is anticipated.", "contents": "Evaluation of bacteriological swabs and transport media in the recovery of group B streptococci on laboratory media. The survival of group B streptococci on a variety of swabs, held either in their containers or in transport media for periods of up to 48 hours, at room temperature and at 4 degrees C, has been assessed. Results indicated that holding swabs in transport media did not favour prolonged survival of the streptococci and that the yield of organisms was much greater from swabs held in their ordinary plastic tubes. A holding temperature of 4 degrees C rather than room temperature is recommended if any delay in plating out swabs is anticipated.", "PMID": 391821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9437", "title": "Understanding death, dying, and the critically ill: a concern for speech-language pathologists.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to familiarize the speech-language pathologist with the behaviors that critically and terminally ill persons demonstrate. To work effectively with these groups of individuals, it appears essential that the clinician know the dynamics of the psychological stages associated with physical crisis, disability, death, and dying. This information is becoming more relevant to the speech-language pathologist, particularly as his/her role as a member of a rehabilitation team providing direct services to the aged expands.", "contents": "Understanding death, dying, and the critically ill: a concern for speech-language pathologists. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the speech-language pathologist with the behaviors that critically and terminally ill persons demonstrate. To work effectively with these groups of individuals, it appears essential that the clinician know the dynamics of the psychological stages associated with physical crisis, disability, death, and dying. This information is becoming more relevant to the speech-language pathologist, particularly as his/her role as a member of a rehabilitation team providing direct services to the aged expands.", "PMID": 391833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9438", "title": "Motivational factors in aphasia therapy: research suggestions.", "content": "Following Wepman (1953), the process of recovery from aphasia is seen as involving stimulation, motivation, and facilitation. The most adequate studies of aphasia therapy outcome focus on facilitation to the virtual exclusion of stimulation and motivation, although clinical experience suggests their importance. Motivation includes both the subjective and experiential aspects of the patient's response to aphasic disablement (anxiety, feelings of inadequacy) and the quality of the speech-therapist/patient alliance during the treatment. Retrospective studies utilizing sufficiently improved aphasics and ratings of the patient-therapist alliance are suggested as preliminary means of defining \"motivation\" in this context more accurately. Research approaches are also outlined which would assess the importance of and interaction between the three factors implicated in recovery for therapeutic outcome.", "contents": "Motivational factors in aphasia therapy: research suggestions. Following Wepman (1953), the process of recovery from aphasia is seen as involving stimulation, motivation, and facilitation. The most adequate studies of aphasia therapy outcome focus on facilitation to the virtual exclusion of stimulation and motivation, although clinical experience suggests their importance. Motivation includes both the subjective and experiential aspects of the patient's response to aphasic disablement (anxiety, feelings of inadequacy) and the quality of the speech-therapist/patient alliance during the treatment. Retrospective studies utilizing sufficiently improved aphasics and ratings of the patient-therapist alliance are suggested as preliminary means of defining \"motivation\" in this context more accurately. Research approaches are also outlined which would assess the importance of and interaction between the three factors implicated in recovery for therapeutic outcome.", "PMID": 391834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9439", "title": "Projections of lamprey spinal neurons determined by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The spinal cords of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) and adult river lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) were injected with horseradish peroxidase through a transection 1 cm caudal to the last gill. Some animals also had a spinal hemisection 1 cm caudal to the injection. After recovery periods of 1 to 52 days, the spinal cords were treated with diaminobenzidene and hydrogen peroxide, and the projections of various cell types determined in wholemount slides. From these observations the following conclusions were drawn. Most dorsal cells (primary sensory cells) are bipolar with a long rostral projection and a short caudal projection of no more than 5-10 mm. Both processes travel in the ipsilateral dorsal column. Their peripheral processes enter the dorsal roots as branches of their central axons. Some dorsal cells send processes out three or more dorsal roots both rostral and caudal to the cell body. Myotomal motoneurons have characteristic locations in the medial gray column and send prominent transversely oriented dendrites into the lateral columns. A few motoneurons are unusually large. In addition to giant interneurons the majority of smaller rostrally projecting interneurons also have decussating axons. A recently described cell type, the oblique bipolar cell, appears to have an exclusively crossed rostral projection. Although most edge cells project rostrally, as many as 20% may have a caudal projection or both rostral and caudal projections. Edge cells project equally to the ipsilateral and contralateral spinal hemicord, but their processes do not extend more than about 18 mm in sea lamprey larvae and 37 mm in adult river lampreys. Lateral cells project exclusively to the ipsilateral caudal hemicord. A few cells which resemble lateral cells in location and in possessing large lateral dendrites, project rostrally. However, these have atypical morphologic features which probably distinguish them from true lateral cells. Thus far, regardless of cell type, all decussating axons seem to pass ventral to the central canal, while decussating medial dendrites pass dorsally.", "contents": "Projections of lamprey spinal neurons determined by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The spinal cords of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) and adult river lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) were injected with horseradish peroxidase through a transection 1 cm caudal to the last gill. Some animals also had a spinal hemisection 1 cm caudal to the injection. After recovery periods of 1 to 52 days, the spinal cords were treated with diaminobenzidene and hydrogen peroxide, and the projections of various cell types determined in wholemount slides. From these observations the following conclusions were drawn. Most dorsal cells (primary sensory cells) are bipolar with a long rostral projection and a short caudal projection of no more than 5-10 mm. Both processes travel in the ipsilateral dorsal column. Their peripheral processes enter the dorsal roots as branches of their central axons. Some dorsal cells send processes out three or more dorsal roots both rostral and caudal to the cell body. Myotomal motoneurons have characteristic locations in the medial gray column and send prominent transversely oriented dendrites into the lateral columns. A few motoneurons are unusually large. In addition to giant interneurons the majority of smaller rostrally projecting interneurons also have decussating axons. A recently described cell type, the oblique bipolar cell, appears to have an exclusively crossed rostral projection. Although most edge cells project rostrally, as many as 20% may have a caudal projection or both rostral and caudal projections. Edge cells project equally to the ipsilateral and contralateral spinal hemicord, but their processes do not extend more than about 18 mm in sea lamprey larvae and 37 mm in adult river lampreys. Lateral cells project exclusively to the ipsilateral caudal hemicord. A few cells which resemble lateral cells in location and in possessing large lateral dendrites, project rostrally. However, these have atypical morphologic features which probably distinguish them from true lateral cells. Thus far, regardless of cell type, all decussating axons seem to pass ventral to the central canal, while decussating medial dendrites pass dorsally.", "PMID": 391835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9440", "title": "Congenital nevocytic nevi and malignant melanomas.", "content": "The subject of the relationship between congenital nevocytic nevi and malignant melanomas has many controversial aspects. Data are insufficient to come to firm conclusions concerning how often melanomas supervene in such nevi and to determine the prognosis of those melanomas. What data are available indicate that malignant melanomas develop in a substantial percentage of large (giant) nevocytic nevi. This lends support to those who recommend surgical excision of such large lesions, when feasible. On the other hand, the information currently available concerning the association of malignant melanomas with medium- and small-sized congenital nevocytic nevi (i.e., those less than 20 cm in larges diameter) is scanty. Because of this lack of data on congenital nevocytic nevi, our current approach is to take into consideration the probability of cosmetic improvement by surgical removal in conjunction with education of the patient and/or family that malignant melanomas have been known to occur in congenital nevocytic nevi but are probably rare except in nevi of large size. Such information provided to the patient and/or family will often help in making the decision for removal or continued observation. A Congenital Nevocytic Nevus Registry has been established in the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit at New York University Medical Center in the attempt to begin a long-term prospective study which might eventually provide some meaningful information concerning the natural history of such lesions, including the incidence of malignant melanomas.", "contents": "Congenital nevocytic nevi and malignant melanomas. The subject of the relationship between congenital nevocytic nevi and malignant melanomas has many controversial aspects. Data are insufficient to come to firm conclusions concerning how often melanomas supervene in such nevi and to determine the prognosis of those melanomas. What data are available indicate that malignant melanomas develop in a substantial percentage of large (giant) nevocytic nevi. This lends support to those who recommend surgical excision of such large lesions, when feasible. On the other hand, the information currently available concerning the association of malignant melanomas with medium- and small-sized congenital nevocytic nevi (i.e., those less than 20 cm in larges diameter) is scanty. Because of this lack of data on congenital nevocytic nevi, our current approach is to take into consideration the probability of cosmetic improvement by surgical removal in conjunction with education of the patient and/or family that malignant melanomas have been known to occur in congenital nevocytic nevi but are probably rare except in nevi of large size. Such information provided to the patient and/or family will often help in making the decision for removal or continued observation. A Congenital Nevocytic Nevus Registry has been established in the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit at New York University Medical Center in the attempt to begin a long-term prospective study which might eventually provide some meaningful information concerning the natural history of such lesions, including the incidence of malignant melanomas.", "PMID": 391836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9441", "title": "Use and abuse of systemic corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Steroid-responsive acute dermatoses should be treated with a single morning dose of prednisone for approximately 2 weeks. It is necessary to \"taper\" a short course of oral prednisone given by this method. Chronic dermatoses should be treated whenever possible with prednisone used in the morning and on alternate days. This method is effective, is free of most side effects, and suppresses the HPA axis minimally. There are few real advantages in using intramuscular corticosteroids. TAC is an unusually strong suppressor of the HPA axis. For chronic dermatoses, a less suppressive preparation might best be chosen if the physician feels that the intramuscular route is the most reasonable one. In any event TAC should never be used more often than every two months. Finally, the time-course of HPA recovery following short courses of steroids is presently unknown. Nonetheless, some astute critics of steroid metabolism have felt obliged to advise us that individuals who have received from 1 to 4 weeks of suppressive steroid treatment should be suspect as to the integrity of their HPA axis in stressful situations for up to one year. The withdrawal from, as well as the use of, systemic corticosteroids requires a creative and critical physician.", "contents": "Use and abuse of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Steroid-responsive acute dermatoses should be treated with a single morning dose of prednisone for approximately 2 weeks. It is necessary to \"taper\" a short course of oral prednisone given by this method. Chronic dermatoses should be treated whenever possible with prednisone used in the morning and on alternate days. This method is effective, is free of most side effects, and suppresses the HPA axis minimally. There are few real advantages in using intramuscular corticosteroids. TAC is an unusually strong suppressor of the HPA axis. For chronic dermatoses, a less suppressive preparation might best be chosen if the physician feels that the intramuscular route is the most reasonable one. In any event TAC should never be used more often than every two months. Finally, the time-course of HPA recovery following short courses of steroids is presently unknown. Nonetheless, some astute critics of steroid metabolism have felt obliged to advise us that individuals who have received from 1 to 4 weeks of suppressive steroid treatment should be suspect as to the integrity of their HPA axis in stressful situations for up to one year. The withdrawal from, as well as the use of, systemic corticosteroids requires a creative and critical physician.", "PMID": 391837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9442", "title": "The treatment of ulcers on legs with split-thickness skin grafts: report of a simple technique.", "content": "The placing of split-thickness skin grafts on chronic ulcers on legs in the usual way is tedious and time consuming. An effective technique that is simply and quickly done is described and illustrated herein. At least two weeks of hospitalization is required to insure complete healing.", "contents": "The treatment of ulcers on legs with split-thickness skin grafts: report of a simple technique. The placing of split-thickness skin grafts on chronic ulcers on legs in the usual way is tedious and time consuming. An effective technique that is simply and quickly done is described and illustrated herein. At least two weeks of hospitalization is required to insure complete healing.", "PMID": 391840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9443", "title": "Treatment of ulcers on legs from venous hypertension by split-thickness skin grafts.", "content": "Chronic ulcers on legs resulting from venous hypertension can be successfully managed by split-thickness skin grafts. Special attention must be paid to preliminary preparation of ulcers and to the period after grafting. Technical details of grafting are described and the results in 12 patients are recounted.", "contents": "Treatment of ulcers on legs from venous hypertension by split-thickness skin grafts. Chronic ulcers on legs resulting from venous hypertension can be successfully managed by split-thickness skin grafts. Special attention must be paid to preliminary preparation of ulcers and to the period after grafting. Technical details of grafting are described and the results in 12 patients are recounted.", "PMID": 391841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9444", "title": "Differential ventilation in unilateral lung disease: effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange.", "content": "Conventional PEEP ventilation has been recently reported to be deleterious in some cases of ARF with unilateral pneumonia. In such respect, two cases of unilateral bacterial pneumonia were intubated with a Carlens tracheal tube. Measurement of tidal volume, static compliance, and functional residual capacity of each lung showed marked inequality. Subsequently, both patients were ventilated with a selective distribution circuit, allowing the introduction of a PEEP valve in the expiratory line of the diseased lung. Evident improvement in blood gases was obtained within 24 hours, as tidal volume, static compliance, and FRC of the diseased lung were markedly improved. In one case equalisation of V/Q ratio was documented using the 81m Kr method. Final recovery was obtained in one case.", "contents": "Differential ventilation in unilateral lung disease: effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. Conventional PEEP ventilation has been recently reported to be deleterious in some cases of ARF with unilateral pneumonia. In such respect, two cases of unilateral bacterial pneumonia were intubated with a Carlens tracheal tube. Measurement of tidal volume, static compliance, and functional residual capacity of each lung showed marked inequality. Subsequently, both patients were ventilated with a selective distribution circuit, allowing the introduction of a PEEP valve in the expiratory line of the diseased lung. Evident improvement in blood gases was obtained within 24 hours, as tidal volume, static compliance, and FRC of the diseased lung were markedly improved. In one case equalisation of V/Q ratio was documented using the 81m Kr method. Final recovery was obtained in one case.", "PMID": 391850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9445", "title": "Management of the low myopia pediatric patient.", "content": "A review of the literature on myopia etiology indicates that environmental factors, particularly those related to nearpoint use of the eyes, appear to play a significant role. A regimen is described for control of environmental factors producing myopic progression, including use of bifocal lenses to reduce accomodative demand, visual hygiene to foster accommodative relaxation, and vision training to develop adequate accommodative skills and freedom of action between accommodative and convergence systems.", "contents": "Management of the low myopia pediatric patient. A review of the literature on myopia etiology indicates that environmental factors, particularly those related to nearpoint use of the eyes, appear to play a significant role. A regimen is described for control of environmental factors producing myopic progression, including use of bifocal lenses to reduce accomodative demand, visual hygiene to foster accommodative relaxation, and vision training to develop adequate accommodative skills and freedom of action between accommodative and convergence systems.", "PMID": 391851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9446", "title": "Public choice in health: problems, politics and perspectives on formulating national health policy.", "content": "Development of health policy goals necessitates a choice among normative premises--an accommodation of conflicting values. Any debate that does not identify underlying assumptions or link policy prescriptions to a theoretical perspective is destined to degenerate into uncommunicative and unproductive rhetorical posturing. A sensible approach toward formulating national health policy requires that competing values be identified and discussed explicitly. This article will examine the effect that selection of different theoretical perspectives can have on the identification of problems and on the formulation of prescriptive policies in the health field. It will also focus on the different values that are promoted by different policy perspectives and consider alternative models for implementing value choices.", "contents": "Public choice in health: problems, politics and perspectives on formulating national health policy. Development of health policy goals necessitates a choice among normative premises--an accommodation of conflicting values. Any debate that does not identify underlying assumptions or link policy prescriptions to a theoretical perspective is destined to degenerate into uncommunicative and unproductive rhetorical posturing. A sensible approach toward formulating national health policy requires that competing values be identified and discussed explicitly. This article will examine the effect that selection of different theoretical perspectives can have on the identification of problems and on the formulation of prescriptive policies in the health field. It will also focus on the different values that are promoted by different policy perspectives and consider alternative models for implementing value choices.", "PMID": 391857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9447", "title": "The design of failure: health policy and the structure of federalism.", "content": "This paper explores the impact of the federal structure of American government on health policy through the examination of three case studies of unsatisfactory policy: Medicaid cutbacks; provider licensure; and health planning under P.L. 93-641. Problems arise in three areas because of a disjunction between administrative or regulatory responsibilities and financial accountability. How the division of responsibilities among different levels of government might be managed better is examined briefly, in the context of possible state roles under a system of national health insurance.", "contents": "The design of failure: health policy and the structure of federalism. This paper explores the impact of the federal structure of American government on health policy through the examination of three case studies of unsatisfactory policy: Medicaid cutbacks; provider licensure; and health planning under P.L. 93-641. Problems arise in three areas because of a disjunction between administrative or regulatory responsibilities and financial accountability. How the division of responsibilities among different levels of government might be managed better is examined briefly, in the context of possible state roles under a system of national health insurance.", "PMID": 391858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9448", "title": "Kallikrein localization in rodent salivary glands and kidney with the immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique.", "content": "Kallikrein has been localized in rodent kidney and salivary glands by means of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique. In sections of kidney, anti-kallikrein antibodies bound to the apical region of certain distal tubule segments in the cortex, to reabsorption droplets of proximal convoluted tubules, and to certain duct segments in the papilla. In salivary glands of both male and female rats and mice, and apical rim of most striated duct cells of submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands and granular tubules of submandibular glands exhibited immunoreactivity. Granular intercalated duct cells in female submandibular glands also displayed immunostaining for kallikrein. Phenylephrine administration resulted in loss of immunoreactive granules from the granular convoluted tubule cells of male mouse submandibular gland. This response was paralleled by a biochemically demonstrable decrease in kallikrein-like tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME) esterase activity.", "contents": "Kallikrein localization in rodent salivary glands and kidney with the immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique. Kallikrein has been localized in rodent kidney and salivary glands by means of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge technique. In sections of kidney, anti-kallikrein antibodies bound to the apical region of certain distal tubule segments in the cortex, to reabsorption droplets of proximal convoluted tubules, and to certain duct segments in the papilla. In salivary glands of both male and female rats and mice, and apical rim of most striated duct cells of submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands and granular tubules of submandibular glands exhibited immunoreactivity. Granular intercalated duct cells in female submandibular glands also displayed immunostaining for kallikrein. Phenylephrine administration resulted in loss of immunoreactive granules from the granular convoluted tubule cells of male mouse submandibular gland. This response was paralleled by a biochemically demonstrable decrease in kallikrein-like tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME) esterase activity.", "PMID": 391993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9449", "title": "Effect of colchicine on the immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the rat brain: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Somatostatin (SRIF), the hypothalmic hormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, has been localized immunohistochemically in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebral injection of colchicine. The number of cell bodies staining for SRIF was increased in the periventricular nucleus while the number of nerve fibers was decreased in the median eminence after treatment. The number of secretory granules containing SRIF in the nerve cell bodies was increased in the treated animals, suggesting a correlation between the number of specific secretory granules and intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that SRIF cell bodies in the periventricular nucleus send their axons into the median eminence.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on the immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the rat brain: light and electron microscopic studies. Somatostatin (SRIF), the hypothalmic hormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, has been localized immunohistochemically in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebral injection of colchicine. The number of cell bodies staining for SRIF was increased in the periventricular nucleus while the number of nerve fibers was decreased in the median eminence after treatment. The number of secretory granules containing SRIF in the nerve cell bodies was increased in the treated animals, suggesting a correlation between the number of specific secretory granules and intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that SRIF cell bodies in the periventricular nucleus send their axons into the median eminence.", "PMID": 391994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9450", "title": "Skeletin immunoreactivity in heart Purkinje fibers from several species.", "content": "Ever since its discovery, the identification of the specialized conducting system of the heart has been a matter of debate. In some species, a main distinguishing feature under the electron microscope, as compared with ordinary myocytes, is the presence of large pools of juxtanuclear filaments, so called intermediate or skeletin filaments. In the present study, we have adopted the indirect immunofluorescence method and anti-skeletin antisera for the identification of the ventricular conducting system in several species. It was found that anti-skeletin reactivity generally exceeded that of ordinary myocytes. The degree of immunofluorescence could be related to a previous classification model of the differentiation of the conducting cells. It is suggested that skeletin is highly conserved throughout phylogeny and that anti-skeletin may serve as an additional tool for the identification of conducting cells at the light microscopic level.", "contents": "Skeletin immunoreactivity in heart Purkinje fibers from several species. Ever since its discovery, the identification of the specialized conducting system of the heart has been a matter of debate. In some species, a main distinguishing feature under the electron microscope, as compared with ordinary myocytes, is the presence of large pools of juxtanuclear filaments, so called intermediate or skeletin filaments. In the present study, we have adopted the indirect immunofluorescence method and anti-skeletin antisera for the identification of the ventricular conducting system in several species. It was found that anti-skeletin reactivity generally exceeded that of ordinary myocytes. The degree of immunofluorescence could be related to a previous classification model of the differentiation of the conducting cells. It is suggested that skeletin is highly conserved throughout phylogeny and that anti-skeletin may serve as an additional tool for the identification of conducting cells at the light microscopic level.", "PMID": 391995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9451", "title": "Comparison between peroxidase-conjugated antigen or antibody and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complex in a postembedding procedure.", "content": "The staining efficiency of peroxidase labeled immunoglobulin conjugate, used either as antigen or as antibody, has been compared with that of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complex (PAP) on ultrathin sections of araldite embedded material. The conjugate gave positive results in a two layer method as well as in a three layer method when used as antibody. No staining was observed when it was used as antigen. The conjugation seemed to impair the antigenic reactivity of immunoglobulin. The conjugate when used as antibody in the three layer method gave approximately the same staining efficiency as PAP.", "contents": "Comparison between peroxidase-conjugated antigen or antibody and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complex in a postembedding procedure. The staining efficiency of peroxidase labeled immunoglobulin conjugate, used either as antigen or as antibody, has been compared with that of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complex (PAP) on ultrathin sections of araldite embedded material. The conjugate gave positive results in a two layer method as well as in a three layer method when used as antibody. No staining was observed when it was used as antigen. The conjugation seemed to impair the antigenic reactivity of immunoglobulin. The conjugate when used as antibody in the three layer method gave approximately the same staining efficiency as PAP.", "PMID": 391996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9452", "title": "Fluorescent DNA probes for flow cytometry. Considerations and prospects.", "content": "Techniques employing base specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding fluorochromes and flow cytometry (FCM) are potentially useful for obtaining information of the compositional features of chromatin or chromosomes of mammalian cells. Fluorescent compounds which form complexes preferentially at the A-T rich regions (i.e., DNA-reactive Hoechst dyes) or the G-C rich regions (i.e., mithramycin, chromomycin, olivomycin) in DNA are available and compatible with current FCM technology as are other compounds (i.e., ethidium bromide, propidium iodide) which show little or no base specificity and bind by intercalation in the double stranded regions of helical DNA. Energy transfer between appropriate DNA-bound dyes is a reflection of the quantity and proximity of regions containing the respective base pair segments. Since extrinsic fluorescent probes provide only a measure of available binding sites or regions unobstructed by chromatin-associated or chromosomal-associated proteins, interpretations of fluorescence measurements need to be substantiated by adequate control measures.", "contents": "Fluorescent DNA probes for flow cytometry. Considerations and prospects. Techniques employing base specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding fluorochromes and flow cytometry (FCM) are potentially useful for obtaining information of the compositional features of chromatin or chromosomes of mammalian cells. Fluorescent compounds which form complexes preferentially at the A-T rich regions (i.e., DNA-reactive Hoechst dyes) or the G-C rich regions (i.e., mithramycin, chromomycin, olivomycin) in DNA are available and compatible with current FCM technology as are other compounds (i.e., ethidium bromide, propidium iodide) which show little or no base specificity and bind by intercalation in the double stranded regions of helical DNA. Energy transfer between appropriate DNA-bound dyes is a reflection of the quantity and proximity of regions containing the respective base pair segments. Since extrinsic fluorescent probes provide only a measure of available binding sites or regions unobstructed by chromatin-associated or chromosomal-associated proteins, interpretations of fluorescence measurements need to be substantiated by adequate control measures.", "PMID": 391999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9453", "title": "Laser flow cytometry and cancer chemotherapy: detection of intracellular anthracyclines by flow cytometry.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of important chemotherapeutic antibiotics belonging to the anthracycline group (e.g. adriamycin) can be detected by laser flow cytometry. The indirect method is based on the interference of these compounds with the binding of propidium iodide to the nuclear DNA. While in the direct method, the intracellular fluorescence of these antibiotics is excited and detected with a laser beam in a flow system. The present report demonstrates the use of these two methods for intracellular detection and quantitation of a number of important anthracyclines.", "contents": "Laser flow cytometry and cancer chemotherapy: detection of intracellular anthracyclines by flow cytometry. The intracellular distribution of important chemotherapeutic antibiotics belonging to the anthracycline group (e.g. adriamycin) can be detected by laser flow cytometry. The indirect method is based on the interference of these compounds with the binding of propidium iodide to the nuclear DNA. While in the direct method, the intracellular fluorescence of these antibiotics is excited and detected with a laser beam in a flow system. The present report demonstrates the use of these two methods for intracellular detection and quantitation of a number of important anthracyclines.", "PMID": 392000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9454", "title": "A relaxation technique in the management of hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity has been implicated as a factor capable of elevating and maintaining high serum cholesterol levels independent of dietary measures. We conducted a controlled trial to determine the effect of a relaxation technique. Transcendental Meditation, on serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Serum cholesterol levels were measured at beginning and end of an 11-month period in 12 hypercholesterolemic subjects who regularly practiced meditation. Eleven hypercholesterolemic controls who did not practice the technique were similarly followed up for 13 months. Paired comparisons showed a significant (p less than 0.005) reduction in fasting serum cholesterol levels of those subjects who practiced meditation. These results suggest that the regular practice of a relaxation technique may contribute, most likely through a reduction in adrenergic activity, to the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia in certain subjects.", "contents": "A relaxation technique in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity has been implicated as a factor capable of elevating and maintaining high serum cholesterol levels independent of dietary measures. We conducted a controlled trial to determine the effect of a relaxation technique. Transcendental Meditation, on serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Serum cholesterol levels were measured at beginning and end of an 11-month period in 12 hypercholesterolemic subjects who regularly practiced meditation. Eleven hypercholesterolemic controls who did not practice the technique were similarly followed up for 13 months. Paired comparisons showed a significant (p less than 0.005) reduction in fasting serum cholesterol levels of those subjects who practiced meditation. These results suggest that the regular practice of a relaxation technique may contribute, most likely through a reduction in adrenergic activity, to the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia in certain subjects.", "PMID": 392003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9455", "title": "Radiocarbon (14C) migration and metabolism kinetics (a review).", "content": "Radiocarbon (14C) introduced into the biosphere as a result of nuclear explosions and operation of nuclear power stations has upset the equilibrium existing in nature. The increase in 14C concentration in the biosphere is a problem of considerable hygienic and social importance, since 14C affects all living organism in the world. This paper presents data on 14C migration and metabolism kinetics. Radiocarbon metabolism kinetics depends on the form of the chemical compound metabolized. Inorganic 14C compounds are metabolized relatively fast. Organic 14C compounds (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are retained longer in the body. Differences in the metabolism kinetics of differents 14C compounds lead to the formation of unequal irradiation doses in various organs and tissues. In establishing standards for admissible 14C intake, one should take into consideration the kind of chemical compound in which the element is incorporated.", "contents": "Radiocarbon (14C) migration and metabolism kinetics (a review). Radiocarbon (14C) introduced into the biosphere as a result of nuclear explosions and operation of nuclear power stations has upset the equilibrium existing in nature. The increase in 14C concentration in the biosphere is a problem of considerable hygienic and social importance, since 14C affects all living organism in the world. This paper presents data on 14C migration and metabolism kinetics. Radiocarbon metabolism kinetics depends on the form of the chemical compound metabolized. Inorganic 14C compounds are metabolized relatively fast. Organic 14C compounds (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are retained longer in the body. Differences in the metabolism kinetics of differents 14C compounds lead to the formation of unequal irradiation doses in various organs and tissues. In establishing standards for admissible 14C intake, one should take into consideration the kind of chemical compound in which the element is incorporated.", "PMID": 392004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9456", "title": "Studies on prophylactic efficacy of N-2-hydroxyethyl palmitamide (Impulsin) in acute respiratory infections. Serologically controlled field trials.", "content": "The results of three serologically controlled double blind field trials in army units are presented. The evaluation of results according to morbidity, regardless of aetiology, showed a significant reduction in acute respiratory diseases (ARD) after administration of Impulsin. In the 1973 trial (901 volunteers), 22.7% of ARD cases were found in the Impulsin group contrary to 34.4% in the placebo group (P less than 0.0002). The relevant values in the 1974 trial (610 volunteers) were 19.7% and 40.7% (P less than 0.002) and in the 1975 trial (353 volunteers) 10.6% and 28.8% (P less than 0.004). The study of the immunological background in representative sets of volunteers allowed determination of the aetiology, the proportion of asymptomatic infections and possible deformation of results due to preexisting protective antibodies. Manifestation rate (MR) expressing the proportion of sick persons out of all sensitive subjects with serologically proved infection was found useful. This indicator is relatively independent of randomization and is more sensitive as compared to the incidence rate. In the 1973 trial, influenza A 2 England was prevalent, the MR of infection being 15.4% in the Impulsin group and 44.9% in the placebo group (P less than 0.0002). After elimination of persons with preinfection antibodies greater than or equal to 1:256 the corresponding values of MR were 17.6% and 46.6% (P less than 0.005), reflecting the \"relatively clean effect\" of Impulsin. In the 1974 trial, where influenza B Hong-Kong was prevalent, MR was 14.3% and 57.1%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Preinfection antibodies were negligible. The preliminary prophylactic index of the drug seemed to be 4.3 for combined adenoviral infections (trials 1973 and 1974 taken together). In the 1975 trial, the results of serological examination were unsatisfactory. Antibodies vs. influenza A Port Chalmers were found in 24.5% of ARD only. The differnce is aetiologically unclarified ARD was statistically significant. Although displaying a significant limitation of clinical infections, the administration of Impulsin did not seem to have any influence on the formation of antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on prophylactic efficacy of N-2-hydroxyethyl palmitamide (Impulsin) in acute respiratory infections. Serologically controlled field trials. The results of three serologically controlled double blind field trials in army units are presented. The evaluation of results according to morbidity, regardless of aetiology, showed a significant reduction in acute respiratory diseases (ARD) after administration of Impulsin. In the 1973 trial (901 volunteers), 22.7% of ARD cases were found in the Impulsin group contrary to 34.4% in the placebo group (P less than 0.0002). The relevant values in the 1974 trial (610 volunteers) were 19.7% and 40.7% (P less than 0.002) and in the 1975 trial (353 volunteers) 10.6% and 28.8% (P less than 0.004). The study of the immunological background in representative sets of volunteers allowed determination of the aetiology, the proportion of asymptomatic infections and possible deformation of results due to preexisting protective antibodies. Manifestation rate (MR) expressing the proportion of sick persons out of all sensitive subjects with serologically proved infection was found useful. This indicator is relatively independent of randomization and is more sensitive as compared to the incidence rate. In the 1973 trial, influenza A 2 England was prevalent, the MR of infection being 15.4% in the Impulsin group and 44.9% in the placebo group (P less than 0.0002). After elimination of persons with preinfection antibodies greater than or equal to 1:256 the corresponding values of MR were 17.6% and 46.6% (P less than 0.005), reflecting the \"relatively clean effect\" of Impulsin. In the 1974 trial, where influenza B Hong-Kong was prevalent, MR was 14.3% and 57.1%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Preinfection antibodies were negligible. The preliminary prophylactic index of the drug seemed to be 4.3 for combined adenoviral infections (trials 1973 and 1974 taken together). In the 1975 trial, the results of serological examination were unsatisfactory. Antibodies vs. influenza A Port Chalmers were found in 24.5% of ARD only. The differnce is aetiologically unclarified ARD was statistically significant. Although displaying a significant limitation of clinical infections, the administration of Impulsin did not seem to have any influence on the formation of antibodies.", "PMID": 392005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9457", "title": "Indication of antigens and antibodies using the reaction of compound immune adsorption and reactivation of the phage.", "content": "A method of determining antibodies by their adsorption on large-pore or surface immunosorbents with subsequent treatment of the carrier with anti-immunoglobulin serum and antiphage serum isologous to the antibodies and then with the bacteriophage has been presented. The adsorbed virions are split off by means of papain-induced hydrolysis of the antibody complex. The antigens are determined by the reaction of phage fixing inhibition. The method permits to determine small amounts of antibodies to proteins, haptenes and cells with objective calculation of results.", "contents": "Indication of antigens and antibodies using the reaction of compound immune adsorption and reactivation of the phage. A method of determining antibodies by their adsorption on large-pore or surface immunosorbents with subsequent treatment of the carrier with anti-immunoglobulin serum and antiphage serum isologous to the antibodies and then with the bacteriophage has been presented. The adsorbed virions are split off by means of papain-induced hydrolysis of the antibody complex. The antigens are determined by the reaction of phage fixing inhibition. The method permits to determine small amounts of antibodies to proteins, haptenes and cells with objective calculation of results.", "PMID": 392006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9458", "title": "Role of bacteria in human carcinogenesis.", "content": "The bacterial hydrolysis of conjugated carcinogens, production of potential carcinogens from amino acid metabolism, formation of N-nitroso-compounds, and production of carcinogens from bile salt metabolism are discussed. The limited evidence implicating these compounds in the causation of bowel, gastric, bladder, biliary tract and cervical cancer is presented. Although there is no example of a proven role for bacteria in the causation of any human cancer, there are many leads currently under investigation. They have exciting implications for prevention.", "contents": "Role of bacteria in human carcinogenesis. The bacterial hydrolysis of conjugated carcinogens, production of potential carcinogens from amino acid metabolism, formation of N-nitroso-compounds, and production of carcinogens from bile salt metabolism are discussed. The limited evidence implicating these compounds in the causation of bowel, gastric, bladder, biliary tract and cervical cancer is presented. Although there is no example of a proven role for bacteria in the causation of any human cancer, there are many leads currently under investigation. They have exciting implications for prevention.", "PMID": 392007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9459", "title": "Thermal characteristics of microtitre plates used in immunological assays.", "content": "Thermal studies of various types of microtitre plate have shown that wells at the edges of a plate have different thermal characteristics from those in the centre. This may contribute to the 'edge effect' observed when such plates are used as solid supports for protein immunobilisation in immunoassays.", "contents": "Thermal characteristics of microtitre plates used in immunological assays. Thermal studies of various types of microtitre plate have shown that wells at the edges of a plate have different thermal characteristics from those in the centre. This may contribute to the 'edge effect' observed when such plates are used as solid supports for protein immunobilisation in immunoassays.", "PMID": 392009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9460", "title": "Automation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "A prototype of automatized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tubes is described, using a commercially available basic material, easily modified. Nine hundred samples could be completely studied in a day by only one person. The different steps of the automatized ELISA were systematically studied to obtain the best performance. Its application is described in toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis.", "contents": "Automation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A prototype of automatized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tubes is described, using a commercially available basic material, easily modified. Nine hundred samples could be completely studied in a day by only one person. The different steps of the automatized ELISA were systematically studied to obtain the best performance. Its application is described in toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis.", "PMID": 392010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9461", "title": "A rapid, semi-automated procedure for the evaluation of leukocyte locomotion in the micropore filter assay.", "content": "A commerically available bacterial colony counter has been modified to allow rapid, accurate, semi-automated evaluation of cell numbers in the micropore filter assay for chemotaxis. The method is valuable for objective, rapid evaluation of cell counts at various levels through the filter, as well as counts on the distal surface of the filter. Coupled with a programmable calculator, this instrument had made feasible a new method of assessing random migration by the regression line analysis, which discriminates between migration rate and mass migration of cells. This combination of equipment may thus serve as a considerable time saving accessory to laboratories engaged in cell locomotion research, but also will allow more rigorous assessment of differences among specific populations of cells.", "contents": "A rapid, semi-automated procedure for the evaluation of leukocyte locomotion in the micropore filter assay. A commerically available bacterial colony counter has been modified to allow rapid, accurate, semi-automated evaluation of cell numbers in the micropore filter assay for chemotaxis. The method is valuable for objective, rapid evaluation of cell counts at various levels through the filter, as well as counts on the distal surface of the filter. Coupled with a programmable calculator, this instrument had made feasible a new method of assessing random migration by the regression line analysis, which discriminates between migration rate and mass migration of cells. This combination of equipment may thus serve as a considerable time saving accessory to laboratories engaged in cell locomotion research, but also will allow more rigorous assessment of differences among specific populations of cells.", "PMID": 392011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9462", "title": "A technical improvement for crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A simple antibody overlay technique for crossed immunoelectrophoresis is described. After the initial electrophoresis of antigens, the gel is overlaid with antibody-impregnated filter paper. This makes it necessary to pour only one gel, simplifying technique as compared with the conventional method.", "contents": "A technical improvement for crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A simple antibody overlay technique for crossed immunoelectrophoresis is described. After the initial electrophoresis of antigens, the gel is overlaid with antibody-impregnated filter paper. This makes it necessary to pour only one gel, simplifying technique as compared with the conventional method.", "PMID": 392012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9463", "title": "Role of the H-2 complex in the homing affinity of injected lymphoid cells to the host's lymph nodes.", "content": "The role of H-2 and non-H-2 gene products was studied in a model of non-immune cell-cell interactions which underlie the homing affinity to lymph nodes of injected 51Cr-labelled lymph node cells. The effect of various donor-recipient combinations was tested by comparing the allogeneic/syngeneic ratio of radioactivity recovered from the lymph nodes. The homing affinity was reduced to about 50% when the donor-recipient incompatibility extended over the whole H-2 chromosome. When confined to a single region (H-2K, I or D) H-2 incompatibility caused no significant allogeneic inhibition of the homing affinity. The cumulative effect of two partial incompatibilities (K + I or D + I) was, however, reflected in a significant allogeneic inhibition. Non-H-2 incompatibilities had, as a rule, a weak effect; the non-H-2 gene products may not be directly involved in the cell interactions under test.", "contents": "Role of the H-2 complex in the homing affinity of injected lymphoid cells to the host's lymph nodes. The role of H-2 and non-H-2 gene products was studied in a model of non-immune cell-cell interactions which underlie the homing affinity to lymph nodes of injected 51Cr-labelled lymph node cells. The effect of various donor-recipient combinations was tested by comparing the allogeneic/syngeneic ratio of radioactivity recovered from the lymph nodes. The homing affinity was reduced to about 50% when the donor-recipient incompatibility extended over the whole H-2 chromosome. When confined to a single region (H-2K, I or D) H-2 incompatibility caused no significant allogeneic inhibition of the homing affinity. The cumulative effect of two partial incompatibilities (K + I or D + I) was, however, reflected in a significant allogeneic inhibition. Non-H-2 incompatibilities had, as a rule, a weak effect; the non-H-2 gene products may not be directly involved in the cell interactions under test.", "PMID": 392015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9464", "title": "[Some studies on the ability appreciation of dental handpieces (author's transl)].", "content": "Dental handpieces are usually used for cutting teeth instruments of dental treatments. But as ability appreciation of cutting instruments are widely influenced with cutting tools and then these studies have scarcely been reported until now. This paper shows the one method of the ability appreciation of handpieces which are used for test bur as the cutting tools. Test apparatus used for ability appreciation are manufactured for trial as the same way as the dental treatments and experiments of handpiece are carried out. Handpiece test specimens are standard type (air bearing type) made by own country as basic characteristics and then compering with the ability of the type differences, standard, miniature, supertorque and air bearing type made by foreign country are experimented. These results of tests are examined the influence of service air pressure and load speed to be bases on the relation between push load revolution of test burs. And then equivalent efficiency of the works of handpieces are discussed for the experimental results of these characteristics.", "contents": "[Some studies on the ability appreciation of dental handpieces (author's transl)]. Dental handpieces are usually used for cutting teeth instruments of dental treatments. But as ability appreciation of cutting instruments are widely influenced with cutting tools and then these studies have scarcely been reported until now. This paper shows the one method of the ability appreciation of handpieces which are used for test bur as the cutting tools. Test apparatus used for ability appreciation are manufactured for trial as the same way as the dental treatments and experiments of handpiece are carried out. Handpiece test specimens are standard type (air bearing type) made by own country as basic characteristics and then compering with the ability of the type differences, standard, miniature, supertorque and air bearing type made by foreign country are experimented. These results of tests are examined the influence of service air pressure and load speed to be bases on the relation between push load revolution of test burs. And then equivalent efficiency of the works of handpieces are discussed for the experimental results of these characteristics.", "PMID": 392019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9465", "title": "[Studies on the cutting ability of dental diamond points--the trial manufacture of the cutting test apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Diamond points and tungstencarbite burs are used as the dental cutting tools for many appliance accordingly with the many purpose of used positions. Notwithstanding that the dental cutting tools have been usually applied for many purpose of dental treatment, the paper on these studies have scarcely been reported. In this studies the test of dental cutting tools curried out using the diamond points and examined these characteristics. As the problems on the cutting tests are the push load of cutting tools and the cutting quantities. This studies tried to make the test apparatus for the cutting test of dental diamond points considering to dental treatments. The glass plates used for photograph are used for cutting materials supposing to the enamel properties of teeth and the cutting tests put into practice for the types of diamond points with different diameter. The cutting characteristics of the diamond points are examined with the using of the test results and are appreciated with the considering to the test apparatus.", "contents": "[Studies on the cutting ability of dental diamond points--the trial manufacture of the cutting test apparatus (author's transl)]. Diamond points and tungstencarbite burs are used as the dental cutting tools for many appliance accordingly with the many purpose of used positions. Notwithstanding that the dental cutting tools have been usually applied for many purpose of dental treatment, the paper on these studies have scarcely been reported. In this studies the test of dental cutting tools curried out using the diamond points and examined these characteristics. As the problems on the cutting tests are the push load of cutting tools and the cutting quantities. This studies tried to make the test apparatus for the cutting test of dental diamond points considering to dental treatments. The glass plates used for photograph are used for cutting materials supposing to the enamel properties of teeth and the cutting tests put into practice for the types of diamond points with different diameter. The cutting characteristics of the diamond points are examined with the using of the test results and are appreciated with the considering to the test apparatus.", "PMID": 392020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9466", "title": "[Investigation of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 2) Thermal expansion (author's transl)].", "content": "Thermal expansion coefficient and thermal expansion hysteresis (residual expansion after thermal cycles) were measured using nine Pd-Ag alloys (In and/or Sn added) prepared in Part 1. The following results were obtained. (1) The thermal expansion coefficients were ranged 13 approximately 15 x 10(-6)/ degrees C in the temperature range of 400 to 200 degrees C. (2) The effects of the addition of indium and tin to the thermal expansion coefficient depended on the concentration of palladium and silver. (3) The thermal expansion hysteresis was ranged from 0.21 to -0.02% third thermal cycle. It was very small in comparison with that of precious alloys. (4) The thermal expansion hysteresis decreased with increase of addition of indium and tin. (5) The thermal expansion coefficient had no correlation with the bonding strength.", "contents": "[Investigation of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 2) Thermal expansion (author's transl)]. Thermal expansion coefficient and thermal expansion hysteresis (residual expansion after thermal cycles) were measured using nine Pd-Ag alloys (In and/or Sn added) prepared in Part 1. The following results were obtained. (1) The thermal expansion coefficients were ranged 13 approximately 15 x 10(-6)/ degrees C in the temperature range of 400 to 200 degrees C. (2) The effects of the addition of indium and tin to the thermal expansion coefficient depended on the concentration of palladium and silver. (3) The thermal expansion hysteresis was ranged from 0.21 to -0.02% third thermal cycle. It was very small in comparison with that of precious alloys. (4) The thermal expansion hysteresis decreased with increase of addition of indium and tin. (5) The thermal expansion coefficient had no correlation with the bonding strength.", "PMID": 392021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9467", "title": "[Flow of molten metal in denture base in horizontal centrifugal casting procedure. (Part 2) Flow, inflow volume and casting time of molten metal passing through several sprues into model denture plate mold (author's transl)].", "content": "Two types of spruing methods were used in the casting of the denture type model pattern (thickness, 0.43 mm). Flow of molten metal in the mold was filmed by the improved system of Part 1. When three sprues were attached to the pattern vertically, molten metal passed through each sprue gate flowed being affected by the direction of gravity and revolution of casting machine, and gathered at the lower part of the mold. Next molten metal filled the mold from the lower part to the upper part. In this spruing type, molten metal turned its direction of flow several times. At the middle stage of casting, the inflow volume per unit time (inflow rate), v (mm3/10-2)s)was evaluated as v = 12.36 + 5.16A-0.16 A2 (A: total cross-sectional areas of sprues). The inflow rate increased with increase of the area of the sprues, but it saturated. When the main sprue and the subsprues were attached at the posterior border, the molten metal filled the mold from the lower part to the upper part quietly. In this spruing type, the casting mold was set facing its sprue gates downwards. The inflow rate at the middle stage of casting was evaluated as v = 21.05 + 1.79 C (C: the cross-sectional area of the main sprue). The inflow rate increased linearly with increase of the area of the main sprue.", "contents": "[Flow of molten metal in denture base in horizontal centrifugal casting procedure. (Part 2) Flow, inflow volume and casting time of molten metal passing through several sprues into model denture plate mold (author's transl)]. Two types of spruing methods were used in the casting of the denture type model pattern (thickness, 0.43 mm). Flow of molten metal in the mold was filmed by the improved system of Part 1. When three sprues were attached to the pattern vertically, molten metal passed through each sprue gate flowed being affected by the direction of gravity and revolution of casting machine, and gathered at the lower part of the mold. Next molten metal filled the mold from the lower part to the upper part. In this spruing type, molten metal turned its direction of flow several times. At the middle stage of casting, the inflow volume per unit time (inflow rate), v (mm3/10-2)s)was evaluated as v = 12.36 + 5.16A-0.16 A2 (A: total cross-sectional areas of sprues). The inflow rate increased with increase of the area of the sprues, but it saturated. When the main sprue and the subsprues were attached at the posterior border, the molten metal filled the mold from the lower part to the upper part quietly. In this spruing type, the casting mold was set facing its sprue gates downwards. The inflow rate at the middle stage of casting was evaluated as v = 21.05 + 1.79 C (C: the cross-sectional area of the main sprue). The inflow rate increased linearly with increase of the area of the main sprue.", "PMID": 392022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9468", "title": "[Studies on the performance of the dental air turbine handpieces. (Part 1). Air pressure and bur length to be influenced over the rotational performance of the air bearing type handpieces (author's transl)].", "content": "Air turbine handpieces are used as the dental cutting instruments for the clinical use and many appliances. But, there are no studies on the performance of air turbine handpieces. So, this paper shows the rotational performance of air turbine handpieces which are influenced over the supplying air pressure and cutting bur length. Experimentally used air turbine handpieces is air bearing type and it's set up air pressure to be supplied is 3.5 kg/cm2. So, in this experiments, the range of air pressure is 1.8 approximately 3.5 kg/cm2, which is established five stages. And the bur length of the rotational parts is 5 approximately 9 mm with five steps. As the results, the rotational performance of air handpieces are influenced over these factors of the air pressure and the bur length. And air pressure to be supplied are influenced to be not only over the rotational speed but the load for the putting a stop to the revolutions.", "contents": "[Studies on the performance of the dental air turbine handpieces. (Part 1). Air pressure and bur length to be influenced over the rotational performance of the air bearing type handpieces (author's transl)]. Air turbine handpieces are used as the dental cutting instruments for the clinical use and many appliances. But, there are no studies on the performance of air turbine handpieces. So, this paper shows the rotational performance of air turbine handpieces which are influenced over the supplying air pressure and cutting bur length. Experimentally used air turbine handpieces is air bearing type and it's set up air pressure to be supplied is 3.5 kg/cm2. So, in this experiments, the range of air pressure is 1.8 approximately 3.5 kg/cm2, which is established five stages. And the bur length of the rotational parts is 5 approximately 9 mm with five steps. As the results, the rotational performance of air handpieces are influenced over these factors of the air pressure and the bur length. And air pressure to be supplied are influenced to be not only over the rotational speed but the load for the putting a stop to the revolutions.", "PMID": 392025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9469", "title": "Development of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for ursodeoxycholic acid: application to plasma disappearance of injected ursodeoxycholic acid in the rabbit.", "content": "A bile acid disappearance test using an enzyme immunoassay for ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is presented. The immunoassay employs an antiserum produced in rabbits with UDCA coupled by amide linkage to egg albumin. An antigen (UDCA)-enzyme (beta-D-galactosidase) complex was prepared by adding the N-hydroxy-succinimide ester of UDCA to beta-D-galactosidase in a molar ratio of 5000:1. The anti-UDCA serum was coupled to glass beads and a competitive reaction between bile acids and UDCA coupled to the enzyme on the glass beads was measured by determining enzyme activity. One bead was used for each test tube. Thus it was convenient to wash and transfer the bead to a fresh test tube after incubation. The procedure requires 2.5 hr at 30 degrees C for the competitive reaction and enzyme assay. Using a 1:100 dilution of anti-serum, the intensity of fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone produced from 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside by the enzyme decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase of UDCA concentration over a range of from 0.1 to 10 pmnd taurine conjugates, and good recovery data were obtained. The development of the enzyme immunoassay using glass beads shortens analysis time; furthermore, the method makes it possible to detect obstructive jaundice in rabbits before the serum bilirubin level is elevated.", "contents": "Development of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for ursodeoxycholic acid: application to plasma disappearance of injected ursodeoxycholic acid in the rabbit. A bile acid disappearance test using an enzyme immunoassay for ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is presented. The immunoassay employs an antiserum produced in rabbits with UDCA coupled by amide linkage to egg albumin. An antigen (UDCA)-enzyme (beta-D-galactosidase) complex was prepared by adding the N-hydroxy-succinimide ester of UDCA to beta-D-galactosidase in a molar ratio of 5000:1. The anti-UDCA serum was coupled to glass beads and a competitive reaction between bile acids and UDCA coupled to the enzyme on the glass beads was measured by determining enzyme activity. One bead was used for each test tube. Thus it was convenient to wash and transfer the bead to a fresh test tube after incubation. The procedure requires 2.5 hr at 30 degrees C for the competitive reaction and enzyme assay. Using a 1:100 dilution of anti-serum, the intensity of fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone produced from 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside by the enzyme decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase of UDCA concentration over a range of from 0.1 to 10 pmnd taurine conjugates, and good recovery data were obtained. The development of the enzyme immunoassay using glass beads shortens analysis time; furthermore, the method makes it possible to detect obstructive jaundice in rabbits before the serum bilirubin level is elevated.", "PMID": 392034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9470", "title": "Variation in size of the 'readily releasable pool' of luteinizing hormone during the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "The size of the 'readily releasable pool' of luteinizing hormone at various times of the oestrous cycle has been determined by injecting a supramaximal dose of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF) i.v. into rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. In an attempt to block replenishment of the 'pool' during release, cycloheximide was administered 30 min before LH-RF. A 20-fold increase in pool size occurred between the morning of dioestrus and the evening of pro-oestrus in the absence of any significant change in total pituitary content of LH. This suggests that increased responsiveness may be brought about by a change in the receptor-release apparatus and/or a transfer of LH from a 'storage pool' which leads to an apparent increase in the proportion of LH available for release.", "contents": "Variation in size of the 'readily releasable pool' of luteinizing hormone during the oestrous cycle of the rat. The size of the 'readily releasable pool' of luteinizing hormone at various times of the oestrous cycle has been determined by injecting a supramaximal dose of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF) i.v. into rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. In an attempt to block replenishment of the 'pool' during release, cycloheximide was administered 30 min before LH-RF. A 20-fold increase in pool size occurred between the morning of dioestrus and the evening of pro-oestrus in the absence of any significant change in total pituitary content of LH. This suggests that increased responsiveness may be brought about by a change in the receptor-release apparatus and/or a transfer of LH from a 'storage pool' which leads to an apparent increase in the proportion of LH available for release.", "PMID": 392040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9471", "title": "Use of a pulsed infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone to mimic seasonally induced endocrine changes in the ram.", "content": "Adult Soay rams were housed indoors under natural lighting during the spring non-mating season when gonadotrophin secretion was low. Four animals received small doses (100 ng or 500 ng) of synthetic LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) infused into the jugular vein by a mechanical device for 60 s every 2 h for 33-57 days: two other rams acted as controls. The prolonged treatment with LH-RH resulted in growth of the testes and the development of the sexual skin flush; these effects were lost when treatment stopped. The plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone were low at the beginning; each short infusion of LH-RH resulted in a transitory increase in the level of LH and testosterone while the concentration of FSH was only marginally affected. After prolonged treatment with 500 ng pulses of LH-RH the plasma concentrations of all three hormones were permanently raised. The response to the individual injections of LH-RH was also modified, the peak in LH being reduced in amplitude but more prolonged while the FSH and testosterone responses were both enhanced. When the pulsed infusion was stopped the concentration of LH and testosterone declined rapidly while the decline in FSH levels took many days. These endocrine changes induced by the pulsed infusion are comparable to those that occur naturally in the ram during testicular redevelopment before the mating season.", "contents": "Use of a pulsed infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone to mimic seasonally induced endocrine changes in the ram. Adult Soay rams were housed indoors under natural lighting during the spring non-mating season when gonadotrophin secretion was low. Four animals received small doses (100 ng or 500 ng) of synthetic LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) infused into the jugular vein by a mechanical device for 60 s every 2 h for 33-57 days: two other rams acted as controls. The prolonged treatment with LH-RH resulted in growth of the testes and the development of the sexual skin flush; these effects were lost when treatment stopped. The plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone were low at the beginning; each short infusion of LH-RH resulted in a transitory increase in the level of LH and testosterone while the concentration of FSH was only marginally affected. After prolonged treatment with 500 ng pulses of LH-RH the plasma concentrations of all three hormones were permanently raised. The response to the individual injections of LH-RH was also modified, the peak in LH being reduced in amplitude but more prolonged while the FSH and testosterone responses were both enhanced. When the pulsed infusion was stopped the concentration of LH and testosterone declined rapidly while the decline in FSH levels took many days. These endocrine changes induced by the pulsed infusion are comparable to those that occur naturally in the ram during testicular redevelopment before the mating season.", "PMID": 392041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9472", "title": "Cellular localization of a prolactin-like antigen in the rat brain.", "content": "The distribution of immunoreactive neurones and fibres was studied in rat brain using an antiserum to rat prolactin. Neurones containing the immunoreactive material were localized in the arcuate, ventromedial, premamillary, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were widely distributed within the brain. No differences were observed in labelling between male and female rats, or as a consequence of hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Cellular localization of a prolactin-like antigen in the rat brain. The distribution of immunoreactive neurones and fibres was studied in rat brain using an antiserum to rat prolactin. Neurones containing the immunoreactive material were localized in the arcuate, ventromedial, premamillary, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were widely distributed within the brain. No differences were observed in labelling between male and female rats, or as a consequence of hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 392042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9473", "title": "Application of agarose gel electrophoresis to the characterization of plasmid DNA in drug-resistant enterobacteria.", "content": "A simple gel electrophoresis method has been described for the detection of plasmid DNA in bacteria (Meyers et al., 1976). We investigated further the problems encountered in using this method for the analysis of plasmids in wild enterobacterial strains. The migration of open circular and linear plasmid DNA was examined, since these forms sometimes caused difficulty in the interpretation of the plasmid content of uncharacterized strains. Electrophoresis at different agarose concentrations was employed to resolve clearly plasmid DNA from the chromosomal DNA fragments in the crude preparations. Dissociation of some plasmids occurs in Salmonella typhimurium, and this was detected by electrophoresis. The technique was applied to the study of drug-resistant strains of S. typhimurium phage type 208 from several Middle Eastern countries. The cultures carry a drug resistance plasmid of the FIme compatibility group, and at least two other plasmids which were detected and identified by gel electrophoresis. The studies supported and extended the genetic findings and provided information on the distribution of particular plasmids.", "contents": "Application of agarose gel electrophoresis to the characterization of plasmid DNA in drug-resistant enterobacteria. A simple gel electrophoresis method has been described for the detection of plasmid DNA in bacteria (Meyers et al., 1976). We investigated further the problems encountered in using this method for the analysis of plasmids in wild enterobacterial strains. The migration of open circular and linear plasmid DNA was examined, since these forms sometimes caused difficulty in the interpretation of the plasmid content of uncharacterized strains. Electrophoresis at different agarose concentrations was employed to resolve clearly plasmid DNA from the chromosomal DNA fragments in the crude preparations. Dissociation of some plasmids occurs in Salmonella typhimurium, and this was detected by electrophoresis. The technique was applied to the study of drug-resistant strains of S. typhimurium phage type 208 from several Middle Eastern countries. The cultures carry a drug resistance plasmid of the FIme compatibility group, and at least two other plasmids which were detected and identified by gel electrophoresis. The studies supported and extended the genetic findings and provided information on the distribution of particular plasmids.", "PMID": 392048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9474", "title": "Peptide transport in Candida albicans.", "content": "The tripeptide L-methionyl-L-methionyl-L-[METHYL-14C]methionine was taken up into Candida albicans by a saturable system with a pH optimum of 3.5, a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C and an apparent Km of 3.3 x 10(-5) M. Metabolic inhibitors such as sodium azide and dinitrophenol completely prevented uptake. Neither methionine nor dimethionine effectively competed with trimethionine uptake. (Leu)3, Gly-Met-Gly, acetyl-(Met)3, D-Met-L-Met-L-Met and Met-Met-Ile effectively competed with (Met)3 uptake, whereas (Lys)3, L-Met-L-Met-D-Met, D-Met-D-Met-D-Met, (Met)3 methyl ester and (Ala)3 did not. Trimethionine was rapidly hydrolysed by a peptidase after entry into the cell.", "contents": "Peptide transport in Candida albicans. The tripeptide L-methionyl-L-methionyl-L-[METHYL-14C]methionine was taken up into Candida albicans by a saturable system with a pH optimum of 3.5, a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C and an apparent Km of 3.3 x 10(-5) M. Metabolic inhibitors such as sodium azide and dinitrophenol completely prevented uptake. Neither methionine nor dimethionine effectively competed with trimethionine uptake. (Leu)3, Gly-Met-Gly, acetyl-(Met)3, D-Met-L-Met-L-Met and Met-Met-Ile effectively competed with (Met)3 uptake, whereas (Lys)3, L-Met-L-Met-D-Met, D-Met-D-Met-D-Met, (Met)3 methyl ester and (Ala)3 did not. Trimethionine was rapidly hydrolysed by a peptidase after entry into the cell.", "PMID": 392049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9475", "title": "A solid-phase immunosorbent technique for the rapid detection of rubella IgM by haemagglutination inhibition.", "content": "The rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test has been modified for the detection of rubella-specific IgM. The rubella HAI test is performed in microtitre plate wells in which IgM from patients' sera has been selectively retained by anti-human IgM bound to the polystyrene surface. The test requires only anti-human IgM-coated microtitre plates, in addition to the standard rubella HAI reagents. The results obtained in this test, a solid-phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT), are in good agreement with results obtained by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation technique (DGCT). Advantages include the essentially unrestricted number of sera which can be tested daily, the availability of results within 24 h and the lack of interference by rheumatoid factor and by rubella-specific IgG.", "contents": "A solid-phase immunosorbent technique for the rapid detection of rubella IgM by haemagglutination inhibition. The rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test has been modified for the detection of rubella-specific IgM. The rubella HAI test is performed in microtitre plate wells in which IgM from patients' sera has been selectively retained by anti-human IgM bound to the polystyrene surface. The test requires only anti-human IgM-coated microtitre plates, in addition to the standard rubella HAI reagents. The results obtained in this test, a solid-phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT), are in good agreement with results obtained by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation technique (DGCT). Advantages include the essentially unrestricted number of sera which can be tested daily, the availability of results within 24 h and the lack of interference by rheumatoid factor and by rubella-specific IgG.", "PMID": 392050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9476", "title": "The sensitivity of measles virus haemolysin to acetone and the preparation of mono-specific human anti-haemolysin by absorption.", "content": "The haemolysin of measles virus, either in the virion or in infected cells, is functionally and antigenically sensitive to acetone. Absorption of human sera with acetone-treated, measles virus-infected cells removes antibodies to all measles virus structural antigens except haemolysin. The antibody titres of absorbed sera give good correlation in HLI, neutralization and fluorescent antibody staining on unfixed infected cells.", "contents": "The sensitivity of measles virus haemolysin to acetone and the preparation of mono-specific human anti-haemolysin by absorption. The haemolysin of measles virus, either in the virion or in infected cells, is functionally and antigenically sensitive to acetone. Absorption of human sera with acetone-treated, measles virus-infected cells removes antibodies to all measles virus structural antigens except haemolysin. The antibody titres of absorbed sera give good correlation in HLI, neutralization and fluorescent antibody staining on unfixed infected cells.", "PMID": 392051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9477", "title": "Formation of DNA-damaging and mutagenic activity in the reaction systems containing nitrite and butylated hydroxyanisole, tryptophan, or cysteine.", "content": "It was confirmed by the procedure of rec-assay that DNA-damaging activities were formed in the reaction systems containing nitrite and phenol derivatives including BHA, tryptophan or cysteine under gastric pH conditions. The mutagenic action of the nitrite-BHA, nitrite-tryptophan and nitrite-cysteine systems was also tested according to Ames' method using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 98. The mutagenic activity was observed in the nitrite-tryptophan and nitrite-cysteine systems, though the nitrite-BHA system did not show the activity. The DNA-damaging products were generally labile, i.e., the activity decreased significantly after 1.5 to 2 hours of the reaction, except in the case of the nitrite-BHA system. The DNA-damaging activity in the nitrite-BHA system did not decrease even after 48 hours of the reaction. Nitrosophenol derivatives themselves showed the DNA-damaging activity at pH 1. The active product in the nitrite-BHA system was isolated and the structure was determined to be 2-tert-butyl-quinone. This compound gave a positive rec-assay test, and showed no mutagenesis by Ames' method. The active product from the nitrite-cysteine system was infered to be nitrosocysteine, and the product showed both DNA-damaging and mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Formation of DNA-damaging and mutagenic activity in the reaction systems containing nitrite and butylated hydroxyanisole, tryptophan, or cysteine. It was confirmed by the procedure of rec-assay that DNA-damaging activities were formed in the reaction systems containing nitrite and phenol derivatives including BHA, tryptophan or cysteine under gastric pH conditions. The mutagenic action of the nitrite-BHA, nitrite-tryptophan and nitrite-cysteine systems was also tested according to Ames' method using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 98. The mutagenic activity was observed in the nitrite-tryptophan and nitrite-cysteine systems, though the nitrite-BHA system did not show the activity. The DNA-damaging products were generally labile, i.e., the activity decreased significantly after 1.5 to 2 hours of the reaction, except in the case of the nitrite-BHA system. The DNA-damaging activity in the nitrite-BHA system did not decrease even after 48 hours of the reaction. Nitrosophenol derivatives themselves showed the DNA-damaging activity at pH 1. The active product in the nitrite-BHA system was isolated and the structure was determined to be 2-tert-butyl-quinone. This compound gave a positive rec-assay test, and showed no mutagenesis by Ames' method. The active product from the nitrite-cysteine system was infered to be nitrosocysteine, and the product showed both DNA-damaging and mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 392055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9478", "title": "The case for Victor A. Reko--an unrecognized pioneer writer on New World hallucinogens.", "content": "Victor A. Reko's book Magische Gifte, in which he recorded a number of original observations on New-World psychotropic drugs including the first modern recognition that teonan\u00e1catl was a mushroom and not a cactus, was well received when it first appeared in 1936. However, his contributions to the literature of this and other obscure plant hallucinogens such as ololiuqui and sinicuichi, have not received the recognition they deserve. His writings, evaluated objectively on the bases of modern scientific knowledge and historical evidence, establish Reko as an important pioneer in this field and show his accomplishments worthy of acclaim.", "contents": "The case for Victor A. Reko--an unrecognized pioneer writer on New World hallucinogens. Victor A. Reko's book Magische Gifte, in which he recorded a number of original observations on New-World psychotropic drugs including the first modern recognition that teonan\u00e1catl was a mushroom and not a cactus, was well received when it first appeared in 1936. However, his contributions to the literature of this and other obscure plant hallucinogens such as ololiuqui and sinicuichi, have not received the recognition they deserve. His writings, evaluated objectively on the bases of modern scientific knowledge and historical evidence, establish Reko as an important pioneer in this field and show his accomplishments worthy of acclaim.", "PMID": 392053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9479", "title": "An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on the delta antigen associated with the hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Thirteen liver biopsies in which the delta antigen was detected by immunofluorescence were studied by electron microscopy and immune electron microscopy with peroxidase labelled IgG and F(ab1)2 fraction obtained from a human antiserum containing high-titre anti-delta antibodies. The findings were compared with those obtained in 11 HBcAg positive and in two HBsAg negative controls. Neither unique particulate morphology nor any HB virus ultrastructural component were visualised in the delta positive specimens; 20-23 nm naked core particles were observed in 10 of 11 biopsies displaying the HBcAg in immunofluorescence. Delta positive nuclei frequently contained dense round structures of diameter varying between 20 and 30 nm with a soft indistinct edge. These granules did not exhibit characteristic ultrastructural features which enabled them to be distinguished from other granular material observed occasionally in nuclei of normal and diseased livers. However, their association with the delta antigen has been proved by the deposition on identical structures of peroxidase labelled anti-delta antibody. These results suggest that the delta antigen is unrelated to the Dane particle, the putative HB virus. The granules observed in the delta positive nuclei are composed of an amorphous matrix, possibly insoluble aggregates of the delta antigen.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on the delta antigen associated with the hepatitis B virus. Thirteen liver biopsies in which the delta antigen was detected by immunofluorescence were studied by electron microscopy and immune electron microscopy with peroxidase labelled IgG and F(ab1)2 fraction obtained from a human antiserum containing high-titre anti-delta antibodies. The findings were compared with those obtained in 11 HBcAg positive and in two HBsAg negative controls. Neither unique particulate morphology nor any HB virus ultrastructural component were visualised in the delta positive specimens; 20-23 nm naked core particles were observed in 10 of 11 biopsies displaying the HBcAg in immunofluorescence. Delta positive nuclei frequently contained dense round structures of diameter varying between 20 and 30 nm with a soft indistinct edge. These granules did not exhibit characteristic ultrastructural features which enabled them to be distinguished from other granular material observed occasionally in nuclei of normal and diseased livers. However, their association with the delta antigen has been proved by the deposition on identical structures of peroxidase labelled anti-delta antibody. These results suggest that the delta antigen is unrelated to the Dane particle, the putative HB virus. The granules observed in the delta positive nuclei are composed of an amorphous matrix, possibly insoluble aggregates of the delta antigen.", "PMID": 392063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9480", "title": "Action of gold thioglucose on pericapillary structures in the ventromedial hypothalamus.", "content": "The administration of GTG to mice leads to death of all structures in a circumscribed area of the VMH as a result of loss of blood circulation. The loss of circulation is due to damage by GTG of neural processes adjacent to some of the capillaries in this area; damage to these processes leads to abnormal capillary permeability. Pericapillary damage occurs under conditions where capillary damage and consequent necrosis are prevented. Abnormal capillary permeability appears to follow release of a vasoactive substance from the damaged neural processes. Damage to the pericapillary neural processes by GTG is insulin-dependent and is counteracted by glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Action of gold thioglucose on pericapillary structures in the ventromedial hypothalamus. The administration of GTG to mice leads to death of all structures in a circumscribed area of the VMH as a result of loss of blood circulation. The loss of circulation is due to damage by GTG of neural processes adjacent to some of the capillaries in this area; damage to these processes leads to abnormal capillary permeability. Pericapillary damage occurs under conditions where capillary damage and consequent necrosis are prevented. Abnormal capillary permeability appears to follow release of a vasoactive substance from the damaged neural processes. Damage to the pericapillary neural processes by GTG is insulin-dependent and is counteracted by glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 392065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9481", "title": "Mediation by serotonin of gold thioglucose-induced necrosis of the ventromedial hypothalamus.", "content": "Agents that lower serotonin levels or inhibit serotonin action prevent GTG-indurea and that such damage leads to abnormally increased capillary permeability. Since the VMH is rich in serotonin and since serotonin is a potent oedema-producing agent mice, these findings indicate that the production of necrosis by GTG is mediated by release of serotonin from the damaged pericapillary processes.", "contents": "Mediation by serotonin of gold thioglucose-induced necrosis of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Agents that lower serotonin levels or inhibit serotonin action prevent GTG-indurea and that such damage leads to abnormally increased capillary permeability. Since the VMH is rich in serotonin and since serotonin is a potent oedema-producing agent mice, these findings indicate that the production of necrosis by GTG is mediated by release of serotonin from the damaged pericapillary processes.", "PMID": 392066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9482", "title": "The detection of a contractile apparatus in murine multinucleate giant cells.", "content": "Cinemicrographic investigations have shown multinucleate giant cells to be motile and contractile while immunofluorescent and biochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of actin-like proteins. These contractile proteins are concentrated in the centrospheric and perinuclear regions, while a more streaky distribution is present in the more peripheral parts of the polykaryon. This distribution corresponds with that of cytoplasmic filaments measuring 6-7 nm as seen by electron microscopy. The presence of similar proteins in macrophages, the precursor cells of multinucleate giant cells, indicates that these contractile proteins continue to be produced after macrophage fusion and that they are reorganised within the structural arrangements of the syncytium.", "contents": "The detection of a contractile apparatus in murine multinucleate giant cells. Cinemicrographic investigations have shown multinucleate giant cells to be motile and contractile while immunofluorescent and biochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of actin-like proteins. These contractile proteins are concentrated in the centrospheric and perinuclear regions, while a more streaky distribution is present in the more peripheral parts of the polykaryon. This distribution corresponds with that of cytoplasmic filaments measuring 6-7 nm as seen by electron microscopy. The presence of similar proteins in macrophages, the precursor cells of multinucleate giant cells, indicates that these contractile proteins continue to be produced after macrophage fusion and that they are reorganised within the structural arrangements of the syncytium.", "PMID": 392067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9483", "title": "Relationships between Hand Test variables and mental retardation: a confirmation and extension.", "content": "Eighty-one mentally retarded individuals, including a range of deficiencies (severe, moderate, and mild), were given the Hand Test in order to investigate the relationship between IQ and personality. There were significant correlations between Hand Test personality variables and IQ and different subgroup configurations were noted. Implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Relationships between Hand Test variables and mental retardation: a confirmation and extension. Eighty-one mentally retarded individuals, including a range of deficiencies (severe, moderate, and mild), were given the Hand Test in order to investigate the relationship between IQ and personality. There were significant correlations between Hand Test personality variables and IQ and different subgroup configurations were noted. Implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 392070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9484", "title": "Pediatric keratoplasty: problems in management.", "content": "A summary of experience in pediatric keratoplasty is given by adding ten recent cases to a previous report. A review of keratoplasty in infants and children from the literature generally recommends the procedure as safe and effective. Recent reports, however, cast some doubt on the effectiveness of the procedure for certain conditions. An update of experience is given as a focal point for a discussion of problems in clinical management of children who undergo keratoplasty. These problems are arbitrarily separated by pre-, intra-, and postoperative time frames.", "contents": "Pediatric keratoplasty: problems in management. A summary of experience in pediatric keratoplasty is given by adding ten recent cases to a previous report. A review of keratoplasty in infants and children from the literature generally recommends the procedure as safe and effective. Recent reports, however, cast some doubt on the effectiveness of the procedure for certain conditions. An update of experience is given as a focal point for a discussion of problems in clinical management of children who undergo keratoplasty. These problems are arbitrarily separated by pre-, intra-, and postoperative time frames.", "PMID": 392068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9485", "title": "Morphological characteristics of lateral rectus motoneurones shown by intracellular injection of HRP.", "content": "The morphology of identified lateral rectus motoneurones is described after staining by intracellular iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. Soma vary in shape and size according to the number and orientation of primary dendrites. The basic pattern of arborisation shows short primary dendrites which branch close to the soma, forming a distal ramification extending over 600 to 1,200 micrometer from the soma. Distal dendrites extend into the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus, the reticular formation and amongst the fibres of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. This extension is greater than that previously seen in procion yellow and Golgi stained lateral rectus motoneurones. The axon originates from the perikarya or from the base of a primary dendrite. No axon collaterals have been observed.", "contents": "Morphological characteristics of lateral rectus motoneurones shown by intracellular injection of HRP. The morphology of identified lateral rectus motoneurones is described after staining by intracellular iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. Soma vary in shape and size according to the number and orientation of primary dendrites. The basic pattern of arborisation shows short primary dendrites which branch close to the soma, forming a distal ramification extending over 600 to 1,200 micrometer from the soma. Distal dendrites extend into the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus, the reticular formation and amongst the fibres of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. This extension is greater than that previously seen in procion yellow and Golgi stained lateral rectus motoneurones. The axon originates from the perikarya or from the base of a primary dendrite. No axon collaterals have been observed.", "PMID": 392076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9486", "title": "A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in the prevention of early mortality in myocardial infarction.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial is reported in which a single dose of aspirin (300 mg) was given to patients with myocardial infarction on first contact with a general practitioner. A total of 1,705 patients with confirmed infarction were studied, and survival ascertained. There was no evidence of benefit from the aspirin.", "contents": "A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in the prevention of early mortality in myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial is reported in which a single dose of aspirin (300 mg) was given to patients with myocardial infarction on first contact with a general practitioner. A total of 1,705 patients with confirmed infarction were studied, and survival ascertained. There was no evidence of benefit from the aspirin.", "PMID": 392079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9487", "title": "The evidence that inhibin must exist.", "content": "The historical development of the 'inhibin' hypothesis is restated and the recent evidence reviewed. The circumstantial evidence for inhibin now seems very strong, and it probably acts in both sexes. Active materials have been isolated from several sources but it is not clear which is the circulating form of inhibin and a reciprocal relationship between circulating inhibin and FSH levels has not yet been demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that we may be optimistic about the existence of inhibin though the importance of its role as a physiological feedback inhibitor is still controversial.", "contents": "The evidence that inhibin must exist. The historical development of the 'inhibin' hypothesis is restated and the recent evidence reviewed. The circumstantial evidence for inhibin now seems very strong, and it probably acts in both sexes. Active materials have been isolated from several sources but it is not clear which is the circulating form of inhibin and a reciprocal relationship between circulating inhibin and FSH levels has not yet been demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that we may be optimistic about the existence of inhibin though the importance of its role as a physiological feedback inhibitor is still controversial.", "PMID": 392081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9488", "title": "Inhibin production by Sertoli cells in culture.", "content": "Studies on the secretion of inhibin and its mode of action were carried out in vitro, utilizing cell cultures. Isolated rat Sertoli cells secreted an inhibin-like heat-labile, non-dialysable substance, Sertoli Cell Factor (SCF), which could selectively suppress FSH secretion by rat anterior pituitary cells. SCF selectively suppressed the basal and GnRH-stimulated FSH release as well as the de-novo synthesis of FSH by acting directly on the pituitary cells. In 1 out of 5 experiments, SCF also suppressed the synthesis of LH, possibly by affecting the overall protein synthesis. Under similar culture conditions, Sertoli cells isolated from animals between 18 and 90 days of age secreted comparable amounts of SCF. In contrast, anterior pituitary cells from adult rats (60-90 days old) were considerably more sensitive to SCF than pituitary cells obtained from younger (18-33 days old) animals, suggesting that decline in circulating FSH level, occurring at approximately 35 days of age, may result from increased pituitary sensitivity to inhibin. Besides identifying the Sertoli cells as the site of inhibin production in the testis, these studies demonstrated direct action of inhibin at the pituitary cell level, resulting in suppression of FSH synthesis and release.", "contents": "Inhibin production by Sertoli cells in culture. Studies on the secretion of inhibin and its mode of action were carried out in vitro, utilizing cell cultures. Isolated rat Sertoli cells secreted an inhibin-like heat-labile, non-dialysable substance, Sertoli Cell Factor (SCF), which could selectively suppress FSH secretion by rat anterior pituitary cells. SCF selectively suppressed the basal and GnRH-stimulated FSH release as well as the de-novo synthesis of FSH by acting directly on the pituitary cells. In 1 out of 5 experiments, SCF also suppressed the synthesis of LH, possibly by affecting the overall protein synthesis. Under similar culture conditions, Sertoli cells isolated from animals between 18 and 90 days of age secreted comparable amounts of SCF. In contrast, anterior pituitary cells from adult rats (60-90 days old) were considerably more sensitive to SCF than pituitary cells obtained from younger (18-33 days old) animals, suggesting that decline in circulating FSH level, occurring at approximately 35 days of age, may result from increased pituitary sensitivity to inhibin. Besides identifying the Sertoli cells as the site of inhibin production in the testis, these studies demonstrated direct action of inhibin at the pituitary cell level, resulting in suppression of FSH synthesis and release.", "PMID": 392082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9489", "title": "Induction of abortion by intramuscular administration of (15S)-15-methyl PGF2 alpha. An overview of 815 cases.", "content": "The use of intramuscular (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha (Prostin/15 M [The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan] sterile solution; carboprost tromethamine) for termination of pregnancy between six and 24 weeks' gestation was studied by 20 investigators. Of 815 women treated according to the dosage regimen described here, 78.4% had complete abortions and 18.0% incomplete abortions, for an overall success rate of 96.4%. The majority of patients had vomiting and diarrhea but usually tolerated these side effects well enough that treatment did not have to be discontinued. There were no serious adverse reactions directly attributable to the prostaglandin therapy.", "contents": "Induction of abortion by intramuscular administration of (15S)-15-methyl PGF2 alpha. An overview of 815 cases. The use of intramuscular (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha (Prostin/15 M [The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan] sterile solution; carboprost tromethamine) for termination of pregnancy between six and 24 weeks' gestation was studied by 20 investigators. Of 815 women treated according to the dosage regimen described here, 78.4% had complete abortions and 18.0% incomplete abortions, for an overall success rate of 96.4%. The majority of patients had vomiting and diarrhea but usually tolerated these side effects well enough that treatment did not have to be discontinued. There were no serious adverse reactions directly attributable to the prostaglandin therapy.", "PMID": 392084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9490", "title": "Synthesis and mutagenicity of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and some methyl-oxidized derivatives of 5-methylchrysene.", "content": "A series of compounds structurally related to the carcinogen and mutagen 5-methylchrysene (1) was synthesized and tested for mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium TA 100. The compounds prepared were 5,11-dimethylchrysene (2), 5-(hydroxymethyl)chrysene (3), 5-(acetoxymethyl)chrysene (4), 5-carbomethoxychrysene (5), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene (6), 5-carbomethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene (7), and 5H-chryseno[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one (31). When tested in the presence of rat liver homogenate, 1 and 2 were active while 3--7 were less mutagenic than 1; 31 was highly mutagenic. The mutagenicity of 1 and 2 contrasts with the low activity of 5,12-dimethylchrysene, which supports the generalization that the structural requirements favoring activity are a bay-region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring. The low activity of 3--7 indicates that methyl oxidation is not an important activation process for 1. This agrees with previous studies in which the major proximate mutagen and carcinogen of 1 was identified as 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene.", "contents": "Synthesis and mutagenicity of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and some methyl-oxidized derivatives of 5-methylchrysene. A series of compounds structurally related to the carcinogen and mutagen 5-methylchrysene (1) was synthesized and tested for mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium TA 100. The compounds prepared were 5,11-dimethylchrysene (2), 5-(hydroxymethyl)chrysene (3), 5-(acetoxymethyl)chrysene (4), 5-carbomethoxychrysene (5), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene (6), 5-carbomethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene (7), and 5H-chryseno[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one (31). When tested in the presence of rat liver homogenate, 1 and 2 were active while 3--7 were less mutagenic than 1; 31 was highly mutagenic. The mutagenicity of 1 and 2 contrasts with the low activity of 5,12-dimethylchrysene, which supports the generalization that the structural requirements favoring activity are a bay-region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring. The low activity of 3--7 indicates that methyl oxidation is not an important activation process for 1. This agrees with previous studies in which the major proximate mutagen and carcinogen of 1 was identified as 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene.", "PMID": 392098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9491", "title": "2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 2. N4,N4-Disubstituted derivatives as potential antimalarial agents.", "content": "The most effective antimalarial agents among the N4-monosubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones recently described by us have a cyclohexyl or a phenyl substituent and produce cures in Plasmodium berghei infected mice at a dose of 160 and 320 mg/kg, respectively. We report here on a related series of N4,N4-disubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. Several members of this group bearing alkyl or cycloalkyl substituents at N4 show activity superior to the most active monosubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. However, the greatest improvement in potency was seen when the N4-nitrogen atom was incorporated into a six- or seven-membered ring, such as the piperidine, piperazine, or azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane systems, to give compounds with curative properties at a dose level as low as 20 mg/kg.", "contents": "2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 2. N4,N4-Disubstituted derivatives as potential antimalarial agents. The most effective antimalarial agents among the N4-monosubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones recently described by us have a cyclohexyl or a phenyl substituent and produce cures in Plasmodium berghei infected mice at a dose of 160 and 320 mg/kg, respectively. We report here on a related series of N4,N4-disubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. Several members of this group bearing alkyl or cycloalkyl substituents at N4 show activity superior to the most active monosubstituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. However, the greatest improvement in potency was seen when the N4-nitrogen atom was incorporated into a six- or seven-membered ring, such as the piperidine, piperazine, or azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane systems, to give compounds with curative properties at a dose level as low as 20 mg/kg.", "PMID": 392099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9492", "title": "Increasing dose of naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis: use with and without corticosteroids.", "content": "A group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (half of whom received prednisone for 12 weeks before and then during the study) participated in a double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of 3 dosages of naproxen (125, 250, and 500 mg b.i.d.). Increasing dosages of naproxen were associated with increasing levels of therapeutic response and increasing serum levels of naproxen with no evidence of toxicity. Corticosteroid patients did not exhibit the same pattern of increasing levels of efficacy. The study demonstrates a dosage-related increasing pattern of efficacy for naproxen up to 1,000 mg/day, a pattern not yet demonstrated for the other non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Increasing dose of naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis: use with and without corticosteroids. A group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (half of whom received prednisone for 12 weeks before and then during the study) participated in a double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of 3 dosages of naproxen (125, 250, and 500 mg b.i.d.). Increasing dosages of naproxen were associated with increasing levels of therapeutic response and increasing serum levels of naproxen with no evidence of toxicity. Corticosteroid patients did not exhibit the same pattern of increasing levels of efficacy. The study demonstrates a dosage-related increasing pattern of efficacy for naproxen up to 1,000 mg/day, a pattern not yet demonstrated for the other non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 392094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9493", "title": "Cephalosporin derivatives with 2- and 4-pyridone groups at carbon-3.", "content": "Two compounds, analogues of cephalexin with 2- and 4-pyridone groups at C-3, were prepared. Biological evaluation found the compounds to exhibit activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo. The compounds were only active in vivo on subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "Cephalosporin derivatives with 2- and 4-pyridone groups at carbon-3. Two compounds, analogues of cephalexin with 2- and 4-pyridone groups at C-3, were prepared. Biological evaluation found the compounds to exhibit activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo. The compounds were only active in vivo on subcutaneous administration.", "PMID": 392100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9494", "title": "Results of combined amphotericin B-5-fluorcytosine therapy for prosthetic knee joint infected with Candida parapsilosis.", "content": "A prosthetic knee joint became infected with Candida parapsilosis, apparently introduced by arthrocentesis. The infection was quite indolent, present for several months before treatment. Although the joint fluid contained antibiotic concentrations in excess of the organism's minimum inhibitory concentration, medical therapy failed, and cure required removing the prosthesis and fusion of the knee.", "contents": "Results of combined amphotericin B-5-fluorcytosine therapy for prosthetic knee joint infected with Candida parapsilosis. A prosthetic knee joint became infected with Candida parapsilosis, apparently introduced by arthrocentesis. The infection was quite indolent, present for several months before treatment. Although the joint fluid contained antibiotic concentrations in excess of the organism's minimum inhibitory concentration, medical therapy failed, and cure required removing the prosthesis and fusion of the knee.", "PMID": 392095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9495", "title": "Complement fixing antibodies to DS-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study using the immunofluorescent Crithidia luciliae method.", "content": "Crithidia luciliae, a hemoflagellate, was used in an immunofluorescent procedure to assay for antibodies to ds-DNA and their capacity to fix complement. Positive reactions with this method were limited to systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and sensitivity was comparable to the DNA binding assay. Complement fixing activity of antibodies to ds-DNA in 45 sera was determined using kinetoplast ds-DNA of Crithidia luciliae and an antiserum to C3. Complement fixing antibodies to ds-DNA were found in nearly all patients with documented active renal involvement and absent in nearly all patients with no, or inactive renal involvement.", "contents": "Complement fixing antibodies to DS-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study using the immunofluorescent Crithidia luciliae method. Crithidia luciliae, a hemoflagellate, was used in an immunofluorescent procedure to assay for antibodies to ds-DNA and their capacity to fix complement. Positive reactions with this method were limited to systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and sensitivity was comparable to the DNA binding assay. Complement fixing activity of antibodies to ds-DNA in 45 sera was determined using kinetoplast ds-DNA of Crithidia luciliae and an antiserum to C3. Complement fixing antibodies to ds-DNA were found in nearly all patients with documented active renal involvement and absent in nearly all patients with no, or inactive renal involvement.", "PMID": 392093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9496", "title": "Search for Reiter's syndrome after an outbreak of Shigella sonnei dysentery.", "content": "Forty-seven % of 4,205 individuals living in a Puerto Rican community developed Shigella sonnei dysentery. Questionnaire and, where relevant, clinical evaluation of 1,970 patients and the remaining 2,235 unaffected residents disclosed no cases of Reiter's syndrome (RS). Among the possible explanations for failure to observe any cases is the important suggestion that S. sonnei is not arthritogenic.", "contents": "Search for Reiter's syndrome after an outbreak of Shigella sonnei dysentery. Forty-seven % of 4,205 individuals living in a Puerto Rican community developed Shigella sonnei dysentery. Questionnaire and, where relevant, clinical evaluation of 1,970 patients and the remaining 2,235 unaffected residents disclosed no cases of Reiter's syndrome (RS). Among the possible explanations for failure to observe any cases is the important suggestion that S. sonnei is not arthritogenic.", "PMID": 392097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9497", "title": "Estimation of tubule or cylinder LV, SV and VV on thick sections.", "content": "The estimators of tubule or cylinder LV = 2NA, SV = 2IL, and VV = PP are considered in terms of bias due to section thickness, diameter, overlap, and grazing or fuzzy profiles. The superiority in a number of cases of the indirect estimation of SV and VV as functions of LV and profile diameter is discussed. Statistical aspects are dealt with in a practical example.", "contents": "Estimation of tubule or cylinder LV, SV and VV on thick sections. The estimators of tubule or cylinder LV = 2NA, SV = 2IL, and VV = PP are considered in terms of bias due to section thickness, diameter, overlap, and grazing or fuzzy profiles. The superiority in a number of cases of the indirect estimation of SV and VV as functions of LV and profile diameter is discussed. Statistical aspects are dealt with in a practical example.", "PMID": 392104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9498", "title": "Evaluation of IgG molecules, Fab' fragments and IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugates as surface labels for freeze-etched membranes.", "content": "Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) ghosts were incubated with preparations of anti-SRBC IgG, antigen-binding fragments of IgG (Fab') or IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Frozen samples of the labelled ghosts were deep-etched and replicated with platinum-carbon to visualize their surface features in the transmission electron microscope. The surfaces of control ghosts contain a very low number of 'background' particles (42 +/- 8 particles/micron 2) that vary in size from 4.5 to 25 nm. After labelling with whole IgG the density of surface particles (average diameter 12.3 nm) increases dramatically to 480 +/- 54 per micron 2. Fab'-labelled ghosts exhibited both significantly fewer (87 +/- 14 particles/micron 2) and smaller (average diameter 9.8 nm) surface particles. Ghosts labelled with IgG-HRPO conjugates possessed 590 +/- 45 particles/micron 2 with an average diameter of 15.3 nm. When these ghosts were incubated with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide the average size but not the density of the particles increased. Based on these and other observations we conclude that an organic surface marker for freeze-etched membranes has to have a diameter of greater than 15 nm if it is to be consistently seen over extended areas and against the background granularity of the surface of a red blood cell ghost. Somewhat better resolution may be expected if markers consisting of inorganic crystals with a distinct shape and coupled to Fab' fragments can be made.", "contents": "Evaluation of IgG molecules, Fab' fragments and IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugates as surface labels for freeze-etched membranes. Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) ghosts were incubated with preparations of anti-SRBC IgG, antigen-binding fragments of IgG (Fab') or IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Frozen samples of the labelled ghosts were deep-etched and replicated with platinum-carbon to visualize their surface features in the transmission electron microscope. The surfaces of control ghosts contain a very low number of 'background' particles (42 +/- 8 particles/micron 2) that vary in size from 4.5 to 25 nm. After labelling with whole IgG the density of surface particles (average diameter 12.3 nm) increases dramatically to 480 +/- 54 per micron 2. Fab'-labelled ghosts exhibited both significantly fewer (87 +/- 14 particles/micron 2) and smaller (average diameter 9.8 nm) surface particles. Ghosts labelled with IgG-HRPO conjugates possessed 590 +/- 45 particles/micron 2 with an average diameter of 15.3 nm. When these ghosts were incubated with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide the average size but not the density of the particles increased. Based on these and other observations we conclude that an organic surface marker for freeze-etched membranes has to have a diameter of greater than 15 nm if it is to be consistently seen over extended areas and against the background granularity of the surface of a red blood cell ghost. Somewhat better resolution may be expected if markers consisting of inorganic crystals with a distinct shape and coupled to Fab' fragments can be made.", "PMID": 392105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9499", "title": "On defining the thermal history of cells during the freezing of biological materials.", "content": "An explicit numerical finite difference scheme for defining the thermal history of a cell or group of cells contained within a biological sample of prescribed shape is described. Solutions are presented for three different cases of freezing of biological materials prior to microscopic examination. It is concluded that a surface boundary condition must be specified in any experiment before cell ultrastructure or viability can be related to thermal history or cooling rate.", "contents": "On defining the thermal history of cells during the freezing of biological materials. An explicit numerical finite difference scheme for defining the thermal history of a cell or group of cells contained within a biological sample of prescribed shape is described. Solutions are presented for three different cases of freezing of biological materials prior to microscopic examination. It is concluded that a surface boundary condition must be specified in any experiment before cell ultrastructure or viability can be related to thermal history or cooling rate.", "PMID": 392106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9500", "title": "A new light microscopic method for the synchronous bidirectional illumination and viewing of living cells in different contrast modes, and/or at different focal levels or magnifications.", "content": "A new method of light microscopy for the analysis of the behaviour of living cells in vitro exploits two objects for simultaneous image formation, each serving the other as a condenser. Simultaneous viewing from opposite sides allows the specimen to be examined at: (a) two different magnifications, permitting the locomotion of whole cell (groups) to be studied at a low magnification and details of interaction of colliding surfaces at a high magnification; (b) two different focal levels, permitting, for example, details near the substrate surface to be recorded at the same time as information concerning the behaviour of the free, dorsal surface; and (c) two different contrast modes, such as negative and positive phase contrast, and dark and bright field illuminations. These possibilities can be combined, for example, to contrast a high magnification view in negative phase contrast at one focal level with a low magnification image in ordinary brightfield at another focal level in the same living cells.", "contents": "A new light microscopic method for the synchronous bidirectional illumination and viewing of living cells in different contrast modes, and/or at different focal levels or magnifications. A new method of light microscopy for the analysis of the behaviour of living cells in vitro exploits two objects for simultaneous image formation, each serving the other as a condenser. Simultaneous viewing from opposite sides allows the specimen to be examined at: (a) two different magnifications, permitting the locomotion of whole cell (groups) to be studied at a low magnification and details of interaction of colliding surfaces at a high magnification; (b) two different focal levels, permitting, for example, details near the substrate surface to be recorded at the same time as information concerning the behaviour of the free, dorsal surface; and (c) two different contrast modes, such as negative and positive phase contrast, and dark and bright field illuminations. These possibilities can be combined, for example, to contrast a high magnification view in negative phase contrast at one focal level with a low magnification image in ordinary brightfield at another focal level in the same living cells.", "PMID": 392107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9501", "title": "Metabolic inhibitors and subcellular distribution of GABA.", "content": "Experimental procedures are described which are believed to yield results that reflect, within certain limits, the in vivo changes of the size of the GABA pool in nerve endings in comparison with those of all other GABA pools. Two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors, vinyl GABA and acetylenic GABA, two GAD inhibitors, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and pyridoxal phosphate glutamyl-gamma-hydrazone, and di-n propylacetate, a clinically useful anticonvulsant, have been studied to determine their effects on GABA compartmentalization in mouse brain cortex. The changes elicited by these drugs in subcellular fractions of brain cortex homogenates support the notion that measurement of amino acid concentrations in crude synaptosomal fractions and in supernatant fractions under controlled conditions allow one to draw conclusions about relative changes of pool sizes in vivo. In particular this work showed that a specific increase in the concentration of GABA within the nerve endings is more important than a large increase of total brain GABA as a means of decreasing susceptibility to a variety of chemically or physically induced seizures.", "contents": "Metabolic inhibitors and subcellular distribution of GABA. Experimental procedures are described which are believed to yield results that reflect, within certain limits, the in vivo changes of the size of the GABA pool in nerve endings in comparison with those of all other GABA pools. Two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors, vinyl GABA and acetylenic GABA, two GAD inhibitors, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and pyridoxal phosphate glutamyl-gamma-hydrazone, and di-n propylacetate, a clinically useful anticonvulsant, have been studied to determine their effects on GABA compartmentalization in mouse brain cortex. The changes elicited by these drugs in subcellular fractions of brain cortex homogenates support the notion that measurement of amino acid concentrations in crude synaptosomal fractions and in supernatant fractions under controlled conditions allow one to draw conclusions about relative changes of pool sizes in vivo. In particular this work showed that a specific increase in the concentration of GABA within the nerve endings is more important than a large increase of total brain GABA as a means of decreasing susceptibility to a variety of chemically or physically induced seizures.", "PMID": 392122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9502", "title": "Isolation of pathogens other than Yersinia pestis during plague investigations.", "content": "From 1975 to 1978, 37 isolates of Pasteurella multocida, 1 of Salmonella enteriditis, and 5 of Francisella tularensis were recovered from 42 mammalian specimens and 1 flea pool submitted for examination for evidence of infection with Yersinia pestis. Most of the specimens were collected during investigations of either a human plague infection or a reported epizootic among rodent populations. All specimens were of species regularly or occasionally involved in plague or tularemia cycles in nature and most were collected in areas of known plague or tularemia activity.", "contents": "Isolation of pathogens other than Yersinia pestis during plague investigations. From 1975 to 1978, 37 isolates of Pasteurella multocida, 1 of Salmonella enteriditis, and 5 of Francisella tularensis were recovered from 42 mammalian specimens and 1 flea pool submitted for examination for evidence of infection with Yersinia pestis. Most of the specimens were collected during investigations of either a human plague infection or a reported epizootic among rodent populations. All specimens were of species regularly or occasionally involved in plague or tularemia cycles in nature and most were collected in areas of known plague or tularemia activity.", "PMID": 392123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9503", "title": "[Methods for registration of vital parameters and longtime control in neonatologic intensive care].", "content": "The authors report about their experiences in the bed-side monitoring and registration of different vital parameters by means of apparatuses produced in GDR. The following parameters were recorded: electroencephalogram, myogram, electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, electrocardiotachogram, respirogram, tidal volume, flow-volue and esophageal pressure. Special attention was payed to the problems of electrodes and the practical construction of the systems for the discontinuing and the continuing registration in order to realize an automatical trend-analysis and data-documentation in a neonatal ICU.", "contents": "[Methods for registration of vital parameters and longtime control in neonatologic intensive care]. The authors report about their experiences in the bed-side monitoring and registration of different vital parameters by means of apparatuses produced in GDR. The following parameters were recorded: electroencephalogram, myogram, electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, electrocardiotachogram, respirogram, tidal volume, flow-volue and esophageal pressure. Special attention was payed to the problems of electrodes and the practical construction of the systems for the discontinuing and the continuing registration in order to realize an automatical trend-analysis and data-documentation in a neonatal ICU.", "PMID": 392154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9504", "title": "[Embryonal alcohol syndrome ].", "content": "The permanent alcohol abuse of a pregnant woman is of high risk for the embryo especially during the first weeks of pregnancy. It is prerequisite to the embryonic alcohol syndrome that the ethylalcohol passes the placenta. Subsequently hypotrophic infants with multiple malformations of minor and major quality are born. Part of the malformations are characteristic, part of them are unspecific for the disease. They altogether represent the entity of the embryonic alcohol syndrome. Occurrence and intensity of the disease depend on the daily quantity of pure alcohol, especially during the first month of pregnancy, on the level of non-metabolized ethylalcohol in the mother's blood, and on the stage of the maternal alcohol disease according to Jellinek. To prevent the embryonic alcohol syndrome means to prevent the maternal chronic alcohol abuse.", "contents": "[Embryonal alcohol syndrome ]. The permanent alcohol abuse of a pregnant woman is of high risk for the embryo especially during the first weeks of pregnancy. It is prerequisite to the embryonic alcohol syndrome that the ethylalcohol passes the placenta. Subsequently hypotrophic infants with multiple malformations of minor and major quality are born. Part of the malformations are characteristic, part of them are unspecific for the disease. They altogether represent the entity of the embryonic alcohol syndrome. Occurrence and intensity of the disease depend on the daily quantity of pure alcohol, especially during the first month of pregnancy, on the level of non-metabolized ethylalcohol in the mother's blood, and on the stage of the maternal alcohol disease according to Jellinek. To prevent the embryonic alcohol syndrome means to prevent the maternal chronic alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 392155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9505", "title": "[Operative treatment of spastic entropion with the A. M. Vodovozov procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "Vodovozov's operation was performed in 37 cases of spastic entropion. The functional effect was always lasting and the cosmetic outcome good. Not one relapse was seen. The operation can be used in acquired and in congenital forms of entropion.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of spastic entropion with the A. M. Vodovozov procedure (author's transl)]. Vodovozov's operation was performed in 37 cases of spastic entropion. The functional effect was always lasting and the cosmetic outcome good. Not one relapse was seen. The operation can be used in acquired and in congenital forms of entropion.", "PMID": 392169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9506", "title": "[Development of the retrocorneal membrane following penetrating keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 57 cases with retrocorneal membrane following penetrating keratoplasty are reported and discussed with regard to their clinical and histopathological pictures and pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Development of the retrocorneal membrane following penetrating keratoplasty (author's transl)]. The results of 57 cases with retrocorneal membrane following penetrating keratoplasty are reported and discussed with regard to their clinical and histopathological pictures and pathogenesis.", "PMID": 392170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9507", "title": "[Fatal complications following the implantation of artificial lense (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of cataract operations with implantation of artificial lenses has been increasing in recent years. However, there is hardly any information available concerning possible serious consequences. While there are detailed reports on histopathological findings following conventional cataract operations, fatal complications of this technically complex intervention are only mentioned occasionally. There were 9 cases with serious complications in our polyclinic in 1976, and this report deals with the histopathological findings in 6 enucleated eyes. The authors warn against ill-considered decisions to perform a lens implantation.", "contents": "[Fatal complications following the implantation of artificial lense (author's transl)]. The number of cataract operations with implantation of artificial lenses has been increasing in recent years. However, there is hardly any information available concerning possible serious consequences. While there are detailed reports on histopathological findings following conventional cataract operations, fatal complications of this technically complex intervention are only mentioned occasionally. There were 9 cases with serious complications in our polyclinic in 1976, and this report deals with the histopathological findings in 6 enucleated eyes. The authors warn against ill-considered decisions to perform a lens implantation.", "PMID": 392171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9508", "title": "[Efficacy and safety of long-term maintenance treatment with timolol ophthalmic solution in chronic open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Timoptol Ophthalmic Solution (timolol maleate, MSD) is a topical beta-adrenergic receptor blokking agent which lowers elevated intraocular pressure when applied once or twice daily. It represents a major advance in topical therapy for glaucoma and elevated intraocular pressure. It is more effective in reducing elevated intraocular pressure and produces fewer side effects than pilocarpine and epinephrine. It does not alter pupil size or affect visual acuity. Timoptol maintained satisfactory reductions in intraocular pressure in long-term maintenance studies treating over 100 patients for up to 16 months. The drug was well tolerated and without serious adverse effects. In general, reductions in intraocular pressure for non-white patients (predominantly Blacks) were similar to the Whites.", "contents": "[Efficacy and safety of long-term maintenance treatment with timolol ophthalmic solution in chronic open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. Timoptol Ophthalmic Solution (timolol maleate, MSD) is a topical beta-adrenergic receptor blokking agent which lowers elevated intraocular pressure when applied once or twice daily. It represents a major advance in topical therapy for glaucoma and elevated intraocular pressure. It is more effective in reducing elevated intraocular pressure and produces fewer side effects than pilocarpine and epinephrine. It does not alter pupil size or affect visual acuity. Timoptol maintained satisfactory reductions in intraocular pressure in long-term maintenance studies treating over 100 patients for up to 16 months. The drug was well tolerated and without serious adverse effects. In general, reductions in intraocular pressure for non-white patients (predominantly Blacks) were similar to the Whites.", "PMID": 392172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9509", "title": "[Optical properties and clinical performance of the Topcon retinal camera TRC-FET 3 (author's transl)].", "content": "A Topcon Retinal Camera TRC-FET 3 was tested for several weeks under laboratory and clinical routine conditions. The optical properties turned out as good and meet the requirements for retinal cameras in all details. Remarkable is the high speed of the imaging system, which allows working with low flash energies and with high flash frequency. The resolving power is high (8 microns at the center) and decreases slowly to the periphery. The illumination of the fundus is fairly homogeneous. Many filters of good performance are provided. There was no problem in handling the camera, and the test photographs as well as the clinical routine photographs were of high quality.", "contents": "[Optical properties and clinical performance of the Topcon retinal camera TRC-FET 3 (author's transl)]. A Topcon Retinal Camera TRC-FET 3 was tested for several weeks under laboratory and clinical routine conditions. The optical properties turned out as good and meet the requirements for retinal cameras in all details. Remarkable is the high speed of the imaging system, which allows working with low flash energies and with high flash frequency. The resolving power is high (8 microns at the center) and decreases slowly to the periphery. The illumination of the fundus is fairly homogeneous. Many filters of good performance are provided. There was no problem in handling the camera, and the test photographs as well as the clinical routine photographs were of high quality.", "PMID": 392173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9510", "title": "Renal transport of amino acids.", "content": "According to recent experimental data the renal transport of amino acids (AA) is characterized as follows. 1. Kinetics: Several reabsorption systems remove AA from the tubular fluid by active transport with Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. Passive diffusion does play only a relatively small role in reabsorption, but determines the pump leak steady state concentration at the end of the tubule. 2. Stereospecificity: Except for aspartate the naturally occurring L-analogs show a much larger affinity to the transport \"carriers\" than the D-isomers do. 3. Specificity: Separate transport mechanisms exist for a) the \"acidic\" AA (Glu and Asp); b) the \"dibasic\" AA (Arg, Lys, Orn); c) cystine/cystine; d) the \"imino\" acids (Pro, OH-Pro and other N-substituted AA); e) the beta- and gamma-AA (beta-Ala, GABA, Taurine); f) all other \"neutral\" AA. For the group (d) and maybe also for (b) and glycine additional low capacity/high affinity systems exist. 4. Localization: Except for glycine and taurine under normal conditions more than 80% of the filtered load are reabsorbed within the first third of the proximal tubule. At an elevated load the rest of the proximal tubule (including pars recta) but not the distal nephron is included into the reabsorptive process. AA are also taken up from the peritubular blood. 5. Energy sources: At least the main part of AA uptake at the brushborder membrane is dependent from a transmembranal Na+-gradient which in turn is established by the ATP driven Na+-pumps at the basolateral side of the cell (Secondary active transport or co-transport of AA). 6. Biochemistry: The biochemical nature of the AA-\"carriers\" is unknown. The recent hypothesis than a \"gamma-glutamyl cycle\" plays a major role in this context has been disproved to great extent. 7. Peptides: Oligopeptides (Angiotensin, Gluthathion) filtered at the glomerulum are hydrolyzed by brushborder peptidases within the tubule lumen. The splitting products, the free constituent amino acids, are reabsorbed subsequently by their respective transport systems.", "contents": "Renal transport of amino acids. According to recent experimental data the renal transport of amino acids (AA) is characterized as follows. 1. Kinetics: Several reabsorption systems remove AA from the tubular fluid by active transport with Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. Passive diffusion does play only a relatively small role in reabsorption, but determines the pump leak steady state concentration at the end of the tubule. 2. Stereospecificity: Except for aspartate the naturally occurring L-analogs show a much larger affinity to the transport \"carriers\" than the D-isomers do. 3. Specificity: Separate transport mechanisms exist for a) the \"acidic\" AA (Glu and Asp); b) the \"dibasic\" AA (Arg, Lys, Orn); c) cystine/cystine; d) the \"imino\" acids (Pro, OH-Pro and other N-substituted AA); e) the beta- and gamma-AA (beta-Ala, GABA, Taurine); f) all other \"neutral\" AA. For the group (d) and maybe also for (b) and glycine additional low capacity/high affinity systems exist. 4. Localization: Except for glycine and taurine under normal conditions more than 80% of the filtered load are reabsorbed within the first third of the proximal tubule. At an elevated load the rest of the proximal tubule (including pars recta) but not the distal nephron is included into the reabsorptive process. AA are also taken up from the peritubular blood. 5. Energy sources: At least the main part of AA uptake at the brushborder membrane is dependent from a transmembranal Na+-gradient which in turn is established by the ATP driven Na+-pumps at the basolateral side of the cell (Secondary active transport or co-transport of AA). 6. Biochemistry: The biochemical nature of the AA-\"carriers\" is unknown. The recent hypothesis than a \"gamma-glutamyl cycle\" plays a major role in this context has been disproved to great extent. 7. Peptides: Oligopeptides (Angiotensin, Gluthathion) filtered at the glomerulum are hydrolyzed by brushborder peptidases within the tubule lumen. The splitting products, the free constituent amino acids, are reabsorbed subsequently by their respective transport systems.", "PMID": 392175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9511", "title": "[Role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of renal anemia].", "content": "A review is given of clinical studies performed by use of a highly sensitive in-vitro erythropoietin assay (fetal mouse livercell culture) in large patients' populations to clarify the controversial role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of renal anemia. Studies involved a.) patients with chronic renal disease and varying degree of renal insufficiency in the predialysis phase b.) non-nephrectomized and anephric patients on regular hemodialysis treatment. The data available demonstrate that the initial phase of renal anemia is accompanied by a compensatory increase of serumerythropoietin concentration and therefore erythropoietin deficiency has to be excluded as a primary cause of the anemia of renal failure; merely a relative lack of erythropoietin seems to exist. In the terminal phase of renal failure, erythropoietin deficiency becomes absolute, such in 50% of the investigated non-nephrectomized hemodialysis patients and in all anephric patients. However in individual patients even in terminal renal failure a sustained regulatory feedback mechanism between serumerythropoietin concentration and hematocrit, probably working at lower hematocrit level, could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of renal anemia]. A review is given of clinical studies performed by use of a highly sensitive in-vitro erythropoietin assay (fetal mouse livercell culture) in large patients' populations to clarify the controversial role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of renal anemia. Studies involved a.) patients with chronic renal disease and varying degree of renal insufficiency in the predialysis phase b.) non-nephrectomized and anephric patients on regular hemodialysis treatment. The data available demonstrate that the initial phase of renal anemia is accompanied by a compensatory increase of serumerythropoietin concentration and therefore erythropoietin deficiency has to be excluded as a primary cause of the anemia of renal failure; merely a relative lack of erythropoietin seems to exist. In the terminal phase of renal failure, erythropoietin deficiency becomes absolute, such in 50% of the investigated non-nephrectomized hemodialysis patients and in all anephric patients. However in individual patients even in terminal renal failure a sustained regulatory feedback mechanism between serumerythropoietin concentration and hematocrit, probably working at lower hematocrit level, could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 392176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9512", "title": "[Renal kallikrein-kinin system and control of blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Kallikrein excreted with the urine appears to be formed in the kidney. The kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney is localized in the distal nephron from the juxtaglomerular apparatus to the collecting duct. It has been shown that intrarenal infusion of kinins produces an increase in renal blood flow as well as diuresis and natriuresis. Part of the effect of kinins appears to be mediated by the release of prostaglandins. However, the precise role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in sodium and volume homeostasis and in blood pressure regulation still remains to be determined. Mineralocorticoids as well as the diuretics furosemide, bumetanide and bendroflumethiazide increase, spironolactone decreases kallikrein excretion. Urinary kallikrein has been shown to increase acid-as well as cryoactivation of prorenin in vitro. It is unclear as yet, however, whether the renal kallikrein-kinin system takes part in converting inactive prorenin into active renin in vivo. There are reports on subnormal, normal as well as increased kallikrein excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In rats susceptible to the hypertensive effect of salt a substantially decreased excretion of kallikrein has been observed. Kallikrein excretion has been described to be increased in primary aldosteronism and to be reduced in a proportion of patients with established essential hypertension. In patients with labile hypertension, however, kallikrein excretion appears to be normal suggesting that decreased urinary kallikrein in essential hypertension is a consequence rather than a cause of hypertension. The renal kallikrein-kinin system does not appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.", "contents": "[Renal kallikrein-kinin system and control of blood pressure (author's transl)]. Kallikrein excreted with the urine appears to be formed in the kidney. The kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney is localized in the distal nephron from the juxtaglomerular apparatus to the collecting duct. It has been shown that intrarenal infusion of kinins produces an increase in renal blood flow as well as diuresis and natriuresis. Part of the effect of kinins appears to be mediated by the release of prostaglandins. However, the precise role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in sodium and volume homeostasis and in blood pressure regulation still remains to be determined. Mineralocorticoids as well as the diuretics furosemide, bumetanide and bendroflumethiazide increase, spironolactone decreases kallikrein excretion. Urinary kallikrein has been shown to increase acid-as well as cryoactivation of prorenin in vitro. It is unclear as yet, however, whether the renal kallikrein-kinin system takes part in converting inactive prorenin into active renin in vivo. There are reports on subnormal, normal as well as increased kallikrein excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In rats susceptible to the hypertensive effect of salt a substantially decreased excretion of kallikrein has been observed. Kallikrein excretion has been described to be increased in primary aldosteronism and to be reduced in a proportion of patients with established essential hypertension. In patients with labile hypertension, however, kallikrein excretion appears to be normal suggesting that decreased urinary kallikrein in essential hypertension is a consequence rather than a cause of hypertension. The renal kallikrein-kinin system does not appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.", "PMID": 392177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9513", "title": "Salivary kallikrein excretion in hypertension.", "content": "According to immunohistochemical investigations kallikrein in the majors salivary glands is located predominantly at the apical border of the striated duct cells and as a luminal rim in the main excretory ducts. Comparatively the highest concentrations are observed in the submandibular gland of rats and cats in the cytoplasmic granules of the granular tubules. In normal humans and rats the kallikrein activity of parotid saliva is inversely related to flow rate and sodium concentration. An increased salivary kallikrein concentration is found in human essential hypertension and renoparenchymal hypertension associated with impaired kidney function. Furthermore in rats with various forms of hypertension (genetic hypertension, DOCTMA salt and renovascular hypertension) the salivary kallikrein secretion - as determined by the BAEE-esterase activity - is enhanced. In contrast to the kallikrein secretion the flow dependent sodium concentration of parotid saliva is reduced in human essential and renoparenchymal hypertension as well as in rats with various forms of experimental and genetic hypertension, which indicates an enhanced sodium reabsorption in the glandular duct system. Furthermore in most forms of hypertension, there is a tendency of higher potassium levels in the saliva. The pathogenesis of the enhanced glandular kallikrein secretion in hypertension is discussed with regard to a counterregulatory mechanism in hypertension as well as to a sympathicoadrenergic activation. The enhanced sodium reabsorption in the duct system in the various forms of hypertension could be the cause as well as a consequence of the enhanced kallikrein secretion.", "contents": "Salivary kallikrein excretion in hypertension. According to immunohistochemical investigations kallikrein in the majors salivary glands is located predominantly at the apical border of the striated duct cells and as a luminal rim in the main excretory ducts. Comparatively the highest concentrations are observed in the submandibular gland of rats and cats in the cytoplasmic granules of the granular tubules. In normal humans and rats the kallikrein activity of parotid saliva is inversely related to flow rate and sodium concentration. An increased salivary kallikrein concentration is found in human essential hypertension and renoparenchymal hypertension associated with impaired kidney function. Furthermore in rats with various forms of hypertension (genetic hypertension, DOCTMA salt and renovascular hypertension) the salivary kallikrein secretion - as determined by the BAEE-esterase activity - is enhanced. In contrast to the kallikrein secretion the flow dependent sodium concentration of parotid saliva is reduced in human essential and renoparenchymal hypertension as well as in rats with various forms of experimental and genetic hypertension, which indicates an enhanced sodium reabsorption in the glandular duct system. Furthermore in most forms of hypertension, there is a tendency of higher potassium levels in the saliva. The pathogenesis of the enhanced glandular kallikrein secretion in hypertension is discussed with regard to a counterregulatory mechanism in hypertension as well as to a sympathicoadrenergic activation. The enhanced sodium reabsorption in the duct system in the various forms of hypertension could be the cause as well as a consequence of the enhanced kallikrein secretion.", "PMID": 392178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9514", "title": "[Vitamin D metabolism in kidney insufficiency: disorders of an endocrine regulatory zone].", "content": "The vitamin metabolite 25(OH)D is transformed into the active secosterole 1.25(OH)2D3 in the proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney. This transformation is disturbed in patients with renal insufficiency. However, this review shows that presumably not all vitamin D dependent disturbances in patients with renal insufficiency are explicable merely as the consequence of reduced renal synthesis of 1.25(OH)2D3 secondary to nephronal loss. In incipient renal failure, vitamin D dependent functions (calcemic action of PTH, intestinal absorption of Ca) are disturbed. Yet, circulating 1.25(OH)2D3 levels are slightly elevated. This finding is compatible with an inadequate response of the renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase system to activating stimuli (hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, fasting hypophosphatemia) and/or end-organ resistance to the action of 1.25(OH)2D3. Osteomalacia in renal insufficiency cannot entirely be explained as the consequence of a reduction of the serum-concentration of any of the known vitamin D metabolites [25(OH)D3; 1.25(OH)2D3; 24.25(OH)2D3]. The relatively poor response of osteomalacia of uremic patients to the administration of 1.25(OH)2D3 leads to the question of whether other vitamin D metabolites or non-vitamin D related factors are important in its genesis. Critical information is lacking with respect to 1.25(OH)2D3 receptors, post receptor events and interaction between vitamin D metabolites and PTH in bone cells of such patients. A specific action of 1.25(OH)2D3 on longitudinal growth of uremic children has been described. However, several clinical and experimental studies failed to provide evidence of normalization of growth by 1.25(OH)2D3 and failed to show differences in this respect between vitamin D and 1.25(OH)2D3. Currently, it remains undecided whether vitamin D metabolites affect PTH secretion, and if so which vitamin D metabolite is involved. Clarification of this problem is of paramount importance for the therapeutic suppression of the parathyroids of uremic patients. Vitamin D metabolites play an important role in some organ functions unrelated to homeostasis of Ca-Pi-metabolism (e.g. muscle, testis, pancreas, etc). The loss of such function is of potential importance in the genesis of the uremic syndrome and its imcomplete reversal by hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Vitamin D metabolism in kidney insufficiency: disorders of an endocrine regulatory zone]. The vitamin metabolite 25(OH)D is transformed into the active secosterole 1.25(OH)2D3 in the proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney. This transformation is disturbed in patients with renal insufficiency. However, this review shows that presumably not all vitamin D dependent disturbances in patients with renal insufficiency are explicable merely as the consequence of reduced renal synthesis of 1.25(OH)2D3 secondary to nephronal loss. In incipient renal failure, vitamin D dependent functions (calcemic action of PTH, intestinal absorption of Ca) are disturbed. Yet, circulating 1.25(OH)2D3 levels are slightly elevated. This finding is compatible with an inadequate response of the renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase system to activating stimuli (hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, fasting hypophosphatemia) and/or end-organ resistance to the action of 1.25(OH)2D3. Osteomalacia in renal insufficiency cannot entirely be explained as the consequence of a reduction of the serum-concentration of any of the known vitamin D metabolites [25(OH)D3; 1.25(OH)2D3; 24.25(OH)2D3]. The relatively poor response of osteomalacia of uremic patients to the administration of 1.25(OH)2D3 leads to the question of whether other vitamin D metabolites or non-vitamin D related factors are important in its genesis. Critical information is lacking with respect to 1.25(OH)2D3 receptors, post receptor events and interaction between vitamin D metabolites and PTH in bone cells of such patients. A specific action of 1.25(OH)2D3 on longitudinal growth of uremic children has been described. However, several clinical and experimental studies failed to provide evidence of normalization of growth by 1.25(OH)2D3 and failed to show differences in this respect between vitamin D and 1.25(OH)2D3. Currently, it remains undecided whether vitamin D metabolites affect PTH secretion, and if so which vitamin D metabolite is involved. Clarification of this problem is of paramount importance for the therapeutic suppression of the parathyroids of uremic patients. Vitamin D metabolites play an important role in some organ functions unrelated to homeostasis of Ca-Pi-metabolism (e.g. muscle, testis, pancreas, etc). The loss of such function is of potential importance in the genesis of the uremic syndrome and its imcomplete reversal by hemodialysis.", "PMID": 392179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9515", "title": "Role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of the uremic manifestations.", "content": "A multitude of clinical and experimental data points toward the role of the elevated blood levels of parathyroid in the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome. The possible pathways through which parathyroid hormone may exert its deleterious effects and evidence for its toxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of the uremic manifestations. A multitude of clinical and experimental data points toward the role of the elevated blood levels of parathyroid in the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome. The possible pathways through which parathyroid hormone may exert its deleterious effects and evidence for its toxicity are discussed.", "PMID": 392183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9516", "title": "[Principles of epithelial transport in the kidney and intestines].", "content": "Epithelia of kidney and small intestine consist of one layer of cells which, at their luminal edge, are linked together by terminal bars. Solute transport proceeds either across the cells, which is true of all active transports, or it proceeds paracellularly through the basolateral spaces and terminal bars and is then passive. The driving force for the active transport of a substance is derived either directly from metabolism (primary active transport), or from the gradient of another solute, usually Na+, which in turn is created by primary active transport. In the latter case the transport is referred to as secondary active. The driving forces of passive transport are the electrochemical gradient of the respective substance and solvent drag. The proximal parts of the kidney as well as of the intestine are leaky so that a considerable part of net reabsorption proceeds passively. Their distal parts, however, where the transport is regulated, are tight so that large concentration differences can be created and maintained. Transcellular active transport is only possible if the cells are polar, i.e., the transport characteristics of the luminal cell membrane differ from those of the contraluminal cell membrane. By measuring the cellular electrical potential difference or by measuring transport into isolated plasma membrane vesicles from either cell side the driving forces for the two transport steps, the luminal and contraluminal, have been elucidated. Schemes for the transport steps in the proximal tubule and in the small intestine are given. They show the principal similarity of the transport of many substances in both epithelia.", "contents": "[Principles of epithelial transport in the kidney and intestines]. Epithelia of kidney and small intestine consist of one layer of cells which, at their luminal edge, are linked together by terminal bars. Solute transport proceeds either across the cells, which is true of all active transports, or it proceeds paracellularly through the basolateral spaces and terminal bars and is then passive. The driving force for the active transport of a substance is derived either directly from metabolism (primary active transport), or from the gradient of another solute, usually Na+, which in turn is created by primary active transport. In the latter case the transport is referred to as secondary active. The driving forces of passive transport are the electrochemical gradient of the respective substance and solvent drag. The proximal parts of the kidney as well as of the intestine are leaky so that a considerable part of net reabsorption proceeds passively. Their distal parts, however, where the transport is regulated, are tight so that large concentration differences can be created and maintained. Transcellular active transport is only possible if the cells are polar, i.e., the transport characteristics of the luminal cell membrane differ from those of the contraluminal cell membrane. By measuring the cellular electrical potential difference or by measuring transport into isolated plasma membrane vesicles from either cell side the driving forces for the two transport steps, the luminal and contraluminal, have been elucidated. Schemes for the transport steps in the proximal tubule and in the small intestine are given. They show the principal similarity of the transport of many substances in both epithelia.", "PMID": 392185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9517", "title": "Systemic involvement in tuberculoid leprosy--pathogenesis of leprosy.", "content": "Occurrence of leprous pathology/bacilli in the internal organs in cases of polar tuberculoid leprosy, support the systemic nature and haematagenous transmission and spread of the disease process. Pathogenesis of leprosy has been postulated.", "contents": "Systemic involvement in tuberculoid leprosy--pathogenesis of leprosy. Occurrence of leprous pathology/bacilli in the internal organs in cases of polar tuberculoid leprosy, support the systemic nature and haematagenous transmission and spread of the disease process. Pathogenesis of leprosy has been postulated.", "PMID": 392191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9518", "title": "'Pulsed' rifampicin therapy in leprosy. A clinical study.", "content": "A trial of monthly administration of Rifampicin in 2 doses of 900 mg each on successive days for 3 months along with DDS 100 mg daily has been undertaken. The results have been compared with 2 groups of controls, one, which was administered 300 mg Rifampicin daily for 3 months followed by DDS, and the other which received 100 mg DDS alone. The findings show that the efficacy of this pulsed regimen is almost similar to continuous rifampicin administration and better than DDS alone. No significant adverse effects were encountered in the trial. The regimen thus merits large scale trials in the field.", "contents": "'Pulsed' rifampicin therapy in leprosy. A clinical study. A trial of monthly administration of Rifampicin in 2 doses of 900 mg each on successive days for 3 months along with DDS 100 mg daily has been undertaken. The results have been compared with 2 groups of controls, one, which was administered 300 mg Rifampicin daily for 3 months followed by DDS, and the other which received 100 mg DDS alone. The findings show that the efficacy of this pulsed regimen is almost similar to continuous rifampicin administration and better than DDS alone. No significant adverse effects were encountered in the trial. The regimen thus merits large scale trials in the field.", "PMID": 392192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9519", "title": "The keratoacanthoma: a review.", "content": "The keratoacanthoma (KA) is a relatively common tumor which most often occurs on the sun-exposed areas of light skinned individuals of middle age and older. It may be viewed as an aborted squamous cell carcinoma that only in rare instances evolves into a progressively growing squamous cell carcinoma. As such, the recognition of the true nature and the proper management of this tumor is of considerable practical importance. The rapid evolution of a KA may be divided into a proliferative stage, a fully developed tumor, and an involuting stage. Within weeks it develops from a rapidly growing, firm, smooth nodule into a mature bud or dome-shaped tumor with a central keratotic core that finally degenerates into an involuting keratinous mass. Although the KA usually appears as a solitary lesion, multiple tumors may be found, as may a number of morphologic and syndromic variants, including the appearance of the KA in the Torre syndrome. The KA is likely to be derived from cells of the hair follicle. Its etiology is unclear, although ultraviolet light, viruses, oncogenic chemicals, and epidermal growth factor have been considered. The histologic features of the KA are often very similar to those of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; however, the tumor architecture usually provides a basis for their distinction.", "contents": "The keratoacanthoma: a review. The keratoacanthoma (KA) is a relatively common tumor which most often occurs on the sun-exposed areas of light skinned individuals of middle age and older. It may be viewed as an aborted squamous cell carcinoma that only in rare instances evolves into a progressively growing squamous cell carcinoma. As such, the recognition of the true nature and the proper management of this tumor is of considerable practical importance. The rapid evolution of a KA may be divided into a proliferative stage, a fully developed tumor, and an involuting stage. Within weeks it develops from a rapidly growing, firm, smooth nodule into a mature bud or dome-shaped tumor with a central keratotic core that finally degenerates into an involuting keratinous mass. Although the KA usually appears as a solitary lesion, multiple tumors may be found, as may a number of morphologic and syndromic variants, including the appearance of the KA in the Torre syndrome. The KA is likely to be derived from cells of the hair follicle. Its etiology is unclear, although ultraviolet light, viruses, oncogenic chemicals, and epidermal growth factor have been considered. The histologic features of the KA are often very similar to those of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; however, the tumor architecture usually provides a basis for their distinction.", "PMID": 392196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9520", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy with or without oophorectomy in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Ninety-eight premenopausal patients with stage IV breast cancer were treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone, or with combination oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy either simultaneously (chemoimmunotherapy within four weeks of oophorectomy) or sequentially (delayed chemoimmunotherapy until evidence of progressive disease or no response to oophorectomy). The chemoimmunotherapy consisted of a three-drug combination of Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil or Ftorafur; immunotherapy consisted of either oral levamisole, BCG by scarification, or a combination of both. Forty patients underwent simultaneous oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy, with a response rate of 85% and a median duration of response of 25 months. Response rate of 69% and a median duration of response of 16.6 months was observed with the 29 patients who received sequential oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy. Another 29 patients were treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone and achieved a response rate of 87% and a median duration of response of 11.8 months. Though there were no significant differences in the response rate, patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone had a significantly shorter median duration of response (P less than 0.05). This would suggest that oophorectomy in combination with chemoimmunotherapy is the most favorable treatment modality for premenopausal patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy with or without oophorectomy in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Ninety-eight premenopausal patients with stage IV breast cancer were treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone, or with combination oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy either simultaneously (chemoimmunotherapy within four weeks of oophorectomy) or sequentially (delayed chemoimmunotherapy until evidence of progressive disease or no response to oophorectomy). The chemoimmunotherapy consisted of a three-drug combination of Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil or Ftorafur; immunotherapy consisted of either oral levamisole, BCG by scarification, or a combination of both. Forty patients underwent simultaneous oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy, with a response rate of 85% and a median duration of response of 25 months. Response rate of 69% and a median duration of response of 16.6 months was observed with the 29 patients who received sequential oophorectomy-chemoimmunotherapy. Another 29 patients were treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone and achieved a response rate of 87% and a median duration of response of 11.8 months. Though there were no significant differences in the response rate, patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy alone had a significantly shorter median duration of response (P less than 0.05). This would suggest that oophorectomy in combination with chemoimmunotherapy is the most favorable treatment modality for premenopausal patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 392197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9521", "title": "Para-aortic node biopsy in staging women with cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinoma: a review.", "content": "In women with gynecologic malignancies the para-aortic lymph nodes are not routinely treated. However, pretherapy surgical staging has now disclosed an incidence of para-aortic node metastasis of 10.3% for presumed stage I and II ovarian cancer, 8.0% for stage I endometrial carcinoma, and 23.5% for stage II, III, and IV cervical cancer. Prospective trials to evaluate therapy directed to the para-aortic nodes in women with early ovarian and endometrial carcinoma have not been carried out. Moreover, the results of high dose irradiation to biopsy proven metastasis to the aortic lymph nodes from cervical cancer has resulted in only 11.9% survival without recurrence at two years.", "contents": "Para-aortic node biopsy in staging women with cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinoma: a review. In women with gynecologic malignancies the para-aortic lymph nodes are not routinely treated. However, pretherapy surgical staging has now disclosed an incidence of para-aortic node metastasis of 10.3% for presumed stage I and II ovarian cancer, 8.0% for stage I endometrial carcinoma, and 23.5% for stage II, III, and IV cervical cancer. Prospective trials to evaluate therapy directed to the para-aortic nodes in women with early ovarian and endometrial carcinoma have not been carried out. Moreover, the results of high dose irradiation to biopsy proven metastasis to the aortic lymph nodes from cervical cancer has resulted in only 11.9% survival without recurrence at two years.", "PMID": 392198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9522", "title": "Physiological defence against xenobiotics at their portals of entry to the organism.", "content": "The size and relatively high enzyme activity of the liver means that it has the major role in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in mammals. The tissues through which xenobiotics enter the body, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, have, however, quite a significant capacity for biotransformation, too. Major fractions of small doses of xenobiotics are therefore already metabolized and inactivated before the compounds have penetrated into the body. Most xenobiotics appear in the food and fluid ingested. This emphasises the importance of the gastrointestinal mucous membrane as the first line of defence of body against foreign chemicals. The biotransformation capacity varies with age and environmental chemical exposure, and depends on species and strain.", "contents": "Physiological defence against xenobiotics at their portals of entry to the organism. The size and relatively high enzyme activity of the liver means that it has the major role in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in mammals. The tissues through which xenobiotics enter the body, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, have, however, quite a significant capacity for biotransformation, too. Major fractions of small doses of xenobiotics are therefore already metabolized and inactivated before the compounds have penetrated into the body. Most xenobiotics appear in the food and fluid ingested. This emphasises the importance of the gastrointestinal mucous membrane as the first line of defence of body against foreign chemicals. The biotransformation capacity varies with age and environmental chemical exposure, and depends on species and strain.", "PMID": 392204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9523", "title": "Ligandin: review and update of a multifunctional protein.", "content": "Ligandin is an abundant soluble protein of relatively short half life which is induced by many drugs and chemicals and stabilized in the absence of thyroid hormone. The protein is strategically concentrated in cells associated with transport and detoxification of a large variety of potential endogenous ligands such as bilirubin and perhaps heme, and exogenous, such as a multitude of drugs and chemicals. The protein is a dimer in rat liver. Whether it is a primary gene product or whether at least two genes are involved is not known. The protein has broad, low affinity catalytic activity for ligands having electrophilic groups and hydrophobic domains. It either catalyzes formation of GSH conjugates (e.g. bromosulphophthalein), noncovalently binds prior to biotransformation or excretion in bile (e.g. bilirubin), or covalently binds (e.g. activated carcinogens) potential ligands. Recent studies expand the scope of ligandinology to include its possible role in chemical carcinogenesis, diagnosis of inflammatory and neoplastic disease of the liver and kidney, and participation in intracellular transport. Although some of the roles that have been outlined are speculative, any single function is important. These are primitive enzymes and nonspecific binding proteins but \"it is precisely their simplistic design that allows such protein serviceability\".", "contents": "Ligandin: review and update of a multifunctional protein. Ligandin is an abundant soluble protein of relatively short half life which is induced by many drugs and chemicals and stabilized in the absence of thyroid hormone. The protein is strategically concentrated in cells associated with transport and detoxification of a large variety of potential endogenous ligands such as bilirubin and perhaps heme, and exogenous, such as a multitude of drugs and chemicals. The protein is a dimer in rat liver. Whether it is a primary gene product or whether at least two genes are involved is not known. The protein has broad, low affinity catalytic activity for ligands having electrophilic groups and hydrophobic domains. It either catalyzes formation of GSH conjugates (e.g. bromosulphophthalein), noncovalently binds prior to biotransformation or excretion in bile (e.g. bilirubin), or covalently binds (e.g. activated carcinogens) potential ligands. Recent studies expand the scope of ligandinology to include its possible role in chemical carcinogenesis, diagnosis of inflammatory and neoplastic disease of the liver and kidney, and participation in intracellular transport. Although some of the roles that have been outlined are speculative, any single function is important. These are primitive enzymes and nonspecific binding proteins but \"it is precisely their simplistic design that allows such protein serviceability\".", "PMID": 392205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9524", "title": "[Late results of frontal bone reconstructions using Paladon].", "content": "Report about 12 cases of defect of the frontal bone: state after radical operation of the frontal sinus (Riedel's operation) or after removal of bone splinters after injury. 6--12 months later a paladon-inlay (acrylate prosthesis) can be implanted to fill the defect and to restore the profile. Description of the production, forming, sterilization and operative implantation of the prosthesis. The patients have been observed up to 18 years. In one case the implanted material was removed after 10 years because of recurrent local suppurations. All the other patients showed an uncomplicated course until today; the cosmetic and functional result was permanently good.", "contents": "[Late results of frontal bone reconstructions using Paladon]. Report about 12 cases of defect of the frontal bone: state after radical operation of the frontal sinus (Riedel's operation) or after removal of bone splinters after injury. 6--12 months later a paladon-inlay (acrylate prosthesis) can be implanted to fill the defect and to restore the profile. Description of the production, forming, sterilization and operative implantation of the prosthesis. The patients have been observed up to 18 years. In one case the implanted material was removed after 10 years because of recurrent local suppurations. All the other patients showed an uncomplicated course until today; the cosmetic and functional result was permanently good.", "PMID": 392208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9525", "title": "[Replacement  of the tympanic membrane by corneal transplantation (keratomyringoplasty)].", "content": "The authors present a new method of the substitution of the ear-drum with cornea transplantation, applied with success in 28 cases. They have established that the various tissues (skin, veins fascia, etc.) applied up to now for myringoplastic are not so suitable as the cornea, because the latter is similar to the ear-drum, according to its histological construction and physical properties. The execution of the operation, the technique of the removal of the cornea from a corpse, as well as the preparation of the auditory meatus and the inserting of the cornea are discussed in detail. The removal of the cornea can be carried out in its whole or lamellated. In contrast to ceratoplastic, the cornea need not remain transparent in ceratomyringoplastic, because, in the latter case, only its tectorial and sound-conduction effect is needed.", "contents": "[Replacement  of the tympanic membrane by corneal transplantation (keratomyringoplasty)]. The authors present a new method of the substitution of the ear-drum with cornea transplantation, applied with success in 28 cases. They have established that the various tissues (skin, veins fascia, etc.) applied up to now for myringoplastic are not so suitable as the cornea, because the latter is similar to the ear-drum, according to its histological construction and physical properties. The execution of the operation, the technique of the removal of the cornea from a corpse, as well as the preparation of the auditory meatus and the inserting of the cornea are discussed in detail. The removal of the cornea can be carried out in its whole or lamellated. In contrast to ceratoplastic, the cornea need not remain transparent in ceratomyringoplastic, because, in the latter case, only its tectorial and sound-conduction effect is needed.", "PMID": 392209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9526", "title": "[Beginnings of endoscopy].", "content": "At the beginning of the 19. century emphasis was put on the research for possibilities to get a look into the interior of the abdominal cavity. The \"body-cavity\" which seemed to be most easily to access was the bladder and thus the development of the endoscopy is practically identical with the elaboration of the cytoscopy. This survey shows the starting phases as well as the further developement of the endoscopy as oesophagus-, gastro- and proctoscopy, the application on the gynaecological sector and the beginning of the laryngoscopy by Czermak and T\u00fcrck in 1885, although already before their experiments in London in 1829 an instrument being similar to the laryngoscope was described by Babington.", "contents": "[Beginnings of endoscopy]. At the beginning of the 19. century emphasis was put on the research for possibilities to get a look into the interior of the abdominal cavity. The \"body-cavity\" which seemed to be most easily to access was the bladder and thus the development of the endoscopy is practically identical with the elaboration of the cytoscopy. This survey shows the starting phases as well as the further developement of the endoscopy as oesophagus-, gastro- and proctoscopy, the application on the gynaecological sector and the beginning of the laryngoscopy by Czermak and T\u00fcrck in 1885, although already before their experiments in London in 1829 an instrument being similar to the laryngoscope was described by Babington.", "PMID": 392210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9527", "title": "[Hereditary storage diseases of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Storage diseases of the liver are reviewed, classified according to the clinical symptoms. Glycogen storage diseases go along with enlargement of the liver, - the size of the spleen being normal in the beginning; presenting symptoms in many cases are metabolic disturbances as for instance hypoglycemia. Acute symptoms due to derangement of liver function occur in galactosemia and in hereditary fructose intolerance when uptake of the hexoses is not tolerated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly are typical in certain lipid storage diseases; these diseases may as well exhibit hematologic symptoms. Bone dysplasias are discussed finally, which use to go along with enlargement of the liver due to storage of compounds not metabolized.", "contents": "[Hereditary storage diseases of the liver (author's transl)]. Storage diseases of the liver are reviewed, classified according to the clinical symptoms. Glycogen storage diseases go along with enlargement of the liver, - the size of the spleen being normal in the beginning; presenting symptoms in many cases are metabolic disturbances as for instance hypoglycemia. Acute symptoms due to derangement of liver function occur in galactosemia and in hereditary fructose intolerance when uptake of the hexoses is not tolerated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly are typical in certain lipid storage diseases; these diseases may as well exhibit hematologic symptoms. Bone dysplasias are discussed finally, which use to go along with enlargement of the liver due to storage of compounds not metabolized.", "PMID": 392211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9528", "title": "The nature of the genetic determinant for the SHV-1 beta-lactamase.", "content": "In two unrelated plasmids of incompatibility groups FII and N the gene for the SHV-1 beta-lactamase exists as part of a transposable element of molecular weight 9.5 megadaltons. This transposon has moved onto plasmids of at least three incompatibility groups; PI, Ialpha and J. This confirms the suggestion that the recent spread of the SHV-1 beta-lactamase has been associated with the transposition of the genetic determinant of this enzyme between unrelated plasmids.", "contents": "The nature of the genetic determinant for the SHV-1 beta-lactamase. In two unrelated plasmids of incompatibility groups FII and N the gene for the SHV-1 beta-lactamase exists as part of a transposable element of molecular weight 9.5 megadaltons. This transposon has moved onto plasmids of at least three incompatibility groups; PI, Ialpha and J. This confirms the suggestion that the recent spread of the SHV-1 beta-lactamase has been associated with the transposition of the genetic determinant of this enzyme between unrelated plasmids.", "PMID": 392225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9529", "title": "Altered chemical properties in three mutants of E. coli RNA polymerase sigma subunit.", "content": "We have analyzed some chemical properties of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase from the sigma mutants: rpoD1 (Gross et al., 1978), rpoD2 (formerly known as alt-1) (Silverstone et al., 1972; Travers et al., 1978), and rpoD800 (Gross et al., 1979). Each of the three mutants is located at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map and exhibits an alteration in the enzymatic properties of its sigma subunit. The tryptic peptides and isoelectric focusing behavior were analyzed for mutant and wild type sigma. A single, but different altered lysine tryptic peptide was observed for each mutant. No altered arginine tryptic peptides were observed. The rpoD800 mutant sigma showed an altered isoelectric point. These studies provide chemical evidence that the sigma polypeptide in all three mutants is altered and strongly support the conclusion that the mutations are in the structural gene for sigma.", "contents": "Altered chemical properties in three mutants of E. coli RNA polymerase sigma subunit. We have analyzed some chemical properties of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase from the sigma mutants: rpoD1 (Gross et al., 1978), rpoD2 (formerly known as alt-1) (Silverstone et al., 1972; Travers et al., 1978), and rpoD800 (Gross et al., 1979). Each of the three mutants is located at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map and exhibits an alteration in the enzymatic properties of its sigma subunit. The tryptic peptides and isoelectric focusing behavior were analyzed for mutant and wild type sigma. A single, but different altered lysine tryptic peptide was observed for each mutant. No altered arginine tryptic peptides were observed. The rpoD800 mutant sigma showed an altered isoelectric point. These studies provide chemical evidence that the sigma polypeptide in all three mutants is altered and strongly support the conclusion that the mutations are in the structural gene for sigma.", "PMID": 392226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9530", "title": "Abolition of the cyclic variations in radiosensitivity during meiosis in a sporulation mutant blocked in premeiotic DNA synthesis.", "content": "The response to ultraviolet light (254 nm) of two sporulation mutants during the meiotic process was compared to that of a wild type diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cyclic pattern for cell killing and rho- induction characteristic of diploid wild type cells persists in a strain able to perform the premeiotic DNA synthesis but which is blocked in the further steps of meiosis (spo8 DMS1). On the contrary, these fluctations are abolished in a derived mutant (spo8 dsm1) which is blocked in the premeiotic DNA synthesis. Under these conditions, the response to cell killing can be dissociated from the observed for rho- induction.", "contents": "Abolition of the cyclic variations in radiosensitivity during meiosis in a sporulation mutant blocked in premeiotic DNA synthesis. The response to ultraviolet light (254 nm) of two sporulation mutants during the meiotic process was compared to that of a wild type diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cyclic pattern for cell killing and rho- induction characteristic of diploid wild type cells persists in a strain able to perform the premeiotic DNA synthesis but which is blocked in the further steps of meiosis (spo8 DMS1). On the contrary, these fluctations are abolished in a derived mutant (spo8 dsm1) which is blocked in the premeiotic DNA synthesis. Under these conditions, the response to cell killing can be dissociated from the observed for rho- induction.", "PMID": 392227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9531", "title": "A novel priming system for conjugal synthesis of an IncI alpha plasmid in recipients.", "content": "Synthesis of DNA complementary to the transferred strand of an IncI alpha plasmid has been shown previously to require DNA polymerase III. The possible involvement of the two defined priming proteins of Escherichia coli K12, RNA polymerase and primase, in initiating this conjugal DNA synthesis had been examined. Primase was inactivated using temperature-sensitive dnaG3 mutants and RNA polymerase was inhibited using rifampicin. When these two proteins were simultaneously inactivated in both parental strains, the average recipient synthesised at least one single-stranded equivalent of R144drd-3 before the rifampicin-treated donors lost the ability to transmit DNA. It is proposed that the product of a plasmid transfer gene is responsible for initiating this DNA synthesis in recipients. The results imply that this protein is supplied by the donors.", "contents": "A novel priming system for conjugal synthesis of an IncI alpha plasmid in recipients. Synthesis of DNA complementary to the transferred strand of an IncI alpha plasmid has been shown previously to require DNA polymerase III. The possible involvement of the two defined priming proteins of Escherichia coli K12, RNA polymerase and primase, in initiating this conjugal DNA synthesis had been examined. Primase was inactivated using temperature-sensitive dnaG3 mutants and RNA polymerase was inhibited using rifampicin. When these two proteins were simultaneously inactivated in both parental strains, the average recipient synthesised at least one single-stranded equivalent of R144drd-3 before the rifampicin-treated donors lost the ability to transmit DNA. It is proposed that the product of a plasmid transfer gene is responsible for initiating this DNA synthesis in recipients. The results imply that this protein is supplied by the donors.", "PMID": 392229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9532", "title": "Natural premature protein synthesis termination can be reduced in Escherichia coli by decreased translation rates.", "content": "Peptidyl tRNA hydrolase is an essential enzyme for normal growth inasmuch as a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a temperature-sensitive hydrolase cannot continue protein synthesis at the non-permissive temperature. In the absence of hydrolase peptidyl tRNA rapidly accumulates. Why peptidyl tRNA should be formed is the subject of this report. The rapid rate of protein synthesis is likely one mechanism of formation of peptidyl tRNA. A strA mutant of the hydrolase (pth-1) mutant strain that has a 40% reduction in amino acid polymerization rate can grow at 42 degrees C. StrA mutants with normal polymerization rates, however, cannot grow at 42 degrees C when pth-1 is present. Furthermore, addition of low levels of chloramphenicol (2--4 micrograms/ml) but not several other tested drugs, phenotypically suppressed pth-1 at 42 degrees C. Chloramphenicol, at these concentrations, was found to reduce the amino acid polymerization rate 30--40%. On the other hand, no evidence could be found that amino acyl tRNA selection errors are incorporated into pseudo revertants of the pth-1 strain.", "contents": "Natural premature protein synthesis termination can be reduced in Escherichia coli by decreased translation rates. Peptidyl tRNA hydrolase is an essential enzyme for normal growth inasmuch as a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a temperature-sensitive hydrolase cannot continue protein synthesis at the non-permissive temperature. In the absence of hydrolase peptidyl tRNA rapidly accumulates. Why peptidyl tRNA should be formed is the subject of this report. The rapid rate of protein synthesis is likely one mechanism of formation of peptidyl tRNA. A strA mutant of the hydrolase (pth-1) mutant strain that has a 40% reduction in amino acid polymerization rate can grow at 42 degrees C. StrA mutants with normal polymerization rates, however, cannot grow at 42 degrees C when pth-1 is present. Furthermore, addition of low levels of chloramphenicol (2--4 micrograms/ml) but not several other tested drugs, phenotypically suppressed pth-1 at 42 degrees C. Chloramphenicol, at these concentrations, was found to reduce the amino acid polymerization rate 30--40%. On the other hand, no evidence could be found that amino acyl tRNA selection errors are incorporated into pseudo revertants of the pth-1 strain.", "PMID": 392230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9533", "title": "A cold-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in ribosome processing.", "content": "Cold-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by tritium suicide were screened for defects in ribosome biosynthesis. The biochemical defects of mutant dip-1 (defective in processing) were characterized; it is defective in ribosome biosynthesis at the level of production of the primary 35S transcript. At restrictive conditions mutant dip-1 accumulates abnormal rRNA in addition to wild-type rRNA. In the mutant the first observable transcription product was a 14SRNA species which had sequence homologies to 18S rDNA and was the major rRNA component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. In addition, the ribonucleoprotein particles of dip-1 harbored RNA molecules with homologies to yeast rDNA which comprises the spacer region between 18S and 25S rDNA cistrons. Possible causes for the defective production of rRNA and its assembly into subunits are discussed.", "contents": "A cold-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in ribosome processing. Cold-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by tritium suicide were screened for defects in ribosome biosynthesis. The biochemical defects of mutant dip-1 (defective in processing) were characterized; it is defective in ribosome biosynthesis at the level of production of the primary 35S transcript. At restrictive conditions mutant dip-1 accumulates abnormal rRNA in addition to wild-type rRNA. In the mutant the first observable transcription product was a 14SRNA species which had sequence homologies to 18S rDNA and was the major rRNA component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. In addition, the ribonucleoprotein particles of dip-1 harbored RNA molecules with homologies to yeast rDNA which comprises the spacer region between 18S and 25S rDNA cistrons. Possible causes for the defective production of rRNA and its assembly into subunits are discussed.", "PMID": 392231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9534", "title": "Outer membrane protein a and other polypeptides regulate capsular polysaccharide synthesis in E. coli K-12.", "content": "capR (lon) mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are mucoid on minimal agar because they produce large quantities of capsular polysaccharide. When such mutants are transformed to tetracycline resistance by plasmid pMC44, a hybrid plasmid that contains a 2 megadalton (Mdal) endonuclease EcoR1 fragment of E. coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle-pSC101, capsular polysaccharide synthesis is inhibited and the transformed colonies exhibit a non-mucoid phenotype. Re-cloning of the 2 Mdal EcoR1 fragment onto plasmid pHA105, a min-colE1 plasmid, yielded plasmid pFM100 which also inhibited capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the capR mutants. A comparison of the polypeptides specified by both plasmids pFM100 and pMC44 in minicells demonstrated that seven polypeptide bands were specified by the 2 MDal DNA, one of which was previously demonstrated to be outer membrane protein a; also known as 3b or M2 (40 kilodaltons, Kdal). Plasmid mutants no longer repressing capsular polysaccharide synthesis were either unable to specify the 40 Kdal outer membrane protein a or were deficient in synthesis of 25 Kdal and 14.5 Kdal polypeptides specified by the 2 Mdal DNA fragments. Studies with a minicell-producing strain that also contained a capR mutation indicated that the capR gene product regulated processing of at least one normal protein, the precursor of outer membrane protein a.", "contents": "Outer membrane protein a and other polypeptides regulate capsular polysaccharide synthesis in E. coli K-12. capR (lon) mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are mucoid on minimal agar because they produce large quantities of capsular polysaccharide. When such mutants are transformed to tetracycline resistance by plasmid pMC44, a hybrid plasmid that contains a 2 megadalton (Mdal) endonuclease EcoR1 fragment of E. coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle-pSC101, capsular polysaccharide synthesis is inhibited and the transformed colonies exhibit a non-mucoid phenotype. Re-cloning of the 2 Mdal EcoR1 fragment onto plasmid pHA105, a min-colE1 plasmid, yielded plasmid pFM100 which also inhibited capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the capR mutants. A comparison of the polypeptides specified by both plasmids pFM100 and pMC44 in minicells demonstrated that seven polypeptide bands were specified by the 2 MDal DNA, one of which was previously demonstrated to be outer membrane protein a; also known as 3b or M2 (40 kilodaltons, Kdal). Plasmid mutants no longer repressing capsular polysaccharide synthesis were either unable to specify the 40 Kdal outer membrane protein a or were deficient in synthesis of 25 Kdal and 14.5 Kdal polypeptides specified by the 2 Mdal DNA fragments. Studies with a minicell-producing strain that also contained a capR mutation indicated that the capR gene product regulated processing of at least one normal protein, the precursor of outer membrane protein a.", "PMID": 392232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9535", "title": "Plasmid cistrons controlling synthesis and excretion of the exotoxin alpha-haemolysin of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The synthesis and secretion of the toxic exoprotein alpha-haemolysin of E. coli PM152 is coded by the transmissible plasmid pHly152 (41 x 10(6) dalton) as shown by the transformation of the plasmid DNA and the isolation of mutants that are specifically altered in the synthesis and transport of haemolysin. These mutants were obtained by chemical mutagenesis and insertion of the ampicillin transposon (Tn3) into pHly152. Tn3 transposition was also used for the identification and the location of the cistrons on pHly152 essential for haemolysis. The EcoRI and HindIII fragments of the haemolytic plasmid pHly152 were cloned and used for the complementation of the haemolysis negative Tn3 insertion mutants. A DNA segment of 3.2 x 10(6) dalton could be thus identified which consists of at least three clustered cistrons necessary for haemolysis. Two of these cistrons are required for the formation of active haemolysin. At least one other cistron seems to be involved in the secretion of active haemolysin through the outer membrane of E. coli. The gene products determined by these cistrons were identified in minicells of E. coli. Their molecular properties were determined and their possible function in the formation and secretion of haemolysin will be discussed.", "contents": "Plasmid cistrons controlling synthesis and excretion of the exotoxin alpha-haemolysin of Escherichia coli. The synthesis and secretion of the toxic exoprotein alpha-haemolysin of E. coli PM152 is coded by the transmissible plasmid pHly152 (41 x 10(6) dalton) as shown by the transformation of the plasmid DNA and the isolation of mutants that are specifically altered in the synthesis and transport of haemolysin. These mutants were obtained by chemical mutagenesis and insertion of the ampicillin transposon (Tn3) into pHly152. Tn3 transposition was also used for the identification and the location of the cistrons on pHly152 essential for haemolysis. The EcoRI and HindIII fragments of the haemolytic plasmid pHly152 were cloned and used for the complementation of the haemolysis negative Tn3 insertion mutants. A DNA segment of 3.2 x 10(6) dalton could be thus identified which consists of at least three clustered cistrons necessary for haemolysis. Two of these cistrons are required for the formation of active haemolysin. At least one other cistron seems to be involved in the secretion of active haemolysin through the outer membrane of E. coli. The gene products determined by these cistrons were identified in minicells of E. coli. Their molecular properties were determined and their possible function in the formation and secretion of haemolysin will be discussed.", "PMID": 392234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9536", "title": "IS4 is found between eleven or twelve base pair duplications.", "content": "Three mutations caused by the integration of IS4 in galT in both possible orientations were shown by DNA sequence analysis to be integrated between a duplication of eleven base pairs of gene galT. IS4 has been cloned from its single position on the E. coli K12 chromosome. Here, 12 base pairs are duplicated adjacent to IS4. This sequence is unrelated to the duplicated sequence in galT.", "contents": "IS4 is found between eleven or twelve base pair duplications. Three mutations caused by the integration of IS4 in galT in both possible orientations were shown by DNA sequence analysis to be integrated between a duplication of eleven base pairs of gene galT. IS4 has been cloned from its single position on the E. coli K12 chromosome. Here, 12 base pairs are duplicated adjacent to IS4. This sequence is unrelated to the duplicated sequence in galT.", "PMID": 392235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9537", "title": "The gene for ribosomal protein L25 (rplY) maps at 47.3 min near nalA in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A temperature sensitive mutant, termed JE1306, derived from Escherichia coli strain PA3092 was found to have an alteration in the ribosomal protein L25. Crosses with various Hfr strains and transductions with P1 kc phage have revealed that the mutation maps at 47.3 min between nalA and fpk, in a region where no ribosomal protein gene has so far been located. The gene affected by this mutation is most probably the structural gene for protein L25 (rplY), because a strain heteromerozygous for the region shows both wild type and mutant forms of protein L25.", "contents": "The gene for ribosomal protein L25 (rplY) maps at 47.3 min near nalA in Escherichia coli K-12. A temperature sensitive mutant, termed JE1306, derived from Escherichia coli strain PA3092 was found to have an alteration in the ribosomal protein L25. Crosses with various Hfr strains and transductions with P1 kc phage have revealed that the mutation maps at 47.3 min between nalA and fpk, in a region where no ribosomal protein gene has so far been located. The gene affected by this mutation is most probably the structural gene for protein L25 (rplY), because a strain heteromerozygous for the region shows both wild type and mutant forms of protein L25.", "PMID": 392236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9538", "title": "Stable yeast transformation with chimeric plasmids using a 2 micron-circular DNA-less strain as a recipient.", "content": "By using two chimeric plasmids containing yeast URA3 gene as a selection marker and 2 micron yeast DNA linked to the bacterial plasmid pCR1, a yeast strain devoid of any 2 micron DNA sequence was transformed. Recovery in E. coli of plasmids from yeast transformants showed that the 2 micron-less strain was able to maintain the chimeric plasmids as autonomous replicons, with very infrequent plasmid recombination. Hybridization experiments gave no evidence for integration of the URA3 DNA sequence in the chromosomal DNA. The transformed clones showed a high stability of the ura+ character during vegetative multiplication, even in the absence of selective pressure. The specific activity of orotidine 5' monophosphate decarboxylase (coded by the URA3 gene) was 5 to 10 fold higher than in the wild type. These features should offer new possibilities for cloning with yeast.", "contents": "Stable yeast transformation with chimeric plasmids using a 2 micron-circular DNA-less strain as a recipient. By using two chimeric plasmids containing yeast URA3 gene as a selection marker and 2 micron yeast DNA linked to the bacterial plasmid pCR1, a yeast strain devoid of any 2 micron DNA sequence was transformed. Recovery in E. coli of plasmids from yeast transformants showed that the 2 micron-less strain was able to maintain the chimeric plasmids as autonomous replicons, with very infrequent plasmid recombination. Hybridization experiments gave no evidence for integration of the URA3 DNA sequence in the chromosomal DNA. The transformed clones showed a high stability of the ura+ character during vegetative multiplication, even in the absence of selective pressure. The specific activity of orotidine 5' monophosphate decarboxylase (coded by the URA3 gene) was 5 to 10 fold higher than in the wild type. These features should offer new possibilities for cloning with yeast.", "PMID": 392237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9539", "title": "Three additional genes involved in pyrimidine dimer removal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: RAD7, RAD14 and MMS19.", "content": "The ability to remove ultraviolet (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers from the nuclear DNA of yeast was examined in two radiation-sensitive (rad) mutants and one methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive (mms) mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The susceptibility of DNA from irradiated cells to nicking by an endonuclease activity prepared from crude extracts of Micrococcus luteus was used to measure the presence of dimers in DNA. The rad7, rad14 and mms19 mutants were found to be defective in their ability to remove UV-induced dimers from nuclear DNA. All three mutants belong to the same epistatic group as the other mutants involved in excision-repair. All three mutants show enhanced UV-induced mutations. The rad14 mutant also shows epistatic interactions with genes in the other two UV repair pathways.", "contents": "Three additional genes involved in pyrimidine dimer removal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: RAD7, RAD14 and MMS19. The ability to remove ultraviolet (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers from the nuclear DNA of yeast was examined in two radiation-sensitive (rad) mutants and one methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive (mms) mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The susceptibility of DNA from irradiated cells to nicking by an endonuclease activity prepared from crude extracts of Micrococcus luteus was used to measure the presence of dimers in DNA. The rad7, rad14 and mms19 mutants were found to be defective in their ability to remove UV-induced dimers from nuclear DNA. All three mutants belong to the same epistatic group as the other mutants involved in excision-repair. All three mutants show enhanced UV-induced mutations. The rad14 mutant also shows epistatic interactions with genes in the other two UV repair pathways.", "PMID": 392238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9540", "title": "Ozone response in wild type and radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The effect of ozone exposure on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Factors such as ozone concentration, treatment time, media, initial cell concentration and growth phase were shown to influence ozone response in this organism. Logarithmic phase cells were much more sensitive than stationary phase cells to the lethal effect of ozone. The radiation-sensitive mutants rad3, rad6, rad51 and rad52 of S. cerevisiae were exposed, in water, to 50 ppm of ozone for 30 min. On comparing their survival curves, the rad51 and the rad52 mutants showed a greater sensitivity to ozone exposure than the wild type.", "contents": "Ozone response in wild type and radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of ozone exposure on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Factors such as ozone concentration, treatment time, media, initial cell concentration and growth phase were shown to influence ozone response in this organism. Logarithmic phase cells were much more sensitive than stationary phase cells to the lethal effect of ozone. The radiation-sensitive mutants rad3, rad6, rad51 and rad52 of S. cerevisiae were exposed, in water, to 50 ppm of ozone for 30 min. On comparing their survival curves, the rad51 and the rad52 mutants showed a greater sensitivity to ozone exposure than the wild type.", "PMID": 392240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9541", "title": "Sporulation of mitochondrial respiratory deficient mit- mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The role of mitochondrial protein synthesis, electron transport, and four specific mitochondrial gene products on sporulation were studied in respiratory deficient mit- mutants. These mutants were isolated in an op 1 strain and localized on the mitochondrial genome by petite deletion mapping. All 153 mutations studied could be assigned to the four mitochondrial regions OXI1, OXI2, OXI3 and COB, known to affect cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome b. The specific loss of one mitochondrially translated polypeptide was found in some mutants of each locus: OXI1--cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, OXI2--subunit 3, OXI3--subunit 1, and COB--cytochrome b. The ability of diploid mit- mutants to sporulate was systematically investigated. About one third of the mutants, representing three loci, were incapable of forming spores. All other cultures produced either respiratory competent mit+ tetrads, both mit+ and mit- tetrads, or only mit- tetrads. Mutants forming mit- tetrads mapped in all four loci. These results demonstrate that in contrast to petite mutants some mit- mutants have retained the ability to perform meiosis and sporulation.", "contents": "Sporulation of mitochondrial respiratory deficient mit- mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The role of mitochondrial protein synthesis, electron transport, and four specific mitochondrial gene products on sporulation were studied in respiratory deficient mit- mutants. These mutants were isolated in an op 1 strain and localized on the mitochondrial genome by petite deletion mapping. All 153 mutations studied could be assigned to the four mitochondrial regions OXI1, OXI2, OXI3 and COB, known to affect cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome b. The specific loss of one mitochondrially translated polypeptide was found in some mutants of each locus: OXI1--cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, OXI2--subunit 3, OXI3--subunit 1, and COB--cytochrome b. The ability of diploid mit- mutants to sporulate was systematically investigated. About one third of the mutants, representing three loci, were incapable of forming spores. All other cultures produced either respiratory competent mit+ tetrads, both mit+ and mit- tetrads, or only mit- tetrads. Mutants forming mit- tetrads mapped in all four loci. These results demonstrate that in contrast to petite mutants some mit- mutants have retained the ability to perform meiosis and sporulation.", "PMID": 392241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9542", "title": "Isolation and characterization of further cis- and trans-acting regulatory elements involved in the synthesis of glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Starting with yeast cells lacking the constitutive alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADHI), mutants with partially glucose-insensitive formation of ADHII were isolated. Genetic analysis showed that four mutants (designated ADR3c) were linked to the ADHII-structural gene, ADR2, and were cis-dominant. On derepression, two of them produced elevated ADHII-levels, indicating a promotor function of the altered controlling site. The other ADR3c-mutant alleles affected the ADHII-subunit association in diploids carrying two electrophoretically distinct alleles of the structural gene ADR2. Twelve semidominant constitutive mutants could be attributed to gene ADR1 (ADR1c-alleles) previously identified by recessive mutants with blocked derepression. This suggested a positive regulatory role of the ADR1 gene product on the expression of the ADHII-structural gene. A pleiotropic mutation ccr1 (Ciriacy, 1977) was epistatic over glucose-resistant ADHII-formation caused by ADR1c-alleles. From this it was concluded that CCR1 specifies for a product co-activating the structural gene or modifying the ADR1-gene product. A further regulatory element (gene designation ADR4) not linked to the structural gene could be identified upon isolation of recessive constitutive mutants adr4 from a ccr1 ADR1c-double mutant.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of further cis- and trans-acting regulatory elements involved in the synthesis of glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starting with yeast cells lacking the constitutive alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADHI), mutants with partially glucose-insensitive formation of ADHII were isolated. Genetic analysis showed that four mutants (designated ADR3c) were linked to the ADHII-structural gene, ADR2, and were cis-dominant. On derepression, two of them produced elevated ADHII-levels, indicating a promotor function of the altered controlling site. The other ADR3c-mutant alleles affected the ADHII-subunit association in diploids carrying two electrophoretically distinct alleles of the structural gene ADR2. Twelve semidominant constitutive mutants could be attributed to gene ADR1 (ADR1c-alleles) previously identified by recessive mutants with blocked derepression. This suggested a positive regulatory role of the ADR1 gene product on the expression of the ADHII-structural gene. A pleiotropic mutation ccr1 (Ciriacy, 1977) was epistatic over glucose-resistant ADHII-formation caused by ADR1c-alleles. From this it was concluded that CCR1 specifies for a product co-activating the structural gene or modifying the ADR1-gene product. A further regulatory element (gene designation ADR4) not linked to the structural gene could be identified upon isolation of recessive constitutive mutants adr4 from a ccr1 ADR1c-double mutant.", "PMID": 392242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9543", "title": "Cloning of bacteriophage PM2 DNA in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "DNA fragments of phage PM2 restricted with Hin dIII endonuclease was cloned in the vector pBR 322 in an Escherichia coli K12 host. The attempt to clone full length PM2 DNA restricted with PstI endonuclease has been unsuccesful. From six randomly chosen recombinant clones DNA was purified and analysed with EcoRI, PstI and Hin dIII endonucleases. The physical map of three chimeric plasmids was unequivocally established. It was shown, that the whole PM2 genome was cloned, although in separate fragments. However, most of the recombinant clones were instable in the absence of selective pressure.", "contents": "Cloning of bacteriophage PM2 DNA in Escherichia coli K12. DNA fragments of phage PM2 restricted with Hin dIII endonuclease was cloned in the vector pBR 322 in an Escherichia coli K12 host. The attempt to clone full length PM2 DNA restricted with PstI endonuclease has been unsuccesful. From six randomly chosen recombinant clones DNA was purified and analysed with EcoRI, PstI and Hin dIII endonucleases. The physical map of three chimeric plasmids was unequivocally established. It was shown, that the whole PM2 genome was cloned, although in separate fragments. However, most of the recombinant clones were instable in the absence of selective pressure.", "PMID": 392243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9544", "title": "[Morphometry of breast tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "In conventional tissue slides it is possible to describe quantitatively the dysplasia of the breast with the aid of the Quantimet 720 and the image editor equipment. From several slides of each breast the areas of epithelium, lumina and connective tissue were measured out of 5 to 20 lobuli. The data were transformed into a descriptive index according to the formula: (epithelium--lumen): connective tissue. In normal mammae the indices are clustered and lower than 100. In the cases of increasing dysplasia the indices are scattered and elevated. In glands with carcinoma the normal values disappear, but the scattering and rising of indices increase. With these findings it seems possible to identify dysplasia in a precancerous state by morphometrical analysis.", "contents": "[Morphometry of breast tissue (author's transl)]. In conventional tissue slides it is possible to describe quantitatively the dysplasia of the breast with the aid of the Quantimet 720 and the image editor equipment. From several slides of each breast the areas of epithelium, lumina and connective tissue were measured out of 5 to 20 lobuli. The data were transformed into a descriptive index according to the formula: (epithelium--lumen): connective tissue. In normal mammae the indices are clustered and lower than 100. In the cases of increasing dysplasia the indices are scattered and elevated. In glands with carcinoma the normal values disappear, but the scattering and rising of indices increase. With these findings it seems possible to identify dysplasia in a precancerous state by morphometrical analysis.", "PMID": 392245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9545", "title": "[Quantitative fluorometry at the ocular fundus (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a videodensitometric method for the quantitative evaluation of fluorescence angiography photographs using the Quantimet 720 image analysis computer system. The clinical value of the new method is demonstrated in a case of central serous retinopathy. With the aid of these measurements the activity of leakage points can be assessed more exactly than by mere subjective inspection of the gained pictures, thus allowing a better control of the effects of a chosen therapy.", "contents": "[Quantitative fluorometry at the ocular fundus (author's transl)]. Description of a videodensitometric method for the quantitative evaluation of fluorescence angiography photographs using the Quantimet 720 image analysis computer system. The clinical value of the new method is demonstrated in a case of central serous retinopathy. With the aid of these measurements the activity of leakage points can be assessed more exactly than by mere subjective inspection of the gained pictures, thus allowing a better control of the effects of a chosen therapy.", "PMID": 392247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9546", "title": "[Selective contrast enhancement of microscopical specimen by optical procedures for automatized quantitative image analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the most important problems in automatic image analysis is the discrimination of features by, a certain range of grey levels. To obtain as many as possible different grey levels sufficient contrast is achieved mainly by specific staining. Alternative and supplementary methods are some micrscopical methods, not routinely used. Interference microscopy, interference reflexion microscopy and microfluorimetry are discussed in detail. These optical procedures enhance the contrast of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of sophisticated staining methods. In interference contrast, tissues can be separately detected by grey level discrimination due to varying concentration of dry mass; this is shown for a cornifying part of fish skin (breeding tubercle of Rutilus rutilus L.). Furthermore, very small amounts of dry matter can be determined with high precision, as demonstrated for a single tissue culture cell (XTH-cell). Automatisation of image analysis provides a unique opportunity for routine application of interferometric measurements. The principles of the procedures are outlined. By interference reflexion microscopy cellular attachment areas to a glass surface are visualized, providing a powerful tool in cellular diagnosis based on grey level discrimination (darkest parts correspond to zones of closest contact to the substratum). A fast migrating lymphocyte and stationary endothelial cells have been chosen for demonstration. Various histochemical problems can be solved elegantly by fluorescence methods, e.g. mitochondria in living cells are specifically stained by a fluorochrome (DASPMI) and the distribution of fluorescence intensity can be followed within the mitochondrial population of a cell. Fluorescence was recorded from fotographic negatives taken with a fluorescence microscope. Additionally a short comment is given on the application of polarisation microscopy for feature detection.", "contents": "[Selective contrast enhancement of microscopical specimen by optical procedures for automatized quantitative image analysis (author's transl)]. One of the most important problems in automatic image analysis is the discrimination of features by, a certain range of grey levels. To obtain as many as possible different grey levels sufficient contrast is achieved mainly by specific staining. Alternative and supplementary methods are some micrscopical methods, not routinely used. Interference microscopy, interference reflexion microscopy and microfluorimetry are discussed in detail. These optical procedures enhance the contrast of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of sophisticated staining methods. In interference contrast, tissues can be separately detected by grey level discrimination due to varying concentration of dry mass; this is shown for a cornifying part of fish skin (breeding tubercle of Rutilus rutilus L.). Furthermore, very small amounts of dry matter can be determined with high precision, as demonstrated for a single tissue culture cell (XTH-cell). Automatisation of image analysis provides a unique opportunity for routine application of interferometric measurements. The principles of the procedures are outlined. By interference reflexion microscopy cellular attachment areas to a glass surface are visualized, providing a powerful tool in cellular diagnosis based on grey level discrimination (darkest parts correspond to zones of closest contact to the substratum). A fast migrating lymphocyte and stationary endothelial cells have been chosen for demonstration. Various histochemical problems can be solved elegantly by fluorescence methods, e.g. mitochondria in living cells are specifically stained by a fluorochrome (DASPMI) and the distribution of fluorescence intensity can be followed within the mitochondrial population of a cell. Fluorescence was recorded from fotographic negatives taken with a fluorescence microscope. Additionally a short comment is given on the application of polarisation microscopy for feature detection.", "PMID": 392248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9547", "title": "[Machine based chromosomes investigations with the Quantimet 720 (author's transl)].", "content": "A system is described, looking in a short time and automatically for metaphases qualified for further usings. Scanning time for 1 cm2 is about 8 minutes. The accepted metaphases are relocatable immediately. Chromosomes are classified in a further routine using chromosome area and area ratio of the chromosome arms. The characters are displayed on the screen near the single chromosomes. Furthermore there is the possibility to measure the banding of whole chromosomes or of single chromatides and display it in form of histograms on the screen.", "contents": "[Machine based chromosomes investigations with the Quantimet 720 (author's transl)]. A system is described, looking in a short time and automatically for metaphases qualified for further usings. Scanning time for 1 cm2 is about 8 minutes. The accepted metaphases are relocatable immediately. Chromosomes are classified in a further routine using chromosome area and area ratio of the chromosome arms. The characters are displayed on the screen near the single chromosomes. Furthermore there is the possibility to measure the banding of whole chromosomes or of single chromatides and display it in form of histograms on the screen.", "PMID": 392260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9548", "title": "Computer assisted instruction for retraining family doctors in hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "In an attempt to retrain family doctors in hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia, computer assisted instruction (CAI) was assessed in fourteen doctors (Group 1) and its efficiency was compared to that of traditional lectures given to twenty-one doctors (Group 2). The same objectives, contents and illustrations were used in both teaching approaches. There was no significant difference for age, year of graduation and type of practice in the two groups. Comparison between pre-test and immediate post-test revealed a significant gain of knowledge for hyperlipoproteinemia (group 1, 33% and group 2, 22%) and hypertension (group 1, 16% and Group 2, 19%). A year later a similar post-test was done in both groups, and no significant difference was found between this late post-test and the pre-test. CAI applied to family doctors is as efficient for learning as traditional lectures, and both approaches failed to show retention of knowledge after one year. This is perhaps the result of having selected instructional objectives of theoretical more than practical value.", "contents": "Computer assisted instruction for retraining family doctors in hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia. In an attempt to retrain family doctors in hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia, computer assisted instruction (CAI) was assessed in fourteen doctors (Group 1) and its efficiency was compared to that of traditional lectures given to twenty-one doctors (Group 2). The same objectives, contents and illustrations were used in both teaching approaches. There was no significant difference for age, year of graduation and type of practice in the two groups. Comparison between pre-test and immediate post-test revealed a significant gain of knowledge for hyperlipoproteinemia (group 1, 33% and group 2, 22%) and hypertension (group 1, 16% and Group 2, 19%). A year later a similar post-test was done in both groups, and no significant difference was found between this late post-test and the pre-test. CAI applied to family doctors is as efficient for learning as traditional lectures, and both approaches failed to show retention of knowledge after one year. This is perhaps the result of having selected instructional objectives of theoretical more than practical value.", "PMID": 392267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9549", "title": "Cultivation requirements for Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae and other microbial and mammalian microaerophilic cells.", "content": "Atmospheric and biological evolution progressed simultaneously and today certain cell types flourish only at oxygen tensions which were ambient 600 million years ago, i.e., at 5 to 10 mm Hg. In man, a continuous oxygen flow at these pressures is supplied in the skin where Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae and members of the genus Rickettsia grow best. In vitro studies support the microaerophilic status of these organisms and of certain other microbial and mammalian cells. Vigorous growth in pure culture will await the development of techniques which can maintain these low oxygen tensions at the cell walls of the microbes as they replicate and consume increasing amounts of oxygen. Continuing failure to consistently isolate microbes from active lesions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus may reflect the universal absence of suitable methods for isolation of microaerophilic microbes.", "contents": "Cultivation requirements for Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae and other microbial and mammalian microaerophilic cells. Atmospheric and biological evolution progressed simultaneously and today certain cell types flourish only at oxygen tensions which were ambient 600 million years ago, i.e., at 5 to 10 mm Hg. In man, a continuous oxygen flow at these pressures is supplied in the skin where Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae and members of the genus Rickettsia grow best. In vitro studies support the microaerophilic status of these organisms and of certain other microbial and mammalian cells. Vigorous growth in pure culture will await the development of techniques which can maintain these low oxygen tensions at the cell walls of the microbes as they replicate and consume increasing amounts of oxygen. Continuing failure to consistently isolate microbes from active lesions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus may reflect the universal absence of suitable methods for isolation of microaerophilic microbes.", "PMID": 392268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9550", "title": "A less invasive approach to monitoring acute respiratory failure.", "content": "In a general ICU with a predominant surgical census, patients with acute respiratory failure can usually be treated on a clinical assessment and a minimum of invasive monitoring. An algorithm was used to manage the ventilatory support and weaning. When it failed (15% of the time), the patients' functional diagnoses were questioned and more advanced monitoring was used. The algorithm led to expeditious weaning of patients who did not need mechanical support and to a reduction of invasive monitoring.", "contents": "A less invasive approach to monitoring acute respiratory failure. In a general ICU with a predominant surgical census, patients with acute respiratory failure can usually be treated on a clinical assessment and a minimum of invasive monitoring. An algorithm was used to manage the ventilatory support and weaning. When it failed (15% of the time), the patients' functional diagnoses were questioned and more advanced monitoring was used. The algorithm led to expeditious weaning of patients who did not need mechanical support and to a reduction of invasive monitoring.", "PMID": 392270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9551", "title": "Evaluation of automated multiphasic health testing in the survey of the north-west region of Melbourne.", "content": "The results of automated multiphasic health testing (AMHT) in a randomly selected population of 664 subjects are reported. AMHT revealed a number of conditions that had not been diagnosed previously. A total of 535 newly diagnosed conditions in 301 patients could be attributed to the survey. The yield of new diagnoses by AMHT was not affected by previous surgery attendance or by attendance intervals. Follow-up over one year revealed that treatment was recommended for 342 of the 535 newly diagnosed conditions and that the response was satisfactory in 189 (55%), but the \"uncertain\" response of 124 (36%) should be investigated by more thorough follow-up in future projects. It is concluded that AMHT is beneficial because of the amount of information that is revealed, because of the financial value and because of the benefit to patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of automated multiphasic health testing in the survey of the north-west region of Melbourne. The results of automated multiphasic health testing (AMHT) in a randomly selected population of 664 subjects are reported. AMHT revealed a number of conditions that had not been diagnosed previously. A total of 535 newly diagnosed conditions in 301 patients could be attributed to the survey. The yield of new diagnoses by AMHT was not affected by previous surgery attendance or by attendance intervals. Follow-up over one year revealed that treatment was recommended for 342 of the 535 newly diagnosed conditions and that the response was satisfactory in 189 (55%), but the \"uncertain\" response of 124 (36%) should be investigated by more thorough follow-up in future projects. It is concluded that AMHT is beneficial because of the amount of information that is revealed, because of the financial value and because of the benefit to patients.", "PMID": 392277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9552", "title": "[Acute meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults: II. Germs, signs, symptoms and sequels (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey on diverse types of meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults is based upon 1244 observations at the Neurologic Clinic of the University at Cologne during the years from 1950 til 1975. Important factors concerning differential diagnosis such as various psychopathological and neurologic signs and electroencephalographic findings are discussed at extent. The influence of precursing and concomitant illnesses on the acute signs and sequels of the meningo-encephalitis is stressed upon.", "contents": "[Acute meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults: II. Germs, signs, symptoms and sequels (author's transl)]. This survey on diverse types of meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults is based upon 1244 observations at the Neurologic Clinic of the University at Cologne during the years from 1950 til 1975. Important factors concerning differential diagnosis such as various psychopathological and neurologic signs and electroencephalographic findings are discussed at extent. The influence of precursing and concomitant illnesses on the acute signs and sequels of the meningo-encephalitis is stressed upon.", "PMID": 392284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9553", "title": "[Surgical procedure in exploratory incision of the mamma (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison was made between two groups, each consisting of 50 women who had undergone an exploratory incision of the mamma because of suspected cancer at least one year and not more than two years previously. The women in group A underwent an operation in clinic A in which a radial incision was performed in the skin immediately above the tumor (GB: tumour). In contrast to this group B in clinic B had the tumor removed via parariola incision independent of the location of the tumor. In clinic A the incision was closed by subcuticular suture using individual button stitches on the surface. In clinic B subcutaneous stitching was not used; after thorough blood-staunching procedures the skin was closed with intracutaneous atraumatic techniques. Both groups were subsequently examined and post-operative complications and the complaints of the patients were registered. In addition the cosmetic result of the operation was taken into consideration. The examinations show that the parariola incision is the ideal technique for almost all exploratory operations of the breast. Although the post-operative phase is accompanied by a slightly higher incidence of haematomas these rarely require further corrective surgical procedures if blood-staunching is efficient and Redon drainage techniques are used. Between 1 and 2 years after surgery the parariola approach shows definite advantages when compared with radial incision directly over the tumor. The scars are almost invisible, definitely cause fewer problems for the patient, and rarely spoil the appearance of the breast.", "contents": "[Surgical procedure in exploratory incision of the mamma (author's transl)]. A comparison was made between two groups, each consisting of 50 women who had undergone an exploratory incision of the mamma because of suspected cancer at least one year and not more than two years previously. The women in group A underwent an operation in clinic A in which a radial incision was performed in the skin immediately above the tumor (GB: tumour). In contrast to this group B in clinic B had the tumor removed via parariola incision independent of the location of the tumor. In clinic A the incision was closed by subcuticular suture using individual button stitches on the surface. In clinic B subcutaneous stitching was not used; after thorough blood-staunching procedures the skin was closed with intracutaneous atraumatic techniques. Both groups were subsequently examined and post-operative complications and the complaints of the patients were registered. In addition the cosmetic result of the operation was taken into consideration. The examinations show that the parariola incision is the ideal technique for almost all exploratory operations of the breast. Although the post-operative phase is accompanied by a slightly higher incidence of haematomas these rarely require further corrective surgical procedures if blood-staunching is efficient and Redon drainage techniques are used. Between 1 and 2 years after surgery the parariola approach shows definite advantages when compared with radial incision directly over the tumor. The scars are almost invisible, definitely cause fewer problems for the patient, and rarely spoil the appearance of the breast.", "PMID": 392287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9554", "title": "[Vigilance of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychological achievement tests were applied to 56 patients with chronic renal insufficiency for measuring the vigilance. The comparison of test parameters showed a significant impairment with progression of renal insufficiency, an improvement under chronic dialysis treatment depending on complications by medical problems and normal values after successfull transplantation. The vigilance was not influenced by dialysis per se. We conclude that the behaviour of reaction speed, attention performances, and mental concentration reflect the autointoxication of central nervous system in chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Vigilance of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Psychological achievement tests were applied to 56 patients with chronic renal insufficiency for measuring the vigilance. The comparison of test parameters showed a significant impairment with progression of renal insufficiency, an improvement under chronic dialysis treatment depending on complications by medical problems and normal values after successfull transplantation. The vigilance was not influenced by dialysis per se. We conclude that the behaviour of reaction speed, attention performances, and mental concentration reflect the autointoxication of central nervous system in chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 392294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9555", "title": "[Prophylaxis of gastroduodenal complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastroduodenal bleeding or perforation following renal transplantation constitute a serious complication with a high lethality. 82 patients with terminal renal insufficiency were grouped in 4 categories with increasing gastroduodenal risk factors. Parameters for judging gastroduodenal risk consisted of gastric acid secretion, history and endoscopic demonstration of acute or chronic ulcer disease. 33 transplant candidates of groups I (hypochlorhydria, no ulcer) and II (normochlorhydria, no ulcer) were treated by medical prophylaxis alone. 23/33 were transplanted without prophylactic surgery, 1 patient in group II with erosive duodenitis before transplantation died from bleeding duodenal ulcer. Patients of group III (hyperchlorhydria up to 40 mval/h, MAO, no ulcer) received selective proximal vagomty, patients of group IV (hyperchlorhydria, 40 mval/h MAO and/or ulcer) underwent selective gastric vagotomy and 50% gastric resection. In 25 of 49 patients of group III and IV prophylactic operations were performed without serious complications. In 16 later on transplantated patients no gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. 2 patients of group III without gastric operation had minor bleedings out of erosive lesions in the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb, that could be managed by medical treatment. The positive experience with prophylactic gastric surgery in this limited number of patients seems to advocate a broader application of such a protocol. A considerable rise in gastric secretion was demonstrated in 19/21 patients during the first 3 years following the commencement of dialysis, BAO rose by an average of 72,2%, MAO by 41%. Thus, gastric analysis should be repeated once a year. Erosive gastritis and duodenitis seem to predispose for bleeding episodes after renal transplantation, this diagnosis should prompt prophylactic SPV.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of gastroduodenal complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Gastroduodenal bleeding or perforation following renal transplantation constitute a serious complication with a high lethality. 82 patients with terminal renal insufficiency were grouped in 4 categories with increasing gastroduodenal risk factors. Parameters for judging gastroduodenal risk consisted of gastric acid secretion, history and endoscopic demonstration of acute or chronic ulcer disease. 33 transplant candidates of groups I (hypochlorhydria, no ulcer) and II (normochlorhydria, no ulcer) were treated by medical prophylaxis alone. 23/33 were transplanted without prophylactic surgery, 1 patient in group II with erosive duodenitis before transplantation died from bleeding duodenal ulcer. Patients of group III (hyperchlorhydria up to 40 mval/h, MAO, no ulcer) received selective proximal vagomty, patients of group IV (hyperchlorhydria, 40 mval/h MAO and/or ulcer) underwent selective gastric vagotomy and 50% gastric resection. In 25 of 49 patients of group III and IV prophylactic operations were performed without serious complications. In 16 later on transplantated patients no gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. 2 patients of group III without gastric operation had minor bleedings out of erosive lesions in the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb, that could be managed by medical treatment. The positive experience with prophylactic gastric surgery in this limited number of patients seems to advocate a broader application of such a protocol. A considerable rise in gastric secretion was demonstrated in 19/21 patients during the first 3 years following the commencement of dialysis, BAO rose by an average of 72,2%, MAO by 41%. Thus, gastric analysis should be repeated once a year. Erosive gastritis and duodenitis seem to predispose for bleeding episodes after renal transplantation, this diagnosis should prompt prophylactic SPV.", "PMID": 392296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9556", "title": "Electrochemical determination of glucose concentration in saline solutions.", "content": "Reproducible and reliable quantitative glucose determinations in physiological solutions of saline can be obtained by using platinum powder incorporated in a thin plastic layer on a platinum wire as the test microelectrode, while applying analytic and regenerative pulses of alternating voltage of +/- 1 V (sce). The results are the beginning of further investigations leading to continuous determinations of glucose concentration in body fluids.", "contents": "Electrochemical determination of glucose concentration in saline solutions. Reproducible and reliable quantitative glucose determinations in physiological solutions of saline can be obtained by using platinum powder incorporated in a thin plastic layer on a platinum wire as the test microelectrode, while applying analytic and regenerative pulses of alternating voltage of +/- 1 V (sce). The results are the beginning of further investigations leading to continuous determinations of glucose concentration in body fluids.", "PMID": 392297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9557", "title": "Histological reaction to percutaneous epidural neurostimulation: initial and long-term results.", "content": "Percutaneously inserted spinal epidural neurostimulation has been derived as a simplified safe alternative to surgically implanted, dorsal column stimulation that is used in the effective treatment and control of spasticity and intractable pain. Twenty-seven tissue specimens from fifteen patients having had percutaneous epidural neurostimulation systems implanted were studied with the aid of light microscopy. The biopsies from tissues around the cables, around the receivers, and at the actual site of epidural stimulation (at the metallic contact), were studied at time intervals varying from one week to two years postimplantation. Long-term results, which only show dense fibrous encapsulation of the cables and the receiver, substantiate clinical belief regarding the \"histological safety\" of this electronic modality.", "contents": "Histological reaction to percutaneous epidural neurostimulation: initial and long-term results. Percutaneously inserted spinal epidural neurostimulation has been derived as a simplified safe alternative to surgically implanted, dorsal column stimulation that is used in the effective treatment and control of spasticity and intractable pain. Twenty-seven tissue specimens from fifteen patients having had percutaneous epidural neurostimulation systems implanted were studied with the aid of light microscopy. The biopsies from tissues around the cables, around the receivers, and at the actual site of epidural stimulation (at the metallic contact), were studied at time intervals varying from one week to two years postimplantation. Long-term results, which only show dense fibrous encapsulation of the cables and the receiver, substantiate clinical belief regarding the \"histological safety\" of this electronic modality.", "PMID": 392298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9558", "title": "Mutagenicity of fluorene derivatives: a proposed mechanism.", "content": "Several derivatives of fluorene, a tricyclic, organic molecule, have been found to induce both frameshift mutations and base-pair substitutions in Salmonella typhimurium strains developed by Ames. Comparisons of the mutagenic potency of these derivatives for several strains of Salmonella suggest the importance of a carbonyl group substituted at the carbon-9 position of mutagenic derivatives, with respect to mutagenic potency. In this study, we present a feasible mechanism for the interaction of mutagenic fluorene derivatives with deoxyribonucleic acid. This mechanism requires the interaction of the mutagenic molecule with carbon-8 of guanine and a second concurrent interaction with the C-4 amino group of an adjacent cytosine residue.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of fluorene derivatives: a proposed mechanism. Several derivatives of fluorene, a tricyclic, organic molecule, have been found to induce both frameshift mutations and base-pair substitutions in Salmonella typhimurium strains developed by Ames. Comparisons of the mutagenic potency of these derivatives for several strains of Salmonella suggest the importance of a carbonyl group substituted at the carbon-9 position of mutagenic derivatives, with respect to mutagenic potency. In this study, we present a feasible mechanism for the interaction of mutagenic fluorene derivatives with deoxyribonucleic acid. This mechanism requires the interaction of the mutagenic molecule with carbon-8 of guanine and a second concurrent interaction with the C-4 amino group of an adjacent cytosine residue.", "PMID": 392305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9559", "title": "Effects of spermine on the detection of induced forward mutation at the Can1 locus in yeast: evidence for selection against canavanine-resistant mutants.", "content": "The effect of exogenous spermine tetrahydrochloride (0.5 mg/ml) on hydrazine- and nitrous acid-induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance (CAN1 leads to can1, normal to defective arginine permease) was examined in stationary-phase haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Post-treatment cell division (specifically DNA replication) is required for hydrazine mutagenesis at this locus, whereas nitrous acid mutagenesis exhibits, in addition, a significant post-treatment-independent component. Spermine addition only during mutagenic treatments in buffer did not affect mutagen cytotoxicity, but did result in a slight yet consistent decrease in induced mutation frequencies. Addition of spermine to the yeast extract--peptone--dextrose (YEPD) post-treatment growth medium resulted in dramatic reductions of induced mutation frequencies, which could be alleviated by pregrowth in spermine-containing YEPD. Such a medium was found to cause an apparent temporary growth inhibition for almost 40 h, after which the growth rate of the culture increased rapidly. Cultures \"recovering\" from spermine inhibition were no longer inhibitable by spermine in fresh medium, suggesting an outgrowth of spontaneous and/or induced spermine-resistant derivatives. Genetic analysis of one isolate revealed a single dominant nuclear gene conferring resistance by some means other than defective spermine uptake. Growth of this mutant was only slightly inhibited by spermine (20% increase in doubling time), while mutation expression remained high. Results of competitive growth experiments indicated that spermine-containing YEPD exerted a selection pressure against canavanine-resistant cells, while YEPD by itself did not. The mechanism for this selection is not presently understood. With respect to replication-dependent induced mutation at CAN1, our initial observation of a strong apparent antimutagenic action of spermine was found to be best explained by this specific selection against can1 mutants. This underscores the need for caution in the interpretation of experiments designed to study physiological modification of mutagenic potential.", "contents": "Effects of spermine on the detection of induced forward mutation at the Can1 locus in yeast: evidence for selection against canavanine-resistant mutants. The effect of exogenous spermine tetrahydrochloride (0.5 mg/ml) on hydrazine- and nitrous acid-induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance (CAN1 leads to can1, normal to defective arginine permease) was examined in stationary-phase haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Post-treatment cell division (specifically DNA replication) is required for hydrazine mutagenesis at this locus, whereas nitrous acid mutagenesis exhibits, in addition, a significant post-treatment-independent component. Spermine addition only during mutagenic treatments in buffer did not affect mutagen cytotoxicity, but did result in a slight yet consistent decrease in induced mutation frequencies. Addition of spermine to the yeast extract--peptone--dextrose (YEPD) post-treatment growth medium resulted in dramatic reductions of induced mutation frequencies, which could be alleviated by pregrowth in spermine-containing YEPD. Such a medium was found to cause an apparent temporary growth inhibition for almost 40 h, after which the growth rate of the culture increased rapidly. Cultures \"recovering\" from spermine inhibition were no longer inhibitable by spermine in fresh medium, suggesting an outgrowth of spontaneous and/or induced spermine-resistant derivatives. Genetic analysis of one isolate revealed a single dominant nuclear gene conferring resistance by some means other than defective spermine uptake. Growth of this mutant was only slightly inhibited by spermine (20% increase in doubling time), while mutation expression remained high. Results of competitive growth experiments indicated that spermine-containing YEPD exerted a selection pressure against canavanine-resistant cells, while YEPD by itself did not. The mechanism for this selection is not presently understood. With respect to replication-dependent induced mutation at CAN1, our initial observation of a strong apparent antimutagenic action of spermine was found to be best explained by this specific selection against can1 mutants. This underscores the need for caution in the interpretation of experiments designed to study physiological modification of mutagenic potential.", "PMID": 392306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9560", "title": "Ethidium bromide enhancement of frameshift mutagenesis caused by photoactivatable ethidium analogs.", "content": "Ethidium azide analogs (3-amino-8-azido-ethidium monoazide and ethidium diazide) have been developed as photosensitive probes in order to analyze directly the reversible in vivo interactions of ethidium bromide. Our preliminary observations [11], relating the mutagenic potential of the monoazide analog of ethidium, have been extended and refined, using the highly purified ethidium azide analogs [5]. A number of physical-chemical studies indicate that the monoazide analog interaction with nucleic acids, prior to photolysis, resembles remarkably the interaction of the parent ethidium (unpublished). It was anticipated, therefore, that competition by ethidium for the ethidium monoazide mutagenic sites in Salmonella TA1538 would be observed when these drugs were used in combination. Previous results in fact showed a decreased production of frameshift mutants when ethidium bromide was added to the ethidium monoazide in the Ames assay [1]. However, more extensive investigations, reported here, have shown that this apparent competition was the result of neglecting the toxic effects of ethidium monoazide and its enhanced toxocity in the presence of ethidium bromide. Conversely, an enhancement of the azide mutagenesis and toxicity for both the mono- and diazide analogs was seen when ethidium bromide was used in combination with these analogs.", "contents": "Ethidium bromide enhancement of frameshift mutagenesis caused by photoactivatable ethidium analogs. Ethidium azide analogs (3-amino-8-azido-ethidium monoazide and ethidium diazide) have been developed as photosensitive probes in order to analyze directly the reversible in vivo interactions of ethidium bromide. Our preliminary observations [11], relating the mutagenic potential of the monoazide analog of ethidium, have been extended and refined, using the highly purified ethidium azide analogs [5]. A number of physical-chemical studies indicate that the monoazide analog interaction with nucleic acids, prior to photolysis, resembles remarkably the interaction of the parent ethidium (unpublished). It was anticipated, therefore, that competition by ethidium for the ethidium monoazide mutagenic sites in Salmonella TA1538 would be observed when these drugs were used in combination. Previous results in fact showed a decreased production of frameshift mutants when ethidium bromide was added to the ethidium monoazide in the Ames assay [1]. However, more extensive investigations, reported here, have shown that this apparent competition was the result of neglecting the toxic effects of ethidium monoazide and its enhanced toxocity in the presence of ethidium bromide. Conversely, an enhancement of the azide mutagenesis and toxicity for both the mono- and diazide analogs was seen when ethidium bromide was used in combination with these analogs.", "PMID": 392307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9561", "title": "Some factors determining the concentration of liver proteins for optimal mutagenicity of chemicals in the Salmonella/microsome assay.", "content": "In plate assays in the presence of S. typhimurium TA100 and various amounts of liver 9000 X g supernatant (S9) from either untreated, phenobarbitone- (PB) or Aroclor-treated rats, the S9 concentration required for optimal mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) depended both on the source of S9 and on the concentration of the test compound. In these assays, the water-soluble procarcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA1530 only in the presence of a 35-fold higher concentration of liver S9 from PB-treated rats than that required for AFB, a lipophilic compound. In liquid assays, a biphasic relationship was observed in the mutagenicities in S. typhimurium TA100 of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and AFB and the concentration of liver S9. For optimal mutagenesis of BP, the concentration of liver S9 from rats treated with methylcholanthrene (MC) was 4.4% (v/v); for AFB it was 2.2% (v/v) liver S9 from either Aroclor-treated or untreated rats. At higher concentrations of S9 the mutagenicity of BP and of AFB was related inversely to the amount of S9 per assay. The effect of Aroclor treatment on the microsomemediated mutagenicity of AFB was assay-dependent: in the liquid assay, AFB mutagenicity was decreased, whereas in the plate assay it did not change or was increased. As virtually no bacteria-bound microsomes were detected by electron microscopy, after the bacteria had been incubated in a medium containing 1-34% (v/v) MC-treated rat-liver S9, it is concluded that, in mutagenicity assays, mutagenic metabolites generated by microsomal enzymes from certain pro-carcinogens have to diffuse through the assay medium before reaching the bacteria. Thus the mutagenicity of BP was dependent on both the concentration of rat-liver microsomes and that of total cytosolic proteins and other soluble nucleophiles such as glutathione. At a concentration of 4.4% (v/v) liver S9, the mutagenicity of BP was about 3.6 times higher than in assays containing a 4-fold higher concentration of cytosolic fraction. Studies on the glutathione-dependent reduction of BP mutagenicity in plate assays has shown that, in the presence of liver S9 concentrations greater than that required for optimal mutagenicity, the reduction in mutagenicity was related directly to the concentration of liver S9. Thus, in the Salmonella/microsome assay, when the concentration of rat-liver S9 was increased over and above the amount required for the optimal mutagenicity of BP, the mutagenic metabolites of BP were inactivated (by being trapped with cytosolic nucleophiles and/or by enzymic conjugation with glutathione); this effect increased more rapidly than their rate of formation. The concentration of liver S9 for optimal mutagenicity of test compounds requiring activation catalyzed by mono-oxygenases seems, therefore, to be related to the departure from linearity of the relationship between the rate of formation of mutagenic metabolites and the concentration of liver S9.", "contents": "Some factors determining the concentration of liver proteins for optimal mutagenicity of chemicals in the Salmonella/microsome assay. In plate assays in the presence of S. typhimurium TA100 and various amounts of liver 9000 X g supernatant (S9) from either untreated, phenobarbitone- (PB) or Aroclor-treated rats, the S9 concentration required for optimal mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) depended both on the source of S9 and on the concentration of the test compound. In these assays, the water-soluble procarcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA1530 only in the presence of a 35-fold higher concentration of liver S9 from PB-treated rats than that required for AFB, a lipophilic compound. In liquid assays, a biphasic relationship was observed in the mutagenicities in S. typhimurium TA100 of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and AFB and the concentration of liver S9. For optimal mutagenesis of BP, the concentration of liver S9 from rats treated with methylcholanthrene (MC) was 4.4% (v/v); for AFB it was 2.2% (v/v) liver S9 from either Aroclor-treated or untreated rats. At higher concentrations of S9 the mutagenicity of BP and of AFB was related inversely to the amount of S9 per assay. The effect of Aroclor treatment on the microsomemediated mutagenicity of AFB was assay-dependent: in the liquid assay, AFB mutagenicity was decreased, whereas in the plate assay it did not change or was increased. As virtually no bacteria-bound microsomes were detected by electron microscopy, after the bacteria had been incubated in a medium containing 1-34% (v/v) MC-treated rat-liver S9, it is concluded that, in mutagenicity assays, mutagenic metabolites generated by microsomal enzymes from certain pro-carcinogens have to diffuse through the assay medium before reaching the bacteria. Thus the mutagenicity of BP was dependent on both the concentration of rat-liver microsomes and that of total cytosolic proteins and other soluble nucleophiles such as glutathione. At a concentration of 4.4% (v/v) liver S9, the mutagenicity of BP was about 3.6 times higher than in assays containing a 4-fold higher concentration of cytosolic fraction. Studies on the glutathione-dependent reduction of BP mutagenicity in plate assays has shown that, in the presence of liver S9 concentrations greater than that required for optimal mutagenicity, the reduction in mutagenicity was related directly to the concentration of liver S9. Thus, in the Salmonella/microsome assay, when the concentration of rat-liver S9 was increased over and above the amount required for the optimal mutagenicity of BP, the mutagenic metabolites of BP were inactivated (by being trapped with cytosolic nucleophiles and/or by enzymic conjugation with glutathione); this effect increased more rapidly than their rate of formation. The concentration of liver S9 for optimal mutagenicity of test compounds requiring activation catalyzed by mono-oxygenases seems, therefore, to be related to the departure from linearity of the relationship between the rate of formation of mutagenic metabolites and the concentration of liver S9.", "PMID": 392308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9562", "title": "Critical importance of microsome concentration in mutagenesis assay with V79 Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "For optimum mutagensis in V79 Chinese hamster cells, the amount of liver postmitochondrial fraction in the assay was found to be of critical importance, depending on the chemicals being tested. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) required lower (1-5%) concentrations of the liver 15 000 X g supernatant (S15) from methylcholanthrene pretreated rats for a maximum induction of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, as determined by 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistance. A sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity was induced by 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-diol BP) at a concentration of 1% of the S15 fraction. Little or no response was induced by these compounds with the S15 concentrations of more than 10%. Similarly, aflatoxin B1 induced a sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2% of the liver S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats. Under the same condition, non-carcinogenic aflatoxin G2 did not induce cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Analysis of BP metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography indicates that with the 30% S15 fraction, more than 80% of BP was metabolized during the first 15 min, while with the 2% S15 fraction, 7,8-diol BP increased continuously throughout the 120-min incubation period, suggesting a strong metabolic competition to rapidly remove BP and 7,8-diol BP with a high concentration of the S15. In contrast with these compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine induced mutagenicity and cytotoxicity which increased linearly in proportion to the increasing amount of the S15 fraction from phenobarbitone- and Aroclor-pretreated rats. Various nitrosamines with different lipophilicity were examined at a high (30%) and low (2%) concentration of the S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats, in which ratios of mutation frequencies at 30% and 2% correlated inversely with lipophilicity of the compound. This result suggests that the lipid solubility of test compounds may be one factor which determines the concentration of post-mitochondrial supernatant for optimum mutagenesis.", "contents": "Critical importance of microsome concentration in mutagenesis assay with V79 Chinese hamster cells. For optimum mutagensis in V79 Chinese hamster cells, the amount of liver postmitochondrial fraction in the assay was found to be of critical importance, depending on the chemicals being tested. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) required lower (1-5%) concentrations of the liver 15 000 X g supernatant (S15) from methylcholanthrene pretreated rats for a maximum induction of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, as determined by 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistance. A sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity was induced by 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-diol BP) at a concentration of 1% of the S15 fraction. Little or no response was induced by these compounds with the S15 concentrations of more than 10%. Similarly, aflatoxin B1 induced a sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2% of the liver S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats. Under the same condition, non-carcinogenic aflatoxin G2 did not induce cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Analysis of BP metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography indicates that with the 30% S15 fraction, more than 80% of BP was metabolized during the first 15 min, while with the 2% S15 fraction, 7,8-diol BP increased continuously throughout the 120-min incubation period, suggesting a strong metabolic competition to rapidly remove BP and 7,8-diol BP with a high concentration of the S15. In contrast with these compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine induced mutagenicity and cytotoxicity which increased linearly in proportion to the increasing amount of the S15 fraction from phenobarbitone- and Aroclor-pretreated rats. Various nitrosamines with different lipophilicity were examined at a high (30%) and low (2%) concentration of the S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats, in which ratios of mutation frequencies at 30% and 2% correlated inversely with lipophilicity of the compound. This result suggests that the lipid solubility of test compounds may be one factor which determines the concentration of post-mitochondrial supernatant for optimum mutagenesis.", "PMID": 392309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9563", "title": "Biological and chemical effects of mustard gas in yeast.", "content": "Mustard gas induces inactivation and mutation in yeast. Both effects are dose-proportional, indicating single-hit events. Induction of both effects is influenced by the cell's capacity for DNA dark-repair, whereby the probability of reversion is highest in repair-proficient cells. Binding of mustard gas to cells and probably to DNA is independent of DNA-repair systems. The number of inter-strand cross-links, as determined by assaying for renaturability of alkalidenatured DNA, increases in a dose-proportional manner. At 37% survival an excision-deficient strain contains 55 inter-strand cross-links. Chromatographic analysis yields several alkylation products of DNA. Their relative frequencies resemble the values reported for E. coli and bacteriophage T7.", "contents": "Biological and chemical effects of mustard gas in yeast. Mustard gas induces inactivation and mutation in yeast. Both effects are dose-proportional, indicating single-hit events. Induction of both effects is influenced by the cell's capacity for DNA dark-repair, whereby the probability of reversion is highest in repair-proficient cells. Binding of mustard gas to cells and probably to DNA is independent of DNA-repair systems. The number of inter-strand cross-links, as determined by assaying for renaturability of alkalidenatured DNA, increases in a dose-proportional manner. At 37% survival an excision-deficient strain contains 55 inter-strand cross-links. Chromatographic analysis yields several alkylation products of DNA. Their relative frequencies resemble the values reported for E. coli and bacteriophage T7.", "PMID": 392310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9564", "title": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. Nitrous acid.", "content": "Nitrous acid (NA) induced mutations efficiently in mitDNA, conferring resistance to erythromycin and weakly induces mit- mutations. In some strains of yeast it also enhanced rho- mutations. The frequencies of nuclear and mitochondrial mutations induced with NA are compared.", "contents": "Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. Nitrous acid. Nitrous acid (NA) induced mutations efficiently in mitDNA, conferring resistance to erythromycin and weakly induces mit- mutations. In some strains of yeast it also enhanced rho- mutations. The frequencies of nuclear and mitochondrial mutations induced with NA are compared.", "PMID": 392311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9565", "title": "Studies of DNA-strand induced in human fibroblasts by chemical mutagens/carcinogens.", "content": "A method for the study of DNA-strand breaks using alkaline denaturation followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography has been modified and used for the detection of chemically induced DNA-strand breaks. A new procedure for the incubation of human fibroblasts with a metabolizing system and the detection of DNA-strans breaks is presented. With this method the induction and repair of DNA-strand breaks have been studied in human fibroblasts exposed to methyl methanesulphonate, melphalan, benzo[a]pyrene and cyclophosphamide. These agents all give rise to DNA-strand breaks. In cells exposed to methyl methanesulphonate, melphalan or benzo[a]pyrene these breaks disappeared within 21 h after re moval of the drug. In cells exposed to the bifunctional alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, studies of DNA-strand breaks suggest the presence of inter-strand cross links.", "contents": "Studies of DNA-strand induced in human fibroblasts by chemical mutagens/carcinogens. A method for the study of DNA-strand breaks using alkaline denaturation followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography has been modified and used for the detection of chemically induced DNA-strand breaks. A new procedure for the incubation of human fibroblasts with a metabolizing system and the detection of DNA-strans breaks is presented. With this method the induction and repair of DNA-strand breaks have been studied in human fibroblasts exposed to methyl methanesulphonate, melphalan, benzo[a]pyrene and cyclophosphamide. These agents all give rise to DNA-strand breaks. In cells exposed to methyl methanesulphonate, melphalan or benzo[a]pyrene these breaks disappeared within 21 h after re moval of the drug. In cells exposed to the bifunctional alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, studies of DNA-strand breaks suggest the presence of inter-strand cross links.", "PMID": 392312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9566", "title": "Point mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. I. Application to genetic toxicological testing.", "content": "We have systematically evaluated the mouse lymphoma TK+/- leads to TK-/- mutagenesis assay to determine if this somatic-cell test system would be a useful addition to the routine screening battery already used in our laboratory for the detection of chemical mutagens. During these investigations we observed that, with certain modifications of the basic assay, mutagenicity data could be obtained in as little as 9 days once the relative cytotoxic properties of the test substance were known. By improving the culturing conditions, we were able to reduce the serum requirements by as much as 50--75% without appreciably altering either cell viability or the recovery of chemically-induced mutants. Phenotypic stability of test-derived trifluorothymidine resistant (TFTR) mutants was confirmed by demonstrating cross-resistance to bromodeoxyuridine and concomitant sensitivity to methotrexate (THMG) in TFTR cells grown for 20 generations under non-selective conditions. While reduced growth rates resulting from temporary cell-division delay in treated cells is probably not a contributing factor to the observed mutation frequencies, only TFTR colonies which formed large distinct colonies in the presence of trifluorothymidine were clearly phenotypically stable mutants when spontaneous mutants were isolated and verified. When a non-mutagen, a weak mutagen, and a well-established mutagen were compared at equitoxic doses under these modified conditions, clear quantitative differences were seen in the respective mutation frequencies induced by these 3 types of agents. With these technical modifications, we feel this assay is both reliable and amenable to the screening of diverse chemical compounds for point-mutational activity in a mammalian cell.", "contents": "Point mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. I. Application to genetic toxicological testing. We have systematically evaluated the mouse lymphoma TK+/- leads to TK-/- mutagenesis assay to determine if this somatic-cell test system would be a useful addition to the routine screening battery already used in our laboratory for the detection of chemical mutagens. During these investigations we observed that, with certain modifications of the basic assay, mutagenicity data could be obtained in as little as 9 days once the relative cytotoxic properties of the test substance were known. By improving the culturing conditions, we were able to reduce the serum requirements by as much as 50--75% without appreciably altering either cell viability or the recovery of chemically-induced mutants. Phenotypic stability of test-derived trifluorothymidine resistant (TFTR) mutants was confirmed by demonstrating cross-resistance to bromodeoxyuridine and concomitant sensitivity to methotrexate (THMG) in TFTR cells grown for 20 generations under non-selective conditions. While reduced growth rates resulting from temporary cell-division delay in treated cells is probably not a contributing factor to the observed mutation frequencies, only TFTR colonies which formed large distinct colonies in the presence of trifluorothymidine were clearly phenotypically stable mutants when spontaneous mutants were isolated and verified. When a non-mutagen, a weak mutagen, and a well-established mutagen were compared at equitoxic doses under these modified conditions, clear quantitative differences were seen in the respective mutation frequencies induced by these 3 types of agents. With these technical modifications, we feel this assay is both reliable and amenable to the screening of diverse chemical compounds for point-mutational activity in a mammalian cell.", "PMID": 392313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9567", "title": "Intrahepatic mutagenesis assay: a sensitive method for detecting N-nitrosomorpholine and in vivo nitrosation of morpholine.", "content": "An intrahepatic host-mediated mutagenicity assay capable of detecting low levels of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) is described. The indicator organism was Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 which had been injected intravenously 10 min prior to the administration of the test compound. The bacteria were subsequently recovered from the liver and scored for revertants by standard methods. The lower limit of detectibility of this system for intubated NMOR was 0.2 microgram/g body weight. This assay was then used to study the formation of NMOR in vivo from morpholine and nitrite which had been sequentially gavaged to mice. Under acidic conditions (pH 3.4) 12--19% of the administered morpholine was converted to NMOR in the presence of excess nitrite. This nitrosation, and the subsequent uptake and activation of the NMOR, took place so rapidly that most of the total mutagenic response was complete within 15 min. This response was inhibited by prior intubation of ascorbic acid, a known inhibitor of nitrosation, and enhanced by sodium thiocyanate, a nitrosation catalyst.", "contents": "Intrahepatic mutagenesis assay: a sensitive method for detecting N-nitrosomorpholine and in vivo nitrosation of morpholine. An intrahepatic host-mediated mutagenicity assay capable of detecting low levels of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) is described. The indicator organism was Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 which had been injected intravenously 10 min prior to the administration of the test compound. The bacteria were subsequently recovered from the liver and scored for revertants by standard methods. The lower limit of detectibility of this system for intubated NMOR was 0.2 microgram/g body weight. This assay was then used to study the formation of NMOR in vivo from morpholine and nitrite which had been sequentially gavaged to mice. Under acidic conditions (pH 3.4) 12--19% of the administered morpholine was converted to NMOR in the presence of excess nitrite. This nitrosation, and the subsequent uptake and activation of the NMOR, took place so rapidly that most of the total mutagenic response was complete within 15 min. This response was inhibited by prior intubation of ascorbic acid, a known inhibitor of nitrosation, and enhanced by sodium thiocyanate, a nitrosation catalyst.", "PMID": 392314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9568", "title": "Measurement of DNA-excision repair in suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes after exposure to some carcinogenic compounds: its possible use in carcinogenicity screening.", "content": "When suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to a number of carcinogenic compounds, it was possible to measure an increased UDS by a rapid procedure via liquid-scintillation counting. For a number of carcinogenic compounds and some of their non-carcinogenic structural analogues a good correlation between the carcinogenic property and the ability to induce UDS was demonstrable. Out of 12 carcinogenic compounds, belonging to several different chemical classes, 10 gave rise to an increased UDS, whereas only 2 compounds, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[alpha]pyrene and benz[alpha]anthracene, did not. All 4 noncarcinogenic compounds tested were negative. Possibly this method can be of value as a routine screening test, in combination with other short-term test systems, thus improving the predictive value of screening in vitro with respect to carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Measurement of DNA-excision repair in suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes after exposure to some carcinogenic compounds: its possible use in carcinogenicity screening. When suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to a number of carcinogenic compounds, it was possible to measure an increased UDS by a rapid procedure via liquid-scintillation counting. For a number of carcinogenic compounds and some of their non-carcinogenic structural analogues a good correlation between the carcinogenic property and the ability to induce UDS was demonstrable. Out of 12 carcinogenic compounds, belonging to several different chemical classes, 10 gave rise to an increased UDS, whereas only 2 compounds, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[alpha]pyrene and benz[alpha]anthracene, did not. All 4 noncarcinogenic compounds tested were negative. Possibly this method can be of value as a routine screening test, in combination with other short-term test systems, thus improving the predictive value of screening in vitro with respect to carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 392315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9569", "title": "The mutagenicity of natural products from marine algae.", "content": "5 polyhalogenated hydrocarbon natural products isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium spp. were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames reversion assay. All 5 of the compounds induced revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535, indicating the mutational events involved base substitutions. One of the compounds, designated cross-conjugated ketone, was shown to be almost 200 times more effective as a mutagen than was ethyl methanesulfonate.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of natural products from marine algae. 5 polyhalogenated hydrocarbon natural products isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium spp. were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames reversion assay. All 5 of the compounds induced revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535, indicating the mutational events involved base substitutions. One of the compounds, designated cross-conjugated ketone, was shown to be almost 200 times more effective as a mutagen than was ethyl methanesulfonate.", "PMID": 392317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9570", "title": "Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and azo dyes in Ames' Salmonella typhimurium test.", "content": "23 dyes belonging to different chemical classes--anthraquinones, mono- and bis-azo compounds--were tested for their mutagenic activity on Ames strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 5 dyes induced frameshift mutations.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and azo dyes in Ames' Salmonella typhimurium test. 23 dyes belonging to different chemical classes--anthraquinones, mono- and bis-azo compounds--were tested for their mutagenic activity on Ames strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 5 dyes induced frameshift mutations.", "PMID": 392318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9571", "title": "Mutagenicity and metabolism studies on 12 thiuram and dithiocarbamate compounds used as accelerators in the Swedish rubber industry.", "content": "12 thiuram and dithiocarbamate compounds used in the rubber industry as accelerators, and to some extent as sources of sulfur, were tested, as well as carbon disulfide, a metabolite found in vivo after dithiocarbamate treatment, for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. A mutagenic effect on the base-substitution-sensitive strains TA1535 and TA100 was found for 7 compounds. The most potent directly acting mutagens were: tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram), cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD), also known as Antabus, and carbon disulfide were non-mutagenic. The relatively low direct mutagenic effect of tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM) was enhanced in the presence of a metabolizing system (S9 mix). A hypothesis is given regarding the activation process of the monosulfide TMTM.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and metabolism studies on 12 thiuram and dithiocarbamate compounds used as accelerators in the Swedish rubber industry. 12 thiuram and dithiocarbamate compounds used in the rubber industry as accelerators, and to some extent as sources of sulfur, were tested, as well as carbon disulfide, a metabolite found in vivo after dithiocarbamate treatment, for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. A mutagenic effect on the base-substitution-sensitive strains TA1535 and TA100 was found for 7 compounds. The most potent directly acting mutagens were: tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram), cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate. Tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD), also known as Antabus, and carbon disulfide were non-mutagenic. The relatively low direct mutagenic effect of tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM) was enhanced in the presence of a metabolizing system (S9 mix). A hypothesis is given regarding the activation process of the monosulfide TMTM.", "PMID": 392319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9572", "title": "Effect of thymectomy on tumor development and on T and B lymphocytes in tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "Tumor growth and changes in T and B lymphocyte ratio in spleen, draining lymph node and peripheral blood of thymectomized, irradiated rats, reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow transplanted at various time intervals with MC-1 fibrosarcoma cells were followed. Control nonthymectomized or \"sham\" operated rats were transplanted an equal dose of tumor cells. Thymectomy and irradiation reduced the numbers of T lymphocytes in all lymphoid organs, while the enhanced numbers of B cells are probably related to reconstitution with cells of syngeneic bone marrow. The time interval between thymectomy, irradiation and transplantation of tumor cells proved to be a limiting factor for tumor growth and changes in T and B cell ratio. Early transplantation of tumor cells (7 days after irradiation) resulted in an enhanced resistance to tumor development, a reduced tumor growth rate and a progressing decline in the number of T cells. If the interval between thymectomy and tumor cell transplantation lasted 4 weeks, the T cell population became partially regenerated, and tumors grew progressively in correlation with a continuing T lymphocyte depletion. The results are discussed in terms of the role of various T cell subpopulations and the significance of residual, thymectomy- and irradiation-resistant T lymphocyte population, vital for a preservation of T cell immunological functions.", "contents": "Effect of thymectomy on tumor development and on T and B lymphocytes in tumor-bearing rats. Tumor growth and changes in T and B lymphocyte ratio in spleen, draining lymph node and peripheral blood of thymectomized, irradiated rats, reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow transplanted at various time intervals with MC-1 fibrosarcoma cells were followed. Control nonthymectomized or \"sham\" operated rats were transplanted an equal dose of tumor cells. Thymectomy and irradiation reduced the numbers of T lymphocytes in all lymphoid organs, while the enhanced numbers of B cells are probably related to reconstitution with cells of syngeneic bone marrow. The time interval between thymectomy, irradiation and transplantation of tumor cells proved to be a limiting factor for tumor growth and changes in T and B cell ratio. Early transplantation of tumor cells (7 days after irradiation) resulted in an enhanced resistance to tumor development, a reduced tumor growth rate and a progressing decline in the number of T cells. If the interval between thymectomy and tumor cell transplantation lasted 4 weeks, the T cell population became partially regenerated, and tumors grew progressively in correlation with a continuing T lymphocyte depletion. The results are discussed in terms of the role of various T cell subpopulations and the significance of residual, thymectomy- and irradiation-resistant T lymphocyte population, vital for a preservation of T cell immunological functions.", "PMID": 392324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9573", "title": "T and B lymphocytes of the regional lymph nodes in patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix.", "content": "A comparative study of the peripheral blood and the regional lymph nodes lymphocyte subpopulations at 25 patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix was carried out by non-immune rosettes and immunofluorescence methods. The lymph nodes of ten women not affected with any disease, but operated on the occasion of the traumas were investigated as a control. The patients had a significant reduction of the relative amount of T cells and increase of number of B cells in their lymph nodes as compared with the control group. A significant variability of immune indices of the regional lymph nodes as compared to those of peripheral blood was shown. It was pointed out that the presence of the metastases in the regional lymph nodes is one of the possible reasons of this phenomena. The possible significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes of the regional lymph nodes in patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix. A comparative study of the peripheral blood and the regional lymph nodes lymphocyte subpopulations at 25 patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix was carried out by non-immune rosettes and immunofluorescence methods. The lymph nodes of ten women not affected with any disease, but operated on the occasion of the traumas were investigated as a control. The patients had a significant reduction of the relative amount of T cells and increase of number of B cells in their lymph nodes as compared with the control group. A significant variability of immune indices of the regional lymph nodes as compared to those of peripheral blood was shown. It was pointed out that the presence of the metastases in the regional lymph nodes is one of the possible reasons of this phenomena. The possible significance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 392325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9574", "title": "Cell-mediated immune reactions directed against syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas: low reproducibility of the results obtained with the tube modification of leukocyte adherence inhibition assay.", "content": "The value of the tube modification of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay for assessment of cell-mediated reactions directed against tumor-associated antigens of transplantable MC-induced murine sarcomas was examined. It was established that the adherence of leukocytes isolated from spleens of tumor-bearing mice is specifically inhibited with 3 M KCl extracts of corresponding tumor cells. However, the reproducibility of the results obtained with the tube modification of LAI assay was found to be rather low. Using the same experimental protocol and the same 3 M KCl extracts of the sarcoma and control tissues, significant differences between adherence in tumor specific and control samples were only found in approximately 50% of the experiments.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune reactions directed against syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas: low reproducibility of the results obtained with the tube modification of leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. The value of the tube modification of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay for assessment of cell-mediated reactions directed against tumor-associated antigens of transplantable MC-induced murine sarcomas was examined. It was established that the adherence of leukocytes isolated from spleens of tumor-bearing mice is specifically inhibited with 3 M KCl extracts of corresponding tumor cells. However, the reproducibility of the results obtained with the tube modification of LAI assay was found to be rather low. Using the same experimental protocol and the same 3 M KCl extracts of the sarcoma and control tissues, significant differences between adherence in tumor specific and control samples were only found in approximately 50% of the experiments.", "PMID": 392326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9575", "title": "[Autosensitization of neurosurgical cases by normal brain tissue antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "The leukocyte reactions of 106 neurosurgical cases, including 63 brain tumors, 10 intracerebral hematomas, 10 cerebral infarctions, 10 subarachnoidal hemorrhages, 8 cerebral injuries and 5 chronic subdural hematomas, against the extracts of gliomas and normal brain tissues were tested by capillary migration (LMI) and adherence inhibition (LAI) assays. Both tests showed specific responses with autochthonous and allogeneic glioma extracts in glioma patients. The sensitivity of LAI was superior to that of LMI, although LAI also showed adherence enhancement in the presence of weakly sensitized leukocytes or weak antigenic stimuli. Leukocytes from glioma patients showed positive inhibition with normal brain tissues from patients with glioma and intracerebral hematoma. Positive leukocyte reactions with normal brain tissues were also confirmed in patients with intracerebral hematomas, cerebral infarctions and severe cerebral lacerations, but not in those with subarachnoidal hemorrhages, minor cerebral contusions and chronic subdural hematomas. These results suggest that the leukocytes of patients with destructive brain lesions were autosensitized by normal brain antigens. The autosensitization has some advantages in that destroyed brain tissues are eliminated, but the hyperimmune state might cause postictal brain edema and should be properly controlled by steroids.", "contents": "[Autosensitization of neurosurgical cases by normal brain tissue antigens (author's transl)]. The leukocyte reactions of 106 neurosurgical cases, including 63 brain tumors, 10 intracerebral hematomas, 10 cerebral infarctions, 10 subarachnoidal hemorrhages, 8 cerebral injuries and 5 chronic subdural hematomas, against the extracts of gliomas and normal brain tissues were tested by capillary migration (LMI) and adherence inhibition (LAI) assays. Both tests showed specific responses with autochthonous and allogeneic glioma extracts in glioma patients. The sensitivity of LAI was superior to that of LMI, although LAI also showed adherence enhancement in the presence of weakly sensitized leukocytes or weak antigenic stimuli. Leukocytes from glioma patients showed positive inhibition with normal brain tissues from patients with glioma and intracerebral hematoma. Positive leukocyte reactions with normal brain tissues were also confirmed in patients with intracerebral hematomas, cerebral infarctions and severe cerebral lacerations, but not in those with subarachnoidal hemorrhages, minor cerebral contusions and chronic subdural hematomas. These results suggest that the leukocytes of patients with destructive brain lesions were autosensitized by normal brain antigens. The autosensitization has some advantages in that destroyed brain tissues are eliminated, but the hyperimmune state might cause postictal brain edema and should be properly controlled by steroids.", "PMID": 392328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9576", "title": "Mechanisms of hyperventilation in head injury: case report and review.", "content": "We report the case of a head-injured patient with spontaneous hyperventilation who had recurrent episodes of relative hypoventilation associated with increases in intracranial pressure. Detailed ventilatory studies were performed during the 2nd week after injury. Our findings in this patient prompted us to review the possible mechanisms underlying the observed changes. We suggest that spontaneous hyperventilation in head injury is secondary to a decrease in cortical inhibitory influences on respiratory control mechanisms and that the transient episodes of relative hypoventilation observed in our patient may reflect modified ventilatory responses dependent on the altered state of consciousness. (Neurosurgery, 5: 701--707, 1979).", "contents": "Mechanisms of hyperventilation in head injury: case report and review. We report the case of a head-injured patient with spontaneous hyperventilation who had recurrent episodes of relative hypoventilation associated with increases in intracranial pressure. Detailed ventilatory studies were performed during the 2nd week after injury. Our findings in this patient prompted us to review the possible mechanisms underlying the observed changes. We suggest that spontaneous hyperventilation in head injury is secondary to a decrease in cortical inhibitory influences on respiratory control mechanisms and that the transient episodes of relative hypoventilation observed in our patient may reflect modified ventilatory responses dependent on the altered state of consciousness. (Neurosurgery, 5: 701--707, 1979).", "PMID": 392331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9577", "title": "Spinal metastasis: current status and recommended guidelines for management.", "content": "An overview of the current status of various aspects of spinal metastasis, including pathology, diagnosis, and management is presented. The cell type of the tumor, particularly with reference to its radiosensitivity, seems to be positively correlated with treatment outcome, regardless of the treatment modality. Because pretreatment neurological status also seems to influence prognosis, early identification of spinal involvement in patients at risk is important; therefore, a high index of suspicion in patients known to have cancer is necessary. The most useful warning of impending spinal cord or nerve root compression is spinal or radicular pain, which usually precedes neurological deficit by days to years. An aggressive diagnostic evaluation of pain symptoms is therefore warranted; this should include plain spine films and, in questionable cases, radioisotope bone scan. Myelography should also be considered in any cancer patient with persistent spinal or radicular pain, even in the absence of neurological deficit and certainly if there is any neurological impairment. Therapeutically, radiation and surgery continue as the mainstays of management, whereas steroids and chemotherapy serve as adjuvants. The guidelines for management recommended in this paper are to be viewed as tentative because the ideal treatment for spinal metastasis has not been established. The proposed guidelines are based on an analysis of retrospective studies that suggest that radiotherapy should be the primary mode of treatment and that surgery should be reserved for situations in which radiotherapy fails or where there is bony compression or spinal instability. Cases are presented to illustrate the application of these guidelines. (Neurosurgery, 5: 726--746, 1979).", "contents": "Spinal metastasis: current status and recommended guidelines for management. An overview of the current status of various aspects of spinal metastasis, including pathology, diagnosis, and management is presented. The cell type of the tumor, particularly with reference to its radiosensitivity, seems to be positively correlated with treatment outcome, regardless of the treatment modality. Because pretreatment neurological status also seems to influence prognosis, early identification of spinal involvement in patients at risk is important; therefore, a high index of suspicion in patients known to have cancer is necessary. The most useful warning of impending spinal cord or nerve root compression is spinal or radicular pain, which usually precedes neurological deficit by days to years. An aggressive diagnostic evaluation of pain symptoms is therefore warranted; this should include plain spine films and, in questionable cases, radioisotope bone scan. Myelography should also be considered in any cancer patient with persistent spinal or radicular pain, even in the absence of neurological deficit and certainly if there is any neurological impairment. Therapeutically, radiation and surgery continue as the mainstays of management, whereas steroids and chemotherapy serve as adjuvants. The guidelines for management recommended in this paper are to be viewed as tentative because the ideal treatment for spinal metastasis has not been established. The proposed guidelines are based on an analysis of retrospective studies that suggest that radiotherapy should be the primary mode of treatment and that surgery should be reserved for situations in which radiotherapy fails or where there is bony compression or spinal instability. Cases are presented to illustrate the application of these guidelines. (Neurosurgery, 5: 726--746, 1979).", "PMID": 392332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9578", "title": "Myopathies.", "content": "This paper reviews the recent advances in our knowledge of muscle disease. The use of muscle biopsy for diagnosis is discussed. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of polymyositis/dermatomyositis are considered. The author discusses the clinical patterns, inheritance, and pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophies, especially Duchenne muscular dystrophy; myotonic disorders; glycogen storage diseases; disorders of lipid metabolism; mitochondrial diseases; and congenital muscle diseases. (Neurosurgery, 5: 747--758, 1979).", "contents": "Myopathies. This paper reviews the recent advances in our knowledge of muscle disease. The use of muscle biopsy for diagnosis is discussed. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of polymyositis/dermatomyositis are considered. The author discusses the clinical patterns, inheritance, and pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophies, especially Duchenne muscular dystrophy; myotonic disorders; glycogen storage diseases; disorders of lipid metabolism; mitochondrial diseases; and congenital muscle diseases. (Neurosurgery, 5: 747--758, 1979).", "PMID": 392333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9579", "title": "[Various types of reducing diets].", "content": "It must be readily understood that the only possibility of fighting obesity is by bringing about a reversal in the energy balance so that inputs are smaller than outputs. At least theoretically, then, obesity's special quality is that it does not present any therapeutic problem. Restriction in food intake is currently the treatment of choice; to be effective, food intake must be cut so that the energy provided is below the obese person's daily consumption, on average below 1200 calories per day, while at the same time holding a comparatively high intake of indispensable elements (proteins, vitamins, certain minerals and oligo-elements). The physician has a choice of various possibilities represented by fasting, a variety of free or controlled diets, protein diets or diets with low carbohydrate content and with a variable fat content; dissociated, zig-zag, one food diets etc. Substantially all these tend to limit the total quantity of glycides and boost the feeling of satiety by increasing the total volume of good while keeping total calories unvaried. It is clear that each of them has specific indications and clear-cut contraindications. The aim is to produce a calory shortfall, not cause denutrition. The diet must therefore be suited to the individual directed during subsequent stages of weight loss in relation to the patient's specific requirements (number of meals, etc.).", "contents": "[Various types of reducing diets]. It must be readily understood that the only possibility of fighting obesity is by bringing about a reversal in the energy balance so that inputs are smaller than outputs. At least theoretically, then, obesity's special quality is that it does not present any therapeutic problem. Restriction in food intake is currently the treatment of choice; to be effective, food intake must be cut so that the energy provided is below the obese person's daily consumption, on average below 1200 calories per day, while at the same time holding a comparatively high intake of indispensable elements (proteins, vitamins, certain minerals and oligo-elements). The physician has a choice of various possibilities represented by fasting, a variety of free or controlled diets, protein diets or diets with low carbohydrate content and with a variable fat content; dissociated, zig-zag, one food diets etc. Substantially all these tend to limit the total quantity of glycides and boost the feeling of satiety by increasing the total volume of good while keeping total calories unvaried. It is clear that each of them has specific indications and clear-cut contraindications. The aim is to produce a calory shortfall, not cause denutrition. The diet must therefore be suited to the individual directed during subsequent stages of weight loss in relation to the patient's specific requirements (number of meals, etc.).", "PMID": 392336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9580", "title": "Anti-N in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis: a possible association with renal transplant failure.", "content": "Six patients on regular haemodialysis in the Auckland renal dialysis unit developed the antibody anti-N. All utilised formaldehyde resterilisation dialyser procedures. Four patients with anti-N underwent renal transplantation unsuccessfully. Histological changes were difficult to interpret and could not be closely correlated with serological findings, although vessel thrombi and renal tissue infarcts were seen in some kidneys. It is recommended that renal patients should be screened at 4 degrees C and room temperature for anti-N and that resterilisation of dialysers be carefully controlled. Where transplantation is to be performed in a patient with anti-N, the organ should be warmed and perfused with warm saline prior to grafting.", "contents": "Anti-N in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis: a possible association with renal transplant failure. Six patients on regular haemodialysis in the Auckland renal dialysis unit developed the antibody anti-N. All utilised formaldehyde resterilisation dialyser procedures. Four patients with anti-N underwent renal transplantation unsuccessfully. Histological changes were difficult to interpret and could not be closely correlated with serological findings, although vessel thrombi and renal tissue infarcts were seen in some kidneys. It is recommended that renal patients should be screened at 4 degrees C and room temperature for anti-N and that resterilisation of dialysers be carefully controlled. Where transplantation is to be performed in a patient with anti-N, the organ should be warmed and perfused with warm saline prior to grafting.", "PMID": 392354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9581", "title": "[Results of the radiation therapy of malignant epipharyngeal tumors in 1953-1977].", "content": "134 patients having carcinomas of nasopharynx were treated with megavoltage radiotherapy. Treatment results in relation to histology, stage and tumor dose are reported. Patients with squamous cell carcinomas showed a shorter survival in comparison with tumors of higher sensibility. Patients with smaller tumors survived longer than others in advanced stages and patients who received more than 5000 rads had a better prognosis both in squamous cell carcinomas and tumors of higher sensibility. The value of a combined treatment of radiotherapy with hyperthermia and/or chemotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Results of the radiation therapy of malignant epipharyngeal tumors in 1953-1977]. 134 patients having carcinomas of nasopharynx were treated with megavoltage radiotherapy. Treatment results in relation to histology, stage and tumor dose are reported. Patients with squamous cell carcinomas showed a shorter survival in comparison with tumors of higher sensibility. Patients with smaller tumors survived longer than others in advanced stages and patients who received more than 5000 rads had a better prognosis both in squamous cell carcinomas and tumors of higher sensibility. The value of a combined treatment of radiotherapy with hyperthermia and/or chemotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 392363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9582", "title": "[Double urologic tumors: reduced immunocompetence?].", "content": "55 patients with primary multiple neoplasias underwent immunostaging with determination of the immunoglobulins, B- and T-lymphocyte counting, H3-lymphocyte stimulation (ConA, PWM, PHA) and DNCB-epidermal test. There were no significant differences between the PMN-group and a group of patients with solitary tumors, whereas both cancer patient groups revealed a diminished immunocompetence compared with a non-malignant control group of patients.", "contents": "[Double urologic tumors: reduced immunocompetence?]. 55 patients with primary multiple neoplasias underwent immunostaging with determination of the immunoglobulins, B- and T-lymphocyte counting, H3-lymphocyte stimulation (ConA, PWM, PHA) and DNCB-epidermal test. There were no significant differences between the PMN-group and a group of patients with solitary tumors, whereas both cancer patient groups revealed a diminished immunocompetence compared with a non-malignant control group of patients.", "PMID": 392364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9583", "title": "[Fine needle puncture of mesenchymal malignant growths of the mammary gland].", "content": "From 1967 to 1978 the author made 612 fine needle biopsies of the mamma (415 benignant, 197 malignant cases). Among malignant cases there were 11 primary (2 fusocellular, 1 rotundocellular sarcomas, 1 chondromyxosarcoma, 1 leiomyosarcoma, 1 melanoblastoma, 1 angiosarcoma, 4 malignant cystosarcomas phylloides) and 4 metastatic (1 rotundocellular, 1 reticulocellular, 2 melanoblastomas) sarcomas. The author gives a detailed report on cytomorphology, histology and diagnostical problems of mesenchymal malignomas. He thinks the practical value of fine needle biopsy important in the preoperative diagnostics of sarcomas in the mamma. On the basis of his experiences obtained during years,  he considers it undangerous and recommends its daily use in practice.", "contents": "[Fine needle puncture of mesenchymal malignant growths of the mammary gland]. From 1967 to 1978 the author made 612 fine needle biopsies of the mamma (415 benignant, 197 malignant cases). Among malignant cases there were 11 primary (2 fusocellular, 1 rotundocellular sarcomas, 1 chondromyxosarcoma, 1 leiomyosarcoma, 1 melanoblastoma, 1 angiosarcoma, 4 malignant cystosarcomas phylloides) and 4 metastatic (1 rotundocellular, 1 reticulocellular, 2 melanoblastomas) sarcomas. The author gives a detailed report on cytomorphology, histology and diagnostical problems of mesenchymal malignomas. He thinks the practical value of fine needle biopsy important in the preoperative diagnostics of sarcomas in the mamma. On the basis of his experiences obtained during years,  he considers it undangerous and recommends its daily use in practice.", "PMID": 392365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9584", "title": "[Characterization and comparison of the clinical and morphological changes in adriamycin cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Through comparative clinical and pathological findings a dose-response relationship for the cardiotoxic effect of adriamycine could be proved. A myocardial damage without clinical relation could already be seen at a dose of 125 mg/m2 body surface by patho-histological examination. Therefore, all patients being treated with adriamycine should be regularly and carefully cardiologically supervised in order to avoid an irreversible cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Characterization and comparison of the clinical and morphological changes in adriamycin cardiomyopathy]. Through comparative clinical and pathological findings a dose-response relationship for the cardiotoxic effect of adriamycine could be proved. A myocardial damage without clinical relation could already be seen at a dose of 125 mg/m2 body surface by patho-histological examination. Therefore, all patients being treated with adriamycine should be regularly and carefully cardiologically supervised in order to avoid an irreversible cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 392366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9585", "title": "[What prospects of success does Iscador therapy offer in advanced ovarian cancer?].", "content": "Having established the hypothesis that the carcinostatic effect of Iscador described in the literature and ascertained by own observations should also show in the treatment of carcinoma of the ovary, we compiled all respective cases treated since November 1969 in the Gynecological Ward of the Gemeinn\u00fctziges Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke. The collective consisted of 25 patients with primary neoplasms of the ovary who received post-operative treatment with Iscador. The average age was 50.96 years. 20 women were in the advanced stages III and IV according to FIGO. Five-year survival rates were 100% in stages I and II, 23% in stage III and 0% in stage IV. After establishing best possible congruence, our group of patients was compared with a collective of 22 women with neoplasms of the ovary who had received post-operative treatment with Cytoval. Inspite of less favorable prognostic indicators for the Iscador patients, the latter reached an average survival rate of 16.2 months as compared to 5.2 months in the group treated with Cytoval (ratio 3.1:1). The survival period of Iscador patients in stage III was 4.2 times longer, in stage IV 1.6 times longer than that of the Cytoval patients. The difference is statistically significant (alpha less than 0.018). A comparison of the results of the two collectives shows that Iscador a special preparation of viscum album, is a useful and effective treatment of carcinoma of the ovary, particularly since it usually does not cause serious and undesired side effects. Thus the original working hypothesis was confirmed.", "contents": "[What prospects of success does Iscador therapy offer in advanced ovarian cancer?]. Having established the hypothesis that the carcinostatic effect of Iscador described in the literature and ascertained by own observations should also show in the treatment of carcinoma of the ovary, we compiled all respective cases treated since November 1969 in the Gynecological Ward of the Gemeinn\u00fctziges Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke. The collective consisted of 25 patients with primary neoplasms of the ovary who received post-operative treatment with Iscador. The average age was 50.96 years. 20 women were in the advanced stages III and IV according to FIGO. Five-year survival rates were 100% in stages I and II, 23% in stage III and 0% in stage IV. After establishing best possible congruence, our group of patients was compared with a collective of 22 women with neoplasms of the ovary who had received post-operative treatment with Cytoval. Inspite of less favorable prognostic indicators for the Iscador patients, the latter reached an average survival rate of 16.2 months as compared to 5.2 months in the group treated with Cytoval (ratio 3.1:1). The survival period of Iscador patients in stage III was 4.2 times longer, in stage IV 1.6 times longer than that of the Cytoval patients. The difference is statistically significant (alpha less than 0.018). A comparison of the results of the two collectives shows that Iscador a special preparation of viscum album, is a useful and effective treatment of carcinoma of the ovary, particularly since it usually does not cause serious and undesired side effects. Thus the original working hypothesis was confirmed.", "PMID": 392367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9586", "title": "[Carcinogenic effect of the 3-di-(hydroxymethyl-)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl-)1,2,4-triazines in Panfuran-S on mice].", "content": "The carcinogenic activity of Panfuran-S containing 3-di-(hydroxymethyl-)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl-)1,2,4-triazine (DHNT) orally administered to mice for 35 weeks was studied. DHNT produced malignant tumors of the forestomach in the highest incidence and also, in decreasing order of frequency, of the duodenum and/or jejunum, esophagus and urinary bladder. Forestomach squamous cell carcinomas were produced dose-dependently in mice receiving more than 350 ppm DHNT and rose to 100% in mice receiving 3,500 ppm. The incidence of duodenal and/or jejunal adenocarcinomas were 8 of 28 mice (29%) receiving 1,750 ppm and 10 of 17 mice (59%) receiving 3,500 ppm. The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was 3 of 11 mice (11%) receiving 1,750 ppm and that of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma was 2 of 28 mice (7%) receiving 1,750 ppm and 1 of 17 mice (6%) receiving 3,500 ppm DHNT.", "contents": "[Carcinogenic effect of the 3-di-(hydroxymethyl-)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl-)1,2,4-triazines in Panfuran-S on mice]. The carcinogenic activity of Panfuran-S containing 3-di-(hydroxymethyl-)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl-)1,2,4-triazine (DHNT) orally administered to mice for 35 weeks was studied. DHNT produced malignant tumors of the forestomach in the highest incidence and also, in decreasing order of frequency, of the duodenum and/or jejunum, esophagus and urinary bladder. Forestomach squamous cell carcinomas were produced dose-dependently in mice receiving more than 350 ppm DHNT and rose to 100% in mice receiving 3,500 ppm. The incidence of duodenal and/or jejunal adenocarcinomas were 8 of 28 mice (29%) receiving 1,750 ppm and 10 of 17 mice (59%) receiving 3,500 ppm. The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was 3 of 11 mice (11%) receiving 1,750 ppm and that of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma was 2 of 28 mice (7%) receiving 1,750 ppm and 1 of 17 mice (6%) receiving 3,500 ppm DHNT.", "PMID": 392368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9587", "title": "[Attempt at objectifying the effect of obligatory lymphonodectomy in the context of radical abdominal surgery for cervical cancer].", "content": "An attempt is made to calculate both the primary and secondary effect of obligatory lymphonodectomy in the course of an abdominal radical hysterectomy for cervical uterine carcinoma, attributed to the histological stages Ib, IIa and IIb. Within the period from 1951 to 1972 both effects were intensified by increasing radicalization of lymph node dissection; the quotes of 13.96% and 10.81%, respectively, are as high as the best results reported by CHIEN-TIEN HSU and I. SEN LIU in 1966.", "contents": "[Attempt at objectifying the effect of obligatory lymphonodectomy in the context of radical abdominal surgery for cervical cancer]. An attempt is made to calculate both the primary and secondary effect of obligatory lymphonodectomy in the course of an abdominal radical hysterectomy for cervical uterine carcinoma, attributed to the histological stages Ib, IIa and IIb. Within the period from 1951 to 1972 both effects were intensified by increasing radicalization of lymph node dissection; the quotes of 13.96% and 10.81%, respectively, are as high as the best results reported by CHIEN-TIEN HSU and I. SEN LIU in 1966.", "PMID": 392370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9588", "title": "[High-dosage gestagen treatment in the therapy of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "The results obtained with a new hormonal treatment schedule involving the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate in single and total doses never before used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. The results concern 100 patients, 13 of which in premenopause and 87 in postmenopause stage. 79 patients were treated with a single daily dose of 1500 mg i.m. for 30 days, subdivided into 2 equal doses administered at intervals of 12 hours, while 21 patients were treated with a dose of 2000 mg/day using the same modalities. In the 13 premenopausal patients, complete or partial objective remission was observed in 12/13 (92%) of cases, while the disease advanced in one of the patients (8%). Of the 87 postmenopausal patients, complete or partial objective remission was observed in 40/87 (46%) of cases, minimal remission in 9/87 (10%), while 18/87 (21%) remained stationary. The disease advanced in 20/87 (23%) of patients. In patients where metastasis mainly affected the bones and soft tissues complete or partial remission occurred in 41/52 (79%) of cases. Those where visceral metastasis was prevalent showed remission in 3/33 (9%) of cases. Median duration of remission was 6 months (range: 3--27). A significant reduction of pain was noticed in 68/74 (92%) of cases, of dyspnea in 20/25 (80%), of anorexia in 45/53 (85%), of asthenia in 49/70 (70%) and of restriction of movement in 24/39 (62%). On the basis of the present results, treatment with massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate should be considered: a) as first therapeutic measure in the treatment of postmenopausal patients with prevalent lesions in soft tissues and bones; b) as a subject of a particular study in premenopausal patients with breast cancer in an advanced stage, and c) as a possible alternative to polychemotherapy in the treatment of micrometastasis following mastectomy.", "contents": "[High-dosage gestagen treatment in the therapy of advanced breast cancer]. The results obtained with a new hormonal treatment schedule involving the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate in single and total doses never before used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. The results concern 100 patients, 13 of which in premenopause and 87 in postmenopause stage. 79 patients were treated with a single daily dose of 1500 mg i.m. for 30 days, subdivided into 2 equal doses administered at intervals of 12 hours, while 21 patients were treated with a dose of 2000 mg/day using the same modalities. In the 13 premenopausal patients, complete or partial objective remission was observed in 12/13 (92%) of cases, while the disease advanced in one of the patients (8%). Of the 87 postmenopausal patients, complete or partial objective remission was observed in 40/87 (46%) of cases, minimal remission in 9/87 (10%), while 18/87 (21%) remained stationary. The disease advanced in 20/87 (23%) of patients. In patients where metastasis mainly affected the bones and soft tissues complete or partial remission occurred in 41/52 (79%) of cases. Those where visceral metastasis was prevalent showed remission in 3/33 (9%) of cases. Median duration of remission was 6 months (range: 3--27). A significant reduction of pain was noticed in 68/74 (92%) of cases, of dyspnea in 20/25 (80%), of anorexia in 45/53 (85%), of asthenia in 49/70 (70%) and of restriction of movement in 24/39 (62%). On the basis of the present results, treatment with massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate should be considered: a) as first therapeutic measure in the treatment of postmenopausal patients with prevalent lesions in soft tissues and bones; b) as a subject of a particular study in premenopausal patients with breast cancer in an advanced stage, and c) as a possible alternative to polychemotherapy in the treatment of micrometastasis following mastectomy.", "PMID": 392371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9589", "title": "[Blood histamine level in chronic myeloproliferative diseases; a review].", "content": "Since the discovery of a very high blood histamine level in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) 1936, the author could ascertain that this parameter is very useful in the differential diagnosis between CML and various \"leukemoid\" reactions; in the early diagnosis of CML and in the differential diagnosis between CML and other myeloproliferative disorders. Recent researches proved that no correlation exists between blood histamine level and basophil count in the peripheral blood. Further investigations in this field have to clear up the questions whether it is possible by means of repeated controls of the blood histamine level to predict the development of a polycythemia vera into CML or to establish in a case of osteomyelosclerosis that this disease has been Preceeded by A CML.", "contents": "[Blood histamine level in chronic myeloproliferative diseases; a review]. Since the discovery of a very high blood histamine level in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) 1936, the author could ascertain that this parameter is very useful in the differential diagnosis between CML and various \"leukemoid\" reactions; in the early diagnosis of CML and in the differential diagnosis between CML and other myeloproliferative disorders. Recent researches proved that no correlation exists between blood histamine level and basophil count in the peripheral blood. Further investigations in this field have to clear up the questions whether it is possible by means of repeated controls of the blood histamine level to predict the development of a polycythemia vera into CML or to establish in a case of osteomyelosclerosis that this disease has been Preceeded by A CML.", "PMID": 392372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9590", "title": "[Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in cervical cancer].", "content": "Sera of 120 patients, suffering from cervical cancer (CCa) of different clinical stages (stage 0: n = 27; stage I: n = 29; stage II--IV: n = 64) as well as the sera of 116 healthy individuals as control group were examined for lymphocytoxic antibodies by microlymphocytotoxicity tests, variated in incubation temperatures (15 degress -- 22 degrees -- 37 degrees C) and incubation times (30--180 minutes). At an incubation temperature of 15 degrees C cold reacting lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in 26 patients' sera (21.7%) and in 13 control sera (11.2%). At an incubation temperature of 22 degrees C 36 CCa-sera (30%) were positive in comparison to 11 sera of the control group (9.5%). At an incubation 37 degrees C 40 CCa-sera (33.3%) and 7 control sera (6%) were positive. Relating these results to the clinical stages of the carcinoma, the highest percentage of lymphocytotoxicity was found in the sera of patients with an early stage of the disease. Increased evidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of patients with cervical carcinoma supports the assumption, that various immune reactions may be involved in this disease.", "contents": "[Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in cervical cancer]. Sera of 120 patients, suffering from cervical cancer (CCa) of different clinical stages (stage 0: n = 27; stage I: n = 29; stage II--IV: n = 64) as well as the sera of 116 healthy individuals as control group were examined for lymphocytoxic antibodies by microlymphocytotoxicity tests, variated in incubation temperatures (15 degress -- 22 degrees -- 37 degrees C) and incubation times (30--180 minutes). At an incubation temperature of 15 degrees C cold reacting lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in 26 patients' sera (21.7%) and in 13 control sera (11.2%). At an incubation temperature of 22 degrees C 36 CCa-sera (30%) were positive in comparison to 11 sera of the control group (9.5%). At an incubation 37 degrees C 40 CCa-sera (33.3%) and 7 control sera (6%) were positive. Relating these results to the clinical stages of the carcinoma, the highest percentage of lymphocytotoxicity was found in the sera of patients with an early stage of the disease. Increased evidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of patients with cervical carcinoma supports the assumption, that various immune reactions may be involved in this disease.", "PMID": 392373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9591", "title": "[Therapy results in hairy cell leukemia].", "content": "20 patients with hairy cell leukemia were treated between 1966 and 1978. All modalities of treatment for lymphoproliferative disorders have been used in at least some patients. Besides prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and their combinations as well as irradiation of enlarged spleens, cell depletion was achieved by splenectomy and leukapheresis. Cytostatics had no beneficial effect. Cytostatic therapy exposed some patients to the hazards of severe infections. On the contrary splenectomy lead to the improvement of some blood parameters. Leukapheresis seemed to work nearly identically. The survival of the splenectomized patients was longer than of controls. Because of the variability of the duration of the disease no definite statement could be made concerning the survival of both groups. 12 patients died during the observation period. Splenectomy was followed by one death, 11 patients died of septicemia.", "contents": "[Therapy results in hairy cell leukemia]. 20 patients with hairy cell leukemia were treated between 1966 and 1978. All modalities of treatment for lymphoproliferative disorders have been used in at least some patients. Besides prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and their combinations as well as irradiation of enlarged spleens, cell depletion was achieved by splenectomy and leukapheresis. Cytostatics had no beneficial effect. Cytostatic therapy exposed some patients to the hazards of severe infections. On the contrary splenectomy lead to the improvement of some blood parameters. Leukapheresis seemed to work nearly identically. The survival of the splenectomized patients was longer than of controls. Because of the variability of the duration of the disease no definite statement could be made concerning the survival of both groups. 12 patients died during the observation period. Splenectomy was followed by one death, 11 patients died of septicemia.", "PMID": 392374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9592", "title": "[Effectiveness of gnotobiotic measures in the treatment of acute leukemia: the results of a prospective randomized clinical study].", "content": "60 adult patients with acute leukemia (AL) previously untreated or in relapse received induction chemotherapy with different types of supportive care. Group A was decontaminated by nonabsorbable antibiotics in strict reverse isolation, group B was isolated only and group C was treated under routine hospital conditions. There were less infections in group A and B compared with group C. 76% of patients in group A achieved remission, in contrast to 57% in group B and 59% in group C. Late evaluation three years after termination of the study showed that all patients were dead except four patients being in first remission after discontinuation of maintenance treatment. Three patients were treated in group A, one patient in group C. However, the differences of survival and remission rates were not significant. Failure to demonstrate significant advantage of isolation and decontamination in treatment of AL was caused by insufficient suppression of microbes by the applied antimicrobial measures. Thus, it is suggested to investigate better antimicrobial treatment before gnotobiotic care is accepted as routine supportive treatment in AL.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of gnotobiotic measures in the treatment of acute leukemia: the results of a prospective randomized clinical study]. 60 adult patients with acute leukemia (AL) previously untreated or in relapse received induction chemotherapy with different types of supportive care. Group A was decontaminated by nonabsorbable antibiotics in strict reverse isolation, group B was isolated only and group C was treated under routine hospital conditions. There were less infections in group A and B compared with group C. 76% of patients in group A achieved remission, in contrast to 57% in group B and 59% in group C. Late evaluation three years after termination of the study showed that all patients were dead except four patients being in first remission after discontinuation of maintenance treatment. Three patients were treated in group A, one patient in group C. However, the differences of survival and remission rates were not significant. Failure to demonstrate significant advantage of isolation and decontamination in treatment of AL was caused by insufficient suppression of microbes by the applied antimicrobial measures. Thus, it is suggested to investigate better antimicrobial treatment before gnotobiotic care is accepted as routine supportive treatment in AL.", "PMID": 392375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9593", "title": "[Perioperative behavior of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (DHK-PGF2 alpha) in the serum in bronchial cancer].", "content": "The perioperative behaviour of PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha was studied in peripheral blood of patients undergoing lung surgery. The measurement of prostaglandins was performed by RIA after an extraction procedure. Common control criteria were observed. In 39 patients blood sampling was performed preoperatively and 2 weeks postoperatively. PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha were significantly elevated in 8 patients with lung cancer before the operation. Postoperatively the concentrations decreased; 2 weeks later, DHK-PGF2 alpha was still slightly increased, PGE2 had normalized. 9 patients suffering from tuberculosis had normal serum concentrations of PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha before and after resection procedures. In 8 cases the resection of benign lung diseases did not cause any abnormal reactions. In 2 special groups blood sampling was performed the following way: in 4 cancer patients and 3 tuberculosis patients blood was collected preoperatively, 5 times in the first hour after lung resection and 1 day and 2 weeks after operation. It could be demonstrated that PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha almost completely normalized within the first postoperative hour in cancer patients, whereas no significant alterations could be found in tuberculosis. After discussion of technical problems in the measurement of prostaglandins the alterations of PG concentrations after lung cancer resection are emphasized.", "contents": "[Perioperative behavior of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (DHK-PGF2 alpha) in the serum in bronchial cancer]. The perioperative behaviour of PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha was studied in peripheral blood of patients undergoing lung surgery. The measurement of prostaglandins was performed by RIA after an extraction procedure. Common control criteria were observed. In 39 patients blood sampling was performed preoperatively and 2 weeks postoperatively. PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha were significantly elevated in 8 patients with lung cancer before the operation. Postoperatively the concentrations decreased; 2 weeks later, DHK-PGF2 alpha was still slightly increased, PGE2 had normalized. 9 patients suffering from tuberculosis had normal serum concentrations of PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha before and after resection procedures. In 8 cases the resection of benign lung diseases did not cause any abnormal reactions. In 2 special groups blood sampling was performed the following way: in 4 cancer patients and 3 tuberculosis patients blood was collected preoperatively, 5 times in the first hour after lung resection and 1 day and 2 weeks after operation. It could be demonstrated that PGE2 and DHK-PGF2 alpha almost completely normalized within the first postoperative hour in cancer patients, whereas no significant alterations could be found in tuberculosis. After discussion of technical problems in the measurement of prostaglandins the alterations of PG concentrations after lung cancer resection are emphasized.", "PMID": 392376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9594", "title": "[Monochemotherapeutic treatment of advanced stage III and IV ovarian cancer].", "content": "45 patients with ovarian cancer stage III and IV were treated with melphalan, which was injected intravenously over a time period of six hours. None of the patients had been treated previously with chemotherapeutic drugs. 30 of the patients suffered from ovarian cancer stage III, and 17 of this group went into remission which in three cases lasted longer than twelve months. Six of 15 patients suffering from stage IV ovarian cancer went into remission as well. In comparing monochemotherapy with polychemotherapy, which is applied intravenously as well over a much longer time interval we found approximately the same remission rate. Because of the lower toxicity in the treatment with melphalan and the short period of application, there is a significant advantage to using monochemotherapy rather than polychemotherapy for stage III and IV ovarian cancer.", "contents": "[Monochemotherapeutic treatment of advanced stage III and IV ovarian cancer]. 45 patients with ovarian cancer stage III and IV were treated with melphalan, which was injected intravenously over a time period of six hours. None of the patients had been treated previously with chemotherapeutic drugs. 30 of the patients suffered from ovarian cancer stage III, and 17 of this group went into remission which in three cases lasted longer than twelve months. Six of 15 patients suffering from stage IV ovarian cancer went into remission as well. In comparing monochemotherapy with polychemotherapy, which is applied intravenously as well over a much longer time interval we found approximately the same remission rate. Because of the lower toxicity in the treatment with melphalan and the short period of application, there is a significant advantage to using monochemotherapy rather than polychemotherapy for stage III and IV ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 392377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9595", "title": "[Epidemiology of ovarian cancer].", "content": "At the Gynecological University Hospital in Marburg/Lahn, 190 women with cancer of the ovary who had been under clinical treatment from 1962--July 1976 were studied epidemiologically. Special risk factors which seem to predispose to the development of cancer of the ovary were determined. Higher social standing, having no children or having born more than four children, a shortened menarche-menopause interval, having had radiation of the pelvis, as well as having had an appendectomy seem to be factors overrepresented among cancer patients in Marburg. More patients had blood group A and fewer had blood group O than would be expected from the distribution in the population as a whole. Polyps of the corpus uteri were often seen to precede cancer of the ovary. Diabetes mellitus, adiposity, hypertension and varicosis were frequent accompanying diseases. Many patients had a fmily history of cancer.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of ovarian cancer]. At the Gynecological University Hospital in Marburg/Lahn, 190 women with cancer of the ovary who had been under clinical treatment from 1962--July 1976 were studied epidemiologically. Special risk factors which seem to predispose to the development of cancer of the ovary were determined. Higher social standing, having no children or having born more than four children, a shortened menarche-menopause interval, having had radiation of the pelvis, as well as having had an appendectomy seem to be factors overrepresented among cancer patients in Marburg. More patients had blood group A and fewer had blood group O than would be expected from the distribution in the population as a whole. Polyps of the corpus uteri were often seen to precede cancer of the ovary. Diabetes mellitus, adiposity, hypertension and varicosis were frequent accompanying diseases. Many patients had a fmily history of cancer.", "PMID": 392379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9596", "title": "[Social class and bronchial cancer: the social structure in comparison to the total population].", "content": "400 male lung cancer patients were analysed according to their social class distribution and compared with the relevant age group of the Austrian population. There are significantly more lower class people among lung cancer patients than in the general population. The higher lung cancer risk in lower social classes, therefore, may be associated with social factors. These may influence smoking habits, the main cause of lung cancer: lower class people are more often cigarette smokers, less exsmokers and prefere high tar cigarettes.", "contents": "[Social class and bronchial cancer: the social structure in comparison to the total population]. 400 male lung cancer patients were analysed according to their social class distribution and compared with the relevant age group of the Austrian population. There are significantly more lower class people among lung cancer patients than in the general population. The higher lung cancer risk in lower social classes, therefore, may be associated with social factors. These may influence smoking habits, the main cause of lung cancer: lower class people are more often cigarette smokers, less exsmokers and prefere high tar cigarettes.", "PMID": 392380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9597", "title": "[Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Austria].", "content": "In cooperation with the Austrian National Institute for Statistics the incidence rates of cancer of the cervix uteri in Austria in the period of 1971--1975 were investigated. Not only the different federal countries but also the political districts were concerned by this study. The main findings were a relative high rate of women less than 40 years of age and severe regional differences. Problems in the registration of incidence rates of cancer are pointed out.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Austria]. In cooperation with the Austrian National Institute for Statistics the incidence rates of cancer of the cervix uteri in Austria in the period of 1971--1975 were investigated. Not only the different federal countries but also the political districts were concerned by this study. The main findings were a relative high rate of women less than 40 years of age and severe regional differences. Problems in the registration of incidence rates of cancer are pointed out.", "PMID": 392381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9598", "title": "[Papillomatous changes in the cervix uteri].", "content": "A case of condyloma acuminatum of the uterine cervix and a case of papilloma on the cervix with concomitant adenocarcinoma of the cervix are described. The diagnostic biopsy revealed only the papillomatous lesion, whereas the adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in the surgical specimen after hysterectomy. Referring to the studies of Meisels et al. on condylomatous lesions of the cervix, the possible frequent incidence of this cervical lesion and its role as one possible first step in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer are discussed. The in toto excision is recommended because of diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. Clinical, colposcopic and cytologic check-up has to be done carefully for years after primary treatment.", "contents": "[Papillomatous changes in the cervix uteri]. A case of condyloma acuminatum of the uterine cervix and a case of papilloma on the cervix with concomitant adenocarcinoma of the cervix are described. The diagnostic biopsy revealed only the papillomatous lesion, whereas the adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in the surgical specimen after hysterectomy. Referring to the studies of Meisels et al. on condylomatous lesions of the cervix, the possible frequent incidence of this cervical lesion and its role as one possible first step in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer are discussed. The in toto excision is recommended because of diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. Clinical, colposcopic and cytologic check-up has to be done carefully for years after primary treatment.", "PMID": 392382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9599", "title": "[Treatment procrastination time in breast cancer and personality structure].", "content": "Sixty patients with mammary cancer were studied in order to determine whether a connection between the tendency to delay medical treatment and a neurotic personality structure exists. The results are based on different personality factors that were investigated by means of the 16-PF test by Cattell. It could be shown that for patients who had delayed treatment (D2) the personality traits \"limited inner tension\" and \"slightly inhibited\" were present. On the other hand patients who had not delayed treatment (K1) displayed the personality traits \"higher inner tension\" and \"free of inhibitions\".", "contents": "[Treatment procrastination time in breast cancer and personality structure]. Sixty patients with mammary cancer were studied in order to determine whether a connection between the tendency to delay medical treatment and a neurotic personality structure exists. The results are based on different personality factors that were investigated by means of the 16-PF test by Cattell. It could be shown that for patients who had delayed treatment (D2) the personality traits \"limited inner tension\" and \"slightly inhibited\" were present. On the other hand patients who had not delayed treatment (K1) displayed the personality traits \"higher inner tension\" and \"free of inhibitions\".", "PMID": 392383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9600", "title": "[Colorectal cancer].", "content": "Incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing during the last years. 5% of the population get affected. From these a group of patients with a higher carcinoma risk must be separated: that with adenomas, familial polyposis and ulcerative colitis. Nourishment seems to be one of the main factors for the development of cancer. Although all important principles of radical surgery are realized, this 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer is less than 40%. Prophylaxis, early diagnosis and the effect of irradiation and drug therapy must improve the relatively poor prognosis of colorectal cancer, which has reached in Germany the highest mortality and even -- with the exception of skin cancer -- the highest morbidity of all malignant neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "[Colorectal cancer]. Incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing during the last years. 5% of the population get affected. From these a group of patients with a higher carcinoma risk must be separated: that with adenomas, familial polyposis and ulcerative colitis. Nourishment seems to be one of the main factors for the development of cancer. Although all important principles of radical surgery are realized, this 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer is less than 40%. Prophylaxis, early diagnosis and the effect of irradiation and drug therapy must improve the relatively poor prognosis of colorectal cancer, which has reached in Germany the highest mortality and even -- with the exception of skin cancer -- the highest morbidity of all malignant neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 392384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9601", "title": "[Neuroblastoma sympathicum problem: our own experiences with 10 neuroblastoma patients].", "content": "Special problems of neuroblastoma sympathicum are being demonstrated by means of 10 cases. Although in the past 20 years therapy ahs been improved considerably, the 2-year survival rate in 35--40% was hardly increased. Three children are specially presented: case I with myoclonus encephalopathy, case II with spontaneous regression and case III, where therapy was carried through by radical surgery. Various possible causes of myoclonus encephalopathy are being discussed and, regarding prognosis, assessed favourably. Several samples of excision should be required, since the tumor substance varies histologically. It is further reported about immunological phenomena. We point out especially that, if a tumor is manifested in a child under one year of age, the prospect is very good. The tumor should be excised by radical surgery, and, if vital structures are included, a resection en bloc might be necessary, with re-implantation of important blood vessels. Favourable factors with regard to prognosis are being counted up. Therapy should be carried out individually, depending on a low risk or high risk case.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma sympathicum problem: our own experiences with 10 neuroblastoma patients]. Special problems of neuroblastoma sympathicum are being demonstrated by means of 10 cases. Although in the past 20 years therapy ahs been improved considerably, the 2-year survival rate in 35--40% was hardly increased. Three children are specially presented: case I with myoclonus encephalopathy, case II with spontaneous regression and case III, where therapy was carried through by radical surgery. Various possible causes of myoclonus encephalopathy are being discussed and, regarding prognosis, assessed favourably. Several samples of excision should be required, since the tumor substance varies histologically. It is further reported about immunological phenomena. We point out especially that, if a tumor is manifested in a child under one year of age, the prospect is very good. The tumor should be excised by radical surgery, and, if vital structures are included, a resection en bloc might be necessary, with re-implantation of important blood vessels. Favourable factors with regard to prognosis are being counted up. Therapy should be carried out individually, depending on a low risk or high risk case.", "PMID": 392385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9602", "title": "[Has the calculation of the rate of tumor growth clinical significance?].", "content": "In 142 circular lung foci of 78 patients we determined the tumor doubling times (13 bronchial carcinomas, 7 benign pulmonary tumors, and 122 pulmonary metastases). They fluctuated between + 12 and + 8,863 days of tumor growth and a diminuation of -1,810 days of half-life. 44% of all pulmonary metastases doubled their volumes within 60 to 250 days. During the observation period the times of tumor growth varied not only in different pulmonary metastases of the same patient, but also in solitary circular lung foci of the same person considerably. There is no connexion between tumor doubling time and histological tumor type as well as the interval between surgery of the primary tumor and occurrence of pulmonary metastases. Though we found in patients of 10 to 30 years of age only quickly growing pulmonary metastases with a tumor doubling time of less than 60 days a corrlation between time of tumor growth and age could not be proved. By the determination of the tumor doubling time neither binding statements on the nature of a circular lung focus can be made nor clinical consequences for diagnostics or therapy be drawn.", "contents": "[Has the calculation of the rate of tumor growth clinical significance?]. In 142 circular lung foci of 78 patients we determined the tumor doubling times (13 bronchial carcinomas, 7 benign pulmonary tumors, and 122 pulmonary metastases). They fluctuated between + 12 and + 8,863 days of tumor growth and a diminuation of -1,810 days of half-life. 44% of all pulmonary metastases doubled their volumes within 60 to 250 days. During the observation period the times of tumor growth varied not only in different pulmonary metastases of the same patient, but also in solitary circular lung foci of the same person considerably. There is no connexion between tumor doubling time and histological tumor type as well as the interval between surgery of the primary tumor and occurrence of pulmonary metastases. Though we found in patients of 10 to 30 years of age only quickly growing pulmonary metastases with a tumor doubling time of less than 60 days a corrlation between time of tumor growth and age could not be proved. By the determination of the tumor doubling time neither binding statements on the nature of a circular lung focus can be made nor clinical consequences for diagnostics or therapy be drawn.", "PMID": 392386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9603", "title": "A review of one thousand cases of intracapsular cataract extraction: I. Complications.", "content": "A comprehensive review of 1,000 cases of intracapsular cataract extraction in the hands of a single surgeon was undertaken. Eyes with identifiable pathology in addition to cataract noted prior to surgery have an increased incidence of complications. Eyes operated at a younger age have an increased incidence of inadvertent extracapsular extraction, vitreous loss, flat anterior chamber, conjunctival bleb formation, and retinal detachment. Adoption of cryosurgery for lens removal reduced the incidence of inadvertent extracapsular extraction in eyes predisposed to complication. The use of monofilament nylon suture in a continuous closure reduced the incidence of bleb formation and eliminated the necessity for re-operation for complications of wound closure.", "contents": "A review of one thousand cases of intracapsular cataract extraction: I. Complications. A comprehensive review of 1,000 cases of intracapsular cataract extraction in the hands of a single surgeon was undertaken. Eyes with identifiable pathology in addition to cataract noted prior to surgery have an increased incidence of complications. Eyes operated at a younger age have an increased incidence of inadvertent extracapsular extraction, vitreous loss, flat anterior chamber, conjunctival bleb formation, and retinal detachment. Adoption of cryosurgery for lens removal reduced the incidence of inadvertent extracapsular extraction in eyes predisposed to complication. The use of monofilament nylon suture in a continuous closure reduced the incidence of bleb formation and eliminated the necessity for re-operation for complications of wound closure.", "PMID": 392387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9604", "title": "A review of one thousand cases of intracapsular cataract extraction: II. Visual results and astigmatic analysis.", "content": "A review of 1,000 cases of intracapsular cataract extraction revealed that in eyes in which no factor predisposed to complication, the early visual results were equal to or better than 20/40 in 97% of the cases. Complications of surgery in this group accounted for decreased visual acuity in only 1.7% of the eyes. In the group of patients with high myopia, previous surgery, known corneal disease, or some other factor thought to predispose to a complication, the visual acuity was equal to or better than 20/40 in only 74% of the cases, most of the decrease being due to preexisting factors within the eye rather than complications themselves. In the first group, the total amount of astigmatism produced by all the suturing techniques reviewed was similar. With interrupted suturing techniques, the axis of the correcting cylinder was more often against the rule while continuous closures with monofilament nylon more frequently produced with the rule astigmatism.", "contents": "A review of one thousand cases of intracapsular cataract extraction: II. Visual results and astigmatic analysis. A review of 1,000 cases of intracapsular cataract extraction revealed that in eyes in which no factor predisposed to complication, the early visual results were equal to or better than 20/40 in 97% of the cases. Complications of surgery in this group accounted for decreased visual acuity in only 1.7% of the eyes. In the group of patients with high myopia, previous surgery, known corneal disease, or some other factor thought to predispose to a complication, the visual acuity was equal to or better than 20/40 in only 74% of the cases, most of the decrease being due to preexisting factors within the eye rather than complications themselves. In the first group, the total amount of astigmatism produced by all the suturing techniques reviewed was similar. With interrupted suturing techniques, the axis of the correcting cylinder was more often against the rule while continuous closures with monofilament nylon more frequently produced with the rule astigmatism.", "PMID": 392388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9605", "title": "Evaluation of infants and children for kidney disease.", "content": "An attempt is being made to provide a logical framework for the differential diagnosis of kidney disease in children. The process is facilitated by the fact that the starting points heralding renal disease are rather limited, the great majority of the conditions presenting themselves as one of five signs or five syndromes. Within each of these categories a sequential approach permits passage from the most common diseases and innocuous methods of clinical investigation to more esoteric entities and invasive techniques.", "contents": "Evaluation of infants and children for kidney disease. An attempt is being made to provide a logical framework for the differential diagnosis of kidney disease in children. The process is facilitated by the fact that the starting points heralding renal disease are rather limited, the great majority of the conditions presenting themselves as one of five signs or five syndromes. Within each of these categories a sequential approach permits passage from the most common diseases and innocuous methods of clinical investigation to more esoteric entities and invasive techniques.", "PMID": 392402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9606", "title": "Hematuria in children.", "content": "Hematuria is the most common sign of renal lesions in childhood. Most common renal causes are glomerulonephritis, Alport's syndrome and IgA mesangiopathy. Urological and systemic causes are less frequently seen. Diagnostic approach focuses on the clinical presentation of hematuria: gross or microscopic, and accompanying signs or symptoms. Monosymptomatic hematuria causes are variable in each age group. Prognosis of cases with hematuria depends upon the cause.", "contents": "Hematuria in children. Hematuria is the most common sign of renal lesions in childhood. Most common renal causes are glomerulonephritis, Alport's syndrome and IgA mesangiopathy. Urological and systemic causes are less frequently seen. Diagnostic approach focuses on the clinical presentation of hematuria: gross or microscopic, and accompanying signs or symptoms. Monosymptomatic hematuria causes are variable in each age group. Prognosis of cases with hematuria depends upon the cause.", "PMID": 392403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9607", "title": "Hypertension in children.", "content": "This article is a review of current concepts on hypertension in children and adolescents. It discusses the importance of recording blood pressure in childhood, the epidemiologic and etiologic aspects of hypertension, the diagnostic procedures, and finally the approach to therapy.", "contents": "Hypertension in children. This article is a review of current concepts on hypertension in children and adolescents. It discusses the importance of recording blood pressure in childhood, the epidemiologic and etiologic aspects of hypertension, the diagnostic procedures, and finally the approach to therapy.", "PMID": 392404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9608", "title": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A review of recent developments.", "content": "This revision is concerned with controversial aspects of the etiopathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and with recently published clinical, serologic, immunohistologic and prognostic data. The putative nephritogenic antigens in group A streptococcus are discussed and the pathogenetic alternatives of exogenous (streptococcal) versus autologous (streptococcal-induced) immune complex (IC) disease are analyzed. The possible role of antiglobulins is reviewed in the light of the work that shows high titers of rheumatoid factor activity in the serum, as early as the first day of clinical APSGN, and glomerular-fixed anti-IgG in the biopsies of these patients. Circulating IC have been documented to be more frequent in the first week of the disease (2/3 of patients) that at a later date. Cryoglobulins are present in most cases tested in the first week, and elevation of serum IgG and IgM levels is found in over 90% of the patients. From the immunohistologic viewpoint, emphasis is made in recent work indicating IgG localization in the dermal papillae of uninvolved skin, which may be of potential diagnostic significance. Review of the published data on the prognosis of APSGN suggest that this issue is far from settled. Attention is called to the fact that the conflicting opinions may reflect different interpretations of possibly not too different data.", "contents": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A review of recent developments. This revision is concerned with controversial aspects of the etiopathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and with recently published clinical, serologic, immunohistologic and prognostic data. The putative nephritogenic antigens in group A streptococcus are discussed and the pathogenetic alternatives of exogenous (streptococcal) versus autologous (streptococcal-induced) immune complex (IC) disease are analyzed. The possible role of antiglobulins is reviewed in the light of the work that shows high titers of rheumatoid factor activity in the serum, as early as the first day of clinical APSGN, and glomerular-fixed anti-IgG in the biopsies of these patients. Circulating IC have been documented to be more frequent in the first week of the disease (2/3 of patients) that at a later date. Cryoglobulins are present in most cases tested in the first week, and elevation of serum IgG and IgM levels is found in over 90% of the patients. From the immunohistologic viewpoint, emphasis is made in recent work indicating IgG localization in the dermal papillae of uninvolved skin, which may be of potential diagnostic significance. Review of the published data on the prognosis of APSGN suggest that this issue is far from settled. Attention is called to the fact that the conflicting opinions may reflect different interpretations of possibly not too different data.", "PMID": 392405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9609", "title": "Clinicopathologic correlations in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The wide utilization of renal biopsy and the introduction of electron microscopic and immunohistologic methods has allowed better definition of the clinico-pathological conditions associated with the nephrotic syndrome (NS). Two major categories of facts can be differentiated. In the first one, diffuse lesions of glomeruli, either secondary to specific diseases, or apparently primary diseases such as membranous or membrano-proliferative glomerulonephropathy (GN) are responsible for the increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. In most of these, there is evidence that immunological mechanisms play a role in the injury of the glomerular capillary. Any of the following clinical symptoms are suggestive of this category of NS: an acute nephritic onset, a moderate NS, macroscopic hematuria, marked hypertension and/or renal insufficiency, poorly selective proteinuria and decreased plasma C3 levels. Patients affected with any of these glomerulopathies usually do not respond to steroids. In the second one, usually referred to as the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) the mechanism of glomerular capillary alteration is unknown and the nephrotic syndrome is more marked. Minimal change NS (MCNS) accounts for the great majority of INS and is characterized in most cases by a selective proteinuria, the absence of hematuria, a good response to steroids and a good prognosis. However, in some instances, renal biopsy reveals either diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) or focal glomerular sclerosis (which may be superimposed on MCNS or on DMP). In both instances, hematuria may be present and 50--75% of patients do not respond to steroids and have a poor prognosis. There is still considerable controversy about the exact relationship between these 3 patterns. We believe that they are not distinct entities but represent variants of the same disease. In addition to these 2 major categories of NS, there are, in infancy, 2 conditions associated with a NS of poor prognosis: congenital NS of Finnish type and infantile mesangial sclerosis. Since steroid-sensitive nephrosis is by far the commonest cause of NS especially in young children up to 8 years, a renal biopsy should be performed only in 2 instances: (a) when the clinical symptoms suggest diffuse glomerular lesions, and (b) when steroid resistance has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic correlations in the nephrotic syndrome. The wide utilization of renal biopsy and the introduction of electron microscopic and immunohistologic methods has allowed better definition of the clinico-pathological conditions associated with the nephrotic syndrome (NS). Two major categories of facts can be differentiated. In the first one, diffuse lesions of glomeruli, either secondary to specific diseases, or apparently primary diseases such as membranous or membrano-proliferative glomerulonephropathy (GN) are responsible for the increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. In most of these, there is evidence that immunological mechanisms play a role in the injury of the glomerular capillary. Any of the following clinical symptoms are suggestive of this category of NS: an acute nephritic onset, a moderate NS, macroscopic hematuria, marked hypertension and/or renal insufficiency, poorly selective proteinuria and decreased plasma C3 levels. Patients affected with any of these glomerulopathies usually do not respond to steroids. In the second one, usually referred to as the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) the mechanism of glomerular capillary alteration is unknown and the nephrotic syndrome is more marked. Minimal change NS (MCNS) accounts for the great majority of INS and is characterized in most cases by a selective proteinuria, the absence of hematuria, a good response to steroids and a good prognosis. However, in some instances, renal biopsy reveals either diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) or focal glomerular sclerosis (which may be superimposed on MCNS or on DMP). In both instances, hematuria may be present and 50--75% of patients do not respond to steroids and have a poor prognosis. There is still considerable controversy about the exact relationship between these 3 patterns. We believe that they are not distinct entities but represent variants of the same disease. In addition to these 2 major categories of NS, there are, in infancy, 2 conditions associated with a NS of poor prognosis: congenital NS of Finnish type and infantile mesangial sclerosis. Since steroid-sensitive nephrosis is by far the commonest cause of NS especially in young children up to 8 years, a renal biopsy should be performed only in 2 instances: (a) when the clinical symptoms suggest diffuse glomerular lesions, and (b) when steroid resistance has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 392406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9610", "title": "The complement system in pediatric renal disease.", "content": "A brief review of the classical and the alternative pathways of complement activation is presented. Clinically, according to the complement system, we can divide the children with glomerulonephritis into two groups, normocomplementemic and hypocomplementemic. In addition, inherited complement deficiencies can be identified associated with renal diseases. We discuss the three possible sources of complement in urine, although more control studies are necessary in patients with different causes of proteinuria in order to define the clinical significance of complementuria. The immunohistological results of glomerular nephritic biopsy material by the fluorescence antibody technique is analyzed with respect to clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the treatment. The nature of C3NeF as an antibody to factor B-C3 complex is demonstrated by different groups and in different diseases. Finally, the presence of a receptor for complement in the glomerulus, is explained in human disease by the deposition of immune complexes into the renal glomeruli.", "contents": "The complement system in pediatric renal disease. A brief review of the classical and the alternative pathways of complement activation is presented. Clinically, according to the complement system, we can divide the children with glomerulonephritis into two groups, normocomplementemic and hypocomplementemic. In addition, inherited complement deficiencies can be identified associated with renal diseases. We discuss the three possible sources of complement in urine, although more control studies are necessary in patients with different causes of proteinuria in order to define the clinical significance of complementuria. The immunohistological results of glomerular nephritic biopsy material by the fluorescence antibody technique is analyzed with respect to clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the treatment. The nature of C3NeF as an antibody to factor B-C3 complex is demonstrated by different groups and in different diseases. Finally, the presence of a receptor for complement in the glomerulus, is explained in human disease by the deposition of immune complexes into the renal glomeruli.", "PMID": 392407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9611", "title": "Immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis in children.", "content": "There is good, controlled evidence which suggests that cyclophosphamide, and perhaps related drugs, have a definite role in the treatment of nephrotic children with the minimal change lesion. This role is one of secondary treatment, and the drugs should not be used as a first line of attack; they should be employed only when corticosteroid resistance or toxicity is a problem. In a few patients, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine may have a role in minimising corticosteroid toxicity, but the remission induced in relapsing children is no more durable than that after corticosteroids. Chlorambucil must be given in doses, and for periods long enough to run the risk of neoplasia, particularly leukaemia; there does not appear to be a place for its use in nephrotic children unless the duration of remission can be shown to be longer than that obtainable with cyclophosphamide. There is no evidence that any immunosuppressive agent has a place in the management of children with idiopathic glomerular disease showing structural alterations in the glomeruli. Children with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis may benefit from the addition of cytotoxic agents to their corticosteroid regime, although the indications for this are not clear, and controlled evidence is lacking.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis in children. There is good, controlled evidence which suggests that cyclophosphamide, and perhaps related drugs, have a definite role in the treatment of nephrotic children with the minimal change lesion. This role is one of secondary treatment, and the drugs should not be used as a first line of attack; they should be employed only when corticosteroid resistance or toxicity is a problem. In a few patients, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine may have a role in minimising corticosteroid toxicity, but the remission induced in relapsing children is no more durable than that after corticosteroids. Chlorambucil must be given in doses, and for periods long enough to run the risk of neoplasia, particularly leukaemia; there does not appear to be a place for its use in nephrotic children unless the duration of remission can be shown to be longer than that obtainable with cyclophosphamide. There is no evidence that any immunosuppressive agent has a place in the management of children with idiopathic glomerular disease showing structural alterations in the glomeruli. Children with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis may benefit from the addition of cytotoxic agents to their corticosteroid regime, although the indications for this are not clear, and controlled evidence is lacking.", "PMID": 392408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9612", "title": "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome.", "content": "The haemolytic uraemic syndrome is an acute illness characterised by the occurrence of renal injury, haemolytic anaemia with red cell fragmentation and thrombocytopenia. Haemorrhagic diathesis, arterial hypertension and neurological manifestations often complicate the acute phase of the disease. In this article, we shall discuss in more detail the aspects of this phase. Data obtained in 72 patients treated at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital in Utrecht, from 1964 to 1977, are used to illustrate the characteristics of the disease.", "contents": "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The haemolytic uraemic syndrome is an acute illness characterised by the occurrence of renal injury, haemolytic anaemia with red cell fragmentation and thrombocytopenia. Haemorrhagic diathesis, arterial hypertension and neurological manifestations often complicate the acute phase of the disease. In this article, we shall discuss in more detail the aspects of this phase. Data obtained in 72 patients treated at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital in Utrecht, from 1964 to 1977, are used to illustrate the characteristics of the disease.", "PMID": 392409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9613", "title": "Phantom urinary bladder pain--case report.", "content": "Phantom urinary phenomena are a relatively rare disease entity. Literature search has revealed only one case following cystectomy, seven cases following spinal cord injury and several other cases in hemodialysis patients. This report presents a case of painful phantom bladder following cystectomy for chronic kidney and urinary tract infection. Treatment was directed toward sensory hyperstimulation for suppression of the subjective experience of the painful phantom. Lumbar sympathetic blocks and transcutaneous electrical stimulation were used. Competent coping mechanisms were increased through relaxation training and assertiveness training to deal with a medical problem which has no standard solution. The patient's response to the Comprehensive Pain Control Program was excellent with an estimated 75% reduction in painful phantom perceptions. A brief discussion of the medical literature on the subject is presented.", "contents": "Phantom urinary bladder pain--case report. Phantom urinary phenomena are a relatively rare disease entity. Literature search has revealed only one case following cystectomy, seven cases following spinal cord injury and several other cases in hemodialysis patients. This report presents a case of painful phantom bladder following cystectomy for chronic kidney and urinary tract infection. Treatment was directed toward sensory hyperstimulation for suppression of the subjective experience of the painful phantom. Lumbar sympathetic blocks and transcutaneous electrical stimulation were used. Competent coping mechanisms were increased through relaxation training and assertiveness training to deal with a medical problem which has no standard solution. The patient's response to the Comprehensive Pain Control Program was excellent with an estimated 75% reduction in painful phantom perceptions. A brief discussion of the medical literature on the subject is presented.", "PMID": 392410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9614", "title": "A portable electronic 'calling device' as an aid to 'weaning' ventilator-dependent tetraplegic patients from intermittent positive pressure ventilation.", "content": "An electronic calling device has been developed. It is easily portable and can be operated by the severely paralysed tetraplegic patient in order to attract attention. The patient can operate the sensor either during artificial ventilation or when breathing spontaneously via the tracheostomy tube at a stage prior to the insertion of a speaking tube.", "contents": "A portable electronic 'calling device' as an aid to 'weaning' ventilator-dependent tetraplegic patients from intermittent positive pressure ventilation. An electronic calling device has been developed. It is easily portable and can be operated by the severely paralysed tetraplegic patient in order to attract attention. The patient can operate the sensor either during artificial ventilation or when breathing spontaneously via the tracheostomy tube at a stage prior to the insertion of a speaking tube.", "PMID": 392411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9615", "title": "A new pressure measuring system for cushins and beds--with a review of the literature.", "content": "An interface pressure measuring device for the assessment of subject-cushion interface pressures at ten points has been described. Preliminary trials using 12 healthy subjects on four cushions and three spinal injury patients on six cushings, has been carried out. It was also found that the water and foam cushion distributed the pressure over a large area than the foam cushions.", "contents": "A new pressure measuring system for cushins and beds--with a review of the literature. An interface pressure measuring device for the assessment of subject-cushion interface pressures at ten points has been described. Preliminary trials using 12 healthy subjects on four cushions and three spinal injury patients on six cushings, has been carried out. It was also found that the water and foam cushion distributed the pressure over a large area than the foam cushions.", "PMID": 392412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9616", "title": "Differences in virulence of Naegleria fowleri.", "content": "All pathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolated from the environment were highly virulent to mice when instilled intranasally. Axenic cultivation gradually decreased virulence of highly virulent strains. This decrease was most pronounced in environmental isolates and of minor importance in N. fowleri isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid. The low virulent strains obtained by continuous axenic cultivation appeared after clonation to consist of individuals with different virulence. Virulence could be enhanced in low virulent strains by brain passage and passages in Vero cell cultures, but could not be induced by these methods in nonvirulent strains isolated from the environment. Different mice strains showed different sensitivities to infection with pathogenic Naegleria. In addition, older mice were less sensitive than younger animals to low virulent strains.", "contents": "Differences in virulence of Naegleria fowleri. All pathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolated from the environment were highly virulent to mice when instilled intranasally. Axenic cultivation gradually decreased virulence of highly virulent strains. This decrease was most pronounced in environmental isolates and of minor importance in N. fowleri isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid. The low virulent strains obtained by continuous axenic cultivation appeared after clonation to consist of individuals with different virulence. Virulence could be enhanced in low virulent strains by brain passage and passages in Vero cell cultures, but could not be induced by these methods in nonvirulent strains isolated from the environment. Different mice strains showed different sensitivities to infection with pathogenic Naegleria. In addition, older mice were less sensitive than younger animals to low virulent strains.", "PMID": 392414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9617", "title": "[Incidences of resistance capacity (RC) and of electrode-interval enlargement on the gastro-intestinal electrical activity of the awake dog (author's transl)].", "content": "By the use of differents resistance capacity (RC) values (0,3, 0,7, 1, 3, 6 and 7 s.) during bipolar recordings of digestive electromyogramme in chronically implanted dogs, it has been shown that the RC incidences were:--an increase of the slow wave potential amplitude, the optimale value of the RC was 3 sec;--the detection with long RC (1, 3, 6 and 7 S.) of a slow post-potential at the antral level. But there is no effect of the RC on the slow wave duration and on the spikes potentials caracteristics (amplitude-duration number). When the interval between the two active electrodes is increased (0,5 to 63 cm) the slow wave amplitude is enlarged; the best results on the slow wave amplitude are obtained with an electrode-interval of 7 to 8 cm. In cases of an important interval between two active electrodes (8, 16, 32, 63, 190 cm), the slow wave frequency at an intestinal level is dependent of the upward electrode. The spikes potentials are affected by electrode interval enlargement, and are dependent of the contractil events which can appear under each separated electrode.", "contents": "[Incidences of resistance capacity (RC) and of electrode-interval enlargement on the gastro-intestinal electrical activity of the awake dog (author's transl)]. By the use of differents resistance capacity (RC) values (0,3, 0,7, 1, 3, 6 and 7 s.) during bipolar recordings of digestive electromyogramme in chronically implanted dogs, it has been shown that the RC incidences were:--an increase of the slow wave potential amplitude, the optimale value of the RC was 3 sec;--the detection with long RC (1, 3, 6 and 7 S.) of a slow post-potential at the antral level. But there is no effect of the RC on the slow wave duration and on the spikes potentials caracteristics (amplitude-duration number). When the interval between the two active electrodes is increased (0,5 to 63 cm) the slow wave amplitude is enlarged; the best results on the slow wave amplitude are obtained with an electrode-interval of 7 to 8 cm. In cases of an important interval between two active electrodes (8, 16, 32, 63, 190 cm), the slow wave frequency at an intestinal level is dependent of the upward electrode. The spikes potentials are affected by electrode interval enlargement, and are dependent of the contractil events which can appear under each separated electrode.", "PMID": 392415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9618", "title": "[Plasma cell beta-glucuronidase and monoclonal gammapathies (author's transl)].", "content": "beta-glucuronidase activity, estimated cytochemically, is, in more than half cases of myeloma, very increased or decreased, compared to that found in benign dysglobulinemias, where this activity is normal. A very high or very low score makes sure the diagnostic of myeloma. The relations between the beta-glucuronidase activity and the myeloma clinical stade according to Durie and Salmon and the bone lysis are discussed.", "contents": "[Plasma cell beta-glucuronidase and monoclonal gammapathies (author's transl)]. beta-glucuronidase activity, estimated cytochemically, is, in more than half cases of myeloma, very increased or decreased, compared to that found in benign dysglobulinemias, where this activity is normal. A very high or very low score makes sure the diagnostic of myeloma. The relations between the beta-glucuronidase activity and the myeloma clinical stade according to Durie and Salmon and the bone lysis are discussed.", "PMID": 392416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9619", "title": "[Thrombopenia and radial aplasia: 2 cases with platelet function and ultrastructural studies of megakaryocytes and platelets (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on two cases of congenital thrombopenia with radial aplasia. Both children display several formative abnormalities and a mild thrombopenia; hemorragic manifestations occurred in the first case only. Megacryoblastic to platelets series, as studied with electronic microscopy, show small-sized, \"microcytic\" and hypogranular megacaryocytes, displaying a maturative disorder (dysmegacaryocytopoiesis). In functional studies, platelets of the first patient show an imperfect nucleotidic release and do not agregate normally with ristocetin. The second case exhibits mostly a PF3 reduction. The variety of expression of the megacaryocytic-platelets disorders appears likewise in the squelettal and visceral malformations. The whole disorder could be ascribed to a pleiotropic abnormal gene with a variable expressivity.", "contents": "[Thrombopenia and radial aplasia: 2 cases with platelet function and ultrastructural studies of megakaryocytes and platelets (author's transl)]. The authors report on two cases of congenital thrombopenia with radial aplasia. Both children display several formative abnormalities and a mild thrombopenia; hemorragic manifestations occurred in the first case only. Megacryoblastic to platelets series, as studied with electronic microscopy, show small-sized, \"microcytic\" and hypogranular megacaryocytes, displaying a maturative disorder (dysmegacaryocytopoiesis). In functional studies, platelets of the first patient show an imperfect nucleotidic release and do not agregate normally with ristocetin. The second case exhibits mostly a PF3 reduction. The variety of expression of the megacaryocytic-platelets disorders appears likewise in the squelettal and visceral malformations. The whole disorder could be ascribed to a pleiotropic abnormal gene with a variable expressivity.", "PMID": 392417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9620", "title": "[Enzymatic induction during isoniazid therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Enzyme induction by isoniazid was studied by urinary D-glucaric acid estimation in slow and fast acetylators. Isoniazid administration increases significantively the D-glucaric acid elimination in the two classes of patients. In fast acetylators, the glucaricaciduria increases regularly up to 1.8 fold the physiological level in 30 days. In slow acetylators, after a progressive elevation during 20 days, the glucaricaciduria reaches quickly a 3 fold increase after 30 days. When a classic inducer such as phenobarbital is administrated in association with isoniazid, induction is stimulated in the two groups of patients. The estimation of plasmatic free isoniazid seems to indicate that the acetylation rate of isoniazid is not on the dependance of the induction process when the drug is administrated alone. In contrast, this rate increases when the association isoniazid-phenobarbital is administrated to slow acetylators. Possible consequences on the hepatic toxicity of isoniazid are discussed.", "contents": "[Enzymatic induction during isoniazid therapy (author's transl)]. Enzyme induction by isoniazid was studied by urinary D-glucaric acid estimation in slow and fast acetylators. Isoniazid administration increases significantively the D-glucaric acid elimination in the two classes of patients. In fast acetylators, the glucaricaciduria increases regularly up to 1.8 fold the physiological level in 30 days. In slow acetylators, after a progressive elevation during 20 days, the glucaricaciduria reaches quickly a 3 fold increase after 30 days. When a classic inducer such as phenobarbital is administrated in association with isoniazid, induction is stimulated in the two groups of patients. The estimation of plasmatic free isoniazid seems to indicate that the acetylation rate of isoniazid is not on the dependance of the induction process when the drug is administrated alone. In contrast, this rate increases when the association isoniazid-phenobarbital is administrated to slow acetylators. Possible consequences on the hepatic toxicity of isoniazid are discussed.", "PMID": 392418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9621", "title": "[Use of serum s-IgA detection in liver pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Secretory IgA (sIgA) were searched in 60 sera of healthy blood donors and in 1 590 sera of subjects having various diseases. 20 percent of these subjects showed an increased amount of sIgA in their sera. The only subjects presenting a constant increase (sometimes more than 20 fold the normal amount) were people with liver diseases. Quantitation of sIgA, in relation with the determination of the IgA/transferrin ratio (IgA/T) in sera, showed an important difference between Laennec's cirrhosis on one hand and virus hepatitis or post-hepatitic cirrhosis on the other. In Laennec's cirrhosis a moderate increase in sIgA went with a strong elevation of the IgA/T ratio, the latter being proportional to the degree of evolution of the disease. In virus hepatitis, the sIgA amount was largely increased while the IgA/T ratio remained at a normal value.", "contents": "[Use of serum s-IgA detection in liver pathology (author's transl)]. Secretory IgA (sIgA) were searched in 60 sera of healthy blood donors and in 1 590 sera of subjects having various diseases. 20 percent of these subjects showed an increased amount of sIgA in their sera. The only subjects presenting a constant increase (sometimes more than 20 fold the normal amount) were people with liver diseases. Quantitation of sIgA, in relation with the determination of the IgA/transferrin ratio (IgA/T) in sera, showed an important difference between Laennec's cirrhosis on one hand and virus hepatitis or post-hepatitic cirrhosis on the other. In Laennec's cirrhosis a moderate increase in sIgA went with a strong elevation of the IgA/T ratio, the latter being proportional to the degree of evolution of the disease. In virus hepatitis, the sIgA amount was largely increased while the IgA/T ratio remained at a normal value.", "PMID": 392419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9622", "title": "[Detection of blood group P1 activity in F. hepatica and F. gigantica (author's transl)].", "content": "Four lyophilizated liver fl\u00fcke antigens and one of hydatid fluid were examined for the presence of blood group like antigens P1, A, B, M and N by an hemagglutination inhibition test with hyperimmune and natural hemagglutinating sera. P1 or P1-like substance was found in the extracts of \"Fasciola hepatica\" and \"F. gigantica\" in a lower concentration than in echinoccocal fluid. This presence may explain the occurrence of anti-P1 antibodies in patients infected with liver fl\u00fcke and belonging to the P2 blood group. However biochemical studies will be necessary to determine if the P1 activity is due to the blood group P1 substance of the red cell itself or due to a P1 like substance.", "contents": "[Detection of blood group P1 activity in F. hepatica and F. gigantica (author's transl)]. Four lyophilizated liver fl\u00fcke antigens and one of hydatid fluid were examined for the presence of blood group like antigens P1, A, B, M and N by an hemagglutination inhibition test with hyperimmune and natural hemagglutinating sera. P1 or P1-like substance was found in the extracts of \"Fasciola hepatica\" and \"F. gigantica\" in a lower concentration than in echinoccocal fluid. This presence may explain the occurrence of anti-P1 antibodies in patients infected with liver fl\u00fcke and belonging to the P2 blood group. However biochemical studies will be necessary to determine if the P1 activity is due to the blood group P1 substance of the red cell itself or due to a P1 like substance.", "PMID": 392420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9623", "title": "[Influence of reintervention by the bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on the nonspecific resistance of the mouse to Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)].", "content": "Significant resistance to Schistosoma mansoni appears in mice two weeks after treatment with BCG. The state of nonspecific resistance is considerably increased if the injection of BCG two weeks prior to the infestation test is carried out using mice who have already received BCG. Thus, BCG innoculation in an organism presentized to the bacillus antigens increases immunostimulation. According to these results, during primoinnoculation with BCG, immunostimulation is not significant before this second week, that is, the time necessary for a state of hypersensitivity to appear. Nevertheless, it should be noted that weak yet detectable immunostimulation can be observed before the 14th day following a BCG primoinfection. Thus, the possible role of other mechanisms should be considered.", "contents": "[Influence of reintervention by the bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on the nonspecific resistance of the mouse to Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)]. Significant resistance to Schistosoma mansoni appears in mice two weeks after treatment with BCG. The state of nonspecific resistance is considerably increased if the injection of BCG two weeks prior to the infestation test is carried out using mice who have already received BCG. Thus, BCG innoculation in an organism presentized to the bacillus antigens increases immunostimulation. According to these results, during primoinnoculation with BCG, immunostimulation is not significant before this second week, that is, the time necessary for a state of hypersensitivity to appear. Nevertheless, it should be noted that weak yet detectable immunostimulation can be observed before the 14th day following a BCG primoinfection. Thus, the possible role of other mechanisms should be considered.", "PMID": 392421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9624", "title": "The survival of cryopreserved human bone marrow stem cells.", "content": "Two methods for cryopreservation of bone marrow stem cells were compared using bone marrow obtained from 36 patients. Included in this group were 21 persons with the diagnosis of leukaemia including 14 either with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission following intensive remission induction chemotherapy. After freeze-preservation and reconstitution, all marrow samples were tested for nucleated cell (NC) recovery and grown on agar to assess colony forming units (CFUC) and cluster forming units in culture (CluFUc). A slow dilution reconstitution method using freezing media containing AB negative plasma resulted in recovery of 85% of the CFUc activity of fresh marrow. This result was significantly better than the 47% CFUc recovery obtained when freezing media without plasma and a rapid dilution reconstitution technique were used. NC recoveries following slow dilution (51%) and rapid dilution (44%) were not significantly different. CluFUc were disproportionately reduced compared with CFUc although yielding similar results with both methods (26% and 32%). No correlation was found for either method between CFUc and NC recovery or between CFUc and CluFUc recovery in cryopreserved bone marrow.", "contents": "The survival of cryopreserved human bone marrow stem cells. Two methods for cryopreservation of bone marrow stem cells were compared using bone marrow obtained from 36 patients. Included in this group were 21 persons with the diagnosis of leukaemia including 14 either with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission following intensive remission induction chemotherapy. After freeze-preservation and reconstitution, all marrow samples were tested for nucleated cell (NC) recovery and grown on agar to assess colony forming units (CFUC) and cluster forming units in culture (CluFUc). A slow dilution reconstitution method using freezing media containing AB negative plasma resulted in recovery of 85% of the CFUc activity of fresh marrow. This result was significantly better than the 47% CFUc recovery obtained when freezing media without plasma and a rapid dilution reconstitution technique were used. NC recoveries following slow dilution (51%) and rapid dilution (44%) were not significantly different. CluFUc were disproportionately reduced compared with CFUc although yielding similar results with both methods (26% and 32%). No correlation was found for either method between CFUc and NC recovery or between CFUc and CluFUc recovery in cryopreserved bone marrow.", "PMID": 392422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9625", "title": "A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibody to rubella virus.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established for detection of antibodies to rubella virus. In this system commercially available rubella antigen was attached to the wells of polystyrene microtitre plates after which sera were added and incubated to allow the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The presence of bound antibody was detected by adding anti-human globulin coupled to horseradish peroxidase and visually observing the colour change produced after addition of an appropriate substrate. The test was reproducible and simple to perform and had a similar sensitivity to the widely used haemagglutination inhibition system.", "contents": "A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibody to rubella virus. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established for detection of antibodies to rubella virus. In this system commercially available rubella antigen was attached to the wells of polystyrene microtitre plates after which sera were added and incubated to allow the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The presence of bound antibody was detected by adding anti-human globulin coupled to horseradish peroxidase and visually observing the colour change produced after addition of an appropriate substrate. The test was reproducible and simple to perform and had a similar sensitivity to the widely used haemagglutination inhibition system.", "PMID": 392423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9626", "title": "Surface marker studies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Immunological surface marker techniques were applied in a study of 29 cases of chronic lymphocytic leumaemia and 22 of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Surface marker characteristics distinguished 2 subtypes of B lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was a monoclonal proliferation of B lymphocytes which produced spontaneous rosettes with mouse erythrocytes and had faintly immunofluorescent surface immunoglobulin. The majority of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas also had their origin from B lymphocytes but in contrast, this subtype did not show receptors for mouse erythrocytes and their surface immunoglobulin was brightly staining and demonstrated \"capping\". The clonal origin of nodular lymphomas could also be demonstrated on frozen sections stained for surface immunoglobulin. Two cases of true histiocytic lymphoma were identified. The current information available on surface marker characteristics of the leukaemias and lymphomas is reviewed.", "contents": "Surface marker studies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Immunological surface marker techniques were applied in a study of 29 cases of chronic lymphocytic leumaemia and 22 of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Surface marker characteristics distinguished 2 subtypes of B lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was a monoclonal proliferation of B lymphocytes which produced spontaneous rosettes with mouse erythrocytes and had faintly immunofluorescent surface immunoglobulin. The majority of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas also had their origin from B lymphocytes but in contrast, this subtype did not show receptors for mouse erythrocytes and their surface immunoglobulin was brightly staining and demonstrated \"capping\". The clonal origin of nodular lymphomas could also be demonstrated on frozen sections stained for surface immunoglobulin. Two cases of true histiocytic lymphoma were identified. The current information available on surface marker characteristics of the leukaemias and lymphomas is reviewed.", "PMID": 392424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9627", "title": "Transplacental passage of islet cell antibody in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "The incidence of pancreatic islet cell antibody (ICAb) was assessed in the cord blood and sera of infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). ICAb activity was detected in the cord blood of 10 of 36 (27.8%) consecutive IDM studied and in 0 of 111 (0%) cord bloods of normal control infants. In all instances, ICAb activity in the cord sera was of the immunoglobulin (IgG) class and was associated with ICAb in maternal sera at the time of delivery. No correlation was observed between the incidence of ICAb in IDM and alterations in fetal growth parameters, congenital malformation rates, cord blood insulin levels, or the incidence of neonatal complications. The evidence would support transplacental passage of ICAb from diabetic mothers to their offspring, but would not support a primary pathogenetic role for ICAb in the clinical or metabolic alterations observed in these infants.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of islet cell antibody in infants of diabetic mothers. The incidence of pancreatic islet cell antibody (ICAb) was assessed in the cord blood and sera of infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). ICAb activity was detected in the cord blood of 10 of 36 (27.8%) consecutive IDM studied and in 0 of 111 (0%) cord bloods of normal control infants. In all instances, ICAb activity in the cord sera was of the immunoglobulin (IgG) class and was associated with ICAb in maternal sera at the time of delivery. No correlation was observed between the incidence of ICAb in IDM and alterations in fetal growth parameters, congenital malformation rates, cord blood insulin levels, or the incidence of neonatal complications. The evidence would support transplacental passage of ICAb from diabetic mothers to their offspring, but would not support a primary pathogenetic role for ICAb in the clinical or metabolic alterations observed in these infants.", "PMID": 392429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9628", "title": "Deficient alternative complement pathway activity in newborn sera.", "content": "Neonatal susceptibility to overwhelming bacterial infection is commonly attributed to a relative deficiency in serum opsonic activity. However, few studies have compared the functional capacity of the classical complement pathway with that of the alternative complement pathway in the neonate. The opsonic activity of nine maternal infant serum pairs were studied by determining percent uptake of radiolabeled Escherichia coli. Seven mother-infant paired sera were studied using E. coli strains known to be opsonized via the alternative complement pathway: the mean percent uptake of E. coli opsonized in neonatal sera was 16.8%; of those opsonized in maternal sera, 54%; and of those opsonized in control sera, 45% (P less than 0.005). Two E. coli strains requiring the classical complement pathway for opsonization were phagocytized equally well in maternal and infant sera of seven mother-infant pairs. Determination of anti-O hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers in six maternal sera for one classical complement pathway activating and one alternative complement pathway strain showed no correlation between percent phagocytosis and HI antibody titer. These data would suggest that serum levels of classical pathway components are probably adequate for opsonization of E. coli via the classical pathway, but that low alternative complement pathway activity in neonatal sera may contribute to the newborn's increased susceptibility to bacterial sepsis.", "contents": "Deficient alternative complement pathway activity in newborn sera. Neonatal susceptibility to overwhelming bacterial infection is commonly attributed to a relative deficiency in serum opsonic activity. However, few studies have compared the functional capacity of the classical complement pathway with that of the alternative complement pathway in the neonate. The opsonic activity of nine maternal infant serum pairs were studied by determining percent uptake of radiolabeled Escherichia coli. Seven mother-infant paired sera were studied using E. coli strains known to be opsonized via the alternative complement pathway: the mean percent uptake of E. coli opsonized in neonatal sera was 16.8%; of those opsonized in maternal sera, 54%; and of those opsonized in control sera, 45% (P less than 0.005). Two E. coli strains requiring the classical complement pathway for opsonization were phagocytized equally well in maternal and infant sera of seven mother-infant pairs. Determination of anti-O hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers in six maternal sera for one classical complement pathway activating and one alternative complement pathway strain showed no correlation between percent phagocytosis and HI antibody titer. These data would suggest that serum levels of classical pathway components are probably adequate for opsonization of E. coli via the classical pathway, but that low alternative complement pathway activity in neonatal sera may contribute to the newborn's increased susceptibility to bacterial sepsis.", "PMID": 392430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9629", "title": "Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Pathogenicity and cross immunity.", "content": "Pigs inoculated intranasally with Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, resisted challenge 3 weeks later with serotypes 2, 4 and 5 without showing clinical symptoms. The pigs were sacrificed 2 days after challenge, and post mortem examination showed a chronic pleuropneumonia from which only serotype 2 was re-isolated. Pigs inoculated intranasally with H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, showed no clinical symptoms when challenged 3 weeks later with serotype 1. Post mortem examination revealed a chronic pleuropneumonia with areas of necrosis from which H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, was re-isolated, but also small areas of a more acute fibrinous pneumonia from which serotype 1 was re-isolated. The control pig inoculated with only serotype 1 showed a severe acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia. The results indicate that a considerable cross immunity exists between the various serotypes of H. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Pathogenicity and cross immunity. Pigs inoculated intranasally with Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, resisted challenge 3 weeks later with serotypes 2, 4 and 5 without showing clinical symptoms. The pigs were sacrificed 2 days after challenge, and post mortem examination showed a chronic pleuropneumonia from which only serotype 2 was re-isolated. Pigs inoculated intranasally with H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, showed no clinical symptoms when challenged 3 weeks later with serotype 1. Post mortem examination revealed a chronic pleuropneumonia with areas of necrosis from which H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, was re-isolated, but also small areas of a more acute fibrinous pneumonia from which serotype 1 was re-isolated. The control pig inoculated with only serotype 1 showed a severe acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia. The results indicate that a considerable cross immunity exists between the various serotypes of H. parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 392450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9630", "title": "The ulcus-syndrome in cod (Gadus morhua). III. A preliminary virological report.", "content": "A bullet shaped virus presumably belonging to the Rhabdoviridae was isolated from a pool of 7 cods (Gadus morhua) with the ulcus-syndrome. This virus measured 55 x 175 nm. The virus caused CPE in PS (pike sarcoma) cells, but not in a number of other cell lines. From the same pool another virus was isolated in EPC (epithelia carp) cells. This virus was an icosahedron of 145 nm and most likely to be placed in the family Iridoviridae. Electronmicroscopic examination of papules from another 13 cods with the ulcus-syndrome failed to reveal any virus. Attempts to isolate virus from 33 individual cases of the ulcus-syndrome were successful in one single case only. The two viruses have not consistently been isolated from cods with the ulcus symdrome, but on the other hand they have never been isolated from cods without the ulcus-syndrome.", "contents": "The ulcus-syndrome in cod (Gadus morhua). III. A preliminary virological report. A bullet shaped virus presumably belonging to the Rhabdoviridae was isolated from a pool of 7 cods (Gadus morhua) with the ulcus-syndrome. This virus measured 55 x 175 nm. The virus caused CPE in PS (pike sarcoma) cells, but not in a number of other cell lines. From the same pool another virus was isolated in EPC (epithelia carp) cells. This virus was an icosahedron of 145 nm and most likely to be placed in the family Iridoviridae. Electronmicroscopic examination of papules from another 13 cods with the ulcus-syndrome failed to reveal any virus. Attempts to isolate virus from 33 individual cases of the ulcus-syndrome were successful in one single case only. The two viruses have not consistently been isolated from cods with the ulcus symdrome, but on the other hand they have never been isolated from cods without the ulcus-syndrome.", "PMID": 392451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9631", "title": "Influence of storage and preservation of milk samples on microscopic and Fossomatic somatic cell counts.", "content": "Milk somatic cell counting was carried out by Fossomatic and microscopically. In unpreserved milk samples Fossomatic counts increased by up to 100% during the first 24 hours after milking. During the next 24 hours the counts increased by 5% whereafter they remained stable until at least 80 hours after milking, when the samples were stored at 5 degress C. On microscopical counting using methylene blue for staining, the results were stable from shortly after milking. In counting, attention had to be paid to the fact that within the first 24 hours a certain part of the cells would stain but faintly. After preservation with potassium bichromate the Fossomatic counts increased more rapidly. Stable results were found 5--8 hours after preservation. The final level of the Fossomatic counts was found to be app. 10% higher in preserved than in unpreserved samples. A smaller increase was found by microscopic counting. The rise of the cell counts during the first 24 hours after milking is probably due to inadequate stainability of living cells with ethidium bromide, resulting in a certain part of them being recorded by the Fossomatic. During the first day the vitality of the cells diminishes whereby they become stainable and countable. This process in hastened by potassium bichromate treatment.", "contents": "Influence of storage and preservation of milk samples on microscopic and Fossomatic somatic cell counts. Milk somatic cell counting was carried out by Fossomatic and microscopically. In unpreserved milk samples Fossomatic counts increased by up to 100% during the first 24 hours after milking. During the next 24 hours the counts increased by 5% whereafter they remained stable until at least 80 hours after milking, when the samples were stored at 5 degress C. On microscopical counting using methylene blue for staining, the results were stable from shortly after milking. In counting, attention had to be paid to the fact that within the first 24 hours a certain part of the cells would stain but faintly. After preservation with potassium bichromate the Fossomatic counts increased more rapidly. Stable results were found 5--8 hours after preservation. The final level of the Fossomatic counts was found to be app. 10% higher in preserved than in unpreserved samples. A smaller increase was found by microscopic counting. The rise of the cell counts during the first 24 hours after milking is probably due to inadequate stainability of living cells with ethidium bromide, resulting in a certain part of them being recorded by the Fossomatic. During the first day the vitality of the cells diminishes whereby they become stainable and countable. This process in hastened by potassium bichromate treatment.", "PMID": 392452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9632", "title": "[The surgical treatment of large incisional hernias by lacing of autogenous full thickness skin. 36 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Strips of skin taken from the excess skin adjoining the scar, prepared carefully and used as a loose continuous suture, represent an elastic material which is easy to use and of great strength. Results studied in a group of 36 patients with a follow-up varying from 12 month to 16 years were excellent in 70% of cases and moderate in 25%. The quality of the results obtained, from both a mechanical standpoint as well as in terms of tolerance, together with the simplicity of the technique, have led us to consider it as a method of choice in the repair of large incisional hernias, in particular recurrent.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of large incisional hernias by lacing of autogenous full thickness skin. 36 cases (author's transl)]. Strips of skin taken from the excess skin adjoining the scar, prepared carefully and used as a loose continuous suture, represent an elastic material which is easy to use and of great strength. Results studied in a group of 36 patients with a follow-up varying from 12 month to 16 years were excellent in 70% of cases and moderate in 25%. The quality of the results obtained, from both a mechanical standpoint as well as in terms of tolerance, together with the simplicity of the technique, have led us to consider it as a method of choice in the repair of large incisional hernias, in particular recurrent.", "PMID": 392455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9633", "title": "[Listeriosis in the kidney transplant recipients. Ten cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three clinical pictures were found in ten cases of listeriosis after renal transplantation: septicemia (six cases), meningo-encephalitis (three cases) and asymtomatic but recurrent bacteriuria (one case). Several features demonstrate profound immunologic disturbances in the recipient: close relationship in 9 cases out of 10 between infection and high doses of immunosuppressive drugs, unfavorable outcome of graft (accelerated rejection in 4 cases out of 10) and association in one case with lethal pulmonary infection due to opportunistic agents (cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii).", "contents": "[Listeriosis in the kidney transplant recipients. Ten cases (author's transl)]. Three clinical pictures were found in ten cases of listeriosis after renal transplantation: septicemia (six cases), meningo-encephalitis (three cases) and asymtomatic but recurrent bacteriuria (one case). Several features demonstrate profound immunologic disturbances in the recipient: close relationship in 9 cases out of 10 between infection and high doses of immunosuppressive drugs, unfavorable outcome of graft (accelerated rejection in 4 cases out of 10) and association in one case with lethal pulmonary infection due to opportunistic agents (cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii).", "PMID": 392456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9634", "title": "[Initiation in vivo of blood coagulation. The role of white blood cells and tissue factor (author's transl)].", "content": "Tissue factor is an ubiquitous phospholipid-protein complex, which triggers blood coagulation through the so-called extrinsic pathway. Reactions initiated by tissue factor bypass many of the early stages of coagulation (contact phase) and involve factors VII, X, V, II and fibrinogen but also factor IX (and VIII) as it was recently demonstrated. So, it appears that tissue factor has a key-role in the haemostasic process as it has been suggested by the mildness or the absence of haemorrhagic syndrome in contact factors deficiencies. Tissue factor activity has been found in many types of cells, especially in white bloods cells. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of tissue factor activity in polymorphonuclears, lymphocytes, monocytes (or macrophages). This activity is enhanced by gram-negative endotoxin stimulation, inflammation, cell mediated immunologic phenomena or malignancy. These data are in good agreement with a wild range of features observed in human pathology: fibrin deposits in inflammatory lesions, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during the course of gram-negative septicemias or acute promyelocytic leukemias, local thrombi at the early phase of graft rejection. The protective effect of a phospholipase C against DIC induced in rats by tissue factor infusion suggests in the future, a specific therapy would be possible in man that, in the frequent clinical conditions involving clotting activation through tissue factor pathway.", "contents": "[Initiation in vivo of blood coagulation. The role of white blood cells and tissue factor (author's transl)]. Tissue factor is an ubiquitous phospholipid-protein complex, which triggers blood coagulation through the so-called extrinsic pathway. Reactions initiated by tissue factor bypass many of the early stages of coagulation (contact phase) and involve factors VII, X, V, II and fibrinogen but also factor IX (and VIII) as it was recently demonstrated. So, it appears that tissue factor has a key-role in the haemostasic process as it has been suggested by the mildness or the absence of haemorrhagic syndrome in contact factors deficiencies. Tissue factor activity has been found in many types of cells, especially in white bloods cells. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of tissue factor activity in polymorphonuclears, lymphocytes, monocytes (or macrophages). This activity is enhanced by gram-negative endotoxin stimulation, inflammation, cell mediated immunologic phenomena or malignancy. These data are in good agreement with a wild range of features observed in human pathology: fibrin deposits in inflammatory lesions, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during the course of gram-negative septicemias or acute promyelocytic leukemias, local thrombi at the early phase of graft rejection. The protective effect of a phospholipase C against DIC induced in rats by tissue factor infusion suggests in the future, a specific therapy would be possible in man that, in the frequent clinical conditions involving clotting activation through tissue factor pathway.", "PMID": 392457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9635", "title": "[Transanal excision of villous tumours. Value of the GIA automatic suture clamp (author's transl)].", "content": "The GIA (gastro-intestinal anastomosis) suture clamp facilitates hemostasis during transanal excision of villous tumours, notably when they are situated 8 to 10 cm from the anal opening.", "contents": "[Transanal excision of villous tumours. Value of the GIA automatic suture clamp (author's transl)]. The GIA (gastro-intestinal anastomosis) suture clamp facilitates hemostasis during transanal excision of villous tumours, notably when they are situated 8 to 10 cm from the anal opening.", "PMID": 392463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9636", "title": "[Rotation flaps of the leg in osteitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a technique of rotation of a leg flap which is divided into several phases : the flap is prepared and left in place, then two or three weeks later is applied to the area of loss of substance. Finally, the donor site is grafted. This unusual technique gives excellent results when used to cover loss of substance secondary to cutaneo-osseous sepsis of the leg. This was the case in 5 of our patients treated in this way.", "contents": "[Rotation flaps of the leg in osteitis (author's transl)]. The authors describe a technique of rotation of a leg flap which is divided into several phases : the flap is prepared and left in place, then two or three weeks later is applied to the area of loss of substance. Finally, the donor site is grafted. This unusual technique gives excellent results when used to cover loss of substance secondary to cutaneo-osseous sepsis of the leg. This was the case in 5 of our patients treated in this way.", "PMID": 392466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9637", "title": "[Disseminated sclerosis: diagnostic value of neurophysiological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Demyelinisation lesions of disseminated sclerosis actually present within the white matter are much more numerous than clinical manifestations would suggest that the majority of these lesions are clinically latent. Ophtalmologists were the first to seek a functional deficit reflecting the demyelinisation which so often affects the optic pathways. In practice, the recording of evoked visual potentials has proved to be the most reliable method. The brain stem is another region where demyelinisation lesions are frequent and quite often latent. Electronystagmography offers a highly sensitive means for the investigation of internuclear connections, whilst other authors use evoked auditory potentials. Similarly, evoked somaesthesic potentials make it possible to reveal lesions of the lemniscal tract.", "contents": "[Disseminated sclerosis: diagnostic value of neurophysiological investigations (author's transl)]. Demyelinisation lesions of disseminated sclerosis actually present within the white matter are much more numerous than clinical manifestations would suggest that the majority of these lesions are clinically latent. Ophtalmologists were the first to seek a functional deficit reflecting the demyelinisation which so often affects the optic pathways. In practice, the recording of evoked visual potentials has proved to be the most reliable method. The brain stem is another region where demyelinisation lesions are frequent and quite often latent. Electronystagmography offers a highly sensitive means for the investigation of internuclear connections, whilst other authors use evoked auditory potentials. Similarly, evoked somaesthesic potentials make it possible to reveal lesions of the lemniscal tract.", "PMID": 392467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9638", "title": "Structure of the promoter region for the rrnB gene in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the promoter region for the rrnB gene of E. coli had been determined by the Maxam-Gilbert technique. The 700 bp long sequence had been compared with the published sequences of four other rRNA promoter regions. The rrnB sequence was found to be homologous with the rrnA promoter sequence till the 370th base upstream from the coding region of mature 16S rRNA. The significance of this homology is discussed and a tentative model is proposed to account for the unusual properties of the rRNA promoters.", "contents": "Structure of the promoter region for the rrnB gene in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter region for the rrnB gene of E. coli had been determined by the Maxam-Gilbert technique. The 700 bp long sequence had been compared with the published sequences of four other rRNA promoter regions. The rrnB sequence was found to be homologous with the rrnA promoter sequence till the 370th base upstream from the coding region of mature 16S rRNA. The significance of this homology is discussed and a tentative model is proposed to account for the unusual properties of the rRNA promoters.", "PMID": 392468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9639", "title": "The nucleotide sequence preceding and including the beginning of the ilvE gene of the ilvGEDA operon of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The DNA sequence of the 570 base pairs that precedes and includes the beginning of the ilvE gene shows no evidence of a leader-attenuator region. Instead, the sequence shows that the ilvE gene is preceded by another structural gene, presumably the normally cryptic ilvG gene. In vitro transcription of the two plasmids (pLC26-3 and pRL5) containing the regulatory region of the ilvEDA operon results in the formation of two \"leader\" RNAs. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the ilvEDA operon is regulated by an attenuator mechanism and that the attenuator region lies before the ilvG gene.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence preceding and including the beginning of the ilvE gene of the ilvGEDA operon of Escherichia coli K12. The DNA sequence of the 570 base pairs that precedes and includes the beginning of the ilvE gene shows no evidence of a leader-attenuator region. Instead, the sequence shows that the ilvE gene is preceded by another structural gene, presumably the normally cryptic ilvG gene. In vitro transcription of the two plasmids (pLC26-3 and pRL5) containing the regulatory region of the ilvEDA operon results in the formation of two \"leader\" RNAs. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the ilvEDA operon is regulated by an attenuator mechanism and that the attenuator region lies before the ilvG gene.", "PMID": 392469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9640", "title": "The effects of mercury-substitution on the hybridisation characteristics of nucleic acids.", "content": "The effect of different levels of mercury substitution on the rate and extent of hybridisation of globin mRNA with a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy has been investigated. It was found that mercuration significantly reduces both the rate of hybridisation and the extent of the reaction, but that these effects are abolished when at least stoichiometric amounts of 2-mercaptoethanol are included in the hybridisation medium. As a preliminary to using this technique to isolate specific groups of sequences after long-term hybridisations, we have investigated both the rate of demercuration of RNA and its retention on thiol-sepharose columns after extended incubation under commonly employed hybridisation conditions at 43 degrees or 60 degrees. Retention was essentially quantitative even after incubation times of 300 hours at 43 degrees, but decreased significantly after 48 hours at 60 degrees. It is concluded that thiol-sepharose chromatography offers considerable advantages over hydroxyapatite chromatography for the recovery of hybridised sequences, particularly with regard to the lower levels of non-specific binding obtained and its ability to distinguish directly between DNA-DNA and DNA-Hg RNA hybrids.", "contents": "The effects of mercury-substitution on the hybridisation characteristics of nucleic acids. The effect of different levels of mercury substitution on the rate and extent of hybridisation of globin mRNA with a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy has been investigated. It was found that mercuration significantly reduces both the rate of hybridisation and the extent of the reaction, but that these effects are abolished when at least stoichiometric amounts of 2-mercaptoethanol are included in the hybridisation medium. As a preliminary to using this technique to isolate specific groups of sequences after long-term hybridisations, we have investigated both the rate of demercuration of RNA and its retention on thiol-sepharose columns after extended incubation under commonly employed hybridisation conditions at 43 degrees or 60 degrees. Retention was essentially quantitative even after incubation times of 300 hours at 43 degrees, but decreased significantly after 48 hours at 60 degrees. It is concluded that thiol-sepharose chromatography offers considerable advantages over hydroxyapatite chromatography for the recovery of hybridised sequences, particularly with regard to the lower levels of non-specific binding obtained and its ability to distinguish directly between DNA-DNA and DNA-Hg RNA hybrids.", "PMID": 392470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9641", "title": "The 3' terminus of 16S rRNA: secondary structure and interaction with ribosomal protein S1.", "content": "We report studies of the secondary structure and S1 ribosomal protein binding properties of the colicin fragment, containing 49 residues from the 3' terminus of E. coli 16S rRNA. Temperature jump relaxation kinetic measurements reveal two helices in the structure. One of these, melting at 81 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is associated with the 9-base pair hairpin helix predicted by the nucleotide sequence. The other melting transition, at 21 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is assigned to a 4-base pair helix which constrains the pyrimidine tract of the colicin fragment into a bulge loop. S1 protein forms a strong 1:1 complex with the colicin fragment, with an association constant of 5 x 10(6) M-1 in 5 mM Mg2+. More protein molecules are bound, but with weaker affinity, when the S1 concentration is increased. S1 binding causes melting of the colicin fragment secondary structure, as inferred from the observed absorbance increase. The S1 binding site on the colicin fragment has been localized in the region of the bulge loop, since the melting transition corresponding to the 4-base pair helix is lost in the complex. We discuss current models for the role of S1 protein in polypeptide chain initiation in light of these and previous results.", "contents": "The 3' terminus of 16S rRNA: secondary structure and interaction with ribosomal protein S1. We report studies of the secondary structure and S1 ribosomal protein binding properties of the colicin fragment, containing 49 residues from the 3' terminus of E. coli 16S rRNA. Temperature jump relaxation kinetic measurements reveal two helices in the structure. One of these, melting at 81 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is associated with the 9-base pair hairpin helix predicted by the nucleotide sequence. The other melting transition, at 21 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is assigned to a 4-base pair helix which constrains the pyrimidine tract of the colicin fragment into a bulge loop. S1 protein forms a strong 1:1 complex with the colicin fragment, with an association constant of 5 x 10(6) M-1 in 5 mM Mg2+. More protein molecules are bound, but with weaker affinity, when the S1 concentration is increased. S1 binding causes melting of the colicin fragment secondary structure, as inferred from the observed absorbance increase. The S1 binding site on the colicin fragment has been localized in the region of the bulge loop, since the melting transition corresponding to the 4-base pair helix is lost in the complex. We discuss current models for the role of S1 protein in polypeptide chain initiation in light of these and previous results.", "PMID": 392471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9642", "title": "An improved rapid enzymatic method of RNA sequencing using chemical modification.", "content": "A version of rapid gel sequencing procedure based on the analysis of partial endonuclease hydrolizates of chemically modified 5'-32P-labelled RNA is suggested. Complete and selective modification of cytidilic residues by a methoxyamine-bisulfite mixture leads to the unfolding of the RNA secondary structure and, due to this effect, to the generation of a more uniform set of fragments after partial RNAase hydrolysis. The position of cytidines in an RNA sequence can be determined by restricting the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds between the modified CMP residues and their 3'-neighbours with T2 and A RNAases. The method was verified with tRNATrp (yeast) and 5S RNA (rat liver and yeast).", "contents": "An improved rapid enzymatic method of RNA sequencing using chemical modification. A version of rapid gel sequencing procedure based on the analysis of partial endonuclease hydrolizates of chemically modified 5'-32P-labelled RNA is suggested. Complete and selective modification of cytidilic residues by a methoxyamine-bisulfite mixture leads to the unfolding of the RNA secondary structure and, due to this effect, to the generation of a more uniform set of fragments after partial RNAase hydrolysis. The position of cytidines in an RNA sequence can be determined by restricting the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds between the modified CMP residues and their 3'-neighbours with T2 and A RNAases. The method was verified with tRNATrp (yeast) and 5S RNA (rat liver and yeast).", "PMID": 392472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9643", "title": "Antifungal therapy, 1978.", "content": "The past 40 years have brought great advances in the knowledge of morphology, immunology and epidemiology of fungal infections in man. Each general advance in the science of medicine has had its counterpart in man's improved facility to deal with these infections therapeutically. Although satisfactory control of fungal infections of man is still lacking, productive paths of investigation seem to have been found and the continued application of rigorous discipline to research efforts should provide even more efficient treatment in the future.", "contents": "Antifungal therapy, 1978. The past 40 years have brought great advances in the knowledge of morphology, immunology and epidemiology of fungal infections in man. Each general advance in the science of medicine has had its counterpart in man's improved facility to deal with these infections therapeutically. Although satisfactory control of fungal infections of man is still lacking, productive paths of investigation seem to have been found and the continued application of rigorous discipline to research efforts should provide even more efficient treatment in the future.", "PMID": 392475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9644", "title": "Dermatophyte infections.", "content": "The newer antifungal agents, clotrimazole, miconazole and haloprogin are considered for their efficacy and acceptability, and are compared with other topical agents used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the skin.", "contents": "Dermatophyte infections. The newer antifungal agents, clotrimazole, miconazole and haloprogin are considered for their efficacy and acceptability, and are compared with other topical agents used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the skin.", "PMID": 392476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9645", "title": "Changes in conditioned performance and general behavior produced by imipramine treatment in dogs.", "content": "Dogs with electrolytic damage of dorsomedial amygdala and lateral hypothalamus manifested the syndrome of depression. They were used as models for studying the effects of a tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine treatment produced increase in general arousal, motility and reactivity as tested by various tests, changes in social behavior and only slight improvement of instrumental conditioned performance. In normal dogs the imipramine administration in most subjects resulted in either no effect or deterioration of various learned tasks. Strong individual differences in the reactivity to drug treatment were observed in both normal and lesioned (depressed) dogs.", "contents": "Changes in conditioned performance and general behavior produced by imipramine treatment in dogs. Dogs with electrolytic damage of dorsomedial amygdala and lateral hypothalamus manifested the syndrome of depression. They were used as models for studying the effects of a tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine treatment produced increase in general arousal, motility and reactivity as tested by various tests, changes in social behavior and only slight improvement of instrumental conditioned performance. In normal dogs the imipramine administration in most subjects resulted in either no effect or deterioration of various learned tasks. Strong individual differences in the reactivity to drug treatment were observed in both normal and lesioned (depressed) dogs.", "PMID": 392473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9646", "title": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is surveyed. Treatment comprises topical antifungal treatment which is insufficient, systemic antifungal treatment which is often followed by a rapid relapse, and specific immunotherapy with live tissue or transfer factor. Combination of systemic antifungal therapy and immunotherapy seems to be the most promising approach. However, no permanent cure has so far been achieved.", "contents": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The pathogenesis of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is surveyed. Treatment comprises topical antifungal treatment which is insufficient, systemic antifungal treatment which is often followed by a rapid relapse, and specific immunotherapy with live tissue or transfer factor. Combination of systemic antifungal therapy and immunotherapy seems to be the most promising approach. However, no permanent cure has so far been achieved.", "PMID": 392477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9647", "title": "Aspergillus fumigatus and lung disease.", "content": "The range of clinical presentations of lung diseases associated with Aspergillus spp. is great. The conditions are very frequently misdiagnosed but errors should be avoided if the possibility of a fungal cause is considered and simple immunological tests undertaken. Often no more than skin-prick tests and serum precipitins need to be done. In many cases, fungus is not isolated from the sputum and negative results do not exclude the possibility of A. fumigatus as the causal agent. Treatment often results in marked clinical improvement and there is evidence that suppression of recurrent episodes of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis prevents progressive lung damage.", "contents": "Aspergillus fumigatus and lung disease. The range of clinical presentations of lung diseases associated with Aspergillus spp. is great. The conditions are very frequently misdiagnosed but errors should be avoided if the possibility of a fungal cause is considered and simple immunological tests undertaken. Often no more than skin-prick tests and serum precipitins need to be done. In many cases, fungus is not isolated from the sputum and negative results do not exclude the possibility of A. fumigatus as the causal agent. Treatment often results in marked clinical improvement and there is evidence that suppression of recurrent episodes of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis prevents progressive lung damage.", "PMID": 392479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9648", "title": "Evaluation of vaginal antifungal formulations in vivo.", "content": "Relatively simple and rapid procedures have been developed for evaluating the local efficacy of vaginal antifungal agents in vivo in a vaginal candidiasis model in ovariectomized rats. The results of this investigation indicate that the model and methods described are quite suitable for screening potential antifungal substances and for assessing the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of new antifungal agents and formulations before carrying out clinical studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of vaginal antifungal formulations in vivo. Relatively simple and rapid procedures have been developed for evaluating the local efficacy of vaginal antifungal agents in vivo in a vaginal candidiasis model in ovariectomized rats. The results of this investigation indicate that the model and methods described are quite suitable for screening potential antifungal substances and for assessing the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of new antifungal agents and formulations before carrying out clinical studies.", "PMID": 392480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9649", "title": "The polyene macrolide antibiotics.", "content": "The mode of action of the polyene antibiotics is reviewed together with the effect of genetic and environmental factors on sensitive organisms. The future prospects of polyenes in the treatment of systemic mycoses are considered.", "contents": "The polyene macrolide antibiotics. The mode of action of the polyene antibiotics is reviewed together with the effect of genetic and environmental factors on sensitive organisms. The future prospects of polyenes in the treatment of systemic mycoses are considered.", "PMID": 392481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9650", "title": "The effect of flucytosine on the germination of Candida albicans.", "content": "The effect of flucytosine on the germination of 3 strains of Candida albicans in serum was tested. No inhibition of germination was observed and it was concluded that germination did not require the synthesis of DNA.", "contents": "The effect of flucytosine on the germination of Candida albicans. The effect of flucytosine on the germination of 3 strains of Candida albicans in serum was tested. No inhibition of germination was observed and it was concluded that germination did not require the synthesis of DNA.", "PMID": 392482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9651", "title": "Problems in the laboratory assessment of antifungal activity.", "content": "The end points of tube dilution tests for minimal inhibitory concentrations of miconazole and flucytosine against Candida albicans were difficult to evaluate because partial inhibition was noted over a wide range of antifungal concentrations. This problem was not encountered with amphotericin B. Partial inhibition of Candida arose because of reductions in yeast growth rate and of cell yield. Different sizes of yeast inocula were differentially inhibited by the same concentration of antifungal agent. An in vitro apparatus was described in which miconazole formulated as commercial creams, pessaries and medicated tampons for intravaginal application could be assessed for its inhibitory action in vitro.", "contents": "Problems in the laboratory assessment of antifungal activity. The end points of tube dilution tests for minimal inhibitory concentrations of miconazole and flucytosine against Candida albicans were difficult to evaluate because partial inhibition was noted over a wide range of antifungal concentrations. This problem was not encountered with amphotericin B. Partial inhibition of Candida arose because of reductions in yeast growth rate and of cell yield. Different sizes of yeast inocula were differentially inhibited by the same concentration of antifungal agent. An in vitro apparatus was described in which miconazole formulated as commercial creams, pessaries and medicated tampons for intravaginal application could be assessed for its inhibitory action in vitro.", "PMID": 392483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9652", "title": "Modern aspects of testing azole antifungals.", "content": "Difficulties in the in vitro testing of azole antimycotics are described. The value of minimal inhibitory concentration results are discussed and contrasted to those obtained with polyene antimycotics.", "contents": "Modern aspects of testing azole antifungals. Difficulties in the in vitro testing of azole antimycotics are described. The value of minimal inhibitory concentration results are discussed and contrasted to those obtained with polyene antimycotics.", "PMID": 392484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9653", "title": "Promotion of pseudomycelium formation of Candida albicans in culture: a morphological study of the effects of miconazole and ketoconazole.", "content": "The effects of miconazole and its new derivative ketoconazole on Candida albicans have been evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The growth characteristics and morphology of C. albicans in culture for various periods of time in a solution consisting of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with amino acids and fetal calf serum are emphasized. This medium, normally used for culturing mammalian cells, promotes a rather fast growth of C. albicans and favours the development of pseudomycelium. The obvious interest in using such culture conditions for drug evaluation is the prevalence of pseudomycelium, which in vivo is the predominant pathological form of C. albicans. Suppression of pseudomycelium formation is found in the 10-9 to 10-7 M concentration range of the imidazoles. Growth retardation and the destruction of both yeast and pseudomycelial forms brought about by incubating the cells with 10-9 to 10-4 M of the drugs are reported. At low doses these changes include the alteration of cell division, an increase in cell volume and a progressive deterioration of subcellular organelles at the cell periphery. At higher doses the involvement of all other organelles is observed finally leading to complete cell necrosis.", "contents": "Promotion of pseudomycelium formation of Candida albicans in culture: a morphological study of the effects of miconazole and ketoconazole. The effects of miconazole and its new derivative ketoconazole on Candida albicans have been evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The growth characteristics and morphology of C. albicans in culture for various periods of time in a solution consisting of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with amino acids and fetal calf serum are emphasized. This medium, normally used for culturing mammalian cells, promotes a rather fast growth of C. albicans and favours the development of pseudomycelium. The obvious interest in using such culture conditions for drug evaluation is the prevalence of pseudomycelium, which in vivo is the predominant pathological form of C. albicans. Suppression of pseudomycelium formation is found in the 10-9 to 10-7 M concentration range of the imidazoles. Growth retardation and the destruction of both yeast and pseudomycelial forms brought about by incubating the cells with 10-9 to 10-4 M of the drugs are reported. At low doses these changes include the alteration of cell division, an increase in cell volume and a progressive deterioration of subcellular organelles at the cell periphery. At higher doses the involvement of all other organelles is observed finally leading to complete cell necrosis.", "PMID": 392485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9654", "title": "Sensitivity of Candida albicans from patients with chronic oral candidiasis.", "content": "Many patients with oral candidiasis respond very slowly or not at all to therapy with amphotericin. Strains of Candida albicans were collected from 17 patients clinically resistant and from 15 who responded to a normal course of amphotericin treatment. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined on diagnostic sensitivity test agar plates gave values of: amphotericin 0-5 mg/l; nystatin 50 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 12.5 mg/l. No clear MIC could be determined with plates containing miconazole. No difference was noted in MIC values between the 2 groups of patients. Tube-dilution tests in Sabouraud's broth gave MIC values of: amphotericin 0.25 mg/l; nystatin 12.5 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 1.5 mg/l; miconazole 8-32 mg/l; ketonazole 64 mg/l. Persistence of oral candidiasis is not an indication of infection with resistant organisms. Despite difficulties in in vitro sensitivity testing of miconazole a clinical trial of the drug for treating oral candidiasis is indicated.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Candida albicans from patients with chronic oral candidiasis. Many patients with oral candidiasis respond very slowly or not at all to therapy with amphotericin. Strains of Candida albicans were collected from 17 patients clinically resistant and from 15 who responded to a normal course of amphotericin treatment. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined on diagnostic sensitivity test agar plates gave values of: amphotericin 0-5 mg/l; nystatin 50 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 12.5 mg/l. No clear MIC could be determined with plates containing miconazole. No difference was noted in MIC values between the 2 groups of patients. Tube-dilution tests in Sabouraud's broth gave MIC values of: amphotericin 0.25 mg/l; nystatin 12.5 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 1.5 mg/l; miconazole 8-32 mg/l; ketonazole 64 mg/l. Persistence of oral candidiasis is not an indication of infection with resistant organisms. Despite difficulties in in vitro sensitivity testing of miconazole a clinical trial of the drug for treating oral candidiasis is indicated.", "PMID": 392486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9655", "title": "Sensitivity of strains of Candida albicans to jaritin, haloprogin, clotrimazole and miconazole.", "content": "The antifungal activity of jaritin and haloprogin against Candida albicans is similar. In vitro they had less activity than clotrimazole and miconazole, but the activity was independent of inoculum size.", "contents": "Sensitivity of strains of Candida albicans to jaritin, haloprogin, clotrimazole and miconazole. The antifungal activity of jaritin and haloprogin against Candida albicans is similar. In vitro they had less activity than clotrimazole and miconazole, but the activity was independent of inoculum size.", "PMID": 392487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9656", "title": "RNA ligase reaction products in plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells infected by T4 bacteriophage.", "content": "Searching for a physiological role of T4 RNA ligase [polyribonucleotide synthetase (ATP); poly(ribonucleotide):poly(ribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.5.1.3] activity, we developed an acellular system of plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells infected by T4 bacteriophage. Upon incubation of this system with [gamma-32P]ATP, 32P was transferred into a large number of polyribonucleotides, mostly up to 300-400 residues long. The bulk of 32P in the product polyribonucleotides was found in 5'-terminal phosphate groups, suggesting that they originated by a phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the endogenous polynucleotide kinase (EC 2.7.1.78). Indeed, these products were not seen in an acellular system from uninfected cells, and their amount and complexity increased with the progress of infection. Analysis of the 32P-labeled polyribonucleotide products by gel electrophoresis, either before or after digestion with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), revealed that a small fraction of the 32P resided in phosphodiester bonds of several tRNA-sized chains. This specific 32P transfer from [gamma-32P]ATP into phosphodiester bonds was apparently catalyzed by successive polynucleotide kinase and RNA ligase reactions. The possible relationship of the 32P transfer to RNA ligase was investigated next by using a system from cells infected with T4 am M69 (an amber mutant deficient in RNA ligase). Transfer of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into phosphodiester bonds was not detected in the am M69 system. However, addition of purified RNA ligase to the am M69 system restored the specific 32P transfer. A system from cells infected with T4 psu-b delta 33 (a deletion mutant lacking the entire tRNA region) sustained the specific 32P transfer into tRNA-sized products, indicating that they were not derived from transcripts of T4 tRNA genes. These data may reflect a role of RNA ligase in posttranscriptional conversion of presumably host polyribonucleotides into novel tRNA species during T4 infection.", "contents": "RNA ligase reaction products in plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells infected by T4 bacteriophage. Searching for a physiological role of T4 RNA ligase [polyribonucleotide synthetase (ATP); poly(ribonucleotide):poly(ribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.5.1.3] activity, we developed an acellular system of plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells infected by T4 bacteriophage. Upon incubation of this system with [gamma-32P]ATP, 32P was transferred into a large number of polyribonucleotides, mostly up to 300-400 residues long. The bulk of 32P in the product polyribonucleotides was found in 5'-terminal phosphate groups, suggesting that they originated by a phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the endogenous polynucleotide kinase (EC 2.7.1.78). Indeed, these products were not seen in an acellular system from uninfected cells, and their amount and complexity increased with the progress of infection. Analysis of the 32P-labeled polyribonucleotide products by gel electrophoresis, either before or after digestion with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), revealed that a small fraction of the 32P resided in phosphodiester bonds of several tRNA-sized chains. This specific 32P transfer from [gamma-32P]ATP into phosphodiester bonds was apparently catalyzed by successive polynucleotide kinase and RNA ligase reactions. The possible relationship of the 32P transfer to RNA ligase was investigated next by using a system from cells infected with T4 am M69 (an amber mutant deficient in RNA ligase). Transfer of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into phosphodiester bonds was not detected in the am M69 system. However, addition of purified RNA ligase to the am M69 system restored the specific 32P transfer. A system from cells infected with T4 psu-b delta 33 (a deletion mutant lacking the entire tRNA region) sustained the specific 32P transfer into tRNA-sized products, indicating that they were not derived from transcripts of T4 tRNA genes. These data may reflect a role of RNA ligase in posttranscriptional conversion of presumably host polyribonucleotides into novel tRNA species during T4 infection.", "PMID": 392502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9657", "title": "Initiation of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA synthesis in vivo.", "content": "The 5'-terminal sequences of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA precursors (pre-rRNAs) synthesized in vivo were characterized by RNA oligonucleotide sequence analysis. The 60- to 170-nucleotide-long 5'-end-specific fragments were produced by RNase III treatment of 30S and 18S pre-rRNAs. Comparison of the RNA oligonucleotides of these fragments with known DNA sequences of the promoter regions of several ribosomal RNA operons allows us to determine the start points of transcription of each operon. We conclude that transcription of most (and perhaps all) rRNA operons is initiated in vivo at two tandem promoters, called P1 and P2, which have recently been identified by in vitro transcription studies of several groups. Depending on the transcription unit, the initiating nucleotide at P1 promoters is either ATP or GTP, whereas at P2 promoters it is either CTP or GTP.", "contents": "Initiation of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA synthesis in vivo. The 5'-terminal sequences of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA precursors (pre-rRNAs) synthesized in vivo were characterized by RNA oligonucleotide sequence analysis. The 60- to 170-nucleotide-long 5'-end-specific fragments were produced by RNase III treatment of 30S and 18S pre-rRNAs. Comparison of the RNA oligonucleotides of these fragments with known DNA sequences of the promoter regions of several ribosomal RNA operons allows us to determine the start points of transcription of each operon. We conclude that transcription of most (and perhaps all) rRNA operons is initiated in vivo at two tandem promoters, called P1 and P2, which have recently been identified by in vitro transcription studies of several groups. Depending on the transcription unit, the initiating nucleotide at P1 promoters is either ATP or GTP, whereas at P2 promoters it is either CTP or GTP.", "PMID": 392503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9658", "title": "Control of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase-mediated sugar transport in Escherichia coli by energization of the cell membrane.", "content": "The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase-mediated sugar transport in Escherichia coli is inhibited by the energized of the membrane. This was shown in intact cells as well as in membrane vesicles. Relaxation of the proton gradient by uncouplers stimulated the uptake of sugars via the phosphotransferase system in aerobically cultured cells. No such effect was seen in anaerobic cells, apparently because the cell membrane of these cells is poorly energized. Energization by respiration of D-lactate or ascorbate inhibited the phosphotransferase uptake system in membrane vesicles. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of cyanide. Oxamate, a specific inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase, prevented the inhibitory effect of D-lactate. Membrane vesicles prepared from a cytochrome-less mutant were not energized by D-lactate oxidation and the phosphotransferase uptake system was not inhibited.", "contents": "Control of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase-mediated sugar transport in Escherichia coli by energization of the cell membrane. The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase-mediated sugar transport in Escherichia coli is inhibited by the energized of the membrane. This was shown in intact cells as well as in membrane vesicles. Relaxation of the proton gradient by uncouplers stimulated the uptake of sugars via the phosphotransferase system in aerobically cultured cells. No such effect was seen in anaerobic cells, apparently because the cell membrane of these cells is poorly energized. Energization by respiration of D-lactate or ascorbate inhibited the phosphotransferase uptake system in membrane vesicles. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of cyanide. Oxamate, a specific inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase, prevented the inhibitory effect of D-lactate. Membrane vesicles prepared from a cytochrome-less mutant were not energized by D-lactate oxidation and the phosphotransferase uptake system was not inhibited.", "PMID": 392504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9659", "title": "Attractants and repellents control demethylation of methylated chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A group of methylated proteins, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP), has been shown to play a central role in bacterial chemotaxis. Both methylation and demethylation of MCP occur continuously in the absence of added stimuli; these two processes are in balance such that a basal level of methylation is maintained. Attractants cause the methylation level to increase to a new value, whereas repellents bring about a decrease in level. Therefore, attractants and repellents must somehow perturb the balance between methylation and demethylation of MCP. In this report the effect of attractants on demethylation of MCP was monitored in two ways: (i) by following the disappearance of [methyl-3H]MCP and (ii) by measuring formation of [3H]methanol, the product of MCP demethylation. Both methods showed that addition of attractants causes a transient inhibition of MCP demethylation. Repellent addition has previously been shown to stimulate MCP demethylation. It is therefore concluded that control of demethylation plays a crucial role in changing the level of methylation of MCP in response to attractants and repellents.", "contents": "Attractants and repellents control demethylation of methylated chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli. A group of methylated proteins, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP), has been shown to play a central role in bacterial chemotaxis. Both methylation and demethylation of MCP occur continuously in the absence of added stimuli; these two processes are in balance such that a basal level of methylation is maintained. Attractants cause the methylation level to increase to a new value, whereas repellents bring about a decrease in level. Therefore, attractants and repellents must somehow perturb the balance between methylation and demethylation of MCP. In this report the effect of attractants on demethylation of MCP was monitored in two ways: (i) by following the disappearance of [methyl-3H]MCP and (ii) by measuring formation of [3H]methanol, the product of MCP demethylation. Both methods showed that addition of attractants causes a transient inhibition of MCP demethylation. Repellent addition has previously been shown to stimulate MCP demethylation. It is therefore concluded that control of demethylation plays a crucial role in changing the level of methylation of MCP in response to attractants and repellents.", "PMID": 392505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9660", "title": "Replication at restrictive temperatures in Escherichia coli containing a polCts mutation.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells with a polCts mutation contain a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase II and fall to replicate DNA at the restrictive temperature (43 degreees C). Mutants deficient in polymerizing activity of the other two recognized DNA polymerases in E. coli can replicate DNA. We have isolated temperature-resistant revertants from a strain containing polA-, polB-, and polCts mutations. These revertants grow at 43 degrees C, but analysis of partially purified DNA polymerase III from several such revertants shows a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase III activity. Genetic analysis by P1 transduction confirms that such revertants can contain a polCts mutation and also a polA- mutation. We find that such revertants behave phenotypically as PolI+ cells (DNA polymerase I-containing), and extracts of such cells show a DNA polymerase I-like activity. Revertants of polA-, dnaAts and polA-, dnaBts strains do not show such a DNA polymerase activity.", "contents": "Replication at restrictive temperatures in Escherichia coli containing a polCts mutation. Escherichia coli cells with a polCts mutation contain a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase II and fall to replicate DNA at the restrictive temperature (43 degreees C). Mutants deficient in polymerizing activity of the other two recognized DNA polymerases in E. coli can replicate DNA. We have isolated temperature-resistant revertants from a strain containing polA-, polB-, and polCts mutations. These revertants grow at 43 degrees C, but analysis of partially purified DNA polymerase III from several such revertants shows a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase III activity. Genetic analysis by P1 transduction confirms that such revertants can contain a polCts mutation and also a polA- mutation. We find that such revertants behave phenotypically as PolI+ cells (DNA polymerase I-containing), and extracts of such cells show a DNA polymerase I-like activity. Revertants of polA-, dnaAts and polA-, dnaBts strains do not show such a DNA polymerase activity.", "PMID": 392506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9661", "title": "Biotinyl 5'-adenylate: corepressor role in the regulation of the biotin genes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A DNA filter-binding technique was used to study the interaction of the biotin repressor and operator site. From a biotin saturation curve, the concentration for half-maximal binding (K0.5) was calculated to be 1 microM. However, in a similar study with the in vitro coupled transcription-translation system in which biotin served as the corepressor, the K0.5 for repression was 7.1 nM. This marked difference of over 2 orders of magnitude was attributed to the activation of biotin by the partially purified repressor preparation in the in vitro system. The activated product formed from biotin, ATP, and repressor preparation was identified as biotinyl 5'-adenylate by paper chromatography and hydroxamic acid formation. Synthetic biotinyl 5'-adenylate was as effective as biotin in the in vitro system (K0.5, 10 nM) and much more effective than biotin in the DNA-binding assay (K0.5 1.1 nM versus 1 microM). These studies indicate that biotinyl 5'-adenylate has a more direct role in the regulation of the biotin genes than does biotin per se.", "contents": "Biotinyl 5'-adenylate: corepressor role in the regulation of the biotin genes of Escherichia coli K-12. A DNA filter-binding technique was used to study the interaction of the biotin repressor and operator site. From a biotin saturation curve, the concentration for half-maximal binding (K0.5) was calculated to be 1 microM. However, in a similar study with the in vitro coupled transcription-translation system in which biotin served as the corepressor, the K0.5 for repression was 7.1 nM. This marked difference of over 2 orders of magnitude was attributed to the activation of biotin by the partially purified repressor preparation in the in vitro system. The activated product formed from biotin, ATP, and repressor preparation was identified as biotinyl 5'-adenylate by paper chromatography and hydroxamic acid formation. Synthetic biotinyl 5'-adenylate was as effective as biotin in the in vitro system (K0.5, 10 nM) and much more effective than biotin in the DNA-binding assay (K0.5 1.1 nM versus 1 microM). These studies indicate that biotinyl 5'-adenylate has a more direct role in the regulation of the biotin genes than does biotin per se.", "PMID": 392507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9662", "title": "Detection of proteins like human gamma and beta globins in Escherichia coli carrying recombinant DNA plasmids.", "content": "Escherichia coli strain chi 1776 carrying recombinant DNA plasmids containing cDNA copies of human beta or gamma globin mRNAs has been shown by radioimmunoassay to synthesize polypeptides antigenically related to the beta and gamma chains of human hemoglobin. The gamma and beta polypeptides have been enriched from lysates on immunoabsorbent columns containing hemoglobin antibodies and shown to specifically inhibit the antigen-antibody binding between 125I-labeled hemoglobin and the homologous antibody but not other hemoglobin-antihemoglobin reactions. Clone JW151, which is known to contain a complete copy of the coding portion of the gamma globin mRNA, has been shown to produce a protein that reacts specifically with antibody to the chain of fetal hemoglobin, hemoglobin Kenya, and hemoglobin Bart's.", "contents": "Detection of proteins like human gamma and beta globins in Escherichia coli carrying recombinant DNA plasmids. Escherichia coli strain chi 1776 carrying recombinant DNA plasmids containing cDNA copies of human beta or gamma globin mRNAs has been shown by radioimmunoassay to synthesize polypeptides antigenically related to the beta and gamma chains of human hemoglobin. The gamma and beta polypeptides have been enriched from lysates on immunoabsorbent columns containing hemoglobin antibodies and shown to specifically inhibit the antigen-antibody binding between 125I-labeled hemoglobin and the homologous antibody but not other hemoglobin-antihemoglobin reactions. Clone JW151, which is known to contain a complete copy of the coding portion of the gamma globin mRNA, has been shown to produce a protein that reacts specifically with antibody to the chain of fetal hemoglobin, hemoglobin Kenya, and hemoglobin Bart's.", "PMID": 392508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9663", "title": "Isolation and characterization of transducing phage coding for sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "A transducing phage has been isolated with codes for the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Transducing phage were selected from E. coli shotgun collections of HindIII or Sac I fragments cloned into Charon 25, a new bacteriophage lambda vector that is capble of forming lyosogens at high temperature. Transduction of an E. coli strain carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the sigma gene was used for the selection. The positions of restriction sites for Sac I, HindIII, Xho I, Bgl II, and Kpn I in the cloned bacterial DNA segments were determined. Phage containing the HindIII fragment complement both primase (dnaG) and sigma (rpoD) whereas those containing the Sac I fragment complement only sigma. Results of analyses of the proteins made both in vivo after infection of UV-irradiated cells and in vitro in a coupled transcription/translation system suggest that a Sac I site separates the promoter for sigma from the sigma structural gene. The direction of transcription of sigma was determined to be clockwise with respect to the E. coli genetic map.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of transducing phage coding for sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. A transducing phage has been isolated with codes for the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Transducing phage were selected from E. coli shotgun collections of HindIII or Sac I fragments cloned into Charon 25, a new bacteriophage lambda vector that is capble of forming lyosogens at high temperature. Transduction of an E. coli strain carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the sigma gene was used for the selection. The positions of restriction sites for Sac I, HindIII, Xho I, Bgl II, and Kpn I in the cloned bacterial DNA segments were determined. Phage containing the HindIII fragment complement both primase (dnaG) and sigma (rpoD) whereas those containing the Sac I fragment complement only sigma. Results of analyses of the proteins made both in vivo after infection of UV-irradiated cells and in vitro in a coupled transcription/translation system suggest that a Sac I site separates the promoter for sigma from the sigma structural gene. The direction of transcription of sigma was determined to be clockwise with respect to the E. coli genetic map.", "PMID": 392509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9664", "title": "Distribution of active and inactive forms of endorphins in rat pituitary and brain.", "content": "The recent isolation and identification of alpha-N-acetyl forms of the C-Fragment of lipotropin (beta-endorphin, residues 61-91) and the C'-Fragment (residues 61-87) [Smyth, D.G., Massey, D.E., Zakarian, S. & Finnie, M. (1979) Nature (London) 279, 252-254] has led to a study of their distribution in the pituitary and brain of the rat. Regions were mapped by the method of immunofluorescent staining and the reactive peptides were determined by immunoassay after extraction, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The major immunoreactive peptides in both lobes of the pituitary were found to be C'-Fragment and N-acetyl C'-Fragment, which are weakly active or inactive as opiates; the C-Fragment and its N-acetyl derivative represented minor components. This indicates that in the rat the circulating \"endorphins\" released from pituitary would have little morphinomimetic activity. The same four immunoreactive peptides were observed in rat brain. In the hippocampus the C'-Fragment was the principal component in the midbrain there was more C-Fragment but C'-Fragment predominated; in the hypothalamus the C-Fragment was the major peptide, almost to the exclusion of the other peptides. The results demonstrate that the processing of lipotropin is under differential control in anatomically distinct regions of the central nervous system. The processing of lipotropin in the hypothalamus is directed specifically to the production of lipotropin C-Fragment.", "contents": "Distribution of active and inactive forms of endorphins in rat pituitary and brain. The recent isolation and identification of alpha-N-acetyl forms of the C-Fragment of lipotropin (beta-endorphin, residues 61-91) and the C'-Fragment (residues 61-87) [Smyth, D.G., Massey, D.E., Zakarian, S. & Finnie, M. (1979) Nature (London) 279, 252-254] has led to a study of their distribution in the pituitary and brain of the rat. Regions were mapped by the method of immunofluorescent staining and the reactive peptides were determined by immunoassay after extraction, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The major immunoreactive peptides in both lobes of the pituitary were found to be C'-Fragment and N-acetyl C'-Fragment, which are weakly active or inactive as opiates; the C-Fragment and its N-acetyl derivative represented minor components. This indicates that in the rat the circulating \"endorphins\" released from pituitary would have little morphinomimetic activity. The same four immunoreactive peptides were observed in rat brain. In the hippocampus the C'-Fragment was the principal component in the midbrain there was more C-Fragment but C'-Fragment predominated; in the hypothalamus the C-Fragment was the major peptide, almost to the exclusion of the other peptides. The results demonstrate that the processing of lipotropin is under differential control in anatomically distinct regions of the central nervous system. The processing of lipotropin in the hypothalamus is directed specifically to the production of lipotropin C-Fragment.", "PMID": 392510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9665", "title": "Widespread distribution of protein I in the central and peripheral nervous systems.", "content": "Protein I, a naturally occurring substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent and calcium-dependent protein kinases, previously has been found only in mammalian brain, where it has been demonstrated to be located in neurons. Various tissues and organs outside the brain have now been examined for the possible occurrence of protein I, by using both an immunohistochemical approach and a chemical procedure involving radioimmunolabeling of polyacrylamide gels. Protein I has been found in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, in the posterior pituitary, and in the autonomic nervous system. In tissue composed predominantly of cells other than nerve cells, immunoreactivity was present only where innervation was present. Protein I appeared to be localized in some, but not all, nerve terminals and synapses.", "contents": "Widespread distribution of protein I in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Protein I, a naturally occurring substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent and calcium-dependent protein kinases, previously has been found only in mammalian brain, where it has been demonstrated to be located in neurons. Various tissues and organs outside the brain have now been examined for the possible occurrence of protein I, by using both an immunohistochemical approach and a chemical procedure involving radioimmunolabeling of polyacrylamide gels. Protein I has been found in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, in the posterior pituitary, and in the autonomic nervous system. In tissue composed predominantly of cells other than nerve cells, immunoreactivity was present only where innervation was present. Protein I appeared to be localized in some, but not all, nerve terminals and synapses.", "PMID": 392511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9666", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization, in synapses, of protein I, an endogenous substrate for protein kinases in mammalian brain.", "content": "Protein I is a principal endogenous substrate for cyclic AMP- and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases of mammalian brain. Antibodies raised against purified protein I have been used to localize this protein in the rat central nervous system. At the light microscope level, immunoreactivity was detected in punctate deposits in selected zones of synaptic termination. These deposits varied in density among brain regions. At the electron microscope level, immunoreactivity was observed at some but not all synaptic regions and was restricted to the perimeter of synaptic vesicles and to submembranous material in the postsynaptic neuron.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization, in synapses, of protein I, an endogenous substrate for protein kinases in mammalian brain. Protein I is a principal endogenous substrate for cyclic AMP- and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases of mammalian brain. Antibodies raised against purified protein I have been used to localize this protein in the rat central nervous system. At the light microscope level, immunoreactivity was detected in punctate deposits in selected zones of synaptic termination. These deposits varied in density among brain regions. At the electron microscope level, immunoreactivity was observed at some but not all synaptic regions and was restricted to the perimeter of synaptic vesicles and to submembranous material in the postsynaptic neuron.", "PMID": 392512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9667", "title": "Localization of neurophysin within organelles associated with protein synthesis and packaging in the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system: an immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of mice has been studied by using the pre-embedding staining approach to the unlabeled antibody-enzyme technique of Sternberger. In supraoptic cell bodies, peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction product was localized within cisternae of the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi saccules but not in GERL (Golgi-associated smooth endoplasmic reticulum from which lysosomes arise). Reaction product was also present in secondary lysosomes. Secretory granules in supraoptic perikarya and posterior pituitary Herring bodies were likewise immunoreactive. These findings with the unlabeled antibody-enzyme technique provide conclusive evidence for the localization of an antigen within cellular organelles associated with protein synthesis and packaging.", "contents": "Localization of neurophysin within organelles associated with protein synthesis and packaging in the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system: an immunocytochemical study. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of mice has been studied by using the pre-embedding staining approach to the unlabeled antibody-enzyme technique of Sternberger. In supraoptic cell bodies, peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction product was localized within cisternae of the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi saccules but not in GERL (Golgi-associated smooth endoplasmic reticulum from which lysosomes arise). Reaction product was also present in secondary lysosomes. Secretory granules in supraoptic perikarya and posterior pituitary Herring bodies were likewise immunoreactive. These findings with the unlabeled antibody-enzyme technique provide conclusive evidence for the localization of an antigen within cellular organelles associated with protein synthesis and packaging.", "PMID": 392513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9668", "title": "Alternative secondary structures of leader RNAs and the regulation of the trp, phe, his, thr, and leu operons.", "content": "The trp, phe, his, thr, and leu operons of enteric bacteria are regulated by a transcriptional attenuation mechanism. Under conditions of amino acid sufficiency, transcription terminates at an attenuator site after a leader of about 150 nucleotides has been synthesized. Under conditions of limitation of a controlling amino acid, transcription continues past the attenuator into adjacent structural genes. As demonstrated by others, each of the five leader RNAs contains two regions of potential secondary structure which are partially overlapping. One of these regions occurs at the 3' terminus of the leader and is named the \"terminator.\" The other region, which potentially can preclude the formation of the terminator, is named the \"preemptor.\" Conditions that allow the preemptor to form result in derepression. We report here that the five published leader RNA sequences contain an additional potential region of secondary structure, which we call the \"protector.\" The protector partially overlaps the preemptor in such a way that pairing of the former precludes pairing of the latter. For derepression to occur, a ribosome that is translating the leader must block the protector without blocking the preemptor, a condition that is met when the ribosome is arrested at the 3' end of a set of control codons. Including the protector in the model for attenuation explains why derepression of the operon does not result from the arrest of a ribosome at a codon preceding the control set. It also explains why termination is the outcome when transcription occurs in the absence of ribosomes. Finally, termination is the predicted outcome when unfettered translation of the leader RNA occurs, resulting in release of the ribosome at the translational stop signal.", "contents": "Alternative secondary structures of leader RNAs and the regulation of the trp, phe, his, thr, and leu operons. The trp, phe, his, thr, and leu operons of enteric bacteria are regulated by a transcriptional attenuation mechanism. Under conditions of amino acid sufficiency, transcription terminates at an attenuator site after a leader of about 150 nucleotides has been synthesized. Under conditions of limitation of a controlling amino acid, transcription continues past the attenuator into adjacent structural genes. As demonstrated by others, each of the five leader RNAs contains two regions of potential secondary structure which are partially overlapping. One of these regions occurs at the 3' terminus of the leader and is named the \"terminator.\" The other region, which potentially can preclude the formation of the terminator, is named the \"preemptor.\" Conditions that allow the preemptor to form result in derepression. We report here that the five published leader RNA sequences contain an additional potential region of secondary structure, which we call the \"protector.\" The protector partially overlaps the preemptor in such a way that pairing of the former precludes pairing of the latter. For derepression to occur, a ribosome that is translating the leader must block the protector without blocking the preemptor, a condition that is met when the ribosome is arrested at the 3' end of a set of control codons. Including the protector in the model for attenuation explains why derepression of the operon does not result from the arrest of a ribosome at a codon preceding the control set. It also explains why termination is the outcome when transcription occurs in the absence of ribosomes. Finally, termination is the predicted outcome when unfettered translation of the leader RNA occurs, resulting in release of the ribosome at the translational stop signal.", "PMID": 392514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9669", "title": "Effect of diethylpyrocarbonate on lactose/proton symport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.", "content": "Exposure of Escherichia coli ML 308-225 membrane vesicles to the histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) led to concentration- and time-dependent inactivation of active lactose transport, and the sensitivity of the system to inactivation was enhanced when an electrochemical proton gradient (delta- muH+, interior negative and alkaline) was generated across the vesicle membrane. Although beta-D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside blocked DEPC inactivation, binding of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside was not significantly altered, indicating that DEPC does not react at the binding sites of the lac carrier protein. Strikingly, vesicles treated with DEPC exhibited an increased apparent Km for delta- muH+-driven lactose transport and counterflow but no change in the Vmax of these reactions and no change in the apparent Km or Vmax of facilitated diffusion. Moreover, DEPC treatment increased the apparent Km observed for delta- muH+-driven proline and D-lactate transport with no change in Vmax. Finally, the lactose counterflow activity of DEPC-treated vesicles was regenerated by subsequent exposure to hydroxylamine. It is suggested that a histidyl residue(s) in the lac carrier or another protein in the translocation complex is involved either in the binding and translocation of protons or in a conformational change that may occur upon protonation of the lac carrier protein.", "contents": "Effect of diethylpyrocarbonate on lactose/proton symport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Exposure of Escherichia coli ML 308-225 membrane vesicles to the histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) led to concentration- and time-dependent inactivation of active lactose transport, and the sensitivity of the system to inactivation was enhanced when an electrochemical proton gradient (delta- muH+, interior negative and alkaline) was generated across the vesicle membrane. Although beta-D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside blocked DEPC inactivation, binding of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside was not significantly altered, indicating that DEPC does not react at the binding sites of the lac carrier protein. Strikingly, vesicles treated with DEPC exhibited an increased apparent Km for delta- muH+-driven lactose transport and counterflow but no change in the Vmax of these reactions and no change in the apparent Km or Vmax of facilitated diffusion. Moreover, DEPC treatment increased the apparent Km observed for delta- muH+-driven proline and D-lactate transport with no change in Vmax. Finally, the lactose counterflow activity of DEPC-treated vesicles was regenerated by subsequent exposure to hydroxylamine. It is suggested that a histidyl residue(s) in the lac carrier or another protein in the translocation complex is involved either in the binding and translocation of protons or in a conformational change that may occur upon protonation of the lac carrier protein.", "PMID": 392515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9670", "title": "Cloning and expression of the Escherichia coli replication origin in a single-stranded DNA phage.", "content": "The Escherichia coli DNA replication origin (oriC) and the adjacent asparagine synthetase gene (asnA) have been inserted into the duplex replicative form DNA of the single-stranded phage vector M13Goril. By in vitro recombination, the entire oriC asnA-containing plasmid pJS5 was inserted into M13Gori1 in both possible orientations. Both phage types transduce the asnA gene and confer upon the M13 vector the ability to replicate as a plasmid in the E. coli mutant rep3. In rep+ hosts, these phages undergo single-stranded DNA synthesis and viral morphogenesis.", "contents": "Cloning and expression of the Escherichia coli replication origin in a single-stranded DNA phage. The Escherichia coli DNA replication origin (oriC) and the adjacent asparagine synthetase gene (asnA) have been inserted into the duplex replicative form DNA of the single-stranded phage vector M13Goril. By in vitro recombination, the entire oriC asnA-containing plasmid pJS5 was inserted into M13Gori1 in both possible orientations. Both phage types transduce the asnA gene and confer upon the M13 vector the ability to replicate as a plasmid in the E. coli mutant rep3. In rep+ hosts, these phages undergo single-stranded DNA synthesis and viral morphogenesis.", "PMID": 392516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9671", "title": "Attractants and repellents influence methylation and demethylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins in an extract of Escherichia coli.", "content": "During bacterial chemotaxis, attractants and repellents alter the methylation levels of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs). These methylation levels represent a balance between two enzymatic processes: methylation and demethylation. In vivo experiments previously have shown that chemoeffectors influence the demethylation process; effects on the methylation system have not been reported. Here we show that in a cell-free extract of Escherichia coli both methylation and demethylation of the MCPs are affected by attractants and repellents. Attractants enhance methylation and inhibit demethylation. Repellents inhibit methylation and stimulate demethylation. The cell-free system provides an opportunity for further study of the mechanisms by which attractants and repellents influence the levels of methylation of the MCPs.", "contents": "Attractants and repellents influence methylation and demethylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins in an extract of Escherichia coli. During bacterial chemotaxis, attractants and repellents alter the methylation levels of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs). These methylation levels represent a balance between two enzymatic processes: methylation and demethylation. In vivo experiments previously have shown that chemoeffectors influence the demethylation process; effects on the methylation system have not been reported. Here we show that in a cell-free extract of Escherichia coli both methylation and demethylation of the MCPs are affected by attractants and repellents. Attractants enhance methylation and inhibit demethylation. Repellents inhibit methylation and stimulate demethylation. The cell-free system provides an opportunity for further study of the mechanisms by which attractants and repellents influence the levels of methylation of the MCPs.", "PMID": 392517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9672", "title": "Molecular cloning of Moloney murine sarcoma virus: arrangement of virus-related sequences within the normal mouse genome.", "content": "The unintegrated circular DNA form of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) has been cloned in bacteriophage lambda. Discrete deletions in the viral genome were shown to occur during propagation of recombinant phage in Escherichia coli. Heteroduplex and restriction enzyme analyses indicated the deletion of tandemly repeated sequences within certain of the cloned MSV DNA inserts. Cloned MSV DNA was used to prepare a probe composed of its acquired cellular (src) sequences, shown previously to be necessary for MSV transformation. Analysis of EcoRI digests of normal mouse cellular DNA revealed the presence of a single 14-kilobase-pair fragment containing these sequences which lacked contiguity with endogenous type C helper viral information of the same cells. Thus, the sarcoma virus-specific sequences of MSV are represented within the normal mouse genome in a manner analogous to that of a cellular gene.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of Moloney murine sarcoma virus: arrangement of virus-related sequences within the normal mouse genome. The unintegrated circular DNA form of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) has been cloned in bacteriophage lambda. Discrete deletions in the viral genome were shown to occur during propagation of recombinant phage in Escherichia coli. Heteroduplex and restriction enzyme analyses indicated the deletion of tandemly repeated sequences within certain of the cloned MSV DNA inserts. Cloned MSV DNA was used to prepare a probe composed of its acquired cellular (src) sequences, shown previously to be necessary for MSV transformation. Analysis of EcoRI digests of normal mouse cellular DNA revealed the presence of a single 14-kilobase-pair fragment containing these sequences which lacked contiguity with endogenous type C helper viral information of the same cells. Thus, the sarcoma virus-specific sequences of MSV are represented within the normal mouse genome in a manner analogous to that of a cellular gene.", "PMID": 392518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9673", "title": "Organization of spacer DNA in chromatin.", "content": "Detailed analysis of the DNA fragment patterns produced by DNase I digestion of yeast, HeLa, and chicken erythrocyte nuclei reveals surprising features of nucleosome phasing. First, the spacer regions in phased yeast chromatin must be of lengths (10m + 5) base pairs, where m = 0, 1, 2,.... This feature is not seen in parallel studies of chicken erythrocyte chromatin. The 5-base pair increment in the yeast spacer imposes interesting restraints on the higher order structure of yeast chromatin. Second, we have been able to simulate the DNase I cutting patterns and get good agreement with the observed yeast patterns. Third, three different chromatins show a long range periodicity in the DNase I digest pattern, with a period half that of the staphylococcal nuclease repeat. These results suggest that the amount of chromatin observed in discrete extended-ladder bands is a minimum estimate of phasing and in fact phasing may be a more general feature.", "contents": "Organization of spacer DNA in chromatin. Detailed analysis of the DNA fragment patterns produced by DNase I digestion of yeast, HeLa, and chicken erythrocyte nuclei reveals surprising features of nucleosome phasing. First, the spacer regions in phased yeast chromatin must be of lengths (10m + 5) base pairs, where m = 0, 1, 2,.... This feature is not seen in parallel studies of chicken erythrocyte chromatin. The 5-base pair increment in the yeast spacer imposes interesting restraints on the higher order structure of yeast chromatin. Second, we have been able to simulate the DNase I cutting patterns and get good agreement with the observed yeast patterns. Third, three different chromatins show a long range periodicity in the DNase I digest pattern, with a period half that of the staphylococcal nuclease repeat. These results suggest that the amount of chromatin observed in discrete extended-ladder bands is a minimum estimate of phasing and in fact phasing may be a more general feature.", "PMID": 392519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9674", "title": "Nucleosome organization of the yeast 2-micrometer DNA plasmid: a eukaryotic minichromosome.", "content": "The eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 50-100 copies per cell of a circular plasmid called 2-micrometer DNA. The intracellular structure of these molecules, which represent about 4% of the total DNA, was examined by digestion of total cellular chromatin with micrococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.31.1). Nuclease-resistant DNA fragments were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and 2-micrometer DNA sequences were detected by hybridization. The 2-micrometer and chromosomal DNA digestion patterns were very similar indicating that both types of DNA are condensed into nucleosomes. An analysis of these digestion patterns showed that the kinetics of digestion of 2-micrometer chromatin and total chromatin are similar and that both have the same nucleosome repeat length of about 165 base pairs. Native 2-micrometer plasmids were examined by zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients containing 0.15 M NaCl and were found to have a sedimentation constant of 75 S, about 3 times the sedimentation constant of protein-free 2-micrometer DNA. This sedimentation property is what would be expected for a 2-micrometer DNA minichromosome. We conclude that within the cell 2-micrometer DNA molecules are organized in a chromatin structure very similar to that of the yeast chromosomes.", "contents": "Nucleosome organization of the yeast 2-micrometer DNA plasmid: a eukaryotic minichromosome. The eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 50-100 copies per cell of a circular plasmid called 2-micrometer DNA. The intracellular structure of these molecules, which represent about 4% of the total DNA, was examined by digestion of total cellular chromatin with micrococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.31.1). Nuclease-resistant DNA fragments were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and 2-micrometer DNA sequences were detected by hybridization. The 2-micrometer and chromosomal DNA digestion patterns were very similar indicating that both types of DNA are condensed into nucleosomes. An analysis of these digestion patterns showed that the kinetics of digestion of 2-micrometer chromatin and total chromatin are similar and that both have the same nucleosome repeat length of about 165 base pairs. Native 2-micrometer plasmids were examined by zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients containing 0.15 M NaCl and were found to have a sedimentation constant of 75 S, about 3 times the sedimentation constant of protein-free 2-micrometer DNA. This sedimentation property is what would be expected for a 2-micrometer DNA minichromosome. We conclude that within the cell 2-micrometer DNA molecules are organized in a chromatin structure very similar to that of the yeast chromosomes.", "PMID": 392520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9675", "title": "Genetic control of enhanced mutability of mitochondrial DNA and gamma-ray sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Five nuclear mutants enhancing the spontaneous mutation rate of mtDNA have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These mutators fall into five complementation groups and are located at five genetic loci different from rad50 to rad57 loci. Three mutants (gam1, gam2, and gam4), insensitive or weakly sensitive to gamma-rays, exhibit increased frequency of spontaneous production of mutants with large deletions of the mtDNA (p-) and of all tested mitochondrial drug-resistant mutants. Two other mutants (gam3 and gam5), highly sensitive to gamma-rays, increase only the mutation rate of particular alleles of the mtDNA. The mutant gam5 enhances only the production of p- and erythromycin-resistant clones. The mutant gam3 exhibits an enhanced rate of oligomycin-resistant clones as well as a collateral increase of nuclear mutability. The existence of gam3 and gam5 mutants indicates that at least two common steps control both nuclear DNA repair and the mutability of particular alleles of the mtDNA. However, the general spontaneous mutability of the mtDNA includes at least three steps not involved in the repair of nuclear DNA, as revealed by the gam1, gam2, and gam4 mutations.", "contents": "Genetic control of enhanced mutability of mitochondrial DNA and gamma-ray sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Five nuclear mutants enhancing the spontaneous mutation rate of mtDNA have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These mutators fall into five complementation groups and are located at five genetic loci different from rad50 to rad57 loci. Three mutants (gam1, gam2, and gam4), insensitive or weakly sensitive to gamma-rays, exhibit increased frequency of spontaneous production of mutants with large deletions of the mtDNA (p-) and of all tested mitochondrial drug-resistant mutants. Two other mutants (gam3 and gam5), highly sensitive to gamma-rays, increase only the mutation rate of particular alleles of the mtDNA. The mutant gam5 enhances only the production of p- and erythromycin-resistant clones. The mutant gam3 exhibits an enhanced rate of oligomycin-resistant clones as well as a collateral increase of nuclear mutability. The existence of gam3 and gam5 mutants indicates that at least two common steps control both nuclear DNA repair and the mutability of particular alleles of the mtDNA. However, the general spontaneous mutability of the mtDNA includes at least three steps not involved in the repair of nuclear DNA, as revealed by the gam1, gam2, and gam4 mutations.", "PMID": 392521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9676", "title": "Analysis of HLA-D region-associated molecules with monoclonal antibody.", "content": "A group of monoclonal antibodies directed against nonpolymorphic HLA-D antigens (human Ia antigens) was produced by somatic cell hybridization. One of these antibodies was used to analyze the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of the HLA-D alloantigens from different HLA-D homozygous B-cell lines. Two-dimensional gels of [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody directed against HLA-D antigens showed a complex set of spots whose electrophoretic pattern varied according to the HLA-D type. The major HLA-D-related electrophoretic polymorphism was found in the basic and smaller (26,000-28,000 daltons) HLA-D polypeptides. These patterns represent allele-specific \"fingerprints\" of different HLA-D genotypes. There are striking similarities with respect to number, size, and charge spectrum among HLA-D polypeptides and the murine I-A and I-E subregion polypeptides, suggesting a similar genetic organization and molecular complexity in both species.", "contents": "Analysis of HLA-D region-associated molecules with monoclonal antibody. A group of monoclonal antibodies directed against nonpolymorphic HLA-D antigens (human Ia antigens) was produced by somatic cell hybridization. One of these antibodies was used to analyze the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of the HLA-D alloantigens from different HLA-D homozygous B-cell lines. Two-dimensional gels of [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody directed against HLA-D antigens showed a complex set of spots whose electrophoretic pattern varied according to the HLA-D type. The major HLA-D-related electrophoretic polymorphism was found in the basic and smaller (26,000-28,000 daltons) HLA-D polypeptides. These patterns represent allele-specific \"fingerprints\" of different HLA-D genotypes. There are striking similarities with respect to number, size, and charge spectrum among HLA-D polypeptides and the murine I-A and I-E subregion polypeptides, suggesting a similar genetic organization and molecular complexity in both species.", "PMID": 392522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9677", "title": "Rich ependymal investment of luliberin (LHRH) fibers revealed immunocytochemically in an image like that from Golgi stain.", "content": "Immunospecific staining in 100-micron-thick Vibratome section by the unlabeled antibody method resembles Golgi staining and reveals an abundance of luliberin- (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, LHRH) positive cells and fibers in close contact with the surface of the third ventricle. The polarity of LHRH cells can be seen and processes can be traced for several millimeters. In the medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas bipolar LHRH neurons send short stout processes to the ventricular surface and long processes toward the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. These cells resemble the receptor cells contacting the cerebrospinal fluid that have been described by Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann [Vigh, B. & Vigh-Teichmann, I. (1973) Int. Rev. Cytol. 35, 189-251]. In the septal region some bipolar neurons send both of their processes towards the ventricular surface. LHRH neurons in the nucleus of the anterior commissure and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project over the anterior commissure to form a dense plexus of fibers in the subfornical organ. The proximity of LHRH perikarya and fibers to the ventricular surface supports the hypothesis [Knigge, K.M., Joseph, S.A., Scott, D.E. & Jacobs, J.J. (1971) in The Neuroendocrinology of Human Reproduction, eds. Mack, H.C. & Sherman, A.J., (Thomas, Springfield, IL), pp. 6-22.] that the cerebrospinal fluid functions in neuroendocrine control mechanisms.", "contents": "Rich ependymal investment of luliberin (LHRH) fibers revealed immunocytochemically in an image like that from Golgi stain. Immunospecific staining in 100-micron-thick Vibratome section by the unlabeled antibody method resembles Golgi staining and reveals an abundance of luliberin- (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, LHRH) positive cells and fibers in close contact with the surface of the third ventricle. The polarity of LHRH cells can be seen and processes can be traced for several millimeters. In the medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas bipolar LHRH neurons send short stout processes to the ventricular surface and long processes toward the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. These cells resemble the receptor cells contacting the cerebrospinal fluid that have been described by Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann [Vigh, B. & Vigh-Teichmann, I. (1973) Int. Rev. Cytol. 35, 189-251]. In the septal region some bipolar neurons send both of their processes towards the ventricular surface. LHRH neurons in the nucleus of the anterior commissure and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project over the anterior commissure to form a dense plexus of fibers in the subfornical organ. The proximity of LHRH perikarya and fibers to the ventricular surface supports the hypothesis [Knigge, K.M., Joseph, S.A., Scott, D.E. & Jacobs, J.J. (1971) in The Neuroendocrinology of Human Reproduction, eds. Mack, H.C. & Sherman, A.J., (Thomas, Springfield, IL), pp. 6-22.] that the cerebrospinal fluid functions in neuroendocrine control mechanisms.", "PMID": 392523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9678", "title": "Salt, hypertension, and genetic-environmental interactions.", "content": "Observations relating to hypertension in humans and rat experiments have been reviewed from several viewpoints including clinical medicine, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and genetics. It seems likely that much of essential hypertension results from excessive salt intake by individuals with an inherited inability to excrete sodium efficiently which is compensated by blood pressure elevation. A few major genes are likely responsible for a few basic mechanisms involving renal membranes and hormones controlling sodium transport. Excess hypertension in blacks, diabetics, the elderly, and oral contraceptive users can be explained by this theory. If hypertension and other genetically predisposed CHD risk factors are to be fully understood, future studies are needed with detailed data on both genetic and environmental factors, and analytic tools that allow an adequate examination of their interactions.", "contents": "Salt, hypertension, and genetic-environmental interactions. Observations relating to hypertension in humans and rat experiments have been reviewed from several viewpoints including clinical medicine, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and genetics. It seems likely that much of essential hypertension results from excessive salt intake by individuals with an inherited inability to excrete sodium efficiently which is compensated by blood pressure elevation. A few major genes are likely responsible for a few basic mechanisms involving renal membranes and hormones controlling sodium transport. Excess hypertension in blacks, diabetics, the elderly, and oral contraceptive users can be explained by this theory. If hypertension and other genetically predisposed CHD risk factors are to be fully understood, future studies are needed with detailed data on both genetic and environmental factors, and analytic tools that allow an adequate examination of their interactions.", "PMID": 392527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9679", "title": "An easily constructed durable chronic intracerebral cannula system.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive, and rugged intracerebral cannula system is described and construction details are provided for both guide and injection cannula assemblies. The guide cannula assembly is easily and quickly molded from dental acrylic cement and has a protective acrylic collar surrounding the end of the actual guide cannula. This system is believed to offer some advantage over current methodologies in terms of expense, durability and ease of construction and is well suited to use in rodents.", "contents": "An easily constructed durable chronic intracerebral cannula system. A simple, inexpensive, and rugged intracerebral cannula system is described and construction details are provided for both guide and injection cannula assemblies. The guide cannula assembly is easily and quickly molded from dental acrylic cement and has a protective acrylic collar surrounding the end of the actual guide cannula. This system is believed to offer some advantage over current methodologies in terms of expense, durability and ease of construction and is well suited to use in rodents.", "PMID": 392533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9680", "title": "Functional components of surface membranes: potential targets for pharmacological manipulation.", "content": "This short survey of three major developments in membrane studies should serve to convince pharmacologists that biochemical approaches to the study of cell membranes have finally borne fruit. A reasonable model of cell membrane architecture is now in hand, and it should be possible to use these findings to design and interpret new pharmacological approaches to the manipulation of cells via their surface membranes.", "contents": "Functional components of surface membranes: potential targets for pharmacological manipulation. This short survey of three major developments in membrane studies should serve to convince pharmacologists that biochemical approaches to the study of cell membranes have finally borne fruit. A reasonable model of cell membrane architecture is now in hand, and it should be possible to use these findings to design and interpret new pharmacological approaches to the manipulation of cells via their surface membranes.", "PMID": 392535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9681", "title": "Accumulation of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses.", "content": "Nerve-muscle synapses form and the postsynaptic membrane begins to differentiate rapidly in vitro. New clusters of AChRs have been located at transmitting synapses within 3 hours after a competent neurite contacted a receptive myotube. Receptors within new subneural clusters are not identical with receptors at adult end-plates: they are metabolized rapidly and their mean channel open time is prolonged. In this sense synapse formation must be considered a drawn out affair. AChE also accumulates at synapses soon after functional contacts are established. The cleft enzyme is apparently regulated differently than receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Muscle activity is necessary for the early accumulation of AChE, but not for the clustering of receptors. Further studies in vitro should be useful for analysis of the role of muscle activity, of the local neural influence on the postsynaptic membrane, and of the mechanism of the muscle response.", "contents": "Accumulation of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses. Nerve-muscle synapses form and the postsynaptic membrane begins to differentiate rapidly in vitro. New clusters of AChRs have been located at transmitting synapses within 3 hours after a competent neurite contacted a receptive myotube. Receptors within new subneural clusters are not identical with receptors at adult end-plates: they are metabolized rapidly and their mean channel open time is prolonged. In this sense synapse formation must be considered a drawn out affair. AChE also accumulates at synapses soon after functional contacts are established. The cleft enzyme is apparently regulated differently than receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Muscle activity is necessary for the early accumulation of AChE, but not for the clustering of receptors. Further studies in vitro should be useful for analysis of the role of muscle activity, of the local neural influence on the postsynaptic membrane, and of the mechanism of the muscle response.", "PMID": 392537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9682", "title": "Hepatic clearance measurements and pharmacokinetics.", "content": "This review emphasizes the need for well-defined models for hepatic pharmacokinetics and discusses the interpretation of hepatic clearance measurements. Such recent approaches are subjected to theoretical and experimental comparisons. The pharmacokinetic consequences, including a classification of drugs according to hepatic clearance, are outlined.", "contents": "Hepatic clearance measurements and pharmacokinetics. This review emphasizes the need for well-defined models for hepatic pharmacokinetics and discusses the interpretation of hepatic clearance measurements. Such recent approaches are subjected to theoretical and experimental comparisons. The pharmacokinetic consequences, including a classification of drugs according to hepatic clearance, are outlined.", "PMID": 392549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9683", "title": "Genital herpes simplex virus infections.", "content": "In recent years, a great increase in interest in genital herpes has been stimulated partly by the rising prevalence of this disease and partly by observations suggesting that genital herpes is a cause of cervical cancer. The clinical pictures produced by genital herpes simplex virus infections are similar in men and women. In contrast to recurrent attacks, initial episodes of infection are generally more extensive, last longer, and are more often associated with regional lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms. Genital herpes in pregnancy may pose a serious threat to the newborn infant. Although the data suggesting genital herpes simplex virus infection is a cause of cervical cancer are quite extensive, the evidence is largely circumstantial. In spite of these more serious aspects of genital herpes simplex virus infection, episodes of genital herpes are almost always self-limited and benign. Frequent recurrences pose the major therapeutic and management problem. At present, there is no satisfactory treatment for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus in fection. Many of the suggested therapies, although some sound very promising, are potentially dangerous and should be used only under carefully controlled conditions.", "contents": "Genital herpes simplex virus infections. In recent years, a great increase in interest in genital herpes has been stimulated partly by the rising prevalence of this disease and partly by observations suggesting that genital herpes is a cause of cervical cancer. The clinical pictures produced by genital herpes simplex virus infections are similar in men and women. In contrast to recurrent attacks, initial episodes of infection are generally more extensive, last longer, and are more often associated with regional lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms. Genital herpes in pregnancy may pose a serious threat to the newborn infant. Although the data suggesting genital herpes simplex virus infection is a cause of cervical cancer are quite extensive, the evidence is largely circumstantial. In spite of these more serious aspects of genital herpes simplex virus infection, episodes of genital herpes are almost always self-limited and benign. Frequent recurrences pose the major therapeutic and management problem. At present, there is no satisfactory treatment for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus in fection. Many of the suggested therapies, although some sound very promising, are potentially dangerous and should be used only under carefully controlled conditions.", "PMID": 392575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9684", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The nephrotic syndrome appears to be an expression of a number of complex disease processes. The supportive, as well as the definitive, management of the nephrotic syndrome patient requires considerable knowledge of disease pathophysiology, drugs, and drug interactions. Therapy of any degree cannot be undertaken lightly for fear of further compromising the nephrotic syndrome patient.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome appears to be an expression of a number of complex disease processes. The supportive, as well as the definitive, management of the nephrotic syndrome patient requires considerable knowledge of disease pathophysiology, drugs, and drug interactions. Therapy of any degree cannot be undertaken lightly for fear of further compromising the nephrotic syndrome patient.", "PMID": 392577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9685", "title": "Stinging insect allergy.", "content": "One to two million Americans have a history of systemic allergic reactions to stinging insects and must live with the knowledge that future stings could be catastrophic. Recent advances have been made in diagnosis and treatment of this problem. Pure venoms have been recognized to be superior to the whole body extract as diagnostic and treatment antigens. Use of pure venoms for immunotherapy gives far better protection than whole body extract for the allergic patient and represents a major advance in the field of allergy. The imported fire ant is very different from the other common stinging insects in its venom components, the type of local reactions caused by its sting, and the fact that whole body extract from this insect seems to be as good an antigen for diagnosis and treatment as pure venom. Although important discoveries about insect allergy have been made recently, some very important questions are yet to be answered. Among these are: (1) Can suppliers of venom provide us with enough venom to treat all patients with insect allergy? (2) How long should immunotherapy be continued? and (3) Would treatment with specific antigens from venom be superior to using whole venom? We all await the answer to these and other questions with hopeful anticipation.", "contents": "Stinging insect allergy. One to two million Americans have a history of systemic allergic reactions to stinging insects and must live with the knowledge that future stings could be catastrophic. Recent advances have been made in diagnosis and treatment of this problem. Pure venoms have been recognized to be superior to the whole body extract as diagnostic and treatment antigens. Use of pure venoms for immunotherapy gives far better protection than whole body extract for the allergic patient and represents a major advance in the field of allergy. The imported fire ant is very different from the other common stinging insects in its venom components, the type of local reactions caused by its sting, and the fact that whole body extract from this insect seems to be as good an antigen for diagnosis and treatment as pure venom. Although important discoveries about insect allergy have been made recently, some very important questions are yet to be answered. Among these are: (1) Can suppliers of venom provide us with enough venom to treat all patients with insect allergy? (2) How long should immunotherapy be continued? and (3) Would treatment with specific antigens from venom be superior to using whole venom? We all await the answer to these and other questions with hopeful anticipation.", "PMID": 392579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9686", "title": "Social forces, ideology, and the domain of mental health services.", "content": "Public attitudes toward the mentally ill affect practices relating to treatment of mentally impaired persons. This has been true historically. The human rights movement and the community mental health movement have had a major impact on the care and treatment practices of the twentieth century. In the United States these movements have influenced Federal policy, which in turn has provided resources and a redirection that heralded a major expansion of public mental health services.", "contents": "Social forces, ideology, and the domain of mental health services. Public attitudes toward the mentally ill affect practices relating to treatment of mentally impaired persons. This has been true historically. The human rights movement and the community mental health movement have had a major impact on the care and treatment practices of the twentieth century. In the United States these movements have influenced Federal policy, which in turn has provided resources and a redirection that heralded a major expansion of public mental health services.", "PMID": 392582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9687", "title": "Benjamin Rush and his friends on human nature.", "content": "The 18th century writers explored the nature of man and decided mankind was divided into six subdivisions. Studying man from a naturalistic viewpoint raised doubts about God's primary role, a questioning totally unacceptable to Benjamin Rush. Rush considered all of mankind as originating from God's original pair, but bearing a deficiency and vulnerability from their original sin. He viewed man as a physiologist, as a materialist, and as a monist. Modifying the Scottish philosophers extensive faculty psychology, he accepted nine mental faculties and of these considered the moral sense essential. Rush and his friend, Thomas Jefferson, shared this belief which enabled them to be more optimistic than their friend John Adams who thought man to be driven by a need for distinction and thereby requiring control from a strong central government.", "contents": "Benjamin Rush and his friends on human nature. The 18th century writers explored the nature of man and decided mankind was divided into six subdivisions. Studying man from a naturalistic viewpoint raised doubts about God's primary role, a questioning totally unacceptable to Benjamin Rush. Rush considered all of mankind as originating from God's original pair, but bearing a deficiency and vulnerability from their original sin. He viewed man as a physiologist, as a materialist, and as a monist. Modifying the Scottish philosophers extensive faculty psychology, he accepted nine mental faculties and of these considered the moral sense essential. Rush and his friend, Thomas Jefferson, shared this belief which enabled them to be more optimistic than their friend John Adams who thought man to be driven by a need for distinction and thereby requiring control from a strong central government.", "PMID": 392583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9688", "title": "Prospective study of different methods and routes of administration of prostaglandin E2 to improve the unripe cervix.", "content": "Methods of vaginal and extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration to achieve ripening of the cervix as a preliminary to induction of labour are described. Three groups of twenty patients with unfavourable induction features were studied, each receiving prostaglandin E2 the evening prior to planned induction. One group received PGE2 500 micrograms suspended in a viscous medium extra-amniotically. One group received PGE2 3 mg suspended in a viscous medium into the vaginal vault. A third group received a 3 mg PGE2 vaginal pessary to the posterior fornix. Improvement in cervical status at time of induction occurred in all groups but no single group had a significant advantage when regarding mean improvement, the induction-delivery interval or the number of patients in whom labour began before formal induction. However, with regard to relative cost, ease of preparation and storage, as well as patient and medical staff convenience, Prostaglandin E2 in pessary form is a superior form of administration.", "contents": "Prospective study of different methods and routes of administration of prostaglandin E2 to improve the unripe cervix. Methods of vaginal and extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration to achieve ripening of the cervix as a preliminary to induction of labour are described. Three groups of twenty patients with unfavourable induction features were studied, each receiving prostaglandin E2 the evening prior to planned induction. One group received PGE2 500 micrograms suspended in a viscous medium extra-amniotically. One group received PGE2 3 mg suspended in a viscous medium into the vaginal vault. A third group received a 3 mg PGE2 vaginal pessary to the posterior fornix. Improvement in cervical status at time of induction occurred in all groups but no single group had a significant advantage when regarding mean improvement, the induction-delivery interval or the number of patients in whom labour began before formal induction. However, with regard to relative cost, ease of preparation and storage, as well as patient and medical staff convenience, Prostaglandin E2 in pessary form is a superior form of administration.", "PMID": 392620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9689", "title": "Effect of ibuprofen on menstrual blood prostaglandin levels in dysmenorrheic women.", "content": "In a randomized crossover study 15 dysmenorrheic women were treated during two consecutive menstrual period, once with the potent prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: ibuprofen and once with an identical looking placebo. Each patient was medicated for 12 hours during the first day of her menstrual flow and was subsequently fitted with a cervical cup for the collection of menstrual blood during three hours. In these samples the concentrations of prostaglandin (PG)F and PGE were measured by radioimmunoassay. The patients receiving placebo had high PGF levels 135 +/- 27 ng/ml (Mean +/- S.E.) which were significnatly reduced by Ibuprofen to 24 +/- 5 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). The PGE concentrations decreased from 5 +/- 1 ng/ml to 2 +/- 1 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). Ibuprofen also reduced the menstrual pain significantly (P less than 0.001). These results substantiate the earlier conclusion that a causal relationship exists between effective treatment with PG-synthesis inhibitors and decrease in menstrual blood PG levels, intrauterine pressure and dysmenorrheic pain.", "contents": "Effect of ibuprofen on menstrual blood prostaglandin levels in dysmenorrheic women. In a randomized crossover study 15 dysmenorrheic women were treated during two consecutive menstrual period, once with the potent prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: ibuprofen and once with an identical looking placebo. Each patient was medicated for 12 hours during the first day of her menstrual flow and was subsequently fitted with a cervical cup for the collection of menstrual blood during three hours. In these samples the concentrations of prostaglandin (PG)F and PGE were measured by radioimmunoassay. The patients receiving placebo had high PGF levels 135 +/- 27 ng/ml (Mean +/- S.E.) which were significnatly reduced by Ibuprofen to 24 +/- 5 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). The PGE concentrations decreased from 5 +/- 1 ng/ml to 2 +/- 1 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). Ibuprofen also reduced the menstrual pain significantly (P less than 0.001). These results substantiate the earlier conclusion that a causal relationship exists between effective treatment with PG-synthesis inhibitors and decrease in menstrual blood PG levels, intrauterine pressure and dysmenorrheic pain.", "PMID": 392621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9690", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on third stage labor.", "content": "The effects of intramyometrially injected PGF2 alpha intravenous Ergometrin and no treatment were compared during 3rd stage labor in 140 patients. In comparison with Ergometrin or no treatment, PGF2 alpha significantly reduced the duration of 3rd stage labor, blood loss, incidence of subinvolution and subfebrility.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on third stage labor. The effects of intramyometrially injected PGF2 alpha intravenous Ergometrin and no treatment were compared during 3rd stage labor in 140 patients. In comparison with Ergometrin or no treatment, PGF2 alpha significantly reduced the duration of 3rd stage labor, blood loss, incidence of subinvolution and subfebrility.", "PMID": 392622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9691", "title": "Controlled trial of induction of labor by vaginal suppositories containing prostaglandin E2.", "content": "A group of 84 women at 39-43 weeks of pregnancy were randomly allocated to a blind trial of induction of labor with vaginal suppositories containing inert material or either 0.2 mg or 0.4 mg of prostaglandin E2. The suppositories were self-administered every two hours during waking hours on two successive days until labor started or 15 had been used. Side-effects were absent. Labor was established within 48 hr of insertion of the first suppository in 9.3% of control patients, 65.4% of those treated with 0.2 mg PGE2 and 85.7% of those treated with 0.4 mg PGE2. The mean Apgar scores in the three groups were the same. The mean total dose of PGE2 were 2.0 mg (0.2 mg group) and 2.3 mg (0.4 mg group). It is concluded that vaginal PGE2 is an effective and acceptable method of inducing labor at term.", "contents": "Controlled trial of induction of labor by vaginal suppositories containing prostaglandin E2. A group of 84 women at 39-43 weeks of pregnancy were randomly allocated to a blind trial of induction of labor with vaginal suppositories containing inert material or either 0.2 mg or 0.4 mg of prostaglandin E2. The suppositories were self-administered every two hours during waking hours on two successive days until labor started or 15 had been used. Side-effects were absent. Labor was established within 48 hr of insertion of the first suppository in 9.3% of control patients, 65.4% of those treated with 0.2 mg PGE2 and 85.7% of those treated with 0.4 mg PGE2. The mean Apgar scores in the three groups were the same. The mean total dose of PGE2 were 2.0 mg (0.2 mg group) and 2.3 mg (0.4 mg group). It is concluded that vaginal PGE2 is an effective and acceptable method of inducing labor at term.", "PMID": 392623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9692", "title": "The central nervous effect of prostaglandins I2, E2 and F2 alpha on aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular administration of PGI2 or PGE2 reduced aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats. PGF2 alpha had no antiarrhythmic effect under the same conditions. The ED50 values of PGI2 and E2 were 0.25 microgram/kg and 1.1 microgram/kg, respectively. Central mechanisms may participate in the antiarrhythmic effect of these PGs.", "contents": "The central nervous effect of prostaglandins I2, E2 and F2 alpha on aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of PGI2 or PGE2 reduced aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats. PGF2 alpha had no antiarrhythmic effect under the same conditions. The ED50 values of PGI2 and E2 were 0.25 microgram/kg and 1.1 microgram/kg, respectively. Central mechanisms may participate in the antiarrhythmic effect of these PGs.", "PMID": 392624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9693", "title": "[Cartesianism and Henricus Regius' dentistry (1598--1679--1979) (Henricus de Roy, Ren\u00e9 Descartes].", "content": "Henricues Regius (1598--1679), professor at the University of Utrecht was the first physician who accepted the physiology of the philosopher Descartes (1596--1750) that he exposed in Fundamenta physices (1646) and in Fundamenta Medicinae (1647) but in Praxis Medica (1657) his therapy of the \"odontalgia\" is still mediaeval according to the principles of Galen.", "contents": "[Cartesianism and Henricus Regius' dentistry (1598--1679--1979) (Henricus de Roy, Ren\u00e9 Descartes]. Henricues Regius (1598--1679), professor at the University of Utrecht was the first physician who accepted the physiology of the philosopher Descartes (1596--1750) that he exposed in Fundamenta physices (1646) and in Fundamenta Medicinae (1647) but in Praxis Medica (1657) his therapy of the \"odontalgia\" is still mediaeval according to the principles of Galen.", "PMID": 392632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9694", "title": "[Odontology and the beginning of cartesianism (1673--1650) (Rene Descartes)].", "content": "In the seventeenth century the universities of the Netherlands underwent the influence of Descartes in all the faculties. In medicine three periods can be distinguished: in the first, pathology and therapy are still galenic; the second, by the application of the cartesian method, triumphs in physiology; and the third, corrected by the views of Newton is integrated in a moderate biomechanism.", "contents": "[Odontology and the beginning of cartesianism (1673--1650) (Rene Descartes)]. In the seventeenth century the universities of the Netherlands underwent the influence of Descartes in all the faculties. In medicine three periods can be distinguished: in the first, pathology and therapy are still galenic; the second, by the application of the cartesian method, triumphs in physiology; and the third, corrected by the views of Newton is integrated in a moderate biomechanism.", "PMID": 392633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9695", "title": "[Evoked potentials and vigilance states induced during the course of choice reaction time tests].", "content": "Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potentials (N120, P200, P300) were investigated during choice reaction time situations in a group of 10 subjects practising meditation (E.S.) versus a matched control group (C.S.) During a series of visual stimuli occuring at fixed intervals, with 10% random omissions, the subjects were asked : 1) to respond by a finger displacement to each visual stimulus; 2) to hold on the response to the stimulus and to respond to omission. Both tasks were recorded before and after the practice of meditation or rest for the controls. The intergroup comparison showed that the experimental subjects had faster RT's with less mistakes, and N120 and P200 of larger amplitude and shorter latency. These differencies were significant before and after meditation. The transient effects of meditation or rest, were opposite for the two groups : whereas after meditation the RT's became longer with less mistakes, and the amplitude of P300 larger, after rest there was a decrease of the P300 amplitude and no change in the RT's of the controls. These results are interpreted in terms of selective attention capacity and information processing strategies, A.S.C. being used as a model for the study of these processes.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials and vigilance states induced during the course of choice reaction time tests]. Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potentials (N120, P200, P300) were investigated during choice reaction time situations in a group of 10 subjects practising meditation (E.S.) versus a matched control group (C.S.) During a series of visual stimuli occuring at fixed intervals, with 10% random omissions, the subjects were asked : 1) to respond by a finger displacement to each visual stimulus; 2) to hold on the response to the stimulus and to respond to omission. Both tasks were recorded before and after the practice of meditation or rest for the controls. The intergroup comparison showed that the experimental subjects had faster RT's with less mistakes, and N120 and P200 of larger amplitude and shorter latency. These differencies were significant before and after meditation. The transient effects of meditation or rest, were opposite for the two groups : whereas after meditation the RT's became longer with less mistakes, and the amplitude of P300 larger, after rest there was a decrease of the P300 amplitude and no change in the RT's of the controls. These results are interpreted in terms of selective attention capacity and information processing strategies, A.S.C. being used as a model for the study of these processes.", "PMID": 392646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9696", "title": "Bismuth toxicity in man II. Review of bismuth blood and urine levels in patients after administration of therapeutic bismuth formulations in relation to the problem of bismuth toxicity in man.", "content": "A survey of the leterature on bismuth toxicity in man in relation to blood level data, has revealed the necessity of distinguishing between lipid soluble and water soluble organic complexes of bismuth on the one hand and the simple inorganic salts of bismuth on the other hand. A characteristic feature of the former, illustrated by the water soluble bismuth complex triglycollamate, is the high bismuth levels (due to absorption of the complex as such) and the nephrotoxic properties of the compound in man. Bismuth absorption after administration of the simple inorganic salts of bismuth is postulated to occur in the form of ionic bismuth as such, low bismuth levels being characteristic features of such compounds. Bismuth blood and urine levels obtained from patients after administration of a new anti-ulcer drug (Bicitropeptide) in a well controlled clinical trial are discussed and suggest that that this bismuth containing drug behaves pharmacologically in a manner similar to the inorganic bismuth salts in man, low bismuth blood levels and the absence of toxic side effects being conspicuous features of the drug. Based on these considerations, it is proposed that the pharmacologically active bismuth compounds be divided into four different groups depending on structure, stability and solubility. The question as to what constitutes a \"toxic bismuth blood level\" can only be discussed in relation to the new proposed sub-division of bismuth compounds and is only meaningful if the term is defined to relate only to ionic bismuth (presumably bound to a large extent to blood proteins). Based on information gleaned from the literature and blood level values reported in the clinical trial referred to, it is suggested that bismuth blood level values below 50 micrograms/ml are highly unlikely to be associated with meaningful toxicity in man. Finally, attention is drawn to the reversibility of bismuth toxicity in man as reported by many authors irrespective of the type of bismuth compound concerned.", "contents": "Bismuth toxicity in man II. Review of bismuth blood and urine levels in patients after administration of therapeutic bismuth formulations in relation to the problem of bismuth toxicity in man. A survey of the leterature on bismuth toxicity in man in relation to blood level data, has revealed the necessity of distinguishing between lipid soluble and water soluble organic complexes of bismuth on the one hand and the simple inorganic salts of bismuth on the other hand. A characteristic feature of the former, illustrated by the water soluble bismuth complex triglycollamate, is the high bismuth levels (due to absorption of the complex as such) and the nephrotoxic properties of the compound in man. Bismuth absorption after administration of the simple inorganic salts of bismuth is postulated to occur in the form of ionic bismuth as such, low bismuth levels being characteristic features of such compounds. Bismuth blood and urine levels obtained from patients after administration of a new anti-ulcer drug (Bicitropeptide) in a well controlled clinical trial are discussed and suggest that that this bismuth containing drug behaves pharmacologically in a manner similar to the inorganic bismuth salts in man, low bismuth blood levels and the absence of toxic side effects being conspicuous features of the drug. Based on these considerations, it is proposed that the pharmacologically active bismuth compounds be divided into four different groups depending on structure, stability and solubility. The question as to what constitutes a \"toxic bismuth blood level\" can only be discussed in relation to the new proposed sub-division of bismuth compounds and is only meaningful if the term is defined to relate only to ionic bismuth (presumably bound to a large extent to blood proteins). Based on information gleaned from the literature and blood level values reported in the clinical trial referred to, it is suggested that bismuth blood level values below 50 micrograms/ml are highly unlikely to be associated with meaningful toxicity in man. Finally, attention is drawn to the reversibility of bismuth toxicity in man as reported by many authors irrespective of the type of bismuth compound concerned.", "PMID": 392661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9697", "title": "The effect of dietary disulfiram upon the tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-1,2-dibromoethane in the rat.", "content": "Dietary disulfiram enhances the toxicity of inhaled 1,2-dibromoethane in rats. This study was undertaken to determine whether the differential toxicity noted was associated with alterations in the levels of the compound and/or its metabolites in the target organs. A comparison of the levels of 14C in selected tissues of male rats, with and without dietary disulfiram, following the oral administration of 14C-1,2-dibromoethane was made. The results indicated that levels of radioactivity in the target organs of animals in  the disulfiram group were significantly elevated both at 24 and 48 hours following compound administration. The data indicate a direct correlation between tissue levels and the enhancement of toxicity noted in the disulfiram-treated rats in the inhalation study. A significant elevation in the levels of radioactivity in washed liver nuclei obtained from animals receiving dietary disulfiram was also noted, suggesting a relationship between nuclear uptake and the increased incidence of liver tumors appearing in the disulfiran group in the inhalation study.", "contents": "The effect of dietary disulfiram upon the tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-1,2-dibromoethane in the rat. Dietary disulfiram enhances the toxicity of inhaled 1,2-dibromoethane in rats. This study was undertaken to determine whether the differential toxicity noted was associated with alterations in the levels of the compound and/or its metabolites in the target organs. A comparison of the levels of 14C in selected tissues of male rats, with and without dietary disulfiram, following the oral administration of 14C-1,2-dibromoethane was made. The results indicated that levels of radioactivity in the target organs of animals in  the disulfiram group were significantly elevated both at 24 and 48 hours following compound administration. The data indicate a direct correlation between tissue levels and the enhancement of toxicity noted in the disulfiram-treated rats in the inhalation study. A significant elevation in the levels of radioactivity in washed liver nuclei obtained from animals receiving dietary disulfiram was also noted, suggesting a relationship between nuclear uptake and the increased incidence of liver tumors appearing in the disulfiran group in the inhalation study.", "PMID": 392662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9698", "title": "Effects of some naturally occurring prostaglandins of the D-, E-, and I-type and synthetic analogues on adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts.", "content": "The effects of various prostaglandins originating from arachidonic acid (prostaglandin E2, D2, I2) as well as of methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 (16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and 15-S-methyl prostaglandin E2) on the human fat cell adenylate cyclase were studied. In addition, the stable breakdown product of prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin 6-keto-F1-alpha, was tested for activity. Prostaglandin E2 and its methylated analogues as well as prostaglandin D2 and I2 were active stimulators of the human fat cell enzyme. The stable breakdown product of prostaglandin I2 (prostaglandin 6-keto-F1-alpha) which is biologically inactive had no stimulatory effects, suggesting that stimulation of the human fat cell function. The stimulatory action of prostaglandin D2 is consistent with the elevation of cAMP-levels induced by this compound in intact fat cells. It is concluded that the stimulatory effects of prostaglandins on the human fat cell adenylate cyclase are related to their stimulatory effects upon lipolysis.", "contents": "Effects of some naturally occurring prostaglandins of the D-, E-, and I-type and synthetic analogues on adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. The effects of various prostaglandins originating from arachidonic acid (prostaglandin E2, D2, I2) as well as of methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 (16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and 15-S-methyl prostaglandin E2) on the human fat cell adenylate cyclase were studied. In addition, the stable breakdown product of prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin 6-keto-F1-alpha, was tested for activity. Prostaglandin E2 and its methylated analogues as well as prostaglandin D2 and I2 were active stimulators of the human fat cell enzyme. The stable breakdown product of prostaglandin I2 (prostaglandin 6-keto-F1-alpha) which is biologically inactive had no stimulatory effects, suggesting that stimulation of the human fat cell function. The stimulatory action of prostaglandin D2 is consistent with the elevation of cAMP-levels induced by this compound in intact fat cells. It is concluded that the stimulatory effects of prostaglandins on the human fat cell adenylate cyclase are related to their stimulatory effects upon lipolysis.", "PMID": 392663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9699", "title": "[Canine kidney preservation by intermittent perfusion with hypothermic Collins- or Sacks-solution (author's transl)].", "content": "37 canine kidneys were intermittently perfused with Collins- or Sacks-solution every 2--6 h. 32 of these kidneys were transplanted after 12--24 h storage time. Additionally, 24 kidneys were stored under hypothermia for 12--24 h and then transplanted (control group). During perfusion the oxygen consumption of the kidneys and the enzyme and lactate release were measured. It was impossible to improve the results of hypothermic storage preservation by intermittent perfusion of the kidneys, on the contrary kidney function deteriorated by the number of perfusion processes. The failure of intermittent perfusion is caused by the increase of renal vascular resistance during perfusion. From the oxygen consumption and lactate release measurement it was concluded, that the washout solutions for kidney preservation should contain more substrate which can be utilized under anaerobic conditions to improve the results of hypothermic storage preservation.", "contents": "[Canine kidney preservation by intermittent perfusion with hypothermic Collins- or Sacks-solution (author's transl)]. 37 canine kidneys were intermittently perfused with Collins- or Sacks-solution every 2--6 h. 32 of these kidneys were transplanted after 12--24 h storage time. Additionally, 24 kidneys were stored under hypothermia for 12--24 h and then transplanted (control group). During perfusion the oxygen consumption of the kidneys and the enzyme and lactate release were measured. It was impossible to improve the results of hypothermic storage preservation by intermittent perfusion of the kidneys, on the contrary kidney function deteriorated by the number of perfusion processes. The failure of intermittent perfusion is caused by the increase of renal vascular resistance during perfusion. From the oxygen consumption and lactate release measurement it was concluded, that the washout solutions for kidney preservation should contain more substrate which can be utilized under anaerobic conditions to improve the results of hypothermic storage preservation.", "PMID": 392664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9700", "title": "Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle after CO2-laser incision.", "content": "The immediate effect of CO2-laser incision to the dorsal skin and underlying muscular tissue of rats was studied by light and electron microscopical methods. In the subcutaneous layer of skeletal muscle cells an increased susceptibility was found, resulting in distinct zones of cellular changes which are attributed mainly to thermal effects of the laser beam. The importance of these findings for the surgical application of lasers is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle after CO2-laser incision. The immediate effect of CO2-laser incision to the dorsal skin and underlying muscular tissue of rats was studied by light and electron microscopical methods. In the subcutaneous layer of skeletal muscle cells an increased susceptibility was found, resulting in distinct zones of cellular changes which are attributed mainly to thermal effects of the laser beam. The importance of these findings for the surgical application of lasers is discussed.", "PMID": 392665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9701", "title": "[Adenosine deaminase activity in blood cells; influence of cytostatic therapy in patients with acute leukemia and with renal transplants (author's transl)].", "content": "A causal relation between the enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and immune dysfunction is well known: patients with congenital inactivity of ADA invariably suffer of severe combined immunodeficiency. In contrast, we found in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs increased ADA enzyme activity. Previous findings on ADA activity in acute leukemias are until now controversial. We found normal to increased ADA activity in children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission as long as they were treated with cytostatic drugs. In the group of cured leukemics (in continuous remission after suspension of the therapeutic regimen) the ADA activities were normal. These findings do not exclude a heterogeneity within the leukemia group. They do not explain the signs of cellular immunodeficiencies well known in patients with acute leukemias.", "contents": "[Adenosine deaminase activity in blood cells; influence of cytostatic therapy in patients with acute leukemia and with renal transplants (author's transl)]. A causal relation between the enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and immune dysfunction is well known: patients with congenital inactivity of ADA invariably suffer of severe combined immunodeficiency. In contrast, we found in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs increased ADA enzyme activity. Previous findings on ADA activity in acute leukemias are until now controversial. We found normal to increased ADA activity in children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission as long as they were treated with cytostatic drugs. In the group of cured leukemics (in continuous remission after suspension of the therapeutic regimen) the ADA activities were normal. These findings do not exclude a heterogeneity within the leukemia group. They do not explain the signs of cellular immunodeficiencies well known in patients with acute leukemias.", "PMID": 392666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9702", "title": "Preliminary studies on cholinergic control of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe.", "content": "Administration of neostigmine, a cholinomimetic, to anoestrous ewes diminished the increase in jugular plasma luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone induced by oestradiol. Intravenous injection of atropine had no effect on the gonadotrophin surge.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on cholinergic control of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe. Administration of neostigmine, a cholinomimetic, to anoestrous ewes diminished the increase in jugular plasma luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone induced by oestradiol. Intravenous injection of atropine had no effect on the gonadotrophin surge.", "PMID": 392667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9703", "title": "Increase in resistance to acute experimental coli-septicaemia in chicks given high levels of ferrous sulphate in the diet.", "content": "The resistance of chicks to coli-septicaemia following injection of approximately 10(8) cells of Escherichia coli O78 was found to be appreciably increased in terms of mortality by the supplementation of their diet with 360 mg/kg or more of iron in the form of commercial hydrated ferrous sulphate. This was related to an increase in the plasma iron levels. The results suggest that increased resistance to infection could be partly achieved by correcting the hypoferraemia which has previously been shown to be produced in chickens by injections of E coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results also showed that haematological disturbances in survivors of coli-septicaemia can persist for up to at least 30 days after infection.", "contents": "Increase in resistance to acute experimental coli-septicaemia in chicks given high levels of ferrous sulphate in the diet. The resistance of chicks to coli-septicaemia following injection of approximately 10(8) cells of Escherichia coli O78 was found to be appreciably increased in terms of mortality by the supplementation of their diet with 360 mg/kg or more of iron in the form of commercial hydrated ferrous sulphate. This was related to an increase in the plasma iron levels. The results suggest that increased resistance to infection could be partly achieved by correcting the hypoferraemia which has previously been shown to be produced in chickens by injections of E coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results also showed that haematological disturbances in survivors of coli-septicaemia can persist for up to at least 30 days after infection.", "PMID": 392668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9704", "title": "Radioimmunoassays of human myoglobin in serum and urine.", "content": "Two solid-phase radioimmunoassays have been developed for the detection of myoglobin in serum and urine. The sensitivity of the methods is 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/l, respectively, with a coefficient of variation of the respective method of 7-8%. The mean serum concentration of myoglobin in ninety-nine healthy blood donors was 44.3 microgram/l +/- 18.0 microgram/l (SD) with a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between men (50.6 +/- 19.8) and women (35.7 +/- 10.4). Serum myoglobin was positively correlated to age (P less than 0.05), body weight (P less than 0.02), serum creatine kinase (P less than 0.001), and serum creatinine (P less than 0.001) to galactose elimination rate. Serum myoglobin levels were not influenced by exhaustive short time dynamic exercise. The mean urinary excretion of myoglobin in twenty-four healthy students was 1.2 microgram/24 h (range 0.1-4 microgram/24 h). Myoglobin excretion was correlated to excretion of beta 2-microglobulin (P less than 0.02) but not to serum levels of myoglobin. No indications of circulating antibodies to myoglobin were obtained when assaying sixty-seven rheumatoid arthritis and thirteen myastenia gravis sera. Presence of other myoglobin binding substances in serum, which would interfere with the assays also seemed unlikely. Determination of myoglobin in serum by sensitive and specific method might be of clinical value in the diagnosis of diseases involving muscle tissues.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays of human myoglobin in serum and urine. Two solid-phase radioimmunoassays have been developed for the detection of myoglobin in serum and urine. The sensitivity of the methods is 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/l, respectively, with a coefficient of variation of the respective method of 7-8%. The mean serum concentration of myoglobin in ninety-nine healthy blood donors was 44.3 microgram/l +/- 18.0 microgram/l (SD) with a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between men (50.6 +/- 19.8) and women (35.7 +/- 10.4). Serum myoglobin was positively correlated to age (P less than 0.05), body weight (P less than 0.02), serum creatine kinase (P less than 0.001), and serum creatinine (P less than 0.001) to galactose elimination rate. Serum myoglobin levels were not influenced by exhaustive short time dynamic exercise. The mean urinary excretion of myoglobin in twenty-four healthy students was 1.2 microgram/24 h (range 0.1-4 microgram/24 h). Myoglobin excretion was correlated to excretion of beta 2-microglobulin (P less than 0.02) but not to serum levels of myoglobin. No indications of circulating antibodies to myoglobin were obtained when assaying sixty-seven rheumatoid arthritis and thirteen myastenia gravis sera. Presence of other myoglobin binding substances in serum, which would interfere with the assays also seemed unlikely. Determination of myoglobin in serum by sensitive and specific method might be of clinical value in the diagnosis of diseases involving muscle tissues.", "PMID": 392694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9705", "title": "Simple immunofixation modification: a practical way to identify monoclonal protein fractions.", "content": "A simple immunofixation modification for identification of monoclonal protein fractions has been adapted on gelatinized cellulose acetate membranes. This modification offers excellent sensitivity, simplification of interpretation and low costs. The analysis result is available in less than 3 h.", "contents": "Simple immunofixation modification: a practical way to identify monoclonal protein fractions. A simple immunofixation modification for identification of monoclonal protein fractions has been adapted on gelatinized cellulose acetate membranes. This modification offers excellent sensitivity, simplification of interpretation and low costs. The analysis result is available in less than 3 h.", "PMID": 392695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9706", "title": "Comparison of different measurements of development of plaque and gingivitis in man.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to compare efficiency of measurements commonly used to study the development of plaque and gingivitis in short-term clinical trials. Data from a recent experiment on the effect of mutanase on accumulation of plaque and development of gingivitis were used. Efficiency was compared using 1) level of significance and 2) minimum number of individuals necessary to obtain a statistically significant result at a given level of significance and with a given power of the test. Of all the measurements used, the gingival exudate measurement was the most efficient. Among the nonparametric indices, Plaque Index was the most efficient, especially on proximal surfaces in the mandible. Reduction of the scales for the nonparametric indices from a four-point scale to a two-point (dichotomous) scale slightly reduced experimental efficiency.", "contents": "Comparison of different measurements of development of plaque and gingivitis in man. The purpose of the present study was to compare efficiency of measurements commonly used to study the development of plaque and gingivitis in short-term clinical trials. Data from a recent experiment on the effect of mutanase on accumulation of plaque and development of gingivitis were used. Efficiency was compared using 1) level of significance and 2) minimum number of individuals necessary to obtain a statistically significant result at a given level of significance and with a given power of the test. Of all the measurements used, the gingival exudate measurement was the most efficient. Among the nonparametric indices, Plaque Index was the most efficient, especially on proximal surfaces in the mandible. Reduction of the scales for the nonparametric indices from a four-point scale to a two-point (dichotomous) scale slightly reduced experimental efficiency.", "PMID": 392697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9707", "title": "Arrangement of actin filaments in in vitro migrating human gingival epithelial cells.", "content": "Using immunofluorescent techniques and anti-actin antibodies the presence of actin filaments has been demonstrated in epithelial cells cultivated in vitro. Organized bundles of filaments are restricted to the marginal cells in epithelial sheets. These marginal cells are not contact-inhibited and show structures like membrane ruffles which are common for migrating cells. In contrast, internal cells in the epithelial sheets are diffusely stained by anti-actin antibodies. The actin in all cells is redistributed after incubation in media containing cytochalasin B (CB). The importance of organized actin-filaments in migrating epithelial cells is discussed.", "contents": "Arrangement of actin filaments in in vitro migrating human gingival epithelial cells. Using immunofluorescent techniques and anti-actin antibodies the presence of actin filaments has been demonstrated in epithelial cells cultivated in vitro. Organized bundles of filaments are restricted to the marginal cells in epithelial sheets. These marginal cells are not contact-inhibited and show structures like membrane ruffles which are common for migrating cells. In contrast, internal cells in the epithelial sheets are diffusely stained by anti-actin antibodies. The actin in all cells is redistributed after incubation in media containing cytochalasin B (CB). The importance of organized actin-filaments in migrating epithelial cells is discussed.", "PMID": 392698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9708", "title": "Effect of caries in mentally handicapped children of addition of fluoride and bicarbonate-phosphate to dietary sugar products.", "content": "Mentally handicapped children, aged 5--15 years and living in institutions, received fluoride supplement in several sugar products of their diet; in candies, marmalades, jams, fruit juices and in sweet desserts corresponding to 10 mg F as NaF per kg of the sugar (sucrose or glucose) of each product. To two of the four daily candies was also added a NaHCO3 + KH2PO4 mixture (mole ratio 9.8/l, resp.) to substitute for 2.5% of the sugar of the candy. The control children received the respective products without the additives. After stepwise exclusions of subjects for various reasons, e.g. for the absence of permanent teeth, low initial caries activity, strong medication, Down's syndrome, etc., the mean DMFS-increment in the remaining 43 control subjects was 4.5 and in the 41 test subjects 2.6 lesions/100 surfaces at risk, i.e. 42% reduction. Caries arrestment had occurred in these test subjects after the first year, while in the respective controls it was continuously increasing. Among numerous oral and body parameters studied, only surface enamel fluoride in primary teeth was increased by the fluoride supplements and urinary phosphate and calcium excretion decreased.", "contents": "Effect of caries in mentally handicapped children of addition of fluoride and bicarbonate-phosphate to dietary sugar products. Mentally handicapped children, aged 5--15 years and living in institutions, received fluoride supplement in several sugar products of their diet; in candies, marmalades, jams, fruit juices and in sweet desserts corresponding to 10 mg F as NaF per kg of the sugar (sucrose or glucose) of each product. To two of the four daily candies was also added a NaHCO3 + KH2PO4 mixture (mole ratio 9.8/l, resp.) to substitute for 2.5% of the sugar of the candy. The control children received the respective products without the additives. After stepwise exclusions of subjects for various reasons, e.g. for the absence of permanent teeth, low initial caries activity, strong medication, Down's syndrome, etc., the mean DMFS-increment in the remaining 43 control subjects was 4.5 and in the 41 test subjects 2.6 lesions/100 surfaces at risk, i.e. 42% reduction. Caries arrestment had occurred in these test subjects after the first year, while in the respective controls it was continuously increasing. Among numerous oral and body parameters studied, only surface enamel fluoride in primary teeth was increased by the fluoride supplements and urinary phosphate and calcium excretion decreased.", "PMID": 392699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9709", "title": "Age differences in cortical width of mandibles determined by histoquantitation.", "content": "A study was carried out to develop a histomorphometric method for indication of individual level of cortical width (MCW) and absolute cortical bone mass (MCW X % bone mass in mm3/mm2 bone surface) in the mandibular body and to demonstrate possible differences as to site, side, state of dentition, sex and age. The material consisted of autopsy specimens of mandibles. Microradiograms of 100-microns-thick buccolingual ground sections were used. An electronic point-counting system (Leitz-Classimat) was used for determination of MCW. The values for percentage of cortical bone mass have been given in previous studies. The analysis indicates that: 1) a reproducible measure for MCW in micron and absolute bone mass in a standard site can be obtained; 2) MCW in other sites of mandibular cortex deviates from that of standard site, which is why the same site has to be used in interindividual analysis; 3) MCW and absolute bone mass in the standard site are independent of side, state of dentition and sex, but show age-related decreases, while 4) the lingual cortex is unsuitable for interindividual analysis of MCW.", "contents": "Age differences in cortical width of mandibles determined by histoquantitation. A study was carried out to develop a histomorphometric method for indication of individual level of cortical width (MCW) and absolute cortical bone mass (MCW X % bone mass in mm3/mm2 bone surface) in the mandibular body and to demonstrate possible differences as to site, side, state of dentition, sex and age. The material consisted of autopsy specimens of mandibles. Microradiograms of 100-microns-thick buccolingual ground sections were used. An electronic point-counting system (Leitz-Classimat) was used for determination of MCW. The values for percentage of cortical bone mass have been given in previous studies. The analysis indicates that: 1) a reproducible measure for MCW in micron and absolute bone mass in a standard site can be obtained; 2) MCW in other sites of mandibular cortex deviates from that of standard site, which is why the same site has to be used in interindividual analysis; 3) MCW and absolute bone mass in the standard site are independent of side, state of dentition and sex, but show age-related decreases, while 4) the lingual cortex is unsuitable for interindividual analysis of MCW.", "PMID": 392700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9710", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of human thyroid cancer.", "content": "Authors studied the ultrastructural characteristics of the following thyroid cancer: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. Some specific ultrastructural-functional correlations for each type of thyroid cancer could be established. Papillary and follicular carcinoma had some common features: larger nuclei than in benign lesions, a highly increased number of mitochondria, a reduced endoplasmic reticulum, cell junctions between the cells and an intact basal lamina. In addition, papillary carcinoma presented stage I and stage II nuclear inclusions, and nuclear invaginations that contained cytoplasm. The higher malignancy of follicular carcinoma compared with that of papillary carcinoma was assigned to less differentiated areas corresponding to the compact fields. Undifferentiated carcinoma consisted of large pleomorphic cells (spindle and giant cells) with abundant mitochondria, a flat rough endoplasmic reticulum, scanty secretory granules and lysosomes, cell junctions, all suggesting their common epithelial origin. Ultrastructure of medullary carcinoma contributed to the explanation of the amyloid origin and of granule types in correlation with hormone storage in cells.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of human thyroid cancer. Authors studied the ultrastructural characteristics of the following thyroid cancer: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. Some specific ultrastructural-functional correlations for each type of thyroid cancer could be established. Papillary and follicular carcinoma had some common features: larger nuclei than in benign lesions, a highly increased number of mitochondria, a reduced endoplasmic reticulum, cell junctions between the cells and an intact basal lamina. In addition, papillary carcinoma presented stage I and stage II nuclear inclusions, and nuclear invaginations that contained cytoplasm. The higher malignancy of follicular carcinoma compared with that of papillary carcinoma was assigned to less differentiated areas corresponding to the compact fields. Undifferentiated carcinoma consisted of large pleomorphic cells (spindle and giant cells) with abundant mitochondria, a flat rough endoplasmic reticulum, scanty secretory granules and lysosomes, cell junctions, all suggesting their common epithelial origin. Ultrastructure of medullary carcinoma contributed to the explanation of the amyloid origin and of granule types in correlation with hormone storage in cells.", "PMID": 392693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9711", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy at macromolecular resolution in low energy mode on biological specimens coated with ultra thin metal films.", "content": "In this report, conditions for attaining high resolution in scanning electron microscopy with soft biological specimens are described using the currently available high resolution scanning electron microscopes in emission mode of low energy electrons (secondary and charging electrons). Retinal rod outer segments, red blood cells, intestinal mucosa, and ferritin molecules were all used as biological test specimens. From uncoated specimens a new source of signal, referred to as a discharge signal, can provide a high yield of low energy electrons from an excitation area approximately the size of the beam's cross section. Additionally, under these conditions sufficient topographic contrast can be achieved by applying ultra thin metal coatins. A 0.5 nm thick gold film is found sufficient for generating the total signal, whereas increased coating thickness causes additional topographic background signal. However, a 2.0 nm film is needed for imaging surface details with the present instrument. Ultra thin, even, and grainless tantalum films have been found effective in eliminating the charging artifacts caused by external fields, and the decoration artifacts caused by crystal growth as seen in gold films. To improve, in high magnification work on ultra thin coated specimen, signal-to-noise ratio, methods for obtaining saturation of the signal with discharge electrons are shown. The necessity of confirming the information obtained in SEM by independent techniques (TEM of stereo-replicas or ultra thin sections) is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy at macromolecular resolution in low energy mode on biological specimens coated with ultra thin metal films. In this report, conditions for attaining high resolution in scanning electron microscopy with soft biological specimens are described using the currently available high resolution scanning electron microscopes in emission mode of low energy electrons (secondary and charging electrons). Retinal rod outer segments, red blood cells, intestinal mucosa, and ferritin molecules were all used as biological test specimens. From uncoated specimens a new source of signal, referred to as a discharge signal, can provide a high yield of low energy electrons from an excitation area approximately the size of the beam's cross section. Additionally, under these conditions sufficient topographic contrast can be achieved by applying ultra thin metal coatins. A 0.5 nm thick gold film is found sufficient for generating the total signal, whereas increased coating thickness causes additional topographic background signal. However, a 2.0 nm film is needed for imaging surface details with the present instrument. Ultra thin, even, and grainless tantalum films have been found effective in eliminating the charging artifacts caused by external fields, and the decoration artifacts caused by crystal growth as seen in gold films. To improve, in high magnification work on ultra thin coated specimen, signal-to-noise ratio, methods for obtaining saturation of the signal with discharge electrons are shown. The necessity of confirming the information obtained in SEM by independent techniques (TEM of stereo-replicas or ultra thin sections) is discussed.", "PMID": 392703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9712", "title": "Correlation by scanning electron microscopy of in vitro and in vivo effects of amoxicillin and ampicillin on the morphology of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of in vitro incubation with subinhibitory and inhibitory doses of amoxicillin or ampicillin on the morphology of E. coli 257 was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No effect, with either penicillin was seen at 1/16 X MIC (0.39 microgram/ml). Filament formation was the major effect seen with both agents at 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 X MIC but only with ampicillin at the MIC (6.25 microgram/ml). Cells incubated with amoxicillin at the MIC were primarily short rods with bulbous swellings. This morphological difference between the two antibiotics was dose-related since ampicillin, at 2 X MIC, also caused the formation of short rods with bulbous swellings. SEM examination of omentum from amoxicillin and ampicillin treated mice 2 h after infection with E. coli 257 indicated a correlation of morphological effects seen in vitro and in vivo with the respective antibiotics. For example, following a single subcutaneous treatment with amoxicillin and ampicillin at 250 mg/kg, the plasma concentrations 2 h later (the time of infection) were 8.2 and 7.7 microgram/ml respectively but short rods with bulbous swellings were seen in amoxicillin-treated mice whereas filaments were found in the ampicillin-treated mice.", "contents": "Correlation by scanning electron microscopy of in vitro and in vivo effects of amoxicillin and ampicillin on the morphology of Escherichia coli. The effect of in vitro incubation with subinhibitory and inhibitory doses of amoxicillin or ampicillin on the morphology of E. coli 257 was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No effect, with either penicillin was seen at 1/16 X MIC (0.39 microgram/ml). Filament formation was the major effect seen with both agents at 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 X MIC but only with ampicillin at the MIC (6.25 microgram/ml). Cells incubated with amoxicillin at the MIC were primarily short rods with bulbous swellings. This morphological difference between the two antibiotics was dose-related since ampicillin, at 2 X MIC, also caused the formation of short rods with bulbous swellings. SEM examination of omentum from amoxicillin and ampicillin treated mice 2 h after infection with E. coli 257 indicated a correlation of morphological effects seen in vitro and in vivo with the respective antibiotics. For example, following a single subcutaneous treatment with amoxicillin and ampicillin at 250 mg/kg, the plasma concentrations 2 h later (the time of infection) were 8.2 and 7.7 microgram/ml respectively but short rods with bulbous swellings were seen in amoxicillin-treated mice whereas filaments were found in the ampicillin-treated mice.", "PMID": 392705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9713", "title": "Preparation and observation by SEM of hemopoietic cells cloned in soft agar.", "content": "A method is described to prepare clones of hemopoietic cells grown in soft agar for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A critical modification of the otherwise quite standard SEM processing procedure for biological samples involved the use of silver micropore disks as an adherent substrate to support the highly labile, deformable agar slabs. This support allows maintenance of the normal flat pancake shape of the specimen through the thiocarbohydrazide osmium ligand binding steps, dehydration, and critical point drying. With this support and careful dissection of the surface agar with a fine steel needle using a stereomicroscope, selected areas and depths within the colony can be exposed and examined by SEM. Surface topography of cloned cells can be correlated with intracellular cytological features by excising areas of interest and directly embedding them in plastic for thin-section preparation and viewing by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dried-specimen-teasing method appears useful, because of the ease of preparation of the specimens, its reproducibility, and the degree of visibility and preservation of cell surface structures and intraclonal relationships. Our initial observations, using combined EM techniques, indicate that clonal cell topography is highly variable and that this variability appears to be related both to the relative age and proliferative status of the colony. Based on work to date, we suggest that topographical and spatial analysis, in vitro of cloned, agar-embedded hemopoietic stem cells is possible with simple modifications of conventional SEM preparative techniques.", "contents": "Preparation and observation by SEM of hemopoietic cells cloned in soft agar. A method is described to prepare clones of hemopoietic cells grown in soft agar for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A critical modification of the otherwise quite standard SEM processing procedure for biological samples involved the use of silver micropore disks as an adherent substrate to support the highly labile, deformable agar slabs. This support allows maintenance of the normal flat pancake shape of the specimen through the thiocarbohydrazide osmium ligand binding steps, dehydration, and critical point drying. With this support and careful dissection of the surface agar with a fine steel needle using a stereomicroscope, selected areas and depths within the colony can be exposed and examined by SEM. Surface topography of cloned cells can be correlated with intracellular cytological features by excising areas of interest and directly embedding them in plastic for thin-section preparation and viewing by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dried-specimen-teasing method appears useful, because of the ease of preparation of the specimens, its reproducibility, and the degree of visibility and preservation of cell surface structures and intraclonal relationships. Our initial observations, using combined EM techniques, indicate that clonal cell topography is highly variable and that this variability appears to be related both to the relative age and proliferative status of the colony. Based on work to date, we suggest that topographical and spatial analysis, in vitro of cloned, agar-embedded hemopoietic stem cells is possible with simple modifications of conventional SEM preparative techniques.", "PMID": 392709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9714", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative aspects of labeling cell surface carbohydrates using lectins as probes.", "content": "Lectins are proteins which bind mono- and oligosaccharides with great specificity. Many polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids which are important constituents of cell walls and surface membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, contain sugar moieties with which lectins can interact. As a result lectins have been extensively used for the study of cell surface and membrane structure of their labeling. This paper reviews and evaluates the available methods for the preparation of fluorescent, electron-dense and radioactive lectin derivatives. The procedures involved in the visualization of lectin binding under light and electron microscopy are described. In addition, the methods for quantitative evaluation of the fluorescence on labeled cells and for analysis of the number of cell surface lectin binding sites using radioactively-labeled lectins are outlined. Examples are given for the application of fluorescent lectin derivatives for the detection of specific saccharide-containing molecules on the surfaces of living or fixed microbial cells and various normal and neoplastic cells. The use of lectins to demonstrate the dynamic nature of cell membranes and to detect changes in membrane structure or organization which occur or organization which occur during differentiation, development or after neoplastic transformation is discussed.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative aspects of labeling cell surface carbohydrates using lectins as probes. Lectins are proteins which bind mono- and oligosaccharides with great specificity. Many polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids which are important constituents of cell walls and surface membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, contain sugar moieties with which lectins can interact. As a result lectins have been extensively used for the study of cell surface and membrane structure of their labeling. This paper reviews and evaluates the available methods for the preparation of fluorescent, electron-dense and radioactive lectin derivatives. The procedures involved in the visualization of lectin binding under light and electron microscopy are described. In addition, the methods for quantitative evaluation of the fluorescence on labeled cells and for analysis of the number of cell surface lectin binding sites using radioactively-labeled lectins are outlined. Examples are given for the application of fluorescent lectin derivatives for the detection of specific saccharide-containing molecules on the surfaces of living or fixed microbial cells and various normal and neoplastic cells. The use of lectins to demonstrate the dynamic nature of cell membranes and to detect changes in membrane structure or organization which occur or organization which occur during differentiation, development or after neoplastic transformation is discussed.", "PMID": 392714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9715", "title": "Hapten-antibody conjugates as probes of the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "Various forms and applications of the hapten-sandwich method for labeling cell surface antigens are reviewed. This is a two-layer antibody technique: the first antibody that binds antigen has been chemically modified so that a number of hapten groups are attached; the second antibody is directed against the hapten and has been coupled to a marker for amplified detection. This methodology is particularly suited to circumstances where high sensitivity and specificity are required for labeling alloantigens or for discriminating between antigens in double-labeling procedures. It is applicable to fluorescence visualization, electron microscopy, and radioisotopic labeling. It lends itself also to procedures for specific separation of differing lymphoid cell populations, and has been adapted to studies of cell activation in the immune response.", "contents": "Hapten-antibody conjugates as probes of the lymphocyte surface. Various forms and applications of the hapten-sandwich method for labeling cell surface antigens are reviewed. This is a two-layer antibody technique: the first antibody that binds antigen has been chemically modified so that a number of hapten groups are attached; the second antibody is directed against the hapten and has been coupled to a marker for amplified detection. This methodology is particularly suited to circumstances where high sensitivity and specificity are required for labeling alloantigens or for discriminating between antigens in double-labeling procedures. It is applicable to fluorescence visualization, electron microscopy, and radioisotopic labeling. It lends itself also to procedures for specific separation of differing lymphoid cell populations, and has been adapted to studies of cell activation in the immune response.", "PMID": 392715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9716", "title": "Replication techniques with new dental impression materials in combination with different negative impression materials.", "content": "New materials and new techniques have enabled the fabrication of more reliable and more accurate replicas. Not only is the reproduction of detail of importance, but the expertise required from the operator and the time involved to produce a replica are considered key factors. For various reasons a reliable and reproducible replication technique for scanning electron microscopy offers many advantages. Recently a new dental precision impression material has been introduced, which in combination with low viscosity resins has produced superior results over other techniques. This combination processed by means of a centrifugal casting machine has produced replicas which could easily be compared to a standard test die at magnifications up to 3000 X. More in depth testing will have to be performed to establish whether these materials can be universally applied to a broad spectrum of replication problems. The combination Reprosil/Spurr low viscosity imbedding medium yielded replicas of high quality which can be made with simple equipment and without possessing special skills. Centrifugation of the positive replication material into the negative impression virtually eliminated the entrapment of airbubbles.", "contents": "Replication techniques with new dental impression materials in combination with different negative impression materials. New materials and new techniques have enabled the fabrication of more reliable and more accurate replicas. Not only is the reproduction of detail of importance, but the expertise required from the operator and the time involved to produce a replica are considered key factors. For various reasons a reliable and reproducible replication technique for scanning electron microscopy offers many advantages. Recently a new dental precision impression material has been introduced, which in combination with low viscosity resins has produced superior results over other techniques. This combination processed by means of a centrifugal casting machine has produced replicas which could easily be compared to a standard test die at magnifications up to 3000 X. More in depth testing will have to be performed to establish whether these materials can be universally applied to a broad spectrum of replication problems. The combination Reprosil/Spurr low viscosity imbedding medium yielded replicas of high quality which can be made with simple equipment and without possessing special skills. Centrifugation of the positive replication material into the negative impression virtually eliminated the entrapment of airbubbles.", "PMID": 392716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9717", "title": "IgG molecules, Fab' fragments and IgG-peroxidase conjugates as markers in replicas of deep-etched, labeled cell surfaces.", "content": "Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) ghosts were incubated with preparations of anti-SRBC IgG, antigen-binding fragments (Fab') or IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Frozen samples of the labeled ghosts were deep-etched and replicated with platinum-carbon to visualize their surface features in the transmission electron microscope. An analysis of both size and density of surface \"particles\" observed on labeled ghosts was performed to evaluate which markers could be practically used to label these membranes. It was concluded that in this system a marker must exhibit a diameter of greater than 150 A (the apparent size of IgG-HRPO conjugates) to be consistently seen over extensive surface areas and to be distinguished from the background granularity of the SRBC ghost surface. This rules out the use of Fab' or IgG as markers in this system.", "contents": "IgG molecules, Fab' fragments and IgG-peroxidase conjugates as markers in replicas of deep-etched, labeled cell surfaces. Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) ghosts were incubated with preparations of anti-SRBC IgG, antigen-binding fragments (Fab') or IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Frozen samples of the labeled ghosts were deep-etched and replicated with platinum-carbon to visualize their surface features in the transmission electron microscope. An analysis of both size and density of surface \"particles\" observed on labeled ghosts was performed to evaluate which markers could be practically used to label these membranes. It was concluded that in this system a marker must exhibit a diameter of greater than 150 A (the apparent size of IgG-HRPO conjugates) to be consistently seen over extensive surface areas and to be distinguished from the background granularity of the SRBC ghost surface. This rules out the use of Fab' or IgG as markers in this system.", "PMID": 392717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9718", "title": "Inlayed teeth of ancient Mayans: a tribological study using the SEM.", "content": "A study has begun of inlayed teeth of Meso-American Indian skulls using scanning electron microscopy and modelling techniques. Round cavity preparations 2-3 mm in diameter and 1-2 mm deep had been cut through the enamel and just into the underlying dentin of the teeth. The vertical walls of the preparation met the floor in either a square, rounded or undercut form. Towards its center, the floor was occasionally elevated, sometimes depressed and commonly rounded. Closer examination showed abrasion anomalies as concentric, shallow grooves cut into the tooth tissue. A modification of the Semenovian principle was employed to determine the tool: 1) from the marks registered the the cavity and 2) the outline form of the preparation itself. Preparing cavities experimentally in teeth using wood and stone drills and sand as an abrasive produced certain characteristics consistent with those in the Meso-American teeth in which wooden drills created a variety of cutting patterns which included flat, elevated and depressed floors in the preparations. We have tentatively concluded that suggestions for the use of a tubular drill does not adequately explain the variety of forms encountered and that the cutting patterns were more consistent with the use of a wooden drill and sand.", "contents": "Inlayed teeth of ancient Mayans: a tribological study using the SEM. A study has begun of inlayed teeth of Meso-American Indian skulls using scanning electron microscopy and modelling techniques. Round cavity preparations 2-3 mm in diameter and 1-2 mm deep had been cut through the enamel and just into the underlying dentin of the teeth. The vertical walls of the preparation met the floor in either a square, rounded or undercut form. Towards its center, the floor was occasionally elevated, sometimes depressed and commonly rounded. Closer examination showed abrasion anomalies as concentric, shallow grooves cut into the tooth tissue. A modification of the Semenovian principle was employed to determine the tool: 1) from the marks registered the the cavity and 2) the outline form of the preparation itself. Preparing cavities experimentally in teeth using wood and stone drills and sand as an abrasive produced certain characteristics consistent with those in the Meso-American teeth in which wooden drills created a variety of cutting patterns which included flat, elevated and depressed floors in the preparations. We have tentatively concluded that suggestions for the use of a tubular drill does not adequately explain the variety of forms encountered and that the cutting patterns were more consistent with the use of a wooden drill and sand.", "PMID": 392718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9719", "title": "Immunologic techniques for the identification of virion and cell surface antigens by correlative fluorescence, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The present resolution (75-100 A) of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its ability to image the surfaces of large numbers of whole cells in situ permits the approach of problems such as viral and cell surface antigen localization by immunological labeling with visual markers. Identification of virus and cell surface antigens in situ has been accomplished in indirect reactions by conjugated and unconjugated markers. Hemocyanin (Hcy) from whelk, Busycon canniculatum, has been developed as an immunospecific marker for virion and cell surface labeling in the electron microscope. Its size (approximately 30 x 50 nm) and distinct cylindrical shape permit easy visualization in the SEM and TEM. The Hcy method involves the preparation of antisera to Hcy in appropriate hosts for use in an unlabeled antibody macromolecular procedure based exclusively on antigen-antibody affinity to couple the macromolecule to the antigen site. Further correlative data from fluorescence microscopy can be obtained from similarly labeled samples by binding fluorescein to the bridging antibodies used in the Hcy technique. The usefulness of the Hcy marker system was demonstrated using antisera to the major envelope and cell surface glycoprotein (gp70) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV), a type C retrovirus. The antiserum was shown to bind to the virion and cell surfaces of virus-infected cells in the homologous virus-infected cell system. It also demonstrated the expression of R-MuLV gp70-related antigens on a murine cell line Mm5mt/c1 which produces mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), A type B retrovirus. Furthermore, when used in the Hcy marker system this antiserum was able to distinguish type B from type C budding virus on the same cell. Examples of other marker systems (ferritin, peroxidase, colloidal gold, and latex) used to show anti-gp70 serum reactivity will be presented to demonstrate their applicability to cell surface labeling studies. Methods for the preparation of immunoreagents and labeling of cells are discussed.", "contents": "Immunologic techniques for the identification of virion and cell surface antigens by correlative fluorescence, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. The present resolution (75-100 A) of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its ability to image the surfaces of large numbers of whole cells in situ permits the approach of problems such as viral and cell surface antigen localization by immunological labeling with visual markers. Identification of virus and cell surface antigens in situ has been accomplished in indirect reactions by conjugated and unconjugated markers. Hemocyanin (Hcy) from whelk, Busycon canniculatum, has been developed as an immunospecific marker for virion and cell surface labeling in the electron microscope. Its size (approximately 30 x 50 nm) and distinct cylindrical shape permit easy visualization in the SEM and TEM. The Hcy method involves the preparation of antisera to Hcy in appropriate hosts for use in an unlabeled antibody macromolecular procedure based exclusively on antigen-antibody affinity to couple the macromolecule to the antigen site. Further correlative data from fluorescence microscopy can be obtained from similarly labeled samples by binding fluorescein to the bridging antibodies used in the Hcy technique. The usefulness of the Hcy marker system was demonstrated using antisera to the major envelope and cell surface glycoprotein (gp70) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV), a type C retrovirus. The antiserum was shown to bind to the virion and cell surfaces of virus-infected cells in the homologous virus-infected cell system. It also demonstrated the expression of R-MuLV gp70-related antigens on a murine cell line Mm5mt/c1 which produces mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), A type B retrovirus. Furthermore, when used in the Hcy marker system this antiserum was able to distinguish type B from type C budding virus on the same cell. Examples of other marker systems (ferritin, peroxidase, colloidal gold, and latex) used to show anti-gp70 serum reactivity will be presented to demonstrate their applicability to cell surface labeling studies. Methods for the preparation of immunoreagents and labeling of cells are discussed.", "PMID": 392719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9720", "title": "Principles of X-ray microanalysis in biology.", "content": "Progress in biological X-ray microanalysis has been limited in recent years by specimen preparation procedures. Instrumentation and high levels of sensitivity for low concentrations are well developed for a large number of biological applications but reliable preparation of samples in the thick or thin form has yet to be establisehd. In addition the possible damage of specimens by the electron probe has been incompletely studied in the majority of applications. In this review the basic principles of X-ray production, design and operation of X-ray detectors, quantitative procedures for thick and thin samples, analytical operation of the microscope, and current specimen preparation techniques are briefly described with the aim of highlighting weaknesses and discussing recent developments in each field.", "contents": "Principles of X-ray microanalysis in biology. Progress in biological X-ray microanalysis has been limited in recent years by specimen preparation procedures. Instrumentation and high levels of sensitivity for low concentrations are well developed for a large number of biological applications but reliable preparation of samples in the thick or thin form has yet to be establisehd. In addition the possible damage of specimens by the electron probe has been incompletely studied in the majority of applications. In this review the basic principles of X-ray production, design and operation of X-ray detectors, quantitative procedures for thick and thin samples, analytical operation of the microscope, and current specimen preparation techniques are briefly described with the aim of highlighting weaknesses and discussing recent developments in each field.", "PMID": 392720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9721", "title": "General considerations of X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated tissue sections.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated sections can be applied for analysis of diffusible or highly mobile elements which might be displaced or lost when conventional preparatory techniques are used. Once frozen the specimen must be handled in such a way that it becomes vacuum compatible for subsequent analysis. Analysis cannot be accomplished without compartment recognition. Initial freezing can be considered successful if ice crystal damage does not exceed the dimension of the compartment to be analyzed. As compartment size decreases ice crystal artifacts become a significant problem. The application of special freezing methods including use of non-penetrating cryoprotectants is an important advance in freezing methodology for X-ray analysis. Cryosectioning is a fracturing process at low temperatures which can affect morphology and may affect analysis. An understanding of this process can aid in optimizing cryosectioning for use in preparing frozen hydrated and frozen dried section for X-ray microanalysis. Special equipment is necessary for both freeze dried as well as frozen hydrated specimen; while special transfer devices are necessary for frozen hydrated specimen transfer. Because of the design of cold stages special consideration for reducing extraneous background radiation is an intrinsic part of their application to biological X-ray analysis.", "contents": "General considerations of X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated tissue sections. X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated sections can be applied for analysis of diffusible or highly mobile elements which might be displaced or lost when conventional preparatory techniques are used. Once frozen the specimen must be handled in such a way that it becomes vacuum compatible for subsequent analysis. Analysis cannot be accomplished without compartment recognition. Initial freezing can be considered successful if ice crystal damage does not exceed the dimension of the compartment to be analyzed. As compartment size decreases ice crystal artifacts become a significant problem. The application of special freezing methods including use of non-penetrating cryoprotectants is an important advance in freezing methodology for X-ray analysis. Cryosectioning is a fracturing process at low temperatures which can affect morphology and may affect analysis. An understanding of this process can aid in optimizing cryosectioning for use in preparing frozen hydrated and frozen dried section for X-ray microanalysis. Special equipment is necessary for both freeze dried as well as frozen hydrated specimen; while special transfer devices are necessary for frozen hydrated specimen transfer. Because of the design of cold stages special consideration for reducing extraneous background radiation is an intrinsic part of their application to biological X-ray analysis.", "PMID": 392721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9722", "title": "Origin of artifactual quantitation of electrolytes in microprobe analysis of frozen sections of erythrocytes.", "content": "Frozen sections of erythrocytes have been used to validate microprobe X-ray analysis of diffusible elements in biological samples. At this meeting last year we reported that intracellular Na concentrations measured by microprobe were much higher than those measured by bulk chemical methods. It was suggested that this might be due to the movement of extracellular material over the cells by microtomy. We now present evidence that such results are better explained by electron scattering within the sample during analysis. This evidence includes observations that the excess measured Na varies directly with section thickness and inversely with accelerating voltage. At 80 kV accelerating voltage there is excellent agreement between microprobe and chemical analysis. It may be concluded that specimen preparation techniques such as used in our laboratory are satisfactory for reliably localizing diffusible elements in small volumes, but that instrumental factors can seriously affect their quantitation.", "contents": "Origin of artifactual quantitation of electrolytes in microprobe analysis of frozen sections of erythrocytes. Frozen sections of erythrocytes have been used to validate microprobe X-ray analysis of diffusible elements in biological samples. At this meeting last year we reported that intracellular Na concentrations measured by microprobe were much higher than those measured by bulk chemical methods. It was suggested that this might be due to the movement of extracellular material over the cells by microtomy. We now present evidence that such results are better explained by electron scattering within the sample during analysis. This evidence includes observations that the excess measured Na varies directly with section thickness and inversely with accelerating voltage. At 80 kV accelerating voltage there is excellent agreement between microprobe and chemical analysis. It may be concluded that specimen preparation techniques such as used in our laboratory are satisfactory for reliably localizing diffusible elements in small volumes, but that instrumental factors can seriously affect their quantitation.", "PMID": 392722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9723", "title": "Scanning immunoelectron microscopy for the identification and mapping of two or more antigens on cell surfaces.", "content": "This study demonstrates the feasibility of using scanning electron microscopy for the identification and mapping of two or more antigens on cell surfaces. Three types of cells: human type B red cells, tumor cells and their associated virus, and guinea pig hepatocarcinoma cells were immunolabeled with ferritin or gold conjugated to IgG fractions of antigen-specific antisera. Gold particles, 300-500 A in diameter, were conjugated to an IgG fraction either directly or indirectly using Staphylococcal protein A. Gold particles of this size can be distinguished from ferritin label using a high resolution scanning microscope. Correlative light, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies, as well as x-ray diffraction analysis and the study of stereo micrographs, were performed to visualize the simultaneous immunolabeling by ferritin and gold of two antigens on the guinea pig hepatocarcinoma cell.", "contents": "Scanning immunoelectron microscopy for the identification and mapping of two or more antigens on cell surfaces. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using scanning electron microscopy for the identification and mapping of two or more antigens on cell surfaces. Three types of cells: human type B red cells, tumor cells and their associated virus, and guinea pig hepatocarcinoma cells were immunolabeled with ferritin or gold conjugated to IgG fractions of antigen-specific antisera. Gold particles, 300-500 A in diameter, were conjugated to an IgG fraction either directly or indirectly using Staphylococcal protein A. Gold particles of this size can be distinguished from ferritin label using a high resolution scanning microscope. Correlative light, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies, as well as x-ray diffraction analysis and the study of stereo micrographs, were performed to visualize the simultaneous immunolabeling by ferritin and gold of two antigens on the guinea pig hepatocarcinoma cell.", "PMID": 392723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9724", "title": "Non-freezing techniques of preparing biological specimens for electron microprobe X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "In this paper a review is presented of the many ways the fluids involved in conventional wet chemical E.M. preparative techniques (including precipitation procedures) disturb the in vivo chemical integrity of biological tissues. The artifacts discussed are: (i) bulk element loss, (ii) phase transformations in mineralized tissues, (iii) redistribution of endogenous tissue elements; (iv) introduction of extraneous elements. Finally, the range of biological applications to which wet chemical methods have been successfully applied by various authors is briefly discussed to provide a realistic working perspective. It is stressed that in most of these applications the authors restrict themselves to a comparison of the chemistry of cells or their constituent organelle systems and do not attempt to define the in vivo chemical composition of cells. The author concludes that since all preparative procedures available to the microprobe analyst suffer from some form of restrictive compromise, it may not be advisable to think of a general microprobe preparative technique but, alternatively to apply different preparative techniques according to the specific biological answers sought.", "contents": "Non-freezing techniques of preparing biological specimens for electron microprobe X-ray microanalysis. In this paper a review is presented of the many ways the fluids involved in conventional wet chemical E.M. preparative techniques (including precipitation procedures) disturb the in vivo chemical integrity of biological tissues. The artifacts discussed are: (i) bulk element loss, (ii) phase transformations in mineralized tissues, (iii) redistribution of endogenous tissue elements; (iv) introduction of extraneous elements. Finally, the range of biological applications to which wet chemical methods have been successfully applied by various authors is briefly discussed to provide a realistic working perspective. It is stressed that in most of these applications the authors restrict themselves to a comparison of the chemistry of cells or their constituent organelle systems and do not attempt to define the in vivo chemical composition of cells. The author concludes that since all preparative procedures available to the microprobe analyst suffer from some form of restrictive compromise, it may not be advisable to think of a general microprobe preparative technique but, alternatively to apply different preparative techniques according to the specific biological answers sought.", "PMID": 392724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9725", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of macrophages: a bibliography.", "content": "In this bibliography an attempt has been made to gather together as much as possible of the widely spread literature on the scanning electron microscopic appearances of macrophages. The primary source for these references was a medline search, supplemented by any secondary references obtained. The listed references have all been examined in detail by the compilers. In the subject index, an attempt has been made to draw the reference together into broad categories of biologic interest, as well as indexing for specific anatomic sites, pathologic conditions, toxic agents and so on. We hope that this compilation may be of some help to those seeking information on the surface morphology of the mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of macrophages: a bibliography. In this bibliography an attempt has been made to gather together as much as possible of the widely spread literature on the scanning electron microscopic appearances of macrophages. The primary source for these references was a medline search, supplemented by any secondary references obtained. The listed references have all been examined in detail by the compilers. In the subject index, an attempt has been made to draw the reference together into broad categories of biologic interest, as well as indexing for specific anatomic sites, pathologic conditions, toxic agents and so on. We hope that this compilation may be of some help to those seeking information on the surface morphology of the mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 392725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9726", "title": "Documentation of environmental particulate exposures in humans using SEM and EDXA.", "content": "There is increasing awareness of health hazards from environmental and occupational exposures to particulates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) can document these exposures by analysis of small portions of cells, tissues and environmental samples. Previous work is briefly reviewed and special attention is given to discussion, with examples, of the various types of particulates which may be found in tissues (exogenous, endogenous, inhaled, injected, ingested, inorganic, organic), the different tissues in which they may be found (lung, heart, liver, skin, brain, kidney, lymph nodes, etc.), methods of tissue sampling (e.g. pulmonary lavage, transbronchial biopsy, open biopsy, percutaneous biopsy, autopsy), specimen preparation (fixation, embedding, sectioning, choice of substrate), SEM and EDXA data collection (backscattered electron imaging, etc.) data interpretation (artefacts, limitations of SEM and EDXA) and other new techniques (ion microprobe, laser Raman microprobe).", "contents": "Documentation of environmental particulate exposures in humans using SEM and EDXA. There is increasing awareness of health hazards from environmental and occupational exposures to particulates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) can document these exposures by analysis of small portions of cells, tissues and environmental samples. Previous work is briefly reviewed and special attention is given to discussion, with examples, of the various types of particulates which may be found in tissues (exogenous, endogenous, inhaled, injected, ingested, inorganic, organic), the different tissues in which they may be found (lung, heart, liver, skin, brain, kidney, lymph nodes, etc.), methods of tissue sampling (e.g. pulmonary lavage, transbronchial biopsy, open biopsy, percutaneous biopsy, autopsy), specimen preparation (fixation, embedding, sectioning, choice of substrate), SEM and EDXA data collection (backscattered electron imaging, etc.) data interpretation (artefacts, limitations of SEM and EDXA) and other new techniques (ion microprobe, laser Raman microprobe).", "PMID": 392730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9727", "title": "An ultrastructural study of lymph nodes in antilymphocyte serum-treated mice.", "content": "The cytoarchitecture of regional axillary lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice with DBA/1 skin allografts were examined by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lymph nodes from skin-grafted mice injected with rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (ALS) or normal rabbit serum (NRS) were examined ultrastructurally for the pattern of distribution, density and surface topography of their cellular constituents. The lymph node cortex consisted of smooth surface polyhedral-shaped cells tightly packed in the reticulum. A homogeneric population of lymphocytes more spherical in shape and more loosely distributed occupied the follicular region of the cortex. These cells exhibited surface microvilli and were similar in appearance to the free lymphocytes observed in the sinusoidal spaces. Post-capillary venules containing highly villous lymphocytes were observed in the deep cortex. Degradation of cellular organization and cell damage was observed in lymph nodes from ALS-treated mice. These alterations were believed to be a direct effect of ALS. This conclusion was based on the character of the cell damage observed in isolated lymphocytes, in suspension exposed to ALS with and without complement.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of lymph nodes in antilymphocyte serum-treated mice. The cytoarchitecture of regional axillary lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice with DBA/1 skin allografts were examined by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lymph nodes from skin-grafted mice injected with rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (ALS) or normal rabbit serum (NRS) were examined ultrastructurally for the pattern of distribution, density and surface topography of their cellular constituents. The lymph node cortex consisted of smooth surface polyhedral-shaped cells tightly packed in the reticulum. A homogeneric population of lymphocytes more spherical in shape and more loosely distributed occupied the follicular region of the cortex. These cells exhibited surface microvilli and were similar in appearance to the free lymphocytes observed in the sinusoidal spaces. Post-capillary venules containing highly villous lymphocytes were observed in the deep cortex. Degradation of cellular organization and cell damage was observed in lymph nodes from ALS-treated mice. These alterations were believed to be a direct effect of ALS. This conclusion was based on the character of the cell damage observed in isolated lymphocytes, in suspension exposed to ALS with and without complement.", "PMID": 392731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9728", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of pyroantimonate-precipitable cations.", "content": "Modifications of the Komnick potassium (pyro)antimonate precipitation method have been widely used for the subcellular localization of a variety of cations. The identity of cations precipitated with this method has often been controversial, and it is therefore important to establish definitive criteria for identifying precipitated cations in situ. In the present study, we have precipitated antimonate salts in vitro and examined the salts both in crystalline powder form and after embedment in Epon, using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, in an attempt to identify biologically important antimonate-precipitable cations. We have found that the cations sodium, magnesium, and calcium, if present in physiological concentrations, will precipitate antimonate under \"standard\" conditions (2.5% antimonate, pH 7.2 - 7.4, in the presence of 1% OsO4). Characteristic X-ray emissions were observed for sodium and magnesium, as well as for lead similarly precipitated, but Lalpha and Lbeta emission peaks from antimony interfered with calcium identification and necessitated complex computerized deconvolution or peak stripping to determine the presence of a calcium peak. Precipitates of sodium did not contain appreciable potassium, whereas variable amounts of potassium were present in precipitates of calcium and lead, depending upon the extent of washing prior to dehydration. Sizeable potassium peaks were consistently present in even well washed magnesium precipitates. X-ray spectra of standardized precipitates were found useful as an aid in interpreting the more complicated spectra obtained from tissue samples.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of pyroantimonate-precipitable cations. Modifications of the Komnick potassium (pyro)antimonate precipitation method have been widely used for the subcellular localization of a variety of cations. The identity of cations precipitated with this method has often been controversial, and it is therefore important to establish definitive criteria for identifying precipitated cations in situ. In the present study, we have precipitated antimonate salts in vitro and examined the salts both in crystalline powder form and after embedment in Epon, using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, in an attempt to identify biologically important antimonate-precipitable cations. We have found that the cations sodium, magnesium, and calcium, if present in physiological concentrations, will precipitate antimonate under \"standard\" conditions (2.5% antimonate, pH 7.2 - 7.4, in the presence of 1% OsO4). Characteristic X-ray emissions were observed for sodium and magnesium, as well as for lead similarly precipitated, but Lalpha and Lbeta emission peaks from antimony interfered with calcium identification and necessitated complex computerized deconvolution or peak stripping to determine the presence of a calcium peak. Precipitates of sodium did not contain appreciable potassium, whereas variable amounts of potassium were present in precipitates of calcium and lead, depending upon the extent of washing prior to dehydration. Sizeable potassium peaks were consistently present in even well washed magnesium precipitates. X-ray spectra of standardized precipitates were found useful as an aid in interpreting the more complicated spectra obtained from tissue samples.", "PMID": 392732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9729", "title": "Cupula-receptor cell relationships with evidence provided by SEM microdissection.", "content": "Ampullae from the inner ear of the skate, Raja ocellata, were examined by SEM to further elucidate the relationships of the sensory hairs of the receptor cells to the overlying cupula. Specimens were prepared by a variety of methods and were fractured to visualize these relationships. Critical point drying resulted in good cellular and sensory hair preservation, but the cupulae were grossly shrunken. Freeze-dried cupulae, in contrast, more closely approximated the in vivo condition. Although tissues suffered freezing damage, sensory hair bundles were readily discerned. In both critical point dried and freeze-dried ampullae, the peripheral hair cell bundles and the kinocilia of most of the central hair cells, extended across the subcupular space and contacted the cupular material. Some of the specimens were further investigated by dissection in the SEM, the process being viewed in real time stereo. Microdissection confirmed that most kinocilia were attached to the cupula. When the cupula was displaced, sensory hair bundles remained attached to it and broke preferentially at their base from the receptor cells.", "contents": "Cupula-receptor cell relationships with evidence provided by SEM microdissection. Ampullae from the inner ear of the skate, Raja ocellata, were examined by SEM to further elucidate the relationships of the sensory hairs of the receptor cells to the overlying cupula. Specimens were prepared by a variety of methods and were fractured to visualize these relationships. Critical point drying resulted in good cellular and sensory hair preservation, but the cupulae were grossly shrunken. Freeze-dried cupulae, in contrast, more closely approximated the in vivo condition. Although tissues suffered freezing damage, sensory hair bundles were readily discerned. In both critical point dried and freeze-dried ampullae, the peripheral hair cell bundles and the kinocilia of most of the central hair cells, extended across the subcupular space and contacted the cupular material. Some of the specimens were further investigated by dissection in the SEM, the process being viewed in real time stereo. Microdissection confirmed that most kinocilia were attached to the cupula. When the cupula was displaced, sensory hair bundles remained attached to it and broke preferentially at their base from the receptor cells.", "PMID": 392733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9730", "title": "Preparative techniques for freezing and freeze-sectioning macrophages for energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "In order to study the subcellular distribution of normal intracellular electrolytes and of metal pollutants, rabbit alveolar macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages were maintained in standard tissue culture medium with or without various concentrations of cadmium chloride or ammonium vanadate. A variety of preparative techniques were employed to study both monolayers and cell pellets by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Pellets of macrophages centrifuged in narrow bore centrifuge tubes were successfully snap-frozen in liquid-nitrogen-cooled liquid propane and either sectioned on a cryoultramicrotome or freeze-substituted with 1% osmium tetroxide in acetone and embedded in Epon. Spot probes of freeze-dried, frozen thin sections for normal intracellular electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus and sulfur showed good localization to the cells and differences between organelles. Monolayers were freeze-dried and directly embedded in Epon. When Epon thin sections of these cells and of the freeze-substituted, Epon embedded pellets were obtained with a dry knife, intracellular electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus and cadmium could still be detected by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. It is concluded that in studies using snap-freezing for element localization, maximum information is obtained with the simultaneous application of a combination of preparatory techniques.", "contents": "Preparative techniques for freezing and freeze-sectioning macrophages for energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. In order to study the subcellular distribution of normal intracellular electrolytes and of metal pollutants, rabbit alveolar macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages were maintained in standard tissue culture medium with or without various concentrations of cadmium chloride or ammonium vanadate. A variety of preparative techniques were employed to study both monolayers and cell pellets by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Pellets of macrophages centrifuged in narrow bore centrifuge tubes were successfully snap-frozen in liquid-nitrogen-cooled liquid propane and either sectioned on a cryoultramicrotome or freeze-substituted with 1% osmium tetroxide in acetone and embedded in Epon. Spot probes of freeze-dried, frozen thin sections for normal intracellular electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus and sulfur showed good localization to the cells and differences between organelles. Monolayers were freeze-dried and directly embedded in Epon. When Epon thin sections of these cells and of the freeze-substituted, Epon embedded pellets were obtained with a dry knife, intracellular electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus and cadmium could still be detected by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. It is concluded that in studies using snap-freezing for element localization, maximum information is obtained with the simultaneous application of a combination of preparatory techniques.", "PMID": 392734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9731", "title": "Some aspects of structural organization in the cochlea of the bat, Pteronotus parnellii.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to study some specific features of the organ of Corti in the bat, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii. The region of the outer tunnel and the external sulcus were analyzed in detail. Good visualization of the geometric arrangement of the external sulcus cells and the deep channels for their root processes was obtained by digestion of fixed material with 1% trypsin. Processes of the cellular elements forming the roof of the outer tunnel are very thin and appear to be weakly attached to the heads of the phalangeal processes of the third row of Deiters' cells. In much of the overstimulated and trypsin digested material the weak junction was broken and the outer tunnel elements exposed. Two distinct cellular elements occur along the outer wall of the tunnel. One type has a surface with numerous projections on tis outer tunnel surface. The other has a smooth surface and an expanded fanshaped extremity which forms at least part of the roof of the tunnel. With trypsin digestion some of the more deeply situated cells were exposed.", "contents": "Some aspects of structural organization in the cochlea of the bat, Pteronotus parnellii. The scanning electron microscope was used to study some specific features of the organ of Corti in the bat, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii. The region of the outer tunnel and the external sulcus were analyzed in detail. Good visualization of the geometric arrangement of the external sulcus cells and the deep channels for their root processes was obtained by digestion of fixed material with 1% trypsin. Processes of the cellular elements forming the roof of the outer tunnel are very thin and appear to be weakly attached to the heads of the phalangeal processes of the third row of Deiters' cells. In much of the overstimulated and trypsin digested material the weak junction was broken and the outer tunnel elements exposed. Two distinct cellular elements occur along the outer wall of the tunnel. One type has a surface with numerous projections on tis outer tunnel surface. The other has a smooth surface and an expanded fanshaped extremity which forms at least part of the roof of the tunnel. With trypsin digestion some of the more deeply situated cells were exposed.", "PMID": 392735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9732", "title": "Suppressed development of experimental glomerulonephritis in lactating rats.", "content": "Five of six lactating rats did not develop proteinuria after an injection of nephrotoxic serum, whereas four out of five non-lactating, non-pregnant rats showed the usual proteinuric response (P = 0.06). The amount of heterologous IgG deposits was similar in both groups, but the lactating rats had significantly less autologous IgG (P = 0.004) in the glomerular basal membrane. It is suggested that hormonal factors influence the development of experimental glomerulonephritis in lactating rats.", "contents": "Suppressed development of experimental glomerulonephritis in lactating rats. Five of six lactating rats did not develop proteinuria after an injection of nephrotoxic serum, whereas four out of five non-lactating, non-pregnant rats showed the usual proteinuric response (P = 0.06). The amount of heterologous IgG deposits was similar in both groups, but the lactating rats had significantly less autologous IgG (P = 0.004) in the glomerular basal membrane. It is suggested that hormonal factors influence the development of experimental glomerulonephritis in lactating rats.", "PMID": 392736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9733", "title": "Characterization of IgD. II. Molecular forms of IgD in human B cells.", "content": "Endogenous and surface labeling techniques were used on human lymphoid cells to characterize intracytoplasmic, membrane and secreted IgD, IgD synthesized by lymphocytes and inserted into the cell membrane displayed a single molecular form with the same mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as the previously described slow migrating serum IgDl. Plasma cells produced and secreted IgDl and another IgD corresponding to the faster-moving serum IgD2. Conversion of one molecular form into the other was never observed, thus indicating that neither molecule is a precursor or a degradation product of the other.", "contents": "Characterization of IgD. II. Molecular forms of IgD in human B cells. Endogenous and surface labeling techniques were used on human lymphoid cells to characterize intracytoplasmic, membrane and secreted IgD, IgD synthesized by lymphocytes and inserted into the cell membrane displayed a single molecular form with the same mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as the previously described slow migrating serum IgDl. Plasma cells produced and secreted IgDl and another IgD corresponding to the faster-moving serum IgD2. Conversion of one molecular form into the other was never observed, thus indicating that neither molecule is a precursor or a degradation product of the other.", "PMID": 392737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9734", "title": "In vitro enhancement of natural cytotoxicity by tumour necrosis serum.", "content": "Cells cytotoxic for syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured target cells are shown to be induced spontaneously in cultures of murine lymphoid cells. Serum containing bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor accelerates the appearance of observed natural cytotoxic cells.", "contents": "In vitro enhancement of natural cytotoxicity by tumour necrosis serum. Cells cytotoxic for syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured target cells are shown to be induced spontaneously in cultures of murine lymphoid cells. Serum containing bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor accelerates the appearance of observed natural cytotoxic cells.", "PMID": 392738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9735", "title": "Double blind comparison of short and medium term sulfonamides, sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole, in uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections.", "content": "Sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole were compared in a prospective, randomized, double blind study on uncomplicated, acute urinary tract infections. 59 patients were evaluable for therapeutic effect of sulfamethizole and 53 for sulfamethoxazole. The cure rates were 91.5 and 92.5% respectively for sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole. The rates of side effects were the same in the two groups, 5.4% and 4.2%. Also instances where the infecting bacteria were sulfonamide-resistant were cured.", "contents": "Double blind comparison of short and medium term sulfonamides, sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole, in uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections. Sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole were compared in a prospective, randomized, double blind study on uncomplicated, acute urinary tract infections. 59 patients were evaluable for therapeutic effect of sulfamethizole and 53 for sulfamethoxazole. The cure rates were 91.5 and 92.5% respectively for sulfamethizole and sulfamethoxazole. The rates of side effects were the same in the two groups, 5.4% and 4.2%. Also instances where the infecting bacteria were sulfonamide-resistant were cured.", "PMID": 392739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9736", "title": "Concentration of dicloxacillin and benzylpenicillin in fracture haematoma.", "content": "Prophylaxis with loading doses of dicloxacillin (3 patients) and benzylpenicillin (5 patients) has been used preoperatively for malleolar fractures treated in a standardized manner. Postoperatively, the same dose was given every 6 h for a total period of 48 h. The concentration of antibiotics was measured in serum before and after operation and 6 h after the first infusion. Samples from the haematoma were taken during operation and from the drainage collected during 24 h. Satisfactory concentrations were found in serum pre- and postoperatively and in the haematoma.", "contents": "Concentration of dicloxacillin and benzylpenicillin in fracture haematoma. Prophylaxis with loading doses of dicloxacillin (3 patients) and benzylpenicillin (5 patients) has been used preoperatively for malleolar fractures treated in a standardized manner. Postoperatively, the same dose was given every 6 h for a total period of 48 h. The concentration of antibiotics was measured in serum before and after operation and 6 h after the first infusion. Samples from the haematoma were taken during operation and from the drainage collected during 24 h. Satisfactory concentrations were found in serum pre- and postoperatively and in the haematoma.", "PMID": 392740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9737", "title": "Estimations of the incidences of toxoplasma infections among pregnant women from different areas in Norway.", "content": "2342 male military recruits from different parts of Norway were selected for serological screening with the dye test or the IgG-indirect fluorescent antibody test. The highest frequency of toxoplasma antibodies was observed in the south-western areas (27%), whereas the prevalence was found to be as low as 2% in the northermost areas of the country. On the basis of the prevalence values obtained in the different counties, the incidence rates for acquired infections in the pregnant population have been calculated. The annual incidence in Norway was estimated to be 4 0/00 and the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis would be maximally 2 0/00 (or about 110 cases/year).", "contents": "Estimations of the incidences of toxoplasma infections among pregnant women from different areas in Norway. 2342 male military recruits from different parts of Norway were selected for serological screening with the dye test or the IgG-indirect fluorescent antibody test. The highest frequency of toxoplasma antibodies was observed in the south-western areas (27%), whereas the prevalence was found to be as low as 2% in the northermost areas of the country. On the basis of the prevalence values obtained in the different counties, the incidence rates for acquired infections in the pregnant population have been calculated. The annual incidence in Norway was estimated to be 4 0/00 and the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis would be maximally 2 0/00 (or about 110 cases/year).", "PMID": 392741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9738", "title": "The efficacy of intra-articularly administered MYC 2095, triamcinolone hexacetonide and placebo in gonarthritis. A combined double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "We report the results of a double-blind three-centre study, employing a cross-over design, set up to compare the efficacy of intra-articular injections of Myc 2095 (20 mg), triamcinolone hexacetonide (Lederspan) (20 mg) and placebo in 40 patients with synovitis of the knee joint. Each patient included in the study contributed data on 2 of the 3 treatment variables being compared. Seven clinical parameters were assessed every 6 weeks, while the doctor's and the patient's assessments were scored. Intra articular treatment both with Myc 2095 and triamcinolone hexacetonide proved to be effective. Placebo response was also very high. After the first Myc 2095 injection, improvement in \"tenderness\", \"pain under load\" and \"swelling and hydrops\" was significantly superior to that following placebo treatment. The evaluation of the second injections indicated a marked carry-over effect from the first course. This was also evident from the doctor's and patient's assessments. The importance of including a placebo in the evaluation of anti-phlogistic drugs in clinical trials, emerged from this study.", "contents": "The efficacy of intra-articularly administered MYC 2095, triamcinolone hexacetonide and placebo in gonarthritis. A combined double-blind clinical trial. We report the results of a double-blind three-centre study, employing a cross-over design, set up to compare the efficacy of intra-articular injections of Myc 2095 (20 mg), triamcinolone hexacetonide (Lederspan) (20 mg) and placebo in 40 patients with synovitis of the knee joint. Each patient included in the study contributed data on 2 of the 3 treatment variables being compared. Seven clinical parameters were assessed every 6 weeks, while the doctor's and the patient's assessments were scored. Intra articular treatment both with Myc 2095 and triamcinolone hexacetonide proved to be effective. Placebo response was also very high. After the first Myc 2095 injection, improvement in \"tenderness\", \"pain under load\" and \"swelling and hydrops\" was significantly superior to that following placebo treatment. The evaluation of the second injections indicated a marked carry-over effect from the first course. This was also evident from the doctor's and patient's assessments. The importance of including a placebo in the evaluation of anti-phlogistic drugs in clinical trials, emerged from this study.", "PMID": 392743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9739", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss caused by controlled-release and conventional acetylsalicylic acid tablets.", "content": "Gastrointestinal blood loss has been studied following oral administration of the novel controlled-release acetylsalicylic acid tablet preparation Acetard and the instant-release acetylsalicylic acid tablet Magnecyl (Ph. Nord. 63). Acetard contains micro-encapsulated acetylsalicylic acid crystals having an in vitro release time of approximately 4 hours. The investigation was carried out as a two-part, randomized cross-over trial, and with a test dosage of either 1 g X 4 or 2 g X 2 per day, given to 10 and 14 male students, respectively, during two 5-day periods separated by a one week interval. The dosage of the plain formulation was maintained at 1 g X 4 daily in both parts of the investigation. Faeces were collected every 24 hours throughout the trial, covering a total of 4 weeks. Blood loss was measured using the 51Cr labelling technique. Acetard was found to cause statistically significantly less gastrointestinal blood loss as compared with the plain formulation, irrespective of whether Acetard was given twice or four times a day.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss caused by controlled-release and conventional acetylsalicylic acid tablets. Gastrointestinal blood loss has been studied following oral administration of the novel controlled-release acetylsalicylic acid tablet preparation Acetard and the instant-release acetylsalicylic acid tablet Magnecyl (Ph. Nord. 63). Acetard contains micro-encapsulated acetylsalicylic acid crystals having an in vitro release time of approximately 4 hours. The investigation was carried out as a two-part, randomized cross-over trial, and with a test dosage of either 1 g X 4 or 2 g X 2 per day, given to 10 and 14 male students, respectively, during two 5-day periods separated by a one week interval. The dosage of the plain formulation was maintained at 1 g X 4 daily in both parts of the investigation. Faeces were collected every 24 hours throughout the trial, covering a total of 4 weeks. Blood loss was measured using the 51Cr labelling technique. Acetard was found to cause statistically significantly less gastrointestinal blood loss as compared with the plain formulation, irrespective of whether Acetard was given twice or four times a day.", "PMID": 392744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9740", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus--a zoonosis?", "content": "The medical history was obtained and a physical examination carried out--in addition to an immunological investigation of the blood and skin--on 11 dogs in the ownership of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results were compared with those obtained from a control group and it was found that they do not support the hypothesis that SLE is a zoonosis.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus--a zoonosis? The medical history was obtained and a physical examination carried out--in addition to an immunological investigation of the blood and skin--on 11 dogs in the ownership of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results were compared with those obtained from a control group and it was found that they do not support the hypothesis that SLE is a zoonosis.", "PMID": 392745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9741", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of renal biopsies in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens from 20 patients, 14 women and 6 men, with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of at least 6 months' duration were studied by direct immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of immune deposits. Pathological changes were most prominent in patients with longstanding or malignant disease and in patients previously on gold salt therapy. Staining for IgG and C3 was negative in 4 patients with an arthritis of 2 year's duration or less. Fifteen patients had glomerular deposits containing IgG or C3, or both. In 6 of these patients staining was also positive for IgM and in 3 for IgA. In 8 patients C3 was distributed in irregular deposits along the tubular basement membrane. These results suggest that in patients with RA, immunological processes have an untoward effect on the kidneys. The long-term effects of these processes might contribute, moreover, to the development of late renal complications. There is no evidence, however, that the renal immune deposits documented so frequently in this study derive from the rheumatoid disease itself.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of renal biopsies in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Renal biopsy specimens from 20 patients, 14 women and 6 men, with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of at least 6 months' duration were studied by direct immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of immune deposits. Pathological changes were most prominent in patients with longstanding or malignant disease and in patients previously on gold salt therapy. Staining for IgG and C3 was negative in 4 patients with an arthritis of 2 year's duration or less. Fifteen patients had glomerular deposits containing IgG or C3, or both. In 6 of these patients staining was also positive for IgM and in 3 for IgA. In 8 patients C3 was distributed in irregular deposits along the tubular basement membrane. These results suggest that in patients with RA, immunological processes have an untoward effect on the kidneys. The long-term effects of these processes might contribute, moreover, to the development of late renal complications. There is no evidence, however, that the renal immune deposits documented so frequently in this study derive from the rheumatoid disease itself.", "PMID": 392746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9742", "title": "Recruiting collapsed lung through collateral channels with positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "We studied reinflation of collapsed parts in excised normal human lungs through both the ordinary bronchial route and through collateral channels. A model of atelectasis was made either by simple collapse or by applying a positive pressure to the pleura and a negative to the airway. Five different ventilatory patterns were used for reinflation: simulated normal breathing with and without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), simulated deep breathing and mechanical ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). All methods, except normal breathing without CPAP, reinflated the collapsed part with pressures well within the range used clinically. The most effective way of re-expanding collapsed lung was the application of CPAP during simulated normal breathing or PEEP during mechanical ventilation, which required smaller transpulmonary pressure swings than the other methods. A comparison between CPAP and PEEP showed CPAP to be preferable. Collateral reinflation occurred just as readily as normal reinflation and the results suggest that collateral reinflation is the primary choice. This route of reexpansion also has a potential secretion clearing effect in that pressure is built up distal to an obstruction.", "contents": "Recruiting collapsed lung through collateral channels with positive end-expiratory pressure. We studied reinflation of collapsed parts in excised normal human lungs through both the ordinary bronchial route and through collateral channels. A model of atelectasis was made either by simple collapse or by applying a positive pressure to the pleura and a negative to the airway. Five different ventilatory patterns were used for reinflation: simulated normal breathing with and without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), simulated deep breathing and mechanical ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). All methods, except normal breathing without CPAP, reinflated the collapsed part with pressures well within the range used clinically. The most effective way of re-expanding collapsed lung was the application of CPAP during simulated normal breathing or PEEP during mechanical ventilation, which required smaller transpulmonary pressure swings than the other methods. A comparison between CPAP and PEEP showed CPAP to be preferable. Collateral reinflation occurred just as readily as normal reinflation and the results suggest that collateral reinflation is the primary choice. This route of reexpansion also has a potential secretion clearing effect in that pressure is built up distal to an obstruction.", "PMID": 392747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9743", "title": "[Classification of tubular testicular atrophies in the diagnosis of sterility. Significance of the so-called \"bunte Atrophie\"].", "content": "In the course of testicular biopsies from 2317 patients in the years 1969--1978 at the Institute of Pathology of Zurich University, 1165 cases with tubular atrophy were retrospectively examined and classified on the basis of distribution of atrophy on the one hand and degree of atrophy (progressive depopulation) on the other. In virtue of this histological classification, an attempt was made to provide an absolutely or relatively reliable statement respecting the fertility situation, which was possible in 25% of the cases. In the group of the so-called \"bunte Atrophie\" an alteration could be described which is of interest not only because it accounts for a quarter of all testicular atrophies but also because there is a difference between the slight histological alterations and the obviously serious clinical consequences. It was possible to prove that an increase in the atrophy grade characterized by loss of spermatids is already responsible for rapid shrinkage of tubulus diameter in this group.", "contents": "[Classification of tubular testicular atrophies in the diagnosis of sterility. Significance of the so-called \"bunte Atrophie\"]. In the course of testicular biopsies from 2317 patients in the years 1969--1978 at the Institute of Pathology of Zurich University, 1165 cases with tubular atrophy were retrospectively examined and classified on the basis of distribution of atrophy on the one hand and degree of atrophy (progressive depopulation) on the other. In virtue of this histological classification, an attempt was made to provide an absolutely or relatively reliable statement respecting the fertility situation, which was possible in 25% of the cases. In the group of the so-called \"bunte Atrophie\" an alteration could be described which is of interest not only because it accounts for a quarter of all testicular atrophies but also because there is a difference between the slight histological alterations and the obviously serious clinical consequences. It was possible to prove that an increase in the atrophy grade characterized by loss of spermatids is already responsible for rapid shrinkage of tubulus diameter in this group.", "PMID": 392748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9744", "title": "[High hemoglobin concentration and high hematocrit values in patients with homologous kidney grafts].", "content": "9% of kidney allograft recipients were found to develop high hemoglobin concentrations and high hematocrit levels. This abnormality was found only in patients carrying their own diseased kidneys. The majority of graft recipients exhibit low normal erythrocyte counts, whereas the patient group described shows high normal values for red cells. It is suggested that erythropoietin secreted from ischemic regions of the patients' own kidneys may be responsible for the observed difference in erythrocyte counts. No adverse effects were noted clinically.", "contents": "[High hemoglobin concentration and high hematocrit values in patients with homologous kidney grafts]. 9% of kidney allograft recipients were found to develop high hemoglobin concentrations and high hematocrit levels. This abnormality was found only in patients carrying their own diseased kidneys. The majority of graft recipients exhibit low normal erythrocyte counts, whereas the patient group described shows high normal values for red cells. It is suggested that erythropoietin secreted from ischemic regions of the patients' own kidneys may be responsible for the observed difference in erythrocyte counts. No adverse effects were noted clinically.", "PMID": 392749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9745", "title": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency in internal medicine].", "content": "The definition, causes and some pathophysiological aspects of acute respiratory failure are discussed and a systematic clinical workup for these patients is proposed. The clinical and functional parameters for intubation and artifical ventilation are described. Finally, some special problems of therapy in some diseases leading to acute respiratory failure are mentioned. The basic disease not only indicates the criteria for intubation but also determines modifications in ventilatory support.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency in internal medicine]. The definition, causes and some pathophysiological aspects of acute respiratory failure are discussed and a systematic clinical workup for these patients is proposed. The clinical and functional parameters for intubation and artifical ventilation are described. Finally, some special problems of therapy in some diseases leading to acute respiratory failure are mentioned. The basic disease not only indicates the criteria for intubation but also determines modifications in ventilatory support.", "PMID": 392750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9746", "title": "[Possibilities of respiratory rehabilitation in the hospital].", "content": "Among the forms of respiratory insufficiency, those of acute decompensation have the best chance of cure and require all the facilities of clinical and emergency treatment. The therapeutic bases are antibiotics, IPPB, inhalation of broncholytic and secretolytic aerosols, physiotherapy and in some cases steroids. The home care program must be established and practised in the hospital, and its performance controlled and adapted in cooperation between family doctor and lung function laboratory in the clinic.", "contents": "[Possibilities of respiratory rehabilitation in the hospital]. Among the forms of respiratory insufficiency, those of acute decompensation have the best chance of cure and require all the facilities of clinical and emergency treatment. The therapeutic bases are antibiotics, IPPB, inhalation of broncholytic and secretolytic aerosols, physiotherapy and in some cases steroids. The home care program must be established and practised in the hospital, and its performance controlled and adapted in cooperation between family doctor and lung function laboratory in the clinic.", "PMID": 392751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9747", "title": "[Mechanical ventilation: modern technics and respirators].", "content": "The techniques of ventilatory support have been improved during the last few years by two series of modifications: first, the introduction of the trigger and the IMV allows and stimulates greater participation of the patient in the regulation and work of respiration; second, higher levels of PEEP and CPAP produce an improvement in pulmonary gas exchange. The development and perfecting of these techniques has not increased the cost of modern ventilators. This article considers some of the advantages and shortcomings of a number of recent models.", "contents": "[Mechanical ventilation: modern technics and respirators]. The techniques of ventilatory support have been improved during the last few years by two series of modifications: first, the introduction of the trigger and the IMV allows and stimulates greater participation of the patient in the regulation and work of respiration; second, higher levels of PEEP and CPAP produce an improvement in pulmonary gas exchange. The development and perfecting of these techniques has not increased the cost of modern ventilators. This article considers some of the advantages and shortcomings of a number of recent models.", "PMID": 392752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9748", "title": "[Dental reconstruction with non-precious metal screws and posts].", "content": "A short review of the current methods for restoring destroyed dental crowns by mechanical retentive elements. The causes leading to failure in such restorations are mentioned in a short review of literature. Main causes are corrosive changes in posts and screws anchored in root canals. This is why a special chapter deals with the problem of corrosion. A systematic enumeration of various corrosions in posts and screws is illustrated by a choice of clinical and radiological illustrations. The author's own metallurgical analytic investigations of the posts and screws available commercially allow to divide them into 4 typical nonprecious metal groups: Inox steel, cromium nickel steel, cromium nickel molybdene steel and brass alloys. The reasons for resistance to corrosion lie in the different metallographic structures and processing methods. Further investigations are finished and will be published later in this journal.", "contents": "[Dental reconstruction with non-precious metal screws and posts]. A short review of the current methods for restoring destroyed dental crowns by mechanical retentive elements. The causes leading to failure in such restorations are mentioned in a short review of literature. Main causes are corrosive changes in posts and screws anchored in root canals. This is why a special chapter deals with the problem of corrosion. A systematic enumeration of various corrosions in posts and screws is illustrated by a choice of clinical and radiological illustrations. The author's own metallurgical analytic investigations of the posts and screws available commercially allow to divide them into 4 typical nonprecious metal groups: Inox steel, cromium nickel steel, cromium nickel molybdene steel and brass alloys. The reasons for resistance to corrosion lie in the different metallographic structures and processing methods. Further investigations are finished and will be published later in this journal.", "PMID": 392757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9749", "title": "[Removable partial denture. Excerpts from the literature 1977--1979].", "content": "In partial denture prosthesis research and advances were made principally on: -- the fundamental biomechanical properties of the demodont and the fibromucosa. In the light of these findings, the justification of stressbreaking as a principle is questioned -- the mechanical properties of chromium-cobalt alloys -- checking of castings by radiography -- simplification of the designs for removable partial denture frameworks -- impression materials and techniques (fluid-wax functional impression and altered cast-procedure) -- the combination of restauration and plaque control for successful dentistry.", "contents": "[Removable partial denture. Excerpts from the literature 1977--1979]. In partial denture prosthesis research and advances were made principally on: -- the fundamental biomechanical properties of the demodont and the fibromucosa. In the light of these findings, the justification of stressbreaking as a principle is questioned -- the mechanical properties of chromium-cobalt alloys -- checking of castings by radiography -- simplification of the designs for removable partial denture frameworks -- impression materials and techniques (fluid-wax functional impression and altered cast-procedure) -- the combination of restauration and plaque control for successful dentistry.", "PMID": 392759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9750", "title": "The composition of human milk.", "content": "Mature human milk contains 3%--5% fat, 0.8%--0.9% protein, 6.9%--7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. Its energy content is 60--75 kcal/100 ml. Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fat content does not vary consistently during lactation but exhibits large diurnal variations and increases during the course of each nursing. Race, age, parity, or diet do not greatly affect milk composition and there is no consistent compositional difference between milks from the two breasts unless one is infected. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine beta-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Many enzymes and several \"minor\" proteins also occur. The essential amino acid pattern of human milk closely resembles that found to be optimal for human infants. Possible special functions of milk proteins and enzymes other than as a source of amino acids, are as yet largely speculative. The principal sugar of human milk is lactose but 30 or more oligosaccharides, all containing terminal Gal-(beta 1,4)-Glc and ranging from 3--14 saccharide units per molecule are also present. These may amount in the aggregate to as much as 1 g/100 ml in mature milk and 2.5 g/100 ml in colostrum. Some of them may function to control intestinal flora because of their ability to promote growth of certain strains of lactobacilli. Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids. the former heavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of the triglycerides. Fatty acid composition of milk fat varies somewhat with the composition of diet, particularly the fatty acids which it supplies. Phospholipids, amounting in the aggregate to about 75 mg/100 ml, include phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and sphingomyelin. The principal mineral constituents of human milk are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cl. Calcium concentrations reported in various studies vary from 25--35 mg/100 ml. Phosphorus at 13--16 mg/100 ml is much more constant but is lower in proportion to casein and calcium than in milks of most other species. Iron, copper, and zinc contents of human milk vary considerably. A long list of other trace elements has been reported. About 25% of the total nitrogen of human milk represents nonprotein compounds including urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and a large number of amino acids. Of the latter, glutamic acid and taurine are prominent. All of the vitamins, except K, are found in human milk in nutritionally significant concentrations.", "contents": "The composition of human milk. Mature human milk contains 3%--5% fat, 0.8%--0.9% protein, 6.9%--7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. Its energy content is 60--75 kcal/100 ml. Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fat content does not vary consistently during lactation but exhibits large diurnal variations and increases during the course of each nursing. Race, age, parity, or diet do not greatly affect milk composition and there is no consistent compositional difference between milks from the two breasts unless one is infected. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine beta-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Many enzymes and several \"minor\" proteins also occur. The essential amino acid pattern of human milk closely resembles that found to be optimal for human infants. Possible special functions of milk proteins and enzymes other than as a source of amino acids, are as yet largely speculative. The principal sugar of human milk is lactose but 30 or more oligosaccharides, all containing terminal Gal-(beta 1,4)-Glc and ranging from 3--14 saccharide units per molecule are also present. These may amount in the aggregate to as much as 1 g/100 ml in mature milk and 2.5 g/100 ml in colostrum. Some of them may function to control intestinal flora because of their ability to promote growth of certain strains of lactobacilli. Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids. the former heavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of the triglycerides. Fatty acid composition of milk fat varies somewhat with the composition of diet, particularly the fatty acids which it supplies. Phospholipids, amounting in the aggregate to about 75 mg/100 ml, include phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and sphingomyelin. The principal mineral constituents of human milk are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cl. Calcium concentrations reported in various studies vary from 25--35 mg/100 ml. Phosphorus at 13--16 mg/100 ml is much more constant but is lower in proportion to casein and calcium than in milks of most other species. Iron, copper, and zinc contents of human milk vary considerably. A long list of other trace elements has been reported. About 25% of the total nitrogen of human milk represents nonprotein compounds including urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and a large number of amino acids. Of the latter, glutamic acid and taurine are prominent. All of the vitamins, except K, are found in human milk in nutritionally significant concentrations.", "PMID": 392766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9751", "title": "Nursing the newborn.", "content": "Factors affecting successful breast-feeding that have been discussed include good prenatal and postnatal patient education, supportive routines in the hospital, and prevention and/or treatment of common early problems. Suggestions have been made of ways in which the breast-feeding experience can be enhanced. As these measures become more widespread, along with knowledge of the benefits and advantages of human milk and breast-feeding, we should be able to continue to reverse the trend away from breastfeeding.", "contents": "Nursing the newborn. Factors affecting successful breast-feeding that have been discussed include good prenatal and postnatal patient education, supportive routines in the hospital, and prevention and/or treatment of common early problems. Suggestions have been made of ways in which the breast-feeding experience can be enhanced. As these measures become more widespread, along with knowledge of the benefits and advantages of human milk and breast-feeding, we should be able to continue to reverse the trend away from breastfeeding.", "PMID": 392767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9752", "title": "Immunologic aspects of breast feeding, antiinfectious activity of breast milk.", "content": "The most apparent immunologic role of the mammary gland is supply to antibodies to the neonate. In cattle the gland must be able to secrete large quantities of IgG antibodies over a short time period to supply the offspring with protection against systemic pathogens. This is accomplished by selective transfer of IgG from serum to the gland followed by eventual absorption by the neonate gut. In all mammals, the mammary glands provide IgA antibodies specific for pathogens or antigens which enter or invade the neonatal gut. An entero-mammary cell circulation provides the mechanism for conveying such specificity to the lacteal IgA antibodies. Some IgA antibodies may also be derived from the circulation so that the quantitative significance of serum derived versus locally produced IgA in different species requires clarifications. IgG and IgG lacteal antibodies ingested by the neonate, provide short-term systemic and long-term enteric humoral immunity to the neonate. In addition to providing passive immunity, at least swine IgG appears to have a regulatory role in the development of the systemic humoral immune system of the neonate. Such a phenomenon may be general for IgG antibodies transferred in colostrum or in utero. While passive antibodies and immunoglobulins may be most important for the neonate, the many other potentially anti-infectious elements transferred in colostrum and milk may also play important roles. 'Bifidus' factor particularly, but also lysozyme and lactoferrin are probably all important although more convincing experimental data will be needed to support this assumption. Studies of cells of the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems in milk are more recent and their role in the neonate remains to be convincingly demonstrated. In summary, the immunologic and anti-infectious roles of the mammary glands are (1) Supply of IgA antibodies against enteric antigens to the neonate on a 'long-term' basis throughout lactation; (2) Short-term supply of IgG (and IgA) in Group II and III mammals for eventual absorption into neonatal serum; (3) The supply of numerous nonspecific factors such as 'bifidus factor,' lactoferrin, and lysozyme throughout lactation; (4) Regulation of the development of humoral immunity by an apparent feedback mechanism involving maternal IgG; (5) Self-protection of the gland by sensitized T-lymphocytes acting directly or using lymphokines on macrophages; and (6) Self-protection of the gland by secreted antibodies that may act in complement-independent cytolysis, as opsoins for polymorphonuclear-leukocytes or directly as agents preventing colonization.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of breast feeding, antiinfectious activity of breast milk. The most apparent immunologic role of the mammary gland is supply to antibodies to the neonate. In cattle the gland must be able to secrete large quantities of IgG antibodies over a short time period to supply the offspring with protection against systemic pathogens. This is accomplished by selective transfer of IgG from serum to the gland followed by eventual absorption by the neonate gut. In all mammals, the mammary glands provide IgA antibodies specific for pathogens or antigens which enter or invade the neonatal gut. An entero-mammary cell circulation provides the mechanism for conveying such specificity to the lacteal IgA antibodies. Some IgA antibodies may also be derived from the circulation so that the quantitative significance of serum derived versus locally produced IgA in different species requires clarifications. IgG and IgG lacteal antibodies ingested by the neonate, provide short-term systemic and long-term enteric humoral immunity to the neonate. In addition to providing passive immunity, at least swine IgG appears to have a regulatory role in the development of the systemic humoral immune system of the neonate. Such a phenomenon may be general for IgG antibodies transferred in colostrum or in utero. While passive antibodies and immunoglobulins may be most important for the neonate, the many other potentially anti-infectious elements transferred in colostrum and milk may also play important roles. 'Bifidus' factor particularly, but also lysozyme and lactoferrin are probably all important although more convincing experimental data will be needed to support this assumption. Studies of cells of the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems in milk are more recent and their role in the neonate remains to be convincingly demonstrated. In summary, the immunologic and anti-infectious roles of the mammary glands are (1) Supply of IgA antibodies against enteric antigens to the neonate on a 'long-term' basis throughout lactation; (2) Short-term supply of IgG (and IgA) in Group II and III mammals for eventual absorption into neonatal serum; (3) The supply of numerous nonspecific factors such as 'bifidus factor,' lactoferrin, and lysozyme throughout lactation; (4) Regulation of the development of humoral immunity by an apparent feedback mechanism involving maternal IgG; (5) Self-protection of the gland by sensitized T-lymphocytes acting directly or using lymphokines on macrophages; and (6) Self-protection of the gland by secreted antibodies that may act in complement-independent cytolysis, as opsoins for polymorphonuclear-leukocytes or directly as agents preventing colonization.", "PMID": 392768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9753", "title": "Pregnancy and lactation in relation to breast cancer risk.", "content": "In the past, numerous efforts have been made to define risk and protective factors of breast cancer. Among these, pregnancy and lactation have been extensively discussed in connection with breast cancer. Unfortunately, many of the reports on the protective effects of pregnancy and lactation are equivocal; caution needs to be exercised when interpreting the results of a single publication. Development of breast cancer is often preceded by the occurrence of preneoplastic mammary lesions, which may be the result of long-term exposure to estrogens and prolactin. Since endogenous estrogen levels regulate pituitary prolactin secretion to some extent, it has been postulated that a hormonal imbalance exists in early mammary carcinogenesis. Exogenous estrogens directly increase pituitary prolactin secretion. During gestation, greatly increased levels of endogenous sex steroids efficiently stimulate pituitary prolactin secretion; during lactation, the stimulus of suckling is responsible for hyperprolactinemia. However, most studies did not reveal a cause-effect relationship between prolactin levels and enhanced risk of breast cancer. At present, the role of pregnancy and lactation in the development and prognosis of breast cancer is not determined.", "contents": "Pregnancy and lactation in relation to breast cancer risk. In the past, numerous efforts have been made to define risk and protective factors of breast cancer. Among these, pregnancy and lactation have been extensively discussed in connection with breast cancer. Unfortunately, many of the reports on the protective effects of pregnancy and lactation are equivocal; caution needs to be exercised when interpreting the results of a single publication. Development of breast cancer is often preceded by the occurrence of preneoplastic mammary lesions, which may be the result of long-term exposure to estrogens and prolactin. Since endogenous estrogen levels regulate pituitary prolactin secretion to some extent, it has been postulated that a hormonal imbalance exists in early mammary carcinogenesis. Exogenous estrogens directly increase pituitary prolactin secretion. During gestation, greatly increased levels of endogenous sex steroids efficiently stimulate pituitary prolactin secretion; during lactation, the stimulus of suckling is responsible for hyperprolactinemia. However, most studies did not reveal a cause-effect relationship between prolactin levels and enhanced risk of breast cancer. At present, the role of pregnancy and lactation in the development and prognosis of breast cancer is not determined.", "PMID": 392771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9754", "title": "The role of the dentist in the comprehensive management of hemophilia.", "content": "Routine dental procedures do not generally involve bleeding; consequently, there is no contraindication to routine dental treatment for hemophiliacs. Preventive dentistry is vital to the younger hemophiliac patient world-wide; older hemophiliacs may require extensive treatment to restore mouths that have been neglected. Surgical dental procedures may be performed for hemophiliacs, but they must be judiciously coordinated by the dental and medical team. The facilities and treatment available will determine the feasibility of treating such patients in the hospital or on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "The role of the dentist in the comprehensive management of hemophilia. Routine dental procedures do not generally involve bleeding; consequently, there is no contraindication to routine dental treatment for hemophiliacs. Preventive dentistry is vital to the younger hemophiliac patient world-wide; older hemophiliacs may require extensive treatment to restore mouths that have been neglected. Surgical dental procedures may be performed for hemophiliacs, but they must be judiciously coordinated by the dental and medical team. The facilities and treatment available will determine the feasibility of treating such patients in the hospital or on an outpatient basis.", "PMID": 392775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9755", "title": "The history of the A family of inbred mice and the biology of its congenital malformations.", "content": "The A family of inbred mice which originated in 1921, came during its early development to have incorporated into its genome the tendency to several congenital malformations, among them cleft lip and palate. These sporadic abnormalities are of interest because they closely resemble their human counterparts in morphology and development, and because they share with them a multifactorial basis. The origins and development of the A family are traced, and the abnormalities are described and the forces affecting them detailed.", "contents": "The history of the A family of inbred mice and the biology of its congenital malformations. The A family of inbred mice which originated in 1921, came during its early development to have incorporated into its genome the tendency to several congenital malformations, among them cleft lip and palate. These sporadic abnormalities are of interest because they closely resemble their human counterparts in morphology and development, and because they share with them a multifactorial basis. The origins and development of the A family are traced, and the abnormalities are described and the forces affecting them detailed.", "PMID": 392800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9756", "title": "Neural tube closure defects caused by papaverine in explanted early chick embryos.", "content": "Papaverine (50 micrograms/ml) preferentially inhibited uplifting of neural folds in explanted stage 8 chick embryos. Affected neuroepithelial cells often lost their wedge-shaped and elongated appearance. Also, luminal surfaces of most affected cells were smoother than usual as evidenced by the marked decrease in the number of cytoplasmic extensions, but the integrity of other structures (including cytoskeletal components) was not noticeably affected. The observed changes in cell surface topography were due, at least in part, to the imparied ability of apical microfilaments to contract and their eventual relaxation. The \"relaxing\" effect of papaverine on neural folds could be reversed by subsequent treatment with ionophore A23187. Since papaverine and ionophore A23187 are known to alter the normal distribution of intracellular Ca2+ and changes in cell surface topography are correlated with contractile activities of apical microfilaments, papaverine elicits neural tube closure defects by lowering intracellular free Ca2+ levels, thereby relaxing contracted apical microfilaments in neuroepithelial cells.", "contents": "Neural tube closure defects caused by papaverine in explanted early chick embryos. Papaverine (50 micrograms/ml) preferentially inhibited uplifting of neural folds in explanted stage 8 chick embryos. Affected neuroepithelial cells often lost their wedge-shaped and elongated appearance. Also, luminal surfaces of most affected cells were smoother than usual as evidenced by the marked decrease in the number of cytoplasmic extensions, but the integrity of other structures (including cytoskeletal components) was not noticeably affected. The observed changes in cell surface topography were due, at least in part, to the imparied ability of apical microfilaments to contract and their eventual relaxation. The \"relaxing\" effect of papaverine on neural folds could be reversed by subsequent treatment with ionophore A23187. Since papaverine and ionophore A23187 are known to alter the normal distribution of intracellular Ca2+ and changes in cell surface topography are correlated with contractile activities of apical microfilaments, papaverine elicits neural tube closure defects by lowering intracellular free Ca2+ levels, thereby relaxing contracted apical microfilaments in neuroepithelial cells.", "PMID": 392801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9757", "title": "Lobectomy with sleeve resection of the bronchus for malignant disease of the lung and the influence of the suture material used for the bronchial repair.", "content": "A series of 100 consecutive cases of lobectomy combined with sleeve resection of the bronchus for malignant disease of the lung is presented. In 13 of these cases a sleeve resection of the appropriate pulmonary artery was also carried out. An operative mortality of 8% was encountered and a crude 5-year survival of 40% was achieved. A comparison of absorbable and non-absorbable suture materials for the bronchial anastomosis indicated that the absorbable suture, Polyglycolic Acid (Dexon), minimized the morbidity from complications at the bronchial anastomosis.", "contents": "Lobectomy with sleeve resection of the bronchus for malignant disease of the lung and the influence of the suture material used for the bronchial repair. A series of 100 consecutive cases of lobectomy combined with sleeve resection of the bronchus for malignant disease of the lung is presented. In 13 of these cases a sleeve resection of the appropriate pulmonary artery was also carried out. An operative mortality of 8% was encountered and a crude 5-year survival of 40% was achieved. A comparison of absorbable and non-absorbable suture materials for the bronchial anastomosis indicated that the absorbable suture, Polyglycolic Acid (Dexon), minimized the morbidity from complications at the bronchial anastomosis.", "PMID": 392807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9758", "title": "Time-dose-response studies on cellular immunity.", "content": "The time-dose responses to several murine histocompatibility antigens were studied using lymphocytes as an antigen source for immunization and the speed of rejection of skin grafts as an assay of the level of immune responsiveness. It was observed that the weaker the first set response to an antigen the higher the minimal immunizing dose and the lower the tolerizing dose; thus, there was a small \"immunizing window.\" The speed of onset of immune responsiveness and the magnitude of change in it following first antigen contact depended on the \"strength\" of the antigen. When the antigen was \"strong\" the level of response increased rapidly following first antigen contact. When the antigen was \"weak\" a period of tolerance appeared following first antigen contact, which then gave way to a state of immunity; the \"weaker\" the antigen the longer the interval and the greater the magnitude of tolerance. Increasing the antigen dose tended to magnify and prolong the tolerance. The \"weaker\" the antigen the longer the interval between first antigen contact and the appearance of immunity. Once established, the level of immunity was not constant. Undulations in the levels of all responses were noted; the \"weaker\" the antigen the larger the undulations. Possible explanations for the undulations and implications of the time-dose-response curves in immunotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Time-dose-response studies on cellular immunity. The time-dose responses to several murine histocompatibility antigens were studied using lymphocytes as an antigen source for immunization and the speed of rejection of skin grafts as an assay of the level of immune responsiveness. It was observed that the weaker the first set response to an antigen the higher the minimal immunizing dose and the lower the tolerizing dose; thus, there was a small \"immunizing window.\" The speed of onset of immune responsiveness and the magnitude of change in it following first antigen contact depended on the \"strength\" of the antigen. When the antigen was \"strong\" the level of response increased rapidly following first antigen contact. When the antigen was \"weak\" a period of tolerance appeared following first antigen contact, which then gave way to a state of immunity; the \"weaker\" the antigen the longer the interval and the greater the magnitude of tolerance. Increasing the antigen dose tended to magnify and prolong the tolerance. The \"weaker\" the antigen the longer the interval between first antigen contact and the appearance of immunity. Once established, the level of immunity was not constant. Undulations in the levels of all responses were noted; the \"weaker\" the antigen the larger the undulations. Possible explanations for the undulations and implications of the time-dose-response curves in immunotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 392808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9759", "title": "Immune adherence of platelets to sensitized leukocytes: a model of hyperacute rejection.", "content": "Specifically hypersensitized recipients of canine renal allotransplants demonstrate an accumulation of host platelets in the transplanted kidney within minutes following implantation. Transplant function is ra,idly lost. The present work describes an in vitro model of this hyperacute rejection mechanism. Renal donor leukocytes sensitized with host serum are incubated with donor platelets. Within a few minutes the platelets adhere to the sensitized leukocytes to form rosettes. Serum complement is required for platelet rosette formation. Platelets act as indicators in this reaction and they may be obtained from any dog. Donor platelets were used to avoid the transfer of specific antibody to the test mixture. The in vitro model supports the view that hyperacute rejection in the dog is a specific example of the immune adherence reaction in which platelets bind to antigen-antibody-complement complexes.", "contents": "Immune adherence of platelets to sensitized leukocytes: a model of hyperacute rejection. Specifically hypersensitized recipients of canine renal allotransplants demonstrate an accumulation of host platelets in the transplanted kidney within minutes following implantation. Transplant function is ra,idly lost. The present work describes an in vitro model of this hyperacute rejection mechanism. Renal donor leukocytes sensitized with host serum are incubated with donor platelets. Within a few minutes the platelets adhere to the sensitized leukocytes to form rosettes. Serum complement is required for platelet rosette formation. Platelets act as indicators in this reaction and they may be obtained from any dog. Donor platelets were used to avoid the transfer of specific antibody to the test mixture. The in vitro model supports the view that hyperacute rejection in the dog is a specific example of the immune adherence reaction in which platelets bind to antigen-antibody-complement complexes.", "PMID": 392809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9760", "title": "HMM-decorated filaments in leukocyte nucleus.", "content": "HMM-decorated filaments could be observed in the leukocyte nucleus under an electron microscope. The filaments were distributed in parallel or randomly among chromatin granules and showed \"arrowhead\" structures similar to those of cytoplasmic filaments. These observations suggest that the leukocyte nucleus may possess contractile filaments containing actins which probably function in the structural transformation of the nucleus.", "contents": "HMM-decorated filaments in leukocyte nucleus. HMM-decorated filaments could be observed in the leukocyte nucleus under an electron microscope. The filaments were distributed in parallel or randomly among chromatin granules and showed \"arrowhead\" structures similar to those of cytoplasmic filaments. These observations suggest that the leukocyte nucleus may possess contractile filaments containing actins which probably function in the structural transformation of the nucleus.", "PMID": 392810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9761", "title": "Differential volumetry of A, B and D cells in the pancreatic islets of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects.", "content": "The percentile volumes vA, vB and vD of A, B and D cells in the islets of Langerhans were histometrically estimated in the pancreases from 59 autopsy cases including maturity- and growth-onset diabetics and nondiabetics. Volumetry was performed microscopically by point counting method using a square-lattice eyepiece, then the total A, B and D cell volumes VA, VB, and VD were calculated from the total islet volume Vi of the pancreas in VB between the three groups. Namely, it was only 0.156 and 0.388 cm3 in the growth- and maturity-onset diabetics, much smaller values than 0.636 cm3 in nondiabetics. The simultaneous investigation on clinical records revealed a negative correlation between VB and the maximum blood sugar of the individual. The smaller VB in diabetes was attributed to the diminution of Vi because vA, vB and vD were almost the same regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. These results strongly suggested a failure of insulin production in diabetes due to quantitative deficiency of B cells.", "contents": "Differential volumetry of A, B and D cells in the pancreatic islets of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. The percentile volumes vA, vB and vD of A, B and D cells in the islets of Langerhans were histometrically estimated in the pancreases from 59 autopsy cases including maturity- and growth-onset diabetics and nondiabetics. Volumetry was performed microscopically by point counting method using a square-lattice eyepiece, then the total A, B and D cell volumes VA, VB, and VD were calculated from the total islet volume Vi of the pancreas in VB between the three groups. Namely, it was only 0.156 and 0.388 cm3 in the growth- and maturity-onset diabetics, much smaller values than 0.636 cm3 in nondiabetics. The simultaneous investigation on clinical records revealed a negative correlation between VB and the maximum blood sugar of the individual. The smaller VB in diabetes was attributed to the diminution of Vi because vA, vB and vD were almost the same regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. These results strongly suggested a failure of insulin production in diabetes due to quantitative deficiency of B cells.", "PMID": 392812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9762", "title": "Effects of eight amino acids on the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function.", "content": "Eight amino acids were intravenously administered in a dose of 2 mmoles/kg/hr to dogs with chronic pancreatic fistula, and the effect of each amino acid on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions was investigated. Asparagine, arginine, isoleucine and phenylalanine administered under the stimulation of secretin-pancreozymin significantly inhibited the secretion of pancreatic juice by 23%, 15%, 13% and 13%, and the output of amylase by 53%, 37%, 27% and 18%, respectively. Threonine, glycine or methionine brought about no significant changes in pancreatic secretion, but valine significantly increased pancreatic juice secretion by 13% and amylase output by 15%. Any of the eight amino acids caused no noticeable change in the concentration of bicarbonate.", "contents": "Effects of eight amino acids on the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function. Eight amino acids were intravenously administered in a dose of 2 mmoles/kg/hr to dogs with chronic pancreatic fistula, and the effect of each amino acid on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions was investigated. Asparagine, arginine, isoleucine and phenylalanine administered under the stimulation of secretin-pancreozymin significantly inhibited the secretion of pancreatic juice by 23%, 15%, 13% and 13%, and the output of amylase by 53%, 37%, 27% and 18%, respectively. Threonine, glycine or methionine brought about no significant changes in pancreatic secretion, but valine significantly increased pancreatic juice secretion by 13% and amylase output by 15%. Any of the eight amino acids caused no noticeable change in the concentration of bicarbonate.", "PMID": 392811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9763", "title": "A biological study on hot-water extract from delipidated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG.", "content": "The biological activity of a hot-water extract from delipidated BCG, designated as HSA (Hot-water Soluble Adjuvant), was investigated. The HSA did not induce hyperreactivity to bacterial endotoxin. The hot-water extract from which nucleic acids had been removed by streptomycin (SM-HSA) was found to enhance the delayed-type hypersensitivity as evidenced by the results of footpad reaction of mice. The HSA and SM-HSA could be injected to mice by an intraperitoneal route for 20 consecutive days without undesirable side effects. A comparative study was made on the effects of HSA in relation to the duration and doses of treatment with HSA using the ddI mice inoculated with Sarcoma-180. The most remarkable effect was observed when 0.25 mg of HSA had been injected for 20 consecutive days. Also SM-HSA was found to exert antitumor activity when applied in the same manner as above. These results suggest that the presence of nucleic acids is not related to the biological and antitumor activities of the hot-water extract.", "contents": "A biological study on hot-water extract from delipidated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG. The biological activity of a hot-water extract from delipidated BCG, designated as HSA (Hot-water Soluble Adjuvant), was investigated. The HSA did not induce hyperreactivity to bacterial endotoxin. The hot-water extract from which nucleic acids had been removed by streptomycin (SM-HSA) was found to enhance the delayed-type hypersensitivity as evidenced by the results of footpad reaction of mice. The HSA and SM-HSA could be injected to mice by an intraperitoneal route for 20 consecutive days without undesirable side effects. A comparative study was made on the effects of HSA in relation to the duration and doses of treatment with HSA using the ddI mice inoculated with Sarcoma-180. The most remarkable effect was observed when 0.25 mg of HSA had been injected for 20 consecutive days. Also SM-HSA was found to exert antitumor activity when applied in the same manner as above. These results suggest that the presence of nucleic acids is not related to the biological and antitumor activities of the hot-water extract.", "PMID": 392813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9764", "title": "[Prosthetic abutment preparation related to tooth shape and pulp extension].", "content": "Using a radiographic measuring technique, the authors determined the pulp-hard tissue ratio in 759 extracted, cariesfree, maxillary and mandibular teeth of exactly indicated ages. On the basis of the results obtained, recommendations are given for the depth of preparation of the various surfaces of the teeth as related to their ages. The suitability of various types of preparation for prosthetic abutments is discussed. For the preparation of the vestibular surface, the authors describe a modification of the grooving technique as yet recommended.", "contents": "[Prosthetic abutment preparation related to tooth shape and pulp extension]. Using a radiographic measuring technique, the authors determined the pulp-hard tissue ratio in 759 extracted, cariesfree, maxillary and mandibular teeth of exactly indicated ages. On the basis of the results obtained, recommendations are given for the depth of preparation of the various surfaces of the teeth as related to their ages. The suitability of various types of preparation for prosthetic abutments is discussed. For the preparation of the vestibular surface, the authors describe a modification of the grooving technique as yet recommended.", "PMID": 392818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9765", "title": "[Studies on the proper processing of silver-palladium casting alloys].", "content": "The internal structure and the hardness of three silver-palladium alloys (Sipal 306, Spall WT 52, Bego Gold-EWL G) were investigated in the as-cast condition, after homogenization and after salt-bath hardening. From the results obtained it is concluded that the optimal processing conditions for Sipal 306 and Spall WT 52 are: homogenization at 850 degrees C for more than 2 hours, and hardening at 430--450 degrees C for 15 minutes. The hardness values thus obtained meet the requirements of the type IV indication of the FDI specification no. 7; however, the inhomogenous structure causes a lower resistance to tarnish.", "contents": "[Studies on the proper processing of silver-palladium casting alloys]. The internal structure and the hardness of three silver-palladium alloys (Sipal 306, Spall WT 52, Bego Gold-EWL G) were investigated in the as-cast condition, after homogenization and after salt-bath hardening. From the results obtained it is concluded that the optimal processing conditions for Sipal 306 and Spall WT 52 are: homogenization at 850 degrees C for more than 2 hours, and hardening at 430--450 degrees C for 15 minutes. The hardness values thus obtained meet the requirements of the type IV indication of the FDI specification no. 7; however, the inhomogenous structure causes a lower resistance to tarnish.", "PMID": 392819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9766", "title": "[Reconstruction of continuity after resection of the mandible].", "content": "By way of introduction, the authors deal briefly with problems resulting from a continuity resection of the lower jaw with regard to the patient's physiological functions, psychological reactions and social position. They give a short historical survey of the development in this field and, utilizing the pertinent literature, they outline the present state. In the light of their own experience, the authors discuss the immediate reconstruction of the lower jaw by means of modern osteosynthesis techniques. The reconstruction is achieved by the use of autoplastic and xenoplastic material, among other things, also by boiling-out and replanting the resected bone. In addition, results from clinical, radiographical and histological re-examinations are presented.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of continuity after resection of the mandible]. By way of introduction, the authors deal briefly with problems resulting from a continuity resection of the lower jaw with regard to the patient's physiological functions, psychological reactions and social position. They give a short historical survey of the development in this field and, utilizing the pertinent literature, they outline the present state. In the light of their own experience, the authors discuss the immediate reconstruction of the lower jaw by means of modern osteosynthesis techniques. The reconstruction is achieved by the use of autoplastic and xenoplastic material, among other things, also by boiling-out and replanting the resected bone. In addition, results from clinical, radiographical and histological re-examinations are presented.", "PMID": 392820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9767", "title": "Prostaglandin I2 and indomethacin prevent impairment of post-ischemic brain reperfusion in the dog.", "content": "Twenty-seven heparinized dogs were exposed to 35 min of cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia followed by 30 min of recirculation. The degree and distribution of post-ischemic reperfusion was then assessed by means of a 14C-antipyrine autoradiographic blood flow study. The animals were assigned to 5 groups by the administration of drugs as follows: 1) no additional drugs; 2) indomethacin 1.5 or 4 mg/kg prior to ischemia; 3) indomethacin 4 mg/kg 5 min after ischemia; 4) prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) infusion 30--180 ng/kg/min beginning 5 min after ischemia; and 5) indomethacin 4 mg/kg 5 min after ischemia plus PGI2 infusion 30--130 ng/kg/min beginning 5 min after ischemia. Animals receiving no additional drugs had relatively low post-ischemic blood flows with focal zones of greatly impaired reperfusion. Animals receiving either indomethacin or PGI2 after ischemia did not differ significantly from the no additional drug group. A significant enhancement of post-ischemic reperfusion occurred in animals receiving indomethacin prior to ischemia and those receiving the combination of indomethacin and PGI2 after ischemia. These observations implicate an imbalance in prostaglandin pathways at the blood-endothelial interface in the genesis of post-ischemic reflow impairment and suggest novel drug therapy for enhancing nutrient flow after ischemia.", "contents": "Prostaglandin I2 and indomethacin prevent impairment of post-ischemic brain reperfusion in the dog. Twenty-seven heparinized dogs were exposed to 35 min of cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia followed by 30 min of recirculation. The degree and distribution of post-ischemic reperfusion was then assessed by means of a 14C-antipyrine autoradiographic blood flow study. The animals were assigned to 5 groups by the administration of drugs as follows: 1) no additional drugs; 2) indomethacin 1.5 or 4 mg/kg prior to ischemia; 3) indomethacin 4 mg/kg 5 min after ischemia; 4) prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) infusion 30--180 ng/kg/min beginning 5 min after ischemia; and 5) indomethacin 4 mg/kg 5 min after ischemia plus PGI2 infusion 30--130 ng/kg/min beginning 5 min after ischemia. Animals receiving no additional drugs had relatively low post-ischemic blood flows with focal zones of greatly impaired reperfusion. Animals receiving either indomethacin or PGI2 after ischemia did not differ significantly from the no additional drug group. A significant enhancement of post-ischemic reperfusion occurred in animals receiving indomethacin prior to ischemia and those receiving the combination of indomethacin and PGI2 after ischemia. These observations implicate an imbalance in prostaglandin pathways at the blood-endothelial interface in the genesis of post-ischemic reflow impairment and suggest novel drug therapy for enhancing nutrient flow after ischemia.", "PMID": 392821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9768", "title": "Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the renal vessels as an adjunct in kidney preservation.", "content": "Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the stored kidney provides life-supporting renal function in canine kidneys damaged by 30 min of warm ischaemia followed by cold storage for a total of 24 hr. Other simple methods of renal preservation, including simple flushing and cold storage and oxygenation of the flush solution and the fluid surrounding the kidney during storage, did not result in consistent life-supporting renal function under these experimental conditions. Low pressure venous oxygen perfusion of the kidney produced significantly better renal function than arterial oxygen perfusion as measured by post-transplant creatinine values. This preservation technique uses apparatus readily available in hospitals and once instituted does not require supervision. It may have clinical application in cadaveric renal transplantation, particularly if the donor kidney has been subjected to warm ischaemia.", "contents": "Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the renal vessels as an adjunct in kidney preservation. Gaseous oxygen perfusion of the stored kidney provides life-supporting renal function in canine kidneys damaged by 30 min of warm ischaemia followed by cold storage for a total of 24 hr. Other simple methods of renal preservation, including simple flushing and cold storage and oxygenation of the flush solution and the fluid surrounding the kidney during storage, did not result in consistent life-supporting renal function under these experimental conditions. Low pressure venous oxygen perfusion of the kidney produced significantly better renal function than arterial oxygen perfusion as measured by post-transplant creatinine values. This preservation technique uses apparatus readily available in hospitals and once instituted does not require supervision. It may have clinical application in cadaveric renal transplantation, particularly if the donor kidney has been subjected to warm ischaemia.", "PMID": 392831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9769", "title": "Extended treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Twenty renal allograft recipients were treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM; ATG) for up to 16 weeks in addition to azathioprine and prednisone, while 20 controls received no ATG. The ATG group showed a lower incidence of first rejection episodes during the first month after transplantation, and also a better functional graft survival rate up to 2 years after transplantation. The results in this early ATG trial were better than those in subsequent trials which used 14-day treatment regimens. Longer treatment deserves another look.", "contents": "Extended treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) in renal allograft recipients. Twenty renal allograft recipients were treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM; ATG) for up to 16 weeks in addition to azathioprine and prednisone, while 20 controls received no ATG. The ATG group showed a lower incidence of first rejection episodes during the first month after transplantation, and also a better functional graft survival rate up to 2 years after transplantation. The results in this early ATG trial were better than those in subsequent trials which used 14-day treatment regimens. Longer treatment deserves another look.", "PMID": 392832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9770", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test in cadaveric renal transplantation.", "content": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test has been studied in a series of 192 renal allograft recipients. Seventy-seven patients showed no evidence of inhibition in the early post-transplant course, but 31 of these demonstrated clinical evidence of rejection, a false-negative rate of 16%. The remaining 115 recipients all demonstrated inhibition, with 13 of these showing no clinical evidence of rejection, a false-positive rate of 6.7%. Early antirejection therapy on the basis of inhibition did not result in improved kidney survival when compared with those recipients who did not receive specific therapy until there was clinical evidence of rejection. The leucocyte migration inhibition test did not detect changes attributable to humoral factors, which probably accounts for the high false-negative rate, and has not proved to be sufficiently reliable to be of value clinically as a single test. A combination of tests designed to detect both humoral and cellular factors responsible for rejection deserves further study.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test in cadaveric renal transplantation. The leucocyte migration inhibition test has been studied in a series of 192 renal allograft recipients. Seventy-seven patients showed no evidence of inhibition in the early post-transplant course, but 31 of these demonstrated clinical evidence of rejection, a false-negative rate of 16%. The remaining 115 recipients all demonstrated inhibition, with 13 of these showing no clinical evidence of rejection, a false-positive rate of 6.7%. Early antirejection therapy on the basis of inhibition did not result in improved kidney survival when compared with those recipients who did not receive specific therapy until there was clinical evidence of rejection. The leucocyte migration inhibition test did not detect changes attributable to humoral factors, which probably accounts for the high false-negative rate, and has not proved to be sufficiently reliable to be of value clinically as a single test. A combination of tests designed to detect both humoral and cellular factors responsible for rejection deserves further study.", "PMID": 392833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9771", "title": "A rapid method for preimmunisation and grafting of mice with ear skin.", "content": "A schedule for a histocompatibility test among mice involving preimmunisation with ear skin is described and has been tested with the weak transplantation antigen H-Y in C57BL responder and C3H nonresponder strains. The transplantation technique was tested by autografting, and more than 99% of the operations were successful. The priming method reduces the survival of ear skin grafts in every combination tested.", "contents": "A rapid method for preimmunisation and grafting of mice with ear skin. A schedule for a histocompatibility test among mice involving preimmunisation with ear skin is described and has been tested with the weak transplantation antigen H-Y in C57BL responder and C3H nonresponder strains. The transplantation technique was tested by autografting, and more than 99% of the operations were successful. The priming method reduces the survival of ear skin grafts in every combination tested.", "PMID": 392835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9772", "title": "Enhancement of heart allograft survival across H-2D differences.", "content": "The use of split heart allografts in the study of immunological enhancement was evaluated. The study revealed that, in contrast to the results with skin grafts, it is possible to obtain exceptional increases in the survival of heart grafts across differences at the H-2D end of the H-2 complex. The factors affecting graft survival were the age of the heart tissue used in grafting, the haplotype of the donor and host, the regimen of injections of antibody, and the immune reagent used. The data suggest that a difference exists in the mechanism by which anti-Ia and anti-H-2D antibodies mediate their enhancing effect.", "contents": "Enhancement of heart allograft survival across H-2D differences. The use of split heart allografts in the study of immunological enhancement was evaluated. The study revealed that, in contrast to the results with skin grafts, it is possible to obtain exceptional increases in the survival of heart grafts across differences at the H-2D end of the H-2 complex. The factors affecting graft survival were the age of the heart tissue used in grafting, the haplotype of the donor and host, the regimen of injections of antibody, and the immune reagent used. The data suggest that a difference exists in the mechanism by which anti-Ia and anti-H-2D antibodies mediate their enhancing effect.", "PMID": 392836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9773", "title": "Rejected human renal allografts: recovery and characteristics of infiltrating cells and antibody.", "content": "Viable infiltrating host leukocytes have been isolated from 10 rejected human renal allografts, removed 1 to 67 months after transplantation. The cell populations have been identified by surface characteristics and their cytotoxic capacities were assessed. A heterogenous population of cells of host origin accumulated in the grafts, including T and B lymphocytes, Fc+ cells, and macrophages. Using a 51Cr release assay, specific cytotoxicity against donor alloantigens was determined. Cytotoxicity of the infiltrating cells was almost invariably greater than cytotoxicity mounted by recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes. Deletion studies confirmed previous work and suggested that T cells were primarily responsible for cytolysis in early acute rejection; non-T cells more often in late chronic rejection. Antibodies eluted from the grafts demonstrated both specific antidonor and nonspecific activity as well as cross-reacting anti-HLA activity. Allograft morphology was examined and cellular and humoral host responses were assessed. These studies emphasize the complexities of immune responses produced by the host against transplanted tissues.", "contents": "Rejected human renal allografts: recovery and characteristics of infiltrating cells and antibody. Viable infiltrating host leukocytes have been isolated from 10 rejected human renal allografts, removed 1 to 67 months after transplantation. The cell populations have been identified by surface characteristics and their cytotoxic capacities were assessed. A heterogenous population of cells of host origin accumulated in the grafts, including T and B lymphocytes, Fc+ cells, and macrophages. Using a 51Cr release assay, specific cytotoxicity against donor alloantigens was determined. Cytotoxicity of the infiltrating cells was almost invariably greater than cytotoxicity mounted by recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes. Deletion studies confirmed previous work and suggested that T cells were primarily responsible for cytolysis in early acute rejection; non-T cells more often in late chronic rejection. Antibodies eluted from the grafts demonstrated both specific antidonor and nonspecific activity as well as cross-reacting anti-HLA activity. Allograft morphology was examined and cellular and humoral host responses were assessed. These studies emphasize the complexities of immune responses produced by the host against transplanted tissues.", "PMID": 392837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9774", "title": "[Hepatocyte dynamic reserve: the mechanism for the assurance of specialized functions in the regenerating liver].", "content": "A short review is presented of the experimental data on the interrelation between specialized functions and proliferative activity of cells in regenerating mammalian liver. Using the results of the kinetic analysis of induced cell proliferation makes it possible to elicit an existence of the dynamic redistribution of hepatocytes between \"the reserve\" of quiscent cells (in respect to the mitotic cycle) and the population of actively proliferating cells. This fenomen referred to as \"the dynamic reserving of cells\" is considered in this work as a possible mechanism of maintenance of the specialized functions of the liver during its regeneration after a partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Hepatocyte dynamic reserve: the mechanism for the assurance of specialized functions in the regenerating liver]. A short review is presented of the experimental data on the interrelation between specialized functions and proliferative activity of cells in regenerating mammalian liver. Using the results of the kinetic analysis of induced cell proliferation makes it possible to elicit an existence of the dynamic redistribution of hepatocytes between \"the reserve\" of quiscent cells (in respect to the mitotic cycle) and the population of actively proliferating cells. This fenomen referred to as \"the dynamic reserving of cells\" is considered in this work as a possible mechanism of maintenance of the specialized functions of the liver during its regeneration after a partial hepatectomy.", "PMID": 392841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9775", "title": "[New measurement standard for cytofluorimetry].", "content": "New phosphor crystals, on the basis of zeolit, activated by tin (Sn), appeared to be a very suitable permanent fluorescent test-object for setting up microscopes, intructing new users and for calibrating microfluorimeters. Their properties provide the control of conditions of various fluorescent experiments in both visible and ultraviolet regions. The crystal size may vary from 1 to 100 micron along the facet. Spectral, polarization and fading fluorescence characteristics of the new crystals are described.", "contents": "[New measurement standard for cytofluorimetry]. New phosphor crystals, on the basis of zeolit, activated by tin (Sn), appeared to be a very suitable permanent fluorescent test-object for setting up microscopes, intructing new users and for calibrating microfluorimeters. Their properties provide the control of conditions of various fluorescent experiments in both visible and ultraviolet regions. The crystal size may vary from 1 to 100 micron along the facet. Spectral, polarization and fading fluorescence characteristics of the new crystals are described.", "PMID": 392842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9776", "title": "[Method of cell cultivation in microdishes].", "content": "A method is proposed of cell cultivation on the microscopic glass. Glass rings with inner diameter of 6 mm are fixed on prepared glasses. A simple of 0.2 ml cell suspension is poured into so-formed microcups. The cultivation is carried out in hermetic Petri dishes under conditions of the 5% CO2 atmospheric saturation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Method of cell cultivation in microdishes]. A method is proposed of cell cultivation on the microscopic glass. Glass rings with inner diameter of 6 mm are fixed on prepared glasses. A simple of 0.2 ml cell suspension is poured into so-formed microcups. The cultivation is carried out in hermetic Petri dishes under conditions of the 5% CO2 atmospheric saturation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 392843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9777", "title": "Comparative survival of 673 patients with chronic uremia treated with renal transplantation (RT) and maintenance hemodialysis (MD).", "content": "We performed a retrospective analysis of 673 patients with chronic uremia treated from 1973 through 1978. While MD had a high mortality during the first year, overall mortality was less than 50% in 5 yrs. Diabetics treated by MD have lower survival than do nondiabetics, though 14% may live for 4 yrs. Our local experience with RT has not been good with only 17% of 69 patients living through their third post-transplant year. Until the reasons(s) for our unsatisfactory transplant experience is discerned and remedies introduced, it can be expected that patient preference will be biased toward MD.", "contents": "Comparative survival of 673 patients with chronic uremia treated with renal transplantation (RT) and maintenance hemodialysis (MD). We performed a retrospective analysis of 673 patients with chronic uremia treated from 1973 through 1978. While MD had a high mortality during the first year, overall mortality was less than 50% in 5 yrs. Diabetics treated by MD have lower survival than do nondiabetics, though 14% may live for 4 yrs. Our local experience with RT has not been good with only 17% of 69 patients living through their third post-transplant year. Until the reasons(s) for our unsatisfactory transplant experience is discerned and remedies introduced, it can be expected that patient preference will be biased toward MD.", "PMID": 392879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9778", "title": "Clinical trial of maintenance sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis (UFD).", "content": "Because of its better tolerance, sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis may be useful for intermittent fluid removal in dialysis patients. It offers no major clinical benefits as a chronic form of therapy and may be deleterious for some parameters.", "contents": "Clinical trial of maintenance sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis (UFD). Because of its better tolerance, sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis may be useful for intermittent fluid removal in dialysis patients. It offers no major clinical benefits as a chronic form of therapy and may be deleterious for some parameters.", "PMID": 392880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9779", "title": "[Primary reconstructive operations in open injuries of the hand and fingers].", "content": "The experience with 1613 plastic operations is described. The use of skin plastic reconstruction resulted in the healing of the wound by first intention in 80,7% of cases.", "contents": "[Primary reconstructive operations in open injuries of the hand and fingers]. The experience with 1613 plastic operations is described. The use of skin plastic reconstruction resulted in the healing of the wound by first intention in 80,7% of cases.", "PMID": 392888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9780", "title": "[Treatment of animal bites].", "content": "Bite wounds made by animals make up 2% of all the injuries. The authors show advantages of the treatment by surgery and by putting primary and secondary sutures. The surgical treatment and putting the primary and secondary sutures added by the use of antibiotics contribute to healing the wounds by first intention in 84,6% of cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of animal bites]. Bite wounds made by animals make up 2% of all the injuries. The authors show advantages of the treatment by surgery and by putting primary and secondary sutures. The surgical treatment and putting the primary and secondary sutures added by the use of antibiotics contribute to healing the wounds by first intention in 84,6% of cases.", "PMID": 392889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9781", "title": "[Preparation of autodermal transplants for plastic surgery].", "content": "The bacteriological examination of skin grafts prepared by V. N. Yanov's method, has confirmed a sufficient efficiency of such treatment of transplants for burried plasty.", "contents": "[Preparation of autodermal transplants for plastic surgery]. The bacteriological examination of skin grafts prepared by V. N. Yanov's method, has confirmed a sufficient efficiency of such treatment of transplants for burried plasty.", "PMID": 392893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9782", "title": "[Peace-time heart injuries].", "content": "Basing on the experience of treatment of 23 patients the authors emphasize the importance of rendering the correct urgent aid to patients with such injuries. Cases of injuries of \"dangerous zones\" of the heart are analyzed. Postoperative complications in such patients are described. The conclusion is made that the time is a decisive factor in decreasing the mortality rate of patients with heart injuries.", "contents": "[Peace-time heart injuries]. Basing on the experience of treatment of 23 patients the authors emphasize the importance of rendering the correct urgent aid to patients with such injuries. Cases of injuries of \"dangerous zones\" of the heart are analyzed. Postoperative complications in such patients are described. The conclusion is made that the time is a decisive factor in decreasing the mortality rate of patients with heart injuries.", "PMID": 392895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9783", "title": "[Treatment of injuries of the heart and pericardium in a regional hospital].", "content": "Wounds of the heart and pericardium were observed in 19 patients. Four patients died. The main causes of death were acute blood loss, shock, tamponade of the heart. Urgent operations are indicated to all the patients with wounds in the cardiac area. The outcome of the surgery is dependent on the rapid and efficient operation and adequate blood supply.", "contents": "[Treatment of injuries of the heart and pericardium in a regional hospital]. Wounds of the heart and pericardium were observed in 19 patients. Four patients died. The main causes of death were acute blood loss, shock, tamponade of the heart. Urgent operations are indicated to all the patients with wounds in the cardiac area. The outcome of the surgery is dependent on the rapid and efficient operation and adequate blood supply.", "PMID": 392896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9784", "title": "[Kidney functional dynamics in eliminating vasorenal hypertension by a kidney autograft].", "content": "In acute and chronic experiments on 45 dogs the authors obtained vasorenal hypertension, the elimination of which was fulfilled by means of autotransplantation of the kidney without transection of the ureter. The dynamical study of renal function was carried out through an analysis of arterial blood pressure, erythropoietic activity, blood serum, reticulocytic count, creatinine, residual nitrogen, diuresis, radioisotopic investigation, chromocystoscopy at open bladder, excretory urography, aortograhy, phlebography and morphometric studies of the renal glomeruli.", "contents": "[Kidney functional dynamics in eliminating vasorenal hypertension by a kidney autograft]. In acute and chronic experiments on 45 dogs the authors obtained vasorenal hypertension, the elimination of which was fulfilled by means of autotransplantation of the kidney without transection of the ureter. The dynamical study of renal function was carried out through an analysis of arterial blood pressure, erythropoietic activity, blood serum, reticulocytic count, creatinine, residual nitrogen, diuresis, radioisotopic investigation, chromocystoscopy at open bladder, excretory urography, aortograhy, phlebography and morphometric studies of the renal glomeruli.", "PMID": 392899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9785", "title": "[Ultracytological studies of the morphogenesis and structure of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori L].", "content": "An electron-microscopic investigation was made on hypodermal tissues of silkworms spontaneously infested by nuclear polyhedral disease, due to low temperature stress. It was established that the polyhedral virus is formed in the viroplasma produced after viral cell infection, is included in the intimate and developing membrane singly or in fascicles containing several (up to 9) and is finally incapsulated in polyhedral protein. Besides viral rods, various polymorphic forms were observed in the nucleus and around the polyhedras in the process of formation, which are considered as viral substructures (or nucleocapsidless viruses), membrane structures and surplus synthetized polyhedral protein. It can be presumed that virus replication in single cell nucleus is a continuous process which goes on until complete nuclear structure depletion.", "contents": "[Ultracytological studies of the morphogenesis and structure of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori L]. An electron-microscopic investigation was made on hypodermal tissues of silkworms spontaneously infested by nuclear polyhedral disease, due to low temperature stress. It was established that the polyhedral virus is formed in the viroplasma produced after viral cell infection, is included in the intimate and developing membrane singly or in fascicles containing several (up to 9) and is finally incapsulated in polyhedral protein. Besides viral rods, various polymorphic forms were observed in the nucleus and around the polyhedras in the process of formation, which are considered as viral substructures (or nucleocapsidless viruses), membrane structures and surplus synthetized polyhedral protein. It can be presumed that virus replication in single cell nucleus is a continuous process which goes on until complete nuclear structure depletion.", "PMID": 392906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9786", "title": "[Changes in the drug resistance of coliform bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry under the influence of antibiotics at different dosages].", "content": "Changes in drug-sensitivity of hen intestinal flora following various chloramphenicol, kanamycin and gentamycin dose applications to the fodder rations were studied under experimental conditions. Selection of resistant strains was observed following chloramphenicol application of \"nutrient\", prophylaxis and medicative doses as well as selection of strains resistant to 6 antibiotics following chloramphenical, kanamycin and gentamycin application in medicative doses. It was proven that some of these strains are carriers of conjugative plasmides possessing markers of tetracycline-, chrloamphenical-, kanamycin-, spectinomycin-, ampicylin- and gentamycin-resistance.", "contents": "[Changes in the drug resistance of coliform bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry under the influence of antibiotics at different dosages]. Changes in drug-sensitivity of hen intestinal flora following various chloramphenicol, kanamycin and gentamycin dose applications to the fodder rations were studied under experimental conditions. Selection of resistant strains was observed following chloramphenicol application of \"nutrient\", prophylaxis and medicative doses as well as selection of strains resistant to 6 antibiotics following chloramphenical, kanamycin and gentamycin application in medicative doses. It was proven that some of these strains are carriers of conjugative plasmides possessing markers of tetracycline-, chrloamphenical-, kanamycin-, spectinomycin-, ampicylin- and gentamycin-resistance.", "PMID": 392907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9787", "title": "Research on viral hepatitis performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "The first phase of research on viral hepatitis (VH) performed in the Institute of Virology (1949--1967) consisted of etiopathogenic, clinico-epidemiological and histopathological investigations which outlined the concepts of VH plurietiology,  of infravirus, as well as the characteristic symptomatic triad, the \"age group\" phenomenon, the clinico-morphological characteristics of sclerogenous hepatitis. The 2nd research phase was mainly devoted to the study of the distribution, properties and clinico-epidemiological correlations of HBsAg. The application of a modern methodology confirmed many of the previously obtained results.", "contents": "Research on viral hepatitis performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. The first phase of research on viral hepatitis (VH) performed in the Institute of Virology (1949--1967) consisted of etiopathogenic, clinico-epidemiological and histopathological investigations which outlined the concepts of VH plurietiology,  of infravirus, as well as the characteristic symptomatic triad, the \"age group\" phenomenon, the clinico-morphological characteristics of sclerogenous hepatitis. The 2nd research phase was mainly devoted to the study of the distribution, properties and clinico-epidemiological correlations of HBsAg. The application of a modern methodology confirmed many of the previously obtained results.", "PMID": 392909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9788", "title": "Study of arboviruses in Romania (1958--1978). Results obtained in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "The results obtained in the Institute of Virology by the study of arboviruses in Romania are reviewed. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus and detection of specific serum antibodies in humans, animals and migratory birds demonstrate its presence on the territory of Romania. Serum antibodies could also be detected to other three flaviviruses (West Nile, Ntaya, dengue types 1, 2, 3), though none of them could be isolated in our country. However, isolation of Kemerovo and Tahyna viruses and detection of antibodies to these viruses as well as to Calovo virus draw attention to the possibility of human infections with arboviruses belonging to Kemerovo, California and Bunyavirus groups.", "contents": "Study of arboviruses in Romania (1958--1978). Results obtained in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. The results obtained in the Institute of Virology by the study of arboviruses in Romania are reviewed. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus and detection of specific serum antibodies in humans, animals and migratory birds demonstrate its presence on the territory of Romania. Serum antibodies could also be detected to other three flaviviruses (West Nile, Ntaya, dengue types 1, 2, 3), though none of them could be isolated in our country. However, isolation of Kemerovo and Tahyna viruses and detection of antibodies to these viruses as well as to Calovo virus draw attention to the possibility of human infections with arboviruses belonging to Kemerovo, California and Bunyavirus groups.", "PMID": 392912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9789", "title": "Research on respiratory virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "The studies on respiratory virus diseases performed for 30 years in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology approached various aspects of the ecology of inlfuenza and parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses and other respiratory viruses, including numerous experimental, fundamental, clinical and morphopathological investigations. Special attention was paid to specific influenza prophylaxis and to the preparation of an inactivated influenza vaccine applicable by nasal and oral route.", "contents": "Research on respiratory virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. The studies on respiratory virus diseases performed for 30 years in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology approached various aspects of the ecology of inlfuenza and parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses and other respiratory viruses, including numerous experimental, fundamental, clinical and morphopathological investigations. Special attention was paid to specific influenza prophylaxis and to the preparation of an inactivated influenza vaccine applicable by nasal and oral route.", "PMID": 392913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9790", "title": "Thirty years of research on animal virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "The results of a 30-year research activity in the field of animal virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology are briefly reviewed. Investigations referred to swine pest, fowl pest, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, sheep pox, Aujeszky's disease, Rubarth virus, foot-and-mouth disease, chlamydial infections, etc. Mention is made of the preparations obtained for the specific prophylaxis of most of these diseases.", "contents": "Thirty years of research on animal virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. The results of a 30-year research activity in the field of animal virus diseases performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology are briefly reviewed. Investigations referred to swine pest, fowl pest, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, sheep pox, Aujeszky's disease, Rubarth virus, foot-and-mouth disease, chlamydial infections, etc. Mention is made of the preparations obtained for the specific prophylaxis of most of these diseases.", "PMID": 392915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9791", "title": "Studies on the infectivity of viral nucleic acids performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "The investigations on viral nucleic acids (NA) performed in the Institute of Virology since 1957 refer to the infectivity of NA (RNA or DNA) from large, complex viruses, from RNA viruses (ECHO, MM Coxsackie, etc.), from modified viruses, as well as to the biological activity (oncogenicity and infectivity) of NA from tumors and leukemic tissues of human, murine, bovine and avian origin. Studies are reviewed as regards the action of physical and chemical agents on the behaviour of viral and cellular NA and the implications of the use of such agents in viral vaccine preparation are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the infectivity of viral nucleic acids performed in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. The investigations on viral nucleic acids (NA) performed in the Institute of Virology since 1957 refer to the infectivity of NA (RNA or DNA) from large, complex viruses, from RNA viruses (ECHO, MM Coxsackie, etc.), from modified viruses, as well as to the biological activity (oncogenicity and infectivity) of NA from tumors and leukemic tissues of human, murine, bovine and avian origin. Studies are reviewed as regards the action of physical and chemical agents on the behaviour of viral and cellular NA and the implications of the use of such agents in viral vaccine preparation are discussed.", "PMID": 392914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9792", "title": "[Radionuclide cardangiography as non-invasive assessment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of radionuclide cardangiography (RNCA) has become a well-established method amongst non-invasive assessments in coronary heart disease (CHD). By means of RNCA the most important parameters of left ventricular function, viz. ejection fraction (EF) and wall motion (WM), can be determined very exactly. The first bolus pass method (FBP), which allows satisfactory separation between right and left heart, enables the additional determination of EF distribution, stroke volume (SV) and SV distribution. This method requires the technical necessity of a multicrystal gamma camera. Special nuclear medicine characteristics have been worked out for different groups of CHD. EF and WM show typical signs of angina pectoris, caused by exercise correlating with reduced perfusion in the referring section of WM. While these changes may be reversible after nitrate administration, pathological myocardial function caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or manifest heart failure is not reversed by nitroglycerine. Typical findings were seen in the course of AMI: initial decrease in global EF and diffuse (multilocated) asynergies in the left ventricular wall; in the second week possible start of recovery, including regression of dyskinesia to akinesia at the end of hospitalization. Especially in the early phase of AMI it was demonstrated that FBP--as a non-invasive technique--gives high information quality which is unequalled by other comparable methods. Therefore, the described method of FBP should be classified as very useful and effective in clinical cardiology.", "contents": "[Radionuclide cardangiography as non-invasive assessment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. The method of radionuclide cardangiography (RNCA) has become a well-established method amongst non-invasive assessments in coronary heart disease (CHD). By means of RNCA the most important parameters of left ventricular function, viz. ejection fraction (EF) and wall motion (WM), can be determined very exactly. The first bolus pass method (FBP), which allows satisfactory separation between right and left heart, enables the additional determination of EF distribution, stroke volume (SV) and SV distribution. This method requires the technical necessity of a multicrystal gamma camera. Special nuclear medicine characteristics have been worked out for different groups of CHD. EF and WM show typical signs of angina pectoris, caused by exercise correlating with reduced perfusion in the referring section of WM. While these changes may be reversible after nitrate administration, pathological myocardial function caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or manifest heart failure is not reversed by nitroglycerine. Typical findings were seen in the course of AMI: initial decrease in global EF and diffuse (multilocated) asynergies in the left ventricular wall; in the second week possible start of recovery, including regression of dyskinesia to akinesia at the end of hospitalization. Especially in the early phase of AMI it was demonstrated that FBP--as a non-invasive technique--gives high information quality which is unequalled by other comparable methods. Therefore, the described method of FBP should be classified as very useful and effective in clinical cardiology.", "PMID": 392949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9793", "title": "[Localization of the degradation of injected maltose].", "content": "The major maltase activity was found in the kidneys, followed by liver, muscle and blood. Only low maltase activity has been found in adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. The pH-optimum of kidney maltase was at pH = 6.0, the Michaelis-Menten Constant was measured to be 15.6 X 10(-3) mol/l. Even with a dose of 200 mg maltose/100 g body weight saturation of the hydrolysing system could not be attained in living rats. In nephrectomized rats the maltose oxidation was reduced to 55%. Only 0.2% of the applied maltose is excreted into the bile. According to our results the following main pathway of metabolism of maltose is suggested: glomerular filtration of maltose, hydrolysis of maltose to glucose by maltases which are localized in the membrane of the kidney brush borders, absorption of glucose, oxidation of glucose to CO2. In addition an extrarenal maltase activity is considered in the liver. The metabolism of injected trehalose was only 10% when compared with the metabolism of maltose.", "contents": "[Localization of the degradation of injected maltose]. The major maltase activity was found in the kidneys, followed by liver, muscle and blood. Only low maltase activity has been found in adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. The pH-optimum of kidney maltase was at pH = 6.0, the Michaelis-Menten Constant was measured to be 15.6 X 10(-3) mol/l. Even with a dose of 200 mg maltose/100 g body weight saturation of the hydrolysing system could not be attained in living rats. In nephrectomized rats the maltose oxidation was reduced to 55%. Only 0.2% of the applied maltose is excreted into the bile. According to our results the following main pathway of metabolism of maltose is suggested: glomerular filtration of maltose, hydrolysis of maltose to glucose by maltases which are localized in the membrane of the kidney brush borders, absorption of glucose, oxidation of glucose to CO2. In addition an extrarenal maltase activity is considered in the liver. The metabolism of injected trehalose was only 10% when compared with the metabolism of maltose.", "PMID": 392962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9794", "title": "[Basic medical study in the early 18th century. On the 300th anniversary of the birthday of Georg Daniel Coschwitz (1679-1729)].", "content": "The 300th anniversary of Georg Daniel Coschwitz's birthday gives rise to remember his engagement in the service of the Medical Faculty of Halle University. Under his personal initiative with the construction of an anatomical theatre an important institutional gap of the educational programme in Halle is closed. The basic study of medicine of the early 18th century is described with the help of the example of Halle university. In this phase the educational practices are vastly determined by individual activities which form the basis for later regulations by the state.", "contents": "[Basic medical study in the early 18th century. On the 300th anniversary of the birthday of Georg Daniel Coschwitz (1679-1729)]. The 300th anniversary of Georg Daniel Coschwitz's birthday gives rise to remember his engagement in the service of the Medical Faculty of Halle University. Under his personal initiative with the construction of an anatomical theatre an important institutional gap of the educational programme in Halle is closed. The basic study of medicine of the early 18th century is described with the help of the example of Halle university. In this phase the educational practices are vastly determined by individual activities which form the basis for later regulations by the state.", "PMID": 392963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9795", "title": "Comparison of human and bovine protoporphyria.", "content": "Protoporphyria (PP) is an inherited disorder of porphyrin metabolism in man in which there is excessive accumulation and excretion of protoporphyrin. Recently, a similar disorder has been described in cattle. In this report, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of bovine and human PP are compared. Human and bovine PP are characterized by photosensitivity and elevation of erythrocyte and fecal protoporphyrin levels. In both disorders, a deficiency of heme synthase activity is present in all tissues which have been examined. The diseases differ clinically in that hepatobiliary disease has been found thus far only in human PP. They also have different inheritance patterns. Human PP is an autosomal dominant disease, while initial studies strongly suggest that there is an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance in bovine PP.", "contents": "Comparison of human and bovine protoporphyria. Protoporphyria (PP) is an inherited disorder of porphyrin metabolism in man in which there is excessive accumulation and excretion of protoporphyrin. Recently, a similar disorder has been described in cattle. In this report, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of bovine and human PP are compared. Human and bovine PP are characterized by photosensitivity and elevation of erythrocyte and fecal protoporphyrin levels. In both disorders, a deficiency of heme synthase activity is present in all tissues which have been examined. The diseases differ clinically in that hepatobiliary disease has been found thus far only in human PP. They also have different inheritance patterns. Human PP is an autosomal dominant disease, while initial studies strongly suggest that there is an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance in bovine PP.", "PMID": 392959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9796", "title": "[Clinical experiences with clotrimazole in treating vaginal candidiasis].", "content": "The results of a clinical trial using Clotrimazole (Canesten) vaginal pessaries in the treatment of mycologically confirmed cases of vaginal candidiasis are presented. Treatment schedule consisted in the application of vaginal pessaries each containing 100 mg Clotramizole at bedtime on 6 successive days. In 68 patients who adhered to the treatment schedule and completed the observation and follow-up periods an overall cure-rate of 78.4% was recorded. There were no adverse reactions. Treatment schedules would vary from case to case and in instances of reinfection a repeated course of treatment is recommended.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with clotrimazole in treating vaginal candidiasis]. The results of a clinical trial using Clotrimazole (Canesten) vaginal pessaries in the treatment of mycologically confirmed cases of vaginal candidiasis are presented. Treatment schedule consisted in the application of vaginal pessaries each containing 100 mg Clotramizole at bedtime on 6 successive days. In 68 patients who adhered to the treatment schedule and completed the observation and follow-up periods an overall cure-rate of 78.4% was recorded. There were no adverse reactions. Treatment schedules would vary from case to case and in instances of reinfection a repeated course of treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 392965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9797", "title": "[Eosinophilic granulocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate in basaliomas and spinaliomas].", "content": "In this study the proportion of eosinophilic leukocytes was examined in fifty sections of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. With the aid of the specific technique of Schaefer and Fischer it was easy to identify eosinophilic leukocytes. The proportion of eosinophilic leukocytes was found to be smaller than the supposed number seen in H. E. sections. There is no significant difference of the number of eosinophilic leukocytes between the middle and the periphery of the tumor.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granulocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate in basaliomas and spinaliomas]. In this study the proportion of eosinophilic leukocytes was examined in fifty sections of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. With the aid of the specific technique of Schaefer and Fischer it was easy to identify eosinophilic leukocytes. The proportion of eosinophilic leukocytes was found to be smaller than the supposed number seen in H. E. sections. There is no significant difference of the number of eosinophilic leukocytes between the middle and the periphery of the tumor.", "PMID": 392966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9798", "title": "Risk-benefit stratification as a guide to lidocaine prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: an analytic review.", "content": "Early investigators suggested that ventricular fibrillation without heart failure in acute myocardial infarction was reliably preceded by warning arrhythmias, and that suppression of such arrhythmias with intravenous lidocaine could avoid the need for resuscitation. While the efficacy and safety of lidocaine have been substantiated, the reliability of warning arrhythmias as predictors for primary ventricular fibrillation has not. We present data showing that the risk of primary ventricular fibrillation is most dependent on the patient's age and the interval since the onset of his symptoms, rather than on the presence of warning arrhythmias. We have estimated that lidocaine prophylaxis would have to be given to about 12 patients in the highest risk group (patients under age 50 and within six hours of the onset of symptoms), compared to about 400 patients in the lowest risk group (patients above age 70 and more than 24 hours since the onset of symptoms), to prevent one episode of primary ventricular fibrillation in each group. We propose that these risk stratifications, as adapted to the conditions in specific hospitals, provide the most rational approach to lidocaine prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Risk-benefit stratification as a guide to lidocaine prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: an analytic review. Early investigators suggested that ventricular fibrillation without heart failure in acute myocardial infarction was reliably preceded by warning arrhythmias, and that suppression of such arrhythmias with intravenous lidocaine could avoid the need for resuscitation. While the efficacy and safety of lidocaine have been substantiated, the reliability of warning arrhythmias as predictors for primary ventricular fibrillation has not. We present data showing that the risk of primary ventricular fibrillation is most dependent on the patient's age and the interval since the onset of his symptoms, rather than on the presence of warning arrhythmias. We have estimated that lidocaine prophylaxis would have to be given to about 12 patients in the highest risk group (patients under age 50 and within six hours of the onset of symptoms), compared to about 400 patients in the lowest risk group (patients above age 70 and more than 24 hours since the onset of symptoms), to prevent one episode of primary ventricular fibrillation in each group. We propose that these risk stratifications, as adapted to the conditions in specific hospitals, provide the most rational approach to lidocaine prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 392960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9799", "title": "[Systemic treatment of oral lichen planus with an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359)].", "content": "Experiences in the treatment of lichen planus mucosae (including the erosive type) are reported. Good therapeutical results could be obtained in all patients. Leukoplakic patches showed a partial involution and in some cases erosive alterations healed completely. After interruption of medication a relapse was observed in most cases. Concerning side effects, some patients complained in particular of minor dryness of both labial and nasal mucosa and of diffuse hair effluvium.", "contents": "[Systemic treatment of oral lichen planus with an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359)]. Experiences in the treatment of lichen planus mucosae (including the erosive type) are reported. Good therapeutical results could be obtained in all patients. Leukoplakic patches showed a partial involution and in some cases erosive alterations healed completely. After interruption of medication a relapse was observed in most cases. Concerning side effects, some patients complained in particular of minor dryness of both labial and nasal mucosa and of diffuse hair effluvium.", "PMID": 392969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9800", "title": "[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with external sulfur mustard gas with particular reference to its potential carcinogenic risk. III. Clinical and experimental studies on the extent of percutaneous and inhalational uptake of sulfur mustard gas].", "content": "Concerning the often discussed carcinogenic risk of psoriasis treatment with 0.005% S-mustard-vaseline (so-called Russian Ointment) -- especially by inhalation -- 19 patients were treated with a radioactive labeled S-mustard-ointment and examined. The patients' whole bodies were inuncted for 1--2 days with about 50 g of radioactive S-mustard vaseline (U14C, 3 muCi/g). Afterwards the radioactivity was determined in the patients' expired air, blood, urine, and in their surrounding air. In three patients punch biopsy material from normal and psoriatic skin was assayed for radioactivity after combustion. In the skin, radioactivity distinctly decreased from the epidermis (13.1 pCi/mg) to the subcutis (0.77 pCi/mg) without significant differences between normal skin and psoriatic lesions as confirmed by autoradiography. In all samples of air, body fluids and tissue, definitive amounts of radioactivity were found, which, however, were far below the US-American MAK-values. Between skin surface and shirt, the values varied from 1.5 to 13.7 nCi/20 l air, at a distance of 2 meters by 0.3 nCi/100 l air, in the breath by 0.5 nCi/20 l. The radioactivity decreased to 1/10 of the maximum values after 1--2 hours. In blood the activity was at the limit of detection and was parallelled by the activity of the urine. Generally, 1--7% of the radioactivity applied to the skin was eliminated with the urine within one week. Thus, the carcinogenic risk may be very low in the external S-mustard therapy of psoriasis and other skin diseases.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with external sulfur mustard gas with particular reference to its potential carcinogenic risk. III. Clinical and experimental studies on the extent of percutaneous and inhalational uptake of sulfur mustard gas]. Concerning the often discussed carcinogenic risk of psoriasis treatment with 0.005% S-mustard-vaseline (so-called Russian Ointment) -- especially by inhalation -- 19 patients were treated with a radioactive labeled S-mustard-ointment and examined. The patients' whole bodies were inuncted for 1--2 days with about 50 g of radioactive S-mustard vaseline (U14C, 3 muCi/g). Afterwards the radioactivity was determined in the patients' expired air, blood, urine, and in their surrounding air. In three patients punch biopsy material from normal and psoriatic skin was assayed for radioactivity after combustion. In the skin, radioactivity distinctly decreased from the epidermis (13.1 pCi/mg) to the subcutis (0.77 pCi/mg) without significant differences between normal skin and psoriatic lesions as confirmed by autoradiography. In all samples of air, body fluids and tissue, definitive amounts of radioactivity were found, which, however, were far below the US-American MAK-values. Between skin surface and shirt, the values varied from 1.5 to 13.7 nCi/20 l air, at a distance of 2 meters by 0.3 nCi/100 l air, in the breath by 0.5 nCi/20 l. The radioactivity decreased to 1/10 of the maximum values after 1--2 hours. In blood the activity was at the limit of detection and was parallelled by the activity of the urine. Generally, 1--7% of the radioactivity applied to the skin was eliminated with the urine within one week. Thus, the carcinogenic risk may be very low in the external S-mustard therapy of psoriasis and other skin diseases.", "PMID": 392972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9801", "title": "[Experience with deep-frozen fresh pig skin in the treatment of 100 burn injury patients].", "content": "Our report is based on the treatment of 100 extensive burns with the employment of fresh frozen porcine skin used as biological dressings. Our experience shows that fresh frozen porcine skin equals in most respects non-typed homografts. Its utilization is economical and it is also recommended in cases where the number of human donors is limited.", "contents": "[Experience with deep-frozen fresh pig skin in the treatment of 100 burn injury patients]. Our report is based on the treatment of 100 extensive burns with the employment of fresh frozen porcine skin used as biological dressings. Our experience shows that fresh frozen porcine skin equals in most respects non-typed homografts. Its utilization is economical and it is also recommended in cases where the number of human donors is limited.", "PMID": 392974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9802", "title": "[New bone formation in an autologous spongy graft: an experimental morphological study].", "content": "Up to 5 days after an transplantation of autogenous cancellous bone in a defect of the ulna of dog which was stabilized by osteosynthesis no remarkable osteoblastic cell activity can be made out by light microscopy using the semithin sectioning technique. On the other hand, there is an obvious increase of osteogenic cells which normally only occur in small numbers in adult dog's cancellous bone of the iliac crest. Only after 7 days, numerous typical osteoblasts can be detected in association with transplanted cancellous chips, osteoblasts which seem to originate from the osteogenic cells by mitotic divisions. One week after the test's commencement, an extensive revascularisation of the transplant can be noticed as well. The osteoblastic cell activity and the forming of new bone are obviously dependent on a sufficient vascular supply in autogenous cancellous graft. The high osteogenic power of an autogenous cancellous graft is based on the ability of survival of the osteogenic cells, which proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts in the course of one week, wherever its are close enough to functioning capillaries.", "contents": "[New bone formation in an autologous spongy graft: an experimental morphological study]. Up to 5 days after an transplantation of autogenous cancellous bone in a defect of the ulna of dog which was stabilized by osteosynthesis no remarkable osteoblastic cell activity can be made out by light microscopy using the semithin sectioning technique. On the other hand, there is an obvious increase of osteogenic cells which normally only occur in small numbers in adult dog's cancellous bone of the iliac crest. Only after 7 days, numerous typical osteoblasts can be detected in association with transplanted cancellous chips, osteoblasts which seem to originate from the osteogenic cells by mitotic divisions. One week after the test's commencement, an extensive revascularisation of the transplant can be noticed as well. The osteoblastic cell activity and the forming of new bone are obviously dependent on a sufficient vascular supply in autogenous cancellous graft. The high osteogenic power of an autogenous cancellous graft is based on the ability of survival of the osteogenic cells, which proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts in the course of one week, wherever its are close enough to functioning capillaries.", "PMID": 392975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9803", "title": "[Surgical treatment of decubitus ulcer in paraplegics].", "content": "In spite of prophylactic treatment pressure sores in para- and tetraplegics often occur. The pressure ulcers are mostly found in certain places. Surgical intervention will be eventually necessary in most cases. Surgery should include the radical excision of the ulcer, the removal of prominent bone areas and the closure of the defect. In order to avoid large scars the surgical procedure should not exceed a certain extent. We feel that the slide and swing method after Schrudde is the most efficacious because by means of this technique large scars and free transplants which are very sensitive postoperatively can be avoided. We report on a total of 128 patients with 169 pressure sores.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of decubitus ulcer in paraplegics]. In spite of prophylactic treatment pressure sores in para- and tetraplegics often occur. The pressure ulcers are mostly found in certain places. Surgical intervention will be eventually necessary in most cases. Surgery should include the radical excision of the ulcer, the removal of prominent bone areas and the closure of the defect. In order to avoid large scars the surgical procedure should not exceed a certain extent. We feel that the slide and swing method after Schrudde is the most efficacious because by means of this technique large scars and free transplants which are very sensitive postoperatively can be avoided. We report on a total of 128 patients with 169 pressure sores.", "PMID": 392976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9804", "title": "[Use of the dura in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer].", "content": "It is reported on 9 patients in whom a dura graft was performed on account of a carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Apart from one patient who before underwent radiotherapy the dura healed. As to complications three times formations of calculi and twice rejection of larger parts of the dura were found. Indications to dura graft as well as its advantages and disadvantages are discussed and it is referred to immunological problems which are still to be clarified.", "contents": "[Use of the dura in the surgical treatment of bladder cancer]. It is reported on 9 patients in whom a dura graft was performed on account of a carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Apart from one patient who before underwent radiotherapy the dura healed. As to complications three times formations of calculi and twice rejection of larger parts of the dura were found. Indications to dura graft as well as its advantages and disadvantages are discussed and it is referred to immunological problems which are still to be clarified.", "PMID": 392988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9805", "title": "[Cystoscopy and its importance in urology].", "content": "From the enumeration of modern endoscopic methods for diagnosis and treatment of urological disease, the characteristics of their value and their importance for modern urology becomes evident that by means of these methods, the basis of which was created 100 years ago with the introduction of the cystoscopy, examination and treatment became possible in all regions of the urinary tracts. Based on cystoscopy a subspeciality in urology developed, which might be called endoscopic surgery in urology. The endoscopic treatment methods are relatively atraumatic and loaded with a more insignificant complication rate than the open operative interventions. However, they demand an exact knowledge of the indications and contraindications. By the great possibilities which nowadays open the modern methods of endoscopic diagnostics and therapy we are indebted to their inventors still 100 years after the detection of the cystoscope, among the inventors German researchers and masters play an important role.", "contents": "[Cystoscopy and its importance in urology]. From the enumeration of modern endoscopic methods for diagnosis and treatment of urological disease, the characteristics of their value and their importance for modern urology becomes evident that by means of these methods, the basis of which was created 100 years ago with the introduction of the cystoscopy, examination and treatment became possible in all regions of the urinary tracts. Based on cystoscopy a subspeciality in urology developed, which might be called endoscopic surgery in urology. The endoscopic treatment methods are relatively atraumatic and loaded with a more insignificant complication rate than the open operative interventions. However, they demand an exact knowledge of the indications and contraindications. By the great possibilities which nowadays open the modern methods of endoscopic diagnostics and therapy we are indebted to their inventors still 100 years after the detection of the cystoscope, among the inventors German researchers and masters play an important role.", "PMID": 392989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9806", "title": "[Experimental study on erysipeloid arthritis in the rabbit after blockage of lymph drainage].", "content": "The lymph drainage was radically blocked in 29 rabbits. One to three days after the operation Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was inoculated subcutaneously into the animals. Some control animals were injected with agents of erysipelas and some only with the sterile solution without additional blockade of the lymph drainage. Light and electron microscopy as well as immuno-histological tests showed that the erysipelas arthritis developing in rabbits closely resembles human rheumatoid arthritis with exsudative-necrotising changes of the synovial membrane, proliferation of synovial cells and subsynovial, perivascular plasmacell, and lymphocyte infiltration. The changes were not intensified by the additional blockade of the lymph drainage, when comparing the side with lymph drainage blockade and the non-operated side. The results may be explained by a marked pathogenetic importance of the erysipelas infection in comparison to the relatively mild, lymphostate dependent alterations as well as by mobilisation of macrophages on the operated side.", "contents": "[Experimental study on erysipeloid arthritis in the rabbit after blockage of lymph drainage]. The lymph drainage was radically blocked in 29 rabbits. One to three days after the operation Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was inoculated subcutaneously into the animals. Some control animals were injected with agents of erysipelas and some only with the sterile solution without additional blockade of the lymph drainage. Light and electron microscopy as well as immuno-histological tests showed that the erysipelas arthritis developing in rabbits closely resembles human rheumatoid arthritis with exsudative-necrotising changes of the synovial membrane, proliferation of synovial cells and subsynovial, perivascular plasmacell, and lymphocyte infiltration. The changes were not intensified by the additional blockade of the lymph drainage, when comparing the side with lymph drainage blockade and the non-operated side. The results may be explained by a marked pathogenetic importance of the erysipelas infection in comparison to the relatively mild, lymphostate dependent alterations as well as by mobilisation of macrophages on the operated side.", "PMID": 392987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9807", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cancer in the middle 3d of the esophagus].", "content": "19 cases with carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus were treated by resection in one session by laparotomy and right thoracotomy: in two cases with instrumental perforation substitution of the oesophagus by stomach via the retrosternal route--in 15 cases resection and high intrathoracal oesophagogastrostomy--in 2 cases resection and colon interposition because of previous gastric resection. 2 patients died postoperatively. 2 patients survived more than 5 years. There is an indication for resection in all functionally and technically operable cases.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cancer in the middle 3d of the esophagus]. 19 cases with carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus were treated by resection in one session by laparotomy and right thoracotomy: in two cases with instrumental perforation substitution of the oesophagus by stomach via the retrosternal route--in 15 cases resection and high intrathoracal oesophagogastrostomy--in 2 cases resection and colon interposition because of previous gastric resection. 2 patients died postoperatively. 2 patients survived more than 5 years. There is an indication for resection in all functionally and technically operable cases.", "PMID": 393007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9808", "title": "[Surgical therapy of peptic ulcer of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Initially recent opinions about the etiology of the peptic ulceration of the stomach, diagnostical possibilities and the indication for surgical treatment are discussed. In view of the malignant degeneration and the increasing incidence of \"early cancer\", the 2/3 resection-method is prefered now again.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of peptic ulcer of the stomach (author's transl)]. Initially recent opinions about the etiology of the peptic ulceration of the stomach, diagnostical possibilities and the indication for surgical treatment are discussed. In view of the malignant degeneration and the increasing incidence of \"early cancer\", the 2/3 resection-method is prefered now again.", "PMID": 393008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9809", "title": "[Reactive changes in the hypothalamus after implantation of bipolar insulated electrodes and electrostimulation of the adenohypophyseotropic zone].", "content": "Histological changes were studied in the hypothalamus of cats in a stereotaxic implantation into the middle zone of bipolar electrodes both by electrostimulation and without it. A wider zone of pathology is localized near the active surface of electrodes, around which a layer capsule is formed and which is surrounded externally by a zone of reactive gliosis. In conditions of electrostimulation quite frequently figures of mitosis of hypertrophied astrocytes are encountered. There is a definite increase of the neuroglial index. Different signs of neuron pathology of the conductive and secretory types, neuron fibres and synapses were found. The described changes were more intense in experiments of 7--15 day electrostimulation. On the 60th day the reactive-destructive process drops, however, the morphological changes in the tissue elements of the hypothalamic area may be marked in all the parts. The extensive pathology in the midbrain develops not only due to a trauma of the hypothalamus during electrode implantation and electrostimulation, but most likely under the influence of the growing capsule as an \"alien body\". Owing to this factor the changes in the midbrain persist even during the late periods of experiments without electrostimulation.", "contents": "[Reactive changes in the hypothalamus after implantation of bipolar insulated electrodes and electrostimulation of the adenohypophyseotropic zone]. Histological changes were studied in the hypothalamus of cats in a stereotaxic implantation into the middle zone of bipolar electrodes both by electrostimulation and without it. A wider zone of pathology is localized near the active surface of electrodes, around which a layer capsule is formed and which is surrounded externally by a zone of reactive gliosis. In conditions of electrostimulation quite frequently figures of mitosis of hypertrophied astrocytes are encountered. There is a definite increase of the neuroglial index. Different signs of neuron pathology of the conductive and secretory types, neuron fibres and synapses were found. The described changes were more intense in experiments of 7--15 day electrostimulation. On the 60th day the reactive-destructive process drops, however, the morphological changes in the tissue elements of the hypothalamic area may be marked in all the parts. The extensive pathology in the midbrain develops not only due to a trauma of the hypothalamus during electrode implantation and electrostimulation, but most likely under the influence of the growing capsule as an \"alien body\". Owing to this factor the changes in the midbrain persist even during the late periods of experiments without electrostimulation.", "PMID": 393014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9810", "title": "[Clinical significance of \"empty symbolism\" in pictograms].", "content": "A study of the pictogramms in 500 normals, 150 schizophrenic, 50 neurotic and 70 patients with late sequelae of brain trauma allowed the following conclusion: \"futile symbology\" as some other disorders of thinking described in schizophrenia is not pathognomic for this disease. Not being symbology in the general sense of this word, \"futile symbology\" reflects a drop in motivation when accomplishing the tests, and a formal approach of the examinee to such testing.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of \"empty symbolism\" in pictograms]. A study of the pictogramms in 500 normals, 150 schizophrenic, 50 neurotic and 70 patients with late sequelae of brain trauma allowed the following conclusion: \"futile symbology\" as some other disorders of thinking described in schizophrenia is not pathognomic for this disease. Not being symbology in the general sense of this word, \"futile symbology\" reflects a drop in motivation when accomplishing the tests, and a formal approach of the examinee to such testing.", "PMID": 393015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9811", "title": "[Analysis of hippocampal sensory EP-changes in dependence on activation level].", "content": "Photically evoked potentials were recorded from the visual cortex (VC) as well as CA 1/2- and CA 4/Fascia dentata-region of the dorsal hippocampus in alert resting rabbits. Analysing the whole time-course of the individual hippocampal EP attention was focused on components corresponding in time to the late negative complex of the cortical EP. Enhancement of such components was seen following habituation to repeated flashes. These changes occurred concerning components in the CA 4/FD-record with shorter latency. The duration and peak latency, however, was longer in CA 4/FD than in the other records. During stimulation of the medial septal nucleus a diminution of late EP-components was seen in the visual cortex and less pronounced in the hippocampus. The time-course of the changes was almost the same in VC and CA 4/FD, whereas in CA 1/2 later components were affected. RF-stimulation caused very similar changes, while those in hippocampal EP's were extended up to later components. Whereas the time range of changes in the hippocampal EP's to all influences under investigation was almost the same, in the VC by RF-stimulation in contrast to habituation components with shorter latencies were affected. In this way it is supposed that for the VC different processes are affected by the three influences, while this could not be established for the hippocampus.", "contents": "[Analysis of hippocampal sensory EP-changes in dependence on activation level]. Photically evoked potentials were recorded from the visual cortex (VC) as well as CA 1/2- and CA 4/Fascia dentata-region of the dorsal hippocampus in alert resting rabbits. Analysing the whole time-course of the individual hippocampal EP attention was focused on components corresponding in time to the late negative complex of the cortical EP. Enhancement of such components was seen following habituation to repeated flashes. These changes occurred concerning components in the CA 4/FD-record with shorter latency. The duration and peak latency, however, was longer in CA 4/FD than in the other records. During stimulation of the medial septal nucleus a diminution of late EP-components was seen in the visual cortex and less pronounced in the hippocampus. The time-course of the changes was almost the same in VC and CA 4/FD, whereas in CA 1/2 later components were affected. RF-stimulation caused very similar changes, while those in hippocampal EP's were extended up to later components. Whereas the time range of changes in the hippocampal EP's to all influences under investigation was almost the same, in the VC by RF-stimulation in contrast to habituation components with shorter latencies were affected. In this way it is supposed that for the VC different processes are affected by the three influences, while this could not be established for the hippocampus.", "PMID": 393020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9812", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of neurorrhaphy using microsurgical and ordinary technics (experimental study)].", "content": "For comparative assessment of an ordinary epineural suture and neurorrhaphy with the use of neurosurgical techniques operations were conducted on rabbits with a subsequent histological examination. It was established that the granulation tissue containing fine collagen fibers formed more rapidly when microsurgical techniques were used than in the controls. Besides, the rate of growth of the nerve elements in the region of the anastomosis was higher and by the end of the study the newly formed myelin axons acquired a clear linear direction.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of neurorrhaphy using microsurgical and ordinary technics (experimental study)]. For comparative assessment of an ordinary epineural suture and neurorrhaphy with the use of neurosurgical techniques operations were conducted on rabbits with a subsequent histological examination. It was established that the granulation tissue containing fine collagen fibers formed more rapidly when microsurgical techniques were used than in the controls. Besides, the rate of growth of the nerve elements in the region of the anastomosis was higher and by the end of the study the newly formed myelin axons acquired a clear linear direction.", "PMID": 393019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9813", "title": "[Stereotaxic combined dentate-thalamotomy in the treatment of spastic-hyperkinetic forms of subcortical dyskinesias].", "content": "The work is based on the results of operations on the cerebellar dentate nuclei in 92 patients. In 42 of them, combined manipulations were carried out on the cerebellar dentate nuclei and the diencephalic structures (relay nuclei, median centre, pulvinar and subthalamus). Analysis of the results showed that stereotaxic destruction of the ventrooral parts of the cerebellar dentate nucleus is a very effective surgical manipulation in various forms of spastic dyskinesia. A natural decrease in the spastic component of the muscular hypertonia is the principal clinical effect of dentatotomy. Its effect on the rigid component of muscular hypertension is negligible. Combined manipulations on the cerebellar dentate nuclei and diencephalic structures are indicated in cases with combined spastic conditions and hyperkinesia which cannot be corrected by dentatotomy. The analysis of the results of combined interventions on the nuclear structures of the thalamus shows that pulvinarotomy is most effective, it reduces or corrects hyperkinesia in infantile cerebral paralysis and, in addition, causes diminution of the general hypertonia, of the upper extremities before all else. Proper rehabilitation treatment is the decisive factor in the final outcomes of stereotaxic intervention on the cerebellar motor systems and on those of the diencephalon in spastic forms of hyperkinesia.", "contents": "[Stereotaxic combined dentate-thalamotomy in the treatment of spastic-hyperkinetic forms of subcortical dyskinesias]. The work is based on the results of operations on the cerebellar dentate nuclei in 92 patients. In 42 of them, combined manipulations were carried out on the cerebellar dentate nuclei and the diencephalic structures (relay nuclei, median centre, pulvinar and subthalamus). Analysis of the results showed that stereotaxic destruction of the ventrooral parts of the cerebellar dentate nucleus is a very effective surgical manipulation in various forms of spastic dyskinesia. A natural decrease in the spastic component of the muscular hypertonia is the principal clinical effect of dentatotomy. Its effect on the rigid component of muscular hypertension is negligible. Combined manipulations on the cerebellar dentate nuclei and diencephalic structures are indicated in cases with combined spastic conditions and hyperkinesia which cannot be corrected by dentatotomy. The analysis of the results of combined interventions on the nuclear structures of the thalamus shows that pulvinarotomy is most effective, it reduces or corrects hyperkinesia in infantile cerebral paralysis and, in addition, causes diminution of the general hypertonia, of the upper extremities before all else. Proper rehabilitation treatment is the decisive factor in the final outcomes of stereotaxic intervention on the cerebellar motor systems and on those of the diencephalon in spastic forms of hyperkinesia.", "PMID": 393018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9814", "title": "Effect of preoperative administration of oxytetracycline and neomycin on the development of local tumour recurrences in cases of cancer coli-recti.", "content": "In the available literature some evidence has been shown, implying that antibiotic prophylaxis in connection with colorectal surgery might increase the frequency of local recurrences of the carcinoma. 134 patients undergoing elective curative surgery of the large bowel have been followed for 20-52 months. 66 patients had been pretreated with Enterobiotic; 68 patients were controls. In our study, we found no difference between the pretreated and non-pretreated group concerning the frequency of anastomotic suture line recurrences or other types of local recurrences in the operation field.", "contents": "Effect of preoperative administration of oxytetracycline and neomycin on the development of local tumour recurrences in cases of cancer coli-recti. In the available literature some evidence has been shown, implying that antibiotic prophylaxis in connection with colorectal surgery might increase the frequency of local recurrences of the carcinoma. 134 patients undergoing elective curative surgery of the large bowel have been followed for 20-52 months. 66 patients had been pretreated with Enterobiotic; 68 patients were controls. In our study, we found no difference between the pretreated and non-pretreated group concerning the frequency of anastomotic suture line recurrences or other types of local recurrences in the operation field.", "PMID": 393027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9815", "title": "[Repeated perforations of the small intestine in muscular agenesis in a newborn infant. Apropos of a case. Review of literature].", "content": "A rare case of intestinal muscular layers agenesis is described. Ten other cases were founded in the literature and are briefly reported. Association of ischemia and congenital abnormality of the muscular layers is probably the cause of the perforation. Prognosis is very bad: all the children with clinical symptoms (occlusion or perforation) died.", "contents": "[Repeated perforations of the small intestine in muscular agenesis in a newborn infant. Apropos of a case. Review of literature]. A rare case of intestinal muscular layers agenesis is described. Ten other cases were founded in the literature and are briefly reported. Association of ischemia and congenital abnormality of the muscular layers is probably the cause of the perforation. Prognosis is very bad: all the children with clinical symptoms (occlusion or perforation) died.", "PMID": 393024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9816", "title": "Striae cutis atrophicae. Morphokinetic examinations in vitro.", "content": "The in vitro behaviour of fibroblasts and epidermis cells taken from recently developed striae distensae was studied in morphokinetic examinations in the cell culture and the results were discussed. The findings give rise to the assumption that the antianabolous effects of the adrenocorticotrophic hormones do not only indirectly cause the atrophia of the epidermis by decrease of the elasticity of the connective tissue, but it appears that primarily epidermis and corium are simultaneously involved in the pathomechanisms of these alterations by irreversible cellular damage.", "contents": "Striae cutis atrophicae. Morphokinetic examinations in vitro. The in vitro behaviour of fibroblasts and epidermis cells taken from recently developed striae distensae was studied in morphokinetic examinations in the cell culture and the results were discussed. The findings give rise to the assumption that the antianabolous effects of the adrenocorticotrophic hormones do not only indirectly cause the atrophia of the epidermis by decrease of the elasticity of the connective tissue, but it appears that primarily epidermis and corium are simultaneously involved in the pathomechanisms of these alterations by irreversible cellular damage.", "PMID": 393033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9817", "title": "Pagetoid reticulosis. A further case report with a review of the literature.", "content": "A further case of pagetoid reticulosis (PR) was studied, and the findings were compared with 18 previous case reports in the literature. There seem to be two variants: The generalized type (Ketron-Goodman) with disseminated lesions and a poor prognosis, and the localized type (Woringer-Kolopp), with a single lesion usually located on the extremities with a good prognosis (if the lesion can be totally cleared by excision or highdose-radiation). The basic criterion of diagnosis is a very strong cellular infiltrate within the epidermis, but usually weak in the upper dermis. The etiology of PR remains unclear: In some cases a T-cell lymphoma seems a likely interpretation. In others, epidermal infiltrating cells are not typically lymphoid, but remain morphologically unclassifiable.", "contents": "Pagetoid reticulosis. A further case report with a review of the literature. A further case of pagetoid reticulosis (PR) was studied, and the findings were compared with 18 previous case reports in the literature. There seem to be two variants: The generalized type (Ketron-Goodman) with disseminated lesions and a poor prognosis, and the localized type (Woringer-Kolopp), with a single lesion usually located on the extremities with a good prognosis (if the lesion can be totally cleared by excision or highdose-radiation). The basic criterion of diagnosis is a very strong cellular infiltrate within the epidermis, but usually weak in the upper dermis. The etiology of PR remains unclear: In some cases a T-cell lymphoma seems a likely interpretation. In others, epidermal infiltrating cells are not typically lymphoid, but remain morphologically unclassifiable.", "PMID": 393034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9818", "title": "Oral retinoid for psoriasis. A report of a double blind study.", "content": "Oral administration of an aromatic retinoid has a marked beneficial effect on psoriasis and does not produce significant changes in liver function or the blood count when given at a dose of 25 mgm three times a day for six weeks. This effect does not occur unless the drug has produced dermatological side-effects and this may inhibit its future acceptance but the present findings indicate that, at least in the less developed parts of the world where many Western treatments are unacceptable for various reasons, oral retinoids are a useful and relatively safe addition to the present range of medications available for psoriasis.", "contents": "Oral retinoid for psoriasis. A report of a double blind study. Oral administration of an aromatic retinoid has a marked beneficial effect on psoriasis and does not produce significant changes in liver function or the blood count when given at a dose of 25 mgm three times a day for six weeks. This effect does not occur unless the drug has produced dermatological side-effects and this may inhibit its future acceptance but the present findings indicate that, at least in the less developed parts of the world where many Western treatments are unacceptable for various reasons, oral retinoids are a useful and relatively safe addition to the present range of medications available for psoriasis.", "PMID": 393035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9819", "title": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration of pancreas guided by ultrasound: morphologic and cytochemical appearance of normal and malignant cells.", "content": "A pancreatic aspirate was obtained by fine needle biopsy guided by ultrasound in a patient clinically suspected of having a pancreatic malignancy. The cytomorphologic features of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma are described and illustrated. Comparison is made between the carcinoma and normal pancreatic cells. PAS-Trichrome stain is described as a useful cytochemical technique to properly identify normal acinar and islet cells.", "contents": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration of pancreas guided by ultrasound: morphologic and cytochemical appearance of normal and malignant cells. A pancreatic aspirate was obtained by fine needle biopsy guided by ultrasound in a patient clinically suspected of having a pancreatic malignancy. The cytomorphologic features of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma are described and illustrated. Comparison is made between the carcinoma and normal pancreatic cells. PAS-Trichrome stain is described as a useful cytochemical technique to properly identify normal acinar and islet cells.", "PMID": 393031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9820", "title": "Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis.", "content": "Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy has been assessed in 22 patients suffering from recalcitrant palmoplantar pustulosis or psoriasis predominantly involving the hands and feet. Although 20 out of 22 patients improved and good results were obtained in exactly half of those treated, only 4 patients were classified as being \"clear\" or \"minimally involved\" at the end of 12 weeks. Two patients have shown no improvement at all. Minor local side effects were relatively common and included symptomatic erythema, blistering and local pigmentation. The histological findings in post PUVA treated skin are discussed and the pros and cons of topical photochemotherapy in this group of diseases is reviewed.", "contents": "Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis. Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy has been assessed in 22 patients suffering from recalcitrant palmoplantar pustulosis or psoriasis predominantly involving the hands and feet. Although 20 out of 22 patients improved and good results were obtained in exactly half of those treated, only 4 patients were classified as being \"clear\" or \"minimally involved\" at the end of 12 weeks. Two patients have shown no improvement at all. Minor local side effects were relatively common and included symptomatic erythema, blistering and local pigmentation. The histological findings in post PUVA treated skin are discussed and the pros and cons of topical photochemotherapy in this group of diseases is reviewed.", "PMID": 393036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9821", "title": "Pre-pin-point papules. Changes preceding pin-point lesions of psoriasis.", "content": "Skin areas of 10X10 cm were marked out and closely observed during 14 days in 22 patients with active and 18 cases with less active psoriasis. The first changes - minute papules, slightly erythematous, almost flush with the skin (pre-pin-point papules) appeared within this period and transformed after several days into pin-point lesions. Histological examinations performed in 25 pre-pin-point and 10 pin-point papules, as well as cytochemical studies have shown significant differences. In the pre-pin-point papules inflammatory infiltrates were in a great part polymorphonuclear, and the epidermis had no features characteristic of psoriasis. The performed studies have shown that the earliest changes preceding the appearance of spontaneous psoriatic papules are very much like those of provoked Koebner phenomenon.", "contents": "Pre-pin-point papules. Changes preceding pin-point lesions of psoriasis. Skin areas of 10X10 cm were marked out and closely observed during 14 days in 22 patients with active and 18 cases with less active psoriasis. The first changes - minute papules, slightly erythematous, almost flush with the skin (pre-pin-point papules) appeared within this period and transformed after several days into pin-point lesions. Histological examinations performed in 25 pre-pin-point and 10 pin-point papules, as well as cytochemical studies have shown significant differences. In the pre-pin-point papules inflammatory infiltrates were in a great part polymorphonuclear, and the epidermis had no features characteristic of psoriasis. The performed studies have shown that the earliest changes preceding the appearance of spontaneous psoriatic papules are very much like those of provoked Koebner phenomenon.", "PMID": 393037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9822", "title": "[Mechanical suture during resection of the rectum through the abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "A mechanical suture using the URSS PKZ 28 or SPTU stapler was used in 30 low colo-rectal anastomoses. There were two deaths related to anastomotic complications. It is safe to establish a colostomy when the colon is not well prepared. Fistulae are frequent after palliative operations: this is a poor indication. Local recurrences are no more frequent with stapling than with manual suture.", "contents": "[Mechanical suture during resection of the rectum through the abdomen (author's transl)]. A mechanical suture using the URSS PKZ 28 or SPTU stapler was used in 30 low colo-rectal anastomoses. There were two deaths related to anastomotic complications. It is safe to establish a colostomy when the colon is not well prepared. Fistulae are frequent after palliative operations: this is a poor indication. Local recurrences are no more frequent with stapling than with manual suture.", "PMID": 393026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9823", "title": "Lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "A patient is described who had clinical and histopathological features of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid; deposits of in vivo bound C3 at the basement membrane zone, which, at the electron microscopy level, were deposited in the lamina lucida; and with circulating IgG antibasement membrane zone antibodies which exhibited a pronounced C3 binding capacity. The similarity of our case to others described in the literature suggests that bullous lichen planus in fact represents the coexistence of two distinct diseases, namely lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "Lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid. A patient is described who had clinical and histopathological features of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid; deposits of in vivo bound C3 at the basement membrane zone, which, at the electron microscopy level, were deposited in the lamina lucida; and with circulating IgG antibasement membrane zone antibodies which exhibited a pronounced C3 binding capacity. The similarity of our case to others described in the literature suggests that bullous lichen planus in fact represents the coexistence of two distinct diseases, namely lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 393039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9824", "title": "Binding sites for endotoxic lipopolysaccharide on the plasma membrane of isolated rabbit hepatocytes.", "content": "The in vitro fixation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the plasma membrane of mechanically or enzymatically isolated hepatocytes from rabbits was studied by immunofluorescence technique. Antisera against LPS from E. coli 026:B6 and 0111:B4 were induced in rabbits. Antibody titers up to 1:1024 were determined by the passive hemagglutination test. There was no immunologic cross reactivity between the two antisera. IgG and IgM were prepared from anti-LPS as well as from normal rabbit serum and conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate. The antibody activity against LPS was localized in the IgM fraction. Hepatocytes were isolated by a perfusion technique without enzymes and with collagenase. LPS binding to the hepatocellular plasma membrane increased proportionally with the LPS concentration in a range between 0.01 and 1.0 mg per ml. The fluorescence pattern of the membrane fixed IgM anti-LPS-antibody at the surface of LPS coated hepatocytes was coarse granular. The in vitro reaction of LPS with hepatocytes was not influenced by the presence of complement. The demonstration of binding sites for LPS on the hepatocellular plasma membrane supports the hypothesis that not only Kupffer cells but also parenchymal liver cells are involved in the hepatic clearance activity for endotoxin.", "contents": "Binding sites for endotoxic lipopolysaccharide on the plasma membrane of isolated rabbit hepatocytes. The in vitro fixation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the plasma membrane of mechanically or enzymatically isolated hepatocytes from rabbits was studied by immunofluorescence technique. Antisera against LPS from E. coli 026:B6 and 0111:B4 were induced in rabbits. Antibody titers up to 1:1024 were determined by the passive hemagglutination test. There was no immunologic cross reactivity between the two antisera. IgG and IgM were prepared from anti-LPS as well as from normal rabbit serum and conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate. The antibody activity against LPS was localized in the IgM fraction. Hepatocytes were isolated by a perfusion technique without enzymes and with collagenase. LPS binding to the hepatocellular plasma membrane increased proportionally with the LPS concentration in a range between 0.01 and 1.0 mg per ml. The fluorescence pattern of the membrane fixed IgM anti-LPS-antibody at the surface of LPS coated hepatocytes was coarse granular. The in vitro reaction of LPS with hepatocytes was not influenced by the presence of complement. The demonstration of binding sites for LPS on the hepatocellular plasma membrane supports the hypothesis that not only Kupffer cells but also parenchymal liver cells are involved in the hepatic clearance activity for endotoxin.", "PMID": 393040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9825", "title": "The effect of salbutamol and propranolol on pentagastrin, histamine and meal-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion in the dog.", "content": "The beta 2 adrenergic agonist Salbutamol was infused intravenously in doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 microgram/kg-min in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae. Salbutamol inhibited meal-stimulated acid (measured with intragastric titration) by up to 82%. Salbutamol produced dose-related inhibition of acid stimulated by pentagastrin (up to 88%) and by histamine (up to 52%). Pepsin secretion in response to histamine (but not pentagastrin) was also inhibited by salbutamol. The salbutamol infusion caused a marked tachycardia, an increase in pulse pressure, slight hyperkalaemia and hyperglycaemia. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol augmented pentagastrin-stimulated acid and inhibited meal-stimulated secretion. Propranolol abolished salbutamol - induced tachycardia, and blocked the inhibition by salbutamol of pentagastrin-stimulated acid. Salbutamol inhibition of acid in the dog provides further support for the hypothesis that there are beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the stomach.", "contents": "The effect of salbutamol and propranolol on pentagastrin, histamine and meal-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion in the dog. The beta 2 adrenergic agonist Salbutamol was infused intravenously in doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 microgram/kg-min in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae. Salbutamol inhibited meal-stimulated acid (measured with intragastric titration) by up to 82%. Salbutamol produced dose-related inhibition of acid stimulated by pentagastrin (up to 88%) and by histamine (up to 52%). Pepsin secretion in response to histamine (but not pentagastrin) was also inhibited by salbutamol. The salbutamol infusion caused a marked tachycardia, an increase in pulse pressure, slight hyperkalaemia and hyperglycaemia. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol augmented pentagastrin-stimulated acid and inhibited meal-stimulated secretion. Propranolol abolished salbutamol - induced tachycardia, and blocked the inhibition by salbutamol of pentagastrin-stimulated acid. Salbutamol inhibition of acid in the dog provides further support for the hypothesis that there are beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the stomach.", "PMID": 393041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9826", "title": "Nepresol in the treatment of hypertension of major severity.", "content": "Fifty patients with arterial hypertension of various causes were treated with a combination consisting of Nepresol, a beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent and a diuretic. Duration of treatment ranged between 3 months and 5 years. A significant reduction of blood pressure was attained in all of the cases, with a return of the values to the normal range in a high proportion of the patients. The renal function did not deteriorate during therapy, but owing to potassium loss regular potassium replacement was required in the majority of the cases. Allergic reactions appeared in two cases. Neither SLE nor rheumatoid arthritis was encountered. Positive ANF reaction and a significant elevation of the Rose-Waaler titre were demonstrated in a number of cases. The benefits as well as the hazards of the therapeutic use of hydrazine derivatives are pointed out.", "contents": "Nepresol in the treatment of hypertension of major severity. Fifty patients with arterial hypertension of various causes were treated with a combination consisting of Nepresol, a beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent and a diuretic. Duration of treatment ranged between 3 months and 5 years. A significant reduction of blood pressure was attained in all of the cases, with a return of the values to the normal range in a high proportion of the patients. The renal function did not deteriorate during therapy, but owing to potassium loss regular potassium replacement was required in the majority of the cases. Allergic reactions appeared in two cases. Neither SLE nor rheumatoid arthritis was encountered. Positive ANF reaction and a significant elevation of the Rose-Waaler titre were demonstrated in a number of cases. The benefits as well as the hazards of the therapeutic use of hydrazine derivatives are pointed out.", "PMID": 393042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9827", "title": "Problems of body structure and size of the hypophysis.", "content": "The size of the hypophysis, especially of the anterior lobe, is related to body size while the nervous lobe is related to the brain weight. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis in domestic animals is smaller than that of their ancestors in the wild. The proportions of the body, the distribution of bulk, as they appear in different races--whippets and bulldogs--are related to the size of the anterior lobe. Same body weight implies that the anterior lobe is nearly twice as large in animals with a compact body structure. These intraspecific results can also be shown interspecificly by comparing the species of African Bovidae. Independent of the influence of body size, the subfamilies Alcelaphinae and Hippotraginae possess a larger anterior lobe. A tendency can be shown for a relation to body structure as short-legged species living on marshy grounds (Kobus) or soft sands (Addax) have larger anterior lobes.", "contents": "Problems of body structure and size of the hypophysis. The size of the hypophysis, especially of the anterior lobe, is related to body size while the nervous lobe is related to the brain weight. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis in domestic animals is smaller than that of their ancestors in the wild. The proportions of the body, the distribution of bulk, as they appear in different races--whippets and bulldogs--are related to the size of the anterior lobe. Same body weight implies that the anterior lobe is nearly twice as large in animals with a compact body structure. These intraspecific results can also be shown interspecificly by comparing the species of African Bovidae. Independent of the influence of body size, the subfamilies Alcelaphinae and Hippotraginae possess a larger anterior lobe. A tendency can be shown for a relation to body structure as short-legged species living on marshy grounds (Kobus) or soft sands (Addax) have larger anterior lobes.", "PMID": 393044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9828", "title": "Clonidine in prophylaxis of migraine.", "content": "Various drugs have been used in migraine to bring down the frequency of attacks. Recently clonidine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive agent, has been reported to be effective. The mechanism of action of this drug is not clear, but it is thought to act through its effect on tyramine metabolism. A double-blind cross-over trial using clonidine and identical-looking placebo tablets was carried out in 20 patients of migraine. There was no statistically significant difference between clonidine and the placebo in reducing the frequency of attacks, as evaluated by the non-parameteric test of Wilcoxon. No side effects of clonidine were observed.", "contents": "Clonidine in prophylaxis of migraine. Various drugs have been used in migraine to bring down the frequency of attacks. Recently clonidine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive agent, has been reported to be effective. The mechanism of action of this drug is not clear, but it is thought to act through its effect on tyramine metabolism. A double-blind cross-over trial using clonidine and identical-looking placebo tablets was carried out in 20 patients of migraine. There was no statistically significant difference between clonidine and the placebo in reducing the frequency of attacks, as evaluated by the non-parameteric test of Wilcoxon. No side effects of clonidine were observed.", "PMID": 393047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9829", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone during treatment with subdermal D-norgestrel implants in women.", "content": "It has previously been reported that subdermal implants containing d-norgestrel inhibit ovulation through blockage of the positive feedback action of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) release. In this study 100 micrograms of LH-releasing hormone (LRH) were injected intravenously to test the pituitary reserve capacity for gonadotrophin secretion in three women with three 40 mg d-norgestrel rods implanted subdermally for more than one year. The gonadotrophin release to LRH varied and seemed related to the ovarian steroid concentrations at the time of the LRH infusion in a manner similar to that seen during the normal menstrual cycle. It is concluded that low plasma levels of d-norgestreol do not inhibit the pituitary responsiveness to LRH. The results indicate that the blocking action of the gestagen on the positive feedback of estradiol on LH release occurs at the hypothalamus or higher CNS centers.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone during treatment with subdermal D-norgestrel implants in women. It has previously been reported that subdermal implants containing d-norgestrel inhibit ovulation through blockage of the positive feedback action of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) release. In this study 100 micrograms of LH-releasing hormone (LRH) were injected intravenously to test the pituitary reserve capacity for gonadotrophin secretion in three women with three 40 mg d-norgestrel rods implanted subdermally for more than one year. The gonadotrophin release to LRH varied and seemed related to the ovarian steroid concentrations at the time of the LRH infusion in a manner similar to that seen during the normal menstrual cycle. It is concluded that low plasma levels of d-norgestreol do not inhibit the pituitary responsiveness to LRH. The results indicate that the blocking action of the gestagen on the positive feedback of estradiol on LH release occurs at the hypothalamus or higher CNS centers.", "PMID": 393048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9830", "title": "Bacteria beneath composite restorations--a culturing and histobacteriological study.", "content": "The occurrence, viability and identification of the microbial flora under composite fillings using an anaerobic technique were studied. Class V cavities were prepared on clinically healthy buccal surfaces of 7 contralateral pairs of premolars in children 11--15 years of age. After preparation, rubber dam was applied and one cavity in each pair of teeth was washed with water blasted dry with air and filled with Adaptic. The other cavity was washed with a cavity cleaner (Tubulicid) and a cavity liner (Tubulitec) was applicated prior to filling with Adaptic. The teeth were extracted after 4--6 weeks. Under anerobic conditions the tooth crown was split. From one half samples were taken from the pulpal wall under the filling and cultured on blood agar and in broth medium. The other half was examined with histobacteriological technique. No growth occurred in cultures from lined cavities but in 6 of the 7 unlined cavities. Full agreement was observed between the findings from the culturing and histobacteriological examinations concerning presence or absence of microorganisms at the pulpal wall in all 14 teeth. The flora was mixed. Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Streptococcus and Actinomyces, dominated over gram-negative bacteria including Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Selenomonas. The composition of the flora was more similar to that observed in dental plaque than that found in carious dentin or in saliva in other studies.", "contents": "Bacteria beneath composite restorations--a culturing and histobacteriological study. The occurrence, viability and identification of the microbial flora under composite fillings using an anaerobic technique were studied. Class V cavities were prepared on clinically healthy buccal surfaces of 7 contralateral pairs of premolars in children 11--15 years of age. After preparation, rubber dam was applied and one cavity in each pair of teeth was washed with water blasted dry with air and filled with Adaptic. The other cavity was washed with a cavity cleaner (Tubulicid) and a cavity liner (Tubulitec) was applicated prior to filling with Adaptic. The teeth were extracted after 4--6 weeks. Under anerobic conditions the tooth crown was split. From one half samples were taken from the pulpal wall under the filling and cultured on blood agar and in broth medium. The other half was examined with histobacteriological technique. No growth occurred in cultures from lined cavities but in 6 of the 7 unlined cavities. Full agreement was observed between the findings from the culturing and histobacteriological examinations concerning presence or absence of microorganisms at the pulpal wall in all 14 teeth. The flora was mixed. Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Streptococcus and Actinomyces, dominated over gram-negative bacteria including Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Selenomonas. The composition of the flora was more similar to that observed in dental plaque than that found in carious dentin or in saliva in other studies.", "PMID": 393051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9831", "title": "The protrusions from the cervical canal at the scar of a previous cesarean section.", "content": "By comparing the condition of the cervix at the time of a cesarean section with the findings at subsequent hysterography in 68 patients, it is considered likely that the thickness of the scar depends primarily on the thickness of the lower uterine segment at the time of the section and on the site of the incision. The prognostic significance of these findings is discussed on the basis of a theoretical approach to the development at or near the scar of previous cesarean section.", "contents": "The protrusions from the cervical canal at the scar of a previous cesarean section. By comparing the condition of the cervix at the time of a cesarean section with the findings at subsequent hysterography in 68 patients, it is considered likely that the thickness of the scar depends primarily on the thickness of the lower uterine segment at the time of the section and on the site of the incision. The prognostic significance of these findings is discussed on the basis of a theoretical approach to the development at or near the scar of previous cesarean section.", "PMID": 393052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9832", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of the premenstrual syndrome.", "content": "Bromocriptine, 2.5 mg twice a day was tested for its effect on premenstrual tension in a random double-blind cross-over trial. 1. The compound tended to lessen the symptoms, especially mastodynia. 2. Serum prolactin levels around the upper limit of the normal range were significantly lowered. Patients with the highest starting prolaction levels had the most severe symptoms and in these patients the fall in the levels was greatest. 3. Serum FSH and LH levels were significantly reciprocally influenced compared with serum prolactin. Serum estradiol-17-beta and progesterone did not change during treatment. 4. The bromocriptine-treated cycles were all ovulatory according to basal temperature levels. The luteal phase was prolonged when serum FSH was raised.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. Bromocriptine, 2.5 mg twice a day was tested for its effect on premenstrual tension in a random double-blind cross-over trial. 1. The compound tended to lessen the symptoms, especially mastodynia. 2. Serum prolactin levels around the upper limit of the normal range were significantly lowered. Patients with the highest starting prolaction levels had the most severe symptoms and in these patients the fall in the levels was greatest. 3. Serum FSH and LH levels were significantly reciprocally influenced compared with serum prolactin. Serum estradiol-17-beta and progesterone did not change during treatment. 4. The bromocriptine-treated cycles were all ovulatory according to basal temperature levels. The luteal phase was prolonged when serum FSH was raised.", "PMID": 393053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9833", "title": "Mixed wife-husband leukocyte migration inhibition test after normal pregnancy.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed in mixed wife-husband leukocyte suspensions in 11 cases of normal pregancy. Migration of leukocytes was significantly inhibited in the presence of paternal, as compared to maternal serum.", "contents": "Mixed wife-husband leukocyte migration inhibition test after normal pregnancy. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed in mixed wife-husband leukocyte suspensions in 11 cases of normal pregancy. Migration of leukocytes was significantly inhibited in the presence of paternal, as compared to maternal serum.", "PMID": 393054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9834", "title": "Corneal transplantation and HLA histocompatibility. A preliminary communication.", "content": "A series of 222 cases of 7 mm penetrating corneal grafts were analysed with respect to the influence of HLA compatibility. The degree of compatibility was random as no matching was done (HLA types unknown at time of operation). Consequently, most of the cases showed 3 or 4 incompatibilities. The series was divided into seven diagnostic groups (keratoconus, herpetic keratitis, non-herpetic keratitis, stromal dystrophy, endothelial dystrophy, mechanical lesion and corrosion). In all groups there was a tendency towards better results among the compatible transplantation, but only when considering the entire series could statistical significance be demonstrated. The groups of 0--2 incompatibilities showed fewer rejection episodes or opaque grafts than the groups of 3 or 4 incompatibilities (chi 2 = 9.20, P less than 0.005). Comparing only the frequency of opaque grafts among the two groups the correlation was less significant (chi 2 = 3.66, P similar to 0.05).", "contents": "Corneal transplantation and HLA histocompatibility. A preliminary communication. A series of 222 cases of 7 mm penetrating corneal grafts were analysed with respect to the influence of HLA compatibility. The degree of compatibility was random as no matching was done (HLA types unknown at time of operation). Consequently, most of the cases showed 3 or 4 incompatibilities. The series was divided into seven diagnostic groups (keratoconus, herpetic keratitis, non-herpetic keratitis, stromal dystrophy, endothelial dystrophy, mechanical lesion and corrosion). In all groups there was a tendency towards better results among the compatible transplantation, but only when considering the entire series could statistical significance be demonstrated. The groups of 0--2 incompatibilities showed fewer rejection episodes or opaque grafts than the groups of 3 or 4 incompatibilities (chi 2 = 9.20, P less than 0.005). Comparing only the frequency of opaque grafts among the two groups the correlation was less significant (chi 2 = 3.66, P similar to 0.05).", "PMID": 393056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9835", "title": "Anterior segment fluorescein angiography in inflammatory diseases of the cornea.", "content": "To study the vascular changes in inflammatory diseases of the cornea 22 patients with various corneal inflammations were examined by means of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. Simple avascular central and marginal corneal ulcers stained with fluorescein in the late phase of angiography. An inflamed limbus and an early microscopic pannus adjacent to the ulcer were seeen in simple corneal ulcers. Progressive pannus with pronounced fluorescein leakage was observed in chronic corneal ulcer, disciform keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, and complicated acute keratoconus. In sclerokeratouveitis and in gutter associated with rheumatoid arthritis the corneal vessels showed less leakage. The iris vessels showed fluorescein leakage as a sign of irritative iritis during the active stage of simple and chronic corneal ulcers, in disciform keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, and in graft rejection. It is concluded that anterior segment fluorescein angiography gives valuable information of the vascular architecture, flow and leakage in inflammatory diseases of the cornea.", "contents": "Anterior segment fluorescein angiography in inflammatory diseases of the cornea. To study the vascular changes in inflammatory diseases of the cornea 22 patients with various corneal inflammations were examined by means of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. Simple avascular central and marginal corneal ulcers stained with fluorescein in the late phase of angiography. An inflamed limbus and an early microscopic pannus adjacent to the ulcer were seeen in simple corneal ulcers. Progressive pannus with pronounced fluorescein leakage was observed in chronic corneal ulcer, disciform keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, and complicated acute keratoconus. In sclerokeratouveitis and in gutter associated with rheumatoid arthritis the corneal vessels showed less leakage. The iris vessels showed fluorescein leakage as a sign of irritative iritis during the active stage of simple and chronic corneal ulcers, in disciform keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, and in graft rejection. It is concluded that anterior segment fluorescein angiography gives valuable information of the vascular architecture, flow and leakage in inflammatory diseases of the cornea.", "PMID": 393057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9836", "title": "Effects of corneal preservation, donor age, cadaver time and postoperative period on the graft endothelium. A specular microscopic study.", "content": "The endothelia of 102 clear human corneal grafts in 95 patients were photographed in vivo with a specular microscope. The endothelial cell densities of the grafts were counted from a area of 0.01 mm2. The follow-up period averaged three years. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 77 years and that of the donors from 8 to 89 years. The average endothelial cell density for all 102 transplants was 1169 +/- 478 cells/mm2. Corneal transplants stored in MK medium (N = 19) have more cells than cryopreserved grafts (N = 42) or grafts stored in the moist chamber (N = 41); this last group was used as control material. The differences in cell densities were statistically significant. The cell density of cryopreserved grafts was significantly higher than in grafts stored in moist chamber. Only in those grafts in which moist chamber storage had been used was endothelial cell density dependent on time of storage. With an increase in cadaver time (time from death to enucleation), the endothelial cell density of the graft decreased. An inverse correlation was found between the cell density of the graft and donor age. Good results were still found with healthy donors over 60 years. The endothelial cell density of the grafts showed a steady decrease during the long-term post-operative period, the rate of cell loss being much higher in graft endothelium than in normal endothelium during ageing.", "contents": "Effects of corneal preservation, donor age, cadaver time and postoperative period on the graft endothelium. A specular microscopic study. The endothelia of 102 clear human corneal grafts in 95 patients were photographed in vivo with a specular microscope. The endothelial cell densities of the grafts were counted from a area of 0.01 mm2. The follow-up period averaged three years. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 77 years and that of the donors from 8 to 89 years. The average endothelial cell density for all 102 transplants was 1169 +/- 478 cells/mm2. Corneal transplants stored in MK medium (N = 19) have more cells than cryopreserved grafts (N = 42) or grafts stored in the moist chamber (N = 41); this last group was used as control material. The differences in cell densities were statistically significant. The cell density of cryopreserved grafts was significantly higher than in grafts stored in moist chamber. Only in those grafts in which moist chamber storage had been used was endothelial cell density dependent on time of storage. With an increase in cadaver time (time from death to enucleation), the endothelial cell density of the graft decreased. An inverse correlation was found between the cell density of the graft and donor age. Good results were still found with healthy donors over 60 years. The endothelial cell density of the grafts showed a steady decrease during the long-term post-operative period, the rate of cell loss being much higher in graft endothelium than in normal endothelium during ageing.", "PMID": 393058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9837", "title": "The specular microscopic appearance of corneal graft endothelium during an acute rejection episode. A case report.", "content": "The specular microscopic appearance of a graft endothelium during a successfully treated acute endothelial rejection episode is reported. Coinciding with the increased thickness of the graft great disturbance in cellular morphology was observed. Individual cells were seen to appear swollen or to show bright intracellular areas. Also abnormalities with respect to cellular intersections were seen with the occurrence of junctional complexes at which more than three cells met. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed. The morphological changes subsided gradually as the graft cleared and the thickness decreased. This study examplifies the value of the non-contact specular microscopic technique which enables a thorough study of the diseased corneal endothelium without traumatizing the cornea and interfering with subsequent specular microscopic examinations.", "contents": "The specular microscopic appearance of corneal graft endothelium during an acute rejection episode. A case report. The specular microscopic appearance of a graft endothelium during a successfully treated acute endothelial rejection episode is reported. Coinciding with the increased thickness of the graft great disturbance in cellular morphology was observed. Individual cells were seen to appear swollen or to show bright intracellular areas. Also abnormalities with respect to cellular intersections were seen with the occurrence of junctional complexes at which more than three cells met. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed. The morphological changes subsided gradually as the graft cleared and the thickness decreased. This study examplifies the value of the non-contact specular microscopic technique which enables a thorough study of the diseased corneal endothelium without traumatizing the cornea and interfering with subsequent specular microscopic examinations.", "PMID": 393059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9838", "title": "The osteogenic capacity of free periosteal and osteoperiosteal grafts. A comparative study in growing rabbits.", "content": "The behaviour of free periosteal and 200 micron thick osteoperiosteal grafts was studied histologically in 40 six-week-old rabbits. The grafts were taken from the tibia and fixed on either side of the same lumbar vertebra between the spinous and mamillary processes. The free stripped periosteum had better osteogenic activity than the 200 micron thick osteoperiosteum. The new bone was formed by the osteogenic cells of the cambium layer in both types of graft.", "contents": "The osteogenic capacity of free periosteal and osteoperiosteal grafts. A comparative study in growing rabbits. The behaviour of free periosteal and 200 micron thick osteoperiosteal grafts was studied histologically in 40 six-week-old rabbits. The grafts were taken from the tibia and fixed on either side of the same lumbar vertebra between the spinous and mamillary processes. The free stripped periosteum had better osteogenic activity than the 200 micron thick osteoperiosteum. The new bone was formed by the osteogenic cells of the cambium layer in both types of graft.", "PMID": 393060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9839", "title": "Ketotic hypoglycemia of childhood--a clinical trial of several unifying etiological hypotheses.", "content": "We have studied 15 children referred to St. G\u00f6ran's Children's Hospital because of suspected ketotic hypoglycemia. The patients were investigated according to a program designed to test several hypotheses--old and new--postulated to explain the etiology of ketotic hypoglycemia. We have used the classical ketogenic provocation with a low calorie, high fat diet and measured the blood levels of several substrates and hormones as well as the urinary excretion of certain metabolites and hormones. Out of the 15 children, 6 will fill the criteria of ketotic hypoglycemia at the time of study. The most remarkable finding in these 6 children in contrast to the other children studied was that they did not decrease their peripheral glucose utilization (measured as Kg) during starvation. These 6 children seemed to be more \"advanced\" in their adaptation to ketogenic diet in all other parameters studied. The children with ketotic hypoglycemia did not differ from the other children in plasma level of cortisol or urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea, 3-methylstidine and catecholamines. We favour the concept that the children with ketotic hypoglycemia represent the tail of the gaussian curve in the normal age-dependent development of the adaptation to starvation.", "contents": "Ketotic hypoglycemia of childhood--a clinical trial of several unifying etiological hypotheses. We have studied 15 children referred to St. G\u00f6ran's Children's Hospital because of suspected ketotic hypoglycemia. The patients were investigated according to a program designed to test several hypotheses--old and new--postulated to explain the etiology of ketotic hypoglycemia. We have used the classical ketogenic provocation with a low calorie, high fat diet and measured the blood levels of several substrates and hormones as well as the urinary excretion of certain metabolites and hormones. Out of the 15 children, 6 will fill the criteria of ketotic hypoglycemia at the time of study. The most remarkable finding in these 6 children in contrast to the other children studied was that they did not decrease their peripheral glucose utilization (measured as Kg) during starvation. These 6 children seemed to be more \"advanced\" in their adaptation to ketogenic diet in all other parameters studied. The children with ketotic hypoglycemia did not differ from the other children in plasma level of cortisol or urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea, 3-methylstidine and catecholamines. We favour the concept that the children with ketotic hypoglycemia represent the tail of the gaussian curve in the normal age-dependent development of the adaptation to starvation.", "PMID": 393061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9840", "title": "A prospective study of urinary proteins in early infancy.", "content": "Urinary concentrations of protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha-amino nitrogen, and creatinine were determined in forty-one full-term infants on seven occasions up to six months of age. Except for beta 2-microglobulin the concentrations were highest on the first day, followed by a rapid decrease to a constant level within two weeks. Protein diminished approximately seven-fold, albumin twenty-fold, alpha-amino nitrogen three-fold and creatinine five-fold. By contrast, beta 2-microglobulin, a low molecular weight protein, first increased three-fold between day 1 and day 5, thereafter decreasing slowly 17-fold during the first three months of age. The data indicate that different kidney functions mature asynchronously.", "contents": "A prospective study of urinary proteins in early infancy. Urinary concentrations of protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha-amino nitrogen, and creatinine were determined in forty-one full-term infants on seven occasions up to six months of age. Except for beta 2-microglobulin the concentrations were highest on the first day, followed by a rapid decrease to a constant level within two weeks. Protein diminished approximately seven-fold, albumin twenty-fold, alpha-amino nitrogen three-fold and creatinine five-fold. By contrast, beta 2-microglobulin, a low molecular weight protein, first increased three-fold between day 1 and day 5, thereafter decreasing slowly 17-fold during the first three months of age. The data indicate that different kidney functions mature asynchronously.", "PMID": 393062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9841", "title": "Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. II. Infections in relation to catheterization.", "content": "Infections, as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization, were studied in 65 sick newborn infants. Every second day during the catheterization period peripheral blood cultures as well as blood samples for white cell count and platelets were taken. Cultures were taken from the catheter tips and from the umbilicus at the time of withdrawal of the catheter. Local or systemic antibiotics were not used prophylactically, but on rather broad clinical indications. No case of septicemia was found, but 8 infants had positive blood cultures and 16 had positive catheter tip cultures. Positive catheter tip culture occurred more often in infants who were born before 32 weeks of gestational age. Neither the duration of the catheterization nor the treatment with antibiotics influenced significantly the frequency of positive cultures.", "contents": "Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. II. Infections in relation to catheterization. Infections, as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization, were studied in 65 sick newborn infants. Every second day during the catheterization period peripheral blood cultures as well as blood samples for white cell count and platelets were taken. Cultures were taken from the catheter tips and from the umbilicus at the time of withdrawal of the catheter. Local or systemic antibiotics were not used prophylactically, but on rather broad clinical indications. No case of septicemia was found, but 8 infants had positive blood cultures and 16 had positive catheter tip cultures. Positive catheter tip culture occurred more often in infants who were born before 32 weeks of gestational age. Neither the duration of the catheterization nor the treatment with antibiotics influenced significantly the frequency of positive cultures.", "PMID": 393063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9842", "title": "Gastric emptying in preterm infants.", "content": "The gastric emptying of meals of human milk and infant formula was studied in 11 healthy preterm (AGA) infants at a postnatal age of 1-9 weeks corresponding to 33-38 weeks of gestational age. A total of 30 studies were performing using a marker dilution technique. Gastric emptying of meals of human milk followed a biphasic emptying pattern with an initial fast phase. In about 25 min half of the meal had left the stomach. The emptying of meals of adapted infant formula usually followed a linear pattern and half the meal had left the stomach after 51 min. After one hour an average of 24.8 ml of human milk and 19.2 ml of infant formula had left the stomach.", "contents": "Gastric emptying in preterm infants. The gastric emptying of meals of human milk and infant formula was studied in 11 healthy preterm (AGA) infants at a postnatal age of 1-9 weeks corresponding to 33-38 weeks of gestational age. A total of 30 studies were performing using a marker dilution technique. Gastric emptying of meals of human milk followed a biphasic emptying pattern with an initial fast phase. In about 25 min half of the meal had left the stomach. The emptying of meals of adapted infant formula usually followed a linear pattern and half the meal had left the stomach after 51 min. After one hour an average of 24.8 ml of human milk and 19.2 ml of infant formula had left the stomach.", "PMID": 393064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9843", "title": "Glomerular immune deposits in kidneys from patients with no clinical or light microscopic evidence of glomerulonephritis. Assessment of the influence of autolysis on identification of immunoglobulins and complement.", "content": "Using a direct fluorescent staining technique, immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) demonstrated glomerular deposits of IgG and IgM and/or fractions of complement in kidney tissue from 24% of 33 patients examined post mortem and in 39% of kidney biopsies obtained from 23 patients on lithium treatment. All the patients investigated had a normal blood pressure. There was no evidence of glomerulonephritis (GN) neither clinically, at light microscopy, nor on laboratory investigation. These \"spontaneously\" deposited immunoglobulins and complement fractions in glomeruli will obviously by demonstrated in kidney biopsies from patients with GN, even though they bear no relation to the disease. This will therefore preclude an immunopathological classification which relates to histological and clinical findings. A control study of the IFM findings in glomeruli on 13 surgically removed kidneys showed optimal identification and no further glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins during the 72 hours following nephrectomy, at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Clq and C3 were less stable and were only demonstrated with certainty up to 24 hours after nephrectomy.", "contents": "Glomerular immune deposits in kidneys from patients with no clinical or light microscopic evidence of glomerulonephritis. Assessment of the influence of autolysis on identification of immunoglobulins and complement. Using a direct fluorescent staining technique, immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) demonstrated glomerular deposits of IgG and IgM and/or fractions of complement in kidney tissue from 24% of 33 patients examined post mortem and in 39% of kidney biopsies obtained from 23 patients on lithium treatment. All the patients investigated had a normal blood pressure. There was no evidence of glomerulonephritis (GN) neither clinically, at light microscopy, nor on laboratory investigation. These \"spontaneously\" deposited immunoglobulins and complement fractions in glomeruli will obviously by demonstrated in kidney biopsies from patients with GN, even though they bear no relation to the disease. This will therefore preclude an immunopathological classification which relates to histological and clinical findings. A control study of the IFM findings in glomeruli on 13 surgically removed kidneys showed optimal identification and no further glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins during the 72 hours following nephrectomy, at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Clq and C3 were less stable and were only demonstrated with certainty up to 24 hours after nephrectomy.", "PMID": 393070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9844", "title": "Immune deposits in human glomerulopathy. Fluorescent microscopy findings in 366 kidney biopsies correlated to symptoms, clinical course and immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "366 kidney biopsies from 339 patients, 290 of which were classified on combined light microscopy (LM) and clinical criteria as glomerulonephritis (GN) and 49 as non-glomerulonephritis nephropathy, were examined by immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) without knowledge of the clinical or LM findings at the time of examination. The IFM findings in the glomeruli were correlated to (l) the LM diagnosis, (2) the clinical symptoms, (3) the clinical course, and (4) the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. A few IFM results were found to correlate significantly with the LM diagnosis and clinical symptoms, but not to the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. It was impossible using IFM alone to group patients into any specific categories with uniform symptomatology and prognosis. Defined by IFM \"immune complex nephritis\" was demonstrated in 72%, and linear nephritis was found in 2% of the patients with GN. IgA occurred more frequently in GN secondary to systemic disease, particularly in SLE (60%) and HSP (88%). IgA was demonstrated in only 10% of patients with nonglomerulonephritic nephropathy. Demonstration of IgA is therefore a good indicator for corroborating the LM diagnoses of GN. Demonstration of IgG and/or IgM in GN was not found to be sufficient evidence for GN because these deposits also appeared in 40% of patients with non-glomerulonephritic nephropathy. An immunopathological classification based solely on glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3 appears to have no practical importance. The demonstration of glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3, however, showed to be a necessary supplement to clinical and morphological findings in some instances, in order to attain practical diagnostic boundaries within the very ill-defined concept which today constitutes GN.", "contents": "Immune deposits in human glomerulopathy. Fluorescent microscopy findings in 366 kidney biopsies correlated to symptoms, clinical course and immunosuppressive therapy. 366 kidney biopsies from 339 patients, 290 of which were classified on combined light microscopy (LM) and clinical criteria as glomerulonephritis (GN) and 49 as non-glomerulonephritis nephropathy, were examined by immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) without knowledge of the clinical or LM findings at the time of examination. The IFM findings in the glomeruli were correlated to (l) the LM diagnosis, (2) the clinical symptoms, (3) the clinical course, and (4) the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. A few IFM results were found to correlate significantly with the LM diagnosis and clinical symptoms, but not to the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. It was impossible using IFM alone to group patients into any specific categories with uniform symptomatology and prognosis. Defined by IFM \"immune complex nephritis\" was demonstrated in 72%, and linear nephritis was found in 2% of the patients with GN. IgA occurred more frequently in GN secondary to systemic disease, particularly in SLE (60%) and HSP (88%). IgA was demonstrated in only 10% of patients with nonglomerulonephritic nephropathy. Demonstration of IgA is therefore a good indicator for corroborating the LM diagnoses of GN. Demonstration of IgG and/or IgM in GN was not found to be sufficient evidence for GN because these deposits also appeared in 40% of patients with non-glomerulonephritic nephropathy. An immunopathological classification based solely on glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3 appears to have no practical importance. The demonstration of glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3, however, showed to be a necessary supplement to clinical and morphological findings in some instances, in order to attain practical diagnostic boundaries within the very ill-defined concept which today constitutes GN.", "PMID": 393071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9845", "title": "Hepatic changes in late canine endotoxin shock. A light and electron microscopic investigation.", "content": "The patho-morphological lesions in the liver in late stages of canine endotoxin shock were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic lesions included sinusoidal dilatations, with accumulation of red cells and leucocytes, varying damage of the sinusoidal lining, microthrombi and widening of the space of Disse. Necrotic foci were in some cases recognized within a varying number of lobuli, at times in the centrilobular areas. Electron microscopy revealed severe hepatocytic damage. These lesions included formation of blebs and other surface protrusions corresponding to cytoplasmic ecdysis. The resulting cytoplasmic fragments seemed frequently to enter the sinusoids. It is suggested that the severe disturbances observed in the proteolytic enzyme systems of plasma during endotoxin shock are influenced by the hepatic parenchymal changes observed.", "contents": "Hepatic changes in late canine endotoxin shock. A light and electron microscopic investigation. The patho-morphological lesions in the liver in late stages of canine endotoxin shock were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic lesions included sinusoidal dilatations, with accumulation of red cells and leucocytes, varying damage of the sinusoidal lining, microthrombi and widening of the space of Disse. Necrotic foci were in some cases recognized within a varying number of lobuli, at times in the centrilobular areas. Electron microscopy revealed severe hepatocytic damage. These lesions included formation of blebs and other surface protrusions corresponding to cytoplasmic ecdysis. The resulting cytoplasmic fragments seemed frequently to enter the sinusoids. It is suggested that the severe disturbances observed in the proteolytic enzyme systems of plasma during endotoxin shock are influenced by the hepatic parenchymal changes observed.", "PMID": 393072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9846", "title": "Mitotic activity and delay in fixation of tumour tissue. The influence of delay in fixation on mitotic activity of a human osteogenic sarcoma grown in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of delay in fixation on the mitotic activity in tumour tissue. A human osteogenic sarcoma, especially suitable for counting of mitoses, grown in athymic nude mice, was fixed with varying delay and the mitotic, prophase, metaphase and ana-telophase indices were determined. An almost exponential decline of the mitotic index was observed with a reduction to 49.4% and 15.0% after respectively 60 and 180 minutes. The proportional incidence of prophases, metaphases and ana-telophases changed so that a relative accummulation of advanced phases occured during the 180 minutes of observation. It is concluded that delay in fixation of a magnitude, which is not uncommon in routine surgical pathology, may allow the majority of mitoses to terminate, resulting in unreliable assessments of mitotic activity.", "contents": "Mitotic activity and delay in fixation of tumour tissue. The influence of delay in fixation on mitotic activity of a human osteogenic sarcoma grown in athymic nude mice. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of delay in fixation on the mitotic activity in tumour tissue. A human osteogenic sarcoma, especially suitable for counting of mitoses, grown in athymic nude mice, was fixed with varying delay and the mitotic, prophase, metaphase and ana-telophase indices were determined. An almost exponential decline of the mitotic index was observed with a reduction to 49.4% and 15.0% after respectively 60 and 180 minutes. The proportional incidence of prophases, metaphases and ana-telophases changed so that a relative accummulation of advanced phases occured during the 180 minutes of observation. It is concluded that delay in fixation of a magnitude, which is not uncommon in routine surgical pathology, may allow the majority of mitoses to terminate, resulting in unreliable assessments of mitotic activity.", "PMID": 393073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9847", "title": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae. II. Use of a beta-glucuronidase detecting agar medium (PGUA agar) for the identification of E. coli in primary cultures of urine samples.", "content": "beta-glucuronidase activity is an exclusive characteristic of E. Coli and some shigellae among Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. An agar medium (PGUA agar) which permits the detection of bacteria with beta-glucuronidase activity in mixed cultures was evaluated as a primary culture medium for clinical samples of urine. The medium was selective for enterobacteria and yielded significantly higher recoveries than MacConkey agar. Based on the examination of 3,460 urine samples, it was found that the use of the PGUA agar has several advantages over conventional methods: 1) 94% of all E. coli cultures could be identified on the basis of their appearance on the primary plates; 2) The use of the PGUA method did not result in any misidentidications as compared to 1% of cultured misidentified by the conventional procedure; 3) Approximately one-half of the urine samples which contained E. coli as the sole organism could be reported following the reading of primary culture plates; 4) The application of the PGUA medium resulted in a 46% reduction in the cost of media employed and a 67% reduction in the time required for the processing of urine samples.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae. II. Use of a beta-glucuronidase detecting agar medium (PGUA agar) for the identification of E. coli in primary cultures of urine samples. beta-glucuronidase activity is an exclusive characteristic of E. Coli and some shigellae among Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae. An agar medium (PGUA agar) which permits the detection of bacteria with beta-glucuronidase activity in mixed cultures was evaluated as a primary culture medium for clinical samples of urine. The medium was selective for enterobacteria and yielded significantly higher recoveries than MacConkey agar. Based on the examination of 3,460 urine samples, it was found that the use of the PGUA agar has several advantages over conventional methods: 1) 94% of all E. coli cultures could be identified on the basis of their appearance on the primary plates; 2) The use of the PGUA method did not result in any misidentidications as compared to 1% of cultured misidentified by the conventional procedure; 3) Approximately one-half of the urine samples which contained E. coli as the sole organism could be reported following the reading of primary culture plates; 4) The application of the PGUA medium resulted in a 46% reduction in the cost of media employed and a 67% reduction in the time required for the processing of urine samples.", "PMID": 393074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9848", "title": "Group L streptococci as the cause of bacteraemia and endocarditis. A case report.", "content": "A beta-haemolytic streptococcus was isolated from multiple blood cultures in a 56-year-old woman suffering from thrombophlebitis in a leg and from a 42-year-old man with endocarditis. Both strains were identified as group L streptococci by precipitation testing. Initially they were identified as group A streptococci on the basis of cultural characteristics, bacitracin sensitivity and fluorescent staining with an anti-group A conjugate. The two cases are an addition to the few existing reports on proved infection in humans by group L streptococci.", "contents": "Group L streptococci as the cause of bacteraemia and endocarditis. A case report. A beta-haemolytic streptococcus was isolated from multiple blood cultures in a 56-year-old woman suffering from thrombophlebitis in a leg and from a 42-year-old man with endocarditis. Both strains were identified as group L streptococci by precipitation testing. Initially they were identified as group A streptococci on the basis of cultural characteristics, bacitracin sensitivity and fluorescent staining with an anti-group A conjugate. The two cases are an addition to the few existing reports on proved infection in humans by group L streptococci.", "PMID": 393075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9849", "title": "Acute and subacute effects of diazepam on psychomotor skills: interaction with alcohol.", "content": "Effects of diazepam and alcohol on psychomotor skills were measured in two trials. In the first one, 200 healthy students volunteered for a double-blind single-dose study. Three doses of diazepam (5, 10 and 20 mg) and alcohol (0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg) were used alone and combined to construct dose-response graphs. All doses of alcohol impaired divided attention while co-ordinative skills were impaired by the 1.2 g/kg dose. Diazepam alone did not impair reactive or co-ordinative skills whereas the combinations of diazepam and alcohol did so. To further elucidate the subactue effects, a double-blind randomized study was conducted administering 2 and 10 mg of diazepam t.i.d. for two weeks to 18 healthy volunteers. The psychomotor tests were performed on the 7th and 14th days of drug administration, and 0.5 g/kg of alcohol was given on either day. Diazepam 2 mg, alone or with alcohol, did not differ from placebo. 10 mg of diazepam slightly increased reaction times but not reaction mistakes, and impaired both co-ordination and attention. Alcohol did not enhance diazepam effects. We suggest that a development of tolerance to diazepam may compensate the deleterious interaction of the agents found in acute studies.", "contents": "Acute and subacute effects of diazepam on psychomotor skills: interaction with alcohol. Effects of diazepam and alcohol on psychomotor skills were measured in two trials. In the first one, 200 healthy students volunteered for a double-blind single-dose study. Three doses of diazepam (5, 10 and 20 mg) and alcohol (0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg) were used alone and combined to construct dose-response graphs. All doses of alcohol impaired divided attention while co-ordinative skills were impaired by the 1.2 g/kg dose. Diazepam alone did not impair reactive or co-ordinative skills whereas the combinations of diazepam and alcohol did so. To further elucidate the subactue effects, a double-blind randomized study was conducted administering 2 and 10 mg of diazepam t.i.d. for two weeks to 18 healthy volunteers. The psychomotor tests were performed on the 7th and 14th days of drug administration, and 0.5 g/kg of alcohol was given on either day. Diazepam 2 mg, alone or with alcohol, did not differ from placebo. 10 mg of diazepam slightly increased reaction times but not reaction mistakes, and impaired both co-ordination and attention. Alcohol did not enhance diazepam effects. We suggest that a development of tolerance to diazepam may compensate the deleterious interaction of the agents found in acute studies.", "PMID": 393076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9850", "title": "Postoperative deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb and prophylactic value of heparin evaluated by phlebography.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative thrombosis of the leg at phlebography, and the prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin, was assessed in a double-blind investigation comprising 50 patients. Thrombosis occurred in 17 per cent in the heparin group and in 23 per cent in the placebo group. This difference is not significant. No prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin was demonstrated.", "contents": "Postoperative deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb and prophylactic value of heparin evaluated by phlebography. The incidence of postoperative thrombosis of the leg at phlebography, and the prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin, was assessed in a double-blind investigation comprising 50 patients. Thrombosis occurred in 17 per cent in the heparin group and in 23 per cent in the placebo group. This difference is not significant. No prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin was demonstrated.", "PMID": 393078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9851", "title": "Early effects in kidney enzyme activities after irradiation.", "content": "Brush border enzymes of proximal tubules, lysosomal activities and protein content of rat kidney were analysed after whole-body irradiation using two different experimental schedules. Maltase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities increased moderately during the first days after irradiation, whereas LAP, cathespsin D activities and protein content were not modified. No evident morphologic alterations were observed.", "contents": "Early effects in kidney enzyme activities after irradiation. Brush border enzymes of proximal tubules, lysosomal activities and protein content of rat kidney were analysed after whole-body irradiation using two different experimental schedules. Maltase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities increased moderately during the first days after irradiation, whereas LAP, cathespsin D activities and protein content were not modified. No evident morphologic alterations were observed.", "PMID": 393079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9852", "title": "Effect of plasma free fatty acid lowering on exercise tolerance and ST segment depression in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The effect of a single oral dose of a plasma FFA-lowering drug (5-(3-pyridyl) tetrazole), which does not act by conversion into nicotinic acid, on exercise tolerance and ECG reaction was studied on a double-blind basis in 15 men with stable angina pectoris. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer in the sitting position with a load increase of 10 W/min. In addition to ECG, time to onset of chest pains and to termination of exercise because of strong chest pains was recorded. 5-(3-pyridyl) tetrazole decreased plasma FFA during exercise from 523 to 299 mumol/l. It reduced significantly the ST depression at corresponding work loads and permitted the patients to exercise 0.6 min longer, corresponding to a 7% higher work load, before the onset of chest pain. However, absolute exercise time was not significantly increased. The most probable explanation of the improved performance is a decreased lipid and increased carbohydrate oxidation by the ischemic heart, although a contribution may have come from hemodynamic effects of the drug, unrelated to effects on myocardial metabolism but perhaps involving heart rate and BP. The lack of a significant effect on performance time may have been due to general fatigue.", "contents": "Effect of plasma free fatty acid lowering on exercise tolerance and ST segment depression in patients with angina pectoris. The effect of a single oral dose of a plasma FFA-lowering drug (5-(3-pyridyl) tetrazole), which does not act by conversion into nicotinic acid, on exercise tolerance and ECG reaction was studied on a double-blind basis in 15 men with stable angina pectoris. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer in the sitting position with a load increase of 10 W/min. In addition to ECG, time to onset of chest pains and to termination of exercise because of strong chest pains was recorded. 5-(3-pyridyl) tetrazole decreased plasma FFA during exercise from 523 to 299 mumol/l. It reduced significantly the ST depression at corresponding work loads and permitted the patients to exercise 0.6 min longer, corresponding to a 7% higher work load, before the onset of chest pain. However, absolute exercise time was not significantly increased. The most probable explanation of the improved performance is a decreased lipid and increased carbohydrate oxidation by the ischemic heart, although a contribution may have come from hemodynamic effects of the drug, unrelated to effects on myocardial metabolism but perhaps involving heart rate and BP. The lack of a significant effect on performance time may have been due to general fatigue.", "PMID": 393081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9853", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of miliary tuberculosis were studied in retrospect. The mean age of the patients was 62 years. Eighteen patients suffered from another underlying chronic disease. Nine had been treated with corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents. A limited manifestation of tuberculosis had been previously verified or suspected in ten cases. Fever was present in 85% of the patients, frequently combined with fatigue or abdominal pain. Serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 81% of the cases. Minor haematological abnormalities (anaemia, etc.) were found in 16 cases and pancytopenia, stimulated lymphocytes or chronic myeloid leucaemia in six. Miliary mottling was found in the chest radiographs of 13 patients. Other findings were pleural effusion, mediastinal node enlargement, opacities suggesting pneumonia or old, possibly tuberculous lesions. Antituberculosis therapy was initiated in 12 patients, two of whom died within a few days. There was a high frequency of liver or system involvements. It is concluded that laparoscopy or liver needle biopsy are valuable diagnostic procedures in patients with fever and elevated alkaline phosphatases of unknown aetiology. A therapeutic test with antituberculous drugs should be undertaken in suspected cases.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis. Twenty-six cases of miliary tuberculosis were studied in retrospect. The mean age of the patients was 62 years. Eighteen patients suffered from another underlying chronic disease. Nine had been treated with corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents. A limited manifestation of tuberculosis had been previously verified or suspected in ten cases. Fever was present in 85% of the patients, frequently combined with fatigue or abdominal pain. Serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 81% of the cases. Minor haematological abnormalities (anaemia, etc.) were found in 16 cases and pancytopenia, stimulated lymphocytes or chronic myeloid leucaemia in six. Miliary mottling was found in the chest radiographs of 13 patients. Other findings were pleural effusion, mediastinal node enlargement, opacities suggesting pneumonia or old, possibly tuberculous lesions. Antituberculosis therapy was initiated in 12 patients, two of whom died within a few days. There was a high frequency of liver or system involvements. It is concluded that laparoscopy or liver needle biopsy are valuable diagnostic procedures in patients with fever and elevated alkaline phosphatases of unknown aetiology. A therapeutic test with antituberculous drugs should be undertaken in suspected cases.", "PMID": 393082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9854", "title": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Perhaps the most important conclusion is that much remains to be learnt about how to use penicillamine in clinical practice. The results described have been obtained by observing groups of patients on various fixed schedules of dosage. There may be a case for using a more flexible system but this makes comparisons difficult and at this stage predetermined fixed schedules have been preferred. A total daily dose of 1500 mg is clearly excessive and probably unnecessary. There is some suggestion that administration between meals produces better and perhaps more predictable absorption. If used in this way the total daily dose should be lower than the one found most suitable when the drug is given with food. Experience to date favours a daily total of 375 mg given between meals. The late onset of some adverse reactions in patients on low doses suggest that the total cumulative dose may be relevant and that some toxic reactions are liable to occur when a certain total intake has been reached. No mention has been made in this survey of comparisons with other drugs. The main task has been seen to be the exploration of various dosage schedules in the hope of finding an effective dose which does not produce a high incidence of adverse effect. Only when this information has been obtained will it once again become relevant to test the drug under control conditions either against an inactive placebo or some other anti-rheumatoid drug.", "contents": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Perhaps the most important conclusion is that much remains to be learnt about how to use penicillamine in clinical practice. The results described have been obtained by observing groups of patients on various fixed schedules of dosage. There may be a case for using a more flexible system but this makes comparisons difficult and at this stage predetermined fixed schedules have been preferred. A total daily dose of 1500 mg is clearly excessive and probably unnecessary. There is some suggestion that administration between meals produces better and perhaps more predictable absorption. If used in this way the total daily dose should be lower than the one found most suitable when the drug is given with food. Experience to date favours a daily total of 375 mg given between meals. The late onset of some adverse reactions in patients on low doses suggest that the total cumulative dose may be relevant and that some toxic reactions are liable to occur when a certain total intake has been reached. No mention has been made in this survey of comparisons with other drugs. The main task has been seen to be the exploration of various dosage schedules in the hope of finding an effective dose which does not produce a high incidence of adverse effect. Only when this information has been obtained will it once again become relevant to test the drug under control conditions either against an inactive placebo or some other anti-rheumatoid drug.", "PMID": 393102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9855", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: evaluation of butorphanol tartrate.", "content": "The chemistry, pharmacology, uses, side effects, pharmacokinetics and dosage of butorphanol tartrate, a narcotic analgesic with antagonist properties, are reviewed. When administered intramuscularly or intravenously, butorphanol tartrate appears to be as effective for relieving moderate to severe pain as are pentazocine, meperidine and morphine. Butorphanol produces sedation more commonly and, at therapeutic dosages, depresses respiration as much as these other narcotic analgesics. A limited number of long-term clinical studies suggest a lower physical dependence liability with butorphanol than with other narcotic analgesics. Butorphanol is more expensive than morphine and, for most patients, offers no significant advantages over morphine for short-term use. Because butorphanol's cardiovascular effects are not completely understood, morphine also remains the drug of choice for pain associated with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: evaluation of butorphanol tartrate. The chemistry, pharmacology, uses, side effects, pharmacokinetics and dosage of butorphanol tartrate, a narcotic analgesic with antagonist properties, are reviewed. When administered intramuscularly or intravenously, butorphanol tartrate appears to be as effective for relieving moderate to severe pain as are pentazocine, meperidine and morphine. Butorphanol produces sedation more commonly and, at therapeutic dosages, depresses respiration as much as these other narcotic analgesics. A limited number of long-term clinical studies suggest a lower physical dependence liability with butorphanol than with other narcotic analgesics. Butorphanol is more expensive than morphine and, for most patients, offers no significant advantages over morphine for short-term use. Because butorphanol's cardiovascular effects are not completely understood, morphine also remains the drug of choice for pain associated with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 393109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9856", "title": "Multiple-baseline design in instructional research: pitfalls of measurement and procedural advantages.", "content": "The multiple-baseline design has utility for evaluating the instructional programs used with mentally retarded persons; however, there are several pitfalls of measurement that may be encountered in using this design. Subjects' performance may be inadvertently altered by (a) repeated testing during baseline, (b) a procedural contrast between training and testing, and (c) inaccurate generalization during testing. Procedures to mitigate the effects of these problems were recommended. The pitfalls may arise in part because of the direct interpersonal nature of measuring the dependent variable in instructional research. Also, the pitfalls are not inherent in the multiple-baseline design per se but are issues of measurement that may occur in other designs as well. Finally, the advantage of using the multiple-baseline design to study covariation of responding was highlighted.", "contents": "Multiple-baseline design in instructional research: pitfalls of measurement and procedural advantages. The multiple-baseline design has utility for evaluating the instructional programs used with mentally retarded persons; however, there are several pitfalls of measurement that may be encountered in using this design. Subjects' performance may be inadvertently altered by (a) repeated testing during baseline, (b) a procedural contrast between training and testing, and (c) inaccurate generalization during testing. Procedures to mitigate the effects of these problems were recommended. The pitfalls may arise in part because of the direct interpersonal nature of measuring the dependent variable in instructional research. Also, the pitfalls are not inherent in the multiple-baseline design per se but are issues of measurement that may occur in other designs as well. Finally, the advantage of using the multiple-baseline design to study covariation of responding was highlighted.", "PMID": 393110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9857", "title": "Additional comments on multiple-baseline designs in instructional research.", "content": "A number of measurement and design issues that are critical to the use of multiple-baseline procedures in evaluating instructional interventions were highlighted. First, issues related to the interaction between length of baseline assessment and the following outcomes were presented: (a) deceleration in behavior across baseline, (b) prediction of behavior change, (c) error analyses performance on instructional stimuli, and (d) reactivity of observation. Finally, an attempt was made to match the variety of multiple-baseline designs to specific questions often asked by instructional researchers.", "contents": "Additional comments on multiple-baseline designs in instructional research. A number of measurement and design issues that are critical to the use of multiple-baseline procedures in evaluating instructional interventions were highlighted. First, issues related to the interaction between length of baseline assessment and the following outcomes were presented: (a) deceleration in behavior across baseline, (b) prediction of behavior change, (c) error analyses performance on instructional stimuli, and (d) reactivity of observation. Finally, an attempt was made to match the variety of multiple-baseline designs to specific questions often asked by instructional researchers.", "PMID": 393111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9858", "title": "Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program.", "content": "Preventive health care for children can have a significant impact on detecting and treating potential health problems. The Early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT) is a preventive health program under Medicaid designed to improve the health of indigent children. Since this program is the only federal Medicaid program which requires vision screening and treatment services, the opportunity exists for enormous benefits for detecting and treating an indigent child's vision problems, as well as general health problems. Even though the program has been slow in evolving, it is taking an expanding role in all phases of indigent child health care, including vision care.", "contents": "Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program. Preventive health care for children can have a significant impact on detecting and treating potential health problems. The Early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT) is a preventive health program under Medicaid designed to improve the health of indigent children. Since this program is the only federal Medicaid program which requires vision screening and treatment services, the opportunity exists for enormous benefits for detecting and treating an indigent child's vision problems, as well as general health problems. Even though the program has been slow in evolving, it is taking an expanding role in all phases of indigent child health care, including vision care.", "PMID": 393112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9859", "title": "The application of the sepharose bead immunofluorescence test for the detection of allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in pollinosis.", "content": "A new application of the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test for detection of allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies is described. Allergen extracts of four different grass pollens were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Twenty normal and allergic sera were incubated with the allergen-coupled beads, washed and incubated with fluorescence-conjugated anti-gamma E and G globulins. After washing and staining with 0.5% trypan blue, the percentage of fluorescent beads was detected by fluorescence microscopy. In the IgG/anti IgG system, the smallest amount of IgG demonstrated was 20ng/ml; in the IgE/anti-IgE system it was 40ng/ml. Independent examination of tests gave a mean difference between observations of 4.1%. Reproducibility was also very good (var. coeff = 18%). The number of beads stained with IgE correlated well with intensity of skin reactions to the same extracts (r = 0.64; p = 5 x 10-7), the percentage of IgG stained beads being independent of skin reactivity. The Sepharose-IgE test allowed clear distinction between allergic and normal sera (p = 4 x 10-7), while the Sepharose IgG test did not distinguish between them at the time of diagnosis. However, the number of beads stained with IgG significantly increased in patients undergoing immunotherapy (p = 3.8 x 10-3). The Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test requires a very small amount of materials, is highly sensitive and easy to handle. It may be valuable in the \"in vitro\" diagnosis of grass pollen allergy and useful in evaluating immunotherapy.", "contents": "The application of the sepharose bead immunofluorescence test for the detection of allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in pollinosis. A new application of the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test for detection of allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies is described. Allergen extracts of four different grass pollens were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Twenty normal and allergic sera were incubated with the allergen-coupled beads, washed and incubated with fluorescence-conjugated anti-gamma E and G globulins. After washing and staining with 0.5% trypan blue, the percentage of fluorescent beads was detected by fluorescence microscopy. In the IgG/anti IgG system, the smallest amount of IgG demonstrated was 20ng/ml; in the IgE/anti-IgE system it was 40ng/ml. Independent examination of tests gave a mean difference between observations of 4.1%. Reproducibility was also very good (var. coeff = 18%). The number of beads stained with IgE correlated well with intensity of skin reactions to the same extracts (r = 0.64; p = 5 x 10-7), the percentage of IgG stained beads being independent of skin reactivity. The Sepharose-IgE test allowed clear distinction between allergic and normal sera (p = 4 x 10-7), while the Sepharose IgG test did not distinguish between them at the time of diagnosis. However, the number of beads stained with IgG significantly increased in patients undergoing immunotherapy (p = 3.8 x 10-3). The Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test requires a very small amount of materials, is highly sensitive and easy to handle. It may be valuable in the \"in vitro\" diagnosis of grass pollen allergy and useful in evaluating immunotherapy.", "PMID": 393107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9860", "title": "Premalignant tumors and conditions of bone.", "content": "Most bone sarcomas arise in apparently normal bone. However, some sarcomas arise in preexisting benign bone tumors or in nonneoplastic conditions. Some of the lesions, such as multiple exostoses and Ollier's disease, have a propensity to develop chondrosarcoma. Rarely does a benign giant cell tumor become malignant without prior irradiation, malignant transformation of other benign tumors, such as osteoblastoma and chondroblastoma, is a medical curiosity. Among nonneoplastic conditions, radiation changes, long-standing chronic osteomyelitis, and Paget's disease have definite premalignant connotations. However, the risk of developing cancer in these conditions is still low.", "contents": "Premalignant tumors and conditions of bone. Most bone sarcomas arise in apparently normal bone. However, some sarcomas arise in preexisting benign bone tumors or in nonneoplastic conditions. Some of the lesions, such as multiple exostoses and Ollier's disease, have a propensity to develop chondrosarcoma. Rarely does a benign giant cell tumor become malignant without prior irradiation, malignant transformation of other benign tumors, such as osteoblastoma and chondroblastoma, is a medical curiosity. Among nonneoplastic conditions, radiation changes, long-standing chronic osteomyelitis, and Paget's disease have definite premalignant connotations. However, the risk of developing cancer in these conditions is still low.", "PMID": 393114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9861", "title": "Laryngeal paraganglioma. Case report with ultrastructural analysis and literature review.", "content": "Laryngeal paraganglioma is an infrequently reported tumor; only 16 examples have been recorded in the English literature. All but one laryngeal paraganglioma originated superiorly in the larynx; involvement of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold is common. Male patients predominate (11:5). The average age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 47 years, and symptoms had been present for an average duration of 5.8 years (range 6 months to 27 years). Attempted biopsy has resulted in significant hemorrhage in three cases. As illustrated by the present case, the Grimelius argyrophil stain is a useful diagnostic procedure. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of neurosecretory granules with core diameters ranging from 110 to 140 nm. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment and has been possible in 14 cases; nine patients are alive and free of tumor for an average of 3 years. Compared to other head and neck paragangliomas, these have a more malignant course with a 25% mortality; tender subcutaneous metastases are commonly observed in these patients.", "contents": "Laryngeal paraganglioma. Case report with ultrastructural analysis and literature review. Laryngeal paraganglioma is an infrequently reported tumor; only 16 examples have been recorded in the English literature. All but one laryngeal paraganglioma originated superiorly in the larynx; involvement of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold is common. Male patients predominate (11:5). The average age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 47 years, and symptoms had been present for an average duration of 5.8 years (range 6 months to 27 years). Attempted biopsy has resulted in significant hemorrhage in three cases. As illustrated by the present case, the Grimelius argyrophil stain is a useful diagnostic procedure. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of neurosecretory granules with core diameters ranging from 110 to 140 nm. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment and has been possible in 14 cases; nine patients are alive and free of tumor for an average of 3 years. Compared to other head and neck paragangliomas, these have a more malignant course with a 25% mortality; tender subcutaneous metastases are commonly observed in these patients.", "PMID": 393115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9862", "title": "Syphilitic lymphadenitis: immunofluorescent identification of spirochetes from imprints.", "content": "We are reporting two cases of early syphilis with inguinal buboes which were surgically excised. Th clinical impression was lymphoma in one case and inguinal hernia in the other. The correct and specific diagnosis was quickly established by the application of fluorescent antibody technique to imprints of the enlarged lymph node.", "contents": "Syphilitic lymphadenitis: immunofluorescent identification of spirochetes from imprints. We are reporting two cases of early syphilis with inguinal buboes which were surgically excised. Th clinical impression was lymphoma in one case and inguinal hernia in the other. The correct and specific diagnosis was quickly established by the application of fluorescent antibody technique to imprints of the enlarged lymph node.", "PMID": 393116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9863", "title": "The Oxford Training Scheme in Anaesthesia and other matters.", "content": "The Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal College of Surgeons of England has made proposals on the training of anaesthetists. These proposals have been implemented by the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics of the University of Oxford. The General Professional Training scheme was established in 1972 and is briefly described. Some of the results and the fate of those who joined as trainees are presented. Some conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "The Oxford Training Scheme in Anaesthesia and other matters. The Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal College of Surgeons of England has made proposals on the training of anaesthetists. These proposals have been implemented by the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics of the University of Oxford. The General Professional Training scheme was established in 1972 and is briefly described. Some of the results and the fate of those who joined as trainees are presented. Some conclusions are drawn.", "PMID": 393122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9864", "title": "[Perfluorochemical-emulsion (fluorocarbon-43) as blood gas carrier--fate of the substance after intravenous injection in rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper concerns light and electron microscopic studies on cellular uptake and deposition of the oxygen and carbondioxide carrying substance \"Fluorocarbon-43\" after intravenous injection in rats. Phagocytosis of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" by blood monocytes, histiocytes, endothelial macrophages (i.e.v. Kupffersche cells) and hepatocytes as well, could be demonstrated. In our experiments cellular storage of the substance was detectable even six month after injection. In the lumina and walls of alveoli migrating macrophages with storage vacuoles were found indicating pulmonary excretion of the substance. Maximum storage of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" caused cellular alterations and may induce interstitial fibrosis. The question whether long term incorporation of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" causes irreversible alteration of organs is still a matter of conjecture because of the prolonged half-live value of storage of this substance.", "contents": "[Perfluorochemical-emulsion (fluorocarbon-43) as blood gas carrier--fate of the substance after intravenous injection in rat (author's transl)]. The present paper concerns light and electron microscopic studies on cellular uptake and deposition of the oxygen and carbondioxide carrying substance \"Fluorocarbon-43\" after intravenous injection in rats. Phagocytosis of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" by blood monocytes, histiocytes, endothelial macrophages (i.e.v. Kupffersche cells) and hepatocytes as well, could be demonstrated. In our experiments cellular storage of the substance was detectable even six month after injection. In the lumina and walls of alveoli migrating macrophages with storage vacuoles were found indicating pulmonary excretion of the substance. Maximum storage of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" caused cellular alterations and may induce interstitial fibrosis. The question whether long term incorporation of \"Fluorocarbon-43\" causes irreversible alteration of organs is still a matter of conjecture because of the prolonged half-live value of storage of this substance.", "PMID": 393124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9865", "title": "[Plasma catecholamines in open heart surgery and abdominal operations using a combined electrical stimulation analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of plasma catecholamines during surgery performed in the presence of a combined electrical stimulation analgesia were studied in 11 patients undergoing open heart surgery and in 5 patients undergoing abdominal operations. Stimulation was applied through 2 needles attached subcutaneously to each ear. In 8 of the 11 patients undergoing open heart surgery an up to 20 fold increase in the level of adrenaline in plasma was observed intraoperatively indicating a massive activation of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline remained elevated also in the postoperative period. The level of noradrenaline did not increase either during the intra- or during the postoperative period. In contrast no changes in adrenaline or noradrenaline could be demonstrated in the remaining 3 patients in whom the concentration of the catecholamines was in the lower normal range. In 5 patients with abdominal surgery noradrenaline was elevated additionally to the increase of adrenaline in the intra- and postoperative period. The increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was associated in these patients with an increase in heart rate and systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure. On the basis of these results the use of a combined electrical stimulation analgesia for abdominal surgery in patients at risk and for open heart surgery is questioned.", "contents": "[Plasma catecholamines in open heart surgery and abdominal operations using a combined electrical stimulation analgesia (author's transl)]. Changes of plasma catecholamines during surgery performed in the presence of a combined electrical stimulation analgesia were studied in 11 patients undergoing open heart surgery and in 5 patients undergoing abdominal operations. Stimulation was applied through 2 needles attached subcutaneously to each ear. In 8 of the 11 patients undergoing open heart surgery an up to 20 fold increase in the level of adrenaline in plasma was observed intraoperatively indicating a massive activation of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline remained elevated also in the postoperative period. The level of noradrenaline did not increase either during the intra- or during the postoperative period. In contrast no changes in adrenaline or noradrenaline could be demonstrated in the remaining 3 patients in whom the concentration of the catecholamines was in the lower normal range. In 5 patients with abdominal surgery noradrenaline was elevated additionally to the increase of adrenaline in the intra- and postoperative period. The increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was associated in these patients with an increase in heart rate and systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure. On the basis of these results the use of a combined electrical stimulation analgesia for abdominal surgery in patients at risk and for open heart surgery is questioned.", "PMID": 393125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9866", "title": "Neonatal tetanus.", "content": "Forty-eight babies were treated for neonatal tetanus and there were ten deaths. Twenty-seven patients were treated with neuromuscular blockade, nasotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation. In this group there were five deaths and three of these were the direct or indirect result of respiratory complications. A management regime for neonatal tetanus is outlined and the complications are discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal tetanus. Forty-eight babies were treated for neonatal tetanus and there were ten deaths. Twenty-seven patients were treated with neuromuscular blockade, nasotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation. In this group there were five deaths and three of these were the direct or indirect result of respiratory complications. A management regime for neonatal tetanus is outlined and the complications are discussed.", "PMID": 393127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9867", "title": "Hormones and the lung. II. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone binding in type II pulmonary epithelial cells clonally-derived from adult rat lung.", "content": "The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is the recognized state of surfactant synthesis and storage. Results of recent studies indicate that the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), may be important regulators of surfactant production and/or release. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used in an attempt to demonstrate binding of T3 and T4 in monolayer cultures of isolated type II cells. These cultured epithelial cells are clonally-derived from adult rat lung, retain a diploid karyotype through 35 population doublings in vitro, contain granular inclusions (lamellar bodies) in the perinuclear cytoplasm, and synthesize phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline pathway. In isolated type II cells, either of two fluorescent patterns was observed: (a) nuclear fluorescence accompanied by a reticular perinuclear network; or (b) diffuse cytoplasmic accumulations with concentrations around perinculear cytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally these inclusions had the typical appearance of lamellar bodies. Histochemical studies demonstrated that these inclusions contained surfactant-associated nonspecific esterases and stained with Nile blized markers for pulmonary surfactant indicate that these inclusions are indeed lamellar bodies, the putative sites of surfactant synthesis and/or storage. These findings suggest that the type II pulmonary epithelial cell contains specific binding sites for thyroid hormones, and support the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are regulators of surfactant metabolism.", "contents": "Hormones and the lung. II. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone binding in type II pulmonary epithelial cells clonally-derived from adult rat lung. The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is the recognized state of surfactant synthesis and storage. Results of recent studies indicate that the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), may be important regulators of surfactant production and/or release. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used in an attempt to demonstrate binding of T3 and T4 in monolayer cultures of isolated type II cells. These cultured epithelial cells are clonally-derived from adult rat lung, retain a diploid karyotype through 35 population doublings in vitro, contain granular inclusions (lamellar bodies) in the perinuclear cytoplasm, and synthesize phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline pathway. In isolated type II cells, either of two fluorescent patterns was observed: (a) nuclear fluorescence accompanied by a reticular perinuclear network; or (b) diffuse cytoplasmic accumulations with concentrations around perinculear cytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally these inclusions had the typical appearance of lamellar bodies. Histochemical studies demonstrated that these inclusions contained surfactant-associated nonspecific esterases and stained with Nile blized markers for pulmonary surfactant indicate that these inclusions are indeed lamellar bodies, the putative sites of surfactant synthesis and/or storage. These findings suggest that the type II pulmonary epithelial cell contains specific binding sites for thyroid hormones, and support the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are regulators of surfactant metabolism.", "PMID": 393133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9868", "title": "Morphology of the atrioventricular node, bundle and proximal bundle branches: a study employing computerized reconstruction.", "content": "The morphology of the human atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and bundle branches is described. A block of tissue bounded by the ostium of the coronary sinus, the pars membranacea, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the atrial and ventricular septa is removed. The block is then sectioned serially from the right endocardial surface in the frontal plane of the heart. Sectioning in this way produces fewer sections than from techniques previously described. Outlines of the atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and proximal bundle branches are digitally registered and stored in a computer. Three dimensional reconstructions of the structures are then generated by computer and displayed on an oscilloscope so that the entire three dimensional image can be rotated in any plane. Stereoscopic image pairs are produced to assist perception of the shape of the atrioventricular node, bundle and branching patterns of the bundles. This technique is unique in that it describes a method from which a relatively small number of histologic sections are generated permitting not only a complete histologic examination, but also a study of the morphology of the area.", "contents": "Morphology of the atrioventricular node, bundle and proximal bundle branches: a study employing computerized reconstruction. The morphology of the human atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and bundle branches is described. A block of tissue bounded by the ostium of the coronary sinus, the pars membranacea, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the atrial and ventricular septa is removed. The block is then sectioned serially from the right endocardial surface in the frontal plane of the heart. Sectioning in this way produces fewer sections than from techniques previously described. Outlines of the atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and proximal bundle branches are digitally registered and stored in a computer. Three dimensional reconstructions of the structures are then generated by computer and displayed on an oscilloscope so that the entire three dimensional image can be rotated in any plane. Stereoscopic image pairs are produced to assist perception of the shape of the atrioventricular node, bundle and branching patterns of the bundles. This technique is unique in that it describes a method from which a relatively small number of histologic sections are generated permitting not only a complete histologic examination, but also a study of the morphology of the area.", "PMID": 393134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9869", "title": "[Leukocyte migration. Clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a new method to study leukocyte migration with a skin window. The method uses a new leukocyte migration P. L. chamber. The technical is applied on witness population to release a reference scale of values.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration. Clinical study (author's transl)]. The authors present a new method to study leukocyte migration with a skin window. The method uses a new leukocyte migration P. L. chamber. The technical is applied on witness population to release a reference scale of values.", "PMID": 393135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9870", "title": "[Hemostatic effects of the argon laser on the gastric wall of the dog. II. Effects of the laser on 53 hemorrhagic ulcers of the gastric mucosa].", "content": "The authors made a histopathological study of 53 haemorrhagic ulcers of the gastric mucosa of the dog, photocoagulated using an Argon laser apparatus (delivering a power of 6 watts at the tip of the fibre). Haemostasis was obtained in less than 10 sec. in all cases where photocoagulation was performed by small applications of 1.5 sec. to the edges of the ulcer. There were no cases of perforation or muscularis damage. Healing of the lesions was complete or well under way at 15 days.", "contents": "[Hemostatic effects of the argon laser on the gastric wall of the dog. II. Effects of the laser on 53 hemorrhagic ulcers of the gastric mucosa]. The authors made a histopathological study of 53 haemorrhagic ulcers of the gastric mucosa of the dog, photocoagulated using an Argon laser apparatus (delivering a power of 6 watts at the tip of the fibre). Haemostasis was obtained in less than 10 sec. in all cases where photocoagulation was performed by small applications of 1.5 sec. to the edges of the ulcer. There were no cases of perforation or muscularis damage. Healing of the lesions was complete or well under way at 15 days.", "PMID": 393136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9871", "title": "[Practical immunocytochemistry of the endocrine pancreas].", "content": "Complementing cytochemical and ultrastructural studies, immunocytochemistry may be used to define, in terms of immunoreactivity, the nature of the polypeptide(s) made and stored in the cells of the endocrine pancreas, islet or otherwise. Immunoserums are applied to histological sections after fixation of the material in Bouin's fluid, and in accordance with four protocols: indirect immunofluorescence, immuno-enzymatic technique, variants in prolonged primary incubation and the method of soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes. Certain precautions are essential for correct interpretation. In the adult, four essential immunoreactions, corresponding to hormones or \"local hormones\" are regularly detected:insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved are known (B, A and D cells for the first three specificities). C-peptide immunoreactivity is easily identified, but other immunoreactivities are more irregular or contested: gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, ACTH, met-enkephalin.", "contents": "[Practical immunocytochemistry of the endocrine pancreas]. Complementing cytochemical and ultrastructural studies, immunocytochemistry may be used to define, in terms of immunoreactivity, the nature of the polypeptide(s) made and stored in the cells of the endocrine pancreas, islet or otherwise. Immunoserums are applied to histological sections after fixation of the material in Bouin's fluid, and in accordance with four protocols: indirect immunofluorescence, immuno-enzymatic technique, variants in prolonged primary incubation and the method of soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes. Certain precautions are essential for correct interpretation. In the adult, four essential immunoreactions, corresponding to hormones or \"local hormones\" are regularly detected:insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved are known (B, A and D cells for the first three specificities). C-peptide immunoreactivity is easily identified, but other immunoreactivities are more irregular or contested: gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, ACTH, met-enkephalin.", "PMID": 393137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9872", "title": "[Interest of stimultaneous determination of antistreptolysins and antideoxyribonuclease B in streptococcal infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of antistreptolysin O (ASLO) and antideoxyribonuclease B (ADNase B) was carried out on a sample of 199 sera from normal subjects and on a sample of 4019 sera from patients admitted to the Strasbourg University Hospital Center. The sera of hospital origin were divided into two groups. The first group (n = 3889) consisted of sera taken at random, the second group (n = 130) corresponded to patients in whom we isolated a streptococcus of group A. The results obtained show that the distribution of ADNase B and ASLO of normal subjects follow a logarithmic distribution. The geometric averages of the titres DNAase B and ASLO of normal sera and of the first group of hospital origin are scarcely different, whereas the geometrical means of the titres of the second group of sera of hospital origin are quite different and two or three dilutions higher. We noted that the titres of DNAase B and ASLO were in agreement in 84% of cases in the whole group of hospital sera. Among the cases of discrepancy, the negative ASLO and the positive DNAase B corresponded mainly to streptococcal infections.", "contents": "[Interest of stimultaneous determination of antistreptolysins and antideoxyribonuclease B in streptococcal infections (author's transl)]. The determination of antistreptolysin O (ASLO) and antideoxyribonuclease B (ADNase B) was carried out on a sample of 199 sera from normal subjects and on a sample of 4019 sera from patients admitted to the Strasbourg University Hospital Center. The sera of hospital origin were divided into two groups. The first group (n = 3889) consisted of sera taken at random, the second group (n = 130) corresponded to patients in whom we isolated a streptococcus of group A. The results obtained show that the distribution of ADNase B and ASLO of normal subjects follow a logarithmic distribution. The geometric averages of the titres DNAase B and ASLO of normal sera and of the first group of hospital origin are scarcely different, whereas the geometrical means of the titres of the second group of sera of hospital origin are quite different and two or three dilutions higher. We noted that the titres of DNAase B and ASLO were in agreement in 84% of cases in the whole group of hospital sera. Among the cases of discrepancy, the negative ASLO and the positive DNAase B corresponded mainly to streptococcal infections.", "PMID": 393138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9873", "title": "Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves: pathologic changes.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis was experimentally produced in 8 of 9 colostrum-fed calves orally given 10(11) Escherichia coli. The eight calves developed profuse diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and depression. At 12 hours after exposure, all calves were euthanatized for necropsy and for collection of tissues for microscopic examination. Histopathologic changes included stunted villi in the jejunum and ileum, focal degeneration and exfoliation of absorptive epithelial cells at the tips of jejunal and ileal villi, and focal emigration of neutrophils which was especially prominent above the dome area of aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer's patches). A layer of E coli adhered to the epithelial surface of the jejunum and ileum. In the duodenum, lesions were minimal or absent and bacteria were not adhering to the mucosa. Histopathologic changes were not observed in other tissues. In two calves examined 24 hours after they were inoculated and in two calves euthanatized 24 to 36 hours after spontaneously developing enteric colibacillosis, lesions were similar to those observed in the calves at 12 hours after exposure.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves: pathologic changes. Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis was experimentally produced in 8 of 9 colostrum-fed calves orally given 10(11) Escherichia coli. The eight calves developed profuse diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and depression. At 12 hours after exposure, all calves were euthanatized for necropsy and for collection of tissues for microscopic examination. Histopathologic changes included stunted villi in the jejunum and ileum, focal degeneration and exfoliation of absorptive epithelial cells at the tips of jejunal and ileal villi, and focal emigration of neutrophils which was especially prominent above the dome area of aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer's patches). A layer of E coli adhered to the epithelial surface of the jejunum and ileum. In the duodenum, lesions were minimal or absent and bacteria were not adhering to the mucosa. Histopathologic changes were not observed in other tissues. In two calves examined 24 hours after they were inoculated and in two calves euthanatized 24 to 36 hours after spontaneously developing enteric colibacillosis, lesions were similar to those observed in the calves at 12 hours after exposure.", "PMID": 393141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9874", "title": "Exposure of rabbits to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus or Penicillium sp: survival of fungi and microscopic changes in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.", "content": "Rabbits were exposed to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus by 1 of 2 routes: exposure to aerosols of dry spores or introduction of liquid suspensions of spores directly into the stomach. Rabbits also were exposed to aerosols containing spores of a Penicillium sp. Cultural and microscopic examinations of tissues from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts indicated fungi were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits within 1 hour after exposure to aerosols of A fumigatus or Penicillum spores. Viable A fumigatus and Penicillium were detected in lung tissues of rabbits for 2 or 3 weeks after inhalation of spores. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract no more than 1 week after aerosol exposure, and Penicillium, not beyond 48 hours. However, when large numbers of A fumigatus spores were introduced directly into the stomach, fungi were isolated from tissues for as long as 16 days after exposure even though the intestinal contents were negative 4 to 7 days after introduction of spores. Tests for precipitating antibody were negative, with one exception, among 26 rabbits surviving for 2 weeks or more. Microscopic changes were more pronounced in rabbits exposed to spores of A fumigatus than in rabbits exposed to Penicillium spores.", "contents": "Exposure of rabbits to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus or Penicillium sp: survival of fungi and microscopic changes in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Rabbits were exposed to spores of Aspergillus fumigatus by 1 of 2 routes: exposure to aerosols of dry spores or introduction of liquid suspensions of spores directly into the stomach. Rabbits also were exposed to aerosols containing spores of a Penicillium sp. Cultural and microscopic examinations of tissues from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts indicated fungi were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits within 1 hour after exposure to aerosols of A fumigatus or Penicillum spores. Viable A fumigatus and Penicillium were detected in lung tissues of rabbits for 2 or 3 weeks after inhalation of spores. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract no more than 1 week after aerosol exposure, and Penicillium, not beyond 48 hours. However, when large numbers of A fumigatus spores were introduced directly into the stomach, fungi were isolated from tissues for as long as 16 days after exposure even though the intestinal contents were negative 4 to 7 days after introduction of spores. Tests for precipitating antibody were negative, with one exception, among 26 rabbits surviving for 2 weeks or more. Microscopic changes were more pronounced in rabbits exposed to spores of A fumigatus than in rabbits exposed to Penicillium spores.", "PMID": 393142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9875", "title": "Effect of long-term tetracycline exposure (drinking water additive) on antibiotic-resistance of aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of rats.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the effect of 2 years of intermittent administration of tetracycline in drinking water on antibiotic resistance in the aerobic gram-negative enterobacteria of rats in a closed colony. The bacterial isolates examined were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and streptomycin for intestinal organisms were similar in all of the animals, regardless of whether the animals were sampled while they were given drinking water with added tetracycline or at intervals of 3, 8, and 9 months after the antibiotic was no longer added to the drinking water. Biochemical examination of the isolates from each principal showed that Escherichia coli was the predominant enteric organism. In conjugation experiments, all E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated transferred tetracycline and streptomycin resistance to an E coli K-12 recipient. Four different strains of rats that had not been treated with tetracycline (controls) were examined for tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-resistant Proteus mirabilis was isolated from the intestines of these animals. Plasmid-mediated resistance could not be demonstrated. The E coli and P vulgaris isolates from these control animals were susceptible to tetracycline.", "contents": "Effect of long-term tetracycline exposure (drinking water additive) on antibiotic-resistance of aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of rats. A study was undertaken to determine the effect of 2 years of intermittent administration of tetracycline in drinking water on antibiotic resistance in the aerobic gram-negative enterobacteria of rats in a closed colony. The bacterial isolates examined were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and streptomycin for intestinal organisms were similar in all of the animals, regardless of whether the animals were sampled while they were given drinking water with added tetracycline or at intervals of 3, 8, and 9 months after the antibiotic was no longer added to the drinking water. Biochemical examination of the isolates from each principal showed that Escherichia coli was the predominant enteric organism. In conjugation experiments, all E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated transferred tetracycline and streptomycin resistance to an E coli K-12 recipient. Four different strains of rats that had not been treated with tetracycline (controls) were examined for tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-resistant Proteus mirabilis was isolated from the intestines of these animals. Plasmid-mediated resistance could not be demonstrated. The E coli and P vulgaris isolates from these control animals were susceptible to tetracycline.", "PMID": 393143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9876", "title": "Bovine salmonellosis: experimental production and characterization of the disease in calves, using oral challenge with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A highly virulent strain of Salmonella tyhimurium was given orally to produce disease experimentally in 21 normal colostrum-fed calves 3 to 9 weeks old. The challenge inoculum varied from 10(4) to 10(11) organisms. The disease was characterized by fever, depressed attitude, and decreased appetite. Many calves given larger challenge dose levels also had diarrheic feces containing mucus, fibrin, and blood. Fecal cultures were positive for salmonella. Septicemia occurred in some calves (9 of 15 calves cultured were positive). Eleven calves died and 10 calves survived challenge exposure. Survival was inversely related to the size of the challenge inoculum and directly related (although to a lesser degree) to age of the calf. White blood cell total and differential counts were variable. Both neutropenia and neutrophilia were observed. Plasma proteins decreased markedly in calves with diarrhea, probably indicating fecal protein loss. Fibrinogen increased during the acute stages of diarrhea.", "contents": "Bovine salmonellosis: experimental production and characterization of the disease in calves, using oral challenge with Salmonella typhimurium. A highly virulent strain of Salmonella tyhimurium was given orally to produce disease experimentally in 21 normal colostrum-fed calves 3 to 9 weeks old. The challenge inoculum varied from 10(4) to 10(11) organisms. The disease was characterized by fever, depressed attitude, and decreased appetite. Many calves given larger challenge dose levels also had diarrheic feces containing mucus, fibrin, and blood. Fecal cultures were positive for salmonella. Septicemia occurred in some calves (9 of 15 calves cultured were positive). Eleven calves died and 10 calves survived challenge exposure. Survival was inversely related to the size of the challenge inoculum and directly related (although to a lesser degree) to age of the calf. White blood cell total and differential counts were variable. Both neutropenia and neutrophilia were observed. Plasma proteins decreased markedly in calves with diarrhea, probably indicating fecal protein loss. Fibrinogen increased during the acute stages of diarrhea.", "PMID": 393144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9877", "title": "A study of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in the uterus of the mare.", "content": "Two experiments incorporating 13 mares were conducted for the purpose of producing and monitoring intrauterine infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the pilot study, the infection was produced with strains of K pneumoniae type 68 and type 10 isolated from the genital tract of stallions with a history of breeding problems. In the principal study, K pneumoniae type 68 was used to produce the infection. Tampons and guarded culture swabs were used to obtain uterine samples in the pilot study. In comparing the efficacies of isolation of K pneumoniae with the tampons and isolation with standard guarded culture swab, the tampon proved to be a more reliable means with which to isolate K pneumoniae and was used in the principal study. In both studies, inoculated mares became infected and remained infected at least until the postinoculation estrous cycle was initiated or was completed. Some of the inoculated mares remained infected through more than one estrous cycle. The numbers of K pneumoniae decreased in the uterus of mares after completing the estrous cycle after inoculation. Klebsiella pneumoniae was not demonstrable in frozen tissue sections of uterine biopsy specimens stained by fluorescent antibody technique. Postinoculation sera antibody titers to K pneumoniae, as determined, using the capsule swelling technique, were no higher than 1:8.", "contents": "A study of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in the uterus of the mare. Two experiments incorporating 13 mares were conducted for the purpose of producing and monitoring intrauterine infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the pilot study, the infection was produced with strains of K pneumoniae type 68 and type 10 isolated from the genital tract of stallions with a history of breeding problems. In the principal study, K pneumoniae type 68 was used to produce the infection. Tampons and guarded culture swabs were used to obtain uterine samples in the pilot study. In comparing the efficacies of isolation of K pneumoniae with the tampons and isolation with standard guarded culture swab, the tampon proved to be a more reliable means with which to isolate K pneumoniae and was used in the principal study. In both studies, inoculated mares became infected and remained infected at least until the postinoculation estrous cycle was initiated or was completed. Some of the inoculated mares remained infected through more than one estrous cycle. The numbers of K pneumoniae decreased in the uterus of mares after completing the estrous cycle after inoculation. Klebsiella pneumoniae was not demonstrable in frozen tissue sections of uterine biopsy specimens stained by fluorescent antibody technique. Postinoculation sera antibody titers to K pneumoniae, as determined, using the capsule swelling technique, were no higher than 1:8.", "PMID": 393145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9878", "title": "In vivo and in vitro responses of cats sensitized with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG).", "content": "Cats were injected subcutaneously with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), and immune responses were evaluated at various times after injection. The BCG injection produced fever, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphadenopathy of regional lymph nodes. Intradermal tuberculin injection produced responses consistent with delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in the treated cats at postinoculation day 21. Skin responses to tuberculin were not significant at postinoculation day 49. The cellular infiltrate at the tuberculin injection site at 48 hours after injection was an admixture of polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells. The BCG produces strong intradermal skin responses in the cat, but the response was not long-lived as in cattle and guinea pigs. The BCG injection did not produce significant changes in the absolute total lymphocyte and absolute T-lymphocyte numbers in peripheral blood. The percentage of T-lymphocytes was significantly higher in the BCG-treated group. Differences were not observed in lymphocyte blastogenesis with tuberculin and non-specific mitogens between BCG-treated and control cats.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro responses of cats sensitized with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Cats were injected subcutaneously with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), and immune responses were evaluated at various times after injection. The BCG injection produced fever, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphadenopathy of regional lymph nodes. Intradermal tuberculin injection produced responses consistent with delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in the treated cats at postinoculation day 21. Skin responses to tuberculin were not significant at postinoculation day 49. The cellular infiltrate at the tuberculin injection site at 48 hours after injection was an admixture of polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells. The BCG produces strong intradermal skin responses in the cat, but the response was not long-lived as in cattle and guinea pigs. The BCG injection did not produce significant changes in the absolute total lymphocyte and absolute T-lymphocyte numbers in peripheral blood. The percentage of T-lymphocytes was significantly higher in the BCG-treated group. Differences were not observed in lymphocyte blastogenesis with tuberculin and non-specific mitogens between BCG-treated and control cats.", "PMID": 393146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9879", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli in the bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa) of the turkey.", "content": "Turkey poults were inoculated with avirulent or virulent strains of Escherichia coli by direct application to anal lips and were killed at postinoculation hours (PIH) 0.1, 2, 5, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96. Bursae of Fabricius (cloacal bursae) were collected, cultured, and examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. The virulent strain of E coli was not recovered from the bursae after PIH 24, although the avirulent strain was recovered up to PIH 96. The E coli strains neither localized at nor associated with the bursal fold epithelium, passed through the follicular pad epithelium, nor caused cytopathologic changes in the lymphoid follicle. A mild catarrhal bursitis was observed at PIH 48 with the avirulent strain of E coli.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli in the bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa) of the turkey. Turkey poults were inoculated with avirulent or virulent strains of Escherichia coli by direct application to anal lips and were killed at postinoculation hours (PIH) 0.1, 2, 5, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96. Bursae of Fabricius (cloacal bursae) were collected, cultured, and examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. The virulent strain of E coli was not recovered from the bursae after PIH 24, although the avirulent strain was recovered up to PIH 96. The E coli strains neither localized at nor associated with the bursal fold epithelium, passed through the follicular pad epithelium, nor caused cytopathologic changes in the lymphoid follicle. A mild catarrhal bursitis was observed at PIH 48 with the avirulent strain of E coli.", "PMID": 393148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9880", "title": "Vaccination of the dam by the intramuscular or deep subcutaneous route to prevent neonatal calf enteric colibacillosis.", "content": "Comparison of colostrum-induced immunities in calves was made by challenge exposure with Escherichia coli. These calves were delivered of cows which were vaccinated intramuscularly or deep subcutaneously (in the region of the mammary lymph nodes) with strain B44 E coli bacterin during the last trimester of pregnancy. The calf of each cow was allowed to nurse colostrum naturally after birth. Cows vaccinated by either route of administration were capable of providing increased resistance to their calves, via the colostrum, when compared with nonvaccinated cows.", "contents": "Vaccination of the dam by the intramuscular or deep subcutaneous route to prevent neonatal calf enteric colibacillosis. Comparison of colostrum-induced immunities in calves was made by challenge exposure with Escherichia coli. These calves were delivered of cows which were vaccinated intramuscularly or deep subcutaneously (in the region of the mammary lymph nodes) with strain B44 E coli bacterin during the last trimester of pregnancy. The calf of each cow was allowed to nurse colostrum naturally after birth. Cows vaccinated by either route of administration were capable of providing increased resistance to their calves, via the colostrum, when compared with nonvaccinated cows.", "PMID": 393149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9881", "title": "[Repair after circular pharyngo-laryngectomy with deltopectoral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven patients with advanced tumors of eso-pharyngeal area were treated by circular eso-pharyngo-laryngectomy with repair of pharyngo-esophageal continuity by deltopectoral flap (V. Y. Bakamjian). Surgical procedures are described and results presented. Advantages and failures, compared with others techniques, have allowed us to recommend the use of deltopectoral flap, especially when the tumor remains located in hypopharyngeal region and doesn't exceed one cm below the eso-pharyngeal ring.", "contents": "[Repair after circular pharyngo-laryngectomy with deltopectoral flap (author's transl)]. Eleven patients with advanced tumors of eso-pharyngeal area were treated by circular eso-pharyngo-laryngectomy with repair of pharyngo-esophageal continuity by deltopectoral flap (V. Y. Bakamjian). Surgical procedures are described and results presented. Advantages and failures, compared with others techniques, have allowed us to recommend the use of deltopectoral flap, especially when the tumor remains located in hypopharyngeal region and doesn't exceed one cm below the eso-pharyngeal ring.", "PMID": 393156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9882", "title": "[Aberrant course of the intrapetrous internal carotid in the eardrum. Analysis of a personal case. Review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of aberrant course of the internal carotid artery in the eardrum described, with the particular features of being associated with progressive chronic otitis and a picture of multiple malformations. Diagnosis of the abnormality of the course and its topographical limits, using tomography and angiography, led to a successful antroatticotomy. On the basis of a review of the literature, the authors describe the main criteria of the clinical and radiological diagnosis and present the current pathogenic theories of the mechanism of this congenital abnormality.", "contents": "[Aberrant course of the intrapetrous internal carotid in the eardrum. Analysis of a personal case. Review of the literature (author's transl)]. A new case of aberrant course of the internal carotid artery in the eardrum described, with the particular features of being associated with progressive chronic otitis and a picture of multiple malformations. Diagnosis of the abnormality of the course and its topographical limits, using tomography and angiography, led to a successful antroatticotomy. On the basis of a review of the literature, the authors describe the main criteria of the clinical and radiological diagnosis and present the current pathogenic theories of the mechanism of this congenital abnormality.", "PMID": 393155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9883", "title": "The influence of BCG vaccination on murine leprosy in C57BL/6 and C3H mice.", "content": "Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and BCG vaccine was found and evaluated in vivo, in C57BL/6 mice, in terms of delayed-type hypersensitivity, local granulomatous response at the injected site and limitation of growth of the challenge inoculum in the draining node. Cross-reactive specific protection and local reactivities were transferred in syngeneic normal recipients by means of non-adherent lymphoid cells from immune donors. When BCG vaccine was injected either intravenously or subcutaneously in C57BL/6 and in C3H mice, it was able to induce resistance to local infection with living MLM in both strains, but no alteration of the local granulomatous reaction (equivalent to local specific immune response) was observed in C3H mice, as compared to the control. When mice were immunized with one or two injections of heat-killed MLM after the immunomodulating effect of BCG vaccination, better immunization was not achieved. In order to test the presence of strain-related immunosuppressive mechanisms, mice were cyclophosphamide-treated during the immunization process. As expected, higher specific DTH reactions were obtained in both strains, but with only a slight increase of the protective mechanism. Protection was always higher in C57BL/6 than in C3H mice. The specific and non-specific immune responses to BCG vaccine were then evaluated in both strains with different parameters: in vivo lymphoproliferative response in the draining node, delayed local granulomatous reaction at the injected site after a subcutaneous injection, increase in spleen index, kinetics of the immunopotentiation to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) after a single intravenous injection of BCG. A striking interstrain difference was observed; C57BL/6 mice were able to mount a more rapid and marked immune response as compared to C3H mice (which only developed a delayed and slight response). Moreover, these differences were associated with the fact that BCG did not seem to multiply properly in C3H mice during the first two weeks after inoculation. Thus, it was concluded that higher natural resistance to pathogens and cross-reactive preimmunization with related microorganisms can interfere with the artificial immunization when living microorganisms are used. Implication for vaccination to mycobacterial infection (tuberculosis and leprosy) are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of BCG vaccination on murine leprosy in C57BL/6 and C3H mice. Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and BCG vaccine was found and evaluated in vivo, in C57BL/6 mice, in terms of delayed-type hypersensitivity, local granulomatous response at the injected site and limitation of growth of the challenge inoculum in the draining node. Cross-reactive specific protection and local reactivities were transferred in syngeneic normal recipients by means of non-adherent lymphoid cells from immune donors. When BCG vaccine was injected either intravenously or subcutaneously in C57BL/6 and in C3H mice, it was able to induce resistance to local infection with living MLM in both strains, but no alteration of the local granulomatous reaction (equivalent to local specific immune response) was observed in C3H mice, as compared to the control. When mice were immunized with one or two injections of heat-killed MLM after the immunomodulating effect of BCG vaccination, better immunization was not achieved. In order to test the presence of strain-related immunosuppressive mechanisms, mice were cyclophosphamide-treated during the immunization process. As expected, higher specific DTH reactions were obtained in both strains, but with only a slight increase of the protective mechanism. Protection was always higher in C57BL/6 than in C3H mice. The specific and non-specific immune responses to BCG vaccine were then evaluated in both strains with different parameters: in vivo lymphoproliferative response in the draining node, delayed local granulomatous reaction at the injected site after a subcutaneous injection, increase in spleen index, kinetics of the immunopotentiation to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) after a single intravenous injection of BCG. A striking interstrain difference was observed; C57BL/6 mice were able to mount a more rapid and marked immune response as compared to C3H mice (which only developed a delayed and slight response). Moreover, these differences were associated with the fact that BCG did not seem to multiply properly in C3H mice during the first two weeks after inoculation. Thus, it was concluded that higher natural resistance to pathogens and cross-reactive preimmunization with related microorganisms can interfere with the artificial immunization when living microorganisms are used. Implication for vaccination to mycobacterial infection (tuberculosis and leprosy) are discussed.", "PMID": 393159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9884", "title": "Role of macrophage activation in allograft immunity: in vivo studies.", "content": "Macrophage-rich adherent peritoneal cells from mice sensitized by two i.p. injections of allogeneic cells at days -- 12 and --2, were found non-specifically cytotoxic against (a) tumoral target cells, as evaluated by the chromium release test, and (b) normal target cells, as evaluated by a functional test based on the insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation of isolated pancreatic islet cells. This non-specific cytotoxicity was identical to that of macrophages \"activated\" by an in vitro incubation with supernatants of MLC between allograft donor and recipient as reported elsewhere. Moreover this cytotoxicity was not abolished by anti-theta serum treatment of adherent peritoneal cells before contact with target cells. It is concluded that an in vivo macrophage activation was obtained in our experiment. Using this same model, we found that the survival time of skin grafts from male C57BL/6 to female C57BL/6 mice was shortened if the graft was performed at the time when the recipient macrophages were found non-specifically cytotoxic (two days after the second allogeneic cell injection). The role  of macrophage cytotoxicity in this accelerated allograft rejection is suggested by (a) the lack of any detectable cross-histocompatibility antigens between the immunizing cells and the skin graft, and (b) the absence of any alteration of the graft survival if the second immunizing injection two days prior to grafting is omitted (in that case only lymphocytes are found specifically cytotoxic against the strain of injected cells, while the non-specific cytotoxicity of macrophages is lacking).", "contents": "Role of macrophage activation in allograft immunity: in vivo studies. Macrophage-rich adherent peritoneal cells from mice sensitized by two i.p. injections of allogeneic cells at days -- 12 and --2, were found non-specifically cytotoxic against (a) tumoral target cells, as evaluated by the chromium release test, and (b) normal target cells, as evaluated by a functional test based on the insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation of isolated pancreatic islet cells. This non-specific cytotoxicity was identical to that of macrophages \"activated\" by an in vitro incubation with supernatants of MLC between allograft donor and recipient as reported elsewhere. Moreover this cytotoxicity was not abolished by anti-theta serum treatment of adherent peritoneal cells before contact with target cells. It is concluded that an in vivo macrophage activation was obtained in our experiment. Using this same model, we found that the survival time of skin grafts from male C57BL/6 to female C57BL/6 mice was shortened if the graft was performed at the time when the recipient macrophages were found non-specifically cytotoxic (two days after the second allogeneic cell injection). The role  of macrophage cytotoxicity in this accelerated allograft rejection is suggested by (a) the lack of any detectable cross-histocompatibility antigens between the immunizing cells and the skin graft, and (b) the absence of any alteration of the graft survival if the second immunizing injection two days prior to grafting is omitted (in that case only lymphocytes are found specifically cytotoxic against the strain of injected cells, while the non-specific cytotoxicity of macrophages is lacking).", "PMID": 393160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9885", "title": "Classification of polyene antibiotics according to chemical structure and biological effects.", "content": "Fourteen polyene antibiotics and six of their semisynthetic derivatives were compared for their effects on potassium (K(+)) leakage and lethality or hemolysis of either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or mouse erythrocytes. These polyene antibiotics fell into two groups. Group I antibiotics caused K(+) leakage and cell death or hemolysis at the same concentrations of added polyene. In this group fungistatic and fungicidal levels were indistinguishable. Group I drugs included one triene (trienin); tetraenes (pimaricin and etruscomycin); pentaenes (filipin and chainin); one hexaene (dermostatin); and one polyene antibiotic with unknown chemical structure (lymphosarcin). Group II antibiotics caused considerable K(+) leakage at low concentrations and cell death or hemolysis at high concentrations. The fungistatic levels were clearly separable from fungicidal. This group included the heptaenes (amphotericin B, candicidin, aureofungin A and B, hamycin A and B), and five of their semisynthetic derivatives (amphotericin B methyl ester, N-acetyl-amphotericin B, hamycin A and B methyl esters, and N-acetyl-candicidin). Nystatin, classified as a tetraene, and its derivative, N-acetyl nystatin, also were in this group.", "contents": "Classification of polyene antibiotics according to chemical structure and biological effects. Fourteen polyene antibiotics and six of their semisynthetic derivatives were compared for their effects on potassium (K(+)) leakage and lethality or hemolysis of either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or mouse erythrocytes. These polyene antibiotics fell into two groups. Group I antibiotics caused K(+) leakage and cell death or hemolysis at the same concentrations of added polyene. In this group fungistatic and fungicidal levels were indistinguishable. Group I drugs included one triene (trienin); tetraenes (pimaricin and etruscomycin); pentaenes (filipin and chainin); one hexaene (dermostatin); and one polyene antibiotic with unknown chemical structure (lymphosarcin). Group II antibiotics caused considerable K(+) leakage at low concentrations and cell death or hemolysis at high concentrations. The fungistatic levels were clearly separable from fungicidal. This group included the heptaenes (amphotericin B, candicidin, aureofungin A and B, hamycin A and B), and five of their semisynthetic derivatives (amphotericin B methyl ester, N-acetyl-amphotericin B, hamycin A and B methyl esters, and N-acetyl-candicidin). Nystatin, classified as a tetraene, and its derivative, N-acetyl nystatin, also were in this group.", "PMID": 393163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9886", "title": "Affinities of penicillins and cephalosporins for the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 and their antibacterial activity.", "content": "The affinities of a range of penicillins and cephalosporins for ther penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 have been studied, and the results were compared with the antibacterial activity of the compounds against E. coli K-12 and an isogenic permeability mutant. Different penicillins and cephalosporins exhibited different affinities for the \"essential\" penicillin-binding proteins of E. coli K-12, in a manner which directly correlated with their observed effects upon bacterial morphology. Furthermore, the affinities of the compounds for their \"primary\" lethal penicillin-binding protein targets showed close agreement with their antibacterial activities against the permeability mutant.", "contents": "Affinities of penicillins and cephalosporins for the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 and their antibacterial activity. The affinities of a range of penicillins and cephalosporins for ther penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 have been studied, and the results were compared with the antibacterial activity of the compounds against E. coli K-12 and an isogenic permeability mutant. Different penicillins and cephalosporins exhibited different affinities for the \"essential\" penicillin-binding proteins of E. coli K-12, in a manner which directly correlated with their observed effects upon bacterial morphology. Furthermore, the affinities of the compounds for their \"primary\" lethal penicillin-binding protein targets showed close agreement with their antibacterial activities against the permeability mutant.", "PMID": 393164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9887", "title": "[Inflammation and host resistance against bacteria. I.--Increased resistance against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in mice, following their treatment with bradykinin, kallidin and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice pretreated with kinins are more resistant to a lethal challenge of Listeria monocytogenes. The multiplication of Listeria is decreased in the liver and spleen and the blood clearance of Salmonella typhi-murium is increased.", "contents": "[Inflammation and host resistance against bacteria. I.--Increased resistance against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in mice, following their treatment with bradykinin, kallidin and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin (author's transl)]. Mice pretreated with kinins are more resistant to a lethal challenge of Listeria monocytogenes. The multiplication of Listeria is decreased in the liver and spleen and the blood clearance of Salmonella typhi-murium is increased.", "PMID": 393161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9888", "title": "Amikacin resistance associated with a plasmid-borne aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Enzymatic phosphorylation of amikacin has not been reported previously in gram-negative bacteria. We found that extracts of MP1, a mutant of Escherichia coli JR66/W677 that is resistant to amikacin, were able to phosphorylate this aminoglycoside more rapidly than were extracts of the parental strain. Conjugal transfer of resistance from MP1 to a recipient strain was accompanied by acquisition in the transconjugants of amikacin phosphotransferase activity and of a 57-megadalton plasmid present in the donor. Partial purification of the phosphotransferase activity on amikacin-Sepharose 4B yielded an enzyme with a substrate spectrum similar to that of the 3'-neomycin-kanamycin phosphotransferase II found E. coli, except that it was also active against amikacin. A mutant of MP1, MP5, had increased susceptibility to amikacin and reduced phosphotransferase activity. MP9, a mutant MP5, was more resistant to amikacin and had increased phosphotransferase activity. The mutations leading to these alterations of amikacin susceptibility and amikacin phosphotransferase activity were transferable with the same plasmid that was associated with amikacin resistance and phosphotransferase activity in MP1. These studies demonstrate that resistance to amikacin in a laboratory strain of E. coli is due to an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase coded by a transferable plasmid-borne gene.", "contents": "Amikacin resistance associated with a plasmid-borne aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Escherichia coli. Enzymatic phosphorylation of amikacin has not been reported previously in gram-negative bacteria. We found that extracts of MP1, a mutant of Escherichia coli JR66/W677 that is resistant to amikacin, were able to phosphorylate this aminoglycoside more rapidly than were extracts of the parental strain. Conjugal transfer of resistance from MP1 to a recipient strain was accompanied by acquisition in the transconjugants of amikacin phosphotransferase activity and of a 57-megadalton plasmid present in the donor. Partial purification of the phosphotransferase activity on amikacin-Sepharose 4B yielded an enzyme with a substrate spectrum similar to that of the 3'-neomycin-kanamycin phosphotransferase II found E. coli, except that it was also active against amikacin. A mutant of MP1, MP5, had increased susceptibility to amikacin and reduced phosphotransferase activity. MP9, a mutant MP5, was more resistant to amikacin and had increased phosphotransferase activity. The mutations leading to these alterations of amikacin susceptibility and amikacin phosphotransferase activity were transferable with the same plasmid that was associated with amikacin resistance and phosphotransferase activity in MP1. These studies demonstrate that resistance to amikacin in a laboratory strain of E. coli is due to an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase coded by a transferable plasmid-borne gene.", "PMID": 393165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9889", "title": "Effect of free fatty acids on liposome susceptibility to imidazole antifungals.", "content": "The presence of free fatty acids in liposome model membranes sensitizes these membranes to the action of the imidazole antifungals, clotrimazole, micronazole, and sulconazole. Unsaturation of the fatty acids is an important variable; the effect of linoleic and oleic acids is much greater than that of stearic acid. The imidazoles differ somewhat in action, with clotrimazole potency greatest both on membranes with and without fatty acids. Sulconazole has very little activity on membranes without fatty acids even at the highest concentrations tested. The data are discussed with reference to the susceptibility of various cells to the imidazoles and the specificity of imidazole action. A modification of the enzymatic method generally used for assay of marker glucose with liposome systems is also presented.", "contents": "Effect of free fatty acids on liposome susceptibility to imidazole antifungals. The presence of free fatty acids in liposome model membranes sensitizes these membranes to the action of the imidazole antifungals, clotrimazole, micronazole, and sulconazole. Unsaturation of the fatty acids is an important variable; the effect of linoleic and oleic acids is much greater than that of stearic acid. The imidazoles differ somewhat in action, with clotrimazole potency greatest both on membranes with and without fatty acids. Sulconazole has very little activity on membranes without fatty acids even at the highest concentrations tested. The data are discussed with reference to the susceptibility of various cells to the imidazoles and the specificity of imidazole action. A modification of the enzymatic method generally used for assay of marker glucose with liposome systems is also presented.", "PMID": 393166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9890", "title": "Transductional construction of a threonine-producing strain of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "A threonine-producing strain of Serratia marcescens Sr41 was constructed according to the following process. Thr- strain E-60 was derived from strain HNr59 having constitutive levels of threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. Thr+ transductant T-570 was constructed from strain E-60 and phage grown on strain HNr21 having feedback-resistant threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. This transductant lacked both feedback inhibition and repression for the two enzymes. Thr- strain N-11 was derived from strain AECr174 lacking feedback inhibition and repression of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase. Subsequently, the threonine region of strain T-570 was transduced into strain N-11. One of the THR+ transductants, strain T-693, produced markedly high levels of the two aspartokinases and homoserine dehydrogenase, which were insensitive to feedback inhibition. This strain produced about 25 mg of threonine per ml in the medium containing sucrose and urea.", "contents": "Transductional construction of a threonine-producing strain of Serratia marcescens. A threonine-producing strain of Serratia marcescens Sr41 was constructed according to the following process. Thr- strain E-60 was derived from strain HNr59 having constitutive levels of threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. Thr+ transductant T-570 was constructed from strain E-60 and phage grown on strain HNr21 having feedback-resistant threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. This transductant lacked both feedback inhibition and repression for the two enzymes. Thr- strain N-11 was derived from strain AECr174 lacking feedback inhibition and repression of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase. Subsequently, the threonine region of strain T-570 was transduced into strain N-11. One of the THR+ transductants, strain T-693, produced markedly high levels of the two aspartokinases and homoserine dehydrogenase, which were insensitive to feedback inhibition. This strain produced about 25 mg of threonine per ml in the medium containing sucrose and urea.", "PMID": 393167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9891", "title": "Separation of botulinum-positive and -negative fish samples by means of a pattern recognition method applied to headspace gas chromatograms.", "content": "A gas chromatographic headspace technique was used to analyze the gas produced during putrefaction of pond-raised, degutted trout, incubated in evacuated plastic pouches. The following samples were analyzed; 10 samples which, due to natural contamination with Clostridium botulinum, were toxic when injected into mice, 10 samples which were nontoxic when injected, and 9 samples inoculated with one strain of C. botulinum type E. The gas chromatograms showed the presence of 118 compounds in most samples. Quantitative differences among most chromatograms could be observed, but no compound was unique to any of the three groups. By means of a specific pattern recognition method, all negative samples were shown to fall into one group and were distinctly separated from the toxic samples. No differences could be observed between the two groups of inoculated and naturally contaminated trout samples. The results suggest that headspace analysis combined with pattern recognition analysis might prove to be a valuable method for screening studies of foods containing living cells of C. botulinum.", "contents": "Separation of botulinum-positive and -negative fish samples by means of a pattern recognition method applied to headspace gas chromatograms. A gas chromatographic headspace technique was used to analyze the gas produced during putrefaction of pond-raised, degutted trout, incubated in evacuated plastic pouches. The following samples were analyzed; 10 samples which, due to natural contamination with Clostridium botulinum, were toxic when injected into mice, 10 samples which were nontoxic when injected, and 9 samples inoculated with one strain of C. botulinum type E. The gas chromatograms showed the presence of 118 compounds in most samples. Quantitative differences among most chromatograms could be observed, but no compound was unique to any of the three groups. By means of a specific pattern recognition method, all negative samples were shown to fall into one group and were distinctly separated from the toxic samples. No differences could be observed between the two groups of inoculated and naturally contaminated trout samples. The results suggest that headspace analysis combined with pattern recognition analysis might prove to be a valuable method for screening studies of foods containing living cells of C. botulinum.", "PMID": 393168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9892", "title": "Differentiation of selected Enterobacteriaceae by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography was used to differentiate selected species of Enterobacteriaceae. Individual cultures of Salmonella typhi, Hafnia alvei, and Proteus vulgaris, and 12 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were grown in nutrient broth. After harvest and lyophilization, the bacterial samples were pyrolyzed at 900 degrees C, and their volatile fractions were separated on a 50-m capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The resulting pyrolysis elution patterns (pyrograms) of the four species were monitored on an integrating console, which was coupled with the chromatographic detector. The pyrograms were divided into 312 30-s time interval areas, and each interval area was normalized in relation to the area of the entire curve. The normalized areas were evaluated by stepwise linear discriminant analysis, and the discriminating component coordinates were used to generate a plot of the canonical variables. Distinct clustering patterns allowed discrimination among the four genera of Enterobacteriaceae studied. The tight clustering of the 12 Y. enterocolitica strains suggests the advantage of pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography over traditional approaches for species identification.", "contents": "Differentiation of selected Enterobacteriaceae by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography. Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography was used to differentiate selected species of Enterobacteriaceae. Individual cultures of Salmonella typhi, Hafnia alvei, and Proteus vulgaris, and 12 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were grown in nutrient broth. After harvest and lyophilization, the bacterial samples were pyrolyzed at 900 degrees C, and their volatile fractions were separated on a 50-m capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The resulting pyrolysis elution patterns (pyrograms) of the four species were monitored on an integrating console, which was coupled with the chromatographic detector. The pyrograms were divided into 312 30-s time interval areas, and each interval area was normalized in relation to the area of the entire curve. The normalized areas were evaluated by stepwise linear discriminant analysis, and the discriminating component coordinates were used to generate a plot of the canonical variables. Distinct clustering patterns allowed discrimination among the four genera of Enterobacteriaceae studied. The tight clustering of the 12 Y. enterocolitica strains suggests the advantage of pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography over traditional approaches for species identification.", "PMID": 393169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9893", "title": "Plate diffusion assay as a rapid method for dosimetry of mutagens.", "content": "This paper presents a method for determining mutagenic concentrations of chemicals by using an agar diffusion assay. The method is based on the linear relationship between the amount of chemical placed at the center of the dish and the radius of the mutagenic zone. A brief theoretical discussion and experimental data confirming this relationship are given. Alkylating agents and mycotoxins were used to test the system. This method can be used to follow up decreased mutagenic potencies of solutions of unstable mutagens and to follow the production of mutagenic substances throughout fermentation.", "contents": "Plate diffusion assay as a rapid method for dosimetry of mutagens. This paper presents a method for determining mutagenic concentrations of chemicals by using an agar diffusion assay. The method is based on the linear relationship between the amount of chemical placed at the center of the dish and the radius of the mutagenic zone. A brief theoretical discussion and experimental data confirming this relationship are given. Alkylating agents and mycotoxins were used to test the system. This method can be used to follow up decreased mutagenic potencies of solutions of unstable mutagens and to follow the production of mutagenic substances throughout fermentation.", "PMID": 393170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9894", "title": "Adherence of bacteria, yeast, blood cells, and latex spheres to large-porosity membrane filters.", "content": "Strong adherence of bacteria, yeast, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, spores, and polystyrene spheres to membrane filter materials was noted during filtration through membranes with pore size diameters much larger than the particles themselves. Quantitative recovery on the membrane filters of these particles from low-concentration suspensions was achieved during gravity- or vacuum-assisted filtration through membranes with pore diameters as much as 30 times that of the filtered particles. Mechanical sieving was not responsible. The phenomenon was judged to be electrostatic. It could be partially blocked by pretreating the filter with a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20), and elution of adherent particles was achieved with 0.05% Tween 20. Gram-positive cocci were removed from suspension more efficiently than gram-negative rods. The commonly used cellulose membranes adsorbed more bacteria, blood cells, and other particles than did polycarbonate filters. Of lesser adsorptive capacity were vinyl acetate, nylon, acrylic, and Teflon membranes. Backwashing with saline, serum, 6% NaCl, dextran solutions, or phosphate buffers of varying molality and pH removed only a fraction of adherent particles. Tween 20 (0.05%) eluted up to 45% of adherent particles in a single back-filtration. Selected filters quantitatively removed the particles tested, which then could be washed and subjected to reagents for a variety of purposes. It is important to anticipate the removal of particles during membrane filtration, since it is not a simple mechanical event.", "contents": "Adherence of bacteria, yeast, blood cells, and latex spheres to large-porosity membrane filters. Strong adherence of bacteria, yeast, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, spores, and polystyrene spheres to membrane filter materials was noted during filtration through membranes with pore size diameters much larger than the particles themselves. Quantitative recovery on the membrane filters of these particles from low-concentration suspensions was achieved during gravity- or vacuum-assisted filtration through membranes with pore diameters as much as 30 times that of the filtered particles. Mechanical sieving was not responsible. The phenomenon was judged to be electrostatic. It could be partially blocked by pretreating the filter with a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20), and elution of adherent particles was achieved with 0.05% Tween 20. Gram-positive cocci were removed from suspension more efficiently than gram-negative rods. The commonly used cellulose membranes adsorbed more bacteria, blood cells, and other particles than did polycarbonate filters. Of lesser adsorptive capacity were vinyl acetate, nylon, acrylic, and Teflon membranes. Backwashing with saline, serum, 6% NaCl, dextran solutions, or phosphate buffers of varying molality and pH removed only a fraction of adherent particles. Tween 20 (0.05%) eluted up to 45% of adherent particles in a single back-filtration. Selected filters quantitatively removed the particles tested, which then could be washed and subjected to reagents for a variety of purposes. It is important to anticipate the removal of particles during membrane filtration, since it is not a simple mechanical event.", "PMID": 393171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9895", "title": "Early Dutch contributions on Peyronie's disease.", "content": "Long before De la Peyronie's description of three cases of plastic induration and curvature of the penis (1743) the disorder was already known. The Ephemerides (1687) and the rather scabrous booklet, Venus minzieke gasthuis (Venus Hospital for the lovesick)(1688), contain short remarks on this condition. Two extensive Dutch contributions -- not mentioned in the literature on this subject -- were written by Nicolaas Tulp (1593--1674) and Fredrik Ruysch (1638--1731). The first one is a case history, the second one is more general discussion with a fine engraving added. Treatment varied according to the various early authors. The therapeutic successes claimed must be seen in the light of the natural history of this disease: spontaneous improvement occurs not infrequently. To change the eponym 'Peyronie's disease', however, seems unjustified. It is an homage to Fran\u00e7ois Gigot de la Peyronie (1678-1747) surgeon to King Louis XV and founder of the French Acad\u00e9mie de Chirurgie.", "contents": "Early Dutch contributions on Peyronie's disease. Long before De la Peyronie's description of three cases of plastic induration and curvature of the penis (1743) the disorder was already known. The Ephemerides (1687) and the rather scabrous booklet, Venus minzieke gasthuis (Venus Hospital for the lovesick)(1688), contain short remarks on this condition. Two extensive Dutch contributions -- not mentioned in the literature on this subject -- were written by Nicolaas Tulp (1593--1674) and Fredrik Ruysch (1638--1731). The first one is a case history, the second one is more general discussion with a fine engraving added. Treatment varied according to the various early authors. The therapeutic successes claimed must be seen in the light of the natural history of this disease: spontaneous improvement occurs not infrequently. To change the eponym 'Peyronie's disease', however, seems unjustified. It is an homage to Fran\u00e7ois Gigot de la Peyronie (1678-1747) surgeon to King Louis XV and founder of the French Acad\u00e9mie de Chirurgie.", "PMID": 393172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9896", "title": "Facial paralysis - 100 years of treatment.", "content": "After surveying the literature on the treatment of unilateral facial paralysis, a classification of the various measures is offered. Several methods and their values are discussed, and the treatments we prefer indicated.", "contents": "Facial paralysis - 100 years of treatment. After surveying the literature on the treatment of unilateral facial paralysis, a classification of the various measures is offered. Several methods and their values are discussed, and the treatments we prefer indicated.", "PMID": 393173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9897", "title": "Urinary-tract infections due to inflammation around nonabsorbable suture material in the bladder.", "content": "Three patients are reported with urinary-tract infections around wire granulomas caused by nonabsorbable suture material in the bladder. On the basis of reports in the literature and of personal findings use of this material in operations in and around the urinary tract should be considered inadvisable. Use of absorbable material, such as catgut, chromic catgut, Dexon or Vicryl is to be preferred.", "contents": "Urinary-tract infections due to inflammation around nonabsorbable suture material in the bladder. Three patients are reported with urinary-tract infections around wire granulomas caused by nonabsorbable suture material in the bladder. On the basis of reports in the literature and of personal findings use of this material in operations in and around the urinary tract should be considered inadvisable. Use of absorbable material, such as catgut, chromic catgut, Dexon or Vicryl is to be preferred.", "PMID": 393176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9898", "title": "Ethnic differences in the Goodenough-Harris draw-a-man and draw-a-woman tests.", "content": "The draw-a-man (DAM) and draw-a-woman (DAW) tests were given to 307 schoolchildren in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The children were ethnically Malay, Chinese, or Indian (Tamil), and all came from lower socioeconomic groups. The standard scores of the Chinese children averaged 118 in the DAM and 112 in the DAW tests. These scores were significantly better than the American standards. Malay children scored significantly lower than Chinese, and Tamil children scored lower again. The nutritional status of the children had no influence on the scores. Chinese and Tamil children scored better in the DAM than the DAW, while in Malay boys the reverse was true. Malay children tended to emphasise clothing in the DAM, but Chinese and Tamil children scored better on items relating to facial features and body proportions. The Goodenough-Harris draw-a-person tests are obviously not culture-free, but the causes of ethnic differences have not been elucidated.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in the Goodenough-Harris draw-a-man and draw-a-woman tests. The draw-a-man (DAM) and draw-a-woman (DAW) tests were given to 307 schoolchildren in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The children were ethnically Malay, Chinese, or Indian (Tamil), and all came from lower socioeconomic groups. The standard scores of the Chinese children averaged 118 in the DAM and 112 in the DAW tests. These scores were significantly better than the American standards. Malay children scored significantly lower than Chinese, and Tamil children scored lower again. The nutritional status of the children had no influence on the scores. Chinese and Tamil children scored better in the DAM than the DAW, while in Malay boys the reverse was true. Malay children tended to emphasise clothing in the DAM, but Chinese and Tamil children scored better on items relating to facial features and body proportions. The Goodenough-Harris draw-a-person tests are obviously not culture-free, but the causes of ethnic differences have not been elucidated.", "PMID": 393181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9899", "title": "The efficacy of histamine antagonists as antipruritics in experimentally induced pruritus.", "content": "1. The antipruritic ability of histamine (H1 and H2) antagonists alone and in combination in experimentally induced pruritus has been investigated in 12 normal human volunteers. 2. A combination of cimetidine (H2 anatagonist) and chlorpheniramine (H1 antagonist) proved effective in suppressing itch that was artificially induced by the application of papain and histamine. 3. The combination was more effective than chlorpheniramine or cimetidine alone or placebo. 4. The results suggest that both H1 and H2 receptors are involved in the mediation of pruritus.", "contents": "The efficacy of histamine antagonists as antipruritics in experimentally induced pruritus. 1. The antipruritic ability of histamine (H1 and H2) antagonists alone and in combination in experimentally induced pruritus has been investigated in 12 normal human volunteers. 2. A combination of cimetidine (H2 anatagonist) and chlorpheniramine (H1 antagonist) proved effective in suppressing itch that was artificially induced by the application of papain and histamine. 3. The combination was more effective than chlorpheniramine or cimetidine alone or placebo. 4. The results suggest that both H1 and H2 receptors are involved in the mediation of pruritus.", "PMID": 393182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9900", "title": "Immunoelectron-microscopical localization of in vivo-bound complement C3 in bullous pemphigoid with the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique.", "content": "In vivo-bound complement C3 in bullous pemphigoid was precisely localized by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. In the nonbullous lesions peroxidase deposits filled the lamina lucida completely, i.e., the space between lamina densa and the cell membranes of the basal cells. In developed bullae, the reaction product was located both on the lamina densa and on the surface of separated keratinocytes. These findings may indicate that antigen components in bullous pemphigoid are localized almost exclusively within the ground substance which fills the lamina lucida and covers the surface of the basal cells.", "contents": "Immunoelectron-microscopical localization of in vivo-bound complement C3 in bullous pemphigoid with the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. In vivo-bound complement C3 in bullous pemphigoid was precisely localized by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. In the nonbullous lesions peroxidase deposits filled the lamina lucida completely, i.e., the space between lamina densa and the cell membranes of the basal cells. In developed bullae, the reaction product was located both on the lamina densa and on the surface of separated keratinocytes. These findings may indicate that antigen components in bullous pemphigoid are localized almost exclusively within the ground substance which fills the lamina lucida and covers the surface of the basal cells.", "PMID": 393183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9901", "title": "Fibronectin distribution in epithelial and associated tissues of the rat.", "content": "Specific antiserum was used to investigate the distribution of the extracellular glycoprotein, fibronectin, in rat skin and tongue tissue by light and electron microscopy with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. We conclude that fibronectin is absent from stable, differentiated parts of tissues, such as the sebaceous glands or the matrix, medulla, cortex, and cuticles of the hair and the inner and outer root sheaths, or even in tissues in which there is some cell movement, such as the epidermis. It is, however, characteristic of sites at which cell division is occurring in contact with an extracellular scaffolding, such as basement membrane or loose connective tissue. Conspicuous examples were in the glassy membrane and connective tissue sheath associated with the follicular epithelium, the basement membrane underlying vascular endothelial cells, the connective tissues surrounding and investing nerve and muscle fibre bundles, and the dermal connective tissue where fibronectin was often associated closely with collagen fibres. At the basement membrane of the dermal/epidermal junction, fibronectin occurred at the plasma membrane of the basal cells and in the lamina lucida area. There was no correlation with specific areas of cell-substrate adhesion, such as the hemidesmosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblasts stained strongly suggesting that these cells represent a major site of synthesis.", "contents": "Fibronectin distribution in epithelial and associated tissues of the rat. Specific antiserum was used to investigate the distribution of the extracellular glycoprotein, fibronectin, in rat skin and tongue tissue by light and electron microscopy with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. We conclude that fibronectin is absent from stable, differentiated parts of tissues, such as the sebaceous glands or the matrix, medulla, cortex, and cuticles of the hair and the inner and outer root sheaths, or even in tissues in which there is some cell movement, such as the epidermis. It is, however, characteristic of sites at which cell division is occurring in contact with an extracellular scaffolding, such as basement membrane or loose connective tissue. Conspicuous examples were in the glassy membrane and connective tissue sheath associated with the follicular epithelium, the basement membrane underlying vascular endothelial cells, the connective tissues surrounding and investing nerve and muscle fibre bundles, and the dermal connective tissue where fibronectin was often associated closely with collagen fibres. At the basement membrane of the dermal/epidermal junction, fibronectin occurred at the plasma membrane of the basal cells and in the lamina lucida area. There was no correlation with specific areas of cell-substrate adhesion, such as the hemidesmosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblasts stained strongly suggesting that these cells represent a major site of synthesis.", "PMID": 393184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9902", "title": "The concentration of chloroquine in serum during short and long term malaria prophylaxis with standard and 'double' dosage in non-immunes: clinical implications.", "content": "The concentration of chloroquine in serum was analysed after one week, six weeks and one year on standard dose prophylaxis (300 mg chloroquine base once a week) and after six months on the double dose. After six weeks, the standard dose gave adequate protection against malaria. During the first weeks of prophylaxis insufficient protection might be achieved by the customary standard dose. In a double-dose group many values reached the point above which a higher incidence of side-reactions have been observed.", "contents": "The concentration of chloroquine in serum during short and long term malaria prophylaxis with standard and 'double' dosage in non-immunes: clinical implications. The concentration of chloroquine in serum was analysed after one week, six weeks and one year on standard dose prophylaxis (300 mg chloroquine base once a week) and after six months on the double dose. After six weeks, the standard dose gave adequate protection against malaria. During the first weeks of prophylaxis insufficient protection might be achieved by the customary standard dose. In a double-dose group many values reached the point above which a higher incidence of side-reactions have been observed.", "PMID": 393188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9903", "title": "Schistosomiasis: assessment of the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of serological methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in Nigeria.", "content": "Three groups of sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), complement fixation (CF) and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) techniques; 56 (10.1%) of 554 sera from Nigerians were anticomplementary and so could not be tested by the CF. Crude antigen extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni was used in the CF and CCIE tests and cercarial antigen in the IFA test. IFA was the most sensitive test and CF the most specific. The reproducibility of both these tests was good. The CCIE was the least sensitive and specific, and its reproducibility was poor. The IFA test was the most suitable for Nigerian conditions. Cross-reactions to S. haematobium antibodies were consistently present in all three tests and it was not possible to differentiate serologically S. mansoni from S. haemotobium. The interpretations of the results presented some difficulties because of the frequency of cross-reactions and false-positives, but the data fell within the infection prevalence rate of 50% reported earlier from south-western Nigeria. The IFA test was more specific and is considered ideal for serodiagnosis.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis: assessment of the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of serological methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Three groups of sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), complement fixation (CF) and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) techniques; 56 (10.1%) of 554 sera from Nigerians were anticomplementary and so could not be tested by the CF. Crude antigen extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni was used in the CF and CCIE tests and cercarial antigen in the IFA test. IFA was the most sensitive test and CF the most specific. The reproducibility of both these tests was good. The CCIE was the least sensitive and specific, and its reproducibility was poor. The IFA test was the most suitable for Nigerian conditions. Cross-reactions to S. haematobium antibodies were consistently present in all three tests and it was not possible to differentiate serologically S. mansoni from S. haemotobium. The interpretations of the results presented some difficulties because of the frequency of cross-reactions and false-positives, but the data fell within the infection prevalence rate of 50% reported earlier from south-western Nigeria. The IFA test was more specific and is considered ideal for serodiagnosis.", "PMID": 393189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9904", "title": "Bancroftian filariasis: a comparison of microfilariae counting techniques using counting chamber, standard slide and membrane (nuclepore) filtration.", "content": "Three techniques were compared for counting microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in blood specimens--a standard slide method, the counting chamber technique (CCT) and a membrane filtration technique (MFCT). The CCT was much more sensitive than the slide method, the difference in sensitivity between these two methods probably being due mainly to the loss of microfilariae during the dehaemoglobinizing process prior to staining in the standard slide method. There was good correlation between the techniques when 0.1 ml of finger-prick blood was examined by the CCT and 1 ml of venous blood by the MFCT. The number of additional positives revealed by the MFCT was ten of 275 (3.6%) subjects examined. The use of venepuncture for MFCT is impractical for field surveys in East Africa whereas a microfilarial count on 0.1 ml of finger-prick blood meets most of the criteria required of a field technique. The method is simple, quantitative and acceptable to the population. The results are reproducible, can be readily checked, the technique provides a useful and practical method for obtaining prevalence information following control schemes. The finding of a relatively low prevalence of microfilariae seen by both MFCT and CCT in children aged five to nine years from a highly endemic filariasis area agrees with the results of previous East African surveys carried out by blood smear and CCT.", "contents": "Bancroftian filariasis: a comparison of microfilariae counting techniques using counting chamber, standard slide and membrane (nuclepore) filtration. Three techniques were compared for counting microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in blood specimens--a standard slide method, the counting chamber technique (CCT) and a membrane filtration technique (MFCT). The CCT was much more sensitive than the slide method, the difference in sensitivity between these two methods probably being due mainly to the loss of microfilariae during the dehaemoglobinizing process prior to staining in the standard slide method. There was good correlation between the techniques when 0.1 ml of finger-prick blood was examined by the CCT and 1 ml of venous blood by the MFCT. The number of additional positives revealed by the MFCT was ten of 275 (3.6%) subjects examined. The use of venepuncture for MFCT is impractical for field surveys in East Africa whereas a microfilarial count on 0.1 ml of finger-prick blood meets most of the criteria required of a field technique. The method is simple, quantitative and acceptable to the population. The results are reproducible, can be readily checked, the technique provides a useful and practical method for obtaining prevalence information following control schemes. The finding of a relatively low prevalence of microfilariae seen by both MFCT and CCT in children aged five to nine years from a highly endemic filariasis area agrees with the results of previous East African surveys carried out by blood smear and CCT.", "PMID": 393190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9905", "title": "Preliminary screening of antifilarial activity of levamisole and amodiaquine on Wuchereria bancrofti.", "content": "A single dose of levamisole of 3 mg/kg had a marked microfilaricidal effect in some persons harbouring Wuchereria bancrofti, but there was considerable variation in the response. In some cases blood examinations for microfilariae remained negative or at a low level for several months. Persons with high pretreatment microfilaraemias responded less to therapy than did those with low counts. The main side-reaction to levamisole was fever, which began six to eight hours after treatment. Combined DEC-levamisole therapy appears to have no advantage over the use of DEC alone. Amodiaquine in a total dose of 40 mg/kg appears to be macrofilaricidal, but because of the slight possibility of blood dyscrasias, mass chemotherapy with this dosage could not be recommended. Some amodiaquine congeners shown to be effective in experimental infections against adult filarial worms may prove to have a higher chemotherapeutic index than amodiaquine against W. bancrofti in man.", "contents": "Preliminary screening of antifilarial activity of levamisole and amodiaquine on Wuchereria bancrofti. A single dose of levamisole of 3 mg/kg had a marked microfilaricidal effect in some persons harbouring Wuchereria bancrofti, but there was considerable variation in the response. In some cases blood examinations for microfilariae remained negative or at a low level for several months. Persons with high pretreatment microfilaraemias responded less to therapy than did those with low counts. The main side-reaction to levamisole was fever, which began six to eight hours after treatment. Combined DEC-levamisole therapy appears to have no advantage over the use of DEC alone. Amodiaquine in a total dose of 40 mg/kg appears to be macrofilaricidal, but because of the slight possibility of blood dyscrasias, mass chemotherapy with this dosage could not be recommended. Some amodiaquine congeners shown to be effective in experimental infections against adult filarial worms may prove to have a higher chemotherapeutic index than amodiaquine against W. bancrofti in man.", "PMID": 393191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9906", "title": "Cardiovascular actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat.", "content": "The cardiovascular actions of the newly discovered bicyclic prostaglandin, prostacyclin, or PGI2, were compared with those of PGE1 in the anesthetized cat. PGI2 decreased systemic arterial pressure, increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance. The decreases in systemic vascular resistance were similar when PGI2 was injected into the left or right atrium, suggesting that prostacyclin is not inactivated in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. PGE1 also decreased systemic arterial pressure and increased cardiac output; however, left atrial administration of this substance produced greater reductions in systemic vascular resistance than right atrial injections, suggesting that PGE1 is inactivated in the feline lung. PGI2 also caused dose-related decreases in perfusion pressure in the renal, hindquarters and mesenteric vascular beds and had the greatest vasodilator activity in the mesenteric vascular bed. PGE1 decreased perfusion pressure in the 3 regional beds, and the overall dilator effects of PGI2 and PGE1 in the peripheral circulation were quite smiliar. The present data show that PGI2 is a potent peripheral vasodilator in the cat and since this substance is not inactivated in the lung, it could serve as a circulating hormone in this species.", "contents": "Cardiovascular actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat. The cardiovascular actions of the newly discovered bicyclic prostaglandin, prostacyclin, or PGI2, were compared with those of PGE1 in the anesthetized cat. PGI2 decreased systemic arterial pressure, increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance. The decreases in systemic vascular resistance were similar when PGI2 was injected into the left or right atrium, suggesting that prostacyclin is not inactivated in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. PGE1 also decreased systemic arterial pressure and increased cardiac output; however, left atrial administration of this substance produced greater reductions in systemic vascular resistance than right atrial injections, suggesting that PGE1 is inactivated in the feline lung. PGI2 also caused dose-related decreases in perfusion pressure in the renal, hindquarters and mesenteric vascular beds and had the greatest vasodilator activity in the mesenteric vascular bed. PGE1 decreased perfusion pressure in the 3 regional beds, and the overall dilator effects of PGI2 and PGE1 in the peripheral circulation were quite smiliar. The present data show that PGI2 is a potent peripheral vasodilator in the cat and since this substance is not inactivated in the lung, it could serve as a circulating hormone in this species.", "PMID": 393193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9907", "title": "Inhibition of vasoconstrictor responses by prostacyclin (PGI2) in the feline mesenteric vascular bed.", "content": "The effects of infusion of prostacyclin, PGI2, on vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin II were investigated in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves and intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine and angiotensin increased mesenteric perfusion pressure in a frequency and dose-dependent manner. Responses to nerve stimulation and pressor hormones were reproducible and not altered by infusions of the Tris vehicle for PGI2 or the PGI2 breakdown product, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Infusions of PGI2, 1 and 0.3 micrograms/min, decreased mesenteric arterial perfusion pressure and, at the higher infusion rate, markedly reduced responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin. At the lower infusion rate PGI2 caused small but significant reductions in responses to norepinephrine and nerve stimulation but did not alter responses to angiotensin. Results of these studies demonstrate that PGI2 possesses the ability to inhibit vasoconstrictor responses in the feline intestinal vascular bed and suggest that this effect is postjunctional.", "contents": "Inhibition of vasoconstrictor responses by prostacyclin (PGI2) in the feline mesenteric vascular bed. The effects of infusion of prostacyclin, PGI2, on vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin II were investigated in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves and intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine and angiotensin increased mesenteric perfusion pressure in a frequency and dose-dependent manner. Responses to nerve stimulation and pressor hormones were reproducible and not altered by infusions of the Tris vehicle for PGI2 or the PGI2 breakdown product, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Infusions of PGI2, 1 and 0.3 micrograms/min, decreased mesenteric arterial perfusion pressure and, at the higher infusion rate, markedly reduced responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin. At the lower infusion rate PGI2 caused small but significant reductions in responses to norepinephrine and nerve stimulation but did not alter responses to angiotensin. Results of these studies demonstrate that PGI2 possesses the ability to inhibit vasoconstrictor responses in the feline intestinal vascular bed and suggest that this effect is postjunctional.", "PMID": 393194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9908", "title": "[Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of the cell wall of Candida albicans (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the cell wall of Candida albicans was carried out by means of Concanavalin A on glycol methacrylate ultrathin sections. The sections were incubated successively with horseradish peroxydase, 3-3' diaminobenzidine and H2O2, for revealing the binding sites of the lectin. This method allowed us to localize mannan, since Concanavalin A does not react with other polysaccharides of the C. albicans cell wall. In these conditions mannan was found to be located in two continuous reactive layers at the periphery of blastospores cell wall. The results are discussed in relation with those obtained by another method using the polysaccharide detection technique described by Thiery (PATAg).", "contents": "[Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of the cell wall of Candida albicans (author's transl)]. The ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the cell wall of Candida albicans was carried out by means of Concanavalin A on glycol methacrylate ultrathin sections. The sections were incubated successively with horseradish peroxydase, 3-3' diaminobenzidine and H2O2, for revealing the binding sites of the lectin. This method allowed us to localize mannan, since Concanavalin A does not react with other polysaccharides of the C. albicans cell wall. In these conditions mannan was found to be located in two continuous reactive layers at the periphery of blastospores cell wall. The results are discussed in relation with those obtained by another method using the polysaccharide detection technique described by Thiery (PATAg).", "PMID": 393198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9909", "title": "Temperature control of nitrogen fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "At growth temperatures above 37 degrees C, Klebsiella pneumoniae does not grow in a medium containing N2 or NO3- as nitrogen sources. However, both the growth in the presence of other nitrogen sources as well as the in vitro nitrogenase activity are not affected at this temperature. The inability to fix N2 at high temperature is due to the failure of the cells to synthesize nitrogenase and other nitrogen fixation (nif) gene encoded proteins. When cells grown under nitrogen fixing conditions at 30 degrees C were shifted to 39 degrees C, there was a rapid decrease of the rate of de novo biosynthesis of nitrogenase (component 1), nitrogenase reductase (component 2), and the nifJ gene product. There was no degradation of nitrogenase at the elevated temperature since preformed enzyme remained stable over a period of at least 3 h at 39 degrees C. Thus, temperature seems to represent a third control system, besides NH4+ and O2, governing the expression of nif genes of K. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Temperature control of nitrogen fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. At growth temperatures above 37 degrees C, Klebsiella pneumoniae does not grow in a medium containing N2 or NO3- as nitrogen sources. However, both the growth in the presence of other nitrogen sources as well as the in vitro nitrogenase activity are not affected at this temperature. The inability to fix N2 at high temperature is due to the failure of the cells to synthesize nitrogenase and other nitrogen fixation (nif) gene encoded proteins. When cells grown under nitrogen fixing conditions at 30 degrees C were shifted to 39 degrees C, there was a rapid decrease of the rate of de novo biosynthesis of nitrogenase (component 1), nitrogenase reductase (component 2), and the nifJ gene product. There was no degradation of nitrogenase at the elevated temperature since preformed enzyme remained stable over a period of at least 3 h at 39 degrees C. Thus, temperature seems to represent a third control system, besides NH4+ and O2, governing the expression of nif genes of K. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 393199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9910", "title": "Spontaneous fascial necrosis of the upper thigh by beta-hemolytic streptococci.", "content": "This is a case-report of a gangrene involving muscle and fascia of the left femur due to group A of beta-hemolytic streptococci without visible injury of the skin. The diagnosis was derived from germ-evidence and by course of anti-desoxyribonuclease-B titer.", "contents": "Spontaneous fascial necrosis of the upper thigh by beta-hemolytic streptococci. This is a case-report of a gangrene involving muscle and fascia of the left femur due to group A of beta-hemolytic streptococci without visible injury of the skin. The diagnosis was derived from germ-evidence and by course of anti-desoxyribonuclease-B titer.", "PMID": 393201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9911", "title": "The stability of osteosyntheses bridging defects.", "content": "Segmental defects of 2 cm in the femoral midshaft of dogs were bridged with either single, double or a single plate and cortical bone graft. The massive bone transplant was fixed with screws opposite the plate in order to diminish harmful bending loads. The biomechanical behavior was tested under continuous increasing axial stress. The combined osteosynthesis of internal plate and contralateral cortical bone graft fixation increased the stability in the defect region significantly (see Figs. 3 and 4). The results of our tests are discussed with respect to the basic problem that the biological behavior of transplanted cortical bone depends mainly on absolute stability in the transplanted area. We think--although the transplantation of autologous cancellous bone should be favoured--the transplantation of massive bone grafts still has its indications under well defined conditions particularly when good mechanical stability is present.", "contents": "The stability of osteosyntheses bridging defects. Segmental defects of 2 cm in the femoral midshaft of dogs were bridged with either single, double or a single plate and cortical bone graft. The massive bone transplant was fixed with screws opposite the plate in order to diminish harmful bending loads. The biomechanical behavior was tested under continuous increasing axial stress. The combined osteosynthesis of internal plate and contralateral cortical bone graft fixation increased the stability in the defect region significantly (see Figs. 3 and 4). The results of our tests are discussed with respect to the basic problem that the biological behavior of transplanted cortical bone depends mainly on absolute stability in the transplanted area. We think--although the transplantation of autologous cancellous bone should be favoured--the transplantation of massive bone grafts still has its indications under well defined conditions particularly when good mechanical stability is present.", "PMID": 393202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9912", "title": "[Symptoms and therapy of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in elder patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on symptoms, therapy and results of a follow-up of 17 patients with the rare disease of osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. The therapy depends on the extend of the necrosis, the axis of the leg and the results of scintigraphy or scintimetry and arthrography or arthroscopy. Small necroses can be treated conservatively, but in case of a genu varum a valgus-osteotomie should be performed. Bigger necroses are bored or bolted combined with a valgus-osteotomie, if necessary. Extensive osteonecroses can only be treated by partial endoprosthesis or autologue bone-cartilage-transplantation.", "contents": "[Symptoms and therapy of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in elder patients (author's transl)]. The author reports on symptoms, therapy and results of a follow-up of 17 patients with the rare disease of osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. The therapy depends on the extend of the necrosis, the axis of the leg and the results of scintigraphy or scintimetry and arthrography or arthroscopy. Small necroses can be treated conservatively, but in case of a genu varum a valgus-osteotomie should be performed. Bigger necroses are bored or bolted combined with a valgus-osteotomie, if necessary. Extensive osteonecroses can only be treated by partial endoprosthesis or autologue bone-cartilage-transplantation.", "PMID": 393204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9913", "title": "Mass lesion of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty.", "content": "Examination of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty may be relatively easy, but the evaluation of a mass lesion presents particular possibilities and problems. Closed compression capsulotomy occasionally results in rupture of the gel prosthesis, and when silicone contacts the surrounding breast tissue, a firm granuloma can result. A patient after augmentation mammoplasty had a mass lesion of the breast following trauma. At operation, the gel prosthesis was found to have ruptured and resulted in a silicone granuloma. A history of closed compression capsulotomy or trauma is important in the preoperative evaluation of such patients, and both the surgeon and the patient should be prepared to procede with replacement of the implant at the time of biopsy.", "contents": "Mass lesion of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty. Examination of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty may be relatively easy, but the evaluation of a mass lesion presents particular possibilities and problems. Closed compression capsulotomy occasionally results in rupture of the gel prosthesis, and when silicone contacts the surrounding breast tissue, a firm granuloma can result. A patient after augmentation mammoplasty had a mass lesion of the breast following trauma. At operation, the gel prosthesis was found to have ruptured and resulted in a silicone granuloma. A history of closed compression capsulotomy or trauma is important in the preoperative evaluation of such patients, and both the surgeon and the patient should be prepared to procede with replacement of the implant at the time of biopsy.", "PMID": 393205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9914", "title": "Vascular substances that modulate blood-to-vessel interactions.", "content": "The vessel wall contains powerful inhibitors of thrombogenesis. One substance, a proteoglycan, is a strong anticoagulant but has only a limited effect on platelet aggregation. It prolongs the thrombin clotting time and partial thromboplastin time, but only blocks platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. Another vessel wall constituent, a prostaglandin derivative (prostacyclin), is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It antagonizes platelet aggregation induced by a variety of agents including adenosine diphosphate, collagen, arachidonic acid and thrombin; however, its only effect on coagulation is through the inhibition of platelet factor-3 release. Proteoglycans and prostacyclin comlement each other's antithrombotic activities, and together serve to limit the hemostatic response of blood to vessel wall injury. Vessels devoid of the intima continue to produce prostacyclin. Prostacyclin produced by these vessels is probably more important than that produced by vessels with the intima in the prevention of thrombus deposition.", "contents": "Vascular substances that modulate blood-to-vessel interactions. The vessel wall contains powerful inhibitors of thrombogenesis. One substance, a proteoglycan, is a strong anticoagulant but has only a limited effect on platelet aggregation. It prolongs the thrombin clotting time and partial thromboplastin time, but only blocks platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. Another vessel wall constituent, a prostaglandin derivative (prostacyclin), is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It antagonizes platelet aggregation induced by a variety of agents including adenosine diphosphate, collagen, arachidonic acid and thrombin; however, its only effect on coagulation is through the inhibition of platelet factor-3 release. Proteoglycans and prostacyclin comlement each other's antithrombotic activities, and together serve to limit the hemostatic response of blood to vessel wall injury. Vessels devoid of the intima continue to produce prostacyclin. Prostacyclin produced by these vessels is probably more important than that produced by vessels with the intima in the prevention of thrombus deposition.", "PMID": 393210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9915", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the pancreas in the progeny from females with experimental hypothyroidism].", "content": "Histophysiological pancreatic indices were studied in 1-, 21- and 30-day-old offsprings of white non-lineal female rats that were given antithyreoid drug mercasolil in the dose 3 mg/kg of body weight during pregnancy and lactation. Chemical inhibition of maternal thyreoid function results in decreasing weight index of the offspring's pancreas, in decreasing section area of the terminal secretory parts, in narrowing the homogenous zone of exocrine pancreocytes, in decreasing the portion occupied by the endocrine part on the section area, as well as in decreasing the index of B/A cells ratio of pancreatic islands and of nuclear volume of basophilic insulocytes. It is possible to conclude from the data obtained that maternal hypothyreosis produced by mercasolil unfavourably affects the process of structural and functional setting and the status of the pancreas in the offspring.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the pancreas in the progeny from females with experimental hypothyroidism]. Histophysiological pancreatic indices were studied in 1-, 21- and 30-day-old offsprings of white non-lineal female rats that were given antithyreoid drug mercasolil in the dose 3 mg/kg of body weight during pregnancy and lactation. Chemical inhibition of maternal thyreoid function results in decreasing weight index of the offspring's pancreas, in decreasing section area of the terminal secretory parts, in narrowing the homogenous zone of exocrine pancreocytes, in decreasing the portion occupied by the endocrine part on the section area, as well as in decreasing the index of B/A cells ratio of pancreatic islands and of nuclear volume of basophilic insulocytes. It is possible to conclude from the data obtained that maternal hypothyreosis produced by mercasolil unfavourably affects the process of structural and functional setting and the status of the pancreas in the offspring.", "PMID": 393212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9916", "title": "[Structural organization of the juxtaglomerular complex of the kidney and its changes in the modelling of renovascular hypertension].", "content": "While studying a normal juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) under light optic and electron microscope, histotopographic dependence in distribution of its components in the renal cortical substance was stated. In normal periglomerular cells, processes of synthesis and excretion of renine granules are taking place that is demonstrated by the presence of young maturing, mature forms and subsequent excretion of their contents. In 157 rats during the development of experimental renovascular hypertension, correlation of the JGC of various classes of granularity was increasing towards the latter. Hyperfunction of the periglomerular cells is dynamically performed transferring from the accumulative type into the secretory one; this is proved by both changing in granularity index and correlation in stages of granule formation and excretion of their contents. Juxtavascular cells (Goormaghtigh's cells) and mesangiocytes are the reserve for renine production. Cellular reaction of macula densa is manifested in metaplasia of epitheliocytes of the distal part of the nephron, in increasing index of macula densa and in ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the juxtaglomerular complex of the kidney and its changes in the modelling of renovascular hypertension]. While studying a normal juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) under light optic and electron microscope, histotopographic dependence in distribution of its components in the renal cortical substance was stated. In normal periglomerular cells, processes of synthesis and excretion of renine granules are taking place that is demonstrated by the presence of young maturing, mature forms and subsequent excretion of their contents. In 157 rats during the development of experimental renovascular hypertension, correlation of the JGC of various classes of granularity was increasing towards the latter. Hyperfunction of the periglomerular cells is dynamically performed transferring from the accumulative type into the secretory one; this is proved by both changing in granularity index and correlation in stages of granule formation and excretion of their contents. Juxtavascular cells (Goormaghtigh's cells) and mesangiocytes are the reserve for renine production. Cellular reaction of macula densa is manifested in metaplasia of epitheliocytes of the distal part of the nephron, in increasing index of macula densa and in ultrastructural changes.", "PMID": 393213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9917", "title": "External septorhinoplasty.", "content": "One of the disadvantages of the usual endonasal technique of rhinoplasty is the poor surveyability of the surgical field. By joining the left and right marginal incision via a transverse columellar incision and elevating the skin of the columella and the dorsum nasi, the infrastructure of the nose can be exposed. The good exposition results in a meticulous surgery of the nasal dorsum, precise correction of the triangular cartilages, good access to the septum and more a-curate augmentation procedures of the prespinal area, columella or nasal dorsum. This \"external\" approach is more or less a synthesis of the subcutaneous endonasal method and surgery under visual control, with the only sacrifice of a small scar which has marked advantages on the other hand. The results of the external approach to septorhinoplasty in 30 patients with cosmetic and functional complaints are discussed. No complications attributable to the method were seen. Especially for difficult cases as revisional operations, congenital nasal deformities and multiple traumatic damaged noses the external approach appears to be very useful.", "contents": "External septorhinoplasty. One of the disadvantages of the usual endonasal technique of rhinoplasty is the poor surveyability of the surgical field. By joining the left and right marginal incision via a transverse columellar incision and elevating the skin of the columella and the dorsum nasi, the infrastructure of the nose can be exposed. The good exposition results in a meticulous surgery of the nasal dorsum, precise correction of the triangular cartilages, good access to the septum and more a-curate augmentation procedures of the prespinal area, columella or nasal dorsum. This \"external\" approach is more or less a synthesis of the subcutaneous endonasal method and surgery under visual control, with the only sacrifice of a small scar which has marked advantages on the other hand. The results of the external approach to septorhinoplasty in 30 patients with cosmetic and functional complaints are discussed. No complications attributable to the method were seen. Especially for difficult cases as revisional operations, congenital nasal deformities and multiple traumatic damaged noses the external approach appears to be very useful.", "PMID": 393219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9918", "title": "[Nystagmometry and biocybernetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Nystagmus can be predicted or simulated by means of mathematical models. If the simulation seems to be successful the parameters of the model may be used for an adequate description of the nystagmic response. Considering the biocybernetics of the vestibulo-oculomotor system a minimal extent of computer-nystagmometry is determined. The efficient application of this method requires the knowledge of standard values for the involved parameters. These values have been determined for tests with sinusoidal rotatory stimulation. Age dependent nominal values can be computed and are compared with actual results. The differences are divided by the standard deviation; values less than 2 are supposed to be normal. Thus a first step of automatic assessment of the vestibular system's function becomes possible.", "contents": "[Nystagmometry and biocybernetics (author's transl)]. Nystagmus can be predicted or simulated by means of mathematical models. If the simulation seems to be successful the parameters of the model may be used for an adequate description of the nystagmic response. Considering the biocybernetics of the vestibulo-oculomotor system a minimal extent of computer-nystagmometry is determined. The efficient application of this method requires the knowledge of standard values for the involved parameters. These values have been determined for tests with sinusoidal rotatory stimulation. Age dependent nominal values can be computed and are compared with actual results. The differences are divided by the standard deviation; values less than 2 are supposed to be normal. Thus a first step of automatic assessment of the vestibular system's function becomes possible.", "PMID": 393220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9919", "title": "The vascular mantles of labyrinthine bone; a comparative anatomical study.", "content": "The vascular mantles of the endochondral layer of labyrinthine bone in dog (Canis f. intermedius Woldrich) and monkey (Pithecus fascicularis Raffl.) were examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopy and compared to those in man. A three-dimensional reconstruction of vessels and their vascular mantles is demonstrated. It is shown that these mantles only cover parts of the vessel. Using polarized light one can find vascular mantles containing lamellar fragments. By means of transmission electron microscopy a canalization of perivascular mantle matrix can be demonstrated. The ultrastructure of cells in mantle zones shows that these cells are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Signs of osteocytolysis are found. The importance of oxygenation via canalization of the vascular mantle matrix is discussed as well as the importance of lacking biomechanical stress in endochondral layer as to their influence on formation of vascular mantles. According to the \"embryologic character\" of endochondral layer an analogy between incomplete osteons which are to be found in developing woven bone and vascular mantles is considered.", "contents": "The vascular mantles of labyrinthine bone; a comparative anatomical study. The vascular mantles of the endochondral layer of labyrinthine bone in dog (Canis f. intermedius Woldrich) and monkey (Pithecus fascicularis Raffl.) were examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopy and compared to those in man. A three-dimensional reconstruction of vessels and their vascular mantles is demonstrated. It is shown that these mantles only cover parts of the vessel. Using polarized light one can find vascular mantles containing lamellar fragments. By means of transmission electron microscopy a canalization of perivascular mantle matrix can be demonstrated. The ultrastructure of cells in mantle zones shows that these cells are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Signs of osteocytolysis are found. The importance of oxygenation via canalization of the vascular mantle matrix is discussed as well as the importance of lacking biomechanical stress in endochondral layer as to their influence on formation of vascular mantles. According to the \"embryologic character\" of endochondral layer an analogy between incomplete osteons which are to be found in developing woven bone and vascular mantles is considered.", "PMID": 393221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9920", "title": "Living related renal transplantation: experience in 22 cases.", "content": "Twenty-two living related renal transplant operations have been performed at Prince Henry's Hospital over the last seven years. Donors have been accepted for nephrectomy only after exhaustive examination of their health and serach for renal disease. The one and three year graft survival rates have been 85% and 64% respectively. Only two recipients have died, and recipient morbidity has been low. Donors have not suffered any serious complication from nephrectomy. It is concluded that living related renal transplantation has many advantages over cadaveric renal transplantation and is a relatively safe procedure for the donor, provided that rigid criteria are used in donor selection.", "contents": "Living related renal transplantation: experience in 22 cases. Twenty-two living related renal transplant operations have been performed at Prince Henry's Hospital over the last seven years. Donors have been accepted for nephrectomy only after exhaustive examination of their health and serach for renal disease. The one and three year graft survival rates have been 85% and 64% respectively. Only two recipients have died, and recipient morbidity has been low. Donors have not suffered any serious complication from nephrectomy. It is concluded that living related renal transplantation has many advantages over cadaveric renal transplantation and is a relatively safe procedure for the donor, provided that rigid criteria are used in donor selection.", "PMID": 393227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9921", "title": "Transplant renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Renal artery stenosis occurred in 13.5% of 229 consecutive cadaver renal transplants performed at the Royal Melbourne Hospital over an eight and a half year period. Clinical and laboratory indices which suggested the diagnosis were examined. The presence and severity of hypertension were of little predictive value, while deterioration of renal function for which other causes had been excluded and the histological appearance of renal biopsy speciments were valuable in suggesting the diagnosis. A selective approach in both investigation and attempted surgical repair is recommended.", "contents": "Transplant renal artery stenosis. Renal artery stenosis occurred in 13.5% of 229 consecutive cadaver renal transplants performed at the Royal Melbourne Hospital over an eight and a half year period. Clinical and laboratory indices which suggested the diagnosis were examined. The presence and severity of hypertension were of little predictive value, while deterioration of renal function for which other causes had been excluded and the histological appearance of renal biopsy speciments were valuable in suggesting the diagnosis. A selective approach in both investigation and attempted surgical repair is recommended.", "PMID": 393228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9922", "title": "Cancer following renal transplantation.", "content": "Ninety-nine (21%) of 471 patients who survived with functioning grafts for at least six months following renal transplantation developed cancer. Of these 76 (77%) had skin malignancy, 29 (29%) had malignancy affecting other organs, and six had cancer of both skin and other organs. In patients with skin cancer squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was three times as frequent as basal cell carcinoma (BCC). SCC tended to be multiple, recurrent and aggressive. Seven (12%) patients with SCC developed metastases of whom five died. Cancers other than skin included reticulum cell sarcoma (9), acute leukaemia (2) and cancers involving the gastrointestinal (5), genitourinary (11) and respiratory (2) systems. Incidence of cancer in patients surviving beyond one, five and nine years after operation was 98/428 (23%), 70/179 (39%) and 20/45 (44%) respectively. In 31 patients who died more than five years after transplantation cancer was the major cause in eight (26%). For the types of cancers recorded estimates show allograft recipients to be at increased risk when compared with the age-matched Australian population by factors which varied from 300 times for reticulum cell sarcoma to 1.8 times for invasive carcinoma of the cervix. The full extent of the threat of cancer in immune suppressed transplant recipients remains to be determined.", "contents": "Cancer following renal transplantation. Ninety-nine (21%) of 471 patients who survived with functioning grafts for at least six months following renal transplantation developed cancer. Of these 76 (77%) had skin malignancy, 29 (29%) had malignancy affecting other organs, and six had cancer of both skin and other organs. In patients with skin cancer squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was three times as frequent as basal cell carcinoma (BCC). SCC tended to be multiple, recurrent and aggressive. Seven (12%) patients with SCC developed metastases of whom five died. Cancers other than skin included reticulum cell sarcoma (9), acute leukaemia (2) and cancers involving the gastrointestinal (5), genitourinary (11) and respiratory (2) systems. Incidence of cancer in patients surviving beyond one, five and nine years after operation was 98/428 (23%), 70/179 (39%) and 20/45 (44%) respectively. In 31 patients who died more than five years after transplantation cancer was the major cause in eight (26%). For the types of cancers recorded estimates show allograft recipients to be at increased risk when compared with the age-matched Australian population by factors which varied from 300 times for reticulum cell sarcoma to 1.8 times for invasive carcinoma of the cervix. The full extent of the threat of cancer in immune suppressed transplant recipients remains to be determined.", "PMID": 393229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9923", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications following renal transplantation.", "content": "Gastrointestinal complications occurred in 19 of 290 recipients (6.6%) of the 325 cadaveric renal allografts undertaken between September 1969 and December 1978. The mortality was 42.1%. Upper gastrointestinal complications, principally haemorrhage, occurred in 12 patients (4.1%), 11 of whom were males, usually within four months of transplantation, and often associated with acute rejection and its treatment. Surgery was required in five patients. The overall mortality was 16.7%. Colonic complications occurred in five patients (1.7%), four of whom died, the absence of specific signs having led to a significant delay in diagnosis. One patient died from abdominal vascular disease, and one from carcinoma of the gallbladder. To decrease the high morbidity and mortality, both medical and appropriate surgical prophylaxis for peptic ulceration and diverticular disease are necessary, as is an awareness of the transplant recipient's propensity to develop a gastrointestinal complication at any time, up to years after transplantation. Early recognition and treatment of such complications are essential.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications following renal transplantation. Gastrointestinal complications occurred in 19 of 290 recipients (6.6%) of the 325 cadaveric renal allografts undertaken between September 1969 and December 1978. The mortality was 42.1%. Upper gastrointestinal complications, principally haemorrhage, occurred in 12 patients (4.1%), 11 of whom were males, usually within four months of transplantation, and often associated with acute rejection and its treatment. Surgery was required in five patients. The overall mortality was 16.7%. Colonic complications occurred in five patients (1.7%), four of whom died, the absence of specific signs having led to a significant delay in diagnosis. One patient died from abdominal vascular disease, and one from carcinoma of the gallbladder. To decrease the high morbidity and mortality, both medical and appropriate surgical prophylaxis for peptic ulceration and diverticular disease are necessary, as is an awareness of the transplant recipient's propensity to develop a gastrointestinal complication at any time, up to years after transplantation. Early recognition and treatment of such complications are essential.", "PMID": 393230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9924", "title": "Lymphocele after renal transplantation.", "content": "Lymphoceles occurred in 25 of 115 patients after renal transplantation in the Oxford Unit. Signs of obstruction or pressure were produced in 16 of these 25 patients (15%), while nine were detected on a routine ultrasound scan. The 16 symptomatic lymphoceles were treated successfully by aspiration or surgical fenestration into the peritoneal cavity . Of the possible causes examined, diathermy and division of iliac lymphatics seemed to be the most likely reason for this high incidence. Since a technique of ligating or clipping the iliac lymphatics has been adopted, no lymphoceles have occurred in the subsequent 70 transplants.", "contents": "Lymphocele after renal transplantation. Lymphoceles occurred in 25 of 115 patients after renal transplantation in the Oxford Unit. Signs of obstruction or pressure were produced in 16 of these 25 patients (15%), while nine were detected on a routine ultrasound scan. The 16 symptomatic lymphoceles were treated successfully by aspiration or surgical fenestration into the peritoneal cavity . Of the possible causes examined, diathermy and division of iliac lymphatics seemed to be the most likely reason for this high incidence. Since a technique of ligating or clipping the iliac lymphatics has been adopted, no lymphoceles have occurred in the subsequent 70 transplants.", "PMID": 393231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9925", "title": "Further experience with an external ureterovesical anastomosis in renal transplantation.", "content": "Review of the results of the use of an external ureterovesical anastomosis in 266 renal transplantations showed that urinary fistulae occurred in 34 patients (12.8%), and ureteric obstruction in six (2.3%). The fistulae were due to technical failure of the anastomosis in 13 patients, to distal ureteric necrosis in 13, to total ureteric necrosis in six, and to other causes in two. Fistula management was successful in 26 cases (76.5%), but multiple operations were often necessary and wound complications frequent (41.2%). The continuing high incidence of urological complications following ureterovesical anastomosis has resulted in increasing use of ureteroneocystostomy as the primary form of urinary reconstruction after transplantation in this unit.", "contents": "Further experience with an external ureterovesical anastomosis in renal transplantation. Review of the results of the use of an external ureterovesical anastomosis in 266 renal transplantations showed that urinary fistulae occurred in 34 patients (12.8%), and ureteric obstruction in six (2.3%). The fistulae were due to technical failure of the anastomosis in 13 patients, to distal ureteric necrosis in 13, to total ureteric necrosis in six, and to other causes in two. Fistula management was successful in 26 cases (76.5%), but multiple operations were often necessary and wound complications frequent (41.2%). The continuing high incidence of urological complications following ureterovesical anastomosis has resulted in increasing use of ureteroneocystostomy as the primary form of urinary reconstruction after transplantation in this unit.", "PMID": 393232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9926", "title": "A vascular surgeon's approach to renal transplantation.", "content": "The blood vessels and blood supply are of first importance in organ transplantation, and the use of established vascular surgical principles and techniques can simplify renal grafting and reduce its risks and complications. This paper describes a vascular surgeon's approach to the problems of donor nephrectomy, kidney insertion, and the avoidance and management of complications, based on the surgical experience in the Royal Melbourne Hospital of some 350 transplants.", "contents": "A vascular surgeon's approach to renal transplantation. The blood vessels and blood supply are of first importance in organ transplantation, and the use of established vascular surgical principles and techniques can simplify renal grafting and reduce its risks and complications. This paper describes a vascular surgeon's approach to the problems of donor nephrectomy, kidney insertion, and the avoidance and management of complications, based on the surgical experience in the Royal Melbourne Hospital of some 350 transplants.", "PMID": 393233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9927", "title": "Purse string placement for staple anastomosis using the end-to-end anastomosis stapling instrument.", "content": "There may be technical difficulties in the use of recommended clamp for the insertion of the purse-string suture during the construction of an end-to-end staple anastomosis. Hand sewing the purse string eliminates some of the problems, but unless the suture is positioned within a few millimetres of the cut edge of the bowel, ischaemic tissue may be included in the staple line. In dogs, this leads to anastomotic dehiscence. The anastomosis may, however, be protected by excising the ischaemic tissue and reinforcing the staple line with sutures. An \"over and over\" purse-string technique is now preferred to minimize the risk of this occurring.", "contents": "Purse string placement for staple anastomosis using the end-to-end anastomosis stapling instrument. There may be technical difficulties in the use of recommended clamp for the insertion of the purse-string suture during the construction of an end-to-end staple anastomosis. Hand sewing the purse string eliminates some of the problems, but unless the suture is positioned within a few millimetres of the cut edge of the bowel, ischaemic tissue may be included in the staple line. In dogs, this leads to anastomotic dehiscence. The anastomosis may, however, be protected by excising the ischaemic tissue and reinforcing the staple line with sutures. An \"over and over\" purse-string technique is now preferred to minimize the risk of this occurring.", "PMID": 393234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9928", "title": "A comparison of flushing fluids for initial perfusion of kidneys for transplantation.", "content": "Four solutions for initial flushing of kidneys prior to transplantation were tested under conditions designed to resemble those of clinical cadaveric donor renal transplantation. The experimental model was the dog subjected to bilateral nephrectomy with renal autograft. Kidney grafts were subjected to 15 minutes' anoxia in vivo, 30 minutes' warm ischaemia at 37 degrees C ex vivo, and two hours' cold ischaemia before reimplantation. The four solutions used were Collins (C3), Perfudex (P), hyperosmolar citrate (HC), and a solution of bovine albumin containing dog red blood cells (BBA). Effects of the flushing fluids were compared by parameters relating to dog survival, renal function, and serum enzyme levels. With all parameters studied the best results occurred in HC perfused kidneys. Results with BBA perfusion were marginally worse, while C3 perfused kidneys were again inferior. P perfused kidneys clearly did least well. The results support the use of HC for clinical application.", "contents": "A comparison of flushing fluids for initial perfusion of kidneys for transplantation. Four solutions for initial flushing of kidneys prior to transplantation were tested under conditions designed to resemble those of clinical cadaveric donor renal transplantation. The experimental model was the dog subjected to bilateral nephrectomy with renal autograft. Kidney grafts were subjected to 15 minutes' anoxia in vivo, 30 minutes' warm ischaemia at 37 degrees C ex vivo, and two hours' cold ischaemia before reimplantation. The four solutions used were Collins (C3), Perfudex (P), hyperosmolar citrate (HC), and a solution of bovine albumin containing dog red blood cells (BBA). Effects of the flushing fluids were compared by parameters relating to dog survival, renal function, and serum enzyme levels. With all parameters studied the best results occurred in HC perfused kidneys. Results with BBA perfusion were marginally worse, while C3 perfused kidneys were again inferior. P perfused kidneys clearly did least well. The results support the use of HC for clinical application.", "PMID": 393235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9929", "title": "Effect of transdermally administered scopolamine in preventing motion sickness.", "content": "The efficacy of transdermally administered scopolamine was compared with the efficacy of oral dimenhydrinate and placebo therapy in the prevention of motion-induced mausea in a vertical oscillator; medications were administered on a double-blind cross-over basis, with the order of treatments counterbalanced. Thirty-five subjects known to be susceptible to the stimulus were utilized. A placebo effect reduced the motion sickness incidence (MSI) from 100% to 59%. Administration of dimenhydrinate reduced the MSI to 32%, and use of the transdermal therapeutic system scopolamine (TTS-scopolamine) further reduced the MSI TO 16%. TTS-scopolamine afforded 73% protection against motion-induced nausea, compared to 46% protection with dimenhydrinate. The TTS-scopolamine is designed to remain in the body for 72 hours, providing advantages over intramuscular or oral administration of scopolamine, which include reduced daily dosage, and an effective alternate to the gastrointestinal tract for administrating medication at times of gastrointestinal distress.", "contents": "Effect of transdermally administered scopolamine in preventing motion sickness. The efficacy of transdermally administered scopolamine was compared with the efficacy of oral dimenhydrinate and placebo therapy in the prevention of motion-induced mausea in a vertical oscillator; medications were administered on a double-blind cross-over basis, with the order of treatments counterbalanced. Thirty-five subjects known to be susceptible to the stimulus were utilized. A placebo effect reduced the motion sickness incidence (MSI) from 100% to 59%. Administration of dimenhydrinate reduced the MSI to 32%, and use of the transdermal therapeutic system scopolamine (TTS-scopolamine) further reduced the MSI TO 16%. TTS-scopolamine afforded 73% protection against motion-induced nausea, compared to 46% protection with dimenhydrinate. The TTS-scopolamine is designed to remain in the body for 72 hours, providing advantages over intramuscular or oral administration of scopolamine, which include reduced daily dosage, and an effective alternate to the gastrointestinal tract for administrating medication at times of gastrointestinal distress.", "PMID": 393242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9930", "title": "Characterization of a picornavirus isolated from broiler chicks.", "content": "The rectal content of an apparently normal 1-week-old broiler chick yielded an unclassified cytopathogenic virus with cytopathic effects of the round type. It was identified as a picornavirus from the following: ribonucleic acid in the viral core; virus growth in the cytoplasm; a particle about 30 nm in diameter; resistance to ethyl ether, chloroform, trypsin, and acid; relative heat-lability; and partial stabilization to molar magnesium chloride. The virus was stable under freezing and thawing, and sonication. It was distinguished from avian encephalomyelitis virus by the neutralization test.", "contents": "Characterization of a picornavirus isolated from broiler chicks. The rectal content of an apparently normal 1-week-old broiler chick yielded an unclassified cytopathogenic virus with cytopathic effects of the round type. It was identified as a picornavirus from the following: ribonucleic acid in the viral core; virus growth in the cytoplasm; a particle about 30 nm in diameter; resistance to ethyl ether, chloroform, trypsin, and acid; relative heat-lability; and partial stabilization to molar magnesium chloride. The virus was stable under freezing and thawing, and sonication. It was distinguished from avian encephalomyelitis virus by the neutralization test.", "PMID": 393239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9931", "title": "Prophylactic and therapeutic activity of Rofenaid-40A in an experimental Escherichia coli airsac infection in chickens.", "content": "Rofenaid at a 0.02% dose level in feed was effective prophylactically and therapeutically against an experimentally induced Escherichia coli airsac infection in chickens. The activity of Rofenaid compared very favorably with that of the approved dose level of NF-180. Furthermore, the prophylactic use of Rofenaid did not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of NF-180.", "contents": "Prophylactic and therapeutic activity of Rofenaid-40A in an experimental Escherichia coli airsac infection in chickens. Rofenaid at a 0.02% dose level in feed was effective prophylactically and therapeutically against an experimentally induced Escherichia coli airsac infection in chickens. The activity of Rofenaid compared very favorably with that of the approved dose level of NF-180. Furthermore, the prophylactic use of Rofenaid did not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of NF-180.", "PMID": 393240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9932", "title": "Candidiasis in cockatiel nestlings and mucormycosis in a pigeon.", "content": "Deaths of cockatiel nestlings caused by Candida albicans, and of a pigeon caused by air-sac infection with Absidia corymbifera, are described. Lesions in the cockatiels were pseudomembranes and ulcers in the mouth, esophagus, and crop. In the pigeon the air sacs were thickened and contained a grayish gelatinous exudate.", "contents": "Candidiasis in cockatiel nestlings and mucormycosis in a pigeon. Deaths of cockatiel nestlings caused by Candida albicans, and of a pigeon caused by air-sac infection with Absidia corymbifera, are described. Lesions in the cockatiels were pseudomembranes and ulcers in the mouth, esophagus, and crop. In the pigeon the air sacs were thickened and contained a grayish gelatinous exudate.", "PMID": 393241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9933", "title": "Purification of the membrane-bound hydrogenase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The membrane-bound hydrogenase (EC class 1.12) of aerobically grown Escherichia coli cells was solubilized by treatment with deoxycholate and pancreatin. The enzyme was further purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by chromoatographic methods, including hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, with a yield of 10% as judged by activity and an overall purification of 2140-fold. The hydrogenase was a dimer of identical subunits with a mol.wt. of 113,000 and contained 12 iron and 12 acid-labile sulphur atoms per molecule. The epsilon 400 was 49,000M-1 . cm-1. The hydrogenase catalysed both H2 evolution and H2 uptake with a variety of artificial electron carriers, but would not interact with flavodoxin, ferredoxin or nicotinamide and flavin nucleotides. We were unable to identify any physiological electron carrier for the hydrogenase. With Methyl Viologen as the electron carrier, the pH optimum for H2 evolution and H2 uptake was 6.5 and 8.5 respectively. The enzyme was stable for long periods at neutral pH, low temperatures and under anaerobic conditions. The half-life of the hydrogenase under air at room temperature was about 12 h, but it could be stabilized by Methyl Viologen and Benzyl Viologen, both of which are electron carriers for the enzyme, and by bovine serum albumin. The hydrogenase was strongly inhibited by carbon monoxide (Ki = 1870Pa), heavy-metal salts and high concentrations of buffers, but was resistant to inhibition by thiol-blocking and metal-complexing reagents. These aerobically grown E. coli cells lacked formate hydrogenlyase activity and cytochrome c552.", "contents": "Purification of the membrane-bound hydrogenase of Escherichia coli. The membrane-bound hydrogenase (EC class 1.12) of aerobically grown Escherichia coli cells was solubilized by treatment with deoxycholate and pancreatin. The enzyme was further purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by chromoatographic methods, including hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, with a yield of 10% as judged by activity and an overall purification of 2140-fold. The hydrogenase was a dimer of identical subunits with a mol.wt. of 113,000 and contained 12 iron and 12 acid-labile sulphur atoms per molecule. The epsilon 400 was 49,000M-1 . cm-1. The hydrogenase catalysed both H2 evolution and H2 uptake with a variety of artificial electron carriers, but would not interact with flavodoxin, ferredoxin or nicotinamide and flavin nucleotides. We were unable to identify any physiological electron carrier for the hydrogenase. With Methyl Viologen as the electron carrier, the pH optimum for H2 evolution and H2 uptake was 6.5 and 8.5 respectively. The enzyme was stable for long periods at neutral pH, low temperatures and under anaerobic conditions. The half-life of the hydrogenase under air at room temperature was about 12 h, but it could be stabilized by Methyl Viologen and Benzyl Viologen, both of which are electron carriers for the enzyme, and by bovine serum albumin. The hydrogenase was strongly inhibited by carbon monoxide (Ki = 1870Pa), heavy-metal salts and high concentrations of buffers, but was resistant to inhibition by thiol-blocking and metal-complexing reagents. These aerobically grown E. coli cells lacked formate hydrogenlyase activity and cytochrome c552.", "PMID": 393247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9934", "title": "The exchange of histidine C-2 protons in superoxide dismutases. A novel method for assigning histidine-metal ligands in proteins.", "content": "The rates of exchange of the C-2 protons of histidine residues in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase are substantially decreased by metal ion binding. This observation was used to distinguish between ligand and non ligand histidine residues in bovine and yeast copper-zinc superoxide dismutases; the effect was shown to depend only on metal ion co-ordination and not as a consequence of concomitant changes in protein structure. Selective deuteration of the zinc-only proteins at pH (uncorrected pH-meter reading) 8.2 and 50 degrees C resulted in the distinction between copper and zinc ligand resonances in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of the enzymes. This method is proposed as a generally applicable technique for identifying histidine residues as ligands in metalloproteins.", "contents": "The exchange of histidine C-2 protons in superoxide dismutases. A novel method for assigning histidine-metal ligands in proteins. The rates of exchange of the C-2 protons of histidine residues in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase are substantially decreased by metal ion binding. This observation was used to distinguish between ligand and non ligand histidine residues in bovine and yeast copper-zinc superoxide dismutases; the effect was shown to depend only on metal ion co-ordination and not as a consequence of concomitant changes in protein structure. Selective deuteration of the zinc-only proteins at pH (uncorrected pH-meter reading) 8.2 and 50 degrees C resulted in the distinction between copper and zinc ligand resonances in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of the enzymes. This method is proposed as a generally applicable technique for identifying histidine residues as ligands in metalloproteins.", "PMID": 393248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9935", "title": "Comparison of glyoxalase I purified from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the enzyme from mammalian sources.", "content": "Glyoxalase I from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) purified by affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione-Sepharose 6B was characterized and compared with the enzyme from rat liver, pig erythrocytes and human erythrocytes. The molecular weight of glyoxalase I from yeast was, like the enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum and Escherichia coli, significantly less (approx. 32000) than that of the enzyme from mammals (approx. 46000). The yeast enzyme is a monomer, whereas the mammalian enzymes are composed of two very similar or identical subunits. The enzymes contain 1Zn atom per subunit. The isoelectric points (at 4 degrees C) for the yeast and mammalian enzymes are at pH7.0 and 4.8 respectively; tryptic-peptide ;maps' display corresponding dissimilarities in structure. These and some additional data indicate that the microbial and the mammalian enzymes may have separate evolutionary origins. The similarities demonstrated in mechanistic and kinetic properties, on the other hand, indicate convergent evolution. The k(cat.) and K(m) values for the yeast enzyme were both higher than those for the enzyme from the mammalian sources with the hemimercaptal adduct of methylglyoxal or phenylglyoxal as the varied substrate and free glutathione at a constant and physiological concentration (2mm). Glyoxalase I from all sources investigated had a k(cat.)/K(m) value near 10(7)s(-1).m(-1), which is close to the theoretical diffusion-controlled rate of enzyme-substrate association. The initial-velocity data show non-Michaelian rate saturation and apparent non-linear inhibition by free glutathione for both yeast and mammalian enzyme. This rate behaviour may have physiological importance, since it counteracts the effects of fluctuations in total glutathione concentrations on the glyoxalase I-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoaldehydes.", "contents": "Comparison of glyoxalase I purified from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the enzyme from mammalian sources. Glyoxalase I from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) purified by affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione-Sepharose 6B was characterized and compared with the enzyme from rat liver, pig erythrocytes and human erythrocytes. The molecular weight of glyoxalase I from yeast was, like the enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum and Escherichia coli, significantly less (approx. 32000) than that of the enzyme from mammals (approx. 46000). The yeast enzyme is a monomer, whereas the mammalian enzymes are composed of two very similar or identical subunits. The enzymes contain 1Zn atom per subunit. The isoelectric points (at 4 degrees C) for the yeast and mammalian enzymes are at pH7.0 and 4.8 respectively; tryptic-peptide ;maps' display corresponding dissimilarities in structure. These and some additional data indicate that the microbial and the mammalian enzymes may have separate evolutionary origins. The similarities demonstrated in mechanistic and kinetic properties, on the other hand, indicate convergent evolution. The k(cat.) and K(m) values for the yeast enzyme were both higher than those for the enzyme from the mammalian sources with the hemimercaptal adduct of methylglyoxal or phenylglyoxal as the varied substrate and free glutathione at a constant and physiological concentration (2mm). Glyoxalase I from all sources investigated had a k(cat.)/K(m) value near 10(7)s(-1).m(-1), which is close to the theoretical diffusion-controlled rate of enzyme-substrate association. The initial-velocity data show non-Michaelian rate saturation and apparent non-linear inhibition by free glutathione for both yeast and mammalian enzyme. This rate behaviour may have physiological importance, since it counteracts the effects of fluctuations in total glutathione concentrations on the glyoxalase I-dependent metabolism of 2-oxoaldehydes.", "PMID": 393249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9936", "title": "Purification and properties of Klebsiella aerogenes D-arabitol dehydrogenase.", "content": "An Escherichia coli K12 strain was constructed that synthesized elevated quantities of Klebsiella aerogenes D-arabitol dehydrogenase; the enzyme accounted for about 5% of the soluble protein in this strain. Some 280 mg of enzyme was purified from 180 g of cell paste. The purified enzyme was active as a monomer of 46,000 mol.wt. The amino acid composition and kinetic constants of the enzyme for D-arabitol and D-mannitol are reported. The apparent Km for D-mannitol was more than 3-fold that for D-arabitol, whereas the maximum velocities with both substrates were indistinguishable. The enzyme purified from the E. coli K12 construct was indistinguishable by the criteria of molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility in native polyacrylamide gel and D-mannitol/D-arabitol activity ratio from D-arabitol dehydrogenase synthesized in wild-type K. aerogenes. Purified D-arabitol dehydrogenase showed no immunological cross-reaction with K. aerogenes ribitol dehydrogenase. During electrophoresis in native polyacrylamide gels, oxidation by persulphate catalysed the formation of inactive polymeric forms of the enzyme. Dithiothreitol and pre-electrophoresis protected against this polymerization.", "contents": "Purification and properties of Klebsiella aerogenes D-arabitol dehydrogenase. An Escherichia coli K12 strain was constructed that synthesized elevated quantities of Klebsiella aerogenes D-arabitol dehydrogenase; the enzyme accounted for about 5% of the soluble protein in this strain. Some 280 mg of enzyme was purified from 180 g of cell paste. The purified enzyme was active as a monomer of 46,000 mol.wt. The amino acid composition and kinetic constants of the enzyme for D-arabitol and D-mannitol are reported. The apparent Km for D-mannitol was more than 3-fold that for D-arabitol, whereas the maximum velocities with both substrates were indistinguishable. The enzyme purified from the E. coli K12 construct was indistinguishable by the criteria of molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility in native polyacrylamide gel and D-mannitol/D-arabitol activity ratio from D-arabitol dehydrogenase synthesized in wild-type K. aerogenes. Purified D-arabitol dehydrogenase showed no immunological cross-reaction with K. aerogenes ribitol dehydrogenase. During electrophoresis in native polyacrylamide gels, oxidation by persulphate catalysed the formation of inactive polymeric forms of the enzyme. Dithiothreitol and pre-electrophoresis protected against this polymerization.", "PMID": 393250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9937", "title": "Impairment of the catalytic activity of Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase by a unique reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan.", "content": "Escherichia coli RNA polymerase loses 55-65% of its catalytic activity on reaction with Nbf-Cl (4-choro-7-nitrobenzofurazan). This partial inactivation was shown to be the result of specific impairment of RNA-chain elongation, since initiation of RNA chains was not altered after treatment with Nbf-Cl. The site of reaction was shown to be a unique thiol on the beta-subunit. This thiol is not accessible to reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). No protection of the enzyme against reaction with Nbf-Cl could be obtained with the inhibitor rifamycin nor with calf thymus DNA, GTP or 1,10-phenanthroline, indicating that the unique thiol is probably not within the active site. The specific impairment of RNA-chain elongation thus appears to be the result of a local conformational change which leaves chain initiation unimpaired. Changes observed in the tryptophan fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme or reaction with Nbf-Cl are consistent with formation of a Meisenheimer complex of the reagent with a nucleophilic group on the enzyme near the reactive thiol. It is proposed that formation of such a complex and a subsequent conformational change renders this thiol unusually susceptible to reaction with Nbf-Cl.", "contents": "Impairment of the catalytic activity of Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase by a unique reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase loses 55-65% of its catalytic activity on reaction with Nbf-Cl (4-choro-7-nitrobenzofurazan). This partial inactivation was shown to be the result of specific impairment of RNA-chain elongation, since initiation of RNA chains was not altered after treatment with Nbf-Cl. The site of reaction was shown to be a unique thiol on the beta-subunit. This thiol is not accessible to reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). No protection of the enzyme against reaction with Nbf-Cl could be obtained with the inhibitor rifamycin nor with calf thymus DNA, GTP or 1,10-phenanthroline, indicating that the unique thiol is probably not within the active site. The specific impairment of RNA-chain elongation thus appears to be the result of a local conformational change which leaves chain initiation unimpaired. Changes observed in the tryptophan fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme or reaction with Nbf-Cl are consistent with formation of a Meisenheimer complex of the reagent with a nucleophilic group on the enzyme near the reactive thiol. It is proposed that formation of such a complex and a subsequent conformational change renders this thiol unusually susceptible to reaction with Nbf-Cl.", "PMID": 393251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9938", "title": "The anion-transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Studies on fragments produced by pepsin digestion.", "content": "We have studied the fragmentation by pepsin in 1 M-acetic acid of the erythrocyte anion-transport protein in erythrocyte membranes. The location of the fragments obtained was determined by radioiodinating the protein with the use of lactoperoxidase, and identifying the labelled peptides obtained in peptide \"maps\" of thermolysin digests of the fragments. Three of the fragments were found to be related overlapping products, and shared a common C-terminus. The major site of pepsin cleavage leading to the C-termini of these fragments was shown to be close to the major site of extracellular cleavage of the protein by proteinases active at a neutral pH. Another two fragments were isolated and shown to be derived from the C-terminal portion of the protein. No well-defined large radioactive fragments of the protein were solubilized from the membrane by pepsin in 1 M-acetic acid, the bulk of the radioactivity attributable to the anion transport protein being recovered in very small fragments that could not be resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Our results suggest that the polypeptide chain of the anion-transport protein emerges at the extracellular face of the membrane 8000-13000 daltons on the N-terminal side of the major site of extracellular cleavage of the protein by proteinases that are active at a neutral pH.", "contents": "The anion-transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Studies on fragments produced by pepsin digestion. We have studied the fragmentation by pepsin in 1 M-acetic acid of the erythrocyte anion-transport protein in erythrocyte membranes. The location of the fragments obtained was determined by radioiodinating the protein with the use of lactoperoxidase, and identifying the labelled peptides obtained in peptide \"maps\" of thermolysin digests of the fragments. Three of the fragments were found to be related overlapping products, and shared a common C-terminus. The major site of pepsin cleavage leading to the C-termini of these fragments was shown to be close to the major site of extracellular cleavage of the protein by proteinases active at a neutral pH. Another two fragments were isolated and shown to be derived from the C-terminal portion of the protein. No well-defined large radioactive fragments of the protein were solubilized from the membrane by pepsin in 1 M-acetic acid, the bulk of the radioactivity attributable to the anion transport protein being recovered in very small fragments that could not be resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Our results suggest that the polypeptide chain of the anion-transport protein emerges at the extracellular face of the membrane 8000-13000 daltons on the N-terminal side of the major site of extracellular cleavage of the protein by proteinases that are active at a neutral pH.", "PMID": 393252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9939", "title": "Synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane during growth and division of Escherichia coli. Dispersive behaviour of respiratory nitrate reductase.", "content": "We have used the penicillin selection method of Autissier & Kepes [(1972) Biochimie 54, 93--101] to study the segregation of membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase (EC 1.9.6.1) in Escherichia coli for the three generations after cessation of nitrate reductase synthesis caused by withdrawal of nitrate from the growth medium. We also included a physical separation procedure that permitted direct assay for nitrate reductase activity among all fractions produced by the penicillin selection method. We conclude that the segregation of nitrate reductase after cell division is dispersive, and not semi-conservative as proposed by Autissier & Kepes (1972).", "contents": "Synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane during growth and division of Escherichia coli. Dispersive behaviour of respiratory nitrate reductase. We have used the penicillin selection method of Autissier & Kepes [(1972) Biochimie 54, 93--101] to study the segregation of membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase (EC 1.9.6.1) in Escherichia coli for the three generations after cessation of nitrate reductase synthesis caused by withdrawal of nitrate from the growth medium. We also included a physical separation procedure that permitted direct assay for nitrate reductase activity among all fractions produced by the penicillin selection method. We conclude that the segregation of nitrate reductase after cell division is dispersive, and not semi-conservative as proposed by Autissier & Kepes (1972).", "PMID": 393253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9940", "title": "Tissue and subcellular distribution of the lectin from Datura stramonium (thorn apple).", "content": "Plants of Datura stramonium (thorn-apple) were dissected into their component tissues and examined for the presence of the Datura lectin. This lectin was easily detected in seeds and in various parts of the flowers of adult plants. Traces were also found in green (emerged) cotyledons and roots of seedlings. The specific lectin activity in seeds contained within the fruits increased as the seeds matured. Mature seeds were homogenized in sucrose and separated by differential centrifugation into four fractions, three of which were clearly of distinct composition. Most of the lectin activity sedimented with the low-speed (cell-wall/protein-body) pellet, but a similar specific activity was recovered from the other fractions. However, if EDTA was included in the homogenization medium, three or four times more lectin activity was recovered in the soluble fraction. Immunofluorescent staining of formaldehyde-fixed sections showed that the lectin was localized in the cytoplasm, with little associated with cell walls. The possible relevance of these results to the function of the lectin in plant cells is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue and subcellular distribution of the lectin from Datura stramonium (thorn apple). Plants of Datura stramonium (thorn-apple) were dissected into their component tissues and examined for the presence of the Datura lectin. This lectin was easily detected in seeds and in various parts of the flowers of adult plants. Traces were also found in green (emerged) cotyledons and roots of seedlings. The specific lectin activity in seeds contained within the fruits increased as the seeds matured. Mature seeds were homogenized in sucrose and separated by differential centrifugation into four fractions, three of which were clearly of distinct composition. Most of the lectin activity sedimented with the low-speed (cell-wall/protein-body) pellet, but a similar specific activity was recovered from the other fractions. However, if EDTA was included in the homogenization medium, three or four times more lectin activity was recovered in the soluble fraction. Immunofluorescent staining of formaldehyde-fixed sections showed that the lectin was localized in the cytoplasm, with little associated with cell walls. The possible relevance of these results to the function of the lectin in plant cells is discussed.", "PMID": 393254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9941", "title": "The reaction of cytochrome omicron in Escherichia coli with oxygen. Low-temperature kinetic and spectral studies.", "content": "1. The reactions of cytochrome omicron in intact cells of aerobically grown Escherichia coli with O2 and CO have been studied at low temperature. 2. Flash photolysis of CO-liganded cells in the presence of O2 and at temperatures between -79 and -102 degrees C results in the oxidation of kinetically heterogeneous beta-type cytochromes (including cytochrome omicron), but not of cytochrome d. 3. The reaction of reduced cytochrome omicron with O2 involves O2 binding to give intermediate(s) with spectral characteristics similar to that of the reduced oxidase-CO complex. Observation in the alpha-region suggests that unexplained ligand dissociation accompanies the initial O2 binding. 4. At temperatures below -98 degrees C, an 'end point' in the reaction is reached; further reaction and oxidation of cytochrome omicron occurs on raising the temperature. 5. There is a linear relationship between the rate of formation of the oxygen compound and the O2 concentration up to 0.5 mM. The second-order constant for its formation (k+1) is 0.91 M-1.S-1 at -101 degrees C. The reaction is not readily reversible, the value of k-1 being 1.4 X 10(-5) S-1 and the kd 1.5 X 10(-5) M. 6. The energy of activation for this reaction at low temperatures is 29.9kJ (7.1 kcal)/mol. 7. The reaction with O2 is distinguished from that with CO by the markedly lower velocity and high photolytic reversibility of the latter. 8. Comparisons are drawn between the intermediate(s) in the O2 reaction of cytochrome omicron in E. coli and those identified in other bacteria and in the reaction of cytochrome aa3 with O2.", "contents": "The reaction of cytochrome omicron in Escherichia coli with oxygen. Low-temperature kinetic and spectral studies. 1. The reactions of cytochrome omicron in intact cells of aerobically grown Escherichia coli with O2 and CO have been studied at low temperature. 2. Flash photolysis of CO-liganded cells in the presence of O2 and at temperatures between -79 and -102 degrees C results in the oxidation of kinetically heterogeneous beta-type cytochromes (including cytochrome omicron), but not of cytochrome d. 3. The reaction of reduced cytochrome omicron with O2 involves O2 binding to give intermediate(s) with spectral characteristics similar to that of the reduced oxidase-CO complex. Observation in the alpha-region suggests that unexplained ligand dissociation accompanies the initial O2 binding. 4. At temperatures below -98 degrees C, an 'end point' in the reaction is reached; further reaction and oxidation of cytochrome omicron occurs on raising the temperature. 5. There is a linear relationship between the rate of formation of the oxygen compound and the O2 concentration up to 0.5 mM. The second-order constant for its formation (k+1) is 0.91 M-1.S-1 at -101 degrees C. The reaction is not readily reversible, the value of k-1 being 1.4 X 10(-5) S-1 and the kd 1.5 X 10(-5) M. 6. The energy of activation for this reaction at low temperatures is 29.9kJ (7.1 kcal)/mol. 7. The reaction with O2 is distinguished from that with CO by the markedly lower velocity and high photolytic reversibility of the latter. 8. Comparisons are drawn between the intermediate(s) in the O2 reaction of cytochrome omicron in E. coli and those identified in other bacteria and in the reaction of cytochrome aa3 with O2.", "PMID": 393255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9942", "title": "Two forms of 'malic' enzyme with different regulatory properties in Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "1. Cell-free extracts from culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi contained two forms of NADP+-linked 'malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), I and II, with the same molecular weight but different electrophoretic mobilities and kinetic and regulatory properties. 2. The apparent Km for L-malate was lower for 'malic' enzyme I, with hyperbolic kinetics, whereas the kinetic pattern for 'malic' enzyme II was slightly sigmoidal (h 1.4). The kinetics for NADPH were hyperbolic for 'malic' enzyme I, and very complex for 'malic' enzyme II, suggesting both positive and negative co-operativity. 3. 'Malic' enzyme II was markedly inhibited by adenine nucleotides; AMP was the the most effective, at least in the presence of an excess of MnCl2. 'Malic' enzyme I was much less affected by the nucleotides. Both enzyme forms were inhibited by oxaloacetate, competitively towards L-malate, but the apparent Ki for 'malic' enzyme I (9 microM) was 10-fold lower than the value for 'malic' enzyme II. 'Malic' enzyme II, but not 'malic' enzyme I, was activated by L-aspartate and succinate (apparent Ka of 0.12 and 0.5 mM respectively); the activators caused a decrease in the apparent Km for L-malate and, to a lesser extent, in the apparent Km for NADP+. L-Aspartate, but not succinate, increased the apparent Vmax. 4. The inhibition by AMP suggests regulation by energy charge, with the L-malate-decarboxylation reaction catalysed by 'malic' enzyme II fulfilling a biosynthetic role. The inhibition by oxaloacetate and the activation by succinate are probably involved in the regulation of the 'partial aerobic fermentation' of glucose which yields succinate as final product. The activation by L-aspartate would facilitate the catabolism of this amino acid, when present in excess in the growth medium.", "contents": "Two forms of 'malic' enzyme with different regulatory properties in Trypanosoma cruzi. 1. Cell-free extracts from culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi contained two forms of NADP+-linked 'malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), I and II, with the same molecular weight but different electrophoretic mobilities and kinetic and regulatory properties. 2. The apparent Km for L-malate was lower for 'malic' enzyme I, with hyperbolic kinetics, whereas the kinetic pattern for 'malic' enzyme II was slightly sigmoidal (h 1.4). The kinetics for NADPH were hyperbolic for 'malic' enzyme I, and very complex for 'malic' enzyme II, suggesting both positive and negative co-operativity. 3. 'Malic' enzyme II was markedly inhibited by adenine nucleotides; AMP was the the most effective, at least in the presence of an excess of MnCl2. 'Malic' enzyme I was much less affected by the nucleotides. Both enzyme forms were inhibited by oxaloacetate, competitively towards L-malate, but the apparent Ki for 'malic' enzyme I (9 microM) was 10-fold lower than the value for 'malic' enzyme II. 'Malic' enzyme II, but not 'malic' enzyme I, was activated by L-aspartate and succinate (apparent Ka of 0.12 and 0.5 mM respectively); the activators caused a decrease in the apparent Km for L-malate and, to a lesser extent, in the apparent Km for NADP+. L-Aspartate, but not succinate, increased the apparent Vmax. 4. The inhibition by AMP suggests regulation by energy charge, with the L-malate-decarboxylation reaction catalysed by 'malic' enzyme II fulfilling a biosynthetic role. The inhibition by oxaloacetate and the activation by succinate are probably involved in the regulation of the 'partial aerobic fermentation' of glucose which yields succinate as final product. The activation by L-aspartate would facilitate the catabolism of this amino acid, when present in excess in the growth medium.", "PMID": 393256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9943", "title": "Benzene from bacterial cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond of phenylphosphonates.", "content": "An organism, identified as a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, was proved by direct assay to utilize ionic methyl phenylphosphonate as sole phosphorus source. One product from C-P-bond cleavage was identified as benzene by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The molar yield of benzene from the phosphonate was 89%.", "contents": "Benzene from bacterial cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond of phenylphosphonates. An organism, identified as a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, was proved by direct assay to utilize ionic methyl phenylphosphonate as sole phosphorus source. One product from C-P-bond cleavage was identified as benzene by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The molar yield of benzene from the phosphonate was 89%.", "PMID": 393257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9944", "title": "A comparative study of methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1 Twenty patients with essential hypertension completed a double-blind, dose-tritrated, cross-over comparison of methyldopa and labetalol. 2 Average lying BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 28/15 mmHg with methyldopa and by 23/15 mmHg with labetalol. 3 Average standing BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 29/14 mmHg with methyldopa and by 29/15 mmHg with labetalol. 4 Both lying and standing heart rates were reduced with labetalol. 5 It is concluded that the antihypertensive properties of labetalol and methyldopa are similar but that larger patient populations are needed to study the relative incidence of subjective adverse effects.", "contents": "A comparative study of methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension. 1 Twenty patients with essential hypertension completed a double-blind, dose-tritrated, cross-over comparison of methyldopa and labetalol. 2 Average lying BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 28/15 mmHg with methyldopa and by 23/15 mmHg with labetalol. 3 Average standing BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 29/14 mmHg with methyldopa and by 29/15 mmHg with labetalol. 4 Both lying and standing heart rates were reduced with labetalol. 5 It is concluded that the antihypertensive properties of labetalol and methyldopa are similar but that larger patient populations are needed to study the relative incidence of subjective adverse effects.", "PMID": 393286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9945", "title": "A multicentre open trial of labetalol in New Zealand.", "content": "1 In a multicentre open trial, labetalol was given to 128 patients in ten centres. Forty-three patients had not previously received antihypertensive therapy; the remainder (85 patients) had been on antihypertensive therapy with either unsatisfactory BP control or troublesome side-effects. 2 Thirty-two patients were withdrawn from the trial in the first 6 months of therapy, 24 (19% of the total) because of side-effects. 3 Control of BP was generally satisfactory or considerably improved. Other drugs (usually a diuretic) had to be added in 23 patients. 4 There was an abnormality of liver function in one patient; otherwise there were no biochemical or haematological problems.", "contents": "A multicentre open trial of labetalol in New Zealand. 1 In a multicentre open trial, labetalol was given to 128 patients in ten centres. Forty-three patients had not previously received antihypertensive therapy; the remainder (85 patients) had been on antihypertensive therapy with either unsatisfactory BP control or troublesome side-effects. 2 Thirty-two patients were withdrawn from the trial in the first 6 months of therapy, 24 (19% of the total) because of side-effects. 3 Control of BP was generally satisfactory or considerably improved. Other drugs (usually a diuretic) had to be added in 23 patients. 4 There was an abnormality of liver function in one patient; otherwise there were no biochemical or haematological problems.", "PMID": 393287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9946", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in endoscopic brush specimens from benign and malignant gastric lesions.", "content": "The measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum and endoscopic brush specimens was evaluated for the differential diagnosis of malignant and nonmalignant gastric disease. Brush specimens were studied from 33 patients with gastric cancer and 36 patients with benign gastric lesions or apparently normal gastric mucosa. Demonstrable CEA immunoreactivity was found by radioimmunoassay in brush specimens from 24/33 cancer patients (73%) and from 23/36 patients with benign lesions (64%). Patients with CEA+ tissue in the immunoperoxidase test had somewhat higher CEA concentrations in the brush specimens than cases with CEA- biopsy tissue, although overlap was considerable. Thirty-five per cent of cancer patients had both a positive tissue CEA reaction and a CEA/DNA ratio greater than 10 ng/micrograms, whilst patients with benign lesions had only 15% of positives by these criteria (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001). The serum CEA concentration was above the upper normal level of 5 ng/ml in 2/39 patients, both of whom had gastric cancer. The CEA immunoreactive material from benign and malignant lesions eluted in gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the same volume as CEA purified from liver metastases of cancer of the colon, showing that a glycoprotein sharing immunological and physicochemical properties with CEA is present both in malignant and nonmalignant lesions of the gastric mucosa, and that there is considerable overlapping in the amount of CEA. The estimation of CEA in gastric-brush specimens is therefore of limited value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant gastric lesions.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in endoscopic brush specimens from benign and malignant gastric lesions. The measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum and endoscopic brush specimens was evaluated for the differential diagnosis of malignant and nonmalignant gastric disease. Brush specimens were studied from 33 patients with gastric cancer and 36 patients with benign gastric lesions or apparently normal gastric mucosa. Demonstrable CEA immunoreactivity was found by radioimmunoassay in brush specimens from 24/33 cancer patients (73%) and from 23/36 patients with benign lesions (64%). Patients with CEA+ tissue in the immunoperoxidase test had somewhat higher CEA concentrations in the brush specimens than cases with CEA- biopsy tissue, although overlap was considerable. Thirty-five per cent of cancer patients had both a positive tissue CEA reaction and a CEA/DNA ratio greater than 10 ng/micrograms, whilst patients with benign lesions had only 15% of positives by these criteria (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001). The serum CEA concentration was above the upper normal level of 5 ng/ml in 2/39 patients, both of whom had gastric cancer. The CEA immunoreactive material from benign and malignant lesions eluted in gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the same volume as CEA purified from liver metastases of cancer of the colon, showing that a glycoprotein sharing immunological and physicochemical properties with CEA is present both in malignant and nonmalignant lesions of the gastric mucosa, and that there is considerable overlapping in the amount of CEA. The estimation of CEA in gastric-brush specimens is therefore of limited value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant gastric lesions.", "PMID": 393292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9947", "title": "Non-excretory multiple myeloma.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features in five patients with non-excretory myeloma are described including plasma cell immunofluorescence and, in two cases, ultrastructure. Findings are compared with those in similar patients previously reported, and those in excretory disease. Clinical, haematological and biochemical features were similar to those found in excretory myeloma, showing differences only in relation to the absence of serum or urinary monoclonal immunoglobin. Cellular cytological and ultrastructural features allowed no differentiation from excretory cells. Within this non-excretory group distinction between secretory and non-secretory myeloma cells is possible on the basis of immunofluorescence. Differing patterns of intermittent excretion occurred in three of these patients.", "contents": "Non-excretory multiple myeloma. The clinical and laboratory features in five patients with non-excretory myeloma are described including plasma cell immunofluorescence and, in two cases, ultrastructure. Findings are compared with those in similar patients previously reported, and those in excretory disease. Clinical, haematological and biochemical features were similar to those found in excretory myeloma, showing differences only in relation to the absence of serum or urinary monoclonal immunoglobin. Cellular cytological and ultrastructural features allowed no differentiation from excretory cells. Within this non-excretory group distinction between secretory and non-secretory myeloma cells is possible on the basis of immunofluorescence. Differing patterns of intermittent excretion occurred in three of these patients.", "PMID": 393295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9948", "title": "Prostaglandins as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation.", "content": "The potencies of prostaglandins (PG) I2, PGD2 and PGE1 as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by threshold concentrations of four aggregating agents were determined in platelet-rich plasma from normal individuals who had not ingested aspirin. The order of activity against ADP, adrenaline and collagen was always PGI2 greater than PGD2 greater than PGE1. However, PGD2 and PGE1 were almost equipotent with PGI2 when tested against arachidonic acid (AA). The threshold inhibitory effects of PGD2, PGE1 and PGI2 could be over come by increasing the concentrations of the aggregating agents AA, collagen or ADP. Adrenaline was found to be different from the other aggregating agents. It could overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGD2 but could not overcome inhibition by PGI2 or PGE1. These facts support the hypothesis that platelet receptors for PGI2 and PGE1 are similar to each other and different from the receptor(s) for PGD2. PRP obtained from normal subjects after the ingestion of aspirin exhibited only one wave of aggregation in response to ADP, adrenaline or collagen, PGI2, PGD2 and PGE1 were all powerful inhibitors of this single wave of aggregation. The inhibitory activity of all three prostaglandins at threshold concentrations was overcome by increasing the concentration of ADP or collagen but not by increasing the concentration of adrenaline.", "contents": "Prostaglandins as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation. The potencies of prostaglandins (PG) I2, PGD2 and PGE1 as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by threshold concentrations of four aggregating agents were determined in platelet-rich plasma from normal individuals who had not ingested aspirin. The order of activity against ADP, adrenaline and collagen was always PGI2 greater than PGD2 greater than PGE1. However, PGD2 and PGE1 were almost equipotent with PGI2 when tested against arachidonic acid (AA). The threshold inhibitory effects of PGD2, PGE1 and PGI2 could be over come by increasing the concentrations of the aggregating agents AA, collagen or ADP. Adrenaline was found to be different from the other aggregating agents. It could overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGD2 but could not overcome inhibition by PGI2 or PGE1. These facts support the hypothesis that platelet receptors for PGI2 and PGE1 are similar to each other and different from the receptor(s) for PGD2. PRP obtained from normal subjects after the ingestion of aspirin exhibited only one wave of aggregation in response to ADP, adrenaline or collagen, PGI2, PGD2 and PGE1 were all powerful inhibitors of this single wave of aggregation. The inhibitory activity of all three prostaglandins at threshold concentrations was overcome by increasing the concentration of ADP or collagen but not by increasing the concentration of adrenaline.", "PMID": 393296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9949", "title": "Circulating levels of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Circulating levels of SP1 were measured in 20 insulin dependent diabetic women during the third trimester of pregnancy. With one exception, SP1 levels were between the 80 per cent confidence limits of the normal range. The exception was a patient who was delivered of a normal infant at 37 weeks but had consistently low levels of SP1 from 32 weeks until delivery, suggesting a specific defect in SP1 synthesis.", "contents": "Circulating levels of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Circulating levels of SP1 were measured in 20 insulin dependent diabetic women during the third trimester of pregnancy. With one exception, SP1 levels were between the 80 per cent confidence limits of the normal range. The exception was a patient who was delivered of a normal infant at 37 weeks but had consistently low levels of SP1 from 32 weeks until delivery, suggesting a specific defect in SP1 synthesis.", "PMID": 393298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9950", "title": "A prospective, controlled trial of six forms of hormone replacement therapy given to postmenopausal women.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of various forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) upon postmenopausal women while controlling as many variables as possible. It was felt that the age, duration of amenorrhoea and the general health of the patients should be as comparable as possible and that each patient should provide her own pretherapy and post-therapy control data. In addition, it was felt that any placebo effect should be investigated and the patients were therefore randomly allocated to placebo tablets or one of six available forms of HRT. The age/sex registers of two large general practices were scrutinized and all women between 49 and 54 years of age were asked to cooperate; for a variety of reasons only 56 women were suitable and willing to take part in the project, yielding 8 women for each of the seven possible therapy groups. Blood samples were taken at 7-day intervals three times before therapy was given and the mean of the three values was used as the control value. The women returned on day 21 of each subsequent therapy cycle for six consecutive months and finally three months after discontinuing therapy. From the data the following broad conclusions can be drawn: (i) some women have classic symptoms of hot flushes and sweating despite high endogenous oestrogen concentrations; (ii) vaginal cytology is a relatively poor indicator of endogenous oestrogen status; (iii) while follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations are reduced on HRT neither is decreased to anywhere near premenopausal values while prolactin is unaffected; (iv) plasma cholesterol levels are reduced on HRT, the pulse rate is slower and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are reduced to a small but significant extent; (v) there is no adverse effect upon blood clotting; and (vi) most women experience significant or complete relief of symptoms on all forms of HRT as do some women taking a placebo. The combined preparations containing an oestrogen and progestogen produced vaginal bleeding in only 80 per cent of the women. Thus protection by regular endometrical shedding may not be afforded to all women. As vaginal bleeding is unacceptable to most women if they can achieve the same symptomatic relief without inducing menstruation, it is suggested that women have a low dose oestrogen preparation prescribed cyclically for 6 to 12 months. If therapy is to be maintained for a longer time, uterine curretage should be undertaken at regular intervals to exclude the possibility of endometrial carcinoma developing.", "contents": "A prospective, controlled trial of six forms of hormone replacement therapy given to postmenopausal women. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of various forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) upon postmenopausal women while controlling as many variables as possible. It was felt that the age, duration of amenorrhoea and the general health of the patients should be as comparable as possible and that each patient should provide her own pretherapy and post-therapy control data. In addition, it was felt that any placebo effect should be investigated and the patients were therefore randomly allocated to placebo tablets or one of six available forms of HRT. The age/sex registers of two large general practices were scrutinized and all women between 49 and 54 years of age were asked to cooperate; for a variety of reasons only 56 women were suitable and willing to take part in the project, yielding 8 women for each of the seven possible therapy groups. Blood samples were taken at 7-day intervals three times before therapy was given and the mean of the three values was used as the control value. The women returned on day 21 of each subsequent therapy cycle for six consecutive months and finally three months after discontinuing therapy. From the data the following broad conclusions can be drawn: (i) some women have classic symptoms of hot flushes and sweating despite high endogenous oestrogen concentrations; (ii) vaginal cytology is a relatively poor indicator of endogenous oestrogen status; (iii) while follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations are reduced on HRT neither is decreased to anywhere near premenopausal values while prolactin is unaffected; (iv) plasma cholesterol levels are reduced on HRT, the pulse rate is slower and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are reduced to a small but significant extent; (v) there is no adverse effect upon blood clotting; and (vi) most women experience significant or complete relief of symptoms on all forms of HRT as do some women taking a placebo. The combined preparations containing an oestrogen and progestogen produced vaginal bleeding in only 80 per cent of the women. Thus protection by regular endometrical shedding may not be afforded to all women. As vaginal bleeding is unacceptable to most women if they can achieve the same symptomatic relief without inducing menstruation, it is suggested that women have a low dose oestrogen preparation prescribed cyclically for 6 to 12 months. If therapy is to be maintained for a longer time, uterine curretage should be undertaken at regular intervals to exclude the possibility of endometrial carcinoma developing.", "PMID": 393299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9951", "title": "Control of glaucoma by reduced dosage guanethidine-adrenaline formulation.", "content": "The effect of formulations of guanethidine and adrenaline of different composition has been tested in rabbits and in patients with glaucoma. The concentrations of guanethidine and adrenaline used for the rabbits were 5.0% and 1.0%; 2.5% and 0.5%; 1.0% and 0.2%; 0.5% and 0.1%. All except the lowest combination were equally effective in the magnitude of the decrease in intraocular pressure brought about and in their duration of activity. Two formulations containing guanethidine and adrenaline at concentrations of 3.0% and 0.5% and 1.0% and 0.2% respectively (formulated as Ganda drops by Smith and Nephew Pharmaceuticals Ltd) were tested in a blind, cross-over, short-term clinical trial on 20 patients. The drops containing the lower concentration of drugs were as effective as those of higher concentration. These results lead us to believe that most patients who respond to this treatment could be put on a reduced dosage regimen, which should result in a decreased incidence and severity of side effects.", "contents": "Control of glaucoma by reduced dosage guanethidine-adrenaline formulation. The effect of formulations of guanethidine and adrenaline of different composition has been tested in rabbits and in patients with glaucoma. The concentrations of guanethidine and adrenaline used for the rabbits were 5.0% and 1.0%; 2.5% and 0.5%; 1.0% and 0.2%; 0.5% and 0.1%. All except the lowest combination were equally effective in the magnitude of the decrease in intraocular pressure brought about and in their duration of activity. Two formulations containing guanethidine and adrenaline at concentrations of 3.0% and 0.5% and 1.0% and 0.2% respectively (formulated as Ganda drops by Smith and Nephew Pharmaceuticals Ltd) were tested in a blind, cross-over, short-term clinical trial on 20 patients. The drops containing the lower concentration of drugs were as effective as those of higher concentration. These results lead us to believe that most patients who respond to this treatment could be put on a reduced dosage regimen, which should result in a decreased incidence and severity of side effects.", "PMID": 393300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9952", "title": "The effect of transcendental meditation on iconic memory.", "content": "Three experiments investigated the effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on iconic memory. The task involved reporting of digits shown tachistoscopically, using Sperling's partial-report technique. Experiment 1 was a pilot study involving a meditation group and a nonmeditation gropu. All subjects were run in a pretest/treatment/posttest design. During the treatment phase the meditation group practiced TM for a 20-minute period and the nonmeditation group relaxed with eyes closed. The results showed that the treatment increased performance in meditators, but not in nonmeditators. In this experiment important controls such as individual administration of the task, extrinsic rewards, subject pacing, and adequate practice were lacking. Experiment 2 was a replication of the first, with these controls added. The results no longer showed a superiority for the meditation treatment. In fact, the meditation group performed worse on each day of running. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 1, to assess whether the meditation effect of Experiment 1 was due to (a) differential increased attention of the meditators (minimized in subject-paced Experiment 2), (b) a gain early in learning for the meditators that was eliminated due to practice in Experiment 2, or (c) a lack of proper control procedures in Experiment 1. The performance of the meditators was, again, significantly lower. This research illustrates the importance of careful control when investigating the effects of meditation on behavior. It also suggests that the effects of meditation may depend on which hemisphere is dominant in performing the task.", "contents": "The effect of transcendental meditation on iconic memory. Three experiments investigated the effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on iconic memory. The task involved reporting of digits shown tachistoscopically, using Sperling's partial-report technique. Experiment 1 was a pilot study involving a meditation group and a nonmeditation gropu. All subjects were run in a pretest/treatment/posttest design. During the treatment phase the meditation group practiced TM for a 20-minute period and the nonmeditation group relaxed with eyes closed. The results showed that the treatment increased performance in meditators, but not in nonmeditators. In this experiment important controls such as individual administration of the task, extrinsic rewards, subject pacing, and adequate practice were lacking. Experiment 2 was a replication of the first, with these controls added. The results no longer showed a superiority for the meditation treatment. In fact, the meditation group performed worse on each day of running. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 1, to assess whether the meditation effect of Experiment 1 was due to (a) differential increased attention of the meditators (minimized in subject-paced Experiment 2), (b) a gain early in learning for the meditators that was eliminated due to practice in Experiment 2, or (c) a lack of proper control procedures in Experiment 1. The performance of the meditators was, again, significantly lower. This research illustrates the importance of careful control when investigating the effects of meditation on behavior. It also suggests that the effects of meditation may depend on which hemisphere is dominant in performing the task.", "PMID": 393303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9953", "title": "Frontal electromyographic feedback. Stress attenuation and generalization.", "content": "This study evaluated the effects of one session of frontal electromyographic (EMG) feedback on (1) frontal EMG, (2) frontal EMG response to stress, (3) cardiovascular variables, and (4) cardiovascular responses to stress. Eighteen male and female undergraduate volunteers received either frontal EMG feedback or a relaxation instructions control procedure and were then exposed to a fear stimulus (visualization of a feared situation) and a post-stress adaptation period while several cardiovascular measures were monitored. In comparison to the control group, frontal EMG feedback significantly reduced resting levels of frontal EMG and frontal EMG response to stress but had no significant effect on cardiovascular measures. The results of this study suggest that one session of frontal EMG feedback may attenuate response to stress but, within the paradigm utilized, may be confined to the specific muscle groups monitored. Additional areas of needed research were noted including individual differences in generalization, the effects of EMG feedback from multiple sites sequentially and concomitantly, and the generalized effects from symptom-specific sites.", "contents": "Frontal electromyographic feedback. Stress attenuation and generalization. This study evaluated the effects of one session of frontal electromyographic (EMG) feedback on (1) frontal EMG, (2) frontal EMG response to stress, (3) cardiovascular variables, and (4) cardiovascular responses to stress. Eighteen male and female undergraduate volunteers received either frontal EMG feedback or a relaxation instructions control procedure and were then exposed to a fear stimulus (visualization of a feared situation) and a post-stress adaptation period while several cardiovascular measures were monitored. In comparison to the control group, frontal EMG feedback significantly reduced resting levels of frontal EMG and frontal EMG response to stress but had no significant effect on cardiovascular measures. The results of this study suggest that one session of frontal EMG feedback may attenuate response to stress but, within the paradigm utilized, may be confined to the specific muscle groups monitored. Additional areas of needed research were noted including individual differences in generalization, the effects of EMG feedback from multiple sites sequentially and concomitantly, and the generalized effects from symptom-specific sites.", "PMID": 393304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9954", "title": "Temperature biofeedback and relaxation training in the treatment of migraine headaches. One-year follow-up.", "content": "In a previous controlled group outcome study, a comparison of temperature biofeedback with progressive relaxation indicated that relaxation training was more effective in reducing migraine headache activity at the end of treatment. However, follow-up data obtained at 1, 2, and 3 months after the completion of treatment showed no difference between the two groups on any dependent measure. In the current study, 18 of 26 subjects who completed treatment in the original investigation collected headache data and completed a headache questionnaire 1 year subsequent to the conclusion of treatment in order to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the two treatments. The results indicated that gains achieved in the reduction of headaches during both treatments were maintained at a 1-year follow-up. With the exception of medication consumption (for which relaxation training led to better long-term results) the 1-year follow-up data reveal no differential efficacy for temperature biofeedback or progressive relaxation in treating migraine headaches.", "contents": "Temperature biofeedback and relaxation training in the treatment of migraine headaches. One-year follow-up. In a previous controlled group outcome study, a comparison of temperature biofeedback with progressive relaxation indicated that relaxation training was more effective in reducing migraine headache activity at the end of treatment. However, follow-up data obtained at 1, 2, and 3 months after the completion of treatment showed no difference between the two groups on any dependent measure. In the current study, 18 of 26 subjects who completed treatment in the original investigation collected headache data and completed a headache questionnaire 1 year subsequent to the conclusion of treatment in order to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the two treatments. The results indicated that gains achieved in the reduction of headaches during both treatments were maintained at a 1-year follow-up. With the exception of medication consumption (for which relaxation training led to better long-term results) the 1-year follow-up data reveal no differential efficacy for temperature biofeedback or progressive relaxation in treating migraine headaches.", "PMID": 393306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9955", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on plasma testosterone in immature and adult male rabbits.", "content": "1 microgram/100 g body weight of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was administered to immature (25, 35 and 55 days of age) and adult (180 days) male rabbits. Testosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples taken just before and 30 min after LHRH injection. At all stages studied, LHRH significantly increased plasma testosterone. Expressed as a percent of over basal levels, the plasma testosterone was increased by 2,695% at 25 days, 3,955% at 35 days, 6,032% at 55 days and 3,766% at 180 days. Expressed in absolute amounts, the plasma testosterone levels showed an increase of 520 pg/ml at 25 days, 604 pg/ml at 35 days, 1,189 pg/ml at 55 days and 7,596 pg/ml at 180 days. The exact interpretation of the data was difficult since it is dependent on the mode of expression used. Nevertheless, the results support the observation that the hypophyso-testicular axis is functional in immature rabbits.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on plasma testosterone in immature and adult male rabbits. 1 microgram/100 g body weight of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was administered to immature (25, 35 and 55 days of age) and adult (180 days) male rabbits. Testosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples taken just before and 30 min after LHRH injection. At all stages studied, LHRH significantly increased plasma testosterone. Expressed as a percent of over basal levels, the plasma testosterone was increased by 2,695% at 25 days, 3,955% at 35 days, 6,032% at 55 days and 3,766% at 180 days. Expressed in absolute amounts, the plasma testosterone levels showed an increase of 520 pg/ml at 25 days, 604 pg/ml at 35 days, 1,189 pg/ml at 55 days and 7,596 pg/ml at 180 days. The exact interpretation of the data was difficult since it is dependent on the mode of expression used. Nevertheless, the results support the observation that the hypophyso-testicular axis is functional in immature rabbits.", "PMID": 393307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9956", "title": "A qualitative discrepancy between censored data rank tests.", "content": "Two popular censored data rank tests were used to compare cancer incidence rates between dogs receiving bone marrow transplantation and control dogs. The logrank test gave a significance level of 0.01. In contrast, Gehan's generalized Wilcoxon test gave a significance level of 0.76. The statistics are displayed in a manner that shows how such contrasting significance levels can arise. The Gehan statistic is shown to be subject to a serious criticism that does not apply to other Wilcoxon generalizations. Further insight into the data is obtained using a time-dependent logrank test and the proportional hazards regression model.", "contents": "A qualitative discrepancy between censored data rank tests. Two popular censored data rank tests were used to compare cancer incidence rates between dogs receiving bone marrow transplantation and control dogs. The logrank test gave a significance level of 0.01. In contrast, Gehan's generalized Wilcoxon test gave a significance level of 0.76. The statistics are displayed in a manner that shows how such contrasting significance levels can arise. The Gehan statistic is shown to be subject to a serious criticism that does not apply to other Wilcoxon generalizations. Further insight into the data is obtained using a time-dependent logrank test and the proportional hazards regression model.", "PMID": 393312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9957", "title": "The cachexia of cancer.", "content": "This review examines the contributions made by anorexia, loss of taste, malabsorption and disturbances of intermediary metabolism to the cachexia of cancer. Methods of nutritional assessment are outlined and mention is made of the usefulness of nutritional support as an adjunct to anti-cancer therapies.", "contents": "The cachexia of cancer. This review examines the contributions made by anorexia, loss of taste, malabsorption and disturbances of intermediary metabolism to the cachexia of cancer. Methods of nutritional assessment are outlined and mention is made of the usefulness of nutritional support as an adjunct to anti-cancer therapies.", "PMID": 393313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9958", "title": "Prolongation of murine skin allografts across a major histocompatibility locus using supernatants from con-A activated spleen cells.", "content": "Supernatants from Concanavalin A-activated mouse spleen cell cultures have been found to prolong skin graft survival across the H-2 locus in the mouse. There exist in these supernatants non-specific factors synthesized by suppressor T cells which have been activated by sub-optimal concentrations of Concanavalin A in vitro. The possible nature of these factors is discussed.", "contents": "Prolongation of murine skin allografts across a major histocompatibility locus using supernatants from con-A activated spleen cells. Supernatants from Concanavalin A-activated mouse spleen cell cultures have been found to prolong skin graft survival across the H-2 locus in the mouse. There exist in these supernatants non-specific factors synthesized by suppressor T cells which have been activated by sub-optimal concentrations of Concanavalin A in vitro. The possible nature of these factors is discussed.", "PMID": 393314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9959", "title": "Colony-stimulating factor production and secretion following renal transplantation.", "content": "Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF) production by peripheral blood leukocytes of renal transplant recipients was assayed using semisolid agar culture. Patients with stable graft function had a normal ability to produce CSF and they reacted with an increase of CSF release following bacterial infection, while active viral infections impaired the process. A marked decrease of CSF production was detectable in kidney graft recipients undergoing acute rejection, a phenomenon sometimes reversible by bolus prednisolone administration. Less characteristic patterns of CSF secretion in urine were found in these patients.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating factor production and secretion following renal transplantation. Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF) production by peripheral blood leukocytes of renal transplant recipients was assayed using semisolid agar culture. Patients with stable graft function had a normal ability to produce CSF and they reacted with an increase of CSF release following bacterial infection, while active viral infections impaired the process. A marked decrease of CSF production was detectable in kidney graft recipients undergoing acute rejection, a phenomenon sometimes reversible by bolus prednisolone administration. Less characteristic patterns of CSF secretion in urine were found in these patients.", "PMID": 393315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9960", "title": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. V-2H, 13C, 15N, 18O and 34 S, 1977-1978.", "content": "The first biennial updated compilation, for the period 1977-1978, of selected references to the use of 2H, 13C, 15N, 18 O and 34S in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications is presented. Author and subject indices for this information are compiled to enable the reader to make further use of these references.", "contents": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. V-2H, 13C, 15N, 18O and 34 S, 1977-1978. The first biennial updated compilation, for the period 1977-1978, of selected references to the use of 2H, 13C, 15N, 18 O and 34S in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications is presented. Author and subject indices for this information are compiled to enable the reader to make further use of these references.", "PMID": 393317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9961", "title": "[Microtubules and mitosis].", "content": "The mitotic chromosome movements are discussed in relation with recent studies on tubulins, their assembly and disassembly, and the associated proteins. The role of contractile proteins in the mitotic spindle is considered, and also that of the calcium regulating protein (CDR) which has been demonstrated recently in the mitotic spindle. The study of more \"primitive\" mitoses underlines the differences between polar and chromosomal MT. The linear growth of the first, and the sliding movements of MT from opposing poles, explain the growth in length of the mitotic figure and the separation of chromosomes. The complex relations between various types of MT and the possibility of biochemical varieties of tubulins, are discussed.", "contents": "[Microtubules and mitosis]. The mitotic chromosome movements are discussed in relation with recent studies on tubulins, their assembly and disassembly, and the associated proteins. The role of contractile proteins in the mitotic spindle is considered, and also that of the calcium regulating protein (CDR) which has been demonstrated recently in the mitotic spindle. The study of more \"primitive\" mitoses underlines the differences between polar and chromosomal MT. The linear growth of the first, and the sliding movements of MT from opposing poles, explain the growth in length of the mitotic figure and the separation of chromosomes. The complex relations between various types of MT and the possibility of biochemical varieties of tubulins, are discussed.", "PMID": 393326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9962", "title": "[The action of antimitotics and the cell cycle].", "content": "Cell kinetics, which for a long time could only be worked out at the level of mitosis, has now at its disposal a set of technics which make it possible to label cells which replicate their DNA, to appraise the DNA content of individual cells and to synchronise cell populations. First of all, the meaning and the scope of results obtained by cell kinetics technics in the study of the action mechanism of antimitotic substances are discussed. The main results obtained are exposed, pointing to the complexity of the mechanisms concerned. A more detailed discussion of some personal results concerning the action of anti-inflammatory substances, of protein inhibitors and of hydroyure allows to underline the difficulties met with and the importance of the choice of an adequate methodology.", "contents": "[The action of antimitotics and the cell cycle]. Cell kinetics, which for a long time could only be worked out at the level of mitosis, has now at its disposal a set of technics which make it possible to label cells which replicate their DNA, to appraise the DNA content of individual cells and to synchronise cell populations. First of all, the meaning and the scope of results obtained by cell kinetics technics in the study of the action mechanism of antimitotic substances are discussed. The main results obtained are exposed, pointing to the complexity of the mechanisms concerned. A more detailed discussion of some personal results concerning the action of anti-inflammatory substances, of protein inhibitors and of hydroyure allows to underline the difficulties met with and the importance of the choice of an adequate methodology.", "PMID": 393327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9963", "title": "[The plasma membrane glycoconjugates of normal and transformed cells (author's transl)].", "content": "After having reviewed the importance of glycoconjugates in the organisation of the cell membrane and the multiple roles played by these membrane constituants, the disorders characteristics of malignant transformation are described : First, the changes affecting cellular properties (diminution of cellular adhesivity, abolition of the control of cell growth, disturbance of membrane permeability...) and second, the modifications concerning the glycoconjugates of the cell surface in the course of malignant transformation : alterations affecting membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It appears that certain modifications of glycannic structures of membrane glycoproteins, for whatever cell type and transforming agent, seem at the moment to constitute the only abnormality permanently associated with the tumorigenicity of malignant cells.", "contents": "[The plasma membrane glycoconjugates of normal and transformed cells (author's transl)]. After having reviewed the importance of glycoconjugates in the organisation of the cell membrane and the multiple roles played by these membrane constituants, the disorders characteristics of malignant transformation are described : First, the changes affecting cellular properties (diminution of cellular adhesivity, abolition of the control of cell growth, disturbance of membrane permeability...) and second, the modifications concerning the glycoconjugates of the cell surface in the course of malignant transformation : alterations affecting membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It appears that certain modifications of glycannic structures of membrane glycoproteins, for whatever cell type and transforming agent, seem at the moment to constitute the only abnormality permanently associated with the tumorigenicity of malignant cells.", "PMID": 393329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9964", "title": "Do schizophrenics use linguistic rules in speech recall?", "content": "Varying degrees of organization of verbal material were presented to determine their use in sentence reproduction by acute and chronic schizophrenic subjects, a psychiatric (alcoholic) control group, and a healthy control group. The material consisted of six-word sentences presented over earphones, with background noise of differing intensity. The main result was that schizophrenics use verbal organization as effectively as healthy and psychiatric controls when reproducing the sentences. The noise distraction influenced performance of all groups similarly. Results suggest that performance of schizophrenics is facilitated by structured material (semantic and syntactic organization). The results do not suggest that either the linguistic repertoire or the application of linguistic rules is specifically affected in schizophrenia. The flatter performance slope of schizophrenics with increasing contexual constraints, found by some researchers, is explained by the unspecific effect of task difficulty.", "contents": "Do schizophrenics use linguistic rules in speech recall? Varying degrees of organization of verbal material were presented to determine their use in sentence reproduction by acute and chronic schizophrenic subjects, a psychiatric (alcoholic) control group, and a healthy control group. The material consisted of six-word sentences presented over earphones, with background noise of differing intensity. The main result was that schizophrenics use verbal organization as effectively as healthy and psychiatric controls when reproducing the sentences. The noise distraction influenced performance of all groups similarly. Results suggest that performance of schizophrenics is facilitated by structured material (semantic and syntactic organization). The results do not suggest that either the linguistic repertoire or the application of linguistic rules is specifically affected in schizophrenia. The flatter performance slope of schizophrenics with increasing contexual constraints, found by some researchers, is explained by the unspecific effect of task difficulty.", "PMID": 393353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9965", "title": "Collaborative United Kingdom-Australasian study of cancer in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "A collaborative study including centres in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand was instituted in 1970 to determine the incidence of cancer in patients treated for at least three months with azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil. Follow-up of 3823 renal transplant recipients showed an almost 60-fold increase of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma together with an excess of squamous-cell skin cancer and mesenchymal tumours. A series of 1349 patients without transplants showed an excess of the same tumours, though to a less extent. These preliminary findings provide no clear evidence that immunosuppressive drugs produce the increased risk of most of the common cancers that might be expected from the simplest interpretation of impaired \"immunosurveillance.\"", "contents": "Collaborative United Kingdom-Australasian study of cancer in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. A collaborative study including centres in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand was instituted in 1970 to determine the incidence of cancer in patients treated for at least three months with azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil. Follow-up of 3823 renal transplant recipients showed an almost 60-fold increase of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma together with an excess of squamous-cell skin cancer and mesenchymal tumours. A series of 1349 patients without transplants showed an excess of the same tumours, though to a less extent. These preliminary findings provide no clear evidence that immunosuppressive drugs produce the increased risk of most of the common cancers that might be expected from the simplest interpretation of impaired \"immunosurveillance.\"", "PMID": 393355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9966", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on postural hypotension in Parkinsonism.", "content": "A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of indomethacin on orthostatic hypotension in Parkinsonism. Twelve elderly patients participated and the drug was given in two-ways--as an intravenous infusion of 50 mg over 30 minutes and by mouth 50 mg thrice daily for six days. Results were assessed by measuring the degree of hypotension on standing, response to the cold pressor test, and forearm blood flow (by strain-gauge plethysmography). Indomethacin significantly reduced the fall in blood pressure on standing (P less than 0:001) and lessened or reversed orthostatic symptoms. Furthermore, there was an enhanced response to the cold pressor test and a reduction in forearm blood flow. These findings suggest that indomethacin has a positive effect on systemic vascular resistance.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on postural hypotension in Parkinsonism. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of indomethacin on orthostatic hypotension in Parkinsonism. Twelve elderly patients participated and the drug was given in two-ways--as an intravenous infusion of 50 mg over 30 minutes and by mouth 50 mg thrice daily for six days. Results were assessed by measuring the degree of hypotension on standing, response to the cold pressor test, and forearm blood flow (by strain-gauge plethysmography). Indomethacin significantly reduced the fall in blood pressure on standing (P less than 0:001) and lessened or reversed orthostatic symptoms. Furthermore, there was an enhanced response to the cold pressor test and a reduction in forearm blood flow. These findings suggest that indomethacin has a positive effect on systemic vascular resistance.", "PMID": 393356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9967", "title": "Optimum concentration of dissolved oxygen for the survival of virulent Treponema pallidum under conditions of low oxidation-reduction potential.", "content": "A maintenance medium with a low oxidation-reduction (redox) potential, when gently bubbled with 5% oxygen in nitrogen or with air for various periods of time, gave a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations between 1.6 and 5.8 micrograms/l. Virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) inoculated into these media were assayed 24 and 48 hours later for motility and virulence and were compared with samples taken at zero time. Virulent T. pallidum survived best in the presence of 2.4 micrograms/l dissolved oxygen over a 48-hour period, which corresponded to a gaseous mixture of 3% oxygen in nitrogen. Higher concentrations of oxygen did not give significantly different results from anaerobic conditions over this period. Thus, until it can be grown in vitro, T. pallidum would appear to be a microaerophilic bacterium.", "contents": "Optimum concentration of dissolved oxygen for the survival of virulent Treponema pallidum under conditions of low oxidation-reduction potential. A maintenance medium with a low oxidation-reduction (redox) potential, when gently bubbled with 5% oxygen in nitrogen or with air for various periods of time, gave a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations between 1.6 and 5.8 micrograms/l. Virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) inoculated into these media were assayed 24 and 48 hours later for motility and virulence and were compared with samples taken at zero time. Virulent T. pallidum survived best in the presence of 2.4 micrograms/l dissolved oxygen over a 48-hour period, which corresponded to a gaseous mixture of 3% oxygen in nitrogen. Higher concentrations of oxygen did not give significantly different results from anaerobic conditions over this period. Thus, until it can be grown in vitro, T. pallidum would appear to be a microaerophilic bacterium.", "PMID": 393360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9968", "title": "Susceptibility of rabbits to Treponema pallidum after infection with Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "Rabbits stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG) one month before challenge with Treponema pallidum (Nichols) did not show any modification in their development of syphilitic lesions. A second infection with BCG given at the same time and at the same intradermal site as the T. pallidum challenge also failed to protect the rabbits against syphilis. Thus the non-specific activation of cell-mediated immunity by BCG does not appear to protect rabbits against T. pallidum infection even when both activation and challenge take place in the dermis. The role of the macrophage in syphilis remains obscure.", "contents": "Susceptibility of rabbits to Treponema pallidum after infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Rabbits stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG) one month before challenge with Treponema pallidum (Nichols) did not show any modification in their development of syphilitic lesions. A second infection with BCG given at the same time and at the same intradermal site as the T. pallidum challenge also failed to protect the rabbits against syphilis. Thus the non-specific activation of cell-mediated immunity by BCG does not appear to protect rabbits against T. pallidum infection even when both activation and challenge take place in the dermis. The role of the macrophage in syphilis remains obscure.", "PMID": 393361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9969", "title": "Limited protection of rabbits against infection with Treponema pallidum by immune rabbit sera.", "content": "After intradermal infection of rabbits with 3 x 10(6) Treponema pallidum (Melbourne 1 strain) samples of serum were taken at one, two, three, four, and six months after infection. Normal rabbits were passively immunised with these sera, challenged with intradermal doses (10(4), 10(3), 10(2), 10) of T. pallidum, and the latent periods of infection, lesion diameters, and the number of inoculation sites developing into lesions were observed. The sera taken at three, four, and six months reduced the number of intradermal inoculation sites that developed into syphilitic lesions after challenge with 10 T. pallidum. These same three sera also increased the latent period of infection after challenge with 10(4) T. pallidum. The transfer of 50 ml of immune serum per rabbit over a nine-day period before challenge had very little effect on the course of the challenge infection. Only a low level of immunity in rabbits to this strain of T. pallidum appears to be mediated by immune serum but this small degree of protection did increase with time after infection. Enhanced growth of T. pallidum in the serum-recipient rabbits did not occur, thus suggesting that none of the sera was immunosuppressive.", "contents": "Limited protection of rabbits against infection with Treponema pallidum by immune rabbit sera. After intradermal infection of rabbits with 3 x 10(6) Treponema pallidum (Melbourne 1 strain) samples of serum were taken at one, two, three, four, and six months after infection. Normal rabbits were passively immunised with these sera, challenged with intradermal doses (10(4), 10(3), 10(2), 10) of T. pallidum, and the latent periods of infection, lesion diameters, and the number of inoculation sites developing into lesions were observed. The sera taken at three, four, and six months reduced the number of intradermal inoculation sites that developed into syphilitic lesions after challenge with 10 T. pallidum. These same three sera also increased the latent period of infection after challenge with 10(4) T. pallidum. The transfer of 50 ml of immune serum per rabbit over a nine-day period before challenge had very little effect on the course of the challenge infection. Only a low level of immunity in rabbits to this strain of T. pallidum appears to be mediated by immune serum but this small degree of protection did increase with time after infection. Enhanced growth of T. pallidum in the serum-recipient rabbits did not occur, thus suggesting that none of the sera was immunosuppressive.", "PMID": 393362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9970", "title": "Topography of cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of the albino rat. Vermis of anterior and posterior lobes.", "content": "The distribution of cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of the vermis of anterior and posterior lobes was determined for the albino rat using the Fink and Heimer method. Efferent fibers from vermal cortex terminate in the ipsilateral medial cerebellar nucleus (NM) in an organized circumferential manner. Rostral lobules (I--III) project to rostroventral and rostrocentral NM, more central lobules (IV, V, VI) project to rostrodorsal, dorsocentral and caudodorsal areas of the nucleus respectively, while caudal lobules (VII, VIII, IX) send fibers into caudal and ventrocaudal NM. No evidence was seen to corroborate the contention that individual lobules of the vermis may project essentially throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Although species differences are apparent the arrangement of terminal fields in the NM for vermal cortex of rats is similar to that reported for other mammals. Degenerated fibers from medial aspects of each lesion primarily enter the NM while those coursing into the juxtarestiform body originate from more lateral portions of the cortical injury. This suggests that the arrangement of cortical zones in rat is fundamentally similar to that described in other mammals.", "contents": "Topography of cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of the albino rat. Vermis of anterior and posterior lobes. The distribution of cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of the vermis of anterior and posterior lobes was determined for the albino rat using the Fink and Heimer method. Efferent fibers from vermal cortex terminate in the ipsilateral medial cerebellar nucleus (NM) in an organized circumferential manner. Rostral lobules (I--III) project to rostroventral and rostrocentral NM, more central lobules (IV, V, VI) project to rostrodorsal, dorsocentral and caudodorsal areas of the nucleus respectively, while caudal lobules (VII, VIII, IX) send fibers into caudal and ventrocaudal NM. No evidence was seen to corroborate the contention that individual lobules of the vermis may project essentially throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Although species differences are apparent the arrangement of terminal fields in the NM for vermal cortex of rats is similar to that reported for other mammals. Degenerated fibers from medial aspects of each lesion primarily enter the NM while those coursing into the juxtarestiform body originate from more lateral portions of the cortical injury. This suggests that the arrangement of cortical zones in rat is fundamentally similar to that described in other mammals.", "PMID": 393364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9971", "title": "Comparison of minocycline and ampicillin in gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "A prospective, randomised, single-blind trial was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of minocycline and ampicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea in men. One hundred and twenty men were treated with minocycline 300 mg and 121 men with ampicillin 2 g and probenecid 1 g. Cure rates were similar in both groups of patients. There were few side effects. Of 135 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae tested to different concentrations of minocycline and penicillin, two were resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/ml) and seven to minocycline (MIC greater than 1.0 microgram/ml). The incidence of PGU was 31% in those patients treated with minocycline and 34% in those treated with ampicillin plus probenecid, the difference not being statistically significant. PGU occurred more often after treatment with minocycline than in previous studies.", "contents": "Comparison of minocycline and ampicillin in gonococcal urethritis. A prospective, randomised, single-blind trial was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of minocycline and ampicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea in men. One hundred and twenty men were treated with minocycline 300 mg and 121 men with ampicillin 2 g and probenecid 1 g. Cure rates were similar in both groups of patients. There were few side effects. Of 135 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae tested to different concentrations of minocycline and penicillin, two were resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/ml) and seven to minocycline (MIC greater than 1.0 microgram/ml). The incidence of PGU was 31% in those patients treated with minocycline and 34% in those treated with ampicillin plus probenecid, the difference not being statistically significant. PGU occurred more often after treatment with minocycline than in previous studies.", "PMID": 393363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9972", "title": "Anaesthesia and the respiratory system.", "content": "Pulmonary gas exchange is disturbed during general anaesthesia; both oxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide are impaired. The shape of the chest wall alters after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis in recumbent subjects, and its motion during inspiration is also altered. The mechanical properties of lung and chest wall are also affected and FRC may be reduced. Inspired gas distribution changes after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis with mechanical ventilation of the lungs. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow is altered in subjects in the sitting and right lateral decubitus positions, but the distribution is not adjusted to the altered distribution of inspired gas. This results in an increased mismatching of ventilation to perfusion, with development of lung regions that have low and high ventilation-to-perfusion ratios. Some lung regions with low ventilation-to-perfusion ratios develop into right-to-left shunt on breathing 100 per cent oxygen. The following sequence of events probably occurs after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis. The initial effect of anaesthesia seems to be on the shape and motion of the chest wall. This may alter the mechanical properties of both the chest wall and the lung. Intrapulmonary gas distribution is altered secondarily. Pulmonary bloodflow distribution, which is primarily determined by gravity, does not seem to adjust to the altered distribution of inspired gas. Hence, an increased mismatching of ventilation to perfusion develops. This includes the development of lung regions with low ventilation-to-perfusion ratios. These regions may progress into right-to-left shung during 100 per cent oxygen breathing. The low ventilation-to-perfusion regions and the shunt may both impair oxygenation. The development of lung regions with high ventilation-to-perfusion ratios after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis contributes to the inefficient elimination of carbon dioxide.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and the respiratory system. Pulmonary gas exchange is disturbed during general anaesthesia; both oxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide are impaired. The shape of the chest wall alters after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis in recumbent subjects, and its motion during inspiration is also altered. The mechanical properties of lung and chest wall are also affected and FRC may be reduced. Inspired gas distribution changes after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis with mechanical ventilation of the lungs. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow is altered in subjects in the sitting and right lateral decubitus positions, but the distribution is not adjusted to the altered distribution of inspired gas. This results in an increased mismatching of ventilation to perfusion, with development of lung regions that have low and high ventilation-to-perfusion ratios. Some lung regions with low ventilation-to-perfusion ratios develop into right-to-left shunt on breathing 100 per cent oxygen. The following sequence of events probably occurs after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis. The initial effect of anaesthesia seems to be on the shape and motion of the chest wall. This may alter the mechanical properties of both the chest wall and the lung. Intrapulmonary gas distribution is altered secondarily. Pulmonary bloodflow distribution, which is primarily determined by gravity, does not seem to adjust to the altered distribution of inspired gas. Hence, an increased mismatching of ventilation to perfusion develops. This includes the development of lung regions with low ventilation-to-perfusion ratios. These regions may progress into right-to-left shung during 100 per cent oxygen breathing. The low ventilation-to-perfusion regions and the shunt may both impair oxygenation. The development of lung regions with high ventilation-to-perfusion ratios after induction of anaesthesia-paralysis contributes to the inefficient elimination of carbon dioxide.", "PMID": 393367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9973", "title": "The mutagenic activity of 61 agents as determined by the micronucleus, Salmonella, and sperm abnormality assays.", "content": "A comparison of two rapid and inexpensive in vivo mammalian assays and the Ames Salmonella assay is presented for 61 agents; Acetylsalicylic acid; Acriflavine; Actinomycin D; 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2); Aflatoxin B1; 2-aminofluorene; Aminopterin; Aroclor 1254; Ascorbic acid; Azathioprine; Benzo(a)pyrene; 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Busulphan, Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cadmium chloride; Caffeine; Calcium cyclamate; Chloral hydrate; Chloromycetin succinate; Codeine phosphate, Colchicine; Cycloheximide; Cyclophosphamide; DDT; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; Dibutylnitrosamine; 9, 10 Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylnitrosamine; Epinephrine; Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS); 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FANFT); 2-(2-formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FNT); Glucose, Griseofulvin; Hycanthone methane sulphonate; Hydroxyurea; 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; Lead acetate; Mechlorethamine; 3-Methylcholanthrene; Methyl mercury acetate; Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS); N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine; Mitomycin C; Monosodium glutamate; 1-Naphthalamine; 2-Naphthalamine; Nitrofurazone; 4-Nitro-O-phenylene diamine; 4-Nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO); Phenobarbitone; Procarbazine; Quinacrine dihydrochloride; Radiation (gamma-rays); Sodium chloride; Triethylene thiophosphoramide; Trimethyl phosphate; Tris(2-methyl-1-arizidinyl) phosphine oxide; Urethan; Vinblastine. The results support the concept of multiple assays for mutagenicity and show that some combinations of assays are superior to others.", "contents": "The mutagenic activity of 61 agents as determined by the micronucleus, Salmonella, and sperm abnormality assays. A comparison of two rapid and inexpensive in vivo mammalian assays and the Ames Salmonella assay is presented for 61 agents; Acetylsalicylic acid; Acriflavine; Actinomycin D; 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2); Aflatoxin B1; 2-aminofluorene; Aminopterin; Aroclor 1254; Ascorbic acid; Azathioprine; Benzo(a)pyrene; 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Busulphan, Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cadmium chloride; Caffeine; Calcium cyclamate; Chloral hydrate; Chloromycetin succinate; Codeine phosphate, Colchicine; Cycloheximide; Cyclophosphamide; DDT; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; Dibutylnitrosamine; 9, 10 Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylnitrosamine; Epinephrine; Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS); 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FANFT); 2-(2-formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FNT); Glucose, Griseofulvin; Hycanthone methane sulphonate; Hydroxyurea; 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; Lead acetate; Mechlorethamine; 3-Methylcholanthrene; Methyl mercury acetate; Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS); N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine; Mitomycin C; Monosodium glutamate; 1-Naphthalamine; 2-Naphthalamine; Nitrofurazone; 4-Nitro-O-phenylene diamine; 4-Nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO); Phenobarbitone; Procarbazine; Quinacrine dihydrochloride; Radiation (gamma-rays); Sodium chloride; Triethylene thiophosphoramide; Trimethyl phosphate; Tris(2-methyl-1-arizidinyl) phosphine oxide; Urethan; Vinblastine. The results support the concept of multiple assays for mutagenicity and show that some combinations of assays are superior to others.", "PMID": 393369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9974", "title": "Effects of suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions on hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) content and gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized (OVX) female rat.", "content": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions in OVX rats blocked progesterone-induced gonadotropin surges without affecting tonic levels of these hormones or the expression of estrogen negative feedback. In addition, these lesions resulted in a decrease in LHRH content of tissue rostral and caudal to the lesion. These results suggest that the effect of suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions on phasic gonadotropin secretion may be due to the interruption of LHRH input to the median eminence from rostral centers known to be important in this event.", "contents": "Effects of suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions on hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) content and gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized (OVX) female rat. Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions in OVX rats blocked progesterone-induced gonadotropin surges without affecting tonic levels of these hormones or the expression of estrogen negative feedback. In addition, these lesions resulted in a decrease in LHRH content of tissue rostral and caudal to the lesion. These results suggest that the effect of suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions on phasic gonadotropin secretion may be due to the interruption of LHRH input to the median eminence from rostral centers known to be important in this event.", "PMID": 393365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9975", "title": "Noradrenergic innervation patterns in three regions of medial cortex: an immunofluorescence characterization.", "content": "A homologous antiserum directed against rat dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH was used for the immunohistofluorescent visualization of the noradrenergic (NA) innervation of medial cortex in the albino rat. Three cytoarchitectonic divisions of the medial cortex were studied: prelimbic (PL), anterior cingulate (AC), and granular retrosplenial (RSg). Each division of medial cortex possesses a characteristic and distinct pattern and density of NA fibers. The branching patterns and density of the fibers in PL cortex are similar to those of lateral cortex. AC cortex has the lowest density of NA innervation found in the neocortex; there is minimal arborization in layer I, and a very low density of fibers in layers II and III. In contrast RSg is the most densely innervated region, and NA fibers arborize extensively throughout all layers. The dopaminergic (DA) fibers in medial cortex were studied with glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence following midbrain lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB). A laminar complementarity exists in AC cortex such that the DA fibers terminate in layers I-III, while the NA fibers are largely confined to the deep layers. The distinctive patterns of termination of coeruleocortical fibers indicate that in different cortical areas NA axons contact different elements of neuronal circuitry and that there is some degree of specificity in the distribution of NA terminals within the cortex.", "contents": "Noradrenergic innervation patterns in three regions of medial cortex: an immunofluorescence characterization. A homologous antiserum directed against rat dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH was used for the immunohistofluorescent visualization of the noradrenergic (NA) innervation of medial cortex in the albino rat. Three cytoarchitectonic divisions of the medial cortex were studied: prelimbic (PL), anterior cingulate (AC), and granular retrosplenial (RSg). Each division of medial cortex possesses a characteristic and distinct pattern and density of NA fibers. The branching patterns and density of the fibers in PL cortex are similar to those of lateral cortex. AC cortex has the lowest density of NA innervation found in the neocortex; there is minimal arborization in layer I, and a very low density of fibers in layers II and III. In contrast RSg is the most densely innervated region, and NA fibers arborize extensively throughout all layers. The dopaminergic (DA) fibers in medial cortex were studied with glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence following midbrain lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB). A laminar complementarity exists in AC cortex such that the DA fibers terminate in layers I-III, while the NA fibers are largely confined to the deep layers. The distinctive patterns of termination of coeruleocortical fibers indicate that in different cortical areas NA axons contact different elements of neuronal circuitry and that there is some degree of specificity in the distribution of NA terminals within the cortex.", "PMID": 393366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9976", "title": "The influence of the PO1A1 mutation upon recombination in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Genetic recombination in Escherichia coli is a highly regulated process involving multiple gene products. We have investigated the role of DNA polymerase I in this process by studying the effect of the po1A1 mutation upon DNA transfer and conjugation in otherwise isogenic suppressor-free strains of E. coli K-12. It was found that the po1A1 mutation greatly reduces recombination in Hfr crosses (a factor of 20 in Pol+ x Po1A1 crosses and more than a factor of 100 in Po1A1 X Po1A1 crosses). However, since the po1A1 mutation reduces the strains capacity to act as a recipient for an F-prime and the analysis of recombination transfer gradients revealed no differences between Po1+ and Po1- strains, it is concluded that DNA polymerase I probably affects the transfer and/or stability of donor DNA rather than the recombinational process itself.", "contents": "The influence of the PO1A1 mutation upon recombination in Escherichia coli K12. Genetic recombination in Escherichia coli is a highly regulated process involving multiple gene products. We have investigated the role of DNA polymerase I in this process by studying the effect of the po1A1 mutation upon DNA transfer and conjugation in otherwise isogenic suppressor-free strains of E. coli K-12. It was found that the po1A1 mutation greatly reduces recombination in Hfr crosses (a factor of 20 in Pol+ x Po1A1 crosses and more than a factor of 100 in Po1A1 X Po1A1 crosses). However, since the po1A1 mutation reduces the strains capacity to act as a recipient for an F-prime and the analysis of recombination transfer gradients revealed no differences between Po1+ and Po1- strains, it is concluded that DNA polymerase I probably affects the transfer and/or stability of donor DNA rather than the recombinational process itself.", "PMID": 393370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9977", "title": "Mixed bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli: exclusion of superinfecting T4 by T7.", "content": "Escherichia coli was infected with T7, then with T4. When the time between the addition of the tow phages was 5 or more minutes, T4 was excluded and most of the infective centres yielded T7 progeny. The DNA of excluded T4 was injected, but it did not replicate nor was it degraded extensively. Transcription of this T4 DNA was largely inhibited, and the transcripts produced were not translated. A variety of T7 amber mutants was examined for the capacity to exclude T4. Amongst the early T7 genes, only the product of gene 1, the T7 RNA polymerase, was essential for T4 exclusion. None of the late genes examined was essential for exclusion.", "contents": "Mixed bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli: exclusion of superinfecting T4 by T7. Escherichia coli was infected with T7, then with T4. When the time between the addition of the tow phages was 5 or more minutes, T4 was excluded and most of the infective centres yielded T7 progeny. The DNA of excluded T4 was injected, but it did not replicate nor was it degraded extensively. Transcription of this T4 DNA was largely inhibited, and the transcripts produced were not translated. A variety of T7 amber mutants was examined for the capacity to exclude T4. Amongst the early T7 genes, only the product of gene 1, the T7 RNA polymerase, was essential for T4 exclusion. None of the late genes examined was essential for exclusion.", "PMID": 393371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9978", "title": "Changes in electrophoretic mobility and lytic enzyme activity associated with development of flocculating ability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Cells from stationary-phase cultures of two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 and 20) failed to flocculate when grown in a complex or a chemically defined medium, while those of two other strains (11 and 13) flocculated when grown in either medium. Strain 30 flocculated when grown in complex but not defined medium and harvested from stationary-phase cultures. pH-electrophoretic mobility measurements on all five strains showed that mobility attributable to carboxyl groups usually increased as cultures progressed from the exponential to the stationary phase, while that caused by phosphate groups tended to decline. Acquisition of flocculating ability was accompanied in strains 11 and 30 by a slight increase in amidase activity, and greater increases compared with nonflocculent populations in activities of leucine aminopeptidase. alpha-mannosidase, and proteinase C. Activities of proteinases A and B showed no correlation with acquisition of flocculating ability.", "contents": "Changes in electrophoretic mobility and lytic enzyme activity associated with development of flocculating ability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells from stationary-phase cultures of two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 and 20) failed to flocculate when grown in a complex or a chemically defined medium, while those of two other strains (11 and 13) flocculated when grown in either medium. Strain 30 flocculated when grown in complex but not defined medium and harvested from stationary-phase cultures. pH-electrophoretic mobility measurements on all five strains showed that mobility attributable to carboxyl groups usually increased as cultures progressed from the exponential to the stationary phase, while that caused by phosphate groups tended to decline. Acquisition of flocculating ability was accompanied in strains 11 and 30 by a slight increase in amidase activity, and greater increases compared with nonflocculent populations in activities of leucine aminopeptidase. alpha-mannosidase, and proteinase C. Activities of proteinases A and B showed no correlation with acquisition of flocculating ability.", "PMID": 393372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9979", "title": "Adherence of bacteria to leaves.", "content": "Members of seven genra of bacteria, pathogens and nonpathogens of plants, adhered to young leaves when leaves were suspended in cell suspensions for 10 min. With Pseudomonas lachrymans, the adherence rate (cells applied vs. cells adhering) to host (cucumber) and nonhost (chrysanthemum) leaves was a straight-line, log-log function, as was the adherence of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens to cucumber leaves. Adhering cells of these three bacteria were washed with water from cucumber leaves at a straight-line, log-log rate. Adhered cells of P. lachrymans were most commonly found near veins on cucumber leaves. There appeared to be a polymeric surface layer on this bacterium on the cucumber leaf when leaves bearing bacteria were stained with ruthenium red and viewed in thin section.", "contents": "Adherence of bacteria to leaves. Members of seven genra of bacteria, pathogens and nonpathogens of plants, adhered to young leaves when leaves were suspended in cell suspensions for 10 min. With Pseudomonas lachrymans, the adherence rate (cells applied vs. cells adhering) to host (cucumber) and nonhost (chrysanthemum) leaves was a straight-line, log-log function, as was the adherence of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens to cucumber leaves. Adhering cells of these three bacteria were washed with water from cucumber leaves at a straight-line, log-log rate. Adhered cells of P. lachrymans were most commonly found near veins on cucumber leaves. There appeared to be a polymeric surface layer on this bacterium on the cucumber leaf when leaves bearing bacteria were stained with ruthenium red and viewed in thin section.", "PMID": 393373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9980", "title": "A new gene involved in expression of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new gene, fdaB, has been mapped by transduction and partial diploid analyses and located adjacent to argA at 59.9 min on the Escherichia coli recalibrated linkage map. This gene is involved in expression of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity and indirectly in ribosomal RNA synthesis. The temperature-sensitive mutant strain AA-157, containing the defective gene product of of fdaB, accumulates high concentrations of fructose 1,6-diphosphate at the nonpermissive temperature.", "contents": "A new gene involved in expression of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity in Escherichia coli. A new gene, fdaB, has been mapped by transduction and partial diploid analyses and located adjacent to argA at 59.9 min on the Escherichia coli recalibrated linkage map. This gene is involved in expression of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity and indirectly in ribosomal RNA synthesis. The temperature-sensitive mutant strain AA-157, containing the defective gene product of of fdaB, accumulates high concentrations of fructose 1,6-diphosphate at the nonpermissive temperature.", "PMID": 393374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9981", "title": "Cutaneous immunofluorescent microscopy: a practical diagnostic technique.", "content": "Cutaneous immunofluorescent microscopy is a relatively new technique for the diagnosis of cutaneous disorders. Its application has been well established in vesiculobullous and connective tissue disorders. With the development of a transport medium for skin biopsy specimens it has become a practical diagnostic technique. In 1974 a laboratory for immunofluorescent microscopy was established in Vancouver and, on the basis of its experience, the indications for, and results of, immunofluorescent studies are reviewed.", "contents": "Cutaneous immunofluorescent microscopy: a practical diagnostic technique. Cutaneous immunofluorescent microscopy is a relatively new technique for the diagnosis of cutaneous disorders. Its application has been well established in vesiculobullous and connective tissue disorders. With the development of a transport medium for skin biopsy specimens it has become a practical diagnostic technique. In 1974 a laboratory for immunofluorescent microscopy was established in Vancouver and, on the basis of its experience, the indications for, and results of, immunofluorescent studies are reviewed.", "PMID": 393375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9982", "title": "Malformations and the Manx syndrome in cats.", "content": "Breeding experiments were conducted on cats with congenital taillessness, to test the dissemination pattern of taillessness in their offspring. Clinical evaluation, radiographic analysis of the vertebral column and histological studies of the digestive tract and central nervous tissue were conducted to determine the association of malformations of these systems in cats born with different degrees of taillessness noted in the rumpy and stumpy cats. The mode of transmission of the tailless (Manx) condition assumed to be through an autosomal dominant factor (M) was confirmed by this investigation. It is hypothesized that the problems associated with the tailless condition such as spina bifida, urinary and faecal incontinence and locomotor disturbances of the pelvic limbs may all be related to a disturbance affecting the development of the central nervous system in the early embryonic life.", "contents": "Malformations and the Manx syndrome in cats. Breeding experiments were conducted on cats with congenital taillessness, to test the dissemination pattern of taillessness in their offspring. Clinical evaluation, radiographic analysis of the vertebral column and histological studies of the digestive tract and central nervous tissue were conducted to determine the association of malformations of these systems in cats born with different degrees of taillessness noted in the rumpy and stumpy cats. The mode of transmission of the tailless (Manx) condition assumed to be through an autosomal dominant factor (M) was confirmed by this investigation. It is hypothesized that the problems associated with the tailless condition such as spina bifida, urinary and faecal incontinence and locomotor disturbances of the pelvic limbs may all be related to a disturbance affecting the development of the central nervous system in the early embryonic life.", "PMID": 393376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9983", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy (DTIC and Corynebacterium parvum) as adjuvant treatment in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with stage I or II (lymph node involvement) malignant melanoma were prospectively randomized into a control group receiving surgical treatment only (consisting of wide excision of primary and regional node dissection) and a group receiving the same surgical treatment plus adjuvant therapy with DTIC and Corynebacterium parvum. Followup times ranged from 1 1/2 to 4 years. Among the 29 patients in the surgical control group, there were five hematogenous recurrences and one regional recurrence and four patients have died. Among the 32 patients in the treatment group, there were 13 hematogenous recurrences and two regional recurrences and ten patients have died. However, the control group had six patients with involved lymph nodes while the treatment group had 15 patients in this category. It appears that although the combination of DTIC and C. parvum was well-tolerated, it did not reduce the recurrence and mortality rates.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy (DTIC and Corynebacterium parvum) as adjuvant treatment in malignant melanoma. Sixty-one patients with stage I or II (lymph node involvement) malignant melanoma were prospectively randomized into a control group receiving surgical treatment only (consisting of wide excision of primary and regional node dissection) and a group receiving the same surgical treatment plus adjuvant therapy with DTIC and Corynebacterium parvum. Followup times ranged from 1 1/2 to 4 years. Among the 29 patients in the surgical control group, there were five hematogenous recurrences and one regional recurrence and four patients have died. Among the 32 patients in the treatment group, there were 13 hematogenous recurrences and two regional recurrences and ten patients have died. However, the control group had six patients with involved lymph nodes while the treatment group had 15 patients in this category. It appears that although the combination of DTIC and C. parvum was well-tolerated, it did not reduce the recurrence and mortality rates.", "PMID": 393377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9984", "title": "Polyestradiol phosphate: a preliminary evaluation of its effect on breast carcinoma.", "content": "The effect of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin), a long-acting estrogen preparation given im, was assessed in 24 elderly postmenopausal patients with stage II or III primary or recurrent breast carcinoma. Although the drug has been available for many years, there has been no report in the literature of its use in treating breast carcinoma. The results of this study show that a total of 17 of 24 (70.8%) patients had evidence of tumor regression lasting a minimum of 3 months, while in 14 (58.3%) patients regression was maintained for greater than or equal to 6 months. Seven patients had complete (100%) tumor regression. Side effects were almost nonexistent and the agent has been shown to be effective, with good patient acceptability and guaranteed administration. It could be considered as an alternative to oral estrogen therapy where patient compliance is poor and gastrointestinal side effects are severe enough that patients often request a change of treatment.", "contents": "Polyestradiol phosphate: a preliminary evaluation of its effect on breast carcinoma. The effect of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin), a long-acting estrogen preparation given im, was assessed in 24 elderly postmenopausal patients with stage II or III primary or recurrent breast carcinoma. Although the drug has been available for many years, there has been no report in the literature of its use in treating breast carcinoma. The results of this study show that a total of 17 of 24 (70.8%) patients had evidence of tumor regression lasting a minimum of 3 months, while in 14 (58.3%) patients regression was maintained for greater than or equal to 6 months. Seven patients had complete (100%) tumor regression. Side effects were almost nonexistent and the agent has been shown to be effective, with good patient acceptability and guaranteed administration. It could be considered as an alternative to oral estrogen therapy where patient compliance is poor and gastrointestinal side effects are severe enough that patients often request a change of treatment.", "PMID": 393380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9985", "title": "Phase II-III chemotherapy studies in advanced gastric cancer. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.", "content": "In this study, 139 eligible and evaluable patients with advanced gastric cancer, measurable disease, and no prior chemotherapy were randomized between treatment with Adriamycin alone, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus mitomycin C, and 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Objective responses were seen in eight of 37 patients (22%) receiving Adriamycin, in 17 of 53 (32%) receiving 5-FU plus mitomycin C, and in 12 of 49 (24%) receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Median durations of response were 4, 3 1/2, and 8 1/2 months, respectively. Sixty-one patients were treated after previous failure to other chemotherapy regimens. Response rates were seen in seven of 47 patients (15%) receiving Adriamycin, in two of nine receiving 5-FU plus mitomycin C, and in one of five receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Complete responses were observed more frequently with Adriamycin and with 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU than with 5-FU plus mitomycin C. Although 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU had a slight advantage in interval to disease progression, this was not statistically significant. Median survival for all previously untreated patients was slightly greater than 17 weeks, and there was no meaningful or significant survival difference between the three treatment groups.", "contents": "Phase II-III chemotherapy studies in advanced gastric cancer. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. In this study, 139 eligible and evaluable patients with advanced gastric cancer, measurable disease, and no prior chemotherapy were randomized between treatment with Adriamycin alone, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus mitomycin C, and 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Objective responses were seen in eight of 37 patients (22%) receiving Adriamycin, in 17 of 53 (32%) receiving 5-FU plus mitomycin C, and in 12 of 49 (24%) receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Median durations of response were 4, 3 1/2, and 8 1/2 months, respectively. Sixty-one patients were treated after previous failure to other chemotherapy regimens. Response rates were seen in seven of 47 patients (15%) receiving Adriamycin, in two of nine receiving 5-FU plus mitomycin C, and in one of five receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. Complete responses were observed more frequently with Adriamycin and with 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU than with 5-FU plus mitomycin C. Although 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU had a slight advantage in interval to disease progression, this was not statistically significant. Median survival for all previously untreated patients was slightly greater than 17 weeks, and there was no meaningful or significant survival difference between the three treatment groups.", "PMID": 393381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9986", "title": "Phase II-III chemotherapy studies in advanced gastric cancer. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.", "content": "In this multi-institutional study of advanced gastric cancer, 141 eligible and evaluable patients were treated with either (a) Adriamycin alone, (b) a combination of 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and methyl-CCNU (FAMe), or (c) a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and cytosine arabinoside (FMC). In patients with measurable disease and no prior chemotherapy, objective responses were seen in four of 17 patients (24%) receiving Adriamycin alone, in seven of 15 (47%) receiving FAMe, and in three of 18 (17%) receiving FMC. In previously treated patients with measurable disease, objective responses were seen in three of 17 patients (18%) receiving Adriamycin alone and in one of 11 (9%) receiving FMC. In previously untreated patients with both measurable and nonmeasurable disease, FAMe showed a significant advantage over both Adriamycin alone and FMC with regard to interval to disease progression and survival. In comparing Adriamycin alone with FMC in previously treated patients, intervals to disease progression and survival were essentially identical.", "contents": "Phase II-III chemotherapy studies in advanced gastric cancer. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. In this multi-institutional study of advanced gastric cancer, 141 eligible and evaluable patients were treated with either (a) Adriamycin alone, (b) a combination of 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and methyl-CCNU (FAMe), or (c) a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and cytosine arabinoside (FMC). In patients with measurable disease and no prior chemotherapy, objective responses were seen in four of 17 patients (24%) receiving Adriamycin alone, in seven of 15 (47%) receiving FAMe, and in three of 18 (17%) receiving FMC. In previously treated patients with measurable disease, objective responses were seen in three of 17 patients (18%) receiving Adriamycin alone and in one of 11 (9%) receiving FMC. In previously untreated patients with both measurable and nonmeasurable disease, FAMe showed a significant advantage over both Adriamycin alone and FMC with regard to interval to disease progression and survival. In comparing Adriamycin alone with FMC in previously treated patients, intervals to disease progression and survival were essentially identical.", "PMID": 393382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9987", "title": "Treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil: a randomized comparison of two routes of delivery.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were randomized to receive 15 mg/kg/week of 5-fluorouracil by either the iv or oral route. Toxic effects of treatment included nausea and vomiting (40% with the oral route versus 35% with the iv route) and myelosuppression, with a wbc count of less than 4000/mm3 (28% with the oral route versus 32% with the iv route). The frequency of partial response was 12% (three of 25 patients) for the oral route and 16% (five of 32 patients) for the iv route. Only two of 36 patients with liver metastases responded. No advantage was seen for the oral versus the iv route of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil: a randomized comparison of two routes of delivery. Fifty-seven patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were randomized to receive 15 mg/kg/week of 5-fluorouracil by either the iv or oral route. Toxic effects of treatment included nausea and vomiting (40% with the oral route versus 35% with the iv route) and myelosuppression, with a wbc count of less than 4000/mm3 (28% with the oral route versus 32% with the iv route). The frequency of partial response was 12% (three of 25 patients) for the oral route and 16% (five of 32 patients) for the iv route. Only two of 36 patients with liver metastases responded. No advantage was seen for the oral versus the iv route of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 393383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9988", "title": "The substrate specificity of yeast hexokinase: reaction with D-arabinose oxime.", "content": "By chromatography, electrophoresis, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric assay, it has been shown that D-arabinose oxime acts as a weak substrate for yeast hexokinase. The enzyme-catalysed phosphorylation of the oxime, which exists as a mixture of E (80%) and Z (20%) acyclic forms in solution at equilibrium, is proposed to proceed via the transient formation of a furanoid species. Weak substrate-activity was also observed with 4-deoxy-D-xylo-hexose, but not with 5-deoxy-D-xylohexose. The relation of these and previous results concerning the carbohydrate-substrate specificity of yeast hexokinase in solution to X-ray crystallographic studies is discussed.", "contents": "The substrate specificity of yeast hexokinase: reaction with D-arabinose oxime. By chromatography, electrophoresis, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric assay, it has been shown that D-arabinose oxime acts as a weak substrate for yeast hexokinase. The enzyme-catalysed phosphorylation of the oxime, which exists as a mixture of E (80%) and Z (20%) acyclic forms in solution at equilibrium, is proposed to proceed via the transient formation of a furanoid species. Weak substrate-activity was also observed with 4-deoxy-D-xylo-hexose, but not with 5-deoxy-D-xylohexose. The relation of these and previous results concerning the carbohydrate-substrate specificity of yeast hexokinase in solution to X-ray crystallographic studies is discussed.", "PMID": 393391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9989", "title": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) alone and combined with DTIC for treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) (cis-DDP): ten with cis-DDP alone at a dose of 20 mg/m2 iv x 4 days every 4 weeks and 11 with cis-DDP at a dose of 15 mg/m2 iv x 4 days combined with DTIC at a dose of 200 mg/m2 iv x 5 days every 4 weeks. Two of 21 patients (10%) showed a partial response to therapy. There were no complete responses and no apparent increases in length of survival for responders compared to nonresponders. One drug-related death occurred. Otherwise, drug toxicity was acceptable and appeared to be diminished by iv hydration and prolonged administration. In this study, cis-DDP was not effective for treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) alone and combined with DTIC for treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma. Twenty-one patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) (cis-DDP): ten with cis-DDP alone at a dose of 20 mg/m2 iv x 4 days every 4 weeks and 11 with cis-DDP at a dose of 15 mg/m2 iv x 4 days combined with DTIC at a dose of 200 mg/m2 iv x 5 days every 4 weeks. Two of 21 patients (10%) showed a partial response to therapy. There were no complete responses and no apparent increases in length of survival for responders compared to nonresponders. One drug-related death occurred. Otherwise, drug toxicity was acceptable and appeared to be diminished by iv hydration and prolonged administration. In this study, cis-DDP was not effective for treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 393385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9990", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and DTIC in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with advanced malignant melanoma were randomized to receive DTIC at a dose of 200 mg/m2 iv on Days 1-5 and cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) at a dose of 40 mg/m2 iv on Days 1 and 4, repeated every 4 weeks (group A), or the same drugs plus procarbazine at a dose of 75 mg/m2 orally daily on Days 1-8 and vincristine at a dose of 1.4 mg/m2 iv on Day 1 (group B). These drugs were generally well-tolerated, but five of 16 patients in group A and six of 13 patients in group B required dose modification for either hematologic or renal toxicity. There were six objective responses among 16 patients in group A including one complete regression, while there were two objective responses among 13 patients in group B.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and DTIC in malignant melanoma. Twenty-nine patients with advanced malignant melanoma were randomized to receive DTIC at a dose of 200 mg/m2 iv on Days 1-5 and cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) at a dose of 40 mg/m2 iv on Days 1 and 4, repeated every 4 weeks (group A), or the same drugs plus procarbazine at a dose of 75 mg/m2 orally daily on Days 1-8 and vincristine at a dose of 1.4 mg/m2 iv on Day 1 (group B). These drugs were generally well-tolerated, but five of 16 patients in group A and six of 13 patients in group B required dose modification for either hematologic or renal toxicity. There were six objective responses among 16 patients in group A including one complete regression, while there were two objective responses among 13 patients in group B.", "PMID": 393386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9991", "title": "Phase I study of iv administration of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "Four weekly iv doses, ranging from 10 to 640 microgram/m2, of the methanol extraction residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER) were given to 22 patients with advanced cancer in an effort to determine a maximum tolerated dose. Fever and chills for 24-48 hours were common at doses greater than 80 microgram/m2 but were prolonged for 3 days to 9 weeks at 640 microgram/m2. While moderate decreases in pulmonary vital capacity were seen at all dose levels, diffusing capacity decreased consistently only at higher doses. However, no roentgenographic changes suggestive of multiple lung granulomas were observed, such as were produced in dogs and mice by iv administration of MER. Autopsy failed to reveal granulomas in three patients. There were no objective tumor responses, nor were consistent changes observed in blood counts or skin tests to recall antigens. MER can be given iv with acceptable acute toxicity in doses up to 640 microgram/m2, at which point fever may be unduly prolonged. Patients given MER iv must be followed carefully for the development of interstitial pneumonitis.", "contents": "Phase I study of iv administration of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. Four weekly iv doses, ranging from 10 to 640 microgram/m2, of the methanol extraction residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER) were given to 22 patients with advanced cancer in an effort to determine a maximum tolerated dose. Fever and chills for 24-48 hours were common at doses greater than 80 microgram/m2 but were prolonged for 3 days to 9 weeks at 640 microgram/m2. While moderate decreases in pulmonary vital capacity were seen at all dose levels, diffusing capacity decreased consistently only at higher doses. However, no roentgenographic changes suggestive of multiple lung granulomas were observed, such as were produced in dogs and mice by iv administration of MER. Autopsy failed to reveal granulomas in three patients. There were no objective tumor responses, nor were consistent changes observed in blood counts or skin tests to recall antigens. MER can be given iv with acceptable acute toxicity in doses up to 640 microgram/m2, at which point fever may be unduly prolonged. Patients given MER iv must be followed carefully for the development of interstitial pneumonitis.", "PMID": 393387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9992", "title": "Treatment of metastatic pancreatic and gastric adenocarcinomas with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM).", "content": "Twenty-six patients with metastatic pancreatic or gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and mitomycin C. One complete and five partial responses were observed among 15 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (40% response rate) and six partial responses were observed among 11 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (55% response rate). Responders had a significantly longer survival than nonresponders in both groups.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic pancreatic and gastric adenocarcinomas with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM). Twenty-six patients with metastatic pancreatic or gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and mitomycin C. One complete and five partial responses were observed among 15 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (40% response rate) and six partial responses were observed among 11 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (55% response rate). Responders had a significantly longer survival than nonresponders in both groups.", "PMID": 393388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9993", "title": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in metastatic soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was given to 13 patients with metastatic sarcomas following failure in two previous chemotherapy protocols. Two of these patients had complete regression which lasted 6 months in one patient and is still present after 8 months in the other. One patient had a greater than 50% regression which lasted 5 months. Three patients had disease stabilization for 2 months each. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), as a single agent, was well-tolerated with no significant renal or auditory toxicity.", "contents": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in metastatic soft tissue sarcomas. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was given to 13 patients with metastatic sarcomas following failure in two previous chemotherapy protocols. Two of these patients had complete regression which lasted 6 months in one patient and is still present after 8 months in the other. One patient had a greater than 50% regression which lasted 5 months. Three patients had disease stabilization for 2 months each. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), as a single agent, was well-tolerated with no significant renal or auditory toxicity.", "PMID": 393389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9994", "title": "Preliminary report on the clinical use of human leukocyte interferon in neuroblastoma.", "content": "The effectiveness of human leukocyte interferon (IF) injections on a female patient, 21 years old, with stage IV neuroblastoma was observed. IF (30 X 10(4) units) injected every second day intratumorally or around the tumor tissue rapidly reduced the tumor size. However, systemic administration of 300 x 10(4) units of IF by im injection showed no beneficial effects. Our results suggest that a high IF level in tumor tissue may be necessary to bring about tumor reduction.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the clinical use of human leukocyte interferon in neuroblastoma. The effectiveness of human leukocyte interferon (IF) injections on a female patient, 21 years old, with stage IV neuroblastoma was observed. IF (30 X 10(4) units) injected every second day intratumorally or around the tumor tissue rapidly reduced the tumor size. However, systemic administration of 300 x 10(4) units of IF by im injection showed no beneficial effects. Our results suggest that a high IF level in tumor tissue may be necessary to bring about tumor reduction.", "PMID": 393390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9995", "title": "Gonadotroph-rich cell lines derived from pituitary clonal cells (2A8) grafted under the kidney capsule.", "content": "Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.", "contents": "Gonadotroph-rich cell lines derived from pituitary clonal cells (2A8) grafted under the kidney capsule. Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.", "PMID": 393399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9996", "title": "Demonstration of a somatostatin-like activity in retinal cells of the rat.", "content": "A somatostatin-like substance is demonstrated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method) in perikarya and cell processes of the retina of adult and infant rats. These perikarya are identified according to their size, arrangement and distribution. Each of the first two neuronal orders (receptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells) of the visual pathway can be associated with retinal cells reacting positively with anti-somatostatin. In the adult rat, perikarya and processes of (i) horizontal cells, (ii) amacrine cells and (iii) large neurons in the ganglionic layer are specifically labeled. The staining of middle-sized and small ganglion cells is probably caused by the close attachment of labeled fibers to non-reacting cells. Postnatally, the immunoreactive elements develop in parallel to the differentiation of the corresponding retinal layers. It is discussed whether the three types of retinal cells containing a somatostatin-like substance provide an inhibitory system to each of the two orders of retinal neurons.", "contents": "Demonstration of a somatostatin-like activity in retinal cells of the rat. A somatostatin-like substance is demonstrated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method) in perikarya and cell processes of the retina of adult and infant rats. These perikarya are identified according to their size, arrangement and distribution. Each of the first two neuronal orders (receptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells) of the visual pathway can be associated with retinal cells reacting positively with anti-somatostatin. In the adult rat, perikarya and processes of (i) horizontal cells, (ii) amacrine cells and (iii) large neurons in the ganglionic layer are specifically labeled. The staining of middle-sized and small ganglion cells is probably caused by the close attachment of labeled fibers to non-reacting cells. Postnatally, the immunoreactive elements develop in parallel to the differentiation of the corresponding retinal layers. It is discussed whether the three types of retinal cells containing a somatostatin-like substance provide an inhibitory system to each of the two orders of retinal neurons.", "PMID": 393400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9997", "title": "Synaptic ring images after silver impregnation.", "content": "In view of the contradictory results obtained from a number of studies on the nature of ring images found after neurofibrillar silver impregnation, this question was reinvestigated at the ultrastructural level in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey. The ring images found here are produced by silver deposits on ring-shaped accumulations of neurofilaments in the afferent synapses of retinal origin. Tubular impregnation of axons was not found to be a factor in the genesis of ring images.", "contents": "Synaptic ring images after silver impregnation. In view of the contradictory results obtained from a number of studies on the nature of ring images found after neurofibrillar silver impregnation, this question was reinvestigated at the ultrastructural level in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey. The ring images found here are produced by silver deposits on ring-shaped accumulations of neurofilaments in the afferent synapses of retinal origin. Tubular impregnation of axons was not found to be a factor in the genesis of ring images.", "PMID": 393401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9998", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of hyperglycemic hormone-producing cells in the eyestalk of Carcinus maenas.", "content": "Antiserum raised in rabbits against extracts of sinus glands from Carcinus annd shown by several criteria to contain antibodies directed against the neurosecretory hyperglycemic hormone was used to locate the hormone-producing perikarya in the optic ganglia. By means of the double antibody fluorescence technique, selective staining of the large neurosecretory perikarya of the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO) and their axons is obtained. The axon endings of the sinus gland are also stained. None of the other groups of neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk shows fluorescence. Preabsorption of the antiserum with pure hyperglycemic hormone abolishes the fluorescence.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of hyperglycemic hormone-producing cells in the eyestalk of Carcinus maenas. Antiserum raised in rabbits against extracts of sinus glands from Carcinus annd shown by several criteria to contain antibodies directed against the neurosecretory hyperglycemic hormone was used to locate the hormone-producing perikarya in the optic ganglia. By means of the double antibody fluorescence technique, selective staining of the large neurosecretory perikarya of the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO) and their axons is obtained. The axon endings of the sinus gland are also stained. None of the other groups of neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk shows fluorescence. Preabsorption of the antiserum with pure hyperglycemic hormone abolishes the fluorescence.", "PMID": 393402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_9999", "title": "In vitro response of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine.", "content": "The present study was conducted to evaluate the application of the in vitro microtechnique system in determining the response of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine.Using isolates of P. falciparum from Boa Vista, Brazil, and Villavicencio, Colombia, mefloquine was more than 7.7, 7.1, 7.1, and 6.4 times more effective than chloroquine in vitro at the ED(90), ED(95), ED(99), and ED(99.9) levels, respectively.", "contents": "In vitro response of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the application of the in vitro microtechnique system in determining the response of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine.Using isolates of P. falciparum from Boa Vista, Brazil, and Villavicencio, Colombia, mefloquine was more than 7.7, 7.1, 7.1, and 6.4 times more effective than chloroquine in vitro at the ED(90), ED(95), ED(99), and ED(99.9) levels, respectively.", "PMID": 393426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10000", "title": "[Ecology of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in the Thies region (Senegal, western Africa). I. Recall of the cutaneous leishmaniasis status in Senegal and presentation of the studied area].", "content": "Opening an epidemiological survey of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Thies region (Senegal), the authors present a short historical report on the disease situation in the country. They then describe the ecological characters of the studied area.", "contents": "[Ecology of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in the Thies region (Senegal, western Africa). I. Recall of the cutaneous leishmaniasis status in Senegal and presentation of the studied area]. Opening an epidemiological survey of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Thies region (Senegal), the authors present a short historical report on the disease situation in the country. They then describe the ecological characters of the studied area.", "PMID": 393423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10001", "title": "m-AMSA and PALA: two new agents in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) are two new anticancer agents that have been recently introduced into clinical investigation. This review summarizes the preclinical information that has accumulated with these compounds as well as the very preliminary data presently available from early clinical trials. This information indicates the promising potential of m-AMSA and PALA in the treatment of cancer.", "contents": "m-AMSA and PALA: two new agents in cancer chemotherapy. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) are two new anticancer agents that have been recently introduced into clinical investigation. This review summarizes the preclinical information that has accumulated with these compounds as well as the very preliminary data presently available from early clinical trials. This information indicates the promising potential of m-AMSA and PALA in the treatment of cancer.", "PMID": 393427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10002", "title": "[Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomes. Scanning electron microscopy study].", "content": "In our attempts to elucidate the pathogenesis of prolonged Salmonella bacteremia in patients with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection, we have utilised MEB. Our results are significant. They show an association exists between Bilharziasis and Salmonellosis.", "contents": "[Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomes. Scanning electron microscopy study]. In our attempts to elucidate the pathogenesis of prolonged Salmonella bacteremia in patients with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection, we have utilised MEB. Our results are significant. They show an association exists between Bilharziasis and Salmonellosis.", "PMID": 393422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10003", "title": "Immunochemical determination of human apolipoprotein B by laser nephelometry.", "content": "The Hyland laser nephelometer PDQ system for the assay of apolipoprotein B (apo-B) in human serum is described. Within and between-batch precision, accuracy and reliability are discussed. This instrument represents an important development in the immunochemical assay of apo-B, and the speed, precision, and convenience of the methodology make such a system attractive. Quantitation of apo-B was assessed in normal and hyperlipaemic subjects. Comparisons were made with two other specific and sensitive immunological methods for quantifying apo-B: enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE). Results obtained by the three methods correlated very well.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of human apolipoprotein B by laser nephelometry. The Hyland laser nephelometer PDQ system for the assay of apolipoprotein B (apo-B) in human serum is described. Within and between-batch precision, accuracy and reliability are discussed. This instrument represents an important development in the immunochemical assay of apo-B, and the speed, precision, and convenience of the methodology make such a system attractive. Quantitation of apo-B was assessed in normal and hyperlipaemic subjects. Comparisons were made with two other specific and sensitive immunological methods for quantifying apo-B: enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE). Results obtained by the three methods correlated very well.", "PMID": 393430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10004", "title": "Sequential chemotherapy and circadian rhythm in human solid tumours. A randomised trial.", "content": "Sixty-three patients were randomised into two groups each receiving the same 40-h sequential chemotherapy regimen (methotrexate or 5-FU, followed by vinblastine and cyclophosphamide). In the group receiving infusions of chemotherapeutic agents at times taking into account the circadian rhythm of tumoral proliferation, the antitumoral effectiveness appeared significantly better with respect to both tumoral regressions (85% contrasting with 58% in the other group) and the duration of response and survival.", "contents": "Sequential chemotherapy and circadian rhythm in human solid tumours. A randomised trial. Sixty-three patients were randomised into two groups each receiving the same 40-h sequential chemotherapy regimen (methotrexate or 5-FU, followed by vinblastine and cyclophosphamide). In the group receiving infusions of chemotherapeutic agents at times taking into account the circadian rhythm of tumoral proliferation, the antitumoral effectiveness appeared significantly better with respect to both tumoral regressions (85% contrasting with 58% in the other group) and the duration of response and survival.", "PMID": 393429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10005", "title": "Confirmation of an influence of the inherited Lp(a) variation on serum insulin and glucose levels.", "content": "Previously reported analyses on three different series of people suggested that fasting serum insulin levels are lower in males with (high levels of) serum Lp(a) lipoprotein (Lp(a+)) than in males without detectable Lp(a) lipoprotein (Lp(a-)). The same was observed during an oral glucose tolerance test. Also, blood glucose concentrations tended to be lower in males with high levels of Lp(a) lipoprotein than in those in whose serum no Lp(a) lipoprotein could be detected. In this paper, we present data which appear to confirm the previously reported results. A significant correlation was found between the fasting triglyceride level and the sum of insulin values determined during the oral glucose tolerance test in healthy Lp(a-) but not in Lp(a+) individuals. The present data, together with those previously reported on an effect of the Lp(a) locus on serum lipid levels and on propensity to contract coronary heart disease, indicate that the genetically determined Lp(a) lipoprotein may be of considerable clinical importance.", "contents": "Confirmation of an influence of the inherited Lp(a) variation on serum insulin and glucose levels. Previously reported analyses on three different series of people suggested that fasting serum insulin levels are lower in males with (high levels of) serum Lp(a) lipoprotein (Lp(a+)) than in males without detectable Lp(a) lipoprotein (Lp(a-)). The same was observed during an oral glucose tolerance test. Also, blood glucose concentrations tended to be lower in males with high levels of Lp(a) lipoprotein than in those in whose serum no Lp(a) lipoprotein could be detected. In this paper, we present data which appear to confirm the previously reported results. A significant correlation was found between the fasting triglyceride level and the sum of insulin values determined during the oral glucose tolerance test in healthy Lp(a-) but not in Lp(a+) individuals. The present data, together with those previously reported on an effect of the Lp(a) locus on serum lipid levels and on propensity to contract coronary heart disease, indicate that the genetically determined Lp(a) lipoprotein may be of considerable clinical importance.", "PMID": 393434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10006", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis in three pregnancies at risk for mannosidosis.", "content": "Three pregnancies were monitored in two families at risk for mannosidosis, alpha mannosidase and alpha fucosidase were determined on extracts from white blood cells of several members of these families, on fibroblast cell lines from the index cases and on uncultured and cultured amniotic cells of the foetuses. Two foetuses were diagnosed as affected and one as being free from the disease. The conclusions were confirmed on the affected foetuses after interruption of the pregnancy. The noticeable residual activity of alpha mannosidase found in some fibroblasts and cultured amniotic cells required complementary investigations (heat lability and dependency of substrate concentration) to reach a reliable diagnosis. Invesitgation of uncultured amniotic cells may give useful additional information.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis in three pregnancies at risk for mannosidosis. Three pregnancies were monitored in two families at risk for mannosidosis, alpha mannosidase and alpha fucosidase were determined on extracts from white blood cells of several members of these families, on fibroblast cell lines from the index cases and on uncultured and cultured amniotic cells of the foetuses. Two foetuses were diagnosed as affected and one as being free from the disease. The conclusions were confirmed on the affected foetuses after interruption of the pregnancy. The noticeable residual activity of alpha mannosidase found in some fibroblasts and cultured amniotic cells required complementary investigations (heat lability and dependency of substrate concentration) to reach a reliable diagnosis. Invesitgation of uncultured amniotic cells may give useful additional information.", "PMID": 393435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10007", "title": "A rapid and simple sandwich-method used for chromosome analysis from small fetal and adult biopsy specimens.", "content": "A new Sandwich-Method is described which uses aborted material and yields a high frequency of metaphases. Chromosome studies may be performed after 7--8 days without subculturing. It is possible to freeze the original tissue for later cell culture.", "contents": "A rapid and simple sandwich-method used for chromosome analysis from small fetal and adult biopsy specimens. A new Sandwich-Method is described which uses aborted material and yields a high frequency of metaphases. Chromosome studies may be performed after 7--8 days without subculturing. It is possible to freeze the original tissue for later cell culture.", "PMID": 393436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10008", "title": "Studies of migration inhibition tests in penicillin hypersensitivity.", "content": "The release of the migration inhibition factors, leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) from stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes has been compared in patients with immediate (IgE-mediated) penicillin allergy and in patients with delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin PPD. It has been shown that in these two groups of subjects, a comparable specific proliferative response can occur following stimulation with the appropriate drug (benzylpenicillin) or antigen (PPD). By cell fractionation studies, the proliferation was found to occur in the isolated T cell population in both subject groups. However, the lymphocyte response to benzylpenicillin was rarely associated with the release of LIF or MIF, in contrast to the situation in tuberculin sensitivity where a concomitant release of LIF and MIF was found. In about one third of penicillin allergic subjects, culture supernatants from specifically stimulated lymphocyte cultures induced migration inhibition in the indirect leucocyte migration test, but the inhibitory activity apparently resulted from the presence of penicillin-specific antibody and not from LIF.", "contents": "Studies of migration inhibition tests in penicillin hypersensitivity. The release of the migration inhibition factors, leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) from stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes has been compared in patients with immediate (IgE-mediated) penicillin allergy and in patients with delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin PPD. It has been shown that in these two groups of subjects, a comparable specific proliferative response can occur following stimulation with the appropriate drug (benzylpenicillin) or antigen (PPD). By cell fractionation studies, the proliferation was found to occur in the isolated T cell population in both subject groups. However, the lymphocyte response to benzylpenicillin was rarely associated with the release of LIF or MIF, in contrast to the situation in tuberculin sensitivity where a concomitant release of LIF and MIF was found. In about one third of penicillin allergic subjects, culture supernatants from specifically stimulated lymphocyte cultures induced migration inhibition in the indirect leucocyte migration test, but the inhibitory activity apparently resulted from the presence of penicillin-specific antibody and not from LIF.", "PMID": 393437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10009", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "In a micrototoxicity assay, lymphocytes from ten out of sixteen patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis have been shown to be cytotoxic to autologous hepatocytes isolated from percutaneous liver biopsies. This cytoxicity was demonstrable in all six untreated patients but in only four out of ten receiving immunosuppressive treatment, the presence of cytotoxicity showing a significant association with the activity of the disease assessed histologically. The addition of excess purified lipoprotein (LSP), derrived from the hepatocyte plasma membrane, blocked the reaction in all cytotoxic cases, indicating that LSP was the major target antigen. Enriched fractions of T cells were cytotoxic in only one case, whereas non-T cell fractions were cytotoxic in the other ten cases investigated in this way. For optimum T cell cytotoxicity, effector and target cells must share histocompatibility determinants and the results of this study using an autologous system show conclusively that the lymphocyte cytotoxicity found in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis is mediated by a non-T cell population.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. In a micrototoxicity assay, lymphocytes from ten out of sixteen patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis have been shown to be cytotoxic to autologous hepatocytes isolated from percutaneous liver biopsies. This cytoxicity was demonstrable in all six untreated patients but in only four out of ten receiving immunosuppressive treatment, the presence of cytotoxicity showing a significant association with the activity of the disease assessed histologically. The addition of excess purified lipoprotein (LSP), derrived from the hepatocyte plasma membrane, blocked the reaction in all cytotoxic cases, indicating that LSP was the major target antigen. Enriched fractions of T cells were cytotoxic in only one case, whereas non-T cell fractions were cytotoxic in the other ten cases investigated in this way. For optimum T cell cytotoxicity, effector and target cells must share histocompatibility determinants and the results of this study using an autologous system show conclusively that the lymphocyte cytotoxicity found in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis is mediated by a non-T cell population.", "PMID": 393438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10010", "title": "A simple, rapid micro-latex fixation test.", "content": "A micro-latex fixation test (LFT) for the determination of rheumatoid factor (RF) is presented. Its advantages compared to similar tests are greater precision, simplicity, increased sensitivity, lower cost, reproducibility and adaptibility to large-scale testing. Micro-LFT titres are presented from a wide range of sample populations. The majority of normal samples show measureable titres whereas rheumatoid patients show high titres. A large sampling of pre- and post-transplant sera from kidney patients was studied and the micro-LFT titres were in the range of normal persons. The transplant sera were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies and no correlation was observed with the micro-LFT titres.", "contents": "A simple, rapid micro-latex fixation test. A micro-latex fixation test (LFT) for the determination of rheumatoid factor (RF) is presented. Its advantages compared to similar tests are greater precision, simplicity, increased sensitivity, lower cost, reproducibility and adaptibility to large-scale testing. Micro-LFT titres are presented from a wide range of sample populations. The majority of normal samples show measureable titres whereas rheumatoid patients show high titres. A large sampling of pre- and post-transplant sera from kidney patients was studied and the micro-LFT titres were in the range of normal persons. The transplant sera were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies and no correlation was observed with the micro-LFT titres.", "PMID": 393439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10011", "title": "Sperm autoantibodies as a consequence of vasectomy. II. Long-term follow-up studies.", "content": "Thirty-four out of fifty-two vasectomized men studied previously were studied again about 5 years after vasectomy for sperm-agglutinating and sperm-immoblizing antibodies, and for antibodies to human protamine. Only one man lost his already weak antibody activity, whilst one out of eight men, negative at 1 year, appeared to be positive at 5 years. Slightly higher titres in one of the three sperm antibody tests were found in the sera of about 30% of the men. Only in three (9%) was there a rise of two or more steps in more than one technique. Agglutinins and immobilizins were shown to be strongly correlated, as was the case with antibodies to human protamine and head-to-head agglutinins. Seminal plasma sperm agglutinins were detected in the samples of only four (out of thirty) men, in low titres. Circulating immune complexes tested with various techniques were only found in a few sera and not consistently. This prolonged study shows that sperm autoantibodies formed within 1 year after vasectomy are persistent. Their role in remaining infertility after reanastomosis requires further study.", "contents": "Sperm autoantibodies as a consequence of vasectomy. II. Long-term follow-up studies. Thirty-four out of fifty-two vasectomized men studied previously were studied again about 5 years after vasectomy for sperm-agglutinating and sperm-immoblizing antibodies, and for antibodies to human protamine. Only one man lost his already weak antibody activity, whilst one out of eight men, negative at 1 year, appeared to be positive at 5 years. Slightly higher titres in one of the three sperm antibody tests were found in the sera of about 30% of the men. Only in three (9%) was there a rise of two or more steps in more than one technique. Agglutinins and immobilizins were shown to be strongly correlated, as was the case with antibodies to human protamine and head-to-head agglutinins. Seminal plasma sperm agglutinins were detected in the samples of only four (out of thirty) men, in low titres. Circulating immune complexes tested with various techniques were only found in a few sera and not consistently. This prolonged study shows that sperm autoantibodies formed within 1 year after vasectomy are persistent. Their role in remaining infertility after reanastomosis requires further study.", "PMID": 393440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10012", "title": "Antibodies directed against renal collecting ducts in sera of human renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Anatibodies directed against the plasma membrane of renal collecting ducts were found in the sera of two out of 101 renal allograft recipients. The sera also reacted with the epithelium of the renal pelvis, the ureter, the ductus deferens, the skin, the oesophagus, the trachea and the bile ducts of random individuals, indicating that the antibodies were directed against a widespread epithelial antigen. The antibody activity against these structures was removed by absorption of the sera with homogenized renal medullary tissue; absorption with plasma proteins, erythrocytes, spleen leucocytes or platelets did not influence the antibody titers. In the two patients with circulating antibodies, the graft function was unremarkable eight and fifteen months after transplantation, respectively. From this study we conclude that circulating epithelial antibodies directed against the collecting ducts of the graft are of little or no clinical importance.", "contents": "Antibodies directed against renal collecting ducts in sera of human renal allograft recipients. Anatibodies directed against the plasma membrane of renal collecting ducts were found in the sera of two out of 101 renal allograft recipients. The sera also reacted with the epithelium of the renal pelvis, the ureter, the ductus deferens, the skin, the oesophagus, the trachea and the bile ducts of random individuals, indicating that the antibodies were directed against a widespread epithelial antigen. The antibody activity against these structures was removed by absorption of the sera with homogenized renal medullary tissue; absorption with plasma proteins, erythrocytes, spleen leucocytes or platelets did not influence the antibody titers. In the two patients with circulating antibodies, the graft function was unremarkable eight and fifteen months after transplantation, respectively. From this study we conclude that circulating epithelial antibodies directed against the collecting ducts of the graft are of little or no clinical importance.", "PMID": 393442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10013", "title": "Malignant melanoma with renal dense deposits containing tumor antigens.", "content": "A patient with disseminated malignant melanoma developed mild renal failure with proteinuria four months following the diagnosis of his neoplasm. Renal biopsy showed a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy revealed intramembranous dense deposits in the glomeruli as well as in tubular basement membranes and Bowman's capsule. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated granular staining for C3 in these same locations and granular deposits of immunoglobulins in the glomerular capillary loops. Light and electron microscopy of the autopsy kidney obtained 5 months later revealed progression of the number, size and density of the deposits. Eluates from both autopsy and biopsy kidney contained melanoma antigen and anti-melanoma antibodies. This case illustrates the association between the dense deposits and neoplasia with the dense deposits representing immune complexes with the tumor as antigen.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma with renal dense deposits containing tumor antigens. A patient with disseminated malignant melanoma developed mild renal failure with proteinuria four months following the diagnosis of his neoplasm. Renal biopsy showed a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy revealed intramembranous dense deposits in the glomeruli as well as in tubular basement membranes and Bowman's capsule. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated granular staining for C3 in these same locations and granular deposits of immunoglobulins in the glomerular capillary loops. Light and electron microscopy of the autopsy kidney obtained 5 months later revealed progression of the number, size and density of the deposits. Eluates from both autopsy and biopsy kidney contained melanoma antigen and anti-melanoma antibodies. This case illustrates the association between the dense deposits and neoplasia with the dense deposits representing immune complexes with the tumor as antigen.", "PMID": 393445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10014", "title": "Erythrocytes associated with idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy.", "content": "Erythrocytosis has been observed in association with a number of renal diseases. We report for the first time the occurrence of true erythrocytosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Serum erythropoietin activity was found to be normal. The mechanism responsible for the erythrocytosis of renal parenchymal disease remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Erythrocytes associated with idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Erythrocytosis has been observed in association with a number of renal diseases. We report for the first time the occurrence of true erythrocytosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Serum erythropoietin activity was found to be normal. The mechanism responsible for the erythrocytosis of renal parenchymal disease remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 393446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10015", "title": "Treatment of the hemolytic uremic syndrome with plasma.", "content": "Two patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome were treated with plasma exchange an infusion: in both cases, the reduced platelet count reverted to normal values and the microangiopathic anemia ceased within a few days. Systemic blood pressure and requirement for antihypertensive drug therapy were also markedly reduced following treatment with plasma. Venousprostacyclin (antiplatelet aggregating) activity was undetectable in both patients before but was restored after treatment with plasma. The plasma samples collected before, but not those collected at various intervals after replacement therapy, had decreased capacity to stimulate prostacyclin activity in rat aortic rings. It is suggested that in patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome or with other clinical conditions which can be included under this rubric (such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) a plasma factor is lacking which stimulates prostacyclin activity. Plasma would supply such a missing factor, thus representing a rational treatment for some of the life-threatening manifestations (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, hypertension) of this severe syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of the hemolytic uremic syndrome with plasma. Two patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome were treated with plasma exchange an infusion: in both cases, the reduced platelet count reverted to normal values and the microangiopathic anemia ceased within a few days. Systemic blood pressure and requirement for antihypertensive drug therapy were also markedly reduced following treatment with plasma. Venousprostacyclin (antiplatelet aggregating) activity was undetectable in both patients before but was restored after treatment with plasma. The plasma samples collected before, but not those collected at various intervals after replacement therapy, had decreased capacity to stimulate prostacyclin activity in rat aortic rings. It is suggested that in patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome or with other clinical conditions which can be included under this rubric (such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) a plasma factor is lacking which stimulates prostacyclin activity. Plasma would supply such a missing factor, thus representing a rational treatment for some of the life-threatening manifestations (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, hypertension) of this severe syndrome.", "PMID": 393447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10016", "title": "Infarction of renal allografts demonstrated by imaging with Tc-99m-DTPA.", "content": "The diagnosis of renal infarction on serial scintimages in renal allograft recipients is a relatively easy diagnosis. When the infarction is total or occupies a major portion of the kidney, the infarcted area will appear as photonpenic. Smaller infarctions will produce characteristic wedge shaped or oval defects along the kidney periphery. A possible source of error in interpretation is a recent biopsy procedure on the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "Infarction of renal allografts demonstrated by imaging with Tc-99m-DTPA. The diagnosis of renal infarction on serial scintimages in renal allograft recipients is a relatively easy diagnosis. When the infarction is total or occupies a major portion of the kidney, the infarcted area will appear as photonpenic. Smaller infarctions will produce characteristic wedge shaped or oval defects along the kidney periphery. A possible source of error in interpretation is a recent biopsy procedure on the transplanted kidney.", "PMID": 393448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10017", "title": "Multi-user system for analysis of data from flow cytometry.", "content": "A new program is described for the analysis of DNA histograms from flow cytometry. The fundamental model representing the cell population is similar to one described previously. It assumes the population is grouped into compartments, each consisting of cells having approximately the same DNA content. After staining the cells with an appropriate fluorochrome, the fluorescence distribution of cells within each compartment is assumed to be Gaussian. In the present algorithm, the parameters of the model can either be computed directly by the program from the data, or can be specified as input by the user. When synchronous cell populations lacking distinct G1 and G2/M phases are analyzed, the parameter values must first be obtained using an appropriate control. Percentages of cells in the various compartments are computed using a gradient search method described by Bevington.", "contents": "Multi-user system for analysis of data from flow cytometry. A new program is described for the analysis of DNA histograms from flow cytometry. The fundamental model representing the cell population is similar to one described previously. It assumes the population is grouped into compartments, each consisting of cells having approximately the same DNA content. After staining the cells with an appropriate fluorochrome, the fluorescence distribution of cells within each compartment is assumed to be Gaussian. In the present algorithm, the parameters of the model can either be computed directly by the program from the data, or can be specified as input by the user. When synchronous cell populations lacking distinct G1 and G2/M phases are analyzed, the parameter values must first be obtained using an appropriate control. Percentages of cells in the various compartments are computed using a gradient search method described by Bevington.", "PMID": 393451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10018", "title": "A general purpose computerized display and analysis system for image processing in nuclear medicine.", "content": "In this work a general purpose image processor is described, which takes into account the special features and the various requirements for analysing images in nuclear medicine. A new approach for system structure involving encoding and representing medical images is given. This encoder, which is part of the image processor, is efficient especially for long-term storage and for certain pattern recognition in medical imaging. In this processor a statistical package is incorporated for collecting medical statistics using the acquired patient data. This information is used together with the encoder for an automated diagnostic system.", "contents": "A general purpose computerized display and analysis system for image processing in nuclear medicine. In this work a general purpose image processor is described, which takes into account the special features and the various requirements for analysing images in nuclear medicine. A new approach for system structure involving encoding and representing medical images is given. This encoder, which is part of the image processor, is efficient especially for long-term storage and for certain pattern recognition in medical imaging. In this processor a statistical package is incorporated for collecting medical statistics using the acquired patient data. This information is used together with the encoder for an automated diagnostic system.", "PMID": 393452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10019", "title": "A computer program for the analysis of dental models.", "content": "This paper presents the details and logic of a Fortran computer program which carries out routine clinical analysis of dental models resulting from impressions of the teeth and related structures, which are subsequently cast in plaster of Paris. The program is primarily intended for use by the orthodontist who is engaged in research or clinical practice, and is useful in studies related to changes in the dentition as a result of orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "A computer program for the analysis of dental models. This paper presents the details and logic of a Fortran computer program which carries out routine clinical analysis of dental models resulting from impressions of the teeth and related structures, which are subsequently cast in plaster of Paris. The program is primarily intended for use by the orthodontist who is engaged in research or clinical practice, and is useful in studies related to changes in the dentition as a result of orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 393453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10020", "title": "Pituitary and ovarian function in women receiving hormonal contraception.", "content": "A study was performed to further evaluate pituitary-ovarian function in women receiving an oral contraceptive preparation. Basal hormone levels (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and prolactin) and gonadotropic response to gonadotropic releasing hormone were studied in 12 healthy, regularly ovulating women in the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of their menstrual cycle (non-treatment control period). These same women were then given NORDETTE (ethinyl estradiol 30 microgram +d-Norgestrel 150 microgram) cyclically for 3 months. In the third month of treatment, the tests were repeated on day 21, i.e. after 21 active pills, and on day 28, i.e. after 21 active and 7 inactive tablets. On active preparation, basal luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol and gonadotropin response to gonadotropin releasing hormone were significantly suppressed. However, by day 28 (after completion of the inactive tablets), basal gonadotropin and estradiol concentrations and the gonadotropic response to gonadotropic releasing hormone were not significantly different to their pretreatment levels. No consistent change in prolactin concentration occurred as a result of oral contraceptive therapy. These results indicate that the 'active' component of even a relatively low-dose pill causes considerable suppression of pituitary-ovarian function but that after 7 days of placebo, pituitary function and basal estradiol secretion have virtually returned to normal.", "contents": "Pituitary and ovarian function in women receiving hormonal contraception. A study was performed to further evaluate pituitary-ovarian function in women receiving an oral contraceptive preparation. Basal hormone levels (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and prolactin) and gonadotropic response to gonadotropic releasing hormone were studied in 12 healthy, regularly ovulating women in the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of their menstrual cycle (non-treatment control period). These same women were then given NORDETTE (ethinyl estradiol 30 microgram +d-Norgestrel 150 microgram) cyclically for 3 months. In the third month of treatment, the tests were repeated on day 21, i.e. after 21 active pills, and on day 28, i.e. after 21 active and 7 inactive tablets. On active preparation, basal luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol and gonadotropin response to gonadotropin releasing hormone were significantly suppressed. However, by day 28 (after completion of the inactive tablets), basal gonadotropin and estradiol concentrations and the gonadotropic response to gonadotropic releasing hormone were not significantly different to their pretreatment levels. No consistent change in prolactin concentration occurred as a result of oral contraceptive therapy. These results indicate that the 'active' component of even a relatively low-dose pill causes considerable suppression of pituitary-ovarian function but that after 7 days of placebo, pituitary function and basal estradiol secretion have virtually returned to normal.", "PMID": 393456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10021", "title": "Long-term multicentre trial with TA-RO CAP, a new spermicidal product.", "content": "326 healthy couples were selected to enter the trial of a new intravaginal contraceptive called the TA-RO CAP. The trial lasted three years. Clinical and laboratory examinations were performed periodically to determine the long-term effectiveness, tolerability and acceptance. Statistical evaluation of results was performed by life-table analysis.", "contents": "Long-term multicentre trial with TA-RO CAP, a new spermicidal product. 326 healthy couples were selected to enter the trial of a new intravaginal contraceptive called the TA-RO CAP. The trial lasted three years. Clinical and laboratory examinations were performed periodically to determine the long-term effectiveness, tolerability and acceptance. Statistical evaluation of results was performed by life-table analysis.", "PMID": 393457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10022", "title": "Renal clearance, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in spontaneous diabetes mellitus of dogs.", "content": "A standard intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the insulin response to the glucose loads were studied in 14 cases of diabetes mellitus in dogs. In addition, urinary glucose excretion, and clearances of urea, creatinine and phosphate were also determined in these dogs. All diabetic dogs were characterized by glucose intolerance as expressed by an abnormal half-time (T 1/2) or fractional clearance rate (k-value) and were further classified as Types I, II or III diabetes on the basis of their insulin responses. Renal functional impairment was observed in about 60 percent of the cases and was generally mild. There appeared to be no apparent relationship between advanced chronic renal disease and severity of diabetes in dogs.", "contents": "Renal clearance, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in spontaneous diabetes mellitus of dogs. A standard intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the insulin response to the glucose loads were studied in 14 cases of diabetes mellitus in dogs. In addition, urinary glucose excretion, and clearances of urea, creatinine and phosphate were also determined in these dogs. All diabetic dogs were characterized by glucose intolerance as expressed by an abnormal half-time (T 1/2) or fractional clearance rate (k-value) and were further classified as Types I, II or III diabetes on the basis of their insulin responses. Renal functional impairment was observed in about 60 percent of the cases and was generally mild. There appeared to be no apparent relationship between advanced chronic renal disease and severity of diabetes in dogs.", "PMID": 393459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10023", "title": "A comparative study of fenbufen and indomethacin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A short-term, double-blind crossover study was completed in 29 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the antirheumatic activity of indomethacin (100 mg/day) with that of fenbufen (800 mg/day). The patients were randomly allocated to two groups and treated for a period of 6 weeks with each of the drugs. Subjective and objective assessment of rheumatic activity showed that indomethacin produced significant improvement only in morning stiffness and walking time; however, following fenbufen a significant improvement in walking time, grip strength and joint swelling resulted. Both the observed and the patients assessed the fenbufen period as significantly better than the baseline and that following indomethacin.", "contents": "A comparative study of fenbufen and indomethacin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A short-term, double-blind crossover study was completed in 29 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the antirheumatic activity of indomethacin (100 mg/day) with that of fenbufen (800 mg/day). The patients were randomly allocated to two groups and treated for a period of 6 weeks with each of the drugs. Subjective and objective assessment of rheumatic activity showed that indomethacin produced significant improvement only in morning stiffness and walking time; however, following fenbufen a significant improvement in walking time, grip strength and joint swelling resulted. Both the observed and the patients assessed the fenbufen period as significantly better than the baseline and that following indomethacin.", "PMID": 393464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10024", "title": "Double-blind clinical evaluation of a new anti-inflammatory drug, protacine, versus indomethacin.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 69 rheumatic in-patients to compare the efficacy and tolerance of a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, protacine, with that of indomethacin. Patients received either 150 mg protacine or 50 mg indomethacin 3-times daily for 21 days. The time course of symptoms was recorded by semiquantitative scoring, as were side-effects. Uropepsinogen excretion, occult blood in faeces and standard physiological parameters were also monitored. Protacine globally decreased symptom scores by 58.5% and indomethacin by 24.3% (p less than 0.001). The computed time to reduce symptom scores by 50% was 17.2 days with protacine as compared to 39.2 days with indomethacin (p less than 0.001). Physiological parameters did not change, except white blood cells which decreased after protacine (each subject however, remaining well within the physiological range) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which decreased in both groups. Uropepsinogen excretion increased by 70% after protacine, and threefold after indomethacin (p less than 0.001). Occult blood search was positive in 1 patient receiving protacine, while 2 who were already positive before receiving protacine became negative during the treatment. Four patients taking indomethacin were found to be positive, 1 showing melaena. The one who was already positive before treatment showed increasing severity of occult bleeding during indomethacin administration. Frequency and severity of side-effects were significantly less with protacine (p = 0.004). In conclusion, protacine showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions significantly more potent and rapid than those of indomethacin, with significantly fewer and less severe side-effects.", "contents": "Double-blind clinical evaluation of a new anti-inflammatory drug, protacine, versus indomethacin. A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 69 rheumatic in-patients to compare the efficacy and tolerance of a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, protacine, with that of indomethacin. Patients received either 150 mg protacine or 50 mg indomethacin 3-times daily for 21 days. The time course of symptoms was recorded by semiquantitative scoring, as were side-effects. Uropepsinogen excretion, occult blood in faeces and standard physiological parameters were also monitored. Protacine globally decreased symptom scores by 58.5% and indomethacin by 24.3% (p less than 0.001). The computed time to reduce symptom scores by 50% was 17.2 days with protacine as compared to 39.2 days with indomethacin (p less than 0.001). Physiological parameters did not change, except white blood cells which decreased after protacine (each subject however, remaining well within the physiological range) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which decreased in both groups. Uropepsinogen excretion increased by 70% after protacine, and threefold after indomethacin (p less than 0.001). Occult blood search was positive in 1 patient receiving protacine, while 2 who were already positive before receiving protacine became negative during the treatment. Four patients taking indomethacin were found to be positive, 1 showing melaena. The one who was already positive before treatment showed increasing severity of occult bleeding during indomethacin administration. Frequency and severity of side-effects were significantly less with protacine (p = 0.004). In conclusion, protacine showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions significantly more potent and rapid than those of indomethacin, with significantly fewer and less severe side-effects.", "PMID": 393465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10025", "title": "Dietary management of the pregnant diabetic.", "content": "The tendency of the pregnant diabetic to fasting ketosis limits the extent to which calorie restriction (particularly negative calorie balance) can be used in the treatment of the obese, adult-onset, pregnant diabetic. In addition, the vagaries of measuring excess weight gain and detecting extraneous sources of weight gain in diabetic pregnancy, and the difficulty of accurately enforcing a caloric prescription without forcing the subject to weigh her food, make the determination of an accurate degree of caloric limitation difficult at best. A greater reliance on the mother's appetite center may be more accurate and rewarding in most instances than any devices available to the clinician. Important considerations in the diet of the pregnant diabetic are adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins, an amount of carbohydrate that is constant from day to day but not necessarily restricted, carbohydrate intake in an unrefined form that maximizes the intake of associated fiber, and a reproducible meal and snack schedule which complements in insulin regimen. Insulin must remain the primary therapeutic tool if the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal morbidity and mortality are to be minimized.", "contents": "Dietary management of the pregnant diabetic. The tendency of the pregnant diabetic to fasting ketosis limits the extent to which calorie restriction (particularly negative calorie balance) can be used in the treatment of the obese, adult-onset, pregnant diabetic. In addition, the vagaries of measuring excess weight gain and detecting extraneous sources of weight gain in diabetic pregnancy, and the difficulty of accurately enforcing a caloric prescription without forcing the subject to weigh her food, make the determination of an accurate degree of caloric limitation difficult at best. A greater reliance on the mother's appetite center may be more accurate and rewarding in most instances than any devices available to the clinician. Important considerations in the diet of the pregnant diabetic are adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins, an amount of carbohydrate that is constant from day to day but not necessarily restricted, carbohydrate intake in an unrefined form that maximizes the intake of associated fiber, and a reproducible meal and snack schedule which complements in insulin regimen. Insulin must remain the primary therapeutic tool if the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal morbidity and mortality are to be minimized.", "PMID": 393466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10026", "title": "[Anastomosis prolapse of the gastric mucosa].", "content": "X-rays of 91 patients who underwent gastric surgery between 1973 and 1977 were retrospectively evaluated. We found 16 large mucosal prolapses through the gastroduodenal anastomosis and another six with a so-called anastomosis bulge. Of these patients, 77% presented complaints in relation to delayed gastric emptying. When analyzing the prolapse frequency, patient age at the time of surgery, type of surgery, and suture technique, we found that mucosal prolapse occurred mostly in older patients with an extensive gastric resection after oralis-partialis anastomosis and after employing the two-layered suture technique.", "contents": "[Anastomosis prolapse of the gastric mucosa]. X-rays of 91 patients who underwent gastric surgery between 1973 and 1977 were retrospectively evaluated. We found 16 large mucosal prolapses through the gastroduodenal anastomosis and another six with a so-called anastomosis bulge. Of these patients, 77% presented complaints in relation to delayed gastric emptying. When analyzing the prolapse frequency, patient age at the time of surgery, type of surgery, and suture technique, we found that mucosal prolapse occurred mostly in older patients with an extensive gastric resection after oralis-partialis anastomosis and after employing the two-layered suture technique.", "PMID": 393474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10027", "title": "[Boeck's disease with spinal involvement and retroperitoneal fibrosis].", "content": "Sarcoidosis (Morbus Boeck) is a frequently found disease of the reticulohistiocytic system. Etiology and pathogenesis were mostly unknown until today. Histologic study of sarcoidosis shown granuloma with epitheloid cells similar to tuberculosis, often with hyalinization but without cheesy necrosis. The disease mostly starts with a mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathy. Radiographically, the disease shows three typical stages when spreading to the lungs. Bone involvement in lymphomas, especially vertebral involvement, is found to be rare. A case with an additional retroperitoneal fibrosis is reported from our own hospital.", "contents": "[Boeck's disease with spinal involvement and retroperitoneal fibrosis]. Sarcoidosis (Morbus Boeck) is a frequently found disease of the reticulohistiocytic system. Etiology and pathogenesis were mostly unknown until today. Histologic study of sarcoidosis shown granuloma with epitheloid cells similar to tuberculosis, often with hyalinization but without cheesy necrosis. The disease mostly starts with a mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathy. Radiographically, the disease shows three typical stages when spreading to the lungs. Bone involvement in lymphomas, especially vertebral involvement, is found to be rare. A case with an additional retroperitoneal fibrosis is reported from our own hospital.", "PMID": 393475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10028", "title": "The bactericidal activity of sera of healthy neonates and newborns with hyperbilirubinaemia to E. coli.", "content": "Cord and newborn sera were found to possess a significantly decreased in vitro bactericidal activity to E. coli as compared to sera of adults. Hyperbilirubinaemia in neonataes suffering from both Rh and ABO incompatibility results in a further significant impairment of bactericidal activity of their sera in comparison to healthy newborn infants. Exchange transfusion considerably improved this serum antibacterial activity. The possible mechanism of toxic action of unconjugated bilirubin on the cells of the immune system is discussed.", "contents": "The bactericidal activity of sera of healthy neonates and newborns with hyperbilirubinaemia to E. coli. Cord and newborn sera were found to possess a significantly decreased in vitro bactericidal activity to E. coli as compared to sera of adults. Hyperbilirubinaemia in neonataes suffering from both Rh and ABO incompatibility results in a further significant impairment of bactericidal activity of their sera in comparison to healthy newborn infants. Exchange transfusion considerably improved this serum antibacterial activity. The possible mechanism of toxic action of unconjugated bilirubin on the cells of the immune system is discussed.", "PMID": 393477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10029", "title": "Cartilage and osteoarthrosis: changes of collagen and proteoglycans.", "content": "The authors discuss changes of proteoglycans and collagen in osteoarthrotic cartilage, based on their own results. During osteoarthrosis the proteoglycan molecule diminishes in size, mainly due to a diminution of the carbohydrate portion. The diminution of binding glycoprotein leads to changes in the interaction with hyaluronic acid. Collagen is more soluble and has a reduced resistance to proteolytic enzymes. In the osteoarthrotic cartilage also collagen type I and III is present.", "contents": "Cartilage and osteoarthrosis: changes of collagen and proteoglycans. The authors discuss changes of proteoglycans and collagen in osteoarthrotic cartilage, based on their own results. During osteoarthrosis the proteoglycan molecule diminishes in size, mainly due to a diminution of the carbohydrate portion. The diminution of binding glycoprotein leads to changes in the interaction with hyaluronic acid. Collagen is more soluble and has a reduced resistance to proteolytic enzymes. In the osteoarthrotic cartilage also collagen type I and III is present.", "PMID": 393478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10030", "title": "[Aanalysis of nursing in Latin America].", "content": "The article presents a comprehensive analysis of health and nursing practices and their relationship to the economic structure and dominant means of production in Latin America. The analysis stems from a division of economic history into the following periods: 1900 to 1930, 1930 to 1960, and from the end of 1960 to present. The writer examines the characteristics of economic and social development in each of those periods and correlates them with health and nursing practices. She delves particularly into the predominant forms of nursing practice and the various approaches to training for auxiliary, technical, and professional staff. She seeks to show that both practice and knowledge in the field of health and nursing are related to the process of economic production. She suggests that recognition of this fact would contribute to a better understanding of the problems confronting the health and education sectors and would permit a search for more realistic solutions to the problems.", "contents": "[Aanalysis of nursing in Latin America]. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of health and nursing practices and their relationship to the economic structure and dominant means of production in Latin America. The analysis stems from a division of economic history into the following periods: 1900 to 1930, 1930 to 1960, and from the end of 1960 to present. The writer examines the characteristics of economic and social development in each of those periods and correlates them with health and nursing practices. She delves particularly into the predominant forms of nursing practice and the various approaches to training for auxiliary, technical, and professional staff. She seeks to show that both practice and knowledge in the field of health and nursing are related to the process of economic production. She suggests that recognition of this fact would contribute to a better understanding of the problems confronting the health and education sectors and would permit a search for more realistic solutions to the problems.", "PMID": 393488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10031", "title": "[Social security nursing in Costa RICA].", "content": "This article reviews the development of social security in Costa Rica throughout the various stages of its growth starting in 1941, with special reference to the scope of the health and maternity insurance system and to disability, old-age, and life insurance. After describing the institutional setting of the social security system, the authors analyze the changes that have taken place in the training and performance of duties of nursing staff in the health services, all of which are now part of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund. Lastly, they present the two-year curriculum for training the graduate nurse, and refer to the practice of nursing in the social security system and to the duties performed by the nurse in health education, the actual care of the well and the sick, administration, and research.", "contents": "[Social security nursing in Costa RICA]. This article reviews the development of social security in Costa Rica throughout the various stages of its growth starting in 1941, with special reference to the scope of the health and maternity insurance system and to disability, old-age, and life insurance. After describing the institutional setting of the social security system, the authors analyze the changes that have taken place in the training and performance of duties of nursing staff in the health services, all of which are now part of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund. Lastly, they present the two-year curriculum for training the graduate nurse, and refer to the practice of nursing in the social security system and to the duties performed by the nurse in health education, the actual care of the well and the sick, administration, and research.", "PMID": 393489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10032", "title": "[Development of nursing education in Boliva].", "content": "The authors analyze the various stages in the evolution of nursing education in Bolivia. The article begins with 1938, when the first Nursing School was established in the country, and ends at the present time. It emphasizes the series of national and institutional events leading up to the current curricula for the professional nursing and nursing auxiliary programs, which give special attention to the training of personnel to serve under programs of primary health care with community participation.", "contents": "[Development of nursing education in Boliva]. The authors analyze the various stages in the evolution of nursing education in Bolivia. The article begins with 1938, when the first Nursing School was established in the country, and ends at the present time. It emphasizes the series of national and institutional events leading up to the current curricula for the professional nursing and nursing auxiliary programs, which give special attention to the training of personnel to serve under programs of primary health care with community participation.", "PMID": 393490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10033", "title": "[Community health as a determinant of the nursing curriculum].", "content": "This paper summarizes the experience acquired under the first university-level program for the basic training of nurses in Peru. It describes the gradual refining of the academic curriculum, which was designed not only to train people as competent professionals, but also to acquaint them with the country's basic social problems. Four levels of teaching-learning were defined in wide-ranging discussions in which various academic and professional sectors connected with the health field participated. Establishing a process of steps of increasing complexity has considerably facilitated the integration of community health, the scientific method, and mental health into the structure of the curriculum. The practice of community nursing was heavily emphasized, and it was endeavored to strike a balance between hospital experience and work in communities themselves. The program includes specific studies community groups spanning such aspects as control of the more common disease, epidemiologic surveillance, and accident and disaster prevention. Practical work in community health care earns the same credit as hospital internship. The paper closes with a description of the experience of a specific program conducted in the self-managed city of Villa El Salvador under an agreement between the community and the university. The writer also notes that the intense campaign to publicize the program is having an effect because most nurse-training institutions in Peru are tending to add community nursing to their curricula.", "contents": "[Community health as a determinant of the nursing curriculum]. This paper summarizes the experience acquired under the first university-level program for the basic training of nurses in Peru. It describes the gradual refining of the academic curriculum, which was designed not only to train people as competent professionals, but also to acquaint them with the country's basic social problems. Four levels of teaching-learning were defined in wide-ranging discussions in which various academic and professional sectors connected with the health field participated. Establishing a process of steps of increasing complexity has considerably facilitated the integration of community health, the scientific method, and mental health into the structure of the curriculum. The practice of community nursing was heavily emphasized, and it was endeavored to strike a balance between hospital experience and work in communities themselves. The program includes specific studies community groups spanning such aspects as control of the more common disease, epidemiologic surveillance, and accident and disaster prevention. Practical work in community health care earns the same credit as hospital internship. The paper closes with a description of the experience of a specific program conducted in the self-managed city of Villa El Salvador under an agreement between the community and the university. The writer also notes that the intense campaign to publicize the program is having an effect because most nurse-training institutions in Peru are tending to add community nursing to their curricula.", "PMID": 393491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10034", "title": "[Liability claims for prosthetic treatment].", "content": "Liability claims of 153 patients receiving prosthetic treatment were organized according to damage and were discussed on the basis of the known decisions and judgements of the courts.", "contents": "[Liability claims for prosthetic treatment]. Liability claims of 153 patients receiving prosthetic treatment were organized according to damage and were discussed on the basis of the known decisions and judgements of the courts.", "PMID": 393493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10035", "title": "[Does traumatic occlusion change the jaw relations?].", "content": "Jaw relations were established via squashbites, and the deviations from habitual intercuspidation were measured. The evaluation of 252 squashbites indicated that 1. The mandible deviated as a result of the squashbite. The deviations are not related to the side and almost always lead to an increase in vertical jaw relations. 2. Primarily lateral deviations of the mandible are observed with unilateral squashbites. 3. Simultaneous bilateral squashbites, on the other hand, lead to left as well as right lateral deviation of the mandible. 4. The absolute values of the deviations in the sagittal direction are lowest in the middle; those directed ventrally are slightly more predominant. 5. Compared with materials containing siloxane, squashbites with plaster casts revealed no significant alterations in the qualitative deviations. 6. In terms of direction and extent, deviations of the mandible (primarily sagittal) depend on occlusal factors.", "contents": "[Does traumatic occlusion change the jaw relations?]. Jaw relations were established via squashbites, and the deviations from habitual intercuspidation were measured. The evaluation of 252 squashbites indicated that 1. The mandible deviated as a result of the squashbite. The deviations are not related to the side and almost always lead to an increase in vertical jaw relations. 2. Primarily lateral deviations of the mandible are observed with unilateral squashbites. 3. Simultaneous bilateral squashbites, on the other hand, lead to left as well as right lateral deviation of the mandible. 4. The absolute values of the deviations in the sagittal direction are lowest in the middle; those directed ventrally are slightly more predominant. 5. Compared with materials containing siloxane, squashbites with plaster casts revealed no significant alterations in the qualitative deviations. 6. In terms of direction and extent, deviations of the mandible (primarily sagittal) depend on occlusal factors.", "PMID": 393494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10036", "title": "[Compressibility of the tegumentum of the frontal maxillary crest with reference to the extent of model etchings].", "content": "Using a measuring technique developed by the authors, the compressibility of the tegmental ridge in the region of the center incisors was acertained. The indentation depth was determined at which blood circulation was disturbed and total anemia and/or pain was produced. Based on the measurements obtained, recommendations were made for the admissible and/or inadmissible extent of model etchings for the reception of bridge components.", "contents": "[Compressibility of the tegumentum of the frontal maxillary crest with reference to the extent of model etchings]. Using a measuring technique developed by the authors, the compressibility of the tegmental ridge in the region of the center incisors was acertained. The indentation depth was determined at which blood circulation was disturbed and total anemia and/or pain was produced. Based on the measurements obtained, recommendations were made for the admissible and/or inadmissible extent of model etchings for the reception of bridge components.", "PMID": 393496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10037", "title": "[Comparative measurements of standard drills and turbines].", "content": "Standard electric micromotors as well as accessory handpieces and right-angle handpieces were subjected to technical tests. Turbines with and without traction power (bearing power) were also studied. The rotational speed could be regulated on one turbine. Normal to high rotational speeds were obtained with electric micromotors when used in conjunction with the transferance attachment. The motors functioned well in terms of the linearity of rotational speed. The study of the rotational speed, regulation of rotational speed, and traction power of the turbines showed that the rotational speed and the possibility of so-called contact grinding of the turbine is equal to that of micromotors. In terms of grinding trauma to the pulp and gingiva, the indications shifted in favor of the turbine.", "contents": "[Comparative measurements of standard drills and turbines]. Standard electric micromotors as well as accessory handpieces and right-angle handpieces were subjected to technical tests. Turbines with and without traction power (bearing power) were also studied. The rotational speed could be regulated on one turbine. Normal to high rotational speeds were obtained with electric micromotors when used in conjunction with the transferance attachment. The motors functioned well in terms of the linearity of rotational speed. The study of the rotational speed, regulation of rotational speed, and traction power of the turbines showed that the rotational speed and the possibility of so-called contact grinding of the turbine is equal to that of micromotors. In terms of grinding trauma to the pulp and gingiva, the indications shifted in favor of the turbine.", "PMID": 393497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10038", "title": "[Plastic bonding material as the origin of mucosal disorders].", "content": "A case reported in which the patient complained of sensations in the musoca over a period of one year. Various other specialists were consulted, but the cause of these sensations could not be established. When the plastic facing on the upper anterior crowns was removed, the sensations disappeared. A metal-ceramic bridge was inserted, and the patient was fitted with a removable dental prosthesis containing teeth made of mineral substance and a base of injection moulding (Copodon). The patient is still free of complaints.", "contents": "[Plastic bonding material as the origin of mucosal disorders]. A case reported in which the patient complained of sensations in the musoca over a period of one year. Various other specialists were consulted, but the cause of these sensations could not be established. When the plastic facing on the upper anterior crowns was removed, the sensations disappeared. A metal-ceramic bridge was inserted, and the patient was fitted with a removable dental prosthesis containing teeth made of mineral substance and a base of injection moulding (Copodon). The patient is still free of complaints.", "PMID": 393498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10039", "title": "[Denture stomatitis: results of a follow-up study].", "content": "Elimination of mechanical and traumatic factors, consistent oral hygiene, and local antimycotic therapy led to rapid healing of the inflammatory alterations in most cases of stomatitis prothetica. Long-time observations showed a high frequency of recurrence; the way in which the prosthesis was worn was apparently a major contributing factor. These alterations often appeared as spotty or flat inflammatory red patches (i.e. denture stomatitis) and were sometimes combined with inflammatory granular or papillary hyperplasia and angular cheilitis. The associated subjective symptoms were slight or entirely absent.", "contents": "[Denture stomatitis: results of a follow-up study]. Elimination of mechanical and traumatic factors, consistent oral hygiene, and local antimycotic therapy led to rapid healing of the inflammatory alterations in most cases of stomatitis prothetica. Long-time observations showed a high frequency of recurrence; the way in which the prosthesis was worn was apparently a major contributing factor. These alterations often appeared as spotty or flat inflammatory red patches (i.e. denture stomatitis) and were sometimes combined with inflammatory granular or papillary hyperplasia and angular cheilitis. The associated subjective symptoms were slight or entirely absent.", "PMID": 393499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10040", "title": "Changes of serum insulin level in lethally irradiated rats.", "content": "The levels of serum immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose were measured at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after the exposure to irradiation (387 mC kg-1 (1500 R) x-rays in male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g and fasted overnight before the irradiation. At 6 h a significant decrease of serum insulin was found which was parallel in both irradiated animals and sham-irradiated controls. This was presumably due to the handling during the irradiation procedure. At later time intervals, the level of insulin in irradiated animals appeared to be relatively stable, while that in controls was significantly increased at 24 h and later showed a steep decline resulting in a significantly decreased level at 72 h. The level of blood glucose was significantly increased in irradiated animals at 6, 24 and 48 h, the average increase at 72 h being about 300 per cent of the level in controls.", "contents": "Changes of serum insulin level in lethally irradiated rats. The levels of serum immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose were measured at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after the exposure to irradiation (387 mC kg-1 (1500 R) x-rays in male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g and fasted overnight before the irradiation. At 6 h a significant decrease of serum insulin was found which was parallel in both irradiated animals and sham-irradiated controls. This was presumably due to the handling during the irradiation procedure. At later time intervals, the level of insulin in irradiated animals appeared to be relatively stable, while that in controls was significantly increased at 24 h and later showed a steep decline resulting in a significantly decreased level at 72 h. The level of blood glucose was significantly increased in irradiated animals at 6, 24 and 48 h, the average increase at 72 h being about 300 per cent of the level in controls.", "PMID": 393501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10041", "title": "Technique for study of hypothalamus (-) pituitary (-) testis function in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro system consisting of the rat hypothalamic tissue, the collagenase-digested isolated anterior pituitary cells and the Leydig cells, has been employed, where the testosterone production of the incubated Leydig cells was measured as the end point. The method appeared to be highly sensitive and specific in studying the functional interrelations of hypothalamus-pituitary-testis system. The sensitivity of the Leydig cells to hCG was 0.1--1.0 mU per 10(6) cells, and that of the anterior pituitary cells to LHRH responding with LH release was in the range of 0.1--1.0 ng per 10(6) cells. Two hypothalamic blocks can release a sufficient amount of LHRH to produce LH secretion in the pituitary cell preparation. The described technique seems to be a suitable in vitro approach for measuring the functional activity of the system studied and for evaluation of the sites of response to various external agents.", "contents": "Technique for study of hypothalamus (-) pituitary (-) testis function in vitro. An in vitro system consisting of the rat hypothalamic tissue, the collagenase-digested isolated anterior pituitary cells and the Leydig cells, has been employed, where the testosterone production of the incubated Leydig cells was measured as the end point. The method appeared to be highly sensitive and specific in studying the functional interrelations of hypothalamus-pituitary-testis system. The sensitivity of the Leydig cells to hCG was 0.1--1.0 mU per 10(6) cells, and that of the anterior pituitary cells to LHRH responding with LH release was in the range of 0.1--1.0 ng per 10(6) cells. Two hypothalamic blocks can release a sufficient amount of LHRH to produce LH secretion in the pituitary cell preparation. The described technique seems to be a suitable in vitro approach for measuring the functional activity of the system studied and for evaluation of the sites of response to various external agents.", "PMID": 393502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10042", "title": "Prolonged pseudoaldosteronism induced by glycyrrhizin.", "content": "We describe the natural recovery from the aggravated hypertension, hypokalemia and suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation in two mild hypertensive women aged 71 and 68 years, who had been administered 273 to 546 mg glycyrrhizin daily for 1.5 and 6 months, respectively, for the treatment of liver disease. About one month after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation, acceleration of hypertension, hypokalemia and suppression of the renin-aldosterone system still continued in both patients. At this stage, sodium restriction resulted in the normalization of blood pressure with weight loss and the subsequent sodium repletion produced a rapid increase in blood pressure to hypertensive levels observed before sodium restriction, with weight gain. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were low and did not respond to sodium restriction. Inappropriately excessive amounts of potassium were also excreted in the presence of hypokalemia. About one and a half months later, the improvements of aggravated hypertension, hypokalemia and suppressed renin-aldosterone system gradually occurred in both patients. Sodium restriction performed about three months later in case 2 no longer produced the changes in blood pressure and body weight. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone responded subnormally to sodium restriction. These results demonstrate that both patients had a prolongation of the syndrome resembling primary aldosteronism except the low plasma aldosterone level about one month after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation. The possible mechanisms by which this prolongation was caused are discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged pseudoaldosteronism induced by glycyrrhizin. We describe the natural recovery from the aggravated hypertension, hypokalemia and suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation in two mild hypertensive women aged 71 and 68 years, who had been administered 273 to 546 mg glycyrrhizin daily for 1.5 and 6 months, respectively, for the treatment of liver disease. About one month after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation, acceleration of hypertension, hypokalemia and suppression of the renin-aldosterone system still continued in both patients. At this stage, sodium restriction resulted in the normalization of blood pressure with weight loss and the subsequent sodium repletion produced a rapid increase in blood pressure to hypertensive levels observed before sodium restriction, with weight gain. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were low and did not respond to sodium restriction. Inappropriately excessive amounts of potassium were also excreted in the presence of hypokalemia. About one and a half months later, the improvements of aggravated hypertension, hypokalemia and suppressed renin-aldosterone system gradually occurred in both patients. Sodium restriction performed about three months later in case 2 no longer produced the changes in blood pressure and body weight. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone responded subnormally to sodium restriction. These results demonstrate that both patients had a prolongation of the syndrome resembling primary aldosteronism except the low plasma aldosterone level about one month after the glycyrrhizin discontinuation. The possible mechanisms by which this prolongation was caused are discussed.", "PMID": 393503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10043", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on glucose-induced 45Ca uptake in the pancreatic islets.", "content": "This study was designed in an attempt to elucidate a mechanism of somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced Ca+ uptake by rat pancreatic islets. Rat pancreatic islets were perifused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer containing 16.7 mM of glucose with somatostatin (2 micrograms/ml) or/and diltiazem HCl (2 x 10(-5) M). Somatostatin inhibited preferentially the early phase of glucose-induced insulin release, whereas diltiazem HCl inhibited the late one. And the concomitant presence of the submaximal concentration of somatostatin (2 micrograms/ml) and diltiazem HCl (2 x 10(-5 M) provided the completely additive inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. Rat pancreatic islets were incubated with KRB buffer supplemented with 16.7 mM of glucose and 45CaCl2 (10 muCi/ml) for 5--60 min and the biphasic 45Ca uptake by pancreatic islets was obtained. Somatostatin (500 ng/ml-4 micrograms/ml) gave the suppressive effect on the early phase of glucose-induced 45Ca uptake, but the higher concentration (2 micrograms/ml) of somatostatin did not impair the late phase of 45Ca uptake by pancreatic islets. On the other hand, diltiazem HCl did suppress the late phase of glucose-induced 45Ca uptake dose-dependently, but did not suppress the early phase (2 x 10(-5) M). These data indicate that somatostatin suppresses the early phase of glucose-induced Ca2+ uptake preferentially to the late one and has a different action mechanism from Ca antagonist on glucose-induced insulin release.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on glucose-induced 45Ca uptake in the pancreatic islets. This study was designed in an attempt to elucidate a mechanism of somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced Ca+ uptake by rat pancreatic islets. Rat pancreatic islets were perifused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer containing 16.7 mM of glucose with somatostatin (2 micrograms/ml) or/and diltiazem HCl (2 x 10(-5) M). Somatostatin inhibited preferentially the early phase of glucose-induced insulin release, whereas diltiazem HCl inhibited the late one. And the concomitant presence of the submaximal concentration of somatostatin (2 micrograms/ml) and diltiazem HCl (2 x 10(-5 M) provided the completely additive inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. Rat pancreatic islets were incubated with KRB buffer supplemented with 16.7 mM of glucose and 45CaCl2 (10 muCi/ml) for 5--60 min and the biphasic 45Ca uptake by pancreatic islets was obtained. Somatostatin (500 ng/ml-4 micrograms/ml) gave the suppressive effect on the early phase of glucose-induced 45Ca uptake, but the higher concentration (2 micrograms/ml) of somatostatin did not impair the late phase of 45Ca uptake by pancreatic islets. On the other hand, diltiazem HCl did suppress the late phase of glucose-induced 45Ca uptake dose-dependently, but did not suppress the early phase (2 x 10(-5) M). These data indicate that somatostatin suppresses the early phase of glucose-induced Ca2+ uptake preferentially to the late one and has a different action mechanism from Ca antagonist on glucose-induced insulin release.", "PMID": 393504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10044", "title": "Effects of an angiotensin II antagonist; [sarcosine 1, isoleucine 8] angiotensin II, on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive and normotensive subjects taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "To examine the involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the etiology of oral contraceptive induced hypertension, normal women (Group I), normotensive (Group II) and hypertensive (Group III) women taking Ovulen (R) were infused with a competitive angiotensin II (AII) antagonist, [1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine] angiotensin II. The angiotensin II antagonist was infused at a rate of 600 ng/kg/min for 30 min 1.5 hrs after intravenous injection of 40 mg of furosemide. Blood pressure was monitored and pre-infusion and post-infusion plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were determined. Pre-infusion PRA and PAC showed no significant differences among these three groups. In response to the AII antagonist infusion blood pressure rose in Groups I and II, but blood pressure responses in Group III were variable. Four out of the total 6 subjects had pressor responses and only one subject had a significant blood pressure reduction. In both Groups I and II, PRA decreased and PAC rose after infusion of the antagonist. In Group III, PRA decreased to a lesser degree and PAC showed no consistent change. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive women or oral contraceptives is different from that of the normotensive users. However, the pathophysiology of oral contraceptive induced hypertension is not homogenous and angiotensinogenic hypertension is uncommon.", "contents": "Effects of an angiotensin II antagonist; [sarcosine 1, isoleucine 8] angiotensin II, on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive and normotensive subjects taking oral contraceptives. To examine the involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the etiology of oral contraceptive induced hypertension, normal women (Group I), normotensive (Group II) and hypertensive (Group III) women taking Ovulen (R) were infused with a competitive angiotensin II (AII) antagonist, [1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine] angiotensin II. The angiotensin II antagonist was infused at a rate of 600 ng/kg/min for 30 min 1.5 hrs after intravenous injection of 40 mg of furosemide. Blood pressure was monitored and pre-infusion and post-infusion plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were determined. Pre-infusion PRA and PAC showed no significant differences among these three groups. In response to the AII antagonist infusion blood pressure rose in Groups I and II, but blood pressure responses in Group III were variable. Four out of the total 6 subjects had pressor responses and only one subject had a significant blood pressure reduction. In both Groups I and II, PRA decreased and PAC rose after infusion of the antagonist. In Group III, PRA decreased to a lesser degree and PAC showed no consistent change. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive women or oral contraceptives is different from that of the normotensive users. However, the pathophysiology of oral contraceptive induced hypertension is not homogenous and angiotensinogenic hypertension is uncommon.", "PMID": 393505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10045", "title": "Antimicrosomal antibodies, gastric parietal cell antibodies and antinuclear factors in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Thyroid antimicrosomal antibodies, gastric parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and antinuclear factors were studied in 208 insulin dependent diabetic (IDD) according to the duration of diabetes and patient's age at the time of testing. Antimicrosomal antibodies were found in 11 out of 47 (23.4%) IDD with the duration of less than one year, however this value declined to 13.1% at 1 to 3 years, 15.3% at 4 to 5 years, 10.8% at 6 to 10 years and 5.8% at more than 10 years. Of the 47 IDD, 7 (14.8%) were positive for gastric parietal cell antibodies. The prevalence of PCA declined with increasing duration of diabetes. However, this decrease in the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies and PCA was not so extreme as that of pancreatic islet cell antibodies. Antinuclear factors did not reveal a significant correlation with the duration of diabetes. In normal controls, the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies, PCA and the antinuclear factors increased progressively with age. In IDD, the prevalence of the antinuclear factors was also progressively greater with age. However, the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies in IDD decreased with age and those of PCA showed the lowest percent in the 40-69 year-age group.", "contents": "Antimicrosomal antibodies, gastric parietal cell antibodies and antinuclear factors in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Thyroid antimicrosomal antibodies, gastric parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and antinuclear factors were studied in 208 insulin dependent diabetic (IDD) according to the duration of diabetes and patient's age at the time of testing. Antimicrosomal antibodies were found in 11 out of 47 (23.4%) IDD with the duration of less than one year, however this value declined to 13.1% at 1 to 3 years, 15.3% at 4 to 5 years, 10.8% at 6 to 10 years and 5.8% at more than 10 years. Of the 47 IDD, 7 (14.8%) were positive for gastric parietal cell antibodies. The prevalence of PCA declined with increasing duration of diabetes. However, this decrease in the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies and PCA was not so extreme as that of pancreatic islet cell antibodies. Antinuclear factors did not reveal a significant correlation with the duration of diabetes. In normal controls, the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies, PCA and the antinuclear factors increased progressively with age. In IDD, the prevalence of the antinuclear factors was also progressively greater with age. However, the prevalence of antimicrosomal antibodies in IDD decreased with age and those of PCA showed the lowest percent in the 40-69 year-age group.", "PMID": 393506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10046", "title": "Uncoupling action of amytal in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The barbiturate amytal (5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid) has been shown to inhibit amino acid transport in membrane vesicles from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Amytal has no effect on the activity of the enzymes of the nitrate respiration system, nor on electron transfer in this system. However, addition of amytal to the membrane vesicles results in a decrease of the membrane potential from -90 mV to -72 mV, and to a decrease of the pH-gradient of -61 mV to undetectable values. Furthermore, amytal causes an increase in the rate of ferricyanide reduction in liposomes, indicating that amytal increases the proton permeability of phospholipid membranes. These results demonstrate that amytal acts as an uncoupler in membrane vesicles from anaerobically grown E. coli.", "contents": "Uncoupling action of amytal in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. The barbiturate amytal (5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid) has been shown to inhibit amino acid transport in membrane vesicles from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Amytal has no effect on the activity of the enzymes of the nitrate respiration system, nor on electron transfer in this system. However, addition of amytal to the membrane vesicles results in a decrease of the membrane potential from -90 mV to -72 mV, and to a decrease of the pH-gradient of -61 mV to undetectable values. Furthermore, amytal causes an increase in the rate of ferricyanide reduction in liposomes, indicating that amytal increases the proton permeability of phospholipid membranes. These results demonstrate that amytal acts as an uncoupler in membrane vesicles from anaerobically grown E. coli.", "PMID": 393507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10047", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of peptide hydrolases from the maize root.", "content": "The maize root has two main proteinase and carboxypeptidase components. Proteinase I and carboxypeptidase I, which predominate in older plants, appear to have a serine group at their active sites and have been estimated to have molecular weights of approximately 54000 and 77000 respectively. Proteinase I, which has been purified up to 500-fold, degrades haemoglobin and azocasein with maximum activity at pH 4 and 9--10 respectively, while on maize root protein it gives most hydrolysis in the neutral pH range. The main portion of the nitrate-reductase-inactivating activity in the maize root extract is due to proteinase I. Carboxypeptidase I, like several other plant carboxypeptidases such as carboxypeptidase C which have now (IUB Recommendations 1978) been classified as serine carboxypeptidases (EC 3.4.16.1), has maximum activity around pH 5 and has esterase activity. A second group of proteases, proteinase II and carboxypeptidase II, separated from the above on carboxymethyl-cellulose, were shown to have different molecular weight properties and be equally sensitive to serine and thiol group inhibitors. Proteinase II degrades haemoglobin, but not azocasein and does not mediate nitrate reductase inactivation. Associated with this second group of proteases was a macromolecular component which inactivated nitrate reductase but, unlike the action of proteinase I, was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or casein. It was inhibited by metal chelating agents which were without effect on nitrate reductase inactivation due to proteinase I.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of peptide hydrolases from the maize root. The maize root has two main proteinase and carboxypeptidase components. Proteinase I and carboxypeptidase I, which predominate in older plants, appear to have a serine group at their active sites and have been estimated to have molecular weights of approximately 54000 and 77000 respectively. Proteinase I, which has been purified up to 500-fold, degrades haemoglobin and azocasein with maximum activity at pH 4 and 9--10 respectively, while on maize root protein it gives most hydrolysis in the neutral pH range. The main portion of the nitrate-reductase-inactivating activity in the maize root extract is due to proteinase I. Carboxypeptidase I, like several other plant carboxypeptidases such as carboxypeptidase C which have now (IUB Recommendations 1978) been classified as serine carboxypeptidases (EC 3.4.16.1), has maximum activity around pH 5 and has esterase activity. A second group of proteases, proteinase II and carboxypeptidase II, separated from the above on carboxymethyl-cellulose, were shown to have different molecular weight properties and be equally sensitive to serine and thiol group inhibitors. Proteinase II degrades haemoglobin, but not azocasein and does not mediate nitrate reductase inactivation. Associated with this second group of proteases was a macromolecular component which inactivated nitrate reductase but, unlike the action of proteinase I, was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or casein. It was inhibited by metal chelating agents which were without effect on nitrate reductase inactivation due to proteinase I.", "PMID": 393508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10048", "title": "On the structure of the teichoic acid from the cell wall of Streptomyces antibioticus 39. Localization of the phosphodiester linkages and elucidation of the monomeric units structure by means of 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The cell walls of Streptomyces antibioticus 39 contain a glycosylated poly(glycerol phosphate), in which the repeating monomeric unit is O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--1)-glycerol monophosphate. The localization of the phosphodiester linkages between hydroxyl groups at positions 2 and 3 of the adjacent glycerol residues and the structure of the glycoside were established by 13C nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. The spectral data are also in accordance with the results of the methylation analysis and enzyme degradation of the glycoside.", "contents": "On the structure of the teichoic acid from the cell wall of Streptomyces antibioticus 39. Localization of the phosphodiester linkages and elucidation of the monomeric units structure by means of 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. The cell walls of Streptomyces antibioticus 39 contain a glycosylated poly(glycerol phosphate), in which the repeating monomeric unit is O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--1)-glycerol monophosphate. The localization of the phosphodiester linkages between hydroxyl groups at positions 2 and 3 of the adjacent glycerol residues and the structure of the glycoside were established by 13C nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. The spectral data are also in accordance with the results of the methylation analysis and enzyme degradation of the glycoside.", "PMID": 393509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10049", "title": "A method for the estimation of esterase synthesis and degradation and its application to evaluate the influence of insulin and glucagon.", "content": "The irreversible reaction between liver esterases and the active-site-directed inhibitor bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate can be used in vivo both for the estimation of the esterase contents and for the measurement of the esterase degradation rates. A method based on this reaction is described which allows the simultaneous estimation of the rate constants of degradation and synthesis of esterases during a period of change in protein concentration. Rat liver was found to contain about 1 mg of organophosphate-binding esterases per g of fresh tissue while the microsomal fraction contains about 30 mg of esterases per g of microsomal protein. Esterase degradation and de novo synthesis were shown to remain in equilibrium for a period of at least five days following the injection of 10 mg bis(4-nitro-[14C]phenyl)phosphate per kg. The decrease of the relative amount of labeled esterases with time was found to follow first-order kinetics yielding an average esterase degrading constant of 0.0165 h-1 which corresponds to a half-life of 42 h. These data were confirmed by an independent experiment using one of the standard procedures for the estimation of degradation rates: [14C]leucine was incorporated and one of the esterases was subsequently isolated by immuno-precipitation. Using isoelectric focussing and dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic methods, the various esterase isoenzymes appeared to have very similar, if not identical turnover rates. This method for the estimation of the turnover characteristics was applied to evaluate hormone effects on liver esterases. The time course of the contents and the turnover of liver esterases was measured under the influence of glucagon treatment in diabetic rats and under the influence of high doses of insulin. The esterase content decreased faster than the average content of microsomal protein under the influence of glucagon. The reverse effect was observed with insulin-treated rats. Both insulin and glucagon apparently reduced the intracellular esterase turnover in rat liver. Kinetic analysis of the results revealed that insulin mainly lowered the esterase degradation rate, though the rate of esterase synthesis might also have been restricted. In the glucagon-treated rats the de novo synthesis of esterases was strongly reduced.", "contents": "A method for the estimation of esterase synthesis and degradation and its application to evaluate the influence of insulin and glucagon. The irreversible reaction between liver esterases and the active-site-directed inhibitor bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate can be used in vivo both for the estimation of the esterase contents and for the measurement of the esterase degradation rates. A method based on this reaction is described which allows the simultaneous estimation of the rate constants of degradation and synthesis of esterases during a period of change in protein concentration. Rat liver was found to contain about 1 mg of organophosphate-binding esterases per g of fresh tissue while the microsomal fraction contains about 30 mg of esterases per g of microsomal protein. Esterase degradation and de novo synthesis were shown to remain in equilibrium for a period of at least five days following the injection of 10 mg bis(4-nitro-[14C]phenyl)phosphate per kg. The decrease of the relative amount of labeled esterases with time was found to follow first-order kinetics yielding an average esterase degrading constant of 0.0165 h-1 which corresponds to a half-life of 42 h. These data were confirmed by an independent experiment using one of the standard procedures for the estimation of degradation rates: [14C]leucine was incorporated and one of the esterases was subsequently isolated by immuno-precipitation. Using isoelectric focussing and dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic methods, the various esterase isoenzymes appeared to have very similar, if not identical turnover rates. This method for the estimation of the turnover characteristics was applied to evaluate hormone effects on liver esterases. The time course of the contents and the turnover of liver esterases was measured under the influence of glucagon treatment in diabetic rats and under the influence of high doses of insulin. The esterase content decreased faster than the average content of microsomal protein under the influence of glucagon. The reverse effect was observed with insulin-treated rats. Both insulin and glucagon apparently reduced the intracellular esterase turnover in rat liver. Kinetic analysis of the results revealed that insulin mainly lowered the esterase degradation rate, though the rate of esterase synthesis might also have been restricted. In the glucagon-treated rats the de novo synthesis of esterases was strongly reduced.", "PMID": 393510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10050", "title": "The 5-S RNA binding protein from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ribosomes. Evolution of the eukaryotic 5-S RNA binding protein.", "content": "The ribonucleoprotein complex between 5-S RNA and its binding protein (5-S RNA . protein complex) of yeast ribosomes was released from 60-S subunits with 25 mM EDTA and the protein component was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This protein, designated YL3 (Mr = 36000 on dodecylsulfate gels), was relatively insoluble in neutral solutions (pH 4--9) and migrated as one of four acidic 60-S subunit proteins when analyzed by the Kaltschmidt and Wittman two-dimensional gel system. Amino acid analyses indicated lower amounts of lysine and arginine than most ribosomal proteins. Sequence homology was observed in the N terminus of YL3, and two prokaryotic 5-S RNA binding proteins, EL18 from Escherichia coli and HL13 from Halobacterium cutirubrum: Ala1-Phe2-Gln3-Lys4-Asp5-Ala6-Lys7-Ser8-Ser9-Ala10-Tyr11-Ser12-Ser13-Arg14-Phe15-Gln16-Tyr17-Pro18-Phe19-Arg20-Arg21-Arg22-Arg23-Glu24-Gly25-Lys26-Thr27-Asp28-Tyr29-Tyr35; of particular interest was homology in the cluster of basic residues (18--23). Since the protein contained one methionine residue it could be split into two fragments, CN1 (Mr = 24700) and CN2 (Mr = 11300) by CNBr treatment; the larger fragment originated from the N terminus. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of CN2 shared a limited sequence homology with an internal portion of a second 5-S RNA binding protein from E. coli, EL5, and, based also on the molecular weights of the proteins and studies on the protein binding sites in 5-S RNAs, a model for the evolution of the eukaryotic 5-S RNA binding protein is suggested in which a fusion of the prokaryotic sequences may have occurred. Unlike the native 5-S RNA . protein complex, a variety of RNAs interacted with the smaller CN2 fragment to form homogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes; the results suggest that the CN1 fragment may confer specificity on the natural 5-S RNA-protein interaction.", "contents": "The 5-S RNA binding protein from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ribosomes. Evolution of the eukaryotic 5-S RNA binding protein. The ribonucleoprotein complex between 5-S RNA and its binding protein (5-S RNA . protein complex) of yeast ribosomes was released from 60-S subunits with 25 mM EDTA and the protein component was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This protein, designated YL3 (Mr = 36000 on dodecylsulfate gels), was relatively insoluble in neutral solutions (pH 4--9) and migrated as one of four acidic 60-S subunit proteins when analyzed by the Kaltschmidt and Wittman two-dimensional gel system. Amino acid analyses indicated lower amounts of lysine and arginine than most ribosomal proteins. Sequence homology was observed in the N terminus of YL3, and two prokaryotic 5-S RNA binding proteins, EL18 from Escherichia coli and HL13 from Halobacterium cutirubrum: Ala1-Phe2-Gln3-Lys4-Asp5-Ala6-Lys7-Ser8-Ser9-Ala10-Tyr11-Ser12-Ser13-Arg14-Phe15-Gln16-Tyr17-Pro18-Phe19-Arg20-Arg21-Arg22-Arg23-Glu24-Gly25-Lys26-Thr27-Asp28-Tyr29-Tyr35; of particular interest was homology in the cluster of basic residues (18--23). Since the protein contained one methionine residue it could be split into two fragments, CN1 (Mr = 24700) and CN2 (Mr = 11300) by CNBr treatment; the larger fragment originated from the N terminus. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of CN2 shared a limited sequence homology with an internal portion of a second 5-S RNA binding protein from E. coli, EL5, and, based also on the molecular weights of the proteins and studies on the protein binding sites in 5-S RNAs, a model for the evolution of the eukaryotic 5-S RNA binding protein is suggested in which a fusion of the prokaryotic sequences may have occurred. Unlike the native 5-S RNA . protein complex, a variety of RNAs interacted with the smaller CN2 fragment to form homogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes; the results suggest that the CN1 fragment may confer specificity on the natural 5-S RNA-protein interaction.", "PMID": 393511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10051", "title": "Crystallization of bacteriophage MS2.", "content": "Crystals of bacteriophage MS2 have been obtained by slowly cooling a 1% virus solution from 23 degrees C to 0 degrees C in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) 6000. The crystals were colorless, needle-like, anisotropic and very fragile. Electron microscopic observation of the crystals revealed a two-dimensional lattice of particles with RNA phage morphology and dimensions. Preliminary X-ray examination of the crystals confirmed their viral nature.", "contents": "Crystallization of bacteriophage MS2. Crystals of bacteriophage MS2 have been obtained by slowly cooling a 1% virus solution from 23 degrees C to 0 degrees C in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) 6000. The crystals were colorless, needle-like, anisotropic and very fragile. Electron microscopic observation of the crystals revealed a two-dimensional lattice of particles with RNA phage morphology and dimensions. Preliminary X-ray examination of the crystals confirmed their viral nature.", "PMID": 393512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10052", "title": "Methodological aspects of the evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma and tissue proteins.", "content": "This paper describes the methodological aspects of the evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma and tissue proteins. The relevance of the procedures employed to certain problems in clinical-pharmacology as well as the role of plasma binding in drug distribution and pharmacokinetics are discussed. The possibly important role of plasma protein binding of some drugs is emphasized. The incidence of plasma binding on drug distribution and pharmacokinetics are developed and the possible incidence of pathological states on drug plasma binding are considered.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of the evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma and tissue proteins. This paper describes the methodological aspects of the evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma and tissue proteins. The relevance of the procedures employed to certain problems in clinical-pharmacology as well as the role of plasma binding in drug distribution and pharmacokinetics are discussed. The possibly important role of plasma protein binding of some drugs is emphasized. The incidence of plasma binding on drug distribution and pharmacokinetics are developed and the possible incidence of pathological states on drug plasma binding are considered.", "PMID": 393513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10053", "title": "In vitro evidence of cellular and humoral immune responses following lung allotransplantation in canine recipients with and without immunosuppressive treatment.", "content": "Using donor lung antigens as targets, two test methods, a rosette-forming cell test (RFC) and indirect immunofluorescence test (indir. IF), were applied to focus on the first set lung allograft rejection in canine recipients with and without immunosuppressive treatment. In both groups the first sign of humoral or cellular sensitization became evident on the 4th postoperative day, which might answer some unsolved problems in early lung graft damage, recently discussed as a manifestation of certain immunologic reactions. The tests used, indir. IF and RFC, revealed a steadily climbing tendency of immunization in untreated recipients and more variable and reversible positive results in the immunosuppressively treated group. No correlation between cellular and humoral immunity could be proven by our tests. The fact that we found no incorrect positive results in RFC suggests that this test provides important hints for the diagnosis of lung allograft rejection.", "contents": "In vitro evidence of cellular and humoral immune responses following lung allotransplantation in canine recipients with and without immunosuppressive treatment. Using donor lung antigens as targets, two test methods, a rosette-forming cell test (RFC) and indirect immunofluorescence test (indir. IF), were applied to focus on the first set lung allograft rejection in canine recipients with and without immunosuppressive treatment. In both groups the first sign of humoral or cellular sensitization became evident on the 4th postoperative day, which might answer some unsolved problems in early lung graft damage, recently discussed as a manifestation of certain immunologic reactions. The tests used, indir. IF and RFC, revealed a steadily climbing tendency of immunization in untreated recipients and more variable and reversible positive results in the immunosuppressively treated group. No correlation between cellular and humoral immunity could be proven by our tests. The fact that we found no incorrect positive results in RFC suggests that this test provides important hints for the diagnosis of lung allograft rejection.", "PMID": 393514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10054", "title": "Double-blind comparison of metoprolol, alprenolol, and oxprenolol in hypertension.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of the beta-blockers metoprolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol was carried out to evaluate their antihypertensive effect and tolerability. 105 patients with previously untreated hypertension entered the trial and 72 completed it. Side-effects were infrequent and were never the reason for drop-out. All three drugs caused a statistically significant reduction in blood-pressure at the lower of the two doses used during a dose-finding period. At the higher dose employed in this period, metoprolol caused a significantly greater reduction in diastolic blood-pressure than did alprenolol or oxprenolol. All three drugs caused a significant reduction in heart rate. During the following period, the beta-blockers were supplemented if necessary with hydrochlorothiazide. This was required less frequently in the metoprolol group than in the other two groups.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of metoprolol, alprenolol, and oxprenolol in hypertension. A double-blind comparison of the beta-blockers metoprolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol was carried out to evaluate their antihypertensive effect and tolerability. 105 patients with previously untreated hypertension entered the trial and 72 completed it. Side-effects were infrequent and were never the reason for drop-out. All three drugs caused a statistically significant reduction in blood-pressure at the lower of the two doses used during a dose-finding period. At the higher dose employed in this period, metoprolol caused a significantly greater reduction in diastolic blood-pressure than did alprenolol or oxprenolol. All three drugs caused a significant reduction in heart rate. During the following period, the beta-blockers were supplemented if necessary with hydrochlorothiazide. This was required less frequently in the metoprolol group than in the other two groups.", "PMID": 393518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10055", "title": "Hypotensive action and side-effects of flutonidin in normal subjects. A double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "In a double blind study, planned as a 7 x 7 latin square, three oral doses of flutonidin (0.5, 1, 2 mg), of clonidine (0.0075, 0.150, 0.300 mg) and of a placebo were administered to 7 normal volunteers on 7 different treatment days, with an interval of 3 days. On each treatment day sitting blood pressure, heart rate and reaction time were measured, and sedation and dry mouth evaluated before the 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after administration. The placebo did not modify the basal value of any variable. Flutonidin and clonidine produced dose-related effects on blood pressure, heart rate, sedation and dry mouth, but did not influence reaction time. Analysis of the dose-response curves demonstrated that the effect of flutonidin was one-fifth to one-twelfth that of clonidine, depending on which variable was considered.", "contents": "Hypotensive action and side-effects of flutonidin in normal subjects. A double-blind controlled trial. In a double blind study, planned as a 7 x 7 latin square, three oral doses of flutonidin (0.5, 1, 2 mg), of clonidine (0.0075, 0.150, 0.300 mg) and of a placebo were administered to 7 normal volunteers on 7 different treatment days, with an interval of 3 days. On each treatment day sitting blood pressure, heart rate and reaction time were measured, and sedation and dry mouth evaluated before the 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after administration. The placebo did not modify the basal value of any variable. Flutonidin and clonidine produced dose-related effects on blood pressure, heart rate, sedation and dry mouth, but did not influence reaction time. Analysis of the dose-response curves demonstrated that the effect of flutonidin was one-fifth to one-twelfth that of clonidine, depending on which variable was considered.", "PMID": 393519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10056", "title": "Selective reduction of adrenal medulla response to angiotensin induced by suppression of renin-angiotensin.", "content": "Angiotensin II (AII) induced an increase of adrenaline (A) release from rat adrenal glands in vitro. The response of the adrenal glands was completely abolished 22--24 h after bilateral nephrectomy. Adrenal glands from DOCA-salt-treated rats did not respond to AII as well, whereas adrenal glands from rats treated with furosemide and a low salt diet retained this response. High potassium in the medium increased significantly the release of A from in vitro incubated adrenal glands of nephrectomized rats from 0.43 +/- 0.04 to 0.63 +/- 0.06 microgram/gland and salbutamol (in calcium-free medium) increased the release from 0.34 +/- 0.03 to 0.43 +/- 0.03 microgram/gland. These results indicate that the adrenal medulla develops subsensitivity to AII in vitro, following a reduction in levels of this agonist in vivo.", "contents": "Selective reduction of adrenal medulla response to angiotensin induced by suppression of renin-angiotensin. Angiotensin II (AII) induced an increase of adrenaline (A) release from rat adrenal glands in vitro. The response of the adrenal glands was completely abolished 22--24 h after bilateral nephrectomy. Adrenal glands from DOCA-salt-treated rats did not respond to AII as well, whereas adrenal glands from rats treated with furosemide and a low salt diet retained this response. High potassium in the medium increased significantly the release of A from in vitro incubated adrenal glands of nephrectomized rats from 0.43 +/- 0.04 to 0.63 +/- 0.06 microgram/gland and salbutamol (in calcium-free medium) increased the release from 0.34 +/- 0.03 to 0.43 +/- 0.03 microgram/gland. These results indicate that the adrenal medulla develops subsensitivity to AII in vitro, following a reduction in levels of this agonist in vivo.", "PMID": 393522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10057", "title": "Prevention of the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats by captopril (SQ 14,225).", "content": "Indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored in male, weanling, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) maintained on water for 16 weeks (group A) or on captopril therapy (100 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for 4 (group B), 8 (group C), 12 (group D), 16 (group E) weeks. Weanling SHR of group A developed typical, time-related hypertension over a 16-week observation period. In marked contrast, SHR receiving captopril did not develop hypertension. Discontinuation of captopril after 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks resulted in the usual development of hypertension. There was a transient increase in water consumption of drug treated rats which returned to normal by 8 weeks of dosing. Conversely, when captopril therapy was discontinued after 4, 8 or 12 weeks, there was a transient decrease in water intake, the magnitude of which was inversely related to the duration of drug therapy. These results demonstrate that daily captopril therapy was able to completely prevent the development of spontaneous hypertension. Explanations for the mechanism(s) underlying the influence of captopril on blood pressure and water intake remain speculative.", "contents": "Prevention of the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats by captopril (SQ 14,225). Indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored in male, weanling, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) maintained on water for 16 weeks (group A) or on captopril therapy (100 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for 4 (group B), 8 (group C), 12 (group D), 16 (group E) weeks. Weanling SHR of group A developed typical, time-related hypertension over a 16-week observation period. In marked contrast, SHR receiving captopril did not develop hypertension. Discontinuation of captopril after 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks resulted in the usual development of hypertension. There was a transient increase in water consumption of drug treated rats which returned to normal by 8 weeks of dosing. Conversely, when captopril therapy was discontinued after 4, 8 or 12 weeks, there was a transient decrease in water intake, the magnitude of which was inversely related to the duration of drug therapy. These results demonstrate that daily captopril therapy was able to completely prevent the development of spontaneous hypertension. Explanations for the mechanism(s) underlying the influence of captopril on blood pressure and water intake remain speculative.", "PMID": 393524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10058", "title": "Structural specificity of nucleotides for insulin secretory action from the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The study concerned the effects of variuos nucleotides on the insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. ATP, the first nucleotide studied, increased the insulin release induced by glucose 1.5 g/l. There was a first immediate peak followed by a second significant and durable increase. The log dose-response curve was linear for concentrations ranging from 0.825 microM to 330 microM. The effects of natural adenine derivatives (ATP, ADP, 5' AMP, cAMP and adenosine) were compared. ATP was the most active compound; ADP had nearly the same activity as ATP (relative potency ATP/ADP = 3.2); 5' AMP, cAMP and adenosine displayed a very weak activity (about 100 fold less active). Adenylimido-diphosphate (AMP-PNP), a non-phosphorylating structural analogue of ATP, clearly stimulated insulin secretion and its effect was concentration-related. It was about 10 fold less active than ATP. The comparison of triphosphorylated derivatives from various purine nucleosides (ATP, GTP, ITP) or pyrimidine nucleosides (CTP and UTP) showed that only the purine derivatives had a strong insulin secretory effect with, in order of decreasing activity: ATP greater than GTP greater than ITP. These results show that certain structural features (purine basis and di- or triphosphate groups) are essential to elicit an insulin secretory effect.", "contents": "Structural specificity of nucleotides for insulin secretory action from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The study concerned the effects of variuos nucleotides on the insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. ATP, the first nucleotide studied, increased the insulin release induced by glucose 1.5 g/l. There was a first immediate peak followed by a second significant and durable increase. The log dose-response curve was linear for concentrations ranging from 0.825 microM to 330 microM. The effects of natural adenine derivatives (ATP, ADP, 5' AMP, cAMP and adenosine) were compared. ATP was the most active compound; ADP had nearly the same activity as ATP (relative potency ATP/ADP = 3.2); 5' AMP, cAMP and adenosine displayed a very weak activity (about 100 fold less active). Adenylimido-diphosphate (AMP-PNP), a non-phosphorylating structural analogue of ATP, clearly stimulated insulin secretion and its effect was concentration-related. It was about 10 fold less active than ATP. The comparison of triphosphorylated derivatives from various purine nucleosides (ATP, GTP, ITP) or pyrimidine nucleosides (CTP and UTP) showed that only the purine derivatives had a strong insulin secretory effect with, in order of decreasing activity: ATP greater than GTP greater than ITP. These results show that certain structural features (purine basis and di- or triphosphate groups) are essential to elicit an insulin secretory effect.", "PMID": 393523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10059", "title": "Characterization of furosemide-induced activation of the renal prostaglandin system.", "content": "A detailed time course of changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha, thromboxane (TX) B2 and sodium excretion rates following furosemide was obtained in 7 women. PRA increased within the first 15 min and remained elevated all through the experiment. PGE2, PGF2 alpha, TXB2 and sodium increased simultaneously, reached a peak between 15 and 45 min after furosemide and declined thereafter. It is concluded that furosemide induces a generalized activation of the renal PG system temporally related to the increase of renin release and natriuresis.", "contents": "Characterization of furosemide-induced activation of the renal prostaglandin system. A detailed time course of changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha, thromboxane (TX) B2 and sodium excretion rates following furosemide was obtained in 7 women. PRA increased within the first 15 min and remained elevated all through the experiment. PGE2, PGF2 alpha, TXB2 and sodium increased simultaneously, reached a peak between 15 and 45 min after furosemide and declined thereafter. It is concluded that furosemide induces a generalized activation of the renal PG system temporally related to the increase of renin release and natriuresis.", "PMID": 393525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10060", "title": "6-Keto-prostaglandin E1 inhibits the aggregation of human platelets.", "content": "6-Keto-prostaglandin E1 (6-keto-PGE1) was found to have a similar potency to prostacyclin (PGI2) as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It caused a time and concentration dependent inhibition of ADP, collagen and epinephrine induced platelet aggregation, the dose ratios for 70% inhibition by 6-keto-PGE1, PGI2 and PGE1 being approximately 1 : 1 : 13. In doses similar to those of PGI2, 6-keto-PGE1 partially inhibited the release of [3H]-serotonin from platelet-rich plasma induced by collagen.", "contents": "6-Keto-prostaglandin E1 inhibits the aggregation of human platelets. 6-Keto-prostaglandin E1 (6-keto-PGE1) was found to have a similar potency to prostacyclin (PGI2) as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It caused a time and concentration dependent inhibition of ADP, collagen and epinephrine induced platelet aggregation, the dose ratios for 70% inhibition by 6-keto-PGE1, PGI2 and PGE1 being approximately 1 : 1 : 13. In doses similar to those of PGI2, 6-keto-PGE1 partially inhibited the release of [3H]-serotonin from platelet-rich plasma induced by collagen.", "PMID": 393526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10061", "title": "Proliferation kinetics of early hemopoietic precursor cells with self sustaining capacity in the mouse, studied with 125-I-labeled iodo-deoxyuridine.", "content": "With a new labeling technique in radiation chimeras, an attempt was made to determine the duration of the phases of the stem cell cycle including shortest and mean generation time and to estimate the number of hemopoietic stem cells per unit of bone marrow cellularity. The DNA of bone marrow cells in DNA synthesis was labeled with 5-125I-2'-deoxyuridine. The labeled cells were followed after being transfused into fatally irradiated mice. The stem cells were found to have a half-time of about 4.3 days in the donor mice. The average time in the population, i.e. the turnover time of the stem cells, was 6.2 days. The half-time did not change significantly even after transfusion of bone marrow into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) suicide technique revealed that bone marrow stem cells seeding to the spleens and to the femurs of lethally irradiated recipients behaved differently--S-phase in cells seeding to femurs being shorter. The radiosensitivity of stem cells in S-phase had a D0 of 80 rad whereas stem cells distributed throughout the whole cell cycle had a D0 of 185 rad. The respective extrapolation numbers were 1.23 and 1.14. It is calculated that 2--7% of all nucleated bone marrow cells belong to self renewing stem cell populations. The method described provides a new approach for the study of hematological stem cells.", "contents": "Proliferation kinetics of early hemopoietic precursor cells with self sustaining capacity in the mouse, studied with 125-I-labeled iodo-deoxyuridine. With a new labeling technique in radiation chimeras, an attempt was made to determine the duration of the phases of the stem cell cycle including shortest and mean generation time and to estimate the number of hemopoietic stem cells per unit of bone marrow cellularity. The DNA of bone marrow cells in DNA synthesis was labeled with 5-125I-2'-deoxyuridine. The labeled cells were followed after being transfused into fatally irradiated mice. The stem cells were found to have a half-time of about 4.3 days in the donor mice. The average time in the population, i.e. the turnover time of the stem cells, was 6.2 days. The half-time did not change significantly even after transfusion of bone marrow into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) suicide technique revealed that bone marrow stem cells seeding to the spleens and to the femurs of lethally irradiated recipients behaved differently--S-phase in cells seeding to femurs being shorter. The radiosensitivity of stem cells in S-phase had a D0 of 80 rad whereas stem cells distributed throughout the whole cell cycle had a D0 of 185 rad. The respective extrapolation numbers were 1.23 and 1.14. It is calculated that 2--7% of all nucleated bone marrow cells belong to self renewing stem cell populations. The method described provides a new approach for the study of hematological stem cells.", "PMID": 393530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10062", "title": "Is human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation regulated by prostacyclin?", "content": "Activated smooth muscle cells exhibit a statistically significant (p less than 0.025) higher prostacyclin production than the contractiles. It is concluded, that the proliferation of the metabolically activated cells, which is an early event in atherogenesis, could be due to prostacyclin regulation.", "contents": "Is human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation regulated by prostacyclin? Activated smooth muscle cells exhibit a statistically significant (p less than 0.025) higher prostacyclin production than the contractiles. It is concluded, that the proliferation of the metabolically activated cells, which is an early event in atherogenesis, could be due to prostacyclin regulation.", "PMID": 393531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10063", "title": "[Prostaglandins in skin blisters of bullous erysipelas, dermatitis herpetiformis and herpes gestationis (author's transl)].", "content": "The PGE2 and PGF2 alpha content of bullae developing spontaneously on the skin was investigated by radioimmunoassay in 12 patients with different skin diseases. The PGF2 alpha level was also established in the plasma and urine. In herpes gestationis, dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous erysipelas the PGE2 and PGF2 alpha content of the bullae considerably exceeded the plasma and urinary PG levels. The findings were thought to be in relation with the acute inflammation of the skin, the mechanism of bulla formation as well as with pruritus.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins in skin blisters of bullous erysipelas, dermatitis herpetiformis and herpes gestationis (author's transl)]. The PGE2 and PGF2 alpha content of bullae developing spontaneously on the skin was investigated by radioimmunoassay in 12 patients with different skin diseases. The PGF2 alpha level was also established in the plasma and urine. In herpes gestationis, dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous erysipelas the PGE2 and PGF2 alpha content of the bullae considerably exceeded the plasma and urinary PG levels. The findings were thought to be in relation with the acute inflammation of the skin, the mechanism of bulla formation as well as with pruritus.", "PMID": 393552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10064", "title": "[Psoriasis vulgaris: immunologlobulin binding to human epidermis after limited proteolysis].", "content": "Immune complexes isolated from sera of psoriatic patients and healthy controls show an identical pattern in sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And so it seems to be unlikely that the increased provable serum immune complexes by psoriatics contain specific protein antigens.--Following to limited proteolysis of normal human epidermis, antibodies which solely are provable in sera of psoriatic patients could bind to proteolytic altered structures. For achieving a similar process in vivo, the following conditions are to be discussed: (1) an elevated concentration of certain autoantibodies in the sera of psoriatic patients and a temporary increased vessels permeability for antibodies, (2) the availability of structures in the epidermis of psoriatics with increased affintiy to certain antibodies. These structures may be produced by limited proteolysis or as a result of the disturbed differentiation of epidermal cells.", "contents": "[Psoriasis vulgaris: immunologlobulin binding to human epidermis after limited proteolysis]. Immune complexes isolated from sera of psoriatic patients and healthy controls show an identical pattern in sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And so it seems to be unlikely that the increased provable serum immune complexes by psoriatics contain specific protein antigens.--Following to limited proteolysis of normal human epidermis, antibodies which solely are provable in sera of psoriatic patients could bind to proteolytic altered structures. For achieving a similar process in vivo, the following conditions are to be discussed: (1) an elevated concentration of certain autoantibodies in the sera of psoriatic patients and a temporary increased vessels permeability for antibodies, (2) the availability of structures in the epidermis of psoriatics with increased affintiy to certain antibodies. These structures may be produced by limited proteolysis or as a result of the disturbed differentiation of epidermal cells.", "PMID": 393553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10065", "title": "[Cutaneous foreign body granulomas caused by aluminium-hydroxid after desensitization with h Mischpollen-Depotallergen (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 16 years old female patient suffering from pollinosis and asthma. After desensitization with Mischpollen-Depotallergen foreign body granulomas developed in the injection areas. By fluorescence histochemical examination aluminiumhydroxid was found as cause. The increasing possibility of this side effect by more frequent employment of aluminium-hydroxid, for example in the production of vaccine, is directed on.", "contents": "[Cutaneous foreign body granulomas caused by aluminium-hydroxid after desensitization with h Mischpollen-Depotallergen (author's transl)]. Report on a 16 years old female patient suffering from pollinosis and asthma. After desensitization with Mischpollen-Depotallergen foreign body granulomas developed in the injection areas. By fluorescence histochemical examination aluminiumhydroxid was found as cause. The increasing possibility of this side effect by more frequent employment of aluminium-hydroxid, for example in the production of vaccine, is directed on.", "PMID": 393554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10066", "title": "Studies on circulating soluble immune complexes of the liver disease. 1. Inhibition assay of polyclonal rheumatoid factor binding to IgG-sepharose.", "content": "Polyclonal rheumatoid factor (pRF) was isolated from sera seropositive for RF and it was radioiodinated with lactoperoxidase method. Using the 125I-pRF and IgG-p-azobenzamidoethyl Sepharose 6B, a competitive inhibition radioassay for detecting immune complexes is described. The assay can be performed in 90 min utilizing 10 microliter of serum with good reproducibility and endogenous RF in test serum did not interfere the reaction. The test can detect complexes nearly to 8s and as low as 0.1 microgram/ml of aggregated human IgG. Decomplementation by heating test sera is unnecessary. The assay was performed at 4 degrees C but less inhibition activity was obtained when it was carried out at 24 degrees C.", "contents": "Studies on circulating soluble immune complexes of the liver disease. 1. Inhibition assay of polyclonal rheumatoid factor binding to IgG-sepharose. Polyclonal rheumatoid factor (pRF) was isolated from sera seropositive for RF and it was radioiodinated with lactoperoxidase method. Using the 125I-pRF and IgG-p-azobenzamidoethyl Sepharose 6B, a competitive inhibition radioassay for detecting immune complexes is described. The assay can be performed in 90 min utilizing 10 microliter of serum with good reproducibility and endogenous RF in test serum did not interfere the reaction. The test can detect complexes nearly to 8s and as low as 0.1 microgram/ml of aggregated human IgG. Decomplementation by heating test sera is unnecessary. The assay was performed at 4 degrees C but less inhibition activity was obtained when it was carried out at 24 degrees C.", "PMID": 393565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10067", "title": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy and anticholinergics on the acid and gastrin responses to sham feeding in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "Plasma gastrin concentrations and gastric acid output after modified sham feeding were determined in 20 duodenal ulcer patients. Sham feeding produced an acid response corresponding to 40-68% of the maximal acid output after pentagastrin stimulation, with no significant increase of plasma gastrin concentrations. In eight patients proximal gastric vagotomy almost abolished the acid responses to both insulin hypoglycaemia and sham feeding. Sham feeding in the vagotomised patients did not change the gastrin concentrations in plasma. After pretreatment with benzilonium, an anticholinergic with minimal central nervous effects, plasma gastrin concentrations increased after sham feeding. The study confirms that sham feeding is a poor stimulus for gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients and supports a cholinergic inhibition of gastrin release. Intravenous injection of benzilonium bromide in a dose close to 70 micrograms/kg, and atropine in the low dose of 30 micrograms/kg inhibited the acid response to sham feeding by about 65%. Atropine in a dose of 50 micrograms/kg virtually abolished the acid sham feeding response, possibly owing to ganglionic or central nervous blockade. Vagal activation of the acid secretory glands does not seem to involve a purely cholinergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy and anticholinergics on the acid and gastrin responses to sham feeding in duodenal ulcer patients. Plasma gastrin concentrations and gastric acid output after modified sham feeding were determined in 20 duodenal ulcer patients. Sham feeding produced an acid response corresponding to 40-68% of the maximal acid output after pentagastrin stimulation, with no significant increase of plasma gastrin concentrations. In eight patients proximal gastric vagotomy almost abolished the acid responses to both insulin hypoglycaemia and sham feeding. Sham feeding in the vagotomised patients did not change the gastrin concentrations in plasma. After pretreatment with benzilonium, an anticholinergic with minimal central nervous effects, plasma gastrin concentrations increased after sham feeding. The study confirms that sham feeding is a poor stimulus for gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients and supports a cholinergic inhibition of gastrin release. Intravenous injection of benzilonium bromide in a dose close to 70 micrograms/kg, and atropine in the low dose of 30 micrograms/kg inhibited the acid response to sham feeding by about 65%. Atropine in a dose of 50 micrograms/kg virtually abolished the acid sham feeding response, possibly owing to ganglionic or central nervous blockade. Vagal activation of the acid secretory glands does not seem to involve a purely cholinergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 393571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10068", "title": "Zymogram studies of human intestinal brush border and cytoplasmic peptidases.", "content": "Zymogram studies of peptide hydrolases from the human intestinal brush border and cytoplasmic fractions produced multiple bands--that is, up to seven--while the brush border membrane produced only a single band of enzyme activity. With all of the substrates tested except L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine, a band having anodic mobility identical with that produced by the brush border enzymes was produced by the cytoplasmic enzymes. With L-trileucine as a substrate, no overlapping band was produced. This band in the cytoplasmic fraction was heat sensitive, while that in the brush border fraction was not. Thus it would appear that there is a single human intestinal brush border peptide hydrolase capable of hydrolysing a variety of di- and tri-peptides. This peptide hydrolases of the brush border and the cytoplasmic fraction of human intestine are distinct.", "contents": "Zymogram studies of human intestinal brush border and cytoplasmic peptidases. Zymogram studies of peptide hydrolases from the human intestinal brush border and cytoplasmic fractions produced multiple bands--that is, up to seven--while the brush border membrane produced only a single band of enzyme activity. With all of the substrates tested except L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine, a band having anodic mobility identical with that produced by the brush border enzymes was produced by the cytoplasmic enzymes. With L-trileucine as a substrate, no overlapping band was produced. This band in the cytoplasmic fraction was heat sensitive, while that in the brush border fraction was not. Thus it would appear that there is a single human intestinal brush border peptide hydrolase capable of hydrolysing a variety of di- and tri-peptides. This peptide hydrolases of the brush border and the cytoplasmic fraction of human intestine are distinct.", "PMID": 393572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10069", "title": "Salt, diuretics and pregnancy.", "content": "This article reviews the homeostasis of water and salt in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. During pre-eclampsia there is a decrease in circulating plasma volume, which the administration of diuretics reduces still further. There is no proof that diuretics have a beneficial effect on prevention or treatment of toxemia of pregnancy. They should thus be regarded as contraindicated, except in cases of cardiac insufficiency and certain renal diseases.", "contents": "Salt, diuretics and pregnancy. This article reviews the homeostasis of water and salt in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. During pre-eclampsia there is a decrease in circulating plasma volume, which the administration of diuretics reduces still further. There is no proof that diuretics have a beneficial effect on prevention or treatment of toxemia of pregnancy. They should thus be regarded as contraindicated, except in cases of cardiac insufficiency and certain renal diseases.", "PMID": 393574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10070", "title": "Gossypol--a new antifertility agent for males.", "content": "Gossypol is capable of inhibiting the fertility of male rats. On administration of gossypol the spermatids are damaged first. With the increase in dosage and duration of treatment the spermatocytes are also damaged. In the epidymis there are exfoliated spermatids and spermatocytes with numerous dead spermatozoa many of which had their heads and fails separated. The sperm count gradually decreases until azoospermia. Electron microscopic examinations reveal changes in the acrosomes and mitochondrial spiral sheath. Interstitial cells of the testis seemed to be unaffected. Over 4,000 healthy men have been on gossypol for more than 6 months. The antifertility efficacy evaluated by semen examination is 99.89%. Side effects are mild and of low incidence. A few of the subjects are found to be hypokalemic. However, it remains to be elucidated if gossypol is related to the development of hypokalemia.", "contents": "Gossypol--a new antifertility agent for males. Gossypol is capable of inhibiting the fertility of male rats. On administration of gossypol the spermatids are damaged first. With the increase in dosage and duration of treatment the spermatocytes are also damaged. In the epidymis there are exfoliated spermatids and spermatocytes with numerous dead spermatozoa many of which had their heads and fails separated. The sperm count gradually decreases until azoospermia. Electron microscopic examinations reveal changes in the acrosomes and mitochondrial spiral sheath. Interstitial cells of the testis seemed to be unaffected. Over 4,000 healthy men have been on gossypol for more than 6 months. The antifertility efficacy evaluated by semen examination is 99.89%. Side effects are mild and of low incidence. A few of the subjects are found to be hypokalemic. However, it remains to be elucidated if gossypol is related to the development of hypokalemia.", "PMID": 393575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10071", "title": "[Synthetic resorbable and synthetic non-resorbable suture materials in microvascular surgery. Animal experimental study].", "content": "In a series of experiments on the aorta of the rat, the behaviour of an absorbable monofilament suture VICRYL (Polyglactin 910) was compared to that of a non-absorbable suture ETHILON (Polyamide 6/6). A total of 86 rats was operated upon and examined over a period of 70 days. The report includes a complete description of experimental procedures and techniques used during the operations. The evaluation of the experiments took place after completion of the mechanical, histological and scanning electron microscopical tests. It has been proven that under similar conditions, the 0,2 metric suture VICRYL has adequate tensile strength to withstand the intravascular pressure in a vessel with an outer diameter of approx. 1,5 mm. Aneurysm, stenosis and dehiscence of the anastomosis did not occur. The VICRYL suture showed no reactive processes after a period of 42 days. With the suture ETHILON the inflammation of the media and the hyperplasia of the intima persisted even after 70 days, at the end of the experiment. It is therefore shown in microsurgery, the monofilament absorbable suture VICRYL and the non-absorbable monofilament suture ETHILON are equal in their mechanical qualities, but that the suture VICRYL has by far the better tissue compatibility.", "contents": "[Synthetic resorbable and synthetic non-resorbable suture materials in microvascular surgery. Animal experimental study]. In a series of experiments on the aorta of the rat, the behaviour of an absorbable monofilament suture VICRYL (Polyglactin 910) was compared to that of a non-absorbable suture ETHILON (Polyamide 6/6). A total of 86 rats was operated upon and examined over a period of 70 days. The report includes a complete description of experimental procedures and techniques used during the operations. The evaluation of the experiments took place after completion of the mechanical, histological and scanning electron microscopical tests. It has been proven that under similar conditions, the 0,2 metric suture VICRYL has adequate tensile strength to withstand the intravascular pressure in a vessel with an outer diameter of approx. 1,5 mm. Aneurysm, stenosis and dehiscence of the anastomosis did not occur. The VICRYL suture showed no reactive processes after a period of 42 days. With the suture ETHILON the inflammation of the media and the hyperplasia of the intima persisted even after 70 days, at the end of the experiment. It is therefore shown in microsurgery, the monofilament absorbable suture VICRYL and the non-absorbable monofilament suture ETHILON are equal in their mechanical qualities, but that the suture VICRYL has by far the better tissue compatibility.", "PMID": 393576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10072", "title": "[Nerve regeneration by means of the effect of an intermittent electromagnetic field. Experimental study on a rabbit].", "content": "An experiment on healing of transected nerves of rabbits was carried out. Under microsurgical techniques continuity of the nerve was reestablished by end-to-end coaptation without creating a defect, so only the elasticity of the nerve tissue had to be overcome, and by nerve grafting. In both cases treatment with intermittent high frequency magnetic field was applied continuously. Histologic studies revealed that the scar at the suture site matured more quickly than usually and that distal to the site of transection the normal calibre of regenerated axons was reached within a shorter time than previously.", "contents": "[Nerve regeneration by means of the effect of an intermittent electromagnetic field. Experimental study on a rabbit]. An experiment on healing of transected nerves of rabbits was carried out. Under microsurgical techniques continuity of the nerve was reestablished by end-to-end coaptation without creating a defect, so only the elasticity of the nerve tissue had to be overcome, and by nerve grafting. In both cases treatment with intermittent high frequency magnetic field was applied continuously. Histologic studies revealed that the scar at the suture site matured more quickly than usually and that distal to the site of transection the normal calibre of regenerated axons was reached within a shorter time than previously.", "PMID": 393577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10073", "title": "[Direct flexor tendon suture in the digital sheath].", "content": "From 1976 to 1976 in 44 fingers (41 patients) flexor tendons within the digital sheath (zone I and II) were repaired by direct suture. A modification of KESSLER's \"grasping\" suture was employed. In 21 fingers only the deep flexor and in 23 fingers both flexor tendons were divided; in these cases a repair of both tendons was carried out whenever possible. In cases of delayed repair, however, secondary changes of the gliding apparatus often prevented a repair of the superficialis tendon. Tenolysis was proposed in one half of the cases. It was done not earlier than 3 months after tendon suture. After division of both flexor tendons we obtained in cases with good preoperative conditions (21 fingers) 66% of good and excellent results, according to BOYES' classification, and 75% according to BUCK-GRAMCKO's classification.", "contents": "[Direct flexor tendon suture in the digital sheath]. From 1976 to 1976 in 44 fingers (41 patients) flexor tendons within the digital sheath (zone I and II) were repaired by direct suture. A modification of KESSLER's \"grasping\" suture was employed. In 21 fingers only the deep flexor and in 23 fingers both flexor tendons were divided; in these cases a repair of both tendons was carried out whenever possible. In cases of delayed repair, however, secondary changes of the gliding apparatus often prevented a repair of the superficialis tendon. Tenolysis was proposed in one half of the cases. It was done not earlier than 3 months after tendon suture. After division of both flexor tendons we obtained in cases with good preoperative conditions (21 fingers) 66% of good and excellent results, according to BOYES' classification, and 75% according to BUCK-GRAMCKO's classification.", "PMID": 393578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10074", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophlangeal joint of the thumb].", "content": "The diagnosis of ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb is made from characteristic findings and special radiograms. Without treatment, impairment of hand function will result. Only in a few cases will conservative treatment be successful; the reasons are explained. 26 cases of total rupture of the collateral ligament and their surgical treatment are reported. 16 fresh ligamentous injuries were treated by suturing directly (n = 2), by pull-out wire technique (n = 10), and by screw osteosynthesis (n = 4). The ligament was reconstructed with a free tendon graft in 8 cases of old ligamentous injuries, while the remaining 2 cases were repaired using a pull-out wire. After treatment, all metacarpo-phalangeal joints showed full stability and all patients without discomfort. Restriction of mobility results much more from secondary than from primary treatment. Therefore, we recommend primary surgical treatment of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophlangeal joint of the thumb]. The diagnosis of ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb is made from characteristic findings and special radiograms. Without treatment, impairment of hand function will result. Only in a few cases will conservative treatment be successful; the reasons are explained. 26 cases of total rupture of the collateral ligament and their surgical treatment are reported. 16 fresh ligamentous injuries were treated by suturing directly (n = 2), by pull-out wire technique (n = 10), and by screw osteosynthesis (n = 4). The ligament was reconstructed with a free tendon graft in 8 cases of old ligamentous injuries, while the remaining 2 cases were repaired using a pull-out wire. After treatment, all metacarpo-phalangeal joints showed full stability and all patients without discomfort. Restriction of mobility results much more from secondary than from primary treatment. Therefore, we recommend primary surgical treatment of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb.", "PMID": 393579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10075", "title": "Propagation of Toxoplasma gondii in suspension cultures of HeLa cells.", "content": "A novel method of Toxoplasma gondii cultivation in suspension cultures has been introduced using silicone-coated glass vessels (working volume 100 ml). The cells were kept in suspension by a magnetic impeller at 75 rpm at a temperature of 37 degrees C. HeLa cells grown on MEM with calf serum were used as host substrate. The HeLa cells were infected with zoites of Toxoplasma gondii virulent P strain. After seven days the host cells were destroyed by the toxoplasmas and the number of zoites was up to 24 x 10(6)/ml.", "contents": "Propagation of Toxoplasma gondii in suspension cultures of HeLa cells. A novel method of Toxoplasma gondii cultivation in suspension cultures has been introduced using silicone-coated glass vessels (working volume 100 ml). The cells were kept in suspension by a magnetic impeller at 75 rpm at a temperature of 37 degrees C. HeLa cells grown on MEM with calf serum were used as host substrate. The HeLa cells were infected with zoites of Toxoplasma gondii virulent P strain. After seven days the host cells were destroyed by the toxoplasmas and the number of zoites was up to 24 x 10(6)/ml.", "PMID": 393592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10076", "title": "An antigen from Eimeria tenella merozoites for the indirect fluorescence antibody test.", "content": "The suitability of the antigen prepared from second generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella for the IFAT was confirmed. In comparison with other two antigens used until now in routine work, i. e., that prepared from histological sections of infected organs or that from in vitro released sporozoites, the merozoite antigen has the advantage of easy preparation in large quantities.", "contents": "An antigen from Eimeria tenella merozoites for the indirect fluorescence antibody test. The suitability of the antigen prepared from second generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella for the IFAT was confirmed. In comparison with other two antigens used until now in routine work, i. e., that prepared from histological sections of infected organs or that from in vitro released sporozoites, the merozoite antigen has the advantage of easy preparation in large quantities.", "PMID": 393593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10077", "title": "Physiological characteristic and energy balance of Klebsiella aerogenes in a multistage tower fermentor.", "content": "Biomass growth, consumption of carbon and energy source, specific rates of formation of metabolic byproducts, biomass yield referred to the C-source and to oxygen, respiration rate and the value of RQ were studied in Klebsiella aerogenes CCM 2318 (on a synthetic glucose medium) at different specific growth rates. Maintenance coefficients and the total energy balance of the cultivation process were evaluated for a multistage tower fermentor with a defined interstage mixing. The results pointed to changes in both glucose metabolism and the physiological state of the population, brought about by changes in specific growth rate. As compared with a chemostat, the culture was found to exhibit a different physiological character is stages 1 and 4 despite a considerable interstage mixing.", "contents": "Physiological characteristic and energy balance of Klebsiella aerogenes in a multistage tower fermentor. Biomass growth, consumption of carbon and energy source, specific rates of formation of metabolic byproducts, biomass yield referred to the C-source and to oxygen, respiration rate and the value of RQ were studied in Klebsiella aerogenes CCM 2318 (on a synthetic glucose medium) at different specific growth rates. Maintenance coefficients and the total energy balance of the cultivation process were evaluated for a multistage tower fermentor with a defined interstage mixing. The results pointed to changes in both glucose metabolism and the physiological state of the population, brought about by changes in specific growth rate. As compared with a chemostat, the culture was found to exhibit a different physiological character is stages 1 and 4 despite a considerable interstage mixing.", "PMID": 393594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10078", "title": "The effect of ultrasound on genetic instability in diploids of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Ultrasonication at 20 kHz and intensity of 59 W/cm2 of a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans was ound to lead to a significant increase in haploidization of germinating conidiospores. In a preliminary study ultrasound was found not to have an effect on the rate of reverse mutation in conidiospore suspensions of auxotrophic mutants.", "contents": "The effect of ultrasound on genetic instability in diploids of Aspergillus nidulans. Ultrasonication at 20 kHz and intensity of 59 W/cm2 of a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans was ound to lead to a significant increase in haploidization of germinating conidiospores. In a preliminary study ultrasound was found not to have an effect on the rate of reverse mutation in conidiospore suspensions of auxotrophic mutants.", "PMID": 393595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10079", "title": "Skin-window study on the migration of leukocytes of newborns and infants.", "content": "Migration of leukocytes of newborns and of infants up to the age of 6 months was studied using the in vivo skin-window technique according to Rebuck. Using the non-specific stimulation (abrasion of the skin only) a slight age-dependent physiological increase of migration of cells was observed within the observation period; after a strong local irritation with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (Alditepera) there was a vigorous migratory response of cells in the skin lesion. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, the migration pattern (i.e. shift from PMN leukocyte to mononuclear cells in the exudate within a 1 d period after abrasion) was not influenced by immunization of infants with Alditepera, suggesting thus the nonspecific nature of this cellular response. The \"normal\" values of the chemotactic response of leukocytes of newborns and infants are given as a basis for evaluation of defects of this functional activity of leukocytes.", "contents": "Skin-window study on the migration of leukocytes of newborns and infants. Migration of leukocytes of newborns and of infants up to the age of 6 months was studied using the in vivo skin-window technique according to Rebuck. Using the non-specific stimulation (abrasion of the skin only) a slight age-dependent physiological increase of migration of cells was observed within the observation period; after a strong local irritation with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (Alditepera) there was a vigorous migratory response of cells in the skin lesion. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, the migration pattern (i.e. shift from PMN leukocyte to mononuclear cells in the exudate within a 1 d period after abrasion) was not influenced by immunization of infants with Alditepera, suggesting thus the nonspecific nature of this cellular response. The \"normal\" values of the chemotactic response of leukocytes of newborns and infants are given as a basis for evaluation of defects of this functional activity of leukocytes.", "PMID": 393596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10080", "title": "Effect of scarlet fever toxin on the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system.", "content": "In normal rabbits and mice, one i.v. injection of scarlet fever toxin (ET) (30 000 STD per kg of rabbit weight or 20-g mouse) elicited a similar biphasic change in carbon clearance rate - early depression followed by a stimulating phase - as has been described for Gram-negative endotoxins. Prolonged depression without a subsequent stimulation phase was obtained in mice by raising the ET dose. The reasons of the discrepancy between these findings and those of Hanna and Watson (1965b) are discussed. Pyrogenic tolerance to ET is not accompanied by accelerated carbon clearance and is not impaired by RES blockade. A possible mechanism of ET tolerance is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of scarlet fever toxin on the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. In normal rabbits and mice, one i.v. injection of scarlet fever toxin (ET) (30 000 STD per kg of rabbit weight or 20-g mouse) elicited a similar biphasic change in carbon clearance rate - early depression followed by a stimulating phase - as has been described for Gram-negative endotoxins. Prolonged depression without a subsequent stimulation phase was obtained in mice by raising the ET dose. The reasons of the discrepancy between these findings and those of Hanna and Watson (1965b) are discussed. Pyrogenic tolerance to ET is not accompanied by accelerated carbon clearance and is not impaired by RES blockade. A possible mechanism of ET tolerance is suggested.", "PMID": 393597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10081", "title": "Influence of antilymphocyte and antipolymorphonuclear sera on the pyrogenic effect of scarlet fever toxin.", "content": "The role played by lymphocytes in the pyretic response to scarlet fever toxin (ET) was studied in vivo using antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Two i.v. injections of ALS inhibited the pyretic response to a subsequent ET injection in rabbits. The course of endotoxin fever remained uninfluenced by ALS. Antipolymorphonuclear serum had no effect on the pyretic response to either of the toxins. Pretreatment with ALS also inhibited the skin reaction after i.d. injection of ET. These findings are further evidence a mediating role of lymphocytes in the biological effects of ET, among other things in the release of endogenous pyrogen.", "contents": "Influence of antilymphocyte and antipolymorphonuclear sera on the pyrogenic effect of scarlet fever toxin. The role played by lymphocytes in the pyretic response to scarlet fever toxin (ET) was studied in vivo using antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Two i.v. injections of ALS inhibited the pyretic response to a subsequent ET injection in rabbits. The course of endotoxin fever remained uninfluenced by ALS. Antipolymorphonuclear serum had no effect on the pyretic response to either of the toxins. Pretreatment with ALS also inhibited the skin reaction after i.d. injection of ET. These findings are further evidence a mediating role of lymphocytes in the biological effects of ET, among other things in the release of endogenous pyrogen.", "PMID": 393598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10082", "title": "New discoveries of fossil primates from the type Torrejonian (Middle Paleocene of New Mexico).", "content": "For the first time in almost 30 years, new Middle Paleocene primate specimens have been discovered in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. They are from the 'Pantolambda zone' in the type area, Arroyo Torrejon, and are referable to Palaechthon woodi and Torrejonia wilsoni. The only other known association of these two species is in the Shotgun Local Fauna from Wyoming.", "contents": "New discoveries of fossil primates from the type Torrejonian (Middle Paleocene of New Mexico). For the first time in almost 30 years, new Middle Paleocene primate specimens have been discovered in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. They are from the 'Pantolambda zone' in the type area, Arroyo Torrejon, and are referable to Palaechthon woodi and Torrejonia wilsoni. The only other known association of these two species is in the Shotgun Local Fauna from Wyoming.", "PMID": 393599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10083", "title": "[Thirty years of Radiology Department in Hokkaido University Hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty year's history of the Radiology Department of the Medical School of Hokkaido University, the first department of its kind in Hokkaido, is shortly reviewed. Statistics include the number of staff, equipment and patients diagnosed or/and treated in the department. Sections have been formed in the department since several years ago and are functioning to a certain extent independently in order to keep pace with the development of modern medicine and to meet the needs of our hospital. These sections are mainly radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, neuroradiology, X-ray diagnosis in angiology and for the digestive tract. Diagnosis based upon ultrasonography and CT are also becoming recognized sections in the department recently. Further more data processing and statistics seem to grow to become a section in the near future. In conclusion the number of staff, equipment and patients has been and perhaps will be growing increasingly fast. The increasing number of sections which resulted from the establishment of new specialities makes us to anticipate the new and independent departments in addition to the existing one.", "contents": "[Thirty years of Radiology Department in Hokkaido University Hospital (author's transl)]. Thirty year's history of the Radiology Department of the Medical School of Hokkaido University, the first department of its kind in Hokkaido, is shortly reviewed. Statistics include the number of staff, equipment and patients diagnosed or/and treated in the department. Sections have been formed in the department since several years ago and are functioning to a certain extent independently in order to keep pace with the development of modern medicine and to meet the needs of our hospital. These sections are mainly radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, neuroradiology, X-ray diagnosis in angiology and for the digestive tract. Diagnosis based upon ultrasonography and CT are also becoming recognized sections in the department recently. Further more data processing and statistics seem to grow to become a section in the near future. In conclusion the number of staff, equipment and patients has been and perhaps will be growing increasingly fast. The increasing number of sections which resulted from the establishment of new specialities makes us to anticipate the new and independent departments in addition to the existing one.", "PMID": 393601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10084", "title": "Kinetic properties and regulation by L-ornithine of chicken liver arginase induced by insulin.", "content": "After injection of insulin into chickens, a new form of arginase with a 16-fold increase of activity appears in the liver. The new form has a different chromatographic behaviour on DEAE-cellulose. The low activity enzyme has a very high Km value (60mM), and is poorly inhibited by L-ornithine. The induced form of arginase is strongly inhibited by L-ornithine and has an allosteric behaviour which can be described by a Monod-Wyman-Changeux model. 1,4-Diaminobutane, spermine have practically no effect on either form of arginase.", "contents": "Kinetic properties and regulation by L-ornithine of chicken liver arginase induced by insulin. After injection of insulin into chickens, a new form of arginase with a 16-fold increase of activity appears in the liver. The new form has a different chromatographic behaviour on DEAE-cellulose. The low activity enzyme has a very high Km value (60mM), and is poorly inhibited by L-ornithine. The induced form of arginase is strongly inhibited by L-ornithine and has an allosteric behaviour which can be described by a Monod-Wyman-Changeux model. 1,4-Diaminobutane, spermine have practically no effect on either form of arginase.", "PMID": 393602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10085", "title": "[Preparation of N,N-bis(methylsulphonylethoxycarbonyl)insulins (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation of N,N-bis(methylsulfonylethoxycarbonyl)insulins is described. In an aequeous buffer at pH 5.8 selectivity of the reaction of insulin with 20 equivalents of N-(methysulfonylethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (Msc-ONSu) leads very specifically to N alpha A 1,-N alpha B 1-(Msc)2 - insulin. The product can be isolated in a yield of 60%. Using N alpha A 1-citraconylinsulin the N alpha B 1, NEB29-(Msc)2 -insulin can be prepared in a yield of 40% based on insulin.", "contents": "[Preparation of N,N-bis(methylsulphonylethoxycarbonyl)insulins (author's transl)]. The preparation of N,N-bis(methylsulfonylethoxycarbonyl)insulins is described. In an aequeous buffer at pH 5.8 selectivity of the reaction of insulin with 20 equivalents of N-(methysulfonylethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (Msc-ONSu) leads very specifically to N alpha A 1,-N alpha B 1-(Msc)2 - insulin. The product can be isolated in a yield of 60%. Using N alpha A 1-citraconylinsulin the N alpha B 1, NEB29-(Msc)2 -insulin can be prepared in a yield of 40% based on insulin.", "PMID": 393603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10086", "title": "Isolation of basic acrosin inhibitor from bull seminal plasma (BUSI II).", "content": "An acrosin inhibitor was isolated from bull seminal plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 fine and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The inhibitor is a basic polypeptide (pl greater than or equal to 10.5) of molecular weight 6 200 (calculated from amino acid composition). Its N-terminal amino group is blocked. The inhibitor is not strictly specific in its effect since it also inhibits trypsin and to a lesser degree chymotrypsin, in addition to bull and boar acrosin.", "contents": "Isolation of basic acrosin inhibitor from bull seminal plasma (BUSI II). An acrosin inhibitor was isolated from bull seminal plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 fine and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The inhibitor is a basic polypeptide (pl greater than or equal to 10.5) of molecular weight 6 200 (calculated from amino acid composition). Its N-terminal amino group is blocked. The inhibitor is not strictly specific in its effect since it also inhibits trypsin and to a lesser degree chymotrypsin, in addition to bull and boar acrosin.", "PMID": 393604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10087", "title": "Isolation of acidic acrosin isoinhibitors (BUSI I A, BUSI IB1 and BUSI I B2) from bull seminal plasma.", "content": "Three natural proteinase isoinhibitors with low isoelectric points BUSI I A (pI = 3.9), BUSI I B1 (pI = 3.4 and BUSI I B2 (pI = 3.7) were isolated from bull seminal plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and SE-Sephadex. Isoinhibitors Bl and B2 have identical amino acid composition. Isoinhibitor A contains six amino acid residues less than isoinhibitors B1 and B2. Since sugars have been detected in the isoinhibitors, heterogeneity may also be due to the sugar component. The isoinhibitors show the same inhibitory properties; all of them inhibit acrosin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Glandular kallikrein is also inhibited, but to a very low extent only. The molecular weight (Mr approximately 8 900) was determined by gel filtration.", "contents": "Isolation of acidic acrosin isoinhibitors (BUSI I A, BUSI IB1 and BUSI I B2) from bull seminal plasma. Three natural proteinase isoinhibitors with low isoelectric points BUSI I A (pI = 3.9), BUSI I B1 (pI = 3.4 and BUSI I B2 (pI = 3.7) were isolated from bull seminal plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and SE-Sephadex. Isoinhibitors Bl and B2 have identical amino acid composition. Isoinhibitor A contains six amino acid residues less than isoinhibitors B1 and B2. Since sugars have been detected in the isoinhibitors, heterogeneity may also be due to the sugar component. The isoinhibitors show the same inhibitory properties; all of them inhibit acrosin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Glandular kallikrein is also inhibited, but to a very low extent only. The molecular weight (Mr approximately 8 900) was determined by gel filtration.", "PMID": 393605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10088", "title": "Synthesis of the C-terminal decapeptide of bovine insulin B-chain.", "content": "The liquid-phase synthesis of a decapeptide corresponding to the last 10 amino acid residues of bovine insulin B-chain is described. Modified monofunctional polyethylene glycol containing benzyl bromide functional group was used as the soluble polymeric support. Cleavage of the fully-protected peptide from the polymer was achieved with 1N NaOH in dioxane. The protected peptide was purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The protecting groups of a sample were removed with anhydrous HF, and the unprotected crude decapeptide was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. Both peptides were tested for the racemization of individual amino acids by the gas chromatographic method. The results showed that no residue had been significantly racemized.", "contents": "Synthesis of the C-terminal decapeptide of bovine insulin B-chain. The liquid-phase synthesis of a decapeptide corresponding to the last 10 amino acid residues of bovine insulin B-chain is described. Modified monofunctional polyethylene glycol containing benzyl bromide functional group was used as the soluble polymeric support. Cleavage of the fully-protected peptide from the polymer was achieved with 1N NaOH in dioxane. The protected peptide was purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The protecting groups of a sample were removed with anhydrous HF, and the unprotected crude decapeptide was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. Both peptides were tested for the racemization of individual amino acids by the gas chromatographic method. The results showed that no residue had been significantly racemized.", "PMID": 393606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10089", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure. Primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro). VII. Purification and characterization of the disulfide bridges].", "content": "Myeloma Protein Tro has been isolated from the plasma of a myeloma patient. Monomeric IgA was separated from its polymer (by chromatography on Sephadex G-200). Both the forms were split with pepsin or cyanogen bromide and, if necessary, with thermolysin and subtilisin. The cystin-containing peptides were isolated from the hydrolysates by chromatography on Sephadex, ion-exchange columns, preparative paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, electrophoresis or by a combination of these methods. They were characterized by amino acid analyses and by determination of the N-terminal amino acids using the Dansyl-Edman procedure. Thus all the disulfide bridges of an IgA1 immunoglobulin could be established. The monomer has all together 48 cysteins, seven in each L- and seventeen in each H-chain; all these are covalently bonded by SS-bridges. Free SH-groups were not detected. The J-chain could only be identified serologically in the polymeric form of the protein. It is shown that the subunits of the polymers are covalently attached through either Cysl3, Cysl7 or both these residues of the H-chain.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure. Primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro). VII. Purification and characterization of the disulfide bridges]. Myeloma Protein Tro has been isolated from the plasma of a myeloma patient. Monomeric IgA was separated from its polymer (by chromatography on Sephadex G-200). Both the forms were split with pepsin or cyanogen bromide and, if necessary, with thermolysin and subtilisin. The cystin-containing peptides were isolated from the hydrolysates by chromatography on Sephadex, ion-exchange columns, preparative paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, electrophoresis or by a combination of these methods. They were characterized by amino acid analyses and by determination of the N-terminal amino acids using the Dansyl-Edman procedure. Thus all the disulfide bridges of an IgA1 immunoglobulin could be established. The monomer has all together 48 cysteins, seven in each L- and seventeen in each H-chain; all these are covalently bonded by SS-bridges. Free SH-groups were not detected. The J-chain could only be identified serologically in the polymeric form of the protein. It is shown that the subunits of the polymers are covalently attached through either Cysl3, Cysl7 or both these residues of the H-chain.", "PMID": 393607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10090", "title": "Acid phosphatase: new developments.", "content": "Acid phosphatase was the first \"tumor marker\" to be measured in the blood, and over 40 years have passed since an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase level was observed in patients with prostatic carcinoma. However, significant elevations in the level of this enzyme have been observed in other diseases, as well as elevations of other tissue phosphatases. Many improvements in the colorimetric technique have been introduced, but none has been used successfully to detect the tissue origin of this ubiquitous enzyme. The finding that prostatic acid phosphatase is antigenically distinct from acid phosphatase of other tissues opened a new horizon in the measurement of acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer. On the basis of this immunochemical specificity, several immunoassays have been employed for determining the prostatic acid phosphatase level.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase: new developments. Acid phosphatase was the first \"tumor marker\" to be measured in the blood, and over 40 years have passed since an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase level was observed in patients with prostatic carcinoma. However, significant elevations in the level of this enzyme have been observed in other diseases, as well as elevations of other tissue phosphatases. Many improvements in the colorimetric technique have been introduced, but none has been used successfully to detect the tissue origin of this ubiquitous enzyme. The finding that prostatic acid phosphatase is antigenically distinct from acid phosphatase of other tissues opened a new horizon in the measurement of acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer. On the basis of this immunochemical specificity, several immunoassays have been employed for determining the prostatic acid phosphatase level.", "PMID": 393609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10091", "title": "Chronic hereditary nephritis. A clinicopathologic study of 23 new kindreds and review of the literature.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with chronic hereditary nephritis, obtained from 23 unrelated families, were evaluated with respect to clinicopathologic features. Renal tissue was examined by light microscopy in 25 cases, immunofluorescence in 19 cases, and electron microscopy in 16 cases. The light microscopic findings varied, and foam cells were present in only four cases. Immunofluorescence was negative in all but four cases, and in these the immunomicroscopic pattern was compatible with the findings of end stage glomeruli and hyaline arteriolar sclerosis. Although electron microscopy uniformly showed marked thinning or splitting of the glomerular basement membrane, parallel splitting of the glomerular basement membrane with interposition of electron dense granular particles was seen in only eight cases. Association of glomerular basement membrane splitting with granular particles was observed in four of six patients with IgA nephropathy, in two patients with benign familial hematuria, and in a normal kidney donor. Eleven patients, seven men and four women, had chronic renal failure requiring dialysis. Of five patients who received renal allografts, three are alive, with post-transplant survival ranging from 24 to 70 months. The other two died of septicemia.", "contents": "Chronic hereditary nephritis. A clinicopathologic study of 23 new kindreds and review of the literature. Thirty-three patients with chronic hereditary nephritis, obtained from 23 unrelated families, were evaluated with respect to clinicopathologic features. Renal tissue was examined by light microscopy in 25 cases, immunofluorescence in 19 cases, and electron microscopy in 16 cases. The light microscopic findings varied, and foam cells were present in only four cases. Immunofluorescence was negative in all but four cases, and in these the immunomicroscopic pattern was compatible with the findings of end stage glomeruli and hyaline arteriolar sclerosis. Although electron microscopy uniformly showed marked thinning or splitting of the glomerular basement membrane, parallel splitting of the glomerular basement membrane with interposition of electron dense granular particles was seen in only eight cases. Association of glomerular basement membrane splitting with granular particles was observed in four of six patients with IgA nephropathy, in two patients with benign familial hematuria, and in a normal kidney donor. Eleven patients, seven men and four women, had chronic renal failure requiring dialysis. Of five patients who received renal allografts, three are alive, with post-transplant survival ranging from 24 to 70 months. The other two died of septicemia.", "PMID": 393612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10092", "title": "Pathways of urinary backflow in obstructive uropathy. Demonstration by pigmented gelatin injection and Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein markers.", "content": "The exact pathways of urinary reflux into the renal veins were studied in four cases of clinical obstructive uropathy and in 50 normal human cadaver kidneys. In the four clinical cases Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein was used as a marker for location of urine. Routine light microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence for Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein using rabbit antiserum showed tubular backflow up to the glomerulus. Dilated tubules filled with Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein ruptured into thin walled veins, forming tubulovenous anastomoses with extrusion of their contents into veins. The uromucoprotein was present in interlobar and arcuate veins with superimposed thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. Injection studies using pigmented gelatin in 45 normal cadaver kidneys and pigmented vinylite with corrosion casts in five additional kidneys complemented the clinical studies. Two types of urovascular communication were produced: the less frequent direct pyelovenous communication between a rupturing fornix and an adjacent small vein, and the more common indirect pyelovenous communication in which a ruptured fornix produced a sinus extravasate, which extended along the perivenous spaces of interlobar and arcuate veins. This extravasate gained access into the veins at points of rupture where venous tributaries joined the major veins in the renal medulla. The clinical implications of these tubulovenous and pyelovenous pathways of urinary reflux include backflow of whole urine and continued nephronic function in obstructive uropathy, \"reverse backflow\" of blood and hematuria, and a direct access for infectious agents into the circulation. These channels provide anatomic correlates for radiologic findings of extravasates and some backflow patterns of contrast material in pyelograms of clinical obstructive uropathy. The possible immunologic consequences of refluxing Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein gaining access to tissues and circulation are speculative.", "contents": "Pathways of urinary backflow in obstructive uropathy. Demonstration by pigmented gelatin injection and Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein markers. The exact pathways of urinary reflux into the renal veins were studied in four cases of clinical obstructive uropathy and in 50 normal human cadaver kidneys. In the four clinical cases Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein was used as a marker for location of urine. Routine light microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence for Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein using rabbit antiserum showed tubular backflow up to the glomerulus. Dilated tubules filled with Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein ruptured into thin walled veins, forming tubulovenous anastomoses with extrusion of their contents into veins. The uromucoprotein was present in interlobar and arcuate veins with superimposed thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. Injection studies using pigmented gelatin in 45 normal cadaver kidneys and pigmented vinylite with corrosion casts in five additional kidneys complemented the clinical studies. Two types of urovascular communication were produced: the less frequent direct pyelovenous communication between a rupturing fornix and an adjacent small vein, and the more common indirect pyelovenous communication in which a ruptured fornix produced a sinus extravasate, which extended along the perivenous spaces of interlobar and arcuate veins. This extravasate gained access into the veins at points of rupture where venous tributaries joined the major veins in the renal medulla. The clinical implications of these tubulovenous and pyelovenous pathways of urinary reflux include backflow of whole urine and continued nephronic function in obstructive uropathy, \"reverse backflow\" of blood and hematuria, and a direct access for infectious agents into the circulation. These channels provide anatomic correlates for radiologic findings of extravasates and some backflow patterns of contrast material in pyelograms of clinical obstructive uropathy. The possible immunologic consequences of refluxing Tamm-Horsfall uromucoprotein gaining access to tissues and circulation are speculative.", "PMID": 393613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10093", "title": "A highly sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for detection of H-Y antigen on cultivated human fibroblasts.", "content": "A peroxidase-anti-perioxidase method for the detection of H-Y antigen at the single cell level is described. The efficiency of the test was examined in cultivated fibroblasts derived from control subjects and from XX males and a true hermaphrodite. For comparison, H-Y antigen was determined in blood cells of the same probands using the cytotoxic test. The finding of H-Y positive fibroblasts in the intersex patients has implications for the origin of these disorders.", "contents": "A highly sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for detection of H-Y antigen on cultivated human fibroblasts. A peroxidase-anti-perioxidase method for the detection of H-Y antigen at the single cell level is described. The efficiency of the test was examined in cultivated fibroblasts derived from control subjects and from XX males and a true hermaphrodite. For comparison, H-Y antigen was determined in blood cells of the same probands using the cytotoxic test. The finding of H-Y positive fibroblasts in the intersex patients has implications for the origin of these disorders.", "PMID": 393615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10094", "title": "Genetics of retinoblastoma.", "content": "The genetic basis of retinoblastoma is reviewed and the following conclusions are drawn: 1) The mode of inheritance of the hereditary variety of retinoblastoma (R) is autosomal dominant with about 90% penetrance. 2) About 68% of inherited cases are bilateral, and about 32%, unilateral. There is an intrafamilial correlation between penetrance as measured by segregation ratio and expressivity as measured by the fraction of bilaterally affected patients. 3) The vast majority of all R patients are sporadic cases, i.e., they are the only affected members of otherwise unaffected families. The porportion of bilateral cases is much lower among sporadic than among hereditary cases. 4) All bilaterally affected patients with sporadic R and patients with unilateral sporadic R with more than one primary tumor have to be regarded as germ cell mutants; they will transmit the gene to 50% of their offspring. Only 10%-12% of unilateral sporadic cases are germ cell mutants; 88%-90% are nonhereditary; in these cases the tumor is probably caused by a somatic mutation. 5) In a minority of cases, deletion of the chromosome segment 13q14(=intersitital deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13) has been observed. In addition to R, the patients show a variable degree of general or mental retardation; often there are few external indications of a chromosome aberration. Other chromosome studies suggest anomalies of chromosome 13 in tumor tissue even in cases not showing an anomaly of this chromosome in blood cultures, and possibly a slightly increased chromosome instability. 6) Patients with bilateral, and possibly in general with hereditary, R run an increased risk of becoming affected with other tumor diseases, such as osseous sarcomas, in later life. 7) Knudson's hypothesis of two mutational steps leading to both the hereditary and the nonhereditary variants of R is discussed critically, and the alternative possibility is suggested that in the nonhereditary variant a single mutational step--possibly a small chromosome aberration--could be enough to produce a tumor. 8) Evidence indicating a possible viral origin of R is cited, and animal experiments are mentioned in which R-like tumors have successfully been produced by local DNA virus inoculation. 9) As a consequence of improved survival and reproduction of R patients, an increased in the incidence of R and in the proportion of bilateral cases among all R patients must be anticipated. 10) Detailed rules for genetic counseling in families affected by R are given.", "contents": "Genetics of retinoblastoma. The genetic basis of retinoblastoma is reviewed and the following conclusions are drawn: 1) The mode of inheritance of the hereditary variety of retinoblastoma (R) is autosomal dominant with about 90% penetrance. 2) About 68% of inherited cases are bilateral, and about 32%, unilateral. There is an intrafamilial correlation between penetrance as measured by segregation ratio and expressivity as measured by the fraction of bilaterally affected patients. 3) The vast majority of all R patients are sporadic cases, i.e., they are the only affected members of otherwise unaffected families. The porportion of bilateral cases is much lower among sporadic than among hereditary cases. 4) All bilaterally affected patients with sporadic R and patients with unilateral sporadic R with more than one primary tumor have to be regarded as germ cell mutants; they will transmit the gene to 50% of their offspring. Only 10%-12% of unilateral sporadic cases are germ cell mutants; 88%-90% are nonhereditary; in these cases the tumor is probably caused by a somatic mutation. 5) In a minority of cases, deletion of the chromosome segment 13q14(=intersitital deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13) has been observed. In addition to R, the patients show a variable degree of general or mental retardation; often there are few external indications of a chromosome aberration. Other chromosome studies suggest anomalies of chromosome 13 in tumor tissue even in cases not showing an anomaly of this chromosome in blood cultures, and possibly a slightly increased chromosome instability. 6) Patients with bilateral, and possibly in general with hereditary, R run an increased risk of becoming affected with other tumor diseases, such as osseous sarcomas, in later life. 7) Knudson's hypothesis of two mutational steps leading to both the hereditary and the nonhereditary variants of R is discussed critically, and the alternative possibility is suggested that in the nonhereditary variant a single mutational step--possibly a small chromosome aberration--could be enough to produce a tumor. 8) Evidence indicating a possible viral origin of R is cited, and animal experiments are mentioned in which R-like tumors have successfully been produced by local DNA virus inoculation. 9) As a consequence of improved survival and reproduction of R patients, an increased in the incidence of R and in the proportion of bilateral cases among all R patients must be anticipated. 10) Detailed rules for genetic counseling in families affected by R are given.", "PMID": 393614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10095", "title": "Endocrine pancreatic cells of postnatal \"diabetes\" (db) mice in cell culture.", "content": "Ultrastructural characteristics as well as secretory and biosynthetic behavior of monolayer pancreatic cell cultures established from 4-day-old C57BL/KsJ misty diabetic (m db/m db) mice have been studied in comparison to normal littermate controls. Hypersecretion of glucagon by alpha-cells from BL/Ks misty diabetic mice after 2 days in vitro was found to precede any hyperfunction of the insulin-secreting beta-cells. The increased level of glucagon-release in BL/Ks cell cultures from diabetic mice was accompanied by a greatly enhanced level of incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into glucagon-like molecules whose specific radioactivity was up to 15-fold higher than that observed in cultures from genetic controls. The finding of an alpha-cell dysfunction in cultures established from preweaning diabetic BL/Ks mice suggests that glucagon could play an early role in shaping the events that culminate in the expression of frank diabetes in this inbred strain.", "contents": "Endocrine pancreatic cells of postnatal \"diabetes\" (db) mice in cell culture. Ultrastructural characteristics as well as secretory and biosynthetic behavior of monolayer pancreatic cell cultures established from 4-day-old C57BL/KsJ misty diabetic (m db/m db) mice have been studied in comparison to normal littermate controls. Hypersecretion of glucagon by alpha-cells from BL/Ks misty diabetic mice after 2 days in vitro was found to precede any hyperfunction of the insulin-secreting beta-cells. The increased level of glucagon-release in BL/Ks cell cultures from diabetic mice was accompanied by a greatly enhanced level of incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into glucagon-like molecules whose specific radioactivity was up to 15-fold higher than that observed in cultures from genetic controls. The finding of an alpha-cell dysfunction in cultures established from preweaning diabetic BL/Ks mice suggests that glucagon could play an early role in shaping the events that culminate in the expression of frank diabetes in this inbred strain.", "PMID": 393618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10096", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the secretory activity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin.", "content": "The effect of chlorpromazine on the net intestinal accumulation of fluid induced by Escherichia coli heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin in an infant mouse model was examined. Chlorpromazine, when administered with ST enterotoxin, caused a highly significant decrease in net intestinal fluid accumulation. The inhibition of ST activity was dose dependent with various concentrations of chlorpromazine (P less than 0.001). A significant inhibition of toxic activity was also observed when chlorpromazine was administered before (P less than 0.02) or after (P less than 0.05) ST enterotoxin challenge. No significant differences in fluid accumulation were observed between control mice treated with buffer alone and those treated with only chlorpromazine. These data indicate that chlorpromazine markedly decreases the net intestinal fluid accumulation induced by E. coli ST enterotoxin. Further studies on the potential use of chlorpromazine in both the prophylaxis and the treatment of diarrheal diseases appear warranted.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the secretory activity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. The effect of chlorpromazine on the net intestinal accumulation of fluid induced by Escherichia coli heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin in an infant mouse model was examined. Chlorpromazine, when administered with ST enterotoxin, caused a highly significant decrease in net intestinal fluid accumulation. The inhibition of ST activity was dose dependent with various concentrations of chlorpromazine (P less than 0.001). A significant inhibition of toxic activity was also observed when chlorpromazine was administered before (P less than 0.02) or after (P less than 0.05) ST enterotoxin challenge. No significant differences in fluid accumulation were observed between control mice treated with buffer alone and those treated with only chlorpromazine. These data indicate that chlorpromazine markedly decreases the net intestinal fluid accumulation induced by E. coli ST enterotoxin. Further studies on the potential use of chlorpromazine in both the prophylaxis and the treatment of diarrheal diseases appear warranted.", "PMID": 393625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10097", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus furunculosis.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated in patients with staphylococcal furunculosis using a modified Boyden chamber assay. Neutrophil chemotactic response to Staphylococcus aureus-derived chemotactic factor was compared with response to Escherichia coli-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum. Twenty-one patients with active furunculosis were compared with 29 patients with a history of furunculosis but no recent infection and with 29 healthy control subjects. Chemotactic response to the staphylococcal chemotactic factor was significantly higher in patients with active furunculosis (mean 61.6) than in patients with a history of furunculosis (mean 36.4) or controls (mean 31.4), P less than 0.001. Neutrophils from patients with active staphylococcal infections also had higher chemotactic activity toward E. coli chemotactic factor, but not significantly so (P = 0.09). Chemotactic response to zymosan-activated serum and background neutrophil motility was comparable among the three groups. The increased neutrophil chemotactic response of patients with active infection to bacterial factors, but not zymosan-activated serum, may represent a specific neutrophil response to products of infecting organisms. The differential response of the patients' neutrophils to these attractants supports evidence for the presence of separate categories of chemotaxin receptor on the surface of neutrophils.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus furunculosis. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated in patients with staphylococcal furunculosis using a modified Boyden chamber assay. Neutrophil chemotactic response to Staphylococcus aureus-derived chemotactic factor was compared with response to Escherichia coli-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum. Twenty-one patients with active furunculosis were compared with 29 patients with a history of furunculosis but no recent infection and with 29 healthy control subjects. Chemotactic response to the staphylococcal chemotactic factor was significantly higher in patients with active furunculosis (mean 61.6) than in patients with a history of furunculosis (mean 36.4) or controls (mean 31.4), P less than 0.001. Neutrophils from patients with active staphylococcal infections also had higher chemotactic activity toward E. coli chemotactic factor, but not significantly so (P = 0.09). Chemotactic response to zymosan-activated serum and background neutrophil motility was comparable among the three groups. The increased neutrophil chemotactic response of patients with active infection to bacterial factors, but not zymosan-activated serum, may represent a specific neutrophil response to products of infecting organisms. The differential response of the patients' neutrophils to these attractants supports evidence for the presence of separate categories of chemotaxin receptor on the surface of neutrophils.", "PMID": 393626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10098", "title": "Physiological and metabolic alterations accompanying systemic candidiasis in mice.", "content": "Mice challenged intravenously with 10(6) viable Candida albicans died between 1 and 16 days after infection. Near the time of death, over 98% of the recoverable fungi came from the kidneys. Physiologically, animals were in renal failure near the time of death as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine levels and a creatinine clearance rate which was about one-half normal. No abnormalities in liver glucogen and blood glucose levels were detectable. When mice were challenged with 4.5 X 10(6) viable C. albicans, they all died within 12 h. Near the time of death they had normal BUN values and were hyperglycemic. In mice receiving 4.5 X 10(6) heat-killed C. albicans, no deaths occurred and liver glycogen, blood glucose, and BUN levels all remained within a normal range and were different from responses to bacterial endotoxin. Cumulatively, the results demonstrate two distinct syndromes for the pathogenesis of experimental C. albicans infections. At the lower dose, mice were in renal failure associated with progressive renal infection. At the higher dose, renal failure was not observed. If a toxin was associated with death from the latter dose, it was not similar to bacterial endotoxin.", "contents": "Physiological and metabolic alterations accompanying systemic candidiasis in mice. Mice challenged intravenously with 10(6) viable Candida albicans died between 1 and 16 days after infection. Near the time of death, over 98% of the recoverable fungi came from the kidneys. Physiologically, animals were in renal failure near the time of death as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine levels and a creatinine clearance rate which was about one-half normal. No abnormalities in liver glucogen and blood glucose levels were detectable. When mice were challenged with 4.5 X 10(6) viable C. albicans, they all died within 12 h. Near the time of death they had normal BUN values and were hyperglycemic. In mice receiving 4.5 X 10(6) heat-killed C. albicans, no deaths occurred and liver glycogen, blood glucose, and BUN levels all remained within a normal range and were different from responses to bacterial endotoxin. Cumulatively, the results demonstrate two distinct syndromes for the pathogenesis of experimental C. albicans infections. At the lower dose, mice were in renal failure associated with progressive renal infection. At the higher dose, renal failure was not observed. If a toxin was associated with death from the latter dose, it was not similar to bacterial endotoxin.", "PMID": 393627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10099", "title": "Characterization of colonization of the rabbit gastrointestinal tract by Escherichia coli RDEC-1.", "content": "We have reported previously the isolation of an Escherichia coli strain (RDEC-1) that in rabbits is able to colonize the gut, adhere to mucosal epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon, and cause diarrhea by a novel mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to characterize more fully the colonization of the rabbit gut by strain RDEC-1. Colonization reached a maximum 3 to 4 days post-inoculation with strain RDEC-1 and did not decrease until 15 days post-inoculation. Diarrhea occurred 3 to 4 days after colonization reached its maximum intensity. Semiquantitative rectal swab cultures were found to be correlated with counts of colony-forming units of strain RDEC-1 per gram of ileum, cecum, and colon and their contents and were used to chart the course of colonization of the rabbit gut. The actual number of colony-forming units per gram was dependent on the stage of colonization and ranged from 4.0 X 10(3) to 2.4 X 20(6) in the ileum to 3.1 X 10(5) to 3.6 X 10(7) in the cecum. The number of colony-forming units per gram was not affected by the presence of diarrhea. E. coli RDEC-1 colonizes the ileum, cecum, and colon of rabbits heavily for a relatively long period of time.", "contents": "Characterization of colonization of the rabbit gastrointestinal tract by Escherichia coli RDEC-1. We have reported previously the isolation of an Escherichia coli strain (RDEC-1) that in rabbits is able to colonize the gut, adhere to mucosal epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon, and cause diarrhea by a novel mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to characterize more fully the colonization of the rabbit gut by strain RDEC-1. Colonization reached a maximum 3 to 4 days post-inoculation with strain RDEC-1 and did not decrease until 15 days post-inoculation. Diarrhea occurred 3 to 4 days after colonization reached its maximum intensity. Semiquantitative rectal swab cultures were found to be correlated with counts of colony-forming units of strain RDEC-1 per gram of ileum, cecum, and colon and their contents and were used to chart the course of colonization of the rabbit gut. The actual number of colony-forming units per gram was dependent on the stage of colonization and ranged from 4.0 X 10(3) to 2.4 X 20(6) in the ileum to 3.1 X 10(5) to 3.6 X 10(7) in the cecum. The number of colony-forming units per gram was not affected by the presence of diarrhea. E. coli RDEC-1 colonizes the ileum, cecum, and colon of rabbits heavily for a relatively long period of time.", "PMID": 393628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10100", "title": "Comparison of peritoneal macrophages from germfree and conventional mice.", "content": "Morphology, lysosomal enzyme activities, and phagocytosis via immunological receptors were tested in peritoneal macrophages from germfree and conventional mice. Nonstimulated macrophages from germfree mice showed less spreading and were more easily detached when seeded on glass than conventional macrophages. The activities of the lysosomal acid phosphatase and cathepsin D were similar in the two cell groups, whereas beta-glucuronidase showed higher activity in macrophages from germfree mice. F(c) receptor-mediated phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes was equally effective in germfree and conventional macrophages, and both cell types attached but did not internalize erythrocytes via the C(3)b receptor. Intraperitoneal injections of mineral oil caused a significantly higher influx of macrophages in conventional mice than in germfree mice, whereas the influx of polymorphonuclear cells was enhanced in both animals. Stimulation in vivo with oil or Escherichia coli endotoxin increased cell size, spreading ability, membrane ruffling, and lysosomal enzyme activities in macrophages from both conventional and germfree mice. The Fc-mediated phagocytosis was not influenced by stimulation, whereas the capacity to internalize via C(3)b receptor was triggered in macrophages from conventional mice, but not in corresponding cells from germfree mice. Similar results were obtained after stimulation with endotoxin in vitro. Culture in fetal calf serum for 72 h caused intracellular rises in all three enzyme activities tested in macrophages from conventional mice, whereas only the activity of acid phosphatase was increased in macrophages from germfree mice. Stimulation with zymosan in vitro caused selective release of lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages from both animal groups. We conclude that peritoneal macrophages from germfree mice share several properties with cells from conventional mice, however, unstimulated beta-glucuronidase activity was increased, whereas spreading on glass, chemotactic response, in vitro induction of lysosomal enzymes, and the capacity to internalize via the C(3)b receptor after stimulation were reduced or absent.", "contents": "Comparison of peritoneal macrophages from germfree and conventional mice. Morphology, lysosomal enzyme activities, and phagocytosis via immunological receptors were tested in peritoneal macrophages from germfree and conventional mice. Nonstimulated macrophages from germfree mice showed less spreading and were more easily detached when seeded on glass than conventional macrophages. The activities of the lysosomal acid phosphatase and cathepsin D were similar in the two cell groups, whereas beta-glucuronidase showed higher activity in macrophages from germfree mice. F(c) receptor-mediated phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes was equally effective in germfree and conventional macrophages, and both cell types attached but did not internalize erythrocytes via the C(3)b receptor. Intraperitoneal injections of mineral oil caused a significantly higher influx of macrophages in conventional mice than in germfree mice, whereas the influx of polymorphonuclear cells was enhanced in both animals. Stimulation in vivo with oil or Escherichia coli endotoxin increased cell size, spreading ability, membrane ruffling, and lysosomal enzyme activities in macrophages from both conventional and germfree mice. The Fc-mediated phagocytosis was not influenced by stimulation, whereas the capacity to internalize via C(3)b receptor was triggered in macrophages from conventional mice, but not in corresponding cells from germfree mice. Similar results were obtained after stimulation with endotoxin in vitro. Culture in fetal calf serum for 72 h caused intracellular rises in all three enzyme activities tested in macrophages from conventional mice, whereas only the activity of acid phosphatase was increased in macrophages from germfree mice. Stimulation with zymosan in vitro caused selective release of lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages from both animal groups. We conclude that peritoneal macrophages from germfree mice share several properties with cells from conventional mice, however, unstimulated beta-glucuronidase activity was increased, whereas spreading on glass, chemotactic response, in vitro induction of lysosomal enzymes, and the capacity to internalize via the C(3)b receptor after stimulation were reduced or absent.", "PMID": 393629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10101", "title": "Localization of the third component of complement on the cell wall of encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus M: implications for the mechanism of resistance to phagocytosis.", "content": "Encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains are more virulent than unencapsulated staphylococci, and this phenomenon has been associated with decreased opsonization of encapsulated bacteria by normal human serum. Peptidoglycan, a major cell wall component of S. aureus, has been shown to promote opsonization of this bacterial species by certain components of the serum complement system. However, when the processes of complement activation and opsonization of encapsulated staphylococci have been studied, it has been found that encapsulated bacteria activate complement efficiently and C3 is bacteria associated, yet these organisms are not efficiently phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that opsonically active molecules are not on the true external surface of encapsulated organisms but rather are cell wall associated and thus \"hidden\" from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By using immunoelectronmicroscopy, C3 was found to be localized on the cell wall of an encapsulated S. aureus strain after incubation of the organism in normal human serum. When shrinkage of the capsule was prevented by treatment with anticapsular antibody, the C3 was again shown to be cell wall associated and located beneath the bacterial capsule. These results suggest that encapsulated S. aureus may resist phagocytosis because opsonically active C3 molecules are not exposed at the true external surface of the bacterium.", "contents": "Localization of the third component of complement on the cell wall of encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus M: implications for the mechanism of resistance to phagocytosis. Encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains are more virulent than unencapsulated staphylococci, and this phenomenon has been associated with decreased opsonization of encapsulated bacteria by normal human serum. Peptidoglycan, a major cell wall component of S. aureus, has been shown to promote opsonization of this bacterial species by certain components of the serum complement system. However, when the processes of complement activation and opsonization of encapsulated staphylococci have been studied, it has been found that encapsulated bacteria activate complement efficiently and C3 is bacteria associated, yet these organisms are not efficiently phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that opsonically active molecules are not on the true external surface of encapsulated organisms but rather are cell wall associated and thus \"hidden\" from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By using immunoelectronmicroscopy, C3 was found to be localized on the cell wall of an encapsulated S. aureus strain after incubation of the organism in normal human serum. When shrinkage of the capsule was prevented by treatment with anticapsular antibody, the C3 was again shown to be cell wall associated and located beneath the bacterial capsule. These results suggest that encapsulated S. aureus may resist phagocytosis because opsonically active C3 molecules are not exposed at the true external surface of the bacterium.", "PMID": 393630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10102", "title": "Bactericidal effect of oleic acid on group A streptococci: mechanism of action.", "content": "In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, group A streptococci are infrequently present on normal human skin, except in certain populations with endemic impetigo. This has been attributed to differences in susceptibility to the bactericidal effect of skin surface lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids. When an M type 6 strain group A streptococcus was exposed to 500 mug of oleic acid per ml, viable counts decreased by 4 logs in 5 min. The rank order of killing was 35 > 20 > 4 degrees C. Oleic acid did not kill a strain of S. aureus, a strain of coagulase-negative staphylococcus, or a strain of Escherichia coli, but bound rapidly to these bacteria as well as to the group A streptococcus. The loss of [(3)H]uridine from labeled oleic acid-treated group A streptococcal cells was greater than 100 times that of controls. There was no loss of [(3)H]-thymidine from group A streptococci or of [(3)H]uridine or [(3)H]thymidine from identically exposed coagulase-negative staphylococci. When [(3)H]uridine was added to group A streptococci during mid-log-phase growth, cessation of uptake occurred within 5 min of addition of 50 mug of oleic acid per ml. Electron microscopic changes seen within 5 min included condensation of the nucleoid and distortion of the streptococcal surface by numerous clumps and blebs. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, and E. coli similarly exposed showed no comparable electron microscopic changes. We propose that oleic acid kills group A streptococci by altering the integrity of the cell membrane with resulting loss of ribonucleic acid but not deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Bactericidal effect of oleic acid on group A streptococci: mechanism of action. In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, group A streptococci are infrequently present on normal human skin, except in certain populations with endemic impetigo. This has been attributed to differences in susceptibility to the bactericidal effect of skin surface lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids. When an M type 6 strain group A streptococcus was exposed to 500 mug of oleic acid per ml, viable counts decreased by 4 logs in 5 min. The rank order of killing was 35 > 20 > 4 degrees C. Oleic acid did not kill a strain of S. aureus, a strain of coagulase-negative staphylococcus, or a strain of Escherichia coli, but bound rapidly to these bacteria as well as to the group A streptococcus. The loss of [(3)H]uridine from labeled oleic acid-treated group A streptococcal cells was greater than 100 times that of controls. There was no loss of [(3)H]-thymidine from group A streptococci or of [(3)H]uridine or [(3)H]thymidine from identically exposed coagulase-negative staphylococci. When [(3)H]uridine was added to group A streptococci during mid-log-phase growth, cessation of uptake occurred within 5 min of addition of 50 mug of oleic acid per ml. Electron microscopic changes seen within 5 min included condensation of the nucleoid and distortion of the streptococcal surface by numerous clumps and blebs. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, and E. coli similarly exposed showed no comparable electron microscopic changes. We propose that oleic acid kills group A streptococci by altering the integrity of the cell membrane with resulting loss of ribonucleic acid but not deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 393631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10103", "title": "Antibody-induced capping of the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Intracellular-stage Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated from infected mice. The effect of specific human antibodies on the membrane surface antigens was studied in vitro, using the immunofluorescent technique. The immune serum induced the aggregation of surface antigens, forming polar caps on the amastigotes.", "contents": "Antibody-induced capping of the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi. Intracellular-stage Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated from infected mice. The effect of specific human antibodies on the membrane surface antigens was studied in vitro, using the immunofluorescent technique. The immune serum induced the aggregation of surface antigens, forming polar caps on the amastigotes.", "PMID": 393632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10104", "title": "Quantitation of the third component of human complement attached to the surface of opsonized bacteria: opsonin-deficient sera and phagocytosis-resistant strains.", "content": "The role of the third component of human complement (C3) in the opsonization of bacteria in nonimmune human sera was evaluated. The amount of C3 that becomes attached to the surface of bacteria upon incubation in serum was measured in a quantitative fluorescent immunoassay using fluorescein-conjugated monospecific antiserum to human C3. The intensity of the fluorescence from opsonized bacteria was found to be directly proportional to the absolute amount of C3 fixed, and this enabled the detection of as few as 300 molecules of bound C3 per bacterium. In normal serum the rate of C3 fixation was closely correlated with an increase in opsonization of the bacteria for human PMNs. Both C3 fixation and opsonization were maximal after 15 min of incubation. C3 fixation was also observed, albeit at a significantly slower rate, in human serum with a nonfunctional classical pathway but an intact alternative complement pathway and in serum deficient in immunoglobulins. Again, the kinetics of C3 fixation correlated with bacterial opsonization. Using a total of 21 strains of several bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, encapsulation of bacteria was found to interfere with the process of C3 fixation in normal human serum, rendering these organisms resistant to subsequent phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Quantitation of the third component of human complement attached to the surface of opsonized bacteria: opsonin-deficient sera and phagocytosis-resistant strains. The role of the third component of human complement (C3) in the opsonization of bacteria in nonimmune human sera was evaluated. The amount of C3 that becomes attached to the surface of bacteria upon incubation in serum was measured in a quantitative fluorescent immunoassay using fluorescein-conjugated monospecific antiserum to human C3. The intensity of the fluorescence from opsonized bacteria was found to be directly proportional to the absolute amount of C3 fixed, and this enabled the detection of as few as 300 molecules of bound C3 per bacterium. In normal serum the rate of C3 fixation was closely correlated with an increase in opsonization of the bacteria for human PMNs. Both C3 fixation and opsonization were maximal after 15 min of incubation. C3 fixation was also observed, albeit at a significantly slower rate, in human serum with a nonfunctional classical pathway but an intact alternative complement pathway and in serum deficient in immunoglobulins. Again, the kinetics of C3 fixation correlated with bacterial opsonization. Using a total of 21 strains of several bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, encapsulation of bacteria was found to interfere with the process of C3 fixation in normal human serum, rendering these organisms resistant to subsequent phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 393633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10105", "title": "Attachment of Escherichia coli to urinary sediment epithelial cells from urinary tract infection-prone and healthy children.", "content": "Escherichia coli isolated from patients with recurrent urinary tract infections were tested for ability to attach to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro. Higher mean capacity to bind bacteria was found for epithelial cells of the patient from whom the E. coli strain had been isolated than for epithelial cells from subjects without a history of urinary tract infection. The two populations were age matched. No relation was found between the age of the cell donor (0 to 15 years) and the capacity for E. coli attachement.", "contents": "Attachment of Escherichia coli to urinary sediment epithelial cells from urinary tract infection-prone and healthy children. Escherichia coli isolated from patients with recurrent urinary tract infections were tested for ability to attach to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro. Higher mean capacity to bind bacteria was found for epithelial cells of the patient from whom the E. coli strain had been isolated than for epithelial cells from subjects without a history of urinary tract infection. The two populations were age matched. No relation was found between the age of the cell donor (0 to 15 years) and the capacity for E. coli attachement.", "PMID": 393634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10106", "title": "Evaluation of the immune response directed against the Salmonella antigenic factors O4,5 and O9.", "content": "A pair of O4,5,12 and O9,12 his(+) sister transductants derived from a virulent Salmonella typhimurium parent were used as intraperitoneal and oral challenge strains to determine whether immunity directed against the O9 and O4,5 antigenic components could be detected after immunization with heat-killed vaccines containing one or the other of these antigenic components. Challenge with a mixture (ca. 1:1) of the two strains and culturing of livers and spleens at intervals indicated that the O4,5,12 strain multiplied to a greater extent than the O9,12 strain after both oral and intraperitoneal challenge of CF1 and C57BL/6J control mice. Immunization with O4,5,12 or O9,12 vaccine resulted in diminished bacterial counts from the livers and spleens for the homologous strain but had little effect on the heterologous strain. The diminution of the homologous strain was more evident after intraperitoneal challenge but was clearly demonstrable after oral challenge, particularly in the C57BL/6J mice. Of several live vaccines tested, an FOR S. typhimurium (O4,5,12) strain phenotypically smooth but avirulent seemed the most promising, suppressing the multiplication of both members of the challenge pair. After oral challenge suppression of the O4,5,12 strain was greater. These results indicate that the specific immune response directed against either the O4,5 (O-acetyl abequose) or the O9 (tyvelose) antigen is a measurable component of the overall response after both intraperitoneal and oral challenge.", "contents": "Evaluation of the immune response directed against the Salmonella antigenic factors O4,5 and O9. A pair of O4,5,12 and O9,12 his(+) sister transductants derived from a virulent Salmonella typhimurium parent were used as intraperitoneal and oral challenge strains to determine whether immunity directed against the O9 and O4,5 antigenic components could be detected after immunization with heat-killed vaccines containing one or the other of these antigenic components. Challenge with a mixture (ca. 1:1) of the two strains and culturing of livers and spleens at intervals indicated that the O4,5,12 strain multiplied to a greater extent than the O9,12 strain after both oral and intraperitoneal challenge of CF1 and C57BL/6J control mice. Immunization with O4,5,12 or O9,12 vaccine resulted in diminished bacterial counts from the livers and spleens for the homologous strain but had little effect on the heterologous strain. The diminution of the homologous strain was more evident after intraperitoneal challenge but was clearly demonstrable after oral challenge, particularly in the C57BL/6J mice. Of several live vaccines tested, an FOR S. typhimurium (O4,5,12) strain phenotypically smooth but avirulent seemed the most promising, suppressing the multiplication of both members of the challenge pair. After oral challenge suppression of the O4,5,12 strain was greater. These results indicate that the specific immune response directed against either the O4,5 (O-acetyl abequose) or the O9 (tyvelose) antigen is a measurable component of the overall response after both intraperitoneal and oral challenge.", "PMID": 393635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10107", "title": "Taxonomic relationship of vole agent to Rochalimaea quintana.", "content": "We investigated the recent claim that the vole agent, a rickettsia-like microorganism isolated from wild voles by Baker in 1946, is actually a strain of Rochalimaea quintana, the etiological agent of trench fever. The two organisms were compared on the basis of percent guanine-plus-cytosine content, genome size, deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, polypeptide composition, and serological relationships. Although the two organisms do have identical or nearly identical deoxyribonucleic acid base ratios and show some serological cross-reactions, they differ substantially by all of the other criteria employed. They are clearly different, although possibly related, organisms. It remains to be determined whether they can be regarded as two species of the same genus. On the other hand, an Old World strain and a New World strain of R. quintana were indistinguishable from one another by the same criteria.", "contents": "Taxonomic relationship of vole agent to Rochalimaea quintana. We investigated the recent claim that the vole agent, a rickettsia-like microorganism isolated from wild voles by Baker in 1946, is actually a strain of Rochalimaea quintana, the etiological agent of trench fever. The two organisms were compared on the basis of percent guanine-plus-cytosine content, genome size, deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, polypeptide composition, and serological relationships. Although the two organisms do have identical or nearly identical deoxyribonucleic acid base ratios and show some serological cross-reactions, they differ substantially by all of the other criteria employed. They are clearly different, although possibly related, organisms. It remains to be determined whether they can be regarded as two species of the same genus. On the other hand, an Old World strain and a New World strain of R. quintana were indistinguishable from one another by the same criteria.", "PMID": 393636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10108", "title": "Binding of anti-tumor immunoglobulins and their daunomycin conjugates to the tumor and its metastase. In vitro and in vivo studies with Lewis lung carcinoma.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the possibility of using anti-tumor antibodies as specific carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor metastases. Xenogeneic and syngeneic antisera were prepared against a metastasizing C57BL tumor, the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL). The binding of absorbed xenogeneic and syngeneic anti-3LL sera or their Ig fractions to 3LL tumor cells was assayed by direct and indirect methods. Antisera prepared against tumor cells from a local growth reacted to a similar extent with those obtained from the lung metastases. Radioiodinated immunoglobulins from syngeneic antisera injected into mice bearing metastases localized preferentially in metastasis-bearing lungs as compared to several other organs tested. No such preferential uptake was observed either in mice bearing metastases injected with iodinated normal Ig or in normal mice injected with iodinated anti-3LL Ig. This relative accumulation in the metastasis-bearing lungs was observed 3-4 days after the inoculation, when the whole Ig fraction was used, whereas a specific antibody-enriched preparation localized as early as 24 h after injection. Daunomycin--anti-3LL-Ig conjugates were effective inhibitors of tumor cells from both local and the metastatic growths. They were more active than either the free drug or drug conjugates of normal Ig, in in vitro assays.", "contents": "Binding of anti-tumor immunoglobulins and their daunomycin conjugates to the tumor and its metastase. In vitro and in vivo studies with Lewis lung carcinoma. The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the possibility of using anti-tumor antibodies as specific carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor metastases. Xenogeneic and syngeneic antisera were prepared against a metastasizing C57BL tumor, the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL). The binding of absorbed xenogeneic and syngeneic anti-3LL sera or their Ig fractions to 3LL tumor cells was assayed by direct and indirect methods. Antisera prepared against tumor cells from a local growth reacted to a similar extent with those obtained from the lung metastases. Radioiodinated immunoglobulins from syngeneic antisera injected into mice bearing metastases localized preferentially in metastasis-bearing lungs as compared to several other organs tested. No such preferential uptake was observed either in mice bearing metastases injected with iodinated normal Ig or in normal mice injected with iodinated anti-3LL Ig. This relative accumulation in the metastasis-bearing lungs was observed 3-4 days after the inoculation, when the whole Ig fraction was used, whereas a specific antibody-enriched preparation localized as early as 24 h after injection. Daunomycin--anti-3LL-Ig conjugates were effective inhibitors of tumor cells from both local and the metastatic growths. They were more active than either the free drug or drug conjugates of normal Ig, in in vitro assays.", "PMID": 393637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10109", "title": "Malignant behaviour of three adenovirus-2-transformed brain cell lines and their methyl cellulose-selected sub-clones.", "content": "Three adenovirus-2-transformed rat embryo brain cell lines and their methylcellulose-selected sub-clones were examined for fibronectin expression, anchorage-independent growth, saturation density, T antigen expression and morphology. Tumorigenicity studies were carried out on newborn and ATS immunosuppressed syngeneic rats and congenitally athymic nude mice. With one exception the methylcellulose sub-clones contained significantly fewer fibronectin-positive cells than the parent lines; a number of sub-clones contained no fibronectin-positive cells. Methylcellulose selection did not always alter cell morphology, saturation density or anchorage-independent growth as compared with parent lines. However, the methylcellulose sub-clones were considerably more malignant than the parent cell lines as measured by invasion and metastasis in nude mice. No in vitro characteristic correlated with malignant behaviour.", "contents": "Malignant behaviour of three adenovirus-2-transformed brain cell lines and their methyl cellulose-selected sub-clones. Three adenovirus-2-transformed rat embryo brain cell lines and their methylcellulose-selected sub-clones were examined for fibronectin expression, anchorage-independent growth, saturation density, T antigen expression and morphology. Tumorigenicity studies were carried out on newborn and ATS immunosuppressed syngeneic rats and congenitally athymic nude mice. With one exception the methylcellulose sub-clones contained significantly fewer fibronectin-positive cells than the parent lines; a number of sub-clones contained no fibronectin-positive cells. Methylcellulose selection did not always alter cell morphology, saturation density or anchorage-independent growth as compared with parent lines. However, the methylcellulose sub-clones were considerably more malignant than the parent cell lines as measured by invasion and metastasis in nude mice. No in vitro characteristic correlated with malignant behaviour.", "PMID": 393638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10110", "title": "[Chronic osteomyelitis: open excision and grafting after saucerization (author's transl)].", "content": "From January 1960 to January 1974, 180 cases of chronic osteomyelitis were treated by the same surgeon in the infection unit of Notre-Dame Hospital in Montreal. Of these cases, 71.4% were treated by saucerization, followed by secondary closure or by skin grafting. In ten cases (5.4%) the limb was amputated. However, in 39 cases two similar techniques of open excision and grafting were used. The infection was mostly traumatic in origin and a staphylococcus was cultured in 75% of cases. The organism was sensitive to cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in the majority of cases. Since 50% of these 39 cases were referred for amputation, the results were much betts. Two late recurrences were recently seen and treated, one 17 years and one 4 years after the initial treatment.", "contents": "[Chronic osteomyelitis: open excision and grafting after saucerization (author's transl)]. From January 1960 to January 1974, 180 cases of chronic osteomyelitis were treated by the same surgeon in the infection unit of Notre-Dame Hospital in Montreal. Of these cases, 71.4% were treated by saucerization, followed by secondary closure or by skin grafting. In ten cases (5.4%) the limb was amputated. However, in 39 cases two similar techniques of open excision and grafting were used. The infection was mostly traumatic in origin and a staphylococcus was cultured in 75% of cases. The organism was sensitive to cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in the majority of cases. Since 50% of these 39 cases were referred for amputation, the results were much betts. Two late recurrences were recently seen and treated, one 17 years and one 4 years after the initial treatment.", "PMID": 393639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10111", "title": "Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study.", "content": "A controlled intervention trial, with the purpose of testing the hypothesis that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) could be decreased by the use of serum-cholesterol-lowering (SCL) diet, was carried out in 2 mental hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--71. The subjects were hospitalized middle-aged men. One of the hospitals received the SCL diet, i.e. a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol and relatively high in polyunsaturated fats, while the other served as the control with a normal hospital diet. Six years later the diets were reversed, and the trial was continued another 6 years. The use of the SCL diet was associated with markedly lowered serum-cholesterol values. The incidence of CHD, as measured by the appearance of certain electrocardiographic patterns and by the occurrence of coronary deaths, was in both hospitals during the SCL-diet periods about half that during the normal-diet periods. An examination of a number of potential confounding variables indicated that the changes in them were small and failed to account for the considerable reduction in the incidence of CHD. It is concluded that the use of the serum-cholesterol-lowering diet exerted a substantial preventive effect on CHD.", "contents": "Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. A controlled intervention trial, with the purpose of testing the hypothesis that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) could be decreased by the use of serum-cholesterol-lowering (SCL) diet, was carried out in 2 mental hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--71. The subjects were hospitalized middle-aged men. One of the hospitals received the SCL diet, i.e. a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol and relatively high in polyunsaturated fats, while the other served as the control with a normal hospital diet. Six years later the diets were reversed, and the trial was continued another 6 years. The use of the SCL diet was associated with markedly lowered serum-cholesterol values. The incidence of CHD, as measured by the appearance of certain electrocardiographic patterns and by the occurrence of coronary deaths, was in both hospitals during the SCL-diet periods about half that during the normal-diet periods. An examination of a number of potential confounding variables indicated that the changes in them were small and failed to account for the considerable reduction in the incidence of CHD. It is concluded that the use of the serum-cholesterol-lowering diet exerted a substantial preventive effect on CHD.", "PMID": 393644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10112", "title": "Clinical aspects of the treatment of obesity by drugs: a review.", "content": "The safety, short-term and long-term efficacy of appetite-suppressant drugs are reviewed. Seven drugs widely available on prescription under the UK national health service are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of the treatment of obesity by drugs: a review. The safety, short-term and long-term efficacy of appetite-suppressant drugs are reviewed. Seven drugs widely available on prescription under the UK national health service are discussed.", "PMID": 393645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10113", "title": "Effects of acetylenedicarboxylate: relationship between decreased carcass lipid and increased liver size and lean body weight.", "content": "Potassium acetylenedicarboxylate, when administered in the diet, reduced the body lipid content of normal mice, genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, and their lean (+/?) littermates, and mice made obese by treatment with goldthioglucose. Food intake was unchanged in the lean mice but decreased in the obese mice. Carcass lipid was decreased in genetically obese mice compared to pair-fed controls. Oxygen consumption per mouse was increased in normal mice. The reduction in carcass lipid was not produced in normal mice that were dosed orally or were fed on a diet containing 55 per cent sucrose. Nor was it produced in male castrated mice or streptozotocin-treated mice that were given daily injections of insulin. The reduction in body lipid weight in lean mice was correlated with an increase in liver weight. Liver weight was not increased in genetically obese mice, but there was an increase in lipid-free dry weight. Weight gain was increased in lean mice and decreased in the obese mice compared to ad lib-fed controls. A red colouration of the skin developed in situations where body lipid content was decreased; plasma histamine was increased in lean mice. It is proposed that increased histamine synthesis leads to increased protein turnover and decreased body lipid content.", "contents": "Effects of acetylenedicarboxylate: relationship between decreased carcass lipid and increased liver size and lean body weight. Potassium acetylenedicarboxylate, when administered in the diet, reduced the body lipid content of normal mice, genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, and their lean (+/?) littermates, and mice made obese by treatment with goldthioglucose. Food intake was unchanged in the lean mice but decreased in the obese mice. Carcass lipid was decreased in genetically obese mice compared to pair-fed controls. Oxygen consumption per mouse was increased in normal mice. The reduction in carcass lipid was not produced in normal mice that were dosed orally or were fed on a diet containing 55 per cent sucrose. Nor was it produced in male castrated mice or streptozotocin-treated mice that were given daily injections of insulin. The reduction in body lipid weight in lean mice was correlated with an increase in liver weight. Liver weight was not increased in genetically obese mice, but there was an increase in lipid-free dry weight. Weight gain was increased in lean mice and decreased in the obese mice compared to ad lib-fed controls. A red colouration of the skin developed in situations where body lipid content was decreased; plasma histamine was increased in lean mice. It is proposed that increased histamine synthesis leads to increased protein turnover and decreased body lipid content.", "PMID": 393646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10114", "title": "Insulin resistance in obesity: a critical analysis at enzyme level. A review.", "content": "Based on the consideration that insulin does not act directly on metabolic processes but affects membrane carriers and key-enzymes that regulate metabolic pathways, determination of insulin responsiveness of the various key-enzymes is suggested as a very appropriate method for studying insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, as it occurs in obese or obese-diabetic humans and animals, is most often associated with hyperinsulinemia, and is characterized not only by increased activity of key-enzymes of pathways known to be stimulated by insulin (glycolysis, lipogenesis), with the possible exception of glycogen synthesis, but also by a trend towards increased activity of key-enzymes of 'catabolic pathways', normally depressed by insulin. In the adipose tissue there is a normal-to-enhanced basal lipolysis, which in man would result from the prevalence of the active over the inactive form of triacylglycerol lipase. In muscle, the increased amino-acid release that can be inferred from the elevated blood level of both alanine and branched-chain amino acids suggests an enhanced proteolysis. In liver, there is an elevation in the activity of the key gluconeogenic enzymes, which forms the basis of the augmented gluconeogenesis. In both muscle and liver, phosphorylase is also elevated with no change in glycogen synthase. Therefore, insulin resistance seems to consist of the failure of insulin to depress the key-enzymes of catabolic pathways. Possible resistance of glycogen synthetase, which might account for decreased glucose utilization in muscle, may be due to the opposing effects of the phosphorylation process on glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase, implying that activation of phosphorylase (which occurs in obesity) entails inhibition of the synthetase. The fact that insulin insensitivity concerns only the 'catabolic' but not most 'anabolic' pathways makes it unlikely that the unresponsiveness is due to a reduction in insulin receptors or increase in insulin degradation. Since resistance to insulin is shown by enzymes regulated by such different mechanisms as induction-repression (gluconeogenic enzymes), covalent modifications (lipase, phosphorylase), and changes in lysosome stability (lysosomal proteases responsible for proteolysis, a single basic mechanism for explaining insulin insensitivity cannot be envisaged at present.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in obesity: a critical analysis at enzyme level. A review. Based on the consideration that insulin does not act directly on metabolic processes but affects membrane carriers and key-enzymes that regulate metabolic pathways, determination of insulin responsiveness of the various key-enzymes is suggested as a very appropriate method for studying insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, as it occurs in obese or obese-diabetic humans and animals, is most often associated with hyperinsulinemia, and is characterized not only by increased activity of key-enzymes of pathways known to be stimulated by insulin (glycolysis, lipogenesis), with the possible exception of glycogen synthesis, but also by a trend towards increased activity of key-enzymes of 'catabolic pathways', normally depressed by insulin. In the adipose tissue there is a normal-to-enhanced basal lipolysis, which in man would result from the prevalence of the active over the inactive form of triacylglycerol lipase. In muscle, the increased amino-acid release that can be inferred from the elevated blood level of both alanine and branched-chain amino acids suggests an enhanced proteolysis. In liver, there is an elevation in the activity of the key gluconeogenic enzymes, which forms the basis of the augmented gluconeogenesis. In both muscle and liver, phosphorylase is also elevated with no change in glycogen synthase. Therefore, insulin resistance seems to consist of the failure of insulin to depress the key-enzymes of catabolic pathways. Possible resistance of glycogen synthetase, which might account for decreased glucose utilization in muscle, may be due to the opposing effects of the phosphorylation process on glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase, implying that activation of phosphorylase (which occurs in obesity) entails inhibition of the synthetase. The fact that insulin insensitivity concerns only the 'catabolic' but not most 'anabolic' pathways makes it unlikely that the unresponsiveness is due to a reduction in insulin receptors or increase in insulin degradation. Since resistance to insulin is shown by enzymes regulated by such different mechanisms as induction-repression (gluconeogenic enzymes), covalent modifications (lipase, phosphorylase), and changes in lysosome stability (lysosomal proteases responsible for proteolysis, a single basic mechanism for explaining insulin insensitivity cannot be envisaged at present.", "PMID": 393647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10115", "title": "Insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in obese children. Evidence of deficient glucose-stimulated early insulin release despite hyperinsulinemia.", "content": "Insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity were studied in 19 grossly-obese girls and 17 age-matched non-obese girls by means of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the simulated early insulin response test (SERT) respectively. SERT measures the fall in fasting blood glucose after a short infusion of insulin, performed so as to simulate the early phase of insulin release to the acute stimulus of an intravenous glucose load (ERex). In the IVGTT, the obese girls showed significantly increased early insulin response (ERend) in comparison with the non-obese girls. The glucose disappearance rate (KG) was similar in the two groups, although four obese girls had borderline low values. In the SERT, the rise in plasma insulin caused a much smaller decrease in blood glucose in the obese girls, than in the reference girls over the whole range of insulin levels studied. The relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion of each subject was evaluated from the plot of the ERex/ERend ratio vs blood glucose decrement. This showed that the hyperinsulinemia of the obese girls did not match the degree of peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in obese children. Evidence of deficient glucose-stimulated early insulin release despite hyperinsulinemia. Insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity were studied in 19 grossly-obese girls and 17 age-matched non-obese girls by means of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the simulated early insulin response test (SERT) respectively. SERT measures the fall in fasting blood glucose after a short infusion of insulin, performed so as to simulate the early phase of insulin release to the acute stimulus of an intravenous glucose load (ERex). In the IVGTT, the obese girls showed significantly increased early insulin response (ERend) in comparison with the non-obese girls. The glucose disappearance rate (KG) was similar in the two groups, although four obese girls had borderline low values. In the SERT, the rise in plasma insulin caused a much smaller decrease in blood glucose in the obese girls, than in the reference girls over the whole range of insulin levels studied. The relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion of each subject was evaluated from the plot of the ERex/ERend ratio vs blood glucose decrement. This showed that the hyperinsulinemia of the obese girls did not match the degree of peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 393648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10116", "title": "Prolonged fever and anemia as the sole manifestations of a false aneurysm in a transplant patient.", "content": "A patient with a false aneurysm of the iliac artery following removal of a right allograft developed a prolonged fever and anemia of unknown origin. The patient's condition was initially misinterpreted largely because these symptoms were attributed to dialysis treatment. This case emphasizes fever and anemia as the sole manifestations of a false aneurysm appearing as a late complication of kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Prolonged fever and anemia as the sole manifestations of a false aneurysm in a transplant patient. A patient with a false aneurysm of the iliac artery following removal of a right allograft developed a prolonged fever and anemia of unknown origin. The patient's condition was initially misinterpreted largely because these symptoms were attributed to dialysis treatment. This case emphasizes fever and anemia as the sole manifestations of a false aneurysm appearing as a late complication of kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 393655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10117", "title": "Changes in average length of stay and average charges generated following institution of PSRO review.", "content": "A five-year review of accounting data at a university hospital shows that immediately following institution of concurrent PSRO admission and length of stay review of Medicare-Medicaid patients, there was a significant decrease in length of stay and a fall in average charges generated per patient against the inflationary trend. Similar changes did not occur for the non-Medicare-Medicaid patients who were not reviewed. The observed changes occurred even though the review procedure rarely resulted in the denial of services to patients, suggesting an indirect effect of review.", "contents": "Changes in average length of stay and average charges generated following institution of PSRO review. A five-year review of accounting data at a university hospital shows that immediately following institution of concurrent PSRO admission and length of stay review of Medicare-Medicaid patients, there was a significant decrease in length of stay and a fall in average charges generated per patient against the inflationary trend. Similar changes did not occur for the non-Medicare-Medicaid patients who were not reviewed. The observed changes occurred even though the review procedure rarely resulted in the denial of services to patients, suggesting an indirect effect of review.", "PMID": 393658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10118", "title": "Physician participation in Medicaid: evidence from California.", "content": "The objective of this paper is to investigate physician participation in the Medicaid program. In particular, how sensitive is the physician's involvement with Medicaid to variations in Medicaid reimbursements? How important are fee levels in the private market? What is the impact of inflation on the costs of physicians' inputs, particularly if the Medicaid fee remains relatively constant? These questions are explored through an empirical analysis fo data from the California Medicaid program. Two aspects of physician participation form the focus of the study: 1) the percentage of physicians participating in Medicaid in a given county and 2) the average number of nonaged, Medicaid patients treated by each participating physician. Information on these variables and on Medicaid fees and private charges come from Medicare and Medicaid claims records for more than 3,000 physicians. The most significant result of the study is the reaffirmation of the importance of the amounts of both private charges and Medicaid payments in determining participation rates and average Medicaid case loads per participating physician. Both dependent variables are, as expected, inversely related to physicians' average billed revenue per patient and are positively related to average Medicaid payments per patient. In addition, it appears that the long-run impact of a change in billed revenue is significantly larger in absolute value than a corresponding change in the amount that Medicaid is willing to pay.", "contents": "Physician participation in Medicaid: evidence from California. The objective of this paper is to investigate physician participation in the Medicaid program. In particular, how sensitive is the physician's involvement with Medicaid to variations in Medicaid reimbursements? How important are fee levels in the private market? What is the impact of inflation on the costs of physicians' inputs, particularly if the Medicaid fee remains relatively constant? These questions are explored through an empirical analysis fo data from the California Medicaid program. Two aspects of physician participation form the focus of the study: 1) the percentage of physicians participating in Medicaid in a given county and 2) the average number of nonaged, Medicaid patients treated by each participating physician. Information on these variables and on Medicaid fees and private charges come from Medicare and Medicaid claims records for more than 3,000 physicians. The most significant result of the study is the reaffirmation of the importance of the amounts of both private charges and Medicaid payments in determining participation rates and average Medicaid case loads per participating physician. Both dependent variables are, as expected, inversely related to physicians' average billed revenue per patient and are positively related to average Medicaid payments per patient. In addition, it appears that the long-run impact of a change in billed revenue is significantly larger in absolute value than a corresponding change in the amount that Medicaid is willing to pay.", "PMID": 393659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10119", "title": "Developing criteria for quality of assessment: effect of the Delphi technique.", "content": "We examined the effect of the Delphi iteration procedure in developing explicit criteria for ambulatory care assessment. Practicing internists chose items they believed to be essential with regard to the care of certain specified conditions. The initial responses were tabulated and \"fed-back\" to the participants. The second round of criteria selection, with the first-round summary available, produced few and relatively minor changes in the items chosen by group consensus.", "contents": "Developing criteria for quality of assessment: effect of the Delphi technique. We examined the effect of the Delphi iteration procedure in developing explicit criteria for ambulatory care assessment. Practicing internists chose items they believed to be essential with regard to the care of certain specified conditions. The initial responses were tabulated and \"fed-back\" to the participants. The second round of criteria selection, with the first-round summary available, produced few and relatively minor changes in the items chosen by group consensus.", "PMID": 393660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10120", "title": "[The crying infant].", "content": "The different types of crying which can be observed in the healthy and in the sick infant are described. Recent findings on behavioral and electrophysiological research are reviewed which led to a better understanding of the characteristics and possible causes of the different crying behaviors as well as of the effectiveness of therapeutical interventions.", "contents": "[The crying infant]. The different types of crying which can be observed in the healthy and in the sick infant are described. Recent findings on behavioral and electrophysiological research are reviewed which led to a better understanding of the characteristics and possible causes of the different crying behaviors as well as of the effectiveness of therapeutical interventions.", "PMID": 393662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10121", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in chicken tissues.", "content": "A method for the localization of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes type L, M2 and M1 in tissue sections is described. Mono-specific antibodies directed against isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase from chicken and the peroxidase antiperoxidase method were used. The following preferential localizations of the isoenzymes in chicken tissues were observed: Pyruvate kinase M1 was found in skeletal muscle. The white muscle fibers were more intensely stained than the red. Some dark muscles (e.g., anterior latissimus dorsi) and the heart muscle showed no reaction with antiserum against pyruvate kinase M1. Pyruvate kinase type L was found in the hepatocytes and in kidney cortex. Pyruvate kinase type M2 was seen in the distal tubules of kidney, in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells in liver, in lung, adipose tissue, and in the spleen mainly in the bursa dependent areas. Pyruvate kinase type M2 was detected in high concentrations in the granulation tissue of regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. Liver sections of a hen bearing a pancreatic tumor showed an unusually high content of pyruvate kinase type M2 in some hepatocytes, which were each clustered to spots in the liver parenchyma. Thus, contrary to previous reports, the tissue distribution of isoenzymes in chicken is similar to that of other vertebrates.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in chicken tissues. A method for the localization of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes type L, M2 and M1 in tissue sections is described. Mono-specific antibodies directed against isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase from chicken and the peroxidase antiperoxidase method were used. The following preferential localizations of the isoenzymes in chicken tissues were observed: Pyruvate kinase M1 was found in skeletal muscle. The white muscle fibers were more intensely stained than the red. Some dark muscles (e.g., anterior latissimus dorsi) and the heart muscle showed no reaction with antiserum against pyruvate kinase M1. Pyruvate kinase type L was found in the hepatocytes and in kidney cortex. Pyruvate kinase type M2 was seen in the distal tubules of kidney, in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells in liver, in lung, adipose tissue, and in the spleen mainly in the bursa dependent areas. Pyruvate kinase type M2 was detected in high concentrations in the granulation tissue of regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. Liver sections of a hen bearing a pancreatic tumor showed an unusually high content of pyruvate kinase type M2 in some hepatocytes, which were each clustered to spots in the liver parenchyma. Thus, contrary to previous reports, the tissue distribution of isoenzymes in chicken is similar to that of other vertebrates.", "PMID": 393663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10122", "title": "[Midline granuloma. A review of the literature with particular reference to diagnostic and therapeutic problems supplemented by 3 personal case reports].", "content": "The term midline granuloma and various synonyms have been used to describe a rare lesion that ultimately forms a necrotizing ulcerating destruction of the midface. The aetiology has been variously and repeatedly discussed, and a review of the literature shows that at least three entities, which are difficult to differentiate, should be considered. Wegener's granulomatosis, malignant lymphoma and atypical histiocytic lymphoma, a disease with a pleomorphic histology, may all have an extensive necrosis and an intense inflammatory reaction. Upon the diagnosis, which is confirmed by biopsy, depends the appropriate treatment of these fatal diseases. The collective term midline granuloma should be avoided since it may delay the correct management.", "contents": "[Midline granuloma. A review of the literature with particular reference to diagnostic and therapeutic problems supplemented by 3 personal case reports]. The term midline granuloma and various synonyms have been used to describe a rare lesion that ultimately forms a necrotizing ulcerating destruction of the midface. The aetiology has been variously and repeatedly discussed, and a review of the literature shows that at least three entities, which are difficult to differentiate, should be considered. Wegener's granulomatosis, malignant lymphoma and atypical histiocytic lymphoma, a disease with a pleomorphic histology, may all have an extensive necrosis and an intense inflammatory reaction. Upon the diagnosis, which is confirmed by biopsy, depends the appropriate treatment of these fatal diseases. The collective term midline granuloma should be avoided since it may delay the correct management.", "PMID": 393665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10123", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans in the dog: diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a manifestation of osteochondrosis. It is thought to be a metabolic disease of cartilage maturation and endochondral ossification. Therefore, any disturbance affecting the differentiation of growth cartilage constitutes osteochondrosis. When this disturbance affects the articular cartilage so that a piece detaches, it is called OCD. Osteochondritis dissecans is well recognized but poorly understood. The etiology remains controversial. Osteochondritis dissecans is most commonly recognized in the shoulder but can occur in other areas which makes it difficult to differentiate from other disease entities. Diagnosis of OCD is based on signalment (age, breed, and sex), history, and physical and radiographic evidence. Therapy must be individualized and based on the patient's clinical signs and not on the severity of the radiographic lesion. Therapy can be effective only when applied correctly.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans in the dog: diagnosis and therapy. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a manifestation of osteochondrosis. It is thought to be a metabolic disease of cartilage maturation and endochondral ossification. Therefore, any disturbance affecting the differentiation of growth cartilage constitutes osteochondrosis. When this disturbance affects the articular cartilage so that a piece detaches, it is called OCD. Osteochondritis dissecans is well recognized but poorly understood. The etiology remains controversial. Osteochondritis dissecans is most commonly recognized in the shoulder but can occur in other areas which makes it difficult to differentiate from other disease entities. Diagnosis of OCD is based on signalment (age, breed, and sex), history, and physical and radiographic evidence. Therapy must be individualized and based on the patient's clinical signs and not on the severity of the radiographic lesion. Therapy can be effective only when applied correctly.", "PMID": 393676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10124", "title": "Characterization of methanol extraction residue (MER) from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG).", "content": "Analysis of methanol extraction residue (MER) from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was carried out to determine some specific chemical compositional characteristics. Samples of MER were found to contain approximately 40% protein and/or peptide, 3% soluble lipids, 17% bound lipids, 8% elemental nitrogen, and less than 2% mycolic acids. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of alanine, glycine and glutamic acid as the major amino acids. The data are reported in terms of the range found for each constituent over the samples analyzed. Somewhat consistent results were obtained between different MER preparations, but notable compositional variations were observed in samples of MER suspensions.", "contents": "Characterization of methanol extraction residue (MER) from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Analysis of methanol extraction residue (MER) from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was carried out to determine some specific chemical compositional characteristics. Samples of MER were found to contain approximately 40% protein and/or peptide, 3% soluble lipids, 17% bound lipids, 8% elemental nitrogen, and less than 2% mycolic acids. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of alanine, glycine and glutamic acid as the major amino acids. The data are reported in terms of the range found for each constituent over the samples analyzed. Somewhat consistent results were obtained between different MER preparations, but notable compositional variations were observed in samples of MER suspensions.", "PMID": 393679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10125", "title": "Stereo-specific synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylcephalosporin derivative by microbial acylase.", "content": "Cephalosporin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) obtained from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 was found to catalyze synthesis of 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamido]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid from methyl thienylacetate and dl-7-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. The enzymatically-synthesized compound showed [alpha]25 D + 42.7 degrees (c 0.058, MeOH) and its biological activity was about twice as much as that of racemic 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamidol]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid chemicall synthesized. As a result, N-acylation by this enzyme was demonstrated to be asymmetric synthesis.", "contents": "Stereo-specific synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylcephalosporin derivative by microbial acylase. Cephalosporin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) obtained from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 was found to catalyze synthesis of 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamido]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid from methyl thienylacetate and dl-7-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. The enzymatically-synthesized compound showed [alpha]25 D + 42.7 degrees (c 0.058, MeOH) and its biological activity was about twice as much as that of racemic 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamidol]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid chemicall synthesized. As a result, N-acylation by this enzyme was demonstrated to be asymmetric synthesis.", "PMID": 393680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10126", "title": "2-Amino-5-methyl-5-hexenoic acid, a methionine analog produced by Streptomyces sp. MF374-C4.", "content": "2-Amino-5-methyl-5-hexenoic acid (AMHA), a new methionine analog, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. MF374-C4 based on its reversal of the effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a test system that determines the size of growth zones of revertants (His+) of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. AMHA also inhibited growth of the tester strain in a synthetic medium. These AMHA activities were abolished by methionine. The incidence of spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutations of Escherichia coli K12 was not decreased by AMHA at concentrations where cell growth was partially inhibited. AMHA inhibited protein synthesis but not DNA or RNA synthesis in S. typhimurium TA1535 and E. coli K-12. The analog inhibited formation of methionyl-tRNA but not of valyl-tRNA in a cell-free system of E. coli, and supported ATP-PPi exchange in the cell-free system. At concentrations where it inhibited cell growth, AMHA decreased the number of foci, induced by ROUS sarcoma virus, on cultured sheets of chick-embryo fibroblasts. The effects of AMHA on focus formation and on the cell growth were overcome by methionine.", "contents": "2-Amino-5-methyl-5-hexenoic acid, a methionine analog produced by Streptomyces sp. MF374-C4. 2-Amino-5-methyl-5-hexenoic acid (AMHA), a new methionine analog, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. MF374-C4 based on its reversal of the effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a test system that determines the size of growth zones of revertants (His+) of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. AMHA also inhibited growth of the tester strain in a synthetic medium. These AMHA activities were abolished by methionine. The incidence of spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutations of Escherichia coli K12 was not decreased by AMHA at concentrations where cell growth was partially inhibited. AMHA inhibited protein synthesis but not DNA or RNA synthesis in S. typhimurium TA1535 and E. coli K-12. The analog inhibited formation of methionyl-tRNA but not of valyl-tRNA in a cell-free system of E. coli, and supported ATP-PPi exchange in the cell-free system. At concentrations where it inhibited cell growth, AMHA decreased the number of foci, induced by ROUS sarcoma virus, on cultured sheets of chick-embryo fibroblasts. The effects of AMHA on focus formation and on the cell growth were overcome by methionine.", "PMID": 393683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10127", "title": "Synthesis of a tight-binding, multisubstrate analog inhibitor of gentamicin acetyltransferase I.", "content": "Gentamicin acetyltransferase I will catalyze acyl transfer from chloroacetylcoenzyme A to form 3-N-chloroacetylgentamicin. This product can be linked to coenzyme A to form a multisubstrate analog by nucleophilic displacement of the chlorine by the sulfur of coenzyme A. The analog can be purified by selective binding to cationic and anionic ion exchange resins. Kinetic analysis of a time-dependent onset and reversal of inhibition of gentamicin acetyltransferase I by the purified multisubstrate analog yields an inhibition constant of 5 approximately 20 x 10(-10) M. The inhibitor does not potentiate antibiotic activity against resistant Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the tight-binding between the enzyme and the multisubstrate analog demonstrates that inhibitors of resistance can be designed and prepared by specific enzymatic synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of a tight-binding, multisubstrate analog inhibitor of gentamicin acetyltransferase I. Gentamicin acetyltransferase I will catalyze acyl transfer from chloroacetylcoenzyme A to form 3-N-chloroacetylgentamicin. This product can be linked to coenzyme A to form a multisubstrate analog by nucleophilic displacement of the chlorine by the sulfur of coenzyme A. The analog can be purified by selective binding to cationic and anionic ion exchange resins. Kinetic analysis of a time-dependent onset and reversal of inhibition of gentamicin acetyltransferase I by the purified multisubstrate analog yields an inhibition constant of 5 approximately 20 x 10(-10) M. The inhibitor does not potentiate antibiotic activity against resistant Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the tight-binding between the enzyme and the multisubstrate analog demonstrates that inhibitors of resistance can be designed and prepared by specific enzymatic synthesis.", "PMID": 393684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10128", "title": "Inhibition of ribosomal and RNA polymerase functions by rubradirin and its aglycone.", "content": "The antibiotic rubradirin is structurally related to the ansamycin family of antibiotics. Most members of this group act as specific inhibitors of bacterial RNAP. Rubradirin and its aglycone possess diverging modes of action. Rubradirin inhibits ribosomal functions related to the peptide chain initiation process. It does not inhibit RNAP. By contrast the aglycone of rubradirin retains moderate inhibitory activity towards ribosomal functions but acts essentially as an extremely potent inhibitor of RNAP.", "contents": "Inhibition of ribosomal and RNA polymerase functions by rubradirin and its aglycone. The antibiotic rubradirin is structurally related to the ansamycin family of antibiotics. Most members of this group act as specific inhibitors of bacterial RNAP. Rubradirin and its aglycone possess diverging modes of action. Rubradirin inhibits ribosomal functions related to the peptide chain initiation process. It does not inhibit RNAP. By contrast the aglycone of rubradirin retains moderate inhibitory activity towards ribosomal functions but acts essentially as an extremely potent inhibitor of RNAP.", "PMID": 393685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10129", "title": "Inhibition of the respiratory-linked membrane potential in E. coli membrane vesicles by octapeptin.", "content": "Octapeptin is a peptide antibiotic which affects bacterial membrane structure and selective membrane permeability for protons and potassium. The influence of octapeptin on the formation of a membrane potential generated across bacterial vesicles was monitored using the Rb+-valinomycin transport system. Octapeptin inhibited the respiratory-linked generation of membrane potentials formed in the presence of succinate or Asc/PMS. In addition, the antibiotic inhibited [3H]-leucine transport driven either by succinate or Asc/PMS. These studies support the proposal that the antimicrobial activity of octapeptin is due to inhibition of the formation of a membrane potential generated in the presence of appropriate respiratory substrates.", "contents": "Inhibition of the respiratory-linked membrane potential in E. coli membrane vesicles by octapeptin. Octapeptin is a peptide antibiotic which affects bacterial membrane structure and selective membrane permeability for protons and potassium. The influence of octapeptin on the formation of a membrane potential generated across bacterial vesicles was monitored using the Rb+-valinomycin transport system. Octapeptin inhibited the respiratory-linked generation of membrane potentials formed in the presence of succinate or Asc/PMS. In addition, the antibiotic inhibited [3H]-leucine transport driven either by succinate or Asc/PMS. These studies support the proposal that the antimicrobial activity of octapeptin is due to inhibition of the formation of a membrane potential generated in the presence of appropriate respiratory substrates.", "PMID": 393686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10130", "title": "Serum glucocorticoids, growth hormone and insulin and plasma glucose in bulls given prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha 1.", "content": "Plasma glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone and glucocorticoid concentrations were determined in five yearling bulls given (im) 5, 15 or 30 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 30 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2 alpha) or saline. Jugular blood was collected at frequent intervals around the time of injection and at .5--hr intervals from 1 to 9 hr after injections. Thirty milligrams PGE2 and 30 mg PGF2 alpha each caused 15- to 20-fold increases in serum glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids increased with increasing doses of PGE2. Although PGE2 and PGF2 alpha each increased blood growth hormone, this effect was about twofold larger after PGE2. By contrast, PGE2 depressed serum insulin about 50% for 1 hr, then insulin increased about sixfold until 3 to 4 hours. Blood serum insulin increased after PGF2 alpha, but this effect only approached significance (P less than .10). Plasma glucose increased about 10 mg/100 ml after PGE2, but was not affected significantly by PGF2 alpha. Thus, the effects of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on hormones which control glucose metabolism differ markedly. We speculate that PGE2 caused a twofold increase in growth hormone secretion within 10 to 20 min, that increased growth hormone induced increased blood glucose within 1 to 2 hr and that increased glucose caused increased insulin secretion at 2 to 4 hr, but we cannot rule out a transitory (1 hr) suppressive effect of PGE2 directly on the pancreas.", "contents": "Serum glucocorticoids, growth hormone and insulin and plasma glucose in bulls given prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha 1. Plasma glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone and glucocorticoid concentrations were determined in five yearling bulls given (im) 5, 15 or 30 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 30 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2 alpha) or saline. Jugular blood was collected at frequent intervals around the time of injection and at .5--hr intervals from 1 to 9 hr after injections. Thirty milligrams PGE2 and 30 mg PGF2 alpha each caused 15- to 20-fold increases in serum glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids increased with increasing doses of PGE2. Although PGE2 and PGF2 alpha each increased blood growth hormone, this effect was about twofold larger after PGE2. By contrast, PGE2 depressed serum insulin about 50% for 1 hr, then insulin increased about sixfold until 3 to 4 hours. Blood serum insulin increased after PGF2 alpha, but this effect only approached significance (P less than .10). Plasma glucose increased about 10 mg/100 ml after PGE2, but was not affected significantly by PGF2 alpha. Thus, the effects of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on hormones which control glucose metabolism differ markedly. We speculate that PGE2 caused a twofold increase in growth hormone secretion within 10 to 20 min, that increased growth hormone induced increased blood glucose within 1 to 2 hr and that increased glucose caused increased insulin secretion at 2 to 4 hr, but we cannot rule out a transitory (1 hr) suppressive effect of PGE2 directly on the pancreas.", "PMID": 393692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10131", "title": "Free amino acids in blood of ruminants--physiological and nutritional regulation.", "content": "Tissue free amino acid pools account for only a small fraction of the total amino acid content in the body. Blood of plasma free amino acid pools represent only a very small proportion of tissue free amino pools. Plasma free amino acid profiles have been used as a tool to study nutritional and metabolic aspects of protein status. Static measurements of plasma amino acid levels have limited value as sensitive indicators of protein status because such measurements do not reflect the magnitude of amino acid fluxes in and out free amino acid pools. Use of plasma amino acid profiles, under well defined experimental conditions, in assessing limiting amino acids and essential amino acid requirements in ruminants is discussed.", "contents": "Free amino acids in blood of ruminants--physiological and nutritional regulation. Tissue free amino acid pools account for only a small fraction of the total amino acid content in the body. Blood of plasma free amino acid pools represent only a very small proportion of tissue free amino pools. Plasma free amino acid profiles have been used as a tool to study nutritional and metabolic aspects of protein status. Static measurements of plasma amino acid levels have limited value as sensitive indicators of protein status because such measurements do not reflect the magnitude of amino acid fluxes in and out free amino acid pools. Use of plasma amino acid profiles, under well defined experimental conditions, in assessing limiting amino acids and essential amino acid requirements in ruminants is discussed.", "PMID": 393693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10132", "title": "Microcomputer controlled titration for determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat.", "content": "The determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat by microcomputer controlled titration is described. The method involves direct titration of ammonia with standard hypochlorite titrant in the presence of bromide. The titrant is delivered by an automatic buret, and the microcomputer controlled, automatically computed potentiometric end points are precise to 0.1% over a 5-fold concentration range of nitrogen. Digestions performed with both mercury and copper catalysts show comparable results. Samples are weighed before digestion by an electronic balance interfaced to the computer which records sample number and weight. An automatic pipet aliquots, dilutes, and buffers samples directly from the digestion tubes; the samples can be immediately titrated with the automatic titrator. The results for protein in NBS standards and check feed samples from an offical testing program compare closely with average values reported for these standards. Results show that feed and wheat samples contained 10-100% protein. Precision for successive aliquots of the same digests is 0.1-0.4%relative standard deviation; precision for multiple digestions of the same sample is 0.1-0.8%.", "contents": "Microcomputer controlled titration for determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat. The determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat by microcomputer controlled titration is described. The method involves direct titration of ammonia with standard hypochlorite titrant in the presence of bromide. The titrant is delivered by an automatic buret, and the microcomputer controlled, automatically computed potentiometric end points are precise to 0.1% over a 5-fold concentration range of nitrogen. Digestions performed with both mercury and copper catalysts show comparable results. Samples are weighed before digestion by an electronic balance interfaced to the computer which records sample number and weight. An automatic pipet aliquots, dilutes, and buffers samples directly from the digestion tubes; the samples can be immediately titrated with the automatic titrator. The results for protein in NBS standards and check feed samples from an offical testing program compare closely with average values reported for these standards. Results show that feed and wheat samples contained 10-100% protein. Precision for successive aliquots of the same digests is 0.1-0.4%relative standard deviation; precision for multiple digestions of the same sample is 0.1-0.8%.", "PMID": 393695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10133", "title": "Studies on 30S ribosomal protein S1 from E. coli. I. Purification and physicochemical properties.", "content": "1. The distribution of ribosomal protein S1 in subcellular fractions of E. coli was determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that about 70%, 20% and 10% of protein S1 were present in the high salt (1.0 M NH4Cl)-washed ribosomes, the ribosomal wash and the S100 fraction, respectively. 2. Protein S1 was purified from unwashed ribosomes by an improved procedure which included: (i) extraction of protein S1 from unwashed ribosomes with 1.2 M LiCl and 1.0 M NH4Cl, (ii) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (iii) two successive column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, and (iv) hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Purified protein S1 was homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denatured conditions. 3. The molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 83,000 and 70,000 respectively. The sedimentation coefficient was estimated as 3.0S by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The stokes radius determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration was 45 A. From these data, the frictional ratio of protein S1 was calculated to be 1.65, assuming the molecular weight and partial specific volume to be 70,000 and 0.736, respectively. Protein S1 had an elongated shape with an axial ratio of approximately 8.5. 4. Protein S1 contained 2 residues of half-cystine and about 10 residues of tryptophan. From CD measurements, the contents of alpha-helix and beta-structure were estimated to be 32 and 27%, respectively. 5. As reported by Kolb et al. (1977) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 2379-2383), and Draper et al. (1977) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 4786-4790), the intrinsic fluorescence of protein S1 was markedly quenched on interaction with poly(U). The maximal quenching was observed when 30 mol of poly(U) (as UMP residues) was added to one mol of the protein.", "contents": "Studies on 30S ribosomal protein S1 from E. coli. I. Purification and physicochemical properties. 1. The distribution of ribosomal protein S1 in subcellular fractions of E. coli was determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that about 70%, 20% and 10% of protein S1 were present in the high salt (1.0 M NH4Cl)-washed ribosomes, the ribosomal wash and the S100 fraction, respectively. 2. Protein S1 was purified from unwashed ribosomes by an improved procedure which included: (i) extraction of protein S1 from unwashed ribosomes with 1.2 M LiCl and 1.0 M NH4Cl, (ii) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (iii) two successive column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, and (iv) hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Purified protein S1 was homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denatured conditions. 3. The molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 83,000 and 70,000 respectively. The sedimentation coefficient was estimated as 3.0S by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The stokes radius determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration was 45 A. From these data, the frictional ratio of protein S1 was calculated to be 1.65, assuming the molecular weight and partial specific volume to be 70,000 and 0.736, respectively. Protein S1 had an elongated shape with an axial ratio of approximately 8.5. 4. Protein S1 contained 2 residues of half-cystine and about 10 residues of tryptophan. From CD measurements, the contents of alpha-helix and beta-structure were estimated to be 32 and 27%, respectively. 5. As reported by Kolb et al. (1977) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 2379-2383), and Draper et al. (1977) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 4786-4790), the intrinsic fluorescence of protein S1 was markedly quenched on interaction with poly(U). The maximal quenching was observed when 30 mol of poly(U) (as UMP residues) was added to one mol of the protein.", "PMID": 393700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10134", "title": "Early sequential lesions during development of experimental gastric cancer with special reference to dysplasias.", "content": "The early sequential development of gastric cancer was studied with experimental animals and examined with respect to what conclusions can be drawn for understanding carcinogenesis in man. After limited oral administration of N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to 174 rats carcinomas developed in most cases directly from the otherwise unchanged mucosa through various successive stages of transformation, without passing through a benign-appearing proliferative or neoplastic epithelial lesion. Focal dysplasia grade I was the first recognizable change observed by light microscopy, followed by dysplasia grade II, and subsequently dysplasia grade III. In spite of very similar morphological characteristics, the experimentally induced dysplasias cannot be simply equated in their etiology and biological behavior with the dysplasias of the human stomach. Dysplasias of grade I and II commonly found in man are usually associated with a chronic gastritis; they are located in the upper third of the mucosa and are for the most part reversible. The experimental dysplasias occuring in the proliferative zone of an otherwise undisturbed mucosa must be considered potentially premalignant, as they are irreversible and develop progressively. This finding points out that in man dysplasias grade III within the regenerative zone of non-inflammatory mucosa should be considered particularly as possible precursors of gastric carcinomas.", "contents": "Early sequential lesions during development of experimental gastric cancer with special reference to dysplasias. The early sequential development of gastric cancer was studied with experimental animals and examined with respect to what conclusions can be drawn for understanding carcinogenesis in man. After limited oral administration of N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to 174 rats carcinomas developed in most cases directly from the otherwise unchanged mucosa through various successive stages of transformation, without passing through a benign-appearing proliferative or neoplastic epithelial lesion. Focal dysplasia grade I was the first recognizable change observed by light microscopy, followed by dysplasia grade II, and subsequently dysplasia grade III. In spite of very similar morphological characteristics, the experimentally induced dysplasias cannot be simply equated in their etiology and biological behavior with the dysplasias of the human stomach. Dysplasias of grade I and II commonly found in man are usually associated with a chronic gastritis; they are located in the upper third of the mucosa and are for the most part reversible. The experimental dysplasias occuring in the proliferative zone of an otherwise undisturbed mucosa must be considered potentially premalignant, as they are irreversible and develop progressively. This finding points out that in man dysplasias grade III within the regenerative zone of non-inflammatory mucosa should be considered particularly as possible precursors of gastric carcinomas.", "PMID": 393707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10135", "title": "Regulation of the G1 leads to S phase transition in chick embryo fibroblasts with alpha-keto acids and L-alanine.", "content": "Temporal inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide prevents subsequent insulin, but not serum-stimulated DNA synthesis in G1-arrested chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). The inhibition is measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into acid insoluble material and confirmed by chemical estimate of the DNA content of inhibited and uninhibited cells. Cycloheximide treatment is without effect if the cell cultures are maintained at 4 degrees C while exposed to the drug. Several alpha-keto acids (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, alpha-ketobutyrate) at 0.5-1 mM concentrations restore DNA synthesis in previously inhibited cells when combined with insulin. L-alanine (D-alanine is inert) is even more effective than the keto acids in stimulating DNA synthesis after cycloheximide treatment. Glucose transport was unaffected by cycloheximide treatment while lactate levels in medium from inhibited, insulin-stimulated CEF were reduced 70% compared to uninhibited counterparts. We speculate that cycloheximide treatment may lead to the decay of a glycolytic enzyme which compromises the ability of inhibited cells to synthesize pyruvate from glucose, and thus induces an exogenous requirement for alpha-keto acid or L-alanine. A serum component(s) with a molecular weight of about 100 permitted insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis in inhibited cells.", "contents": "Regulation of the G1 leads to S phase transition in chick embryo fibroblasts with alpha-keto acids and L-alanine. Temporal inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide prevents subsequent insulin, but not serum-stimulated DNA synthesis in G1-arrested chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). The inhibition is measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into acid insoluble material and confirmed by chemical estimate of the DNA content of inhibited and uninhibited cells. Cycloheximide treatment is without effect if the cell cultures are maintained at 4 degrees C while exposed to the drug. Several alpha-keto acids (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, alpha-ketobutyrate) at 0.5-1 mM concentrations restore DNA synthesis in previously inhibited cells when combined with insulin. L-alanine (D-alanine is inert) is even more effective than the keto acids in stimulating DNA synthesis after cycloheximide treatment. Glucose transport was unaffected by cycloheximide treatment while lactate levels in medium from inhibited, insulin-stimulated CEF were reduced 70% compared to uninhibited counterparts. We speculate that cycloheximide treatment may lead to the decay of a glycolytic enzyme which compromises the ability of inhibited cells to synthesize pyruvate from glucose, and thus induces an exogenous requirement for alpha-keto acid or L-alanine. A serum component(s) with a molecular weight of about 100 permitted insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis in inhibited cells.", "PMID": 393708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10136", "title": "Combined microspectrophotometry and automated quantitative autoradiography applied to the analysis of the plant cell cycle.", "content": "Two methods, which relate grain number to cell cycle phase in Feulgen-stained autoradiographic preparations, have been developed and compared. Both methods automate grain number estimations, one by taking integrated absorbance measurements at different wavelengths, the other by measuring absorption at a single wavelength before and after chemical removal of silver grains. With tritium-labelled tobacco mosaic virus as a probe, a quantitative analysis has been made of the binding of virus particles to plant protoplasts in different compartments of the DNA replication and partition cycle. The preliminary results indicate that the quantity of virus bound by protoplasts is related to their cell cycle phase. Whilst in this case, the methods have been used with plant cells, both techniques are equally applicable to animal cells.", "contents": "Combined microspectrophotometry and automated quantitative autoradiography applied to the analysis of the plant cell cycle. Two methods, which relate grain number to cell cycle phase in Feulgen-stained autoradiographic preparations, have been developed and compared. Both methods automate grain number estimations, one by taking integrated absorbance measurements at different wavelengths, the other by measuring absorption at a single wavelength before and after chemical removal of silver grains. With tritium-labelled tobacco mosaic virus as a probe, a quantitative analysis has been made of the binding of virus particles to plant protoplasts in different compartments of the DNA replication and partition cycle. The preliminary results indicate that the quantity of virus bound by protoplasts is related to their cell cycle phase. Whilst in this case, the methods have been used with plant cells, both techniques are equally applicable to animal cells.", "PMID": 393709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10137", "title": "Insulin-induced receptor loss in the cultured human lymphocyte: quantitative morphological perturbations in the cell and plasma membrane.", "content": "When cultured human lymphocytes (IM-9) are exposed to 10(-6) M procine insulin for 6 h, washed, and incubated with 125I-insulin, the ability of the cell to bind the labelled hormone is reduced by a mean of 78%. Under these experimental conditions that induce insulin-receptor loss in this cell there is a mean 95% increase in microinvaginations in the plasma membrane revealed by electron microscopy on freez-fractured replicas of the cell. At the same time, horseradish peroxidase uptake, a marker of endocytosis, is increased in the cells incubated with insulin. Coupled with our recent EM autoradiographic evidence that labelled insulin is acutely internalized by this cell, these studies are consistent with the possibility that endocytosis represents a mechanism by which receptor is removed from the cell surface.", "contents": "Insulin-induced receptor loss in the cultured human lymphocyte: quantitative morphological perturbations in the cell and plasma membrane. When cultured human lymphocytes (IM-9) are exposed to 10(-6) M procine insulin for 6 h, washed, and incubated with 125I-insulin, the ability of the cell to bind the labelled hormone is reduced by a mean of 78%. Under these experimental conditions that induce insulin-receptor loss in this cell there is a mean 95% increase in microinvaginations in the plasma membrane revealed by electron microscopy on freez-fractured replicas of the cell. At the same time, horseradish peroxidase uptake, a marker of endocytosis, is increased in the cells incubated with insulin. Coupled with our recent EM autoradiographic evidence that labelled insulin is acutely internalized by this cell, these studies are consistent with the possibility that endocytosis represents a mechanism by which receptor is removed from the cell surface.", "PMID": 393710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10138", "title": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae by using noncommercial micro-tests in conjunction with API 20E profile data.", "content": "A total of 371 (97%) of 382 strains of Enterobacteriaceae representing 26 species were identified cheaply, accurately, and rapidly by using a test system based upon standard 96-well microdilution plates and the API 20E profile data.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae by using noncommercial micro-tests in conjunction with API 20E profile data. A total of 371 (97%) of 382 strains of Enterobacteriaceae representing 26 species were identified cheaply, accurately, and rapidly by using a test system based upon standard 96-well microdilution plates and the API 20E profile data.", "PMID": 393711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10139", "title": "Compatible results obtained from biotyping and serotyping in Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The correspondence between complete serotype and biotype (P.A.D. Grimont and F. Grimont, J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:73-83, 1978) of 474 Serratia marcescens strains was studied. Of 127 serotypes, 70 were represented by two or more strains of the same serotype belonged to one biotype. However, for 91% of serotypes, strains of the same serotype belonged to one biogroup--i.e., a group of closely related biotypes. Biogroups are A1 (A1a, A1b); A2/6 (A2a, A2b, A6a, A6b); A3 (A3a, A3b, A3c, A3d); A4 (A4a, A4b); A5/8 (A5, A8a, A8b, A8c); and TCT (TCT, TT). Only two serotypes were composed of a mixture of pigmented and nonpigmented biogroups. Pigmented biogroups (A1 and A2/6) were otherwise differentiated from nonpigmented biogroups (A3, A4, A5/8, and TCT) by serotyping. Some biogroups preferentially occurred in some O serogroups: A4 in 01; A2/6 in O6, O8, and O14; and A3 in O9, O12, and O15. Three H serogroups were found to be biochemically homogeneous: H1, H7, and H20 were respectively and uniquely composed of biogroups A4, TCT, and A3. A square matrix of O versus H serogroups, with the corresponding biogroup for each O X H combination, was used for comparisons between O groups and between H groups. Identical patterns of biogroups were shown by serogroups O6, O8, and O14. Taxonomical, ecological, and practical consequences of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Compatible results obtained from biotyping and serotyping in Serratia marcescens. The correspondence between complete serotype and biotype (P.A.D. Grimont and F. Grimont, J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:73-83, 1978) of 474 Serratia marcescens strains was studied. Of 127 serotypes, 70 were represented by two or more strains of the same serotype belonged to one biotype. However, for 91% of serotypes, strains of the same serotype belonged to one biogroup--i.e., a group of closely related biotypes. Biogroups are A1 (A1a, A1b); A2/6 (A2a, A2b, A6a, A6b); A3 (A3a, A3b, A3c, A3d); A4 (A4a, A4b); A5/8 (A5, A8a, A8b, A8c); and TCT (TCT, TT). Only two serotypes were composed of a mixture of pigmented and nonpigmented biogroups. Pigmented biogroups (A1 and A2/6) were otherwise differentiated from nonpigmented biogroups (A3, A4, A5/8, and TCT) by serotyping. Some biogroups preferentially occurred in some O serogroups: A4 in 01; A2/6 in O6, O8, and O14; and A3 in O9, O12, and O15. Three H serogroups were found to be biochemically homogeneous: H1, H7, and H20 were respectively and uniquely composed of biogroups A4, TCT, and A3. A square matrix of O versus H serogroups, with the corresponding biogroup for each O X H combination, was used for comparisons between O groups and between H groups. Identical patterns of biogroups were shown by serogroups O6, O8, and O14. Taxonomical, ecological, and practical consequences of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 393712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10140", "title": "Charcoal-yeast extract agar: primary isolation medium for Legionella pneumophila.", "content": "Charcoal-yeast extract agar is a new bacteriological medium that supports excellent growth of the Legionella pneumophila. It results from modifications made in an existing L. pneumophila medium, F-G agar. Yeast extract, instead of an acid hydrolysate of casein, serves as the protein source. Beef extractives and starch are not added. Activated charcoal (Norit A or Norit SG) is included at 0.20% (wt/vol). Comparison of charcoal-yeast extract and F-G agars showed that a greater number of colony-forming units of L. pneumophila was recovered from a standardized tissue inoculum on charcoal-yeast extract agar (4.35 x 10(6) colony-forming units) than on F-G agar (4.85 x 10(4) colony-forming units). Macroscopic colonies of L. pneumophila were visible on the new medium within 3 days, whereas 4 days of growth was required on F-G agar.", "contents": "Charcoal-yeast extract agar: primary isolation medium for Legionella pneumophila. Charcoal-yeast extract agar is a new bacteriological medium that supports excellent growth of the Legionella pneumophila. It results from modifications made in an existing L. pneumophila medium, F-G agar. Yeast extract, instead of an acid hydrolysate of casein, serves as the protein source. Beef extractives and starch are not added. Activated charcoal (Norit A or Norit SG) is included at 0.20% (wt/vol). Comparison of charcoal-yeast extract and F-G agars showed that a greater number of colony-forming units of L. pneumophila was recovered from a standardized tissue inoculum on charcoal-yeast extract agar (4.35 x 10(6) colony-forming units) than on F-G agar (4.85 x 10(4) colony-forming units). Macroscopic colonies of L. pneumophila were visible on the new medium within 3 days, whereas 4 days of growth was required on F-G agar.", "PMID": 393713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10141", "title": "Indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.", "content": "We report the development and testing of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with excellent sensitivity for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HI(b)) antigen in clinical specimens from patients with HI(b) meningitis. The assay, an indirect sandwich technique, uses polystyrene balls as a solid phase and an alkaline phosphatase-labeled goat anti-rabbit globulin conjugate. Specimens are incubated with polystyrene balls armed with burro anti-HI(b) antiserum, and recognition antibody is visualized by addition of alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-globulin, together with the enzyme substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Concentrations of antigen are determined from standard curves prepared by using purified HI(b) capsular antigen polyribophosphate. The assay reproducibly detects polyribophosphate at concentrations between 1 and 5 ng/ml. Cross-reactions have not as yet been encountered in simulated and authentic clinical specimens containing other species including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. In preliminary tests with 11 spinal fluid specimens, 2 serum specimens, and 5 urine specimens from patients with culture-proved HI(b) meningitis, antigen was detected in all specimens in concentrations ranging from 1 to 7,000 ng/ml. Antigen was not detected in any of 62 clinical specimens which were culture negative for HI(b), including 11 spinal fluid specimens from patients with bacterial meningitis caused by microorganisms other than HI(b). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique described here is considerably simpler than radioimmunoassay and, based on concurrent tests with 14 positive clinical specimens, may be more sensitive than counterimmunoelectrophoresis. It seems, therefore, to hold considerable promise for clinical use in rapid detection of systemic HI(b) infections.", "contents": "Indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. We report the development and testing of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with excellent sensitivity for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HI(b)) antigen in clinical specimens from patients with HI(b) meningitis. The assay, an indirect sandwich technique, uses polystyrene balls as a solid phase and an alkaline phosphatase-labeled goat anti-rabbit globulin conjugate. Specimens are incubated with polystyrene balls armed with burro anti-HI(b) antiserum, and recognition antibody is visualized by addition of alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-globulin, together with the enzyme substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Concentrations of antigen are determined from standard curves prepared by using purified HI(b) capsular antigen polyribophosphate. The assay reproducibly detects polyribophosphate at concentrations between 1 and 5 ng/ml. Cross-reactions have not as yet been encountered in simulated and authentic clinical specimens containing other species including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. In preliminary tests with 11 spinal fluid specimens, 2 serum specimens, and 5 urine specimens from patients with culture-proved HI(b) meningitis, antigen was detected in all specimens in concentrations ranging from 1 to 7,000 ng/ml. Antigen was not detected in any of 62 clinical specimens which were culture negative for HI(b), including 11 spinal fluid specimens from patients with bacterial meningitis caused by microorganisms other than HI(b). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique described here is considerably simpler than radioimmunoassay and, based on concurrent tests with 14 positive clinical specimens, may be more sensitive than counterimmunoelectrophoresis. It seems, therefore, to hold considerable promise for clinical use in rapid detection of systemic HI(b) infections.", "PMID": 393714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10142", "title": "Evaluation of the modified Micro-ID system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Micro-ID is a system designed to identify the Enterobacteriaceae by utilizing reagent-impregnated disks for 15 biochemical tests. Since its initial evaluations, the system has undergone modification in formulation and in its computer data base. In a dual-center evaluation, 306 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested: 145 common and typical isolates at the Mayo Clinic and 161 unusual or atypical isolates at the Center for Disease Control. Each laboratory also exchanged 50 cultures to test the system's reproducibility. Micro-ID correctly identified 142 (98%) of the common clinical isolates and 123 (76%) of the unusual or atypical organisms. However, in this latter group, three species tested were not in the system's data base. When these organisms were deleted from the analysis, 138 of 146 (95%) of the unusual or atypical isolates were correctly identified. Analysis of the 100 isolates identified in duplicate revealed 93% reproducibility of genus and species identification and 62% reproducibility of octal code numbers. Of the 31 strains with the same identification but different code numbers, 74% differed in only one biochemical test.", "contents": "Evaluation of the modified Micro-ID system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Micro-ID is a system designed to identify the Enterobacteriaceae by utilizing reagent-impregnated disks for 15 biochemical tests. Since its initial evaluations, the system has undergone modification in formulation and in its computer data base. In a dual-center evaluation, 306 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested: 145 common and typical isolates at the Mayo Clinic and 161 unusual or atypical isolates at the Center for Disease Control. Each laboratory also exchanged 50 cultures to test the system's reproducibility. Micro-ID correctly identified 142 (98%) of the common clinical isolates and 123 (76%) of the unusual or atypical organisms. However, in this latter group, three species tested were not in the system's data base. When these organisms were deleted from the analysis, 138 of 146 (95%) of the unusual or atypical isolates were correctly identified. Analysis of the 100 isolates identified in duplicate revealed 93% reproducibility of genus and species identification and 62% reproducibility of octal code numbers. Of the 31 strains with the same identification but different code numbers, 74% differed in only one biochemical test.", "PMID": 393715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10143", "title": "Hemagglutination by Escherichia coli in septicemia and urinary tract infections.", "content": "The agglutination of erythrocytes from various animal species by Escherichia coli was studied. The 405 strains of E. coli were isolated from urine in patients with urinary tract infections, from blood in septicemic patients, or from feces in persons without intestinal or urinary disorders. In urinary tract infections, d-mannose-resistant agglutination (MRHA) of human erythrocytes was the most common finding (23% of the strains). The highest frequency of mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) attributed to type I (common type) pili occurred with guinea pig erythrocytes (11.5%). Of the 78 E. coli strains isolated from blood cultures, 11 (14%) produced MRHA of human erythrocytes and only one gave MSHA. In the stool cultures, only 1 of 170 E. coli strains was MSHA reacting, whereas 28 strains (16.5%) showed MRHA of human erythrocytes. No MRHA strain reacted with antiserum against colonization factor antigen (CFA)/I of pilus nature in enterotoxigenic human E. coli strains (O78:H12). MRHA of bovine erythrocytes, reputedly typical of enterotoxigenic E. coli of serogroups O6 and O8, was shown by only two strains, neither of which agglutinated with CFA/II antiserum. The most common hemagglutinating pattern of E. coli from urine and blood thus was MRHA for human erythrocytes. This agglutination may have been caused by pili or other surface properties of one or more serotypes. These may represent a new class of colonization-promoting antigens (adhesins).", "contents": "Hemagglutination by Escherichia coli in septicemia and urinary tract infections. The agglutination of erythrocytes from various animal species by Escherichia coli was studied. The 405 strains of E. coli were isolated from urine in patients with urinary tract infections, from blood in septicemic patients, or from feces in persons without intestinal or urinary disorders. In urinary tract infections, d-mannose-resistant agglutination (MRHA) of human erythrocytes was the most common finding (23% of the strains). The highest frequency of mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) attributed to type I (common type) pili occurred with guinea pig erythrocytes (11.5%). Of the 78 E. coli strains isolated from blood cultures, 11 (14%) produced MRHA of human erythrocytes and only one gave MSHA. In the stool cultures, only 1 of 170 E. coli strains was MSHA reacting, whereas 28 strains (16.5%) showed MRHA of human erythrocytes. No MRHA strain reacted with antiserum against colonization factor antigen (CFA)/I of pilus nature in enterotoxigenic human E. coli strains (O78:H12). MRHA of bovine erythrocytes, reputedly typical of enterotoxigenic E. coli of serogroups O6 and O8, was shown by only two strains, neither of which agglutinated with CFA/II antiserum. The most common hemagglutinating pattern of E. coli from urine and blood thus was MRHA for human erythrocytes. This agglutination may have been caused by pili or other surface properties of one or more serotypes. These may represent a new class of colonization-promoting antigens (adhesins).", "PMID": 393716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10144", "title": "Identification of Enterobacteriaceae in frozen microdilution trays prepared by Micro-Media Systems.", "content": "Frozen microdilution trays, with 20 different biochemical test media for identification of Enterobactericeae, were evaluated. The test panels were those provided by Micro-Media Systems (MMS), who also provided a code book for interpretation of the test results. The interpretations of the MMS test system and of the Analytab API 20E test system were compared with those obtained from tests with conventional media. Tests with 468 Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated nearly comparable results with the two commercial systems. About 6% (API) and 7% (MMS) of the isolates could not be identified without additional tests, and another 3% (MMS) to 4% (API) of the isolates gave test patterns that were not found in the code books. One to three percent of the isolates were misidentified. It was concluded that the MMS Enteric Quad Panels provide an efficient, relatively inexpensive, and reasonably accurate method for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Identification of Enterobacteriaceae in frozen microdilution trays prepared by Micro-Media Systems. Frozen microdilution trays, with 20 different biochemical test media for identification of Enterobactericeae, were evaluated. The test panels were those provided by Micro-Media Systems (MMS), who also provided a code book for interpretation of the test results. The interpretations of the MMS test system and of the Analytab API 20E test system were compared with those obtained from tests with conventional media. Tests with 468 Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated nearly comparable results with the two commercial systems. About 6% (API) and 7% (MMS) of the isolates could not be identified without additional tests, and another 3% (MMS) to 4% (API) of the isolates gave test patterns that were not found in the code books. One to three percent of the isolates were misidentified. It was concluded that the MMS Enteric Quad Panels provide an efficient, relatively inexpensive, and reasonably accurate method for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 393717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10145", "title": "Evaluation of Micro-Media Quad Panels for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The Micro-Media Quad Enteric Panel and coding system were evaluated by comparing the identifications of 193 stock and 216 clinical isolates, representing 31 species of Enterobacteriaceae, with those provided by conventional methods. The results corresponded for 91% of the organisms if only the single or most probable identification was accepted and for 93% if the correct identification was listed as one of several possible, but not the most probable, identification by the coding system. With 73% of the isolates, the single identification provided by the coding system was correct, and in 20% of instances the correct identification was listed as the first of several choices in descending order of probability but requiring additional tests for differentiation. In most of the latter instances, these additional tests consisted of serological confirmation of salmonellae or shigellae. Discrepancies consisted of incorrect identifications (4%) and organisms with code numbers not appearing in the coding system (3%).", "contents": "Evaluation of Micro-Media Quad Panels for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae. The Micro-Media Quad Enteric Panel and coding system were evaluated by comparing the identifications of 193 stock and 216 clinical isolates, representing 31 species of Enterobacteriaceae, with those provided by conventional methods. The results corresponded for 91% of the organisms if only the single or most probable identification was accepted and for 93% if the correct identification was listed as one of several possible, but not the most probable, identification by the coding system. With 73% of the isolates, the single identification provided by the coding system was correct, and in 20% of instances the correct identification was listed as the first of several choices in descending order of probability but requiring additional tests for differentiation. In most of the latter instances, these additional tests consisted of serological confirmation of salmonellae or shigellae. Discrepancies consisted of incorrect identifications (4%) and organisms with code numbers not appearing in the coding system (3%).", "PMID": 393718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10146", "title": "Semiquantitative catalase test as an aid in identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "A simple and rapid semiquantitative slide catalase test useful for the identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria, i.e., \"nonfermenters,\" is described. Using the interpretative criterion of time of appearance of oxygen bubbles in 3% hydrogen peroxide, three categories of nonfermenters were established. The rapid catalase producers included Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Achromobacter species; Acinetobacter anitratus and Acinetobacter lwoffii; Bordetella bronchiseptica; CDC group IVE; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. diminuta, and P. acidovorans; and Moraxella urethralis and M-6. The delayed catalase producers included Bordetella parapertussis, CDC group VA-1, P. alcaligenes, P. cepacia, P. mendocina, P. pickettii (VA-2), P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putrefaciens, P. stutzeri, P. testosteroni, and P. vesicularis. The third group consisted of an additional 17 taxa of nonfermenters which were classified as moderate catalase producers.", "contents": "Semiquantitative catalase test as an aid in identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria. A simple and rapid semiquantitative slide catalase test useful for the identification of oxidative and nonsaccharolytic gram-negative bacteria, i.e., \"nonfermenters,\" is described. Using the interpretative criterion of time of appearance of oxygen bubbles in 3% hydrogen peroxide, three categories of nonfermenters were established. The rapid catalase producers included Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Achromobacter species; Acinetobacter anitratus and Acinetobacter lwoffii; Bordetella bronchiseptica; CDC group IVE; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. diminuta, and P. acidovorans; and Moraxella urethralis and M-6. The delayed catalase producers included Bordetella parapertussis, CDC group VA-1, P. alcaligenes, P. cepacia, P. mendocina, P. pickettii (VA-2), P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putrefaciens, P. stutzeri, P. testosteroni, and P. vesicularis. The third group consisted of an additional 17 taxa of nonfermenters which were classified as moderate catalase producers.", "PMID": 393719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10147", "title": "Adhesion to a human cell line by Escherichia coli strains isolated during urinary tract infections.", "content": "It has been shown that some, but not all, Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine adhere, in vitro, to the surface of uroepithelial or vaginal cells. In the present study, 212 strains, isolated from urine of 212 infected patients, were tested for adhesion by using an in vitro human cell line assay. A variable degree of attachment to the cell monolayer was detected in these strains. From patients with cystitis, only 19 (9.7%) of the 195 strains examined were adherent, whereas 5 (29.4%) of the 17 pyelonephritis strains had similar properties (P less than 0.05). To investigate the incidence of adhesion in the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection, a sample of patients was picked at random from those with cystitis. During cystitis caused by adhesive bacteria, patients suffer more often from macroscopic hematuria than from dysuria, frequency, or recurrency (P less than 0.05). This study shows that E. coli strains isolated from urine samples possess a strikingly difference in capacity to adhere to a human cell line surface as demonstrated previously with uroepithelial or vaginal cells. Moreover, according to these data, the adhesion of E. coli may be considered as a virulent factor and would play a part in the infection of the urinary tract in humans.", "contents": "Adhesion to a human cell line by Escherichia coli strains isolated during urinary tract infections. It has been shown that some, but not all, Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine adhere, in vitro, to the surface of uroepithelial or vaginal cells. In the present study, 212 strains, isolated from urine of 212 infected patients, were tested for adhesion by using an in vitro human cell line assay. A variable degree of attachment to the cell monolayer was detected in these strains. From patients with cystitis, only 19 (9.7%) of the 195 strains examined were adherent, whereas 5 (29.4%) of the 17 pyelonephritis strains had similar properties (P less than 0.05). To investigate the incidence of adhesion in the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection, a sample of patients was picked at random from those with cystitis. During cystitis caused by adhesive bacteria, patients suffer more often from macroscopic hematuria than from dysuria, frequency, or recurrency (P less than 0.05). This study shows that E. coli strains isolated from urine samples possess a strikingly difference in capacity to adhere to a human cell line surface as demonstrated previously with uroepithelial or vaginal cells. Moreover, according to these data, the adhesion of E. coli may be considered as a virulent factor and would play a part in the infection of the urinary tract in humans.", "PMID": 393720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10148", "title": "Acceptability and cost savings of selective sputum microbiology in a community teaching hospital.", "content": "Our experience in introducing selective sputum microbiology into a clinical laboratory was recorded prospectively and analyzed. Based on low-power microscopy with determination of ratios of polymorphonuclear to squamous cells, 32% of specimens were discarded as unfit for culture. Speedy processing and prompt telephone calls afforded opportunities to replace these with better specimens, but only 29% of rejected specimens were resubmitted. Interpretive readings of smears for microorganisms yielded meaningful yielded meaningful information to clinicians and correctly predicted culture results in 73.8% of acceptable specimens. Technological time was similar to that required to process the same number of specimens in the usual way, but rejection of unsatisfactory specimens led to a 22% saving in supplies. Clinicians readily accepted the new system. Where nurses are responsible for specimen collection, they must be informed of the rationale for selective culture and the unreliability of gross visual inspection in evaluating sputum.", "contents": "Acceptability and cost savings of selective sputum microbiology in a community teaching hospital. Our experience in introducing selective sputum microbiology into a clinical laboratory was recorded prospectively and analyzed. Based on low-power microscopy with determination of ratios of polymorphonuclear to squamous cells, 32% of specimens were discarded as unfit for culture. Speedy processing and prompt telephone calls afforded opportunities to replace these with better specimens, but only 29% of rejected specimens were resubmitted. Interpretive readings of smears for microorganisms yielded meaningful yielded meaningful information to clinicians and correctly predicted culture results in 73.8% of acceptable specimens. Technological time was similar to that required to process the same number of specimens in the usual way, but rejection of unsatisfactory specimens led to a 22% saving in supplies. Clinicians readily accepted the new system. Where nurses are responsible for specimen collection, they must be informed of the rationale for selective culture and the unreliability of gross visual inspection in evaluating sputum.", "PMID": 393721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10149", "title": "Rapid identification of Prototheca species by the API 20C system.", "content": "The conventional auxanographic method of testing for the assimilation of carbohydrates and alcohols by the various species of Prototheca requires at least 2 weeks of incubation at 25 to 30 degrees C before definitive results are obtained. Even though Prototheca spp., in culture as well as in fixed tissues, can be identified more rapidly by fluorescent-antibody techniques in which species-specific reagents are used, such diagnostic facilities and reagents are not available in most diagnostic laboratories. The API 20C clinical yeast identification system, a commercially available ready-to-use micromethod, was found to permit the definitive identification of P. stagnora, P. wickerhamii, and P. zopfii within 4 days.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Prototheca species by the API 20C system. The conventional auxanographic method of testing for the assimilation of carbohydrates and alcohols by the various species of Prototheca requires at least 2 weeks of incubation at 25 to 30 degrees C before definitive results are obtained. Even though Prototheca spp., in culture as well as in fixed tissues, can be identified more rapidly by fluorescent-antibody techniques in which species-specific reagents are used, such diagnostic facilities and reagents are not available in most diagnostic laboratories. The API 20C clinical yeast identification system, a commercially available ready-to-use micromethod, was found to permit the definitive identification of P. stagnora, P. wickerhamii, and P. zopfii within 4 days.", "PMID": 393722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10150", "title": "Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Cell culture-derived antigens detected antibodies to alphaviruses in human sera with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results correlated with those from hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell culture-derived antigens detected antibodies to alphaviruses in human sera with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results correlated with those from hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests.", "PMID": 393723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10151", "title": "Stability of anti-Candida precipitating antibody in stored sera as determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Prolonged storage of sera at -20 degrees C did not significantly affect anti-Candida precipitin titers measured by counterimmunoelectrophoresis when compared with the original determinations.", "contents": "Stability of anti-Candida precipitating antibody in stored sera as determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Prolonged storage of sera at -20 degrees C did not significantly affect anti-Candida precipitin titers measured by counterimmunoelectrophoresis when compared with the original determinations.", "PMID": 393724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10152", "title": "The effect of tetracycline and/or scaling on human periodontal disease.", "content": "The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive tetracycline therapy in the treatment of periodonitis in humans. The presence of plaque, gingival inflammation, probing depths and attachment levels was assessed for all teeth in 12 patients with chronic, advanced periodontitis. After an initial examination all patients were given detailed oral hygiene instructions. The teeth in one-half of each arch were then scaled and root planed. The teeth in the contralateral half were not treated. Six patients were given tetracycline (1 gm/day) during the first and second weeks and the seventh and eighth weeks of the trial. The study thus included four different treatment groups: 1) no treatment, 2) scaling and root planing alone, 3) tetracycline administration alone, and 4) scaling and root planing combined with tetracycline administration. All patients were reexamined at 8 and 25 weeks subsequent to the initiation of therapy. Both PlI and GI scores decreased significantly in all groups. The GI scores were significantly lower in the scaled and root planed areas as compared to the contralateral sides at both the 8- and 25-week examinations. The PlI score was lower in the scaled and root planed areas only at the 25-week interval. The gingival probing depths were reduced in all groups. A significantly greater decrease in probing depth, however, was noted in scaled and root planed areas. There was a trend to gain of attachment in the treated areas but the magnitude of the gain was very small. The findings of the trail also revealed that the administration of tetracycline had only a minor effect on the parameters examined.", "contents": "The effect of tetracycline and/or scaling on human periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive tetracycline therapy in the treatment of periodonitis in humans. The presence of plaque, gingival inflammation, probing depths and attachment levels was assessed for all teeth in 12 patients with chronic, advanced periodontitis. After an initial examination all patients were given detailed oral hygiene instructions. The teeth in one-half of each arch were then scaled and root planed. The teeth in the contralateral half were not treated. Six patients were given tetracycline (1 gm/day) during the first and second weeks and the seventh and eighth weeks of the trial. The study thus included four different treatment groups: 1) no treatment, 2) scaling and root planing alone, 3) tetracycline administration alone, and 4) scaling and root planing combined with tetracycline administration. All patients were reexamined at 8 and 25 weeks subsequent to the initiation of therapy. Both PlI and GI scores decreased significantly in all groups. The GI scores were significantly lower in the scaled and root planed areas as compared to the contralateral sides at both the 8- and 25-week examinations. The PlI score was lower in the scaled and root planed areas only at the 25-week interval. The gingival probing depths were reduced in all groups. A significantly greater decrease in probing depth, however, was noted in scaled and root planed areas. There was a trend to gain of attachment in the treated areas but the magnitude of the gain was very small. The findings of the trail also revealed that the administration of tetracycline had only a minor effect on the parameters examined.", "PMID": 393725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10153", "title": "Periodontal self-examination. A motivational tool in periodontics.", "content": "The institution of proper oral hygiene procedures and habits is a learning process. This paper describes a self-instructing periodontal self-examination program to be used in the initial phase of periodontal treatment. The program was designed in an effort to facilitate learning by taking the teaching conditions into consideration. The program tries to utilize the patient's curiosity and need for activity and to involve the patient himself in an effort to make the patient apprehend the relevance of subject matter. The program also allows for an individualized learning speed of the patient. The self-examination program was tested on 108 periodontal patients (19-75 years of age) and the patients' findings were compared to those made by a dentist. Questionnaires before and after the self-examination were used in the evaluation of opinions of the patient. The present study showed that the patients were able to perform the self-examination without individual professional guidance. A rather close correlation was noted between findings made by the patient and the dentist. Furthermore, the program was well accepted and appreciated by the patients according to their answers on the questionnaires.", "contents": "Periodontal self-examination. A motivational tool in periodontics. The institution of proper oral hygiene procedures and habits is a learning process. This paper describes a self-instructing periodontal self-examination program to be used in the initial phase of periodontal treatment. The program was designed in an effort to facilitate learning by taking the teaching conditions into consideration. The program tries to utilize the patient's curiosity and need for activity and to involve the patient himself in an effort to make the patient apprehend the relevance of subject matter. The program also allows for an individualized learning speed of the patient. The self-examination program was tested on 108 periodontal patients (19-75 years of age) and the patients' findings were compared to those made by a dentist. Questionnaires before and after the self-examination were used in the evaluation of opinions of the patient. The present study showed that the patients were able to perform the self-examination without individual professional guidance. A rather close correlation was noted between findings made by the patient and the dentist. Furthermore, the program was well accepted and appreciated by the patients according to their answers on the questionnaires.", "PMID": 393726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10154", "title": "Conversion of a stable T-cell lesion to a progressive B-cell lesion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease: an hypothesis.", "content": "Changes in the host's immunological response or, alternatively, changes in the oral microflora have been implicated as possible mechanisms by which a stable lesion of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease may become a progressive lesion leading to tissue destruction and tooth loss. It has recently been established that the progressive lesion in humans can be unequivocally considered as a B-cell response. Circumstantial evidence exists which suggests that the stable lesion is in fact a T-cell-mediated mechanism. An hypothesis is presented to explain the change from a stable to a progressive state in terms of a shift from a predominantly T-cell lesion to one involving large numbers of B-cells. Mechanisms of this shift in cell populations are considered together with a discussion of possible means of preventing such a shift.", "contents": "Conversion of a stable T-cell lesion to a progressive B-cell lesion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease: an hypothesis. Changes in the host's immunological response or, alternatively, changes in the oral microflora have been implicated as possible mechanisms by which a stable lesion of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease may become a progressive lesion leading to tissue destruction and tooth loss. It has recently been established that the progressive lesion in humans can be unequivocally considered as a B-cell response. Circumstantial evidence exists which suggests that the stable lesion is in fact a T-cell-mediated mechanism. An hypothesis is presented to explain the change from a stable to a progressive state in terms of a shift from a predominantly T-cell lesion to one involving large numbers of B-cells. Mechanisms of this shift in cell populations are considered together with a discussion of possible means of preventing such a shift.", "PMID": 393727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10155", "title": "Clinical evaluation of spiramycin and erythromycin in control of periodontal disease.", "content": "Two studies are reported. Each was double-blind in which Spiramycin was compared to Erythromycin and a placebo, to determine the value of Spiramycin as a therapeutic agent in the control of periodontal disease. In Study 1, 48 adults with varying degrees of periodontal disease were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Assessments of gingival index, plaque height, pocket depth, crevicular fluid volume and wet plaque weight were made. During this 4-week clinical trial, the patients maintained their usual oral hygiene. The medication was administered systemically for 5 days, starting at the conclusion of week 2. Spiramycin significantly reduced the scores for the five parameters recorded. When comparison were made, the greatest recorded effect with Spiramycin treatment was found in patients with advanced periodontal disease. The indication of this trend favouring Spiramycin led to an extension of this clinical trial involving only patients with advanced periodontal lesions. This second study comprised 54 adults. The same parameters were measured over the same time period as in Study 1. Spiramycin again was responsible for the greatest reduction in the recorded scores. For example, average pocket depth was decreased by approximately 30%, whereas Erythromycin produced a reduction of 15%. It would appear that Spiramycin is of definite benefit in the management of periodontal disease, especially in the more advanced cases.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of spiramycin and erythromycin in control of periodontal disease. Two studies are reported. Each was double-blind in which Spiramycin was compared to Erythromycin and a placebo, to determine the value of Spiramycin as a therapeutic agent in the control of periodontal disease. In Study 1, 48 adults with varying degrees of periodontal disease were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Assessments of gingival index, plaque height, pocket depth, crevicular fluid volume and wet plaque weight were made. During this 4-week clinical trial, the patients maintained their usual oral hygiene. The medication was administered systemically for 5 days, starting at the conclusion of week 2. Spiramycin significantly reduced the scores for the five parameters recorded. When comparison were made, the greatest recorded effect with Spiramycin treatment was found in patients with advanced periodontal disease. The indication of this trend favouring Spiramycin led to an extension of this clinical trial involving only patients with advanced periodontal lesions. This second study comprised 54 adults. The same parameters were measured over the same time period as in Study 1. Spiramycin again was responsible for the greatest reduction in the recorded scores. For example, average pocket depth was decreased by approximately 30%, whereas Erythromycin produced a reduction of 15%. It would appear that Spiramycin is of definite benefit in the management of periodontal disease, especially in the more advanced cases.", "PMID": 393728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10156", "title": "Nickel feeding in nickel-sensitive patients with hand eczema.", "content": "Ten women with vesicular hand eczema and delayed hypersensitivity to nickel were given 0.5 mg nickel supplements to their diets. The double-blind controlled supplements were given on Monday and Tuesday of each week for at least 1 month. The nickel supplement was lower than that used in previous studies, and only one subject had reproducible flaring of her vesicular dermatitis. We conclude that dietary restriction of nickel is not warranted based on nickel supplement studies, but nickel's role in hand eczema could be clarified by depleting nickel from body stores with chelating agents.", "contents": "Nickel feeding in nickel-sensitive patients with hand eczema. Ten women with vesicular hand eczema and delayed hypersensitivity to nickel were given 0.5 mg nickel supplements to their diets. The double-blind controlled supplements were given on Monday and Tuesday of each week for at least 1 month. The nickel supplement was lower than that used in previous studies, and only one subject had reproducible flaring of her vesicular dermatitis. We conclude that dietary restriction of nickel is not warranted based on nickel supplement studies, but nickel's role in hand eczema could be clarified by depleting nickel from body stores with chelating agents.", "PMID": 393731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10157", "title": "Efficacy of mycophenolic acid for the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "The efficacy of orally administered mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) synthesis, for the treatment of psoriasis, was studied in a double-blind fashion. Of twenty-one patients completing the study period, ten of eleven patients treated with MPA had a greater than 25% decrease in severity score compared with only two of ten patients treated with placebo. The placebo group had a slight increase in severity score compared to almost 50% reduction in the average severity score of the MPA-treated group. After termination of the double-blind portion of the study, the placebo group was treated with MPA and showed a 60% decrease in severity score. Adverse effects encountered included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. One patient had an uncomplicated episode of herpes zoster. Other than a mild decrease hemoglobin, no hematologic toxicity was noted.", "contents": "Efficacy of mycophenolic acid for the treatment of psoriasis. The efficacy of orally administered mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) synthesis, for the treatment of psoriasis, was studied in a double-blind fashion. Of twenty-one patients completing the study period, ten of eleven patients treated with MPA had a greater than 25% decrease in severity score compared with only two of ten patients treated with placebo. The placebo group had a slight increase in severity score compared to almost 50% reduction in the average severity score of the MPA-treated group. After termination of the double-blind portion of the study, the placebo group was treated with MPA and showed a 60% decrease in severity score. Adverse effects encountered included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. One patient had an uncomplicated episode of herpes zoster. Other than a mild decrease hemoglobin, no hematologic toxicity was noted.", "PMID": 393732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10158", "title": "Thallium as an industrial poison (review of literature).", "content": "The presented reports on cases of occupational thallium poisoning clearly demonstrate that the possibility of their occurrence in industrial plants is very real. The number of such intoxications is much higher than that of non-industrial poisonings, but this is predominantly due to the less pronounced clinical picture and to the fact that specific tests for thallium are not performed. As a result, these cases partly escape registration altogether and partly are wrongly diagnosed. Thallium and its compounds belong to the first class of poisons, their dangerousness being enhanced by their easy permeability through the skin. Industrial thallium poisoning can be either acute or chronic, but in all cases, it is characterized by a long duration and severity of its course. Strict hygienic demands on the organization of the technological process and the measures of protection of persons working with thallium are indispensable. Compulsory examination of the urine of those working with thallium for the presence of this substance should also be introduced.", "contents": "Thallium as an industrial poison (review of literature). The presented reports on cases of occupational thallium poisoning clearly demonstrate that the possibility of their occurrence in industrial plants is very real. The number of such intoxications is much higher than that of non-industrial poisonings, but this is predominantly due to the less pronounced clinical picture and to the fact that specific tests for thallium are not performed. As a result, these cases partly escape registration altogether and partly are wrongly diagnosed. Thallium and its compounds belong to the first class of poisons, their dangerousness being enhanced by their easy permeability through the skin. Industrial thallium poisoning can be either acute or chronic, but in all cases, it is characterized by a long duration and severity of its course. Strict hygienic demands on the organization of the technological process and the measures of protection of persons working with thallium are indispensable. Compulsory examination of the urine of those working with thallium for the presence of this substance should also be introduced.", "PMID": 393773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10159", "title": "Taxonomic position of Klebsiella atlantae and Klebsiella edwardsii.", "content": "The taxonomic position of two species of the genus Klebsiella (K. atlantae and K. edwardsii) is being introduced. 211 strains of different origin were studied: 80 strains of K. pneumoniae, 46 strains of K. oxytoca, 50 strains of K. atlantae and 35 strains of K. edwardsii. Sixty biochemical characteristics were determined 40 of these pertaining to carbohydrate metabolism. It was discussed whether both are to be considered species or biotypes of another Klebsiella species, however, by determining citrate as carbon source, by MR test and by tests on malonate, gluconate, methyl-xyloside, 1 (--) sorbose, inulin, amylose, methyl-d-mannoside, glycogen, melezitose, VP test, amygdalin, d-tartrate and gas from glucose, we arrived at the conclusion that both could be considered species of the genus. These conclusions were confirmed by the determination of biotypes of both (according to C. Richard). Later, we expect to study their participation in human infective processes and their sensitivity by antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Taxonomic position of Klebsiella atlantae and Klebsiella edwardsii. The taxonomic position of two species of the genus Klebsiella (K. atlantae and K. edwardsii) is being introduced. 211 strains of different origin were studied: 80 strains of K. pneumoniae, 46 strains of K. oxytoca, 50 strains of K. atlantae and 35 strains of K. edwardsii. Sixty biochemical characteristics were determined 40 of these pertaining to carbohydrate metabolism. It was discussed whether both are to be considered species or biotypes of another Klebsiella species, however, by determining citrate as carbon source, by MR test and by tests on malonate, gluconate, methyl-xyloside, 1 (--) sorbose, inulin, amylose, methyl-d-mannoside, glycogen, melezitose, VP test, amygdalin, d-tartrate and gas from glucose, we arrived at the conclusion that both could be considered species of the genus. These conclusions were confirmed by the determination of biotypes of both (according to C. Richard). Later, we expect to study their participation in human infective processes and their sensitivity by antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 393774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10160", "title": "Experimental study of vaccines against Salmonella typhimurium infection.", "content": "Serological and protective activities of vaccines from S. typhimurium and S. minnesota were studied. It has been demonstrated that active protection against infection in experimental salmonellosis in mice can only be obtained by immunization of the animals using vaccines from complete antigenic complexes isolated from S-strains. It has been found that expressed anti-infection immunity (unlike anti-endotoxic immunity) is induced to the same extent by either high-molecular components (2,000,000 daltons and more), showing great serological activity, or components with relatively low molecular weight (15,000--20,000 daltons) and minimum serological activity. Vaccines from Ra- and Re-strains of S. minnesota do not induce resistance to S. typhimurium infection in mice in either active protection tests or passive protection tests.", "contents": "Experimental study of vaccines against Salmonella typhimurium infection. Serological and protective activities of vaccines from S. typhimurium and S. minnesota were studied. It has been demonstrated that active protection against infection in experimental salmonellosis in mice can only be obtained by immunization of the animals using vaccines from complete antigenic complexes isolated from S-strains. It has been found that expressed anti-infection immunity (unlike anti-endotoxic immunity) is induced to the same extent by either high-molecular components (2,000,000 daltons and more), showing great serological activity, or components with relatively low molecular weight (15,000--20,000 daltons) and minimum serological activity. Vaccines from Ra- and Re-strains of S. minnesota do not induce resistance to S. typhimurium infection in mice in either active protection tests or passive protection tests.", "PMID": 393775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10161", "title": "Immunoreactive alpha and beta subunits of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in peripheral blood throughout the menstrual cycle and following stimulation with synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).", "content": "The concentration of immunoreactive alpha and beta subunits of human LH (hLH) and human FSH (hFSH) were measured in unfractionated serum throughout normal menstrual cycles, and when GnRH was administered at about midcycle. The RIA subunit systems employed were sufficiently sensitive and specific to measure basal levels of free alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and alpha-hFSH. The beta-hFSH system lacked sufficient sensitivity to measure beta-hFSH in unfractionated serum. In normal cycles, alpha-hLH, beta-hLH and alpha-hFSH were shown to circulate in the free form with highest concentrations occurring at the time of midcycle peak of LH and FSH. The concentration of subunits during the follicular phase were not significantly different from those observed during the luteal phase of the cycle. In response to GnRH administration during the periovulatory phase of the cycle, the increases in circulating free alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and of alpha-hFSH subunits were directly related to the increases in LH and FSH. Other investigators have shown that increases in circulating levels of free subunits are due to secretion from the pituitary gland rather than from peripheral dissociation of intact hormone. Therefore, it can be assumed that the increase in immunoreactive alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and of alpha-hFSH subunits observed in this study at midcycle represent release of free subunits in response to endogenous or exogenous GnRH administration.", "contents": "Immunoreactive alpha and beta subunits of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in peripheral blood throughout the menstrual cycle and following stimulation with synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The concentration of immunoreactive alpha and beta subunits of human LH (hLH) and human FSH (hFSH) were measured in unfractionated serum throughout normal menstrual cycles, and when GnRH was administered at about midcycle. The RIA subunit systems employed were sufficiently sensitive and specific to measure basal levels of free alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and alpha-hFSH. The beta-hFSH system lacked sufficient sensitivity to measure beta-hFSH in unfractionated serum. In normal cycles, alpha-hLH, beta-hLH and alpha-hFSH were shown to circulate in the free form with highest concentrations occurring at the time of midcycle peak of LH and FSH. The concentration of subunits during the follicular phase were not significantly different from those observed during the luteal phase of the cycle. In response to GnRH administration during the periovulatory phase of the cycle, the increases in circulating free alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and of alpha-hFSH subunits were directly related to the increases in LH and FSH. Other investigators have shown that increases in circulating levels of free subunits are due to secretion from the pituitary gland rather than from peripheral dissociation of intact hormone. Therefore, it can be assumed that the increase in immunoreactive alpha-hLH, beta-hLH, and of alpha-hFSH subunits observed in this study at midcycle represent release of free subunits in response to endogenous or exogenous GnRH administration.", "PMID": 393752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10162", "title": "Production of pyrogenic exotoxin by groups of streptococci: association with group A.", "content": "Several groups of streptococci were tested for production of pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) with Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, a newly developed passive hemagglutination inhibition assay, and an assay for pyrogenicity and capacity to enhance lethal endotoxin shock. With use of these assays, 68 (91%) of 75 group A streptococcal strains were positive for one or more of SPE types A, B, and C; seven were negative for both the known SPE types and antigenically unrelated pyrogenic exotoxins. Group A strains producing both SPE B and C were the most common, and strains producing A alone or AB and AC together were the least common. All of 11 rheumatogenic group A streptococci elaborated SPE C either alone or together with one or both of SPE types A and B. The 10 nephritogenic strains tested were positive for SPE B; five were positive for B alone. In contrast to group A streptococci, non-group A strains (41 tested) did not produce the known SPE types, and 19 of 19 tested were negative for antigenically unrelated pyrogenic exotoxins. Group A strains from Holland, India, and Japan also elaborated SPE. Several group A streptococci used widely in laboratory experiments were tested for SPE types produced.", "contents": "Production of pyrogenic exotoxin by groups of streptococci: association with group A. Several groups of streptococci were tested for production of pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) with Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, a newly developed passive hemagglutination inhibition assay, and an assay for pyrogenicity and capacity to enhance lethal endotoxin shock. With use of these assays, 68 (91%) of 75 group A streptococcal strains were positive for one or more of SPE types A, B, and C; seven were negative for both the known SPE types and antigenically unrelated pyrogenic exotoxins. Group A strains producing both SPE B and C were the most common, and strains producing A alone or AB and AC together were the least common. All of 11 rheumatogenic group A streptococci elaborated SPE C either alone or together with one or both of SPE types A and B. The 10 nephritogenic strains tested were positive for SPE B; five were positive for B alone. In contrast to group A streptococci, non-group A strains (41 tested) did not produce the known SPE types, and 19 of 19 tested were negative for antigenically unrelated pyrogenic exotoxins. Group A strains from Holland, India, and Japan also elaborated SPE. Several group A streptococci used widely in laboratory experiments were tested for SPE types produced.", "PMID": 393776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10163", "title": "Heterogeneous pituitary secretion in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "Dynamic testing of the hypothalamic pituitary system in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has suggested the possibility of a central nervous disorder associated with variable pituitary secretory secretion. In order to investigate this issue further 7 patients of two families were studied. Male patients exhibited two types of FSH responses to LHRH administration. Two patients had a small response, and the other exhibited a normal response. The LH response was absent or small in both male and female patients. One month therapy with daily injections of LHRH did not improve pituitary responsiveness to a second LHRH test. Estrogen treatment given to females during one month had no improvement effect on another LHRH test. Estradiol benzoate produced a surge in both LH and FSH in half of patients tested which is surprising in the presence of a previous clomiphene negative response. Two of four women had elevated prolactin levels which increased defectuously after metoclopramide administration which could suggest an abnormal hypothalamic status. On the basis of these results it seems that familial hypogonadotropism is originated by an abnormality at two levels, the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus as well.", "contents": "Heterogeneous pituitary secretion in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Dynamic testing of the hypothalamic pituitary system in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has suggested the possibility of a central nervous disorder associated with variable pituitary secretory secretion. In order to investigate this issue further 7 patients of two families were studied. Male patients exhibited two types of FSH responses to LHRH administration. Two patients had a small response, and the other exhibited a normal response. The LH response was absent or small in both male and female patients. One month therapy with daily injections of LHRH did not improve pituitary responsiveness to a second LHRH test. Estrogen treatment given to females during one month had no improvement effect on another LHRH test. Estradiol benzoate produced a surge in both LH and FSH in half of patients tested which is surprising in the presence of a previous clomiphene negative response. Two of four women had elevated prolactin levels which increased defectuously after metoclopramide administration which could suggest an abnormal hypothalamic status. On the basis of these results it seems that familial hypogonadotropism is originated by an abnormality at two levels, the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus as well.", "PMID": 393753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10164", "title": "Human immunity to group B streptococci measured by indirect immunofluorescence: correlation with protection in chick embryos.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay has been developed as a useful semiquantitative method for determination of type-specific IgG antibody in human sera to the five serotypes of group B Streptococcus. Antibody titers measured by IF correlated with passive protection in chick embryos, and antibody titers associated with chick embryo protection were delineated. Except for types Ia and Ic, IF antibody to each of the streptococcal types was completely absorbed by homologous strains, and antibody titers were unchanged by incubation with heterologous bacteria. For types Ia and Ic, IF antibody was absorbed by either the Ia or the Ic strain and by native Ia carbohydrate antigen. Antibody titers measured by IF and chick embryo protection against types Ia and Ic were similar, but were divergent for Ib and Ic, a finding suggesting that antibody is predominantly directed to the major carbohydrate determinants. In addition, 29 of 31 sera that had been tested in chick embryos yielded comparable results in mice against challenge with type Ia group B Streptococcus, a finding further validating the chick embryo assay. Sera from all of 43 mothers of infants infected with group B streptococci had antibody titers by IF that were less than titers associated with protection in chick embryos.", "contents": "Human immunity to group B streptococci measured by indirect immunofluorescence: correlation with protection in chick embryos. An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay has been developed as a useful semiquantitative method for determination of type-specific IgG antibody in human sera to the five serotypes of group B Streptococcus. Antibody titers measured by IF correlated with passive protection in chick embryos, and antibody titers associated with chick embryo protection were delineated. Except for types Ia and Ic, IF antibody to each of the streptococcal types was completely absorbed by homologous strains, and antibody titers were unchanged by incubation with heterologous bacteria. For types Ia and Ic, IF antibody was absorbed by either the Ia or the Ic strain and by native Ia carbohydrate antigen. Antibody titers measured by IF and chick embryo protection against types Ia and Ic were similar, but were divergent for Ib and Ic, a finding suggesting that antibody is predominantly directed to the major carbohydrate determinants. In addition, 29 of 31 sera that had been tested in chick embryos yielded comparable results in mice against challenge with type Ia group B Streptococcus, a finding further validating the chick embryo assay. Sera from all of 43 mothers of infants infected with group B streptococci had antibody titers by IF that were less than titers associated with protection in chick embryos.", "PMID": 393777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10165", "title": "Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Oregon.", "content": "Sera from 95,929 pregnant women were screened for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) at a 1:64 dilution of the sera. An indirect fluorescent antibody-IgM specific test (IFA-IgM) was used on all sera found to have an IHA titer of greater than or equal to 1:256. From August 1973 to December 1976, 8.1% of pregnant women had IHA titers of greater than or equal to 1:64. In addition, 129 (18.4%) of 700 pregnant women with IHA titers of greater than or equal to 1:256 had IFA-IgM titers of greater than or equal to 1:4. The IHA test was an acceptable test for mass screening of sera from pregnant women. In Oregon, one in every 200 women contracts toxoplasmosis during her pregnancy.", "contents": "Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Oregon. Sera from 95,929 pregnant women were screened for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) at a 1:64 dilution of the sera. An indirect fluorescent antibody-IgM specific test (IFA-IgM) was used on all sera found to have an IHA titer of greater than or equal to 1:256. From August 1973 to December 1976, 8.1% of pregnant women had IHA titers of greater than or equal to 1:64. In addition, 129 (18.4%) of 700 pregnant women with IHA titers of greater than or equal to 1:256 had IFA-IgM titers of greater than or equal to 1:4. The IHA test was an acceptable test for mass screening of sera from pregnant women. In Oregon, one in every 200 women contracts toxoplasmosis during her pregnancy.", "PMID": 393778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10166", "title": "Prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in middle-aged and elderly Americans.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was used to establish the background prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in single serum specimens from 1,143 persons. The serum specimens had been obtained from volunteers 46 years of age and older who were not acutely ill and who resided in the areas of Atlanta, Georgia; Washington, D.C.; Houston, Texas; and Rochester, New York. The overall prevalence of seropositivity (reciprocal titer, greater than or equal to 64) was 1.7%. The prevalence of seropositivity did not vary with age, sex, or geographic location. Groups of persons in which the prevalence of reciprocal titers of greater than or equal to 64 is significantly higher than 1.7% may have unusually great exposure to L. pneumophila. In the population tested, a reciprocal IFA titer of greater than or equal to 64 would have a specificity of 98.3% in the diagnosis of an acute illness as Legonnnaires' disease.", "contents": "Prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in middle-aged and elderly Americans. An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was used to establish the background prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in single serum specimens from 1,143 persons. The serum specimens had been obtained from volunteers 46 years of age and older who were not acutely ill and who resided in the areas of Atlanta, Georgia; Washington, D.C.; Houston, Texas; and Rochester, New York. The overall prevalence of seropositivity (reciprocal titer, greater than or equal to 64) was 1.7%. The prevalence of seropositivity did not vary with age, sex, or geographic location. Groups of persons in which the prevalence of reciprocal titers of greater than or equal to 64 is significantly higher than 1.7% may have unusually great exposure to L. pneumophila. In the population tested, a reciprocal IFA titer of greater than or equal to 64 would have a specificity of 98.3% in the diagnosis of an acute illness as Legonnnaires' disease.", "PMID": 393779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10167", "title": "Subtraction serum bactericidal assay: a method for estimating in vivo effects of antibiotic combinations.", "content": "The subtraction serum bactericidal assay has been developed to assess the effects of the individual components of antibiotic combinations in serum specimens from patients with serious bacterial infection. The technique can be performed easily with conventional microtiter technology, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by conventional in vitro determinations of the additive and synergistic activity of fixed antibiotic combinations against various Enterobacteriaceae. Three combinations of gentamicin and ampicillin were used, and synergistic or additive activity was demonstrated against each of the 11 clinical isolates tested, but only with one or two of the antibiotic combinations. This finding suggests the clinical importance of a test that can determine the effects of the actual concentrations of individual antibiotics that are achieved in patients with serious infections that are being treated with antibiotic combinations.", "contents": "Subtraction serum bactericidal assay: a method for estimating in vivo effects of antibiotic combinations. The subtraction serum bactericidal assay has been developed to assess the effects of the individual components of antibiotic combinations in serum specimens from patients with serious bacterial infection. The technique can be performed easily with conventional microtiter technology, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by conventional in vitro determinations of the additive and synergistic activity of fixed antibiotic combinations against various Enterobacteriaceae. Three combinations of gentamicin and ampicillin were used, and synergistic or additive activity was demonstrated against each of the 11 clinical isolates tested, but only with one or two of the antibiotic combinations. This finding suggests the clinical importance of a test that can determine the effects of the actual concentrations of individual antibiotics that are achieved in patients with serious infections that are being treated with antibiotic combinations.", "PMID": 393780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10168", "title": "[An experimental study on the regeneration of the peripheral nerve--adaptation of the funiculus at the sutured site (author's transl)].", "content": "We consider it necessary to investigate the passage of axon through the sutured site, besides problems of misdirection, in order to understand the factors which affect the regeneration of the peripheral nerve. We performed the following experiments assuming that different situations occurring at sutured site is to be considered as mono-funiculus situation, and studied them mainly from the histological point of view. Twenty-five adult hybrid dogs were used. We performed several different experiments, mentioned below, on the sciatic nerve, at about 3 cm below the greater trochanter with 9-0 monofilament nylon by microsurgical technique. The sciatic nerve was separated 4 cm away from the surrounding tissue, and only the peroneal nerve funiculus was isolated 2 cm away from the other funiculus and was cut at the center. Models of experiment. 1. Proper suture of both cut end...Optimum. 2. Suture by tension after excision of 1 cm in length...Tension, 3. Suture by compression...Compression, 4. Suture by shifting both cut ends about 1/2 of their surface...Offset, 5. Suture by buckling...Buckling, 6. Suture with gap of 5 mm after excision of 5 mm in length...Gap. Five weeks and ten weeks after the operation, the nerves were examined electrophysiologically and histologically. The nerve was stimulated at about 1 cm proximal to the sutured site directly using needle electrode, and the most distal part was searched for, where the nerve action potential was recorded. For the histological study, the nerve was sectioned longitudinally and transversely. These specimens were stained by H. E., Holmes' (for the axon), and L. F. B. method (for the myelin sheath). The regeneration of the nerve was classified into four grades, according to the number and the size of the axon passing through the sutured site, namely poor, fair, good, excellent. 1) The offset of the funiculus at the sutured site is the most important factor which disturbs the regeneration of the axon. 2) The influence of about 5 mm gap is not so big for the regeneration of the axon, compared to the severe offset. 3) The moderate tension which can be produced by the ordinary microsurgical suture does not much influence the regeneration of the axon, and the compression at the sutured site has not much influence to the nerve regeneration as long as the adaptation is good.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the regeneration of the peripheral nerve--adaptation of the funiculus at the sutured site (author's transl)]. We consider it necessary to investigate the passage of axon through the sutured site, besides problems of misdirection, in order to understand the factors which affect the regeneration of the peripheral nerve. We performed the following experiments assuming that different situations occurring at sutured site is to be considered as mono-funiculus situation, and studied them mainly from the histological point of view. Twenty-five adult hybrid dogs were used. We performed several different experiments, mentioned below, on the sciatic nerve, at about 3 cm below the greater trochanter with 9-0 monofilament nylon by microsurgical technique. The sciatic nerve was separated 4 cm away from the surrounding tissue, and only the peroneal nerve funiculus was isolated 2 cm away from the other funiculus and was cut at the center. Models of experiment. 1. Proper suture of both cut end...Optimum. 2. Suture by tension after excision of 1 cm in length...Tension, 3. Suture by compression...Compression, 4. Suture by shifting both cut ends about 1/2 of their surface...Offset, 5. Suture by buckling...Buckling, 6. Suture with gap of 5 mm after excision of 5 mm in length...Gap. Five weeks and ten weeks after the operation, the nerves were examined electrophysiologically and histologically. The nerve was stimulated at about 1 cm proximal to the sutured site directly using needle electrode, and the most distal part was searched for, where the nerve action potential was recorded. For the histological study, the nerve was sectioned longitudinally and transversely. These specimens were stained by H. E., Holmes' (for the axon), and L. F. B. method (for the myelin sheath). The regeneration of the nerve was classified into four grades, according to the number and the size of the axon passing through the sutured site, namely poor, fair, good, excellent. 1) The offset of the funiculus at the sutured site is the most important factor which disturbs the regeneration of the axon. 2) The influence of about 5 mm gap is not so big for the regeneration of the axon, compared to the severe offset. 3) The moderate tension which can be produced by the ordinary microsurgical suture does not much influence the regeneration of the axon, and the compression at the sutured site has not much influence to the nerve regeneration as long as the adaptation is good.", "PMID": 393783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10169", "title": "[Experimental study on an artificial hip joint made of Al2O3 ceramics (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of developing the ceramic artificial hip joint, we carried out biological and mechanical experiments. Tiny blocks of polycrystalline ceramic were inserted into the femurs of rabbits. Also, ceramic powder was injected into the knee joints of rabbits. Biological reaction were examined after varying intervals. It was proved, as a result, that ceramics have good affinity with living tissue. As a next step, wedge-shaped test pieces were inserted into the distal end of the femurs of dogs and tensile tests were carried out to investigate the degree of fixation of ceramic with bone. The result was that ceramic test pieces showed firmer fixation than those of metal. In the hip joints of five dogs, ceramic total hip prostheses for dogs were implanted. The dogs were autopsied after varying intervals and investigated histopathologically and scanning electron microscopically. Fixation of the socket and the prosthesis with the bone was superior to those made of metal and, moreover, virtually no wearing had taken place. However, the socket or prosthetic stems in four dogs were observed damaged in some parts. From the above mentioned, it is evident that when making ceramic total hip prostheses, we have to select ceramics of good quality and thicken their weightconcentrated parts by a device of its own design or use partly metal components coated with ceramic.", "contents": "[Experimental study on an artificial hip joint made of Al2O3 ceramics (author's transl)]. For the purpose of developing the ceramic artificial hip joint, we carried out biological and mechanical experiments. Tiny blocks of polycrystalline ceramic were inserted into the femurs of rabbits. Also, ceramic powder was injected into the knee joints of rabbits. Biological reaction were examined after varying intervals. It was proved, as a result, that ceramics have good affinity with living tissue. As a next step, wedge-shaped test pieces were inserted into the distal end of the femurs of dogs and tensile tests were carried out to investigate the degree of fixation of ceramic with bone. The result was that ceramic test pieces showed firmer fixation than those of metal. In the hip joints of five dogs, ceramic total hip prostheses for dogs were implanted. The dogs were autopsied after varying intervals and investigated histopathologically and scanning electron microscopically. Fixation of the socket and the prosthesis with the bone was superior to those made of metal and, moreover, virtually no wearing had taken place. However, the socket or prosthetic stems in four dogs were observed damaged in some parts. From the above mentioned, it is evident that when making ceramic total hip prostheses, we have to select ceramics of good quality and thicken their weightconcentrated parts by a device of its own design or use partly metal components coated with ceramic.", "PMID": 393784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10170", "title": "Butorphanol/acetaminophen double-blind study in postoperative pain.", "content": "An oral butorphanol/acetaminophen (4 mg/650 mg) combination product was evaluated for analgesic activity in 120 postoperative patients employing a double-blind experimental design. The combination product was significantly (p less than 0.05) superior to either butorphanol (4 mg) or acetaminophen (650 mg) as well as placebo. Except for acetaminophen which was only significantly different (p less than 0.05) from placebo at 2 hours according to pain relief, all other treatments were superior to placebo over the entire 4 hour observation period. The data demonstrate that butorphanol and acetaminophen have at least additive analgesic activity with a suggestion of synergism. A single tablet dose of the combination product (butorphanol 2 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg) was evaluated in a second study involving 60 patients and was significantly (p less than 0.05) superior to placebo. Both studies demonstrate that the butorphanol/acetaminophen combination product has potent analgesic activity with a minimal side effect profile.", "contents": "Butorphanol/acetaminophen double-blind study in postoperative pain. An oral butorphanol/acetaminophen (4 mg/650 mg) combination product was evaluated for analgesic activity in 120 postoperative patients employing a double-blind experimental design. The combination product was significantly (p less than 0.05) superior to either butorphanol (4 mg) or acetaminophen (650 mg) as well as placebo. Except for acetaminophen which was only significantly different (p less than 0.05) from placebo at 2 hours according to pain relief, all other treatments were superior to placebo over the entire 4 hour observation period. The data demonstrate that butorphanol and acetaminophen have at least additive analgesic activity with a suggestion of synergism. A single tablet dose of the combination product (butorphanol 2 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg) was evaluated in a second study involving 60 patients and was significantly (p less than 0.05) superior to placebo. Both studies demonstrate that the butorphanol/acetaminophen combination product has potent analgesic activity with a minimal side effect profile.", "PMID": 393788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10171", "title": "Pentoxifylline -- a biomedical profile.", "content": "The therapeutical benefit of pentoxifylline (Trental) in vascular disorders and chronic diseases which provoke disturbances in nutritive microcirculation is reviewed. With its hemorheological activity, pentoxifylline offers a new approach to ameliorate impaired blood flow in affected microvasculature. This statement is given evidence by numerous experimental and clinical data which demonstrate efficacy in various indications, wuch as cerebrovascular insufficiency, senile organic brain syndrome, transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarctus, ocular and otological circulatory disorders, peripheral angiopathies of arteriosclerotic, diabetic, or inflammatory origin with intermittent claudication, leg ulcers and other disturbances. In vitro and in vivo findings disclose that the efficacy is based on hemorheological effects, such as improving local hyperviscosity, hyperaggregability of red cells or platelets, erythrocyte fluidity and hypercoagulability resulting in a better oxygenation of affected tissues.", "contents": "Pentoxifylline -- a biomedical profile. The therapeutical benefit of pentoxifylline (Trental) in vascular disorders and chronic diseases which provoke disturbances in nutritive microcirculation is reviewed. With its hemorheological activity, pentoxifylline offers a new approach to ameliorate impaired blood flow in affected microvasculature. This statement is given evidence by numerous experimental and clinical data which demonstrate efficacy in various indications, wuch as cerebrovascular insufficiency, senile organic brain syndrome, transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarctus, ocular and otological circulatory disorders, peripheral angiopathies of arteriosclerotic, diabetic, or inflammatory origin with intermittent claudication, leg ulcers and other disturbances. In vitro and in vivo findings disclose that the efficacy is based on hemorheological effects, such as improving local hyperviscosity, hyperaggregability of red cells or platelets, erythrocyte fluidity and hypercoagulability resulting in a better oxygenation of affected tissues.", "PMID": 393789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10172", "title": "Cerebrovascular circulatory disorders: new aspects of pathophysiology and therapy.", "content": "After reviewing new aspects in the pathophysiology of the poststenotic cerebral ischemia as the cause of the various syndromes of cerebrovascular disorders, therapeutic approaches are discussed. The fatal vicious cycle of the disturbances of the nutritive blood flow within the cerebral microcirculation can be interrupted by means of pentoxifylline. By amelioration of the disturbed flow properties of blood in the microcirculation due to improvement of red cell deformability and inhibition of platelet aggregation, oxygen supply is enhanced and more glucose offered. Membrane permeability and functions of the cells are normalized by the inhibitory action on edematous changes in the brain tissue and by removal of the mechanical obstacles of microcirculation. The disturbed cerebral metabolism is stimulated by enhancement of the energy-rich phosphates in the brain cells. The combined rheological, antiedematous and metabolic effects of pentoxifylline offer a complex therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular circulatory disorders: new aspects of pathophysiology and therapy. After reviewing new aspects in the pathophysiology of the poststenotic cerebral ischemia as the cause of the various syndromes of cerebrovascular disorders, therapeutic approaches are discussed. The fatal vicious cycle of the disturbances of the nutritive blood flow within the cerebral microcirculation can be interrupted by means of pentoxifylline. By amelioration of the disturbed flow properties of blood in the microcirculation due to improvement of red cell deformability and inhibition of platelet aggregation, oxygen supply is enhanced and more glucose offered. Membrane permeability and functions of the cells are normalized by the inhibitory action on edematous changes in the brain tissue and by removal of the mechanical obstacles of microcirculation. The disturbed cerebral metabolism is stimulated by enhancement of the energy-rich phosphates in the brain cells. The combined rheological, antiedematous and metabolic effects of pentoxifylline offer a complex therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 393790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10173", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies on deoxyribonuclease from mouse teratocarcinoma cells during cell differentiation.", "content": "Specific anti-DNase-I IgG have been used to detect deoxyribonuclease in teratocarcinoma cells by an indirect immunofluorescence method. All the cells studied show fluorescence staining. However, the patterns are quite different in embryonal carcinoma cells (amorphous cytoplasmic fluorescence and absence of nuclear staining) as compared to differentiated cell lines (diffuse, bright granular nuclear and fibrillar cytoplasmic fluorescence). It is possible by this method to distinguish different cell types derived from the same origin. Deoxyribonuclease from teratocarcinoma cells can therefore be considered as a marker of cell differentiation in this system.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies on deoxyribonuclease from mouse teratocarcinoma cells during cell differentiation. Specific anti-DNase-I IgG have been used to detect deoxyribonuclease in teratocarcinoma cells by an indirect immunofluorescence method. All the cells studied show fluorescence staining. However, the patterns are quite different in embryonal carcinoma cells (amorphous cytoplasmic fluorescence and absence of nuclear staining) as compared to differentiated cell lines (diffuse, bright granular nuclear and fibrillar cytoplasmic fluorescence). It is possible by this method to distinguish different cell types derived from the same origin. Deoxyribonuclease from teratocarcinoma cells can therefore be considered as a marker of cell differentiation in this system.", "PMID": 393795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10174", "title": "Mercury-induced loss of K+ from yeast cells investigated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "According to Passow & Rothstein (1960), the mercury-induced loss of K+ from yeast cells is an all-or-none effect. This hypothesis was tested by analysing individual yeast cells by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. A dual effect of mercury was observed. The cell population was split into two parts: one part consisted of cells that had suffered a (nearly) complete loss of K+- the number of these cells increased with increasing concentrations of HgCl2; the other consisted of cells that had only lost part of their K+ content--these cells showed a normal distribution around a central value that decreased with increasing concentrations of HgCl2. Our analysis shows that the effect of mercury is more complex than originally suggested and that, in addition to an all-or-none effect, a gradual loss of K+ occurs.", "contents": "Mercury-induced loss of K+ from yeast cells investigated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. According to Passow & Rothstein (1960), the mercury-induced loss of K+ from yeast cells is an all-or-none effect. This hypothesis was tested by analysing individual yeast cells by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. A dual effect of mercury was observed. The cell population was split into two parts: one part consisted of cells that had suffered a (nearly) complete loss of K+- the number of these cells increased with increasing concentrations of HgCl2; the other consisted of cells that had only lost part of their K+ content--these cells showed a normal distribution around a central value that decreased with increasing concentrations of HgCl2. Our analysis shows that the effect of mercury is more complex than originally suggested and that, in addition to an all-or-none effect, a gradual loss of K+ occurs.", "PMID": 393796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10175", "title": "Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in poultry droppings in Nigeria.", "content": "Ten species of fungi were obtained from poultry droppings in Nigeria. Six of these are true thermophiles while the other four are thermotolerant. Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Mucor pusillus Lindt and Thermoascus aurantiacus Stolk are known human pathogens. Except for M. pusillus, all the thermotolerant species had a higher occurrence at 45 degrees C while the thermophilic varieties were readily obtained at 50 degrees C.", "contents": "Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in poultry droppings in Nigeria. Ten species of fungi were obtained from poultry droppings in Nigeria. Six of these are true thermophiles while the other four are thermotolerant. Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Mucor pusillus Lindt and Thermoascus aurantiacus Stolk are known human pathogens. Except for M. pusillus, all the thermotolerant species had a higher occurrence at 45 degrees C while the thermophilic varieties were readily obtained at 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 393797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10176", "title": "Generation time statistics of Escherichia coli B measured by synchronous culture techniques.", "content": "Synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli B were produced under various environmental conditions. Analysis of the cell number data permitted the characterization of the generation time distribution for these organisms and the estimation of the mother-daughter generation time correlation coefficients. For all growth conditions, the distribution of generation times was found to be symmetrical with a coefficienoefficient was significantly negative at doubling times between 40 and 64 min. However, the results for a culture growing in succinate medium at 37 degrees C, which had a significantly greater generation time, yielded a correlation coefficient close to zero. Within the range of temperatures studied (26 to 37 degrees C), no significant effect on the correlation coefficient was observed.", "contents": "Generation time statistics of Escherichia coli B measured by synchronous culture techniques. Synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli B were produced under various environmental conditions. Analysis of the cell number data permitted the characterization of the generation time distribution for these organisms and the estimation of the mother-daughter generation time correlation coefficients. For all growth conditions, the distribution of generation times was found to be symmetrical with a coefficienoefficient was significantly negative at doubling times between 40 and 64 min. However, the results for a culture growing in succinate medium at 37 degrees C, which had a significantly greater generation time, yielded a correlation coefficient close to zero. Within the range of temperatures studied (26 to 37 degrees C), no significant effect on the correlation coefficient was observed.", "PMID": 393798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10177", "title": "Mutational consequences of exposure to ethylene oxide.", "content": "Additional restrictions on exposure to ethylene oxide, an effective and widely-used sterilant, have recently been proposed (EPA, 1978). Substantial amounts of evidence indicate that ethylene oxide is mutagenic. The data from sub-mammalian systems, including demonstrations of point and chromosomal mutations in bacterial and eukaryotic systems, and from a limited number of studies in mammalian systems are reviewed. The accumulated information, and its context of current guidelines for mutagen testing, are considered in terms of extrapolation to evaluation of potential risk to exposed humans. The available evidence does not appear sufficient to condemn ethylene oxide as a human mutagen at currently acceptable exposure levels.", "contents": "Mutational consequences of exposure to ethylene oxide. Additional restrictions on exposure to ethylene oxide, an effective and widely-used sterilant, have recently been proposed (EPA, 1978). Substantial amounts of evidence indicate that ethylene oxide is mutagenic. The data from sub-mammalian systems, including demonstrations of point and chromosomal mutations in bacterial and eukaryotic systems, and from a limited number of studies in mammalian systems are reviewed. The accumulated information, and its context of current guidelines for mutagen testing, are considered in terms of extrapolation to evaluation of potential risk to exposed humans. The available evidence does not appear sufficient to condemn ethylene oxide as a human mutagen at currently acceptable exposure levels.", "PMID": 393793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10178", "title": "Interrelation of DNA replication, specific growth rate and growth temperature in the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to cold shock.", "content": "Escherichia coli W3110 was grown in a chemostat under conditions of carbon limitation at various temperatures and specific growth rates (mu). Exponential survivor-time curves following cold osmotic shock were biphasic. These could be described by the sum of two exponential functions representing the survival of sensitive and resistant fractions of the population where the size of the sensitive fraction was directly proportional to mu. Decimal reduction times for the more resistant fraction were unaffected by mu yet decreased with increasing growth temperature. Sensitivity to cold shock was evaluated for an E. coli CR34 mutant, temperature-sensitive in initiation of DNA replication. When grown in the chemostat at the non-restrictive temperature (30 degrees C) sensitivity was directly proportional to mu. Following a rise in the incubation temperature to 42 degrees C, sensitivity decreased markedly and reached a minimum 45 to 60 min after the temperature increase. Sensitivity of the E. coli mutant grown at 30 degrees C and raised to 42 degrees C for 1 h was low and relatively unaffected by growth rate.", "contents": "Interrelation of DNA replication, specific growth rate and growth temperature in the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to cold shock. Escherichia coli W3110 was grown in a chemostat under conditions of carbon limitation at various temperatures and specific growth rates (mu). Exponential survivor-time curves following cold osmotic shock were biphasic. These could be described by the sum of two exponential functions representing the survival of sensitive and resistant fractions of the population where the size of the sensitive fraction was directly proportional to mu. Decimal reduction times for the more resistant fraction were unaffected by mu yet decreased with increasing growth temperature. Sensitivity to cold shock was evaluated for an E. coli CR34 mutant, temperature-sensitive in initiation of DNA replication. When grown in the chemostat at the non-restrictive temperature (30 degrees C) sensitivity was directly proportional to mu. Following a rise in the incubation temperature to 42 degrees C, sensitivity decreased markedly and reached a minimum 45 to 60 min after the temperature increase. Sensitivity of the E. coli mutant grown at 30 degrees C and raised to 42 degrees C for 1 h was low and relatively unaffected by growth rate.", "PMID": 393799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10179", "title": "Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli K12 with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor. Genetic studies with menaquinone and fluoroacetate-resistant mutants.", "content": "Fifteen independent menaquinone biosynthesis mutants (men) of Escherichia coli K12, selected for their inability to use fumarate as terminal electron acceptor, were investigated. Two nutritionally distinct groups were detected. The major group (13 mutants) responded to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHN), 2-succinylbenzoate (SB) and its dilactone, whereas the minor group (2 mutants) only responded to DHN. DHN was at least five times more effective than SB  but it inhibited growth at concentrations greater than 10 microM. For anaerobic growth on glucose minimal medium the auxotrophs responded to much lower concentrations of DHN and SB and these intermediates could be replaced by uracil. Anaerobic growth tests showed that glycerol, formate and H2 are good substrates for E. coli when fumarate is the ultimate electron acceptor but growth with lactate or with fumarate alone is poor. All 15 men mutations were located between glpT and purF at approximately 49 min in the E. coli linkage map. Cotransduction frequencies with relevant markers were: nalA (21%), glpT (35%) and purF (15%). The presence of at least three genetically distinct classes (menC and menD, SB-requirers; menB, DHN-requirers) was indicated using abortive transduction as a complementation test and three-factor genetic analysis. The relative orientation nalA...menC-(D,B)...purF was indicated. Fluoroacetate-resistant mutants were isolated and four different classes were identified: ack, lacking acetate kinase; pta, lacking phosphotransacetylase; facA, lacking both of these activities; and facB, which retained both of these enzyme activities. Some of the pta mutants and all of the facA mutants failed to grow on media containing fumarate as terminal electron acceptor or anaerobically on glucose minimal medium. All four types had genetic lesions clustered between the men and purF sites. Average cotransduction frequencies with relevant markers were: nalA (4%), men (27 to 35%) and purF (71 to 80%).", "contents": "Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli K12 with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor. Genetic studies with menaquinone and fluoroacetate-resistant mutants. Fifteen independent menaquinone biosynthesis mutants (men) of Escherichia coli K12, selected for their inability to use fumarate as terminal electron acceptor, were investigated. Two nutritionally distinct groups were detected. The major group (13 mutants) responded to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHN), 2-succinylbenzoate (SB) and its dilactone, whereas the minor group (2 mutants) only responded to DHN. DHN was at least five times more effective than SB  but it inhibited growth at concentrations greater than 10 microM. For anaerobic growth on glucose minimal medium the auxotrophs responded to much lower concentrations of DHN and SB and these intermediates could be replaced by uracil. Anaerobic growth tests showed that glycerol, formate and H2 are good substrates for E. coli when fumarate is the ultimate electron acceptor but growth with lactate or with fumarate alone is poor. All 15 men mutations were located between glpT and purF at approximately 49 min in the E. coli linkage map. Cotransduction frequencies with relevant markers were: nalA (21%), glpT (35%) and purF (15%). The presence of at least three genetically distinct classes (menC and menD, SB-requirers; menB, DHN-requirers) was indicated using abortive transduction as a complementation test and three-factor genetic analysis. The relative orientation nalA...menC-(D,B)...purF was indicated. Fluoroacetate-resistant mutants were isolated and four different classes were identified: ack, lacking acetate kinase; pta, lacking phosphotransacetylase; facA, lacking both of these activities; and facB, which retained both of these enzyme activities. Some of the pta mutants and all of the facA mutants failed to grow on media containing fumarate as terminal electron acceptor or anaerobically on glucose minimal medium. All four types had genetic lesions clustered between the men and purF sites. Average cotransduction frequencies with relevant markers were: nalA (4%), men (27 to 35%) and purF (71 to 80%).", "PMID": 393800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10180", "title": "Effect of R plasmid RPI on the nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli in batch culture.", "content": "The minimal nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli have been quantitatively determined in batch culture for cells with (R+) and without (R-) the R plasmid RP1. In these conditions R+ cells have a greater requirement than R- for several nutrients, particularly Mg2+, K+, Fe2+ and PO43-. The maximum growth rate in a simple salts medium was the same for R+ and R- cells. At low concentrations of phosphate, the specific growth rate of R+ cells differed from that found for R- cells. The R plasmid was stable in simple salts medium, irrespective of the nutrient ultimately depleted by growth, but, on storage, R+ cells survived for a shorter time than R- cells.", "contents": "Effect of R plasmid RPI on the nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli in batch culture. The minimal nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli have been quantitatively determined in batch culture for cells with (R+) and without (R-) the R plasmid RP1. In these conditions R+ cells have a greater requirement than R- for several nutrients, particularly Mg2+, K+, Fe2+ and PO43-. The maximum growth rate in a simple salts medium was the same for R+ and R- cells. At low concentrations of phosphate, the specific growth rate of R+ cells differed from that found for R- cells. The R plasmid was stable in simple salts medium, irrespective of the nutrient ultimately depleted by growth, but, on storage, R+ cells survived for a shorter time than R- cells.", "PMID": 393801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10181", "title": "Allele specific and locus non-specific suppressors in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ultraviolet irradiation, ethyl methanesulphonate or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide mutagenesis and an enrichment method for the isolation of auxotrophs, 25 mutants with defects in the adA locus were obtained after screening 41,376 colonies. One of these, adA24, did not complement with any of the other adA mutants, had a very high reversion rate and had some other properties which usually characterize strains carrying nonsense mutations. All revertants of adA24 carried dominant suppressor mutations. A group of adA24 suppressors was tested for allele and locus specificity. They were found to suppress only some adA alleles, and at the same time, some mutations in the methG, methH, argB and proA loci. It is proposed that the allele specific and locus non-specific adenine suppressors are suppressors of nonsense mutations.", "contents": "Allele specific and locus non-specific suppressors in Aspergillus nidulans. Using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ultraviolet irradiation, ethyl methanesulphonate or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide mutagenesis and an enrichment method for the isolation of auxotrophs, 25 mutants with defects in the adA locus were obtained after screening 41,376 colonies. One of these, adA24, did not complement with any of the other adA mutants, had a very high reversion rate and had some other properties which usually characterize strains carrying nonsense mutations. All revertants of adA24 carried dominant suppressor mutations. A group of adA24 suppressors was tested for allele and locus specificity. They were found to suppress only some adA alleles, and at the same time, some mutations in the methG, methH, argB and proA loci. It is proposed that the allele specific and locus non-specific adenine suppressors are suppressors of nonsense mutations.", "PMID": 393802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10182", "title": "Cysteine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium which grow without cysteine in a hydrogen/carbon dioxide atmosphere.", "content": "Cysteine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium mutated in cysB, cysI or cysJ grew with sulphate as a sulphur source when incubated under a hydrogen/carbon dioxide atmosphere. Yields obtained under these conditions were equivalent to those characteristic of wild-type S. typhimurium. The same mutants failed to grow with sulphate as a sulphur source when incubated aerobically. Auxotrophs mutated in cysA, cysC, cysD, cysE, cysG and cysH required cysteine for growth under both incubation conditions. The results suggest that mutations in cysB (regulation of the several cys operons) and also cysI and cysJ (sulphite reductase activity) can be circumvented during anaerobic growth under hydrogen.", "contents": "Cysteine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium which grow without cysteine in a hydrogen/carbon dioxide atmosphere. Cysteine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium mutated in cysB, cysI or cysJ grew with sulphate as a sulphur source when incubated under a hydrogen/carbon dioxide atmosphere. Yields obtained under these conditions were equivalent to those characteristic of wild-type S. typhimurium. The same mutants failed to grow with sulphate as a sulphur source when incubated aerobically. Auxotrophs mutated in cysA, cysC, cysD, cysE, cysG and cysH required cysteine for growth under both incubation conditions. The results suggest that mutations in cysB (regulation of the several cys operons) and also cysI and cysJ (sulphite reductase activity) can be circumvented during anaerobic growth under hydrogen.", "PMID": 393803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10183", "title": "Is the DNA of virus T7 methylated?", "content": "DNA modification of T7 wild type and of T7 M-mutants was studied by determining the percentage of 5-methylcytosine (5MC)/cytosine (C) and N6-aminopurine (6MA)/adenine (A) and by evaluating the plating efficiencies of restriction-sensitive T7 M-mutants on modifying and non-modifying host strains. Only 0.03% adenine and 0.02% cytosine were methylated in the DNA of T7 wild type as well as in T7 M-mutants, which was independent of the host DNA methylation (30- to 50-fold higher). The restriction of T7 M-mutants, determined from the plating efficiencies, was not altered on modifying or non-modifying hosts. These results indicate that host-specific modification is blocked during T7 development and that this is not due to the M-protein.", "contents": "Is the DNA of virus T7 methylated? DNA modification of T7 wild type and of T7 M-mutants was studied by determining the percentage of 5-methylcytosine (5MC)/cytosine (C) and N6-aminopurine (6MA)/adenine (A) and by evaluating the plating efficiencies of restriction-sensitive T7 M-mutants on modifying and non-modifying host strains. Only 0.03% adenine and 0.02% cytosine were methylated in the DNA of T7 wild type as well as in T7 M-mutants, which was independent of the host DNA methylation (30- to 50-fold higher). The restriction of T7 M-mutants, determined from the plating efficiencies, was not altered on modifying or non-modifying hosts. These results indicate that host-specific modification is blocked during T7 development and that this is not due to the M-protein.", "PMID": 393804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10184", "title": "Comparison of tricalcium phosphate and frozen allogenic bone implants in man.", "content": "As part of their treatment, eight patients with 47 infrabony pockets and horizontal bone defects had 29 tricalcium phosphate and 18 frozen allogenic bone implants placed. One year after surgery the sites were reentered. At the tricalcium phosphate implant sites the average amount of bone apposition was 1.2 mm and pocket depth induction 1.8 mm; 38% of the pockets remained deeper than 3.0 mm. At the allogenic bone sites the average amount of bone apposition was 1.5 mm and pocket depth reduction was 2.0 mm; 22% of the pockets remained deeper than 3.0 mm. The implant materials were well tolerated and there were no complications during the period of the study. Though storage and handling of tricalcium phosphate was simpler, use of allogenic bone led to greater bone apposition and reduction in pocket depth.", "contents": "Comparison of tricalcium phosphate and frozen allogenic bone implants in man. As part of their treatment, eight patients with 47 infrabony pockets and horizontal bone defects had 29 tricalcium phosphate and 18 frozen allogenic bone implants placed. One year after surgery the sites were reentered. At the tricalcium phosphate implant sites the average amount of bone apposition was 1.2 mm and pocket depth induction 1.8 mm; 38% of the pockets remained deeper than 3.0 mm. At the allogenic bone sites the average amount of bone apposition was 1.5 mm and pocket depth reduction was 2.0 mm; 22% of the pockets remained deeper than 3.0 mm. The implant materials were well tolerated and there were no complications during the period of the study. Though storage and handling of tricalcium phosphate was simpler, use of allogenic bone led to greater bone apposition and reduction in pocket depth.", "PMID": 393806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10185", "title": "A cementum-bound antigen: its reaction with serum antibody and localization, in situ.", "content": "The results which have been presented give clear evidence to the presence of an antigen(s) on the cementum of teeth exposed to a periodontal pocket, which is capable of reacting with human serum antibody. It was not possible to demonstrate human antibody reactivity against any components derived from the cementum of completely unexposed bony impacted teeth. Regardless of any speculations dealing with the character or origin of such antigens, their very presence would suggest they may have profound implications in the etiology and progression of the periodontal disease process.", "contents": "A cementum-bound antigen: its reaction with serum antibody and localization, in situ. The results which have been presented give clear evidence to the presence of an antigen(s) on the cementum of teeth exposed to a periodontal pocket, which is capable of reacting with human serum antibody. It was not possible to demonstrate human antibody reactivity against any components derived from the cementum of completely unexposed bony impacted teeth. Regardless of any speculations dealing with the character or origin of such antigens, their very presence would suggest they may have profound implications in the etiology and progression of the periodontal disease process.", "PMID": 393807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10186", "title": "[Methods available for measuring temperature (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous techniques are in use in medicine for temperature determination either from thermal conduction phenomena, or from hot body radiations. These are essentially thermometry, radiometry and thermography. During attempts to treat cancer by hyperthermia, temperature knowledge, at the level of the target volume and the adjoining parts, is essential. These deep temperature measurements are yet a problem and certainly need new sensor technologies.", "contents": "[Methods available for measuring temperature (author's transl)]. Numerous techniques are in use in medicine for temperature determination either from thermal conduction phenomena, or from hot body radiations. These are essentially thermometry, radiometry and thermography. During attempts to treat cancer by hyperthermia, temperature knowledge, at the level of the target volume and the adjoining parts, is essential. These deep temperature measurements are yet a problem and certainly need new sensor technologies.", "PMID": 393820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10187", "title": "Balint, the doctor, and the fear of being unscientific.", "content": "The current debate on the contribution of Michael Balint's work to general practice has been initiated by Sowerby's (1977) lengthy critique.Sowerby's arguments, however, depend on one particular definition of science, simplify some complex issues, and have rigid and restrictive qualities. I give some examples to illustrate this.Secondly, Sowerby's definition of the science of psychology leads to an intellectual separatism which Balint sought to reduce. The alternative diagnosis of ;depressive illness' is neither more helpful nor precise.Finally, criticisms of Balint seminars which Sowerby perceives as dangerous are challenged. I argue that Balint's approach in verifying and refuting hypotheses in the face of prospective observations and evidence was truly scientific.", "contents": "Balint, the doctor, and the fear of being unscientific. The current debate on the contribution of Michael Balint's work to general practice has been initiated by Sowerby's (1977) lengthy critique.Sowerby's arguments, however, depend on one particular definition of science, simplify some complex issues, and have rigid and restrictive qualities. I give some examples to illustrate this.Secondly, Sowerby's definition of the science of psychology leads to an intellectual separatism which Balint sought to reduce. The alternative diagnosis of ;depressive illness' is neither more helpful nor precise.Finally, criticisms of Balint seminars which Sowerby perceives as dangerous are challenged. I argue that Balint's approach in verifying and refuting hypotheses in the face of prospective observations and evidence was truly scientific.", "PMID": 393821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10188", "title": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition assay in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from control subjects were exposed to rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial membrane extracts. The number of nonadherent PBL in the presence of each extract was monitored in a test tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. Six of 7 rheumatoid synovial extracts produced significantly greater nonadherence values when RA leukocytes were used as the test cell (36 +/- 5) compared with values obtained when control leukocytes were used (-5 +/- 3). Preincubation of LAI reactive leukocytes from RA patients with the RA synovial extracts abrogated the positive response, whereas preincubation with the OA extract had no effect. These studies indicate that leukocytes from RA subjects respond to a greater degree to extracts derived from rheumatoid synovium than to extracts derived from osteoarthritic synovium and add further support to the concept that unique substances (putative neoantigens?) are present in RA synovium.", "contents": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition assay in rheumatoid arthritis. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from control subjects were exposed to rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial membrane extracts. The number of nonadherent PBL in the presence of each extract was monitored in a test tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. Six of 7 rheumatoid synovial extracts produced significantly greater nonadherence values when RA leukocytes were used as the test cell (36 +/- 5) compared with values obtained when control leukocytes were used (-5 +/- 3). Preincubation of LAI reactive leukocytes from RA patients with the RA synovial extracts abrogated the positive response, whereas preincubation with the OA extract had no effect. These studies indicate that leukocytes from RA subjects respond to a greater degree to extracts derived from rheumatoid synovium than to extracts derived from osteoarthritic synovium and add further support to the concept that unique substances (putative neoantigens?) are present in RA synovium.", "PMID": 393822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10189", "title": "Mutagenicity of halogenated and oxygenated three-carbon compounds.", "content": "Four structurally related three-carbon compounds, known for their antifertility activity in the male, and the brominated derivatives of two of these compounds were tested for mutagenic activity by the Salmonella typhimurium test of Ames et al. In the presence of strain TA-100, a base-pair substituion detector strain, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), was the most active compound tested but required enzymatic conversion by 59 microsomal preparation to an active mutagen. Three of these compounds containing an epoxide group-epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, and glycidol-were highly active direct mutagens, not requiring 59 for activation, alpha-Chlorohydrin was the least active compound tested; alpha-bromohydrin was 40 times more active than its chlorinated analog. Epibromohydrin was only slightly more active than epichlorohydrin, but both were highly active. With both of the halogenated epoxides, 59 preparation caused a substantial decrease in mutagenic activity at every concentration tested. All six compounds showed dose-related responsiveness for the base-pair substitution detector strains used. However, they were relatively inactive against the frameshift detector strain of S. typhimurium, TA-98. Glycerol, propylene glycol, and n-propanol, which are also three-carbon compounds containing one or more hydroxy groups, were inactive when trested at high concentrations with strain TA-100.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of halogenated and oxygenated three-carbon compounds. Four structurally related three-carbon compounds, known for their antifertility activity in the male, and the brominated derivatives of two of these compounds were tested for mutagenic activity by the Salmonella typhimurium test of Ames et al. In the presence of strain TA-100, a base-pair substituion detector strain, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), was the most active compound tested but required enzymatic conversion by 59 microsomal preparation to an active mutagen. Three of these compounds containing an epoxide group-epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, and glycidol-were highly active direct mutagens, not requiring 59 for activation, alpha-Chlorohydrin was the least active compound tested; alpha-bromohydrin was 40 times more active than its chlorinated analog. Epibromohydrin was only slightly more active than epichlorohydrin, but both were highly active. With both of the halogenated epoxides, 59 preparation caused a substantial decrease in mutagenic activity at every concentration tested. All six compounds showed dose-related responsiveness for the base-pair substitution detector strains used. However, they were relatively inactive against the frameshift detector strain of S. typhimurium, TA-98. Glycerol, propylene glycol, and n-propanol, which are also three-carbon compounds containing one or more hydroxy groups, were inactive when trested at high concentrations with strain TA-100.", "PMID": 393836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10190", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the larynx in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "This is a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant patient, which presented as an ulcerating pharyngeal lesion and caused death by exsanguination from carotid artery erosion. The diagnosis was established at limited necropsy on the basis of a characteristic vaso-infiltrative and atypical lymphoreticular infiltration as defined by Liebow, et al, in 1972. As far as can be ascertained, this is the second reported case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in an immunosuppressed patient and also is a presumed localized extrapulmonary form of this disorder which has recently been reported. The striking histologic similarities to midline malignant reticulosis are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the larynx in a renal transplant recipient. This is a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant patient, which presented as an ulcerating pharyngeal lesion and caused death by exsanguination from carotid artery erosion. The diagnosis was established at limited necropsy on the basis of a characteristic vaso-infiltrative and atypical lymphoreticular infiltration as defined by Liebow, et al, in 1972. As far as can be ascertained, this is the second reported case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in an immunosuppressed patient and also is a presumed localized extrapulmonary form of this disorder which has recently been reported. The striking histologic similarities to midline malignant reticulosis are discussed.", "PMID": 393839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10191", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, malarial and schistosomal antibodies in patients with massive splenomegaly in Malawi.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, malarial antibodies and schistosomal antibodies were measured in 33 patients with a provisional diagnosis of schistosomal splenomegaly, 16 with TSS of presumed malarial aetiology and in 52 controls. IgG and IgM were higher in both splenomegaly groups than in the controls and IgG was significantly higher in patients with schistosomal splenomegaly than in TSS. Although a very high IgM was found more often in the TSS group, there was no significant difference between the mean IgM levels in the two splenomegaly groups. The mean antischistosomal antibody titres were significantly higher in the schistosomal group than in those with TSS but there was no difference in the antimalarial antibody titres. These results emphasise the problems of diagnosis of gross splenomegaly in areas where schistosomiasis and malaria coexist.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, malarial and schistosomal antibodies in patients with massive splenomegaly in Malawi. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, malarial antibodies and schistosomal antibodies were measured in 33 patients with a provisional diagnosis of schistosomal splenomegaly, 16 with TSS of presumed malarial aetiology and in 52 controls. IgG and IgM were higher in both splenomegaly groups than in the controls and IgG was significantly higher in patients with schistosomal splenomegaly than in TSS. Although a very high IgM was found more often in the TSS group, there was no significant difference between the mean IgM levels in the two splenomegaly groups. The mean antischistosomal antibody titres were significantly higher in the schistosomal group than in those with TSS but there was no difference in the antimalarial antibody titres. These results emphasise the problems of diagnosis of gross splenomegaly in areas where schistosomiasis and malaria coexist.", "PMID": 393837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10192", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefuroxime (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefuroxime (CXM). The results were as follows: The sensitivity was measured by plate dilution method on 26 strains of S. aureus, 22 strains of E. coli and 24 strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from patients. The distribution of sensitivity of S. aureus was 0.78 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of E. coli was 1.56 approximately 50 micrograms/ml and the peak was 6.25 micrograms/ml. The growth of 79.2% K. pneumoniae was inhibited in concentration of less than 3.13 micrograms/ml. CXM was given intravenously for 30 minutes at a single dose of 20 mg/kg to 3 children. The serum mean levels of CXM were 99.0 +/- 10.6 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 18.0 +/- 10.7 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 7.0 +/- 2.0, 2.2 +/- 0.6, 0.79 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml at 2, 4 and 6 hours after drip infusion for 30 minutes, respectively. Mean half life was 48 minutes. The mean urinary recovery rate was 96.2% up to 8 hours after administration. CXM was effective in 9 of 10 cases of bacterial infections. No side effect was observed except for 1 case with elevation of serum transaminase.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefuroxime (author's transl)]. The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefuroxime (CXM). The results were as follows: The sensitivity was measured by plate dilution method on 26 strains of S. aureus, 22 strains of E. coli and 24 strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from patients. The distribution of sensitivity of S. aureus was 0.78 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of E. coli was 1.56 approximately 50 micrograms/ml and the peak was 6.25 micrograms/ml. The growth of 79.2% K. pneumoniae was inhibited in concentration of less than 3.13 micrograms/ml. CXM was given intravenously for 30 minutes at a single dose of 20 mg/kg to 3 children. The serum mean levels of CXM were 99.0 +/- 10.6 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 18.0 +/- 10.7 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 7.0 +/- 2.0, 2.2 +/- 0.6, 0.79 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml at 2, 4 and 6 hours after drip infusion for 30 minutes, respectively. Mean half life was 48 minutes. The mean urinary recovery rate was 96.2% up to 8 hours after administration. CXM was effective in 9 of 10 cases of bacterial infections. No side effect was observed except for 1 case with elevation of serum transaminase.", "PMID": 393845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10193", "title": "Deletion of mitochondrial genetic markers in yeast by ethidium and the photoaffinity probe, ethidium azide.", "content": "Induction of petite (cytoplasmic-respiration-deficient, rho-,rho-) mutations in yeast and deletion of mitochondrial drug-resistance genetic markers were compared after after treatment with ethidium and the corresponding photoaffinity probe, ethidium azide. Deletion of mitochondrial drug-resistance markers for chloramphenicol, erythromycin and oligomycin in these petite mutants was observed during prolonged treatment times with ethidium and with ethidium azide in the dark. A similar loss of drug-resistance markers was also observed in petites produced by photolytic treatment with the azide analogue, although the rate of loss appeared to be somewhat less. These results confirmed the usefulness of photoaffinity labeling with ethidium monoazide for studies of mitochondrial mutations.", "contents": "Deletion of mitochondrial genetic markers in yeast by ethidium and the photoaffinity probe, ethidium azide. Induction of petite (cytoplasmic-respiration-deficient, rho-,rho-) mutations in yeast and deletion of mitochondrial drug-resistance genetic markers were compared after after treatment with ethidium and the corresponding photoaffinity probe, ethidium azide. Deletion of mitochondrial drug-resistance markers for chloramphenicol, erythromycin and oligomycin in these petite mutants was observed during prolonged treatment times with ethidium and with ethidium azide in the dark. A similar loss of drug-resistance markers was also observed in petites produced by photolytic treatment with the azide analogue, although the rate of loss appeared to be somewhat less. These results confirmed the usefulness of photoaffinity labeling with ethidium monoazide for studies of mitochondrial mutations.", "PMID": 393877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10194", "title": "Quartan malarial nephrotic syndrome in children.", "content": "Quartan malarial infection causes an immune complex nephritis in some individuals, which, once established, is sustained by mechanisms not yet fully explained, but which probably involve autoimmune processes. The presenting clinical and biochemical findings of the quartan malarial nephrotic syndrome are similar to those classically described for the nephrotic syndrome in childhood, but the renal pathology seen on light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopy show striking differences and distinctive features. The disease tends to pursue a chronic course and in most patients is nonresponsive to treatment with antimalarial drugs, prednisolone, and immunosuppresive drugs. The overall prognosis is poor, with most patients developing hypertension and evidence of renal failure within 3 to 5 years of onset.", "contents": "Quartan malarial nephrotic syndrome in children. Quartan malarial infection causes an immune complex nephritis in some individuals, which, once established, is sustained by mechanisms not yet fully explained, but which probably involve autoimmune processes. The presenting clinical and biochemical findings of the quartan malarial nephrotic syndrome are similar to those classically described for the nephrotic syndrome in childhood, but the renal pathology seen on light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopy show striking differences and distinctive features. The disease tends to pursue a chronic course and in most patients is nonresponsive to treatment with antimalarial drugs, prednisolone, and immunosuppresive drugs. The overall prognosis is poor, with most patients developing hypertension and evidence of renal failure within 3 to 5 years of onset.", "PMID": 393890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10195", "title": "Pathophysiology of Tamm-Horsfall protein.", "content": "Tamm-Horsfall protein, a renal glycoprotein present in normal urine, is the primary constituent of urinary casts. Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that this protein is localized selectively along surface membranes of the thick ascending loop of Henle. In this surface membrane site, the unique aggregation and gel formation of Tamm-Horsfall protein in response to increasing concentrations of electrolytes within physiologic ranges may influence the permeability characteristics of this nephron segment. These aggregation characteristics also play a role in pathologic conditions and lead to the prolonged persistence of interstitial Tamm-Horsfall protein deposits in several tubulointerstitial diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated immunologic responses to this protein, including an immune complex tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats mediated by autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of Tamm-Horsfall protein. Tamm-Horsfall protein, a renal glycoprotein present in normal urine, is the primary constituent of urinary casts. Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that this protein is localized selectively along surface membranes of the thick ascending loop of Henle. In this surface membrane site, the unique aggregation and gel formation of Tamm-Horsfall protein in response to increasing concentrations of electrolytes within physiologic ranges may influence the permeability characteristics of this nephron segment. These aggregation characteristics also play a role in pathologic conditions and lead to the prolonged persistence of interstitial Tamm-Horsfall protein deposits in several tubulointerstitial diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated immunologic responses to this protein, including an immune complex tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats mediated by autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein.", "PMID": 393892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10196", "title": "[Keratoplasty and reconstruction of the anterior segment of the eye after severe ocular trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe ocular trauma is frequently not limited to the cornea, but affects the entire anterior segment of the eye. This requires \"reconstruction\" of the anterior segment. The procedure is long and complicated, but it is definitely justified to attempt to restore and save some vision, espeically in one-eyed patients or when both eyes have been affected by the accident.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty and reconstruction of the anterior segment of the eye after severe ocular trauma (author's transl)]. Severe ocular trauma is frequently not limited to the cornea, but affects the entire anterior segment of the eye. This requires \"reconstruction\" of the anterior segment. The procedure is long and complicated, but it is definitely justified to attempt to restore and save some vision, espeically in one-eyed patients or when both eyes have been affected by the accident.", "PMID": 393901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10197", "title": "[On the technic of dacryocystorhinostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new simplified operative technique for dacryocystorhinostomy is presented. The modifications are compared with the methods of Toti, Ohm, Dupuy-Dutemps, Kaleff and Hollwich.", "contents": "[On the technic of dacryocystorhinostomy (author's transl)]. A new simplified operative technique for dacryocystorhinostomy is presented. The modifications are compared with the methods of Toti, Ohm, Dupuy-Dutemps, Kaleff and Hollwich.", "PMID": 393903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10198", "title": "Developmental patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases in homogenates and subcellular fractions of rat liver.", "content": "Both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the two isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-I-NAD+ and ALDH-II-NAD+) were first detected in foetal rat liver about 5 days before birth. All enzymes developed gradually and showed no abrupt increases in activity. The specific activities of ALDH-I-NAD+ and ALDH-II-NAD+ in the mitochondrial fractions, ALDH-II-NAD+ in the microsomal fractions and ADH in liver homogenates all produced a major percentage of the adult activity within a month, whereas the total activities increased over a longer part of the developmental period.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases in homogenates and subcellular fractions of rat liver. Both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the two isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-I-NAD+ and ALDH-II-NAD+) were first detected in foetal rat liver about 5 days before birth. All enzymes developed gradually and showed no abrupt increases in activity. The specific activities of ALDH-I-NAD+ and ALDH-II-NAD+ in the mitochondrial fractions, ALDH-II-NAD+ in the microsomal fractions and ADH in liver homogenates all produced a major percentage of the adult activity within a month, whereas the total activities increased over a longer part of the developmental period.", "PMID": 393912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10199", "title": "The effects of the hypocholesteremic compound 3 beta-(beta-dimethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17-one on the sterol and steryl ester composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "When yeast was grown in the presence of 10(-4) M 3 beta-(beta-dimethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17-one (DMAE-DHA), the compound 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene (DOS) accumulated. Total free sterol was reduced by about 30%, whereas almost no steryl esters were found. The same drug at lower concentration (3 x 10(-6) M) caused a slight increase in steryl ester production, and a 24% reduction in free sterol content. The marked accumulation of ergostra-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3 beta-ol with 3 x 10(-6) M DMAE-DHA indicated that the C24-28 reductase is especially sensitive to the action of the drug.", "contents": "The effects of the hypocholesteremic compound 3 beta-(beta-dimethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17-one on the sterol and steryl ester composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When yeast was grown in the presence of 10(-4) M 3 beta-(beta-dimethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17-one (DMAE-DHA), the compound 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene (DOS) accumulated. Total free sterol was reduced by about 30%, whereas almost no steryl esters were found. The same drug at lower concentration (3 x 10(-6) M) caused a slight increase in steryl ester production, and a 24% reduction in free sterol content. The marked accumulation of ergostra-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3 beta-ol with 3 x 10(-6) M DMAE-DHA indicated that the C24-28 reductase is especially sensitive to the action of the drug.", "PMID": 393929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10200", "title": "[Epidemiological study of onchocerciasis and malaria in Bamendjin dam area (Cameroon). Malacologic fauna and risks of schistosomian introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of survey in Bamendjin dam area indicates that 25 p. 100 of the population have a blood smear positive for malaria (P. falciparum) and 80 p. 100 have a positive indirect immunofluorescent test for malaria. The vector is A. funestus. In male inhabitants 23,2 p. 100 of the snip-biopsies are positive for O. volvulus and 40 p. 100 of the indirect immunofluorescent test are positive. In female inhabitants the respective ratios are 14,4 p. 100 and 48,8 p. 100. There is no urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis in this area but specimens of potential vectors have been detected.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of onchocerciasis and malaria in Bamendjin dam area (Cameroon). Malacologic fauna and risks of schistosomian introduction (author's transl)]. Report of survey in Bamendjin dam area indicates that 25 p. 100 of the population have a blood smear positive for malaria (P. falciparum) and 80 p. 100 have a positive indirect immunofluorescent test for malaria. The vector is A. funestus. In male inhabitants 23,2 p. 100 of the snip-biopsies are positive for O. volvulus and 40 p. 100 of the indirect immunofluorescent test are positive. In female inhabitants the respective ratios are 14,4 p. 100 and 48,8 p. 100. There is no urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis in this area but specimens of potential vectors have been detected.", "PMID": 393936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10201", "title": "[Evaluation of two methods for detecting HBS antigen in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods of third generation are described: the inverse passive agglutination test and the immunoenzymologic method of the ELISA test. From 500 serum tests, it is suggested that ELISA test has a sensibility of 5,2 p. 100 superior to that of the inverse passive agglutination test which, in addition gives 1 p. 100 of false positive results. It must be noted that the ELISA test requires a very careful technical skill.", "contents": "[Evaluation of two methods for detecting HBS antigen in serum (author's transl)]. Two methods of third generation are described: the inverse passive agglutination test and the immunoenzymologic method of the ELISA test. From 500 serum tests, it is suggested that ELISA test has a sensibility of 5,2 p. 100 superior to that of the inverse passive agglutination test which, in addition gives 1 p. 100 of false positive results. It must be noted that the ELISA test requires a very careful technical skill.", "PMID": 393938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10202", "title": "[Immunoenzymatic diagnosis (ELISA) of human African trypanosomiasis. (A comparative study of several antigens) (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study, by ELISA, of purified exoantigen and of five crude antigenic extracts from several strains of T.b. gambiense and T.b. brucei has shown a wide range of results. The best sensitivity is obtained with virulent strains from human origin. For more accuracy, an association of such antigens would be preferable.", "contents": "[Immunoenzymatic diagnosis (ELISA) of human African trypanosomiasis. (A comparative study of several antigens) (author's transl)]. A comparative study, by ELISA, of purified exoantigen and of five crude antigenic extracts from several strains of T.b. gambiense and T.b. brucei has shown a wide range of results. The best sensitivity is obtained with virulent strains from human origin. For more accuracy, an association of such antigens would be preferable.", "PMID": 393937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10203", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the region required for maintenance of colicin E1 plasmid.", "content": "Plasmids carrying various portions of colicin E1 plasmid (ColE1) DNA have been isolated in an attempt to determine the regions of ColE1 DNA which are required for maintenance of the plasmid in bacteria. To construct the plasmids, the DNA of a ColE1 derivative that contains a gene which controls ampicillin resistance was cleaved by the restriction endonuclease HaeII. The digestion products were joined by T4 DNA ligase and then used to transform bacteria to ampicillin resistance. The plasmid derivatives obtained in this way were always composed of certain HaeII segments. These contain approximately 10% of the ColE1 genome and include the origin of replication of ColE1. We presume that the region of ColE1 which is common to all these derivatives is required for maintenance of the plasmid. After a description of these results, the nucleotide sequence of this region is presented, and possible roles of the region in plasmid replication and maintenance are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the region required for maintenance of colicin E1 plasmid. Plasmids carrying various portions of colicin E1 plasmid (ColE1) DNA have been isolated in an attempt to determine the regions of ColE1 DNA which are required for maintenance of the plasmid in bacteria. To construct the plasmids, the DNA of a ColE1 derivative that contains a gene which controls ampicillin resistance was cleaved by the restriction endonuclease HaeII. The digestion products were joined by T4 DNA ligase and then used to transform bacteria to ampicillin resistance. The plasmid derivatives obtained in this way were always composed of certain HaeII segments. These contain approximately 10% of the ColE1 genome and include the origin of replication of ColE1. We presume that the region of ColE1 which is common to all these derivatives is required for maintenance of the plasmid. After a description of these results, the nucleotide sequence of this region is presented, and possible roles of the region in plasmid replication and maintenance are discussed.", "PMID": 393952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10204", "title": "The DNA-protein relaxation complex of the plasmid RK2: location of the site-specific nick in the region of the proposed origin of transfer.", "content": "The broad jost range plasmid, RK2, has been isolated as a DNA-protein relaxation complex. Nicking of the plasmid DNA in the relaxation complex occurs at a single specific site (rlx) located approximately 20 kb away from the origin of DNA replication. A cis-acting function required for plasmid transfer, the presumptive origin of transfer, maps in the same region as rlx. The region of RK2 encompassing rlx has been cloned onto pBR322 and shown to promote mobilization of the hybrid plasmid by an RK2 derivative. These results indicate that the RK2 relaxation complex nicks at or near the origin of transfer of the RK2 plasmid.", "contents": "The DNA-protein relaxation complex of the plasmid RK2: location of the site-specific nick in the region of the proposed origin of transfer. The broad jost range plasmid, RK2, has been isolated as a DNA-protein relaxation complex. Nicking of the plasmid DNA in the relaxation complex occurs at a single specific site (rlx) located approximately 20 kb away from the origin of DNA replication. A cis-acting function required for plasmid transfer, the presumptive origin of transfer, maps in the same region as rlx. The region of RK2 encompassing rlx has been cloned onto pBR322 and shown to promote mobilization of the hybrid plasmid by an RK2 derivative. These results indicate that the RK2 relaxation complex nicks at or near the origin of transfer of the RK2 plasmid.", "PMID": 393953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10205", "title": "Some properties of the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9.", "content": "We have isolated variants of the plasmid RTF which have received the transposon Tn9 from bacteriophage P1Cm. We have shown by the formation of heteroduplex molecules between one RTF:Tn9 derivative and R100.1 that Tn9 is homologous to the r-determinant region of R100.1 which carries the determinants for chloramphenicol resistance. This suggests that Tn9 was derived from an r-det like structure by deletion, possibly mediated by one of the flanking IS1 elements. In spite of the similarity in structure between Tn9 and r-det however, we have demonstrated two distinct differences in the behavior of these two elements: 1) Tn9 but not r-det, is able to amplify, by a recA dependent mechanism, when cells harboring RTF::Tn9 are grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, and 2) Tn9, unlike r-det, does not form extrachromosomal circular molecules when RTF::Tn9 is tegrated into the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Some properties of the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9. We have isolated variants of the plasmid RTF which have received the transposon Tn9 from bacteriophage P1Cm. We have shown by the formation of heteroduplex molecules between one RTF:Tn9 derivative and R100.1 that Tn9 is homologous to the r-determinant region of R100.1 which carries the determinants for chloramphenicol resistance. This suggests that Tn9 was derived from an r-det like structure by deletion, possibly mediated by one of the flanking IS1 elements. In spite of the similarity in structure between Tn9 and r-det however, we have demonstrated two distinct differences in the behavior of these two elements: 1) Tn9 but not r-det, is able to amplify, by a recA dependent mechanism, when cells harboring RTF::Tn9 are grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, and 2) Tn9, unlike r-det, does not form extrachromosomal circular molecules when RTF::Tn9 is tegrated into the bacterial chromosome.", "PMID": 393954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10206", "title": "IS2-61 and IS2-611 arise by illegitimate recombination from IS2-6.", "content": "A more stable derivative of IS2-6 has been isolated, which had lost 54 bp of the 108 bp long insert characteristic of IS2-6. This new allele of IS2, IS2-61, segregates the remaining 54 bp to yield allele IS2-611. DNA sequence analysis shows that the segregation products of IS2-6 arise by recA-independent, illegitimate recombination at 9 bp long direct sequence repetitions.", "contents": "IS2-61 and IS2-611 arise by illegitimate recombination from IS2-6. A more stable derivative of IS2-6 has been isolated, which had lost 54 bp of the 108 bp long insert characteristic of IS2-6. This new allele of IS2, IS2-61, segregates the remaining 54 bp to yield allele IS2-611. DNA sequence analysis shows that the segregation products of IS2-6 arise by recA-independent, illegitimate recombination at 9 bp long direct sequence repetitions.", "PMID": 393955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10207", "title": "DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis. VI. Plasmid (R46-) mediated recovery and UV mutagenesis.", "content": "The expression of plasmid R46-mediated recovery and mutagenic function (s) was studied in P. mirabilis, which is normally either weakly or non-mutable after UV exposure. The plasmid was found to confer on P. mirabilis enhanced UV resistance as well as UV-induced mutability for various types of forward mutations and reversion of the thr273 mutation. The plasmid enhanced survival of UV-irradiated phages in P. mirabilis both in unirradiated host cells and with increased efficiency after UV-exposure of host cells, as is characteristic of UV-inducible phage reactivation. Spontaneous mutability of P. mirabilis harboring R46 was about 2 to 7 times higher than that of cells without plasmid, depending on the marker, repair type, and plating density of the cells used. All of these R46-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions require the rec672 + gene function. It is assumed that the plasmid R46 adds functions to P. mirabilis comparable to those deficient in umuC and uvm mutants of E. coli (Kato and Shinoura, 1977; Steinborn, 1978) and that P. mirabilis possesses functions homologous to those controlled in E. coli by the recA + and lexA + genes. The significance of plasmid-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions for bacteria which lack the misrepair branch of mutagenesis, is discussed.", "contents": "DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis. VI. Plasmid (R46-) mediated recovery and UV mutagenesis. The expression of plasmid R46-mediated recovery and mutagenic function (s) was studied in P. mirabilis, which is normally either weakly or non-mutable after UV exposure. The plasmid was found to confer on P. mirabilis enhanced UV resistance as well as UV-induced mutability for various types of forward mutations and reversion of the thr273 mutation. The plasmid enhanced survival of UV-irradiated phages in P. mirabilis both in unirradiated host cells and with increased efficiency after UV-exposure of host cells, as is characteristic of UV-inducible phage reactivation. Spontaneous mutability of P. mirabilis harboring R46 was about 2 to 7 times higher than that of cells without plasmid, depending on the marker, repair type, and plating density of the cells used. All of these R46-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions require the rec672 + gene function. It is assumed that the plasmid R46 adds functions to P. mirabilis comparable to those deficient in umuC and uvm mutants of E. coli (Kato and Shinoura, 1977; Steinborn, 1978) and that P. mirabilis possesses functions homologous to those controlled in E. coli by the recA + and lexA + genes. The significance of plasmid-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions for bacteria which lack the misrepair branch of mutagenesis, is discussed.", "PMID": 393956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10208", "title": "Lipid composition and polyene antibiotic sensitivity in isolates of Candida albicans.", "content": "When Candida albicans cells were grown on hydroquinone (Hy cells) or ascorbic acid (As cells) supplemented media, they exhibited a 26% rise and 16% drop in ergosterol content, respectively. C. albicans cells manifested a gradual increase in total lipid levels, when they were grown on n-alkanes of different chain lengths. The magnitude of the nystatin effect (in terms of proline uptake and K+ efflux) was more pronounced in cells having more ergosterol (Hy cells) compared with the cells having low levels of ergosterol (As cells), suggesting a correlation between nystatin sensitivity and ergosterol content of the C. albicans cells. However, such correlation could not be demonstrated in alkane grown cells where levels of different lipids were variable. Results demonstrated that several other lipids besides sterol may also influence the polyene antibiotic sensitivity in C. albicans cells.", "contents": "Lipid composition and polyene antibiotic sensitivity in isolates of Candida albicans. When Candida albicans cells were grown on hydroquinone (Hy cells) or ascorbic acid (As cells) supplemented media, they exhibited a 26% rise and 16% drop in ergosterol content, respectively. C. albicans cells manifested a gradual increase in total lipid levels, when they were grown on n-alkanes of different chain lengths. The magnitude of the nystatin effect (in terms of proline uptake and K+ efflux) was more pronounced in cells having more ergosterol (Hy cells) compared with the cells having low levels of ergosterol (As cells), suggesting a correlation between nystatin sensitivity and ergosterol content of the C. albicans cells. However, such correlation could not be demonstrated in alkane grown cells where levels of different lipids were variable. Results demonstrated that several other lipids besides sterol may also influence the polyene antibiotic sensitivity in C. albicans cells.", "PMID": 393957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10209", "title": "Environmental factors influencing nitrate respiration in Escherichia coli K12 and Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "The nitrate respiratory systems of both the facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli K12 strain W3350 and the aerobe Rhizobium trifolii strain T1 are regulated in a similar manner by a complex set of interactions involving H2, N2, CO2, glucose and nitrate. In addition, the nitrate respiratory system of strain T1 can be regulated by chlorate. A possible mechanism is presented to illustrate how these complex interactions might take place.", "contents": "Environmental factors influencing nitrate respiration in Escherichia coli K12 and Rhizobium trifolii. The nitrate respiratory systems of both the facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli K12 strain W3350 and the aerobe Rhizobium trifolii strain T1 are regulated in a similar manner by a complex set of interactions involving H2, N2, CO2, glucose and nitrate. In addition, the nitrate respiratory system of strain T1 can be regulated by chlorate. A possible mechanism is presented to illustrate how these complex interactions might take place.", "PMID": 393958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10210", "title": "A modification of the polyethylene glycol technique for the purification of small quantities of tobacco mosaic virus.", "content": "An adaptation of the polyethylene glycol method for the purification of tobacco mosaic virus (sunnhemp strain) from small (2 g) samples of French bean lamina is described. The virus can be precipitated from 1-2 ml of clarified sap by the addition of an equal volume of 8% polyethylene glycol 6000 (w/v) (PEG), and pelleted by centrifugation for 10 min at 1,8000 x g. Details are given of tests which establish that the purity and quality of the virus obtained by the small-scale method are as good as those achieved by the established large-scale method. Even with very low virus titres, the small-scale method effectively precipitates total tobacco mosaic virus nucleoprotein without substantial loss of infectivity. The results are reproducible and in a relatively short time it is possible to purify the virus from large numbers of replicate samples.", "contents": "A modification of the polyethylene glycol technique for the purification of small quantities of tobacco mosaic virus. An adaptation of the polyethylene glycol method for the purification of tobacco mosaic virus (sunnhemp strain) from small (2 g) samples of French bean lamina is described. The virus can be precipitated from 1-2 ml of clarified sap by the addition of an equal volume of 8% polyethylene glycol 6000 (w/v) (PEG), and pelleted by centrifugation for 10 min at 1,8000 x g. Details are given of tests which establish that the purity and quality of the virus obtained by the small-scale method are as good as those achieved by the established large-scale method. Even with very low virus titres, the small-scale method effectively precipitates total tobacco mosaic virus nucleoprotein without substantial loss of infectivity. The results are reproducible and in a relatively short time it is possible to purify the virus from large numbers of replicate samples.", "PMID": 393959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10211", "title": "Growth and survival studies of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the growth of members of five genera of yeasts was studied in one glucose-containing and two glucose-free media. The maximum growth rate was seen in the glucose-containing medium, and the minimum growth was in either of the two glucose-free media depending upon the organism. Data obtained by optical density measurements was supported by total cell counts. The highest survival at the restrictive temperatures was within 5 degrees C of the optimum temperature for a particular organism. Among the temperatures other than the optimum, the highest growth rate and cell yield was obtained at a temperature 5 degrees C below or above the optimum.", "contents": "Growth and survival studies of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts. The effect of temperature on the growth of members of five genera of yeasts was studied in one glucose-containing and two glucose-free media. The maximum growth rate was seen in the glucose-containing medium, and the minimum growth was in either of the two glucose-free media depending upon the organism. Data obtained by optical density measurements was supported by total cell counts. The highest survival at the restrictive temperatures was within 5 degrees C of the optimum temperature for a particular organism. Among the temperatures other than the optimum, the highest growth rate and cell yield was obtained at a temperature 5 degrees C below or above the optimum.", "PMID": 393960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10212", "title": "Purification and properties of a protein surface antigen of Streptococcus mutants.", "content": "A protein, designated antigen III, was extracted from cells and culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans serotype c, and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by chromatography on anion-exchanged and gel filtration columns. Monospecific antisera were raised by injecting purified antigen III in rabbits. Antigen III prepared from cells and supernatants appeared identical by reaction with antisera and were of similar chemical composition and physico-chemical properties. Antigen III was resistant to most proteolytic enzymes, but pepsin digestion decreased its molecular weight from 44,000 to 24,000 without destroying antigenic activity. Immunofluorescence showed that antigen III was located at or near the cell surface of S. mutans serotypes b, c, e and f.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a protein surface antigen of Streptococcus mutants. A protein, designated antigen III, was extracted from cells and culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans serotype c, and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by chromatography on anion-exchanged and gel filtration columns. Monospecific antisera were raised by injecting purified antigen III in rabbits. Antigen III prepared from cells and supernatants appeared identical by reaction with antisera and were of similar chemical composition and physico-chemical properties. Antigen III was resistant to most proteolytic enzymes, but pepsin digestion decreased its molecular weight from 44,000 to 24,000 without destroying antigenic activity. Immunofluorescence showed that antigen III was located at or near the cell surface of S. mutans serotypes b, c, e and f.", "PMID": 393961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10213", "title": "[A modification of microglia impregnation (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the Weil and Davenport (1933) silver carbonate method for microglia impregnation is described. Formalin-dextran-CaCl2 solution was used as a fixation solution. The technique is simple, reproducible and improved. The staining method includes the demonstration of as well resting as progressive microglia.", "contents": "[A modification of microglia impregnation (author's transl)]. A modification of the Weil and Davenport (1933) silver carbonate method for microglia impregnation is described. Formalin-dextran-CaCl2 solution was used as a fixation solution. The technique is simple, reproducible and improved. The staining method includes the demonstration of as well resting as progressive microglia.", "PMID": 393962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10214", "title": "Identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from hospitalized children in Baghdad.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty four hospitalized children in Baghdad aged between 1 month and 10 years were examined for Streptococcal infections. Thirty-four percent of the throat and saliva specimens were positive for beta-hemolytic streptococci. Males were more susceptible to infection with group A streptococci than females. Streptococcus of group A was isolated from 39.5% of the positive cases while group G was 47.4%. The etiological significance of the latter group in tonsillitis and otitis media is to be further investigated. Ninety six percent of the isolated streptococci were T typable and 13.3% of the strains were M typable. A high frequency of type T-11 was found in streptococcal infections. T type 3875 was found to be a new provisional type. All isolates were M untypable, and antiopacity factor negative except for two isolates of T type 4 which were positive in both typings.", "contents": "Identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from hospitalized children in Baghdad. Two hundred and twenty four hospitalized children in Baghdad aged between 1 month and 10 years were examined for Streptococcal infections. Thirty-four percent of the throat and saliva specimens were positive for beta-hemolytic streptococci. Males were more susceptible to infection with group A streptococci than females. Streptococcus of group A was isolated from 39.5% of the positive cases while group G was 47.4%. The etiological significance of the latter group in tonsillitis and otitis media is to be further investigated. Ninety six percent of the isolated streptococci were T typable and 13.3% of the strains were M typable. A high frequency of type T-11 was found in streptococcal infections. T type 3875 was found to be a new provisional type. All isolates were M untypable, and antiopacity factor negative except for two isolates of T type 4 which were positive in both typings.", "PMID": 393963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10215", "title": "\"Pseudolysogenization\" by RNA phage Q beta.", "content": "We isolated fairly stable lysogenic-like bacteria from a lysogenic state established between an amber mutant for the maturation protein gene of RNA phage Q beta (Q beta am 205) and its nonpermissive host BE110. These bacteria contained few mature phages intracellularly (less than 10(-3) plaque forming unit per cell), continued to grow with a potentiality to produce Q beta am 205 spontaneously, and showed an immunity-like response against homologous phage infection. These characteristics were maintained by growth in liquid medium containing anti-Q beta serum. We designated these cells as pseudolysogenic bacteria. The relative amounts of RNA genomes in these pseudolysogenic cells (about 10(2) infectious RNA strands per cell) indicated that the RNA genomes could replicate in nonpermissive cells and be distributed in daughter cells synchronizing well with cell division.", "contents": "\"Pseudolysogenization\" by RNA phage Q beta. We isolated fairly stable lysogenic-like bacteria from a lysogenic state established between an amber mutant for the maturation protein gene of RNA phage Q beta (Q beta am 205) and its nonpermissive host BE110. These bacteria contained few mature phages intracellularly (less than 10(-3) plaque forming unit per cell), continued to grow with a potentiality to produce Q beta am 205 spontaneously, and showed an immunity-like response against homologous phage infection. These characteristics were maintained by growth in liquid medium containing anti-Q beta serum. We designated these cells as pseudolysogenic bacteria. The relative amounts of RNA genomes in these pseudolysogenic cells (about 10(2) infectious RNA strands per cell) indicated that the RNA genomes could replicate in nonpermissive cells and be distributed in daughter cells synchronizing well with cell division.", "PMID": 393964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10216", "title": "Local production of antisperm antibodies in infertile women.", "content": "The presence and significance of locally produced antisperm antibody in 20 well-documented infertile patients has been investigated. Sera and vaginal washings both from patients and from fertile controls were examined for antisperm antibody by means of four methods. Antisperm antibody was detected in 25% of the washings taken from infertile patients, but in none of those from fertile women. Detection of antibody by the microimmobilization technique discriminated best between infertile and fertile women both in serum (P=0.0166) and in washings (P=0.0166). The results of this study support the concept that locally produced antisperm antibody contributes to conception failure in a subgroup of infertile women, and that the routine study both of sera and of vaginal washings of infertile patients has practical value.", "contents": "Local production of antisperm antibodies in infertile women. The presence and significance of locally produced antisperm antibody in 20 well-documented infertile patients has been investigated. Sera and vaginal washings both from patients and from fertile controls were examined for antisperm antibody by means of four methods. Antisperm antibody was detected in 25% of the washings taken from infertile patients, but in none of those from fertile women. Detection of antibody by the microimmobilization technique discriminated best between infertile and fertile women both in serum (P=0.0166) and in washings (P=0.0166). The results of this study support the concept that locally produced antisperm antibody contributes to conception failure in a subgroup of infertile women, and that the routine study both of sera and of vaginal washings of infertile patients has practical value.", "PMID": 393975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10217", "title": "[Isolation of the intracellular lipase of Serratia marcescens].", "content": "Various methods have been tested in order to isolate endolipase from the cells of Serratia marcescens 345: cell disintegration by ultrasound and French press as well as incubation of the cellular suspension with sodium salts of bile acids. The combined effect of ultrasound and these salts on the cellular suspension of S. marcescens 345 was also studied. The highest lipolytic activity was found in the supernatant obtained upon incubation of the cells with sodium cholate at a concentration of 0.8% for 30 min.", "contents": "[Isolation of the intracellular lipase of Serratia marcescens]. Various methods have been tested in order to isolate endolipase from the cells of Serratia marcescens 345: cell disintegration by ultrasound and French press as well as incubation of the cellular suspension with sodium salts of bile acids. The combined effect of ultrasound and these salts on the cellular suspension of S. marcescens 345 was also studied. The highest lipolytic activity was found in the supernatant obtained upon incubation of the cells with sodium cholate at a concentration of 0.8% for 30 min.", "PMID": 393974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10218", "title": "[Search for life on Mars].", "content": "The paper presents the data about the catalytic activity of several minerals from the Martian ground and of some laboratory analogues of the planet ground. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain unambigious data about life on Mars by using such methodological approaches which are based on biological principles of the determination of living matter. Microbiological methods for detection of extraterrestrial life should be preferred in future over biogeochemical methods which were used by the Viking stations.", "contents": "[Search for life on Mars]. The paper presents the data about the catalytic activity of several minerals from the Martian ground and of some laboratory analogues of the planet ground. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain unambigious data about life on Mars by using such methodological approaches which are based on biological principles of the determination of living matter. Microbiological methods for detection of extraterrestrial life should be preferred in future over biogeochemical methods which were used by the Viking stations.", "PMID": 393972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10219", "title": "Evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.", "content": "A number of techniques is used for the serological diagnosis of hydatid disease; however previous investigations suggest variable degrees or reliability for each test. This study reports an evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three commonly used serological tests for hydatid disease; complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination (HA) and the fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques. The results of these serological tests are compared in a series of specimens from 116 hospital patients, 21 of whom were confirmed surgically as having hydatid disease. A similar high degree of sensitivity was found for each of the three serological tests examined. The CF and HA tests gave negative results in two patients with confirmed hydatid disease, and the result of the FA test was negative in only one patient. The HA test was the most specific with no false positive reactions, but only two false positive reactions occurred with the FA test. The CF test was the least specific as the reaction was positive in nine patients without hydatid disease. When the results of both FA and HA tests were considered together, all 21 cases of hydatid disease were detected and false positive reactions occurred in only two patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease. A number of techniques is used for the serological diagnosis of hydatid disease; however previous investigations suggest variable degrees or reliability for each test. This study reports an evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three commonly used serological tests for hydatid disease; complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination (HA) and the fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques. The results of these serological tests are compared in a series of specimens from 116 hospital patients, 21 of whom were confirmed surgically as having hydatid disease. A similar high degree of sensitivity was found for each of the three serological tests examined. The CF and HA tests gave negative results in two patients with confirmed hydatid disease, and the result of the FA test was negative in only one patient. The HA test was the most specific with no false positive reactions, but only two false positive reactions occurred with the FA test. The CF test was the least specific as the reaction was positive in nine patients without hydatid disease. When the results of both FA and HA tests were considered together, all 21 cases of hydatid disease were detected and false positive reactions occurred in only two patients.", "PMID": 393984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10220", "title": "The biochemistry and in vitro activity of soluble factors of activated lymphocytes.", "content": "Activated lymphocytes release numerous products which are either synthesized de novo or in increased amounts; some of these products play a role in the regulation of the immune response and are designated as mediators of cellular immune reactions or lymphokines. The first lymphokine described was the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which has been studied most extensively with regard to its chemical and biological properties. Using sensitive radiolabelling techniques and an antiserum against highly purified fractions of MIF we were able to identify several products of activated guinea pig lymphocytes with different molecular weights of 15.000, 30.000, 45.000, 60.000 which all had an isoelectric point of 5.2 and were all inhibitory to macrophage migration. It is suggested, that these molecules are oligomers of a common subunit of molecular weight 15.000. It was further shown, that molecules of the same physical-chemical and serological characteristics are produced by activated B-cells, L2C leukemia cells and growing fibroblasts, thus further substantiating earlier reports on the production of MIF by lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. The described molecules were also shown not to contain determinants of the major histocompatibility complex and to be distinct from lymphotoxin, another lymphocyte activation product. It is concluded, that MIF is not a single molecule but rather a system of structurally related molecules. Their interaction with macrophages and possible relationships to macrophage activating factor is discussed.", "contents": "The biochemistry and in vitro activity of soluble factors of activated lymphocytes. Activated lymphocytes release numerous products which are either synthesized de novo or in increased amounts; some of these products play a role in the regulation of the immune response and are designated as mediators of cellular immune reactions or lymphokines. The first lymphokine described was the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which has been studied most extensively with regard to its chemical and biological properties. Using sensitive radiolabelling techniques and an antiserum against highly purified fractions of MIF we were able to identify several products of activated guinea pig lymphocytes with different molecular weights of 15.000, 30.000, 45.000, 60.000 which all had an isoelectric point of 5.2 and were all inhibitory to macrophage migration. It is suggested, that these molecules are oligomers of a common subunit of molecular weight 15.000. It was further shown, that molecules of the same physical-chemical and serological characteristics are produced by activated B-cells, L2C leukemia cells and growing fibroblasts, thus further substantiating earlier reports on the production of MIF by lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. The described molecules were also shown not to contain determinants of the major histocompatibility complex and to be distinct from lymphotoxin, another lymphocyte activation product. It is concluded, that MIF is not a single molecule but rather a system of structurally related molecules. Their interaction with macrophages and possible relationships to macrophage activating factor is discussed.", "PMID": 393992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10221", "title": "Fatty acid alpha-hydroxylation and its relation to myelination.", "content": "alpha-Hydroxylation is an enzymatic reaction by which long-chain fatty acids are converted to their alpha-hydroxy derivatives. This reaction, in animals, can be detected only in developing brain and is the rate-determining step in the synthesis of hydroxycerebroside, which is an indispensable and abundant myelin lipid. In addition to a particulate fraction from brain, two cytoplasmic factors, one heat-stable and the other heat-labile, are required for alpha-hydroxylation. During the past eight years we have been investigating alpha-hydroxylation. Our progress is summarized and discussed here.", "contents": "Fatty acid alpha-hydroxylation and its relation to myelination. alpha-Hydroxylation is an enzymatic reaction by which long-chain fatty acids are converted to their alpha-hydroxy derivatives. This reaction, in animals, can be detected only in developing brain and is the rate-determining step in the synthesis of hydroxycerebroside, which is an indispensable and abundant myelin lipid. In addition to a particulate fraction from brain, two cytoplasmic factors, one heat-stable and the other heat-labile, are required for alpha-hydroxylation. During the past eight years we have been investigating alpha-hydroxylation. Our progress is summarized and discussed here.", "PMID": 393993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10222", "title": "[Nuclear antigens in tumorous and non-tumorous tissues].", "content": "The observations suggest that the cells of the human malignomas contain such protein or proteins which keep their specific antigenic characteristics even under isolation techniques. These characteristics have been directly due to the nucleus of the malignant cell, and had remained also under the cell-culture process. The nuclear antigen and specific antibody technique described in this paper seem to be suitable as an immunofluorescent method in the immunodiagnostics of the human tumors, furthermore provide valuable data in the clarification of the problem of human tumors.", "contents": "[Nuclear antigens in tumorous and non-tumorous tissues]. The observations suggest that the cells of the human malignomas contain such protein or proteins which keep their specific antigenic characteristics even under isolation techniques. These characteristics have been directly due to the nucleus of the malignant cell, and had remained also under the cell-culture process. The nuclear antigen and specific antibody technique described in this paper seem to be suitable as an immunofluorescent method in the immunodiagnostics of the human tumors, furthermore provide valuable data in the clarification of the problem of human tumors.", "PMID": 393996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10223", "title": "Immunization of mice with an avirulent pseudohyphal form of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Mice were immunized with a viable, avirulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lymphocyte blastogenic assays showed a 10-fold increase in reactivity of sensitized spleen cells, and histopathologic examination revealed marked splenic hyperplasia. Thirty-two days after intravenous inoculation with a virulent strain of C. neoformans, none of the control animals survived whereas 60 percent of the immunized mice were alive with no clinical evidence of disease. This animal model shows that protective immunity can be established, and once developed, provide a better model for the study of important aspects of immunity in fungal disease.", "contents": "Immunization of mice with an avirulent pseudohyphal form of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mice were immunized with a viable, avirulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lymphocyte blastogenic assays showed a 10-fold increase in reactivity of sensitized spleen cells, and histopathologic examination revealed marked splenic hyperplasia. Thirty-two days after intravenous inoculation with a virulent strain of C. neoformans, none of the control animals survived whereas 60 percent of the immunized mice were alive with no clinical evidence of disease. This animal model shows that protective immunity can be established, and once developed, provide a better model for the study of important aspects of immunity in fungal disease.", "PMID": 394001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10224", "title": "Cytochemical and biochemical identification of lysosomes in Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Normaski optics, fluorescence and electron microscopy were employed to demonstrate the occurrence of lysosomes in capsulated, enztmatically decapsulated, and dewalled cells of a human isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. Fluorescent studies, using acridine orange as a lysosomal indicator, revealed the presence of variously sized, spherical, reddish-orange fluorescing bodies. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated the presence of acid phosphatase (AP), a lysosome marker enzyme, in single-membrane bound organelles. Lysosomes were removed from dewalled cells and separated by differential centrifugation on ficoll gradients. That fraction indicating the highest assay for AP was centrifuged at high speed, and the resulting pellet was fixed for electron microscopy and stained by the Gomori procedure for AP. Sections of the pellets revealed AP stained vesicles of the same size range as those within intact cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical and biochemical identification of lysosomes in Cryptococcus neoformans. Normaski optics, fluorescence and electron microscopy were employed to demonstrate the occurrence of lysosomes in capsulated, enztmatically decapsulated, and dewalled cells of a human isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. Fluorescent studies, using acridine orange as a lysosomal indicator, revealed the presence of variously sized, spherical, reddish-orange fluorescing bodies. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated the presence of acid phosphatase (AP), a lysosome marker enzyme, in single-membrane bound organelles. Lysosomes were removed from dewalled cells and separated by differential centrifugation on ficoll gradients. That fraction indicating the highest assay for AP was centrifuged at high speed, and the resulting pellet was fixed for electron microscopy and stained by the Gomori procedure for AP. Sections of the pellets revealed AP stained vesicles of the same size range as those within intact cells.", "PMID": 394002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10225", "title": "[Daily and weekly variations in the yeast-digestive flora of a female of giant panda (author's transl)].", "content": "Since its arrival at the Paris's zoological Park, the yeasts of the flora digestive tract of a young female of Giant Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, was daily, then weekly studied. Were noted: the diet in captivity, the number of isolates in primary-cultures, the morpho-physiological differences between strains of a same species and the maximal temperature for growth of all the fungi. Were also approached, for the analysis, some data on the yeast-flora of other captive mammals and on the yeast species of the habitat. Short time colonization recorded seems the result of a difficulty of adaptation, even for C. albicans, to the digestive tract of that animal. The majority of the yeasts identified are transient microorganisms of alimentary, aquatic or aerial origin.", "contents": "[Daily and weekly variations in the yeast-digestive flora of a female of giant panda (author's transl)]. Since its arrival at the Paris's zoological Park, the yeasts of the flora digestive tract of a young female of Giant Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, was daily, then weekly studied. Were noted: the diet in captivity, the number of isolates in primary-cultures, the morpho-physiological differences between strains of a same species and the maximal temperature for growth of all the fungi. Were also approached, for the analysis, some data on the yeast-flora of other captive mammals and on the yeast species of the habitat. Short time colonization recorded seems the result of a difficulty of adaptation, even for C. albicans, to the digestive tract of that animal. The majority of the yeasts identified are transient microorganisms of alimentary, aquatic or aerial origin.", "PMID": 394003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10226", "title": "Correlation of extracts obtained by high efficiency gel chromatography of lactic dehydrogenase virus infected mouse serum and cytosol from human tumors using leukocyte adherence inhibition assay.", "content": "Immunochemically active fractions were obtained using Separon Hema-300-glc(R) from serum of lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) infected mice and from homogenates of human tumors. The mixture of proteins of tumorous origin from the cytosol giving a positive reaction in the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was found in the same fractions showing maximum of absorbance at 340 nm in the spectrophotometer and a corresponding peak in the refractometer. Analogous peaks were not proved in material obtained from healthy controls, but they were found in some human placentas and fetal organs. The LDV fraction obtained from mouse serum served as a \"control\" antigen in LAI test for human tumor testing, and results corresponded with those obtained using cytosol specific for the tumor under study.", "contents": "Correlation of extracts obtained by high efficiency gel chromatography of lactic dehydrogenase virus infected mouse serum and cytosol from human tumors using leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. Immunochemically active fractions were obtained using Separon Hema-300-glc(R) from serum of lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) infected mice and from homogenates of human tumors. The mixture of proteins of tumorous origin from the cytosol giving a positive reaction in the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was found in the same fractions showing maximum of absorbance at 340 nm in the spectrophotometer and a corresponding peak in the refractometer. Analogous peaks were not proved in material obtained from healthy controls, but they were found in some human placentas and fetal organs. The LDV fraction obtained from mouse serum served as a \"control\" antigen in LAI test for human tumor testing, and results corresponded with those obtained using cytosol specific for the tumor under study.", "PMID": 394008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10227", "title": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoi of rats with Yoshida ascitic sarcoma and the effect of endotoxin.", "content": "Nucleoli of lymphocytes were studied in the peripheral blood of male Wistar rats bearing Yoshida ascitic tumor untreated and treated with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Both the neoplastic process and the endotoxin produced an increase of peripheral lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli in number. The treatment of experimental animals bearing the tumor with the endotoxin decreased their mortality and enhanced the increase of the lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli in their peripheral blood.", "contents": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoi of rats with Yoshida ascitic sarcoma and the effect of endotoxin. Nucleoli of lymphocytes were studied in the peripheral blood of male Wistar rats bearing Yoshida ascitic tumor untreated and treated with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Both the neoplastic process and the endotoxin produced an increase of peripheral lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli in number. The treatment of experimental animals bearing the tumor with the endotoxin decreased their mortality and enhanced the increase of the lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli in their peripheral blood.", "PMID": 394009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10228", "title": "Detection of specific immunoreactivity by LAI assay in patients with malignant melanoma of uveal tissue.", "content": "To monitor the specific antitumor immunity to patients with malignant melanoma of the uveal tissue, use was made of the 20-hr modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test. Simultaneously, changes in the proportionally of T (total and active) and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood were followed in the same patients by the E and EAC rosette formation test. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea, cultured in vitro for 20 hr with syngeneic and allogeneic tumor extract showed a significantly lower adhering capacity than the same cell population cultured without the specific tumor extract (21/22). A retest 3 months after tumor removal showed the percentage of positive cases to have declined (11/19). Leukocyte adherence of control donors, cultured with and without the tumor extract remained unchanged. A follow-up of immunocompetence in patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea, based on proportionally changes of total T, \"active\" T and B lymphocytes yielded information of an orienting value only. The results of investigation of the various cases proved to be considerably divergent and failed to present a reliable picture of the patient's immunological status.", "contents": "Detection of specific immunoreactivity by LAI assay in patients with malignant melanoma of uveal tissue. To monitor the specific antitumor immunity to patients with malignant melanoma of the uveal tissue, use was made of the 20-hr modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test. Simultaneously, changes in the proportionally of T (total and active) and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood were followed in the same patients by the E and EAC rosette formation test. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea, cultured in vitro for 20 hr with syngeneic and allogeneic tumor extract showed a significantly lower adhering capacity than the same cell population cultured without the specific tumor extract (21/22). A retest 3 months after tumor removal showed the percentage of positive cases to have declined (11/19). Leukocyte adherence of control donors, cultured with and without the tumor extract remained unchanged. A follow-up of immunocompetence in patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea, based on proportionally changes of total T, \"active\" T and B lymphocytes yielded information of an orienting value only. The results of investigation of the various cases proved to be considerably divergent and failed to present a reliable picture of the patient's immunological status.", "PMID": 394010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10229", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in lymph nodes and spleen of patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymphocyte surface markers of 100 tissue specimens (67 lymph nodes and 33 spleens) of 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied by means of spontaneous E-rosette formation and direct immunofluorescence method. The occurrence of active and total T cells was signigicantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the tumor-involved lymph nodes and spleens, while the frequency of B cells was practically the same in the histologically negative lymph nodes and spleens. In the tumorous spleen of 6 untreated patients the frequency of active and total T cells was higher in the tumorous tissue specimens than in the surrounding histologically negative tissue specimens. No correlation has been found between the simultaneously investigated peripheral T and B cell counts, clinical stage and the histological type of the tumor.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in lymph nodes and spleen of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte surface markers of 100 tissue specimens (67 lymph nodes and 33 spleens) of 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied by means of spontaneous E-rosette formation and direct immunofluorescence method. The occurrence of active and total T cells was signigicantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the tumor-involved lymph nodes and spleens, while the frequency of B cells was practically the same in the histologically negative lymph nodes and spleens. In the tumorous spleen of 6 untreated patients the frequency of active and total T cells was higher in the tumorous tissue specimens than in the surrounding histologically negative tissue specimens. No correlation has been found between the simultaneously investigated peripheral T and B cell counts, clinical stage and the histological type of the tumor.", "PMID": 394011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10230", "title": "Mitotic activity in adult rat brain induced by implantation of pieces of fetal rat brain and liver.", "content": "By implantation of pieces of fetal CNS into adult host brains it was found that the fetal brain tissue induced a very high mitotic activity in the adult brain at 2-4 days after implantation. The dividing cells were found within a 3-mm zone from the transplant in occipital cortex, hippocampus and brain-stem. Sham operated control animals exhibited only very few mitotic figures close to the lesion. Neither local injection of amniotic fluid nor implantation of other fetal tissues induced mitotic activity with the exception of fetal liver. Possibly, the mitogenic factor(s) released from the transplanted fetal brain is hepatic in origin.", "contents": "Mitotic activity in adult rat brain induced by implantation of pieces of fetal rat brain and liver. By implantation of pieces of fetal CNS into adult host brains it was found that the fetal brain tissue induced a very high mitotic activity in the adult brain at 2-4 days after implantation. The dividing cells were found within a 3-mm zone from the transplant in occipital cortex, hippocampus and brain-stem. Sham operated control animals exhibited only very few mitotic figures close to the lesion. Neither local injection of amniotic fluid nor implantation of other fetal tissues induced mitotic activity with the exception of fetal liver. Possibly, the mitogenic factor(s) released from the transplanted fetal brain is hepatic in origin.", "PMID": 394026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10231", "title": "Hypotensive response in spontaneously hypertensive rats following microinjection of alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the caudal brain-stem.", "content": "Local microinjection of 1.25 nmol (-)-alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the A2-region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) caused a decrease of blood pressure and heart rate in both spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (W/K) rats. Although the maximal responses in both strains did not differ, the decrease in blood pressure lasted longer in the SHR. These results do not support the concept of a diminished sensitivity of catecholaminergic receptors in the NTS of SHR to alpha-methylnoradrenaline.", "contents": "Hypotensive response in spontaneously hypertensive rats following microinjection of alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the caudal brain-stem. Local microinjection of 1.25 nmol (-)-alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the A2-region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) caused a decrease of blood pressure and heart rate in both spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (W/K) rats. Although the maximal responses in both strains did not differ, the decrease in blood pressure lasted longer in the SHR. These results do not support the concept of a diminished sensitivity of catecholaminergic receptors in the NTS of SHR to alpha-methylnoradrenaline.", "PMID": 394027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10232", "title": "Degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) by brain prolyl endopeptidase with release of des-glycinamide LHRH and glycinamide.", "content": "A highly purified preparation of rabbit brain prolyl endopeptidase cleaved the decapeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at the ProGly . NH2 bond leading to the release within 1-3 h incubation at 37 degrees C of des-glycinamide LHRH and glycinamide. Evidence for this site of cleavage was obtained by the detection of glycinamide or glycine and groups by a microdanyslation procedure, and by separation of the breakdown products by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a revers phase C-18 column. Incubation led to the appearance of two new peaks as detected by HPLC one of which was collected and shown to have the composition consistent with des-glycinamide LHRH. The other peak ran in the position identical to that of authentic glycinamide. Results suggest that prolyl endopeptidase could play a role in the inactivation of LHRH in vivo.", "contents": "Degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) by brain prolyl endopeptidase with release of des-glycinamide LHRH and glycinamide. A highly purified preparation of rabbit brain prolyl endopeptidase cleaved the decapeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at the ProGly . NH2 bond leading to the release within 1-3 h incubation at 37 degrees C of des-glycinamide LHRH and glycinamide. Evidence for this site of cleavage was obtained by the detection of glycinamide or glycine and groups by a microdanyslation procedure, and by separation of the breakdown products by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a revers phase C-18 column. Incubation led to the appearance of two new peaks as detected by HPLC one of which was collected and shown to have the composition consistent with des-glycinamide LHRH. The other peak ran in the position identical to that of authentic glycinamide. Results suggest that prolyl endopeptidase could play a role in the inactivation of LHRH in vivo.", "PMID": 394029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10233", "title": "Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. I. Simple formulae for the quantitative analysis of dendritic branching.", "content": "Dendritic branching of neurons may be quantitatively studied using applications of graph theory. Dendritic ramifications may be considered as 'forests' of planted, stemmed, binary 'trees' with simple mathematical properties. Two fundamental numbers, that of dendritic tips and that of dendritic stems, usually suffice to quantify the dendritic branching of one neuron as, in most cases, they allow the computation of all other numbers of dendritic points and segments.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. I. Simple formulae for the quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. Dendritic branching of neurons may be quantitatively studied using applications of graph theory. Dendritic ramifications may be considered as 'forests' of planted, stemmed, binary 'trees' with simple mathematical properties. Two fundamental numbers, that of dendritic tips and that of dendritic stems, usually suffice to quantify the dendritic branching of one neuron as, in most cases, they allow the computation of all other numbers of dendritic points and segments.", "PMID": 394030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10234", "title": "Relationships between the catecholaminergic and enkephalinergic systems demonstrated by a combined technique of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and immunocytochemistry.", "content": "A technique for the localization of catecholamines and enkephalin in the same tissue section is described. Sections from rat brains prepared according to the Falck-Hillarp technique were examined by dark field fluorescence microscopy and then processed for immunocytochemistry for leucine-enkephalin (leu-enk) using the unlabeled antibody technique. In the medial hypothalamus the distribution of the catecholamines and enkephalin is complementary, while in the lateral hypothalamus the patterns are similar but not identical. Enkephalin terminals are also observed in and around the locus coeruleus, while enkephalin cell bodies are adjacent to the nucleus.", "contents": "Relationships between the catecholaminergic and enkephalinergic systems demonstrated by a combined technique of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and immunocytochemistry. A technique for the localization of catecholamines and enkephalin in the same tissue section is described. Sections from rat brains prepared according to the Falck-Hillarp technique were examined by dark field fluorescence microscopy and then processed for immunocytochemistry for leucine-enkephalin (leu-enk) using the unlabeled antibody technique. In the medial hypothalamus the distribution of the catecholamines and enkephalin is complementary, while in the lateral hypothalamus the patterns are similar but not identical. Enkephalin terminals are also observed in and around the locus coeruleus, while enkephalin cell bodies are adjacent to the nucleus.", "PMID": 394031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10235", "title": "Met-enkephaline-like immunoreactivity in a cephalopod neurohemal organ.", "content": "Using a highly specific antibody we found Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in large granules of numerous distinct cells that are embedded in a layer of secretory terminals inside the octopus vena cava. Application of antibodies against fragments of the mammalian pro-opiocortin precursor -- alpha-MSH, ACTH, beta-endorphin and 16k-fragment -- and against growth hormone did not produce immunostaining in the octopus enkephalin cells. The vena cava neuropil may represent a favourable system for the examination of the physiological role of the opioid peptide enkephalin.", "contents": "Met-enkephaline-like immunoreactivity in a cephalopod neurohemal organ. Using a highly specific antibody we found Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in large granules of numerous distinct cells that are embedded in a layer of secretory terminals inside the octopus vena cava. Application of antibodies against fragments of the mammalian pro-opiocortin precursor -- alpha-MSH, ACTH, beta-endorphin and 16k-fragment -- and against growth hormone did not produce immunostaining in the octopus enkephalin cells. The vena cava neuropil may represent a favourable system for the examination of the physiological role of the opioid peptide enkephalin.", "PMID": 394032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10236", "title": "Brain extracellular space fixed for electron microscopy.", "content": "Adult mammalian brain contains 17--20% extracellular space, but fixatives cause the cellular elements to ingest the extracellular fluid so that the space is reduced to less than 5% with all conventional methods of fixation. This can be prevented by washing out the extracellular fluid with isotonic sucrose, which does not penetrate cells. Subsequent fixation with aldehydes and osmium and conventional processing leads to the preservation of extracellular space in electron micrographs. Extracellular space was found to be unevenly distributed, widely separating some cellular processes while leaving other groups of processes contiguous.", "contents": "Brain extracellular space fixed for electron microscopy. Adult mammalian brain contains 17--20% extracellular space, but fixatives cause the cellular elements to ingest the extracellular fluid so that the space is reduced to less than 5% with all conventional methods of fixation. This can be prevented by washing out the extracellular fluid with isotonic sucrose, which does not penetrate cells. Subsequent fixation with aldehydes and osmium and conventional processing leads to the preservation of extracellular space in electron micrographs. Extracellular space was found to be unevenly distributed, widely separating some cellular processes while leaving other groups of processes contiguous.", "PMID": 394033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10237", "title": "Malaria in Tonga: an imported case.", "content": "A case of falciparum malaria in Tonga occurring in a tourist is reported and discussed with the emphasis on awareness of imported diseases to the Pacific.", "contents": "Malaria in Tonga: an imported case. A case of falciparum malaria in Tonga occurring in a tourist is reported and discussed with the emphasis on awareness of imported diseases to the Pacific.", "PMID": 394052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10238", "title": "Noncorticosteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in Ophthalmology.", "content": "Efforts have been made to develop noncorticosteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. The goals of such therapy have been to eradicate the primary cause, prevent the initial tissue injury, moderate inflammatory response, and enhance tissue repair while minimizing and eliminating the undesirable aspects of the therapy.", "contents": "Noncorticosteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in Ophthalmology. Efforts have been made to develop noncorticosteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. The goals of such therapy have been to eradicate the primary cause, prevent the initial tissue injury, moderate inflammatory response, and enhance tissue repair while minimizing and eliminating the undesirable aspects of the therapy.", "PMID": 394060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10239", "title": "Timolol therapy in secondary angle-closure glaucoma post penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "Timolol maleate (o.25% or 0.5% twice a day) was used in 13 eyes of 13 patients with secondary angle-closure glaucoma post penetrating keratoplasty uncontrolled on miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or both. When added to each patient's current regimen, tomolol controlled 9 of the 13 eyes that no longer required cyclocryotherapy, and it was well tolerated locally and systemically. Its ocular hypotensive effect appears to supplement miotics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.", "contents": "Timolol therapy in secondary angle-closure glaucoma post penetrating keratoplasty. Timolol maleate (o.25% or 0.5% twice a day) was used in 13 eyes of 13 patients with secondary angle-closure glaucoma post penetrating keratoplasty uncontrolled on miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or both. When added to each patient's current regimen, tomolol controlled 9 of the 13 eyes that no longer required cyclocryotherapy, and it was well tolerated locally and systemically. Its ocular hypotensive effect appears to supplement miotics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.", "PMID": 394061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10240", "title": "Interaction of topical and oral timolol in glaucoma.", "content": "The interaction of oral and topical timolol maleate was studied in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The oral and topical preparations given separately produced a significant and comparable reduction of the intraocular pressure, but no additive effect was observed when both preparations were given together. Pulse- and blood pressure-lowering effects of oral timolol were not enhanced by the application of topical timolol. These systemic effects were not found in those patients using topical timolol alone.", "contents": "Interaction of topical and oral timolol in glaucoma. The interaction of oral and topical timolol maleate was studied in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The oral and topical preparations given separately produced a significant and comparable reduction of the intraocular pressure, but no additive effect was observed when both preparations were given together. Pulse- and blood pressure-lowering effects of oral timolol were not enhanced by the application of topical timolol. These systemic effects were not found in those patients using topical timolol alone.", "PMID": 394062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10241", "title": "Dislocation of Binkhorst four-loop lens implant.", "content": "A consecutive series of 1,093 Binkhorst four-loop lens implantations was used to examine the problem of dislocation of implants used in intracapsular cataract extractions; emphasis of the study was on the need for suture fixation. Transiridectomy suture fixation was used in 497 procedures, no suture was used in 403 procedures, and a simple iris suture technique was used in 193 procedures. Although the transiridectomy suture fixation procedure had the lowest percentage of dislocations, the iris suture technique is considered safer. Suture fixation is recommended for Binkhorst four-loop implants used in intracapsular cataract extractions.", "contents": "Dislocation of Binkhorst four-loop lens implant. A consecutive series of 1,093 Binkhorst four-loop lens implantations was used to examine the problem of dislocation of implants used in intracapsular cataract extractions; emphasis of the study was on the need for suture fixation. Transiridectomy suture fixation was used in 497 procedures, no suture was used in 403 procedures, and a simple iris suture technique was used in 193 procedures. Although the transiridectomy suture fixation procedure had the lowest percentage of dislocations, the iris suture technique is considered safer. Suture fixation is recommended for Binkhorst four-loop implants used in intracapsular cataract extractions.", "PMID": 394063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10242", "title": "Keratoplasty and intraocular lenses: current status.", "content": "Present methods of treating combined corneal disease and cataracts in elderly patients are unsatisfactory, and multiple operative procedures may be required. From 1975 through 1978, 60 attempts were made to restore relatively normal optics and achieve rapid visual recovery with a single operative procedure consisting of keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens insertion in various combinations. As of this writing, there have been few complications, and 82% of the grafts are clear.", "contents": "Keratoplasty and intraocular lenses: current status. Present methods of treating combined corneal disease and cataracts in elderly patients are unsatisfactory, and multiple operative procedures may be required. From 1975 through 1978, 60 attempts were made to restore relatively normal optics and achieve rapid visual recovery with a single operative procedure consisting of keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens insertion in various combinations. As of this writing, there have been few complications, and 82% of the grafts are clear.", "PMID": 394064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10243", "title": "Hard contact lens corrections in aphakia.", "content": "Hard contact lens correction of aphakia is best performed with a single cut lens by a trial lens fitting. Lenticular design may be necessary. Continuous wear over age 70 may be necessary to achieve success and acceptance in more than 30% of aphakic wearers. Soft lenses are usually not practical in the author's experience. The increased use of intraocular lenses is decreasing the need for aphakic contact lenses. Merits of the hard contact lens in aphakia are discussed as a practical approach to the correction of vision by the ophthalmologist, and indications for single cut lenses and lenticular design are outlined.", "contents": "Hard contact lens corrections in aphakia. Hard contact lens correction of aphakia is best performed with a single cut lens by a trial lens fitting. Lenticular design may be necessary. Continuous wear over age 70 may be necessary to achieve success and acceptance in more than 30% of aphakic wearers. Soft lenses are usually not practical in the author's experience. The increased use of intraocular lenses is decreasing the need for aphakic contact lenses. Merits of the hard contact lens in aphakia are discussed as a practical approach to the correction of vision by the ophthalmologist, and indications for single cut lenses and lenticular design are outlined.", "PMID": 394065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10244", "title": "[Tracheal compression by the innominate artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A five week old male infant is treated under suspicion of whooping cough because of pertussis like cough, cyanosis, and attacks of reflex apnea. These attacks are seen up to 40 times per day. After exclusion of a cerebral genesis there was found a ventral indentation of the trachea. It was also seen by tracheoscopy, but this part of the trachea was not pulsating. In the angiography the compriming structure was identified as the innominate artery. The genesis of this anatomic variant, the often threatening symptoms in this case without inspiratoric stridor, and the diagnostic and therapeutic steps are discussed.", "contents": "[Tracheal compression by the innominate artery (author's transl)]. A five week old male infant is treated under suspicion of whooping cough because of pertussis like cough, cyanosis, and attacks of reflex apnea. These attacks are seen up to 40 times per day. After exclusion of a cerebral genesis there was found a ventral indentation of the trachea. It was also seen by tracheoscopy, but this part of the trachea was not pulsating. In the angiography the compriming structure was identified as the innominate artery. The genesis of this anatomic variant, the often threatening symptoms in this case without inspiratoric stridor, and the diagnostic and therapeutic steps are discussed.", "PMID": 394107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10245", "title": "Biofeedback therapy for headache and other pain: an evaluative review.", "content": "A survey of the literature is presented in two areas of biofeedback treatment for headache--muscle contraction and migraine--and a variety of miscellaneous pain syndromes. The studies done to date are characterized largely by lack of proper no-treatment or placebo control groups, by confounding biofeedback with a variety of other strategies, or by sample sizes too small to afford any reasonable conclusions about efficacy. There is some evidence that biofeedback works better for muscle contraction headache than false feedback, but it also appears that biofeedback is no more effective than relaxation training. The application of biofeedback to migraine or other pain syndromes remains of unproven value. Investigators seldom attempt to relate empirically their interventions to hypothetical models of pain mechanisms. The potential influence of extraneous factors linked to the therapeutic situation is pervasive in these studies, but examination of their specific roles in symptom reduction is largely missing. Some variables are listed which need to be examined and which may contribute to the alleviation of pain with much less expenditure of clinical resources than that demanded by biofeedback. Perhaps the main contribution of biofeedback has been to highlight such extraneous variables in the pain treatment setting.", "contents": "Biofeedback therapy for headache and other pain: an evaluative review. A survey of the literature is presented in two areas of biofeedback treatment for headache--muscle contraction and migraine--and a variety of miscellaneous pain syndromes. The studies done to date are characterized largely by lack of proper no-treatment or placebo control groups, by confounding biofeedback with a variety of other strategies, or by sample sizes too small to afford any reasonable conclusions about efficacy. There is some evidence that biofeedback works better for muscle contraction headache than false feedback, but it also appears that biofeedback is no more effective than relaxation training. The application of biofeedback to migraine or other pain syndromes remains of unproven value. Investigators seldom attempt to relate empirically their interventions to hypothetical models of pain mechanisms. The potential influence of extraneous factors linked to the therapeutic situation is pervasive in these studies, but examination of their specific roles in symptom reduction is largely missing. Some variables are listed which need to be examined and which may contribute to the alleviation of pain with much less expenditure of clinical resources than that demanded by biofeedback. Perhaps the main contribution of biofeedback has been to highlight such extraneous variables in the pain treatment setting.", "PMID": 394108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10246", "title": "The lateralisation of pain.", "content": "Pain is more often lateralised on the left, except in the case of trigeminal neuralgia. The factors which promote lateralisation of pain are reviewed and it is noted that hysterical conversion symptoms are also more common on the left. Experimental evidence implies that the right hemisphere is less efficient than the left in processing cutaneous sensory input. Neurological and psychiatric data support the view that the right hemisphere is dominant for emotional experience and this may help to determine the left-sided preponderance of pain.", "contents": "The lateralisation of pain. Pain is more often lateralised on the left, except in the case of trigeminal neuralgia. The factors which promote lateralisation of pain are reviewed and it is noted that hysterical conversion symptoms are also more common on the left. Experimental evidence implies that the right hemisphere is less efficient than the left in processing cutaneous sensory input. Neurological and psychiatric data support the view that the right hemisphere is dominant for emotional experience and this may help to determine the left-sided preponderance of pain.", "PMID": 394109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10247", "title": "The pyridine scale for clinical measurement of olfactory threshold: a quantitative reevaluation.", "content": "Serial dilutions of pyridine in water are employed for measuring the olfactory detection thresholds of patients. Experimental precautions are described that improve the precision and accuracy of the method. Existing data on the sensitivities of hyposmic patients are confirmed, but the sensitivities of normal subjects and of hyperosmic patients are believed to have been substantially overestimated in some earlier publications. Routine clinical applications of the revised pyridine odor threshold test are discussed. In the author's experience, the average cystic fibrosis patient is slightly hyposmic, and some cases of pituitary tumor are accompanied by a 100,000-fold hyperosmia.", "contents": "The pyridine scale for clinical measurement of olfactory threshold: a quantitative reevaluation. Serial dilutions of pyridine in water are employed for measuring the olfactory detection thresholds of patients. Experimental precautions are described that improve the precision and accuracy of the method. Existing data on the sensitivities of hyposmic patients are confirmed, but the sensitivities of normal subjects and of hyperosmic patients are believed to have been substantially overestimated in some earlier publications. Routine clinical applications of the revised pyridine odor threshold test are discussed. In the author's experience, the average cystic fibrosis patient is slightly hyposmic, and some cases of pituitary tumor are accompanied by a 100,000-fold hyperosmia.", "PMID": 394104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10248", "title": "An enzyme-immunoassay for myoglobin in human serum and urine. Method development, normal values and application to acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "An enzyme-immunoassay has been developed for the detection of myoglobin in human serum and urine which is specific, accurate, precise, and has a sensitivity of 3 ng/ml. When compared with radioimmunoassay, the enzyme-immunoassay gives markedly similar results. Sera from normal adults had a myoglobin concentration in the range 3-65 ng/ml, and 64% of the same group had detectable myoglobinuria (range 3-11.5 ng/ml). All of 8 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction had raised serum myoglobin levels (range 200-1125 ng/ml) either at admission or 4 h later. Myoglobin concentration returned to normal in 6 patients, and in the remaining 2 patients there was evidence of infarct extension. Urinary myoglobin excretion was variable. One patient with possible acute myocardial infarction had elevated serum myoglobin (413 ng/ml 4 h post admission) and 5 patients with no evidence of infarction had normal levels (15-53 ng/ml). The results suggest that detection of serum myoglobin by enzyme-immunoassay may be a valuable test in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "An enzyme-immunoassay for myoglobin in human serum and urine. Method development, normal values and application to acute myocardial infarction. An enzyme-immunoassay has been developed for the detection of myoglobin in human serum and urine which is specific, accurate, precise, and has a sensitivity of 3 ng/ml. When compared with radioimmunoassay, the enzyme-immunoassay gives markedly similar results. Sera from normal adults had a myoglobin concentration in the range 3-65 ng/ml, and 64% of the same group had detectable myoglobinuria (range 3-11.5 ng/ml). All of 8 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction had raised serum myoglobin levels (range 200-1125 ng/ml) either at admission or 4 h later. Myoglobin concentration returned to normal in 6 patients, and in the remaining 2 patients there was evidence of infarct extension. Urinary myoglobin excretion was variable. One patient with possible acute myocardial infarction had elevated serum myoglobin (413 ng/ml 4 h post admission) and 5 patients with no evidence of infarction had normal levels (15-53 ng/ml). The results suggest that detection of serum myoglobin by enzyme-immunoassay may be a valuable test in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 394110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10249", "title": "Further observations on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts.", "content": "Recent work has shown that pedicle osteocutaneous grafts retain their viability and participate actively in the restructuring of transferred bone. The present study investigates two aspects of this process: (1) whether or not healthy recipient bone is needed for the survival of these grafts and (2) the degree of periosteal involvement in osteogenesis. Six adult dogs were used. Pedicle osteocutaneous grafts were constructed using the anterior table of the frontal sinus. Rotation of these flaps allowed implantation of the bone transplant into the ipsilateral parietal muscle. Free bone grafts were used as controls and were implanted in the contralateral muscle. Specimens were removed at variable intervals between 8 and 40 weeks after operation. All free grafts were reabsorbed. Pedicle-assisted bone grafts retained their volume and exhibited marked periosteal osteogenesis that eventually produced enough new bone to replace the graft. These experiments provide strong evidence that bone restructuring in osteocutaneous grafts may be independent of recipient bone and that it depends almost exclusively on periosteal activity.", "contents": "Further observations on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts. Recent work has shown that pedicle osteocutaneous grafts retain their viability and participate actively in the restructuring of transferred bone. The present study investigates two aspects of this process: (1) whether or not healthy recipient bone is needed for the survival of these grafts and (2) the degree of periosteal involvement in osteogenesis. Six adult dogs were used. Pedicle osteocutaneous grafts were constructed using the anterior table of the frontal sinus. Rotation of these flaps allowed implantation of the bone transplant into the ipsilateral parietal muscle. Free bone grafts were used as controls and were implanted in the contralateral muscle. Specimens were removed at variable intervals between 8 and 40 weeks after operation. All free grafts were reabsorbed. Pedicle-assisted bone grafts retained their volume and exhibited marked periosteal osteogenesis that eventually produced enough new bone to replace the graft. These experiments provide strong evidence that bone restructuring in osteocutaneous grafts may be independent of recipient bone and that it depends almost exclusively on periosteal activity.", "PMID": 394105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10250", "title": "Behavioral science in medical education: a bibliography.", "content": "Since 1956, there have appeared 125 studies which focus on the issue of integrating behavioral science into undergraduate and graduate medical education.", "contents": "Behavioral science in medical education: a bibliography. Since 1956, there have appeared 125 studies which focus on the issue of integrating behavioral science into undergraduate and graduate medical education.", "PMID": 394114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10251", "title": "Effects of active and passive EMG biofeedback training on performance of motor and cognitive tasks.", "content": "The goal of this study was to compare the effects of general relaxation (passive group) and neuromuscular tension control (active group), both using EMG biofeedback techniques, on the performance of memorization, simple reaction time, and rotary pursuit. 18 subjects were given five consecutive daily sessions of training or were placed under control conditions, after which their performance on these various tasks was evaluated. Results indicate that control of neuromuscular tension seemed to facilitate performance on all tasks over that of the control group. Except for simple reaction time, there was no difference between the \"active\" and \"passive\" groups. The results are interpreted in terms of factors in selection of subjects and experimental conditions.", "contents": "Effects of active and passive EMG biofeedback training on performance of motor and cognitive tasks. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of general relaxation (passive group) and neuromuscular tension control (active group), both using EMG biofeedback techniques, on the performance of memorization, simple reaction time, and rotary pursuit. 18 subjects were given five consecutive daily sessions of training or were placed under control conditions, after which their performance on these various tasks was evaluated. Results indicate that control of neuromuscular tension seemed to facilitate performance on all tasks over that of the control group. Except for simple reaction time, there was no difference between the \"active\" and \"passive\" groups. The results are interpreted in terms of factors in selection of subjects and experimental conditions.", "PMID": 394115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10252", "title": "Locus of control and biofeedback: a review of the literature.", "content": "This paper first reviews studies which have investigated the efficacy of using locus of control orientation to predict performance in various modes of biofeedback. However, contradictory evidence and methodological problems make it impossible to draw any conclusions regarding the connection between internality-externality and biofeedback performance. Second, various attempts to modify externality through biofeedback treatment are reviewed. Although EMG feedback can apparently be used to shift locus of control in an internal direction, there are some major issues that need to be resolved. Of primary importance is the fact that the rationale for modifying externality is based on an unproven assumption that externality has a role in the causation of various undesirable behaviors. Also, as no follow-up testing has been done, there is no evidence that the EMG biofeedback causes relatively permanent, stable locus of control changes. If the shifts are only temporary, then its use as a modifier of externality is questionable.", "contents": "Locus of control and biofeedback: a review of the literature. This paper first reviews studies which have investigated the efficacy of using locus of control orientation to predict performance in various modes of biofeedback. However, contradictory evidence and methodological problems make it impossible to draw any conclusions regarding the connection between internality-externality and biofeedback performance. Second, various attempts to modify externality through biofeedback treatment are reviewed. Although EMG feedback can apparently be used to shift locus of control in an internal direction, there are some major issues that need to be resolved. Of primary importance is the fact that the rationale for modifying externality is based on an unproven assumption that externality has a role in the causation of various undesirable behaviors. Also, as no follow-up testing has been done, there is no evidence that the EMG biofeedback causes relatively permanent, stable locus of control changes. If the shifts are only temporary, then its use as a modifier of externality is questionable.", "PMID": 394116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10253", "title": "[Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome) associated with insulin-dependent diabete. 1 case (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with eosinophilic fasciitis and insulin-dependent diabete mellitus is recorded. Diabete and blood hypereosinophilia occurred four months before acute onset of severe proximal sclerodermic features. The deep seated level of fibrosis, mainly localized in subcutaneous fat and fascia was documented by histologic examination. Prednisone therapy (0,75 mg/kg/day) resulted in cutaneous improvement and disparition of eosinophilia. Survey of pertinent literature lead us to consider Shulman's syndrome as a distinct entity amid the broad scleroderma spectrum. Features of esosinophilic fasciitis are very close to, and sometimes undistinguable from generalized morphea. Simultaneous occurence of diabete mellitus in this case is not fortuitous. The same association has already been recoreded with various sclerodermic syndromes.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome) associated with insulin-dependent diabete. 1 case (author's transl)]. A patient with eosinophilic fasciitis and insulin-dependent diabete mellitus is recorded. Diabete and blood hypereosinophilia occurred four months before acute onset of severe proximal sclerodermic features. The deep seated level of fibrosis, mainly localized in subcutaneous fat and fascia was documented by histologic examination. Prednisone therapy (0,75 mg/kg/day) resulted in cutaneous improvement and disparition of eosinophilia. Survey of pertinent literature lead us to consider Shulman's syndrome as a distinct entity amid the broad scleroderma spectrum. Features of esosinophilic fasciitis are very close to, and sometimes undistinguable from generalized morphea. Simultaneous occurence of diabete mellitus in this case is not fortuitous. The same association has already been recoreded with various sclerodermic syndromes.", "PMID": 394117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10254", "title": "Blood coagulation and shock.", "content": "This report describes how a finding at the autopsy table led to the observation of a clinical syndrome. A synthesis of autopsy experience, clinical investigations, and experimental and biochemical studies were able to shed light on one factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, namely blood coagulation with pulmonary microemboli and release and delayed elimination of peptides from fibrin degradation extravascularly in the lungs. These peptides may both induce increased permeability in the microcirculation and stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Knowledge about the pathogenesis has led to improved prophylaxis and therapy and a reduction of the number of deaths.", "contents": "Blood coagulation and shock. This report describes how a finding at the autopsy table led to the observation of a clinical syndrome. A synthesis of autopsy experience, clinical investigations, and experimental and biochemical studies were able to shed light on one factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, namely blood coagulation with pulmonary microemboli and release and delayed elimination of peptides from fibrin degradation extravascularly in the lungs. These peptides may both induce increased permeability in the microcirculation and stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Knowledge about the pathogenesis has led to improved prophylaxis and therapy and a reduction of the number of deaths.", "PMID": 394132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10255", "title": "Shock in pregnancy: pathophysiology and morphologic findings.", "content": "Sepsis and non-septic shock in pregnancy show characteristic modifications which are caused a) by physiologic changes in hemostasis primarily in the third trimester of pregnancy, b) by etiologic distinctions of shock regarded as pregnancy-specific, c) by hemodynamic changes in the circulation during pregnancy, d) by the ability of the healthy, young organism to compensate adequately. In the dead fetus syndrome and in non-septic shock, i.e., in amnionic fluid embolism and in abruptio placentae, the clinical picture is often governed by marked secundary fibrinolysis. Retroplacental hematoma, the characteristic feature of premature placental separation, remains controversial as either the cause or sequela of the hemostatic disorder. Etiologic, pathogenetic, and morphologic similarities exist between septic abortion, chorioamnionitis, and puerperal sepsis, but the varying response of the maternal organism during the course of pregnancy leads to different clinical and morphologic pictures. Due to a decrease in fibrinolytic activity as a consequence of pregnancy, the hypercoagulability state in a septic endotoxic shock predisposes the kidneys to bilateral renal cortical necrosis, principally in the amnion infection syndrome.", "contents": "Shock in pregnancy: pathophysiology and morphologic findings. Sepsis and non-septic shock in pregnancy show characteristic modifications which are caused a) by physiologic changes in hemostasis primarily in the third trimester of pregnancy, b) by etiologic distinctions of shock regarded as pregnancy-specific, c) by hemodynamic changes in the circulation during pregnancy, d) by the ability of the healthy, young organism to compensate adequately. In the dead fetus syndrome and in non-septic shock, i.e., in amnionic fluid embolism and in abruptio placentae, the clinical picture is often governed by marked secundary fibrinolysis. Retroplacental hematoma, the characteristic feature of premature placental separation, remains controversial as either the cause or sequela of the hemostatic disorder. Etiologic, pathogenetic, and morphologic similarities exist between septic abortion, chorioamnionitis, and puerperal sepsis, but the varying response of the maternal organism during the course of pregnancy leads to different clinical and morphologic pictures. Due to a decrease in fibrinolytic activity as a consequence of pregnancy, the hypercoagulability state in a septic endotoxic shock predisposes the kidneys to bilateral renal cortical necrosis, principally in the amnion infection syndrome.", "PMID": 394133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10256", "title": "Morphologic development of human shock lung.", "content": "In the initial phase of shock, edema spreads throughout the alveolar interstitium even before injury occurs in the alveolar epithelium and endothelium. The endothelium and the epithelium are damaged only subsequently, causing reduction in the average barrier thickness of the epithelium and the endothelium. A point of irreversibility is reached by the end of the first week. While early cell regeneration may be observed within the alveolar endothelium and epithelium, proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosis of the alveolar wall occur in addition to edema which spreads within the interstitium. This widening of the gas exchange barrier may be considered as the anatomic substrate of respiratory insufficiency induced by shock. This enlargement continues up to the moment when thickening of the alveoli impedes satisfactory functioning of the lung, and, as consequence, threatens the life of the patient.", "contents": "Morphologic development of human shock lung. In the initial phase of shock, edema spreads throughout the alveolar interstitium even before injury occurs in the alveolar epithelium and endothelium. The endothelium and the epithelium are damaged only subsequently, causing reduction in the average barrier thickness of the epithelium and the endothelium. A point of irreversibility is reached by the end of the first week. While early cell regeneration may be observed within the alveolar endothelium and epithelium, proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosis of the alveolar wall occur in addition to edema which spreads within the interstitium. This widening of the gas exchange barrier may be considered as the anatomic substrate of respiratory insufficiency induced by shock. This enlargement continues up to the moment when thickening of the alveoli impedes satisfactory functioning of the lung, and, as consequence, threatens the life of the patient.", "PMID": 394134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10257", "title": "[The effects of acebutolol on endocrine and metabolic reactions induced by acute hypoglycaemia. Study in normal subjects and in insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Six normal subjects and six normotensive insulin-dependent diabetics underwent two insulin hypoglycaemia tests after administration for three days of either a placebo or of acebutolol--a cardioselective beta-blocker--at a dose of 400 mg per day. The order in which the tests were performed was decided by random selection. Acebutolol suppressed the tachycardia which occurred as a reaction to hypoglycaemia but did not interfere with other warning symptoms and signs. In both normal subjects and diabetics, acebutolol neither worsened the initial hypoglycaemia nor did it delay a return to normal values. The increase in lactate levels following hypoglycaemia was not reduced by acebutolol but free fatty acid rebound was suppressed. Hormonal responses (glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone) were unaffected by the beta-blocker. If they are confirmed by long term studies, these results would suggest that acebutolol is safer to use than non-cardioselective beta-blockers in the treatment of coronary insufficiency and of hypertension in diabetics exposed to the risk of hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "[The effects of acebutolol on endocrine and metabolic reactions induced by acute hypoglycaemia. Study in normal subjects and in insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)]. Six normal subjects and six normotensive insulin-dependent diabetics underwent two insulin hypoglycaemia tests after administration for three days of either a placebo or of acebutolol--a cardioselective beta-blocker--at a dose of 400 mg per day. The order in which the tests were performed was decided by random selection. Acebutolol suppressed the tachycardia which occurred as a reaction to hypoglycaemia but did not interfere with other warning symptoms and signs. In both normal subjects and diabetics, acebutolol neither worsened the initial hypoglycaemia nor did it delay a return to normal values. The increase in lactate levels following hypoglycaemia was not reduced by acebutolol but free fatty acid rebound was suppressed. Hormonal responses (glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone) were unaffected by the beta-blocker. If they are confirmed by long term studies, these results would suggest that acebutolol is safer to use than non-cardioselective beta-blockers in the treatment of coronary insufficiency and of hypertension in diabetics exposed to the risk of hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 394144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10258", "title": "The dietary management of diabetes in adults.", "content": "The ultimate object of all types of dietary management before the introduction of insulin was to prevent emaciation and death: the consequences of metabolic derangements due to lack of insulin. Now, while dietary therapy continues to be important in minimizing the requirement for endogenous insulin or in balancing administered insulin, the major objects are changing to prevention of large vessel and microvascular disease. The next decade will probably see a more widespread introduction of diets containing a lower proportion of energy derived from fat. The increased carbohydrate intake will almost inevitably result in increased dietary fibre intake. Whether David Jenkins' Lente carbohydrate foods (those containing viscous unabsorbable polysaccharides) will prove to be of lasting value is not yet known. Since galactomannans occur in legumes perhaps we should consider the possibility of diets containing large proportions of legumes: a twentieth century 'Legume cure'? If this should prove of value it would not have excited ancient Indian physicians who wrote (in the Caraka-Samita) of their use of legumes in the treatment of glycosuria, at least as early as the first century AD, before Aretaeus had applied the term diabetes.", "contents": "The dietary management of diabetes in adults. The ultimate object of all types of dietary management before the introduction of insulin was to prevent emaciation and death: the consequences of metabolic derangements due to lack of insulin. Now, while dietary therapy continues to be important in minimizing the requirement for endogenous insulin or in balancing administered insulin, the major objects are changing to prevention of large vessel and microvascular disease. The next decade will probably see a more widespread introduction of diets containing a lower proportion of energy derived from fat. The increased carbohydrate intake will almost inevitably result in increased dietary fibre intake. Whether David Jenkins' Lente carbohydrate foods (those containing viscous unabsorbable polysaccharides) will prove to be of lasting value is not yet known. Since galactomannans occur in legumes perhaps we should consider the possibility of diets containing large proportions of legumes: a twentieth century 'Legume cure'? If this should prove of value it would not have excited ancient Indian physicians who wrote (in the Caraka-Samita) of their use of legumes in the treatment of glycosuria, at least as early as the first century AD, before Aretaeus had applied the term diabetes.", "PMID": 394152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10259", "title": "Proteolytic fragmentation of spectrin:effect of removal of terminal phosphopeptides on spectrin binding to human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The involvement of phosphorylated regions of spectrin, from human erythrocytes, in membrane binding has been investigated. Spectrin is phosphorylated at several sites, all near a terminal of the band 2 polypeptide. This region can be removed from the bulk of the molecule by brief trypsinization. Membrane binding of the bulk of the protein is unaffected by brief proteolysis, whereas phosphofragments generated by this treatment exhibit no membrane binding.", "contents": "Proteolytic fragmentation of spectrin:effect of removal of terminal phosphopeptides on spectrin binding to human erythrocyte membranes. The involvement of phosphorylated regions of spectrin, from human erythrocytes, in membrane binding has been investigated. Spectrin is phosphorylated at several sites, all near a terminal of the band 2 polypeptide. This region can be removed from the bulk of the molecule by brief trypsinization. Membrane binding of the bulk of the protein is unaffected by brief proteolysis, whereas phosphofragments generated by this treatment exhibit no membrane binding.", "PMID": 394157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10260", "title": "Growth hormone control of glucose oxidation pathways in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "An in vivo response of glucose oxidation to growth hormone has been demonstrated. Hypophysectomized rats were found to oxidize glucose at rates significantly higher than normal rats. Treatment with growth hormone 1 h before injection of 14C-U-glucose, 14C-6-glucose, or 14C-1-glucose caused a return to a normal oxidation pattern. This acute response was independent of insulin action but clearly time-dependent since no change from untreated hypophysectomized rats appeared when growth hormone was given at various times prior to administration of labeled glucose. The response observed for 14C-6-glucose was comparable to that observed for 14C-1-glucose with regard to dynamics but differed with respect to total 14C recovered as 14CO2. The cumulative percent 14CO2 recovered from oxidation of 14C-6-glucose 1 h after growth hormone injection exceeded that recovered from oxidation of 14C-1-glucose. These results suggest a change in glucose oxidation by a route that cannot be explained solely by changes in either the hexose monophosphate or Embden-Meyerhof pathways.", "contents": "Growth hormone control of glucose oxidation pathways in hypophysectomized rats. An in vivo response of glucose oxidation to growth hormone has been demonstrated. Hypophysectomized rats were found to oxidize glucose at rates significantly higher than normal rats. Treatment with growth hormone 1 h before injection of 14C-U-glucose, 14C-6-glucose, or 14C-1-glucose caused a return to a normal oxidation pattern. This acute response was independent of insulin action but clearly time-dependent since no change from untreated hypophysectomized rats appeared when growth hormone was given at various times prior to administration of labeled glucose. The response observed for 14C-6-glucose was comparable to that observed for 14C-1-glucose with regard to dynamics but differed with respect to total 14C recovered as 14CO2. The cumulative percent 14CO2 recovered from oxidation of 14C-6-glucose 1 h after growth hormone injection exceeded that recovered from oxidation of 14C-1-glucose. These results suggest a change in glucose oxidation by a route that cannot be explained solely by changes in either the hexose monophosphate or Embden-Meyerhof pathways.", "PMID": 394169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10261", "title": "Prostacyclin and human foetal circulation.", "content": "Tissues from human umbilical cord arteries and placental veins generated much greater prostacyclin activity than vessels from normal adults. High prostacyclin generation could contribute to maintaining the low peripheral vascular resistance typical of foetal circulation in which blood pressure is low despite very high cardiac output.", "contents": "Prostacyclin and human foetal circulation. Tissues from human umbilical cord arteries and placental veins generated much greater prostacyclin activity than vessels from normal adults. High prostacyclin generation could contribute to maintaining the low peripheral vascular resistance typical of foetal circulation in which blood pressure is low despite very high cardiac output.", "PMID": 394195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10262", "title": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) effects on anterior pituitary hormones in the rat in vivo.", "content": "Intravenous injection of 600 microgram PGE2 or PGI2 significantly increased serum LH and prolactin levels in estradiol treated ovariectomized rats. There was no effect on serum FSH concentration. PGE2 and PGI2 stimulated LH release in a non-dose dependent manner, while prolactin levels were positively correlated with the dose administered following PGI2 treatment. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha at a comparable dose had no effect on pituitary hormone levels. Subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg PGI2 for seven days significantly depressed serum LH level both in male and female rats. These doses had no effect on serum FSH or prolactin levels.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) effects on anterior pituitary hormones in the rat in vivo. Intravenous injection of 600 microgram PGE2 or PGI2 significantly increased serum LH and prolactin levels in estradiol treated ovariectomized rats. There was no effect on serum FSH concentration. PGE2 and PGI2 stimulated LH release in a non-dose dependent manner, while prolactin levels were positively correlated with the dose administered following PGI2 treatment. 6-keto-PGF1 alpha at a comparable dose had no effect on pituitary hormone levels. Subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg PGI2 for seven days significantly depressed serum LH level both in male and female rats. These doses had no effect on serum FSH or prolactin levels.", "PMID": 394197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10263", "title": "Prostaglandin formation in bacteria.", "content": "We report here that intact Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid, produce and release PGE2 and PGF2 alpha into the medium as measured by radioimmunoassay. The seven bacterial strains so far studied release 6.5-50.9 ng PGE2 and less than 0.02-0.51 ng PGF2 alpha per mg bacterial protein during a 1 hour incubation, quantities of the same order of magnitude as those observed in mammalian systems. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha formation in bacteria are inhibited by indomethacin.", "contents": "Prostaglandin formation in bacteria. We report here that intact Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid, produce and release PGE2 and PGF2 alpha into the medium as measured by radioimmunoassay. The seven bacterial strains so far studied release 6.5-50.9 ng PGE2 and less than 0.02-0.51 ng PGF2 alpha per mg bacterial protein during a 1 hour incubation, quantities of the same order of magnitude as those observed in mammalian systems. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha formation in bacteria are inhibited by indomethacin.", "PMID": 394198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10264", "title": "Differential effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1 on bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia during collagen and arachidonate infusions and anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig.", "content": "The antagonism by prostacyclin (PG12) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) of bronchoconstriction  induced by serotonin (5HT), collagen, arachidonic acid (AA) and anaphylaxis, as well as of thrombocytopenia was studied in the guinea-pig. Under conditions where PGE1 prevented bronchoconstriction by 5HT, by collagen or by AA better than the accompanying thrombocytopenia, PG12 was a selective antagonist of bronchoconstriction due to collagen, but failed to interfere with that due to 5HT or to AA. Collagen-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig is platelet-dependent. PG12 blocks bronchoconstriction by collagen, because it prevents the platelet activation, and fails to interfere with bronchoconstriction  by AA, even though it reduces the accompanying thrombocytopenia, because the role of platelets is negligible. PGE1 and PG12 failed to interfere with thrombocytopenia or with bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock, and were inactive even when the acute bronchial effect was suppressed by anti-histamine treatment. Anaphylactic thrombocytopenia is beyond the control of agents which stimulate the cyclic AMP system, and involves specific mechanism which are not stimulated in platelet-rich plasma.", "contents": "Differential effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1 on bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia during collagen and arachidonate infusions and anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. The antagonism by prostacyclin (PG12) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) of bronchoconstriction  induced by serotonin (5HT), collagen, arachidonic acid (AA) and anaphylaxis, as well as of thrombocytopenia was studied in the guinea-pig. Under conditions where PGE1 prevented bronchoconstriction by 5HT, by collagen or by AA better than the accompanying thrombocytopenia, PG12 was a selective antagonist of bronchoconstriction due to collagen, but failed to interfere with that due to 5HT or to AA. Collagen-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig is platelet-dependent. PG12 blocks bronchoconstriction by collagen, because it prevents the platelet activation, and fails to interfere with bronchoconstriction  by AA, even though it reduces the accompanying thrombocytopenia, because the role of platelets is negligible. PGE1 and PG12 failed to interfere with thrombocytopenia or with bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock, and were inactive even when the acute bronchial effect was suppressed by anti-histamine treatment. Anaphylactic thrombocytopenia is beyond the control of agents which stimulate the cyclic AMP system, and involves specific mechanism which are not stimulated in platelet-rich plasma.", "PMID": 394199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10265", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on human insulin secretion and carbohydrates tolerance.", "content": "Prostaglandin E (PGE) has been hypothesized to be an endogenous regulator of carbohydrate metabolism because it decreases human insulin secretion and carbohydrate tolerance. This report compares the effects of four inhibitors of PGE synthesis on the acute insulin response to glucose and subsequent glucose disappearance rates. Ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatments in normal volunteers were associated with augmented insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance while indomethacin had the opposite effects. In view of these findings and the known effects of PGE on carbohydrate metabolism, we suggest that the effects of indomethacin may have been due to an action of the drug other than inhibiting PGE synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on human insulin secretion and carbohydrates tolerance. Prostaglandin E (PGE) has been hypothesized to be an endogenous regulator of carbohydrate metabolism because it decreases human insulin secretion and carbohydrate tolerance. This report compares the effects of four inhibitors of PGE synthesis on the acute insulin response to glucose and subsequent glucose disappearance rates. Ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatments in normal volunteers were associated with augmented insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance while indomethacin had the opposite effects. In view of these findings and the known effects of PGE on carbohydrate metabolism, we suggest that the effects of indomethacin may have been due to an action of the drug other than inhibiting PGE synthesis.", "PMID": 394200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10266", "title": "Comparative immunogenicity of BCG substrains for mice.", "content": "Immunogenicity of four substrains of BCG was studied in mice vaccinated by the intravenous route and evaluated through pulmonary density and through splenic, hepatic and pulmonary indexes (weight of the organ/weight of the animalx100). In addition, tuberculin sensitivity was determined by measuring the thickness of the inoculated leg. All four strains (BCG Brazil, BCG Prague, BCG Russia and BCG Glaxo) showed intermediary virulence (0.78 -- 0.85) between pathogenic mycobacteria, i.e., M. tuberculosis and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. fortuitum, without however revealing differences among themselves in regard to pulmonary density. Reinoculation of vaccinated animals by the intravenous route, contrary to the subcutaneous route, resulted in significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the organs, except for the spleen. The tuberculin hypersensitivity induced by the four strains was significant and it was possible to distinguish BCG Brazil from BCG Glaxo. The substrain BCG Brazil proved to be the most immunogenic, followed by BCG Prague, whereas BCG-Glaxo proved to be the weakest vaccine.", "contents": "Comparative immunogenicity of BCG substrains for mice. Immunogenicity of four substrains of BCG was studied in mice vaccinated by the intravenous route and evaluated through pulmonary density and through splenic, hepatic and pulmonary indexes (weight of the organ/weight of the animalx100). In addition, tuberculin sensitivity was determined by measuring the thickness of the inoculated leg. All four strains (BCG Brazil, BCG Prague, BCG Russia and BCG Glaxo) showed intermediary virulence (0.78 -- 0.85) between pathogenic mycobacteria, i.e., M. tuberculosis and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. fortuitum, without however revealing differences among themselves in regard to pulmonary density. Reinoculation of vaccinated animals by the intravenous route, contrary to the subcutaneous route, resulted in significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the organs, except for the spleen. The tuberculin hypersensitivity induced by the four strains was significant and it was possible to distinguish BCG Brazil from BCG Glaxo. The substrain BCG Brazil proved to be the most immunogenic, followed by BCG Prague, whereas BCG-Glaxo proved to be the weakest vaccine.", "PMID": 394227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10267", "title": "[Utilization of the Kato-Katz-method (thick-smear technique) the diagnosis of Isospora (author's transl)].", "content": "Performing 10475 stool examination using the KATO-KATZ, HOFFMAN-PONS-JANER and direct examination (after agitation) methods, the author showed the best results with KATO-KATZ method for the diagnosis of Isospora hominis and Isospora belli. Among the 10475 stools examined 392 (3.74%) were positive for I. hominis and 55 (0.52%) for I. belli with the KATO-KATZ method; with the use of the others methods only 28 (0.26%) were positive for I. hominis and 6 (0.06% for I. belli.", "contents": "[Utilization of the Kato-Katz-method (thick-smear technique) the diagnosis of Isospora (author's transl)]. Performing 10475 stool examination using the KATO-KATZ, HOFFMAN-PONS-JANER and direct examination (after agitation) methods, the author showed the best results with KATO-KATZ method for the diagnosis of Isospora hominis and Isospora belli. Among the 10475 stools examined 392 (3.74%) were positive for I. hominis and 55 (0.52%) for I. belli with the KATO-KATZ method; with the use of the others methods only 28 (0.26%) were positive for I. hominis and 6 (0.06% for I. belli.", "PMID": 394228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10268", "title": "[Myasthenia and pernicious anemia or Biermer's (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of myasthenia and Biermer's anemia is very rarely reported. In a series of 138 cases of myasthenia, this association was found in only one patient, in whom the anemia developed 19 years after the discovery of a calcified thymoma and 13 years after the appearance of the first signs of myasthenia. This led the authors to conduct a prospective study for the presence of intrinsic antifactor antibodies. A total of 81 patients (20 men and 61 women) with myasthenia were studied. The myasthenia had appeared after 35 years of age in 40 patients and 19 had a thymoma. The results of the study for the antibodies was positive in 3 women, as was the test of inhibition of leucocyte migration, but none of them had anemia, vitamin B12 malabsorption, achlorhydria, or gastric atrophy. The discovery of these immunological disorders raises the problem of their significance ; two hypotheses can be discussed : pre-Biermer state or immunological disturbance without pathogenetic significance. The problem can probably only be resolved by studying these antibody levels in a very much larger number of patients with myasthenia.", "contents": "[Myasthenia and pernicious anemia or Biermer's (author's transl)]. The association of myasthenia and Biermer's anemia is very rarely reported. In a series of 138 cases of myasthenia, this association was found in only one patient, in whom the anemia developed 19 years after the discovery of a calcified thymoma and 13 years after the appearance of the first signs of myasthenia. This led the authors to conduct a prospective study for the presence of intrinsic antifactor antibodies. A total of 81 patients (20 men and 61 women) with myasthenia were studied. The myasthenia had appeared after 35 years of age in 40 patients and 19 had a thymoma. The results of the study for the antibodies was positive in 3 women, as was the test of inhibition of leucocyte migration, but none of them had anemia, vitamin B12 malabsorption, achlorhydria, or gastric atrophy. The discovery of these immunological disorders raises the problem of their significance ; two hypotheses can be discussed : pre-Biermer state or immunological disturbance without pathogenetic significance. The problem can probably only be resolved by studying these antibody levels in a very much larger number of patients with myasthenia.", "PMID": 394262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10269", "title": "The value and results of long-term studies with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol).", "content": "The results of 940 patients treated with diclofenac for 3 to 24 months in comparative and non-comparative trials are presented. Maximal improvement tended to occur in the first 3 to 6 months of treatment and was generally maintained. Diclofenac was at least as effective as equivalent doses of indomethacin and naproxen and, when treatment lasts more than 3 months, may be more effective. The majority of patients reporting unwanted effects or discontinuing treatment did so in the first 6 months. Unwanted effects (similar to those in short-term trials) were mainly gastrointestinal. Central nervous system, cardiovascular and dermatological side-effects were reported in 1% or less of patients. The long-term laboratory tolerability of diclofenac was good, with no changes in the nature, frequency or severity of abnormal tests with increasing duration of treatment. During the development of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) various types of long-term investigation were conducted (Table I). This paper presents the results, covering a total of 940 patients treated for 3-24 months, and discusses their significance.", "contents": "The value and results of long-term studies with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). The results of 940 patients treated with diclofenac for 3 to 24 months in comparative and non-comparative trials are presented. Maximal improvement tended to occur in the first 3 to 6 months of treatment and was generally maintained. Diclofenac was at least as effective as equivalent doses of indomethacin and naproxen and, when treatment lasts more than 3 months, may be more effective. The majority of patients reporting unwanted effects or discontinuing treatment did so in the first 6 months. Unwanted effects (similar to those in short-term trials) were mainly gastrointestinal. Central nervous system, cardiovascular and dermatological side-effects were reported in 1% or less of patients. The long-term laboratory tolerability of diclofenac was good, with no changes in the nature, frequency or severity of abnormal tests with increasing duration of treatment. During the development of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) various types of long-term investigation were conducted (Table I). This paper presents the results, covering a total of 940 patients treated for 3-24 months, and discusses their significance.", "PMID": 394274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10270", "title": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and indomethacin: a multicentre comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.", "content": "A five-centre double-blind crossover trial of two two-week periods using diclofenac and indomethacin showed that both drug groups (51 patients) with rheumatoid arthritis responded similarly in relation to pain scores and morning stiffness. It was noted that the response was better in inpatients than in outpatients, despite differences in disease severity. In the osteoarthritis trial (58 patients) it was shown that neither drug significantly reduced resting pain, although both drugs were significantly better in reducing pain on movement; however, patient preference was for diclofenac. Three patients treated with indomethacin withdrew owing to side-effects, compared with one on diclofenac. A slight but significant decrease in haemoglobin levels was observed in both treatment groups with osteoarthritis, but this did not appear to be symptom-related.", "contents": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and indomethacin: a multicentre comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. A five-centre double-blind crossover trial of two two-week periods using diclofenac and indomethacin showed that both drug groups (51 patients) with rheumatoid arthritis responded similarly in relation to pain scores and morning stiffness. It was noted that the response was better in inpatients than in outpatients, despite differences in disease severity. In the osteoarthritis trial (58 patients) it was shown that neither drug significantly reduced resting pain, although both drugs were significantly better in reducing pain on movement; however, patient preference was for diclofenac. Three patients treated with indomethacin withdrew owing to side-effects, compared with one on diclofenac. A slight but significant decrease in haemoglobin levels was observed in both treatment groups with osteoarthritis, but this did not appear to be symptom-related.", "PMID": 394275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10271", "title": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): drug interactions and special studies.", "content": "Diclofenac (Voltarol) has no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, insulin levels or tolbutamide metabolism, nor does it enhance the effect of tolbutamide, biguanide or glibenclamide. Although it produces minimal increases in prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times in healthy volunteers, it does not significantly affect the individual clotting factors, nor does it, in patients, enhance the effect of acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon. Like many other other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it increases platelet aggregation time. There is a pharmacokinetic interaction between aspirin and diclofenac. Two independent studies have shown that aspirin markedly reduces the bioavailability of diclofenac, as measured by \"area under the curve\". Furthermore, patients exhibiting aspirin sensitivity as bronchospasm are likely to react to diclofenac in the same manner. Finally, diclofenac, as tested using excretion of 51Cr labelled red cells, induces minimal gastrointestinal blood loss, significantly less so than aspirin or naproxen.", "contents": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): drug interactions and special studies. Diclofenac (Voltarol) has no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, insulin levels or tolbutamide metabolism, nor does it enhance the effect of tolbutamide, biguanide or glibenclamide. Although it produces minimal increases in prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times in healthy volunteers, it does not significantly affect the individual clotting factors, nor does it, in patients, enhance the effect of acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon. Like many other other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it increases platelet aggregation time. There is a pharmacokinetic interaction between aspirin and diclofenac. Two independent studies have shown that aspirin markedly reduces the bioavailability of diclofenac, as measured by \"area under the curve\". Furthermore, patients exhibiting aspirin sensitivity as bronchospasm are likely to react to diclofenac in the same manner. Finally, diclofenac, as tested using excretion of 51Cr labelled red cells, induces minimal gastrointestinal blood loss, significantly less so than aspirin or naproxen.", "PMID": 394276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10272", "title": "Comparative clinical trials with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and naproxen in rheumatic conditions: investigation of possible changes in diclofenac dose and dose interval.", "content": "In an open, comparative multicentre trial, 96 patients with arthritis of the large joints were treated with 75 mg diclofenac in one single dose in the morning, 50 mg diclofenac given twice daily, or 250 mg naproxen administered twice a day. It was noted that the length of history of pain was significantly longer in this naproxen group. Duration of the study was 14 days. Clinical parameters showed that the best degree of improvement was obtained with the diclofenac 50 mg twice-daily dosage regime. Diclofenac, in this study, showed better tolerability than naproxen.", "contents": "Comparative clinical trials with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and naproxen in rheumatic conditions: investigation of possible changes in diclofenac dose and dose interval. In an open, comparative multicentre trial, 96 patients with arthritis of the large joints were treated with 75 mg diclofenac in one single dose in the morning, 50 mg diclofenac given twice daily, or 250 mg naproxen administered twice a day. It was noted that the length of history of pain was significantly longer in this naproxen group. Duration of the study was 14 days. Clinical parameters showed that the best degree of improvement was obtained with the diclofenac 50 mg twice-daily dosage regime. Diclofenac, in this study, showed better tolerability than naproxen.", "PMID": 394277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10273", "title": "A double-blind comparison of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and placebo in inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "This preliminary study compared placebo with diclofenac (50 mg, rising to 150 mg per day) in a crossover study for seven days in thirteen inpatients. Regardless of the marked overall effect of hospitalization, an additional effect of diclofenac on grip strength and p.i.p. joint swelling was demonstrated, as well as a significant reduction in pain and in analgesic requirements. In addition, an improved technique for assessing the effect of NSAI drugs on p.i.p. joint swelling is described.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and placebo in inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. This preliminary study compared placebo with diclofenac (50 mg, rising to 150 mg per day) in a crossover study for seven days in thirteen inpatients. Regardless of the marked overall effect of hospitalization, an additional effect of diclofenac on grip strength and p.i.p. joint swelling was demonstrated, as well as a significant reduction in pain and in analgesic requirements. In addition, an improved technique for assessing the effect of NSAI drugs on p.i.p. joint swelling is described.", "PMID": 394279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10274", "title": "Diclofenac (Voltarol) in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of a double-blind trial.", "content": "A double-blind trial compared diclofenac with placebo in 44 outpatients. On from each group dropped out with dyspepsia, and one (placebo group) with ineffective treatment. Twenty completers received diclofenac. Dosage was one tablet (25 mg diclofenac) three times daily during the first week. In the second (final) week, most patients had four or six tablets. Diclofenac had significantly greater effect on pain, grip, morning stiffness, joint tenderness and swelling, and in comparison to previous treatments, even though the placebo group required significantly more rescue anaglesic. A few patients in each group had slight dyspepsia. One in the active and six in the placebo group complained of minor central nervous system symptoms. There were no serious side-effects. Haematological, biochemical and urinary analyses showed no clinically important changes. It is concluded that, in the short term, diclofenac (Voltarol) is effective in relieving the symptoms of inflammatory polyarthritis. It is well tolerated as placebo medication, and had no detrimental haematological or biochemical effects.", "contents": "Diclofenac (Voltarol) in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of a double-blind trial. A double-blind trial compared diclofenac with placebo in 44 outpatients. On from each group dropped out with dyspepsia, and one (placebo group) with ineffective treatment. Twenty completers received diclofenac. Dosage was one tablet (25 mg diclofenac) three times daily during the first week. In the second (final) week, most patients had four or six tablets. Diclofenac had significantly greater effect on pain, grip, morning stiffness, joint tenderness and swelling, and in comparison to previous treatments, even though the placebo group required significantly more rescue anaglesic. A few patients in each group had slight dyspepsia. One in the active and six in the placebo group complained of minor central nervous system symptoms. There were no serious side-effects. Haematological, biochemical and urinary analyses showed no clinically important changes. It is concluded that, in the short term, diclofenac (Voltarol) is effective in relieving the symptoms of inflammatory polyarthritis. It is well tolerated as placebo medication, and had no detrimental haematological or biochemical effects.", "PMID": 394280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10275", "title": "An open assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) in patients with rheumatic disease and a comparative study of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac was studied in an initial two-week assessment study in 24 patients with rheumatic disease. During the first week patients received 1 x 25 mg diclofenac t.d.s., with subsequent dosage adjustments according to response. Most completers showed improvement in joint pain and functional grade, and patients' rating of their condition indicated a significant improvement. Nine patients were withdrawn because of poor symptom control or side-effects, and there were a number of other minor side-effects not necessitating withdrawal. However, there were no persistent or lasting side-effects, and laboratory tests revealed no significant abnormalities. In a two-week double-blind study, diclofenac was compared with indomethacin in 43 outpatients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Dosage in the first week was 1 x 25 mg tablet of either diclofenac or indomethacin (random allocation) t.d.s., with further adjustments as necessary. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the two drugs, and no differences in dosage requirements. Three patients were withdrawn from each treatment group. Gastrointestinal side-effects predominated in the diclofenac-treated group, with central nervous system unwanted effects more frequent in the indomethacin group.", "contents": "An open assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) in patients with rheumatic disease and a comparative study of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac was studied in an initial two-week assessment study in 24 patients with rheumatic disease. During the first week patients received 1 x 25 mg diclofenac t.d.s., with subsequent dosage adjustments according to response. Most completers showed improvement in joint pain and functional grade, and patients' rating of their condition indicated a significant improvement. Nine patients were withdrawn because of poor symptom control or side-effects, and there were a number of other minor side-effects not necessitating withdrawal. However, there were no persistent or lasting side-effects, and laboratory tests revealed no significant abnormalities. In a two-week double-blind study, diclofenac was compared with indomethacin in 43 outpatients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Dosage in the first week was 1 x 25 mg tablet of either diclofenac or indomethacin (random allocation) t.d.s., with further adjustments as necessary. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the two drugs, and no differences in dosage requirements. Three patients were withdrawn from each treatment group. Gastrointestinal side-effects predominated in the diclofenac-treated group, with central nervous system unwanted effects more frequent in the indomethacin group.", "PMID": 394281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10276", "title": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): a double-blind comparative study with ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind comparative trial in 60 patients, using diclofenac (Voltarol) and ibuprofen (Brufen), showed a considerable improvement in morning stiffness amongst females in the diclofenac group. However, no significant differences was noted between these two drugs in relation to pain score, articular index or proximal interphalangeal joint size. Analysis of withdrawals and side-effects suggests that while ibuprofen may be slightly better tolerated, it is also associated with significantly more withdrawals due to lack of effect. No significant change in laboratory studies was noted, except for a slight decrease in mean haemoglobin levels. The trialist noted that all of the drop-outs and side-effects reported came from one hospital out of the four participating; this was possibly due to differences in pre-trial drug therapy and to the hospital being in an urban, rather a rural, situation.", "contents": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): a double-blind comparative study with ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind comparative trial in 60 patients, using diclofenac (Voltarol) and ibuprofen (Brufen), showed a considerable improvement in morning stiffness amongst females in the diclofenac group. However, no significant differences was noted between these two drugs in relation to pain score, articular index or proximal interphalangeal joint size. Analysis of withdrawals and side-effects suggests that while ibuprofen may be slightly better tolerated, it is also associated with significantly more withdrawals due to lack of effect. No significant change in laboratory studies was noted, except for a slight decrease in mean haemoglobin levels. The trialist noted that all of the drop-outs and side-effects reported came from one hospital out of the four participating; this was possibly due to differences in pre-trial drug therapy and to the hospital being in an urban, rather a rural, situation.", "PMID": 394282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10277", "title": "[Evaluation of the use of caerulein (ceruletide) in the postoperative of abdominal surgery].", "content": "In order to evaluate the efficacy of Caerulein in the postoperative stage of abdominal surgery, 25 patients received 0.3 mcg/kg intravenously every 4 hours. Bowel Movements, passage of gases, first evacuation and general improvement were compared to 25 patients in similar conditions who didn't receive the drug. The study group showed an earlier appearance of intestinal motility as compared to the control group. This contributed in a relevant matter to an earlier discharge from the hospital. The differences with the control group were statistically significative. The benefits of the drug in the management of the postoperative stage of abdominal surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the use of caerulein (ceruletide) in the postoperative of abdominal surgery]. In order to evaluate the efficacy of Caerulein in the postoperative stage of abdominal surgery, 25 patients received 0.3 mcg/kg intravenously every 4 hours. Bowel Movements, passage of gases, first evacuation and general improvement were compared to 25 patients in similar conditions who didn't receive the drug. The study group showed an earlier appearance of intestinal motility as compared to the control group. This contributed in a relevant matter to an earlier discharge from the hospital. The differences with the control group were statistically significative. The benefits of the drug in the management of the postoperative stage of abdominal surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 394267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10278", "title": "[Studies concerning dysenteric infections in a closed children's community before and after antidysenteric vaccination. I. Epidemiological considerations on acute intestinal infections].", "content": "In the closed children's community studied between 1 Jan. 1976 and 13 June 1977, a high proportion (54%) of the total number of acute intestinal infections was of dysenteric etiology, i.e. 46,9% in the 0--1 year age-group and 21,1% in the 1--3 years age-group, the dominant Shigella subtype being represented by Shigella flexneri 2a (25.1%). As only 37.2% of the total number of dysentery cases were manifested by enterocolitis and a high proportion (33.3%) ran a chronic course, the disease was not immediately diagnosed, an inadequate treatment was applied and a great number of carriers appeared. This, together with the high receptivity of such communities, accounts for the endemoepidemic character of the infection. Antidysenteric vaccination with the VADIZEN Dr. Istrati live bacillus vaccine, followed by a period of postvaccinal protection, with diminution in the number of dysentery, carriage and enteritis cases, both among the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated children, proves the utility of this vaccine in closed children's communities.", "contents": "[Studies concerning dysenteric infections in a closed children's community before and after antidysenteric vaccination. I. Epidemiological considerations on acute intestinal infections]. In the closed children's community studied between 1 Jan. 1976 and 13 June 1977, a high proportion (54%) of the total number of acute intestinal infections was of dysenteric etiology, i.e. 46,9% in the 0--1 year age-group and 21,1% in the 1--3 years age-group, the dominant Shigella subtype being represented by Shigella flexneri 2a (25.1%). As only 37.2% of the total number of dysentery cases were manifested by enterocolitis and a high proportion (33.3%) ran a chronic course, the disease was not immediately diagnosed, an inadequate treatment was applied and a great number of carriers appeared. This, together with the high receptivity of such communities, accounts for the endemoepidemic character of the infection. Antidysenteric vaccination with the VADIZEN Dr. Istrati live bacillus vaccine, followed by a period of postvaccinal protection, with diminution in the number of dysentery, carriage and enteritis cases, both among the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated children, proves the utility of this vaccine in closed children's communities.", "PMID": 394271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10279", "title": "[History of smallpox vaccination in Romania and source of the IC strains of vaccinia virus].", "content": "Smallpox existed in Romania since the 17th century, when both variolation and vaccinia were used for preventing the disease. Jenner's vaccination was performed in 1801 in Cluj and Tirgu Mures and extended to the entire country during the following 31 years. The vaccinia virus strain used for preparing the smallpox vaccine was received in 1893 from the Vaccine Institute of Berlin by Prof. Riegler of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest. In 1949, it was taken over by the Cantacuzino Institute and has been carried through at most 27 passages in buffalo calves ; it is now designated as strain ICn+m27.", "contents": "[History of smallpox vaccination in Romania and source of the IC strains of vaccinia virus]. Smallpox existed in Romania since the 17th century, when both variolation and vaccinia were used for preventing the disease. Jenner's vaccination was performed in 1801 in Cluj and Tirgu Mures and extended to the entire country during the following 31 years. The vaccinia virus strain used for preparing the smallpox vaccine was received in 1893 from the Vaccine Institute of Berlin by Prof. Riegler of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest. In 1949, it was taken over by the Cantacuzino Institute and has been carried through at most 27 passages in buffalo calves ; it is now designated as strain ICn+m27.", "PMID": 394273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10280", "title": "[Characteristics of the outbreak and control of an epidemic of bacillary dysentery of hydric origin].", "content": "In December 1978, an unexpected outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in a shoe factory. The clinical, epidemiological and laboratory investigations established the hydric origin of the dysentery due to Shigella flexneri 3 a, caused by the illicit communication of the drinking water and industrial water mains. The antiepidemic measures promptly taken arrested the outbreak in three days ; there were no secondary, contact cases.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the outbreak and control of an epidemic of bacillary dysentery of hydric origin]. In December 1978, an unexpected outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in a shoe factory. The clinical, epidemiological and laboratory investigations established the hydric origin of the dysentery due to Shigella flexneri 3 a, caused by the illicit communication of the drinking water and industrial water mains. The antiepidemic measures promptly taken arrested the outbreak in three days ; there were no secondary, contact cases.", "PMID": 394270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10281", "title": "[Gastric secretion after vagotomy at different levels].", "content": "It is well known that all the different procedures of vagotomy have a great variability in the clinical results and a high incidence of positivity in the Hollander's tests, this probably due to the arrangement of the vagus nerves in the low third of the esophagus and its connection with the mienteric plexus. In a group of ten dogs with a gastric fistula we obtained first a sufficient number of assays with vagal stimulation, later on vagotomy was done at the level of the esophago-gastric union (EGU), getting a decrease in the gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid of 64%, afterwards a second section of the vagus nerves was practiced, five centimeters above the EGU having an inhibition of 90% and finally 95% was attained when the vagotomy was done 15 centimeters above the EGU. It is concluded that it is needed a long vagal resection of the last ten centimeters, instead of the classic section of the nerve at the gastroesophagic union; it is the same case with a parietal cell mass vagotomy.", "contents": "[Gastric secretion after vagotomy at different levels]. It is well known that all the different procedures of vagotomy have a great variability in the clinical results and a high incidence of positivity in the Hollander's tests, this probably due to the arrangement of the vagus nerves in the low third of the esophagus and its connection with the mienteric plexus. In a group of ten dogs with a gastric fistula we obtained first a sufficient number of assays with vagal stimulation, later on vagotomy was done at the level of the esophago-gastric union (EGU), getting a decrease in the gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid of 64%, afterwards a second section of the vagus nerves was practiced, five centimeters above the EGU having an inhibition of 90% and finally 95% was attained when the vagotomy was done 15 centimeters above the EGU. It is concluded that it is needed a long vagal resection of the last ten centimeters, instead of the classic section of the nerve at the gastroesophagic union; it is the same case with a parietal cell mass vagotomy.", "PMID": 394269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10282", "title": "[Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of WHR-1142A in the treatment of non-specific acute diarrhea].", "content": "A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A) in thirty patients with acute nonspecific diarrhea was conducted. During their 29-hour hospital treatment period, the average number of bowel movements for each ten patient treatment group was: placebo, 5.1: lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 2.4; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 2.5. The average weight of the feces of the patients in each treatment group was: placebo, 576 grams; lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 364 grams; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 435 grams. Time intervals between each of the first two doses were greater for those patients in the active treatment groups (lidamidine hydrochloride) when compared to the placebo group. Overall evaluation of therapy was rated by physician and patient at end of study: placebo, 10 of 10, not effective; lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 10 of 10 (100%) effective; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 10 of 10 (100%) effective. Vital signs and laboratory values remained within normal ranges throughout the duration of study, and no clinically significant adverse effects were reported.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of WHR-1142A in the treatment of non-specific acute diarrhea]. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A) in thirty patients with acute nonspecific diarrhea was conducted. During their 29-hour hospital treatment period, the average number of bowel movements for each ten patient treatment group was: placebo, 5.1: lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 2.4; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 2.5. The average weight of the feces of the patients in each treatment group was: placebo, 576 grams; lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 364 grams; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 435 grams. Time intervals between each of the first two doses were greater for those patients in the active treatment groups (lidamidine hydrochloride) when compared to the placebo group. Overall evaluation of therapy was rated by physician and patient at end of study: placebo, 10 of 10, not effective; lidamidine hydrochloride (10 mg), 10 of 10 (100%) effective; lidamidine hydrochloride (18 mg), 10 of 10 (100%) effective. Vital signs and laboratory values remained within normal ranges throughout the duration of study, and no clinically significant adverse effects were reported.", "PMID": 394268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10283", "title": "[Emphysematous cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of emphysematous cholecystitis is reported. The gallblader size in this case was 25 x 12 cms. The patient underwent successful cholecystectomy and responded adequately to cloramphenicol, peniciline and metronidazol. The late antibiotics are usually recommended due to the prevalence of Clostridia and Escherinchia bacterial infections in the gallbladder of patients with this illness.", "contents": "[Emphysematous cholecystitis (author's transl)]. A case of emphysematous cholecystitis is reported. The gallblader size in this case was 25 x 12 cms. The patient underwent successful cholecystectomy and responded adequately to cloramphenicol, peniciline and metronidazol. The late antibiotics are usually recommended due to the prevalence of Clostridia and Escherinchia bacterial infections in the gallbladder of patients with this illness.", "PMID": 394266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10284", "title": "[Demonstration of a parotid salivary immunity reaction during chronic oral candidiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of specific salivary anti-candida immunoglobulins during chronic candidiasis of the oral mucosa demonstrates the existence of a local parotid immunity reaction, the total IgA level is not altered.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a parotid salivary immunity reaction during chronic oral candidiasis (author's transl)]. The study of specific salivary anti-candida immunoglobulins during chronic candidiasis of the oral mucosa demonstrates the existence of a local parotid immunity reaction, the total IgA level is not altered.", "PMID": 394293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10285", "title": "[Treatment of Binder's maxillonasal dysostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of Binder's maxillonasal dysostosis raises many problems and difficulties of both orthodontic and surgical natures. Orthodontic therapy should be conducted as early as possible and include, principally, an advancement of the maxilla by heavy extra-oral postero-anterior traction on an orthodontic mask. If good occlusion is obtained the patient can then be treated to improve the anatomical conditions of the muscles of the nose and upper lip. Maxillary, and more rarely mandibular osteotomies are indicated in cases with poor occlusion. When occlusion is reasonably good the hypoplasia has to be compensated for by using large portions of ilac bone to reconstruct the ridge and point of the nose. A preseptal graft on the ridge and secondarily, revisions of the point of the nose are often essential to ensure the best results.", "contents": "[Treatment of Binder's maxillonasal dysostosis (author's transl)]. The treatment of Binder's maxillonasal dysostosis raises many problems and difficulties of both orthodontic and surgical natures. Orthodontic therapy should be conducted as early as possible and include, principally, an advancement of the maxilla by heavy extra-oral postero-anterior traction on an orthodontic mask. If good occlusion is obtained the patient can then be treated to improve the anatomical conditions of the muscles of the nose and upper lip. Maxillary, and more rarely mandibular osteotomies are indicated in cases with poor occlusion. When occlusion is reasonably good the hypoplasia has to be compensated for by using large portions of ilac bone to reconstruct the ridge and point of the nose. A preseptal graft on the ridge and secondarily, revisions of the point of the nose are often essential to ensure the best results.", "PMID": 394294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10286", "title": "A comparison between the transthoracic electrical impedance method and the direct Fick and the dye dilution methods for cardiac output measurements in man.", "content": "In fourteen patients referred for preoperative evaluation of heart disease we compared the transthoracic electrical impedance method to the direct Fick (four patients) and dye dilution methods (ten patients) for estimation of cardiac output. On statistical analysis of paired differences we found no reliable agreement between the absolute impedance values and the reference methods. The reproducibility was, however, acceptable, and the coefficient of variation for impedance cardiac output was 7.8%, and for impedance stroke volume 7.6%. Our conclusion is that in patients with advanced heart disease cardiac output cannot be determined with accuracy with the impedance cardiographic method. In clinical practice this must be considered so important, that we hesitate to use the method for monitoring cardiac output in critically ill patients even if the reproducibility for individual changes is acceptable.", "contents": "A comparison between the transthoracic electrical impedance method and the direct Fick and the dye dilution methods for cardiac output measurements in man. In fourteen patients referred for preoperative evaluation of heart disease we compared the transthoracic electrical impedance method to the direct Fick (four patients) and dye dilution methods (ten patients) for estimation of cardiac output. On statistical analysis of paired differences we found no reliable agreement between the absolute impedance values and the reference methods. The reproducibility was, however, acceptable, and the coefficient of variation for impedance cardiac output was 7.8%, and for impedance stroke volume 7.6%. Our conclusion is that in patients with advanced heart disease cardiac output cannot be determined with accuracy with the impedance cardiographic method. In clinical practice this must be considered so important, that we hesitate to use the method for monitoring cardiac output in critically ill patients even if the reproducibility for individual changes is acceptable.", "PMID": 394295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10287", "title": "Acetate production and substrate availability in the dog.", "content": "Arterial plasma acetate, glucose and NEFA concentrations were measured during loading with glucose/insulin and fat emulsion/heparin, and during epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulation in dogs. The expected alterations in glucose and NEFA concentrations were found. Acetate concentrations were not influenced, and remained constant in all experiments. Since acetate removal from the body pool is mainly concentration dependent, it may be concluded that acetate production was constant under the conditions described. \"Overflow disposal\" of AcSCoA to yield free acetate in cases of high rates of AcSoA-production does not occur as long as the Krebs cycle is intact.", "contents": "Acetate production and substrate availability in the dog. Arterial plasma acetate, glucose and NEFA concentrations were measured during loading with glucose/insulin and fat emulsion/heparin, and during epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulation in dogs. The expected alterations in glucose and NEFA concentrations were found. Acetate concentrations were not influenced, and remained constant in all experiments. Since acetate removal from the body pool is mainly concentration dependent, it may be concluded that acetate production was constant under the conditions described. \"Overflow disposal\" of AcSCoA to yield free acetate in cases of high rates of AcSoA-production does not occur as long as the Krebs cycle is intact.", "PMID": 394296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10288", "title": "A modified [125I]fibrinogen technique for thrombus detection in the whole leg.", "content": "The [125I]fibrinogen uptake test was modified to give a quick result, and improve sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). At least 800 counts were recorded at each measuring point. The leg veins were emptied more effectively. Thus the proximal thigh could be evaluated and the influence of varicose veins reduced. The feet and the leg points were measured in a zig-zag order (from side to side) to avoid systematic errors in early diagnosis. The modified test detected 62% of the thrombi 1 h after injection, 82% after 1 day and 95% after 2 days. The method still lacks in specificity; this is unavoidable since fibrin accumulates in various other conditions than DVT. The combination of high sensitivity and low specificity makes the modified test reliable as a screening procedure, but not as an independent method.", "contents": "A modified [125I]fibrinogen technique for thrombus detection in the whole leg. The [125I]fibrinogen uptake test was modified to give a quick result, and improve sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). At least 800 counts were recorded at each measuring point. The leg veins were emptied more effectively. Thus the proximal thigh could be evaluated and the influence of varicose veins reduced. The feet and the leg points were measured in a zig-zag order (from side to side) to avoid systematic errors in early diagnosis. The modified test detected 62% of the thrombi 1 h after injection, 82% after 1 day and 95% after 2 days. The method still lacks in specificity; this is unavoidable since fibrin accumulates in various other conditions than DVT. The combination of high sensitivity and low specificity makes the modified test reliable as a screening procedure, but not as an independent method.", "PMID": 394297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10289", "title": "Effect of aggregates on albumin standardization.", "content": "In order to investigate the consequences of presence of aggregates in human albumin standards, pools of monomer, dimer and polymer albumin were prepared and quantitated by three total-protein methods (biuret, Folin-Lowry and spectrophotometry at 279 nm) and by four different albumin methods (dye-binding by bromcresol green, electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion and automated immunoprecipitation). Biuret was chosen as the reference method and the monomer was used as the standard in all methods. Both the total-protein and albumin methods gave values for aggregated albumin different from the biuret values. The maximal bias occurred in radial immunodiffusion where quantitation of the dimer and polymer pools gave only 67% and 48% of the biuret values, respectively. In five commercial albumin preparations investigated, the content of di- and polymer varied from 3 to 34%. Uncritical use of albumin preparations in standardization may thus introduce bias in the measurements.", "contents": "Effect of aggregates on albumin standardization. In order to investigate the consequences of presence of aggregates in human albumin standards, pools of monomer, dimer and polymer albumin were prepared and quantitated by three total-protein methods (biuret, Folin-Lowry and spectrophotometry at 279 nm) and by four different albumin methods (dye-binding by bromcresol green, electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion and automated immunoprecipitation). Biuret was chosen as the reference method and the monomer was used as the standard in all methods. Both the total-protein and albumin methods gave values for aggregated albumin different from the biuret values. The maximal bias occurred in radial immunodiffusion where quantitation of the dimer and polymer pools gave only 67% and 48% of the biuret values, respectively. In five commercial albumin preparations investigated, the content of di- and polymer varied from 3 to 34%. Uncritical use of albumin preparations in standardization may thus introduce bias in the measurements.", "PMID": 394298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10290", "title": "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase deficiency in Fanconi's anaemia established by two independent methods of assay.", "content": "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1) levels were quantitated in human haemolysates, both by an immunological technique and by an activity assay. The erythrocyte SOD activity level in a group of seven Fanconi's anaemia patients was significantly decreased (27%, on the average) compared to a control group of nineteen healthy individuals. The fact that both the activity per antigenic unit and the electrophoretic mobility of the erythrocyte SOD was normal indicates that the deficiency in these Fanconi's anaemia patients is most probably not due to a mutation in the structural gene for the enzyme but more likely due to a disturbed mechanism regulating the SOD level in the erythrocyte.", "contents": "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase deficiency in Fanconi's anaemia established by two independent methods of assay. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1) levels were quantitated in human haemolysates, both by an immunological technique and by an activity assay. The erythrocyte SOD activity level in a group of seven Fanconi's anaemia patients was significantly decreased (27%, on the average) compared to a control group of nineteen healthy individuals. The fact that both the activity per antigenic unit and the electrophoretic mobility of the erythrocyte SOD was normal indicates that the deficiency in these Fanconi's anaemia patients is most probably not due to a mutation in the structural gene for the enzyme but more likely due to a disturbed mechanism regulating the SOD level in the erythrocyte.", "PMID": 394299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10291", "title": "Pre-endoscopic medication. A randomized double-blind trial of atropine and meperidine as a supplement to diazepam.", "content": "The effects of an intramuscular injection of atropine (0.6 mg) and meperidine (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min before topical benzocaine and intravenous diazepam administration were compared with those of a control group that received only benzocaine and intravenous diazepam in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 100 consecutive patients. Atropine and meperidine decreased the amount of salivation and gastric secretion (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively) and increased the period of sedation (p less than 0.001). The patients' and examiners' evaluation of the procedure was the same with either premedication regimen. Neither regimen affected the success rate of the endoscopy. Regardless of the regimen used, every patient who underwent endoscopy stated that they would consent to another examination, if necessary. Patients judged before endoscopy to be most apprehensive tolerated the procedure least, and those judged to be least apprehensive tolerated the procedure best, irrespective of premedication. The addition of meperidine and atropine to a premedication regimen of diazepam and topical benzocaine does not appear to be beneficial.", "contents": "Pre-endoscopic medication. A randomized double-blind trial of atropine and meperidine as a supplement to diazepam. The effects of an intramuscular injection of atropine (0.6 mg) and meperidine (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min before topical benzocaine and intravenous diazepam administration were compared with those of a control group that received only benzocaine and intravenous diazepam in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 100 consecutive patients. Atropine and meperidine decreased the amount of salivation and gastric secretion (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively) and increased the period of sedation (p less than 0.001). The patients' and examiners' evaluation of the procedure was the same with either premedication regimen. Neither regimen affected the success rate of the endoscopy. Regardless of the regimen used, every patient who underwent endoscopy stated that they would consent to another examination, if necessary. Patients judged before endoscopy to be most apprehensive tolerated the procedure least, and those judged to be least apprehensive tolerated the procedure best, irrespective of premedication. The addition of meperidine and atropine to a premedication regimen of diazepam and topical benzocaine does not appear to be beneficial.", "PMID": 394300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10292", "title": "The release of enterokinase following secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in man.", "content": "The release of enterokinase into human duodenal fluid was studied after intravenous injections of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ). In five control subjects there was a significant release of the enzyme after stimulation with either hormone. A similar release of enterokinase was observed after hormonal stimulation in three patients with total biliary obstruction and in four patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. These results suggest that the hormone-mediated release of enterokinase is independent of bile salts and trypsin in man. This release of enterokinase into duodenal fluid may be physiologically important in protein digestion.", "contents": "The release of enterokinase following secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in man. The release of enterokinase into human duodenal fluid was studied after intravenous injections of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ). In five control subjects there was a significant release of the enzyme after stimulation with either hormone. A similar release of enterokinase was observed after hormonal stimulation in three patients with total biliary obstruction and in four patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. These results suggest that the hormone-mediated release of enterokinase is independent of bile salts and trypsin in man. This release of enterokinase into duodenal fluid may be physiologically important in protein digestion.", "PMID": 394301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10293", "title": "Gastric ulcer therapy with a pepsin-inactivating peptide, pepstatin: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.", "content": "Sixty consecutive patients with gastric ulcer were studied at random after treatment with 100 mg pepstatin or 100 mg placebo seven times a day at fixed hours and controlled 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial diagnosis. Examinations comprised clinical symptoms and endoscopic evaluation of ulcer healing. Eight patients were withdrawn from the study. Ulcer healing and symptoms were better with placebo than with pepstatin, but a type-2 error of a 10% effect in favour of pepstatin may be overlooked. In gastric ulcer treatment, pepstatin seems to be of only fringe benefit, if of any benefit at all.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer therapy with a pepsin-inactivating peptide, pepstatin: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Sixty consecutive patients with gastric ulcer were studied at random after treatment with 100 mg pepstatin or 100 mg placebo seven times a day at fixed hours and controlled 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial diagnosis. Examinations comprised clinical symptoms and endoscopic evaluation of ulcer healing. Eight patients were withdrawn from the study. Ulcer healing and symptoms were better with placebo than with pepstatin, but a type-2 error of a 10% effect in favour of pepstatin may be overlooked. In gastric ulcer treatment, pepstatin seems to be of only fringe benefit, if of any benefit at all.", "PMID": 394302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10294", "title": "Premedication for gastroscopy. A comparative study of diazepam, dixyrazine, and placebo.", "content": "In a study of 52 consecutive out-patients the effects of diazepam and dixyrazine were compared with each other and with placebo as premedication for elective gastroscopy. All patients also received topical lidocaine and intravenous administration of propantheline bromide immediately before the examination. No difference was found between diazepam and dixyrazine, but they were both significantly superior to placebo in relieving anxiety, retching, and eructations.", "contents": "Premedication for gastroscopy. A comparative study of diazepam, dixyrazine, and placebo. In a study of 52 consecutive out-patients the effects of diazepam and dixyrazine were compared with each other and with placebo as premedication for elective gastroscopy. All patients also received topical lidocaine and intravenous administration of propantheline bromide immediately before the examination. No difference was found between diazepam and dixyrazine, but they were both significantly superior to placebo in relieving anxiety, retching, and eructations.", "PMID": 394303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10295", "title": "Phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness of non-adherent nude spleen cells.", "content": "Non-adherent spleen cells from athymic nude mice showed incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) at a level comparable to that of non-adherent cells of normal mice when stimulated with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The optimal dose of PHA was 50 microliter/ml for nude cells, a concentration that does not stimulate normal cells. In comparison, 2.5 microliter/ml PHA was optimal for cells of normal mice. Anti-theta serum plus complement treatment of the non-adherent nude spleen cells reduced 3H-TdR incorporation by approximately 50%, suggesting that some of the responding cells carried the theta antigen. Direct immunofluorescence showed that the non-adherent nude spleen cells contained 6-9% theta-positive cells. In comparison, more than 80% of the PHA-induced nude blast cells were theta-positive. PHA-induced DNA synthesis of normal mouse spleen cells was inhibited by adherent nude spleen cells. No theta-antigen or surface immunoglobulin could be demonstrated on these inhibitory cells, suggesting that they belong to the macrophage system of the nude mouse spleen.", "contents": "Phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness of non-adherent nude spleen cells. Non-adherent spleen cells from athymic nude mice showed incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) at a level comparable to that of non-adherent cells of normal mice when stimulated with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The optimal dose of PHA was 50 microliter/ml for nude cells, a concentration that does not stimulate normal cells. In comparison, 2.5 microliter/ml PHA was optimal for cells of normal mice. Anti-theta serum plus complement treatment of the non-adherent nude spleen cells reduced 3H-TdR incorporation by approximately 50%, suggesting that some of the responding cells carried the theta antigen. Direct immunofluorescence showed that the non-adherent nude spleen cells contained 6-9% theta-positive cells. In comparison, more than 80% of the PHA-induced nude blast cells were theta-positive. PHA-induced DNA synthesis of normal mouse spleen cells was inhibited by adherent nude spleen cells. No theta-antigen or surface immunoglobulin could be demonstrated on these inhibitory cells, suggesting that they belong to the macrophage system of the nude mouse spleen.", "PMID": 394306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10296", "title": "Plaque assay with protein A-coated erythrocytes for the evaluation of human immunoglobulin-secreting cells induced by pokeweed mitogen.", "content": "Cells secreting IgM, IgG and IgA were evaluated in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen by a haemolytic plaque assay using protein A-coated erythrocytes in the presence of class-specific antisera. Kinetic study revealed that immunoglobulin-secreting cells appeared after 3 days of culture and peaked between days 5 and 7. IgM-secreting cells predominated throughout the culture period. This plaque assay is a useful and sensitive in vitro test for the evaluation of polyclonal B-cell activation in humans and may provide a good approach to the study of disturbances in the synthesis of the various classes of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Plaque assay with protein A-coated erythrocytes for the evaluation of human immunoglobulin-secreting cells induced by pokeweed mitogen. Cells secreting IgM, IgG and IgA were evaluated in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen by a haemolytic plaque assay using protein A-coated erythrocytes in the presence of class-specific antisera. Kinetic study revealed that immunoglobulin-secreting cells appeared after 3 days of culture and peaked between days 5 and 7. IgM-secreting cells predominated throughout the culture period. This plaque assay is a useful and sensitive in vitro test for the evaluation of polyclonal B-cell activation in humans and may provide a good approach to the study of disturbances in the synthesis of the various classes of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 394305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10297", "title": "Diagnostic specificity of immunoglobulin M (IgM) response in differentiation Legionnaires' disease from psittacosis.", "content": "Specific IgM and IgG antibody responses to Legionella pneumophila (LDB) and Chlamydia psittaci (PSI) in serum specimens from 22 cases of Legionnaires' Disease (LD) were examined by micro-immunofluorescence (IF) tests to explore the diagnostic significance of the IgM antibody response. Serial samples from 5 patients with LD showed greater than or equal to 4-fold changes in IgG antibody against LDB and PSI. All 5 patients possessed IgM antibodies against LDB but not against PSI. In single convalescent serum samples from 17 additional cases, 16 exhibited IgG and 15 showed IgM antibodies against LDB; all 17 exhibited IgG but not IgM antibodies against PSI. The IgM antibody response appears more specific than the corresponding IgG response in the serodiagnosis of LD, and may be valuable in differentiating LDB infections from those due to PSI.", "contents": "Diagnostic specificity of immunoglobulin M (IgM) response in differentiation Legionnaires' disease from psittacosis. Specific IgM and IgG antibody responses to Legionella pneumophila (LDB) and Chlamydia psittaci (PSI) in serum specimens from 22 cases of Legionnaires' Disease (LD) were examined by micro-immunofluorescence (IF) tests to explore the diagnostic significance of the IgM antibody response. Serial samples from 5 patients with LD showed greater than or equal to 4-fold changes in IgG antibody against LDB and PSI. All 5 patients possessed IgM antibodies against LDB but not against PSI. In single convalescent serum samples from 17 additional cases, 16 exhibited IgG and 15 showed IgM antibodies against LDB; all 17 exhibited IgG but not IgM antibodies against PSI. The IgM antibody response appears more specific than the corresponding IgG response in the serodiagnosis of LD, and may be valuable in differentiating LDB infections from those due to PSI.", "PMID": 394307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10298", "title": "Urography and isotope renography following renal transplantation.", "content": "The clinical yield from routine urography following renal transplantation was compared with that from isotope renography. In 50 recipients of renal transplants, 59 urograms and 55 renograms were studied. The most common pathologic finding at urography was renal papillary necrosis (in 6 patients). This condition had no obvious correlation with the further fate of the transplant. There were no other significant pathologic changes. It is concluded that isotope renography can be regarded as sufficient for routine follow-up. One baseline urogram is useful, but additional urographies should be carried out only when clinically indicated.", "contents": "Urography and isotope renography following renal transplantation. The clinical yield from routine urography following renal transplantation was compared with that from isotope renography. In 50 recipients of renal transplants, 59 urograms and 55 renograms were studied. The most common pathologic finding at urography was renal papillary necrosis (in 6 patients). This condition had no obvious correlation with the further fate of the transplant. There were no other significant pathologic changes. It is concluded that isotope renography can be regarded as sufficient for routine follow-up. One baseline urogram is useful, but additional urographies should be carried out only when clinically indicated.", "PMID": 394308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10299", "title": "Renovascular hypertension after kidney transplantation.", "content": "The development of hypertension after kidney transplantation was examined in a consecutive series of 83 transplantations (79 patients) with a graft survival of more than 30 days. After transplantation, 50% of the normotensive recipients developed mild or severe hypertension, while 74% of the hypertensive recipients remained hypertensive. Stenosis of the graft artery with a narrowing of the diameter of more than 50% was found in 13 patients and in 3 patients a minor or peripheral stenosis was found. Significantly more stenoses were seen in the presence of two donor arteries, whereas no other etiological factors could be shown. In arterial stenosis, severe hypertension was established within a few months after transplantation, but in spite of satisfactory controlled blood pressure and good graft function, hypertensive crises could arise. It is therefore concluded that arteriography and renin analysis should be considered in all cases of severe hypertension, and surgical correction should be considered when arterial stenosis is present.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension after kidney transplantation. The development of hypertension after kidney transplantation was examined in a consecutive series of 83 transplantations (79 patients) with a graft survival of more than 30 days. After transplantation, 50% of the normotensive recipients developed mild or severe hypertension, while 74% of the hypertensive recipients remained hypertensive. Stenosis of the graft artery with a narrowing of the diameter of more than 50% was found in 13 patients and in 3 patients a minor or peripheral stenosis was found. Significantly more stenoses were seen in the presence of two donor arteries, whereas no other etiological factors could be shown. In arterial stenosis, severe hypertension was established within a few months after transplantation, but in spite of satisfactory controlled blood pressure and good graft function, hypertensive crises could arise. It is therefore concluded that arteriography and renin analysis should be considered in all cases of severe hypertension, and surgical correction should be considered when arterial stenosis is present.", "PMID": 394309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10300", "title": "Comparison of a new parallel-flow, plate dialyser and a hollow fibre dialyser.", "content": "A new, low-price, parallel-flow, plate dialyser--the LPP dialyser--has been compared with a hollow fibre dialyser--the C-DAK dialyser. At dialysate flows of 510-680 ml/min and blood flows 140-200 ml/min the clearances of urea, creatinine and uric acid were 30-40 ml/min greater in the C-DAK dialyser. In the patients the mean creatinine at end of dialysis increased 1.7 mg% during treatment with the LPP dialyser. The ultrafiltration rate was found to be greater in the LPP dialyser than in the C-DAK dialyser. No membrane ruptures were observed in 200 LPP dialysers compared to 2 of 1200 C-DAK dialysers. The mean residual blood volume was 6.4 ml in the LPP dialyser + blood lines and 5.3 ml in the C-DAK dialyser + blood lines. The difference is insignificant. The LPP dialyser may be useful when dialysis is carried out frequency and when overhydration is a major problem.", "contents": "Comparison of a new parallel-flow, plate dialyser and a hollow fibre dialyser. A new, low-price, parallel-flow, plate dialyser--the LPP dialyser--has been compared with a hollow fibre dialyser--the C-DAK dialyser. At dialysate flows of 510-680 ml/min and blood flows 140-200 ml/min the clearances of urea, creatinine and uric acid were 30-40 ml/min greater in the C-DAK dialyser. In the patients the mean creatinine at end of dialysis increased 1.7 mg% during treatment with the LPP dialyser. The ultrafiltration rate was found to be greater in the LPP dialyser than in the C-DAK dialyser. No membrane ruptures were observed in 200 LPP dialysers compared to 2 of 1200 C-DAK dialysers. The mean residual blood volume was 6.4 ml in the LPP dialyser + blood lines and 5.3 ml in the C-DAK dialyser + blood lines. The difference is insignificant. The LPP dialyser may be useful when dialysis is carried out frequency and when overhydration is a major problem.", "PMID": 394310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10301", "title": "Continuous blood glucose monitoring and characteristics of diabetes in patients on maintenance haemodialysis treatment.", "content": "The glucose metabolism of diabetes mellitus during maintenance haemodialysis treatment was studied in four patients with endstage renal failure. There was a large day-to-day variation in the predialysis blood glucose levels, which it was difficult to control by adjusting the insulin dose. In spite of very high blood glucose levels, blood lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were not elevated. Triglycerides were markedly and constantly elevated, in no apparent association with the predialysis blood glucose level. The patients were shown to release moderate amounts of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate into the dialysate during the dialysis period. A technique of continuous blood glucose monitoring during the haemodialysis period was applied. With this technique blood sugar levels were accurately determined during the whole dialysis period. A rapid drop in the blood glucose level was found in apparent association with an aggravation of symptoms. A very marked tendency to hypoglycaemia was also revealed. It is concluded that the technique is a valuable aid in the proper management of diabetes in these cases.", "contents": "Continuous blood glucose monitoring and characteristics of diabetes in patients on maintenance haemodialysis treatment. The glucose metabolism of diabetes mellitus during maintenance haemodialysis treatment was studied in four patients with endstage renal failure. There was a large day-to-day variation in the predialysis blood glucose levels, which it was difficult to control by adjusting the insulin dose. In spite of very high blood glucose levels, blood lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were not elevated. Triglycerides were markedly and constantly elevated, in no apparent association with the predialysis blood glucose level. The patients were shown to release moderate amounts of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate into the dialysate during the dialysis period. A technique of continuous blood glucose monitoring during the haemodialysis period was applied. With this technique blood sugar levels were accurately determined during the whole dialysis period. A rapid drop in the blood glucose level was found in apparent association with an aggravation of symptoms. A very marked tendency to hypoglycaemia was also revealed. It is concluded that the technique is a valuable aid in the proper management of diabetes in these cases.", "PMID": 394311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10302", "title": "The placebo effect.", "content": "The most important factors influencing the effects drugs and other therapeutic measures are discussed. i.e. 1) variations between different patients--\"individual factors\", 2) variations in the environment--\"occupational factors\", 3) variations in compliance, 4) variations in the spontaneous course of the disease, and 5) variations in the effect of placebo. It is pointed out that \"the placebo effect\" must always be allowed for when evaluating different methods of treatment.", "contents": "The placebo effect. The most important factors influencing the effects drugs and other therapeutic measures are discussed. i.e. 1) variations between different patients--\"individual factors\", 2) variations in the environment--\"occupational factors\", 3) variations in compliance, 4) variations in the spontaneous course of the disease, and 5) variations in the effect of placebo. It is pointed out that \"the placebo effect\" must always be allowed for when evaluating different methods of treatment.", "PMID": 394312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10303", "title": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. I. Correlation of pretherapy cellular tests with characteristics of the disease.", "content": "Cell immunity profiles were determined in 46 patients with previously untreated pulmonary tuberculosis, confirmed bacteriologically, and in 21 blood donors. Evaluations were made of T-lymphocytes, blastic transformation of lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin or tuberculoprotein, and migration inhibition of blood leukocytes stimulated by tuberculo-protein. The average proportion of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly diminished in the group of tuberculous patients, and the intensity of the decline correlated both with age and extent of the disease. Similarly, migration of leukocytes in tuberculous patients was, in the presence of tuberculoprotein, markedly inhibited. The inhibition was correlated to the extent of the disease, expressed as the number of bacilli excreted. It can be concluded that, despite the depression of immunocompetent cells, active daughter clones under the influence of a specific antigen are capable of producing a factor conditioning migration inhibition.", "contents": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. I. Correlation of pretherapy cellular tests with characteristics of the disease. Cell immunity profiles were determined in 46 patients with previously untreated pulmonary tuberculosis, confirmed bacteriologically, and in 21 blood donors. Evaluations were made of T-lymphocytes, blastic transformation of lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin or tuberculoprotein, and migration inhibition of blood leukocytes stimulated by tuberculo-protein. The average proportion of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly diminished in the group of tuberculous patients, and the intensity of the decline correlated both with age and extent of the disease. Similarly, migration of leukocytes in tuberculous patients was, in the presence of tuberculoprotein, markedly inhibited. The inhibition was correlated to the extent of the disease, expressed as the number of bacilli excreted. It can be concluded that, despite the depression of immunocompetent cells, active daughter clones under the influence of a specific antigen are capable of producing a factor conditioning migration inhibition.", "PMID": 394313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10304", "title": "Lung compliance and lung morphology following artificial ventilation in the premature and full-term rabbit neonate.", "content": "Rabbit neonates delivered on day 27--30 of gestation were subjected to intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for 60 min. Tidal volume was standardized to  10 ml/kg, and the insufflation pressure required to maintain this tidal volume was recorded. The quasistatic compliance of the lung-thorax system, corrected for variations in body weight, was significantly lower in animals delivered on day 27--28 than in those delivered on day 29--30. Immature animals with low lung-thorax compliance (less than 0.40 ml/cm H2O.kg) regularly developed widespread necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium following IPPV, whereas no such lesions were observed in mature animals. It seems probable that these lesions are secondary to overdistension of bronchioles during IPPV and that this abnormal expansion pattern is related to a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs of immature newborn animals.", "contents": "Lung compliance and lung morphology following artificial ventilation in the premature and full-term rabbit neonate. Rabbit neonates delivered on day 27--30 of gestation were subjected to intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for 60 min. Tidal volume was standardized to  10 ml/kg, and the insufflation pressure required to maintain this tidal volume was recorded. The quasistatic compliance of the lung-thorax system, corrected for variations in body weight, was significantly lower in animals delivered on day 27--28 than in those delivered on day 29--30. Immature animals with low lung-thorax compliance (less than 0.40 ml/cm H2O.kg) regularly developed widespread necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium following IPPV, whereas no such lesions were observed in mature animals. It seems probable that these lesions are secondary to overdistension of bronchioles during IPPV and that this abnormal expansion pattern is related to a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs of immature newborn animals.", "PMID": 394314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10305", "title": "[Absorption and hematologic effect of streptokinase-streptodornase (varidase) after intracavital or oral administration].", "content": "A series of patients who received intracavitary streptokinase/streptodornase after thoracotomy or laparotomy were compared with a control group. They showed a highly significant increase in plasma streptokinase tolerance, indicating absorption of the streptokinase from the cavity. Changes in blood coagulation, plasma cell count and immunoglobulins were not observed. In a series of patients with leg ulcers treated with streptokinase/streptodornase by mouth, no increase in plasma streptokinase tolerance was observed, indicating that orally administered streptokinase is not absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "[Absorption and hematologic effect of streptokinase-streptodornase (varidase) after intracavital or oral administration]. A series of patients who received intracavitary streptokinase/streptodornase after thoracotomy or laparotomy were compared with a control group. They showed a highly significant increase in plasma streptokinase tolerance, indicating absorption of the streptokinase from the cavity. Changes in blood coagulation, plasma cell count and immunoglobulins were not observed. In a series of patients with leg ulcers treated with streptokinase/streptodornase by mouth, no increase in plasma streptokinase tolerance was observed, indicating that orally administered streptokinase is not absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.", "PMID": 394315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10306", "title": "[Nuclear medical methods for the detection of coronary disease].", "content": "Three developments in recent years have speeded the advance of nuclear cardiology: gamma cameras have become available, computers have been introduced into nuclear medicine, and radionuclides such as Tc99m and Tl201 have become easily obtainable for imaging purposes. The imaging of the myocard with Tl201 has its established place in cardiology. Sensitivities of about 90% and specificities of about 80-90% make Tl201 exercise tests a powerful tool for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a preselected population. Ejection fraction can be measured at rest and during exercise where an absent increase during physical stress is clearly abnormal (and also not necessarily specific for CAD). Sensitivities of 80-90% and specificities around 90% for detection of CAD seem possible. Wall motion abnormalities again can be brought out during exercise and serve to localize impaired ventricle function. Tc99m-pyrophosphate studies seem to have some implications to prognosis if myocardial accumulation persists. Only preliminary reports are thus far available for these two studies.", "contents": "[Nuclear medical methods for the detection of coronary disease]. Three developments in recent years have speeded the advance of nuclear cardiology: gamma cameras have become available, computers have been introduced into nuclear medicine, and radionuclides such as Tc99m and Tl201 have become easily obtainable for imaging purposes. The imaging of the myocard with Tl201 has its established place in cardiology. Sensitivities of about 90% and specificities of about 80-90% make Tl201 exercise tests a powerful tool for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a preselected population. Ejection fraction can be measured at rest and during exercise where an absent increase during physical stress is clearly abnormal (and also not necessarily specific for CAD). Sensitivities of 80-90% and specificities around 90% for detection of CAD seem possible. Wall motion abnormalities again can be brought out during exercise and serve to localize impaired ventricle function. Tc99m-pyrophosphate studies seem to have some implications to prognosis if myocardial accumulation persists. Only preliminary reports are thus far available for these two studies.", "PMID": 394317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10307", "title": "[Myasthenia gravis and visceral lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The patient described in this clinical demonstration suffered from severe myasthenia gravis shortly before the detection and for 3 years after surgical removal of a cystic thymoma. At the end of this period, when the myasthenia subsided, she developed systemic lupus erythematosus simultaneously with pleural implantation metastases of the thymoma. After local radiation therapy and under systemic immunosuppression she has remained asymptomatic since the spring of 1978. The pathogenetic and immunogenetic basis of myasthenia gravis and autoimmune diseases associated with thymoma and thymus hyperplasia is reviewed, and a plea is entered for more comprehensive and integrative internal medicine.", "contents": "[Myasthenia gravis and visceral lupus erythematosus]. The patient described in this clinical demonstration suffered from severe myasthenia gravis shortly before the detection and for 3 years after surgical removal of a cystic thymoma. At the end of this period, when the myasthenia subsided, she developed systemic lupus erythematosus simultaneously with pleural implantation metastases of the thymoma. After local radiation therapy and under systemic immunosuppression she has remained asymptomatic since the spring of 1978. The pathogenetic and immunogenetic basis of myasthenia gravis and autoimmune diseases associated with thymoma and thymus hyperplasia is reviewed, and a plea is entered for more comprehensive and integrative internal medicine.", "PMID": 394318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10308", "title": "[Granulocyte defence against bacterial infection in diabetes mellitus with special reference to bactericidal activity].", "content": "Granulocytic defence against bacterial infection has been studied in a group of diabetic patients. With the skin chamber method markedly reduced leukocyte mobilization in vivo which was independent of metabolic compensation was found in all diabetic patients. Investigation of phagocytic function of Latex particles and bacterial killing of E. coli revealed firm dependence on metabolic regulation: in decompensated diabetes mellitus the two function tests were clearly pathological, whereas in the compensated metabolism there was no difference between normal individuals and diabetics. Thus, on granulocytic defence pathway analysis, this appears to confirm that reduction of infection depends on how diabetes is controlled.", "contents": "[Granulocyte defence against bacterial infection in diabetes mellitus with special reference to bactericidal activity]. Granulocytic defence against bacterial infection has been studied in a group of diabetic patients. With the skin chamber method markedly reduced leukocyte mobilization in vivo which was independent of metabolic compensation was found in all diabetic patients. Investigation of phagocytic function of Latex particles and bacterial killing of E. coli revealed firm dependence on metabolic regulation: in decompensated diabetes mellitus the two function tests were clearly pathological, whereas in the compensated metabolism there was no difference between normal individuals and diabetics. Thus, on granulocytic defence pathway analysis, this appears to confirm that reduction of infection depends on how diabetes is controlled.", "PMID": 394321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10309", "title": "[Discontinuation of chronic hemodialysis due to improved kidney function caused by the control of arterial hypertension].", "content": "Following effective long-term antihypertensive therapy, hemodialysis could be discontinued in 4 patients with malignant hypertension in view of improved renal function. Diagnoses included nephroangiosclerosis (2 cases), scleroderma and chronic glomerulonephritis. All patients had symptoms of hypertension or renal disease for at least one year prior to initiation of hemodialysis treatment. At the outset, blood pressure averaged 249 +/- 43/150 +/- 22 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) and all patients had grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. After 1 to 20 months strict blood pressure control, renal function had improved to such a degree that hemodialysis could be discontinued. One year later, blood pressure averaged 138 +/- 20/89 +/- 6 mm Hg and serum creatinine 3,2 +/- 1,2 mg/100 ml. These data suggest that in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure, strict control of blood pressure is of the utmost importance whatever the severity and nature of the underlying renal disease.", "contents": "[Discontinuation of chronic hemodialysis due to improved kidney function caused by the control of arterial hypertension]. Following effective long-term antihypertensive therapy, hemodialysis could be discontinued in 4 patients with malignant hypertension in view of improved renal function. Diagnoses included nephroangiosclerosis (2 cases), scleroderma and chronic glomerulonephritis. All patients had symptoms of hypertension or renal disease for at least one year prior to initiation of hemodialysis treatment. At the outset, blood pressure averaged 249 +/- 43/150 +/- 22 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) and all patients had grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. After 1 to 20 months strict blood pressure control, renal function had improved to such a degree that hemodialysis could be discontinued. One year later, blood pressure averaged 138 +/- 20/89 +/- 6 mm Hg and serum creatinine 3,2 +/- 1,2 mg/100 ml. These data suggest that in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure, strict control of blood pressure is of the utmost importance whatever the severity and nature of the underlying renal disease.", "PMID": 394320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10310", "title": "[Hypertension in unilateral (non-vascular) nephrosclerosis: renin activity in the venous kidney blood and effect of nephrectomy].", "content": "13 patients (9 females, 4 males) with hypertension and unilateral (non-vascular) small kidney underwent nephrectomy. Before surgery, renin activity (PRA) was measured in renal vein blood before and/or 15 and 30 minutes after intravenous stimulation with 40 mg furosemide. From these PRA values renin rations (PRA affected side/PRA unaffected side) were calculated. A ratio of greater than or equal to 1.5 was considered to be significant. After a mean postoperative observation period of 3.9 +/- 1.3 years 6 patients (46%) were cured and 6 were improved. In only 1 patient (8%) did hypertension remain unchanged. No differences could be observed between the renin ratios of cured and improved cases. Furthermore, in no patient was a correlation found between preoperative renin ratios and the degree of postoperative blood pressure reduction. Finally, both patients with renin ratios less than or equal to 1.4 were cured by surgery. Marked differences between cured and improved patients were seen in preoperative blood pressure values, age, duration of hypertension and renal function. Cured patients were younger and had much lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, shorter duration of hypertension and better renal function than improved patients. These results show that the diagnostic and prognostic validity of renal venous renin ratios is very limited in patients with a unilateral (non-vascular) small kidney. In these patients the effect of nephrectomy can already be predicted by analyzing simple anamnestic, clinical and chemical data.", "contents": "[Hypertension in unilateral (non-vascular) nephrosclerosis: renin activity in the venous kidney blood and effect of nephrectomy]. 13 patients (9 females, 4 males) with hypertension and unilateral (non-vascular) small kidney underwent nephrectomy. Before surgery, renin activity (PRA) was measured in renal vein blood before and/or 15 and 30 minutes after intravenous stimulation with 40 mg furosemide. From these PRA values renin rations (PRA affected side/PRA unaffected side) were calculated. A ratio of greater than or equal to 1.5 was considered to be significant. After a mean postoperative observation period of 3.9 +/- 1.3 years 6 patients (46%) were cured and 6 were improved. In only 1 patient (8%) did hypertension remain unchanged. No differences could be observed between the renin ratios of cured and improved cases. Furthermore, in no patient was a correlation found between preoperative renin ratios and the degree of postoperative blood pressure reduction. Finally, both patients with renin ratios less than or equal to 1.4 were cured by surgery. Marked differences between cured and improved patients were seen in preoperative blood pressure values, age, duration of hypertension and renal function. Cured patients were younger and had much lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, shorter duration of hypertension and better renal function than improved patients. These results show that the diagnostic and prognostic validity of renal venous renin ratios is very limited in patients with a unilateral (non-vascular) small kidney. In these patients the effect of nephrectomy can already be predicted by analyzing simple anamnestic, clinical and chemical data.", "PMID": 394319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10311", "title": "Sprengel's deformity. Radiology of the pathologic deformation.", "content": "A unique specimen of unilateral Sprengel's deformity, and contralateral normal pectoral girdle, were studied morphologically and roentgenographically. The cervical spine exhibited multiple abnormalities involving both the vertebral centra as well as the posterior elements (Klippel-Feil abnormality). A small spina bifida involving C5 and C6 was present. Abnormalities of the spinous processes included an articulation with a well-formed omovertebral bone that also articulated with the vertebral (infraspinatus) margin of the scapula. Secondary (presumed epiphyseal) ossification was present in the omovertebral bone at the distal end. The scapula was deformed, especially in the supraspinatus portion. The clavicle was shorter and had a different contour.", "contents": "Sprengel's deformity. Radiology of the pathologic deformation. A unique specimen of unilateral Sprengel's deformity, and contralateral normal pectoral girdle, were studied morphologically and roentgenographically. The cervical spine exhibited multiple abnormalities involving both the vertebral centra as well as the posterior elements (Klippel-Feil abnormality). A small spina bifida involving C5 and C6 was present. Abnormalities of the spinous processes included an articulation with a well-formed omovertebral bone that also articulated with the vertebral (infraspinatus) margin of the scapula. Secondary (presumed epiphyseal) ossification was present in the omovertebral bone at the distal end. The scapula was deformed, especially in the supraspinatus portion. The clavicle was shorter and had a different contour.", "PMID": 394335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10312", "title": "Rapid identification of yeasts by serological methods: a combined serological and biological method.", "content": "A total of 387 yeasts from the contents of the digestive tracts of domestic animals and poultry were identified by slide agglutination tests using factor antisera and urease tests. The results of this serological test were very satisfactory with respect to accuracy and rapidity, particularly when performed in combination with concomitant physiological tests only for assimilation of inositol and potassium nitrate. It may be concluded that such a combination of serological and biological tests is very useful for identifying yeast strains from various sources.", "contents": "Rapid identification of yeasts by serological methods: a combined serological and biological method. A total of 387 yeasts from the contents of the digestive tracts of domestic animals and poultry were identified by slide agglutination tests using factor antisera and urease tests. The results of this serological test were very satisfactory with respect to accuracy and rapidity, particularly when performed in combination with concomitant physiological tests only for assimilation of inositol and potassium nitrate. It may be concluded that such a combination of serological and biological tests is very useful for identifying yeast strains from various sources.", "PMID": 394360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10313", "title": "Overwhelming opportunistic histoplasmosis.", "content": "A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia developed overwhelming histoplasmosis. During massive fungemia, 59% of peripheral blood neutrophils contained yeast forms. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated not only from the patient's tissues and urine, but also from a serum sample submitted to a reference laboratory for serological testing. The microorganism was demonstrated by specific immunofluorescent staining of peripheral blood films. We suggest that histoplasmosis deserves a definite place on the roster of \"opportunistic fungi\".", "contents": "Overwhelming opportunistic histoplasmosis. A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia developed overwhelming histoplasmosis. During massive fungemia, 59% of peripheral blood neutrophils contained yeast forms. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated not only from the patient's tissues and urine, but also from a serum sample submitted to a reference laboratory for serological testing. The microorganism was demonstrated by specific immunofluorescent staining of peripheral blood films. We suggest that histoplasmosis deserves a definite place on the roster of \"opportunistic fungi\".", "PMID": 394363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10314", "title": "Opportunistic fungal infection by Fusarium oxysporum in a renal transplant patient.", "content": "A white female with chronic glomerular nephritis received a renal transplant in 1971. After 1 year, Livido Reticularis (LR) developed and in 1976 erythematous, painful nodules formed on the LR and ulcerated. The patient also suffered diffuse calcification of the major blood vessels and small arterioles of the extremities with progressive necrosis and gangrene of the fingers. Hyperparathyroidism was evident. The necrotic ulcers yielded Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum; both organisms were seen in histological preparations. The ulcers were excised and grafted; no specific antifungal therapy was given.", "contents": "Opportunistic fungal infection by Fusarium oxysporum in a renal transplant patient. A white female with chronic glomerular nephritis received a renal transplant in 1971. After 1 year, Livido Reticularis (LR) developed and in 1976 erythematous, painful nodules formed on the LR and ulcerated. The patient also suffered diffuse calcification of the major blood vessels and small arterioles of the extremities with progressive necrosis and gangrene of the fingers. Hyperparathyroidism was evident. The necrotic ulcers yielded Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum; both organisms were seen in histological preparations. The ulcers were excised and grafted; no specific antifungal therapy was given.", "PMID": 394364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10315", "title": "Cryptococcus neoformans: gastronomic delight of a soil ameba.", "content": "During 7 days of incubation in vitro the trophozoite stage of the free-living soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, phagocytized and killed 78-97% of the cells of three strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. With one strain, incubation time was increased to nine days and 99% of the yeast cells were killed. It was calculated that during 4-9 days of incubation a single trophozoite phagocytized and killed a daily average of 84 yeast cells. The lethal effect of A. polyphaga on C. neoformans may represent a biological control mechanism in nature. Some of the surviving cells of C. neoformans developed into colonies containing pseudohyphae; these pseudolhyphal forms may be a biological 'escape hatch'.", "contents": "Cryptococcus neoformans: gastronomic delight of a soil ameba. During 7 days of incubation in vitro the trophozoite stage of the free-living soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, phagocytized and killed 78-97% of the cells of three strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. With one strain, incubation time was increased to nine days and 99% of the yeast cells were killed. It was calculated that during 4-9 days of incubation a single trophozoite phagocytized and killed a daily average of 84 yeast cells. The lethal effect of A. polyphaga on C. neoformans may represent a biological control mechanism in nature. Some of the surviving cells of C. neoformans developed into colonies containing pseudohyphae; these pseudolhyphal forms may be a biological 'escape hatch'.", "PMID": 394365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10316", "title": "Requirement of heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis of Candida albicans.", "content": "The requirement for heat-labile opsonins for phagocytosis of 2 serologically distinct strains and a number of clinical isolates of Candida albicans was examined by a previously described radiometric technique. The results indicated that both strains and all 10 isolates of C. albicans examined required heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis. The data suggest that heat-labile opsonins play an important role in immunity to C. albicans. However, the possibility that some strains of C. albicans may not utilize heat-labile opsonins cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Requirement of heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis of Candida albicans. The requirement for heat-labile opsonins for phagocytosis of 2 serologically distinct strains and a number of clinical isolates of Candida albicans was examined by a previously described radiometric technique. The results indicated that both strains and all 10 isolates of C. albicans examined required heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis. The data suggest that heat-labile opsonins play an important role in immunity to C. albicans. However, the possibility that some strains of C. albicans may not utilize heat-labile opsonins cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 394367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10317", "title": "Comparative study of the effect of thiabendazole and fungizone on Histoplasma capsulatum in macrophages.", "content": "The antifungal properties of Fungizone (amphotericin B intravenous solution) and thiabendazole on Histoplasma capsulatum within guinea pig macrophages were compared using the staining method and a newly developed plating method to determine the viability of intracellular H. capsulatum. The two methods were compared to determine the effectiveness of Fungizone and thiabendazole on H. capsulatum within macrophages. Fungizone was fungicidal for intracellular H. capsulatum, killing 99.9% of the yeasts at a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. There was some indication that non-viable intracellular yeasts were stained which could result in misinterpretation of the effectiveness of Fungizone using the staining method unless the yeasts are very closely examined for staining abnormalities. There was a good correlation between the two methods to demonstrate suppression of the multiplication of intracellular H. capsulatum in macrophages treated with 50 microgram/ml of thiabendazole. Thiabendazole was lethal for some intracellular H. capsulatum.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effect of thiabendazole and fungizone on Histoplasma capsulatum in macrophages. The antifungal properties of Fungizone (amphotericin B intravenous solution) and thiabendazole on Histoplasma capsulatum within guinea pig macrophages were compared using the staining method and a newly developed plating method to determine the viability of intracellular H. capsulatum. The two methods were compared to determine the effectiveness of Fungizone and thiabendazole on H. capsulatum within macrophages. Fungizone was fungicidal for intracellular H. capsulatum, killing 99.9% of the yeasts at a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. There was some indication that non-viable intracellular yeasts were stained which could result in misinterpretation of the effectiveness of Fungizone using the staining method unless the yeasts are very closely examined for staining abnormalities. There was a good correlation between the two methods to demonstrate suppression of the multiplication of intracellular H. capsulatum in macrophages treated with 50 microgram/ml of thiabendazole. Thiabendazole was lethal for some intracellular H. capsulatum.", "PMID": 394369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10318", "title": "Vagotomy as a treatment for morbid obesity.", "content": "Based on animal experiments, on the original clinical observations of Dragstedt, and on similarities with appetitive behavior after jejunoileostomy, truncal vagotomy has been attempted as a treatment for morbid obesity in 13 patients with a mean weight of 123 kg. Weight decreases of 20 to 30 kg (range, 2 to 64 kg) have been observed so far. Impaired gastric emptying alone does not seem to account for the decreases. Possibly, improved glucose tolerance with reduction of hyperinsulinemia and other hormonal and/or neural effects are responsible for weight loss and lack of \"hunger.\" The period of observation is short, yet 2 of the 13 patients seem to be failures, of whom one had gastric hyposecretion before operation. It is too early to consider the procedure for general clinical use, which must await further research efforts.", "contents": "Vagotomy as a treatment for morbid obesity. Based on animal experiments, on the original clinical observations of Dragstedt, and on similarities with appetitive behavior after jejunoileostomy, truncal vagotomy has been attempted as a treatment for morbid obesity in 13 patients with a mean weight of 123 kg. Weight decreases of 20 to 30 kg (range, 2 to 64 kg) have been observed so far. Impaired gastric emptying alone does not seem to account for the decreases. Possibly, improved glucose tolerance with reduction of hyperinsulinemia and other hormonal and/or neural effects are responsible for weight loss and lack of \"hunger.\" The period of observation is short, yet 2 of the 13 patients seem to be failures, of whom one had gastric hyposecretion before operation. It is too early to consider the procedure for general clinical use, which must await further research efforts.", "PMID": 394375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10319", "title": "Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex.", "content": "Speciation in the Anopheles gambiae complex is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the patterns of chromosomal differentiation, particularly at the intraspecific level. The significance of inversion polymorphism in gambiae and arabiensis (the two species of greatest medical importance) is evaluated with reference to recent field investigations carried out in Nigeria. In both sibling species some of the inversions show clinical geographical changes in frequencies, with evident correlations with climatic conditions and vegetation zones. Microgeographical variations in species distribution and in intraspecific inversion frequencies are also present, which appear mostly related to man-made environmental contrasts. Parallel indoor-/outdoor collections of samples from polymorphic populations of arabiensis and gambiae show that adult mosquitoes carrying certain inversion karyotypes do not distribute at random in relation to the human environment, being significantly more frequent in outdoor than in indoor samples, or vice-versa. Optimal habitat choice appears to be involved in such variations of indoor resting behaviour, since the chromosomal types carried by less endophilic individuals are those more adapted to humid climates, i.e. those which tend to avoid the higher nocturnal saturation deficit of the indoor environment. This phenomenon, producing non-uniform exposure of the vector population to residual insecticides sprayed in houses, might explain the mediocrity of the results of malaria control projects based on house-spraying against endophilic vectors in the African savannas.", "contents": "Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Speciation in the Anopheles gambiae complex is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the patterns of chromosomal differentiation, particularly at the intraspecific level. The significance of inversion polymorphism in gambiae and arabiensis (the two species of greatest medical importance) is evaluated with reference to recent field investigations carried out in Nigeria. In both sibling species some of the inversions show clinical geographical changes in frequencies, with evident correlations with climatic conditions and vegetation zones. Microgeographical variations in species distribution and in intraspecific inversion frequencies are also present, which appear mostly related to man-made environmental contrasts. Parallel indoor-/outdoor collections of samples from polymorphic populations of arabiensis and gambiae show that adult mosquitoes carrying certain inversion karyotypes do not distribute at random in relation to the human environment, being significantly more frequent in outdoor than in indoor samples, or vice-versa. Optimal habitat choice appears to be involved in such variations of indoor resting behaviour, since the chromosomal types carried by less endophilic individuals are those more adapted to humid climates, i.e. those which tend to avoid the higher nocturnal saturation deficit of the indoor environment. This phenomenon, producing non-uniform exposure of the vector population to residual insecticides sprayed in houses, might explain the mediocrity of the results of malaria control projects based on house-spraying against endophilic vectors in the African savannas.", "PMID": 394408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10320", "title": "A simple laboratory method for the diagnosis of V. cholerae.", "content": "In many developing countries where cholera occurs, bacteriological facilities at the local level are lacking and either cholera may be unreported or other diarrhoeal diseases may be mistakenly reported as cholera. A simple and practical method, suitable for use in small hospitals and health centres and by field teams of health workers is described. Swab samples are streaked on to various media (TTGA and TCBS were found to be the most satisfactory), incubated overnight at 35 degrees C and read. The characteristics which distinguish Vibrio cholerae colonies from others developing are described. In tests on 309 cholera patients, culture on TTGA gave 100% and on TCBS 96.7% positives.", "contents": "A simple laboratory method for the diagnosis of V. cholerae. In many developing countries where cholera occurs, bacteriological facilities at the local level are lacking and either cholera may be unreported or other diarrhoeal diseases may be mistakenly reported as cholera. A simple and practical method, suitable for use in small hospitals and health centres and by field teams of health workers is described. Swab samples are streaked on to various media (TTGA and TCBS were found to be the most satisfactory), incubated overnight at 35 degrees C and read. The characteristics which distinguish Vibrio cholerae colonies from others developing are described. In tests on 309 cholera patients, culture on TTGA gave 100% and on TCBS 96.7% positives.", "PMID": 394411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10321", "title": "Antisporozoite antibodies in mice immunized with irradiation-attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites.", "content": "Sera from NMRI/NIH mice were tested for the presence of IgM and IgG anti-sporozoite antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Both IgM and IgG antibody titres were related to the number of immunizations with irradition-attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, and protection from challenge with subsequent non-attenuated sporozoites correlated with the pre-challenge antibody titre. Sera taken five days following challenge showed marked reductions in antibody titres, except for the group receiving the maximum (four) immunizations. Groups immunized with frozen sporozoites or mosquito tissue antigen developed neither antibodies to sporozoites nor protective immunity; nor did animals infected with parasitized blood. However, sera from mice immunized four times with attenuated sporozoites demonstrated IFA titres to blood-stage antigens. The results show that both IgM and IgG antisporozoite antibodies could be detected in mice immunized with attenuated-sporozoites by IFAT, and that the antibody titres correlated with protective immunity. Cross reaction with blood-stage antigens occurred, but the test should still prove useful.", "contents": "Antisporozoite antibodies in mice immunized with irradiation-attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. Sera from NMRI/NIH mice were tested for the presence of IgM and IgG anti-sporozoite antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Both IgM and IgG antibody titres were related to the number of immunizations with irradition-attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, and protection from challenge with subsequent non-attenuated sporozoites correlated with the pre-challenge antibody titre. Sera taken five days following challenge showed marked reductions in antibody titres, except for the group receiving the maximum (four) immunizations. Groups immunized with frozen sporozoites or mosquito tissue antigen developed neither antibodies to sporozoites nor protective immunity; nor did animals infected with parasitized blood. However, sera from mice immunized four times with attenuated sporozoites demonstrated IFA titres to blood-stage antigens. The results show that both IgM and IgG antisporozoite antibodies could be detected in mice immunized with attenuated-sporozoites by IFAT, and that the antibody titres correlated with protective immunity. Cross reaction with blood-stage antigens occurred, but the test should still prove useful.", "PMID": 394412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10322", "title": "Antigenic activity in adult Dipetalonema viteae in the indirect immunofluorescent test against sera from filariasis patients--the immunofluorescent histological search for \"pure\" antigen.", "content": "Using IFAT, it has been shown that isolated egg-shells and uterine fluid of Dipetalonema viteae are the most potent antigens in heterologous systems using human sera from patients infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa, as well as in homologous systems using sera from animals infected with D. viteae. It is suggested that these antigens are unlikely to be highly species-specific, and that anatomical isolation of antigens is a necessary prerequisite to immunochemical analysis aimed at the preparation of a \"pure\" antigen.", "contents": "Antigenic activity in adult Dipetalonema viteae in the indirect immunofluorescent test against sera from filariasis patients--the immunofluorescent histological search for \"pure\" antigen. Using IFAT, it has been shown that isolated egg-shells and uterine fluid of Dipetalonema viteae are the most potent antigens in heterologous systems using human sera from patients infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa, as well as in homologous systems using sera from animals infected with D. viteae. It is suggested that these antigens are unlikely to be highly species-specific, and that anatomical isolation of antigens is a necessary prerequisite to immunochemical analysis aimed at the preparation of a \"pure\" antigen.", "PMID": 394410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10323", "title": "DRw antigen matching and B-cell antibody crossmatching: their effect on clinical outcome of renal transplants.", "content": "In a series of 36 cadaver transplants, we have found that matching the DR antigens had greater value in predicting good transplant outcome than did matching the A and B antigens. A much larger series of transplants utilizing DR antigen matching will be necessary to confirm these promising results; however, it would appear that performed donor-specific BLC detected at room temperature have no relationship to subsequent transplant outcome. It is, however, important to differentiate them from weak HLA-A,B,C antibodies which have been proven to lead to accelerated rejection. We recommend that the clinical crossmatch include simultaneous B-cell-depleted and B-cell-enriched tests to avoid this problem.", "contents": "DRw antigen matching and B-cell antibody crossmatching: their effect on clinical outcome of renal transplants. In a series of 36 cadaver transplants, we have found that matching the DR antigens had greater value in predicting good transplant outcome than did matching the A and B antigens. A much larger series of transplants utilizing DR antigen matching will be necessary to confirm these promising results; however, it would appear that performed donor-specific BLC detected at room temperature have no relationship to subsequent transplant outcome. It is, however, important to differentiate them from weak HLA-A,B,C antibodies which have been proven to lead to accelerated rejection. We recommend that the clinical crossmatch include simultaneous B-cell-depleted and B-cell-enriched tests to avoid this problem.", "PMID": 394436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10324", "title": "ABH and Lewis antigens on lymphocytes: screening of pregnant women's sera with the B-cell cytotoxicity test.", "content": "Five phenotypes related to the ABH-Lewis substances were defined by the B-cell lymphocytotoxic test. These five antigens are built up in a stepwise fashion by the action of the glycosyl transferases specified by the Le, H, and the A, B genes onto the same ABO percursor molecules. The comparison of their chemical structures with the cluster analysis obtained by cytotoxicity suggests that antibodies reacting with large antigenic structures (pentasaccharides) have a more restricted specificity than antibodies reacting only with smaller antigenic determinants (trisaccharides).", "contents": "ABH and Lewis antigens on lymphocytes: screening of pregnant women's sera with the B-cell cytotoxicity test. Five phenotypes related to the ABH-Lewis substances were defined by the B-cell lymphocytotoxic test. These five antigens are built up in a stepwise fashion by the action of the glycosyl transferases specified by the Le, H, and the A, B genes onto the same ABO percursor molecules. The comparison of their chemical structures with the cluster analysis obtained by cytotoxicity suggests that antibodies reacting with large antigenic structures (pentasaccharides) have a more restricted specificity than antibodies reacting only with smaller antigenic determinants (trisaccharides).", "PMID": 394439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10325", "title": "Sow vaccination by combined oral and intramuscular antigen: a field study of maternal protection against neonatal Escherichia coli enteritis.", "content": "A field trial was conducted to test the efficacy of a vaccination programme which combines oral and parenteral antigen administration to produce IgM antibody in the colostrum of the sow. The trial involved 11 herds, each selected because of their history of neonatal Escherichia coli enteritis. Following more than 2300 farrowings, the progeny from vaccinated sows required 75 per cent less medication to maintain a good standard of health. The average neonatal mortality decreased from 13.8 to 7.0 per cent and the number of pigs weaned increased by 0.6 per litter.", "contents": "Sow vaccination by combined oral and intramuscular antigen: a field study of maternal protection against neonatal Escherichia coli enteritis. A field trial was conducted to test the efficacy of a vaccination programme which combines oral and parenteral antigen administration to produce IgM antibody in the colostrum of the sow. The trial involved 11 herds, each selected because of their history of neonatal Escherichia coli enteritis. Following more than 2300 farrowings, the progeny from vaccinated sows required 75 per cent less medication to maintain a good standard of health. The average neonatal mortality decreased from 13.8 to 7.0 per cent and the number of pigs weaned increased by 0.6 per litter.", "PMID": 394466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10326", "title": "The possible involvement of seagulls (Larus sp) in the transmission of salmonella in dairy cattle.", "content": "A series of infections in a herd of dairy cows by different salmonella serotypes over a seven year period is described. The source of infection appeared to be the private water supply contaminated by seagulls.", "contents": "The possible involvement of seagulls (Larus sp) in the transmission of salmonella in dairy cattle. A series of infections in a herd of dairy cows by different salmonella serotypes over a seven year period is described. The source of infection appeared to be the private water supply contaminated by seagulls.", "PMID": 394468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10327", "title": "Cause of ill health and natural death in badgers in Gloucestershire.", "content": "During the period 1973 to 1976 inclusive, 1206 badger carcases were examined for evidence of tuberculosis and other diseases. Tuberculosis was the major cause of natural death, killing 39 per cent of the natural death cases, followed by bite wounding and starvation. Road traffic accidents were the greatest single cause of death.", "contents": "Cause of ill health and natural death in badgers in Gloucestershire. During the period 1973 to 1976 inclusive, 1206 badger carcases were examined for evidence of tuberculosis and other diseases. Tuberculosis was the major cause of natural death, killing 39 per cent of the natural death cases, followed by bite wounding and starvation. Road traffic accidents were the greatest single cause of death.", "PMID": 394469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10328", "title": "[Control of mycoplasmosis via poultry eggs and sperm by using tylosin].", "content": "A review is made on the existing references concerning the utilization of tilosin and some other antibiotics for limiting the distribution of or complitely eliminating mycoplasmosis in poultry and turkeys. Opportunities are discussed for preventing the emission of mycoplasmae with the eggs and spermal liquid of the diseased birds (treatment of the egg layer or of the sperm), as well as methods for elimination of the infection on the eggs (pre-incubation heating, dipping in antibiotic solutions or injection of various antibiotics). Most effective proved to be the methods of tilosin injection in the air camera of the eggs (1--3 mg/egg between the 7th and the 11th day from the beginning of incubation) and pre-incubation dipping of the eggs in tilosin solutions of 1000--3000 ppm concentrations. Cheaper and more suitable for practical use is the first method. Precise recommendations are given for obtaining PPLO-free bird flocks.", "contents": "[Control of mycoplasmosis via poultry eggs and sperm by using tylosin]. A review is made on the existing references concerning the utilization of tilosin and some other antibiotics for limiting the distribution of or complitely eliminating mycoplasmosis in poultry and turkeys. Opportunities are discussed for preventing the emission of mycoplasmae with the eggs and spermal liquid of the diseased birds (treatment of the egg layer or of the sperm), as well as methods for elimination of the infection on the eggs (pre-incubation heating, dipping in antibiotic solutions or injection of various antibiotics). Most effective proved to be the methods of tilosin injection in the air camera of the eggs (1--3 mg/egg between the 7th and the 11th day from the beginning of incubation) and pre-incubation dipping of the eggs in tilosin solutions of 1000--3000 ppm concentrations. Cheaper and more suitable for practical use is the first method. Precise recommendations are given for obtaining PPLO-free bird flocks.", "PMID": 394476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10329", "title": "Adriamycin (doxorubicin) cardiotoxicity: a review.", "content": "Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) is an antineoplastic agent effective against a wide range of malignant conditions, although cardiac toxicity, especially dose-dependent cardiomyopathy, limits its long-term use. Previous mediastinal radiation therapy or left ventricular dysfunction and advanced age increase the risk of this complication developing. Unfortunately, there is no readily available, noninvasive method that can predict Adriamycin-induced congestive heart failure (CHF). However, both endomyocardial biopsy and radionuclide ejection-fraction measurement are promising techniques which may soon permit selection of patients who can safely receive this drug. At present, Adriamycin-induced CHF can best be prevented by limiting the total dose as follows: 400 to 450 mg per sq meter following mediastinal radiation and 500 to 550 mg per sq meter for patients without other significant risk factors. Consideration of dose-response data and use of a weekly schedule may soon permit the administration of Adriamycin for long-term antineoplasm therapy.", "contents": "Adriamycin (doxorubicin) cardiotoxicity: a review. Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) is an antineoplastic agent effective against a wide range of malignant conditions, although cardiac toxicity, especially dose-dependent cardiomyopathy, limits its long-term use. Previous mediastinal radiation therapy or left ventricular dysfunction and advanced age increase the risk of this complication developing. Unfortunately, there is no readily available, noninvasive method that can predict Adriamycin-induced congestive heart failure (CHF). However, both endomyocardial biopsy and radionuclide ejection-fraction measurement are promising techniques which may soon permit selection of patients who can safely receive this drug. At present, Adriamycin-induced CHF can best be prevented by limiting the total dose as follows: 400 to 450 mg per sq meter following mediastinal radiation and 500 to 550 mg per sq meter for patients without other significant risk factors. Consideration of dose-response data and use of a weekly schedule may soon permit the administration of Adriamycin for long-term antineoplasm therapy.", "PMID": 394479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10330", "title": "The clinical physiology of water metabolism. Part I: The physiologic regulation of arginine vasopressin secretion and thirst.", "content": "Water balance is tightly regulated within a tolerance of less than 1 percent by a physiologic control system located in the hypothalamus. Body water homeostasis is achieved by balancing renal and nonrenal water losses with appropriate water intake. The major stimulus to thirst is increased osmolality of body fluids as perceived by osmoreceptors in the anteroventral hypothalamus. Hypovolemia also has an important effect on thirst which is mediated by arterial baroreceptors and by the renin-angiotensin system. Renal water loss is determined by the circulating level of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP is synthesized in specialized neurosecretory cells located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and is transported in neurosecretory granules down elongated axons to the posterior pituitary. Depolarization of the neurosecretory neurons results in the exocytosis of the granules and the release of AVP and its carrier protein (neurophysin) into the circulation. AVP is secreted in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Change in body fluid osmolality is the most potent factor affecting AVP secretion, but hypovolemia, the renin-angiotensin system, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyperthermia and pain also have important effects. Many drugs have been shown to stimulate the release of AVP as well. Small changes in plasma AVP concentration of from 0.5 to 4 muU per ml have major effects on urine osmolality and renal water handling.", "contents": "The clinical physiology of water metabolism. Part I: The physiologic regulation of arginine vasopressin secretion and thirst. Water balance is tightly regulated within a tolerance of less than 1 percent by a physiologic control system located in the hypothalamus. Body water homeostasis is achieved by balancing renal and nonrenal water losses with appropriate water intake. The major stimulus to thirst is increased osmolality of body fluids as perceived by osmoreceptors in the anteroventral hypothalamus. Hypovolemia also has an important effect on thirst which is mediated by arterial baroreceptors and by the renin-angiotensin system. Renal water loss is determined by the circulating level of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP is synthesized in specialized neurosecretory cells located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and is transported in neurosecretory granules down elongated axons to the posterior pituitary. Depolarization of the neurosecretory neurons results in the exocytosis of the granules and the release of AVP and its carrier protein (neurophysin) into the circulation. AVP is secreted in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Change in body fluid osmolality is the most potent factor affecting AVP secretion, but hypovolemia, the renin-angiotensin system, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyperthermia and pain also have important effects. Many drugs have been shown to stimulate the release of AVP as well. Small changes in plasma AVP concentration of from 0.5 to 4 muU per ml have major effects on urine osmolality and renal water handling.", "PMID": 394480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10331", "title": "[Innervation of the autotransplanted lung. Experimental study].", "content": "The authors investigated the changes of the nerve-structures after autotransplantation of a lung or the lobe of a lung as well as the moment and the kind of recovery of the innervation after the operation. 186 autotransplantations of the left lung or of one lobe of a lung was done by experiments on healthy mixed breed dogs. The longest time of observation was 9 years. The authors found out that there developed changes in the nervetracts in the wall of the main bronchus and the lung artery after autotransplantation. The majority of the nerve-cells in the ganglions of the bronchuswall in the autotransplanted lung succumbs an abundant destruction at several times after the operation. However the structure of a part of the nerve fibres, distal of the bronchus- and the lung artery anastomoses, will remain simultaneously. The regeneration of the nerve structures in the wall of the bronchus and of the lung artery, distal of the anastomoses, already begins in the first weeks after the autotransplantation and continues for 4 to 6 months. The authors could not find any convincing morphologic findings for the utter regeneration of the peripheric nerve-structures in the lung parenchyma. This circumstance can be the cause for the absence of the Hering-Breuer reflex for a long time after the autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Innervation of the autotransplanted lung. Experimental study]. The authors investigated the changes of the nerve-structures after autotransplantation of a lung or the lobe of a lung as well as the moment and the kind of recovery of the innervation after the operation. 186 autotransplantations of the left lung or of one lobe of a lung was done by experiments on healthy mixed breed dogs. The longest time of observation was 9 years. The authors found out that there developed changes in the nervetracts in the wall of the main bronchus and the lung artery after autotransplantation. The majority of the nerve-cells in the ganglions of the bronchuswall in the autotransplanted lung succumbs an abundant destruction at several times after the operation. However the structure of a part of the nerve fibres, distal of the bronchus- and the lung artery anastomoses, will remain simultaneously. The regeneration of the nerve structures in the wall of the bronchus and of the lung artery, distal of the anastomoses, already begins in the first weeks after the autotransplantation and continues for 4 to 6 months. The authors could not find any convincing morphologic findings for the utter regeneration of the peripheric nerve-structures in the lung parenchyma. This circumstance can be the cause for the absence of the Hering-Breuer reflex for a long time after the autotransplantation.", "PMID": 394492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10332", "title": "[The microbiological cancer test--further studies with experimental mouse tumor tetanus and wound tetanus].", "content": "A re-evaluation of the specificity of the tumour-tetanus assay of the mouse was performed by analysing the wound-tetanus assay under comparable test conditions. This was achieved by injecting 1 X 10(6) viable Ehrlich carcinoma cells admixed with 1 X 10(2) tetanus spores subcutaneously, in a 0.1 ml dose volume or, 1 X 10(2) tetanus spores suspended in 5% CaCl2 solution, respectively. By comparison, these two groups of mice developed about the same tetanus mortality rates, however, following tetanus antitoxin therapy with 3 doses of 100 IU each day on days 0, 4 and 7 after infection, clinical signs of late tetanus exclusively belonged to tumour bearing animals. This typical tetanus behaviour may be explained by a spatial-temporal association between growing tetanus rods and proliferating cells of warm-blooded animals. In this manner tumour tissue can be differed from wound granulomatous tissue by way of permanently cloning stem cells.", "contents": "[The microbiological cancer test--further studies with experimental mouse tumor tetanus and wound tetanus]. A re-evaluation of the specificity of the tumour-tetanus assay of the mouse was performed by analysing the wound-tetanus assay under comparable test conditions. This was achieved by injecting 1 X 10(6) viable Ehrlich carcinoma cells admixed with 1 X 10(2) tetanus spores subcutaneously, in a 0.1 ml dose volume or, 1 X 10(2) tetanus spores suspended in 5% CaCl2 solution, respectively. By comparison, these two groups of mice developed about the same tetanus mortality rates, however, following tetanus antitoxin therapy with 3 doses of 100 IU each day on days 0, 4 and 7 after infection, clinical signs of late tetanus exclusively belonged to tumour bearing animals. This typical tetanus behaviour may be explained by a spatial-temporal association between growing tetanus rods and proliferating cells of warm-blooded animals. In this manner tumour tissue can be differed from wound granulomatous tissue by way of permanently cloning stem cells.", "PMID": 394491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10333", "title": "[Review of the development of air humidifiers working on the principle of evaporation with reference to their experimentally assured efficacy].", "content": "Basing on own measurements of the efficiency of customary water-bath humidifiers (humidifier of the ventilator RO-5 R, humidifier of the ventilator Engstr\u00f6m ER 200, Bennett Cascade Humidifier, Hydrotrop 200 and Nicholas Humidifier) a critical review is given. As the results show only 3 of the humidifiers (Bennett Cascade Humidifier, Hydrotrop 200 and Nicholas Humidifer) make sure a really breathing air \"conditioning\" (moistening and rewarming). The humidifers of the ventilators RO-5 R and Engstr\u00f6m ER 200 have only a very low efficiency, therefore they are not suitable for long term ventilation. Finally, the safety for the patient (the dangers of watercondensation, watertransport into the lungs, overheating, hypothermia and superhumidication) and the different expenditure of the clinical use of the humidifiers should be mentioned.", "contents": "[Review of the development of air humidifiers working on the principle of evaporation with reference to their experimentally assured efficacy]. Basing on own measurements of the efficiency of customary water-bath humidifiers (humidifier of the ventilator RO-5 R, humidifier of the ventilator Engstr\u00f6m ER 200, Bennett Cascade Humidifier, Hydrotrop 200 and Nicholas Humidifier) a critical review is given. As the results show only 3 of the humidifiers (Bennett Cascade Humidifier, Hydrotrop 200 and Nicholas Humidifer) make sure a really breathing air \"conditioning\" (moistening and rewarming). The humidifers of the ventilators RO-5 R and Engstr\u00f6m ER 200 have only a very low efficiency, therefore they are not suitable for long term ventilation. Finally, the safety for the patient (the dangers of watercondensation, watertransport into the lungs, overheating, hypothermia and superhumidication) and the different expenditure of the clinical use of the humidifiers should be mentioned.", "PMID": 394493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10334", "title": "[Secretion of acid, proteolytic activity and gastric juice at normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The basic and with pentagastrin stimulated (dose response) secretion of acid and proteolytic activity of the stomach were estimated at five healthy volunteers before and after a six-week-antacid-therapy as well as at ten patients with duodenal ulcer disease. After a six-week-antacid-therapy the BAO and the basic proteolytic activity were reduced for 50% as compared to the healthy volunteers without it while the maximal stimulated secretion of acid and proteolytic enzymes was not altered. After a three-day-antacid-therapy these changes did not occur. The basic acid output (BAO) was increased for 60% and the basic secretion of proteolytic enzymes was increased for 50% at duodenal ulcer patients. The changes of the gastric juice volumes at the different steps of stimulation and within the three groups of patients do not seem to be correlated constantly to the changes of secretion of acid and proteolytic activity. After a three-day-antacid-therapy, however, the volume of the basic and stimulated gastric juice turned out to be identically reduced as after a longtime antacid therapy. These results suggest that the secretion of acid, proteolytic activity and gastric juice occur independently.", "contents": "[Secretion of acid, proteolytic activity and gastric juice at normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients (author's transl)]. The basic and with pentagastrin stimulated (dose response) secretion of acid and proteolytic activity of the stomach were estimated at five healthy volunteers before and after a six-week-antacid-therapy as well as at ten patients with duodenal ulcer disease. After a six-week-antacid-therapy the BAO and the basic proteolytic activity were reduced for 50% as compared to the healthy volunteers without it while the maximal stimulated secretion of acid and proteolytic enzymes was not altered. After a three-day-antacid-therapy these changes did not occur. The basic acid output (BAO) was increased for 60% and the basic secretion of proteolytic enzymes was increased for 50% at duodenal ulcer patients. The changes of the gastric juice volumes at the different steps of stimulation and within the three groups of patients do not seem to be correlated constantly to the changes of secretion of acid and proteolytic activity. After a three-day-antacid-therapy, however, the volume of the basic and stimulated gastric juice turned out to be identically reduced as after a longtime antacid therapy. These results suggest that the secretion of acid, proteolytic activity and gastric juice occur independently.", "PMID": 394494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10335", "title": "The ultrastructural characterization of the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) cercaria.", "content": "The tegumental ultrastructure of the cercaria of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875), was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The body surface is almost encircled by many rows of regularly arranged spines. The tegumental syncytium of the body contains many rod-shaped dense granules and central electron-lucent bodies, neither of which are present in the tail tegument. There are four rows of hooked teeth and modified spines on the oral cone. These teeth are differentiated morphologically and probably functionally from the other body spines. Disc-shaped papillae with long or short cilia are distributed on the body in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern dorsally and ventrally. There are 30 to 37 papillae with much longer cilia laterally. Four pairs of papillae were found on the tail. From their structure and location these papillae appear to have a mainly tango- or rheoreceptive function. Another type of sheathed papillae is situated around the oral sucker. The cuticular tegument is expanded laterally at the base of the tail, forming a characteristic sac-like structure.", "contents": "The ultrastructural characterization of the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) cercaria. The tegumental ultrastructure of the cercaria of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875), was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The body surface is almost encircled by many rows of regularly arranged spines. The tegumental syncytium of the body contains many rod-shaped dense granules and central electron-lucent bodies, neither of which are present in the tail tegument. There are four rows of hooked teeth and modified spines on the oral cone. These teeth are differentiated morphologically and probably functionally from the other body spines. Disc-shaped papillae with long or short cilia are distributed on the body in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern dorsally and ventrally. There are 30 to 37 papillae with much longer cilia laterally. Four pairs of papillae were found on the tail. From their structure and location these papillae appear to have a mainly tango- or rheoreceptive function. Another type of sheathed papillae is situated around the oral sucker. The cuticular tegument is expanded laterally at the base of the tail, forming a characteristic sac-like structure.", "PMID": 394497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10336", "title": "Vaccination against virus diseases.", "content": "One of the most important and most lasting benefits of medicine to human health and health expenditure is the controlled immunological interruption of the vicious cycle of infectious disease such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, measles. Smallpox, with globally more than 2.5 million cases ten years ago, is gone. The incidence of infectious diseases with available immunoprophylaxis has been reduced by 90 % over the past two decades, while the incidence of diseases without vaccine has nearly tripled. By contrast, influenza, a disease against which there have been vaccines in existence for many years, demands more deaths than any other infectious disease. Reasons for this failure of influenza immunoprophylaxis are discussed and suggested to include: indiscriminate use of available vaccines of which some types are much less antigenic than others, the disappointment that influenza virus vaccines will not protect against influenza-like illnesses caused by noninfluenza virus pathogens and the concomitant indiscriminate rejection of all influenza vaccines as being of doubtful value; superficial vaccination policies which aim at narrow populations, leaving those most likely to spread the virus the full potential to do so; the unjustified fear of side reactions following vaccination which are considerably less severe than the disease this vaccination is attempting to prevent.", "contents": "Vaccination against virus diseases. One of the most important and most lasting benefits of medicine to human health and health expenditure is the controlled immunological interruption of the vicious cycle of infectious disease such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, measles. Smallpox, with globally more than 2.5 million cases ten years ago, is gone. The incidence of infectious diseases with available immunoprophylaxis has been reduced by 90 % over the past two decades, while the incidence of diseases without vaccine has nearly tripled. By contrast, influenza, a disease against which there have been vaccines in existence for many years, demands more deaths than any other infectious disease. Reasons for this failure of influenza immunoprophylaxis are discussed and suggested to include: indiscriminate use of available vaccines of which some types are much less antigenic than others, the disappointment that influenza virus vaccines will not protect against influenza-like illnesses caused by noninfluenza virus pathogens and the concomitant indiscriminate rejection of all influenza vaccines as being of doubtful value; superficial vaccination policies which aim at narrow populations, leaving those most likely to spread the virus the full potential to do so; the unjustified fear of side reactions following vaccination which are considerably less severe than the disease this vaccination is attempting to prevent.", "PMID": 394510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10337", "title": "[Quantitative angiographic studies for the differential diagnosis of early acute kidney failure of ischemic and rejection-damaged grafts].", "content": "On 22 auto- or homotransplanted kidneys of dogs a quantitative angiographic evaluation of the corticalis perfusion was carried out. For this purpose four special parameters were evaluated. With the help of the linear discriminance analysis we succeed in a sufficient secure separation between autografts impaired by ischaemia or shock on the one hand and homografts impaired by rejection on the other. It is referred to the prognostic significance of angiography in human graft kidneys with disturbed function.", "contents": "[Quantitative angiographic studies for the differential diagnosis of early acute kidney failure of ischemic and rejection-damaged grafts]. On 22 auto- or homotransplanted kidneys of dogs a quantitative angiographic evaluation of the corticalis perfusion was carried out. For this purpose four special parameters were evaluated. With the help of the linear discriminance analysis we succeed in a sufficient secure separation between autografts impaired by ischaemia or shock on the one hand and homografts impaired by rejection on the other. It is referred to the prognostic significance of angiography in human graft kidneys with disturbed function.", "PMID": 394514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10338", "title": "[Myorenal (crush) syndrome from the nephrologic and urologic viewpoint].", "content": "The following measures contribute to the decrease of lethality in the crush-syndrome: 1. possibly rapid rescue measures with simultaneous infusion therapy, if technical difficulties delay them, 2. beginning of the infusions on the spot, particularly solutions of sodium bicarbonate, concentrated glucose solutions, remedies of blood substitute, but no blood transfusions, 3. transport into a hospital with possibilities of dialysis, 4. early fasciotomy or amputation, 5. early haemodialysis, 6. adequate antibiotics, 7. sufficient supply of calories and protein, perhaps infusions of amino acids.", "contents": "[Myorenal (crush) syndrome from the nephrologic and urologic viewpoint]. The following measures contribute to the decrease of lethality in the crush-syndrome: 1. possibly rapid rescue measures with simultaneous infusion therapy, if technical difficulties delay them, 2. beginning of the infusions on the spot, particularly solutions of sodium bicarbonate, concentrated glucose solutions, remedies of blood substitute, but no blood transfusions, 3. transport into a hospital with possibilities of dialysis, 4. early fasciotomy or amputation, 5. early haemodialysis, 6. adequate antibiotics, 7. sufficient supply of calories and protein, perhaps infusions of amino acids.", "PMID": 394516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10339", "title": "[Physiologic views of A. N. Radishchev].", "content": "The analysis of A. N. Radischev's treatise \"On man, his mortality and immortality\" reveals a number of ideas which show that the author had a materialist approach to the problems, which in modern terms are the problems of the higher nervous activity. A great Russian materialist thinker, he naturally had a considerable influence on the formation of the materialist school in the national science, in particular in physiology. Hence considerable attention in the history of this field of knowledge should be given to Radischev and his works.", "contents": "[Physiologic views of A. N. Radishchev]. The analysis of A. N. Radischev's treatise \"On man, his mortality and immortality\" reveals a number of ideas which show that the author had a materialist approach to the problems, which in modern terms are the problems of the higher nervous activity. A great Russian materialist thinker, he naturally had a considerable influence on the formation of the materialist school in the national science, in particular in physiology. Hence considerable attention in the history of this field of knowledge should be given to Radischev and his works.", "PMID": 394505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10340", "title": "[Clinical experience obtained from attention to and delivery of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus with insulin treatment required (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinatal mortality recorded from 87 patients with diabetes mellitus requiring administration of insulin was 6.66 per cent between 1975 and 1977. The authors' results are compared with those obtained at different obstetric centres and discussed. Optimum regulation of metabolism and full utilisation of all diagnostic facilities available during pregnancy were found to be essential to individual delivery in the closest possible vicinity of the calculated term.", "contents": "[Clinical experience obtained from attention to and delivery of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus with insulin treatment required (author's transl)]. Perinatal mortality recorded from 87 patients with diabetes mellitus requiring administration of insulin was 6.66 per cent between 1975 and 1977. The authors' results are compared with those obtained at different obstetric centres and discussed. Optimum regulation of metabolism and full utilisation of all diagnostic facilities available during pregnancy were found to be essential to individual delivery in the closest possible vicinity of the calculated term.", "PMID": 394531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10341", "title": "Nasal system for application of CPAP in treatment of newborn infants with moderate respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The authors describe their own modified apparatus for nasal application of CPAP to newborns. Plastic cannulas are used. Their lengths and diameters depending on the sizes of nasal passages of the infants concerned. The whole system is based on a distributor-holder to direct gas flows, as required. - The system so far has been used on 30 newborns of all gestation ages with moderate respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Nasal system for application of CPAP in treatment of newborn infants with moderate respiratory insufficiency. The authors describe their own modified apparatus for nasal application of CPAP to newborns. Plastic cannulas are used. Their lengths and diameters depending on the sizes of nasal passages of the infants concerned. The whole system is based on a distributor-holder to direct gas flows, as required. - The system so far has been used on 30 newborns of all gestation ages with moderate respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 394533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10342", "title": "[Blastomyces infestation of vagina, oral cavity, and rectum of young women, with particular reference to promiscuity (author's transl)].", "content": "Venereological patients (Group I, n = 210), intact women without any gynaecological disease (Group II, n = 125), pregnant women close to full term (Group III, n = 200), and women with vaginal fluor (Group IV, n = 380) were examined and compared for the occurrence of blastomyces, particularly Candida albicans (C. albicans), in the vagina, oral cavity, and rectum. The presence of C. albicans in vaginal secretion was established from 15.7 per cent of all probands in Group I, 12.0 per cent in Group II, 24.0 per cent in Group III, and 31.6 per cent in Group IV. The difference between Groups I and II was not significant. Promiscuity, consequently, did not seem to have major impact upon vaginal blastomyces infestation of young women. Probands with rectal infestation of C. albicans accounted for figures between 20.0 and 27.5 per cent in all four groups. Group I took first position in oral infestation of C. albicans, the figure being 64.8 per cent which was significantly above those recorded from all other groups, between 33.9 and 37.5 per cent. The correlations between rectal and vaginal occurrence of C. albicans are discussed.", "contents": "[Blastomyces infestation of vagina, oral cavity, and rectum of young women, with particular reference to promiscuity (author's transl)]. Venereological patients (Group I, n = 210), intact women without any gynaecological disease (Group II, n = 125), pregnant women close to full term (Group III, n = 200), and women with vaginal fluor (Group IV, n = 380) were examined and compared for the occurrence of blastomyces, particularly Candida albicans (C. albicans), in the vagina, oral cavity, and rectum. The presence of C. albicans in vaginal secretion was established from 15.7 per cent of all probands in Group I, 12.0 per cent in Group II, 24.0 per cent in Group III, and 31.6 per cent in Group IV. The difference between Groups I and II was not significant. Promiscuity, consequently, did not seem to have major impact upon vaginal blastomyces infestation of young women. Probands with rectal infestation of C. albicans accounted for figures between 20.0 and 27.5 per cent in all four groups. Group I took first position in oral infestation of C. albicans, the figure being 64.8 per cent which was significantly above those recorded from all other groups, between 33.9 and 37.5 per cent. The correlations between rectal and vaginal occurrence of C. albicans are discussed.", "PMID": 394532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10343", "title": "[To the historical development of the abdominal radical operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important stages in the development of the abdominal radical operation of the carcinoma of the cervix are discussed. These different stages are associated with the following names: Freund and collaboratores; Ries, Rumpf, Clark, Latzko; Wertheim; Bumm; Latzko and Schiffmann; Okabayashi and Meigs. After having reached the limits of the radicality with respect the extirpation of parametrial tissue samples the main emphasis should be the complete lymphonodectomy in the future.", "contents": "[To the historical development of the abdominal radical operation (author's transl)]. The most important stages in the development of the abdominal radical operation of the carcinoma of the cervix are discussed. These different stages are associated with the following names: Freund and collaboratores; Ries, Rumpf, Clark, Latzko; Wertheim; Bumm; Latzko and Schiffmann; Okabayashi and Meigs. After having reached the limits of the radicality with respect the extirpation of parametrial tissue samples the main emphasis should be the complete lymphonodectomy in the future.", "PMID": 394534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10344", "title": "[Use of phase-contrast and interference-contrast microscopy for immediate cytological tests in gynaecological practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Vital cytological tests of cervical smears obtained from 1,083 patients in a gynaecological practice are reported. The smears had been taken in search for malignant changes, in addition to the need for appraisals of ovarian function and vaginal flora. Smears which produced suspicious colposcopic and vital cytological findings were restained by means of Papanicolaou stain. The diagnoses based on both methods were compared. The results have confirmed the vital cytological technique to be extremely suitable for functional and flora diagnosis, while the Papanicolaou method was found to be superior to vital cytology in cancer screening.", "contents": "[Use of phase-contrast and interference-contrast microscopy for immediate cytological tests in gynaecological practice (author's transl)]. Vital cytological tests of cervical smears obtained from 1,083 patients in a gynaecological practice are reported. The smears had been taken in search for malignant changes, in addition to the need for appraisals of ovarian function and vaginal flora. Smears which produced suspicious colposcopic and vital cytological findings were restained by means of Papanicolaou stain. The diagnoses based on both methods were compared. The results have confirmed the vital cytological technique to be extremely suitable for functional and flora diagnosis, while the Papanicolaou method was found to be superior to vital cytology in cancer screening.", "PMID": 394536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10345", "title": "[Immunology of pregnancy -- more recent aspects of immunological mother-child relations (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of some topical aspects relating to immunology of pregnancy, with reference being made to more recent literature. Included are hypothetical considerations on undisturbed embryonic development, the barrier function of the placenta, the ontogenesis of the immune system, immunosuppressive factors of pregnancy serum, the macrophage function of placental cells, pregnancy proteins, and immunological peculiarities of EPH gestosis.", "contents": "[Immunology of pregnancy -- more recent aspects of immunological mother-child relations (author's transl)]. An account is given of some topical aspects relating to immunology of pregnancy, with reference being made to more recent literature. Included are hypothetical considerations on undisturbed embryonic development, the barrier function of the placenta, the ontogenesis of the immune system, immunosuppressive factors of pregnancy serum, the macrophage function of placental cells, pregnancy proteins, and immunological peculiarities of EPH gestosis.", "PMID": 394535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10346", "title": "[Complications of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation].", "content": "The complications of immunosuppresive therapy that occurred in a series of renal transplant patients presented were many. Of the total 28 renal transplants performed in Sarajevo, 25 were observed. These complications were diagnosed in 19 cases (6 of which exited), Death in each case was due to virual and not bacterial infection which occurred most often in the lungs. No urinary infections occured in any of these cases. The actual cause of death in most of the patients was most frequently due to pneumocystis and alveo-capillary block of the lungs which is very difficult to diagnose. When this complication presented itself the method of choice was rapid manipulation of the immunosuppressive therapy together with the administration of concentrated granulocytes which did not significantly impair the function of the grafted kidney in any of the cases save those with cortizone diabetes. High body temperature was also of diagnostic importance. The authors feel that quick action and accumulated clinical experience prevent the fatal outcome of many renal transplant patients with complications from immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Complications of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation]. The complications of immunosuppresive therapy that occurred in a series of renal transplant patients presented were many. Of the total 28 renal transplants performed in Sarajevo, 25 were observed. These complications were diagnosed in 19 cases (6 of which exited), Death in each case was due to virual and not bacterial infection which occurred most often in the lungs. No urinary infections occured in any of these cases. The actual cause of death in most of the patients was most frequently due to pneumocystis and alveo-capillary block of the lungs which is very difficult to diagnose. When this complication presented itself the method of choice was rapid manipulation of the immunosuppressive therapy together with the administration of concentrated granulocytes which did not significantly impair the function of the grafted kidney in any of the cases save those with cortizone diabetes. High body temperature was also of diagnostic importance. The authors feel that quick action and accumulated clinical experience prevent the fatal outcome of many renal transplant patients with complications from immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 394542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10347", "title": "Immunological studies on synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Psoriatic arthritis (PA) is included in the seronegative arthritis group, though it is now generally considered to represent a clinical entity. In PA, in contrast to psoriasis vulgaris and to other types of rheumatoid arthritis, only a few immunological studies have been reported. In the present report synovial joint membranes from patients with PA and control groups have been studied for the presence of (a) vascular changes, (b) fibrin, (c) immunoglobulins and complement factor C3.", "contents": "Immunological studies on synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis (PA) is included in the seronegative arthritis group, though it is now generally considered to represent a clinical entity. In PA, in contrast to psoriasis vulgaris and to other types of rheumatoid arthritis, only a few immunological studies have been reported. In the present report synovial joint membranes from patients with PA and control groups have been studied for the presence of (a) vascular changes, (b) fibrin, (c) immunoglobulins and complement factor C3.", "PMID": 394545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10348", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of dermal cell popoulation in psoriatic skin.", "content": "As demonstrated by means of an immunoperoxidase technique, the great majority of the infiltrating mononuclear cells located in the superficial and middle dermis of psoriatic skin consisted of T-lymphocytes. On the contrary, immunoglobulin bearing cells, investigated by means of both immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods, were scarce; IgA and IgG cells were predominant, whilst IgM cells were scarcely represented. Macrophages and monocytic cells were observed in the superficial dermis by means of the alpha-naphtyl-acetate-esterase method, in frozen sections. The role of the above mentioned cells and the significance of their reciprocal relationships still remains in discussion.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical study of dermal cell popoulation in psoriatic skin. As demonstrated by means of an immunoperoxidase technique, the great majority of the infiltrating mononuclear cells located in the superficial and middle dermis of psoriatic skin consisted of T-lymphocytes. On the contrary, immunoglobulin bearing cells, investigated by means of both immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods, were scarce; IgA and IgG cells were predominant, whilst IgM cells were scarcely represented. Macrophages and monocytic cells were observed in the superficial dermis by means of the alpha-naphtyl-acetate-esterase method, in frozen sections. The role of the above mentioned cells and the significance of their reciprocal relationships still remains in discussion.", "PMID": 394546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10349", "title": "Insulin receptors in psoriasis.", "content": "We have demonstrated how in psoriasis, irrespective of any diabetic family history, there exists a state of hyperinsulinism with a decreased resistance to insulin, which is aggravated by obesity. Since reviewing the latest studies concerning diabetes at the receptor level, we have carried out a comparative study dealing with insulin receptors in lymphocytes in homogeneous groups of normal, obese, and psoriatics of normal weight and overweight. We have also made a comparison regarding the behaviour of the receptors in these various metabolic states.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in psoriasis. We have demonstrated how in psoriasis, irrespective of any diabetic family history, there exists a state of hyperinsulinism with a decreased resistance to insulin, which is aggravated by obesity. Since reviewing the latest studies concerning diabetes at the receptor level, we have carried out a comparative study dealing with insulin receptors in lymphocytes in homogeneous groups of normal, obese, and psoriatics of normal weight and overweight. We have also made a comparison regarding the behaviour of the receptors in these various metabolic states.", "PMID": 394547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10350", "title": "Insulinogenic indexes in psoriasis.", "content": "We have earlier demonstrated that in psoriasis there exists a reduced tolerance to carbohydrates in association with hyperinsulinism. To pursue this problem further, we felt it worthwhile to deal with the results of the oral glucose tolerance test performed on 78 subjects (divided into homogenous groups of normal, obese and psoriatic groups, both with and without diabetic genetic history and obesity) with determinations of both blood glucose and blood insulin levels. We have calculated the insulinogenic indexes by using the techniques elaborated by various authors (I/G, delta I/delta G, AI/AG) and we have then carried out a statistical evaluation both of these indexes and of the ratio between the various indexes employing not only the usual techniques but also that of correlation and simple and multiple regression. We have done this in order to evaluate which of these indexes is better suited to demonstrate the physiopathological mechanism concerning the relationship between insulin hypersecretion and reduced carbohydrate tolerance in the various pathological conditions which we have dealt with.", "contents": "Insulinogenic indexes in psoriasis. We have earlier demonstrated that in psoriasis there exists a reduced tolerance to carbohydrates in association with hyperinsulinism. To pursue this problem further, we felt it worthwhile to deal with the results of the oral glucose tolerance test performed on 78 subjects (divided into homogenous groups of normal, obese and psoriatic groups, both with and without diabetic genetic history and obesity) with determinations of both blood glucose and blood insulin levels. We have calculated the insulinogenic indexes by using the techniques elaborated by various authors (I/G, delta I/delta G, AI/AG) and we have then carried out a statistical evaluation both of these indexes and of the ratio between the various indexes employing not only the usual techniques but also that of correlation and simple and multiple regression. We have done this in order to evaluate which of these indexes is better suited to demonstrate the physiopathological mechanism concerning the relationship between insulin hypersecretion and reduced carbohydrate tolerance in the various pathological conditions which we have dealt with.", "PMID": 394548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10351", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity in psoriatic patients.", "content": "The degree of cellular immunity was found to be reduced in about 23% of 56 psoriatics, especially so in those with flexural and arthropathic lesions. Humoral immunity was only slightly reduced. Lysozyme activity levels in serum were normal, while those of healthy skin were depressed in 6 patients.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity in psoriatic patients. The degree of cellular immunity was found to be reduced in about 23% of 56 psoriatics, especially so in those with flexural and arthropathic lesions. Humoral immunity was only slightly reduced. Lysozyme activity levels in serum were normal, while those of healthy skin were depressed in 6 patients.", "PMID": 394549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10352", "title": "Influence of the purity of the iodinated tracer on the specificity of the radioimmunoassay of human follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "The objective of this study was to establish whether [125I]hFSH subunits are formed during iodination of hFsh by a mild (lactoperoxidase) technique, and if so which fractionation procedure provides the best separation of [125I]hFSH from its subunits. In addition, the effect of the 125I subunits on the specificity of the hFSH radioimmunoassay technique was examined. The products of iodination of hFSH were fractionated by a number of techniques consisting of low and high resolution gel filtration procedures and adsorption on either cellulose of Concanavalin A coupled to Sepharose. The efficacy of the adsorption methods was assessed by a subsequent high resolution gel filtration procedure (Ultrogel AcA 54). Radioreceptor and radioimmunoassay methods were used to monitor the profiles of hFSH, hFSH alpha and hFSH beta subunits and to assess the recoveries of radioreceptor-active hFSH obtained by the different procedures. Iodination of a highly purified hFSH preparation invariably resulted in the formation of both [125I]hFSH subunits. The proportion of radioactivity associated with the 125I subunit peak to that of the [125I]hFSH peak was 10% when the iodination products after low resolution gel filtration were fractionated by a high resolution gel filtration procedure. The corresponding amount of subunits obtained by adsorption on cellulose and Concanavalin A was 71% and 6%, respectively. Thus in comparison with low resolution gel filtration there was a partial separation of [125I]hFSH from [125I]hFSH subunits on Concanavalin A while no separation was effected on cellulose. In fact, the results suggest that 125I subunits were formed during fractionation on cellulose. The recoveries of hFSH activity following fractionation on cellulose and Concanavalin A were significantly lower (27% and 65%) than those obtained by either low or high resolution gel filtration techniques. A marked reduction ;n the specificity of the RIA of hFSH was found when [125I]hFSH subunits rather than [125I]hFSH were used as tracer in the assay. It is concluded that the presence of 125I subunits in [125I]hFSH preparations used as tracer in the RIA of hFSH can diminish the specificity of the assay. The routine employment of a high resolution gel filtration procedure which provides a complete separation of 125I subunits from the intact hormone, is suitable for the elimination of this source of assay invalidity while the other fractionation procedures tested (cellulose adsorption or Concanavalin A) are not.", "contents": "Influence of the purity of the iodinated tracer on the specificity of the radioimmunoassay of human follicle-stimulating hormone. The objective of this study was to establish whether [125I]hFSH subunits are formed during iodination of hFsh by a mild (lactoperoxidase) technique, and if so which fractionation procedure provides the best separation of [125I]hFSH from its subunits. In addition, the effect of the 125I subunits on the specificity of the hFSH radioimmunoassay technique was examined. The products of iodination of hFSH were fractionated by a number of techniques consisting of low and high resolution gel filtration procedures and adsorption on either cellulose of Concanavalin A coupled to Sepharose. The efficacy of the adsorption methods was assessed by a subsequent high resolution gel filtration procedure (Ultrogel AcA 54). Radioreceptor and radioimmunoassay methods were used to monitor the profiles of hFSH, hFSH alpha and hFSH beta subunits and to assess the recoveries of radioreceptor-active hFSH obtained by the different procedures. Iodination of a highly purified hFSH preparation invariably resulted in the formation of both [125I]hFSH subunits. The proportion of radioactivity associated with the 125I subunit peak to that of the [125I]hFSH peak was 10% when the iodination products after low resolution gel filtration were fractionated by a high resolution gel filtration procedure. The corresponding amount of subunits obtained by adsorption on cellulose and Concanavalin A was 71% and 6%, respectively. Thus in comparison with low resolution gel filtration there was a partial separation of [125I]hFSH from [125I]hFSH subunits on Concanavalin A while no separation was effected on cellulose. In fact, the results suggest that 125I subunits were formed during fractionation on cellulose. The recoveries of hFSH activity following fractionation on cellulose and Concanavalin A were significantly lower (27% and 65%) than those obtained by either low or high resolution gel filtration techniques. A marked reduction ;n the specificity of the RIA of hFSH was found when [125I]hFSH subunits rather than [125I]hFSH were used as tracer in the assay. It is concluded that the presence of 125I subunits in [125I]hFSH preparations used as tracer in the RIA of hFSH can diminish the specificity of the assay. The routine employment of a high resolution gel filtration procedure which provides a complete separation of 125I subunits from the intact hormone, is suitable for the elimination of this source of assay invalidity while the other fractionation procedures tested (cellulose adsorption or Concanavalin A) are not.", "PMID": 394551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10353", "title": "Heat, cold and inflammation.", "content": "Although therapeutic heat and cold measures are widely used in rheumatic diseases, their application in joint inflammations is still broadly empirical. Animal experiments concerning the effects of systemic hyperthermia and of local heat and cold applications upon experimentally induced inflammations (dextran edema, formol edema, kaolin edema, carrageenan edema, adjuvant arthritis) show that some inflammations are significantly depressed, i.e. they are effected by a useful therapeutic influence, but that cold and heat can also act as enhancing inflammatory stimulus. Under certain conditions, whole-body hyperthermia has immuno-suppressive effects. Although the exact points of intervention of heat and cold investigations, acute exsudative inflammations seem to be better influenced by cold; on the contrary, chronic torpid and proliferous inflammations are better influenced by heat. Prostaglandin mediated inflammations can be aggravated by cold, because it stimulates the prostaglandin synthesis; acute exsudative inflammatory processes are most often aggravated by heat. These results show that both therapeutic agents should be applied within a well-defined range and with care.", "contents": "Heat, cold and inflammation. Although therapeutic heat and cold measures are widely used in rheumatic diseases, their application in joint inflammations is still broadly empirical. Animal experiments concerning the effects of systemic hyperthermia and of local heat and cold applications upon experimentally induced inflammations (dextran edema, formol edema, kaolin edema, carrageenan edema, adjuvant arthritis) show that some inflammations are significantly depressed, i.e. they are effected by a useful therapeutic influence, but that cold and heat can also act as enhancing inflammatory stimulus. Under certain conditions, whole-body hyperthermia has immuno-suppressive effects. Although the exact points of intervention of heat and cold investigations, acute exsudative inflammations seem to be better influenced by cold; on the contrary, chronic torpid and proliferous inflammations are better influenced by heat. Prostaglandin mediated inflammations can be aggravated by cold, because it stimulates the prostaglandin synthesis; acute exsudative inflammatory processes are most often aggravated by heat. These results show that both therapeutic agents should be applied within a well-defined range and with care.", "PMID": 394512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10354", "title": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma in a man with gigantism: a case report.", "content": "A prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma was removed trans-sphenoidally from a 37 years old man with gigantism (218 cm). Serum levels of prolactin (PRL) were elevated pre-operatively and decreased after administration of L-Dopa with no increase after TRH as is usually observed in PRL-secreting adenomas. Growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin serum levels were normal with no modification of GH after insulin hypoglycemia, oral glucose loading or L-Dopa. Morphological examination of the tumour demonstrated the presence of lactotrophs by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescense staining. No somatotrophs were found. In this unique case, the relationship between a PRL-secreting adenoma and gigantism is discussed.", "contents": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma in a man with gigantism: a case report. A prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma was removed trans-sphenoidally from a 37 years old man with gigantism (218 cm). Serum levels of prolactin (PRL) were elevated pre-operatively and decreased after administration of L-Dopa with no increase after TRH as is usually observed in PRL-secreting adenomas. Growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin serum levels were normal with no modification of GH after insulin hypoglycemia, oral glucose loading or L-Dopa. Morphological examination of the tumour demonstrated the presence of lactotrophs by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescense staining. No somatotrophs were found. In this unique case, the relationship between a PRL-secreting adenoma and gigantism is discussed.", "PMID": 394552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10355", "title": "Studies on a protein synthesis dependent step in LH release by LH-RH.", "content": "The hypothesis that LH-RH induces LH release partly through a protein synthesis dependent step (protein factor) was further investigated using two different experimental designs. First, during incubation of pituitary glands of intact dioestrous female rats with a maximally active concentration of LH-RH, the inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide was added at various times after the beginning of the incubation. The results show that it takes a relatively long time, i.e. more than 1 h of exposure to LH-RH before the amount of the protein factor has increased sufficiently to allow a maximal LH secretion. Secondly, LH-RH was injected iv after which the protein factor was assayed by incubating the pituitary glands with a maximally active concentration of LH-RH in the presence of cycloheximide and measuring LH release in vitro. It was found that 1 h after the injection sufficient protein factor was present to permit an elevated response to LH-RH. This response could be suppressed by injecting cycloheximide prior to LH-RH. When the interval between injection of LH-RH and beginning of the incubation was increased to 2 h, LH release in vitro decreased again. However, ovariectomy immediately before LH-RH injection resulted in maintenance of the elevated response toLH-RH in vitro, indicating a role of the ovaries in this phenomenon.", "contents": "Studies on a protein synthesis dependent step in LH release by LH-RH. The hypothesis that LH-RH induces LH release partly through a protein synthesis dependent step (protein factor) was further investigated using two different experimental designs. First, during incubation of pituitary glands of intact dioestrous female rats with a maximally active concentration of LH-RH, the inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide was added at various times after the beginning of the incubation. The results show that it takes a relatively long time, i.e. more than 1 h of exposure to LH-RH before the amount of the protein factor has increased sufficiently to allow a maximal LH secretion. Secondly, LH-RH was injected iv after which the protein factor was assayed by incubating the pituitary glands with a maximally active concentration of LH-RH in the presence of cycloheximide and measuring LH release in vitro. It was found that 1 h after the injection sufficient protein factor was present to permit an elevated response to LH-RH. This response could be suppressed by injecting cycloheximide prior to LH-RH. When the interval between injection of LH-RH and beginning of the incubation was increased to 2 h, LH release in vitro decreased again. However, ovariectomy immediately before LH-RH injection resulted in maintenance of the elevated response toLH-RH in vitro, indicating a role of the ovaries in this phenomenon.", "PMID": 394553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10356", "title": "The use of 2-molar urea as a hemolyzing solution for cytologic smears.", "content": "A technique for using 2-M urea as a hemolyzing agent not only for fresh smears but also for previously stained smears is described. It is simple, inexpensive, rapid acting and easily prepared.", "contents": "The use of 2-molar urea as a hemolyzing solution for cytologic smears. A technique for using 2-M urea as a hemolyzing agent not only for fresh smears but also for previously stained smears is described. It is simple, inexpensive, rapid acting and easily prepared.", "PMID": 394543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10357", "title": "Clinical significance of specific gravity of spinal anaesthetic agents. Two double-blind studies with hyperbaric 5% lidocaine.", "content": "In two double-blind studies two hyperbaric 5% lidocaine solutions containing glucose in concentrations of 75 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively, were compared. The onset and total onset time, spread, intensity, duration of analgesia and motor block were studied. The spinal anaesthesia was given with the patient either sitting or in the lateral recumbent position. A tendency to a longer duration of anaesthesia near dermatomes Th X-L II and L IV-L V was noted in the group of patients in the sitting position and receiving lidocaine with a lower glucose concentration. Otherwise there were no differences between the two lidocaine solutions. The result shows that the glucose concentration can be reduced from 75 to 50 mg/ml in \"heavy\" lidocaine without any clinical disadvantage. This means a more isotonic solution in relation to the cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in milder osmotic effects on interspinal structures.", "contents": "Clinical significance of specific gravity of spinal anaesthetic agents. Two double-blind studies with hyperbaric 5% lidocaine. In two double-blind studies two hyperbaric 5% lidocaine solutions containing glucose in concentrations of 75 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively, were compared. The onset and total onset time, spread, intensity, duration of analgesia and motor block were studied. The spinal anaesthesia was given with the patient either sitting or in the lateral recumbent position. A tendency to a longer duration of anaesthesia near dermatomes Th X-L II and L IV-L V was noted in the group of patients in the sitting position and receiving lidocaine with a lower glucose concentration. Otherwise there were no differences between the two lidocaine solutions. The result shows that the glucose concentration can be reduced from 75 to 50 mg/ml in \"heavy\" lidocaine without any clinical disadvantage. This means a more isotonic solution in relation to the cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in milder osmotic effects on interspinal structures.", "PMID": 394555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10358", "title": "Enflurane in renal transplantation: report of 375 cases.", "content": "Our experience to date covers 675 kidney grafts performed in the Transplantation Department of the University of Louvain. The evolution of our anaesthesia methods has led us since the end of 1973 to conduct 375 transplantations with enflurane. The patients, aged between 18 months and 50 years, receive a conventional premedication, do not receive corticoids preoperatively nor undergo dialysis immediately prior to operation, but systematically receive a 5-unit transfusion beforehand. Having successively abandoned gallamine, succinylcholine, thiopentone and finally halothane, our present anaesthetic protocol is as follows: induction under benzodiazepines, fentanyl and enflurane, intubation under laryngeal anaesthesia. Maintenance: enflurane (2--3 MAC hours) in open circuit, pancuronium (0.02 mg/kg/h) and occasionally fentanyl. Details and comparative advantages are discussed. This anaesthesia technique combined with the systematic administration of antilymphocytic and antithymocytic serum in the postoperative period, and particularly the preliminary transfusion (producing blocking antibodies), has provided us, using cadaver kidney, with a survival rate of 96% at 6 months, 86% at 1 year and 80% at 2 years, the longest presently being 15 years.", "contents": "Enflurane in renal transplantation: report of 375 cases. Our experience to date covers 675 kidney grafts performed in the Transplantation Department of the University of Louvain. The evolution of our anaesthesia methods has led us since the end of 1973 to conduct 375 transplantations with enflurane. The patients, aged between 18 months and 50 years, receive a conventional premedication, do not receive corticoids preoperatively nor undergo dialysis immediately prior to operation, but systematically receive a 5-unit transfusion beforehand. Having successively abandoned gallamine, succinylcholine, thiopentone and finally halothane, our present anaesthetic protocol is as follows: induction under benzodiazepines, fentanyl and enflurane, intubation under laryngeal anaesthesia. Maintenance: enflurane (2--3 MAC hours) in open circuit, pancuronium (0.02 mg/kg/h) and occasionally fentanyl. Details and comparative advantages are discussed. This anaesthesia technique combined with the systematic administration of antilymphocytic and antithymocytic serum in the postoperative period, and particularly the preliminary transfusion (producing blocking antibodies), has provided us, using cadaver kidney, with a survival rate of 96% at 6 months, 86% at 1 year and 80% at 2 years, the longest presently being 15 years.", "PMID": 394556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10359", "title": "A simple method of preparation and identification of cells for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive method of cell preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is described. This method allows for rapid identification of the same cells under the light microscope and by SEM. The method does not perceptibly alter the ultrastructural surface features of target cells. It is applicable to all cells in suspension, and its performance has been tested on human urinary sediment and effusions.", "contents": "A simple method of preparation and identification of cells for scanning electron microscopy. A simple and inexpensive method of cell preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is described. This method allows for rapid identification of the same cells under the light microscope and by SEM. The method does not perceptibly alter the ultrastructural surface features of target cells. It is applicable to all cells in suspension, and its performance has been tested on human urinary sediment and effusions.", "PMID": 394544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10360", "title": "[Myoclonus in Alzheimer's disease. 2 anatomoclinical cases].", "content": "A few autopsy proved cases of Alzheimer's disease with myoclonus have been hitherto reported. We think that myoclonus is a frequent clinical feature in advanced cases of Alzheimer's disease. Our second case is such an example with a chronic evolution. In cases like our first one, with a short history, myoclonus, and atypical, diphasic, periodic complexes in the EEG, clinical differential diagnosis with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be very difficult. Alzheimer disease has been considered an unitary clinico-pathological entity.  However, transmission to the non human primates has been successfully achieved only in familiar cases but no in the sporadic ones. On the other hand some of his neuropathological features have been found in two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, one of them successfully transmitted to the chimpanzee. All these points could eventually modify our present unitary concept on Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "[Myoclonus in Alzheimer's disease. 2 anatomoclinical cases]. A few autopsy proved cases of Alzheimer's disease with myoclonus have been hitherto reported. We think that myoclonus is a frequent clinical feature in advanced cases of Alzheimer's disease. Our second case is such an example with a chronic evolution. In cases like our first one, with a short history, myoclonus, and atypical, diphasic, periodic complexes in the EEG, clinical differential diagnosis with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be very difficult. Alzheimer disease has been considered an unitary clinico-pathological entity.  However, transmission to the non human primates has been successfully achieved only in familiar cases but no in the sporadic ones. On the other hand some of his neuropathological features have been found in two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, one of them successfully transmitted to the chimpanzee. All these points could eventually modify our present unitary concept on Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 394558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10361", "title": "Puerperal lactation suppression and prolactin.", "content": "Five methods for puerperal lactation inhibition were assessed in a randomized fashion. The 90 women were divided into five groups. Four of these received a pharmacologic treatment: oral stilbestrol (15 mg dd for 5 days), a diuretic compound (bendroflumethazide 15 mg dd for 5 days) by mouth, oral bromocriptine (5 mg dd for 14 days), or an intramuscular injection containing estradiol (10 mg and testosterone (200 mg) esters administered immediately after delivery. To the women in the remaining group only physical methods were applied (breast support and local infra-red waves) and they served as controls. Prolactin plasma concentrations were determined daily for five consecutive days and showed a correlation with the clinical effectiveness of the various treatment schedules. While bromocriptine reduced and stilbestrol augmented prolactin levels, both types of treatment were equally effective in preventing lactation during the observation period. Treatment with a diuretic compound or with an injection of steroids, though less effective than the first two regimens, was nevertheless significantly more efficacious than physical treatment.", "contents": "Puerperal lactation suppression and prolactin. Five methods for puerperal lactation inhibition were assessed in a randomized fashion. The 90 women were divided into five groups. Four of these received a pharmacologic treatment: oral stilbestrol (15 mg dd for 5 days), a diuretic compound (bendroflumethazide 15 mg dd for 5 days) by mouth, oral bromocriptine (5 mg dd for 14 days), or an intramuscular injection containing estradiol (10 mg and testosterone (200 mg) esters administered immediately after delivery. To the women in the remaining group only physical methods were applied (breast support and local infra-red waves) and they served as controls. Prolactin plasma concentrations were determined daily for five consecutive days and showed a correlation with the clinical effectiveness of the various treatment schedules. While bromocriptine reduced and stilbestrol augmented prolactin levels, both types of treatment were equally effective in preventing lactation during the observation period. Treatment with a diuretic compound or with an injection of steroids, though less effective than the first two regimens, was nevertheless significantly more efficacious than physical treatment.", "PMID": 394563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10362", "title": "Methodological aspects of some inner ear vascular techniques.", "content": "Modifications of preparation technique assessing cochlear vasculature together with suggestions regarding their applicability to various types of research projects are presented. Detailed information is given regarding the 'soft-surface' dissection and preparation technique along with selected parameters for evaluating the cochlear vasculature. Some basic requirements for any histological technique studying the inner ear blood supply are suggested.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of some inner ear vascular techniques. Modifications of preparation technique assessing cochlear vasculature together with suggestions regarding their applicability to various types of research projects are presented. Detailed information is given regarding the 'soft-surface' dissection and preparation technique along with selected parameters for evaluating the cochlear vasculature. Some basic requirements for any histological technique studying the inner ear blood supply are suggested.", "PMID": 394565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10363", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in advanced postmenopausal mammary carcinoma. A comparison between VAC and VACM therapy.", "content": "A randomized trial comparing Vincristine, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide (VAC) with or without Methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue (VACM) was performed in 64 patients with metastatic postmenopausal mammary carcinoma. Previous treatment of metastases, dominant site of metastases and performance condition were similar in the patients. No significant difference was found in the response rates (complete remission + partial remission; VAC 21/31, VACM 25/33), in the duration of the remissions or in the survivals. The duration of remission in CR was significantly longer than in PR. No serious side effects were observed. The VAC regimen is preferable, particularly with respect to the costs and the simple procedure of administration.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in advanced postmenopausal mammary carcinoma. A comparison between VAC and VACM therapy. A randomized trial comparing Vincristine, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide (VAC) with or without Methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue (VACM) was performed in 64 patients with metastatic postmenopausal mammary carcinoma. Previous treatment of metastases, dominant site of metastases and performance condition were similar in the patients. No significant difference was found in the response rates (complete remission + partial remission; VAC 21/31, VACM 25/33), in the duration of the remissions or in the survivals. The duration of remission in CR was significantly longer than in PR. No serious side effects were observed. The VAC regimen is preferable, particularly with respect to the costs and the simple procedure of administration.", "PMID": 394576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10364", "title": "Effect of 24-hour somatostatin infusion on glucose homeostasis and on the levels of somatomedin A and pancreatic and thyroid hormones in man.", "content": "In order to investigate whether somatostatin plays a role in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion we have compared the effects of a prolonged somatostatin infusion on insulin and glucagon levels, on the one hand, with its effect on T4, T3, rT3 and TSH, on the other. Furthermore, the serum levels of somatomedin A were determined. Saline was infused in control experiments. Cyclic somatostatin was given as an i.v. bolus of 200 micrograms followed by a constant rate infusion of 50 micrograms/h during 24 hours. Somatostatin suppressed basal insulin and glucagon levels as well as insulin responses to meals but did not influence somatomedin A levels. T4 and T3 decreased during the first hour, whether somatostatin was given or not. Thereafter, T4 and T3 remained stable in the control experiments, while they continued to decrease slowly when somatostatin was added. The suppressive effect of somatostatin was significant 11 hours (p less than 0.05) and 24 hours (p less than 0.005) after the onset of the infusion. In contrast, rT3 and TSH were not suppressed by somatostatin. The fact that basal TSH did not decrease, favors the idea that the suppression of T4 and T3 was mainly due to a direct inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the thyroid gland. Our observation that a low dose of somatostatin decreases peripheral T4 and T3 levels supports the idea that somatostatin plays a role in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Effect of 24-hour somatostatin infusion on glucose homeostasis and on the levels of somatomedin A and pancreatic and thyroid hormones in man. In order to investigate whether somatostatin plays a role in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion we have compared the effects of a prolonged somatostatin infusion on insulin and glucagon levels, on the one hand, with its effect on T4, T3, rT3 and TSH, on the other. Furthermore, the serum levels of somatomedin A were determined. Saline was infused in control experiments. Cyclic somatostatin was given as an i.v. bolus of 200 micrograms followed by a constant rate infusion of 50 micrograms/h during 24 hours. Somatostatin suppressed basal insulin and glucagon levels as well as insulin responses to meals but did not influence somatomedin A levels. T4 and T3 decreased during the first hour, whether somatostatin was given or not. Thereafter, T4 and T3 remained stable in the control experiments, while they continued to decrease slowly when somatostatin was added. The suppressive effect of somatostatin was significant 11 hours (p less than 0.05) and 24 hours (p less than 0.005) after the onset of the infusion. In contrast, rT3 and TSH were not suppressed by somatostatin. The fact that basal TSH did not decrease, favors the idea that the suppression of T4 and T3 was mainly due to a direct inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the thyroid gland. Our observation that a low dose of somatostatin decreases peripheral T4 and T3 levels supports the idea that somatostatin plays a role in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 394578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10365", "title": "Incidence and significance of heartmuscle antibodies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina.", "content": "The incidence of heartmuscle antibodies was studied prospectively in 136 patients consecutively admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 95 patients with unstable angina. Heartmuscle antibodies were determined with the indirect immunofluorescence technique on days 1, 10, 20 and 30 in patients with AMI and on days 1 and 10 in patients with unstable angina. Heartmuscle antibodies were found in 16/136 AMI patients (12%) and in 3/95 (3%) with unstable angina. None of the AMI patients developed post-myocardial-infarction syndrome in the 2--4 weeks after infarction or during the one-year follow-up. The AMI patients with and without heartmuscle antibodies were comparable with respect to age, sex, site and size of infarction, incidence of early pericarditis and previous infarction.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of heartmuscle antibodies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. The incidence of heartmuscle antibodies was studied prospectively in 136 patients consecutively admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 95 patients with unstable angina. Heartmuscle antibodies were determined with the indirect immunofluorescence technique on days 1, 10, 20 and 30 in patients with AMI and on days 1 and 10 in patients with unstable angina. Heartmuscle antibodies were found in 16/136 AMI patients (12%) and in 3/95 (3%) with unstable angina. None of the AMI patients developed post-myocardial-infarction syndrome in the 2--4 weeks after infarction or during the one-year follow-up. The AMI patients with and without heartmuscle antibodies were comparable with respect to age, sex, site and size of infarction, incidence of early pericarditis and previous infarction.", "PMID": 394580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10366", "title": "Histochemical differentiation of endocrine gastrointestinal cells in test animals, with special reference to chicken embryos.", "content": "Based upon the characteristics of argent-affinity and argyrophilia and the application of specific immune histochemical methods, endocrine cells can be differentiated in the most prominent species of test animals. These methods are demonstrated in chicken embryos, because embryological studies made in order to reveal the still unknown endodermal or neuroectodermal origin of these cells are highly important.", "contents": "Histochemical differentiation of endocrine gastrointestinal cells in test animals, with special reference to chicken embryos. Based upon the characteristics of argent-affinity and argyrophilia and the application of specific immune histochemical methods, endocrine cells can be differentiated in the most prominent species of test animals. These methods are demonstrated in chicken embryos, because embryological studies made in order to reveal the still unknown endodermal or neuroectodermal origin of these cells are highly important.", "PMID": 394582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10367", "title": "Non-invasive methods of the evaluation of obliterative disease of the subclavian or innominate artery.", "content": "The preoperative investigation of 25 patients referred for evaluation of subclavian artery obliteration is reported. Non-invasive methods were used prior to angiography to assess arm circulation and the direction of blood flow in the vertebral artery. A retrograde flow in one vertebral artery was found in 18 patients, but only 7 had symptoms judged to be caused by the reversal of flow. In only one patient was the arm circulation so impaired as to justify the diagnosis of arm claudication. A high frequency of carotid lesions was found on the angiograms. The report demonstrates that in cases of suspected subclavian steal and/or arm claudication due to a subclavian artery obliteration, non-invasive methods should be used to screen the patients before angiography. In many cases it will be found that symptoms cannot be attributed to steal or impairment of the arm circulation and therefore angiography is not indicated. However, in some cases signs of a coexistent carotid lesion may still necessitate angiography.", "contents": "Non-invasive methods of the evaluation of obliterative disease of the subclavian or innominate artery. The preoperative investigation of 25 patients referred for evaluation of subclavian artery obliteration is reported. Non-invasive methods were used prior to angiography to assess arm circulation and the direction of blood flow in the vertebral artery. A retrograde flow in one vertebral artery was found in 18 patients, but only 7 had symptoms judged to be caused by the reversal of flow. In only one patient was the arm circulation so impaired as to justify the diagnosis of arm claudication. A high frequency of carotid lesions was found on the angiograms. The report demonstrates that in cases of suspected subclavian steal and/or arm claudication due to a subclavian artery obliteration, non-invasive methods should be used to screen the patients before angiography. In many cases it will be found that symptoms cannot be attributed to steal or impairment of the arm circulation and therefore angiography is not indicated. However, in some cases signs of a coexistent carotid lesion may still necessitate angiography.", "PMID": 394579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10368", "title": "Prevention of subarachnoid fibrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage with urokinase. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog.", "content": "The author used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the influence of urokinase on subarachnoid fibrosis after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In the subchronic group of dogs, which were sacrificed three weeks after SAH, an average of 45--50 IU/kg of intrathecal urokinase diminished the fibrosis. In the chronic group, which was sacrificed three months after SAH, an average of 250 IU/kg of intrathecal urokinase also had considerable reducing effect. The author supposes that fibrinolytic therapy, with lysis of blood clot, contributes to clearance of the blood. We contrast this mechanism with the mechanism and effect of antifibrinolytic therapy. This experiment is the first successful attempt to influence subarachnoid fibrosis, and also the first experiment in which subarachnoid fibrosis could to some extent be prevented.", "contents": "Prevention of subarachnoid fibrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage with urokinase. Scanning electron microscopic study in the dog. The author used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the influence of urokinase on subarachnoid fibrosis after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In the subchronic group of dogs, which were sacrificed three weeks after SAH, an average of 45--50 IU/kg of intrathecal urokinase diminished the fibrosis. In the chronic group, which was sacrificed three months after SAH, an average of 250 IU/kg of intrathecal urokinase also had considerable reducing effect. The author supposes that fibrinolytic therapy, with lysis of blood clot, contributes to clearance of the blood. We contrast this mechanism with the mechanism and effect of antifibrinolytic therapy. This experiment is the first successful attempt to influence subarachnoid fibrosis, and also the first experiment in which subarachnoid fibrosis could to some extent be prevented.", "PMID": 394583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10369", "title": "[The 32P test in ophthalmology].", "content": "Rapidly proliferating tissue incorporates more phosphorus than normal. Thus, following administration of radioactive phosphorus (32P), tumors emit increased amounts of radiation which can be detected. With the proper test technique, a correct diagnosis rate of 96-100% is quoted in the literature. By comparison, between 4 and 20% of all eyes enucleated for suspected malignant melanoma without prior 32P testing contained no neoplasm histologically. The radiation exposure is minimal due to the short half-life of 32P and the low penetration of beta-particles. However, the test usually involves a small operation (conjunctiva and Tenon incision). Testing with gamma rays, however, is not yet wholly satisfactory due to the lack of a suitable gamma-ray detector.", "contents": "[The 32P test in ophthalmology]. Rapidly proliferating tissue incorporates more phosphorus than normal. Thus, following administration of radioactive phosphorus (32P), tumors emit increased amounts of radiation which can be detected. With the proper test technique, a correct diagnosis rate of 96-100% is quoted in the literature. By comparison, between 4 and 20% of all eyes enucleated for suspected malignant melanoma without prior 32P testing contained no neoplasm histologically. The radiation exposure is minimal due to the short half-life of 32P and the low penetration of beta-particles. However, the test usually involves a small operation (conjunctiva and Tenon incision). Testing with gamma rays, however, is not yet wholly satisfactory due to the lack of a suitable gamma-ray detector.", "PMID": 394593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10370", "title": "Costenbader Memorial Lecture: Genesis and genetics of retinoblastoma.", "content": "(1) The incidence of retinoblastoma is 1/20,000. (2) About 94% of all retinoblastoma cases are sporadic, while 6% are familial. (3) The hereditary retinoblastomas, whether sporadic or familial, represent 40% of all cases. (4) A new dominant germinal mutation is responsible for 100% of the bilateral sporadic cases and for 10-15% of the unilateral sporadic cases. (5) Knudson's multistage mutation is the best explanation of retinoblastoma's behaviour. (6) A deletion of the long arm of a D-chromosome (13q14) may be the cause of some, if not of all retinoblastomas. (7) The main difficulty in genetic counseling is the lack of means for identifying which sporadic unilateral retinoblastomas are due to a new germinal mutation.", "contents": "Costenbader Memorial Lecture: Genesis and genetics of retinoblastoma. (1) The incidence of retinoblastoma is 1/20,000. (2) About 94% of all retinoblastoma cases are sporadic, while 6% are familial. (3) The hereditary retinoblastomas, whether sporadic or familial, represent 40% of all cases. (4) A new dominant germinal mutation is responsible for 100% of the bilateral sporadic cases and for 10-15% of the unilateral sporadic cases. (5) Knudson's multistage mutation is the best explanation of retinoblastoma's behaviour. (6) A deletion of the long arm of a D-chromosome (13q14) may be the cause of some, if not of all retinoblastomas. (7) The main difficulty in genetic counseling is the lack of means for identifying which sporadic unilateral retinoblastomas are due to a new germinal mutation.", "PMID": 394592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10371", "title": "[Home remedies and prescriptions for children and juveniles, based on individual data from the 17th through the 19th century].", "content": "In personal recollections, letters a.s.o. written by 23 authors in the sixteenth to the nineteenth century are to be found 52 remarks on home remedies or prescriptions for children or juveniles. It seems that they belong more to dietetics than to pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "[Home remedies and prescriptions for children and juveniles, based on individual data from the 17th through the 19th century]. In personal recollections, letters a.s.o. written by 23 authors in the sixteenth to the nineteenth century are to be found 52 remarks on home remedies or prescriptions for children or juveniles. It seems that they belong more to dietetics than to pharmacotherapy.", "PMID": 394594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10372", "title": "[The brain and the visual recognition of human faces (author's transl)].", "content": "The first part presents some studies in normal subjects. We observe that faces recognition is a very primitive behavior in human child, that the symmetry and some parts of a face may play a specific role, and that the right cerebral cortex is dominant for this function. Problems of specificity are also examined. Studies in pathological subjects are then presented. We examine some publications concerning child's psychiatry and neurology. Prosopagnosia, his associated symptoms, and the anatomical questions are then considered. Finally we examine researches concerning the relationships between brain lesions and the recognition of human faces, with a special attention to the mnesic processes and to the questions of specificity.", "contents": "[The brain and the visual recognition of human faces (author's transl)]. The first part presents some studies in normal subjects. We observe that faces recognition is a very primitive behavior in human child, that the symmetry and some parts of a face may play a specific role, and that the right cerebral cortex is dominant for this function. Problems of specificity are also examined. Studies in pathological subjects are then presented. We examine some publications concerning child's psychiatry and neurology. Prosopagnosia, his associated symptoms, and the anatomical questions are then considered. Finally we examine researches concerning the relationships between brain lesions and the recognition of human faces, with a special attention to the mnesic processes and to the questions of specificity.", "PMID": 394575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10373", "title": "Diet and status at Chalcatzingo: some empirical and technical aspects of strontium analysis.", "content": "Determination of the levels of particular trace elements preserved in bone provides a potential pathway for reconstructing the diet of extinct primate species and archaic human groups. Strontium is one of the most useful trace elements for dietary reconstruction but several empirical properties of strontium must be considered during the interpretation of results. (1) Strontium is distributed unevenly throughout the physical environment. (2) Plants, in general, do not discriminate against strontium. (3) During ionic transfer across biological membranes, strontium is discriminated against by terrestrial vertebrates. (4) It is unlikely that strontium would be selectively removed from bone mineral during diagenesis. A particular difficulty in trace element analysis is caused by interaction between analytical technique and sample matrix. To assess this problem the skeletal population from Chalcatzingo was analyzed by two techniques: atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The results from the two techniques compared favorably indicating that the pattern of bone strontium levels could be accepted as an accurate reflection of the distribution of bone strontium within the population. After demonstrating the internal accuracy of the results, the bone strontium level and position of social rank within Chalcatzingo were compared. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on chiefdoms and states indicate that dietary differences in the amount of meat consumed occur between social ranks. The relative social ranks were reconstructed by using a \"pattern analysis\" of the burial goods accompanying each individual. The individuals accompanied by jade had the lowest mean bone strontium level (X = 532). Those individuals buried with a shallow dish had a slightly higher level (X = 635). A third group, which had no grave goods, had the highest mean bone strontium level (X = 700) which suggests that their diet contained less meat than was available to the rest of the community.", "contents": "Diet and status at Chalcatzingo: some empirical and technical aspects of strontium analysis. Determination of the levels of particular trace elements preserved in bone provides a potential pathway for reconstructing the diet of extinct primate species and archaic human groups. Strontium is one of the most useful trace elements for dietary reconstruction but several empirical properties of strontium must be considered during the interpretation of results. (1) Strontium is distributed unevenly throughout the physical environment. (2) Plants, in general, do not discriminate against strontium. (3) During ionic transfer across biological membranes, strontium is discriminated against by terrestrial vertebrates. (4) It is unlikely that strontium would be selectively removed from bone mineral during diagenesis. A particular difficulty in trace element analysis is caused by interaction between analytical technique and sample matrix. To assess this problem the skeletal population from Chalcatzingo was analyzed by two techniques: atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The results from the two techniques compared favorably indicating that the pattern of bone strontium levels could be accepted as an accurate reflection of the distribution of bone strontium within the population. After demonstrating the internal accuracy of the results, the bone strontium level and position of social rank within Chalcatzingo were compared. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on chiefdoms and states indicate that dietary differences in the amount of meat consumed occur between social ranks. The relative social ranks were reconstructed by using a \"pattern analysis\" of the burial goods accompanying each individual. The individuals accompanied by jade had the lowest mean bone strontium level (X = 532). Those individuals buried with a shallow dish had a slightly higher level (X = 635). A third group, which had no grave goods, had the highest mean bone strontium level (X = 700) which suggests that their diet contained less meat than was available to the rest of the community.", "PMID": 394602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10374", "title": "The assessment and meaning of intraobserver error in population studies based on discontinuous cranial traits.", "content": "Intraobserver scoring precision of 50 discontinuous (discrete) cranial traits was assessed on a sample of 125 intact Iroquois crania using the square of the phi coefficient. Scoring consistency was high for most traits although several were subject to low precision (phi 2 less than 0.7). Most errors were random rather than systematic. Taken collectively the problematic traits exceeded their expected contribution to MMD coefficients among four Woodland samples from southern Ontario. A traitlist with the problematic variants excluded produced more meaningful biological relationships among the samples. Further, the % contribution of the problematic traits increased with the time interval between the scoring of the individual samples. It was suggested that intraobserver error could effectively distort the interpretation of biological relationships and that it must in part be responsible for the poor performance reported for discontinuous traits in some studies. Therefore, it was argued that the results support rather than compromise the use of discontinuous skeletal traits in population studies and that the assessment of intraobserver error should be a standard procedure of the research design.", "contents": "The assessment and meaning of intraobserver error in population studies based on discontinuous cranial traits. Intraobserver scoring precision of 50 discontinuous (discrete) cranial traits was assessed on a sample of 125 intact Iroquois crania using the square of the phi coefficient. Scoring consistency was high for most traits although several were subject to low precision (phi 2 less than 0.7). Most errors were random rather than systematic. Taken collectively the problematic traits exceeded their expected contribution to MMD coefficients among four Woodland samples from southern Ontario. A traitlist with the problematic variants excluded produced more meaningful biological relationships among the samples. Further, the % contribution of the problematic traits increased with the time interval between the scoring of the individual samples. It was suggested that intraobserver error could effectively distort the interpretation of biological relationships and that it must in part be responsible for the poor performance reported for discontinuous traits in some studies. Therefore, it was argued that the results support rather than compromise the use of discontinuous skeletal traits in population studies and that the assessment of intraobserver error should be a standard procedure of the research design.", "PMID": 394603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10375", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of infancy and childhood. Problems of morphologic classification.", "content": "The classification of the histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma is based on poorly defined criteria. This has resulted in marked disparities in studies reported from different institutions, as well as difficulties in assessment of the clinical behavior of the different histologic types. A retrospective morphologic analysis of 36 consecutive cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of childhood was undertaken according to predefined and strict guidelines for diagnosis. Undeflecting adherence to such criteria identified the embryonal type as the most common form, and the alveolar variant as a distinct clinicopathologic entity with a much more aggressive course; it also resulted in a large proportion (approximately one-fourth) of sarcomas of undertermined histogenesis. In spite of either prolonged follow-up observation with repeated biopsies, autopsy study, or electron-microscopic study of tumor tissue, no evidence could be obtained to substantiate the rhabdomyogenic derivation of the latter group of neoplasms. Precise systematization of the morphology of these cases may be contingent upon careful inventory of their fine structural features; current classifications appear to have disregarded the morphologic heterogeneity of this group of tumors.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of infancy and childhood. Problems of morphologic classification. The classification of the histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma is based on poorly defined criteria. This has resulted in marked disparities in studies reported from different institutions, as well as difficulties in assessment of the clinical behavior of the different histologic types. A retrospective morphologic analysis of 36 consecutive cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of childhood was undertaken according to predefined and strict guidelines for diagnosis. Undeflecting adherence to such criteria identified the embryonal type as the most common form, and the alveolar variant as a distinct clinicopathologic entity with a much more aggressive course; it also resulted in a large proportion (approximately one-fourth) of sarcomas of undertermined histogenesis. In spite of either prolonged follow-up observation with repeated biopsies, autopsy study, or electron-microscopic study of tumor tissue, no evidence could be obtained to substantiate the rhabdomyogenic derivation of the latter group of neoplasms. Precise systematization of the morphology of these cases may be contingent upon careful inventory of their fine structural features; current classifications appear to have disregarded the morphologic heterogeneity of this group of tumors.", "PMID": 394606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10376", "title": "Lymphadenopathy as the initial manifestation of histiocytosis X.", "content": "Seventeen cases of histiocytosis X presenting as lymphadenopathy, in which the initial diagnosis was based on lymph node biopsy, are reviewed, the characteristic histopathologic findings described, and the differential diagnosis discussed. Clinical evaluation reveals a broad spectrum of associated manifestations varying from solitary eosinophilic granuloma of lymph node to a disseminated Letterer-Siwe-like syndrome. Follow-up confirms the essentially benign nature of this disorder when defined by strict histologic criteria. The implications of these findings on the continuing controversy surrounding histiocytosis X are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphadenopathy as the initial manifestation of histiocytosis X. Seventeen cases of histiocytosis X presenting as lymphadenopathy, in which the initial diagnosis was based on lymph node biopsy, are reviewed, the characteristic histopathologic findings described, and the differential diagnosis discussed. Clinical evaluation reveals a broad spectrum of associated manifestations varying from solitary eosinophilic granuloma of lymph node to a disseminated Letterer-Siwe-like syndrome. Follow-up confirms the essentially benign nature of this disorder when defined by strict histologic criteria. The implications of these findings on the continuing controversy surrounding histiocytosis X are discussed.", "PMID": 394607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10377", "title": "Sedation for outpatient conservative dentistry. A trial of pentazocine supplementation to diazepam and local analgesia techniques.", "content": "Pentazocine 30 mg. or 15 mg or a placebo, was administered randomly to forty-nine patients undergoing conservative dental treatment in combination with a local analgesic block and intravenous diazepam. Simple cardiorespiratory measurements were made throughout the treatment period. Patients in the 30 mg pentazocine group required some 6 mg diazepam less than the placebo (control) group (P less than 0.05). Patients receiving 15 mg pentazocine also required less diazepam compared to the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the three groups either in recovery times or the cardiorespiratory measurements.", "contents": "Sedation for outpatient conservative dentistry. A trial of pentazocine supplementation to diazepam and local analgesia techniques. Pentazocine 30 mg. or 15 mg or a placebo, was administered randomly to forty-nine patients undergoing conservative dental treatment in combination with a local analgesic block and intravenous diazepam. Simple cardiorespiratory measurements were made throughout the treatment period. Patients in the 30 mg pentazocine group required some 6 mg diazepam less than the placebo (control) group (P less than 0.05). Patients receiving 15 mg pentazocine also required less diazepam compared to the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the three groups either in recovery times or the cardiorespiratory measurements.", "PMID": 394624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10378", "title": "[Release of LH and FSH following administration of an LHRH analog in patients with with congenital adrenal hyperplasia].", "content": "D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH, an analogue of LH-RH with prolonged and increased effect upon the release of LH and FSH, induces in normal male subjects a secretory response of LH and FSH, which is qualitatively different from that seen in normal females. Female patients with increased plasma-concentration of testosterone due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal neoplasm present upon the LH-RH-analogue with a secretory response of LH and FSH which is similar to that observed in normal female subjects. It is concluded that elevated plasma-adrogens fail to induce a masculine pattern of gonadotropin-secretion in patients with a genetically female determination of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal system.", "contents": "[Release of LH and FSH following administration of an LHRH analog in patients with with congenital adrenal hyperplasia]. D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH, an analogue of LH-RH with prolonged and increased effect upon the release of LH and FSH, induces in normal male subjects a secretory response of LH and FSH, which is qualitatively different from that seen in normal females. Female patients with increased plasma-concentration of testosterone due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal neoplasm present upon the LH-RH-analogue with a secretory response of LH and FSH which is similar to that observed in normal female subjects. It is concluded that elevated plasma-adrogens fail to induce a masculine pattern of gonadotropin-secretion in patients with a genetically female determination of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal system.", "PMID": 394627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10379", "title": "The use of bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics in hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and the effects on canine renal autograft function.", "content": "Although cadaver allograft contamination occurs frequently, the potential danger to the transplant recipient varies. Usually the results of culture from the donor and kidney perfusates are not available at the time of transplantation. A positive culture result often necessitates the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The antibiotic may be potentially nephrotoxic, and in the setting of minimal or changing renal function this effect may be potentiated. If significant contamination with virulent organisms is found prior to transplantation, clinical judgment often dictates that the graft be discarded. Perfusion and storage with solutions containing broad-spectrum antibiotics would substantially reduce the incidence of contamination in perfused kidneys. This would in turn reduce the requirement for potentially nephrotoxic antimicrobial therapy in the transplant recipient. Since the antibiotics tested are effective against a wide range of contaminants and apparently cause no detrimental effects, it would seem reasonable to add them routinely to the perfusate solution.", "contents": "The use of bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics in hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and the effects on canine renal autograft function. Although cadaver allograft contamination occurs frequently, the potential danger to the transplant recipient varies. Usually the results of culture from the donor and kidney perfusates are not available at the time of transplantation. A positive culture result often necessitates the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The antibiotic may be potentially nephrotoxic, and in the setting of minimal or changing renal function this effect may be potentiated. If significant contamination with virulent organisms is found prior to transplantation, clinical judgment often dictates that the graft be discarded. Perfusion and storage with solutions containing broad-spectrum antibiotics would substantially reduce the incidence of contamination in perfused kidneys. This would in turn reduce the requirement for potentially nephrotoxic antimicrobial therapy in the transplant recipient. Since the antibiotics tested are effective against a wide range of contaminants and apparently cause no detrimental effects, it would seem reasonable to add them routinely to the perfusate solution.", "PMID": 394630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10380", "title": "Fourier analysis of airflow and transpulmonary pressure signals filtered on-line.", "content": "Airflow and transpulmonary pressure curves obtained from a normal man and a dog, during hyperventilation or when breathing spontaneously, were analysed on a digital computer by means of the fast Fourier transform. The same curves were also analysed after passing through an on-line RC filtering algorithm having cutoff frequencies extending from 10 down to 0.1562 Hz. Results show that respiratory parameters can contain a large amount of biological background noise mainly related to cardiovascular motion. The only instance in which the magnitude of fundamental harmonic was not the largest was for the airflow of the dog measured during spontaneous breathing. It was concluded that the cutoff frequency should be adjusted to a value 3-4 times that of the fundamental frequency. More pronounced filtering would cause important distortions of the physiologic signals.", "contents": "Fourier analysis of airflow and transpulmonary pressure signals filtered on-line. Airflow and transpulmonary pressure curves obtained from a normal man and a dog, during hyperventilation or when breathing spontaneously, were analysed on a digital computer by means of the fast Fourier transform. The same curves were also analysed after passing through an on-line RC filtering algorithm having cutoff frequencies extending from 10 down to 0.1562 Hz. Results show that respiratory parameters can contain a large amount of biological background noise mainly related to cardiovascular motion. The only instance in which the magnitude of fundamental harmonic was not the largest was for the airflow of the dog measured during spontaneous breathing. It was concluded that the cutoff frequency should be adjusted to a value 3-4 times that of the fundamental frequency. More pronounced filtering would cause important distortions of the physiologic signals.", "PMID": 394631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10381", "title": "Restoration of DNA synthesis at non-permissive temperature and of UV resistance induced by bacteriophage Mu in Escherichia coli lig ts7 strain.", "content": "Infected by Mu, a mutant of E. coli, carrying the mutation lig ts7 shows a UV sensitivity intermediate between that of the uninfected lig-strain and that of the parental lig+ strain. At non-permissive temperature bacterial DNA replication is restored upon infection. These results suggest that DNA-ligase activity is coded for by the phage Mu genome.", "contents": "Restoration of DNA synthesis at non-permissive temperature and of UV resistance induced by bacteriophage Mu in Escherichia coli lig ts7 strain. Infected by Mu, a mutant of E. coli, carrying the mutation lig ts7 shows a UV sensitivity intermediate between that of the uninfected lig-strain and that of the parental lig+ strain. At non-permissive temperature bacterial DNA replication is restored upon infection. These results suggest that DNA-ligase activity is coded for by the phage Mu genome.", "PMID": 394633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10382", "title": "[\"Beta-lactamase enzymogram\": an agar adaptation of the iodometric method (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with an agar-gel adaptation of the Perret-Novick iodometric titration of degradation products from beta-lactam antibiotics when they are submitted to a beta-lactamase action. Petri dishes containing an agar-gel make up from the classical iodine-iodide-starch system, initially present a dark blue colour. When beta-lactam compounds are opened by beta-lactamases from crude extracts or whole bacteria, the gel is locally destained. Two experimental variants of this procedure are proposed. This semi-quantitative, inexpensive, accurate and simple method is very convenient for routine experiments. Thus with crude extracts or even whole cells, information can be obtained about beta-lactamase specific activities, substrate profils or activity of inhibitors such as cloxacillin or clavulanic acid.", "contents": "[\"Beta-lactamase enzymogram\": an agar adaptation of the iodometric method (author's transl)]. This paper deals with an agar-gel adaptation of the Perret-Novick iodometric titration of degradation products from beta-lactam antibiotics when they are submitted to a beta-lactamase action. Petri dishes containing an agar-gel make up from the classical iodine-iodide-starch system, initially present a dark blue colour. When beta-lactam compounds are opened by beta-lactamases from crude extracts or whole bacteria, the gel is locally destained. Two experimental variants of this procedure are proposed. This semi-quantitative, inexpensive, accurate and simple method is very convenient for routine experiments. Thus with crude extracts or even whole cells, information can be obtained about beta-lactamase specific activities, substrate profils or activity of inhibitors such as cloxacillin or clavulanic acid.", "PMID": 394634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10383", "title": "Current status of thymosin research: evidence for the existence of a family of thymic factors that control T-cell maturation.", "content": "Thymosin fraction 5 contains several distinct hormonal-like factors which are effective in partially or fully inducing and maintaining immune function. Several of the peptide components of fraction 5 have been purified, sequenced and studied in assay systems designed to measure T-cell differentiation and function. These studied indicate that a number of the purified peptides act on different subpopulations of T-cells (see Figure 1). Thymosin beta 3 and beta 4 peptides act on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) negative precursor T-cells to induce TdT positive cells. Thymosin alpha 1 induces the formation of functional helper cells and conversion of Lyt- cells to Lyt 1+, 2+, 3+ cells. Thymosin alpha 7 induces the formation of functional suppressor T-cells and also converts Lyt- cells to Lyt 1+, 2+, 3+ cells. These studies have provided further evidence that the thymus secretes a family of distinct peptides which act at various sites of the maturation sequence of T-cells to induce and maintain immune function. Phase I and Phase II clinical studied with thymosin in the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer point to a major role of the endocrine thymus in the maintenance of immune balance and in the treatment of diseases characterized by thymic malfunction. It is becoming increasingly clear that immunological maturation is a process involving a complex number of steps and that a single factor initiating a single cellular event might not be reflected in any meaningful immune reconstitution unless it is the only peptide lacking. Given the complexity of the maturation sequence of T-cells and the increasing numbers of T-cell subpopulations that are being identified, it would be surprising if a single thymic factor could control all of the steps and populations involved. Rather, it would appear that the control of T-cell maturation and function involves a complex number of thymic-specific factors and other molecules that rigidly control the intermediary steps in the differentiation process.", "contents": "Current status of thymosin research: evidence for the existence of a family of thymic factors that control T-cell maturation. Thymosin fraction 5 contains several distinct hormonal-like factors which are effective in partially or fully inducing and maintaining immune function. Several of the peptide components of fraction 5 have been purified, sequenced and studied in assay systems designed to measure T-cell differentiation and function. These studied indicate that a number of the purified peptides act on different subpopulations of T-cells (see Figure 1). Thymosin beta 3 and beta 4 peptides act on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) negative precursor T-cells to induce TdT positive cells. Thymosin alpha 1 induces the formation of functional helper cells and conversion of Lyt- cells to Lyt 1+, 2+, 3+ cells. Thymosin alpha 7 induces the formation of functional suppressor T-cells and also converts Lyt- cells to Lyt 1+, 2+, 3+ cells. These studies have provided further evidence that the thymus secretes a family of distinct peptides which act at various sites of the maturation sequence of T-cells to induce and maintain immune function. Phase I and Phase II clinical studied with thymosin in the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer point to a major role of the endocrine thymus in the maintenance of immune balance and in the treatment of diseases characterized by thymic malfunction. It is becoming increasingly clear that immunological maturation is a process involving a complex number of steps and that a single factor initiating a single cellular event might not be reflected in any meaningful immune reconstitution unless it is the only peptide lacking. Given the complexity of the maturation sequence of T-cells and the increasing numbers of T-cell subpopulations that are being identified, it would be surprising if a single thymic factor could control all of the steps and populations involved. Rather, it would appear that the control of T-cell maturation and function involves a complex number of thymic-specific factors and other molecules that rigidly control the intermediary steps in the differentiation process.", "PMID": 394636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10384", "title": "Regulation of lymphokine function.", "content": "Although we have focused on desensitization as an experimental model, the findings obtained suggest mechanisms by which physiological control of cell-mediated immunity is attained. Thus, such regulation may occur either at the stage of expression of lymphokine activity or at the level of lymphokine production itself. The former may involve unique suppressor molecules, but as indicated above may be due to the inflammatory lymphokines themselves. The latter appears to involve suppressor systems similar to those operative in antibody formation. Over and above any specific model for regulation, the findings presented here suggest that local fluctuations in lymphokine distribution can modulate immunologically induced inflammatory responses, either through alterations in chemotactic gradients, or by other mechanisms as yet unknown.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphokine function. Although we have focused on desensitization as an experimental model, the findings obtained suggest mechanisms by which physiological control of cell-mediated immunity is attained. Thus, such regulation may occur either at the stage of expression of lymphokine activity or at the level of lymphokine production itself. The former may involve unique suppressor molecules, but as indicated above may be due to the inflammatory lymphokines themselves. The latter appears to involve suppressor systems similar to those operative in antibody formation. Over and above any specific model for regulation, the findings presented here suggest that local fluctuations in lymphokine distribution can modulate immunologically induced inflammatory responses, either through alterations in chemotactic gradients, or by other mechanisms as yet unknown.", "PMID": 394637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10385", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interactions mediated by soluble factors.", "content": "Adherent-cell-depleted primed rabbit splenocytes were capable of mounting an in vitro response to SRBC. The addition of alveolar macrophages (AM) to adherent-cell-depleted or unseparated lymphoid cell populations resulted in significant suppression of the PFC response. Suppressive activity was limited to AM and dependent on the presence of a ratio of 1 AM:20 lymphocytes. The cell-mediating suppression was found to be resistant to irradiation and antithymus globulin but sensitive to heat, freeze-thawing, and treatment with iodoacetamide. Suppression was mediated by a soluble factor (MW greater than 10,000 daltons) that required an AM-lymphocyte interaction for its production. Suppression appeared to be achieved through the inhibition of proliferation of antigen sensitive cells although the effect of AM could possibly be exerted on an early event in the immune response. AM were capable of enhancing the proliferative responses of rabbit lymphoid cells to PHA and Con A. Enhancing and suppressing activities of AM were abolished by inhibition of RNA synthesis but unaffected by inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interactions mediated by soluble factors. Adherent-cell-depleted primed rabbit splenocytes were capable of mounting an in vitro response to SRBC. The addition of alveolar macrophages (AM) to adherent-cell-depleted or unseparated lymphoid cell populations resulted in significant suppression of the PFC response. Suppressive activity was limited to AM and dependent on the presence of a ratio of 1 AM:20 lymphocytes. The cell-mediating suppression was found to be resistant to irradiation and antithymus globulin but sensitive to heat, freeze-thawing, and treatment with iodoacetamide. Suppression was mediated by a soluble factor (MW greater than 10,000 daltons) that required an AM-lymphocyte interaction for its production. Suppression appeared to be achieved through the inhibition of proliferation of antigen sensitive cells although the effect of AM could possibly be exerted on an early event in the immune response. AM were capable of enhancing the proliferative responses of rabbit lymphoid cells to PHA and Con A. Enhancing and suppressing activities of AM were abolished by inhibition of RNA synthesis but unaffected by inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 394640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10386", "title": "Factors from lymphoid cell tumor affecting immune responses.", "content": "Friend leukemia virus induces erythroblastic leukemia in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. FLV-containing leukemic cells markedly depressed the humoral immune response to SRBC in the appropriate mouse strain. Both immunosuppression and leukemogenesis were readily transmitted by cell-free virus-containing homogenates of the FLV leukemic splenocytes into normal BALB/c mice. In the present study it was found that both Friend leukemic splenocytes as well as virus containing extracts from the leukemic cells were neutralized by heating and by specific antisera. Suppressive activity passed through a 0.45 mu filter but not a 300,000 MW filter and could be pelleted at 100,000 x g. They were also highly resistant to inactivation by irradiation. Mice given leukemic splenocytes after irradiation with up to 32.000 rads still developed leukemia. Addition of either normal or irradiated FLV-leukemic cells to normal spleen cell cultures in vitro markedly suppressed antibody formation. At least 32,000 rads were required to significantly impair the immuno-suppressive activity of the FLV-leukemic cells. Thus, virus per se appears to be directly responsible for suppression of antibody formation to FLV.", "contents": "Factors from lymphoid cell tumor affecting immune responses. Friend leukemia virus induces erythroblastic leukemia in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. FLV-containing leukemic cells markedly depressed the humoral immune response to SRBC in the appropriate mouse strain. Both immunosuppression and leukemogenesis were readily transmitted by cell-free virus-containing homogenates of the FLV leukemic splenocytes into normal BALB/c mice. In the present study it was found that both Friend leukemic splenocytes as well as virus containing extracts from the leukemic cells were neutralized by heating and by specific antisera. Suppressive activity passed through a 0.45 mu filter but not a 300,000 MW filter and could be pelleted at 100,000 x g. They were also highly resistant to inactivation by irradiation. Mice given leukemic splenocytes after irradiation with up to 32.000 rads still developed leukemia. Addition of either normal or irradiated FLV-leukemic cells to normal spleen cell cultures in vitro markedly suppressed antibody formation. At least 32,000 rads were required to significantly impair the immuno-suppressive activity of the FLV-leukemic cells. Thus, virus per se appears to be directly responsible for suppression of antibody formation to FLV.", "PMID": 394642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10387", "title": "Macrophage factors that enhance the antibody response.", "content": "The immunological mechanism of the primary in vitro antibody responses to sheep erythrocyte antigens involves soluble immunomodulatory factors. These studies have demonstrated that the stimulation of immunocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the release of a helper factor which appeared to be a monokine. This helper factor was released by stimulated adherent splenocyte cultures but not by nonadherent cell populations. The P388D-transformed macrophage cell line also produced the factor in response to LPS. LPS-induced helper factors were absorbed from solution by bone marrow cells but not by thymocytes, thereby indicating that the factor may selectively bind to B-cells or to undifferentiated stem cells. Mature T-cells did not appear to be involved in the immunostimulatory effects of this macrophage-derived factor as evidenced by the results of several studies. These included observations that splenocytes from athymic BALB/c nu nu mice both produced the factor and responded to it.", "contents": "Macrophage factors that enhance the antibody response. The immunological mechanism of the primary in vitro antibody responses to sheep erythrocyte antigens involves soluble immunomodulatory factors. These studies have demonstrated that the stimulation of immunocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the release of a helper factor which appeared to be a monokine. This helper factor was released by stimulated adherent splenocyte cultures but not by nonadherent cell populations. The P388D-transformed macrophage cell line also produced the factor in response to LPS. LPS-induced helper factors were absorbed from solution by bone marrow cells but not by thymocytes, thereby indicating that the factor may selectively bind to B-cells or to undifferentiated stem cells. Mature T-cells did not appear to be involved in the immunostimulatory effects of this macrophage-derived factor as evidenced by the results of several studies. These included observations that splenocytes from athymic BALB/c nu nu mice both produced the factor and responded to it.", "PMID": 394644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10388", "title": "[Limited-time feeding (\"meal-feeding\") and avitaminosis A : respiratory exchange and metabolic adaptation in rats].", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed ad libitum for 6 weeks with a normal or vitamin-A-deficient diet and then meal-fed 1 1/2 hours per 24 hours a 65 p. 100 glucose diet for not less than 3 weeks. The stomach of meal-fed rats develop and food intake is sufficient to ensure a normal rate of growth until deficients reached a plateau of weight. After the single daily meal the respiratory quotients are remaining high (QR greater than 1) all throught the day and decreases during the night (0,8) with all the animals. Fasting glycemia, insulinemia and liver glycogen of meal-feds are higher than ad libitum rats ones, but lower in deficients than in controls. Activities of NADPH2-linked enzymes (G6PDH, 6PGDH and NADP malate DH) are increased in meal-feeding, but avitaminosis A reduces by half this increase.", "contents": "[Limited-time feeding (\"meal-feeding\") and avitaminosis A : respiratory exchange and metabolic adaptation in rats]. Weanling male rats were fed ad libitum for 6 weeks with a normal or vitamin-A-deficient diet and then meal-fed 1 1/2 hours per 24 hours a 65 p. 100 glucose diet for not less than 3 weeks. The stomach of meal-fed rats develop and food intake is sufficient to ensure a normal rate of growth until deficients reached a plateau of weight. After the single daily meal the respiratory quotients are remaining high (QR greater than 1) all throught the day and decreases during the night (0,8) with all the animals. Fasting glycemia, insulinemia and liver glycogen of meal-feds are higher than ad libitum rats ones, but lower in deficients than in controls. Activities of NADPH2-linked enzymes (G6PDH, 6PGDH and NADP malate DH) are increased in meal-feeding, but avitaminosis A reduces by half this increase.", "PMID": 394645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10389", "title": "[Compressive brachio-cephalic arterial trunk and gastro-oesophageal reflux following surgery for oesophageal atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "6 cases of cardiorespiratory complications occurring after surgical treatment of oesophageal atresia are reported by virtue of the association of tracheal compression by the brachio-cephalic arterial trunk and of gastro-oesophageal reflux. In all cases, medical (2 cases) or surgical (4 cases) treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux led to the disappearance of all respiratory symptoms and signs. Emphasis is placed upon the need for a routine and thorough search, radiological and endoscopic, of such associated oesophageal pathology, before proceeding to surgery on the compressive brachio-cephalic arterial trunk.", "contents": "[Compressive brachio-cephalic arterial trunk and gastro-oesophageal reflux following surgery for oesophageal atresia (author's transl)]. 6 cases of cardiorespiratory complications occurring after surgical treatment of oesophageal atresia are reported by virtue of the association of tracheal compression by the brachio-cephalic arterial trunk and of gastro-oesophageal reflux. In all cases, medical (2 cases) or surgical (4 cases) treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux led to the disappearance of all respiratory symptoms and signs. Emphasis is placed upon the need for a routine and thorough search, radiological and endoscopic, of such associated oesophageal pathology, before proceeding to surgery on the compressive brachio-cephalic arterial trunk.", "PMID": 394646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10390", "title": "[Familial facial paralysis. Generalised cortical hyperostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Generalised cortical hyperostosis is a rare disease. In our own field it involves the lower jaw and the skull. Certain nerves, including the facial, may be compressed as a result. This condition behaves genetically in a recessive or dominant manner.", "contents": "[Familial facial paralysis. Generalised cortical hyperostosis (author's transl)]. Generalised cortical hyperostosis is a rare disease. In our own field it involves the lower jaw and the skull. Certain nerves, including the facial, may be compressed as a result. This condition behaves genetically in a recessive or dominant manner.", "PMID": 394647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10391", "title": "Pyogenic spondylitis. Analysis of three surgically treated cases.", "content": "During a period of 10 years (1964--1973) three patients developing pyogenic spondylitis were operated on. The patients suffered from severe localized back pain and showed sings of infection, as elevation of temperature and raised ESR. The earliest radiological changes were diagnosed on the average after 3 months. As treatment with antibiotics could not cure the infection, the patients were operated on by evacuation of a vertebral focus, and this measure was complemented with bone transplantation. All patients were cured from the fulminant spondylitis, and two of them returned to regular work. No recurrence was noted during an observation period averaging 8 years. Surgery seems to be indicated in some cases of nonspecific spondylitis, especially when a paravertebral spread of the infection is recorded and antibiotic treatment does not primarily show sufficient effect.", "contents": "Pyogenic spondylitis. Analysis of three surgically treated cases. During a period of 10 years (1964--1973) three patients developing pyogenic spondylitis were operated on. The patients suffered from severe localized back pain and showed sings of infection, as elevation of temperature and raised ESR. The earliest radiological changes were diagnosed on the average after 3 months. As treatment with antibiotics could not cure the infection, the patients were operated on by evacuation of a vertebral focus, and this measure was complemented with bone transplantation. All patients were cured from the fulminant spondylitis, and two of them returned to regular work. No recurrence was noted during an observation period averaging 8 years. Surgery seems to be indicated in some cases of nonspecific spondylitis, especially when a paravertebral spread of the infection is recorded and antibiotic treatment does not primarily show sufficient effect.", "PMID": 394659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10392", "title": "An absorbable purse-string suture around the prostatic capsule. A method to control the bleeding during transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "8 patients with profuse bleeding from within the prostatic cavity during transvesical prostatectomy were treated with an absorbable purse-string suture around the prostatic capsule. The method, which is described, has been shown to be effective in control of operative and postoperative bleeding.", "contents": "An absorbable purse-string suture around the prostatic capsule. A method to control the bleeding during transvesical prostatectomy. 8 patients with profuse bleeding from within the prostatic cavity during transvesical prostatectomy were treated with an absorbable purse-string suture around the prostatic capsule. The method, which is described, has been shown to be effective in control of operative and postoperative bleeding.", "PMID": 394660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10393", "title": "A biochemical and clinical comparison of two commercially available creatine kinase iso-enzyme MB assay kits suitable for use in the routine medical laboratory.", "content": "Two methods for the measurement of plasma creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) activity were compared for analytical performance, cost, practicality, and diagnostic correlation with clinical and electrocardiographic findings in patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a district general hospital. The methods were column chromatography and immunoinhibition. Both methods were found acceptable, and the method to be adopted would depend on the staff arrangements and resources available in the laboratory.", "contents": "A biochemical and clinical comparison of two commercially available creatine kinase iso-enzyme MB assay kits suitable for use in the routine medical laboratory. Two methods for the measurement of plasma creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) activity were compared for analytical performance, cost, practicality, and diagnostic correlation with clinical and electrocardiographic findings in patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a district general hospital. The methods were column chromatography and immunoinhibition. Both methods were found acceptable, and the method to be adopted would depend on the staff arrangements and resources available in the laboratory.", "PMID": 394661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10394", "title": "Accuracy of serum anticonvulsant measurements. A comparison of enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "An enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique is compared with a gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the measurement in blood serum of the anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, primidone, and ethosuximide. The correlation between results obtained by each method was excellent, and both systematic and random errors were well within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Accuracy of serum anticonvulsant measurements. A comparison of enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and gas-liquid chromatography. An enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique is compared with a gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the measurement in blood serum of the anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, primidone, and ethosuximide. The correlation between results obtained by each method was excellent, and both systematic and random errors were well within acceptable limits.", "PMID": 394662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10395", "title": "Inhibition of bacterial growth by granulocytes measured by an automated technique.", "content": "Granulocytes, collected by several methods, were assayed for antibacterial activity utilizing a technique originally developed for automated antibiotic susceptibility testing. The granulocytes were incubated with either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus for one hour at 37 degrees C and were then separated from the suspension by gentle centrifugation at 170 g. The bacteria remaining in the supernatant broth were incubated in culture medium (eugonic broth) and their growth density was compared with diluted controls (without granulocytes) by measurement in an Autobac I (an automated nephelometer). Measurements of the density of growth at 30 minute intervals showed a marked delay in the development of density suggesting only small numbers of organisms remained after incubation with granulocytes. Once density was measurable, the rate of growth appeared similar to controls. After 2.5 hours in the Atuobac I, the density of growth was used to determine the inhibitory effect of granulocytes. The density of growth was inversely related to the concentration of granulocytes present during the preincubation phase. Filtered granulocytes showed significantly lower inhibitory effect than centrifuged granulocytes. This rapid, inexpensive method of determining microbial growth appears to be adaptable as a measure of granulocyte function.", "contents": "Inhibition of bacterial growth by granulocytes measured by an automated technique. Granulocytes, collected by several methods, were assayed for antibacterial activity utilizing a technique originally developed for automated antibiotic susceptibility testing. The granulocytes were incubated with either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus for one hour at 37 degrees C and were then separated from the suspension by gentle centrifugation at 170 g. The bacteria remaining in the supernatant broth were incubated in culture medium (eugonic broth) and their growth density was compared with diluted controls (without granulocytes) by measurement in an Autobac I (an automated nephelometer). Measurements of the density of growth at 30 minute intervals showed a marked delay in the development of density suggesting only small numbers of organisms remained after incubation with granulocytes. Once density was measurable, the rate of growth appeared similar to controls. After 2.5 hours in the Atuobac I, the density of growth was used to determine the inhibitory effect of granulocytes. The density of growth was inversely related to the concentration of granulocytes present during the preincubation phase. Filtered granulocytes showed significantly lower inhibitory effect than centrifuged granulocytes. This rapid, inexpensive method of determining microbial growth appears to be adaptable as a measure of granulocyte function.", "PMID": 394663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10396", "title": "Effects of lysozyme on Trypanosoma lewisi.", "content": "Daily lysozyme (hen egg) injections, beginning on day 6 of Trypanosoma lewisi infections in rats, significantly reduced the number of circulating trypanosomes. The effect was dose dependent. Maximum reduction (50%) occurred 24 hours after one treatment of 80 mg was given intraperitoneally (I.P.). The same dose of lysozyme was more effective when divided equally into two injections per day. Controls consisting of appropriate buffers as well as human serum albumin had no effect on trypanosome populations. Animals receiving lysozyme exhibited a weight loss of 5% 24 hours following the first injection, but not other ill effects of the treatment were observed. In vitro experiments indicated that lysozyme did not cause lysis or immobilization alone or in combination with fibrinogen or rat antitrypanosomal serum. These results suggest that the cellular immune response of the host and lysozyme's cationic properties may be important in mediating the anti-trypanosomal response. Lysozyme may thus be an effective trypanocide against trypanosomes whose membranes resemble T. lewisi, such as T. cruzi, or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Effects of lysozyme on Trypanosoma lewisi. Daily lysozyme (hen egg) injections, beginning on day 6 of Trypanosoma lewisi infections in rats, significantly reduced the number of circulating trypanosomes. The effect was dose dependent. Maximum reduction (50%) occurred 24 hours after one treatment of 80 mg was given intraperitoneally (I.P.). The same dose of lysozyme was more effective when divided equally into two injections per day. Controls consisting of appropriate buffers as well as human serum albumin had no effect on trypanosome populations. Animals receiving lysozyme exhibited a weight loss of 5% 24 hours following the first injection, but not other ill effects of the treatment were observed. In vitro experiments indicated that lysozyme did not cause lysis or immobilization alone or in combination with fibrinogen or rat antitrypanosomal serum. These results suggest that the cellular immune response of the host and lysozyme's cationic properties may be important in mediating the anti-trypanosomal response. Lysozyme may thus be an effective trypanocide against trypanosomes whose membranes resemble T. lewisi, such as T. cruzi, or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 394664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10397", "title": "Failure of electroencephalography to diagnose brain death in comatose children.", "content": "Two isoelectric electroencephalograms obtained 24 hours apart support a clinical diagnosis of brain death in prolonged coma. Without documentation of electrocerebral silence, physicians are reluctant to discontinue vital support systems. A radionuclide bolus technique has been developed that documents the absence of cerebral blood flow in suspected brain death and supplements the flat EEG. In a recent review of this technique, all 27 adults who had EEG activity maintained the integrity of their cerebral blood flow. This contrasts to our studies of 5 children, all of whom demonstrated persistent EEG activity but had no evidence of cerebral blood flow by either the isotope bolus technique (5 patients) or cerebral angiography (4 patients). These children (mean age, 7 months) lacked cephalic reflexes and were maintained on assisted ventilation for an average of 15 days. Multiple electroencephalographic tracings persistently demonstrated low-voltage cortical activity over this time. Despite the lack of cerebral blood flow, all patients were continued on respiratory support. At autopsy, extensive brain liquefaction necrosis was noted. In comatose children, EEG monitoring may be of limited value while cerebral blood flow measurements can provide more practical and prognostic information.", "contents": "Failure of electroencephalography to diagnose brain death in comatose children. Two isoelectric electroencephalograms obtained 24 hours apart support a clinical diagnosis of brain death in prolonged coma. Without documentation of electrocerebral silence, physicians are reluctant to discontinue vital support systems. A radionuclide bolus technique has been developed that documents the absence of cerebral blood flow in suspected brain death and supplements the flat EEG. In a recent review of this technique, all 27 adults who had EEG activity maintained the integrity of their cerebral blood flow. This contrasts to our studies of 5 children, all of whom demonstrated persistent EEG activity but had no evidence of cerebral blood flow by either the isotope bolus technique (5 patients) or cerebral angiography (4 patients). These children (mean age, 7 months) lacked cephalic reflexes and were maintained on assisted ventilation for an average of 15 days. Multiple electroencephalographic tracings persistently demonstrated low-voltage cortical activity over this time. Despite the lack of cerebral blood flow, all patients were continued on respiratory support. At autopsy, extensive brain liquefaction necrosis was noted. In comatose children, EEG monitoring may be of limited value while cerebral blood flow measurements can provide more practical and prognostic information.", "PMID": 394669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10398", "title": "Skin fibroblast microtubular network in Alzheimer disease.", "content": "A preliminary observation from another laboratory recently suggested that a systemic microtubular defect may exist in Alzheimer disease. To investigate this hypothesis, we obtained skin biopsies from 4 patients with Alzheimer disease and 2 age-matched controls. Fibroblast cultures were established and the tubulin networks examined using immunoadsorbent purified antitubulin antibody and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique as well as electron microscopy. The cells were also examined after treatment with vinblastine and at senescence. The microtubular network appeared as delicate fibers radiating from the perinuclear region toward the cytoplasmic margins. No differences were recognized between the controls and the fibroblast cultures from patients with Alzheimer disease. Microtubules were not visualized following incubation with vinblastine, but positively staining intracytoplasmic paracrystalline inclusions were noted. No abnormalities of microtubules were recognized in the electron microscopic examinations. These findings suggest that the neurofibrillary neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer disease is not a manifestation of a systemic disorder of the microtubular network.", "contents": "Skin fibroblast microtubular network in Alzheimer disease. A preliminary observation from another laboratory recently suggested that a systemic microtubular defect may exist in Alzheimer disease. To investigate this hypothesis, we obtained skin biopsies from 4 patients with Alzheimer disease and 2 age-matched controls. Fibroblast cultures were established and the tubulin networks examined using immunoadsorbent purified antitubulin antibody and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique as well as electron microscopy. The cells were also examined after treatment with vinblastine and at senescence. The microtubular network appeared as delicate fibers radiating from the perinuclear region toward the cytoplasmic margins. No differences were recognized between the controls and the fibroblast cultures from patients with Alzheimer disease. Microtubules were not visualized following incubation with vinblastine, but positively staining intracytoplasmic paracrystalline inclusions were noted. No abnormalities of microtubules were recognized in the electron microscopic examinations. These findings suggest that the neurofibrillary neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer disease is not a manifestation of a systemic disorder of the microtubular network.", "PMID": 394671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10399", "title": "Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles: antiserum and immunohistological staining.", "content": "A 50,000-dalton polypeptide has been purified from fractions enriched with neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments from human autopsy specimens of Alzheimer disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. An antiserum to this polypeptide was raised in a rabbit. This antiserum formed an immunoprecipitation line with the purified antigen and with human neurotubules in ouchterlony double-diffusion plates. The reactivity of the anti-paired helical filament protein serum with neurofibrillary tangles was studied by immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of hippocampus from Alzheimer autopsy tissue and by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin sections of an Alzheimer brain biopsy. The tangles were stained with the antiserum in both systems. Preimmune rabbit serum and unrelated hyperimmune sera, used as controls, did not stain the tangles. These results show that the 50,000-dalton polypeptide purified from the neurofibrillary tangle-enriched fractions is a constituent of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles and, perhaps, of the paired helical filaments of which the tangles are composed.", "contents": "Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles: antiserum and immunohistological staining. A 50,000-dalton polypeptide has been purified from fractions enriched with neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments from human autopsy specimens of Alzheimer disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. An antiserum to this polypeptide was raised in a rabbit. This antiserum formed an immunoprecipitation line with the purified antigen and with human neurotubules in ouchterlony double-diffusion plates. The reactivity of the anti-paired helical filament protein serum with neurofibrillary tangles was studied by immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of hippocampus from Alzheimer autopsy tissue and by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin sections of an Alzheimer brain biopsy. The tangles were stained with the antiserum in both systems. Preimmune rabbit serum and unrelated hyperimmune sera, used as controls, did not stain the tangles. These results show that the 50,000-dalton polypeptide purified from the neurofibrillary tangle-enriched fractions is a constituent of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles and, perhaps, of the paired helical filaments of which the tangles are composed.", "PMID": 394670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10400", "title": "Enhancement of leukocyte activity against Escherichia coli after brief exposure to chloramphenicol.", "content": "The effect of brief exposure of Escherichia coli to chloramphenicol on the antibacterial activity of normal human leukocytes was studied by following changes in viability of the bacteria in the presence of leukocytes and serum. Growth was suppressed, and the extent of suppression was directly related to the period of exposure and the concentration of chloramphenicol. When exposed to clinically achievable levels of the drug for 10 min, E. coli failed to resume normal growth for 1 to 4 h in the presence of leukocytes and serum after removal of the drug. The post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement effect required the presence of antibody and complement. This effect demonstrates the importance of early events in the encounter between antibiotic and microorganism in determining the subsequent activity of host defense components.", "contents": "Enhancement of leukocyte activity against Escherichia coli after brief exposure to chloramphenicol. The effect of brief exposure of Escherichia coli to chloramphenicol on the antibacterial activity of normal human leukocytes was studied by following changes in viability of the bacteria in the presence of leukocytes and serum. Growth was suppressed, and the extent of suppression was directly related to the period of exposure and the concentration of chloramphenicol. When exposed to clinically achievable levels of the drug for 10 min, E. coli failed to resume normal growth for 1 to 4 h in the presence of leukocytes and serum after removal of the drug. The post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement effect required the presence of antibody and complement. This effect demonstrates the importance of early events in the encounter between antibiotic and microorganism in determining the subsequent activity of host defense components.", "PMID": 394672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10401", "title": "Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli associated with frozen chicken carcasses and characterization of conjugative R plasmids derived from such strains.", "content": "Escherichia coli were isolated at concentrations of about 10(2)/ml from the fluid obtained after thawing each of five frozen chicken carcasses. Between 13 and 89% of the E. coli were resistant to mercury(II) or to at least one of eight antibiotics tested. Multiple resistance was more common than single resistance, and resistances to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, or chloramphenicol were more frequently encountered than was resistance to ampicillin or mercury(II). Resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin, or trimethoprim occurred rarely. Upwards of 30% of the E. coli apparently carried conjugative plasmids and could transfer at least one of their resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. Twenty-five conjugative R plasmids obtained in this way were characterized within strain K-12 by a variety of phenotypic criteria. Twenty could be assigned to the incompatibility groups Inc X, Inc N, Inc FI, or Inc I alpha.", "contents": "Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli associated with frozen chicken carcasses and characterization of conjugative R plasmids derived from such strains. Escherichia coli were isolated at concentrations of about 10(2)/ml from the fluid obtained after thawing each of five frozen chicken carcasses. Between 13 and 89% of the E. coli were resistant to mercury(II) or to at least one of eight antibiotics tested. Multiple resistance was more common than single resistance, and resistances to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, or chloramphenicol were more frequently encountered than was resistance to ampicillin or mercury(II). Resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin, or trimethoprim occurred rarely. Upwards of 30% of the E. coli apparently carried conjugative plasmids and could transfer at least one of their resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. Twenty-five conjugative R plasmids obtained in this way were characterized within strain K-12 by a variety of phenotypic criteria. Twenty could be assigned to the incompatibility groups Inc X, Inc N, Inc FI, or Inc I alpha.", "PMID": 394673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10402", "title": "Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semiautomated microdilution technique.", "content": "A rapid, semiautomated microdilution method was developed for measuring the activity of potential antimalarial drugs against cultured intraerythrocytic asexual forms of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Microtitration plates were used to prepare serial dilutions of the compounds to be tested. Parasites, obtained from continuous stock cultures, were subcultured in these plates for 42 h. Inhibition of uptake of a radiolabeled nucleic acid precursor by the parasites served as the indicator of antimalarial activity. Results of repeated measurements of activity with chloroquine, quinine, and the investigational new drug mefloquine demonstrated that the method is sensitive and precise. Several additional antimalarial drugs and compounds of interest were tested in vitro, and the results were consistent with available in vivo data. The use of P. falciparum isolates with known susceptibility to antimalarial drugs also permitted evaluation of the cross-resistance potential of each compound tested. The applications and expectations of this new test system within a drug development program are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semiautomated microdilution technique. A rapid, semiautomated microdilution method was developed for measuring the activity of potential antimalarial drugs against cultured intraerythrocytic asexual forms of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Microtitration plates were used to prepare serial dilutions of the compounds to be tested. Parasites, obtained from continuous stock cultures, were subcultured in these plates for 42 h. Inhibition of uptake of a radiolabeled nucleic acid precursor by the parasites served as the indicator of antimalarial activity. Results of repeated measurements of activity with chloroquine, quinine, and the investigational new drug mefloquine demonstrated that the method is sensitive and precise. Several additional antimalarial drugs and compounds of interest were tested in vitro, and the results were consistent with available in vivo data. The use of P. falciparum isolates with known susceptibility to antimalarial drugs also permitted evaluation of the cross-resistance potential of each compound tested. The applications and expectations of this new test system within a drug development program are discussed.", "PMID": 394674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10403", "title": "Compounds affecting membranes that inhibit protein synthesis in yeast.", "content": "The regulation of translation has been investigated in yeast cells by means of ionophores and other compounds affecting the ionic concentration inside the cell. Treatment of a variety of cells with these compounds produces a drastic inhibition in the protein-synthesizing activity of the cell. Protein synthesis in yeast is strongly inhibited by amphotericin B and nystatin. Mammalian cells are blocked in their translation capacity by gramicidin D, nigericin, monensin, nystatin, A23187, and bromolasalocid. The effects of these compounds on protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also investigated. Amphotericin B is a powerful inhibitor of both protein and ribonucleic acid syntheses in yeast cells at concentrations that do not affect the transport of the labeled amino acid or nucleoside precursor. The analysis of the polysomal profiles in yeast spheroplasts could indicate that initiation is the target of amphotericin B action on translation. Studies on the reversion of the protein synthesis blockade by amphotericin B by increasing the potassium concentration in the medium suggest that changes in the potassium concentration in cellular cytoplasm might be responsible, at least in part, for the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Compounds affecting membranes that inhibit protein synthesis in yeast. The regulation of translation has been investigated in yeast cells by means of ionophores and other compounds affecting the ionic concentration inside the cell. Treatment of a variety of cells with these compounds produces a drastic inhibition in the protein-synthesizing activity of the cell. Protein synthesis in yeast is strongly inhibited by amphotericin B and nystatin. Mammalian cells are blocked in their translation capacity by gramicidin D, nigericin, monensin, nystatin, A23187, and bromolasalocid. The effects of these compounds on protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also investigated. Amphotericin B is a powerful inhibitor of both protein and ribonucleic acid syntheses in yeast cells at concentrations that do not affect the transport of the labeled amino acid or nucleoside precursor. The analysis of the polysomal profiles in yeast spheroplasts could indicate that initiation is the target of amphotericin B action on translation. Studies on the reversion of the protein synthesis blockade by amphotericin B by increasing the potassium concentration in the medium suggest that changes in the potassium concentration in cellular cytoplasm might be responsible, at least in part, for the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 394675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10404", "title": "Increased production of beta-lactamase under anaerobic conditions in some strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A simple biological assay to detect beta-lactamase activity exhibited by selected cultures of Escherichia coli was used to test enzyme production in cells incubated aerobically and anerobically. Anaerobic incubation resulted in increased size of zones of drug inactivation by some beta-lactamase-producing strains. The beta-lactamase activity of cell lysates was determined iodometrically for aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. The specific beta-lactamase activity for anaerobically grown cells was three to five times greater than for aerobically grown cells. Beta-lactamase production was determined to be constitutive in all strains and to be plasmid mediated, as demonstrated by transfer to E. coli K-12 by conjugation.", "contents": "Increased production of beta-lactamase under anaerobic conditions in some strains of Escherichia coli. A simple biological assay to detect beta-lactamase activity exhibited by selected cultures of Escherichia coli was used to test enzyme production in cells incubated aerobically and anerobically. Anaerobic incubation resulted in increased size of zones of drug inactivation by some beta-lactamase-producing strains. The beta-lactamase activity of cell lysates was determined iodometrically for aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. The specific beta-lactamase activity for anaerobically grown cells was three to five times greater than for aerobically grown cells. Beta-lactamase production was determined to be constitutive in all strains and to be plasmid mediated, as demonstrated by transfer to E. coli K-12 by conjugation.", "PMID": 394676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10405", "title": "Comparison of m-Endo LES, MacConkey, and Teepol media for membrane filtration counting of total coliform bacteria in water.", "content": "Total coliform counts obtained by means of standard membrane filtration techniques, using MacConkey agar, m-Endo LES agar, Teepol agar, and pads saturated with Teepol broth as growth media, were compared. Various combinations of these media were used in tests on 490 samples of river water and city wastewater after different stages of conventional purification and reclamation processes including lime treatment, and filtration, active carbon treatment, ozonation, and chlorination. Endo agar yielded the highest average counts for all these samples. Teepol agar generally had higher counts then Teepol broth, whereas MacConkey agar had the lowest average counts. Identification of 871 positive isolates showed that Aeromonas hydrophila was the species most commonly detected. Species of Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter represented 55% of isolates which conformed to the definition of total coliforms on Endo agar, 54% on Teepol agar, and 45% on MacConkey agar. Selection for species on the media differed considerably. Evaluation of these data and literature on alternative tests, including most probable number methods, indicated that the technique of choice for routine analysis of total coliform bacteria in drinking water is membrane filtration using m-Endo LES agar as growth medium without enrichment procedures or a cytochrome oxidase restriction.", "contents": "Comparison of m-Endo LES, MacConkey, and Teepol media for membrane filtration counting of total coliform bacteria in water. Total coliform counts obtained by means of standard membrane filtration techniques, using MacConkey agar, m-Endo LES agar, Teepol agar, and pads saturated with Teepol broth as growth media, were compared. Various combinations of these media were used in tests on 490 samples of river water and city wastewater after different stages of conventional purification and reclamation processes including lime treatment, and filtration, active carbon treatment, ozonation, and chlorination. Endo agar yielded the highest average counts for all these samples. Teepol agar generally had higher counts then Teepol broth, whereas MacConkey agar had the lowest average counts. Identification of 871 positive isolates showed that Aeromonas hydrophila was the species most commonly detected. Species of Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter represented 55% of isolates which conformed to the definition of total coliforms on Endo agar, 54% on Teepol agar, and 45% on MacConkey agar. Selection for species on the media differed considerably. Evaluation of these data and literature on alternative tests, including most probable number methods, indicated that the technique of choice for routine analysis of total coliform bacteria in drinking water is membrane filtration using m-Endo LES agar as growth medium without enrichment procedures or a cytochrome oxidase restriction.", "PMID": 394678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10406", "title": "Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a membrane filter method.", "content": "Analytical procedures based on filtration of homogenates through membrane filters, and particularly hydrophobic grid-membrane filters (HGMF), offer definite improvements in the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms in foods. Whereas the counted specimen in pour plates may not usually be greater than 0.1 g, up to 1.0 g of ground beef, green beans, potato, cod, strawberries, or grapes could be filtered and counted on HGMF. Greatly improved limit of detection, reduced interference by noncoliforms, and complete removal of growth inhibitors such as polyphenols were demonstrated for HGMF, using violet red bile and mFC agars. In addition, counting on HGMF eliminated a false-positive reaction caused by sucrose in ice cream.", "contents": "Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a membrane filter method. Analytical procedures based on filtration of homogenates through membrane filters, and particularly hydrophobic grid-membrane filters (HGMF), offer definite improvements in the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms in foods. Whereas the counted specimen in pour plates may not usually be greater than 0.1 g, up to 1.0 g of ground beef, green beans, potato, cod, strawberries, or grapes could be filtered and counted on HGMF. Greatly improved limit of detection, reduced interference by noncoliforms, and complete removal of growth inhibitors such as polyphenols were demonstrated for HGMF, using violet red bile and mFC agars. In addition, counting on HGMF eliminated a false-positive reaction caused by sucrose in ice cream.", "PMID": 394679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10407", "title": "Menarcheal age in Oslo during the last 140 years.", "content": "Data from maternity clinics have been used to study the trend in menarcheal age among girls born in Oslo after 1840. The investigation was based on recordings from approximately 50 women from each year. The women were divided into social categories according to their own or their husband's occupation. The results show a trend toward earlier maturation within the working class, which is characterized by two periods of rapid fall in menarcheal age. The first period covers women born between 1860 and 1880, and shows a fall in menarcheal age from about 15.6 to about 14.6 years. During the second period of rapid fall, which covers women born between 1905 and 1940, the menarcheal age was further reduced from about 14.6 to 13.3 years. The age at menarche has been stable at about 13.3 years for women born after 1940. These results contrast with those of some earlier studies of the menarcheal age in Norway. However, it is shown that the discrepancies between these investigations and our own disappear when the same computational methods and the same interpretation of the age recordings are used.", "contents": "Menarcheal age in Oslo during the last 140 years. Data from maternity clinics have been used to study the trend in menarcheal age among girls born in Oslo after 1840. The investigation was based on recordings from approximately 50 women from each year. The women were divided into social categories according to their own or their husband's occupation. The results show a trend toward earlier maturation within the working class, which is characterized by two periods of rapid fall in menarcheal age. The first period covers women born between 1860 and 1880, and shows a fall in menarcheal age from about 15.6 to about 14.6 years. During the second period of rapid fall, which covers women born between 1905 and 1940, the menarcheal age was further reduced from about 14.6 to 13.3 years. The age at menarche has been stable at about 13.3 years for women born after 1940. These results contrast with those of some earlier studies of the menarcheal age in Norway. However, it is shown that the discrepancies between these investigations and our own disappear when the same computational methods and the same interpretation of the age recordings are used.", "PMID": 394668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10408", "title": "Genetic susceptibility to cholera.", "content": "In the course of studies of immunity to experimental cholera in man, 10(5) or 10(6) Vibrio cholerae were given to 66 college students and other community volunteers under quarantine in an isolation ward. HLA antigen and blood group determinations were carried out to test the hypothesis that severity of clinical cholera is dependent in part upon genetically-determined host susceptibility. Fifty-five volunteers developed diarrhoea; 38 had mild illness and 17 had severe cholera (stool volume greater than or equal to 5.0 litres). HLA antigens were found in similar frequency in volunteers with severe, mild or no diarrhoea; antigen A1, A2, A3 and B7 were most common. Blood group O, however, was found in 64% of persons with severe cholera versus 36-38% of volunteers with mild or absent illness. Thus, while no correlation was found between HLA type and severity of cholera, these results do support the claims of other investigators that blood group O is found more frequently in patients with severe cholera than in the normal population.", "contents": "Genetic susceptibility to cholera. In the course of studies of immunity to experimental cholera in man, 10(5) or 10(6) Vibrio cholerae were given to 66 college students and other community volunteers under quarantine in an isolation ward. HLA antigen and blood group determinations were carried out to test the hypothesis that severity of clinical cholera is dependent in part upon genetically-determined host susceptibility. Fifty-five volunteers developed diarrhoea; 38 had mild illness and 17 had severe cholera (stool volume greater than or equal to 5.0 litres). HLA antigens were found in similar frequency in volunteers with severe, mild or no diarrhoea; antigen A1, A2, A3 and B7 were most common. Blood group O, however, was found in 64% of persons with severe cholera versus 36-38% of volunteers with mild or absent illness. Thus, while no correlation was found between HLA type and severity of cholera, these results do support the claims of other investigators that blood group O is found more frequently in patients with severe cholera than in the normal population.", "PMID": 394667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10409", "title": "Isolation of radiation-resistant bacteria without exposure to irradiation.", "content": "Resistance to desiccation was utilized in the selection of highly radiation-resistant asporogenous bacteria from non-irradiated sources. A bacterial suspension in phosphate buffer was dried in a thin film at 25 degrees C and 33% relative humidity. Storage under these conditions for 15 days or more reduced the number of radiation-sensitive bacteria. Further selection for radiation-resistant bacteria was obtained by irradiation of bacteria on velveteen in the replication process, thereby avoiding the toxic effect of irradiated media. The similarity of radiation resistance and identifying characteristics in irradiated and non-irradiated isolates should allay some concerns that highly radiation-resistant bacteria have been permanently altered by radiation selection.", "contents": "Isolation of radiation-resistant bacteria without exposure to irradiation. Resistance to desiccation was utilized in the selection of highly radiation-resistant asporogenous bacteria from non-irradiated sources. A bacterial suspension in phosphate buffer was dried in a thin film at 25 degrees C and 33% relative humidity. Storage under these conditions for 15 days or more reduced the number of radiation-sensitive bacteria. Further selection for radiation-resistant bacteria was obtained by irradiation of bacteria on velveteen in the replication process, thereby avoiding the toxic effect of irradiated media. The similarity of radiation resistance and identifying characteristics in irradiated and non-irradiated isolates should allay some concerns that highly radiation-resistant bacteria have been permanently altered by radiation selection.", "PMID": 394680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10410", "title": "Respiration and viability of thermally injured Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Resting cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y25 were heated at 56 degrees C for 0 to 2 min. Respiratory activity of the cells reflected the severity of the heat stress. The endogenous respiration was approximately 50 microliter of O2/mg per h for cells heated for 2 min at 56 degrees C as compared with 2 microliter of O2/mg per h for nonheated cells. There was a distinct decrease in respiration after 1 to 3 h, and after 20 h the respiration rate of heated cells was less than that of nonheated cells. Along with increased rates of endogenous respiration, respiratory quotients of cells were altered after heat stress. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated O2 (uptake) in nonheated cells but decreased O2 (uptake) of heated cells. Due to the high rate of endogenous respiration, addition of glucose resulted in no substantial change in the rate of respiration of heated cells. However, addition of glucose prolonged the presence of the high rates of respiration observed in heated cells.", "contents": "Respiration and viability of thermally injured Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Resting cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y25 were heated at 56 degrees C for 0 to 2 min. Respiratory activity of the cells reflected the severity of the heat stress. The endogenous respiration was approximately 50 microliter of O2/mg per h for cells heated for 2 min at 56 degrees C as compared with 2 microliter of O2/mg per h for nonheated cells. There was a distinct decrease in respiration after 1 to 3 h, and after 20 h the respiration rate of heated cells was less than that of nonheated cells. Along with increased rates of endogenous respiration, respiratory quotients of cells were altered after heat stress. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated O2 (uptake) in nonheated cells but decreased O2 (uptake) of heated cells. Due to the high rate of endogenous respiration, addition of glucose resulted in no substantial change in the rate of respiration of heated cells. However, addition of glucose prolonged the presence of the high rates of respiration observed in heated cells.", "PMID": 394681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10411", "title": "Wipe-rinse technique for quantitating microbial contamination on large surfaces.", "content": "The evaluation of an improved wipe-rinse technique for the bioassay of large areas was undertaken due to inherent inadequacies in the cotton swab-rinse technique to which assay of spacecraft is currently restricted. Four types of contamination control cloths were initially tested. A polyester-bonded cloth (PBC) was selected for further evaluation because of its superior efficiency and handling characteristics. Results from comparative tests with PBC and cotton swabs on simulated spacecraft surfaces indicated a significantly higher recovery efficiency for the PBC than for the cotton (90.4 versus 75.2%). Of the sampling areas sites studied, PBC was found to be most effective on surface areas not exceeding 0.74 m2 (8.0 feet 2).", "contents": "Wipe-rinse technique for quantitating microbial contamination on large surfaces. The evaluation of an improved wipe-rinse technique for the bioassay of large areas was undertaken due to inherent inadequacies in the cotton swab-rinse technique to which assay of spacecraft is currently restricted. Four types of contamination control cloths were initially tested. A polyester-bonded cloth (PBC) was selected for further evaluation because of its superior efficiency and handling characteristics. Results from comparative tests with PBC and cotton swabs on simulated spacecraft surfaces indicated a significantly higher recovery efficiency for the PBC than for the cotton (90.4 versus 75.2%). Of the sampling areas sites studied, PBC was found to be most effective on surface areas not exceeding 0.74 m2 (8.0 feet 2).", "PMID": 394682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10412", "title": "MICRID: a computer-assisted microbial identification system.", "content": "An extensive computer-assisted identification system for bacteria and yeasts (117 genera and 1,430 species) was developed, and applications proved very useful in teaching situations.", "contents": "MICRID: a computer-assisted microbial identification system. An extensive computer-assisted identification system for bacteria and yeasts (117 genera and 1,430 species) was developed, and applications proved very useful in teaching situations.", "PMID": 394684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10413", "title": "Effect of waterfowl (Anas platyrhynchos) on indicator bacteria populations in a recreational lake Madison, Wisconsin.", "content": "A public swimming beach in Madison, wis., experienced intermittent high fecal coliform counts during the late summer and early fall of 1978. Public health officials closed the beach on a number of occasions. A public health survey identified a combination of waterfowl wastes and meteorological events as the explanation for the high bacteria counts. Fecal coliform bacteria were deposited by mallard ducks and multiplied in the beach sands. The bacteria were subsequently transported into the lake and resulted in high fecal coliform counts in the swimming area.", "contents": "Effect of waterfowl (Anas platyrhynchos) on indicator bacteria populations in a recreational lake Madison, Wisconsin. A public swimming beach in Madison, wis., experienced intermittent high fecal coliform counts during the late summer and early fall of 1978. Public health officials closed the beach on a number of occasions. A public health survey identified a combination of waterfowl wastes and meteorological events as the explanation for the high bacteria counts. Fecal coliform bacteria were deposited by mallard ducks and multiplied in the beach sands. The bacteria were subsequently transported into the lake and resulted in high fecal coliform counts in the swimming area.", "PMID": 394683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10414", "title": "Are Langhans giant cells precursors of foreign-body giant cells?", "content": "Granulomas were induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic into the dorsum. The pieces of Melinex were removed at intervals varying from 16 h to 14 days, and the adherent cells were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Giant cell formation started about 32 h after implantation. The first giant cells to appear were of the Langhans type. Two days after implantation, most of the giant cells are still Langhans-type cells. A few giant cells of the foreign-body type and transition forms between the Langhans and foreign-body types are also present. From the third day on, the foreign-body type gradually becomes predominant. Independent of the duration of implantation, giant cells with 3, 4, or 5 nuclei are virtually without exception of the Langhans type. The higher the number of nuclei between 6 and 30, the more cells are of the foreign-body type. Giant cells with 30 or more nuclei are all foreign-body type. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge concerning giant cell formation. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells.", "contents": "Are Langhans giant cells precursors of foreign-body giant cells? Granulomas were induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic into the dorsum. The pieces of Melinex were removed at intervals varying from 16 h to 14 days, and the adherent cells were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Giant cell formation started about 32 h after implantation. The first giant cells to appear were of the Langhans type. Two days after implantation, most of the giant cells are still Langhans-type cells. A few giant cells of the foreign-body type and transition forms between the Langhans and foreign-body types are also present. From the third day on, the foreign-body type gradually becomes predominant. Independent of the duration of implantation, giant cells with 3, 4, or 5 nuclei are virtually without exception of the Langhans type. The higher the number of nuclei between 6 and 30, the more cells are of the foreign-body type. Giant cells with 30 or more nuclei are all foreign-body type. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge concerning giant cell formation. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells.", "PMID": 394688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10415", "title": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm UVA light on Candida albicans cells. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Candida (C.) albicans cells were exposed to 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml and 10.0 micrograms/ml medium and irradiated with 365 nm light. The amount of energy emitted was 4.8 J/cm2. Two divergent types of cell damage occured concerning yeast cell cytoplasm and cell wall. Two hours after exposure cytoplasmic changes involving mitochondria, which showed irregularities in shape, blurred appearance or loss of mitochondrial cristae and outer membrane were seen. The number of vacuoles was increased. The cytoplasm showed large electron transparent areas, the cytoplasmic membrane disappeared in some areas completely. Nucleus and nuclear envelope usually remained intact in early stages. 24 h after exposure conspicuous cell wall alterations were observed in addition to cytoplasmic changes. Newly produced cell wall material formed ball-like protrusions or was adherent sickle-shaped to the cell wall. The investigations strongly suggest that the results found after 8-MOP-UVA treatment of C. albicans cells can not be interpreted in the sense of a general cytotoxic effect. Apparently it takes the form of a combination of events involving regressive and progressive alterations.", "contents": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm UVA light on Candida albicans cells. An electron microscopic study. Candida (C.) albicans cells were exposed to 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml and 10.0 micrograms/ml medium and irradiated with 365 nm light. The amount of energy emitted was 4.8 J/cm2. Two divergent types of cell damage occured concerning yeast cell cytoplasm and cell wall. Two hours after exposure cytoplasmic changes involving mitochondria, which showed irregularities in shape, blurred appearance or loss of mitochondrial cristae and outer membrane were seen. The number of vacuoles was increased. The cytoplasm showed large electron transparent areas, the cytoplasmic membrane disappeared in some areas completely. Nucleus and nuclear envelope usually remained intact in early stages. 24 h after exposure conspicuous cell wall alterations were observed in addition to cytoplasmic changes. Newly produced cell wall material formed ball-like protrusions or was adherent sickle-shaped to the cell wall. The investigations strongly suggest that the results found after 8-MOP-UVA treatment of C. albicans cells can not be interpreted in the sense of a general cytotoxic effect. Apparently it takes the form of a combination of events involving regressive and progressive alterations.", "PMID": 394689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10416", "title": "In vitro studies on microphage functions in chronic pyoderma vegetans.", "content": "The function of microphages has been studied in two patients with chronic pyoderma vegetans by in vitro determination of phagocytosis as well as chemotaxis. The results showed a striking decrease in the chemotactic activity of the neutrophil granulocytes, a reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and a weakness of the intracellular killing of these microorganisms. However, the NADH-dependent oxidase activity appeared to be intact. No defect was found in the specific cellular or humoral immune system in either patient.", "contents": "In vitro studies on microphage functions in chronic pyoderma vegetans. The function of microphages has been studied in two patients with chronic pyoderma vegetans by in vitro determination of phagocytosis as well as chemotaxis. The results showed a striking decrease in the chemotactic activity of the neutrophil granulocytes, a reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and a weakness of the intracellular killing of these microorganisms. However, the NADH-dependent oxidase activity appeared to be intact. No defect was found in the specific cellular or humoral immune system in either patient.", "PMID": 394690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10417", "title": "Size of rat spermatozoa during maturation along the epididymis.", "content": "An electrical sizing apparatus based on the Coulter Counter was used to measure rat spermatozoa from the proximal (caput) and distal (caudal) ends of the epididymis and from the ejaculate. The typical size distribution is unimodal with a positive skew, the crescent shape of the cells precluding absolute volume determination. During their passage through the epididymis, spermatozoa decrease in size as part of maturation. Saponin causes cell lysis and chymotrypsin cell shrinkage, both effects being more pronounced in the proximal region. It would seem that, during the maturation process within the epididymis, changes occur in the spermatozoon membrane that make the cells more stable.", "contents": "Size of rat spermatozoa during maturation along the epididymis. An electrical sizing apparatus based on the Coulter Counter was used to measure rat spermatozoa from the proximal (caput) and distal (caudal) ends of the epididymis and from the ejaculate. The typical size distribution is unimodal with a positive skew, the crescent shape of the cells precluding absolute volume determination. During their passage through the epididymis, spermatozoa decrease in size as part of maturation. Saponin causes cell lysis and chymotrypsin cell shrinkage, both effects being more pronounced in the proximal region. It would seem that, during the maturation process within the epididymis, changes occur in the spermatozoon membrane that make the cells more stable.", "PMID": 394693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10418", "title": "[Nutritional optimization of thermal processing of canned food].", "content": "The model developed by Barreiro, Salas and Herrera (7) for the prediction of nutrient losses during the thermal processing of conduction heated foods was used in this work to optimize the thermal processing, maximizing nutrient retention in processes with equivalent sterilization values. The processes were stimulated in a digital computer (taking pea pur\u00e9e canned in cans 307 x 409 as the product analyzed). Aall of the processes had equivalent sterilization values with respect to Clostridium botulinum. The thiamine retention associated with each process was calculated by the model of Barreiro, Salas and Herrera (7). The maximum fraction of thiamine retained was of 0.688 for a process at 114.2 degrees C (237.5 degrees F) for 95 minutes. Also, the possibility of the existence of a can with optimum dimensions for maximum thiamine retention, with the same sterilization values, was studied. It was found that this optimum, with the same does not exist; on the contrary, the retention was at a minimum when the diameter approaches infinite and the height zero, and viceversa. For this reason, from the nutrient retention point of view, it is better to process the product in flat or slender cans for a given sterilization value.", "contents": "[Nutritional optimization of thermal processing of canned food]. The model developed by Barreiro, Salas and Herrera (7) for the prediction of nutrient losses during the thermal processing of conduction heated foods was used in this work to optimize the thermal processing, maximizing nutrient retention in processes with equivalent sterilization values. The processes were stimulated in a digital computer (taking pea pur\u00e9e canned in cans 307 x 409 as the product analyzed). Aall of the processes had equivalent sterilization values with respect to Clostridium botulinum. The thiamine retention associated with each process was calculated by the model of Barreiro, Salas and Herrera (7). The maximum fraction of thiamine retained was of 0.688 for a process at 114.2 degrees C (237.5 degrees F) for 95 minutes. Also, the possibility of the existence of a can with optimum dimensions for maximum thiamine retention, with the same sterilization values, was studied. It was found that this optimum, with the same does not exist; on the contrary, the retention was at a minimum when the diameter approaches infinite and the height zero, and viceversa. For this reason, from the nutrient retention point of view, it is better to process the product in flat or slender cans for a given sterilization value.", "PMID": 394694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10419", "title": "[Studies of bovine mycoplasma mastitis. 1. Review of literature on the occurrence of bovine mastitis with Mycoplasma involvement].", "content": "The clinical pattern as well as the pathologico-anatomic or histological changes due to mycoplasma mastitis are neither specific nor pathognomic. Mastitis pathogens so far described included M. bovis, M. bovigenitalium, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, M. alkalescens, M. canadense, M. dispar, M. bovirhinis, strains of Group 7 according to Leach, strain ST 6, and ureaplasma strains. In the GDR, enzootic mastitis has been confined to A. laidlawii and A. axanthum.", "contents": "[Studies of bovine mycoplasma mastitis. 1. Review of literature on the occurrence of bovine mastitis with Mycoplasma involvement]. The clinical pattern as well as the pathologico-anatomic or histological changes due to mycoplasma mastitis are neither specific nor pathognomic. Mastitis pathogens so far described included M. bovis, M. bovigenitalium, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, M. alkalescens, M. canadense, M. dispar, M. bovirhinis, strains of Group 7 according to Leach, strain ST 6, and ureaplasma strains. In the GDR, enzootic mastitis has been confined to A. laidlawii and A. axanthum.", "PMID": 394695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10420", "title": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 2. Testing of various culture media and culture methods for the isolation of Mycoplasma from milk samples].", "content": "The recipes Medium-I broth, Medium-B broth, and Weissenseemycoplasma broth as well as Medium-I agar, Medium-B agar, and MRL agar were tested for their applicability to culturing mycoplasma from milk samples, using the direct and indirect techniques. No dependable information on the occurrence of mycoplasma was obtainable from tested material unless several nutritive media and techniques were combined. Medium I, for which almost no imported substances were needed, was in no way inferior to common international nutritive substrates. Its use in conjunction with the indirect culturing technique is recommended for routine diagnosis.", "contents": "[Studies of bovine Mycoplasma mastitis. 2. Testing of various culture media and culture methods for the isolation of Mycoplasma from milk samples]. The recipes Medium-I broth, Medium-B broth, and Weissenseemycoplasma broth as well as Medium-I agar, Medium-B agar, and MRL agar were tested for their applicability to culturing mycoplasma from milk samples, using the direct and indirect techniques. No dependable information on the occurrence of mycoplasma was obtainable from tested material unless several nutritive media and techniques were combined. Medium I, for which almost no imported substances were needed, was in no way inferior to common international nutritive substrates. Its use in conjunction with the indirect culturing technique is recommended for routine diagnosis.", "PMID": 394696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10421", "title": "Lack of enhancement of chemical mutagenesis by saccharin in the Salmonella assay.", "content": "A purified batch of the artificial sweetener saccharin (S-1022) was assayed for mutagenicity and comutagenicity by the Ames Salmonella assay system. Saccharin was not mutagenic and failed to enhance the mutagenic activity induced by a wide variety of known mutagens. These results do not argue against the tumor-promotor-like activity of saccharin but only indicate that the Ames Salmonella assay is not capable of detecting saccharin as a promoter of mutagenesis.", "contents": "Lack of enhancement of chemical mutagenesis by saccharin in the Salmonella assay. A purified batch of the artificial sweetener saccharin (S-1022) was assayed for mutagenicity and comutagenicity by the Ames Salmonella assay system. Saccharin was not mutagenic and failed to enhance the mutagenic activity induced by a wide variety of known mutagens. These results do not argue against the tumor-promotor-like activity of saccharin but only indicate that the Ames Salmonella assay is not capable of detecting saccharin as a promoter of mutagenesis.", "PMID": 394716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10422", "title": "The anterior cerebral artery. II. A computer model of its cortical branches estereotaxically obtained from anatomical specimens.", "content": "This article is a corrollary of a previously published anatomical study of the anterior cerebral artery. The authors propose a method to obtain a computer model of the anterior cerebral artery, based on a combined system of stereotaxic coordinates and a specially developed computer program. The graphic analysis, thus obtained, is projected on a model atlas brain and an ideal diagram of this anatomical structure is obtained. Forty anatomical specimens were used for this study.", "contents": "The anterior cerebral artery. II. A computer model of its cortical branches estereotaxically obtained from anatomical specimens. This article is a corrollary of a previously published anatomical study of the anterior cerebral artery. The authors propose a method to obtain a computer model of the anterior cerebral artery, based on a combined system of stereotaxic coordinates and a specially developed computer program. The graphic analysis, thus obtained, is projected on a model atlas brain and an ideal diagram of this anatomical structure is obtained. Forty anatomical specimens were used for this study.", "PMID": 394722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10423", "title": "[Immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "The most important methods and results found in literature on immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are reviewed. A study was made of immunoglobulins in the CSF of 50 individuals who suffered from chronic migraine but showed normal results for the physical and neurological examinations; electroencephalograph, CSF tests (sub-occipital puncture) and proteinogram of the serum also fell within the limits of normalcy in all of the 50 cases. The study of immunoglobulins was conducted through the radial immunodifusion method. Results obtained as to immunoglobulins of the CSF varied between 1,55 and 3,97 mg/100 ml, or 0,17 and 0,44 for IGG; values lay between 0 and 0,62 mg/100 ml, or 0,37 UI for IGA. Presence of IGM was not detected in any of the cases studied. Analysis of the results showed that, for the CSF of the cisterna magna in normal individuals, IGG is always found at an average concentration of 2,37 mg/100 ml and a standard deviation of 0,59. IGA is mostly found at an average concentration of 0,34 mg/100 ml and a standard deviation of 0,17. IGM is not demonstrable, under normal conditions, by the method chosen by the author.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid]. The most important methods and results found in literature on immunoglobulins of the normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are reviewed. A study was made of immunoglobulins in the CSF of 50 individuals who suffered from chronic migraine but showed normal results for the physical and neurological examinations; electroencephalograph, CSF tests (sub-occipital puncture) and proteinogram of the serum also fell within the limits of normalcy in all of the 50 cases. The study of immunoglobulins was conducted through the radial immunodifusion method. Results obtained as to immunoglobulins of the CSF varied between 1,55 and 3,97 mg/100 ml, or 0,17 and 0,44 for IGG; values lay between 0 and 0,62 mg/100 ml, or 0,37 UI for IGA. Presence of IGM was not detected in any of the cases studied. Analysis of the results showed that, for the CSF of the cisterna magna in normal individuals, IGG is always found at an average concentration of 2,37 mg/100 ml and a standard deviation of 0,59. IGA is mostly found at an average concentration of 0,34 mg/100 ml and a standard deviation of 0,17. IGM is not demonstrable, under normal conditions, by the method chosen by the author.", "PMID": 394720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10424", "title": "[The personality of the alcohol. Socio-cultural, psychopathological and psychodynamic variables].", "content": "86 chronic alcoholics hospitalized in three psychiatric clinics, were studied through a questionnaire and the Szondi Projective Test. Dividing the sample into two groups, \"social\" and psychotic alcoholics brought several significant differences to light. The mean age of the psychotic patients was lower than of the \"social\" alcoholics, suggesting that the pathology of the former had begun sooner. Furthermore, the projective test revealed that the pathology of the psychotic patients was qualitatively different in that they use negation and selfblocking defense mechanisms at a self-destructive level. This hinders individualization and fixates the patient, without internal consistency, at a level of pre-genital regression which is manifested in their social marginality.", "contents": "[The personality of the alcohol. Socio-cultural, psychopathological and psychodynamic variables]. 86 chronic alcoholics hospitalized in three psychiatric clinics, were studied through a questionnaire and the Szondi Projective Test. Dividing the sample into two groups, \"social\" and psychotic alcoholics brought several significant differences to light. The mean age of the psychotic patients was lower than of the \"social\" alcoholics, suggesting that the pathology of the former had begun sooner. Furthermore, the projective test revealed that the pathology of the psychotic patients was qualitatively different in that they use negation and selfblocking defense mechanisms at a self-destructive level. This hinders individualization and fixates the patient, without internal consistency, at a level of pre-genital regression which is manifested in their social marginality.", "PMID": 394721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10425", "title": "Prediction of solute transport during peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Solute transport, predominantly diffusion, across the peritoneum correlates inversely with molecular weight. Provided that the solute is water soluble, not protein bound, not of unusual density, not ionized, does not have a large hydration shell, and is transported from plasma to dialysate, the peritoneal clearance is predictable over the molecular weight range from 60 to 11,000 daltons. Transport reates that deviate from the predicted can be explained by known physical properties of particular solutes.", "contents": "Prediction of solute transport during peritoneal dialysis. Solute transport, predominantly diffusion, across the peritoneum correlates inversely with molecular weight. Provided that the solute is water soluble, not protein bound, not of unusual density, not ionized, does not have a large hydration shell, and is transported from plasma to dialysate, the peritoneal clearance is predictable over the molecular weight range from 60 to 11,000 daltons. Transport reates that deviate from the predicted can be explained by known physical properties of particular solutes.", "PMID": 394724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10426", "title": "Counterregulatory system in an artificial endocrine pancreas. Glucose infusion algorithm.", "content": "An artificial endocrine pancreas has been developed by adding a glucose infusion system to the artificial beta cell system. In this computer algorithm, glucose is infused on the basis of proportional and derivative actions to blood glucose concentration with the time delay constant between blood withdrawal and initiation of glucose infusion. When glucose was infused on the basis of proportional action with a 20-minute time delay, the prompt restoration to normoglycemia from the hypoglycemic state with a smaller amount of glucose was shown in depancreatized dogs. These results indicate that the artificial endocrine pancreas thus prepared is not only a useful device to safely control blood glucose, but also is an efficient research tool for the analysis of the blood glucose regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Counterregulatory system in an artificial endocrine pancreas. Glucose infusion algorithm. An artificial endocrine pancreas has been developed by adding a glucose infusion system to the artificial beta cell system. In this computer algorithm, glucose is infused on the basis of proportional and derivative actions to blood glucose concentration with the time delay constant between blood withdrawal and initiation of glucose infusion. When glucose was infused on the basis of proportional action with a 20-minute time delay, the prompt restoration to normoglycemia from the hypoglycemic state with a smaller amount of glucose was shown in depancreatized dogs. These results indicate that the artificial endocrine pancreas thus prepared is not only a useful device to safely control blood glucose, but also is an efficient research tool for the analysis of the blood glucose regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 394725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10427", "title": "A protease-antiprotease system in antrochoanal polyp. I. Evidence for the existence of proactivator.", "content": "Tissue extract of antrochoanal polyps showed a faint lysis area on standard fibrin plates, but streptokinase (SK)-added tissue extract showed a large lysis area. No fibrinolytic activity was observed on plasminogen-free fibrin plates. It is concluded, therefore, that the fibrinolytic activity observed after SK addition is indicative of the existence of SK-responsive protein proactivator. The tissue extract did not contain plasminogen or antiprotease against trypsin or papain. It was stable at neutral pH at 37 degrees C and stable at acid pH at 70 degrees C. The role of proactivator is discussed in relation to the growth or enlargement of antrochoanal polyps.", "contents": "A protease-antiprotease system in antrochoanal polyp. I. Evidence for the existence of proactivator. Tissue extract of antrochoanal polyps showed a faint lysis area on standard fibrin plates, but streptokinase (SK)-added tissue extract showed a large lysis area. No fibrinolytic activity was observed on plasminogen-free fibrin plates. It is concluded, therefore, that the fibrinolytic activity observed after SK addition is indicative of the existence of SK-responsive protein proactivator. The tissue extract did not contain plasminogen or antiprotease against trypsin or papain. It was stable at neutral pH at 37 degrees C and stable at acid pH at 70 degrees C. The role of proactivator is discussed in relation to the growth or enlargement of antrochoanal polyps.", "PMID": 394730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10428", "title": "The treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection.", "content": "779 patients suffering from symptoms of urinary tract infection have been studied. Fifty-two per cent were found to have true bacterial infection of the urine. Several treatment regimes were assessed, and of these it appeared that sulphamethizole 1g three times a day was most effective, both in terms of a lower rate of relapse of infection and also a low incidence of side effects.", "contents": "The treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection. 779 patients suffering from symptoms of urinary tract infection have been studied. Fifty-two per cent were found to have true bacterial infection of the urine. Several treatment regimes were assessed, and of these it appeared that sulphamethizole 1g three times a day was most effective, both in terms of a lower rate of relapse of infection and also a low incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 394732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10429", "title": "Local immune response in mice to Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Cholera immunization schedules were investigated in mice, with emphasis placed on obtaining an immune response in the intestine. The most effective schedule for producing a good local response was found to be several orally-given priming doses of the organism followed after 14 days by an intravenous boosting dose. Major differences between the immune responses in the spleen and the intestine were noted.", "contents": "Local immune response in mice to Vibrio cholerae. Cholera immunization schedules were investigated in mice, with emphasis placed on obtaining an immune response in the intestine. The most effective schedule for producing a good local response was found to be several orally-given priming doses of the organism followed after 14 days by an intravenous boosting dose. Major differences between the immune responses in the spleen and the intestine were noted.", "PMID": 394733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10430", "title": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing A/USSR/90/77.", "content": "Studies were undertaken in adult groups aged 17-24 years, 25-64 years and 66-100 years to determine the haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses to sub-unit influenza containing A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). Antibody responses to A/USSR/90/77 were low in all groups. The young adult group (17-24 years) produced a primary response to A/USSR/90/77 and showed a significant response to a second dose of vaccine, whereas their responses to the A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/8/73 components were of the anamnestic type and showed no significant increase to a second dose. The adult (25-64 years) and aged (66-100 years) groups responded anamnestically to all three vaccine components. There was no impairment of the antibody response in the aged group in comparison with the response in the adult group. A comparative assay in microtitre trays and WHO plates showed two- to four-fold differences in antibody titre to A/USSR/90/77 in these systems.", "contents": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing A/USSR/90/77. Studies were undertaken in adult groups aged 17-24 years, 25-64 years and 66-100 years to determine the haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses to sub-unit influenza containing A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). Antibody responses to A/USSR/90/77 were low in all groups. The young adult group (17-24 years) produced a primary response to A/USSR/90/77 and showed a significant response to a second dose of vaccine, whereas their responses to the A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/8/73 components were of the anamnestic type and showed no significant increase to a second dose. The adult (25-64 years) and aged (66-100 years) groups responded anamnestically to all three vaccine components. There was no impairment of the antibody response in the aged group in comparison with the response in the adult group. A comparative assay in microtitre trays and WHO plates showed two- to four-fold differences in antibody titre to A/USSR/90/77 in these systems.", "PMID": 394734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10431", "title": "HLA patterns in Australian patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in 169 Australian patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). HLA-B8 (47.9% v. 23.8%) and B15 (18.9% v. 8.2%) were significantly more frequent in the IDDM patients than in 1460 controls. The relative risks for developing IDDM in people carrying these antigens were 2.94 and 2.59 respectively. Carriers of the B8/B15 genotype had a relative risk of 5.48. These HLA associations in Australian IDDM patients are similar to those reported in other predominantly Caucasian populations.", "contents": "HLA patterns in Australian patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). HLA antigens were determined in 169 Australian patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). HLA-B8 (47.9% v. 23.8%) and B15 (18.9% v. 8.2%) were significantly more frequent in the IDDM patients than in 1460 controls. The relative risks for developing IDDM in people carrying these antigens were 2.94 and 2.59 respectively. Carriers of the B8/B15 genotype had a relative risk of 5.48. These HLA associations in Australian IDDM patients are similar to those reported in other predominantly Caucasian populations.", "PMID": 394735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10432", "title": "Exchange of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation in Australia and New Zealand.", "content": "In the period from March 1970 to April 1978, 176 kidneys from 137 cadaver donors were exchanged, on the basis of HLA matching, between transplant centres throughout Australia and New Zealand. The kidneys were preserved by simple ice storage or machine perfusion, and transported by air in chipped ice. Total ischaemia times ranged from 3.5 to 28.6 hours and immediate function occurred in 52% of cases. Graft survival was 62% at one year, 51% at three years and 47% at five years, the corresponding patient survival rates being 86%, 74% and 71%. An average of 1.4 antigens mismatched was achieved, and 59% of recipients received kidneys with zero or one antigen mismatched. These kidneys survived better than those with two or more antigens mismatched, the difference being 12% at one year, and rising to more than 20% at five years. The results confirm the practicability and potential value of the Organ Sharing Scheme, and indicate that effective sharing of kidneys on the basis of zero HLA mismatches could substantially improve the current success rate of clinical cadaveric renal transplantation.", "contents": "Exchange of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. In the period from March 1970 to April 1978, 176 kidneys from 137 cadaver donors were exchanged, on the basis of HLA matching, between transplant centres throughout Australia and New Zealand. The kidneys were preserved by simple ice storage or machine perfusion, and transported by air in chipped ice. Total ischaemia times ranged from 3.5 to 28.6 hours and immediate function occurred in 52% of cases. Graft survival was 62% at one year, 51% at three years and 47% at five years, the corresponding patient survival rates being 86%, 74% and 71%. An average of 1.4 antigens mismatched was achieved, and 59% of recipients received kidneys with zero or one antigen mismatched. These kidneys survived better than those with two or more antigens mismatched, the difference being 12% at one year, and rising to more than 20% at five years. The results confirm the practicability and potential value of the Organ Sharing Scheme, and indicate that effective sharing of kidneys on the basis of zero HLA mismatches could substantially improve the current success rate of clinical cadaveric renal transplantation.", "PMID": 394736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10433", "title": "Cytochemistry of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes: a review.", "content": "Findings with six cytochemical reactions demonstrable in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes were reviewed. The two methods which are presently of greater diagnostic value are the acid phosphatase (AP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reactions. AP has a definitive role in the diagnosis of acute and chronic T-cell leukaemias, where a strong positive reaction helps to distinguish them from most B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. New findings concerning the ultrastructural localization of this enzyme are presented. ANAE is of value in distinguishing T-lymphocytes (positive localized reaction) from B lymphocytes (negative reaction) and the T micron from the T gamma subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, a positive reaction demonstrable only in the T micron cells. Other reactions reviewed were PAS, beta-glucoronidase, hexosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes: a review. Findings with six cytochemical reactions demonstrable in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes were reviewed. The two methods which are presently of greater diagnostic value are the acid phosphatase (AP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reactions. AP has a definitive role in the diagnosis of acute and chronic T-cell leukaemias, where a strong positive reaction helps to distinguish them from most B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. New findings concerning the ultrastructural localization of this enzyme are presented. ANAE is of value in distinguishing T-lymphocytes (positive localized reaction) from B lymphocytes (negative reaction) and the T micron from the T gamma subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, a positive reaction demonstrable only in the T micron cells. Other reactions reviewed were PAS, beta-glucoronidase, hexosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 394744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10434", "title": "Current management of cardiac transplant recipients.", "content": "Changes in the management of cardiac transplant recipients over the past 10 years have resulted in a substantial improvement in the outlook for survival. Imuran and prednisone remain the primary immunosuppressive agents, but rabbit antihuman thymocyte globulin is used initially and reinstituted during rejection. Endomyocardial biopsy has allowed more precise diagnosis and management of rejection, and more recently immunological monitoring has been introduced to provide more frequent assessment of the host immune response. Infection is the major cause of death, and its diagnosis and treatment is managed aggressively. Current survival figures justify the use of cardiac transplantation, by an experienced team, when other measures have been exhausted.", "contents": "Current management of cardiac transplant recipients. Changes in the management of cardiac transplant recipients over the past 10 years have resulted in a substantial improvement in the outlook for survival. Imuran and prednisone remain the primary immunosuppressive agents, but rabbit antihuman thymocyte globulin is used initially and reinstituted during rejection. Endomyocardial biopsy has allowed more precise diagnosis and management of rejection, and more recently immunological monitoring has been introduced to provide more frequent assessment of the host immune response. Infection is the major cause of death, and its diagnosis and treatment is managed aggressively. Current survival figures justify the use of cardiac transplantation, by an experienced team, when other measures have been exhausted.", "PMID": 394751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10435", "title": "Double-blind trial comparing two dosage schedules of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol with a placebo in chronic bronchial asthma. Second report of the Brompton Hospital/Medical Research Council Collaborative Trial.", "content": "A follow-up study to 52 weeks is reported on 95 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics who took part in a double-blind, controlled trial of beclomethasone dipropionate for 28 weeks. During the 28 weeks two dosage schedules (800 microgram and 400 microgram daily) were compared with a placebo. If the corticosteroid tablet dosage had been at least halved and the clinical condition was satisfactory, the allocated regimen was continued 'blind' for the second period (29-52 weeks); 51 patients continued for this period, 46 on beclomethasone dipropionate. If progress was unsatisfactory, known beclomethasone dipropionate 800 microgram daily was substituted, the supervision remaining unchanged, the clinical supervisors remaining unaware which schedule had been received during the first 28 weeks. Nearly all the patients who at least halved their corticosteroid tablet dosage by 28 weeks continued to do well up to 52 weeks on the allocated regimen. When the placebo patients with unsatisfactory progress at 28 weeks were changed to 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate they showed a substantial improvement. Patients changed from 400 to 800 microgram showed little improvement on average. Approximately 30% of the whole group of patients failed to have their dosage of corticosteroid tablets, despite receiving 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate daily for six or more months. The cumulative incidence of 'oral candidiasis' (as defined for this report) in placebo patients changed at 28 weeks to 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate daily was 30% at 36 weeks and 43% at 52 weeks. Of eight patients increased from 400 microgram to 800 microgram daily, one had 'candidiasis' by 36 weeks and three by 52 weeks. Oral candidiasis was often asymptomatic and never led to the discontinuation of the corticosteroid aerosol, although the dosage was reduced in nine of the 30 who received 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate during the first 28 weeks. The incidence of bacterial infections in patients on beclomethasone dipropionate was similar to that of the placebo group and systematic laboratory investigations revealed no increase in the rate of isolation of potential pathogens.", "contents": "Double-blind trial comparing two dosage schedules of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol with a placebo in chronic bronchial asthma. Second report of the Brompton Hospital/Medical Research Council Collaborative Trial. A follow-up study to 52 weeks is reported on 95 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics who took part in a double-blind, controlled trial of beclomethasone dipropionate for 28 weeks. During the 28 weeks two dosage schedules (800 microgram and 400 microgram daily) were compared with a placebo. If the corticosteroid tablet dosage had been at least halved and the clinical condition was satisfactory, the allocated regimen was continued 'blind' for the second period (29-52 weeks); 51 patients continued for this period, 46 on beclomethasone dipropionate. If progress was unsatisfactory, known beclomethasone dipropionate 800 microgram daily was substituted, the supervision remaining unchanged, the clinical supervisors remaining unaware which schedule had been received during the first 28 weeks. Nearly all the patients who at least halved their corticosteroid tablet dosage by 28 weeks continued to do well up to 52 weeks on the allocated regimen. When the placebo patients with unsatisfactory progress at 28 weeks were changed to 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate they showed a substantial improvement. Patients changed from 400 to 800 microgram showed little improvement on average. Approximately 30% of the whole group of patients failed to have their dosage of corticosteroid tablets, despite receiving 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate daily for six or more months. The cumulative incidence of 'oral candidiasis' (as defined for this report) in placebo patients changed at 28 weeks to 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate daily was 30% at 36 weeks and 43% at 52 weeks. Of eight patients increased from 400 microgram to 800 microgram daily, one had 'candidiasis' by 36 weeks and three by 52 weeks. Oral candidiasis was often asymptomatic and never led to the discontinuation of the corticosteroid aerosol, although the dosage was reduced in nine of the 30 who received 800 microgram beclomethasone dipropionate during the first 28 weeks. The incidence of bacterial infections in patients on beclomethasone dipropionate was similar to that of the placebo group and systematic laboratory investigations revealed no increase in the rate of isolation of potential pathogens.", "PMID": 394752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10436", "title": "Tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Of more than 400 patients who received renal transplants in Cambridge, five subsequently developed tuberculosis. All had pulmonary involvement. Radiological abnormalities included miliary opacities, bilateral lower zone shadowing or typical upper zone shadowing with cavitation. Lung biopsy was required for diagnosis in two cases. Three patients recovered after treatment with antituberculosis drugs and none has relapsed. One died during chemotherapy despite drug-susceptible organisms. The problems encountered during chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients. Of more than 400 patients who received renal transplants in Cambridge, five subsequently developed tuberculosis. All had pulmonary involvement. Radiological abnormalities included miliary opacities, bilateral lower zone shadowing or typical upper zone shadowing with cavitation. Lung biopsy was required for diagnosis in two cases. Three patients recovered after treatment with antituberculosis drugs and none has relapsed. One died during chemotherapy despite drug-susceptible organisms. The problems encountered during chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 394753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10437", "title": "A comparison of oral choline theophyllinate and beclomethasone in severe perennial asthma in children.", "content": "Fourteen children with perennial asthma previously treated with beclomethasone dipropionate were studied for four months in a crossover trial to compare the efficacy of choline theophyllinate and beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the control of their symptoms. Assessments were made using twice daily peak flow measurements, together with daily records of symptom scores and use of extra salbutamol. Beclomethasone and oral choline theophyllinate together improved control of asthma in comparison with beclomethasone alone. Reduction of the dose of beclomethasone from 400 microgram/day caused worsening of asthma. Oral choline theophyllinate did not prevent this deterioration and therefore cannot replace beclomethasone for the long-term treatment of such asthmatic patients.", "contents": "A comparison of oral choline theophyllinate and beclomethasone in severe perennial asthma in children. Fourteen children with perennial asthma previously treated with beclomethasone dipropionate were studied for four months in a crossover trial to compare the efficacy of choline theophyllinate and beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the control of their symptoms. Assessments were made using twice daily peak flow measurements, together with daily records of symptom scores and use of extra salbutamol. Beclomethasone and oral choline theophyllinate together improved control of asthma in comparison with beclomethasone alone. Reduction of the dose of beclomethasone from 400 microgram/day caused worsening of asthma. Oral choline theophyllinate did not prevent this deterioration and therefore cannot replace beclomethasone for the long-term treatment of such asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 394754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10438", "title": "Two aminophylline preparations in nocturnal asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind trial the effects of aminophylline suppositories and slow-release aminophylline tablets were compared with similar placebo preparations in nine patients whose complaint was asthma which woke them from sleep at night. Forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) was measured in each patient at three-hourly intervals from 1900 hours to 0700 hours on four separate nights, the preparation being administered immediately after the 2200 hour measurement. On the nights when a placebo was administered the FEV1 showed a statistically significant fall between 1900 and 0400 hours. Aminophylline had a statistically highly significant effect in reducing or preventing this fall, suppositories and tablets being equally effective in this single-dose study.", "contents": "Two aminophylline preparations in nocturnal asthma. In a double-blind trial the effects of aminophylline suppositories and slow-release aminophylline tablets were compared with similar placebo preparations in nine patients whose complaint was asthma which woke them from sleep at night. Forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) was measured in each patient at three-hourly intervals from 1900 hours to 0700 hours on four separate nights, the preparation being administered immediately after the 2200 hour measurement. On the nights when a placebo was administered the FEV1 showed a statistically significant fall between 1900 and 0400 hours. Aminophylline had a statistically highly significant effect in reducing or preventing this fall, suppositories and tablets being equally effective in this single-dose study.", "PMID": 394755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10439", "title": "Haemoptysis in eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "Eosinophilic granuloma of bone may involve the lung in about 20% of cases (Lewis 1964); and may present in the lung without other organ involvement. Haemoptysis occurs in about 10% of cases for unknown reasons. I document here a case with typical presentation and course, but which was complicated by haemoptysis of increasing severity leading to death. The cause of haemoptysis was diagnosed at fibreoptic bronchoscopy.", "contents": "Haemoptysis in eosinophilic granuloma. Eosinophilic granuloma of bone may involve the lung in about 20% of cases (Lewis 1964); and may present in the lung without other organ involvement. Haemoptysis occurs in about 10% of cases for unknown reasons. I document here a case with typical presentation and course, but which was complicated by haemoptysis of increasing severity leading to death. The cause of haemoptysis was diagnosed at fibreoptic bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 394756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10440", "title": "Unusual course of beryllium lung disease.", "content": "The cases of two patients with beryllium disease of the lung are reported in which acute exposure produced immediate symptoms and progressed to chronic disease with no latent period.", "contents": "Unusual course of beryllium lung disease. The cases of two patients with beryllium disease of the lung are reported in which acute exposure produced immediate symptoms and progressed to chronic disease with no latent period.", "PMID": 394757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10441", "title": "Immune response to human keratoacanthoma.", "content": "Immune reactivity to human keratoacanthoma was investigated by microcytotoxicity tests and immunofluorescence. IgM and complement were consistently present in lesions; IgG and fibrin were infrequent. No evidence of in vivo bound immunoglobulin was found on the surface of keratoacanthoma cells by membrane immunofluorescence. Neither patients' sera nor peripheral blood leukocytes showed significant cytotoxicity against autochthonous tumour cells in microtitre assays. This study fails to support the view that regression of human keratoacanthoma is mediated by immunological mechanisms.", "contents": "Immune response to human keratoacanthoma. Immune reactivity to human keratoacanthoma was investigated by microcytotoxicity tests and immunofluorescence. IgM and complement were consistently present in lesions; IgG and fibrin were infrequent. No evidence of in vivo bound immunoglobulin was found on the surface of keratoacanthoma cells by membrane immunofluorescence. Neither patients' sera nor peripheral blood leukocytes showed significant cytotoxicity against autochthonous tumour cells in microtitre assays. This study fails to support the view that regression of human keratoacanthoma is mediated by immunological mechanisms.", "PMID": 394758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10442", "title": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. IV. Relationship between outer membrane particles and aqueous pores.", "content": "The hypothesis that intramembraneous particles, observed in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, are the morphological representation of aqueous pores, was tested. A mutant which is deficient in five major outer membrane proteins, b, c, d, e and the phage lambda receptor protein, contains a largely decreased number of intramembraneous particles and also shows a greatly decreased rate of uptake of several solutes. In derivatives of this strain which contain only one of these proteins in large amounts a strong decrease of the number of intramembraneous particles is observed, which is accompanied by a complete restoration of the rate of uptake of those solutes which use pores in which the protein in question is involved. The results provide strong evidence for the notion that an individual pore contains only one protein species, a property which has been found earlier for individual particles. The observed correlation between particles and equeous pores strongly supports the hypothesis that the particles are the morphological representation of pores. Implications of this hypothesis for the structure of the particles are discussed.", "contents": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. IV. Relationship between outer membrane particles and aqueous pores. The hypothesis that intramembraneous particles, observed in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, are the morphological representation of aqueous pores, was tested. A mutant which is deficient in five major outer membrane proteins, b, c, d, e and the phage lambda receptor protein, contains a largely decreased number of intramembraneous particles and also shows a greatly decreased rate of uptake of several solutes. In derivatives of this strain which contain only one of these proteins in large amounts a strong decrease of the number of intramembraneous particles is observed, which is accompanied by a complete restoration of the rate of uptake of those solutes which use pores in which the protein in question is involved. The results provide strong evidence for the notion that an individual pore contains only one protein species, a property which has been found earlier for individual particles. The observed correlation between particles and equeous pores strongly supports the hypothesis that the particles are the morphological representation of pores. Implications of this hypothesis for the structure of the particles are discussed.", "PMID": 394759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10443", "title": "Proteinases as probes of the structure of rat liver ribonucleoprotein particles carrying heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "content": "Three proteolytic enzymes with different specificities produced essentially the same degradation pattern of the proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles. Proteins with apparent molecular weights of 144 000, 133 000 and 115 000 were hydrolyzed most readily which may indicate an exterior location in the ribonucleoprotein complex. The major particle proteins in the range of 30 000-42 000 daltons were much less susceptible to proteinases than the high molecular weight species. Proteins of 31 000, 33 000 and 42 000 daltons were resistant to proteolysis. The degradation rates of the proteins in intact ribonucleoprotein particles were considerably lower than rates obtained with the same proteins separated from the RNA. Incubation with trypsin and recentrifugation of polyparticles led to a shift in the sedimentation constant from 90 S to 0-20 S, corresponding to a decrease in the protein to RNA ratio from 4 to 1.3. No significant change in the small molecular weight RNA pattern was detected after trypsin digestion.", "contents": "Proteinases as probes of the structure of rat liver ribonucleoprotein particles carrying heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Three proteolytic enzymes with different specificities produced essentially the same degradation pattern of the proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles. Proteins with apparent molecular weights of 144 000, 133 000 and 115 000 were hydrolyzed most readily which may indicate an exterior location in the ribonucleoprotein complex. The major particle proteins in the range of 30 000-42 000 daltons were much less susceptible to proteinases than the high molecular weight species. Proteins of 31 000, 33 000 and 42 000 daltons were resistant to proteolysis. The degradation rates of the proteins in intact ribonucleoprotein particles were considerably lower than rates obtained with the same proteins separated from the RNA. Incubation with trypsin and recentrifugation of polyparticles led to a shift in the sedimentation constant from 90 S to 0-20 S, corresponding to a decrease in the protein to RNA ratio from 4 to 1.3. No significant change in the small molecular weight RNA pattern was detected after trypsin digestion.", "PMID": 394760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10444", "title": "Subunit localizations of zinc(II) in DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli B.", "content": "RNA Polymerase holoenzyme and core enzyme from Escherichia coli B have been shown to contain two zinc ions. Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy of the isolated core subunits indicated that one zinc ion is localized on the beta subunit and the other is bound on the beta' subunit. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy showed that prolonged dialysis of the metalloenzyme against 0.01 M o-phenanthroline resulted in the removal of both zinc(II) ions with accompanying loss of enzymatic activity. The activity of the apoenzyme was observed to be completely restored by readdition of zinc(II) and partially restored by cobalt(II).", "contents": "Subunit localizations of zinc(II) in DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli B. RNA Polymerase holoenzyme and core enzyme from Escherichia coli B have been shown to contain two zinc ions. Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy of the isolated core subunits indicated that one zinc ion is localized on the beta subunit and the other is bound on the beta' subunit. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy showed that prolonged dialysis of the metalloenzyme against 0.01 M o-phenanthroline resulted in the removal of both zinc(II) ions with accompanying loss of enzymatic activity. The activity of the apoenzyme was observed to be completely restored by readdition of zinc(II) and partially restored by cobalt(II).", "PMID": 394761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10445", "title": "Prediction of pairing schemes in RNA molecules-loop contributions and energy of wobble and non-wobble pairs.", "content": "Previously published models for predicting pairing schemes in RNA molecules, when applied to tRNA, give the clover leaf structure in only half the cases. We made a systematic investigation of the predictability of the clover leaf structure under various assumptions concerning the energetic contributions of single and double-stranded regions. We tested 21 different models and variants on a set of 100 tRNA sequences and many other variants on a smaller set of sequences. In our models we allowed not only G.C, A.U and G.U pairing, but also every other pair. Under conditions which are much less restrictive than those of previous attempts, we can nevertheless reach 90 per cent predictability for the clover leaf structure of tRNA. A most surprising and far-reaching result is that we can assign to C.G and C.C pairs binding energies quite close to the energies of G.U pairs, and still predict the clover leaf. The following ranking for non-complementary pairs was obtained : G.U, G.G and C.C, U.U, C.A, A.A and G.A, U.C. The main practical innovation which made possible the improvements in predictability are: i) not counting the stacking of base pairs separated by a bulge loop; ii) making the terminal C.C's in stems more stable than the terminal A.U's by merely -- 0.7 kcal; iii) replacing the distinction between G.C and A.U-closed loops by a distinction based on the presence of loop-favoring residues; iv) carefully adjusting the energetic balance between the various kinds of loops; v) narrowing the gap between the GC/GC and the GC/AU contributions; vi) using observations on nearest-neighbours in tRNA sequences to refine the contributions of G.U pairs.", "contents": "Prediction of pairing schemes in RNA molecules-loop contributions and energy of wobble and non-wobble pairs. Previously published models for predicting pairing schemes in RNA molecules, when applied to tRNA, give the clover leaf structure in only half the cases. We made a systematic investigation of the predictability of the clover leaf structure under various assumptions concerning the energetic contributions of single and double-stranded regions. We tested 21 different models and variants on a set of 100 tRNA sequences and many other variants on a smaller set of sequences. In our models we allowed not only G.C, A.U and G.U pairing, but also every other pair. Under conditions which are much less restrictive than those of previous attempts, we can nevertheless reach 90 per cent predictability for the clover leaf structure of tRNA. A most surprising and far-reaching result is that we can assign to C.G and C.C pairs binding energies quite close to the energies of G.U pairs, and still predict the clover leaf. The following ranking for non-complementary pairs was obtained : G.U, G.G and C.C, U.U, C.A, A.A and G.A, U.C. The main practical innovation which made possible the improvements in predictability are: i) not counting the stacking of base pairs separated by a bulge loop; ii) making the terminal C.C's in stems more stable than the terminal A.U's by merely -- 0.7 kcal; iii) replacing the distinction between G.C and A.U-closed loops by a distinction based on the presence of loop-favoring residues; iv) carefully adjusting the energetic balance between the various kinds of loops; v) narrowing the gap between the GC/GC and the GC/AU contributions; vi) using observations on nearest-neighbours in tRNA sequences to refine the contributions of G.U pairs.", "PMID": 394764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10446", "title": "Genetic and physical characterization of a segment of yeast mitochondrial DNA involved in the control of genetic recombination.", "content": "Genetic recombination between the 3 RIB (ribosomal) loci of yeast mitochondrial DNA is under the control of a mitochondrial locus named omega (with alleles omega+ and omega-) which is tightly linked to the RIBI locus. We have attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms(s) involved by using rho- mutants with similar (RIBI+ RIB2+ RIB3(0) genotype but different recombination properties in rho- x rho+ crosses. These were obtained through pedigree analysis and their mitochondrial DNAs were mapped on a high resolution physical map of the RIB section that had been built by analysis of thermal denaturation profiles and electron microscopy of partially denatured molecules. By comparison of physical and genetic data it can be shown that possession of the omega+ allele by the rho- cell is not sufficient for its expression in crosses, some additional DNA segments(s) in the ribosomal region being needed. This result and several features of the rho+ x rho- crosses are discussed in the light of current concepts in mitochondrial genetics of yeast and the recently discovered fact that omega+ and omega- strains differ by the presence of a 1000 base pairs insertion in the former.", "contents": "Genetic and physical characterization of a segment of yeast mitochondrial DNA involved in the control of genetic recombination. Genetic recombination between the 3 RIB (ribosomal) loci of yeast mitochondrial DNA is under the control of a mitochondrial locus named omega (with alleles omega+ and omega-) which is tightly linked to the RIBI locus. We have attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms(s) involved by using rho- mutants with similar (RIBI+ RIB2+ RIB3(0) genotype but different recombination properties in rho- x rho+ crosses. These were obtained through pedigree analysis and their mitochondrial DNAs were mapped on a high resolution physical map of the RIB section that had been built by analysis of thermal denaturation profiles and electron microscopy of partially denatured molecules. By comparison of physical and genetic data it can be shown that possession of the omega+ allele by the rho- cell is not sufficient for its expression in crosses, some additional DNA segments(s) in the ribosomal region being needed. This result and several features of the rho+ x rho- crosses are discussed in the light of current concepts in mitochondrial genetics of yeast and the recently discovered fact that omega+ and omega- strains differ by the presence of a 1000 base pairs insertion in the former.", "PMID": 394766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10447", "title": "Analysis of large specific T1 oligonucleotides of 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The primary structure of 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been analysed by two-dimensional fractionation of T1 oligonucleotides. This method consists of an electrophoresis at pH 3.5 followed by a homochromatography on DEAE-cellulose plates. After the second dimension, the large T1 oligonucleotides were hydrolyzed by pancreatic RNAse, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the pancreatic products. By fractionating a mixture of tritiated HeLa cell ribosomal RNAs and 32 P yeast cell ribosomal RNAs, two autoradiographs were obtained; one corresponding to the 32P labelled material and the other to the tritiated labelled material. By superposition of the two autoradiographs, the mobility of the various T1 oligonucleotides can be accurately compared and it is shown that yeast 17S rRNA and human 18S rRNA have in common 5 large oligonucleotides and that yeast 25S rRNA and human 28S rRNA have 4 identical oligonucleotides.", "contents": "Analysis of large specific T1 oligonucleotides of 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The primary structure of 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been analysed by two-dimensional fractionation of T1 oligonucleotides. This method consists of an electrophoresis at pH 3.5 followed by a homochromatography on DEAE-cellulose plates. After the second dimension, the large T1 oligonucleotides were hydrolyzed by pancreatic RNAse, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the pancreatic products. By fractionating a mixture of tritiated HeLa cell ribosomal RNAs and 32 P yeast cell ribosomal RNAs, two autoradiographs were obtained; one corresponding to the 32P labelled material and the other to the tritiated labelled material. By superposition of the two autoradiographs, the mobility of the various T1 oligonucleotides can be accurately compared and it is shown that yeast 17S rRNA and human 18S rRNA have in common 5 large oligonucleotides and that yeast 25S rRNA and human 28S rRNA have 4 identical oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 394765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10448", "title": "Amino acid sequences of soluble tryptic peptides of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of 28 soluble tryptic peptides from chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli K12 have been determined. Together with the four unique cysteine-containing peptides sequenced by Gething and Davidson ((1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 71, 327-336) this accounts for approximately 75% of the total sequence expected for this protein. A high frequency of identify between some of the peptides suggests the possibility of gene duplication during the evolution of the structural gene for the enzyme.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of soluble tryptic peptides of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli K12. The amino acid sequences of 28 soluble tryptic peptides from chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli K12 have been determined. Together with the four unique cysteine-containing peptides sequenced by Gething and Davidson ((1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 71, 327-336) this accounts for approximately 75% of the total sequence expected for this protein. A high frequency of identify between some of the peptides suggests the possibility of gene duplication during the evolution of the structural gene for the enzyme.", "PMID": 394762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10449", "title": "Enhancement and suppression in production of IgM-antibody in mice treated with purified saponins.", "content": "Effects of purified saponins on antibody production against SRBC antigen were investigated in adult mice by using the direct hemolytic plaque technique of Cunningham and Szenberg. Intravenous injection of ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rc, senegin-III, -IV or platycodin-D caused increase in antibody-producing cells. However, the same treatment with ophiopogonin-D, ginsenoside-Rd or glycoside-H2 suppressed antibody production. Immuno-suppression due to the latter three substances seemed not to be associated with cytocidal effect. Ophiopogonin-B and platycodin-C had no effects.", "contents": "Enhancement and suppression in production of IgM-antibody in mice treated with purified saponins. Effects of purified saponins on antibody production against SRBC antigen were investigated in adult mice by using the direct hemolytic plaque technique of Cunningham and Szenberg. Intravenous injection of ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rc, senegin-III, -IV or platycodin-D caused increase in antibody-producing cells. However, the same treatment with ophiopogonin-D, ginsenoside-Rd or glycoside-H2 suppressed antibody production. Immuno-suppression due to the latter three substances seemed not to be associated with cytocidal effect. Ophiopogonin-B and platycodin-C had no effects.", "PMID": 394767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10450", "title": "Characterization of normal human cells by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Differentiation of normal human cells has been accomplished by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Normal cells from human kidney, spleen, liver and brain tissues have been pyrolyzed and the products chromatographically separated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Molecular pyrolysis products giving rise to the characteristic pyro-mass chromatograms include, but are not limited to, alkenes, alkanes, nitriles and various ring compounds. Single ion mass chromatograms as well as multiple ion mass chromatograms have been used to explore the characteristic differences between various tissue materials. A dynamic computer methodology for comparing pyro-mass chromatograms has been developed for use in automatic identification and classification of the human cellular material.", "contents": "Characterization of normal human cells by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Differentiation of normal human cells has been accomplished by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Normal cells from human kidney, spleen, liver and brain tissues have been pyrolyzed and the products chromatographically separated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Molecular pyrolysis products giving rise to the characteristic pyro-mass chromatograms include, but are not limited to, alkenes, alkanes, nitriles and various ring compounds. Single ion mass chromatograms as well as multiple ion mass chromatograms have been used to explore the characteristic differences between various tissue materials. A dynamic computer methodology for comparing pyro-mass chromatograms has been developed for use in automatic identification and classification of the human cellular material.", "PMID": 394768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10451", "title": "Transcutaneous PO2 measurement on skin transplants.", "content": "Trnascutaneous PO2 measurements are suitable for an objective control of free skin transplants and pedicle flaps if used with standardized and controlled hyperemia. They are also suitable for monitoring the rejection of skin allografts and to investigate the influence of drugs on skin transplants in general.", "contents": "Transcutaneous PO2 measurement on skin transplants. Trnascutaneous PO2 measurements are suitable for an objective control of free skin transplants and pedicle flaps if used with standardized and controlled hyperemia. They are also suitable for monitoring the rejection of skin allografts and to investigate the influence of drugs on skin transplants in general.", "PMID": 394773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10452", "title": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring of flap circulation following surgery.", "content": "In a series of rabbit experiments, tcPO2 was found to be a very sensitive indicator of flap viability, reflecting minute-to-minute changes in physiology. It is safe, reproducible, and easily verified by comparing flap tcPO2 to a control site and by measuring response to increased FIO2. Transcutaneous PO2 measurements should prove a valuable tool in flap research and in monitoring pedicle flaps and microvascular tissue transfers.", "contents": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring of flap circulation following surgery. In a series of rabbit experiments, tcPO2 was found to be a very sensitive indicator of flap viability, reflecting minute-to-minute changes in physiology. It is safe, reproducible, and easily verified by comparing flap tcPO2 to a control site and by measuring response to increased FIO2. Transcutaneous PO2 measurements should prove a valuable tool in flap research and in monitoring pedicle flaps and microvascular tissue transfers.", "PMID": 394774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10453", "title": "[The release of proteinases from neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages].", "content": "The main source of proteinases that degrade tissue components in the course of inflammation are neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages. Both cells contain and/or produce a large variety of acid and neutral hydrolases including representatives of all four classes of tissue proteinases. Neutrophils are short-lived end cells with large enzyme stores (i.e. azurophil and specific granules) which they normally discharge in the course of phagocytosis. Macrophages are long-lived cells with a great potential for functional differentiation. In macrophages, proteinases and other lytic enzymes are released both by phagocytosis and by secretion (the latter particularly in activated macrophages) and replaced continuously by de novo synthesis. The acid and neutral proteinases of neutrophils and macrophages, their subcellular localization, their properties in relation to tissue damage and the mechanisms of their release are described.", "contents": "[The release of proteinases from neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages]. The main source of proteinases that degrade tissue components in the course of inflammation are neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages. Both cells contain and/or produce a large variety of acid and neutral hydrolases including representatives of all four classes of tissue proteinases. Neutrophils are short-lived end cells with large enzyme stores (i.e. azurophil and specific granules) which they normally discharge in the course of phagocytosis. Macrophages are long-lived cells with a great potential for functional differentiation. In macrophages, proteinases and other lytic enzymes are released both by phagocytosis and by secretion (the latter particularly in activated macrophages) and replaced continuously by de novo synthesis. The acid and neutral proteinases of neutrophils and macrophages, their subcellular localization, their properties in relation to tissue damage and the mechanisms of their release are described.", "PMID": 394786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10454", "title": "[Regulatory effects of proteases in articular inflammation].", "content": "The role of proteases in the stimulation of cells participating in a chronic inflammatory reaction is reviewed. Several neutral proteases stimulate B lymphocytes to produce both specific and unspecific antibodies and such enzymes can replace, at least in vitro, T-helper cells. Proteases might influence macrophages as well, by a MIF-like activity, by increasing spreading in vitro or by liberating from C3 the C3b component which has an activating effect on these cells. Endocytosis of protease - alpha-2 macroglobulin complexes by macrophages induces production of neutral proteases as well. A stimulation of fibroblasts by proteases is possible but not yet clearly proven.", "contents": "[Regulatory effects of proteases in articular inflammation]. The role of proteases in the stimulation of cells participating in a chronic inflammatory reaction is reviewed. Several neutral proteases stimulate B lymphocytes to produce both specific and unspecific antibodies and such enzymes can replace, at least in vitro, T-helper cells. Proteases might influence macrophages as well, by a MIF-like activity, by increasing spreading in vitro or by liberating from C3 the C3b component which has an activating effect on these cells. Endocytosis of protease - alpha-2 macroglobulin complexes by macrophages induces production of neutral proteases as well. A stimulation of fibroblasts by proteases is possible but not yet clearly proven.", "PMID": 394787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10455", "title": "[Generalized periarthritis calcarea (generalized hydroxyapatite disease)].", "content": "The condition of generalized periarthritis calcarea (hydroxyapatite deposition disease) is characterised by multiple periarticular calcification which can be localised around practically any joint and also in proximity to the spine. This calcification consists of hydroxyapatite crystals which are responsible for the episodes of acute, subacute or chronic periarticular or articular inflammation so typical of the condition. Because of this one can classify periarthritis calcarea along with gout and chondrocalcinosis in the group of crystal deposition diseases. The actual cause of the calcification remains unknown but it is probable that, along with hereditary factors, disturbances in metabolism play an important role. The diagnosis of generalised periarthritis is made from the characteristic X-ray picture in conjunction with the clinical findings and, on occasion, the demonstration of hydroxyapatite crystals in the affected tissues. In the differential diagnosis gout, chondrocalcinosis, various inflammatory rheumatic conditions and septic arthritis must be excluded and various calcification processes, particularly interstitial calcinosis and lipocal cinogranulomatosis, must also be considered. Since the etiology of the calcification remains unknown to specific treatment is available. Symptomatic treatment with colchicine is mostly inadequate which is why one often has recourse to the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Generalized periarthritis calcarea (generalized hydroxyapatite disease)]. The condition of generalized periarthritis calcarea (hydroxyapatite deposition disease) is characterised by multiple periarticular calcification which can be localised around practically any joint and also in proximity to the spine. This calcification consists of hydroxyapatite crystals which are responsible for the episodes of acute, subacute or chronic periarticular or articular inflammation so typical of the condition. Because of this one can classify periarthritis calcarea along with gout and chondrocalcinosis in the group of crystal deposition diseases. The actual cause of the calcification remains unknown but it is probable that, along with hereditary factors, disturbances in metabolism play an important role. The diagnosis of generalised periarthritis is made from the characteristic X-ray picture in conjunction with the clinical findings and, on occasion, the demonstration of hydroxyapatite crystals in the affected tissues. In the differential diagnosis gout, chondrocalcinosis, various inflammatory rheumatic conditions and septic arthritis must be excluded and various calcification processes, particularly interstitial calcinosis and lipocal cinogranulomatosis, must also be considered. Since the etiology of the calcification remains unknown to specific treatment is available. Symptomatic treatment with colchicine is mostly inadequate which is why one often has recourse to the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 394790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10456", "title": "Depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms and clinical effects: a trial of fluphenazine versus flupenthixol in maintenance of schizophrenic out-patients.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were started on either fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate injections in a double-blind trial just prior to discharge into the community. During the six month follow-up 30 per cent dropped out of the treatment. Of those observed for six months, 7 per cent relapsed, 54 per cent experienced depressive symptoms and 88 per cent extrapyramidial side-effects. Analysis of both clinical data and the ratings failed to discriminate between the two drugs.", "contents": "Depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms and clinical effects: a trial of fluphenazine versus flupenthixol in maintenance of schizophrenic out-patients. Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were started on either fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate injections in a double-blind trial just prior to discharge into the community. During the six month follow-up 30 per cent dropped out of the treatment. Of those observed for six months, 7 per cent relapsed, 54 per cent experienced depressive symptoms and 88 per cent extrapyramidial side-effects. Analysis of both clinical data and the ratings failed to discriminate between the two drugs.", "PMID": 394794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10457", "title": "A double-blind crossover trial of baclofen--a new treatment for the unstable bladder syndrome.", "content": "Forty patients with the unstable bladder syndrome have been treated in a double-blind crossover trial of baclofen 5 mg qds versus placebo. Baclofen significantly improved diurnal and nocturnal frequency of micturition and the severity of incontinence. Considerable improvement was also obtained with placebo.", "contents": "A double-blind crossover trial of baclofen--a new treatment for the unstable bladder syndrome. Forty patients with the unstable bladder syndrome have been treated in a double-blind crossover trial of baclofen 5 mg qds versus placebo. Baclofen significantly improved diurnal and nocturnal frequency of micturition and the severity of incontinence. Considerable improvement was also obtained with placebo.", "PMID": 394795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10458", "title": "Vesicoplication in the management of chronic urinary retention.", "content": "Eighteen patients have been treated by vesicoplication for low tension chronic urinary retention. The clinical presentation, operative technique and results in these 18 patients are discussed. Vesicoplication is shown to be a simple, safe and effective method of relieving symptoms in this group of patients.", "contents": "Vesicoplication in the management of chronic urinary retention. Eighteen patients have been treated by vesicoplication for low tension chronic urinary retention. The clinical presentation, operative technique and results in these 18 patients are discussed. Vesicoplication is shown to be a simple, safe and effective method of relieving symptoms in this group of patients.", "PMID": 394796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10459", "title": "Endourethral urethroplasty.", "content": "Following internal urethrotomy for treatment of strictures of the bulbous urethra, 11 patients had primary split skin grafts inlaid over the urethrotomy site. There were no operative complications and the results in 5 patients with a 9-month follow-up are good.", "contents": "Endourethral urethroplasty. Following internal urethrotomy for treatment of strictures of the bulbous urethra, 11 patients had primary split skin grafts inlaid over the urethrotomy site. There were no operative complications and the results in 5 patients with a 9-month follow-up are good.", "PMID": 394797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10460", "title": "Impaired response of pancreatic polypeptide to hypoglycaemia: an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetics.", "content": "The pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 18 juvenile diabetics and was calculated as the difference between the prestimulatory PP concentration and the maximal concentration measured. The response was severely impaired in patients with autonomic neuropathy (mean +/- SE of mean 22 +/- 12 pmol/l) as compared with patients without neuropathy (252 +/- 51 pmol/l). Patients whose diabetes was of only a few years' duration showed a normal PP response to hypoglycaemia, and the response diminished significantly with increasing duration of diabetes. The decreased PP response to hypoglycaemia was significantly correlated with an increased threshold of the sense of vibration, (rs = 0.86). These results suggest that impaired, secretion of PP may serve as an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes.", "contents": "Impaired response of pancreatic polypeptide to hypoglycaemia: an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetics. The pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 18 juvenile diabetics and was calculated as the difference between the prestimulatory PP concentration and the maximal concentration measured. The response was severely impaired in patients with autonomic neuropathy (mean +/- SE of mean 22 +/- 12 pmol/l) as compared with patients without neuropathy (252 +/- 51 pmol/l). Patients whose diabetes was of only a few years' duration showed a normal PP response to hypoglycaemia, and the response diminished significantly with increasing duration of diabetes. The decreased PP response to hypoglycaemia was significantly correlated with an increased threshold of the sense of vibration, (rs = 0.86). These results suggest that impaired, secretion of PP may serve as an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes.", "PMID": 394798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10461", "title": "High affinity choline transport and acetylCoA production in brain and their roles in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis.", "content": "This review describes recent advances made in the understanding of the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in brain with regard to the availability of its two precursors, choline and acetylCoA. Choline availability appears to be regulated by the high affinity choline transport system. Investigations of the localization and inhibition of this system are reviewed. Procedures for measuring high affinity choline transport and their shortcomings are described. The kinetics and effects of previous in vivo and in vitro treatments on high affinity choline transport are reviewed. Kinetic and direct coupling of the transport and acetylation of choline are discussed. Recent investigations of the source of acetylCoA used for the synthesis of acetylcholine are reviewed. Three sources of acetylCoA have recently received support: citrate conversion catalyzed by citrate lyase, direct release of acetylCoA from mitochondria following its synthesis from pyruvate catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, and production of acetylCoA by cytoplasmic pyruvate dehydrogenase. Investigations indicating that acetylCoA availability may limit acetylcholine synthesis are reviewed. A model for the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis which incorporates most of the reviewed material is presented.", "contents": "High affinity choline transport and acetylCoA production in brain and their roles in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis. This review describes recent advances made in the understanding of the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in brain with regard to the availability of its two precursors, choline and acetylCoA. Choline availability appears to be regulated by the high affinity choline transport system. Investigations of the localization and inhibition of this system are reviewed. Procedures for measuring high affinity choline transport and their shortcomings are described. The kinetics and effects of previous in vivo and in vitro treatments on high affinity choline transport are reviewed. Kinetic and direct coupling of the transport and acetylation of choline are discussed. Recent investigations of the source of acetylCoA used for the synthesis of acetylcholine are reviewed. Three sources of acetylCoA have recently received support: citrate conversion catalyzed by citrate lyase, direct release of acetylCoA from mitochondria following its synthesis from pyruvate catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, and production of acetylCoA by cytoplasmic pyruvate dehydrogenase. Investigations indicating that acetylCoA availability may limit acetylcholine synthesis are reviewed. A model for the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis which incorporates most of the reviewed material is presented.", "PMID": 394816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10462", "title": "The effect of pantothenate on sulfate metabolism and sulfur isotope fractionation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in minimal salts-glucose-SO4(2-) medium with varying concentrations of pantothenate (0-1000 microgram/L) produced changes in the cellular lipid content and in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Substantial differences in SO4(2-) diffusion were also observed with changes in pantothenate concentration. During sulfate reduction, the delta 34S value of the evolved sulfide varied with the pantothenate concentration ranging from -31% in the absence of pantothenate to 0% at 400-1000 microgram/L pantothenate. The isotope selectivity is related to the effect of pantothenate concentration on cellular metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of pantothenate on sulfate metabolism and sulfur isotope fractionation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in minimal salts-glucose-SO4(2-) medium with varying concentrations of pantothenate (0-1000 microgram/L) produced changes in the cellular lipid content and in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Substantial differences in SO4(2-) diffusion were also observed with changes in pantothenate concentration. During sulfate reduction, the delta 34S value of the evolved sulfide varied with the pantothenate concentration ranging from -31% in the absence of pantothenate to 0% at 400-1000 microgram/L pantothenate. The isotope selectivity is related to the effect of pantothenate concentration on cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 394817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10463", "title": "A modified method for testing inositol assimilation by Cryptococcus species.", "content": "The proposed method for rapid testing of inositol assimilation incorporates shake cultures in an indicator-based broth containing inositol (1%), yeast nitrogen base (0.067%), bromocresol purple, and a heavy inoculum. Of 153 yeast isolates investigated, inositol assimilation was shown with the modified method, as also by the Adams-Cooper procedure, in all the 123 isolates, representing 11 species of Cryptococcus. The results were negative by both the methods in the remaining 30 isolates belonging to Candida, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Pichia, Saccharomyces, and Sporobolomyces. The modified method was found to be significantly more effective than the Adams-Cooper procedure; the results could be read within 36 h by the former as against 336 h by the latter method. The superiority of the modified method to the Adams-Cooper procedure is attributed to increased aeration in shake cultures, a heavier inoculum, and reduced concentration of yeast nitrogen base.", "contents": "A modified method for testing inositol assimilation by Cryptococcus species. The proposed method for rapid testing of inositol assimilation incorporates shake cultures in an indicator-based broth containing inositol (1%), yeast nitrogen base (0.067%), bromocresol purple, and a heavy inoculum. Of 153 yeast isolates investigated, inositol assimilation was shown with the modified method, as also by the Adams-Cooper procedure, in all the 123 isolates, representing 11 species of Cryptococcus. The results were negative by both the methods in the remaining 30 isolates belonging to Candida, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Pichia, Saccharomyces, and Sporobolomyces. The modified method was found to be significantly more effective than the Adams-Cooper procedure; the results could be read within 36 h by the former as against 336 h by the latter method. The superiority of the modified method to the Adams-Cooper procedure is attributed to increased aeration in shake cultures, a heavier inoculum, and reduced concentration of yeast nitrogen base.", "PMID": 394818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10464", "title": "Nitrogen fixation associated with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.).", "content": "Associative nitrogen fixation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation. 'Park' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W-2, W-6, and W-14), Erwinia herbicola (W-8), and Enterobacter cloacae (W-11). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had significant acetylene reduction activity using undisturbed turfs. Other treatments including turfs treated with heat-killed cells had no significant difference in acetylene reduction. In a second study, \"Park' and 'South Dakota Certified' turfs were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) and E. herbicola (W-8). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had increased acetylene reduction activity rates and also a greater nitrogen accumulation in aerial tissues when compared to controls. Acetylene reduction activity was correlated (r = 0.92) to nitrogen accumulation. Other treatments did not effectively increase acetylene reduction activity or nitrogen accumulation.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixation associated with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Associative nitrogen fixation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation. 'Park' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W-2, W-6, and W-14), Erwinia herbicola (W-8), and Enterobacter cloacae (W-11). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had significant acetylene reduction activity using undisturbed turfs. Other treatments including turfs treated with heat-killed cells had no significant difference in acetylene reduction. In a second study, \"Park' and 'South Dakota Certified' turfs were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) and E. herbicola (W-8). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had increased acetylene reduction activity rates and also a greater nitrogen accumulation in aerial tissues when compared to controls. Acetylene reduction activity was correlated (r = 0.92) to nitrogen accumulation. Other treatments did not effectively increase acetylene reduction activity or nitrogen accumulation.", "PMID": 394819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10465", "title": "Regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in relA+ and relA- strains of Escherichia coli during diauxic growth on glucose and lactose.", "content": "In both relA+ and relA- derivatives, the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, lipid intermediates, and nucleotide precursors abruptly halted at the onset of diauxic lag from glucose to lactose with a concomitant accumulation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). These results are consistent with the proposal that ppGpp is involved in inhibiting the incorporation of disaccharide-pentapeptide into peptidoglycan and in regulating nucleotide precursor synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in relA+ and relA- strains of Escherichia coli during diauxic growth on glucose and lactose. In both relA+ and relA- derivatives, the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, lipid intermediates, and nucleotide precursors abruptly halted at the onset of diauxic lag from glucose to lactose with a concomitant accumulation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). These results are consistent with the proposal that ppGpp is involved in inhibiting the incorporation of disaccharide-pentapeptide into peptidoglycan and in regulating nucleotide precursor synthesis.", "PMID": 394820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10466", "title": "Indigenous bacteria influence the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the ileum of gnotobiotic mice.", "content": "Gnotobiotic BALB/c mice associated with indigenous Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and two fusiform-shaped Clostridium strains had fewer S. typhimurium present in the ileum 3 days after intragastric challenge with the pathogen than did similarly challenged germfree mice. Acetic and butyric acids were detected in the caecal contents of the gnotobiotic mice, but in smaller concentration than was present in conventionalized mice. No difference in the motility of the small intestine was detected between germfree, gnotobiotic, and conventionalized mice.", "contents": "Indigenous bacteria influence the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the ileum of gnotobiotic mice. Gnotobiotic BALB/c mice associated with indigenous Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and two fusiform-shaped Clostridium strains had fewer S. typhimurium present in the ileum 3 days after intragastric challenge with the pathogen than did similarly challenged germfree mice. Acetic and butyric acids were detected in the caecal contents of the gnotobiotic mice, but in smaller concentration than was present in conventionalized mice. No difference in the motility of the small intestine was detected between germfree, gnotobiotic, and conventionalized mice.", "PMID": 394821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10467", "title": "A method for establishing stable concentration gradients in agar suitable for studying chemotaxis on a solid surface.", "content": "A simple technique has been developed for establishing stable gradients of a substance in agar. The technique involves the creation of a spherically symmetric concentration profile in which concentration varies inversely with the distance from the source and is independent of the diffusion coefficient of the substance. It has been shown that the gradients established with this technique are stable for at least 190 h. and, on a theoretical basis, they can be kept stable for more than 1000 h. Time-variant gradients can also be established, if desired, using the same system and limiting either the source or the agar sink. It must be emphasized that a stable gradient cannot be obtained by using a shallow agar layer as a sink. The use of such conditions (e.g. the agar in a standard petri dish) can result only in time-variant gradients. The solution to the diffusion equation in a spherically symmetric system establishes the expected concentration profile, the basis for adjusting it, and the parameters that control the behavior of the system. Some useful applications for examining chemotaxis on a solid surface as well as possible further developments are discussed.", "contents": "A method for establishing stable concentration gradients in agar suitable for studying chemotaxis on a solid surface. A simple technique has been developed for establishing stable gradients of a substance in agar. The technique involves the creation of a spherically symmetric concentration profile in which concentration varies inversely with the distance from the source and is independent of the diffusion coefficient of the substance. It has been shown that the gradients established with this technique are stable for at least 190 h. and, on a theoretical basis, they can be kept stable for more than 1000 h. Time-variant gradients can also be established, if desired, using the same system and limiting either the source or the agar sink. It must be emphasized that a stable gradient cannot be obtained by using a shallow agar layer as a sink. The use of such conditions (e.g. the agar in a standard petri dish) can result only in time-variant gradients. The solution to the diffusion equation in a spherically symmetric system establishes the expected concentration profile, the basis for adjusting it, and the parameters that control the behavior of the system. Some useful applications for examining chemotaxis on a solid surface as well as possible further developments are discussed.", "PMID": 394822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10468", "title": "A temperature-gradient technique for the elimination of antibiotic resistance.", "content": "A technique was developed which facilitates the application of elevated temperatures to strains of unknown heat sensitivity during attempts to eliminate antibiotic resistance. Cultures were subjected to a temperature gradient and the lowest temperatures which inhibited growth were found to be highly efficient in the elimination of gentamicin resistance in several strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis.", "contents": "A temperature-gradient technique for the elimination of antibiotic resistance. A technique was developed which facilitates the application of elevated temperatures to strains of unknown heat sensitivity during attempts to eliminate antibiotic resistance. Cultures were subjected to a temperature gradient and the lowest temperatures which inhibited growth were found to be highly efficient in the elimination of gentamicin resistance in several strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis.", "PMID": 394823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10469", "title": "[Methods to predict the percentage of degradation of fluorescence induced by laser impulses in the immunofluorescence FTA-ABS technic].", "content": "The force, diameter, and pulse time of laser rays in the FTA-ABS immunofluorescence technique permit us to calculate and to predict what the percentage of degradation of the emitted fluorescence will be for the operating conditions in which this degradation is produced.", "contents": "[Methods to predict the percentage of degradation of fluorescence induced by laser impulses in the immunofluorescence FTA-ABS technic]. The force, diameter, and pulse time of laser rays in the FTA-ABS immunofluorescence technique permit us to calculate and to predict what the percentage of degradation of the emitted fluorescence will be for the operating conditions in which this degradation is produced.", "PMID": 394824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10470", "title": "Mycelial lipids as an aid in identifying rust fungi in culture-Cronartium fusiforme.", "content": "The sterol and fatty acid content of mycelium from germinating basidiospores of Cronartium fusiforme was determined. The mycelium contained stigmast-7-enol, fungisterol, and possibly stigmasta-5,7-dienol. No ergosterol was detected. The mycelium contained the expected fatty acids and low relative proportions of 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid. The absence of ergosterol, and presence of the epoxy C18 acid and sterols typical of certain rust spores may be used for a relatively rapid confirmation of rust fungi in culture. Based on these chemical criteria, yeast-like cells isolated from the cultures of germinating basidiospores appear not to be C. fusiforme.", "contents": "Mycelial lipids as an aid in identifying rust fungi in culture-Cronartium fusiforme. The sterol and fatty acid content of mycelium from germinating basidiospores of Cronartium fusiforme was determined. The mycelium contained stigmast-7-enol, fungisterol, and possibly stigmasta-5,7-dienol. No ergosterol was detected. The mycelium contained the expected fatty acids and low relative proportions of 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid. The absence of ergosterol, and presence of the epoxy C18 acid and sterols typical of certain rust spores may be used for a relatively rapid confirmation of rust fungi in culture. Based on these chemical criteria, yeast-like cells isolated from the cultures of germinating basidiospores appear not to be C. fusiforme.", "PMID": 394825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10471", "title": "Purified viral neuraminidase vaccine to control influenza.", "content": "The control of influenza by immunoprophylaxis is difficult because of the antigenic mutability of the influenza virus and the unpredictability of its epidemiologic behaviour. The inactivated whole-virus vaccine currently used is not ideal. Vaccination with pure neuraminidase is suggested. The induced antineuraminidase antibody will restrict viral invasion. Mild illness may or may not occur. On subsequent exposure to influenza virus the individual will produce antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies and will be resistant to both infection and illness. Since antigenic changes are less frequent in the viral neuraminidase than in the viral hemagglutinin, the vaccine would be usable for longer periods than the presently used inactivated whole-virus vaccine.", "contents": "Purified viral neuraminidase vaccine to control influenza. The control of influenza by immunoprophylaxis is difficult because of the antigenic mutability of the influenza virus and the unpredictability of its epidemiologic behaviour. The inactivated whole-virus vaccine currently used is not ideal. Vaccination with pure neuraminidase is suggested. The induced antineuraminidase antibody will restrict viral invasion. Mild illness may or may not occur. On subsequent exposure to influenza virus the individual will produce antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies and will be resistant to both infection and illness. Since antigenic changes are less frequent in the viral neuraminidase than in the viral hemagglutinin, the vaccine would be usable for longer periods than the presently used inactivated whole-virus vaccine.", "PMID": 394829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10472", "title": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in a cat.", "content": "A diagnosis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a cat was established by microbiological and histological means. Clinical signs were general malaise, anorexia and vomition. Significant laboratory findings included a serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase elevation and the presence of urine bilirubin and urobilinogen. Histological examination of liver biopsies revealed numerous varying-sized foci of caseation necrosis containing large numbers of Gram-negative coccobacilli. Bacteriological techniques, treatment and control measures are discussed.", "contents": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in a cat. A diagnosis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a cat was established by microbiological and histological means. Clinical signs were general malaise, anorexia and vomition. Significant laboratory findings included a serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase elevation and the presence of urine bilirubin and urobilinogen. Histological examination of liver biopsies revealed numerous varying-sized foci of caseation necrosis containing large numbers of Gram-negative coccobacilli. Bacteriological techniques, treatment and control measures are discussed.", "PMID": 394832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10473", "title": "Role of glycolytic flux in effect of glucose in decreasing fatty-acid-induced release of lactate dehydrogenase from isolated coronary ligated rat heart.", "content": "The mechanisms whereby glucose reduces fatty acid-induced release of enzyme from the coronary-ligated isolated perfused working rat heart are investigated.  Alterations in the tissue contents of ATP, phosphocreatine, or glycogen could be excluded as possible mechanisms for the beneficial effect of glucose in this system.  Provision of glycolytic ATP from increased glycolytic flux may be one important factor.", "contents": "Role of glycolytic flux in effect of glucose in decreasing fatty-acid-induced release of lactate dehydrogenase from isolated coronary ligated rat heart. The mechanisms whereby glucose reduces fatty acid-induced release of enzyme from the coronary-ligated isolated perfused working rat heart are investigated.  Alterations in the tissue contents of ATP, phosphocreatine, or glycogen could be excluded as possible mechanisms for the beneficial effect of glucose in this system.  Provision of glycolytic ATP from increased glycolytic flux may be one important factor.", "PMID": 394840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10474", "title": "[Writing a computer program for the radioisotope exploration of cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief review of the steps that lead to the first results in the radioisotope exploration of cerebral blood flow, the authors describe their own method utilizing a gamma ray camera and a computer. They outline the processes by which the data are acquired and elaborated. Last, they illustrate their own computer program in flow-chart form.", "contents": "[Writing a computer program for the radioisotope exploration of cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. After a brief review of the steps that lead to the first results in the radioisotope exploration of cerebral blood flow, the authors describe their own method utilizing a gamma ray camera and a computer. They outline the processes by which the data are acquired and elaborated. Last, they illustrate their own computer program in flow-chart form.", "PMID": 394862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10475", "title": "Preliminary 3-year results of 12 versus 6 cycles of surgical adjuvant CMF in premenopausal breast cancer.", "content": "In hope of reducing the duration of adjuvant treatment in premenopausal patients with operable breast cancer and histologically positive axillary lymph nodes, a prospective controlled study was started in September 1975. A total of 160 patients were randomized to receive 12 cycles of adjuvant CMF, while 165 were allocated to receive 6 cycles. At 3 years from radical mastectomy, the relapse-free survival was 85.4% in the 12-cycle group compared to 82.6% for the 6-cycle subset (P = 0.29). In both treatment groups, the incidence of treatment failure was directly proportional to the number of involved axillary nodes and to the clinical tumor size. Drug-induced amenorrhea as well as estrogen receptor status failed to significantly affect the results obtained. Treatment failures were more often documented in distant sites, while only 4--5% relapse was observed in local-regional areas. Overall survival was also similar for both treatment arms (86.2% vs. 85.1%, P = 0.49). Toxicity was moderate and reversible and no drug-induced neoplasms were so far observed. Present results achieved with 6 cycles of adjuvant CMF appear encouraging. However, they are still too preliminary to recommend the routine use of 6 cycles instead of the classical 12 cycles.", "contents": "Preliminary 3-year results of 12 versus 6 cycles of surgical adjuvant CMF in premenopausal breast cancer. In hope of reducing the duration of adjuvant treatment in premenopausal patients with operable breast cancer and histologically positive axillary lymph nodes, a prospective controlled study was started in September 1975. A total of 160 patients were randomized to receive 12 cycles of adjuvant CMF, while 165 were allocated to receive 6 cycles. At 3 years from radical mastectomy, the relapse-free survival was 85.4% in the 12-cycle group compared to 82.6% for the 6-cycle subset (P = 0.29). In both treatment groups, the incidence of treatment failure was directly proportional to the number of involved axillary nodes and to the clinical tumor size. Drug-induced amenorrhea as well as estrogen receptor status failed to significantly affect the results obtained. Treatment failures were more often documented in distant sites, while only 4--5% relapse was observed in local-regional areas. Overall survival was also similar for both treatment arms (86.2% vs. 85.1%, P = 0.49). Toxicity was moderate and reversible and no drug-induced neoplasms were so far observed. Present results achieved with 6 cycles of adjuvant CMF appear encouraging. However, they are still too preliminary to recommend the routine use of 6 cycles instead of the classical 12 cycles.", "PMID": 394864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10476", "title": "Use of VM-26 as a single agent in the treatment of renal carcinoma.", "content": "VM-26 was administered to 13 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the kidney. Twelve of the 13 patients were assessable. The remaining patient was nonevaluable due to early death as defined in the protocol. No responses were observed in any of the 12 patients. Nonhematological toxicity was mild except for one instance of life-threatening hypotension, occurring during the infusion of VM-26. Significant leukopenia (less than 3000/mm3) occurred in 29% of courses and significant thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000/mm3) occurred in 14% of courses. Further studies using VM-26 in renal cell carcinoma do not seem warranted.", "contents": "Use of VM-26 as a single agent in the treatment of renal carcinoma. VM-26 was administered to 13 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the kidney. Twelve of the 13 patients were assessable. The remaining patient was nonevaluable due to early death as defined in the protocol. No responses were observed in any of the 12 patients. Nonhematological toxicity was mild except for one instance of life-threatening hypotension, occurring during the infusion of VM-26. Significant leukopenia (less than 3000/mm3) occurred in 29% of courses and significant thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000/mm3) occurred in 14% of courses. Further studies using VM-26 in renal cell carcinoma do not seem warranted.", "PMID": 394865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10477", "title": "Nitrosoureas: a reappraisal of clinical trials.", "content": "The nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, methyl CCNU) represent a new class of antineoplastic agents with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. They are cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxic agents. Postulated modes of action and pharmacology of these nitrosoureas are reviewed. Their therapeutic effectiveness as single agents and in combinations have been recognized in malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, gastric and colorectal carcionma, and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. The nitrosoureas are administered on an intermittent 6--8-week schedule because of delayed and frequently severe bone marrow toxicity which may be cumulative in nature.", "contents": "Nitrosoureas: a reappraisal of clinical trials. The nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, methyl CCNU) represent a new class of antineoplastic agents with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. They are cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxic agents. Postulated modes of action and pharmacology of these nitrosoureas are reviewed. Their therapeutic effectiveness as single agents and in combinations have been recognized in malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, gastric and colorectal carcionma, and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. The nitrosoureas are administered on an intermittent 6--8-week schedule because of delayed and frequently severe bone marrow toxicity which may be cumulative in nature.", "PMID": 394866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10478", "title": "Adriamycin, mitomycin C, and 5-fluorouracil in combination for advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma previously treated with 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with progressing colorectal carcinoma previously treated with 5-FU were given a combination of 5-FU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in an attempt to produce an objective response. No response was observed; 24% of patients had an arrest of their disease for a median of 18 weeks. 5-FU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in combination failed to produce a response in patients with colorectal carcinoma previously treated with 5-FU.", "contents": "Adriamycin, mitomycin C, and 5-fluorouracil in combination for advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma previously treated with 5-fluorouracil. Twenty-one patients with progressing colorectal carcinoma previously treated with 5-FU were given a combination of 5-FU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in an attempt to produce an objective response. No response was observed; 24% of patients had an arrest of their disease for a median of 18 weeks. 5-FU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in combination failed to produce a response in patients with colorectal carcinoma previously treated with 5-FU.", "PMID": 394867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10479", "title": "cis-Platinum combination chemotherapy of bladder cancer: an update.", "content": "The combination of cis-platinum (DDP), adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil was evaluated in 44 patients with advanced urothelial cancer, 39 of whom were evaluable for response. There were 18 partial remissions (46.2%) and no complete responses. Remissions were clinically meaningful, but of short duration. Four patients had bulky pelvic disease that was made resectable by chemotherapy, but none of these patients remained disease-free. These results are not superior to that expected from DDP as a single agent. In addition, there appears to be little or no survival benefit associated with chemotherapy. DDP represents an advance in the treatment of bladder cancer, but additional active agents and innovative approaches are needed.", "contents": "cis-Platinum combination chemotherapy of bladder cancer: an update. The combination of cis-platinum (DDP), adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil was evaluated in 44 patients with advanced urothelial cancer, 39 of whom were evaluable for response. There were 18 partial remissions (46.2%) and no complete responses. Remissions were clinically meaningful, but of short duration. Four patients had bulky pelvic disease that was made resectable by chemotherapy, but none of these patients remained disease-free. These results are not superior to that expected from DDP as a single agent. In addition, there appears to be little or no survival benefit associated with chemotherapy. DDP represents an advance in the treatment of bladder cancer, but additional active agents and innovative approaches are needed.", "PMID": 394869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10480", "title": "\"CAMP\" combination chemotherapy for unresectable non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Experience with camp chemotherapy of 84 unresectable non-oat cell lung cancer patients is described. Fourteen (27%) of 51 patients with measurable lesions responded (3 CR, 11 PR) for a median response duration of 5 months with a range of 1 to 19+ months. Median survival of responders was 370 days, but response was not independent of performance status. Survival of patients without measurable lesions was less favorable than that of even nonresponders, suggesting prediction of response to CAMP by site of metastasis. Preliminary results of a randomized prospective trial of the CAMP combination versus CCNU as a single agent for patients with good performance status fail to show a difference in survival.", "contents": "\"CAMP\" combination chemotherapy for unresectable non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Experience with camp chemotherapy of 84 unresectable non-oat cell lung cancer patients is described. Fourteen (27%) of 51 patients with measurable lesions responded (3 CR, 11 PR) for a median response duration of 5 months with a range of 1 to 19+ months. Median survival of responders was 370 days, but response was not independent of performance status. Survival of patients without measurable lesions was less favorable than that of even nonresponders, suggesting prediction of response to CAMP by site of metastasis. Preliminary results of a randomized prospective trial of the CAMP combination versus CCNU as a single agent for patients with good performance status fail to show a difference in survival.", "PMID": 394868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10481", "title": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone with and without methanol-extracted residue of BCG.", "content": "The value of immunotherapy as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer is an unsettled question. To clarify this issue, 71 women with measurable or evaluable metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (CFP) with or without methanol-extracted residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER). The total regression rates were 52% (CFP) and 39% (CFP + MER), including complete regression rates of 13% (CFP) and 65% (CFP + MER). The median duration of regressions for CFP-treated patients was 257-261 days and for CFP + MER-treated patients was 385 days. The median time to progression was 248-261 days in the CFP group and 159 days in the CFP-MER group. Projected median survival for both treatment groups is 20 months. Immunotherapy (MER) as used in this study does not appear to augment regression rates or vurvival for patients with advanced breast cancer receiving CFP.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone with and without methanol-extracted residue of BCG. The value of immunotherapy as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer is an unsettled question. To clarify this issue, 71 women with measurable or evaluable metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (CFP) with or without methanol-extracted residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER). The total regression rates were 52% (CFP) and 39% (CFP + MER), including complete regression rates of 13% (CFP) and 65% (CFP + MER). The median duration of regressions for CFP-treated patients was 257-261 days and for CFP + MER-treated patients was 385 days. The median time to progression was 248-261 days in the CFP group and 159 days in the CFP-MER group. Projected median survival for both treatment groups is 20 months. Immunotherapy (MER) as used in this study does not appear to augment regression rates or vurvival for patients with advanced breast cancer receiving CFP.", "PMID": 394870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10482", "title": "Whole abdominal irradiation for carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "A selected group of 39 patients with ovarian carcinoma were treated by whole abdominal radiation therapy with a pelvic boost. No statement as to the efficacy of this treatment program can be made for patients with Stage I, II, and IV disease because of the small number of patients with those stages who were treated by this method. A surprising 30% 5-year survival was obtained, however, in patients with Stage III disease. The challenge of ovarian carcinoma lies in the advanced stage of disease in most patients at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Whole abdominal irradiation for carcinoma of the ovary. A selected group of 39 patients with ovarian carcinoma were treated by whole abdominal radiation therapy with a pelvic boost. No statement as to the efficacy of this treatment program can be made for patients with Stage I, II, and IV disease because of the small number of patients with those stages who were treated by this method. A surprising 30% 5-year survival was obtained, however, in patients with Stage III disease. The challenge of ovarian carcinoma lies in the advanced stage of disease in most patients at the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 394871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10483", "title": "Detection of antigens and IgM antibodies for rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a WHO Memorandum.", "content": "This Memorandum describes recent progress in the development of simplified and rapid laboratory technology and reviews currently available methods for the direct detection of viral antigens in clinical material and/or quantification of specific IgM antibody in acute serum specimens. Particular emphasis is given to such infections as viral hepatitis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, viral infections of the skin, genital, and respiratory tracts, and rabies. In addition, the standardization and quality control of reagents are discussed and recommendations are made.", "contents": "Detection of antigens and IgM antibodies for rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a WHO Memorandum. This Memorandum describes recent progress in the development of simplified and rapid laboratory technology and reviews currently available methods for the direct detection of viral antigens in clinical material and/or quantification of specific IgM antibody in acute serum specimens. Particular emphasis is given to such infections as viral hepatitis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, viral infections of the skin, genital, and respiratory tracts, and rabies. In addition, the standardization and quality control of reagents are discussed and recommendations are made.", "PMID": 394872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10484", "title": "[The reaction of hyperbasophilic mononucleated cells during P. falciparum malaria; its role in the immune response].", "content": "In 34 patients with a primary attack of P. falciparum malaria, hyperbasophilic mononucleated cells (atypical lymphocytes) were found 22 times. These cells appeared around the 3rd or 4th day of fever and represented 4 to 10% of all white blood cells in 14 cases, 10 to 15% in 6 cases, and 15 to 21% in 2 cases. Their transitory appearance seems to reflect the involvement of cell-mediated immunity, and more specifically of K cell-related cytotoxicity.", "contents": "[The reaction of hyperbasophilic mononucleated cells during P. falciparum malaria; its role in the immune response]. In 34 patients with a primary attack of P. falciparum malaria, hyperbasophilic mononucleated cells (atypical lymphocytes) were found 22 times. These cells appeared around the 3rd or 4th day of fever and represented 4 to 10% of all white blood cells in 14 cases, 10 to 15% in 6 cases, and 15 to 21% in 2 cases. Their transitory appearance seems to reflect the involvement of cell-mediated immunity, and more specifically of K cell-related cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 394863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10485", "title": "Prednimustine in adult acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "In 23 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and over the age of 64, four remissions (17%) were obtained with Prednimustine as a single drug. The daily dose was 24--60 mg orally. In 14 patients aged between 35 and 64 years who were treated with Prednimustine 60--80 mg daily and vincristine 2.25 mg i.v. every 7--10 days, six remissions were obtained (43%). Upon remission, patients were given ,0--40 mg of Prednimustine daily as maintenance therapy. Drug-induced pancytopenia preceding remission was not recorded in any patient. There were no side effects of major importance during maintenance therapy, and the median duration of remission was 8 months. It is concluded that the low toxicity of Prednimustine in normal bone marrow cells is of value, especially in elderly patients with AML.", "contents": "Prednimustine in adult acute myeloid leukaemia. In 23 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and over the age of 64, four remissions (17%) were obtained with Prednimustine as a single drug. The daily dose was 24--60 mg orally. In 14 patients aged between 35 and 64 years who were treated with Prednimustine 60--80 mg daily and vincristine 2.25 mg i.v. every 7--10 days, six remissions were obtained (43%). Upon remission, patients were given ,0--40 mg of Prednimustine daily as maintenance therapy. Drug-induced pancytopenia preceding remission was not recorded in any patient. There were no side effects of major importance during maintenance therapy, and the median duration of remission was 8 months. It is concluded that the low toxicity of Prednimustine in normal bone marrow cells is of value, especially in elderly patients with AML.", "PMID": 394873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10486", "title": "Retinoids and cancer.", "content": "The early and recent investigations in the field of retinoids and cancer are reviewed. The retinoids, including natural vitamin A compounds and their synthetic analogs, present a new class of substances exerting a prophylactic and a therapeutic effect both in certain experimental tumor models and in certain clinical conditions of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Because of a particular physiological mechanism of action, the retinoids offer a new approach to the cancer problem, which is different from those of surgery, X-ray therapy, conventional chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.", "contents": "Retinoids and cancer. The early and recent investigations in the field of retinoids and cancer are reviewed. The retinoids, including natural vitamin A compounds and their synthetic analogs, present a new class of substances exerting a prophylactic and a therapeutic effect both in certain experimental tumor models and in certain clinical conditions of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Because of a particular physiological mechanism of action, the retinoids offer a new approach to the cancer problem, which is different from those of surgery, X-ray therapy, conventional chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.", "PMID": 394876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10487", "title": "Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxic shock.", "content": "The role of lipids in the altered energy metabolism of shock remains to be delineated fully. During the course of our studies of endotoxic shock, the susceptibility of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient rats to endotoxin was evaluated. Intravenous administration of S. Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1 mg/100 gm) in normal male Long-Evans rats (7--8 weeks old) produced severe shock with an 88% mortality. In marked contrast, injection of this dose of endotoxin in EFA-deficient rats of the same age resulted in only an 18% mortality. The deficient state afforded significant protection to even supralethal doses of endotoxin (2 mg/100 gm). Evaluation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity with colloidal carbon did not reveal significant differences in RE clearance rates. Within five hours after induction of shock, however, plasma acid hydrolase activity of shocked control rats was approximately double that of the EFA-deficient group. Likewise, the endotoxin induced hypoglycemic response was milder in the EFA-deficient rats. The lower plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the EFA-deficient group also indicated a maintenance of hepatic integrity. These observations suggest that essential fatty acids of their products (ie, prostaglandins) contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock.", "contents": "Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxic shock. The role of lipids in the altered energy metabolism of shock remains to be delineated fully. During the course of our studies of endotoxic shock, the susceptibility of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient rats to endotoxin was evaluated. Intravenous administration of S. Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1 mg/100 gm) in normal male Long-Evans rats (7--8 weeks old) produced severe shock with an 88% mortality. In marked contrast, injection of this dose of endotoxin in EFA-deficient rats of the same age resulted in only an 18% mortality. The deficient state afforded significant protection to even supralethal doses of endotoxin (2 mg/100 gm). Evaluation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity with colloidal carbon did not reveal significant differences in RE clearance rates. Within five hours after induction of shock, however, plasma acid hydrolase activity of shocked control rats was approximately double that of the EFA-deficient group. Likewise, the endotoxin induced hypoglycemic response was milder in the EFA-deficient rats. The lower plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the EFA-deficient group also indicated a maintenance of hepatic integrity. These observations suggest that essential fatty acids of their products (ie, prostaglandins) contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock.", "PMID": 394879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10488", "title": "Cardiovascular manifestations of acute antibiotic toxicity during E coli endotoxin shock in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Surgically instrumented, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were used to examine the acute cardiovascular activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, sodium penicillin-G, and sodium cephalothin during a control state and during experimental circulatory shock induced by E coli endotoxin. Intravenous administration of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg gentamicin or tobramycin resulted in a transient (5--20-minute) state of cardiovascular depression, as reflected by dose-related decreases of systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt max, left ventricular contractile force, and dF/dt max; heart rate was affected little. Endotoxin produced a persistent state of circulatory depression characterized by hypotension, decreased cardiac output, arterial acidemia, and reduced indices of cardiac function. During endotoxin shock, the cardiovascular effects of gentamicin and tobramycin were relatively more pronounced (sometimes more than doubled) than effects observed during the control state. Equally large doses of penicillin or cephalothin, however, had no discernible circulatory effects in either control dogs or dogs subjected to endotoxin shock. Present data indicate that the cardiovascular toxicities of the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin were augmented during experimental circulatory shock, and suggest the need for specific hemodynamic surveillance when intravenous administration of cardioactive antibiotics is required in patients with pre-existing circulatory dysfunction.", "contents": "Cardiovascular manifestations of acute antibiotic toxicity during E coli endotoxin shock in anesthetized dogs. Surgically instrumented, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were used to examine the acute cardiovascular activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, sodium penicillin-G, and sodium cephalothin during a control state and during experimental circulatory shock induced by E coli endotoxin. Intravenous administration of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg gentamicin or tobramycin resulted in a transient (5--20-minute) state of cardiovascular depression, as reflected by dose-related decreases of systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt max, left ventricular contractile force, and dF/dt max; heart rate was affected little. Endotoxin produced a persistent state of circulatory depression characterized by hypotension, decreased cardiac output, arterial acidemia, and reduced indices of cardiac function. During endotoxin shock, the cardiovascular effects of gentamicin and tobramycin were relatively more pronounced (sometimes more than doubled) than effects observed during the control state. Equally large doses of penicillin or cephalothin, however, had no discernible circulatory effects in either control dogs or dogs subjected to endotoxin shock. Present data indicate that the cardiovascular toxicities of the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin were augmented during experimental circulatory shock, and suggest the need for specific hemodynamic surveillance when intravenous administration of cardioactive antibiotics is required in patients with pre-existing circulatory dysfunction.", "PMID": 394880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10489", "title": "An 'artificial beta cell' for control of diabetes mellitus: effect on plasma glucagon levels.", "content": "We have investigated the use of a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system, or artificial beta cell. On the feedback day, mean plasma glucose was significantly effect of improved control on plasma glucagon levels. Five insulin-requiring diabetic subjects in stable control were hospitalized for two 24 h periods. During one, they were given their usual dose(s) of subcutaneous insulin. In the other, the 'feedback' day, insulin administration was under feedback control by the artificial beta cell. One the feedback day, mean plasma glucose was significantly-lower in all subjects. Variability in plasma glucose throughout the day was also significantly less on the feedback day. All five subjects showed a significant fall in serum immunoreactive glucagon levels on the feedback day, suggesting that the glucagon abnormalities of diabetes may be secondary to the insulin deficiency, rather than a second primary defect of diabetes.", "contents": "An 'artificial beta cell' for control of diabetes mellitus: effect on plasma glucagon levels. We have investigated the use of a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system, or artificial beta cell. On the feedback day, mean plasma glucose was significantly effect of improved control on plasma glucagon levels. Five insulin-requiring diabetic subjects in stable control were hospitalized for two 24 h periods. During one, they were given their usual dose(s) of subcutaneous insulin. In the other, the 'feedback' day, insulin administration was under feedback control by the artificial beta cell. One the feedback day, mean plasma glucose was significantly-lower in all subjects. Variability in plasma glucose throughout the day was also significantly less on the feedback day. All five subjects showed a significant fall in serum immunoreactive glucagon levels on the feedback day, suggesting that the glucagon abnormalities of diabetes may be secondary to the insulin deficiency, rather than a second primary defect of diabetes.", "PMID": 394885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10490", "title": "In vivo anti-nuclear antibodies in epithelial biopsies in SLE and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "In vivo anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was observed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy in epithelial cell nuclei in forty-four biopsies from thirty-three patients. The tissue containing the ANA was macroscopically normal in twenty-seven patients. The thirty-three patients with in vivo biopsy ANA included twenty-three with SLE, three with mixed connective tissue disease, two each with multi-system Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, and progressive systemic sclerosis, and one with rheumatoid arthritis. Features of sicca syndrome were noted in seventeen patients. The patterns of the in vivo biopsy ANA in the thirty-three patients were speckled (21), homogeneous (6), nodular (2), and both speckled and homogeneous (4). Complement was not detected in the epithelial cell nuclei. Immunoglobulin(s) and/or complement were deposited along the dermoepidermal junction in thirty-two of the forty-four biopsies, and in dermal blood vessels in twenty-two biopsies. Each patient had serum ANA against rat liver substrate; twenty-seven had high titre ANA (1 in 1000 or greater). Elevated levels of DNA-binding were found in twenty patients (61%), but the level of DNA-binding did not correlate with the intensity of in vitro biopsy ANA staining. Serum antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was present in eight of the twenty-three patients tested (35%), all eight patients having clinical features of sicca syndrome. Hypocomplementaemia was found in thirteen patients (40%), all of whom had active SLE. In vivo biopsy ANA appears to be a real phenomenon of unknown aetiology, and not an artifact, which is found in some patients with active multisystem autoimmune disease, especially SLE.", "contents": "In vivo anti-nuclear antibodies in epithelial biopsies in SLE and other connective tissue diseases. In vivo anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was observed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy in epithelial cell nuclei in forty-four biopsies from thirty-three patients. The tissue containing the ANA was macroscopically normal in twenty-seven patients. The thirty-three patients with in vivo biopsy ANA included twenty-three with SLE, three with mixed connective tissue disease, two each with multi-system Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, and progressive systemic sclerosis, and one with rheumatoid arthritis. Features of sicca syndrome were noted in seventeen patients. The patterns of the in vivo biopsy ANA in the thirty-three patients were speckled (21), homogeneous (6), nodular (2), and both speckled and homogeneous (4). Complement was not detected in the epithelial cell nuclei. Immunoglobulin(s) and/or complement were deposited along the dermoepidermal junction in thirty-two of the forty-four biopsies, and in dermal blood vessels in twenty-two biopsies. Each patient had serum ANA against rat liver substrate; twenty-seven had high titre ANA (1 in 1000 or greater). Elevated levels of DNA-binding were found in twenty patients (61%), but the level of DNA-binding did not correlate with the intensity of in vitro biopsy ANA staining. Serum antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was present in eight of the twenty-three patients tested (35%), all eight patients having clinical features of sicca syndrome. Hypocomplementaemia was found in thirteen patients (40%), all of whom had active SLE. In vivo biopsy ANA appears to be a real phenomenon of unknown aetiology, and not an artifact, which is found in some patients with active multisystem autoimmune disease, especially SLE.", "PMID": 394890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10491", "title": "Local immune response to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H and C57Bl/6 mice.", "content": "Subcutaneous footpad inoculation of living M. lepraemurium (L.MLM) induced, in high responder C57Bl/6 mice, a local granulomatous reaction associated with the production of effector cells which stopped the multiplication of bacilli in the draining popliteal node with the concurrent development of 24--48 hr delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). The thymus-dependent local reaction did not occur after the injection of heat-killed M. lepraemurium (HK.MLM) or after the inoculation of L.MLM in nude mice. However, HK.MLM injection interfered with the onset of the local reaction and enhanced acid-fast bacteria (AFB) counts in the draining node. In low responder C3H mice, L.MLM produced a local and delayed footpad swelling but no restriction of bacilli multiplication in the draining lymph node was observed. This unresponsiveness was not due to an overloading of the inoculum dose since doses ranging from 3 x 10(4) to 3 x 10(7) MLM did not produce any granulomatous local reaction as in C57Bl/6 mice. The injection of dead bacilli in the contralateral footpad of subcutaneously (s.c.) infected C3H mice revealed Arthus-like and 18--24 hr delayed reactions. When 10(6) L.MLM per mouse were injected intravenously (i.v.), systemic infection, measured in the spleen, was found to be less restricted in C57Bl/6 than in C3H mice. Moreover, in C57Bl/6 mice low doses of L.MLM injected i.v. delayed the local reaction at first, then enhanced footpad swelling and AFB counts in the draining nodes, indicating some acquired defect of peripheral immunity. When a high dose of L.MLM (2 x 10(8)/mouse) was injected i.v., C57Bl/6 mice died sooner than C3H mice, indicating certain discrepancies between local resistance and systemic susceptibility.", "contents": "Local immune response to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H and C57Bl/6 mice. Subcutaneous footpad inoculation of living M. lepraemurium (L.MLM) induced, in high responder C57Bl/6 mice, a local granulomatous reaction associated with the production of effector cells which stopped the multiplication of bacilli in the draining popliteal node with the concurrent development of 24--48 hr delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). The thymus-dependent local reaction did not occur after the injection of heat-killed M. lepraemurium (HK.MLM) or after the inoculation of L.MLM in nude mice. However, HK.MLM injection interfered with the onset of the local reaction and enhanced acid-fast bacteria (AFB) counts in the draining node. In low responder C3H mice, L.MLM produced a local and delayed footpad swelling but no restriction of bacilli multiplication in the draining lymph node was observed. This unresponsiveness was not due to an overloading of the inoculum dose since doses ranging from 3 x 10(4) to 3 x 10(7) MLM did not produce any granulomatous local reaction as in C57Bl/6 mice. The injection of dead bacilli in the contralateral footpad of subcutaneously (s.c.) infected C3H mice revealed Arthus-like and 18--24 hr delayed reactions. When 10(6) L.MLM per mouse were injected intravenously (i.v.), systemic infection, measured in the spleen, was found to be less restricted in C57Bl/6 than in C3H mice. Moreover, in C57Bl/6 mice low doses of L.MLM injected i.v. delayed the local reaction at first, then enhanced footpad swelling and AFB counts in the draining nodes, indicating some acquired defect of peripheral immunity. When a high dose of L.MLM (2 x 10(8)/mouse) was injected i.v., C57Bl/6 mice died sooner than C3H mice, indicating certain discrepancies between local resistance and systemic susceptibility.", "PMID": 394891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10492", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "Forty patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated with hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to surgical therapy and antibiotics and followed for an average of 2 years with a recurrence rate of 15%. The mechanism of action of hyperbaric oxygen in osteomyelitis is probably an indirect one of improving local vascularity and potentiating phagocytosis. Many of these patients represent a refractory group with poor prognosis due to the etiology of the infection, site of involvement, and duration of infection prior to treatment. The recurrence rate following this mode of treatment seems to be primarily related to inadequate surgical management. There was no definite correlation between the site of the infection of pathologic organism and recurrence. Although this is a preliminary report, the results are encouraging. Hyperbaric oxygen may be indicated as an adjunct to good surgical and medical management, particularly in patients with refractory chronic osteomyelitis and in whom ablative surgery is under consideration as the only other means of controlling the infection.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and chronic osteomyelitis. Forty patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated with hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to surgical therapy and antibiotics and followed for an average of 2 years with a recurrence rate of 15%. The mechanism of action of hyperbaric oxygen in osteomyelitis is probably an indirect one of improving local vascularity and potentiating phagocytosis. Many of these patients represent a refractory group with poor prognosis due to the etiology of the infection, site of involvement, and duration of infection prior to treatment. The recurrence rate following this mode of treatment seems to be primarily related to inadequate surgical management. There was no definite correlation between the site of the infection of pathologic organism and recurrence. Although this is a preliminary report, the results are encouraging. Hyperbaric oxygen may be indicated as an adjunct to good surgical and medical management, particularly in patients with refractory chronic osteomyelitis and in whom ablative surgery is under consideration as the only other means of controlling the infection.", "PMID": 394894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10493", "title": "Results of Harrington instrumentation in the treatment for severe scoliosis.", "content": "Between July 1963 and December 1974, we surgically treated 207 patients who had severe scoliosis (curves greater than 90 degrees), 196 of whom were eligible for inclusion in this study. No patient was treated preoperatively with a cast or traction. Upon statistical analysis, age and preoperative curve magnitude proved to be significant variables relative to the amount of surgical correction obtained and the maintenance of that correction; sex and etiology of the scoliosis were not shown to affect either surgical outcome or maintenance of correction. A comparative analysis showed our results to be as good as those reported by others using various preoperative regimens of casting or traction or both. Therefore, we find that the preoperative application of traction to patients with severe scoliosis yields no better correction than the use of Harrington instrumentation and fusion alone.", "contents": "Results of Harrington instrumentation in the treatment for severe scoliosis. Between July 1963 and December 1974, we surgically treated 207 patients who had severe scoliosis (curves greater than 90 degrees), 196 of whom were eligible for inclusion in this study. No patient was treated preoperatively with a cast or traction. Upon statistical analysis, age and preoperative curve magnitude proved to be significant variables relative to the amount of surgical correction obtained and the maintenance of that correction; sex and etiology of the scoliosis were not shown to affect either surgical outcome or maintenance of correction. A comparative analysis showed our results to be as good as those reported by others using various preoperative regimens of casting or traction or both. Therefore, we find that the preoperative application of traction to patients with severe scoliosis yields no better correction than the use of Harrington instrumentation and fusion alone.", "PMID": 394895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10494", "title": "Leg lengthening in achondroplastic children.", "content": "Bilateral simultaneous elongation of the lower limbs was performed in 3 achondroplastic children. A total of 10 bones were elongated with Wagner's distraction apparatus, mainly by a modified Wagner technique. Maximal elongation of 34 to 44% of the original bone length resulted in relatively minor complications. Elongation of the lower limbs in achondroplastic children improves trunk-to-lower-limb proportions.", "contents": "Leg lengthening in achondroplastic children. Bilateral simultaneous elongation of the lower limbs was performed in 3 achondroplastic children. A total of 10 bones were elongated with Wagner's distraction apparatus, mainly by a modified Wagner technique. Maximal elongation of 34 to 44% of the original bone length resulted in relatively minor complications. Elongation of the lower limbs in achondroplastic children improves trunk-to-lower-limb proportions.", "PMID": 394896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10495", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis with unusual clinical manifestations.", "content": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis may mimic a variety of serious conditions in early infancy, such as trauma, vitamin deficiencies, infection, or tumors, In a patient in good general condition there are typical roentgenological features often with involvement of the mandible that are diagnostic of the condition. In 3 cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease), one had the clinical picture of Erb's palsy and subsequently developed hyperostosis of the scapula. The second, had a \"pulled elbow\" and radial nerve palsy and later developed hyperostotic changes in the humerus and radius on the same side. The third was referred for treatment of congenital torticollis and found to develop hyperostosis of the clavicle on the same side. The recognition of this condition obviates unnecessary prolonged investigation and treatment.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis with unusual clinical manifestations. Infantile cortical hyperostosis may mimic a variety of serious conditions in early infancy, such as trauma, vitamin deficiencies, infection, or tumors, In a patient in good general condition there are typical roentgenological features often with involvement of the mandible that are diagnostic of the condition. In 3 cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease), one had the clinical picture of Erb's palsy and subsequently developed hyperostosis of the scapula. The second, had a \"pulled elbow\" and radial nerve palsy and later developed hyperostotic changes in the humerus and radius on the same side. The third was referred for treatment of congenital torticollis and found to develop hyperostosis of the clavicle on the same side. The recognition of this condition obviates unnecessary prolonged investigation and treatment.", "PMID": 394897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10496", "title": "An analysis of topic areas and topic trends in the Community Mental Health Journal from 1965 through 1977.", "content": "A content analysis of all (N = 604) published articles in the Community Mental Health Journal from 1965 through 1977 was performed (a) to provide a cross-sectional view of the community mental health field, and (b) to identify topic trends over time. Sixty-one content categories were used to classify topic areas. Results revealed major and growing emphases on organizing for the delivery and measuring of the effects of mental health service systems. Topics found to be increasing in relative frequency over time included training, measurement and research methodology, and intervention; those decreasing included planning and needs assessment, therapy, and suicide. Topic areas were compared with key characteristics of the field. Topic trends were interpreted in terms of open systems theory.", "contents": "An analysis of topic areas and topic trends in the Community Mental Health Journal from 1965 through 1977. A content analysis of all (N = 604) published articles in the Community Mental Health Journal from 1965 through 1977 was performed (a) to provide a cross-sectional view of the community mental health field, and (b) to identify topic trends over time. Sixty-one content categories were used to classify topic areas. Results revealed major and growing emphases on organizing for the delivery and measuring of the effects of mental health service systems. Topics found to be increasing in relative frequency over time included training, measurement and research methodology, and intervention; those decreasing included planning and needs assessment, therapy, and suicide. Topic areas were compared with key characteristics of the field. Topic trends were interpreted in terms of open systems theory.", "PMID": 394910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10497", "title": "The nature of needs assessment in community mental health.", "content": "Confusion in defining needs assessment is discussed. A tripartite model of needs assessment is proposed: an identification of a problem; a statement about priorities; and a chosen solution. The parts can be used independently or linked together to plan new or altered services. Various needs assessment techniques are examined for their usefulness in each area. Two examples of needs assessment processes are given.", "contents": "The nature of needs assessment in community mental health. Confusion in defining needs assessment is discussed. A tripartite model of needs assessment is proposed: an identification of a problem; a statement about priorities; and a chosen solution. The parts can be used independently or linked together to plan new or altered services. Various needs assessment techniques are examined for their usefulness in each area. Two examples of needs assessment processes are given.", "PMID": 394911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10498", "title": "Paradoxes of psychotherapy. In honor and memory of Ludwig Binswanger.", "content": "Existential analysis has made us face the paradoxes, if not antinomies, in psychotherapy that we did not seem to be aware of. Existential philosophy is a highly elaborate, technical and linguisticly difficult field. In psychiatry, existential analysis of turned out to be just a set of hallowed commonplaces. As philosophy, its intent is the discovery of the grounds for our existence and in this way it seems to approach theology. In some instances it may turn into atheistic arrogance. With the stern zeal of philosophy and the pessimistic theology of existentialism, one hardly knows where to begin with psychotherapy. Often it fascinates the mediators, the writers who seem to offer us patterns helpful in our daily work. The effort, to take a radical stand to try to rewrite psychiatry, seems to be justified. And, if existential analysis hardly succeeds in bringing back into 'existence' (Dasein) some of our disturbed patients, it has aroused a review of our stale and abused terms and concepts. Psychiatry cannot exist, disciplined and sensible, without the enlightenment which philosophy offers. Some new departures could be attempted again. But if philosophy is not a way of talking and teaching but a way of living, is the psys goal. If he failed, his work remains a lighthouse in our time, warning us on our voyage.", "contents": "Paradoxes of psychotherapy. In honor and memory of Ludwig Binswanger. Existential analysis has made us face the paradoxes, if not antinomies, in psychotherapy that we did not seem to be aware of. Existential philosophy is a highly elaborate, technical and linguisticly difficult field. In psychiatry, existential analysis of turned out to be just a set of hallowed commonplaces. As philosophy, its intent is the discovery of the grounds for our existence and in this way it seems to approach theology. In some instances it may turn into atheistic arrogance. With the stern zeal of philosophy and the pessimistic theology of existentialism, one hardly knows where to begin with psychotherapy. Often it fascinates the mediators, the writers who seem to offer us patterns helpful in our daily work. The effort, to take a radical stand to try to rewrite psychiatry, seems to be justified. And, if existential analysis hardly succeeds in bringing back into 'existence' (Dasein) some of our disturbed patients, it has aroused a review of our stale and abused terms and concepts. Psychiatry cannot exist, disciplined and sensible, without the enlightenment which philosophy offers. Some new departures could be attempted again. But if philosophy is not a way of talking and teaching but a way of living, is the psys goal. If he failed, his work remains a lighthouse in our time, warning us on our voyage.", "PMID": 394913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10499", "title": "Self-portraits and selected indices of psychopathology of a group of heroin-addicted patients.", "content": "This paper describes a self-portrait scoring system and compares the self-portraits of two groups of adults. The scoring system effectively differentiated between the two groups of subjects which were known to differ on several observable behavioral characteristics. It correlated well with the ratings obtained from counselors but not with a self-report inventory of anxiety. A self-portrait is a single manifestation of an individual's self-concept. It presents only a fraction of the hypothetical universe of one's behavioral manifestations. In addition, every single observation is affected by the place, time, and the presence of the observer. However, if these isolated observations can be studied systematically, they can contribute to a reliable and a valid index of the self-concept. This paper presents one means of achieving that end.", "contents": "Self-portraits and selected indices of psychopathology of a group of heroin-addicted patients. This paper describes a self-portrait scoring system and compares the self-portraits of two groups of adults. The scoring system effectively differentiated between the two groups of subjects which were known to differ on several observable behavioral characteristics. It correlated well with the ratings obtained from counselors but not with a self-report inventory of anxiety. A self-portrait is a single manifestation of an individual's self-concept. It presents only a fraction of the hypothetical universe of one's behavioral manifestations. In addition, every single observation is affected by the place, time, and the presence of the observer. However, if these isolated observations can be studied systematically, they can contribute to a reliable and a valid index of the self-concept. This paper presents one means of achieving that end.", "PMID": 394914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10500", "title": "Enrichment methods for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods and raw milk.", "content": "Modified Rappaport broth used directly and in a two-step procedure with preliminary cold enrichment was evaluated for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from laboratory-inoculated samples of ground meat, and naturally-occurring strains from raw milk. The use of modified Rappaport broth generally improved recovery from both inoculated meats and raw milk, but results were not consistent between serotypes used for inoculation and between meat samples. The overall isolation rate for naturally-occurring strains of Y. enterocolitica in producer samples of raw milk was 18.3%. The majority of 98 isolates from milk were indole-positive (98%), lecithinase-positive (87%), hydrolyzed esculin (98%), and fermented salicin (100%) and rhamnose (53%). Thirty-two isolates (33%) were serotypable, representing eleven different serotypes with 0:4 occurring most frequently followed by 0:5 and 0:6,30.", "contents": "Enrichment methods for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods and raw milk. Modified Rappaport broth used directly and in a two-step procedure with preliminary cold enrichment was evaluated for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from laboratory-inoculated samples of ground meat, and naturally-occurring strains from raw milk. The use of modified Rappaport broth generally improved recovery from both inoculated meats and raw milk, but results were not consistent between serotypes used for inoculation and between meat samples. The overall isolation rate for naturally-occurring strains of Y. enterocolitica in producer samples of raw milk was 18.3%. The majority of 98 isolates from milk were indole-positive (98%), lecithinase-positive (87%), hydrolyzed esculin (98%), and fermented salicin (100%) and rhamnose (53%). Thirty-two isolates (33%) were serotypable, representing eleven different serotypes with 0:4 occurring most frequently followed by 0:5 and 0:6,30.", "PMID": 394916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10501", "title": "Testing for the recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods and their ability to invade HeLa cells.", "content": "Tests have demonstrated that current enrichment methods may fail to detect low levels of some clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica inoculated into meats and oysters and need improvement. The results of cold enrichment with phosphate and tripolyphosphate buffers were very poor and the sensitive clinical strain failed to grow in Wauters' MgCl2 broth. Twenty typical clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica belonging to Nilehn's biotypes 2, 3, and 4 had the ability to invade HeLa cells tissue culture but none of the 52 atypical clinical and food strains belonging to Nilehn's biotype 1 or rhamnose-positive were invasive. Although temperature sensitive, this test is reproducible and useful for screening noninvasive isolates.", "contents": "Testing for the recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods and their ability to invade HeLa cells. Tests have demonstrated that current enrichment methods may fail to detect low levels of some clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica inoculated into meats and oysters and need improvement. The results of cold enrichment with phosphate and tripolyphosphate buffers were very poor and the sensitive clinical strain failed to grow in Wauters' MgCl2 broth. Twenty typical clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica belonging to Nilehn's biotypes 2, 3, and 4 had the ability to invade HeLa cells tissue culture but none of the 52 atypical clinical and food strains belonging to Nilehn's biotype 1 or rhamnose-positive were invasive. Although temperature sensitive, this test is reproducible and useful for screening noninvasive isolates.", "PMID": 394917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10502", "title": "Human gastrointestinal infections by Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "In an average-sized peripheral hospital in Belgium, Y. enterocolitica has been isolated from 1.1% of stool cultures, using an unmodified routine technique. In a group of unselected patients undergoing appendicectomy, 1.3% of patients had a positive culture, either from the mesenteric lymph nodes or the appendix, or from both sources. In the same group of patients, 1.7% of cultures grew a Salmonella. In more than half of the patients, the diagnosis of mesenteric adenitis was made during the surgical intervention. The clinical picture of Yersinia infection was greatly influenced by the age of the patients. Bacteriological (serotypes, antibiotic sensitivity, associated enteric pathogens), epidemiological (sex distribution, seasonal influence and secondary infection among family contacts) and clinical data confirm previous experience with human yersiniosis in this country.", "contents": "Human gastrointestinal infections by Yersinia enterocolitica. In an average-sized peripheral hospital in Belgium, Y. enterocolitica has been isolated from 1.1% of stool cultures, using an unmodified routine technique. In a group of unselected patients undergoing appendicectomy, 1.3% of patients had a positive culture, either from the mesenteric lymph nodes or the appendix, or from both sources. In the same group of patients, 1.7% of cultures grew a Salmonella. In more than half of the patients, the diagnosis of mesenteric adenitis was made during the surgical intervention. The clinical picture of Yersinia infection was greatly influenced by the age of the patients. Bacteriological (serotypes, antibiotic sensitivity, associated enteric pathogens), epidemiological (sex distribution, seasonal influence and secondary infection among family contacts) and clinical data confirm previous experience with human yersiniosis in this country.", "PMID": 394918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10503", "title": "Zigzag incisions for improved exposure and scarring.", "content": "Incisions for elective orthopedic procedures frequently result in scars that are unesthetic (wide and hypertrophied) and impeded function (are inelastic). The best cicatrix is obtained when the operation can be performed through an incision that follows the lines of skin tension (transverse exposure). If longitudinal exposure is required to gain access to the deeper structures, the best esthetic and functional result is obtained by the zigzag incision. Moreover, the zigzag incision affords a wider exposure than a long straight incision, thus greatly facilitating the operative procedure.", "contents": "Zigzag incisions for improved exposure and scarring. Incisions for elective orthopedic procedures frequently result in scars that are unesthetic (wide and hypertrophied) and impeded function (are inelastic). The best cicatrix is obtained when the operation can be performed through an incision that follows the lines of skin tension (transverse exposure). If longitudinal exposure is required to gain access to the deeper structures, the best esthetic and functional result is obtained by the zigzag incision. Moreover, the zigzag incision affords a wider exposure than a long straight incision, thus greatly facilitating the operative procedure.", "PMID": 394899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10504", "title": "Local antifertility effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH).", "content": "Injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) into the right uterine horn of the rat on D5 produced a dose related inhibition of pregnancy in the treated horn. The number of viable fetuses as well as the uterine weight was reduced while the number of placental sites was increased. The contralateral uninjected horn was unaffected. These data demonstrate that LRH can inhibit pregnancy in the rat through an extrapituitary effect.", "contents": "Local antifertility effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH). Injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) into the right uterine horn of the rat on D5 produced a dose related inhibition of pregnancy in the treated horn. The number of viable fetuses as well as the uterine weight was reduced while the number of placental sites was increased. The contralateral uninjected horn was unaffected. These data demonstrate that LRH can inhibit pregnancy in the rat through an extrapituitary effect.", "PMID": 394915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10505", "title": "The origin of the osteoclast.", "content": "The origin of the osteoclast has long been controversial. Various approaches such as traditional light microscopy, electron microscopy, microcinephotography, autoradiography, parabiosis, quail-chick nuclear marker, etc, have been used in attempts to resolve the problem. There are 2 major concepts: the view of skeletal (local) origin vs, that of extraskeletal origin (from blood-borne cells), and recently the latter view appears to have prevailed. Electron micrographic studies revealed that osteocytes and preosteoblasts can merge with pre-existing osteoclasts. Several studies by autoradiography and by quail-chick nuclear marker strongly supported the concept of extraskeletal origin. Although an alternative interpretation of the experimental results of Crelin and Koch supports the concept of skeletal origin, the majority of various experimental results by other authors would be in accordance with the following supposition: the osteoclast originates from a hematopoietic cell line (mononuclear phagocyte system) of the bone marrow which is essentially of extrinsic origin, but in the process of increasing the number of nuclei of the osteoclast, osteoblastic cells as well as osteoclastic cells can merge with the preosteoclasts or osteoclast. However, several problems regarding the origin of the osteoclast including the relation between the osteoclast and other giant cells, still remain unsolved.", "contents": "The origin of the osteoclast. The origin of the osteoclast has long been controversial. Various approaches such as traditional light microscopy, electron microscopy, microcinephotography, autoradiography, parabiosis, quail-chick nuclear marker, etc, have been used in attempts to resolve the problem. There are 2 major concepts: the view of skeletal (local) origin vs, that of extraskeletal origin (from blood-borne cells), and recently the latter view appears to have prevailed. Electron micrographic studies revealed that osteocytes and preosteoblasts can merge with pre-existing osteoclasts. Several studies by autoradiography and by quail-chick nuclear marker strongly supported the concept of extraskeletal origin. Although an alternative interpretation of the experimental results of Crelin and Koch supports the concept of skeletal origin, the majority of various experimental results by other authors would be in accordance with the following supposition: the osteoclast originates from a hematopoietic cell line (mononuclear phagocyte system) of the bone marrow which is essentially of extrinsic origin, but in the process of increasing the number of nuclei of the osteoclast, osteoblastic cells as well as osteoclastic cells can merge with the preosteoclasts or osteoclast. However, several problems regarding the origin of the osteoclast including the relation between the osteoclast and other giant cells, still remain unsolved.", "PMID": 394900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10506", "title": "The pathogenesis of Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis.", "content": "Of nine Y. enterocolitica serotypes examined by us, only type 3 was shown to be enteropathogenic. 3 of 16 strains recovered from clinical material, produced a heat-stable toxin similar to that reported in E. coli. A fourth isolate produced histological changes resembling those associated with salmonellae. The mechanism whereby the majority of Y. enterocolitica strains produce diarrhoea is uncertain. Our isolates may have lost a plasmid essential for enteropathogenicity, or they may resemble the 'classical' enteropathogenic strains of E. coli for which no satisfactory experimental model exists. Further studies on freshly isolated strains are in progress in order to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis. Of nine Y. enterocolitica serotypes examined by us, only type 3 was shown to be enteropathogenic. 3 of 16 strains recovered from clinical material, produced a heat-stable toxin similar to that reported in E. coli. A fourth isolate produced histological changes resembling those associated with salmonellae. The mechanism whereby the majority of Y. enterocolitica strains produce diarrhoea is uncertain. Our isolates may have lost a plasmid essential for enteropathogenicity, or they may resemble the 'classical' enteropathogenic strains of E. coli for which no satisfactory experimental model exists. Further studies on freshly isolated strains are in progress in order to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 394919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10507", "title": "Detection of enterotoxigenic and invasive strains of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Membrane filtrates and heavy cell suspensions of 11 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from a recent epidemic were examined respectively for enterotoxin activity and tissue invasiveness. Although no heat-labile enterotoxins were detected, some strains were found to possess heat-stable enterotoxins and to have the ability to penetrate the conjunctival epithelia of guinea pig eyes. These activites were detected only in cultures grown at 25 degrees C and not at 36 degrees C.", "contents": "Detection of enterotoxigenic and invasive strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Membrane filtrates and heavy cell suspensions of 11 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from a recent epidemic were examined respectively for enterotoxin activity and tissue invasiveness. Although no heat-labile enterotoxins were detected, some strains were found to possess heat-stable enterotoxins and to have the ability to penetrate the conjunctival epithelia of guinea pig eyes. These activites were detected only in cultures grown at 25 degrees C and not at 36 degrees C.", "PMID": 394920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10508", "title": "Biochemical, pathogenicity and toxicity studies of type III strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from the cecal contents of pigs.", "content": "Recent investigations have shown that the pig is a symptomless intestinal carrier of Y. pseudotuberculosis, the great majority of the strains isolated belonging to type III. Although these type III strains have a world-wide distribution there is little evidence to suggest that they are transferred readily to other animals and man. For that reason we examined the biochemical, pathogenic, immunogenic and exotoxin-producing properties of 24 type III strains isolated from the cecal contents of apparently healthy pigs. For comparison, we also examined type III strains from other sources, type I strains from normal pigs and isolates belonging to the other serotypes of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Biochemical reactions of type III strains were in accordance with data in the literature except for maltose and melibiose. Type III porcine strains were uniformly avirulent and atoxic but possessed a considerable degree of immunogenicity. On the other hand, type III strains isolated from aborted lambs and calves, although atoxic, were virulent for the guinea pig, as were also type I strains from healthy pigs. The pathogenic mechanism of Y.pseudotuberculosis, which is not unlike that found in E. coli, is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical, pathogenicity and toxicity studies of type III strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from the cecal contents of pigs. Recent investigations have shown that the pig is a symptomless intestinal carrier of Y. pseudotuberculosis, the great majority of the strains isolated belonging to type III. Although these type III strains have a world-wide distribution there is little evidence to suggest that they are transferred readily to other animals and man. For that reason we examined the biochemical, pathogenic, immunogenic and exotoxin-producing properties of 24 type III strains isolated from the cecal contents of apparently healthy pigs. For comparison, we also examined type III strains from other sources, type I strains from normal pigs and isolates belonging to the other serotypes of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Biochemical reactions of type III strains were in accordance with data in the literature except for maltose and melibiose. Type III porcine strains were uniformly avirulent and atoxic but possessed a considerable degree of immunogenicity. On the other hand, type III strains isolated from aborted lambs and calves, although atoxic, were virulent for the guinea pig, as were also type I strains from healthy pigs. The pathogenic mechanism of Y.pseudotuberculosis, which is not unlike that found in E. coli, is discussed.", "PMID": 394922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10509", "title": "The molecular taxonomy of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "The stretches of Yersinia enterocolitica strain Ye 62 DNA which show base sequence homology with Escherichia coli strain B DNA were removed from a preparation of tritiated Y. enterocolitica DNA by DNA reassociation techniques. This DNA preparation was then used in reassociation reactions with DNA from various selected strains of Yersinia and coliform bacteria. The results suggest that the bulk of the genes, which are in common between Y. enterocolitica and E. coli, are different from those shared by Y. enterocolitica and other species of Yersinia.", "contents": "The molecular taxonomy of Yersinia enterocolitica. The stretches of Yersinia enterocolitica strain Ye 62 DNA which show base sequence homology with Escherichia coli strain B DNA were removed from a preparation of tritiated Y. enterocolitica DNA by DNA reassociation techniques. This DNA preparation was then used in reassociation reactions with DNA from various selected strains of Yersinia and coliform bacteria. The results suggest that the bulk of the genes, which are in common between Y. enterocolitica and E. coli, are different from those shared by Y. enterocolitica and other species of Yersinia.", "PMID": 394923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10510", "title": "Structure and function of plasmid ColE1 and related plasmids.", "content": "Analysis of plasmid ColE1, its naturally occurring relatives ColK and CloDF13, and a wide range of ColE1 derivatives containing either insertions or deletions of genetic material has allowed localization on the ColE1 genome of DNA sequences responsible for colicin E1 synthesis, immunity to colicin killing, conjugal mobility and incompatibility. We have examined incompatibility between pairs of ColE1 derivatives ranging in size from 2.6 to 13.8 Md. Though all the plasmids tested exerted ColE1 incompatibility, a definite pattern was observed regarding the dominant plasmid in any pair tested (i.e. the plasmid that displaces the other from a heterozygote). Usually the larger plasmid is displaced. We conclude that loci for incompatibility reside within 0.7 kb of the ColE1 replication region. A model is presented to explain both the incompatibility data and the observation that the fraction of total DNA occurring as ColE1-like plasmid in a cell is approximately constant. Transposons Tn1 and Tn3 (3.2 Md; Apr and approximately 85% homologous), Tn501 (5.5 Md; Hgr), and Tn7 (9.3 Md; Tpr Smr) can all be transposed into ColE1. Though all have closely related. Tn501 and Tn7 do not complement transposition of Tn3 transposition defective deletions. A Tn3-specified 19,000 dalton protein is absent in one particular class of transposition-defective deletion.", "contents": "Structure and function of plasmid ColE1 and related plasmids. Analysis of plasmid ColE1, its naturally occurring relatives ColK and CloDF13, and a wide range of ColE1 derivatives containing either insertions or deletions of genetic material has allowed localization on the ColE1 genome of DNA sequences responsible for colicin E1 synthesis, immunity to colicin killing, conjugal mobility and incompatibility. We have examined incompatibility between pairs of ColE1 derivatives ranging in size from 2.6 to 13.8 Md. Though all the plasmids tested exerted ColE1 incompatibility, a definite pattern was observed regarding the dominant plasmid in any pair tested (i.e. the plasmid that displaces the other from a heterozygote). Usually the larger plasmid is displaced. We conclude that loci for incompatibility reside within 0.7 kb of the ColE1 replication region. A model is presented to explain both the incompatibility data and the observation that the fraction of total DNA occurring as ColE1-like plasmid in a cell is approximately constant. Transposons Tn1 and Tn3 (3.2 Md; Apr and approximately 85% homologous), Tn501 (5.5 Md; Hgr), and Tn7 (9.3 Md; Tpr Smr) can all be transposed into ColE1. Though all have closely related. Tn501 and Tn7 do not complement transposition of Tn3 transposition defective deletions. A Tn3-specified 19,000 dalton protein is absent in one particular class of transposition-defective deletion.", "PMID": 394924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10511", "title": "Replication and gene functions of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CloDF13.", "content": "The replication and genetic constitution of plasmid CloDF13 was studied using mutants of CloDF13 obtained by NTG mutagenesis, insertion of the ampicillin transposon Tn901, or deletion of particular CloDF13 DNA regions. Analysis of the polypeptides encoded by these mutant plasmids enabled us to locate six genes on the CloDF13 physical map. These genes cover about 60% of the coding capacity of CloDF13. A large part of the CloDF13 genome (about 30%) is involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid. This transfer region codes for at least two polypeptides, polypeptide B (61,000 daltons) and C (24,000 daltons). Those CloDF13 DNA regions responsible for the synthesis of the cloacin protein and immunity protein were also mapped on the plasmid genome. In addition we were able, using a copy mutant of CloDF13, CloDF13-cop3, to locate those DNA sequences involved in interaction with male-specific RNA phages and bacteriophage P1. For replication of CloDF13, two regions are essential. One region, from 43% to 64%, affects the stability of CloDF13-cop3 plasmids. In the case of the CloDF13-cop3 mutant, deletion of this region results in the generation of multimeric plasmid molecules accompanied by an impaired segregation of plasmid DNA molecules to daughter cells. The second region, from about 1.8% to 11.5%, contains an origin of replication as well as well as DNA sequences involved in the control of CloDF13 replication. The replication of CloDF13 starts at about 3% on the CloDF13 physical map and proceeds unidirectionally counter-clockwise.", "contents": "Replication and gene functions of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CloDF13. The replication and genetic constitution of plasmid CloDF13 was studied using mutants of CloDF13 obtained by NTG mutagenesis, insertion of the ampicillin transposon Tn901, or deletion of particular CloDF13 DNA regions. Analysis of the polypeptides encoded by these mutant plasmids enabled us to locate six genes on the CloDF13 physical map. These genes cover about 60% of the coding capacity of CloDF13. A large part of the CloDF13 genome (about 30%) is involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid. This transfer region codes for at least two polypeptides, polypeptide B (61,000 daltons) and C (24,000 daltons). Those CloDF13 DNA regions responsible for the synthesis of the cloacin protein and immunity protein were also mapped on the plasmid genome. In addition we were able, using a copy mutant of CloDF13, CloDF13-cop3, to locate those DNA sequences involved in interaction with male-specific RNA phages and bacteriophage P1. For replication of CloDF13, two regions are essential. One region, from 43% to 64%, affects the stability of CloDF13-cop3 plasmids. In the case of the CloDF13-cop3 mutant, deletion of this region results in the generation of multimeric plasmid molecules accompanied by an impaired segregation of plasmid DNA molecules to daughter cells. The second region, from about 1.8% to 11.5%, contains an origin of replication as well as well as DNA sequences involved in the control of CloDF13 replication. The replication of CloDF13 starts at about 3% on the CloDF13 physical map and proceeds unidirectionally counter-clockwise.", "PMID": 394925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10512", "title": "Deletions, rearrangements and tandem duplications of recombinant plasmids containing yeast ribosomal DNA.", "content": "Recombinant DNA plasmids, formed by the insertion of yeast ribosomal DNA into Escherichia coli plasmids pSC101 or pMB9, underwent deletions, rearrangements and tandem duplications. Independently derived deletion products of plasmids, constructed using pMB9 as a vector, are indistinguishable from each other. These deletion products from multimers composed of tandem repeats. In at least one case a plasmid, constructed by inserting an SmaI fragment of yeast ribosomal DNA into pSC101, underwent deletion and rearrangement to form a product in which a segment, consisting of part of the pSC101 sequence and part of the yeast ribosomal DNA sequence, was duplicated to form a tandem repeat. Deletion and rearrangement take place in Rec+, recA- and recB- recC- cells. The rate of deletion in Rec+ cells is higher than in recA- cells. The rate of deletion in minicell-producing, X-ray resistant strains is much higher than in other Rec+ strains.", "contents": "Deletions, rearrangements and tandem duplications of recombinant plasmids containing yeast ribosomal DNA. Recombinant DNA plasmids, formed by the insertion of yeast ribosomal DNA into Escherichia coli plasmids pSC101 or pMB9, underwent deletions, rearrangements and tandem duplications. Independently derived deletion products of plasmids, constructed using pMB9 as a vector, are indistinguishable from each other. These deletion products from multimers composed of tandem repeats. In at least one case a plasmid, constructed by inserting an SmaI fragment of yeast ribosomal DNA into pSC101, underwent deletion and rearrangement to form a product in which a segment, consisting of part of the pSC101 sequence and part of the yeast ribosomal DNA sequence, was duplicated to form a tandem repeat. Deletion and rearrangement take place in Rec+, recA- and recB- recC- cells. The rate of deletion in Rec+ cells is higher than in recA- cells. The rate of deletion in minicell-producing, X-ray resistant strains is much higher than in other Rec+ strains.", "PMID": 394926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10513", "title": "The persistence of R-plasmid-carrying E. coli in a married couple, one of whom was receiving antibiotics.", "content": "The aerobic Gram-negative intestinal flora of two individuals, husband and wife, has been followed for about 20 months. The wife was receiving prolonged tetracycline treatment for acne during the first year of the study and was found to carry a large proportion of tetracycline resistant E. coli in her faecal flora even after the tetracycline treatment had ended. A brief therapeutic course of ampicillin during the period when no tetracycline was being taken resulted in the temporary disappearance of the tetracycline resistant flora, but this returned, even though no tetracycline was being taken, as soon as the ampicillin ended. The husband took no antibiotics during the period under study but was frequently found to excrete the same resistant E. coli as his wife. Moreover, the plasmids carried by the tetracycline resistant strains in the wife and the husband were often indistinguishable. This suggests that R-plasmids may spread from people under treatment to close relatives who have not been treated.", "contents": "The persistence of R-plasmid-carrying E. coli in a married couple, one of whom was receiving antibiotics. The aerobic Gram-negative intestinal flora of two individuals, husband and wife, has been followed for about 20 months. The wife was receiving prolonged tetracycline treatment for acne during the first year of the study and was found to carry a large proportion of tetracycline resistant E. coli in her faecal flora even after the tetracycline treatment had ended. A brief therapeutic course of ampicillin during the period when no tetracycline was being taken resulted in the temporary disappearance of the tetracycline resistant flora, but this returned, even though no tetracycline was being taken, as soon as the ampicillin ended. The husband took no antibiotics during the period under study but was frequently found to excrete the same resistant E. coli as his wife. Moreover, the plasmids carried by the tetracycline resistant strains in the wife and the husband were often indistinguishable. This suggests that R-plasmids may spread from people under treatment to close relatives who have not been treated.", "PMID": 394928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10514", "title": "Resistance transfer factor in E. coli strains isolated from human and water sources.", "content": "Conjugation experiments with a recipient E. coli strain F-lac-NaR were performed in order to determine the extent to which transferable drug resistance is prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the following sources: healthy infants both treated and untreated with antibiotic drugs; healthy adults previously exposed to antibiotics; water sources; and nosocomial infections. Transferable drug resistance was demonstrated in 56.6% of E. coli isolates from the antibiotic-treated infant group, in 53.2% of isolates from untreated infants, and in 43% of isolates from the adult group. R factor was carried by only 8.3% of the strains isolated from water sources, and by 26.7% of the nosocomial strains. A positive correlation between transferable antibiotic drug resistance and resistance to mercury ions was found in donor and conjugate strains. Acridine and several of its derivatives were found to be active in preventing transfer of R factor.", "contents": "Resistance transfer factor in E. coli strains isolated from human and water sources. Conjugation experiments with a recipient E. coli strain F-lac-NaR were performed in order to determine the extent to which transferable drug resistance is prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the following sources: healthy infants both treated and untreated with antibiotic drugs; healthy adults previously exposed to antibiotics; water sources; and nosocomial infections. Transferable drug resistance was demonstrated in 56.6% of E. coli isolates from the antibiotic-treated infant group, in 53.2% of isolates from untreated infants, and in 43% of isolates from the adult group. R factor was carried by only 8.3% of the strains isolated from water sources, and by 26.7% of the nosocomial strains. A positive correlation between transferable antibiotic drug resistance and resistance to mercury ions was found in donor and conjugate strains. Acridine and several of its derivatives were found to be active in preventing transfer of R factor.", "PMID": 394930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10515", "title": "Recombination between the plasmid prophages P1 and P7 and the E. coli chromosome.", "content": "The prophages of the related temperate phages P1 and P7, which normally exist as plasmid DNA, suppress E. coli dnaA(Ts) by integrating into the host chromosome. Integratively suppressed strains may either be capable of producing phage or may have prophage deletions. In strains containing non-defective prophages, the location of the site on the prophage used for integrative recombination was identified by use of restriction analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization techniques. At least seven different integration sites were found on the prophage; the site used most often may be at the 'end' of the genetic map generated by vegetative phage crosses. For suppression of P1 and P7, the sites on the host chromosome utilized for prophage integration are not distributed randomly.", "contents": "Recombination between the plasmid prophages P1 and P7 and the E. coli chromosome. The prophages of the related temperate phages P1 and P7, which normally exist as plasmid DNA, suppress E. coli dnaA(Ts) by integrating into the host chromosome. Integratively suppressed strains may either be capable of producing phage or may have prophage deletions. In strains containing non-defective prophages, the location of the site on the prophage used for integrative recombination was identified by use of restriction analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization techniques. At least seven different integration sites were found on the prophage; the site used most often may be at the 'end' of the genetic map generated by vegetative phage crosses. For suppression of P1 and P7, the sites on the host chromosome utilized for prophage integration are not distributed randomly.", "PMID": 394933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10516", "title": "Correlations of the fibrinogen level with the blood pressure and with the plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients. Preliminary communication.", "content": "The blood pressure, the plasma renin activity and the fibrinogen level were examined in 44 hypertensive patients. It was found that the fibrinogen level was significantly elevated compared to the control group, but even so remained below the upper limit of the normal value. The increase was even more pronounced in hypertension associated with renal parenchymatous disease, and most marked in malignant hypertension. A significant linear correlation was found between plasma renin activity and the fibrinogen level, between the systolic pressure and the fibrinogen level, and between the diastolic pressure and the fibrinogen level. Questions connected with these correlations and relating to the pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Correlations of the fibrinogen level with the blood pressure and with the plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients. Preliminary communication. The blood pressure, the plasma renin activity and the fibrinogen level were examined in 44 hypertensive patients. It was found that the fibrinogen level was significantly elevated compared to the control group, but even so remained below the upper limit of the normal value. The increase was even more pronounced in hypertension associated with renal parenchymatous disease, and most marked in malignant hypertension. A significant linear correlation was found between plasma renin activity and the fibrinogen level, between the systolic pressure and the fibrinogen level, and between the diastolic pressure and the fibrinogen level. Questions connected with these correlations and relating to the pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 394935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10517", "title": "Serum levels of IgM, IgD, IgA and IgG before and during rejection of renal allotransplants.", "content": "In recipients of renal allotransplants the relationship of IgM, IgA and IgG serum levels to 26 rejections was investigated, as well as the relationship of IgD and 22 rejection. For IgM and IgG a significant decline was found in the whole group (p less than 0.05) and in the sub-group of rejections after a period longer than one month following transplantation (p less than 0.05 in IgM and p less than 0.02 in IgD). As compared with values before rejection, a decline of IgM occurred in 11 rejections which amounted to more than 20% and a decline of IgD in 10 rejections by more than 50%. Changes of the serum levels of IgA and IgG were not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). In recipients of renal allotransplants serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of the main classes were investigated for two reasons: (1) as part of a check-up of the condition of the graft and screening of rejection and (2) to detect possible deficiencies of humoral immunity with increased liability to infections. As regards monitoring of the risk of the rejection crisis, hitherto assembled experience did not provide an unequivocal answer in which class of Ig the greatest change may be expected, whether a rise or fall, and it is not even clear whether investigations of serum Ig levels will be a positive contribution. There is only agreement on the point that IgA levels are not related to rejection; according to some authors this applies also to IgM and IgG (8, 11). Other authors (1, 15, 17) appreciate in conjunction with rejections the importance of high IgM and IgG levels, while other workers observed a significant decline of IgM (13, 16, 19). IgD levels were investigated in our previous work on the relationship of renal functions and serum Ig levels in recipients of renal allotransplants (7); we found no reports on the relationship between IgD and rejection.", "contents": "Serum levels of IgM, IgD, IgA and IgG before and during rejection of renal allotransplants. In recipients of renal allotransplants the relationship of IgM, IgA and IgG serum levels to 26 rejections was investigated, as well as the relationship of IgD and 22 rejection. For IgM and IgG a significant decline was found in the whole group (p less than 0.05) and in the sub-group of rejections after a period longer than one month following transplantation (p less than 0.05 in IgM and p less than 0.02 in IgD). As compared with values before rejection, a decline of IgM occurred in 11 rejections which amounted to more than 20% and a decline of IgD in 10 rejections by more than 50%. Changes of the serum levels of IgA and IgG were not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). In recipients of renal allotransplants serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of the main classes were investigated for two reasons: (1) as part of a check-up of the condition of the graft and screening of rejection and (2) to detect possible deficiencies of humoral immunity with increased liability to infections. As regards monitoring of the risk of the rejection crisis, hitherto assembled experience did not provide an unequivocal answer in which class of Ig the greatest change may be expected, whether a rise or fall, and it is not even clear whether investigations of serum Ig levels will be a positive contribution. There is only agreement on the point that IgA levels are not related to rejection; according to some authors this applies also to IgM and IgG (8, 11). Other authors (1, 15, 17) appreciate in conjunction with rejections the importance of high IgM and IgG levels, while other workers observed a significant decline of IgM (13, 16, 19). IgD levels were investigated in our previous work on the relationship of renal functions and serum Ig levels in recipients of renal allotransplants (7); we found no reports on the relationship between IgD and rejection.", "PMID": 394945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10518", "title": "Cellular sources of thymic hormone (thymosin) in human thymus.", "content": "Antiserum against partially purified calf thymosin (5) was used for the localisation of this complex material in human thymus for comparison with calf thymi. Antithymosine IgG produced with human thymosin 5 by comparative immunoelectrophoresis one line identical with one of the lines of calf thymosin 5. Immunofluorescent evidence suggests the presence of the material in question, which also contains a biologically active principle, mainly in the epithelial cells of the thymus cortex. The contents of the traced material, however, fluctuates substantially between individual thymic lobules.", "contents": "Cellular sources of thymic hormone (thymosin) in human thymus. Antiserum against partially purified calf thymosin (5) was used for the localisation of this complex material in human thymus for comparison with calf thymi. Antithymosine IgG produced with human thymosin 5 by comparative immunoelectrophoresis one line identical with one of the lines of calf thymosin 5. Immunofluorescent evidence suggests the presence of the material in question, which also contains a biologically active principle, mainly in the epithelial cells of the thymus cortex. The contents of the traced material, however, fluctuates substantially between individual thymic lobules.", "PMID": 394946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10519", "title": "NGF and anti-NGF: evidence against effects on fiber growth in locus coeruleus from cultures of perinatal CNS tissues.", "content": "The present study examines whether the developing noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus depend on endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) for nerve fiber production and if exogenous NGF stimulates fiber growth in this nucleus, using a collagen gel tissue culture technique. Lucus coeruleus from perinatal rat brain was used in three culture experiments: (1) lucus coeruleus, parietal cerebral cortex, and the superior cervical ganglion, prepared from newborn rats and cultured in different sectors of the same dishes; (2) locus coeruleus and parietal cerebral cortex from 17-day-old rat fetuses cultured in the same manner, and (3) locus coeruleus from 17-day-old rat fetuses co-cultured with spinal, sympathetic and ciliary ganglia from 8-day chick embryos. Experiments 1 and 2 were run with and without addition of NGF and anti-NGF, experiment 3 with and without anti-NGF. Total fiber production in all cultured tissues was evaluated daily by dark field and phase contrast microscopy during 4 days. Adrenergic nerve fiber production was then studied in the same locus coeruleus and superior cervical ganglia  from the rats by Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Locus coeruleus and cortex cerebri from fetal rats produced dense fiber halos in culture. Locus coeruleus from newborn rats produced considerably less fibers, newborn cortex only few fibers. Superior cervical ganglia from the same newborn animals produced no or almost no fibers. Addition of NGF was not able to stimulate fiber growth in locus coeruleus nor in cortex cerebri as observed both in the living cultures and by fluorescence microscopy. Likewise, addition of anti-NGF did not affect fiber production in the CNS areas. The negative results with NGF on newborn locus coeruleus and cortex cerebri were in sharp contrast to the strong, highly significant fiber growth response demonstrated by the superior cervical ganglion from the same animals cultured in the same dishes. The third experiment tested whether locus coeruleus in tissue culture contained or produced nerve growth factor or any one of the three chick embryo ganglia. No response whatsoever in these three ganglia was observed. It is concluded that the developing locus coeruleus area does not contain or produce NGF, does not depend on NGF for fiber production, and is not stimulated by exogenous NGF.", "contents": "NGF and anti-NGF: evidence against effects on fiber growth in locus coeruleus from cultures of perinatal CNS tissues. The present study examines whether the developing noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus depend on endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) for nerve fiber production and if exogenous NGF stimulates fiber growth in this nucleus, using a collagen gel tissue culture technique. Lucus coeruleus from perinatal rat brain was used in three culture experiments: (1) lucus coeruleus, parietal cerebral cortex, and the superior cervical ganglion, prepared from newborn rats and cultured in different sectors of the same dishes; (2) locus coeruleus and parietal cerebral cortex from 17-day-old rat fetuses cultured in the same manner, and (3) locus coeruleus from 17-day-old rat fetuses co-cultured with spinal, sympathetic and ciliary ganglia from 8-day chick embryos. Experiments 1 and 2 were run with and without addition of NGF and anti-NGF, experiment 3 with and without anti-NGF. Total fiber production in all cultured tissues was evaluated daily by dark field and phase contrast microscopy during 4 days. Adrenergic nerve fiber production was then studied in the same locus coeruleus and superior cervical ganglia  from the rats by Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Locus coeruleus and cortex cerebri from fetal rats produced dense fiber halos in culture. Locus coeruleus from newborn rats produced considerably less fibers, newborn cortex only few fibers. Superior cervical ganglia from the same newborn animals produced no or almost no fibers. Addition of NGF was not able to stimulate fiber growth in locus coeruleus nor in cortex cerebri as observed both in the living cultures and by fluorescence microscopy. Likewise, addition of anti-NGF did not affect fiber production in the CNS areas. The negative results with NGF on newborn locus coeruleus and cortex cerebri were in sharp contrast to the strong, highly significant fiber growth response demonstrated by the superior cervical ganglion from the same animals cultured in the same dishes. The third experiment tested whether locus coeruleus in tissue culture contained or produced nerve growth factor or any one of the three chick embryo ganglia. No response whatsoever in these three ganglia was observed. It is concluded that the developing locus coeruleus area does not contain or produce NGF, does not depend on NGF for fiber production, and is not stimulated by exogenous NGF.", "PMID": 394953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10520", "title": "Experience with a radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in biological material of man.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay of LH-RH with a sensitivity of 7.8 pg/ml is described. Labelling and purification techniques, methods for extraction of LH-RH and separation techniques of bound and free labelled hormone are compared. Determination of LH-RH levels in serum after administration of synthetic LH-RH by different routes and measurements of endogenous LH-RH levels in serum of normal subjects and patients with different endocrine diseases as well as in cerebrospinal fluid of normal men are performed. The measurement of exogenously administered LH-RH in serum reflects the disappearance of synthetic LH-RH from peripheral circulation in dependence upon the kind of administration route. The level of endogenous LH-RH was found to be under the limit of the assay in all samples of cerebrospinal fluid and of serum of normal male subjects. The results obtained in the patient groups show that the radioimmunological estimation of endogenous LH-RH in peripheral body fluids does not reflect the hypophysiotrophic role of this hypothalamic peptide.", "contents": "Experience with a radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in biological material of man. A radioimmunoassay of LH-RH with a sensitivity of 7.8 pg/ml is described. Labelling and purification techniques, methods for extraction of LH-RH and separation techniques of bound and free labelled hormone are compared. Determination of LH-RH levels in serum after administration of synthetic LH-RH by different routes and measurements of endogenous LH-RH levels in serum of normal subjects and patients with different endocrine diseases as well as in cerebrospinal fluid of normal men are performed. The measurement of exogenously administered LH-RH in serum reflects the disappearance of synthetic LH-RH from peripheral circulation in dependence upon the kind of administration route. The level of endogenous LH-RH was found to be under the limit of the assay in all samples of cerebrospinal fluid and of serum of normal male subjects. The results obtained in the patient groups show that the radioimmunological estimation of endogenous LH-RH in peripheral body fluids does not reflect the hypophysiotrophic role of this hypothalamic peptide.", "PMID": 394955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10521", "title": "Reduced aldosterone and sodium excretion in endurance-trained athletes before and during immersion.", "content": "Aldosterone excretion (AE) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in eight untrained (UT) and eight endurance-trained (TR) male subjects before and during 4 h head-out immersion to study the mechanism of reduced renal sodium excretion in athletes. AE was significantly lower before immersion, and decreased less during immersion, in TR than in UT. Fractional sodium excretion, too, was lower and increased less during immersion in TR than in UT. PRA decreased in the water bath in all subjects (p less than 0.001) with no significant difference between the groups. During immersion, plasma sodium concentration oscillated whereas potassium concentration showed a temporary rise in TR (p less than 0.001). The attenuated response of AE in TR may be due partly to this increase of plasma potassium concentration. The generally reduced aldosterone release in TR might be caused by a training induced adaptation of the adrenals to corticotropin. The lowered renal sodium excretion of TR in spite of the decreased AE suggests an intensified aldosterone effect in these subjects, diminishing the salt loss during exercise.", "contents": "Reduced aldosterone and sodium excretion in endurance-trained athletes before and during immersion. Aldosterone excretion (AE) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in eight untrained (UT) and eight endurance-trained (TR) male subjects before and during 4 h head-out immersion to study the mechanism of reduced renal sodium excretion in athletes. AE was significantly lower before immersion, and decreased less during immersion, in TR than in UT. Fractional sodium excretion, too, was lower and increased less during immersion in TR than in UT. PRA decreased in the water bath in all subjects (p less than 0.001) with no significant difference between the groups. During immersion, plasma sodium concentration oscillated whereas potassium concentration showed a temporary rise in TR (p less than 0.001). The attenuated response of AE in TR may be due partly to this increase of plasma potassium concentration. The generally reduced aldosterone release in TR might be caused by a training induced adaptation of the adrenals to corticotropin. The lowered renal sodium excretion of TR in spite of the decreased AE suggests an intensified aldosterone effect in these subjects, diminishing the salt loss during exercise.", "PMID": 394964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10522", "title": "[Excretion of catecholamines in juvenile diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Twenty four hours' urinary excretion of catecholamines was examined in 30 children suffering from diabetes and in 30 healthy children. The results showed that in children suffering from diabetes, excretion of adrenaline was increased and that of noradrenaline decreased when compared with healthy children. Taking into consideration changes in the sympatho-adrenergic system activity in cases with different degrees of compensation of metabolic processes during insulinization, it should be stressed that in children with ketoacidosis, excretion of catecholamines was still different in comparison with control group. On the other hand in children with compensate diabetes after insulin therapy, that differences were little. Marked increase in free adrenaline excretion observed in children with ketoacidosis and its normalization by effective insulinization seems to support the diabetogenic and ketogenic role of this neurohormone. Decrease in free noradrenaline excretion in children suffering from juvenile diabetes appears to suggest that there is a diminished sensitivity of the sympathetic system resulting probably from specific autonomic neuropathy accompanying this disease.", "contents": "[Excretion of catecholamines in juvenile diabetes mellitus]. Twenty four hours' urinary excretion of catecholamines was examined in 30 children suffering from diabetes and in 30 healthy children. The results showed that in children suffering from diabetes, excretion of adrenaline was increased and that of noradrenaline decreased when compared with healthy children. Taking into consideration changes in the sympatho-adrenergic system activity in cases with different degrees of compensation of metabolic processes during insulinization, it should be stressed that in children with ketoacidosis, excretion of catecholamines was still different in comparison with control group. On the other hand in children with compensate diabetes after insulin therapy, that differences were little. Marked increase in free adrenaline excretion observed in children with ketoacidosis and its normalization by effective insulinization seems to support the diabetogenic and ketogenic role of this neurohormone. Decrease in free noradrenaline excretion in children suffering from juvenile diabetes appears to suggest that there is a diminished sensitivity of the sympathetic system resulting probably from specific autonomic neuropathy accompanying this disease.", "PMID": 394957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10523", "title": "Effects of insulin on hepatic lipid synthesis in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "In vitro hepatic synthesis of lipids starting from 1-(14)C-acetate was studied in rats made diabetic by subcutaneous alloxan administration (175 mg/kg b.w.). A second group of diabetic rats was treated with lente insulin. In the alloxan-treated rats, a decrese was observed in hepatic incorporation of 1-(14)C-acetate into phospholipids, triglycerides and esterified cholesterol; there was an increased incorporation into nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and free cholesterol. Insulin administration restored lipid synthesis values to normal. On histologic examination, an intranuclear glycogenesis was observed in the hepatocytes of the alloxan-treated rats, along with severe hepatic necrosis; the latter however, only in rats sacrified on the 3rd day. Hepatic steatosis with small, medium and large droplets was present in the insulin-treated rats; signs of cellular degeneration were less evident.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on hepatic lipid synthesis in alloxan diabetic rats. In vitro hepatic synthesis of lipids starting from 1-(14)C-acetate was studied in rats made diabetic by subcutaneous alloxan administration (175 mg/kg b.w.). A second group of diabetic rats was treated with lente insulin. In the alloxan-treated rats, a decrese was observed in hepatic incorporation of 1-(14)C-acetate into phospholipids, triglycerides and esterified cholesterol; there was an increased incorporation into nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and free cholesterol. Insulin administration restored lipid synthesis values to normal. On histologic examination, an intranuclear glycogenesis was observed in the hepatocytes of the alloxan-treated rats, along with severe hepatic necrosis; the latter however, only in rats sacrified on the 3rd day. Hepatic steatosis with small, medium and large droplets was present in the insulin-treated rats; signs of cellular degeneration were less evident.", "PMID": 394974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10524", "title": "Xenogeneic bone marrow stimulating effect in vitro on antibody-producing cells.", "content": "It was described earlier that in the tissue cultures of immune mouse LN cells the number of antibody producing cells was increased 2-3-fold when syngeneic of allogeneic nonimmune BM cells were included in the cultures. In these experiments, parallel mixed cultures were set up of mouse immune LN cells with non-immune BM cells of either syngeneic or xenogeneic origin (rat, pig and chicken). Xenogeneic BM also increased the number of PFC in the mixed cultures. The intensity of the stimulation effected by xenogeneic BM of all three species tested was comparable to that induced by syngeneic BM. The number of PFC in all types of the mixed cultures was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than in the LN cell cultures alone. The differences between the effect of syngeneic and xenogeneic BM and between the xenogeneic BM cells of different origin were not statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Xenogeneic bone marrow stimulating effect in vitro on antibody-producing cells. It was described earlier that in the tissue cultures of immune mouse LN cells the number of antibody producing cells was increased 2-3-fold when syngeneic of allogeneic nonimmune BM cells were included in the cultures. In these experiments, parallel mixed cultures were set up of mouse immune LN cells with non-immune BM cells of either syngeneic or xenogeneic origin (rat, pig and chicken). Xenogeneic BM also increased the number of PFC in the mixed cultures. The intensity of the stimulation effected by xenogeneic BM of all three species tested was comparable to that induced by syngeneic BM. The number of PFC in all types of the mixed cultures was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than in the LN cell cultures alone. The differences between the effect of syngeneic and xenogeneic BM and between the xenogeneic BM cells of different origin were not statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 394979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10525", "title": "Allyl alcohol-induced changes in the rat exocrine pancreas.", "content": "A histologic, histochemical and electron microscopic study was carried out on the rat exocrine pancreas 6-96 h after a single allyl alcohol intake. Histologically, acidophilia, necrosis and vacuolation of the pancreatic acinar cells were observed. Histochemically, a low but evident alcohol dehydrogenase activity could focally be demonstrated in the pancreatic acinar cell cytoplasm of the experimental and control rats. By electron microscopy, cytoplasmic lipid droplets, mitochondrial degeneration and necrosis were found in the acinar cells. Focal cytoplasmic degradation and vacuolation were seen in acinar, centroacinar and ductular cells of the pancreas. The findings are regarded as the consequence of the toxic action or acrolein that originates after allyl alcohol oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase. Analogies between the liver and the pancreas in their response to acute allyl alcohol and chronic ethanol intake are discussed.", "contents": "Allyl alcohol-induced changes in the rat exocrine pancreas. A histologic, histochemical and electron microscopic study was carried out on the rat exocrine pancreas 6-96 h after a single allyl alcohol intake. Histologically, acidophilia, necrosis and vacuolation of the pancreatic acinar cells were observed. Histochemically, a low but evident alcohol dehydrogenase activity could focally be demonstrated in the pancreatic acinar cell cytoplasm of the experimental and control rats. By electron microscopy, cytoplasmic lipid droplets, mitochondrial degeneration and necrosis were found in the acinar cells. Focal cytoplasmic degradation and vacuolation were seen in acinar, centroacinar and ductular cells of the pancreas. The findings are regarded as the consequence of the toxic action or acrolein that originates after allyl alcohol oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase. Analogies between the liver and the pancreas in their response to acute allyl alcohol and chronic ethanol intake are discussed.", "PMID": 394999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10526", "title": "Age at diagnosis and seasonal variation in the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes in Chile (Southern hemisphere).", "content": "The age at diagnosis, sex, and the date of both the diagnosis (month--year) and the onset of symptoms of 525 insulin-depdendent diabetic patients, under 30 years of age at the time of diagnosis, were collected retrospectively from hospital records. The patients came from Chilean cities located in the Central Zone: Santiago (87%) and Temuco--Concepcion (13%). The age at diagnosis showed a bimodal distribution up to 19 years of age, with the main peak at 12 years and another at 6 years. The female peak preceded the male peak by 1 to 2 years. The onset of symptoms showed a seasonal variation, with the highest frequency in winter and the lowest in spring (P less than 0.01). There was also a significant variation in the time of diagnosis, especially in the 0--19 age group: most cases were diagnosed in winter (June, July) with the lowest number in summer (December).", "contents": "Age at diagnosis and seasonal variation in the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes in Chile (Southern hemisphere). The age at diagnosis, sex, and the date of both the diagnosis (month--year) and the onset of symptoms of 525 insulin-depdendent diabetic patients, under 30 years of age at the time of diagnosis, were collected retrospectively from hospital records. The patients came from Chilean cities located in the Central Zone: Santiago (87%) and Temuco--Concepcion (13%). The age at diagnosis showed a bimodal distribution up to 19 years of age, with the main peak at 12 years and another at 6 years. The female peak preceded the male peak by 1 to 2 years. The onset of symptoms showed a seasonal variation, with the highest frequency in winter and the lowest in spring (P less than 0.01). There was also a significant variation in the time of diagnosis, especially in the 0--19 age group: most cases were diagnosed in winter (June, July) with the lowest number in summer (December).", "PMID": 395001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10527", "title": "Diabetes: the genetic connections.", "content": "Insulin dependent (IDD) and non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) are separate disorders. Twin studies show that IDD cannot be entirely due to genetic causes as concordance is no more than about 50%, but there is some inherited predisposition to it as shown by HLA patterns. NIDD, on the other hand, is predominantly due to genetic causes since identical twins are nearly always concordant. Many cases of NIDD show chlorpropamide alcohol flushing (CPAF), a dominantly inherited feature which may precede the appearance of diabetes and thus act as a genetic marker for this type of diabetes. Diabetics who show chlorpropamide acohol flushing are less likely to develop retinopathy than those who do not. Genetic factors must therefore affect the incidence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing is due to sensitivity to enkephalin. Enkephalin and other opioids affect carbohydrate metabolism and insulin release. It is possible therefore that they act as neurotransmitters and cause NIDD by a sympathetically mediated effect on the liver and pancreas--in other words, that as far as NIDD is concerned Claude Bernard's views on the cause of diabetes may have been right.", "contents": "Diabetes: the genetic connections. Insulin dependent (IDD) and non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) are separate disorders. Twin studies show that IDD cannot be entirely due to genetic causes as concordance is no more than about 50%, but there is some inherited predisposition to it as shown by HLA patterns. NIDD, on the other hand, is predominantly due to genetic causes since identical twins are nearly always concordant. Many cases of NIDD show chlorpropamide alcohol flushing (CPAF), a dominantly inherited feature which may precede the appearance of diabetes and thus act as a genetic marker for this type of diabetes. Diabetics who show chlorpropamide acohol flushing are less likely to develop retinopathy than those who do not. Genetic factors must therefore affect the incidence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing is due to sensitivity to enkephalin. Enkephalin and other opioids affect carbohydrate metabolism and insulin release. It is possible therefore that they act as neurotransmitters and cause NIDD by a sympathetically mediated effect on the liver and pancreas--in other words, that as far as NIDD is concerned Claude Bernard's views on the cause of diabetes may have been right.", "PMID": 395000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10528", "title": "Identification of a lobe in the adult human pancreas rich in pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "Systematic sampling of human necropsy pancreases has revealed that pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells are not distributed equally in the gland. PP-cells are the most abundant cell type in the posterior part of the pancreatic head while they are scarce or absent in the remainder of the gland. The PP-rich part of the head can be separated by blunt dissection from the pancreas as a discrete lobe. This lobe probably originates from the ventral pancreatic bud during embryogenesis. A quantitative study of the immunofluorescent endocrine cell types (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells) in PP-rich and PP-poor regions of pancreases in 8 subjects with ages ranging from 33 fetal weeks to 80 years, showed that the proportions of the cell types were different in youngs and adults.", "contents": "Identification of a lobe in the adult human pancreas rich in pancreatic polypeptide. Systematic sampling of human necropsy pancreases has revealed that pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells are not distributed equally in the gland. PP-cells are the most abundant cell type in the posterior part of the pancreatic head while they are scarce or absent in the remainder of the gland. The PP-rich part of the head can be separated by blunt dissection from the pancreas as a discrete lobe. This lobe probably originates from the ventral pancreatic bud during embryogenesis. A quantitative study of the immunofluorescent endocrine cell types (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells) in PP-rich and PP-poor regions of pancreases in 8 subjects with ages ranging from 33 fetal weeks to 80 years, showed that the proportions of the cell types were different in youngs and adults.", "PMID": 395002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10529", "title": "Apparent discrepancy between the insulin secretory responses in vivo and in vitro in carbohydrate-intolerant Sand rats.", "content": "A subpopulation (n = 27) of normoglycaemic Sand rats was characterized as carbohydrate-intolerant by intraperitoneal glucose loading. Five of these animals did not show any rise in peripheral insulin concentrations when injected with glucose. However, when isolated by collagenase digestion their islets still exhibited a significant enhancement of insulin secretion in response to glucose, glyceraldehyde, mannose and theophylline. The in vitro secretory responses were comparable to those of islets from carbohydrate-tolerant Sand rats. The results underline the importance of the natural environment for the B-cell response in vivo.", "contents": "Apparent discrepancy between the insulin secretory responses in vivo and in vitro in carbohydrate-intolerant Sand rats. A subpopulation (n = 27) of normoglycaemic Sand rats was characterized as carbohydrate-intolerant by intraperitoneal glucose loading. Five of these animals did not show any rise in peripheral insulin concentrations when injected with glucose. However, when isolated by collagenase digestion their islets still exhibited a significant enhancement of insulin secretion in response to glucose, glyceraldehyde, mannose and theophylline. The in vitro secretory responses were comparable to those of islets from carbohydrate-tolerant Sand rats. The results underline the importance of the natural environment for the B-cell response in vivo.", "PMID": 395003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10530", "title": "Chemical diabetes in the adult rat as the spontaneous evolution of neonatal diabetes.", "content": "Injection of streptozotocin in newborn rats induced a severe diabetic syndrome on day 4 after birth, with acute hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. Over the next 3 weeks spontaneous recovery occurred as attested by normal basal blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. Recovery was, however, incomplete in the adult since a definite impairment in insulin release and glucose disposal was observed. This state was characterized by the following features: 1) a 72% decrease in pancreatic insulin stores without change in pancreatic glucagon stores; 2) a slight but consistent elevation of blood glucose in the fasted and fed basal states and especially of blood glucose 90 min after an IV glucose load (2 g/kg) performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia; 3) a considerable decline in the glucose-induced insulin release with a decrease in the maximal response. Both early and late phases of insulin release were impaired, as indicated by in vivo glucose infusion experiments. Basal plasma glucagon levels were normal. Over a period of 12 months with a normal laboratory diet no aggravation of the chemical diabetic state was observed. This new experimental syndrome is a potentially interesting model for the study of the influence of environmental factors on the development of overt diabetes.", "contents": "Chemical diabetes in the adult rat as the spontaneous evolution of neonatal diabetes. Injection of streptozotocin in newborn rats induced a severe diabetic syndrome on day 4 after birth, with acute hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. Over the next 3 weeks spontaneous recovery occurred as attested by normal basal blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. Recovery was, however, incomplete in the adult since a definite impairment in insulin release and glucose disposal was observed. This state was characterized by the following features: 1) a 72% decrease in pancreatic insulin stores without change in pancreatic glucagon stores; 2) a slight but consistent elevation of blood glucose in the fasted and fed basal states and especially of blood glucose 90 min after an IV glucose load (2 g/kg) performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia; 3) a considerable decline in the glucose-induced insulin release with a decrease in the maximal response. Both early and late phases of insulin release were impaired, as indicated by in vivo glucose infusion experiments. Basal plasma glucagon levels were normal. Over a period of 12 months with a normal laboratory diet no aggravation of the chemical diabetic state was observed. This new experimental syndrome is a potentially interesting model for the study of the influence of environmental factors on the development of overt diabetes.", "PMID": 395004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10531", "title": "Relationship of binding to internatlization of 125I-insulin in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "By quantitative electron microscopic autoradiographic technique, we have previously shown that 125I-insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes and is subsequently internalized in a limited region of the peripheral cytoplasm. In the present study, we have shown that when cells are incubated at 20 degrees C, steady state binding is reached by 60 minutes and maintained up until 120 minutes of incubation while at 37 degrees C steady state binding is reached by 10 minutes and maintained for 30 minutes. Under both of these conditions, internalization of the labelled material occurs as a constant function of the binding. These data suggest that under normal conditions the binding of the ligand is an important rate limiting determinant of the internalization process.", "contents": "Relationship of binding to internatlization of 125I-insulin in isolated rat hepatocytes. By quantitative electron microscopic autoradiographic technique, we have previously shown that 125I-insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes and is subsequently internalized in a limited region of the peripheral cytoplasm. In the present study, we have shown that when cells are incubated at 20 degrees C, steady state binding is reached by 60 minutes and maintained up until 120 minutes of incubation while at 37 degrees C steady state binding is reached by 10 minutes and maintained for 30 minutes. Under both of these conditions, internalization of the labelled material occurs as a constant function of the binding. These data suggest that under normal conditions the binding of the ligand is an important rate limiting determinant of the internalization process.", "PMID": 395005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10532", "title": "Streptozotocin diabetes: a glucoreceptor dysfunction affecting D cells as well as B and A cells.", "content": "Somatostatin release from the isolated pancreas of 3 normal and 6 streptozotocin diabetic dogs has been measured in response to various stimuli to determine whether abnormalities in somatostatin release are present in the diabetic pancreas. Simultaneous measurement of glucagon secretion was also made. In the pancreas from normal dogs increases in perfusate glucose from 25 to 200 mg/100 ml induced a 2--3 fold increase in somatostatin release and a two thirds decrease in glucagon secretion. In contrast, in the diabetic pancreas glucose caused no change in the secretion of the two hormones. In the diabetic pancreas addition of insulin to the perfusate (25,000 microU/ml) for periods from 10 to 75 minutes aimed at restoring normal extracellular insulin levels in the islets failed to restore either somatostatin or glucagon secretion to normal. In contradistinction to the lack of effect of glucose, the somatostatin and glucagon responses to arginine (5 mmol/l), isoproterenol (2 ng/ml) and calcium (5 mmol/l) were normal in the diabetic pancreas. The data suggests the presence of a selective glucoreceptor abnormality of the D as well as of B and A cells in the streptozotocin diabetic dog.", "contents": "Streptozotocin diabetes: a glucoreceptor dysfunction affecting D cells as well as B and A cells. Somatostatin release from the isolated pancreas of 3 normal and 6 streptozotocin diabetic dogs has been measured in response to various stimuli to determine whether abnormalities in somatostatin release are present in the diabetic pancreas. Simultaneous measurement of glucagon secretion was also made. In the pancreas from normal dogs increases in perfusate glucose from 25 to 200 mg/100 ml induced a 2--3 fold increase in somatostatin release and a two thirds decrease in glucagon secretion. In contrast, in the diabetic pancreas glucose caused no change in the secretion of the two hormones. In the diabetic pancreas addition of insulin to the perfusate (25,000 microU/ml) for periods from 10 to 75 minutes aimed at restoring normal extracellular insulin levels in the islets failed to restore either somatostatin or glucagon secretion to normal. In contradistinction to the lack of effect of glucose, the somatostatin and glucagon responses to arginine (5 mmol/l), isoproterenol (2 ng/ml) and calcium (5 mmol/l) were normal in the diabetic pancreas. The data suggests the presence of a selective glucoreceptor abnormality of the D as well as of B and A cells in the streptozotocin diabetic dog.", "PMID": 395006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10533", "title": "Antitumor activity of cell-wall skeleton of Propionibacterium acnes C7 in mice and guinea pigs.", "content": "The antitumor activity of the cell-wall skeleton (CWS) of Propionibacterium acnes C7 was examined by using transplantable tumors in syngeneic mice and in guinea pigs, and autochthonous tumors in mice. P. acnes-CWS was shown to suppress the growth of fibrosarcomas, EL4 leukemia, and MH134 hepatoma in syngeneic mice, and to regress the established tumors of a fibrosarcoma (MC104) in C57BL/6J mice, and a hepatoma (line-10) in strain-2 guinea pigs. The oil-attached P. acnes-CWS mixed with fructose mycolate was effective for suppression of the autograft of fibrosarcoma in mice. The repeated intralesional injections of suspension of P. acnes-CWS in phosphate-buffered saline was effective for prolongation of survival period of mice bearing 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. The test results on the cell fractions of P. acnes indicated that the CWS, but not the cytoplasmic or glucan fraction, of P. acnes had anti-tumor activity. The activation of peritoneal macrophages of mice was observed when P. acnes-CWS, but not the cytoplasmic fraction, was injected intraperitoneally 4 days before. The relationship between the cytolytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and antitumor activities of P. acnes-CWS was also discussed.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of cell-wall skeleton of Propionibacterium acnes C7 in mice and guinea pigs. The antitumor activity of the cell-wall skeleton (CWS) of Propionibacterium acnes C7 was examined by using transplantable tumors in syngeneic mice and in guinea pigs, and autochthonous tumors in mice. P. acnes-CWS was shown to suppress the growth of fibrosarcomas, EL4 leukemia, and MH134 hepatoma in syngeneic mice, and to regress the established tumors of a fibrosarcoma (MC104) in C57BL/6J mice, and a hepatoma (line-10) in strain-2 guinea pigs. The oil-attached P. acnes-CWS mixed with fructose mycolate was effective for suppression of the autograft of fibrosarcoma in mice. The repeated intralesional injections of suspension of P. acnes-CWS in phosphate-buffered saline was effective for prolongation of survival period of mice bearing 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. The test results on the cell fractions of P. acnes indicated that the CWS, but not the cytoplasmic or glucan fraction, of P. acnes had anti-tumor activity. The activation of peritoneal macrophages of mice was observed when P. acnes-CWS, but not the cytoplasmic fraction, was injected intraperitoneally 4 days before. The relationship between the cytolytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and antitumor activities of P. acnes-CWS was also discussed.", "PMID": 395008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10534", "title": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide derivatives.", "content": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide (4-NPO) and 7 kinds of its alkyl derivatives were tested on mice and on Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli strains. 3-Methyl-4-NPO is the most potent carcinogen, followed by 3-ethyl-4-NPO and then 4-NPO. Mutagenicity was most potent in 3-methyl, 2,3-dimethyl, and 2,5-dimethyl derivatives, moderate in 4-NPO and 2-methyl and 2,6-dimethyl derivatives, and to a least extent in 3,5-dimethyl-4-NPO. Structure-mutagenicity relationship was discussed on the basis of molecular mechanism of the carcinogenesis of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Quantitative relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity was not strictly found among the compounds examined.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide derivatives. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide (4-NPO) and 7 kinds of its alkyl derivatives were tested on mice and on Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli strains. 3-Methyl-4-NPO is the most potent carcinogen, followed by 3-ethyl-4-NPO and then 4-NPO. Mutagenicity was most potent in 3-methyl, 2,3-dimethyl, and 2,5-dimethyl derivatives, moderate in 4-NPO and 2-methyl and 2,6-dimethyl derivatives, and to a least extent in 3,5-dimethyl-4-NPO. Structure-mutagenicity relationship was discussed on the basis of molecular mechanism of the carcinogenesis of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Quantitative relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity was not strictly found among the compounds examined.", "PMID": 395009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10535", "title": "Realignment of the genetic map of the terminus of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Duplication end-point mapping in the rIIB cistron indicates that the order of the BS-B10b segments is the inverse of that presented in Benzer's (1961) genetic maps. This findings is supported by two- and three-factor crosses and the phenotypes of rII deletions extending into the D region.", "contents": "Realignment of the genetic map of the terminus of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4. Duplication end-point mapping in the rIIB cistron indicates that the order of the BS-B10b segments is the inverse of that presented in Benzer's (1961) genetic maps. This findings is supported by two- and three-factor crosses and the phenotypes of rII deletions extending into the D region.", "PMID": 395017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10536", "title": "Regional specificity of illegitimate recombination by the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 in the genome of phage P22.", "content": "Insertions of the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 were selected in the genome of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 by growing the phage on hosts carrying the resistance plasmid RP4. Insertions of Tn1 into phage P22 are rare (10(-10) per phage) and nonrandomly distributed in the P22 genome. They are found mainly in the vicinity of the P22 ant gene. Insertions within the ant gene are found at many (at least 15) genetically separable sites, are found equally frequently in both orientations and cause irreversible loss of gene function. Some insertions in ant appear to be associated with an adjecent deletion. Prophage deletions were derived from P22::Tn1 phages by two methods. Low multiplicity transductants have nonrandomly distributed endpoints. One end is at or very near the site of the Tn1 insertion, and the other is in the vicinity of gene 12; however, there are many genetically distinguishable endpoints within gene 12. Prophage deletions selected as survivors of induction of a P22Ap mnt-ts lysogen have similarly nonrandom endpoints, with the Tn1-distal end frequently near the ant gene, as well as gene 12. Physical analysis of several prophage deletions suggests that the Tn1 is intact to the resolution of DNA electron microscopy and that the deletions begin at the end of the Tn1 insertion. These results suggest that illegitimate recombination associated with Tn1 shows regional specificity (i.e., preference for some large areas of the P22 genome over other areas), but that within these regions is quite nonspecific.", "contents": "Regional specificity of illegitimate recombination by the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 in the genome of phage P22. Insertions of the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 were selected in the genome of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 by growing the phage on hosts carrying the resistance plasmid RP4. Insertions of Tn1 into phage P22 are rare (10(-10) per phage) and nonrandomly distributed in the P22 genome. They are found mainly in the vicinity of the P22 ant gene. Insertions within the ant gene are found at many (at least 15) genetically separable sites, are found equally frequently in both orientations and cause irreversible loss of gene function. Some insertions in ant appear to be associated with an adjecent deletion. Prophage deletions were derived from P22::Tn1 phages by two methods. Low multiplicity transductants have nonrandomly distributed endpoints. One end is at or very near the site of the Tn1 insertion, and the other is in the vicinity of gene 12; however, there are many genetically distinguishable endpoints within gene 12. Prophage deletions selected as survivors of induction of a P22Ap mnt-ts lysogen have similarly nonrandom endpoints, with the Tn1-distal end frequently near the ant gene, as well as gene 12. Physical analysis of several prophage deletions suggests that the Tn1 is intact to the resolution of DNA electron microscopy and that the deletions begin at the end of the Tn1 insertion. These results suggest that illegitimate recombination associated with Tn1 shows regional specificity (i.e., preference for some large areas of the P22 genome over other areas), but that within these regions is quite nonspecific.", "PMID": 395016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10537", "title": "Mating-type effect on cis mutations leading to constitutivity of ornithine transaminase in diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Cis-acting regulatory mutations have been isolated that affect L-ornithine transaminase (OTAse), an enzyme catalyzing the second step of arginine breakdown in yeast. These mutations lead to constitutive synthesis of OTAse at various levels. Two different types of mutations have been recovered, both of which are tightly linked to the structural gene (cargB) for this enzyme. One type behaves as a classical operator-constitutive mutation similar to the cargB+O---1 mutation previously described (DUBOIS et al. 1978). The second type is peculiar in two respects: the higher level of constitutive OTAse synthesis and the expression of constitutivity in diploid cells. These mutations are designated cargB+Oh. They behave as usual operator-constitutive mutations in diploid strains homozygous for mating type (a/a or alpha/alpha), but the constitutivity is strongly reduced in a/alpha diploid cells.", "contents": "Mating-type effect on cis mutations leading to constitutivity of ornithine transaminase in diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cis-acting regulatory mutations have been isolated that affect L-ornithine transaminase (OTAse), an enzyme catalyzing the second step of arginine breakdown in yeast. These mutations lead to constitutive synthesis of OTAse at various levels. Two different types of mutations have been recovered, both of which are tightly linked to the structural gene (cargB) for this enzyme. One type behaves as a classical operator-constitutive mutation similar to the cargB+O---1 mutation previously described (DUBOIS et al. 1978). The second type is peculiar in two respects: the higher level of constitutive OTAse synthesis and the expression of constitutivity in diploid cells. These mutations are designated cargB+Oh. They behave as usual operator-constitutive mutations in diploid strains homozygous for mating type (a/a or alpha/alpha), but the constitutivity is strongly reduced in a/alpha diploid cells.", "PMID": 395019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10538", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 auxotrophs induced by insertion of the transposable element Tn5.", "content": "The sites of insertion of the transposable kanamycin-neomycin resistance-determining element, Tn5, in the E. coli K-12 chromosome were assessed in a collection of over 300 auxotrophs. Although mutations in at least 45 different cistrons were obtained, the distribution of insertion sites was not completely random: proA or proB; cysG; and cysH, cysD or cysC mutants were found in excess.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 auxotrophs induced by insertion of the transposable element Tn5. The sites of insertion of the transposable kanamycin-neomycin resistance-determining element, Tn5, in the E. coli K-12 chromosome were assessed in a collection of over 300 auxotrophs. Although mutations in at least 45 different cistrons were obtained, the distribution of insertion sites was not completely random: proA or proB; cysG; and cysH, cysD or cysC mutants were found in excess.", "PMID": 395018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10539", "title": "Switching of a mating-type a mutant allele in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Aimed at investigating the recovery of a specific mutant allele of the mating type locus (MAT) by switching a defective MAT allele, these experiments provide information bearing on several models proposed for MAT interconversion in bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hybrids between heterothallic (ho) cells carrying a mutant MAT a allele, designated mata-2, and MAT alpha ho strains show a high capacity for mating with MATa strains. The MAT alpha/mata-2 diploids do not sporulate. However, zygotic clones obtained by mating MAT alpha homothallic (HO) cells with mata-2 ho cells are unable to mate and can sporulate. Tetrad analysis of such clones revealed two diploid (MAT alpha/MATa):two haploid segregants. Therefore, MAT switches occur in MAT alpha/mata-2 HO/ho cells to produce MAT alpha/Mata cells capable of sporulation. In heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be switched to a functional MAT alpha and subsequently to a functional MATa. Among 32 MAT alpha to MATa switches tested, where the MAT alpha was previously derived from the mata-2 mutant, only one mata-2 like isolate was observed. However, the recovered allele, unlike the parental allele, complements the matalpha ste1-5 mutant, suggesting that these alleles are not identical and that the recovered allele presumably arose as a mutation of the Mat alpha locus. No mata-2 was recovered by HO-mediated switching of MAT alpha (previously obtained from mata-2 by HO) in 217 switches analyzed. We conclude that in homothallic and heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be readily switched to a functional MAT alpha and subsequently to a functional MATa locus. Overall, the results are in accord with the cassette model (HICKS, STRATHERN and HERSKOWITZ )977b) proposed to explain MAT interconversions.", "contents": "Switching of a mating-type a mutant allele in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aimed at investigating the recovery of a specific mutant allele of the mating type locus (MAT) by switching a defective MAT allele, these experiments provide information bearing on several models proposed for MAT interconversion in bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hybrids between heterothallic (ho) cells carrying a mutant MAT a allele, designated mata-2, and MAT alpha ho strains show a high capacity for mating with MATa strains. The MAT alpha/mata-2 diploids do not sporulate. However, zygotic clones obtained by mating MAT alpha homothallic (HO) cells with mata-2 ho cells are unable to mate and can sporulate. Tetrad analysis of such clones revealed two diploid (MAT alpha/MATa):two haploid segregants. Therefore, MAT switches occur in MAT alpha/mata-2 HO/ho cells to produce MAT alpha/Mata cells capable of sporulation. In heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be switched to a functional MAT alpha and subsequently to a functional MATa. Among 32 MAT alpha to MATa switches tested, where the MAT alpha was previously derived from the mata-2 mutant, only one mata-2 like isolate was observed. However, the recovered allele, unlike the parental allele, complements the matalpha ste1-5 mutant, suggesting that these alleles are not identical and that the recovered allele presumably arose as a mutation of the Mat alpha locus. No mata-2 was recovered by HO-mediated switching of MAT alpha (previously obtained from mata-2 by HO) in 217 switches analyzed. We conclude that in homothallic and heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be readily switched to a functional MAT alpha and subsequently to a functional MATa locus. Overall, the results are in accord with the cassette model (HICKS, STRATHERN and HERSKOWITZ )977b) proposed to explain MAT interconversions.", "PMID": 395020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10540", "title": "Gene conversion of the mating-type locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Tetrad analysis of MATa/MAT alpha diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae generally yields 2 MATa:2MAT alpha meiotic products. About 1 to 1.8% of the tetrads yield aberrant segregations for this marker. Described here are experiments that determine whether the aberrant meiotic segregations at the mating-type locus are ascribable to gene conversions or to MAT switches, that is, to mating-type interconversions. Diploid strains incapable of switching MATa to MAT alpha, or the converse, nevertheless display changes of MATa to MAT alpha, or the reverse. These events must be attributed to gene conversion. Further, we suggest that MATa and MAT alpha alleles may represent nonhomologous sequences of DNA since they fail to display postmeiotic segregations.", "contents": "Gene conversion of the mating-type locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tetrad analysis of MATa/MAT alpha diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae generally yields 2 MATa:2MAT alpha meiotic products. About 1 to 1.8% of the tetrads yield aberrant segregations for this marker. Described here are experiments that determine whether the aberrant meiotic segregations at the mating-type locus are ascribable to gene conversions or to MAT switches, that is, to mating-type interconversions. Diploid strains incapable of switching MATa to MAT alpha, or the converse, nevertheless display changes of MATa to MAT alpha, or the reverse. These events must be attributed to gene conversion. Further, we suggest that MATa and MAT alpha alleles may represent nonhomologous sequences of DNA since they fail to display postmeiotic segregations.", "PMID": 395021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10541", "title": "Mapping chromosomal genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using an improved genetic mapping method.", "content": "A triploid (3n) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed carrying a standard marker on each of chromosomes 1 through XVII in the -/+/+ configuration. This is called a \"supertriploid.\" Meiotic spores from this strain (n + approximately n/2) were mated with a haploid (n) carrying an unmapped mutation. Meiotic analysis of each zygote clone (2n + approximately n/2) produced in this way resulted in elimination of an average of 4.2 chromosomes as the possible location of the unmapped marker. The distribution of extra chromosomes in the 2n + approximately n/2) strains was nearly random. Meiotic segregrants of these crosses carrying the unmapped mutation in the -/+ configuration were then crossed with multiply marked haploid strains to further narrow the possible location of the unmapped mutation to a single chromosome. Scoring of markers by complemention tests was simplified by mating spore clones with mixtures of a and alpha strains, each pair carrying the same set of markers. Using this new, more rapid method (\"supertriploid mapping\"), eight genes required for the maintenance of the killer plasmid were located on the genetic map of S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Mapping chromosomal genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using an improved genetic mapping method. A triploid (3n) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed carrying a standard marker on each of chromosomes 1 through XVII in the -/+/+ configuration. This is called a \"supertriploid.\" Meiotic spores from this strain (n + approximately n/2) were mated with a haploid (n) carrying an unmapped mutation. Meiotic analysis of each zygote clone (2n + approximately n/2) produced in this way resulted in elimination of an average of 4.2 chromosomes as the possible location of the unmapped marker. The distribution of extra chromosomes in the 2n + approximately n/2) strains was nearly random. Meiotic segregrants of these crosses carrying the unmapped mutation in the -/+ configuration were then crossed with multiply marked haploid strains to further narrow the possible location of the unmapped mutation to a single chromosome. Scoring of markers by complemention tests was simplified by mating spore clones with mixtures of a and alpha strains, each pair carrying the same set of markers. Using this new, more rapid method (\"supertriploid mapping\"), eight genes required for the maintenance of the killer plasmid were located on the genetic map of S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 395022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10542", "title": "Physiological characterization of polar Tn5-induced isoleucine-valine auxotrophs in Escherichia coli K.12: evidence for an internal promoter in the ilvOGEDA operon.", "content": "The properties of 22 isoleucine-valine auxotrophs induced in Escherichia coli K-12 by the transposable element, Tn5, were characterized on the basis of growth requirements, cross-feeding behavior, and enzyme activity. Mutants defective in ilvA, ilvC, ilvD and ilvE were found. Mutation in ilvE were not completely polar on ilvD and ilvA enzyme activities (that is, ilvE mutants possessed a low constitutive level of expression of the enzymes coded by ilvD and ilvA), while mutations in ilvD were completely polar on ilvA enzyme activity. The data suggest that there is an internal promoter between the sites of Tn5 insertion in ilvE and ilvD.", "contents": "Physiological characterization of polar Tn5-induced isoleucine-valine auxotrophs in Escherichia coli K.12: evidence for an internal promoter in the ilvOGEDA operon. The properties of 22 isoleucine-valine auxotrophs induced in Escherichia coli K-12 by the transposable element, Tn5, were characterized on the basis of growth requirements, cross-feeding behavior, and enzyme activity. Mutants defective in ilvA, ilvC, ilvD and ilvE were found. Mutation in ilvE were not completely polar on ilvD and ilvA enzyme activities (that is, ilvE mutants possessed a low constitutive level of expression of the enzymes coded by ilvD and ilvA), while mutations in ilvD were completely polar on ilvA enzyme activity. The data suggest that there is an internal promoter between the sites of Tn5 insertion in ilvE and ilvD.", "PMID": 395023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10543", "title": "Deletions generated by the transposon Tn10 in the srl recA region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome.", "content": "A negative regulatory gene for the srl operon (srlR) was recognized by the characteristics of an insertion mutation generated by the transposon Tn10 determining tetracycline resistance. This finding is discussed in light of previous hypotheses on the regulation of the srl genes, which mediate metabolism of glucitol (i.e., sorbitol). Mapping showed that the order of genes in this region is: srlR srlD srlC recA alaS. Using two different methods, five mutations of both srl and recA were detected. The phenotype conferred by these mutations, UV sensitivity and extreme recombination deficiency, is characteristic of standard recA point mutants. Three of the mutations were deletions that also removed the genes for tetracycline resistance of the nearby transposon. A fourth mutation ended at a distance from Tn10 sufficient to allow separation of the two by recombination following P1 transduction; our tests did not allow us to conclude whether this mutation was an inversion or a deletion. The fifth mutation was a deletion that seemed to end immediately adjacent to the boundary of Tn10, proximal to recA. Mechanisms for the generation of these srl recA mutations are discussed.", "contents": "Deletions generated by the transposon Tn10 in the srl recA region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. A negative regulatory gene for the srl operon (srlR) was recognized by the characteristics of an insertion mutation generated by the transposon Tn10 determining tetracycline resistance. This finding is discussed in light of previous hypotheses on the regulation of the srl genes, which mediate metabolism of glucitol (i.e., sorbitol). Mapping showed that the order of genes in this region is: srlR srlD srlC recA alaS. Using two different methods, five mutations of both srl and recA were detected. The phenotype conferred by these mutations, UV sensitivity and extreme recombination deficiency, is characteristic of standard recA point mutants. Three of the mutations were deletions that also removed the genes for tetracycline resistance of the nearby transposon. A fourth mutation ended at a distance from Tn10 sufficient to allow separation of the two by recombination following P1 transduction; our tests did not allow us to conclude whether this mutation was an inversion or a deletion. The fifth mutation was a deletion that seemed to end immediately adjacent to the boundary of Tn10, proximal to recA. Mechanisms for the generation of these srl recA mutations are discussed.", "PMID": 395024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10544", "title": "Suppression of the formation of polygenotypic recombinant colonies by a maf mutation in mating with HfrH.", "content": "W3011, a Cavalli-type Hfr (HfrC), was mated with F-KY9474, maf-1, which cannot maintain F or F-like plasmids, and with F-OU9474, Maf+, a spontaneous revertant of KY9474. The recombinant colonies obtained were 100% monogenotypic from KY9474 and 90% monogenotypic from OU9474. On the other hand, in matings with OU11, a Hayes-type Hfr (HfrH), and these two F- strains, recombinant colonies derived from KY9474 showed only 22% polygenotypic recombinant colonies; whereas, those derived from OU9474 showed a high production rate (57%) of polygenotypic recombinant colonies. Among the polygenotypic recombinant colonies derived from KY9474 maf-1, 50% contained three or more recombinant types. These were probably derived from a small fraction of Maf+ revertants in the KY9474 population, as suggested by the results of mating this strain with M80, an F' strain that contains an amber mutation in traH. These results support the hypothesis that the donor DNA fragments derived from an HfrH can undergo a limited replication in the recipient to produce polygenotypic recombinant colonies, whereas those derived from HfrC cannot.", "contents": "Suppression of the formation of polygenotypic recombinant colonies by a maf mutation in mating with HfrH. W3011, a Cavalli-type Hfr (HfrC), was mated with F-KY9474, maf-1, which cannot maintain F or F-like plasmids, and with F-OU9474, Maf+, a spontaneous revertant of KY9474. The recombinant colonies obtained were 100% monogenotypic from KY9474 and 90% monogenotypic from OU9474. On the other hand, in matings with OU11, a Hayes-type Hfr (HfrH), and these two F- strains, recombinant colonies derived from KY9474 showed only 22% polygenotypic recombinant colonies; whereas, those derived from OU9474 showed a high production rate (57%) of polygenotypic recombinant colonies. Among the polygenotypic recombinant colonies derived from KY9474 maf-1, 50% contained three or more recombinant types. These were probably derived from a small fraction of Maf+ revertants in the KY9474 population, as suggested by the results of mating this strain with M80, an F' strain that contains an amber mutation in traH. These results support the hypothesis that the donor DNA fragments derived from an HfrH can undergo a limited replication in the recipient to produce polygenotypic recombinant colonies, whereas those derived from HfrC cannot.", "PMID": 395025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10545", "title": "Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. I. Reversion in radiation-sensitive strains.", "content": "The frequency of revertants induced by 60Co gamma rays of the ochre allele, cyc1-9, has been measured in radiation-sensitive strains carrying one of 19 nonallelic mutations and in wild-type strains. The results indicate that ionizing radiation mutagenesis depends on the activity of the RAD6 group of genes and that the gene functions employed are very similar, but probably not identical, to those that mediate UV mutagenesis. Repair activities dependent on the functions of the RAD50 through RAD57 loci, the major pathway for the repair of damage caused by ionizing radiation, do not appear to play any part in mutagenesis. A comparison between the gamma-ray data and those obtained previously with UV (LAWRENCE and CHRISTENSEN 1976) and chemical mutagens (PRAKASH 1976) suggests that the RAD6 \"mutagenic pathway\" is in fact composed of a set of processes, some of which are concerned with error-prone, and some with error-free, recovery activities.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. I. Reversion in radiation-sensitive strains. The frequency of revertants induced by 60Co gamma rays of the ochre allele, cyc1-9, has been measured in radiation-sensitive strains carrying one of 19 nonallelic mutations and in wild-type strains. The results indicate that ionizing radiation mutagenesis depends on the activity of the RAD6 group of genes and that the gene functions employed are very similar, but probably not identical, to those that mediate UV mutagenesis. Repair activities dependent on the functions of the RAD50 through RAD57 loci, the major pathway for the repair of damage caused by ionizing radiation, do not appear to play any part in mutagenesis. A comparison between the gamma-ray data and those obtained previously with UV (LAWRENCE and CHRISTENSEN 1976) and chemical mutagens (PRAKASH 1976) suggests that the RAD6 \"mutagenic pathway\" is in fact composed of a set of processes, some of which are concerned with error-prone, and some with error-free, recovery activities.", "PMID": 395027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10546", "title": "Rho and ribosome mutation interaction: lethality of rho-15 in rpsL or rpsE strains, and rho-15 methionine auxotrophy in rps+ strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The phenotype of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying rho-15 in the genetic background DW319 ilv lacZ::IS1 is described. Seventy-eight percent (70/90) of Ilv+ transductants acquired the following phenotype: temperature-sensitive growth on minimal salts medium, Ts+ growth on complex medium and suppression of the lac polar mutation. At 42 degrees on minimal medium, the rho-15 transductants were cross-fed by a substance diffusing from Rho+ transductants or controls. The requirement for this substance was satisfied by methionine or cystathionine, but not by any other single amino acid or combination of amino acids, by spermidine, or by mono- or divalent cationic salts.--Transduction of rho-15 into four other Ilv- recipients revealed two phenotypic patterns. Recipients with rpsL or rpsE ribosomes yielded rho-15 transductants that were Ts on all media, or Ts on minimal medium whether or not methionine was present. The effect of the ribosome on expression of rho-15 was confirmed by transduction of appropriate rps alleles into DW319, followed by co-transduction of rho-15 with Ilv+. The growth rate of double rho-15 rpsL or rho-15 rpsE strains was severely reduced at 42 degrees in comparison with strains carrying any of these single mutations. Models for rho and ribosome interaction are presented.", "contents": "Rho and ribosome mutation interaction: lethality of rho-15 in rpsL or rpsE strains, and rho-15 methionine auxotrophy in rps+ strains of Escherichia coli. The phenotype of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying rho-15 in the genetic background DW319 ilv lacZ::IS1 is described. Seventy-eight percent (70/90) of Ilv+ transductants acquired the following phenotype: temperature-sensitive growth on minimal salts medium, Ts+ growth on complex medium and suppression of the lac polar mutation. At 42 degrees on minimal medium, the rho-15 transductants were cross-fed by a substance diffusing from Rho+ transductants or controls. The requirement for this substance was satisfied by methionine or cystathionine, but not by any other single amino acid or combination of amino acids, by spermidine, or by mono- or divalent cationic salts.--Transduction of rho-15 into four other Ilv- recipients revealed two phenotypic patterns. Recipients with rpsL or rpsE ribosomes yielded rho-15 transductants that were Ts on all media, or Ts on minimal medium whether or not methionine was present. The effect of the ribosome on expression of rho-15 was confirmed by transduction of appropriate rps alleles into DW319, followed by co-transduction of rho-15 with Ilv+. The growth rate of double rho-15 rpsL or rho-15 rpsE strains was severely reduced at 42 degrees in comparison with strains carrying any of these single mutations. Models for rho and ribosome interaction are presented.", "PMID": 395026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10547", "title": "Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. II. Allele-specific control of mutagenesis.", "content": "We find that partially different sets of gene functions are required for the production of different kinds of mutations induced by 60Co gamma rays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This observation is very similar to others made previously with respect to UV mutagenesis (LAWRENCE and CHRISTENSEN 1978a,b, 1979) and confirms the conclusion that such distinctive patterns of genetic control reflect properties of the test alleles and their genetic locations, rather than the kinds of lesions required to revert them. The data also support the model of mutagenic repair outlined in the first paper of this series (McKee and LAWRENCE 1979), in which partially different sets of gene functions are required for the production of different kinds of mutations, the formation of mutations at different genetic sites and the induction of mutations by different mutagens.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. II. Allele-specific control of mutagenesis. We find that partially different sets of gene functions are required for the production of different kinds of mutations induced by 60Co gamma rays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This observation is very similar to others made previously with respect to UV mutagenesis (LAWRENCE and CHRISTENSEN 1978a,b, 1979) and confirms the conclusion that such distinctive patterns of genetic control reflect properties of the test alleles and their genetic locations, rather than the kinds of lesions required to revert them. The data also support the model of mutagenic repair outlined in the first paper of this series (McKee and LAWRENCE 1979), in which partially different sets of gene functions are required for the production of different kinds of mutations, the formation of mutations at different genetic sites and the induction of mutations by different mutagens.", "PMID": 395028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10548", "title": "Transformation in yeast: development of a hybrid cloning vector and isolation of the CAN1 gene.", "content": "We have constructed a plasmid, YEp13, which when used in conjunction with transformation in yeast is a suitable vector for isolating specific yeast genes. The plasmid consists of pBR322, the LEU2 gene of yeast, and a DNA fragment containing a yeast origin of replication from 2 mu circule. We have demonstrated the utility of this cloning system by isolating the yeast gene encoding the arginine permease, CAN1, from a pool of random yeast DNA fragments inserted into YEp13.", "contents": "Transformation in yeast: development of a hybrid cloning vector and isolation of the CAN1 gene. We have constructed a plasmid, YEp13, which when used in conjunction with transformation in yeast is a suitable vector for isolating specific yeast genes. The plasmid consists of pBR322, the LEU2 gene of yeast, and a DNA fragment containing a yeast origin of replication from 2 mu circule. We have demonstrated the utility of this cloning system by isolating the yeast gene encoding the arginine permease, CAN1, from a pool of random yeast DNA fragments inserted into YEp13.", "PMID": 395029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10549", "title": "Sterile host yeasts (SHY): a eukaryotic system of biological containment for recombinant DNA experiments.", "content": "A system of biological containment for recombinant DNA experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's/Baker's yeast) is described. The principle of containment is sterility: the haploid host strains all contain a mating-type-non-specific sterile mutation. The hosts also contain four auxotrophic mutations suitable for selection for the various kinds of vectors used. All vectors are derivatives of pBR322 which can be selected and maintained in both yeast and Escherichia coli. The system has recently been certified at the HV2 level by the National Institutes of Health.", "contents": "Sterile host yeasts (SHY): a eukaryotic system of biological containment for recombinant DNA experiments. A system of biological containment for recombinant DNA experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's/Baker's yeast) is described. The principle of containment is sterility: the haploid host strains all contain a mating-type-non-specific sterile mutation. The hosts also contain four auxotrophic mutations suitable for selection for the various kinds of vectors used. All vectors are derivatives of pBR322 which can be selected and maintained in both yeast and Escherichia coli. The system has recently been certified at the HV2 level by the National Institutes of Health.", "PMID": 395030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10550", "title": "Active and inactive renin in pregnancy and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.", "content": "Total and active renin concentrations (TRC and ARC) were determined in pregnant women and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives to study the variation of plasma renin forms in pregnancy. TRC was already elevated in the first trimester. After that TRC increased consistently reaching the maximum in the third trimester. The ratio of inactive renin concentrations (IRC) to TRC was between 20 and 30% throughout gestation. Therefore, it was supposed that the development of the placenta or the enlargement of the uterus do not affect the ratio of IRC to TRC too much. In women on oral contraceptives in whom plasma renin activity was increased due to elevation of renin substrate, the ratio of IRC to TRC was almost the same as that in normal controls. From these results, it was suggested that the development of the placenta and the enlargement of the uterus do not play an important role in the variation of plasma renin forms, although remarkable changes are observed in the renin substrate and total amounts of renin in pregnancy.", "contents": "Active and inactive renin in pregnancy and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Total and active renin concentrations (TRC and ARC) were determined in pregnant women and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives to study the variation of plasma renin forms in pregnancy. TRC was already elevated in the first trimester. After that TRC increased consistently reaching the maximum in the third trimester. The ratio of inactive renin concentrations (IRC) to TRC was between 20 and 30% throughout gestation. Therefore, it was supposed that the development of the placenta or the enlargement of the uterus do not affect the ratio of IRC to TRC too much. In women on oral contraceptives in whom plasma renin activity was increased due to elevation of renin substrate, the ratio of IRC to TRC was almost the same as that in normal controls. From these results, it was suggested that the development of the placenta and the enlargement of the uterus do not play an important role in the variation of plasma renin forms, although remarkable changes are observed in the renin substrate and total amounts of renin in pregnancy.", "PMID": 395034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10551", "title": "[Complications caused by the plastic material used in a 2-stage flexor tendon grafting operation].", "content": "After the use of the silicone-rod method for the two-stage flexor tendon grafting without complications in more than 120 cases, there were found -- although an identical technique was used -- some cases of inflammatory reaction compelling the earlier removal of the rods and leading to poorer results. Tests showed that there are silicone-rubber rods on the market which differ widely in their physical qualities and, therefore, also show differences in their compatibility with tissue.", "contents": "[Complications caused by the plastic material used in a 2-stage flexor tendon grafting operation]. After the use of the silicone-rod method for the two-stage flexor tendon grafting without complications in more than 120 cases, there were found -- although an identical technique was used -- some cases of inflammatory reaction compelling the earlier removal of the rods and leading to poorer results. Tests showed that there are silicone-rubber rods on the market which differ widely in their physical qualities and, therefore, also show differences in their compatibility with tissue.", "PMID": 395037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10552", "title": "Calculation of disease susceptibility gene frequency in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "An analysis of HLA-linked genetical factors conferring susceptibility to IDDM is reported. On the basis of population and family studies a recessive mode of inheritance of disease susceptibility provided by an assumption of HLA-B8-linked DS gene was observed. The characteristic component of the immunogenetical background was the high frequency of HLA-B8 (0.208) and the HLA-A1, B8 haplotype (0.134) (linkage disequilibrium D = 0.1031), reminiscent of that found also in other disorders with autoimmune features, such as Graves disease, SLE, etc. Considering the HLA-B8 and IDDM association, the DS gene frequency (pD = 0.25) was estimated and the gametic association between HLA-B8 andu DS gene was calculated. The low value of penetrancy (4.8%) revealed the important role of non-HLA-linked genetical and environmental factors. The HLA-linked genetic factors in question might be responsible for an inclination to several kinds of autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Calculation of disease susceptibility gene frequency in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. An analysis of HLA-linked genetical factors conferring susceptibility to IDDM is reported. On the basis of population and family studies a recessive mode of inheritance of disease susceptibility provided by an assumption of HLA-B8-linked DS gene was observed. The characteristic component of the immunogenetical background was the high frequency of HLA-B8 (0.208) and the HLA-A1, B8 haplotype (0.134) (linkage disequilibrium D = 0.1031), reminiscent of that found also in other disorders with autoimmune features, such as Graves disease, SLE, etc. Considering the HLA-B8 and IDDM association, the DS gene frequency (pD = 0.25) was estimated and the gametic association between HLA-B8 andu DS gene was calculated. The low value of penetrancy (4.8%) revealed the important role of non-HLA-linked genetical and environmental factors. The HLA-linked genetic factors in question might be responsible for an inclination to several kinds of autoimmune disorders.", "PMID": 395039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10553", "title": "Role of the kidney in the inactivation rate constant of urokinase activity.", "content": "The role of the kidney in the inactivation rate constant of UK activity (ke) was examined experimentally. The results obtained were as follows. There was a remarkable divergence in FA between the abdominal aorta and renal vein. When the bilateral renal arteries and veins were ligated, ke was 0.38, in contrast to 0.79 in the normal state. When UK was infused into rabbits with ligated renal vessels, the FA lasted for an increased period after the termination of UK infusion. These findings suggest that the kidney functions as an inactivator of UK.", "contents": "Role of the kidney in the inactivation rate constant of urokinase activity. The role of the kidney in the inactivation rate constant of UK activity (ke) was examined experimentally. The results obtained were as follows. There was a remarkable divergence in FA between the abdominal aorta and renal vein. When the bilateral renal arteries and veins were ligated, ke was 0.38, in contrast to 0.79 in the normal state. When UK was infused into rabbits with ligated renal vessels, the FA lasted for an increased period after the termination of UK infusion. These findings suggest that the kidney functions as an inactivator of UK.", "PMID": 395040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10554", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (2). Anti-inflammatory activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity and the mode of action of M73101, a new non-steroid analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, were investigated in experimental animals and compared with those of reference drugs. M73101 inhibited the increase in vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and its activity was more potent than that of phenylbutazone. M73101 showed a marked inhibitory effect against rat paw edema induced by various phlogistic agents (carrageenin, dextran, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin) and the activities were equal to or more potent than those of aminopyrine, mepirizole and tiaramide HCl. M73101 also inhibited the edema induced by mustard, scalding and anti-rat rabbit serum in rats. In addition, the anti-edematous effect of M73101 on carrageenin-induced rat paw edema was not influenced by spinalectomy or adrenalectomy, indicating that the anti-inflammatory action of M73101 was not mediated by the central nervous system and the adrenals. Local and oral administration of M73101 inhibited significantly the leucocyte migration into the fluid of CMC pouch in rats and the activity was more potent than phenylbutazone, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of M73101 was due to the direct action at the inflamed site. On the other hand, M73101 did not show any marked activities on the experimental chronic inflammatory models. From these results, it is suggested that M73101 may be useful for clinical application as a basic analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug with remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in acute and subacute cases. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of M73101 probably involves inhibition of an increase in vascular permeability and leucocyte migration.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (2). Anti-inflammatory activity (author's transl)]. The anti-inflammatory activity and the mode of action of M73101, a new non-steroid analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, were investigated in experimental animals and compared with those of reference drugs. M73101 inhibited the increase in vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and its activity was more potent than that of phenylbutazone. M73101 showed a marked inhibitory effect against rat paw edema induced by various phlogistic agents (carrageenin, dextran, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin) and the activities were equal to or more potent than those of aminopyrine, mepirizole and tiaramide HCl. M73101 also inhibited the edema induced by mustard, scalding and anti-rat rabbit serum in rats. In addition, the anti-edematous effect of M73101 on carrageenin-induced rat paw edema was not influenced by spinalectomy or adrenalectomy, indicating that the anti-inflammatory action of M73101 was not mediated by the central nervous system and the adrenals. Local and oral administration of M73101 inhibited significantly the leucocyte migration into the fluid of CMC pouch in rats and the activity was more potent than phenylbutazone, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of M73101 was due to the direct action at the inflamed site. On the other hand, M73101 did not show any marked activities on the experimental chronic inflammatory models. From these results, it is suggested that M73101 may be useful for clinical application as a basic analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug with remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in acute and subacute cases. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of M73101 probably involves inhibition of an increase in vascular permeability and leucocyte migration.", "PMID": 395049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10555", "title": "[Disorders of hemostasis in intrauterine fetal death. Pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "When a dead fetus has remained in utero, an abnormality in haemostasis can be observed depending on the duration of retention. The most significant symptom is hypofibrinogenemia. Publications on the subject show in addition to a variety of symptoms a non-uniform pathogenetic pathway of the haemostatic disorder: Both an isolated hyperfibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with subsequent secondary activation of fibrinolysis have to be taken into consideration of the pathomechanism of the haemostasis defect. The triggering of DIC is possibly connected to the presence of the dead fetus and placenta, a primary hyperfibrinolysis seems to be induced by the mechanical factor of labors or curettage. The management of the haemostatic failure should be directed at the pathogenetic considerations; the appropriate treatment may be life-saving, when the haemostatic conditions become precarious inducing a bleeding tendency.", "contents": "[Disorders of hemostasis in intrauterine fetal death. Pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations]. When a dead fetus has remained in utero, an abnormality in haemostasis can be observed depending on the duration of retention. The most significant symptom is hypofibrinogenemia. Publications on the subject show in addition to a variety of symptoms a non-uniform pathogenetic pathway of the haemostatic disorder: Both an isolated hyperfibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with subsequent secondary activation of fibrinolysis have to be taken into consideration of the pathomechanism of the haemostasis defect. The triggering of DIC is possibly connected to the presence of the dead fetus and placenta, a primary hyperfibrinolysis seems to be induced by the mechanical factor of labors or curettage. The management of the haemostatic failure should be directed at the pathogenetic considerations; the appropriate treatment may be life-saving, when the haemostatic conditions become precarious inducing a bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 395053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10556", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory actions of proteases, bromelain, trypsin and their mixed preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-inflammatory actions of proteases, bromelain (BR), trypsin (TR) and their mixed preparation (KT) were studied mainly in rabbits using various experimental test methods. Inhibitory action of edema formation induced by carrageenin was observed to be dose dependent with oral administrations of KT. This inhibitory action of KT was more remarkable than actions of BR and TR, suggesting a possible synergism between the latter two. Such action was also observed with non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs, phenylbutazone (PB), indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. Oral administration of KT exerted definite inhibition or a tendency toward inhibition against paw edema induced by dextran, histamine or egg albumin or skin edema induced by anti-rabbit serum and thermal stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of vascular permeability increase induced by histamine and bradykinin as well as a tendency toward inhibition against protein exudation in CMC-pouch method were observed. On the other hand, contrary to PB, potent inhibitory action was not manifested in the persistent proliferative inflammation models, the granuloma formation induced formalin soaked filter paper and cotton pellet and the mustard edema. Therefore, it can be deduced that the inhibitory action of KT against edema formation may be dependent mainly on the inhibitory action of vascular permeability increase and the anti-inflammatory action may be specific for acute exudative inflammation.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory actions of proteases, bromelain, trypsin and their mixed preparation (author's transl)]. Anti-inflammatory actions of proteases, bromelain (BR), trypsin (TR) and their mixed preparation (KT) were studied mainly in rabbits using various experimental test methods. Inhibitory action of edema formation induced by carrageenin was observed to be dose dependent with oral administrations of KT. This inhibitory action of KT was more remarkable than actions of BR and TR, suggesting a possible synergism between the latter two. Such action was also observed with non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs, phenylbutazone (PB), indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. Oral administration of KT exerted definite inhibition or a tendency toward inhibition against paw edema induced by dextran, histamine or egg albumin or skin edema induced by anti-rabbit serum and thermal stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of vascular permeability increase induced by histamine and bradykinin as well as a tendency toward inhibition against protein exudation in CMC-pouch method were observed. On the other hand, contrary to PB, potent inhibitory action was not manifested in the persistent proliferative inflammation models, the granuloma formation induced formalin soaked filter paper and cotton pellet and the mustard edema. Therefore, it can be deduced that the inhibitory action of KT against edema formation may be dependent mainly on the inhibitory action of vascular permeability increase and the anti-inflammatory action may be specific for acute exudative inflammation.", "PMID": 395051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10557", "title": "New ideas about self-tolerance and auto-immunity.", "content": "Recent advances in our understanding of B cell ontogeny strengthen the theory that self-tolerance is generated principally by clonal deletion. B cells pass through a stage: the \"baby B cell\", during which they are particularly susceptible to receptor cross-linking. Further evidence of clonal deletion comes from studies on the maintenance of the liver differentiation alloantigen F. In spite of this accumulating evidence room can still be found for the concept of immunological silence: it is a prediction of the dual recognition theory of T cell receptors that differentiation macromolecules which occur only on the surface of Ia negative cells cannot be seen by T helper cells.", "contents": "New ideas about self-tolerance and auto-immunity. Recent advances in our understanding of B cell ontogeny strengthen the theory that self-tolerance is generated principally by clonal deletion. B cells pass through a stage: the \"baby B cell\", during which they are particularly susceptible to receptor cross-linking. Further evidence of clonal deletion comes from studies on the maintenance of the liver differentiation alloantigen F. In spite of this accumulating evidence room can still be found for the concept of immunological silence: it is a prediction of the dual recognition theory of T cell receptors that differentiation macromolecules which occur only on the surface of Ia negative cells cannot be seen by T helper cells.", "PMID": 395045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10558", "title": "The biological role of the complement system and the clinical importance of complement measurements.", "content": "Properties of serum proteins belonging to the complement system, two pathways of the complement activation (classical and alternative pathway) as well as the physiological role of the complement system are discussed. Complement has essential importance in some physiological processes: In the induction of the humoral immune response, in the elimination of immune complexes and in the protection against bacterial and viral infections. After a short discussion of the genetics of the complement system, the principle and possibilities of clinical applications of the complement measurements are described. Finally, different approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of the complement system are discussed.", "contents": "The biological role of the complement system and the clinical importance of complement measurements. Properties of serum proteins belonging to the complement system, two pathways of the complement activation (classical and alternative pathway) as well as the physiological role of the complement system are discussed. Complement has essential importance in some physiological processes: In the induction of the humoral immune response, in the elimination of immune complexes and in the protection against bacterial and viral infections. After a short discussion of the genetics of the complement system, the principle and possibilities of clinical applications of the complement measurements are described. Finally, different approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of the complement system are discussed.", "PMID": 395046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10559", "title": "Natural killer and tumor recognizing lymphocyte activity in tumor patients.", "content": "Several mechanisms can lead to the killing of a target cell by lymphocytes. In order to study immunologically specific phenomena it has to be ensured that the natural killer (NK) effect does not operate in the system. Using targets which are sensitive to NK, the effector populations have to be depleted of lymphocytes with such potential. The blood lymphocytes of tumor carrying patients often have reduced NK activity. In two assay systems anti-tumor autoimmune reactivity has been demonstrated (the majority of tested patients had lung carcinomas or osteosarcomas). The tests were: 1. Induction of blastogenesis in blood lymphocytes by in vitro confrontation with autologous biopsy cells. 2. Lymphocyte mediated killing of autologous biopsy cells in short term in vitro assay. Cross reactivity between patients was rare which indicates either that the putative tumor antigens are individual specific or their recognition is restricted by histocompatibility.", "contents": "Natural killer and tumor recognizing lymphocyte activity in tumor patients. Several mechanisms can lead to the killing of a target cell by lymphocytes. In order to study immunologically specific phenomena it has to be ensured that the natural killer (NK) effect does not operate in the system. Using targets which are sensitive to NK, the effector populations have to be depleted of lymphocytes with such potential. The blood lymphocytes of tumor carrying patients often have reduced NK activity. In two assay systems anti-tumor autoimmune reactivity has been demonstrated (the majority of tested patients had lung carcinomas or osteosarcomas). The tests were: 1. Induction of blastogenesis in blood lymphocytes by in vitro confrontation with autologous biopsy cells. 2. Lymphocyte mediated killing of autologous biopsy cells in short term in vitro assay. Cross reactivity between patients was rare which indicates either that the putative tumor antigens are individual specific or their recognition is restricted by histocompatibility.", "PMID": 395038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10560", "title": "Metabolic and behavioral differences between dieting and intestinal bypass.", "content": "The present studies were designed to compare physiological and behavioral changes produced by weight loss induced with dieting and the weight loss which follows intestinal bypass. A group of 7 grossly obese individuals were hospitalized in a metabolic unit and studied at their initial weight after 4 weeks on a hypocaloric diet and again following a comparable weight loss after intestinal bypass surgery. The score indicating depression increased after dieting, but returned to initial levels after bypass. A number of other behavioral changes were recorded including a reduction in the time spent thinking about food, the time when the individual felt hungry and a greater percentage of time when they felt \"full\". After bypass, the patients also selected and ate smaller quantities of food. There were no metabolic differences following the period of dieting. Among the metabolic changes after bypass were an increase in glycerol and a decrease in insulin. The possible relationships between the metabolic and behavioral changes have been reviewed.", "contents": "Metabolic and behavioral differences between dieting and intestinal bypass. The present studies were designed to compare physiological and behavioral changes produced by weight loss induced with dieting and the weight loss which follows intestinal bypass. A group of 7 grossly obese individuals were hospitalized in a metabolic unit and studied at their initial weight after 4 weeks on a hypocaloric diet and again following a comparable weight loss after intestinal bypass surgery. The score indicating depression increased after dieting, but returned to initial levels after bypass. A number of other behavioral changes were recorded including a reduction in the time spent thinking about food, the time when the individual felt hungry and a greater percentage of time when they felt \"full\". After bypass, the patients also selected and ate smaller quantities of food. There were no metabolic differences following the period of dieting. Among the metabolic changes after bypass were an increase in glycerol and a decrease in insulin. The possible relationships between the metabolic and behavioral changes have been reviewed.", "PMID": 395058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10561", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on bile-induced acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog.", "content": "In 21 female Beagle dogs an experimental pancreatitis was induced by injection of bile into the pancreatic duct system. Beside controls, dogs received 62.5 micrograms/h cyclic somatostatin (SRIF) a continuous i.v. infusion starting with a bolus of 250 micrograms 15 minutes before or 2 hours after bile injection. Following blood parameters were determined: lipase, amylase, blood count, minerals, glucose, insulin, gastrin, secretin and CCK. Two controls died within 24 hours, the others were sacrificed after 48 hours. All pancreata were examined morephologically. The controls developed all clinical signs of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, whereas all SRIF-treated dogs were in much better general condition. Lipase and amylase increased in all groups. In the controls insulin, gastrin and secretin remained unchanged and CCK rose slightly. SRIF-treatment diminished insulin, CCK and the test meal-induced increase of secretin. At autopsy the pancreata of the controls were nearly entirely apoplectic. The SRIF-treated dogs showed less damage of the pancreas and no severe hemorrhagic necrosis was noted. The beneficial effect of SRIF cannot only be due to an interaction with intestinal hormones. An additional direct protective effect on the exocrine parenchyma is proposed to exist.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on bile-induced acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. In 21 female Beagle dogs an experimental pancreatitis was induced by injection of bile into the pancreatic duct system. Beside controls, dogs received 62.5 micrograms/h cyclic somatostatin (SRIF) a continuous i.v. infusion starting with a bolus of 250 micrograms 15 minutes before or 2 hours after bile injection. Following blood parameters were determined: lipase, amylase, blood count, minerals, glucose, insulin, gastrin, secretin and CCK. Two controls died within 24 hours, the others were sacrificed after 48 hours. All pancreata were examined morephologically. The controls developed all clinical signs of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, whereas all SRIF-treated dogs were in much better general condition. Lipase and amylase increased in all groups. In the controls insulin, gastrin and secretin remained unchanged and CCK rose slightly. SRIF-treatment diminished insulin, CCK and the test meal-induced increase of secretin. At autopsy the pancreata of the controls were nearly entirely apoplectic. The SRIF-treated dogs showed less damage of the pancreas and no severe hemorrhagic necrosis was noted. The beneficial effect of SRIF cannot only be due to an interaction with intestinal hormones. An additional direct protective effect on the exocrine parenchyma is proposed to exist.", "PMID": 395059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10562", "title": "Growth hormone reserve capacity in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "In 11 untreated and 6 oestrogen-treated Turner's syndrome patients, the changes in the serum growth hormone level were studied following the induction of hypoglycaemia with insulin. The growth hormone was measured with a radioimmune assay technique. The growth hormone peak value measured in healthy females was 54.32 +/- 17.17, in untreated Turner's syndrome was 14.90 +/- 3.71, and in oestrogen-treated Turner patients was 33.38 +/- 9.22 microU/ml (average +/- standard error). On the basis of the results, a role is attributed to the decreased growth hormone reserve in the low growth of Tuner's syndrome patients.", "contents": "Growth hormone reserve capacity in Turner's syndrome. In 11 untreated and 6 oestrogen-treated Turner's syndrome patients, the changes in the serum growth hormone level were studied following the induction of hypoglycaemia with insulin. The growth hormone was measured with a radioimmune assay technique. The growth hormone peak value measured in healthy females was 54.32 +/- 17.17, in untreated Turner's syndrome was 14.90 +/- 3.71, and in oestrogen-treated Turner patients was 33.38 +/- 9.22 microU/ml (average +/- standard error). On the basis of the results, a role is attributed to the decreased growth hormone reserve in the low growth of Tuner's syndrome patients.", "PMID": 395061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10563", "title": "Perfused liver carnitine palmitoyl-transferase activity and ketogenesis in streptozotocin treated and genetic hyperinsulinemic rats. Effect of glucagon.", "content": "Perfused liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activity and ketone body output were determined in streptozotocin -- treated and untreated Sprague-Dawley and Zucker rats. Streptozotocin enhanced liver ketogenic capacity and CPT activity in both these strains. No difference was observed in CPT activity or in ketone body production between the fatty and lean Zucker strains. Glucagon, added directly to the perfusate, had no influence on ketone body output and only in the livers of obese Z\u00fccker rats increased CPT activity.", "contents": "Perfused liver carnitine palmitoyl-transferase activity and ketogenesis in streptozotocin treated and genetic hyperinsulinemic rats. Effect of glucagon. Perfused liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activity and ketone body output were determined in streptozotocin -- treated and untreated Sprague-Dawley and Zucker rats. Streptozotocin enhanced liver ketogenic capacity and CPT activity in both these strains. No difference was observed in CPT activity or in ketone body production between the fatty and lean Zucker strains. Glucagon, added directly to the perfusate, had no influence on ketone body output and only in the livers of obese Z\u00fccker rats increased CPT activity.", "PMID": 395060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10564", "title": "Testicular function in patients with spinal cord damage.", "content": "Vaying degrees of testicular dysfunction are found in men with traumatic spinal cord damage. Eighteen paraplegic men have been studied and the gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) measured. Basal serum testosterone estimations were made and in eight of the patients testicular testosterone reserve was assessed by the testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Testicular biopsies were performed in seven cases. In three of these patients, the testicular biopsies were abnormal. Five of the patients had elevated Follicle stimulating hormone levels and abnormalities of Luteinizing hormone kinetics were found in the same five patients. There was no significant difference between the plasma testosterone levels of the paraplegic patients when compared to the control group. In all the patients tested, there was an adequate testosterone reserve, and this included the three patients with the abnormal testicular biopsies. No relationship was found between the level of cord lesion and any of the hormonal parameters measured. This study confirms the primary nature of the seminiferous tubular damage which occurs in some patients with paraplegia.", "contents": "Testicular function in patients with spinal cord damage. Vaying degrees of testicular dysfunction are found in men with traumatic spinal cord damage. Eighteen paraplegic men have been studied and the gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) measured. Basal serum testosterone estimations were made and in eight of the patients testicular testosterone reserve was assessed by the testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Testicular biopsies were performed in seven cases. In three of these patients, the testicular biopsies were abnormal. Five of the patients had elevated Follicle stimulating hormone levels and abnormalities of Luteinizing hormone kinetics were found in the same five patients. There was no significant difference between the plasma testosterone levels of the paraplegic patients when compared to the control group. In all the patients tested, there was an adequate testosterone reserve, and this included the three patients with the abnormal testicular biopsies. No relationship was found between the level of cord lesion and any of the hormonal parameters measured. This study confirms the primary nature of the seminiferous tubular damage which occurs in some patients with paraplegia.", "PMID": 395062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10565", "title": "Dynamic study of the blood viscosity of insulin-dependent diabetics by means of an artificial pancreas.", "content": "The blood viscosity of 15 insulin-dependent, poorly controlled, diabetic subjects was determined by using a microviscosimeter at low shear rates, with cylindrical cuvettes of the Couette type. It was found that the blood viscosity of these diabetics was more elevated than that of control patients (p less than 0.001). In ten diabetics, the return to a strict metabolic control over a period of more than 24 h by means of an artificial pancreas resulted in a significant systematic lowering of blood viscosity. These results suggest that the metabolic control of diabetes influences blood viscosity, and they underline the importance of an artificial pancreas for the dynamic study of the factors affecting blood viscosity during the course of diabetes.", "contents": "Dynamic study of the blood viscosity of insulin-dependent diabetics by means of an artificial pancreas. The blood viscosity of 15 insulin-dependent, poorly controlled, diabetic subjects was determined by using a microviscosimeter at low shear rates, with cylindrical cuvettes of the Couette type. It was found that the blood viscosity of these diabetics was more elevated than that of control patients (p less than 0.001). In ten diabetics, the return to a strict metabolic control over a period of more than 24 h by means of an artificial pancreas resulted in a significant systematic lowering of blood viscosity. These results suggest that the metabolic control of diabetes influences blood viscosity, and they underline the importance of an artificial pancreas for the dynamic study of the factors affecting blood viscosity during the course of diabetes.", "PMID": 395064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10566", "title": "D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin--demonstration of its differential suppressive activity in juvenile diabetics.", "content": "In 8 insulin-dependent diabetics, the effect of D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin on blood glucose, growth hormone, and glucagon levels as well as on insulin requirements from an artificial endocrine pancreas was studied during a balanced meal. The somatostatin analogue was infused at a rate of 25 microgram/h preceeded by a bolus injection of 25 microgram 30 minutes before ingestion of the meal. At this dose the analogue had no effect on glucagon levels and insulin requirements from the artificial pancreas. On the other hand, there was a significant lowering effect on fasting blood glucose levels, possibly indicating a direct inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Furthermore, there might be a slight effect on growth hormone levels, as was demonstrated by a rebound increase after termination of analogue infusion.", "contents": "D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin--demonstration of its differential suppressive activity in juvenile diabetics. In 8 insulin-dependent diabetics, the effect of D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin on blood glucose, growth hormone, and glucagon levels as well as on insulin requirements from an artificial endocrine pancreas was studied during a balanced meal. The somatostatin analogue was infused at a rate of 25 microgram/h preceeded by a bolus injection of 25 microgram 30 minutes before ingestion of the meal. At this dose the analogue had no effect on glucagon levels and insulin requirements from the artificial pancreas. On the other hand, there was a significant lowering effect on fasting blood glucose levels, possibly indicating a direct inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Furthermore, there might be a slight effect on growth hormone levels, as was demonstrated by a rebound increase after termination of analogue infusion.", "PMID": 395066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10567", "title": "The artificial beta cell (Biostator) in the adjustment of instable diabetics--results after 20 months.", "content": "In 55 poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetics, we tried to discover criteria for an improvement of metabolism by means of the \"artificial beta-cell\" (Biostator). To this end, during the first 24 h of hospitalization, blood glucose was monitored continuously under conventional insulin therapy (monitoring period). Insulin requirement was determined during the next 24 h by the artificial beta-cell (feedback period). Corrections of diabetes regimen were made with reference to the insulin consumption during the feedback period and to the extent of the postprandial blood sugar increases and decreases during the monitoring period. The resulting new diabetes regimen led to a significant improvement of the daily blood sugar profiles.", "contents": "The artificial beta cell (Biostator) in the adjustment of instable diabetics--results after 20 months. In 55 poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetics, we tried to discover criteria for an improvement of metabolism by means of the \"artificial beta-cell\" (Biostator). To this end, during the first 24 h of hospitalization, blood glucose was monitored continuously under conventional insulin therapy (monitoring period). Insulin requirement was determined during the next 24 h by the artificial beta-cell (feedback period). Corrections of diabetes regimen were made with reference to the insulin consumption during the feedback period and to the extent of the postprandial blood sugar increases and decreases during the monitoring period. The resulting new diabetes regimen led to a significant improvement of the daily blood sugar profiles.", "PMID": 395068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10568", "title": "Insulin treatment and state of control before, during, and after connection to a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator).", "content": "Nine insulin-dependent, juvenile-onset diabetics were treated for more than twenty four hours with an artificial beta cell (Biostator). Using the amounts and profile of the insulin delivered by the machine as a guide for subsequent subcutaneous therapy, a better state of control was obtained. However, with the algorithm constants used, we found the Biostator to deliver more insulin (average 36%) than needed for subcutaneous therapy. Repeated oral glucose tolerance tests show that constants used in the algorithms might be optimized.", "contents": "Insulin treatment and state of control before, during, and after connection to a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator). Nine insulin-dependent, juvenile-onset diabetics were treated for more than twenty four hours with an artificial beta cell (Biostator). Using the amounts and profile of the insulin delivered by the machine as a guide for subsequent subcutaneous therapy, a better state of control was obtained. However, with the algorithm constants used, we found the Biostator to deliver more insulin (average 36%) than needed for subcutaneous therapy. Repeated oral glucose tolerance tests show that constants used in the algorithms might be optimized.", "PMID": 395069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10569", "title": "Use of glucose-controlled insulin infusion system for improvement of subcutaneous insulin regimen.", "content": "The use of an artificial pancreas for blood glucose monitoring and feedback correction for evaluation and improvement of subcutaneous insulin therapy facilitates the process of finding an optimal therapy regime for the individual patient. The frequency of hypoglycemic episodes can be reduced while maintaining good control, and hospital stays can be considerably shortened. This procedure is particularly useful in achieving tight control in pregnant diabetics.", "contents": "Use of glucose-controlled insulin infusion system for improvement of subcutaneous insulin regimen. The use of an artificial pancreas for blood glucose monitoring and feedback correction for evaluation and improvement of subcutaneous insulin therapy facilitates the process of finding an optimal therapy regime for the individual patient. The frequency of hypoglycemic episodes can be reduced while maintaining good control, and hospital stays can be considerably shortened. This procedure is particularly useful in achieving tight control in pregnant diabetics.", "PMID": 395070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10570", "title": "The external artificial pancreas: an instrument to induce remissions in severe recent juvenile diabetes. Comparison with a preprogrammed insulin infusion system.", "content": "Remission of juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes is a rare, temporary, and partial phenomenon which seems to be related to an improvement of the residual insulin secretion supported by prompt and rigorous insulin therapy. Thus, remissions allowing the replacement of insulin by oral drugs were attempted in 23 insulin dependent ketotic juvenile diabetics (age 10 +/- 2 years) of recent onset (apparent duration of diabetes 71 +/- 5 days) treated by an external artificial pancreas during 5 +/- 1 days and compared with 10 control diabetics treated by a less effective technique (preprogrammed insulin pump without feedback control) during 6 +/- 1 days. 18 (78%) remissions of long duration (1-26 months) occurred after artificial pancreas compared with 3 (30%) in the control group. Measurement of daily urinary C-peptide excretion confirmed the improvement of the residual insulin secretion in patients with insulin-induced remissions. Thus, the excellent blood glucose control given by an artificial pancreas seems necessary to lead to much more frequent remissions of diabetes than usually reported.", "contents": "The external artificial pancreas: an instrument to induce remissions in severe recent juvenile diabetes. Comparison with a preprogrammed insulin infusion system. Remission of juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes is a rare, temporary, and partial phenomenon which seems to be related to an improvement of the residual insulin secretion supported by prompt and rigorous insulin therapy. Thus, remissions allowing the replacement of insulin by oral drugs were attempted in 23 insulin dependent ketotic juvenile diabetics (age 10 +/- 2 years) of recent onset (apparent duration of diabetes 71 +/- 5 days) treated by an external artificial pancreas during 5 +/- 1 days and compared with 10 control diabetics treated by a less effective technique (preprogrammed insulin pump without feedback control) during 6 +/- 1 days. 18 (78%) remissions of long duration (1-26 months) occurred after artificial pancreas compared with 3 (30%) in the control group. Measurement of daily urinary C-peptide excretion confirmed the improvement of the residual insulin secretion in patients with insulin-induced remissions. Thus, the excellent blood glucose control given by an artificial pancreas seems necessary to lead to much more frequent remissions of diabetes than usually reported.", "PMID": 395071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10571", "title": "Use of an artificial beta cell in surgery.", "content": "Using a Biostator glucose-controlled insulin infusion system to monitor blood glucose during surgery, we have shown that both nondiabetic and diabetic patients have a tendency towards hyperglycemia during surgery. This appears to be due to suppression of endogenous insulin secretion as measured by serum C-peptide levels. Some diabetic patients maintained relatively normal glucose values during surgery when infused with saline alone and not given glucose or insulin, but 2 of 5 were not well controlled by this means. Hyperglycemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients was related to the rate of infusion of exogenous glucose. The biostator glucose-controlled insulin infusion system could be used in feedback mode as an apparently safe and effective means of controlling blood glucose during surgery on diabetic patients.", "contents": "Use of an artificial beta cell in surgery. Using a Biostator glucose-controlled insulin infusion system to monitor blood glucose during surgery, we have shown that both nondiabetic and diabetic patients have a tendency towards hyperglycemia during surgery. This appears to be due to suppression of endogenous insulin secretion as measured by serum C-peptide levels. Some diabetic patients maintained relatively normal glucose values during surgery when infused with saline alone and not given glucose or insulin, but 2 of 5 were not well controlled by this means. Hyperglycemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients was related to the rate of infusion of exogenous glucose. The biostator glucose-controlled insulin infusion system could be used in feedback mode as an apparently safe and effective means of controlling blood glucose during surgery on diabetic patients.", "PMID": 395072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10572", "title": "Application of an artificial endocrine pancreas in the management of the diabetic surgical patient.", "content": "Application of the artificial endocrine pancreas in 12 patients undergoing total duodenopancreatectomy and 3 diabetics in whom different operations were performed proved to be safe for the patients with respect to blood glucose control and prevention of ketosis. In the postoperative period, essentially normal blood glucose values were obtained despite high caloric parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Application of an artificial endocrine pancreas in the management of the diabetic surgical patient. Application of the artificial endocrine pancreas in 12 patients undergoing total duodenopancreatectomy and 3 diabetics in whom different operations were performed proved to be safe for the patients with respect to blood glucose control and prevention of ketosis. In the postoperative period, essentially normal blood glucose values were obtained despite high caloric parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 395073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10573", "title": "Therapeutical application of artificial beta-cell in surgery and obstetrics.", "content": "An artificial beta-cell (Biostator) was used to control blood glucose concentration in six insulin-dependent diabetics who underwent surgical procedures and in five diabetic women during both vaginal childbirth and Caesarian section. In all cases, an optimal glycometabolic control was achieved before, during, and after surgery and delivery.", "contents": "Therapeutical application of artificial beta-cell in surgery and obstetrics. An artificial beta-cell (Biostator) was used to control blood glucose concentration in six insulin-dependent diabetics who underwent surgical procedures and in five diabetic women during both vaginal childbirth and Caesarian section. In all cases, an optimal glycometabolic control was achieved before, during, and after surgery and delivery.", "PMID": 395074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10574", "title": "Use of an artificial endocrine pancreas in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Insulin demand of 12 pregnant diabetics has been investigated with an artificial endocrine pancreas. A rise in insulin requirement during pregnancy which can be attributed to the effort of reaching normoglycemia and to the effect of contrainsular hormones has also been observed by this objective method. Assessment of basal insulin demand during the night might be helpful in optimizing conventional therapy by using long-acting insulins for supplementing basal insulin need. According to our results, pregnancy complicated by diabetes can be foreseen as one of the main applications of a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system.", "contents": "Use of an artificial endocrine pancreas in diabetic pregnancy. Insulin demand of 12 pregnant diabetics has been investigated with an artificial endocrine pancreas. A rise in insulin requirement during pregnancy which can be attributed to the effort of reaching normoglycemia and to the effect of contrainsular hormones has also been observed by this objective method. Assessment of basal insulin demand during the night might be helpful in optimizing conventional therapy by using long-acting insulins for supplementing basal insulin need. According to our results, pregnancy complicated by diabetes can be foreseen as one of the main applications of a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system.", "PMID": 395075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10575", "title": "The use of the artificial pancreas in uremic diabetic patients.", "content": "Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation are increasingly used for treating diabetic patients with end-stage renal failure. The use of the artificial pancreas is able to prevent large blood glucose fluctuations in these patients with atherosclerosis, advanced retinopathy or neuropathy in which hyper- and hypoglycemia are potentially deleterious. For this purpose, we have developed and are utilizing an artificial pancreas easily utilizable without special training by the staff of a dialysis unit. This artificial pancreas uses a polarographic glucose electrode with a fast response time (45 to 90 seconds), a terminal display for operator communication, and a continuous digital and analogyl display for control of the running operation. There is also a printer to display in tabular and graphical form the values at any time during the operation. In this preliminary study, 7 patients have been studied: five under repetitive hemodialysis for four hours, 3 times a week; one treated by peritoneal dialysis for 12 hours, twice a week and one controlled during, and 48 hours after, renal transplantation. The macroscopic pancreas normalizes blood glucose under these circumstances, helps in a better understanding of blood glucose homeostasis in uremic patients under dialysis, leads to a more precise evaluation of insulin needs, may help to improve the nutritional status of the patients, and has an educational value for the patient and the medical staff.", "contents": "The use of the artificial pancreas in uremic diabetic patients. Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation are increasingly used for treating diabetic patients with end-stage renal failure. The use of the artificial pancreas is able to prevent large blood glucose fluctuations in these patients with atherosclerosis, advanced retinopathy or neuropathy in which hyper- and hypoglycemia are potentially deleterious. For this purpose, we have developed and are utilizing an artificial pancreas easily utilizable without special training by the staff of a dialysis unit. This artificial pancreas uses a polarographic glucose electrode with a fast response time (45 to 90 seconds), a terminal display for operator communication, and a continuous digital and analogyl display for control of the running operation. There is also a printer to display in tabular and graphical form the values at any time during the operation. In this preliminary study, 7 patients have been studied: five under repetitive hemodialysis for four hours, 3 times a week; one treated by peritoneal dialysis for 12 hours, twice a week and one controlled during, and 48 hours after, renal transplantation. The macroscopic pancreas normalizes blood glucose under these circumstances, helps in a better understanding of blood glucose homeostasis in uremic patients under dialysis, leads to a more precise evaluation of insulin needs, may help to improve the nutritional status of the patients, and has an educational value for the patient and the medical staff.", "PMID": 395076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10576", "title": "Continuous intravenous insulin therapy with a miniaturized open-loop system.", "content": "For the continuous intravenous application of insulin, a portable open-loop system was developed consisting of a delivery unit with a miniaturized pump and an insulin reservoir which is connected with an electronic control unit. The infusion rates were either preprogrammed or patient-controlled. Blood glucose control with both systems was tested in eight juvenile-type diabetics, among them two of the brittle type. Diabetic control during a 1-2-day pre-infusion period was compared with 2-3 days of continuous insulin infusion; as judged by the mean blood glucose value (MBG), the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), and glucosuria, all patients were significantly better controlled by the open-loop systems than by conventional therapy with subcutaneous insulin. The use of portable open-loop systems offers a promising approach to an improvement of metabolic control in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "contents": "Continuous intravenous insulin therapy with a miniaturized open-loop system. For the continuous intravenous application of insulin, a portable open-loop system was developed consisting of a delivery unit with a miniaturized pump and an insulin reservoir which is connected with an electronic control unit. The infusion rates were either preprogrammed or patient-controlled. Blood glucose control with both systems was tested in eight juvenile-type diabetics, among them two of the brittle type. Diabetic control during a 1-2-day pre-infusion period was compared with 2-3 days of continuous insulin infusion; as judged by the mean blood glucose value (MBG), the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), and glucosuria, all patients were significantly better controlled by the open-loop systems than by conventional therapy with subcutaneous insulin. The use of portable open-loop systems offers a promising approach to an improvement of metabolic control in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "PMID": 395077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10577", "title": "A portable, pre-programmable insulin infusion system in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A miniaturized portable pump has been developed in order to study the effects of pre-programmed insulin infusion patterns on the blood glucose levels in juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetics. Six diabetics undergoing 7 insulin infusion periods of up to 4 days were studied. The mean blood glucose was 7.0 +/- 2.3 (SD) mmol/l and the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions was 5.0 +/- 1.4 mmol/l. Success in achieving normoglycemia will depend on choosing the correct dose of insulin for infusion.", "contents": "A portable, pre-programmable insulin infusion system in diabetes mellitus. A miniaturized portable pump has been developed in order to study the effects of pre-programmed insulin infusion patterns on the blood glucose levels in juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetics. Six diabetics undergoing 7 insulin infusion periods of up to 4 days were studied. The mean blood glucose was 7.0 +/- 2.3 (SD) mmol/l and the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions was 5.0 +/- 1.4 mmol/l. Success in achieving normoglycemia will depend on choosing the correct dose of insulin for infusion.", "PMID": 395078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10578", "title": "Optimal blood sugar control in labile diabetics using a portable open-loop insulin infusion system with a flexible program.", "content": "11 labile diabetics were well controlled after 2 days of an i.v., open-loop insulin infusion program consisting of constant, empirically determined, basal infusion rates (mean: 1.1 U/h) and superimposed rectangular one-hour insulin infusions between 2 and 8 U/h during the main meals. The steering unit switches automatically back to the basal infusion rate after one hour. An almost optimal blood sugar profile was already obtained on the third day of the infusion program. We believe that such a flexible, open-loop insulin infusion program would render long-term optimal blood sugar control in \"labile\" diabetics possible if the technological development ever allows implantation of the infusion pumps.", "contents": "Optimal blood sugar control in labile diabetics using a portable open-loop insulin infusion system with a flexible program. 11 labile diabetics were well controlled after 2 days of an i.v., open-loop insulin infusion program consisting of constant, empirically determined, basal infusion rates (mean: 1.1 U/h) and superimposed rectangular one-hour insulin infusions between 2 and 8 U/h during the main meals. The steering unit switches automatically back to the basal infusion rate after one hour. An almost optimal blood sugar profile was already obtained on the third day of the infusion program. We believe that such a flexible, open-loop insulin infusion program would render long-term optimal blood sugar control in \"labile\" diabetics possible if the technological development ever allows implantation of the infusion pumps.", "PMID": 395079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10579", "title": "Clinical application of pre-programmed insulin infusion: continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy with a portable infusion system.", "content": "Strict control of blood glucose was achieved by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with a specially adapted Mill Hill Infuser for 3-4 days. This led to normalisation of some of the intermediary metabolites. In a few patients, subcutaneous infusions have been carried out for periods up to 3 months with home monitoring of blood glucose, without infection or lipodystrophy. Short-term improvement of metabolic control was associated with recovery of abnormal renal glomerular permeability to albumin.", "contents": "Clinical application of pre-programmed insulin infusion: continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy with a portable infusion system. Strict control of blood glucose was achieved by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with a specially adapted Mill Hill Infuser for 3-4 days. This led to normalisation of some of the intermediary metabolites. In a few patients, subcutaneous infusions have been carried out for periods up to 3 months with home monitoring of blood glucose, without infection or lipodystrophy. Short-term improvement of metabolic control was associated with recovery of abnormal renal glomerular permeability to albumin.", "PMID": 395081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10580", "title": "Closed-loop system in evaluation of insulin infusion rates for an open-loop system.", "content": "The daily insulin requirements as calculated with a closed-loop system (Biostator), were used for insulin infusion with a portable, miniaturized pump in 6 juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetics. Three diabetics were given insulin in a manner like that of the Biostator, e.g., maximal insulin infusion about 1 hour after start of meals. The MBG was 8.7 +/- 3.9 (SD) mmol/l. Three other diabetics had insulin in a fixed profile with peaks beginning simultaneously with meals. MBG of these patients was 4.4 +/- 1.9 mmol/l. Knowing the daily insulin dosage as calculated from the Biostator, normal blood glucose levels can be achieved with a fixed profile of insulin given by a portable pump.", "contents": "Closed-loop system in evaluation of insulin infusion rates for an open-loop system. The daily insulin requirements as calculated with a closed-loop system (Biostator), were used for insulin infusion with a portable, miniaturized pump in 6 juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetics. Three diabetics were given insulin in a manner like that of the Biostator, e.g., maximal insulin infusion about 1 hour after start of meals. The MBG was 8.7 +/- 3.9 (SD) mmol/l. Three other diabetics had insulin in a fixed profile with peaks beginning simultaneously with meals. MBG of these patients was 4.4 +/- 1.9 mmol/l. Knowing the daily insulin dosage as calculated from the Biostator, normal blood glucose levels can be achieved with a fixed profile of insulin given by a portable pump.", "PMID": 395082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10581", "title": "Comparison of a perfusion syringe (Mill Hill Infusor) and a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system in the regulation of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a preliminary study, three unstable, juvenile diabetics were first connected to a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator), and subsequently to a portable infusor (Mill Hill Infuser) for continuous subcutaneous insulin application. The levels of glucose and several other metabolites as well as the insulin requirement were compared. As a tentative conclusion, continuous subcutaneous application is recommended (1) for long-term therapy when several daily doses are required and (2) after metabolic compensation with a Biostator, but before conventional therapy.", "contents": "Comparison of a perfusion syringe (Mill Hill Infusor) and a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system in the regulation of diabetes mellitus. In a preliminary study, three unstable, juvenile diabetics were first connected to a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator), and subsequently to a portable infusor (Mill Hill Infuser) for continuous subcutaneous insulin application. The levels of glucose and several other metabolites as well as the insulin requirement were compared. As a tentative conclusion, continuous subcutaneous application is recommended (1) for long-term therapy when several daily doses are required and (2) after metabolic compensation with a Biostator, but before conventional therapy.", "PMID": 395083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10582", "title": "The development of an implantable electrochemical glucose sensor: response to glucose in bovine serum ultrafiltrate.", "content": "A glucose sensor based on organic oxidation reactions at a platinum electrode is being developed as the key component for an implantable artificial beta cell for diabetic patients. Sensitivity of a membrane-covered platinum electrode to changing glucose concentration in bovine serum ultrafiltrate has been demonstrated, with current response as high as 60 microamperes per 100 mg/dl change in glucose concentration. Reproducibility of measurements probably will depend on satisfactory mechanical assembly of the membrane-electrode combination. An approach to selectivity based on multiple current measurements is suggested.", "contents": "The development of an implantable electrochemical glucose sensor: response to glucose in bovine serum ultrafiltrate. A glucose sensor based on organic oxidation reactions at a platinum electrode is being developed as the key component for an implantable artificial beta cell for diabetic patients. Sensitivity of a membrane-covered platinum electrode to changing glucose concentration in bovine serum ultrafiltrate has been demonstrated, with current response as high as 60 microamperes per 100 mg/dl change in glucose concentration. Reproducibility of measurements probably will depend on satisfactory mechanical assembly of the membrane-electrode combination. An approach to selectivity based on multiple current measurements is suggested.", "PMID": 395084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10583", "title": "Development of an electrocatalytic glucose sensor.", "content": "For the determination of glucose in body fluids, the electrocatalytic sensor, besides the enzyme sensor, is quite suitable, particularly for long-term intracorporeal operation. The measuring response is disturbed by the fluctuating concentrations of the interfering substances that are simultaneously present in body fluids. However, the disturbance can essentially be controlled, as is shown in the case of amino acids. Their marked influence on glucose oxidation is suppressed at a membrane-covered sensor electrode by the use of a potential step method.", "contents": "Development of an electrocatalytic glucose sensor. For the determination of glucose in body fluids, the electrocatalytic sensor, besides the enzyme sensor, is quite suitable, particularly for long-term intracorporeal operation. The measuring response is disturbed by the fluctuating concentrations of the interfering substances that are simultaneously present in body fluids. However, the disturbance can essentially be controlled, as is shown in the case of amino acids. Their marked influence on glucose oxidation is suppressed at a membrane-covered sensor electrode by the use of a potential step method.", "PMID": 395085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10584", "title": "Control algorithms for artificial beta cell.", "content": "The evolution of control algorithms for closed-loop regulation of blood glucose levels is described. Because of the rapid response time of the BIOSTATOR Glucose Analyzer, a derivative algorithm can be applied to replace the previous generation of \"predictor\" algorithms for the calculation of dynamic insulin infusion rates.", "contents": "Control algorithms for artificial beta cell. The evolution of control algorithms for closed-loop regulation of blood glucose levels is described. Because of the rapid response time of the BIOSTATOR Glucose Analyzer, a derivative algorithm can be applied to replace the previous generation of \"predictor\" algorithms for the calculation of dynamic insulin infusion rates.", "PMID": 395086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10585", "title": "Development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas.", "content": "A closed-loop glucose controlled insulin infusion system was developed, consisting of elements for continuous blood glucose analysis, a computer control system, and infusion systems. Improvements include decreased size, cost reduction and better performance. The algorithm used was a piecewise linear representation of the sigmoidal curve commonly employed. The apparatus has been applied to simulation of the healthy beta cell and glucose clamp studies.", "contents": "Development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas. A closed-loop glucose controlled insulin infusion system was developed, consisting of elements for continuous blood glucose analysis, a computer control system, and infusion systems. Improvements include decreased size, cost reduction and better performance. The algorithm used was a piecewise linear representation of the sigmoidal curve commonly employed. The apparatus has been applied to simulation of the healthy beta cell and glucose clamp studies.", "PMID": 395087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10586", "title": "Blood glucose monitoring and computer regulation by means of an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Extracorporeal blood glucose regulation has been implemented by a closed-loop system (artificial endocrine pancreas, \"aep\") of our own construct. Simple, highly flexible algorithms have been developed that allow smooth repair of a deranged glucose imbalance up to a period of 125 hours.", "contents": "Blood glucose monitoring and computer regulation by means of an artificial endocrine pancreas. Extracorporeal blood glucose regulation has been implemented by a closed-loop system (artificial endocrine pancreas, \"aep\") of our own construct. Simple, highly flexible algorithms have been developed that allow smooth repair of a deranged glucose imbalance up to a period of 125 hours.", "PMID": 395088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10587", "title": "Technology of pre-programmable insulin delivery systems: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.", "content": "Dual-rate continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was performed with a specially adapted Mill Hill Infuser. The infuser delivers 2 rates, a slow rate of ca. 50 microliter/h and an eightfold higher rate, designed to cover the increased requirement during meals. The high rate is engaged by pressing a button on the side of the pump, and returns automatically to the basal level after 17 min. Insulin is delivered to the subcutaneous side by a nylon cannula.", "contents": "Technology of pre-programmable insulin delivery systems: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Dual-rate continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was performed with a specially adapted Mill Hill Infuser. The infuser delivers 2 rates, a slow rate of ca. 50 microliter/h and an eightfold higher rate, designed to cover the increased requirement during meals. The high rate is engaged by pressing a button on the side of the pump, and returns automatically to the basal level after 17 min. Insulin is delivered to the subcutaneous side by a nylon cannula.", "PMID": 395089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10588", "title": "An open-loop insulin delivery device for the control of experimental diabetes.", "content": "A new insulin delivery device has been developed and tested. It includes a reservoir, a pump, and a power pack. The reservoir holds 75 ml and is coupled to a precision peristaltic pump whose delivery can be set to any one of 128 different flow rates from 0 to 80 microliter/min (+/- 1.6% over 10 months) using the flow rate controller included in the battery power pack. The system weighs 525 g, consuming 50 mW at the maximum pumping rate, proportionately less at lower rates. Ten pumps have undergone bench tests for 30 days. One has been subjected to an extended life test of 16 months without change of tubing while seven complete systems have been used on dogs to demonstrate their capability for precise long-term (up to 16 months) intravenous insulin therapy. With this system, experimental diabetes has been controlled in 7 dogs for periods now extending beyond 16 months. This device now qualifies for-long term studies on hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "An open-loop insulin delivery device for the control of experimental diabetes. A new insulin delivery device has been developed and tested. It includes a reservoir, a pump, and a power pack. The reservoir holds 75 ml and is coupled to a precision peristaltic pump whose delivery can be set to any one of 128 different flow rates from 0 to 80 microliter/min (+/- 1.6% over 10 months) using the flow rate controller included in the battery power pack. The system weighs 525 g, consuming 50 mW at the maximum pumping rate, proportionately less at lower rates. Ten pumps have undergone bench tests for 30 days. One has been subjected to an extended life test of 16 months without change of tubing while seven complete systems have been used on dogs to demonstrate their capability for precise long-term (up to 16 months) intravenous insulin therapy. With this system, experimental diabetes has been controlled in 7 dogs for periods now extending beyond 16 months. This device now qualifies for-long term studies on hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 395090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10589", "title": "Technological problems of miniaturized insulin dosing devices and some approaches to clinical trials.", "content": "With the long-term goal of developing implantable insulin dosing devices, we have since 1971 developed various types of programme-controlled units for clinical research. In the initial stage, a 24-hour, fixed-programme bed-side device has been in clinical use since 1973. The good results with even labile diabetics has supplied the basis for the further development of sensorless units. Via intermediate stages, two types of miniaturized portable devices were constructed: fixed-programme and demand-programme devices. The essential equipment components have been optimized with a view to later implantability: hermetically sealed capsule for the dosing device, refilling membrane for the insulin reservoir, bubble-free drawing off of the insulin via a wick from a collapsible silicone reservoir, the stepping motor-driven roller pump of approx. 9 cm3 volume, an energy consumption of about 50 mu W, and electronic safety and alarm circuits. Because of stability problems of the insulin, the neutral insulin U-1000 used initially was changed to acid insulin U-100 (both from Hoechst).", "contents": "Technological problems of miniaturized insulin dosing devices and some approaches to clinical trials. With the long-term goal of developing implantable insulin dosing devices, we have since 1971 developed various types of programme-controlled units for clinical research. In the initial stage, a 24-hour, fixed-programme bed-side device has been in clinical use since 1973. The good results with even labile diabetics has supplied the basis for the further development of sensorless units. Via intermediate stages, two types of miniaturized portable devices were constructed: fixed-programme and demand-programme devices. The essential equipment components have been optimized with a view to later implantability: hermetically sealed capsule for the dosing device, refilling membrane for the insulin reservoir, bubble-free drawing off of the insulin via a wick from a collapsible silicone reservoir, the stepping motor-driven roller pump of approx. 9 cm3 volume, an energy consumption of about 50 mu W, and electronic safety and alarm circuits. Because of stability problems of the insulin, the neutral insulin U-1000 used initially was changed to acid insulin U-100 (both from Hoechst).", "PMID": 395091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10590", "title": "A portable, Preprogrammable insulin infusion system with 16 rates.", "content": "An external, portable, programmable pump has been developed for long-term therapeutic i.v. insusion of drugs. The impulse-controlled system consists of a 250 g CMOS-electronic unit and an electromechanical infusor (200 g) containing a 10 ml disposable syringe. The infusion pattern during the 24-h cycle is manually programmed in 16 steps from 24 to 384 microliter per 0.5 h. The coefficient of variation of the infusate is less than 2% per 0.5 h. An alarm circuit monitors the pump speed and the reservoir volume. The infusion system can operate continuously for 7 days with a 1 Ah, 5.4 volt battery.", "contents": "A portable, Preprogrammable insulin infusion system with 16 rates. An external, portable, programmable pump has been developed for long-term therapeutic i.v. insusion of drugs. The impulse-controlled system consists of a 250 g CMOS-electronic unit and an electromechanical infusor (200 g) containing a 10 ml disposable syringe. The infusion pattern during the 24-h cycle is manually programmed in 16 steps from 24 to 384 microliter per 0.5 h. The coefficient of variation of the infusate is less than 2% per 0.5 h. An alarm circuit monitors the pump speed and the reservoir volume. The infusion system can operate continuously for 7 days with a 1 Ah, 5.4 volt battery.", "PMID": 395092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10591", "title": "Insulin responses to mixed meals: comparison of an artificial beta cell and normal beta cells.", "content": "The peripheral glucose and free insulin levels seen following a mixed meal in six insulin-dependent diabetic patients whose insulin was administered by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS) were compared to those of normal subjects who received the same mixed meal or who were given separately carbohydrate, protein, or fat in amounts equivalent to those contained in the mixed meal. Patients treated with the GCIIS achieved nearly normal glucose levels immediately after the mixed meal, but this was accompanied by marked hyperinsulinemia. In the period from 120 to 240 minutes after the start of the mixed meal, the GCIIS duplicates the insulin levels produced by the normal pancreas after a glucose meal and, with appropriate algorithm constants, closely approximates those seen after a mixed meal.", "contents": "Insulin responses to mixed meals: comparison of an artificial beta cell and normal beta cells. The peripheral glucose and free insulin levels seen following a mixed meal in six insulin-dependent diabetic patients whose insulin was administered by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS) were compared to those of normal subjects who received the same mixed meal or who were given separately carbohydrate, protein, or fat in amounts equivalent to those contained in the mixed meal. Patients treated with the GCIIS achieved nearly normal glucose levels immediately after the mixed meal, but this was accompanied by marked hyperinsulinemia. In the period from 120 to 240 minutes after the start of the mixed meal, the GCIIS duplicates the insulin levels produced by the normal pancreas after a glucose meal and, with appropriate algorithm constants, closely approximates those seen after a mixed meal.", "PMID": 395093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10592", "title": "Influence of insulin infusion kinetics of an artificial beta cell on blood glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "The influence of different control modes for insulin infusion with an artificial beta cell was examined in 41 insulin-dependent diabetics. In 21 Patients, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with control modes characterized either by low dynamic and high static gain (type I, 10 patients) or high dynamic and low static gain (type III, 11 patients). The change from type I to type III control mode effected an increase of initial insulin infusion rates (91 +/- 59 to 313 +/- 81 mU/min 10-20 min after glucose ingestion) and a decrease of infusion rates during the following phase of the 3-hour observation period (28.2 +/- 4.2 to 18.1 +/- 2.8 U) in patients whose blood glucose curves were completely normalized. Suppression of plasma glucagon levels, observed in 5 healthy control subjects, was not fully restored to normal in these patients. In another 20 insulin-dependent diabetics, daily insulin requirements form the artificial beta cell were determined by employing two control modes (types II and III) comparable in static control but different in dynamic control. Gain of dynamic control, especially in the range of falling glucose levels, was higher in type III control mode (15 patients) than in type II mode (5 patients). These insulin requirements were compared to the insulin doses necessary for subcutaneous treatment. While intravenous insulin requirements were much higher when type II control mode was employed (78.2 +/- 10.2%), during application of type III mode, intravenous insulin requirements were only 10.8 +/- 5.5% higher than subcutaneous doses. We conclude from these data that early increases in insulin infusion rates followed by a rapid decrease seem to reduce insulin requirements after glucose ingestion. A high-gain dynamic control is the basis for this insulin infusion profile.", "contents": "Influence of insulin infusion kinetics of an artificial beta cell on blood glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetics. The influence of different control modes for insulin infusion with an artificial beta cell was examined in 41 insulin-dependent diabetics. In 21 Patients, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with control modes characterized either by low dynamic and high static gain (type I, 10 patients) or high dynamic and low static gain (type III, 11 patients). The change from type I to type III control mode effected an increase of initial insulin infusion rates (91 +/- 59 to 313 +/- 81 mU/min 10-20 min after glucose ingestion) and a decrease of infusion rates during the following phase of the 3-hour observation period (28.2 +/- 4.2 to 18.1 +/- 2.8 U) in patients whose blood glucose curves were completely normalized. Suppression of plasma glucagon levels, observed in 5 healthy control subjects, was not fully restored to normal in these patients. In another 20 insulin-dependent diabetics, daily insulin requirements form the artificial beta cell were determined by employing two control modes (types II and III) comparable in static control but different in dynamic control. Gain of dynamic control, especially in the range of falling glucose levels, was higher in type III control mode (15 patients) than in type II mode (5 patients). These insulin requirements were compared to the insulin doses necessary for subcutaneous treatment. While intravenous insulin requirements were much higher when type II control mode was employed (78.2 +/- 10.2%), during application of type III mode, intravenous insulin requirements were only 10.8 +/- 5.5% higher than subcutaneous doses. We conclude from these data that early increases in insulin infusion rates followed by a rapid decrease seem to reduce insulin requirements after glucose ingestion. A high-gain dynamic control is the basis for this insulin infusion profile.", "PMID": 395094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10593", "title": "Variation induced by a three-days application of the artificial beta-cell on glucagon, growth hormone and catecholamine secretion, glycosylated hemoglobin, and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration.", "content": "Five insulin-dependent diabetics with poor metabolic control were examined at the beginning and after a three-day application of artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP). Pancreatic alpha cell function evaluated by arginine infusion (0.5 g/Kg b.w. over 30 minutes) showed no significant differences between the beginning and during artificial beta cell aplication, but the increment in plasma glucagon level over basal values observed in both tests appeared significantly higher at 30 and 60 min in comparison with a control group. Growth hormone response to arginine infusion was clearly reduced in the second test. C-peptide concentration appeared very low in basal conditions and during arginine infusion; no improvement was observed after three days of AEP application. Urinary excretion of norepinephrine markedly increased at the beginning of the study, reversed almost to normal during AEP treatment, while minor changes were observed in urinary excretion of epinephrine. The Concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin, markedly higher than normally before the connection with AEP, showed a slight but significant decrease during glucose-controlled insulin infusion. Finally, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was normal and no modifications were observed in the course of the study.", "contents": "Variation induced by a three-days application of the artificial beta-cell on glucagon, growth hormone and catecholamine secretion, glycosylated hemoglobin, and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration. Five insulin-dependent diabetics with poor metabolic control were examined at the beginning and after a three-day application of artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP). Pancreatic alpha cell function evaluated by arginine infusion (0.5 g/Kg b.w. over 30 minutes) showed no significant differences between the beginning and during artificial beta cell aplication, but the increment in plasma glucagon level over basal values observed in both tests appeared significantly higher at 30 and 60 min in comparison with a control group. Growth hormone response to arginine infusion was clearly reduced in the second test. C-peptide concentration appeared very low in basal conditions and during arginine infusion; no improvement was observed after three days of AEP application. Urinary excretion of norepinephrine markedly increased at the beginning of the study, reversed almost to normal during AEP treatment, while minor changes were observed in urinary excretion of epinephrine. The Concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin, markedly higher than normally before the connection with AEP, showed a slight but significant decrease during glucose-controlled insulin infusion. Finally, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was normal and no modifications were observed in the course of the study.", "PMID": 395095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10594", "title": "Metabolic studies during normoglycaemic clamping of insulin-dependent diabetics using a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system.", "content": "Metabolic rhythms have been studied in six insulin-dependent diabetics during subcutaneous insulin therapy, and during control of blood glucose concentration by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS). In none of the subjects was blood glucose concentration consistently within the normal range during subcutaneous insulin therapy. In contrast, blood glucose concentration was within the normal range after 3.5 h of insulin delivery by the glucose-controlled insulin infusion system and remained in the normal range for the following 8 h through lunch and dinner. Mean blood glucose concentration during this time ranged from 5.31 to 7.90 mM. Following normalisation of blood glucose concentration, blood lactate and pyruvate were similar with both the GCIIS and subcutaneous insulin therapy. Post-prandial lactate peaks were delayed with the GCIIS. Alanine levels were consistently higher during control with the GCIIS compared with subcutaneous therapy, while blood ketone body and plasma NEFA levels were lower, and the premeal peaks in the lipid metabolites were delayed. It is not possible to conclude that attainment of normoglycaemia with the present generation of glucose-controlled insulin infusion systems in insulin-dependent diabetics is accompanied by total normalisation of intermediary metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic studies during normoglycaemic clamping of insulin-dependent diabetics using a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system. Metabolic rhythms have been studied in six insulin-dependent diabetics during subcutaneous insulin therapy, and during control of blood glucose concentration by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS). In none of the subjects was blood glucose concentration consistently within the normal range during subcutaneous insulin therapy. In contrast, blood glucose concentration was within the normal range after 3.5 h of insulin delivery by the glucose-controlled insulin infusion system and remained in the normal range for the following 8 h through lunch and dinner. Mean blood glucose concentration during this time ranged from 5.31 to 7.90 mM. Following normalisation of blood glucose concentration, blood lactate and pyruvate were similar with both the GCIIS and subcutaneous insulin therapy. Post-prandial lactate peaks were delayed with the GCIIS. Alanine levels were consistently higher during control with the GCIIS compared with subcutaneous therapy, while blood ketone body and plasma NEFA levels were lower, and the premeal peaks in the lipid metabolites were delayed. It is not possible to conclude that attainment of normoglycaemia with the present generation of glucose-controlled insulin infusion systems in insulin-dependent diabetics is accompanied by total normalisation of intermediary metabolism.", "PMID": 395096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10595", "title": "The effect of three days of blood glucose normalization by means of an \"artificial endocrine pancreas\" on the concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, and cortisol in juvenile diabetics.", "content": "Glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol secretion was studied in seven male insulin-dependent diabetics under conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy and after three days of blood glucose normalization attained by the artificial endocrine pancreas (Biostator-GCIIS). The diurnal hormonal profiles under the two types of therapy were compared. Six healthy male students served as control group. A three-day period of blood glucose normalization in insulin-dependent diabetic can restore glucagon secretion to normal. Growth hormone secretion is decreased but not completely normalised. Cortisol secretion is slightly decreased. It is concluded that prolonged normoglycemia achieved by means of an artificial endocrine pancreas may completely control endocrine abnormalities in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "contents": "The effect of three days of blood glucose normalization by means of an \"artificial endocrine pancreas\" on the concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, and cortisol in juvenile diabetics. Glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol secretion was studied in seven male insulin-dependent diabetics under conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy and after three days of blood glucose normalization attained by the artificial endocrine pancreas (Biostator-GCIIS). The diurnal hormonal profiles under the two types of therapy were compared. Six healthy male students served as control group. A three-day period of blood glucose normalization in insulin-dependent diabetic can restore glucagon secretion to normal. Growth hormone secretion is decreased but not completely normalised. Cortisol secretion is slightly decreased. It is concluded that prolonged normoglycemia achieved by means of an artificial endocrine pancreas may completely control endocrine abnormalities in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "PMID": 395097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10596", "title": "Feedback inhibition of insulin in healthy and overweight subjects studied by use of an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Insulin self-inhibition is still a controversial subject. The majority of data is in favour of an inhibition; however, whether this mechanism is of physiologic relevance in the regulation of insulin secretion is open to discussion. We examined the effect of exogenous insulin on beta cell secretion in 16 volunteers, including 3 who were overweight. Blood glucose (BG) was clamped by means of the dextrose infusion unit of the artificial beta cell, and the secretion of the pancreatic beta cell was monitored by immunomeasureable C-peptide (IMCP) before, during, and after infusion of insulin. The subjects were divided into 3 experimental groups. The inhibition of the basal insulin secretion was examined in group I by clamping BG at the fasting level. The inhibition of the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was examined in group II by clamping BG at a raised level. The stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose during insulin infusion was examined in group III by stepwise BG rises from the fasting level. An inhibition of the basal insulin secretion was observed in all volunteers examined according to the protocol for group I (n = 9, including 3 overweight volunteers). The lowest insulin infusion rate applied was 1.75 U/h. An inhibition occurred at this low infusion rate corresponding to 44 mu U immunomeasurable insulin (IMI) per ml of serum. However the inhibition was impaired in the overweight participants, who, in addition, were the only ones showing a rebound rise of IMCP after stopping the insulin infusion. An inhibiting effect of exogenous insulin appeared as likely in only 1 of 5 participants examined according to the protocol for group II. Sudden rises of BG abolished the inhibition, while a total or partial inhibition was found at a constantly raised BG level in both participants examined according to protocol III. We conclude that exogenous insulin inhibits beta cell secretion, depending on the BG level, the mode of glucose stimulation, and the time relation between glucose and insulin application. Physiologically occuring IMI levels in peripheral serum were sufficient to cause an inhibition. A disturbance of the negative feedback inhibition of insulin should be discussed as a pathogenetic factor of adipositas.", "contents": "Feedback inhibition of insulin in healthy and overweight subjects studied by use of an artificial endocrine pancreas. Insulin self-inhibition is still a controversial subject. The majority of data is in favour of an inhibition; however, whether this mechanism is of physiologic relevance in the regulation of insulin secretion is open to discussion. We examined the effect of exogenous insulin on beta cell secretion in 16 volunteers, including 3 who were overweight. Blood glucose (BG) was clamped by means of the dextrose infusion unit of the artificial beta cell, and the secretion of the pancreatic beta cell was monitored by immunomeasureable C-peptide (IMCP) before, during, and after infusion of insulin. The subjects were divided into 3 experimental groups. The inhibition of the basal insulin secretion was examined in group I by clamping BG at the fasting level. The inhibition of the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was examined in group II by clamping BG at a raised level. The stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose during insulin infusion was examined in group III by stepwise BG rises from the fasting level. An inhibition of the basal insulin secretion was observed in all volunteers examined according to the protocol for group I (n = 9, including 3 overweight volunteers). The lowest insulin infusion rate applied was 1.75 U/h. An inhibition occurred at this low infusion rate corresponding to 44 mu U immunomeasurable insulin (IMI) per ml of serum. However the inhibition was impaired in the overweight participants, who, in addition, were the only ones showing a rebound rise of IMCP after stopping the insulin infusion. An inhibiting effect of exogenous insulin appeared as likely in only 1 of 5 participants examined according to the protocol for group II. Sudden rises of BG abolished the inhibition, while a total or partial inhibition was found at a constantly raised BG level in both participants examined according to protocol III. We conclude that exogenous insulin inhibits beta cell secretion, depending on the BG level, the mode of glucose stimulation, and the time relation between glucose and insulin application. Physiologically occuring IMI levels in peripheral serum were sufficient to cause an inhibition. A disturbance of the negative feedback inhibition of insulin should be discussed as a pathogenetic factor of adipositas.", "PMID": 395098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10597", "title": "Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms in ethnic Chinese and Indians of West Malaysia.", "content": "Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 were investigated in liver and stomach specimens of Chinese and Indians from West Malaysia. Eight-nine percent of the Chinese carry the atypical ADH2 type, a proportion very similar to that reported in Japanese. However, among 43 Indian specimens there was not a single case of atypical ADH2. In Indians, the gene frequency of ADH13 is 0.64 and of ADH23 0.36, similar to the frequencies in Caucasians, whereas in Chinese, the gene frequency for ADH13 and ADH23 is 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. We also report some unusual enzymatic characteristics in the course of our study.", "contents": "Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms in ethnic Chinese and Indians of West Malaysia. Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 were investigated in liver and stomach specimens of Chinese and Indians from West Malaysia. Eight-nine percent of the Chinese carry the atypical ADH2 type, a proportion very similar to that reported in Japanese. However, among 43 Indian specimens there was not a single case of atypical ADH2. In Indians, the gene frequency of ADH13 is 0.64 and of ADH23 0.36, similar to the frequencies in Caucasians, whereas in Chinese, the gene frequency for ADH13 and ADH23 is 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. We also report some unusual enzymatic characteristics in the course of our study.", "PMID": 395099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10598", "title": "Tapping culture--an improved method for cell suspension culture.", "content": "A new culture vessel was designed for cell suspension culture. A silicone-covered magnet bar fixed by one end to the side wall of the bottle was held horizontally a short distance from the bottom. A standard type magnetic stirrer was used. In contrast to the conventional horizontal movement of \"stirring\" in cultures the bar moves vertically with a \"tapping\" motion. This improvement resulted in less cell injury, higher rate of cell proliferation and formation of fewer bubbles than in the conventional type. Nine cell types were simultaneously cultivated in tapping, stirring and stationary culture. All cell types proliferated more luxuriously in tapping cultures then in stirring cultures. Serial cultivation of cells in tapping cultures was also successful.", "contents": "Tapping culture--an improved method for cell suspension culture. A new culture vessel was designed for cell suspension culture. A silicone-covered magnet bar fixed by one end to the side wall of the bottle was held horizontally a short distance from the bottom. A standard type magnetic stirrer was used. In contrast to the conventional horizontal movement of \"stirring\" in cultures the bar moves vertically with a \"tapping\" motion. This improvement resulted in less cell injury, higher rate of cell proliferation and formation of fewer bubbles than in the conventional type. Nine cell types were simultaneously cultivated in tapping, stirring and stationary culture. All cell types proliferated more luxuriously in tapping cultures then in stirring cultures. Serial cultivation of cells in tapping cultures was also successful.", "PMID": 395103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10599", "title": "Effect of cell division inhibitors on polyclonal activation can vary according to the target cell used.", "content": "The effects of inhibitors of cell division on polyclonal stimulation induced either by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by a synthetic adjuvant, MDP, were compared, using different target cells. Doses of colchicine that prevented 3H-thymidine incorporation also prevented the induction of antibodies against TNP and against an altered self antigen: bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells (br-MRBC). Under identical conditions, incubation with cytosine arabinoside (CA) strongly prevented the induction of anti-TNP PFC and to a lesser degree anti-SRBC PFC. However, the number of anti br-MRBC PFC was unchanged even when a dose of CA which inhibits totally the incorporation of 3H-thymidine was used. Our findings indicate that the general term \"polyclonal stimulation\" may concern at least two different types of cell populations and therefore we strongly stress the importance of choosing similar targets in comparative experiments.", "contents": "Effect of cell division inhibitors on polyclonal activation can vary according to the target cell used. The effects of inhibitors of cell division on polyclonal stimulation induced either by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by a synthetic adjuvant, MDP, were compared, using different target cells. Doses of colchicine that prevented 3H-thymidine incorporation also prevented the induction of antibodies against TNP and against an altered self antigen: bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells (br-MRBC). Under identical conditions, incubation with cytosine arabinoside (CA) strongly prevented the induction of anti-TNP PFC and to a lesser degree anti-SRBC PFC. However, the number of anti br-MRBC PFC was unchanged even when a dose of CA which inhibits totally the incorporation of 3H-thymidine was used. Our findings indicate that the general term \"polyclonal stimulation\" may concern at least two different types of cell populations and therefore we strongly stress the importance of choosing similar targets in comparative experiments.", "PMID": 395105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10600", "title": "Separation of mouse T cell subsets by a fluorescent activated cell sorter using fluorescence-labeled peanut agglutinin.", "content": "Nylon non-adherent spleen T cells obtained from concanavalin A-injected mice were labeled with fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin and separated into peanut agglutinin-positive (PNA+) cells and peanut agglutinin-negative (PNA-) cells by a fluorescent activated cell sorter. PNA+ cells were found to exert marked suppressive effect on primary anti-sheep red blood cells antibody response, but PNA- cells did not affect the antibody response. From these results and from the sugar-binding specificity of PNA, suppressor T cells are supposed to possess abundant galactosyl residues exposed on the cell surface, which are not masked by sialyl residues.", "contents": "Separation of mouse T cell subsets by a fluorescent activated cell sorter using fluorescence-labeled peanut agglutinin. Nylon non-adherent spleen T cells obtained from concanavalin A-injected mice were labeled with fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin and separated into peanut agglutinin-positive (PNA+) cells and peanut agglutinin-negative (PNA-) cells by a fluorescent activated cell sorter. PNA+ cells were found to exert marked suppressive effect on primary anti-sheep red blood cells antibody response, but PNA- cells did not affect the antibody response. From these results and from the sugar-binding specificity of PNA, suppressor T cells are supposed to possess abundant galactosyl residues exposed on the cell surface, which are not masked by sialyl residues.", "PMID": 395106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10601", "title": "The application of antibody coated polyacrylamide gel (immunobead) in the NBT test for the detection of ingestion and killing functions of human neutrophils.", "content": "An improved assay for the simultaneous assessment of phagocytic uptake (via immunobeads) and metabolic integrity (via NBT dye reduction) in neutrophils is described. Normal human neutrophils exhibited ingestion and dye reduction, whereas neutrophils from newborn cord blood showed ingestion with slight reduction and neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease displayed hyper-ingestion and no subsequent dye reduction.", "contents": "The application of antibody coated polyacrylamide gel (immunobead) in the NBT test for the detection of ingestion and killing functions of human neutrophils. An improved assay for the simultaneous assessment of phagocytic uptake (via immunobeads) and metabolic integrity (via NBT dye reduction) in neutrophils is described. Normal human neutrophils exhibited ingestion and dye reduction, whereas neutrophils from newborn cord blood showed ingestion with slight reduction and neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease displayed hyper-ingestion and no subsequent dye reduction.", "PMID": 395107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10602", "title": "Outpatient treatments of obesity: a comparison of methodology and clinical results.", "content": "To provide a quantitative comparison of outpatient treatments for obesity, an analysis was made of all such research published between 1966 and 1977. All articles which presented  data for five or more healthy outpatients were included. Conclusions were: (1) there has been little improvement in the clinical effectiveness of weight reduction therapy since Stunkard & McLaren-Hume's (1959) review; (2) weight losses produced by different methods, from behavior therapy to anorectic medication, are very much the same; (3) the in-treatment results of diet therapies are the largest of those reviewed and deserve further attention; (4) behavior therapy produces the best maintenance of weight losses, although data from other types of therapy are very scanty; and (5) techniques for motivating clients to adhere to treatment recommendations are needed for improvement in the future. Recommendations for improving the methodology of weight-control research are also presented.", "contents": "Outpatient treatments of obesity: a comparison of methodology and clinical results. To provide a quantitative comparison of outpatient treatments for obesity, an analysis was made of all such research published between 1966 and 1977. All articles which presented  data for five or more healthy outpatients were included. Conclusions were: (1) there has been little improvement in the clinical effectiveness of weight reduction therapy since Stunkard & McLaren-Hume's (1959) review; (2) weight losses produced by different methods, from behavior therapy to anorectic medication, are very much the same; (3) the in-treatment results of diet therapies are the largest of those reviewed and deserve further attention; (4) behavior therapy produces the best maintenance of weight losses, although data from other types of therapy are very scanty; and (5) techniques for motivating clients to adhere to treatment recommendations are needed for improvement in the future. Recommendations for improving the methodology of weight-control research are also presented.", "PMID": 395116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10603", "title": "Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results.", "content": "In spite of numerous studies in the literature, it is still questionable as to whether the isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate and fat, in the form of a diet, leads to different degrees of weight loss. In comparative studies, obese patients given a low-carbohydrate (4.14 MJ [1000 kcal]) formula diet (diet Ia) lost 14.0 +/- 1.4 kg and those given an iso-energetic high-carbohydrate diet (diet Ib) 9.8 +/- 0.9 kg. The degree of weight loss was significantly different. Daily weight losses were 362 g and 298 g respectively. Comparative studies of high and low-carbohydrate (7.83 MJ [1900 kcal]) formula diets (diets IIa and b) with a greater number of calories did not show any significant difference. However, there was a greater mean weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet (351 g/day) compared with that under the high-carbohydrate diet (296 g/day). Evaluation of 117 patients treated with formula diets resulted in a weight loss of over 9 kg in 102 obese patients and over 18 kg in 52 patients. The good response to the low-carbohydrate diet was partly responsible for the successful therapy.", "contents": "Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results. In spite of numerous studies in the literature, it is still questionable as to whether the isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate and fat, in the form of a diet, leads to different degrees of weight loss. In comparative studies, obese patients given a low-carbohydrate (4.14 MJ [1000 kcal]) formula diet (diet Ia) lost 14.0 +/- 1.4 kg and those given an iso-energetic high-carbohydrate diet (diet Ib) 9.8 +/- 0.9 kg. The degree of weight loss was significantly different. Daily weight losses were 362 g and 298 g respectively. Comparative studies of high and low-carbohydrate (7.83 MJ [1900 kcal]) formula diets (diets IIa and b) with a greater number of calories did not show any significant difference. However, there was a greater mean weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet (351 g/day) compared with that under the high-carbohydrate diet (296 g/day). Evaluation of 117 patients treated with formula diets resulted in a weight loss of over 9 kg in 102 obese patients and over 18 kg in 52 patients. The good response to the low-carbohydrate diet was partly responsible for the successful therapy.", "PMID": 395115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10604", "title": "Chemical synthesis of [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] and [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] bovine insulins.", "content": "Two analogs of bovine insulin, [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] and [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin, which differ from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal tetrapeptide and pentapeptide sequences, respectively, from the B chain have been eliminated and the newly exposed residues are amidated, have been synthesized. The [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] insulin shows potencies of 16.8 IU/mg by the mouse convulsion assay method and 10.8 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method. The [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin possesses a potency of 10.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 14 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay technique. The potencies of these analogs are higher than the potencies of the respective non-amidated derivatives (Katsoyannis et al., 1973, 1974). It is speculated that the gradual decline of biological activity observed as amino acid residues are eliminated from the C-terminal region of the B chain of insulin is due to the proximity of a hydrophilic carboxyl group to the hydrophobic core of the protein molecule.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] and [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] bovine insulins. Two analogs of bovine insulin, [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] and [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin, which differ from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal tetrapeptide and pentapeptide sequences, respectively, from the B chain have been eliminated and the newly exposed residues are amidated, have been synthesized. The [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] insulin shows potencies of 16.8 IU/mg by the mouse convulsion assay method and 10.8 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method. The [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin possesses a potency of 10.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 14 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay technique. The potencies of these analogs are higher than the potencies of the respective non-amidated derivatives (Katsoyannis et al., 1973, 1974). It is speculated that the gradual decline of biological activity observed as amino acid residues are eliminated from the C-terminal region of the B chain of insulin is due to the proximity of a hydrophilic carboxyl group to the hydrophobic core of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 395118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10605", "title": "Rapid separation of proteins and their higher-molecular fragments by means of Spheron ion-exchanges.", "content": "Ion-exchange derivatives are described. of a hydrophilic rigid macroporous glycolmethacrylate gel called Spheron, suitable for rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins and their fragments. Their flow parameters are compared with those of ion exchange derivatives of cellulose and polydextran. The conditions for work with them are described (regeneration, cycling, equilibration, column packing) as well as the construction of a simple apparatus for medium-pressure ion exchange chromatography of proteins. The efficiency of these ion exchangers for the separation of proteins is illustrated with examples of chromatography of an artificial mixture of serum albumin, chymotrypsinogen and lysozyme. Chromatography of cyanogen bromide fragments of serum albumin and the A and B chains of oxidized insulin showed that the method can be applied in chromatography on higher molecular protein fragments. A review of all proteins, including technical enzymes, which have already been chromatographed on Spheron ion exchangers is also given. The prospects of Spheron ion exchangers for HPLC of proteins and their fragments are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Rapid separation of proteins and their higher-molecular fragments by means of Spheron ion-exchanges. Ion-exchange derivatives are described. of a hydrophilic rigid macroporous glycolmethacrylate gel called Spheron, suitable for rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins and their fragments. Their flow parameters are compared with those of ion exchange derivatives of cellulose and polydextran. The conditions for work with them are described (regeneration, cycling, equilibration, column packing) as well as the construction of a simple apparatus for medium-pressure ion exchange chromatography of proteins. The efficiency of these ion exchangers for the separation of proteins is illustrated with examples of chromatography of an artificial mixture of serum albumin, chymotrypsinogen and lysozyme. Chromatography of cyanogen bromide fragments of serum albumin and the A and B chains of oxidized insulin showed that the method can be applied in chromatography on higher molecular protein fragments. A review of all proteins, including technical enzymes, which have already been chromatographed on Spheron ion exchangers is also given. The prospects of Spheron ion exchangers for HPLC of proteins and their fragments are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 395117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10606", "title": "Short in vitro half-life of thymopoietin32--36 pentapeptide in human plasma.", "content": "Thymopoietin32--36 (TP5) is a synthetic pentapeptide that has the biological activity of its parent molecule, the 49 amino acid thymic hormone thymopoietin. Tritiated thymopoietin32--36 (3 /-TP5) was prepared by reductive tritiation of dibromotyrosyl-TP5. The stability of 3 H-TP5 in human plasma was studied by analyzing samples by thin-layer chromatography at different time points and quantitating the radioactivity associated with TP5 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) and its tyrosyl-containing breakdown products (Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr, Asp-Val-Tyr, Val-Tyr, Tyr). In plasma (but not in saline) the pentapeptide was rapidly degraded (apparent t1/2 approximately 30 seconds) with the corresponding appearance of radioactivity associated with the other tyrosyl-containing reference compounds. These data imply that the pentapeptide, which is active in vivo, may rapidly trigger changes in responsive cells; sustained circulating levels may not be required for activity.", "contents": "Short in vitro half-life of thymopoietin32--36 pentapeptide in human plasma. Thymopoietin32--36 (TP5) is a synthetic pentapeptide that has the biological activity of its parent molecule, the 49 amino acid thymic hormone thymopoietin. Tritiated thymopoietin32--36 (3 /-TP5) was prepared by reductive tritiation of dibromotyrosyl-TP5. The stability of 3 H-TP5 in human plasma was studied by analyzing samples by thin-layer chromatography at different time points and quantitating the radioactivity associated with TP5 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) and its tyrosyl-containing breakdown products (Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr, Asp-Val-Tyr, Val-Tyr, Tyr). In plasma (but not in saline) the pentapeptide was rapidly degraded (apparent t1/2 approximately 30 seconds) with the corresponding appearance of radioactivity associated with the other tyrosyl-containing reference compounds. These data imply that the pentapeptide, which is active in vivo, may rapidly trigger changes in responsive cells; sustained circulating levels may not be required for activity.", "PMID": 395119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10607", "title": "Description and interpretation of morphological changes in canine kidneys after preservation with hypothermic solutions and subsequent reperfusion.", "content": "The morphological appearance of canine kidneys preserved with hypothermic solutions of three different types (Rheomacrodex, Collins 3 and Sacks-II) was studied in acute autologous reperfusion models. While at the end of preservation the renal structure still seemed intact (with the exception of the Rheomacrodex model), reperfusion was associated with the manifestation of hitherto latent structural lesions. This is confirmed by light-microscopic features (hydropic swelling and destruction of the tubular epithelium), enzyme histochemical studies (positive alkaline phosphatase reaction of the Bowman space) and topo-optical reactions (loss of anisotropy of the cytomembranes in the presence of fairly well preserved birefringence of the basement membranes).", "contents": "Description and interpretation of morphological changes in canine kidneys after preservation with hypothermic solutions and subsequent reperfusion. The morphological appearance of canine kidneys preserved with hypothermic solutions of three different types (Rheomacrodex, Collins 3 and Sacks-II) was studied in acute autologous reperfusion models. While at the end of preservation the renal structure still seemed intact (with the exception of the Rheomacrodex model), reperfusion was associated with the manifestation of hitherto latent structural lesions. This is confirmed by light-microscopic features (hydropic swelling and destruction of the tubular epithelium), enzyme histochemical studies (positive alkaline phosphatase reaction of the Bowman space) and topo-optical reactions (loss of anisotropy of the cytomembranes in the presence of fairly well preserved birefringence of the basement membranes).", "PMID": 395126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10608", "title": "Double-blind study of prochlorperazine, chlordiazepoxide and placebo in psychoneurotic outpatients with dominant symptoms of anxiety.", "content": "This was a double-blind study designed to compare 'Compazine', Librium and placebo in a psychoneurotic outpatient population with dominant symptoms of anxiety. The patient participants were accepted for the study when their pre-treatment symptoms of anxiety met a minimum or greater score on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The study interval was 4 weeks. Patient psychopathology was rated by the treating physician on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the New Physician Rating List and Global Evaluation. Patients completed the Self-Rating Symptom Scale and the Profile of Mood States. All efficacy criteria ranked the study medications in the same order. Prochloroperazine was most effective, chlordiazepoxide was also active and placebo was least effective. There are statistically significant active medication versus placebo comparisons supporting desirable drug action. Chlordiazepoxide versus placebo comparisons approached statistical significance for all efficacy criteria.", "contents": "Double-blind study of prochlorperazine, chlordiazepoxide and placebo in psychoneurotic outpatients with dominant symptoms of anxiety. This was a double-blind study designed to compare 'Compazine', Librium and placebo in a psychoneurotic outpatient population with dominant symptoms of anxiety. The patient participants were accepted for the study when their pre-treatment symptoms of anxiety met a minimum or greater score on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The study interval was 4 weeks. Patient psychopathology was rated by the treating physician on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the New Physician Rating List and Global Evaluation. Patients completed the Self-Rating Symptom Scale and the Profile of Mood States. All efficacy criteria ranked the study medications in the same order. Prochloroperazine was most effective, chlordiazepoxide was also active and placebo was least effective. There are statistically significant active medication versus placebo comparisons supporting desirable drug action. Chlordiazepoxide versus placebo comparisons approached statistical significance for all efficacy criteria.", "PMID": 395128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10609", "title": "Herpes zoster and acute rejection crisis of renal homograft.", "content": "The case of a patient developing acute rejection crisis 8 months after transplantation in the prodromal stage of a herpes zoster infection is reported. The joint therapeutic measures resulted in suppression of rejection and control of the infection. Complications did not occur. The case suggests a definite association between the viral infection and acute homograft rejection. The case report is followed by a critical review of the pertinent literature.", "contents": "Herpes zoster and acute rejection crisis of renal homograft. The case of a patient developing acute rejection crisis 8 months after transplantation in the prodromal stage of a herpes zoster infection is reported. The joint therapeutic measures resulted in suppression of rejection and control of the infection. Complications did not occur. The case suggests a definite association between the viral infection and acute homograft rejection. The case report is followed by a critical review of the pertinent literature.", "PMID": 395127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10610", "title": "A double-blind trial with amitriptyline and lofepramine in the treatment of endogenous depression.", "content": "A double-blind trial was undertaken to compare the antidepressant efficacy and the side effects of Lofepramine with those of Amitriptyline in the treatment of endogenous depression. The study involves 22 acutely ill endogenously depressive patients. 11 patients were treated with Lofepramine and the remaining 11 with Amitriptyline. The results demonstrate that both substances are effective in the treatment of depression. However, the therapeutical efficacy of Lofepramine is significantly greater than that of Amitriptyline. Furthermore, the tolerance of Lofepramine is better than that of Amitriptyline, and the side effects of Amitriptyline, especially in blood pressure dysregulation, are greater than those of Lofepramine.", "contents": "A double-blind trial with amitriptyline and lofepramine in the treatment of endogenous depression. A double-blind trial was undertaken to compare the antidepressant efficacy and the side effects of Lofepramine with those of Amitriptyline in the treatment of endogenous depression. The study involves 22 acutely ill endogenously depressive patients. 11 patients were treated with Lofepramine and the remaining 11 with Amitriptyline. The results demonstrate that both substances are effective in the treatment of depression. However, the therapeutical efficacy of Lofepramine is significantly greater than that of Amitriptyline. Furthermore, the tolerance of Lofepramine is better than that of Amitriptyline, and the side effects of Amitriptyline, especially in blood pressure dysregulation, are greater than those of Lofepramine.", "PMID": 395129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10611", "title": "[Biochemistry of elastin].", "content": "The recent findings on the composition and synthesis of elastin are presented. Particular attention is paid to the various specific cross-links and to their formation from lysine residues in the polypeptide chains.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of elastin]. The recent findings on the composition and synthesis of elastin are presented. Particular attention is paid to the various specific cross-links and to their formation from lysine residues in the polypeptide chains.", "PMID": 395134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10612", "title": "[ENT considerations of head and facial pain (author's transl)].", "content": "To the otolaryngologist, there are multiple causes for head or facial pain: headaches due to ear diseases; idiopathic neuralgias; \"referred otalgia\" involving cranial nerves V, IX, X; temporomandibular joint dysfunction; rhinological pathologies, including post-traumatic trigeminal neuralgia; \"facial sympathalgias\"; the styloid process syndrome; and cervical spine problems. Less known causes of head and neck pain are stressed, and emphasis placed on their diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "[ENT considerations of head and facial pain (author's transl)]. To the otolaryngologist, there are multiple causes for head or facial pain: headaches due to ear diseases; idiopathic neuralgias; \"referred otalgia\" involving cranial nerves V, IX, X; temporomandibular joint dysfunction; rhinological pathologies, including post-traumatic trigeminal neuralgia; \"facial sympathalgias\"; the styloid process syndrome; and cervical spine problems. Less known causes of head and neck pain are stressed, and emphasis placed on their diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 395137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10613", "title": "Sublobar atelectasis and regional pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "We studied the effects of sublobar atelectasis on regional blood flow in anesthetized paralyzed pigs. Following the washout of nitrogen from the lung with oxygen, a sublobar airway was obstructed and a peripheral segment of lung allowed to collapse. Blood flow to the atelectatic region fell from a control of 140.0 +/- 20.5 to 16.6 +/- 2.9 ml/(min . g). Basilar regions that became atelectatic spontaneously during the course of the studies had similar decreases in blood flow. Inflation of the surrounding lung by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure failed to increase blood flow and vascular conductance within the atelectatic regions. These results indicate that mechanical and hypoxic effects on vessels perfusing sublobar atelectatic regions limit the effects of interdependence from the surrounding lung. Furthermore, with inflation of the surrounding lung, increases in pulmonary shunting of blood are small.", "contents": "Sublobar atelectasis and regional pulmonary blood flow. We studied the effects of sublobar atelectasis on regional blood flow in anesthetized paralyzed pigs. Following the washout of nitrogen from the lung with oxygen, a sublobar airway was obstructed and a peripheral segment of lung allowed to collapse. Blood flow to the atelectatic region fell from a control of 140.0 +/- 20.5 to 16.6 +/- 2.9 ml/(min . g). Basilar regions that became atelectatic spontaneously during the course of the studies had similar decreases in blood flow. Inflation of the surrounding lung by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure failed to increase blood flow and vascular conductance within the atelectatic regions. These results indicate that mechanical and hypoxic effects on vessels perfusing sublobar atelectatic regions limit the effects of interdependence from the surrounding lung. Furthermore, with inflation of the surrounding lung, increases in pulmonary shunting of blood are small.", "PMID": 395142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10614", "title": "Lack of intracellular bubble formation in microorganisms at very high gas supersaturations.", "content": "Eucaryotic unicellular (a yeast, a cellular slime mold, and various protozoans) and two multicellular (aschelminths) microorganisms were saturated with gas at high pressures and rapidly decompressed. No effect was observed with pressures of argon up to 125 atm, nitrogen up to 175 atm, and helium up to 350 atm, showing that the induced gas supersaturations did not cause intracellular bubbles to form. With 25--50 atm higher gas pressures, the decompression usually produced killing and cell rupture, although differences in tolerances existed among the various organisms. Substantial fractions of the populations survived gas supersaturations well above the threshold values for massive spontaneous nucleation of bubbles in the water. When killing occurred, external rather than internal bubbles appeared to be the cause. Even with the 300 atm argon or nitrogen pressures, yeast cells were unaffected, apparently because of the external protection provided by their cell wall. It is concluded that the gas supersaturations required for intracellular formation of bubbles generally are at least equal to and probably higher than the bubble nucleation thresholds for water or aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Lack of intracellular bubble formation in microorganisms at very high gas supersaturations. Eucaryotic unicellular (a yeast, a cellular slime mold, and various protozoans) and two multicellular (aschelminths) microorganisms were saturated with gas at high pressures and rapidly decompressed. No effect was observed with pressures of argon up to 125 atm, nitrogen up to 175 atm, and helium up to 350 atm, showing that the induced gas supersaturations did not cause intracellular bubbles to form. With 25--50 atm higher gas pressures, the decompression usually produced killing and cell rupture, although differences in tolerances existed among the various organisms. Substantial fractions of the populations survived gas supersaturations well above the threshold values for massive spontaneous nucleation of bubbles in the water. When killing occurred, external rather than internal bubbles appeared to be the cause. Even with the 300 atm argon or nitrogen pressures, yeast cells were unaffected, apparently because of the external protection provided by their cell wall. It is concluded that the gas supersaturations required for intracellular formation of bubbles generally are at least equal to and probably higher than the bubble nucleation thresholds for water or aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 395143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10615", "title": "Fine structure of gonadotrophs and prolactin producing cells in the rat pars distalis in organ culture.", "content": "A technique is described which permits the maintenance for up to 8 days in organ culture of explanted rat pituitary glands. Electron microscope studies showed that the cultured glands (whether treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or not) were almost identical to controls in appearance, although the stellate (follicular) cells seemingly were eliminated in vitro. Gonadotrophs and prolactin-secreting cells in male and female pituitary glands were similar in appearance both in vivo and in vitro to comparable cells described by other authors. There was some evidence for an increase in the secretory activity of these cell types (particularly gonadotrophs) when the explants were treated with GnRH. The present technique thus provides a suitable and valid 'model' with which to study the effects of GnRH and steroid hormones on the release and synthesis of FSH and LH in vitro.", "contents": "Fine structure of gonadotrophs and prolactin producing cells in the rat pars distalis in organ culture. A technique is described which permits the maintenance for up to 8 days in organ culture of explanted rat pituitary glands. Electron microscope studies showed that the cultured glands (whether treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or not) were almost identical to controls in appearance, although the stellate (follicular) cells seemingly were eliminated in vitro. Gonadotrophs and prolactin-secreting cells in male and female pituitary glands were similar in appearance both in vivo and in vitro to comparable cells described by other authors. There was some evidence for an increase in the secretory activity of these cell types (particularly gonadotrophs) when the explants were treated with GnRH. The present technique thus provides a suitable and valid 'model' with which to study the effects of GnRH and steroid hormones on the release and synthesis of FSH and LH in vitro.", "PMID": 395144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10616", "title": "Genotypic characterization and clinical evaluation of an influenza A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2)-like recombinant: RIT 4199.", "content": "The RIT 4199 (H3N2) strain was obtained by recombination of PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Alaska/5/77 (H3N2) isolates. Its genetic composition was determined by RNA-RNA hybridization and by identification by gel electrophoresis of the double-standard RNA formed. The RIT 4199 was inoculated intranasally to 27 seronegative volunteers at a dose of 10(7.3)EID50. The results show that it is suitable for live vaccine strain.", "contents": "Genotypic characterization and clinical evaluation of an influenza A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2)-like recombinant: RIT 4199. The RIT 4199 (H3N2) strain was obtained by recombination of PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Alaska/5/77 (H3N2) isolates. Its genetic composition was determined by RNA-RNA hybridization and by identification by gel electrophoresis of the double-standard RNA formed. The RIT 4199 was inoculated intranasally to 27 seronegative volunteers at a dose of 10(7.3)EID50. The results show that it is suitable for live vaccine strain.", "PMID": 395158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10617", "title": "Induction of G1- cells at high frequency.", "content": "Experimental conditions are reported on the induction of G1- cells at high frequency by ultraviolet irradiation of temperature-sensitive cells arrested in G1 phase at the restricted temperature. Neither the wild type cells of Balb/C-3T3 nor the temperature-sensitive derivative of tsA83 grown at the permissive temperature could be 'mutated' under similar conditions. One such 'mutant' (RI8) was 'inducible' from a G1+ phenotype at 33 degrees C to G1- state at 38 degrees C within one cell generation time. The 'inducible' property of RI8 from G1+ to G1- lends support to the theory that the duration of the G1+ phenotype is determined by the level of precursors for DNA synthesis. Since the G1- variants were isolated from revertants, the frequency of 'mutagenesis' appeared to be artifically high.", "contents": "Induction of G1- cells at high frequency. Experimental conditions are reported on the induction of G1- cells at high frequency by ultraviolet irradiation of temperature-sensitive cells arrested in G1 phase at the restricted temperature. Neither the wild type cells of Balb/C-3T3 nor the temperature-sensitive derivative of tsA83 grown at the permissive temperature could be 'mutated' under similar conditions. One such 'mutant' (RI8) was 'inducible' from a G1+ phenotype at 33 degrees C to G1- state at 38 degrees C within one cell generation time. The 'inducible' property of RI8 from G1+ to G1- lends support to the theory that the duration of the G1+ phenotype is determined by the level of precursors for DNA synthesis. Since the G1- variants were isolated from revertants, the frequency of 'mutagenesis' appeared to be artifically high.", "PMID": 395162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10618", "title": "Injected histone antibodies interfere with transcription of lampbrush chromosome loops in oocytes of Pleurodeles.", "content": "Antibodies to calf thymus histone H2B were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and injected into oocyte nuclei of Pleurodeles waltlii. As shown by indirect immunofluorescence these antibodies cross-reacted strongly with corresponding histones associated with lampbrush chromosomes. Shortly after injection the lateral loops of the chromosomes retracted into the chromomeres and by 3 h postinjection the 'lampbrush' appearance was completely lost and the chromosomes appeared in light-microscopic preparations as rod-like structures consisting of longitudinally coalesced chromomeres. In control oocytes injected with non-immune immunoglobulins or antibodies against a ubiquitous transcript-associated protein no morphological alterations of the lampbrush chromosomes could be observed. Electron microscopic spreads of chromosomes prepared at various times after injection of anti-H2B revealed a progressive loss of transcriptional complexes from the loop axes.  Finally, higher-order chromatin configurations, like supranucleosomal globules ('superbeads') or cable-like chromatin strands 50-60 nm thick predominated, indicating complete transcriptional inactivation of all chromosomal regions. The results indicate that H2B antibodies react specifically with histones associated with the transcribed DNA of lateral loops in their native state. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes seem to inhibit progression of the RNA polymerases along the template, thus causing the premature release of transcripts, a process analogous to the stripping effect of actinomycin D. The demonstration of histones associated with heavily transcribed regions, which are not compacted into nucleosomes but largely extended, supports the current concept that unfolding of nucleosomes to allow transcription of the DNA does not involve dissociation of histones. In contrast, amplified ribosomal RNA genes are unaffected by injected H2B antibodies. This does not necessarily indicate absence of histones from nucleolar chromatin, since we do not know whether it is accessible in vivo to antibodies or whether the histone antigenic determinants are masked by the presence of other proteins. The technique of injecting specific antibodies should be widely applicable when analysing the in vivo distribution of chromosomal components at the electron-microscopic level and when studying complex metabolic processes, like the cleavage and modification of RNA, by selective inhibition of defined enzymic steps.", "contents": "Injected histone antibodies interfere with transcription of lampbrush chromosome loops in oocytes of Pleurodeles. Antibodies to calf thymus histone H2B were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and injected into oocyte nuclei of Pleurodeles waltlii. As shown by indirect immunofluorescence these antibodies cross-reacted strongly with corresponding histones associated with lampbrush chromosomes. Shortly after injection the lateral loops of the chromosomes retracted into the chromomeres and by 3 h postinjection the 'lampbrush' appearance was completely lost and the chromosomes appeared in light-microscopic preparations as rod-like structures consisting of longitudinally coalesced chromomeres. In control oocytes injected with non-immune immunoglobulins or antibodies against a ubiquitous transcript-associated protein no morphological alterations of the lampbrush chromosomes could be observed. Electron microscopic spreads of chromosomes prepared at various times after injection of anti-H2B revealed a progressive loss of transcriptional complexes from the loop axes.  Finally, higher-order chromatin configurations, like supranucleosomal globules ('superbeads') or cable-like chromatin strands 50-60 nm thick predominated, indicating complete transcriptional inactivation of all chromosomal regions. The results indicate that H2B antibodies react specifically with histones associated with the transcribed DNA of lateral loops in their native state. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes seem to inhibit progression of the RNA polymerases along the template, thus causing the premature release of transcripts, a process analogous to the stripping effect of actinomycin D. The demonstration of histones associated with heavily transcribed regions, which are not compacted into nucleosomes but largely extended, supports the current concept that unfolding of nucleosomes to allow transcription of the DNA does not involve dissociation of histones. In contrast, amplified ribosomal RNA genes are unaffected by injected H2B antibodies. This does not necessarily indicate absence of histones from nucleolar chromatin, since we do not know whether it is accessible in vivo to antibodies or whether the histone antigenic determinants are masked by the presence of other proteins. The technique of injecting specific antibodies should be widely applicable when analysing the in vivo distribution of chromosomal components at the electron-microscopic level and when studying complex metabolic processes, like the cleavage and modification of RNA, by selective inhibition of defined enzymic steps.", "PMID": 395161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10619", "title": "Protein purification using immobilised triazine dyes.", "content": "This review attempts to identify proteins which selectively interact with immobilised triazine dyes such as Cibacron blue F3GA and Procion red HE 3B. Different support matrices are compared by examining the capacities of these dyes for proteins. Various approaches to the immobilisation of triazine dyes are considered together with the use of spacers. Some theories of the mechanism of protein retardation by immobilised dyes are discussed. A number of methods are suggested for the measurement of dye concentrations and for the modification of the binding of proteins to dye columns. The variety of elution methods is compared with a view to optimizing purifications. The scope of applications is reviewed as well as the choice of dye. Some advantages of triazine dyes over other affinity ligands are given. It is concluded that although no satisfactory mechanism for the binding of triazine dyes to proteins has yet been proposed, these dyes possess considerable potential for protein purification, particularly when applied on the large scale.", "contents": "Protein purification using immobilised triazine dyes. This review attempts to identify proteins which selectively interact with immobilised triazine dyes such as Cibacron blue F3GA and Procion red HE 3B. Different support matrices are compared by examining the capacities of these dyes for proteins. Various approaches to the immobilisation of triazine dyes are considered together with the use of spacers. Some theories of the mechanism of protein retardation by immobilised dyes are discussed. A number of methods are suggested for the measurement of dye concentrations and for the modification of the binding of proteins to dye columns. The variety of elution methods is compared with a view to optimizing purifications. The scope of applications is reviewed as well as the choice of dye. Some advantages of triazine dyes over other affinity ligands are given. It is concluded that although no satisfactory mechanism for the binding of triazine dyes to proteins has yet been proposed, these dyes possess considerable potential for protein purification, particularly when applied on the large scale.", "PMID": 395164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10620", "title": "Applications of chromatography in the standardization and control of biological products.", "content": "The problems posed in the standardization of medicinal biological products and in the development of official specifications for such products, e.g., in pharmacopoeias, are outlined. Information derived from bioassay can be extended and complemented by that from physico-chemical studies. The role of chromatography, including gas--liquid, thin-layer and column methods, is assessed and illustrated with examples from the literature and from the author's studies on antibiotics and polypeptide hormones.", "contents": "Applications of chromatography in the standardization and control of biological products. The problems posed in the standardization of medicinal biological products and in the development of official specifications for such products, e.g., in pharmacopoeias, are outlined. Information derived from bioassay can be extended and complemented by that from physico-chemical studies. The role of chromatography, including gas--liquid, thin-layer and column methods, is assessed and illustrated with examples from the literature and from the author's studies on antibiotics and polypeptide hormones.", "PMID": 395165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10621", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of steroids.", "content": "After a brief discussion of the merits and limitations of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) relative to other chromatographic methods, special problems in the application to steroids are discussed. Publications on HPLC of steroids are then discussed under the headings of individual classes, arranged generally in the order of increasing polarity.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of steroids. After a brief discussion of the merits and limitations of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) relative to other chromatographic methods, special problems in the application to steroids are discussed. Publications on HPLC of steroids are then discussed under the headings of individual classes, arranged generally in the order of increasing polarity.", "PMID": 395163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10622", "title": "Detection of anaerobic wound infection by analysis of pus swabs for volatile fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Swabs were able to absorb enough extractable volatile fatty acids from broth cultures of anaerobic organisms for detection and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Similarly, volatile fatty acids were often detected in swabs dipped into liquid pus. Fifty-three liquid pus specimens were then investigated fully to determine if GLC analysis of swab samples gave the same result as microbial culture of the specimens and GLC analysis of the liquid pus. Anaerobic bacteria failed to grow from 36 and volatile fatty acids were not extracted from swabs of 31 of these pus samples but were extracted from swabs of five. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 17 of the specimens, and in 15, volatile fatty acids were also detected in the swab samples; in two, volatile fatty acids were absent from both swab samples and liquid pus. In this study, results by culture and GLC analysis of swabs were similar in 87% of specimens.", "contents": "Detection of anaerobic wound infection by analysis of pus swabs for volatile fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Swabs were able to absorb enough extractable volatile fatty acids from broth cultures of anaerobic organisms for detection and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Similarly, volatile fatty acids were often detected in swabs dipped into liquid pus. Fifty-three liquid pus specimens were then investigated fully to determine if GLC analysis of swab samples gave the same result as microbial culture of the specimens and GLC analysis of the liquid pus. Anaerobic bacteria failed to grow from 36 and volatile fatty acids were not extracted from swabs of 31 of these pus samples but were extracted from swabs of five. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 17 of the specimens, and in 15, volatile fatty acids were also detected in the swab samples; in two, volatile fatty acids were absent from both swab samples and liquid pus. In this study, results by culture and GLC analysis of swabs were similar in 87% of specimens.", "PMID": 395167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10623", "title": "Significance of urinary immunoglobulins in tests for antibody-coated bacteria.", "content": "The relationship between urinary immunoglobulin levels and coating of a panel of bacteria by these immunoglobulins has been investigated. The results indicate that elevated urinary immunoglobulin levels are a distinct hazard in interpreting tests for antibody-coated bacteria as indicating upper or lower urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Significance of urinary immunoglobulins in tests for antibody-coated bacteria. The relationship between urinary immunoglobulin levels and coating of a panel of bacteria by these immunoglobulins has been investigated. The results indicate that elevated urinary immunoglobulin levels are a distinct hazard in interpreting tests for antibody-coated bacteria as indicating upper or lower urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 395168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10624", "title": "Serodiagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by the indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in 200 antenatal patients. A total of 104 (52%) gave a positive reaction with antigen prepared from cultures of trichomonas isolated from seven of the patients. Antitrichomonal antibody was detected at a 1/4 dilution in 90% of patients with proven trichomoniasis, while the highest dilution at which antibody was detected was 1/32. IgG rather than IgM appeared to be the antibody class involved. Of those patients with no demonstrable trichomonal infection, 17% gave positive reactions at 1/4 dilution, while 64% had no demonstrable antibody. One of 30 children under 11 years of age gave a positive reaction.", "contents": "Serodiagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in 200 antenatal patients. A total of 104 (52%) gave a positive reaction with antigen prepared from cultures of trichomonas isolated from seven of the patients. Antitrichomonal antibody was detected at a 1/4 dilution in 90% of patients with proven trichomoniasis, while the highest dilution at which antibody was detected was 1/32. IgG rather than IgM appeared to be the antibody class involved. Of those patients with no demonstrable trichomonal infection, 17% gave positive reactions at 1/4 dilution, while 64% had no demonstrable antibody. One of 30 children under 11 years of age gave a positive reaction.", "PMID": 395169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10625", "title": "Use of human embryo lung fibroblasts to detect a heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli from children.", "content": "In order to detect the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli human embryo lung fibroblast cells were seeded with whole cell lysate preparations of the organism to be tested. Positive results consisted of growth inhibition and cytopathic change which were easily seen. Heat-labile toxin was produced by strains belonging to the conventional epidemic serotypes of E. coli (EEC) and by non-EEC strains. Toxin-producing organisms were detected in 20% of healthy children examined. The method is suitable for use in the diagnostic laboratory and is easily adapted to a microtitre plate system suitable for screening purposes.", "contents": "Use of human embryo lung fibroblasts to detect a heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli from children. In order to detect the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli human embryo lung fibroblast cells were seeded with whole cell lysate preparations of the organism to be tested. Positive results consisted of growth inhibition and cytopathic change which were easily seen. Heat-labile toxin was produced by strains belonging to the conventional epidemic serotypes of E. coli (EEC) and by non-EEC strains. Toxin-producing organisms were detected in 20% of healthy children examined. The method is suitable for use in the diagnostic laboratory and is easily adapted to a microtitre plate system suitable for screening purposes.", "PMID": 395170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10626", "title": "Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg.", "content": "We studied the feasibility of detecting antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) by an inhibition assay using the reagents of an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg (Hepanostika). Several modifications of the basic assay were investigated. Sensitivity was greatest when the test sample was incubated with a predetermined amount of HBsAg before the usual procedure of HBsAg detection. The presence of anti-HBs in the test sample was shown by a reduction of the solid-phase bound enzyme label. Results were obtained with a dilution series of serum samples containing anti-HBs, the anti-HBs Reference Panel of the American Bureau of Biologics, sera of hepatitis B patients, and sera of two individuals passively immunised with anti-HBs. The enzyme-immunoassay method showed at least the same sensitivity as passive haemagglutination. It was less sensitive than a commercially available radioimmunoassay (Ausab). There are no indications that non-specific reactions occur frequently. This study also revealed that the antigenaemia of acute hepatitis-B patients can be interrupted by a transient seroconversion.", "contents": "Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg. We studied the feasibility of detecting antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) by an inhibition assay using the reagents of an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg (Hepanostika). Several modifications of the basic assay were investigated. Sensitivity was greatest when the test sample was incubated with a predetermined amount of HBsAg before the usual procedure of HBsAg detection. The presence of anti-HBs in the test sample was shown by a reduction of the solid-phase bound enzyme label. Results were obtained with a dilution series of serum samples containing anti-HBs, the anti-HBs Reference Panel of the American Bureau of Biologics, sera of hepatitis B patients, and sera of two individuals passively immunised with anti-HBs. The enzyme-immunoassay method showed at least the same sensitivity as passive haemagglutination. It was less sensitive than a commercially available radioimmunoassay (Ausab). There are no indications that non-specific reactions occur frequently. This study also revealed that the antigenaemia of acute hepatitis-B patients can be interrupted by a transient seroconversion.", "PMID": 395171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10627", "title": "Appropriateness of milk use in international supplementary feeding programs.", "content": "Recognition of lactose intolerance, debate over the limitedness of dietary energy and protein in specific settings, and the appreciation for the uniqueness and appropriateness of human milk during the 1st yr of life have prompted reexamination of the use of milk in international feeding programs. Substantial proportions of preschool and school-age children from expected populations are lactose intolerant. However, studies in this county indicate that lactose intolerant preschool and early school-age children can tolerate amounts of milk usually consumed. Older individuals with symptomatic responses to milk also will often have similarly mild symptomatic responses to hydrolyzed lactose milk. Appropriately controlled studies in developing countries are planned or are underway to assess milk tolerance. In feeding programs designed to provide a protein supplement, milk continues to be a very attractive option. The question of how much milk protein must be given and how often it should be provided to make a significant impact on a population's well-being depends on an evaluation of the data base describing protein intakes and needs for specific populations. These types of data for most populations are inadequate.", "contents": "Appropriateness of milk use in international supplementary feeding programs. Recognition of lactose intolerance, debate over the limitedness of dietary energy and protein in specific settings, and the appreciation for the uniqueness and appropriateness of human milk during the 1st yr of life have prompted reexamination of the use of milk in international feeding programs. Substantial proportions of preschool and school-age children from expected populations are lactose intolerant. However, studies in this county indicate that lactose intolerant preschool and early school-age children can tolerate amounts of milk usually consumed. Older individuals with symptomatic responses to milk also will often have similarly mild symptomatic responses to hydrolyzed lactose milk. Appropriately controlled studies in developing countries are planned or are underway to assess milk tolerance. In feeding programs designed to provide a protein supplement, milk continues to be a very attractive option. The question of how much milk protein must be given and how often it should be provided to make a significant impact on a population's well-being depends on an evaluation of the data base describing protein intakes and needs for specific populations. These types of data for most populations are inadequate.", "PMID": 395176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10628", "title": "Testosterone concentrations in plasma of dairy cows with ovarian cysts.", "content": "Testosterone in plasma was measured by radioimmunoassay in cows with ovarian cysts and in cows during the estrous cycle. Concentrations of testosterone in plasma (60.8 +/- 2.7 pg/ml; mean +/- standard error) in cows with ovarian cysts were variable but within the range in cows during the estrous cycle. Mean concentrations of testosterone in plasma increased from 46.3 pg/ml at estrus to 85.1 pg/ml on day 13 of the estrous cycle. In cows with ovarian cysts, concentrations of testosterone in plasma declined within 24 h following prostaglandin F2 alpha and tended to increase by 9 days following gonadotropin releasing hormone. The role of testosterone in estrual behavior and inhibiting resumption of ovarian cycles is likely minimal.", "contents": "Testosterone concentrations in plasma of dairy cows with ovarian cysts. Testosterone in plasma was measured by radioimmunoassay in cows with ovarian cysts and in cows during the estrous cycle. Concentrations of testosterone in plasma (60.8 +/- 2.7 pg/ml; mean +/- standard error) in cows with ovarian cysts were variable but within the range in cows during the estrous cycle. Mean concentrations of testosterone in plasma increased from 46.3 pg/ml at estrus to 85.1 pg/ml on day 13 of the estrous cycle. In cows with ovarian cysts, concentrations of testosterone in plasma declined within 24 h following prostaglandin F2 alpha and tended to increase by 9 days following gonadotropin releasing hormone. The role of testosterone in estrual behavior and inhibiting resumption of ovarian cycles is likely minimal.", "PMID": 395177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10629", "title": "[Photochemistry of visual pigments (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent studies of the photochemistry of visual pigments are reported. Results obtained on rhodopsine and model compounds, by means of techniques based upon continous or pulsed excitation are compared. The mechanique of the primary photochemical step of the bleaching of rhodopsine is discussed. The process is occuring on a time scale of picosecond and a new concept of proton transfer followed by a conformation charge is opposed to the classical cis-trans photo isomerisation of the retinal moiety. The origin of the electrical response of the photoreceptor cells is still controversial.", "contents": "[Photochemistry of visual pigments (author's transl)]. Recent studies of the photochemistry of visual pigments are reported. Results obtained on rhodopsine and model compounds, by means of techniques based upon continous or pulsed excitation are compared. The mechanique of the primary photochemical step of the bleaching of rhodopsine is discussed. The process is occuring on a time scale of picosecond and a new concept of proton transfer followed by a conformation charge is opposed to the classical cis-trans photo isomerisation of the retinal moiety. The origin of the electrical response of the photoreceptor cells is still controversial.", "PMID": 395183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10630", "title": "Fixed-dose combination diuretics in congestive heart failure: an evaluation.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with congestive heart failure were studied for their clinical and biochemical responses to the administration of two combination diuretic products (hydrochlorothiazide/spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene) and the single entity diuretic furosemide. Data from these studies revealed the following: 1. Comparison of the patients on furosemide with those receiving the combination products showed no difference in serum potassium or 24-hour potassium excretion. 2. Significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, plasma renin activity, and urinary aldosterone excretion were noted with both fixed-combination medications but not with furosemide. 3. The combination diuretics offered no clinical benefits over the single agent furosemide. 4. Therapy is best served by the use of a single effective diuretic agent for the treatment of most patients with congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Fixed-dose combination diuretics in congestive heart failure: an evaluation. Thirty-two patients with congestive heart failure were studied for their clinical and biochemical responses to the administration of two combination diuretic products (hydrochlorothiazide/spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene) and the single entity diuretic furosemide. Data from these studies revealed the following: 1. Comparison of the patients on furosemide with those receiving the combination products showed no difference in serum potassium or 24-hour potassium excretion. 2. Significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, plasma renin activity, and urinary aldosterone excretion were noted with both fixed-combination medications but not with furosemide. 3. The combination diuretics offered no clinical benefits over the single agent furosemide. 4. Therapy is best served by the use of a single effective diuretic agent for the treatment of most patients with congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 395175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10631", "title": "Darwin sees the insane.", "content": "Charles Darwin's work on human and animal expression introduced this age-old problem into psychological study. Darwin's interest in the expression of the mentally ill led him to correspond with J. Crichton Browne, a young psychiatrist, who supplied him with detailed materials concerning the insane as well as photographs of them.", "contents": "Darwin sees the insane. Charles Darwin's work on human and animal expression introduced this age-old problem into psychological study. Darwin's interest in the expression of the mentally ill led him to correspond with J. Crichton Browne, a young psychiatrist, who supplied him with detailed materials concerning the insane as well as photographs of them.", "PMID": 395189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10632", "title": "Glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia in patients with suppression of the renin-aldosterone system: prevention by sodium depletion.", "content": "A paradoxical transitory elevation of serum potassium concentration after intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose has been found in 6 renal and/or hypertensive patients with suppression of the renin-aldosterone system (RAS) while on high sodium intake. Sodium restriction induced a dramatic increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and/or plasma aldosterone (PA) in every patient, a substantial fall in the elevated serum potassium levels in 4 out of the 6 patients and a marked increase in fractional potassium excretion. During sodium restriction the glucose-induced paradoxical transitory hyperkalemia was abolished. The study confirmed the important extrarenal influence of aldosterone in the maintenance of normal potassium level in the hyperosmolal extracellular fluid and showed that: i) high sodium intake may predispose to hazardous hyperkalemia after massive glucose loading in certain nondiabetic patients with liability to suppression of aldosterone; ii) sodium restriction abolishes the glucose-induced abnormal serum potassium response.", "contents": "Glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia in patients with suppression of the renin-aldosterone system: prevention by sodium depletion. A paradoxical transitory elevation of serum potassium concentration after intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose has been found in 6 renal and/or hypertensive patients with suppression of the renin-aldosterone system (RAS) while on high sodium intake. Sodium restriction induced a dramatic increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and/or plasma aldosterone (PA) in every patient, a substantial fall in the elevated serum potassium levels in 4 out of the 6 patients and a marked increase in fractional potassium excretion. During sodium restriction the glucose-induced paradoxical transitory hyperkalemia was abolished. The study confirmed the important extrarenal influence of aldosterone in the maintenance of normal potassium level in the hyperosmolal extracellular fluid and showed that: i) high sodium intake may predispose to hazardous hyperkalemia after massive glucose loading in certain nondiabetic patients with liability to suppression of aldosterone; ii) sodium restriction abolishes the glucose-induced abnormal serum potassium response.", "PMID": 395185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10633", "title": "[Fluorescence histochemical identification of axons using the GOLGI method].", "content": "Using fluorescence histochemical and GOLGI-methods afferent fibers in the albino rat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (d LGN) have been investigated. We considered the following parameters: diameters of the axons, diameters of boutons, number of the boutons by 100 micrometers axon length. From comparison of the data from histochemical material with the data of the GOLGI-material follows that the noradrenergic terminals are identical with the type-4- and 5-axons. The terminal branching and synaptic contacts of the type-4- and 5-axons are discussed in connection with the aminergic innervation of this nucleus.", "contents": "[Fluorescence histochemical identification of axons using the GOLGI method]. Using fluorescence histochemical and GOLGI-methods afferent fibers in the albino rat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (d LGN) have been investigated. We considered the following parameters: diameters of the axons, diameters of boutons, number of the boutons by 100 micrometers axon length. From comparison of the data from histochemical material with the data of the GOLGI-material follows that the noradrenergic terminals are identical with the type-4- and 5-axons. The terminal branching and synaptic contacts of the type-4- and 5-axons are discussed in connection with the aminergic innervation of this nucleus.", "PMID": 395254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10634", "title": "Effectiveness of peroral and intranasal immunization of school children with live allantoic influenza vaccine- and comparative study.", "content": "A comparative study of two preparations of allantoic live influenza vaccine, one for intranasal and the other for peroral immunization of children of school age, was peformed under conditions of a blind epidemiological trial. Previously obtained data on the safety and high immunogenicity of the intranasal vaccine variant, prepared from extremely attenuated cold-adapted strains, were confirmed. The peroral administration of the live influenza vaccine, in use in the USSR for active immunization of the adult population, also stimulated influenza immunity without producing postvaccinal reactions. Peroral and intranasal immunization with the above variants of live allantoic influenza vaccine markedly lowered in the frequency of influenza disease during an influenza epidemic, the mean index of effectiveness being equal to a factor of 2. Evidence of prospectiveness of influenza prophylaxis among school children was obtained.", "contents": "Effectiveness of peroral and intranasal immunization of school children with live allantoic influenza vaccine- and comparative study. A comparative study of two preparations of allantoic live influenza vaccine, one for intranasal and the other for peroral immunization of children of school age, was peformed under conditions of a blind epidemiological trial. Previously obtained data on the safety and high immunogenicity of the intranasal vaccine variant, prepared from extremely attenuated cold-adapted strains, were confirmed. The peroral administration of the live influenza vaccine, in use in the USSR for active immunization of the adult population, also stimulated influenza immunity without producing postvaccinal reactions. Peroral and intranasal immunization with the above variants of live allantoic influenza vaccine markedly lowered in the frequency of influenza disease during an influenza epidemic, the mean index of effectiveness being equal to a factor of 2. Evidence of prospectiveness of influenza prophylaxis among school children was obtained.", "PMID": 395255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10635", "title": "[Application of 4-META on adhesive opaque resin. (Part 2) Improvement of adhesive stability (author's transl)].", "content": "We had reported 4-META adhesive opaque resin for a metal casting etched with HC1. The bonding strength was as excellent as 260 kg/cm2 after 300 times thermal cycles between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C but it decreased to 70 kg/cm2 when immersed in water at 37 degrees C for 30 weeks. It was required to improve the stability of bonding against water penetration into the adhesive junction before the clinical application. Preparation of the passive state on the metal casting adhesive stability between this film and the opaque resin were studied in this paper. When the metal casting was dipped in conc. HNO3 for fifteen minutes, adhesive strength was 260 kg/cm2 even after a 30 weeks immersion in water at 37 degrees C or the 10 weeks at 80 degrees C. It could be concluded that the adhesive opaque resin possesses enough adhesive strength and the stability for oral application.", "contents": "[Application of 4-META on adhesive opaque resin. (Part 2) Improvement of adhesive stability (author's transl)]. We had reported 4-META adhesive opaque resin for a metal casting etched with HC1. The bonding strength was as excellent as 260 kg/cm2 after 300 times thermal cycles between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C but it decreased to 70 kg/cm2 when immersed in water at 37 degrees C for 30 weeks. It was required to improve the stability of bonding against water penetration into the adhesive junction before the clinical application. Preparation of the passive state on the metal casting adhesive stability between this film and the opaque resin were studied in this paper. When the metal casting was dipped in conc. HNO3 for fifteen minutes, adhesive strength was 260 kg/cm2 even after a 30 weeks immersion in water at 37 degrees C or the 10 weeks at 80 degrees C. It could be concluded that the adhesive opaque resin possesses enough adhesive strength and the stability for oral application.", "PMID": 395260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10636", "title": "p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate-induced hyperglycemia: influence of pre- and post-treatment with L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose, insulin and alloxan.", "content": "The aims were to see whether p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) administration affects the serum insulin concentration in mice in vivo, whether the transitory hyperglycemia induced in fed mice by treatment with PMB is affected by L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose or insulin, and whether PMB affects the B-cell toxicity of alloxan. A significant decrease in the serum insulin concentration was found 1 and 2 h following PMB injection in fed and starved mice. PMB-induced hyperglycemia was abolished by pre-treatment with L-leucine and tolbutamide, but not by pre-treatment with D-mannoheptulose, or by post-treatment with insulin. Pre-treatment of fed mice with PMB caused potentiation of the initial hyperglycemia following alloxan, but inhibited the second hyperglycemic phase. These findings indicate that PMB treatment of mice has a transient inhibitory influence upon insulin secretion, and protects against the development of alloxan diabetes.", "contents": "p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate-induced hyperglycemia: influence of pre- and post-treatment with L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose, insulin and alloxan. The aims were to see whether p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) administration affects the serum insulin concentration in mice in vivo, whether the transitory hyperglycemia induced in fed mice by treatment with PMB is affected by L-leucine, tolbutamide, D-mannoheptulose or insulin, and whether PMB affects the B-cell toxicity of alloxan. A significant decrease in the serum insulin concentration was found 1 and 2 h following PMB injection in fed and starved mice. PMB-induced hyperglycemia was abolished by pre-treatment with L-leucine and tolbutamide, but not by pre-treatment with D-mannoheptulose, or by post-treatment with insulin. Pre-treatment of fed mice with PMB caused potentiation of the initial hyperglycemia following alloxan, but inhibited the second hyperglycemic phase. These findings indicate that PMB treatment of mice has a transient inhibitory influence upon insulin secretion, and protects against the development of alloxan diabetes.", "PMID": 395187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10637", "title": "Oestrogen receptors in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala following an injection of oestradiol or the antioestrogen CI-628.", "content": "Oestrogen receptors were measured by an exchange assay in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala (HPA) of ovariectomized-adrenalectomized (OVX-ADX) rats following an intravenous injection of oestradiol or an antioestrogen, CI-628. Receptors were translocated to the nucleus by both compounds. Receptors translocated by the antioestrogen were specific for oestrogens; testosterone, corticosterone and progesterone were not bound by these receptors. Several properties of antioestrogen- and oestradiol-receptor complexes were compared. The time-course in cell nuclei in vivo showed that receptors were still present in HPA nuclei 24 h after administration of CI-628 but not 24 h after oestradiol. This prolonged increase of nuclear receptors after the antioestrogen treatment was attributed to the continued presence of CI-628 and its metabolites in plasma. The maximum level of receptors produced in the HPA cell nuclei following CI-628 treatment was lower than the peak level of nuclear receptors following oestradiol. The dissociation rate in vitro of nuclear antioestrogen-receptor complexes formed in vivo was more rapid at 0 degrees C than that of nuclear oestradiol-receptor complexes. This property may be related to the lower peak level of binding after CI-628 treatment and to the inhibitory actions of antioestrogens.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala following an injection of oestradiol or the antioestrogen CI-628. Oestrogen receptors were measured by an exchange assay in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala (HPA) of ovariectomized-adrenalectomized (OVX-ADX) rats following an intravenous injection of oestradiol or an antioestrogen, CI-628. Receptors were translocated to the nucleus by both compounds. Receptors translocated by the antioestrogen were specific for oestrogens; testosterone, corticosterone and progesterone were not bound by these receptors. Several properties of antioestrogen- and oestradiol-receptor complexes were compared. The time-course in cell nuclei in vivo showed that receptors were still present in HPA nuclei 24 h after administration of CI-628 but not 24 h after oestradiol. This prolonged increase of nuclear receptors after the antioestrogen treatment was attributed to the continued presence of CI-628 and its metabolites in plasma. The maximum level of receptors produced in the HPA cell nuclei following CI-628 treatment was lower than the peak level of nuclear receptors following oestradiol. The dissociation rate in vitro of nuclear antioestrogen-receptor complexes formed in vivo was more rapid at 0 degrees C than that of nuclear oestradiol-receptor complexes. This property may be related to the lower peak level of binding after CI-628 treatment and to the inhibitory actions of antioestrogens.", "PMID": 395264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10638", "title": "Varying response to luteinizing hormone of two luteal cell types isolated from bovine corpus luteum.", "content": "Luteal cell suspensions obtained by enzymatic digestion of pregnant cow corpus luteum were found to be heterogenous and mainly made up of two types of cells of different sizes. The large cells (37 micrometers, average diameter) could be separated from the small ones (18 micrometers, average diameter) by sedimentation at unit gravity in a gradient of Ficoll-bovine serum albumin. A comparative in-vitro study of the synthesis of progesterone by the two types of cells indicated striking differences between them. The average content and the synthesis of progesterone in the absence and presence of a saturating dose of bovine LH after incubation for 2 h were 0.07, 0.12 and 6.9 pg/cell for the small cells and 0.65, 2 and 10 pg/cell for the large ones. Moreover, the sensitivity to low concentrations of LH was 100 to 1000 times higher for the small cells than for the large ones. Oestradiol-17 beta at concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-4) mol/l exerted a dose-dependent inhibition on the stimulation of LH in both cell types. These results suggest a possible involvement of both cell types in the synthesis of progesterone in vivo with a greater contribution by the small cells to stimulation induced by LH. Moreover, it appears that small cell suspensions could be a useful model system for in-vitro studies of the control of the synthesis of progesterone in cow corpus luteum.", "contents": "Varying response to luteinizing hormone of two luteal cell types isolated from bovine corpus luteum. Luteal cell suspensions obtained by enzymatic digestion of pregnant cow corpus luteum were found to be heterogenous and mainly made up of two types of cells of different sizes. The large cells (37 micrometers, average diameter) could be separated from the small ones (18 micrometers, average diameter) by sedimentation at unit gravity in a gradient of Ficoll-bovine serum albumin. A comparative in-vitro study of the synthesis of progesterone by the two types of cells indicated striking differences between them. The average content and the synthesis of progesterone in the absence and presence of a saturating dose of bovine LH after incubation for 2 h were 0.07, 0.12 and 6.9 pg/cell for the small cells and 0.65, 2 and 10 pg/cell for the large ones. Moreover, the sensitivity to low concentrations of LH was 100 to 1000 times higher for the small cells than for the large ones. Oestradiol-17 beta at concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-4) mol/l exerted a dose-dependent inhibition on the stimulation of LH in both cell types. These results suggest a possible involvement of both cell types in the synthesis of progesterone in vivo with a greater contribution by the small cells to stimulation induced by LH. Moreover, it appears that small cell suspensions could be a useful model system for in-vitro studies of the control of the synthesis of progesterone in cow corpus luteum.", "PMID": 395265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10639", "title": "Mechanism of the first spontaneous gonadotrophin surge and that induced by pregnant mare serum and effects of neonatal androgen in rats.", "content": "The mechanism of the first (pubertal) preovulatory gonadotrophin surge was investigated in Wistar rats by measuring (1) LH releasing factor (LH-RF) in pituitary stalk plasma and in extracts of hypothalamic and preoptic tissue, (2) LH and FSH in peripheral plasma and extracts of anterior pituitary tissue and (3) the LH and FSH response to LH-RF. The mechanism of the first surge appeared broadly to resemble that in the adult. That is, the gonadotrophin surge which occurs on the afternoon of the day before vaginal opening was found to coincide with a surge of immunoreactive LH-RF in pituitary stalk plasma and a significant increase in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RF. The magnitude of the change in pituitary responsiveness was, however, less at puberty than in the adult while the peak of the LH-RF surge was higher at puberty. The surges of LH-RF in stalk plasma and gonadotrophin in peripheral plasma corresponded relatively precisely with a fall in the preoptic and hypothalamic content of LH-RF and in the pituitary content of LH and FSH, suggesting that, in contrast with the adult, the synthesis of LH-RF and gonadotrophin at puberty cannot keep up with their release. A significant increase in stalk plasma LH-RF concentration occurring concomitantly with a surge of LH could be induced on the afternoon of Day 32 of life by administering pregnant mare serum (PMS) ON Day 30 (about 10 days before vaginal opening). This, together with other evidence, suggests that the timing of the first gonadotrophin surge depends upon the capacity of the ovary to secrete oestradiol in the form of a surge. The fact that no significant increase in the pituitary responsiveness to LH-RF occurred in PMS-treated rats could account for the fact that the height of the gonadotrophin surge in these animals is only a third that of the spontaneous surge. No significant change in peripheral plasma LH or stalk plasma LH-RF concentrations was found around the time of vaginal opening or cornification in female rats given 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on Day 4 (androgenized female rats). Studies on the effect of ovariectomy and/or adrenalectomy suggested that the ovary and adrenal are involved in the timing of vaginal opening in normal but not in androgenized female animals.", "contents": "Mechanism of the first spontaneous gonadotrophin surge and that induced by pregnant mare serum and effects of neonatal androgen in rats. The mechanism of the first (pubertal) preovulatory gonadotrophin surge was investigated in Wistar rats by measuring (1) LH releasing factor (LH-RF) in pituitary stalk plasma and in extracts of hypothalamic and preoptic tissue, (2) LH and FSH in peripheral plasma and extracts of anterior pituitary tissue and (3) the LH and FSH response to LH-RF. The mechanism of the first surge appeared broadly to resemble that in the adult. That is, the gonadotrophin surge which occurs on the afternoon of the day before vaginal opening was found to coincide with a surge of immunoreactive LH-RF in pituitary stalk plasma and a significant increase in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RF. The magnitude of the change in pituitary responsiveness was, however, less at puberty than in the adult while the peak of the LH-RF surge was higher at puberty. The surges of LH-RF in stalk plasma and gonadotrophin in peripheral plasma corresponded relatively precisely with a fall in the preoptic and hypothalamic content of LH-RF and in the pituitary content of LH and FSH, suggesting that, in contrast with the adult, the synthesis of LH-RF and gonadotrophin at puberty cannot keep up with their release. A significant increase in stalk plasma LH-RF concentration occurring concomitantly with a surge of LH could be induced on the afternoon of Day 32 of life by administering pregnant mare serum (PMS) ON Day 30 (about 10 days before vaginal opening). This, together with other evidence, suggests that the timing of the first gonadotrophin surge depends upon the capacity of the ovary to secrete oestradiol in the form of a surge. The fact that no significant increase in the pituitary responsiveness to LH-RF occurred in PMS-treated rats could account for the fact that the height of the gonadotrophin surge in these animals is only a third that of the spontaneous surge. No significant change in peripheral plasma LH or stalk plasma LH-RF concentrations was found around the time of vaginal opening or cornification in female rats given 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on Day 4 (androgenized female rats). Studies on the effect of ovariectomy and/or adrenalectomy suggested that the ovary and adrenal are involved in the timing of vaginal opening in normal but not in androgenized female animals.", "PMID": 395267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10640", "title": "Effects of photoperiod on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the male hamster.", "content": "Male hamsters were maintained on long (14 h light : 10 h darkness; 14L : 10D) or short (6L : 18D) photoperiods. Animals on short-days had reduced levels of LH in the serum and anterior pituitary gland, decreased androgen in the circulation and regressed testes and accessory sex organs. These same hamsters had significantly raised concentrations of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). There was no significant difference in the response to exogenous LH-RH between groups maintained on long- and short-days. Castration significantly reduced levels of LH-RH in the hypothalamus in the long-day animals but had little effect on this parameter in short-day animals which had already undergone testicular regression. The increased levels of LH-RH in the hyothalami of both intact and castrated hamsters on non-stimulatory photoperiods is interpreted as a decreased release of the neurohormone which subsequently results in a decreased release of LH.", "contents": "Effects of photoperiod on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the male hamster. Male hamsters were maintained on long (14 h light : 10 h darkness; 14L : 10D) or short (6L : 18D) photoperiods. Animals on short-days had reduced levels of LH in the serum and anterior pituitary gland, decreased androgen in the circulation and regressed testes and accessory sex organs. These same hamsters had significantly raised concentrations of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). There was no significant difference in the response to exogenous LH-RH between groups maintained on long- and short-days. Castration significantly reduced levels of LH-RH in the hypothalamus in the long-day animals but had little effect on this parameter in short-day animals which had already undergone testicular regression. The increased levels of LH-RH in the hyothalami of both intact and castrated hamsters on non-stimulatory photoperiods is interpreted as a decreased release of the neurohormone which subsequently results in a decreased release of LH.", "PMID": 395268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10641", "title": "Anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) and retroversion.", "content": "Despite the wealth of epidemiological material of the last decade, birth defects are still the chief cause of perinatal mortality and no significant breakthrough in understanding or reduction has yet been seen. Many proposed aetiological factors are still being evaluated. This report suggests a possible, simple, remediable factor in the aetiology of defects of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) and retroversion. Despite the wealth of epidemiological material of the last decade, birth defects are still the chief cause of perinatal mortality and no significant breakthrough in understanding or reduction has yet been seen. Many proposed aetiological factors are still being evaluated. This report suggests a possible, simple, remediable factor in the aetiology of defects of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 395269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10642", "title": "Identification of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the brain and pituitary gland of a fish by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "For the first time immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) is demonstrated in both the brain and pituitary gland of a teleost (Xiphophorus maculatus) using an immunoperoxidase procedure. It is specifically localized in the perikarya and their axons of the ventral telencephalon and nucleus lateralis tuberis and within and between the gonadotrops and within some cells of the pars intermedia. These immunoreactions are extinguished when antiserum to LH-RH is preincubated with LH-RH antigen but not with neurohypophysial hormones.", "contents": "Identification of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the brain and pituitary gland of a fish by immunocytochemistry. For the first time immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) is demonstrated in both the brain and pituitary gland of a teleost (Xiphophorus maculatus) using an immunoperoxidase procedure. It is specifically localized in the perikarya and their axons of the ventral telencephalon and nucleus lateralis tuberis and within and between the gonadotrops and within some cells of the pars intermedia. These immunoreactions are extinguished when antiserum to LH-RH is preincubated with LH-RH antigen but not with neurohypophysial hormones.", "PMID": 395270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10643", "title": "[Segregation of HLA haplotypes in a family with infants having spina bifida].", "content": "The search for HLA association in spina bifida is particularly interesting since this condition can be associated with the effect of the T locus in mice. Gene and haplotype frequencies in 32 unrelated patients suffering from spina bifida were studied. Patients and families were examined clinically and radiologically. A high frequency of spina bifida occulta and other vertebral abnormalities was found suggesting genetic determinism but no evidence of linkage with HLA genes or haplotypes was found.", "contents": "[Segregation of HLA haplotypes in a family with infants having spina bifida]. The search for HLA association in spina bifida is particularly interesting since this condition can be associated with the effect of the T locus in mice. Gene and haplotype frequencies in 32 unrelated patients suffering from spina bifida were studied. Patients and families were examined clinically and radiologically. A high frequency of spina bifida occulta and other vertebral abnormalities was found suggesting genetic determinism but no evidence of linkage with HLA genes or haplotypes was found.", "PMID": 395274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10644", "title": "Selective detection of IgM-antibody against core antigen of the hepatitis B virus by a modified enzyme immune assay.", "content": "IgM antibody against core antigen of the hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc IgM) was selectively determined by a new enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Microtiter plates were coated with anti-human micro chain immunoglobulin. On addition of serum IgM is bound by a factor of about 4,000 more than IgG. After removing the sample, HBcAg is added to the IgM-coated surface. Binding takes place if the IgM contained anti-HBc and was demonstrated by the aid of a conjugate made from anti-HBc IgG and horse radish peroxidase. Quantitation may be achieved without testing a dilution series. The assay was not disturbed by a large excess of anti-HBc IgG in the sample and rheumatoid factor did not produce false-positive results, provided the sample was diluted in an excess of aggregated IgG. The diagnostic relevance of the assay was demonstrated in selected cases of acute hepatitis B. Rapid diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection is therefore now possible in those cases whihc are HBsAg-negative but anti-HBc-positive.", "contents": "Selective detection of IgM-antibody against core antigen of the hepatitis B virus by a modified enzyme immune assay. IgM antibody against core antigen of the hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc IgM) was selectively determined by a new enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Microtiter plates were coated with anti-human micro chain immunoglobulin. On addition of serum IgM is bound by a factor of about 4,000 more than IgG. After removing the sample, HBcAg is added to the IgM-coated surface. Binding takes place if the IgM contained anti-HBc and was demonstrated by the aid of a conjugate made from anti-HBc IgG and horse radish peroxidase. Quantitation may be achieved without testing a dilution series. The assay was not disturbed by a large excess of anti-HBc IgG in the sample and rheumatoid factor did not produce false-positive results, provided the sample was diluted in an excess of aggregated IgG. The diagnostic relevance of the assay was demonstrated in selected cases of acute hepatitis B. Rapid diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection is therefore now possible in those cases whihc are HBsAg-negative but anti-HBc-positive.", "PMID": 395275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10645", "title": "Demonstration by radionuclide imaging of possible vascular steal from a renal transplant.", "content": "Radionuclide studies in a renal-transplant patient with congestive heart failure suggested vascular steal from the renal allograft by a contralateral femoral arteriovenous fistula. These reliable, noninvasive diagnostic procedures have potential use in similar settings to evaluate allograft perfusion and function. Correction by removal of the fistula was demonstrated.", "contents": "Demonstration by radionuclide imaging of possible vascular steal from a renal transplant. Radionuclide studies in a renal-transplant patient with congestive heart failure suggested vascular steal from the renal allograft by a contralateral femoral arteriovenous fistula. These reliable, noninvasive diagnostic procedures have potential use in similar settings to evaluate allograft perfusion and function. Correction by removal of the fistula was demonstrated.", "PMID": 395279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10646", "title": "Renal graft evaluation with pertechnetate and I-131 Hippuran. A comparative clinical study.", "content": "This retrospective study compared standard clinical and biochemical data from 50 graft recipients against 533 I-131 Hippuran sequential scintigrams and 515 [99mTc]pertechnetate serial scintigrams. All grafts included in this study are cadaver kidneys. The majority of the studies were made during the early posttransplantation period. Anuria or oliguria of at least 4 days duration was seen in 18 patients. The study spans 574 days of oliguria during which 136 dual-tracer studies were made. I-131 Hippuran renography of functioning grafts was carried out 397 times, and the Tc-99m sequential scintigraphy 379 times. In all, 47 espisodes of actue rejection were registered clinically in functioning gfafrs, 36 of which were recognized during Hippuran renography and 38 with the pertechnetate study. False-positive errors were seen 12 times during renography. The study also demonstrated that furosemide will significantly and predictably influence renography and the pertechnetate study. This seems noteworthy since furosemide is extensively used in posttransplant management.", "contents": "Renal graft evaluation with pertechnetate and I-131 Hippuran. A comparative clinical study. This retrospective study compared standard clinical and biochemical data from 50 graft recipients against 533 I-131 Hippuran sequential scintigrams and 515 [99mTc]pertechnetate serial scintigrams. All grafts included in this study are cadaver kidneys. The majority of the studies were made during the early posttransplantation period. Anuria or oliguria of at least 4 days duration was seen in 18 patients. The study spans 574 days of oliguria during which 136 dual-tracer studies were made. I-131 Hippuran renography of functioning grafts was carried out 397 times, and the Tc-99m sequential scintigraphy 379 times. In all, 47 espisodes of actue rejection were registered clinically in functioning gfafrs, 36 of which were recognized during Hippuran renography and 38 with the pertechnetate study. False-positive errors were seen 12 times during renography. The study also demonstrated that furosemide will significantly and predictably influence renography and the pertechnetate study. This seems noteworthy since furosemide is extensively used in posttransplant management.", "PMID": 395278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10647", "title": "The paradox image: a noninvasive index of regional left-ventricular dyskinesis.", "content": "The paradox image, a functional image of regional dyskinesis derived from the equilibrium (gated) radionuclide ventriculogram, was constructed by subtracting the background-corrected end-diastolic frame from the background-corrected end-systolic frame. In 11 patients showing dyskinesis by contract ventriculography, the percentage of left-ventricular picture elements containing paradox ranged from 3.6 to 55.6% (21.44% +/- 4.45 s.e.m.). In 11 patients with normokinesis and in eight patients with hypokinesis by contract ventriculography, the left-ventricular picture elements demonstrating paradox were less than 1.1% in all cases. In nine patients with akinesis, the percentage of left-ventricular picture elements containing paradox was 2.05% +/- 0.96 s.e.m. and was less tha 2% in seven patients. There was also an excellent agreement between the location of dyskinesis on the paradox image and that by contrast ventriculography. The paradox image is a sensitive indicator of left-ventricular dyskinesis and should be useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected left-ventricular asynergy.", "contents": "The paradox image: a noninvasive index of regional left-ventricular dyskinesis. The paradox image, a functional image of regional dyskinesis derived from the equilibrium (gated) radionuclide ventriculogram, was constructed by subtracting the background-corrected end-diastolic frame from the background-corrected end-systolic frame. In 11 patients showing dyskinesis by contract ventriculography, the percentage of left-ventricular picture elements containing paradox ranged from 3.6 to 55.6% (21.44% +/- 4.45 s.e.m.). In 11 patients with normokinesis and in eight patients with hypokinesis by contract ventriculography, the left-ventricular picture elements demonstrating paradox were less than 1.1% in all cases. In nine patients with akinesis, the percentage of left-ventricular picture elements containing paradox was 2.05% +/- 0.96 s.e.m. and was less tha 2% in seven patients. There was also an excellent agreement between the location of dyskinesis on the paradox image and that by contrast ventriculography. The paradox image is a sensitive indicator of left-ventricular dyskinesis and should be useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected left-ventricular asynergy.", "PMID": 395281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10648", "title": "Myocardial perfusion imaging using thallium-201: a new algorithm for calculation of background activity.", "content": "A method is presented for calculating a background image to be subtracted from TI-201 myocardial perfusion images. The method was derived from experimental measurements of background components in which hearts of animals injected with TI-201 were replaced with hearts from nonradioactive animals. The algorithm generates a background image that accounts for TI-201 activity in surrounding tissues and within the cardiac chamber. Comparison of the computer-generated background images with background images of the experimental models showed a mean difference of about 3% (range 1-6%). Clinical images using this method of background generation and subtraction are presented.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion imaging using thallium-201: a new algorithm for calculation of background activity. A method is presented for calculating a background image to be subtracted from TI-201 myocardial perfusion images. The method was derived from experimental measurements of background components in which hearts of animals injected with TI-201 were replaced with hearts from nonradioactive animals. The algorithm generates a background image that accounts for TI-201 activity in surrounding tissues and within the cardiac chamber. Comparison of the computer-generated background images with background images of the experimental models showed a mean difference of about 3% (range 1-6%). Clinical images using this method of background generation and subtraction are presented.", "PMID": 395282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10649", "title": "Automated computer program for radionuclide cardiac output determination.", "content": "Radionuclides have provided a safe, reliable, and minimally invasive method for repeated determinations of cardiac output. A completely automated computer program for data analysis is described. Cardiac output values obtained by this technique correlated closely with values obtained by manual determination of the region of interest (r = 0.90 for right-ventricular and 0.98 for left-ventricular outputs, p less than 0.001 for both). Further, cardiac output determined by computer selection of either left-ventricular area of interest or of the \"whole heart region\" correlated significantly with that simultaneously determined by dye-dilution technique (indocyanine green; r = 0.86, p less than 0.001 for both). The automated approach allows greater objectivity in the selection of the regions of interest, faster turnaround of calculated results, and use of a smaller dose of radionuclide.", "contents": "Automated computer program for radionuclide cardiac output determination. Radionuclides have provided a safe, reliable, and minimally invasive method for repeated determinations of cardiac output. A completely automated computer program for data analysis is described. Cardiac output values obtained by this technique correlated closely with values obtained by manual determination of the region of interest (r = 0.90 for right-ventricular and 0.98 for left-ventricular outputs, p less than 0.001 for both). Further, cardiac output determined by computer selection of either left-ventricular area of interest or of the \"whole heart region\" correlated significantly with that simultaneously determined by dye-dilution technique (indocyanine green; r = 0.86, p less than 0.001 for both). The automated approach allows greater objectivity in the selection of the regions of interest, faster turnaround of calculated results, and use of a smaller dose of radionuclide.", "PMID": 395283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10650", "title": "Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium berghei in rat hepatic Kupffer cells.", "content": "Liver biopsies of white rates infected by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites were examined by electron microscopy. Intrahepatocytic schizont development was confirmed. In addition, at 60 and 70 h after sporozoite inoculation, exoerythrocytic merozoites were noted in Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids. Although it is theoretically possible that this observation may be of merozoite development in Kupffer cells, the authors suspect that this example of phagocytosis would be one of the host's natural defenses against sporozoite-transmitted malaria.", "contents": "Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium berghei in rat hepatic Kupffer cells. Liver biopsies of white rates infected by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites were examined by electron microscopy. Intrahepatocytic schizont development was confirmed. In addition, at 60 and 70 h after sporozoite inoculation, exoerythrocytic merozoites were noted in Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids. Although it is theoretically possible that this observation may be of merozoite development in Kupffer cells, the authors suspect that this example of phagocytosis would be one of the host's natural defenses against sporozoite-transmitted malaria.", "PMID": 395294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10651", "title": "Permeability of the fenestrated capillaries in the cat submandibular gland to lipid-insoluble molecules.", "content": "1. Permeability-surface area products for the fenestrated capillaries in the perfused cat submandibular gland have been measured for graded lipid-insoluble molecules using the single-passage, multiple-tracer dilution technique. 2. The permeability-surface area for [57Co]cyanocobalamin (mol. wt. 1353) increased as the perfusion flow was increased, but reached a constant value of 4.11 +/- 0.25 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) at flows above 8 ml. min-1.g-1. For [125I]insulin (approximate mol. wt. 6000) it was 1.80 +/- 0.13 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) and apparently diffusion-limited at all the high flow rates studied. A similar permeability-surface area product was measured for [14C]inulin (mol. wt. 5500): 1.76 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- S.E., n = 4). 3. Permeability-surface area values for cyanocobalamin and insulin in the salivary gland are respectively about 20 and 200 times larger than the estimates reported for the continuous capillaries of cardiac and skeletal muscle. 4. The permeability-surface area (PS) ratio [57Co]cyanocobalamin/[125I]insulin (2.33 +/- 0.15, mean +/- S.E., n = 9) was significantly greater than the apparent ratio of their free diffusion coefficients (1.76), suggesting restricted diffusion of insulin relative to cyanocobalamin across the capillary endothelium. 5. Permeability-surface area products for the smaller molecular weight tracers (22Na, 86Rb and 51Cr-EDTA (mol. wt. 357)) increased continuously with perfusion rate, indicating flow-limited solute exchange. The PS ratio of Rb/EDTA was close to unity whereas the corresponding free diffusion ratio is 3.85. 6. The high permeability-surface area values measured were thought to be associated with the fenestrae which appeared to act as high concentrations of 'small pores' rather than as 'large pores'.", "contents": "Permeability of the fenestrated capillaries in the cat submandibular gland to lipid-insoluble molecules. 1. Permeability-surface area products for the fenestrated capillaries in the perfused cat submandibular gland have been measured for graded lipid-insoluble molecules using the single-passage, multiple-tracer dilution technique. 2. The permeability-surface area for [57Co]cyanocobalamin (mol. wt. 1353) increased as the perfusion flow was increased, but reached a constant value of 4.11 +/- 0.25 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) at flows above 8 ml. min-1.g-1. For [125I]insulin (approximate mol. wt. 6000) it was 1.80 +/- 0.13 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) and apparently diffusion-limited at all the high flow rates studied. A similar permeability-surface area product was measured for [14C]inulin (mol. wt. 5500): 1.76 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- S.E., n = 4). 3. Permeability-surface area values for cyanocobalamin and insulin in the salivary gland are respectively about 20 and 200 times larger than the estimates reported for the continuous capillaries of cardiac and skeletal muscle. 4. The permeability-surface area (PS) ratio [57Co]cyanocobalamin/[125I]insulin (2.33 +/- 0.15, mean +/- S.E., n = 9) was significantly greater than the apparent ratio of their free diffusion coefficients (1.76), suggesting restricted diffusion of insulin relative to cyanocobalamin across the capillary endothelium. 5. Permeability-surface area products for the smaller molecular weight tracers (22Na, 86Rb and 51Cr-EDTA (mol. wt. 357)) increased continuously with perfusion rate, indicating flow-limited solute exchange. The PS ratio of Rb/EDTA was close to unity whereas the corresponding free diffusion ratio is 3.85. 6. The high permeability-surface area values measured were thought to be associated with the fenestrae which appeared to act as high concentrations of 'small pores' rather than as 'large pores'.", "PMID": 395293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10652", "title": "Purine metabolism in trypanosomatids.", "content": "Purine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, Crithidia deanei (a reduviid trypanosomatid with an endosymbiote) and an aposymbiotic strain of C. deanei (obtained by curing C. deanei with chloramphenicol). Trypanosoma cruzi was found to synthesize purine nucleotides only fring incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides. Similar results were obtained with guanine, indicating that this flagellate has a system for the interconversion of purine nucleotides. Crithidia deanei was able to synthesize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from glycine (\"de novo\" pathway) and purine nucleotides from adenine and guanine (\"salvage\" pathway). Adenine was incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides, while guanine was incorporated into guanine nucleotides only, indicating the presence of a metabolic block at the level of GMP reductase. The aposymbiotic C. deanei strain was unable to utilize glycine for the synthesis of purine nucleotides, although glycine was utilized for synthesizing pyrimidine nucleotides. These results suggest that the endosymbiote is implicated in the de novo purine nucleotide pathway of the C. deanei-endosymbiote complex. The incorporation of adenine and guanine by aposymbiotic C. deanei strain followed a pattern similar to that observed for C. deanei.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in trypanosomatids. Purine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, Crithidia deanei (a reduviid trypanosomatid with an endosymbiote) and an aposymbiotic strain of C. deanei (obtained by curing C. deanei with chloramphenicol). Trypanosoma cruzi was found to synthesize purine nucleotides only fring incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides. Similar results were obtained with guanine, indicating that this flagellate has a system for the interconversion of purine nucleotides. Crithidia deanei was able to synthesize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from glycine (\"de novo\" pathway) and purine nucleotides from adenine and guanine (\"salvage\" pathway). Adenine was incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides, while guanine was incorporated into guanine nucleotides only, indicating the presence of a metabolic block at the level of GMP reductase. The aposymbiotic C. deanei strain was unable to utilize glycine for the synthesis of purine nucleotides, although glycine was utilized for synthesizing pyrimidine nucleotides. These results suggest that the endosymbiote is implicated in the de novo purine nucleotide pathway of the C. deanei-endosymbiote complex. The incorporation of adenine and guanine by aposymbiotic C. deanei strain followed a pattern similar to that observed for C. deanei.", "PMID": 395295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10653", "title": "Acid hydrolases and their release in food vacuole-less mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "Mutants (NP1 and PSJ5) of Tetrahymena thermophila strains B and D 1968 exist that are unable to construct a functional oral apparatus and form food vacuoles at 37 C but which do so normally at 30 C. Food vacuole-less cells starved in dilute salt solution released similar amounts of acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and alpha-glucosidase activity into the medium as wildtype cells during an 8-h period. Actively growing, food vacuole-less cells had approximately 50% less total protein, acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and alpha-glucosidase per cell than wildtype cells after 72-h growth. During this time food vacuole-less cells released significant amounts of the 3 acid hydrolases into the growth medium. For each hydrolase, the total activity released from growing, food vacuole-less cells was less, on a per cell basis, tahn the amount released from food vacuole formers. The proportion of the total activity secreted by the mutant and the wildtype cells was the same for acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and somewhat lower for alpha-glucosidase. It is concluded that the release of a significant amount of acid hydrolase activity from Tetrahymena is independent of food vacuole formation and may be analogous to the secretory activity of other nonphagocytic eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases and their release in food vacuole-less mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila. Mutants (NP1 and PSJ5) of Tetrahymena thermophila strains B and D 1968 exist that are unable to construct a functional oral apparatus and form food vacuoles at 37 C but which do so normally at 30 C. Food vacuole-less cells starved in dilute salt solution released similar amounts of acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and alpha-glucosidase activity into the medium as wildtype cells during an 8-h period. Actively growing, food vacuole-less cells had approximately 50% less total protein, acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and alpha-glucosidase per cell than wildtype cells after 72-h growth. During this time food vacuole-less cells released significant amounts of the 3 acid hydrolases into the growth medium. For each hydrolase, the total activity released from growing, food vacuole-less cells was less, on a per cell basis, tahn the amount released from food vacuole formers. The proportion of the total activity secreted by the mutant and the wildtype cells was the same for acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and somewhat lower for alpha-glucosidase. It is concluded that the release of a significant amount of acid hydrolase activity from Tetrahymena is independent of food vacuole formation and may be analogous to the secretory activity of other nonphagocytic eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 395296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10654", "title": "Rejection and immunosuppression in kidney transplantation.", "content": "Seventeen out of 85 renal allograft patients suffered 23 episodes of rejection. Of these 22 (96%) were associated with a significant increase in DNA synthesis in the peripheral blood and in 12 instances (55%) the DNA increase occurred before biochemical or clinical evidence. The prognostic value depends on the frequency of sampling and in all patients measured daily the DNA increase was predictive with a mean value of 7 days before other signs. Nine patients experienced 12 rejection episodes that resulted in the loss of their graft. All these cases of irreversible rejection were characterized by a significant elevation in DNA synthesis within 36 days of transplant. In 57 patients with good function 46 suffered 120 episodes of infection. DNA synthesis was increased in 12.5% of these. Thus an increase in DNA synthesis is 8 x more likely to be due to rejection than infection. The level of DNA and RNA synthesis may prove a useful guide for monitoring the level of immunosuppression in these patients.", "contents": "Rejection and immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Seventeen out of 85 renal allograft patients suffered 23 episodes of rejection. Of these 22 (96%) were associated with a significant increase in DNA synthesis in the peripheral blood and in 12 instances (55%) the DNA increase occurred before biochemical or clinical evidence. The prognostic value depends on the frequency of sampling and in all patients measured daily the DNA increase was predictive with a mean value of 7 days before other signs. Nine patients experienced 12 rejection episodes that resulted in the loss of their graft. All these cases of irreversible rejection were characterized by a significant elevation in DNA synthesis within 36 days of transplant. In 57 patients with good function 46 suffered 120 episodes of infection. DNA synthesis was increased in 12.5% of these. Thus an increase in DNA synthesis is 8 x more likely to be due to rejection than infection. The level of DNA and RNA synthesis may prove a useful guide for monitoring the level of immunosuppression in these patients.", "PMID": 395306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10655", "title": "Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in 229 sera from human renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Comparison between CDC and ADCC in a human allogeneic model using the same cytotoxicity marker, i.e. 51Cr release from labelled target cells, provided a better definition of the optimal technical conditions for revealing ADCC. Testing 229 sera from human renal allograft recipients after transplantation, we found that CDC is detected only during rejection (43% of cases) whereas ADCC can be found both in those recipients tolerating their grafts and in those undergoing rejection, more frequently in the former than in the latter (39% vs. 21%, p less than 0.05). These in vivo results and other in vitro experiments support the assumption that two distinct varieties of antibody can mediate the in vitro ADCC phenomenon, some directed against the A, B and C HLA loci and having a deleterious effect on the graft, and others capable of exerting a protective effect and which could be directed against D related HLA determinants.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in 229 sera from human renal allograft recipients. Comparison between CDC and ADCC in a human allogeneic model using the same cytotoxicity marker, i.e. 51Cr release from labelled target cells, provided a better definition of the optimal technical conditions for revealing ADCC. Testing 229 sera from human renal allograft recipients after transplantation, we found that CDC is detected only during rejection (43% of cases) whereas ADCC can be found both in those recipients tolerating their grafts and in those undergoing rejection, more frequently in the former than in the latter (39% vs. 21%, p less than 0.05). These in vivo results and other in vitro experiments support the assumption that two distinct varieties of antibody can mediate the in vitro ADCC phenomenon, some directed against the A, B and C HLA loci and having a deleterious effect on the graft, and others capable of exerting a protective effect and which could be directed against D related HLA determinants.", "PMID": 395307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10656", "title": "A comment on Silver and Blanchard's (1978) review of the treatment of tension headaches via EMG feedback and relaxation training.", "content": "In response to an earlier review by Silver and Blanchard, caution is urged in reaching \"premature\" conclusions about the relative efficacy of biofeedback vs. relaxation training in the treatment of tension headaches. Additional points are raised concerning subject and procedural variables, data interpretation, and choice of dependent measures in assessing treatment outcome. The need for continued study of this question is emphasized.", "contents": "A comment on Silver and Blanchard's (1978) review of the treatment of tension headaches via EMG feedback and relaxation training. In response to an earlier review by Silver and Blanchard, caution is urged in reaching \"premature\" conclusions about the relative efficacy of biofeedback vs. relaxation training in the treatment of tension headaches. Additional points are raised concerning subject and procedural variables, data interpretation, and choice of dependent measures in assessing treatment outcome. The need for continued study of this question is emphasized.", "PMID": 395309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10657", "title": "Osmotic water flow in leaky epithelia.", "content": "I review three currently unsolved and controversial problems in understanding solute-linked water transport in epithelia. 1. Values of osmotic water permeability (Posm) calculated from steady-state osmotic flow in response to a gradient of a probe molecule tend to be underestimates, because of three unstirred-layer (USL) effects. These are: dissipation of the probe's gradient by diffusion in USL's; reduction of the probe's gradient, due to the sweeping-away effect of water flow generated by the probe itself; and solute polarization (creation of an opposing gradient of an initially symmetrically distributed solute by the sweeping-away effect). These errors increase with probe permeability, USL thickness, Posm, and concentration ratio of symmetrically distributed solute to probe, and vary inversely as the fractional area available for water flow (e.g., lateral intercellular space width). The form of an osmotic transient, and the possibility of extracting a true Posm value from the transient, depend on the relative values of three time constants: those for solute diffusion in USL's, for solute polarization by water flow in USL's and for measuring water flow. Sweeping-away effects cause major underestimates (by one or more orders of magnitude) in epithelial Posm determinations, as shown by apparent streaming potentials during osmotic flow and by transiently reversed flows after removal of the proble. True Posm values for leaky epithelia probably exceed 10(-3) or 10(-2) cm/sec.osm. The necessary conditions for resolving osmotic transients are set out. 2. I illustrate the difficulties in deciding what fraction of transepithelial water flow is via the cells, and what fraction via the junctions. There is no existing method for answering this question. 3. Controversies about the validity, or need for modification, of the standing-gradient theory are discussed. Progress in this field requires new methods: to resolve osmotic transients; to separate transcellular and transjunctional water flows; and to measure solute concentrations in lateral intercellular spaces directly.", "contents": "Osmotic water flow in leaky epithelia. I review three currently unsolved and controversial problems in understanding solute-linked water transport in epithelia. 1. Values of osmotic water permeability (Posm) calculated from steady-state osmotic flow in response to a gradient of a probe molecule tend to be underestimates, because of three unstirred-layer (USL) effects. These are: dissipation of the probe's gradient by diffusion in USL's; reduction of the probe's gradient, due to the sweeping-away effect of water flow generated by the probe itself; and solute polarization (creation of an opposing gradient of an initially symmetrically distributed solute by the sweeping-away effect). These errors increase with probe permeability, USL thickness, Posm, and concentration ratio of symmetrically distributed solute to probe, and vary inversely as the fractional area available for water flow (e.g., lateral intercellular space width). The form of an osmotic transient, and the possibility of extracting a true Posm value from the transient, depend on the relative values of three time constants: those for solute diffusion in USL's, for solute polarization by water flow in USL's and for measuring water flow. Sweeping-away effects cause major underestimates (by one or more orders of magnitude) in epithelial Posm determinations, as shown by apparent streaming potentials during osmotic flow and by transiently reversed flows after removal of the proble. True Posm values for leaky epithelia probably exceed 10(-3) or 10(-2) cm/sec.osm. The necessary conditions for resolving osmotic transients are set out. 2. I illustrate the difficulties in deciding what fraction of transepithelial water flow is via the cells, and what fraction via the junctions. There is no existing method for answering this question. 3. Controversies about the validity, or need for modification, of the standing-gradient theory are discussed. Progress in this field requires new methods: to resolve osmotic transients; to separate transcellular and transjunctional water flows; and to measure solute concentrations in lateral intercellular spaces directly.", "PMID": 395308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10658", "title": "Instructed heart rate control in a high heart rate population.", "content": "Forty college students were selected from a large number of introductory psychology students on the basis of high heart rate during an initial screening session. Subjects were then contacted and participated in two additional sessions during which heart rate, respiration rate, and skin conductance measures were obtained. Each session consisted of a baseline period followed by five trial periods during which subjects attempted to control their heart rate or performed a visual tracking task. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups. One group served as a control and monitored a visual feedback display driven by their own heart rate but received no instructions to decrease their heart rate. In contrast, the three heart rate control groups were instructed to decrease heart rate during the trial periods by utilizing a relaxation procedure, proportional biofeedback, or proportional biofeedback plus criterion information. No group differences were present during the baseline periods. During feedback trials, however, all the training groups differed from the control in heart rate but did not differ from each other. It is suggested that feedback displays may not facilitate heart rate reduction beyond the level achieved by instructing subjects to use a general relaxation procedure.", "contents": "Instructed heart rate control in a high heart rate population. Forty college students were selected from a large number of introductory psychology students on the basis of high heart rate during an initial screening session. Subjects were then contacted and participated in two additional sessions during which heart rate, respiration rate, and skin conductance measures were obtained. Each session consisted of a baseline period followed by five trial periods during which subjects attempted to control their heart rate or performed a visual tracking task. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups. One group served as a control and monitored a visual feedback display driven by their own heart rate but received no instructions to decrease their heart rate. In contrast, the three heart rate control groups were instructed to decrease heart rate during the trial periods by utilizing a relaxation procedure, proportional biofeedback, or proportional biofeedback plus criterion information. No group differences were present during the baseline periods. During feedback trials, however, all the training groups differed from the control in heart rate but did not differ from each other. It is suggested that feedback displays may not facilitate heart rate reduction beyond the level achieved by instructing subjects to use a general relaxation procedure.", "PMID": 395310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10659", "title": "Factors predisposing to adjacent 2 and 3:1 disjunctions: study of 161 human reciprocal translocations.", "content": "Reciprocal translocations produce imbalances by three types of disjunction which are, in decreasing frequency, adjacent 1, 3:1, and adjacent 2. Adjacent 1 disjunction produces duplication deficiencies of inverse topography to those of adjacent 2. The imbalanced chromosome segments in one of these types are balanced in the other. The disjunction 3:1 produces pure trisomies and monosomies. The following situations predispose to adjacent 2 disjunction: translocations between the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes or between one of these and that of a No 9 chromosome; centric segments, either short or carrying a heterochromatic zone (9qh); a balanced translocation in the mother. The factors predisposing to the disjunction adjacent 2 operate by selection, or directly on the meiotic configuration. Some of them (shortness of the interstitial segment, shortness of the short arms of translocation chromosomes) act in both these ways. Their influence is probably responsible for the repetitive and exclusive character of this disjunction. The conditions for the occurrence of the 3:1 disjunctions seem less strict than those for adjacent 2, although they should be of the same nature (involvement of acrocentrics or a chromosome 9 in the translocation, maternal origin).", "contents": "Factors predisposing to adjacent 2 and 3:1 disjunctions: study of 161 human reciprocal translocations. Reciprocal translocations produce imbalances by three types of disjunction which are, in decreasing frequency, adjacent 1, 3:1, and adjacent 2. Adjacent 1 disjunction produces duplication deficiencies of inverse topography to those of adjacent 2. The imbalanced chromosome segments in one of these types are balanced in the other. The disjunction 3:1 produces pure trisomies and monosomies. The following situations predispose to adjacent 2 disjunction: translocations between the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes or between one of these and that of a No 9 chromosome; centric segments, either short or carrying a heterochromatic zone (9qh); a balanced translocation in the mother. The factors predisposing to the disjunction adjacent 2 operate by selection, or directly on the meiotic configuration. Some of them (shortness of the interstitial segment, shortness of the short arms of translocation chromosomes) act in both these ways. Their influence is probably responsible for the repetitive and exclusive character of this disjunction. The conditions for the occurrence of the 3:1 disjunctions seem less strict than those for adjacent 2, although they should be of the same nature (involvement of acrocentrics or a chromosome 9 in the translocation, maternal origin).", "PMID": 395305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10660", "title": "Shigella vulvovaginitis in childhood: a case report.", "content": "Vulvovaginitis due to Shigella sonnei is reported in a four-year-old child.Shigella sonnei as a rare primary pathogen causing vulvovaginitis, the prolonged nature of the clinical course, and the therapeutic implications of increasing resistance to ampicillin by the organism are discussed.", "contents": "Shigella vulvovaginitis in childhood: a case report. Vulvovaginitis due to Shigella sonnei is reported in a four-year-old child.Shigella sonnei as a rare primary pathogen causing vulvovaginitis, the prolonged nature of the clinical course, and the therapeutic implications of increasing resistance to ampicillin by the organism are discussed.", "PMID": 395325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10661", "title": "Frantz Fanon's contribution to psychiatry: the psychology of racism and colonialism.", "content": "Frantz Fanon was born in Martinique, educated in France, and, after psychiatric training, administered a psychiatric hospital in Algeria. He made numerous contributions to psychiatry which are described in this paper. He is best remembered, however, for his four books: Black Skin, White Masks; Toward the African Revolution; A Dying Colonialism; and The Wretched of the Earth. Fanon became a spokesman for third-world denizens of all nations by describing in sensitive, clinically astute terms the psychology of racism and its untoward effects upon oppressor and oppressed. He also described the dehumanization and psychological treatment inherent in colonialist exploitation. With Dr. Fanon's premature death at the age of 37 in 1961, the world was deprived of one of the most eloquent and skilled spokesmen for those who are oppressed by the pro-white, anti-black paranoia which is racism. This paper describes in detail the nature of his singular contributions.", "contents": "Frantz Fanon's contribution to psychiatry: the psychology of racism and colonialism. Frantz Fanon was born in Martinique, educated in France, and, after psychiatric training, administered a psychiatric hospital in Algeria. He made numerous contributions to psychiatry which are described in this paper. He is best remembered, however, for his four books: Black Skin, White Masks; Toward the African Revolution; A Dying Colonialism; and The Wretched of the Earth. Fanon became a spokesman for third-world denizens of all nations by describing in sensitive, clinically astute terms the psychology of racism and its untoward effects upon oppressor and oppressed. He also described the dehumanization and psychological treatment inherent in colonialist exploitation. With Dr. Fanon's premature death at the age of 37 in 1961, the world was deprived of one of the most eloquent and skilled spokesmen for those who are oppressed by the pro-white, anti-black paranoia which is racism. This paper describes in detail the nature of his singular contributions.", "PMID": 395326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10662", "title": "Intrarenal role of renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics.", "content": "A reduction of renal arterial pressure in mongrel dogs to 70 mmHg resulted in marked increases in plasma renin activity and plasma levels of angiotensin I (AI) and angiotensin II (AII). Production of renin and AI but not AII in the kidney was observed. A reduction of renal arterial pressure also resulted in a redistribution of blood flow from the outer to inner cortex. An arterial infusion of AII (200 ng/min), however, failed to affect the intrarenal distribution of the blood flow. An intrarenal infusion of AII rather restored the normal pattern of the distribution of intrarenal blood flow altered by the pressure reduction. These results indicate that the renin-angiotensin system is probably not involved in the control of renal hemodynamics through the intrarenal formation of AII, and that the intrarenal hemodynamic changes caused by pressure reduction is due to the intrinsic differences in myogenic force in different cortical zones.", "contents": "Intrarenal role of renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics. A reduction of renal arterial pressure in mongrel dogs to 70 mmHg resulted in marked increases in plasma renin activity and plasma levels of angiotensin I (AI) and angiotensin II (AII). Production of renin and AI but not AII in the kidney was observed. A reduction of renal arterial pressure also resulted in a redistribution of blood flow from the outer to inner cortex. An arterial infusion of AII (200 ng/min), however, failed to affect the intrarenal distribution of the blood flow. An intrarenal infusion of AII rather restored the normal pattern of the distribution of intrarenal blood flow altered by the pressure reduction. These results indicate that the renin-angiotensin system is probably not involved in the control of renal hemodynamics through the intrarenal formation of AII, and that the intrarenal hemodynamic changes caused by pressure reduction is due to the intrinsic differences in myogenic force in different cortical zones.", "PMID": 395347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10663", "title": "Effect of diltiazem on insulin secretion. II. Experiments on perfused rat pancreas, anesthetized dogs and conscious rats.", "content": "Effect of diltiazem on insulin secretion was investigated in the perfused rat pancreas. Experiments were also carried out in anesthetized dogs and conscious rats with and without glucose loading. In the perfused rat pancreas, diltiazem reduced both glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion and these effects of diltiazem were reversed with removal of the compound. Inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion caused by diltiazem was counteracted by increasing the concentration of calcium ion. In experiments on intact animals, diltiazem at vasoactive doses produced no significant influence on the basal level of plasma insulin or glucose-induced insulin secretion. These data taken together with findings in previously reported work suggest that diltiazem reduces insulin secretion from pancreatic B-cells in vitro possibly by the calcium-antagonistic property, while the compound exhibits practically no inhibitory action on the insulin secretion in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of diltiazem on insulin secretion. II. Experiments on perfused rat pancreas, anesthetized dogs and conscious rats. Effect of diltiazem on insulin secretion was investigated in the perfused rat pancreas. Experiments were also carried out in anesthetized dogs and conscious rats with and without glucose loading. In the perfused rat pancreas, diltiazem reduced both glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion and these effects of diltiazem were reversed with removal of the compound. Inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion caused by diltiazem was counteracted by increasing the concentration of calcium ion. In experiments on intact animals, diltiazem at vasoactive doses produced no significant influence on the basal level of plasma insulin or glucose-induced insulin secretion. These data taken together with findings in previously reported work suggest that diltiazem reduces insulin secretion from pancreatic B-cells in vitro possibly by the calcium-antagonistic property, while the compound exhibits practically no inhibitory action on the insulin secretion in vivo.", "PMID": 395348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10664", "title": "Biofeedback instruments for the management of anxiety and for relaxation training.", "content": "An EEG alpha biofeedback system and a portable GSR monitor/feedback box are described. The rationale for the use of these instruments in the management of anxiety and for relaxation training, respectively, is also described, as well as the training techniques presently in use at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.", "contents": "Biofeedback instruments for the management of anxiety and for relaxation training. An EEG alpha biofeedback system and a portable GSR monitor/feedback box are described. The rationale for the use of these instruments in the management of anxiety and for relaxation training, respectively, is also described, as well as the training techniques presently in use at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.", "PMID": 395366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10665", "title": "A body-worn delayed auditory feedback fluency aid for stammerers.", "content": "Body-worn fluency aiming to relieve the disability of stammering during periods of use (just as spectacles correct defective vision only while worn, and make no claim to treat or cure the disability) have been envisaged for a quarter of a century. Most have been based on Auditory feedback Masking, but the Aid described here is probably the first body-worn version to be based on the principle of Delayed Auditory Feedback, recognised for 20 years as an aid to fluency, but hitherto available only in desk-top equipment. The embodiment described here fits easily into a breast pocket and is wired to a tie-pin microphone and two standard hearing aid earpieces. Voice actuated switching enables other speakers to be heard clearly and undelayed. Results of early clinical trials are indicated.", "contents": "A body-worn delayed auditory feedback fluency aid for stammerers. Body-worn fluency aiming to relieve the disability of stammering during periods of use (just as spectacles correct defective vision only while worn, and make no claim to treat or cure the disability) have been envisaged for a quarter of a century. Most have been based on Auditory feedback Masking, but the Aid described here is probably the first body-worn version to be based on the principle of Delayed Auditory Feedback, recognised for 20 years as an aid to fluency, but hitherto available only in desk-top equipment. The embodiment described here fits easily into a breast pocket and is wired to a tie-pin microphone and two standard hearing aid earpieces. Voice actuated switching enables other speakers to be heard clearly and undelayed. Results of early clinical trials are indicated.", "PMID": 395367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10666", "title": "Application of pattern recognition methodology to the design of an electronic aid for coordination therapy.", "content": "Automated aids for developing coordination skills in the handicapped are not common, with the result that therapy of such a nature tends to be highly teacher intensive. This paper describes an electronic aid, based on pattern recognition techniques, for the teaching of writing and drawing skills which, while retaining the flexibility to allow tailoring of its operation to the needs of individual patients and applicability to a variety of tasks, is sufficiently cheap and convenient in implementation to be an effective tool of general acceptability.", "contents": "Application of pattern recognition methodology to the design of an electronic aid for coordination therapy. Automated aids for developing coordination skills in the handicapped are not common, with the result that therapy of such a nature tends to be highly teacher intensive. This paper describes an electronic aid, based on pattern recognition techniques, for the teaching of writing and drawing skills which, while retaining the flexibility to allow tailoring of its operation to the needs of individual patients and applicability to a variety of tasks, is sufficiently cheap and convenient in implementation to be an effective tool of general acceptability.", "PMID": 395368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10667", "title": "Load measurement in orthopaedics using strain gauges.", "content": "This paper describes the practical aspects of the design, construction and use of strain gauged transducers in clinical orthopaedics. The role of force measurement as a procedure for diagnosis and evaluation in orthopaedics is reviewed and the type of useful data this technique can yield is indicated. The procedure for setting up a load measuring programme is then covered in detail. This includes the formulation of a clinically viable procedure which yields meaningful data, design and construction of the transducers, choice of gauges, their associated instrumentation and analysis of data. The strain gauge itself is dealt with in sufficient detail to cover all the measurement situations which may be encountered in the orthopaedic clinic. Practical aspects, such as the source of supply of components, are fully described.", "contents": "Load measurement in orthopaedics using strain gauges. This paper describes the practical aspects of the design, construction and use of strain gauged transducers in clinical orthopaedics. The role of force measurement as a procedure for diagnosis and evaluation in orthopaedics is reviewed and the type of useful data this technique can yield is indicated. The procedure for setting up a load measuring programme is then covered in detail. This includes the formulation of a clinically viable procedure which yields meaningful data, design and construction of the transducers, choice of gauges, their associated instrumentation and analysis of data. The strain gauge itself is dealt with in sufficient detail to cover all the measurement situations which may be encountered in the orthopaedic clinic. Practical aspects, such as the source of supply of components, are fully described.", "PMID": 395369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10668", "title": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear. 4. Malignant rumors caused by irradiation. B. Special part (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of radiation-induced tumors is explained in detail in the following chapters: 1. Malignant tumors in dial painters using luminous paint, 2. Malignant tumors after injection of Thorotrast, 3. Bronchial tumors in Uran-mineworkers, 4. Malignant tumors caused by radium-compresses and radium-moulages, 5. Thyroid cancer caused by irradiation, 6. Leukemia and malignant tumors following the atomic bomb detonation in Hiroshima and Nakasaki, 7. Malignant tumors in Lupus vulgaris, 8. Development of malignant tumors following the irradiation of praecancerous alterations, of benign tumors and other benign changes in head and neck, 9. Radiation induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma in the skull, 10. Radiation-induced cancers in hypopharynx diverticula, 11. Radiation-induced cancers in the antethoracic skin graft esophagus, 12. Radiation-induced second-tumors, 13. Cancer caused by ultraviolet rays, 14. Increase of hematogenic metastases by irradiation. 15. Malignant tumors caused by irradiation of the fetus in utero.", "contents": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear. 4. Malignant rumors caused by irradiation. B. Special part (author's transl)]. The problem of radiation-induced tumors is explained in detail in the following chapters: 1. Malignant tumors in dial painters using luminous paint, 2. Malignant tumors after injection of Thorotrast, 3. Bronchial tumors in Uran-mineworkers, 4. Malignant tumors caused by radium-compresses and radium-moulages, 5. Thyroid cancer caused by irradiation, 6. Leukemia and malignant tumors following the atomic bomb detonation in Hiroshima and Nakasaki, 7. Malignant tumors in Lupus vulgaris, 8. Development of malignant tumors following the irradiation of praecancerous alterations, of benign tumors and other benign changes in head and neck, 9. Radiation induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma in the skull, 10. Radiation-induced cancers in hypopharynx diverticula, 11. Radiation-induced cancers in the antethoracic skin graft esophagus, 12. Radiation-induced second-tumors, 13. Cancer caused by ultraviolet rays, 14. Increase of hematogenic metastases by irradiation. 15. Malignant tumors caused by irradiation of the fetus in utero.", "PMID": 395382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10669", "title": "Genetic organization of the Salmonella typhimurium ilv gene cluster.", "content": "A number of Salmonella typhimurium ilv::Tn10 insertion strains were used to analyze the Salmonella ilv gene cluster. Tn10 generated ilv deletion mutants were employed in mapping experiments to conclusively define the gene order as ilvG-E-D-A-C. Examination of ilv enzyme levels confirms that the direction of transcription of ilvGEDA is from ilvG to ilvA. The major control locus, designated ilvO, is located before ilvG forming an ilvOGEDA transcriptional unit that is multivalently repressed by isoleucine, valine and leucine. Two internal promoters, one before ilvE and anonother before ilvD, are identified and are shown to provide repressed levels of the ilvE, D and A gene products. Possible regulation of transcription from these promoters in response to isoleucine limitation is discussed in terms of attenuation.", "contents": "Genetic organization of the Salmonella typhimurium ilv gene cluster. A number of Salmonella typhimurium ilv::Tn10 insertion strains were used to analyze the Salmonella ilv gene cluster. Tn10 generated ilv deletion mutants were employed in mapping experiments to conclusively define the gene order as ilvG-E-D-A-C. Examination of ilv enzyme levels confirms that the direction of transcription of ilvGEDA is from ilvG to ilvA. The major control locus, designated ilvO, is located before ilvG forming an ilvOGEDA transcriptional unit that is multivalently repressed by isoleucine, valine and leucine. Two internal promoters, one before ilvE and anonother before ilvD, are identified and are shown to provide repressed levels of the ilvE, D and A gene products. Possible regulation of transcription from these promoters in response to isoleucine limitation is discussed in terms of attenuation.", "PMID": 395408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10670", "title": "Indirect and intragenic suppression of the lexA102 mutation in E. coli B/r.", "content": "In Escherichia coli B/r the expression of UV inducible (SOS) functions is under the control of the recA and lexA genes. In this study we have characterized mutants which are altered in their ability to express SOS functions. These mutants were isolated as UV resistant UV nonmutable (Rnm) derivatives of the lexA102 uvrA155 mutant strain WP51. The UV resistance of these Rnm strains is a result of the suppression of lexA102 mediated UV sensitivity. Genetic mapping of rnm mutations shows that the two predominant classes, rnmA and rnmB, map in or very near the lexA and recA genes respectively. rnmA mutations differ from rnmB with regard to recA protein synthesis, rnmA mutations do not restore the ability to express high levels of recA protein after UV treatment whereas rnmB mutations result in constitutive expression of high levels of recA protein. However, both rnmA and rnmB mutant strains inhibit postirradiation DNA degradation. This shows that in rnmA strains, high levels of recA protein are not needed to inhibit postirradiation DNA degradation. The genetic map location and constitutive expression of recA protein synthesis resulting from rnmB mutations suggests that they are operator constitutive mutations of the recA gene. The result that the lexA+ gene is required for the expression of UV mutagenesis in rnmB mutants shows that high levels of recA protein do not circumvent the need for the lexA+ gene product in this process. Thus, while the lexA gene product is required for the induction of recA protein synthesis, lexA must have an additional role in UV induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Indirect and intragenic suppression of the lexA102 mutation in E. coli B/r. In Escherichia coli B/r the expression of UV inducible (SOS) functions is under the control of the recA and lexA genes. In this study we have characterized mutants which are altered in their ability to express SOS functions. These mutants were isolated as UV resistant UV nonmutable (Rnm) derivatives of the lexA102 uvrA155 mutant strain WP51. The UV resistance of these Rnm strains is a result of the suppression of lexA102 mediated UV sensitivity. Genetic mapping of rnm mutations shows that the two predominant classes, rnmA and rnmB, map in or very near the lexA and recA genes respectively. rnmA mutations differ from rnmB with regard to recA protein synthesis, rnmA mutations do not restore the ability to express high levels of recA protein after UV treatment whereas rnmB mutations result in constitutive expression of high levels of recA protein. However, both rnmA and rnmB mutant strains inhibit postirradiation DNA degradation. This shows that in rnmA strains, high levels of recA protein are not needed to inhibit postirradiation DNA degradation. The genetic map location and constitutive expression of recA protein synthesis resulting from rnmB mutations suggests that they are operator constitutive mutations of the recA gene. The result that the lexA+ gene is required for the expression of UV mutagenesis in rnmB mutants shows that high levels of recA protein do not circumvent the need for the lexA+ gene product in this process. Thus, while the lexA gene product is required for the induction of recA protein synthesis, lexA must have an additional role in UV induced mutagenesis.", "PMID": 395409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10671", "title": "Nuclear inheritance of resistance to antimycin A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A group of 30 independent mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resistant to the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A, was investigated from a genetical and biochemical point of view. All the mutants can be grouped into two nuclear loci: AMY1 maps on the VII chromosome, between leu 1 and trp 5; AMY2 is close to its centromere on either chromosome XVIII or XIX. Both genes do not affect mitochondrial structures or functions.", "contents": "Nuclear inheritance of resistance to antimycin A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A group of 30 independent mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resistant to the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A, was investigated from a genetical and biochemical point of view. All the mutants can be grouped into two nuclear loci: AMY1 maps on the VII chromosome, between leu 1 and trp 5; AMY2 is close to its centromere on either chromosome XVIII or XIX. Both genes do not affect mitochondrial structures or functions.", "PMID": 395411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10672", "title": "Construction and characterization of a plasmid coding for a fragment of the Escherichia coli recA protein.", "content": "The E. coli recA gene was cloned from the phage lambda precA into the vector pBR313. A plasmid, pJL3, was also isolated by cloning a portion of the recA gene into the vector pBR322. pJL3 coded for a fragment of the recA protein 34 Kd (kilodaltons) in size (compared to 40 Kd for the intact protein). This fragment was antigenically related to the recA protein and its synthesis was subject to the same controls as that of the recA protein. The fragment did not express any detectable recA function. When wild-type cells with pJL3 were treated with nalidixic acid, the 34 Kd fragment and the beta-lactamase, made from a gene located downstream from the recA segment, were expressed at very high levels. Moreover, in these cells the rate of synthesis of intact recA protein from the chromosome was inhibited about 2-fold, relative to other chromosomal proteins, when compared to wild-type cells with the pBR322 vector. High level expression of the recA protein fragment and/or the beta-lactamase appeared to be lethal. The size of the 34 Kd fragment, taken together with the location of chain-termination codons in pJL3, localizes the regulatory region of the recA gene within 100 base pairs.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of a plasmid coding for a fragment of the Escherichia coli recA protein. The E. coli recA gene was cloned from the phage lambda precA into the vector pBR313. A plasmid, pJL3, was also isolated by cloning a portion of the recA gene into the vector pBR322. pJL3 coded for a fragment of the recA protein 34 Kd (kilodaltons) in size (compared to 40 Kd for the intact protein). This fragment was antigenically related to the recA protein and its synthesis was subject to the same controls as that of the recA protein. The fragment did not express any detectable recA function. When wild-type cells with pJL3 were treated with nalidixic acid, the 34 Kd fragment and the beta-lactamase, made from a gene located downstream from the recA segment, were expressed at very high levels. Moreover, in these cells the rate of synthesis of intact recA protein from the chromosome was inhibited about 2-fold, relative to other chromosomal proteins, when compared to wild-type cells with the pBR322 vector. High level expression of the recA protein fragment and/or the beta-lactamase appeared to be lethal. The size of the 34 Kd fragment, taken together with the location of chain-termination codons in pJL3, localizes the regulatory region of the recA gene within 100 base pairs.", "PMID": 395410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10673", "title": "Expression of incompatibility by derivatives of the broad host-range inc P-1 plasmid RK2.", "content": "A segment of DNA encoding incompatibility on the inc P-1 plasmid pRK248 was identified by the analysis of deletions generated in vitro, and then cloned into several unrelated and mutually compatible plasmids. These derivatives were tested for expression of P-1 incompatibility. It was demonstrated by transformation experiments that P-1 plasmids were efficiently eliminated from an E. coli host following introduction of any one of the derivatives. However, all the derivatives were compatible with each other. The cloned segment of pRK248 DNA is itself capable of autonomous replication, without being cloned into any plasmid, if plasmid-specified gene products are provided in trans. This satellite plasmid is eliminated from the cell by the inc P-1 plasmid pRK286. The results argue against a partitioning mechanism as the basis for P-1 incompatibility but are consistent with incompatibility being the consequence of negative regulation of copy number. For the inc P-1 system, susceptibility of the plasmid to elimination, but not its ability to eliminate, requires that the P-1 replication system is active.", "contents": "Expression of incompatibility by derivatives of the broad host-range inc P-1 plasmid RK2. A segment of DNA encoding incompatibility on the inc P-1 plasmid pRK248 was identified by the analysis of deletions generated in vitro, and then cloned into several unrelated and mutually compatible plasmids. These derivatives were tested for expression of P-1 incompatibility. It was demonstrated by transformation experiments that P-1 plasmids were efficiently eliminated from an E. coli host following introduction of any one of the derivatives. However, all the derivatives were compatible with each other. The cloned segment of pRK248 DNA is itself capable of autonomous replication, without being cloned into any plasmid, if plasmid-specified gene products are provided in trans. This satellite plasmid is eliminated from the cell by the inc P-1 plasmid pRK286. The results argue against a partitioning mechanism as the basis for P-1 incompatibility but are consistent with incompatibility being the consequence of negative regulation of copy number. For the inc P-1 system, susceptibility of the plasmid to elimination, but not its ability to eliminate, requires that the P-1 replication system is active.", "PMID": 395412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10674", "title": "Mitochondrial and nuclear mutations that affect the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosomes of yeast. I. Genetics.", "content": "We have isolated about five hundred temperature-sensitive mutants specific for the mitochondrial functions. Their growth on glycerol is defective at 36 degrees C and/or 20 degrees C. While most of the mutations were nuclearly inherited, about thirty were found to be of mitochondrial origin. 1) Four mitochondrial mutations (three cryosensitive, one thermosensitive) were localized close to chloramphenicol and erythromycin resistance loci of the mitochondrial DNA, that is in the region coding for the 23 S ribosomal RNA. One of the mutation interfered with the expression of the chloramphenicol resistance gene. 2) A dozen nuclear mutations were isolated from a strain which is labelled with mitochondrial drug resistance markers (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and paromomycin). Among the temperature sensitive respiratory deficient mutants, we have selected the mutations that supress the resistant phenotypes. We describe two non allelic such mutations, one being cryosensitive, the other thermosensitive. Both supress the expression of the mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance gene. The temperature sensitive growth on glycerol and the modified antibiotic phenotype segregated together as a single recessive mutation. A biochemical study of these mutants is presented in a joint paper, confirming their presumed ribosomal nature.", "contents": "Mitochondrial and nuclear mutations that affect the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosomes of yeast. I. Genetics. We have isolated about five hundred temperature-sensitive mutants specific for the mitochondrial functions. Their growth on glycerol is defective at 36 degrees C and/or 20 degrees C. While most of the mutations were nuclearly inherited, about thirty were found to be of mitochondrial origin. 1) Four mitochondrial mutations (three cryosensitive, one thermosensitive) were localized close to chloramphenicol and erythromycin resistance loci of the mitochondrial DNA, that is in the region coding for the 23 S ribosomal RNA. One of the mutation interfered with the expression of the chloramphenicol resistance gene. 2) A dozen nuclear mutations were isolated from a strain which is labelled with mitochondrial drug resistance markers (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and paromomycin). Among the temperature sensitive respiratory deficient mutants, we have selected the mutations that supress the resistant phenotypes. We describe two non allelic such mutations, one being cryosensitive, the other thermosensitive. Both supress the expression of the mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance gene. The temperature sensitive growth on glycerol and the modified antibiotic phenotype segregated together as a single recessive mutation. A biochemical study of these mutants is presented in a joint paper, confirming their presumed ribosomal nature.", "PMID": 395414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10675", "title": "[Travelers' diarrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Travelers' diarrhea\" is an acute diarrhea sometimes associated with vomiting and afflicting travelers recently arrived in tropical or subtropical countries. Its incidence ranges from 20 to 50 p. 100. It may cause severe deshydratation which is dangerous for third age tourists with humoral or visceral impairments. Recovery must not be expected before 3 to 10 days. Viruses do not seem frequently responsible and, among other causes (salmonellae, shigellae, staphylococci), colibacilli have a main role. They give cholera-like syndromes due to two enterotoxines. Treatment is symptomatic. Prophylaxis is important and chemical drugs as methyl-5-oxine must be prescribed rather than antibiotics which may induce resistances.", "contents": "[Travelers' diarrhea (author's transl)]. \"Travelers' diarrhea\" is an acute diarrhea sometimes associated with vomiting and afflicting travelers recently arrived in tropical or subtropical countries. Its incidence ranges from 20 to 50 p. 100. It may cause severe deshydratation which is dangerous for third age tourists with humoral or visceral impairments. Recovery must not be expected before 3 to 10 days. Viruses do not seem frequently responsible and, among other causes (salmonellae, shigellae, staphylococci), colibacilli have a main role. They give cholera-like syndromes due to two enterotoxines. Treatment is symptomatic. Prophylaxis is important and chemical drugs as methyl-5-oxine must be prescribed rather than antibiotics which may induce resistances.", "PMID": 395405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10676", "title": "Mitochondrial and nuclear mutations that affect the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosomes of yeast. II. Biochemistry.", "content": "1. Several nuclear mutants have been isolated which showed thermo- or cryo-sensitive growth on non-fermentable media. Although the original strain carried mitochondrial drug resistance mutations (CR, ER, OR and PR), the resistance to one or several drugs was suppressed in these mutants. Two of them showed a much reduced amount of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (37S) and of the corresponding 16S ribosomal RNA. Two dimensional electrophoretic analysis did not reveal any change in the position of any of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. However one of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. However one of the mutants showed a striking decrease in the amounts of three ribosomal proteins S3, S4 and S15. 2. Four temperature-sensitive mitochondrial mutations have been localized in the region of the gene coding for the large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (23S). These mutants all showed a marked anomaly in the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (50S) and/or the corresponding 23S ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Mitochondrial and nuclear mutations that affect the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosomes of yeast. II. Biochemistry. 1. Several nuclear mutants have been isolated which showed thermo- or cryo-sensitive growth on non-fermentable media. Although the original strain carried mitochondrial drug resistance mutations (CR, ER, OR and PR), the resistance to one or several drugs was suppressed in these mutants. Two of them showed a much reduced amount of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (37S) and of the corresponding 16S ribosomal RNA. Two dimensional electrophoretic analysis did not reveal any change in the position of any of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. However one of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. However one of the mutants showed a striking decrease in the amounts of three ribosomal proteins S3, S4 and S15. 2. Four temperature-sensitive mitochondrial mutations have been localized in the region of the gene coding for the large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (23S). These mutants all showed a marked anomaly in the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (50S) and/or the corresponding 23S ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 395415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10677", "title": "Integration of IS3 into IS2 generates a short sequence duplication.", "content": "The Gal+ allele IS2-43 is known to segregate Gal- clones. Among 11 Gal- segregants, one was shown to be due to the integration of IS3 into IS2-43. Precise excision of the integrated IS3 element occurred at a rate of 5 x 10(-9)/cell/generation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the termini of the IS3 element have the relation of imperfect inverted repeats and it is now flanked by a 3bp or 4bp duplication, a size which has not been seen before with other elements.", "contents": "Integration of IS3 into IS2 generates a short sequence duplication. The Gal+ allele IS2-43 is known to segregate Gal- clones. Among 11 Gal- segregants, one was shown to be due to the integration of IS3 into IS2-43. Precise excision of the integrated IS3 element occurred at a rate of 5 x 10(-9)/cell/generation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the termini of the IS3 element have the relation of imperfect inverted repeats and it is now flanked by a 3bp or 4bp duplication, a size which has not been seen before with other elements.", "PMID": 395417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10678", "title": "Allele specific, gene unspecific suppressors in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Seven suppressor mutations have been isolated in Aspergillus nidulans by coreversion of alleles in physiologically unrelated genes namely, alX, sB, alcA, putative structural genes for allantoinase, sulphate permease and alcohol dehydrogenase respectively. The suppressors are allele specific, gene unspecific. Those described map in four loci, suaA, B, C, D. suaA and suaB are on linkage group III, suaC and suaD on VII. suaB111, suaD103 and suaD108 are semi-dominant in their suppression of alX4 and sB43, suaA101, suaA105 and suaC10. are recessive and have a pleiotropic effect on morphology. SuaC109 is cold sensitive for growth as is sua115, an unmapped mutation on linkage group III which is similar in morphology to suaC109. The two mutations, suaA101 and suaA105 have different spectra of suppression and morphologies. suaA105 weakly suppresses alX4 and sB43 whereas suaA101 strongly suppresses these and alcA125. suaD103 and suaD108 have the same spectrum of suppression. The properties of these suppressors are consistent with their being informational suppressors are consistent with their being informational suppressors of the nonsense type.", "contents": "Allele specific, gene unspecific suppressors in Aspergillus nidulans. Seven suppressor mutations have been isolated in Aspergillus nidulans by coreversion of alleles in physiologically unrelated genes namely, alX, sB, alcA, putative structural genes for allantoinase, sulphate permease and alcohol dehydrogenase respectively. The suppressors are allele specific, gene unspecific. Those described map in four loci, suaA, B, C, D. suaA and suaB are on linkage group III, suaC and suaD on VII. suaB111, suaD103 and suaD108 are semi-dominant in their suppression of alX4 and sB43, suaA101, suaA105 and suaC10. are recessive and have a pleiotropic effect on morphology. SuaC109 is cold sensitive for growth as is sua115, an unmapped mutation on linkage group III which is similar in morphology to suaC109. The two mutations, suaA101 and suaA105 have different spectra of suppression and morphologies. suaA105 weakly suppresses alX4 and sB43 whereas suaA101 strongly suppresses these and alcA125. suaD103 and suaD108 have the same spectrum of suppression. The properties of these suppressors are consistent with their being informational suppressors are consistent with their being informational suppressors of the nonsense type.", "PMID": 395416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10679", "title": "[Current aspects of human salmonellosis in Upper Volta. Study carried out at Centre Muraz (Bobo-Dioulasso) from 1966 to 1977: isolation of 1,013 Salmonella strains].", "content": "In a long term research programme of Centre Muraz a study on salmonellosis in Upper Volta has been carried out, at Bobo-Dioulasso, from 1966 to 1977. Investigations have been executed at Centre Muraz, at Bobo-Dioulasso hospital and at Ouagadougou hospital. All the strains of Salmonella were collected at Centre Muraz by biology laboratory, which is a reference service for Upper Volta. This country is include; among the 32 countries which collaborate with W.H.O. and are involved in the world epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis. For twelve years, 1.013 Samonella strains have been isolated : 1.002 from man and only 11 from animals. The study, which is presented, deals with human salmonellosis. These diseases have been considered from several points of view : bacteriology, clinic, treatment and epidemiology. The various origins of these strains have been specified. The different technics used for diagnosis are discussed briefly : hemoculture (for typho\u00efd fever and few other types of salmonellosis), coproculture (for \"minor\" salmonellosis) are the most common and useful methods. Among the 1.013 which have been found, S. typhi is highly predominant (67 p. 100). In the other hand, S. dublin and S. typhi murium play an important role in the various serotypes which occured. A total of 76 serotypes, already known elsewhere, but found for the first time in Upper Volta, have been observed. Three new serotypes have been described : S. bobo, S. kua and S. farakan. As far as clinical problem is concerned, two main aspects are frequent : either typhoid fever syndrome (caused by S. typhi and, scarcely, by other germs, like S. dublin) or gastrointestinal infections, which present different forms and are more or less severe. Up to now, one single strain of S. typhi murium, suspected to be resistant to chloramphenicol has been isolated in 1977. Such a problem would need more complete research in a reference centre. Otherwise, no epidemic multiresistance has been observed. Checking strictly all the strains by systematic antibiograms is now absolutly essential in the plan of a steady epidemiological surveillance.", "contents": "[Current aspects of human salmonellosis in Upper Volta. Study carried out at Centre Muraz (Bobo-Dioulasso) from 1966 to 1977: isolation of 1,013 Salmonella strains]. In a long term research programme of Centre Muraz a study on salmonellosis in Upper Volta has been carried out, at Bobo-Dioulasso, from 1966 to 1977. Investigations have been executed at Centre Muraz, at Bobo-Dioulasso hospital and at Ouagadougou hospital. All the strains of Salmonella were collected at Centre Muraz by biology laboratory, which is a reference service for Upper Volta. This country is include; among the 32 countries which collaborate with W.H.O. and are involved in the world epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis. For twelve years, 1.013 Samonella strains have been isolated : 1.002 from man and only 11 from animals. The study, which is presented, deals with human salmonellosis. These diseases have been considered from several points of view : bacteriology, clinic, treatment and epidemiology. The various origins of these strains have been specified. The different technics used for diagnosis are discussed briefly : hemoculture (for typho\u00efd fever and few other types of salmonellosis), coproculture (for \"minor\" salmonellosis) are the most common and useful methods. Among the 1.013 which have been found, S. typhi is highly predominant (67 p. 100). In the other hand, S. dublin and S. typhi murium play an important role in the various serotypes which occured. A total of 76 serotypes, already known elsewhere, but found for the first time in Upper Volta, have been observed. Three new serotypes have been described : S. bobo, S. kua and S. farakan. As far as clinical problem is concerned, two main aspects are frequent : either typhoid fever syndrome (caused by S. typhi and, scarcely, by other germs, like S. dublin) or gastrointestinal infections, which present different forms and are more or less severe. Up to now, one single strain of S. typhi murium, suspected to be resistant to chloramphenicol has been isolated in 1977. Such a problem would need more complete research in a reference centre. Otherwise, no epidemic multiresistance has been observed. Checking strictly all the strains by systematic antibiograms is now absolutly essential in the plan of a steady epidemiological surveillance.", "PMID": 395406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10680", "title": "Formate dehydrogenase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: a new medium for their isolation and new mutant classes.", "content": "We have designed a new medium for the differentiation of mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in the ability to reduce nitrate with formate, and have characterized 24 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) mutants isolated on this medium. The mutants were assayed for the ability to use formate to reduce benzyl viologen and phenazine methosulfate, and were mapped by means of conjugation and P22-mediated transduction. Mutants lacking the ability to reduce either dye were found to map at three distinct sites: at a site co-transducible with xyl (presumably fdhA), at a site or sites between 13U and 33U, but not co-transducible with aroA, bio, purB, pyrC, or pyrD (near, but not identical with fdhB), and at asite 10-20% co-transducible with pyrE, for which we suggest the designation fdhC. Six mutant isolates reduced benzyl viologen, but not phenazine methosulfate. They retained the ability to produce nitrite during growth with nitrate. They mapped between 83U and 89U, but no co-transduction was found with metE, glnA, metB, or argH. The combined biochemical and genetic data suggest the existence of a gene in this area which is essential for the reduction of nitrate with formate, but not for formate hydrogenlyase activity or for nitrate reductase activity.", "contents": "Formate dehydrogenase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: a new medium for their isolation and new mutant classes. We have designed a new medium for the differentiation of mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in the ability to reduce nitrate with formate, and have characterized 24 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) mutants isolated on this medium. The mutants were assayed for the ability to use formate to reduce benzyl viologen and phenazine methosulfate, and were mapped by means of conjugation and P22-mediated transduction. Mutants lacking the ability to reduce either dye were found to map at three distinct sites: at a site co-transducible with xyl (presumably fdhA), at a site or sites between 13U and 33U, but not co-transducible with aroA, bio, purB, pyrC, or pyrD (near, but not identical with fdhB), and at asite 10-20% co-transducible with pyrE, for which we suggest the designation fdhC. Six mutant isolates reduced benzyl viologen, but not phenazine methosulfate. They retained the ability to produce nitrite during growth with nitrate. They mapped between 83U and 89U, but no co-transduction was found with metE, glnA, metB, or argH. The combined biochemical and genetic data suggest the existence of a gene in this area which is essential for the reduction of nitrate with formate, but not for formate hydrogenlyase activity or for nitrate reductase activity.", "PMID": 395418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10681", "title": "[Shigellosis in Tananarive (Madagascar). II : Bacteriologic and therapeutic features (author's transl)].", "content": "In acute dysenteries or diarrhoeas shigellae are the bacterial organisms which are the most frequently isolated from coprocultures. The most frequent sub-group is sub-group B (S. flexniri). In vitro, shigellae are sensible to all antibiotics but often resistant to sulfamids. Treatment is not difficult.", "contents": "[Shigellosis in Tananarive (Madagascar). II : Bacteriologic and therapeutic features (author's transl)]. In acute dysenteries or diarrhoeas shigellae are the bacterial organisms which are the most frequently isolated from coprocultures. The most frequent sub-group is sub-group B (S. flexniri). In vitro, shigellae are sensible to all antibiotics but often resistant to sulfamids. Treatment is not difficult.", "PMID": 395407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10682", "title": "Immune interferon produced in vitro as a quantitative indicator of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The present study was constructed to provide some information on the possibility of utilizing immune interferon as a quantitative indicator of cell-mediated immunity and to clarify some of the nature of immune interferon-producing cells (IIPC). When spleen cells derived from L cell-sensitized mice were co-cultivated with L cells, interferon appeared in the culture fluid. It was shown by additional experiments that the cells responsible for immune interferon production in this system were T-lymphocytes assisted by macrophages. The pattern of kinetics of immune interferon production in vitro was similar to that of migration inhibitory factor or T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Immune interferon produced in vitro as a quantitative indicator of cell-mediated immunity. The present study was constructed to provide some information on the possibility of utilizing immune interferon as a quantitative indicator of cell-mediated immunity and to clarify some of the nature of immune interferon-producing cells (IIPC). When spleen cells derived from L cell-sensitized mice were co-cultivated with L cells, interferon appeared in the culture fluid. It was shown by additional experiments that the cells responsible for immune interferon production in this system were T-lymphocytes assisted by macrophages. The pattern of kinetics of immune interferon production in vitro was similar to that of migration inhibitory factor or T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 395419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10683", "title": "Experimental candida-induced arteritis in mice. Relation to arteritis in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "An extract of Candida albicans isolated from a patient with typical mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) can produce coronary arteritis in a mouse when injected intraperitoneally. An unusual feature of this arteritis is that it is granulomatous, shows no fibrinoid change and is confined to the coronary arteries. These characteristics are quite similar to those found in patients with MCLS.", "contents": "Experimental candida-induced arteritis in mice. Relation to arteritis in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. An extract of Candida albicans isolated from a patient with typical mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) can produce coronary arteritis in a mouse when injected intraperitoneally. An unusual feature of this arteritis is that it is granulomatous, shows no fibrinoid change and is confined to the coronary arteries. These characteristics are quite similar to those found in patients with MCLS.", "PMID": 395420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10684", "title": "The reversal immune surveillance hypothesis.", "content": "The proposed reveral immune surveillance hypothesis is based on the identification primarily of self and secondarily of foreignness, unlike the original hypothesis that is based on the identification of foreignness per se. The proposed system is considered to have evolved from the invertebrates through to the vertebrates to become more complex in the mammals, and involves the identification of cell types by lymphocytes through the cell type surface pattern and major histocompatibility antigens. The identification of self and associated foreignness by the immune system is required for the regulation of cell differentiation and replication, and because of this design, the ability of the immune system to destroy foreignness can be regarded as a natural consequence. The reversal immune surveillance hypothesis explains why spontaneously occurring tumours may not be antigenic, in the sense of eliciting their own destruction, and is consistent with the destruction of tumour cells that display significant amounts of viral antigens or gross antigenic changes induced by carcinogenic agents. It is also able to explain the stimulation and inhibition of tumour development.", "contents": "The reversal immune surveillance hypothesis. The proposed reveral immune surveillance hypothesis is based on the identification primarily of self and secondarily of foreignness, unlike the original hypothesis that is based on the identification of foreignness per se. The proposed system is considered to have evolved from the invertebrates through to the vertebrates to become more complex in the mammals, and involves the identification of cell types by lymphocytes through the cell type surface pattern and major histocompatibility antigens. The identification of self and associated foreignness by the immune system is required for the regulation of cell differentiation and replication, and because of this design, the ability of the immune system to destroy foreignness can be regarded as a natural consequence. The reversal immune surveillance hypothesis explains why spontaneously occurring tumours may not be antigenic, in the sense of eliciting their own destruction, and is consistent with the destruction of tumour cells that display significant amounts of viral antigens or gross antigenic changes induced by carcinogenic agents. It is also able to explain the stimulation and inhibition of tumour development.", "PMID": 395422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10685", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in bronchial asthma.", "content": "It is proposed that the levels of prostaglandin E and F are balanced to the lungs and that this balance is upset on exposure to bronchospastic stimuli. The beneficial affects of steroids and adrenergic drugs in asthma, thus, could be because of their actions on the prostaglandin system. This hypothesis derives support from the fact that prostaglandins modify bronchial tone, have anti-allergic properties, and influence the sympathetic nervous system and immune response.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in bronchial asthma. It is proposed that the levels of prostaglandin E and F are balanced to the lungs and that this balance is upset on exposure to bronchospastic stimuli. The beneficial affects of steroids and adrenergic drugs in asthma, thus, could be because of their actions on the prostaglandin system. This hypothesis derives support from the fact that prostaglandins modify bronchial tone, have anti-allergic properties, and influence the sympathetic nervous system and immune response.", "PMID": 395423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10686", "title": "Diabetes and cancer: a postulated relationship.", "content": "Diabetes leads to periodic fluctuations in levels of nutrients and cyclic nucleotides in plasma and various tissues. Variations in cyclic nucleotide levels, periods of nutrient elevation and surges of insulin combine to stimulate growth. Growth stimulation may be associated with the promotional phase of carcinogenesis. Diabetes should therefore predispose the individual to carcinogenesis and limited epidemiological data available suggest that it does.", "contents": "Diabetes and cancer: a postulated relationship. Diabetes leads to periodic fluctuations in levels of nutrients and cyclic nucleotides in plasma and various tissues. Variations in cyclic nucleotide levels, periods of nutrient elevation and surges of insulin combine to stimulate growth. Growth stimulation may be associated with the promotional phase of carcinogenesis. Diabetes should therefore predispose the individual to carcinogenesis and limited epidemiological data available suggest that it does.", "PMID": 395424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10687", "title": "[Comparison of bio-availability, antianaemic efficacy, tolerance and drug costs in oral iron(II) and iron(III) preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to a clinical study which investigated the bio-availability of three oral iron preparations S, L and X by using postabsorption serum iron concentration curves, the same drugs were compared in order to study their antianaemic efficacy, tolerance and drug costs arising during and iron therapy. Moreover, these iron drugs were related to other current clinical reports. Within all three iron preparations a very good correlation was found between bio-availability and haematopoietic efficacy: The very good absorbability of the bivalent quick release stick capsule preparation S (= 100%) corresponded with a very good capacity of haemoglobin regeneration (2,6 +/- 0,4 g Hb/1/day) whereas due to a very low absorbability (10% to 16%) the antianaemic efficacy of both iron(III) preparations L and X had to be rated as moderate to predominantly poor. In normal therapeutic dosis all three iron preparations showed no differences in tolerance. The ratio of side effects was similar to that after ingestion of placebo. In comparing the drug costs during a therapy leading to a real absorption of 1 g of iron the most effective iron(II)sulfate preparation S is 3.6 to 12.6 times cheaper than the compared trivalent preparations L and X. Therefore, there is no justification for the further production or introduction on the market of trivalent iron preparations.", "contents": "[Comparison of bio-availability, antianaemic efficacy, tolerance and drug costs in oral iron(II) and iron(III) preparations (author's transl)]. In addition to a clinical study which investigated the bio-availability of three oral iron preparations S, L and X by using postabsorption serum iron concentration curves, the same drugs were compared in order to study their antianaemic efficacy, tolerance and drug costs arising during and iron therapy. Moreover, these iron drugs were related to other current clinical reports. Within all three iron preparations a very good correlation was found between bio-availability and haematopoietic efficacy: The very good absorbability of the bivalent quick release stick capsule preparation S (= 100%) corresponded with a very good capacity of haemoglobin regeneration (2,6 +/- 0,4 g Hb/1/day) whereas due to a very low absorbability (10% to 16%) the antianaemic efficacy of both iron(III) preparations L and X had to be rated as moderate to predominantly poor. In normal therapeutic dosis all three iron preparations showed no differences in tolerance. The ratio of side effects was similar to that after ingestion of placebo. In comparing the drug costs during a therapy leading to a real absorption of 1 g of iron the most effective iron(II)sulfate preparation S is 3.6 to 12.6 times cheaper than the compared trivalent preparations L and X. Therefore, there is no justification for the further production or introduction on the market of trivalent iron preparations.", "PMID": 395435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10688", "title": "Cancer of the urinary bladder in the Pacific Basin.", "content": "The incidence of urinary bladder cancer differs markedly among the different ethnic and national groups in the Pacific Basin. Because of these differences, the following colaborative studies can be done to identify and characterize factors associated with bladder cancer: 1) study population groups with different levels of bladder cancer risk who reside in the same geographic setting; 2) study ethnically similar groups who differ in risk and reside in different locations; and 3) study population groups who differ in risks and reside in different geographical regions. Factors possibly related to bladder cancer that have been identified and studied by others include occupational exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, artificial sweeteners, certain viruses, radiation exposure, phenacetin, bracken fern, Schistosoma haematobium, tryptophan metabolites, nitrosamines, estrogens, hair dyes, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. In collaborative studies, the pathologic interpretation of histologic material and the content of the questionnaire should be well standardized, and the laboratory tests should be done at one laboratory. Among the population groups in the Pacific Basin, the Japanese in Hawaii and in Japan provide a unique resource for further investigation with respect to bladder cancer.", "contents": "Cancer of the urinary bladder in the Pacific Basin. The incidence of urinary bladder cancer differs markedly among the different ethnic and national groups in the Pacific Basin. Because of these differences, the following colaborative studies can be done to identify and characterize factors associated with bladder cancer: 1) study population groups with different levels of bladder cancer risk who reside in the same geographic setting; 2) study ethnically similar groups who differ in risk and reside in different locations; and 3) study population groups who differ in risks and reside in different geographical regions. Factors possibly related to bladder cancer that have been identified and studied by others include occupational exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, artificial sweeteners, certain viruses, radiation exposure, phenacetin, bracken fern, Schistosoma haematobium, tryptophan metabolites, nitrosamines, estrogens, hair dyes, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. In collaborative studies, the pathologic interpretation of histologic material and the content of the questionnaire should be well standardized, and the laboratory tests should be done at one laboratory. Among the population groups in the Pacific Basin, the Japanese in Hawaii and in Japan provide a unique resource for further investigation with respect to bladder cancer.", "PMID": 395442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10689", "title": "Immunoperoxidase technique for identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae.", "content": "The direct immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by staining colonies on the agar plate. The results of this technique applied to 50 isolates of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae correlated with those of the agar gel precipitation test to the same isolates. The immunoperoxidase technique was proved to be a specific and reliable method for the identification of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase technique for identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae. The direct immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by staining colonies on the agar plate. The results of this technique applied to 50 isolates of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae correlated with those of the agar gel precipitation test to the same isolates. The immunoperoxidase technique was proved to be a specific and reliable method for the identification of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae.", "PMID": 395443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10690", "title": "Encephalomyelitis in mice experimentally infected with Akabane virus.", "content": "Lesions in the central nervous system of mice, induced by intracerebral injection of Akabane virus, were observed by the fluorescent antibody technique and histological method. Fluorescent antigens were recognized in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, but were not detected exactly in any other part. Fluoresced nerve cells were distributed almost all over the central nervous system, especially in medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The appearance of fluorescent antigens was followed by histological changes. So-called Nissl's acute severe degeneration was observed in nerve cells in the area where the fluorescent antigens were distributed. Spongy foci were seen in medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Virus was recovered from brain and spinal cord, but not from any other visceral organ or blood. Akabane virus showed an affinity to nerve cells and caused primary nonpurulent encephalomyelitis when inoculated intracerebrally to mice.", "contents": "Encephalomyelitis in mice experimentally infected with Akabane virus. Lesions in the central nervous system of mice, induced by intracerebral injection of Akabane virus, were observed by the fluorescent antibody technique and histological method. Fluorescent antigens were recognized in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, but were not detected exactly in any other part. Fluoresced nerve cells were distributed almost all over the central nervous system, especially in medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The appearance of fluorescent antigens was followed by histological changes. So-called Nissl's acute severe degeneration was observed in nerve cells in the area where the fluorescent antigens were distributed. Spongy foci were seen in medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Virus was recovered from brain and spinal cord, but not from any other visceral organ or blood. Akabane virus showed an affinity to nerve cells and caused primary nonpurulent encephalomyelitis when inoculated intracerebrally to mice.", "PMID": 395444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10691", "title": "Immunofluorescence demonstrates the distribution of actin, myosin and intermediate filaments in cultured neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Monolayers of cultured neuroblastoma cells were examined for immunofluorescent reactivity with antibodies directed against actin, myosin or intermediate filaments. In well spread cells, antibody to intermediate filaments stained an intricate cytoplasmic network which extended as filament bundles into cell processes; in poorly spread or rounded cells, the antibody stained thick juxtanuclear filament bundles. By contrast, antibodies to actin or myosin reacted with microspikes and with axonal growth cones. The different topographical distribution of actin, myosin and intermediate filaments suggests that while actin and myosin may have roles in axon elongation, intermediate filaments may function as an internal cytoskeleton as well as in axoplasmic transport. The different distribution of intermediate filaments in well spread compared with rounded cells suggests that the cell makes its filaments prior to axon development and that the filaments subsequently unwind and migrate into the cell processes to form the axon skeleton.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence demonstrates the distribution of actin, myosin and intermediate filaments in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Monolayers of cultured neuroblastoma cells were examined for immunofluorescent reactivity with antibodies directed against actin, myosin or intermediate filaments. In well spread cells, antibody to intermediate filaments stained an intricate cytoplasmic network which extended as filament bundles into cell processes; in poorly spread or rounded cells, the antibody stained thick juxtanuclear filament bundles. By contrast, antibodies to actin or myosin reacted with microspikes and with axonal growth cones. The different topographical distribution of actin, myosin and intermediate filaments suggests that while actin and myosin may have roles in axon elongation, intermediate filaments may function as an internal cytoskeleton as well as in axoplasmic transport. The different distribution of intermediate filaments in well spread compared with rounded cells suggests that the cell makes its filaments prior to axon development and that the filaments subsequently unwind and migrate into the cell processes to form the axon skeleton.", "PMID": 395454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10692", "title": "[Monitoring the immune status of breast cancer patients under adjuvant chemotherapy and polychemotherapy].", "content": "The effects of various combinations of chemotherapy on the immunological status of breast cancer patients were investigated. The proportion of T cells and B cells in the peripheral blood of the patients were followed and the reactivity of lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was determined. During observation periods of 6 months it was found that patients under adjuvant chemotherapy developed only a transitory depression of B cells and T cells as well as of PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation. However, patients under polychemotherapy showed a marked depression of these immunological markers and functions during the whole observation period. The possibility of an improved monitoring of chemotherapy in cancer patients by observation of these immunological parameters is discussed.", "contents": "[Monitoring the immune status of breast cancer patients under adjuvant chemotherapy and polychemotherapy]. The effects of various combinations of chemotherapy on the immunological status of breast cancer patients were investigated. The proportion of T cells and B cells in the peripheral blood of the patients were followed and the reactivity of lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was determined. During observation periods of 6 months it was found that patients under adjuvant chemotherapy developed only a transitory depression of B cells and T cells as well as of PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation. However, patients under polychemotherapy showed a marked depression of these immunological markers and functions during the whole observation period. The possibility of an improved monitoring of chemotherapy in cancer patients by observation of these immunological parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 395473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10693", "title": "[Heterotopic allotransplant of the heart and lungs in the rat. Technical note].", "content": "The modalities for the heterotopic transplant of heart-lungs in the rat are described in detail. As in the case of all other rat transplants, this type is fairly easily performed using the techniques and instruments of microsurgery. Special attention is required at the moment of isolating the heart-lung preparation, at perfusion of the coronary circulation and with respect to the exact positioning of the heart-lung block in the abdomen of the recipient. The experimental model may be used for strictly immunological researches or for physiology, pharmacology and haemodynamics research.", "contents": "[Heterotopic allotransplant of the heart and lungs in the rat. Technical note]. The modalities for the heterotopic transplant of heart-lungs in the rat are described in detail. As in the case of all other rat transplants, this type is fairly easily performed using the techniques and instruments of microsurgery. Special attention is required at the moment of isolating the heart-lung preparation, at perfusion of the coronary circulation and with respect to the exact positioning of the heart-lung block in the abdomen of the recipient. The experimental model may be used for strictly immunological researches or for physiology, pharmacology and haemodynamics research.", "PMID": 395459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10694", "title": "[Effect of therapy on the lymphoid cell distribution in the venous blood of breast cancer patients].", "content": "Rosetting properties (E, EAh, EAox, EAC rosettes) and presence of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) were examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes from 30 breast cancer patients immediately prior to therapy and 4 weeks thereafter. Therapy consisted of limited radical surgery followed by combined X-ray and telecobalt radiotherapy. The results were compared to patients who had received the same treatment 1 year ago (n = 13), 2 years ago (n = 13) and 3 to 10 years ago (n = 20). All irradiated patients exhibited a considerable leuko- and lymphopenia with a particular decrease of E and EAh rosettes, and a concommittant relative increase of EAox and EAC rosettes. SIg positive cells showed no significantly different percentages before and after therapy although in absolute counts they were similarly reduced as the other subpopulations after radiotherapy. The possible prognostic influence of radiation induced lymphopenia is discussed without coming to clear conclusions.", "contents": "[Effect of therapy on the lymphoid cell distribution in the venous blood of breast cancer patients]. Rosetting properties (E, EAh, EAox, EAC rosettes) and presence of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) were examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes from 30 breast cancer patients immediately prior to therapy and 4 weeks thereafter. Therapy consisted of limited radical surgery followed by combined X-ray and telecobalt radiotherapy. The results were compared to patients who had received the same treatment 1 year ago (n = 13), 2 years ago (n = 13) and 3 to 10 years ago (n = 20). All irradiated patients exhibited a considerable leuko- and lymphopenia with a particular decrease of E and EAh rosettes, and a concommittant relative increase of EAox and EAC rosettes. SIg positive cells showed no significantly different percentages before and after therapy although in absolute counts they were similarly reduced as the other subpopulations after radiotherapy. The possible prognostic influence of radiation induced lymphopenia is discussed without coming to clear conclusions.", "PMID": 395474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10695", "title": "[Primary spindle cell sarcoma of the pulmonary artery].", "content": "It is reported on a patient with a primary, mainly spindle-cell sarcoma of the left pulmonary artery. It is a case of a centrally located tumor, which caused a subtotal occlusion of the truncus pulmonalis and a complete occlusion of the left pulmonary artery. The diagnostical and therapeutical methods with their results and possible complications are discussed. The indication for an operation is demonstrated. In the pertinent literature hitherto 35 cases of this disease are reported.", "contents": "[Primary spindle cell sarcoma of the pulmonary artery]. It is reported on a patient with a primary, mainly spindle-cell sarcoma of the left pulmonary artery. It is a case of a centrally located tumor, which caused a subtotal occlusion of the truncus pulmonalis and a complete occlusion of the left pulmonary artery. The diagnostical and therapeutical methods with their results and possible complications are discussed. The indication for an operation is demonstrated. In the pertinent literature hitherto 35 cases of this disease are reported.", "PMID": 395476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10696", "title": "[ROC-analysis in x-ray study of the breast; a comparative study between film and xeromammography].", "content": "A comparative radiographic and histological study was carried out in 126 patients with malignant and benign breast lesions. Prior to biopsy an additional film- and xeromammogram, both at oblique projection, were taken of each patient. The X-ray film was Definix Medical (Kodak), processed 5.5 minutes. The xerograms were taken with 1.5 mm aluminium total filtration, and developed by negative mode. The X-ray equipment consisted of a Senograph (CGR). The image evaluation was carried out independently by seven observers of varying experience in mammography by means of ROC-analysis. There is no loss of diagnostic information content in negative mode xeromammography, on the contrary, it seems to be slightly superior to film mammography.", "contents": "[ROC-analysis in x-ray study of the breast; a comparative study between film and xeromammography]. A comparative radiographic and histological study was carried out in 126 patients with malignant and benign breast lesions. Prior to biopsy an additional film- and xeromammogram, both at oblique projection, were taken of each patient. The X-ray film was Definix Medical (Kodak), processed 5.5 minutes. The xerograms were taken with 1.5 mm aluminium total filtration, and developed by negative mode. The X-ray equipment consisted of a Senograph (CGR). The image evaluation was carried out independently by seven observers of varying experience in mammography by means of ROC-analysis. There is no loss of diagnostic information content in negative mode xeromammography, on the contrary, it seems to be slightly superior to film mammography.", "PMID": 395475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10697", "title": "[Arterial stenosis after renal transplantation].", "content": "Attention is drawn to the fact that renal transplants are quite commonly complicated by stenosis of the arterial pedicle. The symptomatology (hypertension, oliguria, fever and gradual loss of renal function) points to the need for angiography. In about 70% of cases, surgical management in the light of the nature of the lesion thus visualised will give good results. Stress is laid on the importance of prophylaxis with platelet anti-clumping agents. Pyramidol appears to offer encouraging results in this connection.", "contents": "[Arterial stenosis after renal transplantation]. Attention is drawn to the fact that renal transplants are quite commonly complicated by stenosis of the arterial pedicle. The symptomatology (hypertension, oliguria, fever and gradual loss of renal function) points to the need for angiography. In about 70% of cases, surgical management in the light of the nature of the lesion thus visualised will give good results. Stress is laid on the importance of prophylaxis with platelet anti-clumping agents. Pyramidol appears to offer encouraging results in this connection.", "PMID": 395460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10698", "title": "Endogenous fungus endophthalmitis (probably Aspergillus).", "content": "A 53-year-old organic chemist developed severe asthma and bronchitis a few weeks after professional exposure to plant dust. 15 days later an acute severe endophthalmitis occurred. Both the systemic and eye conditions were treated with corticosteroids and antibiotics. The atrophic eye which was enucleated 6 months later histologically revealed abscesses in the iris, ciliary body, lens and vitreous harbouring numerous islands of septate, dichotomously branching hyphae, orientated in the same direction and conidiospores, which is considered compatible with an aspergillus species.", "contents": "Endogenous fungus endophthalmitis (probably Aspergillus). A 53-year-old organic chemist developed severe asthma and bronchitis a few weeks after professional exposure to plant dust. 15 days later an acute severe endophthalmitis occurred. Both the systemic and eye conditions were treated with corticosteroids and antibiotics. The atrophic eye which was enucleated 6 months later histologically revealed abscesses in the iris, ciliary body, lens and vitreous harbouring numerous islands of septate, dichotomously branching hyphae, orientated in the same direction and conidiospores, which is considered compatible with an aspergillus species.", "PMID": 395478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10699", "title": "Leber's congenital amaurosis as conceived by Leber.", "content": "Not being satisfied with the present-day diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis, the original papers written by Leber were studied. It gradually became clear that what Leber had in mind with congenital amaurosis is roughly the same as what we know as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The present diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis is not a clinical syndrome but an aspecific symptom complex.", "contents": "Leber's congenital amaurosis as conceived by Leber. Not being satisfied with the present-day diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis, the original papers written by Leber were studied. It gradually became clear that what Leber had in mind with congenital amaurosis is roughly the same as what we know as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The present diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis is not a clinical syndrome but an aspecific symptom complex.", "PMID": 395479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10700", "title": "Gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: the cell-cycle.", "content": "Reproducible growth of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro was obtained from ring-stages taken directly from naturally infected patients and from the same material following storage in liquid nitrogen. Progressive sexual differentiation in vitro was examined for a finite period of 9 days in microcultures and was, for convenience, divided into 5 stages using established morphological criteria (Hawking, Wilson & Gammage, 1971). This microculture system was adapted as a bioassay for various anti-metabolites. Drug activity was measured by observing the inhibition of the established pattern of sequential development in experimental as compared to control cultures. Inhibitors used were directed against DNA, RNA and protein metabolism and microtubule assembly. As a result of these studies it is proposed that the sexual cell-cycle of P. falciparum is characterized by 4 phases. (1) A G1 period which lasts only a few hours. (2) The S phase, where DNA synthesis occurs, occupies the remainder of the first 2 days of development - both G1 and S are confined to stage I and II gametocytes. (3) G2, which is subdivided into 2 sections: G2A, characterized by stage II and III gametocytes, in which significant RNA and protein synthesis continue to occur; and G2B, where there is a progressive increase in transcription control resulting in the depression of both RNA and protein synthesis. Nonetheless, continued morphological differentiation occurs in the latter section transforming the parasites to stage IV and the morphologically and functionally mature stage V. The final M phase is marked by the brief and exposive events of gametogenesis, during which further protein synthesis occurs de novo. The proposed cell-cycle is examined as a model for studies on the activity of gametocytocidal compounds.", "contents": "Gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: the cell-cycle. Reproducible growth of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro was obtained from ring-stages taken directly from naturally infected patients and from the same material following storage in liquid nitrogen. Progressive sexual differentiation in vitro was examined for a finite period of 9 days in microcultures and was, for convenience, divided into 5 stages using established morphological criteria (Hawking, Wilson & Gammage, 1971). This microculture system was adapted as a bioassay for various anti-metabolites. Drug activity was measured by observing the inhibition of the established pattern of sequential development in experimental as compared to control cultures. Inhibitors used were directed against DNA, RNA and protein metabolism and microtubule assembly. As a result of these studies it is proposed that the sexual cell-cycle of P. falciparum is characterized by 4 phases. (1) A G1 period which lasts only a few hours. (2) The S phase, where DNA synthesis occurs, occupies the remainder of the first 2 days of development - both G1 and S are confined to stage I and II gametocytes. (3) G2, which is subdivided into 2 sections: G2A, characterized by stage II and III gametocytes, in which significant RNA and protein synthesis continue to occur; and G2B, where there is a progressive increase in transcription control resulting in the depression of both RNA and protein synthesis. Nonetheless, continued morphological differentiation occurs in the latter section transforming the parasites to stage IV and the morphologically and functionally mature stage V. The final M phase is marked by the brief and exposive events of gametogenesis, during which further protein synthesis occurs de novo. The proposed cell-cycle is examined as a model for studies on the activity of gametocytocidal compounds.", "PMID": 395486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10701", "title": "[Antifungal activity of aromatic essential oils (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Paragerm\" is commonly used in hospitals where its bactericide action is well known. Preliminary tests have been carried out in the laboratory in order to study the antifungal power of this product. Variation of the different concentrations in the culture medium, variation of the time of contact between \"Paragerm\" and the fungus and both the mechanical and chemical effects of the product have shown that, among the species selected, certain were more sensitive and others more resistant to this solution and that, in our experimentation, \"Paragerm\" had a fungistatic effect.", "contents": "[Antifungal activity of aromatic essential oils (author's transl)]. \"Paragerm\" is commonly used in hospitals where its bactericide action is well known. Preliminary tests have been carried out in the laboratory in order to study the antifungal power of this product. Variation of the different concentrations in the culture medium, variation of the time of contact between \"Paragerm\" and the fungus and both the mechanical and chemical effects of the product have shown that, among the species selected, certain were more sensitive and others more resistant to this solution and that, in our experimentation, \"Paragerm\" had a fungistatic effect.", "PMID": 395488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10702", "title": "[Localization of urinary infection by immunofluorescence of bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "After having presented a method to detect antibody coated bacteria, the authors give reports about the first result they obtained with this technic. Among 41 patients they got a positive immunofluorescence in 18 of them, corresponding with a rate of 80% to the clinical and biological explorations. This research about antibody coated bacteria permits to state whether the kidney tissue is affected or not.", "contents": "[Localization of urinary infection by immunofluorescence of bacteria (author's transl)]. After having presented a method to detect antibody coated bacteria, the authors give reports about the first result they obtained with this technic. Among 41 patients they got a positive immunofluorescence in 18 of them, corresponding with a rate of 80% to the clinical and biological explorations. This research about antibody coated bacteria permits to state whether the kidney tissue is affected or not.", "PMID": 395490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10703", "title": "[A study of the frequency of protozoa and yeasts isolated from the parodontium of 509 subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The protozoa Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax together with yeasts of the genus Candida were investigated in the mouth (gums or neck of tooth) of 509 healthy or diabetic subjects. A study of the possible correlation between presence of these parasites and various local or general factors, showed that neither the sex, maxillo-facial anomalies nor smoking had any influence on parasite incidence. Entamoeba gingivalis was encountered in 85 per cent of subjects free from parodontopathy. Numerous factors influenced the presence of Trichomonas tenax: age, social status, alcohol consumption, dental condition and gingival pathology. Presence of Candida was associated with diabetes, poor buccal hygiene and dental condition.", "contents": "[A study of the frequency of protozoa and yeasts isolated from the parodontium of 509 subjects (author's transl)]. The protozoa Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax together with yeasts of the genus Candida were investigated in the mouth (gums or neck of tooth) of 509 healthy or diabetic subjects. A study of the possible correlation between presence of these parasites and various local or general factors, showed that neither the sex, maxillo-facial anomalies nor smoking had any influence on parasite incidence. Entamoeba gingivalis was encountered in 85 per cent of subjects free from parodontopathy. Numerous factors influenced the presence of Trichomonas tenax: age, social status, alcohol consumption, dental condition and gingival pathology. Presence of Candida was associated with diabetes, poor buccal hygiene and dental condition.", "PMID": 395489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10704", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Correlations with clinical stage, histopathology, and survival about 115 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in the serum of approximately 35% (35/98) of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The incidence of elevated serum CEA is not related to stage of disease, histopathology, lymphangiogram and survival rate. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels return to normal after curative radiation therapy (25/32). Persistently high values after irradiation are indicative of residual disease (3/32). Reappearance of CEA, with a progressive rise evoke a recurrence, and may precede the clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Correlations with clinical stage, histopathology, and survival about 115 cases (author's transl)]. Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in the serum of approximately 35% (35/98) of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The incidence of elevated serum CEA is not related to stage of disease, histopathology, lymphangiogram and survival rate. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels return to normal after curative radiation therapy (25/32). Persistently high values after irradiation are indicative of residual disease (3/32). Reappearance of CEA, with a progressive rise evoke a recurrence, and may precede the clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 395491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10705", "title": "[Biological and pharmacological effects of carrageenan (author's transl)].", "content": "Carrageenan is sulfated polysaccharide which has been extensively used as emulsifier and thickening agent in the food industry, for its ability to induce acute inflammation in pharmacology and for its selectively toxic effect for macrophages in immunology. Carrageenan is a complex substance which displays various biological properties. The authors have shown the extent of these actions and reviewed the latest investigations on this subject.", "contents": "[Biological and pharmacological effects of carrageenan (author's transl)]. Carrageenan is sulfated polysaccharide which has been extensively used as emulsifier and thickening agent in the food industry, for its ability to induce acute inflammation in pharmacology and for its selectively toxic effect for macrophages in immunology. Carrageenan is a complex substance which displays various biological properties. The authors have shown the extent of these actions and reviewed the latest investigations on this subject.", "PMID": 395492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10706", "title": "Determination of blood urea by gas-liquid chromatography. A comparison with two other methods.", "content": "An original method for the quantitative determination of plasmatic urea by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is described. It is based upon the transformation of urea into urethane by alcoholic deamination in a warm and strictly anhydrous medium. Compared with the two other usual methods (enzymatic and colorimetric), the GLC technique is extremely reliable and specific, and can easily be adapted to biological fluids.", "contents": "Determination of blood urea by gas-liquid chromatography. A comparison with two other methods. An original method for the quantitative determination of plasmatic urea by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is described. It is based upon the transformation of urea into urethane by alcoholic deamination in a warm and strictly anhydrous medium. Compared with the two other usual methods (enzymatic and colorimetric), the GLC technique is extremely reliable and specific, and can easily be adapted to biological fluids.", "PMID": 395494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10707", "title": "[Hypophosphatemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Too often neglected, dosage of phosphatemia should yet be kept on mind. The role of phosphorus in bone mineralisation and regulation of acid-base balance is well known. Phosphorus is also an energy purveyor during numerous biologic reactions, and depp deprivation may lead to a lot of pathologic situations, sometimes severe. Mild hypophosphatemia is not rare and occurs in various clinical or therapeutic circumstances; deep hypophosphatemia is rather uncommon, occuring chiefly during hyperalimentation or realimentation of starving patients, especially alcoolics. Deep hypophosphatemia (by depletion or transfert) mainly induces clinical and pathological manifestations; they are subsequent to alterations of glucose metabolism, leading to a failure in ATP and 2,3 DPG synthesis. these metabolic events particularly explain muscular and hematological manifestations of hypophosphatemia. Phosphorus loading per os, or in severe cases intravenously corrects the biological abnormalities and improves clinical manifestations.", "contents": "[Hypophosphatemia (author's transl)]. Too often neglected, dosage of phosphatemia should yet be kept on mind. The role of phosphorus in bone mineralisation and regulation of acid-base balance is well known. Phosphorus is also an energy purveyor during numerous biologic reactions, and depp deprivation may lead to a lot of pathologic situations, sometimes severe. Mild hypophosphatemia is not rare and occurs in various clinical or therapeutic circumstances; deep hypophosphatemia is rather uncommon, occuring chiefly during hyperalimentation or realimentation of starving patients, especially alcoolics. Deep hypophosphatemia (by depletion or transfert) mainly induces clinical and pathological manifestations; they are subsequent to alterations of glucose metabolism, leading to a failure in ATP and 2,3 DPG synthesis. these metabolic events particularly explain muscular and hematological manifestations of hypophosphatemia. Phosphorus loading per os, or in severe cases intravenously corrects the biological abnormalities and improves clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 395493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10708", "title": "[Technics and applications of transfer factor (author's transl)].", "content": "Transfer factor is produced by dialysis of repeatedly frozen and thawed pooled buffy coats of healthy blood donors. However, \"specific Transfer Factor\" of bacteriological or mycological type, prepared from hyperimmunized donors would be more effective for restoring cellular immunity.", "contents": "[Technics and applications of transfer factor (author's transl)]. Transfer factor is produced by dialysis of repeatedly frozen and thawed pooled buffy coats of healthy blood donors. However, \"specific Transfer Factor\" of bacteriological or mycological type, prepared from hyperimmunized donors would be more effective for restoring cellular immunity.", "PMID": 395495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10709", "title": "[\"In vitro\" activity of cefamandole, cefalotin, cefoxitin and cefuroxim against enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefamandole was compared with that of cephalotin, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime against 612 bacterial strains isolated in hospital. Cephalotin was more active than cefamandole and the other two cephalosporins against oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains. In contrast, the activity of cefamandole was superior to that of the other cephalosporins against oxacillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. This improved activity was confirmed by study in media with a high salt content and by population analysis. The activity of cefamandole against cephalotin-sensitive enterobacteria was superior to that of the other cephalosporins. Its activity was comparable to that of cefoxitin and cefuroxime against cephalotin-resistant strains. However, there were marked variations in this activity in relation to the different species. The therapeutic use of these new cephalosporins, and of cefamandole in particular, should thus be selective and based on the results of bacteriologic studies.", "contents": "[\"In vitro\" activity of cefamandole, cefalotin, cefoxitin and cefuroxim against enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in hospital (author's transl)]. The in vitro activity of cefamandole was compared with that of cephalotin, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime against 612 bacterial strains isolated in hospital. Cephalotin was more active than cefamandole and the other two cephalosporins against oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains. In contrast, the activity of cefamandole was superior to that of the other cephalosporins against oxacillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. This improved activity was confirmed by study in media with a high salt content and by population analysis. The activity of cefamandole against cephalotin-sensitive enterobacteria was superior to that of the other cephalosporins. Its activity was comparable to that of cefoxitin and cefuroxime against cephalotin-resistant strains. However, there were marked variations in this activity in relation to the different species. The therapeutic use of these new cephalosporins, and of cefamandole in particular, should thus be selective and based on the results of bacteriologic studies.", "PMID": 395496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10710", "title": "[Effects of minoxidil on blood pressure and plasma volume in refractory hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "We substituted minoxidil for dihydralazine in the treatment of 10 patients with refractory hypertension. Supine diastolic blood pressure decreased from 114 +/- 15 mmHg ou dihydralazine to 90 +/- 10 mmHg after one week on minoxidil (mean +/- ISD, p less than 0.01), the concomitant therapy being unchanged (sodium depletion and betablockade in all patients, methyl dopa or clonidine in seven). Simultaneously themean plasma volume increased by 395 ml (p less than 0.02) with no correlation to the decrease in blood pressure, and with no change in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Further expansion of plasma volume was prevented by furosemide, individual dosage requirement ranging from 40 to 500 mg/day, irrespective of the renal function. fter three to six months of ambulatory treatment a satisfactory blood pressure control was maintained. Hirsuties appeared in all our patients, but no subjective side effects was reported.", "contents": "[Effects of minoxidil on blood pressure and plasma volume in refractory hypertension (author's transl)]. We substituted minoxidil for dihydralazine in the treatment of 10 patients with refractory hypertension. Supine diastolic blood pressure decreased from 114 +/- 15 mmHg ou dihydralazine to 90 +/- 10 mmHg after one week on minoxidil (mean +/- ISD, p less than 0.01), the concomitant therapy being unchanged (sodium depletion and betablockade in all patients, methyl dopa or clonidine in seven). Simultaneously themean plasma volume increased by 395 ml (p less than 0.02) with no correlation to the decrease in blood pressure, and with no change in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Further expansion of plasma volume was prevented by furosemide, individual dosage requirement ranging from 40 to 500 mg/day, irrespective of the renal function. fter three to six months of ambulatory treatment a satisfactory blood pressure control was maintained. Hirsuties appeared in all our patients, but no subjective side effects was reported.", "PMID": 395502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10711", "title": "[Estimation of lung water with 131I-antipyrine and 99mTc-HSA (author's transl)].", "content": "Extravascular lung water is estimated in vivo from indicator dilution curves of diffusible and non-diffusible tracers utilizing their different transit times as they pass the lung microvessels. 131I-antipyrine as the diffusible and 99mTc-HSA as the non-diffusible tracer were injected simultaneously, using a pneumatic injector. Indices for rELW/V and rELW/F were calculated using programs previously published, and gave numerical values for the presence and intensity of pulmonary interstitial oedema. Inaccuracies due to sequential inputs are avoided. 131I-antipyrine has a more convenient pulmonary interstitial oedema. Inaccuracies due to sequential inputs are avoided. 131I-antipyrine has a more convenient shelflife and can therefore serve for emergency and follow-up examinations. The results do not differ significantly form those with 123I-antipyrine, and the higher radiation burden is tolerable. A mobile set-up for bed-side measurements is described.", "contents": "[Estimation of lung water with 131I-antipyrine and 99mTc-HSA (author's transl)]. Extravascular lung water is estimated in vivo from indicator dilution curves of diffusible and non-diffusible tracers utilizing their different transit times as they pass the lung microvessels. 131I-antipyrine as the diffusible and 99mTc-HSA as the non-diffusible tracer were injected simultaneously, using a pneumatic injector. Indices for rELW/V and rELW/F were calculated using programs previously published, and gave numerical values for the presence and intensity of pulmonary interstitial oedema. Inaccuracies due to sequential inputs are avoided. 131I-antipyrine has a more convenient pulmonary interstitial oedema. Inaccuracies due to sequential inputs are avoided. 131I-antipyrine has a more convenient shelflife and can therefore serve for emergency and follow-up examinations. The results do not differ significantly form those with 123I-antipyrine, and the higher radiation burden is tolerable. A mobile set-up for bed-side measurements is described.", "PMID": 395506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10712", "title": "Thermal perturbation differential spectra of ribonucleic acids. II. Nearest neighbour interactions.", "content": "Dinucleoside monophosphates are used here as models for studying sequence dependence of the hypochromic effect correlated with base stacking. It was shown that once the contribution due to the temperature dependent hydration change of the bases is substracted from the thermal perturbation difference spectra of dinucleoside monophosphates, the absorbance change of the dimer only due to unstacking of the bases could be obtained. In order to be able to use these corrected thermal perturbation difference spectra as models for studying nearest neighbour interactions in nucleic acids, it was necessary to normalize them to 100% unstacking of the bases. To perform this normalization, apparent thermodynamic parameters were extracted from the corrected transition curves by means of the two-state model.", "contents": "Thermal perturbation differential spectra of ribonucleic acids. II. Nearest neighbour interactions. Dinucleoside monophosphates are used here as models for studying sequence dependence of the hypochromic effect correlated with base stacking. It was shown that once the contribution due to the temperature dependent hydration change of the bases is substracted from the thermal perturbation difference spectra of dinucleoside monophosphates, the absorbance change of the dimer only due to unstacking of the bases could be obtained. In order to be able to use these corrected thermal perturbation difference spectra as models for studying nearest neighbour interactions in nucleic acids, it was necessary to normalize them to 100% unstacking of the bases. To perform this normalization, apparent thermodynamic parameters were extracted from the corrected transition curves by means of the two-state model.", "PMID": 395505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10713", "title": "Medical treatment of endometriosis: a comparative trial.", "content": "In a comparison of danazol, and mestranol with norethynodrel (Enavid, Searle) in the treatment of endometriosis danazol was shown to be superior. Danazol is however relatively ineffective when large tumours or extensive adhesions are present and such patients will usually need a surgical operation. Women who have completed their families and who have severe symptoms will be better treated by hysterectomy. Treatment with danazol is indicated for young women with mild or moderate endometriosis. Danazol treatment may also be given postoperatively after conservative operations.", "contents": "Medical treatment of endometriosis: a comparative trial. In a comparison of danazol, and mestranol with norethynodrel (Enavid, Searle) in the treatment of endometriosis danazol was shown to be superior. Danazol is however relatively ineffective when large tumours or extensive adhesions are present and such patients will usually need a surgical operation. Women who have completed their families and who have severe symptoms will be better treated by hysterectomy. Treatment with danazol is indicated for young women with mild or moderate endometriosis. Danazol treatment may also be given postoperatively after conservative operations.", "PMID": 395519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10714", "title": "Aspects of fibrocystic disease of the breast. Treatment with danazol.", "content": "The differing aspects of fibrocystic disease are presented. The various histological components making up the breast account for the variegated presentation of symptoms and findings. Pain, tenderness and nodularity represent the greatest problem with the former two prompting the patient to seek relief. The latter symptom, nodularity, causes concern for patient and physician as such changes must be distinguished from those of carcinoma of the breast. Guidelines for and consideration of premalignant benign changes are briefly presented. Data from a clinical trial of danazol for the patients with fibrocystic disease are presented. The drug was highly effective in affording relief from pain and tenderness. Some diminution in nodularity was also seen. The impact of this drug on the problems associated with fibrocystic disease of the breast is discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of fibrocystic disease of the breast. Treatment with danazol. The differing aspects of fibrocystic disease are presented. The various histological components making up the breast account for the variegated presentation of symptoms and findings. Pain, tenderness and nodularity represent the greatest problem with the former two prompting the patient to seek relief. The latter symptom, nodularity, causes concern for patient and physician as such changes must be distinguished from those of carcinoma of the breast. Guidelines for and consideration of premalignant benign changes are briefly presented. Data from a clinical trial of danazol for the patients with fibrocystic disease are presented. The drug was highly effective in affording relief from pain and tenderness. Some diminution in nodularity was also seen. The impact of this drug on the problems associated with fibrocystic disease of the breast is discussed.", "PMID": 395520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10715", "title": "Danazol treatment of benign breast disease: a survey of U.S.A. multi-centre studies.", "content": "514 patients with benign breast disease provided records from multicentre studies in the U.S.A. Results showed that a high proportion responded with either decrease or elimination of symptoms, response usually being apparent 15 to 45 days after commencing treatment. Dosage schedules varied between 50 and 400 mg danazol daily and length of treatment between 15 and 196 days. There was a tendency for patients with more severe symptoms to respond better to the higher dosages, and for the elimination rate for all grades of severity to improve with time. Side effects were not severe, and of the expected type including weight gain, oiliness of skin and hair, and acne.", "contents": "Danazol treatment of benign breast disease: a survey of U.S.A. multi-centre studies. 514 patients with benign breast disease provided records from multicentre studies in the U.S.A. Results showed that a high proportion responded with either decrease or elimination of symptoms, response usually being apparent 15 to 45 days after commencing treatment. Dosage schedules varied between 50 and 400 mg danazol daily and length of treatment between 15 and 196 days. There was a tendency for patients with more severe symptoms to respond better to the higher dosages, and for the elimination rate for all grades of severity to improve with time. Side effects were not severe, and of the expected type including weight gain, oiliness of skin and hair, and acne.", "PMID": 395521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10716", "title": "The use of danazol in the treatment of painful benign breast disease: preliminary results.", "content": "The preliminary results of a double-blind randomized cross-over trial of danazol versus placebo in patients with severe cyclical breast pain are reported. Though numbers are small at present, the results are encouraging.", "contents": "The use of danazol in the treatment of painful benign breast disease: preliminary results. The preliminary results of a double-blind randomized cross-over trial of danazol versus placebo in patients with severe cyclical breast pain are reported. Though numbers are small at present, the results are encouraging.", "PMID": 395522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10717", "title": "Danazol treatment of chronic cystic mastopathy: a clinical and hormonal evaluation.", "content": "Danazol, a new synthetic steroid, was administered at a dose of 400 mg daily for two months to 16 premenopausal women with chronic cystic mastopathy. The clinical and hormonal effects (serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, progesterone, testosterone and urinary oestrogens, pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, androsterone and etiocholanolone) were evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Using the same dosage and duration of treatment, danazol (13 patients) was compared with placebo (12 patients) in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Danazol proved to be significantly more effective than placebo in relieving symptoms. Combining the open and double blind study (27 patients), danazol treatment resulted in complete relief in 14 patients and improvement in 11. The main endocrine changes during danazol treatment were related to the drug's ovulation inhibiting effect. Amenorrhoea, irregular bleeding and weight gain (mean 2.1 kg) were significant side effects.", "contents": "Danazol treatment of chronic cystic mastopathy: a clinical and hormonal evaluation. Danazol, a new synthetic steroid, was administered at a dose of 400 mg daily for two months to 16 premenopausal women with chronic cystic mastopathy. The clinical and hormonal effects (serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, progesterone, testosterone and urinary oestrogens, pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, androsterone and etiocholanolone) were evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Using the same dosage and duration of treatment, danazol (13 patients) was compared with placebo (12 patients) in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Danazol proved to be significantly more effective than placebo in relieving symptoms. Combining the open and double blind study (27 patients), danazol treatment resulted in complete relief in 14 patients and improvement in 11. The main endocrine changes during danazol treatment were related to the drug's ovulation inhibiting effect. Amenorrhoea, irregular bleeding and weight gain (mean 2.1 kg) were significant side effects.", "PMID": 395523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10718", "title": "Dosage aspects of danazol therapy in the treatment of endometriosis.", "content": "Danazol is effective in the treatment of endometriosis. Individual patient response is very variable as is dosage requirement. The appropriate dose for maintenance therapy for any particular patient is best determined by a trial and error method, starting with a recommended initial dosage. Side effects are slight.", "contents": "Dosage aspects of danazol therapy in the treatment of endometriosis. Danazol is effective in the treatment of endometriosis. Individual patient response is very variable as is dosage requirement. The appropriate dose for maintenance therapy for any particular patient is best determined by a trial and error method, starting with a recommended initial dosage. Side effects are slight.", "PMID": 395524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10719", "title": "Treatment of unexplained infertility with danazol.", "content": "In order to investigate the possible stimulatory effect of danazol on fertility, a randomized clinical trial was performed on 40 women with unexplained infertility. Twenty-one women received 200 mg danazol daily for 100 days and 19 women received a placebo for the same period. No pregnancies occurred in the placebo group during a 6 month follow-up period. In the danazol group, 5 pregnancies occurred of which 1 were ectopic and 3 went to term.", "contents": "Treatment of unexplained infertility with danazol. In order to investigate the possible stimulatory effect of danazol on fertility, a randomized clinical trial was performed on 40 women with unexplained infertility. Twenty-one women received 200 mg danazol daily for 100 days and 19 women received a placebo for the same period. No pregnancies occurred in the placebo group during a 6 month follow-up period. In the danazol group, 5 pregnancies occurred of which 1 were ectopic and 3 went to term.", "PMID": 395525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10720", "title": "Danazol and the premenstrual syndrome.", "content": "Danazol as a powerful antigonadotrophin is a logical mode of treatment for patients with premenstrual symptoms. Its preliminary use in a dose 200-800 mg daily is reported. Two groups of patients were treated and of 12 patients with severe symptoms (Group I) six benefited from treatment. The second group (Group II) presenting as fresh cases were given 400 mg daily as the first or second choice of treatment. This group had a high drop out rate and any benefit from treatment was marred by the side effects. Danazol will continue to be used where the symptoms are resistant to other treatment, especially when breast tenderness is predominant. The dose should be the minimum required for relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Danazol and the premenstrual syndrome. Danazol as a powerful antigonadotrophin is a logical mode of treatment for patients with premenstrual symptoms. Its preliminary use in a dose 200-800 mg daily is reported. Two groups of patients were treated and of 12 patients with severe symptoms (Group I) six benefited from treatment. The second group (Group II) presenting as fresh cases were given 400 mg daily as the first or second choice of treatment. This group had a high drop out rate and any benefit from treatment was marred by the side effects. Danazol will continue to be used where the symptoms are resistant to other treatment, especially when breast tenderness is predominant. The dose should be the minimum required for relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 395526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10721", "title": "Preliminary results on clinical and endocrine studies in the treatment of menorrhagia with danazol.", "content": "Preliminary results are presented on the effect of 400, 200 and 100 mg of daily danazol on measured menstrual blood loss, in women with menorrhagia. Both 400 and 200 mg daily effectively suppressed menstrual blood loss, 400 mg reducing menstrual blood loss from a pretreatment mean of 456 +/- 48 ml to 45  +/- 26 ml and 6 +/- 5 ml during the second and third months of treatment. Menstrual blood loss on 100 mg danazol was only minimally reduced. After two to three months on danazol, the pituitary showed ability to respond to gonadotrophin releasing hormone and to oestradiol benzoate. A lack of effect of danazol on most coagulation and fibrinolytic factors was demonstrated.", "contents": "Preliminary results on clinical and endocrine studies in the treatment of menorrhagia with danazol. Preliminary results are presented on the effect of 400, 200 and 100 mg of daily danazol on measured menstrual blood loss, in women with menorrhagia. Both 400 and 200 mg daily effectively suppressed menstrual blood loss, 400 mg reducing menstrual blood loss from a pretreatment mean of 456 +/- 48 ml to 45  +/- 26 ml and 6 +/- 5 ml during the second and third months of treatment. Menstrual blood loss on 100 mg danazol was only minimally reduced. After two to three months on danazol, the pituitary showed ability to respond to gonadotrophin releasing hormone and to oestradiol benzoate. A lack of effect of danazol on most coagulation and fibrinolytic factors was demonstrated.", "PMID": 395527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10722", "title": "Insulin and the phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.", "content": "Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous form of posttranslational protein modification in mammalian cells which often serves to regulate protein function. Insulin alters the activity of a number of enzymes known to be regulated via phosphorylation. With the premise that altered protein phosphorylation might be an obligatory intermediate step in insulin action, we have examined the effects of insulin on the phosphorylation of the major phosphopeptides in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Insulin affects overall protein phosphorylation in two ways: 1) Insulin selectively stimulates the phosphorylation of a major peptide in adipose tissue (MW 123,000) and liver (MW 46,000) through a mechanism independent of cAMP and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Net dephosphorylation is not observed with insulin as the sole hormone. 2) Insulin antagonizes cAMP-directed protein phosphorylation. The mechanism of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and the possible role of this phenomenon in overall insulin action is discussed.", "contents": "Insulin and the phosphorylation of intracellular proteins. Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous form of posttranslational protein modification in mammalian cells which often serves to regulate protein function. Insulin alters the activity of a number of enzymes known to be regulated via phosphorylation. With the premise that altered protein phosphorylation might be an obligatory intermediate step in insulin action, we have examined the effects of insulin on the phosphorylation of the major phosphopeptides in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Insulin affects overall protein phosphorylation in two ways: 1) Insulin selectively stimulates the phosphorylation of a major peptide in adipose tissue (MW 123,000) and liver (MW 46,000) through a mechanism independent of cAMP and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Net dephosphorylation is not observed with insulin as the sole hormone. 2) Insulin antagonizes cAMP-directed protein phosphorylation. The mechanism of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and the possible role of this phenomenon in overall insulin action is discussed.", "PMID": 395536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10723", "title": "Receptor-bound insulin as a substrate for insulin degradation in adipocytes.", "content": "Isolated rat adipocytes were incubated with 125I-labeled insulin (about 100 pmoles/liter) at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, and the label associated with the cells was measured by a modified oil-flotation method. The binding of tracer alone was at least 10 times higher than the binding in the presence of insulin (1 mumole/liter.) Under conditions with low rates of insulin degradation (4% per hour or less) the amount of label associated with the cells was constant from 40--180 min and about 80% of the label was extracted (acetic acid 3 moles/liter, urea 6 moles/liter) as iodoinsulin as judged by gel filtration followed by titration with antiinsulin antibody. The remaining 20% coeluted with iodotyrosine. At steady state about half of the label dissociated from the cells as iodoinsulin and about half as iodotyrosine, as judged by gel filtration and paper chromatography in two solvent systems. The degradation of receptor-bound insulin was independent of the receptor occupancy. \"Nonspecifically\" bound labeled insulin (ie, in the presence of unlabeled insulin 1 mumole/liter) was not degraded. It is concluded that receptor-bound insulin is a substrate for degradation in adipocytes and about half of the molecules are degraded at 37 degrees, pH 7.4. The only identified labeled degradation product is iodotyrosine and the pool size within the cell seems to be about 20%.", "contents": "Receptor-bound insulin as a substrate for insulin degradation in adipocytes. Isolated rat adipocytes were incubated with 125I-labeled insulin (about 100 pmoles/liter) at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, and the label associated with the cells was measured by a modified oil-flotation method. The binding of tracer alone was at least 10 times higher than the binding in the presence of insulin (1 mumole/liter.) Under conditions with low rates of insulin degradation (4% per hour or less) the amount of label associated with the cells was constant from 40--180 min and about 80% of the label was extracted (acetic acid 3 moles/liter, urea 6 moles/liter) as iodoinsulin as judged by gel filtration followed by titration with antiinsulin antibody. The remaining 20% coeluted with iodotyrosine. At steady state about half of the label dissociated from the cells as iodoinsulin and about half as iodotyrosine, as judged by gel filtration and paper chromatography in two solvent systems. The degradation of receptor-bound insulin was independent of the receptor occupancy. \"Nonspecifically\" bound labeled insulin (ie, in the presence of unlabeled insulin 1 mumole/liter) was not degraded. It is concluded that receptor-bound insulin is a substrate for degradation in adipocytes and about half of the molecules are degraded at 37 degrees, pH 7.4. The only identified labeled degradation product is iodotyrosine and the pool size within the cell seems to be about 20%.", "PMID": 395537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10724", "title": "Relaxin: an insulin-related growth factor.", "content": "Relaxin is an ovarian peptide that is released just prior to parturition to effect changes in the tissues of the birth canal that aid in the delivery of the fetus. Structural studies established that the two constituent polypeptide chains, composed of 22 and 30 amino acids, are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds with an additional third intrachain bridge. As well as the identical pattern of disulfide bonds, relaxin shows an overall 25% identity with insulin. Furthermore, the sequence of relaxin can be incorporated into the known three-dimensional structure of insulin without significant distortion of the main polypeptide chain backbone. The discovery of the insulin-relatedness of relaxin brings to three the number of growth factors that share a common structural gene precursor with insulin. Nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor have already been so identified. Inclusion in this hormone family suggests that the mechanism of action may involve internalization as well as complexation with cell surface receptors of target cells.", "contents": "Relaxin: an insulin-related growth factor. Relaxin is an ovarian peptide that is released just prior to parturition to effect changes in the tissues of the birth canal that aid in the delivery of the fetus. Structural studies established that the two constituent polypeptide chains, composed of 22 and 30 amino acids, are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds with an additional third intrachain bridge. As well as the identical pattern of disulfide bonds, relaxin shows an overall 25% identity with insulin. Furthermore, the sequence of relaxin can be incorporated into the known three-dimensional structure of insulin without significant distortion of the main polypeptide chain backbone. The discovery of the insulin-relatedness of relaxin brings to three the number of growth factors that share a common structural gene precursor with insulin. Nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor have already been so identified. Inclusion in this hormone family suggests that the mechanism of action may involve internalization as well as complexation with cell surface receptors of target cells.", "PMID": 395538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10725", "title": "Aminoglycoside renal cortical kinetics: a clue to mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.", "content": "In the presence of healthy renal tissues, aminoglycosides demonstrate important differences in quantitative renal cortical accumulation. These phenomena may correlate with clinical toxicity. Proximal tubular reabsorptive pathways appear to be of key significance in the production of high renal cortical drug concentrations. It appears that such drug transport can be blocked competitively. The presence of severe disease in renal tissues significantly influences the intrarenal distribution characteristics of antibiotics and is associated with reduced parenchymal concentration of all drugs, with the exception of doxycycline. Studies defining the intrarenal gradient characteristics of drugs provide us with a better understanding of factors of importance in appropriate antibiotic selection for the treatment of renal infections. The investigations also contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced nephrotoxicity and the potential clinical management by which such nephrotoxicity can be avoided. Study of the multiple physiologic and pathophysiologic factors that influence drug concentrations within the kidney should continue to provide us with information of both therapeutic and toxicologic value.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside renal cortical kinetics: a clue to mechanisms of nephrotoxicity. In the presence of healthy renal tissues, aminoglycosides demonstrate important differences in quantitative renal cortical accumulation. These phenomena may correlate with clinical toxicity. Proximal tubular reabsorptive pathways appear to be of key significance in the production of high renal cortical drug concentrations. It appears that such drug transport can be blocked competitively. The presence of severe disease in renal tissues significantly influences the intrarenal distribution characteristics of antibiotics and is associated with reduced parenchymal concentration of all drugs, with the exception of doxycycline. Studies defining the intrarenal gradient characteristics of drugs provide us with a better understanding of factors of importance in appropriate antibiotic selection for the treatment of renal infections. The investigations also contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced nephrotoxicity and the potential clinical management by which such nephrotoxicity can be avoided. Study of the multiple physiologic and pathophysiologic factors that influence drug concentrations within the kidney should continue to provide us with information of both therapeutic and toxicologic value.", "PMID": 395539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10726", "title": "[Dehydration effect on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14].", "content": "The effect of dehydration on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14 cultivated on the ethanol (1.5%) containing medium in the presence or absence of glutamic acid and biotin or on molasses (2%) was studied. In spite of a relatively low drying temperature (35 degrees C), the correlation between saturated and non-saturated fatty acids may vary within 40--60 min.", "contents": "[Dehydration effect on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14]. The effect of dehydration on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14 cultivated on the ethanol (1.5%) containing medium in the presence or absence of glutamic acid and biotin or on molasses (2%) was studied. In spite of a relatively low drying temperature (35 degrees C), the correlation between saturated and non-saturated fatty acids may vary within 40--60 min.", "PMID": 395534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10727", "title": "Lacunar strokes.", "content": "Arterial hypertension causes the formation of small lacunes, or ischemic brain infarcts, which may result in transient ischemic attacks, hemiparesis, sensory loss, ataxic hemiparesis, or dysarthria. Usually these effects are reversible with physical therapy, but multiple lesions may lead to dementia. Prevention of lacunar disease is possible with vigorous control of hypertension.", "contents": "Lacunar strokes. Arterial hypertension causes the formation of small lacunes, or ischemic brain infarcts, which may result in transient ischemic attacks, hemiparesis, sensory loss, ataxic hemiparesis, or dysarthria. Usually these effects are reversible with physical therapy, but multiple lesions may lead to dementia. Prevention of lacunar disease is possible with vigorous control of hypertension.", "PMID": 395551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10728", "title": "Acute behavioral derangements without hemiplegia in cerebrovascular accidents.", "content": "In addition to regulating sensory and motor function, the human brain is also involved in the coordination of complex mental processes. In some cerebrovascular accidents, hemiplegia may be completely absent and deficits of language, behavior, and memory may dominate the clinical picture.", "contents": "Acute behavioral derangements without hemiplegia in cerebrovascular accidents. In addition to regulating sensory and motor function, the human brain is also involved in the coordination of complex mental processes. In some cerebrovascular accidents, hemiplegia may be completely absent and deficits of language, behavior, and memory may dominate the clinical picture.", "PMID": 395552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10729", "title": "[Effect of fungal cellulases on enzymic activity of malt].", "content": "In order to increase malt enzymic activity, cellulases from the fungus Geotrichum candidum were used. Malt milk was processed for 1--3 hr at 40 degrees C and pH 6.0--6.5 by the fungal preparation or culture fluid filtrate used in such quantities in which there were 0.5 to 9.0 units of cellulase activity per g malt. During the process enzymic activities of malt increased significantly: dextrinating activity--by 73%, amylolytic activity--by 60--100%, saccharifying activity--by 3.4 times, and proteolytic activity--by 2 times.", "contents": "[Effect of fungal cellulases on enzymic activity of malt]. In order to increase malt enzymic activity, cellulases from the fungus Geotrichum candidum were used. Malt milk was processed for 1--3 hr at 40 degrees C and pH 6.0--6.5 by the fungal preparation or culture fluid filtrate used in such quantities in which there were 0.5 to 9.0 units of cellulase activity per g malt. During the process enzymic activities of malt increased significantly: dextrinating activity--by 73%, amylolytic activity--by 60--100%, saccharifying activity--by 3.4 times, and proteolytic activity--by 2 times.", "PMID": 395535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10730", "title": "Bereavement as an antecedent factor in thyrotoxicosis of childhood: four case studies with survey of possible metabolic pathways.", "content": "Various organic and psychosomatic factors have been postulated over the years as etiologic events antedating the onset of Graves' disease. In some patients psychological events have appeared to be important in the evocation of symptoms. Although examples of the latter have been described in adults for many years, there is little published on this phenomenon in children. The present study delineates findings in two boys and two girls with an age range of 8 to 14 years. Separating experiences appeared to be related to the onset or relapse of Graves' disease in these particular cases. In three of the patients the trigger event was represented by bereavement after death of a close relative; in the fourth case the boy's loss was enforced and traumatic separation from his mother figure. In all these children depression was the common response to loss. The observed relationship between the affective disturbance and Graves' disease is compatible with one or more hypothetical models. One such pathway, via depletion of brain monoamines associated with the state of depression, could cause an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with resultant suppression of immune surveillance. This could permit the formation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) and hence Graves' disease in genetically susceptible (HLA B-8) persons.", "contents": "Bereavement as an antecedent factor in thyrotoxicosis of childhood: four case studies with survey of possible metabolic pathways. Various organic and psychosomatic factors have been postulated over the years as etiologic events antedating the onset of Graves' disease. In some patients psychological events have appeared to be important in the evocation of symptoms. Although examples of the latter have been described in adults for many years, there is little published on this phenomenon in children. The present study delineates findings in two boys and two girls with an age range of 8 to 14 years. Separating experiences appeared to be related to the onset or relapse of Graves' disease in these particular cases. In three of the patients the trigger event was represented by bereavement after death of a close relative; in the fourth case the boy's loss was enforced and traumatic separation from his mother figure. In all these children depression was the common response to loss. The observed relationship between the affective disturbance and Graves' disease is compatible with one or more hypothetical models. One such pathway, via depletion of brain monoamines associated with the state of depression, could cause an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with resultant suppression of immune surveillance. This could permit the formation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) and hence Graves' disease in genetically susceptible (HLA B-8) persons.", "PMID": 395558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10731", "title": "Hyperlipidaemia following renal transplantation. A study of the prevalence, 'natural history' and dietary treatment.", "content": "In a study of 70 renal transplant patients, the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia eight to 28 months following transplantation was found to be 59 per cent. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were normal but low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were significantly elevated compared with controls. Lipid levels, measured before and sequentially after transplantation for 22 months in 10 patients were elevated over the first six to 10 months. Thereafter the lipid values returned to normal in most patients. This change coincided with the attainment of maintenance steroid dosage (usually prednisolone 10 mg. daily; mean 12.5 mg). A diet designed to decrease cholesterol and increase polyunsaturated fat intake, resulted in a significant reduction of serum cholesterol levels but not of triglyceride values over a four week period. The results suggest that the hyperlipidaemia in the initial months after transplantation may well be related to the high dose steroid therapy during this period, and the levels of lipid return to normal once low dose maintenance therapy is attained. Lipid profiles and levels in the first eight to 12 months are variable and should not form the basis for therapy or assessment. Dietary modification alone is unlikely to be an effective form of treatment of severe hyperlipidaemia in these patients.", "contents": "Hyperlipidaemia following renal transplantation. A study of the prevalence, 'natural history' and dietary treatment. In a study of 70 renal transplant patients, the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia eight to 28 months following transplantation was found to be 59 per cent. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were normal but low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were significantly elevated compared with controls. Lipid levels, measured before and sequentially after transplantation for 22 months in 10 patients were elevated over the first six to 10 months. Thereafter the lipid values returned to normal in most patients. This change coincided with the attainment of maintenance steroid dosage (usually prednisolone 10 mg. daily; mean 12.5 mg). A diet designed to decrease cholesterol and increase polyunsaturated fat intake, resulted in a significant reduction of serum cholesterol levels but not of triglyceride values over a four week period. The results suggest that the hyperlipidaemia in the initial months after transplantation may well be related to the high dose steroid therapy during this period, and the levels of lipid return to normal once low dose maintenance therapy is attained. Lipid profiles and levels in the first eight to 12 months are variable and should not form the basis for therapy or assessment. Dietary modification alone is unlikely to be an effective form of treatment of severe hyperlipidaemia in these patients.", "PMID": 395559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10732", "title": "Acute renal failure due to bacterial pyelonephritis.", "content": "Five patients who presented with acute renal failure in association with urinary tract infection are reported. Renal function improved rapidly on antibacterial therapy and no alternative cause for acute renal failure could be identified. None had previously been known to have renal disease but three of the five had taken considerable amounts of analgesics. The unusual severity of renal functional impairment resulting from urinary tract infection in these patients is unexplained but may relate to previous analgesic abuse and/or delay in treatment. Since acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis may result in severe reversible renal failure, this diagnosis must be considered in patients presenting with acute uraemia.", "contents": "Acute renal failure due to bacterial pyelonephritis. Five patients who presented with acute renal failure in association with urinary tract infection are reported. Renal function improved rapidly on antibacterial therapy and no alternative cause for acute renal failure could be identified. None had previously been known to have renal disease but three of the five had taken considerable amounts of analgesics. The unusual severity of renal functional impairment resulting from urinary tract infection in these patients is unexplained but may relate to previous analgesic abuse and/or delay in treatment. Since acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis may result in severe reversible renal failure, this diagnosis must be considered in patients presenting with acute uraemia.", "PMID": 395560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10733", "title": "[A rapid method for the isolation of Salmonellae from faeces (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid and simple method for detecting Salmonellae in faeces was developed. It was based on the motility of Salmonellae through a semi-solid medium in a U-tube. The migration of other intestinal bacteria was retarded by means of a magnesium salt concentration. 474 stool specimens were examined for Salmonellae in parallel with the usual isolation method. A total of 39 Salmonella strains were isolated, 37 (94.9%) by means of the selective migration procedure, 26 (66.7%) when the routine method was applied. Two strains of patients in chemo-therapy were missed by the rapid method, which was moreover inefficient in detecting S. typhi, due to its slow motility. However, the rapid method is recommended in addition to conventional mediums in screening of carriers for its higher frequency of positive isolations compared with multistep procedure (+27.3%).", "contents": "[A rapid method for the isolation of Salmonellae from faeces (author's transl)]. A rapid and simple method for detecting Salmonellae in faeces was developed. It was based on the motility of Salmonellae through a semi-solid medium in a U-tube. The migration of other intestinal bacteria was retarded by means of a magnesium salt concentration. 474 stool specimens were examined for Salmonellae in parallel with the usual isolation method. A total of 39 Salmonella strains were isolated, 37 (94.9%) by means of the selective migration procedure, 26 (66.7%) when the routine method was applied. Two strains of patients in chemo-therapy were missed by the rapid method, which was moreover inefficient in detecting S. typhi, due to its slow motility. However, the rapid method is recommended in addition to conventional mediums in screening of carriers for its higher frequency of positive isolations compared with multistep procedure (+27.3%).", "PMID": 395562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10734", "title": "[Recent acquisitions concerning pathogenic enterobacteria].", "content": "A subdivision of enterobacteria is made into classic pathogens and saprophytic species which become opportunistic agents of various syndromes. After a review of the epidemiological situation in Central Italy regarding salmonellosis and shigellosis, an analysis of the E. coli types involved in the enteritis syndromes is carried out. Other topics discussed in the article are the sistemic infections by Serratia, Kelbsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus strains; moreover the causative agents of urinary tract infections are reviewed. The role played in human pathology by all the enterobacteria allows to conclude that the work of the laboratorist would be closely cooperative with one of clinician in order to evaluate correctly the etio-epidemiological significance of the microbiological findings.", "contents": "[Recent acquisitions concerning pathogenic enterobacteria]. A subdivision of enterobacteria is made into classic pathogens and saprophytic species which become opportunistic agents of various syndromes. After a review of the epidemiological situation in Central Italy regarding salmonellosis and shigellosis, an analysis of the E. coli types involved in the enteritis syndromes is carried out. Other topics discussed in the article are the sistemic infections by Serratia, Kelbsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus strains; moreover the causative agents of urinary tract infections are reviewed. The role played in human pathology by all the enterobacteria allows to conclude that the work of the laboratorist would be closely cooperative with one of clinician in order to evaluate correctly the etio-epidemiological significance of the microbiological findings.", "PMID": 395563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10735", "title": "[Pathogenicity of E. coli: biological aspects and problems related to laboratory diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological properties which may contribute to the pathogenicity of E. coli are reviewed in this article. Specifically the following topics are discussed in detail: 1) adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells, 2) production of enterotoxins, 3) invasiveness of and ability to multiply within the epithelial cells, 4) insensitivity to complement lysis or inability to activate the alternative pathway of complement, 5) resistance to phagocytic killing. The various techniques which might be of potential usefulness in the clinical laboratory to test the parameters of the pathogenicity of E. coli are briefly outlined. The dissociation between the definition of pathogenicity, as established on the basis of the results of E. coli serotyping, and the criteria of pathogenicity listed above is brought to the attention of the reader. As specificity regards the toxinogenicity, what emerged from a survey of the literature, was that only one of the so called \"enteropathogenic\" strains of E. coli, according to the serotype classification, was found to produce an enterotoxin.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of E. coli: biological aspects and problems related to laboratory diagnosis (author's transl)]. The biological properties which may contribute to the pathogenicity of E. coli are reviewed in this article. Specifically the following topics are discussed in detail: 1) adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells, 2) production of enterotoxins, 3) invasiveness of and ability to multiply within the epithelial cells, 4) insensitivity to complement lysis or inability to activate the alternative pathway of complement, 5) resistance to phagocytic killing. The various techniques which might be of potential usefulness in the clinical laboratory to test the parameters of the pathogenicity of E. coli are briefly outlined. The dissociation between the definition of pathogenicity, as established on the basis of the results of E. coli serotyping, and the criteria of pathogenicity listed above is brought to the attention of the reader. As specificity regards the toxinogenicity, what emerged from a survey of the literature, was that only one of the so called \"enteropathogenic\" strains of E. coli, according to the serotype classification, was found to produce an enterotoxin.", "PMID": 395564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10736", "title": "Microwave radiation: an epidemiologic assessment.", "content": "Microwave radiation is coming into increasing use in many countries; it is in use in communications, in industry, for ovens in the home and in commercial establishments and for diathermy. The power output is increasing steadily and community exposure is already a fact. East European countries claim that adverse effects can result from exposure substantially lower than levels permitted in Western countries. Also some of the effects claimed are frequent and disabling. Prolonged and cumulative exposure is especially suspect. While studies in animals are necessary, studies in man cannot be dispensed with. Extrapolation from on species of animal to another, and even more, to man, is hazardous. Moreover, epidemiologic studies are needed to uncover the potentially wide variety of subtle effects, especially mental. Fortunately, there are indices of exposure which can be used in field studies and dosimetry is reaching the point where it can be applied to field studies.", "contents": "Microwave radiation: an epidemiologic assessment. Microwave radiation is coming into increasing use in many countries; it is in use in communications, in industry, for ovens in the home and in commercial establishments and for diathermy. The power output is increasing steadily and community exposure is already a fact. East European countries claim that adverse effects can result from exposure substantially lower than levels permitted in Western countries. Also some of the effects claimed are frequent and disabling. Prolonged and cumulative exposure is especially suspect. While studies in animals are necessary, studies in man cannot be dispensed with. Extrapolation from on species of animal to another, and even more, to man, is hazardous. Moreover, epidemiologic studies are needed to uncover the potentially wide variety of subtle effects, especially mental. Fortunately, there are indices of exposure which can be used in field studies and dosimetry is reaching the point where it can be applied to field studies.", "PMID": 395588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10737", "title": "Chromosome changes and benzene exposure. A review.", "content": "Benzene exposure can induce chromosome aberrations in somatic cells (lymphocytes and bone marrow cells) of man and of experimental animals in vivo, as well as in some in vitro systems. Numerical and structural chromosome changes in bone marrow cells have been described in subjects with benzene haemopathy. Increased rates of structural chromosomal aberrations both of the \"unstable\" and of the \"stable\" type in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes have been observed not only in subjects with chronic benzene poisoning, but also in individuals with past benzene haemopathy and in subjects with past benzene exposure without signs of poisoning; these findings persisted for years or decades after cessation of exposure. In some cases of benzene-induced leukaemias the cytogenetic pattern was variable, as it is true also for the \"spontaneous\" acute leukaemias. The possible implications of the finding of chromosome damage from benzene to bone marrow cells for the occurence of leukaemias are discussed. The possibilities and limitations of cytogenetic studies in the biological monitoring of subjects exposed to benzene are commented on.", "contents": "Chromosome changes and benzene exposure. A review. Benzene exposure can induce chromosome aberrations in somatic cells (lymphocytes and bone marrow cells) of man and of experimental animals in vivo, as well as in some in vitro systems. Numerical and structural chromosome changes in bone marrow cells have been described in subjects with benzene haemopathy. Increased rates of structural chromosomal aberrations both of the \"unstable\" and of the \"stable\" type in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes have been observed not only in subjects with chronic benzene poisoning, but also in individuals with past benzene haemopathy and in subjects with past benzene exposure without signs of poisoning; these findings persisted for years or decades after cessation of exposure. In some cases of benzene-induced leukaemias the cytogenetic pattern was variable, as it is true also for the \"spontaneous\" acute leukaemias. The possible implications of the finding of chromosome damage from benzene to bone marrow cells for the occurence of leukaemias are discussed. The possibilities and limitations of cytogenetic studies in the biological monitoring of subjects exposed to benzene are commented on.", "PMID": 395589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10738", "title": "[Morbidity, mortality and social class. Bibliographical review covering differents aspects of pathology, and discussion (author's transl)].", "content": "A bibliographical review of social differences in morbidity and mortality is presented. The data concerns France, Great Britain and U.S.A., only for recent years, and come from large surveys, health examinations, or morbidity or mortality registers. The social class variable may be the educational level, or a professional classification. Different aspects of mortality and morbidity are examined: cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, respiratory diseases, musculo-skeletal diseases, digestive diseases, obesity and diabetes, accidents, mental illnesses; acute and minor illnesses, and unusual illnesses, are no studied. For almost all the diseases in this review, the risk is greater in the lowest socioeconomic class.", "contents": "[Morbidity, mortality and social class. Bibliographical review covering differents aspects of pathology, and discussion (author's transl)]. A bibliographical review of social differences in morbidity and mortality is presented. The data concerns France, Great Britain and U.S.A., only for recent years, and come from large surveys, health examinations, or morbidity or mortality registers. The social class variable may be the educational level, or a professional classification. Different aspects of mortality and morbidity are examined: cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, respiratory diseases, musculo-skeletal diseases, digestive diseases, obesity and diabetes, accidents, mental illnesses; acute and minor illnesses, and unusual illnesses, are no studied. For almost all the diseases in this review, the risk is greater in the lowest socioeconomic class.", "PMID": 395591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10739", "title": "[In vitro effectiveness of salicylic, benzoic and boric acid and diiodine thymol solutions on various strains of dermatophytes].", "content": "In order to study the in vitro behavior of the drug used according to our formula cultures of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gallinae, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum were prepared in order to prove its efficacy. It was found no growth in cultures to which the drug was added in different concentrations thus proving its efficacy as a fungistatic element. The inocula obtained were re-cultured in the same medium having no drug and no growth was evidenced; this would suggest its efficacy as a fungicide. This efficacy was proved for the different concentrations, that is, from the minimal coinentration (0.1 ml) up to the 1 ml concentration the drug disclosed fungicide power. The untreated controls which were recultured from the original strains grew according to their common development rhythm.", "contents": "[In vitro effectiveness of salicylic, benzoic and boric acid and diiodine thymol solutions on various strains of dermatophytes]. In order to study the in vitro behavior of the drug used according to our formula cultures of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gallinae, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum were prepared in order to prove its efficacy. It was found no growth in cultures to which the drug was added in different concentrations thus proving its efficacy as a fungistatic element. The inocula obtained were re-cultured in the same medium having no drug and no growth was evidenced; this would suggest its efficacy as a fungicide. This efficacy was proved for the different concentrations, that is, from the minimal coinentration (0.1 ml) up to the 1 ml concentration the drug disclosed fungicide power. The untreated controls which were recultured from the original strains grew according to their common development rhythm.", "PMID": 395583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10740", "title": "[Effect of physico-chemical factors of the soil on the Oribatid population].", "content": "Orbatid populations present in the ground of four randomly selected patches of land for calf farming underwent ecology during four months. The statistical analysis of results disclosed a highly significative decrease of the population in one out of such patches of land. The physicochemical analysis of earth samples from each patch of land permitted the explanation for the phenomenon on the basis of an increased calcium concentration in the least populated patch of land.", "contents": "[Effect of physico-chemical factors of the soil on the Oribatid population]. Orbatid populations present in the ground of four randomly selected patches of land for calf farming underwent ecology during four months. The statistical analysis of results disclosed a highly significative decrease of the population in one out of such patches of land. The physicochemical analysis of earth samples from each patch of land permitted the explanation for the phenomenon on the basis of an increased calcium concentration in the least populated patch of land.", "PMID": 395582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10741", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis: historical summary and bibliographic review].", "content": "A chronologic description of the principal events and discoveries related to toxoplasmosis from 1908 when the causal agent was discovered up to date is performed. The main data with a parasitic interest are summarized, and the endodiogenic multiplication is explained. The cat is the definitive host for this protozoan. Its evolutive cycle in the intestinal epithelium of this domestic animal is commented. The oocyst is recognized as the main infecting form of this microorganism. The classical concepts of congenital and acquired histoplasmosis are briefly exposed. A brief comment of the ophthalmic and gyneco-obstetric complications from the disease is made. Possible relationships between toxoplasmic adenopathies and neurotic states in psychiatry are emphasized.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis: historical summary and bibliographic review]. A chronologic description of the principal events and discoveries related to toxoplasmosis from 1908 when the causal agent was discovered up to date is performed. The main data with a parasitic interest are summarized, and the endodiogenic multiplication is explained. The cat is the definitive host for this protozoan. Its evolutive cycle in the intestinal epithelium of this domestic animal is commented. The oocyst is recognized as the main infecting form of this microorganism. The classical concepts of congenital and acquired histoplasmosis are briefly exposed. A brief comment of the ophthalmic and gyneco-obstetric complications from the disease is made. Possible relationships between toxoplasmic adenopathies and neurotic states in psychiatry are emphasized.", "PMID": 395585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10742", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis and mental diseases].", "content": "One hundred mentally handicapped patients admitted to the 10 de octubre clinical-surgical teaching hospital in the Havana city, 100 patients admitted to the day hospital of such institution and 100 normal subjects were studied. The first two groups had different psychiatric diseases. They underwent toxoplasmin tests. The percentage of reactors increased from 30% among healthy subjects to 45,9% among the those attending the day hospital and to 60% among those admitted to wards; this is statistically significative. It is concluded that the higher the severity of the psychiatric disease, the poorer the hygienic habits and the higher the contact with the parasite phocuses.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis and mental diseases]. One hundred mentally handicapped patients admitted to the 10 de octubre clinical-surgical teaching hospital in the Havana city, 100 patients admitted to the day hospital of such institution and 100 normal subjects were studied. The first two groups had different psychiatric diseases. They underwent toxoplasmin tests. The percentage of reactors increased from 30% among healthy subjects to 45,9% among the those attending the day hospital and to 60% among those admitted to wards; this is statistically significative. It is concluded that the higher the severity of the psychiatric disease, the poorer the hygienic habits and the higher the contact with the parasite phocuses.", "PMID": 395584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10743", "title": "[Mycobacterium cubense. A new pigmented species of slow growth].", "content": "The isolation of an acid-fast microorganism of the genus Mycobacterium is reported. Its most relevant characteristics are the intense red color and the initial spheric shape of colonies which furtherly evolve to a peculiar division. The biochemical products from test bacteria as niacin, nitrase, lipase, phosphatase, TCH, catalase, peroxidase and a series of 11 amides as well as the tests for susceptibility against antibacillary drugs and biological tests are described. The patterns obtained permit the characterization of this species as one non previously described. The name Mycobacterium cubense, n. sp. is suggested.", "contents": "[Mycobacterium cubense. A new pigmented species of slow growth]. The isolation of an acid-fast microorganism of the genus Mycobacterium is reported. Its most relevant characteristics are the intense red color and the initial spheric shape of colonies which furtherly evolve to a peculiar division. The biochemical products from test bacteria as niacin, nitrase, lipase, phosphatase, TCH, catalase, peroxidase and a series of 11 amides as well as the tests for susceptibility against antibacillary drugs and biological tests are described. The patterns obtained permit the characterization of this species as one non previously described. The name Mycobacterium cubense, n. sp. is suggested.", "PMID": 395586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10744", "title": "[Activation of supplementary motor areas during voluntary movements in man studied by measurement of focal cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Focal activation in the cerebral cortex during different motility and language tests in 52 patients examined by arteriography was studied by measuring focal cerebral blood flow (fCBF) by means of an apparatus of high resolution. A sterotactic or functional approach demonstrated that the upper premotor activation previously noted in certain types of movement, corresponds to supplementary motor area (SMA). A retrospective study of 157 maps of fCBF recorded during motor or verbal behaviour, compared to 90 recordings in subjects at rest, showed that SMA is involved in most voluntary movements, either verbal or non-verbal. An analysis of the results suggests that SMA acts during the establishment of new motor programs, and in the control of pre-established automatic activities, in response to internal and external stimuli.", "contents": "[Activation of supplementary motor areas during voluntary movements in man studied by measurement of focal cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. Focal activation in the cerebral cortex during different motility and language tests in 52 patients examined by arteriography was studied by measuring focal cerebral blood flow (fCBF) by means of an apparatus of high resolution. A sterotactic or functional approach demonstrated that the upper premotor activation previously noted in certain types of movement, corresponds to supplementary motor area (SMA). A retrospective study of 157 maps of fCBF recorded during motor or verbal behaviour, compared to 90 recordings in subjects at rest, showed that SMA is involved in most voluntary movements, either verbal or non-verbal. An analysis of the results suggests that SMA acts during the establishment of new motor programs, and in the control of pre-established automatic activities, in response to internal and external stimuli.", "PMID": 395611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10745", "title": "[Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in continental France. Retrospective study from 1968 to 1977].", "content": "During the decade 1968-1977, 170 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were found in France. The clinical features of 124 neuropathologically-verified cases are summarized and a multi-factor analysis performed to obtain the most frequent combinations of signs and symptoms. Certain exceptional features are discussed. The annual mortality rate during this period was 0.32 cases per million for the whole of France, and 0.69 cases per million for the Paris metropolitan area. Preliminary totals for 1978 suggest that these figures may possibly be doubled, with 30-40 new cases occurring annually. No temporal-spatial clustering of cases was observed, and no contact between patients could be established, except for familial cases (9% of the total). No risk factors were identified; in particular, iatrogenic surgical or neurosurgical transmission did not occur, nor was any relationship apparent between CJD in man, and scrapie in sheep or goats. These data furnish a base of comparison for prospective studies in France, with a view towards discovering the natural mode of transmission of the virus of CJD.", "contents": "[Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in continental France. Retrospective study from 1968 to 1977]. During the decade 1968-1977, 170 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were found in France. The clinical features of 124 neuropathologically-verified cases are summarized and a multi-factor analysis performed to obtain the most frequent combinations of signs and symptoms. Certain exceptional features are discussed. The annual mortality rate during this period was 0.32 cases per million for the whole of France, and 0.69 cases per million for the Paris metropolitan area. Preliminary totals for 1978 suggest that these figures may possibly be doubled, with 30-40 new cases occurring annually. No temporal-spatial clustering of cases was observed, and no contact between patients could be established, except for familial cases (9% of the total). No risk factors were identified; in particular, iatrogenic surgical or neurosurgical transmission did not occur, nor was any relationship apparent between CJD in man, and scrapie in sheep or goats. These data furnish a base of comparison for prospective studies in France, with a view towards discovering the natural mode of transmission of the virus of CJD.", "PMID": 395612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10746", "title": "[Subpolar lepromatous leprosy. A histological and ultrastructural study of a case].", "content": "Leproma material from a female patient with a previous diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy underwent clinical, histopathological and electrone microscope studies. Following a year under rifampicin treatment it was found that the histic lesions corresponded to those described by Ridley (1974) within the clinical picture of regressive subpolar lepromatous leprosy. Electrone microscope studies of the cells composing the lesions were conducted; their ultrastructural appearance does not markedly differ from that reported for the polar form, but regarding the lack of acid phosphatase reaction for the giant multinucleated and vacuolated cells.", "contents": "[Subpolar lepromatous leprosy. A histological and ultrastructural study of a case]. Leproma material from a female patient with a previous diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy underwent clinical, histopathological and electrone microscope studies. Following a year under rifampicin treatment it was found that the histic lesions corresponded to those described by Ridley (1974) within the clinical picture of regressive subpolar lepromatous leprosy. Electrone microscope studies of the cells composing the lesions were conducted; their ultrastructural appearance does not markedly differ from that reported for the polar form, but regarding the lack of acid phosphatase reaction for the giant multinucleated and vacuolated cells.", "PMID": 395587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10747", "title": "[Value of disk puncture in the diagnosis of infectious spondylodiskitis. Apropos of 48 punctures].", "content": "The authors report on their experience with discal puncture in the bacteriological diagnosis of 48 infectious spondylodiscites. This technique makes it possible to obtain a bacteriological certitude in 31 cases (65 per cent): Pott's disease (40 per cent) and 12 pyogene spondylodiscites (25 per cent), with 17 punctures remaining negative, including 5 technical failures, the needle not penetrating into the pinched disc. No incident was noted, demonstrating the harmless nature of this method. The authors insist upon the necessity of washing the disc in order to decrease the percentage of failures.", "contents": "[Value of disk puncture in the diagnosis of infectious spondylodiskitis. Apropos of 48 punctures]. The authors report on their experience with discal puncture in the bacteriological diagnosis of 48 infectious spondylodiscites. This technique makes it possible to obtain a bacteriological certitude in 31 cases (65 per cent): Pott's disease (40 per cent) and 12 pyogene spondylodiscites (25 per cent), with 17 punctures remaining negative, including 5 technical failures, the needle not penetrating into the pinched disc. No incident was noted, demonstrating the harmless nature of this method. The authors insist upon the necessity of washing the disc in order to decrease the percentage of failures.", "PMID": 395625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10748", "title": "Effect of acupuncture on headache measured by reduction in number of attacks and use of drugs.", "content": "The experiment was performed in order to study the effect of acupuncture on headache by comparing the number of attacks during a 2-month period after acupuncture with the number of attacks during a similar period before treatment. Twenty-nine students (age: 19-24 years) all suffering from headache filled out questionnaires noting the days with attacks of headache and the amount and type of drugs used for 60 consecutive days. After acupuncture this observation procedure was repeated. One group of 10 students, however, received a placebo treatment instead of acupuncture but followed the identical questionnaire procedure. After 120 days acupuncture was given to this second group without revealing that the first treatment was a placebo. This treatment was again followed by a 60-day observation period. Comparison of the questionnaires before and after acupuncture showed a significant reduction in the number of days with headache. The placebo treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in attacks of headache. A reduction in the amount of drugs used, especially the acetylsalicylate type, was noted following the acupuncture treatment. It is concluded that acupuncture is a relevant therapy for headache with a definite symptomatic effect.", "contents": "Effect of acupuncture on headache measured by reduction in number of attacks and use of drugs. The experiment was performed in order to study the effect of acupuncture on headache by comparing the number of attacks during a 2-month period after acupuncture with the number of attacks during a similar period before treatment. Twenty-nine students (age: 19-24 years) all suffering from headache filled out questionnaires noting the days with attacks of headache and the amount and type of drugs used for 60 consecutive days. After acupuncture this observation procedure was repeated. One group of 10 students, however, received a placebo treatment instead of acupuncture but followed the identical questionnaire procedure. After 120 days acupuncture was given to this second group without revealing that the first treatment was a placebo. This treatment was again followed by a 60-day observation period. Comparison of the questionnaires before and after acupuncture showed a significant reduction in the number of days with headache. The placebo treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in attacks of headache. A reduction in the amount of drugs used, especially the acetylsalicylate type, was noted following the acupuncture treatment. It is concluded that acupuncture is a relevant therapy for headache with a definite symptomatic effect.", "PMID": 395626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10749", "title": "Effect of orally administered 15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and/or an anticholinergic drug on meal-induced gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level in patients with duodenal ulcers.", "content": "The purpose of the present series of tests was to measure and compare the effects of ingestion of gelatin capsules containing 15(R)-15-methyl PGE2 (PG) and/or an anticholinergic drug (methscopolamine bromide, Pamine) on meal-induced gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level. Eleven duodenal ulcer patients were stimulated by a 5% peptone meal. Acid secretion was determined by the intragastric titration technique, and serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The tests were randomized and double-blind. PG alone given 30 min before a test meal at a dose of 50 micrograms or 100 micrograms produced no side effects and inhibited meal-stimulated acid secretion by about 43% and 55%, respectively. Gastric acid inhibition after a single dose of PG was most pronounced in the first hour of a test meal and was accompanied by almost complete suppression of the meal-induced serum gastrin level. Pamine alone in a dose of 2.5 mg reduced gastric acid response to a meal by about 29% but caused a further rise of postprandial serum gastrin level over control values. The combination of PG, 50 micrograms, and Pamine, 2.5 mg, did not result in significantly greater acid inhibition (about 48%) than when either compound was given alone. When the higher dose of PG (100 micrograms) was given together with Pamine (2.5 mg), the degree of inhibition produced by PG alone was not changed. It is concluded that PG given orally in capsules is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid and serum gastrin response to a meal and that this effect may be of potential value in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Effect of orally administered 15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and/or an anticholinergic drug on meal-induced gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level in patients with duodenal ulcers. The purpose of the present series of tests was to measure and compare the effects of ingestion of gelatin capsules containing 15(R)-15-methyl PGE2 (PG) and/or an anticholinergic drug (methscopolamine bromide, Pamine) on meal-induced gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level. Eleven duodenal ulcer patients were stimulated by a 5% peptone meal. Acid secretion was determined by the intragastric titration technique, and serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The tests were randomized and double-blind. PG alone given 30 min before a test meal at a dose of 50 micrograms or 100 micrograms produced no side effects and inhibited meal-stimulated acid secretion by about 43% and 55%, respectively. Gastric acid inhibition after a single dose of PG was most pronounced in the first hour of a test meal and was accompanied by almost complete suppression of the meal-induced serum gastrin level. Pamine alone in a dose of 2.5 mg reduced gastric acid response to a meal by about 29% but caused a further rise of postprandial serum gastrin level over control values. The combination of PG, 50 micrograms, and Pamine, 2.5 mg, did not result in significantly greater acid inhibition (about 48%) than when either compound was given alone. When the higher dose of PG (100 micrograms) was given together with Pamine (2.5 mg), the degree of inhibition produced by PG alone was not changed. It is concluded that PG given orally in capsules is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid and serum gastrin response to a meal and that this effect may be of potential value in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 395627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10750", "title": "Transit time in constipated geriatric patients during treatment with a bulk laxative and bran: a comparison.", "content": "Transit time, as estimated from the passage through the gut of an isotope (131I)-containing capsule, was studied in 10 constipated, geriatric in-patients on a bulk laxative regimen and during treatment with wheat bran. The patients received a conventional bulk laxative (Vi-Siblin, 6 g twice daily) during a period of 8 weeks. The bulk laxative was then replaced by bran (10 g twice daily) during the following 8-week period. Measurements of transit time were taken after 4 and 6 weeks on each regimen. The mean transit time was 126 h for the bulk laxative regimen and 89 h for the bran treatment, the difference being statistically significant. The decrease in transit time for the bran treatment was essentially due to a faster passage through the rectosigmoid part of the bowel. Less additional laxative therapy was needed during bran treatment than during the bulk laxative treatment. The favourable properties of bran may tentatively be explained by the effects remaining in the distal part of the colon. A slight but significant lowering of the serum calcium level and a significant increase of the total iron-binding capacity of the serum were found after 7 weeks of bran administration, whereas no change was observed after 42 weeks. No significant change was demonstrated in serum iron during bran treatment.", "contents": "Transit time in constipated geriatric patients during treatment with a bulk laxative and bran: a comparison. Transit time, as estimated from the passage through the gut of an isotope (131I)-containing capsule, was studied in 10 constipated, geriatric in-patients on a bulk laxative regimen and during treatment with wheat bran. The patients received a conventional bulk laxative (Vi-Siblin, 6 g twice daily) during a period of 8 weeks. The bulk laxative was then replaced by bran (10 g twice daily) during the following 8-week period. Measurements of transit time were taken after 4 and 6 weeks on each regimen. The mean transit time was 126 h for the bulk laxative regimen and 89 h for the bran treatment, the difference being statistically significant. The decrease in transit time for the bran treatment was essentially due to a faster passage through the rectosigmoid part of the bowel. Less additional laxative therapy was needed during bran treatment than during the bulk laxative treatment. The favourable properties of bran may tentatively be explained by the effects remaining in the distal part of the colon. A slight but significant lowering of the serum calcium level and a significant increase of the total iron-binding capacity of the serum were found after 7 weeks of bran administration, whereas no change was observed after 42 weeks. No significant change was demonstrated in serum iron during bran treatment.", "PMID": 395628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10751", "title": "Maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcer patients with a single bedtime dose of cimetidine.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with endoscopically verified duodenal ulcers were treated with cimetidine, 1 g/day, for 6--10 weeks. The ulcers healed in 52 out of the 54 patients completing the treatment (96.3%). Forty-seven of the patients with healed ulcer were randomly allocated to 1 year of maintenance treatment, 23 patients with cimetidine, 400 mg at night, and 24 patients with placebo tablets. In the cimetidine-treated group 2 out of the 20 patients (10%) completing the trial had recurrence of ulceration, whereas 16 out of the 23 patients (70%) completing the placebo treatment had ulcer recurrence (p less than 0.001). The drug was well tolerated and, except for a marked increase in serum transaminases in three patients, no serious side effects were seen.", "contents": "Maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcer patients with a single bedtime dose of cimetidine. Fifty-eight patients with endoscopically verified duodenal ulcers were treated with cimetidine, 1 g/day, for 6--10 weeks. The ulcers healed in 52 out of the 54 patients completing the treatment (96.3%). Forty-seven of the patients with healed ulcer were randomly allocated to 1 year of maintenance treatment, 23 patients with cimetidine, 400 mg at night, and 24 patients with placebo tablets. In the cimetidine-treated group 2 out of the 20 patients (10%) completing the trial had recurrence of ulceration, whereas 16 out of the 23 patients (70%) completing the placebo treatment had ulcer recurrence (p less than 0.001). The drug was well tolerated and, except for a marked increase in serum transaminases in three patients, no serious side effects were seen.", "PMID": 395629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10752", "title": "Total plasma cholesterol in obesity after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. A randomized trial.", "content": "Total plasma cholesterol (TPC) was measured repeatedly in 95 morbidly obese patients who had been randomized to non-operative management or jejunoileostomy with either a 3:1 or a 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. Initially, TPC was on average 6.4 mmol/l. and it remained stable in those not operated on. Within 1 month of surgery TPC decreased to a mean of 3.9 mmol/l, at which level it remained for the following 3 years. There was no difference in TPC between patients who had a 3:1 and those who had a 1:3 jejunoileal ratio of the functioning segment. Previous studies indicated that the increase in degradation of cholesterol to bile acids is much less in 1:3 than in 3:1 bypass. This study suggests that the changes in cholesterol metabolism after jejunoileostomy are dependent on the length of functioning jejunum and ileum in such a way that the effects of the two segments counterbalance each other.", "contents": "Total plasma cholesterol in obesity after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. A randomized trial. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC) was measured repeatedly in 95 morbidly obese patients who had been randomized to non-operative management or jejunoileostomy with either a 3:1 or a 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. Initially, TPC was on average 6.4 mmol/l. and it remained stable in those not operated on. Within 1 month of surgery TPC decreased to a mean of 3.9 mmol/l, at which level it remained for the following 3 years. There was no difference in TPC between patients who had a 3:1 and those who had a 1:3 jejunoileal ratio of the functioning segment. Previous studies indicated that the increase in degradation of cholesterol to bile acids is much less in 1:3 than in 3:1 bypass. This study suggests that the changes in cholesterol metabolism after jejunoileostomy are dependent on the length of functioning jejunum and ileum in such a way that the effects of the two segments counterbalance each other.", "PMID": 395631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10753", "title": "Tranexamic acid in massive haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract: a double-blind study.", "content": "In a double-blind trial of tranexamic acid in massive upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, 76 patients were treated with the active drug and 73 patients with placebo. The doses were 1 g intravenously six times daily for a maximum of 3 days, followed by 1.5 g orally four times daily for a maximum of 4 days. The treatment group and the placebo group were comparable with respect to mean age, diagnoses and laboratory tests but differed slightly with respect to sex and alcohol consumption. The transfusion requirement in the treatment group was less than in the placebo group during the first days after admission, the difference being significant on the second day after admission. Ten patients in the treatment group and 18 patients in the placebo group were operated on. Eleven patients in the treatment group and 12 patients in the placebo group died. In the tranexamic-acid-treated group fewer operations were performed and significantly less blood was needed. It therefore seems highly likely that tranexamic acid has a beneficial effect, although small.", "contents": "Tranexamic acid in massive haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract: a double-blind study. In a double-blind trial of tranexamic acid in massive upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, 76 patients were treated with the active drug and 73 patients with placebo. The doses were 1 g intravenously six times daily for a maximum of 3 days, followed by 1.5 g orally four times daily for a maximum of 4 days. The treatment group and the placebo group were comparable with respect to mean age, diagnoses and laboratory tests but differed slightly with respect to sex and alcohol consumption. The transfusion requirement in the treatment group was less than in the placebo group during the first days after admission, the difference being significant on the second day after admission. Ten patients in the treatment group and 18 patients in the placebo group were operated on. Eleven patients in the treatment group and 12 patients in the placebo group died. In the tranexamic-acid-treated group fewer operations were performed and significantly less blood was needed. It therefore seems highly likely that tranexamic acid has a beneficial effect, although small.", "PMID": 395630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10754", "title": "Pharmacological and clinical aspects of some drugs used in peptic ulcer treatment.", "content": "A healing effect of carbenoxolone and colloidal bismuth on gastric and duodenal ulcer has been demonstrated in several studies. The use of carbenoxolone is limited by the high frequency of side effects. Information on the ability of these drugs to prevent ulcer recurrences is sparse. Further studies are needed to determine the ulcer-healing effect of deglycyrrhizinised liquorice. Sulpiride, a dopamine-blocking agent, seems to have interesting inhibitory effects on gastric secretion but its anti-ulcer activity is not yet clear.", "contents": "Pharmacological and clinical aspects of some drugs used in peptic ulcer treatment. A healing effect of carbenoxolone and colloidal bismuth on gastric and duodenal ulcer has been demonstrated in several studies. The use of carbenoxolone is limited by the high frequency of side effects. Information on the ability of these drugs to prevent ulcer recurrences is sparse. Further studies are needed to determine the ulcer-healing effect of deglycyrrhizinised liquorice. Sulpiride, a dopamine-blocking agent, seems to have interesting inhibitory effects on gastric secretion but its anti-ulcer activity is not yet clear.", "PMID": 395633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10755", "title": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity and DNA synthesis of lymph nodes cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes in a case of Hodgkin's disease (mixed cellularity) were studied using May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa (MGG), acid naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), immunoperoxidase staining and lymphocyte surface markers, autoradiographic, and lymphocyte stimulation techniques. According to MGG staining and autoradiographic studies of lymph, node cells, small lymphocytes, intermediate lymphoid cells, and large mononuclear cells resembling in-vitro stimulated immunoblasts, Hodgkin's cells and Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells formed a morphologically continuous DNA synthetizing series. A large majority of small lymphocytes from a lymph node were ANAE positive, thus being T-lymphocytes, and formed rosetts around large mononuclear cells and RS cells. Most RS and large mononuclear cells had ANAE positive spots in the cytoplasm, thus resembling T-lymphocytes more than diffusely staining monocytes. These cells did not contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and were muramidase negative. Both lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes responded strongly to PHA. The role of T-lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease and the origin of RS cells are are discussed on the basis of the findings.", "contents": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity and DNA synthesis of lymph nodes cells in Hodgkin's disease. Lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes in a case of Hodgkin's disease (mixed cellularity) were studied using May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa (MGG), acid naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), immunoperoxidase staining and lymphocyte surface markers, autoradiographic, and lymphocyte stimulation techniques. According to MGG staining and autoradiographic studies of lymph, node cells, small lymphocytes, intermediate lymphoid cells, and large mononuclear cells resembling in-vitro stimulated immunoblasts, Hodgkin's cells and Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells formed a morphologically continuous DNA synthetizing series. A large majority of small lymphocytes from a lymph node were ANAE positive, thus being T-lymphocytes, and formed rosetts around large mononuclear cells and RS cells. Most RS and large mononuclear cells had ANAE positive spots in the cytoplasm, thus resembling T-lymphocytes more than diffusely staining monocytes. These cells did not contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and were muramidase negative. Both lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes responded strongly to PHA. The role of T-lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease and the origin of RS cells are are discussed on the basis of the findings.", "PMID": 395637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10756", "title": "Growth of the Reh cell line in diffusion chambers. Evidence for differentiation along the T- and B-cell pathway.", "content": "Cells of the Reh line, originally derived from an ALL of the 'Non-T, Non-B' type were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally into perirradiated CBA mice. At different intervals over a period of 20 d changes in surface characteristics were examined by labelling the cells with AcALLG, ATCG as well as with polyvalent AIg. The evaluation was performed by using direct immunofluorescence. In addition, the ability to form rosetts with SRBC, AET-treated sheep erythrocytes, mouse red blood cells and EoxAC was tested. On day 0 of the diffusion chamber culture the cells only carried cALLA, and no rosette formation was observed. In the course of the diffusion chamber culture the cells unequivocally developed T-cell antigen, and in 1 of 2 experiments they further acquired a receptor for forming AET- and E-rosettes. Conversely, in the other experiment a receptor for mouse red blood cells was detected in a considerable portion of the cells. Our data show that the rather undifferentiated Reh line cells in vitro are able to develop features of mature T-cells and attributes of early B-cells during the diffusion chamber culture. In vitro they apparently retain a bivalent potentiality of lymphatic maturation. The diffusion chamber system proves to be a suitable tool for promoting differentiation in these cells.", "contents": "Growth of the Reh cell line in diffusion chambers. Evidence for differentiation along the T- and B-cell pathway. Cells of the Reh line, originally derived from an ALL of the 'Non-T, Non-B' type were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally into perirradiated CBA mice. At different intervals over a period of 20 d changes in surface characteristics were examined by labelling the cells with AcALLG, ATCG as well as with polyvalent AIg. The evaluation was performed by using direct immunofluorescence. In addition, the ability to form rosetts with SRBC, AET-treated sheep erythrocytes, mouse red blood cells and EoxAC was tested. On day 0 of the diffusion chamber culture the cells only carried cALLA, and no rosette formation was observed. In the course of the diffusion chamber culture the cells unequivocally developed T-cell antigen, and in 1 of 2 experiments they further acquired a receptor for forming AET- and E-rosettes. Conversely, in the other experiment a receptor for mouse red blood cells was detected in a considerable portion of the cells. Our data show that the rather undifferentiated Reh line cells in vitro are able to develop features of mature T-cells and attributes of early B-cells during the diffusion chamber culture. In vitro they apparently retain a bivalent potentiality of lymphatic maturation. The diffusion chamber system proves to be a suitable tool for promoting differentiation in these cells.", "PMID": 395638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10757", "title": "The effects of phthalylsulphathiazole on the bacteria of the colonic mucosa and intestinal contents as revealed by the examination of surgical samples.", "content": "The isolation of a bacterial flora specifically associated with the colonic mucosa of patients undergoing large-bowel surgery is described. This flora differed from that of faeces in both the numbers and the types of bacteria isolated. The most striking difference was the reduction in the number of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the colonic mucosa. The ratio of anaerobic to aerobic was approximately 1:1 for mucosa compared with 100:1 for faeces.", "contents": "The effects of phthalylsulphathiazole on the bacteria of the colonic mucosa and intestinal contents as revealed by the examination of surgical samples. The isolation of a bacterial flora specifically associated with the colonic mucosa of patients undergoing large-bowel surgery is described. This flora differed from that of faeces in both the numbers and the types of bacteria isolated. The most striking difference was the reduction in the number of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the colonic mucosa. The ratio of anaerobic to aerobic was approximately 1:1 for mucosa compared with 100:1 for faeces.", "PMID": 395632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10758", "title": "The role of hepatic control of glucose homeostasis in the etiology of neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia.", "content": "Precise control of glucose homeostasis is well recognized in the adult. Going from a period of complete dependence on the maternal organism for delivery of substrate, the fetus is born not only with a need to furnish himself with glucose for energy and rapid growth but also with the need to maintain a balance between glucose deficiency and excess. This is especially difficult because of the intermittent nature of exogenous oral intake in the neonatal period. Development of glucose homeostasis requires a balance between substrate availability (both absolute and relative) and coordination of hormonal, neural and enzymatic systems. The large number of conditions producing or associated with both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the newborn, especially the low birth weight or sick neonate, emphasizes this vulnerability. Newer techniques including stable isotope methodology, now being employed with increasing frequency, will help define maturation of neonatal carbohydrate homeostasis and further clarify nutritional requirements in this transitional period.", "contents": "The role of hepatic control of glucose homeostasis in the etiology of neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia. Precise control of glucose homeostasis is well recognized in the adult. Going from a period of complete dependence on the maternal organism for delivery of substrate, the fetus is born not only with a need to furnish himself with glucose for energy and rapid growth but also with the need to maintain a balance between glucose deficiency and excess. This is especially difficult because of the intermittent nature of exogenous oral intake in the neonatal period. Development of glucose homeostasis requires a balance between substrate availability (both absolute and relative) and coordination of hormonal, neural and enzymatic systems. The large number of conditions producing or associated with both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the newborn, especially the low birth weight or sick neonate, emphasizes this vulnerability. Newer techniques including stable isotope methodology, now being employed with increasing frequency, will help define maturation of neonatal carbohydrate homeostasis and further clarify nutritional requirements in this transitional period.", "PMID": 395644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10759", "title": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the low-birth-weight infant.", "content": "The essentiality of certain PUFAs is related to their capability to be incorporated into lipids and to act as precursor in the formation of prostaglandins. Via phospholipids the EFA's influence the physico-chemical characteristics of biomembranes. EFAs are metabolized differently from nonessential PUFAs. While the nonessential fatty acids are metabolized rapidly, the organism tends to conserve the stores of EFAs. Inhibitions and competitions among the EFAs of the three series (oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic) have been demonstrated. Apparently, for any given chain length the more unsaturated fatty acid has a greater affinity for the enzyme system responsible for further elongation and desaturation. EFAs are also necessary for the proper utilization of the saturated fatty acids. Vitamin E and pyridoxine seem to be involved in EFA metabolism. Normal growth of infants is dependent upon an adequate supply of EFA. The human fetus, like the adult, is unable to synthesize the EFAs, which must therefore be derived from the maternal circulation and pass through the placenta. In the fetus, increased concentration of the polyenoic fatty acids with advanced gestational age may result from increased activity of the fetomaternal unit by preferential transfer of these FAs. Enzymatic activity in the placenta or the fetus may also be responsible for desaturation and elongation of these EFAs. Several clinical manifestations have been ascribed in the human infant to prolonged EFA deficiency; however, none of these findings was noted in a group of sick newborn infants with very rapid onset of deficiency. Platelet dysfunction, decreased prostaglandin biosynthesis and turnover and altered pulmonary surfactant are among the effects of EFA deficiency on infants. Supplementation of the EFAs by the diet, parenterally or by the inunction of oil rich in linoleic acid, were reported to alleviate the symptoms of EFA deficiency. The minimal estimated requirement of linoleic acid is 1% of calories and 4% is an optimal intake. Most diets, including human breast milk, infant formulas and parenteral fat emulsions, far exceed the optimal intake of linoleic acid. Relatively little is known about the possible effects of high levels of linoleate in the diet; however, early studies suggest an adverse effect on platelet function, prostaglandin biosynthesis, pulmonary gas exchange and immune function.", "contents": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the low-birth-weight infant. The essentiality of certain PUFAs is related to their capability to be incorporated into lipids and to act as precursor in the formation of prostaglandins. Via phospholipids the EFA's influence the physico-chemical characteristics of biomembranes. EFAs are metabolized differently from nonessential PUFAs. While the nonessential fatty acids are metabolized rapidly, the organism tends to conserve the stores of EFAs. Inhibitions and competitions among the EFAs of the three series (oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic) have been demonstrated. Apparently, for any given chain length the more unsaturated fatty acid has a greater affinity for the enzyme system responsible for further elongation and desaturation. EFAs are also necessary for the proper utilization of the saturated fatty acids. Vitamin E and pyridoxine seem to be involved in EFA metabolism. Normal growth of infants is dependent upon an adequate supply of EFA. The human fetus, like the adult, is unable to synthesize the EFAs, which must therefore be derived from the maternal circulation and pass through the placenta. In the fetus, increased concentration of the polyenoic fatty acids with advanced gestational age may result from increased activity of the fetomaternal unit by preferential transfer of these FAs. Enzymatic activity in the placenta or the fetus may also be responsible for desaturation and elongation of these EFAs. Several clinical manifestations have been ascribed in the human infant to prolonged EFA deficiency; however, none of these findings was noted in a group of sick newborn infants with very rapid onset of deficiency. Platelet dysfunction, decreased prostaglandin biosynthesis and turnover and altered pulmonary surfactant are among the effects of EFA deficiency on infants. Supplementation of the EFAs by the diet, parenterally or by the inunction of oil rich in linoleic acid, were reported to alleviate the symptoms of EFA deficiency. The minimal estimated requirement of linoleic acid is 1% of calories and 4% is an optimal intake. Most diets, including human breast milk, infant formulas and parenteral fat emulsions, far exceed the optimal intake of linoleic acid. Relatively little is known about the possible effects of high levels of linoleate in the diet; however, early studies suggest an adverse effect on platelet function, prostaglandin biosynthesis, pulmonary gas exchange and immune function.", "PMID": 395645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10760", "title": "Sodium homeostasis in the newborn and low-birth-weight infant.", "content": "Sodium homeostatic mechanisms and clinical disturbances in the VLBW infant have been reviewed. Attention has been given to the unique natriuresis experienced to the greatest degree by the smallest and most ill infants reflecting unique differences in renal and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The precise requirement for sodium in relation to protein feeding practices may not yet be fully elucidated and will require further clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Sodium homeostasis in the newborn and low-birth-weight infant. Sodium homeostatic mechanisms and clinical disturbances in the VLBW infant have been reviewed. Attention has been given to the unique natriuresis experienced to the greatest degree by the smallest and most ill infants reflecting unique differences in renal and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The precise requirement for sodium in relation to protein feeding practices may not yet be fully elucidated and will require further clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 395646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10761", "title": "Nutritional anemias.", "content": "The role of the metals, iron and copper, and the vitamins E, folic acid, and B12 in the genesis of nutritional anemias in infancy have been reviewed. All are preventable. The precise requirements for each of these trace elements and vitamins in the small premature infant remain to be defined. The nonhematologic consequences of these nutritional deficiencies require further study. Anemia may prove to be the least important manifestation of the deficiency states.", "contents": "Nutritional anemias. The role of the metals, iron and copper, and the vitamins E, folic acid, and B12 in the genesis of nutritional anemias in infancy have been reviewed. All are preventable. The precise requirements for each of these trace elements and vitamins in the small premature infant remain to be defined. The nonhematologic consequences of these nutritional deficiencies require further study. Anemia may prove to be the least important manifestation of the deficiency states.", "PMID": 395648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10762", "title": "Microfilaraemia survey in Vientiane, Laos.", "content": "During the period June 1977-January 1978 a microfilariaemia survey was conducted for the first time in 27 villages (population: 9,300) of Vientiane province of Laos. A total of 2,339 persons, 1,372 males, 967 females, mostly adults, were blood tested between 2000--2400 hours; one thick smear, approximately 20 c.mm, was collected from each one and stained with 10% Giemsa for 30 minutes; only one positive was detected with microfilaria of W. bancrofti in a 22-year-old male; unusually the sheath was well stained. Two cases of elephantiasis of the left leg in two middle-aged women were also diagnosed during the clinical survey. All the three cases were probably infected in the north-eastern province of Houa Phanh.", "contents": "Microfilaraemia survey in Vientiane, Laos. During the period June 1977-January 1978 a microfilariaemia survey was conducted for the first time in 27 villages (population: 9,300) of Vientiane province of Laos. A total of 2,339 persons, 1,372 males, 967 females, mostly adults, were blood tested between 2000--2400 hours; one thick smear, approximately 20 c.mm, was collected from each one and stained with 10% Giemsa for 30 minutes; only one positive was detected with microfilaria of W. bancrofti in a 22-year-old male; unusually the sheath was well stained. Two cases of elephantiasis of the left leg in two middle-aged women were also diagnosed during the clinical survey. All the three cases were probably infected in the north-eastern province of Houa Phanh.", "PMID": 395663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10763", "title": "Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunodiagnosis using indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence test using sonicated microfilariae of Brugia malayi has been evaluated on 173 sera from patients and persons exposed to Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi in endemic areas of Peninsular Malaysia. In the microfilaria-negative group, without signs and symptoms of filariasis 55/62 sera (89%) had titers of 1:16 and less. In the microfilaremic groups and in the amicrofilaremic cases with clinical filariasis, all the sera tested were positive, with the antibody titers ranging generally from 1:16 - 1:256. Cross-reaction tests were done on 16 samples of onchocerciasis sera from West Africa using sonicated antigen as well as antigen-coated CNB1-activated sepharose. Antibody titers were detected in all the sera. The usefulness of the sonicated microfilarial antigen in serodiagnosis of filariasis is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunodiagnosis using indirect immunofluorescence. The indirect immunofluorescence test using sonicated microfilariae of Brugia malayi has been evaluated on 173 sera from patients and persons exposed to Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi in endemic areas of Peninsular Malaysia. In the microfilaria-negative group, without signs and symptoms of filariasis 55/62 sera (89%) had titers of 1:16 and less. In the microfilaremic groups and in the amicrofilaremic cases with clinical filariasis, all the sera tested were positive, with the antibody titers ranging generally from 1:16 - 1:256. Cross-reaction tests were done on 16 samples of onchocerciasis sera from West Africa using sonicated antigen as well as antigen-coated CNB1-activated sepharose. Antibody titers were detected in all the sera. The usefulness of the sonicated microfilarial antigen in serodiagnosis of filariasis is discussed.", "PMID": 395664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10764", "title": "Sub-populations of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with shigella bacillary dysentery with associated leucocytosis.", "content": "In this study we ascertained the proportion and absolute number of T, B and nul cell peripheral lymphocytes from Shigella dysenteriae type I patients and compared these results with those from age matched controls. Single blood samples were collected from 13 Bangladeshi children who complained of symptoms for one or more weeks. Patients were divided into two categories, with and without a leukaemoid response. The leukaemoid response was primarily granulocytic in nature, but there was a substantial increase in the mean number of lymphocytes. Over one third of the lymphocytes were nul cells. These cells rose proportionally to the decrease of T-cells, as the proportion of B-cells remained within normal range. One leukaemoid patient died. The absolute number of lymphocytes was normal and the B-cells were normal in respect of both proportions and absolute numbers. T-cell percentage and numbers were well below normal values.", "contents": "Sub-populations of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with shigella bacillary dysentery with associated leucocytosis. In this study we ascertained the proportion and absolute number of T, B and nul cell peripheral lymphocytes from Shigella dysenteriae type I patients and compared these results with those from age matched controls. Single blood samples were collected from 13 Bangladeshi children who complained of symptoms for one or more weeks. Patients were divided into two categories, with and without a leukaemoid response. The leukaemoid response was primarily granulocytic in nature, but there was a substantial increase in the mean number of lymphocytes. Over one third of the lymphocytes were nul cells. These cells rose proportionally to the decrease of T-cells, as the proportion of B-cells remained within normal range. One leukaemoid patient died. The absolute number of lymphocytes was normal and the B-cells were normal in respect of both proportions and absolute numbers. T-cell percentage and numbers were well below normal values.", "PMID": 395727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10765", "title": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians.", "content": "The clinical features seen in 27 Ethiopian juvenile diabetics, which were similar to those of juvenile diabetics elsewhere, are summarized in this first published report from an African country of childhood diabetes. Control was difficult and admission to hospital frequent because of poverty, uncontrolled diets and irregular supplies of insulin. This group of childhood diabetics represents 9.8% of patients attending a diabetic clinic in Addis Ababa. Survey of the published information on diabetes mellitus in African populations reveals that most series do contain several children and a significant number of teenagers. It is concluded that juvenile diabetes mellitus is not rare in African countries.", "contents": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians. The clinical features seen in 27 Ethiopian juvenile diabetics, which were similar to those of juvenile diabetics elsewhere, are summarized in this first published report from an African country of childhood diabetes. Control was difficult and admission to hospital frequent because of poverty, uncontrolled diets and irregular supplies of insulin. This group of childhood diabetics represents 9.8% of patients attending a diabetic clinic in Addis Ababa. Survey of the published information on diabetes mellitus in African populations reveals that most series do contain several children and a significant number of teenagers. It is concluded that juvenile diabetes mellitus is not rare in African countries.", "PMID": 395728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10766", "title": "From research to policy: rural women in India.", "content": "The following article describes the new awareness of rural women's role in development in India that has resulted from studying rural women directly. It indicates the possibility of moving from research on rural women to the formation of policy and the design of programs that take into account the reality of rural women's lives.", "contents": "From research to policy: rural women in India. The following article describes the new awareness of rural women's role in development in India that has resulted from studying rural women directly. It indicates the possibility of moving from research on rural women to the formation of policy and the design of programs that take into account the reality of rural women's lives.", "PMID": 395726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10767", "title": "Indirect immunoperoxidase tests in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "An enzymatic technique, immunoperoxidase histochemistry, was applied in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Sera of patients with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and mixed infection, together with control sera, were studied. The test proved easily applicable and gave reliable results particularly with S. mansoni and double infection. The depth of the colour reaction, was then compared with ELISA readings, but there was no relation in the results of the individual cases.", "contents": "Indirect immunoperoxidase tests in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. An enzymatic technique, immunoperoxidase histochemistry, was applied in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Sera of patients with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and mixed infection, together with control sera, were studied. The test proved easily applicable and gave reliable results particularly with S. mansoni and double infection. The depth of the colour reaction, was then compared with ELISA readings, but there was no relation in the results of the individual cases.", "PMID": 395743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10768", "title": "Attempts to infect Meriones unguiculatus and Mastomys natalensis with Wuchereria bancrofti from West Africa.", "content": "44 male and female Meriones unguiculatus and 13 male Mastomys natalensis were inoculated with infective stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from West Africa and dissected between 16 and 360 days after inoculation. Fourth stage larvae of W. bancrofti were recovered in Meriones until the 90th day p.i. and in Mastomys until the 175th day p.i. The longest larva obtained from Meriones measured 9.5 mm and from Mastomys 6.5 mm.", "contents": "Attempts to infect Meriones unguiculatus and Mastomys natalensis with Wuchereria bancrofti from West Africa. 44 male and female Meriones unguiculatus and 13 male Mastomys natalensis were inoculated with infective stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from West Africa and dissected between 16 and 360 days after inoculation. Fourth stage larvae of W. bancrofti were recovered in Meriones until the 90th day p.i. and in Mastomys until the 175th day p.i. The longest larva obtained from Meriones measured 9.5 mm and from Mastomys 6.5 mm.", "PMID": 395744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10769", "title": "Data on the involvement of some viruses in the etiopathogeny of human tumors.", "content": "Literature data concerning the relationship between some viruses (adenoviruses, herpes viruses, C-type oncornaviruses, papova viruses) and human cancer are briefly reviewed. Mention is made of the contribution to this domain of the Romanian school of virology and some of the author's viewpoints on the role of viruses in carcinogenesis are presented.", "contents": "Data on the involvement of some viruses in the etiopathogeny of human tumors. Literature data concerning the relationship between some viruses (adenoviruses, herpes viruses, C-type oncornaviruses, papova viruses) and human cancer are briefly reviewed. Mention is made of the contribution to this domain of the Romanian school of virology and some of the author's viewpoints on the role of viruses in carcinogenesis are presented.", "PMID": 395749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10770", "title": "[The value of postoperative irradiation in the curative management of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented of the value of post-operative irradiation in patients with operable breast cancer. A combination of conservative surgery followed by irradiation provides optimal loco-regional results. Improved 10-year survival rates have already been reported with adequate irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics. The location and size of the primary tumour, as well as exact quantitative statements about histologically positive axillary lymph nodes are parameters of utmost importance.", "contents": "[The value of postoperative irradiation in the curative management of breast cancer (author's transl)]. A report is presented of the value of post-operative irradiation in patients with operable breast cancer. A combination of conservative surgery followed by irradiation provides optimal loco-regional results. Improved 10-year survival rates have already been reported with adequate irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics. The location and size of the primary tumour, as well as exact quantitative statements about histologically positive axillary lymph nodes are parameters of utmost importance.", "PMID": 395761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10771", "title": "[Effect of alternating milieu changes on specific substrate consumption in microorganisms].", "content": "In technical microbiology microorganisms often undergo alternating milieu changes. For instance, this is the case in recirculation reactors. The organisms react on these changes with an increase of entropy production and in connection with this with increasing substrate consumption. This increasing substrate consumption contradicts the aim of an optimum yield from a given substrate. Thus, studies of the reaction of microbial growth to alternating milieu changes are of great importance. A simple model of the influence of alternating milieu changes on specific substrate consumption is given. In it the biological conversion of substances is built up by an irreversible consecutive reaction. After preliminary examinations on the analogue computer the reaction of the model to alternating perturbations is simulated on the digital computer. The results of the stimulations are compared with experimental data. The good agreement of experiment and model justifies the use of the simple formulation in the preparation of technical processes.", "contents": "[Effect of alternating milieu changes on specific substrate consumption in microorganisms]. In technical microbiology microorganisms often undergo alternating milieu changes. For instance, this is the case in recirculation reactors. The organisms react on these changes with an increase of entropy production and in connection with this with increasing substrate consumption. This increasing substrate consumption contradicts the aim of an optimum yield from a given substrate. Thus, studies of the reaction of microbial growth to alternating milieu changes are of great importance. A simple model of the influence of alternating milieu changes on specific substrate consumption is given. In it the biological conversion of substances is built up by an irreversible consecutive reaction. After preliminary examinations on the analogue computer the reaction of the model to alternating perturbations is simulated on the digital computer. The results of the stimulations are compared with experimental data. The good agreement of experiment and model justifies the use of the simple formulation in the preparation of technical processes.", "PMID": 395768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10772", "title": "[The molecular biology of aging -- 15: Structure and function of the genetic apparatus in aging. II. Synthesis and metabolism of RNA].", "content": "With aging in different organs there are similar or tissue specific changes of the ribonucleic acids in respect of the quantity, the spectrum of different RNA species and the metabolism of RNA. Among these processes the template function of the chromatin and the behaviour of the RNA polymerases are important influencing factors. In aging the sensitivity of the RNA synthesis against hormonal stimulation is decreased in the most cases. A survey about the results of many in vivo and in vitro experiments of the literature is given. The opinion is advocated that the problems of the gene regulation and gene expression are a important field of work in the experimental gerontology.", "contents": "[The molecular biology of aging -- 15: Structure and function of the genetic apparatus in aging. II. Synthesis and metabolism of RNA]. With aging in different organs there are similar or tissue specific changes of the ribonucleic acids in respect of the quantity, the spectrum of different RNA species and the metabolism of RNA. Among these processes the template function of the chromatin and the behaviour of the RNA polymerases are important influencing factors. In aging the sensitivity of the RNA synthesis against hormonal stimulation is decreased in the most cases. A survey about the results of many in vivo and in vitro experiments of the literature is given. The opinion is advocated that the problems of the gene regulation and gene expression are a important field of work in the experimental gerontology.", "PMID": 395770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10773", "title": "Comparative study of the effects of chondroitin sulfate isomers on atherosclerotic subjects.", "content": "Effects of isomers of chondroitin sulfate on atherosclerosis were clinically compared, based on sulfate linkage and the amount of sulfate, by using chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and chondroitin polysulfate. Fourty eight age-matched atherosclerotic subjects were selected from a home for the elderly in order to the treatment with the agents. The isomers of chondroitin sulfate were given a daily dose of 4.5 g perorally. During the experimental period for 64 months, mortality, serum cholesterol, thrombus-formation time and thrombus weight were examined. The result obtained was as follows: mortality in the groups treated with the isomers of chondroitin sulfate was less than the age-matched untreated control group. Serum cholesterol value in the group treated by the isomers of chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin polysulfate group in particular, fell lower than the pre-treatment value. Thrombus formation time prolonged 150% in the group treated with chondroitin polysulfate over the untreated control group and the resultant thrombus weight was reduced in the treated group. Thus, these data indicated that the isomers of chondroitin sulfate are clinically effective on the treatment of atherosclerosis in the order of chondroitin polysulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate and/or chondroitin 6-sulfate.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effects of chondroitin sulfate isomers on atherosclerotic subjects. Effects of isomers of chondroitin sulfate on atherosclerosis were clinically compared, based on sulfate linkage and the amount of sulfate, by using chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and chondroitin polysulfate. Fourty eight age-matched atherosclerotic subjects were selected from a home for the elderly in order to the treatment with the agents. The isomers of chondroitin sulfate were given a daily dose of 4.5 g perorally. During the experimental period for 64 months, mortality, serum cholesterol, thrombus-formation time and thrombus weight were examined. The result obtained was as follows: mortality in the groups treated with the isomers of chondroitin sulfate was less than the age-matched untreated control group. Serum cholesterol value in the group treated by the isomers of chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin polysulfate group in particular, fell lower than the pre-treatment value. Thrombus formation time prolonged 150% in the group treated with chondroitin polysulfate over the untreated control group and the resultant thrombus weight was reduced in the treated group. Thus, these data indicated that the isomers of chondroitin sulfate are clinically effective on the treatment of atherosclerosis in the order of chondroitin polysulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate and/or chondroitin 6-sulfate.", "PMID": 395771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10774", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy of nephrogenic hemorrhagic diathesis].", "content": "For the development of nephrogenic haemorrhagic diatheses in the first place a decreased function of the thrombocytes and a thrombocytopenia are responsible. An inhibition in the intrinsic system may be referred to a lesion of the thrombocytic factor 3. Up to now defects in the extrinsic system do not allow a systematic classification. The best causal therapy are an effective haemodialysis and a renal transplantation. The detection of defects in the coagulation system is of importance for the dosed heparinisation and the control of the treatment with cytostatics for the immune suppression. Among 33 patients undergoing dialysis only 3 patients the Quick-value was reduced to 50% in 9 patients the thrombocyte values were below 150,000 mm3 and in 2 patients below 100,000 mm3. Among 28 carriers with renal graft only in 1 case the Quick-value was reduced to about 50%. In 12 patients the thrombocyte values were decreased below 150,000 mm3 and in 4 patients below 100,000 mm3. A correlation between the two global tests was not to be proved.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy of nephrogenic hemorrhagic diathesis]. For the development of nephrogenic haemorrhagic diatheses in the first place a decreased function of the thrombocytes and a thrombocytopenia are responsible. An inhibition in the intrinsic system may be referred to a lesion of the thrombocytic factor 3. Up to now defects in the extrinsic system do not allow a systematic classification. The best causal therapy are an effective haemodialysis and a renal transplantation. The detection of defects in the coagulation system is of importance for the dosed heparinisation and the control of the treatment with cytostatics for the immune suppression. Among 33 patients undergoing dialysis only 3 patients the Quick-value was reduced to 50% in 9 patients the thrombocyte values were below 150,000 mm3 and in 2 patients below 100,000 mm3. Among 28 carriers with renal graft only in 1 case the Quick-value was reduced to about 50%. In 12 patients the thrombocyte values were decreased below 150,000 mm3 and in 4 patients below 100,000 mm3. A correlation between the two global tests was not to be proved.", "PMID": 395776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10775", "title": "[Detection of the ischemic reaction of the myocardium by means of the polar coordinates of the ST segment in the corrected orthogonal ECG].", "content": "In the case of coronary heart disease the behaviour of the ST segment proved to be of major diagnostic importance for the recognition of hypoxidotic processes in the myocardium. Isolated consideration of the T-wave does not provide any characteristic information. The so-called ischaemic reaction is characterized by a typical jump of polar vectors from the left to the right side, which are moved rearwards without usually leaving the right-hand quadrant at the front. The angles of elevation are in a horizontal position or directed slightly upwards. This change of the direction can but need not include an increased magnitude. It is possible to observe the development of ischaemia as exercise is increased, with the polar vectors increasing or unchanging in magnitude and being moved rightwards, rearwards, and upwards. This characteristic movement invariably starts at the J point, involving additional portions of the ST segment as ischaemia is developed during increasing exercise. The J point depression should be considered to be only a \"normal\" response to exercise, provided the variations relate to the J point or 20 ms away from the latter.", "contents": "[Detection of the ischemic reaction of the myocardium by means of the polar coordinates of the ST segment in the corrected orthogonal ECG]. In the case of coronary heart disease the behaviour of the ST segment proved to be of major diagnostic importance for the recognition of hypoxidotic processes in the myocardium. Isolated consideration of the T-wave does not provide any characteristic information. The so-called ischaemic reaction is characterized by a typical jump of polar vectors from the left to the right side, which are moved rearwards without usually leaving the right-hand quadrant at the front. The angles of elevation are in a horizontal position or directed slightly upwards. This change of the direction can but need not include an increased magnitude. It is possible to observe the development of ischaemia as exercise is increased, with the polar vectors increasing or unchanging in magnitude and being moved rightwards, rearwards, and upwards. This characteristic movement invariably starts at the J point, involving additional portions of the ST segment as ischaemia is developed during increasing exercise. The J point depression should be considered to be only a \"normal\" response to exercise, provided the variations relate to the J point or 20 ms away from the latter.", "PMID": 395778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10776", "title": "[Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-1798) and Johann Georg Forster (1754-1794) in Halle. On the 250th anniversary of Johann Reinhold Forster's birthday].", "content": "The 250th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Reinhold Forster as well as the 225th anniversary of Johann Georg Forster gave rise to the memory of the life-work of these two famous scientists, whose life-work is in various forms connected with the University of Halle. The most important stages of these connections which include also the medicine of their epoch are demonstrated with the help of preserved documents.", "contents": "[Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-1798) and Johann Georg Forster (1754-1794) in Halle. On the 250th anniversary of Johann Reinhold Forster's birthday]. The 250th anniversary of the birthday of Johann Reinhold Forster as well as the 225th anniversary of Johann Georg Forster gave rise to the memory of the life-work of these two famous scientists, whose life-work is in various forms connected with the University of Halle. The most important stages of these connections which include also the medicine of their epoch are demonstrated with the help of preserved documents.", "PMID": 395777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10777", "title": "[Bone diseases due to long-term administration of anticonvulsants during the age of growth].", "content": "On the basis of literature and 2 own observations a survey is given concerning the modern knowledge of bone changes as concomitant effect by long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (diphenyl hydantoin and primidon) at the age of growth (osteopathia antiepileptica). The discussion of arising actual questions is demonstrated on instructive cases with consequences important for practice.", "contents": "[Bone diseases due to long-term administration of anticonvulsants during the age of growth]. On the basis of literature and 2 own observations a survey is given concerning the modern knowledge of bone changes as concomitant effect by long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (diphenyl hydantoin and primidon) at the age of growth (osteopathia antiepileptica). The discussion of arising actual questions is demonstrated on instructive cases with consequences important for practice.", "PMID": 395779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10778", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid pressure studies after the intravenous administration of the steroid narcotic, alphaxolone + alphadolone acetate (Althesin)].", "content": "The effect of alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate on cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), mean arterial blood pressure (MPA), heart rate (BMP) and blood gases was investigated in 18 patients. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated from the difference MAP minus CSFP. Alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate lowered the normal CSFP and normalized ketamin induced increase of CSFP. Premedication with alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate delayed the ketamin induced increase of CSFP, which returned to norm after a second dose of alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate. This effect was seen despite elevation of pCO2 in all patients breathing spontaneously.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid pressure studies after the intravenous administration of the steroid narcotic, alphaxolone + alphadolone acetate (Althesin)]. The effect of alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate on cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), mean arterial blood pressure (MPA), heart rate (BMP) and blood gases was investigated in 18 patients. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated from the difference MAP minus CSFP. Alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate lowered the normal CSFP and normalized ketamin induced increase of CSFP. Premedication with alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate delayed the ketamin induced increase of CSFP, which returned to norm after a second dose of alphaxalon + alphadolon-acetate. This effect was seen despite elevation of pCO2 in all patients breathing spontaneously.", "PMID": 395762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10779", "title": "[Dietrich Geotg Kieser (1779-1862)--merely a romantic physician?].", "content": "As an adherent of Schelling Dietrich Georg Kieser (1779-1862) was an outstanding representative of the German medical romanticism. From 1812 to his death he was professor of medicine in Jena. Despite natural philosophical-speculative theories his general pathology contains dynamic views of the disease including psychosomatic opinions. The basis for this is the holism of man under the aspect of developmental history. Kieser did an eminent good work in the field of medical practice and organisation. He was the head of several clinics and from 1847 he was the first professor in Jena who only worked in the field of psychiatry. 1858 he was elected president of the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolinic German Academy of Scientists.", "contents": "[Dietrich Geotg Kieser (1779-1862)--merely a romantic physician?]. As an adherent of Schelling Dietrich Georg Kieser (1779-1862) was an outstanding representative of the German medical romanticism. From 1812 to his death he was professor of medicine in Jena. Despite natural philosophical-speculative theories his general pathology contains dynamic views of the disease including psychosomatic opinions. The basis for this is the holism of man under the aspect of developmental history. Kieser did an eminent good work in the field of medical practice and organisation. He was the head of several clinics and from 1847 he was the first professor in Jena who only worked in the field of psychiatry. 1858 he was elected president of the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolinic German Academy of Scientists.", "PMID": 395780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10780", "title": "[New aspects of the pathophysiology of gestosis/pre-eclampsia (author's transl)].", "content": "An increased pressor responsiveness is consistently found in nulliparous patients with gestosis. The following mechanisms may be able to influence arterial reactivity: sodium balance, factors of the kallikrein-bradykinin and the renin-angiotensin systems, an imbalance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilatatory prostaglandins, the sympathetic nervous system, and possibly prolactin, too. A mechanism which is involved in the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow seems to be important in the etiology of gestosis. The immunological changes found in patients with gestosis are insufficient to support the concept of a primary immunopathogenesis. The usefulness of the supine pressor (\"roll-over\") test, of the angiotensin sensitivity test and serum uric acid determination in predicting hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is evaluated. The supine pressor test is recommended as an appropriate and practical method for routine screening in nulliparous pregnant women.", "contents": "[New aspects of the pathophysiology of gestosis/pre-eclampsia (author's transl)]. An increased pressor responsiveness is consistently found in nulliparous patients with gestosis. The following mechanisms may be able to influence arterial reactivity: sodium balance, factors of the kallikrein-bradykinin and the renin-angiotensin systems, an imbalance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilatatory prostaglandins, the sympathetic nervous system, and possibly prolactin, too. A mechanism which is involved in the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow seems to be important in the etiology of gestosis. The immunological changes found in patients with gestosis are insufficient to support the concept of a primary immunopathogenesis. The usefulness of the supine pressor (\"roll-over\") test, of the angiotensin sensitivity test and serum uric acid determination in predicting hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is evaluated. The supine pressor test is recommended as an appropriate and practical method for routine screening in nulliparous pregnant women.", "PMID": 395781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10781", "title": "[Lichen ruber ulcerosus (dystrophicans)].", "content": "Report on two women suffering from chronic painful ulceration of the feet combined with interdigital synechia, loss of nails, alopecia and oral lesions of lichen planus. Hint at certain clinical parallels of dystrophic skin symptoms with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria dystrophica yet demonstrating different mode of blister formation.", "contents": "[Lichen ruber ulcerosus (dystrophicans)]. Report on two women suffering from chronic painful ulceration of the feet combined with interdigital synechia, loss of nails, alopecia and oral lesions of lichen planus. Hint at certain clinical parallels of dystrophic skin symptoms with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria dystrophica yet demonstrating different mode of blister formation.", "PMID": 395782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10782", "title": "Biofeedback and the behavioral treatment of disorders of disregulation.", "content": "This paper reviews biofeedback research from the perspective of cybernetic/feedback theory and applies the theory to the behavioral treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The concept of disregulation is used to elucidate how environmental factors can modulate the central nervous system and effect homeostatic, self-regulatory control of peripheral organs. When feedback from peripheral organs is disrupted, it is hypothesized that disregulation occurs, leading to physiological instability and functional disease. Within this framework, biofeedback provides a new feedback loop that can help individuals regain physiological self-control. Basic research using biofeedback to enhance self-regulation of cardiovascular responses is reviewed. The use of biofeedback in the behavioral treatment of disorders such as tension and migraine headache, hypertension, and epilepsy are selectively reviewed and critically evaluated. The need to consider feedback mechanisms in behavioral and biomedical approaches to treatment is highlighted. Predictions regarding the potential inadvertent perpetuation of disregulation and disease through inappropriate biomedical intervention is also considered.", "contents": "Biofeedback and the behavioral treatment of disorders of disregulation. This paper reviews biofeedback research from the perspective of cybernetic/feedback theory and applies the theory to the behavioral treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The concept of disregulation is used to elucidate how environmental factors can modulate the central nervous system and effect homeostatic, self-regulatory control of peripheral organs. When feedback from peripheral organs is disrupted, it is hypothesized that disregulation occurs, leading to physiological instability and functional disease. Within this framework, biofeedback provides a new feedback loop that can help individuals regain physiological self-control. Basic research using biofeedback to enhance self-regulation of cardiovascular responses is reviewed. The use of biofeedback in the behavioral treatment of disorders such as tension and migraine headache, hypertension, and epilepsy are selectively reviewed and critically evaluated. The need to consider feedback mechanisms in behavioral and biomedical approaches to treatment is highlighted. Predictions regarding the potential inadvertent perpetuation of disregulation and disease through inappropriate biomedical intervention is also considered.", "PMID": 395767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10783", "title": "Amino acids and cell regulation.", "content": "Free amino play an important role in regulating cell volume in fishes. Four tissues/cells (skeletal muscle, RBC, brain, and myocardium) of the little skate, Raja erinacea, were selected for detailed study because of their special importance or unique advantage as experimental models. Three particular amino acids, beta-alanine, taurine, and sarcosine play a predominant role in all four tissues. As in higher vertebrates, amino acid uptake in skate brain, heart, and RBC is mediated via a Na+-dependent process. Amino acids leave the skate brain rapidly in response to a sudden decrease in plasma osmolality and/or to a simultaneous drop in extracellular Na+ concentration. However, although amino acids are important for volume regulation in normal brain cells, they do not appear to be likely candidates for the unidentified \"idiogenic\" osmolytes in mammalian brain cells. The high concentration of taurine in skate myocardium is of special interest because of the special role of this amino acid in myocardial contractility. Thus, unlike beta-alanine and sarcosine, taurine may play a dual role in regulating both cell volume and contractility of myocardial cells. The isolated skate atrium is well suited for in vitro studies of these two processes.", "contents": "Amino acids and cell regulation. Free amino play an important role in regulating cell volume in fishes. Four tissues/cells (skeletal muscle, RBC, brain, and myocardium) of the little skate, Raja erinacea, were selected for detailed study because of their special importance or unique advantage as experimental models. Three particular amino acids, beta-alanine, taurine, and sarcosine play a predominant role in all four tissues. As in higher vertebrates, amino acid uptake in skate brain, heart, and RBC is mediated via a Na+-dependent process. Amino acids leave the skate brain rapidly in response to a sudden decrease in plasma osmolality and/or to a simultaneous drop in extracellular Na+ concentration. However, although amino acids are important for volume regulation in normal brain cells, they do not appear to be likely candidates for the unidentified \"idiogenic\" osmolytes in mammalian brain cells. The high concentration of taurine in skate myocardium is of special interest because of the special role of this amino acid in myocardial contractility. Thus, unlike beta-alanine and sarcosine, taurine may play a dual role in regulating both cell volume and contractility of myocardial cells. The isolated skate atrium is well suited for in vitro studies of these two processes.", "PMID": 395764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10784", "title": "Evaluation of lung recovery assay for schistosomula in mice immunized with x-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The lung recovery assay for schistosomula has recently been used as a rapid method for measuring the state of immunity of a challenged animal. Its merit rests on the fact that the peak day of schistosomular recovery in the lungs of both normal and immune hosts falls on the same day and the degree of immunity can be measured by the percent of schistosomular recovery on this particular day. An evaluation of this method for mice immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was made. The results indicate that in the immunized mice the peak day for the schistosomular recovery was delayed and the number of schistosomula recovered on the peak day was decreased. The delay of the peak day was increased by the degree of host immunity, so its identification for a host of an unknown immunologic status was not a simple matter. In addition, this method measured only the immune effect which took place in the skin and on prepeak days in the lungs. It was not as competent as the conventional liver perfusion method which measures the total result of the immune effect of the skin, lungs, and liver. Our conclusion is that for measuring the immunizing effect of irradiated cercariae, the lung recovery method is not suitable for the determination of the state of immunity induced.", "contents": "Evaluation of lung recovery assay for schistosomula in mice immunized with x-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. The lung recovery assay for schistosomula has recently been used as a rapid method for measuring the state of immunity of a challenged animal. Its merit rests on the fact that the peak day of schistosomular recovery in the lungs of both normal and immune hosts falls on the same day and the degree of immunity can be measured by the percent of schistosomular recovery on this particular day. An evaluation of this method for mice immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was made. The results indicate that in the immunized mice the peak day for the schistosomular recovery was delayed and the number of schistosomula recovered on the peak day was decreased. The delay of the peak day was increased by the degree of host immunity, so its identification for a host of an unknown immunologic status was not a simple matter. In addition, this method measured only the immune effect which took place in the skin and on prepeak days in the lungs. It was not as competent as the conventional liver perfusion method which measures the total result of the immune effect of the skin, lungs, and liver. Our conclusion is that for measuring the immunizing effect of irradiated cercariae, the lung recovery method is not suitable for the determination of the state of immunity induced.", "PMID": 395784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10785", "title": "Comparative physiology of renal tubular transport mechanisms.", "content": "This manuscript discusses current concepts of glomerular filtration and tubular transport of sodium, water, potassium, and urinary acidification by vertebrate kidneys in a comparative context. Work in mammalian and amphibian nephrons receives major emphasis due to our interest in application of new techniques for investigation of cellular mechanisms; when available, data from other vertebrate classes are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative physiology of renal tubular transport mechanisms. This manuscript discusses current concepts of glomerular filtration and tubular transport of sodium, water, potassium, and urinary acidification by vertebrate kidneys in a comparative context. Work in mammalian and amphibian nephrons receives major emphasis due to our interest in application of new techniques for investigation of cellular mechanisms; when available, data from other vertebrate classes are discussed.", "PMID": 395765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10786", "title": "Humoral response to sheep red blood cells in C57L/J mice during early and chronic stages of infection with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts.", "content": "C57L/J male mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts were challenged intraperitoneally at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with 3 x 10(9) sheep erythrocytes. The direct plaque forming cells, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive (4-day sera) and 2-ME-resistant (8-day sera) haemagglutinin responses were significantly elevated at eight and 12 weeks p.i. as compared to controls or the fourweeks postinfected mice. Possible mechanisms of immunopotentiation in the chronically infected mice is discussed in relation to the larval cyst mass, splenomegaly, and B cell hyperplasia in the lymphoid tissues during the course of infection.", "contents": "Humoral response to sheep red blood cells in C57L/J mice during early and chronic stages of infection with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts. C57L/J male mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts were challenged intraperitoneally at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with 3 x 10(9) sheep erythrocytes. The direct plaque forming cells, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive (4-day sera) and 2-ME-resistant (8-day sera) haemagglutinin responses were significantly elevated at eight and 12 weeks p.i. as compared to controls or the fourweeks postinfected mice. Possible mechanisms of immunopotentiation in the chronically infected mice is discussed in relation to the larval cyst mass, splenomegaly, and B cell hyperplasia in the lymphoid tissues during the course of infection.", "PMID": 395785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10787", "title": "[Adult day care in the USA].", "content": "This travel report describes the supply of the USA with adult day care centers and it wants to enable a comparison with the situation in other countries. The US situation is characterized by a great number of centers, most of which are not day hospitals but day care centers. The spectrum of services offered is rather big with a great diversification. Financing and organising of transport service is a great problem in many an institution. A great part of the American population has no health insurance. For patients of 65 and over, medicare, a federal program will take over the cost for treatment. Regulations of medicare are similar to the right of German health insurance: health insurance will pay for people in need of treatment, patients who are just in need of maintenance therapy or care will have to pay for themselves. Medicaid, a federal welfare program, will only pay for them, if they cannot afford the money. If medicare would pay for day treatment in general, a rise in the number of day care centers and day hospitals could be expected. There are only rudiments for cost-benefit-analysis in day care in existence. Four centers in different states were described in detail.", "contents": "[Adult day care in the USA]. This travel report describes the supply of the USA with adult day care centers and it wants to enable a comparison with the situation in other countries. The US situation is characterized by a great number of centers, most of which are not day hospitals but day care centers. The spectrum of services offered is rather big with a great diversification. Financing and organising of transport service is a great problem in many an institution. A great part of the American population has no health insurance. For patients of 65 and over, medicare, a federal program will take over the cost for treatment. Regulations of medicare are similar to the right of German health insurance: health insurance will pay for people in need of treatment, patients who are just in need of maintenance therapy or care will have to pay for themselves. Medicaid, a federal welfare program, will only pay for them, if they cannot afford the money. If medicare would pay for day treatment in general, a rise in the number of day care centers and day hospitals could be expected. There are only rudiments for cost-benefit-analysis in day care in existence. Four centers in different states were described in detail.", "PMID": 395783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10788", "title": "[Cimetidine--a new principle in treating peptic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey is given on the present state of experience with Cimetidine. Cimetidine significantly promotes healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers; this effect is especially significant in countries with low spontaneous ulcer healing. Prophylactically administered Cimetidine is the only drug capable of decisively lowering the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcers. In certain cases, Cimetidine long-term treatment therefore seems to compete with elective gastric operations. However apart from the operative risk surgery of the stomach (especially selective gastric vagotomy) still provides certain advantages. Controlled long-term trials are still required in order to come to a clear-cut delimitation between the indications for Cimetidine prophylaxis and elective operation. Furthermore prophylaxis with Cimetidine prevents gastric bleeding from erosions in stress-patients. Even in Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome Cimetidine enables ulcers to heal and patients to reach operability. In patients with operable gastrinomas the long-term treatment with Cimetidine seems to replace palliative total gastrectomy by curative resection of the tumour.", "contents": "[Cimetidine--a new principle in treating peptic lesions (author's transl)]. A survey is given on the present state of experience with Cimetidine. Cimetidine significantly promotes healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers; this effect is especially significant in countries with low spontaneous ulcer healing. Prophylactically administered Cimetidine is the only drug capable of decisively lowering the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcers. In certain cases, Cimetidine long-term treatment therefore seems to compete with elective gastric operations. However apart from the operative risk surgery of the stomach (especially selective gastric vagotomy) still provides certain advantages. Controlled long-term trials are still required in order to come to a clear-cut delimitation between the indications for Cimetidine prophylaxis and elective operation. Furthermore prophylaxis with Cimetidine prevents gastric bleeding from erosions in stress-patients. Even in Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome Cimetidine enables ulcers to heal and patients to reach operability. In patients with operable gastrinomas the long-term treatment with Cimetidine seems to replace palliative total gastrectomy by curative resection of the tumour.", "PMID": 395796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10789", "title": "The insulin test after vagotomy and antral resection or drainage. Stability and reversal of test response in repeated tests.", "content": "Repeated insulin tests were carried out on 118 patients after vagotomy and antral resection or vagotomy and drainage. The main indication for operation was gastro-duodenal ulcer. The test was performed in both the early (average 13.7 days after the operation) and late (average 3.3 years) postoperative phase. After vagotomy and antral resection, the proportion of Hollander-positive responses decreased from 21.1% in the early phase to 11.1% in the late phase, but after vagotomy and drainage, it increased from 32.1% to 57.1% (p greater than 0.05 in both). Changes of the test response from negative to positive and vice versa were seen after both types of operations. After vagotomy and antral resection, in tests with a change of the response from positive to negative (14.4%) there was a significant decrease in insulin-stimulated acid secretion. After vagotomy and drainage, there were more changes from negative to positive (28.6%), but no significant differences were seen in acid secretion values. Some tests showed a change from early positive to late positive (Ross & Kay). The significance and possible explanations for the changes are discussed in the light of acid secretion values.", "contents": "The insulin test after vagotomy and antral resection or drainage. Stability and reversal of test response in repeated tests. Repeated insulin tests were carried out on 118 patients after vagotomy and antral resection or vagotomy and drainage. The main indication for operation was gastro-duodenal ulcer. The test was performed in both the early (average 13.7 days after the operation) and late (average 3.3 years) postoperative phase. After vagotomy and antral resection, the proportion of Hollander-positive responses decreased from 21.1% in the early phase to 11.1% in the late phase, but after vagotomy and drainage, it increased from 32.1% to 57.1% (p greater than 0.05 in both). Changes of the test response from negative to positive and vice versa were seen after both types of operations. After vagotomy and antral resection, in tests with a change of the response from positive to negative (14.4%) there was a significant decrease in insulin-stimulated acid secretion. After vagotomy and drainage, there were more changes from negative to positive (28.6%), but no significant differences were seen in acid secretion values. Some tests showed a change from early positive to late positive (Ross & Kay). The significance and possible explanations for the changes are discussed in the light of acid secretion values.", "PMID": 395802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10790", "title": "Surgical treatment of local recurrences of breast carcinoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of local recurrence of breast carcinoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues after treatment with radical excision and large skin grafts or reconstruction are presented. Seventy-seven per cent of the patients were alive 2 years after the treatment. As a chest wall recurrence of breast cancer in the absence of distant metastases does not always indicate a generalization of the disease, radical reconstructive surgery is recommended as the therapy of choice.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of local recurrences of breast carcinoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Twenty-six cases of local recurrence of breast carcinoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues after treatment with radical excision and large skin grafts or reconstruction are presented. Seventy-seven per cent of the patients were alive 2 years after the treatment. As a chest wall recurrence of breast cancer in the absence of distant metastases does not always indicate a generalization of the disease, radical reconstructive surgery is recommended as the therapy of choice.", "PMID": 395801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10791", "title": "[Pericecal abscess and infiltration as a complication in the early phase of acute non-differentiated cell leukemia].", "content": "Acute abdomen syndrome was the presenting sign of leukaemia in the reported case. The authors discuss indications to surgical treatment in patients with leukaemia.", "contents": "[Pericecal abscess and infiltration as a complication in the early phase of acute non-differentiated cell leukemia]. Acute abdomen syndrome was the presenting sign of leukaemia in the reported case. The authors discuss indications to surgical treatment in patients with leukaemia.", "PMID": 395805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10792", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of the hemodynamic situation in the pulmonary circulation in chronic obstructive ventilatory disorders].", "content": "Hemodynamic consequences, especially in view of a developing pulmonary hypertension are essential factors regarding the course and prognosis of an obstructive airflow disturbance. The characteristic roentgen symptoms of pulmonary vascular changes in a group of patients are collected and statistically evaluated to find those symptoms correlating best with the results of cardiac catheterisation. The importance of using not a single symptom but characteristic groups of symptoms for the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is stressed. Radiological signs of increased pulmonary pressure do not directly correlate to the degree of measurements, false positive radiological reports need not be expected. Positive radiological symptoms indicate irreversible anatomical changes in pulmonary circulation. For the individual patient the pulmonary arterial pressure by cardiac catheterisation alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis and prognosis of this case as in obstructive air-way disturbance two definitely different types of diseases, namely type A (emphysema) and type B (bronchitis) with divergent hemodynamic consequences must be distinguished. For this differentiation the radiological evaluation of the anatomical situation is essential.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of the hemodynamic situation in the pulmonary circulation in chronic obstructive ventilatory disorders]. Hemodynamic consequences, especially in view of a developing pulmonary hypertension are essential factors regarding the course and prognosis of an obstructive airflow disturbance. The characteristic roentgen symptoms of pulmonary vascular changes in a group of patients are collected and statistically evaluated to find those symptoms correlating best with the results of cardiac catheterisation. The importance of using not a single symptom but characteristic groups of symptoms for the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is stressed. Radiological signs of increased pulmonary pressure do not directly correlate to the degree of measurements, false positive radiological reports need not be expected. Positive radiological symptoms indicate irreversible anatomical changes in pulmonary circulation. For the individual patient the pulmonary arterial pressure by cardiac catheterisation alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis and prognosis of this case as in obstructive air-way disturbance two definitely different types of diseases, namely type A (emphysema) and type B (bronchitis) with divergent hemodynamic consequences must be distinguished. For this differentiation the radiological evaluation of the anatomical situation is essential.", "PMID": 395807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10793", "title": "[Case of heterozygotic SC hemoglobinopathy with high titre of indirect immunofluorescence reaction with Plasmodium falciparum antigen].", "content": "The authors report the first in the Polish literature case of combined heterozygotic SC haemoglobinopathy in a Nigerian aged 20 years. The diagnosis was based on the results of haemoglobin electrophoresis and clinical signs. The titre of IFP with Plasmodium falciparum was very high and malarial pigment was found in lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Case of heterozygotic SC hemoglobinopathy with high titre of indirect immunofluorescence reaction with Plasmodium falciparum antigen]. The authors report the first in the Polish literature case of combined heterozygotic SC haemoglobinopathy in a Nigerian aged 20 years. The diagnosis was based on the results of haemoglobin electrophoresis and clinical signs. The titre of IFP with Plasmodium falciparum was very high and malarial pigment was found in lymph nodes.", "PMID": 395806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10794", "title": "Tubo-ovarian abscess: a review of 46 cases.", "content": "Forty-six patients with tubo-ovarian ascess are analysed. The abscess developed mostly in young multiparous women soon after menstruation. Coliforms were the main causative organism. The abscess resolved with conservative management in 21 cases and surgical intervention was necessary in 25. The mortality (4.4%) due to conservative medical and surgical management was nearly half that of radical surgery.", "contents": "Tubo-ovarian abscess: a review of 46 cases. Forty-six patients with tubo-ovarian ascess are analysed. The abscess developed mostly in young multiparous women soon after menstruation. Coliforms were the main causative organism. The abscess resolved with conservative management in 21 cases and surgical intervention was necessary in 25. The mortality (4.4%) due to conservative medical and surgical management was nearly half that of radical surgery.", "PMID": 395792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10795", "title": "Anesthetic management of conray toxicity.", "content": "Conray (meglumine iothalamate), the contrast media frequently used in shuntograms for diagnosing malfunctioning ventriculo-peritoneal shunts, will occasionally cause severe muscular spasms and seizures. In this article, the authors describe anesthetic and critical care management of a case with this complication.", "contents": "Anesthetic management of conray toxicity. Conray (meglumine iothalamate), the contrast media frequently used in shuntograms for diagnosing malfunctioning ventriculo-peritoneal shunts, will occasionally cause severe muscular spasms and seizures. In this article, the authors describe anesthetic and critical care management of a case with this complication.", "PMID": 395808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10796", "title": "Effects of estrogen on the lymphoid regeneration and immune response in irradiated and marrow-reconstituted mice.", "content": "Various doses of estriol (E3) were given to mice intraperitoneally, immediately after lethal irradiation and marrow reconstitution. The assessment of the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes in the spleen and the histological assessment of lymphoid tissues were carried out 30 days later. The effects appeared to be dose-dependent and resulted in a marked suppression of the PFC response. The depletion of lymphocytes was dramatic and dose-dependent in the thymus, and in the thymus-dependent and in the thymus independent areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissues. These results suggest that E3 acts on the differentiation of stem or precursor cells toweard both the populations of T and B lymphocytes. Although E3, given on day 7 after irradiation and marrow reconstitution, suppressed the lymphoid regeneration and PFC response markedly, E3 given on day 14 had no effect. On day 7 the majority of regenerating lymphoid tissues were large pyroninophilic cells and on day 14, small lymphocytes. These results suggest that the precursor or immature lymphocytes are sensitive to E3, while mature lymphocytes are resistant. Lymphoid regeneration and PFC response were retarded in mice irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells from donors pretreated with E3. These results suggest that E3 acts on the stem or precursor cells capable to differentiate in the direction of lymphoid populations and reduce their number in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on the lymphoid regeneration and immune response in irradiated and marrow-reconstituted mice. Various doses of estriol (E3) were given to mice intraperitoneally, immediately after lethal irradiation and marrow reconstitution. The assessment of the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes in the spleen and the histological assessment of lymphoid tissues were carried out 30 days later. The effects appeared to be dose-dependent and resulted in a marked suppression of the PFC response. The depletion of lymphocytes was dramatic and dose-dependent in the thymus, and in the thymus-dependent and in the thymus independent areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissues. These results suggest that E3 acts on the differentiation of stem or precursor cells toweard both the populations of T and B lymphocytes. Although E3, given on day 7 after irradiation and marrow reconstitution, suppressed the lymphoid regeneration and PFC response markedly, E3 given on day 14 had no effect. On day 7 the majority of regenerating lymphoid tissues were large pyroninophilic cells and on day 14, small lymphocytes. These results suggest that the precursor or immature lymphocytes are sensitive to E3, while mature lymphocytes are resistant. Lymphoid regeneration and PFC response were retarded in mice irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells from donors pretreated with E3. These results suggest that E3 acts on the stem or precursor cells capable to differentiate in the direction of lymphoid populations and reduce their number in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 395810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10797", "title": "Light- and scanning electron-microscopy of the nasal mucosa.", "content": "The article is a short review of some aspects of the surface structure of the human nose. It deals with the morphology of the surface epithelium in nasal allergy, viral and bacterial infection. Kartagener's triad and in rhinitis patients continuously treated with topically active steroids.", "contents": "Light- and scanning electron-microscopy of the nasal mucosa. The article is a short review of some aspects of the surface structure of the human nose. It deals with the morphology of the surface epithelium in nasal allergy, viral and bacterial infection. Kartagener's triad and in rhinitis patients continuously treated with topically active steroids.", "PMID": 395813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10798", "title": "Ultrastructure of normal epithelial cells in Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears. An application of a modified open-face embedding technique for transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The results of an open-face embedding technique applied to Papanicolaou-stained uterine cervical smears are presented. By this technique, cells are smeared on a plastic sheet, fixed in 1.5% buffered glutaraldehyde and stained by the Papanicolaou method; areas of special interest are then selected by light microscopy for electron microscopic observations. Thus,  a comparison is possible between the light  microscopic characteristics of cells in smear preparations and their ultrastructural counterparts. The good ultrastructural preservation allowed detailed study of nuclei and cytoplasm. The endocervical cells had intact nuclei with nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, well-preserved mitochondria and two types of secretory material. The superficial and intermediate squamous cells showed loss of desmosomes; dense, fine cytoplasmic fibrils; small, fatty droplets; and degenerated nuclei with loss of the nuclear envelope. Compared with ultrastructural studies on cervical tissues, the intermediate cells in cervical smears were more degenerated, presumably because predominantly degenerated intermediate cells exfoliate. This study indicates that the light microscopic impression of the nuclear appearance is misleading: in the routine smear the nuclei of superficial and intermediate cells may look \"intact\" and \"well preserved\" whereas ultrastructurally the nuclei are degenerated.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of normal epithelial cells in Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears. An application of a modified open-face embedding technique for transmission electron microscopy. The results of an open-face embedding technique applied to Papanicolaou-stained uterine cervical smears are presented. By this technique, cells are smeared on a plastic sheet, fixed in 1.5% buffered glutaraldehyde and stained by the Papanicolaou method; areas of special interest are then selected by light microscopy for electron microscopic observations. Thus,  a comparison is possible between the light  microscopic characteristics of cells in smear preparations and their ultrastructural counterparts. The good ultrastructural preservation allowed detailed study of nuclei and cytoplasm. The endocervical cells had intact nuclei with nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, well-preserved mitochondria and two types of secretory material. The superficial and intermediate squamous cells showed loss of desmosomes; dense, fine cytoplasmic fibrils; small, fatty droplets; and degenerated nuclei with loss of the nuclear envelope. Compared with ultrastructural studies on cervical tissues, the intermediate cells in cervical smears were more degenerated, presumably because predominantly degenerated intermediate cells exfoliate. This study indicates that the light microscopic impression of the nuclear appearance is misleading: in the routine smear the nuclei of superficial and intermediate cells may look \"intact\" and \"well preserved\" whereas ultrastructurally the nuclei are degenerated.", "PMID": 395804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10799", "title": "C-reactive protein (CRP) in early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia.", "content": "The usefulness of CRP in early detection of neonatal septicemia/meningitis and urinary tract infection was studied in a neonatal unit using a semiquantitative latex-agglutination as a rapid screening method, and electroimmuno assay as reference method for CRP determination. In 94% of non-infected infants CRP was less than or equal to 15 mg/l and 82% had CRP less than 10 mg/l up to 3 days of age. After 3 days of age 96% had CRP less than 10 mg/l. The initial CRP level was increased in 16 out of 18 patients (89%) with bacterial septicemia. Low CRP was seen in one patient with total agranulocytosis and septicemia from Streptococcus type B and in one patient with Staphylococcus albus sepsis. A rise in CRP was also seen in very pre-term infants with septicemia. Increased initial CRP was uncommon in neonatal urinary tract infection (2 of 9), but a rise was seen in 3 additional patients. A comparison between CRP, total neutrophil blood cell count and band neutrophil count as diagnostic parameters was in favour of CRP at this early stage of infection. CRP is of definite value as an aid in early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia and bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "C-reactive protein (CRP) in early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. The usefulness of CRP in early detection of neonatal septicemia/meningitis and urinary tract infection was studied in a neonatal unit using a semiquantitative latex-agglutination as a rapid screening method, and electroimmuno assay as reference method for CRP determination. In 94% of non-infected infants CRP was less than or equal to 15 mg/l and 82% had CRP less than 10 mg/l up to 3 days of age. After 3 days of age 96% had CRP less than 10 mg/l. The initial CRP level was increased in 16 out of 18 patients (89%) with bacterial septicemia. Low CRP was seen in one patient with total agranulocytosis and septicemia from Streptococcus type B and in one patient with Staphylococcus albus sepsis. A rise in CRP was also seen in very pre-term infants with septicemia. Increased initial CRP was uncommon in neonatal urinary tract infection (2 of 9), but a rise was seen in 3 additional patients. A comparison between CRP, total neutrophil blood cell count and band neutrophil count as diagnostic parameters was in favour of CRP at this early stage of infection. CRP is of definite value as an aid in early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia and bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 395815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10800", "title": "Group B streptococcal colonization of pregnant women and their neonates. Epidemiological study and controlled trial of prophylactic treatment of the newborn.", "content": "Colonization with group B streptococci of the genital tract was studied in 1 115 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. 76 or 6.82% were found to harbour this bacterium. The incidence of contamination was significantly higher among Belgian women than among parturients of Mediterranean origin (p less than 0.001). It was also more frequent in primigravidae (p less than 0.05) and in the poorer (0.10 less than p greater than 0.05). At the time of admission in the delivery room, it was noticed that rupture of the amniotic membranes for more than 24 hours was more often associated with group B streptococcal carriage by the mother (p less than 0.001). 29 out of 68 (42.6%) infants born to group B streptococci positive mothers were colonized at birth. 67 of them were submitted to a controlled trial of immediate versus delayed penicillin therapy. 44.8% and 42.1% of the neonates were contaminated at birth in each group of treatment respectively. No instance of group B streptococcal infection developed in either group. This suggests that immediate therapy with penicillin of infants of group B streptococci positive mothers has no definite advantage upon delayed treatment.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal colonization of pregnant women and their neonates. Epidemiological study and controlled trial of prophylactic treatment of the newborn. Colonization with group B streptococci of the genital tract was studied in 1 115 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. 76 or 6.82% were found to harbour this bacterium. The incidence of contamination was significantly higher among Belgian women than among parturients of Mediterranean origin (p less than 0.001). It was also more frequent in primigravidae (p less than 0.05) and in the poorer (0.10 less than p greater than 0.05). At the time of admission in the delivery room, it was noticed that rupture of the amniotic membranes for more than 24 hours was more often associated with group B streptococcal carriage by the mother (p less than 0.001). 29 out of 68 (42.6%) infants born to group B streptococci positive mothers were colonized at birth. 67 of them were submitted to a controlled trial of immediate versus delayed penicillin therapy. 44.8% and 42.1% of the neonates were contaminated at birth in each group of treatment respectively. No instance of group B streptococcal infection developed in either group. This suggests that immediate therapy with penicillin of infants of group B streptococci positive mothers has no definite advantage upon delayed treatment.", "PMID": 395814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10801", "title": "Surface properties of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis as studied by adherence tests and two-polymer, aqueous phase systems.", "content": "S. saprophyticus is an established pathogen in man, devoided of characteristics associated with pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of this species to attach to cells from regions, viz. the urinary tract, where it acts as an invador and to cells from areas where it is known as a commensal, was compared to its behaviour in this respect with another staphylococcal species, viz. S. epidermidis. S. saprophyticus showed a preferenital adherence to human exfoliated urogenital cells, when compared with its ability to attach to skin and buccal cells from man and also when compared with procine cells from these regions. The profound ability to adhere to human exfoliated urogenital epithelial cells by far exceeded that of S. epidermidis, while no such species difference was found when testing porcine cells (S. saprophyticus is unknown as a urogenital tract pathogen in pigs). When studied in a two-polymer, aqueous phase system, S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis were found to have a negative surface charge at pH 7.2, but the former carried a considerably higher surface charge density. Both staphylococcal species exhibited a poor hydrophobic interaction liability. These physico-chemical surface characteristics are briefly discussed with regard to the differential bacteria-cell interactions of these species.", "contents": "Surface properties of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis as studied by adherence tests and two-polymer, aqueous phase systems. S. saprophyticus is an established pathogen in man, devoided of characteristics associated with pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of this species to attach to cells from regions, viz. the urinary tract, where it acts as an invador and to cells from areas where it is known as a commensal, was compared to its behaviour in this respect with another staphylococcal species, viz. S. epidermidis. S. saprophyticus showed a preferenital adherence to human exfoliated urogenital cells, when compared with its ability to attach to skin and buccal cells from man and also when compared with procine cells from these regions. The profound ability to adhere to human exfoliated urogenital epithelial cells by far exceeded that of S. epidermidis, while no such species difference was found when testing porcine cells (S. saprophyticus is unknown as a urogenital tract pathogen in pigs). When studied in a two-polymer, aqueous phase system, S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis were found to have a negative surface charge at pH 7.2, but the former carried a considerably higher surface charge density. Both staphylococcal species exhibited a poor hydrophobic interaction liability. These physico-chemical surface characteristics are briefly discussed with regard to the differential bacteria-cell interactions of these species.", "PMID": 395823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10802", "title": "Phagocytosis of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Effect of different sera and PMN with reference to the ABO blood group system.", "content": "A study on the interaction of different sera and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) with reference to the ABO blood group system on the phagocytosis of a radiolabelled strain of E. coli is reported. Using untreated sera, O cells were found to be the least sensitive and AB cells the most sensitive to reduction in phagocytic activity. No reduced phagocytic capability relative to the different sera used was observed when heat-inactivated sera were applied. Aspects of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Effect of different sera and PMN with reference to the ABO blood group system. A study on the interaction of different sera and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) with reference to the ABO blood group system on the phagocytosis of a radiolabelled strain of E. coli is reported. Using untreated sera, O cells were found to be the least sensitive and AB cells the most sensitive to reduction in phagocytic activity. No reduced phagocytic capability relative to the different sera used was observed when heat-inactivated sera were applied. Aspects of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 395824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10803", "title": "Aggression-provoked renin release from extrarenal and extrasubmaxillary sources in mice.", "content": "In submaxillary sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized mice aggressive behaviour provoked 5 to 40-fold increases in plasma renin concentration. The changes in renin concentration with time were different in different groups of confronted mice with only partial correlation between the pattern and the observable degree of fight. The changes were similar in sialoadenectomized mice with untouched kidneys as in sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized, indicating that aggression causes no measurable, if any, renal renin release. Repeated aggression with 2 hourly intervals provoked repeated renin release from extrarenal and extrasubmaxillary sources. The renin concentrations of different organs showed the same mutual relationship as in other mammals, but were about 10-fold higher. Splenectomy was without effect on the aggression-provoked renin release. Antibodies against pure mouse renin neutralized the renin in plasma and organs, which contained only insignificant, if any, pepsin activatable inactive renin. Adrenaline, apomorphine, carbachol and dihydralazine were as isoprenaline and noradrenaline without effect on renin release in sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized mice.", "contents": "Aggression-provoked renin release from extrarenal and extrasubmaxillary sources in mice. In submaxillary sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized mice aggressive behaviour provoked 5 to 40-fold increases in plasma renin concentration. The changes in renin concentration with time were different in different groups of confronted mice with only partial correlation between the pattern and the observable degree of fight. The changes were similar in sialoadenectomized mice with untouched kidneys as in sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized, indicating that aggression causes no measurable, if any, renal renin release. Repeated aggression with 2 hourly intervals provoked repeated renin release from extrarenal and extrasubmaxillary sources. The renin concentrations of different organs showed the same mutual relationship as in other mammals, but were about 10-fold higher. Splenectomy was without effect on the aggression-provoked renin release. Antibodies against pure mouse renin neutralized the renin in plasma and organs, which contained only insignificant, if any, pepsin activatable inactive renin. Adrenaline, apomorphine, carbachol and dihydralazine were as isoprenaline and noradrenaline without effect on renin release in sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized mice.", "PMID": 395825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10804", "title": "Nonspecific factors and side effect complaints. Factors affecting the incidence of drowsiness in drug and placebo treated anxious and depressed outpatients.", "content": "Discriminant function analyses were applied to data obtained from anxious psychiatric outpatients treated with either chlordiazepoxide (n = 353) or placebo (n = 259) and depressed outpatients treated with either amitriptyline (n = 310) or placebo (n = 328), who had participated in controlled drug trials of 4 weeks' duration, in an attempt to identify factors associated with complaints of drowsiness made by these patients. Although the magnitude of the relationships between individual predictors and drowsiness was small, several factors emerged which had consistent impact across treatment groups. Predictors of complaints of drowsiness attributed to active drugs arose primarily from demographic attributes probably reflective of life style, and from illness and treatment history. In contrast, predictors of drowsiness attributed to placebo were almost exclusively confined to indices of the severity of several aspects of presenting symptomatology. In particular, more frequent complaints of drug-induced drowsiness were found among better educated individuals with an illness of long duration. Complaints of placebo-induced drowsiness were more common among patients with more severe emotional (phobic-obsessive) symptomatology and more frequent headaches and among those individuals in whom hypochondriasis was less severe.", "contents": "Nonspecific factors and side effect complaints. Factors affecting the incidence of drowsiness in drug and placebo treated anxious and depressed outpatients. Discriminant function analyses were applied to data obtained from anxious psychiatric outpatients treated with either chlordiazepoxide (n = 353) or placebo (n = 259) and depressed outpatients treated with either amitriptyline (n = 310) or placebo (n = 328), who had participated in controlled drug trials of 4 weeks' duration, in an attempt to identify factors associated with complaints of drowsiness made by these patients. Although the magnitude of the relationships between individual predictors and drowsiness was small, several factors emerged which had consistent impact across treatment groups. Predictors of complaints of drowsiness attributed to active drugs arose primarily from demographic attributes probably reflective of life style, and from illness and treatment history. In contrast, predictors of drowsiness attributed to placebo were almost exclusively confined to indices of the severity of several aspects of presenting symptomatology. In particular, more frequent complaints of drug-induced drowsiness were found among better educated individuals with an illness of long duration. Complaints of placebo-induced drowsiness were more common among patients with more severe emotional (phobic-obsessive) symptomatology and more frequent headaches and among those individuals in whom hypochondriasis was less severe.", "PMID": 395826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10805", "title": "Endotoxin tolerance in rats treated with antilymphocyte serum.", "content": "Rats were treated with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS). The subsequent selective immunosuppressive effect on the immune response of thymus dependent antigen was shown by immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Endotoxin tolerance could be evoked in ALS treated animals. This suggests that the establishment of endotoxin tolerance is independent of thymus function and makes it possible to enhance the nonspecific resistance of immunosuppressed patients with a transplanted organ.", "contents": "Endotoxin tolerance in rats treated with antilymphocyte serum. Rats were treated with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS). The subsequent selective immunosuppressive effect on the immune response of thymus dependent antigen was shown by immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Endotoxin tolerance could be evoked in ALS treated animals. This suggests that the establishment of endotoxin tolerance is independent of thymus function and makes it possible to enhance the nonspecific resistance of immunosuppressed patients with a transplanted organ.", "PMID": 395828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10806", "title": "Psychobiology of mental disorders associated with childbearing. An overview.", "content": "The diagnostic issues, classification, incidence, genetic factors, and theories of etiology of psychiatric illness associated with childbirth are reviewed. Psychologic influences, psychosocial factors and the concept of biologic maladaptation associated with prospective motherhood are discussed. Postpartum mental distress is not a unitary phenomenon. The physiology of the puerperium is thus not a cause in itself of any of the symptoms, but rather must be regarded as a contributing or triggering factor acting upon an underlying predisposition. Clinical research of postpartum psychiatric syndromes (PPS) and animal behavior studies are inconclusive. It is suggested that major neuroendocrine research strategies currently used in studying affective disorders and schizophrenia should be applied in studying PPS.", "contents": "Psychobiology of mental disorders associated with childbearing. An overview. The diagnostic issues, classification, incidence, genetic factors, and theories of etiology of psychiatric illness associated with childbirth are reviewed. Psychologic influences, psychosocial factors and the concept of biologic maladaptation associated with prospective motherhood are discussed. Postpartum mental distress is not a unitary phenomenon. The physiology of the puerperium is thus not a cause in itself of any of the symptoms, but rather must be regarded as a contributing or triggering factor acting upon an underlying predisposition. Clinical research of postpartum psychiatric syndromes (PPS) and animal behavior studies are inconclusive. It is suggested that major neuroendocrine research strategies currently used in studying affective disorders and schizophrenia should be applied in studying PPS.", "PMID": 395827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10807", "title": "[Three years of CPAP-breathing therapy in immature and mature newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "162 immature and mature asphyctic newborns were treated by CPAP breathing. The overall survival was 42%. Taking babies without primary asphyxia not into account, 55% per cent survived. On children born before the 34. week of gestation, the therapeutic effectivity decreased markedly.", "contents": "[Three years of CPAP-breathing therapy in immature and mature newborns (author's transl)]. 162 immature and mature asphyctic newborns were treated by CPAP breathing. The overall survival was 42%. Taking babies without primary asphyxia not into account, 55% per cent survived. On children born before the 34. week of gestation, the therapeutic effectivity decreased markedly.", "PMID": 395838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10808", "title": "The sphincter of Oddi, sphincterotomy and biliopancreatic disease.", "content": "The physiology and pathophysiology of the sphincter of Oddi are poorly understood. The relationships of functional disorders of the sphincter to biliary and pancreatic disease and of organic lesions of the papilla to pancreatic inflammatory disease are subjudice to say the least. The efficacy of sphincter section in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis is unproved. Section of the sphincter may be necessary to treat biliary tract pathology but its use should not be routine or indiscriminative since, there is morbidity as well as mortality. Finally, the price of sphincterotomy is: 1. hemorrhage; 2. duodenal perforation; 3. pancreatic duct damage--a. acute pancreatitis; b. chronic pancreatitis; 4. sphincter incompetence--a. common duct regurgitation--cholangitis; b. pancreatic duct regurgitation--pancreatitis; 5. sphincter stenosis--obstructive jaundice; 6. stasis cholecystitis; 7. diarrhea; 8. morbidity 10%; 9. mortality 1.9%.", "contents": "The sphincter of Oddi, sphincterotomy and biliopancreatic disease. The physiology and pathophysiology of the sphincter of Oddi are poorly understood. The relationships of functional disorders of the sphincter to biliary and pancreatic disease and of organic lesions of the papilla to pancreatic inflammatory disease are subjudice to say the least. The efficacy of sphincter section in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis is unproved. Section of the sphincter may be necessary to treat biliary tract pathology but its use should not be routine or indiscriminative since, there is morbidity as well as mortality. Finally, the price of sphincterotomy is: 1. hemorrhage; 2. duodenal perforation; 3. pancreatic duct damage--a. acute pancreatitis; b. chronic pancreatitis; 4. sphincter incompetence--a. common duct regurgitation--cholangitis; b. pancreatic duct regurgitation--pancreatitis; 5. sphincter stenosis--obstructive jaundice; 6. stasis cholecystitis; 7. diarrhea; 8. morbidity 10%; 9. mortality 1.9%.", "PMID": 395844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10809", "title": "Brief historical note: the concept of \"gonadal dysgenesis\".", "content": "The history of gonadal by dysgenesis cautions against overinterpretation of data: The streak gonads are neither the result of dysgenesis nor of embryonic origin but represent late fetal/neonatal degeneration; the X-chromatin-negative character of the buccal smear and the frequency of color vision defects did not indicate male sex in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome but rather an XO constitution; severity of dysgenesis did not correlate with risk of gonadal neoplasia but with genotype; the gonadal lesion in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome was not due to a pituitary defect but a primary ovarian lesion; patients with the Noonan syndrome do not have the Turner phenotype. The concept of gonadal dysgenesis, introduced to Kermauner in 1912, has outlived its usefulness. Improved methods of phenotype analysis, family studies, and endocrine and cytogenetic methods have showen it to be causally and pathogenetically heterogeneous and have contributed to a better identification and delineation of the several different genetic entities which it formerly comprised.", "contents": "Brief historical note: the concept of \"gonadal dysgenesis\". The history of gonadal by dysgenesis cautions against overinterpretation of data: The streak gonads are neither the result of dysgenesis nor of embryonic origin but represent late fetal/neonatal degeneration; the X-chromatin-negative character of the buccal smear and the frequency of color vision defects did not indicate male sex in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome but rather an XO constitution; severity of dysgenesis did not correlate with risk of gonadal neoplasia but with genotype; the gonadal lesion in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome was not due to a pituitary defect but a primary ovarian lesion; patients with the Noonan syndrome do not have the Turner phenotype. The concept of gonadal dysgenesis, introduced to Kermauner in 1912, has outlived its usefulness. Improved methods of phenotype analysis, family studies, and endocrine and cytogenetic methods have showen it to be causally and pathogenetically heterogeneous and have contributed to a better identification and delineation of the several different genetic entities which it formerly comprised.", "PMID": 395846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10810", "title": "Pulmonary metastases (with admixed epithelial elements) from smooth muscle neoplasms. Report of nine cases, including three males.", "content": "This study pertains to an entity characterized by the presence of multiple intrapulmonary nodules, which consist of an admixture of bundles of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells and epithelial-lined spaces. These lesions have been frequently interpreted as a variant of hamartomas. However, in this review of the literature, and careful analysis of nine cases of this entity, we concluded that they should be considered metastases from smooth muscle tumors which incorporate some structures of mature lung parenchyma as they slowly expand. We affirm that the designation \"fibroeliomyomatous hamartoma\" should be discarded. Our cases occurred in six female and three male patients. In all but one female the primary source for lung metastases was uterus, while the male patients had primary lesions in the saphenous vein, diaphragm, and soft tissues. These lung lesions increase in size and number and are potentially fatal, though this may take many years. Even though the smooth muscle cells of the lung nodules appear bland on light microscopy, we were always able to demonstrate mitotic activity; electron microscopy indicated immaturity of the cells. For these reasons, we believe the tumors to represent metastatic leiomyosarcomas.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases (with admixed epithelial elements) from smooth muscle neoplasms. Report of nine cases, including three males. This study pertains to an entity characterized by the presence of multiple intrapulmonary nodules, which consist of an admixture of bundles of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells and epithelial-lined spaces. These lesions have been frequently interpreted as a variant of hamartomas. However, in this review of the literature, and careful analysis of nine cases of this entity, we concluded that they should be considered metastases from smooth muscle tumors which incorporate some structures of mature lung parenchyma as they slowly expand. We affirm that the designation \"fibroeliomyomatous hamartoma\" should be discarded. Our cases occurred in six female and three male patients. In all but one female the primary source for lung metastases was uterus, while the male patients had primary lesions in the saphenous vein, diaphragm, and soft tissues. These lung lesions increase in size and number and are potentially fatal, though this may take many years. Even though the smooth muscle cells of the lung nodules appear bland on light microscopy, we were always able to demonstrate mitotic activity; electron microscopy indicated immaturity of the cells. For these reasons, we believe the tumors to represent metastatic leiomyosarcomas.", "PMID": 395847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10811", "title": "Lamellar keratoplasty in keratoconus.", "content": "The authors present the results of 11 keratoplasties in cases of keratoconus, comparing the visual acuity and the ocular refraction before and after the operation (ophtalmometry, objective and subjective refractometry). The statistical data indicate a meaningful flattening of the corneal curvature (12.84 dpt average) and a mean reduction of the myopia for 8.227 dpt. In fact, the basic regular astigmatism of the cornea had not been altered. The mean visual acuity was 0.68 (with an improvement of 0.495). No further damage of acuity had been observed. After 10 to 69 months a medical checkup revealed transparent grafts in five cases; four presented small maculae; one, thin folds of Descemet's membrane. Based on the authors' experience and on the literature, the paper recommends lamellar keratoplasty in cases of keratoconus, the surgeon must choose the appropriate moment in the course of the development of this disease.", "contents": "Lamellar keratoplasty in keratoconus. The authors present the results of 11 keratoplasties in cases of keratoconus, comparing the visual acuity and the ocular refraction before and after the operation (ophtalmometry, objective and subjective refractometry). The statistical data indicate a meaningful flattening of the corneal curvature (12.84 dpt average) and a mean reduction of the myopia for 8.227 dpt. In fact, the basic regular astigmatism of the cornea had not been altered. The mean visual acuity was 0.68 (with an improvement of 0.495). No further damage of acuity had been observed. After 10 to 69 months a medical checkup revealed transparent grafts in five cases; four presented small maculae; one, thin folds of Descemet's membrane. Based on the authors' experience and on the literature, the paper recommends lamellar keratoplasty in cases of keratoconus, the surgeon must choose the appropriate moment in the course of the development of this disease.", "PMID": 395850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10812", "title": "Immunohistological localization of prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Antisera demonstrated by precipitation and passive haemagglutination to posses antibodies specific for prostatic tissue-specific acid phosphatase have been employed to localize this isoenzyme in the prostate by indirect immunofluorescence. Antisera specific for prostatic acid phosphatase may permit the immunohistologic identification of this enzyme, thereby serving as a biological marker for metastatic prostatic cancer, where histological and/or clinical staging of the primary tumour remains questionable.", "contents": "Immunohistological localization of prostatic acid phosphatase. Antisera demonstrated by precipitation and passive haemagglutination to posses antibodies specific for prostatic tissue-specific acid phosphatase have been employed to localize this isoenzyme in the prostate by indirect immunofluorescence. Antisera specific for prostatic acid phosphatase may permit the immunohistologic identification of this enzyme, thereby serving as a biological marker for metastatic prostatic cancer, where histological and/or clinical staging of the primary tumour remains questionable.", "PMID": 395841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10813", "title": "Results of therapy in systemic nocardiosis.", "content": "The effect of therapy on the clinical course of pleuropulmonary and systemic Nocardia asteroides disease in 78 reported cases was analyzed. All patients were treated with drugs. In 72 cases sulfonamides alone or in combination with other antibiotics was given; 45 patients underwent surgical procedures. The extent of disease had a bearing on survival as only 3 of 39 patients (7.6%) with isolated pleuropulmonary involvement died. These fatalities occurred among the 16 patients of this group who received immunosuppressive drugs. One of 12 patients (8.3%) with suppurative foci other than brain abscess and pleuropulmonary nocardiosis died, whereas the fatality rate of cases with nocardial brain abscess was 47.8%. Thirty-one patients relapsed or had progression of disease while receiving drugs for nocardiosis, 30 of them within the first three months. Prolonged post-treatment observation is essential in the management of nocardiosis as four patients relapsed after drug therapy was discountinued, three of them between six and eight months. Although there was no significant difference in the survival of patients treated with only drugs when compared to those who also had surgery, no fatalities occurred among those medically treated for six months or longer (p = .0091).", "contents": "Results of therapy in systemic nocardiosis. The effect of therapy on the clinical course of pleuropulmonary and systemic Nocardia asteroides disease in 78 reported cases was analyzed. All patients were treated with drugs. In 72 cases sulfonamides alone or in combination with other antibiotics was given; 45 patients underwent surgical procedures. The extent of disease had a bearing on survival as only 3 of 39 patients (7.6%) with isolated pleuropulmonary involvement died. These fatalities occurred among the 16 patients of this group who received immunosuppressive drugs. One of 12 patients (8.3%) with suppurative foci other than brain abscess and pleuropulmonary nocardiosis died, whereas the fatality rate of cases with nocardial brain abscess was 47.8%. Thirty-one patients relapsed or had progression of disease while receiving drugs for nocardiosis, 30 of them within the first three months. Prolonged post-treatment observation is essential in the management of nocardiosis as four patients relapsed after drug therapy was discountinued, three of them between six and eight months. Although there was no significant difference in the survival of patients treated with only drugs when compared to those who also had surgery, no fatalities occurred among those medically treated for six months or longer (p = .0091).", "PMID": 395845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10814", "title": "Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of whooping cough.", "content": "A 3-week-old baby, suffering from whooping cough with severe attacks of apnoea and hypoxia, was treated by nasal CPAP with a positive airway pressure of about 5 cm H2O. The respiration improved rapidly and the transcutaneous oxygen tension increased to a normal level. The treatment was carried on for 7 days and discontinued gradually in the course of 3 days. The child was also treated with pertussis immunoglobulin and erythromycin. The CPAP system employed is easily and rapidly applied and allows normal nursing of the child during the treatment and manual lung physiotherapy in upright position. The treatment probably proved lifesaving.", "contents": "Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of whooping cough. A 3-week-old baby, suffering from whooping cough with severe attacks of apnoea and hypoxia, was treated by nasal CPAP with a positive airway pressure of about 5 cm H2O. The respiration improved rapidly and the transcutaneous oxygen tension increased to a normal level. The treatment was carried on for 7 days and discontinued gradually in the course of 3 days. The child was also treated with pertussis immunoglobulin and erythromycin. The CPAP system employed is easily and rapidly applied and allows normal nursing of the child during the treatment and manual lung physiotherapy in upright position. The treatment probably proved lifesaving.", "PMID": 395852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10815", "title": "Pulmonary lavage in a case of alveolar proteinosis. The value of continuous display oxygen--haemoglobin saturation using ear-oximetry.", "content": "A case of alveolar proteinosis is reported which was treated by lung lavage. The technique requires a Robertshaw double-lumen tube to isolate each lung. Initial ventilation with 100% oxygen removes lung nitrogen and the first 500 ml of saline occupies part of the functional reserve capacity and is not recovered. Lavage is then continued with 500-ml aliquots until the washings become clear. Monitoring the oxygen--haemoglobin saturation by ear-oximetry showed changes of between 15 and 20%, falling during suction and rising during infusion of lavage fluid. At the end of lavage, gas exchange is severely impaired by retained saline and a variable period of controlled ventilation may be required.", "contents": "Pulmonary lavage in a case of alveolar proteinosis. The value of continuous display oxygen--haemoglobin saturation using ear-oximetry. A case of alveolar proteinosis is reported which was treated by lung lavage. The technique requires a Robertshaw double-lumen tube to isolate each lung. Initial ventilation with 100% oxygen removes lung nitrogen and the first 500 ml of saline occupies part of the functional reserve capacity and is not recovered. Lavage is then continued with 500-ml aliquots until the washings become clear. Monitoring the oxygen--haemoglobin saturation by ear-oximetry showed changes of between 15 and 20%, falling during suction and rising during infusion of lavage fluid. At the end of lavage, gas exchange is severely impaired by retained saline and a variable period of controlled ventilation may be required.", "PMID": 395853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10816", "title": "[Attempt to demonstrate beta-HCG in germinal testicular tumors of the adult by an indirect immunoperoxidase method].", "content": "In 25 cases of germinal testicular tumours of the adult, a technique of indirect immunoperoxydase was applied to histological sections with the aim of demonstrating a substance reacting with an anti-beta HCG antibody (sub-unit of chorionic gonadotrophin hormone). If the experimental conditions were appropriate, the substance should actually be beta HCG.", "contents": "[Attempt to demonstrate beta-HCG in germinal testicular tumors of the adult by an indirect immunoperoxidase method]. In 25 cases of germinal testicular tumours of the adult, a technique of indirect immunoperoxydase was applied to histological sections with the aim of demonstrating a substance reacting with an anti-beta HCG antibody (sub-unit of chorionic gonadotrophin hormone). If the experimental conditions were appropriate, the substance should actually be beta HCG.", "PMID": 395870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10817", "title": "[Immunocytochemistry of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas].", "content": "Immunocytochemical techniques, applied to material fixed with Bouin's fluid and using immune sera specific to various hormonal polypeptide(s), give a classification of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas based upon cellular functional activity. With a rane containing a minimum of five antibodies (gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide), 15 tumours could be identified amongst the 22 tested. They were either \"monohormonal\" tumours (10 cases) or \"bi- or polyhormonal\" tumours (5 cases). In the remaining 7 cases, only rare cells were immunoreactive. A large number of immunoreactivities thus revealed in histological sections are clinically silent or are present in a \"forme fruste\".", "contents": "[Immunocytochemistry of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas]. Immunocytochemical techniques, applied to material fixed with Bouin's fluid and using immune sera specific to various hormonal polypeptide(s), give a classification of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas based upon cellular functional activity. With a rane containing a minimum of five antibodies (gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide), 15 tumours could be identified amongst the 22 tested. They were either \"monohormonal\" tumours (10 cases) or \"bi- or polyhormonal\" tumours (5 cases). In the remaining 7 cases, only rare cells were immunoreactive. A large number of immunoreactivities thus revealed in histological sections are clinically silent or are present in a \"forme fruste\".", "PMID": 395871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10818", "title": "[IgA linear dermatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the typical forms of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) of adults and children, there are cases combining clinical, histological and electronmicroscopic features of both. Linear continuous IgA deposits along basement membrane zone (BMZ) are a most characteristic finding. They differ from the granular IgA deposits in DH, even if these are also distributed along the BMZ (however, preserving as a rule their granular pattern). IgG circulating anti-BMZ antibodies are absent, whereas in some cases IgA anti-BMZ antibodies may be found. In contrast to DH, there is no gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and the gluten-free diet is ineffective. The recognition of this bullous disease as a distinct entity is of practical significance because these cases respond well to combined treatment with sulfones and corticosteroids, all in small doses. Because of diagnostic importance of linear IgA deposits at BMZ we have proposed the name IgA linear dermatosis. In children a counterpart of IgA linear dermatosis of adults is chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), which we propose to call IgA linear dermatosis of childhood.", "contents": "[IgA linear dermatosis (author's transl)]. Besides the typical forms of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) of adults and children, there are cases combining clinical, histological and electronmicroscopic features of both. Linear continuous IgA deposits along basement membrane zone (BMZ) are a most characteristic finding. They differ from the granular IgA deposits in DH, even if these are also distributed along the BMZ (however, preserving as a rule their granular pattern). IgG circulating anti-BMZ antibodies are absent, whereas in some cases IgA anti-BMZ antibodies may be found. In contrast to DH, there is no gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and the gluten-free diet is ineffective. The recognition of this bullous disease as a distinct entity is of practical significance because these cases respond well to combined treatment with sulfones and corticosteroids, all in small doses. Because of diagnostic importance of linear IgA deposits at BMZ we have proposed the name IgA linear dermatosis. In children a counterpart of IgA linear dermatosis of adults is chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), which we propose to call IgA linear dermatosis of childhood.", "PMID": 395873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10819", "title": "[Imported malaria in a tropical unit in Paris. About 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "From a hundred cases of imported malaria observed in Paris, the authors emphasize the following points: annual increase of cases, lack or inadequacy of prophylaxis, frequent reinfestations among black africans living in France, and comming back in endemic area for a brief journey, high risks for pregnant women.", "contents": "[Imported malaria in a tropical unit in Paris. About 100 cases (author's transl)]. From a hundred cases of imported malaria observed in Paris, the authors emphasize the following points: annual increase of cases, lack or inadequacy of prophylaxis, frequent reinfestations among black africans living in France, and comming back in endemic area for a brief journey, high risks for pregnant women.", "PMID": 395872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10820", "title": "Neonatal respiration, feeding and neurobehavioural state. Effects of intrapartum bupivacaine, pethidine and pethidine reversed by naloxone.", "content": "The effects on mature newborn have been compared at 0.5, 4, 8 12 24 and 48 hr after birth, of maternally administered epidural bupivacaine (11 babies) or pethidine (18 babies) or pethidine reversed by naloxone administered intramuscularly to the newborn (15 babies). Bupivacaine (mean dose 130 mg) had less effect that pethidine (mean dose 183.3 mg) on alveolar carbon dioxide tension (PACO2) at 0.5 hr after birth, but had a similar effect to pethidine on feeding, elicited reflexes and produced more depression of muscle tone up to 48 hr. Bupivacaine had more effect on PACO2 feeding measures, elicited reflexes and muscle tone at almost all examination periods than pethidine (mean dose 157.0 mg) reversed by naloxone (200 micrograms intramuscularly). Except at delivery, the effects of bupivacaine or pethidine on respiration and feeding up to 48 hr after birth were similar. There were more signs of depression with both drugs than when pethidine had been reversed by naloxone.", "contents": "Neonatal respiration, feeding and neurobehavioural state. Effects of intrapartum bupivacaine, pethidine and pethidine reversed by naloxone. The effects on mature newborn have been compared at 0.5, 4, 8 12 24 and 48 hr after birth, of maternally administered epidural bupivacaine (11 babies) or pethidine (18 babies) or pethidine reversed by naloxone administered intramuscularly to the newborn (15 babies). Bupivacaine (mean dose 130 mg) had less effect that pethidine (mean dose 183.3 mg) on alveolar carbon dioxide tension (PACO2) at 0.5 hr after birth, but had a similar effect to pethidine on feeding, elicited reflexes and produced more depression of muscle tone up to 48 hr. Bupivacaine had more effect on PACO2 feeding measures, elicited reflexes and muscle tone at almost all examination periods than pethidine (mean dose 157.0 mg) reversed by naloxone (200 micrograms intramuscularly). Except at delivery, the effects of bupivacaine or pethidine on respiration and feeding up to 48 hr after birth were similar. There were more signs of depression with both drugs than when pethidine had been reversed by naloxone.", "PMID": 395854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10821", "title": "Our experience with pharyngoesophageal reconstruction.", "content": "Our experience with 11 cases of cervical esophageal reconstruction following excision of the hypopharynx and conservative neck dissection is reported. For the reconstructive procedure, we utilized a full-thickness skin graft from the penis according to Kaplan and Markowicz in 2 cases and a deltopectoral flap according to Bakamjian in 9. Critical evaluation of the clinical follow-up has led us to prefer the second method. It seems, in fact, to be the solution of choice in this kind of surgery, for the deltopectoral flap offers a generous source of viable skin due to its good blood supply.", "contents": "Our experience with pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Our experience with 11 cases of cervical esophageal reconstruction following excision of the hypopharynx and conservative neck dissection is reported. For the reconstructive procedure, we utilized a full-thickness skin graft from the penis according to Kaplan and Markowicz in 2 cases and a deltopectoral flap according to Bakamjian in 9. Critical evaluation of the clinical follow-up has led us to prefer the second method. It seems, in fact, to be the solution of choice in this kind of surgery, for the deltopectoral flap offers a generous source of viable skin due to its good blood supply.", "PMID": 395876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10822", "title": "The role of the plastic surgeon in a cancer hospital.", "content": "This paper discusses and illustrates the complicated problems faced by the plastic surgeon in a cancer hospital. His patients are often weakened, both physically and psychologically, not only by the cancer itself, but also by extensive ablative surgery. The goal of the plastic surgeon is rehabilitation of the patient after he is cured of cancer. Good planning with the cancer surgeon before the ablative operation is very important, as is immediate repair, whenever possible. The simplest procedure with the fewest stages that can accomplish satisfactory repair in the shortest time should be chosen, as we can never, even after the most extensive cancer operation, be sure that no recurrence will appear. Partial surgical repair and the use of a prosthesis should be considered for complicated defects in old and weak patients. Postoperative radiation therapy, if indicated, can be given after the flap has healed into the defect but before the pedicle is separated. The plastic surgeon should always be aware that his most important goal is speedy and satisfactory rehabilitation of the patient.", "contents": "The role of the plastic surgeon in a cancer hospital. This paper discusses and illustrates the complicated problems faced by the plastic surgeon in a cancer hospital. His patients are often weakened, both physically and psychologically, not only by the cancer itself, but also by extensive ablative surgery. The goal of the plastic surgeon is rehabilitation of the patient after he is cured of cancer. Good planning with the cancer surgeon before the ablative operation is very important, as is immediate repair, whenever possible. The simplest procedure with the fewest stages that can accomplish satisfactory repair in the shortest time should be chosen, as we can never, even after the most extensive cancer operation, be sure that no recurrence will appear. Partial surgical repair and the use of a prosthesis should be considered for complicated defects in old and weak patients. Postoperative radiation therapy, if indicated, can be given after the flap has healed into the defect but before the pedicle is separated. The plastic surgeon should always be aware that his most important goal is speedy and satisfactory rehabilitation of the patient.", "PMID": 395877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10823", "title": "[Mycological comparative study of Candida stellatoidea and C. albicans (author's transl)].", "content": "The taxonomical value of the specific distinction of C. albicans and C. stellatoidea was in mind, in the mycological study of: one homogenous group of 292 isolates of C. albicans and an other of 11 C. stellatoidae, of collection in majority. The growth in a liquid medium, the production: of chlamydospores, mycelium, pseudomycelium, germ-tubes, the fermentation and assimilation of carbohydrates, the tetrazolium-test, the actidione resistance and the maximal temperature for growth were the morpho-physiological characteristics studied. Were also reported some variations observed on two C. stellatoidea from which the type-strain of that species, cultured in two different laboratories.", "contents": "[Mycological comparative study of Candida stellatoidea and C. albicans (author's transl)]. The taxonomical value of the specific distinction of C. albicans and C. stellatoidea was in mind, in the mycological study of: one homogenous group of 292 isolates of C. albicans and an other of 11 C. stellatoidae, of collection in majority. The growth in a liquid medium, the production: of chlamydospores, mycelium, pseudomycelium, germ-tubes, the fermentation and assimilation of carbohydrates, the tetrazolium-test, the actidione resistance and the maximal temperature for growth were the morpho-physiological characteristics studied. Were also reported some variations observed on two C. stellatoidea from which the type-strain of that species, cultured in two different laboratories.", "PMID": 395874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10824", "title": "A pharmacological approach to the structure of sodium channels in myelinated axons.", "content": "Figure 6 summarizes the present state of our knowledge on the sodium channel in myelinated nerve fibers. Two sites have been discussed in detail: a metal cation binding site accessible by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin from the outside surface only; and a second site accessible from the inside surface with which local anesthetics combine. Hydrogen ions gain access to this region of the sodium channel (and hence determine the relative local concentration of protonated drug) more readily from the extracellular fluid than from the axoplasm (Schwarz et al 1977). In addition, a variety of other sites have been mentioned, binding of drugs to which alters selectively the kinetics of opening and closing of the h and m gates. In myelinated nerve fibers these channels are packed tightly on the nodal membrane. The highest estimate for the sodium channel density in the mammalian node is 10,000 micron2. A re-evaluation of the effective nodal area, however, might reduce this value to 3000-5000/micron 2. This would still leave the nodal membrane rather crowded with sodium channels. Furthermore, the channel density would still be greater than the density of particles, sometimes believed to be sodium channels seen in freeze fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976). One possibility for resolving this problem is that the units detected by X-ray inactivation (Levinson & Ellory 1973), and those seen in freeze-fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976) represent not single sodium channels but groups of three. Catterall & Morrow (1978) in a comparison of the binding of saxitoxin and Leiurus sculpturatus scorpion toxin venom have concluded that there are three saxitoxin binding sites for each scorpion toxin binding site. On this basis, three saxitoxin molecules might act to block independently each of the three openings of the channels; while the the conformational change produced by the scorpion venom molecule would affect the inactivation process of all three channels.", "contents": "A pharmacological approach to the structure of sodium channels in myelinated axons. Figure 6 summarizes the present state of our knowledge on the sodium channel in myelinated nerve fibers. Two sites have been discussed in detail: a metal cation binding site accessible by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin from the outside surface only; and a second site accessible from the inside surface with which local anesthetics combine. Hydrogen ions gain access to this region of the sodium channel (and hence determine the relative local concentration of protonated drug) more readily from the extracellular fluid than from the axoplasm (Schwarz et al 1977). In addition, a variety of other sites have been mentioned, binding of drugs to which alters selectively the kinetics of opening and closing of the h and m gates. In myelinated nerve fibers these channels are packed tightly on the nodal membrane. The highest estimate for the sodium channel density in the mammalian node is 10,000 micron2. A re-evaluation of the effective nodal area, however, might reduce this value to 3000-5000/micron 2. This would still leave the nodal membrane rather crowded with sodium channels. Furthermore, the channel density would still be greater than the density of particles, sometimes believed to be sodium channels seen in freeze fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976). One possibility for resolving this problem is that the units detected by X-ray inactivation (Levinson & Ellory 1973), and those seen in freeze-fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976) represent not single sodium channels but groups of three. Catterall & Morrow (1978) in a comparison of the binding of saxitoxin and Leiurus sculpturatus scorpion toxin venom have concluded that there are three saxitoxin binding sites for each scorpion toxin binding site. On this basis, three saxitoxin molecules might act to block independently each of the three openings of the channels; while the the conformational change produced by the scorpion venom molecule would affect the inactivation process of all three channels.", "PMID": 395883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10825", "title": "Free vascularised bone graft using microvascular technique.", "content": "The authors investigated 212 dried human fibulae to find out the length, the circumference and the entry points of nutrient artery to the fibula. Angiography of six freshly amputated limbs was studied to show the relationship of the posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery. Seven clinical cases of free vascularised fibula graft are reported. The length of the fibula graft varies from 10 cm to 20 cm. A postoperative 113M-In EDTMP examination revealed the blood supply to the grafted fibula was adequate. The bony healing and functional restoration of the extremities proved to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Free vascularised bone graft using microvascular technique. The authors investigated 212 dried human fibulae to find out the length, the circumference and the entry points of nutrient artery to the fibula. Angiography of six freshly amputated limbs was studied to show the relationship of the posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery. Seven clinical cases of free vascularised fibula graft are reported. The length of the fibula graft varies from 10 cm to 20 cm. A postoperative 113M-In EDTMP examination revealed the blood supply to the grafted fibula was adequate. The bony healing and functional restoration of the extremities proved to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 395891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10826", "title": "Evidence for more than one division of bacteria within airborne particles.", "content": "When the protocol that we had used to demonstrate a single division of bacterial cells in airborne particles was changed to one that increased the glycerol content of the atomizer fluid from 1 to 5% (vol/vol), thus producing larger particles, more than two (and nearly three) divisions of bacteria occurred within 6 h of aerosol time.", "contents": "Evidence for more than one division of bacteria within airborne particles. When the protocol that we had used to demonstrate a single division of bacterial cells in airborne particles was changed to one that increased the glycerol content of the atomizer fluid from 1 to 5% (vol/vol), thus producing larger particles, more than two (and nearly three) divisions of bacteria occurred within 6 h of aerosol time.", "PMID": 395898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10827", "title": "Phosphate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen wild type and phenotypes exposed to space flight irradiation.", "content": "Rates of phosphate uptake were approximately twice as great for Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-cell phenotypic isolates exposed to space parameters as for the wild-type ground control. Quantitative determination of 32P was performed by liquid scintillation spectrometry utilizing Cerenkov radiation counting techniques.", "contents": "Phosphate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen wild type and phenotypes exposed to space flight irradiation. Rates of phosphate uptake were approximately twice as great for Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-cell phenotypic isolates exposed to space parameters as for the wild-type ground control. Quantitative determination of 32P was performed by liquid scintillation spectrometry utilizing Cerenkov radiation counting techniques.", "PMID": 395899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10828", "title": "Expansion of the host range of coliphage P1 and gene transfer from enteric bacteria to other gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The bacterial host range of coliphage P1 was extented by using the heat-inducible phage P1clr100KM. A gene for kanamycin resistance was transferred from Escherichia coli to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and some other genera of gram-negative bacteria. P1 phage was produced by thermal induction from the lysogens of all these kanamycin-resistant bacteria except some strains.", "contents": "Expansion of the host range of coliphage P1 and gene transfer from enteric bacteria to other gram-negative bacteria. The bacterial host range of coliphage P1 was extented by using the heat-inducible phage P1clr100KM. A gene for kanamycin resistance was transferred from Escherichia coli to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and some other genera of gram-negative bacteria. P1 phage was produced by thermal induction from the lysogens of all these kanamycin-resistant bacteria except some strains.", "PMID": 395900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10829", "title": "[Quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell lesions from the pancreas after 4 weeks of B1-avitaminosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Light- and electronmicroscopical observations are made on the pancreas of 18 rats after 4 weeks of B1-avitaminosis. The B1-avitaminotic animals show a definite decrease in bodyweight and in the weight of their pancreas. The mitochondria of the acinar cells are swollen and invaded by numerous vacuoles. Single cells die by eosinoplilic necrosis. The islets of Langerhans demonstrate a definite hyperplasia (polynesis) and hypertrophy (macronesis). The mitochondria are swollen and also transformed into vacuoles. There is a lysosomial granulolysis. Only occasional lesions are observed in the A1 and A2 cells of the islets.", "contents": "[Quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell lesions from the pancreas after 4 weeks of B1-avitaminosis (author's transl)]. Light- and electronmicroscopical observations are made on the pancreas of 18 rats after 4 weeks of B1-avitaminosis. The B1-avitaminotic animals show a definite decrease in bodyweight and in the weight of their pancreas. The mitochondria of the acinar cells are swollen and invaded by numerous vacuoles. Single cells die by eosinoplilic necrosis. The islets of Langerhans demonstrate a definite hyperplasia (polynesis) and hypertrophy (macronesis). The mitochondria are swollen and also transformed into vacuoles. There is a lysosomial granulolysis. Only occasional lesions are observed in the A1 and A2 cells of the islets.", "PMID": 395901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10830", "title": "[Teratogenic effect of hyperbaric oxygen in rat and mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The teratogenic effect of hyperbaric oxygen is studied in Rat and in Mouse. Oxygen under high pressure causes some wastage in cardiogenesis and brain differentiation in Rat only. But fetal suffering is observed in both species.", "contents": "[Teratogenic effect of hyperbaric oxygen in rat and mouse (author's transl)]. The teratogenic effect of hyperbaric oxygen is studied in Rat and in Mouse. Oxygen under high pressure causes some wastage in cardiogenesis and brain differentiation in Rat only. But fetal suffering is observed in both species.", "PMID": 395902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10831", "title": "[Arterial collateral ways of the limb arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial collateral ways are reviewed correlatively with five differents levels of obliteration : aortic, iliac, ilio-femoral, femoro-popliteal, dista. A double visceral and parietal supply system caracterize each obliterated level; the importance of this double system varies considerably with the site of obliteration.", "contents": "[Arterial collateral ways of the limb arteries (author's transl)]. Arterial collateral ways are reviewed correlatively with five differents levels of obliteration : aortic, iliac, ilio-femoral, femoro-popliteal, dista. A double visceral and parietal supply system caracterize each obliterated level; the importance of this double system varies considerably with the site of obliteration.", "PMID": 395903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10832", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the normal development of the oocytes and of the follicle cells in Locusta migratoria (L.) (Orthoptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "Vitellogenesis in Locusta migratoria is studied by electron microscopy, and may be divided into two major periods: a. the first stage of growth (oocyte length from 0,8 mm to 1,8 mm) is characterized by protein synthesis and storage in the rER, by transfer of material of nucleolar origin into the oocyte perinuclear cytoplasm as well as by pinocytotic activity giving rise to granulo-membranous structures. At this stage the apical part of the follicle cells differenciates as attested by mitochondrial accumulation and microvilli development; b. the second period of vitellogenesis (oocyte length from 1,8 to 6,8 mm) is characterized by accumulation of hemolymphatic material which partly separates the follicle cells and progressively detaches the follicular epithelium from the oocyte. The intense uptake of this material by oocyte leads to the formation of typical yolk globules. The material of nucleolus origin disappears from the cytoplasm at the beginning of this stage. The secretory activity of the follicular epithelium starts by the end of this second period (oocyte length 4 mm), leading vitelline membrane formation, and intensifies when the chorion is formed. The secretory material is excreted in soluble form. In the vicinity of the oocyte, this material is submitted to a series of complex modifications: it precipitates again in granular form, progressively unites and finally leads to the \"scale-like\" structures which are characteristic of the chorion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the normal development of the oocytes and of the follicle cells in Locusta migratoria (L.) (Orthoptera) (author's transl)]. Vitellogenesis in Locusta migratoria is studied by electron microscopy, and may be divided into two major periods: a. the first stage of growth (oocyte length from 0,8 mm to 1,8 mm) is characterized by protein synthesis and storage in the rER, by transfer of material of nucleolar origin into the oocyte perinuclear cytoplasm as well as by pinocytotic activity giving rise to granulo-membranous structures. At this stage the apical part of the follicle cells differenciates as attested by mitochondrial accumulation and microvilli development; b. the second period of vitellogenesis (oocyte length from 1,8 to 6,8 mm) is characterized by accumulation of hemolymphatic material which partly separates the follicle cells and progressively detaches the follicular epithelium from the oocyte. The intense uptake of this material by oocyte leads to the formation of typical yolk globules. The material of nucleolus origin disappears from the cytoplasm at the beginning of this stage. The secretory activity of the follicular epithelium starts by the end of this second period (oocyte length 4 mm), leading vitelline membrane formation, and intensifies when the chorion is formed. The secretory material is excreted in soluble form. In the vicinity of the oocyte, this material is submitted to a series of complex modifications: it precipitates again in granular form, progressively unites and finally leads to the \"scale-like\" structures which are characteristic of the chorion.", "PMID": 395904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10833", "title": "[A study of the early stages of biliary extrahepatic ducts organogenesis in the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinos) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the early stages of morphogenesis, the hepatic diverticulum of the rat develops as in other mammals. Its anterior part gives rise to epithelial cell-cords bound by an epithelial primary plate to a single hepatic duct which joins the liver to the midgut. The interlobular bile-ducts develop from secondary epithelial plates which derivate from the primary one. The posterior part of diverticulum gives rise to a duct which may be assimilated by its position, structure and evolution, to the initial cystic duct of other mammals. This duct never participates to the formation of biliary extrahepatic ducts, but builds the ventral pancreas. Cellular necrosis is observed in relation with the development of the anterior part of diverticulum during the three first days of the hepatic morphogenesis.", "contents": "[A study of the early stages of biliary extrahepatic ducts organogenesis in the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinos) (author's transl)]. In the early stages of morphogenesis, the hepatic diverticulum of the rat develops as in other mammals. Its anterior part gives rise to epithelial cell-cords bound by an epithelial primary plate to a single hepatic duct which joins the liver to the midgut. The interlobular bile-ducts develop from secondary epithelial plates which derivate from the primary one. The posterior part of diverticulum gives rise to a duct which may be assimilated by its position, structure and evolution, to the initial cystic duct of other mammals. This duct never participates to the formation of biliary extrahepatic ducts, but builds the ventral pancreas. Cellular necrosis is observed in relation with the development of the anterior part of diverticulum during the three first days of the hepatic morphogenesis.", "PMID": 395905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10834", "title": "[The reaction of the insect excretory tissue to a heavy metal: uranyl nitrate (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper describes the modifications induced in Malpighian tubules of Locusta migratoria by uranyl nitrate. These modifications are observed only if doses injected are approximately a hundred times higher than those which affect the renal epithelium of Vertebrates. The elimination of the uranyl salts seem to occur by apical excretion of dense metallo-proteic granules. When strong doses are used, metallic particles are seen on the basal membrane and in the extracellular spaces. Such intracytoplasmic particles are rarely observed.", "contents": "[The reaction of the insect excretory tissue to a heavy metal: uranyl nitrate (author's transl)]. The present paper describes the modifications induced in Malpighian tubules of Locusta migratoria by uranyl nitrate. These modifications are observed only if doses injected are approximately a hundred times higher than those which affect the renal epithelium of Vertebrates. The elimination of the uranyl salts seem to occur by apical excretion of dense metallo-proteic granules. When strong doses are used, metallic particles are seen on the basal membrane and in the extracellular spaces. Such intracytoplasmic particles are rarely observed.", "PMID": 395906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10835", "title": "[Role of the condylar cartilage in mandibular growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Our purpose is to bring a contribution to a better understanding of the role played by the condylar cartilage in children's mandibular growth. In the newborn, microradiographical analysis of frontal (fig. 1, 2 and 3 A) or sagittal sections (fig. 4 A) has been used to locate trabecular bone of endochondrial origin. This trabecular bone contains islets of calcified cartilage easy to identify in the microradiograph (fig. 3 B) or in the section itself after methylen blue staining (fig. 4 B) and resulting from the activity of the condylar cartilage (fig. 4 C). At four month of age, the condylar cartilage is still in activity (fig. 5 A and 5 B). From both morphological and physiological points of vue, this work leads to suggest that the condylar cartilage must be compared to a growing epiphyseal nucleus or to a so-called infertile extremity of a small long bone rather than with a true growing cartilage.", "contents": "[Role of the condylar cartilage in mandibular growth (author's transl)]. Our purpose is to bring a contribution to a better understanding of the role played by the condylar cartilage in children's mandibular growth. In the newborn, microradiographical analysis of frontal (fig. 1, 2 and 3 A) or sagittal sections (fig. 4 A) has been used to locate trabecular bone of endochondrial origin. This trabecular bone contains islets of calcified cartilage easy to identify in the microradiograph (fig. 3 B) or in the section itself after methylen blue staining (fig. 4 B) and resulting from the activity of the condylar cartilage (fig. 4 C). At four month of age, the condylar cartilage is still in activity (fig. 5 A and 5 B). From both morphological and physiological points of vue, this work leads to suggest that the condylar cartilage must be compared to a growing epiphyseal nucleus or to a so-called infertile extremity of a small long bone rather than with a true growing cartilage.", "PMID": 395907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10836", "title": "Viruses and lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Examination of lymphocytes and sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis for evidence of retrovirus infection.", "content": "The possible involvement of retroviruses in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated. Retrovirus antigens were not expressed on rheumatoid synovial and peripheral blood lymphocytes as judged by membrane immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. The specific antiretroviral (anti-RD-144 and anti-SSAV) sera used in this study were produced in rabbits immunised with viral antigens grown in a homologous system (rabbit cells and medium supplemented with normal rabbit serum), avoiding non-specific immunofluorescence previously detected with donated antiretroviral sera. Immune complexes lodged in the rheumatoid synovial membranes did not contain, and other cells within the membranes did not express, retroviral antigens. Antibodies cross-reacting with primate retrovirus antigens were sought in sera from patients with 'autoimmune' diseases by means of solid phase radioimmunoassay. There were no retrovirus antibodies in the 3 groups of patients studied, that is, those with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and with non-RA conditions. Absorption of rheumatoid factor did not alter this conclusion. These results give little support to the hypothesis that activation of endogenous human retroviruses or an infection with horizontally transmitted retroviruses is associated with the rheumatoid process.", "contents": "Viruses and lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Examination of lymphocytes and sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis for evidence of retrovirus infection. The possible involvement of retroviruses in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated. Retrovirus antigens were not expressed on rheumatoid synovial and peripheral blood lymphocytes as judged by membrane immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. The specific antiretroviral (anti-RD-144 and anti-SSAV) sera used in this study were produced in rabbits immunised with viral antigens grown in a homologous system (rabbit cells and medium supplemented with normal rabbit serum), avoiding non-specific immunofluorescence previously detected with donated antiretroviral sera. Immune complexes lodged in the rheumatoid synovial membranes did not contain, and other cells within the membranes did not express, retroviral antigens. Antibodies cross-reacting with primate retrovirus antigens were sought in sera from patients with 'autoimmune' diseases by means of solid phase radioimmunoassay. There were no retrovirus antibodies in the 3 groups of patients studied, that is, those with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and with non-RA conditions. Absorption of rheumatoid factor did not alter this conclusion. These results give little support to the hypothesis that activation of endogenous human retroviruses or an infection with horizontally transmitted retroviruses is associated with the rheumatoid process.", "PMID": 395909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10837", "title": "The Noguchi-Adler phenomenon: an ultrastructural study of the effects of homologous antiserum on the growth of promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis and Leishmania hertigi hertigi.", "content": "A light and electron microscope study was made of the agglutinated bodies formed on growing promastigotes of a Leishmania b braziliensis and a L. h. hertigi strain in their homologous antisera to determine the role of leishmanial excreted factor (EF) in the Noguchi-Adler phenomenon, since the L. b. braziliensis strain produced a demonstrable EF, whereas the L. h. hertigi strain did not. Promastigotes of L. b. braziliensis, when grown in high concentrations of homologous antiserum, formed Noguchi-Adler (N-A) bodies, in which the cells were embedded in an extensive amorphous matrix. The cells of L. b. braziliensis in the embedding matrix often appeared unhealthy or dead, with swollen flagellar pockets and distorted flagella, with which small visicles were associated. Even though promastigotes of L. h. hertigi do not produce an EF that precipitates with homologous antibody, N-A bodies containing agglutinated cells separated by a thin structured layer of precipitate were formed during growth in homologous antiserum. In high concentrations of antiserum, some of the agglutinated cells of L. h. hertigi were enlarged and showed syncytial characters that included up to five nuclei, two dividing nuclei and five basal bodies associated with a single kinetoplast. Small vesicles and membranous folds were also observed between cells. The complexity of the Noguchi-Adler phenomenon and significance of the morphological changes seen are discussed.", "contents": "The Noguchi-Adler phenomenon: an ultrastructural study of the effects of homologous antiserum on the growth of promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis and Leishmania hertigi hertigi. A light and electron microscope study was made of the agglutinated bodies formed on growing promastigotes of a Leishmania b braziliensis and a L. h. hertigi strain in their homologous antisera to determine the role of leishmanial excreted factor (EF) in the Noguchi-Adler phenomenon, since the L. b. braziliensis strain produced a demonstrable EF, whereas the L. h. hertigi strain did not. Promastigotes of L. b. braziliensis, when grown in high concentrations of homologous antiserum, formed Noguchi-Adler (N-A) bodies, in which the cells were embedded in an extensive amorphous matrix. The cells of L. b. braziliensis in the embedding matrix often appeared unhealthy or dead, with swollen flagellar pockets and distorted flagella, with which small visicles were associated. Even though promastigotes of L. h. hertigi do not produce an EF that precipitates with homologous antibody, N-A bodies containing agglutinated cells separated by a thin structured layer of precipitate were formed during growth in homologous antiserum. In high concentrations of antiserum, some of the agglutinated cells of L. h. hertigi were enlarged and showed syncytial characters that included up to five nuclei, two dividing nuclei and five basal bodies associated with a single kinetoplast. Small vesicles and membranous folds were also observed between cells. The complexity of the Noguchi-Adler phenomenon and significance of the morphological changes seen are discussed.", "PMID": 395912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10838", "title": "Energy requirement for maintenance of the transmembrane potassium gradient in Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418: a continuous culture study.", "content": "With a glucose-limited culture of Klebsiella aerogenes, growing at a fixed dilution rate (0.4 h-1), the specific respiration rate varied progressively as a function of the transmembrane K+ gradient. The latter was varied by changing the input K+ concentration and, under these conditions, the specific respiration rate was linearly related to the electrochemical potential of the K+ gradient. Increasing or decreasing the transmembrane K+ gradient in putatively potassium-limited cultures elicited marked changes in respiration rate consistent with the conclusion that the exceptionally high respiration rates expressed by fully glucose-sufficient potassium-limited cultures (i.e., values in excess of 25 mmol O2/g dry weight organisms . h, at D = 0.4 h-1) are necessary to scavenge traces of K+ from the environment and hence maintain an exceptionally high transmembrane K+ gradient.", "contents": "Energy requirement for maintenance of the transmembrane potassium gradient in Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418: a continuous culture study. With a glucose-limited culture of Klebsiella aerogenes, growing at a fixed dilution rate (0.4 h-1), the specific respiration rate varied progressively as a function of the transmembrane K+ gradient. The latter was varied by changing the input K+ concentration and, under these conditions, the specific respiration rate was linearly related to the electrochemical potential of the K+ gradient. Increasing or decreasing the transmembrane K+ gradient in putatively potassium-limited cultures elicited marked changes in respiration rate consistent with the conclusion that the exceptionally high respiration rates expressed by fully glucose-sufficient potassium-limited cultures (i.e., values in excess of 25 mmol O2/g dry weight organisms . h, at D = 0.4 h-1) are necessary to scavenge traces of K+ from the environment and hence maintain an exceptionally high transmembrane K+ gradient.", "PMID": 395915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10839", "title": "Influence of the glucose input concentration on the kinetics of metabolic production by Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418: growing in chemostat culture in potassium- or ammonia-limited environments.", "content": "With chemostat cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes growing at a fixed dilution rate, initially under conditions of glucose-limitation, transition to either potassium-limitation or ammonia-limitation was found not to be a steep step function. A wide range of intermediate steady states could be established in which neither substrate was present in excess of the growth requirement. As the molar ratio of glucose: K+ in the feed medium was progressively increased, the additional glucose carbon was first converted solely to CO2. Thereafter, when the molar ratio exceeded 45, acetate, and then pyruvate and 2-ketogluconate were excreted at increasing rates. In contrast, transition to ammonia-limitation provoked an early excretion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-ketogluconate, followed (at higher glucose input concentrations) by acetate and pyruvate. These patterns of product excretion are considered in relation to the specific nature of the growth-limitation, to probable changes in the energy charge and redox balance within the growing cells, and to the accompanying modulation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity.", "contents": "Influence of the glucose input concentration on the kinetics of metabolic production by Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418: growing in chemostat culture in potassium- or ammonia-limited environments. With chemostat cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes growing at a fixed dilution rate, initially under conditions of glucose-limitation, transition to either potassium-limitation or ammonia-limitation was found not to be a steep step function. A wide range of intermediate steady states could be established in which neither substrate was present in excess of the growth requirement. As the molar ratio of glucose: K+ in the feed medium was progressively increased, the additional glucose carbon was first converted solely to CO2. Thereafter, when the molar ratio exceeded 45, acetate, and then pyruvate and 2-ketogluconate were excreted at increasing rates. In contrast, transition to ammonia-limitation provoked an early excretion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-ketogluconate, followed (at higher glucose input concentrations) by acetate and pyruvate. These patterns of product excretion are considered in relation to the specific nature of the growth-limitation, to probable changes in the energy charge and redox balance within the growing cells, and to the accompanying modulation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity.", "PMID": 395916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10840", "title": "[Duodenal stimulation of insulin secretion. Role of intestinal villi].", "content": "Insulin secretion is partially regulated by hormonal and nervous signals arising from the duodenum. To ascertain the role of absorption through the villi on insulin secretion, the blood levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in 13 normal children (T) were compared with those in 13 with flat jejunal mucosae (MJP). The bowel was stimulated by the infusion of Nutramigen direct into the duodenum at 4 ml/mn m2. In the control group (T) IRI increased from the 10th minute of the perfusion to reach a plateau after the first hour (256 +/- 107 pmol/l). In the MJP group the rise of IRI was delayed and the plateau lower (169 +/- 25 pmol/1) but the difference in the two groups was not statistically significant. During the first 10 minutes when there is no significant change in blood glucose levels IRI levels increased in the T group (p less than 0.01) but there was no significant change in the MJP group. These results suggest that when villi are intact stimulation of the duodenum causes insulin secretion; but when there are no villi, there is a delay in the secretion.", "contents": "[Duodenal stimulation of insulin secretion. Role of intestinal villi]. Insulin secretion is partially regulated by hormonal and nervous signals arising from the duodenum. To ascertain the role of absorption through the villi on insulin secretion, the blood levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in 13 normal children (T) were compared with those in 13 with flat jejunal mucosae (MJP). The bowel was stimulated by the infusion of Nutramigen direct into the duodenum at 4 ml/mn m2. In the control group (T) IRI increased from the 10th minute of the perfusion to reach a plateau after the first hour (256 +/- 107 pmol/l). In the MJP group the rise of IRI was delayed and the plateau lower (169 +/- 25 pmol/1) but the difference in the two groups was not statistically significant. During the first 10 minutes when there is no significant change in blood glucose levels IRI levels increased in the T group (p less than 0.01) but there was no significant change in the MJP group. These results suggest that when villi are intact stimulation of the duodenum causes insulin secretion; but when there are no villi, there is a delay in the secretion.", "PMID": 395919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10841", "title": "LH-RH neuron system of the newt by immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The location of LH-RH producing neurons, the pathways and terminal distributions of their fibers in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster were studied immunohistochemically. The LH-RH positive perikarya are located in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and the medial septal nucleus. No LH-RH immunoreactive neuronal perikarya could be detected in the diencephalon. The pathways of fibers originating from the LH-RH reactive neurons were classified into three groups: the first project to the median eminence, the second to the olfactory bulb and the third to the habenular nucleus. The latter two pathways are extrahypothalamic, similar to those in mammals. These observations are briefly discussed and compared with those in other amphibian and mammalian species.", "contents": "LH-RH neuron system of the newt by immunohistochemical study. The location of LH-RH producing neurons, the pathways and terminal distributions of their fibers in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster were studied immunohistochemically. The LH-RH positive perikarya are located in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and the medial septal nucleus. No LH-RH immunoreactive neuronal perikarya could be detected in the diencephalon. The pathways of fibers originating from the LH-RH reactive neurons were classified into three groups: the first project to the median eminence, the second to the olfactory bulb and the third to the habenular nucleus. The latter two pathways are extrahypothalamic, similar to those in mammals. These observations are briefly discussed and compared with those in other amphibian and mammalian species.", "PMID": 395922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10842", "title": "Proposal of a a neurosecretory system in the pancreas. An electron microscope study in the dog.", "content": "The nerve fibers supplying the islets of the dog pancreas were examined by electron microscopy. Axons with swollen portions containing various types of synaptic vesicles, including a cholinergic type, two varieties of presumable aminergic type and a possible peptidergic type, rush to the pericapillary space to end there, whereas only a small part of them seem to terminate on the endocrine cells of the islet. Schwann cell cytoplasm invests the axons and often separates these from the endocrine cells. The terminal portions filled with vesicles usually become free of the Schwann sheath on the side facing the blood capillary. Here the neuronal secretions are believed to be released into the blood stream through the pored endothelium of the capillary. The neurosecretions, together with the islet hormones are distributed to the exocrine pancreas in high concentrations via the insulo-acinar portal system. It seems thus sufficient for the nerves to supply the islet in order to control the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "contents": "Proposal of a a neurosecretory system in the pancreas. An electron microscope study in the dog. The nerve fibers supplying the islets of the dog pancreas were examined by electron microscopy. Axons with swollen portions containing various types of synaptic vesicles, including a cholinergic type, two varieties of presumable aminergic type and a possible peptidergic type, rush to the pericapillary space to end there, whereas only a small part of them seem to terminate on the endocrine cells of the islet. Schwann cell cytoplasm invests the axons and often separates these from the endocrine cells. The terminal portions filled with vesicles usually become free of the Schwann sheath on the side facing the blood capillary. Here the neuronal secretions are believed to be released into the blood stream through the pored endothelium of the capillary. The neurosecretions, together with the islet hormones are distributed to the exocrine pancreas in high concentrations via the insulo-acinar portal system. It seems thus sufficient for the nerves to supply the islet in order to control the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "PMID": 395923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10843", "title": "Neuro-insular complex type I in the mouse. Re-evaluation of the pancreatic islet as a modified ganglion.", "content": "Autonomic ganglia in the pancreas may include islet cells; while islets sometimes contain a group of ganglion cells. Electron microscope observation in adult mice confirms occurrence of a structure called neuro-insular complex type I by Fujita (1959), in which islet cells are juxtaposed to nerve cells either directly or by intercalation of a thin glial cell cytoplasm. Islet cells are equivalent to neurons in their attitude towards neurons and towards glial elements in the neuro-insular complex. There seems to be every gradation between pure ganglia, mixed forms representing the neuro-insular complexes, and pure islets. Pancreatic islets may thus be regarded as modified ganglia.", "contents": "Neuro-insular complex type I in the mouse. Re-evaluation of the pancreatic islet as a modified ganglion. Autonomic ganglia in the pancreas may include islet cells; while islets sometimes contain a group of ganglion cells. Electron microscope observation in adult mice confirms occurrence of a structure called neuro-insular complex type I by Fujita (1959), in which islet cells are juxtaposed to nerve cells either directly or by intercalation of a thin glial cell cytoplasm. Islet cells are equivalent to neurons in their attitude towards neurons and towards glial elements in the neuro-insular complex. There seems to be every gradation between pure ganglia, mixed forms representing the neuro-insular complexes, and pure islets. Pancreatic islets may thus be regarded as modified ganglia.", "PMID": 395924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10844", "title": "[Renal diabetes. Apropos of 103 cases in children].", "content": "A longitudinal study of 103 cases of renal glycosuria (94 families) led to the following conclusions. 1. When the condition is genetically determined, it is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive. 2. There is no relationship with diabetes mellitus. 3. The renal glycosuria is persistent but does not get worse.", "contents": "[Renal diabetes. Apropos of 103 cases in children]. A longitudinal study of 103 cases of renal glycosuria (94 families) led to the following conclusions. 1. When the condition is genetically determined, it is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive. 2. There is no relationship with diabetes mellitus. 3. The renal glycosuria is persistent but does not get worse.", "PMID": 395917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10845", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a restorative resin with organic filler. Preliminary report and discussion.", "content": "Assessment of 192 Class III and V Isopast restorations was made up to 18 months after insertion. Within this time, there was no evidence to suggest early, marked marginal failure. Continued evaluation is required to assess marginal adaptation and discolouration over a longer period.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a restorative resin with organic filler. Preliminary report and discussion. Assessment of 192 Class III and V Isopast restorations was made up to 18 months after insertion. Within this time, there was no evidence to suggest early, marked marginal failure. Continued evaluation is required to assess marginal adaptation and discolouration over a longer period.", "PMID": 395934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10846", "title": "Classification schemes for dental school libraries.", "content": "The provision of an efficient and acceptable library system for the dental literature is examined. It is suggested that an index to the dental literature is best provided by a combination of Index Medicus and Medical Subject Headings. The Library of Congress scheme would be best for an autonomous dental school and, where a dental school library is provided by a large medical library, the National Library of Medicine Classification would be suitable for dental student use.", "contents": "Classification schemes for dental school libraries. The provision of an efficient and acceptable library system for the dental literature is examined. It is suggested that an index to the dental literature is best provided by a combination of Index Medicus and Medical Subject Headings. The Library of Congress scheme would be best for an autonomous dental school and, where a dental school library is provided by a large medical library, the National Library of Medicine Classification would be suitable for dental student use.", "PMID": 395935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10847", "title": "Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test to diagnose Babesia equi infection in horses.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the diagnosis of Babesia equi infections was evaluated. Antigen prepared by conventional methods was of high quality in one instance and of lesser quality in a second when possible autofluorescence of the horse blood caused inconvenience in reading tests. Tests on 14 horses shown by parasitological means to be either infected (9) or uninfected (5) produced reactions at dilutions of 1/270 to 1/7290 for infected and at 1/10 to 1/90 for uninfected animals. The accuracy of the test was further demonstrated during investigations of 701 horses in 3 states of Australia. The 30 horses reacting at 1/270 to 1/2430 were from 33 imported to 3 different farms in Australia from a common source. Investigations of crossreactivity between B. equi and B. bovis of cattle suggested that B. bovis would not interfere with the test for B. equi, but that the reverse was possible.", "contents": "Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test to diagnose Babesia equi infection in horses. An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the diagnosis of Babesia equi infections was evaluated. Antigen prepared by conventional methods was of high quality in one instance and of lesser quality in a second when possible autofluorescence of the horse blood caused inconvenience in reading tests. Tests on 14 horses shown by parasitological means to be either infected (9) or uninfected (5) produced reactions at dilutions of 1/270 to 1/7290 for infected and at 1/10 to 1/90 for uninfected animals. The accuracy of the test was further demonstrated during investigations of 701 horses in 3 states of Australia. The 30 horses reacting at 1/270 to 1/2430 were from 33 imported to 3 different farms in Australia from a common source. Investigations of crossreactivity between B. equi and B. bovis of cattle suggested that B. bovis would not interfere with the test for B. equi, but that the reverse was possible.", "PMID": 395937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10848", "title": "Bacteriological aspects of the disposal of manure from beef cattle.", "content": "Manure, collected from cattle housed in yards, was spread on experimental plots at the rate of 120 tonnes per hectare per annum. The manure was applied to 2 plots at 6-monthly intervals while a further 2 plots received monthly applications. Samples of manure soil, run-off and ground waters were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, faecal coliforms and for the presence of salmonellae. Comparison of the bacterial counts from samples from the test plots to those of the control plots showed that no change occurred in the levels of coliforms or faecal coliforms over the 3 years of manure application. One hundred and fifty-seven isolations of salmonella were made from the soil and water samples, but only 51 could be attributed to the manure. No difference was observed in the effects of different application frequencies.", "contents": "Bacteriological aspects of the disposal of manure from beef cattle. Manure, collected from cattle housed in yards, was spread on experimental plots at the rate of 120 tonnes per hectare per annum. The manure was applied to 2 plots at 6-monthly intervals while a further 2 plots received monthly applications. Samples of manure soil, run-off and ground waters were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, faecal coliforms and for the presence of salmonellae. Comparison of the bacterial counts from samples from the test plots to those of the control plots showed that no change occurred in the levels of coliforms or faecal coliforms over the 3 years of manure application. One hundred and fifty-seven isolations of salmonella were made from the soil and water samples, but only 51 could be attributed to the manure. No difference was observed in the effects of different application frequencies.", "PMID": 395938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10849", "title": "Mutational study of the alcohol dehydrogenase-1 FCm duplication in maize.", "content": "The alcohol dehydrogenase-1 FCm (Adh-FCm) duplication in maize was subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Of the mutants recovered, eight produced ADH polypeptides with altered electrophoretic mobility. Four produced new mobilities of the progenitor F with no change of the Cm molecule; the remainder altered only the Cm enzyme. No cases were found in which the electrophoretic mobilities of the two types of subunits were simultaneously altered, and no complete nulls lacking both F and Cm were recovered. These observations confirm the duplicate nature of the FCm complex.", "contents": "Mutational study of the alcohol dehydrogenase-1 FCm duplication in maize. The alcohol dehydrogenase-1 FCm (Adh-FCm) duplication in maize was subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Of the mutants recovered, eight produced ADH polypeptides with altered electrophoretic mobility. Four produced new mobilities of the progenitor F with no change of the Cm molecule; the remainder altered only the Cm enzyme. No cases were found in which the electrophoretic mobilities of the two types of subunits were simultaneously altered, and no complete nulls lacking both F and Cm were recovered. These observations confirm the duplicate nature of the FCm complex.", "PMID": 395948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10850", "title": "Equine peptidases: correspondence with human peptidases and polymorphism for erythrocyte peptidase A.", "content": "Equine erythrocyte peptidases were compared to the six human erythrocyte peptidases, A, B, C, D, E, and F, regarding substrate specificity, relative activity, and electrophoretic mobility. Five equine erythrocyte peptidases appeared homologous to human peptidases A, B, D, E, and F. In contrast to human, equine peptidase C was absent in red cells, although it was weakly active in white cells. On the other hand, an equine peptidase, probably homologous to human peptidase S, was weakly active in red cells as well as present in white cells. Polymorphism for equine erythrocyte peptidase A is reported.", "contents": "Equine peptidases: correspondence with human peptidases and polymorphism for erythrocyte peptidase A. Equine erythrocyte peptidases were compared to the six human erythrocyte peptidases, A, B, C, D, E, and F, regarding substrate specificity, relative activity, and electrophoretic mobility. Five equine erythrocyte peptidases appeared homologous to human peptidases A, B, D, E, and F. In contrast to human, equine peptidase C was absent in red cells, although it was weakly active in white cells. On the other hand, an equine peptidase, probably homologous to human peptidase S, was weakly active in red cells as well as present in white cells. Polymorphism for equine erythrocyte peptidase A is reported.", "PMID": 395949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10851", "title": "Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence of cation-induced conformation changes in yeast K+ -activated aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "content": "The activity, stability and spectroscopic properties of yeast K+ -activated aldehyde dehydrogenase were measured at various times after removal from, and after returning to a solution containing K+. Enzyme activity is rapidly lost on removal of most of the K+ and rapidly regained if K+ is replaced immediately. These activity changes are slower than likely rates of K+ dissociation and association. These rapid changes in concentration result in altered enzyme stability with enzyme in K+ the more stable. U.v. difference spectra are produced whenever enzyme in an activating environment (K+ or Tl+) is compared with enzyme in a non-activating environment (Tris+ or Li+). These spectral changes occur within 10s. The saturation characteristics with K+ are hyperbolic for all three phenomena of activation, stabilization and spectral change, with estimated apparent dissociation constants (Ks) for K+ of 7.5 mM, 5.5 mM and 6 mM respectively. Continued incubation of enzyme in the absence of K+ results in the accumulation of an enzyme form that re-activates only slowly on replacing K+. Stability characteristics in various concentrations of K+ over equivalent time scales are consistent with the existence of additional conformations. Spectroscopic evidence also indicates such additional slow conformation changes. Results have been interpreted in terms of two separate conformation transitions induced or stabilized by K+.", "contents": "Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence of cation-induced conformation changes in yeast K+ -activated aldehyde dehydrogenase. The activity, stability and spectroscopic properties of yeast K+ -activated aldehyde dehydrogenase were measured at various times after removal from, and after returning to a solution containing K+. Enzyme activity is rapidly lost on removal of most of the K+ and rapidly regained if K+ is replaced immediately. These activity changes are slower than likely rates of K+ dissociation and association. These rapid changes in concentration result in altered enzyme stability with enzyme in K+ the more stable. U.v. difference spectra are produced whenever enzyme in an activating environment (K+ or Tl+) is compared with enzyme in a non-activating environment (Tris+ or Li+). These spectral changes occur within 10s. The saturation characteristics with K+ are hyperbolic for all three phenomena of activation, stabilization and spectral change, with estimated apparent dissociation constants (Ks) for K+ of 7.5 mM, 5.5 mM and 6 mM respectively. Continued incubation of enzyme in the absence of K+ results in the accumulation of an enzyme form that re-activates only slowly on replacing K+. Stability characteristics in various concentrations of K+ over equivalent time scales are consistent with the existence of additional conformations. Spectroscopic evidence also indicates such additional slow conformation changes. Results have been interpreted in terms of two separate conformation transitions induced or stabilized by K+.", "PMID": 395950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10852", "title": "Identification of a defence mechanism in vivo against the leakage of enterokinase into the blood.", "content": "1. The serum proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and C1-esterase inhibitor were found not to affect the catalytic activity of human enterokinase, whereas bovine trypsin activity was modified essentially as expected. Enterokinase was also not inhibited by Trasylol (trypsin inhibitor from bovine lung) or bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. No other component in human or mouse serum complexing with enterokinase was identified. 2. Human enterokinase administered intravenously into mice was rapidly cleared from the circulation with a half-life of 2.5 min. This removal was not the result of the difference in species, since partially purified mouse enterokinase was cleared at the same rate as the human enzyme. Clearance was mediated by recognition of the carbohydrate portion of enterokinase and not through specific recognition of its catalytic site. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the enzyme accumulated in the liver. Attempts to block the clearance by the simultaneous infusion of competing glycoproteins suggested that enterokinase was taken up by hepatocytes. Of the glycoproteins tested only two, human lactoferrin (terminal fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 3 N-acetylglucosamine) and bovine asialo-fetuin (terminal galactosyl beta 1 leads to 4 N-acetylglucosamine) were weakly competitive. Two inhibitors of endocytosis, Intralipid and Triton WR1339, failed to delay the removal of enterokinase. It is proposed that enterokinase is cleared from the circulation by an as yet uncharacterized hepatocyte receptor.", "contents": "Identification of a defence mechanism in vivo against the leakage of enterokinase into the blood. 1. The serum proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and C1-esterase inhibitor were found not to affect the catalytic activity of human enterokinase, whereas bovine trypsin activity was modified essentially as expected. Enterokinase was also not inhibited by Trasylol (trypsin inhibitor from bovine lung) or bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. No other component in human or mouse serum complexing with enterokinase was identified. 2. Human enterokinase administered intravenously into mice was rapidly cleared from the circulation with a half-life of 2.5 min. This removal was not the result of the difference in species, since partially purified mouse enterokinase was cleared at the same rate as the human enzyme. Clearance was mediated by recognition of the carbohydrate portion of enterokinase and not through specific recognition of its catalytic site. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the enzyme accumulated in the liver. Attempts to block the clearance by the simultaneous infusion of competing glycoproteins suggested that enterokinase was taken up by hepatocytes. Of the glycoproteins tested only two, human lactoferrin (terminal fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 3 N-acetylglucosamine) and bovine asialo-fetuin (terminal galactosyl beta 1 leads to 4 N-acetylglucosamine) were weakly competitive. Two inhibitors of endocytosis, Intralipid and Triton WR1339, failed to delay the removal of enterokinase. It is proposed that enterokinase is cleared from the circulation by an as yet uncharacterized hepatocyte receptor.", "PMID": 395951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10853", "title": "Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by antibodies to distinct types of collagens.", "content": "Aggregation of platelets by fibrils formed from collagens type I, II and III could be inhibited by coating the fibrils with anti-collagen antibodies or Fab fragments. Similar results were obtained in a clot-retraction assay. Inhibition was achieved with stoichiometric amounts of antibodies and was specific for each type of collagen. Aggregation caused by a mixture of type-I and -III collagens could only be inhibited by a mixture of antibodies against both collagens. The data show that each interstitial collagen is capable of interacting with platelets and do not support the concept of an outstanding activity of type-III collagen.", "contents": "Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by antibodies to distinct types of collagens. Aggregation of platelets by fibrils formed from collagens type I, II and III could be inhibited by coating the fibrils with anti-collagen antibodies or Fab fragments. Similar results were obtained in a clot-retraction assay. Inhibition was achieved with stoichiometric amounts of antibodies and was specific for each type of collagen. Aggregation caused by a mixture of type-I and -III collagens could only be inhibited by a mixture of antibodies against both collagens. The data show that each interstitial collagen is capable of interacting with platelets and do not support the concept of an outstanding activity of type-III collagen.", "PMID": 395952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10854", "title": "[Metabolic and neurochemical effects of nicergoline on the central nervous system. A review of the experimental studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) on the energy metabolism in the animal CNS during and after cerebral hypoxia and ischemia have been studied by various authors by different methodological approaches. For this purpose both electrophysiological (EEG and cortically evoked potentials) and neurochemical parameters (adenylates, creatinphosphate and some intermediates of glycolysis and Krebs cycle) were analysed in dogs and cats. These studies concordantly show that nicergoline exerts a favourable activity during the post-hypoxic and post-ischemic period. In fact the recovery of the electrophysiological and neurochemical parameters is always more rapid in nicergoline-treated animals than in controls. The effects of nicergoline on the EEG pattern, on the energy potential and citrate concentration are particularly interesting.", "contents": "[Metabolic and neurochemical effects of nicergoline on the central nervous system. A review of the experimental studies (author's transl)]. The effects of 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) on the energy metabolism in the animal CNS during and after cerebral hypoxia and ischemia have been studied by various authors by different methodological approaches. For this purpose both electrophysiological (EEG and cortically evoked potentials) and neurochemical parameters (adenylates, creatinphosphate and some intermediates of glycolysis and Krebs cycle) were analysed in dogs and cats. These studies concordantly show that nicergoline exerts a favourable activity during the post-hypoxic and post-ischemic period. In fact the recovery of the electrophysiological and neurochemical parameters is always more rapid in nicergoline-treated animals than in controls. The effects of nicergoline on the EEG pattern, on the energy potential and citrate concentration are particularly interesting.", "PMID": 395953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10855", "title": "[Interaction between anti-aggregating and anticoagulant agents. A double blind study on the concomitant administration of nicergoline and acenocoumarols].", "content": "A double blind study was carried out comparing 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) and placebo in 60 thromboembolic patients on long-term controlled acenocoumarol treatment. Aim of the trial was to assess the hypothesis of an interaction on both the coagulatory parameters and the clinical findings. No significant variations of the acenocoumarol daily dose were required in nicergoline treated group and no interaction was demonstrated in coagulatory parameters. Prothrombin activity and thrombo-test evaluated fortnightly were not statistically different in nicergoline and placebo groups while the platelet antiaggregating activity of nicergoline was confirmed after a three months' treatment. Bleeding time was unaffected. Minor differences in clinical findings were observed in the two groups.", "contents": "[Interaction between anti-aggregating and anticoagulant agents. A double blind study on the concomitant administration of nicergoline and acenocoumarols]. A double blind study was carried out comparing 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) and placebo in 60 thromboembolic patients on long-term controlled acenocoumarol treatment. Aim of the trial was to assess the hypothesis of an interaction on both the coagulatory parameters and the clinical findings. No significant variations of the acenocoumarol daily dose were required in nicergoline treated group and no interaction was demonstrated in coagulatory parameters. Prothrombin activity and thrombo-test evaluated fortnightly were not statistically different in nicergoline and placebo groups while the platelet antiaggregating activity of nicergoline was confirmed after a three months' treatment. Bleeding time was unaffected. Minor differences in clinical findings were observed in the two groups.", "PMID": 395954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10856", "title": "[Psychopathometric double blind study with nicergoline versus placebo in geriatric patients with slight transit syndromes].", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out on 56 geronto-psychiatric in-patients who suffered from cerebral metabolic and nutritional disturbances to prove the effectiveness of 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate (nicergoline, Sermion). After a washout-phase of eight days the patients in the verum group received 3 x 1 drag\u00e9e at 10 mg for a period of 12 weeks. For methodical reasons only patients with slight transit syndromes and, of these, only the first four weeks of examination were included in the present analysis. Thus 8 verum and 9 placebo patients remain whose findings during the trial are recorded in three procedures of capacity and two procedures of self-assessment (syndrome short test, repeating figures and letters, reading letters; scale for general somatic discomfort, scale for vegetative functional disturbances). In the measuring procedures there is a tendency towards improvement under the treatment with nicergline compared with placebo during the first three weeks. But the present results are not sufficient to come to a clear decision on the effectiveness of nicergoline in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Psychopathometric double blind study with nicergoline versus placebo in geriatric patients with slight transit syndromes]. A double-blind study was carried out on 56 geronto-psychiatric in-patients who suffered from cerebral metabolic and nutritional disturbances to prove the effectiveness of 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate (nicergoline, Sermion). After a washout-phase of eight days the patients in the verum group received 3 x 1 drag\u00e9e at 10 mg for a period of 12 weeks. For methodical reasons only patients with slight transit syndromes and, of these, only the first four weeks of examination were included in the present analysis. Thus 8 verum and 9 placebo patients remain whose findings during the trial are recorded in three procedures of capacity and two procedures of self-assessment (syndrome short test, repeating figures and letters, reading letters; scale for general somatic discomfort, scale for vegetative functional disturbances). In the measuring procedures there is a tendency towards improvement under the treatment with nicergline compared with placebo during the first three weeks. But the present results are not sufficient to come to a clear decision on the effectiveness of nicergoline in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 395955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10857", "title": "Pharmacological and toxicological properties of creatinol O-phosphate. A review.", "content": "N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) has proved to possess anti-ischemic and anti-arrhythmic activities associated with improved ionic balance and heart performance. These activities, which have also been shown in clinical studies, are more evident in pharmacological and clinical conditions involving a hypoxic damage of the heart muscle. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that absorption of COP administered i.m. is complete. COP is distributed in all organs, and in particular, in the kidney, liver and myocardium. After being dephosphorylated, this drug is eliminated with urine. Dephosphorylation of COP occurs in the kidney and liver. COP crosses the membrane of the myocardial cell, concentrating in the cytosoluble fraction. The results of the toxicological studies confirm that COP has no side effects, is excellently tolerated and has a favourable therapeutic index.", "contents": "Pharmacological and toxicological properties of creatinol O-phosphate. A review. N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) has proved to possess anti-ischemic and anti-arrhythmic activities associated with improved ionic balance and heart performance. These activities, which have also been shown in clinical studies, are more evident in pharmacological and clinical conditions involving a hypoxic damage of the heart muscle. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that absorption of COP administered i.m. is complete. COP is distributed in all organs, and in particular, in the kidney, liver and myocardium. After being dephosphorylated, this drug is eliminated with urine. Dephosphorylation of COP occurs in the kidney and liver. COP crosses the membrane of the myocardial cell, concentrating in the cytosoluble fraction. The results of the toxicological studies confirm that COP has no side effects, is excellently tolerated and has a favourable therapeutic index.", "PMID": 395957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10858", "title": "Creatinol O-phosphate therapy in patients with inadequate coronary circulation. Double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was checked on patients suffering from inadequate coronary circulation (12 patients had a recent myocardial infarction and 13 were suffering from angina pectoris) versus a reference substance (solvent of COP) in a double blind study. COP improved rhythm disturbances, chest pains and symptoms of contractility failure to a statistically significant degree.", "contents": "Creatinol O-phosphate therapy in patients with inadequate coronary circulation. Double-blind clinical trial. N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was checked on patients suffering from inadequate coronary circulation (12 patients had a recent myocardial infarction and 13 were suffering from angina pectoris) versus a reference substance (solvent of COP) in a double blind study. COP improved rhythm disturbances, chest pains and symptoms of contractility failure to a statistically significant degree.", "PMID": 395958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10859", "title": "[The role of nicergoline in the symptomatic treatment of arterial hypertension and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. A study on 359 observations (author's transl)].", "content": "An examination was carried out on the efficacy of 10-methoxy-1,6-diemethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) on the symptoms of functional side effects of arterial hypertension and chronic circulatory insufficiency as regards the psychomotoric activity and the relational activity; 359 patients suffering from crebrovascular insufficiency were included in the study. The compound was applied in a daily dose of 10 mg i. m. for 5 days and then in a daily dose of 15 mg orally for 1 month. In the entire symptom complex of cerebro-vascular insufficiency a positive effect of nicergoline could be observed; the results of all clinical criteria and their therapeutic relevance are discussed.", "contents": "[The role of nicergoline in the symptomatic treatment of arterial hypertension and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. A study on 359 observations (author's transl)]. An examination was carried out on the efficacy of 10-methoxy-1,6-diemethyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol-(5-bromonicotinate) (nicergoline, Sermion) on the symptoms of functional side effects of arterial hypertension and chronic circulatory insufficiency as regards the psychomotoric activity and the relational activity; 359 patients suffering from crebrovascular insufficiency were included in the study. The compound was applied in a daily dose of 10 mg i. m. for 5 days and then in a daily dose of 15 mg orally for 1 month. In the entire symptom complex of cerebro-vascular insufficiency a positive effect of nicergoline could be observed; the results of all clinical criteria and their therapeutic relevance are discussed.", "PMID": 395956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10860", "title": "Activity of creatinol O-phosphate on persistent ventricular premature beats in ischemic heart disease. Double blind clinical trial.", "content": "In a double-blind investigation N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was checked versus a reference substance (solvent of COP) on volunteers affected by ischemic heart disease with persistent ventricular premature beats (VPB). COP was able to reduce VPB by 50--100% in 85% of the volunteers treated with this drug. This fact and the virtual absence of side-effects of COP lead the authors to the conclusion that COP merits more extensive investigations in this field in view of its clinical employment alone or in association with specific antiarrhythmic agents.", "contents": "Activity of creatinol O-phosphate on persistent ventricular premature beats in ischemic heart disease. Double blind clinical trial. In a double-blind investigation N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was checked versus a reference substance (solvent of COP) on volunteers affected by ischemic heart disease with persistent ventricular premature beats (VPB). COP was able to reduce VPB by 50--100% in 85% of the volunteers treated with this drug. This fact and the virtual absence of side-effects of COP lead the authors to the conclusion that COP merits more extensive investigations in this field in view of its clinical employment alone or in association with specific antiarrhythmic agents.", "PMID": 395959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10861", "title": "[Mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons].", "content": "The carcinogenic and mutagenic actions of benz(a)pyrene (BP) and its derivatives 6-methyl-, 6-formyl-, 6-chloro-, 6-hydroxy-, 6-acetoxy-, 6-methoxy- and 4(5)-methoxy-BP were studied in mice and bacteria Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100, respectively. The potent carcinogenic agents BP, 6-methyl-, 6-formyl-BP proved also mutagenic in bacteria of both strains. Weak carcinogenic compounds (6-chloro-, 6-methoxy-, 4(5)-methoxy-BP) and noncarcinogenic ones (6-acetoxy-, 6-hydroxy-BP) either turned out nonmutagenic or mutagenic in one of two bacterial strains tested. The differences in carcinogenic and mutagenic actions of the substances under study are not relative to the rate of their oxidation in the enzymatic system.", "contents": "[Mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]. The carcinogenic and mutagenic actions of benz(a)pyrene (BP) and its derivatives 6-methyl-, 6-formyl-, 6-chloro-, 6-hydroxy-, 6-acetoxy-, 6-methoxy- and 4(5)-methoxy-BP were studied in mice and bacteria Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100, respectively. The potent carcinogenic agents BP, 6-methyl-, 6-formyl-BP proved also mutagenic in bacteria of both strains. Weak carcinogenic compounds (6-chloro-, 6-methoxy-, 4(5)-methoxy-BP) and noncarcinogenic ones (6-acetoxy-, 6-hydroxy-BP) either turned out nonmutagenic or mutagenic in one of two bacterial strains tested. The differences in carcinogenic and mutagenic actions of the substances under study are not relative to the rate of their oxidation in the enzymatic system.", "PMID": 395973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10862", "title": "[Functional relationship between submaxillary gland and basal parts of intestinal cryptae and endocrine function of the pancreas].", "content": "The effect of fasting, glucose load and administration of the diabetogenic agent dithison on the cells of pancreatic islets, submaxillary glands and basal parts of intestinal cryptae was studied in rabbits by means of the histochemical dithison test. A potential relationship between these cells in realization of endocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is suggested.", "contents": "[Functional relationship between submaxillary gland and basal parts of intestinal cryptae and endocrine function of the pancreas]. The effect of fasting, glucose load and administration of the diabetogenic agent dithison on the cells of pancreatic islets, submaxillary glands and basal parts of intestinal cryptae was studied in rabbits by means of the histochemical dithison test. A potential relationship between these cells in realization of endocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is suggested.", "PMID": 395974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10863", "title": "[Morphometric studies of pancreas islets of rats after subphrenic vagotomy].", "content": "Analysis of the morphometric data showed that 7 days after vagotomy significant changes ocurred in the pancreatic islets, mainly as a result of variation in B cells. At later periods (45 and 90 days after surgery) normalization of some morphofunctional parameters is noted, however, absolute restoration is not achieved.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies of pancreas islets of rats after subphrenic vagotomy]. Analysis of the morphometric data showed that 7 days after vagotomy significant changes ocurred in the pancreatic islets, mainly as a result of variation in B cells. At later periods (45 and 90 days after surgery) normalization of some morphofunctional parameters is noted, however, absolute restoration is not achieved.", "PMID": 395975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10864", "title": "Liver surgery.", "content": "Surgery on the liver is a major undertaking and probably should only be attempted by surgeons suitably trained and with adequate experience. Lack of such experience perhaps accounts in part for the high mortality rate still associated with major liver surgery following trauma since the operation must be carried out by the surgeon on the spot under difficult conditions. Modern sophisticated diagnosis techniques now allow accurate localization and assessment of liver lesions and the short-term technical results of elective surgery are improving. Despite this, the long-term effects of liver surgery for malignancy are poor but it is often justified to relieve symptoms. Transplantation is still in its infancy and although the results look disappointing the occasional reports of long-term survivors should encourage further work in this field.", "contents": "Liver surgery. Surgery on the liver is a major undertaking and probably should only be attempted by surgeons suitably trained and with adequate experience. Lack of such experience perhaps accounts in part for the high mortality rate still associated with major liver surgery following trauma since the operation must be carried out by the surgeon on the spot under difficult conditions. Modern sophisticated diagnosis techniques now allow accurate localization and assessment of liver lesions and the short-term technical results of elective surgery are improving. Despite this, the long-term effects of liver surgery for malignancy are poor but it is often justified to relieve symptoms. Transplantation is still in its infancy and although the results look disappointing the occasional reports of long-term survivors should encourage further work in this field.", "PMID": 395983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10865", "title": "Characterization of an inducible porter required for L-proline catabolism by Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "L-Proline can serve as sole source of carbon and nitrogen for the growth of Escherichia coli K12 and other Enterobacteria. L-Proline uptake and L-proline oxidase are subject both to catabolite repression and to specific induction by L-proline or glycyl-L-proline, although their regulation is not strictly coordinate. A strain defective for L-proline uptake due to a lesion at the locus putP does not show elevated uptake activity either on relief of catabolite repression or when grown on glycyl-L-proline as nitrogen source. The apparent Km for L-proline uptake decreases up to 14-fold as uptake Vm increases when cells are induced for both L-proline uptake and L-proline oxidase; cells with increased uptake activity, alone, do not show an altered Km. Although L-proline is metabolized during the uptake measurements, uptake is always active. The observed variations in uptake Km are unlikely to result from the escape of radioactive L-proline metabolites or from reversal of the transport reaction during the uptake measurements. We conclude that the L-proline porter encoded in putP is responsible for 80 to 90% of the constitutive and for the inducible L-proline uptake activity of wild-type bacteria. Although this porter is amplified in cells induced for L-proline catabolism, the observed values for uptake Vm may not be taken as a direct indicator of porter concentration.", "contents": "Characterization of an inducible porter required for L-proline catabolism by Escherichia coli K12. L-Proline can serve as sole source of carbon and nitrogen for the growth of Escherichia coli K12 and other Enterobacteria. L-Proline uptake and L-proline oxidase are subject both to catabolite repression and to specific induction by L-proline or glycyl-L-proline, although their regulation is not strictly coordinate. A strain defective for L-proline uptake due to a lesion at the locus putP does not show elevated uptake activity either on relief of catabolite repression or when grown on glycyl-L-proline as nitrogen source. The apparent Km for L-proline uptake decreases up to 14-fold as uptake Vm increases when cells are induced for both L-proline uptake and L-proline oxidase; cells with increased uptake activity, alone, do not show an altered Km. Although L-proline is metabolized during the uptake measurements, uptake is always active. The observed variations in uptake Km are unlikely to result from the escape of radioactive L-proline metabolites or from reversal of the transport reaction during the uptake measurements. We conclude that the L-proline porter encoded in putP is responsible for 80 to 90% of the constitutive and for the inducible L-proline uptake activity of wild-type bacteria. Although this porter is amplified in cells induced for L-proline catabolism, the observed values for uptake Vm may not be taken as a direct indicator of porter concentration.", "PMID": 396008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10866", "title": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase response to litter size in suckling rats.", "content": "Rats were raised in litters of 3 or 14 from the 3rd postnatal day. Already, 2 days later on day 5, those raised in groups of three had elevated blood cholesterol and insulin levels and a very much lower hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG) CoA) reductase activity, than the other group. When aged 40 days, hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity was higher in the group raised three rats per litter than in the large litter group.", "contents": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase response to litter size in suckling rats. Rats were raised in litters of 3 or 14 from the 3rd postnatal day. Already, 2 days later on day 5, those raised in groups of three had elevated blood cholesterol and insulin levels and a very much lower hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG) CoA) reductase activity, than the other group. When aged 40 days, hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity was higher in the group raised three rats per litter than in the large litter group.", "PMID": 396009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10867", "title": "Phosphorescence evidence for the role of solvent--protein interactions in the energetics of conformational flexibility of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "When tryptophyl side chains are hidden within relatively inflexible domains of globular proteins, the lifetime of the phosphorescence from these residues provides a measure of the local conformational flexibility. The phosphorescence decay from the tryptophan buried at the base of the nucleotide-binding domain in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) was monitored between 1 and 40 degrees C to determine the energetics associated with the rate of local unfolding. The slow rate at which this process takes place is found to result from a high entropic barrier rather than from the disruption of strong intramolecular interactions. This observation along with the response of the system to solvent perturbations points to the significance of solvent-protein interactions in determining conformational flexibility.", "contents": "Phosphorescence evidence for the role of solvent--protein interactions in the energetics of conformational flexibility of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. When tryptophyl side chains are hidden within relatively inflexible domains of globular proteins, the lifetime of the phosphorescence from these residues provides a measure of the local conformational flexibility. The phosphorescence decay from the tryptophan buried at the base of the nucleotide-binding domain in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) was monitored between 1 and 40 degrees C to determine the energetics associated with the rate of local unfolding. The slow rate at which this process takes place is found to result from a high entropic barrier rather than from the disruption of strong intramolecular interactions. This observation along with the response of the system to solvent perturbations points to the significance of solvent-protein interactions in determining conformational flexibility.", "PMID": 396011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10868", "title": "Hybrid plasmids complement a putP mutation in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Clarke and Carbon have prepared a colony bank of 2000 Escherichia coli strains each containing a random segment of the Escherichia coli chromosome inserted into the EcoR1 restriction site of the plasmid ColE1. We have screened the colony bank by conjugation and have identified three strains bearing hybrid plasmids that complement a defective putP gene. Each of these strains shows increased L-proline uptake activity in comparison with the unmodified host or with the host bearing noncomplementing hybrid plasmids. However, CS520, the DNA source strain employed in constructing the hybrid plasmids, is a putP mutant. Since Escherichia coli possesses two L-proline porters, a variety of possible complementation mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Hybrid plasmids complement a putP mutation in Escherichia coli K12. Clarke and Carbon have prepared a colony bank of 2000 Escherichia coli strains each containing a random segment of the Escherichia coli chromosome inserted into the EcoR1 restriction site of the plasmid ColE1. We have screened the colony bank by conjugation and have identified three strains bearing hybrid plasmids that complement a defective putP gene. Each of these strains shows increased L-proline uptake activity in comparison with the unmodified host or with the host bearing noncomplementing hybrid plasmids. However, CS520, the DNA source strain employed in constructing the hybrid plasmids, is a putP mutant. Since Escherichia coli possesses two L-proline porters, a variety of possible complementation mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 396012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10869", "title": "The effect of protein modification reagents on the chemotactic response in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Several classes of reagents that covalently modify proteins have been shown to inhibit the ability of Salmonella typhimurium to reverse the direction of its flagellar rotation. Such reversal normally allows the bacterium to tumble and reorient its movement in a more favorable direction. These reagents include those that react with amino, guanidino, sulfhydryl, and disulfide groups on proteins. At high concentrations, most of these compounds also cause the paralysis of flagellar rotation. Tumbling in bacterial chemotaxis has been shown to be dependent on the methylation of a class of membrane proteins. The effects of these reagents in an in vitro methylation system have been studied. The results obtained suggest that most of these compounds are probably not acting on intact cells by inhibiting the activities of the cheR methyltransferase or the methyl-accepting proteins.", "contents": "The effect of protein modification reagents on the chemotactic response in Salmonella typhimurium. Several classes of reagents that covalently modify proteins have been shown to inhibit the ability of Salmonella typhimurium to reverse the direction of its flagellar rotation. Such reversal normally allows the bacterium to tumble and reorient its movement in a more favorable direction. These reagents include those that react with amino, guanidino, sulfhydryl, and disulfide groups on proteins. At high concentrations, most of these compounds also cause the paralysis of flagellar rotation. Tumbling in bacterial chemotaxis has been shown to be dependent on the methylation of a class of membrane proteins. The effects of these reagents in an in vitro methylation system have been studied. The results obtained suggest that most of these compounds are probably not acting on intact cells by inhibiting the activities of the cheR methyltransferase or the methyl-accepting proteins.", "PMID": 396013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10870", "title": "The interaction of polymeric viologens with hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Clostridium pasteurianum.", "content": "The interaction between hydrogenases from either Desulfovibrio desulfuricans or Clostridium pasteurianum and electron donors methyl viologen or polymeric viologens was examined. Extracts from each organism contained a single gel electophoretic band of active hydrogenase. The hydrogenase of D. desulfuricans was much more stable than that of Cl. pasteurianum. With methyl viologen apparent Km and Vm values were 0.5 mM and 0.62 mumole H2/min per milligram protein for the Cl. pasteurianum and 0.7 and 6.2 mumole H2/min per milligram protein, respectively, for the D. desulfuricans enzyme. The hydrogenases bound the polymeric viologens more tightly than methyl viologen, more so for the enzyme of D. desulfuricans than for Cl. pasteurianum. Maximal rate of hydrogen production was less with the polymeric than with methyl viologen. The results suggest that the D. desulfuricans enzyme in conjunction wiion than that from Cl. pasteurianum.", "contents": "The interaction of polymeric viologens with hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Clostridium pasteurianum. The interaction between hydrogenases from either Desulfovibrio desulfuricans or Clostridium pasteurianum and electron donors methyl viologen or polymeric viologens was examined. Extracts from each organism contained a single gel electophoretic band of active hydrogenase. The hydrogenase of D. desulfuricans was much more stable than that of Cl. pasteurianum. With methyl viologen apparent Km and Vm values were 0.5 mM and 0.62 mumole H2/min per milligram protein for the Cl. pasteurianum and 0.7 and 6.2 mumole H2/min per milligram protein, respectively, for the D. desulfuricans enzyme. The hydrogenases bound the polymeric viologens more tightly than methyl viologen, more so for the enzyme of D. desulfuricans than for Cl. pasteurianum. Maximal rate of hydrogen production was less with the polymeric than with methyl viologen. The results suggest that the D. desulfuricans enzyme in conjunction wiion than that from Cl. pasteurianum.", "PMID": 396014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10871", "title": "[Development of bacterial populations of telluric, enteric, and marine origin in planktonic systems exposed to urban pollution; mathematical data analysis].", "content": "A study of the comparative distribution of different types of bacterial populations in the sea area where the city of Marseille rejects its waste water shows that, when in contact with the marine environment, a great part of the allochthonic bacterial population undergoes physiological stress expressed by an abrupt reduction of the effectives and by weak values of the energetic charge. The presence of coliforms and streptococci in waste water lens, at important distances from discharging conduits, shows the possibility of a large diffusion for a fraction of the bacterial populations that withstand the initial stress. From mathematical analyses, an inverse correlation is revealed between detergents and the bacterial population as a whole, and between phenols and various allochthonic bacterial populations. The above results were evidenced through a sampling strategy based upon a 24-h-cycle study and a search for mathematical correlations between several biological, chemical, and physical parameters.", "contents": "[Development of bacterial populations of telluric, enteric, and marine origin in planktonic systems exposed to urban pollution; mathematical data analysis]. A study of the comparative distribution of different types of bacterial populations in the sea area where the city of Marseille rejects its waste water shows that, when in contact with the marine environment, a great part of the allochthonic bacterial population undergoes physiological stress expressed by an abrupt reduction of the effectives and by weak values of the energetic charge. The presence of coliforms and streptococci in waste water lens, at important distances from discharging conduits, shows the possibility of a large diffusion for a fraction of the bacterial populations that withstand the initial stress. From mathematical analyses, an inverse correlation is revealed between detergents and the bacterial population as a whole, and between phenols and various allochthonic bacterial populations. The above results were evidenced through a sampling strategy based upon a 24-h-cycle study and a search for mathematical correlations between several biological, chemical, and physical parameters.", "PMID": 396016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10872", "title": "A simple device for uniform inoculation of nutrient surfaces.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive device for uniform surface inoculation is described. Efficiency and uniformity of inoculation were estimated with agar plates exposed to a bacterial suspension, containing 10 different strains, atomized with a spray gun. The fine mist settled, after a fall of 106 cm, upon the agar surfaces at the bottom of a cylindrical chamber. No significant differences were observed with regard to uniformity of inoculation between nine plates.", "contents": "A simple device for uniform inoculation of nutrient surfaces. A simple and inexpensive device for uniform surface inoculation is described. Efficiency and uniformity of inoculation were estimated with agar plates exposed to a bacterial suspension, containing 10 different strains, atomized with a spray gun. The fine mist settled, after a fall of 106 cm, upon the agar surfaces at the bottom of a cylindrical chamber. No significant differences were observed with regard to uniformity of inoculation between nine plates.", "PMID": 396017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10873", "title": "Further simplification of the Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillispora.", "content": "A simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed-based medium for presumptive diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. bacillispora (Paliwal and Randhawa 1978) was further simplified by replacing seed extract with pulverized seeds. This medium gives unambiguous results, avoids false-positive reactions with 13 other yeastlike organisms, and is simple and relatively inexpensive to prepare.", "contents": "Further simplification of the Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillispora. A simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed-based medium for presumptive diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. bacillispora (Paliwal and Randhawa 1978) was further simplified by replacing seed extract with pulverized seeds. This medium gives unambiguous results, avoids false-positive reactions with 13 other yeastlike organisms, and is simple and relatively inexpensive to prepare.", "PMID": 396018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10874", "title": "Chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to algal extracellular products.", "content": "A capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to three common algal extracellular products. Acrylate and glycolate attracted the motile marine bacterium. The peak response occurred with 10(-2) M of each chemical. Acrylic and glycolic acid also attracted V. alginolyticus, with the peak response occurring at 5 x 10(-4) M of each chemical. Higher concentrations of the organic acids resulted in a decreased response. The bacteria also displayed positive chemotaxis to dimethyl sulfide.", "contents": "Chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to algal extracellular products. A capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to three common algal extracellular products. Acrylate and glycolate attracted the motile marine bacterium. The peak response occurred with 10(-2) M of each chemical. Acrylic and glycolic acid also attracted V. alginolyticus, with the peak response occurring at 5 x 10(-4) M of each chemical. Higher concentrations of the organic acids resulted in a decreased response. The bacteria also displayed positive chemotaxis to dimethyl sulfide.", "PMID": 396019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10875", "title": "A modified tube method for the cultivation and enumeration of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A new type of tube (the Lee tube) has been developed for use in the cultivation and enumeration of obligate anaerobes. The Lee tube is a double-walled, screw-capped tube which allows the formation of a thin cylinder of agar medium between the two walls. Anaerobiosis is achieved through deoxygenation of the deep cylinder of agar during sterilization, a minimum of head space, and use of a reducing agent to absorb oxygen introduced during the inoculation procedure. For several species of Clostridium, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Veillonella alcalescens, and Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, colony counts of cultures in the Lee tubes were comparable with those obtained in pour plates incubated in a BBL GasPak system and in anaerobic roll tubes.", "contents": "A modified tube method for the cultivation and enumeration of anaerobic bacteria. A new type of tube (the Lee tube) has been developed for use in the cultivation and enumeration of obligate anaerobes. The Lee tube is a double-walled, screw-capped tube which allows the formation of a thin cylinder of agar medium between the two walls. Anaerobiosis is achieved through deoxygenation of the deep cylinder of agar during sterilization, a minimum of head space, and use of a reducing agent to absorb oxygen introduced during the inoculation procedure. For several species of Clostridium, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Veillonella alcalescens, and Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, colony counts of cultures in the Lee tubes were comparable with those obtained in pour plates incubated in a BBL GasPak system and in anaerobic roll tubes.", "PMID": 396020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10876", "title": "[Immunofluorescence investigation of formol-paraffin material].", "content": "Immunohistochemical methods were employed for the investigation of bioptic and necroptic material fixed in formol and embedded in paraffin after it had produced very little or no fluorescence at all in the use of routine immunofluorescence techniques. Partial digestion with pepsin or trypsin or both enzymes in succession mostly facilitated positive immunohistological reaction. This particular procedure gives more scope to the methodological possibilities of histological material examination in that it offers an opportunity for the immunohistological investigation of even old material not specially preserved for immunohistological purposes but routinely fixed in ordinary formol. The simplification adds general availability to the method.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence investigation of formol-paraffin material]. Immunohistochemical methods were employed for the investigation of bioptic and necroptic material fixed in formol and embedded in paraffin after it had produced very little or no fluorescence at all in the use of routine immunofluorescence techniques. Partial digestion with pepsin or trypsin or both enzymes in succession mostly facilitated positive immunohistological reaction. This particular procedure gives more scope to the methodological possibilities of histological material examination in that it offers an opportunity for the immunohistological investigation of even old material not specially preserved for immunohistological purposes but routinely fixed in ordinary formol. The simplification adds general availability to the method.", "PMID": 396044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10877", "title": "[Nuclear insulin assay after a starch and maltose load in chronic diseases of the pancreas: a preliminary note (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 48 patients with chronic pancreatitis the authors investigated the variations of blood insulin content after stimulation with starch and maltose, and compared these changes with the correspondind glycemia values. The two curves, practically matching in normal subjects, tend to diverge considerably in patients with chronic pancreatitis. According to the authors, since the assessment of exocrine pancreas function by common laboratory methods is none too satisfactory, this method may yield better appreciation of extant damage to the pancreas.", "contents": "[Nuclear insulin assay after a starch and maltose load in chronic diseases of the pancreas: a preliminary note (author's transl)]. In a group of 48 patients with chronic pancreatitis the authors investigated the variations of blood insulin content after stimulation with starch and maltose, and compared these changes with the correspondind glycemia values. The two curves, practically matching in normal subjects, tend to diverge considerably in patients with chronic pancreatitis. According to the authors, since the assessment of exocrine pancreas function by common laboratory methods is none too satisfactory, this method may yield better appreciation of extant damage to the pancreas.", "PMID": 396048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10878", "title": "[Graduated and constant compression of the lower extremities in the prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis and of pulmonary thromboembolism. Clinical trial].", "content": "The authors report their experience with graded-pressure elastic hose (TED Stockings) for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and pulmonary embolism in high-risk, bedridden postoperative patients. The trial was designed according to a closed sequential program and gave positive, statistically significant results in terms of preventing pathology with this type of hose.", "contents": "[Graduated and constant compression of the lower extremities in the prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis and of pulmonary thromboembolism. Clinical trial]. The authors report their experience with graded-pressure elastic hose (TED Stockings) for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and pulmonary embolism in high-risk, bedridden postoperative patients. The trial was designed according to a closed sequential program and gave positive, statistically significant results in terms of preventing pathology with this type of hose.", "PMID": 396049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10879", "title": "Inflammatory reactions in onchocerciasis: a report on current knowledge and recommendations for further study.", "content": "This report concerns the host's reactions to the presence of the parasite both in the course of the natural disease and during drug treatment. The various stages of Onchocerca volvulus are discussed in terms of the type of tissue reaction seen. The discussion then turns to basic hypotheses concerning the etiology of these reactions, emphasis being placed on the fact that while pathological changes are considerable in some locations there is a remarkable lack of reaction in others. Some of the mechanisms possibly involved in this apparent absence of host response are discussed, including anti-complement factors, poor antigenicity, acquisition of host antigen, immune tolerance, and blocking antibodies. In any study of the inflammatory response it is recommended that critical evaluations be made of histological material, haematological studies, the definition of the antigenic nature of O. volvulus, characterization of immunological reactivity of patients, and the definition of the migratory pathways of the parasite.The marked host reactions seen following chemotherapy, especially those related to the interaction of the drug diethylcarbamazine with microfilariae, are discussed at some length. The etiology of these reactions is considered and recommendations are made for the experimental elucidation of the mechanisms involved. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for detailed sequential histopathological and immunopathological studies in the definition of the tissue lesions found in onchocerciasis. Characterization of these lesions will assist greatly the approach to control of the adverse reactions seen during treatment.The use of anti-inflammatory agents in clinical trials is discussed and comments are made concerning the most suitable clinical situations for testing drugs and the types of drug that should be tested.", "contents": "Inflammatory reactions in onchocerciasis: a report on current knowledge and recommendations for further study. This report concerns the host's reactions to the presence of the parasite both in the course of the natural disease and during drug treatment. The various stages of Onchocerca volvulus are discussed in terms of the type of tissue reaction seen. The discussion then turns to basic hypotheses concerning the etiology of these reactions, emphasis being placed on the fact that while pathological changes are considerable in some locations there is a remarkable lack of reaction in others. Some of the mechanisms possibly involved in this apparent absence of host response are discussed, including anti-complement factors, poor antigenicity, acquisition of host antigen, immune tolerance, and blocking antibodies. In any study of the inflammatory response it is recommended that critical evaluations be made of histological material, haematological studies, the definition of the antigenic nature of O. volvulus, characterization of immunological reactivity of patients, and the definition of the migratory pathways of the parasite.The marked host reactions seen following chemotherapy, especially those related to the interaction of the drug diethylcarbamazine with microfilariae, are discussed at some length. The etiology of these reactions is considered and recommendations are made for the experimental elucidation of the mechanisms involved. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for detailed sequential histopathological and immunopathological studies in the definition of the tissue lesions found in onchocerciasis. Characterization of these lesions will assist greatly the approach to control of the adverse reactions seen during treatment.The use of anti-inflammatory agents in clinical trials is discussed and comments are made concerning the most suitable clinical situations for testing drugs and the types of drug that should be tested.", "PMID": 396050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10880", "title": "Intestinal immunity and vaccine development: a WHO memorandum.", "content": "As part of the research component of the WHO Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme, a Scientific Working Group met in August 1978 to review recent advances in knowledge of intestinal immunity, the application of genetic techniques in enteric vaccine development, the status of currently available immunizing agents against cholera, typhoid fever, and Shigella dysentery, and the prospects for the development of new or improved vaccines against the well known and newly recognized agents such as rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In each of these areas, the Group made specific recommendations for further research that should be considered for support under the WHO research programme in the field of diarrhoeal diseases.", "contents": "Intestinal immunity and vaccine development: a WHO memorandum. As part of the research component of the WHO Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme, a Scientific Working Group met in August 1978 to review recent advances in knowledge of intestinal immunity, the application of genetic techniques in enteric vaccine development, the status of currently available immunizing agents against cholera, typhoid fever, and Shigella dysentery, and the prospects for the development of new or improved vaccines against the well known and newly recognized agents such as rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In each of these areas, the Group made specific recommendations for further research that should be considered for support under the WHO research programme in the field of diarrhoeal diseases.", "PMID": 396051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10881", "title": "Tanzania Filariasis Project: a provocative day test with diethylcarbamazine for the detection of microfilariae of nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood.", "content": "In coastal Tanzania, an area where the microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti exhibit nocturnal periodicity, the administration of 2 mg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) per kg body weight in the daytime provoked mf to enter the peripheral blood. In persons on normal daily activities the daytime DEC provocative method proved to be as sensitive in detecting microfilaraemia as was the examination of night blood. Its use in routine surveys is therefore justified. Although mf densities by day and night were highly correlated (r = 0.83) they tended to be lower after provocative daytime DEC than in the corresponding night blood, except in very light infections. This method was also useful in assessing the parasitological response to mass chemotherapy with DEC, but, in comparison with the results of the night blood examinations, the sensitivity and magnitude of the counts in persons remaining positive progressively decreased as the period of DEC administration increased. A correction factor has to be calculated to take account of this, and/or additional night blood samples must be taken.The dose of 2 mg of DEC per kg body weight used was readily acceptable to the people in coastal East Africa, whose cooperation is difficult to obtain for night blood surveys. Apart from W. bancrofti, the only human filarial infection occasionally encountered in this area was Dipetalonema perstans. Because of the risk of a severe Mazzotti reaction the test is contraindicated in onchocerciasis endemic regions. Severe reactions may also occur in subjects with loaiasis.", "contents": "Tanzania Filariasis Project: a provocative day test with diethylcarbamazine for the detection of microfilariae of nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood. In coastal Tanzania, an area where the microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti exhibit nocturnal periodicity, the administration of 2 mg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) per kg body weight in the daytime provoked mf to enter the peripheral blood. In persons on normal daily activities the daytime DEC provocative method proved to be as sensitive in detecting microfilaraemia as was the examination of night blood. Its use in routine surveys is therefore justified. Although mf densities by day and night were highly correlated (r = 0.83) they tended to be lower after provocative daytime DEC than in the corresponding night blood, except in very light infections. This method was also useful in assessing the parasitological response to mass chemotherapy with DEC, but, in comparison with the results of the night blood examinations, the sensitivity and magnitude of the counts in persons remaining positive progressively decreased as the period of DEC administration increased. A correction factor has to be calculated to take account of this, and/or additional night blood samples must be taken.The dose of 2 mg of DEC per kg body weight used was readily acceptable to the people in coastal East Africa, whose cooperation is difficult to obtain for night blood surveys. Apart from W. bancrofti, the only human filarial infection occasionally encountered in this area was Dipetalonema perstans. Because of the risk of a severe Mazzotti reaction the test is contraindicated in onchocerciasis endemic regions. Severe reactions may also occur in subjects with loaiasis.", "PMID": 396052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10882", "title": "Initial experiences with praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "Initial studies of the tolerance and efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium were conducted at the WHO Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia. The first stage of the trial was a double-blind assessment against placebo of the tolerance and efficacy of oral doses of 1x20, 2x20, or 3x20 mg/kg in patients with a minimum schistosome egg excretion of 50 per random 10-ml sample of urine. Later a single-blind trial was carried out of the efficacy of three oral doses, each of 20 mg/kg, given at 4-hour intervals, or of a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg.In 79 young Zambians with S. haematobium infections (and often other parasitic infections), patient tolerance to the drug was very good, only minor post-treatment symptoms of intermittent epigastric pain, anorexia, and headache being noted, all of short duration.No changes of clinical relevance were detected in the results of a battery of haematological and biochemical tests. Post-treatment eosinophilia occurred in 42% of drug-treated patients but also in 30% of those given placebo. Serial electrocardiograms revealed no changes of significance.At six months after treatment, of 73 patients followed up, only 1 case of parasitological failure was detected. At one year, 66 (83.5%) of 79 patients with S. haematobium infection were followed up and 2 (2.5%) parasitological failures were detected.Two years after treatment, 45 (57%) of 79 patients with S. haematobium showed negative urines, 7 (9%) had positive hatching tests, and 27 (34%) were absent.", "contents": "Initial experiences with praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium. Initial studies of the tolerance and efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium were conducted at the WHO Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia. The first stage of the trial was a double-blind assessment against placebo of the tolerance and efficacy of oral doses of 1x20, 2x20, or 3x20 mg/kg in patients with a minimum schistosome egg excretion of 50 per random 10-ml sample of urine. Later a single-blind trial was carried out of the efficacy of three oral doses, each of 20 mg/kg, given at 4-hour intervals, or of a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg.In 79 young Zambians with S. haematobium infections (and often other parasitic infections), patient tolerance to the drug was very good, only minor post-treatment symptoms of intermittent epigastric pain, anorexia, and headache being noted, all of short duration.No changes of clinical relevance were detected in the results of a battery of haematological and biochemical tests. Post-treatment eosinophilia occurred in 42% of drug-treated patients but also in 30% of those given placebo. Serial electrocardiograms revealed no changes of significance.At six months after treatment, of 73 patients followed up, only 1 case of parasitological failure was detected. At one year, 66 (83.5%) of 79 patients with S. haematobium infection were followed up and 2 (2.5%) parasitological failures were detected.Two years after treatment, 45 (57%) of 79 patients with S. haematobium showed negative urines, 7 (9%) had positive hatching tests, and 27 (34%) were absent.", "PMID": 396053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10883", "title": "Preliminary trials with praziquantel in human infections due to Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "As part of a programme of multicentre trials of the tolerance and therapeutic effect of praziquantel, clinical trials were carried out in Brazil in patients with active Schistosoma mansoni infections, each of whom had a minimum geometric mean egg output of 100 eggs per gram of faeces calculated from multiple pretreatment stool examinations.The first stage was a double-blind assessment of tolerance and efficacy of oral doses of 1 x 20, 2 x 20, or 3 x 20 mg of praziquantel per kg of body weight. Subsequently, single-blind trials explored the effects of 3 x 20 mg/kg at 4-hourly intervals, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg.Side effects increased in frequency as dosage increased. Nausea, epigastric pain, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness were all noted but their severity was mild or moderate and they disappeared in 48 hours. In general, monitoring laboratory tests showed little change.Following a stringent parasitological follow-up, 96% of 28 patients followed at 1 year after treatment with either 3 x 20 mg/kg or 1 x 50 mg/kg were cured. Praziquantel seems to be a very promising drug against S. mansoni and further clinical trials should be strongly encouraged.", "contents": "Preliminary trials with praziquantel in human infections due to Schistosoma mansoni. As part of a programme of multicentre trials of the tolerance and therapeutic effect of praziquantel, clinical trials were carried out in Brazil in patients with active Schistosoma mansoni infections, each of whom had a minimum geometric mean egg output of 100 eggs per gram of faeces calculated from multiple pretreatment stool examinations.The first stage was a double-blind assessment of tolerance and efficacy of oral doses of 1 x 20, 2 x 20, or 3 x 20 mg of praziquantel per kg of body weight. Subsequently, single-blind trials explored the effects of 3 x 20 mg/kg at 4-hourly intervals, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg.Side effects increased in frequency as dosage increased. Nausea, epigastric pain, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness were all noted but their severity was mild or moderate and they disappeared in 48 hours. In general, monitoring laboratory tests showed little change.Following a stringent parasitological follow-up, 96% of 28 patients followed at 1 year after treatment with either 3 x 20 mg/kg or 1 x 50 mg/kg were cured. Praziquantel seems to be a very promising drug against S. mansoni and further clinical trials should be strongly encouraged.", "PMID": 396054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10884", "title": "Double-blind studies of tolerance to praziquantel in Japanese patients with Schistosoma japonicum infections.", "content": "The first clinical trials of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum infections in Japan were planned to assess tolerance only. Three double-blind studies against placebo involving a total of 51 patients were conducted with dosages of praziquantel of 1 x 20 mg/kg body weight, 2 x 20 mg/kg, 3 x 20 mg/kg given on one day.The frequency of unwanted side effects was higher in the group of patients given praziquantel at a dose of 3 x 20 mg/kg than in all other drug- or placebo-treated patients. In general, the side effects, which included drowsiness, headache, lumbago, abdominal fullness, or epigastric discomfort, lasted for several hours but disappeared spontaneously. The results of laboratory tests showed no significant changes caused by treatment.The overall assessment showed excellent or good tolerance in all patients treated with praziquantel at the lower dose levels. In those given 3 x 20 mg/kg, tolerance was excellent in 1 of 12 patients, good in 9, and fair in 2, whereas the respective placebo-treated group showed excellent tolerance in 3 of 12, good in 7, and fair in 2.", "contents": "Double-blind studies of tolerance to praziquantel in Japanese patients with Schistosoma japonicum infections. The first clinical trials of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum infections in Japan were planned to assess tolerance only. Three double-blind studies against placebo involving a total of 51 patients were conducted with dosages of praziquantel of 1 x 20 mg/kg body weight, 2 x 20 mg/kg, 3 x 20 mg/kg given on one day.The frequency of unwanted side effects was higher in the group of patients given praziquantel at a dose of 3 x 20 mg/kg than in all other drug- or placebo-treated patients. In general, the side effects, which included drowsiness, headache, lumbago, abdominal fullness, or epigastric discomfort, lasted for several hours but disappeared spontaneously. The results of laboratory tests showed no significant changes caused by treatment.The overall assessment showed excellent or good tolerance in all patients treated with praziquantel at the lower dose levels. In those given 3 x 20 mg/kg, tolerance was excellent in 1 of 12 patients, good in 9, and fair in 2, whereas the respective placebo-treated group showed excellent tolerance in 3 of 12, good in 7, and fair in 2.", "PMID": 396055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10885", "title": "Preliminary clinical trials with praziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum infections in the Philippines.", "content": "Praziquantel, a new antischistosomal compound, was tested for tolerance and efficacy against placebo in two double-blind clinical trials in Philippine patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum.The compound was given orally at a dose of 3 x 20 mg/kg at intervals of 4 hours to a total of 82 patients-some without advanced disease and some with hepatosplenic involvement. A total of 43 patients received placebo. In a single-blind trial, 42 patients were given a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Monitoring of vital organ functions included comprehensive laboratory tests and serial electrocardiograms. In 38 patients with hepatosplenic involvement due to advanced stages of infection, serial electroencephalograms were additionally recorded. No toxic effects were observed in any of these examinations.Undesirable side effects occurred in 53% of the patients given 3 x 20 mg/kg and in 70% after a dose of 1 x 50 mg/kg. They consisted mainly of abdominal discomfort, fever, sweating, and occasionally giddiness, but in general were transient and mild. At 6 months post-treatment, 60 of 75 patients treated with 3 x 20 mg/kg and 29 of 41 treated with 1 x 50 mg/kg were completely negative for eggs. At 12 months post-treatment, 25 of 33 and 14 of 26 patients in the two treatment groups were cured. Thus the divided dosage gave a superior therapeutic result. Praziquantel proved to be free of major toxicity, and was well tolerated, highly effective, and easy to administer. Confirmation of results in extended trials may soon permit large-scale treatment.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical trials with praziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum infections in the Philippines. Praziquantel, a new antischistosomal compound, was tested for tolerance and efficacy against placebo in two double-blind clinical trials in Philippine patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum.The compound was given orally at a dose of 3 x 20 mg/kg at intervals of 4 hours to a total of 82 patients-some without advanced disease and some with hepatosplenic involvement. A total of 43 patients received placebo. In a single-blind trial, 42 patients were given a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Monitoring of vital organ functions included comprehensive laboratory tests and serial electrocardiograms. In 38 patients with hepatosplenic involvement due to advanced stages of infection, serial electroencephalograms were additionally recorded. No toxic effects were observed in any of these examinations.Undesirable side effects occurred in 53% of the patients given 3 x 20 mg/kg and in 70% after a dose of 1 x 50 mg/kg. They consisted mainly of abdominal discomfort, fever, sweating, and occasionally giddiness, but in general were transient and mild. At 6 months post-treatment, 60 of 75 patients treated with 3 x 20 mg/kg and 29 of 41 treated with 1 x 50 mg/kg were completely negative for eggs. At 12 months post-treatment, 25 of 33 and 14 of 26 patients in the two treatment groups were cured. Thus the divided dosage gave a superior therapeutic result. Praziquantel proved to be free of major toxicity, and was well tolerated, highly effective, and easy to administer. Confirmation of results in extended trials may soon permit large-scale treatment.", "PMID": 396056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10886", "title": "Trial of BCG vaccines in south India for tuberculosis prevention: first report--Tuberculosis Prevention Trial.", "content": "The protective effect of BCG vaccination is being evaluated in a controlled community trial near Madras in south India. After tuberculin and sensitin testing and radiographic and bacteriological examinations, BCG vaccines and placebo were allocated randomly to about 260 000 individuals, of whom 115 000 were definitely tuberculin negative at the time of vaccination. Intensive efforts are being made, by means of regular follow-up surveys, to identify all new cases of tuberculosis occurring in the community. This report presents the findings of the first 7(1/2) years of follow-up. Incidence of infection was high in the study population. However, incidence of bacillary disease was more frequent among initial tuberculin reactors, especially among the older persons, than among non-reactors of whom the majority were in the younger age groups. The distribution of new cases of bacillary tuberculosis among those not infected at intake did not show any evidence of a protective effect of the BCG vaccines.", "contents": "Trial of BCG vaccines in south India for tuberculosis prevention: first report--Tuberculosis Prevention Trial. The protective effect of BCG vaccination is being evaluated in a controlled community trial near Madras in south India. After tuberculin and sensitin testing and radiographic and bacteriological examinations, BCG vaccines and placebo were allocated randomly to about 260 000 individuals, of whom 115 000 were definitely tuberculin negative at the time of vaccination. Intensive efforts are being made, by means of regular follow-up surveys, to identify all new cases of tuberculosis occurring in the community. This report presents the findings of the first 7(1/2) years of follow-up. Incidence of infection was high in the study population. However, incidence of bacillary disease was more frequent among initial tuberculin reactors, especially among the older persons, than among non-reactors of whom the majority were in the younger age groups. The distribution of new cases of bacillary tuberculosis among those not infected at intake did not show any evidence of a protective effect of the BCG vaccines.", "PMID": 396057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10887", "title": "Release of active and inactive renin by the human kidney.", "content": "1. Active and inactive renin were assayed in plasma of the renal veins and the inferior vena cava below the kidney in eight patients with hypertension and unilateral renal abnormalities, 20 min after the patients had resumed the upright position. 2. The concentration of active renin on the affected side was significantly higher than that on the non-affected side. The concentration of inactive renin on the affected side was significantly lower than that on the non-affected side and in the inferior vena cava. 3. These findings suggest either that the affected kidney mainly secretes active renin, which is then converted into inactive renin in the extrarenal circulation, or that the affected kidney activates inactive renin.", "contents": "Release of active and inactive renin by the human kidney. 1. Active and inactive renin were assayed in plasma of the renal veins and the inferior vena cava below the kidney in eight patients with hypertension and unilateral renal abnormalities, 20 min after the patients had resumed the upright position. 2. The concentration of active renin on the affected side was significantly higher than that on the non-affected side. The concentration of inactive renin on the affected side was significantly lower than that on the non-affected side and in the inferior vena cava. 3. These findings suggest either that the affected kidney mainly secretes active renin, which is then converted into inactive renin in the extrarenal circulation, or that the affected kidney activates inactive renin.", "PMID": 396059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10888", "title": "The immunology of human and animal cysticercosis: a review.", "content": "In this review of the literature concerning the immunology of animal and human cysticercosis, emphasis is placed on whether previous exposure to the antigen confers protection to the host. Statistical analysis of the published data indicates that immunized animals have a lower risk than non-immunized animals of contracting cysticercosis, there being large variations within and between different host-cysticercus relationships. There is no indication as to which antigen is best for immunization but, although live parasites in all stages of development, or extracts, appear to give protection, embryos, eggs, and excretions are most frequently used. Antibodies appear to be the principal mediators of resistance, but the action seems to be only upon very young larvae, while fully grown cysticerci are unharmed. Several immunological methods are valuable in the diagnosis of cysticercosis, the choice depending more on the purpose of the study than on differences in their ability to discriminate between healthy and sick. The presence of anticysticercus antibodies in the serum of up to 50% of human patients indicates that human vaccination may be possible in high-risk areas; the remaining patients pose an interesting problem open to speculation and research on immunological evasion, immunodepression, and the existence of serotypes.", "contents": "The immunology of human and animal cysticercosis: a review. In this review of the literature concerning the immunology of animal and human cysticercosis, emphasis is placed on whether previous exposure to the antigen confers protection to the host. Statistical analysis of the published data indicates that immunized animals have a lower risk than non-immunized animals of contracting cysticercosis, there being large variations within and between different host-cysticercus relationships. There is no indication as to which antigen is best for immunization but, although live parasites in all stages of development, or extracts, appear to give protection, embryos, eggs, and excretions are most frequently used. Antibodies appear to be the principal mediators of resistance, but the action seems to be only upon very young larvae, while fully grown cysticerci are unharmed. Several immunological methods are valuable in the diagnosis of cysticercosis, the choice depending more on the purpose of the study than on differences in their ability to discriminate between healthy and sick. The presence of anticysticercus antibodies in the serum of up to 50% of human patients indicates that human vaccination may be possible in high-risk areas; the remaining patients pose an interesting problem open to speculation and research on immunological evasion, immunodepression, and the existence of serotypes.", "PMID": 396058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10889", "title": "Direct radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical localization of renin in human kidneys.", "content": "1. Highly specific antibodies to human renin were prepared in rabbits and used for the preparation of a renin-free substrate, the direct radioimmunoassay of renin in plasma and kidneys, and the localization of renin with fluoresceinated antibodies. 2. In a patient with a partially infarcted kidney, plasma renin activity was increased, and could be activated by acid. The direct measurement of plasma renin by radioimmunoassay gave identical values before and after acidification. 3. In the ischaemic part of the kidney, renin content was high, both by the enzymatic and the direct method of measurement. It was low in the non-ischaemic part of the kidney. 4. All afferent and some interlobular arteries of the obsolescent glomeruli were stained with fluoresceinated anti-renin antibodies. In the non-ischaemic area, the juxtaglomerular appratus did not stain. 5. Renin can now be measured in human plasma and kidney as an entity, by a specific radioimmunoassay. A direct investigation of this intrarenal hormone is now possible at the renal tissue level.", "contents": "Direct radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical localization of renin in human kidneys. 1. Highly specific antibodies to human renin were prepared in rabbits and used for the preparation of a renin-free substrate, the direct radioimmunoassay of renin in plasma and kidneys, and the localization of renin with fluoresceinated antibodies. 2. In a patient with a partially infarcted kidney, plasma renin activity was increased, and could be activated by acid. The direct measurement of plasma renin by radioimmunoassay gave identical values before and after acidification. 3. In the ischaemic part of the kidney, renin content was high, both by the enzymatic and the direct method of measurement. It was low in the non-ischaemic part of the kidney. 4. All afferent and some interlobular arteries of the obsolescent glomeruli were stained with fluoresceinated anti-renin antibodies. In the non-ischaemic area, the juxtaglomerular appratus did not stain. 5. Renin can now be measured in human plasma and kidney as an entity, by a specific radioimmunoassay. A direct investigation of this intrarenal hormone is now possible at the renal tissue level.", "PMID": 396060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10890", "title": "Renin precursor synthesis and renin-binding proteins in the mouse.", "content": "1. The precursor synthesis of renin, the storage form in the kidney and the submaxillary gland, and the molecular nature of the forms in plasma were studied in the mouse. 2. Renin is synthesized as a precursor (pre-prorenin) with a molecular weight of 50,000. 3. Renin is stored in the submaxillary gland and the kidneys as fully active renin with a molecular weight of 40,000. 4. The predominant form of renin in plasma is the active mol. wt. 40,000 form. High-molecular-weight forms of renin (800,000 and 70,000) are also present in plasma. 5. Pure 125I-labelled mol. wt. 40,000 renin binds after a change in the tertiary structure, to the plasma protease inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-antithrombin. It binds also to lipoprotein and an unidentified plasma protein. No binding was seen to more than 50 other studied plasma proteins. 6. The high-molecular-weight forms of renin in plasma may be complexes of renin with plasma protease inhibitors and lipoprotein.", "contents": "Renin precursor synthesis and renin-binding proteins in the mouse. 1. The precursor synthesis of renin, the storage form in the kidney and the submaxillary gland, and the molecular nature of the forms in plasma were studied in the mouse. 2. Renin is synthesized as a precursor (pre-prorenin) with a molecular weight of 50,000. 3. Renin is stored in the submaxillary gland and the kidneys as fully active renin with a molecular weight of 40,000. 4. The predominant form of renin in plasma is the active mol. wt. 40,000 form. High-molecular-weight forms of renin (800,000 and 70,000) are also present in plasma. 5. Pure 125I-labelled mol. wt. 40,000 renin binds after a change in the tertiary structure, to the plasma protease inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-antithrombin. It binds also to lipoprotein and an unidentified plasma protein. No binding was seen to more than 50 other studied plasma proteins. 6. The high-molecular-weight forms of renin in plasma may be complexes of renin with plasma protease inhibitors and lipoprotein.", "PMID": 396061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10891", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of nifedipine on plasma renin activity and plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline in controls and hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist drug, was given sublingually (10 mg) to seven normal subjects and 19 patients with essential hypertension. In addition, 12 of the hypertensive subjects then received nifedipine (10 mg thrice daily) for 3 weeks. 2. Sublingual administration of nifedipine in hypertensive patients induced a prompt and sustained reduction of blood pressure, without a significant increase of heart rate; in normotensive subjects blood pressure did not change, and heart rate was significantly increased. After chronic treatment, blood pressure remained reduced and heart rate did not rise. 3. Plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity increased significantly in normotensive subjects after acute administration. 4. After both acute and chronic administration, only plasma noradrenaline was significantly increased in hypertensive patients; in long-term treatment, it was increased in both the lying and standing positions. 5. Nifedipine is an active antihypertensive drug, which may induce some degree of sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of nifedipine on plasma renin activity and plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline in controls and hypertensive patients. 1. Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist drug, was given sublingually (10 mg) to seven normal subjects and 19 patients with essential hypertension. In addition, 12 of the hypertensive subjects then received nifedipine (10 mg thrice daily) for 3 weeks. 2. Sublingual administration of nifedipine in hypertensive patients induced a prompt and sustained reduction of blood pressure, without a significant increase of heart rate; in normotensive subjects blood pressure did not change, and heart rate was significantly increased. After chronic treatment, blood pressure remained reduced and heart rate did not rise. 3. Plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity increased significantly in normotensive subjects after acute administration. 4. After both acute and chronic administration, only plasma noradrenaline was significantly increased in hypertensive patients; in long-term treatment, it was increased in both the lying and standing positions. 5. Nifedipine is an active antihypertensive drug, which may induce some degree of sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 396062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10892", "title": "Haemodynamic profile of angiotensin II antagonism in essential hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. The haemodynamic response to antagonistic (10 microgram min-1 kg-1) and agonistic (40 microgram min-1 kg-1) doses of saralasin was studied in young essential hypertensive patients. Blood pressure behaviour alone was thought to be inadequate to describe the response pattern. 2. Pre-saralasin setting of the renin-angiotensin axis was varied with salt intake (15 and 290 mmol of Na+/day) each for 10 days. This failed to influence blood pressure or plasma volume. 3. Antagonist blockade after low salt lowered blood pressure in three patients with the highest plasma renin values. Cardiac output rose in two of these, but it dropped in all others. 4. Decreases in cardiac output occurred with both doses of saralasin and even with suppression of the renin-angiotensin axis. This response is therefore unlikely to be due to removal of myocardial or venous angiotensin effects. 5. The renin-angiotensin system played a part in maintenance of blood pressure only with severe salt restriction and in a small proportion of cases. 6. No heart rate effect was seen with sarcalasin. 7. Blood pressure and total peripheral resistance responses were dependent on pre-(antagonist/agonist) setting, but heart rate and cardiac output were not influenced by this factor.", "contents": "Haemodynamic profile of angiotensin II antagonism in essential hypertensive patients. 1. The haemodynamic response to antagonistic (10 microgram min-1 kg-1) and agonistic (40 microgram min-1 kg-1) doses of saralasin was studied in young essential hypertensive patients. Blood pressure behaviour alone was thought to be inadequate to describe the response pattern. 2. Pre-saralasin setting of the renin-angiotensin axis was varied with salt intake (15 and 290 mmol of Na+/day) each for 10 days. This failed to influence blood pressure or plasma volume. 3. Antagonist blockade after low salt lowered blood pressure in three patients with the highest plasma renin values. Cardiac output rose in two of these, but it dropped in all others. 4. Decreases in cardiac output occurred with both doses of saralasin and even with suppression of the renin-angiotensin axis. This response is therefore unlikely to be due to removal of myocardial or venous angiotensin effects. 5. The renin-angiotensin system played a part in maintenance of blood pressure only with severe salt restriction and in a small proportion of cases. 6. No heart rate effect was seen with sarcalasin. 7. Blood pressure and total peripheral resistance responses were dependent on pre-(antagonist/agonist) setting, but heart rate and cardiac output were not influenced by this factor.", "PMID": 396063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10893", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade during combined thiazide-beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker treatment.", "content": "1. Sixteen patients (11 male, five female), median age 41 years, with essential hypertension insufficiently controlled by hydrochlorothiazide (75 mg/day; diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg), were studied. 2. Plasma renin concentration [renin], plasma angiotensin II concentration ([ANG II]), plasma volume and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were determined, and a saralasin infusion (5.4 nmol min-1 kg-1) was carried out while the patients were on thiazide alone and, in 14 cases, 3 months after addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker (propranolol, six, metoprolol, six, and atenolol, two patients). 3. On thiazide alone, saralasin caused a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in 12 out of 16 patients. The saralasin response was closely related to pre-saralasin plasma [ANG II] (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01). Plasma [renin] and [ANG II] were higher than normal in the group as a whole. 4. After addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased from 164/109 mmHg to 136/94 mmHg. Plasma [renin] and [ANG II] decreased by 40 and 58% respectively. At this point, saralasin caused no significant change in mean arterial pressure. No close correlation was found between plasma [renin] or [ANG II] or saralasin response on thiazide treatment and changes in blood pressure during subsequent thiazide/beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker treatment. Plasma volume and NaE did not change significantly. 5. In patients with thiazide-induced stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker leads to suppression of the system and, at the same time, ANG II-dependence of blood pressure disappears. This contributes to the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blockers in this particular situation.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade during combined thiazide-beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker treatment. 1. Sixteen patients (11 male, five female), median age 41 years, with essential hypertension insufficiently controlled by hydrochlorothiazide (75 mg/day; diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg), were studied. 2. Plasma renin concentration [renin], plasma angiotensin II concentration ([ANG II]), plasma volume and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were determined, and a saralasin infusion (5.4 nmol min-1 kg-1) was carried out while the patients were on thiazide alone and, in 14 cases, 3 months after addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker (propranolol, six, metoprolol, six, and atenolol, two patients). 3. On thiazide alone, saralasin caused a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in 12 out of 16 patients. The saralasin response was closely related to pre-saralasin plasma [ANG II] (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01). Plasma [renin] and [ANG II] were higher than normal in the group as a whole. 4. After addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased from 164/109 mmHg to 136/94 mmHg. Plasma [renin] and [ANG II] decreased by 40 and 58% respectively. At this point, saralasin caused no significant change in mean arterial pressure. No close correlation was found between plasma [renin] or [ANG II] or saralasin response on thiazide treatment and changes in blood pressure during subsequent thiazide/beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker treatment. Plasma volume and NaE did not change significantly. 5. In patients with thiazide-induced stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, addition of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker leads to suppression of the system and, at the same time, ANG II-dependence of blood pressure disappears. This contributes to the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blockers in this particular situation.", "PMID": 396064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10894", "title": "Contribution of the kidneys but not adrenal glands to the acute antihypertensive effects of captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Captopril (100 mg/kg, orally) decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. Bilateral adrenalectomy either before or after captopril administration did not alter the antihypertensive effect of captopril. 3. Bilateral nephrectomy reversed the established antihypertensive effect of captopril and prevented any change in blood pressure to a subsequent dose of captopril. 4. It is concluded that kidneys but not adrenal glands are essential to the antihypertensive actions of captopril in SH rats.", "contents": "Contribution of the kidneys but not adrenal glands to the acute antihypertensive effects of captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Captopril (100 mg/kg, orally) decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. 2. Bilateral adrenalectomy either before or after captopril administration did not alter the antihypertensive effect of captopril. 3. Bilateral nephrectomy reversed the established antihypertensive effect of captopril and prevented any change in blood pressure to a subsequent dose of captopril. 4. It is concluded that kidneys but not adrenal glands are essential to the antihypertensive actions of captopril in SH rats.", "PMID": 396065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10895", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of captopril in hypertensive patients: comparison with saralasin.", "content": "1. Captopril (25 mg) reduced plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) by 53% (P less than 0.001) and mean brachial artery pressure (MBAP) by 18.7 mmHg (P less than 0.001) within 75 min in 26 hypertensive patients. After 2 months (on 150-600 mg/day) MBAP had decreased by 27.1 mmHg (n = 18) with no further change of plasma ANG II. delta MBAP was significantly related to control log plasm renin (PRA)  and log ANG II in both conditions. 2. The acute depressor response to captopril was 11.2 mmHg greater (P less than 0.001) than delta MBAP during saralasin infusion (n = 12). 3. Heart rate slightly increased after acute administration of captopril (+3.3 beats/min; P less than 0.005), but cardiac output was not significantly affected; systemic vascular resistance decreased by 10% (P less than 0.01) with unchanged pulmonary vascular resistance. 4. During chronic administration, oxygen consumption, cardiac output and stroke volume increased by 15% (P less than 0.01), with unchanged heart rate; systemic vascular resistance had dropped by 30% (P less than 0.001). 5. Plasma ANG II and plasma aldosterone decreased, and PRA and ANG I increased acutely, with no further changes during chronic treatment.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of captopril in hypertensive patients: comparison with saralasin. 1. Captopril (25 mg) reduced plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) by 53% (P less than 0.001) and mean brachial artery pressure (MBAP) by 18.7 mmHg (P less than 0.001) within 75 min in 26 hypertensive patients. After 2 months (on 150-600 mg/day) MBAP had decreased by 27.1 mmHg (n = 18) with no further change of plasma ANG II. delta MBAP was significantly related to control log plasm renin (PRA)  and log ANG II in both conditions. 2. The acute depressor response to captopril was 11.2 mmHg greater (P less than 0.001) than delta MBAP during saralasin infusion (n = 12). 3. Heart rate slightly increased after acute administration of captopril (+3.3 beats/min; P less than 0.005), but cardiac output was not significantly affected; systemic vascular resistance decreased by 10% (P less than 0.01) with unchanged pulmonary vascular resistance. 4. During chronic administration, oxygen consumption, cardiac output and stroke volume increased by 15% (P less than 0.01), with unchanged heart rate; systemic vascular resistance had dropped by 30% (P less than 0.001). 5. Plasma ANG II and plasma aldosterone decreased, and PRA and ANG I increased acutely, with no further changes during chronic treatment.", "PMID": 396066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10896", "title": "Alpha-adrenergic suppression of renin secretion in the rat independent of renal vasoconstriction.", "content": "1. The effect of alpha-adrenergic stimulation, with phenylephrine, on isoprenaline-provoked renin secretion was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 2. Infusion of phenylephrine increased renal perfusion pressure and prevented renin secretion in response to isoprenaline. 3. Renal vasoconstriction was abolished and the response in renin secretion to isoprenaline was restored by alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine. 4. In contrast, when renal vasoconstriction was prevented by dihydrallazine, suppression of renin release by phenylephrine still occurred. 5. These observations support an inhibitory effect of a non-vascular alpha-adrenergic mechanism on renin release. It is suggested that the alpha-receptor mediating this effect is directly related to the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cell.", "contents": "Alpha-adrenergic suppression of renin secretion in the rat independent of renal vasoconstriction. 1. The effect of alpha-adrenergic stimulation, with phenylephrine, on isoprenaline-provoked renin secretion was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 2. Infusion of phenylephrine increased renal perfusion pressure and prevented renin secretion in response to isoprenaline. 3. Renal vasoconstriction was abolished and the response in renin secretion to isoprenaline was restored by alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine. 4. In contrast, when renal vasoconstriction was prevented by dihydrallazine, suppression of renin release by phenylephrine still occurred. 5. These observations support an inhibitory effect of a non-vascular alpha-adrenergic mechanism on renin release. It is suggested that the alpha-receptor mediating this effect is directly related to the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cell.", "PMID": 396069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10897", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline concentration in hypertensive and normotensive 40-year-old individuals: relationship to plasma renin concentration.", "content": "1. Forty-year-old individuals with mild essential hypertension, identified during a survey of a population born in 1936, were investigated. Forty-year-old normotensive subjects, drawn from the same population, served as a control group. 2. Plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin concentration at rest supine and after acute stimulation, as induced by frusemide intravenously and ambulation, did not differ from reference values in the 40-year-old normotensive controls. In the hypertensive group a close correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001) was found between plasma noradrenaline and plasma renin concentration after acute stimulation. 3. Sympathetic nerve activity, as defined by measurements of plasma noradrenaline, is normal in mild essential hypertension. Discrepancies described in the literature are probably related to a lack of comparability between hypertensive and normotensive study populations.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline concentration in hypertensive and normotensive 40-year-old individuals: relationship to plasma renin concentration. 1. Forty-year-old individuals with mild essential hypertension, identified during a survey of a population born in 1936, were investigated. Forty-year-old normotensive subjects, drawn from the same population, served as a control group. 2. Plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin concentration at rest supine and after acute stimulation, as induced by frusemide intravenously and ambulation, did not differ from reference values in the 40-year-old normotensive controls. In the hypertensive group a close correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001) was found between plasma noradrenaline and plasma renin concentration after acute stimulation. 3. Sympathetic nerve activity, as defined by measurements of plasma noradrenaline, is normal in mild essential hypertension. Discrepancies described in the literature are probably related to a lack of comparability between hypertensive and normotensive study populations.", "PMID": 396070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10898", "title": "The effect of mental stress on catecholamines, their metabolites and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects.", "content": "1. Ten patients with essential hypertension and ten healthy men were submitted to mental stress consisting of Kraepelin's arithmetic test combined with noise. Concentrations of plasma and urine catecholamines and of their metabolites as well as plasma renin activity before and after the test were studied. 2. In both groups a significant increase of noradrenaline and adrenaline in blood and noradrenaline in urine was observed. The urinary excretion of dopamine fell significantly in both groups after stress. 3. After mental stress a significant increase in urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol was observed in both groups. The excretion of vanillylmandelic acid decreased significantly only in healthy subjects. 4. The plasma renin activity rose significantly in both groups but the increase was more pronounced in healthy subjects.", "contents": "The effect of mental stress on catecholamines, their metabolites and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy subjects. 1. Ten patients with essential hypertension and ten healthy men were submitted to mental stress consisting of Kraepelin's arithmetic test combined with noise. Concentrations of plasma and urine catecholamines and of their metabolites as well as plasma renin activity before and after the test were studied. 2. In both groups a significant increase of noradrenaline and adrenaline in blood and noradrenaline in urine was observed. The urinary excretion of dopamine fell significantly in both groups after stress. 3. After mental stress a significant increase in urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol was observed in both groups. The excretion of vanillylmandelic acid decreased significantly only in healthy subjects. 4. The plasma renin activity rose significantly in both groups but the increase was more pronounced in healthy subjects.", "PMID": 396071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10899", "title": "Origin of kallikrein in rat and human exocrine glands and kidney.", "content": "1. The cellular localization of kallikrein was investigated in rat and human exocrine glands and kidney by a direct immunofluorescence technique. 2. Kallikrein was found in the duct system of the rat and human major salivary glands. 3. Kallikrein was found in the distal tubular cells of the rat kidney. Attempts to localize kallikrein in the human kidney were unsuccessful. 4. In the rat and human pancreas, kallikrein was found as a pro-enzyme in the acinar cells.", "contents": "Origin of kallikrein in rat and human exocrine glands and kidney. 1. The cellular localization of kallikrein was investigated in rat and human exocrine glands and kidney by a direct immunofluorescence technique. 2. Kallikrein was found in the duct system of the rat and human major salivary glands. 3. Kallikrein was found in the distal tubular cells of the rat kidney. Attempts to localize kallikrein in the human kidney were unsuccessful. 4. In the rat and human pancreas, kallikrein was found as a pro-enzyme in the acinar cells.", "PMID": 396072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10900", "title": "Inhibition of urinary kallikrein excretion by semi-purified renin in the rat.", "content": "1. Rat kidney extracts obtained at successive stages of a purification procedure, which allows the separation of renin and kallikrein, were used in order to investigate their effect upon urinary excretion of kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water in hyperhydrated rats. 2. Only the purified fraction containing renin reduced kallikrein excretion. The decrease of kallikrein coincided with a considerable increase in sodium, potassium and water excretion. 3. The natriuretic effect of renin extract did not depend on the presence of kallikrein. The injection of a mixture of renin and kallikrein attenuated the effect of renin alone, indicating that both enzymes exert antagonistic actions on the excretion of electrolytes and water by the kidneys. 4. A purified fraction of kidney extract containing no kallikrein and only traces of renin activity, had a stimulatory effect on kallikrein, water and electrolyte excretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of urinary kallikrein excretion by semi-purified renin in the rat. 1. Rat kidney extracts obtained at successive stages of a purification procedure, which allows the separation of renin and kallikrein, were used in order to investigate their effect upon urinary excretion of kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water in hyperhydrated rats. 2. Only the purified fraction containing renin reduced kallikrein excretion. The decrease of kallikrein coincided with a considerable increase in sodium, potassium and water excretion. 3. The natriuretic effect of renin extract did not depend on the presence of kallikrein. The injection of a mixture of renin and kallikrein attenuated the effect of renin alone, indicating that both enzymes exert antagonistic actions on the excretion of electrolytes and water by the kidneys. 4. A purified fraction of kidney extract containing no kallikrein and only traces of renin activity, had a stimulatory effect on kallikrein, water and electrolyte excretion.", "PMID": 396073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10901", "title": "Urinary kallikrein in normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Excretion of urinary kallikrein was normal in 13 out of 15 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. 2. Frusemide increased urinary kallikrein excretion in normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. The stimulating effect of frusemide on urinary kallikrein was significantly diminished in patients with essential hypertension. 3. No correlations of urinary kallikrein with sodium, potassium, and aldosterone excretion were found. 4. The results do not support the idea that urinary kallikrein plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein in normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. 1. Excretion of urinary kallikrein was normal in 13 out of 15 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. 2. Frusemide increased urinary kallikrein excretion in normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. The stimulating effect of frusemide on urinary kallikrein was significantly diminished in patients with essential hypertension. 3. No correlations of urinary kallikrein with sodium, potassium, and aldosterone excretion were found. 4. The results do not support the idea that urinary kallikrein plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 396074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10902", "title": "Urinary prostaglandins and kallikrein in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Urinary prostaglandins (PG), kallikrein and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in 35 patients with essential hypertension and 22 normotensive controls before and 15 min after frusemide (40 mg intravenously). 2. PGE2 and kallikrein excretion rates were lower in hypertensive subjects, and failed to rise to the same extent after frusemide. PGF2 alpha excretion was not significantly different in the two groups of patients either before or after frusemide. PRA rose less in the hypertensive subjects after frusemide. 3. These findings support the view that there is an abnormality of renal vasodilator systems (PGE2 and kallikrein) in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary prostaglandins and kallikrein in essential hypertension. 1. Urinary prostaglandins (PG), kallikrein and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in 35 patients with essential hypertension and 22 normotensive controls before and 15 min after frusemide (40 mg intravenously). 2. PGE2 and kallikrein excretion rates were lower in hypertensive subjects, and failed to rise to the same extent after frusemide. PGF2 alpha excretion was not significantly different in the two groups of patients either before or after frusemide. PRA rose less in the hypertensive subjects after frusemide. 3. These findings support the view that there is an abnormality of renal vasodilator systems (PGE2 and kallikrein) in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 396075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10903", "title": "Sodium balance, urinary prostaglandin E2 and renin in normal man.", "content": "1. Urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2 excretion and plasma renin were measured in five healthy volunteer subjects for 2 h after intravenous injection of frusemid (protocol A) and during salt restriction for 7 days with frusemide added on the 2 last days (protocol B). 2 In protocol A, peak values in PGE2 and urine flow were reached in 10-20 min, after which the values rapidly subsided. Plasma renin increased twofold in 60 min. 3. In protocol B, even during severe antinatriuresis (day 5) and during maximal negative sodium balance (day 7), no change in urinary PGE2 excretion was observed. Plasma renin increased twofold on day 5 and increased tenfold on day 7. 4. The result of protocol B does not suggest any essential role of renal PGE2 for sodium excretion or sodium homeostasis in man. The result of protocol A may point to a role of renal prostaglandins for the diuretic action of frusemide.", "contents": "Sodium balance, urinary prostaglandin E2 and renin in normal man. 1. Urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2 excretion and plasma renin were measured in five healthy volunteer subjects for 2 h after intravenous injection of frusemid (protocol A) and during salt restriction for 7 days with frusemide added on the 2 last days (protocol B). 2 In protocol A, peak values in PGE2 and urine flow were reached in 10-20 min, after which the values rapidly subsided. Plasma renin increased twofold in 60 min. 3. In protocol B, even during severe antinatriuresis (day 5) and during maximal negative sodium balance (day 7), no change in urinary PGE2 excretion was observed. Plasma renin increased twofold on day 5 and increased tenfold on day 7. 4. The result of protocol B does not suggest any essential role of renal PGE2 for sodium excretion or sodium homeostasis in man. The result of protocol A may point to a role of renal prostaglandins for the diuretic action of frusemide.", "PMID": 396076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10904", "title": "Factors determining the variability of arterial pressure in hypertension.", "content": "1. Intra-arterial pressure was recorded continuously in 26 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension under standardized conditions. Pressure was analysed beat by beat by computer and variability measured as the standard deviation of the normally distributed frequency histogram. 2. Variability was strongly influenced by physical activity, being least during sleep and increasing progressively with bed rest and ambulation. Variability during daytime was not related to time. 3. Systolic variability correlated directly with systolic pressure. An independent inverse relationship with baroreflex sensitivity was observed. Systolic variability tended to increase with obesity. 4. None of the following were related independently with variability: age; race; sex; plasma renin activity; plasma angiotensin II; plasma noradrenaline; plasma adrenaline.", "contents": "Factors determining the variability of arterial pressure in hypertension. 1. Intra-arterial pressure was recorded continuously in 26 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension under standardized conditions. Pressure was analysed beat by beat by computer and variability measured as the standard deviation of the normally distributed frequency histogram. 2. Variability was strongly influenced by physical activity, being least during sleep and increasing progressively with bed rest and ambulation. Variability during daytime was not related to time. 3. Systolic variability correlated directly with systolic pressure. An independent inverse relationship with baroreflex sensitivity was observed. Systolic variability tended to increase with obesity. 4. None of the following were related independently with variability: age; race; sex; plasma renin activity; plasma angiotensin II; plasma noradrenaline; plasma adrenaline.", "PMID": 396078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10905", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure increase in man.", "content": "1. To gain insight into the mechanism of mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure rise in man we performed haemodynamic studies in six normotensive volunteer subjects before and during administration of the synthetic steroid 9 alpha-fluorocortisol (0.8 mg daily) for a period of 6 weeks. In a further study, performed in seven subjects, plasma noradrenaline concentration and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline were determined before and during administration of the mineralocorticoid. 2. Within the first week of steroid administration an increase in mean arterial blood pressure could be demonstrated, which was due to an increase in cardiac output. After the sixth week the elevated blood pressure was the consequence of an increased total peripheral resistance. 3. Plasma noradrenaline concentration decreased and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline increased during steroid administration. 4. The mechanism underlying the increase in total peripheral resistance during long-term mineralocorticoid administration remains unclear. Increased sympathetic tone does not seem to be a factor since plasma noradrenaline decreased considerably. Pressor response to noradrenaline increased probably due to decreased sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure increase in man. 1. To gain insight into the mechanism of mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure rise in man we performed haemodynamic studies in six normotensive volunteer subjects before and during administration of the synthetic steroid 9 alpha-fluorocortisol (0.8 mg daily) for a period of 6 weeks. In a further study, performed in seven subjects, plasma noradrenaline concentration and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline were determined before and during administration of the mineralocorticoid. 2. Within the first week of steroid administration an increase in mean arterial blood pressure could be demonstrated, which was due to an increase in cardiac output. After the sixth week the elevated blood pressure was the consequence of an increased total peripheral resistance. 3. Plasma noradrenaline concentration decreased and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline increased during steroid administration. 4. The mechanism underlying the increase in total peripheral resistance during long-term mineralocorticoid administration remains unclear. Increased sympathetic tone does not seem to be a factor since plasma noradrenaline decreased considerably. Pressor response to noradrenaline increased probably due to decreased sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 396080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10906", "title": "Haemodynamics during long-term thiazide treatment in essential hypertension: differences between responders and non-responders.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, systemic haemodynamics, plasma volume, renin and aldosterone were measured during placebo treatment and after 1, 4 and 12 weeks of hydrochlorothiazide in 13 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Nine of these patients were also studied after 24 and 36 weeks of treatment. 2. Mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly during hydrochlorothiazide treatment. In seven patients the fall in mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly during hydrochlorothiazide treatment. In seven patients the fall in mean arterial pressure was greater than 10% (responders); four of these were studied for 36 weeks. The remainder were considered non-responders. 3. Hydrochlorothiazide lowered cardiac output. The maximal decrease was observed after 12 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.01). In responders this was followed by a return to pretreatment values and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance, whereas in non-responders cardiac output remained reduced and total peripheral resistance was permanently elevated. 4. Changes in plasma volume, renin and aldosterone were not significantly different in responders and non-responders although non-responders tended to show a greater degree of plasma volume depletion and a more pronounced increase in plasma aldosterone. 5. Thus it is unlikely that the initial decrease in cardiac output is an important determinant of the long-term haemodynamic effect of thiazide diuretics.", "contents": "Haemodynamics during long-term thiazide treatment in essential hypertension: differences between responders and non-responders. 1. Blood pressure, systemic haemodynamics, plasma volume, renin and aldosterone were measured during placebo treatment and after 1, 4 and 12 weeks of hydrochlorothiazide in 13 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Nine of these patients were also studied after 24 and 36 weeks of treatment. 2. Mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly during hydrochlorothiazide treatment. In seven patients the fall in mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly during hydrochlorothiazide treatment. In seven patients the fall in mean arterial pressure was greater than 10% (responders); four of these were studied for 36 weeks. The remainder were considered non-responders. 3. Hydrochlorothiazide lowered cardiac output. The maximal decrease was observed after 12 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.01). In responders this was followed by a return to pretreatment values and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance, whereas in non-responders cardiac output remained reduced and total peripheral resistance was permanently elevated. 4. Changes in plasma volume, renin and aldosterone were not significantly different in responders and non-responders although non-responders tended to show a greater degree of plasma volume depletion and a more pronounced increase in plasma aldosterone. 5. Thus it is unlikely that the initial decrease in cardiac output is an important determinant of the long-term haemodynamic effect of thiazide diuretics.", "PMID": 396081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10907", "title": "An evaluation of tienilic acid, a new diuretic uricosuric agent, in the therapy of arterial hypertension.", "content": "1. Tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide were evaluated in a double-blind trial in order to investigate their antihypertensive and metabolic effects. 2. After 5 weeks, the decreases in blood pressure and the changes in plasma or serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, and in creatinine clearance, did not differ in the two groups of patients. 3. In patients taking tienilic acid a significant decrease in serum uric acid and an increase in urate clearance was observed, whereas in patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide a slight increase in serum uric acid, with no modification of urate clearance, occurred. 4. The diuretic and antihypertensive actions of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide are very similar. The uricosuric/hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid could assume clinical relevance in long-term therapy of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "An evaluation of tienilic acid, a new diuretic uricosuric agent, in the therapy of arterial hypertension. 1. Tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide were evaluated in a double-blind trial in order to investigate their antihypertensive and metabolic effects. 2. After 5 weeks, the decreases in blood pressure and the changes in plasma or serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, and in creatinine clearance, did not differ in the two groups of patients. 3. In patients taking tienilic acid a significant decrease in serum uric acid and an increase in urate clearance was observed, whereas in patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide a slight increase in serum uric acid, with no modification of urate clearance, occurred. 4. The diuretic and antihypertensive actions of tienilic acid and hydrochlorothiazide are very similar. The uricosuric/hypouricaemic effect of tienilic acid could assume clinical relevance in long-term therapy of hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 396083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10908", "title": "Response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to long-term administration of captopril in patients with severe, treatment-resistant malignant hypertension.", "content": "1. The response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase II) with captopril has been studied in patients with severe, treatment-resistant, malignant hypertension. 2. Nine patients with a past history of severe hypertension, supine diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mmHg before conventional antihypertensive therapy and resistant to conventional antihypertensive therapy were studied. 3. Captopril administration resulted in a marked decrease in arterial blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration and an increase in plasma renin activity. 4. Although arterial blood pressure remained significantly below the values observed during the control period, pressure did tend to increase again after 3 days. Addition of hydrochlorothiazide kept arterial pressure significantly below pretreatment control values.", "contents": "Response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to long-term administration of captopril in patients with severe, treatment-resistant malignant hypertension. 1. The response of arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration to inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase II) with captopril has been studied in patients with severe, treatment-resistant, malignant hypertension. 2. Nine patients with a past history of severe hypertension, supine diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mmHg before conventional antihypertensive therapy and resistant to conventional antihypertensive therapy were studied. 3. Captopril administration resulted in a marked decrease in arterial blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration and an increase in plasma renin activity. 4. Although arterial blood pressure remained significantly below the values observed during the control period, pressure did tend to increase again after 3 days. Addition of hydrochlorothiazide kept arterial pressure significantly below pretreatment control values.", "PMID": 396084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10909", "title": "Effect of increasing doses of labetalol on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and aldosterone in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Four different doses of labetalol (150, 300, 600 and 900 mg/day) were given for 1 week to each of four groups of patients with essential hypertension (six patients for each group). 2. Labetalol decreased mean blood pressure and heart rate to the same extent on the first and the seventh days of treatment. Only standing blood pressure showed a dose-dependent inhibition both in the supine and upright position. 3. Labetalol exerted a net inhibitory effect on plasma renin activity, which was related to basal renin values and was already maximal at the lowest doses. This effect was well maintained in the supine position. This effect was well maintained in the supine position, although during standing it tended to be less evident with increasing doses. 4. Urinary aldosterone was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion and its changes were largely independent fashion and its changes were largely independent of plasma renin activity. 5. Neither basal values nor changes of renin and aldosterone were related to the hypotensive effect of labetalol. 6. During labetalol treatment urinary sodium excretion fell for 2-3 days and then returned to basal values. The retentive effect of labetalol on sodium was directly related to the decrease of blood pressure, and the successive sodium escape might be explained either by the observed increase of plasma volume (indirectly measured by packed cell volume) or by aldosterone inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of increasing doses of labetalol on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and aldosterone in hypertensive patients. 1. Four different doses of labetalol (150, 300, 600 and 900 mg/day) were given for 1 week to each of four groups of patients with essential hypertension (six patients for each group). 2. Labetalol decreased mean blood pressure and heart rate to the same extent on the first and the seventh days of treatment. Only standing blood pressure showed a dose-dependent inhibition both in the supine and upright position. 3. Labetalol exerted a net inhibitory effect on plasma renin activity, which was related to basal renin values and was already maximal at the lowest doses. This effect was well maintained in the supine position. This effect was well maintained in the supine position, although during standing it tended to be less evident with increasing doses. 4. Urinary aldosterone was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion and its changes were largely independent fashion and its changes were largely independent of plasma renin activity. 5. Neither basal values nor changes of renin and aldosterone were related to the hypotensive effect of labetalol. 6. During labetalol treatment urinary sodium excretion fell for 2-3 days and then returned to basal values. The retentive effect of labetalol on sodium was directly related to the decrease of blood pressure, and the successive sodium escape might be explained either by the observed increase of plasma volume (indirectly measured by packed cell volume) or by aldosterone inhibition.", "PMID": 396086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10910", "title": "Systemic haemodynamic effects of biofeedback in borderline hypertension.", "content": "1. Six patients with borderline hypertension underwent training in exteroceptive biofeedback (BFB) in order to increase or decrease arterial pressure. 2. Systemic haemodynamics, intravascular volume and peripheral renin activity were determined before, during and after training sessions. 3. BFB training resulted in a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (from 116 +/- 4.6 to 101 +/- 2.5 mmHg) mediated through a fall in total peripheral resistance; cardiac output, heart rate, intravascular volume and plasma renin activity remained unchanged. 4. In contrast, the increase or decrease of arterial pressure that occurred during BFB training was produced predominantly through changes in cardiac output and heart rate respectively, whereas total peripheral resistance under these circumstances remained unaffected. 5. The haemodynamic effects of BFB seem remarkably similar to the immediate or chronic effects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade, initially producing a fall in cardiac output followed by a reduced arterial pressure associated with a decreased total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Systemic haemodynamic effects of biofeedback in borderline hypertension. 1. Six patients with borderline hypertension underwent training in exteroceptive biofeedback (BFB) in order to increase or decrease arterial pressure. 2. Systemic haemodynamics, intravascular volume and peripheral renin activity were determined before, during and after training sessions. 3. BFB training resulted in a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (from 116 +/- 4.6 to 101 +/- 2.5 mmHg) mediated through a fall in total peripheral resistance; cardiac output, heart rate, intravascular volume and plasma renin activity remained unchanged. 4. In contrast, the increase or decrease of arterial pressure that occurred during BFB training was produced predominantly through changes in cardiac output and heart rate respectively, whereas total peripheral resistance under these circumstances remained unaffected. 5. The haemodynamic effects of BFB seem remarkably similar to the immediate or chronic effects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade, initially producing a fall in cardiac output followed by a reduced arterial pressure associated with a decreased total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 396087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10911", "title": "The evidence that salt is an important aetiological agent, if not the cause, of hypertension.", "content": "1. Salt intake and the incidence of hypertension correlate between populations. 2. Salt intake within a population may correlate with the incidence of hypertension. 3. Disorders that lead to retention of salt cause hypertension. 4. Modest salt restriction reduces blood pressure in many patients. 5. Reducing salt balance and preventing the compensatory rise in angiotensin II controls blood pressure in most patients. 6. Salt is the probable cause of the epidemic of hypertension in the Western world; this could be prevented by salt restriction.", "contents": "The evidence that salt is an important aetiological agent, if not the cause, of hypertension. 1. Salt intake and the incidence of hypertension correlate between populations. 2. Salt intake within a population may correlate with the incidence of hypertension. 3. Disorders that lead to retention of salt cause hypertension. 4. Modest salt restriction reduces blood pressure in many patients. 5. Reducing salt balance and preventing the compensatory rise in angiotensin II controls blood pressure in most patients. 6. Salt is the probable cause of the epidemic of hypertension in the Western world; this could be prevented by salt restriction.", "PMID": 396089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10912", "title": "Pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in renovascular and steroid hypertension.", "content": "1. The pressor response to angiotensin II was reduced in rats with early (less than 6 weeks) and chronic (greater than 4 months) Goldblatt two-kidney, one-clip hypertension and enhanced in DOCA-salt hypertension. 2. Converting enzyme inhibition with captopril brought the angiotensin pressor response curves into closer proximity although the DOCA hypertensive rats were minimally hyper-responsive and rats with early and chronic renovascular hypertension showed slightly reduced responsiveness. 3. After bilateral nephrectomy the pressor responses to angiotensin were similar. 4. The pressor response to angiotensin II in these animals was inversely related to plasma renin concentration and therefore largely dependent upon receptor occupancy by endogenous angiotensin II. There is no evidence for enhanced pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in either renovascular or DOCA hypertension.", "contents": "Pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in renovascular and steroid hypertension. 1. The pressor response to angiotensin II was reduced in rats with early (less than 6 weeks) and chronic (greater than 4 months) Goldblatt two-kidney, one-clip hypertension and enhanced in DOCA-salt hypertension. 2. Converting enzyme inhibition with captopril brought the angiotensin pressor response curves into closer proximity although the DOCA hypertensive rats were minimally hyper-responsive and rats with early and chronic renovascular hypertension showed slightly reduced responsiveness. 3. After bilateral nephrectomy the pressor responses to angiotensin were similar. 4. The pressor response to angiotensin II in these animals was inversely related to plasma renin concentration and therefore largely dependent upon receptor occupancy by endogenous angiotensin II. There is no evidence for enhanced pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in either renovascular or DOCA hypertension.", "PMID": 396091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10913", "title": "Relationship between exchangeable sodium and blood pressure in different forms of hypertension in man.", "content": "1. Arterial pressure and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were measured in patients with Conn's syndrome, essential hypertension, renal artery stenosis and chronic renal failure. Comparison was made with a control group. Urine sodium excretion was measured separately from the two kidneys in patients with renal artery stenosis. 2. Compared with control, mean NaE was significantly increased in Conn's syndrome, and was normal in essential hypertension, renal artery stenosis and chronic renal failure. 3. The correlation of arterial pressure with NaE was positive and significant in Conn's syndrome, essential hypertension and chronic renal failure. 4. In contrast the correlation was significantly negative in unilateral renal artery stenosis. Patients with lowest NaE had hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism. 5. Urinary sodium excretion from the unaffected kidney in unilateral renal artery stenosis correlated positively with arterial pressure, possibly reflecting the phenomenon of pressure-natriuresis. Patients subsequently responding least well to surgery excreted least sodium from the untouched kidney for a given arterial pressure. 6. The findings suggest important roles for arterial pressure in the regulation of sodium balance (predominant in renal artery stenosis), and for sodium balance in the regulation of arterial pressure (predominant in Conn's syndrome). The observations in essential hypertension are compatible either with an exact balance between these mechanisms or with the existence of some other mechanism raising blood pressure.", "contents": "Relationship between exchangeable sodium and blood pressure in different forms of hypertension in man. 1. Arterial pressure and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were measured in patients with Conn's syndrome, essential hypertension, renal artery stenosis and chronic renal failure. Comparison was made with a control group. Urine sodium excretion was measured separately from the two kidneys in patients with renal artery stenosis. 2. Compared with control, mean NaE was significantly increased in Conn's syndrome, and was normal in essential hypertension, renal artery stenosis and chronic renal failure. 3. The correlation of arterial pressure with NaE was positive and significant in Conn's syndrome, essential hypertension and chronic renal failure. 4. In contrast the correlation was significantly negative in unilateral renal artery stenosis. Patients with lowest NaE had hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism. 5. Urinary sodium excretion from the unaffected kidney in unilateral renal artery stenosis correlated positively with arterial pressure, possibly reflecting the phenomenon of pressure-natriuresis. Patients subsequently responding least well to surgery excreted least sodium from the untouched kidney for a given arterial pressure. 6. The findings suggest important roles for arterial pressure in the regulation of sodium balance (predominant in renal artery stenosis), and for sodium balance in the regulation of arterial pressure (predominant in Conn's syndrome). The observations in essential hypertension are compatible either with an exact balance between these mechanisms or with the existence of some other mechanism raising blood pressure.", "PMID": 396093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10914", "title": "Isolation of a renal thiol protease that activates inactive plasma renin.", "content": "1. A thiol protease with properties similar to those of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) has been isolated and purified from human renal cortex. 2. This enzyme can generate renin activity from renin-suppressed and anephric human plasma at pH 5.5. 3. The renin activity thus generated is inhibited completely by antibody to purified human renal renin. This activation therefore represents the release of inactive renin.", "contents": "Isolation of a renal thiol protease that activates inactive plasma renin. 1. A thiol protease with properties similar to those of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) has been isolated and purified from human renal cortex. 2. This enzyme can generate renin activity from renin-suppressed and anephric human plasma at pH 5.5. 3. The renin activity thus generated is inhibited completely by antibody to purified human renal renin. This activation therefore represents the release of inactive renin.", "PMID": 396096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10915", "title": "Kinin system in clinical and experimental rheumatoid inflammation: a short review.", "content": "The kallikrein, kininogen, kinin and kininase system along with other inflammatory chemical mediators are important components for the initiation and maintenance of clinical and experimental rheumatoid-like inflammatory conditions. Numerous studies carried out in the last few years, however, strongly suggest that the kinin-forming system intervenes in a far wider range of physio-pathological processes than has been considered previously. The authors summarize present knowledge concerning the system and review some of the latest experimental findings and opinions.", "contents": "Kinin system in clinical and experimental rheumatoid inflammation: a short review. The kallikrein, kininogen, kinin and kininase system along with other inflammatory chemical mediators are important components for the initiation and maintenance of clinical and experimental rheumatoid-like inflammatory conditions. Numerous studies carried out in the last few years, however, strongly suggest that the kinin-forming system intervenes in a far wider range of physio-pathological processes than has been considered previously. The authors summarize present knowledge concerning the system and review some of the latest experimental findings and opinions.", "PMID": 396108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10916", "title": "Plasma levels of glucose and lactate after intravenous glipizide administration in some insulin-dependent diabetics. Therapeutic effects of an associated glipizide-insulin treatment.", "content": "A study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of glipizide in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. An intravenous glipizide (2 mg) test was carried out in 7 patients before and after a period of associated insulin-glipizide treatment (mean daily dose of 80.7 i.v. lente insulin and 14.3 mg glipizide for 9.1 months) to assess the capacity of the sulphonylurea to reduce acutely the plasma glucose and lactate levels. Glipizide did not produce glucose variations in either test but did result in a significant decrease, in the first test only, in mean plasma baseline levels of lactate, which were higher than normal in these patients. There was no reduction in daily insulin requirements after the period of associated glipizide-insulin treatment. It is concluded that, in the dosage used, intravenous glipizide probably has no hypoglycaemic effects in insulin-dependent diabetics. Moreover, it did not prove useful in combination with insulin. However, the reduction in plasma lactate may be related to an acute enhancement of the exogenously administered insulin. This improvement in the insulin effect may be an acute one among the so called \"extra-pancreatic\" actions which have been demonstrated for glipizide and other sulphonylureas.", "contents": "Plasma levels of glucose and lactate after intravenous glipizide administration in some insulin-dependent diabetics. Therapeutic effects of an associated glipizide-insulin treatment. A study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of glipizide in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. An intravenous glipizide (2 mg) test was carried out in 7 patients before and after a period of associated insulin-glipizide treatment (mean daily dose of 80.7 i.v. lente insulin and 14.3 mg glipizide for 9.1 months) to assess the capacity of the sulphonylurea to reduce acutely the plasma glucose and lactate levels. Glipizide did not produce glucose variations in either test but did result in a significant decrease, in the first test only, in mean plasma baseline levels of lactate, which were higher than normal in these patients. There was no reduction in daily insulin requirements after the period of associated glipizide-insulin treatment. It is concluded that, in the dosage used, intravenous glipizide probably has no hypoglycaemic effects in insulin-dependent diabetics. Moreover, it did not prove useful in combination with insulin. However, the reduction in plasma lactate may be related to an acute enhancement of the exogenously administered insulin. This improvement in the insulin effect may be an acute one among the so called \"extra-pancreatic\" actions which have been demonstrated for glipizide and other sulphonylureas.", "PMID": 396109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10917", "title": "A multi-centre general practice trial of a pindolol/clopamide combination ('Viskaldix') in essential hypertension.", "content": "A large, open, multi-centre study was carried out in general practice to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of a combination of 10 mg pindolol plus 5 mg clopamide, in single tablet form, in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension. Computer analysis of the records of 8989 patients who completed the 8-weeks' study period showed that treatment with the combination product, in a dosage of 1 tablet daily in 83% of the patients, resulted in excellent blood pressure control in the majority (75%) of cases, irrespective of age or previous antihypertensive treatment, and was particularly effective in those with mild to moderate hypertension who had previously not received any therapy. Side-effects were generally not troublesome and only 8.3% of patients stopped treatment for this reason. The most commonly reported side-effects were dizziness, nausea, tiredness and headache.", "contents": "A multi-centre general practice trial of a pindolol/clopamide combination ('Viskaldix') in essential hypertension. A large, open, multi-centre study was carried out in general practice to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of a combination of 10 mg pindolol plus 5 mg clopamide, in single tablet form, in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension. Computer analysis of the records of 8989 patients who completed the 8-weeks' study period showed that treatment with the combination product, in a dosage of 1 tablet daily in 83% of the patients, resulted in excellent blood pressure control in the majority (75%) of cases, irrespective of age or previous antihypertensive treatment, and was particularly effective in those with mild to moderate hypertension who had previously not received any therapy. Side-effects were generally not troublesome and only 8.3% of patients stopped treatment for this reason. The most commonly reported side-effects were dizziness, nausea, tiredness and headache.", "PMID": 396110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10918", "title": "Placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of alprenolol in African hypertensive patients.", "content": "A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of alprenolol was carried out in 20 hypertensive Africans. The active drug and placebo were each administered for 8 weeks using a crossover design. Alprenolol was given in the form of a slow-release tablet preparation at a dosage of 200 mg twice daily. Four patients were withdrawn from the study either because of side-effects (2 patients) or non-compliance (2 patients). The mean reduction in blood pressure obtained in the 16 patients who completed the trial was less than that usually reported in Caucasians.", "contents": "Placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of alprenolol in African hypertensive patients. A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of alprenolol was carried out in 20 hypertensive Africans. The active drug and placebo were each administered for 8 weeks using a crossover design. Alprenolol was given in the form of a slow-release tablet preparation at a dosage of 200 mg twice daily. Four patients were withdrawn from the study either because of side-effects (2 patients) or non-compliance (2 patients). The mean reduction in blood pressure obtained in the 16 patients who completed the trial was less than that usually reported in Caucasians.", "PMID": 396111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10919", "title": "Mobility of epidermal growth factor surface receptors and modulation by cytoplasmic actin.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors were demonstrated in cultured bovine odontogenic epithelial and ectomesenchymal cells and in rat embryonic and foetal lung fibroblasts by immunofluorescent reactivity with EGF and anti-EGF traced with a fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled goat anti-rabbit globulin. Mobility of EGF receptors, either alone or cross linked by anti-EGF, was manifest as sequential changes in staining patterns progressing from a random pattern to clusters, supranuclear caps and large perinuclear globules. Double fluorochrome studies showed that supranuclear caps of EGF receptors occurred in sites closely related to those occupied by cytoplasmic actin; the latter was demonstrated by anti-actin antibody traced with a rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin. Prior treatment of cells with 2 x 10-5 M cytochalasin B for 10-120 min promoted capping of EGF receptors, while its presence throughout the staining procedure inhibited capping. The dual opposing effects of cytochalasin B on capping suggest that actin may have roles in the opposing functions of EGF receptor anchorage and mobility.", "contents": "Mobility of epidermal growth factor surface receptors and modulation by cytoplasmic actin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors were demonstrated in cultured bovine odontogenic epithelial and ectomesenchymal cells and in rat embryonic and foetal lung fibroblasts by immunofluorescent reactivity with EGF and anti-EGF traced with a fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled goat anti-rabbit globulin. Mobility of EGF receptors, either alone or cross linked by anti-EGF, was manifest as sequential changes in staining patterns progressing from a random pattern to clusters, supranuclear caps and large perinuclear globules. Double fluorochrome studies showed that supranuclear caps of EGF receptors occurred in sites closely related to those occupied by cytoplasmic actin; the latter was demonstrated by anti-actin antibody traced with a rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin. Prior treatment of cells with 2 x 10-5 M cytochalasin B for 10-120 min promoted capping of EGF receptors, while its presence throughout the staining procedure inhibited capping. The dual opposing effects of cytochalasin B on capping suggest that actin may have roles in the opposing functions of EGF receptor anchorage and mobility.", "PMID": 396124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10920", "title": "[Foodstuff additive-induced intolerance reactions].", "content": "Additional materials in food and consumers' goods can produce different allergic reactions. The more important additional materials and reactions produced by them are discussed. They introduce to us the phenomenon of the intolerance and the different cross reactions during treatment of the pathomechanism. The causal clearing up of the intolerance reactions is made by provocation tests, with the help of which pathological reactions may be prevented.", "contents": "[Foodstuff additive-induced intolerance reactions]. Additional materials in food and consumers' goods can produce different allergic reactions. The more important additional materials and reactions produced by them are discussed. They introduce to us the phenomenon of the intolerance and the different cross reactions during treatment of the pathomechanism. The causal clearing up of the intolerance reactions is made by provocation tests, with the help of which pathological reactions may be prevented.", "PMID": 396137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10921", "title": "Sucrase and cellular development.", "content": "The cellular changes that take place as the intestinal cell migrates from crypt to villus are morphologically and biochemically remarkable. It is fortunate that many of these phenomena can be delineated by following enzymic activities. Sucrase-isomaltase is a particularly fascinating enzyme complex because it is a marker of the differentiated cell. Sucrase is inducible with steroids and protected by the substrate sucrose. Purified enzyme can be used to stimulate production of specific antibodies in goats; these antibodies have been used as probes to locate enzymically active and inactive antigen in the cells of the crypt and villus respectively. Further examination of the enzyme has indicated a molecular weight of 200 000--350 000. These higher molecular weight components are located in the brush border of the enterocytes. Lower molecular weight subunits are antigenically active and are in the cytosol. It is assumed that these smaller components are enzymically inactive pre-combination subunits of the sucrase-isomaltase complex and that the sucrase-isomaltase of the brush border is an aggregate of these subunits. The California sea lion, which is deficient in intestinal sucrase activity, does have isomaltase activity. This finding supports the concept that there are different gene complexes for sucrase and for isomaltase.", "contents": "Sucrase and cellular development. The cellular changes that take place as the intestinal cell migrates from crypt to villus are morphologically and biochemically remarkable. It is fortunate that many of these phenomena can be delineated by following enzymic activities. Sucrase-isomaltase is a particularly fascinating enzyme complex because it is a marker of the differentiated cell. Sucrase is inducible with steroids and protected by the substrate sucrose. Purified enzyme can be used to stimulate production of specific antibodies in goats; these antibodies have been used as probes to locate enzymically active and inactive antigen in the cells of the crypt and villus respectively. Further examination of the enzyme has indicated a molecular weight of 200 000--350 000. These higher molecular weight components are located in the brush border of the enterocytes. Lower molecular weight subunits are antigenically active and are in the cytosol. It is assumed that these smaller components are enzymically inactive pre-combination subunits of the sucrase-isomaltase complex and that the sucrase-isomaltase of the brush border is an aggregate of these subunits. The California sea lion, which is deficient in intestinal sucrase activity, does have isomaltase activity. This finding supports the concept that there are different gene complexes for sucrase and for isomaltase.", "PMID": 396132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10922", "title": "The differentiation and redifferentiation of the intestinal epithelium and its brush border membrane.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews the progress of investigations during the past 30 years into the development of the intestinal epithelium, and surveys the directions in which research in this field is now advancing. Early studies showed that the differentiation of the epithelium is a discontinuous process, and also focused attention on the enzyme specialization of the brush border. The phases of differentiation were found to be under the control of the pituitary--adrenal system, with the outflow of glucocorticoids influencing both structural and biochemical aspects of enterocyte development in fetal and postnatal stages. More recent evidence has shown that thyroid hormones can also regulate epithelial differentiation, even in the absence of adrenocortical function. Organ culture is now becoming an important means of probing into the processes underlying overt differentiation, and methods for culturing pure populations of enterocytes are being perfected. Studies of developmental alterations in the constituents of the brush border membrane, and of synthesis and glycosylation of membrane constituents, are contributing to the development of an integrated account of the differentiation of this membrane, through which all nutrients must pass.", "contents": "The differentiation and redifferentiation of the intestinal epithelium and its brush border membrane. This paper briefly reviews the progress of investigations during the past 30 years into the development of the intestinal epithelium, and surveys the directions in which research in this field is now advancing. Early studies showed that the differentiation of the epithelium is a discontinuous process, and also focused attention on the enzyme specialization of the brush border. The phases of differentiation were found to be under the control of the pituitary--adrenal system, with the outflow of glucocorticoids influencing both structural and biochemical aspects of enterocyte development in fetal and postnatal stages. More recent evidence has shown that thyroid hormones can also regulate epithelial differentiation, even in the absence of adrenocortical function. Organ culture is now becoming an important means of probing into the processes underlying overt differentiation, and methods for culturing pure populations of enterocytes are being perfected. Studies of developmental alterations in the constituents of the brush border membrane, and of synthesis and glycosylation of membrane constituents, are contributing to the development of an integrated account of the differentiation of this membrane, through which all nutrients must pass.", "PMID": 396135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10923", "title": "The role of enteropeptidase in the digestion of protein and its development in human fetal small intestine.", "content": "Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen into active trypsin, which not only hydrolyses some peptide bonds of food proteins but also activates a number of pancreatic zymogens. For this reason enteropeptidase is a key enzyme in the digestion of dietary proteins and its absence may result in gross protein malabsorption.", "contents": "The role of enteropeptidase in the digestion of protein and its development in human fetal small intestine. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen into active trypsin, which not only hydrolyses some peptide bonds of food proteins but also activates a number of pancreatic zymogens. For this reason enteropeptidase is a key enzyme in the digestion of dietary proteins and its absence may result in gross protein malabsorption.", "PMID": 396133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10924", "title": "The role of lingual lipase in neonatal fat digestion.", "content": "Lingual serous glands (von Ebner) contain a potent lipase that hydrolyses triglycerides to a mixture of partial glycerides (di- and monoglycerides), glycerol and free fatty acids. Studies in man and in rat have shown that similar lipolytic activity is present in oesophageal and gastric aspirates and suggest that the intragastric digestion of dietary fat is initiated by lingual lipase. In the rat the lingual serous glands are initiated in 19- to 20-day fetuses; lipase activity is first detected in 20-day-old fetuses and increases 14-fold by birth. The data suggest that in the fetus lipase activity originates predominantly in the serous demilune cells of mucous glands whereas after birth the enzyme is synthesized and stored in the rapidly differentiating serous glands. In man lipolytic activity is present in gastric aspirates as early as 26 weeks of gestational age. Our studies suggest that the lipolytic activity has characteristics similar to those of adult human and rat lingual lipase; the enzyme is present in the oesophageal pouch of infants with oesophageal atresia indicating that in infants, as in adults, it probably originates in the lingual serous glands. Since the enzyme is active in the absence of bile salts and has a low pH optimum it is ideally suited to act in the stomach and probably compensates in the premature for low pancreatic lipase activity. The lipolytic activity could be important, not only in the digestion of dietary fat, but in helping to overcome the temporary bile salt deficiency and to solubilize dietary fat through the formation of amphiphilic reaction products.", "contents": "The role of lingual lipase in neonatal fat digestion. Lingual serous glands (von Ebner) contain a potent lipase that hydrolyses triglycerides to a mixture of partial glycerides (di- and monoglycerides), glycerol and free fatty acids. Studies in man and in rat have shown that similar lipolytic activity is present in oesophageal and gastric aspirates and suggest that the intragastric digestion of dietary fat is initiated by lingual lipase. In the rat the lingual serous glands are initiated in 19- to 20-day fetuses; lipase activity is first detected in 20-day-old fetuses and increases 14-fold by birth. The data suggest that in the fetus lipase activity originates predominantly in the serous demilune cells of mucous glands whereas after birth the enzyme is synthesized and stored in the rapidly differentiating serous glands. In man lipolytic activity is present in gastric aspirates as early as 26 weeks of gestational age. Our studies suggest that the lipolytic activity has characteristics similar to those of adult human and rat lingual lipase; the enzyme is present in the oesophageal pouch of infants with oesophageal atresia indicating that in infants, as in adults, it probably originates in the lingual serous glands. Since the enzyme is active in the absence of bile salts and has a low pH optimum it is ideally suited to act in the stomach and probably compensates in the premature for low pancreatic lipase activity. The lipolytic activity could be important, not only in the digestion of dietary fat, but in helping to overcome the temporary bile salt deficiency and to solubilize dietary fat through the formation of amphiphilic reaction products.", "PMID": 396136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10925", "title": "Membrane digestion and nutrient assimilation in early development.", "content": "Advances in the study of membrane digestion are described which relate to techniques for the separation of the apical glycocalyx and the study of the distribution of enzymes between the latter and the cell membrane. The regulatory properties of brush border enzymes have been demonstrated. Membrane digestion by pancreatic enzymes adsorbed on the mucosal surface and by enteric enzymes predominates in early development, whereas intraluminal digestion develops during the transition to definitive (adult) nutrition. Substrate and other, non-substrate factors are involved in the regulation of intraluminal and membrane digestion in ontogeny. The importance of lipid components of the diet for the maintenance of proximal-distal gradients of enzyme activity in the small intestine during the transition from milk to adult nutrition is discussed. At this period of development hydrocortisone affects both the synthesis of enzymes and their incorporation into the enterocyte membrane. The inducibility of different enzymes is not identical. The hypothesis has been proposed that stress is one of the factors inducing or repressing the synthesis of brush border enzymes. These effects are mediated through the hypothalamus, adrenals, hypophysis and thyroid. The experimental findings demonstrate that various stressors are responsible for the induction of sucrase, maltases, gamma-amylase, peptidases and alkaline phosphatase, and for the repression of lactase in suckling rats.", "contents": "Membrane digestion and nutrient assimilation in early development. Advances in the study of membrane digestion are described which relate to techniques for the separation of the apical glycocalyx and the study of the distribution of enzymes between the latter and the cell membrane. The regulatory properties of brush border enzymes have been demonstrated. Membrane digestion by pancreatic enzymes adsorbed on the mucosal surface and by enteric enzymes predominates in early development, whereas intraluminal digestion develops during the transition to definitive (adult) nutrition. Substrate and other, non-substrate factors are involved in the regulation of intraluminal and membrane digestion in ontogeny. The importance of lipid components of the diet for the maintenance of proximal-distal gradients of enzyme activity in the small intestine during the transition from milk to adult nutrition is discussed. At this period of development hydrocortisone affects both the synthesis of enzymes and their incorporation into the enterocyte membrane. The inducibility of different enzymes is not identical. The hypothesis has been proposed that stress is one of the factors inducing or repressing the synthesis of brush border enzymes. These effects are mediated through the hypothalamus, adrenals, hypophysis and thyroid. The experimental findings demonstrate that various stressors are responsible for the induction of sucrase, maltases, gamma-amylase, peptidases and alkaline phosphatase, and for the repression of lactase in suckling rats.", "PMID": 396134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10926", "title": "Update on the toxicity of inhaled methyl methacrylate vapor.", "content": "The current threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm for methyl methacrylate vapor was originally set because it was considered to be a value sufficiently low to preclude either systemic toxicological effects or discomfort from irritation in workers chronically exposed to the vapor. Shortly after this limit was proposed we became interested in evaluating the toxicological properties of methyl methacrylate vapor and, subsequently, of providing experimental data which would be useful in evaluating the adequacy of this TLV. The purpose of this article is to review some of the more relevant literature prior to 1976 which pertains to inhalation exposure and to summarize our more recent data which resulted from statistically designed studies employing acute and subchronic exposures to known concentrations of the vapor including the near-TLV value of 116 ppm.", "contents": "Update on the toxicity of inhaled methyl methacrylate vapor. The current threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm for methyl methacrylate vapor was originally set because it was considered to be a value sufficiently low to preclude either systemic toxicological effects or discomfort from irritation in workers chronically exposed to the vapor. Shortly after this limit was proposed we became interested in evaluating the toxicological properties of methyl methacrylate vapor and, subsequently, of providing experimental data which would be useful in evaluating the adequacy of this TLV. The purpose of this article is to review some of the more relevant literature prior to 1976 which pertains to inhalation exposure and to summarize our more recent data which resulted from statistically designed studies employing acute and subchronic exposures to known concentrations of the vapor including the near-TLV value of 116 ppm.", "PMID": 396147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10927", "title": "DNA binding and mutagenicity of 7-substituted derivatives of benz[A]anthracene.", "content": "The binding of carcinogenic 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-HOCH2-B[a]A) and 7-acetoxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-AcOCH2-B[a]A) to calf thymus DNA was studied in the presence or absence of microsomal enzymes or nucleoside phosphates. In the absence of microsomes or ATP little or no binding was detected for either hydrocarbon (HC). Microsomal enzymes significantly enhanced the binding of both HC's to DNA when compared to control as measured by radioactivity bound to DNA. When 7-HOCH2-B[a]A was incubated at 37 degrees with ATP there was a linear increase in binding over a six hr period. Of the nucleoside phosphates tested, ATP, and to a lesser extent ADP and CTP, mediated binding of 7-HOCH2-B[a]A suggesting formation of a reactive phosphate ester. Mutagenicity studies with 7-acetoxymethyl, 7-hydroxymethyl, 7-formyl-, 7-methyl-, and 7-methoxymethyl-B[a]A were conducted using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. All compounds exhibited mutagenic activity in the presence of S-9; only 7-AcOCH2-B[a]A was active without S-9 indicating this compound to be an ultimate mutagen.", "contents": "DNA binding and mutagenicity of 7-substituted derivatives of benz[A]anthracene. The binding of carcinogenic 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-HOCH2-B[a]A) and 7-acetoxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-AcOCH2-B[a]A) to calf thymus DNA was studied in the presence or absence of microsomal enzymes or nucleoside phosphates. In the absence of microsomes or ATP little or no binding was detected for either hydrocarbon (HC). Microsomal enzymes significantly enhanced the binding of both HC's to DNA when compared to control as measured by radioactivity bound to DNA. When 7-HOCH2-B[a]A was incubated at 37 degrees with ATP there was a linear increase in binding over a six hr period. Of the nucleoside phosphates tested, ATP, and to a lesser extent ADP and CTP, mediated binding of 7-HOCH2-B[a]A suggesting formation of a reactive phosphate ester. Mutagenicity studies with 7-acetoxymethyl, 7-hydroxymethyl, 7-formyl-, 7-methyl-, and 7-methoxymethyl-B[a]A were conducted using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. All compounds exhibited mutagenic activity in the presence of S-9; only 7-AcOCH2-B[a]A was active without S-9 indicating this compound to be an ultimate mutagen.", "PMID": 396148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10928", "title": "An enzyme-immunoassay for estriol.", "content": "A practical method was developed for enzyme-immunoassay of serum estriol, with alkaline-phosphatase as a marker enzyme. Alkaline-phosphatase was conjugated with estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime using water soluble carbodiimide. The estriol-alkaline-phosphatase complex, which has both enzyme activity and capacity to bind anti-estriol serum, was obtained by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. This complex, which was stable for at least 3 months at 4 degrees C, was used as enzyme-labelled estriol. Anti-estriol serum raised against estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime bovine serum albumin was employed. \"Bound and free\" estriol were separated by the double antibody method. A linear relation was obtained between estriol concentration and antibody-bound alkaline-phosphatase activity in the range of 0.2-100 ng estriol/ml. In this assay system, cross-reactivity with other steroids was negligible under physiological conditions, and endogenous alkaline-phosphatase, which increases during the late pregnancy, caused no interference. The coefficients of variation were 3.3-14.2% (within assays), and less than 22% (between assays), and the mean recovery rate was 77.5%. Serum estriol values determined by the present method correlated well with those determined by radioimmunoassay (r=0.90 for total estriol; r=0.98 for free estriol). The present method of enzyme-immunoassay is suitable for measurement of serum estriol during pregnancy.", "contents": "An enzyme-immunoassay for estriol. A practical method was developed for enzyme-immunoassay of serum estriol, with alkaline-phosphatase as a marker enzyme. Alkaline-phosphatase was conjugated with estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime using water soluble carbodiimide. The estriol-alkaline-phosphatase complex, which has both enzyme activity and capacity to bind anti-estriol serum, was obtained by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. This complex, which was stable for at least 3 months at 4 degrees C, was used as enzyme-labelled estriol. Anti-estriol serum raised against estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime bovine serum albumin was employed. \"Bound and free\" estriol were separated by the double antibody method. A linear relation was obtained between estriol concentration and antibody-bound alkaline-phosphatase activity in the range of 0.2-100 ng estriol/ml. In this assay system, cross-reactivity with other steroids was negligible under physiological conditions, and endogenous alkaline-phosphatase, which increases during the late pregnancy, caused no interference. The coefficients of variation were 3.3-14.2% (within assays), and less than 22% (between assays), and the mean recovery rate was 77.5%. Serum estriol values determined by the present method correlated well with those determined by radioimmunoassay (r=0.90 for total estriol; r=0.98 for free estriol). The present method of enzyme-immunoassay is suitable for measurement of serum estriol during pregnancy.", "PMID": 396150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10929", "title": "Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion.", "content": "Ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally to rats induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone, while it tended to increase plasma glucose and to decrease plasma immunoreactive insulin. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of ginseng saponin increased plasma corticosterone in unanesthetized, pentobarbital-anesthetized or alloxan-diabetes rats. The histamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine, whereas the ginseng-induced rise was not. Ginseng saponin decreased rectal temperature while it increased plasma corticosterone. Ginseng-induced corticosterone secretion was superimposed on the basal levels of plasma corticosterone due to fasting and circadian rhythm. Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.", "contents": "Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion. Ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally to rats induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone, while it tended to increase plasma glucose and to decrease plasma immunoreactive insulin. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of ginseng saponin increased plasma corticosterone in unanesthetized, pentobarbital-anesthetized or alloxan-diabetes rats. The histamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine, whereas the ginseng-induced rise was not. Ginseng saponin decreased rectal temperature while it increased plasma corticosterone. Ginseng-induced corticosterone secretion was superimposed on the basal levels of plasma corticosterone due to fasting and circadian rhythm. Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.", "PMID": 396151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10930", "title": "Statistical methods for censored survival data.", "content": "Methods of statistical analysis of censored survival times are briefly reviewed and illustrated by application to clinical trials data. These include estimation of the survival curce, nonparametric tests to compare several survival curves, tests for trend, and regression analysis. Extensions of the methodology are made for application to epidemiologic case-control studies. These are used to estimate relative risks for leukemia associated with radiation exposures. A final section provides some annotated references to the recent literature.", "contents": "Statistical methods for censored survival data. Methods of statistical analysis of censored survival times are briefly reviewed and illustrated by application to clinical trials data. These include estimation of the survival curce, nonparametric tests to compare several survival curves, tests for trend, and regression analysis. Extensions of the methodology are made for application to epidemiologic case-control studies. These are used to estimate relative risks for leukemia associated with radiation exposures. A final section provides some annotated references to the recent literature.", "PMID": 396152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10931", "title": "Statistical computing in the United States.", "content": "Recent history and developments related to the increase in statistical computing activities in the United States and by U.S. participants in international efforts are reviewed, with emphasis on important events, organizations, references, and products which contribute to informed selection and use of statistical programs. Three features matrices for major statistical packages are included as potential aids to Japanese statisticians in assessing the utility of these packages in biostatistical applications.", "contents": "Statistical computing in the United States. Recent history and developments related to the increase in statistical computing activities in the United States and by U.S. participants in international efforts are reviewed, with emphasis on important events, organizations, references, and products which contribute to informed selection and use of statistical programs. Three features matrices for major statistical packages are included as potential aids to Japanese statisticians in assessing the utility of these packages in biostatistical applications.", "PMID": 396153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10932", "title": "Statistics in Japanese universities.", "content": "The teaching of statistics in the U.S. and Japanese universities is briefly reviewed. It is found that H. Hotelling's articles and subsequent relevant publications on the teaching of statistics have contributed to a considerable extent to the establishment of excellent departments of statistics in U.S. universities and colleges. Today the U.S. may be proud of many well-staffed and well-organized departments of theoretical and applied statistics with excellent undergraduate and graduate programs. On the contrary, no Japanese universities have an independent department of statistics at present, and the teaching of statistics has been spread among a heterogeneous group of departments of application. This was mainly due to the Japanese government regulation concerning the establishment of a university. However, it has recently been revised so that an independent department of statistics may be started in a Japanese university with undergraduate and graduate programs. It is hoped that discussions will be started among those concerned on the question of organization of the teaching of statistics in Japanese universities as soon as possible.", "contents": "Statistics in Japanese universities. The teaching of statistics in the U.S. and Japanese universities is briefly reviewed. It is found that H. Hotelling's articles and subsequent relevant publications on the teaching of statistics have contributed to a considerable extent to the establishment of excellent departments of statistics in U.S. universities and colleges. Today the U.S. may be proud of many well-staffed and well-organized departments of theoretical and applied statistics with excellent undergraduate and graduate programs. On the contrary, no Japanese universities have an independent department of statistics at present, and the teaching of statistics has been spread among a heterogeneous group of departments of application. This was mainly due to the Japanese government regulation concerning the establishment of a university. However, it has recently been revised so that an independent department of statistics may be started in a Japanese university with undergraduate and graduate programs. It is hoped that discussions will be started among those concerned on the question of organization of the teaching of statistics in Japanese universities as soon as possible.", "PMID": 396154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10933", "title": "Some concepts in toxicology.", "content": "Toxicology seeks to understand and quantify injurious chemico-biological interactions. The application of this understanding is prediction of the likelihood of occurrence of injury to human health or to undesirable alteration of ecological balance. The key to understanding chemical induced biological injury is development of improved methods of measuring changes in cellular function and structure and the application of these methods to elucidate the mechanisms and factors that modulate chemical injuries. The key to application of this understanding is appropriately designed dose-response and time-response studies which will, with appropriate consideration of biological mechanisms, allow prediction of conditions of exposure (and their confidence limits) that represent finite levels of risk of injury. The underlying data base required is extensive and will be drawn from traditional studies as well as new methods of testing and risk assessment.", "contents": "Some concepts in toxicology. Toxicology seeks to understand and quantify injurious chemico-biological interactions. The application of this understanding is prediction of the likelihood of occurrence of injury to human health or to undesirable alteration of ecological balance. The key to understanding chemical induced biological injury is development of improved methods of measuring changes in cellular function and structure and the application of these methods to elucidate the mechanisms and factors that modulate chemical injuries. The key to application of this understanding is appropriately designed dose-response and time-response studies which will, with appropriate consideration of biological mechanisms, allow prediction of conditions of exposure (and their confidence limits) that represent finite levels of risk of injury. The underlying data base required is extensive and will be drawn from traditional studies as well as new methods of testing and risk assessment.", "PMID": 396155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10934", "title": "Wisdom, technology, and the good life.", "content": "Wisdom lies in extraction of good from new and old. Wisdom alone produces a society of wise men unable to leave their caves. Technology alone produces a society ruled by cold, despotic facts. A proper combination of wisdom and technology can produce the good life. That requires recognition of our ambivalence toward technology, a move away from our superspecialization of technologists and nontechnologists and toward a clearer understanding of technology as a most important servant of man.", "contents": "Wisdom, technology, and the good life. Wisdom lies in extraction of good from new and old. Wisdom alone produces a society of wise men unable to leave their caves. Technology alone produces a society ruled by cold, despotic facts. A proper combination of wisdom and technology can produce the good life. That requires recognition of our ambivalence toward technology, a move away from our superspecialization of technologists and nontechnologists and toward a clearer understanding of technology as a most important servant of man.", "PMID": 396156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10935", "title": "Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 1. Theoretical and technical considerations.", "content": "The paper discusses the various parameters which are currently used in attempts to assess the contractile efficiency of the myocardium in various species. These procedures depend upon accurate recording of intracavity pressure. The response of a catheter-mounted microtransducer compared with a fluid-filled catheter manometer system is illustrated to show the advantage of the former in providing a true representation of pressure changes.", "contents": "Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 1. Theoretical and technical considerations. The paper discusses the various parameters which are currently used in attempts to assess the contractile efficiency of the myocardium in various species. These procedures depend upon accurate recording of intracavity pressure. The response of a catheter-mounted microtransducer compared with a fluid-filled catheter manometer system is illustrated to show the advantage of the former in providing a true representation of pressure changes.", "PMID": 396159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10936", "title": "Intestinal barriers to water-soluble macromolecules.", "content": "Neonates of some species of mammals absorb water-soluble macromolecules from the lumen of the gut to the circulation. This is a means for providing the neonate with passive immunological protection. The accepted model for absorption of macromolecules, particularly immunoglobulin G (IgG), has at least three phases: adherence of the macromolecule to the brush border on enterocytes; internalization of the macromolecule within the enterocytes; and egress of the macromolecule into the lamina propria. With regard to the absorption of IgG, adherence is thought to be a specific reaction of ligand (IgG) with a plasmalemma binding site. Pinocytosis is activated and internalization follows. Egress into the lamina propria occurs at the basal-lateral membrane by a process of reverse pinocytosis. Unbound (unprotected) macromolecules that are internalized in the pinocytosic fluid are shunted off to lysosomes and either digested or stored therein. Neonatal rodents fit this model for macromolecular absorption. However, in another group of neonates (e.g., pig, cow, horse), nonselected absorption takes place, in that IgG and other macromolecules are transported from the gut lumen to the blood. In a third group of neonates, (e.g., human, guinea pig) absorption of IgG is either of low order or nonexistent. Since neonatal mammals possess a mechanism for absorbing macromolecules, there is the potential for internalizing toxic macromolecules if the toxin is presented to the neonate's enterocytes in competitive amounts. Adults retain remnants of the neonatal absorptive mechanism.", "contents": "Intestinal barriers to water-soluble macromolecules. Neonates of some species of mammals absorb water-soluble macromolecules from the lumen of the gut to the circulation. This is a means for providing the neonate with passive immunological protection. The accepted model for absorption of macromolecules, particularly immunoglobulin G (IgG), has at least three phases: adherence of the macromolecule to the brush border on enterocytes; internalization of the macromolecule within the enterocytes; and egress of the macromolecule into the lamina propria. With regard to the absorption of IgG, adherence is thought to be a specific reaction of ligand (IgG) with a plasmalemma binding site. Pinocytosis is activated and internalization follows. Egress into the lamina propria occurs at the basal-lateral membrane by a process of reverse pinocytosis. Unbound (unprotected) macromolecules that are internalized in the pinocytosic fluid are shunted off to lysosomes and either digested or stored therein. Neonatal rodents fit this model for macromolecular absorption. However, in another group of neonates (e.g., pig, cow, horse), nonselected absorption takes place, in that IgG and other macromolecules are transported from the gut lumen to the blood. In a third group of neonates, (e.g., human, guinea pig) absorption of IgG is either of low order or nonexistent. Since neonatal mammals possess a mechanism for absorbing macromolecules, there is the potential for internalizing toxic macromolecules if the toxin is presented to the neonate's enterocytes in competitive amounts. Adults retain remnants of the neonatal absorptive mechanism.", "PMID": 396158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10937", "title": "[The postnatal growth of the skull in the house mouse Mus musculus Linn\u00e9, 1758, and in 2 different large subspecies of the field mouse Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1779. I. Introduction, materials and methods].", "content": "In order to describe postnatal skull growth in Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis arvalis and M. a. asturianus, a total of 408 animals were raised and measured. The growth rate of single bones was followed by means of a maximum-likelihood estimator for the parameters A, B and C of the growth function Y(t) = A-B exp(-Ct). Supplementary techniques used to estimate the morphological divergence of the different taxa included methods of allometry research and multivariate statistical methods such as discriminate analysis and MANOVA. Drawings of selected stages of skull-bone ossification are provided to assist researchers in determining the age of undated specimens.", "contents": "[The postnatal growth of the skull in the house mouse Mus musculus Linn\u00e9, 1758, and in 2 different large subspecies of the field mouse Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1779. I. Introduction, materials and methods]. In order to describe postnatal skull growth in Mus musculus, Microtus arvalis arvalis and M. a. asturianus, a total of 408 animals were raised and measured. The growth rate of single bones was followed by means of a maximum-likelihood estimator for the parameters A, B and C of the growth function Y(t) = A-B exp(-Ct). Supplementary techniques used to estimate the morphological divergence of the different taxa included methods of allometry research and multivariate statistical methods such as discriminate analysis and MANOVA. Drawings of selected stages of skull-bone ossification are provided to assist researchers in determining the age of undated specimens.", "PMID": 396167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10938", "title": "Investigation on the transfer of fleas among small mammals using radioactive phosphorus.", "content": "The transfer of fleas Megabothris turbidus, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, Nosopsyllus fasciatus etc. was investigated by labelling the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreb.) with radioactive phosphorus. On the one hand, the process of flea transfer was traced among different individuals of the same host species, and on the other, among different host species (C. glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis Melch.). The investigations revealed that the flea transfer in a rodent nest visited by another host depended partly on the number of fleas present in the nest, partly on the period spent by the new-comer in it. Conversely, the number of fleas transferred in the nest by the newly arrived host depended on the temperature of nest bedding and on the initial nest occupation by other host.", "contents": "Investigation on the transfer of fleas among small mammals using radioactive phosphorus. The transfer of fleas Megabothris turbidus, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, Nosopsyllus fasciatus etc. was investigated by labelling the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreb.) with radioactive phosphorus. On the one hand, the process of flea transfer was traced among different individuals of the same host species, and on the other, among different host species (C. glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis Melch.). The investigations revealed that the flea transfer in a rodent nest visited by another host depended partly on the number of fleas present in the nest, partly on the period spent by the new-comer in it. Conversely, the number of fleas transferred in the nest by the newly arrived host depended on the temperature of nest bedding and on the initial nest occupation by other host.", "PMID": 396209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10939", "title": "[Current aspects of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "According to recent investigations two factors might play an essential role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.). Besides genetic components, i.e. the HLA-system and familial aggregation, the immune processes, mediating tissue inflammation and injury, are acknowledged as having established roles in the pathogenesis of R.A. The present report reemphasizes recent data concerning the autoimmunity and the immunologic network with trends of therapy in R.A. In view of the effectiveness of new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, a double-blind study of suxibuzon vs. indomethacin in 30 patients with active R.A. is described in detail. Both drugs were active and similar in their efficacy at 4 weeks as judged by clinical and laboratory measurements. No serious toxic side-effects were observed in both treatment regimens.", "contents": "[Current aspects of rheumatoid arthritis]. According to recent investigations two factors might play an essential role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.). Besides genetic components, i.e. the HLA-system and familial aggregation, the immune processes, mediating tissue inflammation and injury, are acknowledged as having established roles in the pathogenesis of R.A. The present report reemphasizes recent data concerning the autoimmunity and the immunologic network with trends of therapy in R.A. In view of the effectiveness of new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, a double-blind study of suxibuzon vs. indomethacin in 30 patients with active R.A. is described in detail. Both drugs were active and similar in their efficacy at 4 weeks as judged by clinical and laboratory measurements. No serious toxic side-effects were observed in both treatment regimens.", "PMID": 396214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10940", "title": "[Anatomical structures, physiology and pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid metabolism; a review for an understanding of cerebrospinal fluid findings].", "content": "The very different macroscopic and microscopic details of the structures involved in production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the different parts of the central nervous system are causing confusing laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluids, the ingredients of which change even under normal condition in these different parts. Moreover the chemical ingredients of cerebrospinal fluid differ especially from the normal situation during some diseases of the central nervous system. Although we can be sure that there is much more diagnostic information in cerebrospinal fluid, we mainly prefer certain standard methods today, as there are cell counts and measuring of the protein concentration, as diagnostic parameters. Their unspecific changes during several pathologic states do not yet allow to point out the exact localization of the disease, nor can they contribute in every case in finding the cause of the disease. Therefore other and more specific diagnostic laboratory methods are to be developed, which will make possible more precise statements about the nature and the localization of central nervous system diseases.", "contents": "[Anatomical structures, physiology and pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid metabolism; a review for an understanding of cerebrospinal fluid findings]. The very different macroscopic and microscopic details of the structures involved in production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the different parts of the central nervous system are causing confusing laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluids, the ingredients of which change even under normal condition in these different parts. Moreover the chemical ingredients of cerebrospinal fluid differ especially from the normal situation during some diseases of the central nervous system. Although we can be sure that there is much more diagnostic information in cerebrospinal fluid, we mainly prefer certain standard methods today, as there are cell counts and measuring of the protein concentration, as diagnostic parameters. Their unspecific changes during several pathologic states do not yet allow to point out the exact localization of the disease, nor can they contribute in every case in finding the cause of the disease. Therefore other and more specific diagnostic laboratory methods are to be developed, which will make possible more precise statements about the nature and the localization of central nervous system diseases.", "PMID": 396215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10941", "title": "[Effect on carbohydrate metabolism of a new saluretic, etozolin].", "content": "The influence of Etozolin (Elkapin) on the carbohydrate metabolism was studied in 10 healthy volunteers, 6 patients with chemical diabetes and 10 with overt diabetes by blood glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests with determinations of serum insulin levels. The healthy volunteers received 800 mg Etozolin per day during the treatment period of 3 days, the two groups of patients 400 mg Etozolin for 8 days. The laboratory parameters of the treatment period were compared with the corresponding values of the pre- and posttreatment periods and evaluated statistically. There was no statistically significant difference in the carbohydrate metabolism between the 3 test periods in all groups studied. As a result of the induced diuresis body weight, serum electrolytes and urine volume changed significantly during the Etozolin treatment as compared with the pre- and posttreatment values. Other changes of laboratory parameters could not be seen. In diabetic hypertensive patients a significant reduction of blood pressure was observed.", "contents": "[Effect on carbohydrate metabolism of a new saluretic, etozolin]. The influence of Etozolin (Elkapin) on the carbohydrate metabolism was studied in 10 healthy volunteers, 6 patients with chemical diabetes and 10 with overt diabetes by blood glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests with determinations of serum insulin levels. The healthy volunteers received 800 mg Etozolin per day during the treatment period of 3 days, the two groups of patients 400 mg Etozolin for 8 days. The laboratory parameters of the treatment period were compared with the corresponding values of the pre- and posttreatment periods and evaluated statistically. There was no statistically significant difference in the carbohydrate metabolism between the 3 test periods in all groups studied. As a result of the induced diuresis body weight, serum electrolytes and urine volume changed significantly during the Etozolin treatment as compared with the pre- and posttreatment values. Other changes of laboratory parameters could not be seen. In diabetic hypertensive patients a significant reduction of blood pressure was observed.", "PMID": 396216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10942", "title": "Establishment of a human lymphoblastoid cell line with specific antibody production against group A streptococcal carbohydrate.", "content": "A human lymphoblastoid cell line, secreting specific antibody against Group A carbohydrate (A-CHO) was established by pre-selection of antigen binding normal human lymphocytes, followed by Epsetin Barr virus (EBV) induced immortalization. Culture supernatants were assayed for anti A-CHO antibodies by radioimmunoassay, N-acetyl-glucosamine-coupled T4-phage plaque inhibition tests and passive hemagglutination. As a rule, the supernatants contained about 10 micrograms/ml anti-A-CHO antibodies of the IgM-kappa type. The antibody was fractionated and partially purified on an N-acetyl glucosamine Sepharose 4B column with a recovery of about 3 micrograms/ml of supernatant.", "contents": "Establishment of a human lymphoblastoid cell line with specific antibody production against group A streptococcal carbohydrate. A human lymphoblastoid cell line, secreting specific antibody against Group A carbohydrate (A-CHO) was established by pre-selection of antigen binding normal human lymphocytes, followed by Epsetin Barr virus (EBV) induced immortalization. Culture supernatants were assayed for anti A-CHO antibodies by radioimmunoassay, N-acetyl-glucosamine-coupled T4-phage plaque inhibition tests and passive hemagglutination. As a rule, the supernatants contained about 10 micrograms/ml anti-A-CHO antibodies of the IgM-kappa type. The antibody was fractionated and partially purified on an N-acetyl glucosamine Sepharose 4B column with a recovery of about 3 micrograms/ml of supernatant.", "PMID": 396224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10943", "title": "Isolation of type-specific antibody to streptococcus pyogenes by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Rabbit type-specific opsonic antibodies to type 1 and type 12 streptococci were isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized phage-enzyme extract. They were tested by precipitation in gel, bactericidal test and radioimmunoassay. Only type-specific activities were demonstrated. These activities were distributed homogeneously according to avidity. No suggestion of opsonizing and precipitating activities being separable from each other was found. These highly purified rabbit antibodies were marked by radioiodination and used to titrate human anti-M antibodies by competition. These marked antibodies were also used for the study of type-specific antigenic determinants on streptococcal antigens.", "contents": "Isolation of type-specific antibody to streptococcus pyogenes by affinity chromatography. Rabbit type-specific opsonic antibodies to type 1 and type 12 streptococci were isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized phage-enzyme extract. They were tested by precipitation in gel, bactericidal test and radioimmunoassay. Only type-specific activities were demonstrated. These activities were distributed homogeneously according to avidity. No suggestion of opsonizing and precipitating activities being separable from each other was found. These highly purified rabbit antibodies were marked by radioiodination and used to titrate human anti-M antibodies by competition. These marked antibodies were also used for the study of type-specific antigenic determinants on streptococcal antigens.", "PMID": 396225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10944", "title": "Interaction of wheat-germ agglutinin with streptococci and streptococcal cell wall polymers.", "content": "Wheat-germ agglutinin agglutinates all strains of group A and group C streptococci, a part of the strains tested of groups B and E and some strains of other streptococcal groups. It also agglutinates peptidoglycan of several streptococcal groups and precipitates some group-specific carbohydrates of streptococcal cell walls as well as some teichoic acid extracts. The basis for agglutination and precipitation of streptococci and streptococcal cell wall polymers appears to be the interaction of the combining sites of the agglutinin with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues present in the cell wall polymers, either in terminal or in internal positions respectively.", "contents": "Interaction of wheat-germ agglutinin with streptococci and streptococcal cell wall polymers. Wheat-germ agglutinin agglutinates all strains of group A and group C streptococci, a part of the strains tested of groups B and E and some strains of other streptococcal groups. It also agglutinates peptidoglycan of several streptococcal groups and precipitates some group-specific carbohydrates of streptococcal cell walls as well as some teichoic acid extracts. The basis for agglutination and precipitation of streptococci and streptococcal cell wall polymers appears to be the interaction of the combining sites of the agglutinin with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues present in the cell wall polymers, either in terminal or in internal positions respectively.", "PMID": 396226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10945", "title": "[Malaria hypothesis--the significance of the hereditary red cell traits Hb S and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "The high frequencies of the Hb S and G6PD-deficiency genes in the tropics are explained by their relative resistance against malarial infection. They may confer advantage through lower infection rates or through lower parasitaemia. There is evidence that heterozygote carriers of these genes are partially protected. The mechanism of resistance is known for Hb S but not completely understood for the G6PD-deficiency gene. Other red cell factors are discussed with respect to innate resistance against malaria.", "contents": "[Malaria hypothesis--the significance of the hereditary red cell traits Hb S and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria (author's transl)]. The high frequencies of the Hb S and G6PD-deficiency genes in the tropics are explained by their relative resistance against malarial infection. They may confer advantage through lower infection rates or through lower parasitaemia. There is evidence that heterozygote carriers of these genes are partially protected. The mechanism of resistance is known for Hb S but not completely understood for the G6PD-deficiency gene. Other red cell factors are discussed with respect to innate resistance against malaria.", "PMID": 396227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10946", "title": "[Conditions influencing the activity of fosfomycin in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin in vitro is most suitably carried out in serial dilution tests on Mueller-Hinton agar. In this, the reproducibility of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) is the best and is the least dependent on the size of the inoculum. In addition, there is no \"skip-tube\" effect with this method of determination. The reproducibility of the MIC values increases for several bacterial species on addition of glucose-6-phosphate and at the same time the inhibitory values are lower. If human urine is used as the nutrient medium, the inhibitory values of fosfomycin increase for many species. The action of the antibiotic is not reduced on addition of human blood to the Mueller-Hinton agar.", "contents": "[Conditions influencing the activity of fosfomycin in vitro (author's transl)]. The determination of the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin in vitro is most suitably carried out in serial dilution tests on Mueller-Hinton agar. In this, the reproducibility of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) is the best and is the least dependent on the size of the inoculum. In addition, there is no \"skip-tube\" effect with this method of determination. The reproducibility of the MIC values increases for several bacterial species on addition of glucose-6-phosphate and at the same time the inhibitory values are lower. If human urine is used as the nutrient medium, the inhibitory values of fosfomycin increase for many species. The action of the antibiotic is not reduced on addition of human blood to the Mueller-Hinton agar.", "PMID": 396228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10947", "title": "[Bacteremia associated with subfebril urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood samples of 115 patients of both sexes admitted to the hospital with urinary tract infections were examined for bacteremia. Out of 115 patients 12 (10%) had positive blood cultures associated with significant urinary counts (greater than or equal to 10(5) organisms/ml). Although 10% of the patients showed positive blood cultures indicating bacteremia none of them had shaking chills, fever or any other clinical signs of septicaemia. None of the patients from whom blood samples were taken had yet received antimicrobial therapy. Bacterial isolates from urine and blood were identical. Microorganisms most frequently isolated were found in the following order: E. coli, Proteus species, K. pneumoniae and coagulase negative staphylococci. Neoplasms, obstruction of the urinary tract and age were found to be high risk factors.", "contents": "[Bacteremia associated with subfebril urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Blood samples of 115 patients of both sexes admitted to the hospital with urinary tract infections were examined for bacteremia. Out of 115 patients 12 (10%) had positive blood cultures associated with significant urinary counts (greater than or equal to 10(5) organisms/ml). Although 10% of the patients showed positive blood cultures indicating bacteremia none of them had shaking chills, fever or any other clinical signs of septicaemia. None of the patients from whom blood samples were taken had yet received antimicrobial therapy. Bacterial isolates from urine and blood were identical. Microorganisms most frequently isolated were found in the following order: E. coli, Proteus species, K. pneumoniae and coagulase negative staphylococci. Neoplasms, obstruction of the urinary tract and age were found to be high risk factors.", "PMID": 396229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10948", "title": "[Diagnosis of trichinellosis and special aspects of a modified immunofluorescence test (author's transl)].", "content": "Trichinella spiralis was detected in 1835 by Paget, an English student. Since the introduction of the meat investigation law for trichinosis in 1937 the infection with this parasites became a rare condition. The last endemies in Germany occurred in 1967 and 1977. They restimulated the discussion regarding the efficiency and sensitivity of the routinely used methods for the detection of Tr. spiralis. 69 patients, suffering from infection with Tr. spiralis were investigated using a modified IFT. This method was compared with other serological techniques for the determination of Tr. spiralis and was found very sensitive and specific. Further immunological investigations showed an increased lymphocyte stimulation with Trich. antigen in most patients suffering from trichinellosis. When added autologous serum however the proliferation of lymphocytes was inhibited. The reason for this phenomenon might be a factor with immunosuppressive property produced by the adult worms.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of trichinellosis and special aspects of a modified immunofluorescence test (author's transl)]. Trichinella spiralis was detected in 1835 by Paget, an English student. Since the introduction of the meat investigation law for trichinosis in 1937 the infection with this parasites became a rare condition. The last endemies in Germany occurred in 1967 and 1977. They restimulated the discussion regarding the efficiency and sensitivity of the routinely used methods for the detection of Tr. spiralis. 69 patients, suffering from infection with Tr. spiralis were investigated using a modified IFT. This method was compared with other serological techniques for the determination of Tr. spiralis and was found very sensitive and specific. Further immunological investigations showed an increased lymphocyte stimulation with Trich. antigen in most patients suffering from trichinellosis. When added autologous serum however the proliferation of lymphocytes was inhibited. The reason for this phenomenon might be a factor with immunosuppressive property produced by the adult worms.", "PMID": 396230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10949", "title": "Serial renin-angiotensin studies in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. Transition from normal- to high-renin status during the established phase of spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "To characterize the renin-angiotensin system in the Aoki-Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) more fully, serial measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), renin reactivity (as relative index of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction) and renin substrate concentration were made in 6- to 64-week-old SHR and in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY). In the evolving phase of SHR hypertension (6 and 13 weeks of age), PRA was comparable to WKY control values, whereas mature SHR with established hypertension developed, between 13 and 35 weeks of age, a high-PRA state persisting through 64 weeks of age. In 64-week-old SHR, increased plasma volume (3.54 +/- 0.91 in SHR vs. 3.18 +/- 0.90 ml/100 g body weight in WKY, p less than 0.025), together with increased PRA (24.9 +/- 3.8 in SHR vs. 13.1 2.2 ng AI/ml plasma/hr in WKY, p less than 0.025), suggest that volume decrease cannot explain increased PRA. In 42-week-old SHR, PRA was incompletely suppressed by deoxycorticosterone acetate plus 1% saline orally for 4 days: 4.9 +/- 1.2 in SHR vs. 0.6 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I/ml plasma/hr in WKY, p less than 0.001. Modestly increased renin reactivity of plasma was observed in SHR at all ages studied, supporting the ubiquity of increased circulating accelerators (or decreased inhibitors) of the renin reaction in hypertensive states. However, elevated renin reactivity did not account for the transition from normal to high PRA observed in mature SHR, nor did renin substrate concentration, which was consistently lower in SHR than in age-matched WKY. Temporal patterns of, and strain differences in PRA were closely paralleled by variations in PRC but not by other reaction components. Significant elevation of serum creatinine in old SHR support the presence of renal injury. We conclude that PRA and PRC are normal in evolving SHR hypertension and progress to abnormally elevated levels after hypertension is established. We postulate that \"high-renin\" hypertension may develop as a consequence of the hypertensive state per se, perhaps due to nephrosclerotic vascular disease.", "contents": "Serial renin-angiotensin studies in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. Transition from normal- to high-renin status during the established phase of spontaneous hypertension. To characterize the renin-angiotensin system in the Aoki-Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) more fully, serial measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), renin reactivity (as relative index of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction) and renin substrate concentration were made in 6- to 64-week-old SHR and in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY). In the evolving phase of SHR hypertension (6 and 13 weeks of age), PRA was comparable to WKY control values, whereas mature SHR with established hypertension developed, between 13 and 35 weeks of age, a high-PRA state persisting through 64 weeks of age. In 64-week-old SHR, increased plasma volume (3.54 +/- 0.91 in SHR vs. 3.18 +/- 0.90 ml/100 g body weight in WKY, p less than 0.025), together with increased PRA (24.9 +/- 3.8 in SHR vs. 13.1 2.2 ng AI/ml plasma/hr in WKY, p less than 0.025), suggest that volume decrease cannot explain increased PRA. In 42-week-old SHR, PRA was incompletely suppressed by deoxycorticosterone acetate plus 1% saline orally for 4 days: 4.9 +/- 1.2 in SHR vs. 0.6 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I/ml plasma/hr in WKY, p less than 0.001. Modestly increased renin reactivity of plasma was observed in SHR at all ages studied, supporting the ubiquity of increased circulating accelerators (or decreased inhibitors) of the renin reaction in hypertensive states. However, elevated renin reactivity did not account for the transition from normal to high PRA observed in mature SHR, nor did renin substrate concentration, which was consistently lower in SHR than in age-matched WKY. Temporal patterns of, and strain differences in PRA were closely paralleled by variations in PRC but not by other reaction components. Significant elevation of serum creatinine in old SHR support the presence of renal injury. We conclude that PRA and PRC are normal in evolving SHR hypertension and progress to abnormally elevated levels after hypertension is established. We postulate that \"high-renin\" hypertension may develop as a consequence of the hypertensive state per se, perhaps due to nephrosclerotic vascular disease.", "PMID": 396238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10950", "title": "Plasma renin activity, reactivity, concentration and substrate following hypertension during pregnancy. Effect of oral contraceptive agents.", "content": "Plasma renin activity is suppressed in approximately 25% of patients with essential hypertension, and the rate of in vitro angiotensin I production after addition of exogenous renin (renin reactivity) is increased in plasma of hypertensive patients. We have recently observed that blood pressure (116 +/- 1.5/68 +/- 1.7 mm Hg) of young women who had hypertension during a first pregnancy 3--6 years earlier (n = 63) was higher (p less than 0.005) than blood pressure (109 +/- 1.4/61 +/- 1.7 mm Hg) of women who remained normotensive during pregnancy (n = 52). To determine if alterations of the renin-angiotensin axis observed in patients with established hypertension also occur in young adults with relatively high blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate (PRS) and plasma renin reactivity (PRR) were compared in these two groups of subjects. Overall, PRA and PRC were inversely related to systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.02). Excluding women on oral contraceptive agents, the PRA response to standardized treadmill exercise was suppressed (less than 1.0 ng/ml/hr) in 19% of women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy and in no women who remained normotensive throughout a previous pregnancy; PRR did not differ (p greater than 0.8) in the two groups of young mothers (27.1 ng/ml/30 min +/- 1.2 SE VS 26.2 ng/ml/30 min +/- 0.9 SE). Thus, renin suppression, but not increased PRR, precedes the onset of hypertension. Oral contraceptive usage was associated with higher systolic blood pressures, increased PRS, and low PRC. Highest blood pressures and lowest PRA occurred in women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy who were taking oral contraceptive agents at the time of study.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity, reactivity, concentration and substrate following hypertension during pregnancy. Effect of oral contraceptive agents. Plasma renin activity is suppressed in approximately 25% of patients with essential hypertension, and the rate of in vitro angiotensin I production after addition of exogenous renin (renin reactivity) is increased in plasma of hypertensive patients. We have recently observed that blood pressure (116 +/- 1.5/68 +/- 1.7 mm Hg) of young women who had hypertension during a first pregnancy 3--6 years earlier (n = 63) was higher (p less than 0.005) than blood pressure (109 +/- 1.4/61 +/- 1.7 mm Hg) of women who remained normotensive during pregnancy (n = 52). To determine if alterations of the renin-angiotensin axis observed in patients with established hypertension also occur in young adults with relatively high blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate (PRS) and plasma renin reactivity (PRR) were compared in these two groups of subjects. Overall, PRA and PRC were inversely related to systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.02). Excluding women on oral contraceptive agents, the PRA response to standardized treadmill exercise was suppressed (less than 1.0 ng/ml/hr) in 19% of women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy and in no women who remained normotensive throughout a previous pregnancy; PRR did not differ (p greater than 0.8) in the two groups of young mothers (27.1 ng/ml/30 min +/- 1.2 SE VS 26.2 ng/ml/30 min +/- 0.9 SE). Thus, renin suppression, but not increased PRR, precedes the onset of hypertension. Oral contraceptive usage was associated with higher systolic blood pressures, increased PRS, and low PRC. Highest blood pressures and lowest PRA occurred in women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy who were taking oral contraceptive agents at the time of study.", "PMID": 396239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10951", "title": "Glomerular and renal hemodynamics during converting enzyme inhibition (SQ20,881) in the dog.", "content": "It has been suggested that intrarenal levels of angiotensin II may preferentially control efferent arteriolar resistance or may influence the glomerular filtration coefficient (Kf). To examine these possibilities, micropuncture and clearance experiments were performed on nine anesthetized dogs evaluating renal and glomerular hemodynamics before and during the administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ20,881). During the micropuncture measurements, renal arterial pressure was reduced to range of 85 to 90 mm Hg in order to maximize renin secretion and intrarenal formation of angiotensin II. Also, this procedure minimizes potential errors in the determination of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and of glomerular pressure when estimated by techniques that require complete blockade of proximal tubule fluid flow. During the administration of SQ20,881, a converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI), renal blood flow increased significantly by 13%, but GFR was not altered. There were no significant alterations in SNGFR, proximal tubule pressure, peritubular capillary pressure or estimated glomerular pressure. By using the micropressure measurements in combination with the whole kidney hemodynamic data, it was estimated that afferent resistance was reduced 23%. Although significant decreases in efferent resistance could not be documented, there was a tendency for this variable to decrease also. Neither Kf nor effective filtration pressure were altered significantly by CEI. These results do not support the contention that intrarenal effects of angiotensin II are exerted predominantly on the efferent arteriolar resistance segments; rather, they suggest that angiotensin may exert a modest tonic effect on both pre- and postglomerular resistance elements in the anesthetized hydropenic dog.", "contents": "Glomerular and renal hemodynamics during converting enzyme inhibition (SQ20,881) in the dog. It has been suggested that intrarenal levels of angiotensin II may preferentially control efferent arteriolar resistance or may influence the glomerular filtration coefficient (Kf). To examine these possibilities, micropuncture and clearance experiments were performed on nine anesthetized dogs evaluating renal and glomerular hemodynamics before and during the administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ20,881). During the micropuncture measurements, renal arterial pressure was reduced to range of 85 to 90 mm Hg in order to maximize renin secretion and intrarenal formation of angiotensin II. Also, this procedure minimizes potential errors in the determination of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and of glomerular pressure when estimated by techniques that require complete blockade of proximal tubule fluid flow. During the administration of SQ20,881, a converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI), renal blood flow increased significantly by 13%, but GFR was not altered. There were no significant alterations in SNGFR, proximal tubule pressure, peritubular capillary pressure or estimated glomerular pressure. By using the micropressure measurements in combination with the whole kidney hemodynamic data, it was estimated that afferent resistance was reduced 23%. Although significant decreases in efferent resistance could not be documented, there was a tendency for this variable to decrease also. Neither Kf nor effective filtration pressure were altered significantly by CEI. These results do not support the contention that intrarenal effects of angiotensin II are exerted predominantly on the efferent arteriolar resistance segments; rather, they suggest that angiotensin may exert a modest tonic effect on both pre- and postglomerular resistance elements in the anesthetized hydropenic dog.", "PMID": 396240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10952", "title": "Factors controlling plasma renin and aldosterone during pregnancy.", "content": "The response of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) to change in sodium intake was evaluated in pregnant women during the third trimester. After 7 days on a 10 mEq sodium diet, PRA rose from 20.6 +/- 6.2 to 59.6 +/- 11.6 ng/ml/hr and PA from 47 +/- 11 to 127 +/- 27 ng% in pregnant women compared to PRA from 5 +/- 1.2 to 18.9 +/- 5.2 ng/ml/hr and PA from 7.7 +/- 1 to 42 +/- 3 ng% in nonpregnant controls. Pregnant women conserved sodium normally with urinary sodium excretion and weight loss similar to nonpregnant women. After 6 days on a 300 mEq sodium intake, PRA and PA in pregnant women were significantly higher, 10.2 +/- 1.4 ng/ml/hr and 22 +/- 3 ng%, respectively, compared to 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/hr and 7.3 +/- 1 ng% in controls. On both low- and high sodium intake there was a positive correlation between PRA and PA in pregnant women. Plasma prostaglandin E (PGE) was 0.45 +/- 0.06 ng/ml in pregnant women compared to 0.1 +/- 0.01 ng/ml in control women (p less than 0.01) and urinary PGE excretion was 2780 +/- 357 ng/24 hr in 28 pregnant women compared to 1191 +/- 142 ng/24 hrs (p less than 0.01) in 14 nonpregnant controls. These findings indicate that although renin and aldosterone secretion respond to change in sodium intake in pregnancy, the cause of the increased renin secretion of pregnancy may be secondary to the increase that occurs in prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Factors controlling plasma renin and aldosterone during pregnancy. The response of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) to change in sodium intake was evaluated in pregnant women during the third trimester. After 7 days on a 10 mEq sodium diet, PRA rose from 20.6 +/- 6.2 to 59.6 +/- 11.6 ng/ml/hr and PA from 47 +/- 11 to 127 +/- 27 ng% in pregnant women compared to PRA from 5 +/- 1.2 to 18.9 +/- 5.2 ng/ml/hr and PA from 7.7 +/- 1 to 42 +/- 3 ng% in nonpregnant controls. Pregnant women conserved sodium normally with urinary sodium excretion and weight loss similar to nonpregnant women. After 6 days on a 300 mEq sodium intake, PRA and PA in pregnant women were significantly higher, 10.2 +/- 1.4 ng/ml/hr and 22 +/- 3 ng%, respectively, compared to 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/hr and 7.3 +/- 1 ng% in controls. On both low- and high sodium intake there was a positive correlation between PRA and PA in pregnant women. Plasma prostaglandin E (PGE) was 0.45 +/- 0.06 ng/ml in pregnant women compared to 0.1 +/- 0.01 ng/ml in control women (p less than 0.01) and urinary PGE excretion was 2780 +/- 357 ng/24 hr in 28 pregnant women compared to 1191 +/- 142 ng/24 hrs (p less than 0.01) in 14 nonpregnant controls. These findings indicate that although renin and aldosterone secretion respond to change in sodium intake in pregnancy, the cause of the increased renin secretion of pregnancy may be secondary to the increase that occurs in prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 396242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10953", "title": "[Therapeutic problems after massive blood transfusions].", "content": "The term of massive blood transfusion is still today not clearly defined. Through the introduction of microfilters, however, the clinical problems were decisively reduced. Nevertheless, a persistent shock may also today lead to acute respiratory disease. Further difficulties present the buffering, the slow activation of erythrocyte function in stored blood, the sufficient fluid and electrolyte substitution as well as the observation of renal function and coagulation disturbance. The problems of rewarming the patient and warming the stored blood before transfusion are discussed. Special regard must be paid to early and long enough ventilation during and after massive blood transfusion.", "contents": "[Therapeutic problems after massive blood transfusions]. The term of massive blood transfusion is still today not clearly defined. Through the introduction of microfilters, however, the clinical problems were decisively reduced. Nevertheless, a persistent shock may also today lead to acute respiratory disease. Further difficulties present the buffering, the slow activation of erythrocyte function in stored blood, the sufficient fluid and electrolyte substitution as well as the observation of renal function and coagulation disturbance. The problems of rewarming the patient and warming the stored blood before transfusion are discussed. Special regard must be paid to early and long enough ventilation during and after massive blood transfusion.", "PMID": 396253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10954", "title": "Genetic influences on renin, aldosterone, and the renal excretion of sodium and potassium following volume expansion and contraction in normal man.", "content": "To investigate the influence of hereditary on plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC), blood pressure, and the renal excretion of sodium and potassium following volume expansion and contraction in normal man, we studied 37 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 18 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins. Volume expansion was achieved by the intravenous infusion of 2L normal saline; volume contraction was accomplished by a low-sodium diet and 120 mg oral furosemide. The presence of genetic variance was tested by calculating the within pair and among component estimates of genetic variance. Outpatient 24-hour-urine collections suggested that MZ and DZ twins ingested diets similar in sodium and potassium content, and failed to reveal genetic influences on the dietary preferences for these electrolytes. The PRA values suggested heritable influences during both the volume expanded and contracted state with the added stimulus of upright posture. Heritable influences were observed on PAC and were most apparent in the basal state on the day of volume expansion. An influence of heredity on blood pressure was most apparent during volume contraction. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV), urinary potassium excretion (UKV), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), and fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) revealed evidence of significant genetic variance under the condition of volume expansion. in that state, systolic blood pressure was directly correlated with PRA, PAC, and inversely with FENa. The data suggest that the renal regulation of sodium and potassium excretion is in part influenced by heritable factors that may in turn contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals.", "contents": "Genetic influences on renin, aldosterone, and the renal excretion of sodium and potassium following volume expansion and contraction in normal man. To investigate the influence of hereditary on plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC), blood pressure, and the renal excretion of sodium and potassium following volume expansion and contraction in normal man, we studied 37 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 18 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins. Volume expansion was achieved by the intravenous infusion of 2L normal saline; volume contraction was accomplished by a low-sodium diet and 120 mg oral furosemide. The presence of genetic variance was tested by calculating the within pair and among component estimates of genetic variance. Outpatient 24-hour-urine collections suggested that MZ and DZ twins ingested diets similar in sodium and potassium content, and failed to reveal genetic influences on the dietary preferences for these electrolytes. The PRA values suggested heritable influences during both the volume expanded and contracted state with the added stimulus of upright posture. Heritable influences were observed on PAC and were most apparent in the basal state on the day of volume expansion. An influence of heredity on blood pressure was most apparent during volume contraction. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV), urinary potassium excretion (UKV), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), and fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) revealed evidence of significant genetic variance under the condition of volume expansion. in that state, systolic blood pressure was directly correlated with PRA, PAC, and inversely with FENa. The data suggest that the renal regulation of sodium and potassium excretion is in part influenced by heritable factors that may in turn contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals.", "PMID": 396249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10955", "title": "Changes in renal vascular sensitivity and arterial pressure associated with sodium intake during long-term intrarenal norepinephrine infusion in dogs.", "content": "Experiments were performed on conscious uninephrectomized dogs to determine the comparative effects of chronic intrarenal and intravenous norephrine (NE) infusion (0.27 microgram/kg/min) on the steady-state values for arterial pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), and renal function at four levels of sodium intake (5, 40, 120 and 240 mEq/day). Arterial pressure was monitored continuously 24 hr/day with on-line computer techniques. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined after sodium and water balance was achieved. During intrarenal NE infusion, ERPF and GFR decreased progressively from 15% to 30% and from 24% to 46% respectively, while renal vascular resistance increased progressively from 40% to 140% as sodium intake was increased from 10 to 240 mEq/day. Both ERPF and renal resistance, but not GFR, returned to control levels during intravenous NE infusion at each level of sodium intake and after terminating NE infusion. During intrarenal NE infusion the steady-state value for mean arterial pressure increased from a control of 105 to 118 mm Hg when the sodium intake was 10 mEq/day. Pressure then increased progressively from 118 to 135 mm Hg as the sodium intake was elevated from 10 to 240 mEq/day. Increases in arterial pressure associated with intravenous NE infusion were significantly smaller at each sodium level than those achieved with intrarenal NE infusion. At each level of sodium intake, PRA was elevated during intrarenal NE infusion and returned to control after NE infusion. Intravenous NE infusion did not increase PRA above control levels. The data are compatible with the concept that enhanced renal adrenergic activity could initiate and sustain hypertension chronically by basic alterations in renal function.", "contents": "Changes in renal vascular sensitivity and arterial pressure associated with sodium intake during long-term intrarenal norepinephrine infusion in dogs. Experiments were performed on conscious uninephrectomized dogs to determine the comparative effects of chronic intrarenal and intravenous norephrine (NE) infusion (0.27 microgram/kg/min) on the steady-state values for arterial pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), and renal function at four levels of sodium intake (5, 40, 120 and 240 mEq/day). Arterial pressure was monitored continuously 24 hr/day with on-line computer techniques. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined after sodium and water balance was achieved. During intrarenal NE infusion, ERPF and GFR decreased progressively from 15% to 30% and from 24% to 46% respectively, while renal vascular resistance increased progressively from 40% to 140% as sodium intake was increased from 10 to 240 mEq/day. Both ERPF and renal resistance, but not GFR, returned to control levels during intravenous NE infusion at each level of sodium intake and after terminating NE infusion. During intrarenal NE infusion the steady-state value for mean arterial pressure increased from a control of 105 to 118 mm Hg when the sodium intake was 10 mEq/day. Pressure then increased progressively from 118 to 135 mm Hg as the sodium intake was elevated from 10 to 240 mEq/day. Increases in arterial pressure associated with intravenous NE infusion were significantly smaller at each sodium level than those achieved with intrarenal NE infusion. At each level of sodium intake, PRA was elevated during intrarenal NE infusion and returned to control after NE infusion. Intravenous NE infusion did not increase PRA above control levels. The data are compatible with the concept that enhanced renal adrenergic activity could initiate and sustain hypertension chronically by basic alterations in renal function.", "PMID": 396248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10956", "title": "Some theories of hypertension: fact and fancy.", "content": "1. Various theories on the origin and development of hypertension offered over the years have been assessed critically. 2. It is concluded that no one theory is adequate at the present time to encompass all the known facts. 3. Continuously expanded understanding of hypertensive mechanisms, however, help in the individualization and therefore the improvement of various modalities of therapy, including treatment with presently available agents, as well as with those which may be developed in the future.", "contents": "Some theories of hypertension: fact and fancy. 1. Various theories on the origin and development of hypertension offered over the years have been assessed critically. 2. It is concluded that no one theory is adequate at the present time to encompass all the known facts. 3. Continuously expanded understanding of hypertensive mechanisms, however, help in the individualization and therefore the improvement of various modalities of therapy, including treatment with presently available agents, as well as with those which may be developed in the future.", "PMID": 396243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10957", "title": "[Motion sickness (author's transl)].", "content": "A short introduction to motion sickness is followed by a historical survey of the various theories, with special reference to those concerning the inner ear. The symptomatology and the consequences of the disease are discussed. Prevention and therapy are considered.", "contents": "[Motion sickness (author's transl)]. A short introduction to motion sickness is followed by a historical survey of the various theories, with special reference to those concerning the inner ear. The symptomatology and the consequences of the disease are discussed. Prevention and therapy are considered.", "PMID": 396285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10958", "title": "[Bullous dermatoses in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "The early clinical and histological diagnosis of acquired bullous dermatoses (pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and the cicatricical pemphigoid of mucous membranes) may prove to be difficult when the disease is confined to the upper air and food passages. Histological differentiation between these diseases can also be difficult. In a number of cases it could be shown that the first signs of the disease were frequently mistaken for inflammatory conditions and that routine histological examination rarely confirmed the diagnosis. Only after immunohistological and immunoserological examination could the diagnosis be confirmed. In pemphigus, the treatment can be individually adapted to the titre of antibodies. The typical otorhinolaryngological findings in each of the three diseases are described.", "contents": "[Bullous dermatoses in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. The early clinical and histological diagnosis of acquired bullous dermatoses (pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and the cicatricical pemphigoid of mucous membranes) may prove to be difficult when the disease is confined to the upper air and food passages. Histological differentiation between these diseases can also be difficult. In a number of cases it could be shown that the first signs of the disease were frequently mistaken for inflammatory conditions and that routine histological examination rarely confirmed the diagnosis. Only after immunohistological and immunoserological examination could the diagnosis be confirmed. In pemphigus, the treatment can be individually adapted to the titre of antibodies. The typical otorhinolaryngological findings in each of the three diseases are described.", "PMID": 396286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10959", "title": "A stereological study of the trophic effects of the renin-angiotensin system on the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa.", "content": "Left renal artery stenosis increased and timolol maleate chronic administration decreased systolic blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration, in adult male rats. In the hypertensive animals the volume of the zona glomerulosa, the volume and number of zona glomerulosa cells, as well as the volume of the mitochondrial compartment and the surface area of SER and mitochondrial cristae, were significantly increased. The volume of the lipid compartment was reduced, and several clumps of electron-dense granules appeared at the juxta-sinusoidal pole of the cells. Opposite results were found in the zona glomerulosa of the hypotensive rats, with the exception that the volume of the lipid compartment showed no significant change. These findings suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the maintenance and stimulation of the growth in the zona glomerulosa. Since in the hypertensive rats the increase in the volume density of electron-dense granules fits well with that in the intracellular concentration of aldosterone, the working hypothesis is that these granules are aldosterone-containing secretory organelles.", "contents": "A stereological study of the trophic effects of the renin-angiotensin system on the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. Left renal artery stenosis increased and timolol maleate chronic administration decreased systolic blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration, in adult male rats. In the hypertensive animals the volume of the zona glomerulosa, the volume and number of zona glomerulosa cells, as well as the volume of the mitochondrial compartment and the surface area of SER and mitochondrial cristae, were significantly increased. The volume of the lipid compartment was reduced, and several clumps of electron-dense granules appeared at the juxta-sinusoidal pole of the cells. Opposite results were found in the zona glomerulosa of the hypotensive rats, with the exception that the volume of the lipid compartment showed no significant change. These findings suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the maintenance and stimulation of the growth in the zona glomerulosa. Since in the hypertensive rats the increase in the volume density of electron-dense granules fits well with that in the intracellular concentration of aldosterone, the working hypothesis is that these granules are aldosterone-containing secretory organelles.", "PMID": 396287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10960", "title": "A comparative study of canine and human breast cancer.", "content": "The incidence of mammary tumours in the bitch is probably three times as great as in women. While many of these tumours are mixed mammary tumours about one-third are carcinomas which resemble human breast carcinomas. Allowing for differences in life span, the age at onset is similar in both species. The World Health Organization classification of tumours and dysplasias of the canine mammary gland follows as far as possible the WHO classification for human breast tumours. Clinical staging of canine mammary tumours has now been completed. Some prognostic factors are similar in both species but regional lymph node metastasis does not seem to be of major importance in the bitch; mitotic activity may also not be as important as in women. Metastatic spread is broadly similar in both species except that involvement of the liver and skeleton is not as common in the bitch as in women. In older normal Beagles hyperplastic and neoplastic nodules commonly appear in the mammary gland, and they occur earlier in animals receiving large doses of progestogens. This has produced problems for the drug industry when conducting long-term carcinogenicity tests on progestogens present in the human contraceptive pill. Despite considerable endocrinological differences between the two species, oophorectomy is sparing for breast cancer in both. As in women, oestrogen and progesterone receptors have been detected in mammary carcinomas in bitches. Canine tumours can be grown in tissue culture but cloned cell lines have not yet been obtained. Transplantation can be made into nude mice and immunosuppressed neonatal dogs. The prognosis following mastectomy for invasive tubular adenocarcinoma and invasive solid carcinoma in the bitch is poor and these histological types make the best models for breast cancer in women. International trials are planned using chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy following mastectomy and, as results can be obtained within 3 years of commencement, it is expected that canine mammary tumours will play an increasingly important role in research which may lead to improved methods of treatment in human breast cancer.", "contents": "A comparative study of canine and human breast cancer. The incidence of mammary tumours in the bitch is probably three times as great as in women. While many of these tumours are mixed mammary tumours about one-third are carcinomas which resemble human breast carcinomas. Allowing for differences in life span, the age at onset is similar in both species. The World Health Organization classification of tumours and dysplasias of the canine mammary gland follows as far as possible the WHO classification for human breast tumours. Clinical staging of canine mammary tumours has now been completed. Some prognostic factors are similar in both species but regional lymph node metastasis does not seem to be of major importance in the bitch; mitotic activity may also not be as important as in women. Metastatic spread is broadly similar in both species except that involvement of the liver and skeleton is not as common in the bitch as in women. In older normal Beagles hyperplastic and neoplastic nodules commonly appear in the mammary gland, and they occur earlier in animals receiving large doses of progestogens. This has produced problems for the drug industry when conducting long-term carcinogenicity tests on progestogens present in the human contraceptive pill. Despite considerable endocrinological differences between the two species, oophorectomy is sparing for breast cancer in both. As in women, oestrogen and progesterone receptors have been detected in mammary carcinomas in bitches. Canine tumours can be grown in tissue culture but cloned cell lines have not yet been obtained. Transplantation can be made into nude mice and immunosuppressed neonatal dogs. The prognosis following mastectomy for invasive tubular adenocarcinoma and invasive solid carcinoma in the bitch is poor and these histological types make the best models for breast cancer in women. International trials are planned using chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy following mastectomy and, as results can be obtained within 3 years of commencement, it is expected that canine mammary tumours will play an increasingly important role in research which may lead to improved methods of treatment in human breast cancer.", "PMID": 396282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10961", "title": "Early intermediates in the biosynthesis of ansamycins. II. Isolation and identification of proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin i-M1.", "content": "Proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin I-M1 were isolated as minor compounds from fermentations of the protorifamycin I producing strain Nocardia mediterranei F 1/24, identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods and shown to be degradation products of the hypothetical proansamycin B postulated in part I of this series of papers and of protorifamycin I, respectively.", "contents": "Early intermediates in the biosynthesis of ansamycins. II. Isolation and identification of proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin i-M1. Proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin I-M1 were isolated as minor compounds from fermentations of the protorifamycin I producing strain Nocardia mediterranei F 1/24, identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods and shown to be degradation products of the hypothetical proansamycin B postulated in part I of this series of papers and of protorifamycin I, respectively.", "PMID": 396289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10962", "title": "Binding of tobramycin to Escherichia coli ribosomes: characteristics and equilibrium of the reaction.", "content": "A sample of [3H] tobramycin (5,000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading through of the messenger RNA.", "contents": "Binding of tobramycin to Escherichia coli ribosomes: characteristics and equilibrium of the reaction. A sample of [3H] tobramycin (5,000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading through of the messenger RNA.", "PMID": 396290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10963", "title": "Acute phase reactant proteins as aids to monitoring disease.", "content": "The plasma acute phase reactant proteins are a group consisting mainly of glycosialated proteins, whose levels rise in response to a wide variety of injuries. This review discusses how by considering several APRPs coincidentally the pattern of change can have a discriminant function which can be used alone or to enhance other biochemical tests, especially in the monitoring of disease.", "contents": "Acute phase reactant proteins as aids to monitoring disease. The plasma acute phase reactant proteins are a group consisting mainly of glycosialated proteins, whose levels rise in response to a wide variety of injuries. This review discusses how by considering several APRPs coincidentally the pattern of change can have a discriminant function which can be used alone or to enhance other biochemical tests, especially in the monitoring of disease.", "PMID": 396283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10964", "title": "The role of radiosensitizing drugs in the management of cancer.", "content": "This paper discusses the role of radiosensitizers not only as adjuncts in the radiotherapy of local neoplastic disease but also in the potential management of metastases by virtue of their direct cytotoxic effects upon hypoxic cells.", "contents": "The role of radiosensitizing drugs in the management of cancer. This paper discusses the role of radiosensitizers not only as adjuncts in the radiotherapy of local neoplastic disease but also in the potential management of metastases by virtue of their direct cytotoxic effects upon hypoxic cells.", "PMID": 396284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10965", "title": "Comparative bactericidal effect of ceforanide (BL-S 786) and five other cephalosporins in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of ceforanide was compared, in an in vitro kinetic model, with that of five other cephalosproins: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin. Cultures of various pathogens in 95% human serum were incubated for 12 hours in the presence of the cephalosporins whose concentrations were modified periodically-by addition of a concentrated solution of drug or dilution with unmedicated serum-in order to simulate the variation of antibiotic concentration in human blood after one-gram intramuscular dose. One Gram-positive strain and six Gram-negative strains were used. Bactericidal activity was assessed by monitoring changes in the number of colony-forming units. Tests showed that against Klebsiella pneumoniae, ceforanide was the most active of the six cephalosporins. Proteus mirabilis was more susceptible to ceforanide and cefuroxime than to the other compounds; Enterobacter cloacae to ceforanide, cefuroxime, and cefamandole; Escherichia coli to ceforanide, cefuroxime, cefamandole, and cefazolin. The number of viable cells of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced below detectable levels by all cephalosporins except cefoxitin. On the other hand, Providencia stuartii was virtually unaffected by all of the cephalosporins except cefoxitin.", "contents": "Comparative bactericidal effect of ceforanide (BL-S 786) and five other cephalosporins in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. The bactericidal activity of ceforanide was compared, in an in vitro kinetic model, with that of five other cephalosproins: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin. Cultures of various pathogens in 95% human serum were incubated for 12 hours in the presence of the cephalosporins whose concentrations were modified periodically-by addition of a concentrated solution of drug or dilution with unmedicated serum-in order to simulate the variation of antibiotic concentration in human blood after one-gram intramuscular dose. One Gram-positive strain and six Gram-negative strains were used. Bactericidal activity was assessed by monitoring changes in the number of colony-forming units. Tests showed that against Klebsiella pneumoniae, ceforanide was the most active of the six cephalosporins. Proteus mirabilis was more susceptible to ceforanide and cefuroxime than to the other compounds; Enterobacter cloacae to ceforanide, cefuroxime, and cefamandole; Escherichia coli to ceforanide, cefuroxime, cefamandole, and cefazolin. The number of viable cells of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced below detectable levels by all cephalosporins except cefoxitin. On the other hand, Providencia stuartii was virtually unaffected by all of the cephalosporins except cefoxitin.", "PMID": 396292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10966", "title": "Insulin stimulation of glucose entry in cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of insulin on glucose entry has been studied in monolayer cultures of human diploid fibroblastic cells. Influence of insulin on total cell glucose incorporation was evaluated using [14C] glucose. Glucose incorporation was increased up to two-fold in the presence of insulin. Insulin action occurred within 30 minutes and could be observed with insulin concentrations as low as 10(-10) M (10 microU)ml). The action of insulin was enhanced by preincubation in glucose-free medium. After glucose starvation the cells converted glucose primarily to glycogen and nucleotides, and the stimulation by insulin was observed equally in both fractions. Influence of insulin on the kinetics of hexose transport was studied using 2-deoxyglucose and 3-0-methyl glucose. A large diffusion component was corrected using rho-chloromercuribenzoic acid or phloridzin. Km for facilitated diffusion averaged 1.9 mM for 2-deoxyglucose and 5.3 mM for 3-O-methyl glucose, and Vmax ranged from 10-24 nmoles/min/mg cell protein. Insulin resulted in a 150% increase in Vmax with no significant change in Km. The data suggest that human diploid fibroblasts can be a useful system for the study of insulin's glucoregulatory action.", "contents": "Insulin stimulation of glucose entry in cultured human fibroblasts. The effect of insulin on glucose entry has been studied in monolayer cultures of human diploid fibroblastic cells. Influence of insulin on total cell glucose incorporation was evaluated using [14C] glucose. Glucose incorporation was increased up to two-fold in the presence of insulin. Insulin action occurred within 30 minutes and could be observed with insulin concentrations as low as 10(-10) M (10 microU)ml). The action of insulin was enhanced by preincubation in glucose-free medium. After glucose starvation the cells converted glucose primarily to glycogen and nucleotides, and the stimulation by insulin was observed equally in both fractions. Influence of insulin on the kinetics of hexose transport was studied using 2-deoxyglucose and 3-0-methyl glucose. A large diffusion component was corrected using rho-chloromercuribenzoic acid or phloridzin. Km for facilitated diffusion averaged 1.9 mM for 2-deoxyglucose and 5.3 mM for 3-O-methyl glucose, and Vmax ranged from 10-24 nmoles/min/mg cell protein. Insulin resulted in a 150% increase in Vmax with no significant change in Km. The data suggest that human diploid fibroblasts can be a useful system for the study of insulin's glucoregulatory action.", "PMID": 396302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10967", "title": "[Angiographic exploration of endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Arteriography and phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their procedure of angiographic localization of endocrine tumors of the pancreas: arteriography and subselective pancreatic phlebography (by transcutaneous transhepatic route) with intrapancreatic venous hormonal assays. This technic is the only one able to localize microscopic secreting tumors (under 2mm diameter in 3 cases on 20 examinations). Interpretation of hormonal data is discussed.", "contents": "[Angiographic exploration of endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Arteriography and phlebography (author's transl)]. The authors report their procedure of angiographic localization of endocrine tumors of the pancreas: arteriography and subselective pancreatic phlebography (by transcutaneous transhepatic route) with intrapancreatic venous hormonal assays. This technic is the only one able to localize microscopic secreting tumors (under 2mm diameter in 3 cases on 20 examinations). Interpretation of hormonal data is discussed.", "PMID": 396303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10968", "title": "Plaque growth while chewing sorbitol and xylitol simultaneously with sucrose flavored gum.", "content": "In a recent study, sorbitol flavored chewing gum was found neither to increase nor decrease the normal rate of plaque formation, whereas high plaque scores were obtained with sucrose gum during 4 days of no mechanical tooth cleaning. The aim of the present study was to see if chewing sorbitol or xylitol flavored gum together with sucrose gum would affect the growth rate of plaque and whether chewing of xylitol flavored gum could reduce the amount of already formed plaque. Twenty-seven dental students refrained from mechanical oral hygiene measures from Monday to Friday morning for 3 weeks. The students were randomly divided into three groups. A three time crossed-over double-blind approach was used. During each test period one group chewed a combination of one piece sorbitol and one piece sucrose flavored gum five times per day, the second group correspondingly chewed xylitol and sucrose flavored gum, while the third group served as a no hygiene control group. After each test period the students in the control group chewed one piece of xylitol gum every 15 minutes for 2.5 hours. The participants started out each week with clean teeth and were at the end of each test period scored for visible plaque on the facial, mesial and lingual surfaces of their teeth. There was somewhat more plaque after 4 days of chewing sucrose-sorbitol and sucrose-xylitol gum combinations than after no oral hygiene alone. There was no difference between the two test treatments. The 2.5-hour chewing of xylitol flavored gum after the no oral hygiene period did not result in a reduction of the 4-day-old plaque.", "contents": "Plaque growth while chewing sorbitol and xylitol simultaneously with sucrose flavored gum. In a recent study, sorbitol flavored chewing gum was found neither to increase nor decrease the normal rate of plaque formation, whereas high plaque scores were obtained with sucrose gum during 4 days of no mechanical tooth cleaning. The aim of the present study was to see if chewing sorbitol or xylitol flavored gum together with sucrose gum would affect the growth rate of plaque and whether chewing of xylitol flavored gum could reduce the amount of already formed plaque. Twenty-seven dental students refrained from mechanical oral hygiene measures from Monday to Friday morning for 3 weeks. The students were randomly divided into three groups. A three time crossed-over double-blind approach was used. During each test period one group chewed a combination of one piece sorbitol and one piece sucrose flavored gum five times per day, the second group correspondingly chewed xylitol and sucrose flavored gum, while the third group served as a no hygiene control group. After each test period the students in the control group chewed one piece of xylitol gum every 15 minutes for 2.5 hours. The participants started out each week with clean teeth and were at the end of each test period scored for visible plaque on the facial, mesial and lingual surfaces of their teeth. There was somewhat more plaque after 4 days of chewing sucrose-sorbitol and sucrose-xylitol gum combinations than after no oral hygiene alone. There was no difference between the two test treatments. The 2.5-hour chewing of xylitol flavored gum after the no oral hygiene period did not result in a reduction of the 4-day-old plaque.", "PMID": 396305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10969", "title": "Immuno-enzymatic assay for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni antigens in serum of mice harbouring bisexual or unisexual light worm infections.", "content": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) double antibody technique was standardized for detecting S. mansoni polysaccharide and protein antigens in serum of infected mice. Anti-sera specific for either worm components were obtained in sheep and peroxidase conjugates prepared from each serum. The immunoenzimatic test for protein could detect as little as 6 micrograms/ml antigens, and the test for polysaccharides 3 micrograms/ml. Both bisexual and unisexual male worm low infections were produced, and studied for as long as 27 weeks post-exposure. Worm components were found in serum from both types of infections and in progressively higher percentages of animals until the end of the 27 weeks observation period. For unisexual male infections this percentage reached from about 50% to 60% of mice, and 100% for bisexual infections. Significantly higher antigen concentrations in serum were found at 27 weeks for bisexual infections, no antigen increase being detected in relation to starting egg secretion, which occurred at 5 week infections.", "contents": "Immuno-enzymatic assay for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni antigens in serum of mice harbouring bisexual or unisexual light worm infections. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) double antibody technique was standardized for detecting S. mansoni polysaccharide and protein antigens in serum of infected mice. Anti-sera specific for either worm components were obtained in sheep and peroxidase conjugates prepared from each serum. The immunoenzimatic test for protein could detect as little as 6 micrograms/ml antigens, and the test for polysaccharides 3 micrograms/ml. Both bisexual and unisexual male worm low infections were produced, and studied for as long as 27 weeks post-exposure. Worm components were found in serum from both types of infections and in progressively higher percentages of animals until the end of the 27 weeks observation period. For unisexual male infections this percentage reached from about 50% to 60% of mice, and 100% for bisexual infections. Significantly higher antigen concentrations in serum were found at 27 weeks for bisexual infections, no antigen increase being detected in relation to starting egg secretion, which occurred at 5 week infections.", "PMID": 396318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10970", "title": "The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 2. Additional studies on selected sera using indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS).", "content": "Sixty-one serum samples selected on the basis of reactivity in the complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) test, were further examined for sensitivity and specificity by indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS). Twenty sera from healthy Europeans and 48 samples from patients with either schistosomiasis or trichinosis were also tested. Comparable levels of sensitivity were found between the CF and LA positive sera and IHA, ELISA and DASS. Of the CF positive LA negative group of sera, many were positive by DASS but only a few reacted in IHA and ELISA. Some cross reactivity was also observed in the schistosomiasis sera tested by IHA and ELISA.", "contents": "The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 2. Additional studies on selected sera using indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS). Sixty-one serum samples selected on the basis of reactivity in the complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) test, were further examined for sensitivity and specificity by indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS). Twenty sera from healthy Europeans and 48 samples from patients with either schistosomiasis or trichinosis were also tested. Comparable levels of sensitivity were found between the CF and LA positive sera and IHA, ELISA and DASS. Of the CF positive LA negative group of sera, many were positive by DASS but only a few reacted in IHA and ELISA. Some cross reactivity was also observed in the schistosomiasis sera tested by IHA and ELISA.", "PMID": 396319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10971", "title": "Opsonic specificity of human antibody to the type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus.", "content": "The functional significance of vaccine-induced or naturally acquired antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus was determined in human sera by means of an opsonophagocytic assay. Sera containing a sufficient concentration of type-specific antibody and endogenous serum complement caused a significant reduction (greater than 1 log10) in colony-forming units for each of 22 type III clinical isolates after incubation for 40 min. In contrast, serum with a very low concentration of antibody (0.4 micrograms/ml) killed only one isolate. Absorption of serum containing vaccine-induced antibody with purified native type III polysaccharide decreased opsonophagocytosis by a mean of 1.2 log10 for 11 selected type III strains. These results indicate a lack of major antigenic differences among a wide spectrum of type III strains, since bactericidal activity of human serum is uniformly observed in the presence of complement and sufficient concentrations of antibody to the type III polysaccharide.", "contents": "Opsonic specificity of human antibody to the type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus. The functional significance of vaccine-induced or naturally acquired antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus was determined in human sera by means of an opsonophagocytic assay. Sera containing a sufficient concentration of type-specific antibody and endogenous serum complement caused a significant reduction (greater than 1 log10) in colony-forming units for each of 22 type III clinical isolates after incubation for 40 min. In contrast, serum with a very low concentration of antibody (0.4 micrograms/ml) killed only one isolate. Absorption of serum containing vaccine-induced antibody with purified native type III polysaccharide decreased opsonophagocytosis by a mean of 1.2 log10 for 11 selected type III strains. These results indicate a lack of major antigenic differences among a wide spectrum of type III strains, since bactericidal activity of human serum is uniformly observed in the presence of complement and sufficient concentrations of antibody to the type III polysaccharide.", "PMID": 396335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10972", "title": "Evaluation of a neuraminidase-specific influenza A virus vaccine in children: antibody responses and effects on two successive outbreaks of natural infection.", "content": "Three groups of children were immunized with an inactivated Port Chalmers (H3ChN2Ch) influenza vaccine (group A), a neuraminidase-specific (Heq1N2Ch) influenza vaccine (group B), or a placebo. Immunization induced seroconversion for H3Ch and N2Ch-specific antibody in group A and for N2Ch antibody in group B. The protective efficacies observed against naturally acquired illness with the Port Chalmers strain of influneza A virus were 68.7% and 37.4% in groups A and B, respectively, in comparison to the placebo group, and those against illness produced by the subsequent outbreak of the Victoria strain were 80.0% and 72.7%. These data support the role of neuraminidase-specific immunization in protection against influenza. Although the degree of protection after vaccination with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine was less than that provided by the biphasic H3ChN2Ch vaccine against the Port Chalmers strain, it appeared to be similar in the two vaccine study groups against the Victoria strain.", "contents": "Evaluation of a neuraminidase-specific influenza A virus vaccine in children: antibody responses and effects on two successive outbreaks of natural infection. Three groups of children were immunized with an inactivated Port Chalmers (H3ChN2Ch) influenza vaccine (group A), a neuraminidase-specific (Heq1N2Ch) influenza vaccine (group B), or a placebo. Immunization induced seroconversion for H3Ch and N2Ch-specific antibody in group A and for N2Ch antibody in group B. The protective efficacies observed against naturally acquired illness with the Port Chalmers strain of influneza A virus were 68.7% and 37.4% in groups A and B, respectively, in comparison to the placebo group, and those against illness produced by the subsequent outbreak of the Victoria strain were 80.0% and 72.7%. These data support the role of neuraminidase-specific immunization in protection against influenza. Although the degree of protection after vaccination with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine was less than that provided by the biphasic H3ChN2Ch vaccine against the Port Chalmers strain, it appeared to be similar in the two vaccine study groups against the Victoria strain.", "PMID": 396336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10973", "title": "Diagnosis of Salmonella infections: specificity of indirect immunofluorescence for rapid identification of Salmonella enteritidis and usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) method was used for diagnosis of infections caused by Salmonella enteritdis during an epidemic. Antiserum prepared against the synthetic disaccharide tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 D-mannose, representative of salmonella O antigen 9, covalently linked to bovine serum albumin, was used. Of 43 decal samples examined, 28 were positive for S. enteritidis by culture. IFL was applied (1) directly on fecal smears, (2) on enrichment broth cultures after incubation for 18-24 hr, and (3) on agar-grown colonies after incubation for 18-48 hr. The percentage of correctly identified Salmonella and the approximate gain of time for IFL as compared with conventional culture were 75% and 72 hr for (1), 89% and 48 hr for (2), and 100% and 24 hr for (3). Serum samples from 26 of the Salmonella-infected patients were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty-four (92%) of the 26 patients acquired elevated ELISA titers of antibody to lipopolysaccharide, representative of Salmonella serogroup D.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Salmonella infections: specificity of indirect immunofluorescence for rapid identification of Salmonella enteritidis and usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) method was used for diagnosis of infections caused by Salmonella enteritdis during an epidemic. Antiserum prepared against the synthetic disaccharide tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 D-mannose, representative of salmonella O antigen 9, covalently linked to bovine serum albumin, was used. Of 43 decal samples examined, 28 were positive for S. enteritidis by culture. IFL was applied (1) directly on fecal smears, (2) on enrichment broth cultures after incubation for 18-24 hr, and (3) on agar-grown colonies after incubation for 18-48 hr. The percentage of correctly identified Salmonella and the approximate gain of time for IFL as compared with conventional culture were 75% and 72 hr for (1), 89% and 48 hr for (2), and 100% and 24 hr for (3). Serum samples from 26 of the Salmonella-infected patients were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty-four (92%) of the 26 patients acquired elevated ELISA titers of antibody to lipopolysaccharide, representative of Salmonella serogroup D.", "PMID": 396337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10974", "title": "Single-radial-hemolysis test for the assay of rubella antibody in antenatal, vaccinated, and rubella virus-infected patients.", "content": "The single-radial-hemolysis test (SRHT) is a simple, convenient, and sensitive method that provides accurate measurement of IgG antibody to rubella virus. Lipoprotein inhibitors of rubella hemagglutination do not interfere with the SRHT; thus the assay of low levels of antibody is more reliable by SRHT than by the rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test (RHIT). The technique for the SRHT in a form suitable for large numbers of tests is detailed and compared with that of the RHIT, and the reproducibility of the SRHT in routine operation is assessed. Results obtained by testing various populations in Western Australia are used to show the application of the SRHT in the diagnosis of rubella and in the monitoring of rubella vaccination programs.", "contents": "Single-radial-hemolysis test for the assay of rubella antibody in antenatal, vaccinated, and rubella virus-infected patients. The single-radial-hemolysis test (SRHT) is a simple, convenient, and sensitive method that provides accurate measurement of IgG antibody to rubella virus. Lipoprotein inhibitors of rubella hemagglutination do not interfere with the SRHT; thus the assay of low levels of antibody is more reliable by SRHT than by the rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test (RHIT). The technique for the SRHT in a form suitable for large numbers of tests is detailed and compared with that of the RHIT, and the reproducibility of the SRHT in routine operation is assessed. Results obtained by testing various populations in Western Australia are used to show the application of the SRHT in the diagnosis of rubella and in the monitoring of rubella vaccination programs.", "PMID": 396338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10975", "title": "Identification of species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography was used to identify species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by fatty-acid analysis of the whole-cell hydrolysate. Candida albicans characteristically revealed 2-OH C14:0 and C19:0 (chain length:number of double bonds); these were absent in other organisms. Candida curvata was characterized by a ratio of C16:1 to C16:0 of greater than 1.0. Candida guilliermondii contained C10:0, and Candida tropicalis had no C12:0, these features were used for their identification. Cryptococcus was characterized by the absence of C16:1. Torulopsis was characterized by a C16:1 to C16:0 ratio of greater than 10 accompanied by the presence of one unidentified fatty acid. These data suggested that certain Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis (the clinically important yeast-like organisms) may be identified by gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Identification of species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to identify species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by fatty-acid analysis of the whole-cell hydrolysate. Candida albicans characteristically revealed 2-OH C14:0 and C19:0 (chain length:number of double bonds); these were absent in other organisms. Candida curvata was characterized by a ratio of C16:1 to C16:0 of greater than 1.0. Candida guilliermondii contained C10:0, and Candida tropicalis had no C12:0, these features were used for their identification. Cryptococcus was characterized by the absence of C16:1. Torulopsis was characterized by a C16:1 to C16:0 ratio of greater than 10 accompanied by the presence of one unidentified fatty acid. These data suggested that certain Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis (the clinically important yeast-like organisms) may be identified by gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 396339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10976", "title": "Detection of specific IgG antibody in sera from patients infected with Bacteroides fragilis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "During a period of 13 months, 28 serious infections caused by Bacteroides were seen in 27 patients. Sixteen patients yielded Bacteroides fragilis; sera from 13 (81%) of these 16 had increased levels of IgG specific for B. fragilis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from 20 normal controls did not have increased specific IgG. Sera from 22 of 23 patients with bacteremia caused by other gram-negative rods also failed to yield increased levels of specific antibody (P less than 0.0012). Analysis of sera from patients with B. fragilis infections disclosed a significant correlation between the levels of specific IgG to B. fragilis LPS measured by ELISA and the IgG antibody to the infecting B. fragilis by indirect immunofluorescence (r = 0.84, P less than 0.012). Two of the remaining 12 infections caused by Bacteroides not apparently due to B. fragilis organisms were also associated with increased levels of specific IgG to B. fragilis LPS antigens. Specific IgG antibody response may be an important adjunct in diagnosis of common B. fragilis infections and may allow better management of antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Detection of specific IgG antibody in sera from patients infected with Bacteroides fragilis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. During a period of 13 months, 28 serious infections caused by Bacteroides were seen in 27 patients. Sixteen patients yielded Bacteroides fragilis; sera from 13 (81%) of these 16 had increased levels of IgG specific for B. fragilis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from 20 normal controls did not have increased specific IgG. Sera from 22 of 23 patients with bacteremia caused by other gram-negative rods also failed to yield increased levels of specific antibody (P less than 0.0012). Analysis of sera from patients with B. fragilis infections disclosed a significant correlation between the levels of specific IgG to B. fragilis LPS measured by ELISA and the IgG antibody to the infecting B. fragilis by indirect immunofluorescence (r = 0.84, P less than 0.012). Two of the remaining 12 infections caused by Bacteroides not apparently due to B. fragilis organisms were also associated with increased levels of specific IgG to B. fragilis LPS antigens. Specific IgG antibody response may be an important adjunct in diagnosis of common B. fragilis infections and may allow better management of antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 396340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10977", "title": "The effect of some protease substrates and inhibitors on chemotaxis and protease activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Both low- and high-molecular-weight inhibitors of serine proteases were found to inhibit chemotaxis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes totally at widely varying concentrations. Synthetic low-molecular-weight substrates with trypsin-like or chymotrypsin-like specificity were also shown to be potent inhibitors of chemotaxis. Chemotactic inhibition was reversible except with a titrant for the active site of a serine protease. N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester was found to be a suitable substrate for measuring protease activity of polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Concentrations of the various protease inhibitors that caused 100% chemotactic inhibition caused 80%-100% inhibition of protease activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "The effect of some protease substrates and inhibitors on chemotaxis and protease activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Both low- and high-molecular-weight inhibitors of serine proteases were found to inhibit chemotaxis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes totally at widely varying concentrations. Synthetic low-molecular-weight substrates with trypsin-like or chymotrypsin-like specificity were also shown to be potent inhibitors of chemotaxis. Chemotactic inhibition was reversible except with a titrant for the active site of a serine protease. N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester was found to be a suitable substrate for measuring protease activity of polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Concentrations of the various protease inhibitors that caused 100% chemotactic inhibition caused 80%-100% inhibition of protease activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 396341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10978", "title": "Methionine transport in Salmonella typhimurium: evidence for at least one low-affinity transport system.", "content": "The systems which transport methionine in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 have been studied. Fourteen mutants, isolated by three different selection procedures, had similar growth characteristics and defects in the specific transport process showing a Km of 0.3 microM for L-methionine, and therefore lack the high-affinity, metP transport system. The sites of mutation in four of the mutants were shown by P1-mediated transduction to be linked (0.3 to 1.1%) with a proline marker located at unit 7 on the S. typhimurium chromosome. The high-affinity system was subject to both repression and transinhibition by methionine, and it may also be regulated by the metJ and metK genes. There appeared to be at least two additional transport systems with relatively low affinities for methionine in the metP763 mutant strain, with apparent Km values for methionine of 24 microM and approximately 1.8 mM. The latter system, with a very low affinity for methionine, was inhibited by leucine. In addition, methionine inhibited leucine transport, suggesting that one of the low-affinity methionine transport systems may actually be a leucine transport system.", "contents": "Methionine transport in Salmonella typhimurium: evidence for at least one low-affinity transport system. The systems which transport methionine in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 have been studied. Fourteen mutants, isolated by three different selection procedures, had similar growth characteristics and defects in the specific transport process showing a Km of 0.3 microM for L-methionine, and therefore lack the high-affinity, metP transport system. The sites of mutation in four of the mutants were shown by P1-mediated transduction to be linked (0.3 to 1.1%) with a proline marker located at unit 7 on the S. typhimurium chromosome. The high-affinity system was subject to both repression and transinhibition by methionine, and it may also be regulated by the metJ and metK genes. There appeared to be at least two additional transport systems with relatively low affinities for methionine in the metP763 mutant strain, with apparent Km values for methionine of 24 microM and approximately 1.8 mM. The latter system, with a very low affinity for methionine, was inhibited by leucine. In addition, methionine inhibited leucine transport, suggesting that one of the low-affinity methionine transport systems may actually be a leucine transport system.", "PMID": 396352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10979", "title": "Phenotypes of double conidiation mutants of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A series of strains, doubly mutant at conidiation loci, have been made. The phenotypes of these strains reflected the epistasy of earlier blocking mutants over later ones and confirmed the order of gene sequence predicted from the phenotypes of single mutants. Oligosporogenous mutants gave complex interactions, especially between brl and med mutants. These results indicated that (i) gene action overlapped in time, (ii) several parts of the conidial apparatus were interchangeable and (iii) nuclei leaving the vesicle were not irreversibly programmed. Structures produced by mutants were reminiscent of the conidial apparatus of other Aspergillus species and of related genera.", "contents": "Phenotypes of double conidiation mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. A series of strains, doubly mutant at conidiation loci, have been made. The phenotypes of these strains reflected the epistasy of earlier blocking mutants over later ones and confirmed the order of gene sequence predicted from the phenotypes of single mutants. Oligosporogenous mutants gave complex interactions, especially between brl and med mutants. These results indicated that (i) gene action overlapped in time, (ii) several parts of the conidial apparatus were interchangeable and (iii) nuclei leaving the vesicle were not irreversibly programmed. Structures produced by mutants were reminiscent of the conidial apparatus of other Aspergillus species and of related genera.", "PMID": 396353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10980", "title": "The effect of reducing and other agents on the motility of Treponema pallidum in an acellular culture medium.", "content": "The maintenance of Treponema pallidum motility was investigated in an acellular medium based on T. pallidum immobilization test medium. The acellular medium contained cysteine, glutathione, thioglycollate and dithiothreitol as reducing agents and had a redox potential of -275 +/- 25 mV at pH 7.3. In an atomosphere containing 3% O2, motile treponemes survived four times longer when calf serum and bovine serum albumin were added to the medium. The selective omission of glutathione and, particularly, thioglycollate prolonged the survival of motile treponemes almost fivefold. In addition, stored medium, in which thioglycollate had become inactive, sustained motile treponemes for longer than did freshly prepared medium. Thus, thioglycollate is toxic for the organisms. It may be omitted from the medium because low redox potentials can be achieved without it.", "contents": "The effect of reducing and other agents on the motility of Treponema pallidum in an acellular culture medium. The maintenance of Treponema pallidum motility was investigated in an acellular medium based on T. pallidum immobilization test medium. The acellular medium contained cysteine, glutathione, thioglycollate and dithiothreitol as reducing agents and had a redox potential of -275 +/- 25 mV at pH 7.3. In an atomosphere containing 3% O2, motile treponemes survived four times longer when calf serum and bovine serum albumin were added to the medium. The selective omission of glutathione and, particularly, thioglycollate prolonged the survival of motile treponemes almost fivefold. In addition, stored medium, in which thioglycollate had become inactive, sustained motile treponemes for longer than did freshly prepared medium. Thus, thioglycollate is toxic for the organisms. It may be omitted from the medium because low redox potentials can be achieved without it.", "PMID": 396354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10981", "title": "Recombinant plasmids formed in vivo carrying and expressing two incompatibility regions.", "content": "The formation in vivo of recombinants between a plasmid of incompatibility group N (R1010-10) and plasmids of groups P (R751) and W (R388) is described. From examination of the molecular weights of these recombinant plasmids, they appear to be cointegrates. These cointegrates have the incompatibility properties of both 'parent' plasmids.", "contents": "Recombinant plasmids formed in vivo carrying and expressing two incompatibility regions. The formation in vivo of recombinants between a plasmid of incompatibility group N (R1010-10) and plasmids of groups P (R751) and W (R388) is described. From examination of the molecular weights of these recombinant plasmids, they appear to be cointegrates. These cointegrates have the incompatibility properties of both 'parent' plasmids.", "PMID": 396356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10982", "title": "Evidence that p-fluorophenylalanine has a direct effect on tubulin in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Three temperature-sensitive alleles of benA (benA11, 17 and 21) confer resistance to growth inhibition by p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA). FPA resistance cosegregates with the benA gene. Two back-mutations in benA which cause loss of temperature sensitivity cause loss of FPA resistance, and two indirect suppressors of benA temperature sensitivity also cause FPA resistance to be lost. These results indicate that FPA resistance is an intrinsic property of the benA mutations. The intracellular phenylalanine concentrations of these strains are normal as is their ability to take up phenylalanine from the medium. We conclude that FPA must inhibit growth and cause non-disjunction by a direct effect on the polymerization of tubulin.", "contents": "Evidence that p-fluorophenylalanine has a direct effect on tubulin in Aspergillus nidulans. Three temperature-sensitive alleles of benA (benA11, 17 and 21) confer resistance to growth inhibition by p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA). FPA resistance cosegregates with the benA gene. Two back-mutations in benA which cause loss of temperature sensitivity cause loss of FPA resistance, and two indirect suppressors of benA temperature sensitivity also cause FPA resistance to be lost. These results indicate that FPA resistance is an intrinsic property of the benA mutations. The intracellular phenylalanine concentrations of these strains are normal as is their ability to take up phenylalanine from the medium. We conclude that FPA must inhibit growth and cause non-disjunction by a direct effect on the polymerization of tubulin.", "PMID": 396355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10983", "title": "The spread of a pathogenic and an apathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus in the chick embryo as depending on the protease sensitivity of the virus glycoproteins.", "content": "The pathogenic strain Italien and the apathogenic strain Ulster of Newcastle disease virus have been compared with respect to organ tropism and spread of infection in 11-day-old chick embryos. After infection of the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane by intra-allantoic inoculation with strain Italien, high virus titres are found in all extra-embryonic membranes and fluids and in the embryo itself. Infection results in early death of the embryo. In contrast, after infection with strain Ulster by the same route of inoculation, high virus titres are found only in the allantoic sac and embryos are not killed. Inoculations with strain Italien on to the ectodermal layer through an artificial air sac results in rapid spread of infection in the chorioallantoic membrane and the embryo dies before the virus invades other tissues including the embryo. Under the same conditions of infection, strain Ulster neither spreads within chorioallantoic membrane nor does it kill the embryo. Virus spread in each germinal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane was analysed by immune fluorescence. These studies showed that endoderm as well as mesoderm and ectoderm allowed the spread of strain Italien, whereas only the endoderm is permissive for strain Ulster. These differences in host range are based upon differential activation of the virus glycoproteins by proteolytic cleavage. The glycoproteins of strain Italien are cleaved in each germinal layer, whereas those of strain Ulster are cleaved only in endoderm. These studies demonstrate that, in the system analysed here, spread of infection and organ tropism are important factors for pathogenicity and both of these factors are determined by the susceptibility of the virus glycoproteins to proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "The spread of a pathogenic and an apathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus in the chick embryo as depending on the protease sensitivity of the virus glycoproteins. The pathogenic strain Italien and the apathogenic strain Ulster of Newcastle disease virus have been compared with respect to organ tropism and spread of infection in 11-day-old chick embryos. After infection of the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane by intra-allantoic inoculation with strain Italien, high virus titres are found in all extra-embryonic membranes and fluids and in the embryo itself. Infection results in early death of the embryo. In contrast, after infection with strain Ulster by the same route of inoculation, high virus titres are found only in the allantoic sac and embryos are not killed. Inoculations with strain Italien on to the ectodermal layer through an artificial air sac results in rapid spread of infection in the chorioallantoic membrane and the embryo dies before the virus invades other tissues including the embryo. Under the same conditions of infection, strain Ulster neither spreads within chorioallantoic membrane nor does it kill the embryo. Virus spread in each germinal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane was analysed by immune fluorescence. These studies showed that endoderm as well as mesoderm and ectoderm allowed the spread of strain Italien, whereas only the endoderm is permissive for strain Ulster. These differences in host range are based upon differential activation of the virus glycoproteins by proteolytic cleavage. The glycoproteins of strain Italien are cleaved in each germinal layer, whereas those of strain Ulster are cleaved only in endoderm. These studies demonstrate that, in the system analysed here, spread of infection and organ tropism are important factors for pathogenicity and both of these factors are determined by the susceptibility of the virus glycoproteins to proteolytic cleavage.", "PMID": 396357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10984", "title": "In vitro packaging of exogenous DNA by Salmonella phage P22.", "content": "We describe in vitro conditions for packaging of exogenous DNA of Salmonella phage P22 which has terminally redundant, circularly permuted DNA. The method is a modification of the Kaiser-Masuda procedure. The most important aspect is to prepare all components (proheads, enzymes and concatemeric DNA) in end- cells. The influence of several factors such as DNA- and Mg2+ concentration and kinetics has been investigated.", "contents": "In vitro packaging of exogenous DNA by Salmonella phage P22. We describe in vitro conditions for packaging of exogenous DNA of Salmonella phage P22 which has terminally redundant, circularly permuted DNA. The method is a modification of the Kaiser-Masuda procedure. The most important aspect is to prepare all components (proheads, enzymes and concatemeric DNA) in end- cells. The influence of several factors such as DNA- and Mg2+ concentration and kinetics has been investigated.", "PMID": 396359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10985", "title": "Ligands for antibody to M-protein are exposed at the surface of influenza virions: effect of proteolytic treatment on their activity.", "content": "Antiserum to pure M-protein extracted from PR8 virions neutralized the infectivity and inhibited the haemagglutinating activity of various influenza A virions. It agglutinated concentrated suspensions of these virions and fixed complement in their presence. Antibodies to M-protein were readily absorbed by intact virions or by spikeless particles obtained after proteolytic treatment, giving clear evidence that M-protein is exposed at the surface of the virus envelope. The data suggest that when antibodies to M-protein occupy specific ligands exposed at the surface of the virion they interfere with sites critical for infectivity and haemagglutinating activity.", "contents": "Ligands for antibody to M-protein are exposed at the surface of influenza virions: effect of proteolytic treatment on their activity. Antiserum to pure M-protein extracted from PR8 virions neutralized the infectivity and inhibited the haemagglutinating activity of various influenza A virions. It agglutinated concentrated suspensions of these virions and fixed complement in their presence. Antibodies to M-protein were readily absorbed by intact virions or by spikeless particles obtained after proteolytic treatment, giving clear evidence that M-protein is exposed at the surface of the virus envelope. The data suggest that when antibodies to M-protein occupy specific ligands exposed at the surface of the virion they interfere with sites critical for infectivity and haemagglutinating activity.", "PMID": 396358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10986", "title": "Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M: a physical characterization.", "content": "This report deals with physical characterization of the generalized transducing Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M. The morphology of the phage is presented, the buoyant density was determined (1.491 g/ml) and the G + C content of the phage DNA was found to be 44%. The phage genome has a length of 14.8 micrometers and mol. wt. of 30.7 x 10(6). Denaturation mapping revealed non-random circular permutation of the phage DNA. The genome exhibits 3.6% terminal redundancy as shown by homoduplex analysis. The existence of concatemeric precursors of phage 5006M DNA is inferred and the results are interpreted in terms of a sequential headful packaging mechanism.", "contents": "Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M: a physical characterization. This report deals with physical characterization of the generalized transducing Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M. The morphology of the phage is presented, the buoyant density was determined (1.491 g/ml) and the G + C content of the phage DNA was found to be 44%. The phage genome has a length of 14.8 micrometers and mol. wt. of 30.7 x 10(6). Denaturation mapping revealed non-random circular permutation of the phage DNA. The genome exhibits 3.6% terminal redundancy as shown by homoduplex analysis. The existence of concatemeric precursors of phage 5006M DNA is inferred and the results are interpreted in terms of a sequential headful packaging mechanism.", "PMID": 396360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10987", "title": "Growth phase related loss of measles virus surface-associated antigens and cytotoxic susceptibility in persistently infected cells.", "content": "Fluctuations in the expression of measles virus surface-associated antigens in persistently infected human Lu 106 cells were analysed by the use of human sera which preferentially reacted with the haemolysin or haemagglutinin component. The variations observed correlated with the proportion of cells expressing surface-antigen, as examined in population analysis by indirect immunofluorescence, a radio-labelled antiglobulin technique and a cytotoxicity assay. Microfluorometric analysis revealed no changes in antigen expression at the single-cell level. The number of cells that were positive by immunofluorescence among exponentially growing, low density cells remained relatively constant. These cells were more susceptible to cytotoxicity mediated by both antisera and complement than cells seeded at high density and kept in the stationary phase. The percentage of fluorescent cells among the latter cells gradually decreased. Thus cytotoxic susceptibility was related to the proportion of the total cell population that was antigen-bearing, rather than to variations in the expression of antigen at the single-cell level. In mitotic cells, polarization of antigen, as measured by indirect immunofluorescence of pre-fixed cells, was frequently seen. Often only one of the daughter cells expressed surface antigen. The results imply that cells in stationary phase may lose antigen from their surface, possibly by shedding, and furthermore that re-expression would demand a new cell cycle.", "contents": "Growth phase related loss of measles virus surface-associated antigens and cytotoxic susceptibility in persistently infected cells. Fluctuations in the expression of measles virus surface-associated antigens in persistently infected human Lu 106 cells were analysed by the use of human sera which preferentially reacted with the haemolysin or haemagglutinin component. The variations observed correlated with the proportion of cells expressing surface-antigen, as examined in population analysis by indirect immunofluorescence, a radio-labelled antiglobulin technique and a cytotoxicity assay. Microfluorometric analysis revealed no changes in antigen expression at the single-cell level. The number of cells that were positive by immunofluorescence among exponentially growing, low density cells remained relatively constant. These cells were more susceptible to cytotoxicity mediated by both antisera and complement than cells seeded at high density and kept in the stationary phase. The percentage of fluorescent cells among the latter cells gradually decreased. Thus cytotoxic susceptibility was related to the proportion of the total cell population that was antigen-bearing, rather than to variations in the expression of antigen at the single-cell level. In mitotic cells, polarization of antigen, as measured by indirect immunofluorescence of pre-fixed cells, was frequently seen. Often only one of the daughter cells expressed surface antigen. The results imply that cells in stationary phase may lose antigen from their surface, possibly by shedding, and furthermore that re-expression would demand a new cell cycle.", "PMID": 396361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10988", "title": "[Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria by means of an oral load of phenylalanine].", "content": "The testing of heterozygosity for PKU by mean of an oral load of phenylalanine is a widely used method. In this paper, the need of a genetic counselling for two adults, with family story of PKU, lead us to reinvestigate criteria of heterozygote recognition. With all variables of the phenylalanine tolerance test, overlapping and mis classification occured. Probability density functions plotting, as proposed by GOLD, illustrated well the genetic risk of a patient. However, in practice, the heterozygote likelihood ratio determination seemed to be the best way to avoid possibly erroneous categoric statement by correcting the ratio for the a priori probability of heterozygosity.", "contents": "[Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria by means of an oral load of phenylalanine]. The testing of heterozygosity for PKU by mean of an oral load of phenylalanine is a widely used method. In this paper, the need of a genetic counselling for two adults, with family story of PKU, lead us to reinvestigate criteria of heterozygote recognition. With all variables of the phenylalanine tolerance test, overlapping and mis classification occured. Probability density functions plotting, as proposed by GOLD, illustrated well the genetic risk of a patient. However, in practice, the heterozygote likelihood ratio determination seemed to be the best way to avoid possibly erroneous categoric statement by correcting the ratio for the a priori probability of heterozygosity.", "PMID": 396362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10989", "title": "[The status of chromosome mapping in man. II. Results and applications].", "content": "In the first part, the authors review the different methods used in gene mapping studies. In the second part, human chromosomes map is studied in details. The scientific usefulness of the map is summed up and the first applications in the field of genetic counselling are mentioned. Finally the forthcoming therapeutic applications are being planned at the time.", "contents": "[The status of chromosome mapping in man. II. Results and applications]. In the first part, the authors review the different methods used in gene mapping studies. In the second part, human chromosomes map is studied in details. The scientific usefulness of the map is summed up and the first applications in the field of genetic counselling are mentioned. Finally the forthcoming therapeutic applications are being planned at the time.", "PMID": 396363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10990", "title": "Aggregations of synaptic vesicles on the exposed inner membrane of presynaptic mitochondria in brain.", "content": "Fragments of rat cerebral cortex have been incubated under various conditions. When divalent cations are present, patches of the external membrane of some mitochondria are disassembled leaving the inner mitochondrial membrane exposed to the cytoplasm. Sometimes the entire external membrane is missing. In presynaptic bulbs the synaptic vesicles are attracted and adhere to the exposed outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mode of attraction and adhesion of the vesicles is discussed. Possibly this could serve as a model for further investigation of the attraction of vesicles to the active zone of the presynaptic membrane.", "contents": "Aggregations of synaptic vesicles on the exposed inner membrane of presynaptic mitochondria in brain. Fragments of rat cerebral cortex have been incubated under various conditions. When divalent cations are present, patches of the external membrane of some mitochondria are disassembled leaving the inner mitochondrial membrane exposed to the cytoplasm. Sometimes the entire external membrane is missing. In presynaptic bulbs the synaptic vesicles are attracted and adhere to the exposed outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mode of attraction and adhesion of the vesicles is discussed. Possibly this could serve as a model for further investigation of the attraction of vesicles to the active zone of the presynaptic membrane.", "PMID": 396366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10991", "title": "Demonstration of lactoferrin in tumor tissue from two patients with positive gallium scans.", "content": "We have detected lactoferrin in tumor tissue from a patient with Hodgkin's disease and a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma. Both patients had radiogallium scans demonstrating increased uptake in the tumor tissue subsequently found to contain lactoferrin. Tissue assay for lactoferrin was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Control splenic tissue showed either slight lactoferrin content or none.", "contents": "Demonstration of lactoferrin in tumor tissue from two patients with positive gallium scans. We have detected lactoferrin in tumor tissue from a patient with Hodgkin's disease and a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma. Both patients had radiogallium scans demonstrating increased uptake in the tumor tissue subsequently found to contain lactoferrin. Tissue assay for lactoferrin was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Control splenic tissue showed either slight lactoferrin content or none.", "PMID": 396367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10992", "title": "Biochemical and histological studies on thiamine-deficient and ethanol-fed rats.", "content": "Rats were separated into four groups and four different liquid diets were given to each group. Group 1: thiamine-sufficient diet with no ethanol, group 2: thiamine-sufficient diet with ethanol, group 3: thiamine-deficient diet with no ethanol, group 4: thiamine-deficient diet with ethanol. After four weeks, all rats were fasted for 24 hr and then ethanol was given orally to every rat. After one hour, every rat was sacrificed and biochemical and histological analyses were carried out. Transketolase activity in brain and liver decreased in groups 2, 3 and 4. There was significant decrease in transketolase activity in ethanol-fed groups (groups 2 and 4) as compared to control groups (groups 1 and 3). Ethanol concentrations in blood, liver and heart of rats in groups 2 and 4 were higher than in groups 1 and 3. When comparison was made between the thiamine-deficient groups and the corresponding thiamine-sufficient groups, ethanol concentrations in liver and heart were higher in the thiamine-deficient groups. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver decreased significantly in groups 2 and 4. By histological analyses, fatty degeneration was observed in the livers of groups 2 and 4. The degeneration was more prominent in group 4 than group 2. These findings suggest that chronic ethanol administration may impair the ability to metabolize ethanol and the impairment may increase when rats are in the condition of thiamine deficiency.", "contents": "Biochemical and histological studies on thiamine-deficient and ethanol-fed rats. Rats were separated into four groups and four different liquid diets were given to each group. Group 1: thiamine-sufficient diet with no ethanol, group 2: thiamine-sufficient diet with ethanol, group 3: thiamine-deficient diet with no ethanol, group 4: thiamine-deficient diet with ethanol. After four weeks, all rats were fasted for 24 hr and then ethanol was given orally to every rat. After one hour, every rat was sacrificed and biochemical and histological analyses were carried out. Transketolase activity in brain and liver decreased in groups 2, 3 and 4. There was significant decrease in transketolase activity in ethanol-fed groups (groups 2 and 4) as compared to control groups (groups 1 and 3). Ethanol concentrations in blood, liver and heart of rats in groups 2 and 4 were higher than in groups 1 and 3. When comparison was made between the thiamine-deficient groups and the corresponding thiamine-sufficient groups, ethanol concentrations in liver and heart were higher in the thiamine-deficient groups. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver decreased significantly in groups 2 and 4. By histological analyses, fatty degeneration was observed in the livers of groups 2 and 4. The degeneration was more prominent in group 4 than group 2. These findings suggest that chronic ethanol administration may impair the ability to metabolize ethanol and the impairment may increase when rats are in the condition of thiamine deficiency.", "PMID": 396369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10993", "title": "Is the injection of DNA enough to cause bacteriophage P22-induced changes in the cellular transport process of Salmonella typhimurium?", "content": "It was demonstrated earlier in this laboratory that phage P22 induces a transient depression in the cellular transport processes of the host Salmonella typhimurium immediately after infection and that an effective injection process is enough to cause the depression. By using defective phage particles that contain host DNA instead of phage DNA for infection, it has been demonstrated that the injection of phage-specific DNA is essential for this. The defective particles adsorbed to the host and injected their DNA, but the cellular transport processes of the host were not altered. Thus, the injection of host DNA by the phage fails to affect the transport process. Insensitivity of the phage DNA-induced depression in transport to chloramphenicol rules out the involvement of newly synthesized protein in this change and indirectly suggests the possible role of phage DNA-associated internal proteins of P22.", "contents": "Is the injection of DNA enough to cause bacteriophage P22-induced changes in the cellular transport process of Salmonella typhimurium? It was demonstrated earlier in this laboratory that phage P22 induces a transient depression in the cellular transport processes of the host Salmonella typhimurium immediately after infection and that an effective injection process is enough to cause the depression. By using defective phage particles that contain host DNA instead of phage DNA for infection, it has been demonstrated that the injection of phage-specific DNA is essential for this. The defective particles adsorbed to the host and injected their DNA, but the cellular transport processes of the host were not altered. Thus, the injection of host DNA by the phage fails to affect the transport process. Insensitivity of the phage DNA-induced depression in transport to chloramphenicol rules out the involvement of newly synthesized protein in this change and indirectly suggests the possible role of phage DNA-associated internal proteins of P22.", "PMID": 396382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10994", "title": "Regulation of late functions in Salmonella bacteriophages P22 and L studied by assaying endolysin synthesis.", "content": "The rate of endolysin synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium cells infected by bacteriophage P22 or L was taken as a measure for the activity of 23 gene product (the positive regulator for the \"late\" genes of P22 and L). Endolysin in coded for by gene 19. The amber mutations in gene 23 of P22 and L, used in this study, reduced the rate of endolysin synthesis by a factor of ca. 90 for P22 and of ca. 20 for L. In mixed infections with 19- and 23- mutants the 23 gene products of P22 and L ACT As positive regulators for the respective gene 19 in cis and in trans. Cross-specificity of the 23 gene products, i.e., turning on expression of gene 19 on a chromosome of the other species, could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Regulation of late functions in Salmonella bacteriophages P22 and L studied by assaying endolysin synthesis. The rate of endolysin synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium cells infected by bacteriophage P22 or L was taken as a measure for the activity of 23 gene product (the positive regulator for the \"late\" genes of P22 and L). Endolysin in coded for by gene 19. The amber mutations in gene 23 of P22 and L, used in this study, reduced the rate of endolysin synthesis by a factor of ca. 90 for P22 and of ca. 20 for L. In mixed infections with 19- and 23- mutants the 23 gene products of P22 and L ACT As positive regulators for the respective gene 19 in cis and in trans. Cross-specificity of the 23 gene products, i.e., turning on expression of gene 19 on a chromosome of the other species, could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 396381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10995", "title": "Pathophysiological studies on hypertension induced in rats by kidney extract and salt.", "content": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, electrolyte and water balance, body fluid, and neurogenic tone and reactivity of the vasculature were studied in hypertension induced in uninephrectomized rats by repeated injection of renin-rich kidney extract and 1% saline drinking. The control rats were injected with physiological saline. Various measurements were made in conscious rats on the 10th day of the treatment. As compared with the control, plasma renin concentration and serum sodium increased significantly, while plasma aldosterone and renal excretory function did not differ. Blood volume (BV) expressed as per body weight increased significantly, but absolute BV, absolute or body weight-related plasma volume and hematocrit were not significantly different. The hypotensive effect of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II was negligible 12 hours after the preceding injection of kidney extract. It was small but significant 1 hour after the injection. Increase in water turn-over and fractional sodium excretion occurred during the development of hypertension. Spironolactone did not significantly modify the developmental course. We observed increased depressor response to hexamethonium and increased reactivities to noradrenaline and angiotensin II (A II); these response curves relatively resembled those of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertensive vascular changes were seen in the kidney and heart by histology. Thus, it was suggested that a direct vascular action of A II played a partial role in this hypertensive process while aldosterone played little role. The significance of BV increase and possible contribution of A II's other actions were discussed.", "contents": "Pathophysiological studies on hypertension induced in rats by kidney extract and salt. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, electrolyte and water balance, body fluid, and neurogenic tone and reactivity of the vasculature were studied in hypertension induced in uninephrectomized rats by repeated injection of renin-rich kidney extract and 1% saline drinking. The control rats were injected with physiological saline. Various measurements were made in conscious rats on the 10th day of the treatment. As compared with the control, plasma renin concentration and serum sodium increased significantly, while plasma aldosterone and renal excretory function did not differ. Blood volume (BV) expressed as per body weight increased significantly, but absolute BV, absolute or body weight-related plasma volume and hematocrit were not significantly different. The hypotensive effect of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II was negligible 12 hours after the preceding injection of kidney extract. It was small but significant 1 hour after the injection. Increase in water turn-over and fractional sodium excretion occurred during the development of hypertension. Spironolactone did not significantly modify the developmental course. We observed increased depressor response to hexamethonium and increased reactivities to noradrenaline and angiotensin II (A II); these response curves relatively resembled those of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertensive vascular changes were seen in the kidney and heart by histology. Thus, it was suggested that a direct vascular action of A II played a partial role in this hypertensive process while aldosterone played little role. The significance of BV increase and possible contribution of A II's other actions were discussed.", "PMID": 396383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10996", "title": "Relationship between renin activity and aldosterone release in the patients with low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay technique in seven patients with low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration markedly increased, and plasma renin activity was well correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration, however, had no direct correlation with plasma sodium and potassium concentration or administered doses of inotropic agent, potassium and diuretic. Sodium and potassium balance was closely correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration. In the present study, it was suggested that the secondary hyperaldosteronism following low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery was mainly induced by the increased release of renin and that it influenced on the balance of sodium and potassium metabolism under such disturbed circulatory circumstances.", "contents": "Relationship between renin activity and aldosterone release in the patients with low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay technique in seven patients with low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration markedly increased, and plasma renin activity was well correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration, however, had no direct correlation with plasma sodium and potassium concentration or administered doses of inotropic agent, potassium and diuretic. Sodium and potassium balance was closely correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration. In the present study, it was suggested that the secondary hyperaldosteronism following low cardiac output syndrome after open cardiac surgery was mainly induced by the increased release of renin and that it influenced on the balance of sodium and potassium metabolism under such disturbed circulatory circumstances.", "PMID": 396384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10997", "title": "Chemotherapy of falciparum malaria: regional differences in responsiveness to treatment.", "content": "A review of chloroquine and sulfa-antifol combination treated falciparum malaria patients revealed a high incidence of chloroquine-resistance, wither R1 or R2, in patients infected in Southeast Asia or Oceania. In addition, more than one tenth of the patients infected in Laos or Thailand were resistant to sulfa-antifol combinations. Chloroquine-resistant cases were sensitive to sulfa-antifol combinations. On the other hand, while all patients treated in Tokyo who had been infected in Africa or Sri Lanka were sensitive to chloroquine, a field study suggested the presence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in the area near Kaduna, Nigeria. One patient infected in Nigeria showed partial resistance to the MP (sulfamonomethoxine-pyrimethamine) combination, and another patient infected in the Central African Empire showed resistance to the MP combination, increasing from R1 to R3 within a short period. The incidence of resistance to sulfa-antifol combination therapy was high in the West African tropical region. The continent, county and area of infection should be taken in consideration when selecting antimalarial drug(s) for the treatment and suppression of falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of falciparum malaria: regional differences in responsiveness to treatment. A review of chloroquine and sulfa-antifol combination treated falciparum malaria patients revealed a high incidence of chloroquine-resistance, wither R1 or R2, in patients infected in Southeast Asia or Oceania. In addition, more than one tenth of the patients infected in Laos or Thailand were resistant to sulfa-antifol combinations. Chloroquine-resistant cases were sensitive to sulfa-antifol combinations. On the other hand, while all patients treated in Tokyo who had been infected in Africa or Sri Lanka were sensitive to chloroquine, a field study suggested the presence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in the area near Kaduna, Nigeria. One patient infected in Nigeria showed partial resistance to the MP (sulfamonomethoxine-pyrimethamine) combination, and another patient infected in the Central African Empire showed resistance to the MP combination, increasing from R1 to R3 within a short period. The incidence of resistance to sulfa-antifol combination therapy was high in the West African tropical region. The continent, county and area of infection should be taken in consideration when selecting antimalarial drug(s) for the treatment and suppression of falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 396391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10998", "title": "Effect of platinum compounds on murine lymphocyte mitogenesis.", "content": "Polyclonal activation of T and B lymphocytes by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide mitogens, respectively, was used to study the effect of iv injection of the following platinum compounds: cis-dichlorodiammine platinum, dichloro 1,2 benzenediamine N,N' platinum, cis-dichlorobis(cyclohexylamine) platinum, and cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine) platinum, on murine T and B splenic lymphocytes. The results indicated that platinum compounds were more toxic to T-lymphocyte function than to B-lymphocyte function. These results were from both single-dose-time-course analysis and dose-response studies.", "contents": "Effect of platinum compounds on murine lymphocyte mitogenesis. Polyclonal activation of T and B lymphocytes by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide mitogens, respectively, was used to study the effect of iv injection of the following platinum compounds: cis-dichlorodiammine platinum, dichloro 1,2 benzenediamine N,N' platinum, cis-dichlorobis(cyclohexylamine) platinum, and cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine) platinum, on murine T and B splenic lymphocytes. The results indicated that platinum compounds were more toxic to T-lymphocyte function than to B-lymphocyte function. These results were from both single-dose-time-course analysis and dose-response studies.", "PMID": 396398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_10999", "title": "Laboratory assessment of the molluscicidal activity of B-2, a new chemical against Oncomelania nosophora.", "content": "Laboratory trials of sodium 2.5 dichloro-4-bromophenol named B-2 for the molluscicidal effect against Oncomelania nasophora were carried out by Komiya's immersion technique. The values of LC50 of B-2 varied from 0.38 ppm to 0.54 ppm depending on the collection time of the snail. They were almost equal to those of NaPCP, but lower than those of Niclosamide. In the tests of toxicity to carp, rainbow trout and killifish, B-2 showed lower toxicity than NaPCP. Some aspects of mollusciciding application of the chemical were discussed.", "contents": "Laboratory assessment of the molluscicidal activity of B-2, a new chemical against Oncomelania nosophora. Laboratory trials of sodium 2.5 dichloro-4-bromophenol named B-2 for the molluscicidal effect against Oncomelania nasophora were carried out by Komiya's immersion technique. The values of LC50 of B-2 varied from 0.38 ppm to 0.54 ppm depending on the collection time of the snail. They were almost equal to those of NaPCP, but lower than those of Niclosamide. In the tests of toxicity to carp, rainbow trout and killifish, B-2 showed lower toxicity than NaPCP. Some aspects of mollusciciding application of the chemical were discussed.", "PMID": 396400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11000", "title": "Lung vascular permeability: inferences from measurements of plasma to lung lymph protein transport.", "content": "In chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep, we measured steady-state hemodynamic and lung lymph responses to mechanically increased pressure and to intravenous infusions of histamine, Pseudomonas bacteria and E. coli endotoxin. Histamine, Pseudomonas bacteria and E. coli endotoxin caused exchanging vessel permeability to increase, as evidenced by high flows of protein rich lung lymph. This contrasts to the effects of increased pressure where lymph protein concentration falls as lymph flow increases. Microvascular sieving of proteins less than 100 Angstrom radius persisted in all increased permeability states, but with endotoxin, lymph clearance of larger proteins increased much more than with histamine or Pseudomonas. We compared several approaches to quantitative interpretations of lymph data and found that direct methods for calculating permeability-surface area products and reflection coefficients for proteins produced values which were difficult to interpret, probably because fundamental assumptions of the methods were violated in our experiments. A mathematical model based on multiple pore theory produced more plausible coefficients.", "contents": "Lung vascular permeability: inferences from measurements of plasma to lung lymph protein transport. In chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep, we measured steady-state hemodynamic and lung lymph responses to mechanically increased pressure and to intravenous infusions of histamine, Pseudomonas bacteria and E. coli endotoxin. Histamine, Pseudomonas bacteria and E. coli endotoxin caused exchanging vessel permeability to increase, as evidenced by high flows of protein rich lung lymph. This contrasts to the effects of increased pressure where lymph protein concentration falls as lymph flow increases. Microvascular sieving of proteins less than 100 Angstrom radius persisted in all increased permeability states, but with endotoxin, lymph clearance of larger proteins increased much more than with histamine or Pseudomonas. We compared several approaches to quantitative interpretations of lymph data and found that direct methods for calculating permeability-surface area products and reflection coefficients for proteins produced values which were difficult to interpret, probably because fundamental assumptions of the methods were violated in our experiments. A mathematical model based on multiple pore theory produced more plausible coefficients.", "PMID": 396420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11001", "title": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear. 3. Malignant tumors caused by irradiation. general part (author's transl)].", "content": "In this part the biophysical and biochemical elements or radiation energy and the effects on tissue are discussed: 1. physical problems, 2. the cell nucleus and other cell organells as primary object of irradiation, 3. varying stages of tumor development caused by irradiation, 4. summation of radiation effects and syncarcinogenesis, 5. the stage of latency in relation to radiation-dosis and other factors, 6. immune depression caused by irradiation.", "contents": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear. 3. Malignant tumors caused by irradiation. general part (author's transl)]. In this part the biophysical and biochemical elements or radiation energy and the effects on tissue are discussed: 1. physical problems, 2. the cell nucleus and other cell organells as primary object of irradiation, 3. varying stages of tumor development caused by irradiation, 4. summation of radiation effects and syncarcinogenesis, 5. the stage of latency in relation to radiation-dosis and other factors, 6. immune depression caused by irradiation.", "PMID": 396424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11002", "title": "[Multiple malignant tumours in patients with laryngeal cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 496 patients with laryngeal cancer, 45 developed second primary cancers in other organs. In 7 patients triple primary tumours were detected. Multiple malignant tumours in the region of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts were frequent; especially noticeable was the combination of larynx- and lung tumours. The prognosis of the second cancers is bad, since these tumours are diagnosed late and the patients are usually very old. Of patients, who were cured of the first cancers, one in five developed a new cancer after the five year limit. The follow up examinations must therefore be continued beyond the five year limit.", "contents": "[Multiple malignant tumours in patients with laryngeal cancers (author's transl)]. Of 496 patients with laryngeal cancer, 45 developed second primary cancers in other organs. In 7 patients triple primary tumours were detected. Multiple malignant tumours in the region of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts were frequent; especially noticeable was the combination of larynx- and lung tumours. The prognosis of the second cancers is bad, since these tumours are diagnosed late and the patients are usually very old. Of patients, who were cured of the first cancers, one in five developed a new cancer after the five year limit. The follow up examinations must therefore be continued beyond the five year limit.", "PMID": 396425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11003", "title": "[The earwig (author's transl)].", "content": "It is still a common belief that the earwig likes to penetrate into the external auditory canal. This paper is concerned with the question, whether the name of the animal is justified and what was written about it in former centuries.", "contents": "[The earwig (author's transl)]. It is still a common belief that the earwig likes to penetrate into the external auditory canal. This paper is concerned with the question, whether the name of the animal is justified and what was written about it in former centuries.", "PMID": 396426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11004", "title": "Induction of UV-resistant DNA replication in Escherichia coli: induced stable DNA replication as an SOS function.", "content": "The striking similarity between the treatments that induce SOS functions and those that result in stable DNA replication (continuous DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis) prompted us to examine the possibility of stable DNA replication being a recA+ lexA+-dependent SOS function. In addition to the treatments previously reported, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C was also found to induce stable DNA replication. The thermal treatment of tif-1 strains did not result in detectable levels of stable DNA replication, but nalidixic acid readily induced the activity in these strains. The induction of stable DNA replication with malidixic acid was severely suppressed in tif-1 lexA mutant strains. The inhibitory activity of lexA3 was negated by the presence of the spr-51 mutation, an intragenic suppressor of lexA3. Induced stable DNA replication was found to be considerably more resistant to UV irradiation than normal replication both in a uvrA6 strain and a uvr+ strain. The UV-resistant replication occurred mostly in the semiconservative manner. The possible roles of stable DNA replication in repair of damaged DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of UV-resistant DNA replication in Escherichia coli: induced stable DNA replication as an SOS function. The striking similarity between the treatments that induce SOS functions and those that result in stable DNA replication (continuous DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis) prompted us to examine the possibility of stable DNA replication being a recA+ lexA+-dependent SOS function. In addition to the treatments previously reported, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C was also found to induce stable DNA replication. The thermal treatment of tif-1 strains did not result in detectable levels of stable DNA replication, but nalidixic acid readily induced the activity in these strains. The induction of stable DNA replication with malidixic acid was severely suppressed in tif-1 lexA mutant strains. The inhibitory activity of lexA3 was negated by the presence of the spr-51 mutation, an intragenic suppressor of lexA3. Induced stable DNA replication was found to be considerably more resistant to UV irradiation than normal replication both in a uvrA6 strain and a uvr+ strain. The UV-resistant replication occurred mostly in the semiconservative manner. The possible roles of stable DNA replication in repair of damaged DNA are discussed.", "PMID": 396443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11005", "title": "A cold-sensitive beta subunit mutant RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli with defects in promoter opening in vitro.", "content": "A cold-sensitive mutation in the rpoB gene for the RNA polymerase beta subunit increasing the temperature of promoter opening on T2 phage DNA was obtained in Escherichia coli. The mutation also affects the stages preceding promoter opening by increasing the dissociation rate of RNA polymerase--DNA closed complexes. The affinity of RNA polymerase to T2 and lambda DNA is differentially changed by the mutation. The relative efficiency of transcription of these two templates is also changed. These results suggest a participation of the RNA polymerase beta subunit in the interaction with promoters.", "contents": "A cold-sensitive beta subunit mutant RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli with defects in promoter opening in vitro. A cold-sensitive mutation in the rpoB gene for the RNA polymerase beta subunit increasing the temperature of promoter opening on T2 phage DNA was obtained in Escherichia coli. The mutation also affects the stages preceding promoter opening by increasing the dissociation rate of RNA polymerase--DNA closed complexes. The affinity of RNA polymerase to T2 and lambda DNA is differentially changed by the mutation. The relative efficiency of transcription of these two templates is also changed. These results suggest a participation of the RNA polymerase beta subunit in the interaction with promoters.", "PMID": 396444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11006", "title": "ColE1 DNA sequences interacting in cis, essential for mitomycin-C induced lethality.", "content": "Protein synthesis and survival of colicinogenic bacteria carrying different ColE1 deletion and insertion mutants, were followed in presence or absence of the inducing agent mitomycin-C. It is concluded that active colicin is not involved in the process leading to death of the induced colicinogenic cell. The region of ColE1, essential for cell induced lethality, is carried on the DNA between map positions 0.74 to 0.27. In this region the DNA sequences carried between 0.74 to 0.79 and 0.0 to 0.27 are essential, while those located between 0.79 to 0.0 are nonessential for commitment to death. A cis interaction of the ColE1 DNA sequences in the essential regions is probably necessary for cell induced lethality. Some possibilities for such a cis interaction are suggested and discussed.", "contents": "ColE1 DNA sequences interacting in cis, essential for mitomycin-C induced lethality. Protein synthesis and survival of colicinogenic bacteria carrying different ColE1 deletion and insertion mutants, were followed in presence or absence of the inducing agent mitomycin-C. It is concluded that active colicin is not involved in the process leading to death of the induced colicinogenic cell. The region of ColE1, essential for cell induced lethality, is carried on the DNA between map positions 0.74 to 0.27. In this region the DNA sequences carried between 0.74 to 0.79 and 0.0 to 0.27 are essential, while those located between 0.79 to 0.0 are nonessential for commitment to death. A cis interaction of the ColE1 DNA sequences in the essential regions is probably necessary for cell induced lethality. Some possibilities for such a cis interaction are suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 396445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11007", "title": "Identification of a mutation affecting an alanine-alpha-ketoisovalerate transaminase activity in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A mutation affecting alanine-alpha-ketoisovalerate transaminase activity has been shown to be cotransducible with ilv gene cluster. The transaminase deficiency results in conditional isoleucine auxotrophy in the presence of alanine.", "contents": "Identification of a mutation affecting an alanine-alpha-ketoisovalerate transaminase activity in Escherichia coli K-12. A mutation affecting alanine-alpha-ketoisovalerate transaminase activity has been shown to be cotransducible with ilv gene cluster. The transaminase deficiency results in conditional isoleucine auxotrophy in the presence of alanine.", "PMID": 396446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11008", "title": "Nalidixic acid causes a transient G1 arrest in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The addition of nalidixic acid to growing cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a transient depression in the rate of ribosomal precursor RNA production and a transient arrest of cells in G1. Protein synthesis rates were less affected. Lower concentrations of nalidixic acid also affected RNA synthesis and progression through G1 but had no effect on protein synthesis rates. We suggest that nalidixic acid has a primary effect on RNA synthesis leading to a G1 arrest.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid causes a transient G1 arrest in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The addition of nalidixic acid to growing cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a transient depression in the rate of ribosomal precursor RNA production and a transient arrest of cells in G1. Protein synthesis rates were less affected. Lower concentrations of nalidixic acid also affected RNA synthesis and progression through G1 but had no effect on protein synthesis rates. We suggest that nalidixic acid has a primary effect on RNA synthesis leading to a G1 arrest.", "PMID": 396448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11009", "title": "Formation and fate of cross-links induced by polyfunctional anticancer drugs in yeast.", "content": "A method to detect low levels of interstrand cross-links in DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. Isopycnic ultracentrifugation of alkali-treated, unpurified Eaton press homogenates allows the detection of less than one cross-link per yeast chromosome. Efficient separation of single- and double-stranded DNA requires low cell density and addition of glycerol during homogenization. Using a yeast strain defective in excision repair, a dose dependent formation of interstrand cross-links after treatment of cells with biological doses of nitrogen mustard, Triaziquone and Chloramubil could be demonstrated. The most powerful of these alkylating agents is Triziquone: half of the DNA molecules are shown to be cross-linked after a 12 min exposure to 9 X 10(-9) g/ml of the drug. The cross-linking reaction continues after excessive alkylating agent is removed. After having reached a maximum the fraction of renaturable DNA decreases upon further incubation. The speed of this \"after-reaction\" depends on temperature: 48 h after the end of treatment renaturability of DNA has almost completely disappeared when cells are kept at 36 degrees C.", "contents": "Formation and fate of cross-links induced by polyfunctional anticancer drugs in yeast. A method to detect low levels of interstrand cross-links in DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. Isopycnic ultracentrifugation of alkali-treated, unpurified Eaton press homogenates allows the detection of less than one cross-link per yeast chromosome. Efficient separation of single- and double-stranded DNA requires low cell density and addition of glycerol during homogenization. Using a yeast strain defective in excision repair, a dose dependent formation of interstrand cross-links after treatment of cells with biological doses of nitrogen mustard, Triaziquone and Chloramubil could be demonstrated. The most powerful of these alkylating agents is Triziquone: half of the DNA molecules are shown to be cross-linked after a 12 min exposure to 9 X 10(-9) g/ml of the drug. The cross-linking reaction continues after excessive alkylating agent is removed. After having reached a maximum the fraction of renaturable DNA decreases upon further incubation. The speed of this \"after-reaction\" depends on temperature: 48 h after the end of treatment renaturability of DNA has almost completely disappeared when cells are kept at 36 degrees C.", "PMID": 396449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11010", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants in cysteinyl-tRNA ligase of E. coli K-12.", "content": "Two mutants with a defective cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase have been found in a collection of spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants. The mutated gene, which is designated cysS, is closely cotransduced with purE.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants in cysteinyl-tRNA ligase of E. coli K-12. Two mutants with a defective cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase have been found in a collection of spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants. The mutated gene, which is designated cysS, is closely cotransduced with purE.", "PMID": 396450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11011", "title": "The effect of beta-glucuronidase and chitinase on the cell wall of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "The effects of beta-glucuronidase and chitinase have been tested on the hydrolysis of the cell walls of the economically important fungi, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The extent of wall hydrolysis was measured by assaying for total reducing sugars, N-acetyl sugars and protoplast production. Maximum reducing sugar release was attained after 40 min incubation, both with beta-glucuronidase supplemented with chitinase and beta-glucuronidase alone, whereas N-acetyl sugar release reached a maximum at 80 min incubation. beta-Glucuronidase was effective in releasing protoplasts from both species of Aspergillus. This release was enhanced by adding chitinase to the incubation medium at 0 and 20 min, but with addition at 60, 80 and 100 min increase in protoplast yield was much reduced. The results of re-incubation experiments with chitinase suggest that this enzyme may in some way be inhibited during the later stages of incubation. Pronase used in combination with beta-glucuronidase slightly enhanced protoplast release.", "contents": "The effect of beta-glucuronidase and chitinase on the cell wall of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The effects of beta-glucuronidase and chitinase have been tested on the hydrolysis of the cell walls of the economically important fungi, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The extent of wall hydrolysis was measured by assaying for total reducing sugars, N-acetyl sugars and protoplast production. Maximum reducing sugar release was attained after 40 min incubation, both with beta-glucuronidase supplemented with chitinase and beta-glucuronidase alone, whereas N-acetyl sugar release reached a maximum at 80 min incubation. beta-Glucuronidase was effective in releasing protoplasts from both species of Aspergillus. This release was enhanced by adding chitinase to the incubation medium at 0 and 20 min, but with addition at 60, 80 and 100 min increase in protoplast yield was much reduced. The results of re-incubation experiments with chitinase suggest that this enzyme may in some way be inhibited during the later stages of incubation. Pronase used in combination with beta-glucuronidase slightly enhanced protoplast release.", "PMID": 396451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11012", "title": "Release of alkaline phosphatase activity by aqueous-ether treatment of whole cells of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The effect of aqueous-ether treatment according to the method of Ribi et al. (1961) on the release of alkaline phosphatase from cells of two strains of Serratia marcescens was studied. By this method, lipopolysaccharide-protein (endotoxin) complexes associated with alkaline phosphatase activities were released from both strain 08 and strain Bizio. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by enzymatic assay showed the presence of two active components in each strain. Fractions released from strain 08 contained alkaline phosphatase A (140,000 dalton) and alkaline phosphatase B (110,000) daltons) while those from strain Bizio contained alkaline phosphatase A' (190,000 daltons) and alkaline phosphatase B (110,000 daltons). Although it is known that saline plays a role in the release of alkaline phosphatase activities from cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria the presence of saline in the extracting medium affects only slightly the chemical composition and not at all on the enzymatic nature of the released components. By comparing the enzymatic profiles of the materials released by other techniques, such as polymyxin B treatment and osmotic shock, it appears that alkaline phosphatase activities released by aqueous-ether treatment of whole cells of S. marcescens originate from the periplasmic space.", "contents": "Release of alkaline phosphatase activity by aqueous-ether treatment of whole cells of Serratia marcescens. The effect of aqueous-ether treatment according to the method of Ribi et al. (1961) on the release of alkaline phosphatase from cells of two strains of Serratia marcescens was studied. By this method, lipopolysaccharide-protein (endotoxin) complexes associated with alkaline phosphatase activities were released from both strain 08 and strain Bizio. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by enzymatic assay showed the presence of two active components in each strain. Fractions released from strain 08 contained alkaline phosphatase A (140,000 dalton) and alkaline phosphatase B (110,000) daltons) while those from strain Bizio contained alkaline phosphatase A' (190,000 daltons) and alkaline phosphatase B (110,000 daltons). Although it is known that saline plays a role in the release of alkaline phosphatase activities from cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria the presence of saline in the extracting medium affects only slightly the chemical composition and not at all on the enzymatic nature of the released components. By comparing the enzymatic profiles of the materials released by other techniques, such as polymyxin B treatment and osmotic shock, it appears that alkaline phosphatase activities released by aqueous-ether treatment of whole cells of S. marcescens originate from the periplasmic space.", "PMID": 396452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11013", "title": "The induction of germ tubes in Candida albicans by an intrinsic factor.", "content": "The formation of germ tubes in Candida albicans can be initiated by variations in the growth medium and in other environmental factors. Cell-to-cell interaction can also be an essential factor in cell morphogenesis. The crowding together of blastopores of some strains of C. albicans stimulates the development of germ tubes without the addition of extrinsic factors.", "contents": "The induction of germ tubes in Candida albicans by an intrinsic factor. The formation of germ tubes in Candida albicans can be initiated by variations in the growth medium and in other environmental factors. Cell-to-cell interaction can also be an essential factor in cell morphogenesis. The crowding together of blastopores of some strains of C. albicans stimulates the development of germ tubes without the addition of extrinsic factors.", "PMID": 396453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11014", "title": "[Sampling techniques in quantitative morphology (author's transl)].", "content": "Adequate methods of sampling are by far the most neglected procedures in stereological work. This is true of both theory and practice. Indeed, it is often forgotten that Delesse not only introduced the stereological method, but also specified the necessary conditions for its use. To help make good this deficiency methods of stereological sampling are reviewed. In particular, the ratio estimate is discussed and examples are given. Estimation of the percentages of each cell class in populations of blood cells and cells from vaginal smears have problems in common. In most cases the bias of the ratio estimate is trivial. The formula for approximate calculation of the standard error of the ratio estimate requires more sampling units than most people realize. In addition, in artifical smears, a more even distribution of the cells is recommended.", "contents": "[Sampling techniques in quantitative morphology (author's transl)]. Adequate methods of sampling are by far the most neglected procedures in stereological work. This is true of both theory and practice. Indeed, it is often forgotten that Delesse not only introduced the stereological method, but also specified the necessary conditions for its use. To help make good this deficiency methods of stereological sampling are reviewed. In particular, the ratio estimate is discussed and examples are given. Estimation of the percentages of each cell class in populations of blood cells and cells from vaginal smears have problems in common. In most cases the bias of the ratio estimate is trivial. The formula for approximate calculation of the standard error of the ratio estimate requires more sampling units than most people realize. In addition, in artifical smears, a more even distribution of the cells is recommended.", "PMID": 396454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11015", "title": "[Recent developments of instrument assisted chromosome analysis with Quantimet 720 (author's transl)].", "content": "The system looks in a short time automatically for good metaphase spreadings. Two routines are described which evaluate the relocated metaphases in a semi-automatic way. One routine classifies human chromosomes, using the chromosome area and area ratio of the chromosome arms. The other routine classifies the chromosomes of the chinese hamster. In this routine statistical inputs for chromosome aberrations are possible.", "contents": "[Recent developments of instrument assisted chromosome analysis with Quantimet 720 (author's transl)]. The system looks in a short time automatically for good metaphase spreadings. Two routines are described which evaluate the relocated metaphases in a semi-automatic way. One routine classifies human chromosomes, using the chromosome area and area ratio of the chromosome arms. The other routine classifies the chromosomes of the chinese hamster. In this routine statistical inputs for chromosome aberrations are possible.", "PMID": 396456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11016", "title": "[Problems of object recognition].", "content": "Various methods for automatic thresholding and their performance in routine work are discussed with lung and bone sections serving as examples. This includes the special cases of interference by small particles of intensities comparable to the phase of interest and the detection of a phase with small area density.", "contents": "[Problems of object recognition]. Various methods for automatic thresholding and their performance in routine work are discussed with lung and bone sections serving as examples. This includes the special cases of interference by small particles of intensities comparable to the phase of interest and the detection of a phase with small area density.", "PMID": 396457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11017", "title": "Anesthesia and the development of surgery (1846-1896).", "content": "The hypothesis that the introduction of anesthesia in 1846 accelerated the development of surgery was tested by compiling statistics on the types of operations performed in this country and abroad in the absence of anesthesia (prior to 1846) and over the 50-year period after 1846. Prior to 1846, surgery involved the extremities and superficial parts of the body almost exclusively. The same was generally true for 50 years following 1846. The introduction of anesthesia was necessary before surgery could advance, but control of infection, establishment of the sciences of pathology and physiology, and development of professionalism in clinical medicine and surgery based on research and teaching were also required. Almost a half-century lapsed after the introduction of anesthesia before surgery advanced significantly beyond the stage it was at prior to the introduction of anesthesia in 1846.", "contents": "Anesthesia and the development of surgery (1846-1896). The hypothesis that the introduction of anesthesia in 1846 accelerated the development of surgery was tested by compiling statistics on the types of operations performed in this country and abroad in the absence of anesthesia (prior to 1846) and over the 50-year period after 1846. Prior to 1846, surgery involved the extremities and superficial parts of the body almost exclusively. The same was generally true for 50 years following 1846. The introduction of anesthesia was necessary before surgery could advance, but control of infection, establishment of the sciences of pathology and physiology, and development of professionalism in clinical medicine and surgery based on research and teaching were also required. Almost a half-century lapsed after the introduction of anesthesia before surgery advanced significantly beyond the stage it was at prior to the introduction of anesthesia in 1846.", "PMID": 396458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11018", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "A short review of the history, incidence, and present-day concept of the etiology of malignant hyperthermia is presented. Protocols for diagnosis, treatment of the unexpected occurrence, and management of known malignant hyperthermic patients is presented. The exact etiology of the syndrome is still unknown.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. A short review of the history, incidence, and present-day concept of the etiology of malignant hyperthermia is presented. Protocols for diagnosis, treatment of the unexpected occurrence, and management of known malignant hyperthermic patients is presented. The exact etiology of the syndrome is still unknown.", "PMID": 396459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11019", "title": "Deletion mutants from R plasmids with increased copy number.", "content": "Rms 201-12 and Rms 201-46  are R mutants with increased copy number, and are derived from a conjugative plasmid Rms 201 that encodes resistance to five drugs, ampicillin (Apc), tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), streptomycin (Sm), and sulfonamides (Sa). The mutants expressed increased levels of resistance to Apc, Sm, and Cm, and a decreased level of resistance to Tc than those of the parent Rms 201 plasmid. When the Rms 201-12+ or Rms 201-46+ cells were inoculated onto plates containing a high concentration of Tc, colonies developed on the plate at a frequency of 10-3 to 10-4 after overnight incubation. The cells grown on the Tc plate carried a tet (Tc gene)-deleted R mutant besides tet-possessing Rms 201-12 or Rms 201-46, and we isolated the tet-deleted R mutant by purifying the R+ cells on drug-free plates. On the other hand, various deletion mutants possessing tet were isolated by prolonged culture of the cells. We have presented a circular gene order of Rms 201 by comparing the genetic markers of all deletion mutants derived from Rms 201, Rms 201-46, and Rms 201-12. The gene(s) regulating the copy number was closely linked to the rep gene. The gene(s) specifying entry exclusion was jointly lost with the tra region.", "contents": "Deletion mutants from R plasmids with increased copy number. Rms 201-12 and Rms 201-46  are R mutants with increased copy number, and are derived from a conjugative plasmid Rms 201 that encodes resistance to five drugs, ampicillin (Apc), tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), streptomycin (Sm), and sulfonamides (Sa). The mutants expressed increased levels of resistance to Apc, Sm, and Cm, and a decreased level of resistance to Tc than those of the parent Rms 201 plasmid. When the Rms 201-12+ or Rms 201-46+ cells were inoculated onto plates containing a high concentration of Tc, colonies developed on the plate at a frequency of 10-3 to 10-4 after overnight incubation. The cells grown on the Tc plate carried a tet (Tc gene)-deleted R mutant besides tet-possessing Rms 201-12 or Rms 201-46, and we isolated the tet-deleted R mutant by purifying the R+ cells on drug-free plates. On the other hand, various deletion mutants possessing tet were isolated by prolonged culture of the cells. We have presented a circular gene order of Rms 201 by comparing the genetic markers of all deletion mutants derived from Rms 201, Rms 201-46, and Rms 201-12. The gene(s) regulating the copy number was closely linked to the rep gene. The gene(s) specifying entry exclusion was jointly lost with the tra region.", "PMID": 396461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11020", "title": "Histiocytosis X: clinical trial of chlorambucil: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group.", "content": "A prospective study for histiocytosis X was designed to determine whether \"good risk\" patients, ie, those without evidence of dysfunction of liver, lung, or hemopoietic system, would respond to single agent therapy; in this case chlorambucil (CMB) used in a dose of 5 mgm/m2/day. If there was no response after an adequate trial period, treatment was initiated with four drugs using a combination of prednisone, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. There were 26 evaluable patients, 57% of whom were less than two years of age at onset of therapy. There were three complete and four partial responses to CMB for a response rate of 26.9%. Sixteen patients received an adequate trial of four-drug therapy with three complete and two partial responses for a response rate of 33%. These responses were inferior to those previously reported for either single agents or combined therapy in histiocytosis X.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X: clinical trial of chlorambucil: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group. A prospective study for histiocytosis X was designed to determine whether \"good risk\" patients, ie, those without evidence of dysfunction of liver, lung, or hemopoietic system, would respond to single agent therapy; in this case chlorambucil (CMB) used in a dose of 5 mgm/m2/day. If there was no response after an adequate trial period, treatment was initiated with four drugs using a combination of prednisone, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. There were 26 evaluable patients, 57% of whom were less than two years of age at onset of therapy. There were three complete and four partial responses to CMB for a response rate of 26.9%. Sixteen patients received an adequate trial of four-drug therapy with three complete and two partial responses for a response rate of 33%. These responses were inferior to those previously reported for either single agents or combined therapy in histiocytosis X.", "PMID": 396466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11021", "title": "[Yeasts in waste water from sewage treatment plants].", "content": "The authors have studied the influence of sewage treatment plants over the yeast population in the waste waters coming from towns. Quantitatively, the number of microorganisms shows a 90% decrease in the process of the treatment. 49 different species have been identified. Evidence of pollution coming from human being has been particularly looked for. The authors point out the different ways of detecting the Candida albicans.", "contents": "[Yeasts in waste water from sewage treatment plants]. The authors have studied the influence of sewage treatment plants over the yeast population in the waste waters coming from towns. Quantitatively, the number of microorganisms shows a 90% decrease in the process of the treatment. 49 different species have been identified. Evidence of pollution coming from human being has been particularly looked for. The authors point out the different ways of detecting the Candida albicans.", "PMID": 396476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11022", "title": "Anti-tumor antibodies in lung cancer patients. Immunofluorescence study using various indicator cells.", "content": "By means of indirect immunofluorescence a number of primary lung cancer patient sera and control sera were tested for anti-tumor antibody activity on living tumor cells as a substrate. Antibodies against surface antigens were the most frequently detected in autologous system (in 65%) on cells derived from fresh surgical material of lung cancer. They were also found in 50% of cases using tumor cells from primary short-term culture. When established cell line of lung cancer was used (E-14) in allogeneic system, the antibodies were detected in only 22% of examined lung cancer sera. Absorption of positive sera with homogenates of normal tissues did not abolish their specific activity. Positive reactions were confined to squamous cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Anti-tumor antibodies in lung cancer patients. Immunofluorescence study using various indicator cells. By means of indirect immunofluorescence a number of primary lung cancer patient sera and control sera were tested for anti-tumor antibody activity on living tumor cells as a substrate. Antibodies against surface antigens were the most frequently detected in autologous system (in 65%) on cells derived from fresh surgical material of lung cancer. They were also found in 50% of cases using tumor cells from primary short-term culture. When established cell line of lung cancer was used (E-14) in allogeneic system, the antibodies were detected in only 22% of examined lung cancer sera. Absorption of positive sera with homogenates of normal tissues did not abolish their specific activity. Positive reactions were confined to squamous cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 396479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11023", "title": "A guide to the recent literature on aspergillosis as caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus frequently found in self-heating organic matter.", "content": "Spores of Aspergillus fumigatus have been found to be abundantly present in the outdoor air at a site where large scale experimental composting of sewage sludge is in progress at Beltsville, Maryland. The health significance of this finding, for that site and for others in the future, is still only incompletely understood. Further studies are in progress to characterize absolute concentrations of the spores of the fungus in air at the site, spore dispersal by air from composting operations, and background environmental spore levels in air. The present paper contains a list of references to papers on health effects of A. fumigatus, many published in the past ten years, along with a review of the same designed to assist the reader in finding information on particular aspects of the subject in the literature. It is intended primarily as an aid to individuals interested in sludge composting and wishing to attain an insight into the A. fumigatus-composting situation, but it may also interest others concerned with other substrates which become moldy at 40--50 C. A. fumigatus has been found in great numbers in naturally and artificially heated environments such as decaying leaves, compost heaps, solar heated sloughs, cooling canals for nuclear power generators, silos, grain storage bins, boiler rooms, detritus around steam turbines and sauna baths. The evident practical merits of sludge composting have been described elsewhere; the information presented here has its main significance in respect to requirements for choice of locations for composting sites and to process and design criteria.", "contents": "A guide to the recent literature on aspergillosis as caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus frequently found in self-heating organic matter. Spores of Aspergillus fumigatus have been found to be abundantly present in the outdoor air at a site where large scale experimental composting of sewage sludge is in progress at Beltsville, Maryland. The health significance of this finding, for that site and for others in the future, is still only incompletely understood. Further studies are in progress to characterize absolute concentrations of the spores of the fungus in air at the site, spore dispersal by air from composting operations, and background environmental spore levels in air. The present paper contains a list of references to papers on health effects of A. fumigatus, many published in the past ten years, along with a review of the same designed to assist the reader in finding information on particular aspects of the subject in the literature. It is intended primarily as an aid to individuals interested in sludge composting and wishing to attain an insight into the A. fumigatus-composting situation, but it may also interest others concerned with other substrates which become moldy at 40--50 C. A. fumigatus has been found in great numbers in naturally and artificially heated environments such as decaying leaves, compost heaps, solar heated sloughs, cooling canals for nuclear power generators, silos, grain storage bins, boiler rooms, detritus around steam turbines and sauna baths. The evident practical merits of sludge composting have been described elsewhere; the information presented here has its main significance in respect to requirements for choice of locations for composting sites and to process and design criteria.", "PMID": 396477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11024", "title": "Neurobehavioral evidence for the involvement of the vomeronasal system in mammalian reproduction.", "content": "Jacobson's organ of the vomeronasal system is found in every order of mammals with the possible exception of Cetacea. The equivocal evidence claiming a vestigial or absent organ in humans is reviewed. Based upon anatomical considerations, the sensory epithelium of Jacobson's organ is one of five possible sensory components within the nasal cavity. Many methods designed to test the role of olfaction (sensu strictu) in physiology and behavior do not discriminate among the possible systems. Therefore, erroneous conclusions may have been drawn from the results of intervention experiments. The central neuroanatomical projections of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems are different and relatively independent of each other. The vomeronasal system reciprocally communicates with central areas concerned with reproductive events. On the other hand, the olfactory system may subserve individual maintenance tasks (e.g., feeding). As a periscope from the diencephalon, the vomeronasal system may monitor exogenous hormones, \"pheromones\".", "contents": "Neurobehavioral evidence for the involvement of the vomeronasal system in mammalian reproduction. Jacobson's organ of the vomeronasal system is found in every order of mammals with the possible exception of Cetacea. The equivocal evidence claiming a vestigial or absent organ in humans is reviewed. Based upon anatomical considerations, the sensory epithelium of Jacobson's organ is one of five possible sensory components within the nasal cavity. Many methods designed to test the role of olfaction (sensu strictu) in physiology and behavior do not discriminate among the possible systems. Therefore, erroneous conclusions may have been drawn from the results of intervention experiments. The central neuroanatomical projections of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems are different and relatively independent of each other. The vomeronasal system reciprocally communicates with central areas concerned with reproductive events. On the other hand, the olfactory system may subserve individual maintenance tasks (e.g., feeding). As a periscope from the diencephalon, the vomeronasal system may monitor exogenous hormones, \"pheromones\".", "PMID": 396492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11025", "title": "Clinical applications of a computer-assisted eye model.", "content": "A computer-assisted mathematical model of ocular movement has been developed. The model is binocular in operation and allows variation of multiple parameters including: muscle insertions, innervations, length and contractures as well as passive tissue forces. The model can be used in interpretation of clinical findings, such as fourth nerve palsies with contracture of the antagonist inferior oblique.", "contents": "Clinical applications of a computer-assisted eye model. A computer-assisted mathematical model of ocular movement has been developed. The model is binocular in operation and allows variation of multiple parameters including: muscle insertions, innervations, length and contractures as well as passive tissue forces. The model can be used in interpretation of clinical findings, such as fourth nerve palsies with contracture of the antagonist inferior oblique.", "PMID": 396495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11026", "title": "Corneal edema in essential iris atrophy.", "content": "In a clinical study of the essential iris atrophies, corneal edema occurred in 49 of 90 patients, and a characteristic hammered-silver appearance of the posterior cornea was visible in 54 cases. Intraocular pressure in the eyes with corneal edema ranged from normal to extreme elevation with glaucomatous damage, and lowering the pressure relieved the corneal edema in many cases with penetrating keratoplasty being effective when other measures failed. Electron microscopy of two keratoplasty specimens revealed extremely few, distinctly abnormal cells lining a collagenous layer posterior to Descemet's membrane.", "contents": "Corneal edema in essential iris atrophy. In a clinical study of the essential iris atrophies, corneal edema occurred in 49 of 90 patients, and a characteristic hammered-silver appearance of the posterior cornea was visible in 54 cases. Intraocular pressure in the eyes with corneal edema ranged from normal to extreme elevation with glaucomatous damage, and lowering the pressure relieved the corneal edema in many cases with penetrating keratoplasty being effective when other measures failed. Electron microscopy of two keratoplasty specimens revealed extremely few, distinctly abnormal cells lining a collagenous layer posterior to Descemet's membrane.", "PMID": 396496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11027", "title": "Hyoid arch transposition.", "content": "The historical aspects of the use of hyoid bone autografts are reviewed. The technique of hyoid bone transposition is described. The graft has proved to be an excellent adjunct in the repair of glottic and subglottic stenosis and for the reconstruction of small anterior tracheal defects.", "contents": "Hyoid arch transposition. The historical aspects of the use of hyoid bone autografts are reviewed. The technique of hyoid bone transposition is described. The graft has proved to be an excellent adjunct in the repair of glottic and subglottic stenosis and for the reconstruction of small anterior tracheal defects.", "PMID": 396503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11028", "title": "Problems involved in the specification and interpretation of quantitative structure-activity relationships. Part 1: A modified type of structure-activity equations.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that ordinary regression coefficients of a quantitative structure-activity equation depend strongly on the scaling both of the biological parameter and the explanatory variables (regressors). Even in the case of only two regressors this fact may lead to challengable interpretations regarding the relative performances of the explanatory variables, say physicochemical parameters. The use of standardized variables and, consequently, of standardized regression coefficients is proposed in order to get a better insight into the mechanistic features of the mode of action of the congeneric series under investigation. The procedure has been illustrated with examples adapted from the literature.", "contents": "Problems involved in the specification and interpretation of quantitative structure-activity relationships. Part 1: A modified type of structure-activity equations. It has been demonstrated that ordinary regression coefficients of a quantitative structure-activity equation depend strongly on the scaling both of the biological parameter and the explanatory variables (regressors). Even in the case of only two regressors this fact may lead to challengable interpretations regarding the relative performances of the explanatory variables, say physicochemical parameters. The use of standardized variables and, consequently, of standardized regression coefficients is proposed in order to get a better insight into the mechanistic features of the mode of action of the congeneric series under investigation. The procedure has been illustrated with examples adapted from the literature.", "PMID": 396534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11029", "title": "[Operative castration in sexual delinquency--a survey of topical literature and an attempt at forming an opinion].", "content": "An attempt is made to form an opinion regarding the indication of operative castration for sexual delinquents, from a survey of recent literature dealing with methods of treatment for cases of sexual deviation/sexual delinquency (operative/medicinal castration, combined psychotherapy and medicinal castration, stereotactic operation on the hypothalamus).", "contents": "[Operative castration in sexual delinquency--a survey of topical literature and an attempt at forming an opinion]. An attempt is made to form an opinion regarding the indication of operative castration for sexual delinquents, from a survey of recent literature dealing with methods of treatment for cases of sexual deviation/sexual delinquency (operative/medicinal castration, combined psychotherapy and medicinal castration, stereotactic operation on the hypothalamus).", "PMID": 396539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11030", "title": "[The Rodewisch theses of 1963--the legacy and duty, the acknowledgment and realization].", "content": "Address to mark the 15th anniversary of the \"Rodewisch theses\" adopted during the 1st International Symposium on Psychiatric Rehabilitation of the European socialist countries in 1963. The author deals with the events leading up to the Symposium and its importance. An analysis is made of how the essential theses of development are being put into practice. Challenges facing psychiatry in future are outlined.", "contents": "[The Rodewisch theses of 1963--the legacy and duty, the acknowledgment and realization]. Address to mark the 15th anniversary of the \"Rodewisch theses\" adopted during the 1st International Symposium on Psychiatric Rehabilitation of the European socialist countries in 1963. The author deals with the events leading up to the Symposium and its importance. An analysis is made of how the essential theses of development are being put into practice. Challenges facing psychiatry in future are outlined.", "PMID": 396540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11031", "title": "[Psychogymnastics in group psychotherapy for in-patients].", "content": "The author describes specific problems arising in the use of psychogymnastics as a part of group psychotherapy for in-patients. She also discusses sociometric, diagnostic and therapeutic aims, and the potential and limitations of the method.", "contents": "[Psychogymnastics in group psychotherapy for in-patients]. The author describes specific problems arising in the use of psychogymnastics as a part of group psychotherapy for in-patients. She also discusses sociometric, diagnostic and therapeutic aims, and the potential and limitations of the method.", "PMID": 396541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11032", "title": "[Evaluation of two miniaturized systems widely used in the laboratories for the identification of the \"Enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "We have attended to a comparative research between two commercial microsystems: Enterotube and Minitek in order identify the Enterobacteriaceae and a reference system given by the combination of the usual macromethods already used in our laboratory. We have examined 401 bacterial cultures of Gram bacillus which we trought to belong to Enterobacteriums, coming from clinical material (excrements, urine, pharyngeal swabs, vaginal swabs, urethral swabs and espectoration) we have received for the bacteriological diagnosis. 390 of 401 cultures have shown to be Enterobacteriums. The biochemical reactions they have given show that the Enterotube and the Minitek have, with the usual system a good accordance for the following tests: dextrose (acid and gaz) lysin and ornithine decarboxylase, production of H2S and indole, phenylalanine deaminase and urease; while we have some statistically significant discordances for the fermenting of lactose and the use of citrate. We have also significant discordances E/C for the fermenting of dulcitole while the ones of Minitek are acceptables. The notes recommend the use, in the specialized bacteriological laboratories, of the conventional tests.", "contents": "[Evaluation of two miniaturized systems widely used in the laboratories for the identification of the \"Enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)]. We have attended to a comparative research between two commercial microsystems: Enterotube and Minitek in order identify the Enterobacteriaceae and a reference system given by the combination of the usual macromethods already used in our laboratory. We have examined 401 bacterial cultures of Gram bacillus which we trought to belong to Enterobacteriums, coming from clinical material (excrements, urine, pharyngeal swabs, vaginal swabs, urethral swabs and espectoration) we have received for the bacteriological diagnosis. 390 of 401 cultures have shown to be Enterobacteriums. The biochemical reactions they have given show that the Enterotube and the Minitek have, with the usual system a good accordance for the following tests: dextrose (acid and gaz) lysin and ornithine decarboxylase, production of H2S and indole, phenylalanine deaminase and urease; while we have some statistically significant discordances for the fermenting of lactose and the use of citrate. We have also significant discordances E/C for the fermenting of dulcitole while the ones of Minitek are acceptables. The notes recommend the use, in the specialized bacteriological laboratories, of the conventional tests.", "PMID": 396548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11033", "title": "Oxygen isotope fractionation during respiration for different temperatures of T. utilis and E. coli K12.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the oxygen isotope fractionation factor during respiration has been examined for two different microorganisms, namely Torulopsis utilis and Escherichia coli K12 representing a yeast and a bacterium, respectively. The investigation covered a temperature range of 18 degrees C, that is from 16 degrees C to 34 degrees C for T. utilis and from 19 degrees C to 37 degrees C for E. coli K12. Within this temperature range the fractionation factor of T. utilis increases by 0.18% an insignificant change (delta delta 10 degrees C = 0.063%; r = 0.067), whereas with E. coli K12 an increase of 1.12% has been observed (delta delta  10 degrees C = 0.6%; r = 0.55).", "contents": "Oxygen isotope fractionation during respiration for different temperatures of T. utilis and E. coli K12. The temperature dependence of the oxygen isotope fractionation factor during respiration has been examined for two different microorganisms, namely Torulopsis utilis and Escherichia coli K12 representing a yeast and a bacterium, respectively. The investigation covered a temperature range of 18 degrees C, that is from 16 degrees C to 34 degrees C for T. utilis and from 19 degrees C to 37 degrees C for E. coli K12. Within this temperature range the fractionation factor of T. utilis increases by 0.18% an insignificant change (delta delta 10 degrees C = 0.063%; r = 0.067), whereas with E. coli K12 an increase of 1.12% has been observed (delta delta  10 degrees C = 0.6%; r = 0.55).", "PMID": 396549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11034", "title": "The actions of prostaglandins I2 and E2 on arrhythmias produced by coronary occlusion in the rat and dog.", "content": "Prostaglandins E2 and I2 were compared with known antiarrhythmics for their actions against arrhythmias produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the anaesthetised rat while PGI2 was also examined in the dog. PGI2 in the dog suppressed early arrhythmias produced during occlusion but did not influence those produced by occlusion-release or those occurring 24 hours after a permanent occlusion; none of the A,B,C or D series prostaglandins tested markedly reduced 24 hour arrhythmias. In the rat PGE2 was antiarrhythmic against early occlusion arrhythmias (30 minutes occlusion) in a dose related manner (infusions of 1-4 microgram/kg/min) whereas PGI2 infusions potentiated the arrhythmogenic effect of occlusion. PGE2 was as effective an antiarrhythmic as 10mg/kg Org. 6001 which was more effective in this test situtation than dl-propranolol. No obvious mechanisms for the actions of PGE2 or PGI2 were apparent although both agents lowered blood pressure and reduced the size of the occluded zone produced by ligation.", "contents": "The actions of prostaglandins I2 and E2 on arrhythmias produced by coronary occlusion in the rat and dog. Prostaglandins E2 and I2 were compared with known antiarrhythmics for their actions against arrhythmias produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the anaesthetised rat while PGI2 was also examined in the dog. PGI2 in the dog suppressed early arrhythmias produced during occlusion but did not influence those produced by occlusion-release or those occurring 24 hours after a permanent occlusion; none of the A,B,C or D series prostaglandins tested markedly reduced 24 hour arrhythmias. In the rat PGE2 was antiarrhythmic against early occlusion arrhythmias (30 minutes occlusion) in a dose related manner (infusions of 1-4 microgram/kg/min) whereas PGI2 infusions potentiated the arrhythmogenic effect of occlusion. PGE2 was as effective an antiarrhythmic as 10mg/kg Org. 6001 which was more effective in this test situtation than dl-propranolol. No obvious mechanisms for the actions of PGE2 or PGI2 were apparent although both agents lowered blood pressure and reduced the size of the occluded zone produced by ligation.", "PMID": 396577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11035", "title": "Measurement of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in human plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The plasma concentration of the prostacyclin (PGI2) hydration product 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha has been assayed by stable isotope dilution GC-MS in six normal volunteers infused with increasing doses of PGI2 intravenously. The predosing levels of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha ranged between 114 and 266 pg/ml. Infusion of PGI2 increased 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha concentration in plasma but the increments were lower than expected suggesting less conversion of the PGI2 to 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha at high infusion rates.", "contents": "Measurement of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in human plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The plasma concentration of the prostacyclin (PGI2) hydration product 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha has been assayed by stable isotope dilution GC-MS in six normal volunteers infused with increasing doses of PGI2 intravenously. The predosing levels of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha ranged between 114 and 266 pg/ml. Infusion of PGI2 increased 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha concentration in plasma but the increments were lower than expected suggesting less conversion of the PGI2 to 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha at high infusion rates.", "PMID": 396578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11036", "title": "[Cartesian implication of the bucco-dental nosology of Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761-1978)].", "content": "Fauchard's 103 dental diseases can be reduced to 20. The other are clinical variations of the same disease, or deductions from erroneous ideas of ancient or cartesian physio-pathology. In 1778 Plenk describes more than 200 diseases but the same year J. Hunter sets up the foundations of modern classification: dental caries and its complications, diseases of the parodontium, dental anomalies and malocclusions.", "contents": "[Cartesian implication of the bucco-dental nosology of Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761-1978)]. Fauchard's 103 dental diseases can be reduced to 20. The other are clinical variations of the same disease, or deductions from erroneous ideas of ancient or cartesian physio-pathology. In 1778 Plenk describes more than 200 diseases but the same year J. Hunter sets up the foundations of modern classification: dental caries and its complications, diseases of the parodontium, dental anomalies and malocclusions.", "PMID": 396595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11037", "title": "[Studies on the persistence of the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Persistence of infectivity of T. cruzi in dead bugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations into the viability time of T. cruzi in dead bugs experimentally infected with \"Peru\" strain showed a maximum of 9 days for Dipetalogaster maximus and 8 for Triatoma infestans maintained at ambient temperature (26 degrees C). On refrigeration survival was increased to 60 days. In routine xenodiagnosis in the refrigerator 90 day survival was noted of both T. cruzi and the vector bug.", "contents": "[Studies on the persistence of the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Persistence of infectivity of T. cruzi in dead bugs (author's transl)]. Investigations into the viability time of T. cruzi in dead bugs experimentally infected with \"Peru\" strain showed a maximum of 9 days for Dipetalogaster maximus and 8 for Triatoma infestans maintained at ambient temperature (26 degrees C). On refrigeration survival was increased to 60 days. In routine xenodiagnosis in the refrigerator 90 day survival was noted of both T. cruzi and the vector bug.", "PMID": 396604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11038", "title": "Liquid holding recovery in E. coli K12. II. Role of cellular multiplication.", "content": "When UV-irradiated, wild-type E. coli cells are incubated in buffer before plating, consequent survival increases cannot be explained by repair mechanisms alone. Regardless of UV-dose, survival after 48-hours incubation reaches a \"plateau\" at 10(-1) survival level. An important fraction of the irradiated cells is capable of multiplying during buffer incubation, and the same phenomenon is observed with unirradiated E. coli whenever culture concentration is lower than 10(7) cells/ml. Protein contents per viable cell decreases significantly during buffer incubation. A similar phenomenon was observed in an excision deficient strain. Macromolecule biosynthesis was also observed during buffer incubation. We conclude that, under most experimental conditions, cellular multiplication plays a very important role in liquid holding recovery experiments.", "contents": "Liquid holding recovery in E. coli K12. II. Role of cellular multiplication. When UV-irradiated, wild-type E. coli cells are incubated in buffer before plating, consequent survival increases cannot be explained by repair mechanisms alone. Regardless of UV-dose, survival after 48-hours incubation reaches a \"plateau\" at 10(-1) survival level. An important fraction of the irradiated cells is capable of multiplying during buffer incubation, and the same phenomenon is observed with unirradiated E. coli whenever culture concentration is lower than 10(7) cells/ml. Protein contents per viable cell decreases significantly during buffer incubation. A similar phenomenon was observed in an excision deficient strain. Macromolecule biosynthesis was also observed during buffer incubation. We conclude that, under most experimental conditions, cellular multiplication plays a very important role in liquid holding recovery experiments.", "PMID": 396605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11039", "title": "[Glomerular immunopathology: comparative study with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate the reliability of immunoperoxidase technic (IP) for immuno-deposits in frozen renal tissue, a single blind study was done comparing it with immunofluorescent technic (IF). Fifty renal biopsies were studied. Ten there were no deposits by IF or IP. In 40 of them the results showed the same specificity and greater intensity for IP. There were 25 cases with IgG, 22 with IgM, 9 with IgA, 3 with Clq, 27 with C3 and 3 with HbsAg. We concluded that IP can be used in place of IF for detection of the immune deposits in renal biopsies and that it offers an easier observation than the later.", "contents": "[Glomerular immunopathology: comparative study with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate the reliability of immunoperoxidase technic (IP) for immuno-deposits in frozen renal tissue, a single blind study was done comparing it with immunofluorescent technic (IF). Fifty renal biopsies were studied. Ten there were no deposits by IF or IP. In 40 of them the results showed the same specificity and greater intensity for IP. There were 25 cases with IgG, 22 with IgM, 9 with IgA, 3 with Clq, 27 with C3 and 3 with HbsAg. We concluded that IP can be used in place of IF for detection of the immune deposits in renal biopsies and that it offers an easier observation than the later.", "PMID": 396606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11040", "title": "Effect of sodium and osmolarity on renin secretion.", "content": "The effect of changes in sodium and osmolarity on renin secretion has been studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Perfusion with low sodium buffer (110 mM/l) produced a significant increase in renin secretion compared with control experiments (Na+:135 mM/l). Since the presence of tubules seems necessary for such an effect to take place, it suggests that the high renin secretion stimulated by a low sodium buffer centers in the Macula densa. Perfusion with high sodium buffer (170 mM/l; osmolarity 350 mOs/l) induces a stimulation on renin release. However, a greater rise in renin is achieved in control experiments if choline chloride increases the osmolarity from 300 to 350 mOs/l. All this suggests that high sodium buffer, independently of its osmotic effect, has an inhibitory role on renin release.", "contents": "Effect of sodium and osmolarity on renin secretion. The effect of changes in sodium and osmolarity on renin secretion has been studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Perfusion with low sodium buffer (110 mM/l) produced a significant increase in renin secretion compared with control experiments (Na+:135 mM/l). Since the presence of tubules seems necessary for such an effect to take place, it suggests that the high renin secretion stimulated by a low sodium buffer centers in the Macula densa. Perfusion with high sodium buffer (170 mM/l; osmolarity 350 mOs/l) induces a stimulation on renin release. However, a greater rise in renin is achieved in control experiments if choline chloride increases the osmolarity from 300 to 350 mOs/l. All this suggests that high sodium buffer, independently of its osmotic effect, has an inhibitory role on renin release.", "PMID": 396613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11041", "title": "The distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in canine small intestine.", "content": "Peroxidase conjugated antisera to canine immunoglobulins G and A and to human immunoglobulin M, have been used to study the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the small intestine of the young and adult dog. At all levels of the small bowel of the adult dog, IgA:IgM:IgG cells have a 2:1:1 ratio while the greatest number of immunocytes is found in the duodenum and decreases towards the distal portion of the small intestine. The young puppy shows a predominance of IgM-containing cells in the small intestinal lamina propria during early life but the adult pattern of immunocyte distribution has been achieved by weaning.", "contents": "The distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in canine small intestine. Peroxidase conjugated antisera to canine immunoglobulins G and A and to human immunoglobulin M, have been used to study the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the small intestine of the young and adult dog. At all levels of the small bowel of the adult dog, IgA:IgM:IgG cells have a 2:1:1 ratio while the greatest number of immunocytes is found in the duodenum and decreases towards the distal portion of the small intestine. The young puppy shows a predominance of IgM-containing cells in the small intestinal lamina propria during early life but the adult pattern of immunocyte distribution has been achieved by weaning.", "PMID": 396617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11042", "title": "Duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk from vaccinated sows on Escherichia coli O149 in the digestive tract of piglets during the nursing period.", "content": "Piglets were exposed orogastrically to Escherichia coli to enable study of the duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk of sows vaccinated with a K88 enriched E coli vaccine. There was a marked increase in the number of the challenge strain in the digestive tract of weaned piglets of all ages (between 888 and 2144 per cent). In contrast, there was a decrease in their number (75 per cent) in the day-old colostrum-fed piglets. When the piglets were two weeks old milk was still capable of reducing the rate of proliferation of the pathogen but at five weeks it proliferated at equal rates in the digestive tract of both suckling and weaned litter-mates. The rate of adhesion of the K88 positive E coli to the small intestine of colostrum deprived piglets was high (5 x 108/g). Rate of adhesion fell gradually in weaned piglets from 5.4 x 107/g at two weeks to 2.0 x 106/g at four to five weeks of age. In contrast, resistance of the small intestine of suckling pigs to adhesion by K88-positive E coli remained relatively stable through the five week period of nursing bacterial counts ranging from 5 x 104/g to 3 x 104/g of tissue.", "contents": "Duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk from vaccinated sows on Escherichia coli O149 in the digestive tract of piglets during the nursing period. Piglets were exposed orogastrically to Escherichia coli to enable study of the duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk of sows vaccinated with a K88 enriched E coli vaccine. There was a marked increase in the number of the challenge strain in the digestive tract of weaned piglets of all ages (between 888 and 2144 per cent). In contrast, there was a decrease in their number (75 per cent) in the day-old colostrum-fed piglets. When the piglets were two weeks old milk was still capable of reducing the rate of proliferation of the pathogen but at five weeks it proliferated at equal rates in the digestive tract of both suckling and weaned litter-mates. The rate of adhesion of the K88 positive E coli to the small intestine of colostrum deprived piglets was high (5 x 108/g). Rate of adhesion fell gradually in weaned piglets from 5.4 x 107/g at two weeks to 2.0 x 106/g at four to five weeks of age. In contrast, resistance of the small intestine of suckling pigs to adhesion by K88-positive E coli remained relatively stable through the five week period of nursing bacterial counts ranging from 5 x 104/g to 3 x 104/g of tissue.", "PMID": 396618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11043", "title": "A method for the measurement of the gingival sulcus of sheep.", "content": "A method for measuring and comparing the depths of the gingival sulcus of sheep in the incisor region at necropsy is described. The method was devised to assess and compare dental health in groups of sheep with and without premature loss of incisor teeth (broken mouth). The technique involves the use of paper spills in combination with dental plaster models.", "contents": "A method for the measurement of the gingival sulcus of sheep. A method for measuring and comparing the depths of the gingival sulcus of sheep in the incisor region at necropsy is described. The method was devised to assess and compare dental health in groups of sheep with and without premature loss of incisor teeth (broken mouth). The technique involves the use of paper spills in combination with dental plaster models.", "PMID": 396620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11044", "title": "Non-specific resistance of mice to Pasteurella haemolytica.", "content": "A technique for challenge infection of mice with Pasteurella haemolytica is described. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P haemolytica in gastric mucin, and viable counts were performed 6 h later on liver suspensions. Viable counts of P haemolytica in the livers of unvaccinated control mice had increased 6 h after infection. Mice were injected subcutaneously with a commercial pasteurella vaccine at various time intervals before challenge. In those given vaccine two weeks, one week, 48 h and 1 h before challenge, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver increased as for control mice. However, if the time interval between administration of vaccine and challenge was 12 or 24h, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver decreased after challenge. Subcutaneous inoculation with the nonbacterial components of the vaccine 24 h before challenge did not cause such an effect. Inobulation with the vaccine 24h before challenge with Escherichia coli resulted in an increase in the LD50 for that organism, indicating that the effect is probably non-specific.", "contents": "Non-specific resistance of mice to Pasteurella haemolytica. A technique for challenge infection of mice with Pasteurella haemolytica is described. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P haemolytica in gastric mucin, and viable counts were performed 6 h later on liver suspensions. Viable counts of P haemolytica in the livers of unvaccinated control mice had increased 6 h after infection. Mice were injected subcutaneously with a commercial pasteurella vaccine at various time intervals before challenge. In those given vaccine two weeks, one week, 48 h and 1 h before challenge, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver increased as for control mice. However, if the time interval between administration of vaccine and challenge was 12 or 24h, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver decreased after challenge. Subcutaneous inoculation with the nonbacterial components of the vaccine 24 h before challenge did not cause such an effect. Inobulation with the vaccine 24h before challenge with Escherichia coli resulted in an increase in the LD50 for that organism, indicating that the effect is probably non-specific.", "PMID": 396619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11045", "title": "The effects and significance of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.", "content": "Subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics cause structural alterations in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and, in certain instances, reduce growth of bacteria, enhance phagocytosis, increase the bactericidal activity of human serum, and induce production of beta-lactamase from gram-negative bacilli. Extrapolation of these in vitro effects to infection in humans is difficult but appears to be most appropriate in patients who receive synergistic combinations of antibiotics.", "contents": "The effects and significance of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics cause structural alterations in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and, in certain instances, reduce growth of bacteria, enhance phagocytosis, increase the bactericidal activity of human serum, and induce production of beta-lactamase from gram-negative bacilli. Extrapolation of these in vitro effects to infection in humans is difficult but appears to be most appropriate in patients who receive synergistic combinations of antibiotics.", "PMID": 396633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11046", "title": "Suppression of bacterial adherence by subminimal inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Nonseptate filaments of Escherichia coli obtained by growth of a temperature-sensitive mutant of the organism at its restrictive temperature in the absence of antibiotics or at its permissive temperature in the presence of approximately one-half the MIC of penicillin (27 micrograms/ml; MIC of penicillin, 50 micrograms/ml) lacked the ability both to bind to mannose and to adhere to host tissues. Addition of low concentrations (0.5-10 micrograms/ml) of streptomycin to cultures of E. coli resulted in marked suppression of the mannose-binding and adhering ability of streptomycin-sensitive E. coli (MIC, 30 micrograms/ml). In contrast, up to 5,000 microgram of streptomycin/ml had no effect on an isogenic streptomycin-resistant mutant of E. coli (MIC, 20,000 micrograms/ml). No concentration of penicillin or streptomycin that was tested was able to suppress either the mannose-binding or the adhering ability of E. coli once those activities had been acquired by the organism. These results suggest that subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics suppress the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells.", "contents": "Suppression of bacterial adherence by subminimal inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nonseptate filaments of Escherichia coli obtained by growth of a temperature-sensitive mutant of the organism at its restrictive temperature in the absence of antibiotics or at its permissive temperature in the presence of approximately one-half the MIC of penicillin (27 micrograms/ml; MIC of penicillin, 50 micrograms/ml) lacked the ability both to bind to mannose and to adhere to host tissues. Addition of low concentrations (0.5-10 micrograms/ml) of streptomycin to cultures of E. coli resulted in marked suppression of the mannose-binding and adhering ability of streptomycin-sensitive E. coli (MIC, 30 micrograms/ml). In contrast, up to 5,000 microgram of streptomycin/ml had no effect on an isogenic streptomycin-resistant mutant of E. coli (MIC, 20,000 micrograms/ml). No concentration of penicillin or streptomycin that was tested was able to suppress either the mannose-binding or the adhering ability of E. coli once those activities had been acquired by the organism. These results suggest that subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics suppress the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells.", "PMID": 396637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11047", "title": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on adhesiveness of Escherichia coli in vitro.", "content": "The adhesion of radiolabeled Escherichia coli (strain SS142) to monolayers of Intestine 407, a human epithelioid tissue culture cell line, was investigated. In this assay the adhesion of bacteria grown in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, clindamycin,, or trimethoprim-sulfametrole was reduced in a manner that was dose dependent. In contrast, at such concentrations nalidixic acid enhanced the adhesion of this bacterial strain, and other antibiotics-e.g., penicillin G, ampicillin, mecillinam, cephacetrile, cephalexin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin-did not affect its adhesiveness.", "contents": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on adhesiveness of Escherichia coli in vitro. The adhesion of radiolabeled Escherichia coli (strain SS142) to monolayers of Intestine 407, a human epithelioid tissue culture cell line, was investigated. In this assay the adhesion of bacteria grown in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, clindamycin,, or trimethoprim-sulfametrole was reduced in a manner that was dose dependent. In contrast, at such concentrations nalidixic acid enhanced the adhesion of this bacterial strain, and other antibiotics-e.g., penicillin G, ampicillin, mecillinam, cephacetrile, cephalexin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin-did not affect its adhesiveness.", "PMID": 396638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11048", "title": "Interactions between antibacterial drugs below the minimal inhibitory concentration.", "content": "Interaction between antibacterial agents is often assessed in chessboard titrations, in which bacteriostatic synergy is detected as a mutual reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the agents being tested. If MIC titrations are continually monitored turbidimetrically, the conventionally determined \"end point\" is seen to reflect the final outcome of a series of events that have occurred during the incubation period. One factor that influences the end point is the emergence, during overnight incubation, of a bacterial population with slightly increased drug resistance. A frequent component of the synergy recorded in chessboard titrations is the mutual suppression of such adaptive resistance. Synergy can also be expressed in terms of the minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC), i.e., the lowest concentration needed to produce an observable antibacterial effect. Antibacterial agents that exhibit true biochemical synergy interact to cause a mutual reduction in the MAC, but the degree of synergy recorded in this way is substantially lower than that determined by conventional chessboard titration. The benefits of antibacterial synergy in therapy cannot be predicted based on chessboard titrations alone. Dramatic synergy of the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole type may be of limited clinical use, whereas other drug combinations may be more useful than the results of cross-titration suggest.", "contents": "Interactions between antibacterial drugs below the minimal inhibitory concentration. Interaction between antibacterial agents is often assessed in chessboard titrations, in which bacteriostatic synergy is detected as a mutual reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the agents being tested. If MIC titrations are continually monitored turbidimetrically, the conventionally determined \"end point\" is seen to reflect the final outcome of a series of events that have occurred during the incubation period. One factor that influences the end point is the emergence, during overnight incubation, of a bacterial population with slightly increased drug resistance. A frequent component of the synergy recorded in chessboard titrations is the mutual suppression of such adaptive resistance. Synergy can also be expressed in terms of the minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC), i.e., the lowest concentration needed to produce an observable antibacterial effect. Antibacterial agents that exhibit true biochemical synergy interact to cause a mutual reduction in the MAC, but the degree of synergy recorded in this way is substantially lower than that determined by conventional chessboard titration. The benefits of antibacterial synergy in therapy cannot be predicted based on chessboard titrations alone. Dramatic synergy of the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole type may be of limited clinical use, whereas other drug combinations may be more useful than the results of cross-titration suggest.", "PMID": 396634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11049", "title": "Range of antibacterial activity of antibiotics at subminimal inhibitory concentrations: the ratio of minimal inhibitory concentration to minimal antibiotic concentration.", "content": "The range of activity of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of some beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was determined and expressed as the ratio of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC). Ten strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested with ampicillin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. The mean MIC/MAC ratios were 9.4, 14.0, and 2.9, respectively. The mean MIC/MAC ratios for 10 strains of Escherichia coli that were tested with the same three antibiotics were 20.6, 25.2, and 15.1, respectively. The same strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested with amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The respective mean MIC/MAC ratios were 13.1, 6.2, and 7.4 for E. coli and 3.7, 5.1, and 3.1 for S. aureus. Ten strains of Serratia marcescens were tested with amikacin, chloramphenicol, and these two drugs combined. The mean MIC/MAC ratios for amikacin and chloramphenicol were 6.8 and 2.1, respectively. For the combination, the mean MIC/MAC ratio was 9.2, a finding that indicates synergism. Determinations of MIC/MAC ratios could provide valuable information for the monitoring of antibacterial therapy, especially when drugs of significant toxicity are used.", "contents": "Range of antibacterial activity of antibiotics at subminimal inhibitory concentrations: the ratio of minimal inhibitory concentration to minimal antibiotic concentration. The range of activity of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of some beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was determined and expressed as the ratio of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC). Ten strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested with ampicillin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. The mean MIC/MAC ratios were 9.4, 14.0, and 2.9, respectively. The mean MIC/MAC ratios for 10 strains of Escherichia coli that were tested with the same three antibiotics were 20.6, 25.2, and 15.1, respectively. The same strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested with amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The respective mean MIC/MAC ratios were 13.1, 6.2, and 7.4 for E. coli and 3.7, 5.1, and 3.1 for S. aureus. Ten strains of Serratia marcescens were tested with amikacin, chloramphenicol, and these two drugs combined. The mean MIC/MAC ratios for amikacin and chloramphenicol were 6.8 and 2.1, respectively. For the combination, the mean MIC/MAC ratio was 9.2, a finding that indicates synergism. Determinations of MIC/MAC ratios could provide valuable information for the monitoring of antibacterial therapy, especially when drugs of significant toxicity are used.", "PMID": 396635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11050", "title": "Recovery period and the exposure of bacteria to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.", "content": "The minimal antbiotic concentration (MAC) refers to the lowest concentration of drug that results in a detectable effect on bacteria (e.g., inhibition of growth, change in morphology, and delay in recovery to normal growth in drug-free medium). Strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to a range of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of four drugs-ampicillin, gentamicin, rosaramicin, and tetracycline. Inhibition curves (percentage of normal growth vs. concentration of drug) were related to the period of recovery before resumption of normal growth, which was chosen to express MAC value. In both E. coli and S. aureus, the longest delay in recovery of normal growth was observed with rosaramicin. Ampicillin resulted in a delay in recovery only with S. aureus.", "contents": "Recovery period and the exposure of bacteria to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. The minimal antbiotic concentration (MAC) refers to the lowest concentration of drug that results in a detectable effect on bacteria (e.g., inhibition of growth, change in morphology, and delay in recovery to normal growth in drug-free medium). Strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to a range of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of four drugs-ampicillin, gentamicin, rosaramicin, and tetracycline. Inhibition curves (percentage of normal growth vs. concentration of drug) were related to the period of recovery before resumption of normal growth, which was chosen to express MAC value. In both E. coli and S. aureus, the longest delay in recovery of normal growth was observed with rosaramicin. Ampicillin resulted in a delay in recovery only with S. aureus.", "PMID": 396636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11051", "title": "Dental discolorations and side effects with iron and placebo tablets.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind cross-over study, 19 young women received iron tablets (Neo-Fer) containing 0.20 g ferrous fumarate (60 mg Fe++), and placebo tablets, twice daily during two periods of 8 weeks each. Development of discolorations on fillings and tooth surfaces was studied by careful clinical examination, and by paired comparison of color transparencies taken before and after each period of treatment. Any tendency of this oral iron preparation to cause dental discolorations could not be detected in the present group of women with good oral hygiene. Seven participants reported gastrointestinal discomfort, two of them only when receiving placebo tablets.", "contents": "Dental discolorations and side effects with iron and placebo tablets. In a randomized double-blind cross-over study, 19 young women received iron tablets (Neo-Fer) containing 0.20 g ferrous fumarate (60 mg Fe++), and placebo tablets, twice daily during two periods of 8 weeks each. Development of discolorations on fillings and tooth surfaces was studied by careful clinical examination, and by paired comparison of color transparencies taken before and after each period of treatment. Any tendency of this oral iron preparation to cause dental discolorations could not be detected in the present group of women with good oral hygiene. Seven participants reported gastrointestinal discomfort, two of them only when receiving placebo tablets.", "PMID": 396647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11052", "title": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in experimental infections.", "content": "The antibacterial effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics were studied in two animal models. In mice, the oral cephalosporin CGP 9000 was effective in 11 of 20 different gram-negative infections and cephalexin was effective in one of these infections, both at 50% effective doses (ED(50)) that produced peak concentrations of drug in plasms equal to one-half to one-sixteenth the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting organism. In gram-positive infections, both antibiotics were effective only at concentrations above the MIC. In rabbits, sub-MICs of cephaloridine, ampicillin, and gantamicin were maintained for 6-10 hr by intravenous infusion. At steady-state concentrations equal to one half to one-eighth the MIC, the beta-lactam antibiotics caused elongation and filamentation, and gentamicin caused enlargement, of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium in peritoneal exudate; the number of viable cells of each of these bacteria was temporarily reduced. In infections with E. coli and P. mirabilis, sub-MIC's of beta-lactam antibiotics and of gentamicin prolonged the survival rates for infected animals beyond those for control animals. Rabbits infected with S. typhimurium and treated with ampicillin at a concentration of one-third the MIC Tended to die sooner than did control animals.", "contents": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in experimental infections. The antibacterial effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics were studied in two animal models. In mice, the oral cephalosporin CGP 9000 was effective in 11 of 20 different gram-negative infections and cephalexin was effective in one of these infections, both at 50% effective doses (ED(50)) that produced peak concentrations of drug in plasms equal to one-half to one-sixteenth the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting organism. In gram-positive infections, both antibiotics were effective only at concentrations above the MIC. In rabbits, sub-MICs of cephaloridine, ampicillin, and gantamicin were maintained for 6-10 hr by intravenous infusion. At steady-state concentrations equal to one half to one-eighth the MIC, the beta-lactam antibiotics caused elongation and filamentation, and gentamicin caused enlargement, of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium in peritoneal exudate; the number of viable cells of each of these bacteria was temporarily reduced. In infections with E. coli and P. mirabilis, sub-MIC's of beta-lactam antibiotics and of gentamicin prolonged the survival rates for infected animals beyond those for control animals. Rabbits infected with S. typhimurium and treated with ampicillin at a concentration of one-third the MIC Tended to die sooner than did control animals.", "PMID": 396639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11053", "title": "G cell distribution in normal duodenal mucosa.", "content": "G cell presence in the fundus, antrum and duodenum (bulbar, descending and horizontal parts) was investigated by an indirect immunofluorescenc technique in six asymptomatic male subjects. All subjects had normal endoscopic and histological patterns normal gastric acid secretion and normal serum gastrin levels. The results confirm the presence of G cells in the antral mucosa and the three studied duodenal portions. The G cell number of each duodenal portion was significantly lower than the antral one (P less than 0.0005). No difference could be seen between the second and third duodenal portions while each of them had a significantly lower G cell number, when compared with the bulb.", "contents": "G cell distribution in normal duodenal mucosa. G cell presence in the fundus, antrum and duodenum (bulbar, descending and horizontal parts) was investigated by an indirect immunofluorescenc technique in six asymptomatic male subjects. All subjects had normal endoscopic and histological patterns normal gastric acid secretion and normal serum gastrin levels. The results confirm the presence of G cells in the antral mucosa and the three studied duodenal portions. The G cell number of each duodenal portion was significantly lower than the antral one (P less than 0.0005). No difference could be seen between the second and third duodenal portions while each of them had a significantly lower G cell number, when compared with the bulb.", "PMID": 396649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11054", "title": "Billroth and Penicillium.", "content": "Between 1868 and 1873, a surgeon, Theodor Billroth, performed experiments with cultures of bacteria and molds (which he believed to be two aspects of a single form of life) to investigate their role in \"accidental wound diseases.\" Some of the cultures teemed with rounded microorganisms arranged in chains; Billroth chose to call them streptococci. He also noticed that occasionally, when Penicillium appeared in a culture, bacteria failed to grow; he suggested that Penicillum could have \"modified the medium\" so as to render it unsuitable for bacterial growth. This may well have been the first observation of the antibacterial effect of Penicillium. Similar experiments were performed by Joseph Lister, who noticed in 1871 that bacteria tended to kill the Penicillium, and by John Tyndall, who described in 1876 a \"battle\" that could be won by either party.", "contents": "Billroth and Penicillium. Between 1868 and 1873, a surgeon, Theodor Billroth, performed experiments with cultures of bacteria and molds (which he believed to be two aspects of a single form of life) to investigate their role in \"accidental wound diseases.\" Some of the cultures teemed with rounded microorganisms arranged in chains; Billroth chose to call them streptococci. He also noticed that occasionally, when Penicillium appeared in a culture, bacteria failed to grow; he suggested that Penicillum could have \"modified the medium\" so as to render it unsuitable for bacterial growth. This may well have been the first observation of the antibacterial effect of Penicillium. Similar experiments were performed by Joseph Lister, who noticed in 1871 that bacteria tended to kill the Penicillium, and by John Tyndall, who described in 1876 a \"battle\" that could be won by either party.", "PMID": 396640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11055", "title": "Healing of duodenal ulcer during treatment with an anticholinergic and an antacid.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers were treated with either placebo or benzilonium bromide (Ulcoban prolongatum) for 4 weeks. Antacid consumption was low in both groups. Healing after 4 weeks was verified endoscopically and was about equal for both treatments. Frequency of pain and other \"dyspeptic\" symptoms appeared to be less in patients treated with benzilonium. Lack of symptoms was not always associated with healing of the ulcers.", "contents": "Healing of duodenal ulcer during treatment with an anticholinergic and an antacid. Twenty-nine patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers were treated with either placebo or benzilonium bromide (Ulcoban prolongatum) for 4 weeks. Antacid consumption was low in both groups. Healing after 4 weeks was verified endoscopically and was about equal for both treatments. Frequency of pain and other \"dyspeptic\" symptoms appeared to be less in patients treated with benzilonium. Lack of symptoms was not always associated with healing of the ulcers.", "PMID": 396650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11056", "title": "Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial, First of two parts.", "content": "Eighty-four patients with endoscopically-proved active duodenal ulcer were admitted to a multicentre double-blind trial with either pirenzepine tablets (25 mg three times per day for 1 week followed by 25 mg two times per day for 3 weeks) or placebo. Seventy-nine patients completed the trial, 44 treated with pirenzepine and 35 with placebo. After 4 weeks, complete healing had been achieved in 52% of the pirenzepine-treated patients and in 34% of the placebo-treated ones. Symptomatic responses were signigicantly better in those receiving pirenzepine than in those receiving placebo. In addition, the supplementary antacid consumption was significantly lesser in the pirenzepine group than in the placebo group. No important side-effects were observed in the two groups.", "contents": "Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial, First of two parts. Eighty-four patients with endoscopically-proved active duodenal ulcer were admitted to a multicentre double-blind trial with either pirenzepine tablets (25 mg three times per day for 1 week followed by 25 mg two times per day for 3 weeks) or placebo. Seventy-nine patients completed the trial, 44 treated with pirenzepine and 35 with placebo. After 4 weeks, complete healing had been achieved in 52% of the pirenzepine-treated patients and in 34% of the placebo-treated ones. Symptomatic responses were signigicantly better in those receiving pirenzepine than in those receiving placebo. In addition, the supplementary antacid consumption was significantly lesser in the pirenzepine group than in the placebo group. No important side-effects were observed in the two groups.", "PMID": 396651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11057", "title": "Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial. Second of two parts.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with endoscopically proved active duodenal ulcers were admitted to a multicentre double-blind trial with either pirenzepine (100 mg/day, 25 mg in the morning and midday and 50 mg at bed time) or placebo for 4 weeks. Ninety-two patients (46 in each group) completed the trial. After 4 weeks, complete healing had been achieved in 70% of the pirenzepine-treated patients and in 32% of the placebo-treated ones (P less than 0.01). No important side-effects and no abnormal changes in blood values or urinalysis were observed during treatment. The difference in the ulcer healing rates observed in the two parts of this multicentre trial is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial. Second of two parts. Ninety-six patients with endoscopically proved active duodenal ulcers were admitted to a multicentre double-blind trial with either pirenzepine (100 mg/day, 25 mg in the morning and midday and 50 mg at bed time) or placebo for 4 weeks. Ninety-two patients (46 in each group) completed the trial. After 4 weeks, complete healing had been achieved in 70% of the pirenzepine-treated patients and in 32% of the placebo-treated ones (P less than 0.01). No important side-effects and no abnormal changes in blood values or urinalysis were observed during treatment. The difference in the ulcer healing rates observed in the two parts of this multicentre trial is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 396652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11058", "title": "Pirenzepine and carbenozolone in gastric ulcer. Preliminary results of a multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Pirenzepine (PRZ) 75 mg/day for 1 week followed by 50 mg/day for 3 weeks did not show a good activity in gastric ulcer healing in comparison to carbenoxolone (CB) (300 mg/day for 1 week followed by 200 mg/day for 3 weeks). The tolerability of PRZ seemed to be better than that of CB. The increase in the daily dose of PRZ to 100 mg/day for 4 weeks led to better results in the patients who have completed satisfactorily the treatment up to now. PRZ's tolerability was greater than CB's. The results of this study are preliminary to further trial.", "contents": "Pirenzepine and carbenozolone in gastric ulcer. Preliminary results of a multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial. Pirenzepine (PRZ) 75 mg/day for 1 week followed by 50 mg/day for 3 weeks did not show a good activity in gastric ulcer healing in comparison to carbenoxolone (CB) (300 mg/day for 1 week followed by 200 mg/day for 3 weeks). The tolerability of PRZ seemed to be better than that of CB. The increase in the daily dose of PRZ to 100 mg/day for 4 weeks led to better results in the patients who have completed satisfactorily the treatment up to now. PRZ's tolerability was greater than CB's. The results of this study are preliminary to further trial.", "PMID": 396653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11059", "title": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of benign gastroduodenal diseases. A double-blind controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Pirenzepine (PRZ, 75 mg/day for 10 days followed by 50 mg/day for 20 days) was compared with placebo (PL) in the treatment of endoscopically confirmed active gastroduodenitis or duodenal ulcer and with carbenoxolone (CB, 300 mg/day followed by 200 mg/day) in the treatment of gastric ulcer in a 30-day double-blind clinical trial. Ninety-seven of 112 outpatients completed the trial. The results can be summarized as follows: a) Gastroduodenitis. Complete normalization of the endoscopic picture was observed in 61% of the 28 patients on PRZ and in 30% of the 27 on PL. b) Duodenal ulcer. Complete endoscopic healing was observed in 75% of the 12 patients on PRZ and in 44% of the 9 on PL. In both studied PRZ induced improvement in clinical symptoms in more patients than PL. c) Gastric ulcer. PRZ and CB induced complete healing in a similar percentage of patients (64% of 11 and 70% of 10 patients). Better results in dyspepsia were observed in the PRZ group than the CB group. No major side-effects and no pathological changes in blood and urine analyses were observed in PRZ-treated patients.", "contents": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of benign gastroduodenal diseases. A double-blind controlled clinical trial. Pirenzepine (PRZ, 75 mg/day for 10 days followed by 50 mg/day for 20 days) was compared with placebo (PL) in the treatment of endoscopically confirmed active gastroduodenitis or duodenal ulcer and with carbenoxolone (CB, 300 mg/day followed by 200 mg/day) in the treatment of gastric ulcer in a 30-day double-blind clinical trial. Ninety-seven of 112 outpatients completed the trial. The results can be summarized as follows: a) Gastroduodenitis. Complete normalization of the endoscopic picture was observed in 61% of the 28 patients on PRZ and in 30% of the 27 on PL. b) Duodenal ulcer. Complete endoscopic healing was observed in 75% of the 12 patients on PRZ and in 44% of the 9 on PL. In both studied PRZ induced improvement in clinical symptoms in more patients than PL. c) Gastric ulcer. PRZ and CB induced complete healing in a similar percentage of patients (64% of 11 and 70% of 10 patients). Better results in dyspepsia were observed in the PRZ group than the CB group. No major side-effects and no pathological changes in blood and urine analyses were observed in PRZ-treated patients.", "PMID": 396654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11060", "title": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The effectiveness and safety of pirenzepine (PRZ) at 150 mg daily in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer was studied in an open pilot clinical trial followed by a double-blind trial against placebo. The open pilot study showed that pirenzepine was well tolerated and promoted ulcer healing in the 45% of patients within 2 weeks of treatment and in 90% within 4 weeks. The double-blind trial against placebo (PL) Confirmed these results: 60% of the patients in PRZ group and 10% of the patients in PL group showed endoscopic ulcer healing after 2 weeks. This difference was significant. Ninety per cent of the PRZ patients and 50% of the PL patients were completely healed after 4 weeks. In the PRZ group, gastric secretory tests showed a significant decrease in B.A.O. (69%), M.A.O. (33%) and P.A.O. (34%) after 2 weeks. In the PL group, the same parameters had only a small decrease, without statistical significance. There were no pathological changes in laboratory findings in either the open or the double-blind studies. Mild and transient side-effects were observed in 7 of 30 patinets receiving pirenzepine (diplopia and dryness of the mouth).", "contents": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. The effectiveness and safety of pirenzepine (PRZ) at 150 mg daily in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer was studied in an open pilot clinical trial followed by a double-blind trial against placebo. The open pilot study showed that pirenzepine was well tolerated and promoted ulcer healing in the 45% of patients within 2 weeks of treatment and in 90% within 4 weeks. The double-blind trial against placebo (PL) Confirmed these results: 60% of the patients in PRZ group and 10% of the patients in PL group showed endoscopic ulcer healing after 2 weeks. This difference was significant. Ninety per cent of the PRZ patients and 50% of the PL patients were completely healed after 4 weeks. In the PRZ group, gastric secretory tests showed a significant decrease in B.A.O. (69%), M.A.O. (33%) and P.A.O. (34%) after 2 weeks. In the PL group, the same parameters had only a small decrease, without statistical significance. There were no pathological changes in laboratory findings in either the open or the double-blind studies. Mild and transient side-effects were observed in 7 of 30 patinets receiving pirenzepine (diplopia and dryness of the mouth).", "PMID": 396656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11061", "title": "Pirenzepine (LS 519) in severe duodenal ulcer and in gastric ulcer. A double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "Duodenal ulcer. Forty-five of 49 adult outpatients with active, severe, endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers completed a 4-week double-blind trial comparing two doses of LS 519 (75 and 150 mg/day) with placebo. After 2 weeks, 1 of 15 patients given LS 75 mg and 4 of 15 given LS 150 mg/day had healed (P = 0.09). No patient given placebo had healed. After 4 weeks, 6 of 15 (40%) on placebo, 9 of 15 (60%) on LS 75 mg and 13 of 15 (86.7%) on LS 153 mg had healed (P less than 0.01). Patients given the highest dose of LS had significantly more pain-free days and nights and took fewer antacid tablets than those receiving the lowest dose of LS or placebo. Gastric ulcer. 19 of 20 adult outpatients with endoscopically proven active benign gastric ulcers completed a double-blind 4-week trial with either LS 519 (75 mg/day) or carbenoxolone (300 mg/day). Six of 10 (60%) given LS and 6 of 9 (66.7%) given carbenoxolone had healed after 4 weeks (N.S.). Symptomatic improvement was significantly faster in the LS group than in the carbenoxolone group. Hypokaliemia, increases in alkaline phosphatase and SGOT were observed in the carbenoxolone group.", "contents": "Pirenzepine (LS 519) in severe duodenal ulcer and in gastric ulcer. A double-blind clinical trial. Duodenal ulcer. Forty-five of 49 adult outpatients with active, severe, endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers completed a 4-week double-blind trial comparing two doses of LS 519 (75 and 150 mg/day) with placebo. After 2 weeks, 1 of 15 patients given LS 75 mg and 4 of 15 given LS 150 mg/day had healed (P = 0.09). No patient given placebo had healed. After 4 weeks, 6 of 15 (40%) on placebo, 9 of 15 (60%) on LS 75 mg and 13 of 15 (86.7%) on LS 153 mg had healed (P less than 0.01). Patients given the highest dose of LS had significantly more pain-free days and nights and took fewer antacid tablets than those receiving the lowest dose of LS or placebo. Gastric ulcer. 19 of 20 adult outpatients with endoscopically proven active benign gastric ulcers completed a double-blind 4-week trial with either LS 519 (75 mg/day) or carbenoxolone (300 mg/day). Six of 10 (60%) given LS and 6 of 9 (66.7%) given carbenoxolone had healed after 4 weeks (N.S.). Symptomatic improvement was significantly faster in the LS group than in the carbenoxolone group. Hypokaliemia, increases in alkaline phosphatase and SGOT were observed in the carbenoxolone group.", "PMID": 396655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11062", "title": "A double-blind, short-term clinical trial of pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The effectiveness of pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer was assessed in a double-blind clinical trial in comparison with placebo. Twenty-nine of 30 patients satisfactorily completed the trial. There was endoscopic ulcer healing in 4 of 14 pirenzepine treated patients (29%) after 2 weeks of treatment and in 11 of 14 (79%) after 6 weeks. There was no healing in 15 patients treated with placebo after 2 weeks and there were two ulcers healed after 6 weeks. The difference between pirenzepine and placebo was significant in both 2nd and 6th week. Duodenitis (evaluated by endoscopy) markedly improved in the pirenzepine grouu after 2 (4 of 9 patients) and after 6 weeks of treatment (8 of 9), while no, or only slight, improvement was observed in 8 of 8 patients in the placebo group. When evaluated by ulcer symptom relief and antacid tablet comsumption, pirenzepine proved to be considerable more efficacious than the placebo. The results of this study demonstrate that pirenzepine promoted duodenal ulcer healing, that it markedly improved peptic duodenitis and promoted rapid regression of symptomatology in parallel with endoscopic findings.", "contents": "A double-blind, short-term clinical trial of pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. The effectiveness of pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer was assessed in a double-blind clinical trial in comparison with placebo. Twenty-nine of 30 patients satisfactorily completed the trial. There was endoscopic ulcer healing in 4 of 14 pirenzepine treated patients (29%) after 2 weeks of treatment and in 11 of 14 (79%) after 6 weeks. There was no healing in 15 patients treated with placebo after 2 weeks and there were two ulcers healed after 6 weeks. The difference between pirenzepine and placebo was significant in both 2nd and 6th week. Duodenitis (evaluated by endoscopy) markedly improved in the pirenzepine grouu after 2 (4 of 9 patients) and after 6 weeks of treatment (8 of 9), while no, or only slight, improvement was observed in 8 of 8 patients in the placebo group. When evaluated by ulcer symptom relief and antacid tablet comsumption, pirenzepine proved to be considerable more efficacious than the placebo. The results of this study demonstrate that pirenzepine promoted duodenal ulcer healing, that it markedly improved peptic duodenitis and promoted rapid regression of symptomatology in parallel with endoscopic findings.", "PMID": 396657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11063", "title": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. A double-blind short-term clinical trial.", "content": "The effectiveness of pirenzepine in the treatment of gastric ulcer was assessed in a double-blind 6 weeks' clinical trial in comparison with placebo. After 2 weeks of treatment 1 patient in each group showed a complete healing of gastric ulcer. After 6 weeks of treatment 9 out of 10 patients in the pirenzepine group (90%) and 4 out of 10 patients in the placebo group (40%) healed (P less than 0.05). The relief of ulcer symptoms was significantly better in the pirenzepine group than in the placebo group. From the second week on, the pirenzepine-treated patients stopped taking antacid while placebo-treated patients went on taking it (P less than 0.02). The results of this study demonstrated that pirenzepine promotes gastric ulcer healing and induces a rapid regression of ulcer symptoms.", "contents": "Pirenzepine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. A double-blind short-term clinical trial. The effectiveness of pirenzepine in the treatment of gastric ulcer was assessed in a double-blind 6 weeks' clinical trial in comparison with placebo. After 2 weeks of treatment 1 patient in each group showed a complete healing of gastric ulcer. After 6 weeks of treatment 9 out of 10 patients in the pirenzepine group (90%) and 4 out of 10 patients in the placebo group (40%) healed (P less than 0.05). The relief of ulcer symptoms was significantly better in the pirenzepine group than in the placebo group. From the second week on, the pirenzepine-treated patients stopped taking antacid while placebo-treated patients went on taking it (P less than 0.02). The results of this study demonstrated that pirenzepine promotes gastric ulcer healing and induces a rapid regression of ulcer symptoms.", "PMID": 396658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11064", "title": "Pirenzepine versus cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with active duodenal ulcer have completed, up to today, a one-month double-blind trial to compare the effects of pirenzepine (150 mg daily), cimetidine (1 g daily) and placebo on the healing of duodenal ulcer. Fifteen (71%) of the 21 patients treated with pirenzepine had healed ulcers compared with 14 (82%) receiving cimetidine (P less than 0.05. In the placebo group there were 7 (41%) healed ulcers. Symptomatic improvement in patients given pirenzepine was as substantial as in cimetidine-treated patients. No adverse effects were noted.", "contents": "Pirenzepine versus cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Fifty-five patients with active duodenal ulcer have completed, up to today, a one-month double-blind trial to compare the effects of pirenzepine (150 mg daily), cimetidine (1 g daily) and placebo on the healing of duodenal ulcer. Fifteen (71%) of the 21 patients treated with pirenzepine had healed ulcers compared with 14 (82%) receiving cimetidine (P less than 0.05. In the placebo group there were 7 (41%) healed ulcers. Symptomatic improvement in patients given pirenzepine was as substantial as in cimetidine-treated patients. No adverse effects were noted.", "PMID": 396659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11065", "title": "Inhibition of pentagastrin and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion by pirenzepine in healthy and duodenal ulcer subjects.", "content": "The effect of i.v. pirenzepine infusion both on basal and pentagastrin and insulin-stimulated secretion was studied in 19 healthy and duodenal ulcer subjects. Following an overnight fast, gastric juice was collected for 30 minutes prior to the i.v. administration of pirenzepine (16 mg plus 2 mg/h for 2 hours) and the subsequent stimulation of gastric secretion by means of i.v. pentagastrin infusion (6 microgram/kg/h) or i.v. insulin injection (0.2 U/kg). Mean acid output was reduced--in comparison to placebo--by 22% after pentagastrin stimulation and by 34% after insulin stimulation.", "contents": "Inhibition of pentagastrin and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion by pirenzepine in healthy and duodenal ulcer subjects. The effect of i.v. pirenzepine infusion both on basal and pentagastrin and insulin-stimulated secretion was studied in 19 healthy and duodenal ulcer subjects. Following an overnight fast, gastric juice was collected for 30 minutes prior to the i.v. administration of pirenzepine (16 mg plus 2 mg/h for 2 hours) and the subsequent stimulation of gastric secretion by means of i.v. pentagastrin infusion (6 microgram/kg/h) or i.v. insulin injection (0.2 U/kg). Mean acid output was reduced--in comparison to placebo--by 22% after pentagastrin stimulation and by 34% after insulin stimulation.", "PMID": 396660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11066", "title": "Pirenzepine in peptic ulcer. Introduction to clinical trials reports.", "content": "The main pharmacodynamic characteristics of pirenzepine are briefly reported and the experimental plan of the clinical trial on pirenzepine in peptic ulcer is discussed.", "contents": "Pirenzepine in peptic ulcer. Introduction to clinical trials reports. The main pharmacodynamic characteristics of pirenzepine are briefly reported and the experimental plan of the clinical trial on pirenzepine in peptic ulcer is discussed.", "PMID": 396661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11067", "title": "Phase II trial of Prednimustine. Leo-1031 (NSC-134087) in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "18 patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia were treated with Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, as a single drug. 5 patients responded with falling blast counts in peripheral blood, but only 1 obtained a complete remission of 3 months' duration. Since the activity of Prednimustine is lower than that of other commonly used drugs in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, future studies should concentrate on other aspects, such as treatment of patients with steroid receptor-positive blast cells or other types of leukaemia.", "contents": "Phase II trial of Prednimustine. Leo-1031 (NSC-134087) in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. 18 patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia were treated with Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, as a single drug. 5 patients responded with falling blast counts in peripheral blood, but only 1 obtained a complete remission of 3 months' duration. Since the activity of Prednimustine is lower than that of other commonly used drugs in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, future studies should concentrate on other aspects, such as treatment of patients with steroid receptor-positive blast cells or other types of leukaemia.", "PMID": 396664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11068", "title": "Humoral and cellular immunity to intrinsic factor in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease often associated with other autoimmune disorders. A case history of MG with a coexisting atypical megaloblastic anaemia with vitamin B12 deficiency and anti Intrinsic Factor (IF) antibodies, led to a study of humoral and cellular immunity to IF in 81 MG patients. Within this series, 3 other patients had a disturbed humoral and cellular immunity to IF. These 3 patients presented no other features of pernicious anaemia. The possible origins and significance of the anti IF antibodies in MG patients are discussed.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immunity to intrinsic factor in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease often associated with other autoimmune disorders. A case history of MG with a coexisting atypical megaloblastic anaemia with vitamin B12 deficiency and anti Intrinsic Factor (IF) antibodies, led to a study of humoral and cellular immunity to IF in 81 MG patients. Within this series, 3 other patients had a disturbed humoral and cellular immunity to IF. These 3 patients presented no other features of pernicious anaemia. The possible origins and significance of the anti IF antibodies in MG patients are discussed.", "PMID": 396665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11069", "title": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides bind selectively to lymphocytes from lipopolysaccharide high-responder mouse strains.", "content": "Three different concentrations of horseradish peroxidase-labelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS-HRP) were added in vitro to spleen cells from the LPS high-responder strain C3H/Tif and to cells from the low-responder strain C3H/HeJ. After being washed and fixed the cells were exposed to the substrate and prepared for electron microscopy. After addition of 7 and 0.7 microgram/ml of labelled LPS only lymphocytes from the high-responder strain were labelled. About 5-10% of the cells from C3H/Tif bound LPS, which is in accordance with the known frequency of B cells possessing the genetically determined LPS receptor. At the highest dose of labelled LPS (70 microgram/ml) a large proportion of lymphocytes from the low-responder strain also bound LPS. Erythrocytes from both strains bound LPS at all concentrations. It is concluded that LPS-HRP allows the detection at the cellular level of LPS binding to the genetically controlled membrane receptor for LPS.", "contents": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides bind selectively to lymphocytes from lipopolysaccharide high-responder mouse strains. Three different concentrations of horseradish peroxidase-labelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS-HRP) were added in vitro to spleen cells from the LPS high-responder strain C3H/Tif and to cells from the low-responder strain C3H/HeJ. After being washed and fixed the cells were exposed to the substrate and prepared for electron microscopy. After addition of 7 and 0.7 microgram/ml of labelled LPS only lymphocytes from the high-responder strain were labelled. About 5-10% of the cells from C3H/Tif bound LPS, which is in accordance with the known frequency of B cells possessing the genetically determined LPS receptor. At the highest dose of labelled LPS (70 microgram/ml) a large proportion of lymphocytes from the low-responder strain also bound LPS. Erythrocytes from both strains bound LPS at all concentrations. It is concluded that LPS-HRP allows the detection at the cellular level of LPS binding to the genetically controlled membrane receptor for LPS.", "PMID": 396666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11070", "title": "Human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to K-562 cells: activation by lymphokines.", "content": "Human monocytes purified by adherence and prolonged in vitro monolayer culture were activated by supernatants of autologous lymphocytes stimulated with live bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or killed Corynebacterium parvum. Activated monocytes expressed increased ability to lyse K-562 cells prelabelled with methyl-3H-thymidine in a 48 h assay. Activation could be detected at a 1:64 dilution of lymphokine supernatants. Target cell killing by activated monocytes was strongly influenced by the density of the monocyte monolayer. Monocytes at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation seemed to be most response to lymphokine activation. Morphological studies indicated that a considerable number of K-562 cells attach firmly to monocytes. The monocyte-mediated lysis of K-562 seems to be extracellular, as phagocytosis was not observed. Freshly isolated adherent blood mononuclear cells (greater than 90% monocytes) were strongly cytostatic to K-562 cells, as determined by inhibition of methyl-3H-thymidine uptake. Considerable cytolytic activity was also found with freshly isolated adherent cells, strong enhancement being produced by performing the assay in the presence of newborn calf serum, as opposed to human AB serum.", "contents": "Human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to K-562 cells: activation by lymphokines. Human monocytes purified by adherence and prolonged in vitro monolayer culture were activated by supernatants of autologous lymphocytes stimulated with live bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or killed Corynebacterium parvum. Activated monocytes expressed increased ability to lyse K-562 cells prelabelled with methyl-3H-thymidine in a 48 h assay. Activation could be detected at a 1:64 dilution of lymphokine supernatants. Target cell killing by activated monocytes was strongly influenced by the density of the monocyte monolayer. Monocytes at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation seemed to be most response to lymphokine activation. Morphological studies indicated that a considerable number of K-562 cells attach firmly to monocytes. The monocyte-mediated lysis of K-562 seems to be extracellular, as phagocytosis was not observed. Freshly isolated adherent blood mononuclear cells (greater than 90% monocytes) were strongly cytostatic to K-562 cells, as determined by inhibition of methyl-3H-thymidine uptake. Considerable cytolytic activity was also found with freshly isolated adherent cells, strong enhancement being produced by performing the assay in the presence of newborn calf serum, as opposed to human AB serum.", "PMID": 396667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11071", "title": "Hyporesponsiveness to virus antigens in rheumatoid synovial and blood lymphocytes using the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition test.", "content": "Mononuclear cells (MNC) from rheumatoid synovial tissue and peripheral blood were tested plasma pneumonia by the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition test. MNC from the eleven rheumatoid synovial tissues tested had deficient leucocyte inhibitory factor production against all antigens tested for, and this was also the case in the peripheral blood of seven juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients (JRA). In the peripheral blood of eight rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients there was also generally low reactivity. However, significant differences in migration indexes were found with rubella viral antigen and with PPD at 5 micrigram/ml when zero-hour  and overnight incubations of the culture were compared. In contrast, MNC of peripheral blood of control donors had significant responses to PPD (19/19), mumps virus (7/11), rubella virus (10/19), cytomegalovirus (4/11), and herpes simplex type 1 virus (4/11) antigen after zero-hour culture, and no differences was seen after overnight incubation.", "contents": "Hyporesponsiveness to virus antigens in rheumatoid synovial and blood lymphocytes using the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition test. Mononuclear cells (MNC) from rheumatoid synovial tissue and peripheral blood were tested plasma pneumonia by the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition test. MNC from the eleven rheumatoid synovial tissues tested had deficient leucocyte inhibitory factor production against all antigens tested for, and this was also the case in the peripheral blood of seven juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients (JRA). In the peripheral blood of eight rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients there was also generally low reactivity. However, significant differences in migration indexes were found with rubella viral antigen and with PPD at 5 micrigram/ml when zero-hour  and overnight incubations of the culture were compared. In contrast, MNC of peripheral blood of control donors had significant responses to PPD (19/19), mumps virus (7/11), rubella virus (10/19), cytomegalovirus (4/11), and herpes simplex type 1 virus (4/11) antigen after zero-hour culture, and no differences was seen after overnight incubation.", "PMID": 396668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11072", "title": "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic energy (Diapulse) on the survival of experimental skin flaps. A study on rats.", "content": "Experimental skin flaps in rats were treated with an active/non-active Diapulse unit in a double-blind trial to clarify whether or not pulsed electromagnetic energy had any effect on the surviving length of flaps. The observed differences in surviving flap areas between the Diapulse treated group and the untreated group as compared to the predicted survival by fluoresceine and/or vital capillary television microscopy were not statistically significant (p less than 0.10) in a set up, that on a significance level of 5%, would have detected an enhancement of flap survival of greater than or equal to 10% in 98% of trials.", "contents": "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic energy (Diapulse) on the survival of experimental skin flaps. A study on rats. Experimental skin flaps in rats were treated with an active/non-active Diapulse unit in a double-blind trial to clarify whether or not pulsed electromagnetic energy had any effect on the surviving length of flaps. The observed differences in surviving flap areas between the Diapulse treated group and the untreated group as compared to the predicted survival by fluoresceine and/or vital capillary television microscopy were not statistically significant (p less than 0.10) in a set up, that on a significance level of 5%, would have detected an enhancement of flap survival of greater than or equal to 10% in 98% of trials.", "PMID": 396669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11073", "title": "The free abdominoplasty flap and its use in breast reconstruction. An experimental study and clinical case report.", "content": "In search for a free microvascular flap which would give abundant reconstructive material as well as a satisfactory donor site the free abdominoplasty flap was developed. The flap is designed on the area between the umbilicus, the pubic region and the anterior superior iliac spines and is based on the inferior epigastric vessels on one side only. In eight regular abdominoplasty procedures elevation of this flap and keeping the blood flow intact through the isolated vessels did not jeoparding the viability of the flap. Angiography of the specimens showed a good perfusion. The free abdominoplasty flap has been used for breast reconstruction in 2 cases of radical mastectomy. The first was failure because of venous thrombosis. In the second case 3 veins were anastomosed, 2 venae comitantes to the inferior epigastric vein and the contralateral superficial epigastric vein and the result was favourable.", "contents": "The free abdominoplasty flap and its use in breast reconstruction. An experimental study and clinical case report. In search for a free microvascular flap which would give abundant reconstructive material as well as a satisfactory donor site the free abdominoplasty flap was developed. The flap is designed on the area between the umbilicus, the pubic region and the anterior superior iliac spines and is based on the inferior epigastric vessels on one side only. In eight regular abdominoplasty procedures elevation of this flap and keeping the blood flow intact through the isolated vessels did not jeoparding the viability of the flap. Angiography of the specimens showed a good perfusion. The free abdominoplasty flap has been used for breast reconstruction in 2 cases of radical mastectomy. The first was failure because of venous thrombosis. In the second case 3 veins were anastomosed, 2 venae comitantes to the inferior epigastric vein and the contralateral superficial epigastric vein and the result was favourable.", "PMID": 396670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11074", "title": "The iron content of split skin grafts after general infiltration and percutaneous anaesthesia.", "content": "The iron content of split skin grafts from guinea pigs has been studied by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry from the time the grafts were cut until the transplants had been in contact with a standardized recipient area for 7 days. The iron content was taken as a measure of the blood content of the grafts. In order to relieve pain, general anaesthesia with ether, local anaesthesia by infiltration and local percutaneous anaesthesia with a solution of ketocaine. A2358, were used. At the time of cutting the grafts the iron content was highest when percutaneous anaesthesia had been used. After a decrease in the iron content in all grafts during the two first postoperative days there was an increasing level from the third day as a sign of revascularization. A stabilization of the values when general and percutaneous anaesthesia had preceded the operation was noted from the fifth postoperative day. The level was highest in the grafts cut after percutaneous anaesthesia.", "contents": "The iron content of split skin grafts after general infiltration and percutaneous anaesthesia. The iron content of split skin grafts from guinea pigs has been studied by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry from the time the grafts were cut until the transplants had been in contact with a standardized recipient area for 7 days. The iron content was taken as a measure of the blood content of the grafts. In order to relieve pain, general anaesthesia with ether, local anaesthesia by infiltration and local percutaneous anaesthesia with a solution of ketocaine. A2358, were used. At the time of cutting the grafts the iron content was highest when percutaneous anaesthesia had been used. After a decrease in the iron content in all grafts during the two first postoperative days there was an increasing level from the third day as a sign of revascularization. A stabilization of the values when general and percutaneous anaesthesia had preceded the operation was noted from the fifth postoperative day. The level was highest in the grafts cut after percutaneous anaesthesia.", "PMID": 396671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11075", "title": "Intrathoracic approach for subclavian and innominate artery reconstruction.", "content": "A subclavian or innominate artery obliteration may cause a retrograde flow in the vertebral artery, a subclavian steal. The steal has been associated with cerebral symptoms indicating vertebrobasilar ischaemia, the subclavian steal syndrome. As there still are no objective means of measuring the effect of the steal on the brain circulation, the syndrome can only be proved by experience from the results of surgical attempts to correct the steal. The steal was at first eliminated by direct reconstruction of the subclavian and innominate arteries through a thoracic approach. As the mortality was high, many surgeons have used cervical bypass procedures with considerably lower mortality. The present report is based on 15 years' experience with 85 patients operated on with direct artery reconstruction through a thoracotomy. A low mortality (1.3%) for the last ten years, a high patency of the reconstruction (80%) 8 years postoperatively and rather high rate of improvement (72%) in patients with subclavian steal syndrome were found. The study shows that the mortality rate with the thoracic approach need not necessarily be higher than with the cervical one. The high patency and the haemodynamically correct type of the reconstructions favour the thoracic approach. However, the direct reconstruction demands a technically advanced surgeon, who is well aquainted with the method. The results also showed that surgery still may be an alternative in patients with symptomatic subclavian steal.", "contents": "Intrathoracic approach for subclavian and innominate artery reconstruction. A subclavian or innominate artery obliteration may cause a retrograde flow in the vertebral artery, a subclavian steal. The steal has been associated with cerebral symptoms indicating vertebrobasilar ischaemia, the subclavian steal syndrome. As there still are no objective means of measuring the effect of the steal on the brain circulation, the syndrome can only be proved by experience from the results of surgical attempts to correct the steal. The steal was at first eliminated by direct reconstruction of the subclavian and innominate arteries through a thoracic approach. As the mortality was high, many surgeons have used cervical bypass procedures with considerably lower mortality. The present report is based on 15 years' experience with 85 patients operated on with direct artery reconstruction through a thoracotomy. A low mortality (1.3%) for the last ten years, a high patency of the reconstruction (80%) 8 years postoperatively and rather high rate of improvement (72%) in patients with subclavian steal syndrome were found. The study shows that the mortality rate with the thoracic approach need not necessarily be higher than with the cervical one. The high patency and the haemodynamically correct type of the reconstructions favour the thoracic approach. However, the direct reconstruction demands a technically advanced surgeon, who is well aquainted with the method. The results also showed that surgery still may be an alternative in patients with symptomatic subclavian steal.", "PMID": 396672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11076", "title": "Relief of chronic arterial obstruction using intravenous brinase. A control study.", "content": "A therapeutic trial using placebo or the thrombolytic enzyme brinase was carried out in a group of patients with chronic arterial obstruction. The patients were observed for 3 months before receiving six intravenous infusions of either saline or brinase over a period of 2 weeks. Ankle blood pressure, Doppler ultrasound scanning, and arteriography were used to establish diagnosis in the patients. No changes were observed during the 3-month pre-observation period. After six brinase infusions, recanalization of 17 out of 27 obstructed arterial segments was recorded and the number of patent segments increased from 11 to 27. No improvement was observed in the placebo-treated patients. The differences between brinase and placebo treatment was statistically significant.", "contents": "Relief of chronic arterial obstruction using intravenous brinase. A control study. A therapeutic trial using placebo or the thrombolytic enzyme brinase was carried out in a group of patients with chronic arterial obstruction. The patients were observed for 3 months before receiving six intravenous infusions of either saline or brinase over a period of 2 weeks. Ankle blood pressure, Doppler ultrasound scanning, and arteriography were used to establish diagnosis in the patients. No changes were observed during the 3-month pre-observation period. After six brinase infusions, recanalization of 17 out of 27 obstructed arterial segments was recorded and the number of patent segments increased from 11 to 27. No improvement was observed in the placebo-treated patients. The differences between brinase and placebo treatment was statistically significant.", "PMID": 396673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11077", "title": "Superficial mycoses in a southern New Zealand district.", "content": "A total of 2,709 pathogenic fungi were isolated from 8,762 patients suspected as having mycotic disease, over an 8 year period in Christchurch, New Zealand. The district is climatically designated as temperate with average mean temperatures of 17 degrees C in summer and 8 degrees C in winter. The predominant species of fungi were relatively small in number with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitals as the major pathogen. Fungi other than true dermatophytes, particularly Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur, were included to demonstrate the full spectrum of superficial mycoses presenting for diagnosis at the mycology clinic.", "contents": "Superficial mycoses in a southern New Zealand district. A total of 2,709 pathogenic fungi were isolated from 8,762 patients suspected as having mycotic disease, over an 8 year period in Christchurch, New Zealand. The district is climatically designated as temperate with average mean temperatures of 17 degrees C in summer and 8 degrees C in winter. The predominant species of fungi were relatively small in number with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitals as the major pathogen. Fungi other than true dermatophytes, particularly Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur, were included to demonstrate the full spectrum of superficial mycoses presenting for diagnosis at the mycology clinic.", "PMID": 396678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11078", "title": "Cineradiography in odontology.", "content": "Using cineradiographic equipment with 35 mm film, the application of cineradiographic technique in odontology has been investigated with special reference to observation of bolus-position, the mandibular movement pattern, chewing velocity and the stability of full dentures. The study is divided in two parts. In the first part an assessment is made of the theoretical and practical error of the method and the radiation dose is determined. In the second part limited studies are performed on test-subjects before and after different types of oral rehabilitation. The mathematically estimated geometrical errors almost coincided with the results of the clinical test of the distortion and, together with the tracing error, were of such magnitude that high precision measurements were not possible. By using metal indicators the error could be reduced and movements or differences in the X-ray film greater than 1 mm could be observed with good accuracy. The absorbed dose was determined using the method of thermoluminescent dosimetry and was found to be approximately 5 rad for a cineradiographic investigation of the cranium. The studies of bolus position, mandibular movements etc. revealed, that after oral rehabilitation the patient's oral behaviour may change dramatically. New occlusal surfaces were in most cases used for mastication after a short period of adaptation after rehabilitation. The mandibular movement pattern was also markedly influenced. It is concluded that cineradiography is very suitable for observations of intra-oral behaviour, such as bolus position, and for functional movement analyses. For high-precision measurements other methods should be used.", "contents": "Cineradiography in odontology. Using cineradiographic equipment with 35 mm film, the application of cineradiographic technique in odontology has been investigated with special reference to observation of bolus-position, the mandibular movement pattern, chewing velocity and the stability of full dentures. The study is divided in two parts. In the first part an assessment is made of the theoretical and practical error of the method and the radiation dose is determined. In the second part limited studies are performed on test-subjects before and after different types of oral rehabilitation. The mathematically estimated geometrical errors almost coincided with the results of the clinical test of the distortion and, together with the tracing error, were of such magnitude that high precision measurements were not possible. By using metal indicators the error could be reduced and movements or differences in the X-ray film greater than 1 mm could be observed with good accuracy. The absorbed dose was determined using the method of thermoluminescent dosimetry and was found to be approximately 5 rad for a cineradiographic investigation of the cranium. The studies of bolus position, mandibular movements etc. revealed, that after oral rehabilitation the patient's oral behaviour may change dramatically. New occlusal surfaces were in most cases used for mastication after a short period of adaptation after rehabilitation. The mandibular movement pattern was also markedly influenced. It is concluded that cineradiography is very suitable for observations of intra-oral behaviour, such as bolus position, and for functional movement analyses. For high-precision measurements other methods should be used.", "PMID": 396682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11079", "title": "Recent advances in sympathetic ophthalmia.", "content": "Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of sympathetic ophthalmia are helping to remove the pigmented cloud which has obstructed the view of researchers on this disease for many years. Clinical features, diagnostic testing, histopathologic variations and principles of treatment are evaluated in the context of our increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. The relationship of sympathetic ophthalmia to Harada's disease and phacoantigenic uveitis are reviewed.", "contents": "Recent advances in sympathetic ophthalmia. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of sympathetic ophthalmia are helping to remove the pigmented cloud which has obstructed the view of researchers on this disease for many years. Clinical features, diagnostic testing, histopathologic variations and principles of treatment are evaluated in the context of our increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. The relationship of sympathetic ophthalmia to Harada's disease and phacoantigenic uveitis are reviewed.", "PMID": 396680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11080", "title": "Methyl prednisolone and lung function after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Thirty-one patients who were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for elective aortic valve replacement were studied. The effects on some aspects of lung function of intravenous methyl prednisolone, administered immediately before bypass, were assessed by measuring alveolar-arterial oxygen differences and shunt fractions. No significant differences in pulmonary function were found between the treated and control groups. The use of methyl prednisolone in this context is not justified.", "contents": "Methyl prednisolone and lung function after cardiopulmonary bypass. Thirty-one patients who were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for elective aortic valve replacement were studied. The effects on some aspects of lung function of intravenous methyl prednisolone, administered immediately before bypass, were assessed by measuring alveolar-arterial oxygen differences and shunt fractions. No significant differences in pulmonary function were found between the treated and control groups. The use of methyl prednisolone in this context is not justified.", "PMID": 396686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11081", "title": "Effect of an inhaled antihistamine (clemastine) as a bronchodilator and as a maintenance treatment in asthma.", "content": "Although intravenous chlorpheniramine can cause bronchodilatation, oral and parenteral antihistamines have not proved useful in treating asthma. Inhaled antihistamines may cause throat irritation, but a recent study of the antihistamine, clemastine, showed it to be an effective bronchodilator without irritant effects. We have extended these studies to determine the site of action of inhaled clemastine and to assess its potential usefulness both as a bronchodilator and as a maintenance treatment. Eleven stable asthmatic patients received inhaled clemastine and placebo and the effect was assessed by serial maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves breathing air and a helium/oxygen (He/O2) mixture. There was no significant improvement in peak flow rates during air breathing after clemastine and no significant difference between the responses to drug and placebo. Minor but significant changes were seen in some flow measurements on the downslope of the MEFV curve during air and He/O2 breathing, and these are tentatively ascribed to a dilating effect of clemastine on peripheral airways where flow is laminar. Subsequent administration of inhaled isoprenaline showed the patients to be still capable of significant bronchodilatation. The addition of clemastine, from a pressurised aerosol, to the patients' therapeutic regimen for two weeks was no more effective than placebo in controlling airflow obstruction, and did not reduce the need for standard bronchodilators. In our patients clemastine was not a clinically useful bronchodilator either acutely or as a maintenance treatment for asthma.", "contents": "Effect of an inhaled antihistamine (clemastine) as a bronchodilator and as a maintenance treatment in asthma. Although intravenous chlorpheniramine can cause bronchodilatation, oral and parenteral antihistamines have not proved useful in treating asthma. Inhaled antihistamines may cause throat irritation, but a recent study of the antihistamine, clemastine, showed it to be an effective bronchodilator without irritant effects. We have extended these studies to determine the site of action of inhaled clemastine and to assess its potential usefulness both as a bronchodilator and as a maintenance treatment. Eleven stable asthmatic patients received inhaled clemastine and placebo and the effect was assessed by serial maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves breathing air and a helium/oxygen (He/O2) mixture. There was no significant improvement in peak flow rates during air breathing after clemastine and no significant difference between the responses to drug and placebo. Minor but significant changes were seen in some flow measurements on the downslope of the MEFV curve during air and He/O2 breathing, and these are tentatively ascribed to a dilating effect of clemastine on peripheral airways where flow is laminar. Subsequent administration of inhaled isoprenaline showed the patients to be still capable of significant bronchodilatation. The addition of clemastine, from a pressurised aerosol, to the patients' therapeutic regimen for two weeks was no more effective than placebo in controlling airflow obstruction, and did not reduce the need for standard bronchodilators. In our patients clemastine was not a clinically useful bronchodilator either acutely or as a maintenance treatment for asthma.", "PMID": 396687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11082", "title": "Use of BCG as an immunostimulant after resection of carcinoma of the lung: a two-year assessment of a trial of 500 patients.", "content": "BCG (Glaxo) (0.5 ml = 5 X 10(6) organisms) was given subdermally to 250 patients ten days after resection of a lung carcinoma to stimulate the immune system. Increased activity of lymphocytes and macrophages could possibly result in the destruction of small extrapulmonary tumour deposits that were previously unidentified. The two-year survival of this group of patients was compared with 250 controls not receiving BCG after operation. A comparative analysis of the sex, histological types, and lymph node involvement in relation to the survivals occurring in these two groups showed that the administration of BCG by the method described produced a numerically greater survival rate, which was particularly noticeable in the women. None of these figures, however, is statistically significant. It would be unwise to draw any final conclusion until a five-year survey has been completed.", "contents": "Use of BCG as an immunostimulant after resection of carcinoma of the lung: a two-year assessment of a trial of 500 patients. BCG (Glaxo) (0.5 ml = 5 X 10(6) organisms) was given subdermally to 250 patients ten days after resection of a lung carcinoma to stimulate the immune system. Increased activity of lymphocytes and macrophages could possibly result in the destruction of small extrapulmonary tumour deposits that were previously unidentified. The two-year survival of this group of patients was compared with 250 controls not receiving BCG after operation. A comparative analysis of the sex, histological types, and lymph node involvement in relation to the survivals occurring in these two groups showed that the administration of BCG by the method described produced a numerically greater survival rate, which was particularly noticeable in the women. None of these figures, however, is statistically significant. It would be unwise to draw any final conclusion until a five-year survey has been completed.", "PMID": 396688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11083", "title": "First pass uptake of 14C-propranolol by the lung.", "content": "Uptake of 14C-propranolol by the lungs during a single passage through the pulmonary circulation was measured in ten patients at cardiac catheterisation. Mean lung uptake of propranolol was 75% in seven patients who were not previously taking the drug and 33% in three patients who were taking it as regular oral treatment. Lung uptake of propranolol in man is therefore considerable and is partly saturable by normal oral doses. This may alter the dose response relation for propranolol and a wide range of other drugs when given intravenously. The method used to study lung uptake is simple and might be suitable for studies of endothelial cell function in disease.", "contents": "First pass uptake of 14C-propranolol by the lung. Uptake of 14C-propranolol by the lungs during a single passage through the pulmonary circulation was measured in ten patients at cardiac catheterisation. Mean lung uptake of propranolol was 75% in seven patients who were not previously taking the drug and 33% in three patients who were taking it as regular oral treatment. Lung uptake of propranolol in man is therefore considerable and is partly saturable by normal oral doses. This may alter the dose response relation for propranolol and a wide range of other drugs when given intravenously. The method used to study lung uptake is simple and might be suitable for studies of endothelial cell function in disease.", "PMID": 396689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11084", "title": "Vitamin metabolism and therapy in ophthalmology.", "content": "Vitamin deficiency states are important in the genesis of many ocular disorders. Deficiencies may be due to poor dietary intake, or to alterations in metabolism produced by some commonly prescribed medications or by certain diseases. Furthermore, some vitamins may exert important pharmacologic effects on the normal eye. The ocular effects of deficiencies and excesses of specific vitamins, and the therapeutic uses of each vitamin, are reviewed.", "contents": "Vitamin metabolism and therapy in ophthalmology. Vitamin deficiency states are important in the genesis of many ocular disorders. Deficiencies may be due to poor dietary intake, or to alterations in metabolism produced by some commonly prescribed medications or by certain diseases. Furthermore, some vitamins may exert important pharmacologic effects on the normal eye. The ocular effects of deficiencies and excesses of specific vitamins, and the therapeutic uses of each vitamin, are reviewed.", "PMID": 396681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11085", "title": "A comparison of ampicillin and amoxycillin in acute on chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis completed a double-blind trial of amoxycillin 1.5 g v ampicillin 4 g daily. After treatment for one week there was no difference between the treatments in the rates of achieving mucoid sputum, reduction in sputum volume, improvement in peak expiratory flow rate, or duration of hospital stay. In the doses studied ampicillin and amoxycillin are effective drugs of about equal cost.", "contents": "A comparison of ampicillin and amoxycillin in acute on chronic bronchitis. Twenty-five patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis completed a double-blind trial of amoxycillin 1.5 g v ampicillin 4 g daily. After treatment for one week there was no difference between the treatments in the rates of achieving mucoid sputum, reduction in sputum volume, improvement in peak expiratory flow rate, or duration of hospital stay. In the doses studied ampicillin and amoxycillin are effective drugs of about equal cost.", "PMID": 396690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11086", "title": "The optimal therapeutic range in oral anticoagulation. History and proposal.", "content": "For patients on oral anticoagulation controlled with Quick's prothrombin time test using rabbit brain thromboplastin American clinicians proposed in the early 1940s that the lower limit of prolongation be taken at 1.5 and the upper limit at 3, corresponding to 10-30% prothrombin activity on a saline dilution curve. Thromboplastins derived from other tissues and species were later introduced, methods were modified, and adsorbed plasma was used instead of saline in the construction of the dilution curve to obtain percentage prothrombin activity; ratios and percentages lost their initial significance, but too often without the clinicians' awareness. With the detection of PIVKAs, finally, it became clear that transformation of prothrombin times into percentage activity, as obtained from dilution curves, could never be a valid means of standardization. It also became evident that only direct comparison of thromboplastins with (fresh) plasma from patients on stabilized oral anticoagulants could be used to determine equivalent therapeutic ranges for different types of thromboplastins. Reference thromboplastins were established and calibration procedures developed. A series of well-controlled clinical trials has provided sufficient information to define, in terms of these reference thromboplastins, therapeutic ranges for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous as well as arterial thrombosis. Definition of the ranges in terms of the biochemical defect induced by coumarin congeners remains, however, to be established.", "contents": "The optimal therapeutic range in oral anticoagulation. History and proposal. For patients on oral anticoagulation controlled with Quick's prothrombin time test using rabbit brain thromboplastin American clinicians proposed in the early 1940s that the lower limit of prolongation be taken at 1.5 and the upper limit at 3, corresponding to 10-30% prothrombin activity on a saline dilution curve. Thromboplastins derived from other tissues and species were later introduced, methods were modified, and adsorbed plasma was used instead of saline in the construction of the dilution curve to obtain percentage prothrombin activity; ratios and percentages lost their initial significance, but too often without the clinicians' awareness. With the detection of PIVKAs, finally, it became clear that transformation of prothrombin times into percentage activity, as obtained from dilution curves, could never be a valid means of standardization. It also became evident that only direct comparison of thromboplastins with (fresh) plasma from patients on stabilized oral anticoagulants could be used to determine equivalent therapeutic ranges for different types of thromboplastins. Reference thromboplastins were established and calibration procedures developed. A series of well-controlled clinical trials has provided sufficient information to define, in terms of these reference thromboplastins, therapeutic ranges for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous as well as arterial thrombosis. Definition of the ranges in terms of the biochemical defect induced by coumarin congeners remains, however, to be established.", "PMID": 396691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11087", "title": "Effect of weak-, non-, and co-carcinogenic chemicals on 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutation in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The effects of various weak, non-, and co-carcinogenic chemicals on 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutation in Salmonella typhimurium were studied. We found that a single co-mutagen could provide for either enhanced or decreased mutagenesis. A differential effect on mutagenic expression was dependent upon: (1) the type of inducer of S-9 (supernatant from liver homogenate centrifuged at 9000 x g) liver enzymes; (2) the amount of S-9 enzyme preparation employed; and (3) the combined dose of mutagen plus co-mutagen studied. No effect was observed in the absence of S-9. Our data suggest that in S. typhimurium a primary factor in the alteration of mutagenesis by a combination of chemicals is changes in metabolism of the principal mutagen.", "contents": "Effect of weak-, non-, and co-carcinogenic chemicals on 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutation in Salmonella typhimurium. The effects of various weak, non-, and co-carcinogenic chemicals on 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutation in Salmonella typhimurium were studied. We found that a single co-mutagen could provide for either enhanced or decreased mutagenesis. A differential effect on mutagenic expression was dependent upon: (1) the type of inducer of S-9 (supernatant from liver homogenate centrifuged at 9000 x g) liver enzymes; (2) the amount of S-9 enzyme preparation employed; and (3) the combined dose of mutagen plus co-mutagen studied. No effect was observed in the absence of S-9. Our data suggest that in S. typhimurium a primary factor in the alteration of mutagenesis by a combination of chemicals is changes in metabolism of the principal mutagen.", "PMID": 396694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11088", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on Blastocrithidia triatomae Cerisola et al. 1971 (Trypanosomatidae).", "content": "In the bug Triatoma infestans developmental stages of Blastocrithidia tritomae, which can be mistaken for T. cruzi during xenodiagnosis, were studied by means of electron microscopy. It turned out that three different forms appeared during the progressive divisions: \"micro-\", \"pro-\" and epimastigotes. The morphological study revealed significant criteria for a distinction from T. cruzi stages. Furthermore cyst-like bodies were observed often attached to the flagella of the different stages. As revealed by the presence of labyrinthine structures found in flagellated stages and in the cyst stages the latter were suggested as being specific cysts to be excreted with the feces and thus to establish new infections in other bugs. Apart from the cyst-like structures a comparison with the organelles known from other Trypanosomatidae showed only slight variations. A tubular cytopharynx-like structure, which was lined by microtubules, and the way of attachment of the flagellum to the surface of the host cell has not been described in Blastocrithidia before.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on Blastocrithidia triatomae Cerisola et al. 1971 (Trypanosomatidae). In the bug Triatoma infestans developmental stages of Blastocrithidia tritomae, which can be mistaken for T. cruzi during xenodiagnosis, were studied by means of electron microscopy. It turned out that three different forms appeared during the progressive divisions: \"micro-\", \"pro-\" and epimastigotes. The morphological study revealed significant criteria for a distinction from T. cruzi stages. Furthermore cyst-like bodies were observed often attached to the flagella of the different stages. As revealed by the presence of labyrinthine structures found in flagellated stages and in the cyst stages the latter were suggested as being specific cysts to be excreted with the feces and thus to establish new infections in other bugs. Apart from the cyst-like structures a comparison with the organelles known from other Trypanosomatidae showed only slight variations. A tubular cytopharynx-like structure, which was lined by microtubules, and the way of attachment of the flagellum to the surface of the host cell has not been described in Blastocrithidia before.", "PMID": 396699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11089", "title": "Antimalarial activity of the optical isomers of chloroquine diphosphate.", "content": "Optically pure d- and l-Chloroquine Diphosphate were examined for their efficacy against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The d-enantiomer is significantly more effective than the corresponding l-enantiomer, and in subcurative doses the d-enantiomer is also signficantly more active than the racemate. This increased activity  has however no influence upon Chloroquine-resistant strains of P. berghei. The LD50 in non-infected mice is higher for the d-enantiomer than for either the racemate or the l-enantiomer when mice were treated orally one and 4 times. These differences in efficacy and toxicity between the d- and l-enantiomer of Chloroquine are however not as pronounced as those found for the enantiomers of many other drugs and furthermore these differences are limited to subcurative doses.", "contents": "Antimalarial activity of the optical isomers of chloroquine diphosphate. Optically pure d- and l-Chloroquine Diphosphate were examined for their efficacy against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The d-enantiomer is significantly more effective than the corresponding l-enantiomer, and in subcurative doses the d-enantiomer is also signficantly more active than the racemate. This increased activity  has however no influence upon Chloroquine-resistant strains of P. berghei. The LD50 in non-infected mice is higher for the d-enantiomer than for either the racemate or the l-enantiomer when mice were treated orally one and 4 times. These differences in efficacy and toxicity between the d- and l-enantiomer of Chloroquine are however not as pronounced as those found for the enantiomers of many other drugs and furthermore these differences are limited to subcurative doses.", "PMID": 396700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11090", "title": "The effects of endogenous hypergastrinemia and hypogastrinemia on the exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas.", "content": "The effects of endogenous hypergastrinemia and hypogastrinemia on the exocrine and endocrine pancreas were studied in the rat. Hypergastrinemia was induced by antral exclusion, and hypogastrinemia by antral resection. The studies were made 14 weeks after surgery. The total weight of the pancreas was increased both in hypergastrinemic and hypogastrinemic animals, due to hypertrophy of the exocrine cells. In contrast, the volume and total weight of the pancreatic islets were decreased. There was no numerical difference in the A-, D-, PP-cells between the hyper- and hypogastrinemic animals, respectively, and the controls. The number of insulin-producing (B-) cells was certainly reduced after the induction of hypogastrinemia. There was, however, signs of increased B-cell activity, which might contribute to an underestimation of the number of B-cells with the technique used. These findings do not support the hypothesis that antral gastrin has trophic influence on either exocrine or endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "The effects of endogenous hypergastrinemia and hypogastrinemia on the exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas. The effects of endogenous hypergastrinemia and hypogastrinemia on the exocrine and endocrine pancreas were studied in the rat. Hypergastrinemia was induced by antral exclusion, and hypogastrinemia by antral resection. The studies were made 14 weeks after surgery. The total weight of the pancreas was increased both in hypergastrinemic and hypogastrinemic animals, due to hypertrophy of the exocrine cells. In contrast, the volume and total weight of the pancreatic islets were decreased. There was no numerical difference in the A-, D-, PP-cells between the hyper- and hypogastrinemic animals, respectively, and the controls. The number of insulin-producing (B-) cells was certainly reduced after the induction of hypogastrinemia. There was, however, signs of increased B-cell activity, which might contribute to an underestimation of the number of B-cells with the technique used. These findings do not support the hypothesis that antral gastrin has trophic influence on either exocrine or endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 396707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11091", "title": "Comparison of glucose tolerance, serum insulin, serum lipids and skinfold thickness between 50- and 60-year-old men.", "content": "Two apparently healthy male groups, one 60 (n = 67) and one 50 (n = 367) years of age were compared with respect to blood glucose, serum lipid and serum insulin concentration and intravenous glucose tolerance. These groups were recruited from two health surveys performed on male populations of these ages in the municipality of Uppsala. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the two health survey populations were 4.5% and 0.9%, respectively. No significant differences in serum triglycerides, serum cholestrol and fasting serum insulin concentrations were found between the two age groups. Significantly higher k-values and higher early serum insulin response to i.v. glucose were found in the younger than in the older age group. The older age group was more obese, than the younger group. It is concluded that the prevalence of diabetes increases considerably in males between 50 and 60 years of age. In parallel, the prevalence of decreased glucose tolerance is increasing, which might partly be explained by increased body weight and partly by an impaired pancreatic beta-cell function.", "contents": "Comparison of glucose tolerance, serum insulin, serum lipids and skinfold thickness between 50- and 60-year-old men. Two apparently healthy male groups, one 60 (n = 67) and one 50 (n = 367) years of age were compared with respect to blood glucose, serum lipid and serum insulin concentration and intravenous glucose tolerance. These groups were recruited from two health surveys performed on male populations of these ages in the municipality of Uppsala. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the two health survey populations were 4.5% and 0.9%, respectively. No significant differences in serum triglycerides, serum cholestrol and fasting serum insulin concentrations were found between the two age groups. Significantly higher k-values and higher early serum insulin response to i.v. glucose were found in the younger than in the older age group. The older age group was more obese, than the younger group. It is concluded that the prevalence of diabetes increases considerably in males between 50 and 60 years of age. In parallel, the prevalence of decreased glucose tolerance is increasing, which might partly be explained by increased body weight and partly by an impaired pancreatic beta-cell function.", "PMID": 396706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11092", "title": "[Immunobiological activity of various blood serum fractions from cattle and swine. The dynamics of Ig in specific serum against colibacillosis in pigs].", "content": "The level of the IgM and IgG agglutinating antibody specific hyperimmune serum against coli-bacteriosis and its fractions were studied. The serum was obtained at various stages of the preparation, hyperimmunization and exploitation of serum producing swine by using the 2-mercapto-ethanol test. It was established that serum of the total globulin, alpha-beta-globulin and gamma-globulin fractions contains IgM and IgG agglutinating antibodies against E. coli. These immunoglobulin classes are synthetized at all stages of serum producing swine preparation, hyperimmunization and exploitation. The quantitative IgM:IgG ratios at the individual stages vary. At the initial stages and until the 10th cycle of exsanguination (phlebotomy) IgM antibodies predominate. After that, at the following stages IgG antibodies begin gradually to predominate. Up to the 20th cycle of exsanguination both globulins are synthetized, but the 2-mercapto-ethanol non-sensitive IgG antibodies are in greater quantity.", "contents": "[Immunobiological activity of various blood serum fractions from cattle and swine. The dynamics of Ig in specific serum against colibacillosis in pigs]. The level of the IgM and IgG agglutinating antibody specific hyperimmune serum against coli-bacteriosis and its fractions were studied. The serum was obtained at various stages of the preparation, hyperimmunization and exploitation of serum producing swine by using the 2-mercapto-ethanol test. It was established that serum of the total globulin, alpha-beta-globulin and gamma-globulin fractions contains IgM and IgG agglutinating antibodies against E. coli. These immunoglobulin classes are synthetized at all stages of serum producing swine preparation, hyperimmunization and exploitation. The quantitative IgM:IgG ratios at the individual stages vary. At the initial stages and until the 10th cycle of exsanguination (phlebotomy) IgM antibodies predominate. After that, at the following stages IgG antibodies begin gradually to predominate. Up to the 20th cycle of exsanguination both globulins are synthetized, but the 2-mercapto-ethanol non-sensitive IgG antibodies are in greater quantity.", "PMID": 396718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11093", "title": "An example of 'naturally occurring' anti-Jsa (K6) in a Japanese female.", "content": "Anti-Jsa was found in a Japanese female who had never received a transfusion and had borne 3 Jsa-negative children. The antibody agglutinated Jsa cells suspended in saline and treated with proteolytic enzymes as well as reacting with those cells by the indirect antiglobulin test. This example is the first reported 'naturally occurring' anti-Jsa.", "contents": "An example of 'naturally occurring' anti-Jsa (K6) in a Japanese female. Anti-Jsa was found in a Japanese female who had never received a transfusion and had borne 3 Jsa-negative children. The antibody agglutinated Jsa cells suspended in saline and treated with proteolytic enzymes as well as reacting with those cells by the indirect antiglobulin test. This example is the first reported 'naturally occurring' anti-Jsa.", "PMID": 396719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11094", "title": "[Brain peptide-hydrolase activity in hypothermia].", "content": "The cooling of rats to the body temperature of 30 and 25 degrees C does not change acidic peptide-hydrolase activity in tissue homogenates of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. In deep hypothermia (to 20 degrees C) there occurs a significant increase in the peptide-hydrolase activity in tissue of the studied brain areas both in an incubation sample at 37 degrees C, and at temperature corresponding to the body temperature of cooled animals (20 degrees C). But the enzyme activity remains unchanged in homogenates of medulla oblongata incubation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Brain peptide-hydrolase activity in hypothermia]. The cooling of rats to the body temperature of 30 and 25 degrees C does not change acidic peptide-hydrolase activity in tissue homogenates of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. In deep hypothermia (to 20 degrees C) there occurs a significant increase in the peptide-hydrolase activity in tissue of the studied brain areas both in an incubation sample at 37 degrees C, and at temperature corresponding to the body temperature of cooled animals (20 degrees C). But the enzyme activity remains unchanged in homogenates of medulla oblongata incubation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 396703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11095", "title": "[Hormonal and functional parameters in hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "58 women with raised serum prolactin levels and normal hypophyseal X-ray parameters were subdivided into three groups according to the serum prolactin level (16 to 40, 41 to 80, greater than 80 ng/ml). In addition to the determination of LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone in the serum and thyroid diagnostic procedures the following hormonal tests were performed: 1. response to gestagen; 2. response to clomiphene; 3. Gn-RH-test for hypophyseal function; 4. ovarian response to administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels greater than 80 ng/ml). The grade of menstrual cycle disorders depends on the severity of the observed hyperprolactinaemia. Slight disorders like luteal phase insufficiency, anovulatory cycle and oligomenorrhoea are associated with low- or medium-grade hyperprolactinaemia. Mainly secondary, but also primary amenorrhoea is found in cases with higher serum prolactin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). In these cases the hypophyseal response to Gn-RH is frequently found (61%) to be negative and, moreover, the ovarian response to administered gonadotropins seems to be diminished. Increasing HPRL levels often appear to be associated with a negative response to the other above-mentioned tests.", "contents": "[Hormonal and functional parameters in hyperprolactinaemia (author's transl)]. 58 women with raised serum prolactin levels and normal hypophyseal X-ray parameters were subdivided into three groups according to the serum prolactin level (16 to 40, 41 to 80, greater than 80 ng/ml). In addition to the determination of LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone in the serum and thyroid diagnostic procedures the following hormonal tests were performed: 1. response to gestagen; 2. response to clomiphene; 3. Gn-RH-test for hypophyseal function; 4. ovarian response to administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels administered gonadotropins (only in cases with prolactin levels greater than 80 ng/ml). The grade of menstrual cycle disorders depends on the severity of the observed hyperprolactinaemia. Slight disorders like luteal phase insufficiency, anovulatory cycle and oligomenorrhoea are associated with low- or medium-grade hyperprolactinaemia. Mainly secondary, but also primary amenorrhoea is found in cases with higher serum prolactin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). In these cases the hypophyseal response to Gn-RH is frequently found (61%) to be negative and, moreover, the ovarian response to administered gonadotropins seems to be diminished. Increasing HPRL levels often appear to be associated with a negative response to the other above-mentioned tests.", "PMID": 396722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11096", "title": "Chitin structures of the cell walls of synchronously grown virgin cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The ability of a lytic beta-glucanase of Arthrobacter GJM-1 to dissolve cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with exception of the chitin-containing fraction was employed for the isolation of chitin-rich residues of the cell walls of synchronously growing populations of virgin cells. Electron microscopical examination of such wall residues isolated from cells at various stages of the budding cycle showed that the first phase of chitin deposition in the wall corresponds to the formation of an annular structure found as a part of the bud scar after cell division. The annular chitin-rich structure could not be isolated at cell cycle stages preceding the bud emergence and at earliest stages of bud development. The observations confirmed that the annular structure (chitin ring) formed during bud growth represents a major part of total chitin present in the bud scar after septum closure.", "contents": "Chitin structures of the cell walls of synchronously grown virgin cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability of a lytic beta-glucanase of Arthrobacter GJM-1 to dissolve cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with exception of the chitin-containing fraction was employed for the isolation of chitin-rich residues of the cell walls of synchronously growing populations of virgin cells. Electron microscopical examination of such wall residues isolated from cells at various stages of the budding cycle showed that the first phase of chitin deposition in the wall corresponds to the formation of an annular structure found as a part of the bud scar after cell division. The annular chitin-rich structure could not be isolated at cell cycle stages preceding the bud emergence and at earliest stages of bud development. The observations confirmed that the annular structure (chitin ring) formed during bud growth represents a major part of total chitin present in the bud scar after septum closure.", "PMID": 396723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11097", "title": "[Different composition of the cell wall polysaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288 and in an osmosis sensitive mutant].", "content": "Determination of the polysaccharide contents and structural studies on the mannan by acetolysis and permethylation analysis shows an altered polysaccharide biosynthesis of the osmotic-sensitive mutant VY 1160 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S 288. The mutant contains more glucan, less mannan, and less alkali-soluble glycogen. Its mannan is characterized by more short side chains and less long side chains. Its main chain is 1 leads to 6-linked, but its side chains consist of more 1 leads to 3- than 1 leads to 2-linked mannose units.", "contents": "[Different composition of the cell wall polysaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288 and in an osmosis sensitive mutant]. Determination of the polysaccharide contents and structural studies on the mannan by acetolysis and permethylation analysis shows an altered polysaccharide biosynthesis of the osmotic-sensitive mutant VY 1160 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S 288. The mutant contains more glucan, less mannan, and less alkali-soluble glycogen. Its mannan is characterized by more short side chains and less long side chains. Its main chain is 1 leads to 6-linked, but its side chains consist of more 1 leads to 3- than 1 leads to 2-linked mannose units.", "PMID": 396724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11098", "title": "Dynamics of anaerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the chemostat.", "content": "A kinetic Monod model has been used to describe the dynamic response of a continuous stirred tank fermentor (CSTF) to changes in dilution rate. A general analytical solution of a linearized model was obtained. Experimental results (Vairo et al. 1977) of continuous anaerobic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have verified the model quantitatively. For step disturbances on the dilution rate the responses of biomass concentration and the outlet substrate concentration were calculated on a digital computer and compared with the experimental data.", "contents": "Dynamics of anaerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the chemostat. A kinetic Monod model has been used to describe the dynamic response of a continuous stirred tank fermentor (CSTF) to changes in dilution rate. A general analytical solution of a linearized model was obtained. Experimental results (Vairo et al. 1977) of continuous anaerobic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have verified the model quantitatively. For step disturbances on the dilution rate the responses of biomass concentration and the outlet substrate concentration were calculated on a digital computer and compared with the experimental data.", "PMID": 396725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11099", "title": "[Hormone analyses and ultrasound examinations in high-risk early weeks of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum concentrations of HCG, HPL, progesterone and oestriol and ultrasonic findings were compared with one another in 42 women with normal pregnancy course, 51 women with haemorrhages and abortion and 27 women with haemorrhages and delivery on time. Correct diagnosis was most frequently possible with the help of ultrasound examination. However, it was possible to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis before the twelfth week of pregnancy by means of hormone analysis. If the hormone concentrations were normal, whereas ultrasound findings were either negative or not clear, intact pregnancy could be assumed. HCG and progesterone determination possessed the advantage of being reliably measurable even before cessation of menstrual bleeding. From the eighth to ninth weeks of pregnancy, determinations of HPL were also suitable for assessing endocrinal functions. After the twelfth week of pregnancy, the pregnancy conditions could be judged most safely by the ultrasound method.", "contents": "[Hormone analyses and ultrasound examinations in high-risk early weeks of pregnancy (author's transl)]. The serum concentrations of HCG, HPL, progesterone and oestriol and ultrasonic findings were compared with one another in 42 women with normal pregnancy course, 51 women with haemorrhages and abortion and 27 women with haemorrhages and delivery on time. Correct diagnosis was most frequently possible with the help of ultrasound examination. However, it was possible to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis before the twelfth week of pregnancy by means of hormone analysis. If the hormone concentrations were normal, whereas ultrasound findings were either negative or not clear, intact pregnancy could be assumed. HCG and progesterone determination possessed the advantage of being reliably measurable even before cessation of menstrual bleeding. From the eighth to ninth weeks of pregnancy, determinations of HPL were also suitable for assessing endocrinal functions. After the twelfth week of pregnancy, the pregnancy conditions could be judged most safely by the ultrasound method.", "PMID": 396727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11100", "title": "Behavioral parasitology and perspectives on miracidial host-finding.", "content": "This paper proposes and outlines a new interdiscipline, 'behavioral parasitology,' and presents some interpretations in one of the leading themes of this field, miracidial chemosensitivity to snails. Controversies over miracidial attraction and species-specificity are considered from the standpoints of the distinction between taxis and kinesis, the need for a stimulus gradient, and the possibility of an early phase in a miracidium's behavior adapted for dispersal rather than host-finding. Some of the many possible organic stimulants are discussed with regard to quantitative production by snails, sensory thresholds of the parasites, and possible interaction with inorganic ions. Organic and inorganic stimulants are considered to possibly form qualitative as well as quantitative gradients. A thermodynamic interpretation of miracidial klinokinesis as a function of stimulant concentration suggests the existence of two or more separate types of receptors for the same stimulant, one with a higher affinity for the stimulant and mediating a weaker klinokinesis (possibly a long-range receptor as compared to the other.", "contents": "Behavioral parasitology and perspectives on miracidial host-finding. This paper proposes and outlines a new interdiscipline, 'behavioral parasitology,' and presents some interpretations in one of the leading themes of this field, miracidial chemosensitivity to snails. Controversies over miracidial attraction and species-specificity are considered from the standpoints of the distinction between taxis and kinesis, the need for a stimulus gradient, and the possibility of an early phase in a miracidium's behavior adapted for dispersal rather than host-finding. Some of the many possible organic stimulants are discussed with regard to quantitative production by snails, sensory thresholds of the parasites, and possible interaction with inorganic ions. Organic and inorganic stimulants are considered to possibly form qualitative as well as quantitative gradients. A thermodynamic interpretation of miracidial klinokinesis as a function of stimulant concentration suggests the existence of two or more separate types of receptors for the same stimulant, one with a higher affinity for the stimulant and mediating a weaker klinokinesis (possibly a long-range receptor as compared to the other.", "PMID": 396728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11101", "title": "Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. I. Mortality rate.", "content": "The mortality of P. berghei-infected Anopheles stephensi females can be about 30% higher during the first three days than in normal blood-fed mosquitoes. As expected the mortality is higher after feeding on highly infected mice but also depends on the date of feeding and the temperature. Infected mosquitoes kept at 25 degrees C die more often than those kept at 21 degrees C. On the other hand sporozoite production needs the low temperature of 21 degrees C. So the sporozoite production rate falls with increasing temperature, and the mortality rate increases.", "contents": "Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. I. Mortality rate. The mortality of P. berghei-infected Anopheles stephensi females can be about 30% higher during the first three days than in normal blood-fed mosquitoes. As expected the mortality is higher after feeding on highly infected mice but also depends on the date of feeding and the temperature. Infected mosquitoes kept at 25 degrees C die more often than those kept at 21 degrees C. On the other hand sporozoite production needs the low temperature of 21 degrees C. So the sporozoite production rate falls with increasing temperature, and the mortality rate increases.", "PMID": 396729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11102", "title": "Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. II. Changes in amino acid contents.", "content": "Infection with Plasmodium berghei results in the disease of a relatively high percentage of mosquitoes depending on the experimental conditions. The damage caused by the parasites may be so severe that the host dies. It can also become manifest for instance in a change in the amino acid content of the mosquito homogenate. The amino acid content of mosquitoes fed on a glucose solution, normal mouse blood, or the blood of infected mice was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively over a period of 14 days. The amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and tyrosine are always found in higher concentrations in infected mosquitoes. The content of leucine (and/or isoleucine) increased from the 6th day and glutamic acid from the 9th day compared to the controls. Lower concentrations were found for alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, and serine as compared to uninfected mosquitoes. Further investigations on this subject might help to find the causes for the susceptibility or resistance of individual mosquitoes to plasmodia.", "contents": "Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. II. Changes in amino acid contents. Infection with Plasmodium berghei results in the disease of a relatively high percentage of mosquitoes depending on the experimental conditions. The damage caused by the parasites may be so severe that the host dies. It can also become manifest for instance in a change in the amino acid content of the mosquito homogenate. The amino acid content of mosquitoes fed on a glucose solution, normal mouse blood, or the blood of infected mice was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively over a period of 14 days. The amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and tyrosine are always found in higher concentrations in infected mosquitoes. The content of leucine (and/or isoleucine) increased from the 6th day and glutamic acid from the 9th day compared to the controls. Lower concentrations were found for alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, and serine as compared to uninfected mosquitoes. Further investigations on this subject might help to find the causes for the susceptibility or resistance of individual mosquitoes to plasmodia.", "PMID": 396730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11103", "title": "Differential survival of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes on lettuce in the field.", "content": "Artificial contamination of young lettuce plants with Salmonella typhi (ST), Escherichia coli (EC), and Enterobacter aerogenes (EA) in the field in winter and summer resulted in presence of the pathogen and increased density of the two indicator bacteria (IB) in harvested produce. Viable counts of the three bacteria/g fresh weight declined at a decreasing rate with increasing time after contamination. The overall pattern of variation of the ST/IB ratio was correlated more closely with changes in the ST/EA than in the ST/EC ratio values. When viable counts were expressed as a proportion of the contaminating dose at different times after contamination, however, a closer similarity existed between ST and EC than between ST and EA values throughout winter and through the early part of summer experiments.", "contents": "Differential survival of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes on lettuce in the field. Artificial contamination of young lettuce plants with Salmonella typhi (ST), Escherichia coli (EC), and Enterobacter aerogenes (EA) in the field in winter and summer resulted in presence of the pathogen and increased density of the two indicator bacteria (IB) in harvested produce. Viable counts of the three bacteria/g fresh weight declined at a decreasing rate with increasing time after contamination. The overall pattern of variation of the ST/IB ratio was correlated more closely with changes in the ST/EA than in the ST/EC ratio values. When viable counts were expressed as a proportion of the contaminating dose at different times after contamination, however, a closer similarity existed between ST and EC than between ST and EA values throughout winter and through the early part of summer experiments.", "PMID": 396737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11104", "title": "Some biological characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute diarrhoeal diseases of infants.", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods of biological characterization of Escherichia coli strains, in order to use them as screening tests in clinical microbiological laboratories. In two thirds of the 45 E. coli, isolated from acute intestinal infection of infants, different factors of virulence were found. The strains showed prevalently an enterotoxigenic character (66,6%), which was in correlation with the increased permeability (62,2%). Adhesive properties were present in 20% of E. coli independent of their enterotoxigenicity; only 11,1% of the strains had penetrating abilities. The rabbit skin model seems to be accurate and quick for ETEC screening purposes, as is the guinea-pig eye for the EIEC. The mouse intestinal loop has been found sensitive but time-consuming. The infant mouse model is simple and quick, but in this study it has not given optimal results. The Vero cell culture system is simple and easy to perform, but at least for some strains the preparations should be concentrated. The investigation of adhesiveness by haemagglutination is possible to conduct in every small clinical laboratory. Our opinion is, however, that after the isolation of E. coli from different pathological materials, the determination of the antigenic structure of the strains is necessary and later on the additional biological characterization should be performed.", "contents": "Some biological characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute diarrhoeal diseases of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods of biological characterization of Escherichia coli strains, in order to use them as screening tests in clinical microbiological laboratories. In two thirds of the 45 E. coli, isolated from acute intestinal infection of infants, different factors of virulence were found. The strains showed prevalently an enterotoxigenic character (66,6%), which was in correlation with the increased permeability (62,2%). Adhesive properties were present in 20% of E. coli independent of their enterotoxigenicity; only 11,1% of the strains had penetrating abilities. The rabbit skin model seems to be accurate and quick for ETEC screening purposes, as is the guinea-pig eye for the EIEC. The mouse intestinal loop has been found sensitive but time-consuming. The infant mouse model is simple and quick, but in this study it has not given optimal results. The Vero cell culture system is simple and easy to perform, but at least for some strains the preparations should be concentrated. The investigation of adhesiveness by haemagglutination is possible to conduct in every small clinical laboratory. Our opinion is, however, that after the isolation of E. coli from different pathological materials, the determination of the antigenic structure of the strains is necessary and later on the additional biological characterization should be performed.", "PMID": 396738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11105", "title": "[Differentiation of Klebsiella pneumoniae variatio \"oxytoca\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Altogether 268 strains of Klebsiella were investigated with respect to their ability to ferment dulcitol and to produce indole, gelatinase, and brown pigment on a medium containing gluconate and ferric citrate. In addition the capacity of the strains to use m-hydroxybenzoic acid as sole source of carbon and energy was tested. Of the 83 indole-positive Klebsiella strains 72 (87%) were able to grow on the m-hydroxybenzoic acid medium, whereas only 2 (1%) of the indole-negative strains did so. Late liquefaction of gelatin occurred in 66 (80%) of the indole-positive strains. The ability of the indole-positive Klebsiella strains to use m-hydroxybenzoic acid as sole carbon source supports the view that these strains should be grouped in a separate taxon, which may be named Klebsiella oxytoca; it also provides a simple additional test for the identification of these strains.", "contents": "[Differentiation of Klebsiella pneumoniae variatio \"oxytoca\" (author's transl)]. Altogether 268 strains of Klebsiella were investigated with respect to their ability to ferment dulcitol and to produce indole, gelatinase, and brown pigment on a medium containing gluconate and ferric citrate. In addition the capacity of the strains to use m-hydroxybenzoic acid as sole source of carbon and energy was tested. Of the 83 indole-positive Klebsiella strains 72 (87%) were able to grow on the m-hydroxybenzoic acid medium, whereas only 2 (1%) of the indole-negative strains did so. Late liquefaction of gelatin occurred in 66 (80%) of the indole-positive strains. The ability of the indole-positive Klebsiella strains to use m-hydroxybenzoic acid as sole carbon source supports the view that these strains should be grouped in a separate taxon, which may be named Klebsiella oxytoca; it also provides a simple additional test for the identification of these strains.", "PMID": 396740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11106", "title": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: simplified tube O-agglutination test and comparison with other serological procedures.", "content": "A simplified tube O-agglutination test was developed and evaluated for the determination of somatic serogroup (O) antigens of Serratia marcescens. Use was made of Tryptic Soy broth (TSB)-grown O-cells that had been boiled for 1 hour; 0.145 M NaCl proved a satisfactory diluent. Various technical parameters of this test were examined as well. Rabbit anti-O immune sera, that had been elicited with 5 x concentrated, TSB-grown, 1 hour-boiled O-cells of all 15 currently employed O-antigen reference strains of S. marcescens yielded satisfactory O-agglutinin titers. The tube O-agglutination test compared favorably with the indirect hemagglutination technic, although the latter technic yielded significantly higher O-agglutinin titers with merely 7 of the 15 O-antigens of S. marcescens. The tube O-agglutination test permitted detection of higher O-agglutinin titers than a microtiter O-agglutination test utilizing O-cells that had been stained with safranin O. Conversely, titers obtained with TTC-stained O-cells in a microtiter agglutination procedure approximated those yielded by the tube O-agglutination test, but O-cells of the various S. marcescens strains were stained nonuniformly by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). As before, there existed marked serologic cross-reactivity between O-antigens O6 and O14. A new O6 candidate strain, S. marcescens isolate S 1i, serotype O6:H20, was proposed. Contrary to O-agglutinins of human control serum, the O-agglutinins of rabbit anti-O immune sera proved refractory to treatment with 0.1 M of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and 0.01 M dithiothreitol (DTT) respectively. Dual absorptions of rabbit anti-O immune sera with killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (protein A), failed to significantly reduce O-agglutinin titers, although human IgG and IgM was bound by protein A. It was tentatively concluded that the 2-ME- and DTT-refractory rabbit anti-S. marcescens O-agglutinins resided in the IgM immunoglobulin class.", "contents": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: simplified tube O-agglutination test and comparison with other serological procedures. A simplified tube O-agglutination test was developed and evaluated for the determination of somatic serogroup (O) antigens of Serratia marcescens. Use was made of Tryptic Soy broth (TSB)-grown O-cells that had been boiled for 1 hour; 0.145 M NaCl proved a satisfactory diluent. Various technical parameters of this test were examined as well. Rabbit anti-O immune sera, that had been elicited with 5 x concentrated, TSB-grown, 1 hour-boiled O-cells of all 15 currently employed O-antigen reference strains of S. marcescens yielded satisfactory O-agglutinin titers. The tube O-agglutination test compared favorably with the indirect hemagglutination technic, although the latter technic yielded significantly higher O-agglutinin titers with merely 7 of the 15 O-antigens of S. marcescens. The tube O-agglutination test permitted detection of higher O-agglutinin titers than a microtiter O-agglutination test utilizing O-cells that had been stained with safranin O. Conversely, titers obtained with TTC-stained O-cells in a microtiter agglutination procedure approximated those yielded by the tube O-agglutination test, but O-cells of the various S. marcescens strains were stained nonuniformly by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). As before, there existed marked serologic cross-reactivity between O-antigens O6 and O14. A new O6 candidate strain, S. marcescens isolate S 1i, serotype O6:H20, was proposed. Contrary to O-agglutinins of human control serum, the O-agglutinins of rabbit anti-O immune sera proved refractory to treatment with 0.1 M of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and 0.01 M dithiothreitol (DTT) respectively. Dual absorptions of rabbit anti-O immune sera with killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (protein A), failed to significantly reduce O-agglutinin titers, although human IgG and IgM was bound by protein A. It was tentatively concluded that the 2-ME- and DTT-refractory rabbit anti-S. marcescens O-agglutinins resided in the IgM immunoglobulin class.", "PMID": 396741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11107", "title": "A finding of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in well water.", "content": "From a sample of non-treated, non chlorinated well water a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis II strain was isolated. The water had been apparently massively contaminated because the strain was isolated from 1 ml of the sample. The serotype II of Y. pseudotuberculosis occurs very rarely as aetiological agent of human and animal infections.", "contents": "A finding of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in well water. From a sample of non-treated, non chlorinated well water a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis II strain was isolated. The water had been apparently massively contaminated because the strain was isolated from 1 ml of the sample. The serotype II of Y. pseudotuberculosis occurs very rarely as aetiological agent of human and animal infections.", "PMID": 396742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11108", "title": "[High voltage power station to study the influence of the DC-field with superimposed AC-field on humans (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the great progress in electrical engineering man is exposed to electric fields in a high degree. However, the effect of the electric field has not been definitely cleared up till now. The following parameters are of decisive importance: Field intensity- Frequency-Shape of curve-Boundary conditions. As scientific investigations can only be reproduced and accepted when the experimental conditions are clearly defined, a station meeting these requirements has been developed. It consists of Testing room: Electric screen damping higher than 80 dB-Magnetic screen damping higher than 45 dB-large, cased ceiling electrode. Control room: Same as testing room, but no screening. High voltage generator: a) DC-Voltage 0-20 kV ripple & noise less than 0.01%; b) Alternating voltage 0-300 Vss frequency 5 Hz-50 kHz; c) combination of a) and b).", "contents": "[High voltage power station to study the influence of the DC-field with superimposed AC-field on humans (author's transl)]. Due to the great progress in electrical engineering man is exposed to electric fields in a high degree. However, the effect of the electric field has not been definitely cleared up till now. The following parameters are of decisive importance: Field intensity- Frequency-Shape of curve-Boundary conditions. As scientific investigations can only be reproduced and accepted when the experimental conditions are clearly defined, a station meeting these requirements has been developed. It consists of Testing room: Electric screen damping higher than 80 dB-Magnetic screen damping higher than 45 dB-large, cased ceiling electrode. Control room: Same as testing room, but no screening. High voltage generator: a) DC-Voltage 0-20 kV ripple & noise less than 0.01%; b) Alternating voltage 0-300 Vss frequency 5 Hz-50 kHz; c) combination of a) and b).", "PMID": 396744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11109", "title": "Combined test of hypothalamic-pituitary function in growth retarded children treated with growth hormone. I. Secretion of growth hormone and somatomedin before and after treatment.", "content": "In 23 growth retarded children two consecutive insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed to establish a diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Nine children did not respond (GH peak value less than 8 mU/1), whereas 14 were classified as having partial GH deficiency (GH peak value less than 20 mU/1). All were treated for an average period of 40 months with human growth hormone (HGH). In a combined stimulation test at the end of the treatment period 9 children demonstrated a persistent GH deficiency, whereas a normal response was found in 14 of the previous partial GH deficient children. During treatment the monthly growth rate rose from 0.21 cm 0.58 cm in the GH deficient children and from 0.31 cm to 0.70 cm in the partial deficient children, in most of whom spontaneous pubertal development occurred during treatment. Somatomedin (SM) values were decreased in the GH deficient children before and after treatment but increased to normal levels during treatment. Growth velocity in these children during treatment was correlated to SM values before treatment. In the partial GH deficient children SM values were subnormal before but normal after treatment. This supports the assumption that in some children with constitutional delay in puberty a reversible functional hypopituitarism exists, which is normalized after the onset of puberty, due to androgens sensitizing growth hormone releasing mechanisms. Treatment with HGH may induce increased growth velocity in some of these patients.", "contents": "Combined test of hypothalamic-pituitary function in growth retarded children treated with growth hormone. I. Secretion of growth hormone and somatomedin before and after treatment. In 23 growth retarded children two consecutive insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed to establish a diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Nine children did not respond (GH peak value less than 8 mU/1), whereas 14 were classified as having partial GH deficiency (GH peak value less than 20 mU/1). All were treated for an average period of 40 months with human growth hormone (HGH). In a combined stimulation test at the end of the treatment period 9 children demonstrated a persistent GH deficiency, whereas a normal response was found in 14 of the previous partial GH deficient children. During treatment the monthly growth rate rose from 0.21 cm 0.58 cm in the GH deficient children and from 0.31 cm to 0.70 cm in the partial deficient children, in most of whom spontaneous pubertal development occurred during treatment. Somatomedin (SM) values were decreased in the GH deficient children before and after treatment but increased to normal levels during treatment. Growth velocity in these children during treatment was correlated to SM values before treatment. In the partial GH deficient children SM values were subnormal before but normal after treatment. This supports the assumption that in some children with constitutional delay in puberty a reversible functional hypopituitarism exists, which is normalized after the onset of puberty, due to androgens sensitizing growth hormone releasing mechanisms. Treatment with HGH may induce increased growth velocity in some of these patients.", "PMID": 396757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11110", "title": "Endotoxin fever in the rat.", "content": "In rats intravenous injections of E. coli endotoxin at thermoneutral or slightly warmer environmental temperatures resulted in biphasic febrile response: two rises of temperature being separated by a transient fall. At an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C the change in body temperature still had a biphasic pattern, however, the fall was the dominant change. Each part of the response was the result of a coordinated reaction which involved heat production mechanisms (including interscapular and periaortic brown fat thermogenesis) and heat loss effectors (tail vasomotor changes) separately or in combination. Beside ambient temperature, the initial body temperature at the start of endotoxin action exerted an important role in determining which of the effector functions would be involved in the response.", "contents": "Endotoxin fever in the rat. In rats intravenous injections of E. coli endotoxin at thermoneutral or slightly warmer environmental temperatures resulted in biphasic febrile response: two rises of temperature being separated by a transient fall. At an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C the change in body temperature still had a biphasic pattern, however, the fall was the dominant change. Each part of the response was the result of a coordinated reaction which involved heat production mechanisms (including interscapular and periaortic brown fat thermogenesis) and heat loss effectors (tail vasomotor changes) separately or in combination. Beside ambient temperature, the initial body temperature at the start of endotoxin action exerted an important role in determining which of the effector functions would be involved in the response.", "PMID": 396758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11111", "title": "Nutritional state and endotoxin fever of newborn rabbits.", "content": "At thermoneutral environments 6-10 day-old well-fed rabbits responded to 20 microgram/kg I.V. E. coli endotoxin with biphasic fever: temperature peaks at 60 and 120-150, and a transient fall between 60 and 90 min after endotoxin injection. In rabbits starved for 24 hours, and in runt rabbits body temperature did not rise, but a decline started 60 min after endotoxin administration, corresponding to the transient fall observed in well-fed animals and continuing until about the 100-120th min; thereafter body temperature tended to stabilize at the low level.", "contents": "Nutritional state and endotoxin fever of newborn rabbits. At thermoneutral environments 6-10 day-old well-fed rabbits responded to 20 microgram/kg I.V. E. coli endotoxin with biphasic fever: temperature peaks at 60 and 120-150, and a transient fall between 60 and 90 min after endotoxin injection. In rabbits starved for 24 hours, and in runt rabbits body temperature did not rise, but a decline started 60 min after endotoxin administration, corresponding to the transient fall observed in well-fed animals and continuing until about the 100-120th min; thereafter body temperature tended to stabilize at the low level.", "PMID": 396759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11112", "title": "Species differences in the effect of isoproterenol and pindolol on renin release in vitro.", "content": "The effects of selective beta adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol (3 X 10(-8) M) and of beta adrenergic blockade with pindolol (3 X 10(-5) M) on the renin release in vitro were investigated in incubated canine and rat kidney slices. Bioassay was used to measure the renin content of the tissue samples and incubation media; renin content in the canine incubation medium was measured also by radioimmunoassay. Isoproterenol in a concentration of 3 X 10(-8) M brought about a significant increase in the renin content of the incubation media as well as the tissue slices obtained from canine kidney, however, there was no change in these parameters under similar conditions if rat kidneys were incubated. Pindolol, on the other hand, in a concentration of 3 X 10(-5) M caused a significant decrease in the renin release from as well as in the renin content of the rat kidney slices, while canine kidney slices failed to respond to the same dose of the drug. The differences between the two species is suggested to be due to the differences in basal renin levels.", "contents": "Species differences in the effect of isoproterenol and pindolol on renin release in vitro. The effects of selective beta adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol (3 X 10(-8) M) and of beta adrenergic blockade with pindolol (3 X 10(-5) M) on the renin release in vitro were investigated in incubated canine and rat kidney slices. Bioassay was used to measure the renin content of the tissue samples and incubation media; renin content in the canine incubation medium was measured also by radioimmunoassay. Isoproterenol in a concentration of 3 X 10(-8) M brought about a significant increase in the renin content of the incubation media as well as the tissue slices obtained from canine kidney, however, there was no change in these parameters under similar conditions if rat kidneys were incubated. Pindolol, on the other hand, in a concentration of 3 X 10(-5) M caused a significant decrease in the renin release from as well as in the renin content of the rat kidney slices, while canine kidney slices failed to respond to the same dose of the drug. The differences between the two species is suggested to be due to the differences in basal renin levels.", "PMID": 396760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11113", "title": "Changes of plasma renin and renal renin concentration in HgCl2 induced acute renal failure in rats.", "content": "Acute renal failure (ARF) was produced by the single intraperitoneal injection of 3 mg/kg mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in male Wistar rats. Immediately after, and in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 24th and 48th hour after HgCl2 administration the following variables were monitored: plasma renin concentration (PRC), renal renin concentration (RRC) blood-urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma sodium (PNa), plasma creatinine (PCr) concentrations and haematocrit (Ht). Haematocrit and PNa increased during the first hour and returned to the control value in the 3rd hour. Thereafter, their level remained unchanged. Plasma renin concentration increased threefold during the first six hours after the HgCl2 injection, however, by the 48th hour it returned to the control value. In the first 24 hours of ARF, RRC remained unchanged. However, by the 48th hour its level increased four times the control value. After mercury injection BUN and PCr increased progressively. We were not able to establish any significant correlation between the changes of PRC and BUN. A gradual increase of RRC was observed in the course of ARF.", "contents": "Changes of plasma renin and renal renin concentration in HgCl2 induced acute renal failure in rats. Acute renal failure (ARF) was produced by the single intraperitoneal injection of 3 mg/kg mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in male Wistar rats. Immediately after, and in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 24th and 48th hour after HgCl2 administration the following variables were monitored: plasma renin concentration (PRC), renal renin concentration (RRC) blood-urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma sodium (PNa), plasma creatinine (PCr) concentrations and haematocrit (Ht). Haematocrit and PNa increased during the first hour and returned to the control value in the 3rd hour. Thereafter, their level remained unchanged. Plasma renin concentration increased threefold during the first six hours after the HgCl2 injection, however, by the 48th hour it returned to the control value. In the first 24 hours of ARF, RRC remained unchanged. However, by the 48th hour its level increased four times the control value. After mercury injection BUN and PCr increased progressively. We were not able to establish any significant correlation between the changes of PRC and BUN. A gradual increase of RRC was observed in the course of ARF.", "PMID": 396761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11114", "title": "Shigella dysenteriae 1-like cytotoxic enterotoxins produced by Salmonella strains.", "content": "A Salmonella enteritidis strain produced a cytotoxin in addition to heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Two strains of serotypes Salmonella kapemba and Salmonella thompson were LT and ST negative, but exhibited a cytotoxic effect. After Sephadex G-100 fractionation of the crude S. enteritidis material, some high and low molecular fractions had both cytotonic and cytotoxic activities. Of the two other salmonellae, only some high molecular fractions contained the cytotoxic substance. Neutralization experiments revealed an antigenic relationship between the cytotoxins studied and Shigella dysenteriae 1 enterotoxin. On the basis of cross neutralization and other data, it seems that cytotoxic and LT-like characters are carried by the same molecule. In S. thompson and S. kapemba the LT fails to exert a biological effect, although it is antigenically related to the LT of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Shigella dysenteriae 1-like cytotoxic enterotoxins produced by Salmonella strains. A Salmonella enteritidis strain produced a cytotoxin in addition to heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Two strains of serotypes Salmonella kapemba and Salmonella thompson were LT and ST negative, but exhibited a cytotoxic effect. After Sephadex G-100 fractionation of the crude S. enteritidis material, some high and low molecular fractions had both cytotonic and cytotoxic activities. Of the two other salmonellae, only some high molecular fractions contained the cytotoxic substance. Neutralization experiments revealed an antigenic relationship between the cytotoxins studied and Shigella dysenteriae 1 enterotoxin. On the basis of cross neutralization and other data, it seems that cytotoxic and LT-like characters are carried by the same molecule. In S. thompson and S. kapemba the LT fails to exert a biological effect, although it is antigenically related to the LT of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 396765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11115", "title": "Antitoxic immunity against the so-called lung toxin produced by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cross neutralization test with antisera to crude haemolysins produced by some Escherichia coli strains indicated that there were no antigenic differences among the haemolysins tested. These crude preparates showed definite cytotoxicity which could also be cross neutralized by \"antihaemolysin\" sera. Neutralization experiments were performed in mouse lung test with homologous and heterologous anti-haemolysin sera, and with O and OK sera to the wild type strain and its toxic R mutant. The results showed that the immunity in the mouse lung model is antitoxic and antibacterial.", "contents": "Antitoxic immunity against the so-called lung toxin produced by Escherichia coli. Cross neutralization test with antisera to crude haemolysins produced by some Escherichia coli strains indicated that there were no antigenic differences among the haemolysins tested. These crude preparates showed definite cytotoxicity which could also be cross neutralized by \"antihaemolysin\" sera. Neutralization experiments were performed in mouse lung test with homologous and heterologous anti-haemolysin sera, and with O and OK sera to the wild type strain and its toxic R mutant. The results showed that the immunity in the mouse lung model is antitoxic and antibacterial.", "PMID": 396766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11116", "title": "The effect of continuous human lymphokine treatment on skin graft rejection in mice.", "content": "Continuous intraperitoneal treatment with human lymphokines produced by Con-A stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes caused the acceleration of skin graft rejection in mice.", "contents": "The effect of continuous human lymphokine treatment on skin graft rejection in mice. Continuous intraperitoneal treatment with human lymphokines produced by Con-A stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes caused the acceleration of skin graft rejection in mice.", "PMID": 396767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11117", "title": "An altered heart-labile enterotoxin (LT') produced by Escherichia coli serogroup O55 strain.", "content": "An Escherichia coli serogroup O55 strain produced heat-labile enterotoxin only, which exerted unusual effects on cell cultures; it caused elongation of CHO and HeLa cells but no changes in Y-1 cells. Injection of this substance, designated LT', into mouse foot pad and rabbit skin caused a well-expressed necrotic effect beside the LT-like activity. LT' showed no cytotoxic effect and failed to produce mouse lung oedema. The strain was not haemolytic. According to Sephadex G-100 fractionation, the LT' had a high molecular weight. The LT' and the necrotic activities could not be separated by fractionation. Neutralization experiments suggested an antigenic relationship between LT and LT'. The antigenic deficiency of LT' was closely related to the common antigenic component of LT and choleragen. The necrotic effect caused by crude LT' was neutralized only by the homologous serum.", "contents": "An altered heart-labile enterotoxin (LT') produced by Escherichia coli serogroup O55 strain. An Escherichia coli serogroup O55 strain produced heat-labile enterotoxin only, which exerted unusual effects on cell cultures; it caused elongation of CHO and HeLa cells but no changes in Y-1 cells. Injection of this substance, designated LT', into mouse foot pad and rabbit skin caused a well-expressed necrotic effect beside the LT-like activity. LT' showed no cytotoxic effect and failed to produce mouse lung oedema. The strain was not haemolytic. According to Sephadex G-100 fractionation, the LT' had a high molecular weight. The LT' and the necrotic activities could not be separated by fractionation. Neutralization experiments suggested an antigenic relationship between LT and LT'. The antigenic deficiency of LT' was closely related to the common antigenic component of LT and choleragen. The necrotic effect caused by crude LT' was neutralized only by the homologous serum.", "PMID": 396768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11118", "title": "[Carl Heinrich Stratz (1858 to 1924), one of the first researchers in growth and development--chronological tables of his life and work (author's transl)].", "content": "Review of education, life and work of C.H. Stratz. First a clinical gynecologist and always earning his living from this profession, he was interested in the problems of somatic and regional anthropology. After 1900 he became more and more engaged in observations of the child's development from the new-born to the adolescent. His publications, especially his graphs and pictures of morphological changes in the childs body and the signs of puberty, have the following years deeply influenced our knowledge on \"orthology\" within the medical problems of youth.", "contents": "[Carl Heinrich Stratz (1858 to 1924), one of the first researchers in growth and development--chronological tables of his life and work (author's transl)]. Review of education, life and work of C.H. Stratz. First a clinical gynecologist and always earning his living from this profession, he was interested in the problems of somatic and regional anthropology. After 1900 he became more and more engaged in observations of the child's development from the new-born to the adolescent. His publications, especially his graphs and pictures of morphological changes in the childs body and the signs of puberty, have the following years deeply influenced our knowledge on \"orthology\" within the medical problems of youth.", "PMID": 396782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11119", "title": "The development of early Chinese Communist health policy: health care in the Border Region, 1936-1949.", "content": "This paper examines the health care policy and program of the Chinese Communists in their earliest stages of development. An assessment of 1) political policy, 2) public health campaigns, 3) medical services, 4) public health education, and 5) medical education, indicates that the role of the health delivery scheme was primarily to mobilize mass support for the government, and to change popular health behavior, thereby improving the health of the people and lessening demand on scarce medical facilities. An analysis of the Border Region's health program from 1936 to 1949 gives us an insight into the strategy of a revolutionary government to win popular support and to effect social change.", "contents": "The development of early Chinese Communist health policy: health care in the Border Region, 1936-1949. This paper examines the health care policy and program of the Chinese Communists in their earliest stages of development. An assessment of 1) political policy, 2) public health campaigns, 3) medical services, 4) public health education, and 5) medical education, indicates that the role of the health delivery scheme was primarily to mobilize mass support for the government, and to change popular health behavior, thereby improving the health of the people and lessening demand on scarce medical facilities. An analysis of the Border Region's health program from 1936 to 1949 gives us an insight into the strategy of a revolutionary government to win popular support and to effect social change.", "PMID": 396785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11120", "title": "Histopathology of CNS leukemia and complications of therapy.", "content": "An understanding of the pathology of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia has evolved slowly. Observations in the 19th century clearly established CNS leukemia as a disease involving the leptomeninges. Although infiltration of the leptomeninges by leukemic cells remains the principal CNS lesion in patients with this disease, other histopathologic changes have become evident with the development of antileukemic therapy. During the early years of chemotherapy, as patient survival increased, the effects of chronic meningeal leukemia, e.g., increased intracranial pressure, became prominent. Only recently, following effective control of CNS leukemia with chemotherapy and irradiation, did it become clear that current methods of treatment can produce neurotoxic effects. Two specific examples are leukoencephalopathy and mineralizing microangiopathy, both apparently induced by the effects of radiation on the microvasculature. Only through careful prospective studies can the consequences and actual incidence of these two lesions be determined. These results will permit sounder judgments of whether the risks of CNS radiotherapy outweigh the known benefits.", "contents": "Histopathology of CNS leukemia and complications of therapy. An understanding of the pathology of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia has evolved slowly. Observations in the 19th century clearly established CNS leukemia as a disease involving the leptomeninges. Although infiltration of the leptomeninges by leukemic cells remains the principal CNS lesion in patients with this disease, other histopathologic changes have become evident with the development of antileukemic therapy. During the early years of chemotherapy, as patient survival increased, the effects of chronic meningeal leukemia, e.g., increased intracranial pressure, became prominent. Only recently, following effective control of CNS leukemia with chemotherapy and irradiation, did it become clear that current methods of treatment can produce neurotoxic effects. Two specific examples are leukoencephalopathy and mineralizing microangiopathy, both apparently induced by the effects of radiation on the microvasculature. Only through careful prospective studies can the consequences and actual incidence of these two lesions be determined. These results will permit sounder judgments of whether the risks of CNS radiotherapy outweigh the known benefits.", "PMID": 396790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11121", "title": "Treatment of overt CNS leukemia.", "content": "At this time, methotrexate and CNS radiotherapy used together offer the best chance for prolonged remissions in children who develop overt CNS leukemia. Toxicity is a major problem. Unless a lower dose of radiation is used, the contribution of radiotherapy to neurotoxicity cannot be reduced. However, the toxicity of intrathecal methotrexate can be reduced by using Elliot's B as a diluent, combining methotrexate with hydrocortisone, and using a standard dose after the age of 3 years rather than a dose based on body surface area. Fortunately, the incidence of CNS leukemia has decreased over the years due to prophylactic CNS therapy. However, when a CNS relapse does occur, it carries a grave prognosis and is therefore still a significant problem necessitating continued research.", "contents": "Treatment of overt CNS leukemia. At this time, methotrexate and CNS radiotherapy used together offer the best chance for prolonged remissions in children who develop overt CNS leukemia. Toxicity is a major problem. Unless a lower dose of radiation is used, the contribution of radiotherapy to neurotoxicity cannot be reduced. However, the toxicity of intrathecal methotrexate can be reduced by using Elliot's B as a diluent, combining methotrexate with hydrocortisone, and using a standard dose after the age of 3 years rather than a dose based on body surface area. Fortunately, the incidence of CNS leukemia has decreased over the years due to prophylactic CNS therapy. However, when a CNS relapse does occur, it carries a grave prognosis and is therefore still a significant problem necessitating continued research.", "PMID": 396791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11122", "title": "Radiation in the treatment of meningeal leukemia.", "content": "At the present time, a successful regimen for the eradication of occult meningeal leukemia, following induction of a first complete remission in acute lymphoid and undifferentiated childhood leukemia, is the combination of cranial radiotherapy in a dose of 1800 rads in 10 fractions in 12--14 days with six doses of intrathecal methotrexate. This regimen, when given with prednisone and vincristine with or without L-asparaginase for induction and daily oral 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate for maintenance, can be expected to give a relapse rate for isolated meningeal leukemia of approximately 5% during the first 2 years of follow-up. A modification of this regimen utilizing craniospinal radiation with prior and concurrent intrathecal methotrexate is given for the treatment of overt meningeal leukemia at diagnosis or for an isolated first relapse with meningeal leukemia. Radiation technique and morbidity are discussed.", "contents": "Radiation in the treatment of meningeal leukemia. At the present time, a successful regimen for the eradication of occult meningeal leukemia, following induction of a first complete remission in acute lymphoid and undifferentiated childhood leukemia, is the combination of cranial radiotherapy in a dose of 1800 rads in 10 fractions in 12--14 days with six doses of intrathecal methotrexate. This regimen, when given with prednisone and vincristine with or without L-asparaginase for induction and daily oral 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate for maintenance, can be expected to give a relapse rate for isolated meningeal leukemia of approximately 5% during the first 2 years of follow-up. A modification of this regimen utilizing craniospinal radiation with prior and concurrent intrathecal methotrexate is given for the treatment of overt meningeal leukemia at diagnosis or for an isolated first relapse with meningeal leukemia. Radiation technique and morbidity are discussed.", "PMID": 396792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11123", "title": "Role of membrane vitamin E and cytoplasmic glutathione in the regulation of phagocytic functions of neutrophils and monocytes.", "content": "Neutrophils and monocytes are the prime defenders of the body against suppurative bacterial and fungal infections. To accomplish their role in inflammation, they must respond appropriately to chemotactic signals elaborated from complement and bacteria. This response predictably results in the adherence and subsequent directed movement of the phagocytes toward the infected area where they recognize opsonized microbes. Attachment of the microbes to the membrane of the cell leads to their ingestion and subsequent demise, principally by the reduced oxygen by-product H2O2, which is generated by the neutrophils and monocytes during phagocytosis. Optimal killing requires the translocation of granule myeloperoxidase into the phagocytic vacuole containing the bacteria and a suitable halide ion. Degranulation is controlled, in part, by assembled microtubules whereas ingestion requires assembly of submembrane microfilaments. Deficiency states resulting from vitamin E results in diminished membrane-related chemotaxis and ingestion, whereas depletion of cellular GSH results in defective microtubule assembly preventing the normal increase in adherence, chemotaxis, degranulation, and microbicidal activity of the phagocytic cells. Deficiency states resulting in dysfunction of the microtubule system include neutrophil glutathione synthetase deficiency, rodent glutathione peroxidase deficiency, and the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "contents": "Role of membrane vitamin E and cytoplasmic glutathione in the regulation of phagocytic functions of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes are the prime defenders of the body against suppurative bacterial and fungal infections. To accomplish their role in inflammation, they must respond appropriately to chemotactic signals elaborated from complement and bacteria. This response predictably results in the adherence and subsequent directed movement of the phagocytes toward the infected area where they recognize opsonized microbes. Attachment of the microbes to the membrane of the cell leads to their ingestion and subsequent demise, principally by the reduced oxygen by-product H2O2, which is generated by the neutrophils and monocytes during phagocytosis. Optimal killing requires the translocation of granule myeloperoxidase into the phagocytic vacuole containing the bacteria and a suitable halide ion. Degranulation is controlled, in part, by assembled microtubules whereas ingestion requires assembly of submembrane microfilaments. Deficiency states resulting from vitamin E results in diminished membrane-related chemotaxis and ingestion, whereas depletion of cellular GSH results in defective microtubule assembly preventing the normal increase in adherence, chemotaxis, degranulation, and microbicidal activity of the phagocytic cells. Deficiency states resulting in dysfunction of the microtubule system include neutrophil glutathione synthetase deficiency, rodent glutathione peroxidase deficiency, and the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "PMID": 396794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11124", "title": "Vitamin E and platelet function.", "content": "In both animals and humans, vitamin E deficiency is associated with platelet hyperaggregability. In six E-deficient children, thrombocytosis was associated with marked hyperaggregability of their platelets to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen. Platelet malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation was used as an indicator of prostaglandin formation, and was found to be increased during the E deficiency state. Following E repletion, both platelet aggregation and platelet MDA formation returned to normal. The addition of vitamin E to platelets in vitro has been associated with inhibition of platelet release, aggregation, and MDA formation. Extending these in vitro observations further, six normal controls were given 1600 units of vitamin E orally daily for 2 weeks to elevate their plasma E levels and the E content of their platelets in vivo. Concomitant with the elevation in their plasma E levels, there was an inhibitory effect of 12--20% on platelet MDA formation following E ingestion. These studies suggest that E deficiency increases the in vivo synthesis of platelet endoperoxides and prostaglandins, and that E excess has the opposite effect, i.e., inhibition of the endoperoxide intermediates of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Vitamin E and platelet function. In both animals and humans, vitamin E deficiency is associated with platelet hyperaggregability. In six E-deficient children, thrombocytosis was associated with marked hyperaggregability of their platelets to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen. Platelet malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation was used as an indicator of prostaglandin formation, and was found to be increased during the E deficiency state. Following E repletion, both platelet aggregation and platelet MDA formation returned to normal. The addition of vitamin E to platelets in vitro has been associated with inhibition of platelet release, aggregation, and MDA formation. Extending these in vitro observations further, six normal controls were given 1600 units of vitamin E orally daily for 2 weeks to elevate their plasma E levels and the E content of their platelets in vivo. Concomitant with the elevation in their plasma E levels, there was an inhibitory effect of 12--20% on platelet MDA formation following E ingestion. These studies suggest that E deficiency increases the in vivo synthesis of platelet endoperoxides and prostaglandins, and that E excess has the opposite effect, i.e., inhibition of the endoperoxide intermediates of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 396795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11125", "title": "Prophylactic CNS therapy in childhood acute leukemia: review of methods used.", "content": "By use of prophylactic CNS therapy in children with ALL, the incidence of central nervous system relapse was dramatically reduced and the length of the initial bone marrow remission was significantly prolonged. Following thin's Research Hospital. Ten additional CNS therapy regimens were found which gave results equivalent to, but not better than, the St. Jude results. Our knowledge of CNS leukemia in general has greatly increased, but the last 8 years have brought us no further significant progress as to an improved regimen for prophylactic CNS therapy. Thus, 5--10% still show CNS relapse and one-third of children with ALL still have hematological relapse within the first 5 years following initiation of therapy.", "contents": "Prophylactic CNS therapy in childhood acute leukemia: review of methods used. By use of prophylactic CNS therapy in children with ALL, the incidence of central nervous system relapse was dramatically reduced and the length of the initial bone marrow remission was significantly prolonged. Following thin's Research Hospital. Ten additional CNS therapy regimens were found which gave results equivalent to, but not better than, the St. Jude results. Our knowledge of CNS leukemia in general has greatly increased, but the last 8 years have brought us no further significant progress as to an improved regimen for prophylactic CNS therapy. Thus, 5--10% still show CNS relapse and one-third of children with ALL still have hematological relapse within the first 5 years following initiation of therapy.", "PMID": 396796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11126", "title": "Neurotoxicities of current leukemia therapy.", "content": "While major advances have been made in the treatment of acute leukemia, complications of therapy are significant. One of the most worisome complications is the neurotoxicity which is related to both central nervous system prophylaxis (cranial irradiatif neurotoxicity may be acute or delayed, and may range in severity from mild headaches ann of treatment-related neurotoxicity is important since this may permit amelioration of otherwise irreversible neurological sequelae in some patients. We review the clinical, phyh irradiation and chemotherapy, and offer recommendations for monitoring, evaluating and treating patients with potential or proven neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Neurotoxicities of current leukemia therapy. While major advances have been made in the treatment of acute leukemia, complications of therapy are significant. One of the most worisome complications is the neurotoxicity which is related to both central nervous system prophylaxis (cranial irradiatif neurotoxicity may be acute or delayed, and may range in severity from mild headaches ann of treatment-related neurotoxicity is important since this may permit amelioration of otherwise irreversible neurological sequelae in some patients. We review the clinical, phyh irradiation and chemotherapy, and offer recommendations for monitoring, evaluating and treating patients with potential or proven neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 396797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11127", "title": "Vitamin E and platelets: cooperative interactions with nitroblue tetrazolium on inhibition of adhesion, aggregation and secretion.", "content": "We have evaluated the influence of NBT, vitamin E, and the combination of NBT and vitamin E on the fine structure and biochemistry of platelets during incubation, and the effects of these compounds on the aggregation and secretion of platelets stimulated by collagen, thrombin, epinephrine, and ADP. Results demonstrate that NBT and vitamin E, rather than injuring platelets, appear to protect them during incubation. Togheter NBT and vitamin E blockedaggregation by epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin, but permitted a small first wave stimulated by ADP. This pattern of response to aggregating agents was similar to reactions observed in platelets pretreated with aspirin and indomethacin, both potent inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. The findings support the concept that conversion of arachidonic acid to an activated state is an important step in prostaglandin synthesis and that electron transfer or oxidation--reduction reactions are intimately involved in the development of platelet stickiness. Although vitamin E alone does not block prot to regulate formation of endoperoxides and thromboxanes.", "contents": "Vitamin E and platelets: cooperative interactions with nitroblue tetrazolium on inhibition of adhesion, aggregation and secretion. We have evaluated the influence of NBT, vitamin E, and the combination of NBT and vitamin E on the fine structure and biochemistry of platelets during incubation, and the effects of these compounds on the aggregation and secretion of platelets stimulated by collagen, thrombin, epinephrine, and ADP. Results demonstrate that NBT and vitamin E, rather than injuring platelets, appear to protect them during incubation. Togheter NBT and vitamin E blockedaggregation by epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin, but permitted a small first wave stimulated by ADP. This pattern of response to aggregating agents was similar to reactions observed in platelets pretreated with aspirin and indomethacin, both potent inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. The findings support the concept that conversion of arachidonic acid to an activated state is an important step in prostaglandin synthesis and that electron transfer or oxidation--reduction reactions are intimately involved in the development of platelet stickiness. Although vitamin E alone does not block prot to regulate formation of endoperoxides and thromboxanes.", "PMID": 396798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11128", "title": "Neonatal thrombosis.", "content": "Abnormalities in blood flow, in blood vessel walls, in procoagulants, in circulating anticoagulants, and in the reticuloendothelial system may contribute to the thrombotic tendency of newborns. However, the importance of the role of each of these factors or other unmeasured factors is largely unknown. Most infants may be protected by their physiologic platelet dysfunction, increased fibrinolysis, and deficiencies in coagulation factors.", "contents": "Neonatal thrombosis. Abnormalities in blood flow, in blood vessel walls, in procoagulants, in circulating anticoagulants, and in the reticuloendothelial system may contribute to the thrombotic tendency of newborns. However, the importance of the role of each of these factors or other unmeasured factors is largely unknown. Most infants may be protected by their physiologic platelet dysfunction, increased fibrinolysis, and deficiencies in coagulation factors.", "PMID": 396799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11129", "title": "Cycochemical profiles in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Lymphoblasts from 61 untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) morphologic classification, were studied for cytochemical characteristics and membrane surface markers. Seventy-three % (eight of 11) of patients with E-rosette positive lymphoblasts (T ALL) had strong focal  paranuclear acid phosphatase (AcP) activity in more than 75% of their lymphoblasts; lymphoblasts from only 6% (three of 48) (p = 0.005) of patients with E-rosette negative, surface immunoglobulin negative lymphoblasts (non-T, non-B ALL) exhibited this characteristic AcP activity. The non-T, non-B ALL cases that manifested focal paranuclear AcP activity had clinical features more characteristic of the T ALL cases. The distribution of beta-glucuronidase activity in the lymphoblast cytoplasm was similar to that of AcP for T ALL and non-T, non-B ALL but the stain was generally more difficult to interpret THan the AcP and was a less reliable indicator of immunologic type of ALL. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and nonspecific esterase stains were not useful in distinguishing between T ALL and non-T, non-B ALL but PAS negativity was associated with certain clinical features within the non-T, non-B ALL group. Cytochemical evaluation of the lymphoblasts at diagnosis in patients with ALL may be useful in identifying subsets of ALL that have distinct immunologic and clinical characteristics and important therapeutic and prognostic implications.", "contents": "Cycochemical profiles in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lymphoblasts from 61 untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) morphologic classification, were studied for cytochemical characteristics and membrane surface markers. Seventy-three % (eight of 11) of patients with E-rosette positive lymphoblasts (T ALL) had strong focal  paranuclear acid phosphatase (AcP) activity in more than 75% of their lymphoblasts; lymphoblasts from only 6% (three of 48) (p = 0.005) of patients with E-rosette negative, surface immunoglobulin negative lymphoblasts (non-T, non-B ALL) exhibited this characteristic AcP activity. The non-T, non-B ALL cases that manifested focal paranuclear AcP activity had clinical features more characteristic of the T ALL cases. The distribution of beta-glucuronidase activity in the lymphoblast cytoplasm was similar to that of AcP for T ALL and non-T, non-B ALL but the stain was generally more difficult to interpret THan the AcP and was a less reliable indicator of immunologic type of ALL. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and nonspecific esterase stains were not useful in distinguishing between T ALL and non-T, non-B ALL but PAS negativity was associated with certain clinical features within the non-T, non-B ALL group. Cytochemical evaluation of the lymphoblasts at diagnosis in patients with ALL may be useful in identifying subsets of ALL that have distinct immunologic and clinical characteristics and important therapeutic and prognostic implications.", "PMID": 396800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11130", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies in transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease).", "content": "Abnormalities were found by immunofluorescence in five of 11 (45%) patients with transient acantholytic dermatosis. There was no consistent pattern to the abnormalities; for example, they were circulating antibodies to intercellular and basal cell antigens in a third. Deposits of Ig and/or C3 were present in lesions of three patients and C3 was present in the intercellular substance in the lesions of a fourth patient. These findings suggest that different immune mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of transient acantholytic dermatosis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies in transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease). Abnormalities were found by immunofluorescence in five of 11 (45%) patients with transient acantholytic dermatosis. There was no consistent pattern to the abnormalities; for example, they were circulating antibodies to intercellular and basal cell antigens in a third. Deposits of Ig and/or C3 were present in lesions of three patients and C3 was present in the intercellular substance in the lesions of a fourth patient. These findings suggest that different immune mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of transient acantholytic dermatosis.", "PMID": 396810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11131", "title": "Error measures for objective assessment of scene segmentation algorithms.", "content": "Scene segmentation is an important element in pattern recognition problems. Previous efforts to evaluate and compare scene segmentation procedures have been largely subjective. Quantitative error measures would facilitate objective comparison of scene segmentation algorithms. A theoretical discussion leading to a new generalized quantitative error measure, G2, based on comparison of both pixel class proportions and spatial distributions of \"true\" and test segmentations, is presented. This error measure was tested on 14 manual segmentations and 40 gynecologic cytology specimens segmented with five different scene segmentation techniques. Results indicate that G2 seems to have the desirable properties of correlation with human observation, categorization of error allowing for weighting, invariance with picture size and ease of computation necessary for a useful scene segmentation error measure.", "contents": "Error measures for objective assessment of scene segmentation algorithms. Scene segmentation is an important element in pattern recognition problems. Previous efforts to evaluate and compare scene segmentation procedures have been largely subjective. Quantitative error measures would facilitate objective comparison of scene segmentation algorithms. A theoretical discussion leading to a new generalized quantitative error measure, G2, based on comparison of both pixel class proportions and spatial distributions of \"true\" and test segmentations, is presented. This error measure was tested on 14 manual segmentations and 40 gynecologic cytology specimens segmented with five different scene segmentation techniques. Results indicate that G2 seems to have the desirable properties of correlation with human observation, categorization of error allowing for weighting, invariance with picture size and ease of computation necessary for a useful scene segmentation error measure.", "PMID": 396835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11132", "title": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data: II. Comparison of profiles.", "content": "Results of cytologic studies are often presented as profiles of some type. The numerical characterization of these profiles may be statistically compared using methods of multivariate analysis. This article describes the determination of the statistically significant differences between portions of profiles, the computation of the Mahalanobis distance measure between profiles and the use of the chi-square statistic as a measure of the typicality of a profile. Fully worked numerical examples suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "contents": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data: II. Comparison of profiles. Results of cytologic studies are often presented as profiles of some type. The numerical characterization of these profiles may be statistically compared using methods of multivariate analysis. This article describes the determination of the statistically significant differences between portions of profiles, the computation of the Mahalanobis distance measure between profiles and the use of the chi-square statistic as a measure of the typicality of a profile. Fully worked numerical examples suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "PMID": 396837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11133", "title": "Structure analysis and classification of cervical cells using a processing system based on TV.", "content": "This paper presents preliminary results of a cell classification experiment using a new approach for feature extraction. The algorithm takes into account the special requirements of a fast parallel processing system (processor-oriented algorithms). A cell image is described by several hundred features derived from the nucleus only. The most significant features with respect to classification are determined by statistical analysis. Applying principal axis transform, a new feature set is computed, reduced considerably in dimensions. The data base (1,925 cell images of Papanicolaou-stained cervical specimens) was divided into a training set (963 images) and a test set (962 images). The classification results of the test set show that the recognition rate for the two-class problem (normal, suspicious) is better than 91%, using only ten morphologic features.", "contents": "Structure analysis and classification of cervical cells using a processing system based on TV. This paper presents preliminary results of a cell classification experiment using a new approach for feature extraction. The algorithm takes into account the special requirements of a fast parallel processing system (processor-oriented algorithms). A cell image is described by several hundred features derived from the nucleus only. The most significant features with respect to classification are determined by statistical analysis. Applying principal axis transform, a new feature set is computed, reduced considerably in dimensions. The data base (1,925 cell images of Papanicolaou-stained cervical specimens) was divided into a training set (963 images) and a test set (962 images). The classification results of the test set show that the recognition rate for the two-class problem (normal, suspicious) is better than 91%, using only ten morphologic features.", "PMID": 396836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11134", "title": "Free groin flap for the reconstruction of the scalp following tumor resection.", "content": "A free inguinal flap was transferred to correct a skull and scalp defect following resection of squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Free groin flap for the reconstruction of the scalp following tumor resection. A free inguinal flap was transferred to correct a skull and scalp defect following resection of squamous cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 396844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11135", "title": "The theoretically ideal donor site dressing.", "content": "Many of the choices for managing split-thickness skin graft donor sites are satisfactory, but none is ideal. Epidermal regeneration in a donor site is readily available for clinical study. We have reviewed experimental studies of epidermal regeneration and applied those results to the clinical study of a new donor site dressing. This dressing is a vapor-permeable, transparent, polyurethane film with a polyvinyl ether adhesive. Used on 100 patients, it was found to be safe and effective in allowing rapid and painless healing. Although the dressing is occlusive and theoretically could promote infection in a contaminated wound, no infections were encountered. Comparison was made with 15 patients managed by other methods. No marked difference in healing time was noted clinically. The striking advantage of the new dressing was painless healing.", "contents": "The theoretically ideal donor site dressing. Many of the choices for managing split-thickness skin graft donor sites are satisfactory, but none is ideal. Epidermal regeneration in a donor site is readily available for clinical study. We have reviewed experimental studies of epidermal regeneration and applied those results to the clinical study of a new donor site dressing. This dressing is a vapor-permeable, transparent, polyurethane film with a polyvinyl ether adhesive. Used on 100 patients, it was found to be safe and effective in allowing rapid and painless healing. Although the dressing is occlusive and theoretically could promote infection in a contaminated wound, no infections were encountered. Comparison was made with 15 patients managed by other methods. No marked difference in healing time was noted clinically. The striking advantage of the new dressing was painless healing.", "PMID": 396845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11136", "title": "A simple method of producing a monolayer of cervical cells for digital image processing.", "content": "A manual method of producing a monolayer of isolated and evenly distributed cervical epithelial cells has been developed for use in an automated digital image analysis system. The cervical scrape specimen is vortexed from the spatula into a solution of Mucosol. The suspension is filtered through a 10 micro nylon mesh to remove polys and debris and then syringed to disaggregate epithelial clumps. The cells are plated out on a Nuclepore filter. The filter is touched directly onto a glass microscopic slide to transfer cells, which are then fixed and stained in a routine manner. Cell counts reveal elimination of 92% polys, with only 2% loss of squamous cells.", "contents": "A simple method of producing a monolayer of cervical cells for digital image processing. A manual method of producing a monolayer of isolated and evenly distributed cervical epithelial cells has been developed for use in an automated digital image analysis system. The cervical scrape specimen is vortexed from the spatula into a solution of Mucosol. The suspension is filtered through a 10 micro nylon mesh to remove polys and debris and then syringed to disaggregate epithelial clumps. The cells are plated out on a Nuclepore filter. The filter is touched directly onto a glass microscopic slide to transfer cells, which are then fixed and stained in a routine manner. Cell counts reveal elimination of 92% polys, with only 2% loss of squamous cells.", "PMID": 396838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11137", "title": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data. III. Selection of features for discrimination.", "content": "The proper selection of variables is important in assembling a profile to best describe a given group, whether of patients or cells, vis-\u00e0-vis other groups. The need often arises to determine which variables in comparable profiles best discriminate between the profiles. Three techniques for the evaluation and selection of variables on the basis of their potentiality for discrimination are discussed in this article. The Kruskal Wallis test is useful in determining if a certain feature (variable) has any statistical significance between groups. The ambiguity function after Genchi and Mori and the measure of detectability (d') are discussed as direct measurements of a feature's ability to discriminate between groups. Fully worked numerical example suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "contents": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data. III. Selection of features for discrimination. The proper selection of variables is important in assembling a profile to best describe a given group, whether of patients or cells, vis-\u00e0-vis other groups. The need often arises to determine which variables in comparable profiles best discriminate between the profiles. Three techniques for the evaluation and selection of variables on the basis of their potentiality for discrimination are discussed in this article. The Kruskal Wallis test is useful in determining if a certain feature (variable) has any statistical significance between groups. The ambiguity function after Genchi and Mori and the measure of detectability (d') are discussed as direct measurements of a feature's ability to discriminate between groups. Fully worked numerical example suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "PMID": 396839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11138", "title": "Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent.", "content": "An old healing drug has been assessed and found to be of clinical value in stopping the inflammatory phase of hypertrophic scars and keloids. So far, this drug has no known side effects other than occasional mild gastric intolerance and allergic reaction. Our findings are well supported in the literature. The effect of the drug on other forms of connective tissue anomalies that present an inflammatory phase is similar to that on keloids, gradually brining scars to the maturation phase. Our results on this will be published later. Madecassol has also been shown to have a preventive effect on burn and postoperative hypertrophic scars. It compares favorably in effectiveness with compression bandaging, and gives more lasting results than intralesional cortisone or radiation therapy. Finally, Madecassol has a placebo effect of 29%-well within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. An old healing drug has been assessed and found to be of clinical value in stopping the inflammatory phase of hypertrophic scars and keloids. So far, this drug has no known side effects other than occasional mild gastric intolerance and allergic reaction. Our findings are well supported in the literature. The effect of the drug on other forms of connective tissue anomalies that present an inflammatory phase is similar to that on keloids, gradually brining scars to the maturation phase. Our results on this will be published later. Madecassol has also been shown to have a preventive effect on burn and postoperative hypertrophic scars. It compares favorably in effectiveness with compression bandaging, and gives more lasting results than intralesional cortisone or radiation therapy. Finally, Madecassol has a placebo effect of 29%-well within acceptable limits.", "PMID": 396846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11139", "title": "Rhytidectomy: a better way to suture the earlobe.", "content": "We propose suturing the earlobe in facelifts into a deepithelialized area of the facial skin flap in order to achieve a less noticeable scar, fewer lobe deformities, and better blood supply to the postauricular flap.", "contents": "Rhytidectomy: a better way to suture the earlobe. We propose suturing the earlobe in facelifts into a deepithelialized area of the facial skin flap in order to achieve a less noticeable scar, fewer lobe deformities, and better blood supply to the postauricular flap.", "PMID": 396847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11140", "title": "Urinary cytology: the subjective diagnostic clues and their evaluation by computer.", "content": "Subjective diagnostic clues of cells contained in the urinary sediment are summarized and correlated with the clinical data. The rationale, techniques and strategy of the automation process for cells in the urinary sediment are discussed. The encouraging preliminary results of the application of a high-resolution approach to automation by the TICAS system are briefly presented.", "contents": "Urinary cytology: the subjective diagnostic clues and their evaluation by computer. Subjective diagnostic clues of cells contained in the urinary sediment are summarized and correlated with the clinical data. The rationale, techniques and strategy of the automation process for cells in the urinary sediment are discussed. The encouraging preliminary results of the application of a high-resolution approach to automation by the TICAS system are briefly presented.", "PMID": 396840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11141", "title": "The use of percent volume analysis in Coulter sizing of cells in gynecologic cytopathologic cell suspensions.", "content": "The Coulter Counter model TA II was evaluated as a gynecologic cytodiagnostic tool. The instrument produces particle size histograms as plots of percent volume versus particle volume in 16 channels with each channel corresponding to twice the volume of the next lower channel. Cell volume distributions were obtained using cell suspensions from patients with cervicitis, inflammation, dysplasia or carcinoma and were compared with those from normal subjects. Although this method is superior to other methods of volume distribution analysis, it does not satisfy the stringent requirements of a cervical cancer mass screening method.", "contents": "The use of percent volume analysis in Coulter sizing of cells in gynecologic cytopathologic cell suspensions. The Coulter Counter model TA II was evaluated as a gynecologic cytodiagnostic tool. The instrument produces particle size histograms as plots of percent volume versus particle volume in 16 channels with each channel corresponding to twice the volume of the next lower channel. Cell volume distributions were obtained using cell suspensions from patients with cervicitis, inflammation, dysplasia or carcinoma and were compared with those from normal subjects. Although this method is superior to other methods of volume distribution analysis, it does not satisfy the stringent requirements of a cervical cancer mass screening method.", "PMID": 396841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11142", "title": "Pressure sores-a reappraisal.", "content": "Pressure sores are a common problem. They are casually accepted, their etiology is well defined, and treatment is standardized. How, therefore, can the subject justify reappraisal? On detailed review, evidence is presented showing that pressure sores can be minimized, that their pathophysiology is far from certain, and that their management is changing dramatically. During the past decade, new preventive measures have been adopted consisting of multidisciplinary tissue trauma clinics for paraplegic patients, based in rehabilitation hospitals, as well as early identification of the \"at-risk\" subgroup of geriatric patients who will require aggressive nursing care. Although pressure is the most widely accepted etiological factor, no sophisticated experimental studies have corroborated this hypothesis, and in fact, the majority of research conflicts with clinical observations. Recently, new surgical proceudres-myocutaneous and sensory skin flaps-have been devised to solve complex coverage problems which will possibly reduce the recurrence rate. An in-depth review of pressure sores is therefore warranted and will, we hope, stimulate renewed interest in this all-too-frequent clinical affliction.", "contents": "Pressure sores-a reappraisal. Pressure sores are a common problem. They are casually accepted, their etiology is well defined, and treatment is standardized. How, therefore, can the subject justify reappraisal? On detailed review, evidence is presented showing that pressure sores can be minimized, that their pathophysiology is far from certain, and that their management is changing dramatically. During the past decade, new preventive measures have been adopted consisting of multidisciplinary tissue trauma clinics for paraplegic patients, based in rehabilitation hospitals, as well as early identification of the \"at-risk\" subgroup of geriatric patients who will require aggressive nursing care. Although pressure is the most widely accepted etiological factor, no sophisticated experimental studies have corroborated this hypothesis, and in fact, the majority of research conflicts with clinical observations. Recently, new surgical proceudres-myocutaneous and sensory skin flaps-have been devised to solve complex coverage problems which will possibly reduce the recurrence rate. An in-depth review of pressure sores is therefore warranted and will, we hope, stimulate renewed interest in this all-too-frequent clinical affliction.", "PMID": 396848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11143", "title": "Thread augmentation for facial rhytides.", "content": "Thread augmentation, a subsurface technique for correcting facial rhytides, is especially applicable to perioral wrinkles, melolabial furrows, and frown lines about the forehead. It is basically an augmentation technique which places a volume of well-tolerated, slowly absorbable or nonabsorbable sutures underneath the wrinkle. These threads produce augmentation by their volume and the mild local reaction of edema, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrosis. This process gradually progresses to internal scar formation as the suture material is dissolved by slow hydrolysis in the presence of tissue fluid over a period of months; the nonabsorbable suture remains as a permanent implant. A high level of patient satisfaction with minimal complications has proved the value of this technique in over 100 cases.", "contents": "Thread augmentation for facial rhytides. Thread augmentation, a subsurface technique for correcting facial rhytides, is especially applicable to perioral wrinkles, melolabial furrows, and frown lines about the forehead. It is basically an augmentation technique which places a volume of well-tolerated, slowly absorbable or nonabsorbable sutures underneath the wrinkle. These threads produce augmentation by their volume and the mild local reaction of edema, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrosis. This process gradually progresses to internal scar formation as the suture material is dissolved by slow hydrolysis in the presence of tissue fluid over a period of months; the nonabsorbable suture remains as a permanent implant. A high level of patient satisfaction with minimal complications has proved the value of this technique in over 100 cases.", "PMID": 396849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11144", "title": "The history of the artificial eye.", "content": "The history of the artificial eye, from antiquity to the present, is described. Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, glass eyes replaced the earlier metal ones--not always well tolerated. In 1835, cryolite glass was used instead of lead glass; to this day it remains the lightest and most desirable substance for making artificial eyes.", "contents": "The history of the artificial eye. The history of the artificial eye, from antiquity to the present, is described. Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, glass eyes replaced the earlier metal ones--not always well tolerated. In 1835, cryolite glass was used instead of lead glass; to this day it remains the lightest and most desirable substance for making artificial eyes.", "PMID": 396850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11145", "title": "Lymphaticolymphatic anastomosis.", "content": "Lymphaticovenous anastomosis has proved valuable in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. Histological studies of this anastomosis have shown the lymphatic component to be almost inactive in anastomotic healing. In order to clarify the role of the lymphatics, experimental lymphaticolymphatic anastomoses were performed in canine femoral lymphatics. The technique developed calls for eight to ten 19 mu sutures to prevent vessel wall collapse, and preservation of the vasa vasorum. Vessels were harvested from one hour to six weeks after anastomosis. Scanning electron microscopy and conventional light histology revealed the lymphatics to have active healing of the intima with complete reendothelialization by two weeks. The techniques developed in this study are directly applicable to human lymphaticovenous anastomosis.", "contents": "Lymphaticolymphatic anastomosis. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis has proved valuable in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. Histological studies of this anastomosis have shown the lymphatic component to be almost inactive in anastomotic healing. In order to clarify the role of the lymphatics, experimental lymphaticolymphatic anastomoses were performed in canine femoral lymphatics. The technique developed calls for eight to ten 19 mu sutures to prevent vessel wall collapse, and preservation of the vasa vasorum. Vessels were harvested from one hour to six weeks after anastomosis. Scanning electron microscopy and conventional light histology revealed the lymphatics to have active healing of the intima with complete reendothelialization by two weeks. The techniques developed in this study are directly applicable to human lymphaticovenous anastomosis.", "PMID": 396851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11146", "title": "Corrective cosmetic otoplasty: a simple and accurate technique.", "content": "The authors present a technique for cosmetic correction of protruding ears used in over 100 cases during the last ten years with good cosmetic results and no significant complications.", "contents": "Corrective cosmetic otoplasty: a simple and accurate technique. The authors present a technique for cosmetic correction of protruding ears used in over 100 cases during the last ten years with good cosmetic results and no significant complications.", "PMID": 396853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11147", "title": "An update on wound healing.", "content": "The events of wound healing are defined as collagen metabolism, epithelialization, and contraction. Recent findings that further our understanding of these pheneomena are presented and correlated with the important clinical problems confronting plastic surgeons. The future direction of wound healing investigation and its application to practical surgical care are predicted.", "contents": "An update on wound healing. The events of wound healing are defined as collagen metabolism, epithelialization, and contraction. Recent findings that further our understanding of these pheneomena are presented and correlated with the important clinical problems confronting plastic surgeons. The future direction of wound healing investigation and its application to practical surgical care are predicted.", "PMID": 396854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11148", "title": "A method of producing improved scars following excision of small lesions of the back.", "content": "Twelve benign lesions were excised from the back using the accepted elliptical excisions with suturing. At follow-up, all scars had stretched to become much larger than the original lesion. By contrast, 12 lesions of similar size were excised with minimal margin and the resultant defect allowed to heal by contraction and epithelialization. This method was quicker and less painful, and produced significantly smaller scars than the conventional method.", "contents": "A method of producing improved scars following excision of small lesions of the back. Twelve benign lesions were excised from the back using the accepted elliptical excisions with suturing. At follow-up, all scars had stretched to become much larger than the original lesion. By contrast, 12 lesions of similar size were excised with minimal margin and the resultant defect allowed to heal by contraction and epithelialization. This method was quicker and less painful, and produced significantly smaller scars than the conventional method.", "PMID": 396856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11149", "title": "The dynamic Abbe flap.", "content": "A modification of the Abbe flap procedure is presented in which muscle-to-muscle union of the orbicularis muscle is obtained prior to inset of the flap. The technique consists in splitting the lip at the midline followed by dissection of the orbicularis muscle on each side from its abnormal position. The muscle is then rotated downward and sutured, restoring the oral sphincter. The flap is outlined on the lower lip and elevated. Following closure of the donor site, the Abbe flap is split in the coronal plane at the level of the muscle; this division is carried up to the mucocutaneous border, and the flap placed like a sandwich around the repaired muscle and sutured. The flap is usually divided in 14 to 16 days. The results have been good, with improved lip movement in 12 patients during animation.", "contents": "The dynamic Abbe flap. A modification of the Abbe flap procedure is presented in which muscle-to-muscle union of the orbicularis muscle is obtained prior to inset of the flap. The technique consists in splitting the lip at the midline followed by dissection of the orbicularis muscle on each side from its abnormal position. The muscle is then rotated downward and sutured, restoring the oral sphincter. The flap is outlined on the lower lip and elevated. Following closure of the donor site, the Abbe flap is split in the coronal plane at the level of the muscle; this division is carried up to the mucocutaneous border, and the flap placed like a sandwich around the repaired muscle and sutured. The flap is usually divided in 14 to 16 days. The results have been good, with improved lip movement in 12 patients during animation.", "PMID": 396857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11150", "title": "Mutagenicity of 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin, a metabolite from Aspergillus multicolor, in the Salmonella/microsome system.", "content": "The natural sterigmatocystin derivative, 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin, was found to be a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 after metabolic activation in a mammalian microsome system.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin, a metabolite from Aspergillus multicolor, in the Salmonella/microsome system. The natural sterigmatocystin derivative, 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin, was found to be a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 after metabolic activation in a mammalian microsome system.", "PMID": 396882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11151", "title": "Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil.", "content": "The effect of fulvic acid, the major fraction of natural soluble organic matter, on the adsorption of MS2 bacteriophage to soil was investigated in controlled laboratory experiments. Batch experiments together with scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that fulvic acid complexed phage, which prevented its adsorption to soil. Phage strongly adsorbed to soil in the absence of fulvic acid. Phage which was complexed with fulvic acid was not irreversibly inactivated and could become viable under proper conditions, illustrating the importance of assay and elution procedures in the recovery of virus from aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil. The effect of fulvic acid, the major fraction of natural soluble organic matter, on the adsorption of MS2 bacteriophage to soil was investigated in controlled laboratory experiments. Batch experiments together with scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that fulvic acid complexed phage, which prevented its adsorption to soil. Phage strongly adsorbed to soil in the absence of fulvic acid. Phage which was complexed with fulvic acid was not irreversibly inactivated and could become viable under proper conditions, illustrating the importance of assay and elution procedures in the recovery of virus from aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 396884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11152", "title": "Antibacterial action of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide on Streptococcus agalactiae.", "content": "Antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase (LP)-thiocyanate (SCN)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on Streptococcus agalactiae requires that the three reactants must be in contact with the cells simultaneously. Small but assayable amounts of LP adsorb to the cell surface and are not removed by washing. A diffusible antibacterial product of LP-SCN-H2O2 reaction was not found under our experimental conditions. Incubation of S. agalactiae cells with LP-H2O2 and 14C-labeled sodium SCN resulted in the incorporation of SCN into the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein with dithiothreitol. Cells that had their membrane permeability changed by treatment with Cetab or 80% ethanol incorporated more SCN than did untreated cells, i.e., approximately 1 mol of SCN for each mol of sulfhydryl group present in the reaction mixture. Alteration of membrane permeability caused protein sulfhydryls, normally protected by the cytoplasmic membrane, to become exposed to oxidation. The results suggest the LP-H2O2-catalyzed incorporation of SCN into the proteins of S. agalactiae by a mechanism similar to that reported for bovine serum albumin. Removal of reactive protein sulfhydryls from a functional role in membrane transport and in glucolysis in a likely cause of the antibacterial effect for S. agalactiae.", "contents": "Antibacterial action of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide on Streptococcus agalactiae. Antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase (LP)-thiocyanate (SCN)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on Streptococcus agalactiae requires that the three reactants must be in contact with the cells simultaneously. Small but assayable amounts of LP adsorb to the cell surface and are not removed by washing. A diffusible antibacterial product of LP-SCN-H2O2 reaction was not found under our experimental conditions. Incubation of S. agalactiae cells with LP-H2O2 and 14C-labeled sodium SCN resulted in the incorporation of SCN into the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein with dithiothreitol. Cells that had their membrane permeability changed by treatment with Cetab or 80% ethanol incorporated more SCN than did untreated cells, i.e., approximately 1 mol of SCN for each mol of sulfhydryl group present in the reaction mixture. Alteration of membrane permeability caused protein sulfhydryls, normally protected by the cytoplasmic membrane, to become exposed to oxidation. The results suggest the LP-H2O2-catalyzed incorporation of SCN into the proteins of S. agalactiae by a mechanism similar to that reported for bovine serum albumin. Removal of reactive protein sulfhydryls from a functional role in membrane transport and in glucolysis in a likely cause of the antibacterial effect for S. agalactiae.", "PMID": 396883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11153", "title": "Comparison of homogenizing, shaking, and blending on the recovery of microorganisms and endotoxins from fresh and frozen ground beef as assessed by plate counts and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test.", "content": "Of three methods studied, brisk shaking of samples in dilution blanks by hand and homogenization by a stomacher were compared relative to their capacity to recover the endotoxins and viable bacteria; blending with a Waring blender was compared with these two methods only on the recovery of viable cells. Aerobic plate counts were essentially the same by the three methods for fresh meats, with the stomacher producing slightly higher aerobic plate counts and significantly higher gram-negative counts determined by violet red bile agar. The stomacher produced significantly higher aerobic plate counts and violet red bile agar results on frozen meats than did shaking. Endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test; results by shaking and stomacher on 15 single samples of frozen meat were identical. Of Limulus amoebocyte lysate-negative beef which was spiked with known endotoxin, a higher percentage of recovery was obtained with the stomacher. Although both aerobic plate counts and violet red bile agar counts were found by shaking and stomacher to decrease significantly in frozen meats, endotoxin content was not significantly affected. The stomacher was found to be the better method overall, especially when meats are to be examined for their content of viable gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, or both.", "contents": "Comparison of homogenizing, shaking, and blending on the recovery of microorganisms and endotoxins from fresh and frozen ground beef as assessed by plate counts and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test. Of three methods studied, brisk shaking of samples in dilution blanks by hand and homogenization by a stomacher were compared relative to their capacity to recover the endotoxins and viable bacteria; blending with a Waring blender was compared with these two methods only on the recovery of viable cells. Aerobic plate counts were essentially the same by the three methods for fresh meats, with the stomacher producing slightly higher aerobic plate counts and significantly higher gram-negative counts determined by violet red bile agar. The stomacher produced significantly higher aerobic plate counts and violet red bile agar results on frozen meats than did shaking. Endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test; results by shaking and stomacher on 15 single samples of frozen meat were identical. Of Limulus amoebocyte lysate-negative beef which was spiked with known endotoxin, a higher percentage of recovery was obtained with the stomacher. Although both aerobic plate counts and violet red bile agar counts were found by shaking and stomacher to decrease significantly in frozen meats, endotoxin content was not significantly affected. The stomacher was found to be the better method overall, especially when meats are to be examined for their content of viable gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, or both.", "PMID": 396885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11154", "title": "Determining endotoxin content of ground beef by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test as a rapid indicator of microbial quality.", "content": "Eighty-four samples of ground beef were placed into five half-log cycle groups based upon aerobic plate count (APC) results. Endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test (LAL), and gram-negative viable counts were determined by a violet red bile agar overlay method. Ten samples with a log of APC of less than 5.50 had an APC mean of less than 5.24 and mean endotoxin content by the LAL of 51 ng/g. The 15 samples with APCs between a log of 5.50 and 5.99 had an APC mean of 5.79/g and an endotoxin mean of 103.8 ng/g. Twenty-eight samples had APCs between a log of 6.00 and 6.49 with a mean of 5.28/g and an endotoxin mean of 1106.4 ng/g. The 20 samples with APCs between a log of 6.50 and 7.00 had a mean of 6.77/g and an endotoxin mean of 5067.6 ng/g, while 11 samples had a log of APCs of greater than 7.00 with a mean of 7.53 and an endotoxin mean of 7,472 ng/g. Correlation of half-log cycle mean APC and violet red bile agar counts with mean endotoxin content were both highly significant, indicating that LAL-determined endotoxin content can be used to make a rapid approximation of viable plate counts. Because results can be obtained by LAL in 1 h, the finding of low levels of endotoxins can be taken to indicate low-count meat. The use of additional tests of microbial quality may be necessary when high endotoxin levels are found because the LAL detects both viable and nonviable cells.", "contents": "Determining endotoxin content of ground beef by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test as a rapid indicator of microbial quality. Eighty-four samples of ground beef were placed into five half-log cycle groups based upon aerobic plate count (APC) results. Endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test (LAL), and gram-negative viable counts were determined by a violet red bile agar overlay method. Ten samples with a log of APC of less than 5.50 had an APC mean of less than 5.24 and mean endotoxin content by the LAL of 51 ng/g. The 15 samples with APCs between a log of 5.50 and 5.99 had an APC mean of 5.79/g and an endotoxin mean of 103.8 ng/g. Twenty-eight samples had APCs between a log of 6.00 and 6.49 with a mean of 5.28/g and an endotoxin mean of 1106.4 ng/g. The 20 samples with APCs between a log of 6.50 and 7.00 had a mean of 6.77/g and an endotoxin mean of 5067.6 ng/g, while 11 samples had a log of APCs of greater than 7.00 with a mean of 7.53 and an endotoxin mean of 7,472 ng/g. Correlation of half-log cycle mean APC and violet red bile agar counts with mean endotoxin content were both highly significant, indicating that LAL-determined endotoxin content can be used to make a rapid approximation of viable plate counts. Because results can be obtained by LAL in 1 h, the finding of low levels of endotoxins can be taken to indicate low-count meat. The use of additional tests of microbial quality may be necessary when high endotoxin levels are found because the LAL detects both viable and nonviable cells.", "PMID": 396886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11155", "title": "Sampling culturable heterotrophs from microcosms: a statistical analysis.", "content": "The contributions of different sources of error in sampling mixed and unmixed bacterial microcosms were evaluated by using analysis of variance. Culturable heterotrophic bacteria from a turbid freshwater impoundment were sampled from 9-liter tanks that were unagitated or mixed with magnetic stirrers or pumps and from dilution bottles that were unagitated or agitated with a mechanical shaker. Axenic cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes were also sampled from manually shaken test tubes. In both agitated and unagitated tanks and in unagitated dilution bottles, dilutions made from the same sampling pipette were significantly different, showing a clumping of bacteria on the scale of millimeters. Also, microcosms within a single experiment differed from one another by a large margin. Dilution mean squares and tank or bottle mean squares were homogeneous for all types of tanks and unagitated bottles, indicating that the gentle mixing provided by pumps and stir bars did not reduce either millimeter scale or intermicrocosm variability over what prevailed in unagitated microcosms. By contrast, the vigorously shaken bottles and test tubes showed no millimeter scale variability. Intermicrocosm variability was undetectable in test tubes and two orders of magnitude less in shaken bottles than in unshaken bottles. When these facts are coupled with the inherent statistical advantage of replicating large rather than small experimental units, it is concluded that sampling error in the enumeration of aquatic bacteria in microcosms will be reduced by using numerous, small, violently agitated microcosms with a minimum of subsampling per microcosm.", "contents": "Sampling culturable heterotrophs from microcosms: a statistical analysis. The contributions of different sources of error in sampling mixed and unmixed bacterial microcosms were evaluated by using analysis of variance. Culturable heterotrophic bacteria from a turbid freshwater impoundment were sampled from 9-liter tanks that were unagitated or mixed with magnetic stirrers or pumps and from dilution bottles that were unagitated or agitated with a mechanical shaker. Axenic cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes were also sampled from manually shaken test tubes. In both agitated and unagitated tanks and in unagitated dilution bottles, dilutions made from the same sampling pipette were significantly different, showing a clumping of bacteria on the scale of millimeters. Also, microcosms within a single experiment differed from one another by a large margin. Dilution mean squares and tank or bottle mean squares were homogeneous for all types of tanks and unagitated bottles, indicating that the gentle mixing provided by pumps and stir bars did not reduce either millimeter scale or intermicrocosm variability over what prevailed in unagitated microcosms. By contrast, the vigorously shaken bottles and test tubes showed no millimeter scale variability. Intermicrocosm variability was undetectable in test tubes and two orders of magnitude less in shaken bottles than in unshaken bottles. When these facts are coupled with the inherent statistical advantage of replicating large rather than small experimental units, it is concluded that sampling error in the enumeration of aquatic bacteria in microcosms will be reduced by using numerous, small, violently agitated microcosms with a minimum of subsampling per microcosm.", "PMID": 396887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11156", "title": "Statistical procedure for evaluating the sensitivity of Limulus amoebocyte lysate by using a reference lysate.", "content": "A study was designed to estimate variability of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test by comparing a reference lysate against itself. Three technicians performed parallel tests, i.e., titrated side by side, the contents of two vials of reference lysate on 4 different days using 24 vials of the United States reference lysate and 12 vials of the United States reference endotoxin. Each parallel test was replicated three times. From the sensitivity endpoints, ratios were calculated for each parallel test. These ratios were converted to the logarithm for estimating variability among technicians and among vials of endotoxin. By using the overall variability of log ratios, a statistical procedure was developed to evaluate the sensitivity of each lot of licensed lysate submitted to the Bureau of Biologics for release.", "contents": "Statistical procedure for evaluating the sensitivity of Limulus amoebocyte lysate by using a reference lysate. A study was designed to estimate variability of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test by comparing a reference lysate against itself. Three technicians performed parallel tests, i.e., titrated side by side, the contents of two vials of reference lysate on 4 different days using 24 vials of the United States reference lysate and 12 vials of the United States reference endotoxin. Each parallel test was replicated three times. From the sensitivity endpoints, ratios were calculated for each parallel test. These ratios were converted to the logarithm for estimating variability among technicians and among vials of endotoxin. By using the overall variability of log ratios, a statistical procedure was developed to evaluate the sensitivity of each lot of licensed lysate submitted to the Bureau of Biologics for release.", "PMID": 396888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11157", "title": "Plasmids in Escherichia coli controlling citrate-utilizing ability.", "content": "The citrate-utilizing ability of 19 out of 22 citrate-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from pig sewage was transferred via conjugation to E. coli K-12. The conjugal transfer of citrate-utilizing (Cit) abilities was thermosensitive and concurrent with transfer of drug resistance. Weakly citrate-positive colonies were readily obtained in conjugation experiments. Their Cit characters could be transmitted to the other E. coli strains at a similar frequency in the retransfer experiments, and the transconjugants obtained still showed same characteristic growth on Simmons citrate agar plates. The 19 thermosensitive plasmids conferring citrate utilization and drug resistance were Fi-, and 16 of these plasmids belonged to incompatibility group H1. However, occasionally two conjugative plasmids (pOH3122-1 and pOH3124-1) carrying only the citrate utilization were also obtained in the conjugation experiments, and they were Fi+ and compatible with 19 reference R plasmids. In the two citrate-positive E. coli strains, it was suggested that the conjugative Cit plasmid showing Fi+ character and the more thermosensitive H1 plasmid conferring both the Cit character and drug resistance coexisted in the strain. The characterization of citrate utilization plasmids derived from pig farm sewage is discussed.", "contents": "Plasmids in Escherichia coli controlling citrate-utilizing ability. The citrate-utilizing ability of 19 out of 22 citrate-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from pig sewage was transferred via conjugation to E. coli K-12. The conjugal transfer of citrate-utilizing (Cit) abilities was thermosensitive and concurrent with transfer of drug resistance. Weakly citrate-positive colonies were readily obtained in conjugation experiments. Their Cit characters could be transmitted to the other E. coli strains at a similar frequency in the retransfer experiments, and the transconjugants obtained still showed same characteristic growth on Simmons citrate agar plates. The 19 thermosensitive plasmids conferring citrate utilization and drug resistance were Fi-, and 16 of these plasmids belonged to incompatibility group H1. However, occasionally two conjugative plasmids (pOH3122-1 and pOH3124-1) carrying only the citrate utilization were also obtained in the conjugation experiments, and they were Fi+ and compatible with 19 reference R plasmids. In the two citrate-positive E. coli strains, it was suggested that the conjugative Cit plasmid showing Fi+ character and the more thermosensitive H1 plasmid conferring both the Cit character and drug resistance coexisted in the strain. The characterization of citrate utilization plasmids derived from pig farm sewage is discussed.", "PMID": 396889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11158", "title": "[Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanism of carcinogenesis is not yet understood. There is increasing evidence justifying the assumption that an unifying concept of carcinogenesis should be possible at the molecular level. New insights into the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis were mainly obtained in studies on both chemical and viral carcinogenesis. In the present paper, selected results of these studies are reviewed. It is concluded that the interaction of different carcinogenic agents with the cellular DNA results in alterations of DNA. Only some of these alterations, however, seem to be relevant to carcinogenesis. Alterations of DNA can be caused by reaction of electrophilic agents with DNA constituents, by increased infidelity of DNA replication, by integration of viral genomes or by recombination events involving integrated proviruses.", "contents": "[Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis (author's transl)]. The mechanism of carcinogenesis is not yet understood. There is increasing evidence justifying the assumption that an unifying concept of carcinogenesis should be possible at the molecular level. New insights into the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis were mainly obtained in studies on both chemical and viral carcinogenesis. In the present paper, selected results of these studies are reviewed. It is concluded that the interaction of different carcinogenic agents with the cellular DNA results in alterations of DNA. Only some of these alterations, however, seem to be relevant to carcinogenesis. Alterations of DNA can be caused by reaction of electrophilic agents with DNA constituents, by increased infidelity of DNA replication, by integration of viral genomes or by recombination events involving integrated proviruses.", "PMID": 396899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11159", "title": "[The significance of the enzyme histochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of histo- and cytochemical enzyme investigations in the diagnosis of malignant Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is evaluated. Histochemical enzyme methods complete the morphological diagnosis if some general principles of diagnostic histochemistry are observed. This is particularly true for the diagnosis of the hairy cell leukemia, the T-lymphoblastoma and the histiocytic reticulosarcoma.", "contents": "[The significance of the enzyme histochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)]. The significance of histo- and cytochemical enzyme investigations in the diagnosis of malignant Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is evaluated. Histochemical enzyme methods complete the morphological diagnosis if some general principles of diagnostic histochemistry are observed. This is particularly true for the diagnosis of the hairy cell leukemia, the T-lymphoblastoma and the histiocytic reticulosarcoma.", "PMID": 396900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11160", "title": "Development of pancreatic endocrine cells in the rat fetus.", "content": "Prenatal development of rat pancreatic endocrine cells was investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique and the following results were obtained: 1) Glucagon immunoreactive cells are first endocrine element of the pancreas appearing already on day 11 of gestation, when the dorsal pancreatic bud is still quite small and the ventral pancreatic primordium is hardly swollen out. Most of the glucagon reactive cells are located in the epithelium of the foregut and the dorsal pancreatic bud but a few of them are attached to the base of the epithelium from the outside. 2) Insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactive cells are first demonstrable in small cell clusters budding from the exocrine tubules on day 14, whereas somatostatin and gastrin reactive cells on day 17 and 18, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that the majority of pancreatic endocrine cells is derived from the epithelium of the foregut. 3) PP reactive cells, appearing first on day 14, assume gradually a peripheral position in the growing islet of Langerhans. Immediately before birth they attain the population and flattened cell shape comparable to those in adult pancreas. Their counterpart in the duodenum is found as open type basal-granulated cells in the rat fetus. 4) Noteworthily, glucagon-like immunoreactivity is found in some neuron-like cells of the Auerbach's plexus between the muscle layers of the duodenum on day 19.", "contents": "Development of pancreatic endocrine cells in the rat fetus. Prenatal development of rat pancreatic endocrine cells was investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique and the following results were obtained: 1) Glucagon immunoreactive cells are first endocrine element of the pancreas appearing already on day 11 of gestation, when the dorsal pancreatic bud is still quite small and the ventral pancreatic primordium is hardly swollen out. Most of the glucagon reactive cells are located in the epithelium of the foregut and the dorsal pancreatic bud but a few of them are attached to the base of the epithelium from the outside. 2) Insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactive cells are first demonstrable in small cell clusters budding from the exocrine tubules on day 14, whereas somatostatin and gastrin reactive cells on day 17 and 18, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that the majority of pancreatic endocrine cells is derived from the epithelium of the foregut. 3) PP reactive cells, appearing first on day 14, assume gradually a peripheral position in the growing islet of Langerhans. Immediately before birth they attain the population and flattened cell shape comparable to those in adult pancreas. Their counterpart in the duodenum is found as open type basal-granulated cells in the rat fetus. 4) Noteworthily, glucagon-like immunoreactivity is found in some neuron-like cells of the Auerbach's plexus between the muscle layers of the duodenum on day 19.", "PMID": 396908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11161", "title": "In vitro drug resistance of salmonellae in Singapore.", "content": "Strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Singapore were susceptible to chloramphenicol (except from two imported cases) and most of them also generally susceptible to ampicillin and septrin. Drug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium appeared in 1971 and caused out-breaks among young children. However, decreasing drug-resistance of S. typhimurium was recorded in recent years following a drop in the number of cases. Other Salmonella serovers were found relatively susceptible to the antibiotics tested.", "contents": "In vitro drug resistance of salmonellae in Singapore. Strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Singapore were susceptible to chloramphenicol (except from two imported cases) and most of them also generally susceptible to ampicillin and septrin. Drug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium appeared in 1971 and caused out-breaks among young children. However, decreasing drug-resistance of S. typhimurium was recorded in recent years following a drop in the number of cases. Other Salmonella serovers were found relatively susceptible to the antibiotics tested.", "PMID": 396915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11162", "title": "Concanavalin A surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in cell adhesion.", "content": "A double immunofluorescence staining technique to locate concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was applied to monolayer cultures of rat foetal fibroblasts during cell detachment induced by trypsin and during cell attachment to glass substratum. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) and actin by specific anti-actin antibody (AAA) traced with rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin (R-AHG). Untreated, control cells had an elongated shape, Con A receptors restricted to cell margins and prominent actin filaments. After 2 min treatment with 0.001% trypsin the cells became angular with Con A receptors in clusters and actin in a diffuse or aggreagate staining pattern. Progressive cell rounding followed and this was accompanied by the development of long, thin, arborized cell processes, studded with Con A receptors and containing fine actin filaments. Complete cell rounding preceded cell detachment. The sites of detached cells were marked by fine aggregates containing Con A receptors and actin. In cells attaching to a glass substratum, actin was present in a diffusely stained or aggregate pattern in round cells, in filaments restricted to cell margins in partially spread cells and in numerous filaments in fully spread cells. Con A receptors were present in clusters in round cells, in clusters or caps in partially spread cells and in cell margins in fully spread cells. Binding of FITC-Con A to partially spread cells resulted in dissolution of the few, newly formed, actin filaments. We believe our observations are consistent with the idea that actin filaments, formed during cell attachment, contribute towards the maintenance of cell adhesion by helping in the preservation of cell shape and by anchorage of Con A receptors at points of cell attachment to the substratum.", "contents": "Concanavalin A surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in cell adhesion. A double immunofluorescence staining technique to locate concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was applied to monolayer cultures of rat foetal fibroblasts during cell detachment induced by trypsin and during cell attachment to glass substratum. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) and actin by specific anti-actin antibody (AAA) traced with rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin (R-AHG). Untreated, control cells had an elongated shape, Con A receptors restricted to cell margins and prominent actin filaments. After 2 min treatment with 0.001% trypsin the cells became angular with Con A receptors in clusters and actin in a diffuse or aggreagate staining pattern. Progressive cell rounding followed and this was accompanied by the development of long, thin, arborized cell processes, studded with Con A receptors and containing fine actin filaments. Complete cell rounding preceded cell detachment. The sites of detached cells were marked by fine aggregates containing Con A receptors and actin. In cells attaching to a glass substratum, actin was present in a diffusely stained or aggregate pattern in round cells, in filaments restricted to cell margins in partially spread cells and in numerous filaments in fully spread cells. Con A receptors were present in clusters in round cells, in clusters or caps in partially spread cells and in cell margins in fully spread cells. Binding of FITC-Con A to partially spread cells resulted in dissolution of the few, newly formed, actin filaments. We believe our observations are consistent with the idea that actin filaments, formed during cell attachment, contribute towards the maintenance of cell adhesion by helping in the preservation of cell shape and by anchorage of Con A receptors at points of cell attachment to the substratum.", "PMID": 396917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11163", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.", "content": "Lesions of suspected bovine tuberculosis were examined by culture, histopathology and auramine-O (AO) stained smears and the findings correlated with field aspects of the disease. Of 642 lesions considered to be tuberculous, 62.0% yielded M. bovis and 4.5% other mycobacteria (OM). M. bovis and OM were recovered also from 0.6% and 3.6% respectively of 165 cattle which gave tuberculin reactions but had no visible lesions at slaughter. Of 262 lesions in which a histopathological diagnosis other than tuberculosis was made, 1.5% and 3.0% yielded M. bovis and OM respectively. All OM isolates tested belonged to the Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex with a predominance of serotype 2. A good relationship was found between the recovery of mycobacteria and histopathology but examination of smears revealed 22.0% apparent false negatives. Apparent false negative culture results were also reported for 35.8% of lesions positive on histopathology and smear examination. The majority of herds yielding M. bovis contained reactors to the tuberculin test and many of these had lesions of tuberculosis. In contrast, herds yielding OM seldom contained reactors to the tuberculin test and rarely reactors with tuberculous lesions. The thoracic cavity was the main site of lesions from infections by M. bovis and OM.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Lesions of suspected bovine tuberculosis were examined by culture, histopathology and auramine-O (AO) stained smears and the findings correlated with field aspects of the disease. Of 642 lesions considered to be tuberculous, 62.0% yielded M. bovis and 4.5% other mycobacteria (OM). M. bovis and OM were recovered also from 0.6% and 3.6% respectively of 165 cattle which gave tuberculin reactions but had no visible lesions at slaughter. Of 262 lesions in which a histopathological diagnosis other than tuberculosis was made, 1.5% and 3.0% yielded M. bovis and OM respectively. All OM isolates tested belonged to the Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex with a predominance of serotype 2. A good relationship was found between the recovery of mycobacteria and histopathology but examination of smears revealed 22.0% apparent false negatives. Apparent false negative culture results were also reported for 35.8% of lesions positive on histopathology and smear examination. The majority of herds yielding M. bovis contained reactors to the tuberculin test and many of these had lesions of tuberculosis. In contrast, herds yielding OM seldom contained reactors to the tuberculin test and rarely reactors with tuberculous lesions. The thoracic cavity was the main site of lesions from infections by M. bovis and OM.", "PMID": 396918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11164", "title": "Effect of environmental temperature on susceptibility of young chickens to Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Day-old chickens kept in a cold environment (18 degrees to 22 degrees C) were more susceptible to a low and moderate challenge of Salmonella typhimurium than chickens similarly challenged and kept in a warm environment (32 degrees to 36 degrees C). Cold stress at 10 degrees C for 24 h when applied to 12-day-old chickens effectively increased the number of birds shedding organisms. However a similar cold stress on 20-day-old chickens resulted in a less dramatic increase in the number of birds shedding organisms. Of the 60 birds previously challenged with S. typhimurium and then subjected to cold stress, 16 birds recommenced shedding and 7 birds with no previous history of shedding began to shed organisms.", "contents": "Effect of environmental temperature on susceptibility of young chickens to Salmonella typhimurium. Day-old chickens kept in a cold environment (18 degrees to 22 degrees C) were more susceptible to a low and moderate challenge of Salmonella typhimurium than chickens similarly challenged and kept in a warm environment (32 degrees to 36 degrees C). Cold stress at 10 degrees C for 24 h when applied to 12-day-old chickens effectively increased the number of birds shedding organisms. However a similar cold stress on 20-day-old chickens resulted in a less dramatic increase in the number of birds shedding organisms. Of the 60 birds previously challenged with S. typhimurium and then subjected to cold stress, 16 birds recommenced shedding and 7 birds with no previous history of shedding began to shed organisms.", "PMID": 396919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11165", "title": "Vaccination of piglets against Escherichia coli enteritis.", "content": "An immunisation procedure involving intraperitoneal followed by oral administration of a killed Escherichia coli vaccine was used to reduce losses associated with colibacillosis in young pigs reared under commercial conditions. Mortality was reduced in both the preweaning and postweaning period. The mortality rate among vaccinated piglets was half that of unvaccinated controls and by 3 weeks after weaning the total weight of pigs produced was 33% higher in the vaccinated group than in the control group.", "contents": "Vaccination of piglets against Escherichia coli enteritis. An immunisation procedure involving intraperitoneal followed by oral administration of a killed Escherichia coli vaccine was used to reduce losses associated with colibacillosis in young pigs reared under commercial conditions. Mortality was reduced in both the preweaning and postweaning period. The mortality rate among vaccinated piglets was half that of unvaccinated controls and by 3 weeks after weaning the total weight of pigs produced was 33% higher in the vaccinated group than in the control group.", "PMID": 396920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11166", "title": "Long-term study of oxdralazine in hypertensive patients.", "content": "56 moderate and severe hypertensive patients entered an open long-term trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of a combined treatment consisting of 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (oxdralazine, L 6150), propranolol and chlorthalidone. The mean basal blood pressure was 186.9/111.8 mmHg: after one month of treatment, the mean value was 149.7/95.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01). The heart rate was practically unaffected by treatment, the mean value changing from 75.4 b.p.m. (basal) to 73.3 b.p.m. (one month). The significant reduction in the blood pressure observed at the end of the first month remained unchanged in the following months of therapy, and only minor variations occurred. The combined treatment was well tolerated. Five patients were withdrawn from the trial during the first month; three of them because of side-effects and two of them for personal reasons.", "contents": "Long-term study of oxdralazine in hypertensive patients. 56 moderate and severe hypertensive patients entered an open long-term trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of a combined treatment consisting of 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (oxdralazine, L 6150), propranolol and chlorthalidone. The mean basal blood pressure was 186.9/111.8 mmHg: after one month of treatment, the mean value was 149.7/95.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01). The heart rate was practically unaffected by treatment, the mean value changing from 75.4 b.p.m. (basal) to 73.3 b.p.m. (one month). The significant reduction in the blood pressure observed at the end of the first month remained unchanged in the following months of therapy, and only minor variations occurred. The combined treatment was well tolerated. Five patients were withdrawn from the trial during the first month; three of them because of side-effects and two of them for personal reasons.", "PMID": 396926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11167", "title": "[Electron microscopic and microbiological studies on the activity of mezlocillin against Escherichia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations by electron microscopy on thin sections and negative-stained preparations were carried out to show the effect of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) on the ultrastructures of gramnegative bacteria (Escherichia coli C 165). Distinct alterations of the bacteria were to be seen depending on concentration and cultivation time. The outer wall of the bacterial cell became irregular. Locally it detached from the plasma membrane. The normal density of the cytoplasmic structures decreased quickly. Owing to their inability to form septa the bacteria grew as extended filaments. These mezlocillin-treated cells could form filaments of up to 100 times the length of normal untreated bacteria. Those bacterial filaments, however, were unable to form colonies as was shown by survival curves carried out in parallel. The filaments, therefore, were irreversibly damaged bacterial forms.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and microbiological studies on the activity of mezlocillin against Escherichia coli (author's transl)]. Investigations by electron microscopy on thin sections and negative-stained preparations were carried out to show the effect of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) on the ultrastructures of gramnegative bacteria (Escherichia coli C 165). Distinct alterations of the bacteria were to be seen depending on concentration and cultivation time. The outer wall of the bacterial cell became irregular. Locally it detached from the plasma membrane. The normal density of the cytoplasmic structures decreased quickly. Owing to their inability to form septa the bacteria grew as extended filaments. These mezlocillin-treated cells could form filaments of up to 100 times the length of normal untreated bacteria. Those bacterial filaments, however, were unable to form colonies as was shown by survival curves carried out in parallel. The filaments, therefore, were irreversibly damaged bacterial forms.", "PMID": 396928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11168", "title": "[Results of a multicentric clinical study of mezlocillin in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical trial including 701 patients 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) proved effective in the treatment of severe infections. It showed a particularly high efficacy in septicaemia and endocarditis and in purulent meningitis. In cases unresponsive to previous treatment with other antibiotics mezlocillin was effective in about two-thirds of the cases. Side effects were slight and of the same nature as those accompanying other penicillins.", "contents": "[Results of a multicentric clinical study of mezlocillin in Japan (author's transl)]. In a clinical trial including 701 patients 6-((R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) proved effective in the treatment of severe infections. It showed a particularly high efficacy in septicaemia and endocarditis and in purulent meningitis. In cases unresponsive to previous treatment with other antibiotics mezlocillin was effective in about two-thirds of the cases. Side effects were slight and of the same nature as those accompanying other penicillins.", "PMID": 396930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11169", "title": "Germination of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated fungal spores on water agar and natural soil.", "content": "Germination and germ-tube lengths of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated spores of eight soil fungi were studied on water agar and on natural soil. Non-irradiated spores showed variable degrees of sensitivity to the fungistatic factor in natural soil. Lower doses of gamma-irradiation (5 K rad) produced stimulus to germination and germ-tube lengths without losing the fungistatic properties of the fungi concerned. Germination at the rest of treatments (100 and 500 K rad) showed significant inhibition, the magnitude of which is a function of the dose used. Germ-tube lengths did not follow the same pattern. The results are discussed in view of the nutritional theory of fungistasis.", "contents": "Germination of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated fungal spores on water agar and natural soil. Germination and germ-tube lengths of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated spores of eight soil fungi were studied on water agar and on natural soil. Non-irradiated spores showed variable degrees of sensitivity to the fungistatic factor in natural soil. Lower doses of gamma-irradiation (5 K rad) produced stimulus to germination and germ-tube lengths without losing the fungistatic properties of the fungi concerned. Germination at the rest of treatments (100 and 500 K rad) showed significant inhibition, the magnitude of which is a function of the dose used. Germ-tube lengths did not follow the same pattern. The results are discussed in view of the nutritional theory of fungistasis.", "PMID": 396932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11170", "title": "On the transformation of coliform types, proper and irregular forms.", "content": "Physiological changes have been induced in strains of E. coli I and its irregular forms, using a basal synthetic medium and addition of sodium pyruvate, or glucose, or yeast extract, or peptone. Changes in biochemical patterns, using the IMViC reactions plus growth at 44.5 degrees C, were induced, thus brining transformations between the regular types and irregular forms. Ultra-violet irradiation of E. coli I for 90 seconds may turn it into a methyl-red negative strain, while education of E. coli III for producing acid and gas at 44.5 degrees C was possible. Thus, E. coli I could be transformed to give the same reactions as the untyped form 1 of Geldreich (1966) through U.V. irradiation, while E. coli III may give the biochemical reactions of E. coli I via heat-resistance and training in MacConkey broth. The relationship between regular and irregular coliforms was also verified by phage typing. The results obtained were discussed both qualitatively, using \"lytic activity\", and quantitatively in terms of \"efficiency of plating\", especially with sewage-derived phages and irregular coliforms.", "contents": "On the transformation of coliform types, proper and irregular forms. Physiological changes have been induced in strains of E. coli I and its irregular forms, using a basal synthetic medium and addition of sodium pyruvate, or glucose, or yeast extract, or peptone. Changes in biochemical patterns, using the IMViC reactions plus growth at 44.5 degrees C, were induced, thus brining transformations between the regular types and irregular forms. Ultra-violet irradiation of E. coli I for 90 seconds may turn it into a methyl-red negative strain, while education of E. coli III for producing acid and gas at 44.5 degrees C was possible. Thus, E. coli I could be transformed to give the same reactions as the untyped form 1 of Geldreich (1966) through U.V. irradiation, while E. coli III may give the biochemical reactions of E. coli I via heat-resistance and training in MacConkey broth. The relationship between regular and irregular coliforms was also verified by phage typing. The results obtained were discussed both qualitatively, using \"lytic activity\", and quantitatively in terms of \"efficiency of plating\", especially with sewage-derived phages and irregular coliforms.", "PMID": 396933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11171", "title": "Primary lymphomas of bone (so-called (\"Parker and Jackson's reticulum cell sarcoma\") : histological review of 75 cases according to the new classifications of non Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "75 cases of primary lymphomas of bone (\"reticulum cell sarcoma\" described by Parker and Jackson) were reviewed. Biopsy specimens were classified according to several histological classifications, including Lukes' classification for nodal lymphomas. Among 24 tumors described as \"histiocytic lymphomas\" in Rappaport's classification of 1966, only one case remains as \"true histiocytic sarcoma\". The others were reclassified as follows : 6 tumors with a predominance of large cleaved cells, 13 tumors with large non-cleaved cells, 2 as immunoblastic tumors and 2 as unclassifiable. In non Hodgkin's lymphomas, the histological diagnosis and the results of the initial staging have been shown to be greater aids in the prediction of survival than the primary site of the disease. Therefore, the clinical and therapeutical approach to the patients with lymphomas of bone must be modified to be similar to that of patients with nodal localisations of the disease.", "contents": "Primary lymphomas of bone (so-called (\"Parker and Jackson's reticulum cell sarcoma\") : histological review of 75 cases according to the new classifications of non Hodgkin's lymphomas. 75 cases of primary lymphomas of bone (\"reticulum cell sarcoma\" described by Parker and Jackson) were reviewed. Biopsy specimens were classified according to several histological classifications, including Lukes' classification for nodal lymphomas. Among 24 tumors described as \"histiocytic lymphomas\" in Rappaport's classification of 1966, only one case remains as \"true histiocytic sarcoma\". The others were reclassified as follows : 6 tumors with a predominance of large cleaved cells, 13 tumors with large non-cleaved cells, 2 as immunoblastic tumors and 2 as unclassifiable. In non Hodgkin's lymphomas, the histological diagnosis and the results of the initial staging have been shown to be greater aids in the prediction of survival than the primary site of the disease. Therefore, the clinical and therapeutical approach to the patients with lymphomas of bone must be modified to be similar to that of patients with nodal localisations of the disease.", "PMID": 396945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11172", "title": "The relationship between reproductive activity and blood calcium in the calcium-deficient hen.", "content": "1. The dependence of reproductive activity in the laying hen upon adequate calcium intake has been investigated. 2. The response of plasma luteinising hormone concentration in calcium-deficient, as compared with calcium-replete hens, to injections of luteinising hormone releasing hormone and progesterone suggested that the primary site of reproductive dysfunction is the hypothalamus rather than the pituitary gland. 3. Laying hens, when presented with a calcium-deficient diet, ceased to lay as the plasma ionised calcium concentration decreased to less than 1.0 mM, supporting the view that there is a threshold of blood calcium activity below which reproductive activity ceases. 4. Supplementation of the diet with calcium produced an immediate restoration of plasma ionised calcium concentration to normal, despite an interval of a few days before the plasma total calcium returned to normal and egg laying resumed.", "contents": "The relationship between reproductive activity and blood calcium in the calcium-deficient hen. 1. The dependence of reproductive activity in the laying hen upon adequate calcium intake has been investigated. 2. The response of plasma luteinising hormone concentration in calcium-deficient, as compared with calcium-replete hens, to injections of luteinising hormone releasing hormone and progesterone suggested that the primary site of reproductive dysfunction is the hypothalamus rather than the pituitary gland. 3. Laying hens, when presented with a calcium-deficient diet, ceased to lay as the plasma ionised calcium concentration decreased to less than 1.0 mM, supporting the view that there is a threshold of blood calcium activity below which reproductive activity ceases. 4. Supplementation of the diet with calcium produced an immediate restoration of plasma ionised calcium concentration to normal, despite an interval of a few days before the plasma total calcium returned to normal and egg laying resumed.", "PMID": 396953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11173", "title": "The adverse effects of nicarbazin on reproductive activity in the hen.", "content": "The effects of the anticoccidial agent nicarbazin on reproductive activity in the female fowl have been studied. 2. The drug had no effect on the plasma concentration of luteinising hormone, but treated hens showed a reduced hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous progesterone, whilst the capacity of the pituitary to respond to luteinising hormone releasing hormone was unimpaired. 3. It is suggested that nicarbazin not only prevents yolk deposition within the ovary but also adversely affects the stimulatory function of the hypothalamus, possibly through an unsuitable hormonal environment.", "contents": "The adverse effects of nicarbazin on reproductive activity in the hen. The effects of the anticoccidial agent nicarbazin on reproductive activity in the female fowl have been studied. 2. The drug had no effect on the plasma concentration of luteinising hormone, but treated hens showed a reduced hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous progesterone, whilst the capacity of the pituitary to respond to luteinising hormone releasing hormone was unimpaired. 3. It is suggested that nicarbazin not only prevents yolk deposition within the ovary but also adversely affects the stimulatory function of the hypothalamus, possibly through an unsuitable hormonal environment.", "PMID": 396954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11174", "title": "Sensations from surgically transferred glabrous skin; central versus peripheral factors.", "content": "In reinnervated skin transferred from the foot to the hand, sensory thresholds approach normal values--an observation not predicted by the theoretical relationship between innervation density and tactile acuity. Therefore, we suggest that innervation density is not the major factor determining tactile acuity. Rather, the hand region of the central somesthetic map may be specialized to provide a calibre of function unavailable to other regions.", "contents": "Sensations from surgically transferred glabrous skin; central versus peripheral factors. In reinnervated skin transferred from the foot to the hand, sensory thresholds approach normal values--an observation not predicted by the theoretical relationship between innervation density and tactile acuity. Therefore, we suggest that innervation density is not the major factor determining tactile acuity. Rather, the hand region of the central somesthetic map may be specialized to provide a calibre of function unavailable to other regions.", "PMID": 396974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11175", "title": "Medical aspects of the preoperative management of aneurysms: a review.", "content": "The aim of medical management of a patient with a recently ruptured intracranial aneurysm is to preserve residual brain function and prevent systemic complications. Surgery should be performed as soon as the patient is in good neurological condition. Most fatalities result from the destructive effects of the initial hemorrhage, but delayed ischemic neurologic deficit can result from vasospasm and rebleeding. Systemic complications of the brain damaged state result in a smaller proportion of deaths. Common medical problems are reviewed as well as their medical management. In particular, some special problems related to subarachnoid hemorrhage such as cerebral edema and herniations, rebleeding, and vasospasm are also considered. Major recent advances have been the introduction of antifibrinolytic therapy, the realization of the importance of maintaining blood volume and pressure, as well as general advances in respiratory care.", "contents": "Medical aspects of the preoperative management of aneurysms: a review. The aim of medical management of a patient with a recently ruptured intracranial aneurysm is to preserve residual brain function and prevent systemic complications. Surgery should be performed as soon as the patient is in good neurological condition. Most fatalities result from the destructive effects of the initial hemorrhage, but delayed ischemic neurologic deficit can result from vasospasm and rebleeding. Systemic complications of the brain damaged state result in a smaller proportion of deaths. Common medical problems are reviewed as well as their medical management. In particular, some special problems related to subarachnoid hemorrhage such as cerebral edema and herniations, rebleeding, and vasospasm are also considered. Major recent advances have been the introduction of antifibrinolytic therapy, the realization of the importance of maintaining blood volume and pressure, as well as general advances in respiratory care.", "PMID": 396975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11176", "title": "Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the serum concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine.", "content": "The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on serum thyroid hormone concentrations was studied in nine healthy individuals. Before, during and after the hypoglycemia blood samples were taken for measurement of the concentrations of glucose, thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), reverse triiodothyronine (rT(3)), catecholamines and pituitary hormones.There was no change in the mean serum T(4) level (+/- the standard error of the mean) of 67 +/- 2 mug/l. However, the T(3) concentrations rose from a mean basal level of 1.86 +/- 0.06 mug/l to a mean peak of 2.51 +/- 0.21 mug/l (P < 0.01) at 45 minutes after the insulin injection, and the rT(3) concentrations fell from a mean basal level of 0.184 +/- 0.008 mug/l to a mean nadir of 0.171 +/- 0.022 mug/l (not a significant change). The mean peak epinephrine level was 545 +/- 103 ng/l and it occurred between 30 and 45 minutes after the insulin injection; the mean peak norepinephrine level was 584 +/- 114 ng/l and it occurred between 30 and 90 minutes after the injection. The growth hormone levels reached a mean peak of 26.1 +/- 4.8 mug/l and the plasma cortisol levels rose to 215 +/- 9 mug/l. The mean basal prolactin level was 8.5 +/- 0.9 mug/l; in five subjects there was a rise to a mean peak of 50.6 +/- 14.6 mug/l, whereas in the remaining four no significant increase occurred. No correlation was found between the changes in the serum T(3) concentration and any of the other factors studied.It was concluded that acute hypoglycemia is associated with a rapid increase in the serum T(3) concentration.", "contents": "Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the serum concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on serum thyroid hormone concentrations was studied in nine healthy individuals. Before, during and after the hypoglycemia blood samples were taken for measurement of the concentrations of glucose, thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), reverse triiodothyronine (rT(3)), catecholamines and pituitary hormones.There was no change in the mean serum T(4) level (+/- the standard error of the mean) of 67 +/- 2 mug/l. However, the T(3) concentrations rose from a mean basal level of 1.86 +/- 0.06 mug/l to a mean peak of 2.51 +/- 0.21 mug/l (P < 0.01) at 45 minutes after the insulin injection, and the rT(3) concentrations fell from a mean basal level of 0.184 +/- 0.008 mug/l to a mean nadir of 0.171 +/- 0.022 mug/l (not a significant change). The mean peak epinephrine level was 545 +/- 103 ng/l and it occurred between 30 and 45 minutes after the insulin injection; the mean peak norepinephrine level was 584 +/- 114 ng/l and it occurred between 30 and 90 minutes after the injection. The growth hormone levels reached a mean peak of 26.1 +/- 4.8 mug/l and the plasma cortisol levels rose to 215 +/- 9 mug/l. The mean basal prolactin level was 8.5 +/- 0.9 mug/l; in five subjects there was a rise to a mean peak of 50.6 +/- 14.6 mug/l, whereas in the remaining four no significant increase occurred. No correlation was found between the changes in the serum T(3) concentration and any of the other factors studied.It was concluded that acute hypoglycemia is associated with a rapid increase in the serum T(3) concentration.", "PMID": 396977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11177", "title": "Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy in swine: an outbreak and review of the literature.", "content": "An account is given of an acute outbreak of hemorrhagic enteric disease in 34 young adult boars of primarily Yorkshire breeding at a performance testing station in Western Canada. Two of the boars died. A diagnosis of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross necropsy and histopathological lesions. Campylobacter-like bacteria were seen in the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the ileal mucosa by Warthin-Faulkner stain on histological sections, but were not isolated on culture. Treatment with several drugs simultaneously was associated with termination of the outbreak, but the therapeutic effect was not controlled by leaving some animals untreated. Reported sequelae, such as porcine intestinal adenomatosis, were not present at necropsy or slaughter of pigs surviving the outbreak, but all were killed no longer than two months after the first case was observed. This outbreak is discussed in the context of previously reported hemorrhagic enteric conditions of pigs.", "contents": "Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy in swine: an outbreak and review of the literature. An account is given of an acute outbreak of hemorrhagic enteric disease in 34 young adult boars of primarily Yorkshire breeding at a performance testing station in Western Canada. Two of the boars died. A diagnosis of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross necropsy and histopathological lesions. Campylobacter-like bacteria were seen in the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the ileal mucosa by Warthin-Faulkner stain on histological sections, but were not isolated on culture. Treatment with several drugs simultaneously was associated with termination of the outbreak, but the therapeutic effect was not controlled by leaving some animals untreated. Reported sequelae, such as porcine intestinal adenomatosis, were not present at necropsy or slaughter of pigs surviving the outbreak, but all were killed no longer than two months after the first case was observed. This outbreak is discussed in the context of previously reported hemorrhagic enteric conditions of pigs.", "PMID": 396978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11178", "title": "Differential effect of a microsomal deacetylase inhibition on the mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium of 2-acetylaminofluorene by liver homogenates of guinea pigs, mice and rats.", "content": "The effect of paraoxon, a microsomal deacetylase inhibitor, on the mutant genicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) by liver homogenates was compared between the AAF carcinogenesis-resistant guinea pigs and the susceptible mice and rats. The mutagenicity of AAF was mostly abolished by paraoxon, not only in the 3 kinds of untreated animals but also in guinea pigs treated with a combination of phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone, whereas about 50% of the mutagenicity was resistant to paraoxon in treated mice and rats. We suggest that microsomal deacetylase activity is crucially involved in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea pig liver homogenates, while the enzyme activity other than the deacetylase activity is also important in the activation by liver homogenates from treated mice or rats.", "contents": "Differential effect of a microsomal deacetylase inhibition on the mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium of 2-acetylaminofluorene by liver homogenates of guinea pigs, mice and rats. The effect of paraoxon, a microsomal deacetylase inhibitor, on the mutant genicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) by liver homogenates was compared between the AAF carcinogenesis-resistant guinea pigs and the susceptible mice and rats. The mutagenicity of AAF was mostly abolished by paraoxon, not only in the 3 kinds of untreated animals but also in guinea pigs treated with a combination of phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone, whereas about 50% of the mutagenicity was resistant to paraoxon in treated mice and rats. We suggest that microsomal deacetylase activity is crucially involved in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea pig liver homogenates, while the enzyme activity other than the deacetylase activity is also important in the activation by liver homogenates from treated mice or rats.", "PMID": 396979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11179", "title": "Proteins and glycoproteins from human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether metabolites of parasite origin are incorporated into the \"knob-like\" protrusions of membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Intraerythrocytic parasites were grown in culture and labelled metabolically with ((35)S)-methionine. Fractions enriched in membranes with knobs and fractions poor in knobs were prepared and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Labelled components were visualized by autoradiography. Fractions enriched in membranes with knobs showed a consistent relative increase in a labelled band with an apparent relative molecular mass around 70-80 thousand. Membrane-enriched fractions were also tested for glycoprotein components using lectin-binding. No differences were observed between wheat germ agglutinin-binding components in membranes from normal and parasitized erythrocytes. On the other hand, membranes from parasitized erythrocytes showed distinct concanavalin A-binding components around 70-80 thousand relative molecular mass range. Further experiments are required to conclude whether the metabolically labelled protein component observed within the same relative molecular mass range is a membrane-associated glycoprotein identical to the concanavalin A-binding component.", "contents": "Proteins and glycoproteins from human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The purpose of this study was to determine whether metabolites of parasite origin are incorporated into the \"knob-like\" protrusions of membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Intraerythrocytic parasites were grown in culture and labelled metabolically with ((35)S)-methionine. Fractions enriched in membranes with knobs and fractions poor in knobs were prepared and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Labelled components were visualized by autoradiography. Fractions enriched in membranes with knobs showed a consistent relative increase in a labelled band with an apparent relative molecular mass around 70-80 thousand. Membrane-enriched fractions were also tested for glycoprotein components using lectin-binding. No differences were observed between wheat germ agglutinin-binding components in membranes from normal and parasitized erythrocytes. On the other hand, membranes from parasitized erythrocytes showed distinct concanavalin A-binding components around 70-80 thousand relative molecular mass range. Further experiments are required to conclude whether the metabolically labelled protein component observed within the same relative molecular mass range is a membrane-associated glycoprotein identical to the concanavalin A-binding component.", "PMID": 397004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11180", "title": "Fractionation and characterization of Plasmodium falciparum antigens.", "content": "In human malarial infections, the immunological importance of modified host cell components and of parasite antigens that may be released on spontaneous rupture of infected erythrocytes in vivo is not known. It is difficult, however, to analyse antigens extracted from entire parasitized red cells because of contamination with normal red cell constituents, notably haemoglobin. To overcome this problem, a simple chromatographic procedure has been developed that concentrates antigens and radiolabelled parasite products in a separate fraction from haemoglobin. Details are also given of investigations of two different kinds of antigen associated with Plasmodium falciparum. One antigen known to be immunogenic in man is shown to be associated with membranes. The other antigen is poorly immunogenic in man and other animals and is shown to be a soluble, rather stable, acidic protein.", "contents": "Fractionation and characterization of Plasmodium falciparum antigens. In human malarial infections, the immunological importance of modified host cell components and of parasite antigens that may be released on spontaneous rupture of infected erythrocytes in vivo is not known. It is difficult, however, to analyse antigens extracted from entire parasitized red cells because of contamination with normal red cell constituents, notably haemoglobin. To overcome this problem, a simple chromatographic procedure has been developed that concentrates antigens and radiolabelled parasite products in a separate fraction from haemoglobin. Details are also given of investigations of two different kinds of antigen associated with Plasmodium falciparum. One antigen known to be immunogenic in man is shown to be associated with membranes. The other antigen is poorly immunogenic in man and other animals and is shown to be a soluble, rather stable, acidic protein.", "PMID": 397005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11181", "title": "Some aspects of serum requirements for continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "As possible substitutes or supplements for the human serum requirements for continuous cultures of Plasmodium falciparum several different animal sera have been tried, including: fresh fetal bovine, sheep, horse, adult bovine, newborn calf, swine, commercially supplied fresh-frozen or lyophilized human sera, fatty acid-free bovine or human serum albumin, red cell extract, Physiogel, and a serum substitute composed of Bacto-peptone, Yeastolate, Lactalbumin hydrolysate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and bovine insulin. None were comparable to the human serum, nor did they exhibit any serum-sparing effect. Plasma containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) was nearly as good as serum, but dialysed plasma or serum would not support cultures of P. falciparum. Fresh human serum varied from lot to lot in its culture supporting properties especially if the concentration of serum in the medium was reduced below 10%. At 10% concentrations, however, most sera supported the cultures very well.", "contents": "Some aspects of serum requirements for continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. As possible substitutes or supplements for the human serum requirements for continuous cultures of Plasmodium falciparum several different animal sera have been tried, including: fresh fetal bovine, sheep, horse, adult bovine, newborn calf, swine, commercially supplied fresh-frozen or lyophilized human sera, fatty acid-free bovine or human serum albumin, red cell extract, Physiogel, and a serum substitute composed of Bacto-peptone, Yeastolate, Lactalbumin hydrolysate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and bovine insulin. None were comparable to the human serum, nor did they exhibit any serum-sparing effect. Plasma containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) was nearly as good as serum, but dialysed plasma or serum would not support cultures of P. falciparum. Fresh human serum varied from lot to lot in its culture supporting properties especially if the concentration of serum in the medium was reduced below 10%. At 10% concentrations, however, most sera supported the cultures very well.", "PMID": 397006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11182", "title": "In vitro propagation of Plasmodium falciparum for merozoite antigens.", "content": "A system with continuous flow of medium that uses disposable tissue culture flasks for the in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum is described. This scaled-up modification of the Trager and Jensen method gives merozoite yields sufficient for experimental vaccine studies in animals. A method of increasing the yield of merozoites by decreasing the pH of the medium is presented.", "contents": "In vitro propagation of Plasmodium falciparum for merozoite antigens. A system with continuous flow of medium that uses disposable tissue culture flasks for the in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum is described. This scaled-up modification of the Trager and Jensen method gives merozoite yields sufficient for experimental vaccine studies in animals. A method of increasing the yield of merozoites by decreasing the pH of the medium is presented.", "PMID": 397007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11183", "title": "Evidence for environmental modulation of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture.", "content": "With the introduction of continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum it has become possible to study the factors involved in gametocyte production in vitro and thus eliminate the uncontrollable in vivo variables of the host. The authors have developed a method for measuring quantitatively the rate of production of gametocytes at any time in such cultures. The method is based on an estimation of the percentage of ring forms that develop into stage II gametocytes.Using this approach, it was found that dilution of cultures with fresh red blood cells so as to lower the parasitaemia led to rapid fall in the rate of conversion to gametocytes. The conversion rates subsequently rose again to levels typically in the order of 10% after several days of growth in the new culture. In the parental cultures from which the dilutions were made, conversion rates remained high at all times. This pattern was consistently observed in three different isolates of P. falciparum from Africa and the results indicate that the reduction of parasitaemia by addition of fresh cells was responsible for reducing production of gametocytes and that conditions associated with a period of growth in culture induced renewed gametocytogenesis. The authors conclude, therefore, that environmental conditions directly modulate the rate of gametocyte production by P. falciparum in culture.After 1(1/2) years in culture, parasites have retained their ability to produce gametocytes and the gametocytes to undergo exflagellation.", "contents": "Evidence for environmental modulation of gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture. With the introduction of continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum it has become possible to study the factors involved in gametocyte production in vitro and thus eliminate the uncontrollable in vivo variables of the host. The authors have developed a method for measuring quantitatively the rate of production of gametocytes at any time in such cultures. The method is based on an estimation of the percentage of ring forms that develop into stage II gametocytes.Using this approach, it was found that dilution of cultures with fresh red blood cells so as to lower the parasitaemia led to rapid fall in the rate of conversion to gametocytes. The conversion rates subsequently rose again to levels typically in the order of 10% after several days of growth in the new culture. In the parental cultures from which the dilutions were made, conversion rates remained high at all times. This pattern was consistently observed in three different isolates of P. falciparum from Africa and the results indicate that the reduction of parasitaemia by addition of fresh cells was responsible for reducing production of gametocytes and that conditions associated with a period of growth in culture induced renewed gametocytogenesis. The authors conclude, therefore, that environmental conditions directly modulate the rate of gametocyte production by P. falciparum in culture.After 1(1/2) years in culture, parasites have retained their ability to produce gametocytes and the gametocytes to undergo exflagellation.", "PMID": 397008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11184", "title": "In vitro production and partial purification of Plasmodium falciparum antigen.", "content": "A simple technique for achieving high yields of Plasmodium falciparum parasites on a continuous basis is described. The technique is applicable in any laboratory. The culture apparatus is also simple and inexpensive and allows multiple cultures to be run simultaneously. A total of approximately 1-2 x 10(9) parasites can be harvested per culture flask per week requiring the use of only 40.0 ml of culture medium (RPMI 1640), 5.0 ml of human sera, and 2.0 ml of outdated human whole blood. P. falciparum parasites (segmenters containing individual merozoites) are cultured in vitro and concentrated 10-15 fold through the use of discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation.Commercial saponin is purified on a Sephadex G-25 column. The haemolytic effect of purified saponin related to human red blood cell concentration is studied. Preliminary observations on the action of some synthetic detergents and enzymes on human erythrocytes are also reported. Purified saponin is used to lyse red blood cells infected with in vitro cultured P. falciparum for the preparation of merozoite antigen. Further purification of parasite material is carried out by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "In vitro production and partial purification of Plasmodium falciparum antigen. A simple technique for achieving high yields of Plasmodium falciparum parasites on a continuous basis is described. The technique is applicable in any laboratory. The culture apparatus is also simple and inexpensive and allows multiple cultures to be run simultaneously. A total of approximately 1-2 x 10(9) parasites can be harvested per culture flask per week requiring the use of only 40.0 ml of culture medium (RPMI 1640), 5.0 ml of human sera, and 2.0 ml of outdated human whole blood. P. falciparum parasites (segmenters containing individual merozoites) are cultured in vitro and concentrated 10-15 fold through the use of discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation.Commercial saponin is purified on a Sephadex G-25 column. The haemolytic effect of purified saponin related to human red blood cell concentration is studied. Preliminary observations on the action of some synthetic detergents and enzymes on human erythrocytes are also reported. Purified saponin is used to lyse red blood cells infected with in vitro cultured P. falciparum for the preparation of merozoite antigen. Further purification of parasite material is carried out by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "PMID": 397010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11185", "title": "Soluble antigens released in vitro from erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "Rat erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei were found to release soluble antigenic products in vitro. The supernatants obtained by centrifugation of the disrupted cells induced specific transformation of non-adherent spleen lymphocytes of convalescent rats and produced precipitation lines with antiplasmodial antibodies. In a preliminary experiment they also immunized young rats against a viable challenge of P. berghei. It is suggested that the soluble material could serve for the purification of an effective protective antigen.", "contents": "Soluble antigens released in vitro from erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei. Rat erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei were found to release soluble antigenic products in vitro. The supernatants obtained by centrifugation of the disrupted cells induced specific transformation of non-adherent spleen lymphocytes of convalescent rats and produced precipitation lines with antiplasmodial antibodies. In a preliminary experiment they also immunized young rats against a viable challenge of P. berghei. It is suggested that the soluble material could serve for the purification of an effective protective antigen.", "PMID": 397011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11186", "title": "Harvest of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites from continuous culture.", "content": "Spontaneously released merozoites were harvested from cultures in which 42-90% of the erythrocytes had been infected with mature forms of Plasmodium falciparum at the start of incubation. The mature forms had been extracted from asynchronous cultures by the use of Ficoll and Plasmagel gradients. As the mature forms consisted of both trophozoites and schizonts, merozoites were released into the culture medium over a long period of time. The synchrony of merozoite release did not appear to be improved by prior exposure of parasites to sorbitol. Over this prolonged period of incubation, the yield of merozoites was disappointingly low in cultures containing 2.5% of erythrocytes. At erythrocyte concentrations of 0.01-0.25%, 3-10 times more merozoites were released into the medium; 0.4-2.3 merozoites per initial mature form were harvested over a 15-19-hour period. In addition to merozoites, contents of the culture medium included intact erythrocytes, ghost cells, and other cellular fragments. Only intact erythrocytes were effectively removed from the medium by simple or Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Merozoite preparations that are free from host cellular material are important in the development of a human malaria vaccine.", "contents": "Harvest of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites from continuous culture. Spontaneously released merozoites were harvested from cultures in which 42-90% of the erythrocytes had been infected with mature forms of Plasmodium falciparum at the start of incubation. The mature forms had been extracted from asynchronous cultures by the use of Ficoll and Plasmagel gradients. As the mature forms consisted of both trophozoites and schizonts, merozoites were released into the culture medium over a long period of time. The synchrony of merozoite release did not appear to be improved by prior exposure of parasites to sorbitol. Over this prolonged period of incubation, the yield of merozoites was disappointingly low in cultures containing 2.5% of erythrocytes. At erythrocyte concentrations of 0.01-0.25%, 3-10 times more merozoites were released into the medium; 0.4-2.3 merozoites per initial mature form were harvested over a 15-19-hour period. In addition to merozoites, contents of the culture medium included intact erythrocytes, ghost cells, and other cellular fragments. Only intact erythrocytes were effectively removed from the medium by simple or Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Merozoite preparations that are free from host cellular material are important in the development of a human malaria vaccine.", "PMID": 397009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11187", "title": "Recent developments in enlarging the scale of production of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.", "content": "Several methods are described for the cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. They include cultivation in (a) flow vessels that contain 12 ml of RBC suspension and are harvested three times a week, (b) a \"tipper\" that provides a similar yield, and (c) more recently, a large flat-bottomed vessel that holds 75 ml of suspension. Attempts are being made to develop techniques for synchronizing the cultures.", "contents": "Recent developments in enlarging the scale of production of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Several methods are described for the cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. They include cultivation in (a) flow vessels that contain 12 ml of RBC suspension and are harvested three times a week, (b) a \"tipper\" that provides a similar yield, and (c) more recently, a large flat-bottomed vessel that holds 75 ml of suspension. Attempts are being made to develop techniques for synchronizing the cultures.", "PMID": 397012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11188", "title": "Lidoflazine in the management of angina pectoris.", "content": "The effect of lidoflazine administration (120 mg t.i.d. for 9 weeks) on work tolerance (bicycle ergometer), frequency of anginal attacks, and nitroglycerin consumption was investigated in 28 male patients with stable angina pectoris in a combined single-blind/double-bline study. Lidoflazine increased work tolerance and reduced the frequency of anginal attacks and nitroglycerin consumption. The higher work tolerance level was reached at maximal heart rate and heart rate--systolic blood pressure product values similar to those before treatment. The values of these variables after 3 min of exercise at 60 W, however, were significantly lower after treatment with lidoflazine. These findings indicate that the heart is performing more economically during lidoflazine treatment. The improved work tolerance can probably be ascribed to lidoflazine and not to a training effect because of the significant reduction of this variable in the patients allocated to placebo as compared to those remaining on lidoflazine treatment. The side effects were generally slight. In one patient the prolongation of the QT interval due to lidoflazine resulted in rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "Lidoflazine in the management of angina pectoris. The effect of lidoflazine administration (120 mg t.i.d. for 9 weeks) on work tolerance (bicycle ergometer), frequency of anginal attacks, and nitroglycerin consumption was investigated in 28 male patients with stable angina pectoris in a combined single-blind/double-bline study. Lidoflazine increased work tolerance and reduced the frequency of anginal attacks and nitroglycerin consumption. The higher work tolerance level was reached at maximal heart rate and heart rate--systolic blood pressure product values similar to those before treatment. The values of these variables after 3 min of exercise at 60 W, however, were significantly lower after treatment with lidoflazine. These findings indicate that the heart is performing more economically during lidoflazine treatment. The improved work tolerance can probably be ascribed to lidoflazine and not to a training effect because of the significant reduction of this variable in the patients allocated to placebo as compared to those remaining on lidoflazine treatment. The side effects were generally slight. In one patient the prolongation of the QT interval due to lidoflazine resulted in rhythm disturbances.", "PMID": 397016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11189", "title": "Lidoflazine and physical training in the treatment of stable angina pectoris.", "content": "An additive effect in the treatment of angina pectoris by combining lidoflazine and physical training was postulated. Twenty-four patients were randomly divided into placebo and drug groups and subsequently underwent a 6-month physical training program. The drug group had a significantly greater reduction in submaximal heart rate than the placebo group. Similar improvements in symptom-limited exercise capacity were observed in both groups. Resting and maximal exercise coronary sinus blood flow and left ventricular oxygen consumption were not significantly changed with training in either group. Physical training and lidoflazine appear to influence exercise tolerance in the same manner.", "contents": "Lidoflazine and physical training in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. An additive effect in the treatment of angina pectoris by combining lidoflazine and physical training was postulated. Twenty-four patients were randomly divided into placebo and drug groups and subsequently underwent a 6-month physical training program. The drug group had a significantly greater reduction in submaximal heart rate than the placebo group. Similar improvements in symptom-limited exercise capacity were observed in both groups. Resting and maximal exercise coronary sinus blood flow and left ventricular oxygen consumption were not significantly changed with training in either group. Physical training and lidoflazine appear to influence exercise tolerance in the same manner.", "PMID": 397017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11190", "title": "Microsurgical approach to the anterior cervical spine and spinal cord.", "content": "When the cervical spine is affected by disease that is predominantly anterior, we prefer to take an anterior operative approach. Whether or not fusion is indicated depends largely upon the case. In general, we do not fuse the spine unless it is unstable. Widening of the spinal canal and the neural foramina can be done effectively by the anterior route, with or without anterior fusion. When the spine is unstable from disease affecting the vertebral bodies, we routinely fuse with bone graft or provide mechanical stability with a vertebral body prosthesis if life expectancy is short.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to the anterior cervical spine and spinal cord. When the cervical spine is affected by disease that is predominantly anterior, we prefer to take an anterior operative approach. Whether or not fusion is indicated depends largely upon the case. In general, we do not fuse the spine unless it is unstable. Widening of the spinal canal and the neural foramina can be done effectively by the anterior route, with or without anterior fusion. When the spine is unstable from disease affecting the vertebral bodies, we routinely fuse with bone graft or provide mechanical stability with a vertebral body prosthesis if life expectancy is short.", "PMID": 397019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11191", "title": "Metabolic disorders in myocardial infarction. Changes in blood serum zinc, growth hormone, insulin and glucose concentration in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The authors examined the concentrations of zinc, HGH, insulin and glucose in blood serum of 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Zinc and HGH concentrations in blood serum correlated well with changes in the clinical state in these patients. The more severe the condition of the patient, the greater zinc concentration fall and HGH concentration rise in blood serum were noted. All the changes were statistically significant (P less than 0.001) in cases of severe clinical course and most distinct in cardiogenic shock. On the other hand, in MI of mild course, zinc concentration fall in blood serum was not accompanied by HGH rise. A positive correlation between the concentrations of zinc and HGH found in normal subjects became negative in patients with acute MI of severe course. The changes of zinc and HGH concentrations seem to be due to the non-specific effect of acute myocardial stress, particularly enhanced in MI with severe course and cardiogenic shock, Observation of the intensity of changes may have prognostic significance due to the fact that they were most distinctive in MI of most severe course.", "contents": "Metabolic disorders in myocardial infarction. Changes in blood serum zinc, growth hormone, insulin and glucose concentration in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The authors examined the concentrations of zinc, HGH, insulin and glucose in blood serum of 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Zinc and HGH concentrations in blood serum correlated well with changes in the clinical state in these patients. The more severe the condition of the patient, the greater zinc concentration fall and HGH concentration rise in blood serum were noted. All the changes were statistically significant (P less than 0.001) in cases of severe clinical course and most distinct in cardiogenic shock. On the other hand, in MI of mild course, zinc concentration fall in blood serum was not accompanied by HGH rise. A positive correlation between the concentrations of zinc and HGH found in normal subjects became negative in patients with acute MI of severe course. The changes of zinc and HGH concentrations seem to be due to the non-specific effect of acute myocardial stress, particularly enhanced in MI with severe course and cardiogenic shock, Observation of the intensity of changes may have prognostic significance due to the fact that they were most distinctive in MI of most severe course.", "PMID": 397040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11192", "title": "Reconstitution of the solubilized insulin receptor in phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The insulin receptor was solubilized from turkey erythrocyte membranes by extraction with 1% beta-octylglucopyranoside. Insulin binding was enhanced when the solubilized material was reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. The affinity of the reconstituted vesicles for various insulins was similar to that of the intact membranes: porcine insulin greater than proinsulin greater than desoctapeptide insulin. A curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained for insulin binding to the reconstituted system at 15 degrees C. A high affinity association constant of 1.4 x 10(9) M-1 was obtained from the Scatchard plot. This is a four-fold increase over the value for the turkey erythrocyte membrane, which contains more highly saturated phospholipids. This suggests that the insulin receptor may be sensitive to the lipid composition of the membranes in which it is embedded.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the solubilized insulin receptor in phospholipid vesicles. The insulin receptor was solubilized from turkey erythrocyte membranes by extraction with 1% beta-octylglucopyranoside. Insulin binding was enhanced when the solubilized material was reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. The affinity of the reconstituted vesicles for various insulins was similar to that of the intact membranes: porcine insulin greater than proinsulin greater than desoctapeptide insulin. A curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained for insulin binding to the reconstituted system at 15 degrees C. A high affinity association constant of 1.4 x 10(9) M-1 was obtained from the Scatchard plot. This is a four-fold increase over the value for the turkey erythrocyte membrane, which contains more highly saturated phospholipids. This suggests that the insulin receptor may be sensitive to the lipid composition of the membranes in which it is embedded.", "PMID": 397058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11193", "title": "[The effects of electric stress on pancreatic B cell function in rats fed a high fat diet (I). Glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin release from the perfused pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The synergistic effects of dietary obesity produced by the feeding of a high fat diet and stress induced by electric shocks on glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin release from the perfused pancreas were investigated. Male Wistar rats weighing 90 approximately 100 g were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks either a control (50% Starch; C) or a high fat diet (40% Butter; F). Some of the rats on both diets received 100 electric shocks of 1 sec. duration in the stress session for 1 hour per day for the last 3 weeks of the experimental period. Low stress (LS) groups were shocked at a fixed time (Inter Shock Interval: 36 sec.). High stress (HS) groups were shocked at random (ISI: mean = 36 sec, 9 approximately 108 sec. variable). Non-stress (NS) groups were not given any shocks. Rats were killed at 24 hours after the final stress session. Under NS conditions, rats in the F-NS group gained a significant amount of weight and had normal levels of fasting plasma glucose and insulin but an impaired glucose tolerance (k = 3.49). Insulin release from the perfused pancreas in the F-NS group showed a delay in the initiation of release by the stimulation of glucose (16.7 mM), but the total amounts of insulin released did not differ from that in the C-NS group. On the other hand, the levels of plasma 11-OHCS in the fed state were much more highly elevated in the HS group than in the LS group, which was not influenced by the high fat diet. The fasting levels of plasma glucose in the F-HS group (121 +/- 7 mg/100 microliter) were significantly higher than those in the C-HS group (101 +/- 7 mg/100 microliter) in spite of a normal insulin concentration in plasma. In contrast to the normal glucose tolerance in the C-HS group (k = 5.14), glucose tolerance in the F-HS group (k = 3.04) was impaired. Insulin release from the perfused pancreas in response to glucose in both diet group was not significantly altered under LS conditions. In the C-HS group, however, the total amount of insulin released in the second phase was enhanced to 165% of that in the C-NC group. Conversely, in the F-HS group the total amount of insulin released in the first phase was significantly decreased to 40% of that in the F-NS group. These findings indicate that the elevation of plasma 11-OHCS levels provoked by shocks at random rather than in a fixed time schedule is caused by the difficulty in predicting shocks, and a chronic stress induced by electric shocks at random further impairs glucose tolerance and suppresses glucose-induced insulin release in rats fed a high fat diet.", "contents": "[The effects of electric stress on pancreatic B cell function in rats fed a high fat diet (I). Glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin release from the perfused pancreas (author's transl)]. The synergistic effects of dietary obesity produced by the feeding of a high fat diet and stress induced by electric shocks on glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin release from the perfused pancreas were investigated. Male Wistar rats weighing 90 approximately 100 g were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks either a control (50% Starch; C) or a high fat diet (40% Butter; F). Some of the rats on both diets received 100 electric shocks of 1 sec. duration in the stress session for 1 hour per day for the last 3 weeks of the experimental period. Low stress (LS) groups were shocked at a fixed time (Inter Shock Interval: 36 sec.). High stress (HS) groups were shocked at random (ISI: mean = 36 sec, 9 approximately 108 sec. variable). Non-stress (NS) groups were not given any shocks. Rats were killed at 24 hours after the final stress session. Under NS conditions, rats in the F-NS group gained a significant amount of weight and had normal levels of fasting plasma glucose and insulin but an impaired glucose tolerance (k = 3.49). Insulin release from the perfused pancreas in the F-NS group showed a delay in the initiation of release by the stimulation of glucose (16.7 mM), but the total amounts of insulin released did not differ from that in the C-NS group. On the other hand, the levels of plasma 11-OHCS in the fed state were much more highly elevated in the HS group than in the LS group, which was not influenced by the high fat diet. The fasting levels of plasma glucose in the F-HS group (121 +/- 7 mg/100 microliter) were significantly higher than those in the C-HS group (101 +/- 7 mg/100 microliter) in spite of a normal insulin concentration in plasma. In contrast to the normal glucose tolerance in the C-HS group (k = 5.14), glucose tolerance in the F-HS group (k = 3.04) was impaired. Insulin release from the perfused pancreas in response to glucose in both diet group was not significantly altered under LS conditions. In the C-HS group, however, the total amount of insulin released in the second phase was enhanced to 165% of that in the C-NC group. Conversely, in the F-HS group the total amount of insulin released in the first phase was significantly decreased to 40% of that in the F-NS group. These findings indicate that the elevation of plasma 11-OHCS levels provoked by shocks at random rather than in a fixed time schedule is caused by the difficulty in predicting shocks, and a chronic stress induced by electric shocks at random further impairs glucose tolerance and suppresses glucose-induced insulin release in rats fed a high fat diet.", "PMID": 397067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11194", "title": "[Study on enzyme immunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody in human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody in human serum using silicone rod and beta-D-galactosidase were studied. These methods showed excellent results in specificity, sensitivity, precision and clinical application. 1) A method using silicone rod coated with rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G and rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) monovalent fragment of immunoglobulin G (Fab') conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase was developed for the measurement of circulating thyroglobulin. The sensitivity of the assay with as little as 2 microliter of serum was 10.7 amoles/tube corresponding to 3.5 ng/ml of serum, which was equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The correlation coefficient between values determined by the present assay and a double-antibody radioimmunoassay was 0.99 (n = 63, p less than 0.001). Circulating thyroglobulin was detectable in 90% of 146 normal subjects, the concentration being 13.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.). Interference of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody with the assay for thyroglobulin was smaller than that in radioimmunoassay. 2) Another method using human thyroglobulin conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase and silicone rod coated with human thyroglobulin was developed for the measurement of circulating (anti-human thyroglobulin) autoantibody. The sensitivity of the assay with as little as 5 microliter of serum was 7 fmoles/tube corresponding to 220 ng/ml of serum, which was equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The highly significant correlation was observed between the concentrations of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody determined by the present assay and a radioimmunoassay (r = 0.80, n = 74, p less than 0.001) and also between those by the present assay and those by tanned red cell hemagglutination (r = 0.78, n = 199, p less than 0.001). No effect of thyroglobulin on the present assay was observed unless the ratio of the amount of thyroglobulin to that of (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G was higher than a tenth.", "contents": "[Study on enzyme immunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody in human serum (author's transl)]. Enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody in human serum using silicone rod and beta-D-galactosidase were studied. These methods showed excellent results in specificity, sensitivity, precision and clinical application. 1) A method using silicone rod coated with rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G and rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) monovalent fragment of immunoglobulin G (Fab') conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase was developed for the measurement of circulating thyroglobulin. The sensitivity of the assay with as little as 2 microliter of serum was 10.7 amoles/tube corresponding to 3.5 ng/ml of serum, which was equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The correlation coefficient between values determined by the present assay and a double-antibody radioimmunoassay was 0.99 (n = 63, p less than 0.001). Circulating thyroglobulin was detectable in 90% of 146 normal subjects, the concentration being 13.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.). Interference of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody with the assay for thyroglobulin was smaller than that in radioimmunoassay. 2) Another method using human thyroglobulin conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase and silicone rod coated with human thyroglobulin was developed for the measurement of circulating (anti-human thyroglobulin) autoantibody. The sensitivity of the assay with as little as 5 microliter of serum was 7 fmoles/tube corresponding to 220 ng/ml of serum, which was equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The highly significant correlation was observed between the concentrations of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody determined by the present assay and a radioimmunoassay (r = 0.80, n = 74, p less than 0.001) and also between those by the present assay and those by tanned red cell hemagglutination (r = 0.78, n = 199, p less than 0.001). No effect of thyroglobulin on the present assay was observed unless the ratio of the amount of thyroglobulin to that of (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G was higher than a tenth.", "PMID": 397069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11195", "title": "Solid phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT) for the demonstration of specific IGM antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination.", "content": "The adsorption of protein to glass and plastic has been well documented. It has also been demonstrated that the absorbed antigen or antibodies retain their activity in as much as they are able to react with a specific antibody respective specific antigen(1). Furthermore the adsorbed antignene or antibody complex may also react with a later added antigen. Anti IgM is adsorbed to the solid phase and will retain IgM from the patient's serum. If the patient's serum contains specific IgM this will react with the specific antignene. If the antigen is a hemagglutinin it will combine with the specific IgM and therefore added erythrocytes will not hemagglutinate. If the antigen is coated on erythrocytes the coated erythrocytes will combine with the specific IgM and hemagglutination will take place. The reaction is schematically demonstrated in Fig. 1.", "contents": "Solid phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT) for the demonstration of specific IGM antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination. The adsorption of protein to glass and plastic has been well documented. It has also been demonstrated that the absorbed antigen or antibodies retain their activity in as much as they are able to react with a specific antibody respective specific antigen(1). Furthermore the adsorbed antignene or antibody complex may also react with a later added antigen. Anti IgM is adsorbed to the solid phase and will retain IgM from the patient's serum. If the patient's serum contains specific IgM this will react with the specific antignene. If the antigen is a hemagglutinin it will combine with the specific IgM and therefore added erythrocytes will not hemagglutinate. If the antigen is coated on erythrocytes the coated erythrocytes will combine with the specific IgM and hemagglutination will take place. The reaction is schematically demonstrated in Fig. 1.", "PMID": 397143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11196", "title": "A prospect on cancer immunology.", "content": "There are several factors involved in studying cancer immunology. For convenience, those factors can be consolidated into two. Firstly, no definite tumor-specific or -associated antigen has been ascertained as yet, except for certain types of tumor. Secondly, there is no definite pattern of immune response of the host against weak antigenic tumor cells. Nobody knows as to what is the nature of the tumor-specific antigen even if it exists, and nobody knows the escape mechanism of tumor cells from the immune defence of the host. There have been a number of approaches for cancer immunotherapy, but so far there has been no definite answer as to whether immunotherapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. In this review, cancer immunology is divided into three separate subjects. The first of these is tumor antigen; the second, the immune response against tumor antigen; and the third, methods of attacking tumor cells by immunological means including how to increase the antigenicity of tumor cells (xenogenization), and how to increase the immune response of the host (immunotherapy).", "contents": "A prospect on cancer immunology. There are several factors involved in studying cancer immunology. For convenience, those factors can be consolidated into two. Firstly, no definite tumor-specific or -associated antigen has been ascertained as yet, except for certain types of tumor. Secondly, there is no definite pattern of immune response of the host against weak antigenic tumor cells. Nobody knows as to what is the nature of the tumor-specific antigen even if it exists, and nobody knows the escape mechanism of tumor cells from the immune defence of the host. There have been a number of approaches for cancer immunotherapy, but so far there has been no definite answer as to whether immunotherapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. In this review, cancer immunology is divided into three separate subjects. The first of these is tumor antigen; the second, the immune response against tumor antigen; and the third, methods of attacking tumor cells by immunological means including how to increase the antigenicity of tumor cells (xenogenization), and how to increase the immune response of the host (immunotherapy).", "PMID": 397163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11197", "title": "Glycophorin A as a cell surface marker of early erythroid differentiation in acute leukemia.", "content": "We show here that the leukemic blast cells from three patients of a total of 15 subsequently diagnosed as having acute leukemia express on their surface the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A (GP-A). This was demonstrated (1) by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti GP-A anti-serum and (2) by immune precipitation of GP-A from surface radiolabelled leukemic cells. Since GP-A is exclusively present on erythroid cells and their precursors, these findings indicate that a higher proportion of the blast leukemias than previously recognized show features of early erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Glycophorin A as a cell surface marker of early erythroid differentiation in acute leukemia. We show here that the leukemic blast cells from three patients of a total of 15 subsequently diagnosed as having acute leukemia express on their surface the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A (GP-A). This was demonstrated (1) by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti GP-A anti-serum and (2) by immune precipitation of GP-A from surface radiolabelled leukemic cells. Since GP-A is exclusively present on erythroid cells and their precursors, these findings indicate that a higher proportion of the blast leukemias than previously recognized show features of early erythroid differentiation.", "PMID": 397196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11198", "title": "An assay for estradiol preceptors using a staphylococcal protein-A--estradiol antibody adsorbent.", "content": "Antiestradiol antisera were raised in rabbits by immunization with a steroid-protein conjugate Whole antisera and purified antiestradiol antibodies were reacted with heat-killed and formalin-fixed bacteria from the protein-A-bearing strain of Staphilococcus aureus (Cowan I, NCTC 8530). The bacterial immunoadsorbent was used to estimate the estrogen-receptor proteins contained in several specimens from human breast carcinoma. Since the affinity constant for estradiol of antiestradiol antibodies is about 10(8) M-1 while those for breast estrogen-receptor complexes are about 10(9) to 10(10) M-1, it is possible to remove the free steroid from a reaction mixture containing tissue cytosol, radio-labelled estradiol, and the antiestradiol bacterial adsorbent by pelleting the bacteria at low-speed centrifugation. The radiolabelled estradiol molecules bound to their receptors remain in the supernatant and can be easily counted by liquid scintillation counting. The results obtained by this technique on specimens of human breast carcinomas compared more than satisfactorily with those obtained, on separated aliquots from the same specmens, by the dextran-coated charcoal method, according to the EORTC group (1973). The versatility, specificity and stability of the antiestradiol bacterial immunoadsorbent recommend its use, rather than that of charcoal-coated dextran and other non-specific steroid adsorbents, in the mass screening of patients with breast carcinoma which could be amenable to hormonal therapy.", "contents": "An assay for estradiol preceptors using a staphylococcal protein-A--estradiol antibody adsorbent. Antiestradiol antisera were raised in rabbits by immunization with a steroid-protein conjugate Whole antisera and purified antiestradiol antibodies were reacted with heat-killed and formalin-fixed bacteria from the protein-A-bearing strain of Staphilococcus aureus (Cowan I, NCTC 8530). The bacterial immunoadsorbent was used to estimate the estrogen-receptor proteins contained in several specimens from human breast carcinoma. Since the affinity constant for estradiol of antiestradiol antibodies is about 10(8) M-1 while those for breast estrogen-receptor complexes are about 10(9) to 10(10) M-1, it is possible to remove the free steroid from a reaction mixture containing tissue cytosol, radio-labelled estradiol, and the antiestradiol bacterial adsorbent by pelleting the bacteria at low-speed centrifugation. The radiolabelled estradiol molecules bound to their receptors remain in the supernatant and can be easily counted by liquid scintillation counting. The results obtained by this technique on specimens of human breast carcinomas compared more than satisfactorily with those obtained, on separated aliquots from the same specmens, by the dextran-coated charcoal method, according to the EORTC group (1973). The versatility, specificity and stability of the antiestradiol bacterial immunoadsorbent recommend its use, rather than that of charcoal-coated dextran and other non-specific steroid adsorbents, in the mass screening of patients with breast carcinoma which could be amenable to hormonal therapy.", "PMID": 397197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11199", "title": "Effect of salt solutions on the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells as a function of the state of adhesion and the water structure.", "content": "The radiation isodose survival curve of attached Chinese hamster (V79) cells, subjected to a wide concentration range of salt or sucrose solutions, is characterized by two maxima separated by a minimum. Cells are radioprotected at the maxima (high and low hypertonic salt concentrations) while they are radiosensitized at the minimum (intermediate hypertonic salt concentrations). Both cations and anions can alter the cellular radiosensitivity above and beyond the (osmotic) effect observed for cells treated with sucrose solutions. However, the basic curve shape, except in the case of sulphate salts, remains the same. When these experiments are repeated with single cells in suspension, the isodose survival curve is quite different in that high salt concentrations (greater than 0.9 M) do not protect cells in suspension unlike the case with attached cells. The curve shape is also altered in that the second maximum is absent with many salt solutions. If multicellular spheroids are used for these experiments, the data resemble those for single cell suspensions rather than for attached cells. The radiation survival data for cells in suspension in salt solutions correlate with water proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and, in hypo- and iso-tonic solutions, with cell volume.", "contents": "Effect of salt solutions on the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells as a function of the state of adhesion and the water structure. The radiation isodose survival curve of attached Chinese hamster (V79) cells, subjected to a wide concentration range of salt or sucrose solutions, is characterized by two maxima separated by a minimum. Cells are radioprotected at the maxima (high and low hypertonic salt concentrations) while they are radiosensitized at the minimum (intermediate hypertonic salt concentrations). Both cations and anions can alter the cellular radiosensitivity above and beyond the (osmotic) effect observed for cells treated with sucrose solutions. However, the basic curve shape, except in the case of sulphate salts, remains the same. When these experiments are repeated with single cells in suspension, the isodose survival curve is quite different in that high salt concentrations (greater than 0.9 M) do not protect cells in suspension unlike the case with attached cells. The curve shape is also altered in that the second maximum is absent with many salt solutions. If multicellular spheroids are used for these experiments, the data resemble those for single cell suspensions rather than for attached cells. The radiation survival data for cells in suspension in salt solutions correlate with water proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and, in hypo- and iso-tonic solutions, with cell volume.", "PMID": 397199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11200", "title": "Comparative tumor-inhibitory and anti-bacterial activity of soluble and particulate glucan.", "content": "A soluble fraction of particulate glucan was prepared and evaluated for its anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated that the soluble preparation was composed of a variety of polyglucoses. Intravenous administration of soluble or particulate glucan resulted in significant reductions in the growth of a syngeneic anaplastic mammary carcinoma and melanoma B16. Survival data demonstrated that intravenous administration of soluble or particulate glucan prolonged survival of A/J and C57BL/6J mice with subcutaneous tumor implants. As regards to bacterial infections, soluble and particulate glucan decreased renal necrosis in S. aureus challenged mice as compared to control mice. Although the exact nature of the active soluble fraction(s) of glucan remains to be delineated, these studies demonstrate that a soluble glucan preparation exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-staphylococcal activity. The active soluble fraction of particulate glucan may be preferable to particulate glucan in view of the inherent ease of parenteral administration.", "contents": "Comparative tumor-inhibitory and anti-bacterial activity of soluble and particulate glucan. A soluble fraction of particulate glucan was prepared and evaluated for its anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated that the soluble preparation was composed of a variety of polyglucoses. Intravenous administration of soluble or particulate glucan resulted in significant reductions in the growth of a syngeneic anaplastic mammary carcinoma and melanoma B16. Survival data demonstrated that intravenous administration of soluble or particulate glucan prolonged survival of A/J and C57BL/6J mice with subcutaneous tumor implants. As regards to bacterial infections, soluble and particulate glucan decreased renal necrosis in S. aureus challenged mice as compared to control mice. Although the exact nature of the active soluble fraction(s) of glucan remains to be delineated, these studies demonstrate that a soluble glucan preparation exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-staphylococcal activity. The active soluble fraction of particulate glucan may be preferable to particulate glucan in view of the inherent ease of parenteral administration.", "PMID": 397198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11201", "title": "Separation of dog brain renin-like activity from acid protease activity.", "content": "A renin-like enzyme and acid protease (cathepsin) from whole and saline-pefused dog brains were separated by CM-cellulose chromatography with a linear NaCl gradient. Plasma renin and cathepsin were also separated using the same system. During the separation steps (in all the above cases) the specific activity of the brain renin-like enzyme was increased, while the specific activity of the brain cathepsin was decreased. Approximately a 70-fold increase in the specific activity of brain renin-like enzyme and a sixfold decrease in brain cathepsin specific activity was obtained from saline-perfused brain. The separation made it possible to study the pH optimum of the brain renin-like enzyme and acid protease. The brain renin-like enzyme showed optimal activity in the range of pH 6-7. Immunologically, the renin-like enzyme was distinctly different from dog kidney renin.", "contents": "Separation of dog brain renin-like activity from acid protease activity. A renin-like enzyme and acid protease (cathepsin) from whole and saline-pefused dog brains were separated by CM-cellulose chromatography with a linear NaCl gradient. Plasma renin and cathepsin were also separated using the same system. During the separation steps (in all the above cases) the specific activity of the brain renin-like enzyme was increased, while the specific activity of the brain cathepsin was decreased. Approximately a 70-fold increase in the specific activity of brain renin-like enzyme and a sixfold decrease in brain cathepsin specific activity was obtained from saline-perfused brain. The separation made it possible to study the pH optimum of the brain renin-like enzyme and acid protease. The brain renin-like enzyme showed optimal activity in the range of pH 6-7. Immunologically, the renin-like enzyme was distinctly different from dog kidney renin.", "PMID": 397194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11202", "title": "Modification of high LET radiation-induced damage and its repair in yeast by hypoxia.", "content": "The lethal response of a diploid yeast strain BZ34 to densely ionizing radiations from the reaction 10B(n, alpha)7 Li was studied. The values for relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) and oxygen enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) for this radiation compare favourably with the data obtained with charged particles on the same strain of yeast. Recovery from potentially lethal damage was also studied by post-irradiation holding under non-nutrient conditions. In order to understand the role of oxygen in the recovery process, the investigation covered the following treatment regimens: (a) aerobic irradiation and aerobic holding (A-A), (b) aerobic irradiation and hypoxic holding (A-H), (c) hypoxic irradiation and hypoxic holding (H-H) and (d) hypoxic irradiation and aerobic holding (H-A). It has been found that the presence of oxygen is essential for recovery from the damage induced by both gamma rays and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations. The extent of recovery was larger for gamma-induced damage than for damage induced by high LET radiation (alpha + 7Li) for the A-A condition. In the H-H condition, while only a slight recovery was seen for gamma-induced damage, it was totally absent for high LET damage. For the modality A-H, it was found that there is not recovery from the sparsely ionising gamma radiation-induced damage. The implications of these results for the treatment of malignant tumours by radiotherapy are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Modification of high LET radiation-induced damage and its repair in yeast by hypoxia. The lethal response of a diploid yeast strain BZ34 to densely ionizing radiations from the reaction 10B(n, alpha)7 Li was studied. The values for relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) and oxygen enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) for this radiation compare favourably with the data obtained with charged particles on the same strain of yeast. Recovery from potentially lethal damage was also studied by post-irradiation holding under non-nutrient conditions. In order to understand the role of oxygen in the recovery process, the investigation covered the following treatment regimens: (a) aerobic irradiation and aerobic holding (A-A), (b) aerobic irradiation and hypoxic holding (A-H), (c) hypoxic irradiation and hypoxic holding (H-H) and (d) hypoxic irradiation and aerobic holding (H-A). It has been found that the presence of oxygen is essential for recovery from the damage induced by both gamma rays and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations. The extent of recovery was larger for gamma-induced damage than for damage induced by high LET radiation (alpha + 7Li) for the A-A condition. In the H-H condition, while only a slight recovery was seen for gamma-induced damage, it was totally absent for high LET damage. For the modality A-H, it was found that there is not recovery from the sparsely ionising gamma radiation-induced damage. The implications of these results for the treatment of malignant tumours by radiotherapy are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 397200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11203", "title": "Prolongation of the saralasin responsive state of two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension in the rat by the orally administered converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (SQ14,225).", "content": "Two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt rats were treated with oral converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (SQ14,225) 6 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks after they had developed hypertension. Before treatment, systolic blood pressure rose from 143 to 202 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Tail vein infusions of saralasin 10 microgram/kg/min in conscious rats reduced systolic blood pressure from 202 to 121 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) at 8 weeks after clipping the renal artery and before treatment with captopril. Chronic treatment with captopril for 3 additional weeks lowered blood pressure to 173 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). When saralasin infusion was repeated during treatment with captopril, blood pressure fell from 173 to 159 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Blood pressure rose to 197 mm Hg within 4 days after captopril was discontinued and saralasin infusion 3 weeks after captopril (15 weeks after clipping the renal artery) again resulted in a dramatic fall in blood pressure from 197 to 142 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Goldblatt rats who had not received captopril showed no blood pressure response to saralasin infusion at 12 weeks after renal artery clipping. The present study demonstrates that partial inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system with captopril results in a delay in the natural evolution of clip hypertension retarding the appearance of hypertension that is resistant to acute saralasin infusion.", "contents": "Prolongation of the saralasin responsive state of two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension in the rat by the orally administered converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (SQ14,225). Two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt rats were treated with oral converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (SQ14,225) 6 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks after they had developed hypertension. Before treatment, systolic blood pressure rose from 143 to 202 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Tail vein infusions of saralasin 10 microgram/kg/min in conscious rats reduced systolic blood pressure from 202 to 121 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) at 8 weeks after clipping the renal artery and before treatment with captopril. Chronic treatment with captopril for 3 additional weeks lowered blood pressure to 173 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). When saralasin infusion was repeated during treatment with captopril, blood pressure fell from 173 to 159 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Blood pressure rose to 197 mm Hg within 4 days after captopril was discontinued and saralasin infusion 3 weeks after captopril (15 weeks after clipping the renal artery) again resulted in a dramatic fall in blood pressure from 197 to 142 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Goldblatt rats who had not received captopril showed no blood pressure response to saralasin infusion at 12 weeks after renal artery clipping. The present study demonstrates that partial inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system with captopril results in a delay in the natural evolution of clip hypertension retarding the appearance of hypertension that is resistant to acute saralasin infusion.", "PMID": 397195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11204", "title": "Biochemical characterization of unidentified microaerophilic cocci isolated from heifer and dry-cow mastitis.", "content": "Thirty-nine strains of gram-positive microaerophilic cocci isolated from cases of heifer and dry-cow mastitis were biochemically characterized with the API 50E and API-ZYM test kit systems, gas-liquid chromatography for analysis of end products of glucose metabolism, and anaerobic biochemical tests (L. V. Holdeman, E. P. Cato, and W. E. C. Moore, Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 1977). Strains were screened for production of a variety of extracellular enzymes on substrate-containing agar plates and for hemolysin and coagulase production. Antibiotic susceptibility and sensitivity tests were also performed. The microaerophilic cocci displayed homogeneity with respect to the majority of the biochemical tests used; i.e., greater than or equal to 90% of the strains were consistently positive or negative in any one test and probably represent one species. All produced deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and hyaluronidase, and 92% were positive for chondroitin sulfatase. Catalase and coagulase tests were negative. Greening was observed on bovine blood agar. Acetic and succinic acids were produced by all strains as the only detectable products of glucose metabolism. The strains were susceptible to penicillin G, cefoxitin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol and were resistant to clindamycin, novobiocin, and metronidazole. Their taxonomic position remains unclear.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of unidentified microaerophilic cocci isolated from heifer and dry-cow mastitis. Thirty-nine strains of gram-positive microaerophilic cocci isolated from cases of heifer and dry-cow mastitis were biochemically characterized with the API 50E and API-ZYM test kit systems, gas-liquid chromatography for analysis of end products of glucose metabolism, and anaerobic biochemical tests (L. V. Holdeman, E. P. Cato, and W. E. C. Moore, Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 1977). Strains were screened for production of a variety of extracellular enzymes on substrate-containing agar plates and for hemolysin and coagulase production. Antibiotic susceptibility and sensitivity tests were also performed. The microaerophilic cocci displayed homogeneity with respect to the majority of the biochemical tests used; i.e., greater than or equal to 90% of the strains were consistently positive or negative in any one test and probably represent one species. All produced deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and hyaluronidase, and 92% were positive for chondroitin sulfatase. Catalase and coagulase tests were negative. Greening was observed on bovine blood agar. Acetic and succinic acids were produced by all strains as the only detectable products of glucose metabolism. The strains were susceptible to penicillin G, cefoxitin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol and were resistant to clindamycin, novobiocin, and metronidazole. Their taxonomic position remains unclear.", "PMID": 397219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11205", "title": "Failure of serology in diagnosing chlamydial infections of the female genital tract.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was recoved from 20% (36/180) of women attending a venereal disease clinic. All infected women had chlamydial antibodies in their serum and cervical secretions. However, the background rates of chlamydial antibody in chlamydia-negative women were very high. Measurement of antibodies in serum (complement fixation or immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgM by microimmunofluorescence) or cervical secretion (IgG, IgM, IgA or secretory IgA classes) did not result in predictive values of greater than 32%. It is concluded that the detection of chlamydial antibodies in serum or cervical secretions cannot be substituted for agent isolation in diagnosing these infections.", "contents": "Failure of serology in diagnosing chlamydial infections of the female genital tract. Chlamydia trachomatis was recoved from 20% (36/180) of women attending a venereal disease clinic. All infected women had chlamydial antibodies in their serum and cervical secretions. However, the background rates of chlamydial antibody in chlamydia-negative women were very high. Measurement of antibodies in serum (complement fixation or immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgM by microimmunofluorescence) or cervical secretion (IgG, IgM, IgA or secretory IgA classes) did not result in predictive values of greater than 32%. It is concluded that the detection of chlamydial antibodies in serum or cervical secretions cannot be substituted for agent isolation in diagnosing these infections.", "PMID": 397220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11206", "title": "Vibrio alginolyticus infections in humans.", "content": "Two clinical isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus from New Jersey are reported, one from a mixed stump infection and the other grown in pure culture from the conjunctival discharge of a man with conjunctivitis. The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of these two isolates are presented. Human infections caused by V. alginolyticus are reviewed.", "contents": "Vibrio alginolyticus infections in humans. Two clinical isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus from New Jersey are reported, one from a mixed stump infection and the other grown in pure culture from the conjunctival discharge of a man with conjunctivitis. The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of these two isolates are presented. Human infections caused by V. alginolyticus are reviewed.", "PMID": 397221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11207", "title": "Evaluation of a biphasic medium for blood cultures.", "content": "A study comparing the recovery of microorganisms from a transiently vented biphasic brain heart infusion medium bottle and a vacuum bottle containing tryptic soy broth demonstrated that growth was initially detected on the slant of the biphasic bottle or on a routine subculture of either broth in nearly 50% of instances. All organisms were isolated equally well in both bottles, with the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, which was isolated significantly more frequently from the biphasic bottle, and anaerobic bacteria, which were isolated significantly more frequently from the tryptic soy broth bottle.", "contents": "Evaluation of a biphasic medium for blood cultures. A study comparing the recovery of microorganisms from a transiently vented biphasic brain heart infusion medium bottle and a vacuum bottle containing tryptic soy broth demonstrated that growth was initially detected on the slant of the biphasic bottle or on a routine subculture of either broth in nearly 50% of instances. All organisms were isolated equally well in both bottles, with the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, which was isolated significantly more frequently from the biphasic bottle, and anaerobic bacteria, which were isolated significantly more frequently from the tryptic soy broth bottle.", "PMID": 397222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11208", "title": "Measure of immunoglobulin G-, M-, and A-specific titers against Legionella pneumophila and inhibition of titers against nonspecific, gram-negative bacterial antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis.", "content": "A crude extract of Escherichia coli O13:K92:H4 inhibited 97% of positive indirect immunofluorescence titers against a variety of gram-negative bacterial antigens while lowering Legionella pneumophila titers in only 6% of sera from patients with suspected legionellosis. Legionella-specific titers were the result of immunoglobulins G, M, and A, singly or in combination.", "contents": "Measure of immunoglobulin G-, M-, and A-specific titers against Legionella pneumophila and inhibition of titers against nonspecific, gram-negative bacterial antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis. A crude extract of Escherichia coli O13:K92:H4 inhibited 97% of positive indirect immunofluorescence titers against a variety of gram-negative bacterial antigens while lowering Legionella pneumophila titers in only 6% of sera from patients with suspected legionellosis. Legionella-specific titers were the result of immunoglobulins G, M, and A, singly or in combination.", "PMID": 397223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11209", "title": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures with the Micro-ID system.", "content": "Micro-ID is a new test system designed to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h. It consists of 15 biochemical tests on reagent-impregnated paper disks; each test is in its own compartment in a molded plastic tray. Based on the pattern of positive and negative biochemical reactions, a five-digit octal code number is calculated. A computer-generated identification manual accompanies the product, and for each octal code listed there is a numerical value that represents the unknown isolate's degree of fit to a typical organism (LFR), a second numerical value that represents its separation from other organisms (PNOR), and a verbal description of the quality of identification. Only one reagent is added to the system. Manufacturer's directions were modified in this laboratory to allow identification from a turbid blood culture bottle within 4 h. Based on 330 routine clinical cultures tested, there was a 96.1% agreement with conventional identification to the genus and species level: 1.2% yielded first two choices possible, with one being the correct choice; 1.2% provided a correct genus, but no species identification; and 1.5% produced an incorrect identification. The Micro-ID is an accurate, facile system for the rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures with the Micro-ID system. Micro-ID is a new test system designed to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h. It consists of 15 biochemical tests on reagent-impregnated paper disks; each test is in its own compartment in a molded plastic tray. Based on the pattern of positive and negative biochemical reactions, a five-digit octal code number is calculated. A computer-generated identification manual accompanies the product, and for each octal code listed there is a numerical value that represents the unknown isolate's degree of fit to a typical organism (LFR), a second numerical value that represents its separation from other organisms (PNOR), and a verbal description of the quality of identification. Only one reagent is added to the system. Manufacturer's directions were modified in this laboratory to allow identification from a turbid blood culture bottle within 4 h. Based on 330 routine clinical cultures tested, there was a 96.1% agreement with conventional identification to the genus and species level: 1.2% yielded first two choices possible, with one being the correct choice; 1.2% provided a correct genus, but no species identification; and 1.5% produced an incorrect identification. The Micro-ID is an accurate, facile system for the rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures.", "PMID": 397224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11210", "title": "Evaluation and comparison of two assays for detection of immunity to rubella infection.", "content": "Two commercially available rapid screening tests, Rubacell (Abbott Laboratories; passive hemagglutination) and FIAX (International Diagnostic Technology; indirect immunofluorescence) were compared with a standard hemagglutination inhibition assay for detection of immunity to rubella infection. In tests of approximately 300 sera, both rapid assays were specific and sensitive and showed a high predictive value of a positive result. Within-run reproducibility studies were excellent for both tests; however, Rubacell was superior to FIAX with respect to time-cost analysis.", "contents": "Evaluation and comparison of two assays for detection of immunity to rubella infection. Two commercially available rapid screening tests, Rubacell (Abbott Laboratories; passive hemagglutination) and FIAX (International Diagnostic Technology; indirect immunofluorescence) were compared with a standard hemagglutination inhibition assay for detection of immunity to rubella infection. In tests of approximately 300 sera, both rapid assays were specific and sensitive and showed a high predictive value of a positive result. Within-run reproducibility studies were excellent for both tests; however, Rubacell was superior to FIAX with respect to time-cost analysis.", "PMID": 397225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11211", "title": "Comparison of a semiautomated fluorescent immunoassay system and indirect immunofluorescence for detection of antinuclear antibodies in human serum.", "content": "A semiautomated fluorescent immunoassay system (FIAX) for detecting anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) in human serum was compared with conventional indirect immunofluorescence using microscope slides (Meloy Laboratories) coated with mouse fibroblasts. The FIAX system uses quantitative indirect immunofluorescence to measure the specific binding of ANA to a sampler coated with human epithelial cells. A total of 101 serum samples were examined for the presence of ANAs by employing both methods. At an initial 1:10 screening dilution, 23 samples were negative for ANAs by the slide method, whereas 21 samples were negative with the FIAX system. Using 2+, 3+, and 4+ subjective brightness, 68 (100%) samples were positive by the slide method, whereas 67 (98.5%) were positive with the FIAX system. ANA-positive samples were diluted twofold from 1:10 to 1:640, and positive titers were determined by both methods. Sixty (77%) of 78 positive samples titrated by FIAX came within +/-1 dilution of the titers determined by the slide method, and 75 (96%) of the samples fell within +/-2 dilutions. Results indicate good correlation between the FIAX system and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of ANAs in human serum. The FIAX system has the advantage of speed, reproducibility, and the elimination of subjective microscopic assessment of ANA titers.", "contents": "Comparison of a semiautomated fluorescent immunoassay system and indirect immunofluorescence for detection of antinuclear antibodies in human serum. A semiautomated fluorescent immunoassay system (FIAX) for detecting anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) in human serum was compared with conventional indirect immunofluorescence using microscope slides (Meloy Laboratories) coated with mouse fibroblasts. The FIAX system uses quantitative indirect immunofluorescence to measure the specific binding of ANA to a sampler coated with human epithelial cells. A total of 101 serum samples were examined for the presence of ANAs by employing both methods. At an initial 1:10 screening dilution, 23 samples were negative for ANAs by the slide method, whereas 21 samples were negative with the FIAX system. Using 2+, 3+, and 4+ subjective brightness, 68 (100%) samples were positive by the slide method, whereas 67 (98.5%) were positive with the FIAX system. ANA-positive samples were diluted twofold from 1:10 to 1:640, and positive titers were determined by both methods. Sixty (77%) of 78 positive samples titrated by FIAX came within +/-1 dilution of the titers determined by the slide method, and 75 (96%) of the samples fell within +/-2 dilutions. Results indicate good correlation between the FIAX system and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of ANAs in human serum. The FIAX system has the advantage of speed, reproducibility, and the elimination of subjective microscopic assessment of ANA titers.", "PMID": 397226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11212", "title": "Occurrence of protein A in Staphylococcus aureus and closely related Staphylococcus species.", "content": "All but 1 of 143 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were positive for protein A, whereas all 34 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus and 123 of 127 strains of Staphylococcus intermedius were devoid of this cell wall component.", "contents": "Occurrence of protein A in Staphylococcus aureus and closely related Staphylococcus species. All but 1 of 143 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were positive for protein A, whereas all 34 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus and 123 of 127 strains of Staphylococcus intermedius were devoid of this cell wall component.", "PMID": 397227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11213", "title": "[Study on remodelling of bone grafts--an application of nuclear medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The remodelling of bone grafts depends to a large extent upon the type of graft and the condition of the recipient site. We applied 99mTc-phosphate scintigraphy in a follow-up study on cases treated by bone grafting, and quantitative analysis of the scintigram by computer to make clear the difference of remodelling time or the process of acceptance between a cancellous and a cortical bone grafting or due to various graft and conditions. The result revealed that the grafted bones which were smoothly adapted for subsequent growths or functions could restore normal accumulation ratios by 36 months after the grafting. When the cancellous bone was grafted to grafting beds with good conditions such as osteotomy site in the cases with coxarthrosis deformans or congenital dislocation of the hip, it could attain the quickest recovery of the normal accumulation ratio. The next quickest recovery of accumulation ratio was attained by grafting the cancellous bone to the grafting beds with poor conditions such as osteomyelitis, pseudoarthrosis, and bone tumor. The third best accumulation ratio could be attained when the cortical bone was grafted to grafting beds with good conditions, while the slowest recovery to normal accumulation ratio was noted when the cortical bone was grafted to grafting beds with poor conditions.", "contents": "[Study on remodelling of bone grafts--an application of nuclear medicine (author's transl)]. The remodelling of bone grafts depends to a large extent upon the type of graft and the condition of the recipient site. We applied 99mTc-phosphate scintigraphy in a follow-up study on cases treated by bone grafting, and quantitative analysis of the scintigram by computer to make clear the difference of remodelling time or the process of acceptance between a cancellous and a cortical bone grafting or due to various graft and conditions. The result revealed that the grafted bones which were smoothly adapted for subsequent growths or functions could restore normal accumulation ratios by 36 months after the grafting. When the cancellous bone was grafted to grafting beds with good conditions such as osteotomy site in the cases with coxarthrosis deformans or congenital dislocation of the hip, it could attain the quickest recovery of the normal accumulation ratio. The next quickest recovery of accumulation ratio was attained by grafting the cancellous bone to the grafting beds with poor conditions such as osteomyelitis, pseudoarthrosis, and bone tumor. The third best accumulation ratio could be attained when the cortical bone was grafted to grafting beds with good conditions, while the slowest recovery to normal accumulation ratio was noted when the cortical bone was grafted to grafting beds with poor conditions.", "PMID": 397309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11214", "title": "Eimeria clethrionomysis sp. n., Eimeria gallatii sp. n., Eimeria pileata sp. n. and Eimeria marconii sp. n. from the red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors, from Pennsylvania.", "content": "Four new eimerian species are described from red-backed voles, Clethrionomys gapperi in Pennsylvania. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 18.8 (16.5-21.5) x 14.9 (14.0-16.5) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 10.6 (9.5-12.0) x6.1 (5.5-7.0). The oocyst wall is smooth, with 2 layers, and thins, with terminal cap at one or both ends. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and  sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is absent. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gallatii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 27.7 (21-32) x 19.3 (17-24) with ovoid sporocysts, 13.5 (12-15) x 8.8 (8-10). The oocyst wall is smooth, 2-layered, with a micropyle and thin wall at the end opposite the micropyle. Polar granules, Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is atypical, of cobwebby material. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pileata sp. n. are subspherical to spherical, 25.2 (20.5-29.5) x 22.5 (19.5-25.5) with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 13.4(10.5-15.0) x 8.4 (7.5-9.5). The oocyst wall is rough, pitted, striated, 2-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, oocyst and sporocyst residuum, Stieda body and stiedal cap are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria marconii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 13.0 (10.5-15-0) x 10.6 (9.5-12.0) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 7.7 (7.0-8.5) x 4.2 (3.0-4.5). The oocyst wall is smooth, single-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, dark Stiedal body and sporocyst residuum are present. There is no oocyst residuum.", "contents": "Eimeria clethrionomysis sp. n., Eimeria gallatii sp. n., Eimeria pileata sp. n. and Eimeria marconii sp. n. from the red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors, from Pennsylvania. Four new eimerian species are described from red-backed voles, Clethrionomys gapperi in Pennsylvania. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 18.8 (16.5-21.5) x 14.9 (14.0-16.5) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 10.6 (9.5-12.0) x6.1 (5.5-7.0). The oocyst wall is smooth, with 2 layers, and thins, with terminal cap at one or both ends. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and  sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is absent. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gallatii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 27.7 (21-32) x 19.3 (17-24) with ovoid sporocysts, 13.5 (12-15) x 8.8 (8-10). The oocyst wall is smooth, 2-layered, with a micropyle and thin wall at the end opposite the micropyle. Polar granules, Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is atypical, of cobwebby material. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pileata sp. n. are subspherical to spherical, 25.2 (20.5-29.5) x 22.5 (19.5-25.5) with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 13.4(10.5-15.0) x 8.4 (7.5-9.5). The oocyst wall is rough, pitted, striated, 2-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, oocyst and sporocyst residuum, Stieda body and stiedal cap are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria marconii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 13.0 (10.5-15-0) x 10.6 (9.5-12.0) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 7.7 (7.0-8.5) x 4.2 (3.0-4.5). The oocyst wall is smooth, single-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, dark Stiedal body and sporocyst residuum are present. There is no oocyst residuum.", "PMID": 397341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11215", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells. DNA synthesis and growth of intracellular amastigotes and their relationship to host cell DNA synthesis and growth.", "content": "DNA synthesis of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, following the infection of bovine embryo skeletal muscle (BESM) cells, was studied by autoradiography. After penetration, there was a prereplicative lag period (similar to or approximately 12 h) followed by a synchronous round of DNA synthesis which was found to be independent of parasite number/BESM cell cand the host cell DNA synthesis cycle. Parasite reproduction occurred, for the first time, at approximately 21 h postinfection. It was concluded that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are in the G1/G0 phase of their cell division cycle and that after penetration parasite reproduction occurs independent of events controlling host cell DNA synthesis and growth. The early synchronous growth of intracellular amastigotes should facilitate further studies on the biochemical events controlling trypomastigote-to-amastigote transformation and amastigote reproduction. A further application is envisaged for studies on the mode of action of drugs with trypanocidal activity.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells. DNA synthesis and growth of intracellular amastigotes and their relationship to host cell DNA synthesis and growth. DNA synthesis of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, following the infection of bovine embryo skeletal muscle (BESM) cells, was studied by autoradiography. After penetration, there was a prereplicative lag period (similar to or approximately 12 h) followed by a synchronous round of DNA synthesis which was found to be independent of parasite number/BESM cell cand the host cell DNA synthesis cycle. Parasite reproduction occurred, for the first time, at approximately 21 h postinfection. It was concluded that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are in the G1/G0 phase of their cell division cycle and that after penetration parasite reproduction occurs independent of events controlling host cell DNA synthesis and growth. The early synchronous growth of intracellular amastigotes should facilitate further studies on the biochemical events controlling trypomastigote-to-amastigote transformation and amastigote reproduction. A further application is envisaged for studies on the mode of action of drugs with trypanocidal activity.", "PMID": 397342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11216", "title": "Ten years' experience in general practice of dip-slide urine culture in children under five years old.", "content": "Of 567 children under five registered with an industrial general practice over a 10-year period, 559 presented with symptoms of ill health in the first five years of life, and of these, 158 (27.9 per cent of those registered) had urine cultured using the dip-slide method. Thirty-four (12.3 per cent) girls and 23 (7.9 per cent) boys had at least one episode of significant bacteriuria. Two boys and three girls were found to have radiological abnormalities of the genito-urinary tract, of which two were obstructive lesions requiring surgery.Symptoms usually ascribed to the urinary tract in older children and adults did not discriminate for infection in this age group and were not a reliable indicator of the presence, or of the absence, of significant bacteriuria.The incidence of significant bacteriuria was considerably above that recorded by surveys on asymptomatic children. Proteus infections were four times more common among boys than girls, and under the age of three the proportion of boys with bacteriuria exceeded that of girls.Dip-slide culture is a valuable tool in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Ten years' experience in general practice of dip-slide urine culture in children under five years old. Of 567 children under five registered with an industrial general practice over a 10-year period, 559 presented with symptoms of ill health in the first five years of life, and of these, 158 (27.9 per cent of those registered) had urine cultured using the dip-slide method. Thirty-four (12.3 per cent) girls and 23 (7.9 per cent) boys had at least one episode of significant bacteriuria. Two boys and three girls were found to have radiological abnormalities of the genito-urinary tract, of which two were obstructive lesions requiring surgery.Symptoms usually ascribed to the urinary tract in older children and adults did not discriminate for infection in this age group and were not a reliable indicator of the presence, or of the absence, of significant bacteriuria.The incidence of significant bacteriuria was considerably above that recorded by surveys on asymptomatic children. Proteus infections were four times more common among boys than girls, and under the age of three the proportion of boys with bacteriuria exceeded that of girls.Dip-slide culture is a valuable tool in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 397343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11217", "title": "Lack of microbial genetic response to 2.45-GHz CW and 8.5- to 9.6-GHz pulsed microwaves.", "content": "Strain D4 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and strains TA-1535, TA-100 and TA-98 of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave or 8.5- to 9.6-GHz pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at various power densities from 1 to 45 mW/cm2. The temperature during radiation was maintained at 30 degrees C for yeast cultures and at 37 degrees C for bacterial cultures. The studies revealed no increase in mutations or of mitotic gene conversions when cells were radiated for two hours or less. Decreased viability of cells was noted in all cultures tested after radiation at power densities of 30 mW/cm2 or more; however, no reliable changes in genetic events occurred.", "contents": "Lack of microbial genetic response to 2.45-GHz CW and 8.5- to 9.6-GHz pulsed microwaves. Strain D4 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and strains TA-1535, TA-100 and TA-98 of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave or 8.5- to 9.6-GHz pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at various power densities from 1 to 45 mW/cm2. The temperature during radiation was maintained at 30 degrees C for yeast cultures and at 37 degrees C for bacterial cultures. The studies revealed no increase in mutations or of mitotic gene conversions when cells were radiated for two hours or less. Decreased viability of cells was noted in all cultures tested after radiation at power densities of 30 mW/cm2 or more; however, no reliable changes in genetic events occurred.", "PMID": 397346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11218", "title": "Determination of a thermal equivalent of millimeter microwaves in living cells.", "content": "Recent microwave experiments have shown frequency dependent influences on the growth rate of bacteria. To determine whether microwaves are able to affect growth (or to induce lesions in cellular DNA of yeast cells), experiments were performed with millimeter microwaves at frequencies between 70 and 75 GHz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were irradiated on millipore filter discs placed on agar plates in open petri dishes. A diploid strain of yeast (D5, Zimmerman), that is sensitive to genetic insult was used to study the effects of temperature and of microwave irradiation on cell survival, induction of mitotic recombination, and induction of cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations. No evidence of altered survival, impaired function, or structural injury was seen at either frequency, even at power densities as high as 60 mW/cm2. Conventional heating had no deleterious effects until temperatures of specimens exceeded 50 degrees C. In addition, two haploid strains of yeast of opposite mating type were compared with respect to temperature and microwave treatment for formation of zygotes. The elevation of temperature due to the microwave treatment at 60 mW/cm2 and 2 mm distance was estimated to correspond to 3 degrees C.", "contents": "Determination of a thermal equivalent of millimeter microwaves in living cells. Recent microwave experiments have shown frequency dependent influences on the growth rate of bacteria. To determine whether microwaves are able to affect growth (or to induce lesions in cellular DNA of yeast cells), experiments were performed with millimeter microwaves at frequencies between 70 and 75 GHz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were irradiated on millipore filter discs placed on agar plates in open petri dishes. A diploid strain of yeast (D5, Zimmerman), that is sensitive to genetic insult was used to study the effects of temperature and of microwave irradiation on cell survival, induction of mitotic recombination, and induction of cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations. No evidence of altered survival, impaired function, or structural injury was seen at either frequency, even at power densities as high as 60 mW/cm2. Conventional heating had no deleterious effects until temperatures of specimens exceeded 50 degrees C. In addition, two haploid strains of yeast of opposite mating type were compared with respect to temperature and microwave treatment for formation of zygotes. The elevation of temperature due to the microwave treatment at 60 mW/cm2 and 2 mm distance was estimated to correspond to 3 degrees C.", "PMID": 397348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11219", "title": "A review of selected biological effects and dosimetric data useful for development of radiofrequency safety standards for human exposure.", "content": "This report examines the bases for developing radiofrequency exposure standards which can be related to the thermogenic properties of electromagnetic fields. A review of selected biological effects, including dosimetric data and simulation of human thermodyanmic characteristics that are pertinent to standards development, is presented. Based on the analogy of thermal-stress standards that have been developed for hot industrial environments, limits on increases of body temperature are proposed as criteria for limiting exposure to radiofrequency fields, i.e., occupational exposures involving deep heating of the whole body should not increase core temperature in excess of 1 degree C. Since energy deposition from exposure to some RF fields is likely to be non-uniform and may be high in tissues that are not adapted to high rates of absorption or dissipation of thermalizing energy, means are needed to adjust focal thermal loading against the whole-body averages. A limit on core temperature is inadequate when focal elevations of temperature are close to the limits for protein denaturation, as may well occur even though the core temperature may rise less than 1 degree C. Safety limits for the general population are also discussed and here the permissible thermal load should be low enough to cause no more than an insignificant increase in core temperature. Areas needing further research to reduce the uncertainties in developing safe exposure limits for man are delineated. Even in highly adverse environmental conditions the gross thermal load and consequential heat stress from exposure to radiofrequency fields at the 10 mW/cm2 level will be small compared with that generated by any physical effort. On the basis of available data, it is concluded that the safe value for continuous exposure to 10 mW/cm2, widely used in Western countries, appears to provide an adequate margin of safety for both occupational and environmental exposure for frequencies above about 1 GHz. This limit may well be too high (perhaps by an order of magnitude) for some frequencies below 1 GHz where body resonances cause a significant increase in energy deposition and where local temperature rises occur. At the same time the present averaging period of 0.1 h seems unjustifiably short.", "contents": "A review of selected biological effects and dosimetric data useful for development of radiofrequency safety standards for human exposure. This report examines the bases for developing radiofrequency exposure standards which can be related to the thermogenic properties of electromagnetic fields. A review of selected biological effects, including dosimetric data and simulation of human thermodyanmic characteristics that are pertinent to standards development, is presented. Based on the analogy of thermal-stress standards that have been developed for hot industrial environments, limits on increases of body temperature are proposed as criteria for limiting exposure to radiofrequency fields, i.e., occupational exposures involving deep heating of the whole body should not increase core temperature in excess of 1 degree C. Since energy deposition from exposure to some RF fields is likely to be non-uniform and may be high in tissues that are not adapted to high rates of absorption or dissipation of thermalizing energy, means are needed to adjust focal thermal loading against the whole-body averages. A limit on core temperature is inadequate when focal elevations of temperature are close to the limits for protein denaturation, as may well occur even though the core temperature may rise less than 1 degree C. Safety limits for the general population are also discussed and here the permissible thermal load should be low enough to cause no more than an insignificant increase in core temperature. Areas needing further research to reduce the uncertainties in developing safe exposure limits for man are delineated. Even in highly adverse environmental conditions the gross thermal load and consequential heat stress from exposure to radiofrequency fields at the 10 mW/cm2 level will be small compared with that generated by any physical effort. On the basis of available data, it is concluded that the safe value for continuous exposure to 10 mW/cm2, widely used in Western countries, appears to provide an adequate margin of safety for both occupational and environmental exposure for frequencies above about 1 GHz. This limit may well be too high (perhaps by an order of magnitude) for some frequencies below 1 GHz where body resonances cause a significant increase in energy deposition and where local temperature rises occur. At the same time the present averaging period of 0.1 h seems unjustifiably short.", "PMID": 397349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11220", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the alveolar epithelium in response to mycobacterial infection.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of the lung of mice infected with a virulent strain of M. bovis (Ravenel) revealed marked alterations in the alveolar epithelial cells, particularly Type 2 cells (granular pneumocytes), in addition to the development of interstitial and intra-alveolar granuloma. Unlike the feature in uninfected mice, more than one Type 2 epithelial cells were often found adjacent to one another within a single alveolus. Some of these cells showed mitotic figures. Their characteristic lamellar inclusions were morphologically altered.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the alveolar epithelium in response to mycobacterial infection. Electron microscopic examination of the lung of mice infected with a virulent strain of M. bovis (Ravenel) revealed marked alterations in the alveolar epithelial cells, particularly Type 2 cells (granular pneumocytes), in addition to the development of interstitial and intra-alveolar granuloma. Unlike the feature in uninfected mice, more than one Type 2 epithelial cells were often found adjacent to one another within a single alveolus. Some of these cells showed mitotic figures. Their characteristic lamellar inclusions were morphologically altered.", "PMID": 397360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11221", "title": "Ultrastructural study of mycobacteria in experimentally produced lung lesions of mice.", "content": "Mice were infected by iv injection with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis, Ravenel strain, to prepare specimens for electron microscopical observation of their intracellular morphology. Observation was made with ultra-thin sections of the granulomatous lungs at an advanced stage of infection. Many apparently intact bacterial cells were found intracellulary, and the majority of them had lipoidal inclusions enclosed by a membranous structure. Several layers of mycobacterial cell wall were discernible, including a fairly wide space of the electron-transparent zone just beneath the electrondense outmost layer. Mesosomes, nuclear material, small dense granules and cross wall were found in almost the same appearance as those reported of mycobacteria grown in vitro. The bacilli were located mainly within intact or damaged phagosomes which were often filled with amorphous material of various electron densities.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of mycobacteria in experimentally produced lung lesions of mice. Mice were infected by iv injection with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis, Ravenel strain, to prepare specimens for electron microscopical observation of their intracellular morphology. Observation was made with ultra-thin sections of the granulomatous lungs at an advanced stage of infection. Many apparently intact bacterial cells were found intracellulary, and the majority of them had lipoidal inclusions enclosed by a membranous structure. Several layers of mycobacterial cell wall were discernible, including a fairly wide space of the electron-transparent zone just beneath the electrondense outmost layer. Mesosomes, nuclear material, small dense granules and cross wall were found in almost the same appearance as those reported of mycobacteria grown in vitro. The bacilli were located mainly within intact or damaged phagosomes which were often filled with amorphous material of various electron densities.", "PMID": 397361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11222", "title": "Mechanical suture methods in esophago-gastrointestinal anastomosis.", "content": "Mechanical suturing procedures have been performed in 10 patients for total gastrectomy, 6 for proximal partial gastrectomy and 7 for esophageal transection. The instrument (SPTU all-round type made in Russia) proved simple to use and produced reliable good quality closures without any other inforcement. There was one minor suture leak in 10 patients with intramediastinal esophagojejunostomy and in 6 with proximal partial gastrectomy respectively, but neither leak nor other problem has been arisen in esophageal transection for varices. It is believed that this staple suturing methods used SPTU all-round type apparatus are safe from anastomotic failure and useful for secure intramediastinal anastomosis in high level, and they represent a significant advance in the technique of thoraco-abdominal surgery.", "contents": "Mechanical suture methods in esophago-gastrointestinal anastomosis. Mechanical suturing procedures have been performed in 10 patients for total gastrectomy, 6 for proximal partial gastrectomy and 7 for esophageal transection. The instrument (SPTU all-round type made in Russia) proved simple to use and produced reliable good quality closures without any other inforcement. There was one minor suture leak in 10 patients with intramediastinal esophagojejunostomy and in 6 with proximal partial gastrectomy respectively, but neither leak nor other problem has been arisen in esophageal transection for varices. It is believed that this staple suturing methods used SPTU all-round type apparatus are safe from anastomotic failure and useful for secure intramediastinal anastomosis in high level, and they represent a significant advance in the technique of thoraco-abdominal surgery.", "PMID": 397362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11223", "title": "An alternative one layer inverting suture technique for intestinal anastomosis.", "content": "An alternative method of anastomosis using a suture one layer inverting was proposed in which the sutures are placed the serosa, proper muscle layer, submucosal layer and muscularis mucosae, but not mucosa. An experimental study using canine intestine revealed that tensile strength as well as bursting pressure at the anastomotic site is significantly superior in our method to the end-on method.", "contents": "An alternative one layer inverting suture technique for intestinal anastomosis. An alternative method of anastomosis using a suture one layer inverting was proposed in which the sutures are placed the serosa, proper muscle layer, submucosal layer and muscularis mucosae, but not mucosa. An experimental study using canine intestine revealed that tensile strength as well as bursting pressure at the anastomotic site is significantly superior in our method to the end-on method.", "PMID": 397363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11224", "title": "Retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma associated with hypoglycemia: report of a case.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman had episodes of hypoglycemic attack 8 years after a surgical resection of a retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma. In spite of normal levels of serum IRI, insulin radioreceptor assay demonstrated high level of plasma ILA (insulin like activity). The patient underwent resection of a recurrent retroperitoneal tumor with metastatic lesions of the liver. Postoperatively, ILA level in plasma by insulin radioreceptor assay decreased, and hypoglycemic attacks disappeared. Therefore, this associated hypoglycemia was presumed to be not caused by excess glucose consumption by the tumor, not by excess secretion of IRI by the tumor, but caused by the presence of high level of ILA related to the tumor.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma associated with hypoglycemia: report of a case. A 34-year-old woman had episodes of hypoglycemic attack 8 years after a surgical resection of a retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma. In spite of normal levels of serum IRI, insulin radioreceptor assay demonstrated high level of plasma ILA (insulin like activity). The patient underwent resection of a recurrent retroperitoneal tumor with metastatic lesions of the liver. Postoperatively, ILA level in plasma by insulin radioreceptor assay decreased, and hypoglycemic attacks disappeared. Therefore, this associated hypoglycemia was presumed to be not caused by excess glucose consumption by the tumor, not by excess secretion of IRI by the tumor, but caused by the presence of high level of ILA related to the tumor.", "PMID": 397364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11225", "title": "Growth control of normal and transformed cells.", "content": "Both serum factors and protein synthesis are required for normal cell growth. Swiss 3T3 cells require the serum growth factors insulin and EGF (epidermal growth factor) during the initial part of the G1 period, until they pass a restriction point about 2 h before the initiation of DNA synthesis. Concentrations of cycloheximide that inhibit protein synthesis by as much as 70% dramatically lengthen the cell cycle before the restriction point, while the cell cycle after the restriction point remains nearly constant. These results are consistent with a model in which labile proteins are required for transit of cells past the serum-sensitive restriction point. The relation of these findings to the growth control of transformed cells is discussed.", "contents": "Growth control of normal and transformed cells. Both serum factors and protein synthesis are required for normal cell growth. Swiss 3T3 cells require the serum growth factors insulin and EGF (epidermal growth factor) during the initial part of the G1 period, until they pass a restriction point about 2 h before the initiation of DNA synthesis. Concentrations of cycloheximide that inhibit protein synthesis by as much as 70% dramatically lengthen the cell cycle before the restriction point, while the cell cycle after the restriction point remains nearly constant. These results are consistent with a model in which labile proteins are required for transit of cells past the serum-sensitive restriction point. The relation of these findings to the growth control of transformed cells is discussed.", "PMID": 397367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11226", "title": "Possible role of fibronectin in malignancy.", "content": "Frozen sections of tumors induced by injecting virally transformed cells into animals were stained for fibronectin by immunofluorescence. Many tumor cell lines do not express fibronectin in tumors in situ even though some of them express fibronectin in culture. Cell shape and hormones appear to influence the expression of fibronectin in culture; however, it is unclear how fibronectin expression is regulated in vivo.", "contents": "Possible role of fibronectin in malignancy. Frozen sections of tumors induced by injecting virally transformed cells into animals were stained for fibronectin by immunofluorescence. Many tumor cell lines do not express fibronectin in tumors in situ even though some of them express fibronectin in culture. Cell shape and hormones appear to influence the expression of fibronectin in culture; however, it is unclear how fibronectin expression is regulated in vivo.", "PMID": 397368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11227", "title": "Evidence of microfilament-associated mitochondrial movement.", "content": "The mitochondria in the lower Malpighian tubule of the insect Rhodnius prolixus can be stimulated by feeding in vivo and by 5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro, to move from a position below the cell cortex to one inside the apical microvilli. During and following their movement into the microvilli, the mitochondria are intimately associated with the microfilaments of the cell cortex and microvillar core bundle. Bridges approximately 14 nm in length and 4 nm in diameter are observed connecting the microvillar microfilaments to the outer mitochondrial membrane and microvillar plasma membrane. Depolymerization of all visible microtubules with colchicine does not inhibit 5-HT-stimulated mitochondrial movement. On the other hand, treatment with cytochalasin B does block mitochondrial movement, suggesting that microfilaments play a role in the mitochondrial motility. We have labeled the microvillar microfilaments, which are 6 nm in diameter, with heavy meromyosin, which supports the contention that they contain actin. A model of the mechanism of mitochondrial movement is presented in which mitochondria slide into position in the microvilli along actin-containing microfilaments in a manner analogous to the sliding actin-myosin model of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Evidence of microfilament-associated mitochondrial movement. The mitochondria in the lower Malpighian tubule of the insect Rhodnius prolixus can be stimulated by feeding in vivo and by 5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro, to move from a position below the cell cortex to one inside the apical microvilli. During and following their movement into the microvilli, the mitochondria are intimately associated with the microfilaments of the cell cortex and microvillar core bundle. Bridges approximately 14 nm in length and 4 nm in diameter are observed connecting the microvillar microfilaments to the outer mitochondrial membrane and microvillar plasma membrane. Depolymerization of all visible microtubules with colchicine does not inhibit 5-HT-stimulated mitochondrial movement. On the other hand, treatment with cytochalasin B does block mitochondrial movement, suggesting that microfilaments play a role in the mitochondrial motility. We have labeled the microvillar microfilaments, which are 6 nm in diameter, with heavy meromyosin, which supports the contention that they contain actin. A model of the mechanism of mitochondrial movement is presented in which mitochondria slide into position in the microvilli along actin-containing microfilaments in a manner analogous to the sliding actin-myosin model of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 397369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11228", "title": "Action of phorbol esters in cell culture: mimicry of transformation, altered differentiation, and effects on cell membranes.", "content": "The carcinogenic process is usually multifactor in its causation and multistep in its evolution. It is likely that entirely different molecular mechanisms underlie the many steps in this process. In contrast to initiating carcinogens, the action of the tumor-promoting phorbol esters does not appear to involve covalent binding to cellular DNA and they are not mutagenic. Recent studies in cell culture have revealed two interesting biologic effects of the phorbol esters and related macrocyclic plant diterpenes. The first is that at nanomolar concentrations they induce several changes that resemble those seen in cells transformed by chemical carcinogens or tumor viruses. These include altered morphology and increased saturation density, altered cell surface fucose-glycopeptides, decrease in the LETS protein, increased transport of deoxyglucose, and increased levels of plasminogen activator and ornithine decarboxylase. In transformed cells exposed to phorbol esters the expression of these features is further accentuated. Phorbol esters do not induce normal cells to grow in agar but they do enhance the growth in agar of certain transformed cells. The second effect of the phorbol esters is inhibition of terminal differentiation. This effect extends to a variety of programs of differentiation and is reversible when the agent is removed. With certain cell culture systems induction of differentiation, rather than inhibition, is observed. Both the transformation mimetic and the differentiation effects are exerted by plant diterpenes that have tumor-promoting activity but not by congeners that lack such activity. The primary target of phorbol esters appears to be the cell membrane. Early membrane-related effects include enhanced uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and other nutrients, altered cell adhesion, induction of arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of the binding of epidermal growth factor to cell surface receptors, altered lipid metabolism, and modifications in the activities of other cell surface receptors. A model of \"two stage\" carcinogenesis encompassing the known molecular and cellular effects of initiating carcinogens and tumor promoters is presented. According to this model, initiating carcinogens induce stable alterations in the cellular genome but these are not manifested until tumor promoters modulate programs of gene expression and induce the clonal outgrowth of the initiated cell.", "contents": "Action of phorbol esters in cell culture: mimicry of transformation, altered differentiation, and effects on cell membranes. The carcinogenic process is usually multifactor in its causation and multistep in its evolution. It is likely that entirely different molecular mechanisms underlie the many steps in this process. In contrast to initiating carcinogens, the action of the tumor-promoting phorbol esters does not appear to involve covalent binding to cellular DNA and they are not mutagenic. Recent studies in cell culture have revealed two interesting biologic effects of the phorbol esters and related macrocyclic plant diterpenes. The first is that at nanomolar concentrations they induce several changes that resemble those seen in cells transformed by chemical carcinogens or tumor viruses. These include altered morphology and increased saturation density, altered cell surface fucose-glycopeptides, decrease in the LETS protein, increased transport of deoxyglucose, and increased levels of plasminogen activator and ornithine decarboxylase. In transformed cells exposed to phorbol esters the expression of these features is further accentuated. Phorbol esters do not induce normal cells to grow in agar but they do enhance the growth in agar of certain transformed cells. The second effect of the phorbol esters is inhibition of terminal differentiation. This effect extends to a variety of programs of differentiation and is reversible when the agent is removed. With certain cell culture systems induction of differentiation, rather than inhibition, is observed. Both the transformation mimetic and the differentiation effects are exerted by plant diterpenes that have tumor-promoting activity but not by congeners that lack such activity. The primary target of phorbol esters appears to be the cell membrane. Early membrane-related effects include enhanced uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and other nutrients, altered cell adhesion, induction of arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of the binding of epidermal growth factor to cell surface receptors, altered lipid metabolism, and modifications in the activities of other cell surface receptors. A model of \"two stage\" carcinogenesis encompassing the known molecular and cellular effects of initiating carcinogens and tumor promoters is presented. According to this model, initiating carcinogens induce stable alterations in the cellular genome but these are not manifested until tumor promoters modulate programs of gene expression and induce the clonal outgrowth of the initiated cell.", "PMID": 397370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11229", "title": "Jaborandi: an interdisciplinary appraisal.", "content": "In spite of many references to Pilocarpus Jaborandi Holmes in ethnological and botanical sources and suggestions of its employment for a variety of diseases, it has not been possible to pin down the use of its leaves to any particular purpose amongst South American Indians. While the medically important jaborandis are species of Pilocarpus, it is true that this vernacular name is commonly applied to other rutaceous and numerous piperaceous plants as well. The introduction of jaborandi leaves to western medicine goes back to 1873, when Symphronio Coutinho went to Europe, taking with him samples of the leaves. The copious sweating and salivation brought about by the leaves attracted the attention of French physicians. Soon jaborandi leaves were being employed in the treatment of many diseases. In 1875, Hardy and Gerrard independently discovered the alkaloid pilocarpine. Most therapeutic applications of jaborandi leaves and pilocarpine fell into disuse and were discontinued. What remained was the use of the latter in ophthalmology, where it had been introduced as a miotic by Weber in 1876. The mixture of pilocarpine and another natural product, physostigmine, remains to this day one of the mainstays in ophthalmology.", "contents": "Jaborandi: an interdisciplinary appraisal. In spite of many references to Pilocarpus Jaborandi Holmes in ethnological and botanical sources and suggestions of its employment for a variety of diseases, it has not been possible to pin down the use of its leaves to any particular purpose amongst South American Indians. While the medically important jaborandis are species of Pilocarpus, it is true that this vernacular name is commonly applied to other rutaceous and numerous piperaceous plants as well. The introduction of jaborandi leaves to western medicine goes back to 1873, when Symphronio Coutinho went to Europe, taking with him samples of the leaves. The copious sweating and salivation brought about by the leaves attracted the attention of French physicians. Soon jaborandi leaves were being employed in the treatment of many diseases. In 1875, Hardy and Gerrard independently discovered the alkaloid pilocarpine. Most therapeutic applications of jaborandi leaves and pilocarpine fell into disuse and were discontinued. What remained was the use of the latter in ophthalmology, where it had been introduced as a miotic by Weber in 1876. The mixture of pilocarpine and another natural product, physostigmine, remains to this day one of the mainstays in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 397371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11230", "title": "Chemical studies on medicinal Myristicaceae from Amazonia.", "content": "Drugs from Myristicaceae species are used in the Amazon region as hallucinogens and arrow poisons, as well as for the healing of infected wounds. The former effects were attributed by Schultes and Holmstedt to tryptamines and carbolines. The latter activity is now tentatively ascribed to pterocarpans and neolignans. This, and a proposal that the red colour of the bark resins may be due to oxidative dimers of flavans, are based on a review of the chemistry of Amazonian Myristicaceae.", "contents": "Chemical studies on medicinal Myristicaceae from Amazonia. Drugs from Myristicaceae species are used in the Amazon region as hallucinogens and arrow poisons, as well as for the healing of infected wounds. The former effects were attributed by Schultes and Holmstedt to tryptamines and carbolines. The latter activity is now tentatively ascribed to pterocarpans and neolignans. This, and a proposal that the red colour of the bark resins may be due to oxidative dimers of flavans, are based on a review of the chemistry of Amazonian Myristicaceae.", "PMID": 397372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11231", "title": "Arrow poisons in China. Part I.", "content": "Arrow poisons have been used for at least 2500 years in various parts of China by the Han and other peoples. The preparation and use of these poisons is discussed on the basis of accounts in Chinese and Western sources. Mostly, the principal ingredient has been an extract derived from the tubers of Aconitum species, especially A. carmichaelii Debx. (wu t'ou, fu tzu, ts'ao wu). Certain peoples of the south-west and south, besides using Aconitum, have also obtained an essential ingredient from the juice (latex) of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (tu mu, hu, chien hs\u00fceh feng hou, nu chien tzu, ka tuk). The chemistry and pharmacology of the active principles found in certain of the plants incorporated into the poisons are dealt with briefly (but this does not include Aconitum, which will be treated in some detail in Part II).", "contents": "Arrow poisons in China. Part I. Arrow poisons have been used for at least 2500 years in various parts of China by the Han and other peoples. The preparation and use of these poisons is discussed on the basis of accounts in Chinese and Western sources. Mostly, the principal ingredient has been an extract derived from the tubers of Aconitum species, especially A. carmichaelii Debx. (wu t'ou, fu tzu, ts'ao wu). Certain peoples of the south-west and south, besides using Aconitum, have also obtained an essential ingredient from the juice (latex) of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (tu mu, hu, chien hs\u00fceh feng hou, nu chien tzu, ka tuk). The chemistry and pharmacology of the active principles found in certain of the plants incorporated into the poisons are dealt with briefly (but this does not include Aconitum, which will be treated in some detail in Part II).", "PMID": 397373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11232", "title": "Stereotaxic electrode placement in the neonatal rat.", "content": "A head holder for stereotaxic electrode placement in the neonatal rat is described. The neonatal head is held in a fixed and reproducible position by means of a mouth bar and a recurved needle hooked into the foramen magnum. With the aid of this instrument, a stereotaxic atlas for the 3-day-old rat has been prepared. The head holder has been used for rats up to 10 days of age and permits electrode placement in the neonatal rat in a manner essentially analogous in ease and precision to that of stereotaxic methods for the adult animal.", "contents": "Stereotaxic electrode placement in the neonatal rat. A head holder for stereotaxic electrode placement in the neonatal rat is described. The neonatal head is held in a fixed and reproducible position by means of a mouth bar and a recurved needle hooked into the foramen magnum. With the aid of this instrument, a stereotaxic atlas for the 3-day-old rat has been prepared. The head holder has been used for rats up to 10 days of age and permits electrode placement in the neonatal rat in a manner essentially analogous in ease and precision to that of stereotaxic methods for the adult animal.", "PMID": 397375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11233", "title": "A double constriction micropipette for the quantitative injection of tracer substance.", "content": "A glass, double constriction injector micropipette ('micropet') has been designed to overcome problems associated with commercial microliter syringes. These problems include: inconsistent volume delivery, inability to view tracer during filling or injection, and the relatively large size of the needle supplied. 'Micropets' of different volumes are easily made from inexpensive, commercially available Drummond 100 microliter glass tubes (bores) fitted with teflon plungers. Tracer substances may be viewed in the bores during filling and injection and the needle tip can be pulled as small as 50 micrometers. For deep stereotactic injection, a long triple constriction 'micropet' has also been devised. The 'micropet' is based in principle on the commercial Lang-Levy double constriction micropipettes and these are used for radiometric calibration of the 'micropets'. Thus the 'micropet' accuracy is a reflection of these commercial micropipettes, and is approximately +/- 0.5%. Precision is also on the order of +/- 0.5% as determined by radioassay. When combined with an oil-filled, variable-speed microdrive the injector 'micropet' provides a highly controlled and precise system for the accurate delivery of tracer substance important for quantitative neuroanatomical investigations.", "contents": "A double constriction micropipette for the quantitative injection of tracer substance. A glass, double constriction injector micropipette ('micropet') has been designed to overcome problems associated with commercial microliter syringes. These problems include: inconsistent volume delivery, inability to view tracer during filling or injection, and the relatively large size of the needle supplied. 'Micropets' of different volumes are easily made from inexpensive, commercially available Drummond 100 microliter glass tubes (bores) fitted with teflon plungers. Tracer substances may be viewed in the bores during filling and injection and the needle tip can be pulled as small as 50 micrometers. For deep stereotactic injection, a long triple constriction 'micropet' has also been devised. The 'micropet' is based in principle on the commercial Lang-Levy double constriction micropipettes and these are used for radiometric calibration of the 'micropets'. Thus the 'micropet' accuracy is a reflection of these commercial micropipettes, and is approximately +/- 0.5%. Precision is also on the order of +/- 0.5% as determined by radioassay. When combined with an oil-filled, variable-speed microdrive the injector 'micropet' provides a highly controlled and precise system for the accurate delivery of tracer substance important for quantitative neuroanatomical investigations.", "PMID": 397376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11234", "title": "A method for recording single unit activity from the brains of foetal pigs in utero.", "content": "A technique is described for recording single unit activity from foetal miniature pigs in utero. The method involved anaesthetizing the sows with halothane and exteriorizing a sufficient length of the uterus to contain a single foetus. Both foetus and uterus were placed in a stereotaxic frame which was held independent of the mothers' support. Preliminary analysis of recordings obtained from spontaneously firing single nerve cells in the post-central cerebral cortex indicate that the patterns of spike activity in prenatal pigs are very similar to those observed in prepubertal animals.", "contents": "A method for recording single unit activity from the brains of foetal pigs in utero. A technique is described for recording single unit activity from foetal miniature pigs in utero. The method involved anaesthetizing the sows with halothane and exteriorizing a sufficient length of the uterus to contain a single foetus. Both foetus and uterus were placed in a stereotaxic frame which was held independent of the mothers' support. Preliminary analysis of recordings obtained from spontaneously firing single nerve cells in the post-central cerebral cortex indicate that the patterns of spike activity in prenatal pigs are very similar to those observed in prepubertal animals.", "PMID": 397377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11235", "title": "A simple and rapid section embedding technique for sequential light and electron microscopic examination of individually stained central neurons.", "content": "A method for section embedding of central nervous tissue, and its application to light and electron microscopic examination of neurons stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, is described. After primary fixation in aldehydes, thick (10--80 micrometer) sections are cut on a Vibratome. They are then treated for the histochemical demonstration of peroxidase, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and infiltrated with Spurr's low viscosity resin. Infiltrated sections are embedded between glass slides and coverslips coated with a transparent layer of teflon and polymerized. The resulting mount allows protracted storage and high resolution light microscopic examination of sections. When desired, the glass components can be removed and the specimen cemented to a blank block for thin sectioning and electron microscopic examination.", "contents": "A simple and rapid section embedding technique for sequential light and electron microscopic examination of individually stained central neurons. A method for section embedding of central nervous tissue, and its application to light and electron microscopic examination of neurons stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, is described. After primary fixation in aldehydes, thick (10--80 micrometer) sections are cut on a Vibratome. They are then treated for the histochemical demonstration of peroxidase, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and infiltrated with Spurr's low viscosity resin. Infiltrated sections are embedded between glass slides and coverslips coated with a transparent layer of teflon and polymerized. The resulting mount allows protracted storage and high resolution light microscopic examination of sections. When desired, the glass components can be removed and the specimen cemented to a blank block for thin sectioning and electron microscopic examination.", "PMID": 397378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11236", "title": "Variations in the cell cycle of slow-growing Escherichia coli 15T-.", "content": "DNA synthesis was measured via 3H-thymidine pulses, and patterns of incorporation were compared to cell number increases during synchronous division of Escherichia coli 15T- (555-7) in M9.01% aspartate. The timing of chromosome initiation, duration of chromosome synthesis, and the D period were found to vary over the three cycles of division analysed. In addition, the D period measured by comparing 3H-thymidine incorporation and concomitant division, differed from D period measurements made by timing division cessation in DNA synthesis inhibitors.", "contents": "Variations in the cell cycle of slow-growing Escherichia coli 15T-. DNA synthesis was measured via 3H-thymidine pulses, and patterns of incorporation were compared to cell number increases during synchronous division of Escherichia coli 15T- (555-7) in M9.01% aspartate. The timing of chromosome initiation, duration of chromosome synthesis, and the D period were found to vary over the three cycles of division analysed. In addition, the D period measured by comparing 3H-thymidine incorporation and concomitant division, differed from D period measurements made by timing division cessation in DNA synthesis inhibitors.", "PMID": 397401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11237", "title": "Microcalorimetry studies of energy changes during the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes in simple salts/glucose media. 1 Establishment of standard conditions.", "content": "The shape of the thermogram and the total heat output of aerobically growing cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes depend on the nature and state of the inoculum, the composition of the growth medium, aeration in the fermentor and in the calorimeter, and the pump rate of the culture through the microcalorimeter cell. Standard conditions of growth and heat measurement have been established which give reproducible thermograms and total heat output. Experimental results using different glucose concentrations are reported and the enthalpy changes for the consumption of glucose and the production of cells have been calculated.", "contents": "Microcalorimetry studies of energy changes during the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes in simple salts/glucose media. 1 Establishment of standard conditions. The shape of the thermogram and the total heat output of aerobically growing cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes depend on the nature and state of the inoculum, the composition of the growth medium, aeration in the fermentor and in the calorimeter, and the pump rate of the culture through the microcalorimeter cell. Standard conditions of growth and heat measurement have been established which give reproducible thermograms and total heat output. Experimental results using different glucose concentrations are reported and the enthalpy changes for the consumption of glucose and the production of cells have been calculated.", "PMID": 397402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11238", "title": "[Prophylactic treatment of pancreatitis with antibiotics? (author's transl)].", "content": "In acute pancreatitis the standard treatment is with antibiotics given prophylactically. Available studies indicate that the usefulness of such chemotherapy in the milder form of the disease (degree of severity I) has not yet been fully established. In the absence of contradictory results, prophylactic antibiotic treatment can, however, be recommended in severe pancreatitis (degrees II and III) and in those conditions induced by ethyl or of idiopathic origin. In all forms showing underlying biliary tract disease and in pancreatitis complicated by infection, antibiotic treatment should invariably be administered. Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics which can be excreted via the bile duct, e.g. ampicillin or tetracycline, is preferable.", "contents": "[Prophylactic treatment of pancreatitis with antibiotics? (author's transl)]. In acute pancreatitis the standard treatment is with antibiotics given prophylactically. Available studies indicate that the usefulness of such chemotherapy in the milder form of the disease (degree of severity I) has not yet been fully established. In the absence of contradictory results, prophylactic antibiotic treatment can, however, be recommended in severe pancreatitis (degrees II and III) and in those conditions induced by ethyl or of idiopathic origin. In all forms showing underlying biliary tract disease and in pancreatitis complicated by infection, antibiotic treatment should invariably be administered. Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics which can be excreted via the bile duct, e.g. ampicillin or tetracycline, is preferable.", "PMID": 397403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11239", "title": "Complement activation in pneumonia.", "content": "Complement analyses performed on serially collected plasma samples from 10 patients during acute infectious pneumonia or bronchopneumonia showed normal or increased values for hemolytic activity and Clq, C4, C3, and factor B levels. However, the levels of C3 breakdown products (C3d) were significantly (greater than 2 SD) increased in six patients during the first three days of observation, suggesting that hypercatabolism of complement components may occur during the acute phase of infectious pneumonia concomitant with a hypersynthesis of some complement components. Evidence of circulating immune complexes was obtained only in two patients with the 125I-Clq Binding Test.", "contents": "Complement activation in pneumonia. Complement analyses performed on serially collected plasma samples from 10 patients during acute infectious pneumonia or bronchopneumonia showed normal or increased values for hemolytic activity and Clq, C4, C3, and factor B levels. However, the levels of C3 breakdown products (C3d) were significantly (greater than 2 SD) increased in six patients during the first three days of observation, suggesting that hypercatabolism of complement components may occur during the acute phase of infectious pneumonia concomitant with a hypersynthesis of some complement components. Evidence of circulating immune complexes was obtained only in two patients with the 125I-Clq Binding Test.", "PMID": 397408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11240", "title": "The autosomal recessive (Becker) form of myotonia congenita.", "content": "In the last two decades, two genetically distinct forms of myotonia congenita have been identified--an autosomal dominant and an autosomal recessive form. The purpose of this review is to describe the features that enable us to distinguish between these two forms in the absence of sufficient genetic data. Thus far, it can be concluded that the only probable difference between the two forms is in the fatty-acid pattern of muscle phospholipids. Clinical, histologic, ultrastructural, and electromyographic investigation may prove helpful, but they alone cannot provide a reliable means of identifying the genotype in an individual patient.", "contents": "The autosomal recessive (Becker) form of myotonia congenita. In the last two decades, two genetically distinct forms of myotonia congenita have been identified--an autosomal dominant and an autosomal recessive form. The purpose of this review is to describe the features that enable us to distinguish between these two forms in the absence of sufficient genetic data. Thus far, it can be concluded that the only probable difference between the two forms is in the fatty-acid pattern of muscle phospholipids. Clinical, histologic, ultrastructural, and electromyographic investigation may prove helpful, but they alone cannot provide a reliable means of identifying the genotype in an individual patient.", "PMID": 397412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11241", "title": "Lack of benefit of allopurinol in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "A double-bline, controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of allopurinol on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Six patients--three treated with allopurinol and three given a placebo--were followed up for one year and were evaluated by functional and manual muscle testing as well as by determination of serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. Patients in both the allopurinol-treated group and the placebo group deteriorated at varying rates without evidence of therapeutic benefit. To exclude the possibility of error attributable to small sample size, all six patients were treated with allopurinol for an additional eight-week period. Muscle strength continued to deteriorate during this phase of the study.", "contents": "Lack of benefit of allopurinol in Duchenne dystrophy. A double-bline, controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of allopurinol on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Six patients--three treated with allopurinol and three given a placebo--were followed up for one year and were evaluated by functional and manual muscle testing as well as by determination of serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. Patients in both the allopurinol-treated group and the placebo group deteriorated at varying rates without evidence of therapeutic benefit. To exclude the possibility of error attributable to small sample size, all six patients were treated with allopurinol for an additional eight-week period. Muscle strength continued to deteriorate during this phase of the study.", "PMID": 397411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11242", "title": "Congenital hypotonia revisited.", "content": "The definition of neuromuscular diseases affecting infants has depended on factors as various as the rate of progression of the illness, the clinical picture, and, recently, the morphologic peculiarities in the muscle biopsy. A review of the literature suggests that there are discrepancies in the classification of such illnesses, no matter what system is used. In some instances, a single diagnosis seems to include patients with quite separate illnesses, whereas other patients with seemingly identical diseases have been given different diagnoses.", "contents": "Congenital hypotonia revisited. The definition of neuromuscular diseases affecting infants has depended on factors as various as the rate of progression of the illness, the clinical picture, and, recently, the morphologic peculiarities in the muscle biopsy. A review of the literature suggests that there are discrepancies in the classification of such illnesses, no matter what system is used. In some instances, a single diagnosis seems to include patients with quite separate illnesses, whereas other patients with seemingly identical diseases have been given different diagnoses.", "PMID": 397413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11243", "title": "Physiologic vs pathologic myopia: genetics vs environment.", "content": "Physiologic myopia occurs as the result of a correlation failure of refraction components in the normal eye. Pathologic myopia is caused by excessive axial elongation that primarily involves the ora-equatorial area and the posterior pole. Peripheral fundus changes and posterior staphyloma formation are ophthalmoscopic evidences of this process. Heredity is the basic determinant of ocular refraction, but numerous agents produce both temporary and permanent myopias.", "contents": "Physiologic vs pathologic myopia: genetics vs environment. Physiologic myopia occurs as the result of a correlation failure of refraction components in the normal eye. Pathologic myopia is caused by excessive axial elongation that primarily involves the ora-equatorial area and the posterior pole. Peripheral fundus changes and posterior staphyloma formation are ophthalmoscopic evidences of this process. Heredity is the basic determinant of ocular refraction, but numerous agents produce both temporary and permanent myopias.", "PMID": 397448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11244", "title": "ELISA for diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay test was positive in 37 of 41 patients (90%) suspected of having clinical Toxocara infections. The antigen used in this test is prepared from the Toxocara egg and is felt to be extremely specific in making the diagnosis. The prevalence of Toxocara infection is much greater than previously believed. It is hoped that this test will help the surgeon fell more secure in not enucleating eyes containing masses suggestive of Toxocara infection.", "contents": "ELISA for diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay test was positive in 37 of 41 patients (90%) suspected of having clinical Toxocara infections. The antigen used in this test is prepared from the Toxocara egg and is felt to be extremely specific in making the diagnosis. The prevalence of Toxocara infection is much greater than previously believed. It is hoped that this test will help the surgeon fell more secure in not enucleating eyes containing masses suggestive of Toxocara infection.", "PMID": 397449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11245", "title": "Indications and surgical techniques for orbital exenteration.", "content": "Indications for the mutilating operation of exenteration are enumerated. They usually involve a malignant neoplasm of the orbital contents, primary, direct extension, or adnexal tissue that cannot be controlled by simple excision or irradiation. Surgically, subtotal exenteration with partial preservation of lids and even conjunctiva may be achieved occasionally. However, total exenteration may be lifesaving. Techniques and precautions are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of skin grafting that influence the postoperative care are noted.", "contents": "Indications and surgical techniques for orbital exenteration. Indications for the mutilating operation of exenteration are enumerated. They usually involve a malignant neoplasm of the orbital contents, primary, direct extension, or adnexal tissue that cannot be controlled by simple excision or irradiation. Surgically, subtotal exenteration with partial preservation of lids and even conjunctiva may be achieved occasionally. However, total exenteration may be lifesaving. Techniques and precautions are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of skin grafting that influence the postoperative care are noted.", "PMID": 397452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11246", "title": "[Carcinomas of the digestive tract. Chemotherapy as a complement to surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemotherapy as a complement to surgery or adjuvent chemotherapy has been presented as one of the possible means of improving 5 years survival rates following the excision of a digestive tract carcinoma. Started early after excision, and given in adequate doses for a period of one to two years, it is aimed at treatment of residual sub-clinical disease. Its effectiveness may be assessed only by study of the reduction in the number of recurrences or metastases in a large number of patients treated. At the present time, published series have not made it possible to define whether there is a definite reduction in the percentage of recurrence and metastases or merely a prolongation of the clear period which precedes their clinical manifestation. The practical difficulties of treatment, together with its possible early or late toxicity, are such that it should be reserved for forms in which there is some doubt as to the prognosis. The addition of immunotherapy has to be defined.", "contents": "[Carcinomas of the digestive tract. Chemotherapy as a complement to surgery (author's transl)]. Chemotherapy as a complement to surgery or adjuvent chemotherapy has been presented as one of the possible means of improving 5 years survival rates following the excision of a digestive tract carcinoma. Started early after excision, and given in adequate doses for a period of one to two years, it is aimed at treatment of residual sub-clinical disease. Its effectiveness may be assessed only by study of the reduction in the number of recurrences or metastases in a large number of patients treated. At the present time, published series have not made it possible to define whether there is a definite reduction in the percentage of recurrence and metastases or merely a prolongation of the clear period which precedes their clinical manifestation. The practical difficulties of treatment, together with its possible early or late toxicity, are such that it should be reserved for forms in which there is some doubt as to the prognosis. The addition of immunotherapy has to be defined.", "PMID": 397479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11247", "title": "[Hyperselective blood sampling from the renal veins (author's transl)].", "content": "A method by substitution of venous catheters within the renal venous tree was used in 28 adult hypertensive patients suffering from focal parenchymatous lesions or stenosis of one branch of the renal artery with the aim of detecting a specific source of renin hypersecretion.", "contents": "[Hyperselective blood sampling from the renal veins (author's transl)]. A method by substitution of venous catheters within the renal venous tree was used in 28 adult hypertensive patients suffering from focal parenchymatous lesions or stenosis of one branch of the renal artery with the aim of detecting a specific source of renin hypersecretion.", "PMID": 397480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11248", "title": "[On the mode of action of bradykinin on smooth muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "At extremely low concentrations, in the picomole and the nanomole range, bradykinin produces contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and the urogenital tract. At the target organ, bradykinin interacts with discriminator proteins of the plasma membranes and triggers, via changes in certain membrane functions, its biological response:--The binding to the discriminator makes specific conformative and constitutional demands on the nonapeptide. The binding results from an angular conformation which exists in the solution. The complete sequence is responsible for this specific conformation. Consequently, the biological activity of partial sequences is low. The conformational analysis of analogues used in studies on the mechanism of action showed but slight differences from bradykinin. The interaction of these analogues with the discriminator protein is disturbed to a varying extent by modifications at positions 1, 5, 8 and 9 in the side chains. The affinity for the discriminator is affected, dependently on the respective configuration, by substitution on the beta-C atom in the two phenylalanine residues.--Bradykinin is not only bound to, but also degraded at, the plasma membranes of the rat uterus and duodenum. The bradykinin-degrading enzyme has been characterized as a kininase II with the aid of various inhibitors. The conformative and configurative prerequisites decisive for enzymatic degradation are others than those decisive for binding to the discriminator.--The changes in the activities of the membrane-bound adenylate and guanylate cyclases (produced by the bradykinin-discriminator complex) that take place at the rat duodenum and uterus in the presence of extracellular calcium ions contrast with each other: At the duodenum, the ratio between these two cyclic nucleotides is changed in favour of adenylate cyclase; and at the uterus, in favour of guanylate cyclase; Substances which increase or decrease the cAMP level may also potentiate or inhibit the relaxation of the duodenum. These bradykinin-induced changes in enzyme activity must be considered in connection with other effectors, e.g. prostaglandins and calcium ions.--The calcium-ion-dependence of the effect of bradykinin on the guinea-pig ileum and the rat uterus indicates the importance of these ions as additional second messengers. Bradykinin stimulates the influx of calcium ions into the ileum; it is ineffective if no extracellular calcium ions into the ileum; it is ineffective if no extracellular calcium ions are available. It seems that intracellular and membranal calcium is mobilized in the uterus, which is evidenced by results from experiments with EGTA on the isolated organ and by the release of calcium from plasma membranes after application of bradykinin. It is assumed that the observed changes in membrane functions are induced by the peptide-discriminator complex simultaneously and not in the form of a causal chain.", "contents": "[On the mode of action of bradykinin on smooth muscle (author's transl)]. At extremely low concentrations, in the picomole and the nanomole range, bradykinin produces contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and the urogenital tract. At the target organ, bradykinin interacts with discriminator proteins of the plasma membranes and triggers, via changes in certain membrane functions, its biological response:--The binding to the discriminator makes specific conformative and constitutional demands on the nonapeptide. The binding results from an angular conformation which exists in the solution. The complete sequence is responsible for this specific conformation. Consequently, the biological activity of partial sequences is low. The conformational analysis of analogues used in studies on the mechanism of action showed but slight differences from bradykinin. The interaction of these analogues with the discriminator protein is disturbed to a varying extent by modifications at positions 1, 5, 8 and 9 in the side chains. The affinity for the discriminator is affected, dependently on the respective configuration, by substitution on the beta-C atom in the two phenylalanine residues.--Bradykinin is not only bound to, but also degraded at, the plasma membranes of the rat uterus and duodenum. The bradykinin-degrading enzyme has been characterized as a kininase II with the aid of various inhibitors. The conformative and configurative prerequisites decisive for enzymatic degradation are others than those decisive for binding to the discriminator.--The changes in the activities of the membrane-bound adenylate and guanylate cyclases (produced by the bradykinin-discriminator complex) that take place at the rat duodenum and uterus in the presence of extracellular calcium ions contrast with each other: At the duodenum, the ratio between these two cyclic nucleotides is changed in favour of adenylate cyclase; and at the uterus, in favour of guanylate cyclase; Substances which increase or decrease the cAMP level may also potentiate or inhibit the relaxation of the duodenum. These bradykinin-induced changes in enzyme activity must be considered in connection with other effectors, e.g. prostaglandins and calcium ions.--The calcium-ion-dependence of the effect of bradykinin on the guinea-pig ileum and the rat uterus indicates the importance of these ions as additional second messengers. Bradykinin stimulates the influx of calcium ions into the ileum; it is ineffective if no extracellular calcium ions into the ileum; it is ineffective if no extracellular calcium ions are available. It seems that intracellular and membranal calcium is mobilized in the uterus, which is evidenced by results from experiments with EGTA on the isolated organ and by the release of calcium from plasma membranes after application of bradykinin. It is assumed that the observed changes in membrane functions are induced by the peptide-discriminator complex simultaneously and not in the form of a causal chain.", "PMID": 397490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11249", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial action of some bis-thiazolidines.", "content": "alpha, delta-Bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-hydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (1) was reacted with heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes in boiling glacial acetic acid, where the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis (thiazolidindione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (2) were separated. While with some other heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes, and under the same conditions, the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-arylidene-5-yl-3) butane (3) were obtained. The synthesized compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial action of some bis-thiazolidines. alpha, delta-Bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-hydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (1) was reacted with heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes in boiling glacial acetic acid, where the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis (thiazolidindione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (2) were separated. While with some other heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes, and under the same conditions, the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-arylidene-5-yl-3) butane (3) were obtained. The synthesized compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 397491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11250", "title": "[The use of spray drying in pharmacy (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to the favourable physical conditions of the evaporation process, the technique of spray drying has been used for some time to obtain dried products from solutions, suspensions, emulsions and fluid extracts. In the pharmaceutical industry, it may be utilized as a -drying technique, -micronizing procedure, -procedure for the manufacture of polymorphic or amorphic forms of active substances, -technique for producing microcapsules and spray embeddings, -method for manufacturing direct-tablettable active substances. The technical development which ranges from spray dryers for laboratory experiments to industrial plants, and the continuous operation are favourable prerequisites for research and use on an ever greater scale.", "contents": "[The use of spray drying in pharmacy (author's transl)]. Owing to the favourable physical conditions of the evaporation process, the technique of spray drying has been used for some time to obtain dried products from solutions, suspensions, emulsions and fluid extracts. In the pharmaceutical industry, it may be utilized as a -drying technique, -micronizing procedure, -procedure for the manufacture of polymorphic or amorphic forms of active substances, -technique for producing microcapsules and spray embeddings, -method for manufacturing direct-tablettable active substances. The technical development which ranges from spray dryers for laboratory experiments to industrial plants, and the continuous operation are favourable prerequisites for research and use on an ever greater scale.", "PMID": 397493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11251", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial testing of 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones.", "content": "Condensation of 2-methyl-6-nitro-4-quinazolone with different aldehydes was achieved by fusing the reactants in the presence of zinc chloride, affording 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones. 2-(3-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxystyryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones were also prepared through the Mannich reaction. The antimicrobial testing of five of the compounds prepared showed that some of them produce promising effects.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial testing of 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones. Condensation of 2-methyl-6-nitro-4-quinazolone with different aldehydes was achieved by fusing the reactants in the presence of zinc chloride, affording 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones. 2-(3-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxystyryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones were also prepared through the Mannich reaction. The antimicrobial testing of five of the compounds prepared showed that some of them produce promising effects.", "PMID": 397494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11252", "title": "[Animal experiments on the pharmacokinetics of ocrase (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood level, distribution and elimination of ocrase, a protease from Aspergillus ochraceus, were determined in rabbits after application of the 131I labelled enzyme in therapeutic doses.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the pharmacokinetics of ocrase (author's transl)]. The blood level, distribution and elimination of ocrase, a protease from Aspergillus ochraceus, were determined in rabbits after application of the 131I labelled enzyme in therapeutic doses.", "PMID": 397495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11253", "title": "Long-term effect of relaxation on blood pressure and anxiety levels of essential hypertensive males: a controlled study.", "content": "The long-term effect of relaxation in lowering blood pressure and anxiety was evaluated in this study. Eighteen male Caucasian essential hypertensives with moderate elevations in blood pressure were studied. Relaxation significantly reduced both blood pressure and anxiety. Control procedures had no significant effect. The reductions lasted for 12 months after training. However, there was no statistical relationship between reduction in blood pressure and anxiety.", "contents": "Long-term effect of relaxation on blood pressure and anxiety levels of essential hypertensive males: a controlled study. The long-term effect of relaxation in lowering blood pressure and anxiety was evaluated in this study. Eighteen male Caucasian essential hypertensives with moderate elevations in blood pressure were studied. Relaxation significantly reduced both blood pressure and anxiety. Control procedures had no significant effect. The reductions lasted for 12 months after training. However, there was no statistical relationship between reduction in blood pressure and anxiety.", "PMID": 397497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11254", "title": "The stress response: a new perspective.", "content": "A theory of the response to chronic intermittent stress, intergating many diverse studies, is presented. Chronic intermittent stress is presumed to be the type of stress most frequently encountered and most likely to cause physiological changes which predispose an organism to tissue damage. The theory states that all organisms are genetically predisposed to adapt to stress and that the physiological pattern of adaptation is similar across species. This pattern consists of a conditioned endocrine response before the stressor is presented accompanied by a decrease in arousal during the stress. These changes occur because the organism is predisposed to learn cues predictive of stress and to assess the threat potential of the stressor. This pattern is adaptive because it conserves resources and promotes homeostasis. Maladaptation is discussed in terms of failure to learn situational expectancies and appropriate responses. Implications of this theoretical perspective are examined.", "contents": "The stress response: a new perspective. A theory of the response to chronic intermittent stress, intergating many diverse studies, is presented. Chronic intermittent stress is presumed to be the type of stress most frequently encountered and most likely to cause physiological changes which predispose an organism to tissue damage. The theory states that all organisms are genetically predisposed to adapt to stress and that the physiological pattern of adaptation is similar across species. This pattern consists of a conditioned endocrine response before the stressor is presented accompanied by a decrease in arousal during the stress. These changes occur because the organism is predisposed to learn cues predictive of stress and to assess the threat potential of the stressor. This pattern is adaptive because it conserves resources and promotes homeostasis. Maladaptation is discussed in terms of failure to learn situational expectancies and appropriate responses. Implications of this theoretical perspective are examined.", "PMID": 397498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11255", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes (the in vitro polyclonal B cell activator-induced plaque-forming cell system).", "content": "The characteristics of human B lymphocyte triggering, differentiation, and regulation are described using the polyclonally induced anti-sheep red blood cell hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay system. Technical and methodologic considerations, cellular requirements and mechanisms of regulation including suppressor and helper influences are discussed. Also considered are theoretical concepts regarding normal immune response versus pathologic immune states and the potential biologic role of polyclonal activation in these human immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes (the in vitro polyclonal B cell activator-induced plaque-forming cell system). The characteristics of human B lymphocyte triggering, differentiation, and regulation are described using the polyclonally induced anti-sheep red blood cell hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay system. Technical and methodologic considerations, cellular requirements and mechanisms of regulation including suppressor and helper influences are discussed. Also considered are theoretical concepts regarding normal immune response versus pathologic immune states and the potential biologic role of polyclonal activation in these human immune mechanisms.", "PMID": 397602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11256", "title": "Left-to-right shunts. (Quantification, mathematical methods and their statistical comparison).", "content": "This work describes a non-traumatic technique for quantitative determination of left-to-right shunts. Various mathematical methods to evaluate the radioisotope concentration lung curve are considered. Data were collected with a gamma camera system connected to a computer. The first results were obtained from 18 patients at the Ospedali Riuniti in Parma, Italy. All the mathematical processes are described. The three methods used were based on: 1. the count ratio (C2/C1) between two pulmonary activity concentrations, 2. the gamma function fitting, 3. decreasing exponential. A comparison of the three methods shows that the gamma function method is the most reliable. In this kind of investigation the patient's radiation dose is low enough for it to be repeated so that the course of the disease can be followed.", "contents": "Left-to-right shunts. (Quantification, mathematical methods and their statistical comparison). This work describes a non-traumatic technique for quantitative determination of left-to-right shunts. Various mathematical methods to evaluate the radioisotope concentration lung curve are considered. Data were collected with a gamma camera system connected to a computer. The first results were obtained from 18 patients at the Ospedali Riuniti in Parma, Italy. All the mathematical processes are described. The three methods used were based on: 1. the count ratio (C2/C1) between two pulmonary activity concentrations, 2. the gamma function fitting, 3. decreasing exponential. A comparison of the three methods shows that the gamma function method is the most reliable. In this kind of investigation the patient's radiation dose is low enough for it to be repeated so that the course of the disease can be followed.", "PMID": 397603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11257", "title": "Von Willebrand's disease in pigs and atherosclerosis.", "content": "There is experimental evidence that platelets, by interacting with the arterial wall may be important in the initiation of atherosclerosis. This paper describes the results of consecutive experiments indicating that pigs with impaired platelet-blood vessel interaction in the form of von Willebrand's disease are resistant to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Ongoing experiments in these pigs are providing significant insight into the relationship of the circulating platelets, the endothelial cell and circulating von Willebrand factor, and the reactivity of the arterial wall in the process of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Von Willebrand's disease in pigs and atherosclerosis. There is experimental evidence that platelets, by interacting with the arterial wall may be important in the initiation of atherosclerosis. This paper describes the results of consecutive experiments indicating that pigs with impaired platelet-blood vessel interaction in the form of von Willebrand's disease are resistant to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Ongoing experiments in these pigs are providing significant insight into the relationship of the circulating platelets, the endothelial cell and circulating von Willebrand factor, and the reactivity of the arterial wall in the process of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 397604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11258", "title": "Clinical quality of amalgam restorations.", "content": "The clinical quality of 203 mesio-occlusal Class II and 127 buccal Class V restorations of 246 persons aged 25 years were studied. One third of the amalgam restorations were considered to be unacceptable. Marginal overhang was the prevailing type of failure (17%), recurrent caries occurred at 12% of the restorations, unacceptable proximal contact at 10%, unacceptable marginal adaptation at 8% and isthmus fractures at 2%.", "contents": "Clinical quality of amalgam restorations. The clinical quality of 203 mesio-occlusal Class II and 127 buccal Class V restorations of 246 persons aged 25 years were studied. One third of the amalgam restorations were considered to be unacceptable. Marginal overhang was the prevailing type of failure (17%), recurrent caries occurred at 12% of the restorations, unacceptable proximal contact at 10%, unacceptable marginal adaptation at 8% and isthmus fractures at 2%.", "PMID": 397610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11259", "title": "The role of renin in the control of the circulation and in hypertensive disease.", "content": "Renin is a hormone secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney; it interacts with a plasma protein substrate to produce a decapeptide prohormone angiotensin I. Converting hormone located on vascular endothelium converts the decapeptide to an octapeptide, angiotensin II, which effects vasoconstriction, the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex, and retention of sodium by the kidney. The biosynthesis and control of renin secretion are not well understood, and the question as to whether renin is synthesized and stored in a larger precursor form is as yet unresolved. Whether or not higher molecular weight or inactive forms of renin in plasma have a role in controlling renin activity or whether they simply represent a degradative pathway for renin is as yet uncertain. The availability of several inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system has served to define the role of renin both in normal cardiovascular homeostasis and in renovascular hypertension. It appears that renin plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure in the salt- or volume-depleted state and that it is responsible for the initial phases of renovascular hypertension in any model of this disease process. Renin's part in chronic renovascular hypertension depends on whether or not sodium is permitted to accumulate. If sodium intake is restricted or if sodium excretion is unimpaired (such as in two-kidney renovascular hypertension models), renin continues to play a significant role during the chronic phase.", "contents": "The role of renin in the control of the circulation and in hypertensive disease. Renin is a hormone secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney; it interacts with a plasma protein substrate to produce a decapeptide prohormone angiotensin I. Converting hormone located on vascular endothelium converts the decapeptide to an octapeptide, angiotensin II, which effects vasoconstriction, the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex, and retention of sodium by the kidney. The biosynthesis and control of renin secretion are not well understood, and the question as to whether renin is synthesized and stored in a larger precursor form is as yet unresolved. Whether or not higher molecular weight or inactive forms of renin in plasma have a role in controlling renin activity or whether they simply represent a degradative pathway for renin is as yet uncertain. The availability of several inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system has served to define the role of renin both in normal cardiovascular homeostasis and in renovascular hypertension. It appears that renin plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure in the salt- or volume-depleted state and that it is responsible for the initial phases of renovascular hypertension in any model of this disease process. Renin's part in chronic renovascular hypertension depends on whether or not sodium is permitted to accumulate. If sodium intake is restricted or if sodium excretion is unimpaired (such as in two-kidney renovascular hypertension models), renin continues to play a significant role during the chronic phase.", "PMID": 397605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11260", "title": "Effect of different types of anaesthesia including percutaneous local anaesthesia on survival of experimental skin flaps.", "content": "Local anaesthesia by epicutaneous application of the ketocaine solution A2358 gave survival of experimental skin flaps in the guinea pig which corresponded on average to 71% of the total flap. The survival after pentobarbitone anaesthesia, general anaesthesia with ether, and infiltration of prilocaine without and with adrenalin varied between 41 and 53%. The difference in effect between percutaneous anaesthesia with A2358 and the other procedures was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Epicutaneous application of A2358 followed by one of the other forms of anaesthesia gave a flap survival that did not differ from that following local anaesthesia with A2358 alone, except when followed by injection of prilocaine with adrenalin. The improved survival after epicutaneously applied A2358 is probably attributable to an effect on the peripheral vascular bed resulting in increasing blood supply and nutrition. It may be possible that A2358, for example, could be used in man as a complement to other forms of anaesthesia to provide enhanced tissue survival in skin flaps.", "contents": "Effect of different types of anaesthesia including percutaneous local anaesthesia on survival of experimental skin flaps. Local anaesthesia by epicutaneous application of the ketocaine solution A2358 gave survival of experimental skin flaps in the guinea pig which corresponded on average to 71% of the total flap. The survival after pentobarbitone anaesthesia, general anaesthesia with ether, and infiltration of prilocaine without and with adrenalin varied between 41 and 53%. The difference in effect between percutaneous anaesthesia with A2358 and the other procedures was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Epicutaneous application of A2358 followed by one of the other forms of anaesthesia gave a flap survival that did not differ from that following local anaesthesia with A2358 alone, except when followed by injection of prilocaine with adrenalin. The improved survival after epicutaneously applied A2358 is probably attributable to an effect on the peripheral vascular bed resulting in increasing blood supply and nutrition. It may be possible that A2358, for example, could be used in man as a complement to other forms of anaesthesia to provide enhanced tissue survival in skin flaps.", "PMID": 397612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11261", "title": "The effect of zinc tape upon wound healing. A biochemical, histochemical and histological study in rats.", "content": "The healing of excisional wounds in rats, which were treated with zinc tape, gauze sponge or porcine skin, was studied. Wound closure was completed earlier in zinc-tape-treated wounds than in wounds treated with a gauze sponge or porcine skin. Wound contraction was more pronounced in gauze- and porcine skin-treated wounds than in zinc-tape-treated wounds. More foreign body giant cells were seen 14 days after operation in gauze-treated contra zinc tape-treated wounds, whereas hydroxyproline concentration was higher in tape-treated wounds. Histochemically the acid phosphatase activity was pronounced in macrophages, foreign body giant cells and fibroblasts. The alkaline phosphatase activity was pronounced in granulocytes and fibroblasts. Quantitatively a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in gauze-treated wounds from 7 to 14 days. A decrease was seen in albumin concentration in gauze- as well as zinc-tape-treated animals which was most pronounced after 7 days in the gauze-treated animals.", "contents": "The effect of zinc tape upon wound healing. A biochemical, histochemical and histological study in rats. The healing of excisional wounds in rats, which were treated with zinc tape, gauze sponge or porcine skin, was studied. Wound closure was completed earlier in zinc-tape-treated wounds than in wounds treated with a gauze sponge or porcine skin. Wound contraction was more pronounced in gauze- and porcine skin-treated wounds than in zinc-tape-treated wounds. More foreign body giant cells were seen 14 days after operation in gauze-treated contra zinc tape-treated wounds, whereas hydroxyproline concentration was higher in tape-treated wounds. Histochemically the acid phosphatase activity was pronounced in macrophages, foreign body giant cells and fibroblasts. The alkaline phosphatase activity was pronounced in granulocytes and fibroblasts. Quantitatively a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in gauze-treated wounds from 7 to 14 days. A decrease was seen in albumin concentration in gauze- as well as zinc-tape-treated animals which was most pronounced after 7 days in the gauze-treated animals.", "PMID": 397613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11262", "title": "Treatment of pilonidal sinus by radical excision and reconstruction by rotation flap surgery of Z-plasty technique.", "content": "Defects after excision of large pilonidal sinuses were reconstructed by either rotation skin flaps or a Z-plasty technique. Altogether, 16 patients were operated on, 10 with a rotation flap and 6 with a Z-plasty technique. All the patients except one underwent a radical operation. The patient not having a radical operation had a recurrence. Two cases in the Z-plasty groups acquired an infection in the distal part of the wound necessitating reoperation on the resultant sinus. The disability after this more extensive surgery was not more pronounced than after ordinary surgical procedures. For large recurrent pilonidal sinuses, radical excision and primary suturing of the wound using a rotation flap is recommended as the method of choice.", "contents": "Treatment of pilonidal sinus by radical excision and reconstruction by rotation flap surgery of Z-plasty technique. Defects after excision of large pilonidal sinuses were reconstructed by either rotation skin flaps or a Z-plasty technique. Altogether, 16 patients were operated on, 10 with a rotation flap and 6 with a Z-plasty technique. All the patients except one underwent a radical operation. The patient not having a radical operation had a recurrence. Two cases in the Z-plasty groups acquired an infection in the distal part of the wound necessitating reoperation on the resultant sinus. The disability after this more extensive surgery was not more pronounced than after ordinary surgical procedures. For large recurrent pilonidal sinuses, radical excision and primary suturing of the wound using a rotation flap is recommended as the method of choice.", "PMID": 397614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11263", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans after treatment with econazole-nitrate.", "content": "In electron microscopic studies the interior of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans was revealed by means of the freeze-fracture technique. The superficial structures of the extracellular (E) and protoplasmic (P) fracture faces differed negligibly from structures on the corresponding fracture faces of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following treatment with 2.2 x 10(-5) M econazole nitrate a layer, present on the P face in the form of a tight matrix of globular proteins, dissolved into isolated groups of particles whose globular elements sometimes formed hexagonal patterns. As the damage progressed, fissure-shaped membrane invaginations on the P face disappeared. Parts of the outer lipid layer of the plasmalemma were torn off the cell wall and adhered in fragments to the P face. The ultrastructural changes in the plasmalemma induced by econazole nitrate temporally correlate with an increase in the permeability of the cell envelope found in physiological studies performed by other authors.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans after treatment with econazole-nitrate. In electron microscopic studies the interior of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans was revealed by means of the freeze-fracture technique. The superficial structures of the extracellular (E) and protoplasmic (P) fracture faces differed negligibly from structures on the corresponding fracture faces of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following treatment with 2.2 x 10(-5) M econazole nitrate a layer, present on the P face in the form of a tight matrix of globular proteins, dissolved into isolated groups of particles whose globular elements sometimes formed hexagonal patterns. As the damage progressed, fissure-shaped membrane invaginations on the P face disappeared. Parts of the outer lipid layer of the plasmalemma were torn off the cell wall and adhered in fragments to the P face. The ultrastructural changes in the plasmalemma induced by econazole nitrate temporally correlate with an increase in the permeability of the cell envelope found in physiological studies performed by other authors.", "PMID": 397619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11264", "title": "Survey of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders and in the air.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from 9 (1%) of 835 clinical specimens examined from the respiratory tract of patients. These isolations came from 3 (0.4%) of the760 patients; 8 isolates were from sputum and one from urine. The fungus was not demonstrable in the air at a selected site during a 2-year study although other species of Cryptococcus, namely, C. albidus, C. ater, C. flavus, C. laurentii, C. magnus, C. terreus and C. uniguttulatus were isolated. The three C. neoformans positive patients were males, with pulmonary tuberculosis as the primary disease and history of repeated exposure to pigeon excreta in two. None of these patients manifested any overt signs and symptoms specificially attributable to cryptococcosis, nor did they receive any antifungal therapy. Repeated isolations of C. neoformans from sputum, a positive urine culture and demonstration of cryptococcal antibodies in a serum specimen, followed by negative cultures and serology, suggested that patient 1 had spontaneously recovered from an episode of benign, minimal pulmonary cryptococcosis. Patients 2 and 3 probably carried the fungus as a transient resident of the respiratory tract. The results suggest that C. neoformans is of uncommon occurrence in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders and that the isolation of the fungus from this site may not necessarily imply an etiologic relationship.", "contents": "Survey of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders and in the air. Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from 9 (1%) of 835 clinical specimens examined from the respiratory tract of patients. These isolations came from 3 (0.4%) of the760 patients; 8 isolates were from sputum and one from urine. The fungus was not demonstrable in the air at a selected site during a 2-year study although other species of Cryptococcus, namely, C. albidus, C. ater, C. flavus, C. laurentii, C. magnus, C. terreus and C. uniguttulatus were isolated. The three C. neoformans positive patients were males, with pulmonary tuberculosis as the primary disease and history of repeated exposure to pigeon excreta in two. None of these patients manifested any overt signs and symptoms specificially attributable to cryptococcosis, nor did they receive any antifungal therapy. Repeated isolations of C. neoformans from sputum, a positive urine culture and demonstration of cryptococcal antibodies in a serum specimen, followed by negative cultures and serology, suggested that patient 1 had spontaneously recovered from an episode of benign, minimal pulmonary cryptococcosis. Patients 2 and 3 probably carried the fungus as a transient resident of the respiratory tract. The results suggest that C. neoformans is of uncommon occurrence in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders and that the isolation of the fungus from this site may not necessarily imply an etiologic relationship.", "PMID": 397620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11265", "title": "Transformation of the gene for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "Purified DNA from wild-type Chinese ovary (CHO) cells has been used to transform three hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficient murine cell mutants to the enzyme positive state. Transformants appeared at an overall frequency of 5 x 10(-8) colonies/treated cell and expressed CHO HPRT activity as determined by electrophoresis. One gene recipient, B21, was a newly isolated mutant of LMTK- deficient in both HPRT and thymidine kinase (TK) activities. Transformation of B21 to HPRT+ occurred at 1/5 the frequency of transformation to TK+; the latter was, in turn, an order of magnitude lower than that found in the parental LMTK- cells, 3 x 10(-6). Thus both clonal and marker-specific factors play a role in determining transformability. The specific activity of HPRT in transformant extracts ranged from 0.5 to 5 times the CHO level. The rate of loss of the transformant HPRT+ phenotype, as measured by fluctuation analysis, was 10(-4)/cell/generation. While this value indicates stability compared to many gene transferents, it is much greater than the spontaneous mutation rate at the indigenous locus. The ability to transfer the gene for HPRT into cultured mammalian cells may prove useful for mutational and genetic mapping studies in this well-studied system.", "contents": "Transformation of the gene for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Purified DNA from wild-type Chinese ovary (CHO) cells has been used to transform three hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficient murine cell mutants to the enzyme positive state. Transformants appeared at an overall frequency of 5 x 10(-8) colonies/treated cell and expressed CHO HPRT activity as determined by electrophoresis. One gene recipient, B21, was a newly isolated mutant of LMTK- deficient in both HPRT and thymidine kinase (TK) activities. Transformation of B21 to HPRT+ occurred at 1/5 the frequency of transformation to TK+; the latter was, in turn, an order of magnitude lower than that found in the parental LMTK- cells, 3 x 10(-6). Thus both clonal and marker-specific factors play a role in determining transformability. The specific activity of HPRT in transformant extracts ranged from 0.5 to 5 times the CHO level. The rate of loss of the transformant HPRT+ phenotype, as measured by fluctuation analysis, was 10(-4)/cell/generation. While this value indicates stability compared to many gene transferents, it is much greater than the spontaneous mutation rate at the indigenous locus. The ability to transfer the gene for HPRT into cultured mammalian cells may prove useful for mutational and genetic mapping studies in this well-studied system.", "PMID": 397622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11266", "title": "Transvesical Harris-Hryntschak prostatectomy with primary bladder closure and local vasoconstriction.", "content": "The simple, rapid and satisfactory method of the transvesical Harris-Hryntschak open prostatectomy is described. When this technique is used bleeding is reduced to an average of 85 ml. and visibility is improved by the local injection of a synthetic vasoconstrictor, ornithine-8 vasopressin, before enucleation. Hermostasis is obtained by tamponade with fine sutures occluding the bladder neck. Bladder closure is with heavy watertight, purse-string sutures. A \"time and motion\" study has reduced the usual operating time to 15 to 20 minutes with an intraoperative transfusion rate of 2.3%.", "contents": "Transvesical Harris-Hryntschak prostatectomy with primary bladder closure and local vasoconstriction. The simple, rapid and satisfactory method of the transvesical Harris-Hryntschak open prostatectomy is described. When this technique is used bleeding is reduced to an average of 85 ml. and visibility is improved by the local injection of a synthetic vasoconstrictor, ornithine-8 vasopressin, before enucleation. Hermostasis is obtained by tamponade with fine sutures occluding the bladder neck. Bladder closure is with heavy watertight, purse-string sutures. A \"time and motion\" study has reduced the usual operating time to 15 to 20 minutes with an intraoperative transfusion rate of 2.3%.", "PMID": 397649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11267", "title": "Renal autotransplantation for recurrent renal colic.", "content": "Renal autotransplantation as an alternative to ileal interposition has been done successfully in patients with repetitive episodes of renal colic. Urinary tract continuity has been re-established by anastomosis of a Boari tube directly to the renal pelvis. This has resulted in easy egress of recurrent calculi without pain. Furthermore, the musculature of the Boari tube seems to be adequate for prevention of vesicorenal reflux. The procedure has been devoid of electrolyte and mucous urinary retention problems associated with ileal interposition and it is advocated as an alternative in the management of such patients when medical therapy fails.", "contents": "Renal autotransplantation for recurrent renal colic. Renal autotransplantation as an alternative to ileal interposition has been done successfully in patients with repetitive episodes of renal colic. Urinary tract continuity has been re-established by anastomosis of a Boari tube directly to the renal pelvis. This has resulted in easy egress of recurrent calculi without pain. Furthermore, the musculature of the Boari tube seems to be adequate for prevention of vesicorenal reflux. The procedure has been devoid of electrolyte and mucous urinary retention problems associated with ileal interposition and it is advocated as an alternative in the management of such patients when medical therapy fails.", "PMID": 397652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11268", "title": "Evaluation of patients for secondary hypertension.", "content": "The recognition of secondary causes of hypertension, such as renovascular disease and aldosteronism, can be enhanced by stimulation and suppression of the 2 limbs of the renin angiotensin system. Normal values have been established in unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Saline infusion suppresses plasma aldosterone normally. Patients with proved adenomas do no suppress renin and are outside the well established ranges of normal suppression. Likewise, furosemide will stimulate renin release. Patients with proved aldosteronism are outside the normal ranges of plasma renin activity. These maneuvers also are useful in discriminating renovascular hypertension, particularly when achieving differential renal venous collections under stimulated conditions (after furosemide and tilting). By stressing this system (with furosemide stimulation or saline suppression) one can discriminate better secondary hypertension by the failure to respond normally.", "contents": "Evaluation of patients for secondary hypertension. The recognition of secondary causes of hypertension, such as renovascular disease and aldosteronism, can be enhanced by stimulation and suppression of the 2 limbs of the renin angiotensin system. Normal values have been established in unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Saline infusion suppresses plasma aldosterone normally. Patients with proved adenomas do no suppress renin and are outside the well established ranges of normal suppression. Likewise, furosemide will stimulate renin release. Patients with proved aldosteronism are outside the normal ranges of plasma renin activity. These maneuvers also are useful in discriminating renovascular hypertension, particularly when achieving differential renal venous collections under stimulated conditions (after furosemide and tilting). By stressing this system (with furosemide stimulation or saline suppression) one can discriminate better secondary hypertension by the failure to respond normally.", "PMID": 397653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11269", "title": "The eighth Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture. presented by saiichi mishima, MD Beh\u00e7et's disease in Japan: ophthalmologic aspects.", "content": "The problems of Beh\u00e7et's disease in Japan have been reviewed with particular emphasis on the ophthalmologic aspects: the historical background for the Japanese works, diagnostic critieria, epidemiology, some statistics, ocular symptomatology, ocular histopathology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Beh\u00e7et's disease is the most frequent entity in endogenous uveitis in Japan. Patients are found throughout the country, and the prevalence rate averages seven to eight per 100,000 population: the rate is higher in the northern than in the southern districts. The diagnosis is made on the basis of a combination of clinical symptoms that are divided into the major and minor criteria symptoms. The major criteria comprise the ocular involvement, aphthous ulcers of the oral mucous membrane, genital ulcers, and skin lesions. These symptoms recur often as attacks and the disease follows a chronic course. The ocular involvement is found in 83% to 95% in males and 67% to 73% in females; the male  to female ratio in the number of patients is 1.78. Both into the anterior segment type and the fundus and panophthalmic types. The anterior segment type shows serous iridocyclitis with the classic type of hypopyon appearing in about 12% of the attacks. This type is found in about 20%, more often in females than in males, and the visual prognosis is more favorable than in the fundus and panophthalmic types. In the latter two types, attacks of retinal angitis resulting in intensive retinal edema, yellowish-white exudate, and hemorrhages recur particularly in the macular region, and the visual prognosis is poor. More than 50% of male patients lose visual acuity to less than 0.1 in five years, but this is the case in only 10% of female patients. Consequently, Beh\u00e7et's disease is the cause of blindness in about 12% of acquired blindness in adults. The ocular histopathology during the attack is characterized by severe angitis with intensive infiltration of neutrophil leucocytes largely in the uveal tract and the retina; the latter is severely affected and loss of visual cells and other neural elements results. The etiology of this disease still remains unknown but genetic predisposition is suggested since this disease is strongly linked with HL-A-B5. Environmental factors are also considered. Various abnormalities are found in the blood chemistry, blood cells (particularly in neutrophil leucocytes), immunologic mechanism, fibrinolytic and blood clotting system, and hormonal system. Chemotractic factors are found in the aqueous humor. These changes are particulary enhanced just before and during the ocular attacks. Systemic corticosteroids are deleterious to the visual prognosis, but cyclophosphamide and colchicine appear to suppress attacks and help patients maintain the visual acuity. However, these drugs are toxic, particulary to the reproductive organs, and the patients must be informed of this side effect and be allowed to make a decision before they are used.", "contents": "The eighth Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture. presented by saiichi mishima, MD Beh\u00e7et's disease in Japan: ophthalmologic aspects. The problems of Beh\u00e7et's disease in Japan have been reviewed with particular emphasis on the ophthalmologic aspects: the historical background for the Japanese works, diagnostic critieria, epidemiology, some statistics, ocular symptomatology, ocular histopathology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Beh\u00e7et's disease is the most frequent entity in endogenous uveitis in Japan. Patients are found throughout the country, and the prevalence rate averages seven to eight per 100,000 population: the rate is higher in the northern than in the southern districts. The diagnosis is made on the basis of a combination of clinical symptoms that are divided into the major and minor criteria symptoms. The major criteria comprise the ocular involvement, aphthous ulcers of the oral mucous membrane, genital ulcers, and skin lesions. These symptoms recur often as attacks and the disease follows a chronic course. The ocular involvement is found in 83% to 95% in males and 67% to 73% in females; the male  to female ratio in the number of patients is 1.78. Both into the anterior segment type and the fundus and panophthalmic types. The anterior segment type shows serous iridocyclitis with the classic type of hypopyon appearing in about 12% of the attacks. This type is found in about 20%, more often in females than in males, and the visual prognosis is more favorable than in the fundus and panophthalmic types. In the latter two types, attacks of retinal angitis resulting in intensive retinal edema, yellowish-white exudate, and hemorrhages recur particularly in the macular region, and the visual prognosis is poor. More than 50% of male patients lose visual acuity to less than 0.1 in five years, but this is the case in only 10% of female patients. Consequently, Beh\u00e7et's disease is the cause of blindness in about 12% of acquired blindness in adults. The ocular histopathology during the attack is characterized by severe angitis with intensive infiltration of neutrophil leucocytes largely in the uveal tract and the retina; the latter is severely affected and loss of visual cells and other neural elements results. The etiology of this disease still remains unknown but genetic predisposition is suggested since this disease is strongly linked with HL-A-B5. Environmental factors are also considered. Various abnormalities are found in the blood chemistry, blood cells (particularly in neutrophil leucocytes), immunologic mechanism, fibrinolytic and blood clotting system, and hormonal system. Chemotractic factors are found in the aqueous humor. These changes are particulary enhanced just before and during the ocular attacks. Systemic corticosteroids are deleterious to the visual prognosis, but cyclophosphamide and colchicine appear to suppress attacks and help patients maintain the visual acuity. However, these drugs are toxic, particulary to the reproductive organs, and the patients must be informed of this side effect and be allowed to make a decision before they are used.", "PMID": 397657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11270", "title": "Long term followup of cataracts in children after renal transplantation.", "content": "In reviewing the course of 218 renal transplantation recipients 55% have developed PSC of which eleven patients have had surgery on one or both eyes; The operations in general have been uncomplicated, and the visual results have been excellent with the exception of one case that had a detached retina. The cataracts were probably induced by heavy corticosteroid therapy as the larger the dosage and the younger the recipient, the more prone were they to the development of lens changes. Phacoemulsification was preferred in this series as the more expeditious technique, leading to a clearer anterior chamber with less chance of developing a secondary cataract.", "contents": "Long term followup of cataracts in children after renal transplantation. In reviewing the course of 218 renal transplantation recipients 55% have developed PSC of which eleven patients have had surgery on one or both eyes; The operations in general have been uncomplicated, and the visual results have been excellent with the exception of one case that had a detached retina. The cataracts were probably induced by heavy corticosteroid therapy as the larger the dosage and the younger the recipient, the more prone were they to the development of lens changes. Phacoemulsification was preferred in this series as the more expeditious technique, leading to a clearer anterior chamber with less chance of developing a secondary cataract.", "PMID": 397659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11271", "title": "The natural course of active choroidal lesions in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "content": "Eighty-two patients and 106 eyes with the POHS have been followed for one year or longer. Untreated active choroidal lesions were divided into groupings based on the distance from the center of the CFZ and the reltionship to the border of the CFZ. Twenty-three percent of untreated active choroidal lesions that were located inside the CFZ achieved 20/20 to 20/40 vision. Sixty-three percent of untreated active choroidal lesions that were located outside of the CFZ achieved a vision of 20/20 to 20/40. The active choroidal lesions with the best visual prognosis were 0.25 to 0.5 disc diamterers, demonstrated no growth, and had little or no associated choroidal bleeding. Activation of choroidal lesions in the fellow eye at the site of preexisting atrophic scars was documented in 21% of the eyes. One fellow eye developed a de novo active choroidal lesion. Eighteen percent of the cases had structurally congested nerve heads characterized by slight elevation of the disc and no physiologic depression; 3% of the eyes had drusen of the optic nerve. A relationship may exist between peripapillary scarring in the POHS and these nerve head changes.", "contents": "The natural course of active choroidal lesions in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Eighty-two patients and 106 eyes with the POHS have been followed for one year or longer. Untreated active choroidal lesions were divided into groupings based on the distance from the center of the CFZ and the reltionship to the border of the CFZ. Twenty-three percent of untreated active choroidal lesions that were located inside the CFZ achieved 20/20 to 20/40 vision. Sixty-three percent of untreated active choroidal lesions that were located outside of the CFZ achieved a vision of 20/20 to 20/40. The active choroidal lesions with the best visual prognosis were 0.25 to 0.5 disc diamterers, demonstrated no growth, and had little or no associated choroidal bleeding. Activation of choroidal lesions in the fellow eye at the site of preexisting atrophic scars was documented in 21% of the eyes. One fellow eye developed a de novo active choroidal lesion. Eighteen percent of the cases had structurally congested nerve heads characterized by slight elevation of the disc and no physiologic depression; 3% of the eyes had drusen of the optic nerve. A relationship may exist between peripapillary scarring in the POHS and these nerve head changes.", "PMID": 397662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11272", "title": "[Finding of the staphyloccoi and streptococci of mastitis on the udder after various ways and means of cleaning].", "content": "The presence of mastitis staphylococci and streptococci on the udder's surface of 400 cows was studied following application of various ways and means of cleaning. The presence of agents causing mastitis was determined before and after cleaning the udder. On uncleaned udder surfaces presence of mastitis staphylococci was observed in 52.5% and of mastitis streptococci--39.5% of udders studied. After washing with water mastitis staphylococci--on 12-20% of the udders. Following udder cleaning with solutions of antigerm 50 (0.04%) or yozan CCT (4%), mastitis staphylococci were found on 4% and 6% of the udders, respectively, while mastitis staphylococci--on 2% and 6%, respectively. Udder surface staphylococci belong in 2.2% to II phagous group, in 46.6%--to the III group, and in 37.7% -- to mixed groups. The most frequently encountered phagous types were 6 and 42D.", "contents": "[Finding of the staphyloccoi and streptococci of mastitis on the udder after various ways and means of cleaning]. The presence of mastitis staphylococci and streptococci on the udder's surface of 400 cows was studied following application of various ways and means of cleaning. The presence of agents causing mastitis was determined before and after cleaning the udder. On uncleaned udder surfaces presence of mastitis staphylococci was observed in 52.5% and of mastitis streptococci--39.5% of udders studied. After washing with water mastitis staphylococci--on 12-20% of the udders. Following udder cleaning with solutions of antigerm 50 (0.04%) or yozan CCT (4%), mastitis staphylococci were found on 4% and 6% of the udders, respectively, while mastitis staphylococci--on 2% and 6%, respectively. Udder surface staphylococci belong in 2.2% to II phagous group, in 46.6%--to the III group, and in 37.7% -- to mixed groups. The most frequently encountered phagous types were 6 and 42D.", "PMID": 397667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11273", "title": "[Use of the pyruvate test for determining the bacterial activity in milk].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the pyruvate and reductase tests applied in milk of varying hygienic properties. It was established that: just after milking the pyruvate and reductase tests have a low correlation with bacterial infestation of milk; in milk cooled at 3--5 degrees C for a longer period (72 h) the pyruvate test has a good correlation with bacterial infestation of milk; following storage of milk at temperature above 10 degrees C the reductase test with methylene blue is better correlated with bacterial infestation of milk; the pyruvate-test is appropriate for evaluation of bacterial activity in milk cooled at low temperature and transported every second day; the reductase test is appropriate evaluation of bacterial activity in not well cooled milk which is transported one a day.", "contents": "[Use of the pyruvate test for determining the bacterial activity in milk]. Comparative studies were carried out on the pyruvate and reductase tests applied in milk of varying hygienic properties. It was established that: just after milking the pyruvate and reductase tests have a low correlation with bacterial infestation of milk; in milk cooled at 3--5 degrees C for a longer period (72 h) the pyruvate test has a good correlation with bacterial infestation of milk; following storage of milk at temperature above 10 degrees C the reductase test with methylene blue is better correlated with bacterial infestation of milk; the pyruvate-test is appropriate for evaluation of bacterial activity in milk cooled at low temperature and transported every second day; the reductase test is appropriate evaluation of bacterial activity in not well cooled milk which is transported one a day.", "PMID": 397668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11274", "title": "[Comparative studies between different methods for demonstrating blocking antibodies in experimental Br. melitensis infection in sheep and goats].", "content": "In the course of 4 years 4624 serums of 34 sheep and 4 goats experimentally infected with Br. melitensis biotype 1 and biotype 3 in a chronic phase of the Brucella infection process and 2792 serums obtained from part of the same sheep in acute and subacute phase of Brusella infection were investigated. In was established that Coomb's test and the cysteine test show greater constancy in proving the existence of blocking antibodies. They are followed by the Brucella blocking test after Renoux and the mercaptoethanol test. In the complement binding reaction participate mainly mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies, while in the presence of blocking (mercaptoethanol resistant) antibodies the complement binding reaction is characterized by binding a smaller amount of the complement. Cold complement binding leads to increased titers of complement binding antibodies mainly in respect to blocking antibodies. Positive hemocultures are established more often in case of mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinins in high titers, while positive urocultures--in case of high titer reaction of complement binding, in case of higher titers of blocking antibodies or in case of positive complement binding reaction and higher content of blocking (mercaptoethanol resistant) antibodies.", "contents": "[Comparative studies between different methods for demonstrating blocking antibodies in experimental Br. melitensis infection in sheep and goats]. In the course of 4 years 4624 serums of 34 sheep and 4 goats experimentally infected with Br. melitensis biotype 1 and biotype 3 in a chronic phase of the Brucella infection process and 2792 serums obtained from part of the same sheep in acute and subacute phase of Brusella infection were investigated. In was established that Coomb's test and the cysteine test show greater constancy in proving the existence of blocking antibodies. They are followed by the Brucella blocking test after Renoux and the mercaptoethanol test. In the complement binding reaction participate mainly mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies, while in the presence of blocking (mercaptoethanol resistant) antibodies the complement binding reaction is characterized by binding a smaller amount of the complement. Cold complement binding leads to increased titers of complement binding antibodies mainly in respect to blocking antibodies. Positive hemocultures are established more often in case of mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinins in high titers, while positive urocultures--in case of high titer reaction of complement binding, in case of higher titers of blocking antibodies or in case of positive complement binding reaction and higher content of blocking (mercaptoethanol resistant) antibodies.", "PMID": 397669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11275", "title": "[Influenza in man and animals].", "content": "A review of references found in World literature concerning the present day problem of grippe virus participation in man's and animals' pathology is made. New aspects of the relations between grippe viruses in man and in the animals, strain circulation, changes in their antigenic structures and the arisal of spontaneous mutations as well as the possibility for preserving human grippe strains in animals during interepidemical periods are revealed. Various hypotheses confirming this possibility are discussed. Results obtained in this field are summed up and an attempt to compare and analyse them is made in view to construct all-round conceptions and elaborate a strategy related with the study of grippe viruses also in animals and birds as their eventual biological reservoir. Data presented are of interest not only for etiology and epidemiology but also for the ecology of viral infections. Conclusions concerning the need to study grippe virus interrelations in man and animals in an all-round aspect, including the participation of various specialists, are made.", "contents": "[Influenza in man and animals]. A review of references found in World literature concerning the present day problem of grippe virus participation in man's and animals' pathology is made. New aspects of the relations between grippe viruses in man and in the animals, strain circulation, changes in their antigenic structures and the arisal of spontaneous mutations as well as the possibility for preserving human grippe strains in animals during interepidemical periods are revealed. Various hypotheses confirming this possibility are discussed. Results obtained in this field are summed up and an attempt to compare and analyse them is made in view to construct all-round conceptions and elaborate a strategy related with the study of grippe viruses also in animals and birds as their eventual biological reservoir. Data presented are of interest not only for etiology and epidemiology but also for the ecology of viral infections. Conclusions concerning the need to study grippe virus interrelations in man and animals in an all-round aspect, including the participation of various specialists, are made.", "PMID": 397670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11276", "title": "[Enterococci and coliforms in yellow sheep's milk cheese].", "content": "Ninety-two samples of sheep milk yellow cheese were investigated 30 and 180 days after its production. The content of enterococci varied within a wide range--from 100 to 1,9 million per g. In 14.28% of the samples more than 10 000 enterococci per g were found. No correlation between salt content, acidity and pH and number of enterococci in the yellow cheese samples studied as well as between quantity of enterococci, period of cheese ripening and storage and the organoleptic evaluation of the product's ripeness was established. In 100% of the samples studied coli titer was above 0.1. Of the 137 differentiated enterococci strains 67.1% belonged to the species Str. durans, while 32.8%--to Str. faecium.", "contents": "[Enterococci and coliforms in yellow sheep's milk cheese]. Ninety-two samples of sheep milk yellow cheese were investigated 30 and 180 days after its production. The content of enterococci varied within a wide range--from 100 to 1,9 million per g. In 14.28% of the samples more than 10 000 enterococci per g were found. No correlation between salt content, acidity and pH and number of enterococci in the yellow cheese samples studied as well as between quantity of enterococci, period of cheese ripening and storage and the organoleptic evaluation of the product's ripeness was established. In 100% of the samples studied coli titer was above 0.1. Of the 137 differentiated enterococci strains 67.1% belonged to the species Str. durans, while 32.8%--to Str. faecium.", "PMID": 397671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11277", "title": "[Hemagglutinating activity of enterotoxic strains of E. coli isolated from calves].", "content": "The manose-resistant hemagglutination activity of 272 E. coli strains isolated from calves sick or dead of colibacteriosis, 43 of which were enteropathogenic, was assessed. Strain enteropathogeneity was determined after the method of Smith and Halls (1967). It was established that 38 (88.3%) of the 43 enteropathogenic strains cause full or partial hemagglutination of horse or pig erythrocytes. Manose-resistant hemagglutination was not observed in the non-enteropathogenic E. coli strains. Manose-resistant hemagglutination of enterotoxic E. coli strains is in relation with their enteropathogeneity.", "contents": "[Hemagglutinating activity of enterotoxic strains of E. coli isolated from calves]. The manose-resistant hemagglutination activity of 272 E. coli strains isolated from calves sick or dead of colibacteriosis, 43 of which were enteropathogenic, was assessed. Strain enteropathogeneity was determined after the method of Smith and Halls (1967). It was established that 38 (88.3%) of the 43 enteropathogenic strains cause full or partial hemagglutination of horse or pig erythrocytes. Manose-resistant hemagglutination was not observed in the non-enteropathogenic E. coli strains. Manose-resistant hemagglutination of enterotoxic E. coli strains is in relation with their enteropathogeneity.", "PMID": 397672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11278", "title": "[Growth characteristics of mutant strains of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in the presence of streptomycin].", "content": "Three Escherichia coli strains--302(O111), 311(O78), and 331(O2) as well as streptomycin sensitive and streptomycin resistant mutants obtained from them by mutagenesis were studied. The sensitivity of all strains to streptomycin was tested in dilution series on hard and fluid medium. Growth curves were worked out by the biophotometer of Bonet, Maury and Jonan, adding various streptomycin concentrations to the medium at the very beginning of the experiment and 90 min after that. It was established that streptomycin concentrations above 15 microgram/cm3 added to bacteria sensitive to it at the beginning of their log-phase, shortens its duration by about 40%.", "contents": "[Growth characteristics of mutant strains of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in the presence of streptomycin]. Three Escherichia coli strains--302(O111), 311(O78), and 331(O2) as well as streptomycin sensitive and streptomycin resistant mutants obtained from them by mutagenesis were studied. The sensitivity of all strains to streptomycin was tested in dilution series on hard and fluid medium. Growth curves were worked out by the biophotometer of Bonet, Maury and Jonan, adding various streptomycin concentrations to the medium at the very beginning of the experiment and 90 min after that. It was established that streptomycin concentrations above 15 microgram/cm3 added to bacteria sensitive to it at the beginning of their log-phase, shortens its duration by about 40%.", "PMID": 397673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11279", "title": "Studies of colicin action on wall-less stable L-forms of Escherichia coli. I. Degree of attachment and of killing effect on rods and stable L-form cells.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains B and K12 W 1655 F+ are able to bind more lethal units of colicins E2, E3, G, H, Ia, and K+ X per one stable L-form cell (of the protoplast type) than per one rod cell; colicin D is bound in a higher amount on E. coli B rods. This pattern remains unchanged, if the same colicins are attached on chloroform-killed cells of both forms. Rods of both E. coli strains are more sensitive to colicins D, E2, E3, K + X (as--in the strain B--to colicin Ia) than cells of the respective L-forms. In the strain W 1655 F+ both cell forms are equally highly sensitive to colicin Ia. The stable L-forms of both strains are much more sensitive to colicins G and H than the rods. Thus the Gram-negative cell wall decreases the probability of a colicin molecule to get attached to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane. On the other hand, in E. coli cells the attachment of most colicin molecules to the wall receptors increases the probability of their biological effect. There is no such effect of the wall-attachment on the action of colicins G or H. The strain B is tolerant to colicin E2, while being resistant to E3; thus the cytoplasmic membrane receptor sites for them are not identical.", "contents": "Studies of colicin action on wall-less stable L-forms of Escherichia coli. I. Degree of attachment and of killing effect on rods and stable L-form cells. Escherichia coli strains B and K12 W 1655 F+ are able to bind more lethal units of colicins E2, E3, G, H, Ia, and K+ X per one stable L-form cell (of the protoplast type) than per one rod cell; colicin D is bound in a higher amount on E. coli B rods. This pattern remains unchanged, if the same colicins are attached on chloroform-killed cells of both forms. Rods of both E. coli strains are more sensitive to colicins D, E2, E3, K + X (as--in the strain B--to colicin Ia) than cells of the respective L-forms. In the strain W 1655 F+ both cell forms are equally highly sensitive to colicin Ia. The stable L-forms of both strains are much more sensitive to colicins G and H than the rods. Thus the Gram-negative cell wall decreases the probability of a colicin molecule to get attached to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane. On the other hand, in E. coli cells the attachment of most colicin molecules to the wall receptors increases the probability of their biological effect. There is no such effect of the wall-attachment on the action of colicins G or H. The strain B is tolerant to colicin E2, while being resistant to E3; thus the cytoplasmic membrane receptor sites for them are not identical.", "PMID": 397681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11280", "title": "Factors influencing the copy number of F-like plasmids in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The copy numbers of Flac, four F-like plasmids and pLT2 were estimated in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium and (for all except pLT2) one strain of Escherichia coli. For organisms grown in casamino acids minimal medium, the plasmids spanned a 7--8 fold range of copy number with ColB-K98 having the highest copy number in each strain and R124 the lowest. The copy number of ColB-K98 was substantially greater than 1 in each of the strains tested. There was no clear relation between the plasmid size and copy number, although the plasmids studied spanned only a narrow size range. The copy number of individual plasmids was slightly reduced or not affected at all by the presence of a second plasmid in the same strain. Derivatives harbouring each of the plasmids were grown in three different media to ascertain how plasmid copy number responds to changes in growth rate. For each plasmid, the copy number increased with decreasing growth rate. Extracts from each of the three strains harbouring ColB-K98 contained two distinct plasmid species. One appeared to be about twice as large as the other and both were absent from Col- segregants.", "contents": "Factors influencing the copy number of F-like plasmids in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The copy numbers of Flac, four F-like plasmids and pLT2 were estimated in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium and (for all except pLT2) one strain of Escherichia coli. For organisms grown in casamino acids minimal medium, the plasmids spanned a 7--8 fold range of copy number with ColB-K98 having the highest copy number in each strain and R124 the lowest. The copy number of ColB-K98 was substantially greater than 1 in each of the strains tested. There was no clear relation between the plasmid size and copy number, although the plasmids studied spanned only a narrow size range. The copy number of individual plasmids was slightly reduced or not affected at all by the presence of a second plasmid in the same strain. Derivatives harbouring each of the plasmids were grown in three different media to ascertain how plasmid copy number responds to changes in growth rate. For each plasmid, the copy number increased with decreasing growth rate. Extracts from each of the three strains harbouring ColB-K98 contained two distinct plasmid species. One appeared to be about twice as large as the other and both were absent from Col- segregants.", "PMID": 397682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11281", "title": "[Study of a Pseudomonas mutant altered in methanol metabolism].", "content": "A glycine-resistant mutant was isolated from a methylotrophic strain of Pseudomonas species possessing serine pathway. This mutant presents some improvements in regard to growth parameters, and is able to excrete a fluorescent pigment under certain culture conditions. This pigment is capable of accelerating the reduction rate of formaldehyde to formate coupled with NAD. The same cannot be said for the wild type.", "contents": "[Study of a Pseudomonas mutant altered in methanol metabolism]. A glycine-resistant mutant was isolated from a methylotrophic strain of Pseudomonas species possessing serine pathway. This mutant presents some improvements in regard to growth parameters, and is able to excrete a fluorescent pigment under certain culture conditions. This pigment is capable of accelerating the reduction rate of formaldehyde to formate coupled with NAD. The same cannot be said for the wild type.", "PMID": 397685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11282", "title": "[Modes of entry of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites into normal mouse peritoneal macrophage and HeLa cell monolayers. A phase-contrast microcinematographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of entry of living trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) into normal mouse peritoneal macrophage and HeLa cell monolayers was studied by phase-contrast microcinematography. The results have shown that Toxoplasma can enter into macrophages either by phagocytosis (Figs. 1 and 2) and/or by active penetration (Fig. 3). Only the latter process was observed with normally non-phagocytic HeLa cells (Fig. 4). During this process the parasites actively moved towards the host-cells by flexion and penetrated them always through their sharpest end. Active penetration was a rapid phenomenon (about 20 s at 37 degrees C) and was accompanied by a series of morphological changes, i.e., elongation of the anterior end, contraction and swelling of the parasite body. Contrasting with phagocytosis, toxoplasmas which had penetrated into the cell were not immediately isolated from the host-cytoplasm by a microscopically discernable vacuole. The nature of the process of penetration (pressure and/or perforation of the plasma membrane) is discussed.", "contents": "[Modes of entry of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites into normal mouse peritoneal macrophage and HeLa cell monolayers. A phase-contrast microcinematographic study (author's transl)]. The mode of entry of living trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) into normal mouse peritoneal macrophage and HeLa cell monolayers was studied by phase-contrast microcinematography. The results have shown that Toxoplasma can enter into macrophages either by phagocytosis (Figs. 1 and 2) and/or by active penetration (Fig. 3). Only the latter process was observed with normally non-phagocytic HeLa cells (Fig. 4). During this process the parasites actively moved towards the host-cells by flexion and penetrated them always through their sharpest end. Active penetration was a rapid phenomenon (about 20 s at 37 degrees C) and was accompanied by a series of morphological changes, i.e., elongation of the anterior end, contraction and swelling of the parasite body. Contrasting with phagocytosis, toxoplasmas which had penetrated into the cell were not immediately isolated from the host-cytoplasm by a microscopically discernable vacuole. The nature of the process of penetration (pressure and/or perforation of the plasma membrane) is discussed.", "PMID": 397691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11283", "title": "Course of antibiotic sensitivities in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from animals.", "content": "In order to establish the evolution of resistance against the common antibiotics from the beginning of their use up to the present time, the sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from the cecum of wild boars was determined. The MIC's of E. coli from these animals in a zoological garden was examined for comparison. The samples from the wild boars were collected in five forests in the Belgian Ardennes. The MIC's obtained (Table 1) are comparable to the mean values given in the early literature concerning strains of human origin (Table 7). E. coli from wild boars in a zoological garden has less sensitivity than from domesticated animals. However, the MIC's of staphylococci from fecal matter of the animals in captivity were not markedly enhanced except for streptomycin (Table 3). It was striking to find that staphylococci were absent in all the fecal samples from the wild boars living in their natural environment. The specific habitat of staphylococci is in man. Wild boars are the ancestors of domestic pigs. The MIC's of E. coli from the latter were determined for evaluation of altered resistance. All isolated strains were fairly resistant to the six substances tested (Table 2). Chloramphenicol was still the most active antibiotic. Staphylococci from some domestic animals (pigs, cattle, chicken) were sensitive to all the substances tested except the aminoglucosides and ampicillin (Table 3). E. coli from pigs bred on large farms in Spain (Toledo and Badajoz Provinces) were also highly resistant (Table 4) to five compounds and sensitive to cephalotin, polymyxin B, furoxone, and Carbadox. The samples obtained from family farms also contained unsensitive strains (Avila Province). These animals had never been given antibacterial feed additives as was confirmed by examination of feed samples (Table 6). Staphylococci when present in the Spanish samples can be considered to be antibiotic sensitive with the same exceptions as in the Belgian samples and also unsensitive to chloramphenicol. The use of antibiotics in animal feed was very common in Spain as was shown by feed analysis (Table 6). The risk of transferable resistance by plasmids between animal species must not be very high. In some cases where resistance formation could be mediated by R-factors, sensitive E. coli or staphylococci were isolated. Resistance was not generalized among animals from the same farm or in adjacent sties. No explanation for this discrepancy was found.", "contents": "Course of antibiotic sensitivities in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from animals. In order to establish the evolution of resistance against the common antibiotics from the beginning of their use up to the present time, the sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from the cecum of wild boars was determined. The MIC's of E. coli from these animals in a zoological garden was examined for comparison. The samples from the wild boars were collected in five forests in the Belgian Ardennes. The MIC's obtained (Table 1) are comparable to the mean values given in the early literature concerning strains of human origin (Table 7). E. coli from wild boars in a zoological garden has less sensitivity than from domesticated animals. However, the MIC's of staphylococci from fecal matter of the animals in captivity were not markedly enhanced except for streptomycin (Table 3). It was striking to find that staphylococci were absent in all the fecal samples from the wild boars living in their natural environment. The specific habitat of staphylococci is in man. Wild boars are the ancestors of domestic pigs. The MIC's of E. coli from the latter were determined for evaluation of altered resistance. All isolated strains were fairly resistant to the six substances tested (Table 2). Chloramphenicol was still the most active antibiotic. Staphylococci from some domestic animals (pigs, cattle, chicken) were sensitive to all the substances tested except the aminoglucosides and ampicillin (Table 3). E. coli from pigs bred on large farms in Spain (Toledo and Badajoz Provinces) were also highly resistant (Table 4) to five compounds and sensitive to cephalotin, polymyxin B, furoxone, and Carbadox. The samples obtained from family farms also contained unsensitive strains (Avila Province). These animals had never been given antibacterial feed additives as was confirmed by examination of feed samples (Table 6). Staphylococci when present in the Spanish samples can be considered to be antibiotic sensitive with the same exceptions as in the Belgian samples and also unsensitive to chloramphenicol. The use of antibiotics in animal feed was very common in Spain as was shown by feed analysis (Table 6). The risk of transferable resistance by plasmids between animal species must not be very high. In some cases where resistance formation could be mediated by R-factors, sensitive E. coli or staphylococci were isolated. Resistance was not generalized among animals from the same farm or in adjacent sties. No explanation for this discrepancy was found.", "PMID": 397700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11284", "title": "[The occurrence of salmonellae in drinking water (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 7187 samples of drinking water from different areas of the Lower Saxonian District of Braunschweig was investigated according to regulations of the Trinkwasser-Verordnung during June 1977 and May 1979. The bacteriological results are given in Tab. 1 and 2. Salmonellae were isolated in three samples of drinking water and in one sample of sludge from a municipal pipe of drinking water (see also Tab. 2). Additional experiments confirm that growth of salmonellae and other enterobacteria is possible in that sludge (Fig. 1 and 2). These findings implicate some considerations: E. coli and coliforms are the most important microbial water quality indicators of the Trinkwasser-Verordnung. It is presupposed that, when the indicator density is low (less than 1 per 100 ml) the probability that pathogen are present also will be very low. But the question is how low. The risk factor may be estimated on the base of the E. coli-Salmonella ratio in raw sewage of about 10(6). But this relation lessens already in effluents of sewage treatment plants to 10(3) and it seems to be often 10(2) in inadequately disinfected drinking water. For example, we have found four Salmonella serotypes and 408 E. coli during two years. Therefore, the judgement of the presence of E. coli or coliforms in samples of drinking water must impact highly on the improvement of the water quality by disinfection in future.", "contents": "[The occurrence of salmonellae in drinking water (author's transl)]. A total of 7187 samples of drinking water from different areas of the Lower Saxonian District of Braunschweig was investigated according to regulations of the Trinkwasser-Verordnung during June 1977 and May 1979. The bacteriological results are given in Tab. 1 and 2. Salmonellae were isolated in three samples of drinking water and in one sample of sludge from a municipal pipe of drinking water (see also Tab. 2). Additional experiments confirm that growth of salmonellae and other enterobacteria is possible in that sludge (Fig. 1 and 2). These findings implicate some considerations: E. coli and coliforms are the most important microbial water quality indicators of the Trinkwasser-Verordnung. It is presupposed that, when the indicator density is low (less than 1 per 100 ml) the probability that pathogen are present also will be very low. But the question is how low. The risk factor may be estimated on the base of the E. coli-Salmonella ratio in raw sewage of about 10(6). But this relation lessens already in effluents of sewage treatment plants to 10(3) and it seems to be often 10(2) in inadequately disinfected drinking water. For example, we have found four Salmonella serotypes and 408 E. coli during two years. Therefore, the judgement of the presence of E. coli or coliforms in samples of drinking water must impact highly on the improvement of the water quality by disinfection in future.", "PMID": 397701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11285", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the oxytocin-inactivating enzymes from chicken liver.", "content": "1. Two enzymes acting on the linear portion of oxytocin: carboxamidopeptidase (releasing Gly . NH2) and prolyl peptidase (releasing Leu-Gly . NH2) were identified in the cytoplasmic fraction of chicken liver. 2. Carboxamidopeptidase was purified 134-fold with a 23% yield, and prolyl peptiase 71-fold with a 20% yield. The specific activity of the final preparations was 181 and 96 microU/mg protein, respectively. 3. The optimum pH for carboxamidopeptidase was 6.0--6.5 and for prolyl peptidase, 7.5. Carboxamidopeptidase activity was inhibited by Mn2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, and stimulated by EDTA; the activity of prolyl peptidase was inhibited by Zn2+ and Mn2+. The Km value of both enzymes for oxytocin was 1.5--2.4 microM.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the oxytocin-inactivating enzymes from chicken liver. 1. Two enzymes acting on the linear portion of oxytocin: carboxamidopeptidase (releasing Gly . NH2) and prolyl peptidase (releasing Leu-Gly . NH2) were identified in the cytoplasmic fraction of chicken liver. 2. Carboxamidopeptidase was purified 134-fold with a 23% yield, and prolyl peptiase 71-fold with a 20% yield. The specific activity of the final preparations was 181 and 96 microU/mg protein, respectively. 3. The optimum pH for carboxamidopeptidase was 6.0--6.5 and for prolyl peptidase, 7.5. Carboxamidopeptidase activity was inhibited by Mn2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, and stimulated by EDTA; the activity of prolyl peptidase was inhibited by Zn2+ and Mn2+. The Km value of both enzymes for oxytocin was 1.5--2.4 microM.", "PMID": 397702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11286", "title": "Significance of the immunological factor in the sterility of cervical origin. Clinical data and terapeutic trends.", "content": "In 40 couples with negative penetration test in vivo and in vitro we have looked for abSA, abSI and abIF. We discuss the usefulness of the condom protected intercourse and the artificial insemination with husband's sperm as therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Significance of the immunological factor in the sterility of cervical origin. Clinical data and terapeutic trends. In 40 couples with negative penetration test in vivo and in vitro we have looked for abSA, abSI and abIF. We discuss the usefulness of the condom protected intercourse and the artificial insemination with husband's sperm as therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 397706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11287", "title": "Testing twin means and estimating genetic variance: basic methodology for the analysis of quantitative twin data.", "content": "Twin methodology for the analysis of continuously distributed traits is presented as a guideline for initial steps in the analysis of twin data. Tests for heterogeneity of twin means and variances are reviewed along with estimates of genetic variance. Analysis of twin data appears on the surface to be a rather simple task, but investigators may well be confused by the wealth of choices available for hypothesis testing. This paper is designed to help the less experienced investigator, with perhaps a modest amount of data, begin analysis with maximum attention to testing all testable assumptions of the twin model, and using recent examples of applications of the methods.", "contents": "Testing twin means and estimating genetic variance: basic methodology for the analysis of quantitative twin data. Twin methodology for the analysis of continuously distributed traits is presented as a guideline for initial steps in the analysis of twin data. Tests for heterogeneity of twin means and variances are reviewed along with estimates of genetic variance. Analysis of twin data appears on the surface to be a rather simple task, but investigators may well be confused by the wealth of choices available for hypothesis testing. This paper is designed to help the less experienced investigator, with perhaps a modest amount of data, begin analysis with maximum attention to testing all testable assumptions of the twin model, and using recent examples of applications of the methods.", "PMID": 397708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11288", "title": "Blood coagulation abnormalities in the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome in adults.", "content": "23 adult patients with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch's syndrome were observed between 1965 and 1976. Nephropathy was noted in 18, gastrointestinal bleedings in 13, thrombosis of legs in 4, cases. Haemostasis was studied in the successive phases of the process on 185 occasions altogether. The studies included four different capillary tests, thromboelastography, the Gerend\u00e1s coagulogram, determination of partial thromboplastin time and two platelet-function tests. Additional renal biopsy was performed in 10 cases, mesocolon and skin biopsy in one case each. The results of at least one of the capillary tests were found positive in each of the patients in some stage of the process. The coagulation status was marked by hyperocagulability either in itself or combined with laboratory signs of hypocoagulability. Immunohistological study of the biopsy specimens revealed glomerular fibrin deposits in 7 cases. On the evidence of the follow-up studies the laboratory tests may be used for the assessment of the activity of the process. The alternatives of local intravascular coagulation (LIC) or of compensated diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) are offered for the interpretation of hypercoagulability.", "contents": "Blood coagulation abnormalities in the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome in adults. 23 adult patients with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch's syndrome were observed between 1965 and 1976. Nephropathy was noted in 18, gastrointestinal bleedings in 13, thrombosis of legs in 4, cases. Haemostasis was studied in the successive phases of the process on 185 occasions altogether. The studies included four different capillary tests, thromboelastography, the Gerend\u00e1s coagulogram, determination of partial thromboplastin time and two platelet-function tests. Additional renal biopsy was performed in 10 cases, mesocolon and skin biopsy in one case each. The results of at least one of the capillary tests were found positive in each of the patients in some stage of the process. The coagulation status was marked by hyperocagulability either in itself or combined with laboratory signs of hypocoagulability. Immunohistological study of the biopsy specimens revealed glomerular fibrin deposits in 7 cases. On the evidence of the follow-up studies the laboratory tests may be used for the assessment of the activity of the process. The alternatives of local intravascular coagulation (LIC) or of compensated diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) are offered for the interpretation of hypercoagulability.", "PMID": 397710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11289", "title": "Comparison of the analgesic dose-effect relationships of nefopam and oxycodone in postoperative pain.", "content": "The analgesic dose-effect relationship of nefopam was compared in a double-blind randomised trial with that of oxycodone in immediate postoperative pain. Nefopam 15 mg or oxycodone 4 mg was given every 10 min i.v. (maximum six times) to patients in pain after upper abdominal surgery until their wound pain (scored 0-3) disappeared. The mean pain intensity (PI), initially 2.2 in both groups, descreased by approximately the same extent for up to two doses in both groups (to 1.5 after nefopam 30 mg and to 1.1 after oxycodone 8 mg). Thereafter PI was significantly less in the oxycodone group and diminished almost linearily to 0.1 after the sixth dose (24 mg). In the nefopam group, the PI score fell to 1.1 after the fourth dose (60 mg). This seemed to be the \"ceiling\" effect since additional doses up to 90 mg did not result in greater pain relief. In the oxycodone group, only two patients (12%) needed maximal dosage (6 x 4 mg), one of them requiring 32 mg of oxycodone. In the nefopam group, 12 patients (75%) needed further pain relief after the maximal dosage (6 x 15 mg). In these patients, oxycodone (maximally 16 mg) gave satisfactory analgesia. Drowsiness and a decrease in the respiratory rate were the principal side-effects of oxycodone, whereas tachycardia, restlessness, sweating and nausea were more frequent after nefopam.", "contents": "Comparison of the analgesic dose-effect relationships of nefopam and oxycodone in postoperative pain. The analgesic dose-effect relationship of nefopam was compared in a double-blind randomised trial with that of oxycodone in immediate postoperative pain. Nefopam 15 mg or oxycodone 4 mg was given every 10 min i.v. (maximum six times) to patients in pain after upper abdominal surgery until their wound pain (scored 0-3) disappeared. The mean pain intensity (PI), initially 2.2 in both groups, descreased by approximately the same extent for up to two doses in both groups (to 1.5 after nefopam 30 mg and to 1.1 after oxycodone 8 mg). Thereafter PI was significantly less in the oxycodone group and diminished almost linearily to 0.1 after the sixth dose (24 mg). In the nefopam group, the PI score fell to 1.1 after the fourth dose (60 mg). This seemed to be the \"ceiling\" effect since additional doses up to 90 mg did not result in greater pain relief. In the oxycodone group, only two patients (12%) needed maximal dosage (6 x 4 mg), one of them requiring 32 mg of oxycodone. In the nefopam group, 12 patients (75%) needed further pain relief after the maximal dosage (6 x 15 mg). In these patients, oxycodone (maximally 16 mg) gave satisfactory analgesia. Drowsiness and a decrease in the respiratory rate were the principal side-effects of oxycodone, whereas tachycardia, restlessness, sweating and nausea were more frequent after nefopam.", "PMID": 397711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11290", "title": "Plasma renin activity and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and serum concentrations of sodium and potassium were repeatedly measured in seven children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid-21-hydroxylase deficiency, to monitor the sodium balance during treatment. Infants with the salt-losing form had high plasma renin activity levels 5--11 months after subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 100 mg deoxycorticosterone acetate. These elevated plasma renin activity levels were suppressed to the normal range by repeated implantation of DOCA pellet. Moderately elevated values of plasma renin activity in older salt-losers normalized after increasing the dietary sodium intake. Plasma renin activity level has superiority over serum electrolyte concentrations as an index of mineralocorticoid deficiency.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Plasma renin activity and serum concentrations of sodium and potassium were repeatedly measured in seven children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid-21-hydroxylase deficiency, to monitor the sodium balance during treatment. Infants with the salt-losing form had high plasma renin activity levels 5--11 months after subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 100 mg deoxycorticosterone acetate. These elevated plasma renin activity levels were suppressed to the normal range by repeated implantation of DOCA pellet. Moderately elevated values of plasma renin activity in older salt-losers normalized after increasing the dietary sodium intake. Plasma renin activity level has superiority over serum electrolyte concentrations as an index of mineralocorticoid deficiency.", "PMID": 397714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11291", "title": "Donor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The immunological in vitro responses of cadaver kidney transplanted patients against donor specific target cells were investigated with the test systems for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (DCMC). The test systems were used in 58 recipients just before the transplantation. Nine recipients (17%) had positive donor directed ADCC reactivity and of these seven had early rejection episodes, but this outcome was not significantly different from the outcome in the ADCC negative group. Only one recipient showed positive donor directed DCMC reactivity and had early loss of the graft in rejection. The test systems were further used to monitor the donor specific responces after the transplantation in 32 recipients. Positive DCMC reactivities were significantly correlated with clinical rejections but most often positive reactions occurred too late to be of predictive value. The donor specific ADCC reactivity after transplantation was not clearly correlated with rejections. It is concluded that the predictive and diagnostic values of the two test systems were too weak to justify their use as routine methods in the clinical management of the kidney transplanted patient.", "contents": "Donor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in renal allograft recipients. The immunological in vitro responses of cadaver kidney transplanted patients against donor specific target cells were investigated with the test systems for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (DCMC). The test systems were used in 58 recipients just before the transplantation. Nine recipients (17%) had positive donor directed ADCC reactivity and of these seven had early rejection episodes, but this outcome was not significantly different from the outcome in the ADCC negative group. Only one recipient showed positive donor directed DCMC reactivity and had early loss of the graft in rejection. The test systems were further used to monitor the donor specific responces after the transplantation in 32 recipients. Positive DCMC reactivities were significantly correlated with clinical rejections but most often positive reactions occurred too late to be of predictive value. The donor specific ADCC reactivity after transplantation was not clearly correlated with rejections. It is concluded that the predictive and diagnostic values of the two test systems were too weak to justify their use as routine methods in the clinical management of the kidney transplanted patient.", "PMID": 397716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11292", "title": "In vitro influence of endotoxin on human mononuclear phagocyte structure and function. 1. Depression of protein synthesis, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and induction of cytostatic activity.", "content": "The effect of E. coli endotoxin (LPS) on human monocytes and peritoneal macrophages (PEC) during in vitro differentiation was studied. Short-term (less than 24 hours) exposure to LPS in concentrations up to 50 microgram/ml did not affect monocyte survival or 51Cr-release, but concentrations of 10 microgram/ml or more reduced monocyte survival when LPS exposure was prolonged to 72 h. Undifferentiated monocytes seemed to be sensitive to this effect. Monocyte and PEC protein synthesis was reduced by nontoxic LPS concentrations in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. LPS exposure reduced monocyte ingestion and degradation of 125I-labelled Candida albicans, dependent on time and dosage. The induction of monocyte- and PEC-mediated cytoststic activity to tumour cells induced by prolonged in vitro culture was also impaired by LPS. The morphological alterations induced in mononuclear phagocytes by LPS included a changes distribution of cells in the monolayer, changes in membrane structure and apparent reduction of lysosomes. LPS thus interferes adversely with several aspects of human mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation.", "contents": "In vitro influence of endotoxin on human mononuclear phagocyte structure and function. 1. Depression of protein synthesis, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and induction of cytostatic activity. The effect of E. coli endotoxin (LPS) on human monocytes and peritoneal macrophages (PEC) during in vitro differentiation was studied. Short-term (less than 24 hours) exposure to LPS in concentrations up to 50 microgram/ml did not affect monocyte survival or 51Cr-release, but concentrations of 10 microgram/ml or more reduced monocyte survival when LPS exposure was prolonged to 72 h. Undifferentiated monocytes seemed to be sensitive to this effect. Monocyte and PEC protein synthesis was reduced by nontoxic LPS concentrations in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. LPS exposure reduced monocyte ingestion and degradation of 125I-labelled Candida albicans, dependent on time and dosage. The induction of monocyte- and PEC-mediated cytoststic activity to tumour cells induced by prolonged in vitro culture was also impaired by LPS. The morphological alterations induced in mononuclear phagocytes by LPS included a changes distribution of cells in the monolayer, changes in membrane structure and apparent reduction of lysosomes. LPS thus interferes adversely with several aspects of human mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation.", "PMID": 397717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11293", "title": "In vitro influence of endotoxin on human mononuclear phagocyte structure and function. 2. Enhancement of the expression of cytoststic and cytolytic activity of normal and lymphokine-activated monocytes.", "content": "The presence of non-toxic concentrations of E. coli endotoxin (LPS) during the in vitro interaction of normal human monocytes and a human tumour cell line (NHIK 3025) enhanced monocyte-mediated target cell cytostasis and cytolysis. Monocyte responsiveness to LPS was greatest at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation. The expression of cytostatic and cytolytic activity by human monocytes activated with mediators from Corynebacterium parvum-stimulated human lymphocytes was also enhanced by LPS. Lymphokine activation did not induce additional LPS responsiveness in the monocytes. Monocytes activated with lymphokines and subsequently deactivated by in vitro culture did not show any increase in LPS responsiveness. A soluble cytostatic factor, which is probably not cold thymidine, was released from monocytes exposed first to lymphokines and then to LPS. While LPS is ineffective as an induction signal of monocyte cytotoxicity to tumour cells in this system, it enhances the expression of cytotoxicity induced by prolonged in vitro culture or lymphokine activation.", "contents": "In vitro influence of endotoxin on human mononuclear phagocyte structure and function. 2. Enhancement of the expression of cytoststic and cytolytic activity of normal and lymphokine-activated monocytes. The presence of non-toxic concentrations of E. coli endotoxin (LPS) during the in vitro interaction of normal human monocytes and a human tumour cell line (NHIK 3025) enhanced monocyte-mediated target cell cytostasis and cytolysis. Monocyte responsiveness to LPS was greatest at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation. The expression of cytostatic and cytolytic activity by human monocytes activated with mediators from Corynebacterium parvum-stimulated human lymphocytes was also enhanced by LPS. Lymphokine activation did not induce additional LPS responsiveness in the monocytes. Monocytes activated with lymphokines and subsequently deactivated by in vitro culture did not show any increase in LPS responsiveness. A soluble cytostatic factor, which is probably not cold thymidine, was released from monocytes exposed first to lymphokines and then to LPS. While LPS is ineffective as an induction signal of monocyte cytotoxicity to tumour cells in this system, it enhances the expression of cytotoxicity induced by prolonged in vitro culture or lymphokine activation.", "PMID": 397718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11294", "title": "Endotoxin fever in capsaicin treated rats.", "content": "The fever elicited by 10 micrograms/kg intravenous E. coli endotoxin was significantly higher in capsaicin desensitized rats than in controls, but there was an upper limit to the rise in body temperature in both groups. Capsaicin desensitization permitted the participation of various heat producing mechanisms even if the initial body temperature was high. The fever course was characteristically biphasic, similar as in control rats, thus desensitization did not alter the factors mediating the various phases of the endotoxin response.", "contents": "Endotoxin fever in capsaicin treated rats. The fever elicited by 10 micrograms/kg intravenous E. coli endotoxin was significantly higher in capsaicin desensitized rats than in controls, but there was an upper limit to the rise in body temperature in both groups. Capsaicin desensitization permitted the participation of various heat producing mechanisms even if the initial body temperature was high. The fever course was characteristically biphasic, similar as in control rats, thus desensitization did not alter the factors mediating the various phases of the endotoxin response.", "PMID": 397719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11295", "title": "Possibility of long-lasting amplification of insulin receptors by a single treatment at newborn age.", "content": "Administration of insulin to newborn rats was shown to amplify the hormone receptors. Blood sugar values in animals thus treated were lower in the adult age, which could be explained by increased sensitivity to endogenous insulin; the decrease of blood sugar in response to exogenous insulin was similar in magnitude, however, it occurred at a lower level compared to the controls. These changes were more marked in female than in male rats.", "contents": "Possibility of long-lasting amplification of insulin receptors by a single treatment at newborn age. Administration of insulin to newborn rats was shown to amplify the hormone receptors. Blood sugar values in animals thus treated were lower in the adult age, which could be explained by increased sensitivity to endogenous insulin; the decrease of blood sugar in response to exogenous insulin was similar in magnitude, however, it occurred at a lower level compared to the controls. These changes were more marked in female than in male rats.", "PMID": 397720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11296", "title": "Comparison of the effector mechanisms during endotoxin fever in the adult rabbit.", "content": "In unanaesthetized adult rabbits an intravenous dose of E. coli endotoxin evoked a febrile rise in colonic temperature at ambient temperatures of 9 to 31 degrees C. The rise in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption did not depend on the ambient temperature, while, among the heat loss effectors, in warmer environments only the depression of respiratory heat loss and in cooler environments only ear skin vasoconstriction contributed to the febrile rise in colonic temperature. In moderately warm environments the endotoxin first induced a maximum inhibition of respiratory frequency and this was followed by vasoconstriction. Later, a transient rise in oxygen consumption occurred. During defervescence the timing of the effectors was reversed. The results showed that a febrile response is not necessarily characterized by simultaneous changes in the thermoregulatory effector mechanisms.", "contents": "Comparison of the effector mechanisms during endotoxin fever in the adult rabbit. In unanaesthetized adult rabbits an intravenous dose of E. coli endotoxin evoked a febrile rise in colonic temperature at ambient temperatures of 9 to 31 degrees C. The rise in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption did not depend on the ambient temperature, while, among the heat loss effectors, in warmer environments only the depression of respiratory heat loss and in cooler environments only ear skin vasoconstriction contributed to the febrile rise in colonic temperature. In moderately warm environments the endotoxin first induced a maximum inhibition of respiratory frequency and this was followed by vasoconstriction. Later, a transient rise in oxygen consumption occurred. During defervescence the timing of the effectors was reversed. The results showed that a febrile response is not necessarily characterized by simultaneous changes in the thermoregulatory effector mechanisms.", "PMID": 397721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11297", "title": "Cross-protection aginst Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. I. Immunization trials.", "content": "Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live and killed vaccines, with and without complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R, Salmonella pullorum Sp223 as well as homologous Salmonella enteritidis Se795. The animals were challenged 21 days post-vaccination with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously along with unvaccinated control mice. To assess the immunity against acute and chronic infections, the percentage of absolute survivors i.e. survivors without lesions and without the challenge organism, was taken as the criterion. Live vaccines proved better than killed vaccines. Live vaccines with complete adjuvant induced a good protection. Cross-protection could be induced with the live vaccine with complete adjuvant against S. enteritidis infection in mice.", "contents": "Cross-protection aginst Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. I. Immunization trials. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live and killed vaccines, with and without complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R, Salmonella pullorum Sp223 as well as homologous Salmonella enteritidis Se795. The animals were challenged 21 days post-vaccination with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously along with unvaccinated control mice. To assess the immunity against acute and chronic infections, the percentage of absolute survivors i.e. survivors without lesions and without the challenge organism, was taken as the criterion. Live vaccines proved better than killed vaccines. Live vaccines with complete adjuvant induced a good protection. Cross-protection could be induced with the live vaccine with complete adjuvant against S. enteritidis infection in mice.", "PMID": 397731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11298", "title": "Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice.", "content": "Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live vaccines and live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis Se 795, Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R or Salmonella pullorum Sp223. They were challenged along with unvaccinated controls with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously on the 21st day post-vaccination. The humoral immune response was studied by assessing the sequential level of agglutinins, complete and incomplete somatic antibodies, opsonophagocytic antibodies, cytophilic antibodies and bactericidal antibodies before and after challenge. The level of these antibodies and the protection afforded by the particular vaccine is correlated and the possible involvement of a humoral mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live vaccines and live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis Se 795, Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R or Salmonella pullorum Sp223. They were challenged along with unvaccinated controls with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously on the 21st day post-vaccination. The humoral immune response was studied by assessing the sequential level of agglutinins, complete and incomplete somatic antibodies, opsonophagocytic antibodies, cytophilic antibodies and bactericidal antibodies before and after challenge. The level of these antibodies and the protection afforded by the particular vaccine is correlated and the possible involvement of a humoral mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 397732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11299", "title": "Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. III. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and clearance of the challenge organism.", "content": "Mice were immunized with live vaccines and with live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi-murium, Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum. On the 21st day after vacination, the hypersensitivity reactions elicited by the mice to extracts of the challenge organism (S. enteritidis 5694 SMR) were assessed. The degree of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was compared with the level of protection induced by the vaccine. The role in protection of delayed hypersensitivity is discussed. Clearance of the challenge organism from the liver of previously vaccinated and unvaccinated mice was assessed quantitatively.", "contents": "Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. III. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and clearance of the challenge organism. Mice were immunized with live vaccines and with live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi-murium, Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum. On the 21st day after vacination, the hypersensitivity reactions elicited by the mice to extracts of the challenge organism (S. enteritidis 5694 SMR) were assessed. The degree of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was compared with the level of protection induced by the vaccine. The role in protection of delayed hypersensitivity is discussed. Clearance of the challenge organism from the liver of previously vaccinated and unvaccinated mice was assessed quantitatively.", "PMID": 397733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11300", "title": "Differentiation of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria employing the ZYM API system as substratum.", "content": "Nineteen enzyme activities were investigated in 15 species of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria, employing the ZIM API system is substrate. With this system, the time of identificaiion is reduced from two weeks to four hours.", "contents": "Differentiation of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria employing the ZYM API system as substratum. Nineteen enzyme activities were investigated in 15 species of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria, employing the ZIM API system is substrate. With this system, the time of identificaiion is reduced from two weeks to four hours.", "PMID": 397734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11301", "title": "Elimination of F'lac plasmid by different psychotropic drugs and some related compounds.", "content": "Desipramine, trimipramine, protriptyline, noxiptyline, promazine, trimeprazine, triflupromazine and chlorprothixene methoiodide eliminated the F'lac plasmid of Escherichia coli, while thiazinanum, toluidine blue, lidocaine and procaine were ineffective in this respect. The plasmid eliminating action of the drug ceased in the presence of 0.05 M magnesium sulphate. Methylene blue did not inhibit plasmid elimination by the psychotropic drugs, and in presence of the dye even lidocaine and procaine became effective. Based on plasmid elimination in the presence of methylene blue and on the selective effects of the lon- mutant, the plasmid eliminating mechanism of psychotropic drugs seems to differ from that of acridine orange.", "contents": "Elimination of F'lac plasmid by different psychotropic drugs and some related compounds. Desipramine, trimipramine, protriptyline, noxiptyline, promazine, trimeprazine, triflupromazine and chlorprothixene methoiodide eliminated the F'lac plasmid of Escherichia coli, while thiazinanum, toluidine blue, lidocaine and procaine were ineffective in this respect. The plasmid eliminating action of the drug ceased in the presence of 0.05 M magnesium sulphate. Methylene blue did not inhibit plasmid elimination by the psychotropic drugs, and in presence of the dye even lidocaine and procaine became effective. Based on plasmid elimination in the presence of methylene blue and on the selective effects of the lon- mutant, the plasmid eliminating mechanism of psychotropic drugs seems to differ from that of acridine orange.", "PMID": 397735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11302", "title": "Effect of immune sera upon enhanced in vitro antibody responses.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with S marcescens bacteria in Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in development of anti-Serratia sera with bacterial agglutinating properties as well as LPS modulating properties. The antisera reacted with the LPS in counterimmunoelectrophoretic assays. Such antisera also stimulated the LPS induced enhancement of specific anti-SRBC responses from normal spleen cell cultures but did not further enhance the stimulated responses of similar cultures incubated with the smaller molecular weight PS-rich derivative. The antisera had no effect on LPS or PS enhanced nonspecific background anti-SRBC response as compared to normal rabbit serum-treated controls. These results point to a possible role for immune complexes as an enhancer of the immunostimulating activities of LPS antibody-treated cultures and also indicate a difference between LPS and PS as immunomodulators.", "contents": "Effect of immune sera upon enhanced in vitro antibody responses. Immunization of rabbits with S marcescens bacteria in Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in development of anti-Serratia sera with bacterial agglutinating properties as well as LPS modulating properties. The antisera reacted with the LPS in counterimmunoelectrophoretic assays. Such antisera also stimulated the LPS induced enhancement of specific anti-SRBC responses from normal spleen cell cultures but did not further enhance the stimulated responses of similar cultures incubated with the smaller molecular weight PS-rich derivative. The antisera had no effect on LPS or PS enhanced nonspecific background anti-SRBC response as compared to normal rabbit serum-treated controls. These results point to a possible role for immune complexes as an enhancer of the immunostimulating activities of LPS antibody-treated cultures and also indicate a difference between LPS and PS as immunomodulators.", "PMID": 397749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11303", "title": "Phagocyte functions in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Monocytes derived from peripheral blood of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (F.M.F.) demonstrated lower phagocytic capacity for Shigella flexneri and depressed bactericidal activity against S. albus when compared to monocytes from healthy individuals. Treatment of patients with colchicine did not alter these functions. On the other hand, chemokinesis of PMN of F.M.F. patients was enhanced especially during attacks. Colchicine treatment decreased significantly the PMN chemotactic migration.", "contents": "Phagocyte functions in familial Mediterranean fever. Monocytes derived from peripheral blood of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (F.M.F.) demonstrated lower phagocytic capacity for Shigella flexneri and depressed bactericidal activity against S. albus when compared to monocytes from healthy individuals. Treatment of patients with colchicine did not alter these functions. On the other hand, chemokinesis of PMN of F.M.F. patients was enhanced especially during attacks. Colchicine treatment decreased significantly the PMN chemotactic migration.", "PMID": 397753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11304", "title": "The treatment of established micrometastases with syngeneic macrophages.", "content": "We demonstrated that macrophages injected systemically can profoundly inhibit the incidence of experimentally induced metasis. In our system mice bearing established micro-metastases were treated with one, two, or three i.v. injections of activated macrophages. Specificially activated (immune) macrophages were most efficient in reducing the number of metastases, but non-specifically activated macrophages were also effective in reducing the metastatic incidence. Macrophage play a major role in host defense against neoplasia (9,22) and have been shown to influence the outcome of spontaneous metastasis (9). Rat sarcomas whose macrophage content was found to be high were also shown to be non-metastatic. Conversly, rat sarcomas with low macrophage content were found to be metastatic (9). Our current data demonstrate that the systemic injection of syngeneic activated (exogenous) macrophages can bring about a significant reduction of lethal cancer metastases. Apparently, treatment with activated macrophages can increase the rate of tumor cell destruction as compared to the rate of tumor cell proliferation which ultimately leads to inhibition of clinical metastasis.", "contents": "The treatment of established micrometastases with syngeneic macrophages. We demonstrated that macrophages injected systemically can profoundly inhibit the incidence of experimentally induced metasis. In our system mice bearing established micro-metastases were treated with one, two, or three i.v. injections of activated macrophages. Specificially activated (immune) macrophages were most efficient in reducing the number of metastases, but non-specifically activated macrophages were also effective in reducing the metastatic incidence. Macrophage play a major role in host defense against neoplasia (9,22) and have been shown to influence the outcome of spontaneous metastasis (9). Rat sarcomas whose macrophage content was found to be high were also shown to be non-metastatic. Conversly, rat sarcomas with low macrophage content were found to be metastatic (9). Our current data demonstrate that the systemic injection of syngeneic activated (exogenous) macrophages can bring about a significant reduction of lethal cancer metastases. Apparently, treatment with activated macrophages can increase the rate of tumor cell destruction as compared to the rate of tumor cell proliferation which ultimately leads to inhibition of clinical metastasis.", "PMID": 397756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11305", "title": "Studies on the endotoxin induced tumor resistance.", "content": "In summary, this report has discussed the immunologic mechanisms involved in the enhancement of nonspecific resistance to tumor by endotoxin. The optimal conditions for tumor protection involved pretreatment with approximately 25 mug LPS administered at the siteof subsequent tumor challenge. In an attempt to relate endotoxin structural components to the ability to enhance TUR, a variety of whole LPS's, endotoxic glycolipids and PS preparations were compared. While all of the intact LPS's and several of the glycolipids were effective in enhancing TUR, some endotoxic glycolipids were totally inactive although they were equally toxic. Some lipid-free PS preparations were also active although less than whole LPS. Evidence was presented to suggest that mechanism for enhancement of TUR involves B cells and macrophages but not T cells. The mechanism also involves the production of soluble factors which are released into the serum of mice in response to LPS or PS. These factors can transfer and mediate the antitumor effects of LPS. The preinfection of mice with BCG enhanced the activity of LPS and PS in the production of antitumor activity.", "contents": "Studies on the endotoxin induced tumor resistance. In summary, this report has discussed the immunologic mechanisms involved in the enhancement of nonspecific resistance to tumor by endotoxin. The optimal conditions for tumor protection involved pretreatment with approximately 25 mug LPS administered at the siteof subsequent tumor challenge. In an attempt to relate endotoxin structural components to the ability to enhance TUR, a variety of whole LPS's, endotoxic glycolipids and PS preparations were compared. While all of the intact LPS's and several of the glycolipids were effective in enhancing TUR, some endotoxic glycolipids were totally inactive although they were equally toxic. Some lipid-free PS preparations were also active although less than whole LPS. Evidence was presented to suggest that mechanism for enhancement of TUR involves B cells and macrophages but not T cells. The mechanism also involves the production of soluble factors which are released into the serum of mice in response to LPS or PS. These factors can transfer and mediate the antitumor effects of LPS. The preinfection of mice with BCG enhanced the activity of LPS and PS in the production of antitumor activity.", "PMID": 397758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11306", "title": "Effects of bacterial products on granulopoiesis.", "content": "Methylated endotoxin and Freeman-type polysaccharide each stimulate granulopoiesis and the production of CSF in mice. These same preparations also protect pretreated mice from lethal X-irradiation. The role of CSF in stimulating granulopoiesis in vivo was shown by the ability of anti-CSF to reduce the number of CFUc in endotoxin-treated mice. C3H/HeJ low responder mice cannot be protected against lethal X-irradiation by pretreatment with endotoxin and they fail to produce CSF in response to phenol water extracted endotoxin and the Freeman-type polysaccharide, but do respond to trichloroacetic acid endotoxin with elevated serum CF levels.", "contents": "Effects of bacterial products on granulopoiesis. Methylated endotoxin and Freeman-type polysaccharide each stimulate granulopoiesis and the production of CSF in mice. These same preparations also protect pretreated mice from lethal X-irradiation. The role of CSF in stimulating granulopoiesis in vivo was shown by the ability of anti-CSF to reduce the number of CFUc in endotoxin-treated mice. C3H/HeJ low responder mice cannot be protected against lethal X-irradiation by pretreatment with endotoxin and they fail to produce CSF in response to phenol water extracted endotoxin and the Freeman-type polysaccharide, but do respond to trichloroacetic acid endotoxin with elevated serum CF levels.", "PMID": 397760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11307", "title": "Opsonization of antitumor reactive lymphocyte in SJL/J mice bearing spontaneous or transplanted reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS).", "content": "Radiolabelled antitumor reactive T lymphocytes (ARC) were prepared in vivo by immunization of SJL/J mice with mitomycin C inactivated syngeneic LA-6 tumor cells followed by injection of 125IUdR to label dividing cells. These ARC were specifically diverted to the liver when injected in LA-6 tumor-bearer serum and injected i.v. into normal SJL/J mice. Likewise, SJL/J anti-Balb/c ARC were diverted to the liver of SJL/J mice bearing spontaneous reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) carrying Balb/c cross-reactive antigens but not in mice with Balb/c negative neoplasms. Mice with Balb/c positive tumors also had circulating ARC opsonizing factors. These results suggest a mechanism for the survival of antigenic tumors involving macrophages and ARC opsonizing (ARCO) factors. A novel approach to immunotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Opsonization of antitumor reactive lymphocyte in SJL/J mice bearing spontaneous or transplanted reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS). Radiolabelled antitumor reactive T lymphocytes (ARC) were prepared in vivo by immunization of SJL/J mice with mitomycin C inactivated syngeneic LA-6 tumor cells followed by injection of 125IUdR to label dividing cells. These ARC were specifically diverted to the liver when injected in LA-6 tumor-bearer serum and injected i.v. into normal SJL/J mice. Likewise, SJL/J anti-Balb/c ARC were diverted to the liver of SJL/J mice bearing spontaneous reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) carrying Balb/c cross-reactive antigens but not in mice with Balb/c negative neoplasms. Mice with Balb/c positive tumors also had circulating ARC opsonizing factors. These results suggest a mechanism for the survival of antigenic tumors involving macrophages and ARC opsonizing (ARCO) factors. A novel approach to immunotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 397761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11308", "title": "Automated retrieval of purine literature.", "content": "The scientific papers of the revised literature are not a unit when considered terminologically for automated retrieval. A 60-80% of the total valid references obtained through each data base was stored in the computer memory in virtually closed compartments although they belonged to the same material complex. The retrieval of these papers requires independent profiles series which although they give rise 14-28% duplicate references, the final yield can be increased by 100-200% of the yield obtained through the basic profile of the central subject considered.", "contents": "Automated retrieval of purine literature. The scientific papers of the revised literature are not a unit when considered terminologically for automated retrieval. A 60-80% of the total valid references obtained through each data base was stored in the computer memory in virtually closed compartments although they belonged to the same material complex. The retrieval of these papers requires independent profiles series which although they give rise 14-28% duplicate references, the final yield can be increased by 100-200% of the yield obtained through the basic profile of the central subject considered.", "PMID": 397763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11309", "title": "Thromboxane A2 biosynthesis during endotoxin-induced aggregation of platelets from normal and sensitized guinea-pigs.", "content": "Endotoxin lipopolysaccharides Escherichia coli O26:B6 and E. coli O127:B8 were weak inducers of aggregation in normal guinea-pig platelet-rich plasma (PRP), even in the presence of Ca2+. Indomethacin hardly inhibited endotoxin-induced aggregation, indicating that biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was of little importance. In accordance with this conclusion TXA2 was not detectable by means of bioassay during endotoxin-induced aggregation in normal guinea-pig PRP. Pretreatment of the guinea-pigs with endotoxin sensitized their PRP to endotoxin. This was due to a humoral factor with a selectively directed towards the polysaccharide moiety of endotoxin. The combination of this factor with endotoxin indued a marked biosynthesis of TXA2 and concomitant platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Thromboxane A2 biosynthesis during endotoxin-induced aggregation of platelets from normal and sensitized guinea-pigs. Endotoxin lipopolysaccharides Escherichia coli O26:B6 and E. coli O127:B8 were weak inducers of aggregation in normal guinea-pig platelet-rich plasma (PRP), even in the presence of Ca2+. Indomethacin hardly inhibited endotoxin-induced aggregation, indicating that biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was of little importance. In accordance with this conclusion TXA2 was not detectable by means of bioassay during endotoxin-induced aggregation in normal guinea-pig PRP. Pretreatment of the guinea-pigs with endotoxin sensitized their PRP to endotoxin. This was due to a humoral factor with a selectively directed towards the polysaccharide moiety of endotoxin. The combination of this factor with endotoxin indued a marked biosynthesis of TXA2 and concomitant platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 397765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11310", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by proliferation of morphologically abnormal promyelocytes and a severe bleeding diathesis. The abnormal promyelocyte is characterized by abundant, large granules, many of which are spindle-shaped. Electron microscopic appearance of the granules closely resembles that of Auer rods. The granules appear to possess tissue thromboplastin activity by both immunologic and clotting assays. Coagulation studies in APL are generally consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prolongation of the prothrombin time and elevation of fibrinogen degradation products are the tests that are most commonly abnormal. Although occasional reports indicate a favorable response of the coagulopathy to drugs that inhibit fibrinolysis, the use of prophylactic heparin appears to be the treatment of choice. The response rate of APL to chemotherapy regimens that contain an anthracycline is comparable to that of acute myelogenous leukemia. The recent description of the 15;17 chromosomal translocation which may be pathognomonic for APL is only the second example of a chromosomal marker of human neoplasia. Marked elevation of serum vitamin B12 and B12 binding proteins appears to be another characteristic feature of APL. An in vitro cell line of APL cells has been demonstrated to have the capacity to differentiate to functional polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but the cause for the maturation arrest is unknown.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by proliferation of morphologically abnormal promyelocytes and a severe bleeding diathesis. The abnormal promyelocyte is characterized by abundant, large granules, many of which are spindle-shaped. Electron microscopic appearance of the granules closely resembles that of Auer rods. The granules appear to possess tissue thromboplastin activity by both immunologic and clotting assays. Coagulation studies in APL are generally consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prolongation of the prothrombin time and elevation of fibrinogen degradation products are the tests that are most commonly abnormal. Although occasional reports indicate a favorable response of the coagulopathy to drugs that inhibit fibrinolysis, the use of prophylactic heparin appears to be the treatment of choice. The response rate of APL to chemotherapy regimens that contain an anthracycline is comparable to that of acute myelogenous leukemia. The recent description of the 15;17 chromosomal translocation which may be pathognomonic for APL is only the second example of a chromosomal marker of human neoplasia. Marked elevation of serum vitamin B12 and B12 binding proteins appears to be another characteristic feature of APL. An in vitro cell line of APL cells has been demonstrated to have the capacity to differentiate to functional polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but the cause for the maturation arrest is unknown.", "PMID": 397771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11311", "title": "Structural physiology of the human spleen.", "content": "The structural physiology of the human spleen is discussed in depth here, with particular emphasis on the interrelationships between blood cells and the spleen. The unique microvasculature and structural relationships of the spleen form the basis for a number of functions important in both health and disease. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy one can visualize the interactions between blood elements and the spleen---the passage of deformable erythrocytes through narrow slits in the endothelium separating cord and sinus, the trapping of less deformable cells in the cords, the culling and pitting of abnormal or inclusion-bearing erythrocytes by splenic macrophages, as well as the sites of interaction between antigenic stimuli such as pneumococcal organisms and the T and B cells of the spleen.", "contents": "Structural physiology of the human spleen. The structural physiology of the human spleen is discussed in depth here, with particular emphasis on the interrelationships between blood cells and the spleen. The unique microvasculature and structural relationships of the spleen form the basis for a number of functions important in both health and disease. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy one can visualize the interactions between blood elements and the spleen---the passage of deformable erythrocytes through narrow slits in the endothelium separating cord and sinus, the trapping of less deformable cells in the cords, the culling and pitting of abnormal or inclusion-bearing erythrocytes by splenic macrophages, as well as the sites of interaction between antigenic stimuli such as pneumococcal organisms and the T and B cells of the spleen.", "PMID": 397778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11312", "title": "Functions of the spleen in host defense against infection.", "content": "In humans the spleen functions in host defense as a filter and site for phagocytic clearance of the bloodstream. The spleen serves an essential role in this phagocytic clearance if the host has deficient concentrations of opsonizing antibodies. The spleen also produces antibody, and splenic function is required for the host to mount an early IgM response. There is evidence from experiments using animals that the spleen is important in regulating secondary antibody response and in certain aspects of cell-mediated immunity. However, the role of the spleen in these events in the human remains to be defined.", "contents": "Functions of the spleen in host defense against infection. In humans the spleen functions in host defense as a filter and site for phagocytic clearance of the bloodstream. The spleen serves an essential role in this phagocytic clearance if the host has deficient concentrations of opsonizing antibodies. The spleen also produces antibody, and splenic function is required for the host to mount an early IgM response. There is evidence from experiments using animals that the spleen is important in regulating secondary antibody response and in certain aspects of cell-mediated immunity. However, the role of the spleen in these events in the human remains to be defined.", "PMID": 397780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11313", "title": "Scrotal reconstruction in Fournier syndrome.", "content": "The extent of the scrotal defect following debridement of Fournier gangrene ranges from relatively small areas of scrotal loss to complete denudation of the testes and cords. In our experience, denudation of the testis alone is best treated by split-thickness mesh grafts and total denudation of the testis and cord by burial of the testicle in a subcutaneous medial thigh pocket. Three cases are presented illustrating the spectrum of methods that can be used either singly or in combination to repair scrotal defects in Fournier gangrene.", "contents": "Scrotal reconstruction in Fournier syndrome. The extent of the scrotal defect following debridement of Fournier gangrene ranges from relatively small areas of scrotal loss to complete denudation of the testes and cords. In our experience, denudation of the testis alone is best treated by split-thickness mesh grafts and total denudation of the testis and cord by burial of the testicle in a subcutaneous medial thigh pocket. Three cases are presented illustrating the spectrum of methods that can be used either singly or in combination to repair scrotal defects in Fournier gangrene.", "PMID": 397793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11314", "title": "Platysma muscle in rhytidoplasty.", "content": "Surgical alteration of the platysma muscle improves the results of cervicofacial rhytidoplasty. The operative technique indicated for an individual patient is determined, in part, by the anatomy of the platysma deformity. Many questions regarding the late results of platysma muscle surgery can only be answered by long-term follow-up. This paper presents the results in 75 patients who had platysma muscle flap cervicofacial rhytidoplasty. The 8 most common platysma deformities are discussed. Undesirable results and pitfalls in technique are noted.", "contents": "Platysma muscle in rhytidoplasty. Surgical alteration of the platysma muscle improves the results of cervicofacial rhytidoplasty. The operative technique indicated for an individual patient is determined, in part, by the anatomy of the platysma deformity. Many questions regarding the late results of platysma muscle surgery can only be answered by long-term follow-up. This paper presents the results in 75 patients who had platysma muscle flap cervicofacial rhytidoplasty. The 8 most common platysma deformities are discussed. Undesirable results and pitfalls in technique are noted.", "PMID": 397794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11315", "title": "Experience with the Fasanella-Servat operation for ptosis of the upper eyelid.", "content": "A quick, simple, and reliable operation for the correction of mild to moderate ptosis in the presence of fair to good levator function was described by Fasanella and Servat nearly two decades ago. This operation consists of resection of the conjunctiva, tarsus, and m\u00fcller's muscle using a conjunctival approach. We have performed this operation in 39 patients with good to excellent results in 38. Our criteria and experience are described.", "contents": "Experience with the Fasanella-Servat operation for ptosis of the upper eyelid. A quick, simple, and reliable operation for the correction of mild to moderate ptosis in the presence of fair to good levator function was described by Fasanella and Servat nearly two decades ago. This operation consists of resection of the conjunctiva, tarsus, and m\u00fcller's muscle using a conjunctival approach. We have performed this operation in 39 patients with good to excellent results in 38. Our criteria and experience are described.", "PMID": 397795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11316", "title": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data. I. Description of profiles.", "content": "Results of cytologic studies are often presented as graphs, distribution curves or profiles. Further analysis of such data requires description of the profiles in numerical form. This article describes the use of moments about the mean, decomposition into Gaussian components and calculation of Fourier coefficients for the characterization of cytologic data profiles. Fully worked numerical examples suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "contents": "Numerical evaluation of cytologic data. I. Description of profiles. Results of cytologic studies are often presented as graphs, distribution curves or profiles. Further analysis of such data requires description of the profiles in numerical form. This article describes the use of moments about the mean, decomposition into Gaussian components and calculation of Fourier coefficients for the characterization of cytologic data profiles. Fully worked numerical examples suitable for execution on a pocket calculator are given.", "PMID": 397789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11317", "title": "Treatment of small external cancers of the nose.", "content": "There are various ways to remove and repair defects on the nose. When dealing with small basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas, the authors have been utilizing either skin grafts alone or composite skin-cartilage grafts from the ear. We believe that these procedures are simpler for the doctor and easier on the patient, with aesthetically pleasing results.", "contents": "Treatment of small external cancers of the nose. There are various ways to remove and repair defects on the nose. When dealing with small basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas, the authors have been utilizing either skin grafts alone or composite skin-cartilage grafts from the ear. We believe that these procedures are simpler for the doctor and easier on the patient, with aesthetically pleasing results.", "PMID": 397796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11318", "title": "Use of a craniotome for obtaining cancellous bone and marrow from the ilium.", "content": "The ilium is a rich source of cancellous bone and marrow for grafting. Grafts can be harvested very rapidly with a standard craniotome. The clutch mechanism prevents inadvertent soft tissue injury if both cortical plates are perforated. The surgical approach is similar to that used in other techniques. No complications have been encountered.", "contents": "Use of a craniotome for obtaining cancellous bone and marrow from the ilium. The ilium is a rich source of cancellous bone and marrow for grafting. Grafts can be harvested very rapidly with a standard craniotome. The clutch mechanism prevents inadvertent soft tissue injury if both cortical plates are perforated. The surgical approach is similar to that used in other techniques. No complications have been encountered.", "PMID": 397797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11319", "title": "A pattern classification system for automated cervical cytologic screening based on flow microfluorometric analysis.", "content": "A data analytic technique is described for use in automated cervical cytology. The method entails the application of a two-dimensional Fourier transform to histogram data obtained by flow microfluorometry and the subsequent use of the Fourier coefficients as parameters for pattern classification. Analyses were performed on 186 samples including material from 62 positive and 124 negative cases. Cell suspensions were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, and red and green cytofluoresence were measured simultaneously. The two-dimensional histogram data were normalized, the Fourier transform was applied, and a multivariate classifier based on 30 coefficients was assembled using a training set of half the original series. Performance was then assessed on the remaining cases. Overall accuracy was 79.6%, with a false-positive rate of 14.8% and a false-negative rate of 31.2%. The potential applicability of this approach as the basis of a practical screening system is discussed.", "contents": "A pattern classification system for automated cervical cytologic screening based on flow microfluorometric analysis. A data analytic technique is described for use in automated cervical cytology. The method entails the application of a two-dimensional Fourier transform to histogram data obtained by flow microfluorometry and the subsequent use of the Fourier coefficients as parameters for pattern classification. Analyses were performed on 186 samples including material from 62 positive and 124 negative cases. Cell suspensions were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, and red and green cytofluoresence were measured simultaneously. The two-dimensional histogram data were normalized, the Fourier transform was applied, and a multivariate classifier based on 30 coefficients was assembled using a training set of half the original series. Performance was then assessed on the remaining cases. Overall accuracy was 79.6%, with a false-positive rate of 14.8% and a false-negative rate of 31.2%. The potential applicability of this approach as the basis of a practical screening system is discussed.", "PMID": 397790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11320", "title": "Insulin test after selective gastric and truncal vagotomy. Test response and acid secretion in the early and late postoperative phase.", "content": "Altogether 540 succesful insulin tests were performed on 377 patients after vagotomy, on 316 patients less than three months after the operation (early phase) and on 182 patients between three months and nine years after (late phase). The proportion of positive insulin test responses after vagotomy and antral resection was similar in the selective gastric (SV) and truncal vagotomy (TV) groups (10.7% and 11.8% respectively in the early phase) and remained the same during follow-up (12.5% and 9.3% in the late phase). In the vagotomy and drainage group there were significantly fewer positive test responses in the early phase after SV (15.6%) than after TV (36.4%), but in the late phase the incidence was similar (56.7% and 55.6%). There was a significant rise in the number of positive responses after SV and drainage during follow-up (from 15.6% to 56.7%). Insulin-stimulated peak acid output (I-PAO) was about the same in the vagotomy and drainage group after SV and TV (3.52 and 5.03 mmol/h in the early phase and 4.20 and 4.93 mmol/h in the late phase). Although the number of Hollander positive insulin tests after vagotomy and drainage increased during follow-up, no corresponding changes were seen in I-PAO. There was no evidence of vagal reinnervation.", "contents": "Insulin test after selective gastric and truncal vagotomy. Test response and acid secretion in the early and late postoperative phase. Altogether 540 succesful insulin tests were performed on 377 patients after vagotomy, on 316 patients less than three months after the operation (early phase) and on 182 patients between three months and nine years after (late phase). The proportion of positive insulin test responses after vagotomy and antral resection was similar in the selective gastric (SV) and truncal vagotomy (TV) groups (10.7% and 11.8% respectively in the early phase) and remained the same during follow-up (12.5% and 9.3% in the late phase). In the vagotomy and drainage group there were significantly fewer positive test responses in the early phase after SV (15.6%) than after TV (36.4%), but in the late phase the incidence was similar (56.7% and 55.6%). There was a significant rise in the number of positive responses after SV and drainage during follow-up (from 15.6% to 56.7%). Insulin-stimulated peak acid output (I-PAO) was about the same in the vagotomy and drainage group after SV and TV (3.52 and 5.03 mmol/h in the early phase and 4.20 and 4.93 mmol/h in the late phase). Although the number of Hollander positive insulin tests after vagotomy and drainage increased during follow-up, no corresponding changes were seen in I-PAO. There was no evidence of vagal reinnervation.", "PMID": 397799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11321", "title": "Erythromycin levels in serum during treatment with erythromycin stearate and base.", "content": "The serum concentrations of erythromycin during treatment with erythromycin stearate and erythromycin base were compared in a randomised cross-over study with 21 hospital patients. No statistically significant differences between the brands were found in the serum erythromycin levels at any time or in the areas under the serum level-time curve.", "contents": "Erythromycin levels in serum during treatment with erythromycin stearate and base. The serum concentrations of erythromycin during treatment with erythromycin stearate and erythromycin base were compared in a randomised cross-over study with 21 hospital patients. No statistically significant differences between the brands were found in the serum erythromycin levels at any time or in the areas under the serum level-time curve.", "PMID": 397800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11322", "title": "[Fasciola hepatica distomatosis in Maghreb. 2 new Algerian cases].", "content": "A bibliographic survey is made of the cases of fasciolasis in Maghreb, and it can be concluded that: The notion of \"epidemy\", or better, of simultaneous cases, brought to the diagnosis evocation, to explorations by I.D.R. and to early treatment, before the excretion of eggs. Due to drug-efficiency, the coprological proof of the disease was generally missing in the old \"epidemies\" of the Maghreb. Isolated cases, in contrast, where the fasciolasic etiology was not evocated, could follow natural evolution and the proof by egg or adult discovery was possible in more than half the cases. Progress in immunology of fasciolasis made possible the diagnosis of less than 10 nw cases in Tunisia and Marocco. The authors report 2 new cases from the Constantine region (Algeria). The repartition of the ascertained cases and the possible ones is shown on a map.", "contents": "[Fasciola hepatica distomatosis in Maghreb. 2 new Algerian cases]. A bibliographic survey is made of the cases of fasciolasis in Maghreb, and it can be concluded that: The notion of \"epidemy\", or better, of simultaneous cases, brought to the diagnosis evocation, to explorations by I.D.R. and to early treatment, before the excretion of eggs. Due to drug-efficiency, the coprological proof of the disease was generally missing in the old \"epidemies\" of the Maghreb. Isolated cases, in contrast, where the fasciolasic etiology was not evocated, could follow natural evolution and the proof by egg or adult discovery was possible in more than half the cases. Progress in immunology of fasciolasis made possible the diagnosis of less than 10 nw cases in Tunisia and Marocco. The authors report 2 new cases from the Constantine region (Algeria). The repartition of the ascertained cases and the possible ones is shown on a map.", "PMID": 397806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11323", "title": "Anterior crowns and gingival health.", "content": "Clinical examination was made of 101 aluminous porcelain jacket crowns and 88 porcelain bonded to metal crowns. Overcontouring of the crowns appeared to be less important in causing gingivitis than the location of margins, marginal defects, and unglazed surfaces. Laboratory studies showed a marginal gap of 154 +/- 90 micron in the fit of porcelain jacket crowns on brass dies. Retention of plaque on well-glazed surfaces could not be detected and polished gold showed no plaque formation except along some marginal defects.", "contents": "Anterior crowns and gingival health. Clinical examination was made of 101 aluminous porcelain jacket crowns and 88 porcelain bonded to metal crowns. Overcontouring of the crowns appeared to be less important in causing gingivitis than the location of margins, marginal defects, and unglazed surfaces. Laboratory studies showed a marginal gap of 154 +/- 90 micron in the fit of porcelain jacket crowns on brass dies. Retention of plaque on well-glazed surfaces could not be detected and polished gold showed no plaque formation except along some marginal defects.", "PMID": 397827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11324", "title": "Cicatricial pemphigoid: a review of eleven cases.", "content": "Eleven cases of cicatricial pemphigoid are presented. The clinical, histopathological and immunopathological features of the disease as well as present methods of treatment and dental management are also discussed.", "contents": "Cicatricial pemphigoid: a review of eleven cases. Eleven cases of cicatricial pemphigoid are presented. The clinical, histopathological and immunopathological features of the disease as well as present methods of treatment and dental management are also discussed.", "PMID": 397828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11325", "title": "A supplemental test system to measure competitive exclusion of Salmonellae by native microflora in the chicken gut.", "content": "An improved individual challenge test system is described for evaluation of competititve exclusion of salmonellae in day-old chicks by native gut microflora. Evaluation of salmonella protection is based on culture of cloacal and fecal samples by enrichment methods plus enumeration of salmonellae in fresh droppings collected from test groups. The use of a nalidixic-acid-resistant strain of salmonella allowed for ease of measurement. Comparative data are included that were developed by parallel tests by the seeder bird and this individual challenge test system on salmonella protection provided by microflora from a specific-pathogen-free population and from intestinal microflora propagated anaerobically in several media. The individual-bird challenge test system appeared to yield a more precise measurement of protection than the seeder-bird system and indicated that trypticase soy broth is as effective as VL broth for anaerobic culture of the protective microflora. Fresh fecal suspensions were somewhat more dependable than anaerobic cultures in providing a high level of protection against subsequent salmonella infection.", "contents": "A supplemental test system to measure competitive exclusion of Salmonellae by native microflora in the chicken gut. An improved individual challenge test system is described for evaluation of competititve exclusion of salmonellae in day-old chicks by native gut microflora. Evaluation of salmonella protection is based on culture of cloacal and fecal samples by enrichment methods plus enumeration of salmonellae in fresh droppings collected from test groups. The use of a nalidixic-acid-resistant strain of salmonella allowed for ease of measurement. Comparative data are included that were developed by parallel tests by the seeder bird and this individual challenge test system on salmonella protection provided by microflora from a specific-pathogen-free population and from intestinal microflora propagated anaerobically in several media. The individual-bird challenge test system appeared to yield a more precise measurement of protection than the seeder-bird system and indicated that trypticase soy broth is as effective as VL broth for anaerobic culture of the protective microflora. Fresh fecal suspensions were somewhat more dependable than anaerobic cultures in providing a high level of protection against subsequent salmonella infection.", "PMID": 397829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11326", "title": "Estimation of state and amount of phenylalanine residues in proteins by second derivative spectrophotometry.", "content": "The second derivative absorption spectra of serum albumin, insulin, ribonuclease and lysozyme were measured under various conditions to determine the state and amount of their phenylalanine residues. The second derivative spectra of these proteins were very similar to that of phenylalanine in the region between 245 and 270 nm where tryptophan and tyrosine residues caused no appreciable interference. Denaturation of proteins with urea or guanidine hydrochloride caused decrease in the intensity of the second derivative spectra, but scarcely affected the positions of peaks and troughs. The amounts of phenylalanine residues in proteins calculated from a second derivative spectra of denatured proteins coincided well with those reported in the literature. The states of the phenylalanine residues in the proteins could be deduced from the change in optical intensity on denaturation.", "contents": "Estimation of state and amount of phenylalanine residues in proteins by second derivative spectrophotometry. The second derivative absorption spectra of serum albumin, insulin, ribonuclease and lysozyme were measured under various conditions to determine the state and amount of their phenylalanine residues. The second derivative spectra of these proteins were very similar to that of phenylalanine in the region between 245 and 270 nm where tryptophan and tyrosine residues caused no appreciable interference. Denaturation of proteins with urea or guanidine hydrochloride caused decrease in the intensity of the second derivative spectra, but scarcely affected the positions of peaks and troughs. The amounts of phenylalanine residues in proteins calculated from a second derivative spectra of denatured proteins coincided well with those reported in the literature. The states of the phenylalanine residues in the proteins could be deduced from the change in optical intensity on denaturation.", "PMID": 397835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11327", "title": "[Mechanisms of aliphatic alcohols oxidation by enzymatic systems of the liver].", "content": "The main pathways of aliphatic alcohols oxidation in human and mammalian liver, i.e. dehydration of alcohols by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenases and oxidation in the presence of microsomal enzymatic system, catalase and hydrogen peroxide are described. A special emphasis is laid upon the interaction of alcohols with terminal oxidase of the microsomal hydroxylating system, i.e. cytochrome P-450. The relative role of these three oxidative pathways in alcohol conversions is evaluated.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of aliphatic alcohols oxidation by enzymatic systems of the liver]. The main pathways of aliphatic alcohols oxidation in human and mammalian liver, i.e. dehydration of alcohols by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenases and oxidation in the presence of microsomal enzymatic system, catalase and hydrogen peroxide are described. A special emphasis is laid upon the interaction of alcohols with terminal oxidase of the microsomal hydroxylating system, i.e. cytochrome P-450. The relative role of these three oxidative pathways in alcohol conversions is evaluated.", "PMID": 397836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11328", "title": "[Synthesis of globin mRNA in cultured murine erythroleukemic cells, transformed by Rauscher leukemia virus].", "content": "In contrast to cultured erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend leukemia virus, in the cultured erythroleukemic murine cells transformed by Rauscher leukemia virus, the synthesis of haemoglobin cannot be induced after treatment with 1--2% dimethylsulfoxide, actinomycin D and proteolytic enzymes. Study of disturbances in the haemoglobin synthesis in this cell culture revealed that globin 9S-mRNA is either absent or present in negligible amounts in the culture. The data obtained suggest that the disturbances in haemoglobin synthesis occur at the level of transcription or processing of globin mRNA, rather than at the level of translation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of globin mRNA in cultured murine erythroleukemic cells, transformed by Rauscher leukemia virus]. In contrast to cultured erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend leukemia virus, in the cultured erythroleukemic murine cells transformed by Rauscher leukemia virus, the synthesis of haemoglobin cannot be induced after treatment with 1--2% dimethylsulfoxide, actinomycin D and proteolytic enzymes. Study of disturbances in the haemoglobin synthesis in this cell culture revealed that globin 9S-mRNA is either absent or present in negligible amounts in the culture. The data obtained suggest that the disturbances in haemoglobin synthesis occur at the level of transcription or processing of globin mRNA, rather than at the level of translation.", "PMID": 397837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11329", "title": "Heart rate and finger pulse amplitude during muscular relaxation with frontalis versus forearm EMG feedback.", "content": "Twenty-nine volunteers participated in a one-session experiment consisting of 10 min rest followed by a 30 min treatment period. Brief relaxation instructions were given at the beginning of the rest period. The treatment was either frontalis EMG feedback, forearm EMG feedback, or non-contingent stimulation. The two feedback groups showed EMG decreases in their respective target muscles during the no-feedback rest period, with no further decrease during feedback training, indicating that feedback was no more effective than relaxation instructions. Heart rate decreased significantly in both feedback groups. Finger pulse amplitude decreased significantly in the forearm feedback group. It is pointed out that the latter change does not necessarily indicate peripheral vasoconstriction, but may be due to a fall in pulse pressure as a consequence of increased blood flow to the relaxing muscles. The results are unsupportive of the assumption that frontalis relaxation is particularly effective in inducing a generalized relaxation.", "contents": "Heart rate and finger pulse amplitude during muscular relaxation with frontalis versus forearm EMG feedback. Twenty-nine volunteers participated in a one-session experiment consisting of 10 min rest followed by a 30 min treatment period. Brief relaxation instructions were given at the beginning of the rest period. The treatment was either frontalis EMG feedback, forearm EMG feedback, or non-contingent stimulation. The two feedback groups showed EMG decreases in their respective target muscles during the no-feedback rest period, with no further decrease during feedback training, indicating that feedback was no more effective than relaxation instructions. Heart rate decreased significantly in both feedback groups. Finger pulse amplitude decreased significantly in the forearm feedback group. It is pointed out that the latter change does not necessarily indicate peripheral vasoconstriction, but may be due to a fall in pulse pressure as a consequence of increased blood flow to the relaxing muscles. The results are unsupportive of the assumption that frontalis relaxation is particularly effective in inducing a generalized relaxation.", "PMID": 397838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11330", "title": "An alternative method for isolating homozygotes of autosomal translocations in the mosquito Culex tarsalis.", "content": "An alternative pseudolinkage procedure for isolating homozygotes of autosomal translocations has been developed with the mosquito Culex tarsalis (Coquillet). The first step was to induce a translocation heterozygote in a population that was marked with recessive mutants. Interbred translocation heterozygotes produced translocation homozygotes that were phenotypically different from their translocation heterozygote and normal siblings. Thus, a translocation homozygote line of this species was selected and established in shorter time and with less effort than by prior pseudolinkage procedure.", "contents": "An alternative method for isolating homozygotes of autosomal translocations in the mosquito Culex tarsalis. An alternative pseudolinkage procedure for isolating homozygotes of autosomal translocations has been developed with the mosquito Culex tarsalis (Coquillet). The first step was to induce a translocation heterozygote in a population that was marked with recessive mutants. Interbred translocation heterozygotes produced translocation homozygotes that were phenotypically different from their translocation heterozygote and normal siblings. Thus, a translocation homozygote line of this species was selected and established in shorter time and with less effort than by prior pseudolinkage procedure.", "PMID": 397859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11331", "title": "[Postoperative hypergastrinemia].", "content": "After reviewing the more recent acquisitions on the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrin, the authors concentrate on situations of hypergastrinemia, which they divide into a hyperhydrochloric and a hypohydrochloric variety. Among the former, which they subdivide into preoperative and postoperative, the authors discuss problems of differential diagnosis versus peptic ulcers in patients so afflicted. To that end they propose diagnostic policies comprising among other instrumental and laboratory tests the study of gastric secretion, blood gastrin levels in basal conditions and after stimulation by a protein meal, BBS, secretin, and calcium. From analysis of the results of such tests they were able to find a precise nosographic placement for postoperative hypergastrinemia, and from there they arrived at surgical programs aiming to correct postoperative peptic ulcers on the basis of their etiology and pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Postoperative hypergastrinemia]. After reviewing the more recent acquisitions on the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrin, the authors concentrate on situations of hypergastrinemia, which they divide into a hyperhydrochloric and a hypohydrochloric variety. Among the former, which they subdivide into preoperative and postoperative, the authors discuss problems of differential diagnosis versus peptic ulcers in patients so afflicted. To that end they propose diagnostic policies comprising among other instrumental and laboratory tests the study of gastric secretion, blood gastrin levels in basal conditions and after stimulation by a protein meal, BBS, secretin, and calcium. From analysis of the results of such tests they were able to find a precise nosographic placement for postoperative hypergastrinemia, and from there they arrived at surgical programs aiming to correct postoperative peptic ulcers on the basis of their etiology and pathogenesis.", "PMID": 397865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11332", "title": "[Chemotaxis of blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The chemotaxis of blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was measured in 20 adult patients with diabetes mellitus and 11 normal control subjects. In experiments dealing with monocytes, the diabetics had a chemotaxis value (125+/-10) significantly lower than that of controls (368+/-22); the polymorphonuclear leukocytes chemotaxis value of diabetics (468+/-31) was also lower than normal (1256+/-62). Adding insulin (10 unit/1000 cc) to the diabetes leukocytes suspension significantly increased the value of chemotaxis.", "contents": "[Chemotaxis of blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus]. The chemotaxis of blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was measured in 20 adult patients with diabetes mellitus and 11 normal control subjects. In experiments dealing with monocytes, the diabetics had a chemotaxis value (125+/-10) significantly lower than that of controls (368+/-22); the polymorphonuclear leukocytes chemotaxis value of diabetics (468+/-31) was also lower than normal (1256+/-62). Adding insulin (10 unit/1000 cc) to the diabetes leukocytes suspension significantly increased the value of chemotaxis.", "PMID": 397877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11333", "title": "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among inhabitants of Tan-nan village, Nantou County, Taiwan.", "content": "The pork infected with cysticerci was sent to our laboratory in June 1971. Microscopic examination revealed the infection of Cysticercus cellulosae. Subsequently, the source of the pork was traced, and the survey of intestinal parasitism was carried out among inhabitants at Tan-nan village, Hsin-I District, Nantou County, Taiwan, in August 1973. Results obtained only indicated the presence rather than endemic of taeniasis solium in this village. The parasites and infection rates found in the present study from 417 individuals by means of direct smear and formalin-ether sedimentation technic of stool specimens are as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (81.3%), hookworm (30.9%), Trichuris trichiura (73.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.5%), Clonorchis sinensis (2.9%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.7%), Taenia solium (0.2%), Taenia saginata (0.2%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.1%), Entamoeba coli (8.4%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), and Giardia lamblia (4.3%).", "contents": "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among inhabitants of Tan-nan village, Nantou County, Taiwan. The pork infected with cysticerci was sent to our laboratory in June 1971. Microscopic examination revealed the infection of Cysticercus cellulosae. Subsequently, the source of the pork was traced, and the survey of intestinal parasitism was carried out among inhabitants at Tan-nan village, Hsin-I District, Nantou County, Taiwan, in August 1973. Results obtained only indicated the presence rather than endemic of taeniasis solium in this village. The parasites and infection rates found in the present study from 417 individuals by means of direct smear and formalin-ether sedimentation technic of stool specimens are as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (81.3%), hookworm (30.9%), Trichuris trichiura (73.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.5%), Clonorchis sinensis (2.9%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.7%), Taenia solium (0.2%), Taenia saginata (0.2%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.1%), Entamoeba coli (8.4%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), and Giardia lamblia (4.3%).", "PMID": 397878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11334", "title": "Mutagenicity studies on urine concentrates from female users of dark hair color products.", "content": "Urines from women, collected before and after hair dyeing, were evaluated for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella-Microsome Test. Thirty (30) sets of samples were tested as concentrates following removal of histidine on an XAD-2 resin column. None of the samples taken following the use of various Clairol products containing high levels of dyes gave any indication of increased mutagenic activity when compared to samples taken before hair dyeing. These results indicate that the use of hair dyes does not result in exposure of the urinary system to mutagens detectable in a sensitive microbial system, and thus suggest the absence of significant biological effects among users of hair dyes and persons occupationally exposed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies on urine concentrates from female users of dark hair color products. Urines from women, collected before and after hair dyeing, were evaluated for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella-Microsome Test. Thirty (30) sets of samples were tested as concentrates following removal of histidine on an XAD-2 resin column. None of the samples taken following the use of various Clairol products containing high levels of dyes gave any indication of increased mutagenic activity when compared to samples taken before hair dyeing. These results indicate that the use of hair dyes does not result in exposure of the urinary system to mutagens detectable in a sensitive microbial system, and thus suggest the absence of significant biological effects among users of hair dyes and persons occupationally exposed.", "PMID": 397893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11335", "title": "[Endocrine and exocrine functional disorders in pancreatic diabetes].", "content": "In diabetic diseases of pancreatic origin we find three typical patterns of insulin secretion. The different insulin secretion allows a clear distinction of a diabetes of the maturity onset type and of the juvenile onset type type on the one hand and of a diabetes caused by a pancreatitis on the other hand. In a pancreatitis we see the expected reduction of the exocrine function. In the so called maturity onset diabetes a slight reduction of excretory functions could be seen. These results suggest that in maturity onset diabetes only a selective defect of the beta-cells exists, while in juvenile onset diabetes a destruction or reduction of beta-cells but an intact excretory function may be assumed.", "contents": "[Endocrine and exocrine functional disorders in pancreatic diabetes]. In diabetic diseases of pancreatic origin we find three typical patterns of insulin secretion. The different insulin secretion allows a clear distinction of a diabetes of the maturity onset type and of the juvenile onset type type on the one hand and of a diabetes caused by a pancreatitis on the other hand. In a pancreatitis we see the expected reduction of the exocrine function. In the so called maturity onset diabetes a slight reduction of excretory functions could be seen. These results suggest that in maturity onset diabetes only a selective defect of the beta-cells exists, while in juvenile onset diabetes a destruction or reduction of beta-cells but an intact excretory function may be assumed.", "PMID": 397894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11336", "title": "[Changes in the metallic phase at the metal-ceramic margin of baked alloys of nonprecious metals].", "content": "Five base metal alloys were investigated to determine if phase changes in the alloy microstructure occurred as a result of the porcelain baking procedure. It was found that during the oxidation treatments concentration changes in the alloy surface led to a depletion of certain elements in four of the alloys investigated. It was also found that phase changes could occur in a region 20 micrometers wide next to the alloy surface. Phase changes and alloying element depletion occurs as a result of the oxidation treatments prior to the fusion of porcelain and not as a result of or during porcelain fusion.", "contents": "[Changes in the metallic phase at the metal-ceramic margin of baked alloys of nonprecious metals]. Five base metal alloys were investigated to determine if phase changes in the alloy microstructure occurred as a result of the porcelain baking procedure. It was found that during the oxidation treatments concentration changes in the alloy surface led to a depletion of certain elements in four of the alloys investigated. It was also found that phase changes could occur in a region 20 micrometers wide next to the alloy surface. Phase changes and alloying element depletion occurs as a result of the oxidation treatments prior to the fusion of porcelain and not as a result of or during porcelain fusion.", "PMID": 397895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11337", "title": "Unresponsiveness to hypoglycemia of centers controlling epinephrine release in cerebral infarct patients.", "content": "Urinary excretion of catecholamines under insulin hypoglycemia was studied in cerebral infarct patients as well as in patients with Parkinson's disease and subjects with lumbar discopathy (control group). While in the last two categories of subjects a normal response to hypoglycemia, i.e., an increase in urinary excretion of epinephrine was noticed, no such increase was found in patients with cerebral infarction. The disorder is attributed to the unresponsiveness to hypoglycemia of the brain stem centers controlling epinephrine secretion.", "contents": "Unresponsiveness to hypoglycemia of centers controlling epinephrine release in cerebral infarct patients. Urinary excretion of catecholamines under insulin hypoglycemia was studied in cerebral infarct patients as well as in patients with Parkinson's disease and subjects with lumbar discopathy (control group). While in the last two categories of subjects a normal response to hypoglycemia, i.e., an increase in urinary excretion of epinephrine was noticed, no such increase was found in patients with cerebral infarction. The disorder is attributed to the unresponsiveness to hypoglycemia of the brain stem centers controlling epinephrine secretion.", "PMID": 397898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11338", "title": "[Goethe's personal testimony on his work with \"organic creatures\". II. Letters (1776-1817)].", "content": "Once more following the Sophien-Ausgabe of Weimar, Author gives an extract from GOETHE's Letters to literati, scientists, and princes of his time, concerning notices on his employment about sciences without botany. The GOETHE's own words reflect his engagement better than any description from a second hand. Anatomists may take an especial interest in the letters No 1903 to HERDER and No 1904 to CHARLOTTE v. STEIN (both dated the March 27, 1784) which demonstrate the discoverer's mirth in finding out the human os intermaxillare.", "contents": "[Goethe's personal testimony on his work with \"organic creatures\". II. Letters (1776-1817)]. Once more following the Sophien-Ausgabe of Weimar, Author gives an extract from GOETHE's Letters to literati, scientists, and princes of his time, concerning notices on his employment about sciences without botany. The GOETHE's own words reflect his engagement better than any description from a second hand. Anatomists may take an especial interest in the letters No 1903 to HERDER and No 1904 to CHARLOTTE v. STEIN (both dated the March 27, 1784) which demonstrate the discoverer's mirth in finding out the human os intermaxillare.", "PMID": 397910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11339", "title": "[The structure of the gastric mucosa of the llamas (Lama guanocoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomach].", "content": "The mucous membrane of the first and second compartments (ventral regions) as well as of the third compartment of Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae stomach shows tubular glands opening into pits. Below the surface epithelium blood capillaries of the fenestrated type form a regular network, each mesh of which surrounds a gastric pit. From a morphological point of view (thin section and freeze-fracture replicas) the columnar cells of the surface epithelium and those of the pits closest to the capillaries are largely similar to the epithelial cells of the rabbit gallbladder. This similarity suggests that at the level of the columnar cells sodium-dependent water reabsorption occurs. This reabsorption has already been demonstrated in the abovementioned compartments by physiological methods. The surface and foveolae epithelial cells as well as some cells of the tubular glands have a secretory function. Their secretory granules contain mucosubstances, as indicated by light-(PAS- and Alcian blue reactions) and electron microscopic (PA-TCH-Ag-reaction) histochemistry. The secretory granules originate from the Golgi complex which shows a positive histochemical reaction in its innermost sacculi at the electron microscope level. Endocrine cells (s. second part of this investigation) are rare. The mucosal membrane of each muscular lip separating the glandular sacs in the first compartment shows a stratified, not keratinized, squamous epithelium.", "contents": "[The structure of the gastric mucosa of the llamas (Lama guanocoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomach]. The mucous membrane of the first and second compartments (ventral regions) as well as of the third compartment of Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae stomach shows tubular glands opening into pits. Below the surface epithelium blood capillaries of the fenestrated type form a regular network, each mesh of which surrounds a gastric pit. From a morphological point of view (thin section and freeze-fracture replicas) the columnar cells of the surface epithelium and those of the pits closest to the capillaries are largely similar to the epithelial cells of the rabbit gallbladder. This similarity suggests that at the level of the columnar cells sodium-dependent water reabsorption occurs. This reabsorption has already been demonstrated in the abovementioned compartments by physiological methods. The surface and foveolae epithelial cells as well as some cells of the tubular glands have a secretory function. Their secretory granules contain mucosubstances, as indicated by light-(PAS- and Alcian blue reactions) and electron microscopic (PA-TCH-Ag-reaction) histochemistry. The secretory granules originate from the Golgi complex which shows a positive histochemical reaction in its innermost sacculi at the electron microscope level. Endocrine cells (s. second part of this investigation) are rare. The mucosal membrane of each muscular lip separating the glandular sacs in the first compartment shows a stratified, not keratinized, squamous epithelium.", "PMID": 397911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11340", "title": "A suppressor of mating-type locus mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for and identification of cryptic mating-type loci.", "content": "A mutation has been identified that suppresses the mating and sporulation defects of all mutations in the mating-type loci of S. cerevisiae. This suppressor, sir1-1, restores mating ability to mat alpha 1 and mat alpha 2 mutants and restores sporulation ability to mat alpha 2 and mata1 mutants. MATa sir1-1 strains exhibit a polar budding pattern and have reduced sensitivity to alpha-factor, both properties of a/alpha diploids. Furthermore, sir1-1 allows MATa/MATa, mat alpha 1/mat alpha/, and MAT alpha/MAT alpha strains to sporulate efficiently. All actions of sir1-1 are recessive to SIR1. The ability of sir1-1 to supply all functions necessary for mating and sporulation and its effects in a cells are explained by proposing that sir1-1 allows expression of mating type loci which are ordinarily not expressed. The ability of sir1-1 to suppress the mat alpha 1-5 mutation is dependent on the HMa gene, previously identified as required for switching of mating types from a to alpha. Thus, as predicted by the cassette model, HMa is functionally equivalent to MAT alpha since it supplies functions of MAT alpha. We propose that sir1-1 is defective in a function. Sir (\"Silent-information regulator\"), whose role may be to regulate expression of HMa and HM alpha.", "contents": "A suppressor of mating-type locus mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for and identification of cryptic mating-type loci. A mutation has been identified that suppresses the mating and sporulation defects of all mutations in the mating-type loci of S. cerevisiae. This suppressor, sir1-1, restores mating ability to mat alpha 1 and mat alpha 2 mutants and restores sporulation ability to mat alpha 2 and mata1 mutants. MATa sir1-1 strains exhibit a polar budding pattern and have reduced sensitivity to alpha-factor, both properties of a/alpha diploids. Furthermore, sir1-1 allows MATa/MATa, mat alpha 1/mat alpha/, and MAT alpha/MAT alpha strains to sporulate efficiently. All actions of sir1-1 are recessive to SIR1. The ability of sir1-1 to supply all functions necessary for mating and sporulation and its effects in a cells are explained by proposing that sir1-1 allows expression of mating type loci which are ordinarily not expressed. The ability of sir1-1 to suppress the mat alpha 1-5 mutation is dependent on the HMa gene, previously identified as required for switching of mating types from a to alpha. Thus, as predicted by the cassette model, HMa is functionally equivalent to MAT alpha since it supplies functions of MAT alpha. We propose that sir1-1 is defective in a function. Sir (\"Silent-information regulator\"), whose role may be to regulate expression of HMa and HM alpha.", "PMID": 397913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11341", "title": "The incidence, significance and prognosis of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Concepts of the incidence, significance and prognosis of almost all cardiac arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction have changed greatly in the last 15 years. In some cities facilities are available to reach patients in the very earliest phases of ischaemia or infarction. As previously suspected but now confirmed, ventricular fibrillation occurs commonly at this time and depending on whether ischaemia or infarction is the basis of its occurrence, has a variable long-term prognosis. In the coronary care unit ventricular arrhythmias are more frequent than was originally believed and current research suggests that they have little if any predictive value in defining individuals who would develop ventricular fibrillation. Such events, however, appear related to the severity of myocardial or coronary artery disease. Similarly, asystole and heart block in acute myocardial infarction are important causes of mortality through their association with severe underlying disease. Other cardiac arrhythmias are not infrequent in acute myocardial infarction. They may carry an immediate prognostic implication for the patient but rarely have long-term implications. Autonomic nervous system disturbances may underlie many arrhythmias occurring particularly in the earliest phases of infarction.", "contents": "The incidence, significance and prognosis of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Concepts of the incidence, significance and prognosis of almost all cardiac arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction have changed greatly in the last 15 years. In some cities facilities are available to reach patients in the very earliest phases of ischaemia or infarction. As previously suspected but now confirmed, ventricular fibrillation occurs commonly at this time and depending on whether ischaemia or infarction is the basis of its occurrence, has a variable long-term prognosis. In the coronary care unit ventricular arrhythmias are more frequent than was originally believed and current research suggests that they have little if any predictive value in defining individuals who would develop ventricular fibrillation. Such events, however, appear related to the severity of myocardial or coronary artery disease. Similarly, asystole and heart block in acute myocardial infarction are important causes of mortality through their association with severe underlying disease. Other cardiac arrhythmias are not infrequent in acute myocardial infarction. They may carry an immediate prognostic implication for the patient but rarely have long-term implications. Autonomic nervous system disturbances may underlie many arrhythmias occurring particularly in the earliest phases of infarction.", "PMID": 397917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11342", "title": "Prostaglandin regulation of colony-stimulating factor production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine leukocytes.", "content": "The production of colony-stimulating factor by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine peritoneal leukocytes and their adherent subpopulations (greater than 80% macrophages) was markedly enhanced by indomethacin at concentrations sufficient to block prostaglandin E synthesis. Addition of physiological concentrations of E-series prostaglandins reversed this enhancing effect of indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that colony-stimulating factor production by stimulated leukocytes is regulated by E-series prostaglandins and suggest that prostaglandins function to limit myelopoiesis by inhibiting colony-stimulating factor production and concomitantly the induction of cell proliferation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin regulation of colony-stimulating factor production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine leukocytes. The production of colony-stimulating factor by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine peritoneal leukocytes and their adherent subpopulations (greater than 80% macrophages) was markedly enhanced by indomethacin at concentrations sufficient to block prostaglandin E synthesis. Addition of physiological concentrations of E-series prostaglandins reversed this enhancing effect of indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that colony-stimulating factor production by stimulated leukocytes is regulated by E-series prostaglandins and suggest that prostaglandins function to limit myelopoiesis by inhibiting colony-stimulating factor production and concomitantly the induction of cell proliferation.", "PMID": 397926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11343", "title": "Chemotaxigenesis and activation of the alternative complement pathway by encapsulated and non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "In the presence of serum, whole cells of encapsulated and non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans generated a chemotactic response by neutrophils. Heat inactivation of serum ablated all chemotactic activity. Cryptococcal polysaccharide was not chemotaxigenic. Assays for alternative complement pathway activation such as depletion of alternative complement pathway factor B or electrophoretic conversion of factor B closely paralleled chemotaxis assays. Cells of encapsulated and non-encapsulated C. neoformans activated the alternative complement pathway, whereas cryptococcal polysaccharide was inactive. Failure of the capsular material to activate the alternative pathway was not due to serotype specificity because polysaccharide of several serotypes failed to achieve activation. The results suggest that chemotaxigenesis and alternative complement pathway activation are functions of the yeast cell wall. The results support our proposal that the cryptococcal capsul does not prevent potential opsonins from reaching binding and activation sites at the yeast cell wall or the release of biologically active soluble cleavage products into the surrounding medium; however, cell wall-bound cleavage products remain bound to the cell wall beneath the capsule. Therefore, they are unable to participate as opsonins in phagocytosis.", "contents": "Chemotaxigenesis and activation of the alternative complement pathway by encapsulated and non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans. In the presence of serum, whole cells of encapsulated and non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans generated a chemotactic response by neutrophils. Heat inactivation of serum ablated all chemotactic activity. Cryptococcal polysaccharide was not chemotaxigenic. Assays for alternative complement pathway activation such as depletion of alternative complement pathway factor B or electrophoretic conversion of factor B closely paralleled chemotaxis assays. Cells of encapsulated and non-encapsulated C. neoformans activated the alternative complement pathway, whereas cryptococcal polysaccharide was inactive. Failure of the capsular material to activate the alternative pathway was not due to serotype specificity because polysaccharide of several serotypes failed to achieve activation. The results suggest that chemotaxigenesis and alternative complement pathway activation are functions of the yeast cell wall. The results support our proposal that the cryptococcal capsul does not prevent potential opsonins from reaching binding and activation sites at the yeast cell wall or the release of biologically active soluble cleavage products into the surrounding medium; however, cell wall-bound cleavage products remain bound to the cell wall beneath the capsule. Therefore, they are unable to participate as opsonins in phagocytosis.", "PMID": 397927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11344", "title": "Immune response modulation by colonization of germfree rats with Propionibacterium acnes.", "content": "Propionibacterium acnes (oral and/or parenteral administration) had a modulating effect on antibody-and cell-mediated immune responses of germfree (GF) and monoassociated (MA) rats. In conventionally reared rodents, parenteral injection of killed P. acnes stimulated the splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. However, in GF rats and in rats monoassociated with viable P. acnes, parenteral injection of killed P. acnes antigen inhibited the plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. When compared with the responses of GF control rats, splenocytes from GF rats parenterally injected with P. acnes antigen had a decreased in vitro blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and  an increased blastogenic response to homologous bacterial antigens. Conversely, a parenteral injection of P. acnes antigen into P. acnes MA rats resulted in an increased splenocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A but not to homologous (P. acnes) antigens. Thus the presence or absence of intestinal antigenic stimuli (in MA and GF rats) had a modulating effect on the immune response to a parenteral injection of P. acnes antigen.", "contents": "Immune response modulation by colonization of germfree rats with Propionibacterium acnes. Propionibacterium acnes (oral and/or parenteral administration) had a modulating effect on antibody-and cell-mediated immune responses of germfree (GF) and monoassociated (MA) rats. In conventionally reared rodents, parenteral injection of killed P. acnes stimulated the splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. However, in GF rats and in rats monoassociated with viable P. acnes, parenteral injection of killed P. acnes antigen inhibited the plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. When compared with the responses of GF control rats, splenocytes from GF rats parenterally injected with P. acnes antigen had a decreased in vitro blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and  an increased blastogenic response to homologous bacterial antigens. Conversely, a parenteral injection of P. acnes antigen into P. acnes MA rats resulted in an increased splenocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A but not to homologous (P. acnes) antigens. Thus the presence or absence of intestinal antigenic stimuli (in MA and GF rats) had a modulating effect on the immune response to a parenteral injection of P. acnes antigen.", "PMID": 397928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11345", "title": "Longitudinal investigation of the role of Streptococcus mutans in human fissure decay.", "content": "A prospective study was initiated in order to detect changes in the levels and proportions of Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, and lactobacilli before and at the time of caries development on occlusal fissures. The bacteriological analysis was performed on 195 teeth that received four examinations at approximately 6-month intervals. The data obtained from 42 carious fissures and 153 caries-free fissures strongly indicated an etiological role for S. mutans in most of the diagnosed fissure lesions. This was demonstrated by the longitudinal analysis, which showed the proportions of S. mutans to increase significantly at the time of caries diagnosis, and by cross-sectional comparisons, which showed that the proportions of S. mutans in the carious fissures were significantly higher than in caries-free fissures. Three subjects who had a low caries expereince developed five new carious lesions. Lactobacilli were prominent members of the caries-associated flora in these subjects greatly outnumbering S. mutans. The levels and proportions of S. sanguis tended to be higher in the caries-free fissures. Altho1gh the results are striking in that they implicate S. mutans in fissure decay, they show that clinical decay can occur in a few instances in the absence of detectable S. mutans, as was observed in the fissures high in lactobacilli.", "contents": "Longitudinal investigation of the role of Streptococcus mutans in human fissure decay. A prospective study was initiated in order to detect changes in the levels and proportions of Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, and lactobacilli before and at the time of caries development on occlusal fissures. The bacteriological analysis was performed on 195 teeth that received four examinations at approximately 6-month intervals. The data obtained from 42 carious fissures and 153 caries-free fissures strongly indicated an etiological role for S. mutans in most of the diagnosed fissure lesions. This was demonstrated by the longitudinal analysis, which showed the proportions of S. mutans to increase significantly at the time of caries diagnosis, and by cross-sectional comparisons, which showed that the proportions of S. mutans in the carious fissures were significantly higher than in caries-free fissures. Three subjects who had a low caries expereince developed five new carious lesions. Lactobacilli were prominent members of the caries-associated flora in these subjects greatly outnumbering S. mutans. The levels and proportions of S. sanguis tended to be higher in the caries-free fissures. Altho1gh the results are striking in that they implicate S. mutans in fissure decay, they show that clinical decay can occur in a few instances in the absence of detectable S. mutans, as was observed in the fissures high in lactobacilli.", "PMID": 397929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11346", "title": "Comparison of techniques for primary isolation of respiratory Mycoplasma pulmonis from rats.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the optimal sites for primary isolation of Mycoplasma pulmonis from the respiratory system of laboratory rats. In a preliminary study, a group of 42 rats was cultured for respiratory M. pulmonis at several sites. Tracheal washes yielded the highest number of positive cultures (61.9%) and ground lung tissue yielded the lowest (19.0%), with the nasopharyngeal culture in the middle (52.38%). In a subsequent study, the tracheal wash was again the optimal method since 76.7% of 103 rats were positive for M. pulmonis, whereas culture of the nasopharyngeal area resulted in 53.9% positive cultures. In a third study, all 45 rats were positive for M. pulmonis when the tracheal wash method was used, whereas only 51% were positive when the nasopharyngeal area was cultured, indicating that the tracheal wash was the most reliable of the commonly used procedures. Other aspects of these experiments demonstrated the tympanic cavity of animals with otitis media to be an excellent source for obtaining material to culture for M. pulmonis.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques for primary isolation of respiratory Mycoplasma pulmonis from rats. Studies were performed to determine the optimal sites for primary isolation of Mycoplasma pulmonis from the respiratory system of laboratory rats. In a preliminary study, a group of 42 rats was cultured for respiratory M. pulmonis at several sites. Tracheal washes yielded the highest number of positive cultures (61.9%) and ground lung tissue yielded the lowest (19.0%), with the nasopharyngeal culture in the middle (52.38%). In a subsequent study, the tracheal wash was again the optimal method since 76.7% of 103 rats were positive for M. pulmonis, whereas culture of the nasopharyngeal area resulted in 53.9% positive cultures. In a third study, all 45 rats were positive for M. pulmonis when the tracheal wash method was used, whereas only 51% were positive when the nasopharyngeal area was cultured, indicating that the tracheal wash was the most reliable of the commonly used procedures. Other aspects of these experiments demonstrated the tympanic cavity of animals with otitis media to be an excellent source for obtaining material to culture for M. pulmonis.", "PMID": 397930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11347", "title": "Experimental vaginal colonization and mother-infant transmission of group B streptococci in rats.", "content": "An animal model for group B streptococcal vaginal colonization and neonatal acquisition was developed with albino rats. Intravaginal inoculation of genital isolates of group B streptococci of serotypes Ia, II, and III either once or on 3 successive days resulted in carriage of the organisms for 7 days or longer in 26% of the virgin animals and 43% of the pregnant animals. Throat and perianal cultures of the offspring of pregnant rats revealed that 51% of the rat pups acquired the organisms at some time. Litter exchange studies were done to explore the contributions of environmental and intralitter spread. Significantly more infants born to mothers with positive vaginal cultures acquired the organisms than infants of culture-negative mothers who were suckled by positive adoptive mothers. However, 13% of the offsprinital cultures acquired group B streptococci. This model may be valuable in understanding the dynamics of vaginal carriage and mother-infant transmission of group B streptococci.", "contents": "Experimental vaginal colonization and mother-infant transmission of group B streptococci in rats. An animal model for group B streptococcal vaginal colonization and neonatal acquisition was developed with albino rats. Intravaginal inoculation of genital isolates of group B streptococci of serotypes Ia, II, and III either once or on 3 successive days resulted in carriage of the organisms for 7 days or longer in 26% of the virgin animals and 43% of the pregnant animals. Throat and perianal cultures of the offspring of pregnant rats revealed that 51% of the rat pups acquired the organisms at some time. Litter exchange studies were done to explore the contributions of environmental and intralitter spread. Significantly more infants born to mothers with positive vaginal cultures acquired the organisms than infants of culture-negative mothers who were suckled by positive adoptive mothers. However, 13% of the offsprinital cultures acquired group B streptococci. This model may be valuable in understanding the dynamics of vaginal carriage and mother-infant transmission of group B streptococci.", "PMID": 397931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11348", "title": "Pathogenesis of K virus infection in newborn mice.", "content": "Newborn mice were inoculated with a murine papovavirus, K virus, by intracranial, intraperitoneal, oral, and intranasal routes, and the pathogenesis of infection was studied with immunofluorescence, virus assay, and histopathology. Inoculation by each route produced a fatal interstitial pneumonia. Pulmonary vascular endothelium and, to a lesser extent, cells lining hepatic sinusoids were the major sites of viral replication, but intranuclear antigen or inclusions or both were also found in extrapulmonary vascular endothelia, spleens, lymph nodes, and brains. Although K virus produced a predominantly respiratory illness, the virus was less infectious by intranasal than by oral inoculation and did not replicate in respiratory epithelial tissues. The earliest site of K virus replication was the jejunal submucosa, suggesting that in nature K virus may be transmitted by the oral route. Viral antigen was present in brains of animals inoculated by each route and correlated with the duration of viremia. Despite the presence of abundant viral antigen, however, the nervous system remained morphologically normal. The present study indicates that a member of the papovavirus group may produce clinically silent, noninflammatory involvement of the central nervous system during the initial infection of its natural host.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of K virus infection in newborn mice. Newborn mice were inoculated with a murine papovavirus, K virus, by intracranial, intraperitoneal, oral, and intranasal routes, and the pathogenesis of infection was studied with immunofluorescence, virus assay, and histopathology. Inoculation by each route produced a fatal interstitial pneumonia. Pulmonary vascular endothelium and, to a lesser extent, cells lining hepatic sinusoids were the major sites of viral replication, but intranuclear antigen or inclusions or both were also found in extrapulmonary vascular endothelia, spleens, lymph nodes, and brains. Although K virus produced a predominantly respiratory illness, the virus was less infectious by intranasal than by oral inoculation and did not replicate in respiratory epithelial tissues. The earliest site of K virus replication was the jejunal submucosa, suggesting that in nature K virus may be transmitted by the oral route. Viral antigen was present in brains of animals inoculated by each route and correlated with the duration of viremia. Despite the presence of abundant viral antigen, however, the nervous system remained morphologically normal. The present study indicates that a member of the papovavirus group may produce clinically silent, noninflammatory involvement of the central nervous system during the initial infection of its natural host.", "PMID": 397932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11349", "title": "Experimental chlamydial salpingitis in immunosuppressed guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.", "content": "At necropsy indication of spread of infection to fallopian tubes was found in 25 of 41 (60%) female guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Eighteen were examined histologically, and the diagnosis of acute salpingitis was confirmed in 10, based on inflammatory reaction, detection of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in tissue, and formation of cysts (pyosalpinx and hydrosalpinx). Infection of fallopian tube tissue was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Infection of endometrial tissue and peritoneum was also recognized. Data suggested that the immunosuppression mediated by cyclophosphamide resulted in a prolonged genital tract infection and concomitant ascending infection leading to salpingitis.", "contents": "Experimental chlamydial salpingitis in immunosuppressed guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. At necropsy indication of spread of infection to fallopian tubes was found in 25 of 41 (60%) female guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Eighteen were examined histologically, and the diagnosis of acute salpingitis was confirmed in 10, based on inflammatory reaction, detection of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in tissue, and formation of cysts (pyosalpinx and hydrosalpinx). Infection of fallopian tube tissue was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Infection of endometrial tissue and peritoneum was also recognized. Data suggested that the immunosuppression mediated by cyclophosphamide resulted in a prolonged genital tract infection and concomitant ascending infection leading to salpingitis.", "PMID": 397933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11350", "title": "Macrophages in immunity to syphilis: suppressive effect of concurrent infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the development of syphilitic lesions and growth of Treponema pallidum in tuberculin-positive rabbits.", "content": "Paired groups of male rabbits were challenged with Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. One group had been sensitized to BCG by inoculation 3 weeks before challenge. All animals were challenged intradermally at multiple sites with T. pallidum alone, BCG alone, and both organisms into the same sites. The resulting lesions were followed clinically and histologically. BCG lesions enlarged more rapidly in sensitized rabbits, but they were otherwise no different from those in the controls. T. pallidum lesions enlarged and regressed simultaneously in both groups, but in the BCG-sensitized animals they became twice as large as those in the unsensitized rabbits. Mixed BCG-T. pallidum lesions showed the greatest differences in the two groups of animals. Like the pure BCG lesions, they enlarged more rapidly in the sensitized rabbits but began to recede after 1 week. The corresponding lesions in the controls enlarged more slowly and reached their maximum size after 3 weeks when the receding lesions in the sensitized animals were much smaller. The most marked histological-histochemical difference between the two groups of animals was in the number and activation of macrophages. These cells were more numerous in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized animals than in similar lesions of the controls and more activated as determined by beta-galactosidase staining. Although sparsely distributed, activated macrophages were more numerous in the pur T. pallidum lesions of sensitized animals than in those of control animals. Silver-stained sections revealed fewer treponemes in mixed lesions of sensitized animals than in the mixed lesions of control animals. Quantitation of treponemes in pure T. pallidum versus mixed lesions was determined in two groups of rabbits challenged intratesticularly. The total number of treponemes per testis in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized rabbits was significantly less than the number in the mixed lesions of control animals, and also less than the number in pure T. pallidum lesions of both groups of animals.", "contents": "Macrophages in immunity to syphilis: suppressive effect of concurrent infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the development of syphilitic lesions and growth of Treponema pallidum in tuberculin-positive rabbits. Paired groups of male rabbits were challenged with Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. One group had been sensitized to BCG by inoculation 3 weeks before challenge. All animals were challenged intradermally at multiple sites with T. pallidum alone, BCG alone, and both organisms into the same sites. The resulting lesions were followed clinically and histologically. BCG lesions enlarged more rapidly in sensitized rabbits, but they were otherwise no different from those in the controls. T. pallidum lesions enlarged and regressed simultaneously in both groups, but in the BCG-sensitized animals they became twice as large as those in the unsensitized rabbits. Mixed BCG-T. pallidum lesions showed the greatest differences in the two groups of animals. Like the pure BCG lesions, they enlarged more rapidly in the sensitized rabbits but began to recede after 1 week. The corresponding lesions in the controls enlarged more slowly and reached their maximum size after 3 weeks when the receding lesions in the sensitized animals were much smaller. The most marked histological-histochemical difference between the two groups of animals was in the number and activation of macrophages. These cells were more numerous in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized animals than in similar lesions of the controls and more activated as determined by beta-galactosidase staining. Although sparsely distributed, activated macrophages were more numerous in the pur T. pallidum lesions of sensitized animals than in those of control animals. Silver-stained sections revealed fewer treponemes in mixed lesions of sensitized animals than in the mixed lesions of control animals. Quantitation of treponemes in pure T. pallidum versus mixed lesions was determined in two groups of rabbits challenged intratesticularly. The total number of treponemes per testis in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized rabbits was significantly less than the number in the mixed lesions of control animals, and also less than the number in pure T. pallidum lesions of both groups of animals.", "PMID": 397934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11351", "title": "Combined effect of intercalating agents and antibiotics on R-factor carrying bacteria in broth culture.", "content": "Growth of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and Escherichia coli K12 bearing any of four R-factors of the fi+ and fi- group in repressed and derepressed form was not inhibited by a combination of ethidium bromide with ampicillin and kanamycin.", "contents": "Combined effect of intercalating agents and antibiotics on R-factor carrying bacteria in broth culture. Growth of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and Escherichia coli K12 bearing any of four R-factors of the fi+ and fi- group in repressed and derepressed form was not inhibited by a combination of ethidium bromide with ampicillin and kanamycin.", "PMID": 397935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11352", "title": "[Tobramycin concentrations in human renal tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigation of kidneys from 20 patients revealed relatively low tobramycin concentrations in cortex and medulla after one day of treatment. After administration for several days a significant accumulation was observed in only one of three patients. Attention is drawn to the higher tobramycin concentrations found in renal parenchyma which has undergone chronic inflammatory changes compared to the \"normal\" values in kidneys infiltrated by tumours. A higher accumulation thus occurs in renal tissue which has already undergone structural damage as a result of bacterial inflammation.", "contents": "[Tobramycin concentrations in human renal tissue (author's transl)]. Investigation of kidneys from 20 patients revealed relatively low tobramycin concentrations in cortex and medulla after one day of treatment. After administration for several days a significant accumulation was observed in only one of three patients. Attention is drawn to the higher tobramycin concentrations found in renal parenchyma which has undergone chronic inflammatory changes compared to the \"normal\" values in kidneys infiltrated by tumours. A higher accumulation thus occurs in renal tissue which has already undergone structural damage as a result of bacterial inflammation.", "PMID": 397936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11353", "title": "[Wild-type and acquired resistance patterns of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "Stored data on the inhibition zone diameters of 2274 strains of Escherichia coli that had been determined during the first five investigation periods (1975 to 1977) of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft \"Resistenz\" using the standard disc susceptibility test on Mueller-Hinton agar, were evaluated for: (1) frequency of secondary resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the basis of statistically defined break points; (2) number, frequency, and qualitative characteristics of multiple resistance patterns; (3) regional distribution of the more common resistance patterns; (4) more detailed characterization of resistance patterns using the mean diameters of inhibition zones; and (5) occurrence of additional resistance determinants. The significance of such data in the epidemiological control of resistance to chemotherapeutics in gram-negative bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "[Wild-type and acquired resistance patterns of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (author's transl)]. Stored data on the inhibition zone diameters of 2274 strains of Escherichia coli that had been determined during the first five investigation periods (1975 to 1977) of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft \"Resistenz\" using the standard disc susceptibility test on Mueller-Hinton agar, were evaluated for: (1) frequency of secondary resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the basis of statistically defined break points; (2) number, frequency, and qualitative characteristics of multiple resistance patterns; (3) regional distribution of the more common resistance patterns; (4) more detailed characterization of resistance patterns using the mean diameters of inhibition zones; and (5) occurrence of additional resistance determinants. The significance of such data in the epidemiological control of resistance to chemotherapeutics in gram-negative bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 397938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11354", "title": "Reparable and irreparable damage in yeast cells induced by sparsely ionizing radiation.", "content": "It is shown that in diploid yeast there are significant differences in the extent of irreparable damage after irradiation with X-rays, 60Co-gamma-rays and 30 MeV electrons. At extremely low dose rates, 60Co-gamma-rays were found to produce almost no irreparable damage at least up to 1200 Gy. X-rays, however, at the same low dose rate caused irreparable damage in the same dose range yielding a surviving fraction of 0.25 at 1200 Gy. For irradiations at high dose rate followed by liquid holding recovery the relative biological effectiveness of X-rays amounted to at least 4 for absorbed doses of up to 1000 Gy. With 30 MeV electrons at high dose rates an accumulation of sublethal and potentially lethal damage resulting in irreparable damage occurred above 1000 Gy. It is suggested that irreparable damage in yeast is due to a cooperative effect of neighbouring track ends.", "contents": "Reparable and irreparable damage in yeast cells induced by sparsely ionizing radiation. It is shown that in diploid yeast there are significant differences in the extent of irreparable damage after irradiation with X-rays, 60Co-gamma-rays and 30 MeV electrons. At extremely low dose rates, 60Co-gamma-rays were found to produce almost no irreparable damage at least up to 1200 Gy. X-rays, however, at the same low dose rate caused irreparable damage in the same dose range yielding a surviving fraction of 0.25 at 1200 Gy. For irradiations at high dose rate followed by liquid holding recovery the relative biological effectiveness of X-rays amounted to at least 4 for absorbed doses of up to 1000 Gy. With 30 MeV electrons at high dose rates an accumulation of sublethal and potentially lethal damage resulting in irreparable damage occurred above 1000 Gy. It is suggested that irreparable damage in yeast is due to a cooperative effect of neighbouring track ends.", "PMID": 397939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11355", "title": "Excision of uracil from bromodeoxyuridine-substituted and U.V.-irradiated DNA in cultured mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "A uracil-DNA glycosylase activity was detected in cell-free extracts from cultured mouse lymphoma L5178 cells. We investigated whether or not this enzyme plays a role in the removal of uracil from chromosomal DNA. U.V. light (254nm) irradiation of the cells with BUdR-substituted DNA produced not only single-strand breaks but also 'internal' uracil residues that were recognized as substrate sites by uracil-DNA glycosylase. These 'internal' uracil residues were lost from the DNA upon reincubation of the irradiated cells. The product released from the DNA was identified as uracil. Thus, the intracellular action of the uracil-DNA glycosylase was demonstrated and the subsequent reconstitution of the DNA strand was inferred in cultured mammalian cells.", "contents": "Excision of uracil from bromodeoxyuridine-substituted and U.V.-irradiated DNA in cultured mouse lymphoma cells. A uracil-DNA glycosylase activity was detected in cell-free extracts from cultured mouse lymphoma L5178 cells. We investigated whether or not this enzyme plays a role in the removal of uracil from chromosomal DNA. U.V. light (254nm) irradiation of the cells with BUdR-substituted DNA produced not only single-strand breaks but also 'internal' uracil residues that were recognized as substrate sites by uracil-DNA glycosylase. These 'internal' uracil residues were lost from the DNA upon reincubation of the irradiated cells. The product released from the DNA was identified as uracil. Thus, the intracellular action of the uracil-DNA glycosylase was demonstrated and the subsequent reconstitution of the DNA strand was inferred in cultured mammalian cells.", "PMID": 397940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11356", "title": "Mechanism of action of nitroimidazole antimicrobial and antitumour radiosensitizing drugs. Effects of reduced misonidazole on DNA.", "content": "Electrolytic reduction of the hypoxic tumour cell radiosensitizing drug misonidazole was carried out at a controlled potential under anaerobic conditions in the presence of Escherichia coli DNA. During the reduction process the DNA was examined by viscometry, thermal hyperchromicity, melting and renaturation profiles, hydroxyapatite chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The reduced drug decreases the viscosity, hyperchromicity and renaturation of DNA. These effects are consistent with strand breakage of the molecule which was corroborated by finding an increase in the single-strand content of DNA, increased migration and loss of fluorescence intensity on agarose gels and sedimentation to a less dense region in alkaline sucrose density gradients. The results are discussed in relation to postulated mechanisms of the selective toxicity of the drug towards anaerobes and cytotoxicity of electron affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic tumour cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of nitroimidazole antimicrobial and antitumour radiosensitizing drugs. Effects of reduced misonidazole on DNA. Electrolytic reduction of the hypoxic tumour cell radiosensitizing drug misonidazole was carried out at a controlled potential under anaerobic conditions in the presence of Escherichia coli DNA. During the reduction process the DNA was examined by viscometry, thermal hyperchromicity, melting and renaturation profiles, hydroxyapatite chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The reduced drug decreases the viscosity, hyperchromicity and renaturation of DNA. These effects are consistent with strand breakage of the molecule which was corroborated by finding an increase in the single-strand content of DNA, increased migration and loss of fluorescence intensity on agarose gels and sedimentation to a less dense region in alkaline sucrose density gradients. The results are discussed in relation to postulated mechanisms of the selective toxicity of the drug towards anaerobes and cytotoxicity of electron affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic tumour cells.", "PMID": 397941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11357", "title": "Investigation of phospholipid changes in actively metabolizing by high-performance liquid chromatography of 32P-labelled phospholipids.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic system was employed to study turnover rates of phospholipids in various types of cells, such as leukocytes, erythrocytes and yeast cells. In the extracts obtained from 32P-labelled cells ten to twelve different phospholipids could be identified. Phosphatidyl glycerol and other minor phospholipids show a high specific activity, so that the lipids may be readily detected. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method permits the determination of lipid changes during nutrient uptake, phagocytosis, or other cellular activities.", "contents": "Investigation of phospholipid changes in actively metabolizing by high-performance liquid chromatography of 32P-labelled phospholipids. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system was employed to study turnover rates of phospholipids in various types of cells, such as leukocytes, erythrocytes and yeast cells. In the extracts obtained from 32P-labelled cells ten to twelve different phospholipids could be identified. Phosphatidyl glycerol and other minor phospholipids show a high specific activity, so that the lipids may be readily detected. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method permits the determination of lipid changes during nutrient uptake, phagocytosis, or other cellular activities.", "PMID": 397944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11358", "title": "Rapid assay for tryptophanase using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for tryptophanase based upon the fluorometric measurement of the enzymatically liberated indole was developed. The total incubation time is 20 min, and the reversed-phase separation is fast (elution time of indole in 8 min) and reproducible. The sensitivity of the method is in the nanomole range. This method was tested in the assay of tryptophanase activity in E. coli, giving an average activity of 6589.6 U/g of cells. Because of its speed, high sensitivity and minimal sample preparation, this method circumvents several problems commonly encountered in standard spectrophotometric methods of analysis.", "contents": "Rapid assay for tryptophanase using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for tryptophanase based upon the fluorometric measurement of the enzymatically liberated indole was developed. The total incubation time is 20 min, and the reversed-phase separation is fast (elution time of indole in 8 min) and reproducible. The sensitivity of the method is in the nanomole range. This method was tested in the assay of tryptophanase activity in E. coli, giving an average activity of 6589.6 U/g of cells. Because of its speed, high sensitivity and minimal sample preparation, this method circumvents several problems commonly encountered in standard spectrophotometric methods of analysis.", "PMID": 397945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11359", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of prostacyclin.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of prostacyclin using a laboratory prepared reversed-phase column packing is described. A relative standard deviation of less than 1% was obtained for ten replicate injections. The system resolves prostacyclin from its hydrolysis product, 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha and from other prostaglandins present as impurities. These can be estimated to levels of approximately 0.5%. The separation of other unrelated prostaglandins by this method is briefly reported.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of prostacyclin. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of prostacyclin using a laboratory prepared reversed-phase column packing is described. A relative standard deviation of less than 1% was obtained for ten replicate injections. The system resolves prostacyclin from its hydrolysis product, 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha and from other prostaglandins present as impurities. These can be estimated to levels of approximately 0.5%. The separation of other unrelated prostaglandins by this method is briefly reported.", "PMID": 397946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11360", "title": "[Quantitative and qualitative aspects of Feulgen's reaction in neurons of Gasser's ganglion of the rat fetus].", "content": "This quantitative and qualitative photometric study of the Feulgen reaction, shows in trigeminal ganglion neurones of rat foetuses, a differential effect of the tested fixatives upon chromatin stability in response to different types of acid hydrolysis. The technic conditions the most adapted to foetal ganglion neurones are: fixation with formalin (Regaud or salted formalin), hydrolysis with chlorhydric acid (HCl 5N) at room temperature which gives a Feulgen reaction of great intensity and stability for hydrolysis lasting from 30--40 to 60 minutes. Furthermore the fact that the maximal reaction intensity is reached with relatively short hydrolysis points out the weakness of chromatin stability in foetal ganglion neurones. Histophotometric study of the Feulgen reaction conditions in rat foetal trigeminel ganglion neurones.", "contents": "[Quantitative and qualitative aspects of Feulgen's reaction in neurons of Gasser's ganglion of the rat fetus]. This quantitative and qualitative photometric study of the Feulgen reaction, shows in trigeminal ganglion neurones of rat foetuses, a differential effect of the tested fixatives upon chromatin stability in response to different types of acid hydrolysis. The technic conditions the most adapted to foetal ganglion neurones are: fixation with formalin (Regaud or salted formalin), hydrolysis with chlorhydric acid (HCl 5N) at room temperature which gives a Feulgen reaction of great intensity and stability for hydrolysis lasting from 30--40 to 60 minutes. Furthermore the fact that the maximal reaction intensity is reached with relatively short hydrolysis points out the weakness of chromatin stability in foetal ganglion neurones. Histophotometric study of the Feulgen reaction conditions in rat foetal trigeminel ganglion neurones.", "PMID": 397953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11361", "title": "Evaluation of procedures suggested for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogenesis testing program.", "content": "A sampling procedure for reducing the pathology workload in evaluating a carcinogenicity bioassay was utilized for a rodent bioassay. The use of the procedure resulted in 50 percent fewer tissues being examined histologically, in the control groups and 12 percent fewer tissues in the treatment groups. The obvious saving in pathologist's time was negated by an increase in technician time, interference with quality control procedures and loss of nontumor pathology information.", "contents": "Evaluation of procedures suggested for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogenesis testing program. A sampling procedure for reducing the pathology workload in evaluating a carcinogenicity bioassay was utilized for a rodent bioassay. The use of the procedure resulted in 50 percent fewer tissues being examined histologically, in the control groups and 12 percent fewer tissues in the treatment groups. The obvious saving in pathologist's time was negated by an increase in technician time, interference with quality control procedures and loss of nontumor pathology information.", "PMID": 397956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11362", "title": "Long-term effects of perinatal exposure to hormones on normal and neoplastic mammary growth in rodents: a review.", "content": "Exposure of mammals to hormones and drugs during pregnancy sometimes results in profound consequences in the offspring. In this review, the long-term effects of perinatal exposure to hormones on the mammary gland in female rodents at advanced ages are discussed as a model for possible human consequences of antenatal exposure to sex hormones. In general, antenatal hormone treatments may influence the development and growth of the mammary gland. Perinatal treatment with estrogen, androgen, progesterone, or even prolactin in some cases induces not only irreversible abnormality of mammary growth but also influences spontaneous and carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Effects of neonatal hormone treatment on mammary tumorigenesis, which appear to be mainly due to the endogenous hormone imbalance produced, vary according to the time and period of the treatment and to the species and/or strain employed.", "contents": "Long-term effects of perinatal exposure to hormones on normal and neoplastic mammary growth in rodents: a review. Exposure of mammals to hormones and drugs during pregnancy sometimes results in profound consequences in the offspring. In this review, the long-term effects of perinatal exposure to hormones on the mammary gland in female rodents at advanced ages are discussed as a model for possible human consequences of antenatal exposure to sex hormones. In general, antenatal hormone treatments may influence the development and growth of the mammary gland. Perinatal treatment with estrogen, androgen, progesterone, or even prolactin in some cases induces not only irreversible abnormality of mammary growth but also influences spontaneous and carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Effects of neonatal hormone treatment on mammary tumorigenesis, which appear to be mainly due to the endogenous hormone imbalance produced, vary according to the time and period of the treatment and to the species and/or strain employed.", "PMID": 397957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11363", "title": "[Rhinobasal deompression of the optic nerve following trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of indirect trauma of the optic nerve caused by head injuries are reported. After rhinobasal decompression of the optic nerve an improvement in visual acuity and visual field was achieved in 4 cases. The indication for optic nerve decompression is discussed, comparing the neurosurgical transfrontal procedure with rhinobasal decompression. The authors advise an early operation, because an improvement may be accomplished even if blindness has occurred immediately after the accident.", "contents": "[Rhinobasal deompression of the optic nerve following trauma (author's transl)]. Six cases of indirect trauma of the optic nerve caused by head injuries are reported. After rhinobasal decompression of the optic nerve an improvement in visual acuity and visual field was achieved in 4 cases. The indication for optic nerve decompression is discussed, comparing the neurosurgical transfrontal procedure with rhinobasal decompression. The authors advise an early operation, because an improvement may be accomplished even if blindness has occurred immediately after the accident.", "PMID": 397967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11364", "title": "[Pars plana vitrectomy--results and complication of 100 consecutive cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications, results and complications of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. In 83% of patients with anterior segment and/or vitreous opacities a clear view to the fundus could be obtained; visual acuity improved significantly in 73%. Complicated retinal detachments, not managable with conventional retinal surgery, could be reattached in 26% of the cases. In carefully selected patients vitrectomy was indicated to stabilize the anatomic situation and to prevent further visual deterioration.", "contents": "[Pars plana vitrectomy--results and complication of 100 consecutive cases (author's transl)]. Indications, results and complications of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. In 83% of patients with anterior segment and/or vitreous opacities a clear view to the fundus could be obtained; visual acuity improved significantly in 73%. Complicated retinal detachments, not managable with conventional retinal surgery, could be reattached in 26% of the cases. In carefully selected patients vitrectomy was indicated to stabilize the anatomic situation and to prevent further visual deterioration.", "PMID": 397968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11365", "title": "[Long-term follow-ups of iris sutures (author's transl].", "content": "Previous reports from the Freiburg Eye Clinic concerning surgical techniques and experiences with iris sutures are complemented by this description of long-term follow-ups (up to 8 years, 6 1/2 years on average) of a random selection of 65 eye which underwent surgery. There were no harmful reactions to the suture of the suture material (nylon, 30 micrometers). Three-fourths of the eyes examined presented with tissue bridges, indicating fibroblastic unification of the sutured tissues. Even where there was preoperative atrophy of the connected iris parts (following glaucoma attacks with iris infarction) the connection remained stable over the years. These long-term follow-up findings support earlier recommendations concerning indication and surgical technique.", "contents": "[Long-term follow-ups of iris sutures (author's transl]. Previous reports from the Freiburg Eye Clinic concerning surgical techniques and experiences with iris sutures are complemented by this description of long-term follow-ups (up to 8 years, 6 1/2 years on average) of a random selection of 65 eye which underwent surgery. There were no harmful reactions to the suture of the suture material (nylon, 30 micrometers). Three-fourths of the eyes examined presented with tissue bridges, indicating fibroblastic unification of the sutured tissues. Even where there was preoperative atrophy of the connected iris parts (following glaucoma attacks with iris infarction) the connection remained stable over the years. These long-term follow-up findings support earlier recommendations concerning indication and surgical technique.", "PMID": 397969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11366", "title": "[Timolol: long-term results, tolerance test and early-morning measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "In a study lasting 16 months, Timolol was tested on 57 eyes of a group of selected patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients whose IOP could not be stabilized with the 0.25% solution were treated with 0.5% drops twice a day. In five separate cases, where regulation was inadequate, pilocarpine 2% twice a day was prescribed in addition. At the end of 16 months' treatment pressure had been lowered to a statistically highly significant degree in 66% of the patients. While the degree of regulation in the remainder was not statistically sifnificant, most of them were adequately stabilized. Further, following stabilization with Timolol, 42% of the patients were subjected to tolerance tests under constant conditions (darkness test, water test, coffee and tea tolerance) and their 6.00 a.m.values were measured. While good pressure levels were recorded in the tolerance tests, the early-morning IOP rose to critical threshold levels in some patients. However, during the entire period of observation visual fields and optic disk findings remained unaltered in all cases. Only a few cases were subjective and/or objective side-effects seen. Ten percent of those patients who had been treated previously required new glasses (+0,5 to +1 D over the previous correction).", "contents": "[Timolol: long-term results, tolerance test and early-morning measurements (author's transl)]. In a study lasting 16 months, Timolol was tested on 57 eyes of a group of selected patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients whose IOP could not be stabilized with the 0.25% solution were treated with 0.5% drops twice a day. In five separate cases, where regulation was inadequate, pilocarpine 2% twice a day was prescribed in addition. At the end of 16 months' treatment pressure had been lowered to a statistically highly significant degree in 66% of the patients. While the degree of regulation in the remainder was not statistically sifnificant, most of them were adequately stabilized. Further, following stabilization with Timolol, 42% of the patients were subjected to tolerance tests under constant conditions (darkness test, water test, coffee and tea tolerance) and their 6.00 a.m.values were measured. While good pressure levels were recorded in the tolerance tests, the early-morning IOP rose to critical threshold levels in some patients. However, during the entire period of observation visual fields and optic disk findings remained unaltered in all cases. Only a few cases were subjective and/or objective side-effects seen. Ten percent of those patients who had been treated previously required new glasses (+0,5 to +1 D over the previous correction).", "PMID": 397970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11367", "title": "[Central serous retinitis or chorioretinitis (retinopathy or chorioretinopathy) and central hemorrhagic chorioretinitis (juvenile disciform macular detachment; focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis, presumed histoplasmosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "There are no clinical or etiological connections between central serous and central hemorrhagic chorioretinitis, Serous chorioretinitis is seen mostly in men; full visual acuity is regained in approx. 80% of all cases. It mainly affects subjects aged between 36 and 45. Hemorrhagic chorioretinitis affects both sexes to about the same extent and causes severe impairment of visual acuity. Both forms should be regarded as genuine inflammations (chorioretinitis centralis serosa, chorioretinitis centralis hemorrhagica), not as \"pathies\". Whereas the hemorrhagica disease is generally thought to be caused by inflammation, the serous form also often shows signs of inflammation such as varying leakages with inflammatory depigmentation and more frequently inflammatory protein increase (exudate) with precipitation on the posterior surface of the retina/anterior surface of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "[Central serous retinitis or chorioretinitis (retinopathy or chorioretinopathy) and central hemorrhagic chorioretinitis (juvenile disciform macular detachment; focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis, presumed histoplasmosis) (author's transl)]. There are no clinical or etiological connections between central serous and central hemorrhagic chorioretinitis, Serous chorioretinitis is seen mostly in men; full visual acuity is regained in approx. 80% of all cases. It mainly affects subjects aged between 36 and 45. Hemorrhagic chorioretinitis affects both sexes to about the same extent and causes severe impairment of visual acuity. Both forms should be regarded as genuine inflammations (chorioretinitis centralis serosa, chorioretinitis centralis hemorrhagica), not as \"pathies\". Whereas the hemorrhagica disease is generally thought to be caused by inflammation, the serous form also often shows signs of inflammation such as varying leakages with inflammatory depigmentation and more frequently inflammatory protein increase (exudate) with precipitation on the posterior surface of the retina/anterior surface of the pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 397971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11368", "title": "Interrelationships between sodium clearance, plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, renal hemodynamics and blood pressure in renal disease.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the role of aldosterone, glomerular filtration and blood pressure on sodium excretion in renal disease. Sodium clearance (CNa), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), glomerular filtration rate (GF), paraaminohippurate clearance (CPAH) and blood pressure were measured simultaneously in 19 normal subjects, 38 patients with benign essential hypertension, 3 with renal artery stenosis, 48 with chronic glomerulonephritis, 20 with the nephrotic syndrome, 24 with tubulo-interstitial disease and 21 with a renal homograft. CNa was significantly depressed in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Mean PA and PRA were increased in renal artery stenosis but within the normal range in other groups. CNa correlated inversely with PA in all groups but one (tubulo-interstitial disease). CNa correlated directly with GF in the nephrotic syndrome and with the mean blood pressure (mBP) in chronic glomerulonephritis and tubulo-interstitial disease. PA correlated directly with PRA and inversely with GF or CPAH in most groups. It is concluded that PA is an important determinant of the basal natriuresis in renal disease with the exception of tubulo-interstitial nephropathies. In the nephrotic syndrome sodium retention is largely determined by the interaction of PA and GF. In chronic nephropathies, but not in benign essential hypertension, the fractional sodium excretion is partly blood pressure-dependent. Impairment of renal function is often accompanied by a rise in PA.", "contents": "Interrelationships between sodium clearance, plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, renal hemodynamics and blood pressure in renal disease. This study was designed to evaluate the role of aldosterone, glomerular filtration and blood pressure on sodium excretion in renal disease. Sodium clearance (CNa), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), glomerular filtration rate (GF), paraaminohippurate clearance (CPAH) and blood pressure were measured simultaneously in 19 normal subjects, 38 patients with benign essential hypertension, 3 with renal artery stenosis, 48 with chronic glomerulonephritis, 20 with the nephrotic syndrome, 24 with tubulo-interstitial disease and 21 with a renal homograft. CNa was significantly depressed in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Mean PA and PRA were increased in renal artery stenosis but within the normal range in other groups. CNa correlated inversely with PA in all groups but one (tubulo-interstitial disease). CNa correlated directly with GF in the nephrotic syndrome and with the mean blood pressure (mBP) in chronic glomerulonephritis and tubulo-interstitial disease. PA correlated directly with PRA and inversely with GF or CPAH in most groups. It is concluded that PA is an important determinant of the basal natriuresis in renal disease with the exception of tubulo-interstitial nephropathies. In the nephrotic syndrome sodium retention is largely determined by the interaction of PA and GF. In chronic nephropathies, but not in benign essential hypertension, the fractional sodium excretion is partly blood pressure-dependent. Impairment of renal function is often accompanied by a rise in PA.", "PMID": 397972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11369", "title": "Protein-RNA interactions during TMV assembly.", "content": "A review of the structural studies of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is given. TMV is essentially a flat helical microcrystal with 16 1/3 subunits per turn. A single strand of RNA runs along the helix and is deeply embedded in the protein. The virus particles form oriented gels from which high-resolution X-ray fiber diffraction data can be obtained. This may be interpreted by the use of six heavy-chain derivatives to give an electron density map at 0.4 nm resolution from which the RNA configuration and the form of the inner part of the protein subunit may be determined. In addition, the protein subunits form a stable 17-fold two-layered disk which is involved in virus assembly and which crystallizes. By the use of noncrystallographic symmetry and a single heavy-atom derivative, it has been possible to solve the structure of the double disk to 0.28 nm resolution. In this structure one sees that an important structural role is played by four alpha-helices, one of which (the LR helix) appears to form the main binding site for the RNA. The main components of the binding site appear to be hydrophobic interactions with the bases, hydrogen bonds between aspartate groups and the sugars, and arginine salt bridges to the phosphate groups. The binding site is between two turns of the virus helix or between the turns of the double disk. In the disk, the region proximal to the RNA binding site is in a random coil until the RNA binds, whereupon the 24 residues involved build a well-defined structure, thereby encapsulating the RNA.", "contents": "Protein-RNA interactions during TMV assembly. A review of the structural studies of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is given. TMV is essentially a flat helical microcrystal with 16 1/3 subunits per turn. A single strand of RNA runs along the helix and is deeply embedded in the protein. The virus particles form oriented gels from which high-resolution X-ray fiber diffraction data can be obtained. This may be interpreted by the use of six heavy-chain derivatives to give an electron density map at 0.4 nm resolution from which the RNA configuration and the form of the inner part of the protein subunit may be determined. In addition, the protein subunits form a stable 17-fold two-layered disk which is involved in virus assembly and which crystallizes. By the use of noncrystallographic symmetry and a single heavy-atom derivative, it has been possible to solve the structure of the double disk to 0.28 nm resolution. In this structure one sees that an important structural role is played by four alpha-helices, one of which (the LR helix) appears to form the main binding site for the RNA. The main components of the binding site appear to be hydrophobic interactions with the bases, hydrogen bonds between aspartate groups and the sugars, and arginine salt bridges to the phosphate groups. The binding site is between two turns of the virus helix or between the turns of the double disk. In the disk, the region proximal to the RNA binding site is in a random coil until the RNA binds, whereupon the 24 residues involved build a well-defined structure, thereby encapsulating the RNA.", "PMID": 397974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11370", "title": "The regional association of actin and myosin with sites of particle phagocytosis.", "content": "Contractile proteins are thought to play a causative role in motile processes such as phagocytosis. In order to investigate their role in phagocytosis further, simultaneous immunofluorescence localization of F-actin and myosin was carried out in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages after phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles. Both actin and myosin appeared to concentrate rapidly at sites of particle phagocytosis. The observed concentration of both proteins at such sites preceded ultimate particle engulfment. Cytochalasin B, a drug which was shown to block pseudopod extensions around the particle, did not prevent the concentration of the two congth effects as an explanation for the observed concentration of actin and myosin at phagocytic sites. Kinetic analysis showed that actin rapidly concentrates at particle-cell binding sites within minutes (or less) of contact with cell surface. The two proteins are present throughout the engulfment phase until and after ingestion is complete. Finally, at later times the particles become clustered over the cell nucleus and the particle-associated actin-myosin seen earlier is no longer evident.", "contents": "The regional association of actin and myosin with sites of particle phagocytosis. Contractile proteins are thought to play a causative role in motile processes such as phagocytosis. In order to investigate their role in phagocytosis further, simultaneous immunofluorescence localization of F-actin and myosin was carried out in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages after phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles. Both actin and myosin appeared to concentrate rapidly at sites of particle phagocytosis. The observed concentration of both proteins at such sites preceded ultimate particle engulfment. Cytochalasin B, a drug which was shown to block pseudopod extensions around the particle, did not prevent the concentration of the two congth effects as an explanation for the observed concentration of actin and myosin at phagocytic sites. Kinetic analysis showed that actin rapidly concentrates at particle-cell binding sites within minutes (or less) of contact with cell surface. The two proteins are present throughout the engulfment phase until and after ingestion is complete. Finally, at later times the particles become clustered over the cell nucleus and the particle-associated actin-myosin seen earlier is no longer evident.", "PMID": 397975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11371", "title": "Neuropeptide hormones in cerebrospinal fluid. Experimental and clinical aspects.", "content": "Neuroendocrinologists are now realising that the brain-pituitary relationships in man are more complex than they had previously thought. It seems that the brain is also a gland, whereas the pituitary produces neuropeptide hormones which work in the brain. Since most substances which carry information between those two neuroendocrine partners are present in cerebrospinal fluid, it is natural to assume that cerebrospinal fluid has an important role as a carrier of molecular signals between the brain and pituitary. Whether or not the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide hormones will give more information about the brain activity in neurological and psychiatric patients is not yet known exactly despite some promising new findings.", "contents": "Neuropeptide hormones in cerebrospinal fluid. Experimental and clinical aspects. Neuroendocrinologists are now realising that the brain-pituitary relationships in man are more complex than they had previously thought. It seems that the brain is also a gland, whereas the pituitary produces neuropeptide hormones which work in the brain. Since most substances which carry information between those two neuroendocrine partners are present in cerebrospinal fluid, it is natural to assume that cerebrospinal fluid has an important role as a carrier of molecular signals between the brain and pituitary. Whether or not the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide hormones will give more information about the brain activity in neurological and psychiatric patients is not yet known exactly despite some promising new findings.", "PMID": 397976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11372", "title": "An autoradiographic study on the fate of 65Zn in zinc-rich tissues in some rodents.", "content": "Whole-body autoradiography of 65Zn, administered as 65ZnCl2, in mice showed a high initial radioactivity in several parenchymatous organs. Some other tissues showed a rather slow accumulation and a pronounced retention of 65Zn. This applied to the pancreatic islets, which showed the highest soft-tissue radioactivity at most survival intervals and in which 65Zn was detected still 60 days after a single dose. 65Zn was also retained in the hippocampus of the brain, the dorsolateral prostate, Paneth cells in the intestine, the bone and the hair. A few guinea-pigs and rabbits were studied. In the guinea-pigs, there was no specific labelling of the pancreatic islets. The rabbits showed the highest soft-tissue radioactivity in the mandibular salivary gland. Most tissues which retained a high level of 65 Zn have previously been reported as containing high levels of endogenous zinc. The results of the present study indicate that there is a slow zinc-turnover in these tissues.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study on the fate of 65Zn in zinc-rich tissues in some rodents. Whole-body autoradiography of 65Zn, administered as 65ZnCl2, in mice showed a high initial radioactivity in several parenchymatous organs. Some other tissues showed a rather slow accumulation and a pronounced retention of 65Zn. This applied to the pancreatic islets, which showed the highest soft-tissue radioactivity at most survival intervals and in which 65Zn was detected still 60 days after a single dose. 65Zn was also retained in the hippocampus of the brain, the dorsolateral prostate, Paneth cells in the intestine, the bone and the hair. A few guinea-pigs and rabbits were studied. In the guinea-pigs, there was no specific labelling of the pancreatic islets. The rabbits showed the highest soft-tissue radioactivity in the mandibular salivary gland. Most tissues which retained a high level of 65 Zn have previously been reported as containing high levels of endogenous zinc. The results of the present study indicate that there is a slow zinc-turnover in these tissues.", "PMID": 397978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11373", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of liver function.", "content": "Sex differences exist in the metabolism of histidine, drugs and steroids by the liver. These differences are controlled, at least in the rat, by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Histidase is controlled by growth hormone, giving an increase in the male to the female level. Drug and steroid metabolism are controlled directly from the pituitary in the female rat by means of an unidientified hormone designated \"feminizing factor\". In the male rat, androgens derived from the testes and adrenals  are involved in the regulation of liver function, probably by a feedback action on the pituitary secretion of feminizing factor. The thyroid glands are involved in the control of liver function in both males and females. Regulation of lactogenic receptors in rat liver is very similar to that of drug and steroid metabolism. The secretion of feminizing factor is regulated by the hypothalamus and probably involves higher centres, notably the amygdala.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of liver function. Sex differences exist in the metabolism of histidine, drugs and steroids by the liver. These differences are controlled, at least in the rat, by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Histidase is controlled by growth hormone, giving an increase in the male to the female level. Drug and steroid metabolism are controlled directly from the pituitary in the female rat by means of an unidientified hormone designated \"feminizing factor\". In the male rat, androgens derived from the testes and adrenals  are involved in the regulation of liver function, probably by a feedback action on the pituitary secretion of feminizing factor. The thyroid glands are involved in the control of liver function in both males and females. Regulation of lactogenic receptors in rat liver is very similar to that of drug and steroid metabolism. The secretion of feminizing factor is regulated by the hypothalamus and probably involves higher centres, notably the amygdala.", "PMID": 397977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11374", "title": "Bone marrow chromosomes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a long-term study.", "content": "The bone marrow chromosomes of 25 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were examined at diagnosis before treatment, during remission, and in 12 cases, also during relapse. Follow-up was for at least six years. At diagnosis, 17 patients had a major population of chromosomally abnormal cells and of these 11 had identifiable clones. The commonest abnormality was hyperdiploidy. Eight patients had predominantly normal cells, but four of these had a minor abnormal clone. In remission, some samples were completely normal but, when pooled, remission samples had a minor population of chromosomally aberrant cells which were rarely clonal. The incidence of structural abnormalities was the same in patients who ultimately relapsed and those who remained in first remission at the end of the study, but the presence of hyperdiploid cells and/or clones in remission was more frequently associated with subsequent relapse. Relapse patterns were of two kinds: in three patients there was a return of the chromosomal abnormalities seen at diagnosis; in six others, chromosomal features in relapse were distinct from those at diagnosis. It is suggested that relapse associated with distinct chromosomal features may represent malignant transformation of a previously unaffected cell line. While chromosomal abnormalities seen prior to treatment can be related to the leukaemic event alone, abnormalities seen in remission and in relapse may result partly from drug and X-ray treatment. The relative importance of treatment and other factors to chromosomal change in ALL is discussed.", "contents": "Bone marrow chromosomes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a long-term study. The bone marrow chromosomes of 25 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were examined at diagnosis before treatment, during remission, and in 12 cases, also during relapse. Follow-up was for at least six years. At diagnosis, 17 patients had a major population of chromosomally abnormal cells and of these 11 had identifiable clones. The commonest abnormality was hyperdiploidy. Eight patients had predominantly normal cells, but four of these had a minor abnormal clone. In remission, some samples were completely normal but, when pooled, remission samples had a minor population of chromosomally aberrant cells which were rarely clonal. The incidence of structural abnormalities was the same in patients who ultimately relapsed and those who remained in first remission at the end of the study, but the presence of hyperdiploid cells and/or clones in remission was more frequently associated with subsequent relapse. Relapse patterns were of two kinds: in three patients there was a return of the chromosomal abnormalities seen at diagnosis; in six others, chromosomal features in relapse were distinct from those at diagnosis. It is suggested that relapse associated with distinct chromosomal features may represent malignant transformation of a previously unaffected cell line. While chromosomal abnormalities seen prior to treatment can be related to the leukaemic event alone, abnormalities seen in remission and in relapse may result partly from drug and X-ray treatment. The relative importance of treatment and other factors to chromosomal change in ALL is discussed.", "PMID": 397996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11375", "title": "[Regulatory role of proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "The article reviews various aspects of the regulatory function of proteolytic enzymes: their role in the biogenesis of some physiologically active proteins and peptides, in triggering and mediation of a variety of biological processes, in intracellular interactions and in metabolic refolding during adaptation. The data on localization and functions of some intracellular proteolytic enzymes, as well as data on regulation of their activity are presented. The limited proteolysis as an especial form of biological control is considered.", "contents": "[Regulatory role of proteolytic enzymes]. The article reviews various aspects of the regulatory function of proteolytic enzymes: their role in the biogenesis of some physiologically active proteins and peptides, in triggering and mediation of a variety of biological processes, in intracellular interactions and in metabolic refolding during adaptation. The data on localization and functions of some intracellular proteolytic enzymes, as well as data on regulation of their activity are presented. The limited proteolysis as an especial form of biological control is considered.", "PMID": 397999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11376", "title": "[Repair of recombinant plasmids].", "content": "Comparative analysis of UV-sensitivity was carried out on plasmids of various molecular weight. Recombinant plasmids containing fragments of prokaryotic DNA (E. coli, phage lambda) are repaired in E. coli cells more effectively than those containing eukaryotic DNA fragments. It was also shown that UV-sensitivity of recombinant plasmids is independent of their molecular weight provided that the active repair process in fact occurs. UV-sensitivity was strongly proporational to DNA size only when E. coli double mutant strain was used as host. The survival of plasmids strongly increased after M. luteus UV-endonuclease treatment when E. coli mutant strain uvr- was used as host, but remained practically constant in case of wild type strain. Agarose gel electrophoresis data provide evidence that DNA double-stranded breaks appear un UV-irradiated as well as in UV-endonuclease treated plasmids. One can suggest that UV-inactivation of plasmids results from DNA breaking as a consequence of repair gaps overlap when wild type strain is used as host. Mathematical analysis was carried out assuming this possibility. Experimental data are shown to fit theoretical values calculated assuming that the repair gap size in one DNA strand is equal to 2000-3000 bases.", "contents": "[Repair of recombinant plasmids]. Comparative analysis of UV-sensitivity was carried out on plasmids of various molecular weight. Recombinant plasmids containing fragments of prokaryotic DNA (E. coli, phage lambda) are repaired in E. coli cells more effectively than those containing eukaryotic DNA fragments. It was also shown that UV-sensitivity of recombinant plasmids is independent of their molecular weight provided that the active repair process in fact occurs. UV-sensitivity was strongly proporational to DNA size only when E. coli double mutant strain was used as host. The survival of plasmids strongly increased after M. luteus UV-endonuclease treatment when E. coli mutant strain uvr- was used as host, but remained practically constant in case of wild type strain. Agarose gel electrophoresis data provide evidence that DNA double-stranded breaks appear un UV-irradiated as well as in UV-endonuclease treated plasmids. One can suggest that UV-inactivation of plasmids results from DNA breaking as a consequence of repair gaps overlap when wild type strain is used as host. Mathematical analysis was carried out assuming this possibility. Experimental data are shown to fit theoretical values calculated assuming that the repair gap size in one DNA strand is equal to 2000-3000 bases.", "PMID": 398000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11377", "title": "[Cold-sensitive mutation in the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase affecting the opening of promoters].", "content": "A cold-sensitive mutation in Escherichia coli, affecting the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase and causing an increase in the temperature of promoter opening on T2 phage DNA, was obtained. The mutation also affects the stages preceding promoter opening by increasing the dissociation rate of RNA polymerase--DNA closed complexes. The affinity of RNA polymerase to T2- and lambda-DNA is differently changed by the mutation. The relative efficiency of transcription of these two templates is also changed. These results suggest a participation of the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase in the interaction with promoters.", "contents": "[Cold-sensitive mutation in the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase affecting the opening of promoters]. A cold-sensitive mutation in Escherichia coli, affecting the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase and causing an increase in the temperature of promoter opening on T2 phage DNA, was obtained. The mutation also affects the stages preceding promoter opening by increasing the dissociation rate of RNA polymerase--DNA closed complexes. The affinity of RNA polymerase to T2- and lambda-DNA is differently changed by the mutation. The relative efficiency of transcription of these two templates is also changed. These results suggest a participation of the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase in the interaction with promoters.", "PMID": 398001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11378", "title": "[Arguments in favor of the genetic origin of malformed syringohydromyelic pictures].", "content": "After a critical analysis of the criteria usually used for arguing in favor of the hydrodynamic determinism of the syringohydromyelic malformations, the authors report convincing data according to which such dysmorphic status would be the result of abnormalities in the genetic programs of the morphogenesis of the central canal.", "contents": "[Arguments in favor of the genetic origin of malformed syringohydromyelic pictures]. After a critical analysis of the criteria usually used for arguing in favor of the hydrodynamic determinism of the syringohydromyelic malformations, the authors report convincing data according to which such dysmorphic status would be the result of abnormalities in the genetic programs of the morphogenesis of the central canal.", "PMID": 398007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11379", "title": "[Effect of rifampicin and RNA polymerase changing mutation on the spectrum of proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "Rifampicin (30 mkg/ml) drastically changes the spectra of proteins synthesized by E. coli cells. The formation of some polypeptides is stimulated while that of others is inhibited. Thus, the earlier reported rifampicin stimulation of the synthesis of RNA polymerase beta and beta'-polypeptides is not an exception, the formation of some other proteins is being also enhanced by the antibiotic. After infection of UV-irradiated cells by lambda rifd47 transducing phage the viral proteins are less inhibited than the bacterial ones encoded by the phage. The spectra of proteins synthesized are also affected by rpoC1 mutation at non-permissive temperature. The obtained data suggest that rifampicin and rpoC1 mutation change the interaction of RNA polymerase with different promoters and/or regulatory factors.", "contents": "[Effect of rifampicin and RNA polymerase changing mutation on the spectrum of proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli cells]. Rifampicin (30 mkg/ml) drastically changes the spectra of proteins synthesized by E. coli cells. The formation of some polypeptides is stimulated while that of others is inhibited. Thus, the earlier reported rifampicin stimulation of the synthesis of RNA polymerase beta and beta'-polypeptides is not an exception, the formation of some other proteins is being also enhanced by the antibiotic. After infection of UV-irradiated cells by lambda rifd47 transducing phage the viral proteins are less inhibited than the bacterial ones encoded by the phage. The spectra of proteins synthesized are also affected by rpoC1 mutation at non-permissive temperature. The obtained data suggest that rifampicin and rpoC1 mutation change the interaction of RNA polymerase with different promoters and/or regulatory factors.", "PMID": 398002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11380", "title": "[Experimental models of vascular microsurgery on small-calibre arteries].", "content": "The authors, after studying the various types of microvascular sutures performed by participants at the Microsurgical Course (Dr Ph. Ploncard) from the Brussel University during a chosen period of over one year, draw several conclusions concerning the results in order to explain the main failures that may be found--aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis--after surgery. The indications of this type of training are pointed out-extra-intracranial by pass, coronary by pass, flap revascularisation, etc... A good technique gained after an intense training together with an obvious individual predisposition are according to the authors the two main reasons of success in this meticulous surgery.", "contents": "[Experimental models of vascular microsurgery on small-calibre arteries]. The authors, after studying the various types of microvascular sutures performed by participants at the Microsurgical Course (Dr Ph. Ploncard) from the Brussel University during a chosen period of over one year, draw several conclusions concerning the results in order to explain the main failures that may be found--aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis--after surgery. The indications of this type of training are pointed out-extra-intracranial by pass, coronary by pass, flap revascularisation, etc... A good technique gained after an intense training together with an obvious individual predisposition are according to the authors the two main reasons of success in this meticulous surgery.", "PMID": 398008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11381", "title": "[Quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle: the model and its experimental verification].", "content": "In considering the structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle from Escherichia coli we have assumed that : 1) all or almost all the proteins in the 30S subparticle are compact and globular as has been shown for isolated proteins S4, S7, S8, S15 and S16 in solution [Serdyuk I. N., Zaccai G. and Spirin A. S. (1978) FEBS Letters, 94, 349-352]; 2) RNA within the 30S subparticle has the same specific V-like or Y-like shape demonstrated for the isolated 16S RNA in a compact conformation [Vasiliev V. D., Selivanova O. M. and Koteliansky V. E. (1978) FEBS Letters, 95, 273-276]. On the basis of this assumption and numerous data published on the mutual localization of ribosomal proteins, we have constructed a model of the quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle. We have tested the model by comparing the theoretically calculated curves of neutron and X-ray scattering at different contrasts with the corresponding experimental scattering curves of the E. coli 30S subparticles and have found that they coincide. The calculated scattering curves of several previously published three-dimensional diagrams of protein topography in the 30S subparticle do not agree with experiment.", "contents": "[Quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle: the model and its experimental verification]. In considering the structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle from Escherichia coli we have assumed that : 1) all or almost all the proteins in the 30S subparticle are compact and globular as has been shown for isolated proteins S4, S7, S8, S15 and S16 in solution [Serdyuk I. N., Zaccai G. and Spirin A. S. (1978) FEBS Letters, 94, 349-352]; 2) RNA within the 30S subparticle has the same specific V-like or Y-like shape demonstrated for the isolated 16S RNA in a compact conformation [Vasiliev V. D., Selivanova O. M. and Koteliansky V. E. (1978) FEBS Letters, 95, 273-276]. On the basis of this assumption and numerous data published on the mutual localization of ribosomal proteins, we have constructed a model of the quaternary structure of the ribosomal 30S subparticle. We have tested the model by comparing the theoretically calculated curves of neutron and X-ray scattering at different contrasts with the corresponding experimental scattering curves of the E. coli 30S subparticles and have found that they coincide. The calculated scattering curves of several previously published three-dimensional diagrams of protein topography in the 30S subparticle do not agree with experiment.", "PMID": 398003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11382", "title": "The management of muscular dystrophy: a clinical review.", "content": "The optimal management of muscular dystrophy is multidisciplinary and aggressive in nature. Serial assessment aids in determining the functional stage of the disease and in indicating specific therapies. Physical therapy can augment strength through exercise and relieve contracture through passive stretching. Occupational therapy is employed to help the patient manage his activities of daily living within the restrictions imposed on him by his disease. Progressive disability can be delayed through a variety of physiatric and orthopedic techniques, including surgical release of lower-extremity contracture, repair of foot and ankle deformity, and correction of scoliosis. Appropriate orthoses are available, as are a variety of special devices to facilitate ongoing care for postambulatory patients. Physicians treating the muscular dystrophies should be aware of the complications of these diseases, particularly cardiomyopathy, pulmonary failure, and psychological and social problems.", "contents": "The management of muscular dystrophy: a clinical review. The optimal management of muscular dystrophy is multidisciplinary and aggressive in nature. Serial assessment aids in determining the functional stage of the disease and in indicating specific therapies. Physical therapy can augment strength through exercise and relieve contracture through passive stretching. Occupational therapy is employed to help the patient manage his activities of daily living within the restrictions imposed on him by his disease. Progressive disability can be delayed through a variety of physiatric and orthopedic techniques, including surgical release of lower-extremity contracture, repair of foot and ankle deformity, and correction of scoliosis. Appropriate orthoses are available, as are a variety of special devices to facilitate ongoing care for postambulatory patients. Physicians treating the muscular dystrophies should be aware of the complications of these diseases, particularly cardiomyopathy, pulmonary failure, and psychological and social problems.", "PMID": 398004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11383", "title": "[(Informed consent in clinical trials and its impact on methods of randomization and statistical evaluation)].", "content": "If patients eligible for a clinical trial are fully informed on alternative therapies, randomization, risks, benefits and right to refuse some of them will disagree with randomization. Random procedures which pay regard to that fact are described. The effect on statistical evaluation and sample sizes is investigated.", "contents": "[(Informed consent in clinical trials and its impact on methods of randomization and statistical evaluation)]. If patients eligible for a clinical trial are fully informed on alternative therapies, randomization, risks, benefits and right to refuse some of them will disagree with randomization. Random procedures which pay regard to that fact are described. The effect on statistical evaluation and sample sizes is investigated.", "PMID": 398010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11384", "title": "[(General rehabilitation in oncology)].", "content": "Rehabilitation has become a modern expression. For many years optimal rehabilitation has been carried out in many different sectors of illness. Too few activities, however, have been developed for the rehabilitation and control of cancer patients. No other group requires rehabilitation as foremost as that of cancer patients who need a complete and complex program which besides pure medical treatment affords psychosomatic care primarily. By developing a program under the title \"Wiener Modell\" (Vienna Model), our department was able to put into practice a suitable program for the control of cancer patients. The success was possible due to the excellent teamwork of doctors, nurses and therapeuts as well as the inter-disciplinary cooperation of all specialists available in a municipal modern hospital.", "contents": "[(General rehabilitation in oncology)]. Rehabilitation has become a modern expression. For many years optimal rehabilitation has been carried out in many different sectors of illness. Too few activities, however, have been developed for the rehabilitation and control of cancer patients. No other group requires rehabilitation as foremost as that of cancer patients who need a complete and complex program which besides pure medical treatment affords psychosomatic care primarily. By developing a program under the title \"Wiener Modell\" (Vienna Model), our department was able to put into practice a suitable program for the control of cancer patients. The success was possible due to the excellent teamwork of doctors, nurses and therapeuts as well as the inter-disciplinary cooperation of all specialists available in a municipal modern hospital.", "PMID": 398011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11385", "title": "[Anemia in malignant tumors. Loss of circulating transferrin due to lysosomal storage in human and rat malignant tumors].", "content": "The cellular uptake of 67Ga-labelled transferrin was studied in the carcinoma of the human respiratory tract and in the Morris hepatoma 5123 C of the rat. In both types of tumors a positive tumor imaging by 67Ga-transferrin scintigraphy was evident. The intracellular distribution pattern of the radioactivity showed that the incorporated 67Ga-transferrin is accumulated within the lysosomes of the tumors. The uptake of 67Ga-transferrin by the tumor cells resulted in a faster disappearance of the tracer from the blood. The accelerated disappearance of 67Ga-transferrin from the blood showed a direct correlation to the mass of tumor cells. The loss of circulating 67Ga-transferrin from the blood showed a close parallelism to the grade of the anemia observed in the tumor bearing rats. We conclude from these findings that the uptake of transferrin into the tumor cells is one of the factors which are responsible for the anemia observed in malignant diseases.", "contents": "[Anemia in malignant tumors. Loss of circulating transferrin due to lysosomal storage in human and rat malignant tumors]. The cellular uptake of 67Ga-labelled transferrin was studied in the carcinoma of the human respiratory tract and in the Morris hepatoma 5123 C of the rat. In both types of tumors a positive tumor imaging by 67Ga-transferrin scintigraphy was evident. The intracellular distribution pattern of the radioactivity showed that the incorporated 67Ga-transferrin is accumulated within the lysosomes of the tumors. The uptake of 67Ga-transferrin by the tumor cells resulted in a faster disappearance of the tracer from the blood. The accelerated disappearance of 67Ga-transferrin from the blood showed a direct correlation to the mass of tumor cells. The loss of circulating 67Ga-transferrin from the blood showed a close parallelism to the grade of the anemia observed in the tumor bearing rats. We conclude from these findings that the uptake of transferrin into the tumor cells is one of the factors which are responsible for the anemia observed in malignant diseases.", "PMID": 398012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11386", "title": "[(Management of acute toxicity after high dose methotrexate therapy)].", "content": "A 13-year-old girl with osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastases developed life-threatening renal toxicity, encephalopathy, and bone marrow failure following high dose methotrexate therapy. After successful treatment, high dose methotrexate therapy was continued without further problems. Recommendations for the prevention and the current management of methotrexate toxicity are discussed.", "contents": "[(Management of acute toxicity after high dose methotrexate therapy)]. A 13-year-old girl with osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastases developed life-threatening renal toxicity, encephalopathy, and bone marrow failure following high dose methotrexate therapy. After successful treatment, high dose methotrexate therapy was continued without further problems. Recommendations for the prevention and the current management of methotrexate toxicity are discussed.", "PMID": 398013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11387", "title": "[(Meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer)].", "content": "Four cases of breast cancer with meningeal involvement are presented and a review of the literature is given. Post mortem examination of patients with malignant epithelial tumors shows meningeal carcinomatosis in less than 1%. In these solid tumors breast cancer is the most common primary site. The mode of tumor spread to the leptomeninges is not yet decisively known. Clinical symptoms and findings can be divided concerning three anatomic areas: cerebral, cranial nerve and spinal root. Slow onset of clinical symptoms and findings as well as their mixed pattern is generally noticed. Characteristic findings in cerebrospinal fluid are increased protein content, hypoglycorrhachia and identification of malignant cells. Other laboratory tests are generally of no diagnostic value. In some cases myelogram shows typical alterations. The value of computerized tomography in meningeal carcinomatosis remains to be solved. The following treatment for meningeal carcinomatosis by breast cancer can be recommended: Intrathecal methotrexate 0.2 mg/kg every 3 or 4 days until improvement of symptoms and laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluid, followed by radiation of the clinically most involved areas and maintenance therapy with intrathecal methotrexate or systemic BCNU.", "contents": "[(Meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer)]. Four cases of breast cancer with meningeal involvement are presented and a review of the literature is given. Post mortem examination of patients with malignant epithelial tumors shows meningeal carcinomatosis in less than 1%. In these solid tumors breast cancer is the most common primary site. The mode of tumor spread to the leptomeninges is not yet decisively known. Clinical symptoms and findings can be divided concerning three anatomic areas: cerebral, cranial nerve and spinal root. Slow onset of clinical symptoms and findings as well as their mixed pattern is generally noticed. Characteristic findings in cerebrospinal fluid are increased protein content, hypoglycorrhachia and identification of malignant cells. Other laboratory tests are generally of no diagnostic value. In some cases myelogram shows typical alterations. The value of computerized tomography in meningeal carcinomatosis remains to be solved. The following treatment for meningeal carcinomatosis by breast cancer can be recommended: Intrathecal methotrexate 0.2 mg/kg every 3 or 4 days until improvement of symptoms and laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluid, followed by radiation of the clinically most involved areas and maintenance therapy with intrathecal methotrexate or systemic BCNU.", "PMID": 398014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11388", "title": "[(Diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma by means of intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy)].", "content": "Intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 69 patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic carcinoma. The biopsies were positive in 20 to 25 patients with proven pancreatic carcinoma. The cytologic appearances and the cellular components of pancreatic carcinoma and pancreatitis are presented and illustrated.", "contents": "[(Diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma by means of intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy)]. Intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 69 patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic carcinoma. The biopsies were positive in 20 to 25 patients with proven pancreatic carcinoma. The cytologic appearances and the cellular components of pancreatic carcinoma and pancreatitis are presented and illustrated.", "PMID": 398015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11389", "title": "Residual corneal astigmatism after perforating keratoplasty.", "content": "A statistical analysis was made of post-operative astigmatism after perforating keratoplasty in subjects with various corneal diseases. A total of 100 cases were analyzed on discharge (25th day) and 6 months after surgery. The degree of astigmatism and its time course was assessed, and its effect on post-operative visual acuity was investigated, including any changes resulting from removal of the continuous suture. Mean astigmatism values were 4 dioptres on discharge and 4.2 dioptres after 6 months. No statistically significant relation was found between degree of astimatism and recovery of visual acuity.", "contents": "Residual corneal astigmatism after perforating keratoplasty. A statistical analysis was made of post-operative astigmatism after perforating keratoplasty in subjects with various corneal diseases. A total of 100 cases were analyzed on discharge (25th day) and 6 months after surgery. The degree of astigmatism and its time course was assessed, and its effect on post-operative visual acuity was investigated, including any changes resulting from removal of the continuous suture. Mean astigmatism values were 4 dioptres on discharge and 4.2 dioptres after 6 months. No statistically significant relation was found between degree of astimatism and recovery of visual acuity.", "PMID": 398017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11390", "title": "Clinical aspects and importance of pneumococcal infections.", "content": "Annualy in the USA, the estimated occurence of pneumococcal disease exceeds 500 000 cases of pneumonia (50 000 deaths), 1 200 000 cases of otitis media and 5 000 cases of meningitis. The pneumococcus remains the single most important pathogen which can cause pneumonia. When bacteremia accompanied pneumococcal pneumonia (one-fifth of these), the case fatality rate is approximately of 25% and exceeds 50% in individuals over 50 years of age. Most of the deaths (60%) occur within the first five days of illnesses, despite prompt antibiotic treatment of these patients. Emergence of pneumococcal strains with diminished sensitivity for penicillin, or resistant to tetracycline and other antibiotics is also a factor which lend increasing support to the concept that high risk patients should be protected from pneumococcal infection by immunoprophylaxis. A change of capsular types associated with bacteriemic disease has occured, in the USA, during the past three decades. The types 1 and 3 are less common than in the pre-antibiotic era, and the types 4, 8, 12, and 14 have become more prevalent. Infections with type 2, an epidemic type, have occured infrequently in the past 20 years. In the USA, at the present time, nearly four-fifths of bacteremic cases are associated with only 14 of the 84 pneumococcal capsular type ; in descending frequency : 8, 4, 1, 14, 3, 51, 12, 6, 56, 9, 19, 23, 5 and 20 (American system of nomenclature). The predominant capsular types of otitis media are : 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18 and 23. The polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine newly developed in the USA, is safe, antigenic and effective. Its widespread use can be expected to reduce the number of deaths attribuable to pneumococcal bacteremia.", "contents": "Clinical aspects and importance of pneumococcal infections. Annualy in the USA, the estimated occurence of pneumococcal disease exceeds 500 000 cases of pneumonia (50 000 deaths), 1 200 000 cases of otitis media and 5 000 cases of meningitis. The pneumococcus remains the single most important pathogen which can cause pneumonia. When bacteremia accompanied pneumococcal pneumonia (one-fifth of these), the case fatality rate is approximately of 25% and exceeds 50% in individuals over 50 years of age. Most of the deaths (60%) occur within the first five days of illnesses, despite prompt antibiotic treatment of these patients. Emergence of pneumococcal strains with diminished sensitivity for penicillin, or resistant to tetracycline and other antibiotics is also a factor which lend increasing support to the concept that high risk patients should be protected from pneumococcal infection by immunoprophylaxis. A change of capsular types associated with bacteriemic disease has occured, in the USA, during the past three decades. The types 1 and 3 are less common than in the pre-antibiotic era, and the types 4, 8, 12, and 14 have become more prevalent. Infections with type 2, an epidemic type, have occured infrequently in the past 20 years. In the USA, at the present time, nearly four-fifths of bacteremic cases are associated with only 14 of the 84 pneumococcal capsular type ; in descending frequency : 8, 4, 1, 14, 3, 51, 12, 6, 56, 9, 19, 23, 5 and 20 (American system of nomenclature). The predominant capsular types of otitis media are : 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18 and 23. The polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine newly developed in the USA, is safe, antigenic and effective. Its widespread use can be expected to reduce the number of deaths attribuable to pneumococcal bacteremia.", "PMID": 398020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11391", "title": "[The pneumococcal infection in a general hospital of a parisian suburb: a prospective study in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried during one year, in the hospital of Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, a prospective study on 229 cases of pneumococcal infections with bacteriological findings. They emphazise the frequency, the high-exposed groups and the gravity of these infections despite of the antibiotherapy. The emergence of multiply resistant pneumococcus makes out another argument for proposing a preventive vaccination taking notice of the most frequent serotypes found in France.", "contents": "[The pneumococcal infection in a general hospital of a parisian suburb: a prospective study in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges hospital (author's transl)]. The authors have carried during one year, in the hospital of Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, a prospective study on 229 cases of pneumococcal infections with bacteriological findings. They emphazise the frequency, the high-exposed groups and the gravity of these infections despite of the antibiotherapy. The emergence of multiply resistant pneumococcus makes out another argument for proposing a preventive vaccination taking notice of the most frequent serotypes found in France.", "PMID": 398021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11392", "title": "[Pneumococcal infections and pediatric intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period 1965 to 1978, 62 cases of severe pneumococcal infection were admitted in Saint-Vincent de Paul pediatric intensive care unit. Recovery without sequelae was observed in only 17 of 49 meningitis. 5 fulminant pneumococcal infections after splenectomy or other disorders were observed. This late condition may be preventable by vaccination.", "contents": "[Pneumococcal infections and pediatric intensive care (author's transl)]. During the period 1965 to 1978, 62 cases of severe pneumococcal infection were admitted in Saint-Vincent de Paul pediatric intensive care unit. Recovery without sequelae was observed in only 17 of 49 meningitis. 5 fulminant pneumococcal infections after splenectomy or other disorders were observed. This late condition may be preventable by vaccination.", "PMID": 398022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11393", "title": "[Contribution of the counter-immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Using counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), the authors have looked for pneumococcal antigens in biological fluids in 141 pneumococcal infections cases (70 meningitis, 25 empyema, 40 pneumonia, 5 peritonitis, 1 pericarditis). The best results (superior to bacteriological results) were obtained with CSF and pleural fluid. Testing sputum by CIE seems to have a real interest in pneumonia. CIE associated with bacteriology, gives more than 20% increase in aetiological diagnosis in pneumococcal infections and permits to set accurate aetiological diagnosis in less than two hours.", "contents": "[Contribution of the counter-immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infections (author's transl)]. Using counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), the authors have looked for pneumococcal antigens in biological fluids in 141 pneumococcal infections cases (70 meningitis, 25 empyema, 40 pneumonia, 5 peritonitis, 1 pericarditis). The best results (superior to bacteriological results) were obtained with CSF and pleural fluid. Testing sputum by CIE seems to have a real interest in pneumonia. CIE associated with bacteriology, gives more than 20% increase in aetiological diagnosis in pneumococcal infections and permits to set accurate aetiological diagnosis in less than two hours.", "PMID": 398023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11394", "title": "Liver transplantation: the pathologist's perspective.", "content": "In the years 1963--1977, the pathology department of the University of Colorado Medical School did 93 autopsies of patients with liver transplants. Fifteen of these patients had received a second graft. Sepsis was the greatest single cause of death or failure, and fungi and other organisms often considered opportunistic were frequent pathogens. Problems relating to removal of the liver from the donor, emplacement of the graft in the new host, and maintenance of the graft during the prolonged procedures together offer a monstrous challenge to the transplantation surgeon. All of these problems, classed as technical, include as complications infarction of the graft as the result of prolonged ischemia and blood loss or shock due to various causes, and all may produce alteration in structure of the liver; such changes may be misinterpreted as rejection. Rejection was a major cause of failure in only 5 patients, although the immunosuppression employed to control it contributed to the sepsis that so often was lethal. Hyperacute rejection was not observed in any of these transplanted livers, although 15 of these patients received a second transplant. Two of the patients whose grafts failed due to rejection had changes that indicated progression to an early stage of cirrhosis. We conclude that despite the persistent problems the liver is an organ peculiarly favorable for transplantation.", "contents": "Liver transplantation: the pathologist's perspective. In the years 1963--1977, the pathology department of the University of Colorado Medical School did 93 autopsies of patients with liver transplants. Fifteen of these patients had received a second graft. Sepsis was the greatest single cause of death or failure, and fungi and other organisms often considered opportunistic were frequent pathogens. Problems relating to removal of the liver from the donor, emplacement of the graft in the new host, and maintenance of the graft during the prolonged procedures together offer a monstrous challenge to the transplantation surgeon. All of these problems, classed as technical, include as complications infarction of the graft as the result of prolonged ischemia and blood loss or shock due to various causes, and all may produce alteration in structure of the liver; such changes may be misinterpreted as rejection. Rejection was a major cause of failure in only 5 patients, although the immunosuppression employed to control it contributed to the sepsis that so often was lethal. Hyperacute rejection was not observed in any of these transplanted livers, although 15 of these patients received a second transplant. Two of the patients whose grafts failed due to rejection had changes that indicated progression to an early stage of cirrhosis. We conclude that despite the persistent problems the liver is an organ peculiarly favorable for transplantation.", "PMID": 398027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11395", "title": "Synthesis of the nascent strand of tRNAfMet from E coli.", "content": "Oligonucleotides corresponding to the total tRNAfMET FROM E. coli have been synthesized. These fragments were joined by using RNA ligase to yield quarter molecules. The 5'-quarter molecule showed 84% amino acid acceptor activity when it was combined with the natural three quarter molecule.", "contents": "Synthesis of the nascent strand of tRNAfMet from E coli. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the total tRNAfMET FROM E. coli have been synthesized. These fragments were joined by using RNA ligase to yield quarter molecules. The 5'-quarter molecule showed 84% amino acid acceptor activity when it was combined with the natural three quarter molecule.", "PMID": 398033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11396", "title": "Spontaneous contractile activity of isolated ovarian human vein. A dual influence of prostacyclin (PGI2).", "content": "The profile of spontaneous contractions as well as the influences of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the motility of human ovarian veins obtained during the estrogenic phase of the sex cycle were explored. The preparations exhibited a distinct phasic activity, which progressively decreased as isolation time progresses, dissapearing almost completely following more than two hours. PGI2 produced a biphasic influence on quiescent preparations. After the threshold is attained lower concentrations caused depression of tone whereas higher ones enhanced the basal tone and induced phasic contractile cycles. Phentolamine reduced markedly the stimulating influence of PGI2 but had no action on the inhibitory effects, whereas propranolol failed to alter either the excitatory of the depressive action. The results suggest a participation of alpha-adrenoceptive-mediated mechanisms in the stimulatory effect of PGI2. On the other hand, PGI2 may be of importance in the regulation of venous flow and the spontaneous or PGI2-induced contractions could play a role in the counter current mechanism between veins and arteries in the ovarian pedicle.", "contents": "Spontaneous contractile activity of isolated ovarian human vein. A dual influence of prostacyclin (PGI2). The profile of spontaneous contractions as well as the influences of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the motility of human ovarian veins obtained during the estrogenic phase of the sex cycle were explored. The preparations exhibited a distinct phasic activity, which progressively decreased as isolation time progresses, dissapearing almost completely following more than two hours. PGI2 produced a biphasic influence on quiescent preparations. After the threshold is attained lower concentrations caused depression of tone whereas higher ones enhanced the basal tone and induced phasic contractile cycles. Phentolamine reduced markedly the stimulating influence of PGI2 but had no action on the inhibitory effects, whereas propranolol failed to alter either the excitatory of the depressive action. The results suggest a participation of alpha-adrenoceptive-mediated mechanisms in the stimulatory effect of PGI2. On the other hand, PGI2 may be of importance in the regulation of venous flow and the spontaneous or PGI2-induced contractions could play a role in the counter current mechanism between veins and arteries in the ovarian pedicle.", "PMID": 398050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11397", "title": "Pulmonary vascular response to prostacyclin in fetal lambs.", "content": "Eighteen prostacyclin injections (19.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/kg) were performed in five chronically instrumented, intact fetal lambs in order to study the effects on pulmonary blood flow. These resulted in a brief period of bradycardia followed by a more prolonged period of increased pulmonary blood flow. In this latter phase, pulmonary blood flow increased from a baseline value of 49 +/- 4 ml/(kg min) to 122 +/- 10 ml/(kg min). Systolic/diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure simultaneously fell from 73 +/- 2/48 +/- 1 to 68 +/- 2/42 +/- 1 mm Hg. Flow through the ductus arteriosus was unchanged and right ventricular output increased to account for the increased pulmonary blood flow. Thus, prostacyclin causes pulmonary vasodilation in intact fetal lambs and may participate in the control of fetal pulmonary blood flow and the circulatory adjustments to extra-uterine life.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular response to prostacyclin in fetal lambs. Eighteen prostacyclin injections (19.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/kg) were performed in five chronically instrumented, intact fetal lambs in order to study the effects on pulmonary blood flow. These resulted in a brief period of bradycardia followed by a more prolonged period of increased pulmonary blood flow. In this latter phase, pulmonary blood flow increased from a baseline value of 49 +/- 4 ml/(kg min) to 122 +/- 10 ml/(kg min). Systolic/diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure simultaneously fell from 73 +/- 2/48 +/- 1 to 68 +/- 2/42 +/- 1 mm Hg. Flow through the ductus arteriosus was unchanged and right ventricular output increased to account for the increased pulmonary blood flow. Thus, prostacyclin causes pulmonary vasodilation in intact fetal lambs and may participate in the control of fetal pulmonary blood flow and the circulatory adjustments to extra-uterine life.", "PMID": 398051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11398", "title": "Human red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen transport function prepared and frozen in the primary polyvinyl chloride plastic blood collection container.", "content": "This is a report a a new system for freezing human red blood cells in the same polyvinyl chloride plastic container in which the blood is collected and separated into components. This polyvinyl chloride plastic collection bag with integrally attached transfer packs for blood collection, component separation, red blood cell biochemical modification, freezing, storage, and post-thaw dilution before washing, represents a major advancement in the freeze-preservation process. The label with the donor's blood type and identification number affixed to the bag at the time of collection remains in place throughout the freezing and thawing process. The transfused red blood cells are of superior quality, and the processing cost is less than with other methods of freeze-preservation. There is a lower risk of contamination with these red blood cells because manipulation of the product is kept at a minimum. \"Rejuvenation\", a bioengineering process by which outdated red blood cells can be salvaged, can be incorporated into the preservation process using one of the attached transfer packs of the primary collection bag. This process has been introduced as a possible means of alleviating the dramatic blood shortages which occur periodically. Red blood cells may also be \"rejuvenated\" after storage in the liquid state to increase their 2,3 DPG and ATP levels to 150 to 200% of normal, and these red blood cells with improved oxygen transport function have been administered to anemic patients with and without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and treatment with hypothermia during cardiac surgery, and in instances where nonhemolytic transfusion reactions might be expected.", "contents": "Human red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen transport function prepared and frozen in the primary polyvinyl chloride plastic blood collection container. This is a report a a new system for freezing human red blood cells in the same polyvinyl chloride plastic container in which the blood is collected and separated into components. This polyvinyl chloride plastic collection bag with integrally attached transfer packs for blood collection, component separation, red blood cell biochemical modification, freezing, storage, and post-thaw dilution before washing, represents a major advancement in the freeze-preservation process. The label with the donor's blood type and identification number affixed to the bag at the time of collection remains in place throughout the freezing and thawing process. The transfused red blood cells are of superior quality, and the processing cost is less than with other methods of freeze-preservation. There is a lower risk of contamination with these red blood cells because manipulation of the product is kept at a minimum. \"Rejuvenation\", a bioengineering process by which outdated red blood cells can be salvaged, can be incorporated into the preservation process using one of the attached transfer packs of the primary collection bag. This process has been introduced as a possible means of alleviating the dramatic blood shortages which occur periodically. Red blood cells may also be \"rejuvenated\" after storage in the liquid state to increase their 2,3 DPG and ATP levels to 150 to 200% of normal, and these red blood cells with improved oxygen transport function have been administered to anemic patients with and without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and treatment with hypothermia during cardiac surgery, and in instances where nonhemolytic transfusion reactions might be expected.", "PMID": 398073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11399", "title": "[Temperature measurements in the pulp chamber during onlay and inlay preparation].", "content": "The effect of fast turning burrs and diamond points upon teeth during cavity preparation was tested in a model experiment under laboratory conditions, in order to establish possible damaging effects upon the pulp through an increase in temperature. The most effective protection comes from water cooling. Also successful was the technique of intermittent instead of continuous preparation. Only methods currently used in practice were tested thus making the test particularly valuable to daily practice. Thus it could be proved that the use of super-torque airotors as well as of the micromotor cannot cause thermic damage to the pulp if used circumspectively.", "contents": "[Temperature measurements in the pulp chamber during onlay and inlay preparation]. The effect of fast turning burrs and diamond points upon teeth during cavity preparation was tested in a model experiment under laboratory conditions, in order to establish possible damaging effects upon the pulp through an increase in temperature. The most effective protection comes from water cooling. Also successful was the technique of intermittent instead of continuous preparation. Only methods currently used in practice were tested thus making the test particularly valuable to daily practice. Thus it could be proved that the use of super-torque airotors as well as of the micromotor cannot cause thermic damage to the pulp if used circumspectively.", "PMID": 398076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11400", "title": "Preservation of ultrastructure after extended perfusion of mouse salivary glands with autonomic stimulating drugs.", "content": "Using suitable procedures for tissue flushing and perfusion, it has been shown that perfusion stimulation of mouse salivary glands with autonomic drugs for at least 60 minutes still permits excellent preservation of tissues when perfusion fixation is used.", "contents": "Preservation of ultrastructure after extended perfusion of mouse salivary glands with autonomic stimulating drugs. Using suitable procedures for tissue flushing and perfusion, it has been shown that perfusion stimulation of mouse salivary glands with autonomic drugs for at least 60 minutes still permits excellent preservation of tissues when perfusion fixation is used.", "PMID": 398087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11401", "title": "[Animal experiments on the persorption of Candida albicans and a possible resultant immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this study was to find out whether the saprophytic presence of abnormally high quantities of C. albicans in the digestive tract leads to the development of a) positive serological reactions to this fungus and/or b) fungaemia via persorption. The following experiments were performed with rabbits: Administration of suspensions of living or inactivated yeast cells or of starch flour by gastric tube; intradermal immunization and administration of certain antibiotics in a separate comparative series; serological, histological and/or mycological investigations in blood, urine and tissue samples. The results gave a positive answer to both questions in that the ingestion of the yeast produced a titre of up to 1 : 320 to C. albicans and moreover showed persorption of fungal cells leading to fungaemia and, in some cases, to septicaemia. Persorption was observed histologically and found to be a completely passive procedure. The administration of doxycycline and gentamycin caused an additional increase in serological titres and in the percentage of cases of septicaemia.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the persorption of Candida albicans and a possible resultant immune response (author's transl)]. The aim of this study was to find out whether the saprophytic presence of abnormally high quantities of C. albicans in the digestive tract leads to the development of a) positive serological reactions to this fungus and/or b) fungaemia via persorption. The following experiments were performed with rabbits: Administration of suspensions of living or inactivated yeast cells or of starch flour by gastric tube; intradermal immunization and administration of certain antibiotics in a separate comparative series; serological, histological and/or mycological investigations in blood, urine and tissue samples. The results gave a positive answer to both questions in that the ingestion of the yeast produced a titre of up to 1 : 320 to C. albicans and moreover showed persorption of fungal cells leading to fungaemia and, in some cases, to septicaemia. Persorption was observed histologically and found to be a completely passive procedure. The administration of doxycycline and gentamycin caused an additional increase in serological titres and in the percentage of cases of septicaemia.", "PMID": 398093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11402", "title": "[Mycosis fungoides bullosa--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "An extremely rare variant of mycosis fungoides, presenting with bullous lesions, is reported. Histopathological examination of the skin revealed subepidermal blister formation, a diffuse mononuclear infiltrate in the uppermost parts of the dermis and the characteristic intraepithelial Pautrier microabscesses. Lutzner cells were found at the ultrastructural level. The mechanism of blister formation in mycosis fungoides is outlined.", "contents": "[Mycosis fungoides bullosa--a case report (author's transl)]. An extremely rare variant of mycosis fungoides, presenting with bullous lesions, is reported. Histopathological examination of the skin revealed subepidermal blister formation, a diffuse mononuclear infiltrate in the uppermost parts of the dermis and the characteristic intraepithelial Pautrier microabscesses. Lutzner cells were found at the ultrastructural level. The mechanism of blister formation in mycosis fungoides is outlined.", "PMID": 398094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11403", "title": "[Antenatal assessment of fetal maturity--a comparison of ultrasound-cephalometry and radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "334 ultrasound-cephalometries and 231 X-ray fetographies were performed for antenatal assessment of fetal maturity as well as for exact estimation of gestational age in women with unknown date of donfinement. The accurance of the predictions was compared. Ultrasound-cephalometry gave best results when performed until the 20th week of gestation. A correct prediction was obtained in 80.4% of cases. After the 20th week of gestation, the accuracy of prediction decreased. Radiology on the contrary gave optimal results at the end of pregnancy. A correct prediction of the date of confinement was obtained in 73.8% of cases, when the X-ray fetography was performed between the 37th and 40th week of gestation. At the end of gestation radiography should be performed, if there is a discrepancy between ultrasound and clinical estimation or if ultrasound-cephalometry was not carried out in early pregnancy--especially if induction of labour is necessary.", "contents": "[Antenatal assessment of fetal maturity--a comparison of ultrasound-cephalometry and radiology (author's transl)]. 334 ultrasound-cephalometries and 231 X-ray fetographies were performed for antenatal assessment of fetal maturity as well as for exact estimation of gestational age in women with unknown date of donfinement. The accurance of the predictions was compared. Ultrasound-cephalometry gave best results when performed until the 20th week of gestation. A correct prediction was obtained in 80.4% of cases. After the 20th week of gestation, the accuracy of prediction decreased. Radiology on the contrary gave optimal results at the end of pregnancy. A correct prediction of the date of confinement was obtained in 73.8% of cases, when the X-ray fetography was performed between the 37th and 40th week of gestation. At the end of gestation radiography should be performed, if there is a discrepancy between ultrasound and clinical estimation or if ultrasound-cephalometry was not carried out in early pregnancy--especially if induction of labour is necessary.", "PMID": 398095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11404", "title": "[Frequency of fungal infection in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1 161 patients with chronic bronchitis and 172 patients with bronchiectasis treated for a longer time with antibiotics or with antibiotics and corticosteroids and examined all for fungi in bronchial secretion, 34 = 0.9% showed a secondary infection with fungi (32 Candida, 2 Aspergillus fumigatus).", "contents": "[Frequency of fungal infection in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis (author's transl)]. Among 1 161 patients with chronic bronchitis and 172 patients with bronchiectasis treated for a longer time with antibiotics or with antibiotics and corticosteroids and examined all for fungi in bronchial secretion, 34 = 0.9% showed a secondary infection with fungi (32 Candida, 2 Aspergillus fumigatus).", "PMID": 398098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11405", "title": "[Prolonged function time of xenogenic kidney transplants caused by the combined use of azathioprin and prednisolone].", "content": "The present publication reports about the delay of the rejection by unspecific medicamentous immuno suppression. This is the continuation of our earlier publication about the unaffected primary rejection of xenogenic kidney transplants in the closely related system fox - dog. The combined application of azathioprine and prednisolone leads to elongated function times of the kidney transplants and to the duplication of survival times of the recipients. Lymphocytotoxins, which are immuno-electrophoretic Ig G antibodies, appear two days later than in untreated recipients by hindrance of immunological reactivity. These obtain however then in consequence of the injured formation of antigen-antibody complexes a concentration increase which widely exceeds the increase of the control groups. The influence of azathioprin and prednisolone on the humoral respectively cellular immunity is talked about in the discussion. Morphological differences in the transplants are not observed in comparison with untreated recipients.", "contents": "[Prolonged function time of xenogenic kidney transplants caused by the combined use of azathioprin and prednisolone]. The present publication reports about the delay of the rejection by unspecific medicamentous immuno suppression. This is the continuation of our earlier publication about the unaffected primary rejection of xenogenic kidney transplants in the closely related system fox - dog. The combined application of azathioprine and prednisolone leads to elongated function times of the kidney transplants and to the duplication of survival times of the recipients. Lymphocytotoxins, which are immuno-electrophoretic Ig G antibodies, appear two days later than in untreated recipients by hindrance of immunological reactivity. These obtain however then in consequence of the injured formation of antigen-antibody complexes a concentration increase which widely exceeds the increase of the control groups. The influence of azathioprin and prednisolone on the humoral respectively cellular immunity is talked about in the discussion. Morphological differences in the transplants are not observed in comparison with untreated recipients.", "PMID": 398099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11406", "title": "[The behavior of serum ammonia and urea under conditions of experimental liver transplantation in swine].", "content": "The investigation of the ammonia and urea metabolism beside a many of other parameters is used to demonstrate the biochemical relations under conditions of experimental liver transplantation and also during the postoperative course.", "contents": "[The behavior of serum ammonia and urea under conditions of experimental liver transplantation in swine]. The investigation of the ammonia and urea metabolism beside a many of other parameters is used to demonstrate the biochemical relations under conditions of experimental liver transplantation and also during the postoperative course.", "PMID": 398100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11407", "title": "[Flow volume-velocity relationship in the circulation of acutely failing kidney transplants (experimental study)].", "content": "The volume velocity-relation of renal blood flow was examined in transplanted dog kidneys during the oliguanuric phase of the acute renal failure (ARF). Under these circumstances it is possible to separate the ARF in consequence of ischemia or hypoxia of the transplant or in consequence of rejection. A significant relation between the total blood flow and the mean flow correlation exists in the acute functional failure of ischemically injured autotransplants as in the case of autochthonous kidneys. This velocity is also kept in the acute insufficiency of autotransplants induced by shock although there exists a stronger redistribution of cortex circulation than after the ischemic insultus. Extreme low or high circulatory velocities without a relation to the blood flow originate from the deficiency of extensive vascular regions and the formation of arteriovenous shunts in acutely failing rejected homotransplants.", "contents": "[Flow volume-velocity relationship in the circulation of acutely failing kidney transplants (experimental study)]. The volume velocity-relation of renal blood flow was examined in transplanted dog kidneys during the oliguanuric phase of the acute renal failure (ARF). Under these circumstances it is possible to separate the ARF in consequence of ischemia or hypoxia of the transplant or in consequence of rejection. A significant relation between the total blood flow and the mean flow correlation exists in the acute functional failure of ischemically injured autotransplants as in the case of autochthonous kidneys. This velocity is also kept in the acute insufficiency of autotransplants induced by shock although there exists a stronger redistribution of cortex circulation than after the ischemic insultus. Extreme low or high circulatory velocities without a relation to the blood flow originate from the deficiency of extensive vascular regions and the formation of arteriovenous shunts in acutely failing rejected homotransplants.", "PMID": 398101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11408", "title": "[Experimental microsurgery of blood vessels and nerves in laboratory animals and their importance for plastic surgery].", "content": "The authors give a survey of the suitability and use of different laboratory animals in the transplantation with microvascular and microneurovascular anastomoses of island flaps, muscles and composite grafts as musculo-cutaneous and osteo-musculo-cutaneous ones. This report includes the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. Preferable for learning and training suture techniques of microvessels and nerves are rats. Quite suitable in experimental research is the \"epigastric\" flap of rats and rabbits. Transplantations of muscles and composite grafts as musculo-cutaneous and osteo-musculo-cutaneous ones, with microvascular and microneurovascular anastomoses have been performed mostly in dogs. In order to find out suitable donor sites for microvascular and microneurovascular free flap transplantation the pig is used, showing a pattern of skin vessels most similar to that of man. But only few laboratories might be able to carry out experiments in pigs.", "contents": "[Experimental microsurgery of blood vessels and nerves in laboratory animals and their importance for plastic surgery]. The authors give a survey of the suitability and use of different laboratory animals in the transplantation with microvascular and microneurovascular anastomoses of island flaps, muscles and composite grafts as musculo-cutaneous and osteo-musculo-cutaneous ones. This report includes the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. Preferable for learning and training suture techniques of microvessels and nerves are rats. Quite suitable in experimental research is the \"epigastric\" flap of rats and rabbits. Transplantations of muscles and composite grafts as musculo-cutaneous and osteo-musculo-cutaneous ones, with microvascular and microneurovascular anastomoses have been performed mostly in dogs. In order to find out suitable donor sites for microvascular and microneurovascular free flap transplantation the pig is used, showing a pattern of skin vessels most similar to that of man. But only few laboratories might be able to carry out experiments in pigs.", "PMID": 398102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11409", "title": "Evidence of three cell types in the islets of Langerhans in sand rats (Psammomys obesus).", "content": "The islets of Langerhans of sand rats were examined light- and electron microscopically with respect to the presence of various cell types. Apart from A- and B-cells, already known in sand rats, the presence of the third type of cells was established in the islet organ. According to their topography, argyrophilia (Hellman and Hellerstr\u00f6m technique) and electron microscopical appearance of their granules they should be considered as D-cells.", "contents": "Evidence of three cell types in the islets of Langerhans in sand rats (Psammomys obesus). The islets of Langerhans of sand rats were examined light- and electron microscopically with respect to the presence of various cell types. Apart from A- and B-cells, already known in sand rats, the presence of the third type of cells was established in the islet organ. According to their topography, argyrophilia (Hellman and Hellerstr\u00f6m technique) and electron microscopical appearance of their granules they should be considered as D-cells.", "PMID": 398106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11410", "title": "[Ischemia, hypothermia, length of death-perfusion and temperature related factors for preservation of organs].", "content": "In order to guarantee the comparability of the results of the various working teams and experimental conditions within the preservation of organs, above all of the preservation of kidneys, it is referred to the importance which belongs to the clear establishment of the used notions, such as time of hyperthermy (duration), time of ischaemia and dead time (warm and cold). For the practice of kidney taking simple time determinations between two steps of taking have made their way. The warm dead time is the duration between clamping of the renal vessels and the beginning of the flow with cold preservation solution.  This establishment is justified by the standardised conditions of taking. For reserach these pauschal temporary data are not sufficient and the exact establishment of the notion used is necessary.", "contents": "[Ischemia, hypothermia, length of death-perfusion and temperature related factors for preservation of organs]. In order to guarantee the comparability of the results of the various working teams and experimental conditions within the preservation of organs, above all of the preservation of kidneys, it is referred to the importance which belongs to the clear establishment of the used notions, such as time of hyperthermy (duration), time of ischaemia and dead time (warm and cold). For the practice of kidney taking simple time determinations between two steps of taking have made their way. The warm dead time is the duration between clamping of the renal vessels and the beginning of the flow with cold preservation solution.  This establishment is justified by the standardised conditions of taking. For reserach these pauschal temporary data are not sufficient and the exact establishment of the notion used is necessary.", "PMID": 398111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11411", "title": "[Kidney transplant center in Halle: report on the current status, the organization of cadaveric kidneys and the results of transplants].", "content": "After the historical description of transplantations in Europe since 1966 the essential new facts and constant data in donnor conditioning, transplantation and after-treatment are discussed on the basis of special literature. 63 own courses are evaluated with complications.", "contents": "[Kidney transplant center in Halle: report on the current status, the organization of cadaveric kidneys and the results of transplants]. After the historical description of transplantations in Europe since 1966 the essential new facts and constant data in donnor conditioning, transplantation and after-treatment are discussed on the basis of special literature. 63 own courses are evaluated with complications.", "PMID": 398112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11412", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis in renal injuries].", "content": "Blunt abdominal traumas are frequently connected with renal injuries. Adequate clinical symptoms and changes demonstrated by secretion urography refer to a renal trauma. An exact statement concerning kind, localisation and size of the injury may preoperatively be got only by renovasography. In 37 patients in 17 cases unconspicuous angiographic findings were made. Here superficial ruptures of the parenchyma once escaped demonstration. 6 times up to now unknown preexisting renal diseases without proof of a sequel of traumas were the result. In 2 cases moderately severe and in 3 patients severe renal traumas appeared.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis in renal injuries]. Blunt abdominal traumas are frequently connected with renal injuries. Adequate clinical symptoms and changes demonstrated by secretion urography refer to a renal trauma. An exact statement concerning kind, localisation and size of the injury may preoperatively be got only by renovasography. In 37 patients in 17 cases unconspicuous angiographic findings were made. Here superficial ruptures of the parenchyma once escaped demonstration. 6 times up to now unknown preexisting renal diseases without proof of a sequel of traumas were the result. In 2 cases moderately severe and in 3 patients severe renal traumas appeared.", "PMID": 398113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11413", "title": "[Martin Kirschner on the occasion of his 100th birthday (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is dedicated to Martin Kirschner one of the outstanding German surgeons of the first half of this century. Many of the inventions and improvements Kirschner made have stood the test of time till today. It was Kirschner who recommended to stretch the stomach for replacing the oesophagus. He practiced for the first time successfully an embolectomy out of the pulmonary artery (1924!). Kirschner improved the wire traction procedure decisevely. Of the same importance is his literary work.", "contents": "[Martin Kirschner on the occasion of his 100th birthday (author's transl)]. This paper is dedicated to Martin Kirschner one of the outstanding German surgeons of the first half of this century. Many of the inventions and improvements Kirschner made have stood the test of time till today. It was Kirschner who recommended to stretch the stomach for replacing the oesophagus. He practiced for the first time successfully an embolectomy out of the pulmonary artery (1924!). Kirschner improved the wire traction procedure decisevely. Of the same importance is his literary work.", "PMID": 398114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11414", "title": "[Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer (635 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation could be observed in 10.14% of all patients with gastroduodenal ulcer admitted to our clinic from 1946 to 1976. 23.16% of these patients were older than 61 years, whereas 15.9% were younger than 30 years. 91.18% had typical symptoms of perforation, symptomless were 6.93%. 1.81% arrived moribund in the hospital. During the last 30 years as a rule the perforation was only sutured, primary resection was being performed only in rare cases. Nowadays, in cases of perforated duodenal ulcer we add vagotomy plus pyloroplasty to the suture. The total mortality rate came up to 22%, with a significant decrease from 1946 to 1975.", "contents": "[Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer (635 cases) (author's transl)]. Perforation could be observed in 10.14% of all patients with gastroduodenal ulcer admitted to our clinic from 1946 to 1976. 23.16% of these patients were older than 61 years, whereas 15.9% were younger than 30 years. 91.18% had typical symptoms of perforation, symptomless were 6.93%. 1.81% arrived moribund in the hospital. During the last 30 years as a rule the perforation was only sutured, primary resection was being performed only in rare cases. Nowadays, in cases of perforated duodenal ulcer we add vagotomy plus pyloroplasty to the suture. The total mortality rate came up to 22%, with a significant decrease from 1946 to 1975.", "PMID": 398115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11415", "title": "[Reproduction following kidney transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper are the first two pregnancies and childbirths in the GDR following kidney transplantations. The point is made that pregnancy following kidney transplantation should remain to be a rare exception, though the courses were favourable in both cases described. Reference is made to most suitable forms of anticonception.", "contents": "[Reproduction following kidney transplantation (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper are the first two pregnancies and childbirths in the GDR following kidney transplantations. The point is made that pregnancy following kidney transplantation should remain to be a rare exception, though the courses were favourable in both cases described. Reference is made to most suitable forms of anticonception.", "PMID": 398117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11416", "title": "[Hormonal situation on parturition, early puerperium, and lactation (author's transl)].", "content": "Variations of the 17-beta oestradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels in the serum were studied in the context of ten spontaneous parturitions. All cases were investigated within the first five puerperal days, but in five cases additional checks were undertaken over the first four weeks of the puerperium. Milk secretion was measured, as well. The oestradiol and progesterone titres were found to remain below the level common toward the end of pregnancy. They dropped rapidly after parturition and remained low throughout the puerperium. Prolactin underwent slight variation on parturition, but it actually stayed at the high level measurable at full term. Parturition was followed by brief temporary rise and, again, by decline, but values remained above those of non-pregnant women throughout puerperium. Milk production increased gradually over the first five days and remained similarly high throughout several weeks, accompanied by accordingly high prolactin levels. No absolute correlation was found to exist between the extent of lactation and the prolactin level. The presence of a relationship between oestradiol and progesterone levels, on the one hand, and lactation, on the other, cannot be assumed with probability.", "contents": "[Hormonal situation on parturition, early puerperium, and lactation (author's transl)]. Variations of the 17-beta oestradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels in the serum were studied in the context of ten spontaneous parturitions. All cases were investigated within the first five puerperal days, but in five cases additional checks were undertaken over the first four weeks of the puerperium. Milk secretion was measured, as well. The oestradiol and progesterone titres were found to remain below the level common toward the end of pregnancy. They dropped rapidly after parturition and remained low throughout the puerperium. Prolactin underwent slight variation on parturition, but it actually stayed at the high level measurable at full term. Parturition was followed by brief temporary rise and, again, by decline, but values remained above those of non-pregnant women throughout puerperium. Milk production increased gradually over the first five days and remained similarly high throughout several weeks, accompanied by accordingly high prolactin levels. No absolute correlation was found to exist between the extent of lactation and the prolactin level. The presence of a relationship between oestradiol and progesterone levels, on the one hand, and lactation, on the other, cannot be assumed with probability.", "PMID": 398118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11417", "title": "[Bacteriaemia during parturition (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteriological tests were made of 606 blood cultures which had been obtained from 64 women in labour. Positive findings were recorded from 8.1 per cent, whereas another positive percentage established before delivery amounted to 4.7 only. The percentage of bacteriaemia findings was not substantively increased following electronic monitoring of childbirth. Beta-haemolysing streptococci were found to grow in 7.8 per cent of vaginal smear cultures taken from women in labour and in six per cent of cultures taken from newborns. Amniotic fluid was also bacteriologically tested during labour.", "contents": "[Bacteriaemia during parturition (author's transl)]. Bacteriological tests were made of 606 blood cultures which had been obtained from 64 women in labour. Positive findings were recorded from 8.1 per cent, whereas another positive percentage established before delivery amounted to 4.7 only. The percentage of bacteriaemia findings was not substantively increased following electronic monitoring of childbirth. Beta-haemolysing streptococci were found to grow in 7.8 per cent of vaginal smear cultures taken from women in labour and in six per cent of cultures taken from newborns. Amniotic fluid was also bacteriologically tested during labour.", "PMID": 398119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11418", "title": "Surgery of venous leg ulcers.", "content": "Numerical data are presented to prove the endemic nature and importance of the varicose and postthrombotic syndrome. The fact that even in the most fortunate cases conservative therapy can bring about only temporary improvement, has directed attention to surgical methods. The surgical methods of treatment of varicos (VS) and postthrombotic (PS) syndrome are reviewed. The surgical procedure considered adequate is described. It consists of the following steps. After phlebography, in the case of satisfactorily functioning deep veins, the superficial venous system is extirpated according to Trendelenburg, Madelung and Babcock, the insufficient perforants are exposed and ligated, the ulcer is excised deeply and broadly into the intact tissue. The effect is covered at a later date with a semi-thick skin graft. The importance of supplemental conservative methods (preparation and postoperative treatment) is stressed. This complex therapy was applied in 112 severe cases of venous failure; in 96% the result was excellent, in 3% adequate and in 1% poor. The guiding principles for the successful solution of chronic venous failure are a correct diagnosis and a correctly performed operation. Only proper care can guarantee good results.", "contents": "Surgery of venous leg ulcers. Numerical data are presented to prove the endemic nature and importance of the varicose and postthrombotic syndrome. The fact that even in the most fortunate cases conservative therapy can bring about only temporary improvement, has directed attention to surgical methods. The surgical methods of treatment of varicos (VS) and postthrombotic (PS) syndrome are reviewed. The surgical procedure considered adequate is described. It consists of the following steps. After phlebography, in the case of satisfactorily functioning deep veins, the superficial venous system is extirpated according to Trendelenburg, Madelung and Babcock, the insufficient perforants are exposed and ligated, the ulcer is excised deeply and broadly into the intact tissue. The effect is covered at a later date with a semi-thick skin graft. The importance of supplemental conservative methods (preparation and postoperative treatment) is stressed. This complex therapy was applied in 112 severe cases of venous failure; in 96% the result was excellent, in 3% adequate and in 1% poor. The guiding principles for the successful solution of chronic venous failure are a correct diagnosis and a correctly performed operation. Only proper care can guarantee good results.", "PMID": 398120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11419", "title": "[Role of bacterial endotoxins in the tourniquet shock in rats].", "content": "By means of the lead acetate endotoxin sensitising method it was possible to demonstrate the development of endotoxaemia in tourniquet ischaemia of rats. The lethality of shock was greatly reduced by retreatment with radio-detoxified endotoxin (Tolerin). Prelinary liquidation of the Gram-negative enceroflora caused a similar reduction of lethality. On the basis of the results endotoxaemia of intestinal origin triggered by the vasoactive substances liberated during ischaemia and reaching the circulation are considered of importance in the pathogenesis of tourniquet shock.", "contents": "[Role of bacterial endotoxins in the tourniquet shock in rats]. By means of the lead acetate endotoxin sensitising method it was possible to demonstrate the development of endotoxaemia in tourniquet ischaemia of rats. The lethality of shock was greatly reduced by retreatment with radio-detoxified endotoxin (Tolerin). Prelinary liquidation of the Gram-negative enceroflora caused a similar reduction of lethality. On the basis of the results endotoxaemia of intestinal origin triggered by the vasoactive substances liberated during ischaemia and reaching the circulation are considered of importance in the pathogenesis of tourniquet shock.", "PMID": 398121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11420", "title": "Analgesic properties of dezocine for relief of postoperative pain.", "content": "In a population of 61 surgical patients, 10 and 15 mg dezocine were compared with meperidine 100 mg for relief of postoperative pain. Pain relief experienced by the patient and pain intensity evaluated by a nurse and a physician displayed similar characteristics: dezocine 10 mg was less effective than meperidine but dezocine 15 mg showed a rapid onset of analgesic effect with a longlasting analgesia superior to meperidine. Vital signs remained stable within satisfactory limits with no respiratory depression occurring. Blood-gas analysis showed a significant but comparable increase in PaCO2 with slight decrease of PaO2 in all patients treated with dezocine or meperidine. Side effects observed included an overt sedative effect of both analgesics, which for dezocine appeared to be dose-related.", "contents": "Analgesic properties of dezocine for relief of postoperative pain. In a population of 61 surgical patients, 10 and 15 mg dezocine were compared with meperidine 100 mg for relief of postoperative pain. Pain relief experienced by the patient and pain intensity evaluated by a nurse and a physician displayed similar characteristics: dezocine 10 mg was less effective than meperidine but dezocine 15 mg showed a rapid onset of analgesic effect with a longlasting analgesia superior to meperidine. Vital signs remained stable within satisfactory limits with no respiratory depression occurring. Blood-gas analysis showed a significant but comparable increase in PaCO2 with slight decrease of PaO2 in all patients treated with dezocine or meperidine. Side effects observed included an overt sedative effect of both analgesics, which for dezocine appeared to be dose-related.", "PMID": 398127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11421", "title": "Anesthesia and the leucocyte.", "content": "Effective inhibition of cell division by anesthetics occurs only when cells are exposed to concentrations more than twice those required for anesthesia. Neutropenia following prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide seems to be caused by a different mechanism, in which the cobalt in B12 is oxidised to the trivalent form by chemical reaction with nitrous oxide. B12 is thereby inactivated and this interferes with folate metabolism and thymidine synthesis: the effect may be detected after only a few hours in vivo exposure of mammals to 50% nitrous oxide. Unlike lymphocytes, the random motility of human neutrophils is not decreased by in vitro exposure to concentrations of halothane required for anesthesia. Similarly there is no effect on chemotaxis to casein and phagocytosis with exposure up to 2% halothane.", "contents": "Anesthesia and the leucocyte. Effective inhibition of cell division by anesthetics occurs only when cells are exposed to concentrations more than twice those required for anesthesia. Neutropenia following prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide seems to be caused by a different mechanism, in which the cobalt in B12 is oxidised to the trivalent form by chemical reaction with nitrous oxide. B12 is thereby inactivated and this interferes with folate metabolism and thymidine synthesis: the effect may be detected after only a few hours in vivo exposure of mammals to 50% nitrous oxide. Unlike lymphocytes, the random motility of human neutrophils is not decreased by in vitro exposure to concentrations of halothane required for anesthesia. Similarly there is no effect on chemotaxis to casein and phagocytosis with exposure up to 2% halothane.", "PMID": 398128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11422", "title": "Practical immunoevaluation in anesthesia.", "content": "Postoperative infection and cancer metastasis suppose weakened immunological resistance. Immunoevaluation is difficult for technical reasons and for individual variability. Proposed tests are hematology, cytochemistry, immunoglobulin and complement assays, membrane and cytoplasmic fluorescence, rosettes, lymphocyte transformation tests, skin tests, tests for granulocyte and monocyte function. Material and methods should be well standardized. Frozen serum and lymphocytes are peremptory for cellular and humoral evaluation during the different phases of anesthesia.", "contents": "Practical immunoevaluation in anesthesia. Postoperative infection and cancer metastasis suppose weakened immunological resistance. Immunoevaluation is difficult for technical reasons and for individual variability. Proposed tests are hematology, cytochemistry, immunoglobulin and complement assays, membrane and cytoplasmic fluorescence, rosettes, lymphocyte transformation tests, skin tests, tests for granulocyte and monocyte function. Material and methods should be well standardized. Frozen serum and lymphocytes are peremptory for cellular and humoral evaluation during the different phases of anesthesia.", "PMID": 398130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11423", "title": "Involvement of the partial reinforcement procedure in reward training: open address.", "content": "The analysis of the course of reward training presented in early Konorski and Miller\u0092s papers (1933, 1936) indicates that the appearance of active instrumental responses is related with the introduction of the partially reinforced, excitatory classically conditioned procedure. It is postulated that the mechanism underlying the effects of this procedure on the shaping of instrumental responses is similar to that proposed by Konorski (1967) for the effects of inhibitory classically conditioned stimuli on the performance of the instrumental response.", "contents": "Involvement of the partial reinforcement procedure in reward training: open address. The analysis of the course of reward training presented in early Konorski and Miller\u0092s papers (1933, 1936) indicates that the appearance of active instrumental responses is related with the introduction of the partially reinforced, excitatory classically conditioned procedure. It is postulated that the mechanism underlying the effects of this procedure on the shaping of instrumental responses is similar to that proposed by Konorski (1967) for the effects of inhibitory classically conditioned stimuli on the performance of the instrumental response.", "PMID": 398139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11424", "title": "[Secondary effects of lithium on thyroid function. Mechanisms, diagnostic and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reviewed the literature concerning the side effects of lithium on thyroid function. Two kinds of side effects are reported: the first ones are minor, temporary, without important modification of thyroid function and must not be treated; the second ones are major and followed by hypothyroidism. This situation is mostly in relation with the preexistence of an autoimmune thyroiditis or another thyroid abnormality. The authors describe the mechanisms responsible for lithium side effects, suggest different thyroid examinations that should be done in patients before and during lithium therapy and discuss the indications of thyroxine administration.", "contents": "[Secondary effects of lithium on thyroid function. Mechanisms, diagnostic and treatment (author's transl)]. The authors reviewed the literature concerning the side effects of lithium on thyroid function. Two kinds of side effects are reported: the first ones are minor, temporary, without important modification of thyroid function and must not be treated; the second ones are major and followed by hypothyroidism. This situation is mostly in relation with the preexistence of an autoimmune thyroiditis or another thyroid abnormality. The authors describe the mechanisms responsible for lithium side effects, suggest different thyroid examinations that should be done in patients before and during lithium therapy and discuss the indications of thyroxine administration.", "PMID": 398136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11425", "title": "Effect of proteinases on EA (IgG)-binding receptors of rat macrophages.", "content": "Pronase, trypsin and delta-chymotrypsin deplete rat alveolar peritoneal macrophages of EA (IgG)-binding activity. Trypsin and delta-chymotrypsin show an initially--under certain conditions and lasting--enhancement of receptor activity. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, accelerated the loss of Fc-receptors and inhibited their reappearance. There are differences between alveolar and peritoneal macrophages in the rate of loss as well as of regeneration of Fc-receptors.", "contents": "Effect of proteinases on EA (IgG)-binding receptors of rat macrophages. Pronase, trypsin and delta-chymotrypsin deplete rat alveolar peritoneal macrophages of EA (IgG)-binding activity. Trypsin and delta-chymotrypsin show an initially--under certain conditions and lasting--enhancement of receptor activity. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, accelerated the loss of Fc-receptors and inhibited their reappearance. There are differences between alveolar and peritoneal macrophages in the rate of loss as well as of regeneration of Fc-receptors.", "PMID": 398142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11426", "title": "Restoration of depressed antibody responses of leukemic splenocytes treated with LPS-induced factors.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide and a nontoxic derivative, PS, from Serratia marcescens were studied in terms of their effects on normal and Friend leukemia virus depressed splenocytes. These materials caused a marked increase in the number of antibody producing cells by both groups of splenocytes. MDP, a synthetic analogue of myobacterial cell walls, produced a similar adjuvant response by normal and leukemic splenocytes. Combinations of PS or LPS and BCG or MDP resulted in synergistic immunostimulatory responses. A soluble factor associated with these materials appeared to mediate the response, since cell-free supernatants from LPS stimulated splenocytes or serum from LPS treated mice resulted in similar immunostimulation.", "contents": "Restoration of depressed antibody responses of leukemic splenocytes treated with LPS-induced factors. Lipopolysaccharide and a nontoxic derivative, PS, from Serratia marcescens were studied in terms of their effects on normal and Friend leukemia virus depressed splenocytes. These materials caused a marked increase in the number of antibody producing cells by both groups of splenocytes. MDP, a synthetic analogue of myobacterial cell walls, produced a similar adjuvant response by normal and leukemic splenocytes. Combinations of PS or LPS and BCG or MDP resulted in synergistic immunostimulatory responses. A soluble factor associated with these materials appeared to mediate the response, since cell-free supernatants from LPS stimulated splenocytes or serum from LPS treated mice resulted in similar immunostimulation.", "PMID": 398146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11427", "title": "Alveolar macrophage--induced suppression of the immune response.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages were shown to suppress the in vitro immune response of rabbit lymphoid cells stimulated with heterologous erythrocytes. Suppression was associated with an adherent, phagocytic cell that was resistant to the effects of irradiation and treatment with anti-thymus serum. Suppression was mediated by a soluble factor whose production was independent of antigen and required an interaction of viable alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. Suppression was associated with an early event in the induction of the PFC response and appeared to affect lymphocyte proliferation. Suppression could not attributed to cytotoxicity, sequestration of antigen, depletion of nutrients or release of prostaglandins, arginase or thymidine. These results, taken together, provide additional information regarding immunological function of alveolar macrophages and suggest that they play a regulatory role in the immune response.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophage--induced suppression of the immune response. Alveolar macrophages were shown to suppress the in vitro immune response of rabbit lymphoid cells stimulated with heterologous erythrocytes. Suppression was associated with an adherent, phagocytic cell that was resistant to the effects of irradiation and treatment with anti-thymus serum. Suppression was mediated by a soluble factor whose production was independent of antigen and required an interaction of viable alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. Suppression was associated with an early event in the induction of the PFC response and appeared to affect lymphocyte proliferation. Suppression could not attributed to cytotoxicity, sequestration of antigen, depletion of nutrients or release of prostaglandins, arginase or thymidine. These results, taken together, provide additional information regarding immunological function of alveolar macrophages and suggest that they play a regulatory role in the immune response.", "PMID": 398149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11428", "title": "Hemopoietic precursor cells in human peripheral blood.", "content": "Human peripheral blood contains two types of stem cells that differentiate along the granulocytic pathway. They are separable by their ability to form colonies in agar in vitro (CFU-C) and in plasma clots in diffusion chambers in vivo (CFU-DG). Kinetic studies suggest that CFU-DG represents an intermediate between the still hypothetical human pluripotent stem cell and CFU-C.", "contents": "Hemopoietic precursor cells in human peripheral blood. Human peripheral blood contains two types of stem cells that differentiate along the granulocytic pathway. They are separable by their ability to form colonies in agar in vitro (CFU-C) and in plasma clots in diffusion chambers in vivo (CFU-DG). Kinetic studies suggest that CFU-DG represents an intermediate between the still hypothetical human pluripotent stem cell and CFU-C.", "PMID": 398156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11429", "title": "[Development of parasitology in the GDR].", "content": "The development of parasitology in the GDR is described. In the GDR there are only 2 chairs of Parasitology in the Faculties of Animal Production and Veterinary Medicine at Humboldt University Berlin and Karl Marx University Leipzig. Parasitology as a teaching field in its own was not become realized in medicine. In the training of zoology parasitology had been recognized only temporarily. For the parasitological practice particular parasitological departments or laboratories developed in each district institute, which are leaded and coordinated by reference laboratories--a state that is an important improvement compared with the situation before the war. The publishing efforts of GDR's authors and publishing houses as well as the mobilizing role of the Parasitological Society of the GDR are especially stressed.", "contents": "[Development of parasitology in the GDR]. The development of parasitology in the GDR is described. In the GDR there are only 2 chairs of Parasitology in the Faculties of Animal Production and Veterinary Medicine at Humboldt University Berlin and Karl Marx University Leipzig. Parasitology as a teaching field in its own was not become realized in medicine. In the training of zoology parasitology had been recognized only temporarily. For the parasitological practice particular parasitological departments or laboratories developed in each district institute, which are leaded and coordinated by reference laboratories--a state that is an important improvement compared with the situation before the war. The publishing efforts of GDR's authors and publishing houses as well as the mobilizing role of the Parasitological Society of the GDR are especially stressed.", "PMID": 398158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11430", "title": "[Remarks on the pathogenicity of Eimeria species exemplified by cattle coccidiosis].", "content": "Development and pathogenicity of the coccidia of cattle are known up to this day only for some species. The criteria responsible for pathogenicity of the species of Eimeria, which are arranged in the complexes \"Biological qualities of the species of coccidia\", \"Factors of environment and stress\" and \"Situation of reaction of the host\" are discussed. Thereby it is emphasized that in coccidiosis of calves and young cattles, especially conditions of environment are important for the outbreak or not of this disease.", "contents": "[Remarks on the pathogenicity of Eimeria species exemplified by cattle coccidiosis]. Development and pathogenicity of the coccidia of cattle are known up to this day only for some species. The criteria responsible for pathogenicity of the species of Eimeria, which are arranged in the complexes \"Biological qualities of the species of coccidia\", \"Factors of environment and stress\" and \"Situation of reaction of the host\" are discussed. Thereby it is emphasized that in coccidiosis of calves and young cattles, especially conditions of environment are important for the outbreak or not of this disease.", "PMID": 398159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11431", "title": "[Study of macrophages infiltrating rat cardiac allografts. 1.--Description of the technique of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the rat and morphological analysis of the cells infiltrating the graft (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the rat is described in detail. A simple, nontraumatic method of obtaining cellular prints from the heart is proposed for the study of cells infiltrating the allograft. Analysis of the morphological aspect of the cellular infiltrate present at the time of rejection in a series of allografts revealed a very high proportion of cells belonging to the monocyte-macrophage series, thus suggesting an important role for these cells in the rejection process.", "contents": "[Study of macrophages infiltrating rat cardiac allografts. 1.--Description of the technique of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the rat and morphological analysis of the cells infiltrating the graft (author's transl)]. The technique of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the rat is described in detail. A simple, nontraumatic method of obtaining cellular prints from the heart is proposed for the study of cells infiltrating the allograft. Analysis of the morphological aspect of the cellular infiltrate present at the time of rejection in a series of allografts revealed a very high proportion of cells belonging to the monocyte-macrophage series, thus suggesting an important role for these cells in the rejection process.", "PMID": 398162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11432", "title": "[Study of macrophages infiltrating rat cardiac allografts. II.--Cytoenzymatic analysis of cells infiltrating the grafts and of peritoneal macrophages in isograft and allograft recipients (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytoenzymatic analysis of cells infiltrating heart transplants in the rat confirms the high participation of monocytes and macrophages. However, when comparing iso and allografts, only slight differences are observed in the lysosomal enzyme specific colorations, whereas a striking difference in these colorations is found between heart infiltrates and peritoneal exsudates from these recipients. This could favour the hypothesis of a local macrophage activating process within the graft but seems more probably due to differences in cell maturation stages.", "contents": "[Study of macrophages infiltrating rat cardiac allografts. II.--Cytoenzymatic analysis of cells infiltrating the grafts and of peritoneal macrophages in isograft and allograft recipients (author's transl)]. Cytoenzymatic analysis of cells infiltrating heart transplants in the rat confirms the high participation of monocytes and macrophages. However, when comparing iso and allografts, only slight differences are observed in the lysosomal enzyme specific colorations, whereas a striking difference in these colorations is found between heart infiltrates and peritoneal exsudates from these recipients. This could favour the hypothesis of a local macrophage activating process within the graft but seems more probably due to differences in cell maturation stages.", "PMID": 398163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11433", "title": "[Bacteriocinotyping of Klebsiella. A new scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "A new typing scheme of the genus Klebsiella for studying the production and different sensitivities towards some standard strains is here proposed. Owing to it, 120 Klebsiellae could be classified. The most frequently bacteriocinotypes found were 778 and 768. The overall amount obtained was of 57 different models of activity. As six clinical experiences have confirmed its efficacy, the practical use may now be faced.", "contents": "[Bacteriocinotyping of Klebsiella. A new scheme (author's transl)]. A new typing scheme of the genus Klebsiella for studying the production and different sensitivities towards some standard strains is here proposed. Owing to it, 120 Klebsiellae could be classified. The most frequently bacteriocinotypes found were 778 and 768. The overall amount obtained was of 57 different models of activity. As six clinical experiences have confirmed its efficacy, the practical use may now be faced.", "PMID": 398164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11434", "title": "[Anti-HBs antibody. A new immunoenzymatic detection. Preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of anti-HBs antibody has been carried out using a new technique where a system for the detection of HBs antigen in the solid phase is adopted to demonstrate the presence of anti HBs antibody by inhibition of the immunoenzymatic reaction. The sensitivity of the method has been compared: with that of passive haemagglutination and with that of radioimmunoassay in liquid phase, for human serum obtained from 10 chronic antibody carriers and also serum from 1 rabbit, with that of solid phase radioimmunoassay for 91 positives serums. The method appears: in the range of sensitivity of passive haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay in the liquid phase, less sensitive than that of solid phase radioimmunoassay, far superior to that of electrosyneresis.", "contents": "[Anti-HBs antibody. A new immunoenzymatic detection. Preliminary results (author's transl)]. The detection of anti-HBs antibody has been carried out using a new technique where a system for the detection of HBs antigen in the solid phase is adopted to demonstrate the presence of anti HBs antibody by inhibition of the immunoenzymatic reaction. The sensitivity of the method has been compared: with that of passive haemagglutination and with that of radioimmunoassay in liquid phase, for human serum obtained from 10 chronic antibody carriers and also serum from 1 rabbit, with that of solid phase radioimmunoassay for 91 positives serums. The method appears: in the range of sensitivity of passive haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay in the liquid phase, less sensitive than that of solid phase radioimmunoassay, far superior to that of electrosyneresis.", "PMID": 398165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11435", "title": "[Utilization of a micromethod for the differentiation of Haemophilus biotypes. Relations with serotypes and antibiotypes (author's transl)].", "content": "A micromethod utilizing paper discs impregnated with different substrates (Minitek-system) permits differentiation of Haemophilus and their biotypes. Differentiation of biotypes presents an assured advantage: it is the only technic for an exact study of non typable H. influenzae strains and NAD-dependent Haemophilus strains. It is also a complement for study of capsulated H. influenzae. In an epidemiological aspect, this differentiation shows a evident predominance of biotypes I and II for H. influenzae and H. para-influenzae. Except that biotype I includes the larger number of serotypable strains, different serotypes are distributed in the five biotypes of H. influenzae. Likewise none relation has been found between biotypes and antibiotypes.", "contents": "[Utilization of a micromethod for the differentiation of Haemophilus biotypes. Relations with serotypes and antibiotypes (author's transl)]. A micromethod utilizing paper discs impregnated with different substrates (Minitek-system) permits differentiation of Haemophilus and their biotypes. Differentiation of biotypes presents an assured advantage: it is the only technic for an exact study of non typable H. influenzae strains and NAD-dependent Haemophilus strains. It is also a complement for study of capsulated H. influenzae. In an epidemiological aspect, this differentiation shows a evident predominance of biotypes I and II for H. influenzae and H. para-influenzae. Except that biotype I includes the larger number of serotypable strains, different serotypes are distributed in the five biotypes of H. influenzae. Likewise none relation has been found between biotypes and antibiotypes.", "PMID": 398166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11436", "title": "[Xanthomatosis and monoclonal myelomatous gammapathy. About a case also associated with systemic amyloidosis. Review of 42 cases of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of diffuse plane xanthomatosis assoicated with systemic amyloidosis and multiple myeloma at its outset is reported. Plane xanthomatosis is certainly an autonomous entity in comparison with systemic amyloidosis, for there are no amyloid deposits in xanthoma. The patient had lambda type IgG paraproteinemia, with Bence-Jones proteinuria. Lipid tests were considered as normolipemic though some levels recall a type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. A review of literature about the association \"xanthomatosis-multiple myeloma\" was made, after the important work of Bazex, Dupr\u00e9 and Mrs. Christol-Jalby. It allows us to distinguish two differnet descriptions: 1. When there is hyperlipoproteinemia, all clinical types of xanthomas may exist; multiple myeloma is generally typical (but sometimes not very progressive). 2. When there is normolipidemia, the main clinical type is diffuse plane xanthomatosis; multiple myeloma is atypical and often only a monoclonal gammapathy is found. 3. However in both cases, the outstanding clinical type is diffuse plane xanthomatosis: whether normo- or hyperlipemic, this therefore indicates a possible underlying disease, and above all a multiple myeloma.", "contents": "[Xanthomatosis and monoclonal myelomatous gammapathy. About a case also associated with systemic amyloidosis. Review of 42 cases of literature (author's transl)]. A case of diffuse plane xanthomatosis assoicated with systemic amyloidosis and multiple myeloma at its outset is reported. Plane xanthomatosis is certainly an autonomous entity in comparison with systemic amyloidosis, for there are no amyloid deposits in xanthoma. The patient had lambda type IgG paraproteinemia, with Bence-Jones proteinuria. Lipid tests were considered as normolipemic though some levels recall a type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. A review of literature about the association \"xanthomatosis-multiple myeloma\" was made, after the important work of Bazex, Dupr\u00e9 and Mrs. Christol-Jalby. It allows us to distinguish two differnet descriptions: 1. When there is hyperlipoproteinemia, all clinical types of xanthomas may exist; multiple myeloma is generally typical (but sometimes not very progressive). 2. When there is normolipidemia, the main clinical type is diffuse plane xanthomatosis; multiple myeloma is atypical and often only a monoclonal gammapathy is found. 3. However in both cases, the outstanding clinical type is diffuse plane xanthomatosis: whether normo- or hyperlipemic, this therefore indicates a possible underlying disease, and above all a multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 398175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11437", "title": "The effect of gemfibrozil on serum lipids in diabetic patients.", "content": "The effect of gemfibrozil, a new hypolipidaemic compound, on serum lipids, lipoproteins and ophthalmic signs was studied in 20 diabetics during a 28 week trial. Ten of the patients were taking oral hypoglycaemic agents and another ten insulin. Genfibrozil elevated the proportion of alpha-lipoproteins (HDL) (P less than 0.005) in patients on oral agents to the same level as in those using insulin, who experienced no change in HDL. The pre-beta-lipoprotein proportion (VLDL) decreased (P less than 0.001) along with the serum triglyceride level in patients on oral agents only. The proportion of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) remained unchanged in both groups. The serum cholesterol and total lipid levels decreased significantly whether the patients were on oral treatment or insulin. The gemfibrozil was well tolerated. A minor increase in diabetic therapy was made in 9 patients in order to control the blood sugar levels. The ophthalmic signs were generally unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of gemfibrozil on serum lipids in diabetic patients. The effect of gemfibrozil, a new hypolipidaemic compound, on serum lipids, lipoproteins and ophthalmic signs was studied in 20 diabetics during a 28 week trial. Ten of the patients were taking oral hypoglycaemic agents and another ten insulin. Genfibrozil elevated the proportion of alpha-lipoproteins (HDL) (P less than 0.005) in patients on oral agents to the same level as in those using insulin, who experienced no change in HDL. The pre-beta-lipoprotein proportion (VLDL) decreased (P less than 0.001) along with the serum triglyceride level in patients on oral agents only. The proportion of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) remained unchanged in both groups. The serum cholesterol and total lipid levels decreased significantly whether the patients were on oral treatment or insulin. The gemfibrozil was well tolerated. A minor increase in diabetic therapy was made in 9 patients in order to control the blood sugar levels. The ophthalmic signs were generally unchanged.", "PMID": 398183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11438", "title": "Labetalol and pindolol in the treatment of hypertension: a comparative study.", "content": "Labetalol, a new hypotensive drug with both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties, was compared with pindolol in a double blind cross-over study lasting 15 weeks. Both drugs caused a significant drop on blood pressure in both the standing and the supine position. The effect was seen after only two weeks treatment. The effect on the pulse rate was moderate. Three patients on pindolol (but none on labetalol) had to withdraw from the trial for medical reasons. In general the side effects recorded for labetalol and pindolol were mild. No postural hypotension was noticed with the moderate doses used in the study. Labetalol seems to be at least as effective as pindolol in mild to moderate hypertension.", "contents": "Labetalol and pindolol in the treatment of hypertension: a comparative study. Labetalol, a new hypotensive drug with both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties, was compared with pindolol in a double blind cross-over study lasting 15 weeks. Both drugs caused a significant drop on blood pressure in both the standing and the supine position. The effect was seen after only two weeks treatment. The effect on the pulse rate was moderate. Three patients on pindolol (but none on labetalol) had to withdraw from the trial for medical reasons. In general the side effects recorded for labetalol and pindolol were mild. No postural hypotension was noticed with the moderate doses used in the study. Labetalol seems to be at least as effective as pindolol in mild to moderate hypertension.", "PMID": 398184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11439", "title": "Evaluation of the Microstix-Candida system for the isolation of Candida.", "content": "A study was carried out to compare the efficiency of the Microstix-Candida system with the standard method of isolating candida using Sabouraud medium. It was found that the Microstix-Candida system gave a 96.8% correlation with the standard method for vaginal specimens, and 91.8% correlation for other specimens. The Microstix-Candida system may be a useful laboratory procedure, in addition to direct microscopy, for the diagnosis and management of vaginal candidiasis in clinics with limited access to laboratory facilities.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Microstix-Candida system for the isolation of Candida. A study was carried out to compare the efficiency of the Microstix-Candida system with the standard method of isolating candida using Sabouraud medium. It was found that the Microstix-Candida system gave a 96.8% correlation with the standard method for vaginal specimens, and 91.8% correlation for other specimens. The Microstix-Candida system may be a useful laboratory procedure, in addition to direct microscopy, for the diagnosis and management of vaginal candidiasis in clinics with limited access to laboratory facilities.", "PMID": 398185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11440", "title": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous hexoprenaline in bronchial asthma.", "content": "5 ug of hexoprenaline given intravenously resulted in a significant relief of airway obstruction in 12 out of 16 patients with acute attack of bronchial asthma. It produced a 40% increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with a peak at 5 minutes and a 12% increase was still present at 2 hours. It produced only minimal cardiovascular side effects. As a bronchodilator, it was as effective as 0.5 mg of addrenaline given subcutaneously though the latter suffered from considerable cardiovascular side effects as shown by a 12% elevation of systolic blood pressure and a 16% reduction in the diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous hexoprenaline in bronchial asthma. 5 ug of hexoprenaline given intravenously resulted in a significant relief of airway obstruction in 12 out of 16 patients with acute attack of bronchial asthma. It produced a 40% increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with a peak at 5 minutes and a 12% increase was still present at 2 hours. It produced only minimal cardiovascular side effects. As a bronchodilator, it was as effective as 0.5 mg of addrenaline given subcutaneously though the latter suffered from considerable cardiovascular side effects as shown by a 12% elevation of systolic blood pressure and a 16% reduction in the diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 398186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11441", "title": "Depression in childhood: a survey of the literature.", "content": "Unlike adult depression, childhood depression is still a controversial concept in psychiatry. This paper explores and discusses the various issues involved in the controversy. Empirical evidence from epidemiological surveys and clinical studies is examined systematically. A brief survey of the literature over the last fifty years is given. The latest clinical study by Pearce (1974) is highlighted as it demonstrates how the condition can be systematically investigated. Despite conflicting findings, the available evidence, on balance, suggests that childhood depression does exist; it is rare in middle childhood, rarer still in the pre-school period of life but more common in adolescence. Although research findings have begun to give support to the diagnosis of childhood depression, its validity is far from being proven. Obviously, further research is needed.", "contents": "Depression in childhood: a survey of the literature. Unlike adult depression, childhood depression is still a controversial concept in psychiatry. This paper explores and discusses the various issues involved in the controversy. Empirical evidence from epidemiological surveys and clinical studies is examined systematically. A brief survey of the literature over the last fifty years is given. The latest clinical study by Pearce (1974) is highlighted as it demonstrates how the condition can be systematically investigated. Despite conflicting findings, the available evidence, on balance, suggests that childhood depression does exist; it is rare in middle childhood, rarer still in the pre-school period of life but more common in adolescence. Although research findings have begun to give support to the diagnosis of childhood depression, its validity is far from being proven. Obviously, further research is needed.", "PMID": 398188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11442", "title": "[Immunofluorescence tests for the detection of antibodies against Corynebacterium pyogenes and streptococci in blood serum and vaginal mucus of cattle].", "content": "Bacteriological tests were applied to cattle with endometritis and vaginitis. Included were cervical mucus samples and immunofluorescence tests to detect in that mucus as well as in blood serum antibody to Corynebacterium pyogenes and Streptococcus haemolyticus. The results pointed at intensive contact of the animals with the above pathogens and to their frequent occurrence in cervical mucus of cattle afflicted with endometritis and vaginitis. They also supported the assumption of localised antibody formation in the sexual organs or female cattle.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence tests for the detection of antibodies against Corynebacterium pyogenes and streptococci in blood serum and vaginal mucus of cattle]. Bacteriological tests were applied to cattle with endometritis and vaginitis. Included were cervical mucus samples and immunofluorescence tests to detect in that mucus as well as in blood serum antibody to Corynebacterium pyogenes and Streptococcus haemolyticus. The results pointed at intensive contact of the animals with the above pathogens and to their frequent occurrence in cervical mucus of cattle afflicted with endometritis and vaginitis. They also supported the assumption of localised antibody formation in the sexual organs or female cattle.", "PMID": 398201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11443", "title": "[Restoration of mixed and severe immunologic deficiency, by fetal liver and thymus graft].", "content": "A male infant with severe combined immunodeficiency but normal adenosine deaminase activity for whom no suitable bone marrow donor was available was given two separate grafts of both hepatic and thymic cells, the cells for each graft being taken from the same fetus aged 13 and 10 weeks respectively. Cell mediated and partial humoral immunity was restored 330 and 400 days respectively after the second transplant. No graft-versus-host reaction was observed and both red blood cell and lymphoid chimaerism could be demonstrated. The child was kept in strict bacterial isolation from the 3rd to the 537th day of life. Thirty months after the graft, the infant is in good health but has a defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis which requires prophylactic benzathine penicillin in addition to gammaglobulins. Fetal tissue transplantation may provide an alternative treatment for patients with severe combined immunodeficiency who do not have a histocompatible donor.", "contents": "[Restoration of mixed and severe immunologic deficiency, by fetal liver and thymus graft]. A male infant with severe combined immunodeficiency but normal adenosine deaminase activity for whom no suitable bone marrow donor was available was given two separate grafts of both hepatic and thymic cells, the cells for each graft being taken from the same fetus aged 13 and 10 weeks respectively. Cell mediated and partial humoral immunity was restored 330 and 400 days respectively after the second transplant. No graft-versus-host reaction was observed and both red blood cell and lymphoid chimaerism could be demonstrated. The child was kept in strict bacterial isolation from the 3rd to the 537th day of life. Thirty months after the graft, the infant is in good health but has a defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis which requires prophylactic benzathine penicillin in addition to gammaglobulins. Fetal tissue transplantation may provide an alternative treatment for patients with severe combined immunodeficiency who do not have a histocompatible donor.", "PMID": 398203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11444", "title": "Antibodies to native DNA in connective tissue disease. A comparison of radioimmunoassay, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae substrate.", "content": "Sera of patients with symptoms of connective tissue diseases were investigated for the presence of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on rat liver substrate. In positive cases antibodies to native DNA were determined by radioimmunoassay and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Twenty seven selected sera were also tested by indirect immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae substrate to test the sensitivity and specificity of this method. Immunofluorescent antinuclear antibodies could be found in all groups of connective tissue diseases while anti-native DNA antibody was demonstrated in higher amount only in the cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and therefore determination of anti-native DNA antibody may be helpful in the diagnosis of oligosymptomatic SLE. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence on Crithidia smears may serve as screening methods for anti-native DNA while radioimmunoassay provides a quantitative determination, although there are minor differences in the sensitivity and the specificity of these three methods.", "contents": "Antibodies to native DNA in connective tissue disease. A comparison of radioimmunoassay, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae substrate. Sera of patients with symptoms of connective tissue diseases were investigated for the presence of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on rat liver substrate. In positive cases antibodies to native DNA were determined by radioimmunoassay and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Twenty seven selected sera were also tested by indirect immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae substrate to test the sensitivity and specificity of this method. Immunofluorescent antinuclear antibodies could be found in all groups of connective tissue diseases while anti-native DNA antibody was demonstrated in higher amount only in the cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and therefore determination of anti-native DNA antibody may be helpful in the diagnosis of oligosymptomatic SLE. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence on Crithidia smears may serve as screening methods for anti-native DNA while radioimmunoassay provides a quantitative determination, although there are minor differences in the sensitivity and the specificity of these three methods.", "PMID": 398205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11445", "title": "[Development and current status of heart surgery].", "content": "The history of development of Cardiac Surgery is made, analizing the factors influencing this evolution, such as the anatomic and physiological factors of cardiopathies as the fundamental factor of the fast development of this discipline. Reference is made over the influences exerted by Cardiac Surgery on the development on other medical disciplines such as the Intensive Care Units, Pacemakers, the Fundamentals of Congenital Heart Diseases and the studies over shock etc., etc., etc. The present status of Cardiac Surgery is exposed first by analysis of the global Surgical Results of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda since 1945 up to date and finally the present results since 1971 to 1979 are shown.", "contents": "[Development and current status of heart surgery]. The history of development of Cardiac Surgery is made, analizing the factors influencing this evolution, such as the anatomic and physiological factors of cardiopathies as the fundamental factor of the fast development of this discipline. Reference is made over the influences exerted by Cardiac Surgery on the development on other medical disciplines such as the Intensive Care Units, Pacemakers, the Fundamentals of Congenital Heart Diseases and the studies over shock etc., etc., etc. The present status of Cardiac Surgery is exposed first by analysis of the global Surgical Results of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda since 1945 up to date and finally the present results since 1971 to 1979 are shown.", "PMID": 398200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11446", "title": "Comparison of some Shigella flexneri (Escherichia coli) hybrids in cross agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests.", "content": "Antigenic structure of Lac+ hybrids selected from Escherichia coli x Shigella flexneri crosses was compared in the cross agglutination and absorption tests. Identity of the hybrids from the recipients of serotype 2a and variant Y was proved, as well as from serotypes 1b and 4b. The latter hybrids were coupled with Shigella flexneri strains 3a, 3b and 3c. The hybrids appeared almost identical with serotype 3c.", "contents": "Comparison of some Shigella flexneri (Escherichia coli) hybrids in cross agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests. Antigenic structure of Lac+ hybrids selected from Escherichia coli x Shigella flexneri crosses was compared in the cross agglutination and absorption tests. Identity of the hybrids from the recipients of serotype 2a and variant Y was proved, as well as from serotypes 1b and 4b. The latter hybrids were coupled with Shigella flexneri strains 3a, 3b and 3c. The hybrids appeared almost identical with serotype 3c.", "PMID": 398206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11447", "title": "Study on the immunological heterogeneity of Clostridium botulinum B type toxin.", "content": "The toxins prepared by dialysis-culture method from proteolytic (P) and nonproteolytic (NP) strains of C. botulinum were different. NP toxins from 3 strains (American, Japanese and Polish) showed a higher activation ratio, lower protein nitrogen content, and lower neutralization rate compared with P toxins. Antitoxic titers of rabbit anti-P and especially anti-NP sera were always higher when titrated with NP than with P toxins. The values of the regression coefficients in neutralization experiments were not dependent on the sera preparations, but only on the toxins. The difference between the common slope b for several sera tested against P and NP toxins was statistically significant. A difference between the passive protection of mice against P and NP toxins was observed only at very low levels of unitage. These results suggested immunological heterogeneity of B type botulinum toxin. However, for practical purposes, it is not necessary to supplement therapeutic antitoxin with a factor which neutralizes NP toxin.", "contents": "Study on the immunological heterogeneity of Clostridium botulinum B type toxin. The toxins prepared by dialysis-culture method from proteolytic (P) and nonproteolytic (NP) strains of C. botulinum were different. NP toxins from 3 strains (American, Japanese and Polish) showed a higher activation ratio, lower protein nitrogen content, and lower neutralization rate compared with P toxins. Antitoxic titers of rabbit anti-P and especially anti-NP sera were always higher when titrated with NP than with P toxins. The values of the regression coefficients in neutralization experiments were not dependent on the sera preparations, but only on the toxins. The difference between the common slope b for several sera tested against P and NP toxins was statistically significant. A difference between the passive protection of mice against P and NP toxins was observed only at very low levels of unitage. These results suggested immunological heterogeneity of B type botulinum toxin. However, for practical purposes, it is not necessary to supplement therapeutic antitoxin with a factor which neutralizes NP toxin.", "PMID": 398207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11448", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the first metatarsal--primary or secondary to enchondroma?", "content": "Enchondromas are said to be extremely rare precursors of secondary chondrosarcomas. Peripheral enchondromas of the hand and foot may be considered as benign, even when the histomorphological study reveals pleomorphic features with atypical nuclei. Our case deals with a 56 year old woman who had an enchondroma of the first metatarsal. Its distinct histopathological signs of focal malignant transformation were only seen in later review. Nine months after curettage and autologous bone-grafting a chondrosarcoma was diagnosed. The enbloc-resection of the medial foot provided adequate surgical treatment of the chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the first metatarsal--primary or secondary to enchondroma? Enchondromas are said to be extremely rare precursors of secondary chondrosarcomas. Peripheral enchondromas of the hand and foot may be considered as benign, even when the histomorphological study reveals pleomorphic features with atypical nuclei. Our case deals with a 56 year old woman who had an enchondroma of the first metatarsal. Its distinct histopathological signs of focal malignant transformation were only seen in later review. Nine months after curettage and autologous bone-grafting a chondrosarcoma was diagnosed. The enbloc-resection of the medial foot provided adequate surgical treatment of the chondrosarcoma.", "PMID": 398208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11449", "title": "Hemodialysis in schizophrenia. Results in three chronic cases.", "content": "Therapeutic trials with hemodialysis have been performed in three cases of chronic schizophrenia. The severely ill patients had been hospitalized for more than ten years and had not responded to different types of conventional somatic treatment. Psychopathology was evaluated by use of the IMPS, BPRS, and NOSIE scales. No improvement could be observed as a consequence of 12 (11 in one case) hemodialysis treatments. Rather, some deterioration occurred in two of the patients. This result is not in accord with the markedly positive findings of Wagemaker and Cade (1977). However, further studies appear necessary to render final conclusions.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in schizophrenia. Results in three chronic cases. Therapeutic trials with hemodialysis have been performed in three cases of chronic schizophrenia. The severely ill patients had been hospitalized for more than ten years and had not responded to different types of conventional somatic treatment. Psychopathology was evaluated by use of the IMPS, BPRS, and NOSIE scales. No improvement could be observed as a consequence of 12 (11 in one case) hemodialysis treatments. Rather, some deterioration occurred in two of the patients. This result is not in accord with the markedly positive findings of Wagemaker and Cade (1977). However, further studies appear necessary to render final conclusions.", "PMID": 398209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11450", "title": "[Transplantation of the kidney in the rat. I. Problems of surgical technic].", "content": "Is described a technique for transplanting rat kidneys. The technique involves suture of vessels of less than 1 mm in diameter with microsurgical techniques. Were used adult male rats of wistar strain. The kidney is perfused with 250 cc of ringer lactate, heparin 10.000 U.I., solumedrol 1 g novocain 150 mg. The results were very good.", "contents": "[Transplantation of the kidney in the rat. I. Problems of surgical technic]. Is described a technique for transplanting rat kidneys. The technique involves suture of vessels of less than 1 mm in diameter with microsurgical techniques. Were used adult male rats of wistar strain. The kidney is perfused with 250 cc of ringer lactate, heparin 10.000 U.I., solumedrol 1 g novocain 150 mg. The results were very good.", "PMID": 398213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11451", "title": "[Respiratory effects of PGI-2 in the pig].", "content": "In anaesthetised pig the intravenous perfusion of 2 micrograms/Kg/min/4 min of PGI2 induces within 30'' respiratory changes that spontaneously disappear after perfusion. The PGI2 induces a decrease of respiratory frequency while total pulmonary resistance increases significantly. This changes of pattern of breathing are correlated to tonus of vagus nerve and after vagosimpathectomy are not present. The relationship of tidal volume/frequency has been evaluated according to the blood pressure variation.", "contents": "[Respiratory effects of PGI-2 in the pig]. In anaesthetised pig the intravenous perfusion of 2 micrograms/Kg/min/4 min of PGI2 induces within 30'' respiratory changes that spontaneously disappear after perfusion. The PGI2 induces a decrease of respiratory frequency while total pulmonary resistance increases significantly. This changes of pattern of breathing are correlated to tonus of vagus nerve and after vagosimpathectomy are not present. The relationship of tidal volume/frequency has been evaluated according to the blood pressure variation.", "PMID": 398215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11452", "title": "Histoautoradiographic investigation of the invasive dissemination of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells through the organs of the mouse.", "content": "In this paper the attempt has been pursued to quantify by a well planned experimental technique the ability of the neoplastic cells to spread around in vivo through various organs of laboratory animals. By making use of the histoautoradiographic techniques the incorporation of 3H thymidine either by the normal and by the neoplastic cells has been investigated at many different anatomical sites in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. The method has been shown to be well suited also for the quantitative characterization of the spreading dynamics of the cancer cell population.", "contents": "Histoautoradiographic investigation of the invasive dissemination of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells through the organs of the mouse. In this paper the attempt has been pursued to quantify by a well planned experimental technique the ability of the neoplastic cells to spread around in vivo through various organs of laboratory animals. By making use of the histoautoradiographic techniques the incorporation of 3H thymidine either by the normal and by the neoplastic cells has been investigated at many different anatomical sites in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. The method has been shown to be well suited also for the quantitative characterization of the spreading dynamics of the cancer cell population.", "PMID": 398216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11453", "title": "[Histochemical localization of alcohol dehydrogenase during the aging of seeds].", "content": "Alcohol dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in section of fresh and aged pea seeds, both air-dried and during germination. The activity in the various tissues has been observed using nitro-blue tetrazolium. From the comparison a general decrease appear in aged pea seeds and a tendency to a shift in the peaks of alcohol deydrogenase activity in the considered tissues (epidermis upper and lower, hypodermis, storage parenchyma and vascular system). The procambial zone forms the tracheary elements during germination, but in aged seeds this occur only rarely. The experiments here reported confirm the hypothesis that seed ageing includes changes in enzyme activity and in morphogenetic pathways.", "contents": "[Histochemical localization of alcohol dehydrogenase during the aging of seeds]. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in section of fresh and aged pea seeds, both air-dried and during germination. The activity in the various tissues has been observed using nitro-blue tetrazolium. From the comparison a general decrease appear in aged pea seeds and a tendency to a shift in the peaks of alcohol deydrogenase activity in the considered tissues (epidermis upper and lower, hypodermis, storage parenchyma and vascular system). The procambial zone forms the tracheary elements during germination, but in aged seeds this occur only rarely. The experiments here reported confirm the hypothesis that seed ageing includes changes in enzyme activity and in morphogenetic pathways.", "PMID": 398217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11454", "title": "On alcohol dehydrogenase activity in aged pea seeds.", "content": "Inhibitory substances (or substance) of alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase activity are present in petroleumbenzin extracts of both less than 1-year-old and 8-year-old pea seeds. The inhibitory effect is very strong when petroleumbenzin extracts of \"old\" pea seeds are used, only mild in the case of \"young\" pea seeds. These results suggest a relatioship between the inhibitory substances and ageing of the seeds.", "contents": "On alcohol dehydrogenase activity in aged pea seeds. Inhibitory substances (or substance) of alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase activity are present in petroleumbenzin extracts of both less than 1-year-old and 8-year-old pea seeds. The inhibitory effect is very strong when petroleumbenzin extracts of \"old\" pea seeds are used, only mild in the case of \"young\" pea seeds. These results suggest a relatioship between the inhibitory substances and ageing of the seeds.", "PMID": 398218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11455", "title": "Limitations of the infant mouse test for Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the response of different test systems to preparations of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) derived from Eschericihia coli strains recovered from diarrheal disease of humans, pigs and calves. Sterile broth culture supernatants of enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli were heated at 65 degrees C for 30 minutes and tested for the presence of heat-stable enterotoxin. Three test systems, namely, ligated intestine of weaned pigs, ligated intestine of rabbits and the infant mouse test were used in attempts to detect ST in the culture supernatants. Two patterns of reaction were observed in response to ST-containing preparations: either the preparation elicited a response in the three tests or the preparation elicited a reaction only in the ligated pig intestine. A response in all three tests were observed for 5/5 human ST-producing E. coli, 5/5 bovine enterotoxigenic E. coli, 5/5 \"atypical\" porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli, 3/3 St(+)LT(-) porcine E. coli of serogroup O138:K81 and 4/24 LT(+)ST(+) porcine E. coli. A response only in the ligated pig intestine was obtained with 5/5 ST(+)LT(-) porcine E. coli belonging to serogroups other than O138:K81 and to 20/24 ST(+)LT(+)E. coli from pigs. The results are consistent with the view that there are two kinds of ST, one of which (ST1) reacts in all three tests and the other (ST2) which reacts only in the ligated pig intestine. The findings underscore the limitations of the infant mouse test as a means of detecting ST in porcine isolates of E. coli, since the test fails to detect ST produced by a large number of these E. coli strains. There appeared to be a relationship between kind(s) of ST produced and the animal species from which the producing organism was recovered.", "contents": "Limitations of the infant mouse test for Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin. A study was undertaken to evaluate the response of different test systems to preparations of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) derived from Eschericihia coli strains recovered from diarrheal disease of humans, pigs and calves. Sterile broth culture supernatants of enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli were heated at 65 degrees C for 30 minutes and tested for the presence of heat-stable enterotoxin. Three test systems, namely, ligated intestine of weaned pigs, ligated intestine of rabbits and the infant mouse test were used in attempts to detect ST in the culture supernatants. Two patterns of reaction were observed in response to ST-containing preparations: either the preparation elicited a response in the three tests or the preparation elicited a reaction only in the ligated pig intestine. A response in all three tests were observed for 5/5 human ST-producing E. coli, 5/5 bovine enterotoxigenic E. coli, 5/5 \"atypical\" porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli, 3/3 St(+)LT(-) porcine E. coli of serogroup O138:K81 and 4/24 LT(+)ST(+) porcine E. coli. A response only in the ligated pig intestine was obtained with 5/5 ST(+)LT(-) porcine E. coli belonging to serogroups other than O138:K81 and to 20/24 ST(+)LT(+)E. coli from pigs. The results are consistent with the view that there are two kinds of ST, one of which (ST1) reacts in all three tests and the other (ST2) which reacts only in the ligated pig intestine. The findings underscore the limitations of the infant mouse test as a means of detecting ST in porcine isolates of E. coli, since the test fails to detect ST produced by a large number of these E. coli strains. There appeared to be a relationship between kind(s) of ST produced and the animal species from which the producing organism was recovered.", "PMID": 398233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11456", "title": "The incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, Ureaplasma and conventional Mycoplasma in the pneumonic calf lung.", "content": "This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young calves and the identification to species level of mycoplasmas in mixed populations with the aid of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Pneumonic lung tissue yielded one or more mycoplasma species from 88% of the 153 calves cultured. The mycoplasmas identified and percent of the calves with lungs positive for each species were: M. dispar (56%), ureaplasma (44%), Mycoplasma bovis (37%), Mycoplasma arginini (33%) and Mycoplasma bovirhinis (23%). Conventional mycoplasmas isolated from two calves (1%) could not be identified using the antisera available.", "contents": "The incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, Ureaplasma and conventional Mycoplasma in the pneumonic calf lung. This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young calves and the identification to species level of mycoplasmas in mixed populations with the aid of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Pneumonic lung tissue yielded one or more mycoplasma species from 88% of the 153 calves cultured. The mycoplasmas identified and percent of the calves with lungs positive for each species were: M. dispar (56%), ureaplasma (44%), Mycoplasma bovis (37%), Mycoplasma arginini (33%) and Mycoplasma bovirhinis (23%). Conventional mycoplasmas isolated from two calves (1%) could not be identified using the antisera available.", "PMID": 398234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11457", "title": "[Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and acute pancreatitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of cystic dilatation of the common bile duct associated which acute pancreatitis are presented. The correct diagnosis is not made often, because the triad of symptoms is incomplete or the recurrent abdominal pain is not attributed to pancreas, in absence of determination of serum amylase. Frequently, has been noted an anomalous formation of the pancreaticobilary ducts and always a reflux in the duct of Wirsung. Also, it is suggested, whatever the procedure of anastomosis may be, to close the inferior part of common bile duct.", "contents": "[Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and acute pancreatitis in children (author's transl)]. Two cases of cystic dilatation of the common bile duct associated which acute pancreatitis are presented. The correct diagnosis is not made often, because the triad of symptoms is incomplete or the recurrent abdominal pain is not attributed to pancreas, in absence of determination of serum amylase. Frequently, has been noted an anomalous formation of the pancreaticobilary ducts and always a reflux in the duct of Wirsung. Also, it is suggested, whatever the procedure of anastomosis may be, to close the inferior part of common bile duct.", "PMID": 398236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11458", "title": "[Congenital anorectal stenosis (8 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a series of 8 cases of congenital anorectal stenosis treated recently, with a follow up of 1 to 7 years. The finding of 3 poor results from the standpoint of anal continence leads to a discussion of the general prognosis of this malformation classically considered as being benign.", "contents": "[Congenital anorectal stenosis (8 cases) (author's transl)]. The authors present a series of 8 cases of congenital anorectal stenosis treated recently, with a follow up of 1 to 7 years. The finding of 3 poor results from the standpoint of anal continence leads to a discussion of the general prognosis of this malformation classically considered as being benign.", "PMID": 398237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11459", "title": "[Polyp of the posterior urethra in boys (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of posterior urethral polyp associated with acute urinary retention in a boy 22 mo. old is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed and the literature is reviewed. Micturating cystogram is considered to be of definitive aid in the diagnosis as endoscopy alone may be misleading.", "contents": "[Polyp of the posterior urethra in boys (author's transl)]. A rare case of posterior urethral polyp associated with acute urinary retention in a boy 22 mo. old is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed and the literature is reviewed. Micturating cystogram is considered to be of definitive aid in the diagnosis as endoscopy alone may be misleading.", "PMID": 398238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11460", "title": "[One case of complete reduplication of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "We report one case of complete reduplication of lower urinary tract associated with bilateral vesico-urethral reflux, hip dislocation, incomplete sacral agenesis and neck malformation. The two bladders are physiologically functional and we only operated the bilateral reflux by Leadbetter-Politano procedure. A review is presented of the twenty-two published cases, with the classification.", "contents": "[One case of complete reduplication of the bladder (author's transl)]. We report one case of complete reduplication of lower urinary tract associated with bilateral vesico-urethral reflux, hip dislocation, incomplete sacral agenesis and neck malformation. The two bladders are physiologically functional and we only operated the bilateral reflux by Leadbetter-Politano procedure. A review is presented of the twenty-two published cases, with the classification.", "PMID": 398239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11461", "title": "[Suture of the submucosa in large intestine anastomosis].", "content": "A comparison of three different suture techniques on the large bowel of the same experimental animal demonstrated that careful suture alone is adequate to produce a sufficient anastomosis. The advantages of this suture technique are to provide strength to the intestinal anastomosis, less scar tissue, and fewer peritoneal adhesions. The experimental results suggest that suturing of the submucosa can be used on other intestinal areas, too.", "contents": "[Suture of the submucosa in large intestine anastomosis]. A comparison of three different suture techniques on the large bowel of the same experimental animal demonstrated that careful suture alone is adequate to produce a sufficient anastomosis. The advantages of this suture technique are to provide strength to the intestinal anastomosis, less scar tissue, and fewer peritoneal adhesions. The experimental results suggest that suturing of the submucosa can be used on other intestinal areas, too.", "PMID": 398249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11462", "title": "Challenges from the philosophers to the neuroscientists.", "content": "A practical science of the brain scarcely existed before the 17th century except in terms of gross anatomy. In all countries vitalistic concepts held sway, yielding only slowly to more materialistic views. These developed at a different pace in different countries, due, in each case, to the dominant philosophies of the time: the English empiricists; the French Enlightenment; the Italian and German schools of experimental neurophysiology. The last to accept the materialists' viewpoints was Russia, whose scientists imported them from their training in Western Europe in the 19th century. A brief outline is given of how the history of brain science parallels the history of ideas in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.", "contents": "Challenges from the philosophers to the neuroscientists. A practical science of the brain scarcely existed before the 17th century except in terms of gross anatomy. In all countries vitalistic concepts held sway, yielding only slowly to more materialistic views. These developed at a different pace in different countries, due, in each case, to the dominant philosophies of the time: the English empiricists; the French Enlightenment; the Italian and German schools of experimental neurophysiology. The last to accept the materialists' viewpoints was Russia, whose scientists imported them from their training in Western Europe in the 19th century. A brief outline is given of how the history of brain science parallels the history of ideas in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.", "PMID": 398251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11463", "title": "Some immunological effects of lead, cadmium and methylmercury.", "content": "Environmental contaminants may alter one specific or several segments of the immune response. It is often necessary to examine each parameter (humoral, cell-mediated and macrophage) to assess the extent that each is involved. Lead and cadmium exposure results in suppression of many aspects of the immune response of animals. This suppression often occurs at very low subclinical dosages and therefore is detrimental to the health of animals and perhaps man by methods other than the typical well-documented toxicity which results at larger dosages. Methylmercury has been shown to inhibit the primary, secondary and memory immune response but few studies have described possible effects on T lymphocytes and macrophages. The effect that methylmercury imposes on the immune system needs further investigation.", "contents": "Some immunological effects of lead, cadmium and methylmercury. Environmental contaminants may alter one specific or several segments of the immune response. It is often necessary to examine each parameter (humoral, cell-mediated and macrophage) to assess the extent that each is involved. Lead and cadmium exposure results in suppression of many aspects of the immune response of animals. This suppression often occurs at very low subclinical dosages and therefore is detrimental to the health of animals and perhaps man by methods other than the typical well-documented toxicity which results at larger dosages. Methylmercury has been shown to inhibit the primary, secondary and memory immune response but few studies have described possible effects on T lymphocytes and macrophages. The effect that methylmercury imposes on the immune system needs further investigation.", "PMID": 398253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11464", "title": "[Relationship between clasp force and retention].", "content": "The relationship between the effect of retention, the clasp force, and the intersecting angle were studied experimentally under ideal conditions on phantom prostheses. The measured retention values are distinctly higher than the computed values. The reason for this discrepancy was explained. Clasp retention can be optimized if the functional formation of constructed crowns for clasp teeth is adequate.", "contents": "[Relationship between clasp force and retention]. The relationship between the effect of retention, the clasp force, and the intersecting angle were studied experimentally under ideal conditions on phantom prostheses. The measured retention values are distinctly higher than the computed values. The reason for this discrepancy was explained. Clasp retention can be optimized if the functional formation of constructed crowns for clasp teeth is adequate.", "PMID": 398255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11465", "title": "[Movement pattern of the orofacial soft tissues during mastication].", "content": "On the basis of video tapes and the subsequent evaluation of each recording, it was determined that the orofacial soft tissue of each subject has a characteristic movement pattern. Four different basic patterns of masticatory movements were established. The average vertical movement of the lips was 7.6 mm; the width was reduced by the opening movements at the beginning of the masticatory cycle approximately 13% and only 8.5% at the end of the cycle.", "contents": "[Movement pattern of the orofacial soft tissues during mastication]. On the basis of video tapes and the subsequent evaluation of each recording, it was determined that the orofacial soft tissue of each subject has a characteristic movement pattern. Four different basic patterns of masticatory movements were established. The average vertical movement of the lips was 7.6 mm; the width was reduced by the opening movements at the beginning of the masticatory cycle approximately 13% and only 8.5% at the end of the cycle.", "PMID": 398256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11466", "title": "[Correction of the inclination of the condylar guidance by changing the Bennett angle on the Dentatus articulator].", "content": "Since there is an interrelationship between construction-related inclination of condylar guidance and the Bennett angle with the Dentatus articulator, Lauritzen suggested that the inclination of condylar guidance be adjusted 1 degree in the opposing direction for every 5 degrees alteration in the Bennett angle. This method was rejected because calculations of the interdependence of condylar guidance and Bennett angle showed the results, in some cases, to be worse than when the angle was not adjusted. An exact correction procedure was described.", "contents": "[Correction of the inclination of the condylar guidance by changing the Bennett angle on the Dentatus articulator]. Since there is an interrelationship between construction-related inclination of condylar guidance and the Bennett angle with the Dentatus articulator, Lauritzen suggested that the inclination of condylar guidance be adjusted 1 degree in the opposing direction for every 5 degrees alteration in the Bennett angle. This method was rejected because calculations of the interdependence of condylar guidance and Bennett angle showed the results, in some cases, to be worse than when the angle was not adjusted. An exact correction procedure was described.", "PMID": 398257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11467", "title": "[Comparative studies on the axial point of the prosthesis].", "content": "After marking, the axial point of the temporomandibular joint was arbitrarily determined with a teleradiographic cephalostat according to the Gerber, Ramfjord, Posselt, and Hobo procedure as well as the Whip-Mix-Quick-Mount external arch. The results were compared with the position of the true hinge axis. The distance which this axial point deviated from the axis was measured. Occlusal errors occurring in conjunction with prosthetic and restorative work may be reduced to a minimum if the thinest possible centric tracing is made.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the axial point of the prosthesis]. After marking, the axial point of the temporomandibular joint was arbitrarily determined with a teleradiographic cephalostat according to the Gerber, Ramfjord, Posselt, and Hobo procedure as well as the Whip-Mix-Quick-Mount external arch. The results were compared with the position of the true hinge axis. The distance which this axial point deviated from the axis was measured. Occlusal errors occurring in conjunction with prosthetic and restorative work may be reduced to a minimum if the thinest possible centric tracing is made.", "PMID": 398258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11468", "title": "[Bar-prosthetic management of the edentulous mandible by means of plasma-coated implantation with titanium screws].", "content": "A plasma-coated titanium screw was specially constructed to receive a bar. Since the clinical results were good, we felt justified in presenting our preliminary findings. Given the fact that this implant is relatively new (2 years), our method seems promising because the bar prosthesis can be applied immediately with the standardized instrumentarium, thereby making it possible to exert function a stress on the implant immediately. The implantation method and the preparation technique for the superstructure is discussed in another publication.", "contents": "[Bar-prosthetic management of the edentulous mandible by means of plasma-coated implantation with titanium screws]. A plasma-coated titanium screw was specially constructed to receive a bar. Since the clinical results were good, we felt justified in presenting our preliminary findings. Given the fact that this implant is relatively new (2 years), our method seems promising because the bar prosthesis can be applied immediately with the standardized instrumentarium, thereby making it possible to exert function a stress on the implant immediately. The implantation method and the preparation technique for the superstructure is discussed in another publication.", "PMID": 398260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11469", "title": "Insulin sensitivity of non-obese asymptomatic diabetics in vivo in relation to insulin responsiveness of their adipose tissue in vitro.", "content": "In twenty-four non-obese male subjects a 2-hour glucose infusion test (12 mg/kg/min) with initial bolus injection (0.33 g/kg) was performed as a test of carbohydrate tolerance. Sixteen individuals had a normal and eight a pathological carbohydrate tolerance (asymptomatic diabetes). All subjects received a one-hour insulin infusion (two 30-minutes periods of 8 or 16 mU/kg MC-Actrapid). After two days subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed from the abdominal wall by needle biopsy for characterization of insulin-stimulated (1-14C) glucose incorporation into triglycerides. Under in vivo conditions insulin provoked a decrease of blood glucose concentrations by 31 +/- 3.9% and 11.6 +/- 2.2% as well as of plasma free fatty acids levels by 60 +/- 4.6% and 37 +/- 6.8% in normal persons and asymptomatic diabetics, respectively (p less than 0.01). In vitro the insulin-stimulated incorporation of labeled glucose into triglycerides of adipose tissue was diminished in asymptomatic diabetics. Thus, the results indicate that both the in vivo insulin responsiveness and the in vitro insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue are reduced in early stages of diabetes. The findings suggest that changes in insulin target tissues are equally important in the development of carbohydrate intolerance in non-obese subjects.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity of non-obese asymptomatic diabetics in vivo in relation to insulin responsiveness of their adipose tissue in vitro. In twenty-four non-obese male subjects a 2-hour glucose infusion test (12 mg/kg/min) with initial bolus injection (0.33 g/kg) was performed as a test of carbohydrate tolerance. Sixteen individuals had a normal and eight a pathological carbohydrate tolerance (asymptomatic diabetes). All subjects received a one-hour insulin infusion (two 30-minutes periods of 8 or 16 mU/kg MC-Actrapid). After two days subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed from the abdominal wall by needle biopsy for characterization of insulin-stimulated (1-14C) glucose incorporation into triglycerides. Under in vivo conditions insulin provoked a decrease of blood glucose concentrations by 31 +/- 3.9% and 11.6 +/- 2.2% as well as of plasma free fatty acids levels by 60 +/- 4.6% and 37 +/- 6.8% in normal persons and asymptomatic diabetics, respectively (p less than 0.01). In vitro the insulin-stimulated incorporation of labeled glucose into triglycerides of adipose tissue was diminished in asymptomatic diabetics. Thus, the results indicate that both the in vivo insulin responsiveness and the in vitro insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue are reduced in early stages of diabetes. The findings suggest that changes in insulin target tissues are equally important in the development of carbohydrate intolerance in non-obese subjects.", "PMID": 398297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11470", "title": "Gastric carcinoma associated with severe hypoglycemia sensitive to diazoxide.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the stomach associated with severe hypoglycemia is reported. Diagnosis of insulinoma was excluded on the basis of history as well as laboratory tests. Postmortem examination revealed widespread small metastases to various organs; no metastasis was found in the pancreas; the histology of this gland did not show any pathological finding. No impairment in pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and liver function was detected. Fasting blood sugar ranged from 18 to 56 mg/100 ml. An oral glucose tolerance test showed a diabetic pattern with low insulin. Tolbutamide, glucagon and glucose injected i.v. gave only a moderate rise in plasma insulin levels; plasma glucagon response to arginine was subnormal. The determination of NSILA-s and gastrin in the serum of this patient gave normal values. Diazoxide infusion induced an increase in blood glucose and subsequent treatment with diazoxide relieved hypoglycemia for some months. The occasional detection of an islet cell antibody by immunofluorescence in this case is not easily understandable, but it might partly account for the carbohydrate intolerance. An impairment in gluconeogenesis dependent upon some substrate deficiency might account for the hypoglycemia in this patient.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma associated with severe hypoglycemia sensitive to diazoxide. A case of carcinoma of the stomach associated with severe hypoglycemia is reported. Diagnosis of insulinoma was excluded on the basis of history as well as laboratory tests. Postmortem examination revealed widespread small metastases to various organs; no metastasis was found in the pancreas; the histology of this gland did not show any pathological finding. No impairment in pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and liver function was detected. Fasting blood sugar ranged from 18 to 56 mg/100 ml. An oral glucose tolerance test showed a diabetic pattern with low insulin. Tolbutamide, glucagon and glucose injected i.v. gave only a moderate rise in plasma insulin levels; plasma glucagon response to arginine was subnormal. The determination of NSILA-s and gastrin in the serum of this patient gave normal values. Diazoxide infusion induced an increase in blood glucose and subsequent treatment with diazoxide relieved hypoglycemia for some months. The occasional detection of an islet cell antibody by immunofluorescence in this case is not easily understandable, but it might partly account for the carbohydrate intolerance. An impairment in gluconeogenesis dependent upon some substrate deficiency might account for the hypoglycemia in this patient.", "PMID": 398298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11471", "title": "[Treatment of ambulatory unstable diabetic patients by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin: preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the present work was to examine the possibility of improving the metabolic control of ambulatory unstable diabetic patients by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin. For this purpose, a simple portable pump infusing insulin at a constant rate of 0.8 or 1.1 U/h was utilized. Pulses of a more concentrated insulin solution were superimposed 30-60 min. before meals. Blood glucose control during conventional insulin therapy and during continuous infusion was compared by measuring the mean blood glucose and the M-value of Schlichtkrull. Blood glucose fluctuations were estimated by the MAGE index of Service and Molnar. Three patients were submitted to continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin during periods of 1, 5 and 6 weeks. In two cases, the application of this technic considerably improved the metabolic control as evidenced by a remarkable decrease of the three measured parameters. In one patient, continuous infusion of insulin was stopped after one week since it did not lead to an improvement of diabetic equilibrium. This failure was apparently due to emotional intolerance of the new technic. On two occasions, infection at the site of infusion was noted. These results should encourage longer-term studies involving a larger number of patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of ambulatory unstable diabetic patients by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin: preliminary results (author's transl)]. The aim of the present work was to examine the possibility of improving the metabolic control of ambulatory unstable diabetic patients by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin. For this purpose, a simple portable pump infusing insulin at a constant rate of 0.8 or 1.1 U/h was utilized. Pulses of a more concentrated insulin solution were superimposed 30-60 min. before meals. Blood glucose control during conventional insulin therapy and during continuous infusion was compared by measuring the mean blood glucose and the M-value of Schlichtkrull. Blood glucose fluctuations were estimated by the MAGE index of Service and Molnar. Three patients were submitted to continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin during periods of 1, 5 and 6 weeks. In two cases, the application of this technic considerably improved the metabolic control as evidenced by a remarkable decrease of the three measured parameters. In one patient, continuous infusion of insulin was stopped after one week since it did not lead to an improvement of diabetic equilibrium. This failure was apparently due to emotional intolerance of the new technic. On two occasions, infection at the site of infusion was noted. These results should encourage longer-term studies involving a larger number of patients.", "PMID": 398299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11472", "title": "Insulin-dependent diabetes and HLA.", "content": "The study of a hundred and fifteen unrelated insulin-dependent diabetes and eight families with at least two insulin-dependent diabetes members made it possible to confirm the higher frequency of HLA-B8 and B18 (p less than 0.001) among patients, producing a RR of 2.24 and 2.47 respectively. The increased B15 frequency did not achieve statistical significance. B18 whose gametic association (delta = 0.0438) was significant only in diabetic patients was often related to Aw19-2 (Aw30 + Aw31). The B8/B18 genotype gave a relative risk (RR = 4.98) which was significantly higher than that of B8, B18 and B15 heterozygotes (1.50, 1.24 and 1.39 respectively). Pairs of diabetic siblings were more frequently HLA identical than would be expected by chance, and distribution of the pairs of affected sibs into the three categories, identical, semi-identical and different, was closer to the recessive model than to the dominant one. The fact that the B8/B18 individuals had a RR slightly higher than the B8 and B18 homozygotes and distinctly higher than the heterozygotes for only one of these genes, favours the hypothesis of two dominant genes, giving the appearance of recessivity. The gene associated with B18 in Southern Europe seems to play the same part as that of the gene associated with B15 in Northern Europe.", "contents": "Insulin-dependent diabetes and HLA. The study of a hundred and fifteen unrelated insulin-dependent diabetes and eight families with at least two insulin-dependent diabetes members made it possible to confirm the higher frequency of HLA-B8 and B18 (p less than 0.001) among patients, producing a RR of 2.24 and 2.47 respectively. The increased B15 frequency did not achieve statistical significance. B18 whose gametic association (delta = 0.0438) was significant only in diabetic patients was often related to Aw19-2 (Aw30 + Aw31). The B8/B18 genotype gave a relative risk (RR = 4.98) which was significantly higher than that of B8, B18 and B15 heterozygotes (1.50, 1.24 and 1.39 respectively). Pairs of diabetic siblings were more frequently HLA identical than would be expected by chance, and distribution of the pairs of affected sibs into the three categories, identical, semi-identical and different, was closer to the recessive model than to the dominant one. The fact that the B8/B18 individuals had a RR slightly higher than the B8 and B18 homozygotes and distinctly higher than the heterozygotes for only one of these genes, favours the hypothesis of two dominant genes, giving the appearance of recessivity. The gene associated with B18 in Southern Europe seems to play the same part as that of the gene associated with B15 in Northern Europe.", "PMID": 398300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11473", "title": "The porphyrias.", "content": "The heterogeneous group of diseases called the porphyrias may all be characterised by derangement of specific stages in the haem biosynthetic pathway. In the acute porphyrias; acute intermittent porphyria, urophorphyrinogen 1 synthase, hereditary coproporphyria, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and variegate porphyria, ferrochelatase or protoporphyrinogen oxidase, are the enzymes affected, whilst in the non acute porphyrias, cutaneous hepatic porphyria, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, congenital porphyria, uroporphyrinogen cosynthase; and erythropoietic protoporphyria; ferrochelatase are the enzymes affected. In each of the porphyrias, the activity of the initial and rate controlling enzyme of the pathway, delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase is raised which constitutes the principal control point of the pathway. Secondary control in each of these diseases lies at the leve of uroporphyrinogen 1 synthase. As a consequence of this secondary control, there is excessive excretion of the porphyrin precursors delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in the acute porphyrias and excessive excretion of porphyrins leading to solar photosensitivity in the non-acute porphyrias and in variegate and hereditary coproporphyria. There are a number of secondary metabolic aspects in the porphyrias, such as the role of steroid metabolism; the influence of drugs in the potentiation of attacks; and the potential for the pathway to branch at stages prior to porphyrin formation which result in the synthesis of various monopyrroles. The therapy of the two groups of porphyrias are quite different. Prophylaxis is important in both types but is particularly important in the avoidance of various drugs in the acute porphyrias. The acute attack may be specifically treated with carbohydrates, beta-blockers and haematin. Cutaneous hepatic porphyria may be treated by venesection, erythropoietic protoporphyria with beta caratene whilst congenital porphyria may be improved by splenectomy and chloroquine therapy.", "contents": "The porphyrias. The heterogeneous group of diseases called the porphyrias may all be characterised by derangement of specific stages in the haem biosynthetic pathway. In the acute porphyrias; acute intermittent porphyria, urophorphyrinogen 1 synthase, hereditary coproporphyria, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and variegate porphyria, ferrochelatase or protoporphyrinogen oxidase, are the enzymes affected, whilst in the non acute porphyrias, cutaneous hepatic porphyria, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, congenital porphyria, uroporphyrinogen cosynthase; and erythropoietic protoporphyria; ferrochelatase are the enzymes affected. In each of the porphyrias, the activity of the initial and rate controlling enzyme of the pathway, delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase is raised which constitutes the principal control point of the pathway. Secondary control in each of these diseases lies at the leve of uroporphyrinogen 1 synthase. As a consequence of this secondary control, there is excessive excretion of the porphyrin precursors delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in the acute porphyrias and excessive excretion of porphyrins leading to solar photosensitivity in the non-acute porphyrias and in variegate and hereditary coproporphyria. There are a number of secondary metabolic aspects in the porphyrias, such as the role of steroid metabolism; the influence of drugs in the potentiation of attacks; and the potential for the pathway to branch at stages prior to porphyrin formation which result in the synthesis of various monopyrroles. The therapy of the two groups of porphyrias are quite different. Prophylaxis is important in both types but is particularly important in the avoidance of various drugs in the acute porphyrias. The acute attack may be specifically treated with carbohydrates, beta-blockers and haematin. Cutaneous hepatic porphyria may be treated by venesection, erythropoietic protoporphyria with beta caratene whilst congenital porphyria may be improved by splenectomy and chloroquine therapy.", "PMID": 398301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11474", "title": "The fate of mitochondrial loci in rho minus mutants induced by ultraviolet irradiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of different post-irradiation treatments.", "content": "Three main features regarding the loss of mitochondrial genetic markers among rho- mutants induced by ultraviolet irradiation are reported: (a) the frequency of loss of six loci examined increases with UV dose; (b) preferential loss of one region of the mitochondrial genome observed in spontaneous rho- mutants is enhanced by UV; and (c) the loss of each marker results from large deletions. Marker loss in rho- mutants was also investigated under conditions that modulate rho- induction. Liquid holding of irradiated exponential or stationary phase cells, as well as a split-dose regime applied to stationary phase cells, results in rho- mutants in which the loss of markers is correlated with rho- induction: the more sensitive the cells are to rho- induction, the more frequent are the marker losses among rho- clones derived from these cells. This correlation is not found in exponential-phase cells submitted to a split-dose treatment, suggesting that a different mechanism is involved in the latter case. It is known that UV-induced pyrimidine dimers are not excised in a controlled manner in mitochondrial DNA. However, our studies indicate that an accurate repair mechanism (of the recombinational type ?) can lead to the restoration of mitochondrial genetic information in growing cells.", "contents": "The fate of mitochondrial loci in rho minus mutants induced by ultraviolet irradiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of different post-irradiation treatments. Three main features regarding the loss of mitochondrial genetic markers among rho- mutants induced by ultraviolet irradiation are reported: (a) the frequency of loss of six loci examined increases with UV dose; (b) preferential loss of one region of the mitochondrial genome observed in spontaneous rho- mutants is enhanced by UV; and (c) the loss of each marker results from large deletions. Marker loss in rho- mutants was also investigated under conditions that modulate rho- induction. Liquid holding of irradiated exponential or stationary phase cells, as well as a split-dose regime applied to stationary phase cells, results in rho- mutants in which the loss of markers is correlated with rho- induction: the more sensitive the cells are to rho- induction, the more frequent are the marker losses among rho- clones derived from these cells. This correlation is not found in exponential-phase cells submitted to a split-dose treatment, suggesting that a different mechanism is involved in the latter case. It is known that UV-induced pyrimidine dimers are not excised in a controlled manner in mitochondrial DNA. However, our studies indicate that an accurate repair mechanism (of the recombinational type ?) can lead to the restoration of mitochondrial genetic information in growing cells.", "PMID": 398308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11475", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of lofepramin and mianserin in depressed patients in a double blind trial].", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of two newly developed anti-depressants lofepramine and mianserin was compared in a double-blind clinical trial in 30 depressed inpatients. During the treatment period of 4 weeks the depressive symptoms assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression decreased in both groups. In this trial a stronger influence of lofepramine on the factor 'retarded depression' could be demonstrated (p = 0.08). In addition lofepramine showed a significantly better reduction of anxious reactions than mianserin (p less than 0.01). Concerning tolerance, no difference between the two drugs was observed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of lofepramin and mianserin in depressed patients in a double blind trial]. The therapeutic efficacy of two newly developed anti-depressants lofepramine and mianserin was compared in a double-blind clinical trial in 30 depressed inpatients. During the treatment period of 4 weeks the depressive symptoms assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression decreased in both groups. In this trial a stronger influence of lofepramine on the factor 'retarded depression' could be demonstrated (p = 0.08). In addition lofepramine showed a significantly better reduction of anxious reactions than mianserin (p less than 0.01). Concerning tolerance, no difference between the two drugs was observed.", "PMID": 398350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11476", "title": "Imparied glucose tolerance in long-term lithium-treated patients.", "content": "The oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed twice in patients under long-term lithium treatment. Blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined. The oGTT results were evaluated by three criteria (K\u00f6bberling-Creutzfeldt, WHO, and Epidemiological Study Group of the European Diabetes Association) and were compared to two representative reference studies from normal populations. The frequency of impaired glucose tolerance in the patients was three times higher than expected on the basis of the studies on normal populations. The variability of the oGTT curves between the first and second tests as well as the steepness of the time-course of the 'insulinogenic index' suggested mild disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism (mild diabetes) in some of the patients. It is considered unlikely that the impairment of glucose tolerance in the patients was a direct pharmacological effect of lithium salts. The possible role of age, sex, manic-depressive disease, additional medication, and particularly obesity in the effects of long-term lithium treatment on glucose tolerance is discussed. The authors suggest that the oGTT should be carried out periodically in long-term, lithium-treated patients over the age of 40 years in order to detect abnormalities in their carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Imparied glucose tolerance in long-term lithium-treated patients. The oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed twice in patients under long-term lithium treatment. Blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined. The oGTT results were evaluated by three criteria (K\u00f6bberling-Creutzfeldt, WHO, and Epidemiological Study Group of the European Diabetes Association) and were compared to two representative reference studies from normal populations. The frequency of impaired glucose tolerance in the patients was three times higher than expected on the basis of the studies on normal populations. The variability of the oGTT curves between the first and second tests as well as the steepness of the time-course of the 'insulinogenic index' suggested mild disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism (mild diabetes) in some of the patients. It is considered unlikely that the impairment of glucose tolerance in the patients was a direct pharmacological effect of lithium salts. The possible role of age, sex, manic-depressive disease, additional medication, and particularly obesity in the effects of long-term lithium treatment on glucose tolerance is discussed. The authors suggest that the oGTT should be carried out periodically in long-term, lithium-treated patients over the age of 40 years in order to detect abnormalities in their carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 398351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11477", "title": "[Immunologic examination methods in dermatology diagnosis].", "content": "A survey is made of current usage of immunological test systems with regard to dermatology in general, and the practical importance of these techniques for the practizing dermatologist. Humoral and cellular immune systems are outlined; immunofluorescence, and determinations of cellular immune parameters are covered in more detail.", "contents": "[Immunologic examination methods in dermatology diagnosis]. A survey is made of current usage of immunological test systems with regard to dermatology in general, and the practical importance of these techniques for the practizing dermatologist. Humoral and cellular immune systems are outlined; immunofluorescence, and determinations of cellular immune parameters are covered in more detail.", "PMID": 398358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11478", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes and necrotizing vasculitis].", "content": "55 patients with necrotizing and with various forms of lymphocytic vasculitis were investigated for the presence of vascular deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig) and C3 by immunofluorescence testing of skin biopsies and with a 125I-Clq-binding assay for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Vascular deposits of Ig and C3 were found frequently both in patients with necrotizing and with lymphocytic vasculitis. In contrast, C1q binding activity was found almost exclusively in sera of patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis. With one exception, all sera with C1q binding activity were from patients with vascular deposits of Ig and C3. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the development of system involvement in necrotizing vasculitis are discussed.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes and necrotizing vasculitis]. 55 patients with necrotizing and with various forms of lymphocytic vasculitis were investigated for the presence of vascular deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig) and C3 by immunofluorescence testing of skin biopsies and with a 125I-Clq-binding assay for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Vascular deposits of Ig and C3 were found frequently both in patients with necrotizing and with lymphocytic vasculitis. In contrast, C1q binding activity was found almost exclusively in sera of patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis. With one exception, all sera with C1q binding activity were from patients with vascular deposits of Ig and C3. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the development of system involvement in necrotizing vasculitis are discussed.", "PMID": 398359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11479", "title": "[Is psoriasis an autoimmunologic disease?].", "content": "DThe defective function of T-lymphocytes, which is a finding in active psoriasis, is transitional and reversible, whereas the immunological mechanism is mainly related to the formation of immune complexes consisting of stratum corneum antibodies and stratum corneum antigen, which through binding of complement and activation of chemotactic complement components is responsible for the phenomenon of \"squirting papillae\". The earliest lesions preceding pin point papules, called pre-pin-point papules, were induced by stripping or developed spontaneously in a marked field closely observed for several days. In the changes preceding earliest psoriatic lesions. Abundant polymorphonuclear infiltrates are present, and polymorphs seem to play an important role in a selfperpetuating of disease process. The therapeutic implications of the immunologic studies in psoriasis are: either depletion of activated polymorphs (eg. continuous peritoneal dialysis) and/or removal of the factors responsible for their activation (eg. treatment of focal infections) or external use of the drugs affecting the antigenicity of stratum corneum (tars), or inhibition of exocytosis (a probable mechanism of puva).", "contents": "[Is psoriasis an autoimmunologic disease?]. DThe defective function of T-lymphocytes, which is a finding in active psoriasis, is transitional and reversible, whereas the immunological mechanism is mainly related to the formation of immune complexes consisting of stratum corneum antibodies and stratum corneum antigen, which through binding of complement and activation of chemotactic complement components is responsible for the phenomenon of \"squirting papillae\". The earliest lesions preceding pin point papules, called pre-pin-point papules, were induced by stripping or developed spontaneously in a marked field closely observed for several days. In the changes preceding earliest psoriatic lesions. Abundant polymorphonuclear infiltrates are present, and polymorphs seem to play an important role in a selfperpetuating of disease process. The therapeutic implications of the immunologic studies in psoriasis are: either depletion of activated polymorphs (eg. continuous peritoneal dialysis) and/or removal of the factors responsible for their activation (eg. treatment of focal infections) or external use of the drugs affecting the antigenicity of stratum corneum (tars), or inhibition of exocytosis (a probable mechanism of puva).", "PMID": 398360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11480", "title": "[A new method for serologic detection of Treponema pallidum reinfection].", "content": "Sources of error in the detection of specific IgM-antibodies against Treponema pallidum could be overcome by the introduction of a new method for precise separation of immunoglobulins. The 19-S-IgM-FTA-ABS-test apparently permits a correct diagnosis of syphilitic reinfection. This method is not only specific but also earlier reactive than the VDRL-test. The short-time persistence of 19 S-IgM production after treatment and its renewed appearance enables for the first time a differentiation between treatment failure and reinfection.", "contents": "[A new method for serologic detection of Treponema pallidum reinfection]. Sources of error in the detection of specific IgM-antibodies against Treponema pallidum could be overcome by the introduction of a new method for precise separation of immunoglobulins. The 19-S-IgM-FTA-ABS-test apparently permits a correct diagnosis of syphilitic reinfection. This method is not only specific but also earlier reactive than the VDRL-test. The short-time persistence of 19 S-IgM production after treatment and its renewed appearance enables for the first time a differentiation between treatment failure and reinfection.", "PMID": 398361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11481", "title": "Improved method for the cyanogen bromide activation of agarose beads.", "content": "The significant new feature of the procedure is the reaction control of the BrCN activation merely by the slow transit of BrCN from a dispersed organic phase to the aqueous phase containing agarose beads in concentrated buffer. The product thus obtained was applied in a model immunoaffinity chromatographic separation. Experimental conditions are given for the control of the degree of activation and of the multiplicity of attachment of the protein ligand, for optimizing the immunological reactivity of the immunosorbent and for minimizing leakage of covalently bound protein from the resin.", "contents": "Improved method for the cyanogen bromide activation of agarose beads. The significant new feature of the procedure is the reaction control of the BrCN activation merely by the slow transit of BrCN from a dispersed organic phase to the aqueous phase containing agarose beads in concentrated buffer. The product thus obtained was applied in a model immunoaffinity chromatographic separation. Experimental conditions are given for the control of the degree of activation and of the multiplicity of attachment of the protein ligand, for optimizing the immunological reactivity of the immunosorbent and for minimizing leakage of covalently bound protein from the resin.", "PMID": 398363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11482", "title": "[Sequential test with clomiphene and LH-RH in cases of anovulatory sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "In sterile menstruating women with anovulatory cycle, the response of plasmatic gonadotropins and urinary total Estrogens and Pregnandiol to the administration of Clomifene and LH-RH in a sequential test is studied. Five different types of response, similar to those detected in previous studies using the LH-RH test, are identified; in them, uniformity in the response of gonadotropins exists to both LH-RH and Clomifene. The results obtained seem to confirm the existence of diverse etiopathogenic mechanisms in the alterations of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian axis resulting in anovulatory cycle.", "contents": "[Sequential test with clomiphene and LH-RH in cases of anovulatory sterility (author's transl)]. In sterile menstruating women with anovulatory cycle, the response of plasmatic gonadotropins and urinary total Estrogens and Pregnandiol to the administration of Clomifene and LH-RH in a sequential test is studied. Five different types of response, similar to those detected in previous studies using the LH-RH test, are identified; in them, uniformity in the response of gonadotropins exists to both LH-RH and Clomifene. The results obtained seem to confirm the existence of diverse etiopathogenic mechanisms in the alterations of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian axis resulting in anovulatory cycle.", "PMID": 398374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11483", "title": "[Tuberculosis of the breast. A revue of the literature in connection with a personal case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, having had a personal case that they report, have carried out a general review of tuberculosis of the breast. It is a rare affection which usually attacks women during reproductive life, mainly because of the influence of hormones on the condition. Clinically it is difficult to differentiate it from cancer and it can present in two forms, a superficial and a deep one, a diffuse one and a circumscribed one. All the same, there is a definite feature which is fistula formation. The diagnosis depends on the biopsy, which shows specific histological lesions, and on the bacteriological examination, which shows the Koch's bacillus. Mammography is not very characteristic and thermography is of too recent appearance. Treatment consists in anti-tuberculous chemotherapy at first, surgery being reserved for residual lesions.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of the breast. A revue of the literature in connection with a personal case (author's transl)]. The authors, having had a personal case that they report, have carried out a general review of tuberculosis of the breast. It is a rare affection which usually attacks women during reproductive life, mainly because of the influence of hormones on the condition. Clinically it is difficult to differentiate it from cancer and it can present in two forms, a superficial and a deep one, a diffuse one and a circumscribed one. All the same, there is a definite feature which is fistula formation. The diagnosis depends on the biopsy, which shows specific histological lesions, and on the bacteriological examination, which shows the Koch's bacillus. Mammography is not very characteristic and thermography is of too recent appearance. Treatment consists in anti-tuberculous chemotherapy at first, surgery being reserved for residual lesions.", "PMID": 398375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11484", "title": "A description of the DAVID interactive instructional television system and its application to post-high school education of the deaf.", "content": "This describes the unique DAVID instructional system, which merges motion, color, and audio capacities from instructional television with individualized student interaction, answer analysis, immediate reinforcement, individualized lesson content, branching, and data gathering from computer-assisted instruction. DAVID (Digital And Video Interactive Device) instruction includes drill and practice, tutorial, and dialogue strategies based on existing and new TV lessons. The system was created for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf by Dr. vonFeldt and was operational in November 1977. This paper includes (1) a description of deaf student needs, which were the basis for system development; (2) description of the completed prototype (DAVID); and (3) results of preliminary testing of the system with deaf students.", "contents": "A description of the DAVID interactive instructional television system and its application to post-high school education of the deaf. This describes the unique DAVID instructional system, which merges motion, color, and audio capacities from instructional television with individualized student interaction, answer analysis, immediate reinforcement, individualized lesson content, branching, and data gathering from computer-assisted instruction. DAVID (Digital And Video Interactive Device) instruction includes drill and practice, tutorial, and dialogue strategies based on existing and new TV lessons. The system was created for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf by Dr. vonFeldt and was operational in November 1977. This paper includes (1) a description of deaf student needs, which were the basis for system development; (2) description of the completed prototype (DAVID); and (3) results of preliminary testing of the system with deaf students.", "PMID": 398397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11485", "title": "Medical applications in the TANDEM-16 multiple computer system environment.", "content": "This paper addresses the question of reliability and the TANDEM-16 approach to facilitate reliable computers. Specifically, the use of the TANDEM-16 within the medical environment is described. Three current applications within the Medical Computing Resources Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas are developed, each characterized by different reliability considerations.", "contents": "Medical applications in the TANDEM-16 multiple computer system environment. This paper addresses the question of reliability and the TANDEM-16 approach to facilitate reliable computers. Specifically, the use of the TANDEM-16 within the medical environment is described. Three current applications within the Medical Computing Resources Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas are developed, each characterized by different reliability considerations.", "PMID": 398398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11486", "title": "Cranial defects repair by replacing bone flaps.", "content": "The Authors, after few historical remarks, discuss the indications and the contra-indications for cranioplasty. Although, in the last 30 years, various materials and techniques have been investigated and proposed, the Authors suggest, as method of choice, the reimplantation to each patient of his own volet, when possible, to repair skulls defects. This technique in fact permits to restore an almost normal physiological condition of the cranial vault functions. In the light of the recent researches on the \"bone induction principle\" and on the possibility of storing at a temperature of -30 degrees C in a freezer the bone flap in ideal condition before the reimplantation, this method is proposed again. The Authors report their experience on 15 patients, 13 of whom have been successful; a perfect aseptic storage, a rational choice of the patients who should be treated and a correct surgical approach are underlined as mandatory for the successful use of the technique. The mean follow up for the 13 successful patients is 15 months. In the paper the 2 unfavourable cases are discussed too: the hypothetical causes which lead to reject of the reimplants are suggested and debated.", "contents": "Cranial defects repair by replacing bone flaps. The Authors, after few historical remarks, discuss the indications and the contra-indications for cranioplasty. Although, in the last 30 years, various materials and techniques have been investigated and proposed, the Authors suggest, as method of choice, the reimplantation to each patient of his own volet, when possible, to repair skulls defects. This technique in fact permits to restore an almost normal physiological condition of the cranial vault functions. In the light of the recent researches on the \"bone induction principle\" and on the possibility of storing at a temperature of -30 degrees C in a freezer the bone flap in ideal condition before the reimplantation, this method is proposed again. The Authors report their experience on 15 patients, 13 of whom have been successful; a perfect aseptic storage, a rational choice of the patients who should be treated and a correct surgical approach are underlined as mandatory for the successful use of the technique. The mean follow up for the 13 successful patients is 15 months. In the paper the 2 unfavourable cases are discussed too: the hypothetical causes which lead to reject of the reimplants are suggested and debated.", "PMID": 398402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11487", "title": "Behavioral medicine approaches to hypertension: an integrative analysis of theory and research.", "content": "This article compares behavioral and biological approaches to hypertension, highlights some of the practical, semantic, and theoretical issues involved, and attempts a constructive, behavioral medicine integration of these approaches. The major behavioral approaches to hypertension are described, with a focus on their conceptual limitations as stimulants to research into psychobiological mechanisms. A biobehavioral systems analysis of hypertension is outlined, emphasizing the role of the central nervous system as a common pathway relating environmental and behavioral factors to cardiovascular regulatory dynamics and disease. Schwartz's concept of blood pressure disregulation is discussed, by which behavioral \"feedback loops\" may be included in the pathogenesis of homeostatic disorders. A detailed discussion of concepts underlying the clinical pharmacological approach to hypertension is provided; parallels are drawn between the conceptual framework and the theoretical and practical questions facing behavioral researchers concerned with hypertension. Synergistic interactive effects of drug and behavioral treatments are proposed. A biobehavioral overview, which links pressor and depressor stimulus patterns to both pathogenesis and therapy, can serve to integrate the previous biobehavioral systems analysis, the conceptual framework of clinical pharmacology, and the notion of biobehavioral disregulation of blood pressure. Implications for future behavioral medicine research in hypertension are provided.", "contents": "Behavioral medicine approaches to hypertension: an integrative analysis of theory and research. This article compares behavioral and biological approaches to hypertension, highlights some of the practical, semantic, and theoretical issues involved, and attempts a constructive, behavioral medicine integration of these approaches. The major behavioral approaches to hypertension are described, with a focus on their conceptual limitations as stimulants to research into psychobiological mechanisms. A biobehavioral systems analysis of hypertension is outlined, emphasizing the role of the central nervous system as a common pathway relating environmental and behavioral factors to cardiovascular regulatory dynamics and disease. Schwartz's concept of blood pressure disregulation is discussed, by which behavioral \"feedback loops\" may be included in the pathogenesis of homeostatic disorders. A detailed discussion of concepts underlying the clinical pharmacological approach to hypertension is provided; parallels are drawn between the conceptual framework and the theoretical and practical questions facing behavioral researchers concerned with hypertension. Synergistic interactive effects of drug and behavioral treatments are proposed. A biobehavioral overview, which links pressor and depressor stimulus patterns to both pathogenesis and therapy, can serve to integrate the previous biobehavioral systems analysis, the conceptual framework of clinical pharmacology, and the notion of biobehavioral disregulation of blood pressure. Implications for future behavioral medicine research in hypertension are provided.", "PMID": 398408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11488", "title": "Effect of prolonged uremia on insulin metabolism by isolated liver and muscle.", "content": "As the prolonged metabolic clearance rate of insulin in chronic uremia cannot be entirely explained by impaired removal and degradation of insulin by the kidney, we set out to determine whether prolonged uremia depresses other major sites of insulin degradation. The study was conducted with livers and skeletal muscle obtained from normal control rats and uremic rats 4 weeks after 80% nephrectomy. Despite a significant difference between renal function in the control and uremic rats (BUN, 18 vs. 46 mg/dl), there was no significant difference in the clearance of insulin by isolated uremic or control livers perfused with a bloodless medium. Similarly, the 125I-insulin degrading activity of liver homogenates was not depressed by uremia. In contrast, binding and degradation by uremic liver cell membranes was significantly reduced to 58% and 85% of the controls, respectively. Degradation by homogenates of skeletal muscle and by intact epitrochlaris muscle was significantly less in uremics than in controls. These results indicate that chronic uremia depresses skeletal muscle insulin degradation but not hepatic insulin removal or degradation despite a decrease in insulin binding and degradation by liver plasma membranes. It thus appears that depression of insulin degradation by muscle may contribute to the prolonged insulin metabolic clearance rate seen in chronic uremia. Furthermore, it is possible that the impaired binding of insulin to liver membranes may play a role in the insulin resistance of uremia.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged uremia on insulin metabolism by isolated liver and muscle. As the prolonged metabolic clearance rate of insulin in chronic uremia cannot be entirely explained by impaired removal and degradation of insulin by the kidney, we set out to determine whether prolonged uremia depresses other major sites of insulin degradation. The study was conducted with livers and skeletal muscle obtained from normal control rats and uremic rats 4 weeks after 80% nephrectomy. Despite a significant difference between renal function in the control and uremic rats (BUN, 18 vs. 46 mg/dl), there was no significant difference in the clearance of insulin by isolated uremic or control livers perfused with a bloodless medium. Similarly, the 125I-insulin degrading activity of liver homogenates was not depressed by uremia. In contrast, binding and degradation by uremic liver cell membranes was significantly reduced to 58% and 85% of the controls, respectively. Degradation by homogenates of skeletal muscle and by intact epitrochlaris muscle was significantly less in uremics than in controls. These results indicate that chronic uremia depresses skeletal muscle insulin degradation but not hepatic insulin removal or degradation despite a decrease in insulin binding and degradation by liver plasma membranes. It thus appears that depression of insulin degradation by muscle may contribute to the prolonged insulin metabolic clearance rate seen in chronic uremia. Furthermore, it is possible that the impaired binding of insulin to liver membranes may play a role in the insulin resistance of uremia.", "PMID": 398415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11489", "title": "Sodium-chloride-induced protection in nephrotoxic acute renal failure: independence from renin.", "content": "It has been shown that the severity of experimentally induced acute renal failure (ARF) is inversely related to dietary sodium chloride intake, and the effects have been attributed to the concurrent changes in renal renin. In the current study, renal renin of rats was increased by chronic sodium deprivation and decreased by chronic sodium loading and DOCA administration. In two nephrotoxic models (mercuric chloride, uranyl nitrate), giving previously sodium-deprived rats 1% sodium chloride to drink for 48 hours prior to ARF induction greatly attenuated the severity without any reduction in their high renal renin. Conversely, giving previously sodium-loaded rats tap water to drink for 4 to 5 days prior to AFR induction greatly enhanced the severity without any increase in their subnormal renal renin. Therefore, the changes in severity of ARF resulting from changes in dietary sodium are not mediated by changes in renal renin. Significant inverse correlations were found between mean peak BUN values during the follow-up period (5 to 7 days) and the 24-hour urinary sodium excretions prior to ARF induction in both models, suggesting that sodium intake and/or excretion at the time of induction is a good predictor of the severity. The effects of sodium chloride in both models were predominantly expressed during the maintenance phase, and consisted of attenuation of the severity (both models) and hastening of the recovery (mercuric chloride model). Possible mechanisms by which dietary sodium produced its effects, independently of its effects on the renin-angiotensin system, are discussed.", "contents": "Sodium-chloride-induced protection in nephrotoxic acute renal failure: independence from renin. It has been shown that the severity of experimentally induced acute renal failure (ARF) is inversely related to dietary sodium chloride intake, and the effects have been attributed to the concurrent changes in renal renin. In the current study, renal renin of rats was increased by chronic sodium deprivation and decreased by chronic sodium loading and DOCA administration. In two nephrotoxic models (mercuric chloride, uranyl nitrate), giving previously sodium-deprived rats 1% sodium chloride to drink for 48 hours prior to ARF induction greatly attenuated the severity without any reduction in their high renal renin. Conversely, giving previously sodium-loaded rats tap water to drink for 4 to 5 days prior to AFR induction greatly enhanced the severity without any increase in their subnormal renal renin. Therefore, the changes in severity of ARF resulting from changes in dietary sodium are not mediated by changes in renal renin. Significant inverse correlations were found between mean peak BUN values during the follow-up period (5 to 7 days) and the 24-hour urinary sodium excretions prior to ARF induction in both models, suggesting that sodium intake and/or excretion at the time of induction is a good predictor of the severity. The effects of sodium chloride in both models were predominantly expressed during the maintenance phase, and consisted of attenuation of the severity (both models) and hastening of the recovery (mercuric chloride model). Possible mechanisms by which dietary sodium produced its effects, independently of its effects on the renin-angiotensin system, are discussed.", "PMID": 398416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11490", "title": "Glomerular deposition of complement-control proteins in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) differed from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and lupus nephritis (SLE) in that two of the proteins that control the C3b-dependent convertase, beta 1H and the C3bC4b-inactivator cofactor (C3bC4bICo), were frequently absent from the glomerular deposits. In addition, factor B was distributed with C3 in the capillary walls in hypocomplementemic AGN patients. From this, it can be assumed that C3bBb is in the deposits, uninhibited by control proteins as would be predicted for alternative pathway activation. Factor B could not be found in normocomplementemic AGN, was rarely present in MPGN, but was usually present in SLE, most often in the mesangium. In MPGN and SLE, the control proteins were nearly always present in the glomeruli in a distribution like that of C3; IN MPGN they were particularly abundant. Complement profiles indicated an occasional transient reduction in serum C4 level early in AGN. Thus, although there is occasional evidence of early classical activation in AGN, more characteristic is a long period of alternative activation. Serum levels of control proteins did not deviate greatly from normal except for reduced serum beta 1H levels in MPGN type I.", "contents": "Glomerular deposition of complement-control proteins in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) differed from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and lupus nephritis (SLE) in that two of the proteins that control the C3b-dependent convertase, beta 1H and the C3bC4b-inactivator cofactor (C3bC4bICo), were frequently absent from the glomerular deposits. In addition, factor B was distributed with C3 in the capillary walls in hypocomplementemic AGN patients. From this, it can be assumed that C3bBb is in the deposits, uninhibited by control proteins as would be predicted for alternative pathway activation. Factor B could not be found in normocomplementemic AGN, was rarely present in MPGN, but was usually present in SLE, most often in the mesangium. In MPGN and SLE, the control proteins were nearly always present in the glomeruli in a distribution like that of C3; IN MPGN they were particularly abundant. Complement profiles indicated an occasional transient reduction in serum C4 level early in AGN. Thus, although there is occasional evidence of early classical activation in AGN, more characteristic is a long period of alternative activation. Serum levels of control proteins did not deviate greatly from normal except for reduced serum beta 1H levels in MPGN type I.", "PMID": 398417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11491", "title": "Editorial review. Recent formulations of the urinary concentrating mechanism: a status report.", "content": "The status of the purely passive mode of solute concentration as of 1979 appears to be similar to that of the original countercurrent hypothesis 10 years ago. The passive mode concept has advanced our understanding of the concentrating process by qualitatively incorporating the permeability characteristics of tubule segments and the lack of an active transport process in the thin loop of Henle into a mechanism which has attractive economy and explanatory value. But in the final analysis some assumptions are not borne out by experimental findings (for example, the high urea concentration of fluid in the rat and hamster end-descending limb; the likelihood of net transepithelial addition of sodium chloride to the Psammomys descending limb; the removal of sodium chloride from the hamster ascending limb against an apparent electrochemical gradient under certain circumstances; and the osmotic lag between vasa recta blood and interstitium in the rat). Furthermore, when the known permeability and transport characteristics of the renal tubule are incorporated into a mathematic model of the passive operating mode, numerical simulations fail to establish a progressively hyperosmotic inner medulla. This does not rule out the applicability of the more general model (Eq. 1), particularly if evidence for some form of active transport in the inner medulla, heretofore lacking, is forthcoming.", "contents": "Editorial review. Recent formulations of the urinary concentrating mechanism: a status report. The status of the purely passive mode of solute concentration as of 1979 appears to be similar to that of the original countercurrent hypothesis 10 years ago. The passive mode concept has advanced our understanding of the concentrating process by qualitatively incorporating the permeability characteristics of tubule segments and the lack of an active transport process in the thin loop of Henle into a mechanism which has attractive economy and explanatory value. But in the final analysis some assumptions are not borne out by experimental findings (for example, the high urea concentration of fluid in the rat and hamster end-descending limb; the likelihood of net transepithelial addition of sodium chloride to the Psammomys descending limb; the removal of sodium chloride from the hamster ascending limb against an apparent electrochemical gradient under certain circumstances; and the osmotic lag between vasa recta blood and interstitium in the rat). Furthermore, when the known permeability and transport characteristics of the renal tubule are incorporated into a mathematic model of the passive operating mode, numerical simulations fail to establish a progressively hyperosmotic inner medulla. This does not rule out the applicability of the more general model (Eq. 1), particularly if evidence for some form of active transport in the inner medulla, heretofore lacking, is forthcoming.", "PMID": 398419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11492", "title": "[Concise review of progress in the management of perforating injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Improvement in the management of perforating injuries has become possible since the successful control of infection. However, the decisive step ahead was accurate suturing. The use of finer needles and of thinner, standardised suture material enabled accurate adaption of the margins and closer suturing. The anterior chamber could now be filled with air, thus preventing contact between iris and cornea. Development of new instruments enabled simultaneous management of haemorrhages and of injuries of the lens and vitreous body. Prolapse of iris without essential damage to the iris could be reduced either by limbal puncture or by intensive rinsing with fluid, proceeding from the edges of the wound. Parallel to the successful management of lens injuries a more radical form of vitreous surgery developed without significantly increasing surgical trauma. In Birmingham, during 1950--1958 45% of the patients with perforating injury of the anterior segment--including injury of the lens or iris--achieved a visual acuity of 6/12 or better. During 1971--1974 the corresponding percentage was 62% at the same clinic.", "contents": "[Concise review of progress in the management of perforating injury (author's transl)]. Improvement in the management of perforating injuries has become possible since the successful control of infection. However, the decisive step ahead was accurate suturing. The use of finer needles and of thinner, standardised suture material enabled accurate adaption of the margins and closer suturing. The anterior chamber could now be filled with air, thus preventing contact between iris and cornea. Development of new instruments enabled simultaneous management of haemorrhages and of injuries of the lens and vitreous body. Prolapse of iris without essential damage to the iris could be reduced either by limbal puncture or by intensive rinsing with fluid, proceeding from the edges of the wound. Parallel to the successful management of lens injuries a more radical form of vitreous surgery developed without significantly increasing surgical trauma. In Birmingham, during 1950--1958 45% of the patients with perforating injury of the anterior segment--including injury of the lens or iris--achieved a visual acuity of 6/12 or better. During 1971--1974 the corresponding percentage was 62% at the same clinic.", "PMID": 398423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11493", "title": "[Vitrectomy under optical observation (author's transl)].", "content": "Slit lamp biomicroscopy without contact lens is achieved by upright Gullstrand fundus microscopy. The controlled angulation of the slit beam makes it possible to measure the position of objects in the vitreous cavity by correction of object and image points. This form of stereotaxis is used for guiding the laser beam in the fundus.", "contents": "[Vitrectomy under optical observation (author's transl)]. Slit lamp biomicroscopy without contact lens is achieved by upright Gullstrand fundus microscopy. The controlled angulation of the slit beam makes it possible to measure the position of objects in the vitreous cavity by correction of object and image points. This form of stereotaxis is used for guiding the laser beam in the fundus.", "PMID": 398424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11494", "title": "Prognosis, trend and prediction in patient management.", "content": "A survey was conducted to get to know the 'state of the art' in trend prediction as a basis for optimal therapy, with emphasis on research being done in the countries of the European Community. Special areas of interest are quantitative prognosis (prognostic indices), the detection and use of trends in the patient's state, the use of models in prediction and their possible use for deciding which therapy is optimal for a specific patient. An extensive list of centres working in these fields as well as an extensive reference list is included.", "contents": "Prognosis, trend and prediction in patient management. A survey was conducted to get to know the 'state of the art' in trend prediction as a basis for optimal therapy, with emphasis on research being done in the countries of the European Community. Special areas of interest are quantitative prognosis (prognostic indices), the detection and use of trends in the patient's state, the use of models in prediction and their possible use for deciding which therapy is optimal for a specific patient. An extensive list of centres working in these fields as well as an extensive reference list is included.", "PMID": 398425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11495", "title": "Properties of epithelial cells cultured from human carcinomas and nonmalignant tissues.", "content": "Human epithelial cell cultures were examined for expression of plasminogen activator and fibronectin matrix. All of the cells examined showed ultrastructural evidence suggesting their epithelial origin, including microvilli and specialized junctions. The nonmalignant cells were also negative for endothelial cell markers (ie. they lacked factor VIII antigen, a nonthrombogenic surface and Weibel-Palade bodies). The nonmalignant lines all produced large amounts of plasminogen activator, whereas the tumor-derived lines showed a gradation of activities, ranging from lines having as much activity as the nonmalignant lines to lines having little or no activity above background. For both normal and malignant cells, addition of dexamethesone only slightly decreased the levels of plasminogen activator. By immunofluorescence microscopy, normal bladder and fetal intestine epithelial cells showed fibronectin in a globular and fibrillar matrix. In contrast, normal mammary epithelial cells had a much diminished amount of fibronectin with a punctate distribution.", "contents": "Properties of epithelial cells cultured from human carcinomas and nonmalignant tissues. Human epithelial cell cultures were examined for expression of plasminogen activator and fibronectin matrix. All of the cells examined showed ultrastructural evidence suggesting their epithelial origin, including microvilli and specialized junctions. The nonmalignant cells were also negative for endothelial cell markers (ie. they lacked factor VIII antigen, a nonthrombogenic surface and Weibel-Palade bodies). The nonmalignant lines all produced large amounts of plasminogen activator, whereas the tumor-derived lines showed a gradation of activities, ranging from lines having as much activity as the nonmalignant lines to lines having little or no activity above background. For both normal and malignant cells, addition of dexamethesone only slightly decreased the levels of plasminogen activator. By immunofluorescence microscopy, normal bladder and fetal intestine epithelial cells showed fibronectin in a globular and fibrillar matrix. In contrast, normal mammary epithelial cells had a much diminished amount of fibronectin with a punctate distribution.", "PMID": 398427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11496", "title": "The detection, immunofluorescent localization, and thrombin induced release of human platelet-associated fibronectin antigen.", "content": "Platelets are cells which develop adhesive properties following stimulation. Since fibronectin (fn) mediates adhesive properties of several cells, we sought evidence for platelet associated fn. Lysates of suspensions of washed human platelets containing less than or equal to 50 ng soluble fn/10(9) cells contained 2.85 micrograms fn antigen per 10(9) cells. The platelet fn antigen competition curve showed a similar slope to the curve for purified plasma fn suggesting antigenic identity. Immunofluorescent staining for fn was minimal in intact cells suggesting that the majority of fn antigen is intracellular. In permeable platelets, fluorescent staining for fn was seen in a punctate distribution suggesting a granule localization. Stimulation of platelet secretion by thrombin released platelet fn antigen. Suramin, a drug which inhibits platelet secretion, inhibited fn release. The apparent secretion of platelet fn, taken with the immunofluorescent data, support the localization of a portion of platelet fn antigen in a storage granule.", "contents": "The detection, immunofluorescent localization, and thrombin induced release of human platelet-associated fibronectin antigen. Platelets are cells which develop adhesive properties following stimulation. Since fibronectin (fn) mediates adhesive properties of several cells, we sought evidence for platelet associated fn. Lysates of suspensions of washed human platelets containing less than or equal to 50 ng soluble fn/10(9) cells contained 2.85 micrograms fn antigen per 10(9) cells. The platelet fn antigen competition curve showed a similar slope to the curve for purified plasma fn suggesting antigenic identity. Immunofluorescent staining for fn was minimal in intact cells suggesting that the majority of fn antigen is intracellular. In permeable platelets, fluorescent staining for fn was seen in a punctate distribution suggesting a granule localization. Stimulation of platelet secretion by thrombin released platelet fn antigen. Suramin, a drug which inhibits platelet secretion, inhibited fn release. The apparent secretion of platelet fn, taken with the immunofluorescent data, support the localization of a portion of platelet fn antigen in a storage granule.", "PMID": 398428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11497", "title": "Growth control by cell to cell contact.", "content": "Control of cell growth by cell to cell contact is reviewed with particular emphasis on two systems--contact inhibition of growth observed with Swiss 3T3 cells and the mitogenic stimulation of Schwann cells by dorsal root ganglia neurites. In both cases the biological effect can be reproduced by the addition of surface membranes to the corresponding cells. In the case of contact inhibition of 3T3 cells, biological activity appears to correlate with membrane binding to the cells. An octylglucoside extract of 3T3 plasma membranes retains the biological activity (growth inhibition) of the original membranes.", "contents": "Growth control by cell to cell contact. Control of cell growth by cell to cell contact is reviewed with particular emphasis on two systems--contact inhibition of growth observed with Swiss 3T3 cells and the mitogenic stimulation of Schwann cells by dorsal root ganglia neurites. In both cases the biological effect can be reproduced by the addition of surface membranes to the corresponding cells. In the case of contact inhibition of 3T3 cells, biological activity appears to correlate with membrane binding to the cells. An octylglucoside extract of 3T3 plasma membranes retains the biological activity (growth inhibition) of the original membranes.", "PMID": 398429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11498", "title": "[Endoscopic control of esophago-gastric sutures after superior polar resection. Advantages of the Lortat-Jacob reconstruction technic].", "content": "The results of superior polar resection carried out for benign and malignant lesions of the lower 3rd of the oesophagus and cardias were controlled endoscopically. Cure time, elasticity, suture function and the onset of complications were assessed in relation to the technique employed. It is known that the most important late complications in this surgery are, apart from recurrences, cicatricial stenosis, perianastomotic granulomas and, particularly, serious oesophagitis secondary to reflux. It is concluded that Lortat-Jacob valvular anastomosis gives the best immediate and long-term results because of its good elasticity and anastomosis function; there are almost never any problems connected with the presence of reflux, which is so important and invalidating for patients operated on with other techniques.", "contents": "[Endoscopic control of esophago-gastric sutures after superior polar resection. Advantages of the Lortat-Jacob reconstruction technic]. The results of superior polar resection carried out for benign and malignant lesions of the lower 3rd of the oesophagus and cardias were controlled endoscopically. Cure time, elasticity, suture function and the onset of complications were assessed in relation to the technique employed. It is known that the most important late complications in this surgery are, apart from recurrences, cicatricial stenosis, perianastomotic granulomas and, particularly, serious oesophagitis secondary to reflux. It is concluded that Lortat-Jacob valvular anastomosis gives the best immediate and long-term results because of its good elasticity and anastomosis function; there are almost never any problems connected with the presence of reflux, which is so important and invalidating for patients operated on with other techniques.", "PMID": 398454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11499", "title": "[Biliary ileus. Considerations on 7 cases].", "content": "A review of the recent literature is accompanied by the presentation of 7 cases of biliary ileus. Enterolithectomy, repair of the fistula, and cholecystectomy were carried out during the same operation in 2 cases, and it is felt that this form of management should be used more often in selected and suitably prepared patients.", "contents": "[Biliary ileus. Considerations on 7 cases]. A review of the recent literature is accompanied by the presentation of 7 cases of biliary ileus. Enterolithectomy, repair of the fistula, and cholecystectomy were carried out during the same operation in 2 cases, and it is felt that this form of management should be used more often in selected and suitably prepared patients.", "PMID": 398457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11500", "title": "Screening for rubella antibodies by a single radial haemolysis test.", "content": "A commercially produced single radial haemolysis (SRH) test for rubella antibodies was compared to the standard haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. There was a generally good correlation between haemolysis zone and HAI titres except for a few small and intermediate zones of haemolysis which were not dependable. The haemolysis was determined by the presence of rubella antigen. The SRH test is technically simple and can be recommended for screening programmes. IgM antibodies could not be detected by SRH.", "contents": "Screening for rubella antibodies by a single radial haemolysis test. A commercially produced single radial haemolysis (SRH) test for rubella antibodies was compared to the standard haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. There was a generally good correlation between haemolysis zone and HAI titres except for a few small and intermediate zones of haemolysis which were not dependable. The haemolysis was determined by the presence of rubella antigen. The SRH test is technically simple and can be recommended for screening programmes. IgM antibodies could not be detected by SRH.", "PMID": 398458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11501", "title": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of a new cephalosporin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin against 810 clinical isolates.", "content": "810 strains of eight species: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, were tested by the disc diffusion method against cephalothin and cefuroxime. The activity of the two drugs was comparable to S aureus and S epidermidis, and a little in favour of cefuroxime regarding S faecalis. Cefuroxime turned out to be superior to cephalothin against the gram negative rods investigated. This pattern was most pronounced when Enterobacter was investigated.", "contents": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of a new cephalosporin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin against 810 clinical isolates. 810 strains of eight species: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, were tested by the disc diffusion method against cephalothin and cefuroxime. The activity of the two drugs was comparable to S aureus and S epidermidis, and a little in favour of cefuroxime regarding S faecalis. Cefuroxime turned out to be superior to cephalothin against the gram negative rods investigated. This pattern was most pronounced when Enterobacter was investigated.", "PMID": 398460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11502", "title": "[Liquid silicones in reconstructive surgery of the tendons. Experimental studies].", "content": "The results of reconstruction of flexor tendons of the hand are not satisfactory despite many operative methods. Since 70 years different surgical methods were described from which only some found application and some are tested up to day. The classical surgical methods do not prevent adhesions of tendons to the surrounding tissues. Therefore studies were undertaken to proof the usefullnes and the specific properties of silicone fluids in the reconstructive tendon surgery. Examinations were done on 48 mongrel rabbits of both sexes on surgically exposed tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle. The animals were divided into two groups. In group I the tendon of the right extremity was covered with Medical Fluid 360, and in group II - with Silol F 350. Each group was divided into two subgroups. In subgroups IA and IIA the tendinous sheath was removed whereas in subgroups IB and IIB the tendon was also cut and sutured. The silicone fluids were spread in amount up to 1 ccm, and uniform coat on tendon surface resulted. On the left tendons 0.9% natrium chloride solution was spread for control. In both groups the dissections were performed 14, 30, 90, 180 days after the operation. The following criteria were applied to evaluate the results: - the appearance of extremities, the range of motility in knee and ankle joint, wound healing, - the macroscopic appearance of isolated tendons, - the degree of excursion measured in millimeters, - the appearance and degree of adhesion between the tendon and surrounding tissues. 800 histological preparations were made. They were evaluated in biological microscope with special attention to the dimension of tissue reaction. In histological examinations the differences in tissue reaction were stated between subgroups A and B of both groups. However, no differences were found dependent from the applied silicone in groups I and II. In the early period, around the siliconized tendon poorly cellular, not significant exudative reaction was found. This reaction changed afterwards into proliferative one, which led to the development of a new tendon sheath. These changes did not discriminate distinctly the flexibility of the examined tendon. After applying 0.9% natrium chloride solution to uncovered tendon (control), adhesions of the tendon to surroundings were observed, which resulted in discrimination of tendon's flexibility. It was proved that silicone fluids applied to the sutured tendon (groups IB and IIB) did not handicap the healing process. The peritendinous adhesions were more intensive around the tendon's anastomosis than in the remaining tendon part. These adhesions were significantly smaller in comparison with the control extremities whose tendons were covered by0.9% natrium chloride solution. The application of small quantity of silicone fluids according to both up to day and own investigations do not cause local or general pathological changes...", "contents": "[Liquid silicones in reconstructive surgery of the tendons. Experimental studies]. The results of reconstruction of flexor tendons of the hand are not satisfactory despite many operative methods. Since 70 years different surgical methods were described from which only some found application and some are tested up to day. The classical surgical methods do not prevent adhesions of tendons to the surrounding tissues. Therefore studies were undertaken to proof the usefullnes and the specific properties of silicone fluids in the reconstructive tendon surgery. Examinations were done on 48 mongrel rabbits of both sexes on surgically exposed tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle. The animals were divided into two groups. In group I the tendon of the right extremity was covered with Medical Fluid 360, and in group II - with Silol F 350. Each group was divided into two subgroups. In subgroups IA and IIA the tendinous sheath was removed whereas in subgroups IB and IIB the tendon was also cut and sutured. The silicone fluids were spread in amount up to 1 ccm, and uniform coat on tendon surface resulted. On the left tendons 0.9% natrium chloride solution was spread for control. In both groups the dissections were performed 14, 30, 90, 180 days after the operation. The following criteria were applied to evaluate the results: - the appearance of extremities, the range of motility in knee and ankle joint, wound healing, - the macroscopic appearance of isolated tendons, - the degree of excursion measured in millimeters, - the appearance and degree of adhesion between the tendon and surrounding tissues. 800 histological preparations were made. They were evaluated in biological microscope with special attention to the dimension of tissue reaction. In histological examinations the differences in tissue reaction were stated between subgroups A and B of both groups. However, no differences were found dependent from the applied silicone in groups I and II. In the early period, around the siliconized tendon poorly cellular, not significant exudative reaction was found. This reaction changed afterwards into proliferative one, which led to the development of a new tendon sheath. These changes did not discriminate distinctly the flexibility of the examined tendon. After applying 0.9% natrium chloride solution to uncovered tendon (control), adhesions of the tendon to surroundings were observed, which resulted in discrimination of tendon's flexibility. It was proved that silicone fluids applied to the sutured tendon (groups IB and IIB) did not handicap the healing process. The peritendinous adhesions were more intensive around the tendon's anastomosis than in the remaining tendon part. These adhesions were significantly smaller in comparison with the control extremities whose tendons were covered by0.9% natrium chloride solution. The application of small quantity of silicone fluids according to both up to day and own investigations do not cause local or general pathological changes...", "PMID": 398477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11503", "title": "Experimental dermatoplasty of skin defects with an absorbable bioplastic preparation.", "content": "Experimental dermatoplasty was performed with fibrin sponge preparation in the rabbit, during the course of which the whole skin thickness was substituted. The fibrin sponge was fixed to the skin-edges with surgical adhesive. The gradually absorbed fibrin was replaced by the migrating epithelium such that epithelization developed gradually. In special cases this method can be recommended for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Experimental dermatoplasty of skin defects with an absorbable bioplastic preparation. Experimental dermatoplasty was performed with fibrin sponge preparation in the rabbit, during the course of which the whole skin thickness was substituted. The fibrin sponge was fixed to the skin-edges with surgical adhesive. The gradually absorbed fibrin was replaced by the migrating epithelium such that epithelization developed gradually. In special cases this method can be recommended for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 398478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11504", "title": "Summary of laboratory studies on the antibacterial activity of cefaclor.", "content": "Laboratory aspects of cefaclor, a new orally-effective cephalosporin antibiotic, are summarized. On the basis of data from a variety of studies, the useful antibacterial spectrum of cefaclor is shown to include all classes of bacteria that are generally susceptible to cephalothin and cephalexin. Against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae, cefaclor has a significant potency advantage over cephalexin. Bacteria that are susceptible to cefaclor are killed by concentrations at or near the inhibitory concentration. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis experiments have shown that cefaclor is a relatively good substrate for several beta-lactamases. Orally administered cefaclor is effective in protection of mice from the lethal effects of intraperitoneal challenges with cefaclor-susceptible bacteria. The chemical instability of cefaclor, test medium composition and inoculum density influence the results of in vitro susceptibility tests with cefaclor. Methods for routine susceptibility testing are described.", "contents": "Summary of laboratory studies on the antibacterial activity of cefaclor. Laboratory aspects of cefaclor, a new orally-effective cephalosporin antibiotic, are summarized. On the basis of data from a variety of studies, the useful antibacterial spectrum of cefaclor is shown to include all classes of bacteria that are generally susceptible to cephalothin and cephalexin. Against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae, cefaclor has a significant potency advantage over cephalexin. Bacteria that are susceptible to cefaclor are killed by concentrations at or near the inhibitory concentration. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis experiments have shown that cefaclor is a relatively good substrate for several beta-lactamases. Orally administered cefaclor is effective in protection of mice from the lethal effects of intraperitoneal challenges with cefaclor-susceptible bacteria. The chemical instability of cefaclor, test medium composition and inoculum density influence the results of in vitro susceptibility tests with cefaclor. Methods for routine susceptibility testing are described.", "PMID": 398479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11505", "title": "Cefaclor compared with amoxycillin acute otitis media with effusion: a preliminary report.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing cefaclor with amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion (OME) in infants and children is being conducted at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Although the randomization code has not yet been broken, the results of treating the first 55 children are reported, since they appear to be of interest. Of the 62 ears with acute OME on which an initial tympanocentesis was performed, 41 positive cultures were isolated from the middle ear aspirates. Of the 10 ears from which Haemophilus influenzae was isolated, one had a type b strain, and of the remaining unencapsulated strains, one was resistant to both penicillin G and ampicillin. In the one ear from which Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, the organism was found to be resistant to ampicillin. However, all of the organisms were sensitive in vitro to cefaclor. In 88% of all subjects observed for the first 2 weeks, the initial symptomatic response was excellent. Six children had persistent signs and symptoms of acute OME and received a second tympanocentesis; however, none of the effusions from the repeat aspiration revealed an organism. An effusion was still present in 97% of the ears after 3 days, in 69% after 2 weeks, and in 48% 6 weeks after initiation of the study. Tympanocentesis did not appear to affect either the initial clinical response or the persistence of effusion. There were no adverse reactions to either drug in this study. Because an apparent increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae is being reported, and because of the presence of ampicillin-resistant S. aureus in some ears with acute OME, a new antimicrobial effective against all the common pathogens causing acute middle ear disease would be desirable. In this respect, the preliminary findings of treatment with cefaclor from this study appear promising.", "contents": "Cefaclor compared with amoxycillin acute otitis media with effusion: a preliminary report. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing cefaclor with amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion (OME) in infants and children is being conducted at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Although the randomization code has not yet been broken, the results of treating the first 55 children are reported, since they appear to be of interest. Of the 62 ears with acute OME on which an initial tympanocentesis was performed, 41 positive cultures were isolated from the middle ear aspirates. Of the 10 ears from which Haemophilus influenzae was isolated, one had a type b strain, and of the remaining unencapsulated strains, one was resistant to both penicillin G and ampicillin. In the one ear from which Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, the organism was found to be resistant to ampicillin. However, all of the organisms were sensitive in vitro to cefaclor. In 88% of all subjects observed for the first 2 weeks, the initial symptomatic response was excellent. Six children had persistent signs and symptoms of acute OME and received a second tympanocentesis; however, none of the effusions from the repeat aspiration revealed an organism. An effusion was still present in 97% of the ears after 3 days, in 69% after 2 weeks, and in 48% 6 weeks after initiation of the study. Tympanocentesis did not appear to affect either the initial clinical response or the persistence of effusion. There were no adverse reactions to either drug in this study. Because an apparent increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae is being reported, and because of the presence of ampicillin-resistant S. aureus in some ears with acute OME, a new antimicrobial effective against all the common pathogens causing acute middle ear disease would be desirable. In this respect, the preliminary findings of treatment with cefaclor from this study appear promising.", "PMID": 398480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11506", "title": "The use of cefaclor in the treatment of beta-haemolytic streptococcal throat infections in children.", "content": "Cefaclor was used as a therapeutic agent in beta-haemolytic streptococcal throat infections in children in 3 separate studies. Although the numbers of patients in these ongoing studies are too small for valid statistical analysis, cefaclor was found to be (1) an effective agent in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day, (2) as effective as phenoxymethyl penicillin at identical dosages, and (3) equally effective at doses administered twice daily or thrice daily. It was well accepted by the patients, had minimal side effects, and produced no adverse effects in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "The use of cefaclor in the treatment of beta-haemolytic streptococcal throat infections in children. Cefaclor was used as a therapeutic agent in beta-haemolytic streptococcal throat infections in children in 3 separate studies. Although the numbers of patients in these ongoing studies are too small for valid statistical analysis, cefaclor was found to be (1) an effective agent in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day, (2) as effective as phenoxymethyl penicillin at identical dosages, and (3) equally effective at doses administered twice daily or thrice daily. It was well accepted by the patients, had minimal side effects, and produced no adverse effects in the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 398481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11507", "title": "Treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor.", "content": "An open, non-comparative clinical trial of cefaclor in adults with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (54 patients) or pneumonia (24 patients) is reported. The dosage of cefaclor used was either 250 mg or 500 mg taken orally three times daily. Clinical cure was obtained in 39 of 42 (93%) of patients on the lower dose and 32 of 33 (97%) on the higher dose. Side effects were minimal and the antibiotic was very well tolerated. Microbiological evaluation was possible in 32 of 75 (43%) of patients in whom potential pathogens were identified before treatment. Microbiological 'cure' was achieved in 17 of 32 (53%), the majority of whom had received the higher dose. The lack of correlation between the clinical and microbiological results cast further doubts on the value of the standard sputum culture methods in the diagnosis and management of lower respiratory tract infection. Cefaclor is useful in the management of acute lower respiratory tract infections by virtue of its excellent clinical efficacy and safety.", "contents": "Treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor. An open, non-comparative clinical trial of cefaclor in adults with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (54 patients) or pneumonia (24 patients) is reported. The dosage of cefaclor used was either 250 mg or 500 mg taken orally three times daily. Clinical cure was obtained in 39 of 42 (93%) of patients on the lower dose and 32 of 33 (97%) on the higher dose. Side effects were minimal and the antibiotic was very well tolerated. Microbiological evaluation was possible in 32 of 75 (43%) of patients in whom potential pathogens were identified before treatment. Microbiological 'cure' was achieved in 17 of 32 (53%), the majority of whom had received the higher dose. The lack of correlation between the clinical and microbiological results cast further doubts on the value of the standard sputum culture methods in the diagnosis and management of lower respiratory tract infection. Cefaclor is useful in the management of acute lower respiratory tract infections by virtue of its excellent clinical efficacy and safety.", "PMID": 398482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11508", "title": "Comparison of cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of urinary infections in a chronic disease hospital.", "content": "The clinical efficacy and safety of cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin, was compared with that of amoxycillin in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections in 61 patients with chronic non-urinary tract disease. Thirty-six patients received cefaclor and 25 received amoxycillin doses of 250 mg every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days. The therapeutic effectiveness of cefaclor was significantly better than that of amoxycillin, and it appeared to be well tolerated and free of adverse side effects. It produced no allergic reactions in 4 patients with a history of penicillin allergy and was effective against Klebsiella strains resistant to the ampicillins. There was no evidence of any haematological, renal or hepatic toxicity from either drug at the dosage used.", "contents": "Comparison of cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of urinary infections in a chronic disease hospital. The clinical efficacy and safety of cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin, was compared with that of amoxycillin in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections in 61 patients with chronic non-urinary tract disease. Thirty-six patients received cefaclor and 25 received amoxycillin doses of 250 mg every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days. The therapeutic effectiveness of cefaclor was significantly better than that of amoxycillin, and it appeared to be well tolerated and free of adverse side effects. It produced no allergic reactions in 4 patients with a history of penicillin allergy and was effective against Klebsiella strains resistant to the ampicillins. There was no evidence of any haematological, renal or hepatic toxicity from either drug at the dosage used.", "PMID": 398483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11509", "title": "Comparison of cefaclor and ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis.", "content": "Fifty-four children with acute diarrhoea were treated orally with 50 mg/kg/day of either ampicillin in 4 divided doses, or with cefaclor in 3 divided doses for 5 days. Shigella was isolated from the stool of 28 patients, 6 of whom were hospitalized. All isolates, including ampicillin-resistant strains, were susceptible in vitro to cefaclor. For ampicillin-sensitive infections, the clinical response and clearing of Shigella from stools appeared to occur more rapidly in patients treated with ampicillin than in those treated with cefaclor. In areas where ampicillin resistance is a problem, cefaclor appears not to be a drug of choice for the treatment of Shigella.", "contents": "Comparison of cefaclor and ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis. Fifty-four children with acute diarrhoea were treated orally with 50 mg/kg/day of either ampicillin in 4 divided doses, or with cefaclor in 3 divided doses for 5 days. Shigella was isolated from the stool of 28 patients, 6 of whom were hospitalized. All isolates, including ampicillin-resistant strains, were susceptible in vitro to cefaclor. For ampicillin-sensitive infections, the clinical response and clearing of Shigella from stools appeared to occur more rapidly in patients treated with ampicillin than in those treated with cefaclor. In areas where ampicillin resistance is a problem, cefaclor appears not to be a drug of choice for the treatment of Shigella.", "PMID": 398485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11510", "title": "Acute eosinophilic glomerulonephritis with Bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "A case is reported of Bancroftian filariasis and acute immune complex glomerulonephritis in a 44-year-old man. Renal biopsy showed microfilariae and large numbers of eosinophils in the glomeruli (eosinophilic glomerulonephritis). The absence of other aetiological factors suggests that the glomerulonephritis may have been of filarial origin.", "contents": "Acute eosinophilic glomerulonephritis with Bancroftian filariasis. A case is reported of Bancroftian filariasis and acute immune complex glomerulonephritis in a 44-year-old man. Renal biopsy showed microfilariae and large numbers of eosinophils in the glomeruli (eosinophilic glomerulonephritis). The absence of other aetiological factors suggests that the glomerulonephritis may have been of filarial origin.", "PMID": 398487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11511", "title": "Prostacyclin eliminates the bioincompatibility of charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "During charcoal haemoperfusion (CHP) in dogs, use of prostacyclin (PGI2) in addition to heparin reduced the loss of platelets (25 +/- 6 vs 83 +/- 2%), the formation of platelet aggregates as judged by screen filtration pressure (65 +/- 6 vs 249 +/- 25mm Hg) and fibrinogen consumption (20 +/- 5 vs 46 +/- 6%). Prostacyclin also delayed neutralisation of heparin during CHP. This improvement of biocompatibility may now allow a proper assessment of CHP in liver failure.", "contents": "Prostacyclin eliminates the bioincompatibility of charcoal haemoperfusion. During charcoal haemoperfusion (CHP) in dogs, use of prostacyclin (PGI2) in addition to heparin reduced the loss of platelets (25 +/- 6 vs 83 +/- 2%), the formation of platelet aggregates as judged by screen filtration pressure (65 +/- 6 vs 249 +/- 25mm Hg) and fibrinogen consumption (20 +/- 5 vs 46 +/- 6%). Prostacyclin also delayed neutralisation of heparin during CHP. This improvement of biocompatibility may now allow a proper assessment of CHP in liver failure.", "PMID": 398492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11512", "title": "Vasopressin response in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Ten patients underwent repeated haemodialysis under circumstances of manipulated change in plasma osmolaity and blood volume. Basal plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were significantly higher than in normal controls, but no linear correlation between basal plasma osmolality and AVP levels was found. In 38 of 44 studies there was an appropriate response of AVP to change in plasma osmolality or blood volume. We conclude that the quantitative response of AVP in dialysis patients is not linear and differs markedly as compared to normals. Changes in blood volume may play a more dominant role in the control of AVP release.", "contents": "Vasopressin response in haemodialysis patients. Ten patients underwent repeated haemodialysis under circumstances of manipulated change in plasma osmolaity and blood volume. Basal plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were significantly higher than in normal controls, but no linear correlation between basal plasma osmolality and AVP levels was found. In 38 of 44 studies there was an appropriate response of AVP to change in plasma osmolality or blood volume. We conclude that the quantitative response of AVP in dialysis patients is not linear and differs markedly as compared to normals. Changes in blood volume may play a more dominant role in the control of AVP release.", "PMID": 398493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11513", "title": "Hormonal response to volume depletion in non-nephrectomised patients on regular haemodialysis.", "content": "The hormonal response to volume depletion by isolated ultrafiltration has been studied in seven non-nephrectomised haemodialysis patients. The mean reduction in blood volume was 14%, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure reduction averaged 77%. No increments in heart rate were observed in any of the patients. Cardiac output decreased while systemic vascular resistance increased. Mean arterial blood pressure remained stable in all but two patients. Significant increments in plasma vasopressin concentration were only found during hypotensive episodes, while in the whole group no significant increase was found. Both plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and plasma cortisol increased significantly during isolated ultrafiltration. The moderate increase in systemic vascular resistance indicates that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system - at least partly - was functioning. It was, however, not correlated with changes in any of the measured hormones. Furthermore the adrenal and cardiac response appeared to be absent.", "contents": "Hormonal response to volume depletion in non-nephrectomised patients on regular haemodialysis. The hormonal response to volume depletion by isolated ultrafiltration has been studied in seven non-nephrectomised haemodialysis patients. The mean reduction in blood volume was 14%, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure reduction averaged 77%. No increments in heart rate were observed in any of the patients. Cardiac output decreased while systemic vascular resistance increased. Mean arterial blood pressure remained stable in all but two patients. Significant increments in plasma vasopressin concentration were only found during hypotensive episodes, while in the whole group no significant increase was found. Both plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and plasma cortisol increased significantly during isolated ultrafiltration. The moderate increase in systemic vascular resistance indicates that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system - at least partly - was functioning. It was, however, not correlated with changes in any of the measured hormones. Furthermore the adrenal and cardiac response appeared to be absent.", "PMID": 398494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11514", "title": "The effect of haemodialysis and transplantation on autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Autonomic nerve function as measured by the Valsalva ratio and the blood pressure response to sustained hand grip, is impaired in chronic renal failure. Treatment with haemodialysis results in insignificant improvement in the Valsalva ratio and a trend towards improvement in the hand grip tests. Transplantation improves but does not return to normal the Valsalva ratio, whereas the hand grip test is rapidly restored to normal.", "contents": "The effect of haemodialysis and transplantation on autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic nerve function as measured by the Valsalva ratio and the blood pressure response to sustained hand grip, is impaired in chronic renal failure. Treatment with haemodialysis results in insignificant improvement in the Valsalva ratio and a trend towards improvement in the hand grip tests. Transplantation improves but does not return to normal the Valsalva ratio, whereas the hand grip test is rapidly restored to normal.", "PMID": 398495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11515", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis: physiology, current applications and future directions.", "content": "The peritoneal dialysis system is a sophisticated dialyser. It probably represents a capillary kidney regulating the number of capillaries perfused, the nature of capillaries perfused, and the overall permeability of its membranes. Its sophistication far exceeds that available with extracorporeal man-made haemodialysis systems. However, because of limited pore area and inaccessible fluid film resistances, it will never be an efficient dialyser for small solute removal. One way to overcome this intrinsic inefficiency is to utilise CAPD which trades efficiency for time. Our first two years of experience with CAPD have answered many initial questions, at least in a preliminary fashion. The future of CAPD has exciting potential, but many questions remain.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis: physiology, current applications and future directions. The peritoneal dialysis system is a sophisticated dialyser. It probably represents a capillary kidney regulating the number of capillaries perfused, the nature of capillaries perfused, and the overall permeability of its membranes. Its sophistication far exceeds that available with extracorporeal man-made haemodialysis systems. However, because of limited pore area and inaccessible fluid film resistances, it will never be an efficient dialyser for small solute removal. One way to overcome this intrinsic inefficiency is to utilise CAPD which trades efficiency for time. Our first two years of experience with CAPD have answered many initial questions, at least in a preliminary fashion. The future of CAPD has exciting potential, but many questions remain.", "PMID": 398496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11516", "title": "The use of linear models to investigate the \"centre effect\" on graft survival.", "content": "First cadaver graft survival at 90 days in six UK centres was analysed, and found to differ widely between the centres (p less than 0.0005). Linear models were used to test whether these differences could be explained by other factors known to influence graft survival, such as age of recipients, tissue typing, blood group matching or year of graft. Adjusting for these factors singly and in various combinations did not reduce the significance of the \"centre effect\". These results held good both when deaths with a functioning graft within 90 days were treated as exclusions and also when they were treated as graft failures.", "contents": "The use of linear models to investigate the \"centre effect\" on graft survival. First cadaver graft survival at 90 days in six UK centres was analysed, and found to differ widely between the centres (p less than 0.0005). Linear models were used to test whether these differences could be explained by other factors known to influence graft survival, such as age of recipients, tissue typing, blood group matching or year of graft. Adjusting for these factors singly and in various combinations did not reduce the significance of the \"centre effect\". These results held good both when deaths with a functioning graft within 90 days were treated as exclusions and also when they were treated as graft failures.", "PMID": 398501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11517", "title": "A study of paired necro kidney grafts.", "content": "The comparison of the fate of kidney pairs originating from the same donor offers an opportunity to control variability in primary kidney graft survival due to characteristics of the donor. The present study on 1,303 pairs was made possible by combining the information in the Scandiatransplant registry and the EDTA follow-up file. The analysis showed that, contrary to expectation, the main variability in kidney graft survival is not donor dependent but rather due to post-nephrectomy factors. By the present approach it was possible to demonstrate a significant effect of presensitisation, HLA-A,B matching and recipient age. In contrast, transportation, and differences in sex and ABO blood group combinations seem to be of no importance for kidney graft survival.", "contents": "A study of paired necro kidney grafts. The comparison of the fate of kidney pairs originating from the same donor offers an opportunity to control variability in primary kidney graft survival due to characteristics of the donor. The present study on 1,303 pairs was made possible by combining the information in the Scandiatransplant registry and the EDTA follow-up file. The analysis showed that, contrary to expectation, the main variability in kidney graft survival is not donor dependent but rather due to post-nephrectomy factors. By the present approach it was possible to demonstrate a significant effect of presensitisation, HLA-A,B matching and recipient age. In contrast, transportation, and differences in sex and ABO blood group combinations seem to be of no importance for kidney graft survival.", "PMID": 398502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11518", "title": "Orthopaedic complications of renal transplantation.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-one patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1973 and 1979 have been reviewed. Thirty of these developed one or more orthopaedic complications. The commonest and most serious was avascular necrosis of bone and the treatment of 14 patients with this condition is described. Transplant recipients who developed this complication received twice the total dose of steroids in the six months after transplantation than a control group with no avascular necrosis. The management and pathology of patients with avascular necrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Orthopaedic complications of renal transplantation. One hundred and eighty-one patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1973 and 1979 have been reviewed. Thirty of these developed one or more orthopaedic complications. The commonest and most serious was avascular necrosis of bone and the treatment of 14 patients with this condition is described. Transplant recipients who developed this complication received twice the total dose of steroids in the six months after transplantation than a control group with no avascular necrosis. The management and pathology of patients with avascular necrosis is discussed.", "PMID": 398503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11519", "title": "The evolution of hyperlipidaemia late after renal transplantation.", "content": "We have evaluated the incidence, long term evolution and pathogenesis of posttransplant hyperlipidaemia (HL) in 88 transplanted patients without nephrotic syndrome followed for 2 to 13 years by the same staff. Incidence of HL decreased strikingly over the years from 51% at 2 years to 25% at 10 years. This fall was due solely to the return to normal of the lipid profile in 13 patients between 2 and 8 years after transplantation. This progressive decrease should be taken into account when the frequency of posttransplantation dyslipaemia is assessed. The incidence of hyperlipidaemia increases with age. Above 40 years, hyperlipidaemia is more frequent in females than in males. Obesity and reduced renal function are both associated with a higher incidence of dyslipaemia. No relationship was found between lipid disorders and either steroid dosage or fasting blood glucose levels. Dyslipaemia appears thus to be due to the interplay of several factors. Normalisation of the lipid profile occurred in 13 patients without significant decrease in bodyweight, serum creatinine or prednisone dosage. At 8 years atheromatous lesions were not more frequent in dyslipaemic than in normolipaemic subjects.", "contents": "The evolution of hyperlipidaemia late after renal transplantation. We have evaluated the incidence, long term evolution and pathogenesis of posttransplant hyperlipidaemia (HL) in 88 transplanted patients without nephrotic syndrome followed for 2 to 13 years by the same staff. Incidence of HL decreased strikingly over the years from 51% at 2 years to 25% at 10 years. This fall was due solely to the return to normal of the lipid profile in 13 patients between 2 and 8 years after transplantation. This progressive decrease should be taken into account when the frequency of posttransplantation dyslipaemia is assessed. The incidence of hyperlipidaemia increases with age. Above 40 years, hyperlipidaemia is more frequent in females than in males. Obesity and reduced renal function are both associated with a higher incidence of dyslipaemia. No relationship was found between lipid disorders and either steroid dosage or fasting blood glucose levels. Dyslipaemia appears thus to be due to the interplay of several factors. Normalisation of the lipid profile occurred in 13 patients without significant decrease in bodyweight, serum creatinine or prednisone dosage. At 8 years atheromatous lesions were not more frequent in dyslipaemic than in normolipaemic subjects.", "PMID": 398504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11520", "title": "Cadaveric kidney retransplantation, is it justified?", "content": "Results of 44 second cadaveric kidney transplantations are reported and compared with the results of 149 primary cadaveric transplantations. No difference in patient survival is observed. Patients with a non-immunological first graft failure (NIF) had a better two year second graft survival (60%) when compared with patients with an immunological first graft failure (IF) (20%). This difference was not due to a higher degree of presensitisation in the IF group. The use of scarce cadaveric kidneys for retransplantation in patients whose first graft was rejected is considered questionable.", "contents": "Cadaveric kidney retransplantation, is it justified? Results of 44 second cadaveric kidney transplantations are reported and compared with the results of 149 primary cadaveric transplantations. No difference in patient survival is observed. Patients with a non-immunological first graft failure (NIF) had a better two year second graft survival (60%) when compared with patients with an immunological first graft failure (IF) (20%). This difference was not due to a higher degree of presensitisation in the IF group. The use of scarce cadaveric kidneys for retransplantation in patients whose first graft was rejected is considered questionable.", "PMID": 398505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11521", "title": "Is it really worth re-transplanting patients?", "content": "Increasingly patients whose first renal transplant fails are being re-transplanted. A study of patients in one unit was undertaken to assess whether second kidney grafts were as successful as first allografts and whether certain factors determined the outcome of secondary transplants. Second and subsequent grafting can be performed with confidence of a successful outcome provided a careful selection of patients is made. The outcome of subsequent grafts should show no significant difference from the overall results of first renal allografts.", "contents": "Is it really worth re-transplanting patients? Increasingly patients whose first renal transplant fails are being re-transplanted. A study of patients in one unit was undertaken to assess whether second kidney grafts were as successful as first allografts and whether certain factors determined the outcome of secondary transplants. Second and subsequent grafting can be performed with confidence of a successful outcome provided a careful selection of patients is made. The outcome of subsequent grafts should show no significant difference from the overall results of first renal allografts.", "PMID": 398506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11522", "title": "Cadaveric graft survival, clinical course, blood transfusion, HLA (A and B) match, and DR match in adult patients transplanted in one centre.", "content": "The influence of blood transfusions, HLA, A and B, DR matching was studied in adult patients transplanted in one centre. The conclusions were: 1. Pre-transplant blood transfusion(s) are a prerequisite for graft acceptance. 2. In transfused patients with no HLA A and B mismatch, there is only 8% graft loss due to irreversible rejection. 3. In transfused patients with a functioning graft after six months, a decrease in the number of reversible rejection crises is observed in patients with no HLA A and B mismatch or with identity for HLA B7 or HLA B8. 4. Identity for HLA B7 or B8 also gives a higher chance of a late onset of the first rejection crisis.", "contents": "Cadaveric graft survival, clinical course, blood transfusion, HLA (A and B) match, and DR match in adult patients transplanted in one centre. The influence of blood transfusions, HLA, A and B, DR matching was studied in adult patients transplanted in one centre. The conclusions were: 1. Pre-transplant blood transfusion(s) are a prerequisite for graft acceptance. 2. In transfused patients with no HLA A and B mismatch, there is only 8% graft loss due to irreversible rejection. 3. In transfused patients with a functioning graft after six months, a decrease in the number of reversible rejection crises is observed in patients with no HLA A and B mismatch or with identity for HLA B7 or HLA B8. 4. Identity for HLA B7 or B8 also gives a higher chance of a late onset of the first rejection crisis.", "PMID": 398507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11523", "title": "Prolongation of renal allograft survival in DLA-tissue typed beagles after third-party leucocyte and erythrocyte transfusion.", "content": "In a dog model, both transfusion of leucocytes and of erythrocytes induced lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The results, obtained in DLA identical littermate and DLA nonidentical nonrelated beagle recipient pairs, suggest a correlation between DLA-type and lymphocytotoxic immune response. Two weeks after the last of three transfusions from different blood donors, kidneys from unrelated DLA-mismatched donrs were transplanted to the beagle recipients. A standard postoperative immunosuppressive regimen was given. No correlation between erythrocyte or leucocyte induced immune response was observed, but both erythrocyte as well as leucocyte transfusions significantly prolonged renal allograft survival as compared with nontransfused controls.", "contents": "Prolongation of renal allograft survival in DLA-tissue typed beagles after third-party leucocyte and erythrocyte transfusion. In a dog model, both transfusion of leucocytes and of erythrocytes induced lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The results, obtained in DLA identical littermate and DLA nonidentical nonrelated beagle recipient pairs, suggest a correlation between DLA-type and lymphocytotoxic immune response. Two weeks after the last of three transfusions from different blood donors, kidneys from unrelated DLA-mismatched donrs were transplanted to the beagle recipients. A standard postoperative immunosuppressive regimen was given. No correlation between erythrocyte or leucocyte induced immune response was observed, but both erythrocyte as well as leucocyte transfusions significantly prolonged renal allograft survival as compared with nontransfused controls.", "PMID": 398508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11524", "title": "Anti-HLA immunisation in 130 haemodialysed patients.", "content": "Anti-HLA immunisation has been studied in 130 patients treated by haemodialysis between 1969 and 1978. Until 1977 blood transfusions were restricted (number of transfusions per patient averaged 3.42 units). However 50% of the patients were found to be immunised. The frequency of immunisation was higher in women patients (63%) than in men (39.7%). This difference shows a good correlation with the frequency of pregnancies (r = 0.849). The percentage of immunisation increases in parallel with the number of months of dialysis (r = 0.95). The capacity to eliminate HBS Ag seems to be related to the capacity for anti-HLA immunisation: 64% of the patients transiently positive for HBS antigen develop anti-HLA antibodies and only 26.7% when antigenaemia is persistent. Since 1977, 24 patients have been transfused with two units of whole blood once a week for three weeks, every six months. Antibodies appeared in only seven of them who had been transfused some years ago. The GLA system and transplantation play a small part. The age and the type of nephropathy seem to have no effect. A few patients developed antibodies for no apparent reason. Possibly bacterial or viral infections, or venous allografts were responsible.", "contents": "Anti-HLA immunisation in 130 haemodialysed patients. Anti-HLA immunisation has been studied in 130 patients treated by haemodialysis between 1969 and 1978. Until 1977 blood transfusions were restricted (number of transfusions per patient averaged 3.42 units). However 50% of the patients were found to be immunised. The frequency of immunisation was higher in women patients (63%) than in men (39.7%). This difference shows a good correlation with the frequency of pregnancies (r = 0.849). The percentage of immunisation increases in parallel with the number of months of dialysis (r = 0.95). The capacity to eliminate HBS Ag seems to be related to the capacity for anti-HLA immunisation: 64% of the patients transiently positive for HBS antigen develop anti-HLA antibodies and only 26.7% when antigenaemia is persistent. Since 1977, 24 patients have been transfused with two units of whole blood once a week for three weeks, every six months. Antibodies appeared in only seven of them who had been transfused some years ago. The GLA system and transplantation play a small part. The age and the type of nephropathy seem to have no effect. A few patients developed antibodies for no apparent reason. Possibly bacterial or viral infections, or venous allografts were responsible.", "PMID": 398509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11525", "title": "Influence of the Lewis blood group system on clinical kidney transplantation.", "content": "The different Lewis phenotypes were determined retrospectively in 201 kidney transplant recipients. Transplant survival rates in Lewis compatible recipients were significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) than in Lewis incompatible recipients. The improvement of transplant prognosis by matching for Lewis antigens was confirmed by a prospective study comprising 55 donor/recipient combinations. HLA matching had little benefit on transplant survival whereas survival rates are strikingly increased by Lewis compatibility. In the Lewis compatible but HLA mismatched group, graft survival was definitely higher than in the HLA matched but Lewis mismatched group. Our data indicate that Lewis antigens play an important role in transplant prognosis. Compatibility in the Lewis system should therefore be considered when recipients are selected.", "contents": "Influence of the Lewis blood group system on clinical kidney transplantation. The different Lewis phenotypes were determined retrospectively in 201 kidney transplant recipients. Transplant survival rates in Lewis compatible recipients were significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) than in Lewis incompatible recipients. The improvement of transplant prognosis by matching for Lewis antigens was confirmed by a prospective study comprising 55 donor/recipient combinations. HLA matching had little benefit on transplant survival whereas survival rates are strikingly increased by Lewis compatibility. In the Lewis compatible but HLA mismatched group, graft survival was definitely higher than in the HLA matched but Lewis mismatched group. Our data indicate that Lewis antigens play an important role in transplant prognosis. Compatibility in the Lewis system should therefore be considered when recipients are selected.", "PMID": 398510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11526", "title": "Use of thermography in kidney transplantation: two year follow up study in 75 cases.", "content": "During a period of 24 months 75 renal transplant recipients were examined by thermography according to Tricoire. Thermography is a non-invasive, quickly available and reproducible method. Because of the 92% incidence of exact diagnosis this investigation is a helpful additional test in kidney transplantation for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis of pathological intrarenal or perirenal disorders. Thermography is especially recommended for patients if postoperative haemodialysis is necessary. In these cases information can easily be achieved whether postoperative oligo-anuria is caused by acute tubular necrosis or by primary vascular insufficiency of the transplant.", "contents": "Use of thermography in kidney transplantation: two year follow up study in 75 cases. During a period of 24 months 75 renal transplant recipients were examined by thermography according to Tricoire. Thermography is a non-invasive, quickly available and reproducible method. Because of the 92% incidence of exact diagnosis this investigation is a helpful additional test in kidney transplantation for evaluation of graft function as well as for diagnosis of pathological intrarenal or perirenal disorders. Thermography is especially recommended for patients if postoperative haemodialysis is necessary. In these cases information can easily be achieved whether postoperative oligo-anuria is caused by acute tubular necrosis or by primary vascular insufficiency of the transplant.", "PMID": 398511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11527", "title": "Cadaveric renal graft acceptance without azathioprine.", "content": "After azathioprine withdrawal serum creatinine concentrations at the end of an observation period of up to 26 months were not significantly different from the previous values in five out of seven patients with good transplant function. Patients with chronic rejection showed a constant rate of loss of transplant function, assessed by a straight line relationship between the logarithm of serum creatinine and time. After stopping azathioprine, however, there was no break in the slope of the curve in five out of six patients. Azathioprine withdrawal may be compatible with good long-term graft acceptance. Azathioprine seems to be of little value in the management of chronic renal rejection.", "contents": "Cadaveric renal graft acceptance without azathioprine. After azathioprine withdrawal serum creatinine concentrations at the end of an observation period of up to 26 months were not significantly different from the previous values in five out of seven patients with good transplant function. Patients with chronic rejection showed a constant rate of loss of transplant function, assessed by a straight line relationship between the logarithm of serum creatinine and time. After stopping azathioprine, however, there was no break in the slope of the curve in five out of six patients. Azathioprine withdrawal may be compatible with good long-term graft acceptance. Azathioprine seems to be of little value in the management of chronic renal rejection.", "PMID": 398512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11528", "title": "Low dose steroid from the day following renal transplantation.", "content": "Azathioprine combined with a low dose of steroid (20mg of prednisolone) commencing the day following transplantation has been used for immunosuppression for 151 consecutive renal transplants in 141 patients (146 cadaver grafts, 5 living related donor grafts). Immunosuppression was satisfactory as 109 grafts function from 6 months to 10 years, 17 of 42 grafts lost failed from rejection. No patient died from infection before 90 days, 4 died later from infection, 2 associated with anti-rejection therapy. Seven patients developed gastrointestinal complications, 1 died; 4 developed diabetes, all survived; only 1 patient developed avascular necrosis of bone.", "contents": "Low dose steroid from the day following renal transplantation. Azathioprine combined with a low dose of steroid (20mg of prednisolone) commencing the day following transplantation has been used for immunosuppression for 151 consecutive renal transplants in 141 patients (146 cadaver grafts, 5 living related donor grafts). Immunosuppression was satisfactory as 109 grafts function from 6 months to 10 years, 17 of 42 grafts lost failed from rejection. No patient died from infection before 90 days, 4 died later from infection, 2 associated with anti-rejection therapy. Seven patients developed gastrointestinal complications, 1 died; 4 developed diabetes, all survived; only 1 patient developed avascular necrosis of bone.", "PMID": 398513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11529", "title": "Factors responsible for the functional pattern of cadaveric kidneys stored up to 25 hours before transplantation.", "content": "The functional outcome after the transplantation of 97 cadaveric kidneys stored up to 25 hours with simple hypothermia was analysed in relation to age of donor, extent of pre-agonal kidney damage, the length of warm, cold and standardised ischaemic times and the presence of multiple renal arteries. Analysis of various factors showed that the most important for function after transplantation were pre-agonal anoxic damage and the ratio of the cold/warm ischaemia time. Based on that observation, a diagram has been proposed which allows calculation of the safe cold storage time after retrieval of the kidney.", "contents": "Factors responsible for the functional pattern of cadaveric kidneys stored up to 25 hours before transplantation. The functional outcome after the transplantation of 97 cadaveric kidneys stored up to 25 hours with simple hypothermia was analysed in relation to age of donor, extent of pre-agonal kidney damage, the length of warm, cold and standardised ischaemic times and the presence of multiple renal arteries. Analysis of various factors showed that the most important for function after transplantation were pre-agonal anoxic damage and the ratio of the cold/warm ischaemia time. Based on that observation, a diagram has been proposed which allows calculation of the safe cold storage time after retrieval of the kidney.", "PMID": 398514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11530", "title": "Pretransplant cytotoxic antibodies do not segregate kidney transplant recipients into responder and non-responder groups.", "content": "In a study of 687 primary cadaver transplants, we found no correlation between the degree of presensitisation and graft survival. Graft survival was adversely affected in non-transfused recipients and was significantly improved in trnasfused recipients, independent of the level of presensitisation (63%, 61%, 67% at one year for patients with 0-10%, 11-50%, and 51-100% preformed cytotoxic antibodies, respectively). Humoral presensitisation to HLA antigens does not reflect the immunoresponsiveness of the host to the renal allograft, but it may prolong the wait for a compatible donor kidney.", "contents": "Pretransplant cytotoxic antibodies do not segregate kidney transplant recipients into responder and non-responder groups. In a study of 687 primary cadaver transplants, we found no correlation between the degree of presensitisation and graft survival. Graft survival was adversely affected in non-transfused recipients and was significantly improved in trnasfused recipients, independent of the level of presensitisation (63%, 61%, 67% at one year for patients with 0-10%, 11-50%, and 51-100% preformed cytotoxic antibodies, respectively). Humoral presensitisation to HLA antigens does not reflect the immunoresponsiveness of the host to the renal allograft, but it may prolong the wait for a compatible donor kidney.", "PMID": 398515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11531", "title": "Endothelial antibodies in renal transplantation.", "content": "Sera of 97 consecutive transplant recipients were studied for the presence of antibodies directed against their renal allografts. A highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between irreversible rejection and donor-specific endothelial antibodies (EAb). EAb reacted not only with the endothelium of peritubular capillaries and venules, but also with glomeruli. Absorption of EAb to platelets, B- or T-lymphocytes did not remove its EAb activity or its cytotoxicity for monocytes. Furthermore, it was shown with a panel of randomly chosen donor kidneys, that EAb are directed against a polymorphic system of endothelial-monocyte antigens, which is unrelated to HLA-A, -B, -C or -D.", "contents": "Endothelial antibodies in renal transplantation. Sera of 97 consecutive transplant recipients were studied for the presence of antibodies directed against their renal allografts. A highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between irreversible rejection and donor-specific endothelial antibodies (EAb). EAb reacted not only with the endothelium of peritubular capillaries and venules, but also with glomeruli. Absorption of EAb to platelets, B- or T-lymphocytes did not remove its EAb activity or its cytotoxicity for monocytes. Furthermore, it was shown with a panel of randomly chosen donor kidneys, that EAb are directed against a polymorphic system of endothelial-monocyte antigens, which is unrelated to HLA-A, -B, -C or -D.", "PMID": 398516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11532", "title": "Pretransplant T cell levels and renal allograft survival.", "content": "Total rosette forming cell (TRFC) levels were measured in 50 paediatric patients awaiting cadaveric renal transplantation. Preliminary data show a statistically significant difference in allograft survival in patients with low TRFC levels pretransplant as compared with patients with medium or high TRFC levels. Pretransplant TRFC levels may be predictive of a non-responder status and portend a favourable renal allograft outcome.", "contents": "Pretransplant T cell levels and renal allograft survival. Total rosette forming cell (TRFC) levels were measured in 50 paediatric patients awaiting cadaveric renal transplantation. Preliminary data show a statistically significant difference in allograft survival in patients with low TRFC levels pretransplant as compared with patients with medium or high TRFC levels. Pretransplant TRFC levels may be predictive of a non-responder status and portend a favourable renal allograft outcome.", "PMID": 398517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11533", "title": "Urinary tract stone disease.", "content": "Patients suffering from urinary stone are traditionally referred to a surgeon. Most are investigated only as far as establishing the site of the stone and its effect on renal function. Although a number of patients may require surgery, the majority pass the stone spontaneously and are discharged within a few days. If the patient has a recurrence, as most eventually have, it is not routine practice to establish the type of stone, screen for underlying disease, identify the urinary abnormalities or to institute preventive medical treatment. Although it was considered that surgery itself had something to offer in reducing the recurrence rate this is no longer generally held except in infected stone disease. Nevertheless it is still uncommon to involve a physician, and in particular a nephrologist, in the investigation and management of urinary stone-formers. Urinary stone disease still remains, to a large extent, outside the field of nephrology.", "contents": "Urinary tract stone disease. Patients suffering from urinary stone are traditionally referred to a surgeon. Most are investigated only as far as establishing the site of the stone and its effect on renal function. Although a number of patients may require surgery, the majority pass the stone spontaneously and are discharged within a few days. If the patient has a recurrence, as most eventually have, it is not routine practice to establish the type of stone, screen for underlying disease, identify the urinary abnormalities or to institute preventive medical treatment. Although it was considered that surgery itself had something to offer in reducing the recurrence rate this is no longer generally held except in infected stone disease. Nevertheless it is still uncommon to involve a physician, and in particular a nephrologist, in the investigation and management of urinary stone-formers. Urinary stone disease still remains, to a large extent, outside the field of nephrology.", "PMID": 398520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11534", "title": "Peptide hormones: renal handling and dialysis therapy.", "content": "For uraemic diabetics the loss of insulin by dialysis with highly permeable membranes has clinical relevance. We investigated renal handling (in isolated perfused rat kidneys) of insulin and c-peptide and their dialytic clearances and sieving coefficients using cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes. Rat kidney catabolic clearances were five times (insulin) and 12 times (c-peptide) greater than urinary clearances and twice inulin clearance. Cuprophan membrane was found to be virtually impermeable for both hormones. Polyacrylonitrile sieving coefficients were 0.3 (insulin) and 0.4 (c-peptide). Both hormones are filtered as well as tubularly and peritubularly catabolised in the kidney. Insulin removal during dialysis and haemofiltration with polyacrylonitrile membranes has to be considered in treating uraemic diabetics.", "contents": "Peptide hormones: renal handling and dialysis therapy. For uraemic diabetics the loss of insulin by dialysis with highly permeable membranes has clinical relevance. We investigated renal handling (in isolated perfused rat kidneys) of insulin and c-peptide and their dialytic clearances and sieving coefficients using cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes. Rat kidney catabolic clearances were five times (insulin) and 12 times (c-peptide) greater than urinary clearances and twice inulin clearance. Cuprophan membrane was found to be virtually impermeable for both hormones. Polyacrylonitrile sieving coefficients were 0.3 (insulin) and 0.4 (c-peptide). Both hormones are filtered as well as tubularly and peritubularly catabolised in the kidney. Insulin removal during dialysis and haemofiltration with polyacrylonitrile membranes has to be considered in treating uraemic diabetics.", "PMID": 398521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11535", "title": "Handling of phosphate by the transplanted kidney.", "content": "Maximal tubular phosphate reabsorption capacity corrected for changes in glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) was taken as a measure of renal phosphate handling in patients with good and stable functioning kidney allografts. TmP/GFR values were within the normal range in only one-fifth of the patients. Eighty per cent had an abnormally low renal phosphate threshold concentration. Persistent hyperparathyroidism was the causative factor of this diminished tubular reabsorption in less than half of these patients, the majority of them showing an iPTH independent phosphate leak. Although glucocorticoids, azathioprine and tubular damage of the graft in the perioperative phase may contribute to this iPTH independent phosphate wasting, no single causative factor could be identified. Cases with hypophosphataemia should be treated in order to avoid symptoms of phosphate depletion. Active Vitamin D metabolites would be the therapy of choice by suppressing the parathyroid glands (\"chemical PTX\") and by directly enhancing tubular phosphate reabsorption. In persistent hyperpathyroidism with hypercalcaemia, surgical parathyroidectomy must be considered. Therapy with phosphate salts is only symptomatic and should be used only as an adjunct.", "contents": "Handling of phosphate by the transplanted kidney. Maximal tubular phosphate reabsorption capacity corrected for changes in glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) was taken as a measure of renal phosphate handling in patients with good and stable functioning kidney allografts. TmP/GFR values were within the normal range in only one-fifth of the patients. Eighty per cent had an abnormally low renal phosphate threshold concentration. Persistent hyperparathyroidism was the causative factor of this diminished tubular reabsorption in less than half of these patients, the majority of them showing an iPTH independent phosphate leak. Although glucocorticoids, azathioprine and tubular damage of the graft in the perioperative phase may contribute to this iPTH independent phosphate wasting, no single causative factor could be identified. Cases with hypophosphataemia should be treated in order to avoid symptoms of phosphate depletion. Active Vitamin D metabolites would be the therapy of choice by suppressing the parathyroid glands (\"chemical PTX\") and by directly enhancing tubular phosphate reabsorption. In persistent hyperpathyroidism with hypercalcaemia, surgical parathyroidectomy must be considered. Therapy with phosphate salts is only symptomatic and should be used only as an adjunct.", "PMID": 398523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11536", "title": "The relationship between disturbed metabolism of vitamin D and bone disease in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Following the discovery that the kidney is involved in the metabolism of vitamin D, a causal relationship has been sought between defective production of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and bone disease in chronic renal failure. This paper reviews some of the clinical evidence for and against such a relationship, and considers the possible role of other vitamin D metabolites in the pathophysiology of renal bone disease.", "contents": "The relationship between disturbed metabolism of vitamin D and bone disease in chronic renal failure. Following the discovery that the kidney is involved in the metabolism of vitamin D, a causal relationship has been sought between defective production of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and bone disease in chronic renal failure. This paper reviews some of the clinical evidence for and against such a relationship, and considers the possible role of other vitamin D metabolites in the pathophysiology of renal bone disease.", "PMID": 398524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11537", "title": "[Anatomy of papilla and intra-renal reflux: microradiographic and histologic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "After a group of autoptic kidneys, taken from new-born babies, had been injected via the ureter with micronised barium at various pressures, they were examined micro-radiographically and histologically in order to observe the appearance of intra-renal reflux and the anatomical structures involved. The radiological patterns, clinically observed during cysto-uretrography, were also considered. The intra-renal reflux is tubular, when injection is carried out at a low pressure, whereas at higher pressures one can observe the erosion of the fornices of the calyces and the following sino-lymphatic and/or venous drainage.", "contents": "[Anatomy of papilla and intra-renal reflux: microradiographic and histologic investigations (author's transl)]. After a group of autoptic kidneys, taken from new-born babies, had been injected via the ureter with micronised barium at various pressures, they were examined micro-radiographically and histologically in order to observe the appearance of intra-renal reflux and the anatomical structures involved. The radiological patterns, clinically observed during cysto-uretrography, were also considered. The intra-renal reflux is tubular, when injection is carried out at a low pressure, whereas at higher pressures one can observe the erosion of the fornices of the calyces and the following sino-lymphatic and/or venous drainage.", "PMID": 398541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11538", "title": "[I.P.P.B. therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France. I. Survey method. Description of the prescribers. 1960-1977 prescription evolution (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to assess the usage of IPPB therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France, a mail survey has been conducted among 2,062 chest physicians and physicians involved in intensive care. The response rate was 57%. Among those caring for chronic respiratory insufficient patients, 296, i.e. 38%, have prescribed IPPB to 3,778 patients from 1960 till 1977. A study among a sample of the non-spontaneous-responders allows the estimation of about 400 physicians who prescribed IPPB on the whole for France at this time. Those who prescribed, worked more often in hospital though 4% had only a private practice. Those involved in intensive care prescribed more often than the chest physicians (47% versus 37%). The development of this therapy was different according to the different regions in France. But, in a general way, the prescription of IPPB at home particularly spread out since 1975, 65% of all the prescriptions have been done in 1975, 76, 77.", "contents": "[I.P.P.B. therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France. I. Survey method. Description of the prescribers. 1960-1977 prescription evolution (author's transl)]. In order to assess the usage of IPPB therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France, a mail survey has been conducted among 2,062 chest physicians and physicians involved in intensive care. The response rate was 57%. Among those caring for chronic respiratory insufficient patients, 296, i.e. 38%, have prescribed IPPB to 3,778 patients from 1960 till 1977. A study among a sample of the non-spontaneous-responders allows the estimation of about 400 physicians who prescribed IPPB on the whole for France at this time. Those who prescribed, worked more often in hospital though 4% had only a private practice. Those involved in intensive care prescribed more often than the chest physicians (47% versus 37%). The development of this therapy was different according to the different regions in France. But, in a general way, the prescription of IPPB at home particularly spread out since 1975, 65% of all the prescriptions have been done in 1975, 76, 77.", "PMID": 398548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11539", "title": "[Preliminary report and indications of assisted ventilation at home (author's transl)].", "content": "Two uses of intermittent positive pressure can be distinguished: one supports inhalotherapy and the other longterm assisted ventilation. The apparatus can be connected to the patient either through mouth-piece or by tracheostomy. The main factors involved in the indication of assisted ventilation are the number of acute failures, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, cor pulmonale. In our department, 53 patients were kept under prolonged supervision before a decision was made to use assisted ventilation or not. This attitude seems absolutely necessary. An oxygen test of several hours provides very useful information. Finally, the authors review the indication of various ventilation methods (tracheostomy, oral) in relation to different chronic respiratory insufficiency etiologies (ie., chronic obstructive broncho-pneumonia, restrictive syndrome).", "contents": "[Preliminary report and indications of assisted ventilation at home (author's transl)]. Two uses of intermittent positive pressure can be distinguished: one supports inhalotherapy and the other longterm assisted ventilation. The apparatus can be connected to the patient either through mouth-piece or by tracheostomy. The main factors involved in the indication of assisted ventilation are the number of acute failures, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, cor pulmonale. In our department, 53 patients were kept under prolonged supervision before a decision was made to use assisted ventilation or not. This attitude seems absolutely necessary. An oxygen test of several hours provides very useful information. Finally, the authors review the indication of various ventilation methods (tracheostomy, oral) in relation to different chronic respiratory insufficiency etiologies (ie., chronic obstructive broncho-pneumonia, restrictive syndrome).", "PMID": 398549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11540", "title": "[Assisted ventilation at home for chronic respiratory insufficient patients in the Languedoc-Roussillon area (357 observations) (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to May 31, 1978, 357 patients with restrictive (77 cases), obstructive (138 cases) or mixed (142 cases) respiratory insufficiency were given assisted ventilation at home. Only those patients whose PaCO2 could not be stabilized by drug therapy, physical therapy and/or oxygenotherapy, were selected. Seventy-five tracheostomized patients were ventilated endotracheally using a volume generator with fixed frequency in an 8-hour session during sleep. Two hundred and eighty-two subjects were ventilated through a mouth-piece using either a volume generator with synchronizable frequency or a pressure relaxator (self-regulated ventilation) distributed in several day-time session for a total of 4 hours daily. Six months after the onset of home ventilation, a marked decrease of PaCO2 is observed in all the groups regardless of the ventilation method. This improvement is maintained after wards. Furthermore, a decrease in the average length of hospitalization is noted. After 2 years the survival percentage is 77.7%; after 5 years it is 52.3%. The patients who benefit most from assisted ventilation are those suffering from restrictive respiratory insufficiency submitted to endotracheal ventilation (more than 70% of survivals after 9 years). Long-term results are not so good for the obstructive or mixed respiratory insufficiencies, especially when an important bronchospasm and/or a large bronchorrhea is present.", "contents": "[Assisted ventilation at home for chronic respiratory insufficient patients in the Languedoc-Roussillon area (357 observations) (author's transl)]. Up to May 31, 1978, 357 patients with restrictive (77 cases), obstructive (138 cases) or mixed (142 cases) respiratory insufficiency were given assisted ventilation at home. Only those patients whose PaCO2 could not be stabilized by drug therapy, physical therapy and/or oxygenotherapy, were selected. Seventy-five tracheostomized patients were ventilated endotracheally using a volume generator with fixed frequency in an 8-hour session during sleep. Two hundred and eighty-two subjects were ventilated through a mouth-piece using either a volume generator with synchronizable frequency or a pressure relaxator (self-regulated ventilation) distributed in several day-time session for a total of 4 hours daily. Six months after the onset of home ventilation, a marked decrease of PaCO2 is observed in all the groups regardless of the ventilation method. This improvement is maintained after wards. Furthermore, a decrease in the average length of hospitalization is noted. After 2 years the survival percentage is 77.7%; after 5 years it is 52.3%. The patients who benefit most from assisted ventilation are those suffering from restrictive respiratory insufficiency submitted to endotracheal ventilation (more than 70% of survivals after 9 years). Long-term results are not so good for the obstructive or mixed respiratory insufficiencies, especially when an important bronchospasm and/or a large bronchorrhea is present.", "PMID": 398550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11541", "title": "[Indications of home assisted ventilation by tracheostomy for non-paralytic chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a 15-year study, the indication of assisted ventilation at home is discussed. It depends on the seriousness of the C.R.I. (dyspnea, repeated acute failures, PaCO2 greater than or equal to 55 Torr). The only possible course is ventilation by tracheostomy. The best indication is represented by pure restrictive syndromes. On the contrary, the indication should be considered with extreme caution in obstructive syndromes.", "contents": "[Indications of home assisted ventilation by tracheostomy for non-paralytic chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. Based on a 15-year study, the indication of assisted ventilation at home is discussed. It depends on the seriousness of the C.R.I. (dyspnea, repeated acute failures, PaCO2 greater than or equal to 55 Torr). The only possible course is ventilation by tracheostomy. The best indication is represented by pure restrictive syndromes. On the contrary, the indication should be considered with extreme caution in obstructive syndromes.", "PMID": 398551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11542", "title": "[Tracheostomy for long-term ventilatory assistance. About 22 observations of severe chronic respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "22 patients with severe respiratory insufficiency were treated by definitive tracheostomy for intermittent ventilatory assistance. Early mortality is heavy (9/22 before three months). After three months, the respiratory condition of patients improved greatly and survival rate is good. Tracheostomy is too often delayed and realized at the bad time of a severe acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "[Tracheostomy for long-term ventilatory assistance. About 22 observations of severe chronic respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)]. 22 patients with severe respiratory insufficiency were treated by definitive tracheostomy for intermittent ventilatory assistance. Early mortality is heavy (9/22 before three months). After three months, the respiratory condition of patients improved greatly and survival rate is good. Tracheostomy is too often delayed and realized at the bad time of a severe acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 398552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11543", "title": "[Home assisted ventilation for patients suffering from silicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and seventy-five patients suffering from silicosis benefitted from home assisted ventilation at the rate of 5 minutes per hour every hour. This treatment led to a decrease in hospitalizations and increased the comfort of the patients.", "contents": "[Home assisted ventilation for patients suffering from silicosis (author's transl)]. One hundred and seventy-five patients suffering from silicosis benefitted from home assisted ventilation at the rate of 5 minutes per hour every hour. This treatment led to a decrease in hospitalizations and increased the comfort of the patients.", "PMID": 398553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11544", "title": "[Problems raised by the technique and supervision of home ventilation of chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of assisted ventilation at home, especially in the case of tracheostomized patients, has been nearly established at the present time. The experience of various centers in France, having or not the support of an independent structured organization, shows that the setting-up and supervision of such therapy can be effectively carried out. Nevertheless, difficult choices remain. Some indications are still questionable, such as the choice of the respirator if the patient has not been tracheostomized. The type of organization is not univocal and could perhaps depend on the number of patients to be cared for. In any case, in the years to come, the experience of the different teams and the technical progress made will lead to a solution to the problems raised: a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and more comfort for the patients can be hoped for.", "contents": "[Problems raised by the technique and supervision of home ventilation of chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of assisted ventilation at home, especially in the case of tracheostomized patients, has been nearly established at the present time. The experience of various centers in France, having or not the support of an independent structured organization, shows that the setting-up and supervision of such therapy can be effectively carried out. Nevertheless, difficult choices remain. Some indications are still questionable, such as the choice of the respirator if the patient has not been tracheostomized. The type of organization is not univocal and could perhaps depend on the number of patients to be cared for. In any case, in the years to come, the experience of the different teams and the technical progress made will lead to a solution to the problems raised: a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and more comfort for the patients can be hoped for.", "PMID": 398554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11545", "title": "[IPPB therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France. II. Indications. Technics and surveillance (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey has been conducted among French chest physicians and physicians involved in intensive care. 296 physicians have prescribed IPPB at home to 3 778 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency between 1960 and 1977. Acute respiratory failure was the first criteria considered in the indications (57% of the patients); hypercapnia, hypoxemia and right heart failure episode frequency were the other criteria of severity the most often taken into account. Since 1960, the indications among those with airflow obstruction have decreased, whereas they have increased for those with restrictive insufficiencies, expressing the questions raised about the efficacy of IPPB in these two types. 18% of the patients have had IPPB through tracheostomy canula. 70% of the patients have used a pressure cycling respirator and 30% a volume or flow cycling respiratory. This second type was quite always used in the case of IPPB through canula. Oxygen was added for half of the patients. The physicians have regularly followed the patients. Great importance was accorded to home care surveillance.", "contents": "[IPPB therapy at home in chronic respiratory insufficiency in France. II. Indications. Technics and surveillance (author's transl)]. A survey has been conducted among French chest physicians and physicians involved in intensive care. 296 physicians have prescribed IPPB at home to 3 778 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency between 1960 and 1977. Acute respiratory failure was the first criteria considered in the indications (57% of the patients); hypercapnia, hypoxemia and right heart failure episode frequency were the other criteria of severity the most often taken into account. Since 1960, the indications among those with airflow obstruction have decreased, whereas they have increased for those with restrictive insufficiencies, expressing the questions raised about the efficacy of IPPB in these two types. 18% of the patients have had IPPB through tracheostomy canula. 70% of the patients have used a pressure cycling respirator and 30% a volume or flow cycling respiratory. This second type was quite always used in the case of IPPB through canula. Oxygen was added for half of the patients. The physicians have regularly followed the patients. Great importance was accorded to home care surveillance.", "PMID": 398555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11546", "title": "[Technic and supervision of home assisted ventilation (H.A.V.) in tracheostomized chronic respiratory insufficient (C.R.I.) patients (author's transl)].", "content": "With 200 patients during the last 15 years the daily use of apparatus and supervision modalities, as described in the present work, has shown that H.A.V. is entirely possible in tracheostomized C.R.I. patients. Rather strict conditions must be respected (as with hemodialysis at home) if H.A.V. is to be medically and materially successful. The expenses involved can vary greatly according to the medical and material management (choice of study material, economic maintenance, minimal oxygen consumption through proper adjustment...). Finally, the use of assisted ventilation requires a choice amont several adjustment possibilities which are still subject to evolution.", "contents": "[Technic and supervision of home assisted ventilation (H.A.V.) in tracheostomized chronic respiratory insufficient (C.R.I.) patients (author's transl)]. With 200 patients during the last 15 years the daily use of apparatus and supervision modalities, as described in the present work, has shown that H.A.V. is entirely possible in tracheostomized C.R.I. patients. Rather strict conditions must be respected (as with hemodialysis at home) if H.A.V. is to be medically and materially successful. The expenses involved can vary greatly according to the medical and material management (choice of study material, economic maintenance, minimal oxygen consumption through proper adjustment...). Finally, the use of assisted ventilation requires a choice amont several adjustment possibilities which are still subject to evolution.", "PMID": 398556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11547", "title": "[Two-year assisted ventilation at home experiment study of 15 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Assisted ventilation at home requiring volume relaxators affected 15 patients suffering from a restrictive syndrome (cyphoscoliosis or after effects of tuberculosis). The blood gases of 8 patients who had been looked after for more than one year, at home by the physio-therapist and in hospital by repeated controls, improved (especially the PaO2). The most important fact is the noteworthy decline in the annual time of hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Two-year assisted ventilation at home experiment study of 15 patients (author's transl)]. Assisted ventilation at home requiring volume relaxators affected 15 patients suffering from a restrictive syndrome (cyphoscoliosis or after effects of tuberculosis). The blood gases of 8 patients who had been looked after for more than one year, at home by the physio-therapist and in hospital by repeated controls, improved (especially the PaO2). The most important fact is the noteworthy decline in the annual time of hospitalisation.", "PMID": 398557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11548", "title": "[Study of home ventilation in severe respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of our study of 91 cases show that many indications of ventilation at home are debatable:--Tracheostomized patients submitted to continuous ventilation with short disconnected periods;--Patients using the respiratory apparatus more than 4--6 hours per day, through a mouth-piece. The existence of a reserve closely related to the intensive care department and mobile emergency unit (S.A.M.U.) facilitates supervision and eventual technical or medical assistance. In addition, the running cost remains small because of the adaptability of the system. However, it seems of interest to point out a group of 11 patients whose treatment was interrupted either because of their improvement (physical therapy, suppression of tobacco mainly), inadequate indications, or poor cooperation.", "contents": "[Study of home ventilation in severe respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. Results of our study of 91 cases show that many indications of ventilation at home are debatable:--Tracheostomized patients submitted to continuous ventilation with short disconnected periods;--Patients using the respiratory apparatus more than 4--6 hours per day, through a mouth-piece. The existence of a reserve closely related to the intensive care department and mobile emergency unit (S.A.M.U.) facilitates supervision and eventual technical or medical assistance. In addition, the running cost remains small because of the adaptability of the system. However, it seems of interest to point out a group of 11 patients whose treatment was interrupted either because of their improvement (physical therapy, suppression of tobacco mainly), inadequate indications, or poor cooperation.", "PMID": 398558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11549", "title": "[Application of residual positive pressure during assisted ventilation at home using pressure relaxator devices (author's transl)].", "content": "A residual postive pressure (R.P.P.) of low magnitude (1 to 4 cm of water) was used during assisted ventilation by pressure relaxator in an attempt to decrease the expiratory dynamic compression of the airways. A ventilatory test involving 80 respiratory insufficient patients (73 men and 7 women) shows that with assistance the tidal volume of half of the subjects increased by more than 20% (average gain: 32%). The patients with the highest RV/TC ratio benefitted most from the method. Finally, the arterial blood gases were not significantly modified. A longitudinal study involving 46 subjects observed for an average period of 24 months revealed a marked subjective improvement in the patients' condition without significant modification of the blood gas figures. No incident or accident was attributed to the use of R.P.P.", "contents": "[Application of residual positive pressure during assisted ventilation at home using pressure relaxator devices (author's transl)]. A residual postive pressure (R.P.P.) of low magnitude (1 to 4 cm of water) was used during assisted ventilation by pressure relaxator in an attempt to decrease the expiratory dynamic compression of the airways. A ventilatory test involving 80 respiratory insufficient patients (73 men and 7 women) shows that with assistance the tidal volume of half of the subjects increased by more than 20% (average gain: 32%). The patients with the highest RV/TC ratio benefitted most from the method. Finally, the arterial blood gases were not significantly modified. A longitudinal study involving 46 subjects observed for an average period of 24 months revealed a marked subjective improvement in the patients' condition without significant modification of the blood gas figures. No incident or accident was attributed to the use of R.P.P.", "PMID": 398559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11550", "title": "[Intermittent ventilatory assistance with mouth-piece (respirator of volumetric type): optical technique of reeducation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an optical technique enabling patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency, at first to get used to assisted ventilation, then to control it, to obtain an active ventilation operated by machine corresponding to a particular shape of the pressure curve and the lesser haemodynamic repercussion.", "contents": "[Intermittent ventilatory assistance with mouth-piece (respirator of volumetric type): optical technique of reeducation (author's transl)]. The authors describe an optical technique enabling patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency, at first to get used to assisted ventilation, then to control it, to obtain an active ventilation operated by machine corresponding to a particular shape of the pressure curve and the lesser haemodynamic repercussion.", "PMID": 398560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11551", "title": "[Mode of action and results of home assisted ventilation. Study by the Association of Aid to Respiratory Insufficient Patients of Basse-Normandie from 1976 to 1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1970, 168 patients, mostly of the obstructive type, received an apparatus of assisted ventilation at home, according to the degree of their hypoxia-hypercapnia, following one or several acute failures. Oral ventilation, at a daily minimum of 90 min, distributed in 4 to 8 sessions, was continued for variable duration, from 1 to 5 years. The results, analysed statistically for 40 subjects, show a blood-gas improvement greater in patients whose PaO2, PaCO2 and RV/TC ratio were initially lower. For 17 patients controlled before and after assisted ventilation at home, a reduction in the number of days of hospitalization and acute failures was observed. The cost involved was particulary economical because of the simplicity of the equipment and the possibilities of control of patients and apparatus at the C.H.U. (20 F monthly in 1977 for 145 selected patients).", "contents": "[Mode of action and results of home assisted ventilation. Study by the Association of Aid to Respiratory Insufficient Patients of Basse-Normandie from 1976 to 1978 (author's transl)]. Since 1970, 168 patients, mostly of the obstructive type, received an apparatus of assisted ventilation at home, according to the degree of their hypoxia-hypercapnia, following one or several acute failures. Oral ventilation, at a daily minimum of 90 min, distributed in 4 to 8 sessions, was continued for variable duration, from 1 to 5 years. The results, analysed statistically for 40 subjects, show a blood-gas improvement greater in patients whose PaO2, PaCO2 and RV/TC ratio were initially lower. For 17 patients controlled before and after assisted ventilation at home, a reduction in the number of days of hospitalization and acute failures was observed. The cost involved was particulary economical because of the simplicity of the equipment and the possibilities of control of patients and apparatus at the C.H.U. (20 F monthly in 1977 for 145 selected patients).", "PMID": 398561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11552", "title": "[Possible role of committees concerned with the fight against tuberculosis and respiratory diseases in home ventilatory assistance of severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "It appeared that the departmental committees involved in the fight against tuberculosis and respiratory diseases were qualified to bring assistance to severe chronic respiratory insufficient (C.R.I.) patients. This modified course of action replaces their previous struggle against tuberculosis due to its recession. In Seine-Maritime the committee has signed an agreement with the principal Social Security organizations. This agreement defines the modalities and cost of home care for severe C.R.I. patients who have been tracheostomized permanently and whose condition justifies the continuation of assisted ventilation. Contingent on certain medical and socio-family conditions, the return home of such patients is possible. Thus in 15 years we have been able to benefit 72 patients with assisted endo-tracheal ventilation at home. Thirty-two of them are actually still living.", "contents": "[Possible role of committees concerned with the fight against tuberculosis and respiratory diseases in home ventilatory assistance of severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. It appeared that the departmental committees involved in the fight against tuberculosis and respiratory diseases were qualified to bring assistance to severe chronic respiratory insufficient (C.R.I.) patients. This modified course of action replaces their previous struggle against tuberculosis due to its recession. In Seine-Maritime the committee has signed an agreement with the principal Social Security organizations. This agreement defines the modalities and cost of home care for severe C.R.I. patients who have been tracheostomized permanently and whose condition justifies the continuation of assisted ventilation. Contingent on certain medical and socio-family conditions, the return home of such patients is possible. Thus in 15 years we have been able to benefit 72 patients with assisted endo-tracheal ventilation at home. Thirty-two of them are actually still living.", "PMID": 398562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11553", "title": "[Technique and supervision of home assisted ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on data obtained from 260 patients ventilated through a mouth-piece, several notions concerning equipment and supervision requirements have become clear.--In our opinion, the indications should not be reserved for extremely severe patients; in their case cardiac complications are constant in spite of usual treatment. These patients, most often respiratory encephalopathic, are not very receptive to the \"directions for use\" of home assisted ventilation.--On the contrary, chronic hypoxia-hypercapnia, whatever its origin, accompanied by slight or transitory cardiac signs, has much more chance of being treated successfully.--The adaptation of the patient to the respirator before his release from the hospital must be worked out until a clinical and biological improvement can be obtained, at the risk of probable failure.--Supervision at home should disclose any alteration in the patient's clinical condition. It can only be carried out by the conjoined visits of the practicing doctor, nurse, technician, etc. The contacts between the practicing doctor and the hospital physician should be frequent. The ideal solution is systematic visits to the hospital.", "contents": "[Technique and supervision of home assisted ventilation (author's transl)]. Based on data obtained from 260 patients ventilated through a mouth-piece, several notions concerning equipment and supervision requirements have become clear.--In our opinion, the indications should not be reserved for extremely severe patients; in their case cardiac complications are constant in spite of usual treatment. These patients, most often respiratory encephalopathic, are not very receptive to the \"directions for use\" of home assisted ventilation.--On the contrary, chronic hypoxia-hypercapnia, whatever its origin, accompanied by slight or transitory cardiac signs, has much more chance of being treated successfully.--The adaptation of the patient to the respirator before his release from the hospital must be worked out until a clinical and biological improvement can be obtained, at the risk of probable failure.--Supervision at home should disclose any alteration in the patient's clinical condition. It can only be carried out by the conjoined visits of the practicing doctor, nurse, technician, etc. The contacts between the practicing doctor and the hospital physician should be frequent. The ideal solution is systematic visits to the hospital.", "PMID": 398563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11554", "title": "[Mode of action and results of long-term assisted ventilation at home of chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "It is generally agreed that one assisted ventilation session has direct effects in chronic respiratory insufficiencies (C.R.I.) of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: hyperventilation where PaCO2 decreases and PaO2 increases, diminution of ventilatory work, reduction of cardiac output. Less is known, however, about the action on V and Q distribution and mechanics of breathing. The return to control values occurs quite rapidly after the end of the session. Long-term effects are much more questionable. Many publications in English have concluded that ona long-term basis, patients do not benefit from intermittent positive pressure. But, the daily assisted ventilation sessions usually lasted only a short time (1 h-1 h 30 in several sessions). According to a number of publications in French, assistance prolonged for several hours seems effective (decrease in the number of acute failures, annual hospitalization duration, more prolonged survival). However, a tracheostomy which enables assistance at night is often required. Results seem encouraging in the treatment of severe restrictive insufficiencies and particularly in the case of cyphoscoliotic patients. On the other hand, it is more difficult to draw a conclusion concerning chronic obstructive patients and further comparative studies are necessary in this direction.", "contents": "[Mode of action and results of long-term assisted ventilation at home of chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. It is generally agreed that one assisted ventilation session has direct effects in chronic respiratory insufficiencies (C.R.I.) of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: hyperventilation where PaCO2 decreases and PaO2 increases, diminution of ventilatory work, reduction of cardiac output. Less is known, however, about the action on V and Q distribution and mechanics of breathing. The return to control values occurs quite rapidly after the end of the session. Long-term effects are much more questionable. Many publications in English have concluded that ona long-term basis, patients do not benefit from intermittent positive pressure. But, the daily assisted ventilation sessions usually lasted only a short time (1 h-1 h 30 in several sessions). According to a number of publications in French, assistance prolonged for several hours seems effective (decrease in the number of acute failures, annual hospitalization duration, more prolonged survival). However, a tracheostomy which enables assistance at night is often required. Results seem encouraging in the treatment of severe restrictive insufficiencies and particularly in the case of cyphoscoliotic patients. On the other hand, it is more difficult to draw a conclusion concerning chronic obstructive patients and further comparative studies are necessary in this direction.", "PMID": 398564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11555", "title": "[Results of home assisted ventilation of non-paralytic and tracheostomized chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The following results have been obtained from a study of 118 tracheostomized patients ventilated at home: --Survival on the whole is generally prolonged. --The prognosis of tracheostomized subjects with restrictive syndrome is totally modified in length and quality when the patients are ventilated. --In the case of obstructive syndrome, the length and quality of survival are probably increased. However, it seems that assisted ventilation at home leads only to the disappearance of asphyxiating paroxysms and right cardiac failure. It does not seem to prevent the unrelenting evolution of the disease.", "contents": "[Results of home assisted ventilation of non-paralytic and tracheostomized chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. The following results have been obtained from a study of 118 tracheostomized patients ventilated at home: --Survival on the whole is generally prolonged. --The prognosis of tracheostomized subjects with restrictive syndrome is totally modified in length and quality when the patients are ventilated. --In the case of obstructive syndrome, the length and quality of survival are probably increased. However, it seems that assisted ventilation at home leads only to the disappearance of asphyxiating paroxysms and right cardiac failure. It does not seem to prevent the unrelenting evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 398565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11556", "title": "[Psychological aspects of ventilatory assistance for severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A study based on psychological interviews allows the definition of the subjective effect of assisted ventilation. This effect should take into account the subjective state of patients and the obligations of the treatment. It is thus possible to consider the psychological conditions of effectiveness of home assisted ventilation.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of ventilatory assistance for severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (author's transl)]. A study based on psychological interviews allows the definition of the subjective effect of assisted ventilation. This effect should take into account the subjective state of patients and the obligations of the treatment. It is thus possible to consider the psychological conditions of effectiveness of home assisted ventilation.", "PMID": 398566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11557", "title": "[Long-term results of intermittent ventilatory assistance for 74 severe obstructive chronic respiratory insufficient patients (PaCO2 greater than 50 Torr) ventilated for more than a year (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1967 to 1978, home assisted ventilation (HAD) was applied to 74 severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (67 COPD-7 restrictive). These patients used volume generators through mouth piece, except 3 of them who had a tracheostomy. The main results of this study are a highly statistically significant decrement (P less than 0,001) of the hospitalization durations and of the frequency of ARF, as well as an improvement of the survival duration in front of a non-tested group, and a significant decrease of haematocrit (less than 0,05) and P.V.R. (P less than 0,01). But blood gases and functional tests are not statistically different. Age (greater than 55 years) and delay after first ARF (greater than 2 years) when starting HAD are considered as pejorative factors.", "contents": "[Long-term results of intermittent ventilatory assistance for 74 severe obstructive chronic respiratory insufficient patients (PaCO2 greater than 50 Torr) ventilated for more than a year (author's transl)]. From 1967 to 1978, home assisted ventilation (HAD) was applied to 74 severe chronic respiratory insufficient patients (67 COPD-7 restrictive). These patients used volume generators through mouth piece, except 3 of them who had a tracheostomy. The main results of this study are a highly statistically significant decrement (P less than 0,001) of the hospitalization durations and of the frequency of ARF, as well as an improvement of the survival duration in front of a non-tested group, and a significant decrease of haematocrit (less than 0,05) and P.V.R. (P less than 0,01). But blood gases and functional tests are not statistically different. Age (greater than 55 years) and delay after first ARF (greater than 2 years) when starting HAD are considered as pejorative factors.", "PMID": 398567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11558", "title": "[Nine-year study of home assisted ventilation in cases of severe respiratory handicap (author's transl)].", "content": "When other treatments fail, the prognosis of some chronic respiratory insufficient patients with frequently occurring failures improved when a tracheostomy canula was installed and connected to a respiratory for several hours a day. The even partial correction of blood gas disorders avoids a relapse in right cardiac failure and enables home care of the patient who can resume formerly abandonned activities. Home assisted ventilation greatly modifies the somatic and psychological condition of the patient and requires excellent cooperation by the family and strict technical supervision, at the risk of failure.", "contents": "[Nine-year study of home assisted ventilation in cases of severe respiratory handicap (author's transl)]. When other treatments fail, the prognosis of some chronic respiratory insufficient patients with frequently occurring failures improved when a tracheostomy canula was installed and connected to a respiratory for several hours a day. The even partial correction of blood gas disorders avoids a relapse in right cardiac failure and enables home care of the patient who can resume formerly abandonned activities. Home assisted ventilation greatly modifies the somatic and psychological condition of the patient and requires excellent cooperation by the family and strict technical supervision, at the risk of failure.", "PMID": 398568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11559", "title": "Taxonomy, enzymes, and clinical relevance of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Present systems for the classification of anaerobic bacteria have eliminated many of the problems of earlier systems. There are still a number of major problems that require attention, however. Anaerobic bacteria produce many different enzymes that are of importance in providing nutrients to the bacterial cell, as virulence factors, and in permitting organisms to colonize or survive under adverse conditions (including exposure to antimicrobial agents). Some enzymes effect several types of modifications to bile acids, neutral steroids, and corticosteroids. Anaerobes are clearly important in a variety of infections in humans and animals as well as in various other types of pathologic processes.", "contents": "Taxonomy, enzymes, and clinical relevance of anaerobic bacteria. Present systems for the classification of anaerobic bacteria have eliminated many of the problems of earlier systems. There are still a number of major problems that require attention, however. Anaerobic bacteria produce many different enzymes that are of importance in providing nutrients to the bacterial cell, as virulence factors, and in permitting organisms to colonize or survive under adverse conditions (including exposure to antimicrobial agents). Some enzymes effect several types of modifications to bile acids, neutral steroids, and corticosteroids. Anaerobes are clearly important in a variety of infections in humans and animals as well as in various other types of pathologic processes.", "PMID": 398577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11560", "title": "Bacteriophages of Bacteroides.", "content": "Sixty-eight bacteriophages specific for nine species (DNA homology groups) of Bacteroides were isolated from sewage. Four distinct morphological types were isolated, three of which had not previously been described. Attempts to use these phages to transduce Bacteroides fragilis were unsuccessful. A total of 91 phage-susceptible strains of Bacteroides were used with these phages in a study of the feasibility of developing a scheme for identification of Bacteroides species. Blind trials were performed with 10 B. fragilis-specific phages and a collection of over 200 bacterial strains, including 144 strains of B. fragilis. Of the strains of B. fragilis, 78% were identified correctly within 24 hr. A phage-carrier state, or pseudolysogeny, was observed with most of the phage-host systems, and this state was studied in detail with B. fragilis phage Bf-1. The presence of a thick capsule around some cells in a pure culture of a host strain appears to render these cells resistant to phage infection, thus perpetuating the carrier state. It is suggested that such capsules may play a role in the virulence of strains of Bacteroides.", "contents": "Bacteriophages of Bacteroides. Sixty-eight bacteriophages specific for nine species (DNA homology groups) of Bacteroides were isolated from sewage. Four distinct morphological types were isolated, three of which had not previously been described. Attempts to use these phages to transduce Bacteroides fragilis were unsuccessful. A total of 91 phage-susceptible strains of Bacteroides were used with these phages in a study of the feasibility of developing a scheme for identification of Bacteroides species. Blind trials were performed with 10 B. fragilis-specific phages and a collection of over 200 bacterial strains, including 144 strains of B. fragilis. Of the strains of B. fragilis, 78% were identified correctly within 24 hr. A phage-carrier state, or pseudolysogeny, was observed with most of the phage-host systems, and this state was studied in detail with B. fragilis phage Bf-1. The presence of a thick capsule around some cells in a pure culture of a host strain appears to render these cells resistant to phage infection, thus perpetuating the carrier state. It is suggested that such capsules may play a role in the virulence of strains of Bacteroides.", "PMID": 398578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11561", "title": "Antibody response to anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Anaerobes, especially the gram-negative non-spore-forming bacilli of the indigenous biota, are recognized as important agents of clinical infection; however, information regarding human antibodies to anaerobes is limited. Sporadic work, employing agglutination, gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence, demonstrated antibody response to various Bacteroidaceae in patients with infections caused by Bacteroides or Fusobacterium. Because of the need for using homologous (autologous) isolates and the apparent antigenic heterogeneity of strains, there has been no general clinical application of these findings. Increased concentrations of antibodies to anaerobic intestinal organisms in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases have been found; however, it is unclear whether these are the effect or cause of these conditions. Natural antibodies to Bacteroidaceae, primarily of the IgM class, are widely distributed in normal humans; thus for serologic diagnosis IgG antibodies should  be sought. Radioimmunoassays and various immunoelectorphoretic methods for detection of both antibody and antigen are presently being evaluated for diagnostic use in infections due to anaerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Antibody response to anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobes, especially the gram-negative non-spore-forming bacilli of the indigenous biota, are recognized as important agents of clinical infection; however, information regarding human antibodies to anaerobes is limited. Sporadic work, employing agglutination, gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence, demonstrated antibody response to various Bacteroidaceae in patients with infections caused by Bacteroides or Fusobacterium. Because of the need for using homologous (autologous) isolates and the apparent antigenic heterogeneity of strains, there has been no general clinical application of these findings. Increased concentrations of antibodies to anaerobic intestinal organisms in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases have been found; however, it is unclear whether these are the effect or cause of these conditions. Natural antibodies to Bacteroidaceae, primarily of the IgM class, are widely distributed in normal humans; thus for serologic diagnosis IgG antibodies should  be sought. Radioimmunoassays and various immunoelectorphoretic methods for detection of both antibody and antigen are presently being evaluated for diagnostic use in infections due to anaerobic bacteria.", "PMID": 398579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11562", "title": "[Neurinomas of the acoustic nerve and surgery with the suboccipital approach. A study of 70 cases].", "content": "The Authors report 70 cases of medium and large size acoustic neuromas, operated on using the suboccipital approach, the only one which allows their total extirpation. Total extirpation was performed in 77% of the patients. The Authors analyze the clinical picture, the neuroradiological diagnostic procedures and the surgical techniques used in the treatment of these lesions.", "contents": "[Neurinomas of the acoustic nerve and surgery with the suboccipital approach. A study of 70 cases]. The Authors report 70 cases of medium and large size acoustic neuromas, operated on using the suboccipital approach, the only one which allows their total extirpation. Total extirpation was performed in 77% of the patients. The Authors analyze the clinical picture, the neuroradiological diagnostic procedures and the surgical techniques used in the treatment of these lesions.", "PMID": 398583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11563", "title": "Mechanisms of resistance and hypersensitivity in herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "Laboratory studies show that systemic immunity protects the corneal epithelium against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, this protection probably being humoral in origin. It can be shown that hyperimmune gammaglobulin (HGG) has a similar protective action when instilled up to 2 hours after the induction of the ulcerative disease. Topical steroids enhance proliferation of HSV in epithelial disease, but at low dilutions there is some evidence that resistance is enhanced. Human studies of systemic immunity show that there is a response in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) after primary and recurrent ulcerative disease. Certain patients with severe stromal keratitis have evidence of CMI deficiency compared to controls or to patients with epithelial disease. To prevent virus spread into the stroma, early use of antiviral therapy is essential. Stromal disease does not only represent a hypersensitivity phenomenon, but is probably associated with virus proliferation in the keratocytes. Potent steroid medication will theoretically deplete immuno-protective responses, and promote further virus proliferation. Therefore the lowest possible concentrations achieving a clinical response should be employed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of resistance and hypersensitivity in herpes simplex keratitis. Laboratory studies show that systemic immunity protects the corneal epithelium against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, this protection probably being humoral in origin. It can be shown that hyperimmune gammaglobulin (HGG) has a similar protective action when instilled up to 2 hours after the induction of the ulcerative disease. Topical steroids enhance proliferation of HSV in epithelial disease, but at low dilutions there is some evidence that resistance is enhanced. Human studies of systemic immunity show that there is a response in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) after primary and recurrent ulcerative disease. Certain patients with severe stromal keratitis have evidence of CMI deficiency compared to controls or to patients with epithelial disease. To prevent virus spread into the stroma, early use of antiviral therapy is essential. Stromal disease does not only represent a hypersensitivity phenomenon, but is probably associated with virus proliferation in the keratocytes. Potent steroid medication will theoretically deplete immuno-protective responses, and promote further virus proliferation. Therefore the lowest possible concentrations achieving a clinical response should be employed.", "PMID": 398600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11564", "title": "Enigma of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. A comparative study of clinical and immunological findings.", "content": "The clinical and immunological findings in 22 cases of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid are presented. Males and females were equally affected. Mucosal ulceration (both conjunctival and oral) and early involvement of the canthal structures were the most helpful clinical signs. None of the patients had circulating antibody to basement membrane determinants at presentation, but four developed typical pemphigoid antibodies during observation and three others showed an unusual \"string of pearls\" pattern on indirect immunofluorescence which changed to a pemphigoid pattern in one of them. Treatment of the acute ulcerative lesions with topical steroids was effective and prevented scarring, but otherwise treatment was ineffectual. The presence of antibody and its titre was not influenced by the severity of the disease or by systemic treatment.", "contents": "Enigma of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. A comparative study of clinical and immunological findings. The clinical and immunological findings in 22 cases of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid are presented. Males and females were equally affected. Mucosal ulceration (both conjunctival and oral) and early involvement of the canthal structures were the most helpful clinical signs. None of the patients had circulating antibody to basement membrane determinants at presentation, but four developed typical pemphigoid antibodies during observation and three others showed an unusual \"string of pearls\" pattern on indirect immunofluorescence which changed to a pemphigoid pattern in one of them. Treatment of the acute ulcerative lesions with topical steroids was effective and prevented scarring, but otherwise treatment was ineffectual. The presence of antibody and its titre was not influenced by the severity of the disease or by systemic treatment.", "PMID": 398602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11565", "title": "Role of environmental factors in uveitis.", "content": "As part of a larger study undertaken to determine whether the presence of faecal Klebsiella aerogenes was significantly associated with the clinical activity of ankylosing spondylitis, thirteen patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis (ANGAU) were examined. The faeces of eleven of these thirteen patients were found to contain Klebsiella aerogenes. This association shows a statistical significance of P less than 0.01, and suggests that Klebsiella aerogenes may have an aetiological role in the development of anterior uveitis in HLA B27 positive patients. The possible mechanism of this association and its potential clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "Role of environmental factors in uveitis. As part of a larger study undertaken to determine whether the presence of faecal Klebsiella aerogenes was significantly associated with the clinical activity of ankylosing spondylitis, thirteen patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis (ANGAU) were examined. The faeces of eleven of these thirteen patients were found to contain Klebsiella aerogenes. This association shows a statistical significance of P less than 0.01, and suggests that Klebsiella aerogenes may have an aetiological role in the development of anterior uveitis in HLA B27 positive patients. The possible mechanism of this association and its potential clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 398604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11566", "title": "Prospects for the immunodiagnosis of ocular tumours.", "content": "Amongst other properties, malignant neoplasms are characterized by having antigenic determinants not normally found in mature healthy tissue. Consequently an immune response is usual on the part of the host and in recent years interest has centred on the twin possibilities of putting this property to diagnostic and therapeutic use. In our own laboratory we have concentrated on the diagnostic potential of immunological techniques in the investigation of pigmented tumours of the uvea. We have found that not only malignant melanomata, but also many naevi, can provoke an immunological reaction and we have shown that this is directed largely against contractile elements in the cytoplasm. Such reactions, which are not strictly tumour-specific, may be a source of diagnostic confusion and need to be excluded if immunology is to be of value in distinguishing malignant lesions of the uveal melanocytes from innocuous naevi.", "contents": "Prospects for the immunodiagnosis of ocular tumours. Amongst other properties, malignant neoplasms are characterized by having antigenic determinants not normally found in mature healthy tissue. Consequently an immune response is usual on the part of the host and in recent years interest has centred on the twin possibilities of putting this property to diagnostic and therapeutic use. In our own laboratory we have concentrated on the diagnostic potential of immunological techniques in the investigation of pigmented tumours of the uvea. We have found that not only malignant melanomata, but also many naevi, can provoke an immunological reaction and we have shown that this is directed largely against contractile elements in the cytoplasm. Such reactions, which are not strictly tumour-specific, may be a source of diagnostic confusion and need to be excluded if immunology is to be of value in distinguishing malignant lesions of the uveal melanocytes from innocuous naevi.", "PMID": 398603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11567", "title": "Modified M-K medium for human penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A series of 120 consecutive human penetrating keratoplasties was performed using modified McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. The medium has ben altered by changing the buffer system, adding a pH indicator, and using a different antibiotic from that originally formulated. There were no cases of primary donor failure and 95 per cent clear grafts after 1 year.", "contents": "Modified M-K medium for human penetrating keratoplasty. A series of 120 consecutive human penetrating keratoplasties was performed using modified McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. The medium has ben altered by changing the buffer system, adding a pH indicator, and using a different antibiotic from that originally formulated. There were no cases of primary donor failure and 95 per cent clear grafts after 1 year.", "PMID": 398605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11568", "title": "[Production and use of a nutrient medium with egg hydrolysate for monolayer reproduction of BHK 21/13 cells].", "content": "Experiments aiming to reproduce BHK 21/13 cells in Roux retorts by use of a semi-synthetic nutrient medium, based on protein hydrolyzate synthetized by the authors, were carried out. Results obtained show that the lower peptides and free amino acids found in ovarian hydrolizate meet the requirements of the cell line in respect to quality and quantity. The successfull cultivation of BHK 21/13 cells in hydrolyzate medium made possible a considerable reduction in the percentage involvement of serum, which is usually used in the classical nutrient media of the type Eagle BME intended for the propagation of diploid cell strains.", "contents": "[Production and use of a nutrient medium with egg hydrolysate for monolayer reproduction of BHK 21/13 cells]. Experiments aiming to reproduce BHK 21/13 cells in Roux retorts by use of a semi-synthetic nutrient medium, based on protein hydrolyzate synthetized by the authors, were carried out. Results obtained show that the lower peptides and free amino acids found in ovarian hydrolizate meet the requirements of the cell line in respect to quality and quantity. The successfull cultivation of BHK 21/13 cells in hydrolyzate medium made possible a considerable reduction in the percentage involvement of serum, which is usually used in the classical nutrient media of the type Eagle BME intended for the propagation of diploid cell strains.", "PMID": 398631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11569", "title": "[Hemagglutinating activity and morphology of antigen K 99 in enterotoxic strains of E. coli isolated from calves].", "content": "The hemagglutination activity and morphology of antigen K 99 in enterotoxic E. coli strains isolated from calves was studied. It was proven that antigen K 99 is produced not at 18 degrees C, but at 37 degrees C. All K 99+ E. coli strains react with absorbed anti K 99 serum, showing various anti-agglutination titers. The hemagglutination activity of K 99+ E. coli strains is inhibited by absorbed K 99 antiserum. In immunodiffuse tests all K 99+ E. coli strains react by producing a single precipitation line. It is proven electronmicroscopically that on the surface of the bacterial cell of K 99+ E. coli strains is observed a filamentous structure, consisting of numerous fine fibers which give it a fibriform outlook. No such morphological structures are observed in K 99- E. coli strains.", "contents": "[Hemagglutinating activity and morphology of antigen K 99 in enterotoxic strains of E. coli isolated from calves]. The hemagglutination activity and morphology of antigen K 99 in enterotoxic E. coli strains isolated from calves was studied. It was proven that antigen K 99 is produced not at 18 degrees C, but at 37 degrees C. All K 99+ E. coli strains react with absorbed anti K 99 serum, showing various anti-agglutination titers. The hemagglutination activity of K 99+ E. coli strains is inhibited by absorbed K 99 antiserum. In immunodiffuse tests all K 99+ E. coli strains react by producing a single precipitation line. It is proven electronmicroscopically that on the surface of the bacterial cell of K 99+ E. coli strains is observed a filamentous structure, consisting of numerous fine fibers which give it a fibriform outlook. No such morphological structures are observed in K 99- E. coli strains.", "PMID": 398632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11570", "title": "[Myocardial infarction without coronary artery changes].", "content": "Since 1972 6 patients (4 males and 2 females) at the age from 18 to 44 years with myocardial infarctions could be observed whose coronary system in the subsequent coronarographic examinations proved to be unconspicuous. The diagnosis of the infarction was anamnestically, laboratory-chemically, electrocardiographically and partly scintigraphically ascertained. Issuing from features of infarction and pseudoinfarction, respectively, in the ECG other differential-diagnostically important cardiac and extracardiac causes could be excluded. In comparison to patients with coronary sclerosis typical symptomatology could not be delimited. Peculiarities of the clinical picture are the juvenile age, the in most cases short or lacking angina pectoris anamnesis, the frequent lack of factors of risk and the inclination to disturbances of rhythm. Up to now a satisfying etiologic clarification could not be rendered. The relevance of the different possibilities of the disturbed equilibrium between O2-offer and -need concerning the clinical course of our patients is discussed. Here on the side of the O2-offer the spasm of the big and small vessel and the disease of the small vessels are regarded as decisive factors of the development of the infarction, where as the coronary embolism with subsequent lysis is less to be taken into consideration. Other pathogenetic mechanisms, such as the pathologic Hb-O2-dissociation and the metabolic changes influencing the O2-need must be included into the causal chain of this presumably polyetiologic process. Prognostic and therapeutic aspects which closely correlate with the etiologic explanation are discussed.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction without coronary artery changes]. Since 1972 6 patients (4 males and 2 females) at the age from 18 to 44 years with myocardial infarctions could be observed whose coronary system in the subsequent coronarographic examinations proved to be unconspicuous. The diagnosis of the infarction was anamnestically, laboratory-chemically, electrocardiographically and partly scintigraphically ascertained. Issuing from features of infarction and pseudoinfarction, respectively, in the ECG other differential-diagnostically important cardiac and extracardiac causes could be excluded. In comparison to patients with coronary sclerosis typical symptomatology could not be delimited. Peculiarities of the clinical picture are the juvenile age, the in most cases short or lacking angina pectoris anamnesis, the frequent lack of factors of risk and the inclination to disturbances of rhythm. Up to now a satisfying etiologic clarification could not be rendered. The relevance of the different possibilities of the disturbed equilibrium between O2-offer and -need concerning the clinical course of our patients is discussed. Here on the side of the O2-offer the spasm of the big and small vessel and the disease of the small vessels are regarded as decisive factors of the development of the infarction, where as the coronary embolism with subsequent lysis is less to be taken into consideration. Other pathogenetic mechanisms, such as the pathologic Hb-O2-dissociation and the metabolic changes influencing the O2-need must be included into the causal chain of this presumably polyetiologic process. Prognostic and therapeutic aspects which closely correlate with the etiologic explanation are discussed.", "PMID": 398633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11571", "title": "[Retardation of puberty and growth].", "content": "The disturbed puberty is most frequently manifested by a retardation of sexual maturation and growth. For a correct classification of a developmental disturbance the knowledge of the endocrine processes, of the stages of puberty, tables of height and methods of the assessment of the skeletal maturity is necessary, the use of which for the population of the GDR is discussed. The large differential diagnosis of the delayed puberty and of the short stature must be above all concentrated to the causal-therapeutically influencible endocrinopathies, even though the proportion of the constitutional delayed puberty as an extreme variant of the norm with a good spontaneous prognosis prevails. In order to prevent serious psychosocial conflicts, after transgression of a critical age limit of about 16 years in sexual immaturity an adequate hormone treatment should be introduced even then, when the etiopathogenesis of the disturbance could not be completely clarified.", "contents": "[Retardation of puberty and growth]. The disturbed puberty is most frequently manifested by a retardation of sexual maturation and growth. For a correct classification of a developmental disturbance the knowledge of the endocrine processes, of the stages of puberty, tables of height and methods of the assessment of the skeletal maturity is necessary, the use of which for the population of the GDR is discussed. The large differential diagnosis of the delayed puberty and of the short stature must be above all concentrated to the causal-therapeutically influencible endocrinopathies, even though the proportion of the constitutional delayed puberty as an extreme variant of the norm with a good spontaneous prognosis prevails. In order to prevent serious psychosocial conflicts, after transgression of a critical age limit of about 16 years in sexual immaturity an adequate hormone treatment should be introduced even then, when the etiopathogenesis of the disturbance could not be completely clarified.", "PMID": 398635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11572", "title": "[Hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "About 30% of amenorrhoeic women have a disturbed prolactin secretion. In about 10% the cause is a hypophyseal-suprahypophyseal tumour. Taking into consideration the degree of severity of the galactorrhoe, the amenorrhoe is connected with incontinence of milk. Also disturbances of the male potency may with partly similar symptomatology be conditioned by a hyperprolactaemia. For the development of hypogonadism the physiologic effect of prolactin gives sufficient explanations. With the introduction of dopaminergic substances which influence the disturbed regulating circle hypothalamus-hypophysis in the sense of an inhibition of the prolactin secretion new conservative possibilities for the therapy of disturbances of fertility are the result. With adequate recommendations for the radioimmunologic determination of prolactin the WHO made allowance for the central position of prolactin in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism. In particular the existence of hypophyseal microadenomas presumes a close cooperation between gynaecologists, radiologists, ophthalmologists and endocrinologists in the clarification of hyperprolactinaemic disturbances of fertility.", "contents": "[Hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy]. About 30% of amenorrhoeic women have a disturbed prolactin secretion. In about 10% the cause is a hypophyseal-suprahypophyseal tumour. Taking into consideration the degree of severity of the galactorrhoe, the amenorrhoe is connected with incontinence of milk. Also disturbances of the male potency may with partly similar symptomatology be conditioned by a hyperprolactaemia. For the development of hypogonadism the physiologic effect of prolactin gives sufficient explanations. With the introduction of dopaminergic substances which influence the disturbed regulating circle hypothalamus-hypophysis in the sense of an inhibition of the prolactin secretion new conservative possibilities for the therapy of disturbances of fertility are the result. With adequate recommendations for the radioimmunologic determination of prolactin the WHO made allowance for the central position of prolactin in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism. In particular the existence of hypophyseal microadenomas presumes a close cooperation between gynaecologists, radiologists, ophthalmologists and endocrinologists in the clarification of hyperprolactinaemic disturbances of fertility.", "PMID": 398636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11573", "title": "[Hirsutism--diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "Hypertrichosis and virilisation are to be differed from hirsutism, the increased hairiness of male type in the female. The subdivision is done according to the causes into physiologic, symptomatic, iatrogenic and idiopathic forms of hirsutism and for practice adequate to localisation into degrees of severity. In pathogenesis age, race, heredity, endocrine factors of the skin, in particular the reactivity of the hair follicles, testosteron and prestages of androgen, the sexual steroid-binding globulin as well as the oestrogen-androgen-balance play a role. Despite all progress in the analytics of hormones by the catheterism of the ovarial veins and the adrenocortical veins the inhibition and stimulation tests with determination of the steroids in the plasma or in the urine are entitled to diagnostics. The treatment is performed according to the cause operatively, medicamentously or cosmetically. The best results were gained with the antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate) and the gestagen chlormadinon acetate.", "contents": "[Hirsutism--diagnosis and therapy]. Hypertrichosis and virilisation are to be differed from hirsutism, the increased hairiness of male type in the female. The subdivision is done according to the causes into physiologic, symptomatic, iatrogenic and idiopathic forms of hirsutism and for practice adequate to localisation into degrees of severity. In pathogenesis age, race, heredity, endocrine factors of the skin, in particular the reactivity of the hair follicles, testosteron and prestages of androgen, the sexual steroid-binding globulin as well as the oestrogen-androgen-balance play a role. Despite all progress in the analytics of hormones by the catheterism of the ovarial veins and the adrenocortical veins the inhibition and stimulation tests with determination of the steroids in the plasma or in the urine are entitled to diagnostics. The treatment is performed according to the cause operatively, medicamentously or cosmetically. The best results were gained with the antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate) and the gestagen chlormadinon acetate.", "PMID": 398637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11574", "title": "Microbiological examination of some Sudanese soils.", "content": "The composition of the microflora in different layers of four representative oil profiles of Sudan were studied. Counts of all types of microorganisms decreased significantly with depth in soil. Azotobacter, in particular, occurred in high densities; representative strains were isolated and studied for their different characteristics. Beijerinckia was detected as well, and a new method for the estimation of their numbers in pure cultures, based on the overlay agar technique, is described.", "contents": "Microbiological examination of some Sudanese soils. The composition of the microflora in different layers of four representative oil profiles of Sudan were studied. Counts of all types of microorganisms decreased significantly with depth in soil. Azotobacter, in particular, occurred in high densities; representative strains were isolated and studied for their different characteristics. Beijerinckia was detected as well, and a new method for the estimation of their numbers in pure cultures, based on the overlay agar technique, is described.", "PMID": 398646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11575", "title": "[On the contamination of the citric acid fermentation. I. The contamination by representatives of Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the most dangerous bacterial contaminations of the citric acid fermentation is the so-called brown contamination, which is called forth by non pathogenic representatives of Enterobacteriaceae like Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris, while other bacteria do not produce the mentioned contamination. There is given a comprehensive characterization of the brown contamination. Enterobacteriaceae interrupt the growth of the mycelium of the mold Aspergillus niger and stop the production of citric acid, produce a characteristic repugnant smell and reduce nitrate to nitrite. In a case of weak contamination the phenomena of the brown contamination do not appear, but the yield of citric acid is rather low. The contamination may be transferred successfully within the first 24 hrs. of incubation. The effect of the bacteria is determined by their virulence and some other factors.", "contents": "[On the contamination of the citric acid fermentation. I. The contamination by representatives of Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)]. Among the most dangerous bacterial contaminations of the citric acid fermentation is the so-called brown contamination, which is called forth by non pathogenic representatives of Enterobacteriaceae like Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris, while other bacteria do not produce the mentioned contamination. There is given a comprehensive characterization of the brown contamination. Enterobacteriaceae interrupt the growth of the mycelium of the mold Aspergillus niger and stop the production of citric acid, produce a characteristic repugnant smell and reduce nitrate to nitrite. In a case of weak contamination the phenomena of the brown contamination do not appear, but the yield of citric acid is rather low. The contamination may be transferred successfully within the first 24 hrs. of incubation. The effect of the bacteria is determined by their virulence and some other factors.", "PMID": 398647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11576", "title": "A clinical trial with glipizide - a relative new sulphonylurea.", "content": "Glipizide is a relatively new sulphonylurea- antidiabetic agent. 24 maturity-onset diabetics were studied to determine the dosage required to produce adequate control and the safety and tolerance of the drug. It was concluded that glipizide is a safe and potent anti-diabetic agent and a suitable alternative in those patients poorly-controlled on standard oral hypoglycaemic drugs.", "contents": "A clinical trial with glipizide - a relative new sulphonylurea. Glipizide is a relatively new sulphonylurea- antidiabetic agent. 24 maturity-onset diabetics were studied to determine the dosage required to produce adequate control and the safety and tolerance of the drug. It was concluded that glipizide is a safe and potent anti-diabetic agent and a suitable alternative in those patients poorly-controlled on standard oral hypoglycaemic drugs.", "PMID": 398642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11577", "title": "[On the contamination of the citric acid fermentation. II. Sodium 5-nitrofurylacrylate as an antiseptic against representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)].", "content": "In context with the first communication which deals with the characterization of the so-called brown contamination called forth by Enterobacteriaceae in the citric acid fermentation of molasses, the present paper describes the screening of antiseptic substances able to suppress the contamination mentioned without damaging the normal growth of the producing mould Aspergillus niger and its ability of producing citric acid. Among the substances tested the sodium salt of 5-nitrofurylacrylic acid (5-NFA) excelled partly because of its antiseptic effect in relatively small concentrations and partly because the mould tolerates appreciable amounts of this antiseptic. Therefore there may be applied, in the presence of a heavy contamination, relatively high concentrations of the antiseptic without fear of damaging the producing mould. Usually a dose of 10 to 15 mg 5-NFA in 11 of medium was sufficient to suppress the brown contamination.", "contents": "[On the contamination of the citric acid fermentation. II. Sodium 5-nitrofurylacrylate as an antiseptic against representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)]. In context with the first communication which deals with the characterization of the so-called brown contamination called forth by Enterobacteriaceae in the citric acid fermentation of molasses, the present paper describes the screening of antiseptic substances able to suppress the contamination mentioned without damaging the normal growth of the producing mould Aspergillus niger and its ability of producing citric acid. Among the substances tested the sodium salt of 5-nitrofurylacrylic acid (5-NFA) excelled partly because of its antiseptic effect in relatively small concentrations and partly because the mould tolerates appreciable amounts of this antiseptic. Therefore there may be applied, in the presence of a heavy contamination, relatively high concentrations of the antiseptic without fear of damaging the producing mould. Usually a dose of 10 to 15 mg 5-NFA in 11 of medium was sufficient to suppress the brown contamination.", "PMID": 398648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11578", "title": "[On the antiviral effect of a triazole compound (author's transl)].", "content": "4-[Hydroxy-3-piperid-N-yl-prop-1-yl]-5-methyl-2-phenyl-triazole (HMPT) reduced the plaque formation caused by M 12, f 2, and Q beta and retarded the liberation of phages. The concentration of tobacco mosaic virus in primarily infected tobacco leaves was decreased. HMPT inhibited the development of local lesions. Free phages and TMV particles werenot influenced by HMPT.", "contents": "[On the antiviral effect of a triazole compound (author's transl)]. 4-[Hydroxy-3-piperid-N-yl-prop-1-yl]-5-methyl-2-phenyl-triazole (HMPT) reduced the plaque formation caused by M 12, f 2, and Q beta and retarded the liberation of phages. The concentration of tobacco mosaic virus in primarily infected tobacco leaves was decreased. HMPT inhibited the development of local lesions. Free phages and TMV particles werenot influenced by HMPT.", "PMID": 398649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11579", "title": "[Combination of antibiotics with analgesic and antipyretic substances (author's transl)].", "content": "1. We suggest a combination of analgesic and antipyretic medicaments in medical treatments with antibiotics. Thus, the antibiotic is increased and microorganisms, resistant to antibiotics, are converted into sensitive forms. 2. The results of the in vitro used method (diffusion plate test) are in accordance with the results obtained using these combinations in therapy. 3. This method should not be applied to strains that are sufficiently sensitive to antibiotics, since the results would be contrary to the afore mentioned. 4. The effects of a combination are additionally synergistic in the case of strains originally sensitive. 5. This method offers great possibilities for multiplying treatments with antibiotics. We recommend to give standardized combinations of antibiotics with analgesic and antipyretic medicaments per os.", "contents": "[Combination of antibiotics with analgesic and antipyretic substances (author's transl)]. 1. We suggest a combination of analgesic and antipyretic medicaments in medical treatments with antibiotics. Thus, the antibiotic is increased and microorganisms, resistant to antibiotics, are converted into sensitive forms. 2. The results of the in vitro used method (diffusion plate test) are in accordance with the results obtained using these combinations in therapy. 3. This method should not be applied to strains that are sufficiently sensitive to antibiotics, since the results would be contrary to the afore mentioned. 4. The effects of a combination are additionally synergistic in the case of strains originally sensitive. 5. This method offers great possibilities for multiplying treatments with antibiotics. We recommend to give standardized combinations of antibiotics with analgesic and antipyretic medicaments per os.", "PMID": 398650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11580", "title": "[Hormonal contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "Hormonal contraceptives will continue to be used for some time to come as the safest means by which to prevent pregnancy. This is the background against which an account is given of the forms of hormonal contraception, their safety, selection of preparations, prescription for young people, side-effects, contra-indication to prescription, and indication for discontinuation.--In the context of side-effects, particular reference is made to the effects of steroids upon fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, the cardiovascular system, and early pregnancy.", "contents": "[Hormonal contraception (author's transl)]. Hormonal contraceptives will continue to be used for some time to come as the safest means by which to prevent pregnancy. This is the background against which an account is given of the forms of hormonal contraception, their safety, selection of preparations, prescription for young people, side-effects, contra-indication to prescription, and indication for discontinuation.--In the context of side-effects, particular reference is made to the effects of steroids upon fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, the cardiovascular system, and early pregnancy.", "PMID": 398652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11581", "title": "The effect of azathioprine, hydrocortisone and trimethazone on the occurrence of active lymphocytes in liver of endotoxin treated rabbits.", "content": "After the administration of azathioprine, hydrocortisone and trimethazone to endotoxin-treated rabbits, the percentage of active lymphocytes (determined by means of the nucleolar test) decreased in the liver, while the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were not affected. The assumption that in endotoxemia the liver may be a target organ for active lymphocytes and that autoimmune processes may participate in liver damage is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of azathioprine, hydrocortisone and trimethazone on the occurrence of active lymphocytes in liver of endotoxin treated rabbits. After the administration of azathioprine, hydrocortisone and trimethazone to endotoxin-treated rabbits, the percentage of active lymphocytes (determined by means of the nucleolar test) decreased in the liver, while the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were not affected. The assumption that in endotoxemia the liver may be a target organ for active lymphocytes and that autoimmune processes may participate in liver damage is discussed.", "PMID": 398656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11582", "title": "Comparative effects of CCK-PZ on certain intestinal hydrolases in the mucosa and in the luminal content of the hamster jejuno-ileum.", "content": "After isolation of the hamster small intestine, the effects of a continuous infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) are studied. Several enzymic activities are measured in the intestinal lumen and compared with the level found in the intestinal homogenate. During CCK-PZ infusion we observed a direct stimulation of Paneth cells associated with an increase of lysozyme activity. Furthermore this work confirms the stimulating effect of CCK-PZ on alkaline phosphatase and amino-peptidase. Maltase and sucrase levels were unaffected. The liberation of the hydrolase of the brush border in the intestinal lumen is negligible and cannot be considered as a true secretion. Only granule content of Paneth cells is actually secreted. However, biochemical data, corroborated by morphological results, suggest that Paneth cell secretion could in part be absorbed on the outer surface of the brush border.", "contents": "Comparative effects of CCK-PZ on certain intestinal hydrolases in the mucosa and in the luminal content of the hamster jejuno-ileum. After isolation of the hamster small intestine, the effects of a continuous infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) are studied. Several enzymic activities are measured in the intestinal lumen and compared with the level found in the intestinal homogenate. During CCK-PZ infusion we observed a direct stimulation of Paneth cells associated with an increase of lysozyme activity. Furthermore this work confirms the stimulating effect of CCK-PZ on alkaline phosphatase and amino-peptidase. Maltase and sucrase levels were unaffected. The liberation of the hydrolase of the brush border in the intestinal lumen is negligible and cannot be considered as a true secretion. Only granule content of Paneth cells is actually secreted. However, biochemical data, corroborated by morphological results, suggest that Paneth cell secretion could in part be absorbed on the outer surface of the brush border.", "PMID": 398657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11583", "title": "Double blind study of meptazinol versus pentazocine and placebo in postoperative pain treatment.", "content": "The purpose of this double blind study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of a new analgesic drug meptazinol, compared to pentazocine and placebo, in patients suffering from postoperative pain. Subjective and objective parameters were controlled. It appeared clearly that meptazinol had a potent analgesic effect with rapid onset, but rather short duration. Analgesic effect of pentazocine appeared more slowly, but persisted for a longer time. The two active drugs had no effects on the objective parameters measured.", "contents": "Double blind study of meptazinol versus pentazocine and placebo in postoperative pain treatment. The purpose of this double blind study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of a new analgesic drug meptazinol, compared to pentazocine and placebo, in patients suffering from postoperative pain. Subjective and objective parameters were controlled. It appeared clearly that meptazinol had a potent analgesic effect with rapid onset, but rather short duration. Analgesic effect of pentazocine appeared more slowly, but persisted for a longer time. The two active drugs had no effects on the objective parameters measured.", "PMID": 398660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11584", "title": "Domperidone (R 33 812) as an antiemetic in the treatment of postoperative vomiting. A double blind comparison between two different dosages (4 mg and 10 mg).", "content": "Forty seven patients received either 4 mg or 10 mg domperidone I.V. in a double blind study after they had vomited postoperatively. The patients were then observed for six hours. If necessary, the same dose of domperidone was repeated double blind but not during the first hour. When the two groups were compared there was little difference between them for the first half hour after the initial dose, thereafter both the frequency and severity of vomiting was reduced in the 10 mg group. Also fewer patients in the 10 mg group needed a second injection. These differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Domperidone (R 33 812) as an antiemetic in the treatment of postoperative vomiting. A double blind comparison between two different dosages (4 mg and 10 mg). Forty seven patients received either 4 mg or 10 mg domperidone I.V. in a double blind study after they had vomited postoperatively. The patients were then observed for six hours. If necessary, the same dose of domperidone was repeated double blind but not during the first hour. When the two groups were compared there was little difference between them for the first half hour after the initial dose, thereafter both the frequency and severity of vomiting was reduced in the 10 mg group. Also fewer patients in the 10 mg group needed a second injection. These differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 398661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11585", "title": "Distribution of corrosion products in teeth restored with metal crowns retained by stainless steel posts.", "content": "The nature and distribution of corrosion products in teeth restored with metal crowns retained by stainless steel posts were examined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, microradiography, and electron microscopy. The corrosion products consisted of calcium, phosphorous, iron, chromium, nickel, zinc, stannum and other elements. A possible root fracturing mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of corrosion products in teeth restored with metal crowns retained by stainless steel posts. The nature and distribution of corrosion products in teeth restored with metal crowns retained by stainless steel posts were examined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, microradiography, and electron microscopy. The corrosion products consisted of calcium, phosphorous, iron, chromium, nickel, zinc, stannum and other elements. A possible root fracturing mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 398662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11586", "title": "Oxidation of noble metal alloys for porcelain veneer crowns.", "content": "It has been found that oxide-forming elements in the alloy are important for the blood strength between the metal and the procelain. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the formation of oxides during pretreatment and firing of porcelain. Four commerically available Ceramo-Metal alloys were studied. The specimens were heated at 980 degrees C for five hours in air, and the weight was continuously recorded. In addition porcelain was fired on to the alloys. Metallographic examinations were conducted on both oxidized and fired speciments. The weight gain data also indicated an increased oxygen uptake with a larger amount of oxidizable elements in the alloy. Most of the oxygen gain and time indicated that the oxygen uptake was diffusion controlled. The weight gain data also indicated an increased oxygen uptake with larger amount of oxidizable elements in the alloy. Most of the oxygen in the oxidize alloys was located as oxide along grain boundaries in the metal.", "contents": "Oxidation of noble metal alloys for porcelain veneer crowns. It has been found that oxide-forming elements in the alloy are important for the blood strength between the metal and the procelain. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the formation of oxides during pretreatment and firing of porcelain. Four commerically available Ceramo-Metal alloys were studied. The specimens were heated at 980 degrees C for five hours in air, and the weight was continuously recorded. In addition porcelain was fired on to the alloys. Metallographic examinations were conducted on both oxidized and fired speciments. The weight gain data also indicated an increased oxygen uptake with a larger amount of oxidizable elements in the alloy. Most of the oxygen gain and time indicated that the oxygen uptake was diffusion controlled. The weight gain data also indicated an increased oxygen uptake with larger amount of oxidizable elements in the alloy. Most of the oxygen in the oxidize alloys was located as oxide along grain boundaries in the metal.", "PMID": 398663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11587", "title": "Age-related differences in thermoregulatory responses to endotoxin in rabbits.", "content": "E. coli endotoxin evokes fever in rabbits immediately after birth. In 0--3 day-old rabbits the fever is monophasic and brown fat thermogenesis is mainly responsible for the reaction. In 6--10 day-old animals the fever is usually biphasic and increased heat conservation also contributes to the response. An inverse relationship exists between the endotoxin dose and the latent period before the onset of fever, while the height of the fever is independent of the endotoxin dose. The response is similar as that of adult rabbits, except that after all endotoxin doses the latent period is longer and the magnitude of the response slightly smaller in the newborn.", "contents": "Age-related differences in thermoregulatory responses to endotoxin in rabbits. E. coli endotoxin evokes fever in rabbits immediately after birth. In 0--3 day-old rabbits the fever is monophasic and brown fat thermogenesis is mainly responsible for the reaction. In 6--10 day-old animals the fever is usually biphasic and increased heat conservation also contributes to the response. An inverse relationship exists between the endotoxin dose and the latent period before the onset of fever, while the height of the fever is independent of the endotoxin dose. The response is similar as that of adult rabbits, except that after all endotoxin doses the latent period is longer and the magnitude of the response slightly smaller in the newborn.", "PMID": 398664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11588", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in vitro.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandins (PG) A1, E1, E2 and F2 alpha in the concentration range of 10(-7)--10(-4) M were studied in vitro on a rat hypothalamic tissue, collagenase-digested isolated anterior pituitary cell and Leydig cell suspension system by measuring the testosterone production of incubated Leydig cells. PGs did not change the testosterone production and the hCG sensitivity of the Leydig cells, nor the LH secretion and the LHRH sensitivity of the anterior pituitary cells. PGE2 at concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-5) and 10(-4) M significantly increased the hypothalamic tissue-induced pituitary-testicular activation, and this stimulatory effect of PGE2 was dose dependent. PGA1, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha did not alter hypothalamic LHRH release measured in vitro. The results suggest that PGE2 has a direct stimulatory effect on hypothalamic LHRH release.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in vitro. The effect of prostaglandins (PG) A1, E1, E2 and F2 alpha in the concentration range of 10(-7)--10(-4) M were studied in vitro on a rat hypothalamic tissue, collagenase-digested isolated anterior pituitary cell and Leydig cell suspension system by measuring the testosterone production of incubated Leydig cells. PGs did not change the testosterone production and the hCG sensitivity of the Leydig cells, nor the LH secretion and the LHRH sensitivity of the anterior pituitary cells. PGE2 at concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-5) and 10(-4) M significantly increased the hypothalamic tissue-induced pituitary-testicular activation, and this stimulatory effect of PGE2 was dose dependent. PGA1, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha did not alter hypothalamic LHRH release measured in vitro. The results suggest that PGE2 has a direct stimulatory effect on hypothalamic LHRH release.", "PMID": 398665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11589", "title": "Is actinic granuloma a specific condition?", "content": "Evidence is presented that actinic granuloma is not a specific connective tissue disorder as it is thought to be by O'Brien. Granulomatous inflammation does not result simply from a response to elastotic fibers, but is a consequence of primary pathologic processes that are unrelated to damaged elastotic material. Twenty-one of 30 lesions in our series that fulfill O'Brien's criteria of his concept of actinic granuloma were clinically and histologically examples of granuloma annulare. The other nine lesions were of other granulomatous diseases such as foreign-body reaction and late secondary syphilis.", "contents": "Is actinic granuloma a specific condition? Evidence is presented that actinic granuloma is not a specific connective tissue disorder as it is thought to be by O'Brien. Granulomatous inflammation does not result simply from a response to elastotic fibers, but is a consequence of primary pathologic processes that are unrelated to damaged elastotic material. Twenty-one of 30 lesions in our series that fulfill O'Brien's criteria of his concept of actinic granuloma were clinically and histologically examples of granuloma annulare. The other nine lesions were of other granulomatous diseases such as foreign-body reaction and late secondary syphilis.", "PMID": 398673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11590", "title": "[Does the insulin-secretion capacity of non-diabetic subjects possess a prognostic value? (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-two patients, whose initial oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was not diabetic, but who possibly had predisposition for diabetes, underwent iterative OGTT with plasma insulin determination and estimate of insulin-secretion capacity (plasma insulin area/blood glucose area ratio, and insulin-secretion coefficient). With a 30 months mean time interval between the two tests, a highly significant negative correlation was found between insulin-secretion capacity of the first test and blood glucose area of the last one. Glycemic curve of the OGTT was diabetic in 3 cases at the final test. Thus, it seems possible to select subjects most prone to future diabetes with simple parameters estimating insulin-secretion capacity during OGTT.", "contents": "[Does the insulin-secretion capacity of non-diabetic subjects possess a prognostic value? (author's transl)]. Twenty-two patients, whose initial oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was not diabetic, but who possibly had predisposition for diabetes, underwent iterative OGTT with plasma insulin determination and estimate of insulin-secretion capacity (plasma insulin area/blood glucose area ratio, and insulin-secretion coefficient). With a 30 months mean time interval between the two tests, a highly significant negative correlation was found between insulin-secretion capacity of the first test and blood glucose area of the last one. Glycemic curve of the OGTT was diabetic in 3 cases at the final test. Thus, it seems possible to select subjects most prone to future diabetes with simple parameters estimating insulin-secretion capacity during OGTT.", "PMID": 398679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11591", "title": "Phosphorylcholine antigens from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. I.--Anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies in infected rats and location of phosphorylcholine antigens.", "content": "The anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) antibody synthesis was investigated in the rat after infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were demonstrated from day 2 or 3 post-infection. Intestinal IgA-antibody synthesis began shortly after the worms reached the intestine. Antigens containing PC were located with the fluorescent antibody technique in L3 infective larvae, adult worms and eggs of the parasites. They were always found to internal structures such as intestinal tract or gonads. It seems, therefore, that the anti-PC antibody synthesis resulted from the release of PC antigens by the parasite (moulting fluids, excretion, secretion or breakage products).", "contents": "Phosphorylcholine antigens from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. I.--Anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies in infected rats and location of phosphorylcholine antigens. The anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) antibody synthesis was investigated in the rat after infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were demonstrated from day 2 or 3 post-infection. Intestinal IgA-antibody synthesis began shortly after the worms reached the intestine. Antigens containing PC were located with the fluorescent antibody technique in L3 infective larvae, adult worms and eggs of the parasites. They were always found to internal structures such as intestinal tract or gonads. It seems, therefore, that the anti-PC antibody synthesis resulted from the release of PC antigens by the parasite (moulting fluids, excretion, secretion or breakage products).", "PMID": 398680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11592", "title": "Studies on the derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. I. Syntheses and pharmacological analysis of acylderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid.", "content": "A number of new acyl and imidoderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid (II) and its methyl ester (VII) were synthesized. Methyl ester VII heated in benzene solution with acid anhydrides was transformed into adequate acyl derivatives (VIII, IX, X, XIII, XVI). Some of them (X, XIII, XVII) by heating with acetic anhydride underwent cyclization and were transformed into the imido derivatives (XI, XIV, XVIII). Compounds XI, XIV and XVI heated with diluted aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide underwent selective hydrolysis giving the respective dicarboxylic acids XII, XV, XVII. Pharmacological analysis revealed that some of the synthesized preparations exert an anti-inflammatory effect and allow to draw limited relations between chemical structure and pharmacological activity in this group of compounds.", "contents": "Studies on the derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. I. Syntheses and pharmacological analysis of acylderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. A number of new acyl and imidoderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid (II) and its methyl ester (VII) were synthesized. Methyl ester VII heated in benzene solution with acid anhydrides was transformed into adequate acyl derivatives (VIII, IX, X, XIII, XVI). Some of them (X, XIII, XVII) by heating with acetic anhydride underwent cyclization and were transformed into the imido derivatives (XI, XIV, XVIII). Compounds XI, XIV and XVI heated with diluted aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide underwent selective hydrolysis giving the respective dicarboxylic acids XII, XV, XVII. Pharmacological analysis revealed that some of the synthesized preparations exert an anti-inflammatory effect and allow to draw limited relations between chemical structure and pharmacological activity in this group of compounds.", "PMID": 398686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11593", "title": "[Negative antinuclear antibodies in disseminated lupus erythematosus. Report of 3 cases].", "content": "There are described 3 cases of patients with LED in which the obtained results of AAN's research, by means of IFI, were negative in a transitory or a permanent way. This situation can motive the doubt at the diagnostic, even though it exists in a little patients' group. In this work there are revised its causes and mechanisms.", "contents": "[Negative antinuclear antibodies in disseminated lupus erythematosus. Report of 3 cases]. There are described 3 cases of patients with LED in which the obtained results of AAN's research, by means of IFI, were negative in a transitory or a permanent way. This situation can motive the doubt at the diagnostic, even though it exists in a little patients' group. In this work there are revised its causes and mechanisms.", "PMID": 398681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11594", "title": "Studies on the derivatives of thiazole acetic acid. II. Syntheses and pharmacological analysis of 2-N-aralkylidene and 2-N-aralkyl derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid.", "content": "A number of 2-N-aralkylidene, 2-N-aralkyl and 2-N-aralkyl-alpha-sulphoderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid (I, R = H) and its methyl ester (I, R = CH3) were synthesized. As a result of condensation of methyl ester I with various aromatic aldehydes in boiling benzene solution, the Schiff-bases (anils) II--VIII were obtained. After reduction with NaBH4 compounds II--VIII were transformed into adequate amino esters IX--XV. Esters IX--XV heated with diluted aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide underwent selective hydrolysis giving the respective amino acids XVI--XXII. Some of Schiff bases (II, III, V, VII, VIII) reacted with aqueous alcoholic solution of sodium bisulphite after its several (XXIII--XXVII). alpha-sulphoderivatives had been obtained. Several tests were performed in order to detect the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of the compounds. The pharmacological analysis allowed us to draw conclusions concerning the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity in this group of compounds. The most efficacious immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity exhibited 2-aralkyl-alpha-sulphoderivatives.", "contents": "Studies on the derivatives of thiazole acetic acid. II. Syntheses and pharmacological analysis of 2-N-aralkylidene and 2-N-aralkyl derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. A number of 2-N-aralkylidene, 2-N-aralkyl and 2-N-aralkyl-alpha-sulphoderivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid (I, R = H) and its methyl ester (I, R = CH3) were synthesized. As a result of condensation of methyl ester I with various aromatic aldehydes in boiling benzene solution, the Schiff-bases (anils) II--VIII were obtained. After reduction with NaBH4 compounds II--VIII were transformed into adequate amino esters IX--XV. Esters IX--XV heated with diluted aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide underwent selective hydrolysis giving the respective amino acids XVI--XXII. Some of Schiff bases (II, III, V, VII, VIII) reacted with aqueous alcoholic solution of sodium bisulphite after its several (XXIII--XXVII). alpha-sulphoderivatives had been obtained. Several tests were performed in order to detect the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of the compounds. The pharmacological analysis allowed us to draw conclusions concerning the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity in this group of compounds. The most efficacious immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity exhibited 2-aralkyl-alpha-sulphoderivatives.", "PMID": 398687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11595", "title": "[Implantation of mitral valve prosthesis with continuos suture].", "content": "The results obtained in 20 patients with the use of continue suture technic for prosthetic implantation of the mitral valve were compared to those observed in other 20 patients in which the prothesis were implanted with isolated suture technic. With the first one the aortic clamp time was reduced in average about 50 minutes; the extracorporeal circulation time also diminished in the same proportion. One patient died in each group, meaning a 5% of hospital mortality. The going after time in the first group was 2.5 years and in none was found prosthetic dysfunction or perivalvular lickage. We conclude that prosthetic implantation technic for mitral valve with continue suture, offers the following advantages: a) Important reduction of the transoperative myocardial ischemia. b) Reduction also, of the hole estracorporeal circulation time. c) Minor possibilities of periprosthetic lickage. d) Minor risk of valvular thrombosis in the suture line.", "contents": "[Implantation of mitral valve prosthesis with continuos suture]. The results obtained in 20 patients with the use of continue suture technic for prosthetic implantation of the mitral valve were compared to those observed in other 20 patients in which the prothesis were implanted with isolated suture technic. With the first one the aortic clamp time was reduced in average about 50 minutes; the extracorporeal circulation time also diminished in the same proportion. One patient died in each group, meaning a 5% of hospital mortality. The going after time in the first group was 2.5 years and in none was found prosthetic dysfunction or perivalvular lickage. We conclude that prosthetic implantation technic for mitral valve with continue suture, offers the following advantages: a) Important reduction of the transoperative myocardial ischemia. b) Reduction also, of the hole estracorporeal circulation time. c) Minor possibilities of periprosthetic lickage. d) Minor risk of valvular thrombosis in the suture line.", "PMID": 398682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11596", "title": "Daunorubicin reductase activity in leukemia leukocyte homogenates.", "content": "Daunorubicin reductase activity was estimated in peripheral leukocytes drawn from 23 patients with acute or chronic leukemia. Since the enzyme converts daunorubicin to daunorubicinol, a derivative exposing higher cytotoxic action than daunorubicin, it is important for leukemia treatment to know its leukocyte level. Calculations of reductase levels were based on the presumption that one enzyme unit equals an activity which is producing 1 nanomol daunorubicinol per 1 mg homogenate protein during 30 minutes of incubation. It was found, that blasts of different patients with the same leukemia type displayed different reductase levels, ranging between 11.0 and 74.8 U.", "contents": "Daunorubicin reductase activity in leukemia leukocyte homogenates. Daunorubicin reductase activity was estimated in peripheral leukocytes drawn from 23 patients with acute or chronic leukemia. Since the enzyme converts daunorubicin to daunorubicinol, a derivative exposing higher cytotoxic action than daunorubicin, it is important for leukemia treatment to know its leukocyte level. Calculations of reductase levels were based on the presumption that one enzyme unit equals an activity which is producing 1 nanomol daunorubicinol per 1 mg homogenate protein during 30 minutes of incubation. It was found, that blasts of different patients with the same leukemia type displayed different reductase levels, ranging between 11.0 and 74.8 U.", "PMID": 398688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11597", "title": "The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on lymphocyte population and MIF in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on the T and B lymphocyte populations, as well as cellular hypersensitivity in relation to GBM antigens (measured by MIF activity) in 60 patients with different types of glomerulopathy has been tested. The results were compared with a control group of 47 untreated patients and 32 healthy subjects. The treatment was carried out using the following drugs: azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, ibuprofen and indomethacin. In a sample of 14 patients receiving ibuprofen and in 7 receiving arathioprine, indomethacin and prednisone, the T and B lymphocyte kinetics as well as MIF activity were repeatedly tested before and during the treatment of 150 days. In the patients under this treatment, a decreased percentage of lymphocytes with receptors for a complement as well as, in some cases. MIF suppression was observed. A comparison of healthy subjects and untreated patients with a group of 39 subjects tested for T and B lymphocytes as well as MIF activity after several months of the above treatment was made. It was found that supportive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone led to a normalization of B lymphocytes (EA and EAC rosettes) and to a small increase of T lymphocytes number. On the other hand, treatment with indomethacin and ibuprofen led to an increased B lymphocyte count (EA and EAC rosettes). Cyclophosphamide given with azathioprine caused a decrease in the proportion of T lymphocytes and an increase in the number of null cells. In addition, it was found that immunosuppressive drugs as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, even when administered in supportive doses caused in some cases, the suppression of cellular immunity as measured by MIF activity.", "contents": "The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on lymphocyte population and MIF in glomerulonephritis. The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on the T and B lymphocyte populations, as well as cellular hypersensitivity in relation to GBM antigens (measured by MIF activity) in 60 patients with different types of glomerulopathy has been tested. The results were compared with a control group of 47 untreated patients and 32 healthy subjects. The treatment was carried out using the following drugs: azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, ibuprofen and indomethacin. In a sample of 14 patients receiving ibuprofen and in 7 receiving arathioprine, indomethacin and prednisone, the T and B lymphocyte kinetics as well as MIF activity were repeatedly tested before and during the treatment of 150 days. In the patients under this treatment, a decreased percentage of lymphocytes with receptors for a complement as well as, in some cases. MIF suppression was observed. A comparison of healthy subjects and untreated patients with a group of 39 subjects tested for T and B lymphocytes as well as MIF activity after several months of the above treatment was made. It was found that supportive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone led to a normalization of B lymphocytes (EA and EAC rosettes) and to a small increase of T lymphocytes number. On the other hand, treatment with indomethacin and ibuprofen led to an increased B lymphocyte count (EA and EAC rosettes). Cyclophosphamide given with azathioprine caused a decrease in the proportion of T lymphocytes and an increase in the number of null cells. In addition, it was found that immunosuppressive drugs as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, even when administered in supportive doses caused in some cases, the suppression of cellular immunity as measured by MIF activity.", "PMID": 398689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11598", "title": "Studies on the experimental therapy of iridocyclitis.", "content": "Effectiveness of selected anti-inflammatory drugs on the experimental model of uveitis was evaluated. Studies on the biochemical parameters of inflammation in the aqueous humor and biomicroscopic evaluation of the clinical condition of the anterior chamber of the eye, carried out in the therapy course, allowed to establish the following order of the studied drugs, according to their therapeutical effectiveness (from the most effective): indomethacin greater than ibuprofen greater than hydrocortizone greater than 6-mercaptopurine.", "contents": "Studies on the experimental therapy of iridocyclitis. Effectiveness of selected anti-inflammatory drugs on the experimental model of uveitis was evaluated. Studies on the biochemical parameters of inflammation in the aqueous humor and biomicroscopic evaluation of the clinical condition of the anterior chamber of the eye, carried out in the therapy course, allowed to establish the following order of the studied drugs, according to their therapeutical effectiveness (from the most effective): indomethacin greater than ibuprofen greater than hydrocortizone greater than 6-mercaptopurine.", "PMID": 398690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11599", "title": "[Fiftieth anniversary of Hans Berger's publication of the electroencephalogram. His first records in 1924--1931 (author's transl)].", "content": "For the fiftieth anniversary of Berger's first EEG publication, some of his early recordings obtained between 1924 and 1931 are discussed and illustrated. Examples of his protocols from the Freiburg Berger Archives are reproduced. Three types of Berger's early investigations are described: (1) String-galvanometer recordings obtained between 1924 and 1926, mainly from trephined patients with cerebral diseases, which usually showed brain waves slowed to 6--8 per second; (2) Direct recordings from the cortex and white matter proving the cortical origin of the EEG in 1930; (3) Typical unpublished EEG recordings of epileptics and of petit-mal attacks obtained in 1930 and 1931. Berger's first six papers published between 1929 and 1933 described nearly all the main EEG findings of cerebral diseases and the EEG alterations of normals during attention, sleep, and narcosis, but they did not report on convulsive potentials in the EEGs of epileptics. Berger had, however, obtained excellent records of epileptic EEG features, here depicted in Figs. 4 through 7. These remained unpublished until 1933 and 1938, because Berger suspected that they contained artifacts caused by blinks and facial movements which he had recorded in his controls (Fig. 4). Only in 1933, after other authors had described large amplitudes of convulsive potentials in the cortex of animals, did Berger publish parts of the EEGs of a petit-mal attack and of focal attacks in progressive paresis. In 1938, Berger presented the EEG of the beginning of a petit-mal attack with large 3/s spikes and waves recorded in 1931 which were similar to those described by Gibbs and coworkers in 1935. In 1933 and 1938, Berger interpreted the abnormal brain potentials of epileptics as signs of a preconvulsive state of the forebrain and suggested that the periods of 3/s waves were cortical correlates of an epileptic absence.", "contents": "[Fiftieth anniversary of Hans Berger's publication of the electroencephalogram. His first records in 1924--1931 (author's transl)]. For the fiftieth anniversary of Berger's first EEG publication, some of his early recordings obtained between 1924 and 1931 are discussed and illustrated. Examples of his protocols from the Freiburg Berger Archives are reproduced. Three types of Berger's early investigations are described: (1) String-galvanometer recordings obtained between 1924 and 1926, mainly from trephined patients with cerebral diseases, which usually showed brain waves slowed to 6--8 per second; (2) Direct recordings from the cortex and white matter proving the cortical origin of the EEG in 1930; (3) Typical unpublished EEG recordings of epileptics and of petit-mal attacks obtained in 1930 and 1931. Berger's first six papers published between 1929 and 1933 described nearly all the main EEG findings of cerebral diseases and the EEG alterations of normals during attention, sleep, and narcosis, but they did not report on convulsive potentials in the EEGs of epileptics. Berger had, however, obtained excellent records of epileptic EEG features, here depicted in Figs. 4 through 7. These remained unpublished until 1933 and 1938, because Berger suspected that they contained artifacts caused by blinks and facial movements which he had recorded in his controls (Fig. 4). Only in 1933, after other authors had described large amplitudes of convulsive potentials in the cortex of animals, did Berger publish parts of the EEGs of a petit-mal attack and of focal attacks in progressive paresis. In 1938, Berger presented the EEG of the beginning of a petit-mal attack with large 3/s spikes and waves recorded in 1931 which were similar to those described by Gibbs and coworkers in 1935. In 1933 and 1938, Berger interpreted the abnormal brain potentials of epileptics as signs of a preconvulsive state of the forebrain and suggested that the periods of 3/s waves were cortical correlates of an epileptic absence.", "PMID": 398691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11600", "title": "Pathways of energy metabolism required for phenotypic expression of nif+Kp genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In E. coli K12 (F'nif+Kp) hybrids, electron-transport-dependent phosphorylation is not necessary for anaerobic nitrogen fixation, and substrate level phosphorylation can provide sufficient ATP from glucose for nitrogenase activity. The fumarate-reduction system, however, is essential in these hybrids for the transfer of electrons to nitrogenase. This system is probably also involved in maintaining the membrane in the energized state, thereby allowing nitrogen fixation to occur. The nitrate-reduction system, which can energize the membrane like the fumarate-reduction system, is not necessary for nitrogenase activity in the E. coli K12(F'nif+Kp) hybrids. However, two nitrate reductase genes, chlA, and chlB, are essential for inhibition of nitrogen fixation by nitrate. Moreover, nitrate inhibits nitrogenase activity and this inhibition is most probably effected through a regulator factor coded by chlA and chlB.", "contents": "Pathways of energy metabolism required for phenotypic expression of nif+Kp genes in Escherichia coli. In E. coli K12 (F'nif+Kp) hybrids, electron-transport-dependent phosphorylation is not necessary for anaerobic nitrogen fixation, and substrate level phosphorylation can provide sufficient ATP from glucose for nitrogenase activity. The fumarate-reduction system, however, is essential in these hybrids for the transfer of electrons to nitrogenase. This system is probably also involved in maintaining the membrane in the energized state, thereby allowing nitrogen fixation to occur. The nitrate-reduction system, which can energize the membrane like the fumarate-reduction system, is not necessary for nitrogenase activity in the E. coli K12(F'nif+Kp) hybrids. However, two nitrate reductase genes, chlA, and chlB, are essential for inhibition of nitrogen fixation by nitrate. Moreover, nitrate inhibits nitrogenase activity and this inhibition is most probably effected through a regulator factor coded by chlA and chlB.", "PMID": 398694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11601", "title": "Antibody responses of human lymphocytes in vitro. Specificity and physical properties of plaque-forming cell precursors.", "content": "When human tonsillar lymphocytes are cultured with pokeweed mitogen they generate a larger number of antibody-secreting cells. A substantial number of the plaque-forming cells generated have specificity for sheep erythrocytes but very few are specific for either bovine or horse erythrocytes. We have investigated the physical properties of sheep erythrocyte-specific precursors and have found that they have the characteristics of larger lymphocytes and are heterogeneous with respect to density. Our results support the concept that the percursors which can be induced by pokeweed mitogen to develop into plaque-forming cells belong to a pre-activated sub-population of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antibody responses of human lymphocytes in vitro. Specificity and physical properties of plaque-forming cell precursors. When human tonsillar lymphocytes are cultured with pokeweed mitogen they generate a larger number of antibody-secreting cells. A substantial number of the plaque-forming cells generated have specificity for sheep erythrocytes but very few are specific for either bovine or horse erythrocytes. We have investigated the physical properties of sheep erythrocyte-specific precursors and have found that they have the characteristics of larger lymphocytes and are heterogeneous with respect to density. Our results support the concept that the percursors which can be induced by pokeweed mitogen to develop into plaque-forming cells belong to a pre-activated sub-population of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 398695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11602", "title": "Antibody responses of human lymphocytes in vitro. Enhancing effects of hydrocortisone.", "content": "Cultures of human tonsillar lymphocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen in the presence of hydrocortisone succinate generate more sheep red blood cell-specific plaque-forming cells than when the hydrocortisone is absent. Such enhancement is even more marked when sheep red blood cells and pokeweed mitogen are present in cultures. This contrasts with the inability of sheep red blood cells to enhance pokeweed mitogen-stimulated response in cultures lacking hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone causes greater enhancement when the concentration of cells in culture is high than when it is low. These data are consistent with hydrocortisone inhibiting the activity of suppressor cells which would otherwise mask helper effects.", "contents": "Antibody responses of human lymphocytes in vitro. Enhancing effects of hydrocortisone. Cultures of human tonsillar lymphocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen in the presence of hydrocortisone succinate generate more sheep red blood cell-specific plaque-forming cells than when the hydrocortisone is absent. Such enhancement is even more marked when sheep red blood cells and pokeweed mitogen are present in cultures. This contrasts with the inability of sheep red blood cells to enhance pokeweed mitogen-stimulated response in cultures lacking hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone causes greater enhancement when the concentration of cells in culture is high than when it is low. These data are consistent with hydrocortisone inhibiting the activity of suppressor cells which would otherwise mask helper effects.", "PMID": 398696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11603", "title": "Immunoprecipitation of biosynthetically-labelled products in the identification of antigens of murine red cells infected with the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "In this methodological paper an immunoprecipitation technique has been optimised for the identification of antigens of Plasmodium berghei-infected blood which react with antibody specificities in a host-protective antiserum. Extracted 3H-leucine biosynthetically-labelled products of infected blood were sequentially reacted and precipitated with sera from mice which had been exposed to P. berghei but which were either non-protected or protected against lethal infection, protection having been shown to be transferable to naive recipients with the appropriate serum. As analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, a small number of molecular species was detected in immunoprecipitates using host-protective sera which were apparently not quantitatively precipitated out of the complex mixture of labelled products of infected blood using sera from non-protected mice.", "contents": "Immunoprecipitation of biosynthetically-labelled products in the identification of antigens of murine red cells infected with the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium berghei. In this methodological paper an immunoprecipitation technique has been optimised for the identification of antigens of Plasmodium berghei-infected blood which react with antibody specificities in a host-protective antiserum. Extracted 3H-leucine biosynthetically-labelled products of infected blood were sequentially reacted and precipitated with sera from mice which had been exposed to P. berghei but which were either non-protected or protected against lethal infection, protection having been shown to be transferable to naive recipients with the appropriate serum. As analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, a small number of molecular species was detected in immunoprecipitates using host-protective sera which were apparently not quantitatively precipitated out of the complex mixture of labelled products of infected blood using sera from non-protected mice.", "PMID": 398697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11604", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in syngeneic mice by Salmonella antigens.", "content": "Administration of a protein antigen preparation from Salmonella enteritidis 11RX at the site of challenge with Lewis lung carcinoma inhibited tumour development in mice previously immunised with live bacteria, but not control mice. The kinetics of tumour growth indicated that the inhibition of tumour development was due to a reduction of the initial tumour inoculum rather than the development of specific anti-tumour immunity.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in syngeneic mice by Salmonella antigens. Administration of a protein antigen preparation from Salmonella enteritidis 11RX at the site of challenge with Lewis lung carcinoma inhibited tumour development in mice previously immunised with live bacteria, but not control mice. The kinetics of tumour growth indicated that the inhibition of tumour development was due to a reduction of the initial tumour inoculum rather than the development of specific anti-tumour immunity.", "PMID": 398698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11605", "title": "[Control of anticoagulant therapy with coumarin derivatives. Evolution of the tests used and their standardization].", "content": "Levels of hypocoagulabity induced with coumarin derivatives (aconocoumarin) were determined in 10 patients Quick's test was used to calibrate commercially available thromboplastin reagents against a reference reagent. The results were then standardised in the form of a correct prothrombin ratio. It was found that comparable results could be obtained, even with poorly sensitive thromboplastins, by determining a thromboplastin sensitivity index and using it to convert the prothrombin ratio obtained with each thromboplastin into a \"correct\" ratio, i.e. one that allowed for the depressed sensitivity of the thromboplastin concerned. It was found that thrombotest was more sensitive than the commercial thromboplastins; it was also superior to the reference reagent in expressing the level of drug-induced hypocoagulability. Attention is drawn to the soundness of expressing prothrombin times in terms of the correct ratio to cut out the effect of variations in sensitivity on the part of commercial thromboplastins. At the same time, stress is laid on the superiority of thrombotest in the monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "[Control of anticoagulant therapy with coumarin derivatives. Evolution of the tests used and their standardization]. Levels of hypocoagulabity induced with coumarin derivatives (aconocoumarin) were determined in 10 patients Quick's test was used to calibrate commercially available thromboplastin reagents against a reference reagent. The results were then standardised in the form of a correct prothrombin ratio. It was found that comparable results could be obtained, even with poorly sensitive thromboplastins, by determining a thromboplastin sensitivity index and using it to convert the prothrombin ratio obtained with each thromboplastin into a \"correct\" ratio, i.e. one that allowed for the depressed sensitivity of the thromboplastin concerned. It was found that thrombotest was more sensitive than the commercial thromboplastins; it was also superior to the reference reagent in expressing the level of drug-induced hypocoagulability. Attention is drawn to the soundness of expressing prothrombin times in terms of the correct ratio to cut out the effect of variations in sensitivity on the part of commercial thromboplastins. At the same time, stress is laid on the superiority of thrombotest in the monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 398692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11606", "title": "[Intestinal occlusion caused by endometriosis].", "content": "Three cases of intestinal occlusion due to endometriosis, presenting as surgical emergencies, are reported. After a review of the literature on the incidence of endometriosis, the mechanisms underlying the occlusive process and the various anatomopathological pictures are presented. The reasons why no correct preoperative diagnosis was possible and the problems encountered in differential diagnosis, particularly with respect to carcinoma of the colon and the sigma-rectum, are discussed. It is considered that correct preoperative diagnosis is very important to avoid subjecting the non-cancer patient to destructive surgery. The therapy recommended for intestinal occlusion due to suspected endometriosis is presented.", "contents": "[Intestinal occlusion caused by endometriosis]. Three cases of intestinal occlusion due to endometriosis, presenting as surgical emergencies, are reported. After a review of the literature on the incidence of endometriosis, the mechanisms underlying the occlusive process and the various anatomopathological pictures are presented. The reasons why no correct preoperative diagnosis was possible and the problems encountered in differential diagnosis, particularly with respect to carcinoma of the colon and the sigma-rectum, are discussed. It is considered that correct preoperative diagnosis is very important to avoid subjecting the non-cancer patient to destructive surgery. The therapy recommended for intestinal occlusion due to suspected endometriosis is presented.", "PMID": 398693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11607", "title": "[Special aspects of the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test].", "content": "The insulin response of 10 lean and 23 obese subjects with lag-type and borderline O.G.T.T. has been studied. The O.G.T.T. was interpreted according to the criteria of Fajans and Conn. The maximum increase and the area of increase were examined both for blood glucose and plasma I.R.I., and the corresponding I.R.I./glucose ratios calculated. The shape of the insulin response curve is similar to that of glucose curve. The I.R.I./glucose ratios are decreased in the lag-type curves as compared to borderline in the lean subjects while we observed opposite results in obese ones. A possible physiopathological interpretation of this curves is proposed.", "contents": "[Special aspects of the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test]. The insulin response of 10 lean and 23 obese subjects with lag-type and borderline O.G.T.T. has been studied. The O.G.T.T. was interpreted according to the criteria of Fajans and Conn. The maximum increase and the area of increase were examined both for blood glucose and plasma I.R.I., and the corresponding I.R.I./glucose ratios calculated. The shape of the insulin response curve is similar to that of glucose curve. The I.R.I./glucose ratios are decreased in the lag-type curves as compared to borderline in the lean subjects while we observed opposite results in obese ones. A possible physiopathological interpretation of this curves is proposed.", "PMID": 398700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11608", "title": "[Examination of the early phase of insulin secretion with 3 successive small overloads of glucose (5 g) in normal and obese subjects].", "content": "We studied the E.I.R. in eight normal subjects and fifteen obese ones with three successive small glucose pulses (5 g.) e.v. at 30' interval. In normal subjects the three successive loads gave rise to identical responses for both glucose and I.R.I. Obese could be divided, on the basis of their E.I.R. to the first load, into normal responders (group I), hyper-responders (group II) and hypo-r\u00e9sponders (group III); on the basis of the E.I.R. to the second load, group I could be divided in two subgroups: Ia and Ib. We found an identical E.I.R. to all glucose loads in group Ia; a reduced E.I.R. to successive loads in groups Ib and II. Group III didn't have any insulin response to all glucose loads.", "contents": "[Examination of the early phase of insulin secretion with 3 successive small overloads of glucose (5 g) in normal and obese subjects]. We studied the E.I.R. in eight normal subjects and fifteen obese ones with three successive small glucose pulses (5 g.) e.v. at 30' interval. In normal subjects the three successive loads gave rise to identical responses for both glucose and I.R.I. Obese could be divided, on the basis of their E.I.R. to the first load, into normal responders (group I), hyper-responders (group II) and hypo-r\u00e9sponders (group III); on the basis of the E.I.R. to the second load, group I could be divided in two subgroups: Ia and Ib. We found an identical E.I.R. to all glucose loads in group Ia; a reduced E.I.R. to successive loads in groups Ib and II. Group III didn't have any insulin response to all glucose loads.", "PMID": 398701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11609", "title": "[Double test of insulin sensitivity in normal and obese subjects].", "content": "13 normal and 16 obese subjects have been chosen for a double insulin tolerance test: 0,02 U/Kg of insulin were administered i.v. with an interval of 60'. The glycemic curve of the normal subjects show an identical lay out after both pulses; on the contrary the obese subjects could be divided into two subgroups. In the first one the lowering glucose action can be compared after both pulses, while in the second one the first stimulus causes a weather lowering glucose action, than in the first group, which is furtherly reduced during the subsequent pulse. An insulin resistance in these subjects is thus stressed. In the obese subjects the NEFA have a higher concentration in both groups than in the normal ones, show a normal decrease, but a certain delay is observed in the rebound phase.", "contents": "[Double test of insulin sensitivity in normal and obese subjects]. 13 normal and 16 obese subjects have been chosen for a double insulin tolerance test: 0,02 U/Kg of insulin were administered i.v. with an interval of 60'. The glycemic curve of the normal subjects show an identical lay out after both pulses; on the contrary the obese subjects could be divided into two subgroups. In the first one the lowering glucose action can be compared after both pulses, while in the second one the first stimulus causes a weather lowering glucose action, than in the first group, which is furtherly reduced during the subsequent pulse. An insulin resistance in these subjects is thus stressed. In the obese subjects the NEFA have a higher concentration in both groups than in the normal ones, show a normal decrease, but a certain delay is observed in the rebound phase.", "PMID": 398702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11610", "title": "[Comparison of the radioimmunological and immunoenzymatic methods in detection of HBsAg].", "content": "We have compared the solid-phase radioimmunoassay(SPRIA) with a solid-phase enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 708 sera from blood donors and 500 sera from patients with various diseases (acute and chronic hepatitis, chronic renal failure in hemodialytic treatment) were tested for HBsAg with both methods. 208 sera (17,2%) were found to be positive in SPRIA and 209 sera (17,3%) in EIA. Two HBsAg positive sera were tested in dilution series with both methods, too. The results show that the sensitivity and specificity of the EIA compare very favourably with those of the SPRIA.", "contents": "[Comparison of the radioimmunological and immunoenzymatic methods in detection of HBsAg]. We have compared the solid-phase radioimmunoassay(SPRIA) with a solid-phase enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 708 sera from blood donors and 500 sera from patients with various diseases (acute and chronic hepatitis, chronic renal failure in hemodialytic treatment) were tested for HBsAg with both methods. 208 sera (17,2%) were found to be positive in SPRIA and 209 sera (17,3%) in EIA. Two HBsAg positive sera were tested in dilution series with both methods, too. The results show that the sensitivity and specificity of the EIA compare very favourably with those of the SPRIA.", "PMID": 398703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11611", "title": "Methylation patterns of tRNA at different concentrations of dimethylsulphate.", "content": "The methylation patterns produced in E. coli B tRNA by various concentrations of dimethylsulphate were found to differ with a predominant formation of 7-methylguanine and 1-methyladenine at low concentrations and of a methylated compound not yet identified at high concentrations of methylating agent. The analysis by Scatchard plot of dimethylsulphate interaction with the nucleic acid suggested the presence of high and low affinity sites.", "contents": "Methylation patterns of tRNA at different concentrations of dimethylsulphate. The methylation patterns produced in E. coli B tRNA by various concentrations of dimethylsulphate were found to differ with a predominant formation of 7-methylguanine and 1-methyladenine at low concentrations and of a methylated compound not yet identified at high concentrations of methylating agent. The analysis by Scatchard plot of dimethylsulphate interaction with the nucleic acid suggested the presence of high and low affinity sites.", "PMID": 398704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11612", "title": "[Biological effects of distamycin A].", "content": "In the present review are examined different biological effects of Distamycin A, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces distallicus. This drug is moderately active on bacteria but it is strongly active on DNA viruses and on some Oncornaviruses, moreover it possesses antineoplastic and antimitotic activity at high doses at which it can result tossic and cause immunodepression.", "contents": "[Biological effects of distamycin A]. In the present review are examined different biological effects of Distamycin A, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces distallicus. This drug is moderately active on bacteria but it is strongly active on DNA viruses and on some Oncornaviruses, moreover it possesses antineoplastic and antimitotic activity at high doses at which it can result tossic and cause immunodepression.", "PMID": 398699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11613", "title": "Regulation of N-acetylglucosamine uptake in yeast.", "content": "Various yeasts have been investigated for their ability to grow on N-acetylglucosamine as the sole carbon source and only those which are associated with the disease, candidiasis, gave positive results. The yeasts unable to grow on N-acetylglucosamine lacked the capacity to transport the aminosugar across the cell membrane. In pathogenic yeasts, two systems of different affinity for substrate were found to operate in the uptake of N-acetylglucosamine. In glucose-grown cells a constitutive, low affinity uptake system was present, but upon addition of inducer, a specific high affinity uptake system was synthesized. Experiments with the inhibitors of macromolecule synthesis suggested that the synthesis of RNA and protein is necessary for induction whereas the synthesis of DNA is not. In glucose-grown Candida albicans cells which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine enters into the cells as phosphorylated form using a constitutive uptake system. Uranyl acetate (0.01 mM) which binds to cell membrane-associated polyphosphates, inhibited completely the inducible uptake of N-acetylglucosamine. Labelling experiments, designed to determine the temporal sequence of appearance of N-acetylglucosamine in intracellular free sugar and sugar-phosphate pools, indicated that N-acetylglucosamine first appeared in the cells as pohosphorylated form. Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces phosphorylated form. Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3059 and some other yeasts which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine kinase in both uninduced and induced conditions. These results are consistent with the model of van Steveninck that involves phosphorylation during transpost. Furthermore, inhibitors of energy metabolism (arsenate, azide and cyanide), proton conductor (m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazine) and dibenzyl diammonium ion (membrane permeable cation) inhibited the inducible N-acetylglucosamine uptake in C. albicans.", "contents": "Regulation of N-acetylglucosamine uptake in yeast. Various yeasts have been investigated for their ability to grow on N-acetylglucosamine as the sole carbon source and only those which are associated with the disease, candidiasis, gave positive results. The yeasts unable to grow on N-acetylglucosamine lacked the capacity to transport the aminosugar across the cell membrane. In pathogenic yeasts, two systems of different affinity for substrate were found to operate in the uptake of N-acetylglucosamine. In glucose-grown cells a constitutive, low affinity uptake system was present, but upon addition of inducer, a specific high affinity uptake system was synthesized. Experiments with the inhibitors of macromolecule synthesis suggested that the synthesis of RNA and protein is necessary for induction whereas the synthesis of DNA is not. In glucose-grown Candida albicans cells which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine enters into the cells as phosphorylated form using a constitutive uptake system. Uranyl acetate (0.01 mM) which binds to cell membrane-associated polyphosphates, inhibited completely the inducible uptake of N-acetylglucosamine. Labelling experiments, designed to determine the temporal sequence of appearance of N-acetylglucosamine in intracellular free sugar and sugar-phosphate pools, indicated that N-acetylglucosamine first appeared in the cells as pohosphorylated form. Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces phosphorylated form. Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3059 and some other yeasts which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine kinase in both uninduced and induced conditions. These results are consistent with the model of van Steveninck that involves phosphorylation during transpost. Furthermore, inhibitors of energy metabolism (arsenate, azide and cyanide), proton conductor (m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazine) and dibenzyl diammonium ion (membrane permeable cation) inhibited the inducible N-acetylglucosamine uptake in C. albicans.", "PMID": 398716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11614", "title": "Use of tetramethylammonium hydroxide to determine the total fatty acid composition of microorganisms.", "content": "A destructive chromatographic method of identifying microorganisms is described. The method is based on hydrolysis of the biomass of the microorganisms in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, followed by introduction of the hydrolyzate into the heated injector of a gas chromatograph. The main products in this case are methyl esters of fatty acids, the composition of which is used as a diagnostic criterion. Chromatograms of the residues after chloroform-methanol extraction and the dynamics of the change in total fatty acids in the process of growth can also be used for identification. The dynamics of total fatty acids was studied in E. coli strain K-12, and destructive chromatograms for bacteria and yeasts are cited.", "contents": "Use of tetramethylammonium hydroxide to determine the total fatty acid composition of microorganisms. A destructive chromatographic method of identifying microorganisms is described. The method is based on hydrolysis of the biomass of the microorganisms in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, followed by introduction of the hydrolyzate into the heated injector of a gas chromatograph. The main products in this case are methyl esters of fatty acids, the composition of which is used as a diagnostic criterion. Chromatograms of the residues after chloroform-methanol extraction and the dynamics of the change in total fatty acids in the process of growth can also be used for identification. The dynamics of total fatty acids was studied in E. coli strain K-12, and destructive chromatograms for bacteria and yeasts are cited.", "PMID": 398717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11615", "title": "Progress in space biology.", "content": "Over the past two decades there has arisen a new branch of biology--space biology. This short review is devoted to a discussion of its achievements. It considers the results of research in the area of gravitation biology, and an account is made of studies in those areas of radiobiology which have relevance to the study of the cosmos. There is a brief summary of the results of the search for the upper and lower limits of the biosphere, and information is presented regarding the measures employed to maintain planetary quarantine. A great deal of attention has been given to the search for extraterrestrial life, one of the most important of problems. The results obtained with the aid of the American Viking probes on Mars are given special attention. The review presents experimental data based both upon data obtained in experiments on biological specimens during space flights of satellites and space vehicles, and also upon the results of laboratory research.", "contents": "Progress in space biology. Over the past two decades there has arisen a new branch of biology--space biology. This short review is devoted to a discussion of its achievements. It considers the results of research in the area of gravitation biology, and an account is made of studies in those areas of radiobiology which have relevance to the study of the cosmos. There is a brief summary of the results of the search for the upper and lower limits of the biosphere, and information is presented regarding the measures employed to maintain planetary quarantine. A great deal of attention has been given to the search for extraterrestrial life, one of the most important of problems. The results obtained with the aid of the American Viking probes on Mars are given special attention. The review presents experimental data based both upon data obtained in experiments on biological specimens during space flights of satellites and space vehicles, and also upon the results of laboratory research.", "PMID": 398718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11616", "title": "Mutagenic effect of 1.1'-hexamethylene-bis-[(5-p-chlorophenyl)-biguanide].", "content": "The strongly effective bactericidal compound 1.1'-hexamethylene-bis-[(5-p-chlorophenyl)-biguanide] (HCG) induces mutations with a slight inactivation rate in the auxotrophic strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 1538 in 0.4 microM solution. The mutagenic effect could be confirmed by using the plate incorporation test and the repair test. As phenylethylbiguanide at different inactivation rates does not show any mutagenic effect, the biguanide structure does not seem to be responsible for chemical mutagenesis. A hypothetic mutation mechanism is proposed and compared with the corresponding reaction mechanism of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine (MNNG).", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of 1.1'-hexamethylene-bis-[(5-p-chlorophenyl)-biguanide]. The strongly effective bactericidal compound 1.1'-hexamethylene-bis-[(5-p-chlorophenyl)-biguanide] (HCG) induces mutations with a slight inactivation rate in the auxotrophic strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 1538 in 0.4 microM solution. The mutagenic effect could be confirmed by using the plate incorporation test and the repair test. As phenylethylbiguanide at different inactivation rates does not show any mutagenic effect, the biguanide structure does not seem to be responsible for chemical mutagenesis. A hypothetic mutation mechanism is proposed and compared with the corresponding reaction mechanism of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine (MNNG).", "PMID": 398749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11617", "title": "Platinum(II) complexes block the entry of T4 phage DNA into the host cells.", "content": "The efficiency of multiplicity reactivation of T4 particles inactivated by platinum(II) complexes is very low. The same is true for marker rescue and functional survival of genes. This can be at least partly explained by the inability of most inactivated virus particles to introduce their DNA into the host cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Conformational changes in the DNA, formation of DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and the damage of proteins participating in the injection process could be responsible for the phenomenon observed.", "contents": "Platinum(II) complexes block the entry of T4 phage DNA into the host cells. The efficiency of multiplicity reactivation of T4 particles inactivated by platinum(II) complexes is very low. The same is true for marker rescue and functional survival of genes. This can be at least partly explained by the inability of most inactivated virus particles to introduce their DNA into the host cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Conformational changes in the DNA, formation of DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and the damage of proteins participating in the injection process could be responsible for the phenomenon observed.", "PMID": 398750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11618", "title": "[Acute granulomatous appendicitis. (Contribution to preventive appendectomy in acute ileitis)].", "content": "Starting with one case of acute granulomatous appendicitis of their own observation, the authors review the scant literature on the subject (only 23 published cases to date) and advocate systematic appendicectomy in all isolated appendicular localizations of Crohn's disease. On the grounds that no post-appendicectomy fistulization has ever been reported in such patients, the authors recommend prophylactic appendicectomy also in the far more frequent cases of acute ileitis, to forestall the possibility of evolution into chronic Crohn's disease and the risk of missing a nongranulomatous acute appendicitis appearing with the same clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Acute granulomatous appendicitis. (Contribution to preventive appendectomy in acute ileitis)]. Starting with one case of acute granulomatous appendicitis of their own observation, the authors review the scant literature on the subject (only 23 published cases to date) and advocate systematic appendicectomy in all isolated appendicular localizations of Crohn's disease. On the grounds that no post-appendicectomy fistulization has ever been reported in such patients, the authors recommend prophylactic appendicectomy also in the far more frequent cases of acute ileitis, to forestall the possibility of evolution into chronic Crohn's disease and the risk of missing a nongranulomatous acute appendicitis appearing with the same clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 398753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11619", "title": "The regulation of methionine biosynthesis and metabolism in plants and bacteria.", "content": "The amino acids biosynthetically derived from asparate including methionine are all essential in the diet of monogastric animals. Most of this requirement is met by plant foods. The methionine biosynthetic pathways in plants and bacteria are outlined and compared. Regulation in bacterial systems is by a combination of repression and feedback inhibition whereas in plants repression is unimportant. Several enzymes in the branched pathway to methionine in plants are regulated by feedback inhibition; others are yet to be investigated. In plants may amino acid biosynthetic enzymes are localized in plastids and this is also likely for methionine biosynthesis. Methionine occupies an important position in cellular metabolism where the processes of one-carbon transfer via S-adenosylmethionine, protein synthesis, protein initiation and ethylene synthesis are interlocked. Attempts to increase the levels of free methionine have been made by selecting for plant mutants resistant to lysine plus threonine. One dominant mutation causes elevation of free amino acid levels in vegetative tissues but also has undesirable side-effects. The potential of such approaches is discussed.", "contents": "The regulation of methionine biosynthesis and metabolism in plants and bacteria. The amino acids biosynthetically derived from asparate including methionine are all essential in the diet of monogastric animals. Most of this requirement is met by plant foods. The methionine biosynthetic pathways in plants and bacteria are outlined and compared. Regulation in bacterial systems is by a combination of repression and feedback inhibition whereas in plants repression is unimportant. Several enzymes in the branched pathway to methionine in plants are regulated by feedback inhibition; others are yet to be investigated. In plants may amino acid biosynthetic enzymes are localized in plastids and this is also likely for methionine biosynthesis. Methionine occupies an important position in cellular metabolism where the processes of one-carbon transfer via S-adenosylmethionine, protein synthesis, protein initiation and ethylene synthesis are interlocked. Attempts to increase the levels of free methionine have been made by selecting for plant mutants resistant to lysine plus threonine. One dominant mutation causes elevation of free amino acid levels in vegetative tissues but also has undesirable side-effects. The potential of such approaches is discussed.", "PMID": 398759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11620", "title": "The oxidation of sulphite in animals systems.", "content": "In animals the terminal step in the pathway for degradation of sulphur-containing amino acids is the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme sulphite oxidase. The enzyme contains molybdenum and a cytochrome b5 type haem, is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and transfers electrons from sulphite to cytochrome c on the inner membrane. The sulphite oxidase protein has a molecular weight of 110 000 (chicken) to 122 000 (human) and exists as a dimer of identical subunits. The haem and molybdenum cofactors are present on separate domains of the molecule. The structure of the molydbenum cofactor has not been worked out in detail, but this cofactor is known to be present in many other molybdoenzymes including xanthine oxidase and nitrate reductase. Three cases of genetic sulphite oxidase deficiency in humans have been reported. The three affected children displayed mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and dislocated ocular lenses. The biochemical basis for lack of enzyme activity in each case has been studied. All three have been shown to lack the sulphite oxidase protein, but in one case this appears to be secondary to a defect in synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Sulphite oxidase deficiency has been produced in the rat by administration of high levels of tungsten. Sulphite oxidase-deficient animals are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of sulphite and atmospheric sulphur dioxide.", "contents": "The oxidation of sulphite in animals systems. In animals the terminal step in the pathway for degradation of sulphur-containing amino acids is the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme sulphite oxidase. The enzyme contains molybdenum and a cytochrome b5 type haem, is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and transfers electrons from sulphite to cytochrome c on the inner membrane. The sulphite oxidase protein has a molecular weight of 110 000 (chicken) to 122 000 (human) and exists as a dimer of identical subunits. The haem and molybdenum cofactors are present on separate domains of the molecule. The structure of the molydbenum cofactor has not been worked out in detail, but this cofactor is known to be present in many other molybdoenzymes including xanthine oxidase and nitrate reductase. Three cases of genetic sulphite oxidase deficiency in humans have been reported. The three affected children displayed mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and dislocated ocular lenses. The biochemical basis for lack of enzyme activity in each case has been studied. All three have been shown to lack the sulphite oxidase protein, but in one case this appears to be secondary to a defect in synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Sulphite oxidase deficiency has been produced in the rat by administration of high levels of tungsten. Sulphite oxidase-deficient animals are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of sulphite and atmospheric sulphur dioxide.", "PMID": 398760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11621", "title": "Observations on the biological roles of sulphatases.", "content": "Until recently little was known about the biological roles played by sulphatase enzymes, owing in part to the selection of assay substrates that were convenient but only removely related to the natural substrates. Once this was recognized the elucidation of function proceeded more rapidly. Microbial sulphatases appear to have roles to play in the nutrition of individual microorganisms whilst collectively they enable sulphur, returned to soils and waters in the form of sulphate esters, to be made available for recycling. In contrast, with one or two important exceptions, mammalian sulphatases are concerned, in association with other enzymes, with the turnover of macromolecules. Still defying understanding are the roles of sulphatases acting on adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APT) and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPA). APS sulphatases have now been purified from ox-liver lysosomes and cytosol and from a strain of Comamonas terrigena. The lysosomal enzyme shows wide specificity and can hydrolyse ATP, ADP, FED and pyrophosphate. The cytosol enzyme is apparently specific and may be active only when cellular concentrations of ATP are low. The bacterial enzyme is also specific and has properties and a cellular localization that suggest the possibility of its involvement in sulphate transport.", "contents": "Observations on the biological roles of sulphatases. Until recently little was known about the biological roles played by sulphatase enzymes, owing in part to the selection of assay substrates that were convenient but only removely related to the natural substrates. Once this was recognized the elucidation of function proceeded more rapidly. Microbial sulphatases appear to have roles to play in the nutrition of individual microorganisms whilst collectively they enable sulphur, returned to soils and waters in the form of sulphate esters, to be made available for recycling. In contrast, with one or two important exceptions, mammalian sulphatases are concerned, in association with other enzymes, with the turnover of macromolecules. Still defying understanding are the roles of sulphatases acting on adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APT) and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPA). APS sulphatases have now been purified from ox-liver lysosomes and cytosol and from a strain of Comamonas terrigena. The lysosomal enzyme shows wide specificity and can hydrolyse ATP, ADP, FED and pyrophosphate. The cytosol enzyme is apparently specific and may be active only when cellular concentrations of ATP are low. The bacterial enzyme is also specific and has properties and a cellular localization that suggest the possibility of its involvement in sulphate transport.", "PMID": 398761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11622", "title": "Studies on the nature and regulation of the cellular thio:disulphide potential.", "content": "Microsomal fractions separated from homogenates of liver, kidney and corpora lutea contain a monooxygenase (dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide forming], EC 1.14.13.8) that catalyses NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxidation of cysteamine to cystamine. The monooxygenase purified to homogeneity from hog liver also catalyses oxygenations of diverse xenobiotics, but it does not catalyse oxidation of any other physiological sulphur- or nitrogen-containing compounds. All the available evidence indicates that cysteamine is the physiological substrate for the monooxygenase, and the oxidation of this thiol to the disulphide may be a significant source of disulphide maintaining the cellular thiol:disulphide potential. The concentration of protein-low molecular weight mixed disulphide is a function of this potential. Changes in concentration of this protein-mixed disulphide reflect changes in thiol:disulphide balance. At constant substrate concentrations the potential would depend primarily on activity of the cytosol glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H: oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) relative to that of the membrane-bound monooxygenase. In hepatic tissue from adult mice and hamsters there is a correlation between the concentration of protein-mixed disulphide and the activity of the monooxygenase relative to the reductase. Hepatic glutathione reductase is relatively constant in mice, but the monooxygenase is much higher in the female than in the male. After gonadectomy monooxygenase activity decreases in the female and increases in the male. Activities are restored to control levels by treating males with testosterone and females with progesterone. Testosterone decreases and progesterone increases activity. These two hormones apparently regulate the level of this enzyme in hepatic tissue.", "contents": "Studies on the nature and regulation of the cellular thio:disulphide potential. Microsomal fractions separated from homogenates of liver, kidney and corpora lutea contain a monooxygenase (dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide forming], EC 1.14.13.8) that catalyses NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxidation of cysteamine to cystamine. The monooxygenase purified to homogeneity from hog liver also catalyses oxygenations of diverse xenobiotics, but it does not catalyse oxidation of any other physiological sulphur- or nitrogen-containing compounds. All the available evidence indicates that cysteamine is the physiological substrate for the monooxygenase, and the oxidation of this thiol to the disulphide may be a significant source of disulphide maintaining the cellular thiol:disulphide potential. The concentration of protein-low molecular weight mixed disulphide is a function of this potential. Changes in concentration of this protein-mixed disulphide reflect changes in thiol:disulphide balance. At constant substrate concentrations the potential would depend primarily on activity of the cytosol glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H: oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) relative to that of the membrane-bound monooxygenase. In hepatic tissue from adult mice and hamsters there is a correlation between the concentration of protein-mixed disulphide and the activity of the monooxygenase relative to the reductase. Hepatic glutathione reductase is relatively constant in mice, but the monooxygenase is much higher in the female than in the male. After gonadectomy monooxygenase activity decreases in the female and increases in the male. Activities are restored to control levels by treating males with testosterone and females with progesterone. Testosterone decreases and progesterone increases activity. These two hormones apparently regulate the level of this enzyme in hepatic tissue.", "PMID": 398762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11623", "title": "Sulphydryl oxidase: oxidation of sulphydryl groups and the formation of three-dimensional structure in proteins.", "content": "Sulphydryl oxidase, an enzyme isolated from milk, catalyses the de novo synthesis of disulphide bonds. Thiol groups in amino acids or their derivatives, peptides, and proteins are oxidized; molecular oxygen serves as the electron acceptor and undergoes a two-electron reduction to hydrogen peroxide. Michaelis constants vary considerably amongst various substrates; glutathione is a particularly good substrate. Inhibition studies and oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran suggest a mechanism involving an electron transfer to singlet O2 forming an enzyme-bound hydroperoxy group. Evidence for a direct interaction of the enzyme with horseradish peroxidase was also obtained. Although protein-folding appears to be thermodynamically favoured, rates of spontaneous acquisition of functional three-dimensional structures in disulphide-containing proteins have appeared disturbingly slow. In the presence of sulphydryl oxidase, functional structure is rapidly acquired by both reductively unfolded ribonuclease A and reductively denatured immobilized chymotrypsinogen A as judged by restoration of native fluorescence characteristics and biological activity. Preliminary data suggest that unlike thiol:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, protein-disulphide isomerase, or GSSG/GSH redox systems, sulphydryl oxidase does not permit a 'reshuffling' of disulphide bonds.", "contents": "Sulphydryl oxidase: oxidation of sulphydryl groups and the formation of three-dimensional structure in proteins. Sulphydryl oxidase, an enzyme isolated from milk, catalyses the de novo synthesis of disulphide bonds. Thiol groups in amino acids or their derivatives, peptides, and proteins are oxidized; molecular oxygen serves as the electron acceptor and undergoes a two-electron reduction to hydrogen peroxide. Michaelis constants vary considerably amongst various substrates; glutathione is a particularly good substrate. Inhibition studies and oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran suggest a mechanism involving an electron transfer to singlet O2 forming an enzyme-bound hydroperoxy group. Evidence for a direct interaction of the enzyme with horseradish peroxidase was also obtained. Although protein-folding appears to be thermodynamically favoured, rates of spontaneous acquisition of functional three-dimensional structures in disulphide-containing proteins have appeared disturbingly slow. In the presence of sulphydryl oxidase, functional structure is rapidly acquired by both reductively unfolded ribonuclease A and reductively denatured immobilized chymotrypsinogen A as judged by restoration of native fluorescence characteristics and biological activity. Preliminary data suggest that unlike thiol:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, protein-disulphide isomerase, or GSSG/GSH redox systems, sulphydryl oxidase does not permit a 'reshuffling' of disulphide bonds.", "PMID": 398763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11624", "title": "Diseases of sulphur metabolism: implications for the methionine-homocysteine cycle, and vitamin responsiveness.", "content": "Sixteen inherited human diseases are now recognized, affecting most of the major steps in sulphur metabolism. Studies of patients with three types of homocystinuria have demonstrated unequivocally the major role of cystathionine formation in degradation of homocysteine, and the importance of homocysteine remethylation. Methionine balance studies of normal subjects and of a sarcosine oxidase-deficient subject have shown the predominant role of creatine synthesis in methionine utilization and permitted assessment of the rate of oxidation of the methyl group of methionine. Together, the results demonstrate that once regulatory adjustments have been made the rate of methylneogensis is nicely controlled so that labile methyl groups are made available in amounts just sufficient to meet the needs for methionine. When excess methionine is ingested the four-carbon moiety is diverted into cystathionine, the methyl group is oxidized via sarcosine and the flow of partially oxidized one-carbon units is diverted away from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate toward CO2. Studies of cystathionine synthase-deficient patients demonstrate that the capacity to respond or not to respond to pyridoxine administration is genetically controlled, probably through structural differences in mutant cystathionine synthases. However, the properties of the enzyme crucial in conferring responsiveness have not yet been identified.", "contents": "Diseases of sulphur metabolism: implications for the methionine-homocysteine cycle, and vitamin responsiveness. Sixteen inherited human diseases are now recognized, affecting most of the major steps in sulphur metabolism. Studies of patients with three types of homocystinuria have demonstrated unequivocally the major role of cystathionine formation in degradation of homocysteine, and the importance of homocysteine remethylation. Methionine balance studies of normal subjects and of a sarcosine oxidase-deficient subject have shown the predominant role of creatine synthesis in methionine utilization and permitted assessment of the rate of oxidation of the methyl group of methionine. Together, the results demonstrate that once regulatory adjustments have been made the rate of methylneogensis is nicely controlled so that labile methyl groups are made available in amounts just sufficient to meet the needs for methionine. When excess methionine is ingested the four-carbon moiety is diverted into cystathionine, the methyl group is oxidized via sarcosine and the flow of partially oxidized one-carbon units is diverted away from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate toward CO2. Studies of cystathionine synthase-deficient patients demonstrate that the capacity to respond or not to respond to pyridoxine administration is genetically controlled, probably through structural differences in mutant cystathionine synthases. However, the properties of the enzyme crucial in conferring responsiveness have not yet been identified.", "PMID": 398765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11625", "title": "The sulphur cycle: definitions, mechanisms and dynamics.", "content": "The principal biochemical processes of the sulphur cycle are described and the types of organisms known to catalyse the reductive and oxidative phases of the cycle outlined. Attention is drawn to the shortcomings in our current knowledge of the scale of turnover of the sulphur cycle and of our understanding of the microorganisms involved in specialized environments. Examples of some special habitats are used to illustrate these points. The role of sulphate-reducing bacteria and sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotrophs in the formation and recycling of sulphide minerals is described.", "contents": "The sulphur cycle: definitions, mechanisms and dynamics. The principal biochemical processes of the sulphur cycle are described and the types of organisms known to catalyse the reductive and oxidative phases of the cycle outlined. Attention is drawn to the shortcomings in our current knowledge of the scale of turnover of the sulphur cycle and of our understanding of the microorganisms involved in specialized environments. Examples of some special habitats are used to illustrate these points. The role of sulphate-reducing bacteria and sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotrophs in the formation and recycling of sulphide minerals is described.", "PMID": 398766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11626", "title": "Pathways of assimilatory sulphate reduction in plants and microorganisms.", "content": "Assimilatory sulphate reduction, largely restricted to plants and microorganisms where it provides reduced sulphur for the formation of amino acids and proteins, nucleic acids, and various sulphur-containing coenzymes, begins with the activation of sulphate through reaction with ATP to form adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS) and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS). Two pathways of assimilatory sulphate reduction are known. One, found in some blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and in all oxygen-envolving eukaryotes, begins with APS where the sulpho group is transferred via APS sulphotransferase to a thiol acceptor (glutathione (G-S-) in Chlorella) to form the organic thiosulphate (G-S-SO-3). The organic thiosulphate appears to be reduced further by an organic thiosulphate reductase employing reduced ferredoxin to form G-S-S-. The terminal sulphur is then thought to be reductively transferred to O-acetylserine via O-acetylserine sulphydrase to form cysteine. A second pathway, found in bacteria and fungi, begins with PAPS where the sulpho group is transferred via PAPS sulphotransferase to an acceptor thiol to form an organic thiosulphate. Since thioredoxin is indispensable, this molecule may be the carrier or may serve to reduce the carrier. NADPH via thioredoxin reductase or glutathione and glutathione reductase reduces thioredoxin. These reactions release sulphite which is further reduced to sulphide by sulphite reductase, employing NADPH. Sulphide is then thought to react with O-acetylserine to form cysteine via O-acetylserine sulphydrase. The cellular location and evolution of these pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Pathways of assimilatory sulphate reduction in plants and microorganisms. Assimilatory sulphate reduction, largely restricted to plants and microorganisms where it provides reduced sulphur for the formation of amino acids and proteins, nucleic acids, and various sulphur-containing coenzymes, begins with the activation of sulphate through reaction with ATP to form adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS) and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS). Two pathways of assimilatory sulphate reduction are known. One, found in some blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and in all oxygen-envolving eukaryotes, begins with APS where the sulpho group is transferred via APS sulphotransferase to a thiol acceptor (glutathione (G-S-) in Chlorella) to form the organic thiosulphate (G-S-SO-3). The organic thiosulphate appears to be reduced further by an organic thiosulphate reductase employing reduced ferredoxin to form G-S-S-. The terminal sulphur is then thought to be reductively transferred to O-acetylserine via O-acetylserine sulphydrase to form cysteine. A second pathway, found in bacteria and fungi, begins with PAPS where the sulpho group is transferred via PAPS sulphotransferase to an acceptor thiol to form an organic thiosulphate. Since thioredoxin is indispensable, this molecule may be the carrier or may serve to reduce the carrier. NADPH via thioredoxin reductase or glutathione and glutathione reductase reduces thioredoxin. These reactions release sulphite which is further reduced to sulphide by sulphite reductase, employing NADPH. Sulphide is then thought to react with O-acetylserine to form cysteine via O-acetylserine sulphydrase. The cellular location and evolution of these pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 398767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11627", "title": "Synthesis of L-cysteine in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "In Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from L-serine and inorganic sulphate proceeds along a branched convergent pathway along one arm of which sulphate is reduced to sulphide, while on the other L-serine is acetylated to O-acetyl-L-serine. This system is subject to positive genetic control in which growth on a poor sulphur source, O-acetyl-L-serine and the product of the cysB regulatory gene are all required for derepression. The final step consists of the formation of L-cysteine from O-acetyl-L-serine and sulphide. We find that in S. typhimurium this reaction is catalysed by two different enzymes, O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A and O-acetylserine sulphydrylase B, coded for by cysK and cysM respectively. Both enzymes are under the control of the cysteine regulon, and either alone is sufficient for cysteine prototrophy during aerobic growth. Although the advantage to the bacterium of having two separate enzymes to carry out the same reaction is unclear, preliminary data suggest that O-acetylserine sulphydrylase B is preferentially utilized for cysteine biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. We speculate that one enzyme may prefer free sulphide as a substrate while the other may use a bound form of sulphide.", "contents": "Synthesis of L-cysteine in Salmonella typhimurium. In Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from L-serine and inorganic sulphate proceeds along a branched convergent pathway along one arm of which sulphate is reduced to sulphide, while on the other L-serine is acetylated to O-acetyl-L-serine. This system is subject to positive genetic control in which growth on a poor sulphur source, O-acetyl-L-serine and the product of the cysB regulatory gene are all required for derepression. The final step consists of the formation of L-cysteine from O-acetyl-L-serine and sulphide. We find that in S. typhimurium this reaction is catalysed by two different enzymes, O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A and O-acetylserine sulphydrylase B, coded for by cysK and cysM respectively. Both enzymes are under the control of the cysteine regulon, and either alone is sufficient for cysteine prototrophy during aerobic growth. Although the advantage to the bacterium of having two separate enzymes to carry out the same reaction is unclear, preliminary data suggest that O-acetylserine sulphydrylase B is preferentially utilized for cysteine biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. We speculate that one enzyme may prefer free sulphide as a substrate while the other may use a bound form of sulphide.", "PMID": 398768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11628", "title": "Markers of macrophage heterogeneity. I. Studies of macrophages from various organs of normal mice.", "content": "A unique subpopulation of macrophages (M phi) was identified among the spleen and bone marrow M phi of normal mice. After 24 h of culture, approximately 2.5% of the adherent cells cluster into \"foci\" of 10-30 cells. On the basis of their phagocytic and morphologic characteristics, these focus-forming M phi (FF-M phi) appeared to be highly activated. Uncoated sheep erythrocytes (E) were ingested by FF-m phi indicating that opsonization was not a prerequisite for phagocytosis. However, IgM-coated E (EIgM) were more readily phagocytosed by FF-M phi than were E suggesting that IgM is recognized as an effective opsonin by these cells. EIgM and E coated with IgM and complement (C) (EIgMC) were ingested by approximately the same percentage of FF-M phi; thus, if these cells possess complement receptors in addition to structures which bind EIgM, the C receptors do not enhance the ability of FF-M phi to ingest opsonized particles. The non-focus-forming M phi, e.g. individual M phi (I-M phi), in the spleen and bone marrow can, themselves, be divided into various subpopulations distinguished by their ability to bind and ingest E, EIgM ana EIgMC. These may represent various subpopulations of M phi or M phi at various stages of activation or differentiation. While spleen and bone marrow M phi contained FF-M phi and I-M phi which vary in their ability to ingest E, EIgM and EIgMC, theM phi of the peritoneum and blood of normal mice were far more homogeneous. Peritoneal and blood M phi did not form foci, ad did not ingest E or EIgM in significant amounts although a small percentage were able to ingest EIgMC. These data suggest that the population of M phi in the spleen and bone marrow are far more heterogenous than those found in the peritoneum or blood and that binding and phagocytosis of various coated and uncoated erythrocytes can be studied to elucidate this heterogeneity.", "contents": "Markers of macrophage heterogeneity. I. Studies of macrophages from various organs of normal mice. A unique subpopulation of macrophages (M phi) was identified among the spleen and bone marrow M phi of normal mice. After 24 h of culture, approximately 2.5% of the adherent cells cluster into \"foci\" of 10-30 cells. On the basis of their phagocytic and morphologic characteristics, these focus-forming M phi (FF-M phi) appeared to be highly activated. Uncoated sheep erythrocytes (E) were ingested by FF-m phi indicating that opsonization was not a prerequisite for phagocytosis. However, IgM-coated E (EIgM) were more readily phagocytosed by FF-M phi than were E suggesting that IgM is recognized as an effective opsonin by these cells. EIgM and E coated with IgM and complement (C) (EIgMC) were ingested by approximately the same percentage of FF-M phi; thus, if these cells possess complement receptors in addition to structures which bind EIgM, the C receptors do not enhance the ability of FF-M phi to ingest opsonized particles. The non-focus-forming M phi, e.g. individual M phi (I-M phi), in the spleen and bone marrow can, themselves, be divided into various subpopulations distinguished by their ability to bind and ingest E, EIgM ana EIgMC. These may represent various subpopulations of M phi or M phi at various stages of activation or differentiation. While spleen and bone marrow M phi contained FF-M phi and I-M phi which vary in their ability to ingest E, EIgM and EIgMC, theM phi of the peritoneum and blood of normal mice were far more homogeneous. Peritoneal and blood M phi did not form foci, ad did not ingest E or EIgM in significant amounts although a small percentage were able to ingest EIgMC. These data suggest that the population of M phi in the spleen and bone marrow are far more heterogenous than those found in the peritoneum or blood and that binding and phagocytosis of various coated and uncoated erythrocytes can be studied to elucidate this heterogeneity.", "PMID": 398774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11629", "title": "Surface Ig on rabbit lymphocytes. Rabbit B and T cells are distinct populations.", "content": "Rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed by immunofluorescence using anti-T cell conjugates and anti-Fab, anti-a1 allotype, anti-IgM and anti-IgA conjugates. In addition, T cells were demonstrated by rosetting with papain-treated homologous erythrocytes. Control experiments, using acid treatment and incubation at 37 degrees C for 18 h after or without pronase treatment, revealed the endogenous origin of all surface determinants tested. A good correlation was found between results obtained with the two anti-T cell conjugates used and the T rosette test on PBL and on lymphoid cells isolated from various organs. In lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and from various lymphoid organs, the percentages of T and B cells were respectively 45 and 38 for PBL, 10 and 46 for bone marrow, 27 and 31 for appendix, 40 and 45 for spleen, 42 and 46 for Peyer's patches, 96 and 0.3 for thymus and 70 and 16 for peripheral lymph nodes. The percentage of \"null\" cells in lymphocyte populations derived from bone marrow and appendix is rather high. The final percentages of T and B cells in rabbit PBL depend to a significant extent on the method of isolation, especially isolation by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation results in a depletion of T cells. Moreover, a rather impure lymphoid cell suspension is obtained. In double incubation experiments, T cells (as defined by T cell antigen(s) or rosette formation) and B cells (Fab-bearing cells) were entirely different subpopulations. Allotypes of the a locus could not be detected on the surface of T cells. The results are discussed with respect to genetic coding of antigen receptors on B and T cells.", "contents": "Surface Ig on rabbit lymphocytes. Rabbit B and T cells are distinct populations. Rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed by immunofluorescence using anti-T cell conjugates and anti-Fab, anti-a1 allotype, anti-IgM and anti-IgA conjugates. In addition, T cells were demonstrated by rosetting with papain-treated homologous erythrocytes. Control experiments, using acid treatment and incubation at 37 degrees C for 18 h after or without pronase treatment, revealed the endogenous origin of all surface determinants tested. A good correlation was found between results obtained with the two anti-T cell conjugates used and the T rosette test on PBL and on lymphoid cells isolated from various organs. In lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and from various lymphoid organs, the percentages of T and B cells were respectively 45 and 38 for PBL, 10 and 46 for bone marrow, 27 and 31 for appendix, 40 and 45 for spleen, 42 and 46 for Peyer's patches, 96 and 0.3 for thymus and 70 and 16 for peripheral lymph nodes. The percentage of \"null\" cells in lymphocyte populations derived from bone marrow and appendix is rather high. The final percentages of T and B cells in rabbit PBL depend to a significant extent on the method of isolation, especially isolation by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation results in a depletion of T cells. Moreover, a rather impure lymphoid cell suspension is obtained. In double incubation experiments, T cells (as defined by T cell antigen(s) or rosette formation) and B cells (Fab-bearing cells) were entirely different subpopulations. Allotypes of the a locus could not be detected on the surface of T cells. The results are discussed with respect to genetic coding of antigen receptors on B and T cells.", "PMID": 398775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11630", "title": "[Nocturnal asystolia revealed with Holter monitoring in asymptomatic hypokinetic arrhythmia. Report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report on two cases of hypokinetic arrhythmia with good ventricular rate during the day. In these cases the Holter monitoring showed, during the night, a marked slow down of the cardiac rhythm with short period of cardiac arrest up to 4280 ms. The Authors would like to underline the prognostic and therapeutic importance of the above said remarks, also mentioned by others in the most recent literature, and the necessity to go deeply in to the meaning of these events specially about possibility of sudden death and cerebral hypossia, during the slow down of cardiac rhythm. In both cases a good therapeutic effect, consisting in a complete normalization of the cardiac rate, has been optained with sustained preparation of sympaticomimetic and vagolitic drugs. On the basis of their experience, the Authors think that, in these cases, the pharmacologic therapy, neglected during the last years, could give a good therapeutical result.", "contents": "[Nocturnal asystolia revealed with Holter monitoring in asymptomatic hypokinetic arrhythmia. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. The Authors report on two cases of hypokinetic arrhythmia with good ventricular rate during the day. In these cases the Holter monitoring showed, during the night, a marked slow down of the cardiac rhythm with short period of cardiac arrest up to 4280 ms. The Authors would like to underline the prognostic and therapeutic importance of the above said remarks, also mentioned by others in the most recent literature, and the necessity to go deeply in to the meaning of these events specially about possibility of sudden death and cerebral hypossia, during the slow down of cardiac rhythm. In both cases a good therapeutic effect, consisting in a complete normalization of the cardiac rate, has been optained with sustained preparation of sympaticomimetic and vagolitic drugs. On the basis of their experience, the Authors think that, in these cases, the pharmacologic therapy, neglected during the last years, could give a good therapeutical result.", "PMID": 398808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11631", "title": "[Diaxozide-induced acute stimulation of plasma renin activity in renal veins for diagnosis and prognosis in hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Vena cava and renal veins PRA were measured and their ratios calculated (Ra/Rc and Rc/P) in 15 hypertensive patients before and after diazoside infusion (300 mg i.v.). Among the 4 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, 3 had both ratios significant in basal conditions. After diazoxide infusion, the ratios became significant in the 4th case, successfully operated. Surgery induced normalization of blood pressure also in 2 of 3 cases affected by renoparenchimal alterations: of these patients 1 had ratios significant in basal conditions and both after diazoxide. One patient had unilateral renal artery stenosis and controlateral small kidney: his ratios was significant in favour of small kidney both before and after diaxozide infusion. The correction of renal artery stenosis gave no results in blood pressure. In patients with essential hypertension the PRA values in renal veins were not significantly different either before and after diazoxide. In conclusion the acute diazoxide stimulation seems to improve the prognostic value of renal veins PRA and their ratios for the detection of surgically curable forms of renal hypertension.", "contents": "[Diaxozide-induced acute stimulation of plasma renin activity in renal veins for diagnosis and prognosis in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. Vena cava and renal veins PRA were measured and their ratios calculated (Ra/Rc and Rc/P) in 15 hypertensive patients before and after diazoside infusion (300 mg i.v.). Among the 4 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, 3 had both ratios significant in basal conditions. After diazoxide infusion, the ratios became significant in the 4th case, successfully operated. Surgery induced normalization of blood pressure also in 2 of 3 cases affected by renoparenchimal alterations: of these patients 1 had ratios significant in basal conditions and both after diazoxide. One patient had unilateral renal artery stenosis and controlateral small kidney: his ratios was significant in favour of small kidney both before and after diaxozide infusion. The correction of renal artery stenosis gave no results in blood pressure. In patients with essential hypertension the PRA values in renal veins were not significantly different either before and after diazoxide. In conclusion the acute diazoxide stimulation seems to improve the prognostic value of renal veins PRA and their ratios for the detection of surgically curable forms of renal hypertension.", "PMID": 398810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11632", "title": "[Changes in plasma renin activity induced by acute administration of nifedipine in hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study we assessed plasma renin activity (PRA) variations induced by Ca++ antagonist antihypertensive drug Nifedipine in 8 normoreninaemic or hyporeninaemic hypertensive patients. On two successive days three venous blood samples were sampled, two in clinostatic position and the last one 120 min later in orthostatic position; on the second day 20 mg of nifedipine were administered sublingually. Nifedipine increases significantly PRA after orthostatic position compared with starting conditions (p < 0.01) and compared with the values recorded without the drug at the same times (p < 0.01). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased 15 and 120 min after nifedipine administration while heart rate increased at the same times. Acute nifedipine administration augments PRA in hypertensive subjects; explanatory hypoteses are proposed.", "contents": "[Changes in plasma renin activity induced by acute administration of nifedipine in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. In the present study we assessed plasma renin activity (PRA) variations induced by Ca++ antagonist antihypertensive drug Nifedipine in 8 normoreninaemic or hyporeninaemic hypertensive patients. On two successive days three venous blood samples were sampled, two in clinostatic position and the last one 120 min later in orthostatic position; on the second day 20 mg of nifedipine were administered sublingually. Nifedipine increases significantly PRA after orthostatic position compared with starting conditions (p < 0.01) and compared with the values recorded without the drug at the same times (p < 0.01). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased 15 and 120 min after nifedipine administration while heart rate increased at the same times. Acute nifedipine administration augments PRA in hypertensive subjects; explanatory hypoteses are proposed.", "PMID": 398813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11633", "title": "[Early exercise testing after myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "203 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction performed a cycloergometric submaximal exercise test before leaving hospital. The causes for stopping the test were fatigue or submaximal heart rate (24,1%), angina (14,2%), ischaemic S-T changes (28,08%), arrhythmias (4,9%) and changes of blood pressure (17,2%). No important complications were observed. The test proved useful for the definition of more objective criteria in order to prescribe an individualized rehabilitation programme. Above all it was possible to prescribe treatment which would not have otherwise been prescribed at the time of discharge. The short term prognostic value is not, however quite clear as yet.", "contents": "[Early exercise testing after myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 203 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction performed a cycloergometric submaximal exercise test before leaving hospital. The causes for stopping the test were fatigue or submaximal heart rate (24,1%), angina (14,2%), ischaemic S-T changes (28,08%), arrhythmias (4,9%) and changes of blood pressure (17,2%). No important complications were observed. The test proved useful for the definition of more objective criteria in order to prescribe an individualized rehabilitation programme. Above all it was possible to prescribe treatment which would not have otherwise been prescribed at the time of discharge. The short term prognostic value is not, however quite clear as yet.", "PMID": 398815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11634", "title": "[Monitoring of NEFA and other biochemical parameters in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and cortisole behaviour as well as insulin activity have been studied in the A.M.I. NEFA were found to be in most cases arrhythmy inducers; especially when the NEFA exceed 1200 muEq/l; in this cases, they bring to an unfavourable development of the acute coronary episode. The Authors observed that the peak of NEFA frequently precedes the peak of MB-CPK, while no relation was found between their amplitude. Prognosis becomes unfavourable when cortisole levels are high. Therapeutical utility of insulin-glucose-potassium solutions is confirmed; this because of NEFA high levels found in the first period of A.M.I.", "contents": "[Monitoring of NEFA and other biochemical parameters in acute myocardial infarct]. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and cortisole behaviour as well as insulin activity have been studied in the A.M.I. NEFA were found to be in most cases arrhythmy inducers; especially when the NEFA exceed 1200 muEq/l; in this cases, they bring to an unfavourable development of the acute coronary episode. The Authors observed that the peak of NEFA frequently precedes the peak of MB-CPK, while no relation was found between their amplitude. Prognosis becomes unfavourable when cortisole levels are high. Therapeutical utility of insulin-glucose-potassium solutions is confirmed; this because of NEFA high levels found in the first period of A.M.I.", "PMID": 398816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11635", "title": "Disappearance from blood and urinary excretion of 35S-thiamin in sheep. A kinetic study.", "content": "In seven experiments with two adult sheep a single dose of 35S-thiamin was injected intravenously. Blood and urine samples were taken at short intervals after dosing and analyzed for 35S-radioactivity. The data obtained were subjected to a curve fitting computer program. The disappearance of 35S-thiamin from blood followed a three-exponential function; the average half-times of the three components were 0.4, 3.7 and 93.7 minutes. Urinary excretion of the tracer was also three-exponential and amounted to 19--32% of the injected dose over 150 minutes.", "contents": "Disappearance from blood and urinary excretion of 35S-thiamin in sheep. A kinetic study. In seven experiments with two adult sheep a single dose of 35S-thiamin was injected intravenously. Blood and urine samples were taken at short intervals after dosing and analyzed for 35S-radioactivity. The data obtained were subjected to a curve fitting computer program. The disappearance of 35S-thiamin from blood followed a three-exponential function; the average half-times of the three components were 0.4, 3.7 and 93.7 minutes. Urinary excretion of the tracer was also three-exponential and amounted to 19--32% of the injected dose over 150 minutes.", "PMID": 398843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11636", "title": "Restoration of endodontically treated teeth. A discussion out of reviews.", "content": "Cores, dowels and pins provide retention and support for restorations and protect the residual tooth substance. Their use is essential in restorative dentistry.", "contents": "Restoration of endodontically treated teeth. A discussion out of reviews. Cores, dowels and pins provide retention and support for restorations and protect the residual tooth substance. Their use is essential in restorative dentistry.", "PMID": 398844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11637", "title": "Pulp capping (a review).", "content": "Pulp exposure remains a source of great frustration to the dental practitioner, because the outcome of any pulp capping procedure is marked with uncertainty. The clinician is often unaware of the coexistence of possible pulp pathology at the time of damage to the pulpal wall. Until a more accurate clinically and histologic diagnosis can be made, pulp capping as a clinical treatment, can only be rendered on an empirical basis.", "contents": "Pulp capping (a review). Pulp exposure remains a source of great frustration to the dental practitioner, because the outcome of any pulp capping procedure is marked with uncertainty. The clinician is often unaware of the coexistence of possible pulp pathology at the time of damage to the pulpal wall. Until a more accurate clinically and histologic diagnosis can be made, pulp capping as a clinical treatment, can only be rendered on an empirical basis.", "PMID": 398846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11638", "title": "Pathologic conditions of the oral mucosa associated with ill-fitting dentures: III. Epulis fissuratum and flabby ridge.", "content": "Denture-induced changes of the oral mucosa comprise, besides denture stomatitis and inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, the so called folds and redundancies in sulci and flabby ridges. The present article deals with these two tissue reactions which are associated with chronically ill-fitting dentures.", "contents": "Pathologic conditions of the oral mucosa associated with ill-fitting dentures: III. Epulis fissuratum and flabby ridge. Denture-induced changes of the oral mucosa comprise, besides denture stomatitis and inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, the so called folds and redundancies in sulci and flabby ridges. The present article deals with these two tissue reactions which are associated with chronically ill-fitting dentures.", "PMID": 398847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11639", "title": "The bending strength of acrylic resin samples repaired under pressure.", "content": "The bending strength of heat-cured resin samples was found to be 49% higher than that of autopolymerizing resin samples cured under room conditions. Curing the latter resin in a pressure vessel at 32psi and 30 degrees C increased its strength by 4.5%. For this reason and because a less porous material is obtained, pressure-curing may be employed with advantage for the preparation of various appliances from S.C. resin. The effect of pressure-curing in increasing the strength of the repaired samples was not significant. It would also appear that pressure affects the porosity of small quantities of repair material less than when appliances are made from S.C. resins only. The increase in strength achieved by pressure-curing repairs, in which only small quantities of S.C. resin are used, is therefore questionable.", "contents": "The bending strength of acrylic resin samples repaired under pressure. The bending strength of heat-cured resin samples was found to be 49% higher than that of autopolymerizing resin samples cured under room conditions. Curing the latter resin in a pressure vessel at 32psi and 30 degrees C increased its strength by 4.5%. For this reason and because a less porous material is obtained, pressure-curing may be employed with advantage for the preparation of various appliances from S.C. resin. The effect of pressure-curing in increasing the strength of the repaired samples was not significant. It would also appear that pressure affects the porosity of small quantities of repair material less than when appliances are made from S.C. resins only. The increase in strength achieved by pressure-curing repairs, in which only small quantities of S.C. resin are used, is therefore questionable.", "PMID": 398845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11640", "title": "Recent trends in research on occupational cervicobrachial disorder.", "content": "Recent rapid development of mechanization and automatization in many industries in Japan have increased simple and repetitive tasks that have resulted in some new types of occupational health hazards, in particular among young female workers. One of them is occupational cervicobrachial disorder, the concept of which was established by the committee organized by the Japan Association of Industrial Health in 1972. The committee demonstrated that the disorder resulted from repetitive upper limb manipulation in punching and operating various kinds of business machines, and concluded that the disorder was closely related to chronic fatigue in the shoulders, neck, lower back and other parts of the body. In 1975 a study team was organized with a grant from the Ministry of Education. The team was divided into four working groups. Topics of these groups were 1) etiology of the disorder, 2) natural history of the disorder in various kinds of jobs, 3) mass examination techniques for the disorder, and 4) a health care system to be provided for the workers. The persent report summarizes the results of group discussions with a view to indicating the current problems of occupational cervicobrachial disorder and the necessary future steps for its care treatment and prevention.", "contents": "Recent trends in research on occupational cervicobrachial disorder. Recent rapid development of mechanization and automatization in many industries in Japan have increased simple and repetitive tasks that have resulted in some new types of occupational health hazards, in particular among young female workers. One of them is occupational cervicobrachial disorder, the concept of which was established by the committee organized by the Japan Association of Industrial Health in 1972. The committee demonstrated that the disorder resulted from repetitive upper limb manipulation in punching and operating various kinds of business machines, and concluded that the disorder was closely related to chronic fatigue in the shoulders, neck, lower back and other parts of the body. In 1975 a study team was organized with a grant from the Ministry of Education. The team was divided into four working groups. Topics of these groups were 1) etiology of the disorder, 2) natural history of the disorder in various kinds of jobs, 3) mass examination techniques for the disorder, and 4) a health care system to be provided for the workers. The persent report summarizes the results of group discussions with a view to indicating the current problems of occupational cervicobrachial disorder and the necessary future steps for its care treatment and prevention.", "PMID": 398864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11641", "title": "Statistical forecasting in a hospital clinical laboratory.", "content": "Three forecasting methodologies were applied to monthly laboratory test count data in order to arrive at a best procedure for forecasting ahead to cover the next fiscal year. The purpose of the forecasting was, first, to aid in reimbursement and income decisions and, second, to assist in operations management decisions within the laboratory itself. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA models were found to be superior in all cases, and forecasts for individual test counts (as opposed to packages of tests billed as a unit) were improved if forecasts for inpatients and outpatients were done separately and then aggregated. With 2 years of experience to go on, the annual forecast error stands at around 4.5%.", "contents": "Statistical forecasting in a hospital clinical laboratory. Three forecasting methodologies were applied to monthly laboratory test count data in order to arrive at a best procedure for forecasting ahead to cover the next fiscal year. The purpose of the forecasting was, first, to aid in reimbursement and income decisions and, second, to assist in operations management decisions within the laboratory itself. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA models were found to be superior in all cases, and forecasts for individual test counts (as opposed to packages of tests billed as a unit) were improved if forecasts for inpatients and outpatients were done separately and then aggregated. With 2 years of experience to go on, the annual forecast error stands at around 4.5%.", "PMID": 398870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11642", "title": "Preparatively useful reactions involving nitrogenous sugars and some applications with carbohydrate-containing antibiotics.", "content": "This work describes the development of useful synthetic methodology with simple sugars, practical applications for conversion of abundant precursors into modified sugars (especially amino and deoxy sugars) of importance in various groups of natural products, and the conversion of such products into compounds of biological or pharmacological interest, especially carbohydrate antibiotics and their analogs. Examples of synthetic methodology illustrate various routes to deoxygenated (saturated, alkenic, and acetylenic), and oxidized (carbonylic, aldehydic, and carboxylic) functionality from hydroxyl and amino precursors. Unusual modes of sugar protection by such procedures as kinetic acetonation are discussed, together with the use of diazo and hydrazino groups for access to novel structures, including extended carbon-chain sugars and sugar--heterocycle conjugates. The broad utility of 5-membered benzylidene acetals in regiospecific routes to alpha, beta-deoxycarbonyl sugars is the basis of general methodology for practical, large-scale synthesis of aminopolydeoxy sugars, with daunosamine as the prototype, of widely varied substitution-mode and stereochemistry. Implications of the foregoing are discussed in relation to several classes of antibiotics, especially the anthracyclines and analogs thereof. A range of 7-O-(amino sugar-substituted)daunomycinones have been synthesized, together with 3'-hydroxy-daunorubicin and adriamycin, and their antitumor and toxicological properties evaluated; prospects for useful total synthesis will be mentioned.", "contents": "Preparatively useful reactions involving nitrogenous sugars and some applications with carbohydrate-containing antibiotics. This work describes the development of useful synthetic methodology with simple sugars, practical applications for conversion of abundant precursors into modified sugars (especially amino and deoxy sugars) of importance in various groups of natural products, and the conversion of such products into compounds of biological or pharmacological interest, especially carbohydrate antibiotics and their analogs. Examples of synthetic methodology illustrate various routes to deoxygenated (saturated, alkenic, and acetylenic), and oxidized (carbonylic, aldehydic, and carboxylic) functionality from hydroxyl and amino precursors. Unusual modes of sugar protection by such procedures as kinetic acetonation are discussed, together with the use of diazo and hydrazino groups for access to novel structures, including extended carbon-chain sugars and sugar--heterocycle conjugates. The broad utility of 5-membered benzylidene acetals in regiospecific routes to alpha, beta-deoxycarbonyl sugars is the basis of general methodology for practical, large-scale synthesis of aminopolydeoxy sugars, with daunosamine as the prototype, of widely varied substitution-mode and stereochemistry. Implications of the foregoing are discussed in relation to several classes of antibiotics, especially the anthracyclines and analogs thereof. A range of 7-O-(amino sugar-substituted)daunomycinones have been synthesized, together with 3'-hydroxy-daunorubicin and adriamycin, and their antitumor and toxicological properties evaluated; prospects for useful total synthesis will be mentioned.", "PMID": 398900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11643", "title": "Sequence of the amino-terminal region of rat liver ribosomal proteins S4, S6, S8, L6, L7a, L18, L27, L30, L37, L37a, and L39.", "content": "The sequence of the amino-terminal region of eleven rat liver ribosomal proteins--S4, S6, S8, L6, L7a, L18, L27, L30, L37a, and L39--was determined. The analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the proteins and suggests that they are unique, since no extensive common sequences were found. The N-terminal regions of the rat liver proteins were compared with amino acid sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins. It seems likely that the proteins L37 from rat liver and Y55 from yeast ribosomes are homologous. It is possible that rat liver L7a or L37a or both are related to S cerevisiae Y44, although the similar sequences are at the amino-terminus of the rat liver proteins and in an internal region of Y44. A number of similarities in the sequences of rat liver and E coli ribosomal proteins have been found; however, it is not yet possible to say whether they connote a common ancestry.", "contents": "Sequence of the amino-terminal region of rat liver ribosomal proteins S4, S6, S8, L6, L7a, L18, L27, L30, L37, L37a, and L39. The sequence of the amino-terminal region of eleven rat liver ribosomal proteins--S4, S6, S8, L6, L7a, L18, L27, L30, L37a, and L39--was determined. The analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the proteins and suggests that they are unique, since no extensive common sequences were found. The N-terminal regions of the rat liver proteins were compared with amino acid sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins. It seems likely that the proteins L37 from rat liver and Y55 from yeast ribosomes are homologous. It is possible that rat liver L7a or L37a or both are related to S cerevisiae Y44, although the similar sequences are at the amino-terminus of the rat liver proteins and in an internal region of Y44. A number of similarities in the sequences of rat liver and E coli ribosomal proteins have been found; however, it is not yet possible to say whether they connote a common ancestry.", "PMID": 398910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11644", "title": "[Effect of L-tetramisol associated with rifampicin in patients with lepromatous leprosy. L-tetramisol in patients with lepromatous leprosy].", "content": "In this work are presented results obtained in the treament of thirty patients suffering of lepromatous leprosy. In a group of fifteen patients L-tetramisol was administrated in association to antimocrobian drugs. The control group received only the last medication. Immunological modifications were not observed in any case. However, in six patients treated with L-tetramisol associated to rifampicin during three months it was possible to observe a notable improvement of the clinical state. In the patients that received L-tetramisol associated to other drugs or in those that received only antimicrobian drugs the clinical improvement was very low or null.", "contents": "[Effect of L-tetramisol associated with rifampicin in patients with lepromatous leprosy. L-tetramisol in patients with lepromatous leprosy]. In this work are presented results obtained in the treament of thirty patients suffering of lepromatous leprosy. In a group of fifteen patients L-tetramisol was administrated in association to antimocrobian drugs. The control group received only the last medication. Immunological modifications were not observed in any case. However, in six patients treated with L-tetramisol associated to rifampicin during three months it was possible to observe a notable improvement of the clinical state. In the patients that received L-tetramisol associated to other drugs or in those that received only antimicrobian drugs the clinical improvement was very low or null.", "PMID": 398916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11645", "title": "[Structural lesions of human hair caused by permanents].", "content": "A study is carried out on the alterations produced in the cuticle of women's hair treated regularly for a period of more than 12 years with hair - lighteners, hair - dyes and perms. Assays have also been carried out \"in vitro\" on the effect of the perms on locks of hair. The scanning electron microscope has been used for observation of the samples.", "contents": "[Structural lesions of human hair caused by permanents]. A study is carried out on the alterations produced in the cuticle of women's hair treated regularly for a period of more than 12 years with hair - lighteners, hair - dyes and perms. Assays have also been carried out \"in vitro\" on the effect of the perms on locks of hair. The scanning electron microscope has been used for observation of the samples.", "PMID": 398918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11646", "title": "[Comparative study of 2 topical steroids preparations: desoximetasone and betamethasone dipropionate].", "content": "Effectiveness of two creams, one containing desoxymethasone 0.25%, the other betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% was compared double blind, intraindividually. The preparations were used in symmetric areas of psoriasis. Final evaluation shows desoxymethasone cream to be significantly more active concerning reduction of erythema and overall improvement of lesions.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 2 topical steroids preparations: desoximetasone and betamethasone dipropionate]. Effectiveness of two creams, one containing desoxymethasone 0.25%, the other betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% was compared double blind, intraindividually. The preparations were used in symmetric areas of psoriasis. Final evaluation shows desoxymethasone cream to be significantly more active concerning reduction of erythema and overall improvement of lesions.", "PMID": 398919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11647", "title": "[In vivo stereomicroscopy of various cutaneous lesions].", "content": "\"In vivo\" morphological characteristics of some cutaneous lesions predominantly pigmented, examined under a stereoscopic microscope are described. An unusual analysis of the surface and the interior (when possible) of 590 lesions which are not able to be examined by the simple clinical observation was made. This method allowed to carry out a right and opportune treatment. A biopsy and histological study of 424 lesions of the total number examined was made. Stereomicroscopic and histological comparative diagnoses  allowed to abtain 87.2% accuracy with the former before the practice of biopsy. The clinical diagnosis was improved in 17.2% when utilizing the stereoscopic microscope instead of the one suggested by the naked-eye inspection.", "contents": "[In vivo stereomicroscopy of various cutaneous lesions]. \"In vivo\" morphological characteristics of some cutaneous lesions predominantly pigmented, examined under a stereoscopic microscope are described. An unusual analysis of the surface and the interior (when possible) of 590 lesions which are not able to be examined by the simple clinical observation was made. This method allowed to carry out a right and opportune treatment. A biopsy and histological study of 424 lesions of the total number examined was made. Stereomicroscopic and histological comparative diagnoses  allowed to abtain 87.2% accuracy with the former before the practice of biopsy. The clinical diagnosis was improved in 17.2% when utilizing the stereoscopic microscope instead of the one suggested by the naked-eye inspection.", "PMID": 398920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11648", "title": "[Pityriasis lichenoides associated with ischemia of distal location].", "content": "A case of acute pityriasis lichenoides associated with a distal ischemia and a similar evolution is reported. The vasculitic cause is demonstrated by angyologic exploration. The gross vascular afectation other than dermal vessels is suggested.", "contents": "[Pityriasis lichenoides associated with ischemia of distal location]. A case of acute pityriasis lichenoides associated with a distal ischemia and a similar evolution is reported. The vasculitic cause is demonstrated by angyologic exploration. The gross vascular afectation other than dermal vessels is suggested.", "PMID": 398921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11649", "title": "[Comedo-nevus of the palmoplantar and scalp regions].", "content": "A case of naevus comedonicus on the palms and soles and scalp is reported. A similar case was previously reported by Leppard. The rare localization of this folicular hamartoma is commented.", "contents": "[Comedo-nevus of the palmoplantar and scalp regions]. A case of naevus comedonicus on the palms and soles and scalp is reported. A similar case was previously reported by Leppard. The rare localization of this folicular hamartoma is commented.", "PMID": 398922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11650", "title": "[Juxta occipital epithelioid sarcoma].", "content": "A 24 years old female patient with a juxta-occipital epitheloid sarcoma is reported. The lesion, a slow growing assymptomatic nodule, started 5 years ago reaching 4 cm in diamter. It was deep seated in the cervical muscles but easy to surgically remove. No evidence of metastases or local recurrence was detected for the next six months in spite of the limited excision performed. Clinical and histological features of the tumor were reviewed and its differential diagnosis discussed, particularly with synovial sarcoma and clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Histogenetic hypothesis were briefly considered and the relevant literature was reviewed.", "contents": "[Juxta occipital epithelioid sarcoma]. A 24 years old female patient with a juxta-occipital epitheloid sarcoma is reported. The lesion, a slow growing assymptomatic nodule, started 5 years ago reaching 4 cm in diamter. It was deep seated in the cervical muscles but easy to surgically remove. No evidence of metastases or local recurrence was detected for the next six months in spite of the limited excision performed. Clinical and histological features of the tumor were reviewed and its differential diagnosis discussed, particularly with synovial sarcoma and clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Histogenetic hypothesis were briefly considered and the relevant literature was reviewed.", "PMID": 398923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11651", "title": "[Epidermolysis bullosa letalis].", "content": "A case of epidermolysis bullosa letalis in a newborn is described by the authors. The girl had numerous lesions for all the tegument except on the face, palms and soles. Something of them were bullous. The histopathological examination revealed a bulla with detachement dermoepidermic. Without infiltrate in dermis. The roof of the bullae is conservate. In the PAS stain we show the detachement over of the basal membrane.", "contents": "[Epidermolysis bullosa letalis]. A case of epidermolysis bullosa letalis in a newborn is described by the authors. The girl had numerous lesions for all the tegument except on the face, palms and soles. Something of them were bullous. The histopathological examination revealed a bulla with detachement dermoepidermic. Without infiltrate in dermis. The roof of the bullae is conservate. In the PAS stain we show the detachement over of the basal membrane.", "PMID": 398924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11652", "title": "[Oral treatment of various dermatosis with the aromatic derivative of retinoic acid Ro 10-9359].", "content": "Twenty eight patients with various dermatological conditions were treated orally with the new aromatic derivate of retinoic acid, Ro 10-9359. The initial average dose was 48,3 mg/day and the maintenance dose was 26,6 mg/day. Duration of treatment ranged between 3 to 6 months. Evolution of erythema, infiltration and hyperkeratosis showed changes statistically significant (p < 0,05) and excellent to good results were obtained in 23 out of the 28 treated patients. On the basis of this study it is concluded that Ro 10-9359 is a promising drug for the treatment of several skin diseases, specially ichthyosis, Darier's disease, oral lichen planus, erythrokeratoderma variabilis and psoriasis. No serious side effects were reported; dryness of the lips, scaling of palms and soles, pruritus and thinning of the skin were the most common. In no case treatment was discontinued due to side effects. Laboratory controls did not show deviations from the normal values.", "contents": "[Oral treatment of various dermatosis with the aromatic derivative of retinoic acid Ro 10-9359]. Twenty eight patients with various dermatological conditions were treated orally with the new aromatic derivate of retinoic acid, Ro 10-9359. The initial average dose was 48,3 mg/day and the maintenance dose was 26,6 mg/day. Duration of treatment ranged between 3 to 6 months. Evolution of erythema, infiltration and hyperkeratosis showed changes statistically significant (p < 0,05) and excellent to good results were obtained in 23 out of the 28 treated patients. On the basis of this study it is concluded that Ro 10-9359 is a promising drug for the treatment of several skin diseases, specially ichthyosis, Darier's disease, oral lichen planus, erythrokeratoderma variabilis and psoriasis. No serious side effects were reported; dryness of the lips, scaling of palms and soles, pruritus and thinning of the skin were the most common. In no case treatment was discontinued due to side effects. Laboratory controls did not show deviations from the normal values.", "PMID": 398925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11653", "title": "[Congenital syphilis (Statistics of the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o de Buenos Aires of the years 1975 and 1976)].", "content": "After their study carried out in 24 patients with congenital syphilis, assisted at the Buenos Aires Children's Hospital during 1975-1976, the authors pointed out some epidemiological patterns for the control of syphilis. These patterns, in short are: 1) To create a National law forthe control of the venereal diseases.", "contents": "[Congenital syphilis (Statistics of the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o de Buenos Aires of the years 1975 and 1976)]. After their study carried out in 24 patients with congenital syphilis, assisted at the Buenos Aires Children's Hospital during 1975-1976, the authors pointed out some epidemiological patterns for the control of syphilis. These patterns, in short are: 1) To create a National law forthe control of the venereal diseases.", "PMID": 398926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11654", "title": "[Prurigo strophulus (concept, interpretation, therapeutic approach, prevention and clinical studies)].", "content": "The authors in this work analyse the Prurigo Strophulus in detail, starting with its clinical study up to its therapy and prophylaxis, emphasizing two main points. It is a hypersensitivity syndrome to insects appearing in genetically predisposed individuals, partly belonging to the hyperreactive group. As to etiology, they believe it to be a sensitization to insect bites, chiefly due to diptera such as blood-sucking mosquitoes, flies and sometimes ticks and bugs.", "contents": "[Prurigo strophulus (concept, interpretation, therapeutic approach, prevention and clinical studies)]. The authors in this work analyse the Prurigo Strophulus in detail, starting with its clinical study up to its therapy and prophylaxis, emphasizing two main points. It is a hypersensitivity syndrome to insects appearing in genetically predisposed individuals, partly belonging to the hyperreactive group. As to etiology, they believe it to be a sensitization to insect bites, chiefly due to diptera such as blood-sucking mosquitoes, flies and sometimes ticks and bugs.", "PMID": 398927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11655", "title": "[Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis (a paraneoplastic system?)].", "content": "A case of \"Multiple Minuta and Digitata Hyperkeratosis\" related to a carcinoma of the larynx is reported. The improvement of the cutaneous lesions after surgical treatment of the carcinoma suggests the possibility of considering this peculiar skin disorder as a paraneoplasic symptom.", "contents": "[Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis (a paraneoplastic system?)]. A case of \"Multiple Minuta and Digitata Hyperkeratosis\" related to a carcinoma of the larynx is reported. The improvement of the cutaneous lesions after surgical treatment of the carcinoma suggests the possibility of considering this peculiar skin disorder as a paraneoplasic symptom.", "PMID": 398928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11656", "title": "[1st epidemiologic study of contact sensitivity in Spain. Year 1977].", "content": "This work shows the results of the first epidemiological study on Contact Dermatitis in Spain. 2,806 (9.08%) cases on contact dermatitis were studied from 30,873 patients coming to nine Spanish Dermatological Services, during 1977. Some comments are done on it.", "contents": "[1st epidemiologic study of contact sensitivity in Spain. Year 1977]. This work shows the results of the first epidemiological study on Contact Dermatitis in Spain. 2,806 (9.08%) cases on contact dermatitis were studied from 30,873 patients coming to nine Spanish Dermatological Services, during 1977. Some comments are done on it.", "PMID": 398929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11657", "title": "[Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Clinical and histopathological aspects of 7 cases].", "content": "The inflammatory linear verrucous nevus is a recently described variety of epidermal nevus clinically and histologically characterized by an inflammatory component. The lesion stars at birth or at early age, pruritus is constant. Histologically the picture is psoriasiform. The therapeutic response is poor. Seven cases are presented. Associated extracutaneous alterations were presented in four of them.", "contents": "[Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Clinical and histopathological aspects of 7 cases]. The inflammatory linear verrucous nevus is a recently described variety of epidermal nevus clinically and histologically characterized by an inflammatory component. The lesion stars at birth or at early age, pruritus is constant. Histologically the picture is psoriasiform. The therapeutic response is poor. Seven cases are presented. Associated extracutaneous alterations were presented in four of them.", "PMID": 398930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11658", "title": "[Combination of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in the treatment of chromomycosis].", "content": "The authors discuss the problem of resistance of chromomycosis to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), observed in a previous study in 7 patients initially treated with the drug and subsequently treated with 5-FC associated with other medicaments. All  the associations, including that with amphotericin B, failed to overcome resistance. Experiments in mice and \"in vitro\" show a synergism between 5-FC and amphotericin B against \"C. albicans\", \"C. neoformans\" and \"Fonsecaeae pedrosoi\" already confirmed in human subjects infected with the above mentioned fungi. Resistance to 5-FC seems to be irreversible, as shown in previous experiments. The mechanism of action of the drugs on the fungi is discussed, as well as the fact that amphothericin B prevents the development of resistance to 5-FC. Results obtained with the use of the above association in 5 cases of chromomycosis are presented; all the patients had old and well established lesions, and in three cases these lesions were large and disseminated, conditions probably associated with the development of resistance to 5-FC used alone. The drugs were given in small doses, inferior to those usually recommended. The good therapeutic results seem to confirm the synergism observed in laboratory trials. Four cases were discharged as cured and one abandoned treatment for personal reasons. The association seems to act more rapidly than 5-FC alone. Tolerance was excellent in all cases.", "contents": "[Combination of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in the treatment of chromomycosis]. The authors discuss the problem of resistance of chromomycosis to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), observed in a previous study in 7 patients initially treated with the drug and subsequently treated with 5-FC associated with other medicaments. All  the associations, including that with amphotericin B, failed to overcome resistance. Experiments in mice and \"in vitro\" show a synergism between 5-FC and amphotericin B against \"C. albicans\", \"C. neoformans\" and \"Fonsecaeae pedrosoi\" already confirmed in human subjects infected with the above mentioned fungi. Resistance to 5-FC seems to be irreversible, as shown in previous experiments. The mechanism of action of the drugs on the fungi is discussed, as well as the fact that amphothericin B prevents the development of resistance to 5-FC. Results obtained with the use of the above association in 5 cases of chromomycosis are presented; all the patients had old and well established lesions, and in three cases these lesions were large and disseminated, conditions probably associated with the development of resistance to 5-FC used alone. The drugs were given in small doses, inferior to those usually recommended. The good therapeutic results seem to confirm the synergism observed in laboratory trials. Four cases were discharged as cured and one abandoned treatment for personal reasons. The association seems to act more rapidly than 5-FC alone. Tolerance was excellent in all cases.", "PMID": 398931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11659", "title": "[Actinic prurigo. Treatment with antifibribolytics].", "content": "Preceded by a brief commentary about the clinical characteristics of actinic prurigo, the qualities of anantifibrinolytic medication and its possible machanism of action in allergic conditions and atopias are analysed. An earlier experience with five familiar cases of actinic prurigo given 1 g of tranexamic acid or 3 g E. ACA, within a period of three months has been effective remarkally exceeding the results obtained with other therapeutic agents. The proposed therapeutic scheme may or may not be, modified, according to the response to the response of each individual case.", "contents": "[Actinic prurigo. Treatment with antifibribolytics]. Preceded by a brief commentary about the clinical characteristics of actinic prurigo, the qualities of anantifibrinolytic medication and its possible machanism of action in allergic conditions and atopias are analysed. An earlier experience with five familiar cases of actinic prurigo given 1 g of tranexamic acid or 3 g E. ACA, within a period of three months has been effective remarkally exceeding the results obtained with other therapeutic agents. The proposed therapeutic scheme may or may not be, modified, according to the response to the response of each individual case.", "PMID": 398932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11660", "title": "[Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome. Therapeutic trial with corticosteroid].", "content": "A brazilian housewife, descendant of japanese (both parents), 37 years aged, affected with Vogt-Koyanagi's syndrome (uveitis, dysacousia, alopecia, madarosis, poliosis, vitiligo) was treated with prednisone. During the course and at the end of the treatment an almost complete regression of alopecia, poliosis, madarosis and a total involution of the dysacousia could be observed, meanwhile the vitiligo and the sequels of uveitis remained unchanged. Taking into account that Vogt-Koyanagi's syndrome is susceptible of expontaneous involution, no definitive conclusion about the efficiency of therapeutic agent may be drawn in this singular case. However, it must be considered as valid the possibility of a favourable action of a systemic treatment with corticosteroides in the initial stages of the disease chiefly for preventing its more harmful consequences, i.e. deafness and blindness.", "contents": "[Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome. Therapeutic trial with corticosteroid]. A brazilian housewife, descendant of japanese (both parents), 37 years aged, affected with Vogt-Koyanagi's syndrome (uveitis, dysacousia, alopecia, madarosis, poliosis, vitiligo) was treated with prednisone. During the course and at the end of the treatment an almost complete regression of alopecia, poliosis, madarosis and a total involution of the dysacousia could be observed, meanwhile the vitiligo and the sequels of uveitis remained unchanged. Taking into account that Vogt-Koyanagi's syndrome is susceptible of expontaneous involution, no definitive conclusion about the efficiency of therapeutic agent may be drawn in this singular case. However, it must be considered as valid the possibility of a favourable action of a systemic treatment with corticosteroides in the initial stages of the disease chiefly for preventing its more harmful consequences, i.e. deafness and blindness.", "PMID": 398933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11661", "title": "[Toxic epidermal necrosis. Review of the theme and presentation of 20 cases].", "content": "Twenty cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis were studied. 14 male and 6 female. The peak incidence by age was in the first two decades. All of them were related to drugs. Twelve of the cases had received antibiotics and, therefore an infection existed. The remaining 8 cases did not receive antibiotics and had no concomitant infection. We emphasise the clinical observation that in 11 cases the first symptom was an increase in cutaneous sensitivity, and then a rise in temperature, malaise, and extensive cutaneous sloughing resembling extensive burns. As for complications, only in 4 patients could we demonstrate disseminated intravascular coagulation (haematological tests were carried out in only 14 patients). The commonest complication observed was glomerular nephritis. Blood counts, blood chemistry and urine tests were altered more in relation to complications than to TEN. Protein electrophoresis, conversely, showed an increase of gamma globulin in 53.3% of cases, and inverted A/G ratio in 80%. S. aureus was cultured in 12 cases (not all of them children). E.S.R. was increased in 18 cases. Pathological findings with those already described: \"in toto\" epidermal necrolysis, intra and subepidermal blisters, and occasional inflamatory reaction at the level of the papillae, and the non-uniform presence of melanin in basal cells and Lyell cells. Prognosis was excellent, since we only had one death and one case of blindness due to bilateral ocular perforation. This could be due to the general medical care of the patient, nursing them with D.I.C., which in certain cases substituted by heparin with excellent results. Antibiotics were used in those infected.", "contents": "[Toxic epidermal necrosis. Review of the theme and presentation of 20 cases]. Twenty cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis were studied. 14 male and 6 female. The peak incidence by age was in the first two decades. All of them were related to drugs. Twelve of the cases had received antibiotics and, therefore an infection existed. The remaining 8 cases did not receive antibiotics and had no concomitant infection. We emphasise the clinical observation that in 11 cases the first symptom was an increase in cutaneous sensitivity, and then a rise in temperature, malaise, and extensive cutaneous sloughing resembling extensive burns. As for complications, only in 4 patients could we demonstrate disseminated intravascular coagulation (haematological tests were carried out in only 14 patients). The commonest complication observed was glomerular nephritis. Blood counts, blood chemistry and urine tests were altered more in relation to complications than to TEN. Protein electrophoresis, conversely, showed an increase of gamma globulin in 53.3% of cases, and inverted A/G ratio in 80%. S. aureus was cultured in 12 cases (not all of them children). E.S.R. was increased in 18 cases. Pathological findings with those already described: \"in toto\" epidermal necrolysis, intra and subepidermal blisters, and occasional inflamatory reaction at the level of the papillae, and the non-uniform presence of melanin in basal cells and Lyell cells. Prognosis was excellent, since we only had one death and one case of blindness due to bilateral ocular perforation. This could be due to the general medical care of the patient, nursing them with D.I.C., which in certain cases substituted by heparin with excellent results. Antibiotics were used in those infected.", "PMID": 398934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11662", "title": "[Halo nevi and vitiligoid phenomena in a case of melanoma].", "content": "This paper reports a case of malignant Melanoma in a 53 year old man with simultaneous development around the lesion of an acromic area with the characteristics of the so called Halo Navi phenomenon. Furthermore the patient presented lesions in other skin areas not related to apparent nevi. Microscopic tissue examination showed an inflammatory infiltrate in the depigmented zone which tended to surround and to include the melanoma periphery. This  supports the conclusions of other publications linking these infiltrates with immunological phenomena tending to eliminate the tumor. A review is made of the new physiopathogenic criteria of the development of vitiligo.", "contents": "[Halo nevi and vitiligoid phenomena in a case of melanoma]. This paper reports a case of malignant Melanoma in a 53 year old man with simultaneous development around the lesion of an acromic area with the characteristics of the so called Halo Navi phenomenon. Furthermore the patient presented lesions in other skin areas not related to apparent nevi. Microscopic tissue examination showed an inflammatory infiltrate in the depigmented zone which tended to surround and to include the melanoma periphery. This  supports the conclusions of other publications linking these infiltrates with immunological phenomena tending to eliminate the tumor. A review is made of the new physiopathogenic criteria of the development of vitiligo.", "PMID": 398935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11663", "title": "[Bullous pemphigoid and lymphoblastic lymphoma].", "content": "We present a 66 years old patient with bullous pemphigoid which appeared two years before a lymphoblastic lymphoma. According to the bibliography, there appear to be a causal relationship between lymphoma and pemphigoid.", "contents": "[Bullous pemphigoid and lymphoblastic lymphoma]. We present a 66 years old patient with bullous pemphigoid which appeared two years before a lymphoblastic lymphoma. According to the bibliography, there appear to be a causal relationship between lymphoma and pemphigoid.", "PMID": 398936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11664", "title": "[Bullosis diabeticorum].", "content": "Three cases of Bullosis Diabeticorum, entity described by Rocca and Pereyra, are reported by the authors. The review of the published literature after the original article shows the importance of recognizing these symptoms for the diagnosis of an occult diabetes. The most outstanding features of the studied cases were: a) the bullosis traumatica present in the 3 observations; b) the finding of an unknown diabetes in two of the three patients; c) the association with stellate pseudoscars. The histopathologic findings were similar in all three patients.", "contents": "[Bullosis diabeticorum]. Three cases of Bullosis Diabeticorum, entity described by Rocca and Pereyra, are reported by the authors. The review of the published literature after the original article shows the importance of recognizing these symptoms for the diagnosis of an occult diabetes. The most outstanding features of the studied cases were: a) the bullosis traumatica present in the 3 observations; b) the finding of an unknown diabetes in two of the three patients; c) the association with stellate pseudoscars. The histopathologic findings were similar in all three patients.", "PMID": 398937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11665", "title": "[Destructive diaphysitis in early congenital syphilis].", "content": "X-ray observations of bone lesions produced by Syphilis Connata Praecox have been reviewed. 15 cases of this condition are presented of which six show mucous and cutaneous lesions. One planus condylomata; three cases of pemphigus, one with paronychia; one perionixis and one rhinitis. Bone lesions appeared in X-ray observations in all cases excepting one in which lesions had already reacted to therapy. Concerning these 15 cases of Syphilis Connata Praecox we consider important to inform about X-ray discoveries both frequent and infrequent concerning this condition. We point out one exceptional case of destructive diaphysitis associated with a typical metaphyseal osteolysis.", "contents": "[Destructive diaphysitis in early congenital syphilis]. X-ray observations of bone lesions produced by Syphilis Connata Praecox have been reviewed. 15 cases of this condition are presented of which six show mucous and cutaneous lesions. One planus condylomata; three cases of pemphigus, one with paronychia; one perionixis and one rhinitis. Bone lesions appeared in X-ray observations in all cases excepting one in which lesions had already reacted to therapy. Concerning these 15 cases of Syphilis Connata Praecox we consider important to inform about X-ray discoveries both frequent and infrequent concerning this condition. We point out one exceptional case of destructive diaphysitis associated with a typical metaphyseal osteolysis.", "PMID": 398938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11666", "title": "[Nerve grafts. Experimental study. Importance of number of suture points (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study about 36 nervous grafts on laboratory rats is reported. This study emphasizes the interest of microsurgical technique and, further more, the role of the number of stitches improving the results of each anastomosis and, thus, the quality of neural regeneration. In each animal, after sectioning tibial nerve, a graft (sciatic nerve same side) is interposed and sutured in three different ways; in a first lot of animals 6 stitches at the level of each anastomosis; in a 2nd lot: 2 stitches and in a 3d one a single stitch. The animals are tested at the end of the 20th week, with an electrophysiological control before being sacrified. The pathological controls take in account the number of regenerated nervous fibers below the graft. Our study confirm the superiority of results in the 6 stitches lot. The authors emphasize the role played by a watertight suture to prevent an anarchic growth of regenerating axones outside the graft.", "contents": "[Nerve grafts. Experimental study. Importance of number of suture points (author's transl)]. An experimental study about 36 nervous grafts on laboratory rats is reported. This study emphasizes the interest of microsurgical technique and, further more, the role of the number of stitches improving the results of each anastomosis and, thus, the quality of neural regeneration. In each animal, after sectioning tibial nerve, a graft (sciatic nerve same side) is interposed and sutured in three different ways; in a first lot of animals 6 stitches at the level of each anastomosis; in a 2nd lot: 2 stitches and in a 3d one a single stitch. The animals are tested at the end of the 20th week, with an electrophysiological control before being sacrified. The pathological controls take in account the number of regenerated nervous fibers below the graft. Our study confirm the superiority of results in the 6 stitches lot. The authors emphasize the role played by a watertight suture to prevent an anarchic growth of regenerating axones outside the graft.", "PMID": 398953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11667", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia. Review of literature and case reports].", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia may appear during surgery. It has at least three features: 1) an anesthesiological trigger, usually the association of halothane and succinylcholine; 2) rapid increase in body temperature; 3) widespread muscle hypertonia. The literature is reviewed in an assessment of the physiopathological mechanism underlying the syndrome, with particular reference to the part played by calcium. Experimental data are cited and their similarity with the clinical, laboratory, anatomical, and histopathological picture in man is discussed. A detailed account is also given of two personal cases. Lastly, questions associated with the prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia are examined.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia. Review of literature and case reports]. Malignant hyperthermia may appear during surgery. It has at least three features: 1) an anesthesiological trigger, usually the association of halothane and succinylcholine; 2) rapid increase in body temperature; 3) widespread muscle hypertonia. The literature is reviewed in an assessment of the physiopathological mechanism underlying the syndrome, with particular reference to the part played by calcium. Experimental data are cited and their similarity with the clinical, laboratory, anatomical, and histopathological picture in man is discussed. A detailed account is also given of two personal cases. Lastly, questions associated with the prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia are examined.", "PMID": 398955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11668", "title": "[Adenomatous polyposis of the stomach associated with familial adenomatous polyposis of the colon].", "content": "A case of adenomatous polyposis of the stomach associated with familial polyposis of the colon is presented. The relevant literature is reviewed and the data thus collected (with the exception of definitely non-adenomatous, extracolic cases) are presented in tables, depending on whether familial polyposis of the colon or Gardner's syndrome was the accompanying form. A systematic account is given of the association and reference is made to simple polyposis of the stomach, and that of the duodenum. Close attention is paid to the question of diagnosis, the risk of cancerous transformation, and treatment. Stress is laid on the importance of optic fibre endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy (by means of the surgical fibroscope). Examination of the literature, it is felt, substantiates the need for: 1) routine systematic investigation of the digestive apparatus in all subjects with FPC and GS, and the report of even isolated cases to establish the true frequency of the association; 2) histological assessment of radically resected formations in the correct determination of both diagnosis and prognosis; 3) preventive and systematic endoscopic control as a means of investigation and postoperative surveillance; 4) correct strategy based on the nature, extent, number and size of the polyps and the polypogenetic capacity of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Adenomatous polyposis of the stomach associated with familial adenomatous polyposis of the colon]. A case of adenomatous polyposis of the stomach associated with familial polyposis of the colon is presented. The relevant literature is reviewed and the data thus collected (with the exception of definitely non-adenomatous, extracolic cases) are presented in tables, depending on whether familial polyposis of the colon or Gardner's syndrome was the accompanying form. A systematic account is given of the association and reference is made to simple polyposis of the stomach, and that of the duodenum. Close attention is paid to the question of diagnosis, the risk of cancerous transformation, and treatment. Stress is laid on the importance of optic fibre endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy (by means of the surgical fibroscope). Examination of the literature, it is felt, substantiates the need for: 1) routine systematic investigation of the digestive apparatus in all subjects with FPC and GS, and the report of even isolated cases to establish the true frequency of the association; 2) histological assessment of radically resected formations in the correct determination of both diagnosis and prognosis; 3) preventive and systematic endoscopic control as a means of investigation and postoperative surveillance; 4) correct strategy based on the nature, extent, number and size of the polyps and the polypogenetic capacity of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 398956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11669", "title": "Influence of primary prostaglandins, prostacyclin and arachidonic acid on mesenteric hemodynamics in the pig.", "content": "In anesthetized young pigs the influence of intraarterial infusion of prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and arachidonic acid on mesenteric vascular resistance was studied. Infusion of PGE2 and prostacyclin induced a dose-dependent direct decrease in resistance. Infusion of PGF2 alpha resulted in a dose-dependent difference in response. Infusion of lower doses provoked a decrease in mesenteric vascular resistance, whereas infusion of higher doses resulted in an increase. Lower doses of arachidonic acid induced a gradual decrease in resistance, while higher doses provoked biphasic or triphasic responses. After previous blockade of the PG synthetase and lipoxygenase pathways with indomethacin and ETA, arachidonic acid only provoked a decrease in vascular resistance. The resultssuggest a possible role of prostaglandins and their precursors in autoregulation of mesenteric blood flow in the pig.", "contents": "Influence of primary prostaglandins, prostacyclin and arachidonic acid on mesenteric hemodynamics in the pig. In anesthetized young pigs the influence of intraarterial infusion of prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and arachidonic acid on mesenteric vascular resistance was studied. Infusion of PGE2 and prostacyclin induced a dose-dependent direct decrease in resistance. Infusion of PGF2 alpha resulted in a dose-dependent difference in response. Infusion of lower doses provoked a decrease in mesenteric vascular resistance, whereas infusion of higher doses resulted in an increase. Lower doses of arachidonic acid induced a gradual decrease in resistance, while higher doses provoked biphasic or triphasic responses. After previous blockade of the PG synthetase and lipoxygenase pathways with indomethacin and ETA, arachidonic acid only provoked a decrease in vascular resistance. The resultssuggest a possible role of prostaglandins and their precursors in autoregulation of mesenteric blood flow in the pig.", "PMID": 398986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11670", "title": "The influence of the composition of the selective medium on convertogenic activity of ethyl methanesulfonate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4.", "content": "The frequency of prototrophic recombinants produced by mitotic gene conversion at the trp5 and ade2 loci were observed using the plate test. The yeast cells were exposed in the concentration gradient of ethyl methanesulphonate--EMS (10 microliter/plate). Selective media with addition of a small amount of tryptophan (for the selection of the convertants trp+) or adenine (for the selection of the convertants ade+) were used. The use of medium with addition of tryptophan or adenine considerably increased the sensitivity of the plate method as compared with the use of the medium deficient in either tryptophan or adenine. The above results suggest possible usefulness of testing for mutagenic activity various chemical using growing cells of yeast.", "contents": "The influence of the composition of the selective medium on convertogenic activity of ethyl methanesulfonate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4. The frequency of prototrophic recombinants produced by mitotic gene conversion at the trp5 and ade2 loci were observed using the plate test. The yeast cells were exposed in the concentration gradient of ethyl methanesulphonate--EMS (10 microliter/plate). Selective media with addition of a small amount of tryptophan (for the selection of the convertants trp+) or adenine (for the selection of the convertants ade+) were used. The use of medium with addition of tryptophan or adenine considerably increased the sensitivity of the plate method as compared with the use of the medium deficient in either tryptophan or adenine. The above results suggest possible usefulness of testing for mutagenic activity various chemical using growing cells of yeast.", "PMID": 398982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11671", "title": "The use of immobilized ligands and [125I]protein a for immunoassays of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin D2, 13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E2, 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid and 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid.", "content": "Immunoassays were developed for quantitative determination of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin D2, 13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E2, 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha (epoxymethano) prosta-5, 13-dienoic acid and 15-hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha (epoxymethano) prosta-5,13-dienoic acid. Ligands immobilized by covalent linkage to a solid support, bound homologous rabbit antibodies. [125I] Protein A was used to measure the bound IgG antibody. Increments of homologous and heterologous fluid-phase ligand completed with solid-phase ligand for antibody and resulted in decreasing amounts of bound [125I]-Protein A. The serologic specificity for each immune system was determined. Immunoassays for thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2 were used to identify their respective homologous ligands that were separated by normal phase and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "contents": "The use of immobilized ligands and [125I]protein a for immunoassays of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin D2, 13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E2, 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid and 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid. Immunoassays were developed for quantitative determination of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin D2, 13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E2, 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, 15-hydroxy-9 alpha, 11 alpha (epoxymethano) prosta-5, 13-dienoic acid and 15-hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha (epoxymethano) prosta-5,13-dienoic acid. Ligands immobilized by covalent linkage to a solid support, bound homologous rabbit antibodies. [125I] Protein A was used to measure the bound IgG antibody. Increments of homologous and heterologous fluid-phase ligand completed with solid-phase ligand for antibody and resulted in decreasing amounts of bound [125I]-Protein A. The serologic specificity for each immune system was determined. Immunoassays for thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin I2 were used to identify their respective homologous ligands that were separated by normal phase and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 398987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11672", "title": "Tranylcypromine induced hypertension is not mediated by the inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis.", "content": "Tranylcypromine (TCP) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used extensively in the treatment of patients with reactive depression. Hypertensive crisis can complicate drug therapy, but the mechanism through which TCP causes high blood pressure is unknown. The present study was undertaken because recent investigations have shown that TCP can inhibit production of a potent vasodilator hormone, prostacyclin (PGI2), by  blood vessels, possibly explaining the mechanism of pressor effects by the drug. Heart rate, left atrial, pulmonary artery and aortic pressures were monitored in dogs under control conditions and continuously following the IV infusion of TCP at the rate of 1 mg/kg over a period of one minute. Right femoral and the left internal mammary arteries were obtained during the control period and the left femoral and right internal mammary arteries resected between 6 and 30 minutes following drug infusion for PGI2 studies. Concentrations of the drug that caused significant elevation of the mean systemic pressure to 203 +/- 8 mmHg had no inhibitory effect on PGI2 production. Therefore, the influence of TCP on the hemodynamic parameters does not appear to be mediated through the inhibition of vascular PGI2 synthesis.", "contents": "Tranylcypromine induced hypertension is not mediated by the inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis. Tranylcypromine (TCP) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used extensively in the treatment of patients with reactive depression. Hypertensive crisis can complicate drug therapy, but the mechanism through which TCP causes high blood pressure is unknown. The present study was undertaken because recent investigations have shown that TCP can inhibit production of a potent vasodilator hormone, prostacyclin (PGI2), by  blood vessels, possibly explaining the mechanism of pressor effects by the drug. Heart rate, left atrial, pulmonary artery and aortic pressures were monitored in dogs under control conditions and continuously following the IV infusion of TCP at the rate of 1 mg/kg over a period of one minute. Right femoral and the left internal mammary arteries were obtained during the control period and the left femoral and right internal mammary arteries resected between 6 and 30 minutes following drug infusion for PGI2 studies. Concentrations of the drug that caused significant elevation of the mean systemic pressure to 203 +/- 8 mmHg had no inhibitory effect on PGI2 production. Therefore, the influence of TCP on the hemodynamic parameters does not appear to be mediated through the inhibition of vascular PGI2 synthesis.", "PMID": 398990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11673", "title": "Prostaglandin I2 partially inhibits human platelet aggregation stimulated by antithymocyte globulin.", "content": "Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation, has the side effect of inducing platelet aggregation. The present in vitro studies show that a component of ATG induced platelet aggregation can be inhibited by prostaglandin I2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin I2 partially inhibits human platelet aggregation stimulated by antithymocyte globulin. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation, has the side effect of inducing platelet aggregation. The present in vitro studies show that a component of ATG induced platelet aggregation can be inhibited by prostaglandin I2.", "PMID": 398991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11674", "title": "Comparative study of mutagenic, inductive and transforming activities of ledakrin.", "content": "Mutagenic activity of Ledakrin in microbial testing as well as its inductive effect on the release of free phages in lysogenic bacteria were compared with its transforming ability in human cell system. It has been found that Ledakrin is highy mutagenic both without metabolic activation and when activated in vivo. Ledakrin induces the release of free phages in E. coli K12(lambda +), but does not transform human fibroblasts in cell cuture in vitro.", "contents": "Comparative study of mutagenic, inductive and transforming activities of ledakrin. Mutagenic activity of Ledakrin in microbial testing as well as its inductive effect on the release of free phages in lysogenic bacteria were compared with its transforming ability in human cell system. It has been found that Ledakrin is highy mutagenic both without metabolic activation and when activated in vivo. Ledakrin induces the release of free phages in E. coli K12(lambda +), but does not transform human fibroblasts in cell cuture in vitro.", "PMID": 398981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11675", "title": "The relationship of urinary prostaglandins and plasma renin to sodium balance and diuresis in normal man.", "content": "The significance of changes in sodium balance and urinary sodium excretion for renal PG excretion was studied in normal man. In protocol B a strongly negative sodium balance was produced in 5 healthy young subjects by a low sodium diet given for 7 days (lo mmol Na/day) with 80 mg furosemide p.o. added on the last two days. 24 hour urinary PGE2 excretion remained constant, while plasma renin increased. In protocol A the effect of i.v. furosemide (1 mg/kg bwt) on urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha excretion rates was examined in 5 healthy young subjects. Rapid but short-lasting increases in PG excretion rates ran in parallel with the changes in urine flow rate. The study suggests that PGE2 is not of importance for the sodium homeostasis in normal man. Renal prostaglandins may play a modifying role for the renal response to loop diuretics but are hardly instrumental for the diuretic effect.", "contents": "The relationship of urinary prostaglandins and plasma renin to sodium balance and diuresis in normal man. The significance of changes in sodium balance and urinary sodium excretion for renal PG excretion was studied in normal man. In protocol B a strongly negative sodium balance was produced in 5 healthy young subjects by a low sodium diet given for 7 days (lo mmol Na/day) with 80 mg furosemide p.o. added on the last two days. 24 hour urinary PGE2 excretion remained constant, while plasma renin increased. In protocol A the effect of i.v. furosemide (1 mg/kg bwt) on urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha excretion rates was examined in 5 healthy young subjects. Rapid but short-lasting increases in PG excretion rates ran in parallel with the changes in urine flow rate. The study suggests that PGE2 is not of importance for the sodium homeostasis in normal man. Renal prostaglandins may play a modifying role for the renal response to loop diuretics but are hardly instrumental for the diuretic effect.", "PMID": 398992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11676", "title": "Shortening of the bleeding time in thrombocytopenic rabbits after exposure of jugular vein to high aspirin concentration.", "content": "Aspirin, in doses which inhibit platelet thromboxane A2 production, prolongs the bleeding time but this effect on the bleeding time is lost when doses of aspirin which also inhibit vessel wall prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) production are used. PGI2 is both a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a powerful vasodilator. We have investigated the contribution of the vascular effect of PGI2 on hemostasis by studying the effect of high concentrations of aspirin on the jugular vein bleeding time in severely thrombocytopenic rabbits and on the loss of non-platelet-containing fluid from standard puncture wounds in aspirin-treated veins perfused under constant pressure. After aspirin treatment, the bleeding time was significantly shortened in both normal and thrombocytopenic rabbits. This effect was associated with a decreased production of PGI2-like material by the vessel wall and a reduction in the volume of fluid lost from the standard puncture wound in the jugular vein. The effect of aspirin on the bleeding time and on PGI2 production was relatively short-lived and the bleeding time returned to normal within 2-3 hours. These observations indicate that PGI2 can influence hemostasis by mechanisms independent of platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Shortening of the bleeding time in thrombocytopenic rabbits after exposure of jugular vein to high aspirin concentration. Aspirin, in doses which inhibit platelet thromboxane A2 production, prolongs the bleeding time but this effect on the bleeding time is lost when doses of aspirin which also inhibit vessel wall prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) production are used. PGI2 is both a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a powerful vasodilator. We have investigated the contribution of the vascular effect of PGI2 on hemostasis by studying the effect of high concentrations of aspirin on the jugular vein bleeding time in severely thrombocytopenic rabbits and on the loss of non-platelet-containing fluid from standard puncture wounds in aspirin-treated veins perfused under constant pressure. After aspirin treatment, the bleeding time was significantly shortened in both normal and thrombocytopenic rabbits. This effect was associated with a decreased production of PGI2-like material by the vessel wall and a reduction in the volume of fluid lost from the standard puncture wound in the jugular vein. The effect of aspirin on the bleeding time and on PGI2 production was relatively short-lived and the bleeding time returned to normal within 2-3 hours. These observations indicate that PGI2 can influence hemostasis by mechanisms independent of platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 398994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11677", "title": "Libidinal cathexis and emotional growth in the analytical treatment of psychosomatic patients.", "content": "The paper deals with a form of analytical therapy in psychosomatics, which was developed and applied for many years in a model research ward. The therapeutic arrangement, or setting, was designed to make provision for all 3 elements of a person's make-up - his environment, his mind and his body. At the heart of the model is the therapeutic team, which offers the patient empathatic 'holding' and encourages his emotional growth. The members of the team have learned to offer themselves to the patient as a unit with a common inner attitude towards him. This means that they must first have worked out a unified approach, a hermeneutic structure, with which to understand him. Against the background of a special genetic conception of a mother's function for her child, the ward was turned into a setting that confronts the patient, in psychodramatized form, with a specific form of 'physical ambience'. In coming to grips with the team's physical, sensual presence, the patient is stimulated into developing a transference relationship to the empathizing, maternal father-figure, the 'p\u00e8re maternel'. In this way he can break loose from his clinging dependency on an 'omnipotent object', his dyadic partner, and, through internalizing the therapist both in his female and his male aspects, create a libidinal object in his inner world.", "contents": "Libidinal cathexis and emotional growth in the analytical treatment of psychosomatic patients. The paper deals with a form of analytical therapy in psychosomatics, which was developed and applied for many years in a model research ward. The therapeutic arrangement, or setting, was designed to make provision for all 3 elements of a person's make-up - his environment, his mind and his body. At the heart of the model is the therapeutic team, which offers the patient empathatic 'holding' and encourages his emotional growth. The members of the team have learned to offer themselves to the patient as a unit with a common inner attitude towards him. This means that they must first have worked out a unified approach, a hermeneutic structure, with which to understand him. Against the background of a special genetic conception of a mother's function for her child, the ward was turned into a setting that confronts the patient, in psychodramatized form, with a specific form of 'physical ambience'. In coming to grips with the team's physical, sensual presence, the patient is stimulated into developing a transference relationship to the empathizing, maternal father-figure, the 'p\u00e8re maternel'. In this way he can break loose from his clinging dependency on an 'omnipotent object', his dyadic partner, and, through internalizing the therapist both in his female and his male aspects, create a libidinal object in his inner world.", "PMID": 398996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11678", "title": "Liaison psychiatry as a systems approach to behavior.", "content": "In this overview, the psychosomatic theory is discussed from an evolutionary perspective. From its initial concern with relationship between emotions and physiology through psychopathology and anatomo-physio-pathology to socio-psycho-pathophysiology, psychosomatic medicine and its theory is presently viewed as an empiric science utilizing a number of conceptual approaches derived from developmental psychology, classical psychiatry, physiology, sociology and anthropology. These are applied to the study and care of patients in ambulatory and inpatient settings, which are the arenas of the consultation-liaison activity and may be viewed as the clinical laboratories of psychosomatic medicine. In these laboratories, a new language has developed which is largely phenomenological and which attempts to utilize theoretical concepts from several disciplines in explaining the illness illness phenomenon in the present. As such, the practitioner of Liaison Psychiatry is a general systems analyst who analyzes the illness situation of the patient and his attendants in an attempt to decipher the identified problem, explaining it by utilizing selected theoretical concepts from the basic sciences of behavior. Psychosomatic theory is seen as an evolving and bridging science attempting to integrate and combine particulate theory into a more comprehensive synthesis.", "contents": "Liaison psychiatry as a systems approach to behavior. In this overview, the psychosomatic theory is discussed from an evolutionary perspective. From its initial concern with relationship between emotions and physiology through psychopathology and anatomo-physio-pathology to socio-psycho-pathophysiology, psychosomatic medicine and its theory is presently viewed as an empiric science utilizing a number of conceptual approaches derived from developmental psychology, classical psychiatry, physiology, sociology and anthropology. These are applied to the study and care of patients in ambulatory and inpatient settings, which are the arenas of the consultation-liaison activity and may be viewed as the clinical laboratories of psychosomatic medicine. In these laboratories, a new language has developed which is largely phenomenological and which attempts to utilize theoretical concepts from several disciplines in explaining the illness illness phenomenon in the present. As such, the practitioner of Liaison Psychiatry is a general systems analyst who analyzes the illness situation of the patient and his attendants in an attempt to decipher the identified problem, explaining it by utilizing selected theoretical concepts from the basic sciences of behavior. Psychosomatic theory is seen as an evolving and bridging science attempting to integrate and combine particulate theory into a more comprehensive synthesis.", "PMID": 398997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11679", "title": "Consultation--liaison psychiatry activities in a renal transplant unit.", "content": "We describe the consultation--liaison psychiatry activites in the renal transplant unit at Hannover Medical School. The activities with regard to patients' care include: the group session, with particular regard to dealing with the patients' denial; the indirect and direct psychotherapeutic interventions, the latter concerning psychotherapeutic consultation and counselling ('supportive psychotherapy'); and dealing with live donors and potential renal transplant patients. The second consultation--liaison psychiatry activity includes the teaching procedures: firstly, Balint-group-work with the nurses, secondly, the nurses' presence in the group sessions, and finally, Balint-group-work with students working as auxiliary therapists. In the authors' view, the field of surgery can represent a very promising one with regard to consultation--liaison psychiatry.", "contents": "Consultation--liaison psychiatry activities in a renal transplant unit. We describe the consultation--liaison psychiatry activites in the renal transplant unit at Hannover Medical School. The activities with regard to patients' care include: the group session, with particular regard to dealing with the patients' denial; the indirect and direct psychotherapeutic interventions, the latter concerning psychotherapeutic consultation and counselling ('supportive psychotherapy'); and dealing with live donors and potential renal transplant patients. The second consultation--liaison psychiatry activity includes the teaching procedures: firstly, Balint-group-work with the nurses, secondly, the nurses' presence in the group sessions, and finally, Balint-group-work with students working as auxiliary therapists. In the authors' view, the field of surgery can represent a very promising one with regard to consultation--liaison psychiatry.", "PMID": 398998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11680", "title": "Psychogenesis of somatic disorders. An overview.", "content": "Psychogenesis, considered as a linear sequential process by which psychological influences lead to somatic disturbances, is only a link in a larger bio-psycho-social interactional field. Therefore, in practice, a multilateral approach of the whole person, in his psychological, social and somatic aspects, in health and disease, in his habitual and his therapeutical contacts, should be stressed. it seems unlikely that the somatic symptoms we are confronted with can be considered as pure psychogenetically determined phenomena. This does not exclude that in the complex psychosomatic interaction, there exists at one or more stages a transition from the sphere of psychological functioning to the somatic area, ending up in somatic symptoms. This process, which we call psychogenesis, is not a single event but should be considered as an abstraction, grouping a number of component processes possibly occurring at different moments in the total system. We have distinguished four components: a psychopathological component, a psychophysiological component, a phychophysiological component, a physiopathological component and a 'somatic illness experience' component. For each of these components, a number of conceptions are proposed according to the different theoretical models of psychosomatic connections. Most of these formulations are largely hypothetical or based only on fragmentary observations. Still, they offer guidelines for further research.", "contents": "Psychogenesis of somatic disorders. An overview. Psychogenesis, considered as a linear sequential process by which psychological influences lead to somatic disturbances, is only a link in a larger bio-psycho-social interactional field. Therefore, in practice, a multilateral approach of the whole person, in his psychological, social and somatic aspects, in health and disease, in his habitual and his therapeutical contacts, should be stressed. it seems unlikely that the somatic symptoms we are confronted with can be considered as pure psychogenetically determined phenomena. This does not exclude that in the complex psychosomatic interaction, there exists at one or more stages a transition from the sphere of psychological functioning to the somatic area, ending up in somatic symptoms. This process, which we call psychogenesis, is not a single event but should be considered as an abstraction, grouping a number of component processes possibly occurring at different moments in the total system. We have distinguished four components: a psychopathological component, a psychophysiological component, a phychophysiological component, a physiopathological component and a 'somatic illness experience' component. For each of these components, a number of conceptions are proposed according to the different theoretical models of psychosomatic connections. Most of these formulations are largely hypothetical or based only on fragmentary observations. Still, they offer guidelines for further research.", "PMID": 398999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11681", "title": "Self-management training for children with chronic bronchial asthma.", "content": "We have described examples of behaviors that occur antecedent to, concurrent with, or as a consequence of childhood asthma. Ways these patterns can be altered have also been described. Three points should be emphasized: first, social learning techniques can contribute to a child acquiring self-monitoring and self-management skills over his or her affliction. Thus, youngsters with asthma can learn self-responsibility over their affliction. Second, while we do have follow-up data indicating that youngsters continue to perform similar behaviors once they leave the Center and return to their families, such generalization does not automatically occur. For this reason, we have initiated several programs for working with a child's family. Finally, what about the youngster who is never admitted to an asthma facility such as the national Asthma Center? It is here where we are beginning to focus most of our efforts. By teaching a child and his or her family ways that the youngster can learn to manage asthma means that the disease will become less of a disruptive influence within the home, that costs of the affliction can be contained, and that the youngster can remain within the mainstream of both his or her family and community. Future reports from the Center will describe efforts we are making in this direction.", "contents": "Self-management training for children with chronic bronchial asthma. We have described examples of behaviors that occur antecedent to, concurrent with, or as a consequence of childhood asthma. Ways these patterns can be altered have also been described. Three points should be emphasized: first, social learning techniques can contribute to a child acquiring self-monitoring and self-management skills over his or her affliction. Thus, youngsters with asthma can learn self-responsibility over their affliction. Second, while we do have follow-up data indicating that youngsters continue to perform similar behaviors once they leave the Center and return to their families, such generalization does not automatically occur. For this reason, we have initiated several programs for working with a child's family. Finally, what about the youngster who is never admitted to an asthma facility such as the national Asthma Center? It is here where we are beginning to focus most of our efforts. By teaching a child and his or her family ways that the youngster can learn to manage asthma means that the disease will become less of a disruptive influence within the home, that costs of the affliction can be contained, and that the youngster can remain within the mainstream of both his or her family and community. Future reports from the Center will describe efforts we are making in this direction.", "PMID": 399000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11682", "title": "Psychotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of psychophysiologic disorders.", "content": "The outlined treatment strategies are based on research findings. The techniques include repeated physical examinations to reassure patients with hypochondriacal concern and continuous empathy with the partient's distress; explanatory therapy which includes emphasis on the innocuousness of the phenomena, accurate information about the psychophysiologic processes involved, making the patient aware of his selective perception; deliberate suggestion when this is in keeping with accurate predictions and appropriate treatment of coexisting psychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of psychophysiologic disorders. The outlined treatment strategies are based on research findings. The techniques include repeated physical examinations to reassure patients with hypochondriacal concern and continuous empathy with the partient's distress; explanatory therapy which includes emphasis on the innocuousness of the phenomena, accurate information about the psychophysiologic processes involved, making the patient aware of his selective perception; deliberate suggestion when this is in keeping with accurate predictions and appropriate treatment of coexisting psychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 399002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11683", "title": "[The use of the Knott technic in an endemic area of filariasis in Puerto Limon, Costa Rica].", "content": "One hundred and nineteen people living in the Roosevelt county of Puerto Lim\u00f3n were submitted to the Knott technique for diagnosing microfilaremia bancrofti. This was the first time the technique was applied in Costa Rica. A 17.6% positivity was obtained. Some considerations on filariasis spreading to other regions of the country with the possibility of outbreaks of tropical eosinophilia or filariasis without microfilaremia are made.", "contents": "[The use of the Knott technic in an endemic area of filariasis in Puerto Limon, Costa Rica]. One hundred and nineteen people living in the Roosevelt county of Puerto Lim\u00f3n were submitted to the Knott technique for diagnosing microfilaremia bancrofti. This was the first time the technique was applied in Costa Rica. A 17.6% positivity was obtained. Some considerations on filariasis spreading to other regions of the country with the possibility of outbreaks of tropical eosinophilia or filariasis without microfilaremia are made.", "PMID": 399039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11684", "title": "[Bacteria studies on 32 patients with acute inflammatory pneumopathies].", "content": "Thirty two patients admitted to the \"Gral. Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Hospital for infectious pneumonopathies acquired outside and within hospital were studied. Each patient underwent 8 blood cultures in order to determine most frequent causal agents in our environment thus enabling the institution of an adequate antibiotic therapy. Grampositive germs, specifically staphylococcus, prevailed in extra hospitalary bronchopneumonopathies and gramnegative germs, specially Klebiella, prevailed in the case of intra-hospitalary infections. The negative effect of the antimicrobial therapy prior to sample obtention on the results of bacterial examinations is stressed.", "contents": "[Bacteria studies on 32 patients with acute inflammatory pneumopathies]. Thirty two patients admitted to the \"Gral. Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Hospital for infectious pneumonopathies acquired outside and within hospital were studied. Each patient underwent 8 blood cultures in order to determine most frequent causal agents in our environment thus enabling the institution of an adequate antibiotic therapy. Grampositive germs, specifically staphylococcus, prevailed in extra hospitalary bronchopneumonopathies and gramnegative germs, specially Klebiella, prevailed in the case of intra-hospitalary infections. The negative effect of the antimicrobial therapy prior to sample obtention on the results of bacterial examinations is stressed.", "PMID": 399040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11685", "title": "[A new psychopediatric syndrome of toxoplasmic origin].", "content": "A preliminary exposition on the existence of a new syndrome which is of interest to pediatrics and psychiatry and has been called \"chronic dystrophying adenic syndrome\" or \"CDA syndrome\" is made. The syndrome is the clinical expression of the lymphochronic variety of the toxoplasmic disease in the child and it is clinically expressed by the triad: dystrophies, psychiatric disorders and adenopathies with a chronic course. In these patients adenopathies have a toxoplasmic origin and they represent the pathogenic factor which determines the syndrome. Atypical forms of the syndrome are pointed out. Most frequent and important atypical forms are correlated.", "contents": "[A new psychopediatric syndrome of toxoplasmic origin]. A preliminary exposition on the existence of a new syndrome which is of interest to pediatrics and psychiatry and has been called \"chronic dystrophying adenic syndrome\" or \"CDA syndrome\" is made. The syndrome is the clinical expression of the lymphochronic variety of the toxoplasmic disease in the child and it is clinically expressed by the triad: dystrophies, psychiatric disorders and adenopathies with a chronic course. In these patients adenopathies have a toxoplasmic origin and they represent the pathogenic factor which determines the syndrome. Atypical forms of the syndrome are pointed out. Most frequent and important atypical forms are correlated.", "PMID": 399041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11686", "title": "[Urinary schistosomiasis. Clinical study of 20 patients in Cuba].", "content": "Twenty patients involving three Cubans coming foreign countries with a diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis are studied. The importance of laboratory diagnosis and radiographic study, mainly simple study and post-mictional cystography, is stressed. The lesions found during cystoscopies are described and it is attempted their classification. In all cases the diagnosis was corroborated from biopsy samples. The usefulness of the ambilhar therapy is pointed out.", "contents": "[Urinary schistosomiasis. Clinical study of 20 patients in Cuba]. Twenty patients involving three Cubans coming foreign countries with a diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis are studied. The importance of laboratory diagnosis and radiographic study, mainly simple study and post-mictional cystography, is stressed. The lesions found during cystoscopies are described and it is attempted their classification. In all cases the diagnosis was corroborated from biopsy samples. The usefulness of the ambilhar therapy is pointed out.", "PMID": 399042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11687", "title": "[Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of indol alkaloids].", "content": "In pursuing the study of the antimicrobial properties of alkaloids prepared from Cuban plants the activity of 10 indol alkaloids and 4 semisynthetic variables obtained from three plants--Catharanthus roseus G. Don., Vallesia antillana Wood and Ervatamia coronaria Staph, of the family Apocynaceae--growing in Cuba was assessed in vitro. The alkaloids and the variables used were catharantine, vindoline, vindolinine, perivine, reserpine, tabernaemontanine, tetrahydroalstonine, aparicine, vindolinic acid, reserpic acid and vindolininol. These were faced to 40 bacterial strains from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium as well as to fungi and yeasts from the genera Aspergillus, kCunnighamella, kCandida and Saccharomyces. The method involving cylindric sections in a double agar layer was applied and lectures were obtained at 24-48 hours of incubation at 25 degrees C for fungi and yeasts and 37 degrees C for bacteria. Inhibition zones are reported in millimeters.", "contents": "[Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of indol alkaloids]. In pursuing the study of the antimicrobial properties of alkaloids prepared from Cuban plants the activity of 10 indol alkaloids and 4 semisynthetic variables obtained from three plants--Catharanthus roseus G. Don., Vallesia antillana Wood and Ervatamia coronaria Staph, of the family Apocynaceae--growing in Cuba was assessed in vitro. The alkaloids and the variables used were catharantine, vindoline, vindolinine, perivine, reserpine, tabernaemontanine, tetrahydroalstonine, aparicine, vindolinic acid, reserpic acid and vindolininol. These were faced to 40 bacterial strains from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium as well as to fungi and yeasts from the genera Aspergillus, kCunnighamella, kCandida and Saccharomyces. The method involving cylindric sections in a double agar layer was applied and lectures were obtained at 24-48 hours of incubation at 25 degrees C for fungi and yeasts and 37 degrees C for bacteria. Inhibition zones are reported in millimeters.", "PMID": 399043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11688", "title": "[Reactivity of the intradermal test with toxoplasmosis in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "A hundred schizophrenic patients admitted to the \"10 de Octubre\" Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital and 158 schizophrenic patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital, both in Havana, and 100 control healthy individuals who did not consume psychopharmacons were studied. They underwent intradermal tests with toxoplasmin. Differences in reactor percentages between patients and healthy individuals were statistically significative as it has been reported in the foreign medical literature. The highest percentage of reactors in the group admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital where most advanced schizophreniacs are found leads to the conclusion that the more severe the patient state the higher the frequency and intensity of test reactivity among patients. Other factors as the dwelling conditions, age and sex are analyzed.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the intradermal test with toxoplasmosis in schizophrenic patients]. A hundred schizophrenic patients admitted to the \"10 de Octubre\" Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital and 158 schizophrenic patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital, both in Havana, and 100 control healthy individuals who did not consume psychopharmacons were studied. They underwent intradermal tests with toxoplasmin. Differences in reactor percentages between patients and healthy individuals were statistically significative as it has been reported in the foreign medical literature. The highest percentage of reactors in the group admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital where most advanced schizophreniacs are found leads to the conclusion that the more severe the patient state the higher the frequency and intensity of test reactivity among patients. Other factors as the dwelling conditions, age and sex are analyzed.", "PMID": 399045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11689", "title": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic patterns in multiple trauma patients.", "content": "During the last 3 years we have performed a detailed study in 50 patients using the Swan-Ganz catheter to provide prognostic haemodynamic and metabolic values at an early stage. There was a total of 320 severe injuries in these 50 patients with a statistical mean of six to seven. The severity of injuries is documented by the volume replacement necessary within the first 24 hr. On average more than 8 litres of whole blood, albumin and dextran were given intravenously. Out of 50 patients, 28 survived. During the first 2h there was a significant difference between survivor and non-survivor in systolic blood pressure and shock index. From the very beginning the surviving patients demonstrated a higher cardiac index than non-survivors. Pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance were also elevated from the very beginning. The right ventricular stroke work index was increased; the left ventricular stroke work index was decreased in the group of non-survivors. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference as well as oxygen extraction ratio was elevated, and the oxygen availability was decreased in the group of the non-surviving patients. Of the metabolic parameters, an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio as well as in serum glucose and a decrease in base excess values permit an early prediction of a favourable outcome. There were significant differences in the enzymes SGOT, SGPT, LDH, CHE, as well as bilirubin concentrations between survivors and non-survivors from sixth day on.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic patterns in multiple trauma patients. During the last 3 years we have performed a detailed study in 50 patients using the Swan-Ganz catheter to provide prognostic haemodynamic and metabolic values at an early stage. There was a total of 320 severe injuries in these 50 patients with a statistical mean of six to seven. The severity of injuries is documented by the volume replacement necessary within the first 24 hr. On average more than 8 litres of whole blood, albumin and dextran were given intravenously. Out of 50 patients, 28 survived. During the first 2h there was a significant difference between survivor and non-survivor in systolic blood pressure and shock index. From the very beginning the surviving patients demonstrated a higher cardiac index than non-survivors. Pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance were also elevated from the very beginning. The right ventricular stroke work index was increased; the left ventricular stroke work index was decreased in the group of non-survivors. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference as well as oxygen extraction ratio was elevated, and the oxygen availability was decreased in the group of the non-surviving patients. Of the metabolic parameters, an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio as well as in serum glucose and a decrease in base excess values permit an early prediction of a favourable outcome. There were significant differences in the enzymes SGOT, SGPT, LDH, CHE, as well as bilirubin concentrations between survivors and non-survivors from sixth day on.", "PMID": 399052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11690", "title": "The influence of different ventilatory patterns on oxygenation and gas exchange after near-drowning.", "content": "After positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) valves for manually operated resuscitators became available it was of interest to find out whether PEEP should be applied at the scene of accident in nearly drowned patients. In 27 young pigs 25 ml of fresh water/kg body weight was instilled into the lungs via an endotracheal tube. After a period of apnoea (4 min) the pigs were ventilated artificially with 100% oxygen with either 5 cm PEEP or zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP). Within the PEEP group the AaDO2 returned to normal within the first 10 min after resuscitation, whereas the AaDO2 did not reach normal values for 2 h in the ZEEP group. The same observations were true for the PO2 values. Although the cardiac output decreased by almost 30% in the PEEP group, mean arterial pressures and heart rates remained unchanged. Lung weights and blood lactate concentrations confirmed that the same degree of water absorption and hypoxia had taken place in both groups. The conclusions from these experiments are that the application of 5 cm PEEP is part of the immediate measures of emergency treatment in nearly drowned victims.", "contents": "The influence of different ventilatory patterns on oxygenation and gas exchange after near-drowning. After positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) valves for manually operated resuscitators became available it was of interest to find out whether PEEP should be applied at the scene of accident in nearly drowned patients. In 27 young pigs 25 ml of fresh water/kg body weight was instilled into the lungs via an endotracheal tube. After a period of apnoea (4 min) the pigs were ventilated artificially with 100% oxygen with either 5 cm PEEP or zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP). Within the PEEP group the AaDO2 returned to normal within the first 10 min after resuscitation, whereas the AaDO2 did not reach normal values for 2 h in the ZEEP group. The same observations were true for the PO2 values. Although the cardiac output decreased by almost 30% in the PEEP group, mean arterial pressures and heart rates remained unchanged. Lung weights and blood lactate concentrations confirmed that the same degree of water absorption and hypoxia had taken place in both groups. The conclusions from these experiments are that the application of 5 cm PEEP is part of the immediate measures of emergency treatment in nearly drowned victims.", "PMID": 399053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11691", "title": "[An additiinal systematic table of Cuban ground mollusca].", "content": "A list of Cuban ground mollusks is presented in a systematic order. The number of species and sub-specific types of each one is pointed out. An alphabetic index enabling the rapid determination of the taxonomic location of a given genus is also depicted.", "contents": "[An additiinal systematic table of Cuban ground mollusca]. A list of Cuban ground mollusks is presented in a systematic order. The number of species and sub-specific types of each one is pointed out. An alphabetic index enabling the rapid determination of the taxonomic location of a given genus is also depicted.", "PMID": 399046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11692", "title": "Comparative blanching activities of locally manufactured proprietary fluocinolone acetonide topical preparations.", "content": "The blanching activities and hence the bio-availabilities of the cream and ointment formulations of Synalar and Cortoderm (fluocinolone acetonide 0,025%) were evaluated using an occluded and unoccluded blanching assay. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between similar formulations of fluocinolone acetonide.", "contents": "Comparative blanching activities of locally manufactured proprietary fluocinolone acetonide topical preparations. The blanching activities and hence the bio-availabilities of the cream and ointment formulations of Synalar and Cortoderm (fluocinolone acetonide 0,025%) were evaluated using an occluded and unoccluded blanching assay. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between similar formulations of fluocinolone acetonide.", "PMID": 399090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11693", "title": "The multiload copper intra-uterine contraceptive device in a mixed urban and rural population: A 3-year clinical evaluation.", "content": "A series of 1 270 Multiload Cu-250 intra-uterine contraceptive devices inserted in clinics of the Cape Divisional Council is described, spanning 1 024,6 woman-years. The continuation rate was 85,4% and the unplanned pregnancy rate was 1,17 per 100 woman-years of use. The implications are discussed.", "contents": "The multiload copper intra-uterine contraceptive device in a mixed urban and rural population: A 3-year clinical evaluation. A series of 1 270 Multiload Cu-250 intra-uterine contraceptive devices inserted in clinics of the Cape Divisional Council is described, spanning 1 024,6 woman-years. The continuation rate was 85,4% and the unplanned pregnancy rate was 1,17 per 100 woman-years of use. The implications are discussed.", "PMID": 399091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11694", "title": "Comparison of captopril with propranolol in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension.", "content": "Captopril (SQ 14,225), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was used in combination with propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, in the treatment of mild and moderate hypertension. A significant decrease in blood presure was obtained (P less than 0.05). The maximum oral dose of captopril was 450 mg daily and the maximum oral dosage of propranolol was 360 mg daily. Side-effects were negligible and transitory. They consisted of skin rashes and pain in the calves (1 patient) and palpitations (1 patient) on captopril and skin rashes (1 patient) on propranolol. Captopril is a promising new hypotensive agent and is efficacious in combination with beta-adrenergic blocking agents.", "contents": "Comparison of captopril with propranolol in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension. Captopril (SQ 14,225), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was used in combination with propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, in the treatment of mild and moderate hypertension. A significant decrease in blood presure was obtained (P less than 0.05). The maximum oral dose of captopril was 450 mg daily and the maximum oral dosage of propranolol was 360 mg daily. Side-effects were negligible and transitory. They consisted of skin rashes and pain in the calves (1 patient) and palpitations (1 patient) on captopril and skin rashes (1 patient) on propranolol. Captopril is a promising new hypotensive agent and is efficacious in combination with beta-adrenergic blocking agents.", "PMID": 399093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11695", "title": "Juvenile fibromatosis and other diseases of connective tissue.", "content": "There are a number of features which are common to such variable conditions as juvenile fibromatosis on the one hand and torticollis and congenital dislocation of the hip, and possibly scoliosis, on the other. Various pathological syndromes are presented, all of them characterized by disturbance and contracture of connective tissue. Surgery is carried out in severe cases when it is a practicable proposition. The administration of an enzyme inhibitor at cellular level has introduced a new dimension in the management of localized fibromatosis.", "contents": "Juvenile fibromatosis and other diseases of connective tissue. There are a number of features which are common to such variable conditions as juvenile fibromatosis on the one hand and torticollis and congenital dislocation of the hip, and possibly scoliosis, on the other. Various pathological syndromes are presented, all of them characterized by disturbance and contracture of connective tissue. Surgery is carried out in severe cases when it is a practicable proposition. The administration of an enzyme inhibitor at cellular level has introduced a new dimension in the management of localized fibromatosis.", "PMID": 399095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11696", "title": "The efficacy of sotalol in suppressing ventricular ectopic beats.", "content": "Sotalol (Sotacor) is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, which in addition possesses class III anti-arrhythmic properties. In this study we report on the clinical effectiveness of sotalol in the suppression of ventricular ectopic beats in 20 patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease. Sotalol was compared with placebo and efficacy was determined by Holter tape monitoring. Sotalol produced an 88,5% (P < 0,001) reduction in ectopic beat frequency at the optimal titrated dosage, with relatively few physical or biochemical side-effects. In situations where ventricular anti-arrhythmic therapy is deemed necessary, especially if long-term use is considered, sotalol seems to be the agent of choice.", "contents": "The efficacy of sotalol in suppressing ventricular ectopic beats. Sotalol (Sotacor) is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, which in addition possesses class III anti-arrhythmic properties. In this study we report on the clinical effectiveness of sotalol in the suppression of ventricular ectopic beats in 20 patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease. Sotalol was compared with placebo and efficacy was determined by Holter tape monitoring. Sotalol produced an 88,5% (P < 0,001) reduction in ectopic beat frequency at the optimal titrated dosage, with relatively few physical or biochemical side-effects. In situations where ventricular anti-arrhythmic therapy is deemed necessary, especially if long-term use is considered, sotalol seems to be the agent of choice.", "PMID": 399099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11697", "title": "[Nature and significance of osteopenia].", "content": "New realisations on the regulation of bone and calcium metabolism by hormones and vitamins, modern methods of the radiologic and morphologico-morphometric diagnostics considerably increased our knowledge about the deminerlising diseases of the skeletal system. The possibilities for diagnostics and therapy resulting from this are restricted in practice by a non-adequate nomenclature. The introduction of the disease group notion \"osteopenia\" for all demineralising processes and its definition as well as the representation of the differential diagnostics of osteolamacia, fibrosteoclasia and syndrome of osteoporosis as clinical main representatives of osteopenia shall help to prevent diagnostic and therapeutic errors.", "contents": "[Nature and significance of osteopenia]. New realisations on the regulation of bone and calcium metabolism by hormones and vitamins, modern methods of the radiologic and morphologico-morphometric diagnostics considerably increased our knowledge about the deminerlising diseases of the skeletal system. The possibilities for diagnostics and therapy resulting from this are restricted in practice by a non-adequate nomenclature. The introduction of the disease group notion \"osteopenia\" for all demineralising processes and its definition as well as the representation of the differential diagnostics of osteolamacia, fibrosteoclasia and syndrome of osteoporosis as clinical main representatives of osteopenia shall help to prevent diagnostic and therapeutic errors.", "PMID": 399106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11698", "title": "[Intra-articular therapy with radionuclides].", "content": "The 12-year experiences of a working team with the intraarticular radiogold therapy in persisting synovialitides of chronic rheumatic diseases and resistant irritation phases of arthroses are supplementarily described and a critical valuation is performed. Finally practical conclusions for the local joint therapy are made, taking into consideration also the experiences of other investigators.", "contents": "[Intra-articular therapy with radionuclides]. The 12-year experiences of a working team with the intraarticular radiogold therapy in persisting synovialitides of chronic rheumatic diseases and resistant irritation phases of arthroses are supplementarily described and a critical valuation is performed. Finally practical conclusions for the local joint therapy are made, taking into consideration also the experiences of other investigators.", "PMID": 399107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11699", "title": "[Clinical aspects of myocarditis--symptomatology, diagnosis and pathogenesis].", "content": "On the basis of newer knowledge from literature in a survey aspects of symptomatology, diagnostics and course of the myocarditis important for practice are represented. According to the frequency of the virus myocarditis is referred to the importance of immunopathogenetic factors for prognosis and course. Own experiences confirm the transition from an acute myocarditis into a chronic cardiomyopathy which was observed by various investigators. In a 17-year-old female patient the development of a congestive cardiomyopathy after acute myocarditis could be pursued for several years. After-examination of 58 patients after acute myocarditis resulted after 3 years in 62% in cardiac residual symptoms, in which cases anamnestic data and objective findings of the examination well correlated. In 14  patients (24.1%) chronic recidivating courses were found. The importance of the biopsy of the endomyocardium for the diagnostics and differential diagnostics of cardiomyopathies is represented at the instance of a 20-year-old male with subacute rheumatic myocarditis who was hospitalised on account of symptoms of a left heart insufficiency, enlargement of the heart and a picture of a left hypertrophy in the ECG. Bioptically was found a hypertrophy with formation of a large nucleus. After 1 1/2 years clinical improvement and normalisation of size of the heart and ECG. The control biopsy now resulted in normal findings of the heart.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of myocarditis--symptomatology, diagnosis and pathogenesis]. On the basis of newer knowledge from literature in a survey aspects of symptomatology, diagnostics and course of the myocarditis important for practice are represented. According to the frequency of the virus myocarditis is referred to the importance of immunopathogenetic factors for prognosis and course. Own experiences confirm the transition from an acute myocarditis into a chronic cardiomyopathy which was observed by various investigators. In a 17-year-old female patient the development of a congestive cardiomyopathy after acute myocarditis could be pursued for several years. After-examination of 58 patients after acute myocarditis resulted after 3 years in 62% in cardiac residual symptoms, in which cases anamnestic data and objective findings of the examination well correlated. In 14  patients (24.1%) chronic recidivating courses were found. The importance of the biopsy of the endomyocardium for the diagnostics and differential diagnostics of cardiomyopathies is represented at the instance of a 20-year-old male with subacute rheumatic myocarditis who was hospitalised on account of symptoms of a left heart insufficiency, enlargement of the heart and a picture of a left hypertrophy in the ECG. Bioptically was found a hypertrophy with formation of a large nucleus. After 1 1/2 years clinical improvement and normalisation of size of the heart and ECG. The control biopsy now resulted in normal findings of the heart.", "PMID": 399108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11700", "title": "[Value and results of coloscopic polypectomy].", "content": "From August 1976 till the end of February 1979 158 polyp in 83 patients (48 male and 35 female) were removed by means of the rectocoloscopic polypectomy with the high frequency diathermy loop. 66% of the polypi had a diameter of less than 1 cm. Most the polypi were with about 70% in the sigma and in the rectum. With 60.7% the adenomas appeared most frequently, followed by the hyperplastic polypi in 20% and by the inflammatory ones in 13.3% of the cases. With the increase of size of the polypi the proportion of the adenomas clearly increased in comparison to the other kinds of polypi. Severe epithelial atypias (altogether 23.1%) were more frequently in adenomas larger than 2 cm than in smaller ones. An invasive carcinoma was found in no polypus. Thus the endoscopic polypectomy in every case meant a curative therapy with great economic use. In patients a haemorrhage appeared as a complication of the coloscopic polypectomy. Only the removal of the polypi in toto allows an exact histological classification and the answer of the decisive question, whether in one adenoma only severe epithelial atypias are present and thus the polypectomy is therapeutically sufficient or whether there exists an adenocarcinoma, for the removal of which an operation according to the principles of the carcinoma surgery must be carried out. The endoscopic ablation of the adenomas thus means a genuine prophylaxis of cancer.", "contents": "[Value and results of coloscopic polypectomy]. From August 1976 till the end of February 1979 158 polyp in 83 patients (48 male and 35 female) were removed by means of the rectocoloscopic polypectomy with the high frequency diathermy loop. 66% of the polypi had a diameter of less than 1 cm. Most the polypi were with about 70% in the sigma and in the rectum. With 60.7% the adenomas appeared most frequently, followed by the hyperplastic polypi in 20% and by the inflammatory ones in 13.3% of the cases. With the increase of size of the polypi the proportion of the adenomas clearly increased in comparison to the other kinds of polypi. Severe epithelial atypias (altogether 23.1%) were more frequently in adenomas larger than 2 cm than in smaller ones. An invasive carcinoma was found in no polypus. Thus the endoscopic polypectomy in every case meant a curative therapy with great economic use. In patients a haemorrhage appeared as a complication of the coloscopic polypectomy. Only the removal of the polypi in toto allows an exact histological classification and the answer of the decisive question, whether in one adenoma only severe epithelial atypias are present and thus the polypectomy is therapeutically sufficient or whether there exists an adenocarcinoma, for the removal of which an operation according to the principles of the carcinoma surgery must be carried out. The endoscopic ablation of the adenomas thus means a genuine prophylaxis of cancer.", "PMID": 399109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11701", "title": "[Treatment of tumor diseases in older people].", "content": "By the increase of the average age of man among others also the problems of tumour diseases in old persons increasingly gain importance. In the therapy of malignant diseases, therefore, the various age-conditioned changes concerning the immunological system must be taken into consideration. Even though the tumour therapy on principle does not deviate in old patients from the tumour therapy in younger patients, it must yet be carried out with particular precaution and the restricted load capacity must be taken into consideration. Under these conditions also by means of polychemotherapy results may be achieved as they are possible in younger patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of tumor diseases in older people]. By the increase of the average age of man among others also the problems of tumour diseases in old persons increasingly gain importance. In the therapy of malignant diseases, therefore, the various age-conditioned changes concerning the immunological system must be taken into consideration. Even though the tumour therapy on principle does not deviate in old patients from the tumour therapy in younger patients, it must yet be carried out with particular precaution and the restricted load capacity must be taken into consideration. Under these conditions also by means of polychemotherapy results may be achieved as they are possible in younger patients.", "PMID": 399110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11702", "title": "[The current problem of euthanasia -- a discussion].", "content": "New conditions and possibilities of medical treatment demand a more intensive discussion of the problems of the patient with heavy illness and of the dying patient. After a short representation of the notion of euthanasia the individual forms of dying help with their ethical consequences are discussed. Propositions are made for a further elaboration of these problems.", "contents": "[The current problem of euthanasia -- a discussion]. New conditions and possibilities of medical treatment demand a more intensive discussion of the problems of the patient with heavy illness and of the dying patient. After a short representation of the notion of euthanasia the individual forms of dying help with their ethical consequences are discussed. Propositions are made for a further elaboration of these problems.", "PMID": 399111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11703", "title": "[Late complications in breast construction with silicone implants].", "content": "Of 187 patients with silicone breast implants 14% developed a capsular formation as late complication needing surgical therapy. Apparently neither the volume and type of prosthesis nor the operative proceeding had any influence on the formation of a constrictive capsule. No significant difference between augmentation plasty by hypo- and aplasia respectively and breast reconstruction after subcutaneous or radical mastectomy could be noticed. There has been no explanation for unilateral hypertrophic capsule formation after simultaneously performed bilateral prosthesis implantation. Compared with other authors we had a smaller incidence of the IIIrd and IVth stage capsular formation. This is caused by: 1. The advantage of a two-stage proceeding over the simultaneous one after subcutaneous mastectomy or subsequently to reconstruction by a flap plasty after radical mastectomy. 2. Systematic drainage of the bed of the prosthesis to avoid any hematoma or big liquid accumulations. Diffusion of silicone in the tissues by spontaneous rupture of the prosthesis as further late complication is discussed in 2 cases.", "contents": "[Late complications in breast construction with silicone implants]. Of 187 patients with silicone breast implants 14% developed a capsular formation as late complication needing surgical therapy. Apparently neither the volume and type of prosthesis nor the operative proceeding had any influence on the formation of a constrictive capsule. No significant difference between augmentation plasty by hypo- and aplasia respectively and breast reconstruction after subcutaneous or radical mastectomy could be noticed. There has been no explanation for unilateral hypertrophic capsule formation after simultaneously performed bilateral prosthesis implantation. Compared with other authors we had a smaller incidence of the IIIrd and IVth stage capsular formation. This is caused by: 1. The advantage of a two-stage proceeding over the simultaneous one after subcutaneous mastectomy or subsequently to reconstruction by a flap plasty after radical mastectomy. 2. Systematic drainage of the bed of the prosthesis to avoid any hematoma or big liquid accumulations. Diffusion of silicone in the tissues by spontaneous rupture of the prosthesis as further late complication is discussed in 2 cases.", "PMID": 399112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11704", "title": "[Microsurgical plastic reconstruction of the explosion-damaged hand].", "content": "During the last two years, 16 severe explosion injuries of the hand have been treated with plastic microsurgery in our hospital. The injury had arisen in seven cases from the mixture sugar + sodium chlorate (C12H22O11 + NaClO3). This substance mixture may already be caused to explode by slight vibrations and the warmth of the hands. In explosion injuries, there is mechanical, chemical and thermal tissue damage. The postoperative course is therefore complicated in almost all cases. However, by meticulous removal of the disseminated foreign particles, excision of necrotic tissue and extensive reconstruction of the interrupted vascular and nerve supply, it is possible in a few cases to preserve functionally important parts of the hand. Later plastic procedures are made more difficult by tissue fibrosis and foreign body granulomas.", "contents": "[Microsurgical plastic reconstruction of the explosion-damaged hand]. During the last two years, 16 severe explosion injuries of the hand have been treated with plastic microsurgery in our hospital. The injury had arisen in seven cases from the mixture sugar + sodium chlorate (C12H22O11 + NaClO3). This substance mixture may already be caused to explode by slight vibrations and the warmth of the hands. In explosion injuries, there is mechanical, chemical and thermal tissue damage. The postoperative course is therefore complicated in almost all cases. However, by meticulous removal of the disseminated foreign particles, excision of necrotic tissue and extensive reconstruction of the interrupted vascular and nerve supply, it is possible in a few cases to preserve functionally important parts of the hand. Later plastic procedures are made more difficult by tissue fibrosis and foreign body granulomas.", "PMID": 399113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11705", "title": "A comparison of epithalamic, hypothalamic and spinal neurosecretory terminals.", "content": "Nerve endings of epithalamic, hypothalamic and spinal neurosecretory areas were studied by light and electron microscopy in various vertebrates (from fishes up to mammals) including the lancelet. Areas investigated were the pineal organ, the pulvinar corporis pinealis, the neurohypophysis, the median eminence, the urophysis, the terminal filum and the medullo-spinal neurosecretory zones. We found that in all these areas the neurosecretory endings have common structures, which we call synaptic hemidesmosomes or neurohormonal terminals. These are characterized by accumulation of vesicles, and dense projections in a terminal on the basal lamina of the surface of the nervous tissue. A critical review of the literature suggests that a considerble neuroendocrine activity is associated with synaptic hemidesmosomes as special neurohormonal effector structures of the nerve cells. The cell-to-cell synapses formed by neurosecretory cells are discussed in connection with the dual capacity of these cells to function as both endocrine and \"ordinary# neuronal elements. The importance of the external cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space for the transport of materials released in the so-called neurohemal areas, is stressed.", "contents": "A comparison of epithalamic, hypothalamic and spinal neurosecretory terminals. Nerve endings of epithalamic, hypothalamic and spinal neurosecretory areas were studied by light and electron microscopy in various vertebrates (from fishes up to mammals) including the lancelet. Areas investigated were the pineal organ, the pulvinar corporis pinealis, the neurohypophysis, the median eminence, the urophysis, the terminal filum and the medullo-spinal neurosecretory zones. We found that in all these areas the neurosecretory endings have common structures, which we call synaptic hemidesmosomes or neurohormonal terminals. These are characterized by accumulation of vesicles, and dense projections in a terminal on the basal lamina of the surface of the nervous tissue. A critical review of the literature suggests that a considerble neuroendocrine activity is associated with synaptic hemidesmosomes as special neurohormonal effector structures of the nerve cells. The cell-to-cell synapses formed by neurosecretory cells are discussed in connection with the dual capacity of these cells to function as both endocrine and \"ordinary# neuronal elements. The importance of the external cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space for the transport of materials released in the so-called neurohemal areas, is stressed.", "PMID": 399140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11706", "title": "Reduction of mutagenic activity of aflatoxins after UV-irradiation.", "content": "Solutions of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and solid films of aflatoxin B1 were irradiated with UV light of wavelength corresponding to the absorption band of aflatoxins at approximately 365 nm (approximately 27 500 cm-1). The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically. Simultaneously the mutagenicity of samples of aflatoxins was determined using Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test. UV-irradiation caused a modification in all aflatoxins studied (in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions as well as in a solid film); the final photoproducts lost completely the mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Reduction of mutagenic activity of aflatoxins after UV-irradiation. Solutions of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and solid films of aflatoxin B1 were irradiated with UV light of wavelength corresponding to the absorption band of aflatoxins at approximately 365 nm (approximately 27 500 cm-1). The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically. Simultaneously the mutagenicity of samples of aflatoxins was determined using Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test. UV-irradiation caused a modification in all aflatoxins studied (in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions as well as in a solid film); the final photoproducts lost completely the mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 399142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11707", "title": "Sensitivity and repair of bacteria and phages after exposure to far and near UV light.", "content": "Inactivation of bacterial strains derived from E. coli B, which differ in the DNA-repair capacity  (exc-, pol- and rec-) was investigated after far and near UV irradiation. The same strains were also used as hosts for UV-irradiated phage T7. The injuries caused in bacteria and phages by radiation with longer wavelengths were reparable with greater difficulty and only to a lesser extent by the investigated repair mechanisms. We suppose that near UV affects cell proteins and that, as a result of this damage, the DNA-repair systems may be inhibited.", "contents": "Sensitivity and repair of bacteria and phages after exposure to far and near UV light. Inactivation of bacterial strains derived from E. coli B, which differ in the DNA-repair capacity  (exc-, pol- and rec-) was investigated after far and near UV irradiation. The same strains were also used as hosts for UV-irradiated phage T7. The injuries caused in bacteria and phages by radiation with longer wavelengths were reparable with greater difficulty and only to a lesser extent by the investigated repair mechanisms. We suppose that near UV affects cell proteins and that, as a result of this damage, the DNA-repair systems may be inhibited.", "PMID": 399143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11708", "title": "Lethal cellular changes induced by near ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "There is clear evidence that significant quantities of lesions are induced in DNA by near-UV radiation and that these lesions, although susceptible to repair, may lead to cell death because of the simultaneous disruption of DNA repair systems by the same wavelengths. No particular DNA lesion can be linked to cell death in wild type strains. However, there are good grounds for speculating that a type of near-UV lesion exists which is rapidly \"fixed\" as a lethal event in cells as a result of the oxygen-dependent disruption of repair. There is a strong indication that the relative ability of various near-UV wavelengths to sensitize cells to heat, chemicals or other radiations is directly related to their efficiency in disrupting DNA repair systems in general. Some important specific questions remain. For example, it is important to ask why breaks formed at 365 nm and 405 nm, although apparently requiring a pol dependent pathway for their repair, do not produce the predicted lethal biological action in the strains tested. In general terms it is hoped to provide more comprehensive physico-chemical data in support of, or contradicting, the proposed model.", "contents": "Lethal cellular changes induced by near ultraviolet radiation. There is clear evidence that significant quantities of lesions are induced in DNA by near-UV radiation and that these lesions, although susceptible to repair, may lead to cell death because of the simultaneous disruption of DNA repair systems by the same wavelengths. No particular DNA lesion can be linked to cell death in wild type strains. However, there are good grounds for speculating that a type of near-UV lesion exists which is rapidly \"fixed\" as a lethal event in cells as a result of the oxygen-dependent disruption of repair. There is a strong indication that the relative ability of various near-UV wavelengths to sensitize cells to heat, chemicals or other radiations is directly related to their efficiency in disrupting DNA repair systems in general. Some important specific questions remain. For example, it is important to ask why breaks formed at 365 nm and 405 nm, although apparently requiring a pol dependent pathway for their repair, do not produce the predicted lethal biological action in the strains tested. In general terms it is hoped to provide more comprehensive physico-chemical data in support of, or contradicting, the proposed model.", "PMID": 399145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11709", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cerebral ventricles: optimum tissue preparation technique.", "content": "Different preparative techniques described in the literature were compared for the study of the ventricular surfaces. To develop a standard method applicable also under experimental conditions the following procedure is recommended for scanning electron microscopy. (1) Fixation. After perfusion with a heparin-containing mammalian Ringer-solution (37 degrees C) fixation by collidine-buffered OsO4 (2%). The rate of perfusion should vary between 60--90 drops per minute. Osmotic pressure of the fixative solutions is optimal between 800--1000 mOsm. (2) Drying, Distortion-free drying of the surfaces of the cerebral ventricles cannot be achieved in air. Use of critical point dryers only ensures preservation of the fine structure. (3) Evaporation. The method of metal evaporation is an important part in the development of the final quality of the picture. Distribution of the metal layer is ideal with an Au--Pd  alloy. If a rotating metal evaporator is not available, evaporation from different directions also gives satisfactory results.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cerebral ventricles: optimum tissue preparation technique. Different preparative techniques described in the literature were compared for the study of the ventricular surfaces. To develop a standard method applicable also under experimental conditions the following procedure is recommended for scanning electron microscopy. (1) Fixation. After perfusion with a heparin-containing mammalian Ringer-solution (37 degrees C) fixation by collidine-buffered OsO4 (2%). The rate of perfusion should vary between 60--90 drops per minute. Osmotic pressure of the fixative solutions is optimal between 800--1000 mOsm. (2) Drying, Distortion-free drying of the surfaces of the cerebral ventricles cannot be achieved in air. Use of critical point dryers only ensures preservation of the fine structure. (3) Evaporation. The method of metal evaporation is an important part in the development of the final quality of the picture. Distribution of the metal layer is ideal with an Au--Pd  alloy. If a rotating metal evaporator is not available, evaporation from different directions also gives satisfactory results.", "PMID": 399154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11710", "title": "Identification of early glial elements as the precursors of Bergmann-glia: a Golgi-analysis of the developing rat cerebellar cortex.", "content": "The developing rat cerebellar cortex was studied by the rapid Golgi procedure in 200 mu thick slices and in 1--2 mu thick semithin sections poststained with toluidine-blue. Glial cells having radial fibres directed towards the pial surface were found to be present continuously in the internal granular layer during cerebellar maturation. This cell type was identified as the developing Bergmann-glia.", "contents": "Identification of early glial elements as the precursors of Bergmann-glia: a Golgi-analysis of the developing rat cerebellar cortex. The developing rat cerebellar cortex was studied by the rapid Golgi procedure in 200 mu thick slices and in 1--2 mu thick semithin sections poststained with toluidine-blue. Glial cells having radial fibres directed towards the pial surface were found to be present continuously in the internal granular layer during cerebellar maturation. This cell type was identified as the developing Bergmann-glia.", "PMID": 399155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11711", "title": "The role of growth hormone in the glucose intolerance of uremia.", "content": "The fasting plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration and the plasma growth hormone response to sustained hyperglycemia was examined in 8 chronically uremic subjects before and after hemodialysis employing the hyperglycemia clamp technique. The plasma glucose concentration was acutely raised and maintained at +125 mg/100 ml above basal levels. Since the glucose concentration was held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M) and M divided by the plasma insulin response (I) is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin. Predialysis, the fasting GH concentration, 4.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, was significantly greater than controls, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml (p less than 0.01), and failed to suppress normally following sustained hyperglycemia. Both M, 4.23 +/- 0.36 mg/kg x min, and M/I, 5.05 +/- 0.79 mg/kg x min per microU/ml, were significantly reduced compared to controls (p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between either the fasting GH concentration or the GH response to sustained hyperglycemia and either M or M/I. Following dialysis both M, 6.30 +/- 0.64 mg/kg x min, and M/I, 8.39 +/- 1.06 mg/kg x min per microU/ml, increased (p less than 0.01) without significant change in either the fasting GH level, 4.0 +/- 1.2 ng/ml, or the plasma GH response to hyperglycemia. It is concluded that while deranged GH physiology is a common accompaniment of the uremic state, it is not responsible for the glucose intolerance and tissue insensitivity to insulin observed in uremia.", "contents": "The role of growth hormone in the glucose intolerance of uremia. The fasting plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration and the plasma growth hormone response to sustained hyperglycemia was examined in 8 chronically uremic subjects before and after hemodialysis employing the hyperglycemia clamp technique. The plasma glucose concentration was acutely raised and maintained at +125 mg/100 ml above basal levels. Since the glucose concentration was held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M) and M divided by the plasma insulin response (I) is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin. Predialysis, the fasting GH concentration, 4.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, was significantly greater than controls, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml (p less than 0.01), and failed to suppress normally following sustained hyperglycemia. Both M, 4.23 +/- 0.36 mg/kg x min, and M/I, 5.05 +/- 0.79 mg/kg x min per microU/ml, were significantly reduced compared to controls (p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between either the fasting GH concentration or the GH response to sustained hyperglycemia and either M or M/I. Following dialysis both M, 6.30 +/- 0.64 mg/kg x min, and M/I, 8.39 +/- 1.06 mg/kg x min per microU/ml, increased (p less than 0.01) without significant change in either the fasting GH level, 4.0 +/- 1.2 ng/ml, or the plasma GH response to hyperglycemia. It is concluded that while deranged GH physiology is a common accompaniment of the uremic state, it is not responsible for the glucose intolerance and tissue insensitivity to insulin observed in uremia.", "PMID": 399149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11712", "title": "Neuronal pathways to the margin of the hypothalamic median eminence and to the pituitary stalk of the rat. I. A golgi and degeneration study.", "content": "The course and termination of nerve fibres approaching the median eminence from lateral direction were studied in Golgi specimens and by the axon-degeneration technique. Varicose nerve fibres could be traced from an area corresponding to the medial and superficial portion of the medial forebrain bundle. They run immediately underneath the free ventral surface of the hypothalamus. Parasagittal knife-cuts placed at various distances (0.5 to 1.4 mm) from the midline resulted in a large number of degenerated axon fragments along the margin of the median eminence, on both sides of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus. Scattered degenerated fragments were found in the lateral part of the palisade zone as well as in the pituitary stalk. No degeneration could be seen in the abo9ve mentioned areas if the cut was as far as 1.8 mm from the midline. Degenerated axon fragments appeared as soon as 5 hours following the lesion indicating that the time course of ultrastructural degenerative alterations is remarkably fast in this fibre system.", "contents": "Neuronal pathways to the margin of the hypothalamic median eminence and to the pituitary stalk of the rat. I. A golgi and degeneration study. The course and termination of nerve fibres approaching the median eminence from lateral direction were studied in Golgi specimens and by the axon-degeneration technique. Varicose nerve fibres could be traced from an area corresponding to the medial and superficial portion of the medial forebrain bundle. They run immediately underneath the free ventral surface of the hypothalamus. Parasagittal knife-cuts placed at various distances (0.5 to 1.4 mm) from the midline resulted in a large number of degenerated axon fragments along the margin of the median eminence, on both sides of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus. Scattered degenerated fragments were found in the lateral part of the palisade zone as well as in the pituitary stalk. No degeneration could be seen in the abo9ve mentioned areas if the cut was as far as 1.8 mm from the midline. Degenerated axon fragments appeared as soon as 5 hours following the lesion indicating that the time course of ultrastructural degenerative alterations is remarkably fast in this fibre system.", "PMID": 399156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11713", "title": "Effect of maturation and senescence on carbohydrate utilization and insulin responsiveness of rat adipose tissue.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of aging upon the metabolism and the responsiveness to insulin of epididymal adipose tissue from rats (6 weeks, 6 and 24 months). Basal glucose metabolism by these tissues and adipocytes was positively related to cell size, for each age group. But age per se plays an important role: for the same diameter, the U-14C-glucose oxidation to CO2 and its incorporation into triglycerides described markedly between 6 weeks and 6 months, as reported peviously, and decreased still further between 6 months and 24 months, for any diameter. In contrast, insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue fragments and fat cells was negatively correlated to adipose cell size, when we analyzed the role of cell diameter for a group of given age. When comparing the sensitivity to hormone for a given cell volume but at different ages, it appeared that insulin resistance increased considerably between 6 weeks and 6 months and was still more marked in old age. The mechanisms underlying these facts have been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of maturation and senescence on carbohydrate utilization and insulin responsiveness of rat adipose tissue. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of aging upon the metabolism and the responsiveness to insulin of epididymal adipose tissue from rats (6 weeks, 6 and 24 months). Basal glucose metabolism by these tissues and adipocytes was positively related to cell size, for each age group. But age per se plays an important role: for the same diameter, the U-14C-glucose oxidation to CO2 and its incorporation into triglycerides described markedly between 6 weeks and 6 months, as reported peviously, and decreased still further between 6 months and 24 months, for any diameter. In contrast, insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue fragments and fat cells was negatively correlated to adipose cell size, when we analyzed the role of cell diameter for a group of given age. When comparing the sensitivity to hormone for a given cell volume but at different ages, it appeared that insulin resistance increased considerably between 6 weeks and 6 months and was still more marked in old age. The mechanisms underlying these facts have been discussed.", "PMID": 399150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11714", "title": "Interneurons: an electron microscopic study of the cat's hippocampal formation, II.", "content": "The ultrastructure of interneurons was studied in the cat and it was found to differ from that of the pyramidal and granule cells. The size, shape and topographic situation of the cell body of interneurons were the criteria for approaching their identification with the cells found in Golgi material. Some interneuron dendrites are also described. The varicose and spindle-shaped dendritic profiles belonging to interneurons are different in size. In Golgi material the interneurons have beaded (varicose) or spindle-shaped dendrites. The arrangement of synaptic terminals on the interneuron dendritic surface seems to be their characteristic feature.", "contents": "Interneurons: an electron microscopic study of the cat's hippocampal formation, II. The ultrastructure of interneurons was studied in the cat and it was found to differ from that of the pyramidal and granule cells. The size, shape and topographic situation of the cell body of interneurons were the criteria for approaching their identification with the cells found in Golgi material. Some interneuron dendrites are also described. The varicose and spindle-shaped dendritic profiles belonging to interneurons are different in size. In Golgi material the interneurons have beaded (varicose) or spindle-shaped dendrites. The arrangement of synaptic terminals on the interneuron dendritic surface seems to be their characteristic feature.", "PMID": 399157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11715", "title": "The production and characteristics of anti-insulin, anti-A-component and anti-proinsulin antibodies in patients treated with monocomponent or conventional insulin.", "content": "Highly purified pork monocomponent insulin produced less anti-insulin antibody than conventional insulins in diabetic patients. The smaller amount of anti-insulin antibody produced by MC insulin bound pork insulin more strongly than beef insulin in both displacement and direct binding studies of 125I-insulin. On the contrary, anti-insulin antibody which was produced by conventional insulins (beef insulin or mixture of pork and beef insulin) bound beef insulin more strongly. No significant anti-a-component and anti-proinsulin antibodies were detected in diabetics treated with highly purified monocomponent pork insulin about two years, compared to significant production of these antibodies in diabetics treated with conventional insulins. These results suggest that the species difference of the insulin molecule itself plays a significant role for the production of anti-insulin antibody, as the impurities do, in insulin-treated diabetic patients. The production of anti-insulin and anti-a-component antibodies decreased clearly after switching to highly purified monocomponent from conventional insulin. No effect of the switching on insulin requirement was found; however, better control of diabetes was accomplished in relation to the level of fasting blood sugar.", "contents": "The production and characteristics of anti-insulin, anti-A-component and anti-proinsulin antibodies in patients treated with monocomponent or conventional insulin. Highly purified pork monocomponent insulin produced less anti-insulin antibody than conventional insulins in diabetic patients. The smaller amount of anti-insulin antibody produced by MC insulin bound pork insulin more strongly than beef insulin in both displacement and direct binding studies of 125I-insulin. On the contrary, anti-insulin antibody which was produced by conventional insulins (beef insulin or mixture of pork and beef insulin) bound beef insulin more strongly. No significant anti-a-component and anti-proinsulin antibodies were detected in diabetics treated with highly purified monocomponent pork insulin about two years, compared to significant production of these antibodies in diabetics treated with conventional insulins. These results suggest that the species difference of the insulin molecule itself plays a significant role for the production of anti-insulin antibody, as the impurities do, in insulin-treated diabetic patients. The production of anti-insulin and anti-a-component antibodies decreased clearly after switching to highly purified monocomponent from conventional insulin. No effect of the switching on insulin requirement was found; however, better control of diabetes was accomplished in relation to the level of fasting blood sugar.", "PMID": 399151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11716", "title": "Influence of pregnancy on glucagon levels in insulin-dependent diabetic women.", "content": "Eight insulin-dependent non pregnant (IDD-NP), 10 insulin-dependent pregnant (IDD-P) and 9 pregnant control women were studied. During intravenous arginine challenge (ATT) there were lower glucose and higher glucagon plasma levels in the IDD-P when compared to the IDD-NP. IRG levels in response to ATT were also significantly higher in diabetic than in non diabetic control pregnant women. These results seem to indicate that pregnancy in diabetic women, in contrast to that observed in normal women, enhances glucagon secretion with impairment of the physiological mechanism of the facilitated anabolism present in normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Influence of pregnancy on glucagon levels in insulin-dependent diabetic women. Eight insulin-dependent non pregnant (IDD-NP), 10 insulin-dependent pregnant (IDD-P) and 9 pregnant control women were studied. During intravenous arginine challenge (ATT) there were lower glucose and higher glucagon plasma levels in the IDD-P when compared to the IDD-NP. IRG levels in response to ATT were also significantly higher in diabetic than in non diabetic control pregnant women. These results seem to indicate that pregnancy in diabetic women, in contrast to that observed in normal women, enhances glucagon secretion with impairment of the physiological mechanism of the facilitated anabolism present in normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 399152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11717", "title": "An infertile male with balanced Y;19 translocation. Review of Y;autosome translocations.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on a phenotypically normal male, presenting with infertility, revealed a balanced Y;19 translocation - 46,XY,t (Y;19) (q11; p or q13). The patient had a normal hormone profile, but semen analysis showed immature cells in the fluid. The possible mechanisms causing the infertility are discussed. An extensive review of the literature of Y ; autosome translocations indicates that there are 2 types, those in which the broken segment of the Y is translocated to the short arm or centromeric region of an acrocentric chromosome, and those in which the Y material is translocated onto a long or short arm region of a non-acrocentric chromosome. The first type is less frequently associated with infertility and hypogonadism than the second type. There is presumptive evidence that the first type is non-random.", "contents": "An infertile male with balanced Y;19 translocation. Review of Y;autosome translocations. Cytogenetic studies on a phenotypically normal male, presenting with infertility, revealed a balanced Y;19 translocation - 46,XY,t (Y;19) (q11; p or q13). The patient had a normal hormone profile, but semen analysis showed immature cells in the fluid. The possible mechanisms causing the infertility are discussed. An extensive review of the literature of Y ; autosome translocations indicates that there are 2 types, those in which the broken segment of the Y is translocated to the short arm or centromeric region of an acrocentric chromosome, and those in which the Y material is translocated onto a long or short arm region of a non-acrocentric chromosome. The first type is less frequently associated with infertility and hypogonadism than the second type. There is presumptive evidence that the first type is non-random.", "PMID": 399165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11718", "title": "Partial trisomy 9 : clinical and cytogenetic correlations.", "content": "A study of three new cases with different trisomies involving chromosome 9 and a review of about 100 cases of partial trisomy 9 reported in the literature, suggested some cytogenetical and clinical correlations and lead us to propose the nomenclature of Rethore's syndrome type 1 and type 2.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 9 : clinical and cytogenetic correlations. A study of three new cases with different trisomies involving chromosome 9 and a review of about 100 cases of partial trisomy 9 reported in the literature, suggested some cytogenetical and clinical correlations and lead us to propose the nomenclature of Rethore's syndrome type 1 and type 2.", "PMID": 399166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11719", "title": "[Determination of plasmatic C-peptide and its clinical uses].", "content": "Physiopathological basis and methodological implications of the radioimmunological estimation of plasma C-peptide, as a test of beta cell secretory activity, are reviewed. Personal results are reported concerning C-peptide assay, both in basal and stimulative conditions, in insulindependent long-and short-term diabetes. In 1 case of organic, and 2 cases of functional hyperinsulinism, the test gave useful clinical information. The method of L. Heding-Novo Research Institute, Bagsvaerd, Denmark-, with previous elimination of proinsulin and insulinantibody in patients with high values of IgG insulin binding, proved to be suitable to endocrinological routine.", "contents": "[Determination of plasmatic C-peptide and its clinical uses]. Physiopathological basis and methodological implications of the radioimmunological estimation of plasma C-peptide, as a test of beta cell secretory activity, are reviewed. Personal results are reported concerning C-peptide assay, both in basal and stimulative conditions, in insulindependent long-and short-term diabetes. In 1 case of organic, and 2 cases of functional hyperinsulinism, the test gave useful clinical information. The method of L. Heding-Novo Research Institute, Bagsvaerd, Denmark-, with previous elimination of proinsulin and insulinantibody in patients with high values of IgG insulin binding, proved to be suitable to endocrinological routine.", "PMID": 399164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11720", "title": "[Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a neonatal intensive therapy center: epidemiological study].", "content": "The Authors have isolated Serratia marcescens in nine coltures of blood, effected during the period Genuary 1 - February 28, 1979, in a newborn nursery. They have carried an epidemiologic study in immature ward, in newborn children and sanitary personnel. Extensive cultures of objects, equipment and air were negative for Serratia marcaescens. The exact mode by which Serratia was introduced into the immature ward could not be determined. The Authors point out on importance of contamination in newborn children by @opportunist\" Gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "[Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a neonatal intensive therapy center: epidemiological study]. The Authors have isolated Serratia marcescens in nine coltures of blood, effected during the period Genuary 1 - February 28, 1979, in a newborn nursery. They have carried an epidemiologic study in immature ward, in newborn children and sanitary personnel. Extensive cultures of objects, equipment and air were negative for Serratia marcaescens. The exact mode by which Serratia was introduced into the immature ward could not be determined. The Authors point out on importance of contamination in newborn children by @opportunist\" Gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 399170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11721", "title": "[Calcitonin inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion. A possibility of selective evaluation of gastric secretory function].", "content": "There is both clinical and experimental evidence for the antigastric effect of calcitonin. A study was therefore made of gastric secretion after maximum insulin stimulation, and during its inhibition by calcitonin. Evaluation of basal acid flow and the maximum acidity peak in these two tests showed that the difference between the two peaks was related to the increase in gastrin. This was not the case during inhibition. The results show that selective evaluation of gastric secretion enables selective surgical techniques to be employed in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Calcitonin inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion. A possibility of selective evaluation of gastric secretory function]. There is both clinical and experimental evidence for the antigastric effect of calcitonin. A study was therefore made of gastric secretion after maximum insulin stimulation, and during its inhibition by calcitonin. Evaluation of basal acid flow and the maximum acidity peak in these two tests showed that the difference between the two peaks was related to the increase in gastrin. This was not the case during inhibition. The results show that selective evaluation of gastric secretion enables selective surgical techniques to be employed in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 399172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11722", "title": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. General clinical considerations on 30 cases].", "content": "With reference to a previously published series, an electronic computer is used to analyse clinical data and some criteria for diagnosing benign monoclonal gammopathies are set out.", "contents": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. General clinical considerations on 30 cases]. With reference to a previously published series, an electronic computer is used to analyse clinical data and some criteria for diagnosing benign monoclonal gammopathies are set out.", "PMID": 399173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11723", "title": "An Escherichia coli strain that causes diarrhea by invasion of the small intestinal mucosa and induces monosaccharide intolerance.", "content": "E. coli can induced diarrhea either by enterotoxin production or by invasion of the colonic mucosa. Here we report a 2/12 year old infant with caute diarrhea induced by E. coli strain, isolated from the jejunal fluid, that had no enterotoxigenic activity but invaded the small intestinal mucosa and induced severe morphological alterations. Total villous atrophy and monosaccharide intolerance occured. After 51 days of hospitalization there was a partial recovery of the small intestinal morphology and the patient could also tolerate disaccharides again.", "contents": "An Escherichia coli strain that causes diarrhea by invasion of the small intestinal mucosa and induces monosaccharide intolerance. E. coli can induced diarrhea either by enterotoxin production or by invasion of the colonic mucosa. Here we report a 2/12 year old infant with caute diarrhea induced by E. coli strain, isolated from the jejunal fluid, that had no enterotoxigenic activity but invaded the small intestinal mucosa and induced severe morphological alterations. Total villous atrophy and monosaccharide intolerance occured. After 51 days of hospitalization there was a partial recovery of the small intestinal morphology and the patient could also tolerate disaccharides again.", "PMID": 399176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11724", "title": "[Frequency of Escherichia coli serotypes in urinary infections].", "content": "Among the large O-groups of E.coli isolated from urinary-tract infections, a few groups appear more frequent. The AA report about this frequency in the district of L'Aquilla. Of 147 stocks of E.coli, the most frequent O-groups are the O6 (28,5%), the O75 (20,4%), the O2 (10,2%), the O18 (6,1%), the O5 (4,1%), the O39 (2%).", "contents": "[Frequency of Escherichia coli serotypes in urinary infections]. Among the large O-groups of E.coli isolated from urinary-tract infections, a few groups appear more frequent. The AA report about this frequency in the district of L'Aquilla. Of 147 stocks of E.coli, the most frequent O-groups are the O6 (28,5%), the O75 (20,4%), the O2 (10,2%), the O18 (6,1%), the O5 (4,1%), the O39 (2%).", "PMID": 399186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11725", "title": "[Behavior of C-peptide and immunoreactive insulin in essential obesity].", "content": "The levels of glucose, immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide were studied in 13 obese patients and 10 control subjects, in basal conditions and after an oral glucose load (OGTT). The IRI and C-peptide levels were higher in the obese patients than in the controls either during fasting or during the OGTT. The C-peptide/IRI ratio decreased after the oral glucose load in both groups studied. However in the obese subjects the values for the C-peptide/IRI ratio were lower than those found in the controls during the same observation period. These results suggest the hypothesis that in the obese patients the high IRI levels which reflect an increased insulin secretion, are, at least in part, due to an early saturation of the hepatic degradation of insulin and/or to a decrease in the specific receptor sites normally present in the cell membranes.", "contents": "[Behavior of C-peptide and immunoreactive insulin in essential obesity]. The levels of glucose, immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide were studied in 13 obese patients and 10 control subjects, in basal conditions and after an oral glucose load (OGTT). The IRI and C-peptide levels were higher in the obese patients than in the controls either during fasting or during the OGTT. The C-peptide/IRI ratio decreased after the oral glucose load in both groups studied. However in the obese subjects the values for the C-peptide/IRI ratio were lower than those found in the controls during the same observation period. These results suggest the hypothesis that in the obese patients the high IRI levels which reflect an increased insulin secretion, are, at least in part, due to an early saturation of the hepatic degradation of insulin and/or to a decrease in the specific receptor sites normally present in the cell membranes.", "PMID": 399187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11726", "title": "Insulin receptors in human mononuclear leucocytes. I. Binding and degradation of insulin in normal subjects.", "content": "The binding and degradation of 125I-Insulin were investigated in mononuclear leukocytes of normal subjects. The binding data analysis show that the insulin degradation is strictly correlated with the binding of the hormone to its receptors: these data suggest that the binding of insulin to specific receptor is the possible first step for its degradation.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in human mononuclear leucocytes. I. Binding and degradation of insulin in normal subjects. The binding and degradation of 125I-Insulin were investigated in mononuclear leukocytes of normal subjects. The binding data analysis show that the insulin degradation is strictly correlated with the binding of the hormone to its receptors: these data suggest that the binding of insulin to specific receptor is the possible first step for its degradation.", "PMID": 399189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11727", "title": "Insulin receptors in human mononuclear leucocytes. II. Binding and degradation of insulin in obese subjects.", "content": "The binding of insulin to the receptors on circulating mononuclear cells of obese subjects is significantly decreased when compared to the binding in normal subjects. This fenomenon is due to the reduction of the number of insulin receptors rather than reduction in affinity. The insulin degradation is also reduced, but a very strong correlation, similar to that demonstrated in normal subjects exist between insulin binding to its receptors and insulin degradation.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in human mononuclear leucocytes. II. Binding and degradation of insulin in obese subjects. The binding of insulin to the receptors on circulating mononuclear cells of obese subjects is significantly decreased when compared to the binding in normal subjects. This fenomenon is due to the reduction of the number of insulin receptors rather than reduction in affinity. The insulin degradation is also reduced, but a very strong correlation, similar to that demonstrated in normal subjects exist between insulin binding to its receptors and insulin degradation.", "PMID": 399190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11728", "title": "On the perception of speech sounds as biologically significant signals.", "content": "This paper reviews some of the major evidence and arguments currently available to support the view that human speech perception may require the use of specialized neural mechanisms for perceptual analysis. Experiments using synthetically produced speech signals with adults are briefly summarized and extensions of these results to infants and ther organisms are reviewed with an emphasis towards detailing those aspects of speech perception that may require some need for specialized species-specific processors. Finally, some comments on the role of early experience in perceptual development are provided as an attempt to identify promising areas of new research in speech perception.", "contents": "On the perception of speech sounds as biologically significant signals. This paper reviews some of the major evidence and arguments currently available to support the view that human speech perception may require the use of specialized neural mechanisms for perceptual analysis. Experiments using synthetically produced speech signals with adults are briefly summarized and extensions of these results to infants and ther organisms are reviewed with an emphasis towards detailing those aspects of speech perception that may require some need for specialized species-specific processors. Finally, some comments on the role of early experience in perceptual development are provided as an attempt to identify promising areas of new research in speech perception.", "PMID": 399200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11729", "title": "Study of the mutagenic action of cyclophosphane on bacteria in host-mediated assay.", "content": "The mutagenic actin of cyclophosphane (CP) on the bacterium S. typhimurium TA 1950 in host-mediated assay (mice) was investigated. The mutagenic effect of CP depended on the dose. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to the animals modified the level of the mutagenic effect of CP. The direction of the modification depended on the time elapsed between the introduction of CCl4 and CP. The use of adrenalectomized animals as the mediator led to an increase in the frequency of mutations induced by CP in indicator bacteria.", "contents": "Study of the mutagenic action of cyclophosphane on bacteria in host-mediated assay. The mutagenic actin of cyclophosphane (CP) on the bacterium S. typhimurium TA 1950 in host-mediated assay (mice) was investigated. The mutagenic effect of CP depended on the dose. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to the animals modified the level of the mutagenic effect of CP. The direction of the modification depended on the time elapsed between the introduction of CCl4 and CP. The use of adrenalectomized animals as the mediator led to an increase in the frequency of mutations induced by CP in indicator bacteria.", "PMID": 399196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11730", "title": "Models and mechanisms in speech perception. Species comparisons provide further contributions.", "content": "Results of recent experiments on the perception of speech-sound categories by nonhuman listeners are reviewed in light of current models of speech perception, and are compared to data obtained in similar experiments on human infants. In general, the data on nonhuman animals parallel those obtained from human infants, suggesting the possibility that certain auditory perceptual predispositions shared by mammals played a role in the selection of sounds for a speech-sound repertoire. The findings are generally relevant to the origins and evolution of speech and language, to theories of speech perception, and to the notion of innate predispositions for the perception of auditory signals that are part of an organism's communicative repertoire.", "contents": "Models and mechanisms in speech perception. Species comparisons provide further contributions. Results of recent experiments on the perception of speech-sound categories by nonhuman listeners are reviewed in light of current models of speech perception, and are compared to data obtained in similar experiments on human infants. In general, the data on nonhuman animals parallel those obtained from human infants, suggesting the possibility that certain auditory perceptual predispositions shared by mammals played a role in the selection of sounds for a speech-sound repertoire. The findings are generally relevant to the origins and evolution of speech and language, to theories of speech perception, and to the notion of innate predispositions for the perception of auditory signals that are part of an organism's communicative repertoire.", "PMID": 399202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11731", "title": "Monkey vocalizations and human speech: parallels in perception?", "content": "Primate vocal repertoires may be classified along a continuum of discrete vs. graded signals, with the placement of a particular repertoire a result of the interplay between the species' social organization and adaptive specializations of individual signals engendered by the physical environment and their use. Discussion of the different types of graded signals reveals that they may possess either transitional, ontogenetic, or internal variability. Upon examination, the speech of humans is found to contain primarily internally graded signals, and it is suggested that the major phenomena of human speech perception are related to this internally graded quality. Based on this analysis of human speech, it is proposed that other species possessing internal gradings (e.g., Japanese macaques) are also likely to demonstrate similar perceptual phenomena for their own graded vocalizations.", "contents": "Monkey vocalizations and human speech: parallels in perception? Primate vocal repertoires may be classified along a continuum of discrete vs. graded signals, with the placement of a particular repertoire a result of the interplay between the species' social organization and adaptive specializations of individual signals engendered by the physical environment and their use. Discussion of the different types of graded signals reveals that they may possess either transitional, ontogenetic, or internal variability. Upon examination, the speech of humans is found to contain primarily internally graded signals, and it is suggested that the major phenomena of human speech perception are related to this internally graded quality. Based on this analysis of human speech, it is proposed that other species possessing internal gradings (e.g., Japanese macaques) are also likely to demonstrate similar perceptual phenomena for their own graded vocalizations.", "PMID": 399203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11732", "title": "An evaluation of the genetic danger of pesticides.", "content": "Literature and personal data are presented concerning the genetic effect of 160 pesticides. Methods and test objects used to detect genetically active pesticides are analyzed. A scheme is proposed for screening pesticides with mutagenic effect at all levels of the organization of life. In connection with the pervasive influence of pesticides on the biosphere, the necessity of detailed study of the genetic effects of pesticides on a series of test systems is stressed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the genetic danger of pesticides. Literature and personal data are presented concerning the genetic effect of 160 pesticides. Methods and test objects used to detect genetically active pesticides are analyzed. A scheme is proposed for screening pesticides with mutagenic effect at all levels of the organization of life. In connection with the pervasive influence of pesticides on the biosphere, the necessity of detailed study of the genetic effects of pesticides on a series of test systems is stressed.", "PMID": 399197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11733", "title": "Perception of conspecific vocalizations by Japanese macaques. Evidence for selective attention and neural lateralization.", "content": "Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and control species (vervet, pigtailed macaque, bonnet macaque) were trained for food to respond to one class of recorded fuscata vocalizations and do not respond to a second class. A measure of neural lateralization was obtained by presenting the stimuli randomly to the right or the left ear, and comparing performance in the two ears (ear advantage method). Vocalizations were from Steven Green's field tapes. In experiment I, the two classes were Green's 'smooth early high coos' (SE) and 'smooth late high coos' (SL). Experiment II utilized the same vocalizations, but sorted into a high-pitched and a low-pitched class, i.e., orthogonally to the communication-relevant dimension. We found that (a) Japanese macaques learned the SE-SL discrimination faster than the pitch discrimination; (b) the reverse was true for the controls; (c) Japanese macaques showed a right-ear advantage (presumed left hemisphere advantage) for the SE-SL distinction, but not for the pitch discrimination, and (d) controls (with one exception) showed no ear advantage for either discrimination. These demonstrations of selective attention to communication-relevant parameters of conspecific vocalizations, and neural lateralization in the perception of these vocalizations, parallel similar findings in human speech perception.", "contents": "Perception of conspecific vocalizations by Japanese macaques. Evidence for selective attention and neural lateralization. Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and control species (vervet, pigtailed macaque, bonnet macaque) were trained for food to respond to one class of recorded fuscata vocalizations and do not respond to a second class. A measure of neural lateralization was obtained by presenting the stimuli randomly to the right or the left ear, and comparing performance in the two ears (ear advantage method). Vocalizations were from Steven Green's field tapes. In experiment I, the two classes were Green's 'smooth early high coos' (SE) and 'smooth late high coos' (SL). Experiment II utilized the same vocalizations, but sorted into a high-pitched and a low-pitched class, i.e., orthogonally to the communication-relevant dimension. We found that (a) Japanese macaques learned the SE-SL discrimination faster than the pitch discrimination; (b) the reverse was true for the controls; (c) Japanese macaques showed a right-ear advantage (presumed left hemisphere advantage) for the SE-SL distinction, but not for the pitch discrimination, and (d) controls (with one exception) showed no ear advantage for either discrimination. These demonstrations of selective attention to communication-relevant parameters of conspecific vocalizations, and neural lateralization in the perception of these vocalizations, parallel similar findings in human speech perception.", "PMID": 399204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11734", "title": "Lepromatous leprosy as a model of Schwann cell pathology and lysosomal activity.", "content": "A brief illustrated account is presented of the light microscopic pathology, histochemistry of lysosomal enzymes, and fine structural changes in the nerves of patients with untreated or treated lepromatous leprosy. Predominant bacillation of the Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibres, degeneration of their axons, prominence of phagolysosomes, and disappearance of these cells with endoneurial collagenosis were observed on electronmicroscopic examination of the index branch of the radial cutaneous nerve. Although there were changes in the blood vessels and proliferation of perineurium, bacillation of endothelial or perineurial cells was much less conspicuous. Intact and degenerating forms of M. leprae were found in both treated and untreated patients, fragmenting or crumpled forms being more frequent in the treated. Both groups of patients also showed increased lysosomal enzyme activity, evidenced by single or paired paranodal spots of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in Schwann cells in histochemical preparations of the nerve. There was lesser activity, and activity in fewer cells, in the case of beta-glucuronidase than of acid phosphatase. Diffuse beta-glucuronidase activity was found in the wall of empty-looking oval chambers in the Schwann cells, and acid-fast bacilli were seen in these chambers. In teased fibre preparations, both axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination were found. In semi-thin araldite sections, the myelinated fibre density was either preserved or reduced; large diameter fibres were more frequently depleted, with tall peaks of smaller fibres seen on plotting diameter spectra.", "contents": "Lepromatous leprosy as a model of Schwann cell pathology and lysosomal activity. A brief illustrated account is presented of the light microscopic pathology, histochemistry of lysosomal enzymes, and fine structural changes in the nerves of patients with untreated or treated lepromatous leprosy. Predominant bacillation of the Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibres, degeneration of their axons, prominence of phagolysosomes, and disappearance of these cells with endoneurial collagenosis were observed on electronmicroscopic examination of the index branch of the radial cutaneous nerve. Although there were changes in the blood vessels and proliferation of perineurium, bacillation of endothelial or perineurial cells was much less conspicuous. Intact and degenerating forms of M. leprae were found in both treated and untreated patients, fragmenting or crumpled forms being more frequent in the treated. Both groups of patients also showed increased lysosomal enzyme activity, evidenced by single or paired paranodal spots of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in Schwann cells in histochemical preparations of the nerve. There was lesser activity, and activity in fewer cells, in the case of beta-glucuronidase than of acid phosphatase. Diffuse beta-glucuronidase activity was found in the wall of empty-looking oval chambers in the Schwann cells, and acid-fast bacilli were seen in these chambers. In teased fibre preparations, both axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination were found. In semi-thin araldite sections, the myelinated fibre density was either preserved or reduced; large diameter fibres were more frequently depleted, with tall peaks of smaller fibres seen on plotting diameter spectra.", "PMID": 399208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11735", "title": "Microscopic cytochemistry as matrix chemistry.", "content": "Microscopic cytochemical procedures, unlike reactions in test tubes, have to be undertaken while the compounds to be localized and quantified are present in the structural matrix of cells or tissues. Cytochemical reactions therefore differ from analogous staining reactions in homogeneous media because the diffusion of reagents into and out of the matrix and the molecular state around the compounds in the matrix to be stained, as well as the presence of many potentially interfering substances in the matrix, produce additional complications in terms of both specificity and quantitation. These complications can be studied quantitatively and in detail in artificially prepared matrices of defined geometry into which pure compounds or mixtures (of known composition) with other biological compounds can be incorporated. Since the composition of the matrix models is known, and the amount or activity of the compound to be stained can be analysed biochemically too, matrices are well suited to studies of the specificity of cytochemical reactions. They can also be used to study quantitative aspects of the influence of fixation procedures on the state of the incorporated compound. In addition, matrices can--by further biochemical analysis--be used to calibrate the intensity of cytophotometrically measured staining in terms of amounts of stained substance or in biochemical enzymic activity units. Finally, films and beads containing known amounts of known compounds can be used for objective quality control of commercially available cytochemical reagents.", "contents": "Microscopic cytochemistry as matrix chemistry. Microscopic cytochemical procedures, unlike reactions in test tubes, have to be undertaken while the compounds to be localized and quantified are present in the structural matrix of cells or tissues. Cytochemical reactions therefore differ from analogous staining reactions in homogeneous media because the diffusion of reagents into and out of the matrix and the molecular state around the compounds in the matrix to be stained, as well as the presence of many potentially interfering substances in the matrix, produce additional complications in terms of both specificity and quantitation. These complications can be studied quantitatively and in detail in artificially prepared matrices of defined geometry into which pure compounds or mixtures (of known composition) with other biological compounds can be incorporated. Since the composition of the matrix models is known, and the amount or activity of the compound to be stained can be analysed biochemically too, matrices are well suited to studies of the specificity of cytochemical reactions. They can also be used to study quantitative aspects of the influence of fixation procedures on the state of the incorporated compound. In addition, matrices can--by further biochemical analysis--be used to calibrate the intensity of cytophotometrically measured staining in terms of amounts of stained substance or in biochemical enzymic activity units. Finally, films and beads containing known amounts of known compounds can be used for objective quality control of commercially available cytochemical reagents.", "PMID": 399214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11736", "title": "Appropriate technology for the quantitative assessment of the final reaction product of histochemical techniques.", "content": "This paper describes instruments for microfluorometry and microspectrophotometry, an interactive graphic tablet linked to a microprocessor for semi-automated morphometry, and systems using rapid scanning stages or television scanning techniques for automated analysis of biological material. Some applications of these techniques in clinical work are described.", "contents": "Appropriate technology for the quantitative assessment of the final reaction product of histochemical techniques. This paper describes instruments for microfluorometry and microspectrophotometry, an interactive graphic tablet linked to a microprocessor for semi-automated morphometry, and systems using rapid scanning stages or television scanning techniques for automated analysis of biological material. Some applications of these techniques in clinical work are described.", "PMID": 399215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11737", "title": "Qualitative cytological criteria for the validation of enzyme histochemical techniques.", "content": "Qualitative cytological criteria are concerned with the 'precision' of a histochemical reaction and form part of the general criteria for the validation of enzyme histochemical techniques. Three major problem areas are considered: (a) the general artifacts which interfere with the 'clean' appearance of the tissue sections; (b) the exact intracellular localization of the final reaction product and its relationship to specific subcellular compartments; (c) the problem of diffusion of enzymes or reaction products, or both, from their primary subcellular sites. Each of these points is discussed and illustrated by a few examples and the conclusion is drawn that by careful consideration of various criteria the enzyme cytochemical techniques can provide 'quantitative' information comparable to biochemical measurements of enzyme activity in tissue homogenates. In the example of localization of catalase with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine it is demonstrated that biochemical enzyme assays corrrelate closely with quantitative morphometric data obtained from cytochemical preparations through an automatic image analyser system.", "contents": "Qualitative cytological criteria for the validation of enzyme histochemical techniques. Qualitative cytological criteria are concerned with the 'precision' of a histochemical reaction and form part of the general criteria for the validation of enzyme histochemical techniques. Three major problem areas are considered: (a) the general artifacts which interfere with the 'clean' appearance of the tissue sections; (b) the exact intracellular localization of the final reaction product and its relationship to specific subcellular compartments; (c) the problem of diffusion of enzymes or reaction products, or both, from their primary subcellular sites. Each of these points is discussed and illustrated by a few examples and the conclusion is drawn that by careful consideration of various criteria the enzyme cytochemical techniques can provide 'quantitative' information comparable to biochemical measurements of enzyme activity in tissue homogenates. In the example of localization of catalase with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine it is demonstrated that biochemical enzyme assays corrrelate closely with quantitative morphometric data obtained from cytochemical preparations through an automatic image analyser system.", "PMID": 399216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11738", "title": "[Goethe's own testimony about his involvement with \"organic Nature.\" III. Letters (1818-1832)].", "content": "This third and last extract from GOETHE's letters between 1818 and 1832 follows the Sophien-Ausgabe of Weimar with the exception of the last two remarks which were drawn from other sources. In 1818, GOETHE riched the 69th year of his life. In this late life-time, he corresponded with scientists, literati, musicians, his son, and his grand-duke CARL AUGUST. The subjects of his correspondence are problems of the scientific investigations' organization as well as of true science, predominantly of paleontology and general morphology including the comparative anatomy.", "contents": "[Goethe's own testimony about his involvement with \"organic Nature.\" III. Letters (1818-1832)]. This third and last extract from GOETHE's letters between 1818 and 1832 follows the Sophien-Ausgabe of Weimar with the exception of the last two remarks which were drawn from other sources. In 1818, GOETHE riched the 69th year of his life. In this late life-time, he corresponded with scientists, literati, musicians, his son, and his grand-duke CARL AUGUST. The subjects of his correspondence are problems of the scientific investigations' organization as well as of true science, predominantly of paleontology and general morphology including the comparative anatomy.", "PMID": 399227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11739", "title": "Independence of the central nervous and the peripheral renin-angiotensin systems in the dog.", "content": "What regulates the activity of the central nervous renin-angiotensin system is not known. To define whether control of this central system is linked to that in the periphery, simultaneous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for measurement of immunoreactive angiotensin II were drawn from anesthetized dogs during hemorrhage, furosemide-induced volume depletion, insulin-hypoglycemia, beta-adrenergic blockade and saline infusion. Despite vigorous increments or decrements in plasma innunoreactive angiotensin II, CSF levels remained stable. Since immunoreactive angiotensin II in dog CSF is claimed to be mainly the heptapeptide des-Asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III), the possibility that the level of this peptide within CSF simply reflects plasma concentrations was assessed by infusing angiotensin III (2.5 and 25 ng/kg/min intravenously, each for 60 minutes) and monitoring plasma and CSF peptide levels. Whereas plasma immunoreactive angiotensin II levels increased appropriately across the infusions, no change in CSF levels was observed. These studies indicate the angiotensin III does not cross the blood-CSF barrier, at least in the short term.", "contents": "Independence of the central nervous and the peripheral renin-angiotensin systems in the dog. What regulates the activity of the central nervous renin-angiotensin system is not known. To define whether control of this central system is linked to that in the periphery, simultaneous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for measurement of immunoreactive angiotensin II were drawn from anesthetized dogs during hemorrhage, furosemide-induced volume depletion, insulin-hypoglycemia, beta-adrenergic blockade and saline infusion. Despite vigorous increments or decrements in plasma innunoreactive angiotensin II, CSF levels remained stable. Since immunoreactive angiotensin II in dog CSF is claimed to be mainly the heptapeptide des-Asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III), the possibility that the level of this peptide within CSF simply reflects plasma concentrations was assessed by infusing angiotensin III (2.5 and 25 ng/kg/min intravenously, each for 60 minutes) and monitoring plasma and CSF peptide levels. Whereas plasma immunoreactive angiotensin II levels increased appropriately across the infusions, no change in CSF levels was observed. These studies indicate the angiotensin III does not cross the blood-CSF barrier, at least in the short term.", "PMID": 399235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11740", "title": "[Resistance of gram-negative bacteria against cefaclor and other antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Five hundred and eighty-six strains of eight species of Enterobacteriaceae were tested for their resistance against cefaclor, cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, mezocillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. Cefaclor showed a low rate of resistance against Escherichia coli (1.2%), Klebsiella (2%) and Proteus mirabilis (3.1%), but a high rate of resistance against indole-positive Proteus species (60%) and Serratia (80%). Cefamandole was also effective against cefaclor and ampicillin resistant strains. Multiresistant strains were predominant especially amongst Enterobacter, Serratia and indole-positive Proteus species. Of 266 ampicillin resistant strains, 198 strains (74.4%) proved to be sensitive to cefaclor. Among the orally administered antibiotics cefaclor exhibited the best result with 12.1% resistant strains compared to 14.8% strains resistant to co-trimoxazole and 45.4% resistant to ampicillin.", "contents": "[Resistance of gram-negative bacteria against cefaclor and other antibiotics (author's transl)]. Five hundred and eighty-six strains of eight species of Enterobacteriaceae were tested for their resistance against cefaclor, cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, mezocillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. Cefaclor showed a low rate of resistance against Escherichia coli (1.2%), Klebsiella (2%) and Proteus mirabilis (3.1%), but a high rate of resistance against indole-positive Proteus species (60%) and Serratia (80%). Cefamandole was also effective against cefaclor and ampicillin resistant strains. Multiresistant strains were predominant especially amongst Enterobacter, Serratia and indole-positive Proteus species. Of 266 ampicillin resistant strains, 198 strains (74.4%) proved to be sensitive to cefaclor. Among the orally administered antibiotics cefaclor exhibited the best result with 12.1% resistant strains compared to 14.8% strains resistant to co-trimoxazole and 45.4% resistant to ampicillin.", "PMID": 399243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11741", "title": "Raised cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in some patients with primary hypertension.", "content": "To test whether central neurogenic factors participate in blood pressure elevation in primary hypertension, we studied the concentrations of: norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and norepinephrine, epinephrine, DBH and plasma renin activity (PRA) in plasma of 22 subjects (seven with primary hypertension, 11 normotensive patients with non-systemic neurological disorders, and four with secondary hypertension). Plasma and CSF norepinephrine (NE) were increased in primary hypertensives compared to normotensives. Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine was related to diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure when normotensive and primary hypertensives were taken together. The CSF norepinephrine of primary hypertensive patients was correlated with natural log PRA. The CSF norepinephrine was correlated inversely with age in primary hypertensive patients but not in the normotensive subjects. The low CSF norepinephrine and epinephrine, despite markedly increased plasma NE and epinephrine, in two patients with pheochromocytoma, indicate a blood-brain barrier for these neurohormones. The observations support the view that the central sympathetic nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension, particularly in younger patients.", "contents": "Raised cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in some patients with primary hypertension. To test whether central neurogenic factors participate in blood pressure elevation in primary hypertension, we studied the concentrations of: norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and norepinephrine, epinephrine, DBH and plasma renin activity (PRA) in plasma of 22 subjects (seven with primary hypertension, 11 normotensive patients with non-systemic neurological disorders, and four with secondary hypertension). Plasma and CSF norepinephrine (NE) were increased in primary hypertensives compared to normotensives. Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine was related to diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure when normotensive and primary hypertensives were taken together. The CSF norepinephrine of primary hypertensive patients was correlated with natural log PRA. The CSF norepinephrine was correlated inversely with age in primary hypertensive patients but not in the normotensive subjects. The low CSF norepinephrine and epinephrine, despite markedly increased plasma NE and epinephrine, in two patients with pheochromocytoma, indicate a blood-brain barrier for these neurohormones. The observations support the view that the central sympathetic nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension, particularly in younger patients.", "PMID": 399237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11742", "title": "[The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacteria resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibacterial activity of the new oral cephalosporin cefaclor was investigated using 623 freshly isolated bacterial strains. A high degree of efficacy of cefaclor was noticed against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella. Nearly all strains which were sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were also inhibited by cefaclor. Some of the strains resistant to the three above-mentioned antibiotics were also sensitive to cefaclor as follows: all of ten P. mirabilis strains resistant to co-trimoxazole, 54% of the E. coli strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole, and 18% of the Klebsiella strains resistant to tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "[The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacteria resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole (author's transl)]. The antibacterial activity of the new oral cephalosporin cefaclor was investigated using 623 freshly isolated bacterial strains. A high degree of efficacy of cefaclor was noticed against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella. Nearly all strains which were sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were also inhibited by cefaclor. Some of the strains resistant to the three above-mentioned antibiotics were also sensitive to cefaclor as follows: all of ten P. mirabilis strains resistant to co-trimoxazole, 54% of the E. coli strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole, and 18% of the Klebsiella strains resistant to tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 399244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11743", "title": "[Bacteriological in vitro investigations with cefaclor. Correlation of inhibition zone diameter and minimal inhibitory concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefaclor and cephalexin shows that cefaclor is noticeably superior against Citrobacter. Enterobacter and Proteus mirabilis. Only slight differences are seen against other enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. Both cefaclor and cephalexin are completely ineffective against enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regression analysis to correlate the inhibition zone diameter and MIC of cefaclor produced a very good correlation (r = -0.9741). Using 30 mcg discs on DST agar, inhibition zones of more than 20 mm are to be interpreted as \"sensitivity\" and zones of less than 13 mm as \"resistance\".", "contents": "[Bacteriological in vitro investigations with cefaclor. Correlation of inhibition zone diameter and minimal inhibitory concentration (author's transl)]. A comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefaclor and cephalexin shows that cefaclor is noticeably superior against Citrobacter. Enterobacter and Proteus mirabilis. Only slight differences are seen against other enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. Both cefaclor and cephalexin are completely ineffective against enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regression analysis to correlate the inhibition zone diameter and MIC of cefaclor produced a very good correlation (r = -0.9741). Using 30 mcg discs on DST agar, inhibition zones of more than 20 mm are to be interpreted as \"sensitivity\" and zones of less than 13 mm as \"resistance\".", "PMID": 399245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11744", "title": "Relation between blood pressure and renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium in 574 ambulatory subjects.", "content": "Five hundred and seventy-four ambulatory subjects with blood pressures ranging from 94/58 to 250/145 mm Hg were studied on their usual dietary and sodium intake. Renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium were compared with blood pressure to access the contribution of these variables to the blood pressure variance. Our analyses revealed that renin substrate was highly and positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = +0.39; p < 0.00001) but all other components of the renin-aldosterone system exhibited a significant negative correlation with blood pressure. A highly significant relationship between potassium, the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure was found but no such relationship could be demonstrated for sodium. Subjects with higher blood pressures had lower urinary potassium concentrations and lower potassium/creatine ratios. These findings raised the possibility of a significant pathogenetic relationship between potassium and high blood pressure. Multiple linear regression reveals that influences of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can only account for less than 20% of the variance exhibited by the blood pressure in these subjects.", "contents": "Relation between blood pressure and renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium in 574 ambulatory subjects. Five hundred and seventy-four ambulatory subjects with blood pressures ranging from 94/58 to 250/145 mm Hg were studied on their usual dietary and sodium intake. Renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium were compared with blood pressure to access the contribution of these variables to the blood pressure variance. Our analyses revealed that renin substrate was highly and positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = +0.39; p < 0.00001) but all other components of the renin-aldosterone system exhibited a significant negative correlation with blood pressure. A highly significant relationship between potassium, the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure was found but no such relationship could be demonstrated for sodium. Subjects with higher blood pressures had lower urinary potassium concentrations and lower potassium/creatine ratios. These findings raised the possibility of a significant pathogenetic relationship between potassium and high blood pressure. Multiple linear regression reveals that influences of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can only account for less than 20% of the variance exhibited by the blood pressure in these subjects.", "PMID": 399240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11745", "title": "[Subinhibitory activity of cefaclor and cephalexin (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is usually performed after 18 to 24 hours of incubation, results in the case of cefaclor in a false picture of the actual activity. Cefaclor is chemically so unstable that after 24 hours only 2-5% of the substance is microbiologically active. In order to compare the activity of cefaclor and cephalexin, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains was studied by means of turbidimetry. After eight hours the absolute inhibitory concentration of cefaclor was lower than that of cephalexin with both methods. At the same time the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics was equal. Automatic measurement over 20 hours showed at the end of the experiment a higher MIC, and also a higher subinhibitory range, for cefaclor than for cephalexin. In our opinion the absolute inhibitory concentration after eight hours should be the criterion used to evaluate the effectiveness of cefaclor and cephalexin, and not the MIC which is usually used. The eight-hour criterion should also be applied in clinical use.", "contents": "[Subinhibitory activity of cefaclor and cephalexin (author's transl)]. The determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is usually performed after 18 to 24 hours of incubation, results in the case of cefaclor in a false picture of the actual activity. Cefaclor is chemically so unstable that after 24 hours only 2-5% of the substance is microbiologically active. In order to compare the activity of cefaclor and cephalexin, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains was studied by means of turbidimetry. After eight hours the absolute inhibitory concentration of cefaclor was lower than that of cephalexin with both methods. At the same time the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics was equal. Automatic measurement over 20 hours showed at the end of the experiment a higher MIC, and also a higher subinhibitory range, for cefaclor than for cephalexin. In our opinion the absolute inhibitory concentration after eight hours should be the criterion used to evaluate the effectiveness of cefaclor and cephalexin, and not the MIC which is usually used. The eight-hour criterion should also be applied in clinical use.", "PMID": 399246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11746", "title": "[In vitro activity of oral cephalosporins (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro activity of cephradine, cephalexin, and cefaclor was studied in comparison with that of cephalothin. Cefaclor inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis somewhat more than cephalexin and cephradine. There is no marked difference in the stability of the three substances in the presence of beta-lactamases, and the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is no barrier to permeation of any of the three antibiotics.", "contents": "[In vitro activity of oral cephalosporins (author's transl)]. The in vitro activity of cephradine, cephalexin, and cefaclor was studied in comparison with that of cephalothin. Cefaclor inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis somewhat more than cephalexin and cephradine. There is no marked difference in the stability of the three substances in the presence of beta-lactamases, and the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is no barrier to permeation of any of the three antibiotics.", "PMID": 399247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11747", "title": "[Thin layer and high pressure liquid chromatography investigations with cefaclor in urine and serum (author's transl)].", "content": "After oral administration of 500 mg cefaclor, antibacterially active metabolites could not be detected in human urine using thin layer chromatography followed by bioautography. Degradation products of cefaclor could also not be detected in the serum of human volunteers (n = 10) using high pressure liquid chromatography with a reversed phase system. Cefaclor was eluated as a single and homogenous peak with a retention period of 2.9 min. High pressure liquid chromatography for the measurement of cefaclor serum levels and a technique for preparation of serum samples are described. After administration of 500 mg cefaclor to volunteers (n = 10), the average peak serum concentration of 9.8 mg/l, determined by high pressure liquid chromatography, was observed after one hour. Four hours later the serum level was 0.3 mg/l. Using microbiological methods no statistically significant difference was obtained in comparison with the chromatography results. Some of the sera stored at -75 degrees C for four weeks showed a substantial loss of activity of cefaclor.", "contents": "[Thin layer and high pressure liquid chromatography investigations with cefaclor in urine and serum (author's transl)]. After oral administration of 500 mg cefaclor, antibacterially active metabolites could not be detected in human urine using thin layer chromatography followed by bioautography. Degradation products of cefaclor could also not be detected in the serum of human volunteers (n = 10) using high pressure liquid chromatography with a reversed phase system. Cefaclor was eluated as a single and homogenous peak with a retention period of 2.9 min. High pressure liquid chromatography for the measurement of cefaclor serum levels and a technique for preparation of serum samples are described. After administration of 500 mg cefaclor to volunteers (n = 10), the average peak serum concentration of 9.8 mg/l, determined by high pressure liquid chromatography, was observed after one hour. Four hours later the serum level was 0.3 mg/l. Using microbiological methods no statistically significant difference was obtained in comparison with the chromatography results. Some of the sera stored at -75 degrees C for four weeks showed a substantial loss of activity of cefaclor.", "PMID": 399248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11748", "title": "[Influence of cefaclor on experimental pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study on the antibiotic activity of cefaclor and cephradine was performed in an infection and therapy model of acute pyelonephritis in the rat. Pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibiotics, which were administered orally, both had a pronounced effect in comparison to the untreated control group. Cefaclor was superior to cephradine in infections caused by K. pneumoniae.", "contents": "[Influence of cefaclor on experimental pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. A comparative study on the antibiotic activity of cefaclor and cephradine was performed in an infection and therapy model of acute pyelonephritis in the rat. Pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibiotics, which were administered orally, both had a pronounced effect in comparison to the untreated control group. Cefaclor was superior to cephradine in infections caused by K. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 399249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11749", "title": "[Comparative study of cefaclor versus amoxicillin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative, prospective, open randomised clinical study, the efficacy and tolerance of cefaclor (3 x 500 mg) and amoxicillin (3 x 750 mg) in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) were investigated and compared. A total of 110 patients (51 males and 59 females) age 10 to 83 years were treated for a period of five to 14 days (average 10 days). Fifty-nine of the patients had complicated, and 51 uncomplicated UTI. In all patients , organisms were cultured from the urine which were sensitive to both antibiotics in vitro. In each group there were three cases of mixed infection and 35 cases of Escherichia coli monoinfection. The distribution of pathogens in the other patients was likewise very similar. Better results, i.e. a reduction in the cell count to < 10(4)/ml immediately after completion of therapy, were obtained in patients treated with cefaclor. This is largely due to a statistically significantly higher rate of elimination in E. coli infections. The long-term results at follow-up examinations 14 to 60 days after completion of therapy in both groups with uncomplicated infections were, however, equally as good in about half the cases. In complicated infections therapy was successful overall in only about a quarter of the cases, better results being obtained in the amoxicillin group. It must be taken into account that among the patients treated, the groups with complicated UTI are difficult to compare, relapses primarily being determined by underlying disease. Both antibiotics were tolerated well.", "contents": "[Comparative study of cefaclor versus amoxicillin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. In a comparative, prospective, open randomised clinical study, the efficacy and tolerance of cefaclor (3 x 500 mg) and amoxicillin (3 x 750 mg) in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) were investigated and compared. A total of 110 patients (51 males and 59 females) age 10 to 83 years were treated for a period of five to 14 days (average 10 days). Fifty-nine of the patients had complicated, and 51 uncomplicated UTI. In all patients , organisms were cultured from the urine which were sensitive to both antibiotics in vitro. In each group there were three cases of mixed infection and 35 cases of Escherichia coli monoinfection. The distribution of pathogens in the other patients was likewise very similar. Better results, i.e. a reduction in the cell count to < 10(4)/ml immediately after completion of therapy, were obtained in patients treated with cefaclor. This is largely due to a statistically significantly higher rate of elimination in E. coli infections. The long-term results at follow-up examinations 14 to 60 days after completion of therapy in both groups with uncomplicated infections were, however, equally as good in about half the cases. In complicated infections therapy was successful overall in only about a quarter of the cases, better results being obtained in the amoxicillin group. It must be taken into account that among the patients treated, the groups with complicated UTI are difficult to compare, relapses primarily being determined by underlying disease. Both antibiotics were tolerated well.", "PMID": 399250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11750", "title": "Immunological aspects of practolol toxicity.", "content": "It is unfortunate that there is conflicting immunological data relating to the practolol syndrome. It has not been established if \"practolol patients\" have some altered T cell function. The work of Behan et al. (1976) strongly supports this interpretation but other groups have not come to the same conclusion. The role of the antibody specific for a practolol metabolite needs to be determined. In practice this is going to be very difficult to do; the drug is no longer used and patients, for obvious reaons, are unwilling to take part in clinical experiments. It is likely that the nature of the metabolite will eventiually be defined and it would be a significant step forward if it could be shown that the antigenic determinant was not formed by other structurally related beta-blocking drugs. Meanwhile the stimulus to further research must be to produce an animal model system, but, for various political and economic reasons, support for such a research effort is difficult to justify.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of practolol toxicity. It is unfortunate that there is conflicting immunological data relating to the practolol syndrome. It has not been established if \"practolol patients\" have some altered T cell function. The work of Behan et al. (1976) strongly supports this interpretation but other groups have not come to the same conclusion. The role of the antibody specific for a practolol metabolite needs to be determined. In practice this is going to be very difficult to do; the drug is no longer used and patients, for obvious reaons, are unwilling to take part in clinical experiments. It is likely that the nature of the metabolite will eventiually be defined and it would be a significant step forward if it could be shown that the antigenic determinant was not formed by other structurally related beta-blocking drugs. Meanwhile the stimulus to further research must be to produce an animal model system, but, for various political and economic reasons, support for such a research effort is difficult to justify.", "PMID": 399251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11751", "title": "Is gestational diabetes an acquired condition?", "content": "Intrvenous injection of 30 mg of streptozotocin per kg body weight induces a mild diabetes in pregnant rats (first generation); the non-fasting blood glucose is increased and the percentage of endocrine tissue and also the percentage of granulated beta cells do not increase. The fetuses of these mildly diabetic pregnant rats have an increased percentage of pancreatic endocrine tissue and there is beta-cell degranulation. The modifications in the endocrine pancreas during intrauterine life causes persistent changes in later adult life (second generation), which are not perceptible in basal conditions, but become apparent in situations stressing the beta-cell activity, such as an intravenous glucose load or pregnancy. During pregnancy in the second generation rats an increased non-fasting blood glucose and no adaptation of the beta cells is seen. This inadequate adaptation to pregnancy causes changes in the fetal endocrine pancreas of the fetuses of the third generation. From these experiments it may be concluded that gestational diabetes is an acquired condition.", "contents": "Is gestational diabetes an acquired condition? Intrvenous injection of 30 mg of streptozotocin per kg body weight induces a mild diabetes in pregnant rats (first generation); the non-fasting blood glucose is increased and the percentage of endocrine tissue and also the percentage of granulated beta cells do not increase. The fetuses of these mildly diabetic pregnant rats have an increased percentage of pancreatic endocrine tissue and there is beta-cell degranulation. The modifications in the endocrine pancreas during intrauterine life causes persistent changes in later adult life (second generation), which are not perceptible in basal conditions, but become apparent in situations stressing the beta-cell activity, such as an intravenous glucose load or pregnancy. During pregnancy in the second generation rats an increased non-fasting blood glucose and no adaptation of the beta cells is seen. This inadequate adaptation to pregnancy causes changes in the fetal endocrine pancreas of the fetuses of the third generation. From these experiments it may be concluded that gestational diabetes is an acquired condition.", "PMID": 399256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11752", "title": "The effect of short-term starvation on the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue and cardiac muscle during postnatal development of the rat.", "content": "When male rats of between 6 and 13 days of age were starved for 6 h the lipoprotein lipase activity of the epididymal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue did not decline as it did in adults and in animals aged 14-30 days. The lipoprotein lipase activity in the hearts of animals from 6 days of age increased in response to starvation as it did in adults. The relationship of these changes to changes in circulating hormone levels during development was considered.", "contents": "The effect of short-term starvation on the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue and cardiac muscle during postnatal development of the rat. When male rats of between 6 and 13 days of age were starved for 6 h the lipoprotein lipase activity of the epididymal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue did not decline as it did in adults and in animals aged 14-30 days. The lipoprotein lipase activity in the hearts of animals from 6 days of age increased in response to starvation as it did in adults. The relationship of these changes to changes in circulating hormone levels during development was considered.", "PMID": 399257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11753", "title": "Influence of culture medium of the fatty-acid profile in enteric bacteria.", "content": "Enteric bacteria having a high content of cyclopropane fatty acids steeply increase their synthesis when grown on insufficiently propitious culture media (meat-peptone agar or modified Drobot'ko synthetic medium) as compared with bacteria grown under more favourable conditions (meat-peptone broth). Simultaneously, a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids and increase in palmitic acid are observed. One of the main factors underlying the change in the proportion of fatty acids in bacteria grown on synthetic medium is an increase in medium pH in the process of their growth. Enteric bacteria containing minute amounts/or not containing cyclopropane fatty acids at all (under the experimental conditions used) change their fatty-acid profile little if the culture medium is changed. When grown under insufficiently favourable conditions, these bacteria mainly display an enhanced content of palmitic acid and a lowered content of octadacenoic acid as compared with bacteria grown under more favourable conditions. Of the culture media used, meat-peptone broth, which affords the most favourable conditions for eneteric bacteria growth, is the most suitable medium for obtaining data of taxonomic value.", "contents": "Influence of culture medium of the fatty-acid profile in enteric bacteria. Enteric bacteria having a high content of cyclopropane fatty acids steeply increase their synthesis when grown on insufficiently propitious culture media (meat-peptone agar or modified Drobot'ko synthetic medium) as compared with bacteria grown under more favourable conditions (meat-peptone broth). Simultaneously, a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids and increase in palmitic acid are observed. One of the main factors underlying the change in the proportion of fatty acids in bacteria grown on synthetic medium is an increase in medium pH in the process of their growth. Enteric bacteria containing minute amounts/or not containing cyclopropane fatty acids at all (under the experimental conditions used) change their fatty-acid profile little if the culture medium is changed. When grown under insufficiently favourable conditions, these bacteria mainly display an enhanced content of palmitic acid and a lowered content of octadacenoic acid as compared with bacteria grown under more favourable conditions. Of the culture media used, meat-peptone broth, which affords the most favourable conditions for eneteric bacteria growth, is the most suitable medium for obtaining data of taxonomic value.", "PMID": 399287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11754", "title": "Diagnostic utilization of hemolytically active exosubstances of certain gram-positive bacteria. I. Detection of staphylococcal hemolysins with prepurified preparations of staphylococcal beta-toxin and CAMP-factor of Streptococcus agalactiae.", "content": "The authors have modified the one-plate method for the detection of staphylococcal hemolysins. They recommend to use in this method a prepurified form of staphylococcal beta-toxin and of streptococcal CAMP-factor instead of the exclusively beta-tonin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus and instead of the intensively CAMP-test positive Streptococcus agalactiae strain, respectively. The authors determined concurrently staphylococcal hemolysins, using a three-plate method in which alpha-antitoxin was employed, to ensure a better evidence of alpha-toxin. A total of 494 staphylococcal strains were examined by both methods. Of this number, 446 Staphylococcus aureus strains were of diverse host origin and 48 were coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains. On the basis of the various hemolytically active staphylococcal toxins, the authors recommend the suggested modification of the one-plate method for their routine detection.", "contents": "Diagnostic utilization of hemolytically active exosubstances of certain gram-positive bacteria. I. Detection of staphylococcal hemolysins with prepurified preparations of staphylococcal beta-toxin and CAMP-factor of Streptococcus agalactiae. The authors have modified the one-plate method for the detection of staphylococcal hemolysins. They recommend to use in this method a prepurified form of staphylococcal beta-toxin and of streptococcal CAMP-factor instead of the exclusively beta-tonin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus and instead of the intensively CAMP-test positive Streptococcus agalactiae strain, respectively. The authors determined concurrently staphylococcal hemolysins, using a three-plate method in which alpha-antitoxin was employed, to ensure a better evidence of alpha-toxin. A total of 494 staphylococcal strains were examined by both methods. Of this number, 446 Staphylococcus aureus strains were of diverse host origin and 48 were coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains. On the basis of the various hemolytically active staphylococcal toxins, the authors recommend the suggested modification of the one-plate method for their routine detection.", "PMID": 399288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11755", "title": "Some transfusion-induced parasitic infections in Zambia.", "content": "The risk of acquiring a transfusion-induced infection in Zambia was studied for the first time. Blood slide examination of donors, despite the insensitivity of the method, established malaria as the most serious hazard. The species involved was Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of cerebral malaria, and which could be rapidly fatal in a non-immune host visiting an endemic area. Microfilariae of Dipetalonema perstans and Wuchereria bancrofti were also found in donor populations. While no disease may be induced, allergic reactions due to the breakdown products of dead microfilariae may manifest themselves. Several cases of transfusion-induced malaria, a case of relapsing fever and a case of rhodesian trypanosomiasis are reported. Toxoplasmosis and kalatazar, which may also be transfusion-induced, are both known to occur in the country but no cases were observed. It is emphasized that prophylactic measures should be mandatory in areas where no regular, screened, donor panel is available. The awareness and ackowledgement of the risk of transfusion-induced infections may be the best safeguard against the serious consequences in developing countries.", "contents": "Some transfusion-induced parasitic infections in Zambia. The risk of acquiring a transfusion-induced infection in Zambia was studied for the first time. Blood slide examination of donors, despite the insensitivity of the method, established malaria as the most serious hazard. The species involved was Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of cerebral malaria, and which could be rapidly fatal in a non-immune host visiting an endemic area. Microfilariae of Dipetalonema perstans and Wuchereria bancrofti were also found in donor populations. While no disease may be induced, allergic reactions due to the breakdown products of dead microfilariae may manifest themselves. Several cases of transfusion-induced malaria, a case of relapsing fever and a case of rhodesian trypanosomiasis are reported. Toxoplasmosis and kalatazar, which may also be transfusion-induced, are both known to occur in the country but no cases were observed. It is emphasized that prophylactic measures should be mandatory in areas where no regular, screened, donor panel is available. The awareness and ackowledgement of the risk of transfusion-induced infections may be the best safeguard against the serious consequences in developing countries.", "PMID": 399289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11756", "title": "A simple purse string suture technique for treatment of colostomy prolapse and intussusception.", "content": "A simple purse string technique for treatment of colostomy prolapse and intussusception is described. It is suggested as an alternative to more complicated procedures.", "contents": "A simple purse string suture technique for treatment of colostomy prolapse and intussusception. A simple purse string technique for treatment of colostomy prolapse and intussusception is described. It is suggested as an alternative to more complicated procedures.", "PMID": 399293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11757", "title": "Immunobiological consequence of immunization of female mice with homologous spermatozoa: induction of infertility.", "content": "Female Swiss Webster mice were immunized intraperitoneally with mouse epididymal spermatozoa or with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and their fertility was compared by (1) incidence and size of litters, (2) number of uterine implantation sites, and (3) incidence and number of fertilized eggs in the oviducts. Statistically significant reduction in fertility was noted following two courses of injections of spermatozoa; 12% of mice injected with spermatozoa had litters compared with 80% of mice injected with PBS. The infertility did not seem to be related to a failure in fertilization since the two groups of mice had a similar incidence and number of fertilized eggs in the oviducts. All female mice were found to have a \"natural' anti-acrosomal antibody. Following immunization with spermatozoa, antibodies to \"postacrosomal' region, the main piece and the midpiece of the tail, as well as cytotoxic antisperm antibodies, appeared. Anti-LDH-X antibody was not detected. However, correlation was not found between infertility and antisperm antibodies or sperm granulomata that developed in the peritoneal cavities. It is concluded that female mice receiving repeated i.p, injections of mouse spermatozoa become infertile and that the infertility is related to interference with events after fertilization.", "contents": "Immunobiological consequence of immunization of female mice with homologous spermatozoa: induction of infertility. Female Swiss Webster mice were immunized intraperitoneally with mouse epididymal spermatozoa or with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and their fertility was compared by (1) incidence and size of litters, (2) number of uterine implantation sites, and (3) incidence and number of fertilized eggs in the oviducts. Statistically significant reduction in fertility was noted following two courses of injections of spermatozoa; 12% of mice injected with spermatozoa had litters compared with 80% of mice injected with PBS. The infertility did not seem to be related to a failure in fertilization since the two groups of mice had a similar incidence and number of fertilized eggs in the oviducts. All female mice were found to have a \"natural' anti-acrosomal antibody. Following immunization with spermatozoa, antibodies to \"postacrosomal' region, the main piece and the midpiece of the tail, as well as cytotoxic antisperm antibodies, appeared. Anti-LDH-X antibody was not detected. However, correlation was not found between infertility and antisperm antibodies or sperm granulomata that developed in the peritoneal cavities. It is concluded that female mice receiving repeated i.p, injections of mouse spermatozoa become infertile and that the infertility is related to interference with events after fertilization.", "PMID": 399294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11758", "title": "Evaluation of techniques for studying the arterial system of the brain of domestic ruminants.", "content": "The techniques used in investigations undertaken to study the arterial blood supply of the brain of domestic ruminants are described and evaluated. These include various coloured intravascular injections, corrosion preparations, injection of contrast media for angiography and clearing of tissues.", "contents": "Evaluation of techniques for studying the arterial system of the brain of domestic ruminants. The techniques used in investigations undertaken to study the arterial blood supply of the brain of domestic ruminants are described and evaluated. These include various coloured intravascular injections, corrosion preparations, injection of contrast media for angiography and clearing of tissues.", "PMID": 399295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0013_11759", "title": "Monitoring of bacteriological contamination and assessment of carcase surface growth by using direct and indirect contact examination techniques and various colony counting procedures.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty nine beef, 230 sheep and 165 pig carcase surface were examined bacteriologically. Direct and indirect contact examination techniques were utilised. Colony counts per cm2 were expressed in geometric progression. Counting procedures, direct and indirect contact examinations, and effects of chilling were considered. Subsequently, results from an additional 489 beef, 520 sheep, and 408 pig carcases were employed to illustrate a count classification arrangement against which bacteriological monitoring assessments could be measured.", "contents": "Monitoring of bacteriological contamination and assessment of carcase surface growth by using direct and indirect contact examination techniques and various colony counting procedures. Two hundred and sixty nine beef, 230 sheep and 165 pig carcase surface were examined bacteriologically. Direct and indirect contact examination techniques were utilised. Colony counts per cm2 were expressed in geometric progression. Counting procedures, direct and indirect contact examinations, and effects of chilling were considered. Subsequently, results from an additional 489 beef, 520 sheep, and 408 pig carcases were employed to illustrate a count classification arrangement against which bacteriological monitoring assessments could be measured.", "PMID": 399296}